Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In June 2009, Tañón released a new hit single called "Amor Entre Tres" which is the theme song for the new soap opera in Venezuela called "La Vida Entera." That month, WEA Latina released "25 Exitos de Fuego Vol. 1 & Vol. 2." Each CD has a set of greatest hits through her entire career of merengue and Latin pop. In September 2009 participated, next to Juanes and other internationally acclaimed artists, in "Concierto por la Paz" at Plaza de la Revolucion in La Habana, Cuba.[3]

In 2011 the first of three Tañon albums was released on the Mia Musa Label: "Ni Una Lagrima más’". In 2013 "Una Mujer" was released, and in 2017 "Olga Tañon y Punto".

Discography
Discography

Studio Albums
1992: Sola
1993: Mujer de Fuego
1994: Siente el Amor...
1996: Nuevos Senderos
1997: Llévame Contigo
1998: Te Acordarás de Mí
2001: Yo por Ti
2002: Sobrevivir
2005: Una Nueva Mujer
2006: Soy Como Tú
2007: Exitos en 2 Tiempos
2011: Ni Una Lagrima Más
EPs
2009: 4/13
Compilations
1995: Éxitos y Más
2003: Puro Fuego
2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga
2006: 100% Merengue
2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol. 1
2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol. 2

Live albums
1999: Olga Viva, Viva Olga (Live)
2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.1  "Solo Exitos" (Live)
2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.2  "Solo Exitos" (Live)

DVDs
2002: Olga Viva, Viva Olga
2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga (CD+DVD)
2005: Exitos en Video
2009: 4/13 (CD+DVD)

Concerts
2010: Incomparable Tour

1967 births
Living people
Latin singers
Grammy Award winners
Singers from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Latin Grammy Award winners
Puerto Rican composers
Los Temerarios are a Mexican musicgroup.  They were started in 1978 by brothers Adolfo Angel and Gustavo Angel and their cousin Fernando Angel. During their early years, they were known as Conjunto La Brisa.

Los Temerarios have recorded more than 20 albums. They have gotten many awards and award nominations. In 1991, they earned 5 Billboard awards nominations in the Latin categories.
Discography
 1983 - Los 14 Grandes exitos De Los Temerarios.
 1984 - Los Temerarios En La Altura
 1985 - Cumbias Y Nortenas
 1986 - Pero No
 1988 - Los Temerarios
 1989 - Incontenible
 1990 - Internacionales y Romanticos, Revelacion Romantica de los noventas.
 1992 - Seduccion Romantica De Los Noventas,  Mi Vida Eres Tu
 1994 - Tu Ultima Cancion, Los Temerarios En Concierto Volumen Uno
 1995 - Camino del Amor, Nuestras Canciones,Te Quiero
 1997 - Nuestras Canciones Volumen 2, Los Temerarios En Concierto Volumen Dos
 1998 - Como Te Recuerdo
 2000 - En La Madrugada se Fue
 2002 - Una Lágrima No Basta
 2004 - Veintisiete
 2005 - Sueño de Amor
 2007 - Recuerdos del Alma
 2008 - Si Tú Te Vas
 2009 - Evolucion de Amor

Mexican musical groups
People from Zacatecas
Latin Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1978
1978 establishments in North America
1970s establishments in Mexico
Great Lake Swimmers is a Canadian folk rock and Indie band originally from Wainfleet, Ontario and now based in Toronto, Ontario. They released their self-titled debut album on January 28, 2003 and it was re-released on April 5, 2005. Great Lake Swimmers has five members in the band; the current band members are Tony Dekker, Erik Arnesen, Greg Millson, Miranda Mulholland and Bret Higgins. The band was named Favourite Folk/Roots Artist/Group in 2010 by the Canadian Indie Awards.

Discography

Albums
Great Lake Swimmers (2003)
Bodies and Minds (2005)
Ongiara (2007)
Lost Channels (2009)
New Wild Everywhere (2012)

EPs
Hands in Dirty Ground (2006)
Live at the Church of the Redeemer (2007)
The Legion Sessions (2009)

References

Other websites 
Official website

2000s music groups
Musical groups established in 2003
2010s music groups
Canadian musical groups
Indie bands
Folk music groups
The bottle tree is a plant that has adapted to hot climates, such as the desert. They are called bottle trees because the shape of their trunk is a bottle shape. There are several different species including:

 Adansonia species, the baobabs;
 Adansonia gregorii (the boab)
 Pachypodium lealii, (Apocynaceae), the bottle tree of Namibia and Angola;
 The genus Moringa, (Moringaceae), of Madagascar;
 Brachychiton species, (Malvaceae), of Australia;
 Ceiba species, the floss silk tree or palo borracho of South America.

The name bottle tree is also used to describe an artificial tree made of glass bottles, usually of colored glass.  Associated with Hoodoo and primarily found in the Southern United States.

Trees
The Principality of Polotsk, also known as the Kingdom of Polotsk or the Duchy of Polotsk was a medieval principality of the Early East Slavs.  It was considered one of the principalities in the Kievan Rus'.  It had a wide degree of power to make its own rules. It was started around the ancient town of Polotsk. It is not clear the date it started.  Polotsk is mentioned in the mid 9th century as part of Novgorod. In the second half of 10th century Polotsk was ruled by its own dynasty. The first ruler that is mentioned in the history was a semi-legendary Rogvolod (? - 978). Rogvolod is better known as the father of Rogneda. The Principality was in several succession crises of the 11-12th centuries and a war with the Land of Novgorod. By the 13th century it was added into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. At the time it was largest the principality stretched over large parts of today's northern and central Belarus and a smaller part of today's southeastern Latvia.
History of Belarus
9th-century establishments in Europe
1397 disestablishments
14th-century disestablishments in Europe
Former countries in Europe
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a European state from the 12th
–13th century until 1569. In 1569 it became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1791. It was started by the Lithuanians. The duchy grew to include large parts of the former Kievan Rus' and other Slavic lands. It  covered the land of present-day Belarus,  Latvia, Lithuania  and parts of Estonia, Moldova, Poland, Russia and Ukraine. At its biggest in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe. There was great diversity in languages, religion, and cultural heritage.
Bringing together of the Lithuanian lands began in the late 12th century. Mindaugas, the first ruler of the Grand Duchy, was crowned as Catholic King of Lithuania in 1253. The pagan state was targeted in the religious crusade by the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order. When Gediminas began to rule, he allowed people to have different religions. This grew under his son Algirdas. In 1386 Jogaila changed the religion to Catholicism.  He also made a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
Vytautas the Great grew the land of the Grand Duchy.  He also led the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. After Vytautas's death, Lithuania's relationship with the Kingdom of Poland was not good. The Union of Lublin of 1569 created a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In this federation, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had a separate government, laws, army, and treasury.  They were invaded by Russia in 1792.  The land was divided out among the Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria in 1795.

References

Lithuania, Grand Duchy
Lithuania, Grand Duchy
History of Belarus
History of Lithuania
History of Poland
History of Ukraine
Kievan Rus' (also known as Kyivan Rus) was a medieval state in Europe.  It was from the late 9th to the mid 13th century. It broke apart under the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240.

At its peak, it stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, and from the upper Vistula in the west to the middle Volga in the east.

The state was called "land of the Rus' " . The name "Kievan Rus' " was used in the 19th century to mean the time when the center was in Kyiv.
The early part of the state is sometimes known as the "Rus Khaganate".  The history of Rus' proper begins in 882.  This is when the capital was moved from Novgorod to Kyiv. This was after Varangians (Vikings), who were called Rus, freed this slavic city from the Khazars' tribute.
The state reached its most powerful in the mid 11th century.  Its lands went south to the Black Sea, east to the Volga, and west to the Kingdom of Poland and to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and his son Yaroslav I the Wise (1019–1054) ruled in the "Golden Age" of Kyiv. With the end of the Viking age, the state lost power in the late 11th and during the 12th century.  The broke apart into various rival regional powers.

The various East Slavic principalities were brought together in the Russian Empire in the 18th century.  The modern East Slavic states of  Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia all get their identity from the early medieval state.

References
References

Former countries in Europe
History of Belarus
History of Russia
History of Ukraine
882 establishments
The Australian Ballet is the largest classical ballet company in Australia. It was started in 1962 by J. C. Williamson Theatres Ltd. and the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust. The first artistic director was Dame Peggy van Praagh, the English-born dancer, teacher, repetiteur and director. Today, it is recognised as one of the world's major international ballet companies.

Ballet companies
Companies of Australia
The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was one of fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR). In 1922, it was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union.  The other three were the Ukrainian SSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR). Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. The BSSR, along with the Ukrainian SSR and the Soviet Union, were founding members of the United Nations Organization (UN) in 1945. The end of the Soviet Republic occurred in 1991.  The nation became an independent republic. 

The country renamed itself as the Republic of Belarus. In earlier time periods, Western Europeans called Byelorussian territory as White Russia.  During its early years in the USSR, the republic was sometimes known as the White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic.

History

Economy

Demographics

References
References

1920 establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
20th century in Belarus
Republics of the Soviet Union
States and territories disestablished in the 1990s
“Soviet Socialist Republics” redirects here. For the country, see Soviet Union.

The Republics of the Soviet Union or the Union Republics of the Soviet Union were administrative units that report directly to the Government of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was a highly centralized state.

References
Artillery is a thrash metal band from Denmark. They started in 1982 and have split up and reformed twice.

Discography
So far, as of 2012, Artillery has released six studio albums, which include:
Fear of Tomorrow (1985)
Terror Squad (1987)
By Inheritance (1990)
B.A.C.K. (1999)
When Death Comes (2009)
My Blood (2011)

 Legions (2013)
 Penalty by Perception (2016)
 The Face of Fear (2018)
 X (2021)

1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Danish heavy metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Voivod is a heavy metal band from Canada. Their musical style has been changing since their beginnings. They started out as a speed metal band, but eventually began adding a mix of progressive metal and thrash metal to create their own unique metal style.

Today, Voivod have released eleven studio albums as well as one EP, one live album, two compilations, seven demos and one DVD featuring a live concert. They rose to popularity with their fifth studio album Nothingface (1989), which was the first Voivod album to enter the Billboard 200 charts, peaking at number 114, and is their most successful one yet. The last studio album Voivod released is "Target Earth", from 2013. They are working on a new album.

The band's bassist, Jason Newsted, joined Voivod after he left Metallica in 2001.
Discography
War and Pain (1984)
Rrröööaaarrr (1986)
Killing Technology (1987)
Dimension Hatröss (1988)
Nothingface (1989)
Angel Rat (1991)
The Outer Limits (1993)
Negatron (1995)
Phobos (1997)
Voivod (2003)
Katorz (2006)
Infini (2009)
Target Earth (2013)
 The Wake (2018)
 Synchro Anarchy (2022)
 Morgöth Tales (2023)

References

1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Canadian heavy metal bands
Canadian thrash metal bands
Musical groups established in 1982
1982 establishments in Canada
The 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland was a Soviet military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 September, 1939. It was during the early stages of World War II. After Nazi Germany had invaded Poland from the west on September 1. The Soviet Union invaded from the east and ended on 6 October 1939. Germany and the Soviet Union divided the whole of the Second Polish Republic.

In early 1939, the Soviet Union asked the United Kingdom, France, Poland, and Romania to make an alliance against Nazi Germany. The Soviet Union wanted Poland and Romania to let Soviet troops go through their territory, but Poland and Romania refused. The Soviet Union made a secret deal with Nazi Germany on 23 August. They planned to divide Northern and Eastern Europe into German and Soviet lands.
One week later, German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west. Polish forces then withdrew to the southeast to wait for French and British support. The Soviet Red Army invaded the eastern Polish region of Kresy on 17 September. The Soviet government used the excuse that it was acting to protect the Ukrainians and Belarusians, who lived in the eastern part of Poland.

The Soviet government took pver the area. In November 1939, it made the 13.5 million formerly-Polish citizens become Soviet citizens. The Soviets sent hundreds of thousands of people from the region to Siberia and other remote parts of the Soviet Union.
Soviet forces stayed in eastern Poland until the summer of 1941, when the German Army invaded Operation Barbarossa. The area was under Nazi occupation until the Red Army reconquered it in the summer of 1944. An agreement at the Yalta Conference let the Soviet Union keep almost all of what it had occupied in the Second Polish Republic.  The People's Republic of Poland got the southern half of East Prussia and lands east of the Oder-Neisse Line. The Soviet Union put those areas into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

References

1939 in Europe
1930s in Poland
20th century in Belarus
Invasions of World War II
1930s in the Soviet Union
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or in short, the Ukrainian SSR or Soviet Ukraine was in the southwestern part of the Soviet Union. It had the second largest population of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union. This lasted from 1922 to 1991.

The Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations. It did not really have much power because it was tightly controlled by central all-Soviet Union authorities. When the Soviet Union broke apart, the Ukrainian SSR became Ukraine.

During its 72-year history, the republic's borders changed many times. The eastern city of Kharkiv was the republic's first capital. However, in 1934, it was moved to the city of Kyiv. Kyiv is still the capital of Ukraine. Among other largest cities there were Odessa, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk (named Stalino before 1961), Lviv, Zaporizhia.

History

Ukrainian SSR was one of 4 first republics of USSR.
In 1939 some lands of Western Ukraine was incorporated in Ukrainian SSR. It was occupied by Poland in 1921 and had cities Lviv, Ternopil, Stanislav (now Ivano-Frankivsk), Rivne.

In 1940 was taken from Romania Nortern Bukovina (Chernivtsy oblast) and part of Bessarabia.

During the WWIV all of its territory was occupied. There was large partisan movements. 
Kyiv and Odessa became hero cities.

In 1953 former head of Communist party of Ukraine Nikita Khrushchev became the General Secretary of the CPSU. In 1964 he was removed by Ukrainian Leonid Brezhnev who was in office before his death in 1982.

In 1954 Crimea was incorporated in Ukrainian SSR.

In 1986 there was Chernobyl atomic station catastrophe.

Economy

Demographic 
In the republic there were about 29 mln people in 1926, 47.1 mln in 1970, 49.6 mln in 1979, 51.7 mln in 1989.

In 1989 5 cities had more than 1 million people. It was Kiev(2.6 mln), Kharkiv (1.6 mln), Dnipropetrovsk (1.2 mln), Odessa (1.1 mln) and Donetsk (1.1 mln).
The larger nation was Ukrainians, 2nd nation was Russians during all the history. Among the other nations were Jews, Belarusians, Moldovans and Romanians, Polish, Greeks.

Culture

References

20th century in Ukraine
1919 establishments
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Republics of the Soviet Union
Former republics
1910s establishments in the Soviet Union
The Linear Pottery culture was an important culture in the Neolithic(later Stone Age) of Europe.  It was from 5500–4500 BC.
It is abbreviated as LBK and is also known as the Linear Band Ware, Linear Ware, Linear Ceramics or Incised Ware culture.
 
The most evidence for the culture is in Central Europe. It is important evidence for early farming in Europe. The pottery after which it was named has simple cups, bowls, vases and jugs, without handles. They were made as kitchen dishes, or for carrying food and drink. The pots had line patterns on them.

Farming
The LBK people lived over a period of 1000 years, long before the Bronze Age and farmed crops like wheat, lentils and peas. They also kept cows and dogs, and sometimes hunted in the forests around them for other animals, like deer.
Food and health
Their diet probably didn't contain enough energy for them, as they often did not grow as tall as the people who came before them, or as people do now. This might have also been because of disease, which can spread more easily in a village than it can when people are moving about a lot and not seeing many other people, as people did before the Neolithic. People in the LBK culture probably died quite young, in their twenties or thirties, and many of their children would die before they grew up. 
If a person was very sick and in a lot of pain, the LBK people might have had access to opium which did not make them better but took away the pain. They probably knew how to make some illnesses better by using wild herbs as medicine.

Religion
The LBK people probably worshiped a mother goddess, who represented the fertility of the land they farmed.
Tools
Because this was before the Bronze or Iron Ages, there were no metal tools, and everything the LBK people had was made from either stone, wood and plants (such as flax which could be made into clothing, and things that could be got from animals (like leather or fur). They even had sickles, which are used for cutting down grass and are half-moon shaped blades with a handle coming off one end; however theirs were made of wood with sharp stone points glued into them for the cutting.

Housing
The LBK people lives in rectangular longhouses, and digging up an area often shows several clusters of about 6 of these long houses. The people in nearby clusters of houses probably knew each other and shared or traded their goods. Their houses were made of wood, mud and straw and they might have let their animals stay in there too.
War
Some LBK settlements have palisades, or long walls around them, to defend themselves from other people who might attack them. There are also some skeletons of LBK people that look like they died from battle injuries, and some look like they may have even been eaten by cannibals. This shows that there was a lot of war between nearby groups.

Important sites include Nitra in Slovakia; Bylany in the Czech Republic; Langweiler and Zwenkau in Germany; Brunn am Gebirge in Austria; Elsloo, Sittard, Köln-Lindenthal, Aldenhoven, Flomborn and Rixheim on the Rhine; Lautereck and Hienheim on the upper Danube; Rössen and Sonderhausen on the middle Elbe.

The Excavations at Oslonki in Poland had a large fortified settlement.  There were nearly 30 longhouses and over 80 graves.  This makes it one of the richest  settlements in archaeological finds from all of central Europe.

Archaeology
Stone Age
History of Europe
The Cimmerians or Kimmerians were ancient horse-riding nomads of Indo-European origin.

According to the Greek historian Herodotus, the Cimmerians lived in the north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea during the 8th and 7th centuries BC.  They lived in what is now Ukraine and Russia. Others have said there is no evidence of Cimmerians in the southern parts of Russia.
Where the Cimmerians come from is unclear. Most think they belong to either Iranian or Thracian speaking groups. A recent DNA analysis (Oct. 2018) of three Cimmerians indicate "the appearance of East Asian haplogroups in the steppe populations might be associated with the Iron Age nomads, starting with the Cimmerians." The authors found it "noteworthy that the oldest of the Cimmerians studied here (cim357) carried almost equal proportions of Asian and West Eurasian components, resembling the Pazyryks, Aldy-Bel, and Iron Age individuals from Russia and Kazakhstan. The second oldest Cimmerian (cim358) was also the only one with both uniparental markers pointing toward East Asia. The Q1* Y chromosome sublineage of Q-M242 is widespread among Asians and Native Americans and is thought to have originated in the Altai Mountains. It has previously been identified in numerous ancient samples from Siberia, the Americas, and in representatives of the Siberian Bronze Age and nomadic populations
. This is the first indication that Cimmerians did not originate in the PCS region but were nomads tracing their origin to the Far East." A new study in July 2019 revealed that 2 other Cimmerians were of haplogroup R1a-Z645 and R1a2c-B111.
References

Nomadic people
Indo-European
History of Europe
The Varangians or Varyags was the name given by Greeks and East Slavs to Vikings. Between the 9th and the 11th centuries they ruled the medieval state of Rus'. They were the personal bodyguards of the Byzantine Emperors, and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard.

A group of Varangians known as the Rus' settled in Novgorod in 864, under the leadership of Rurik. Rurik's relative Oleg conquered Kiev in 882.  He made the state of Kievan Rus', which was later ruled by Ruriks descendants. The name of the Rus' is the origin of the name Russia.
Varangians did trade, piracy and mercenary activities. They move around using the river systems and portages of Gardariki.  The Gardariki was the areas north of the Black Sea. They had trade routes that connected Dark Age Europe with rich Arab Caliphates and the Byzantine Empire. Wanting the riches of Constantinople, Rus' Varangians started a number of Rus'-Byzantine Wars. Most of them, both in Byzantium and in Eastern Europe, were converted from paganism into Orthodox Christianity. Most scientific experts, including the ethnic Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian people themselves, confirm the modern-day East Slavic ethnic group to be the direct, ancestral descendants of the Rus'.

References

Middle Ages
Germanic tribes
Nordic people
Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Rus', known as Yaroslav the Wise (c. 978 – February 20, 1054) was Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kyiv.  He brought together the two principalities for a time under his rule.

A son of the Varangian (Viking) Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father’s death in 1015. His oldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and took power in Kyiv. Yaroslav, with the support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk.  He became the Grand Prince of Kyiv in 1019. Yaroslav started to write down the legal customs. This served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ("Russian Justice"). During his long reign, Rus' reached the height of its cultural flowering and military power.

References

History of Ukraine
978 births
1054 deaths
Russian princes and princesses
Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic or Litbel was a Soviet republic.  It was in the territories of modern Belarus and eastern Lithuania.  It existed for about seven months during 1919. It was formed after the merger of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia. The republic was went away after the Polish Army took over its claimed territory of eastern Lithuania during the Polish–Soviet War.

References

Republics of the Soviet Union
20th century in Belarus
History of Lithuania
1919 establishments in Europe
1919 disestablishments
The Belarusian People's Republic, historically called the White Ruthenian Democratic Republic, was a self-declared independent Belarusian state.  They said they were independent in 1918. It is also called the Belarusian Democratic Republic or the Belarusian National Republic.  This is to be separate from the Communist People's Republics. The BNR was recognized by several Central Powers and former Russian countries.  It was not recognized by most of the international community.  They country ended when Belarus went under Soviet control.  The Belorussian SSR was founded in 1919.

The leaders of the government went into exile.  They still say the Belarusian People's Republic is a country.

Presidents 
Chairmans of the Council of BNR:
 Jan Sierada (1918–1919)
 Piotra Krečeŭski (1919–1928)
 Vasil Zacharka (1928–1943)
 Mikoła Abramčyk (1944–1970)
 Vincent Žuk-Hryškievič (1970–1982)
 Jazep Sažyč (1982–1997)
 Ivonka Survilla (1997–present)
20th century in Belarus
Governments in exile
Former countries in Europe
1918 establishments in Europe
1919 disestablishments
William Clark Haines (1810–3 February 1866) was the first Premier of Victoria. He served two terms as premier, the first from 30 November 1855 to 25 August 1856, and a second term from 29 April 1857 to 10 March 1858.

Born in London, Haines attended Charterhouse school, and then Cambridge University where he studied surgery. He moved to Victoria in 1842, and started farming around Geelong. After selling the farms in the 1850's he became a magistrate and was appointed to Victoria's Legislative Council. He helped to write the Victorian Constitution. In December 1854 he became the Colonial Secretary, and assisted the Governor of Victoria, Sir Charles Hotham.
The British government passed the Victorian Constitution Act in 1855. Hotham was convinced to hand his power over as soon as possible. Haines and three other council members were made government ministers with the job of organizing the change to self-government. Haines was appointed by Hotham to be the Chief Secretary of Victoria and act as Premier until the elections could be orgaized. He resigned when several of the ministers wanted the elections by secret ballot. He thought this would increase corruption and bribery.  He was reappointed when the Council decided that it, not the ministers should make the decision. He was the Chief Secretary until the first election in November 1856. After the election, as a member of the new Legislative Assembly, Haines became Premier until his government was defeated in 1857 by a group led by Sir John O'Shanassy.  The O'Shanassy government was soon defeated and Haines again became Premier
. In 1858 he was defeated during arguments about how the electorates should be divided.
Haines traveled to the USA and Europe. On his return to Victoria in October 1860, he was again elected to the parliament, and became Treasurer in O'Shanassey's government.  After losing his seat in 1863, he was appointed to the Legislative Council.

References

1810 births
1866 deaths
Premiers of Victoria
Politicians from London
People from Geelong
The Polish–Soviet War (February 1919 – March 1921) was an armed conflict between Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine against the Second Polish Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic.  It was for control of what is now Ukraine and part of Belarus.

A formal peace treaty, the Peace of Riga, was signed on 18 March 1921. It divided the land between Poland and Soviet Russia. Much of the land that was given to Poland became part of the Soviet Union after World War II.

References

1919 in Europe
1920 in Europe
1921 in Europe
1910s in Poland
1920s in Poland
1920s in Ukraine
Russian Revolution
Wars involving Russia
Military of Ukraine
1910s conflicts
1920s conflicts
West Belarus is the name used to mean to the land of modern Belarus which belonged to the Second Polish Republic between 1919 and 1939.

The land is Hrodna and Brest voblasts.  It is also parts of today's Minsk and Vitsebsk oblasts. The historical population of West Belarus included Belarusians, Poles, Lithuanians, Jews, and Russians.

Geography of Belarus
20th century in Belarus
Neman or Niemen or Nemunas is a major Eastern European river.  It starts in Belarus and flows through Lithuania before draining into the Curonian Lagoon and then into the Baltic Sea at Klaipėda. It is the northern border between Lithuania and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast in its lower reaches.  It also very briefly forms part of the border between Lithuania and Belarus.  It is the largest river in Lithuania and the 3rd largest in Belarus. People are able to travel on it for most of its 900-kilometer length. Its depth varies from one meter to five meters.

The Neman tributaries 
The Neman  tributaries are:
the rivers Neris (Viliya), the Shchara, and the Šešupė,  Svisloch, Nevėžis River, Dubysa, Jūra, Minija, Western Berezina, Zelvyanka, Molchad, Roś, Servech, Losha, Gorodnichanka and others.

Biological communities
The following fish have been found in the Neman: perch, pike, zander, roach, tench, bream, rudd, ruffe, and bleak. Its tributaries also contain  stone loach, the three-spined stickleback, minnows, trout, sculpins,  gudgeon, dace and chub.

Atlantic salmon used to migrate upstream to spawn.  The dams on the river made there be less. The dam at Kaunas does not provide fish ladders.

Geography of Lithuania
Rivers of Belarus
The Pripyat River or Prypiat River is a river in Eastern Europe.  It is about  long. It flows east through Ukraine, Belarus, and Ukraine again.  It drains into the Dnieper.

The Pripyat passes through the zone of alienation around the Chernobyl reactor, site of the nuclear disaster. It is polluted with radionuclides. The amount of caesium-137 in river sediments continues to go up.  The city of Prypiat, Ukraine (population 45,000) was completely evacuated after the Chernobyl disaster.

Tributaries
 Horyn River (659 km; 22,700 km2)
 Sluch (451 km; 13,800 km2)

Rivers of Ukraine
Rivers of Belarus
Dzyarzhynskaya Hara is the highest point in Belarus. The hill is 345 meters (1,130 ft) above sea level.  It is west of Minsk, near Dzyarzhynsk, in the village Skirmuntava. The original name of the hill was Svyataya Hara. In 1958 the hill was renamed Hara Dzyarzhynskaya, after Felix Dzerzhinsky, the founder of the NKVD/KGB.

Geography of Belarus
Hills of Europe
Jalan Damai Secondary School or simply SMK Jalan Damai, is a national secondary school located in Kampung Baru, Penang, Malaysia. It has about 2370 students and 120 teachers.

SMK Jalan Damai, Bukit Mertajam was founded on 5th January 1970. At that time, it was known as Sekolah Menengah Rendah, Bukit Mertajam (the Lower Secondary School, Bukit Mertajam) with a total of 717 students and 29 teachers (including a religious teacher and a principal Mr. A. Gopala Krishnan).During that time, the official buildings were still under construction, so the students had to share facilities and spaces with Sekolah Tinggi Bukit Mertajam (Bukit Mertajam High School) in the afternoon session. At the end of 1973, the new buildings (14 classrooms, 3 science labs, 2 domestic science rooms, industrial arts workshop and canteen) were completed on Jalan Damai, Bukit Mertajam. On the 7th of January 1974, 602 students moved to the new buildings.
In December 2020, SMK Jalan Damai has changed principle again. The new principle's name is Dr. Ooi Yek Hwa. He succeeded the job from Mr Lee Cheah Kuen. Mr Lee Cheak Kuen retired on December 2020. ..

Jalan Damai
Schools
1970 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Malaysia
Penang
The Governor of Victoria represents the head of state, Elizabeth II in the Australian state of Victoria. The Governor performs the same tasks at the state level as the Governor-General of Australia at the national level. The Governor's office and official residence is Government House in central Melbourne.

The current Governor of Victoria is a former judge, Linda Dessau.

Powers
In a Westminster system of parliamentary government, the Governor nearly always acts on the advice of the head of the elected government, the Premier of Victoria. However, the Governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier.
Related offices
There is also a Lieutenant-Governor and an Administrator. The Chief Justice of Victoria is the Administrator, unless he or she is the Lieutenant-Governor, in which case, the next most senior judge is the Administrator. The Lieutenant-Governor takes on the job of the Governor when that post is vacant, when the Governor is out of the State, or is unable to act. The Administrator takes on those duties if both the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor are unable to act.

Australian-born governors
The first Australian (and Victorian) born Governor of Victoria was Sir Henry Winneke (appointed 1974). Apart from Dr Davis McCaughey (b. Ireland), Professor David de Kretser (b.  Ceylon) and Alex Chernov (b. Lithuania), all governors since 1974 have been born in Australia.

List of governors of Victoria

Lieutenant-governors
Before 1855, the Governor-General of New South Wales appointed Lieutenant-Governors to Victoria.

Governors

References
References

Other  websites
 The Official Website of the Governor of Victoria 
 Governors of Victoria, Parliament of Victoria
Alex Chernov AC QC (born 12 May 1938) was the Governor of Victoria from 2011 through 2015.

Early life 
Chernov was born in Lithuania to Russian parents, and moved with his family to Salzburg, Austria where he started school. In 1949 his family moved to Australia and he completed his schooling at Melbourne High School. He studied commerce (business) and law at the University of Melbourne during the 1960s.

Career 
Chernov became a barrister in 1968, practising mostly in commercial law and equity. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1980. He was Chairman of the Victorian Bar 1985–86, Vice-President of the Australian Bar Association 1986–87 and President of the Law Council of Australia 1990–91. He was Vice President of LawAsia 1995–1997.

He wrote a book with Robert Brooking AO, Tenancy Law and Practice: Victoria (1972) and edited the second edition (1980).

In May 1997 he was appointed to the Trial Division of the Supreme Court of Victoria, and in October 1998 to the Court of Appeal. He retired in February 2008.
He was elected the 20th Chancellor of the University of Melbourne in January 2009, serving in that office until he resigned to become Governor of Victoria.

Vice-regal office 
On 21 February 2011, it was announced that he would become the 28th Governor of Victoria. He took officee on 8 April 2011.

Personal life 
Chernov is married with three children.

Honours 
Chernov was appointed Queen's Counsel in and for the State of Victoria in 1980.

Chernov was created an Officer of the Order of Australia in the 2007 Queen's Birthday Honours list for service to the law and education.

On 26 January 2011, Chernov was named a Companion of the Order of Australia.

References

Other websites 
University of Melbourne biography 

1938 births
Living people
Governors of Victoria (Australia)
Australian lawyers
Australian judges
People from Melbourne
The yellow-billed magpie (Pica nuttalli) is a species of magpie, a type of songbird. It is a medium-sized member of the crow family with glossy black and white plumage and a yellow beak. The yellow-billed magpie lives only in California where it can be found in dry and warm oak savannah and shady valleys along the Central Valley. It is an omnivorous species: Insects and seeds are its main food, but it also takes carrion, small vertebrates and eggs. The breeding season of the yellow-billed magpie starts in April and it takes until the end of June for all chicks to fledge. The birds breed in loose colonies of 3−30 nests and they feed in flocks of several dozens.
John James Audubon was the first person to formally describe the yellow-billed magpie. He named it "Corvus nuttalli" to honor the naturalist Thomas Nuttall. Within the genus Pica, the species is closest to the North American black-billed magpie (P. hudsonia). Both species share a common ancestor that migrated from Kamtchatka to Alaska some time in the Pleistocene. Black-billed and yellow-billed magpie diverged as a result of the glaciation of the Rocky Mountains. The yellow-billed yagpie became isolated in the warm climate of California and adapted to it. The species' population was hit hard by the outbreak of the West Nile Virus after 1999. It is currently not considered as endangered, but the virus and the degradation of its habitat pose a serious threat to some populations.

References 

Birds of the United States
Corvids
Ealing Broadway railway station is a station of the London Underground and National Rail.

References

Ealing
Railway stations in London
1838 establishments in the United Kingdom
1830s establishments in England
1879 establishments in England
1920 establishments in the United Kingdom
1920s establishments in England
Hayes & Harlington railway station is a railway station in London. 

Railway stations in London
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 is a station of the London Underground. It is at Heathrow Airport and serves terminals 2 and 3 of the airport. The station used to be called Heathrow Terminals 1, 2, 3 until January 2016 when Heathrow Terminal 1 closed. Although the station has been renamed, the signage and announcements on the train and platform do not use the new name. It is on the Heathrow branch of the Piccadilly Line.

References 

Railway stations in London
William Hogarth (10 November 1697 – 26 October 1764) was an English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic and editorial cartoonist. 

He is said to have started western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraits to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects". His work is so well known that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as "Hogarthian".

Moral series art

Harlot's Progress
Harlot's Progress 

In 1731, he completed a series of moral works which made him recognised as a great and original genius. This was A Harlot's Progress. It was first done as paintings, which are now lost. Then the series was published as engravings. In the six scenes, the fate of a country girl who became a prostitute in town is traced out. At the start, the girl meets a bawd, a woman who persuades her to take up prostitution. At her shameful end, the girl dies of venereal disease and there follows a merciless funeral ceremony. The engraving show vivid scenes of drunken and loose behaviour. The series was an immediate success.

Rake's Progress 

A Rake's Progress showed in eight pictures the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant. Tom wastes all his money on luxurious living, whoring, and gambling, and dies in Bedlam. The original paintings of A Rake's Progress is displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London.

Marriage à-la-mode
In 1743–1745 Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage à-la-mode (National Gallery, London), a pointed skewering of upper class 18th century society. This moralistic warning shows the miserable tragedy of an ill-considered marriage for money. This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best planned story serials. Marital ethics were the topic of much debate in 18th century Britain. Marriages of convenience, and their unhappiness, came in for particular criticism.

The series shows the story of the fashionable marriage of the son of bankrupt Earl Squanderfield to the daughter of a rich but miserly city merchant. It starts with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's mansion and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover, and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn.
Industry and Idleness 
In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747) Hogarth showed the lives of two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and hard working, the other idle. The industrious apprentice becomes Sheriff and Lord Mayor of London. The idle turns one to crime. In the end, he is executed at Tyburn. The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself.

This shows the work ethic of Protestant England, where those who work hard get rewarded, and those who do not end badly,

Beer Street and Gin Lane 

Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751) was his warning on alcoholism. They were two engravings designed to be seen side by side. Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage of English beer. On the other side was Gin Lane. This showed the effects of drinking gin which, as a harder liquor, caused more problems for society. People are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous in Beer Street, while in Gin Lane they are scrawny, lazy and careless.
The woman at the front of Gin Lane who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money. The prints were published in support of what would become the Gin Act of 1751.

Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have got Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act: Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after Fielding's work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings.

The Four Stages of Cruelty
Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751). Hogarth depicts the cruel treatment of animals, and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner. In the first picture there are scenes of torture of dogs, cats and other animals. The second shows one of the characters from the first painting, Tom Nero, has now become a coach driver, and his cruelty to his horse has caused it to break its leg. In the third painting Tom is shown as a murderer, with the woman he killed lying on the ground, while in the fourth, titled Reward of Cruelty, the murderer is shown being dissected by surgeons after his execution. The method of execution, and the dissection, reflect the 1752 Act of Parliament. This allowed the public dissection of criminals who had been executed for murder.
Hogarth wished to stop "that barbarous (mean) treatment of animals, the very sight of which renders [makes] the streets of our metropolis so distressing to every feeling mind".

Humours of an Election 

The Humours of an Election is a series of four oil paintings and later engravings by Hogarth. They show what went on in the 1754 election of a Member of Parliament. The oil paintings were created in 1755. 

At this time each constituency elected two MPs, and there was a property qualification for voters, so only a minority of the male population was enfranchised. There was no secret ballot, so bribery and threats were used to raise votes.

The originals are held by Sir John Soane's Museum, London.
Hogarth was also a popular portrait painter. In 1746 he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III. He was paid £200, “which was more,” he wrote, “than any English artist ever received for a single portrait”. In the same year a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success. 

Hogarth's portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram (1740; Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum), and his unfinished oil sketch of The Shrimp Girl (National Gallery, London) are highly regarded. There are also portraits of his wife and his two sisters and of many others.

References

Other websites 

English painters
British cartoonists
1697 births
1764 deaths
Artists from London
Engravers
Sir Andrew Huxley OM FRS (Andrew Fielding Huxley, 22 November 1917 – 30 May 2012) was an English physiologist and biophysicist.

Huxley was born in Hampstead, London. He was the youngest son of writer and editor Leonard Huxley by his second wife Rosalind Bruce. He was the half-brother of writer Aldous Huxley and fellow biologist Julian Huxley, and grandson of biologist T H. Huxley. He studied Natural Sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge.

Huxley won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Alan Hodgkin and John Eccles for his experimental and mathematical work with Alan Hodgkin on the basis of nerve action potentials. These are the electrical impulses that make nerve fibres work, and so the whole central nervous system.

Hodgkin and Huxley shared the prize that year with Sir John Eccles, who was cited for research on nerve synapses. Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led the pair to suggest the existence of ion channels, which were found only decades later.
Huxley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 17 March 1955. He was President of the Royal Society from 1980 to 1985, and Master of Trinity from  1984–1990. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II on 12 November 1974, and appointed to the Order of Merit on 11 November 1983.

Related pages 
Huxley family

References 

 Huxley A.F. 1980. Reflections on muscle. The Sherrington Lectures XIV. Liverpool.

1917 births
2012 deaths
British biophysicists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Huxley family
Knights Bachelor
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Order of Merit
British physiologists
Scientists from London
, also known as Shōkei, was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period  after Gentoku and before Kemmu.  This period started in April 1332 and ended in April 1334. The pretender in Kyoto was .  Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

Events of the Shōkyō Era
 1332 (Shōkyō 1):  The era name was changed to  in Genkō 2, the 10th month.
 1332 (Shōkyō 1, 3rd month): Go-Daigo was sent into exile on the Oki Province (the Oki Islands) in the Sea of Japan off the coast of the provinces of Izumo and Hōki.
 1333 (Shōkyō 2, 3rd month): Go-Daigo escaped from island exile.

Southern Court nengō 
 Genkō, 1331-1334

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1330s establishments in Japan
1330s disestablishments in Japan
1332 establishments
1334 disestablishments
Professor Satyendra Nath Bose  laid down the basics for the Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate. The boson, a kind of particle of matter, is named in his honor. He was a member of the Royal Society and was awarded India's second highest civilian award (called the Padma Vibhushan) in 1954.

Bose’s works helped statistical mechanics, the electromagnetic properties of the ionosphere, the theories of X-ray crystallography, and unified field theory. This work also led Einstein to work with him.

Bose was interested in many subjects including physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, philosophy, arts, literature and music. He worked on many research and development projects for India and England. He mostly spent his life in London.

References 

1894 births
1974 deaths
Indian mathematicians
People from Kolkata
Theoretical physicists
Indian physicists