Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ricin is a poison. It is a highly toxic, naturally occurring protein. It is produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis. 

A dose the size of a few grains of table salt can kill an adult human. The median lethal dose (LD50) of ricin is around 22 micrograms per kilogram (1.78 mg for an average adult, around  of a standard aspirin tablet/0.4 g gross) in humans if injected  or inhaled. Oral exposure to ricin is far less toxic and a lethal dose can be up to 30–40 milligrams per kilogram.

Ricin prevents cells from assembling various amino acids into proteins, and death occurs after a few hours up to a day. Ricin has been used as a terrorist weapon, including the assassination of Georgi Markov in 1978, supposedly by the KGB.

References 

Poisons
Proteins
The Battle of Perryville was a battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on October 8, 1862. Neither side won the battle.

Perryville
1862 in the United States
October events
History of Kentucky
James Longstreet was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. He was born in 1821 in South Carolina. He grew up in Georgia. Longstreet graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1842 and was a slave owner. He fought in the Army of Northern Virginia. Longstreet died in 1904.

References

Confederate Army generals
1821 births
1904 deaths
Military people from Georgia (U.S. state)
The English country dance is a very social type of folk dance. It started during the English Renaissance from the 15th through 17th centuries. This dance was popular until the 19th century in Europe, the United States and American colonies.

This dance came back in the early 20th century. It is done mostly in North America and around Britain.

There are many versions: clockwise, counter-clockwise, cross-over, double and the figure of 8.

English culture
Dances
The Siege of Vicksburg was a major battle of the American Civil War. It took place in Mississippi from May 18 to July 4, 1863. Union general Ulysses S. Grant surrounded the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Confederate Army, commanded by John C. Pemberton, surrendered on July 4. Now the Union forces controlled the Mississippi River.

References 

American Civil War battles
1863 in the United States
Vicksburg
History of Mississippi
Crowsnest Pass is a mountain pass in the Canadian Rockies between Alberta and British Columbia. The Canadian Pacific Railway goes through the pass.

Geography of British Columbia
The 2014 Formula One season is the 65th season of the Formula One World Championship. The motor racing championship is the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars.

The 2014 season started with the Aussie Grand Prix on 16 March 2014. The last race of the season is the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix on 23 November 2014. Eleven teams and twenty-two drivers are competing in nineteen Grands Prix.

World Drivers' Championship standings

Grands Prix

References 

Formula One seasons 
2014 in sports
Ryhor Baradulin (; February 24, 1935 – March 2, 2014) was a Belarusian poet, essayist, editor, publisher and translator. Baradulin was the last Belarusian to be honored as a People's Poet (1992). His career began in 1953. He was nominated for a Nobel Prize in Literature in 2006.

Baradulin was born in Verasowka, Belarus. He studied at the Belarusian State University in Minsk. Baradulin died on March 2, 2014 from heart failure. He was aged 79. He is survived by his wife Valentina Baradulin.

References

1935 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Belarusian writers
Poets
Publishers
Xosé María Díaz Castro (19 February 1914, Guitiriz – 2 October 1990, Lugo) was a Galician poet and translator.

Galician Literature Day is dedicated to him in 2014.

Work
Nimbos (1961) .

Authors that he translated
To Spanish: Verner von Heidenstam, Henrik Pontoppidan, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Rainer Maria Rilke, William Butler Yeats, T. S. Eliot, Walt Whitman, G. K. Chesterton, Frederick Forsyth, Friedrich Schiller, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Valéry, Alphonse de Lamartine and Paul Claudel.

To English: Federico García Lorca and Rafael Alberti.

References

Further information
AAVV; Homenaxe a X. M. Díaz Castro , Xermolos, Guitiriz, 1987, 192 p., .
Blanco Torrado, A.; A ascensión dun poeta, Xosé María Díaz Castro, Caixa Galicia, Santiago, 1995, 143 p., .
Requeixo, Armando; Xosé María Díaz Castro, vida e obra , Editorial Galaxia, Vigo, 2014, 200 p., .

Other websites 

PoetaDiazCastro.com
 A lus do mundo (14'43'') IES Poeta Díaz Castro (YouTube).
 O instante eterno (9'52'') (Vimeo).
Spanish poets
1914 births
1990 deaths
Molly Bobak (born Molly Lamb; February 25, 1919 – March 2, 2014) was a Canadian teacher, writer, printmaker and painter. During World War II, she was the first Canadian woman artist into be sent to a battlefield to see Canada's war effort.

Bobak was born Molly Lamb in Vancouver, British Columbia. She studied at Vancouver School of Art. Bobak died in Fredericton, New Brunswick from natural causes, aged 95.

References

1919 births
2014 deaths
Canadian painters
People from Vancouver
The arrondissement of Auxerre is an arrondissement of France.  It is part of the Yonne département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Auxerre.

History
When the Yonne department was created on 17 February 1800, the arrondissement of Auxerre was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Auxerre is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Sens, to the east by the arrondissement of Avallon, to the south by the Nièvre (Burgundy) department and to the west by the Loiret (Centre-Val de Loire) department.

It has an area of , the largest in area of the arrondissements of the department. It has 179,922 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
In the arrondissement of Auxerre, there are six cantons where not all their "communes" are in the arrondissement. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of Auxerre has 171 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):
Aigremont (89002)
 Andryes (89007)
 Appoigny (89013)
 Augy (89023)
 Auxerre (89024)
 Bassou (89029)
 Bazarnes (89030)
 Beaumont (89031)
 Beauvoir (89033)
 Beine (89034)
 Bellechaume (89035)
 Béru (89039)
 Bessy-sur-Cure (89040)
 Beugnon (89041)
 Bleigny-le-Carreau (89045)
 Bléneau (89046)
 Bonnard (89050)
 Branches (89053)
 Brienon-sur-Armançon (89055)
 Butteaux (89061)
 Carisey (89062)
 Chablis (89068)
 Chailley (89069)
 Champcevrais (89072)
 Champignelles (89073)
 Champlost (89076)
 Champs-sur-Yonne (89077)
 Chamvres (89079)
 La Chapelle-Vaupelteigne (89081)
 Charbuy (89083)
 Charentenay (89084)
 Charmoy (89085)
 Charny-Orée-de-Puisaye (89086)
 Chassy (89088)
 Chemilly-sur-Serein (89095)
 Chemilly-sur-Yonne (89096)
 Cheny (89099)
 Chéu (89101)
 Chevannes (89102)
 Chichée (89104)
 Chichery (89105)
 Chitry (89108)
 Coulangeron (89117)
 Coulanges-la-Vineuse (89118)
 Coulanges-sur-Yonne (89119)
 Courgis (89123)
 Courson-les-Carrières (89125)
 Crain (89129)
 Deux Rivières (89130)
 Diges (89139)
 Dracy (89147)
Dracy (89147)
 Druyes-les-Belles-Fontaines (89148)
 Égleny (89150)
 Épineau-les-Voves (89152)
 Escamps (89154)
 Escolives-Sainte-Camille (89155)
 Esnon (89156)
 Étais-la-Sauvin (89158)
 La Ferté-Loupière (89163)
 Festigny (89164)
 Fleury-la-Vallée (89167)
 Fleys (89168)
 Fontaines (89173)
 Fontenay-près-Chablis (89175)
 Fontenay-sous-Fouronnes (89177)
 Fontenoy (89179)
 Fouronnes (89182)
 Germigny (89186)
 Gurgy (89198)
 Gy-l'Évêque (89199)
 Hauterive (89200)
 Héry (89201)
 Irancy (89202)
 Jaulges (89205)
 Jussy (89212)
 Lain (89215)
 Lainsecq (89216)
 Lalande (89217)
 Laroche-Saint-Cydroine (89218)
 Lasson (89219)
 Lavau (89220)
 Leugny (89221)
 Levis (89222)
 Lichères-près-Aigremont (89224)
 Lignorelles (89226)
 Ligny-le-Châtel (89227)
 Lindry (89228)
 Lucy-sur-Cure (89233)
 Lucy-sur-Yonne (89234)
 Mailly-la-Ville (89237)
 Mailly-le-Château (89238)
 Maligny (89242)
 Mercy (89249)
 Méré (89250)
 Merry-Sec (89252)
 Merry-la-Vallée (89251)
 Merry-Sec (89252)
 Mézilles (89254)
 Migé (89256)
 Migennes (89257)
Migennes (89257)
 Monéteau (89263)
 Montholon (89003)
 Montigny-la-Resle (89265)
 Mont-Saint-Sulpice (89268)
 Mouffy (89270)
 Moulins-sur-Ouanne (89272)
 Moutiers-en-Puisaye (89273)
 Neuvy-Sautour (89276)
 Nitry (89277)
 Les Ormes (89281)
 Ormoy (89282)
 Ouanne (89283)
 Parly (89286)
 Paroy-en-Othe (89288)
 Percey (89292)
 Perrigny (89295)
 Poilly-sur-Serein (89303)
 Poilly-sur-Tholon (89304)
 Pontigny (89307)
 Pourrain (89311)
 Prégilbert (89314)
 Préhy (89315)
 Quenne (89319)
 Rogny-les-Sept-Écluses (89324)
 Ronchères (89325)
 Rouvray (89328)
 Sainpuits (89331)
 Saint-Bris-le-Vineux (89337)
 Sainte-Colombe-sur-Loing (89340)
 Saint-Cyr-les-Colons (89341)
 Saint-Fargeau (89344)
 Saint-Florentin (89345)
 Saint-Georges-sur-Baulche (89346)
 Saint-Martin-des-Champs (89352)
 Saint-Maurice-le-Vieil (89360)
 Saint-Maurice-Thizouaille (89361)
 Sainte-Pallaye (89363)
 Saint-Privé (89365)
 Saints-en-Puisaye (89367)
 Saint-Sauveur-en-Puisaye (89368)
 Seignelay (89382)
 Sementron (89383)
 Senan (89384)
 Sery (89394)
Sery (89394)
 Sommecaise (89397)
 Sormery (89398)
 Sougères-en-Puisaye (89400)
 Soumaintrain (89402)
 Les Hauts de Forterre (89405)
 Tannerre-en-Puisaye (89408)
 Thury (89416)
 Toucy (89419)
 Treigny (89420)
 Trucy-sur-Yonne (89424)
 Turny (89425)
 Val-de-Mercy (89426)
 Vallan (89427)
 Varennes (89430)
 Venizy (89436)
 Venouse (89437)
 Venoy (89438)
 Vergigny (89439)
 Vermenton (89441)
 Villefargeau (89453)
 Villeneuve-les-Genêts (89462)
 Villeneuve-Saint-Salves (89463)
 Villiers-Saint-Benoît (89472)
 Villiers-Vineux (89474)
 Villy (89477)
 Vincelles (89478)
 Vincelottes (89479)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Yonne department
 Communes of the Yonne department

References
 

Auxerre
Igor Rostislavovich Shafarevich (; 3 June 1923 – 19 February 2017) was a Russian mathematician. He contributed to algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. He also wrote books and articles which criticise socialism. He was an important dissident during the Soviet regime. He was born in Zhytomyr, Ukraine.

Shafarevich died on 19 February 2017 in Moscow, at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

 Igor Shafarevich at The MacTutor History of Mathematics

1923 births
2017 deaths
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Soviet dissidents
Russian geometers
Russian Orthodox Christians
Number theorists
Algebraic geometers
The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981). 

It happened after a group of Iranian students supporting the Iranian Revolution took over the US Embassy in Tehran. President Jimmy Carter called the hostages "victims of terrorism and anarchy," adding that "the United States will not yield to blackmail."

The U.S. tried to free the hostages during the crisis, but failed when rescue officials were killed in a helicopter crash.

The hostages were released just as Ronald Reagan was being inaugurated as President.

References

Other websites

1979 in the United States
1980s in the United States
1970s in Iran
Jimmy Carter
1980s in Iran
Muthuvel Karunanidhi (3 June 1924 – 7 August 2018) was an Indian politician. He has served as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu five different times. He is the former president of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a Dravidian political party in the state of Tamil Nadu. He has been the leader of the DMK since the death of its founder, C. N. Annadurai, in 1969.

Karunanidhi was born in Thirukuvalai, Tiruvarur, British India. He was an atheist. Karunanidhi died in Chennai at a hospital from multiple organ failure on 7 August 2018, aged 94.

References

Other websites

 

1924 births
2018 deaths
Atheists
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians
Indian screenwriters
Tamil Nadu politicians
The oath of office of the president of the United States is an oath that the president takes as he takes office. The chief justice gives the oath to the president of the United States. 

The oath is ordered by the United States Constitution (Article II, Section One, Clause 8), and is given before the president begins his term of office. 

This is what the oath says:

It is unknown how many presidents used a Bible or added the words "So help me God" at the end of the oath, or in their acceptance of the oath, as neither is required by law.

References
Pierre Cardin (, , ), (born Pietro Cardin; 2 July 1922 – 29 December 2020) was an Italian-born French fashion designer. Cardin was known for his avant-garde style and his Space Age designs. Cardin was made UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador in 1991 and FAO Goodwill Ambassador in 2009.

He was gay, however he was in a four year relationship with actress Jeanne Moreau in the 1960s.

Cardin died on 29 December 2020 at a hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, at the age of 98.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2020 deaths
French businesspeople
French fashion designers
French LGBT people
Gay men
Italian businesspeople
Italian fashion designers
Italian LGBT people
LGBT businesspeople
LGBT fashion designers
People from Veneto
Benjamin Satterly (born 22 August 1986) is an English professional wrestler. He currently wrestles under the ring name PAC.  He has also wrestled under the ring names Adrian Neville and later Neville in WWE and Pac in the Independent circuit. He is currently signed to AEW. He is a former one-time NXT Champion, a two-time and longest-reigning WWE Cruiserweight Champion and a two-time NXT Tag Team Champion with Oliver Grey and Corey Graves.

Career
On the 16 January 2013 episode of NXT, he made his WWE debut under the ring name Adrian Neville defeating Sakamoto.
On the 13 February episode of NXT (originally taped on 31 January), Neville along with Oliver Grey, won the finals of tournament to crown the first ever NXT Tag Team Champions by defeating the Wyatt Family (Luke Harper and Erick Rowan). When Grey suffered a torn ACL (in storyline caused by the Wyatt Family), Neville decided to choose Bo Dallas as his new partner in April. On the 8 May episode of NXT (taped on 2 May), during the team's first defence, Neville and Dallas lost the championships to the Wyatt Family.

At NXT Arrival, Neville was able to win the NXT Championship when he defeated Bo Dallas in a ladder match. On December 11, at the NXT Takeover: [R]Evolution event, Neville lost the championship to Sami Zayn.
Championships
All Elite Wrestling
AEW All-Atlantic Championship (1 time, first ever)
AEW World Trios Championship (1 time) – with Penta El Zero M and Rey Fénix
AEW All-Atlantic Championship Tournament (2022)
 Men's Casino Tag Team Royale (2021) – with Rey Fénix
 3 Count Wrestling
 3CW Heavyweight Championship  (1 time)
3CW Young Lions Championship (1 time)
 American Wrestling Rampage
 AWR No Limits Championship (1 time)
 Dragon Gate
 Open the Dream Gate Championship (1 time)
 Open the Brave Gate Championship (1 time)
 Open the Twin Gate Championship (1 time) – with Dragon Kid
 Open the Triangle Gate Championship (3 times) – with Masato Yoshino and BxB Hulk (1), Naoki Tanizaki and Naruki Doi (1), and Masato Yoshino and Naruki Doi (1)
Open The Brave Gate Title Tournament (2010)
 Dragon Gate USA
 Open the United Gate Championship (1 time) – with Masato Yoshino
Open The United Gate Title Tournament (2010)
 Frontier Wrestling Alliance
 FWA Flyweight Championship (1 time)
 Independent Wrestling Federation
IWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Harry Pain
 One Pro Wrestling
 1PW Openweight Championship (1 time)
 Pro Wrestling Guerrilla
 PWG World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Roderick Strong
 Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament (2007) – with Roderick Strong
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 11 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017
 Ranked No. 4 of the top 50 tag teams in the PWI Tag Team 50 in 2022 
 Rolling Stone
 Most Exciting NXT Up-and-Comer (2014)
 Most Jaw-Dropping Finisher (2015) 
 One-Night-Only Face Turn of the Year (2017)
 Worst Entrance Gimmick on Great New Main-Roster Wrestler (2015)
 SoCal Uncensored
 Match of the Year (2006) 
 Westside Xtreme Wrestling
 wXw World Lightweight Championship (2 times)
 WWE
 WWE Cruiserweight Championship (2 times)
 NXT Championship (1 time)
 NXT Tag Team Championship  (2 times, first ever) – with Oliver Grey (1) and Corey Graves (1)
 NXT Tag Team Championship Tournament (2013) – with Oliver Grey
Slammy Award for Breakout Star of the Year (2015)
Wrestle Zone Wrestling
wZw Zero-G Championship (1 time)
References

Other websites
WWE profile

1986 births
Living people
All Elite Wrestling people
English professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
Year 33 BC was either a common year starting on Saturday, Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Octavian and Tullus.

Events 
 Mark Antony annexed the kingdom of Media
 The Kinambroi surrendered to Octavian
 Crown Prince Ao ascends the throne in China as Emperor Cheng of Han

Deaths 

 Tiberius Nero, father of Tiberius (b. c. 85 BC)
 Emperor Yuan of Han (b. 75 BC)

30s BC
Frozen is a 2013 American computer-animated musical fantasy-comedy movie. It was inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale The Snow Queen. It is produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures.

Frozen received positive reviews from movie critics. It was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Animated Feature Film.

Plot 
Anna and Elsa are two princess sisters who live in Arendelle. Elsa, now queen of Arendelle, has the power to create snow and ice and work with them, but she loses control of her powers and puts the people of Arendelle in danger. Not wanting to hurt anyone, Elsa runs away and builds an ice palace for herself. Meanwhile, Anna sets off in the snow and ice to bring Elsa back and make things right with her. On the way, she meets Kristoff, a friendly ice seller, and Olaf, a funny snowman created by Elsa who dreams of seeing the summer.
A prince named Hans wants to marry Anna, but later reveals that he only wants to marry her to take down Elsa and get her royal status. As Hans raises his sword over Elsa, Anna stops Hans and freezes because of the cold. Elsa weeps out of love for Anna, and this thaws Anna back to life. Seeing this, Olaf realizes that an act of true love is what thaws a frozen heart. With the power of love, Elsa stops the icy spell over Arendelle, and all of Arendelle live happily ever after, including Olaf, who is able to see summer with a snow flurry over his head to keep the summer heat from melting him.

Cast
 Kristen Bell as Princess Anna
 Idina Menzel as Queen Elsa
 Jonathan Groff as Kristoff
 Eva Bella as Young Elsa
 Josh Gad as Olaf the Snowman
 Santino Fontana as Hans
 Alan Tudyk as the Duke of Weselton
 Ciarán Hinds as Grand Pabbie, the Troll King
 Paul Briggs as Marshmallow the Snow Monster
 Maurice LaMarche as King Agnarr
 Jennifer Lee as Queen Iduna

Production
Production 

Plans to make a movie based on The Snow Queen were started in the 1940s. The writers were not sure how its story could go and so the movie could not be made. Later, in 2011, the writers finally found a story to use for the movie and the production team began making the movie, naming it Frozen. The plans said that Frozen would be hand-drawn, but the team later decided to use computer animation. It took only two years to make Frozen, which was a very fast production time for a computer-animated movie.

Frozen is also one of the most difficult animated movies to make. The animation team had to travel to a snowy area in Wyoming so that they could study the behavior of snow and simulate that with a computer. They also used a program that could generate a lot of strands for Elsa's hair. An average human has about 100,000 strands of hair, while Elsa's hair was made of 400,000 strands.

Songs
Songs

Creation
Most of the songs were made by husband and wife Robert and Kristen Anderson-Lopez, while the movie's background music was made by Christophe Beck. The first song in the movie, "Frozen Heart," was made by South Sami composer Frode Fjellheim and is in a traditional Sami style called Vuelie.

List of songs
This is a list of songs heard in the movie Frozen. These can be found on the movie's soundtrack CD. The CD also has the background music pieces used for Frozen. 
 "Frozen Heart" (sung by a group of icemen)
 "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?" (sung by young Anna)
 "For the First Time in Forever" (sung by Anna and Elsa)
 "Love Is an Open Door" (sung by Anna and Hans)
 "Let It Go" (sung by Elsa; most popular Frozen song)
 "Reindeer(s) Are Better Than People" (sung by Kristoff)
 "In Summer" (sung by Olaf)
 "For the First Time in Forever (Reprise)" (sung by Anna and Elsa)
 "Fixer Upper" (sung by the trolls)
 "Let It Go" (sung by Demi Lovato; end credits)

Criticism
Criticism

The character Kristoff is meant to be Sámi, a member of an indigenous group that lives in northern Europe. Some viewers complained that Kristoff was not a good way to show Sami because he is light-skinned and blond. Although, today, some Sami look like Kristoff, most have darker skin and hair. When making the 2019 sequel, Frozen II, Disney signed a contract with Sami leaders and hired Sami experts to make sure the culture would be shown respectfully.

Sequels

Frozen Fever (2015) 
Frozen Fever is a short movie made by Walt Disney Animation Studios. It continues the events of Frozen. It was released with the longer movie Cinderella on March 13, 2015. The movie is about Elsa who catches a cold and finds it hard to surprise Anna on her birthday. Frozen Fever runs for about 8 minutes. It has one new song sung by Elsa.
Olaf's Frozen Adventure (2017) 
Olaf's Frozen Adventure is a short movie made by Walt Disney Animation Studios. It was released with the longer movie Coco on November 22, 2017. It was later shown on ABC on December 14. The short movie is about Olaf the snowman who is looking for the best holiday traditions for Anna. It runs for about 21 minutes. It has four new songs.

Frozen II (2019) 
The full length sequel, Frozen II, was released on November 22, 2019. The movie is about how Anna and Elsa and everyone else discover how Elsa found her powers and how the sisters start to really grow apart, with songs like Into the Unknown.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

2013 3D movies
2013 comedy movies
2013 fantasy movies
2013 computer-animated movies
Academy Award winning movies
American animated movies
American family movies
American musical comedy movies
American musical fantasy movies
Disney animated movies
Frozen (franchise)
Movies set in castles
Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Movies directed by Chris Buck
Year 35 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cornificius and Sextus.

Events 
 Illyria becomes a Roman province
 Pannonia is attacked by Octavian Caesar
 Sextus Pompeius defeats Gaius Furnius
 Azes I, Indo-Scythian ruler, completed the domination of the Scythians in northern India.

Births 

Mollius MacGillus Carterus

Deaths 

 Aristobulus III of Judea, high priest (drowned) (b. 53 BC)
 Sextus Pompeius, executed in Miletus (b. c. 67 BC)

30s BC
Year 36 BC was either a common year starting on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday or a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Publicola and Nerva.

Events
 Publius Canidius Crassus invaded Armenia and Iberia
 June – Mark Antony launches a major offensive against the Parthians
 The Han Dynasty army defeats the Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu in the Battle of Zhizhi
 Aristobulus III becomes High Priest in Jerusalem

Births 

 Ptolemy Philadelphus, son of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and Mark Antony (d. 29 BC)
 Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Pomponia Caecilia Attica (d. AD 20)

Deaths 

 Zhizhi Chanyu

30s BC
Nancy Charest (November 28, 1959 – March 1, 2014) was a Canadian politician. She represented the electoral district of Matane in the National Assembly of Quebec from 2003 to 2007 as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party. She was defeated by Pascal Bérubé of the Parti Québécois in the 2007 provincial election. She was born in Matane, Quebec.

Charest was found dead on March 1, 2014. Her body was found on a roadside in Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. She was 54 years old.

References

Other websites
 Nancy Charest at the National Assembly of Quebec 

1959 births
2014 deaths
Politicians from Quebec
Spike Jonze (; born Adam Spiegel; October 22, 1969) is an American director, producer, screenwriter and actor. His movies include Being John Malkovich (1999), Adaptation (2002), Where the Wild Things Are (2009), and Her (2013).

Jonze was born in Rockville, Maryland. He grew up in Bethesda, Maryland and Gulph Mills, Pennsylvania.

References

Other websites

 

1969 births
Living people
Academy Award winning writers
Actors from Maryland
Actors from Pennsylvania
American cinematographers
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
Golden Globe Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Movie directors from Maryland
Movie directors from Pennsylvania
Movie producers from Maryland
Movie producers from Pennsylvania
People from Bethesda, Maryland
People from Rockville, Maryland
Screenwriters from Maryland
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
Paolo Sorrentino (born 31 May 1970) is an Italian director and screenwriter. His movies include One Man Up (2001), The Consequences of Love (2004), The Family Friend (2006), Il Divo (2008), This Must Be the Place (2011) and The Great Beauty (2013).

Sorrentino was born in Naples.

References

Other websites

 

1970 births
Living people
BAFTA Award winners
Italian movie directors
Italian screenwriters
Movie people from Naples
Writers from Campania
Scott Froml (born 21 August 1987), better known by his stage name Kerser, is an Australian rapper. His best known song is "Kerser Is the Sickest". He was released a number of mixtapes and three albums since 2011. His second album No Rest For the Sickest reached #15 on the ARIA albums chart.

Kerser was born in Campbelltown, Sydney, New South Wales.

References

Other websites

 

1987 births
Australian singers
Australian musicians
Hip hop musicians
Living people
Musicians from New South Wales
People from Sydney
Erectile dysfunction (ED, also called impotence) is when a man can't have or keep an erection of the penis during sexual intercourse. Erectile dysfunction can be caused by issues such as death-grip syndrome or genital atrophy.

References

Male reproductive system
Sexual disorders
Bruce Vilanch (born November 23, 1948) is an American comedian, songwriter and actor. He is best known for his four-years on Hollywood Squares, as a celebrity participant and head writer for the show. He has won six Emmy Awards. From 2000 to 2014, he was the head writer for the Oscars. For ten years before this role, he was the Oscar program co-writer. He is also a featured writer for the Tonys, Grammys and Emmys.

Vilanch was born in New York City, New York. He grew up in Paterson, New Jersey. He was adopted when he was four days old. He was raised in a Jewish family. He studied at the Ohio State University (OSU). He is openly gay.

References

Other websites
1948 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
Actors from New York City
American adoptees
American movie actors
American songwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
American television writers
Comedians from New Jersey
Comedians from New York City
Emmy Award winners
Gay Jews
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American LGBT people
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
LGBT people from New Jersey
American LGBT writers
People from Paterson, New Jersey
Participants in American reality television series
Television personalities from New York City
Prempeh I (Otumfuo Nana Prempeh I, 18 December 1870 – 12 May 1931) was the thirteenth king of the Asante state of the Kingdom of Ashanti. He ruled from March 26, 1888 until his death in 1931.

References

Kings and queens
1870 births
1931 deaths
John Ficarra is an American magazine editor and publisher. He has been the editor-in-chief of MAD Magazine since 1984, sharing the same position for most of that time with Nick Meglin. He has been one of the editorial staff of the magazine for more than 25 years.

References

Other websites

 

Living people
American publishers
American cartoonists
American comics artists
Desmond Devlin is an American comedy writer. His has worked for MAD Magazine for more than 25 years. He ranks as one of the magazine's four most regular non-illustrating writers.

References

Other websites

 

Living people
Writers from New York City
American comics writers
Jämijärvi is a municipality in Satakunta, Finland. It had about 2,000 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Ikaalinen, Kankaanpää and Parkano. Most people speak Finnish.

Other websites 

 The official page

municipalities of Satakunta
Sam Viviano (born March 13, 1953) is an American caricature artist and art director. He has been a lead artist for MAD Magazine since 1980.

Viviano was born in Detroit, Michigan.

References

Other websites

 Sam Viviano at Summit Leadership Academy High Desert

1953 births
Living people
People from Detroit
American cartoonists
American comics artists
James Warhola (born March 16, 1955) is an American artist. He has illustrated dozens of children's picture books since 1987.

Warhola was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is the son of Paul Warhola, Andy Warhol's oldest brother.

References

Other websites
 
 

1955 births
Living people
American cartoonists
American artists
People from Pittsburgh
Morris "Mort" Drucker (March 22, 1929 – April 9, 2020) was an American caricaturist and comics artist. He worked for Mad magazine for over 50 years. At Mad, he became known for his satires on leading  feature movies and television series.

Drucker was born in Brooklyn, New York City, to a Jewish family. Some sources list his birth date as March 22, 1929, and others as March 29. He died on April 9, 2020 in Woodbury, New York, at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

 

1929 births
2020 deaths
American cartoonists
American comics artists
American Jews
People from Brooklyn
China Airlines Flight 611 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Taipei to Hong Kong, China. On May 25, 2002, the Boeing 747-209B airplane broke apart while flying over the Taiwan Straits and crashed into the water. It happened about 25 minutes after takeoff. The accident was caused by metal fatigue in the rear part of the plane. This was traced back to an incorrect repair  that was done 22 years before the accident. All 225 people on board the plane were killed.

Aircraft history 

The Boeing 747-209B that flew China Airlines Flight 611 was registered as B-1866. This was changed to B-18255 on May 18, 1999. The plane was delivered to China Airlines on July 31, 1979. It was powered by 4 Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines. At time of crash it had flown for 64,394 hours, taking off and landing 21,180 times.
Crew of Flight 
The captain was Yi Ching-Fung (in Traditional Chinese, 易清豐), who was 51 years old. He joined China Airlines in 1991 before becoming a captain in 1997. He had flown for 10,148 hours. First Officer Hsieh Ya Shiung (In Traditional Chinese, 謝亞雄), who was 52 years old, joined China Airlines in 1990. He had flown for a total of 10,173 hours.

As the Boeing 747-200B was an older type of airplane, a flight engineer was needed. The flight engineer on this flight was Sen Kuo Chao (in Traditional Chinese, 趙盛國). He joined China Airlines in 1977 and had a total flying time of 19,117 hours.

All 19 crew came from Taiwan.

Passengers 
There were 206 passengers on the flight to Hong Kong. Of there, there were 190 Taiwanese people. Of the other 16, nine were from the People's Republic Of China and 5 were from Hong Kong. There was also one person from  Singapore and one from Switzerland.

Accident
Accident 

On May 25, 2002, B-18255 was actually going to be sold to Orient Thai Airlines. This was the plane's last day of service with China Airlines. Takeoff was at 3.07 pm, and the plane was cleared to climb to 20,000 feet. At 3.16 pm the plane was again cleared to climb and maintain 35,000 feet. At about 3.30 pm, the plane was about to reach 35,000 feet when it suddenly disappeared from the radar systems of the air traffic controllers. Communications were also lost. No distress signals were sent out. However, two Cathay Pacific planes nearby received flight 611's emergency location-indicator signals.
Later, the investigators discovered that Flight 611 broke apart in mid-air when as it was reaching 35,000 feet. Just before reaching cruising altitude, the tail section separated from the aircraft. The Boeing 747 rapidly nosed over into a dive, and the aerodynamic forces tore the remains of the aircraft apart. All 225 people on the plane were killed. This was one of the worst disaster in aviation history involving explosive decompression. China Airlines has had nine fatal crashes between 1970 and 2002. This is the worst record in commercial aviation.

Recovery of Wreckage and Human Remains 
Shortly after the plane vanished, Taiwan started one of the country's largest search-and-rescue operations. As the plane broke apart in mid-air, wreckage were spread over a large area and this makes it difficult to recover all the wreckage. When the search-and-rescue teams arrived, they realized they could not do anything; all 225 people onboard were dead.
When there was no more hope for survivors, the teams started to recover wreckage and human remains. These were sent to Penghu Islands. There, the wreckage were numbered and the human remains were sent for identification. In the end, out of 225 people on board, 175 bodies were recovered. 50 remain in the sea.

Investigation 
The investigation of the crash was by Aviation Safety Council (ASC) of Taiwan. During the investigation, it was found that the crash of China Airlines Flight 611 was similar with another crash, TWA flight 800. Investigators found out that both crashes had similar points such as:
 Both planes were Boeing 747s
 Both planes took off in a very hot weather
 Both planes broke apart without warning; and
 Both planes broke apart while they were reaching or at cruising altitude.
However, unlike Flight 800, investigators determined that Flight 611 was not caused by a fuel tank explosion.
As the investigation continues, both recorders of the flight were recovered. However, investigators could not find any possible cause from the recorders as the flight data recorder showed that the plane was working properly before it broke up. The cockpit voice recorder also showed nothing unusual. The recorder started ten minutes before the flight. After a last sentence said by captain Yi Ching-Fung, "two thousand" at 3.26pm, the recorder recorded nothing more spoken. Then, the sound of the plane breaking up was heard at about 3.29pm.

With nothing possible showing up, investigators decided to use a method that the investigators of TWA Flight 800 used. Using several pieces of wreckage, investigators were able to use a computer and find out which piece fell off first. This provided a major clue-the wreckage from the back of the plane fell first. So, investigators began looking for wreckage from the back of the plane.
Finally, investigators managed to find a piece of wreckage which was damaged in the tailstrike incident in 1980. A doubler plate was placed over the scratches that the tailstrike caused. The piece, item number 640, was sent to Taipei for further examination.

Cause 
When investigators removed the doubler that was over Item 640, they found out that the scratches were still there. They had been caused by the tail strike 22 years ago. The damage from the tail strike had not been correctly fixed. From this investigators found out what had happened 22 years ago.
Over the years, the cracks under the doubler grew worse and worse. Every time the plane took off and landed the cracks increased in length, in the end reaching 2.3 metres. Then, on May 25, 2002, the cracks reached the breaking point. It grew in all directions and caused the whole tail to break away from the plane. The plane went into a dive and was torn apart.

China Airlines Maintenance 
Another possible reason why the mistake were not found out is the maintenance procedures of China Airlines. In 1988, the roof of Aloha Airlines Flight 243 peeled off when the plane was cruising, causing explosive decompression. The plane landed safely. After the accident, the FAA ordered that the airlines evaluate again all the previous repairs that was done on planes.
China Airlines began evaluating the repairs in 2001. The workers took photographs of 31 different doublers on different 747s. These included the one on B-18255. Although there was a stain on the doubler, the workers chose to ignore it. The stain was actually caused by smoke as passengers were allowed to smoke until 1995. The smoke was forced out through the crack and nicotine stained the skin of plane. It was said in Mayday that if China Airlines went on to find out how the stain formed, they may have found the cracks and prevented the crash.

The workers then scheduled the next maintenance check on November 2, 2002. The check would have led the workers to find the cracks. However, the plane crashed 5 months before the check.

After the crash 
China Airlines no longer uses 611 as its flight number.
Similar crashes 
 Japan Airlines Flight 123 – also caused by incorrect repair after a tailstrike which in the end caused loss of control
 Aloha Airlines Flight 243 – also caused by metal fatigue
 BOAC Flight 781
 South African Airways Flight 201

References 

2002 in Asia
Aviation accidents and incidents in the 2000s
2000s in Taiwan
May 2002 events
What a Way to Go! is a 1964 American romantic comedy musical movie. It was directed by J. Lee Thompson. It stars Shirley MacLaine, Paul Newman, Robert Mitchum, Dean Martin, Gene Kelly, Robert Cummings and Dick Van Dyke. This movie was intended for Marilyn Monroe, but she died before the movie began filming.

Other websites 

1964 romantic comedy movies
1964 musical movies
American musical comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
1960s English-language movies
Movies directed by J. Lee Thompson
A part of the river valley is known to the Kyrgyz people as Raskam, and the river itself is also called the Raskam River. The river is also known as the Zarafshan River.  The area was once claimed by the ruler of Hunza.

References

Territorial disputes of China
Kashmir
Sarin (or GB) is a nerve gas, a deadly poison. It was developed as a chemical weapon for use in war by Nazi Germany.

It is classified as a weapon of mass destruction in UN Resolution 687. Production and stockpiling of sarin was outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, and it is classified as a Schedule 1 substance according to the convention. That means that is a very dangerous chemical that has no use outside of chemical warfare.

Sarin can be lethal even at very low concentrations. Death comes in 1 to 10 minutes after breathing it in. It paralyses lung muscles. Antidotes, such as atropine, can save a person if given immediately.
People who get a non-lethal dose, but do not get immediate treatment, may suffer permanent neurological damage.

How sarin works 

Like other nerve agents, sarin attacks the nervous system by stopping nerve endings in muscles from switching off. Death will usually occur as a result of asphyxia due to the inability to control the muscles involved in breathing function.
In vertebrates, acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction, where signals are transmitted between neurons from the central nervous system to muscle fibres.

Normally, acetylcholine is released from the neuron to stimulate the muscle, after which it is degraded by acetylcholinesterase. This allows the muscle to relax.  Inhibition of cholinesterase means the neurotransmitter continues to act on the muscle fibre. This stops breathing.

History 
Sarin was discovered in 1938 in Wuppertal-Elberfeld in Germany by scientists at IG Farben attempting to create stronger pesticides. it is the most toxic of the four G-Series nerve agents made by Germany. The name "sarin" comes from letters in the scientists' names: Gerhard Schrader, Otto Ambros, Gerhard Ritter, and Hans-Jürgen von der Linde.
Use 
 March 1998: Sarin was one of the gases used by Saddam Hussein to attack the Kurdish village of Halabja.
 April 1988: Sarin was used four times against Iranian soldiers in April 1988 at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. It helped Iraqi forces retake control of the al-Faw Peninsula during the Second Battle of al-Faw. Using satellite imagery, the United States assisted Iraqi forces to find the position of the Iranian troops during those attacks.
 1995: Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo released an impure form of sarin in Matsumoto, Nagano, killing eight people and harming over 200.
 2013: Sarin was used in Ghouta, Syria, during the Syrian Civil War killing over a thousand rebels, civilians including many children. A UN team traced the chemical blueprint to the Syrian government. The government denied responsibility.

Properties
Properties 

Sarin is a liquid. It has no color and no smell. However, sarin that is not pure can look brown and smell like burnt rubber. It is miscible in water, which means that it can dissolve in water. Sarin melts at −56 °C and boils at 158 °C.

Toxicity 
Sarin is very dangerous, whether someone touches it or breathes it in. The LD50 of sarin is 172 μg/kg. This means that a group of people were injected with 172μg of sarin per kilogram of body weight, 50% of the people in that group would die. This was determined when scientists injected mice with sarin. They then did calculations to determine the ratio of sarin per kilogram and get the LD50.

Pure sarin is estimated to be 26 times more deadly than cyanide.

Production 
Sarin is made by mixing different chemicals together. It is difficult and dangerous for the average person to make sarin or get many of the chemicals needed to make sarin.

1) Methylphosphonyl difluoride with isopropyl alcohol. Hydrofluoric acid is made as a byproduct of the reaction:
2) Methylphosphonyl difluoride and methylphosphonic dichloride. This is called the "Di-di" process. Hydrochloric acid is made as a byproduct:

Both methods leave a lot of acid behind. This is a problem because acid will corrode the containers used to store sarin in.

Storage 
Sarin is hard to store because the bond between the phosphorus and the fluorine is easily broken. That's why it is stored as two separate chemicals that create sarin when they are mixed.

Sarin decomposes at a high pH. First, it breaks down to isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA). Then it breaks down to methylphosphonic acid (MPA). IMPA can be detected to find out if sarin was used somewhere because it is a chemical not found in nature.
Symptoms 
In medicine, the acronym SLUDGE is used to remember some of the symptoms of sarin poisoning:
 Salivation (the salivary glands work too hard and create a lot of saliva)
 Lacrimation (tears come out of the eyes)
 Urination (the person will not be able to stop himself from urinating)
 Defecation (the person will also not be able to stop himself from defecating)
 Gastrointestinal upset (problems with the gastrointestinal system, like diarrhea)
 Emesis (throwing up)
Other symptoms of sarin poisoning include:
 Myosis (the pupils in the eyes constrict - they get very small)
 Muscle spasms (the muscles get very tight and painful).  Eventually the muscles can become paralyzed.
 This can make it impossible for a person to control the muscles needed for breathing.  If this happens, breathing will stop and the person can die because they are not able to breathe in oxygen.
 Bradycardia (very slow heart rate)
Bronchoconstriction (the tubes leading to the lungs get smaller, which makes it harder, or even impossible, to breathe air into the lungs)
 Seizures and status epilepticus
 Loss of consciousness
References 

Poisons
Nerve agents
Wuppertal
Organic compounds
How to Steal a Million is a comedy movie of 1966. It is about a high-skilled art forger that fakes being an art collector. His daughter, Nicole, is concerned about his behavior, and more importantly that he might be caught. Audrey Hepburn plays Nicole.

This movie was released on July 13, 1966.

Criminal comedy movies
1966 crime movies
1966 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Movies directed by William Wyler
Jane Powell (born Suzanne Lorraine Bruce; April 1, 1929 – September 16, 2021) was an American actress. She played the title character in A Date with Judy in 1948. She also played Tess Morgan in Three Daring Daughters (also 1948).

Powell was born in Portland, Oregon. She was married to actor Dickie Moore from 1988 until his death in 2015. Powell died of natural causes in Wilton, Connecticut on September 16, 2021 at the age of 92.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Portland, Oregon
1929 births
2021 deaths
American dancers
American stage actors
Singers from Portland, Oregon
A head writer is a person who oversees a team of writers. This is usually on a television or radio series. The title is also common in the soap opera genre, as well. Head writers are common to comedy sketches, game shows and talk shows that feature monologues and comedy skits. In most primetime series this function is generally performed by an executive producer. It is the head writer's job to do the final editing.

References 

Television writers
Soap operas
Television talk shows
Writing occupations
Entertainment occupations
The centimetre-gram-second system (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system.  The derived units are on the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as a unit of mass and the second as a unit of time. The system evolved in the nineteenth century when it was used to define both electrical and mechanical units. 

The cgs units of energy and force are the dyne and the erg. 
 The dyne is defined as the force needed to accelerate a mass of one gram by one centimetre per second squared (cm s-2).
 The erg is defined as the work done when a mass of one gram is moved a distance of one centimetre against a force of one dyne.
The coherent cgs unit of pressure was the barye (symbol Ba). A bayre is one dyne per square centimeter. 
Many non-coherent units of pressure were used in the cgs system. They include:
The atmosphere (atm). A standard atmosphere is 1.01325×106 Ba. 
Millimetres of mercury (mmHg). One millimeter of mercury is 133.32 Ba.
 
The dyne and the erg were used to define the units for electrical quantities. Two different forms of cgs units were developed. One form was developed for electrostatic units and another for electromagnetic units.  Electrical engineering units were based on the MKS (metre-kilogram-second) system instead of the CGS system.

During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many other units were defined using cgs units. In 1960 the BIPM published the International System of Units (SI) which was based on the metre, the kilogram, the second and the ampere. SI has now replaced the CGS system of units in most applications.

Units of measurement
"Connected" is an electronic pop song by Stereo MCs. This song was released in September 1992. It was #20 on Billboard Hot 100 and #18 on UK Top 75 Chart. The song appeared in several television programs and movies.

The song samples the disco classic song "Let Me (Let Me be Your Lover)" by Jimmy Bo Horne. The full length of the song is five minutes and 16 seconds.

1992 songs
Pop songs