Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Richard Dawson (20 November 1932 – 2 June 2012) was an English-American actor and television presenter. 

Dawson was born Colin Lionel Emm in Gosport, Hampshire to an American father and English mother. Dawson married Diana Dors in 1959; they lived in California. The couple had two sons, entertainment manager Mark (born 1960) and Gary (born 1962). She left him and in 1967 the couple divorced. His second marriage lasted from 1991 until his death from esopheageal cancer in Los Angeles, California.

Dawson played a prisoner of war in Hogan's Heroes and hosted Family Feud.

References

Other websites 

American game show hosts
American movie actors
American television actors
American television presenters
British game show hosts
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from esophageal cancer
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
Television personalities from Hampshire
1932 births
2012 deaths
Chelsea Bridge is a bridge over the River Thames in west London. It connects Chelsea on the north bank to Battersea on the south bank.

History
There have been two Chelsea Bridges, on the site of what was an ancient crossing.

The first Chelsea Bridge was called Victoria Bridge. It opened in 1857.

The old bridge was replaced by the current one in 1937.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

1937 establishments in England
Battersea
Bridges in London
Chelsea, London
Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Swindon is a large town in the Borough of Swindon in the county of Wiltshire, South West England. It is the largest settlement in Wiltshire. About 234,000 people live there. It is 81 miles west of London, 40 miles west of Reading, Berkshire, and 40 miles east of Bristol.

References

Other websites 
Borough Council site
Strusta Lake is a lake of Vitebsk Province, Belarus. It is part of the Braslau Lakes national park.

Lakes of Belarus
Vitebsk Region, Vitsebsk Voblast, or Vitebsk Oblast  is a region (voblast) of Belarus.  The administrative center is Vitebsk (Viciebsk). As of a 2009, the region had a population of 1,230,800.

Important cities within the region include Vitebsk, Orsha, and Navapolatsk.

The Vitsebsk Voblast is divided into 21 raions, 5 cities of oblast subordinance, 19 additional cities, 249 selsovets, and 26 urban-type settlements.

References

Regions of Belarus
Vitebsk, also known as Viciebsk or Vitsyebsk is a city in Belarus, near the border with Russia. It is the capital of the Vitebsk Oblast. In 2004 it had 342,381 people. This makes it the country's fourth largest city. It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk air base.

The main universities of Vitebsk are Vitebsk State Technological University, Vitebsk State Medical University and Vitebsk State University named in honor of Pyotr Masherov.

In 1919, Vitebsk was made a part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia. Then it was transferred to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later to the short-lived Litbel. In 1924, it was returned to Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

History 
According to a legend, the city was founded by the Kyiv princess Olga in 974. The first mention of Vitebsk is dated 1021 AD, where it is said that Yaroslav the Wise handed over two cities ("Vosvyach and Vidbesk") to Prince Bryachislav Izyaslavych.
In 1165-1167, due to feudal strife, the Vitebsk principality gradually began to lose importance and fell under the rule of the Smolensk princes.

References 

Cities in Belarus
The Armed Forces of Belarus are the Ground Forces and the Belarusian Air Force. All are under the command of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus. Lieutenant general Yurij Viktorovich Zhadobin is the Minister of Defense since December 4, 2009. Being a landlocked country, Belarus has no navy.

The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Belarus is the government group that has the duties of raising and maintaining the Armed Forces of Belarus. The formation of the ministry began in 1992.  This was a year after the end of the Soviet Union and Belarus becoming an independent state.

References

Belarusian Army: Capacity And Its Role In The Region 

Government of Belarus
Military organizations
The  is a Japanese river which flows through Tokyo.  It crosses the north part of Tokyo and drains into Tokyo Bay.

Sumida bridges
The Sumida runs through Tokyo for 27 kilometers.  There are 26 bridges across the river, including

 Ryōgoku Bridge (Ryōgoku-bashi)

 Nihon bridge (Nihon-bashi) 

 Eitai Bridge

 Senju Bridge

 Sakura Bridge

 Kototoi Bridge

  Azuma Bridge

 Komagata Bridge

 Umaya Bridge

 Shin Ohashi Bridge

 Kiyosu Bridge

 Chuo Bridge

 Tsukuda Bridge

 Kachidoki Bridge (Kachidoki-bashi)

Gallery

References

Other websites

 New York Public Library Digital Gallery Pleasure boating on the Sumida River, woodblock print, c. 1788-1790

Rivers of Japan
Brest Voblast (Province) or Brest Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus. The administrative center is Brest. Important cities in the voblast include: Baranovichi, Brest, and Pinsk.

The region was formed in 1939 after Western Belarus rejoined the Byelorussian SSR. Today it has 16 districts (raions), 225 selsovets, 20 cities, 5 city municipalities, 9 urban-type settlements, and 2178 villages.
Brest is a city in Belarus.  It is at the border with Poland opposite the city of Terespol, where the Bug River and Mukhavets rivers meet. It is the capital city of the Brest Region.

There are two universities in Brest: A.S.Pushkin State University and Brest State Technical University. There are some newspapers in Brest: Brestskaya Gazeta, Brestskiy Kurier, Brestskiy Vestnik, Vecherniy Brest, Zarya.

History
History

Ancient history 
Brest is one of the oldest cities of the Galicia-Volyn principality. It was first mentioned in the Lawrence Chronicle in 1017 as a city of Derevlyany. The authoritative Novgorod first chronicle mentions this city in the year 1017 "Yaroslav goes to Brest". It is also mentioned in the Tale of Past Years around 1019: Sviatopolk, defeated by Yaroslav Volodymyrovych, fled to Poland via Brest. Polish scholar G. Lovmyansky, based on an analysis of information from sources, primarily Russian chronicles of the struggle between the sons of Vladimir Svyatoslavych for the throne of Kiev, believes that the city of Brest existed until 1016 and was part of the principality of Sviatopolk. During the conflict, the city was occupied by the Polish garrison and held it until 1022 or even until 1031.
As a border town, Brest was often attacked by Yatvyags, Poles, Lithuanians, and Teutonic Knights. The city was the center of the Brest land and one of the most important cities of Kievan Rus and the Galicia-Volyn principality. Brest was considered a "window to Europe" for Russia, a stronghold on the way to Kyiv.

In 1020 Brest was captured by the King of Poland Boleslaw the Brave, but in 1022 the city was recaptured by Jaroslav the Wise. In 1210 Brest was captured by Konrad Mazowiecki and Leszek Krakowski, but in 1213 the Russian army of Danylo Halytsky returned the city. In 1227-1228, Stegut Zibrovych's Yatvia detachment was defeated near Brest, and Stegut himself was killed by the Volyn voivode Shelv.
In 1241 Brest was completely devastated by the Tatars. Rebuilt by the Volyn princes. Princes Mstislav Danilovich and Yuri Lvovich competed for Brest. On March 1, 1280, a battle took place near Brest on the river Krosna between the Ruthenians, led by the Brest voivode Titus, and Polish troops. The Poles were defeated, having a numerical advantage.

In the 1320s, Brest was captured by the Lithuanian prince Gediminas. In the 1340s, Brest was ruled by the Lithuanian prince Keystut. In 1366, under the agreement of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd with the Poles, Brest with the parish passed to Keystut. In 1379 Brest was burned by Teutonic knights. In 1382 Brest was besieged by the Polish prince Janusz Mazowiecki. In 1390 the city received the Magdeburg right. In 1397, the Teutonic Knights again ravaged the city.
In the 1320s, Brest was captured by the Lithuanian prince Gediminas. In the 1340s, Brest was ruled by the Lithuanian prince Keystut. In 1366, under the agreement of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd with the Poles, Brest and the parish passed to Keystut. In 1379 Brest was burned by Teutonic knights. In 1382 Brest was besieged by the Polish prince Janusz Mazowiecki. In 1390 the city received the Magdeburg right. In 1397, the Teutonic Knights again ravaged the city.

In the XV-XVI centuries, Brest was an important trading point. From 1413 to 1510 the city, together with Brest County, was part of the Trotsky Voivodeship. In 1463 Brest was burned by the Crimean Tatar army led by Mengli-Girey. In 1491 a hospital for the crippled was opened in Brest at the expense of local magnates. In 1500, Mengli-Girey ravaged the city again. In 1511 an old age was founded in Brest. In 1525 a fire broke out in the city.
In 1553 the first printing house in the Ukrainian lands was founded in Brest, which published about 40 editions in Polish. In the middle of the 16th century, the printing house in Brest was for a short time the center of publishing of Polish-Lithuanian Protestants. In 1563, this printing house published the Bible in Polish.

In 1566, it became the center of the newly created Brest Voivodeship. In 1591 the royal universal was issued for the opening of a fraternal school in Brest. In the same year, the St. Nicholas Brotherhood began to operate at the Church of St. Nicholas in the city.
In 1596 the Brest Union was concluded at the church cathedral in Brest. On October 16-20 (6-10 according to the old calendar), a church council of the Kyivan metropolis was convened in Brest on October 16-20 (6-10) according to the instructions of Pope Clement VIII for the official proclamation of the union with the Roman Church. At this Council in the Cathedral Church of St. Nicholas on October 18 (8), 1596, most of the hierarchs of the Kyiv metropolis accepted the union.

In 1614 a Jesuit college was founded in Brest. In 1633, he received permission to operate the Christmas Orthodox Brotherhood in Brest.
On November 15, 1655, near Brest, the Moscow army led by Prince Urusov defeated the Polish army led by P. Sapiga, but Brest itself was not captured. In 1657, the city was ravaged by the troops of Rakoczi and Karl Gustav. In January 1660, Brest was taken over by the Moscow army led by Khovansky, but in 1661 the Polish army regained control of the city.

In the second half of the XVII century it declined. The city had a Basilian monastery and the Church of the Apostles Peter and Paul.

In 1705 the city was captured by the Saxon army led by Augustus II. In 1707, Swedish troops devastated a number of settlements in Polissya, including Brest. In 1792, the city became the center of the leaders of the Trade Confederation, which opposed the Polish constitution of 1791. In 1794, near Brest, the Russian army led by Alexander Suvorov defeated the Polish army led by Generals Serakowski, Krasinski, and Poniatowski.
In 1795, Brest, together with the western part of the Brest Voivodeship, became part of the Russian Empire. Originally part of the Lithuanian province. In 1801, it became a county town of the Grodno province and officially became known as Brest-Litovsk. In 1802, a fire broke out in Brest, destroying 160 houses. During the Franco-Russian War of 1812, a series of battles took place near Brest and Kobrin. In 1822 and 1828, two more fires broke out in the city, the first of which burned down the commercial part of Brest, and during the fire of 1828 - 220 houses, including the Greek Catholic Church, the Brigitte Monastery, 150 slaughterhouses and 5 Jewish schools.

In order to build a fortress, the Russian authorities completely destroyed the old town of Brest, located between the Western Bug and the Mukhavets branches sprinkling. To the east, in 1831, a new city with the old name was founded.
In the second half of the XIX century Brest became a railway junction, its trade value increased and the population grew (up to 20,000 people in 1880). In 1873 and 1882, workers' strikes took place in the city. In 1905-1907, during revolutionary demonstrations throughout the Russian Empire, workers' strikes took place in Brest as well.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the officer of the fortress Onopriy Vasylenko (Ohrim Varnak) founded a theatrical troupe in the city, organized meetings with readings of Ukrainian classics, rallies of 1905 and celebrations of Taras Shevchenko's anniversaries. In 1902-1914, the troupe staged works by Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Ivan Karpenko-Kary, Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, and Mark Kropyvnytsky. In 1915-1918, first in Bila Pidlaska, and later in Brest, the Ukrainian weekly Ridne Slovo was published. In 1916, one of the first Enlightenment centers in Polissya was founded in Brest.
In December 1917, peace talks between the Central Powers and the Ukrainian People's Republic and Bolshevik Russia began in Brest. According to the Brest Peace Treaty, signed on February 9, 1918 in the White Palace of the Brest Fortress, Brest, Kholm and Podlasie became part of the UPR. In March 1918, the Kholm Provincial Eldership (province) was formed as part of the Ukrainian People's Republic, and Brest became its administrative center. Ukrainian periodicals were published in the city: "Ridne slovo", "Mir", "Visnyk Kholmskoho gubernialskoho starostva". In 1918, a local troupe (Vasyl Dmytriyuk, Bigunivna, G. Drozd, Prokop) staged Ivan Kotlyarevsky's Natalka Poltavka in Brest, and the funds raised went to Turkevych's orphanage. On December 1, 1918, the founding congress of the Enlightenment was held in Brest.

On February 2, 1919, Polish troops entered the Brest region, first capturing the Brest Fortress and later Brest itself.
In 1920, the Ukrainian division of General Bezruchko was established in Brest. In 1920, Brest was captured by Bolshevik troops, but in the same year they were driven out by the Polish army. On March 21, 1920, the 6th Reserve Brigade of the UPR Army under the command of General Ivan Fedenyak-Bilynsky was based in Brest. From 1920, a camp of interned regiments of the UGA operated in the city, and in 1930-1931 it was a prison for opposition deputies.

References 

Cities in Belarus
Capital cities in Europe
Brest Region
A rectifier is a device that can convert Alternating current (AC) to Direct current (DC). This is a process called rectification. Many rectifiers in the 20th century were made of metals like copper, iron, and silver. Nowadays most are semiconductors.

Half-wave rectifiers only have one side of a waveform, while the full-wave rectifiers use both sides of a waveform. The left-hand side of the full-wave rectifier circuit consists of four diodes: a diode bridge. Half-wave current is a current that can only flow  in alternate current, a full-wave current can flow both alternating current and direct current. 

Diode bridge is electrical circuit that consists of four diodes. It acts as a full wave rectifier to convert alternating current to direct current.

References
Homiel Voblast, Homyel Oblast or Gomel Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus. Its administrative center is Gomel.

Important cities in the voblast include: Gomel, Mazyr, Zhlobin, Svetlahorsk, Rechytsia, Kalinkavichy, Rahachow, Dobrush

Homiel Province and Mahilyow Voblast were hurt severely after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor catastrophe. The Gomel Province borders the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in places. Part of it is a mandatory or voluntary resettlement areas as a result of the radioactive contamination.

The Homiel Voblast has 21 districts (raions), 278 selsovets, 17 cities, and 8 city municipalities.

References
Gomel (also Homiel, Homel) is the administrative center of Gomel Voblast.  It is the second-largest city in Belarus. It has a population of 482,652 (2009 census). Gomel is in the southeastern part of the country, on the right bank of Sozh river.  It is  to the South-East from Minsk,  to the East from Brest,  to the South from Mogilev,  to the West from Bryansk and  to the North from Chernihiv. The city's area is 121 km2.

Other websites
Homel Region: Epicentre Of Troubles That Bore Celebrities 

Cities in Belarus
Gomel Region
The Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II was an event to celebrate the reign of Queen Elizabeth II for 60 years since 1952.

River pageant
A royal pageant on the Thames was one of several events which marked the special anniversary.  The Queen and members of her family were on board the Spirit of Chartwell royal barge.  The barge was joined by a 1,000-boat parade down the river Thames.

References

Other websites

 Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant 

2012 in the United Kingdom
British monarchy
House of Windsor
George W. Snyder (1780-1841) was an American watchmaker and inventor. Snyder invented the fishing reel in the 1820s.

References 

1780 births
1841 deaths

Fishing
American inventors
The Long Good Friday is a 1980 British crime movie. It is set in London. It was directed by John Mackenzie and written by Barrie Keeffe. It stars Bob Hoskins as gangster Harold Shand and Helen Mirren as Victoria.

Other websites 

1980 crime drama movies
British crime drama movies
1980s English-language movies
Gangster movies
Movies set in London
1980 mystery movies
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies directed by John Mackenzie
Grodno/Hrodna Region is a voblast (province) in northwestern Belarus.

The capital Grodno is the biggest city of the province. It is on the Neman River. Two castles from the 14th - 18th centuries are on the steep right bank of the Nemen. Many say this city is one of the most beautiful in Belarus. The Orthodox St Boris & St Gleb (Kalozhskaya) Church dating back to the 12th century, is the second oldest in Belarus.

The Mir Castle Complex, a 16th-century historical landmark as well as part of the Belovezhskaya Pushcha nature reserve, both UNESCO World Heritage sites are in this region.

The Grodno Region is divided into 17 districts (raions), 194 selsovets, 12 cities, 6 city municipalities, and 21 urban-type settlements.

References
Mogilev Region, also Mahilyow Voblasts (Province) or Mogilyov Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus.  The administrative center is Mogilyov (Mahilyow).

Mogilev and Homyel Voblasts suffered severely after the Chernobyl nuclear radioactive reactor catastrophe in April 1986.

Important cities in the voblast are: Mogilyov, Asipovichy, and Babruysk.

Many rivers flow through the Mahilyow Voblast. They include the: Dnieper River (Dniapro), Berezina, Sozh, Druts, Pronya and Ptsich rivers.

There are 21 districts (raions), 195 selsovets, 14 towns, 3 city municipalities, and 12 urban-type settlements.

 
1938 establishments in Europe
Mogilev (also spelled Mogilyov or Mahilyow) is a city in eastern Belarus.  It is about  from the border with Russia's Smolensk Oblast and  from the border with Russia's Bryansk Oblast. As of 2011, 360,918 people lived there.  It is the administrative centre of Mahilyow Voblast.  It is the third largest city in Belarus.

References

Cities in Belarus
Mogilev Region
Have I Got News for You is a British comedy television panel game shown on the BBC. It began on 28 September 1990. During each episode, two teams compete to win points by answering questions on recent news events. Each team has a captain and two celebrity guests. One captain is Ian Hislop, the other is Paul Merton. The host was Angus Deayton until he was sacked in October 2002. Since then, there have been many guest presenters.

Series 61 ended in 2021.

Guest appearance tallies
Many guests have appeared on the programme multiple times.

Other websites
Other websites 

1990 British television series debuts
1990s British comedy television series
1990s satirical television series
2000s British comedy television series
2000s satirical television series
2010s British comedy television series
2010s satirical television series
2020s British comedy television series
2020s satirical television series
BBC television comedy
British satirical television series
British television game shows
English-language television programs
Panel games
One More Night is a song performed by American pop rock group Maroon 5 from their fourth studio album Overexposed. The single was released for digital download and contemporary radio on June 26, 2012. The song was written by frontman Adam Levine, producer Shellback, executive Max Martin and Savan Kotecha and was produced by Ryan Tedder. The song debuted live at Revel in Atlantic City, New Jersey on the evening of May 18, 2012 and was viraly uploaded by several other people on YouTube the next day. The pop-reggae fused song was announced on May 22nd on the band's official site that it would serve as the second single for their fourth album.

Development

The song was recorded live in Los Angeles, California earlier in 2012. The band said in an interview with Rolling Stone that it the band's first attempt at trying a reggae song and fusing it with a simple pop melody.

Release

The song was released on the same day as their fourth studio album Overexposed on June 26, 2012. 

Maroon 5 songs
2012 songs
Terrell is a city in Kaufman County, Texas, United States.  It is a southeastern suburb of Dallas. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 13,606. Terrell is  east of Dallas.

Terrell is the home of the Terrell State Hospital, a psychiatric inpatient hospital with 316 beds operated under the direction of the Texas Department of State Health Services.

Jamie Foxx, an actor, grew up in Terrell and graduated in 1986 from Terrell High School, along with Cynthea Rhodes, a member of the USA Track & Field team in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Joe Doucet a notable American designer graduated in 1988. Terrell High School has also graduated four NFL players which are: Brice McCain, who was drafted in the NFL by the Houston Texans; C.J. Wilson, who is currently playing for the Los Angeles Angels; and Kenoy Kennedy, who played for the Denver Broncos and Detroit Lions; and Darius Johnson who played for the Denver Broncos.

Current Texas State Representative Lance Gooden is a native of Terrell.

References
References

Cities in Texas
1874 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Texas
Minsk Voblasc (Province) or Minsk Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus.  The administrative center is Minsk. As of 2019, the voblast's population is 1,503,000, which has 15.3% of the national total.

In the northern part of the oblast is the Lake Narach, the largest lake of the country.

There are 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements.

Minsk Region covers 39,900 km², which stands about 19.44% of the total area of Belarus Republic. There is the largest lake in the country called Narach in the Minsk Region.

References

Other websites
Minsk Region – The Heart Of Belarus 

Regions of Belarus
The ruble is the currency of Belarus. The symbol for the ruble is Br and the ISO 4217 code is BYN.

In 2000, notes were introduced in amounts of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 rublei. In 2001 and 2002, higher amounts of 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 rublei were introduced, followed by 100,000 rublei in 2005.

References

Other websites 

 National bank of the Republic of Belarus - Official Exchange Rates (English)
 Information about Belarusian commemorative coins (English)
 Catalog of Belarus Banknotes 
 LIVE Belarus Ruble eXchange Rates : BYR (English) 

Currency of Europe
Belarus
Further-eastern European Time (FET) also called Moscow Time (MSK) and Turkey Time (TRT) is since September 2011 three hours ahead of UTC (UTC+03:00). It was started as the official time for the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast and then followed by Belarus, Northern Cyprus, and Turkey.

Until 2011, Further-eastern European Time was the same as Eastern European Time (UTC+2).  on 27 March 2011, Russia moved to the so called "year-round daylight saving time".  Belarus followed Russia on September 15, 2011. Both Turkey and Northern Cyprus also cancelled DST on September 7, 2016, and has switched to FET permanently.On October 29, 2017, Northern Cyprus returned to EET.

References

Time zones
UTC+03:00 makes clocks 3 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.

These are the countries who use UTC+03:00 as their time.

As standard time (all year round)
Bahrain
Belarus
Comoros
Djibouti
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Georgia
Abkhazia and South Ossetia
Iraq
Kenya
Kuwait
Madagascar
Qatar
Russia – Moscow Time
Saudi Arabia
Somalia
South Africa – Prince Edward Islands
South Sudan
Tanzania
Turkey – Turkey Time
Uganda
Ukraine
Crimea, part of Donetsk and Luhansk regions
Yemen

As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Estonia
Finland
Greece
Israel – Israel Standard Time
Jordan
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Moldova
Palestine
Romania
Syria
Ukraine
Except Crimea, part of Donetsk and Luhansk regions
United Kingdom
Akrotiri and Dhekelia

UTC offsets
Country Code: +375
International Call Prefix: 00 (was 8~10)
Trunk Prefix: 8

Belarus began using its own country code +375 in 1995. Before that it was part of the +7 international country code. The local numbering plan came from USSR.  It has changed little.

Geographic area codes were made based on previous 3-digit USSR area codes by removing the lead 0. Calling across areas still requires dialing trunk prefix 8 and waiting for dialtone after that. 

Telephone numbers
Belarus
Francysk Skaryna  was a Belarusian famous as one of the first publishers in Eastern Europe.  He helped develop the Belarusian language.

He was born in the historical Belarusian city of Polotsk into the family of a rich merchant. The exact dates of birth and death are unknown.  It was about 1485–1540 or 1490–1551.

Skaryna graduated from the arts faculty at the University of Kraków in 1504. In 1512 he received doctorate in medicine at the University of Padua in Italy. In 1517 he made a printing press in Prague. He published his first book called The Psalter, in the Old Belarusian language on 6 August 1517. The most important part of his life's work was printing a translation of the Bible in 22 books during 1517 to 1519.

Around 1522 he moved to Vilnius.  He made the first printing house in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The first book published there was The Little Travel Guide. The printing house closed down. Skaryna spent his last years working as a doctor for Ferdinand I of Germany.
Other websites 
 Francysk Skaryna, the Martin Luther of Belarus // The Economist

15th-century births
16th-century deaths
Publishers
Belarusian people
The 2011–12 Chicago Blackhawks season was the team's 86th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Blackhawks signed goaltender Corey Crawford to a 3-year, 8 million dollar contract. They clinched the playoffs on March 31, 2012 when they defeated the Nashville Predators 5-4. Their win marked the 4th consecutive season in which the Blackhawks made the playoffs. They were defeated by the Phoenix Coyotes in the first round of the 2012 Stanley Cup Playoffs.

Regular season

Playoffs

References 

2011 in ice hockey
2012 in ice hockey
National Hockey League team seasons
Yanka Kupala ( – June 28, 1942) was the pen name of Ivan Daminikavich Lutsevich.  He was a Belarusian poet and writer. Kupala is said to be one of the greatest Belarusian-language writers of the 20th century.

Biography

Early life
Kupala was born on July 7, 1882 in Viazynka. His family was of Szlachta origins. Both of his parents were tenant farmers. Kupala received a traditional Belarusian education.  He finished his studies in 1898. After the death of his father in 1902, Kupala worked several short-term jobs.  These included being a tutor, a shop assistant, and a record keeper.

Kupala's first serious try at writing was Ziarno.  It was a Polish-language sentimental poem which he completed around 1903–1904. His first Belarusian-language work ("Мая доля") was dated July 15, 1904. Kupala's first published poem, "Мужык" ("Peasant"), was published about a year later.  It was in the newspaper on May 11, 1905. Several more poems by Kupala were in the Belarusian-language newspaper Nasha Niva from 1906 to 1907.
In Vilnius and St. Petersburg

Kupala moved from Belarus to Vilnius in 1908.  He continued with his career as a poet. The first published collection of his poems, Жалейка (The Little Flute) made the czarist government mad. The order for Kupala's arrest was ended in 1909.

Kupala left for St. Petersburg in 1909. In 1910 he published several works.  He left St. Petersburg and returned to Vilnius in 1913. Among those influencing Kupala in the 1910s was Maxim Gorky.

During the Soviet period
Kupala's writing changed to an optimistic tone after the Great October Revolution of 1917. 

Kupala was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1941 for the poetry collection Ад сэрца (From the Heart).

In 1941 he moved to Moscow and then to Tatarstan. But even from there he wrote poems supporting Belarus fighting against Nazi Germany. He died mysteriously in 1942 in Moscow.  He fell down the stairwell in Hotel Moskva. The death was said to be accidental.  Some people think it was suicide or murder.
1882 births
1942 deaths
Belarusian writers
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Ryan Sypek (born August 6, 1982) is an American actor.

Filmography
 Wildfire (2005–2008) - Junior Davis
 Private Valentine: Blonde & Dangerous (2008) - Sgt. Mills Evans
 Greek (2008), episode: A Tale of Two Parties - Ryan Prince
 How I Met Your Mother (2009), episode: Mosbius Designs - PJ
 Christmas Cupid (2010) - Jason
 Squatters (2010), 3 episodes - Robert
 Happy Endings (2011) - Todd
 The Nine Lives of Chloe King (2011) - Jesse

References

Other websites
 

1971 births
Living people
American stage actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Boston
Las Vegas is an American television series broadcast by NBC from September 22, 2003 to February 15, 2008.

Cast 
 James Caan as Edward Melvin Deline
 Josh Duhamel as Danny McCoy
 James Lesure as Mike Cannon
 Vanessa Marcil as Samantha Jane "Sam" Marquez
 Molly Sims as Delinda Deline
 Nikki Cox as Mary Connell
 Marsha Thomason as Nessa Holt
 Tom Selleck as A.J. Cooper

Other websites 
 
 

2000s American television series
2003 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
American comedy television series
American drama television series
American crime television series
NBC network shows
Las Vegas in fiction
English-language television programs
Nicole Avery "Nikki" Cox (born June 2, 1978) is an American actress. She is famous for her roles on television series Unhappily Ever After, Las Vegas and Nikki.

References

Other websites
 
 

1978 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
James Lesure (born September 21, 1970) is an American actor. He acted in the television series Las Vegas.

References

Other websites
 

1970 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
African American actors
Molly Sims (born May 25, 1973 ) is an American actress. She acted on the television series Las Vegas.

References

Other websites
 Official Website
 

1973 births
Living people
Models from Kentucky
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Kentucky
Vanessa Marcil (born October 15, 1968) is an American actress. She acted on the television series Las Vegas.

Other websites
 

1968 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Riverside County, California
Marsha Thomason (born January 19, 1976 ) is an English actress. She acted on the television series Las Vegas.

References

Other websites

 

1976 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Manchester
Madame Tussauds is a wax museum in London with branches in a number of major cities. It was founded by wax sculptor Marie Tussaud. It used to be called "Madame Tussaud's", but the apostrophe is no longer used. Madame Tussauds is a major tourist attraction in London. It has waxwork displays of historical and royal figures, film stars, sports stars and infamous murderers.

References

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Museums in London
Art museums in the United Kingdom
In some eusocial species, individuals of one species live together in colonies. These groups are often called nests or hives. Often there is a division of labour. In Hymenoptera, for example, a hive may have several kinds of females, which by Polyphenism carry out different tasks, and whose bodies are different. 

Such specialized types in one species are known as castes. Castes that are not involved in producing offspring are usually sterile. The term originally comes from the caste-system in Hinduism.

Related pages 
Eusociality

Notes 

Zoology
The Corps of Bridges (Corps des Ponts) is a French civil service corps.

People entering the Corps are trained at the . Most of them are from the . The rest come from the .

In 2002, the corps of the engineers of Bridges and Roads (Ponts et Chaussées), the engineers of civil aviation, the engineers-geographs and the meteorological engineers merged. Students who choose the corps of engineers of civil aviation are trained at the French Civil Aviation University.

Former or current members
 Paul-Louis Arslanian
 Henri Becquerel
 Michel Bernard
 Gérard Mestrallet
 Jean Peyrelevade
 Marie François Sadi Carnot (former president of the French Republic)
 Jacques Villiers

References

Further reading
 Official site of the Corps  

Aviation in France
Transport engineering
Government of France
Motherwell railway station is a train station in Motherwell, Scotland. It is a big station, with four platforms, making it the biggest station in North Lanarkshire. The station can get you to big places such as London and Glasgow. There is a train every 10 minutes going to Glasgow Central station. It is managed by First ScotRail.

References

Other websites 

Railway stations in Scotland
North Lanarkshire
Hammersmith is an urban centre in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in west London. It is about five miles west of Charing Cross.

References

Other websites 
Hammersmith & Fulham Council website

Areas of London
London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Daniel Boyle (born 20 October 1956) is a British movie director and producer. He was born in Radcliffe, Lancashire into a working-class Irish Catholic family.

His movies include Shallow Grave, Trainspotting, A Life Less Ordinary, The Beach, 28 Days Later, Millions, 28 Weeks Later, Sunshine, Slumdog Millionaire and 127 Hours. Boyle was nominated for five BAFTA Awards and three Academy Awards. He directed the 2018 television series Trust based on the kidnapping of John Paul Getty III, the grandson of J. Paul Getty.

Other websites 

Academy Award winning directors
BAFTA Award winning directors
British television directors
English movie directors
English movie producers
Golden Globe Award winning directors
People from Lancashire
1956 births
Living people
Vasil Uładzimiravič Bykaŭ (June 19, 1924 – June 22, 2003) was an author of many novels and novellas about World War II. He is a big figure in Belarusian literature and civic thought. The writer's talent earned him endorsements for the Nobel Prize nomination from, among others, Nobel Prize laureates Joseph Brodsky and Czesław Miłosz.

Life and career
Vasil Bykaŭ was born in the village Byčki, not far from Viciebsk in 1924. In 1941 he was in Ukraine when Germany attacked the USSR. He volunteered for the Red Army. For years after the war he continued to serve.  He returned to the USSR only in the mid-1950s. There he started to work as a journalist for the Hrodna Pravda newspaper. In that same decade his first novellas were published.

Bykaŭ was one of the most admired writers in the Soviet Union. In 1980 he was awarded the title of People's Writer of the Belarusian SSR. Vasil Bykaŭ is the most widely read Belarusian writer outside of Belarus.
Bibliography 
 1960 - "Crane's Cry" ("Жураўліны крык")
 1960 - "Knight move" ("Ход канём")
 1962 - "Third Rocket" ("Трэцяя ракета")
 1964 - "The Alpine Ballad" ("Альпійская балада")
 1965 - "One Night" ("Адна ноч") 
 1970 - "The Ordeal" ("Сотнікаў")
 1971 - "The Obelisk" ("Абеліск")
 1973 - "To Live till Sunrise" ("Дажыць да світання")
 1974 - "Wolf Pack" ("Воўчая зграя")
 1975 - "His Battalion" ("Яго батальён") 
 1978 - "To Go and not Return" ("Пайсці і не вярнуцца")
 1983 - "Sign of Misfortune" ("Знак бяды")
 1989 - "In the Fog" ("У тумане")
 1997 - "The Wall" ("Сьцяна")
 2003 - "The Long Road Home" ("Доўгая дарога да дому")

1924 births
2003 deaths
Belarusian writers
World War II people
Uladzimir Karatkievich or Vladimir Korotkevich (26 November 1930 – 25 July 1984) was a Belarusian romantic writer.

Karatkievich was born in 1930 in Orsha, Viciebsk region. In 1954 he graduated from Kiev University. Later, he completed advanced literature courses (1960), and then cinematography (1962), both in Moscow. Literature then became his main job. His first published work was a poem that appeared in 1951.  He published a large number of short stories, in collections entitled Chazenia, The Eye of the Typhoon, From Past Ages, and others. He also wrote the novels Unforgettable and The Dark Castle Olshansky. Karatkievich's most popular work is the novel The Wild Hunt of King Stakh  Karatkievič also wrote a number of plays, essays, articles, screenplays for short and feature movies.  He also wrote some very interesting detective and adventure stories. 

1930 births
1984 deaths
Belarusian writers
A supervolcano is a volcano that can make a volcanic eruption where the things being thrown out of the volcano have a volume bigger than , which is a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 8. If the definition is expanded, supervolcanoes also include volcanoes that have volcanic eruptions with a volume bigger than , which is a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7. This is thousands of times bigger than most volcanic eruptions which happened a long time. Supervolcanoes can occur when magma in the Earth rises into the crust from a hotspot, but can not break through the crust. More and more pressure builds up in a large and growing magma pool until the crust can no longer take the pressure. 

Although there are not many Quaternary supervolcanoes, supervolcanic eruptions usually cover very big areas with lava and volcanic ash. They can also cause a long-lasting change to weather (such as causing a volcanic winter which can trigger a small ice age), enough to possibly make species extinct.

Terminology
Terminology 

The term "supervolcano" was first used in the BBC popular science television program Horizon in 2000 to mean eruptions of this type. 

Volcanologists (who study with volcanoes) and geologists do not say "supervolcanoes" in their scientific work. This is because the word can mean many different geothermal conditions.  Since 2003, however, the term has been used by professionals when showing things to the public.  The term megacaldera is sometimes used for calderas which are quite similar to supervolcanoes, such as the Blake River Megacaldera Complex in the Abitibi greenstone belt of Ontario and Quebec, Canada.

Super Eruptions 

VEI 8 eruptions are considered super-eruptions due to their large scale. The Earth's most recent supereruption is the Oruanui eruption, occurring 26,500 years ago.

Related pages 
 Toba catastrophe theory

References

More reading

Other websites
Other websites 

 Information on the original BBC program
 Yellowstone Supervolcano and Map of Supervolcanoes Around The World 
 USGS Fact Sheet – Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions – What's in Yellowstone's Future?
 Discovery Channel's site on "Supervolcano"
 Scientific American's The Secrets of Supervolcanoes
Stanisław Moniuszko  (May 5, 1819 in Ubiel, near Minsk – June 4, 1872 in Warsaw, Congress Poland) was a Polish composer, conductor and teacher. He is generally called the father of Polish national opera.

Biography

Youth
Moniuszko was born in Ubiel (Minsk district in modern Belarus) to a Polish-Armenian  noble family of landowners. He showed an early ability in music, and began private piano lessons with August Freyer in 1827.  Moniuszko began to formally study composition in Berlin with Karl Friedrich Rungenhagen,  who also taught him in choral conducting. While in Berlin, he had an unexpected early success when he set three songs to the words of the Polish national poet, Adam Mickiewicz.

After three years in Berlin, he returned to Poland in 1840 to marry Aleksandra Müller. He got a job as an organist in Vilnius and also worked as a private piano tutor. The Moniuszkos had ten children.
Around 1840, he began to compose strongly, writing his first operas and several other stage works, as well as sacred music and secular cantatas. 

During his lifetime Moniuszko traveled many times to St. Petersburg where his concerts were very well received.  He was the mentor of César Cui.

Maturity 
In 1848 in Vilnius, he staged and conducted the first performance of his opera Halka.  After the triumph of his new four-act version of Halka at Warsaw on 1 January 1858, he toured France.  It was soon later staged in Prague, Moscow and St. Petersburg, where it met with great success. 

On 1 August 1858 he was made conductor of the Polish Opera in the Grand Theatre in Warsaw.  In 1864, Moniuszko started lecturing at the Music Institute in Warsaw, where he also directed a choir. His disciples included, among others, Zygmunt Noskowski and Henryk Jarecki.

Stanisław Moniuszko died on 4 June 1872 in Warsaw of a sudden heart attack. He was buried in Powązki Cemetery.

Works

Stage works

Operettas

Operas
{| class="wikitable" border="1" 
!bgcolor=ececec|Work
!bgcolor=ececec|Form
!bgcolor=ececec|Composed
!bgcolor=ececec|Libretto
!bgcolor=ececec|Première
|-
|Halka (Helen)
|opera in two acts, laterenlarged to four acts
|c. 1847-8& 1857
|Włodzimierz Wolski(after Kazimierz Władysław Wójcicki)
|Vilnius, 1 January 1848
|-
|Sielanka (Idyll) 
|opera in two acts
|c. 1848?
|Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich
|lost
|-
|Betty
|comic opera in two acts
|c. 1852
|F Schober (after Scribe andMelesville)
|Vilnius, 20 May 1852
|-
|Flis (The Raftsman)
|opera in one act
|c. 1858
|S Boguslawski
|Warsaw, 24 September 1858
|-
|Rokiczana (The King of Peasants)
|incomplete
|c. 1859
|J Korzeniowski
|unperformed
|-
|Hrabina (The Countess)
|opera in three acts
|c. 1869
|Włodzimierz Wolski
|Warsaw, 7 February 1860
|-
|Jawnuta
|opera in two acts
|c. 1860
|
|Warsaw 5 June 1860
|-
|Verbum nobile
|opera in one act
|c. 1860
|Jan Chęciński
|Warsaw, 1 January 1861
|-
|Straszny Dwór (The Haunted Manor)
|opera in four acts
|c. 1861-4
|c. 1861-4
|Jan Chęciński (after Kazimierz Władysław Wójcicki)
|Warsaw, 28 September 1865
|-
|Paria|opera in three acts withprologue
|c. 1859-69
|Jan Chęciński (after a play byDelavigne)
|Warsaw, 11 December 1869
|-
|Trea|incomplete
|c. 1872
|J Jasiński after a Femish legend
|unperformed
|-
|Nowy dziedzic (The New Landlord)
|incomplete
|undated
|
|unperformed
|-
|Sen wieszcza (The Seer's Dream)
|incomplete
|undated
|Władysław Syrokomla after J B Rosierand A de Leuven
|unperformed
|-
|Walka muzyków(The Musicians' Struggle)
|incomplete
|undated
|Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich
|lost
|}
Ballet Monte Christo, after Alexandre Dumas (1866)Na kwaterunku (On the Bilet) (1868)Figle szatana (Satan's Tricks aka Devil's Frolics) (1870)Merry Wives of Windsor (c. 1849), ballet music composed for the opera of Otto Nicolai

 Theatre Kasper Hauser (1843), melodrama by Anicet, Bourgeois and d'Ennery. First performance: Minsk, November 18, 1843Sabaudka (Savoyardess or the Mother's Blessing) melodrama in 5 acts by d'Ennery and Lemoine. First performance: Vilnius, May 6, 1845
Hamlet. Shakespeare's tragedy. First performance: Warsaw, March 24, 1871Zbojcy (Die Rauber). Schiller's tragedy. First performance: Warsaw 1870 and 1871Hans Mathis, drama (1872). Finished by Adam MunchheimerKarpaccy gorale, drama by J. Korzeniowski

 Vocal
 Cantatas 

 Sacred
Songs More than 300, listing the most popular:Chochlik (The Imp). Text by A.E. OdyniecCzaty (The Ambush), ballad. Text by A. Mickiewicz. Also in a version with orchestraCzarny krzyżyk (The Little Black Cross). Text by Bruno Bielawski.Dziad i baba (The Old Man and The Old Woman). Text by J.I. KraszewskiDziadek i babka (Grandpa and Grandma). Text by P. JankowskiEntuzjasta (The Enthusiast). Text by J. PrusinowskiKozak (Cossack). Also known as Tam na gorze jawor stoiKum i kuma (Chums). Text by J. CzeczotŁzy (Tears). Text by A.E. OdyniecMaciek. Text by T. LenartowiczMagda karczmarka (Magda, the Innkeeper). Also known as W pustej karczmie Magda siedzi, ballad. Text by E. SztyrmerNad Nidą (On Nida River). Text by Włodzimierz WolskiPanicz i dziewczyna (The Young Master and The Girl). Also known as W gaiku zielonym. Text by A.E. OdyniecPieśń wieczorna (The Song at Dusk). Also known as Po nocnej rosie. Text by W. SyrokomlaPiosnka żołnierza (Soldier's Song). Also known as Już matka zasnęła. Text by J
. Text by J. KorzeniowskiPolna różyczka (The Little, Field Rose). Text by J. GrajnertPowrót taty (Father's Return). Text by A. MickiewiczPrząśniczka (The Spinner). Text by J. Czeczot. Also in a version with orchestraRozmowa (Conversation). Also known as Kochanko moja, na co nam rozmowa. Text by A. MickiewiczRybka (The Fish). Text by A. MickiewiczŚwierszcz (The Cricket). Text by J.N. KaminskiŚwitezianka (The Nymph of Lake Switez). Text by A. MickiewiczTren X (Lament No. X). Also known as Urszulo moja wdzieczna. Text by J. KochanowskiTrzech Budrysów (Three Budryses). Text by A. Mickiewicz. Also in a version with orchestraTrzy śpiewy: Niepewnosc, Pieszczotka, Sen (Three Chants: Uncertainty, Cuddlesome One, Dream). Text by A. Mickiewicz. German translation BlankenseeWilija (Christmas Eve). Text by A. MickiewiczZnaszli ten kraj (Do You Know Such Land). Text by A. Mickiewicz, after J. W. Goethe
Instrumental 
 Chamber 
String quartet no.1 in D minor (1839)
String quartet no.2 in F major (before 1840)

 Organ 

Organ compositions on the themes of church songs, among others Vespers and Song of Ostra Brama. Published: Warsaw, 1862.

 Piano Fraszki (Trifles). Two books. Published: Vilnius, 1843
Nocturne in A-flat major. Published: Vilnius, 1846
Mazurka in D major. Published: Vilnius, before 1846
Six Polonaises. Published: Vilnius, 1846
Polka in C major. Published: Warsaw, 1851
Polka, "Daniel". Published: Warsaw, 1852
Polka, "Gabirela". Published: Warsaw, 1855
"Spring" Polka. Published: Warsaw, 1860Vilanelle in B flat major. Published: Warsaw, 1851
Three Waltzes. Published: Warsaw, 1852
"Wedding" Mazurka. Published: Warsaw, 1872Kolysanka (Cradle Song) in D major. Published: Warsaw, 19 March 1872
Piano transcriptions of opera fragments and of works by other composers, among others Six Polonaises of Michal Oginski. Published: Warsaw, before 1858
Original compositions and transcriptions for piano duet
Symphonic Bajka (Fairytale), fantastic overture (1848). Two versions. First performed: Vilnius, 1 May 1848Kain, overture (1856). First performance: St. Petersburg, March 1856
War Overture. First performance: Vilnius, 19 March 1857Polonez koncertowy (concert polonaise) in A major, for large orchestra (1866)Polonez obywatelski, civic polonaise in F major (after 1863)

 Recordings 

Due to the current obscurity of Moniuszko outside Poland, this list more or less represents a complete discography.

 Opera
Halka: Andrzej Hiolski, Barbara Zagorzanka, Jerzy Ostapiuk, Ryszarda Racewicz, Wieslaw Ochman. Robert Satanowski cond., Polish National Opera Orchestra & Chorus. 2 CDs, DDD, CPO Records, Live (recorded 1987?), 18 January 1995
Halka (highlights): Andrzej Hiolski, Edmund Kossowski, Barbara Nieman, Halina Slonicka, Bohdan Paprocki. Zdizislaw Gorzynski cond., Polish National Opera Orchestra & Chorus. CD, Polskie Nagrania Muza, 6 April 1994 (originally 1992)
Halka: Harmonia Mundi/Chant du Monde?
Halka: Tatiana Zacharczuk, Władimir Kuzmienko, Zbigniew Macias, Katarzyna Suska, Piotr Nowacki. Antoni Wicherek cond., Soloists, Choir, Ballet and Orchestra of The Great Theatre National Opera in Warsaw. DVD, 2h10m, ZPR Records, 1999