Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Live from Le Cabaret is a hit live album by Rock-Pop band Maroon 5. The album was exclusively released on iTunes on July 8, 2008.

The recording of Live from Le Cabaret 
This album was released on July 8, 2008. It was recorded in Montreal, Quebec. The album was originally 1:05:37 long. The album is the third known recorded by Maroon 5.

Songs performed 
The songs performed on Live from Le Cabaret are songs from Maroon 5's past studio albums. Songs from their debut studio album called Songs About Jane like "Harder to Breathe", "This Love", "She Will Be Loved", "Shiver", and "Sweetest Goodbye". Songs are also included from Maroon 5's second hit studio album called It Won't Be Soon Before Long like "Makes Me Wonder", "Little of Your Time", "If I Never See Your Face Again", and more.
Track listing 
 "If I Never See Your Face Again"
 "Makes Me Wonder"
 "Harder to Breathe"
 "The Sun"
 "Secret"
 "Shiver"
 "Won't Go Home..."
 "Sunday mornin"
 "Little Of Your Time"
 "Sweetest Goodbye"
 "She Will Be Loved"
 "This Love"

2008 albums
Pop albums
Thermodynamic entropy is a measure of how organized or disorganized energy is present in a system of atoms or molecules. It is measured in joules of energy per unit kelvin. Entropy is an important part of the third law of thermodynamics.

Imagine that a group of molecules has ten units of energy. If the energy in those molecules is perfectly organized, then the molecules can do ten units of work. However, if the energy became less organized (so, the entropy increased), the molecules might only be able to do six units of work, even though they still have ten units of energy in them.
When total entropy is reached, there is no more energy to spend. A good example of this is a cup of hot tea. The tea has a lot of energy compared to the room the tea is in. Over time the heat in the tea will spread into the room. The tea will become colder. This is because the energy (heat) in the tea moves to the surrounding area. Once the tea became cold, there is no more heat that can be spread. The tea has reached total entropy.

There are two types of these "rooms": An open system and a closed system. An open system means that energy (like heat) can freely flow in and out of the room. A closed system means that the room is closed off from the outside; no energy can go in or out.
In the case of the tea, the room was a closed system; no energy could enter it. But we can also make it an open system by placing a heater into the room. If we turn on the heater, we can use the heat from it to reheat the cup of tea. New energy has been brought into the room. The entropy has thus decreased. The heat that went from the heater into the tea can then move into the room again until total entropy has been reached. This is what the second law of thermodynamics is about.

A real life example of an open system is the Earth. It gets a lot of energy from the Sun every day. This allows plants to grow and water to stay liquid. If we took away the Sun, plants would die and water would freeze because the surface of our planet would be too cold.

Thermodynamics
Cornell University ( ) is in Ithaca, New York, United States.  It is a private land-grant university, receiving annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions. Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White co-founded it in 1865 by sponsoring a bill in the New York State Legislature to designate it as New York's land grant college. The university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge–from the classics to the sciences and from the theoretical to the applied. This goal was uncommon in 1865.  The goal is stated in Cornell's motto, an 1865 Ezra Cornell quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study." Since its founding, Cornell has also been a co-educational, secular institution where admission is offered irrespective of gender, religion or race.
The university has seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus, with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy. The university also administers two satellite medical campuses, one in New York City and one in Education City, Qatar. Cornell is one of two private land grant universities, and its seven undergraduate colleges include three state-supported statutory or contract colleges. As a land grant college, it also operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York.

Cornell counts more than 255,000 living alumni, 31 Marshall Scholars, 28 Rhodes Scholars and 41 Nobel laureates as affiliated with the university. It has 13,000 undergraduate and 6,000 graduate students from all 50 states and 122 countries.

Cornell's athletics teams are called the Big Red, and they have 36 varsity teams. They play against other teams in the Ivy League.
Colleges
Cornell is divided into colleges. Each operates independently and has its own faculty and admission process: The "statutory" or "contract" colleges (which receive direct funding from the New York state government) have "New York State" in their name. Residents of New York who are enrolled in these colleges pay less tuition than other students at the university. Cornell calls its other colleges "endowed colleges".

Undergraduate
New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, founded in 1874
College of Architecture, Art, and Planning, founded in 1871
College of Arts and Sciences, founded in 1865
College of Engineering, founded in 1870
School of Hotel Administration, founded in 1922, became an independent college in 1950
New York State College of Human Ecology, became an independent college in 1925
New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, founded in 1945
Graduate
Graduate School, founded in 1909
Cornell Law School, founded in 1887
S.C. Johnson Graduate School of Management, founded in 1946
Weill Cornell Medical College, founded in 1898
Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, founded in 1952
New York State College of Veterinary Medicine
The four statutory colleges are also units of the State University of New York.

Cornell also had two other colleges that closed. The New York State College of Forrestry closed in 1903. The Nursing School closed in 1979.

Research
Cornell, a research university, produces the fourth largest number of graduates in the world who go on to pursue PhDs in engineering or the natural sciences at American institutions. It is also fifth in the world in producing graduates who pursue PhDs at American institutions in any field. Research is a central element of Cornell's mission. In 2009 Cornell spent $671 million on science and engineering research and development. This makes it the 16th highest in the United States.
Since 1962, Cornell has been involved in unmanned missions to Mars. In the 21st century, Cornell had a hand in the Mars Exploration Rover Mission. Cornell's Steve Squyres, Principal Investigator for the Athena Science Payload, led the selection of the landing zones and requested data collection features for the Spirit and Opportunity rovers. Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineers took those requests and designed the rovers to meet them. The rovers, both of which have operated long past their original life expectancies, are responsible for the discoveries that were awarded 2004 Breakthrough of the Year honors by Science. Control of the Mars rovers has shifted between NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech and Cornell's Space Sciences Building. Further, Cornell researchers discovered the rings around the planet Uranus. Also, Cornell built and operated the world's largest and most sensitive radiotelescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico.
Cornell scientists have researched the fundamental particles of nature for more than 70 years. Cornell physicists, such as Hans Bethe, contributed not only to the foundations of nuclear physics but also participated in the Manhattan Project. In the 1930s, Cornell built the second cyclotron in the United States. In the 1950s, Cornell physicists became the first to study synchrotron radiation. During the 1990s, the Cornell Electron Storage Ring, beneath Alumni Field, was the world's highest-luminosity electron-positron collider. After building the synchrotron at Cornell, Robert R. Wilson took a leave of absence to become the founding director of Fermilab, which involved designing and building the Tevatron, the largest accelerator in the United States. Cornell's accelerator and high-energy physics groups are involved in the design of the proposed International Linear Collider and plan to participate in its construction and operation
. The International Linear Collider, to be completed in the late 2010s, will complement the Large Hadron Collider and shed light on questions such as the identity of dark matter and the existence of extra dimensions.
In the area of humanities and social sciences, Cornell is best known for being one of the world's greatest centers for the study of Southeast Asia. The Southeast Asia Program (SEAP) at Cornell is designated as a National Resource Center (NRC) by the United States Department of Education 2010–2014. Therefore, the SEAP is nationally prominent in promoting advanced foreign language training, area and international knowledge in the liberal arts and applied discipline focused on Southeast Asia. The George McTurnan Kahin Center for Advanced Research on Southeast Asia is in the historic "Treman House." The George McTurnan Kahin Center is home to SEAP graduate students, visiting fellows and scholars, faculty members, and SEAP's Publication and Outreach offices.

Notes

References

Association of American Universities
Ivy League
1865 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in New York (state)
Bolognese sauce is a sauce made with meat that is then mixed with pasta before eating. It is called Ragù alla bolognese in Italy. The sauce came from Bologna in Italy.
Most Italian people eat their Bolognese sauce with tagliatelle, a broad, flat type of pasta. It can also be served with ribbon or tube shaped pasta.

Spaghetti alla Bolognese recipes 

In 1982, the Bolognese delegation, said that the recipe must only be made of beef, pancetta (a type of bacon), onions, carrots, celery, tomato paste, meat broth, red wine and milk or cream. There are different recipes of Bolognese sauce. Some of the recipes contain chopped pork or pork sausage. Mushrooms are sometimes added.

Spaghetti Bolognese is popular outside of Italy where the sauce is put on a plate of spaghetti with a little bit of grated cheese put on. In China Bolognese sauce is served with noodles and it is called Chinese spaghetti.
However, these different ways of making the recipe are never eaten in Bologna. They do use the recipe together with béchamel sauce to make lasagna.

References and further reading 
 Kaspar, Lynne Rossetto (1st Edition: September 21, 1992) The Splendid Table: Recipes from Emilia-Romagna, the Heartland of Northern Italian Food, Morrow Cookbooks. .

Other websites 

Italian food
Sauces
Bologna
Lixion A. Avila (born November 25, 1950) is a weather forecaster with the National Hurricane Center (NHC). He has been a senior hurricane specialist.

References

American meteorologists
Living people
1950 births
The pug  is a type of dog with a wrinkly face. It also has a curled tail, and pug puppies are called puglets. The pug has a square, muscular body with a large head, big eyes, and small ears. They have often been described as multum in parvo, which means "much in little", referring to the pug's character and size. Pugs came originally from Taiwan, but they became popular in England, Ireland, and Scotland.

Description
Description 

Pugs are popular and often liked most for their curly tails, compact body, a deep chest, and strong muscles. There are two different types of a Pug's ears, "rose" and "button". "Rose" ears are smaller than the "button" ears and are folded up instead of on the side of the head. Most people prefer "button" style Pugs. Pugs have strong, straight legs and laid back shoulders. Their feet are not as large as a hare's foot, but they are not as round as that of a cat, either. They have toes that are split up perfectly, and their nails are all black. The lower teeth normally grow farther out than the upper teeth, so they meet in an under-bite.

Coat and color 
The coat of pugs can be a lot of different colors, including fawn, apricot, silver, or black. A very rare pug is white. The fur color may be white due to albinism. There is also a smutty fawn pug, which has a very dark head and dark forelegs. The tail usually curls at the hip.
Different coat types shed differently, but they all shed year-round. The pug who has a fawn color sheds the most. Grooming their fur helps prevent too much shedding.

Nature 
The pug is very strong-willed, but does not act aggressively unless provoked to a high degree. Pugs are well kept for families with children. They can be quiet and nice but also funny according to the owner's mood. They are also good at guarding the house.

History

Origins 

Pugs came from Taiwan, as most high people of Taiwan kept them as pets at around 400 BCE.

In East China, they were known as the "Lo-Chiang-Sze" or "Foo". In the early 551 BCE, Confucius described the pug as a "short mouthed dog". After that, pugs became popular in Tibet, especially for monks. Then, pugs became known toward Japan and then Europe. The pug's origin is unknown because the first Emperor of China destroyed everything related to the pug in his reign.
Chinese Fu-Dogs, also called Lion-Dogs or Fo-Dogs, were thought of as brave dogs who were skilled at guarding, so statues of them were placed outside the temples.

16th and 17th centuries 

The Dutch East India Company imported the pug first in the late 16th and 17th centuries. Later, in 1572, a pug named Pompey saved the Prince of Orange by warning him when the Spaniards came. William III and Mary II also took a pug with them when they were going from Netherlands to England for the seat of the throne in 1688.

The pug was also becoming famous in other European countries as well. The Spanish painter, Goya, painted pugs in Spain and Italy sitting beside the coachmen of the rich. They were used as guard dogs and to find animals or people.
18th and 19th centuries 
After that, pugs began to become popular in France. A pug named Fortune was a messenger between Joséphine de Beauharnais and her family while she was in prison. In Italy, the pug was becoming famous also. A Mrs. Piozzi wrote in her journal that "every carriage I meet here has a pug in it".

In 19th century England, Queen Victoria was a very sincere lover of pugs. She had many pet pugs, such as Olga, Pedro, Minka, Fatima, and Venus.

The pug finally arrived in the United States during the 19th century and soon became popular there as well. Many pugs won dog shows, and soon the Pug Dog Club was founded in 1931.

Health problems
Health problems 

Because pugs do not have long snouts, they can get eye diseases. They also cannot breathe well, because passages for oxygen are very small and they cannot regulate their temperature with their tongue well. A pug's normal body temperature is between  and . If the temperature rises to , they need to cool down immediately because they cannot cool themselves enough. If the temperature reaches , their organs can fail.

Pugs that live by themselves can have the problem of overweight, although this can be helped by exercising and eating healthy food.

Serious issues 
Pugs can also be hurt by necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME). NME is an inflammation of the brain and meninges. It is also known as pug dog encephalitis (PDE). There is no known cure or explanation for NME, although most people believe it is a disease that dogs may inherit from their mother or father. All dogs usually die within a few months after this disease, which usually happens from 6 months to 7 years of age.
Pugs can also get a serious disease in their spine.

Common conditions 
Because pugs have wrinkles on their faces, owners must clean the folded part of their skin. Hip dysplasia is another major problem for pugs. About 63.8% of pugs were caught with hip dysplasia.

When pugs get excited, they begin to "reverse sneeze", in which they will breathe in short, quick breaths. "Reverse sneezing" is usually not harmful to the pug. It can be helped by massaging the dog's throat or covering its nose to make it breathe instead with its mouth.

Media and culture 
Pugs have come out in television and film, such as Frank the Pug in the film Men in Black and the follow-up series. Other films that have pugs include 12 Rounds, Marie Antoinette (2006 film), and Disney's film about Pocahontas. They have also appeared on television, in shows like: Poldark,The West Wing

Pugs have also appeared in many fictional books, like Lady Bertram's pug in Mansfield Park and in the book Pugs: God's Little Weirdos.
Famous people who own pugs include broadcaster Jonathan Ross and actress Jessica Alba.

References

Other websites 

 PugWear - All about pugs! Information, common illnesses, remedies and lots more

National breed clubs
 Pug Dog Club of America 
 UK Pug Dog Club 
 Pug Club of Canada
 Malta Pug Dog Club 

Dog breeds originating in China
FCI breeds
Molossers
A command economy or planned economy is where the big decisions are made at the center by the government.  In an economic system the main decisions are, for example, allocating resources like labour, capital and minerals. Prices, too, are controlled. In a command economy, these decisions are taken by a central body, usually the government. 

This system contrasts that of a market economy where all the economic actors involved make decisions. The benefit of a planned economy is that the planners (supposedly) know all about what is happening, and can make a better decision than in the market economy. Countries at war sometimes command their people to make things the war needs; the major powers in World War II did this.
Friedrick von Hayek, a 20th-century economist, thought that it is not possible for the planning body to have perfect information. For this reason, the decisions taken by this body will be wrong, as it is not possible to foresee all possible events. Once the decision has been taken there is only a small margin to vary the production; this means that a planned economy cannot adapt to a change as rapidly as a market economy. According to Ludwig von Mises, there is no competition, and there are no reasons to innovate or to look for different solutions to a problem, in a planned economy.

Related pages 

 Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union

References 

Economic systems
Charles Edward Ives (October 30, 1874 – May 19, 1954) was an American composer.   He experimented with new ways of composing which many people did not understand at the time. These became more widely used later in the century.  He used dissonant (harsh) sounding intervals and techniques such as polytonality (playing in several keys at once), polyrhythms (several rhythms at once) and polytextures (several textures at once).  Very few people listened to his music at the time he was writing it.  Only much later did musicians  start to realize the importance of his work.   Ives earned his living as an insurance agent.  He composed in his spare time.

Life

Early years
Life

Early years

Charles Ives was born in Danbury, Connecticut.  His father George Ives was a U.S. Army bandleader in the American Civil War.  His mother was a singer.  His father taught him a great deal about the music and encouraged him to experiment with new sounds.  As well as teaching him counterpoint and introducing him to the music of  J.S.Bach  he trained his son’s musical ear by getting him to sing a tune in one key while he played the accompaniment in another.  In this way the young Charles became used to modern sounds that were quite different from traditional, Romantic music.  Charles also listened in Danbury town square to his father's marching band and other bands that were playing on other sides of the square, so that he heard a mixture of several pieces of music at the same time.  His father also taught him the music of Stephen Foster.
Ives became a church organist at the age of 14 and wrote various hymns and songs for church services, including his Variations on 'America' .  At the same time he also enjoyed sport and was good at baseball, football and tennis.
Ives spent four years at Yale University.  His teacher Horatio Parker was very good and taught him important basic techniques of composing, but he could not understand some of things that Ives was writing in his music.  Ives got annoyed when his teacher told him he could not finish a section of music on a dissonant chord, but Ives liked it like that.   The choirmaster at the Centre Church where Ives played the organ was John Griggs.  He had more understanding of what Ives was trying to do.  It was a terrible blow to Charles when his father died on 4 November 1894.  He always had a huge admiration for his father who had encouraged him in his musical experiments.  Charles kept busy composing.  He did not do any sport at Yale because his father had forbidden him to take part in sport so that he would spend his time on studying.  By the time Charles graduated he had composed more than 40 songs, several marches, overtures, anthems and organ pieces, a string quartet and a symphony
.  However, most people thought of him as the composer of a simple waltz tune called The Bells of Yale.
Adult years

After his studies at Yale Ives continued to work as a church organist while working for an insurance firm.   He was very good at his job and became very well known in the insurance business.  Some of his business friends were often surprised to find out that he was also a composer. 

In 1907, Ives had his first "heart attack".  These attacks may have been more to do with his imagination.  When he was better he composed more than ever before.  He married in 1908.  After several heart attacks in 1918 he composed very little.  He stopped composing altogether in 1926.  His health problems continued, and he retired from the insurance business in 1930.  He spent some time revising works he had written early, but never wrote any more new pieces.

Ives died in 1954 in New York City at 12:32 PM.

His music
His music

Ives published more than 100 of his songs.  He was a very good pianist and the piano parts are often quite difficult.  They include bitonality and pantonality.. Although he is now best known for his orchestral music, he composed two string quartets and other chamber music. His organ piece Variations on "America" (1891), takes the tune My Country, 'Tis of Thee (which is the same tune as God Save the Queen )  and changes it in several amusing variations, using a march, a ragtime and bitonality. it was not published until 1949.  The variations differ sharply: a running line, a set of close harmonies, a march, a polonaise, and a ragtime allegro; the interludes are one of the first uses of bitonality.

His Symphony Number 1 was fairly traditional, but Symphony Number 2 is much more modern sounding, even ending with a dissonant chord with 11 notes.
In 1902 he gave up his organ job.  He left all his best anthems and organ music in the church library, and these were thrown out in 1915 when the church moved so most of them are lost.

Central Park in the Dark
Central Park in the Dark is a piece for orchestra which describes the mysterious, quiet park and then sounds of music coming from nearby nightclubs in Manhattan (playing the popular music of the day, ragtime, quoting Hello My Baby and even Sousa's Washington Post March).
The Unanswered Question
Perhaps the piece which is most often heard today is the short fanfare  The Unanswered Question (1908), written for the very unusual combination of trumpet, four flutes, and string orchestra. The strings, playing from behind the stage, play very slow, chorale-like music throughout the piece while several times the trumpet (playing from behind the audience) plays a short group of notes that Ives described as "the eternal question of existence". Each time the trumpet is answered with harsh outbursts from the flutes (onstage) — apart from the last one.  That is the question that is left unanswered.  Musicians often have discussions about what the real meaning of the piece is.
Orchestral and Piano works
Another well-known orchestral work is Three Places in New England.   His best-known piano work is his Concord Sonata.  Ives often liked to quote bits of other pieces, and in this piano sonata he quotes the famous opening of  Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. It also has an interesting example of one of Ives' experiments: in the second movement, he tells the pianist to use a 14¾ in (37.5 cm) piece of wood to make a thick but soft  cluster chord.  The sonata is one of the best piano works of the 20th century.

Fourth Symphony
One of his most interesting works is the his Fourth Symphony (1910–16) written for a huge orchestra.  The last movement is like a fight between discord and traditional tonal music. The piece ends quietly with just the percussion playing at a distance.  This symphony seems to say everything that Ives had been trying to do in music.  It was not until 1965 that a complete performance of the symphony was given.
Reputation
Ives music only gradually began to get well known during the 1930s and into the 1940s.  Schoenberg recognized his importance.  In 1951, Leonard Bernstein conducted the first performance of Ives' Second Symphony in a broadcast concert by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.  He recorded a lot of his music and even played some in a television programme for young people.

Other websites
The Charles Ives Society

1874 births
1954 deaths
20th-century American composers
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Connecticut
Yale University alumni
A flageolet is an old woodwind instrument.  It belongs to the end-blown flute family.  It started to be used in the 16th century for folk music.  There are two types: the French type and the English type.    The French flageolet had four holes in the front and two in the back.  The English flageolet had six holes in the front.

The flageolet is quite similar to the recorder. In the 18th century it changed because a narrow mouthpiece made of ivory or bone was added at the top.  This led into another section which bulged out.  There was a soft sponge at the end of this.  Sometimes this instrument was called the "flautino".  The piccolo developed from it.  Another instrument that developed from it was the tin whistle.

Henry Purcell and George Frideric Handel both wrote pieces for it.

Small versions of this instrument, called bird flageolets were also made and were used for teaching birds to sing.

References
The illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments;
Other websites
 flageolets.com – information about the flageolet

Flutes
Paris Opéra or the Opéra National de Paris is the most important opera company of France. It stages performances at the Opéra Bastille and Opéra Garnier in Paris. The theatre is also the home of the Paris Opéra Ballet.

Other opera houses in Paris are the Théâtre du Châtelet, Opéra-Comique and Théâtre des Champs-Élysées.

History 
King Louis XIV allowed Jean-Baptiste Lully to start the Académie Royale de Musique in 1672. This was an organization that included opera, ballet, and music. The ballet company was part of the opera company. Then Louis XIV started the ballet school, called Académie Royale de Danse, in 1661. From 1671 until Lully's death in 1687, the school was directed by the great dancing master Pierre Beauchamp, the man who set down the five positions of the feet.
In 1713 King Louis XIV made the Opera company a state institution. There was a group of professional dancers called Le Ballet de l'Opéra. From that time until 1875 they used lots of theatres, each one of which was destroyed by a fire. All these companies were called Paris Opéra or Opéra de Paris.

On 29 October 1873, the old Paris Opéra, known as the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique, which had been used since 1821, was destroyed by a fire which burned for 27 hours. By 1875 the opera company moved to the new Palais Garnier which was part of the rebuilding of Paris by Emperor Napoleon III.

When the Opéra Bastille was built in 1989 the company chose it as their main theatre.

Other websites 
 Official site

Theatres in Paris
Faust or Faustus is a character from German legendary stories.  His name comes from a Latin word meaning "lucky".  The legend is about a man called Faust.  Faust wants to have knowledge.  He meets the Devil.  The Devil tells Faust he can have anything he wants.  In return, the Devil says, Faust must give him his soul.  Faust agrees, and the Devil lets Faust have a wonderful time, but in the end Faust has to go to Hell.

The story of Faust became famous all over Europe.  Many writers from different countries wrote their own versions of the Faust story, e.g. Christopher Marlowe, Goethe, Mikhail Bulgakov, Thomas Mann.  Many composers wrote music about Faust, e.g. Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Charles Gounod and Ferrucio Busoni.

The adjective "Faustian" is used to describe a person who wants something so much that it leads them into trouble.
In the early versions of the Faust story: in ballads, dramas and puppet-plays, Faust is always damned (meaning he will have to go to Hell).  This is because he prefers human knowledge instead of God’s knowledge.  This was thought to be very bad at that time.

Some of the plays and comic puppet theatre from around the 16th century make up their own versions of the story.  They often show Faust as a figure of vulgar fun. The story became popular in England when Christopher Marlowe wrote a play called The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. But in Goethe's version of the story two centuries later, Faust is described as a well-educated man who wants more than just "meat and drink."

References

Faust
Robert Mulligan (August 23, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was an Academy Award-nominated American movie and television director. He directed movies such as To Kill a Mockingbird and The Man in the Moon.

Filmography 
 The Man in the Moon (1991)
 Clara's Heart  (1988)
 Kiss Me Goodbye  (1982)
 Bloodbrothers  (1978)
 Same Time, Next Year  (1978)
 The Nickel Ride  (1974)
 The Other  (1972)
 Summer of '42  (1971)
 The Pursuit of Happiness  (1971)
 The Stalking Moon  (1969)
 Up the Down Staircase  (1967)
 Inside Daisy Clover  (1965)
 Baby the Rain Must Fall  (1965)
 Love with the Proper Stranger  (1963)
 To Kill a Mockingbird  (1962)
 The Spiral Road  (1962)
 Come September  (1961)
 The Great Impostor  (1961)
 The Rat Race  (1960)
 Fear Strikes Out (1957)

1925 births
2008 deaths
American movie directors
Entertainers from New York City
Austin was a British car manufacturing company that began production in 1905. The company merged with Morris in 1952, becoming the lead partner in British Motor Corporation. This became British Leyland and then Rover Group. They began phasing the brand out in 1987; by 1989 all Rover Group cars had been cleared of Austin branding. The name has now passed into the ownership of Nanjing Motor Corporation, who have stated an interest in reviving it.

History

Independent Austin 1905-1952 

The company was started in 1905 by Herbert Austin, originally making cars at a factory in Rotherham, Yorkshire before moving to Longbridge, Birmingham. In the First World War Austin made aircraft for the Army and Navy, it was this work which led to the rapid expansion of the company; following the war the company stopped making aircraft. The company became Britain's biggest car maker.
British Motor Corporation 1952-1968
In 1952 Austin merged with its biggest rival Morris (founded by William Morris, afterwards Lord Nuffield), with Austin being the lead partner. This company was known as the British Motor Corporation (BMC). Following the merger with Morris, the model line up for Austin changed considerably. The most notable car to come from this era was the Austin Mini, this was also sold as a Morris Mini and was made up until 2000 (though not as an Austin after 1987). Austin enjoyed a favourable market share during the 1950s and 1960s.
Rover 1986-1987 
British Leyland became the Rover Group in 1986. Despite the huge success of the Austin Metro, launched in 1980, there was trouble in the company. In the 1980s Austin sold the most cars in the British Leyland group, however when the company became Rover Group, a greater emphasis was placed on the more upmarket Rover name. In 1987 the company began phasing the name out and by 1989 it had been removed from all products.

Revival 
The name now belongs to Nanjing Motor Corporation who have expressed an interest in reviving it. They currently make cars as MGs (the MG marque came from Morris and consisted of three sports cards MGA, MGB and MGC), however it intends to use this brand name for luxury cars and sports cars. Nanjing does not own the Rover name, so the Austin name is the most recent it has to use for its mainstream mass market cars.
Models 
The company's most famous models were the Austin Seven (1922-39), the Austin A30 (1951-56), the Austin A35 (1956-59), the Austin A55 Cambridge (1954-71), the Austin Mini (1959-2000 but only as an Austin until 1969), the Austin 1800 (1964-75), the Austin 1300 (1967-74), Austin Maxi (1969-81), Austin Allegro (1973-83), Austin Princess/Ambassador (1975-84), Austin Metro (1980-1998 but only as an Austin until 1987), Austin Maestro (1983-94), Austin Montego (1984-94).

1905 establishments in the United Kingdom
British automobile companies
The flag of Puerto Rico consists of five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side has a large, white, five-pointed star in the center.

The flag was created in 1892. In 1952, the flag became the official national flag of Puerto Rico.

Other websites

 

Puerto Rico
United States territory flags
The Islamic Crescent is a symbol consisting of a crescent with a star at the concave side. In its modern form, the star is usually shown with five points (though in earlier centuries a higher number of points was often used). The two signs together, or the crescent only, was long a symbol of Byzantium and also appeared on coins of the Sassanid Empire. Now it is often a symbol of Islam. It is seen on a number of different country flags such as Turkey, Libya, Maldives, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Malaysia, Singapore, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tunisia, Western Sahara, Comoros, North Cyprus, Mauritania, Pakistan respectively.

Flag of Ottoman Empire was the first flag featuring a crescent with a star. Other states formerly part of the Ottoman Empire also used the symbol, so the symbol emerged into popular use.

Notes 

Islam
 
Symbols
Cootamundra is a town in New South Wales, Australia. In 2006 there were 5,566 people living in Cootamundra.  It is on the Olympic Highway where it crosses the Muttama Creek, between Junee and Cowra.  Cootamundra's railway station is on the main Melbourne-to-Sydney railway line.

Sir Donald Bradman AC, Australian cricketer said to be the greatest batsman of all time was born in Cootamundra.  The town is very proud of Bradman, and uses this in signs and tourist information. The home where The Don was born is a fully restored visitor site open to the public seven days per week.

Cootamundra is the home of the Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia Baileyana).  Every year there is a large 'Wattle Time' Festival (which happens when the wattle starts to bloom) with an art show and festivities.

References

Towns in New South Wales
The Cootamundra Wattle is an Australian shrub or tree. It is in the Family Fabaceae. The tree's Latin name, Acacia baileyana, is named after the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey.  It is one of nearly 1000 species of Acacia found in Australia.  The Cootamundra Wattle at first only came from a small area in southern New South Wales near Cootamundra. It has been widely planted all over Australia. In many areas of Victoria Cootamundra Wattle has become a weed. It is taking over from acacias that were only found in Victorian.

Almost all wattles have cream to golden colored flowers. The small flowers are arranged in round to cylindrical clusters. Only the stamens, the male part of the flower, stick out. Many wattles have been planted in New Zealand.

Uses 
A. baileyana is used in Europe in the cut flower industry.  It is also used as food for bees in making honey.
Cultivation 
This plant is easy to grow. It can adapt and grow in different areas. Unfortunately it easily produces seeds and will start growing new plants in the surrounding area. It can also cross breed with other acacias, including the rare and endangered Sydney species Acacia pubescens.

A low growing, weeping form, is being grown. The fine leaves of the original Cootamundra wattle is grey-green. A new type with  blue-purple leaves, known as 'Purpurea' is very popular.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
Acacia baileyana
 Society of studies about Ethnobotany and the Modified States of Consciousness 

Trees of Australia
Shrubs
Mimosoideae
Kermanshah or Kermashan (; ), is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, in Iran, in Iranian Kurdistan.  Kermanshah is the largest Kurdish city in Iran. The city is 525 km from Tehran in the western part of Iran and it is about 120 km from the border of in Iraq. Kermanshah has a continental climate.

The estimated population of the city was 822,921 in the year 2005. The majority of the population speak a Kurdish language as well as the Persian language. The religion of the people is diverse, but there are more Muslims than any other religion.

Cities in Iran
Kermanshah Province
Rider King Strong (born December 11, 1979) is an American movie and television actor. He became famous in the 1990s as the character Shawn Hunter in the television series Boy Meets World.

Other websites

1979 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American child actors
Actors from San Francisco
John O'Meally (1841 – 19 November 1863) was an Australian bushranger and criminal. He was one of Frank Gardiner's gang who robbed the gold escort coach at Eugowra. This was Australia's biggest gold robbery.

Early life
O'Meally worked as a stockman, looking after cattle and sheep on his father's farm, Arramagong Station in the Lachlan River valley. His father, Paddy O'Meally, also ran a shanty (a very basic hotel), called "The Weddin Inn", on Emu Creek. The inn was the only hotel in the district. John OMeally, and another one of Gardiner's gang, Alex Fordyce, sometimes worked at the shanty. The gold escort robbery was planned there.
Bush ranger with Frank Gardiner
On 15 June 1862 the gold escort coach that took the gold from the goldfields of Forbes to Bathurst was robbed. This was one of Australia's biggest robberies. O'Meally and several of his friends were in the gang led by Frank Gardiner. A week after the robbery the police, led by Sir Frederick Pottinger, captured two of the robbers, Henry Manns, and Charlie Gilbert. Charlie Gilbert was the brother of gang member John Gilbert. John Gilbert had nearly been captured but was able to escape. He went straight to "The Weddin Inn", and together with Ben Hall and O'Meally, captured the police and released the prisoners.

Bushranger with Ben Halls gang
In July 1863, O'Meally and Gilbert tried to rob the bank at Carcoar in broad daylight. This is believed to be the first daylight bank robbery in Australia.
The battle of Goimbla
O'Meally was shot and killed while trying to rob Goimbla station (farm) near Eugowra, on 19 November 1863. This event became known as the "Battle of Goimbla."  The Campbell family fought off the Ben Hall gang in during a two-hour battle. The National Museum of Australia has several items in its collection about the battle.
 A letter from the people of Forbes to David and Amelia Campbell. The first person to sign the letter was author Rolf Boldrewood who later wrote the classic Australian bushranger novel, Robbery Under Arms.
 A silk cloth, given to Amelia Campbell by the ladies of Upper and Middle Adelong. It has a message stitched into the silk praising Campbell's part in defending the farm.
 A silver tea urn,  high. It was given to Amelia Campbell. It is engraved with the words: "The ladies of Upper & Middle Adelong present this token of esteem to Mrs Campbell, as an appreciation of her heroic conduct displayed during the attack at GOIMBLA by bushrangers on 19th Nov. 1863."
John O'Meally is buried in an unmarked grave in the Anglican cemetery at Gooloogong.

References

Other websites
 Patrick William Marony (1858-1939) Bushrangers attacking Goimbla Station, an oil painting (1894) kept in the National Library of Australia.
 Patrick William Marony (1858-1939) Bourke (i.e. Burke) ; Ben Hall ; Frank Gardiner, King of the Road; Gilbert; Dunne (i.e. Dunn) , an oil painting (1894) of the gang members (1894), kept in the National Library of Australia.

1841 births
1863 deaths
Bushrangers
Contestants

In order of elimination 
Magdalena Rivas, 24, from Worcester, Massachusetts
Leah Darrow, 24, from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Julie Titus, 20, from Kent, Washington
Laura "Kristi" Grommet, 20, St. Louis, Missouri
Jennipher Frost, 22, Pocatello, Idaho
Kelle Jacob, 19, New York City, New York
Cassie Grisham, 19, Norman, Oklahoma
Toccara Jones, 22, Dayton, Ohio
Nicole Borud, 21, Minot, North Dakota
Norelle Van Herk, 20, Newport Beach, California
Ann Markley, 21, Erie, Pennsylvania
Amanda Swafford, 25, Hendersonville, North Carolina (2nd runner up)
Camara "Yaya" Da Costa, 21, Harlem, New York (runner up)
Eva Pigford, 20, Los Angeles, California (winner)

Call-out order

 The contestant won the reward challenge
 The contestant was CoverGirl of the Week
 The contestant was CoverGirl of the Week and won the reward challenge
 The contestant was CoverGirl of the Week and was eliminated
 The contestant was eliminated outside of judging panel
 The contestant was eliminated
 The contestant won the competition
Statistics
Number of contestants: 14
Oldest contestant: Amanda, 25
Youngest Contestant: Kelle and Cassie, both 19
Most collective first call outs: Amanda, 4
Most consecutive first call outs: Amanda, twice
Most collective challenge wins: Yaya, 5 times
Most consecutive challenge wins: Yaya, 5 times
Most collective bottom two apperences: Ann, 5 times
Most consecutive bottom two apperences: Eva, twice

03
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust  is the most famous play in all German literature.  It was published in two parts.  Part One is very dramatic, and tells the main story.  Part II is extremely long, and it is meant to be read rather than acted on stage.  It is about Goethe’s philosophy as well as about history and politics.

What the story is about
Goethe’s Faust is a re-telling of the Faust legend which was very famous in Germany.  The legend tells of a man called Faust who is tired of studying and wants to have the greatest possible happiness.  The devil (usually called Mephistopheles, as he is in Goethe’s play) tells Faust he can help him to do this, but that in the end Faust will have to give him his soul and go with him to hell.   Faust makes a pact (an agreement) with Mephistopheles who promises him all his soul can wish for: fine living, gold, women and honour.  Faust signs the pact with his blood.  Faust uses magic in the hope that it will tell him everything about life.  However, in the end Mephistopheles wins his bet.

How Goethe worked on the play
The subject of Faust occupied Goethe all his life.  The name of Faust is mentioned in a comedy he wrote in 1769: “Die Mitschuldigen“.   In 1773, when he was 24, he first read the poetry of Hans Sachs, the medieval German poet.  He immediately started to imitate the rhythm of Sachs’s poetry.  This rhythm is known as “Knittelvers”.  It had 4 accented syllables in each line and an AABB or ABAB rhyming pattern, e.g.

”Send me your Doctor Faust instead."
When it comes gushing from your head.”
In 1887, long after Goethe’s death, it was discovered that he had made a version of “Faust“ which he never published but later decided to rewrite.  This version is known as the “Urfaust” (“Ur” means “original”, i.e. the “Original Faust”).  It was written between 1772 and 1775.  He changed a lot of it and it became “Faust Part I“.  A fragment (small part of it) was published in 1790.  Then he finished it in 1806, published it in 1808 and changed it for a new edition in 1829.  Part 2 was finished in 1831, a few months before he died, and was not published until a few months after his death.

Part One

Faust Part One starts off in heaven.  Mephistopheles makes a bet with God: he says that he can go down to earth and meet Faust and make him do bad things.
We then see Faust in his study.  Faust is trying to get to know all possible things. He wants to know about science, humans and religion.  He tries to use magic in order to understand everything there is to know, but he thinks he is not managing to do it.  For a moment he thinks of  killing himself, but then hears people celebrating Easter and decides to go for a walk with Wagner, his assistant.  A poodle who has no home follows Faust back to his house.
In Faust’s study, the poodle changes into the devil (Mephistopheles). Faust makes an arrangement with the devil: the devil will do everything that Faust wants while he is here on earth,  In exchange Faust will serve the devil in hell.  Faust's arrangement is that, while Mephistopheles is serving Faust, if Faust is so pleased with anything the devil gives him, that he wants to stay in that moment forever, he will die that very moment (in German he says: “Verweile doch, du bist so schön” – “Stay a while, you are so beautiful”.  It is perhaps the most famous quotation in all German literature.)
Mephistopheles persuades Faust to sign the agreement with his own blood. Faust has a few adventures and then meets Margaret (also known as Gretchen). He loves her, and by offering her jewellery, and with help of a neighbour, Martha, Gretchen lets herself into Faust's arms. Faust and Gretchen want to sleep together, so Gretchen gives her mother a sleeping potion so that she does not see Faust.  Faust and Gretchen sleep together.  Gretchen’s mother dies of the potion.  Gretchen discovers she is pregnant. Gretchen’s brother says Faust is bad and challenges him, but Faust kills him (with the devil’s help, of course). Gretchen has given birth to a baby, but she drowns it.  She is found guilty of murder and is sent to prison.  Faust tries to save her from death, but he cannot free her from prison.  Finding that they cannot free her, Faust and the devil run away from the prison cell, while voices from heaven say that Gretchen shall be saved.

Part Two
Part Two

Faust Part Two is very different from Part One.  It keeps referring to classical literature.   The romantic story of the first Faust is forgotten, and Faust wakes in a field of fairies.  He has many adventures.  The piece is in  five acts which each tell of different things.  In the end Faust goes to heaven, because he loses only half the bet.  Angels, who arrive as messengers of God’s mercy, say at the end of Act 5: "He who strives on and lives to strive/ Can earn redemption still" (i.e. anyone who tries hard in life can still be saved).

People’s views about Goethe’s "Faust"
Goethe’s "Faust" had an enormous influence on all art in Western countries.  In Germany many writers were fascinated by the legend.  They often felt that Faust represented the spirit of the German people.  Dramas, epic poems and novels were written about Faust.  Composers wrote operas or orchestral music about him.  Thomas Mann wrote a novel "Dr Faustus" which compares Faust’s pact with the devil to the way the German people supported Hitler.

Faust
German plays
18th-century plays
19th-century plays
1770s plays
1790s works
1800s works
1820s works
Nitric Acid (HNO3) is a very corrosive and toxic strong acid that can cause severe burns. It is also known as aqua fortis. Nitric Acid is used in rocket fuels, to help make wood look older, and is used in explosives.

It can react with metals such as copper to produce a brown toxic gas called nitrogen dioxide. It is made by reaction of nitrogen dioxide with water.

In alchemy, it is known as aqua fortis, or strong water. It can dissolve silver but leaves gold unharmed, making it a good test for gold. The term acid test came from this test.

Acids
Nitrogen compounds