Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
November 1 – Paul Tibbets, American pilot (b. 1929)
 November 2 – The Fabulous Moolah, American professional wrestler (b. 1923)
 November 5 – Nils Liedholm, Swedish footballer (b. 1922)
 November 6 – Hank Thompson, American country musician (b. 1925)
 November 6 – Enzo Biagi, Italian journalist (b. 1920)
 November 8 – Chad Varah, British Anglican priest (b. 1911)
 November 9 – Luis Herrera Campins, former President of Venezuela (b. 1925)
 November 10 – Norman Mailer, American writer (b. 1923)
 November 10 – Laraine Day, American actress (b. 1920)
 November 12 – Janlavyn Narantsralt, former Prime Minister of Mongolia (b. 1957)
 November 12 – Ira Levin, American writer (b. 1929)
 November 17 – Ambroise Noumazalaye, former Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo (b. 1933)
 November 19 – Kevin DuBrow, American rock singer (b. 1955)
 November 20 – Ian Smith, 8th Prime Minister of Rhodesia (b. 1919)
 November 23 – Oscar Carmelo Sanchez, Bolivian footballer (b. 1971)
November 24 – William O'Neill, American politician, former Governor of Connecticut (b. 1930)
 November 27 – Sean Taylor, American football player (b. 1983)
 November 28 – Elly Beinhorn, German pilot and writer (b. 1907)
 November 28 – Gudrun Wagner, German festival organiser (b. 1944)
 November 30 – Francois-Xavier Ortoli, French politician (b. 1925)
 November 30 – Evel Knievel, American stuntman (b. 1938)
December 1 – Ken McGregor, Australian tennis player (b. 1929)
 December 4 – Pimp C, American rapper (b. 1973)
 December 5 – Karlheinz Stockhausen, German composer (b. 1928)
 December 6 – Katy French, Irish model (b. 1983)
 December 12 – Ike Turner, American musician (b. 1931)
 December 16 – Dan Fogelberg, American musician (b. 1951)
 December 19 – Inti Chauveau, French professor (b. 1925)
 December 20 – Kazumi Tanaka, Japanese voice actor (b. 1951)
 December 22 – Chrysostomos I, Archbishop of Cyprus (b. 1927)
 December 23 – Oscar Peterson, Canadian jazz pianist (b. 1925)
 December 27 – Benazir Bhutto, former Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1953)
 December 27 – Jan Kawalerowicz, Polish movie director (b. 1922)
 December 27 – Jaan Kross, Estonian writer (b. 1920)
 December 28 – Aidin Nikkah Bahrami, Iranian basketball player (b. 1982)
 December 29 – Phil O'Donnell, Scottish footballer (b. 1972)
 December 31 – Muhammad Osman Said, former Prime Minister of Libya (b. 1922)
December 31 – Ettore Sottsass, Italian architect (b. 1917)
Nobel prize winners 
 Chemistry – Gerhard Ertl
 Economics – Leonid Hurwicz
 Economics – Eric S. Maskin
 Economics – Roger B. Myerson
 Literature – Doris Lessing
 Medicine – Mario R. Capecchi
 Medicine – Sir Martin J. Evans
 Medicine – Oliver Smithies
 Peace – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
 Peace – Al Gore
 Physics – Albert Fert
 Physics – Peter Grünberg

References

Other websites
1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was . A wave of counter revolutions ended the Eastern Bloc and the Cold War during the year.

Events
January 7 – Akihito becomes Emperor of Japan following the death of Hirohito. The Heisei period begins.
 January 8 – the Kegworth Air Disaster – A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport – 44 dead
 January 10 – Cuban troops begin withdrawing from Angola
 January 10 – Assistant Australian Federal Police commissioner Colin Winchester is shot dead in the driveway of his Canberra home.
 January 17 – A gunman kills 5 children, wounds 30 and then shoots himself in Stockton, California.
 January 20 – George Herbert Walker Bush succeeds Ronald Wilson Reagan as President of the United States of America
 January 24 – Serial killer Ted Bundy is executed in Florida's electric chair
 January 30 – American Olympic medalist Bruce Kimball is sentenced to 17 years in prison for killing two teenagers in a drunk driving accident.
 February 3 – Paraguayan leader Alfredo Stroessner is removed from office.
February 14 – Iran issues a fatwa (death warrant) against the writer Salman Rushdie for his novel, The Satanic Verses.
 March 24 – The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurs at Prince William Sound in southern Alaska. Until 2010 it is the worst oil spill in United States history.
 May - Tornadoes hit Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia.
 June 4 – Protests at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, are brutally crushed. An image of a lone protestor defying a tank is shown worldwide.
 August – First sighting of the Aurora, a supposed hypersonic aircraft 
 September - Hurricane Hugo strikes the Leeward Islands, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, South Carolina and North Carolina. The hurricane causes $8 billion in damage in the United States, about $10 billion in total. Many people die from this hurricane.
 October 17 – A major earthquake strikes San Francisco, California.
 October 18 – East Germany's leader Erich Honecker resigns.
November 2 – Bad Religion releases No Control, which is considered one of the band's best known works in the history of punk music, along with its predecessor Suffer, which came out in the previous year.
 November 17 – The Berlin Wall in Germany starts to come down.
 December 22 – The main crossing from East into West Berlin is officially reopened.
 December 22 – In Romania, Communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu is removed from office.
 December 25 – Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena are executed by a firing squad.
January 9 - Nina Dobrev, Canadian actress
 January 23 – April Pearson, British actress
 February 3 – Vania King, American tennis player
 February 9 – Shunta Takahashi, Japanese footballer
 February 18 – Zhang Li Yin, Chinese singer
 February 21 – Corbin Bleu, American actor
 March 12 – Holger Badstuber, German footballer
 March 13 – Marko Marin, German footballer
 March 14 – Ryohei Yamazaki, Japanese footballer
 March 16 – Theo Walcott, English footballer
 March 19 - James Richman, Latvian-born investor 
 March 20 – Keisuke Endo, Japanese footballer
 March 28 – David Goodwillie, Scottish footballer
 April 8 – Koki Otani, Japanese footballer
 April 23 – Nicole Vaidisova, German tennis player
 May 5 – Chris Brown, American singer
 May 11 – Giovani dos Santos, Mexican footballer
 May 17 – Tessa Virtue, Canadian ice dancer
 June 2 – Freddy Adu, American footballer
 June 10 - Alexandra Stan, Romanian singer and songwriter 
 June 11 – Shia LaBeouf, American actor
 July 16 - Gareth Bale, Welsh footballer
June 28 - Markiplier, American YouTube personality
 July 23 – Daniel Radcliffe, British actor
 August 15 – Joe Jonas, American singer and actor
 August 21 – Hayden Panettiere, American actress
 August 30 - Bebe Rexha, American singer and songwriter
 September 1 – Bill & Tom Kaulitz, German singers
 September 10 – Sanjaya Malakar, American singer
 September 13 – Thomas Mueller, German footballer
 September 21 – Jason Derulo, American singer
 September 21 - Emma Watkins, Australian musician (The Wiggles)
 September 23 – Brandon Jennings, American basketball player
 October 4 – Kimmie Meissner, American ice skater
 October 5 - Alex Beznea, Romanian guitarist (Timpuri Grele)
 October 13 – Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, American politician and activist
 October 24 - Pewdiepie, Swedish YouTube personality
 October 30 – Seth Adkins, American actor
 October 30 – Nastia Liukin, American gymnast
 November 11 - Patrick Starrr, American YouTube personality
December 13 – Taylor Swift, American singer who has an album titled 1989
 December 22 – Jordin Sparks, American singer
 December 28 – Mackenzie Rosman, American actress
Deaths

January 

 January 7 – Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (b. 1901)
 January 23 – Salvador Dalí, Spanish painter (b. 1904)
 January 24 – Ted Bundy, American serial killer (b. 1946)

February 

 February 6 – Chris Gueffroy, last person to be shot at the Berlin Wall (b. 1968)
 February 17 – Lefty Gomez, American baseball player (b. 1908)
 February 26 – Roy Eldridge, American jazz musician (b. 1911)
 February 27 – Konrad Lorenz, German scientist (b. 1903)

March

April 

 April 12 – Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (b. 1921)
 April 22 - Emilio G. Segre, Italian-American physicist (b. 1905)
 April 26 – Lucille Ball, American actress (b. 1911)
 April 30 – Sergio Leone, movie director (b. 1929)

May 
 May 20 – Gilda Radner, American comedian and actress (b. 1946)

June 

 June 3 – Ayatollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran (b. 1900)
 June 30 – Hilmar Baunsgaard, Prime Minister of Denmark (b. 1920)

July
July 

 July 2 – Andrei Gromyko, Soviet politician (b. 1909)
 July 10 – Mel Blanc, American actor (b. 1908)
 July 11 – Laurence Olivier, British actor (b. 1907)
 July 16 – Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor (b. 1908)

August 

 August 12 – William Shockley, American physicist (b. 1910)

September 

 September 4 – Georges Simenon, Belgian writer (b. 1903)
 September 8 – Barry Sadler, American musician (b. 1940)
 September 22 – Irving Berlin, Russian-born composer (b. 1888)
 September 28 – Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines (b. 1917)

October 

 October 4 – Graham Chapman, English comedian (b. 1941)
 October 6 – Bette Davis, American actress (b. 1908)

November 

 November 5 – Vladimir Horowitz, Russian-born pianist (b. 1903)
 November 30 – Ahmadou Ahidjo, 1st President of Cameroon (b. 1924)

December
December 

 December 14 – Andrei Sakharov, Soviet physicist and activist (b. 1921)
 December 22 – Samuel Beckett, Irish playwright (b. 1906)
 December 25 – Nicolae Ceausescu, President of Romania (b. 1918)
 December 25 – Elena Ceaușescu, Deputy Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1916)

Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physics won by Norman F. Ramsey, and shared by Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry shared by Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared by J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus
 Nobel Prize in Literature won by Camilo José Cela, Spanish novelist
 Nobel Peace Prize won by Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama
 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences won by Trygve Haavelmo
Movies released 
 Batman
 Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure
 Born on the Fourth of July, nominated for eight Academy Awards
 Dead Poets Society, winner of the BAFTA Award for Best Film
 Do The Right Thing
 Driving Miss Daisy, nominated for nine Academy Awards
 Ghostbusters II
 Great Balls of Fire! Honey, I Shrunk The KidsIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade, the highest-grossing movie of 1989
 Kickboxer Kiki's Delivery Service, an animated movie
 Lethal Weapon II Tango & Cash The Little Mermaid, made by Walt Disney Pictures
 Lock Up Look Who's Talking Next of Kin National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation Road House Roger & Me, directed by Michael Moore
 Steel Magnolias, winning a Golden Globe Award for Julia Roberts
 Turner & Hooch UHF Uncle Buck, directed by John Hughes

 Hit songs
"All She Wants Is" – Duran Duran
 "My Brave Face" – Paul McCartney
 "Another Day in Paradise" – Phil Collins
 "Batdance" – Prince
 "Bat Attack '89 – Crime Fighters Inc
 "Beds Are Burning" – Midnight Oil
 "Blame It on the Rain" – Milli Vanilli
 "Buffalo Stance" – Neneh Cherry
 "Cartoon" – Soul Asylum
 "Compulsory Hero – 1927
 "Chained To The Wheel – Black Sorrows
 "Cry In Shame Johnny Diesel + The Injectors
 "Crying In The Chapel" – Peter Blakley
 "Do You Believe In Shame?" – Duran Duran
 "Dr. Feelgood" – Mötley Crüe
 "Eternal Flame" – The Bangles
 "Eyes Of A Stranger" – Queensrÿche
 "Hangin' Tough" – New Kids On The Block
 "Heavy Metal" – Judas Priest
 "I Drove All Night – Cyndi Lauper
 "I Feel The Earth Move – Martika
 "If I Could" – 1927
 "If I Could Turn Back Time" – Cher
 "If Tomorrow Never Comes" – Garth Brooks
 "Kickstart My Heart" – Mötley Crüe
 "Killin' Time" – Clint Black
 "Leave A Light On For Me – Belinda Carlisle
 "Like a Prayer" – Madonna
 "Listen To Your Heart" – Roxette
"Lost in Your Eyes" – Debbie Gibson
 "Love Shack"- The B-52's
 "Miss You Much" – Janet Jackson
 "Monsters Of Rock" – Judas Priest
 "Open Letter (To A Landlord)" – Living Colour
 "Orange Crush" – R.E.M.
 "Rendez-vous chaque soir" – Dalida (inédit)
 "Right Here Waiting" – Richard Marx
 "Ring My Bell – Collette
 "She Drives Me Crazy" – Fine Young Cannibals
 "She Has To Be Loved" – Jenny Morris
 "Sometime To Return" – Soul Asylum
 "Soul Revival" – Johnny Disel + The Injectors
 "Stand" – R.E.M.
 "Stop – Sam Brown
 "Straight Up" – Paula Abdul
 "Talk It Over" – Grayson Hugh
 "The Crack-Up" – The Black Sorrows
 "The Dance" – Garth Brooks
 "The Look" – Roxette
 "The World Seems Difficult" – Mentals
 "Tucker's Daughter – Ian Moss
 "Un soir qu'on oublie pas" – Dalida (inédit)
 "Veronica" – Elvis Costello
 "When I See You Smile" – Bad English
 "We Didn't Start The Fire" – Billy Joel
 "Wild Thing" – Tone Loc
 "You Got It" – Roy Orbison
 "You Got It (The Right Stuff)" – New Kids On The Block
 "Young Years" – Dragon
Geek Love – Katherine Dunn
 The Cardinal of the Kremlin – Tom Clancy
 Chronicle of the French Revolution – Jean Favier et al.
 Daddy – Danielle Steel
 The Face of Battle – John Keegan
 Foucault's Pendulum – Umberto Eco
 The Great and Secret Show – Clive Barker
 Guards! Guards! – Terry Pratchett
 Hyperion – Dan Simmons
 It's Always Something – Gilda Radner
 Jasmine – Bharati Mukherjee
 The Joy Luck Club – Amy Tan
 The Legacy of Heorot – Larry Niven
 Licence to Kill – John Gardner
 London Fields – Martin Amis
 Lot's Wife – Tom Wakefield
 The Magick of Candleburning – Gerina Dunwich
 The Negotiator – Frederick Forsyth
 The Pillars of the Earth – Ken Follett
 A Prayer For Owen Meany – John Irving
 Pyramids – Terry Pratchett
 Red Phoenix – Larry Bond
 The Remains of the Day – Kazuo Ishiguro
 The Russia House – John le Carré
 The Sands of Time – Sidney Sheldon
 The Satanic Verses – Salman Rushdie
 Six Days in Havana – James A. Michener
 Solomon Gursky Was Here – Mordecai Richler
 Star – Danielle Steel
Stark – Ben Elton
 The Temple of My Familiar – Alice Walker
 A Time to Kill – John Grisham
 Total Recall – Piers Anthony
 While My Pretty One Sleeps – Mary Higgins Clark
 The Wicked and the Witless – Hugh Cook
 Win, Lose or Die – John Gardner
 New Revised Standard Version of the Bible
 Resident Aliens: Life in the Christian Colony by Stanley Hauerwas and William Willimon
 Snot Stew'' by Bill Wallace
References

Other websites
A common year is a calendar year with 365 days.  It is a year that is not a leap year. This means a common year has 52 weeks and one day.  So if a certain year started on a Monday, the following year will start on a Tuesday.  Stated differently, a common year always begins and ends on the same day of the week. (For example, in 2023, both January 1 and December 31 falls on a Sunday.) 

In the Gregorian calendar, 303 out of every 400 years are common years. In the Julian calendar, 300 out of every 400 years were common years. All the other years are special and known as leap years. In common years, February has exactly four weeks, so March begins on the same day of the week. November also begins on this day. For example, February 2023 began on a Wednesday, so March began on a Wednesday as well. November follows the same characteristic.
Years 
2000, a century leap year, began on a Saturday.
2001 began on a Monday.
2002 began on a Tuesday.
2003 began on a Wednesday.
2004, a leap year, began on a Thursday.
2005 began on a Saturday.
2006 began on a Sunday.
2007 began on a Monday.
2008, a leap year, began on a Tuesday.
2009 began on a Thursday.
2010 began on a Friday.
2011 began on a Saturday.
2012, a leap year, began on a Sunday.
2013 began on a Tuesday.
2014 began on a Wednesday.
2015 began on a Thursday.
2016, a leap year, began on a Friday.
2017 began on a Sunday.
2018 began on a Monday.
2019 began on a Tuesday.
2020, a leap year, began on a Wednesday.
2021 began on a Friday.
2022 began on a Saturday.
2023, the current year, began on a Sunday.
2024, a leap year, will begin on a Monday.

Months 
These are the 12 months in a year.
January has 31 days.
 February has 28 days.
 March has 31 days.
 April has 30 days.
 May has 31 days.
 June has 30 days.
 July has 31 days.
 August has 31 days.
 September has 30 days.
 October has 31 days.
 November has 30 days.
 December has 31 days.
There are 7 months with 31 days. There are 4 months with 30 days. There is 1 month with 28 days. In the Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC, every 4 years there are 29 days in February, which is called a leap year. This happens because every year is 365 and 1/4 days but instead of us having a spare quarter of a day in each year we add them all up every 4 years and make an extra day to avoid confusion and make things easier for everyone.
In the Gregorian Calendar, which was introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, because the Julian calendar added slightly too many years, three leap years were removed for every 400 years. These are those that are multiples of 100, but not multiples of 400. Thus, in the Gregorian calendar, 2020 is a leap year, but not 2019 and 2021, 1900 is not a leap year even though 1904 and 1896 are, and 2000 is a leap year even though 1900 and 2100 are not.  

Years
A decade (pronunciation: DEK-aid) is a period of 10 years. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word for ten: "deka". 10 decades make a century, while 100 decades make a millennium. A decade is any 10-year period: There are different ways to refer to different groupings of ten years. For example, the period from 2001 to 2010 can be described as the 1st decade of the 21st century, the period from 2011 to 2020 is the 2nd decade of the 21st century, and the 3rd decade of the 21st century is the period from 2021 to 2030. An individual who has been alive two full decades is referred to as being in their 20s for the next decade of their life, from age 20 to 29. Decades are also considered specific groups of ten years sharing the same tens digit, identified by name, as in the nineteen-eighties (1980s) referring to the period from 1980 to 1989 and the nineteen-nineties (1990s) referring to the period from 1990 to 1999
. Sometimes this is shortened to just the decade, where the context is clear, as in the eighties (80s) or the nineties (90s). No apostrophe is used before the s in the names of these decades.
Some decades also have nicknames, such as the Roaring Twenties (1920s), the Naughty Nineties (1890s) (UK), and the Swinging Sixties (1960s).

Units of time
The 19th century was the century from 1801 to 1900. Most of this century is normally called the Victorian period because Queen Victoria ruled the United Kingdom.

The Industrial Revolution started in this century in most western countries. George Burns was also born in the 19th century until he died at the age of 100 in 1996.

Featured characters at the 19th century
 John Tenniel (February 28, 1820 - February 25, 1914) - the creators of Gary Manfield, first appearance on January 1, 1841.
 Mark Twain (November 30, 1835 - April 21, 1910) - the creators of Rosie the Mouse, first appearance on January 1, 1855.
 Thomas Edison (February 11, 1847 - October 18, 1931) - the creators of Chowder, first appearance on January 1, 1878.
Religion
 1830: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is established on 6 April 1830.
 1844: Persian Prophet the Báb announces his revelation on 23 May, founding Bábism. He announced to the world of the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest". He is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith.
 1848: The Christadelphians founded by John Thomas (Christadelphian).
 1871–1878: In Germany, Otto von Bismarck challenged the Catholic Church in the Kulturkampf ("Culture War")
 1879: Mary Baker Eddy founds the Church of Christ, Scientist.
 1879: first issue of "The Watchtower", a religious magazine currently published and distributed by the Jehovah's Witnesses
 1889: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad establishes the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a reform sect of Islam.
 1891: Pope Leo XIII launches the encyclical Rerum novarum, the first major Catholic document on social justice

Culture
1808: Beethoven composes Fifth Symphony
 1812: Brothers Grimm fairy tale edition writes his Snow White.
 1812: Charles Perrault and Brothers Grimm - two princesses characters including Snow White and Cinderella meet for the first time.
 1813: The first 6-year-old child little pink princess Lola Loud, from two princesses characters Snow White and Cinderella.
 1813: Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice
 1818: Mary Shelley publishes Frankenstein.
 1819: John Keats writes his odes of 1819.
 1819: Théodore Géricault paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa, and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre.
 1824: Premiere of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony.
 1829: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres.
 1837: Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist.
 1841: Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes Self-Reliance.
 1845: Frederick Douglass publishes Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave.
 1847: The Brontë sisters publish Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey.
1849: Josiah Henson publishes The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself.
 1851: Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick.
 1851: Sojourner Truth delivers the speech Ain't I a Woman?.
 1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin.
 1855: Walt Whitman publishes the first edition of Leaves of Grass.
 1855: Frederick Douglass publishes the first edition of My Bondage and My Freedom.
 1862: Victor Hugo publishes Les Misérables.
 1865: Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
 1869: Leo Tolstoy publishes War and Peace.
 1875: Georges Bizet's opera Carmen premiers in Paris.
 1876: Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle is first performed in its entirety.
 1883: Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island is published.
 1884: Mark Twain publishes the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
 1886: "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published.
1887: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle publishes his first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet.
 1889: Vincent van Gogh paints The Starry Night.
 1889: Moulin Rouge opens in Paris.
 1892: Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite premières in St Petersberg.
 1894: Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book is published
 1895: Trial of Oscar Wilde and premiere of his play The Importance of Being Earnest.
 1897: Bram Stoker writes Dracula.
 1900: L. Frank Baum publishes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
Music

Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the 19th century was referred to as being in the Romantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. The list includes:

 Mily Balakirev
 Ludwig van Beethoven
 Hector Berlioz
 Georges Bizet
 Alexander Borodin
 Johannes Brahms
 Anton Bruckner
 Frédéric Chopin
 Claude Debussy
 Antonín Dvořák
 Mikhail Glinka
 Edvard Grieg
 Scott Joplin
 Alexandre Levy
 Franz Liszt
 Gustav Mahler
 Felix Mendelssohn
 Modest Mussorgsky
 Jacques Offenbach
 Niccolò Paganini
 Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
 Gioachino Rossini
 Anton Rubinstein
 Camille Saint-Saëns
 Antonio Salieri
 Franz Schubert
 Robert Schumann
 Alexander Scriabin
 Arthur Sullivan
 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 Giuseppe Verdi
 Richard Wagner

and many more.

Decades and years

Significant People
Significant People

 Bela Bartok
 Clara Barton
 Otto von Bismarck
 Ludwig van Beethoven
 Alexander Graham Bell
 Alban Berg
 Simón Bolívar
 John Wilkes Booth
 Johannes Brahms
 Luigi Cherubini
 Frederic Chopin
 Empress Dowager Cixi
 Muzio Clementi
 Leon Czolgosz
 Claude Debussy
 Frederick Douglass
 Antonín Dvořák
 Thomas Edison
 Albert Einstein
 Friedrich Engels
 Robert Ford
 Charles J. Guiteau
 Jesse James
 Abraham Lincoln
 Franz Liszt
 David Livingstone
 Karl Marx
 Henry McCarty (Billy the Kid)
 Felix Mendelssohn
 John Stuart Mill
 Napoleon I
 Franz Schubert
 Robert Schumann
 Johann Strauss II
 Richard Strauss
 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 Harriet Tubman
 Giuseppe Verdi
 Richard Wagner
The 21st century began on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 2100.

Years 
Note: movie years before or after the twenty-first century are in italics.

Related pages 

 11th century (1001-1100)
Ijtihad is the process of reaching a legal decision on the basis of one's own interpretation of Islamic law. The word is related to the better-known jihad. 

Ijtihad appeared  among the Muhammad's companions. 

Islamic law
In order to be able to reproduce experiments, standard conditions for temperature and pressure have been defined in different fields of science. Very often these are also called standard temperature and pressure. The table below gives some examples:

References 

Measurement
Engineering
Chemistry
Standards
Thermodynamics
STP usually refers to:
 Stone Temple Pilots, an American rock band
 Standard Temperature and Pressure, definition

STP may also refer to:

Commercial 
 Straight Through Processing, banking term where a financial transaction  is automatically completed without manual intervention
 Segment, Target and Position, a marketing acronym
 STP (motor oil company), a brand name and trade name for the automotive additives and performance division of Armored AutoGroup
 STP, New York Stock Exchange symbol for Suntech Power Holdings, a Chinese manufacturer of photovoltaic cells

Geographical 
 STP, IATA airport code for St. Paul Downtown Airport in Saint Paul, Minnesota
 STP, ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code, IOC country code, and FIFA country code for São Tomé and Príncipe
 STP, National Rail code for London St Pancras (Domestic) railway station
Medicine 
 Status post, sometimes abbreviated as st.p., used to discuss sequelae with reference to their cause
 Sternal puncture, a form of bone marrow examination
 Scientist Training Programme, the postgraduate training for Healthcare scientists in the UK introduced under Modernising Scientific Careers

Music 
 The Rolling Stones American Tour 1972, popularly referred to as the "STP Tour" for "Stones Touring Party"
 "S.T.P.", a song on the album Robbin' the Hood by ska punk/reggae band Sublime
Science, math and technology 
 Standard conditions for temperature and pressure, a scientific convention of designating standard conditions
 Scalar triple product
 Sewage treatment plant
 Shielded twisted pair, a type of cable
 Shovel test pit, method for archaeological survey
 Signal Transfer Point, an SS7 packet switch
 Sodium tripolyphosphate, a preservative
 South Texas Nuclear Generating Station, aka South Texas Project, nuclear power station located southwest of Bay City, Texas
 Space Test Program, a program conducted by the USAF Space Development and Test Wing at Kirtland Air Force Base
 Spanning tree protocol, a network protocol providing a loop free topology for a LAN or bridged network
 Steiner tree problem in graphs
 Strategic Technology Plan
 ISO 10303-21, the STEP CAD exchange format, uses the file extension .stp
Sports and recreation 
 25 metre standard pistol, a shooting sport
 STP, a brand of bicycles marketed by Giant Bicycles
 Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic, an annual one- and two-day supported bicycle ride from Seattle, Washington to Portland, Oregon

Other uses 
 Sacrae Theologiae Professor, or Professor of Sacred Theology (possibly archaic)
 Society for Threatened Peoples a human rights group based in Göttingen, Germany
 STP, slang name for the psychedelic 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, also known as DOM
The jungle is a place in a rainforest where the forest floor is covered with plants. Like other rainy places, they have many rivers or streams. Scientists think that more types of animals and plants live in the jungles than everywhere else. When people talk about jungles, they sometimes mean the whole rainforest.

The crowding in a jungle leaves little room to walk.  This may make it dangerous to people.  However, it also has benefits.  The many plants and animals can provide food for foraging. 

The Amazon rainforest is thick and dark jungle in many places in nine countries.  However, most of this forest is in Brazil, South America.

Forests
Biomes
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. It is the natural agent that stimulates sight and makes things easy to see.

It has a wavelength which can be seen by the human eye. Animals can also see light. Light makes up a small part of both the electromagnetic spectrum and radiation given off by stars like the sun.  The study of light is known as optics. When light hits an opaque object, it makes a shadow. When light hits a transparent object, it passes through it almost completely without making a shadow.
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that shows properties of both waves and particles. It is a form of energy. Light also keeps the Earth warm. Light exists in tiny energy packets called photons.  Each wave has a wavelength or frequency. The human eye sees each wavelength as a different color. Rainbows show the entire spectrum of visible light. The separate colors, moving in from the outer edges, are  red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Other colors can be seen only with special cameras or instruments: Wavelengths below the frequency of red are called infrared, and higher than of violet are called ultraviolet.

The other main properties of light are intensity, polarization, phase and orbital angular momentum.

In physics, the term light sometimes refers to electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength, whether visible or not. This article is about visible light. Read the electromagnetic radiation article for the general concept.

The main source of light on Earth is the Sun.
About light 

In a vacuum, the speed of light is 299,792,458 meters per second, or about 186,282 miles per second. This means it takes about 7 minutes for light to reach Earth from the Sun. 

Light moves in a straight line. The straight line path is often drawn as a ray.  Humans can only see rays of light traveling directly into the eyes.  Ray diagrams are used to illustrate light traveling from one place to another. A beam of light can be thought of as a set of light rays.
Objects that block rays of light can create shadows. Opaque objects block all light rays and create a darker shadow, translucent objects block some rays and scatter others.  They create a lighter shadow. Transparent things will allow almost all light rays to pass straight through. They have no or very little shadow. Light can easily move through transparent things. When light is not in a vacuum, it travels slower than the speed of light. The slowest speed of light ever recorded was 39 miles per hour.
Our eyes react to light. When we see something, we see the light it reflects, or the light it gives off. For example, a lamp gives off light. Everything else in the room the lamp is in reflects the lamp's light. As the viewer, one cannot directly determine where the ray of light came from prior to reflecting off an object.
Every color of light has a different wavelength. The shorter the wavelength, the more energy the light has. The speed of light does not depend on its energy. Going through translucent objects can slow light down by a very small amount.

White light is made up of all the different colors of light added together. When white light shines through a prism, it splits up into different colors, becoming a spectrum. The spectrum contains all of the wavelengths of light that we can see. Red light has the longest wavelength, and violet (purple) light has the shortest.
Light with a wavelength shorter than violet is called ultraviolet light. X-rays and gamma rays are forms of light with even shorter wavelengths than ultraviolet. Light with a wavelength longer than red is called infrared light. Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than infrared light. The microwaves that are used to heat food in a microwave oven are also a form of electromagnetic radiation. Our eyes cannot see those kinds of energy, but there are some cameras that can see them. The various forms of light, both visible and invisible are the electromagnetic spectrum.

When light is refracted in raindrops, a rainbow is made. The raindrop acts like a prism and refracts the light until we can see the colors of the spectrum.
Color 
Light and color are forms of analog information. However, electronic cameras and computer displays work with digital information. Electronic cameras or document scanners make a digital version of a color image by separating out the full color image into separate red, green, and blue images. Later, a digital display uses pixels of just those three colors. Computer screens use only these three colors in different brightness levels. The brain puts them together to see all of the other colors in the image.

People think of objects as having color. The color of objects is because the molecules that make up the object absorb certain light waves, leaving the other light waves to bounce off. The human eye sees the wavelengths of all of the light that was not absorbed. This gives the brain with the impression of a color.

References
Stockholm is the capital city of Sweden. It is also the biggest city in Sweden. It is on the east coast of the country. The city is built on islands, with canals and open water in the inner city. Stockholm is found between Sweden's third largest lake, Mälaren, and the Baltic Sea.

Tyresta National Park is near Stockholm.

Geography 
Central Stockholm has four different parts - Kungsholmen, Södermalm, Norrmalm and Östermalm. Kungsholmen and Södermalm are islands, while Norrmalm and Östermalm are parts of the mainland. Also, there are several smaller islands in the inner city - Gamla Stan, Riddarholmen, Djurgården and Skeppsholmen. Since Stockholm has so many islands, it is sometimes referred to as the "Venice of the North".
Gamla Stan is the oldest part of the city - the name means "Old Town", and is usually called that in English. Djurgården is mostly a large park, but there are buildings on the island. Most of these are museums that commemorate Sweden's and Stockholm's past - like Skansen, a zoo with a Swedish theme. Skeppsholmen is an island that used to be a training ground and military school, but most of the buildings are now used for museums and art galleries, such as the Modern Museum, or the East Asian museum. Riddarholmen is a part of Gamla Stan, but actually a different island.

All of the islands in Stockholm are connected by several bridges. The biggest one is Västerbron, going from Kungsholmen to Södermalm.

History 

Birger Jarl is considered the founder of Stockholm. It is believed that he rebuilt a defense building in the 13th century on what is today the island of the Old town. Around the fortification, a town grew. The town grew mainly because of its sea and land trading.

Wikimania
Wikimania 

The last Wikimania conference is hosted in this city in 2019.

References

 
Olympic cities
13th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Sweden
Rain is a kind of precipitation. Precipitation is any kind of water that falls from clouds in the sky, like rain, hail, sleet and snow. It is measured by a rain gauge. Rain is part of the water cycle.

Clouds will often absorb smoke to create rain, commonly referred to as "nature's laundry" due to this process.

Some places have frequent rain. This makes rainforests. Some have little rain. This makes deserts.

A rainstorm is a sudden heavy fall of rain. It may cause flash floods in valleys. Heavy rain for a long time may make floods that destroy houses and drown people. Also, landslides may happen.

Convectional rain 
When the Sun heats the Earth's surface, the ground heats the air above it. Convection makes the air rise and  cool. When it cools to the dew point, clouds form and rain follows.This usually occurs on flat land. This type of rainfall often causes summer showers and thunderstorms.
Relief rain 
Relief rain usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the coast. When wet onshore wind from the sea meets a mountain, hill or any other sort of barrier, it is forced to rise along the slope and cools. When the air temperature falls to its dew point, water vapour condenses to form clouds. When the clouds can no longer hold the water droplets, relief rain begins to fall on the windward slope of the mountain.  On the leeward slope, air sinks, it is warmed and further dried by compression. Therefore, the leeward slope is known as rain shadow. Moist winds blow in from the sea and are forced to rise over the land. The air cools and the water vapour condenses, forming rain drops. The rainiest places in the world are places that have relief rainfall.

Frontal rain/Cyclonic rain
Frontal rain happens when cooler air and warmer, humid air meet in a weather front.  The less dense warm air rises and condenses forming clouds. These clouds grow and eventually create rain. In some places on the northern temperate zone the cold air front tends to come from the north west and the warm air front comes from the south west.

Collection 
Some people collect rain in a rainwater tank. People use rainwater for watering plants, cleaning the house, bathing, or drinking. It is not always safe to drink rainwater. It can have bacteria, parasites, viruses, and chemicals that could make people sick.

Related pages 
 Water cycle

References

Other websites 
rain water drink
BBC article on rain-making.

Basic English 850 words
Precipitation
2009 (MMIX) was .
2009 was called the:
 International Year of Astronomy.
 International Year of Natural Fibres.
 International Year of Reconciliation.
2009 was the Chinese Year of Earth Ox based on the 12-year Chinese Zodiac cycle.

Events
January 
 January 1 – Austria, Japan, Mexico, Turkey, and Uganda assume their seats on the United Nations Security Council.
 January 1 – The Czech Republic takes over the presidency of the Council of the European Union from France.
 January 1 – Slovakia uses the Euro as its money, instead of the Slovak koruna.
 January 3 – Israel invades Gaza with its army.
 January 7 – Russia shuts off all gas to Europe through Ukraine. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin publicly supports the move and suggests that international observers be brought into the dispute.
 January 12 – The Electronic System for Travel Authorization becomes necessary for travelers from Visa Waiver Program countries before travel to the United States.
 January 13 – Ethiopian military forces start to go home from Somalia, where they have tried to keep order for nearly two years.
January 15 – US Airways Flight 1549, crash-lands in the Hudson River near Manhattan. All 155 people leave the airplane safely. The accident happened because the plane hit a flock of Canada Geese.
 January 17 – Israel declares a cease-fire against Hamas, even though Hamas does not. This ends Israel's attacks after 22 days of fighting in Gaza.
 January 20 – Inauguration of Barack Obama as the 44th President of the United States.
 January 26 – The International Criminal Court has its first trial. Union of Congolese Patriots leader Thomas Lubanga is claimed to have used children to make war.
 January 26 – The Icelandic government and banking system collapse. Prime Minister Geir Haarde resigns.
February 
 February 1 – Patriarch Kirill I of Moscow is enthroned as the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church.
 February 1 – Johanna Sigurdardottir becomes Prime Minister of Iceland.
 February 2 – Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad announces that Iran has launched its own satellite, "Omid", into orbit on an Iranian-built rocket.
 February 7 – The deadliest bushfires in Australian history begin; they kill 173, injure 500 more, and leave 7,500 homeless. The fires come after Melbourne records the hottest-ever temperature (46.4 °C, 115 °F) of any capital city in Australia. The majority of the fires are started by either fallen or clashing power lines or deliberately lit.
 February 9 – Victoria (Australia) hottest day, 48.8 °C at Hopetoun.
 February 10 – A Russian and an American satellite collide over Siberia, creating a large amount of space debris.
 February 17 – The JEM rebel group in Darfur, Sudan sign a pact with the Sudanese government, planning a ceasefire within the next 3 months.
February 25 – Members of the Bangladesh Rifles paramilitary force begin mutinying. Over 80 are killed.
March 
 March 2 – The President of Guinea-Bissau, João Bernardo Vieira, is assassinated during an armed attack on his residence in Bissau.
 March 3 – Gunmen attack a bus carrying Sri Lankan cricketers in Lahore, Pakistan, killing eight people and injuring several others.
 March 17 – The President of Madagascar, Marc Ravalomanana, is overthrown in a coup d'état, following a month of rallies in Antananarivo. The military appoints opposition leader Andry Rajoelina as the new president.

April 
 April 1 – Albania and Croatia join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
 April 5 – North Korea launches the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2 rocket, prompting an emergency meeting of—but no official reaction from—the United Nations Security Council.
 April 6 – A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes near L'Aquila, Italy, killing nearly 300 and injuring more than 1,500.
May 
 May 4 – The President of Niger, Tandja Mamadou, holds peace talks with the Tuareg rebel groups in north Niger.
 May 18 – The third C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group meets in Seoul.
 May 18 -Following more than a quarter-century of fighting, the Sri Lankan Civil War ends with the total military defeat of the LTTE.\

June 
 June 1 – An Air France plane crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Brazil, killing all of the 228 people on board.
 June 12 – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is reelected as the president of Iran. Over the following weeks, thousands of the opposition's supporters protest the results.
 The end of analog television broadcast in United States.
 June 25 – Music legend Michael Jackson dies in Los Angeles at the age of 50.
 June 28 – Honduran President Manuel Zelaya is ousted in a coup.
July 
 July 1 – Sweden assumes the presidency of the European Union.
 July 4 – The Organization of American States suspends Honduras due to the country's recent political crisis after its refusal to reinstate President Zelaya.
 July 5 – Over 150 are killed when a few thousand ethnic Uyghurs target local Han Chinese during major rioting in Ürümqi, Xinjiang.
 July 15 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashes near Qazvin, Iran, killing all 168 on board.
 July 16 – Iceland's parliament votes to pursue joining the EU.
 July 22 – The longest total solar eclipse of the 21st century, lasting up to six minutes and 38.8 seconds, occurs over parts of Asia and the Pacific Ocean; it is figured to be the most widely observed total eclipse in human history.

August 
 August 4 – North Korean leader Kim Jong-il pardons two American journalists, who had been arrested and imprisoned, for illegal entry earlier in the year, after the old U.S. President Bill Clinton meets with Kim in North Korea.
September 
 September 26 – Typhoon Ketsana hits the Philippines.

October 
 October 1 – The Ohio Turnpike gets E-ZPass.
 October 2 – Rio de Janeiro is awarded the 2016 Olympic Games.
 October 9 – Barack Obama wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
 October 22 -- Microsoft release operating system Windows 7.

November 
 November 20 – The Large Hadron Collider in Geneva, Switzerland was restarted.
 November 30 – The Large Hadron Collider set a new energy record for a particle accelerator.

December 
 December 1 – The EU's Lisbon Treaty enters effect.
 December 25 – Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab unsuccessfully attempts a terrorist attack on the USA while aboard Northwest Airlines Flight 253.

Deaths
January 1 – Johannes Mario Simmel, Austrian writer (born 1924)
 January 3 – Pat Hingle, American actor (born 1924)
 January 12 – Claude Berry, French movie director (born 1934)
 January 27 – John Updike, American writer (born 1932)
 February 6 – James Whitmore, American actor (born 1921)
 March 18 – Natasha Richardson, English actress (born 1963)
 April 25 – Beatrice Arthur, American actress (born 1922)
 May 19 – Robert Furchgott, American scientist (born 1916)
 May 23 – Roh Moo-hyun, South Korean President (born 1946)
 June 3 – David Carradine, American actor (born 1936)
 June 7 – Kenny Rankin, pop and jazz singer and songwriter
 June 8 – Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (born 1935)
 June 13 – Mitsuharu Misawa, Japanese professional wrestler (born 1962)
 June 25 – Farrah Fawcett, American actress (born 1947)
 June 25 – Michael Jackson, American singer and entertainer (born 1958)
 July 1 – Karl Malden, American actor (born 1912)
 July 17 – Walter Cronkite, American news anchor (born 1916)
July 19 – Frank McCourt, Irish-American writer (born 1930)
 July 31 – Bobby Robson, English football manager (born 1933)
 August 1 – Corazon Aquino, President of the Philippines (born 1933)
 August 18 – Kim Dae-jung, South Korean President (born 1924)
 August 25 – Ted Kennedy, US Senator (born 1932)
 September 14 – Patrick Swayze, American actor (born 1952)
 September 29 – Pavel Popovich, Soviet cosmonaut
 October 4 – Shoichi Nakagawa, Japanese politician 
 October 31 – Qian Xuesen, Chinese scientist (born 1911)
 November 10 – Robert Enke, German footballer (born 1977)
 November 21 – Konstantin Feoktistov, Soviet cosmonaut (born 1926)
 December 4 – Eddie Fatu, Samoan-American professional wrestler (born 1973)
 December 5 – Otto Graf Lambsdorff, German politician (born 1926)
 December 17 – Jennifer Jones, American actress (born 1919)
 December 20 – Brittany Murphy, American actress (born 1977)
 December 24 – Rafael Caldera, Venezuelan President (born 1916)
Gambling is a contest where a player bets on the result of an event. The bet is generally in the form of money. The rules and the amount of money bet have to be decided on before the event happens.

History
Playing cards appeared in the 9th century AD in China. Records trace gambling in Japan back at least as far as the 14th century.

Poker, the most popular U.S. card game associated with gambling, derives from the Persian game As-Nas, dating back to the 17th century.

The first known casino, the Ridotto, started operating in 1638 in Venice, Italy.

Types
There are three variables common to all gambling.
 The amount of the bet.
 The predictability, or probability, of something that would happen in the event.
 The odds agreed upon by the players.
There are many types of gambling. Casino games, sports betting (especially horse racing), and state lotteries are some of the most common forms of gambling. Investments, such as stocks, bonds and real estate, are also sometimes considered forms of gambling. Generally, the odds are not in favor of the gambler.

Issues
Many people gamble for fun and entertainment. For others it becomes an addiction and a financial burden. 

Gambling addiction is a serious mental health issue which can become life-threatening. People with a gambling problem should seek help. Many organizations are trying to combat gambling addiction. One promising project to combat gambling addiction is the Global Self-Exclusion Initiative. This helps players get off gambling.
In some places, such as mainland China, gambling is illegal. Chinese people cannot do so inside their country, so they go outside of it, such as to Macau, which is known as the "gambling capital of the world" because of its many big casinos. Other countries and local governments, such as Hong Kong, have some kind of gambling control board to make sure people don't gamble too much while allowing them to gamble.

Gambling has been banned in Brazil since 1946.

References

Other websites
 Gambling legislation and regulations
Monty Python, also known as The Pythons, is a group of British comic actors. They have acted in several comedy movies (most famously, Monty Python and the Holy Grail). They had a television show, Monty Python's Flying Circus between 1969 and 1974, which is still well-known and watched around the world.

The members of Monty Python are: John Cleese, Eric Idle, Graham Chapman, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Carol Cleveland and Neil Innes regularly appeared in their movies. 

Monty Python started with their first movie, And Now For Something Completely Different, and finished with their final movie, Monty Python's The Meaning of Life.

Movies
And Now For Something Completely Different (1971)
Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975)
Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1982)
Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)
Theatre
Monty Python's Flying Circus – Between 1974 and 1980 
Monty Python's Spamalot
Not the Messiah (He's a Very Naughty Boy)
Monty Python Live (Mostly)

Other websites