Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Their first album since these replacements was Shovel Headed Kill Machine, in 2007, Paul Bostaph left and Tom Hunting returned to the band again, before releasing another album, The Atrocity Exhibition...Exhibit A. In 2008, the band re-recorded the songs from the Bonded By Blood album and released them on an album called Let There Be Blood. In 2010, the band released their next album, Exhibit B: The Human Condition.

Steve Souza has recently replaced Rob Dukes after his departure in 2014, becoming their frontman indefinitely. With this lineup, the band released the  Blood In Blood Out record in 2014. They are currently touring the world, with the end date scheduled at 11/26/16.

Band members 

Current
Gary Holt – guitars (1980–1993, 1997–1998, 2001–present)
Steve Souza - vocals (1986–1993, 2002–2004, 2014-present)
Lee Altus – guitars (2005–present)
Jack Gibson – bass (1997–1998, 2001–present)
Tom Hunting – drums (1980–1989, 1997–1998, 2001–2004, 2007–present)
On tour with the band
Rick Hunolt - guitars (2012-present) (a full time member during the following time periods. 1983-1993, 1997-1998, 2001-2005)

Former
Paul Baloff - vocals (1982–1986, 1997–1998, 2001–2002)
Rob Dukes – vocals (2005–2014)
Steev Esquivel - vocals (2004)
Kirk Hammett - guitars (1980–1983)
Tim Agnello - guitar (1980)
Mike Maung - guitar (1983)
Carlton Melson - bass (1980)
Jeff Andrews - bass (1980-1983)
Doug Williams - bass (1985-1986)
Rob McKillop - bass (1983–1991)
Michael Butler - bass (1992–1993)
John Tempesta - drums (1989–1993)
Paul Bostaph - drums (2005–2007)

Discography

Albums
Bonded by Blood (1985)
Pleasures of the Flesh (1987)
Fabulous Disaster (1988)
Impact Is Imminent (1990)
Force of Habit (1992)
Tempo of the Damned (2004)
Shovel Headed Kill Machine (2005)
The Atrocity Exhibition... Exhibit A (2007)
Let There Be Blood (2008)
Exhibition B: The Human Condition (2010)
 Blood In, Blood Out (2014)
 Persona Non Grata (2021)

References

Other websites 
Official website
Musical groups established in 1980
1980s establishments in California
1980 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
1990s disestablishments in California
1993 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
1998 disestablishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in California
2010s American music groups
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups from California
Richmond, California
is a Japanese digital library. This online collection has several thousands of works of Japanese-language fiction and non-fiction.

Aozora Bunko has digital copies of many out-of-copyright books.
Project Gutenberg is similar to Aozora Bunko.

History
Aozora Bunko was established in 1997.

In 2006, Aozora Bunko became a public policy advocate for freely accessible e-books.

Related pages
 Wikisource

References

Other websites 
 青空文庫 (Aozora Bunko) official website 
 Aozora Bunko official blog 

Websites
Organizations based in Japan
Prunus japonica (also Cerasus japonica) is a shrub in the genus Prunus.  It is also called Korean cherry, Flowering almond or Oriental bush cherry.  It is used for ornamental use. Its range goes from Central China through to the Korean peninsula. P. maximowiczii, the Miyama cherry is also often called Korean cherry.

Description
The shrub reaches 1.5 m by 1.5 m. Its flowers are hermaphrodite.  They are pollinated by insects. The plant blossoms in May. Its fruit reaches about 14 mm. It is used in making pies.

Every fruit has one seed. The plant usually grows from seed.

Other uses
The leaves of this plant procure a green dye, while the fruit procures a greenish to grayish dye.

Varieties
There are several varieties:
P. japonica eujaponica
P. japonica gracillima
P. kerii
P. japonica nakaii, originated from Manchuria, which gives bigger plums (up to 50 mm in diameter).

Other websites

References 

Plants of Asia
Prunus
1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1st SFOD-D) is a special forces unit of the United States Army. They are a highly secretive, highly elite unit that take part in very dangerous missions including counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, direct action, and more. Delta Force is highly elite in that it is not a unit that just anyone can apply for. Delta Force recruits primarily from the Army Special Forces (aka the Green Berets) and the 75th Ranger Regiment, themselves already elite special operations units.

References 

Special Forces
United States Army
1977 establishments in the United States
The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are three areas under the cerebral cortex. They are part of the cerebrum (forebrain), and connected to the midbrain and the thalamus. They are vital to movement, and damage here results in damaged ability to move. 

The three areas are:
striatum
caudate nucleus
putamen
pallidum (or globus pallidus)
substantia nigra
nucleus accubens
subthalamic nucleus

The range of behaviours controlled by the nuclei is wide. They control eye movements. They do voluntary motor control, learning procedures for routine behaviors or "habits", and cognitive emotional functions. 

The basal ganglia also control motivation. They select actions, that is, the choice of what to do at a given time. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia inhibit (suppress) a number of motor systems. A release of this inhibition lets a motor system act. This "behaviour switching" is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in doing things.
Evolution 
The basal ganglia form one of the basic components of the forebrain, and can be recognized in all species of vertebrates.  Even in the lamprey (one of the most primitive vertebrates) striatal, pallidal, and nigral elements can be identified by their anatomy and histochemistry.

Related pages
 Alexander Cools

References 

Anatomy of the brain
William Henry Seward (May 16, 1801–October 10, 1872) was an American politician. He was the 12th Governor of New York, and later a United States Senator. He was also the United States Secretary of State for two presidents, Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. He was very much against slavery. He was an important person in the Republican Party when it was starting. Many people thought he would be nominated by the Republican Party to run for President of the United States in 1860, but that did not happen.

On the night that President Abraham Lincoln was killed, someone also tried to kill Seward. For the rest of his life, Seward had scars on his face from the attack. Later, the man who attacked him was caught and put to death.
When Seward was Secretary of State, he arranged for the United States to buy Alaska from Russia. People made fun of him for doing that. They called it "Seward's Folly". When asked what he thought was the most important thing he did as Secretary of State, Seward said "The purchase of Alaska—but it will take the people a generation to find it out".

References

Other websites

1801 births
1872 deaths
American abolitionists
Governors of New York (state)
Lawyers from New York (state)
United States Secretaries of State
United States senators from New York (state)
Republican Party (United States) politicians
American crime victims
Politicians from New York (state)
Whig Party (United States) politicians
19th-century American politicians
In 1951, she moved to London. She joined a group of scientific researchers at King's College. Her assignment was to take pictures of DNA. She looked at the structure and function of DNA in the pictures. This job was very difficult because technology was simple at that time. During this job, Franklin worked with a man named Raymond Gosling. He was also trying to photograph the DNA. Franklin also had to work with Maurice Wilkins. The scientists had many arguments, but Franklin kept working. Instead of working with Wilkins, Franklin liked to work with Gosling. She created X-ray pictures that showed that DNA is shaped like a double helix.

In 1951, Franklin presented her idea about the shape of DNA at a conference. A biologist named James D. Watson went to her conference. Watson and Francis Crick were biologists. They were also studying the shape of DNA. They were building 3D examples of the helix shape.
Watson and Crick used Franklin's work in their work to discover the structure of DNA. Their final model was presented in 1953. They did not say that Franklin's thoughts helped them complete their work. She also discovered the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus  a couple of years before she died.

Franklin died from ovarian cancer in 1958. Nobel Prizes are not awarded after a person's death, so she was not considered for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It was awarded to Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins.

References

1920 births
1958 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Cancer deaths in London
Deaths from ovarian cancer
English biologists
British biologists
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Notting Hill
Scientists from London
Echo and Narcissus is a story from Ovid's book of poetry, Metamorphoses, about a young man named Narcissus and Echo, the mountain nymph, or Oread, who fell in love with him.

Zeus had given Echo the task of entertaining his wife Hera with stories, in order that he might have time to slip away and philander around with nymphs. Hera was known for her jealous and vengeful nature. Always suspicious of Zeus, she mistook Echo to be the object of his uncouth affections. She cast a spell on the unfortunate nymph - from this day forward Echo would only be able to repeat the last words addressed to her and never speak her own again.
Narcissus, a hunter from Boeotia, got separated from his hunting companions one day in the woods. Echo, being a nymph and also feeling pitiful because of her curse, had been wandering those same woods. The moment she saw Narcissus walking through the forest, she fell in love with him and his breathtaking beauty. But because of Hera's curse, she was unable to tell him, so she followed the boy and waited for him to speak. Eventually, Narcissus began to call for his companions. Echo eagerly stepped out of the trees and repeated the words. A confusing and repetitive exchange ensued, ending with Narcissus shouting to his companions that they should come together. Mistaking this for an invitation, Echo repeated his words and leapt towards Narcissus. However, at that moment, Narcissus decided he'd rather die before letting a wood nymph have him, and pushed her away.  Echo, heartbroken, ran away and hid in a cave, not eating or sleeping, just pining for Narcissus.
After some time, Echo began to grow thin from starvation until her body withered away entirely into dust, leaving nothing but her voice. To this day Echo's voice still calls back from caves and labyrinths, repeating the last spoken words forever.

Nemesis, the goddess of revenge, punished Narcissus for not accepting the unrequited love of Echo. Nemesis caused him to fall in love with his own reflection he saw in a pool near the cave where Echo had died. Narcissus refused to leave the reflection of himself and, like Echo, starvation was going to claim him. But not before he cried out to his reflection: "Farewell, dear boy. Beloved in vain.". Echo's voice repeated "farewell" from the cave and Narcissus died by the bank of the pool. 

And thus ends the story of Echo and Narcissus. 

Greek mythology

de:Echo (Mythologie)#Echo und Narziss
Laplace's equation is a partial differential equation, of the second order. It is named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, an 18th century mathematician who first described it. One of the uses of the equation is to predict the conduction of heat, another to model the conduction of electricity.

Equations of physics
Partial differential equations
Gene Eliza Tierney (November 19, 1920 – November 6, 1991) was an American actress. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She starred several movies including Heaven Can Wait, Laura, Leave Her to Heaven, The Razor's Edge, The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, Whirlpool, The Mating Season and The Left Hand of God.

Early life
Early life 

Tierney was born on 19 November 1920. She was born into a wealthy Brooklyn family. On a family vacation she toured the Warner Brothers studio and was spotted by director Anatole Litvak. After a screen test she was offered a contract. But her father disapproved of her becoming a Hollywood actress. He finally approved of her acting on the Broadway stage if she would first make her society debut. She played several bit parts before again being noticed by Hollywood. She had a brief contract with Columbia Pictures but returned to Broadway. Her first break was in the play The Male Animal as a college cheerleader. This time 20th Century Fox wanted to sign her to a contract. They allowed her creative control over her parts and she could return to act on Broadway every year.

Hollywood
Hollywood  

She played a newspaperwoman in love with an outlaw (played by Henry Fonda) in the Western The Return of Frank James. She was then cast in a variety of roles before getting top billing on her own. Her first lead role came in the movie Heaven can Wait also starring Don Ameche. She then starred in the Film noir Laura. This was followed by a second film noir, Leave her to Heaven. Starring with Tyrone Power, she played the female lead in The Razor's Edge. Probably her best known film was The Ghost and Mrs. Muir with Rex Harrison. When it was released in 1947 it did fairly well.  But it did not become a classic until later. She went on to star in several films. But she had a number of personal problems later in her career. This included a love affair gone wrong. As her second husband, she married W. Howard Lee, a rich Houston oilman. She remained happily married to him for 20 years until his death in 1981.

Retirement in Houston
After her marriage to Howard she did only two more films before retiring. Tierney's autobiography was published in 1979. As an actor she had been a heavy smoker, probably to lower her voice. On 6 November 1991 Tierney died of emphysema in Houston, Texas. She is buried in Glenwood Cemetery in Houston, next to her husband, W. Howard Lee.

References

Other websites 

Actors from New York City
American autobiographers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from emphysema
People with bipolar disorder
1920 births
1991 deaths
The thalamus  is a midline symmetrical structure in the brains of vertebrates. It is between the cerebral cortex and midbrain.

It relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and regulates consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

The thalamus sits above the hypothalamus, and below the cerebral cortex. It is a collection of nuclei with various functions. It acts as a relay station, gathering sense information of all kinds (except olfactory) and passes it on to the cerebral cortex.

There are action systems for several types of behaviour, including eating, drinking, defecation, and copulation. These behaviours satisfy short-term needs, and are called 'consummatory' behaviours.
Main functions 
The thalamus has many functions. First of all, it acts as a relay station, or hub. It relays information between subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex. In particular, every sensory system except smelling has a thalamic nucleus that receives sensory signals and sends them to the related  areas in the cortex.  For example, for sight, inputs from the retina are sent to the thalamus, which in turn sends them to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

The thalamus is believed to process sensory information as well as to relay it: each of the main sensory relay areas gets strong feedback from the cerebral cortex. 

The thalamus also plays an important role in regulating states of sleep and wakefulness. Thalamic nuclei have strong connections with the cerebral cortex. These circuits are believed to be involved with consciousness. The thalamus plays a major role in regulating arousal, the level of awareness, and activity. Damage to the thalamus can lead to permanent coma.
The thalamus has a role in the  basal ganglia system  but this is poorly understood. The thalamus has been thought of as a "relay" that just forwards signals to the cerebral cortex. But research suggests that thalamus is more selective. Many different functions are linked to regions of the thalamus. This is the case for most sensory systems (except the olfactory system), such as the auditory, somatic sensory system, visceral, eating and visual systems. There specific lesions cause specific sensory deficits. A big role of the thalamus is to support the motor and language systems. Much of the circuitry for these systems is shared with the thalamus. The thalamus is functionally connected to the hippocampus. This is part of the hippocampal system which is crucial for human episodic event memory.
Recent research suggests that the mediodorsal (MD) thalamus may "amplify the connectivity (signaling strength) of just the circuits in the cortex needed for the current context. This helps the flexibility (of the mammalian brain) to make complex decisions by wiring the many associations on which decisions depend into weakly connected cortical circuits". Researchers founds that "enhancing MD activity magnified the ability of mice to "think". This lowered by more than 25 percent their error rate in deciding which conflicting sensory stimuli to follow to find the reward".

In short, the thalamus helps to make mammals more effective at making decisions and living in their natural environment.
The half-second delay 
The thalamus is a key area which is involved in what is known as the "half-second delay". This is a perceptual illusion which has only recently been discovered. The discovery is as follows: we perceive events in the world as instantaneous. They happen when we see (hear, sense) them happening. But the processing of visual signals at least is what the thalamus does. Experientially, we see events happening (so we think) without any delay. But in reality it takes half a second for the brain to organise the data which comes in from, let us say, vision. But we do not sense that half-second delay at all. Our perception of events is that we see them as they happen.

All this applies to consciousness and conscious behaviour. Automatic responses to sudden pain happen instantaneously (bare foot on a pin for example). But they are consciously perceived later.

References 

Anatomy of the brain
Neuroscience
Saint Vitus is an American doom metal band. Many consider Saint Vitus to be an influential doom metal band which helped start the genre in the late 1970s and early 1980s, along with their contemporaries Pentagram, Witchfinder General, Trouble and Candlemass.

History
Saint Vitus formed in Los Angeles, California in 1978. Their original lineup was Scott Reagers (vocals), Dave Chandler (guitarist), Mark Adams (drums) and Armando Acosta (drums). Saint Vitus was known as Tyrant until 1980, when they changed their name to their current name Saint Vitus, which was inspired by the song "St. Vitus' Dance" by Black Sabbath, a band they have cited as one of their major influences.
Around 1983, Greg Ginn of Black Flag signed Saint Vitus to his label SST Records and the band managed to record their first album, which is self-titled. It came out in 1984, and later that year, the embarked on their first-ever tour with Black Flag, another band that Saint Vitus is influenced by and would latercover their song "Thirsty and Miserable" for their 1987 EP with the same title. Their second album Hallow's Victim and the The Walking Dead EP were both released in 1985.
Saint Vitus experienced their first lineup change when Scott "Wino" Weinrich replaced Reagers on vocals in 1986. They would achieve moderate success with the next three albums, including Born Too Late, which has been cited as their best-selling release, but they were never able to become a popular band. Weinrich eventually left the band in 1991 to focus on the reunion of The Obsessed, which was his band before he joined Saint Vitus. He was replaced by Chritus Linderson, who sang on C.O.D. (1992), the sixth Saint Vitus studio album, before he left the band.

In 1994, Saint Vitus reunited with their original singer Scott Reagers. With him, the band recorded their seventh studio album Die Healing (1995) and then broke up in 1996. The band reunited twice, in 2003 and 2008, with the Born Too Late lineup. After 31 years in the band, Acosta left Saint Vitus in 2009 and was replaced by Henry Vasquez. This new incarnation recently completed a new album, entitled Lillie: F-65, which was released on April 27, 2012.
Discography
Saint Vitus' full-length studio albums include:

Saint Vitus (1984)
Hallow's Victim (1985)
Born Too Late (1986)
Mournful Cries (1988)
V (1990)
C.O.D. (1992)
Die Healing (1995)
Lillie: F-65 (2012)
Saint Vitus (2019)

Their other recordings include The Walking Dead and Thirsty and Miserable EPs (released in 1985 and 1987 respectively), the live album Live (1990) and the compilation album Heavier Than Thou (1991).

American heavy metal bands
Doom metal bands
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Christopher Henry Gayle (born 21 September 1979) is a Jamaican cricketer. He played for the Worcestershire Country Cricket Club, the Western Warriors, and the Kolkata Knight Riders. He now plays for the Royal Challenger Bangalore in the Indian Premier League.  In the Big Bash League, he represents the Sydney Thunder. In the Bangladesh Premier League, he represents the Barisal Burne. He plays for Kings XI Punjab in Indian Premier League.

References

Jamaican cricketers
1979 births
Living people
West Indies cricketers
Fates Warning is an American progressive metal band. They formed in 1982 and are from Hartford, Connecticut. Many people say they are pioneers. Fates Warning gained fame in the 1980s and was ranked as one of the early "flagship bands of progressive metal" along with Queensrÿche and Dream Theater, who are both credited for creating, developing and making that genre popular.

Fates Warning is not only known for their music, but they are known to have made many changes to their lineup (members). Their original lineup consisted of vocalist John Arch, guitarists Jim Matheos and Victor Arduini, bassist Joe DiBiase, and drummer Steve Zimmerman. From 1982 to 1996 — and temporarily in 2010 — Matheos and DiBiase remained as the only original members of the band, with Matheos being the only constant member. Fates Warning now consists of Matheos on guitar, Ray Alder on vocals and Joey Vera on bass. Bobby Jarzombek has been their drummer since 2007, but only plays live with them.
Fates Warning has released a total of ten studio albums. Other than the studio albums, they have released two live albums, one compilation album, one VHS, three DVDs (each of them features live concerts) and four demo tapes. Their two first albums were not very successful. Their next album, Awaken the Guardian, became a mainstream success and peaked at number #191 on the Billboard 200. It became the first album released on their label Metal Blade to enter that chart. Despite the departure of original singer John Arch, Fates Warning's popularity continued to grow with their next three albums, No Exit (1988), Perfect Symmetry (1989) and Parallels (1991); the first two peaked at #111 and #141 on the Billboard 200 respectively. Fates Warning has not released an album since 2004's FWX. They have been working on a new one, which they plan to release in 2012.
Discography
Their full-length studio albums include:
Night on Bröcken (1984)
The Spectre Within (1985)
Awaken the Guardian (1986)
No Exit (1988)
Perfect Symmetry (1989)
Parallels (1991)
Inside Out (1994)
A Pleasant Shade of Gray (1997)
Disconnected (2000)
FWX (2004)
Darkness in a Different Light (2013)
Theories of Flight (2016)
Long Day Good Night (2020)

References

American heavy metal bands
Power metal bands
Progressive metal bands
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Hartford, Connecticut
Musical groups established in 1982
1982 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Connecticut
Flush has several meanings:

Flush (physiology), to become red in the face and often other areas of the skin
Flush (cards), a hand in card games
Flush (poker), a hand in poker
Flush text, in justification (typesetting)
Flush toilet, a toilet using water to dispose of waste
Flush (slalom skiing), a consecutive series of vertical gates

Media
Flush (novel), a young adult novel by Carl Hiaasen
Flush: A Biography, an imaginative biography of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's dog, by Virginia Woolf
The Province of Concepción () is one of the 4 provinces in the Biobío Region, with capital based in Concepción, part of the Greater Concepción conurbation.

Administration

Communes 

Concepción
Coronel
Chiguayante
Florida
Hualpén
Hualqui
Lota
Penco
San Pedro de la Paz
Santa Juana
Talcahuano
Tomé

References
The term psychological warfare is used to describe methods that military use in war-time. We may understand it as an attempt to influence the behavior/beliefs of enemy armed forces and/or foreign civilian populations. Psychological warfare has many similarities with propaganda messages.

Term 

The term "pychological warfare" has always been considered problematic and offensive. The use of military power is increasingly not any more on the level of an local armored conflict, but on the global basis using mass media. The NATO uses the term "psychological operation" (PSYOP).

People are trying not to use the term "psychological warfare". They would rather use terms like "stabilisation" or "satisfaction".

History 
Psychological warfare has mostly been introduced in the second world war. Both Axis Powers and Allied used it.

 The United States and United Kingdom used the famous German expatriate to appeal to the German population through broadcast.
Related pages
Ad hominem
Divide and conquer
Hate speech
Identity politics
Military
Pork barrel
Propaganda
Psychology
Red herring
Smear campaign
War

References 
 Paul Linebarger: Psychological Warfare. Ayer, 1972. 
 Günther Wirth: Krieg vor dem Kriege. Streiflichter auf Inhalt und Methoden der psychologischen Kriegführung des Imperialismus, Berlin, Union Verlag 1978 (German)

War
Psychology
The Ranidae or true frogs can be found in most countries except Antarctica. The true frogs can be found in North America, northern South America, Europe, Asia, Madagascar, Africa, East Indies, New Guinea, and Australia. The bullfrog is the largest true frog in North America. Usually, true frogs are smooth, moist-skinned frogs, with large, powerful legs and have webbed feet. The smallest true frogs are the Wood frog (Rana sylvatica). The largest is the Goliath frog (Conraua goliath). True frogs are semi-aquatic frogs. They live near water.

Subfamilies
Subfamilies included under Ranidae are the following. Some are sometimes treated as separate families:
 Ceratobatrachinae (Malaysia, Philippines, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago)
 Conrauinae (Africa)
 Dicroglossinae
 Micrixalinae (India)
 Nyctibatrachinae (Western Ghats, India; Sri Lanka)
 Petropedetinae (Africa)
 Ptychadeninae (mainly Africa)
 Raninae
 Ranixalinae (India)

Genera
Afrana
 Allopaa Ohler & Dubois, 2006
 Amietia
 Amolops
 Anhydrophryne
 Arthroleptella
 Arthroleptides
 Aubria
 Babina (sometimes included in Rana)
 Batrachylodes
 Cacosternum
 Ceratobatrachus
 Chaparana
 Chrysopaa Ohler & Dubois, 2006
 Clinotarsus Mivart 1869 (formerly in Rana, includes Nasirana)
 Conraua
 Dimorphognathus
 Discodeles
 Ericabatrachus
 Euphlyctis
 Fejervarya (formerly in Rana, paraphyletic)
 Fagayman
 Glandirana (formerly in Rana)
 Hildebrandtia
 Hoplobatrachus
 Huia (polyphyletic)
 Hylarana Tschudi 1838 (formerly in Rana)
 Indirana
 Ingerana
 Lankanectes
 Lanzarana
 Limnonectes
 Meristogenys (might belong in Huia)
 Micrixalus
 Microbatrachella
 Minervarya
 Nannophrys
 Nanorana
 Natalobatrachus
 Nothophryne
 Nyctibatrachus
 Occidozyga
 Odorrana (formerly in Rana)
 Paa
 Palmatorappia
 Pelophylax Fitzinger 1843 (formerly in Rana, probably paraphyletic)
 Petropedetes
 Phrynobatrachus
 Phrynodon
 Platymantis
 Pseudoamolops
 Poyntonia
 Pterorana
 Ptychadena
 Pyxicephalus
 Rana
Pyxicephalus
 Rana
 Sanguirana (formerly in Rana)
 Sphaerotheca
 Staurois
 Strongylopus
 Sylvirana
 Tomopterna
(2007): Paraphyly of Chinese Amolops (Anura, Ranidae) and phylogenetic position of the rare Chinese frog, Amolops tormotus. Zootaxa 1531: 49–55. PDF fulltext 
  (2004): Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians (2nd ed.). Fog City Press. 
  (2006): Amphibian Species of the World Version 3 - Petropedetidae Noble, 1931. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Retrieved 2006-AUG-05.
  (2006): The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Number 297. New York.
  (1961): Osmotic Regulation in the Crab-Eating Frog (Rana cancrivora). J. Exp. Biol. 38(3): 659–678. PDF fulltext
  (2007) Constraints in naming parts of the Tree of Life. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42(2): 331–338.  PDF fulltext 
  (2005): Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (Rana). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34(2): 299–314.  PDF fulltext
(2008): Genetic Divergences and Phylogenetic Relationships Among the Fejervarya limnocharis Complex in Thailand and Neighboring Countries Revealed by Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes. Zoological Science 25(4): 381–390.  (HTML abstract)
  (2009): Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. Herpetologica 65: 115-128.  PDF fulltext 
  (2008): The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46(1): 49-60.  PDF fulltext
Other websites 
 Amphibian and Frogs of Peninsular Malaysia - Family Ranidae 

Frogs
Palaeozoic
Black Butler is a manga series by Yana Toboso. The manga started in 2006.

Plot
In Victorian era London, the butler Sebastian Michaelis takes care of his 12 year old master, Ciel Phantomhive. Ciel is the earl of the aristocratic Phantomhive family, which is well-known in England for be the Queen's Guarddogs. Ciel's parents were killed in arson when he was 10 years old. He made a deal with a demon (which is in fact his butler Sebastian) to help him get revenge on his enemies. The demon butler can have his soul in return.

Media
A radio drama was released on CDs on August 10, 2007 and November 26, 2008. The anime was first shown in October 2008. The English version is produced by Funimation. Two musicals are based on the manga called That Butler, Friendship and  Musical Black Butler, The Most Beautiful Death in The World, A Thousand Souls and The Fallen Grim Reaper. A video game called Black Butler: Phantom & Ghost was released in 2009.
Reception
The manga has printed over 10 million copies in Japan. A music distributor in Japan took a poll of anime characters that people would like to marry. The demon butler Sebastian was included in the final results.

References

Manga
2006 establishments
The Australian green tree frog (green tree frog in Australia, White's tree frog, or dumpy tree frog),  Litoria caerulea, is a species of tree frogs. They live in Australia and New Guinea. 

The green tree frog was imported onto ships to the United States and New Zealand. The species belongs to the genus Litoria. The species magnificent tree frog (Litoria splendida) and the giant tree frog (Litoria infrafrenata) are similar to the green tree frog. The green tree frog is the largest frog in Australia. It can reach to 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length.
The average lifespan is about sixteen years, if kept captive. Green tree frogs are easy to take care of. They are okay with living near human buildings. They are often found on windows or inside houses. The green tree frog screams when it is in danger. It does this to scare off animals that have threatened them. The green tree frog squeaks when it is touched. The green tree frog is known as the most recognizable frog in Australia. This is because of how the frog looks like and because of its behavior in its habitat. It is also a popular exotic pet throughout the world. The frog's skin has antibacterial and antiviral protections. Their skin may be useful for medication in treating patients in the future.

Taxonomy
Taxonomy 

The green tree frog is one of many tree frog species of the genus Litoria. They are native in Australasia. The common name of the species is "White's tree frog". The species were named after John White. He first described the species in 1790. The green tree frog was the first frog to be classified in Australia. The specimen of the green tree frog was collected by Sir Joseph Banks. It was destroyed during the German bombing of the Hunterian Museum during World War II. The museum was located at the Royal College of Surgeons in London.
The green tree frog was first called the "blue frog" (Rana caerulea). The original specimens White sent to England were damaged by the preservative and looked blue. The color of the frog is caused by blue and green pigments covered in a yellow layer. The preservative destroyed the yellow layer. It left the frog looking blue. The word caeruela, which means blue in Latin, is part of the green tree frog's scientific name. The frog is also more known as the "green tree frog". However, that name is often given to the larger green tree frog (Hyla cinerea) in its region.

Description
Description 

The green tree frog can reach 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length. The frog's color depends on the temperature and the color of its environment. The green tree frog can be brown or green. The frog's mouth is white. The frog may have small, white-shaped spots on its back. At the end of its toes, it has large discs. This gives the frog the ability to climb. The eyes are golden. The fingers of the frog have webbed feet for swimming. The tympanum membrane can be seen on the frog. 

The green tree frog looks similar to the magnificent tree frog (Litoria spendida). This frog is native to north-western Australia. The magnificent tree frog has large patrotoid and rostral glands on the head. The giant tree frog (Litoria infrafrenata) is also sometimes confused with the green tree frog. The giant tree frog has white stripes. These stripes are on the edge of the frog's lower jaw. The green tree frog does not have these stripes.
The green tree frog has lungs. They absorb oxygen through their skin. For this to happen, their skin has to be moist. However, their skin can get infected by pathogens. Pathogens will live on the frog's skin. This makes them sick. The frog will then grow peptides. These will destroy the pathogens. The skin of the Green Tree Frog has caerins. Caerins is a group of peptides with antibacterial and antivirial protection. It also has caerulins. The caerulins have physiological effects. The CCK-8 is a digestive hormone and hunger suppressant. Several peptides from the skin of the green tree frog have been found to destroy HIV without harming healthy T-cells.

Distribution
Distribution 

The green tree frog is native to northern and eastern parts of Australia. They are also native to southern New Guinea. In New Guinea, the green tree frog lives in the drier area of the country. The frog can be found from Irian Jaya to Port Moresby. It also can be found on Daru Island. There has been records of the frog found in northern New Guinea. However, it is thought that they were introduced there by humans. The International Conservation Union (IUCN) believes the frog is in "scattered locations" in both New Guinea and Indonesia.

The species has been introduced to the United States and New Zealand. The frog can be found in the US state of Florida. It is believed that they were introduced through pet trade. There are only small populations in Florida. It is unknown if they have caused any ecological damage. In New Zealand, there were large populations of the green tree frog. However, there have been no sightings since the 1950s.

Ecology, behavior and life history
Green Tree Frogs are easy to take care of. They are active at night. During the day, they will rest near a place where it is cool, dark, and moist. In the winter, green tree frogs do not make calling sounds. They are also not seen that much.

Depending on their location, green tree frogs will live in several habitats. They are found in the canopy of trees. They are also found near slow-moving waters. They can also live in swamps or in the grasslands in cooler climates. green tree frogs are known to live inside houses. They can be found in sinks and toilets. They can also be found on windows. They will also live in tanks, downpipes, and gutters. They like living in those places because they provide high humidity. The habitats can also be cooler than their environment. The frogs will be near downpipes and tanks during mating season. They do this because the tools will make their call louder.
The species' call is a low, slow Brawk-Brawk-Brawk. They repeat it many times. For most of the year, they will call while being on top of something that is very high. These include trees and gutters. During mating season, the frogs will call near a place where there is water. They will stay there for a little while or forever. Like many frogs, green tree frogs call to attract a mate. They will also use their call to warn other frogs that they are near. The green tree frog will make a stress call whenever they are in danger.
The green tree frogs will eat insects and spiders. However, they can also eat smaller frogs and even small mammals. The frog's teeth are not made for cutting up their prey. This means that the prey has to fit inside their mouths in order for the frog to eat it. Many frogs will stick out their tongues at prey. The green tree frog's tongues, as with many frogs, are very sticky. The prey will be stuck and will be eaten. The green tree frog will use their tongues on small prey. For larger prey, they will jump on top of it and force it into their mouths using their hands.

The frog has a few predators. They include snakes, a few species of lizards and birds. Dogs and cats have also been known to catch and eat Green Tree Frogs. The green tree frog can live up to sixteen years, if kept captive. But some have been known to live for over twenty years. The average life expectancy in the wild is lower than being captive. This is because of predation.
As a pet 
The green tree frog is one of the most popular pet frogs in the world. This is because of its submissive behavior and long life expectancy. It is also a popular pet frog because it looks like a cartoon frog. It is also one of the easiest frogs to take care of. Their diet are not expensive. They also have a strong resistance to diseases. Overfeeding the frog is a common problem with pet owners. The green tree frog tends to become obese when it is overfed. In the wild, the frog's energy is needed for the frog to catch its prey. However, in captivity, they are given live food. They are also housed in comfortable habitats. This makes the frog lazy because it does not have to do any activities. When the frog is inactive, it will gain weight. An overweight green tree frog will have fat layers on top of the head and body. This gives it a "dumpy" look. This is why some pet owners call the green tree frog the "dumpy tree frog".

Conservation
Conservation 

According to the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the green tree frog is protected in Australia.  The IUCN lists the frog as "least concern". It is listed as "least concern" because the green tree frog can be found in many places. The Green Tree Frog's population is not declining.

Some of the green tree frog's natural habitats have been destroyed. Some Green Tree Frogs have been found to be infected with chytrid fungus. This causes chytridiomycosis. The population of the green tree frog in Australia is declining. However, because of the long life expectancy of this species, it will take longer for the frog to be an endangered species.

References

Books

Other websites
Other websites 

 Rainforest Australia - Litoria caerulea 
 Introduction to Keeping White's tree frogs as pets 
 White's tree frog feeding and care 
 White's treefrogs & Other Frogs Photo Gallery
 Frogs Australia Network - Australian Frog Database - Litoria caerulea - Australian green tree frog  - Australian green tree frog call

Pelodryadidae
The tympanic membrane, also called an eardrum, is a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear in humans and other animals. It moves sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles.

References 

Head (body part)
The Viperinae, or Viperines, are a subfamily of venomous Vipers in Europe, Asia and Africa.There are 12 genera and 66 species in this subfamily. Most are tropical and subtropical, although one species, the Vipera berus, even lives within the Arctic Circle.

Description 
Members of this subfamily range in size from the Namaqua Dwarf Adder, that grows to a maximum of 28 cm, to the Gaboon Viper that reaches a maximum length of over 2 m. Most species live on land, but a few, such as Atheris, live in trees.

Where they live
The Viperinae are found in Europe, Asia and Africa, but they are not found in Madagascar.

Reproduction
Most of the members of this subfamily are viviparous (ovoviviparous), meaning they give live birth, although a few, such as the Persian Horned viper, lay eggs.
Genera
Uzungwe viper (Adenorhinos)
Bush viper (Atheris)
Puff adder (Bitis)
Horned viper (Cerastes)
Russell's viper (Daboia)
Saw-scaled viper (Echis)
McMahon's viper (Eristicophis)
Large Palearctic viper (Macrovipera)
Kenya mountain viper (Montatheris)
Lowland viper (Proatheris)
False horned viper (Pseudocerastes)
Palearctic viper (Vipera)

References

Other websites

Vipers
The National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) is a drag racing governing body, which sets rules in drag racing and holds events all over the United States and Canada. With over 80,000 drivers, the NHRA is considered one of the largest motorsports organizations in the world.

History

The association was started by Wally Parks in 1951 in the State of California to provide a governing body to organize and further the sport of drag racing. The first national NHRA event was held in 1955, in Great Bend, Kansas.  (The races were run on a training air field built during World War II.)  The "Nationals", which now number 22 events every year, are the major events in drag racing that bring together the best cars and drivers from across North America. The Mac Tools U.S. Nationals are now held at Indianapolis Raceway Park in Clermont, Indiana.
Safety
The NHRA forces racers to use various things in the cars run in its racing events to keep drivers safe. First is the five point safety harness (belt) that all cars must have. This holds the driver secure in the seat and has with a quick-release lock, which can be opened in less than a second if the driver needs to leave the car due to fire or explosion.

Second are the fire suits that all drivers must wear. These suits are full body cover-alls and made with seven layers of Nomex fire-resistant fabric. 

Third is the use of the Head and Neck Support (HANS) device. This device limits the moving of the head and neck in the event of a collision and has been required within the NHRA since 2004.

Fourth is the high-strength metal shield that must be placed behind the head of all Top Fuel drivers. This is to prevent any material from entering the cockpit and striking the driver. This is needed because the engine is behind the driver in Top Fuel cars.
Fifth is the on board fire control system that all cars must have. These systems are directed onto the engine itself and start when the engine catches fire, reducing the chance for the car to completely catch fire. This has been in place on all cars beginning in 1983, when an engine explosion and fire came very close to killing then-Funny Car driver Mike Dunn.

Sixth is the roof escape opening that is in place on all Funny Cars since the division was made in the early 1970s. This opening allows Funny Car drivers a safe means of escape during an engine fire rather than falling out of the car between the frame and body.

Seventh are the long bars at the end of all cars, also known as "wheelie bars". These prevent the car from turning over during the rapid start of the race.
The drive tires of the cars, which are called slicks because there is no tread on them, are made from a much harder compound so that the tires are resistant to failure. The tires are not allowed to be inflated under  for any race at any time.

Cars in the Funny Car class must have fire-proof engine blankets around the engine block to contain material in case of an engine explosion.

Before the late 1980s, people could station themselves up to the guardrails so they could be closer to the action. After several rather accidents on track, where people have been hurt or killed, people are no longer allowed within  of the guardrail.

Other websites
 Official website
 Drag Race Central The Latest NHRA News and Analysis

Auto racing
Sports organizations of the United States
1951 establishments in North America
, also known as Embun, was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Bunna and before Kōan. This period started in March 1356 and ended in March 1361;  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Enbun era 
 1356 (Enbun 1, 7th month): Minamoto no Michisuke was given the position of naidaijin in the Imperial court hierarchy.
 1356 (Enbun 1, 7th month): Ashikaga Yoshinori is raised to the 2nd rank of the 3rd class in the Imperial court hierarchy.
 1357 (Enbun 2, 2nd month): Emperor Go-Murakami released captive Kōgon, Kōmyō and Sukō; and they returned to Kyoto.
 1358 (Enbun 3): Death of Ashikaga Takauji; Ashikaga Yoshiakira was appointed as the new shogun.

Southern Court nengō
 Shōhei, 1346–1370

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1356 establishments
1350s establishments in Japan
1361 disestablishments
1360s disestablishments in Japan
The discography of British rock band Coldplay has nine studio albums, four live albums, one compilation album, ten extended plays, twenty-nine singles, two promotional singles and thirty-two music videos. As of 2009, Coldplay has sold over 55 million records.  They are one of the best-selling music artists worldwide.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Extended plays

Singles

Promotional singles

Other charted songs

Music videos

Other appearances

References

Discography
Discographies of British artists
The 2010 Stanley Cup Final was the best-of-seven NHL championship series of the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs.  It was between the Western Conference champion Chicago Blackhawks and the Eastern Conference champion Philadelphia Flyers. It was Chicago's eleventh time in the Final.  The last time was in 1992 with a loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins. It was Philadelphia's eighth time in the Final.  The last time was in 1997 with a loss to the Detroit Red Wings. Chicago beat Philadelphia four games to two to win their fourth Stanley Cup.

Blackhawks captain Jonathan Toews won the Most Valuable Player.  He was the first Blackhawks player to win this honor.

References

Ice hockey competitions
Stanley Cup Finals
2010 in ice hockey
Chicago Blackhawks
Philadelphia Flyers
2010 in Illinois
2010s in Chicago
2010s in Pennsylvania
The barred antshrike, Thamnophilus doliatus, is a passerine bird in the antbird family. It is found in the Neotropics from Tamaulipas, Mexico, through Central America, Trinidad and Tobago, and a large part of South America east of the Andes as far south as northern Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. There is one record from southern Texas as well. The barred antshrike has many different songs and calls for contacting, such as crow-like cawing "arrrr" or a slow "hoo-hoo".

References

Other websites 
 images
 Barred Antshrike videos, photos & videos  on the Internet

Tyranni
Birds of Central America
Birds of South America