Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The rheas are flightless birds of the genus Rhea, native to South America. They are ratites, which means they are large flightless birds with no keel to their breastbone or sternum.

Description 
The greater or American rhea (also called the 'Nandu') is a large, flightless bird from forests of South America. This ratite is the largest bird in the Americas. It is a fast runner; and when it runs, its neck is almost horizontal to the ground. Rheas congregate in flocks of 20 to 30 birds. The lesser or Darwin's rhea, Rhea pennata, is mostly found in the southern part of South America.

Diet 
Rheas eat mostly plants, fruits, seeds, and nuts, but also will also eat insects and other small animals (like lizards).

Reproduction 
The female rhea lays 12-30 yellow-cream eggs in a clutch. The male digs the nest (a simple scrape in the ground), incubates the eggs (for 6 weeks), and raises the chicks. Rheas are mature at 2 years of age.
Evolution 
It was once thought that ratites were all one monophyletic group, which evolved together in Gondwana in the Upper Cretaceous. Then they evolved in their separate ways as Gondwana split up, and the parts drifted apart. The parts became the modern southern continents, plus Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

However, modern genetic analysis conflicts with this. DNA analysis shows that the ratites diverged from one another too recently to share a common Gondwanian ancestor. However, all analyses show that rheas and the living Australasian/Oceanian ratites are monophyletic.

References 

Ratites
Struthioniformes
Birds of South America
Edward Porter Alexander (May 26, 1835 – April 28, 1910) was an engineer, an officer in the U.S. Army, a Confederate general in the American Civil War, and later a railroad executive, planter, and author.

Other websites
Inventory of the Edward Porter Alexander Papers, 1852-1910, in the Southern Historical Collection, UNC-Chapel Hill
Photographs of Alexander 

1835 births
1910 deaths
Confederate Army generals
Military people from Georgia (U.S. state)
Washington (originally called Heard's Fort) is a city in Wilkes County, Georgia, United States. The population was 3,754 at the 2020 census. The city is the county seat of Wilkes County.

References

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
County seats in Georgia
Araluen () is a small town 27 km south of Braidwood, New South Wales. It is in the Southern Tablelands area of New South Wales, Australia. It is in Queanbeyan-Palerang Regional Council local government area. It is on the banks of Araluen Creek. The creek joins the Deua River.

History
The name 'Araluen' is an Australian Aboriginal word. It is believed to mean 'water lily' or 'place of the water lilies'. When European settlers arrived Araluen was a wide alluvial valley. It had many billabongs covered with water lilies. No billabongs exist in the Araluen valley today. The natural shape and look of Araluen Creek and its valley were completely destroyed by uncontrolled and very destructive gold mining. This took place during the 'gold rush' in the second half of the 1800s.
Gold
Gold was found at Araluen by Alexander Waddell in September 1851. Thousands of people came to Araluen to look for gold during the gold rush. This included many Chinese gold miners. One of these miners was Quong Tart who came to Araluen when he was only nine years old. He later became a famous business man in Sydney. In the 1860s there were more than 20 hotels in Araluen. The gold was alluvial gold, found in the bottom of the creeks. In some places there was up to 12 metres of dirt and sand on top of the gold. In the 1870s the gold miners used hydraulic sluices (high pressure water hoses) to wash away all the sand and dirt. Big floating dredges (digging machines) were put in the creek. There were 11 there in the 1900s. The last dredge stopped working in 1932.

A flood in the Araluen and Braidwood area killed 24 people on January 1, 1860. The flood destroyed the town. After the gold rush was over most people left the town. The Court House, built about 1861, is now used as a place for tourists to stay.
Ben Hall
In May 1865 the bushranger Ben Hall and his gang tried to hold up the Araluen gold coach. The coach carried gold from the Araluen gold fields to Braidwood. This was a very steep road and very hard for a wagon pulled by horses to travel along. Often the only way to goods in and out of the valley was to drag them up or down on sleds. The wagons could not go very fast, so this was a good spot for the bushrangers to rob the coach. The gold coach usually had a policeman with a gun sitting next to the driver. There were two more policemen on the back of the carriage. Four more policemen rode on horses in front and behind the coach. The gold was kept in a safe which was bolted to floor of the coach. (The coach has been restored and is on display at the Braidwood Museum)
. The police were able to keep the bushrangers away from the coach, but Constable Kelly was wounded in the shooting.
Fruit farms
The Araluen valley is now well known for its fruit farms and orchards. The fruit is sent to Canberra, Sydney and to other countries.

Arts and Poetry
Australian poet, Henry Kendall (1839-1882), wrote a poem called Araluen. This describes the quiet and peaceful mood of the valley. It includes the words "Araluen -- home of dreams...". He also called his first daughter Araluen. She was named after the Araluen Creek. She died in 1870 at the age of 13 months.

Araluen is home to author Jackie French.

In November every year, the Braidwood Folk Music club have a weekend of folk music called Music at the Creek. This is held at the Majors Creek reserve, near the site of the Ben Hall robbery.
Araluen Zieria
The Araluen Zieria (Zieria adenophora), is a small shrub about 50cm tall and 50 cm wide. It is only found in one place, a slope above the Araluen Creek. There are only 56 known plants. It has been listed as Endangered under the Australian government's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It is also listed by the New South Wales Government, Endangered (Schedule 1, Part 1) on the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. There is now a plan to protect the plant. These plans include:
 A fence to keep out wild goats
 Stopping any building or disturbing the site
 Studying the plant
 Trying to grow new plants in other places
 Looking for the plants in other places.

References

Other websites
 Ben Hall

Towns in New South Wales
Bill Henson (born 7 October 1955) is an Australian art photographer. Bill Henson's works provoked a controversy; at one of his exhibitions, police found images of nude teenagers. Police first wanted to charge Henson for child pornography, but then did not. Instead, the exhibition was rated "parental guidance". This means that people under 16 should be accompanied by their parents.

References

Other websites

Australian photographers
People from Melbourne
1955 births
Living people
Artists from Victoria (Australia)
Kempen is a town in Germany. It is about  northwest of Düsseldorf, and  east of Venlo. It was once a center of textile making, silk, cotton, and linen.
Kempen can also refer to a different town that used to be part of Germany but in 1920 was given to Poland and now has a Polish name.

References

Other websites

Viersen (district)
The Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) is the only parrot which cannot fly. It lives in grassland, scrubland and coastal regions of New Zealand, but is now so rare they can only be seen on protected offshore islands. Kakapo means 'night parrot' in the Maori language.

Kakapos are most active at night (nocturnal) and like to be alone. To keep other kakapos out of their territory, they make a 'skraaarking' sound. The Kakapo can live for about 60 years.

Diet 
Kakapo are herbivores. They eat roots, seeds, leaves, small pine cones, fruit, and flowers.

Reproduction 
Unlike other parrots, male kakapos gather together to compete with the other males and call females with a deep booming sound. There are 2 to 3 eggs in each set of eggs laid. The eggs are laid in a hollow part of a tree. The female incubates the eggs for 10 weeks. She only leaves the eggs when she leaves to find food.
Conservation 
Kakapo had almost no natural animals that wanted to eat it on the islands of New Zealand where they live and lose the ability to fly. At one time, there were many kakapos. Now only about 150 kakapos still live in New Zealand. It is a critically endangered species. The decrease in the number of kakapo is mostly from predatory animals (for example, cats, dogs, stoats, ferrets, and rats) that settlers brought with them to New Zealand. The kakapo was also eaten by Maori and Europe settlers.

Before humans brought mammals like cats and stoats, the main predator of the kakapo was flying birds of prey. Birds of prey find animals to eat by looking for them from above. The kakapo would stand very still, so the bird of prey would not find it. But cats and stoats can find animals to eat by smelling them. Standing still did not help the kakapo escape from cats and stoats.
At one point, the kakapo was almost wiped out. Conservation efforts began in the 1890s but were not very successful until the Kakapo Recovery Plan in the 1980s. As of January 2009, surviving Kakapos have been kept on two predator-free islands, Codfish (Whenua Hou) and Anchor islands, where they are closely monitored. Two large Fiordland islands, Resolution and Secretary, have been prepared as self-sustaining ecosystems for the Kakapo.

The conservation of the Kakapo has made the species well known. Many books and documentaries detailing the plight of the Kakapo have been produced in recent years, one of the earliest being Two in the Bush, made by Gerald Durrell for the BBC in 1962. A feature-length documentary, won two major awards at the Reel Earth Environmental Film Festival.
Two of the most significant documentaries, both made by NHNZ, are Kakapo - Night Parrot (1982) and To Save the Kakapo (1997). The BBC's Natural History Unit also featured the Kakapo, including a sequence with Sir David Attenborough in The Life of Birds. It was also one of the endangered animals that Douglas Adams and Mark Carwardine set out to find for the radio series and book Last Chance to See. An updated version of the series has been produced for BBC TV, in which Stephen Fry and Carwardine revisit the animals to see how they are getting on almost 20 years later, and in January 2009, they spent time filming the Kakapo on Codfish Island.

References 

Birds of New Zealand
Parrots
Flightless birds
Stud poker is a variation of poker where players are typically dealt a total of five or seven cards, with the best five card poker hand winning (in situations where more than one player has the same poker hand, like a flush or straight, the winning hand is determined by whichever players has the highest one).

Stud poker has neither community cards nor blinds. Instead, each player at the table must ante first, and then is dealt two cards face down (hole cards) and one card face up. In typical stud games, the player with the lowest card showing must pay the ‘bring in,’ an amount relative to the limits, which starts off the action.
The bring in is typically a fraction of the limits, (for example, the bring in for a $1/2 stud game may be $.25), with play then continuing clockwise around the table, where players have the choice of folding, calling the bring in, or making the bet ‘complete’ (in our example, completing the bet to $1).  Once a bring in has been completed, it can be raised by a subsequent player, doubling the amount to twice the completed bet.

Each player remaining in the hand is then dealt another card face up, with the betting beginning with the player showing the highest two cards and proceeding clockwise around the table.  Again, players can fold, call, or raise the bet.  In a five card stud game, players are dealt two hole cards facedown, then two cards face up, with the fifth card being dealt facedown.  In a seven card stud game, players are dealt two hole cards facedown, then four cards face up, with the seventh card being dealt facedown.
Betting takes place between each dealt card and generally becomes a higher amount after the fourth card dealt.  
Each round of betting is typically referred to by the number of cards a player has in front of them.  After the initial deal, players are considered to be betting on ‘third street’, represented by having three cards in front of them.  After the fourth card is dealt, players would then be on ‘fourth street’, and so on.  Stud poker is generally played as a limit game.

General variations

 Five Card stud
 Seven card stud

References
 Stud Poker Variations 
 Seven Card Stud Rules

Poker
Gundagai is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is a small town, but authors often write about Gundagai. It is seen to be the typical Australian country town. It is built on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River. It is near the Muniong and Yambla Mountain ranges. Gundagai is 390 km south-west of Sydney. Gundagai is part of the  Gundagai Shire Council Local Government Area.  In 2006 there were 1,998 people living in Gundagai.

The bushranger, Captain Moonlight, is buried in the Gundagai Cemetery.

References 

Towns in New South Wales
Parkes is a city in New South Wales, Australia. In 2006 there were 9,826 people living in Parkes. It is the centre and main city of the Local Government Area of Parkes Shire.  Parkes is on the main Australian transcontinental railway line between Sydney and Perth. The Newell Highway between Victoria and Queensland goes through the city.

Parkes today
Parkes has had an important role in science. it is the home of the Parkes Radio Telescope. As well as local research done at the radio telescope, Parkes scientists have helped NASA. For several missions the telescope was the Southern Hemisphere relay and communications station. The movie The Dish was based on the job of the telescope during the 1969 Apollo 11 moon landing.

There are many different kinds of farms around Parkes. Most farms are growing wheat and sheep.

Parkes is has a gold and copper mine, Northparkes, north of the town.
Parkes was an important transport centre after the railway was built in 1893. Many passenger and freight trains stopped at Parkes up until the 1980s. Governments began cutting back the NSW country rail systems and the trains are no longer an important part of Parkes. One company, FCL has a big train and truck transport centre at Gooobang Junction on Parkes' western edge.   It was opened on 20 October 2006 by NSW Premier Morris Iemma. Specialised Container Transport's transport terminal is built on a 296 hectare site.  It has 5 km of railway sidings, a 7,400 square metre warehouse and about 40 people work there.  An even larger terminal to be built nearby is also being planned.
Over the years governments and businesses have talked about making Parkes an "inland port". Parkes Regional Airport would be made much bigger. This would become a starting point for goods coming from Australia and other countries that were to be sent to places in NSW, Victoria and Queensland.  All the studies have been done, agreements to start building have been made, some land has been bought.

The Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW has the Western Regional Office built in Parkes. Country Energy which supplies electricity and gas has a training and maintenance (repair) centre.

Many people come to Parkes to see the CSIRO radio telescope which is 20km north of town on the Newell Highway. other things to see are Bushmans Hill, and the War Memorial Lookout.  Nearby there is the Goobang National Park, and Peak Hill. peak Hill has an open cut mine (a big hole in the ground) that can be visited during holidays. There are also many great parks.

History
History

Parkes was started as a settlement in 1853. It was first called Currajong after the many kurrajong trees in the local area. After a while it was called Bushman's after the local gold mine named Bushman's Lead.

In 1873  the town was renamed to Parkes in honour of Sir Henry Parkes. He is called the "Father of the Federation". Sir Henry Parkes is famous in Australia for getting Australia to become one country in 1901. Before this Australia was made up of separate British colonies.

A lot of people came to Parkes in the gold rush of the 1870s. There are still mining companies with sites in the local area.

Geography
Parkes has a dry climate. The winter temperatures are rarely lower than 0 degrees Celsius during the night. In summer daytime temperatures can be as high as 40 to 45 degrees Celsius. Temperatures in the low to mid-30s are most common.
Transport 
Parkes has a local bus service run by Western Road Liners. It took over from Harris Bus Lines in March 2006. The Indian Pacific train also stops twice a week. The Broken Hill Outback Xplorer service, run by CountryLink, goes to Broken Hill on Mondays and to Sydney on Tuesdays. Parkes railway station is situated on the Broken Hill railway line. It was opened in 1893. There was also a small station at Parkes Racecourse from 1923 to 1937.

Famous people born in the Parkes District, NSW
 Stephen Davies (b. 1969), Australian field hockey player
 David Nash, linguist
 Scott Westcott, Commonwealth Marathon Runner
 James Pritchard, International Rugby Player
Events
Parkes hosts a yearly Elvis Presley Festival in early January to celebrate Elvis Presley's birthday. The first festival, held in 1993, was a one night show with 200 people coming along.  Over the next few years more events were added and the festival was extended to two days. By January 2005 the 3,500 people came to the festival. In January 2006 there were 5,000 going to the festival. It brought about $8 million into Parkes.

The 2007 festival had over 60 events and was held over 5 days.  More than 6,000 visitors attended.  A new world record was set for the most Elvis impersonators (people trying to look like Elvis) in one place.  SBS TV made a half-hour film about the festival. It was called Elvis Lives in Parkes. It was shown on Australian TV on 10 January 2007. The festival is still getting bigger with more than 8,000 visitors in 2008.

References

Towns in New South Wales
1873 establishments
1870s establishments in Australia
Weddings Parties Anything (sometimes called WPA and Weddoes) were an Australian folk rock band. They started in 1984 in Melbourne, Victoria. The band stopped playing together in 1998. They took their name from The Clash song "Revolution Rock". Music expert Billy Pinnell said their first album Scorn of the Women was the best first Australian rock album since Skyhooks' album Living in the '70s.

Discography

Albums

 Scorn of the Women - WEA (1987) #52 AUS
 Roaring Days - WEA (1988) #46 AUS
 The Big Don't Argue - WEA (1989) #63 AUS
 No Show Without Punch - (Utility Records - UK release) (1990)
 The Weddings Play Sports (and Falcons) - Virgin Records (1990) #95 AUS
 Difficult Loves - rooArt (1992) #26 AUS
 King Tide - rooArt (1993)
 Donkey Serenade - WPA/Oz (1995)
 River'esque/Garage Sale - Mushroom Records (1997)
 Trophy Night: The Best Of Weddings Parties Anything / Benched - Mushroom Records (1998)
 They Were Better Live - Mushroom Records (1999)
Singles/EPs 
Weddings Parties Anything (EP) Suffering Tram (1985) - 1,000 copies
"Sergeant Small"(live)/"Go! Move! Shift!"(live) Suffering Tram (1986) - 600 copies
"Away, Away"/"Bourgeois Blues" WEA (1987) #92 AUS
"Hungry Years"/"The Swans Return" WEA (1987)
"Shotgun Wedding"/"Australia Goodnight"/"The Bells of Rhymney" WEA (1987)
 "Goat Dancing on the Tables" (EP) WEA (1988)
"Say The Word"/"Bright Lights Tonight" WEA (1988)
"Tilting At Windmills"/" Misfits" (Kinks cover) WEA (1988)
"Darlin' Please" (1989) 
"Streets Of Forbes"/"Missing In Action" WEA (1989)
"The Wind And The Rain"/"Marie Provost" WEA (1989)
"Reckless"/"The Great North West" Virgin (1990)
"Father's Day" (1991) #35 AUS
"Monday's Experts" (1992)
"Step In, Step Out"/"Shores of Americay"/"Wrapped Up and Blue"/"Over in the West" rooArt (1992) #60 AUS
"The Rain In My Heart"/"Chewin' On Her Fingernails"/"Everybody Moves"/"All Over Bar the Shouting"/"Everywhere I Go" rooArt(1993)
"Island Of Humour"/Bring 'em Home" rooArt (1994)
"Luckiest Man"/"Lights Of Devonport"/"Reason To Believe"/"Sweet Thames Flow Softly" Mushroom Records (1996)
"Don't Need Much" (1997)
"Anthem"/"Traffic Goes By" Mushroom Records (1998)
DVD/Video
Live in Richmond/Christmas at the Central Club VHS - An 18 song live recording at the Central Club in Melbourne, 1993. The video also contains interviews with members of the band in between songs.
Into Time On VHS - 20 song recording of the band playing at the Metropolis Nightclub in Perth on Friday, October 16, 1998.
Siren VHS - Live recording of the band's last official performance at the Belvoir Amphitheatre in Perth, in January 1999.
Long Time Between Drinks DVD/CD - Recorded live at the Queenscliff Music Festival, November 2006. Extras include Music Videos & Roaring Days film. Released in December 2007.

References

Australian rock bands
Folk music groups
Musical groups from Melbourne
Musical groups established in 1984
1984 establishments in Australia
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
1998 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Australia
Minks are small, short-legged members of the Mustelid family. The mink is an aggressive mammal that is adapted to a semi-aquatic life. Mink live in swamps, rivers, marshes, lakes and streams in North America, Europe, and the far west of Asia. Mink have a life span of about 8 to 10 years. The common name 'mink' includes animals in two different genera on two different continents.

Diet
Minks are carnivores (meat-eaters). They eat small mammals (like mice, rats and muskrats), frogs, crayfish, fish, insects, eggs, and ducks.

Predators
Owls, wolves, coyotes, and bobcats prey on the mink.

Reproduction
The breeding season is April to May. It takes 45 to 52 days after mating for birth to take place. A mink litter normally has 6 to 10 cubs (kittens).

Mustelids
The Id, ego, and super-ego are ideas created by Sigmund Freud. They are three concepts used to explain the way the human mind works.

Freud describes the human mind as interaction of id, ego, super-ego. The ego, and to some extent the super-ego, is conscious or on the surface. The id remains unconscious. Together they make up the personality.

According to this model of the psyche, the id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends; the ego is the organized realistic part; and the super-ego plays the critical and moralising role.

The id, ego and super-ego are functions of the mind, not parts of the brain. They do not correspond one-to-one with actual structures of the kind dealt with by neuroscience.

Id 
The id represents a constant in the personality as it is always present. The id is governed by the 'pleasure principle'.
Early in the development of his theory Freud saw sexual energy as the only source of energy for the id. After the tragedy of World War I, however, Freud felt it necessary to add another instinct to the id. So, he proposed thanatos, the death instinct. Thanatos accounts for the instinctual violent urges of humankind. Obviously, the rest of the personality would have somehow to deal with these two instincts. By adding thanatos, he could describe more mental phenomena. His idea of id had wide influence.

The id is unconscious by definition: 
"It is the dark, inaccessible part of our personality... It is filled with energy reaching it from the instincts, but it has no organisation, produces no collective will, but only a striving to bring about the satisfaction of the instinctual needs subject to the observance of the pleasure principle".105/6
Ego 
The ego is the sense of self and the surface of the personality, the part you usually show the world. The ego is governed by the 'reality principle', or a practical approach to the world. It seeks to turn the id’s drive to behaviour which brings benefits in the long term rather than grief.

Conscious awareness resides in the ego, although not all of the operations of the ego are conscious.

The ego separates out what is real. It helps us to organise our thoughts and make sense of them and the world around us. 
"The ego is that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world ... The ego represents what may be called reason and common sense, in contrast to the id, which contains the passions ... in its relation to the id it is like a man on horseback, who has to hold in check the superior strength of the horse; with this difference, that the rider tries to do so with his own strength, while the ego uses borrowed forces".363/4
But the ego "serves three severe masters...the external world, the super-ego and the id".110 Its task is to find a balance between primitive drives and reality while satisfying the id and super-ego. "Thus the ego, driven by the id, confined by the super-ego, repulsed by reality, struggles...[in] bringing about harmony among the forces and influences working in and upon it, and readily 'breaks out in anxiety".110/1

Super-Ego 
The Super-ego aims for perfection and the ideal outcome. It comprises that part of the personality, mainly unconscious, which includes the individual's ego ideals, spiritual goals, and the psychic agency (commonly called "conscience") that criticises and prohibits his or her drives, fantasies, feelings, and actions. 
"The Super-ego can be thought of as a type of conscience that punishes misbehavior with feelings of guilt. For example: having extra-marital affairs".
The superego consists of two parts, the conscience and the ego-ideal. The conscience is the familiar metaphor of angel and devil on each shoulder. The conscience decides what course of action one should take. The ego-ideal is an idealized view of one's self. Comparisons are made between the ego-ideal and one's actual behavior. Both parts of the super-ego develop through experience with others or via social interactions. According to Freud, a strong super-ego serves to inhibit the biological instincts of the id, while a weak super-ego gives in to the id's urgings. Further, the levels of guilt in the two cases above will be high and low, respectively.

References 

Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
MTV Unplugged in New York is a live album by the American rock band Nirvana. It was recorded on November 18, 1993 as a part of the MTV Unplugged television series, which many artists and bands perform on with acoustic instruments instead of electric ones. It was released on November 1, 1994, six months after the band had broken up because of the death of Kurt Cobain, who was the lead singer and guitarist.

It was unusual compared to other artists on the MTV Unplugged series, because Nirvana played mostly their less-famous songs and cover versions of other artists' songs. Most artists on the program played mainly their hits.

Four singles were released from the album. This was unusual because it was a live album. The singles were "About a Girl", "The Man Who Sold the World", "Where Did You Sleep Last Night", and "Lake of Fire". All of these except for "About a Girl" were covers.
List of songs
"About a Girl"
"Come as You Are"
"Jesus Doesn't Want Me for a Sunbeam" (The Vaselines cover)
"The Man Who Sold the World" (David Bowie cover)
"Pennyroyal Tea"
"Dumb"
"Polly"
"On a Plain"
"Something in the Way"
"Plateau" (Meat Puppets cover)
"Oh Me" (Meat Puppets cover)
"Lake of Fire" (Meat Puppets cover)
"All Apologies"
"Where Did You Sleep Last Night" (traditional; Lead Belly version cover)

References

Nirvana albums
1993 albums
MTV Unplugged albums
This is a list of the Roman emperors:

Many of them were murdered by relatives, enemies, friends, and soldiers.

Julio–Claudian dynasty

Year of the Four Emperors

Flavian dynasty

Nerva-Antonine dynasty

Year of the Five Emperors and Severan dynasty

Crisis of the Third Century

The Dominate: Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty

Valentinianic dynasty

Theodosian dynasty

Western Roman Empire
Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium

Note there were also numerous usurpers ("fake" emperors) including:
 Domitianus II (usurper)

Lists of monarchs
Salicaceae is a family of flowering plants. Each plant has either staminate or pistillate catkins. The flowers have no petals or sepals. Each has a small scale-like bract below it. These developing catkins on willows form the well-known "pussy-willow" branches.

Except for two species of Populas (Cottonwood), all the members of Salicaceae in the Bay Area are of the genera Salix (Willows).

Malpighiales
Plant families
Krist Anthony Novoselic (born May 16, 1965) is an American rock musician. He is most famous for being the bass player for the grunge band Nirvana with Kurt Cobain and Dave Grohl. When Cobain died in 1994, Nirvana broke up. Grohl moved on to form the band Foo Fighters, and Novoselic has been mostly involved in politics. He was also the bassist for the American punk band Flipper between 2006 and 2009. Novoselic was born in Compton, California. He was raised in San Pedro, Los Angeles.

References 

1965 births
Living people
American bass guitarists
American political activists
Musicians from Los Angeles
Nirvana members
Musicians from Compton, California
American bloggers
The Hush Sound is an indie rock band originally known as The Hush. They changed their name when they found out that there was a rapper called "The Hush." 

The Hush Sound has released three albums. Their first album, So Sudden, was released in 2005. Their second album was released in 2006, titled Like Vines. Goodbye Blues, their third and latest album, and was recorded in released in March 2008.

The Hush Sound is currently on a break.

Foundation 

By the start of 2005, the band had formed properly with all its members. They had decided that piano and drums were not enough and looked for bass and guitar.

Pete Wentz from Fall Out Boy came across the band's music and liked what he heard. He expressed interest in signing them onto his record label.

Touring 

The Hush Sound had their first major tour in 2006. It was called Black Clouds and Underdogs. Other bands included Fall Out Boy and Hawthorne Heights.

Other websites
 Official Website
 
 
 Official Fansite

2000s American music groups
A piggy bank is used to collect coins. It is shaped like pig and comes in various colors and sizes. It is often used by parents to teach their children how to save money. It is not certain about why it is a called piggy bank and how it was started.

Some people say that "Piggy" was "Pygg" at first. Pygg is a clay that was used to make a bowl or vase to store salt or money.

Containers
Banks
Toys
Doenjang is a Korean soybean paste. It is salty and savory, and is used to season many kinds of Korean food. It is similar to Miso, Japanese soybean paste.

History
The history of Doenjang begins before the period of three kingdoms. Books from the Chosun dynasty explain the way to make good Doenjang, saying that if doenjang in a house tastes bad, food in the house tastes bad. This means doenjang has been an important food in Korea for a long time.

Manufacture
The main ingredients of Doenjang are sea water and Meju. The basic way to make Doenjang is to take Mejus and put them into big jars with sea water. Bad bacteria and odor are removed by adding charcoal and sun-dried chili peppers. Liquid is then taken out to make Korean soy sauce. This sauce takes about 20 to 30 days to make. The Mejus are taken out from the jar and tempered. Salt and soy sauce is added on this paste and the paste is put in jars again. After sun-drying for several days, it becomes Doenjang.
Variety
There are several kinds of Doenjang; Chungukjang, Makjang, Dambukjang, BbamjangBbagaejang, Patjang, Jipjang, Garoojang, and Borijang. Each is made in different ways using different ingredients or at different times of the year. For example, Chungukjang is made within two to three days, whereas the other take longer time to make. Patjang uses red bean. Makjang is made in Spring.
Moreover there are several attempts to improve doenjang using additional ngredients, such as green tea.

Use
Many traditional Korean foods, which are well known as healthy food, uses Doenjang as their ingredients. Doenjang Jjigae and Chungukjang JJigae are examples of this.
Also, Korean have doenjang when they eat Ssambop, Samgyupsal, etc.

Health
According to recent research, Doenjang has several materials that prevent cancer. Doenjang is very nutritious. Since Doenjang is a fermented food like yogurt and cheese, it is said that the older it is, the better it is.

References
References

 KM.Hwang et al., Doenjang Extract Has Anticancer Activity and Induces Apoptosis in AGS Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma, Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Vol.10 No.2, 2005. June
 Cancer Weekly, Doenjang's active compounds are genistein and linoleic acid, published on 2003. May

Korea
Korean food
Ioannina  is a Greek town in the northwest of Greece, in Ipiros district. Ioannina is the capital of Ioannina prefecture and Ipiros periphery. 67,384 people live there. Ioannina is built on the bank of Pamvotida lake. Around Ioannina there are many tall mountains. Beside the town is Mitsikeli mountain. In the east of Ioannina is the Pindos range.

Ioannina's lake 
Ioannina is built next to the lake which is named Pamvotida or Ioannina's lake. Ioannina has a small port on the lake which connects Ioannina with the island of the lake. The island of the lake is a small island with very importants monuments and buildings. These buildings have been built during Ottoman period and Byzantine period.

Sites of interest 
Ioannina has many places of interest. The most interesting place is the castle beside the lake. Many old churches are also very interesting places. There are many interesting sites on the lake's island about which we mentioned above. 

Cities in Greece
Lamia is a Greek city in the center of Greece. According to the 2001 census, 50,551 people lived there. Lamia is built at the foot of the hill on the top of which there is a castle. During the Middle Ages Lamia was named Zitouni but today is named with its ancient name, Lamia. Around Lamia there is a big plain, so Lamia is an agricultural city. At the side of plain there are many tall mountains. They are named Timphristos, Oiti and Othris. 

Cities in Greece
The Punjab Hill States Agency was an administrative unit of British India. The agency was created in 1936, and was made up a number of princely states in the present-day Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

In 1901 the Punjab States Agency was created, in 1936 the hilly parts of this became the Punjab Hill States Agency. The states came under British rule after the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16, and were known as the Simla Hill States. They later became part of the British province of Punjab, apart from Tehri-Garhwal, which was part of the United Provinces.

After Indian Independence in 1947, the states acceded to the Government of India, most of the states became the new state of Himachal Pradesh, with Tehri-Garhwal becoming part of Uttar Pradesh. In 2000, the northern portion of Uttar Pradesh, including the former state of Tehri-Garhwal, became the new Indian state of Uttarakhand.

1936 establishments in Asia
British India
Indian princely states
1930s establishments in India
The Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU) was a former state of India. It was created out of the merger of several Punjabi princely states on 15 July 1948, formally becoming a state of India in 1950. The capital and principal city was Patiala, and the last Maharaja of Patiala, Yadvindra Singh, served as Governor of the state during its short existence. The Governor was appointed by the President of India, but the people of the state also elected a 60-member state assembly, first elected on 6 January 1952. The Congress Party won 26 seats and the Akali Dal 19 seats.

On 1 November 1956, PEPSU was merged into Punjab state. Part of the former state of PEPSU, including the southeastern portion of the state around Jind and the Narnaul enclave, presently lie within the state of Haryana, which was separated from Punjab on 1 November 1966.

References

History of Punjab
History
The independence of Pakistan in 1947 led to the divisions of the Punjab province into two new provinces. The East Punjab where most people were Sikh and Hindu became part of the new nation of India while the mainly Muslim West Punjab became part of the new nation of Pakistan. The name of the province was shortened to Punjab in 1950. West Punjab was merged into the province of West Pakistan in 1955 under the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Chaudhry Mohammad Ali. When that province was dissolved, the area of the former province of West Punjab was combined with the former state of Bahawalpur to form a new Punjab Province.

People
At independence there was a Muslim majority in West Punjab with significant minorities of Hindus and Sikhs. Nearly all of these minorities left West Punjab for India, to be replaced by large numbers of Muslims fleeing in the opposite direction. The official language of West Punjab was Urdu but most of the population spoke Punjabi using the Shahmukhi script.
Government
The offices of Governor of West Punjab and Chief Minister of West Punjab lasted from August 15 1947, until 14th October 1955. The first Governor was Sir Francis Mudie with Iftikhar Hussain Khan as the first Chief Minister. Both offices were abolished in 1955, when the province of West Pakistan was created. The last Governor of West Punjab, Mushtaq Ahmad Gurmani, became the first Governor of West Pakistan.

Related pages
 Old Punjab region
 Western Punjab (Pakistan)
 Punjab (India)
 Haryana
 Bahawalpur (princely state)

References

Other websites
 Government of Punjab
 Government of Pakistan
 Punjab Provincial Assembly Records 
 Population at 1951 census by Statoids.com

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Punjab
Multan is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is the capital of the Multan District. Called the "City of the Saints", the history of the city goes back more than 5,000 years.

Entertainment 
The best film production company launched in the history of Multan. 

• Ushna Films, Multan

Etymology
Multan is Moolastan which means the Place of origin (Moolam is source or origin).

History
The old city of Multan is a Walled city which is built on an ancient mound. Archaeologists believe the mound is made up of earlier cities going back to the Bronze Age. There were six gates into the old city but these have been destroyed over time. Three gates were rebuilt by the British when they governed the country. Inside the wall is a circular road, called the alang. The old city has narrow and winding streets, with houses crowded close together.
Political importance
Multan is the main center of the South Punjab, Seraiki speaking region. The people here think their language is separate from the majority Punjabi language of Punjab and want to create a separate province of their own, called Seraikistan.This city has some important political figures. Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani,a former Prime Minister of Pakistan belongs to Multan. Another well-known politician from here is Shah Mehmood Qureshi.

Famous Places in Multan
 Ghanta Ghar
 Lohari Gate
 Haram Gate
 The old Qasim Bagh
 Shrine of Sufi saint Shah Rukn-i-Alam
 Shrine of Sufi saint Bahauddin Zakriya
 Shrine of Sufi saint Shamsuddin Sabzwari
 Shrine of Sufi saint Sakhi Ali Akbar
 Lahore Road
 The Van Agnews Monument dating from British Raj times.

Neighbour cities and towns
 Khanewal
 Vihari
 Bahawalpur
 Muzaffargarh
 Rahim Yar Khan
 Lodhran
 Shujabad

References 

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
Multan Division
Multan District
Pushpa Kumal Dahal born on December 11, 1954) is the former Prime Minister of Nepal. He is one of the most influential personality in the nepalese political scenario. He is president of Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre). He is elected three times as a Prime Minister Of Nepal.

References

1954 births
Nepalese politicians
Living people
Prime Ministers of Nepal
River Tay is a river in Scotland. It starts in Loch Tay, and opens up into the North Sea at the Firth of Tay. It discharges more water than the Thames and the Severn put together.

It is the longest river in Scotland and the sixth longest in the United Kingdom. It starts in the Scottish Highlands, and moves east until it goes through Perth. Its mouth is wide, and is called the Firth of Tay on the east coast. Dundee is on the north bank of the Firth.

The Tay's very wide mouth is spanned by a long rail bridge, the replacement for the one which fell in the Tay Bridge disaster. The Tay Road Bridge was opened in 1966.

References 

Rivers of Scotland
Morina is a genus of the Dipsacaceae family.

Species
 Morina longifolia

Dipsacales
Paul Hegarty (born July 25, 1954 in Edinburgh) is a former Scottish footballer who is famous for being the captain of Dundee United during their best years in the 1980s. He currently manages Livingston.

1954 births
Living people
Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish football managers
A Jointing plane is used to sharpen the edges of boards so they will fit together.It has a 2-3/8" wide blade and is 18-24" long and hand used.There is also a shorter version of the jointer plane known as the fore plane which is around 18 inches (457mm) long.

Woodworking tools
Although the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season was below average, Hurricane Andrew was the exception to that. This hurricane blasted the Bahamas, southeast Florida and south central Louisiana. Andrew did not make flooding in New Orleans. Contrary to typical, damage from Hurricane Andrew was caused almost entirely by high winds rather than storm surge in Florida and Louisiana. This storm caused between $23 billion and $37 billion in damage (1992 USD) and between 56 and 68 fatalities, making Andrew the costliest Atlantic hurricane to hit the United States.
However, Hurricane Katrina would later surpass Andrew in official damage amounts.

Aftermath
Aftermath

Florida
Andrew's devastating damage spawned many rumors. These included claims that hundreds or even thousands of migrant farm workers in south Dade County (now Miami-Dade County) were killed and their deaths were not reported in official accounts. An investigation by the Miami Herald found no basis for such rumors. These rumors were probably based on the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane, when the deaths of migrant workers initially went uncounted, and were still debated at the time of Andrew.

The slow response of federal aid to storm victims in southern Florida led Dade County emergency management director Kate Hale to become famous. At a nationally televised news conference, she exclaimed: "Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one? They keep saying we're going to get supplies. For God's sake, where are they?" Almost immediately, President George H. W. Bush promised, "Help is on the way," and mobile kitchens and tents, along with units from the 82nd Airborne Division, began pouring in.
Insurance claims in the wake of the extreme damage caused by Andrew led to the bankruptcy and closure of 11 insurance agencies and drained an excessive amount of equity from 30 more. Nearly one million residences were no longer eligible for coverage by any insurance agency. This led the Florida Legislature to create new agencies (the Joint Underwriting Association, the Florida Windstorm Underwriting Association and the Florida Hurricane Catastrophe Fund) to restore important insurance coverage.

Homeowners and officials criticized developers and contractors for poor building practices and poor building codes. An inquiry after the storm concluded that there were probably construction flaws in some buildings, and that the state of Florida did enforce some strict building codes since 1986, but they were either overlooked or ignored. However, the evidence was not sufficient enough to issue criminal charges for neglect.
The effects of Hurricane Andrew on Florida wetlands were considerable. In the Florida Everglades, 25%, 70,000 acres (280 km²) of trees were knocked down by the storm. It took 20 days for new trees and vegetation to grow following the storms passing. Damage to marine life was moderate as the storm lowered the oxygen level in the water, threatening many fish and other marine wildlife. In addition, the storm killed 182 million fish in the basin, causing $160 million (1992 USD) in lost value. 
In the decade after the storm, Hurricane Andrew may have contributed to the massive and sudden housing boom in Broward County, Florida. Located just north of Miami-Dade County, residents who had lost their homes moved to western sections of the county that were just starting to be developed. The result was record growth in places like Miramar, Pembroke Pines and Weston.
Louisiana
In Louisiana, the hurricane knocked down 80% of the trees in part of the Atchafalaya River Basin near the coast. Offshore, the storm killed 9.4 million fish, causing $7.8 million (1992 USD) in lost value, and damaged large areas of marshland along the Louisiana coast.

About 6,200 people had to be housed in 36 shelters, according to the American Red Cross. The Salvation Army sent in 37 mobile food storages, that served 40,000 meals, to help those who could get little or no food.

Federal aid, from the Pentagon, sent in four 750 kilowatt generators, 2,500 cots, and 30,000 MRE's, or prepackaged meals, to Louisiana. About 1,279 National Guard were deployed to Louisiana, to do various duties, from cooking to patrolling.

Sheriffs along the coast of Louisiana proposed a curfew from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. local time. Alcohol sales were also stopped immediately after the storm.
Retirement
Because of exceptional and widespread damage in Florida and Louisiana, the name "Andrew" was retired in the Spring of 1993. It will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. The name was replaced by Alex for the 1998 season.

Notes and references

Notes

References

Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
1992 Atlantic hurricane season
Retired tropical cyclone names
1990s in the Bahamas
1992 in the United States
1990s in Florida
20th century in Louisiana
Hurricanes in Florida
August 1992 events
Hurricanes in Louisiana
Hurricane Gordon was a very damaging tropical storm for the Caribbean, Florida and parts of North Carolina. The storm was very slow moving on its path over the Caribbean. This storm killed over 1100 people (estimates are between 500-2300 people dead through Haiti and the central Caribbean islands, including Jamaica and Cuba). The storm's strange motion was making Hurricane Gordon hard to forecast where it would actually go and where it would reach land. Hurricane Gordon was the last storm of the inactive 1994 Season and the second most costly of the 1994 season, even though the storm was a hurricane for only a few hours.

Storm History
On November 8 a tropical wave near Costa Rica became Tropical Depression Twelve. On November 10th in made landfall near Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua. The same day it became Tropical Storm Gordon after moving back into the Caribbean. It made its first landfall near Kingston, Jamaica on November 13 it soon made its second landfall in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba on the same day. The storm brushed the northern coast of Cuba and the southern islands of the Bahamas. It made its third landfall in Key West, Florida on November 15. Gordon turned northeast and made it fourth landfall in Fort Myers, Florida the next day. When Gordon crossed Florida it took about nine hours and it went into the Atlantic Ocean on a northeastward track. Gordon stayed on that track until November 17, when it became Hurricane Gordon while it was about 245 miles southeast of Cape Fear, North Carolina. Shortly after becoming a hurricane it reached top winds of 85 mph and then brushed the coast of North Carolina
. Gordon weakened back to a tropical storm and started on a U-shaped track. Gordon weakened further into a tropical depression and on November 19 it made its fifth and last landfall near Vero Beach, Florida and on November 21 Gordon died out while over South Carolina.