Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Joan Caulfield (June 1, 1922 - June 18, 1991) was an American former model and actress. She started acting during the early to mid 1940s. She was in the 1947 movie The Unsuspected. She appeared mostly on television in her later life, including Murder, She Wrote. Caulfield was born in New Jersey. She later moved to Los Angeles. She died from cancer of unknown primary origin at age sixty-nine.

Actors from New Jersey
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
American stage actors
American movie actors
1922 births
1991 deaths
Child development refers to biological, psychological and emotional changes that happen in humans between birth and the end of adolescence, at which time the individual goes from dependence to independence. The development is strongly influenced by genetic, mental, physical and social factors that may happen during the progression. Children develop at different levels. In particular, children having autism spectrum troubles or Down syndrome may have different development than usual or substandard motor development. Ideas about how children develop psychologically have changed over time. There are several important theories on how children develop.

Early ideas

In medieval times
During this time children were seen as separate than adults. Children under 7 or 8 were different than other people and treated as children. Even teenagers were not fully grown. Religious writings sometimes talked about children as evil and needing to be pure. They also sometimes talked about them as good and angels.
During the Reformation 
At the time of the Reformation, children were thought to be born evil. Adults thought children needed to be taught to be a person. Children had to wear tight and uncomfortable clothes. Raising a child was thought to be one of the most important things. Adults wanted children to use reason in learning.

Age of Enlightenment 
In the time of the Enlightenment, people started to think differently about children and development. People respected children more and treated them better. Two important people had ideas about children during the Enlightenment. They were John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
John Locke thought that children were born without any knowledge. He thought the mind is tabula rasa, or blank slate. This means that the mind is like a blank piece of paper when someone is born. Children get knowledge in life and fill up the blank paper. Locke thought that the only way that children get knowledge is from doing different things in life and getting experience from those things. Locke’s ideas on how children get knowledge changed how people thought about children. His belief was that learning should be fun rather than a task. "Children [should be] free to be childish,” wrote Locke. Locke's ideas were opposed to church principles, strictly believing children should be reading fables and not religious texts.  Children were seen in a better way and got more respect from adults. Locke wanted parents to spend more time with their children and help them learn. He thought that children’s development of knowledge needed parents to help children experience new things and teach about those things
. Locke pushed nurture as the most important part of child development.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 
Jean Jacques Rousseau had a different idea than Locke on children. He thought that children are born knowing what is right and wrong. Rousseau did not think that children are “blank slates” as Locke did.  He thought that children are “noble savages”. This is the idea that children are born good, but society can make them bad. Rousseau felt that adults should pay attention to children’s needs during their different stages of development.

Child development theories
Psychosexual theory 
Sigmund Freud was a neurologist an psychoanalyst who tried to help adults with their troubles. He talked with adults about when they were children and anything that happened during that time.  Freud focused on the unconscious mind. This is the part of the mind that a person is not able to know about directly. Freud thought that the unconscious mind was important in how people think and feel. The way people think and feel can affect how they act. Freud’s ideas lead him to make his psychosexual theory. The psychosexual theory focuses on how a child’s wants are controlled in early years and the effect it has when the child becomes an adult.

Freud thought that each person’s personality is made of three parts. The parts are the id, ego, and super-ego. The three parts each have a purpose, but are almost never in agreement. The three parts not in agreement is what causes people to be unhappy and have problems.
When a baby is born, it only has basic needs. The baby needs to eat, sleep, and use the bathroom. These basic needs help the baby to live. These basic needs are what make up the id. The id only wants to take cause of these needs. The id wants the needs to be taken care of right away and not have to wait. Freud thought that young children are ruled by the id. The id does not know or care about right and wrong. It only wants to take care of its needs. This means that young children do not know about right and wrong. They only know what the id wants. Children will act on the wants of the id even when they should not. Children begin to learn that they cannot always get what they want when they want it. This causes the ego to form. The ego “is ruled by the reality principle”. This means that it knows what can really happen in the world.  The ego knows if the id can get what it wants by looking at if the want can be filled. When the id’s needs cannot be taken care of, the ego controls the id and its wants
. Children that have the ego formed can control their basic needs and their actions. When the ego is formed, children gain a sense of self by controlling their needs. The superego is formed by children working with their parents and others in society. The superego acts as a rule follower. It allows the child to know what is right and wrong by what society’s rules on right and wrong are. Guilt is the primary way that the superego tells children the rules of what is right and wrong.
Freud thought that children went through five psychosexual stages of development. In the  stages children have to fix problems between needs and what society wants. Fixing these problems allows children to do well as adults. Problems that adults get have to do with the stage where they had trouble with.  The five stages are : oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. The oral stage begins at birth   and has to do with the baby’s suckling needs. The anal stage is the second and is from 1-3 year olds. It has to do with holding and letting go of urine and feces. The third stage, the phallic stage is from 3-6 year olds and has to do with the genital region. Freud thought that this stage is one of the most important stages to fix problems in. If a child does not fix the problems, he or she can develop either the Oedipus complex (for boys) or the Electra complex (for girls). These problems come from love either a boy’s love for his mother or a girl’s love for her father
. To stop problems the boy or girl take up the values of their father (for boys) or mother (for girls). The fourth stage of the psychosexual stages is the latency stage and it occurs from 6-11 year olds. In this stage the superego grows the most and children get values from society. The last stage is the genital stage and lasts through adolescence. In this stage children start to like others and form heterosexual relationships.
Freud's Psychosexual Stages 

Freud’s theory of child development is important because it was the first to point out the importance of parent-child relationships.

Psychocosocial theory 
Erik Erikson was a follower of Freud’s ideas and started his own theory using Freud’s ideas. Erikson’s theory is called the psychosocial theory of child development. Erikson used Freud’s idea of the id, ego, and superego and his stages of development to build his own theory. Erikson thought that the ego was “of the utmost importance”. The ego was important because it lets children become an individual and add to society. Erikson added more stages to his theory than Freud did, and some of his stages are similar to Freud’s. Erikson ended up with eight stages in his theory. Every stage has a problem between two different feelings. A child's personality is shaped by how they fix each problem.
Erkison's stages
 Stage 1 : Basic Trust vs. Mistrust : trust develops because babies need adults to take care of their needs.   Erkison thought that this stage is never complete. 
 Stage 2 : Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt : Small children need to learn to do things like feeding, dressing, and bathing with help. 
 Stage 3 : Initiative vs. Guilt : Children can pretend who they want to be by make-believe play
 Stage 4 : Industry vs. Inferiority : Children learn to work with others out of the family.
 Stage 5 : Identity vs. Identity Confusion : The child forms his or her sense of self.
 Stage 6 : Intimacy vs. Isolation : Young adults make relationships with others.
 Stage 7 : Generatively vs. Stagnation : Adults become parents and take care of children.
 Stage 8 : Integrity vs. Despair : Adults think about the person they have been.
Erikson’s stages are important because they looked at society and culture and how they affect personality. Freud only focused on sexuality. Erkison's stages are also show how personality is shaped as children grow.

Erikson's vs Freud's Stages

Behaviorism 
John Watson did not like the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Erikson. Watson chose to look at behavior of people to understand how children develop. His ideas fall under the concept of behaviorism. Watson was “inspired by Pavlov’s studies of animal learning”. Pavlov’s studies focused on classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is when an animal or person learns to react to stimulus, a thing that will cause a reaction. Watson thought that children could be taught using this way. Watson decided to test his theory by doing an experiment using a nine-month old baby, Little Albert.
Watson started his experiment by testing if Albert was scared of anything. Watson wanted to see if Albert was scared of a white rat. Like most babies Albert was not scared of the white rat.  Watson wanted to test if he could make Albert scared using classical conditioning. Watson discovered that Albert was scared of the sound of a hammer hitting a steel gong with a hammer.  When Albert was eleven-months old,Watson went on with the experiment. Albert was given the white rat. A few seconds later, Watson made the hammer hit the gong. Albert cried when this happened. This was done seven times. After the seven times, Albert would cry when he saw the white rat. Little Albert also became scared of other things, called generalization. These things had a similarity to the white rat. They were a rabbit, a dog, a fur coat, a Santa Claus mask, and Watson's hair.  Watson's experiment was important because he was able to teach Albert to be scared of something.
Watson showed that children can be taught through classical conditioning. After the experiment, Watson thought that children are affected by the environment.

Social Learning theory 
Albert Bandura felt that children learn by watching others in society. After watching, children then copy what was done. His theory is called social learning theory. The copying that children perform is called modeling. The person that children copy is called the model. Bandura thought there are four conditions needed for modeling to happen. 
 Attention : the child has to pay attention to the model’s behavior 
 Retention : the child has to remember the behavior 
 Reproduction : the child must copy the behavior 
 Motivation : the child needs a reason to copy the behavior
The Bobo Doll experiment (1961) 
Children are likely to model behavior if the model is of the same-sex.  A girl child will copy a woman model better than a man. This is because the child wants to act like people she is like. Also, Children are more likely to model behavior if the behavior gets positive reactions from adults.  When children are praised they will keep doing the behavior. They do this because they want to get more praise. A child will not always get praise for their behaviors. Instead they might get punishment. If a child gets punishment for a behavior they will not model it. A child can also chose to model behavior or not by watching what happens to the model. If the model gets punishment the child will not model the behavior. This is because the child does not want to get punishment. Bandura did an experiment to test his ideas. The experiment is known as the Bobo Doll Experiment.
Bandura took 36 boys and 36 girls for his experiment.     The children were between 3 and 6 years old. He also used one man and one woman model. Bandura wanted to see if the children would model aggressive, or mean, behavior. Bandura broke the children into eight groups of 6 and one group of 24. The groups were made by breaking half of the children into an aggressive group and half into one that was not. The two groups were both broken in half again by boys and girls. Bandura then split the girls into two groups. One group had the woman model and the other had the man model. He did the same with the boys.  The group of 24 had no model.
The children were put in a play room with the model. The children were told to sit on a chair and the model went to the other side of the room. The children that were in aggressive groups saw the model go up the a Bobo doll in the room and play with it. The model spent most of the time being aggressive to the doll.  The children that were not in the aggressive group saw the model play with tinker toys and not pay attention to the Bobo doll. The model then left the room. The children were allowed to play with the toys in the room. Some of the toys let the children play and be aggressive.  The children were watched how they played with the toys. Children who saw the aggressive model played aggressively with the toys. The children who had a model who was not aggressive played nicer. The children played nice because they did not watch the aggressive model to copy the behavior. Bandura's experiment showed that children can learn behavior from adults by watching the adult's behavior.
Cognitive Developmental Theory 
Jean Piaget started his theory on child development when he questioned the way children think. He thought that infants and children had different understandings than adults. Piaget focused on the cognitive development of children instead of adults. Cognitive development is studying how adults and children think and learn. Piaget’s work helped to develop new ways of education and programs of discovery learning.   Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has three main parts:
 Schemas 
 Adaptation 
 Stages of Development
Schemas 
Piaget thought children had and made schemas as they developed. Schemas are ways of making sense of experience.   A schema is a picture of something in a child’s mind. The picture is normally of how different things happen in the world. The picture helps the child understand and behave in the world. An example of a schema would be a child’s schema for being in a classroom. The child’s picture would have things like students sitting in chairs at desks. A teacher is in the front of the class teaching. This schema helps the child know how to act and know what might happen in the classroom.
Piaget thought that the first schemas have to do with the child’s reaction to the world. Piaget thought that babies are born with some schemas without learning them. These schemas are sensorimotor actions.  The schemas are very simple.  Schemas get more complex as the child gets older. The child starts to think before acting. When the child does this, it uses mental representations, or pictures in the mind that are representative of different things. The mental representations can be changed in the mind into new ideas. Piaget thought that the two most powerful mental representations are images and concepts. Images are pictures in the mind of objects, people and spaces. Concepts put the images together in different groups. Schemas can be changed and made from putting together and changing images and concepts in the child’s mind.
Adaptation 
Piaget thought that a child’s mind changes to better fit with the world through adaption.   Children use adaptation by changing  schemas to fit the world. Piaget thought that adaptation has two parts: assimilation and accommodation. In assimilation children use the schemes they have to understand the world. Children’s schemes do not always right. When a child has a schema that is not right, they have to change it. This is called accommodation. In accommodation new schemes are made or old ones are changed. The changes must take place so the child can better understand the world. Piaget thought there is a balance between assimilation and accommodation. He called the balance cognitive equilibrium. When a child’s schemes fit their understanding of the world then the child is in equilibrium. When the schemes do not fit the child is in disequilibrium. Piaget called the moving between equilibrium and disequilibrium equilibration.
Stages of cognitive development 
Piaget broke his stages of cognitive development of children into four stages. The stages always go in the same order. The stages also happen to children everywhere. At each stage there are key details that happen in that stage.
The sensorimotor stage is the first stage of Piaget’s theory. In this stage, babies “think” with their eyes, ear, and hands. Children in this stage learn about the world through their senses. Piaget thought that children in this stage learn by doing the same acts over and over. These acts come from their sense experience. Piaget called this circular reaction. There are two main kinds of circular reaction: primary and secondary. One month olds use primary circular reaction. In primary circular reaction children do acts that have to do with their basic needs, like eating. Four to eight month olds use secondary circular reaction. Secondary circular reaction happens when children try to make events happen with their acts. Secondary circular reaction in children helps to control their own behavior. Eight to twelve month olds can control their behavior. In the sensorimotor stage, children gain object permanence. This happens between 8 and 12 months
. Object permanence is knowing that a thing is still in existence even if the child cannot see it. Object permanence is seen in children eight to twelve months old. Object permanence can be seen in Piaget’s object hiding task. In the task a toy is hidden under a blanket. If the baby can find the toy than the baby has learned object permanence.
Preoperational StageThe preoperational stage has a large change in representative thought in the mind. In this stage children can use symbols to represent their knowledge. Children also learn language in the preoperational stage. Piaget did not think language was that important for cognitive development. He thought that children use words to explain the pictures of experience in their mind.  In the preoperational stage, children have egocentricism.   Egocentricism is when children cannot tell the difference between their view point and someone else’s. Piaget used the three mountains problem to show egocentricism. In the problem a doll is placed on one side of a group of mountains. A child is placed on a different side. The child is asked to tell what the doll sees. A child who has egocentricism tells what he or she sees and not what the doll sees. 
This is for the simple wiki page on child development.
Concrete Operational Stage 
In the concrete operational stage children’s thought becomes more logical. Logical thought uses reason when thinking. Children are able to understand changes between things that are in front of them. They still have a hard time with things that they have to imagine. Children in the concrete operational stage can place items in different arrangements. They understand that things can be placed into more than one group at a time. Children in the concrete operational stage can also put things in order of qualities like length and weight. The understanding of conservation happens in the concrete operational stage.  Children who understand conservation know that changing a things shape or container does not change how much is there. For example, in conservation of liquid children know that the amount of liquid does not change if it is put in a different glass.
Formal Operational Stage 
In the formal operational stage, children are able to think about abstract ideas. The abstract ideas are ones that are within the child’s mind and not in front of them in the world. In this stage, children can come up with rules about how things can happen without needing concrete items.   Piaget believed that there were two main parts of the formal operational stage: hypothetico-deductive reasoning and propositional thought. In hyothetico-deductive reasoning children are able to guess the outcome of a problem. They are able to do this by making guesses that can be tested in an experiment. By testing the guesses they learn if their guess was right and if not why it was not. In propositional thought children are able to understand if spoken statements are true. They are able to do so without needing to see an example of those statements.
Sociocultural Theory 
Lev Vygotsky built his theory of child development on the importance of three things. Vygotsky thought that children’s development was formed from mainly social and cultural interactions. Interactions occur when two or more people talk and/or work together. Vygotsky thought that culture has a big effect on how cognitive growth develops.  Vygotsky also focused on language. He felt language was very important for changing how a child thinks.
Language 
Vygotsky thought that child development during the first two years have to do with direct connection with the world. After the two years language changes the way a child thinks. Language is important because it is how adults pass on ideas to children.  Vygotsky felt that growth of language leads to a huge change in how children think because they can communicate ideas with others.   Children talk to both others and themselves. Vygotsky thought that children talking to themselves was very important for development. He thought that children talk to themselves to help guide their thoughts. He called talk directed at the self, private speech. Private speech is used when a job is hard, after an error is made, or when the child is unsure of what to do. Children that use private speech are more attentive and involved in the job they are doing. Also children who have trouble learning use private speech more.  This is to help them understand what they are learning.
Social and Cultural Interactions 
Vygotsky thought that important learning comes from working with adults or more skilled peers.  These helpers can help the child to find out how to do different jobs. Vygotsky thought that there is a  range of difficulty that a job needs to be in. If the job is in the range than a child can learn best. Vygotsky called this range the zone of proximal development. The zone of proximal development has jobs that are to hard to do alone but are able to be done with help. The help would come from a helper.
When the helper works with the child social interactions occur. Vygotsky thought that there are two important parts of social interaction: intersubjectivity and scaffolding. Intersubjectivity happens when two people start with different understandings. The two people interact with each other. By interacting, the two people get to the same understanding. Scaffolding happens when a teacher is helping a child. The teacher will change how much they help based on the child’s work level. The teacher will help more if the child needs it. The teacher will also help less if the child does not need help. Over time, the teacher lets the child work alone. When the child works alone he or she puts the conversation into his or her private speech. The private speech is then used to help the child do the problem.

References

Psychology
Priscilla Lane (June 12, 1915 - April 4, 1995) was an American actress. She acted mostly in movies. She played a heroine in The Roaring Twenties (1939). She played a bride in the movie Arsenic and Old Lace.

Lane was born in Indianola, Iowa.

Actors from Iowa
American movie actors
1915 births
1995 deaths
The Emotions is an all female American R&B group who are well known for their hit single "Best of My Love". This group is from Chicago. It was formed around 1968. It was very popular in the 1970s. Its music has been sampled by several musicians and recording artists.

References

American girl groups
American R&B bands
Musical groups established in 1968
1968 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Illinois
Musical groups from Chicago
Cheryl Lynn (11 March 1957) is an American R&B, disco and pop singer who was most popular in the late 1970s to early 1980s. She is famous for her popular single "Got to be Real". Cheryl Lynn was born in Los Angeles.

American R&B singers
1957 births
Living people
Singers from Los Angeles
The Z3 was an electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer.  The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code and data were stored on punched film.

The Z3 was completed in Berlin in 1941. The German Aircraft Research Institute used it to perform statistical analyses of wing flutter.  Zuse asked the German government for funding to replace the relays with fully electronic switches, but funding was denied during World War II since such development was deemed "not war-important".  The original Z3 was destroyed in 1943 during an Allied bombardment of Berlin. A fully functioning replica was built in the 1960s by Zuse's company, Zuse KG, and is on permanent display in the Deutsches Museum. The Z3 was Turing-complete.

Because of this machine and its predecessors, Konrad Zuse is often regarded as the inventor of the computer.

References
References

Historical computers
Barnum's American Museum was a museum in New York City at Broadway and Ann Street. It was a collection of natural history curios originally stored in City Hall at the end of the 18th century.

John Scudder acquired the collection and opened the museum about 1800.   P. T. Barnum bought the museum about 1830 and replaced the tired displays with more exciting live fare such as General Tom Thumb, Commodore Nutt, and the "Siamese Twins", Chang and Eng.

In 1865, the building was destroyed in a fire. Barnum rebuilt at another location, but that building burned to the ground in 1868. The museum never reopened.

Other websites
 The Lost Museum

1800s establishments in New York (state)
History of New York City
Museums in Manhattan
Amniocentesis is the name of a medical test that is often performed when screening babies. The test consist of taking a little Amniotic fluid, and testing this fluid. This fluid contains tissue of the embryo or fetus, and allows to determine the sex. It also allows to find certain birth defects.

Pregnancy and childbirth
Karyn Parsons (born October 8, 1966) is an American actress. She performs in television and movies. She was in Class Act in 1992. She also had the role of Hilary Banks in The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. Parsons was born in Los Angeles.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
1966 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
Keds is an American brand of canvas shoe. It has rubber soles.  It was established around 1916. The shoes became very popular from the 1960s to the 1980s. They waned in popularity in the 1990s. They became very popular again in the 2000s and 2010s. Keds usually manufactures sneakers. The shoes were worn by participants of Kids Incorporated and on other television shows.

Footwear
When Schlieffen retired in 1906, and the WW1 came up 9 years later, in August 1914, the German officers and tactic leaders dug up the plan that Schlieffen had made and thought that the plan would work like it would in Schlieffen's hypothetical war. However, the plan didn't work, because the plan was outdated and things had changed a lot within the decade.

Even though he did not have enough men to beat France, Moltke still attacked France through Belgium. He did this because he thought attacking was always better than defending. Moltke was sure that the Russo-Japanese War proved this because Japan always attacked, and Japan won.
A similar idea to the Schlieffen Plan was used by Hitler's generals Erich Von Manstein and Heinz Guderian in World War II. In that war, Germany invaded France by attacking Belgium and The Netherlands. Because in the Schlieffen Plan Germany attacked mostly through northern Belgium, France thought Germany would do this again. France put most of her soldiers in north Belgium. But Germany invaded mostly through South Belgium. German troops marched to the sea and trapped half of the French Army in northern Belgium. Because the trapped French troops were starving and could not get any more food, they surrendered. France tried to continue fighting but was too weak to resist and surrendered.

References 

World War I
Melissa Sue Anderson (born September 26, 1962) is an American actress. She performs in television series and movies. In Little House on the Prairie, she played Mary Ingalls. In the cult classic horror movie Happy Birthday to Me, she played Ginny. Anderson was born in Berkeley, California.

1962 births
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Mika Sue Boorem (born August 18, 1987) is an American actress. She acts in both movies and television. She was in Carolina (2003) and Blue Crush in 2002. 

Boorem was born in Tucson, Arizona.

References

American television actors
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1987 births
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Actors from Tucson, Arizona
Danielle Brisebois (born June 28, 1969) is an American record producer, singer and actress who acted mostly in sitcoms.

Life 
Danielle was born in Brooklyn, New York.
She played Stephanie Mills in both All in the Family and Archie Bunker's Place. She also collaborated on certain hit singles performed by Natasha Bedingfield.

She was nominated for an Academy Award, for the song "Lost Stars."

References 

American television actors
Actors from New York City
1969 births
Living people
Dolores Costello (September 17, 1903 – March 1, 1979) was an American actress. She worked during the silent movie era. She was in movies such as The Telephone and A Midsummer Night's Dream. She was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

References

Actors from Pittsburgh
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1903 births
1979 deaths
Charles "Charlie" Kunz (August 18, 1896 – March 16, 1958) was a British musician, who became well-known and liked during the British dance band era. He played in nightclubs where people would come to ballroom dance. He had a rhythmic, relaxed style and played popular music with his own way of expressing feeling and moods.

Early life and career
Kunz was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania in 1896.  His father was a master baker who also played the French horn. Young Charlie began to play in front of an audience as an amateur when he was only six years old. When he was seven, he had become good enough to play as a professional pianist.
He came to England in 1922 with a small dance band that was led by the drummer, Ed Krick. Kunz liked London so well that he did not want to leave, so that band returned without him to Pennsylvania. In England, he soon became such a popular pianist that he gave up his own orchestra to just work at his piano playing. He played at ballroom and nightclub venues and also on the BBC radio. Two of Britain's most famous female vocalists were with his band in the 1930s; Vera Lynn  and Welsh songstress Dorothy Squires. His best known singer was George Barclay, who was known as a crooner, a popular singing style at that time.
 
His first time playing as a soloist came in 1934 at the Holborn Empire. In that same year, he began to record the first of many solo records of "Charlie Kunz Medleys".  His most famous song was Clap Hands, Here Comes Charlie. Each time he performed, his closing theme was Pink Elephants.
Personal life and death
He was married three times. He had one child with his first wife, Amanda Dysher. She later died. In 1923, he married again Eva Dorothy "Nin" Lloyd, who was a fashion model. They had two sons. They were married until 1939. His third wife was Pat Sparkes, whom he married in 1942. They were still married when he died. 
He kept living in England until his death from a heart attack in 1958. He is buried in Streatham Vale Cemetery.

References

Other websites

Charlie Kunz 
Charlie Kunz Discography
Charlie Kunz Biography - AllMusic

1896 births
1958 deaths
American pianists
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To Hell With The Devil is the third album by the Christian glam metal band Stryper. It was released in 1986. The album was listed in the book The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music by CCM Magazine. The album was nominated for Best Gospel Performance - Duo, Group, Choir Or Chorus at the Grammy Awards but lost to Mylon and Broken Heart's Crack the Sky.

Track listing

References

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1986 albums
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Heavy metal albums
Erin Moran (October 18, 1960 – April 22, 2017) was an American actress She worked mostly in television. She played Joanie Cunningham in the sitcom Happy Days. Moran was born in Burbank, California.

Moran died on April 22, 2017 at her mother-in-law's trailer in New Salisbury, Indiana from complications of Squamous cell carcinoma (rare skin cancer) found in the throat at the age of 56.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 
 
 

American movie actors
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Deaths from skin cancer
Deaths from throat cancer
1960 births
2017 deaths
Actors from Burbank, California
Margaret O'Brien (born January 15, 1937) is an American movie, stage and television actress who began acting as a child. She became famous through the movie Journey for Margaret (1942). She also played a French girl in the movie version of Jane Eyre in 1944. O'Brien was born in San Diego, California.

Other websites

Actors from San Diego, California
American movie actors
1937 births
Living people
Mackenzie Phillips (November 10, 1959) is an American actress and musician who began acting when still a child. She starred as Carol Morrison in American Graffiti and Julie in the sitcom One Day at a Time. Phillips was born in Alexandria, Virginia, though raised in California.

Other websites 

Actors from Alexandria, Virginia
Actors from California
American movie actors
American television actors
1959 births
Living people
Laurentia is a large continental craton. It forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent. 

Originally, it included the core of Greenland and the northwestern part of Scotland, known as the Hebridean Terrane. Laurentia is also called the North American Craton. It is a modern geological feature, and it is also a very ancient geological core made of igneous rock. It is nearly four billion years old.

At times in the past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and supercontinents. It is an assembly of smaller tectonic plates which merged early in the Archaean era. As the plates moved together, a huge range of mountains formed. Much later, in the Proterozoic era, small plates and oceanic islands collided with and fused with the ever-growing Laurentia. Together they made the huge, stable craton we see today as the north and center of North America and the west of Greenland.
Over a billion years ago, the Grenville Orogeny in the Canadian Shield made jagged peaks, higher than any of today's mountains. Millions of years of erosion have changed these mountains to rolling hills.

The remaining, western, part of North America was added much later, after Pangaea split up, and the Americas moved west from Eurasia and Gondwana.

The craton is named after the Laurentian Mountains, a range to the north of the St. Lawrence River.

Rocks as seen today 
The cratonic rocks are metamorphic and igneous, while the overlying sedimentary rocks are composed mostly of limestones, sandstones, and shales. These sedimentary rocks were deposited from 650 to 290 million years ago. In eastern and central Canada, much of the stable craton is exposed at the surface.
The southwestern portion of Laurentia consists of Precambrian basement rocks deformed by continental collisions (violet area of the image above). This area has been subjected to considerable rifting as the Basin and Range Province and has been stretched up to 100% of its original width. The area has a history of major volcanic eruptions.

References 

Continents
Geography of North America
Geography of Greenland
Archaean
Proterozoic
Scarlett Pomers (born November 28, 1988) is an American former child actress. She is also a singer and songwriter. She played Shanna Jensen in the movie Erin Brockovich and Naomi Wildman in Star Trek: Voyager. She also played Kyra in the sitcom Reba.

While acting for the show Reba, Pomers had an eating disorder.

Pomers was born near Riverside, California.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Singers from California
1988 births
Living people
Actors from Riverside County, California
People from Riverside, California
Kimberly "Kim" Richards (born on September 19, 1964) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television programs. She played Prudence Everett in Nanny and the Professor. She played Olga in the series Little House on the Prairie. Richards was born in Mineola, New York.

American television actors
Actors from New York (state)
1964 births
Living people
The Help is a 2011 American drama movie based on Kathryn Stockett's novel and directed by Tate Taylor. It stars Emma Stone, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, Bryce Dallas Howard and Jessica Chastain.

Plot 
The young Skeeter (Emma Stone) returns to her hometown. She has finished her study at the University of Mississippi and now she wants to be a novelist. She begins to interview African-American women who are housemaids working for white people. She writes a book about the lives of the housemaids. First of all, the housemaids are against an interview. However, after an incident, many housemaids tell about their lives. Each shift begins with a whisper, but the voices get louder and many people have many things to tell.

Awards 

The Help won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for Octavia Spencer in the category best actress in a supporting role. Viola Davis was nominated for an Oscar in the category best actress in a leading role.
2011 movies
American drama movies
United Arab Emirates movies
Movies about racism
Movies based on books
Movies set in Mississippi
Academy Award winning movies
English-language movies
2010s feminist movies
Movies directed by Tate Taylor
The House of Fieschi were a noble merchant family from Genoa, Italy. The family was very influential in papal politics in medieval Italy. They held the fief of Lavagna under the Holy Roman Emperors. They had a close relationship with the Angevin kings of Sicily. Later they also established links with French kings. The Fieschi family produced two popes and 72 cardinals.

Famous members

Popes
 Pope Innocent IV (c. 1195–1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi,
 Pope Adrian V (c. 1210–1276), born Ottobuono Fieschi,

Others
Niccolò Fieschi
Saint Catherine (1447–1510)
Giovanni Luigi Fieschi (1522–1547)
Giuseppe Fieschi (1790–1836)

References

Papal families
Fieschi
Genoa
Mvezo is a small village in Umtata (now Mthatha). It is by the Mbashe River in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The village is known as being the birthplace of former South African president Nelson Mandela. Mandela was born in Mvezo on July 18, 1918.

References

Nelson Mandela
Villages in Africa
Mthatha
Mthatha (formerly Umtata), is the main town in Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The town has an airport, last known by the name K. D. Matanzima Airport. after former leader Kaiser Matanzima. 

Former South African president Nelson Mandela was born in Mvezo (a village in Mthatha). On 2 March 2004 Umtata was officially renamed to its current name Mthatha. Walter Sisulu, Bantu Holomisa, Yamkela Mhlana and Buyisiwe Yonela Mhlana , as well as Ndima Mhlana were also born in Mthatha.

References

Other websites
 Mthatha town website
The Ecological Health of the Mthatha River 

 
Eastern Cape
Invictus is a 2009 biographical sports drama movie. It was directed by Clint Eastwood and stars Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon. Movie critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 3½ stars out of 4.

The movie was about South African president Nelson Mandela during the 1995 Rugby World Cup. It was released on December 11, 2009. Freeman and Damon both received Academy Award nominations for their role in the movie.

Release dates

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

2000s biographical movies
2009 drama movies
2000s sports drama movies
American drama movies
South African movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies about Nelson Mandela
Movies set in South Africa
Movies set in the 1990s
2000s English-language movies
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood
The House of Tusculum were a powerful noble family of Latium, Italy. They were the Counts of Tusculum between the 10th and 12th centuries. Several popes and an antipope during the 11th century came from their family. The counts of Tusculum were influential figures in Roman politics and religion for more than a century.

Counts
This list is partially incomplete in the 10th century. The chronology and dates are often uncertain. They were only counts from about 1013. Before this, they were lords.
before 924 Theophylact I 
until 924 Alberic I, consul son-in-law
924 – 954 Alberic II, son
before 1013 Gregory I, son (Excellentissimus vir – Praefectus navalis)
until 1012 Theophylact II, son of Gregory I
1012 – 1024 Romanus, (Consul et dux, senator) brother of Theophylact II and son of Gregory I
1032 – 1045 Alberic III, (Imperialis palatii magister Consul et dux – Comes sacri palatii Lateranensis) brother of Theophylact II and Romanus;
1024 – 1032 Theophylact III son of Alberic III 
1044 – 1058 Gregory II, (Consul, nobilis vir, senator Comes Tusculanensis), son of Alberic III
1058 – ca 1108 Gregory III,  (Comes Tusculanensis Consul, illustris) son of Gregory II
ca 1108 – 1126 Ptolemy I (Tolomeo I), (Consul, comes Tusculanus) son Gregory III;
1126 – 1153 Ptolemy II (Tolomeo II), (Illustrissimus, dominus Consul et dux) son of Ptolemy I;
1153 – ca 1167 Jonathan, (Comes de Tusculano) co-ruler with Raino  son of Ptolemy II;
1153 – 1179 Raino, (Nobilis vir,  dominus) brother of Jonathan, co-ruler with Jonathan.
Popes
Those who were also counts are listed in boldface.
 John XI (931-935), son of Alberic I 
 John XII (955-964), son of Alberic II 
 Benedict VII (974-983), nephew of Alberic II 
Benedict VIII (1012-1024), son of Gregory I 
John XIX (1024-1032), son of Gregory I
Benedict IX (1032-1048), son of Alberic III

Two of the Tusculum clerics are today known as antipopes:
 Antipope Benedict X (1058-1059), son of Alberic III
 Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164), born Octavius

References 

Tusculum
People from Lazio
Papal families
The Nelson Mandela Park is a public park in Leicester, England. It is located just inside the city centre near Leicester Prison and the Leicester Tigers' Stadium. The park was named in honor of South African president Nelson Mandela.

References

Parks in the United Kingdom
Nelson Mandela
Buildings and structures in Leicester
The Borgia family (also Borja, Borjia or Borges) were a noble family during the Renaissance in Italy. They were from Valencia, the name coming from the family fief of Borja, then in the kingdom of Aragon, in Spain.

The Borgias became influential in religion and politics in the 15th and 16th centuries. Two popes came from this family during this time: Alfons de Borja who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455–1458 and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI, during 1492–1503.

During the reign of Alexander VI, the Borgias were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, simony, theft, rape, bribery, incest, and murder. They became enemies of the Medici, the Sforza, and the Dominican friar Savonarola, among others. Today they are remembered for their corrupt rule. The name has become a synonym for libertinism, nepotism and treachery.
Popes
Pope Callixtus III (1455-1458), born Alfonso de Borja
Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503), born Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia
Pope Innocent X (1644-1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphili, the great-great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI

References

Other websites

Papal families
The Della Rovere family (; literally "of the oak tree") was a noble family of Urbino in central Italy. They originally came from Savona, Liguria. The family rose to nobility through nepotism and ambitious marriages. These marriages were arranged by two Della Rovere popes, Francesco della Rovere (Pope Sixtus IV, 1471–1484) and his nephew Giuliano (Pope Julius II, 1503–1513). Pope Sixtus IV is known for having built the Sistine Chapel, which is named for him. The Basilica San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome is the family church of the della Rovere. Vittoria della Rovere was a member of the family and was one of the last Grand Duchesses of Tuscany.

Dukes of Urbino 
Francesco Maria I della Rovere (1490–1538)
Guidobaldo II della Rovere (1514–1574)
Francesco Maria II della Rovere (1549–1631)
Federico Ubaldo della Rovere (1605–1623)

References

Other websites
The House of Orsini is an Italian noble family. It was one of the most influential princely families in Italy during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Three popes belonged to the Orsini family: Celestine III (1191–1198, born Gicinto Bobone), Nicholas III (1277–1280, born Giovanni Gaetani Orsini), and Benedict XIII (1724–1730, born Pietro Francesco Orsini). The Orsini family also produced 34 Cardinals of the Roman Church and many other important political and religious people.

Sources

Other websites

 Catholic Encyclopedia: Orsini
 Encyclopedia Americana: Orsini

Orsini
Orsini
The Conti di Segni (de Comitibus Signie, also known as Conti or De Comitibus for short) were an important noble family of medieval and early modern Italy. They came from Segni, Lazio. Many members of the family served as military commanders or religious leaders, including many cardinals and four popes.

The family began with Trasimondo, the father of Lotario Conti, who became Pope Innocent III in 1198. He ruled until 1216. The second Conti pope was Ugolino (1227-1241), as Gregory IX. The third pope to come from the Conti family was Rinaldo, as Alexander IV (r. 1254-1261). Later, in the early modern period, Michelangelo Conti reigned as Pope Innocent XIII from 1721 to 1724.

Torquato Conti (1591–1636) served as a General-Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War. His cruelty earned him the nickname The Devil.

The family eventually became divided into many branches. The two main branches were the counts of Segni and Valmontone, and the dukes of Poli and Guadagnolo.

References
References 

Italian families
Noble families
Papal families
Snickers is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Incorporated. It is nougat topped with caramel and peanuts, coated in milk chocolate. It was introduced in 1930. It has had sales of over $2 Billion around the world.

In the United Kingdom, Isle of Man, and Ireland, Snickers was sold as Marathon until 1990.

References

Other websites
Official website

Candy