Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Mathematical notation is a system in mathematics that uses symbols to represent objects and ideas. In mathematics and other exact sciences like physics or computer science, problems often need to be presented in some way. In such representations, different symbols have different meanings:
There are numbers, like 1 and 2, or variables that stand for such numbers (like x and y)
There are functions that act on numbers and variables. Such function take a predetermined number of elements, and do something with them. An example is +, which adds two numbers
There are concepts of advanced mathematics such as limits and derivatives

Some mathematical notations use diagrams, or small drawings to show the underlying concepts. One example is the Penrose graphical notation which is used to show tensors. Another examples are Coxeter–Dynkin diagram which are used for certain problems of geometry.
There are different ways to write down an equation like  two and three
Infix notation: The functions and the symbols they act on, are mixed, this gives  2 + 3
Prefix notation: First there is the function, and then the values it operates on. This gives + 2 3. Computer languages influenced by lambda calculus, like LISP use this notation. Sometimes this is called polish notation
Postfix notation: First there are the numbers, and then the function. 2 3 +. Postscript uses this. It is also generally known as reverse polish notation

Related software
 KaTeX - JavaScript library that shows mathematical notation on any web browser
 LaTeX - Free software to output mathematical notations on a PDF

 

he:סימון מתמטי
Shell may refer to:
 Animal shell, which includes sea shells
 Shell (projectile), an object fired out of a weapon
 Eggshell, the outer part of an egg
 Shell (computing), a type of user interface in computer programs and operating systems
 Shell Oil Company, an oil company

sv:Skal
Ian Craig Marsh (born 11 November 1956) is a British musician. He helped start the electronic band The Human League, until leaving in 1980 to form B.E.F. (British Electric Foundation) and later Heaven 17.

1956 births
Living people
English musicians
Laboratory equipment are tools and equipment used by scientists who work in a laboratory.  These can include tools such as:

Bunsen burners
burettes
calorimeters 
microscopes  
pipettes
spectrophotometers 

Laboratory equipment is used to either perform an experiment or to take measurements and gather data.

Other websites 
A List of Chemistry Laboratory Apparatus and Their Uses
Sarah Louise Palin (; née Heath; born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator and author.  She was the ninth Governor of Alaska, from 2006 to 2009. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 presidential election alongside Arizona Senator John McCain, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major party and first Republican woman nominated for the vice presidency. Her book Going Rogue has sold more than two million copies. Since January 2010, she has provided political commentary for Fox News, and hosted a television show, Sarah Palin's Alaska.
She was elected to Wasilla City Council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor, she was appointed Chairman of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, responsible for overseeing the state's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency.  The youngest person and first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, Palin held the office from December 2006 until her resignation in July 2009. She has since endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement, as well as several candidates in the 2010 midterm elections.
Palin is a candidate for the United States House of Representatives for Alaska's at-large congressional district in the 2022 election. She unsuccessfully ran for this office in the 2022 special election.

Personal life and education
Palin was born in Sandpoint, Idaho to Charles R. "Chuck" Heath, a science teacher and track and field coach, and Sarah "Sally" (née Sheeran), a school secretary. Palin's siblings are Chuck Jr., Heather, and Molly. Palin has English, Irish, and German ancestry.
When Palin was a few months old, the family moved to Skagway, Alaska where her father received his job to teach. They relocated to Eagle River in 1969, and finally moved to Wasilla in 1972.
 
Palin played flute in a band when she was in junior high, then she attended Wasilla High School where she was the head of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, During her senior year, she was co-captain and point guard of the basketball team that won the 1982 Alaska state championship, earning the nickname "Sarah Barracuda" for her competitive streak.

Alaska politics
Alaska politics

Palin was a member of the Wasilla, Alaska city council from 1992 to 1996, and was the city's leader or mayor from 1996 to 2002. She tried to become the assistant to the Governor of Alaska (the lieutenant governor) in 2002, but lost the race. Palin led the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission from 2003 to 2004, and was chosen to become Governor of Alaska in November 2006 by  first being picked to be the choice of the Republican Party and then being chosen over a man in the Democratic Party who had twice been governor of the state. She was both the youngest governor of Alaska and the first female governor of the state. She resigned July 26, 2009. Though elected on a platform of clean government, she blamed the many ethics cases brought against her. She said the legal costs and time kept her from doing her job.
2008 Election
On August 29, 2008, John McCain, who was the choice of the Republican Party to become president of the United States, said he wanted Palin to become the Vice President. She was picked at the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota to be the Republican Party choice. She was the first woman to be chosen by the Republican Party to try to become either President or Vice President and the first person from Alaska to be picked for one of these jobs by either the Republican or the Democratic Party.  Many Republicans liked the choice, but many other people thought she did not have enough experience and was not smart enough.  This image came about from errors in her speeches and interviews with journalists like Katie Couric and Charles Gibson.  Her opponent was Joe Biden, who won.

After the 2008 election
Palin resigned as governor on July 26, 2009.
In 2009, Palin, with help, wrote a book about her life called Going Rogue.  It was at the top of the bestseller list, and she drew large crowds at her book signings.

She formed her political action committee, Sarah PAC, in January 2009. Since 2009, she has spoken many times at meetings of the conservative Tea Party movement. Since January 2010, she has been a paid contributor to Fox News Channel.

On November 14, 2010, a show on TLC called Sarah Palin's Alaska debuted and was hosted by Sarah Palin. It was canceled after one season. On October 5, 2011, she chose not to run for the 2012 Presidential Election because she wanted to spend time with her family.

In January 2016 Palin announced her support of Donald Trump for President in the 2016 election.
On April 1, 2022, Palin announced that she would run for Alaska's at-large congressional seat that was left empty after the death of Congressman Don Young. She lost the special election to Democrat Mary Peltola. She is now running against Peltola in the November 2022 general election.

References

Other websites 

Official Campaign Website for McCain/Palin 2008

1964 births
Living people
American Evangelicals
Writers from Alaska
Writers from Idaho
American journalists
American mayors
Businesspeople from Alaska
Governors of Alaska
Politicians from Idaho
2008 United States vice-presidential candidates
Republican Party (United States) politicians
American Christians
Samvel Babayan (; born June 22, 1957), was the Commander-in-Chief of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army from 1994 to 2000. On March 22, 2000, he allegedly tried to kill President Arkadi Ghukasyan in Stepanakert. He was sentenced to 14 years in prison.

Living people
1957 births
Armenian military people
The Nagorno-Karabakh (NKR) Defense Army was made on May 9, 1992, as the formal defence force of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, made up of Armenians. It is internationally recognised to be part of Azerbaijan. 

Military of Armenia
Artsakh (officially the Republic of Artsakh; ; , ), or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (), was a separatist state in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of the South Caucasus. It controls its own land but is legally part of Azerbaijan.

History 
Armenian people have lived there since classical antiquity. In the 11th century the Seljuk invasion swept over the Middle East, including the South Caucasus. Nomadic Turkic Oghuz Seljuk tribes, which also include the Azerbaijanis, came during this invasion. They became dominant in Nagorno-Karabakh. From this time, until the beginning of the 20th century, these tribes used Mountainous Karabakh as their summer pastures. They stayed there for about four to five months per year, and in fact, they owned the region.
Armenia and Azerbaijan have disputed the area since 1918. After the Soviet Union established control over the area, in 1923 it formed the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR. In the final years of the Soviet Union, Armenia and Azerbaijan started to dispute the region again. This dispute caused the Nagorno-Karabakh War from 1993 to 1994.

On 10 December 1991, a referendum (vote) was held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumian region. The referendum asked voters the question: "Should this area be independent from Azerbaijan?" The Azerbaijani people boycotted the referendum: they protested by choosing not to vote. This resulted in a declaration of independence from Azerbaijan as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. The country was not recognized by any UN member state, including Armenia.
There was dispute over the country's status ever since it was created. Azerbaijan claimed that they had the right to control Artsakh. Armenia supported Artsakh. From 2020 to 2023, there were multiple fights between Artsakh and Azerbaijan. On 28 September 2023, President Samvel Shahramanyan signed a deal with Azerbaijan's government to close down all of Artsakh's government by 1 January 2024, bringing an end to Artsakh.

Geography 

The Artsakh Republic has a lot of mountains. It is  in area, and borders Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. The highest peaks in the country are Mount Mrav, , and Mount Kirs . The major rivers are the Terter and Khachen rivers. Most rivers in the country flow towards the Artsakh valley.

The climate in the Artsakh Republic is mild. It is foggy for over 100 days a year. More than 36% of the country is forested.

Demographics
Demographics 

In 2005, the country's population was 137,737. The ethnic composition was 137,380 (99.74%) Armenians, 171 (0.12%) Russians, 21 (0.02%) Ukrainians, 6 (0.00%) Azerbaijanis and 159 (0.12%) others.

The first demographic census in the Artsakh Republic took place in 1769. It was a letter from Heraclius II of Georgia to Russia's Petr Ivanovich Panin, and said, "Seven families rule the region of Khamse. Its population is totally Armenian."  

In 2014, the life expectancy for males was 71.6 years, and females 76.8 years.

References

Other websites 

 Official websites
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
 Office of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Washington D.C.
 National Statistical Service of NKR 
 President of the Nagorno Karabagh Republic

 Media
 Articles and Photography on Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) from UK Photojournalist Russell Pollard
 Artsakh World portal
 Karabakh-Open
 "Azat Artsakh", Artsakh Government's newspaper

 
Puppet states
Brandon Bruce Lee (February 1, 1965 – March 31, 1993) was an American actor of Han Chinese, German, English and Swedish descent. He was the son of martial arts movie star Bruce Lee. In 1993, he was accidentally shot dead when filming the movie adaptation of The Crow, a popular comic book. About his character Lee said, "He has something he has to do and he is forced to put aside his own pain long enough to go do it".

Early life

Brandon Lee was born in East Oakland Hospital in Oakland, California, He is eldest child of Bruce Lee and his wife Linda,  He lived in Hong Kong for his first eight years. Lee lost his father when he was only 8 years old, and then moved to Seattle with his mother and sister. Lee faced a lot of difficulties when he was a teenager. He moved around a lot, coped with being the son of a martial arts legend, and he dropped out of high school several times.

Career
Career

Lee  made his first feature movie, Legacy of Rage (1986). And around that time, he appeared in Kung Fu: The Movie with David Carradine, which aired on television. But then, Brandon Lee had his promising career cut short by tragedy, much like his father. A few years later, returning to the big screen, Lee made three action movies: Laser Mission (1990), Showdown in Little Toyko (1991) with Dolph Lundgren and Rapid Fire (1992) with Powers Boothe.

The Crow, and his death
Lee  played Eric Draven in The Crow, a movie that derived from comic books of James O'Barr. In this movie, he played a murdered rock musician. But there were a series of mishaps during the scene of shooting. Lee was performing his death scene for the movie. He was supposed to perform shoot to death by a prop gun, but the bullet in the prop gun was real and it pierced through his abdomen. Then, he died on March 31, 1993 because of his injuries. Then he was buried next to his father in Seattle on April 3, 1993. And The Crow was released the next year after additional scenes were shot to complete the movie.

References

Other websites
 
 Brandon Lee talk
 Brandon Lee

Accidental deaths in the United States
Actors from Oakland, California
American movie actors
American television actors
1965 births
1992 deaths
Bruce Lee
Matthew Raymond "Matt" Dillon (born February 18, 1964) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. He began acting in the late 1970s, gained fame as a teen idol during the 1980s, and made a successful career as an adult actor in the decades following, ending in an Oscar nomination for his acting in the film Crash.

Other websites 
 
 Scotsman.com interview (November 13, 2005)
 About.com interview  (May 3, 2005)
 BeliefNet interview (2003)
 Cigar Aficionado interview  (October 31, 1996)

American movie actors
Actors from New York (state)
1964 births
Living people
Matthew Paige "Matt" Damon (born October 8, 1970) is an American actor, screenwriter, producer and philanthropist. He won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his writing of the story for the movie Good Will Hunting, and he was nominated for his acting in the same movie. He has also acted in several other movies including The Bourne Identity, the Ocean's Trilogy, Syriana and Oppenheimer.
Early life
He was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is the son of Kent Telfer Damon, a stockbroker, and Nancy Carlsson-Paige, an early childhood education professor at Lesley University. His father is of Scottish, Welsh, and English ancestry, while his mother is of Finnish, Norwegian, and Swedish ancestry. His brother Kyle is an accomplished sculptor and artist. He and his family moved to Newton and lived there for two years. After his parents divorced, Damon and his brother moved with their mother back to Cambridge, where they lived in a six-family communal house. Damon grew up near actor Ben Affleck, a close friend since childhood and collaborator on several films (Damon is Affleck's tenth cousin, once removed, through a common New England ancestor).

References

Other websites

Matt Damon on Moviefone
Matt Damon News Column
Matt Damon on Hardball
GreenDimes Matt Damon, board member
Not On Our Watch: George Clooney, Brad Pitt, Matt Damon, Don Cheadle, Jerry Weintraub
Academy Award winning writers
Actors from Boston
Actors from Cambridge, Massachusetts
American movie actors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
American voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning writers
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Writers from Boston
1970 births
Living people
Robert Urich (December 19, 1946 – April 16, 2002) was an Emmy-winning actor. He was born in Toronto, Ohio. 

Urich is best known for playing private investigators on the television series Spenser: For Hire (1985–1988) and Vega$ (1978–1981).  He also acted in many other television series over the years including: S.W.A.T. (1975), Soap (1977) and The Lazarus Man (1996). He was also known for staring in the movie A long Way Home which was released in 2003.

From 1975 until his death, Urich was married to actress Heather Menzies.

Urich died of synovial sarcoma in Thousand Oaks, California at the age of 55.

Other websites

Actors from Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
Cancer deaths in the United States
Emmy Award winning actors
Deaths from sarcoma
1946 births
2002 deaths
Victor Morrow (February 14, 1929 – July 23, 1982) was an American actor. He was famous for acting in the television series Combat! (1962–1967), in which he also worked as a television director.

Morrow was born in the Bronx, New York City. He was the father of actress Jennifer Jason Leigh. 

Morrow died while filming Twilight Zone: The Movie at an accident in Ventura County, California with a helicopter that crashed and killed him and two children. The accident made the government make many reforms in U.S. child labor laws and safety regulations on movie sets in California.

Other websites

Filmography
Twilight Zone Tragedy at crimelibrary.com 
Find A Death - Vic Morrow 
Article on Twilight Zone tragedy, written by friend and COMBAT! co-star Dick 'Little John' Peabody
Sculptural Tribute to Actor Vic Morrow
NTSB Accident Investigation Report
Accidental deaths in California
Actors from the Bronx
American movie actors
American television actors
American television directors
Aviation deaths in the United States
Movie directors from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
1929 births
1982 deaths
The Lal Masjid siege was a conflict centering around the Lal Masjid mosque and madrasah complex in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, that was besieged from July 3 to July 11, 2007.

2000s in Pakistan
Islamabad
2007 in Asia
The mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) is a member of the dove family (Columbidae). It has five subspecies. The number of mourning doves is about 475 million. They live in North America. Mourning doves are light grey and brown, and males and females look similar.

These birds usually have one partner at a time. Both parents sit on the eggs and care for their chicks. Adult mourning doves usually eat only seeds. The parents feed crop milk to the young.

People hunt mourning doves for sport and for meat. Up to 70 million birds are shot in the United States every year. Its name, "mourning," comes from its sad-sounding call. The bird is a strong flier, and can fly at up to 88 km/h (55 mph).

Distribution
Distribution 

Mourning doves have a large range of nearly 11 million square kilometers (6.8 million square miles). These birds live throughout the Greater Antilles, most of Mexico, the Continental United States, and southern Canada. In the summer, the birds are mostly in the Canadian prairies, and in southern Central America in the winter. The species is a vagrant in northern Canada, Alaska, and South America. It has been seen at least seven times in the Palearctic ecozone with records from the British Isles (five), the Azores (one) and Iceland (one). In 1963, the Mourning Dove was introduced to Hawaii, and in 1998 there was still a small population in North Kona, Hawaii.

Mourning doves live in many different habitats, such as farms, prairie, grassland, and woods. It does not live in swamps or thick forests. They also live in places where humans live, such as in cities or towns.

Description
Description 

The mourning dove is a medium-sized, slender dove. It weighs an average of . It has a small head and a long tail. Mourning doves have perching feet, with three toes facing forward and one facing backward. The legs are short and reddish color. The beak is small and dark, usually a mixture of brown and black.

Its feathers are generally light gray-brown and lighter and more pink below. The wings may have black spots, and the outer tail feathers are white. The eyes are dark, with light skin around them. The adult male has bright purple-pink patches on the sides of its neck, with light pink coloring up to the breast. Younger birds look more scaly and dark.
All five subspecies of the mourning dove look similar and cannot be told apart easily. The Western subspecies has longer wings, a longer beak, shorter toes, and is lighter in color. The Panama mourning dove has shorter wings and legs, a longer beak, and is grayer in color. The Clarion Island subspecies has larger feet, a larger beak, and is darker brown.

Sounds 
This species' call is a cooOOoo-wooo-woo-woooo, which is used by males when attracting a mate. Other sounds include a nest call (cooOOoo) by paired males to attract their mates to the nests, a greeting call (a soft ork) by males upon joining their mates again, and an alarm call (a short roo-oo) by either male or female when in danger.
In flight, the wings make a fluttery whistling sound that is quiet and hard to hear, but is louder at take-off and landing.

Reproduction and ecology
The male begins courtship by flying noisily, and then in a graceful, circular glide with its wings outstretched and head down. After landing, the male will go to the female with a puffed out breast, bobbing head, and loud calls. Once the pair is mated, they will often spend time preening each other's feathers. The mourning dove does not easily leave its mate. Pairs may sometimes remain together throughout the winter. However, lone doves will find new partners if necessary.

After mating, the male shows the female all the possible nest sites, and lets the female choose one and build the nest. The male will fly about, get material, and bring it to her. The male stands on the female's back to give the material to the female, who builds it into the nest. The nest is made of twigs, conifer needles, or grass. Sometimes, mourning doves will take place of the unused nests of other mourning doves, birds, or mammals such as squirrels.
Most nests are in trees, but they can also be in shrubs, vines, or on buildings and hanging flower pots. When there is no good place to nest above, mourning doves will nest on the ground. The nest is almost always big enough for exactly two eggs. Sometimes, however, a female will lay her eggs in the nest of another pair, leading to three or four eggs in the nest. The eggs are small and white.

Both sexes incubate; the male from morning to afternoon, and the female the rest of the day and at night. Mourning doves rarely leave their nest alone. Incubation takes two weeks.

Both parents feed the chicks crop milk for the first 3–4 days of life. After that, they gradually begin to eat seeds. The feathers and wing muscles begin to develop for flight in about 11–15 days. This happens before the squabs are fully grown, but after they digest the adult food. They stay nearby to be fed by their father for up to two weeks after fledging.
Mourning doves breed quickly. In warmer areas, these birds may raise up to six broods in a season. This fast breeding is important because mourning birds die often. Each year, the mortality can reach 58% a year for adults and 69% for the young.

Feeding 

Mourning doves eat mostly seeds. Seeds are at least 99% of their diet. Rarely, they will eat snails or insects. Mourning doves usually eat enough to fill their stomach and then fly away to digest while resting. They often swallow gravel or sand to help them digest. At bird feeders, mourning doves are attracted to corn, millet, and sunflower seeds. Mourning doves do not dig or scratch for seeds, but only eat what they can see. They will sometimes perch on plants and eat from them.

Mourning doves especially prefer pine nuts, sesame, and wheat. When they cannot find their  favorite foods, mourning doves will eat the seeds of other plants, including buckwheat and rye.
Predators and parasites 
Mourning doves can be easily harmed by several different parasites and diseases, including tapeworms, nematodes, mites, and lice. The Trichomonas gallinae, a parasite which lives in the mouth, is especially severe. While the bird sometimes shows no ill effects, the parasite often causes a yellowish growth in the mouth and throat. This can make the bird starve to death.

The greatest predators of this species are birds of prey, such as falcons and hawks. Other times, during nesting, corvids, grackles, house cats or rat snakes will eat their eggs. Cowbirds rarely pass parasites mourning dove nests. Mourning doves reject slightly under a third of cowbird eggs in such nests, and the cowbirds cannot eat the Mourning Dove's vegetarian diet.

Behavior 
Like other doves, the mourning dove drinks without lifting or tilting its head. They often gather at drinking spots around dawn and dusk.
Mourning doves wash themselves in the sun or rain. These birds can also take baths in shallow pools or bird baths. They may sometimes bathe themselves in the dust as well.

These birds are strong fliers and can fly up to 88 km/h (55 mph).

When they are not breeding, mourning doves roost in dense deciduous trees or in conifers. During sleep, the head rests between the shoulders, close to the body, and is not tucked under the shoulder feathers as most species do. Sometimes, roosting is delayed on colder days during the winter in Canada.

Conservation status 

The mourning dove is of Least Concern to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The species is not at immediate risk. The population is about 475 million and they live across a wide area. However, around 40–70 million birds are shot as game every year.
Taxonomy 
The mourning dove is closely related to the eared dove (Zenaida auriculata) and the Socorro dove (Zenaida graysoni). Sometimes these three birds are put in the separate genus Zenaidura. The Socorro dove was once thought to be the same species as the mourning dove. However, differences in behavior, call, and appearance separate them as two different species.

There are five subspecies of mourning dove:
 Eastern Z. m. carolinensis (Linnaeus, 1766)
 Clarion Island Z. m. clarionensis (C.H.Townsend, 1890)
 West Indian Z. m. macroura (Linnaeus, 1758)
 Western Z. m. marginella (Woodhouse, 1852)
 Panama Z. m. turturilla (Wetmore, 1956)
The West Indian subspecies lives throughout the Greater Antilles. It is also lives in the Florida Keys. The Eastern subspecies lives mainly in eastern North America, as well as Bermuda and the Bahamas. The Western subspecies lives in western North America and parts of Mexico. The Panamanian subspecies is in Central America. The Clarion Island subspecies lives near the Pacific coast of Mexico.

The mourning dove is sometimes called the American mourning dove, because it may be confused with the distantly related African mourning dove (Streptopelia decipiens). It also used to be called the Carolina turtledove or Carolina pigeon. French zoologist Charles L. Bonaparte gave this species' its scientific name in 1838. They name comes from his wife, Princess Zénaide. The "mourning" part of its name comes from its call.

Closest relative 
The mourning dove is thought to be most closely related to the extinct passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius).
As a symbol and in the arts 
The Eastern mourning dove (Z. m. carolinensis) is Wisconsin's official symbol of peace. The bird is also Michigan's state bird of peace.

The mourning dove appears as the Carolina turtle-dove on plate 286 of Audubon's The Birds of America.

Mourning doves are referred to often in American literature. They are in some American and Canadian poetry such as in the works of Robert Bly, Jared Carter, Lorine Niedecker, and Charles Wright.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 

 Mourning Doves on the Internet Bird Collection
 USGS page
 Information from Cornell Lab of Ornithology
 South Dakota Birds page
 Mourning Dove Movies (Tree of Life)
 28 Mourning Dove Photos 
 Video of a Mourning Dove's Call
 Mourning Dove Bird Sound 

Doves
Birds of North America
Birds of Pakistan
Mai Kuraki (born October 28, 1982 in Funabashi, Chiba) is a Japanese female pop and R&B singer.
Her father is the movie director, Isomi Yamasaki.
She appeared in her father's movies in her childhood.

She started her singing career in 1999 when she was 17 years old. Her first single was "Love, Day After Tomorrow". It became a million seller.
Her first album “delicious way” sold 35 million records.
After graduating Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto on 2005, she has concentrated on musical activities.

She writes her own lyrics most of the times. But she does not compose (write) the music. She gets music from composers. “Cybersound” in Boston often does the arrangements.

She was influenced by Michael Jackson.

Japanese singers
1982 births
Living people
Musicians from Chiba Prefecture
Saint Mesrop Mashtots (also Mesrob, Mashtotz, , 360 - February 17, 440) was an Armenian monk. He invented the Armenian alphabet in the year 406. He was a theologian and linguist. That was a basic and important step in strengthening three things: the Armenian Church, the government of the Armenian Kingdom, and connections between the Armenian Kingdom and Armenians living in the Byzantine and Iranian Empires.  He is best known for inventing the Armenian alphabet  AD, which was a fundamental step in strengthening Armenian national identity. He is also considered to be the creator of the Caucasian Albanian and Georgian alphabets by some scholars.

Movies
 1988: Mesrop Mashtots Film documentary Armenfilm 35mm, color () Director Levon Mkrtchyan,script by Artashes Martirosyan,the composer Sarkis Alajajyan,narration by Sos Sargisyan.

References

360 births
440 deaths
Armenian Christian clergy
Armenian language
Christian saints
Ashlee's first album, Autobiography, was released in 2004. She also starred in her own reality series The Ashlee Simpson Show. Simpson was criticized when she used a pre-recorded vocal track for a performance on Saturday Night Live in October 2004. Simpson released another album in 2005 called I Am Me. In May 2008, Ashlee married Pete Wentz, from the band Fall Out Boy. Their son, Bronx Mowgli, was born in November 2008. In February 2011, Simpson-Wentz filed for divorce. On October 29, 2020, she gave birth to another son named Ziggy Blu.

References

Singers from Texas
American television actors
Actors from Texas
1984 births
Living people
People from Waco, Texas
Providence may mean:

Entertainment
 Providence (1977 movie), a French/Swiss film
 Providence (1991 movie), an American/Canadian film starring Keanu Reeves
 Providence (band), 1970s-era American band
 Providence (TV series), an 1999–2002 NBC television series starring Melina Kanakaredes
 Providence (Wildstorm) is a fictional comic book character, part of the Wildstorm comic company
 Providence (comics) is a fictional island, part of the Marvel Comics company
 Outside Providence, a 1988 book and 1999 film by Peter Farrelly
 "Providence", a Sonic Youth song that appears on their 1988 album Daydream Nation
 Providence, a novel by Geoffrey Wolff
Organizations
 Providence College, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
 Providence College and Theological Seminary, Otterburne, Manitoba, Canada
 Providence Health & Services, an American health care system which runs hospitals in Oregon, Washington, Montana, California, and Alaska
 Providence Health Care, operator of health care facilities in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
 Providence Health Care Centre, a Toronto, Ontario, Canada health care facility, specializing in rehabilitation

Places

In the United States
 Providence, Alabama
 Providence, Kentucky
 Providence, New York
 Providence (Caswell County), North Carolina
 Providence (Granville County), North Carolina
 Providence (McDowell County), North Carolina
 Providence (Mecklenburg County), North Carolina
 Providence, Rhode Island, the largest and best-known city with this name
 Providence, Utah
 Providence County, Rhode Island
 Providence, Ohio
Other places
 Providence Atoll in the Republic of Seychelles
 Providence Island of the Republic of Colombia

Religion
 Divine Providence, by the influence of God
 Providence Ministries, a Progressive Southern Gospel group based in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, United States
 Providence Ministries, a Dalton Georgia Christian outreach program.
 Providence (religion) the name of Jung Myung Seok's new religious movement.
 The Sisters of Providence are an international order of Roman Catholic sisters headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and founded in 1843 by Mother Emilie Gamelin.

Other
 USS Providence
The Airbus A340 is a long-range four-engined widebody commercial passenger airplane manufactured by Airbus S.A.S. a subsidiary of EADS. It is similar in design to the twin-engined A330.

There are 4 variants of this model:
The A340-200 (which is the shortest), the A340-300, the A340-500 and the longest one the A340-600. The A340-600 is one of the longest passenger planes in the world. 

Having four engines, the A340 uses more fuel than many other aircrafts. However, that also mean it does not have to pass the ETOPS (extended range twin operations) test to fly long range. 

The Airbus A340 is no longer in production as it was replaced by the more efficient Airbus A350 XWB. 

Airbus aircraft
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the conditions inside the body. It is sometimes called the 'visceral nervous system' or 'involuntary nervous system'. The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system.

ANS controls all automatic actions. That means that it controls all reflexes and actions during sleep.

Most of its activities are done without the person having conscious control over them. The person usually cannot feel what the ANS is doing. However, some of the ANS's activities work together with the conscious mind, like breathing. 

The ANS controls many different things, like heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter of the pupils, the discharge of urine, and erection.
There are two different sections within the ANS:
 The sympathetic nervous system, which causes the body to become more active as in the "fight or flight" response. The sympathetic nervous system uses a lot of energy. 
 The parasympathetic nervous system, which is mostly involved in "rest and digest". It usually conserves energy.

Other websites 

 Overview at arizona.edu 
 ANS Medical Notes on rahulgladwin.com 
 Explanations on the ANS by Dyansys, Inc.

Further reading 
 Michael D. Gershon 1998. The second brain. HarperCollins, New York.

Nervous system
The peripheral nervous system, or PNS, is part of the nervous system. It consists of the nerves and ganglia which are outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the  limbs and organs. 

The PNS is not protected by bone like the central nervous system. Therefore it is exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). But the enteric nervous system (ENS) can be seen as a third branch of its own and not as part of the autonomic nervous system. 

 The SNS coordinates your body's movement, receiving external stimuli, and regulates everything under conscious control. 
 The ANS controls all automatic actions. That means that it controls all reflexes and actions during sleep. 
 The ENS controls the gastrointestinal system.

References 
Nervous system
IKEA is a multinational furniture company that was founded by Ingvar Kamprad, from Sweden. The name IKEA is an acronym from the name Ingvar Kamprad, Elmtaryd (the farm where he grew up), and Agunnaryd (his hometown in Småland, southern Sweden).

History

The company was started in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad (1926-2018) when he was seventeen years old as a mostly mail-order sales business. From the beginning, the company was selling items such as pens, picture frames, clocks, jewellery, nylon stocking, wallets and whatnot. After an order, Kamprad would often deliver it himself. By 1947 it started selling furniture and by 1958 the first IKEA store was opened in Älmhult, Småland. The first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway (1963) and Denmark (1969). The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974).

References

Other websites
www.IKEA.se

Companies of Sweden
Shops
1943 establishments in Sweden
The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part of the nervous system. It is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.

Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has an important role in the control of behaviour. The CNS is protected by bone in the dorsal cavity: the brain in the cranial subcavity, and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity.

See also: Vertebrate brain

Parts of the vertebrate CNS

Other websites 

 Sylvius: 400+ structure neuroanatomical visual glossary; used by over half of U.S. medical schools
 High-Resolution Cytoarchitectural Primate Brain Atlases 
 Human Brains: A Learning Tool .
 Explaining the human nervous system .
 Nervous System - Back Pain - Anatomy (info on nerve pairs) .
 Textbook in Medical Physiology And Pathophysiology, many links 
 Brain and Cranial Nerves, Anatomy and Physiology Lecture, Northland Community College 
 Latest Research on the Brain and Central Nervous System From ScienceDaily

Nervous system
The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that go to and from the brain. It is enclosed in and protected by the bony vertebral column. The main function of the spinal cord is transmission of neural inputs between the periphery and the brain.

Spinal cord segments 
Humans have 31 left-right pairs of spinal nerves, each roughly corresponding to a segment of the vertebral column. The spinal nerve emerges from the spinal column through an opening between adjacent vertebrae. Outside the vertebral column, the nerve divides into branches.

The nerves for incoming sensory information are bundled separately from nerves for outgoing motor instructions for muscles. The system serves the autonomic nervous system as well as the motor activities which we control consciously.

Additional images

Other websites
Other websites 

 Spinal Cord Histology  - A multitude of great Images from the University of Cincinnati
 Spinal Cord Medical Notes  - Online medical notes on the Spinal Cord
 eMedicine: Spinal Cord, Topographical and Functional Anatomy
 WebMD. May 17, 2005. Spina Bifida - Topic Overview  Information about Spina Bifida in fetuses and throughout adulthood. WebMD children's health. Retrieved March 19, 2007.

Anatomy of the nervous system
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? is a British quiz show, produced by Celador. In May 2008, the Dutch company 2waytraffic bought the license for the international format.

History
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? aired for the first time on 4 September 1998 in the United Kingdom. The UK show is hosted by Chris Tarrant. It had its biggest ratings in March 1999 when more than 19 million were watching the show. The first millionaire on the show was Judith Keppel who appeared on 20 November 2000.

National variants 
More than 100 countries around the world have bought the license and air local versions of the show, including Australia, Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, Russia, United States. The United States version became a big hit when Regis Philbin started hosting it in 1999. John Carpenter, a man who worked for the IRS, became the first person to win the grand prize of $1,000,000 in 1999. Philbin hosted the show until 2002. A syndicated version of the show has aired since 2002. It is hosted by Meredith Vieira.
Each country airs the show under the same rules. They all have the same studio design.

In Australia, a spin-off called Millionaire Hot Seat has aired since 2009.

1998 British television series debuts
1990s television series
2000s television series
2010s television series
British television game shows
Danny Saucedo (born Daniel Gabriel Alessandro Saucedo Grzechowski on 25 February 1986 in Stockholm, Stockholms Län, Sweden) is a Swedish singer who competed as one of the finalists in Pop Idol — the Swedish version of Idol. His two songs charted on the official Swedish singles chart. '"Öppna Din Dörr"' (Tommy Nilsson cover) peaked at No. 24 in 2006 and Tokyo (credit to Danny) was two weeks at No. 1 in 2007.

Other websites

1986 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Agnes Carlsson (born March 6 1988 in Vänersborg), (better known by her stage name Agnes) is a Swedish singer who rose to popularity after winning Idol 2005, the Swedish version of Pop Idol, shown by TV4. The October 10th 2006 SVT confirmed that Agnes would participate in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2007 with her song "More than a girl", but she got disqualified because she talked about the song in an interview with Aftonbladet. She is the third only Idol winner who was previously a Wildcard on the show, next to Canada's Ryan Malcolm and Kazakhstan's Almas Kishkenbayev. Agnes advanced to the finals as the jury's choice. She has released a song called "Release Me", which became a huge hit for Agnes.

Discography 
 Agnes (2005)
 Stronger (2006)
 Dance! Love! Pop! (2008)
 Veritas'' (2012)

Other websites 

1988 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Synth-pop singers
Daniel Lindström (born January 30, 1978) is a Swedish singer from Umeå. He won the Swedish Idol 2004 contest against Darin Zanyar. His first single, "Coming True", sold double platinum. His self-titled album, released in December 2004, was at the top of the Swedish pop charts. The new album Nån slags verklighet (Some kind of reality) contains songs written in Swedish by the singer himself. Daniel Lindström was the first winner of the Swedish Idol series.

Swedish singers
People from Umeå
1978 births
Living people
Destiny's Child was a three-time Grammy Award-winning American pop girl group. They were founded in Houston, Texas. They formed in 1997. Originally a quartet called Girl's Tyme, the group eventually became a trio whose members were Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. According to the World Music Awards, Destiny's Child is the best selling female group of all time. On June 12, 2005, they announced on tour in Barcelona that they would no longer be performing together, but pursuing individual careers in music, theatre, television and film.

They disbanded in 2006. Destiny's Child has sold in total 130 million worldwide including albums, video albums and singles; its leader Beyoncé as a solo artist has sold over 250 million records ; Kelly Rowland has sold as a solo artist 60 million records worldwide.
With Michelle Williams as the lineup Destiny's Child sold more than 45 million records.

History
History

1998-2000
Destiny's Child released their first album, Destiny's Child, in 1998. Their second album The Writing's on the Wall was released in 1999. It was the band's last album with four members.

2001-2003
In 2001 Survivor was released. All of the album's four singles reached number one.

2004-2005
The band released their last album Destiny Fulfilled in 2004. Four singles were released from the album.

Discography

References

1997 establishments in the United States
2006 disestablishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
African-American musical groups
American girl groups
Beyoncé
 
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from Houston
Musical trios
American R&B bands
American pop music groups
American hip hop bands
American soul bands
Kelendria Trene "Kelly" Rowland (born February 11, 1981) is a Grammy Award-winning American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer, and occasional actress, who rose to fame as one of the founding members of the successful R&B girl group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time.

Her total sales (LP, EP, compilation, video album and singles) surpassed 100 million worldwide (60 with the group, 40 as solo and featured artist). Rowland has released four solo albums. Her first album Simply Deep is her most successful album. Rowland had her only number one on the album, "Dilemma".

Rowland's parents separated when she was seven. She and her mother moved to Houston when she was eight.

In 2011, Kelly Rowland was a judge on The X Factor UK. The following year, she became a judge on the American version.

Album

Single

References
Single

References

1981 births
Living people
Actors from Atlanta
Actors from Houston
African American actors
African American musicians
American dancers
American movie actors
American R&B singers
American songwriters
American television actors
Destiny's Child
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Houston
Singers from Atlanta
Pop Idol was a British television series that was first shown on ITV on October 5, 2001. The show was a talent contest to decide the best new young pop singer, or 'pop idol', in the United Kingdom, based on viewer voting and participation. There were two series of Pop Idol. The first was from October 2001 - February 2002. The winner was  Will Young; the runner-up was Gareth Gates. The second series was in 2003. It was won by Michelle McManus.

The Idol series has become an international franchise. It has spun off many successful shows such as Idol, American Idol, Canadian Idol, Australian Idol, Idols West Africa, Indian Idol, Indonesian Idol, New Zealand Idol, Philippine Idol, Pinoy Idol, Hay superstar, Nouvelle Star, Deutschland sucht den SuperStar, Singapore Idol, Malaysian Idol, Music Idol, Idols South Africa, Ídolos Brazil, Ídolos Portugal, and others. It also had a world version named World Idol.

2001 British television series debuts
ITV reality television programmes
English-language television programs
Rachel Renee Smith (born April 18, 1985 in Panama) is a beauty queen from Clarksville, Tennessee. She won the Miss USA contest in 2007. She had previously competed in the Miss Teen USA contest. She represented the USA in the Miss Universe pageant in 2007.

1985 births
Living people
Beauty pageant winners
People from Tennessee
Miss USA
Natalie Glebova, (born November 11 1981) is a Russian Canadian beauty queen who has held the title Miss Universe 2005.

Other websites
HHB Life - new official web site by Natalie Glebova
Healthy Happy Beautiful - Book by Natalie Glebova
Natalie Glebova - Magazines Gallery 

Miss Universe winners
Living people
People from Toronto
Models from Ontario
1981 births
Tenitra Michelle Williams (born July 23, 1979) is an American gospel and R&B singer, songwriter, and actress. She was a background singer for Monica, before rising to fame as one-third of the successful Grammy Award-winning musical group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time, selling over 100 million records worldwide. 

Williams played the character Shug Avery in the play The Color Purple. She was a contestant in the 2010 series of British reality television show Strictly Come Dancing.

In 2013, she made a return to inspirational music with the lead single, If We Had Your Eyes from her upcoming fourth studio album titled Journey to Freedom.

1980 births
Living people
African American musicians
American R&B singers
Musicians from Illinois
Strictly Come Dancing participants
Destiny's Child
Singers from Rockford, Illinois
American gospel musicians