Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
On 10 December 2007, Adele was awarded with the first BRIT Awards Critics’ Choice prize. She has been called the "new Amy Winehouse." In January 2008, she was voted winner in the annual BBC 6 Music poll of industry experts Sound of 2008, for acts to emerge in the coming year.

In 2011 Adele released her second album, 21, named after her age at the time it was made. It was number one in more than 26 countries. It became the biggest selling album of the 21st century.

Her third studio album, 25, was released on 20 November 2015 and debuted at number one all around the world. The music video for the lead single "Hello", which also debuted at number one in many countries, broke the record for the shortest amount of time for a YouTube video to reach one billion views. The song was also certified 4× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America faster than any other song in history. To date, it has been certified 7× Platinum by the RIAA.
Adele returned to music in October 2021 and announced her fourth album, 30 and the single "Easy on Me", which was released on 15 October 2021, and was her first single after five years. The album was released on 19 November 2021.

In 2022, she announced that she will sing the theme song for the upcoming Nick Jr. series Destiny's Side which premiered on December 1, 2022.

Personal life
She has a son, Angelo, with her then-boyfriend, Simon Konecki, born in October 19, 2012. In 2013 she won an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and the Brit Award for Best British Single for the title track for the James Bond movie Skyfall. The song also won the award for Best Song for Visual Media at the Grammy Awards.

On December 19, 2013, Adele was given an MBE by the Prince of Wales.

In 2017, Adele confirmed that she is married to Konecki. In April 2019, it was reported that the two ended their marriage.

Discography
Discography

Singles
 "Hometown Glory" – 22 October 2007
 "Chasing Pavements" – 21 January 2008
 "Cold Shoulder" – 28 April 2008
 "Make You Feel My Love" – 27 October 2008
 "Rolling in the Deep" – 29 November 2010 (was the number-one single of 2011 in Canada and the US)
 "Someone Like You" – 24 March 2011 (her first number-one single in her native UK)
 "Set Fire to the Rain" – 4 July 2011 (her third US number-one, after "Someone Like You")
 "Rumour Has It" – 1 November 2011 (top-20 in the US and Canada)
 "Turning Tables" – 5 November 2011
 "Skyfall" – 5 October 2012 (top-ten in the US, UK, and Canada)
 "Hello" – 23 October 2015 (number one in the US, UK, Canada, and Australia)
 "When We Were Young" – 22 January 2016 (top-ten in Canada and UK, top 15 in US)
 "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" – 16 May 2016 (top ten in US, UK, Canada)
 "Water Under the Bridge"
 "Easy on Me" – 15 October 2021
 "Destiny's Side Theme Song" - 1 December 2022

Albums
19 – 28 January 2008
"Daydreamer"
 "Best for Last"
 "Chasing Pavements"
 "Cold Shoulder"
 "Crazy for You"
 "Melt My Heart to Stone"
 "First Love"
 "Right as Rain"
 "Make You Feel My Love"
 "My Same"
 "Tired"
 "Hometown Glory"21 – 19 January 2011

 "Rolling in the Deep"
 "Rumour Has It"
 "Turning Tables"
 "Don't You Remember"
 "Set Fire to the Rain"
 "He Won't Go"
 "Take It All"
 "I'll Be Waiting"
 "One and Only"
 "Lovesong"
 "Someone Like You"25 – 20 November 2015

 "Hello"
 "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)"
 "I Miss You"
 "When We Were Young"
 "Remedy"
 "Water Under the Bridge"
 "River Lea"
 "Love in the Dark"
 "Million Years Ago"
 "All I Ask"
 "Sweetest Devotion"

Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded each year by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States for outstanding achievements in the music industry. Some think they are the highest music honor.
As of February 13, 2017, Adele has received 15 Grammy Awards from 18 nominations. In 2012, Adele became the second female artist to win six awards in one night, after Beyoncé Knowles did in 2010. Adele is only the second artist (following Christopher Cross) to have won all four of the General Field ("Big Four") awards at the Grammys.

References

Other websites
 Adele's website
 Adele at XL Recordings 

1988 births
Living people
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
 
Brit Award winners
British soul musicians
British blue-eyed soul singers
English blue-eyed soul singers
Contraltos
English guitarists
Grammy Award winners
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Tottenham
Singer-songwriters from London
Hair straightening is when a person makes their hair straighter. Their hair may be curly, wavy, or almost straight. There are methods to make even very curly hair straighter.

There are two different types of straightening: temporary and permanent. Temporary hair straightening keeps the hair straight until it gets wet or damp again, so only lasts for up to a few days. Permanent hair straightening keeps the hair straight for up to a few months, even when the hair gets wet.

A person can temporarily straighten their hair using:
Hair irons, tongs use heat to make the hair straight.
Hot combs, combs that use heat to make the hair straight
Hairdryer, a machine that blows air over the hair to dry it quickly, so that combs can be used to style the hair straight.
Hair cremes, cremes that help hold the hair in place more, but do not completely straighten the hair.

A person can permanently straighten their hair using:
Chemical relaxers
Japanese hair straightening
Brazilian hair straightening
Brazilian blowout
Related pages
Hair iron
GHD

Hair
A hair iron or hair tong is something people use to change the shape of the hair by heating it. There are three types of hair iron: 
Straightening irons (sometimes called hair irons, hair straighteners or just straighteners), which straighten the hair.
Curling tongs (sometimes called hair tongs or hair curlers or just curlers, or less often curling irons), which make hair curly.
Styling irons (sometimes called hair stylers or just stylers), that can straighten and curl the hair.

History

In 1872, Marcel Grateau (a Parisian) used heated rods to curl or style hair.

In 1893, Ada Harris, a school teacher from Indianapolis, applied for a patent for the hair straightener. The hair straightener was a device “heated like a curling iron” with two flat faces held together by a hinge . It was said that when the faces press the hair, it will become straight.” Harris's invention also had a comb, which would keep different parts of the hair separated.
Simon E. Monroe patented a hair straightener in 1906 that was like a metal comb.

In 1909, Issac K. Shero patented a hair straightener made of two irons that are heated and put together around the hair.

Years later, Sharrell made heated metal tools, for example: hot combs. The hot metal straightener went easily through the hair, making less damage and dryness than the way things were done before. Later, ceramic and electrical straighteners were made, meaning people could adjust the heat settings and straightener size.

Another method of hair straightening is Japanese hair straightening, which was invented in Japan, and works like a perm, but to straighten instead of curl the hair. It is now given at many salons but is quite expensive and must be re-done after it stops working.

The straightening irons of today
Some better hair straighteners today have ceramic coated heating parts, which harm the hair less, and heat up faster than non-ceramic coated heating parts. Cheaper brands do not often have ceramic, but some have a paint-like coating that looks like ceramic plating. Cordless flat irons use lithium battery that can last up to 45 minutes, and other is heated by thermacell butane gas cartridge.

Lots of more expensive hair straighteners use ionic and infra red technology, which helps to keep moisture and oils in the hair, and to stop static and frizz.
Depending on the hair type, repeated use of hair straighteners, like most other heat styling tools, can cause varying amounts of damage such as split ends, thinning of the hair shaft and even causing hair to become brittle and prone to breakage. Generally, after extensive damage, hair will show signs of dryness and display an unhealthy appearance. However, many companies, such as L’Oréal and Tresemmé, have began to manufacture heat protection sprays and cream which aim to reduce the amount of damage that is caused by the use of straighteners.

Hair straighteners should only be used on dry hair, unless they are specially made with vents to let the moisture out.  These sort of irons are usually called "Wet Dry" irons.

Based on the materials used in the heating plates, hair irons can be classified as ceramic, tourmaline and traditional metal flat iron. Ceramic hair irons are believed to be gentle to the hair.
How it works
Hair straighteners work by breaking the hair's hydrogen bonds, which are part of what make the hair curly. After the bonds are broken, the hair is stopped from going back to its original, natural, curly form. The hydrogen bonds can re-form if moisture touches them, such as water or dampness.

Related pages
Hair straightening
GHD
Hair

References

Other websites 

 

Tools
Home appliances
Intel Core is the name of a family of 32-bit dual-core microprocessors. It was made by the technology company Intel. Intel Core processors are based on Pentium M technology. Those processors are more advanced than Intel P6 processors. This architecture, or way to build a processor, is now replaced by Core 2 microarchitecture. In the Core family, there are two groups: the Duo (with two cores) and Solo (Duo with one disabled core). The Solo line replaced the Pentium M one-core processor.

In September of 2006 and January of 2008, Core CPUs stopped selling as much, as Intel released CPUs with newer technology.

Yonah
Yonah is a company name for Intel's first generation of microprocessors for mobile computers. The Core Duo was released on 5 January 2006. It was the first Intel processor to be used in Apple Inc.'s Macintosh computers. Yonah does not have 64-bit function.
The Intel Core Duo has two cores, 2 Mebibytes of L2 cache for both cores, and an arbiter bus that controls the L2 cache and front side bus access.

The Intel Core Solo uses two-cores die as a Core Duo, but one core is turned off.

Technical specifications
 151 million transistors, with 2 MiB L2 cache.
 2.33 – 2.50 GHz
 front side bus (FSB) is 667 MT/s (per second)
 supported by the 945GM, 945PM, 945GT, 965GM, 965PM, and 965GT chipsets

Advantages and shortcomings
The duo version of Intel Core (Yonah) has two cores, which give performance per watt almost as good as single-core processors. In computer machines operating with batteries, this means getting as much total work done in one battery charge like in old computers.
The shortcomings of Intel Core (Yonah) are:
 64-bit is not supported.
 Limited FPU (Floating Point Unit) throughput (amount of data computed in a certain time) for non-parallel (not at the same time) computations or single processes.
 "Performance per watt" is not better or even worse than older processors.

Core-based processor Intel Xeon Sossaman LV (low-voltage), for servers also does not have the Intel 64-bit function. All new server systems have support for x86-64, and Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 even requires a 64-bit processor to run.

On July 27, 2006, Intel released newer Core version Intel Core 2.

Related pages 
 Intel
 FSB
 Multi-core processor

References

Other websites
Intel Core Duo Web page
Intel Core Solo Web page
Processor comparison table
Intel Core technical specifications 
techPowerUp! CPU Database
Tested against AMD's 64 X2 line and Intel's own Pentium M
Intel® Centrino® Duo Mobile Technology papers

Computer hardware
Intel Core processors
A geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography.

That is the study of Earth's physical environment and human habitat. 

Geographers are historically known as people who make maps. Nowadays map making is the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography. The geographer studies not only the physical details of the environment. He looks at the influence of this physical environment as well. Therefore he looks at human and wildlife ecologies, weather and climate patterns, economics, and culture. He will concentrate on the influence space has for relationships between these elements. 

The National Geographic Society sees five broad key themes for geographers:
location
place
human-environment interaction
movement
regions

References

 
Science occupations
Rod may mean:
Rod (geometry), a straight and slender stick; a wand; a cylinder; hence, any slender bar
Rod cell, a cell found in the retina that is sensitive to light/dark (black/white)
Rod (unit), an Imperial unit of length, also known as the pole or perch
Rod (cryptozoology), observational artifacts produced by rapidly flying animals
Rod (god), a Slavic god
Rod (publisher), a music label from 1950s and 1960s Louisiana
Rods (Tarot Suit)
Railway Operating Division
Fishing rod
Lightning rod
Connecting rod, in an internal combustion engine
Divining rod, two rods believed by some to find water in a practice known as dowsing
Birch rod, made out of twigs from birch or other trees for corporal punishment
Switch (rod), a piece of wood as used as a staff or for corporal punishment, or a bundle of such switches

Rod may also be:
Eubacterium with the shape of a rod
Penis (slang)
Gun (slang)

People with the given name Rod
Often as an abbreviation of such names as Roderick and Rodney:
Rod Stewart, rock musician
Rod Laver (born 1938), Australian former tennis player
Rod Steiger (1925–2002), American actor
Rod Flanders, a fictional character on The Simpsons
Rod From Avenue Q, a character in the stage musical Avenue Q
Rod Whittaker, a fictional camp character from the late 80's
Rod Serling, Creator of the 1960s show The Twilight Zone

People with the surname Rod
Edouard Rod, French-Swiss novelist, 1857-1910
Johnny Rod, American bass guitar player

Related pages
Hrod
Rob
Roth
Dowel
Hot rod, often also referred to as 'rod'
Rebar
Rood, an old English unit equal to quarter an acre
Stick, any long object
Structural steel
R.O.D., an acronym for the Read or Die anime

Basic English 850 words
A chakra is an energy center in the human body as taught in Indian yoga and some related cultures. Chakras are also believed in by some New Age adherents. Chakra means ‘Aneel or wheel' in Sanskrit.

According to people who believe in their existence, a chakra is an area in the body connected with life energy. They say that there are seven chakras in the body - each is an interface for the flow of life energy. They say that a chakra vitalizes a physical body and is associated with interactions of a physical or mental nature. They also say that current science is not able to detect or measure chakras.
Definitions 
Although there are various interpretations as to what exactly a chakra is, the following features are common in all systems:
 They form part of a subtle energy body, along with the energy channels, or nadis, and the subtle winds, or pranas.
 They are located along a central nadi, Sushumna, which runs either alongside or inside the spine.
 Two other nadis, Ida and Pingala, also run through the chakras, and alongside Sushumna. They occasionally cross Sushumna at the location of the chakras.
 They possess a number of 'petals' or 'spokes'. In some traditions, such as the Tibetan, these spokes branch off into the thousands of nadis that run throughout the human body.
 They are generally associated with a mantra seed-syllable, and often with a variety of colours and deities.
Types of Chakras
The seven main chakras are described as being present in an ascending column from the base of the spine to the head. The chakras are usually connected with a certain color. Each chakra is also connected with some part of consciousness.

The following seven primary chakras are commonly described:

 Muladhara (, Thai: มูลาธาระ) Base or Root Chakra (ovaries/prostate)
 Swadhisthana (Sanskrit: स्वाधिष्ठान, , Thai: สฺวาธิษฺฐานะ) Sacral Chakra (last bone in spinal cord, the coccyx)
 Manipura (Sanskrit: मणिपूर, , Thai: มณีปูระ) Solar Plexus Chakra (navel area)
 Anahata (, Thai: อนาหะตะ) Heart Chakra (heart area)
 Vishuddha (, Thai: วิศุทฺธะ) Throat Chakra (throat and neck area)
 Ajna (, Thai: อาชฺญา) Brow or Third Eye Chakra (pineal gland or third eye)
 Sahasrara (, Thai: สหัสฺราระ) Crown Chakra (top of the head; 'soft spot' of a newborn)
Root chakra (Muladhara)
 Navel chakra (Swadhisthana)
 Solar plexus chakra (Manipura)
 Heart chakra (Anahata)
 Throat chakra (Vishuddha)
 Third eye chakra (Ajna)
 Crown chakra (Sahasrara)

Related pages
 Esotericism
 Kundalini
 Occultism

References

 Introduction to Chakras from Kheper.net
 
 
Meditation
Yoga
For other uses of the word, see Scalp (disambiguation)

The scalp is the anatomical area between the face and the neck.

Layers 
It is usually described as having five layers, which can be remembered with the mnemonic "SCALP":

 S: The skin on the head from which head hair grows. It is richly supplied with blood vessels.
 C: Connective tissue. a thin layer of fat and fibrous tissue lies beneath the skin
 A: The aponeurosis (or Epicranial aponeurosis) is the next layer. It is a tough layer of dense fibrous tissue
 L: The loose areolar connective tissue layer provides an easy plane of separation between the upper three layers and the pericranium.  In scalping the scalp is torn off through this layer.  
 P: The pericranium is the periosteum of the skull bones and provides nutrition to the bone and the capacity for repair.  It may be lifted from the bone to allow removal of bone windows (craniotomy).

References 

Head (body part)
The Maltese people, or Maltese, are a nation and ethnic group native to Malta, an island country made of a group of seven islands in the Mediterranean Sea.

History
People have lived in Malta since around 5200 BC with the first people living there coming from Sicily. An important prehistoric Neolithic culture marked by Megalithic structures was on the islands, which were made a thousand years before the Pyramids of Giza, which means they were very old. The Phoenicians in the Mediterranean took over Malta from about 1000 BC, using the islands to expand their sea explorations and trade in the Mediterranean, until the Carthaginians took over and also expanded in the Mediterranean, but these were also defeated by the Romans in 216 BC.
Malta was then ruled by Byzantine, a Greek group that took over almost all of the Mediterranean, from the 4th to 9th century. Sometime around this point, the Vandals, a German tribe, ruled the islands. The islands were at one point invaded by the Arabs in AD 870. They allowed the people to believe in Christianity, and did not have children with the population, so they did not change much on the island, but they showed them citrus fruits and cotton, and water-moving systems. They hardly had any effect on the island or its people while they were there, but one thing that they did effect was the language. The Maltese language gained a lot from this.

From the advent of the Normans in 1090 to 1530, Malta was part of the 'Kingdom of Sicily'. This means that from 1091 to 1530, when the Order of St. John came to Malta, the original Sicilian population that moved there from Sicily in the beginning got bigger.
The French under the rule of Napoleon took over Malta in 1798. The British helped the Maltese to stop the French control two years later. The people of Malta were very happy that the British did this, and wanted Britain to rule it. As part of the 'Treaty of Paris' (1814), Malta became a colony in the British Empire.

Malta became a separate country from everyone on 21 September 1964 (Independence Day). Under the 1964 rules, Malta originally kept Queen Elizabeth II as the Queen of Malta, with a Governor-General working on her behalf in Malta. On 13 December 1974 (Republic Day), it became a republic within the Commonwealth, with the President as head of state. Malta joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 and joined the Eurozone on 1 January 2008.

Possible genetic links

The origins debate

Malta
Historical and ethnic studies published and promoted by the various ruling classes during their governance over Malta provide little, if any, valuable guidance on the question of Maltese ethnicity, given that their conclusions appear to have been driven, in large part, by political expediency.  Hence, Maltese history books published during the rule of the Knights of St. John, at a time when Malta and Gozo suffered repeated razzias at the hands of the Ottomans and Barbary corsairs, promoted the myth of a continuous, Roman Catholic, native Maltese population, that somehow survived despite the Arab conquest of Malta and the depopulation that followed.  Studies and reports published during the British colonial period promoted the theory of  Phoenician origins, in an attempt to distinguish the Maltese from their Sicilian and Italian neighbours, or in the case of the Catholic Church, to distinguish the Maltese from the Arab peoples that controlled Malta prior to the liberation of Malta by the Normans
.   By contrast, history books published during the Mintoff years following Independence began to question the earlier beliefs in a continuous, indigenous population of Christian Maltese and, in some cases, quietly promoted the theory of closer cultural and ethnic ties with North Africa.  This new development was noted by Boissevain in 1991:
...the Labour government broke off relations with NATO and sought links with the Arab world. After 900 years of being linked to Europe, Malta began to look southward. Muslims, still remembered in folklore for savage pirate attacks, were redefined as blood brothers.

This latter development coincided with and reflected dramatic new (but short-lived) developments in Maltese foreign policy: Western media reported that Malta appeared to be turning its back on NATO, the United Kingdom, and Europe generally; Libya had loaned several million dollars to Malta to make up for the loss of rental income which followed the closure of British military bases in Malta; Malta and Libya had entered into a Friendship and Cooperation Treaty, in response to repeated overtures by Gaddafi for a closer, more formal union between the two countries.

The Phoenician origins theory
Some recent studies carried out by geneticists Spencer Wells and Pierre Zalloua of the American University of Beirut collected samples of Y-chromosomes from men living in the Middle East, North Africa, southern Spain, and Malta, places the Phoenicians are known to have settled and traded. According to the study, more than half (50%) of the Y chromosome lineages that are seen in today's Maltese population could have come in with the Phoenicians. As to why there is such a significant genetic impact, Wells could only speculate, "but the results are consistent with a settlement of people from the Levant within the past 2,000 years, and that points to the Phoenicians." 

The Phoenician background of the Maltese suggests possible tenuous cultural, religious, and linguistic links to Lebanese Maronites, (whom are also descended from Phoenicians revealed during National Geographic's Special), who speak a variety of Arabic, and are Christian.  .
The Sicilian or Calabrian theory
This "Phoenician origins" theory has been contradicted by at least one major study, which found that "the contemporary males of Malta most likely originated from Southern Italy, including Sicily and up to Calabria," and that "[t]here is a minuscule amount of input from the Eastern Mediterranean with genetic affinity to Christian Lebanon."  One of the authors of this study commented as follows on the Wells/Zalloua study:

"We are aware of conflicting conclusions published as an interview in the popular National Geographic magazine. Despite an intensive search we cannot find them reproduced in the mainstream scientific literature. We consider that data somewhat flawed, and furthermore, unsound. National Geographic is not a peer-reviewed academic journal and thus the weight of the evidence is poor compared to other peer-reviewed academic journals that are also in the public domain. One cannot be comfortable with data that have not passed the scrutiny of peer review....
[I]t seems to me that the simplest explanation that cannot be excluded by any of the scientific data thus far available is that Malta was indeed barely inhabited at the turn of the tenth century.

Repopulation is likely to have occurred by a clan or clans (possibly of Arab or Arab-like speaking people) from neighbouring Sicily and Calabria. Possibly, they could have mixed with minute numbers of residual inhabitants, with a constant input of immigrants from neighbouring countries and later, even from afar. There seems to be little input from North Africa."

Related pages
Maltese language
Malta
Lino Grech

References

Other websites 
About the Maltese people
Statistics for the Maltese People

Ethnic groups in Europe
Maltese might mean:

Anything related to Malta
Maltese language
Maltese people
Maltese (dog), a dog breed
Maltese (goat), a goat breed
A permanent wave, commonly called a perm, is the chemical treatment of hair to produce curls.

The first chemical treatment for curling hair that was suitable for use on people was invented in the year 1906 by the German hairdresser Karl Nessler (1872-1951). He used a mixture of cow urine and water. The first public demonstration took place on October 8, 1906, but Nessler had been working on the idea since 1896. Previously, wigs had been set with caustic chemicals to form curls, but these recipes were too harsh to use on human skin.

References

Other websites
Pictures of Nessler's permanent curling machine
Disulphide bonds in hair 
The chemistry of a permanent wave
Old advertisement for Toni brand perm
Getting a perm in 1950 (demonstration) 

Hair
An audiophile is a person who cares about how good music sounds on a stereo or other high fidelity sound system. An audiophile is interested in how to improve the sound quality of sound recordings, such as vinyl records and Compact Discs, as well as the equipment used to listen to recordings such as CD players, amplifiers and loudspeakers.

Audiophiles are always looking for ways to improve their sound system. There are discussion forums, magazines and clubs for audiophiles to share their ideas. 

Some audiophiles believe that differences should be able to be measured in a scientific way. This type of audiophile is called an "objectivist".

Other audiophiles believe that "what sounds better" or "more musical" may not be measurable. They rely mostly on their own ears and preferences. This type of audiophile is called a "subjectivist".

Audiophile is also used as an adjective in descriptions of audio equipment and recorded music, where it is intended to imply high quality.

References
References

Other websites
 The Audio Critic - Thirty-year publication, now online only, with in-depth independent verification of vendors' claims. 
  The Audio Press - Criticism of industry, magazines, and reviewers.
  Audiophilia - Online magazine featuring high-end audio equipment and music reviews.
  Enjoy the Music.com - High-end audio equipment, music reviews, show reports, and information.
  Positive Feedback Online - Print magazine that merged with audioMUSINGS and morphed into an online forum for the audio arts.
  Science and Subjectivism in Audio   Technically-detailed article by Douglas Self.
 6Moons.com - Online magazine.
 StereoTimes  - Equipment reviews and articles of general interest to audiophiles.
 TNT-Audio - Non-profit, Internet high-fidelity review.

Music
Barbelo is a goddess in Gnosticsm. She is also called Thought, Providence, Forethought, or Foreknowledge. She is  believed to be the first emanation of Bythos.

In the Apocryphon of John, a writing in the Nag Hammadi Library, Barbelo is described as "The first power, the glory, Barbelo, the perfect glory in the aions, the glory of the revelation."

The Apocryphon of John continues:

"This is the first thought, his image; she became the womb of everything, for it is she who is prior to them all, the Mother-Father, the first man (Anthropos), the holy Spirit, the thrice-male, the thrice-powerful, the thrice-named androgynous one, and the eternal aeon among the invisible ones, and the first to come forth."

Relation to other systems of thought
The Gnostic account of Barbelo is quite similar to Tantric thought. In Kashmir Shaivism, Shakti is similarly the second Tattva or first emanation of Shiva.

References
 The Nag Hammadi Library. The Apocryphon of John Retrieved Oct. 21, 2004.

Gods and goddesses
Perm (, pronounced:pʲɛrʲmʲ) is a city and administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia. It lies on the banks of the Kama River, at the foot of the Ural Mountains.

Perm is one of the largest cities in Russia, with 976,116 (2006 est.) inhabitants, fewer than the 1,001,653 recorded in the 2002 Census and 1,090,944 recorded in the 1989 Census.

In geology, the Permian period takes its name from the region.

History 
From 1940 until 1957, the city was named Molotov (), after Vyacheslav Molotov. In 2021, six people were killed in a mass shooting.

Administrative divisions 

Perm is divided into seven city districts:

Modern city 

The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural center. The leading industries include machinery, defence, oil production (about 3% of Russian output), oil refining, chemical and petrochemical, timber and wood processing and the food industry.
There is one international airport in Perm Bolshoye Savino (Big Savino).
Perm is also served by the smaller airport "Bakharevka".

Perm's public transit network includes streetcar (tram), bus, and trolleybus routes.

Sister cities 
Perm is the sister city of (twinned with):
  Louisville, Kentucky, United States (1994)
  Oxford, United Kingdom (1995)
  Duisburg, Germany (2007)

Sport 
 FC Amkar Perm, the football club based in Perm, playing in the Russian Premier League
 Molot-Prikame Perm, ice hockey club playing in the Russian Hockey Super League
 PBC Ural Great, the basketball club based in Perm, playing in the Russian Basketball Super League

Other websites
Other websites 

 Official website
 Perm regional server 
 The Official Website of the Perm Municipal Duma 
 The heritage of Perm Region 
 Perm Chamber of Commerce and Industry 
 The Western Ural Photographic Album 
 History of Perm 
 Perm and Perm Region Information on Kommersant Publishing webpage (also, see all other Russian subjects of the Federation) 
 The city of Perm - The poem of the town 
 Perm State University 
 Perm for travelers Sights of Perm and Perm's region
 General info on the city of Perm
 
Capitals of krais of Russia
Perm may mean:
 Perm, a city in Russia
 Perm Krai, a federal subject of Russia
 Perm Oblast, a former federal subject of Russia
 Permian, a geologic period
 Permanent wave, a hair treatment
 Perm, a historic region in Russia, approximately comprising the modern Perm Krai and the Komi Republic, between the 13th and 17th centuries
 Permutation (mathematics)
 PERM, an early computer
 Perm (unit), a unit of permeance (gas or vapor transmission) in materials and membranes.
 PERM, Form ETA 9089, the permanent labor certification issued by the U.S. Department of Labor which allows an employer to hire a foreign worker to work permanently in the United States. Replaces the old Labor Certification, Form ETA 750 A and B.
In Buddhist thought, bodhicitta is the motivation of a bodhisattva. The word bodhicitta combines the words for enlightenment (Bodhi) and  mind (Citta). It is sometimes translated as mind of enlightenment.

Bodhicitta is taught to be the intent to become enlightened, not for oneself, but for the benefit of all beings.

Buddhist terminology
In Hinduism and Buddhism, a dakini is a female being like a goddess. They are mostly found in Tibetan Buddhism.Chinese: 空行母, Pinyin: Kōngxíng Mǔ and 狐仙,Pinyin:Hú xian ;明妃,Pinyin:Míng fēi｝ The dakini inspires spiritual practice. A dakini is often depicted as beautiful and naked. The nakedness represents the freedom of the mind.

The Chinese and Tibetan terms for dakini literally mean "she who travels in the sky"; this is sometimes written poetically as "sky dancer". Their bodies are depicted curved in sinuous dance poses.

Dakinis are associated with energy. They are linked with the revelation of the path of transformation. They help people to change the energy of negative emotions, called poisons (kleshas), into enlightened awareness.
Appearance 
Images tend to show the dakini as a young, naked figure in a dancing posture, often holding a skull cup filled with menstrual blood or the elixir of life in one hand, and a curved knife in the other. She may wear a garland of human skulls, with a trident staff leaning against her shoulder. Her hair is usually wild and hanging down her back, and her face often wrathful in expression, as she dances on top of a corpse, which represents her complete mastery over ego and ignorance.

Events 
Tibetan Buddhists believe that a Dakini gave a black hat to the third Karmapa, Rangjung Dorje (1284 - 1339), when he was three years old. The Black Crown became the emblem of this Tibetan lineage known as the Karma Kagyu.

Notes
Notes

References 
 Beyer, Stephen (1973). The Cult of Tara: Magic and Ritual in Tibet. University of California Press. 
 English, Elizabeth (2002). Vajrayogini: Her Visualizations, Rituals, and Forms. Wisdom Publications. 
 Norbu, Thinley (1981). Magic Dance: The Display of the Self Nature of the Five Wisdom Dakinis. Jewel Publishing House, 2nd edition. 
 Padmasambhava, translated by Erik Pema Kunsang (1999) Dakini Teachings. Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2nd edition. 
 Simmer-Brown, Judith (2001). Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism. Shambhala Publications. 
 Yeshe, Lama (2001). Introduction to Tantra : The Transformation of Desire. Wisdom Publications, revised edition.

Other websites 
 Dakini and the Female Spirit 
 Dakini on khandro.net

Buddhist gods and goddesses
Dattatreya is the God who is an incarnation of the Divine Trinity Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. The word Datta means "Given", Datta is called so because the divine trinity have "given" themselves in the form of a son to the sage couple Guru Atri and Mata Anusuya. He is the son of Guru Atri, hence the name "Atreya."

In the Nath tradition, Dattatreya is seen as an Avatar or incarnation of the Lord Shiva and as the Adi-Guru (First Teacher) of the Adi-Nath sampradaya of the Nathas. Although Dattatreya was at first a "Lord of Yoga" with Tantric traits, he was adapted and assimilated into the more devotional cults; while still worshiped by millions of Hindus, he is approached more as a benevolent God than as a teacher of the highest essence of Indian thought.
Dattatreya as a historical figure 
Though the Dattatreya of the Natha tradition coexisted and intermingled with the Puranic, Brahmanical tradition of the Datta sampradaya, here we shall focus almost exclusively on the earlier Tantric manifestation of Datta. Shri Gurudev Mahendranath had no doubt that Dattatreya was a historical figure. He stated that Datta was born on Wednesday, the fourteenth day of the full moon in the month of Margasirsa, though he does not mention the year.

Dattatreya left home at an early age to wander naked in search of the Absolute. He seems to have spent most of his life wandering in the area between and including North Mysore, through the Maharashtra, and into Gujarat as far as the Narmada River. He attained realization at a place not far from the town now known as Ganagapur. The original footprints of Datta are believed to be located on the lonely peak at Mount Girnar. The Tripura-rahasya refers to the disciple Parasurama finding Datta meditating on Gandhamadana mountain.
The Tripura-rahasya (The Secret of [the Goddess] Tripura) is believed to be an abbreviated version of the original Datta Samhita or Dakshinamurti Samhita traditionally ascribed to Dattatreya. This more lengthy work was summarized by Dattatreya's disciple Parasurama, whose disciple, Sumedha Haritayana, scribed the text. Thus, this text is sometimes referred to as the Haritayana Samhita.

The Tripura-rahasya is divided into three parts. The first part, the Mahatmya Khanda or section on the goddess is concerned with the origin, mantra and yantra of the Goddess Tripura, also known as Lalita or Lalita Tripurasundari. The Jnana Khanda or section on knowledge elaborates on the themes of consciousness, manifestation, and liberation. The last part, Charya Khanda or section on conduct, has been lost and some believe destroyed.
Another work, the Avadhuta Gita (Song of the Free) is a wonderful, compete compilation of the highest thought given to and recorded by two of Dattatreya's disciples, Swami and Kartika. Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902) held it in high esteem. Originally a work of seven chapters, a spurious and misogynistic eighth chapter may be a later attempt to append sexual morality to the Natha tradition by a conservative ascetic. Some of the ideas in this Gita are however common to both Shaivite and Buddhist Tantras.
The Markandeya Purana reports that Dattatreya, to free himself of all attachments, dove into a lake where he stayed for many years. By doing so, he also hoped to evade an assembly of Munis who remained on the banks of the lake awaiting his return. Datta emerged from the water naked in the company of a beautiful woman. The text relates that he made love with her (maithuna), drank liquor, and enjoyed singing and music. In spite of this, the Munis did not abandon him, and Dattatraya, accompanied by his shakti, continued to engage in these practices and was meditated on by those longing for moksha.

In the Bhagavata Purana Dattatreya enumerates a list of his twenty-four gurus: earth, air, sky / ether, water, fire, sun, moon, python, pigeons, sea, moth, bee, bull elephant, bear, deer, fish, osprey, a child, a maiden, a courtesan, a blacksmith, serpent, spider, and wasp. The image of the Natha ranged from that of a siddha living in the woods with animals, to that of a frightening, even demonic, being.
In The Pathless Path to Immortality, Shri Gurudev Mahendranath writes:

"Shri Dattatreya was a dropout of an earlier age than the period when Veda and Tantra merged to become one simple cult. It was men like Dattatreya who helped to make this possible. Three of his close disciples were kings, one an Asura and the other two both belonging to the warrior caste. Dattatreya himself was regarded as an avatar of Maheshwara (Shiva) but later was claimed by Vaishnavites as the avatar of Vishnu. Not such a sectarian claim as it appears; Hindus regard Shiva and Vishnu as the same or as manifestations of the Absolute taking form."
Indeed, the Dattatreya Upanisad, which opens proclaiming Dattatreya's identity with Vishnu, ends with the mantra Om Namah Shivaya, identifying Datta with Shiva. In the last portion of the third chapter, Mahesvara (Shiva) alone is said to pervade reality and shine in every heart of man. He alone is in front, behind, to the left, to the right, below, above, everywhere the center. Finally, Mahesvara is identified with Dattatreya, depicting the latter as an Avatar of Shiva.

Dattatreya as a devotional deity 
Dattatreya is usually depicted with three heads, symbolising Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva; past, present, and future; and the three states of consciousness: waking, dreaming, and dreamless sleep. He is portrayed sitting in meditation with his shakti beneath the audumbara (wish-fulfilling) tree. In front of him is a fire pit, and around him are four dogs. These are sometimes said to symbolise the four Vedas.
References 
 Mahendranath, Shri Gurudev. Notes on Pagan India . Retrieved Oct. 14, 2004.
 Mahendranath, Shri Gurudev. The Pathless Path to Immortality . Retrieved Oct. 14, 2004.
 Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998). Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara. New York: State University of New York Press. .

Other websites 
Information on Shri Dattatreya - Datta Guru

Hindu gods and goddesses
Gnosticism is a group of religious ideas from around the 1st century. "" is the ancient Greek word for "knowledge", but now more closely means "esoteric knowledge". Gnostic ideas were a main part of early Christianity before being persecuted by other Christians. Gnostic ideas are also found in sects of Judaism and Islam, as well as in alchemy and other kinds of esotericism.

The word "Gnostic" was mostly used by people who were against these ideas. For this reason, some researchers have said that Gnosticism is a  of many separate religious movements. There are many problems for people who research Gnosticism:
 Many Gnostic teachings were esoteric, meaning they were kept secret or hidden
 A lot of what is known about Gnostic beliefs came from attacks written by non-Gnostic Christians
 Almost all Gnostic writings were destroyed by non-Gnostic Christians who wanted to wipe them out
Beliefs 
Gnosticism says that humans are divine souls trapped in the ordinary physical (or material) world.  They say that the world was made by an imperfect spirit.

The imperfect spirit is thought to be the same as the God of Abraham. The imperfect spirit may be seen as evil, or sometimes just not perfect but doing the best it can.  

The real God who is good, is distant and not easy to know. In order to get free from the material world, a person has to get gnosis.  That is the special secret knowledge given only to a few special people. 

Some Gnostic groups saw Jesus as sent by the supreme being, to bring gnosis to the Earth.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Ancient Gnosticism
 Religious Tolerance - A survey of Gnosticism
 Sacred Wisdom  - Gnosticism and Christian Esotericism
 Early Christian Writings - primary texts
 The Gnostic Society Library
 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gnosticism
 Introduction to Gnosticism 
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Gnosticism
 Proto-Gnostic elements in the Gospel according to John
 Gnostic version of the Bible and more on Gnostics 
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Gnosticism

 Contemporary Gnosticism
 The Alexandrian Gnostic Church 
 Apostolic Johannite Church
 Ecclesia Gnostica (Gnosis Archive)
Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin (;  ;  – ) was a Russian peasant, and a mystical faith healer.
He was not a monk who lived in a monastery, but a religious pilgrim. In 1904 he arrived in the capital St Petersburg. The Tsar and Tsarina talked many times with Rasputin and asked for advice as he became their spiritual guide.

Life
Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin was born a peasant in the small village of Pokrovskoye, along the Tura River in the Tobolsk Governorate (now Tyumen Oblast) in the Russian Empire. According to official records, he was born on 21 January [[[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]] 9 January] 1869 and christened the following day. He was named for St. Gregory of Nyssa, whose feast was celebrated on 10 January.
Rasputin had a lot of influence over Tsarina Alexandra, the wife of Tsar Nicholas II, the emperor of Imperial Russia. Alexandra believed that Rasputin was the answer to her worries. Her only son, Tsarevich Alexei, the heir to the throne was very sick. He had hemophilia. It caused heavy bleeding and pain in his groin and legs each time he fell. Rasputin calmed the boy and the parents. From then on, Alexandra believed Rasputin was the only person who could heal her son with his prayers.

Because of this, the Tsar and his family began to trust Rasputin more with important decisions on politics. Rasputin did not support the Tsar when he decided to lead his country into World War I. In July 1914, during a stay in his home village, he was stabbed in his belly by a female conspirator Khioniya Guseva. After seven weeks, Rasputin recovered and went back to the capital. There he lived with his two daughters, who went to school in the capital.
Death
In the night of 30 December 1916, Rasputin was led into the Yusupov palace's basement. He was offered wine. When he got drunk, he was shot twice by Prince Felix Yusupov. One shot went into his right kidney and then into his spine. He climbed some stairs and staggered out of the palace through a back door. Rasputin was shot again in the courtyard. To be sure he was dead, he was shot in the forehead at close range. Grand Duke Dmitri drove the conspirators to the Neva River. There they dropped his body from the bridge. In the meantime, Prince Felix had killed his favorite dog, to cover the blood in the courtyard. A few days later Rasputin's body, completely frozen, was found stuck in the ice. The next day the corpse was buried in a park next to the Alexander Palace. After the February Revolution, the new leaders decided to dig up his body to prevent it from becoming a place of worship; and eventually burned it.

References

Bibliography
In English: 
  Originally in London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 
. 

 

1869 births
1916 deaths
Christian mystics
Assassinated Russian people
Russian Orthodox Christians
Tyumen Oblast
Grimoire is a book of witchcraft or paranormal magic. The word is pronounced "grim-warr", which rhymes with "guitar".

The word is a mistaken way of saying grammar. It probably started being used in a time when not many people could read. Then any book might be thought to contain instructions for magic.

In the religion of Wicca and other forms of Neopaganism, such a book is sometimes called a "Book of Shadows".

Magic (paranormal)
Spiritual books
Hermeticism is the study and practice of occult philosophy and magic. The name comes from the fact that the first books about Hermeticism  are said to have been written by the god Hermes Trismegistus ("Thrice-Greatest Hermes"), who combines aspects of the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian god Thoth.  

Hermeticism is also connected with astrology and alchemy.  These beliefs were strong in Europe during the Renaissance. The Hermetic Corpus was translated by Marsilio Ficino in 1463 and published in 1471. At this time, the Hermetic Corpus was thought to be older than both Plato and Pythagoras.

In 1614, Isaac Causabon showed that the texts were actually written sometime between 200 and 300 AD. This view was based on careful study of the way language was used in the original writings.

Hermeticism was revived in the 19th century in Western Europe. The most famous group involved in this revival was the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

Related page 
Supernatural
Philosophical movements and positions
Creation myths
The Illuminati (the “enlightened ones”) was a late 18th century German political secret society. Adam Weishaupt, a Bavarian philosopher and lawyer, started the secret society on the 1st of May 1776 at the University of Ingolstadt . In 1785 it was outlawed in Bavaria. 

Originally, they opposed superstition, prejudice, religious influence over public life, and abuses of state power. They supported women’s education and gender equality. 

Later, other groups formed using the same name. There is no evidence that these present-day groups have any significant power or influence. They promote themselves using the Bavarian Illuminati to attract membership.

References 

Secret societies
Conspiracy theories
1776 establishments
1785 disestablishments
The Simputer is a small, cheap device, similar to personal digital assistant (palmtop). The unique feature of this device is a smart-card interface which allows a single Simputer to be used by many users. User's private data might be kept on a cheap smart-card. This device was constructed by Indian company- Simputer Trust. The name stands for "Simple computer".

History

The Simputer project was invented during the organization of the Global Village, an International Seminar on Information Technology for Developing Countries. It was conducted in October 1998. The discussion was about big need for a low-cost mass access device which will bring local-language IT to the masses. During inventing a name for new established original device, the purpose was to find complex acronym to fit the name Simputer. Thus Simputer is a Simple, Inexpensive, Multi-lingual comPUTER. Later it was expanded to Simple, Inexpensive Multi-lingual People's compUTER. Now it is also called "computer for the masses".

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