Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Cape Lookout is southern point of the South Core Banks, one of the natural barrier islands on the Atlantic coast of North Carolina, USA. It delimits Onslow Bay to the west from Raleigh Bay to the east. An area of the banks to either side of it has been designated the Cape Lookout National Seashore.

Cape Lookout stands at 34°36'19"N, 76°32'10"W, and is part of Carteret County, 11 miles southeast of Beaufort, NC.

Geography of North Carolina
Lookout
New Haven is the second largest city in Connecticut, after Bridgeport, with a population of 134,023 at the 2020 census. "New Haven" may also refer to the wider Greater New Haven area, which has nearly 600,000 inhabitants in the immediate area. It is in New Haven County, on New Haven Harbor, on the northern shore of Long Island Sound.

The trial for the mutiny of the slave ship Amistad took place in New Haven.

References

Other websites 

 City of New Haven official Web site 
 
 Historical New Haven Digital Collection
 "Who Really Ruled in Dahl's New Haven?" by G. William Domhoff — examination of power structures in New Haven and Yale in the 1960s
 The New Haven Independent neighborhood-based online newspaper
 Yale Daily News - student-run daily newspaper with New Haven coverage
 NewHavenWeb - A Comprehensive Online Directory of New Haven

 
1638 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1630s establishments in Connecticut
County seats in Connecticut
Martha's Vineyard (and the smaller Chappaquiddick Island nearby) is an island off the southern coast of Cape Cod, both forming a part of the Outer Lands region. It is often called just "the Vineyard".  With a land area of 87.48 square miles (231.75 km²), Martha's Vineyard is the 57th largest island in the United States.  It is located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, in Dukes County, which also includes Cuttyhunk and the other Elizabeth Islands, as well as the island of Nomans Land.

Islands of the United States
Geography of Massachusetts
Woods Hole is a census-designated place and village within the town of Falmouth in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, at the extreme southwest corner of Cape Cod, near Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands.

Other websites

Census-designated places in Massachusetts
Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer. Sometimes radiation or radionuclide are also considered carcinogens. A common example of a carcinogen is tobacco smoke.  Carcinogens come from both natural and man-made substances.

Carcinogens in radiation
Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens. The carcinogens in them are caused by the radiation they release, such as gamma rays or alpha particles. 

CERCLA says that all radionuclides are carcinogens. How much of a carcinogen a radiation is depends on the type of radiation, the type of exposure to it and its penetration. For example, alpha radiation has low penetration and is not a danger outside the body. Alpha radiation is a carcinogen when breathed in or eaten.

Thorotrast, previously used in x-rays, is a human carcinogen. Marie Curie, one of the pioneers of radioactivity, died of a cancer that was caused by the radiation she was exposed to during her experiments.
Not all types of electromagnetic radiation are carcinogenic. Radio waves, microwave radiation, infrared radiation, and visible light are examples of this. Higher-energy radiation, including ultraviolet radiation, usually is carcinogenic, if a person is exposed to it long enough.

Carcinogens in food
Recent research has shown that when food is cooked at high temperatures, carcinogens may be formed in very small amounts. Pre-cooking meats in a microwave oven for 2-3 minutes before broiling shortens the time on the hot pan. This could help stop the carcinogens from being made. Certain kinds of foods, like potato chips and French fries, may have higher levels of carcinogens than others. The charred residue on barbecued meats is a carcinogen, too.

This does not mean eating cooked foods is dangerous. The gastrointestinal tract sheds its outer layer continuously to protect itself from carcinomas. Because of this, it has a good chance of shedding bad enzymes that could cause cancer.
Related pages
 Radiation
 Cancer

References

Other websites 
 U.S. National Toxicology Program's Report on Carcinogens
 Recognized Carcinogens 
American Cancer Society 
Information on Carcinogens
The Incorporated Village of Port Jefferson is in the town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County, New York. It is on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 census, the 7,837 people lived there. The small town is home to several unique restaurants and shops, and has a growing tourism industry.

Cities in New York (state)
The Currituck Beach Light is a lighthouse in Corolla, North Carolina, on the Outer Banks.

Other websites
 Currituck Beach Light 

Buildings and structures in North Carolina
Lighthouses
1875 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in North Carolina
The A-10 Thunderbolt II (also called the Warthog) is an attack aircraft made by Fairchild Republic. It first flew in 1972 and was introduced in 1977. It is designed to drop bombs, fire rockets, missiles, and its 30mm Gatling gun at enemies on the ground (such as tanks). It is named after the World War II P-47 Thunderbolt. Although not as fast as most military jets, it is tough, heavily armored, and can turn well.  The A-10 is also used as a CAS (close air support) aircraft, which involves flying slowly over a battlefield and destroying enemy targets.
The A-10 is 53 feet, 4 inches (16.16 meters) long, 14 feet, 8 inches (4.42 meters) high, has a wingspan of 57 feet, 6 inches (17.42 meters), has a top speed 420 miles per hour, and can weigh 51,000 pounds (22,950 kilograms) at its heaviest. It is armed with a 30mm GAU-8 Gatling gun, and can carry multiple tons of bombs or missiles. It can also carry radar-jamming pods to avoid radar detection, and chaff, which can distract radar-guided missiles fired at the A-10.

The Gun
The Gun 

While the A-10 has a lot of room on its wings to carry bombs and missiles, its main weapon is the front mounted gun, called the GAU-8 Avenger.  It is a very long and heavy gun called a Gatling cannon, since it is a both an autocannon (fires large bullets very fast) and Gatling gun (has more than one barrel, which spins while shooting).  The Avenger is so big that the A-10 had to be designed around it, leading to a joke that the A-10 does not have a gun attached, but the Avenger has a plane attached. The A-10 is the only aircraft to use the Avenger. Other American planes use the smaller Vulcan, also a Gatling cannon that uses smaller bullets.
Because the Avenger fires such big bullets (exploding artillery shells 3cm wide) at such a high rate of fire (up to 40 every second) many believe it can destroy any target very easily, even tanks with thick armor such as the M1 Abrams.  However, while the bullet can go through thin metal on a car or truck, it cannot penetrate the thick metal walls of a tank.  It can only destroy them because most tanks only have thinner metal on the top to make them lighter.  If an A-10 hits this thinner armor, then destruction is more likely, but if it hits the front or sides where the armor is thicker, then the tank crew and systems will survive.

Rugged aircraft
Rugged aircraft  

The A-10 is reportedly a rugged aircraft. On April 7, 2003, then-Captain Kim Campbell felt a loud hit to her A-10.  The aircraft rolled left and pointed toward the ground.  After trying other procedures, she turned off the hydraulics and flew the aircraft in manual reversion.  The aircraft performed fine during the hour flight back to the air base. However, landing was tricky, because she had no brakes nor ground steering without hydraulics.

Related pages
 P-47 Thunderbolt

References 

United States Air Force aircraft
Fire Island is a barrier island, approximately 31 miles (49.5 km) long and varying between approximately 0.1 mile (0.16 km) to 0.5 mile (0.8 km) wide, in Suffolk County on the southern side of Long Island in the U.S. state of New York, running approximately WSW to ENE. The land area is 48 km² (18.7 sq mi) and a permanent population of 310 persons was reported as of the 2000 census.  (There are many thousands of seasonal residents.)

The Cherry Grove and Fire Island Pines hamlets of Fire Island have been known as a popular gay village.

References

Other websites 

 Fire Island National Seashore
 Fire Island Travel Guide

Islands of New York (state)
Census-designated places in New York (state)
Plymouth (historically known as Plimouth and Plimoth) is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the largest municipality in Massachusetts by area. The population was 51,701 at the 2000 census, with its estimated 2007 population being 57,901. Plymouth is one of two county seats of Plymouth County, the other being Brockton. It is named after Plymouth, England, which is, in turn, named for the mouth of the river Plym.  Plymouth was first settled by the Pilgrims in 1620.  The first Thanksgiving was held there.  It was the capitol of Plymouth Colony from 1620 until 1691, when it became part of Massachusetts.  Plymouth was an important port in the 18th and 19th centuries.

References

Other websites 

 
 Destination: Plymouth tourism site 
 Plymouth Town Website 
 Wicked Local Plymouth

County seats in Massachusetts
Towns in Massachusetts
1620 establishments
1620s establishments in Massachusetts
Buix is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Buix, Courtemaîche and Montignez merged into the new municipality of Basse-Allaine.

Former municipalities of Jura
Bure is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Porrentruy
Charmoille was a municipality, in the new municipality of La Baroche and the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Former municipalities of Jura
Chevenez is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Chevenez, Damvant, Réclère and Roche-d'Or merged into the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie.

Former municipalities of Jura
Coeuve is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Porrentruy
Cornol is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Porrentruy
Courchavon is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

Courchavon is also famous for its Swiss chocolate.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Porrentruy
For the town in France, see Courgenay, Yonne.

Courgenay is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Official website of the municipality of Courgenay

Municipalities in Porrentruy
2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 science fiction movie. It was directed by Stanley Kubrick. It was written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke. The movie deals with human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence, and extraterrestrial life.  The science aspects in the movie seem very real. It had new special effects. It used images and sound to show meaning and did not use much talking.  The music at the beginning is the start of a symphonic poem by Richard Strauss called "Also Sprach Zarathustra".
It received some good and some bad reviews when it was released. Now 2001: A Space Odyssey is recognized by critics as one of the greatest movies ever made; a sample of critics in 2002 placed it among the top ten movies of all time. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, and it was given an award for visual effects. In 1991, it was thought to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" (i.e. important for culture, history and aesthetics) by the United States Library of Congress and was chosen to be kept in their National Film Registry.

References

1968 movies
1968 science fiction movies
American epic movies
American science fiction movies
British science fiction movies
Movies about artificial intelligence
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Stanley Kubrick
Movies set in 2001
Movies set in the future
United States National Film Registry movies
Xenogears is a 1999 roleplaying video game created by Squaresoft.  The main character is named Fei and he does not like gears or fighting. The final boss that you must kill is god.

Role-playing video games
1999 video games
Metal Gear is an action-adventure stealth video game franchise made by Konami.

The main character for the series is Solid Snake. He is a soldier who does sneaking (hiding) missions by himself, much like James Bond. He is a clone of a famous soldier named Big Boss. The games have a large amount of story about these two men and the things that happen to them. Many players say the games are like watching a James Bond movie or reading a book about spies.

The series is named after a type of robotic tanks for each games, whom Snake destroys each of them.

The latest game, Metal Gear Survive, was made for Playstation 4, Xbox One and PC.

Games
MSX:

 Metal Gear
 Metal Gear 2: Solid Snake

Nintendo Entertainment System:

 Metal Gear

For PlayStation:

 Metal Gear Solid
 Metal Gear Solid: VR Missions

For PlayStation 2:

 Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty
 Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater

For Game Boy:

 Metal Gear Solid: Ghost Babel

For GameCube:

 Metal Gear Solid: Twin Snakes

For PlayStation Portable:
Metal Gear Acid
 Metal Gear Acid 2
 Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops
 Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops Plus+
 Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker

For PlayStation 3:

 Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots

Other websites
 The Metal Gear Wiki

1987 video games
Metal Gear
Deus Ex is a video game available on the personal computer. It is a first person shooter. The game is about a conspiracy in the future that involves the Illuminati and artificial intelligence.

The player plays as J.C. Denton, a cyborg who has to deal with problems like robots, men, and bombs. Denton has a brother and many employers. He has skills in the game that increase when goals are completed. For instance, if he needs to sneak up on men in the Army, the player might use a ventilation shaft and gain extra points, which can then be used like money to buy better aim with a pistol.

Deus Ex came out in 2000. It tried to say things about philosophy, knowledge, terrorism, and other things, much like The Matrix. It is widely regarded as one of the best computer games and video games of all time.

Other websites 
 Official  page on Eidos site

2000 video games
Shooter video games
Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce. The complete book was first published in 1922, although parts of it had appeared earlier. It was an early example of "stream of consciousness" writing. This attempts to give the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue (see below), or in connection to his or her actions. Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue.

The story takes place on 16 June 1904, and is about a man named Leopold Bloom, who walks around Dublin. The book also tells the story of Molly Bloom, his wife, and of Stephen Dedalus, a school teacher.

The book became famous for several reasons, but mainly because it is written in a new this style. The book is now thought to be important modernist literature. Many professors and teachers teach this book in universities and colleges.
Background 
Joyce first encountered Odysseus in Charles Lamb's Adventures of Ulysses - an adaptation of the Odyssey for children. This seemed to establish the Greek name in Joyce's mind. At school he wrote an essay on Ulysses as his 'favourite hero'. Joyce told Frank Budgen that he considered Ulysses the only all-round character in literature. He thought about calling Dubliners by the name Ulysses in Dublin, but the idea grew from a story in Dubliners in 1906, to a 'short book' in 1907, to the vast novel which he began writing in 1914.

Related pages
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

Other websites 

A brief satirical summary of Ulysses with illustrations 
A large website discussing Ulysses 
The text of Joseph Collins's 1922 New York Times review of Ulysses
A hypertextual, self-referential, complete edition of Ulysses 
Daedalus and Odysseus: Two Mythic Heroes Influencing Fatherhood as Represented in James Joyce’s Ulysses 
Group audio recording of novel

1920s books
1920s books

Fiction set in the past
Irish novels
Works of James Joyce
, also romanized as Gumpei Yokoi, was a video game designer for Nintendo. He created the Game Boy and produced the Metroid series of video games. He was also a mentor to Shigeru Miyamoto.  Yokoi's last invention, the Virtual Boy, was not a success. He left Nintendo and started a company called Koto Laboratory. His main product idea at this company was the WonderSwan, which came out in 1999, two years after he died.

1941 births
1997 deaths
Japanese video game designers
Road accident deaths
People from Kyoto Prefecture
Nintendo people
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a novel written by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was first printed as a book in 1916. It tells the story of Stephen Dedalus, a young man who is trying to be a writer in Dublin. The story begins from his childhood and ends with him deciding to go to Paris and leave Dublin, his hometown, to become a writer.

The book is written in a new style of writing called stream of consciousness. Therefore, the beginning of the book is very simple while the later parts become less simple. It shows how, when a person grows up, the language he or she uses becomes more and more complex.

Other websites 

 
 Searchable, self-referential edition of Portrait, with concordance 
 SparkNotes study guide
 The Literature Network
 Bibliomania
 Google Earth Placeset for A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 

Works of James Joyce
1910s books
Irish novels
1916 works
Finnegans Wake is the last book written by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was published in 1939.

He started to work on this book in 1924 and published parts of it under the titles "A New Unnamed Work" and "Work in Progress".  He did not complete until seventeen years later, in 1939.  During this time he faced many hardships, such as having no money, eye problems and family problems.

Finnegans Wake is a very hard book to read, even for people who read a lot of literature, because Joyce uses several languages and creates new words that come from combinations of old and new English and other languages as well. 
 
It can be understood as the story of Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker and his family. But it is an experiment more than a story.

Related pages
Quark

Other websites
Finnegans Wake Extensible Elucidation Treasury (FWEET)
Etext of Finnegans Wake 
Annotated version of Finnegans Wake
Online shorter Finnegans Wake 
Online really short Finnegans Wake
Editions of Finnegans Wake
The James Joyce Scholars' Collection includes etexts of several works of Wakean scholarship.
Finnegans Wiki, an ambitious project to Wiki the Wake
"Icon O Graphing Finnegans Wake" is a visual fable based on James Joyce’s novel "Finnegans Wake" by Toronto artist Boris Dimitrov.
 Terence McKenna lecture 'Surfing Finnegan's Wake' 
"Genesis, Geniuses, and Guinesses," The Common Review, Fall 2005, pg. 58: a pop-culture gloss for effective reading, with headings based on Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit"

References

Works of James Joyce
1939 books
Irish novels
Freerunning sleep can be sleep which is not adjusted, entrained, to the 24-hour cycle in nature.  Sleep which is entrained to 24 hours but is not artificially regulated by alarm clocks etc. can also be called freerunning sleep.

Scientific experiments 

Animals which are kept in a laboratory for research in constant conditions, that is in constant light or constant dark, will freerun.  They live by their built-in circadian rhythms.  Each day will be a little bit shorter or a little bit longer than 24 hours.  It will be shorter if the animal's natural cycle is less than 24 hours long.  The animals sleep and are active as usual, but their timing gets to be farther and farther off.

Scientists let the animals freerun and then do experiments to see what sort of signals are most effective at entraining them.  They also experiment to see how long or short a cycle that animal can be entrained to.  Some animals can be entrained to a 22-hour day, but they can not be entrained to a 20-hour day.
Light is the most effective signal.  Some animals are quite easily entrained by the timing of meals.  Exercise is a signal for some animals. Heat is not effective.

Sometimes people stay in a laboratory for a few days in very low light without any knowledge of the time.  Such experiments show that adults, both older and younger, have a circadian cycle which is 24 hours and 11 minutes, on average.

People freerunning

Illness 

Some people have a condition, a circadian rhythm sleep disorder, which makes them freerun all the time, even if they get out into daylight and eat regular meals.  Many of these people are blind, but some of them can see.  They have a long  circadian cycle and they do not entrain.  Scientists do not yet know why.

Intentional freerunning
Some people believe they will be more healthy if they do not sleep on a regular schedule.  They try to go to bed only when they are sleepy. They do not use alarm clocks.  They call this freerunning, but since they are exposed to daylight and dark, it's not the same as freerunning as the scientists use the term.

Sleep
Federico (Frederic) Mompou (born Barcelona, 16 April  1893; died Barcelona 30 June 1987) was a Spanish (Catalan) composer. He is best known for his short works for solo piano and his songs.

Life
Mompou was born in Barcelona (Spain), and studied piano there at the Conservatorio del Liceo.  In 1911 he went to Paris.   He was studying to be a concert pianist, but he was very shy, and decided to become a composer.

Although he left Paris and returned to Barcelona when World War I broke out in 1914, he went to Paris again in 1921 and stayed there until 1941 when, once again he went back to Catalonia, because the German army were invading Paris in World War II.  He continued to lecture about his music until he had a stroke.   He died at the age of 94.
His music
Mompou is best known as a miniaturist (someone who composes short pieces).  His music often sounds as if is being improvised.  When he wrote his Scènes d'enfants (1915-18) a French music critic, Émile Vuillermoz, said he would be the next great composer after Debussy.  Although he did not become as famous as Debussy, his musical style shows the influence of French Impressionism and of Erik Satie.  He liked using short, repeated note-patterns (ostinati), imitations of bells, and a kind of thoughtful, religious sound which is heard in his piece called "John of the Cross."  His music often uses the rhythms and modes of  Catalan folkmusic.

References
Groves Music Online

1893 births
1987 deaths

20th-century Spanish composers
A right triangle, (also called a right-angled triangle), has one angle that is 90 degrees. The other two angles always add up to 90 degrees but can be different sizes.
The side opposite to the right angle is the hypotenuse; it is the longest side in the right triangle. The other two sides are the legs or catheti (singular: cathetus) of the triangle.

Missing sides or angles of a right triangle can be found using trigonometry, the Pythagorean theorem, and many other ways.
In any triangle all the angles add up to 180 degrees.

Polygons
Trigonometry
This is a list of parties in the world that consider themselves to be upholding the principles and values of social democracy. Some are also members of the Socialist International.

Names used by social democratic parties
 Socialist Party
 Social Democratic Party
 Democratic Socialist Party
 Labour Party
 Social Democratic Union

Alphabetical list

References

Other websites
Social Democratic Parties
VIS Interactive was a video game company by WB Interactive. It was formed in 1996 by Chris van der Kuyl and Peter Baillie. The company also provided interactive content for Interactive Digital Television ("iTV") and broadband. VIS entertainment plc consisted of VIS Games and associated companies Axis Animation and VIS iTV. The company had over 100 employees.

On April 7, 2005, VIS filed for bankruptcy. Later in the month, all development work was cancelled and assets were sold to other developing companies.

References 

Video game companies of the United Kingdom
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
2005 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Stream of consciousness is a famous phrase of the American psychologist and philosopher William James. It refers to the flow of thoughts in the conscious human mind.

The term could mean:
 Apparently spontaneous live or recorded performances, as in film, music, and dramatic and comic monologues, intended to recreate the raw experience of the person portrayed or the performer
 Stream of consciousness writing, a literary technique
 Stream of consciousness (psychology), in psychology and philosophy

Stream of consciousness may also refer to:
 Stream of Consciousness (album), an album by Vision Divine
 "Stream of Consciousness" (song), an instrumental song by Dream Theater on their album Train of Thought
 "Stream of Consciousness" (The Outer Limits), an episode of The Outer Limits
Stream of consciousness is a term used in literary criticism for a literary technique that reports the thought processes of a person. 

If it is done in context with the surrounding world it is called interior or internal monologue. That means it is unspoken, and in some cases could not be spoken. For example, in Mikhail Bulgakov's Heart of a Dog (1925) the first chapter is entirely based on the dog's unspoken thoughts on the world about him.

Stream-of-consciousness writing is typical for the modernist movement. The term was coined by William James in 1890 in his  Principles of Psychology. The use of the term in literature is attributed to May Sinclair.
Several famous works that employ stream of consciousness are:
 Édouard Dujardin's Les Lauriers sont coupés (1888)
 Arthur Schnitzler's Leutnant Gustl (1901)
 Nadine Gordimer's July's People
 Shikibu's The Tale of Genji
 Lewis Grassic Gibbon's Sunset Song.
 Dorothy Richardson's Pilgrimage (1915-67)
 James Joyce's Ulysses (in particular Molly Bloom's Soliloquy), as well as A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
 Samuel Beckett's Trilogy
 Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and The Waves
 William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury and As I Lay Dying
 T.S. Eliot's The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
 Jack Kerouac’s On the Road
J.D. Salinger Seymour: An Introduction
Sam Selvon's The Lonely Londonders
Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time
William S. Burroughs's Naked Lunch

References 

Literature
Courtedoux is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy of the Canton of Jura, Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Porrentruy
Villages in Switzerland
Courtemaîche was a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Courtemaîche, Buix and Montignez merged into the new municipality of Basse-Allaine.

Former municipalities of Jura
Damphreux is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Information in French about Damphreux on Juranet

Municipalities in Porrentruy
Damvant was a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is now part of the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie.

Former municipalities of Jura
Fahy is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Porrentruy
Benazir Bhutto (21 June 1953 – 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician.

Life 
Bhutto was the elder daughter of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Nusrat Bhutto (née Ispahani).

Bhutto was the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state. She was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan twice.  She was sworn in for the first time in 1988 but removed from office 20 months later under orders of then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan on a belief that she was corrupt. In 1993 Bhutto was re-elected but was again removed in 1996 on similar charges, this time by President Farooq Leghari.

Death 
On December 27, 2007, Bhutto was killed while getting into a vehicle to leave a political meeting for the Pakistan Peoples Party in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. An assassin shot her in the neck and chest before detonating an explosive vest. This killed about 30 people and wounded many others. She is called Shaheed-e-Jamhuriat (Martyr of Democracy) by her fans.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

The Official Website of Benazir Bhutto 
Benazir Bhutto was Kurdish
Watch Benazir's videos and interviews 
Benazir Bhutto becomes Prime Minister
Asif Zardari Profile
Bhutto cleared of corruption
Bhutto on Al-Qaeda 
All About Benazir Bhutto
Musharraf blocks PPP rallies
Pakistan Peoples Party website 
Pakistani opposition protests Bhutto case

Assassinated Pakistani politicians
People murdered in Pakistan
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
1953 births
2007 deaths
Politicians from Karachi‎
The sitar ( or ; , Punjabi: ਸਿਤਾਰ, Urdu:   ) is a plucked string instrument. It uses sympathetic strings along with a long hollow neck and a gourd resonating chamber to make a rich sound with complex harmonic resonance. It is used throughout India.

Other websites 

 A knowledge base on Sitar 
 International sitar learning and information website (sitar.co.za)
 Origin of Sitar
 Information on the Sitar
 More about Sitar
 History and Origins of the Sitar
vimoksha - Indian classical music resources - Information on Indian classical music, stringed instruments and Indian classical dance.
Sitar FAQ 
 Sitar buying guide

Plucked string instruments
The oud  is a pear-shaped, stringed instrument. It is similar to a modern western lute. It does not have frets. It is commonly used in Middle Eastern music and East African music.

Other websites 
 NileCart  Egyptian oud gallery.
 Oud Cafe, a website dedicated to Oud music
 

Plucked string instruments
A pickup is a device that captures mechanical vibrations (usually from stringed instruments like the electric guitar, electric 
bass guitar or electric violin) and converts them to an electrical signal which can be amplified and recorded.

There are two main types of pickups. While piezo pickups are more common on acoustic guitars, and magnetic on electric ones, some guitars have both kinds.

Piezo pickups contain a crystal that produces an electrical signal when physically vibrated.

Magnetic pickups contain magnets with wire wrapped around them. When a metal string vibrates near the magnet an electrical signal is produced in the wire.

Other websites
Other websites 

 Technical detail on how pickups work
 UltimateGuitar.com Pickup FAQ 
 Constructing an Under Saddle Transducer - Instructions for building a piezo cable guitar transducer.  An article on the Liutaio Mottola Lutherie Information Website.
 Properties of Magnetic Materials (chapter)
 Neophyzix Sound Research/Q-tuner neodymium powered guitar & bass pickups. Downloadable 24 Bit/96 kHz audio wav demo.

Musical instrument construction
Electronics
Pickup can mean different things:

Pickup (music): In music, a device that changes vibrations created by an instrument (for example an electric guitar) into an electrical signal which can be amplified and recorded.
Pickup truck: A type of automobile with an open back end for carrying things.
Vihuela is a name given to two different guitar-like string instruments: one from 16th century Spain, usually with 12 paired strings, and the other, the Mexican vihuela, from 20th century Mexico with five strings and typically played in Mariachi bands.

Other websites 
 lutesandguitars.co.uk Stephen Barber & Sandi Harris, lutemakers and researchers
 vihuelademano.com Alexander Batov, vihuela maker and researcher
 Goldberg magazine: Los dos rinacimintos de la vihuela  The twentieth-century resuscitation of the vihuela.
 Several photos of Spanish vihuelas can be found among the instrument photos at Wayne Cripps' lute pages.
 Pictures 

Plucked string instruments
Mischa Anne Marsden Barton (born January 24, 1986) is an award-winning Anglo-American actress. She was born in Hammersmith, west London. She moved to New York City when she was six. She has British and American citizenship. She is best known for her role as Marissa Cooper on the American television series The O.C.

Legal troubles
According to TMZ she was arrested for DUI on December 27, 2007.

References

Other websites 
 

Actors from London
Actors from New York City
American child actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
British child actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
1986 births
Living people
The range of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play. For a singing voice, this is known as vocal range.

Musical terminology
Antonio De Torres Jurado (13 June 1817 – 19 November 1892) was a Spanish guitarist and guitar maker.

Torres Jurado is often respected among guitarists the same way Antonio Stradivari is respected among violinists. His work established the shape, design, and construction of the modern classical guitar.

Spanish musical entertainers
Spanish guitarists
1817 births
1892 deaths
George D. Beauchamp (1899 - 1941) was an inventor of musical instruments and co-founder of National Stringed Instrument Corporation and Rickenbacker.

Born in Texas, he played the violin and the lap steel guitar in Vaudeville before going into the business of then manufacturing of electric lap steel guitars, electric guitars, electric bass guitars, electric violins and combo instrument amplifiers. He is well known for his creation of the Frying pan electric guitar. He died in Los Angeles, California while deep-sea fishing.

Other websites 
The Earliest Days of the Electric Guitar 
Which Came First- Electric Guitar or Amp? 
Digital Violin - Article examining Beauchamp's Electro violins

1899 births
1941 deaths
American inventors
People from Texas
Vaudeville performers
Danelectro is an American company that makes musical instruments and accessories. Their main products are guitars, bass guitars, amplifiers and effects units. The company  was founded by Nathan Daniel in 1947 in Red Banks, New Jersey. Jimi Hendrix is among the many well-known guitarists to have used Danelectro. The company is headuartered in Camarillo, California

Other websites 
Danelectro Guitars - official website
DanGuitars  - specialist dealer website with a good history section
Guitarbitz.com  - UK based retailer of the recent Danelectro Reissues
Doug Tulloch - Vintage Danelectro Authority
Tribute to Danelectro founder Nathan I. Daniel by son Howard E. Daniel 

American music companies
Musical instrument companies
Companies based in California
1947 establishments in the United States
The book of Numbers in the Bible is the fourth book in the Old Testament.  It is called a book of Moses because it contains the story of Moses and the Israelites when they wander throughout the wilderness before ending up at Israel (also known as Canaan or Palestine), where God promised they will settle (the promised land).

Origin of name
The book is called Numbers because at the start God ordered a counting of the people (a census) in the twelve tribes of Israel.  After counting all the men who are over twenty and fit to fight, the Israelites began to travel in well-ordered divisions, with God in the middle with the Ark of the Covenant.
Summary  
Moses and the Hebrew people are escaping Egypt. They travel through Sinai. Some people complain, insult God, insult Moses. God punishes them. They send 12 spies to see what the promised land, Israel, is like. Two came back saying it is nice. Ten came back saying it is not nice and filled with "giants". So the Israelites do not go. God becomes angry and punishes them. They have to wander the desert for 40 years.

Some people complain about God, and God punishes them (e.g. by giving one leprosy, a nasty disease). The complaints deal with the lack of good food and water, and the difficulty of life in the desert. The food they are given is called manna and quail, which God sends raining down from the sky above. Their ingratitude is an example of the human inclination of moaning rather than being thankful for what one has, which in their case was the ultimate liberation from centuries of wicked slavery. The Levites help Moses pray at the tabernacle.
Moses and the Israelites set for Moab, on the eastern border of Canaan (an earlier name for the promised land). The Israelites become thirsty and blame Moses for lack of water. God tells Moses to talk to a rock to bring out water. Moses hits the rock with his staff instead. For this wrong act, God tells Moses he can never enter the promised land. God punishes the people by preventing them from entering the promised land. They try to find another way. Aaron dies. The Israelites curse at God. They are then attacked by nasty fiery flying serpents. God tells Moses to make a brass serpent (the Nehushtan) and put it on a pole. Whoever looks at that brass serpent is cured of the bite of the serpents. 

The Israelites arrive at Moab. Moses names Joshua the new leader, who is tasked with completing their journey into Israel. The land is then divided between various tribes.

Notes

Other websites 
 Book of Numbers article (Jewish Encyclopedia)
Online versions and translations 
 Original language:
 במדבר Bamidbar - Numbers (Hebrew - English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
 Jewish translations:
 Numbers at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society translation)
 Numbers (The Living Torah)  Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's translation and commentary at Ort.org
 Bamidbar - Numbers (Judaica Press) translation with Rashi's commentary at Chabad.org
 Christian translations:
 Online Bible at GospelHall.org  (King James Version)
 oremus Bible Browser (New Revised Standard Version)
 oremus Bible Browser (Anglicized New Revised Standard Version)
 Numbers at Wikisource (Authorized King James Version)

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
5th-century BC books
Allegra Versace (born in Milan on 30 June 1986) is the daughter of designer Donatella Versace and ex-fashion model Paul Beck.

Allegra, a 50% owner of the Versace fashion design business, is a sufferer from anorexia nervosa.

References

Other websites 
 Official Versace website

1986 births
Living people
Italian businesspeople
Rickenbacker International Corporation, also known as Rickenbacker ()  ), is an American company that makes electric guitars.  The company invented the first electric guitar during the 1930s. The guitars are made at its headquarters in Santa Ana, California. Rickenbacker is the largest guitar company to make all of their guitars within the United States.

Other websites 
Rickenbacker International Corporation 
"Born to Rock" guitar exhibit at Harrods, London, February 2007, featuring the 1931 Rickenbacker "Frying Pan". Also see BBC 6 Music
 news story.

American music companies
Guitars
Companies based in California
Santa Ana, California
Donatella Versace (born 2 May 1955) is an Italian fashion designer and a current part-owner of the Versace fashion line. She is now their chief designer.

She was born in Reggio Calabria. She owns 20 percent of the entire stock market assets of Versace. Her brother, Santo Versace, owns 30 percent. Donatella's daughter Allegra Versace inherited 50% of the company stock. They inherited the company from Donatella's brother Gianni Versace after he was murdered.
A year and three days after Gianni's death in July 1998, Donatella Versace mounted her first couture show for the Versace Atelier at the Hôtel Ritz Paris.  She built her runway over the hotel's swimming pool, using sheer glass. She now oversees the production of a dozen collections each year. Donatella is just as famous for her celebrity entourage and glittering parties. Regular guests include Sir Elton John, Elizabeth Hurley, Rakeem Young, Catherine Zeta-Jones and Kate Moss. Even Prince Charles attends Donatella's parties for the famous and elite in Europe.

Lady Gaga wrote the song "Donatella" from her 2013 album Artpop for Versace.

References

Websites
Official Website

Italian businesspeople
Italian fashion designers
People from Calabria
1955 births
Living people
The Federal Ministry of Justice is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany .

History 
Germany has five "Classic Ministries", rather like the United Kingdom's "Great Offices of State".

The classic ministries are:
 Justice
 Interior
 Finance
 Defence (or "War" as it was called before World War II) and
 the Foreign Office

The Reich Justice Office was created in 1875. It was a part of the Chancellor's department until 1 January 1877 when it became independent. The first Minister of Justice was appointed in 1919, when the Office of Justice became the Reichsministerium der Justiz of the Weimar Republic

Responsibility

Political 
The Federal Minister of Justice heads the Ministry. He has two senior assistants.
 The Parliamentary State Secretary, a member of the Bundestag who acts as a "junior minister"
 The "beamteter Staatssekretär". This is the senior civil servant of the department.
Role 
Germany is a federal country. The administration of the justice and criminal prosecution is mainly a matter for the federal states.

The federal ministry's main job is ensuring that federation and the states, and all laws, keep within the "Rule of Law".

The ministry oversees the writing of new laws, and the changing or the abolition of existing laws in these areas:
 Civil law
 Criminal law
 Commercial and Company law
 Copyright and protecting industrial property rights
 Organisation and procedures of the courts (except the Labour and Social Security Courts)

The ministry also oversees the laws about qualifying and working as a judge, prosecutor, lawyer or notary

The ministry has also been responsible for the legal problems after the reunification of Germany. This meant changing a lot of criminal and administrative law. Also professional rehabilitation was needed. Judges and lawyers were just some of the people who were used to working in the communist system, and now had to change.
Furthermore, the ministry checks that all laws and ordinances prepared by other ministries do not break the constitution.

The Ministry publishes the official newspaper the "Bundesgesetzblatt" the Federal Law Gazette und "Bundesanzeiger" the Federal Gazette. It also prepares the elections of Judges to the Bundesverfassungsgerichts and the highest level of federal courts.

List of Justice Ministers
In professional education, learning by teaching means a method that trains pupils and students to prepare and to teach lessons, or parts of lessons. This method is designed to teach them better understanding than any method where the teacher talks to the pupils and gives them work they have to prepare.

Learning by teaching should not be confused with presentations or lectures by students, because they have to do much more. They have to choose their own methods and didactic approaches in teaching classmates that subject. And it is something else than tutoring, because the teacher gives continuous support when they prepare teaching.
References 
 Alan Gartner, Mary Conway Kohler, Frank Riessman: Children teach children. Learning by teaching. Harper & Row, New York u.a. 1971, .
 Jean-Pol Martin: Zum Aufbau didaktischer Teilkompetenzen beim Schüler. Fremdsprachenunterricht auf der lerntheoretischen Basis des Informationsverarbeitungsansatzes. Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1985, . (zugl. Dissertation, Universität Gießen 1985)
 Jean-Pol Martin: Vorschlag eines anthropologisch begründeten Curriculums für den Fremdsprachenunterricht. Narr Verlag, Tübingen 1994, . (zugl. Habilitations-Schrift, Universität Eichstätt 1992)

Other websites 
 Videoclip LdL in English 
 Learning by teaching - by Jody Skinner 
 LdL in theory and practice (University Münster 2005/2006) 
 Learning By Teaching: The Didactic Model LdL in University Classes  - by Joachim Grzega
 Students teach literature (LdL) by Rosmarie Frick - 2005 

Psychology
Education
Jean-Pol Martin (born 1943, Paris, France) was a professor for foreign language teaching in Germany. He established the teaching method learning by teaching, a method for students to learn by teaching their peers.  This concept has developed into a common practice throughout Germany and has been experimented with in other countries.
Biography
Martin was born in 1943 in Paris and went to Germany in 1968.  He studied German and French in order to become a teacher at a German grammar school, becoming a professor for foreign language teaching didactics at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (Bavaria) in 1980.  In that year he had the idea to let the students teach their peers in French.  That experience was successful, so he could establish the "Lernen durch Lehren" (LdL) (learning by teaching) method in Germany.  He was the first scholar to do active research on that topic for 25 years, building a wide network with several thousand teachers and promoting it to a large scale.  All teachers in Germany are trained in that method during their pedagogic studies.

Bibliography 
1994: Vorschlag eines anthropologisch begründeten Curriculums für den Fremdsprachenunterricht. Tübingen 1994 (Habilitation)

Other websites
LdL-Portal
Video about JP.Martin (Learning by teaching in English)
German academics
1943 births
Living people
People from Paris
A tutor is a person who teaches or guides another person. Usually, the tutor is an older expert who teaches a younger learner. Early examples were Socrates, who taught philosophy by holding conversations with his students, and Aristotle, who was appointed the personal tutor of Alexander the Great when the latter was a youth.

The essence of a tutor's work is to adjust the teaching to the individual learner. The tutor has to take account of: 
what the learner already knows and does not know
what the learner has incorrectly learnt
the personal interests and goals of the learner
the particular talents of the learner
The idea is that a tutor teaches, or 'moulds' the student as a whole. However, there is an obvious difference between the tutor's need for topical knowledge and his or her need for 'people skills'. The system operated at the older colleges of Oxford University recognises this by appointing two tutors to a student: a subject-matter tutor and a moral tutor. The latter helps the student with problems of a personal nature.

Education by a tutor is often thought to be an ideal kind of education, because the tutor can adjust the learning to suit one student. However, the word is often misused. If students are taught in groups larger than three or four, then much that makes a tutorial special is lacking.

Special cases 
High achievers in fields like  music, mathematics and chess may be tutored when classroom methods do not meet their needs.
There are parallels in other walks of life. Sports people have coaches, and the job of a coach is very similar to that of a tutor. A guru might be regarded as a kind of tutor. A mentor is a kind of tutor. Parents with children do much that a tutor does.

Tutoring in mainstream education

Universities 
In Australian, New Zealand, and some Canadian universities, a tutor is often but not always a postgraduate student or a lecturer who conducts a seminar for undergraduate students. These seminars are often known as a tutorial. 

In the United States and the rest of Canada, a tutor is known as a teaching assistant.