Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The team has had success, qualifying for the Stanley Cup playoffs in twelve of the past fourteen seasons, four division titles, the Presidents' Trophy in 2003 and appeared in the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals. The success has been reflected in attendance. The club has averaged over 20,000 fans per game since 2005–06, peaking at 21,821 in 2007–08.

Players and personnel

Team captains

Laurie Boschman, 1992–1993
Mark Lamb and Brad Shaw, 1993–1994 (co-captains)
Gord Dineen, 1994
Randy Cunneyworth, 1995–1998
Alexei Yashin, 1998–1999
Daniel Alfredsson, 1999–2013
Jason Spezza, 2013–2014
Erik Karlsson, 2014–2018
Brady Tkachuk, 2021–present

Head coaches

Statistics are accurate through the hiring of D.J. Smith.

General managers

Source: Ottawa Senators 2009–10 Media Guide, p. 206.

Honoured members
Honoured members

Hall of Famers
Roger Neilson – Senators' assistant coach and head coach (2001–2003) was inducted (as a Builder) on November 4, 2002, for his career in coaching.
 Dominik Hasek – Senators' goaltender (2005–2006) was inducted in 2014 for his career as a goalie.
 Marian Hossa – Senators' winger (1998–2004) was inducted in 2020 (ceremony held in 2021) for his career as a forward.

Retired numbers

 1 Finnigan was honoured for his play from 1923 through 1934 for the original Ottawa Senators (as a right wing, 1923–1931 and 1932–1934). He was the last surviving Senator from the Stanley Cup winners of 1927 and participated in the 'Bring Back the Senators' campaign.
 The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All-Star Game.

Ring of Honour
Bryan Murray – Senators' head coach (2005–2008) and general manager (2007–2016).

Team record
Team record

Season-by-season record
This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Senators. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Ottawa Senators seasons

Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Team scoring leaders
These are the top-ten regular season point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season.
  – current Senators player

Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game average;

Source: Ottawa Senators Media Guide

NHL awards and trophies

Prince of Wales Trophy
2006–07

Presidents' Trophy
2002–03

Calder Memorial Trophy
Daniel Alfredsson: 1995–96

NHL Plus-Minus Award
Wade Redden: 2005–06  (shared with Michal Rozsival of the New York Rangers)
Jack Adams Award
Jacques Martin: 1998–99
Paul MacLean: 2012–13
James Norris Memorial Trophy
 Erik Karlsson: 2011–12, 2014–15

King Clancy Memorial Trophy
Daniel Alfredsson: 2011–12

Mark Messier Leadership Award
Daniel Alfredsson: 2012–13

Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy
Craig Anderson: 2016–17
Bobby Ryan: 2019–20

NHL All-Rookie Team
Daniel Alfredsson: 1995–96
Sami Salo: 1998–99
Marian Hossa: 1998–99
Martin Havlat: 2000–01
Andrej Meszaros: 2005–06
Mark Stone: 2014–15
Brady Tkachuk: 2018–19 
Josh Norris: 2020–21

NHL First All-Star Team
Zdeno Chara: 2003–04
Dany Heatley: 2006–07
Erik Karlsson: 2011–12, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17

NHL Second All-Star Team
Alexei Yashin: 1998–99
Dany Heatley: 2005–06
Daniel Alfredsson: 2005–06
Zdeno Chara: 2005–06

Team records

Source: Ottawa Senators.

References

Notes

Other websites 

Official website

National Hockey League teams
The Calgary Flames are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  They began in 1972 in the city of Atlanta, and moved to Calgary in 1980.  They won the Stanley Cup in 1989.  They also made the Stanley Cup finals in 1986, losing to the Montreal Canadiens, and in 2004, losing to the Tampa Bay Lightning four games to three.  The Flames won the Presidents' Trophy as regular season champion in 1988 and 1989.

The Flames play in the Scotiabank Saddledome in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.  It is called the "Saddledome" because the roof is shaped like a saddle.
Some of the best players to play for the Flames include Al MacInnis, who won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs in 1989; Jarome Iginla, who won the Art Ross Trophy as top point scorer in 2001-02, as well as the Rocket Richard Trophy as top goal scorer in 2001-02 and 2003-04; Lanny MacDonald, who scored 500 career goals, mostly on Calgary; Gary Suter, who won the Calder Trophy as "rookie of the year" in 1985-86 and captained the team to their only Stanley Cup win; goaltender Mike Vernon; and forwards Joe Mullen, Joe Nieuwendyk, and Theoren Fleury.

References

Other websites
Official website
The Edmonton Oilers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  They joined the NHL in 1979, after seven years in the World Hockey Association. They were named the "Oilers" because Edmonton, Alberta is the center of Canada's petroleum industry.

The Oilers have won the Stanley Cup five times, in 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1990.  They also won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in 1984, 1986, and 1987.  They lost the 1983 Stanley Cup final to the New York Islanders and the 2006 Stanley Cup Final to the Carolina Hurricanes.

Wayne Gretzky won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player (MVP) eight times on the Oilers.  He also won the Art Ross Trophy seven times on Edmonton, the goal-scoring title (now known as the Richard Trophy) five times, and the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs twice.  Gretzky set many NHL records on the Oilers, including most goals (92), assists (163), and points (215) in a season.
The Oilers have had many other great players:  Mark Messier won the Hart Trophy in 1990 and the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1984; Paul Coffey won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1985 and 1986; Grant Fuhr won the Vezina Trophy as best goaltender in 1988; Jari Kurri led the NHL in goals in 1986; Bill Ranford won the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1990; and Connor McDavid won the Hart Trophy in 2017. Glenn Anderson and Curtis Joseph are among their other top players.

2009–10 Season

References

Other websites
Official website

1972 establishments in Canada
Edmonton Oilers
National Hockey League teams
World Hockey Association teams
The Philadelphia Flyers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  They began in 1967, and have been a strong team for most of their history.  The Flyers won the Stanley Cup championship in 1974 and 1975.  They also made the finals in 1976, 1980, 1985, 1987, 1997, and 2010. They won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in 1975, 1980, and 1985.

History
Their championship team in the 1970s was led by Bobby Clarke, who won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (MVP) in the NHL in 1973, 1975, and 1976.  Bernie Parent was also an important part of this team:  he was named the NHL's top goaltender in 1974 and 1975, and those same years won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs.  Reggie Leach was the NHL's top goal scorer in 1976; he also won the Conn Smythe Trophy that year.  Bob Dailey, Rick MacLeish, and Bill Barber were also important members of the 1970s Flyers.
In 1979-80, the Flyers set an NHL record for most games in a row without a loss: 35.  No team in North America in hockey, baseball, football, or basketball has had more games unbeaten. Goaltender Pete Peeters was one reason they set this record.

In the 1980s, the team was led by Mark Howe (son of Gordie Howe), a defenceman who also played well on offence.  Pelle Lindbergh (1985) and Ron Hextall (1987) both won the Vezina Trophy as the NHL's top goaltender; Hextall also won the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1987.  Tim Kerr was a high goal scorer.

Eric Lindros won the Hart Trophy in 1995.  John Leclair, Mark Recchi, and Eric Desjardins were also strong players in the 1990s.
The Flyers continued to be a strong team in the early 21st century, coming very close to making the Stanley Cup finals twice.  Keith Primeau, Peter Forsberg, and Simon Gagne have been among their top players. They lost the 2010 Stanley Cup finals to Chicago Blackhawks in six games, but did not make the playoffs in four out of the last eight seasons (2012-13, 2014-15, 2016-17, 2018-19).

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Pennsylvania
The Pittsburgh Penguins are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. They have won the Stanley Cup championship five times; in 1991, 1992, 2009, 2016 and 2017.

History

Early history 
The Penguins had many poor seasons in their first 20 years.  They had a good team in the mid-1970s, with players such as Peter Mahovlich, Pierre Larouche, and Jean Pronovost.  They missed the semi-finals in 1975 because they lost four games to three to the New York Islanders after being ahead three games to none.

Comeback 
Mario Lemieux helped turn the Penguins into a strong team.  He won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion six times, in 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1996, and 1997; the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1988, 1993, and 1996; the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs in 1991 and 1992; and the goal scoring title in 1988, 1989, and 1996.  Lemieux did all this even though he had many injuries.
After their two Stanley Cups (which included a record-tying 11 wins in a row in the playoffs in 1992), the Penguins set the NHL record for most wins in a row, with 17 in 1992-93.  They won the President's Trophy that year as the top team in the regular season.
Today 
In 2005, the Penguins were one of the worst teams in the league, but they were able to draft Sidney Crosby.  Crosby was 6th in NHL scoring in his rookie (first) season in 2005-06, at the age of 18. In 2007, the Penguins made the playoffs, but were eliminated in five games by the Ottawa Senators in the first round. The next year, the Penguins advanced to the Stanley Cup final. However, the Detroit Red Wings beat them in six games.
Returning the next season with new players such as Matt Cooke, Ruslan Fedotenko, Chris Kunitz, Craig Adams, Pascal Dupuis, Bill Guerin, Miroslav Satan, Hal Gill and more.  The Pittsburgh Penguins finished the 2008-2009 season in 2nd place in the Atlantic Division behind the New Jersey Devils with 99 points (( 45 wins, 28 loses, and 9 overtime loses)).  Pittsbugh went into the NHL Playoffs with the forth seed.  Playing rival Philadelphia Flyers in the first round, the Pens went up on the Flyers two games to none winning in OT in game 2. The Flyers won game 3 in Philadelphia, but lost game 4 at home to send it back to Pittsburgh where the Flyers shut the Pens out 3-0 in game 5, but in game 6 the Pens rolled over the Flyers to win game 6 to advance to the 2nd round of the NHL Playoffs facing the Washington Capitals.  Losing the first two games in Washington  by a goal a piece in each game Pittsburgh had to change up there game to get back into the series
.  Behind 2-0 going into game three in Pittsburgh Mellon Arena would see another OT Thriller win by the Pens.  To keep the series alive Pittsburgh won games 4 and 5 but losing in game 6 in OT to force a game 7 back in Washington.  Pittsburgh came out strong to win the game to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals against the Carolina Hurricanes.   With Players Stepping up in the series Pittsburgh sweeps the Cains in 4 straight games to send them back into the Stanley Cup Finals for the second time in a row.  With the Detroit Red Wings winning the Western Conference Final series against the Blackhawks there would be another face off in Detroit with the same two teams.  Last season Detroit won the first 3 games and losing games 4 and 5 (game 5 in triple over time) but to win the Stanley Cup in game 6 at Pittsburgh.  Pittsburgh already knowing how it feels to lose in the Stanley Cup Finals, Pittsburgh knew what could happen
.  With a repeat of Detroit, the Red Wings won the first 2-game, making it look like it the Penguins would lose again. Pittsburgh came back to tie up the series 2-2. Pittsburgh lost 5-0 to make the series 3-2, giving Detroit a chance to win it in Pittsburgh for the second time.  Pittsburgh scoring the first two goals, which were by Jordan Staal and Tyler Kennedy. With 11:59 left, Chris Draper of Detroit scored on a rebound to put the game at 2-1.  With 1:43, Detroit player   Dan Cleary had a huge break away but was stopped by goaltender Marc-André Fleury.  Also, with 13 seconds left in regulation, Detroit crashed the net to attempt to send it into OT but Fleury and Rob Scuderi making big stops in front of the net to force a game 7 in Detroit.  With no Scoring in the first period someone had to score soon.  Scoring the Penguins only two goals, Max Talbot scored early in the second and also in the middle of the 2nd period
.  With Detroit getting shut out, the Red Wings made the game interesting with 6:07 left in the 2009 NHL season John Ericson scored to make the game 2-1.   Pulling Osgood giving Detroit the extra skater, Detroit had a chance to put the puck in the back of the net with just seconds left, but Fleury with an amazing "Martin Brodeur roll" like save the Pittsburgh Penguins would become the 2009 Stanley Cup Champions.
Members 
Jaromír Jágr was also a big star on the Penguins.  He won the Art Ross Trophy five times, in 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001; and the Hart Trophy in 1999.  Tom Barasso, Paul Coffey, Ron Francis, and Kevin Stevens have also been strong players over the years.

The Penguins almost moved to Portland, Oregon in the late 1990s, but Lemieux (along with some investors) bought the team.  Lemieux then came back to play in late 2000 (he had retired in 1997), and continued until 2006.

References

Other websites
 Official website

 
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Pennsylvania
The Conn Smythe Trophy is a trophy in the National Hockey League awarded to the most valuable player in the playoffs each year.  It was first awarded in 1965.  Montreal Canadiens and Colorado Avalanche goaltender Patrick Roy has won it three times, more than any other player.

Normally the trophy goes to a player of the Stanley Cup champion. Sometimes it goes to someone on the losing team.  Trophy winners on losing teams are marked with as asterisk (*) in the list below.

Winners

Related pages
List of NHL players
List of NHL statistical leaders

References 

National Hockey League trophies and awards
The Los Angeles Kings are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).

History
The team began in 1967. They were named at least in part for a former minor league hockey team called the Los Angeles Monarchs. They made the finals in 1993, and lost to the Montreal Canadiens. They won their first Stanley Cup in team history on June 11, 2012, defeating the New Jersey Devils 4 games to 2. The team won their second Stanley Cup on June 13, 2014 after they defeated the New York Rangers in double overtime of Game 5.

The Kings have been known for their high scoring teams. Marcel Dionne won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion in 1980, and Wayne Gretzky won it on the Kings in 1990, 1991, and 1994. Gretzky also won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player on the Kings in 1989. Charlie Simmer tied for the most goals (now the Richard Trophy) in 1980. Luc Robitaille, one of the ten highest goal scorers in NHL history, spent most of his years on the Kings.
Players
Other strong players have included Rob Blake, who won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1998; goaltender Rogie Vachon, who was second in voting for the Hart Trophy in 1975; and Dave Taylor, Bernie Nicholls, and Larry Murphy.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1967 establishments in California
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Los Angeles Kings
The St. Louis Blues are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. They have won the Stanley Cup championship once in 2019, though they made the finals in each of their first three seasons. The Blues won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in the year 2000.

Origin 
The name Blues is a pun (play on words) between the colour blue and Blues music; thus a blue note is the team's logo. There is a song entitled St. Louis Blues.

History

First years 
In their first years, they had a good team because of experienced players such as goaltender Glenn Hall. In 1968 Glenn Hall won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs. But the team did not win in 1968. They had some trouble in the 1970s. In 1980-81 Mike Liut was named best goalie in the NHL. The 1980s were a good decade for the Blues. Mike Liut, Bernie Federko, Doug Gilmour, and Joe Mullen were all important players for the team in the 1980s.

Later years
Later years 

The 1990s also were a good decade. Brett Hull led the NHL in goals in 1990, 1991, and 1992, with the help of centre Adam Oates. Hull is the son of Chicago Blackhawks star Bobby Hull. Brett Hull won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1991. Curtis Joseph was a strong goaltender in the 1990s. Al MacInnis (1999) and Chris Pronger (2000) each won the Norris Trophy for best defence; Pronger also won the Hart Trophy in the year 2000. Doug Weight, Pavol Demitra, and Keith Tkachuk were also strong players in the early 21st century. On  June 12, 2019, the Blues won their first after defeating the Boston Bruins in game seven of the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals.

References

Other websites
Official website 

 
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Missouri
A ratio between two or more quantities is a way of measuring their sizes compared to each other. A ratio can be indicated using colon (":") as a separator (as in 1:4:9), or it can be simply expressed as a fraction (as in ). 

For example, if a school has 20 teachers and 500 pupils, then the ratio of teachers to students is written as 20:500 (and pronounced as "20 to 500"). As another example, if a cake mix asks for 100 grams of flour, 300 grams of butter and 25 grams of sugar, then the ratio of flour to butter to sugar is written as 100:300:25 (and pronounced as "100 to 300 to 25"). 

The first term of a ratio is called antecedent, and the second term is called consequent. This type of ratio has no units. If different quantities are compared, this special type of ratio is called a rate and it has units.
Ratios can be simplified. In the school example, there were 20 teachers to 500 pupils. If we divided the children up into equally sized classes, then each of the 20 teachers' classes would have 25 pupils. That means that for each teacher there are 25 pupils, or alternatively, the teacher-to-pupil ratio is 1:25. Another way to work this out is to divide both sides of the ratio 20:500 by 20. Note that 20:500 is the same as 1:25. Just like there are different ways of writing a fraction (for example ), there are different ways of writing one ratio.

Related page 

 Dimensionless quantity
 Golden ratio
 Scale (ratio)
 Surface area to volume ratio

References 

mathematics
Fraction
In common usage a fraction is any part of a unit.

Fraction may also mean:
Fraction (mathematics), a quotient of numbers, e.g. "¾"; or, more generally, an element of a quotient field
Fraction (chemistry), a quantity of a substance collected by the separation process known as fractionation
Fraction (religion), the ceremonial act of breaking the bread during Christian Communion
Fraction (politics), a parliamentary party
Fraction (comic), a short-lived comic about the theft of a powersuit
A proportionality relationship happens when two quantities or numbers x and y are related multiplicatively by a fixed number. This can occur when either their ratio x/y is a fixed number (direct proportionality), or their product xy is a fixed number (inverse proportionality). If x is directly proportional to y, then we write . The fixed number of a proportionality relationship is called the constant of proportionality.

Related pages
Relation (mathematics)
 Function (mathematics)

References 

Mathematics
Mitochondria  (sing. mitochondrion) are organelles, or parts of a eukaryote cell. They are in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus.

They make most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that cells use as a source of energy. Their main job is to convert energy. They oxidise glucose to provide energy for the cell. The process makes ATP, and is called cellular respiration. This means mitochondria are known as "the powerhouse of the cell".

In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signalling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell division cycle and cell growth.
Structure 
A mitochondrion contains two membranes. These are made of phospholipid double layers and proteins. The two membranes have different properties. Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct compartments within the mitochondrion. They are:
 the outer mitochondrial membrane,
 the intermembrane space (the space between the outer and inner membranes),
 the inner mitochondrial membrane,
 the cristae space (formed by infoldings of the inner membrane), and
 the matrix (space within the inner membrane). Mitochondria are small, spherical or cylindrical organelles. Generally a mitochondrion is 2.8 microns long and about 0.5 microns wide. it is about 150 times smaller than the nucleus. There are about 100-150 mitochondria in each cell.
Function 
The mitochondria's main role in the cell is to take glucose and use the energy they stored in its chemical bonds to make ATP in a process called cellular respiration. There are 3 main steps to this process: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, and ATP Synthesis. This ATP is released from the mitochondrion, and broken down by the other organelles of the cell to power their own functions.

DNA 
It is thought that mitochondria were once independent bacteria, and became part of the eukaryotic cells by being engulfed, a process called endosymbiosis.

Most of a cell's DNA is in the cell nucleus, but the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Also, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.

The shorthand for mitochondrial DNA is either mDNA or mtDNA. Both have been used by researchers.
Inheritance 
Mitochondria divide by binary fission similar to bacterial cell division. In single-celled eukaryotes, division of mitochondria is linked to cell division. This division must be controlled so that each daughter cell receives at least one mitochondrion. In other eukaryotes (in humans for example), mitochondria may replicate their DNA and divide in response to the energy needs of the cell, rather than in phase with the cell cycle.
An individual's mitochondrial genes are not inherited by the same mechanism as nuclear genes. The mitochondria, and therefore the mitochondrial DNA, usually comes from the egg only. The sperm's mitochondria enter the egg, but are marked for later destruction. The egg cell contains relatively few mitochondria, but it is these mitochondria that survive and divide to populate the cells of the adult organism. Mitochondria are, therefore, in most cases inherited down the female line, known as maternal inheritance. This mode is true for all animals, and most other organisms. However, mitochondria is inherited paternally in some conifers, though not in pines or yews.
Population genetic studies 
The near-absence of recombination in mitochondrial DNA makes it useful for population genetics and evolutionary biology. If all the mitochondrial DNA is inherited as a single haploid unit, the relationships between mitochondrial DNA from different individuals can be seen as a gene tree. Patterns in these gene trees can be used to infer the evolutionary history of populations. The classic example of this is where the molecular clock can be used to give a date for the so-called mitochondrial Eve. This is often interpreted as strong support for the spread of modern humans out of Africa. Another human example is the sequencing of mitochondrial DNA from Neanderthal bones. The relatively large evolutionary distance between the mitochondrial DNA sequences of Neanderthals and living humans is evidence for a general lack of interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans.
However, mitochondrial DNA only reflects the history of females in a population. It may not represent the history of the population as a whole. To some extent, paternal genetic sequences from the Y-chromosome can be used. In a broader sense, only studies that also include nuclear DNA can provide a comprehensive evolutionary history of a population.

Related pages 
 Cellular respiration
 Glycolysis
 Krebs cycle

References 

Organelles
Menominee is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Around 13000 people live in Menominee. It is part of the twin-city area with Marinette, Wisconsin. It is on the north bank of the Menominee River where the river empties into Lake Michigan. Marinette, Wisconsin is on the south bank of the river.

References 

Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
A mortar and pestle are two tools used together to mill (grind) and mix substances.

The mortar is bowl-shaped, and used to hold the substance to be ground.  Mortars have smooth, rounded bottoms and wide mouths.  The pestle is a stick used for pounding and grinding. 

Mortars and pestles are sometimes used in pharmacies to crush various ingredients to make drugs. They can also be used in cooking to grind herbs.

Related pages 
 Glass rod
 Vortex mixer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle

Tools 
Laboratory equipment
Mortar can refer to different things:
 Mortar (weapon), an artillery weapon which fires explosives
 Mortar (masonry), a material used to fill the gaps between blocks and bind them together
 Mortar and pestle, a pair of tools used to crush or grind
1212 (MCCXII) was .

Events 
 July 10 – The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground
 Battle of Navas de Tolosa
 Children's crusade
 Crusaders push the Muslims out of northern Spain
 In Japan, Kamo no Chōmei writes the Hōjōki, one of the great works of classical Japanese prose

Births 
 March 22 – Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (died 1234)
 May 6– Constantia of Austria, Margravine of Meissen (died 1243)
 Yolande of Jerusalem (died 1228)
 Malatesta da Verucchio, Italian condottiero, founder of the Malatesta family (died 1312)
 Zita, patron saint of maids and domestic servants (died 1272)
Deaths 
 March 26 – King Sancho I of Portugal (born 1154)
 April 12 – Vsevolod the Big Nest, Grand Prince of Vladimir (born 1154)
 October 9 – Philip I of Namur, Marquis of Namur (born 1175)
 November 4 – Felix of Valois, French saint (born 1127)
 December 12 – Geoffrey, Archbishop of York (born 1152)
 Dirk van Are, bishop and lord of Utrecht
 William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale,
 Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, 5th Lord of Annandale
 Margaret of Huntingdon, eldest daughter of David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon by his wife (born 1180)
 Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem (born 1192)
 Peter de Preaux, Norman knight in the service of the Angevin kings of England
 Robert of Auxerre, French chronicler (born 1156)
 Honen Shonin, founder of Jodo Shu, a branch of Pure Land Buddhism (born 1133)
 Robert of Shrewsbury, Bishop of Bangor
1192 (MCXCII) was .

Events 
 The Third Crusade ends in disaster. Richard I of England and Saladin negotiate visiting rights for pilgrims to come to the Holy City of Jerusalem.
 Richard I of England taken hostage by Leopold V of Austria.
 Minamoto no Yoritomo granted title of shogun, thereby officially establishing the first shogunate in the history of Japan. 
 Enrico Dandolo becomes Doge of Venice.
 Marco Polo Bridge, or Lugouqiao, completed in Beijing.

Births 
 September 17 — Minamoto no Sanetomo, Japanese shogun (d. 1219)
 Giorgi IV Lasha, King of Georgia (d. 1223)
 Stefan Radoslav, King of Serbia (d. 1234)

Deaths 
 April 26 — Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan (b. 1127)
 April 28 — Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem (b. mid-1140s)
 May 5 — Duke Ottokar IV of Styria (b. 1163)
 August 25 — Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1142)
 Kilij Arslan II, Sultan of Rüm
Heads of states 
 England — Richard I King of England (reigned 1189–1199)
 France — Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned 1180–1223)
 Germany — Henry VI Holy Roman Emperor (1191–1197) and King of Germany (1190–1197)
 Pope — Celestine III (pope 1191–1198)
 China — Emperor Guangzong of Song, 12th emperor of Song China (宋光宗) (reigned 1189–1194)

1192
Hiram Emerson McCallum (August 14, 1899 – January 13, 1989) was a mayor of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 1948-1951.

1899 births
1989 deaths

Mayors of Toronto
Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. (November 4, 1916 – July 17, 2009) was an American news reporter. He was the anchor of CBS News from 1962 to 1981. Important events he reported included when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. He reported the Apollo 11 moon landing. He also reported on the Watergate scandal, which led to President Richard Nixon resigning from his position. He was often called "the most trusted man in America." People across the country tuned in nightly to hear his coverage of the Vietnam War as it progressed.

The Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University is named after Walter Cronkite.

Career
Career 

Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916 in St. Joseph, Missouri. He studied at the University of Texas at Austin. In 1935 he left school to work for the Houston Post. He later worked for several midwestern radio stations. In World War II he was a war correspondent for United Press International. After the war he was chief correspondent at the Nuremberg trials. He went to work for CBS News in 1950. In 1962 he helped start the CBS Evening News. He served as the news anchor until he retired in 1981.

After retiring, in 1981 he was a co-producer of a PBS program, Why in the World. In 1982 he hosted CBS's Universe. He was the host of A&E's Dinosaur. He did Cronkite Remembers for CBS and the Discovery Channel. He also wrote several books. He won several awards during his career. In 1981 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He won two Peabody Awards and several Emmy Awards.
Key stories 
Cronkite was known for his coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of a Moon-rock award. Cronkite was well known for his departing catchphrase "And that's the way it is," followed by the date on which the appearance aired.

Cronkite made history when he became the first television reporter to announce the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In the newsroom at CBS, the cameras were not ready when the news came in over the wire service. Cronkite's voice was broadcast over a blank CBS placard on the screen: "Bulletin . . . In Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade. The first reports say the President was seriously wounded, that he slumped over in Mrs. Kennedy's lap, she cried out, 'Oh, no!' and the motorcade went on . . . The wounds perhaps could be fatal . . ." For three and a half days there was no entertainment, no commercials, just the news.
Personal life 
Cronkite was married to Mary Elizabeth "Betsy" Maxwell from 1940 until her death in 2005. They had three children. Cronkite died on the morning of July 17, 2009 in New York City, New York from cerebrovascular disease, aged 92.

References

Other websites 

 Walter Cronkite Honored by NASA with a Moon Rock as an Ambassador of Exploration 
 Walter Cronkite Narration  for Chatham Radio WCC documentary by Mooncusser Films
 Walter Cronkite: A Living Legend Still Loving Animals 
 Biography on InterfaithAlliance 
 Spacefacts biography of Walter Cronkite
 Amateur Radio Today (video)
 Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University
 University of Texas TV ads 
 Cronkite's personal blog
 Cronkite's filmography on IMDB
 Web ZIne from the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism at Arizona State University 
 Signature of Walter Cronkite
 YouTube clip of Cronkite's famous Tet Offensive commentary on February 27, 1968 edition of CBS Evening News
1916 births
2009 deaths
Deaths from cerebrovascular disease
American television news anchors
American war correspondents
Writers from Missouri
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Emmy Award winners
Peabody Award winners
Dog Day Afternoon is a 1975 American crime drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet, written by Frank Pierson and based on an article from Life magazine. The movie stars Al Pacino, John Cazale, Chris Sarandon and Charles Durning. The story is about bank robbery in New York City.

Cast
The Life article described Wojtowicz as "a dark, thin fellow with the broken-faced good looks of an Al Pacino or Dustin Hoffman". Hoffman was offered the role when Pacino briefly quit. An 18-year-old actor was originally to be cast in the role of Sal to match the age of the actual Salvatore. The table below shows the main cast of Dog Day Afternoon.

Historical accuracy

The movie was based on the story of John Wojtowicz.  It keeps the basic facts of what happened, according to the Life article "The Boys in the Bank". According to the article, Wojtowicz, along with Sal Naturile, held up a Chase Manhattan Bank branch in Brooklyn, New York on August 22, 1972.
After being arrested, Wojtowicz was convicted in court and sentenced to twenty years in prison.  He served six years.

Wojtowicz wrote a letter to The New York Times in 1975.  He said the movie was not completely true. He said the way his ex-wife was shown was not accurate.  He also said there was not a talk with his mother. He did say Al Pacino and Chris Sarandon's portrayals of him and his boyfriend Ernest Aron were good. Also, Sal was 18 years old, but is played by a 39-year-old.

Wojtowicz died of cancer in January 2006.
Awards
Dog Day Afternoon won the Academy Award for Writing – Original Screenplay (Frank Pierson) and was nominated for other Oscars:
 Best Picture (Martin Bregman and Martin Elfand)
 Best Director (Sidney Lumet)
 Best Actor in a Leading Role (Al Pacino)
 Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Chris Sarandon)
 Best Film Editing (Dede Allen)
The movie was also nominated for the following seven Golden Globes, winning none:
 Best Motion Picture – Drama
 Best Director – Motion Picture (Sidney Lumet)
 Best Motion Picture Actor – Drama (Al Pacino)
 Best Screenplay – Motion Picture (Frank Pierson)
 Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (Charles Durning)
 Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture (John Cazale)
 Best Acting Debut in a Motion Picture – Male (Chris Sarandon)
The movie won other awards, including an NBR Award for Best Supporting Actor (Charles Durning) and a Writers Guild Award for Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen (Frank Pierson) as well as the British Academy Award for Best Actor (Al Pacino). It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.

In 2009, it was named to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.

References

Other websites 

1975 comedy-drama movies
1975 crime drama movies
1970s LGBT movies
American comedy-drama movies
American crime drama movies
American heist movies
American LGBT movies
American black comedy movies
1970s English-language movies
LGBT comedy-drama movies
LGBT crime movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies directed by Sidney Lumet
Movies set in Brooklyn
Transgender in movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies about bank robbery
Movies set in the 1970s
American criminal comedy movies
A cursor is a shape on a computer screen that shows where actions made with the keyboard or mouse will make a change.

There are 2 types of cursor that most people will use.

 The Mouse cursor:  The pointer on the screen which the person using the computer can move using the computer mouse.  This cursor allows the person to select or "click" items with the mouse.  On most computers mouse cursors are the shape of an arrow.

 The Text Cursor:  Usually seen as a vertical line or rectangle that flashes on and off. The Cursor tells the person using the computer where they are typing things on the screen.  They can type letters, numbers and symbols where the cursor is.

The computer automatically moves the cursor one space to the right when a letter, number or symbol is typed.  The cursor can be moved to the start of the next line by pressing the Enter Key.

Most Keyboards also have 4 cursor keys to move the text cursor up, down, left or right.

Software
Kurt Gödel (28 April 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic – 14 January 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher.

Impact 
Some people believe Gödel was one of the most significant logicians of all time. Gödel's work has had a big impact on scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century. Many people, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead, and David Hilbert, tried to use logic and set theory at that time. They wanted to understand the foundations of mathematics.

Fame 
Gödel is best known for his two incompleteness theorems. The theorems were published in 1931. He was 25 years of age, and had just finished his doctorate at the University of Vienna one year earlier. 

The more famous of the two theorems says that if there are consistent axiomatic systems that are powerful enough to describe themselves, there will be things that are true in those systems that can not be proved within the system itself.
Proof 
To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.

He also showed that the continuum hypothesis cannot be disproved from the accepted axioms of set theory, if those axioms are consistent. He made important contributions to proof theory. He did this by  clarifying the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic, and modal logic.

Later life 
Later in his life, Gödel probably suffered from paranoia. He thought that some people would come and poison his food. So when his wife Adele was no longer able to prepare his food, he stopped eating. He died of starvation.

His theory in simple words
To put his theories in simple terms: What he discovered was that some theorems in mathematics may be true, but they cannot be proved to be true. 

This sentence is false.
If the sentence were false, the statement would be true, which it cannot be (because we thought it was false)
If the sentence were true, then the statement would be false. But we said it was true.

Therefore, we found a contradiction. This sentence is false is a proposition that is called undecidable. We cannot say if it is true or false.

Some writings
 Kurt Gödel: My philosophical viewpoint, c. 1960, unpublished.
 Kurt Gödel: The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy , 1961, unpublished.

1906 births
1978 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
American mathematicians
Austrian mathematicians
Deaths from starvation
People from Brno
Set theorists
Tyrannosaurus (from , tyrannos, meaning "tyrant" and , sauros, meaning "lizard") was a large predatory dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous, 68 to 65 million years ago. 

Tyrannosaurus was a bipedal carnivore with a massive skull balanced by a long, heavy tail. Compared to the large and powerful hind limbs, its forelimbs were small, but powerful for their size. They had two clawed digits.

There is discussion as to whether it was a hunter or a scavenger. Like most dominant meat-eaters of today, such as lions and hyenas, Tyrannosaurus might have been both. It had a very strong jaw, and its bite power could snap the bones of other dinosaurs.
The most famous species of tyrannosaurus is Tyrannosaurus rex. More than 30 specimens have been found. Some of them are nearly complete skeletons, and soft tissue and proteins have been reported in at least one of these specimens. Research is done on its biology, life history and biomechanics. The feeding habits, physiology and potential speed of Tyrannosaurus rex are some topics of debate. Some scientists think  Tarbosaurus bataar from Asia is a second species of Tyrannosaurus, but others think Tarbosaurus is a separate genus.

Tyrannosaurus became extinct in the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which wiped out half of all species on Earth.

Size 
The estimated size of this dinosaur has changed many times. Packard and colleagues tested dinosaur mass calculations on elephants. They decided that dinosaur estimations are flawed and produce results which were too high. Thus, the weight of Tyrannosaurus could be much less than usually estimated.
Although other theropods rivalled or exceeded Tyrannosaurus rex in size, it was the largest known tyrannosaurid and one of the largest known land predators. It was up to  in length, up to  tall at the head  and up to  in weight.  By far the largest carnivore in its environment, Tyrannosaurus rex probably preyed on hadrosaurs and ceratopsians, or may have been a scavenger. The debate over Tyrannosaurus as apex predator or scavenger or both is among the longest running in paleontology.

For a long time, Tyrannosaurus was the largest known carnivorous dinosaur. Recently, skeletons of other, slightly larger, carnivores have been found, such as Giganotosaurus, Spinosaurus, and Carcharodontosaurus. Skeletons of Tyrannosaurus were found on the North American continent, but relatives, such as Tarbosaurus, have been found in Asia.
Skull 
The largest known Tyrannosaurus rex skulls measure up to  in length. Large openings ('fenestrae') in the skull reduced weight and gave places for muscle attachment, as in all carnivorous theropods. But in other respects Tyrannosaurus's skull was significantly different from those of large non-tyrannosaurid theropods. It was extremely wide at the rear but had a narrow snout. This permitted good binocular vision. The skull bones were massive. Some bones were fused, preventing movement between them; but many were pneumatized, with a "honeycomb" of tiny air spaces. This may have made the bones more flexible as well as lighter. These features are part of the tyrannosaurid trend towards an increasingly powerful bite. Its bite easily surpassed that of all non-tyrannosaurids.
The tip of the upper jaw was U-shaped (most non-tyrannosauroid carnivores had V-shaped upper jaws), which increased the amount of tissue and bone a tyrannosaur could rip out with one bite, although it also increased the stresses on the front teeth.

First discovery 
The earliest Tyrannosaurus skeletons were found in 1902 by Barnum Brown. Henry Fairfield Osborn, president of the American Museum of Natural History, named the species Tyrannosaurus rex (meaning "tyrant lizard king") in 1905. The most complete skeleton was found in 1990 in South Dakota and named "Sue" after its finder, Susan Hendrickson. Several tyrannosaurids found later are also known by individual names. 

Tyrannosaurus has become well known. Many movies and television shows have featured it, such as Jurassic Park. Its skeletons are popular exhibits in many museums.

Jane
Jane 

Jane is a fossil specimen of a small tyrannosaurid. It is either Nanotyrannus or a juvenile Tyrannosaurus. The skeleton was found in the Hell Creek Formation in southern Montana in 2001.

It took experts four years to make the partial skeleton ready for a museum.  Jane went on display at Rockford, Illinois in the Burpee Museum of Natural History. Some paleontologists think Jane was a young tyrannosaurid, about 11 years old when she died. Jane is measured 6.5 metres (21.5 ft) long, about half as long as the largest known complete T. rex specimen, which is 13 m (42.6 ft) long. Experts think Jane weighed about 680 kg (1,500 lbs) when she was alive. Her large feet and long legs show she could perhaps run as fast as 20–30 miles per hour. Her lower jaw has 17 teeth.  Her teeth are curved and serrated.

The scientists named her 'Jane' even though they do not know whether she was female.  She was named after Jane Solem, a person who helped the Burpee Museum.
The Jane specimen has become part of an argument that scientists have.  The scientists disagree whether Nanotyrannus is really a separate genus of tyrannosaurids. Jane's skull is almost exactly the same as the skull of the original Nanotyrannus specimen, which means they are the same species.  The Burpee Museum held a conference in 2005.  Paleontologists came to the conference and talked about whether these "pygmy tyrants" were adults from a small tyrannosaurid species or young Tyrannosaurus rexes. A few scientists thought they were adult small tyrannosaurids, but most of them decided they were probably young T. rexes.

Scotty
 
In August 1991, Robert Gebhardt was a high school principal. He joined Royal Saskatchewan Museum palaeontologists on a prospecting expedition. They went to the exposed bedrock along the Frenchman River Valley in southwest Saskatchewan, Canada. 
Gebhardt discovered the base of a  worn tooth, and a vertebra from the tail. Both looked like they belonged to a T. rex.
In June 1994, RSM palaeontologists began excavating the T. rex. The 66-million-year-old skeleton was the first T. rex skeleton found in Saskatchewan and one of only 12 known in the world at the time. Scotty is one of the largest and most complete skeletons with almost 70% of the skeleton found. A complete articulated cast of the skeleton was finally completed in 2012 and is now on display at its permanent home at the T.rex Discovery Centre in Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada. 

Scotty's skull has a scar from the eye socket to the nostril. That was probably caused by another T. rex or large carnivore that gripped Scotty's skull in its jaws. The museum staff think this is the biggest T. rex specimen found. It weighed about .  Scotty was perhaps in its early thirties at the time of  death, and was  long, including tail.

In popular culture
In popular culture

Tyrannosaurus rex appears in many works of fiction and literature.  A T. rex is important in A Sound of Thunder by Ray Bradbury.  A T. rex is a big part of the novel Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton, and Steven Spielberg's crew built a life-sized robot T. rex and a CGI T. rex for the movie version of Jurassic Park. Many other T. rexes have appeared in books, movies and animated works.

Related pages 
Sue (dinosaur)
Theropod
Tyrannosauridae

Explanatory notes 

 Most people call it the "king of the dinosaurs."

References

Other websites 

 Tyrannosaurus on English Wikipedia

Theropods
Tyrannosaurids
Dinosaurs of North America
Dinosaurs
Brno  (-Czech, German: Brünn) is the second largest city in the Czech Republic. About 400,000 people live there. It is in the center of the historical region Moravia. Brno is the capital of the South Moravian Region. 

There are many historical monuments in the city, for example the Špilberk Castle, Villa Tugendhat, or the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral.

Masaryk University, the second largest university in the Czech Republic, is there. Among other universities in the city are Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts or Brno University of Technology.

Picture Gallery
David Hilbert (Königsberg, Prussia, 23 January 1862 –Göttingen, Germany, 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician, logician, and philosopher of mathematics. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential and greatest mathematicians of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Hilbert discovered and developed a range of fundamental ideas in many areas. He worked on invariant theory, the axiomization of geometry, and the notion of Hilbert space. This is one of the foundations of functional analysis. Hilbert and his students supplied much of the mathematics needed for quantum mechanics and general relativity. He was one of the founders of proof theory and mathematical logic. He was also one of the first people to make the distinction between mathematics and metamathematics, and warmly defended Georg Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers.