Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Unknown by both sides, a peace treaty had already been signed.
 On July 2, 1812, the Cuyahoga Packet, an American ship, was captured by Canadian Lieutenant Frederic Rolette in the Detroit River.
 On July 12, 1812, Americans from Detroit won offensives in Upper Canada and were led by William Hull.
 On July 17, 1812, a force of British troops, French voyageurs, and Indians captured Fort Mackinac, in Michigan territory. That victory brought more Native American support. The British got control of Mackinac Island and northern Michigan.
 In the Siege of Detroit (August 15-16, 1812), Americans led by Commander William Hull resisted the British troops of Isaac Brock and their allies Tecumseh's Confederacy. Seven Americans died. When Hull surrendered Detroit, 1600 American militia were freed and escorted south by the Canadians to protect them from Tecumseh's Confederacy.  It is estimated that over 582 American soldiers were imprisoned in Quebec.
On August 19, 1812, the ships of USS Constitution and HMS Guerriere fought a battle about 400 miles (650 km) southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The USS Constitution won.
 On October 13, 1812, British defenders under Major General Isaac Brock attacked American occupation forces at the Battle of Queenston Heights. Brock died, and Major General Roger Hale Sheaffe took command.
Peace 
The two countries signed the Treaty of Ghent to end the war, on December 24, 1814 in Belgium. Fighting continued into January 1815 because the forces did not know about the treaty, but no great changes took place afterward. The British stopped impressing sailors because the Napoleonic Wars had been finished.

Most Americans heard of the victory in the Battle of New Orleans before they heard of the treaty. The Federalist Party, which had opposed the war, became disliked as pro-British and soon disappeared.

Winner 
From the British perspective, the War of 1812 was a minor sideshow. The Americans called it their victorious "Second War for Independence". The British remembered it as the Americans trying to take advantage of their being involved in a war against the French Empire and paid no attention to American grievances.
In Canada, the War of 1812 was an unwanted war. It concerned the distant capitals of Washington, DC, and London, not them. In Lower Canada, now Quebec, it was considered an Anglo-Saxon war. In Quebec there was little love for the British, but the British had guaranteed their right to speak French. Since they did not know what would happen if the Americans took over, they chose the lesser evil and supported the British.

Upper Canada (later part of the Province of Ontario) had been settled by American Loyalists who fled after the Revolutionary War. They had little love of their former countrymen in the US but had become outnumbered by Americans who later came north to settle. When the Americans attempted to invade Canada, the Canadian militias were eager to defend their homeland.
British who knew about the little war felt that they had won, no matter what Americans thought. Canadians kept their independence from the US and so felt that they had won. The Americans felt they won although they lost in Canada since they lost none of their territory, repelled the invasion of Maryland, were free to fight the Indians without British interference, and were no longer impressed on the high seas. Of all three, the British are perhaps the happiest because they have completely forgotten about the war.

Notes

Other websites 
 War of 1812 -Citizendium

References
Chandigarh, also called "The Beautiful City", is a city in India. It is a union territory, because it is the capital of two states: Punjab and Haryana. As a territory it does not belong to either state. Before 1 November,1966 it was capital of Punjab, but after formation of Haryana on 1 November, 1966 it become a union territory.There are many tourism places in Chandigarh like Rock garden, Rose garden and Sukhna lake.

Chandigarh came into existence in 1952 when its first stone was laid. It is one of the modern cities of India, designed by a French architect Le Corbusier. It was the dream city of India's first Prime Minister, Sh.Jawahar Lal Nehru.
It is well known for its mixed cultural background and its fast development in the field of Information Technology. It has outlets of many famous multinational companies established here and is emerging as a hub for business development. The territory covers an area of 44 mi² or 114 km², it is bigger than Montserrat but smaller than Jersey. It's also the proposed capital of Khalistan.

Territorial symbols of Chandigarh

Capital cities in India
Punjab, India
Haryana
Territories of India
Convection is the movement of heat because of the movement of warm matter.

For example, atmospheric circulation moves warm air to cool places, causing wind. Wind, in turn, can enter and cool a room if the window is open. The movement of the clouds, the ocean currents and many types of heaters are examples of convection.

Forced convection and natural convection 
Convection can happen naturally ("natural convection") or because of a moving device ("forced convection").

The fan is a device that  produces the movement of the air artificially. The air in this case is moving because of the rotation of the fan. This is an example of "forced convection".
Natural convection happens because a fluid is lighter if is hot and it is heavier if is cold, so if a fluid has a hot part and a cold part, the hot part will naturally move upward and the cold part naturally moves downward. For example, if the water in a pot is hotter near the bottom because of the fire, it moves from the bottom to the surface. At the same time the water near the surface is colder so it moves to the bottom.

Convection currents 
Convection currents occur when there are significant differences in temperature between two parts of a fluid. When this happens, hot fluids rise and cold fluids sink. This causes movements or currents in the fluid. Atmospheric circulation, for example, is made by convection currents.

Related pages 
 Heat transfer
 Heat conduction
 Thermal radiation

References 

Basic physics ideas
Fluid mechanics
Heat transfer
A chipmunk is a small squirrel-like rodent. It is in the Sciuridae family. About twenty-three species fall under this title, with one species in North America.

The name may have originally been spelled "chitmunk" (perhaps from a Native American word meaning "red squirrel"). However, the earliest form comes from the Oxford English Dictionary (in 1842) as "chipmonk". Other early forms include "chipmuck" and "chipminck". 

Chipmunks are hoarders, meaning they store food for winter.

Popular culture 
Chip 'n Dale, two Disney cartoon characters, are famous chipmunks in pop culture. Another such trio is Alvin, Simon and Theodore (created by Ross Bagdasarian).
Diet 
Chipmunks eat seeds, nuts, fruit, grass, shoots, and lots of other plants.They also mushrooms, insects, small frogs, worms, and bird eggs. They will also some times eat newly hatched baby birds. When near where humans live, chipmunks can eat grains and vegetables, and plants from their farms and gardens, so they are sometimes considered pests. Chipmunks mostly look for food on the ground, but they climb trees to obtain nuts like acorns. At the beginning of autumn, many chipmunks begin to hoard foods that wont go bad for winter. They mostly put their foods in a special room their burrows and stay in their nests until spring. Cheek pouches allow chipmunks to carry food items to their burrows to store or to eat.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 

Squirrels
Mammals of North America
Major General Vicente Mondéjar Piccio (1 March 1927 – 28 April 2015) was a Filipino soldier. He was Chief of the Philippine Air Force during the last years of the dictatorship of Marcos, notably during the 1986 People Power Revolution.

Other websites
Biography from the Philippine Air Force website 

1927 births
2015 deaths
Filipino generals
The Piccio family is a family of Portuguese Jewish origin. The family's name is an Italianisation of the original Portuguese Figo.

People
Efrem Piccio, Venetian rabbi
Lazzaro Piccio, Venetian rabbi
Vicente Mondéjar Piccio, a general in the Philippine air force

References

Italian families
Events 
 Portugal established

Births 
 Pope Gregory IX

Deaths 
 Pope Innocent II
Donald Duck is a cartoon character created by Walt Disney. He is a white duck with an yellowish-orange bill and legs. He usually wears a sailor cap, a blue sailor shirt and a black or red bow tie. He first appeared on-screen in "The Wise Little Hen" on 9 June 1934. Donald is Scrooge McDuck's nephew. His girlfriend is Daisy Duck. His nephews are Huey, Dewey and Louie. Donald appeared in animated shorts, comic books, and newspaper comic strips. Donald Duck appears frequently in Mickey Mouse Clubhouse.

Donald Duck is the third most popular cartoon character of all time, after Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny.  Donald Duck has had a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame since 2004.
Filmography
The Wise Little Hen
Don Donald
Modern Inventions
Donald's Ostrich
Self Control
Donald's Better Self
Donald's Nephews
Polar Trappers (With Goofy)
Good Scouts
The Fox Hunt (With Goofy)
Donald's Golf Game
Donald's Lucky Day
The Hockey Champ
Donald's Cousin Gus
Beach Picnic
Sea Scouts
Donald's Penguin
The Autograph Hound
Officer Duck
The Riveter
Donald's Dog Laundry
Billposters (With Goofy)
Mr. Duck Steps Out
Put-Put Troubles
Donald's Vacation
The Volunteer Worker
Window Cleaners
Fire Chief
Timber
Golden Eggs
A Good Time for a Dime
Early to Bed
Truant Officer Donald
Old MacDonald Duck
Donald's Camera
Chef Donald
The Village Smithy
The New Spirit
Donald's Snow Fight
Donald Gets Drafted
Donald's Garden
Donald's Gold Mine
The Vanishing Private
Sky Trooper
Bellboy Donald
Der Fuehrer's Face
Donald's Tire Trouble
The Flying Jalopy
Fall Out Fall In
The Old Army Game
Home Defense
Trombone Trouble
Donald Duck and the Gorilla
Contrary Condor
Commando Duck
The Plastics Inventor
Donald's Off Day
Donald's Off Day
The Clock Watcher
The Eyes Have It
Donald's Crime
Duck Pimples
No Sail (With Goofy)
Cured Duck
Old Sequoia
Donald's Double Trouble
Wet Paint
Dumb Bell of the Yukon
Lighthouse Keeping
Frank Duck Brings 'Em Back Alive (With Goofy)
Straight Shooters
Sleepy Time Donald
Clown of the Jungle
Donald's Dilemma
Crazy with the Heat (With Goofy)
Bootle Beetle
Wide Open Spaces
Chip an' Dale
Drip Dippy Donald
Daddy Duck
Donald's Dream Voice
The Trial of Donald Duck
Inferior Decorator
Soup's On
Three for Breakfast
Tea for Two Hundred
Donald's Happy Birthday
Sea Salts
Winter Storage
Honey Harvester
All in a Nutshell
The Greener Yard
Slide, Donald, Slide
Toy Tinkers
Lion Around
Crazy Over Daisy
Trailer Horn
Hook, Lion and Sinker
Bee at the Beach
Out on a Limb
Dude Duck
Corn Chips
Test Pilot Donald
Lucky Number
Out of Scale
Bee on Guard
Donald Applecore
Let's Stick Together
Uncle Donald's Ants
Trick or Treat
Don's Fountain of Youth
The New Neighbor
Rugged Bear
Working for Peanuts
Canvas Back Duck
Canvas Back Duck
Spare the Rod
Donald's Diary
Dragon Around
Grin and Bear It
The Flying Squirrel
Grand Canyonscope
No Hunting
Bearly Asleep
Beezy Bear
Up a Tree
Chips Ahoy
How to Have an Accident in the Home
Donald in Mathmagic Land
How to Have an Accident at Work
Donald and the Wheel
The Litterbug
Donald's Fire Survival Plan
References

Fictional characters introduced in the 1930s
Duck, Donald
 
Kingdom Hearts characters
Events 
January 4 — The Netherlands, Britain & France sign the Triple Alliance.
February 26-March 6 What is now the northeastern United States was paralyzed by a series of blizzards that buried the region.
 March 2 — Dancer John Weaver performs in the first ballet in Britain shown in Drury Lane  The Loves of Mars and Venus.
 March 31 – Bishop Benjamin Hoadly, acting on the advice of King George begins the Bangorian Controversy by saying that God favors churches with no government.
 June 24 — The Premier Grand Lodge of England (UGLE), a branch of Freemasonry, is started in London.
September: The first known Druid revival ceremony is held by John Toland at Primrose Hill, in London, at the Autumnal Equinox, to found the Mother Grove, what is later to become the Ancient Order of Druids (AOD).
 December 24/25 A disastrous storm flood hits the North Sea coast between the Netherlands and Denmark. Thousands die or lose their houses.
 Voltaire is sentenced to Bastille for a year because of his satirical writings.
Spain unites its South American colonies as New Grenada.
Montevideo, Uruguay, founded by Portuguese.
 A rift between George I of Great Britain and his son the Prince of Wales leads to the latter being thrown out of the royal household.
Births 
December 25 – Pope Pius VI, Roman Catholic pope during the French revolution. (d. 1799)

References

Other websites
Montevideo is the capital and the largest city in Uruguay. It was founded by the Portuguese in 1717. Its best neighbourhood is called Carrasco. This neighbourhood is very exclusive due to its architectural styles.

References

Other websites

 
Capitals of Uruguayan departments
1726 establishments
18th-century establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
18th-century establishments in Uruguay
Esther is the name of a book in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) and the Old Testament, and also its title heroine. It is the basis for the Jewish celebration Purim.

Author and Date 

Although it is never said who wrote the book of Esther, from inside evidence it is possible to make some guesses about the author and when it was written. The author was a Jew, because he emphasizes where the Jewish festival came from and from the Jewish nationalism inside the story. The author probably lived in a Persian city, because he knew Persian customs well, and does not say anything about the land of Judah or Jerusalem. The earliest date of the book would be a little while after the events were told, for instance, about 460 B.C. (before Ezra's return to Jerusalem). It is also thought that the festival of Purim had been celebrated some time before this book was written.

Purpose, Themes, and Features

Purpose
Purpose 

The author's main purpose was to write about how the yearly festival of Purim started and to make people remember the saving of the Jewish people during King Ahaseurus' reign. The book shows both the start of the festival and why it should continue to be celebrated.

Themes 

In the book, the author repeatedly talks about the conflict between Israel and the Amalekites, a conflict that began during the exodus and continued through Israel's history. The author of Esther views them as the symbol of all the powers of the world against God's people. Now that Israel has been released from captivity, Haman's dangerous edict is the final try in the Old Testament time to get rid of them. When Haman is defeated, Israel enjoys a time of rest.

Feasting is another important theme in Esther, as seen in the picture on the left. Banquets are the setting for important parts of the story. There are ten banquets.

Style and Features
Repetition is one of the main stylistic features of the book of Esther. The three groups of banquets come in pairs; there are two lists of the king's servants; two reports that Esther hid her identity; two gatherings of women; two houses for the women; two fasts; two talks by Haman with his wife and friends; two sudden visits to the king by Esther; two coverings of Haman's face; two royal commands; two cool-downs of the king's anger; two days for the Jews to protect themselves and take vengeance; and two letters about how Purim started.

Another important feature of this book that has often been wondered about is that it never directly talks about God, worship, prayer, or sacrifice. This has made some people think the book is not as religious as other books. However, it is possible that the author purposefully did not say anything about God or anything religious to show more clearly that it is God who controls all the "unimportant" coincidences that are in the story and ends in saving the Jews.

Content
Content 

The Book of Esther is about a Jewish girl adopted by her cousin, Mordecai, after her parents died. 

The Persian King Ahaseurus kicked out his wife, Queen Vashti, after she refused his demand, and fell in love with Esther at a beauty contest. He took Esther as the new Persian queen, not knowing she was a Jew.

Haman, Ahaseurus' prime minister, developed a grudge against Mordecai because he would not bow down to him, but only to the God of Israel. He despised Mordecai because he was a Jew, and tried to trick the king into making a law to kill all Jews. Haman was unaware that Queen Esther herself was a Jew.

Queen Esther discovered the plot by Haman and worked to stop it. She invited the king to dine with Haman present so she could tell him about the plot. But her courage failed her and she said nothing.
She again invited King Ahaseurus and Haman to dine and this time she told the king of Haman's plot. The king, furious, stormed out and Haman begged Esther for mercy. When the king returned, he mistakenly believed Haman had molested his queen, and had him hanged on the same gallows that Haman had prepared for Mordecai. In the end, thanks to Esther's courage and influence, the king changed the law and saved the Jewish people.

References 

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
5th-century BC books
Clay is a fine-grained silicate mineral made when rocks break down. Wet clay is soft and can be shaped to make pottery, bricks and other things. When it is shaped and then fired in a kiln to make it hard, it becomes pottery.

Clay often contains some water because the water molecules stick to the tiny grains. There may also be some organic materials in the clay.

There are 35 recognized clay mineral species on Earth, they make muds stick together ('cohesive'), or able to flow ('plastic'). The thixotropy of clay sometimes causes landslides.

Quartz, feldspars, iron oxides, and carbonates can weather to sizes of a typical clay mineral. The formation of clay is well understood.  It can come from soil, volcanic ash, and glaciation.  Ancient mudrocks are another source, because they weather and disintegrate easily.
Clay is by far the smallest particles recognized in mudrocks. A clay particle is about 1/1000th the width of a sand grain. This means a clay particle will travel 1000 times further at constant water velocity, thus requiring quieter conditions for settlement. Where the grains are more than a few millimeters wide, the material is called silt, not clay.

References 

Sedimentary rocks
The rifle is a gun with a stock to brace against the shoulder and a barrel with twisting grooves.  The grooves are called rifling and make bullets spin as they fly through the air. Rifles are made to shoot many different sizes of bullets using different amounts of gunpowder.  Rifles are usually made to be able to hit targets at long ranges. Modern rifles are made for many different purposes. Some are made for hunting animals. Some are made for soldiers to use in war. Others are made for police to have in case they need them. Some rifles are made for target shooting.
Types 
 
Rifles can work in different ways. Some rifles have what is called a bolt action. A small handle is used to move a part of the rifle called a "bolt". By moving the bolt backward, then forward, allows the shooter put a bullet in the chamber ready for firing. It also ejects any spent shells still in the chamber from any previously fired rounds. The rifle in the picture above is a bolt action. Some rifles are semi-automatics, where a bullet is loaded (automatically) and fired each time the trigger is pulled. Some are fully automatic, which work like semi-automatics but allow the shooter to fire more than one bullet at a time by holding down the trigger. The automatic rifle stops firing when the trigger is released or it runs out of ammunition.

Related pages
Assault rifle
Battle rifle
CornerShot

References
References

Other websites 
Quick Guide to Olympic Shooting
Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide on Bolt Action Rifles 
Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide on Automatic Rifles 
UK Air Rifles 
Israeli Special Forces Rifles at isayeret.com
 On the AK-47's social and military effect on history  
WW2-era Small Arms
ShootingWiki.org Competition Arms Database
1748 was a leap year.

Events 
 July 25 - A Solar eclipse happened.  It was one of the reasons Charles Messier became an astrologer.

 February 15-Jeremy Bentham
Deuterocanonical books means "second canon" in Greek. It usually means the parts of the Bible that are only used by some Christian churches (mostly Roman Catholic and Orthodox). The books only exist in Greek language manuscripts that were written by the Jewish people living in Greek speaking areas of the Mediterranean Sea between 250 and 50 BC, as were all of the books of the Old Testament. It was not until circa 900 AD that the Old Testament as known in Jewish and Protestant religions was written in Hebrew and limited to the current so-called "canons".

The books are not part of the Jewish Tanakh (also called the Hebrew Bible), although they were quoted as Scripture well into the Middle Ages as is found in the Jewish Mishna and later Rabbinical writings, even into the 6th century AD. The current Jewish canon was closed by the time of the Masoretic Text in the 10th century AD. 

Some books considered deuterocanonical by Catholics are:
The Book of Tobit
 The Book of Judith
 The First Book of Maccabees, also called 1 Maccabees
 The Second Book of Maccabees, also called 2 Maccabees
 The Wisdom of Solomon, also called The Book of Wisdom
 The Book of Sirach, also called Ecclesiasticus
 The Book of Baruch, with the Letter of Jeremiah as its last chapter

The Book of Daniel and the Book of Esther are longer in Catholic Bibles than in Protestant Bibles because they have more stories.

Many, but not all Protestant churches do not accept these books as inspired by God and use the derogatory term for them: Apocrypha. Martin Luther considered these books good to read while John Calvin read and studied them but did not think they should be part of the Bible. The Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, 

Books of the Bible
1247 was a Year starting on a Tuesday of the Julian Calendar

Births 

 Angelo da Clareno, Italian priest and religious leader (d. 1337)
 Isabelle of Luxembourg, countess of Flanders (d. 1298)
 John II Avesnes, count of Hainaut and Holland (d. 1304)
 John of Montecorvino, Italian diplomat and bishop (d. 1328)
 Philippe de Rémi, French official and seneschal (d. 1296)
 Rashid al-Din, Persian statesman and historian (d. 1318)
 Robert FitzWalter, English nobleman and knight (d. 1326)
 Todros ben Judah Halevi Abulafia, Castilian Jewish poet
 Yishan Yining, Chinese monk and calligrapher (d. 1317)
 Yolande II of Nevers, French noblewoman (d. 1280)

Deaths
Deaths 

 February 12 – Ermesinde, countess of Luxembourg (b. 1186)
 February 16 – Henry Raspe, landgrave of Thuringia (b. 1204)
 February 25 – Henry IV, duke of Limburg (House of Limburg)
 May 9 – Richard de Bures, French knight and Grand Master
 June 10 – Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, Spanish bishop (b. 1170)
 July 8 – Mōri Suemitsu, Japanese nobleman and samurai (b. 1202)
 August 31 – Konrad I of Masovia, Polish nobleman (House of Piast)
 November 5 – Ogasawara Nagatsune, Japanese samurai (b. 1179)
 December 21 – Roger of Salisbury, bishop of Bath and Wells
 December 24 – Shōkū, Japanese Buddhist disciple (b. 1177)
 Helen of Sweden (or Helena), Swedish princess and abbess
 Śārṅgadeva, Indian scholar, musicologist and writer (b. 1175)
 Tomoe Gozen, Japanese female samurai warrior (b. 1157)
 William de Ferrers, English nobleman and knight (b. 1168)
A sidekick is someone who regularly travels with, and helps, another person. In fiction, the other person is often a crimefighter or superhero, such as Batman and his sidekick Robin. Some people consider Sancho Panza, Don Quixote's ever-faithful companion, to be a type of sidekick, even though the book was written long before the word sidekick was invented. Annabeth Chase is nobody's sidekick.

+
A jurist (from medieval Latin) is someone who researches and studies jurisprudence (theory of law).

References
The Nicobar Islands are an island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean. They are part of India.

The Nicobar islands include 22 islands of different sizes. The largest one is Great Nicobar. The total land area of the chain is 1841 km². The highest point on the Nicobars is Mount Thullier at 642 m. The population of the islands was 42,026 in 2001, roughly 65% of whom are indigenous peoples (the Nicobarese and Shompen peoples, listed among the Scheduled Tribes of India), and 35% migrants from India and Sri Lanka.

The Nicobars are located southeast of the Indian subcontinent. They are separated form the subcontinent by the Bay of Bengal by about 1,300 km and are separated from the Andaman Islands to the north by the 150 km wide Ten Degree Channel and are 189 km from the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southeast. The Andaman and Nicobar islands separate the Bay of Bengal from the Andaman Sea. Until the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Indira Point, south of Great Nicobar, was the southernmost point in India.
Administratively the Islands are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union territory of India. The capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands territory is Port Blair on South Andaman. The Union Territory is divided into two districts, Andaman district and Nicobar district (the latter encompassing all of the Nicobars). The Indian Government presently restricts access to the Nicobars by special permit, and in general non-Indian citizens are forbidden from visiting the Nicobar Islands.

Islands of India
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a union territory of India. The name is often shortened to A & N Islands, or ANI.

The islands are in the Indian Ocean, in the southern part of the Bay of Bengal. The capital of this territory is the Andamanese town of Port Blair.

It is made of two island groups - the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands - separating the Andaman Sea to the east, from the Indian Ocean. These two groups are separated by the 10° N parallel, the Andamans lying to the north of this latitude, and the Nicobars to the south. The channel that separates ANI is the 10° degree channel. This islands have the only active volcano in India, Barren Island. These islands are also uninhabitated. It also has the lowest point in India, The Indira Point

The territory's population in the last (2001) census of India was 356,152. Added together, the total land area of the territory is around 6,496 km² or 2,508 mi², it is larger than the Palestinian territories but smaller than Georgia territory of Abkhazia.
Territorial symbols of Andaman and Nicobar

References

Commonwealth dependent states
Islands of India
Kazan (; ) is the capital city of Tatarstan and one of Russia's largest cities. It is a major industrial, commercial and cultural center, and remains the most important center of Tatar culture. Kazan lies at the meeting of the Volga (İdel) and Kazanka (Qazansu) rivers in central European Russia.

Name 
The origin of the name is unclear. The literal translation of Tatar qazan is a boiler or cauldron. Or, it may have come from qazğan, Tatar for dug [ditch].

"Qazan" is originally a name for a special cooking pan, a kind of a wok, but heavier. It was believed that the city of Kazan is named after this object because of its geographical similarity with a "qazan"-pan; namely the city is in a U - shape lowland.

Another, more romantic legend tells a story of a Tatar princess Söyembikä, who dropped a golden dish (golden qazan) into the river on which the city is located while washing it.
Nevertheless, Chuvash legends refer to Bulgarian prince Khusan (Chuvash rendering of Muslim name Hassan) and Chuvashes call this city Хусан after the name of this prince.

History 
In 2021, nine people were killed in a mass shooting.

Images

References

Other websites

Geography of Tatarstan
Cities and towns in Tatarstan
A tornado is a tube of violently spinning air that touches the ground. Wind inside the tornado spins fast, but the actual 'circle' of wind around them is huge. This makes tornadoes very dangerous. Tornadoes are especially dangerous to people in cars or mobile homes and about 60 people are killed by tornadoes every year. The word "tornado" might come from the Spanish word tronada (thunderstorm), which comes from the word tronar (to thunder).

Tornadoes destroy things. They can tear houses to pieces and often leave people homeless. Tornadoes can be caused by winds that have been going opposite directions with humidity. They are smaller than hurricanes but stronger. Nearly three quarters of the world's tornadoes happen in the United States. However, they can happen anywhere.
Tornadoes mostly happen during strong thunderstorms called super cell storms. They cause a lot of damage to anything in their path. Tornadoes are ranked on the Enhanced Fujita scale, from EF0 to EF5. EF0 is used for tornadoes that cause the least amount of damage, and EF5 is used for tornadoes that cause the most amount of damage.

Tornadoes can happen in nearly any part of the world. In the United States, a tornado has happened in every state. The middle part of the United States is nicknamed "Tornado Alley" because of the number of tornadoes there. A tornado can have wind speeds of over 300 miles per hour (480 km/h). Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour (180 km/h), are about 250 feet (80 m) across and travel a few miles before disappearing. Other tornado-like phenomena that exist in nature include the gustnado, dust devil, fire whirls, and steam devil; downbursts are frequently confused with tornadoes, though their action is not similar.

Characteristics
Characteristics

Condensation funnel 
A tornado does not necessarily need to be visible; however, the extremely low pressure caused by the high wind speeds and rapid rotation usually causes water vapor in the air to condense into a visible condensation funnel. The tornado is the vortex of wind, not the condensation cloud.

Tornado family 
A single storm may produce multiple tornadoes and mesocyclones. Tornadoes produced from the same storm are referred to as a tornado family. Sometimes multiple tornadoes from distinct mesocyclones occur at the same time.

Occasionally, several tornadoes are spawned from the same very large storm. If there is no break in their activity, this is considered a tornado outbreak, although there are various definitions. A period of several successive days with tornado outbreaks in the same general area (spawned by multiple weather systems) is a tornado outbreak sequence, occasionally called an extended tornado outbreak.
Sometimes, tornadoes happen in groups. 148 tornadoes struck on the same day in April 1974. Many towns in the midwestern United States and Canada were destroyed. More than 300 people died. They were hit by flying wrecks, buried under houses, and thrown by powerful winds. That day, students in Xenia, Ohio were practicing for a play on the auditorium stage. One girl looked out the window and saw the tornado. The students ran into the hall, covering their heads. A few seconds later, all the school buses flew right onto the stage.

A man in another town hid under the couch in his living room. He held onto one couch leg. The tornado struck his house, and winds blew around him. When the tornado left, he was outside. There was no house. The couch had disappeared, and he was only holding onto one couch leg.

Damage scale
Damage scale

The Fujita scale and the Enhanced Fujita Scale rate tornadoes by how much damage they cause. The Enhanced Fujita (EF) Scale was an update to the older Fujita scale. The updated scale uses engineered wind estimates and has better damage descriptions. The EF Scale was designed so that a tornado rated on the Fujita scale would get the same numerical rating, and was used in the United States since 2007. An EF0 tornado will probably damage trees but not big buildings, whereas an EF5 tornado can rip buildings off their foundations leaving them destroyed and even damage big skyscrapers.

In the United States, 80% of tornadoes are EF0 and EF1 (T0 through T3) tornadoes. Less than 1% of tornadoes are violent tornadoes (EF4, T8 or stronger).

 Tornado watches/warnings/emergencies
A "tornado watch" is given when the weather conditions look like a tornado could form. A 'PDS (Particularly Dangerous Situation)' watch is given when a likely tornado outbreak is to start, many strong tornadoes will form in the area, or an ongoing tornado outbreak is in the works in the area. A "tornado warning" is given if somebody has actually seen a tornado or if a tornado 'signature' (usually the storm has a 'hook' or 'U' echo) has shown up on radar. Tornado emergencies are issued in Special Weather Statements or Tornado Warnings saying that a powerful tornado is about to hit an area with a lot of people in it (especially cities in Tornado Alley), a tornado has been spotted, and the tornado is expected to cause deaths.

Myths and misconceptions
It is often thought that opening windows will lessen the damage caused by a tornado. While there is a big drop in atmospheric pressure inside a strong tornado, it is unlikely that the pressure drop would be enough to cause the house to explode. Opening windows may actually increase the tornado's damage. A violent tornado can destroy a house whether its windows are open or closed.
Another common misconception is that highway overpasses provide adequate shelter from tornadoes. Due to the Venturi effect, tornadic winds are stronger in the small space of an overpass. In the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak of May 3, 1999, three highway overpasses were directly hit by tornadoes. At each of the three places there was a death, along with many life-threatening injuries. By comparison, during the same tornado outbreak, more than 2000 homes were completely destroyed, with another 7000 damaged, and yet only a few dozen people died in their homes.
Safety tips 
To keep safe in a tornado, here are some tips you can follow:
 Go to the lowest floor of the building. Stay close to the center of the building and away from windows, for example, a bathroom with no windows and get into the bathtub.
 Find a piece of strong furniture or a mattress to go under or hide in a closet and wait until it is over.
 If you are in a school, do not'' go to the gymnasium or any other place that has a high ceiling. Squat near the wall, placing your hands on the back of your head.
 If you cannot find shelter, find the lowest, most protected ground and cover your head with your hands.
 Do not drive in tornadoes. If you are in your car, position your head above the steering wheel, and cover yourself up.
 Do not seek shelter underneath an underpass or a bridge, as winds can send debris in your path.

Related pages
 Waterspout
 Steam devil
 Tornado drill

References

Other websites 

 Natural Disasters - Tornado
 Tornadoes
A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk or hard drive, is a data storage device for computers which uses magnetic storage to store data.  The capacity of a hard drive is usually measured in gigabytes (GB), however hard disk capacity can also be measured in terabytes when the capacity is over 1000 or 1024 gigabytes.  A gigabyte is one thousand megabytes and a megabyte is one million bytes, which means that a gigabyte is one billion bytes. Some hard drives are large that their capacity is measured in terabytes, (TB) where one terabyte is a thousand gigabytes (1 TB = 1000 or 1024 GB). As of 2023, hard drives can go up to 22TB in size.

Different interfaces
Over the years there have been many disk interface types, though all used the same rotating platter recording technology.  Differences were in how the data was encoded to binary, data integrity, data transfer speeds, cabling requirements, and cost.  In 2009, it was common to attach a hard disk using a Serial ATA connection.  The connection that came before that was called "IDE" and is called Parallel ATA today.  In large data centers, Fibre Channel is often used.

For servers, the SCSI interface is very popular. There are several types and versions of SCSI interface, like parallel and Serial Attached SCSI, each stepping-up in terms of speed and price. Within servers, several SCSI drives are often used in conjunction with each other, in order to safeguard against data loss or corruption (this is known as RAID - and there are many configurations to choose from).

Components
Components 

An HDD has a disk motor and an actuator motor that positions the read/write head. Wires from the actuator connect to the read/write head to amplifiers. They are bridged by the head support arm. In modern drives, acceleration at the head reaches 550 g, so a head support arm connects the actuator and the read/write head.

The actuator controls the read/write head and acts as a permanent magnet. A metal plate supports a squat neodymium-iron-boron (NIB) magnet. Beneath this plate is the voice coil, which is attached to the actuator hub. Beneath the actuator hub is a second NIB magnet, mounted on the bottom plate of the actuator.

The voice coil is shaped like an arrow. It is made up of a magnet with plastic insulation. This magnet interacts with the actuator magnet, causing the disk to move. If the magnetic field were uniform it would cancel out, but the surface magnet is divided between north and south poles in the middle so force is produced instead of canceled out.

Hard Drive Corruption
There are several reasons behind the corruption of internal and external hard drive.

Virus & Malware Attack:- If a system is attacked by a virus, the important boot files stored in the internal hard disk may be deleted, leading to boot failure. Meanwhile, the crucial data and the complete partition may also be deleted by the virus or malware attack.

Due to Physical Damage:- It is also called hardware failure, and consists the following types: Overheating of hard drive, Read/write head crash, Cracked or poor-contact data line, Scratch on magnetic platters, Short circuit in the control circuit board and much more. The data lost due to these kinds of reasons can hardly be repaired. A user have no choice but to turn to expert for data recovery from hardware damaged hard drive.
Corruption of Boot Sector:- The boot sector is the first sector of the hard drive. This is used to load processor control and then move it to the Operating System. When, the boot sector is damaged, you will not be able to enter the system and access any data stored in the internal hard drive.

Damaged file system:- The file system is used by the Operating System to define the approach for organizing files on the storage device. To be particular, it is like a gateway to access data stored on hard drive partitions. If the file system on the internal hard drive is unluckily damaged somehow, the drive may become inaccessible and the system may fail to start.

Software Clash:- All kinds of applications you installed on your local machine currently may not able to be fully supportive with each other, so software clash occurs now and then to lead to sudden computer shutdown and cause internal hard drive corruption.

Click of Death
Click of Death 

When a hard disk fails to read the data (for example: if dropped, knocked over, or otherwise being damaged, the hard drive may start to click to indicate that it is damaged, or broken. 

The clicking sound itself arises from the unexpected movement of the disk's read/write actuator.  At startup, and during use, the disk head must move correctly and confirm it is correctly tracking data on the disk.  If the head cannot do this, the disk controller may attempt to recover by retrying.  This may cause an audible "click".  In some devices, the process automatically retries, causing a repeated or rhythmic clicking sound, sometimes accompanied by the whirring sound of the drive plate spinning.

Related pages 
 Hybrid drive
 Solid-state drive

References 

Hard drives
A magnet is a special kind of metal. When a magnet goes near a special kind of metal or another magnet, and the poles (sides) touching are opposite, it will pull, or attract the other object closer. If the two poles are the same, the magnet and the other object will push away, or repel, from each other. This attraction and repulsion is called magnetism. Magnets can make some other metals into magnets when they are rubbed together.

Types of magnet 
Soft magnets (meaning impermanent magnets) are often used in electromagnets.  These increase (often hundreds or thousands of times) the magnetic field of a wire that carries an electrical current and is wrapped around the magnet.  The field also increases with the current.
Permanent magnets have ferromagnetism. They occur naturally in some rocks, particularly lodestone, but are now commonly manufactured. A magnet's magnetism decreases when it is heated and increases when it is cooled. It has to be heated at around . Like poles (S-pole and S-pole/N-pole and N-pole) will repel each other while unlike poles (N-pole and S-pole) will attract each other.

Magnets are only attracted to special metals. Iron, cobalt and nickel are magnetic. Metals that have iron in them attract magnets well. Steel is one. Metals like brass, copper, zinc and aluminum are not attracted to magnets.  Non-magnetic materials such as wood and glass are not attracted to magnets as they do not have magnetic materials in them.
Rare earth magnets 
Lanthanoid elements can make very strong magnets. The spin of their electrons can be aligned, resulting in very strong magnetic fields. So  these elements are used for high-strength magnets when their high price is not a concern. The most common types of rare-earth magnets are samarium–cobalt and neodymium–iron–boron (NIB) magnets.

Natural magnets 
Natural/permanent magnets are not artificial.  They are a kind of rock called lodestone or magnetite.

The compass 
A compass uses the Earth's magnetic field, and points to the North magnetic pole. A north side of the magnet is attracted to the south side of another magnet. However, the north side of the compass points to the north pole, this can only mean that the "north pole" is really the magnetic south, and the "South magnetic pole" is really the magnetic north.
Discovery 
Ancient people discovered magnetism from lodestones (or magnetite) which are naturally magnetized pieces of iron ore. Lodestones, suspended so they could turn, were the first magnetic compasses. 

The earliest known surviving descriptions of magnets and their properties are from Anatolia, India, and China about 2500 years ago. The properties of lodestones and their affinity for iron were written of by Pliny the Elder in his encyclopedia Naturalis Historia.

Related pages
Electromagnet
Alnico
Rare-earth magnet

References 

Magnetism
Tools
A by-product is something that is made or produced while a product is manufactured in a factory. Usually, the by-product is not used, and it becomes waste that is put in a landfill or garbage dump. Sometimes by-products are toxic materials which are dangerous to humans, animals, and plants. 

Some companies are trying to find ways to reuse or recycle the by-products, instead of putting them into landfill or garbage dumps as waste.

Animal by-products are produced by slaughterhouses (places designed to kill animals for food). Animal by-products are the parts of the animals that cannot be eaten by humans. Animal by-products are sometimes included in non-human foods, such as pet food or animal feed (for farm animals).

Waste
Toxic waste is any sort of waste that is harmful to people, plants, or animals, but usually it is said about waste that hurts people. Toxic wastes are usually liquid chemicals. These poisons are made as by-products of making other things, usually by manufacturing but sometimes they are chemicals used for farming. Another type of toxic waste is radioactive materials.

waste
Space Runaway Ideon was an animated television series from 1980. It lasted for 39 episodes before being cancelled. It was originally aired in Japan, where it was well known. It also had two movies called A Contact and Be Invoked.

Animated television series
Comic books are books with comics, with  pictures that make a story. 

Comics were started in the 1800s, a century which saw the development of  modern colour printing and many other inventions. Wood engraving was a cheaper type of illustration which was widely used in the 19th century. These things are important because they created an understanding that illustrations are sometimes just as important as words.

The first comic strip appeared in France in 1889, and in the U.S.A. in 1897.

Some later examples from the U.S.A. are Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk and the X-Men. Some comic companies are DC Comics and Marvel Comics.
Since the middle 20th century many comic books are about superheroes, but many others are about other things.  DC and Marvel comic books introduced Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, the Flash, Justice League, Teen Titans, Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk, the X-Men, Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, the Avengers and the Fantastic Four.  Very often, characters in books, video games, movies and television appear in comics, and sometimes comic book characters are used in movies, TV shows or video games. 

There are three different kinds of comic books: single issues that are usually 32 pages long are called comic books. These are printed and bound like a magazine, with the pages folded and stapled together through the centerfold. Several comics may be put together in a trade paperback. These have spines like a book and are glued together. A bigger comic book that is bound like a trade paperback but is all new, instead of collecting older comics, is called a graphic novel.
In English speaking countries, you read the speech bubbles left to right. Then you read the row below it left to right. This is different from Japanese comics, called manga.
Some famous comics are:

Superman
Batman
Spider-Man
Wonder Woman
Hulk
Captain America
Fantastic Four
X-Men
The Flash
Iron Man
Spawn
The Beano
The Adventures of Tintin
Sailor Moon
Naruto
Death Note
Dragon Ball Z

Big two comic book publishers
 DC Comics (Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, the Flash, Shazam and other DC characters)
 Marvel Comics (Spider-Man, Hulk, Captain America, Iron Man, Thor and other Marvel characters)

References

 
Magazines
Spider-Man is a fictional character in the Marvel Comics as well as one of the most well-known superheroes in the Marvel Universe. He is a character created by the writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko. He first appeared in Amazing Fantasy #15 in August 1962. The premise was that he was an orphan being raised by his Aunt May and Uncle Ben as an ordinary teenager. He would deal with the normal struggles of being young as well as the struggles of being a costumed crime fighter. His powers were super strength, agility, the ability to cling to almost every surface, the ability to shoot spider-webs using a device that he invented, which he calls "web-shooters," and reacting to danger quickly with his "spider-sense," enabling him to combat many foes similar to that of a spider.
Over the years, Marvel has featured Spider-Man in several comic book series such as The Amazing Spider-Man, Spectacular Spider-Man and Sensational Spider-Man. Peter Parker has developed from a shy high school student to a troubled but outgoing college student married to a high school teacher. But his most associated adult role is being a single freelance photographer. He has also been a member of the New Avengers and the Fantastic Four. Spider-Man has had a lot of nicknames over the years, such as being referred to as "Spidey," "web-slinger," "wall-crawler," or "web-head." Some villains also call him " arachnid " and call himself "Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man."