Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The monarch alone can grant membership to the order. He or she is known as the Sovereign of the Garter, and the Prince of Wales is known as a Knight Companion of the Garter.

Knights of the Order use the post-nominal letters (KG) and Ladies of the Order (LG). Knights Companion can use the title "Sir" before their first name, and their wives can use the title "Lady" before their surnames. Ladies Companion can use the title "Lady" before their first name, but their husbands cannot use any title.

Current Members 

 Sovereign: Charles III
 Royal Knight: The Prince of Wales KG KT PC

Knights and Ladies Companion:
The Duke of Abercorn KG
 The Lord Butler of Brockwell KG GCB CVO PC
 Sir John Major KG CH PC
 The Lord Luce KG GCVO PC
 Sir Thomas Dunne KG KCVO
 The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers KG PC
 The Lord Stirrup KG GCB
 The Baroness Manningham-Buller LG DCB
 The Lord King of Lothbury KG GBE
 The Lord Shuttleworth KG KCVO
 Sir David Brewer KG CMG CVO
 Lady Mary Fagan LG DCVO
 The Viscount Brookeborough KG
 Lady Mary Peters LG CH DBE
 The Marquess of Salisbury KG KCVO PC
 The Baroness Amos LG CH PC
 Sir Tony Blair KG
 The Baroness Ashton of Upholland LG GCMG PC
 The Lord Patten of Barnes KG CH PC

Royal Knights and Ladies Companion:

 The Duke of Kent KG GCMG GCVO
 The Princess Royal KG KT GCVO QSO
 The Duke of Gloucester KG GCVO
 Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy KG GCVO
 The Duke of York KG GCVO
 The Duke of Edinburgh KG GCVO
 The Queen LG LT GCVO PC

References

 
1348 establishments
1340s establishments in England
HD DVD, also known as High-Definition DVD, was an optical disc that is able to store large amounts of data, such as high-definition videos. Now, the HD DVD type is now considered dead.

Related pages
 DVD
 Blu-ray Disc

Other websites 
 Official HD DVD site (for the US)
 CDfreaks Article On HD DVD vs Blu-ray 
 Projector Central article comparing HD DVD to Blu-ray
 Volume Unique Keys for Released HD DVD titles

News
 HD-DVD Winning the European Race at Next Generation - Interactive Entertainment Today (Tuesday, 10 April 2007)
 HD DVD goes beyond 50GB with new disc  at DVD Town
 Next-generation DVD battle begins at BBC
 ProjectorCentral first impressions on HD DVD at Projector Central
 Microsoft and Intel Supporting HD DVD at Beta News
 HD DVD Ships 1.5 Million Movie Titles as of November 16, 2006 at Beta News

Optical discs
Bruges (Dutch: Brugge) is a city in the northwest of Belgium. 

It is the capital and largest city of West Flanders. In 2007, 116,982 people lived there.

Bruges is at 51° 12 North, 03° 13 East.

It is a centre of tourism because of its historic medieval city centre. The centre was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It is a center of commerce because of its port, Zeebrugge. The movie In Bruges with Colin Farrell, Brendan Gleeson and Ralph Fiennes was made there in 2008.

References 

 
World Heritage Sites in Belgium
Immortality or eternal life is the idea of something which is alive that will stay alive forever. The opposite of immortality is mortality, which means a living thing can die. Right now, only a small number of living things are known to be immortal. These are mainly simple, lower forms of life like bacteria.  Stories about immortal people or animals are popular in fiction and mythology, but not yet possible due to the decline of health as the years pass.

Religious ideas
Religious ideas

Many religions say people have an immortal soul with an afterlife. This is not the same as the idea of a physical body that doesn't age. Religious ideas of immortality are of two kinds. One idea is that the soul can exist apart from the dead physical body. Some religions teach that the soul cannot die but will live forever in an "afterlife". Usually, this afterlife includes punishment or reward for the good or evil that the person did. Hinduism and Buddhism teach that the soul will go into a new body as a baby. This is called re-incarnation. 

Religions such as Christianity, Islam and Judaism believe that the body of dead persons will be made to live again for a final judgement. This is called resurrection of the body. Some who believe in this think that the soul is asleep while waiting for the resurrection, while others believe it exists in a conscious condition in a heaven or hell.

Other Ideas
Other Ideas

Some people have long used magic and science to look for a way to live forever.  Others feel that death is what defines all living things, and as a natural part of life, should not be taken away.

Insurance actuaries have calculated that even if everyone were physically immortal, the average life span would still be only be 400 years because of the accident rate; eventually, everyone would die of a fatal accident and it would be very unusual to encounter anyone more than 800 years old.  Therefore,physical or biological immortality is better termed indefinite life extension or anti-aging technology and it would seem that the only practical ways to achieve actual immortality is to upload one's mind into a supercomputer to live in virtual reality, or become a cyborg with a nearly indestructible and invincible body.  Futurists such as Ray Kurzweil believe this will become possible about the year 2045 in the technological singularity.
The color amaranth represents immortality in Western civilization, while the color peach represents immortality in Chinese civilization.

References

Related pages
Philosopher's Stone
Fountain of Youth

Others websites

 Immortality: A Taoist perspective
 Dictionary of the history of Ideas:  Death and Immortality
 Immortality Institute - Advocacy and Research on Indefinite Lifespan Scientific and sociological discussions, activism, research
 "Inventor Kurzweil Aiming to Live Forever"; RedNova 
 The Quest For Immortality
 Immortality International - Life is a basic human right 
 Mormon Transhumanist Association
 The Immortality of the Soul and the Resurrection of the Body by Heinrich J. Vogel 

Life
Death
The European Union (EU) has an independent parliament and civil service which is distinct from those of the 27 member states. It has to pay for expenditure on common policies throughout the EU. Therefore, the EU has an agreed budget of €862 billion for the period 2007-2013. By comparison, the UK expenditure for 2004 alone was estimated at €759 billion.

Setting a budget
The EU has three elements to its government: the Council of Ministers, the European Commission and the European Parliament. All three take a part in setting the annual budget.

Revenue

The EU obtains most of its revenue indirectly by payments from treasuries of member states. Revenue is divided into three categories.

Traditional own resources are taxes raised on behalf of the EU as a whole, principally import duties on goods brought into the EU. These are collected by the state where import occurs and passed on to the EU. States are allowed to keep a proportion of the revenue to cover administration.
VAT based own resources are taxes on EU citizens as a proportion of Value added tax in each member country. VAT rates and exemptions vary in different countries, so a formula is used to create the 'harmonised tax base'. The starting point for calculations is the total VAT raised in a country.

GNI based own resources currently forms the largest contribution to EU funding. A simple multiplier is applied to the calculated GNI for the country concerned. Revenue is currently capped at 1.24% of GNI for the EU as a whole.

Expenditure

The largest single expenditure item is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) at around 45% of the total budget. The second largest element is the regional policy, at 30%. Foreign policy consumes 8%, administration 6%, research 5%.

Criticisms 

"As it stands today [in 2003], the EU budget is a historical relic. Expenditures, revenues and procedures are all inconsistent with the present and future state of EU integration." - The Sapir Report, 2003, p 162.
References
 EU discussion of revenue
 EU Breakdown of revenue
 EU financial report 2004

European Union
Wittingen is a small town in the north of the district of Gifhorn, Lower Saxony, Germany. It has 12.268 inhabitants (2005). Wittingen's postal codes are 29378 and 29379.

Around Wittingen, there are 26 villages:

History 
Wittingen was first mentioned in a document of 781

References

Other websites

 www.wittingen.de
The Golden Gloves is the name given to competitions held every year for amateur boxing in the United States. The Golden Gloves is often the term used to refer to the National Golden Gloves competition, but it can also mean a few other amateur tournaments, including regional golden gloves tournaments and other notable tournaments such as the Intercity Golden Gloves, the Chicago Golden Gloves, and the New York Golden Gloves.

The Golden Gloves are open to all non-professional boxers age 16 and over. There is also a Silver Gloves amateur tournament, which is for young amateur male boxers age 8 to 15 years old.

Golden Gloves
Charles L. "Sonny" Liston (May 8, 1932 – December 30, 1970) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1962 to 1964. He was a boxer who was disliked by much of the public because of his criminal history and rumored association with organized crime characters. Liston served prison sentences for armed robbery and assaulting a police officer. However, he was a skilled boxer and gained a shot at the heavyweight title held by Floyd Patterson. He knocked Patterson out in the first round to gain the title in 1962. He defeated Patterson by another first-round knockout in their rematch in 1963.

He lost the championship to Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay) when he quit in his corner before the start of the seventh round in their 1964 fight. He was then knocked out in the first round during their second fight, which happened in 1965.

Liston continued to box, but died from a drug overdose in 1970 in Las Vegas, Nevada.

References

Other websites 
 Boxing record
African-American boxers
American people convicted of assault
American robbers
Drug-related deaths in the United States
Sportspeople from Arkansas
1932 births
1970 deaths
Buckwheat (or common buckwheat) is a plant whose seeds may be used as a cereal. Buckwheat is not a true grass. It is not related to wheat, because wheat is a true grass, and buckwheat is not. 

Buckwheat seeds look like small beech tree seeds. Both seeds have three sides. Beech is also called buck, which is how buckwheat got its name. 

Instead, buckwheat is related to sorrel, knotweed, and rhubarb. Buckwheat is referred to as a pseudocereal because its seeds are used in cooking the same as cereals, because they have complex carbohydrates.

The cultivation of buckwheat grain declined sharply in the 20th century with the adoption of nitrogen fertilizer which increased the productivity of other staples.

References 

Polygonaceae
Edible nuts and seeds
Breakfast foods
The Kinston Indians were a Minor league baseball team in Kinston, North Carolina.  The team played in the Carolina League from (1956–1957, 1962–1974 and 1978–2011). Professional baseball in Kinston started in 1908, and there have been many teams since then. 2007 was the twenty-first season the Kinston team had been known as the Indians. Before that they were known as the Eagles and the Blue Jays. The Indians, or K-Tribe as they were nicknamed, played their home games in Grainger Stadium. The Indians' mascot was a dog named Scout.

The Kinston Indians won their league championship in 1988, 1991, 1995, 2004 and 2006.

For the 2012 season the Indians moved to Zebulon, North Carolina to become the Carolina Mudcats. The team still plays in the Carolina League.

Source Materials
 
 
 
 
  - Over the years, this publication has also been known as Carolina League Media Guide and Record Book and Carolina League Directory and Record Book
Sports in North Carolina
Baseball teams in the United States
Columbia University (officially Columbia University in the City of New York) is a research university in the United States. It is an Ivy League university and often considered one of the best in the world. It is the fifth oldest college in the United States.

It was ranked 2nd best college in the United States by Times Higher Education in 2017. It was ranked 8th best university in the world by U.S. News & World Report.

The university was founded as King's College by royal charter from King George II of Great Britain. It was the first college in New York, and the fifth college in the Thirteen Colonies. A lot of the money that paid for the school came from slavery. After the American Revolution it was renamed "Columbia College" in 1784 and renamed once again to "Columbia University" in 1896 when it moved to its current location in Morningside Heights.
Ninety-Six Nobel Prize winners have been at Columbia, the second most in the United States after Harvard University. Five Founding Fathers attended Columbia: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Robert Livingston, Gouverneur Morris and Egbert Benson. Three U.S. Presidents have attended Columbia: Barack Obama, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Theodore Roosevelt. Ten Supreme Court Justices have attended Columbia including the most recent Associate Justice, Neil Gorsuch, and the first Chief Justice, John Jay. Other famous alumni include: Warren Buffett, Madeline Albright, and Lou Gehrig.

Columbia is home to the Pulitzer Prize for good work in journalism, literature and music.  FM radio was created at Columbia. The school is where the foundation of modern genetics was discovered. Its Morningside Heights campus was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split.

Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and College of Dental Medicine are in Washington Heights in Northern Manhattan.

References
References

Other websites 
 Columbia's homepage
 Columbia School of General Studies
 Columbia Daily Spectator - second oldest student newspaper in the nation

 
Association of American Universities
Ivy League

1754 establishments
1750s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
This exchange of plants and animals changed European, American, African, and Asian ways of life.  Foods that had never been seen before by people became a major part of what they ate.  For example, before 1492, no potatoes were grown outside of South America.  By the  1840s, Ireland was so dependent on the potato that a diseased crop led to the devastating Irish Potato Famine. The first European import to the Americas, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes on the Great Plains, letting them to change to a nomadic lifestyle based on hunting bison on horseback. Italy became famous for its Tomato sauce, made from New World tomatoes, while coffee from Africa and sugarcane from Asia became the main crops of very large Latin American plantations. Also the chili and paprika from South America was introduced in India by the Portuguese and it is today an important part of Indian cuisine.
Before the Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida, no bananas in Ecuador, no paprika in Hungary, no zucchini in Italy, no pineapples in Hawaii, no rubber trees in Africa, no cattle in Texas, no chili peppers in Thailand and India, no cigarettes in France and no chocolate in Switzerland.  Even the dandelion was brought to America by Europeans for use as an herb.  

Before there was regular communication between the two hemispheres, the different types of domesticated animals and diseases were more numerous in the Old World than in the New.  This partly led to the horrible effects of Old World diseases on Native American tribes. Smallpox probably caused in the highest death toll for Native Americans.   

Barely any civilization on earth stayed the same by this global ecological exchange.

Table of comparison

References 

The Columbian Exchange: Plants, Animals, and Disease between the Old and New Worlds in the Encyclopedia of Earth by Alfred W. Crosby
History of Africa
Trade
History of Asia
History of Europe
History of North America
History of South America
Ragusa is also the Italian name for the city of Dubrovnik

Ragusa is the capital of the Province of Ragusa in Italy, with 72,808 inhabitants in the city and more than 310,000 in the province area.

Other websites 

 ItalianVisits.com
 Pictures of Ragusa 
 Ragusa. All about the town of Ragusa
 Ragusa on lne 

Capital cities in Italy
Cities in Ragusa
Elliott Carter (December 11, 1908 – November 5, 2012) was an American composer. He is one of the most important composers of classical music of his time. He experimented with new ideas of composition. He lived to be 103 years old and continued composing all his life. He recently composed a piece called Interventions for Piano and Orchestra which was given its first performance in the Symphony Hall, Boston where it was played by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Levine with the pianist Daniel Barenboim as soloist. The same players played it again a week later on December 11, 2008 in the Carnegie Hall, New York to celebrate Carter's 100th birthday.

Life 
Elliott Carter was born in New York. The composer Charles Ives noticed his talent and gave him encouragement, taking him to concerts. Carter studied English and music at Harvard University. He then went to Paris to study with Nadia Boulanger, returning to the US in 1935 where he directed the Ballet Caravan.
In 1939 he married. The couple had one son.

He wrote a ballet called Pocahontas. In 1940 the suite from this ballet got him the Juilliard Publication Award. From then on his got many more important awards and prizes for his music.

Carter has taught music and other related subjects in a number of well-known places including the Peabody Conservatory, Columbia University, Queen’s College, New York, Yale University and the Julliard School. He has received honorary doctorates from many universities and honours from many countries.

He has not written a large number of compositions, but the ones he has written are important works.

He died at his home in New York on November 5, 2012.
Music 
When Carter went to study in Paris in the early 1930s Stravinsky was the most famous composer who worked there. Carter was influenced to some extent by Stravinsky’s music as well as by that of his friend Charles Ives, but he worked hard to find a style of his own. Some of his music during the Second World War is quite tonal, but his later music uses more atonality (music not in any key) and has complicated rhythms. His best known works include the Variations for Orchestra (1954-5); the Double Concerto for harpsichord, piano and two chamber orchestras (1959-61); the Piano Concerto (1964-65), written as an 85th birthday present for Igor Stravinsky; the Concerto for Orchestra (1969) and A Symphony of Three Orchestras (1976).

Other websites 
 Website about Elliott Carter at 100

1908 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American composers
21st-century American composers
American centenarians
Grammy Award winners
Dubrovnik is a city in Croatia on the Dalmatian coast. More than 500 years ago it was called "Ragusa". The Italian name of the city is still "Ragusa"; this sometimes leads to confusion because there is also a city named Ragusa on Sicily. It is on the Adriatic Sea. About 50,000 people lived there in 2001. Because of its age and unique buildings, the old city of Dubrovnik has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History 
The old city of Ragusa was started by Greeks who left Illirya after their home was invaded in the sixth century. They had been part of the Holy Roman Empire. Ragusa in Dalmatia grew to be an important country on the sea, called the Republic of Ragusa. This republic lasted until Napoleonic times.
Ragusa was once the only city in Dalmatia with Roman influence not to be controlled by the Republic of Venice. After the Middle Ages more and more Croats and Serbs from inland areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina moved to the area. They had started the neighbouring town of Dubrovnik, which eventually joined Ragusa. The original population (the Dalmatian Italians) was reduced to the few people of the ruling class: in the 19th century nearly all the people living in Ragusa were Slavs (Croats and Serbs). Ragusa officially changed its name to "Dubrovnik" (a Croatian name) after 1918, when the city became part of the newly created country of Yugoslavia.

Today Dubrovnik is one of the main tourist sites in Croatia. Dubrovnik is famous for its Old Town - this is an ancient fortress with large stone walls, which helped Dubrovnik keep its freedom for many centuries. There was a major earthquake in 1667 that destroyed many buildings, but the people living there were able to rebuild the town.
Dubrovnik has been used as a filming location for Star Wars: Episode VIII The Last Jedi, where it was used as the city Canto Bight, on the planet Cantonica.

Related pages
 Venice and Dalmatia
 Dalmatian Italians
 List of Italian place names in Dalmatia
 Croatia

Other websites 
 Old City of Dubrovnik - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
 Flags of Ragusa
 Storia e monetazione di Ragusa, oggi Dubrovnik (in Italian)
 Dalmatia and Montenegro by John Gardner Wilkinson, on Google Books

Further reading 
 Harris, Robin. Dubrovnik, A History. London: Saqi Books, 2003. 
 Scotti, Giacomo. Ragusa, la quinta repubblica marinara. LINT Editoriale, Trieste,

References 

Cities in Croatia
World Heritage Sites in Europe
Dubrovnik-Neretva County
Sichuan pepper (or Szechuan pepper) is plant fruit which is used as a spice. The outer pods of some species in the genus Zanthoxylum are used to make the spice. Many people in Asia grow them for the spice. Although the plants are called peppers, they are not related to either black pepper or Chili pepper. 

Sichuan pepper is widely used in food from Sichuan, China, from which it takes its name, as well as Tibetan, Bhutani, and Japanese food cultures, among others.

Uses in food

Sichuan pepper has a unique aroma and taste. This taste is quite different from that of black or white pepper or chile pepper. It tastes a little like lemon. It also creates a special feeling in the mouth, a kind of numbness.  

Recipes say that sichuan pepper should be slightly toasted, then crushed, before it is added to food. Only the hull (outer shells) are used in cooking; the seeds are ignored or thrown away. In general, Sichuan pepper is added at the last moment. Star anise and ginger are often used with it.
Sichuan pepper figures prominently in spicy Sichuan food. It goes with fish, duck, and chicken dishes, as well as with fried eggplant. It has an alkaline pH and a numbing effect on the lips when eaten in larger doses.  Ma la (; literally "numb and hot"), a flavour common in Sichuan cooking, is a combination of Sichuan pepper and chili pepper.

It is also available as an oil (marketed as either "Sichuan pepper oil" or "Hwajiaw oil").  In this form it is best used in stir fry noodle dishes without hot spices.  The preferred recipe includes ginger oil and brown sugar to be cooked with a base of noodles and vegetables, with rice vinegar and Sichuan pepper oil to be added after cooking.

Hua jiao yan is a mixture of salt and Sichuan pepper, roasted and browned in a wok and served as a condiment to accompany chicken, duck and pork dishes.  The peppercorns can also be lightly fried in order to make a spicy oil with various uses.
Sichuan pepper is one of the few spices which are important for Tibetan and Bhutanese cookery of the Himalayas. This is because few spices can be grown there. One Himalayan specialty is the momo, a dumpling stuffed with vegetables, cottage cheese or minced yak meat, beef or pork and flavoured with Sichuan pepper, garlic, ginger and onion. The noodles are steamed and served dry, together with a fiery sauce.  Tibetans believe it can sanitize meat that may not be so fresh. In reality it may only serve to mask foul flavors. 

In Japan the dried and powdered leaves of Zanthoxylum sancho are used to make noodle dishes and soups mildly hot and fragrant. The whole leaves, kinome, are used to flavour vegetables, especially bamboo shoots, and to decorate soups. The buds, seeds, flowers, and hulls are also used.

In Korean food, two species are used: Z. piperitum and Z. schinifolium.
Import ban now lifted 
From 1968 to 2005, the United States Food and Drug Administration banned the importation of Sichuan peppercorns because they were found to be capable of carrying citrus canker (as the tree is in the same family, Rutaceae, as the genus Citrus). This bacterial disease, which is very difficult to control, could potentially harm the foliage and fruit of citrus crops in the U.S. It was never an issue of harm in human consumption. The import ban was only loosely enforced until 2002. In 2005, the USDA and FDA lifted the ban, provided the peppercorns are heated to around 70 degrees Celsius (160 degrees Fahrenheit) to kill the canker bacteria before importation.

References

Other websites
Gernot Katzer's spice pages (full of information)
 Recipes
 Sichuan Bang Bang Chicken 
 Sichuan Crispy Beef (Dry-fried Beef, Gan Bian Niu Rou Si) 
 Chengdu Chicken Stir-fry 
 How to Make Five-spice Powder 

-->

Rutaceae
Spices
There is an antiparticle corresponding to most kinds of particle. It has the same mass and opposite electric charge.

Even electrically neutral particles, such as the neutron, are not identical to their antiparticle. In the example of the neutron, the 'ordinary' particle is made out of quarks and the antiparticle out of antiquarks.

Particle-antiparticle pairs can annihilate each other if they are in appropriate quantum states. They can also be produced in various processes. These processes are used in  particle accelerators to create new particles and to test theories of particle physics. High energy processes in nature can create antiparticles. These are visible in cosmic rays and in certain nuclear reactions. The word antimatter properly refers to (elementary) antiparticles, composite antiparticles made with them (such as antihydrogen) and to larger assemblies of either.
History 
In 1932, soon after the prediction of positrons by Paul Dirac, Carl Anderson found that cosmic-ray collisions produced these particles in a cloud chamber  a particle detector in which moving electrons (or positrons) leave behind trails as they move through the gas.

The antiproton and antineutron were found by Emilio Segrè and Owen Chamberlain in 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley. Since then the antiparticles of many other subatomic particles have been created in particle accelerators. In recent years, complete atoms of antimatter have been assembled out of antiprotons and positrons, collected in electromagnetic traps.

References

Further reading 
 Feynman, Richard P. The reason for antiparticles, in The 1986 Dirac memorial lectures, R.P. Feynman and S. Weinberg. Cambridge University Press, 1987. .
 Weinberg, Steven. The quantum theory of fields, Volume 1: Foundations. Cambridge University Press, 1995. .

Subatomic particles
Antimatter
Hamo Beknazarian, also known as Hamo Bek Nazarov (born May 19, 1891 in Yerevan, died April 27, 1965 in Moscow) was an Armenian movie director. His career in cinema started in 1914, when a friend offered him a part in a movie. Between 1914 and 1918, he played about 70 parts, becoming a popular actor in pre-Revolutionary Russian movie. In 1920, instead of going to Armenia as he planned, he went to Tbilisi, where he developed a movie department for Georgian Commissioner's office of Public Education. Many of his movies were filmed in Tbilisi, including The Father Murderer and Lost Treasures. In 1925, he filmed his first Armenian movie and moved to Armenia. In 1933, he made the first Armenian movie to have sound, Pepo.

Beknazarian also made a few documentary movies.
Filmography 
 Shor and Shorshor (1926), scriptwriter, director. A comedy about two friends.
 Namus (1926), Director. This was the first Armenian movie. It was a tragic love story.
 Pepo (1935), director
 Zangezur (1938), director
 David-Bek (1943), co-scriptwriter, director. A movie about an 18th-century Armenian hero, David Bek (died 1728) who fought to free Armenia from the Ottoman Empire.
 Anahit (1947), director

References

1891 births
1965 deaths
Armenian movie directors
Henrik Malyan (Armenian language:Հենրիկ Մալյան; September 30, 1925 in Telavi, Georgia – March 14, 1988 in Yerevan, Armenia) was an Armenian movie director.

His 1977 movie Life Triumphs (Nahapet) is considered to be one of the most important Armenian movies to deal with the Armenian Genocide. It was exhibited in the 1978 Cannes Film Festival.

Filmography

1977: Nahapet - Sos Sargsyan
1968: Yerankyunin
1980: Hayrik - Mher Mkrtchyan
1969: Menk enk mer sarare
1978: Ktor me yerkink

References

Malyan, Henrik

1925 births
1988 deaths
The original Septuagint (often referred to LXX) was a translation of the Torah, the five books of Moses from the Hebrew Bible into the Greek language. It was done between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC in Alexandria. It was the first translations of the Hebrew Bible. After 350 years, the Church translated all the books of the Old Testament, and it also has books that Catholics and Orthodox Christians call the Deuterocanon. These books are called Apocrypha by Protestants because they do not think these books are sacred.

An ancient tradition says that 70 Jewish scholars were in different rooms when they translated the Torah from Hebrew into Greek, yet they all produced exactly the same text. People thought this was a miracle. The Latin language word for "70" is septuaginta, and the word "Septuagint" comes from that. Another way to write "70" is "LXX" which is why writers sometimes use that as a short name for Septuagint.

The Septuagint was used as the starting point for some later translations of the Bible.
Other websites

General

 The Septuagint Online - Comprehensive site with scholarly discussion and links to texts and translations
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Bible Translations
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Septuagint Version
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Versions of the Bible
 A thorough analysis of the Septuagint with resources
 Comparison of names in the LXX and Hebrew Bible (PDF)
 Free Online Bibliography (up to date) from BiBIL
 Codex: Resources and Links Relating to the Septuagint

Texts and translations
Septuagint as PDF file  Lacks diacritics.
Septuagint published by the Church of Greece
Plain text of the whole LXX, including the anagignoskomena
 Greek-English interlinear  of OT & NT. Lacks diacritics and anagignoskomena.
 Bible Resource Pages - contains Septuagint texts (with diacritics) side-by-side with English translations
 Septuagint and New Testament - Greek Text of the Septuagint and NT with parsing (no diacritics). Lacks anagignoskomena.
 Greek text - Complete Greek text (no diacritics, needs special font) hyperlinked to Strong's concordance. Anagignoskomena do not display.
 The Septuagint in Greek as a MS Word document (Requires Vusllius Old Face . Intor and book abbreviations in Latin.)
 The Book of Daniel from an Old Greek LXX  (no diacritics, needs special font)
 Sir Lancelot C.L. Brenton's translation
 The Septuagint LXX: Greek and English  partial version of Brenton's edition, wiki text and PNG images. (difficult navigation)
The New English Translation of the Septuagint (NETS), preliminary edition
 Project to produce an Orthodox Study Bible (OSB) whose Old Testament is based entirely on the Septuagint.
 The Holy Orthodox Bible, another English translation project of the Septuagint using Greek Orthodox texts of the Septuagint 
 The Septuagint LXX in English (Online text of the entire LXX English translation by Sir Lancelot Brenton)
The LXX and the NT
 Septuagint references in NT by John Salza
 The New Testament and the Septuagint  - Instances where the New Testament quotes the LXX against the Masoretic Hebrew
 The New Testament and the Hebrew OT - Instances where the New Testament quote agrees with the Masoretic Hebrew meaning
 A defense of the quoting of the LXX by the writers of the New Testament
Katharine Hope McPhee (born March 25, 1984) is an American Pop/R&B singer. She was the runner-up to Taylor Hicks on the fifth season of the television show American Idol in 2006. Her first album, named Katharine McPhee, was released January 30, 2007.

Other websites 
Official Website 

Katharine McPhee on American Idol  at American Idol Watch

1984 births
Living people
Singers from Los Angeles
American Idol contestants
The World Heavyweight Championship was one of the top wrestling championships in the WWE along with the WWE Championship. It was created on RAW to match SmackDown's WWE Championship in August 2002. Some of the past champions include Edge, Triple H, The Undertaker, Booker T, Batista, and Kurt Angle.

The World Heavyweight Championship was brought to Raw by then-General Manager Eric Bischoff after WWE Champion Brock Lesnar became exclusive to SmackDown. Bischoff awarded the championship to Triple H, but he had to defend it against his then-best friend, Ric Flair. Triple H was successful and has held the championship on five different occasions. Other holders of this prestigious championship include Shawn Michaels, Undertaker, Rey Mysterio and more.
The final champion was Randy Orton. He beat then-champion John Cena on December 15, 2013 at TLC: Tables, Ladders, & Chairs. He was already WWE Champion when he won the championship and unified the World Heavyweight Championship with the WWE Championship to make the "WWE World Heavyweight Championship". The World Heavyweight Championship was retired the next day.

Related pages
List of World Heavyweight Champions (WWE)

References

Other websites 
WWE World Heavyweight Title History

World Wrestling Entertainment championships
2002 establishments
2013 disestablishments
The Islamic calendar or Hijri calendar () is a calendar. It is used to determine Islamic holidays in most of Islam. It is a lunar calendar: it uses the phases of the Moon (rather the Earth's orbit of the Sun) to count the passing of time. Its year has 12 months of 29 or 30 days, and lasts a total of 354 or 355 days. This means that each year of the Hijri calendar is about 11 days shorter than a solar calendar such as the Gregorian. Islamic years are often called hijra years, because the first year of the calendar when the hijra occurred, that is when Prophet Muhammad went from Mecca to Medina.

The current Islamic Calendar year is 1445 AH (AH =  = Year of the Hijra.)

Two Islamic countries (Iran and Afghanistan) use a different calendar, the Solar Hijri Calendar ("SH").
Months
The timing of the months in the Islamic calendar is determined by direct observation of the Moon. A new month can only begin after a "waxing crescent Moon" is observed shortly after sunset. The "waxing crescent Moon" is the phase of the Moon which starts right after a New Moon. A lunar month (one new moon to the next) lasts a little over 29.5 days. For convenience, a month is the Islamic calendar is either 29 days or 30 days, one after the other. So a 29-day month is followed by a 30-day month (29+30 is the same as 29.5+29.5). In most years, that means that a year of 12 calendar months last 354 days. But that "a little over" is 44 minutes every month so, to keep the calendar in step with reality, an extra day is needed nearly every third year, so these years are 355 days long.
Whether or not the first crescent moon is actually visible differs by location. For desert communities, cloud-cover is rarely a problem but that is not true for people who live in the rain forest. One option is to use the tabular Islamic calendar, which predicts the moment of waxing crescent moon assuming perfect visibility. This method is used routinely by some Islamic communities but regarded by others as just an aid to securing a successful observation.

References

Other websites 
 Islamic Calendar
 Islamic-Western Calendar Converter (Based on the Arithmetical or Tabular Calendar)

Calendars
Islamic calendar
Town privileges were important things. They were special treaties or royal charters used in the Middle Ages. In such a charter, a sovereign, a monarch granted the town or city special rights. These usually included
The right to have a market, to form guilds
Some freedoms, like to determine the government of the town or city, or to judge criminals.
Some people who permanently lived in the town or city (called Burghers) had special rights. Getting these rights was a special privilege (and not granted to everyone).
Many of those charters were very similar. In the end, only few charters remained in use. Notable ones in the territory of modern-day Germany  include the  Lübeck law, the Magdeburg rights and the Kulm law.

Middle Ages
Afternoon is the time period from noon to evening. It is generally agreed upon that afternoon starts at 12:00 PM, but there is no exact definition of when it ends.

Parts of a day
Medieval music is music from the Middle Ages. The time we call the Middle Ages is a long period from about 400 AD to 1400 AD. We do not know a great deal about music of this time because it was such a long time ago and music was not often written down. Music was used for both entertainment and religious practice.

Troubadours and Trouvères 
In Europe there were people who went around the countryside making a living by singing and playing musical instruments. They often went to big houses where rich people lived and entertained them with their faces. These travelling musicians were called minstrels in England, and troubadours or trouvères in many other countries, or Minnesinger in Germany.

The minstrels often sang long songs which told stories (a ballad). This was a way to tell people about what was happening in the world. Some of the stories were made up: they were about love or about mythology.
Richard the Lionheart was a keen musician. He wrote many songs in the style of the trouvères. On the way back from a Crusade he was captured by Leopold of Austria. The story goes that his attendant, Blondel, was looking for him everywhere. Then he heard Richard’s voice singing a tune which he knew and so he found him. The song that he was singing was called Ja Nuns Hons Pris (I am no longer captive).

Minstrels very often went with their masters when they went on journeys to battles. They also sang at important ceremonies, for example when people were being knighted. Many of them played instruments such as the lute or fiddle.

Minstrels were poets and musicians, because they made up their own words and the tunes. Sometimes we know the words of these songs because they wrote them down, but they did not write the tunes down. Walther von der Vogelweide was a famous minnesinger in Germany.
One famous tune that was written down is the round Sumer is icumen in. It was written down by a monk. Monks could often read and write.
 
Troubadours would go from town to town playing love songs.

Dances 
There were two main types of dances in medieval times: line dances and circle dances. The farandole is a line dance. It was a bit like a modern conga with people following a leader in a line. The bransle was a round dance or circle dance. The word “bransle” comes from the French word “branler” (“to sway”). It is pronounced 'Brawl'. 

Other dances were the basse dance and estampie.

Instruments 

Instruments could be divided into quiet ones which were used indoors, and loud ones which were used outside. The recorder was a very popular indoor instrument. There was also the psaltery and the harp (which looked like a small Welsh harp of today).
The bagpipes were loud instruments for outside. They were used for dancing. They were not as loud as modern Scottish bagpipes. They were more like Northumbrian pipes or the French musettes. There was also the hurdy-gurdy which was played by turning a handle. Pipe and tabor were used for Morris dancing.

Many medieval plucked string instruments were similar to the modern guitar, such as the lute and mandolin. The dulcimer and zither were had strings which were hit with sticks. These are still popular in East Europe today. There were also “fiddles” (vielle) and trombones (called sackbut).

It was believed that if you were entertained with music while you are eating it would help you digest your food and help keep your heart healthy. And people believed that you will not get fat even if you scoffed down a load of food. Also eating food while having people dancing for you was believed to have made you fit.

Church music
Church music 

Church music was very important. The mass was the main form of church music. It used the five parts of the mass Ordinary (the Eucharist service): Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus and Agnus Dei. The priests in the churches wanted church music to be serious. They did not want it to become popular. They thought that if people enjoyed it too much they would forget about worshipping God. Religious plays had become very popular. They told stories from the Bible. However, the church leaders banned them, so they were performed in the streets and squares of the towns.

Instruments were also banned in church. The church leaders thought that they belonged to the devil. Only singing was allowed. Gradually, however, the organ started to be allowed in church. It helped people to sing. Some organs were very tiny. They were called portative organs. The large organs that were fixed in place were called “positives”. Bells were also used in church. They looked like our sleigh bells.
Medieval music was based on plainsong. This was a melody which sounded quite free in rhythm. Composers started adding a second part to the melody as an accompaniment. This was called organum. Sometimes it just simply followed the main tune a fourth or fifth below. This was called “parallel organum”. In the 12th and 13th centuries the original plainsong started to be put at the bottom. It became known as the cantus firmus (the “firm tune”). Sometimes antiphony was used. The simplest form of antiphony is when a leader sings something and a group (the choir) sing something back.

The type of plainchant that evolved was called Gregorian chant. By the 13th century all other types of chant had been forgotten in Western Europe.

Carols became popular at this time. At first a carol was a dancing song, but often these popular songs became used for songs for particular seasons or festivals. In later periods these developed into Christmas carols as we know them.
People often went around in groups, particularly at Christmas, singing at the houses of rich people. This was called Wassailing. The word means “being of good cheer” (i.e. “happy”). The Boar’s Head is a well-known medieval carol.

Mummers were groups of people who performed religious plays. They were travelling entertainers. They normally wore masks so that people did not know who they were.

Written music 

There are not many musical manuscripts which have survived from the Middle Ages. Most of them are religious music. They were often written using a system called neumes. The pitch (music) of the music is shown by the neumes, but the rhythms were not very clear. Gradually the system of writing music we know today was evolving. Philippe de Vitry was an important composer and music theorist. He developed ways of writing rhythms.

High medieval music (1150-1300)
Most of the medieval music we know today belongs to the last part of the Middle Ages. There was a tradition known as the “Notre Dame school”. This music dates from around 1150 to 1250. It was the time that great cathedrals were being built in Gothic architecture. The cathedral of Notre Dame was a very famous example. The music of this time was called “Ars antique”. It used a system of rhythms called “rhythmic modes”. Gradually a new way of writing was used. This was called “Ars nova” (“New art”). The most famous composer of this time was Guillaume de Machaut. He developed a kind of composition called the isorhythmic motet. He wrote a lot of songs called chansons (the French word for “song”). Other types of song were called rondeau, ballade, and virelai. 

Composers who were born at the end of the Middle Ages such as John Dunstable, Guillaume Dufay, and Gilles Binchois are often thought to belong to the next period in music history: the Renaissance period.

References
References

Other websites 
 Training in medieval music in Germany 
 Schola Cantorum Basiliensis Study of medieval music in Switzerland 
 A channel dedicated to Secular-Profane Medieval music

Medieval music
Periods in music history
The Neolithic period is the last part of the Stone Age. After the Neolithic came the Bronze Age. During the Neolithic, people invented farming and started caring for animals, such as cows, sheep and pigs.

The Neolithic period started at different times in different places, since not everyone started farming at the same time.

The word "Neolithic" means “new Stone Age.” It comes from two words in Greek meaning "new" and "lithic" ("stone").

Related pages
 Neolithic Revolution
 Palaeolithic
 Mesolithic

Other websites 

 Neolithic Stone Tools and Artifacts—World Museum of Man 
 Brutal lives of Stone Age Britons
 Vincha Neolithic Script
A crotchet or quarter note is a note played for one fourth of a whole note (or semibreve). Quarter notes are written as a filled-in oval (or round) note head and a straight, flagless stem (the line). The stem usually points up (like a d) if it is below the middle line of the stave or down (like a p) if it is on or above the middle line.

When beginners start to learn to play an instrument they are often taught that one crotchet lasts for one beat (one count). That is because they are learning pieces with simple time signatures. It is, however, important to remember that other note lengths (minims, dotted crotchets etc.) can also be treated as one beat, depending on the time signature.

Note values
Year 44 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Antony.

Events
March 15 Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is assassinated by a group of Roman senators. This date is known as The Ides of March.
March 20 — Caesar's funeral.
Early April — Octavian returns from Apollonia in Dalmatia to Rome to become ruler of Rome, against advice from his mother and stepfather Phillipus.
June — Mark Antony promised five years of being governor of northern and central Transalpine Gaul (France) and Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy). 
September 2 — Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt makes her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
Comosicus succeeds Burebista as king of Dacia.

Deaths
Deaths 

 March 15 — Julius Caesar assassinated in the Senate
 July 26 — Pharaoh Ptolemy XIV of Egypt (last date mentioned alive)
 Burebista, King of Dacia
 Antipater the Idumaean, procurator of Judaea and father of Herod the Great
Burzum was a black metal/dark ambient one man band from Bergen, Norway. The band was formed in 1991 by Varg Vikernes. He is best known for serving a prison sentence for the murder of Mayhem guitarist Øystein Aarseth and arson of churches.

Discography

Albums 

 Burzum (1992)
 Det som engang var (1993)
 Hvis lyset tar oss (1994)
 Filosofem (1996)
 Dauði Baldrs (1997)
 Hliðskjálf (1999)
 Belus (2010)
 Fallen (2011)
 Umskiptar (2012)
 Sôl austan, Mâni vestan (2013)
 The Ways of Yore (2014)
 Thulêan Mysteries (2020)

EPs 

 Aske (1993)

Other websites 
 Burzum

References

Black metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Musical groups from Bergen
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Norway
Musical groups disestablished in 1999
1999 disestablishments in Europe
Musical groups established in 2009
2009 establishments in Europe
21st-century establishments in Norway
John Collins (born January 31, 1968 in Galashiels, Scotland) is a Scottish footballer. He is currently the manager of Charleroi. Collins played for Celtic in the early 1990s.

Other websites 
John Collins career stats  at Soccerbase.com

References

1968 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
People from Scottish Borders