Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Only the player with the ball may be tackled. Tackling is when the player with the ball is brought to the ground by an opposition player. The opposition player must use their hands to hold onto the ball carrier, and take them to the ground. 

When the player with the ball is on the ground, players from the opposition team may stand over him and attempt to grab the ball off them. The opposition players must remain standing ('on their feet'). Meanwhile, the player with the ball will try to pass the ball backwards along the ground to a teammate. His teammates will then move over the player and protect the ball. 

During the game there are between one and four people who watch that the rules of the game are met. 
The most important of these four is the referee who runs alongside players as they play the game. The referee controls the game. 

The two touch-judges patrol the out-of-bounds areas. They also decide when a goal kick has been successful.
The TMO, or 'television match official', helps the referee with difficult decisions. Most professional games have a TMO.

Kicking 
Kicking is very important part of the rugby game. Normally, it is the back players who kick. However, you will sometimes see the forwards kick. There are different reasons why they may kick: to score points by making a drop goal, to place the ball further towards the other team's try line, or to gain distance by kicking the ball high into the air for a team mate to chase and catch.
A Try is one of the way of scoring points in rugby league and rugby union. A try is scored when a player grounds the ball in the opposition's in-goal area  or behind the try line, or alternatively touching the  base of the goalposts and ground at the same time. The scoring player must be holding on to the ball and should be applying downward pressure when it is grounded.

Rugby
The Avalon Peninsula is a large peninsula (9,270 km²) that makes up the southeast portion of the island of Newfoundland.

The peninsula is home to forty percent of Newfoundland's population, and is the location of the provincial capital, St. John's. It is connected to the main section of the island by the 5 km/3 mile wide Isthmus of Avalon. The peninsula sticks out into the rich fishing zones near the Grand Banks. Its four major bays–Trinity Bay, Conception Bay, St. Mary's Bay, and Placentia Bay–have long been the center of Newfoundland's fishing industry.

Related pages
 British colonization of the Americas
 Conception Bay
 Newfoundland and Labrador

Other websites
Heritage of Newfoundland - Colony of Avalon

Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador
Peninsulas of Canada
Cape Cod (or simply the Cape) is an arm-shaped peninsula in the eastern part of Massachusetts.

Geography of Massachusetts
Capes of the United States
Chatham is a New England town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts. The population was 6,625 at the 2000 census. Chatham is home to the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge, located on Monomoy, and to Monomoy Theatre.

Other websites
 Official website

Towns in Massachusetts
1665 establishments
1660s establishments in Massachusetts
Whitbourne is a town on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

Whitbourne, Newfoundland’s first inland town, is named after Sir Richard Whitbourne, one of the most colorful early settlers of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador who wrote a book about Newfoundland that was published in 1620. Sir Richard was selected by the High Court of the Admiralty to set up the first English law court in the New World in 1615 in Trinity. He was kidnapped and held by the infamous Pirate Peter Easton in Harbour Grace. He also described a mermaid that he saw in St. John's harbour. Later, he became governor of Renews on the Southern Shore.

Whitbourne, unlike most communities on the Island of Newfoundland is inland. It was founded in about 1880 during the construction of the Newfoundland Railway. The railway continued to be an important employer in the Town until its abandonment in 1988, although its economic importance weakened slowly throughout the twentieth century.
Sir Robert Bond, the Prime Minister from 1900 to 1909, played a role in the expansion and planning of the Town and developed a complex country home, the "Grange", there.

The town of Whitbourne is located just off the Trans-Canada Highway on Route 81. It is located at the center of three possible routes to visit the Avalon Peninsula. Route 80 is one of the two entrances to the Baccalieu Trail, Route 100 and Route 81 lead to the Marine Atlantic Ferry Service in Argentia and other parts of Placentia and St. Mary's Bays, and Route 1, the Trans Canada leads towards the second entrance to the Baccalieu Trail and the capital city of St. John's. As a result, there is a Provincial Visitor Information Center on the Trans Canada near the town.
Whitbourne has many of the facilities of a small town that has traditionally been a regional service centre. The town’s Wetlands Conservation Trail is of interest to many visitors. 
According to the 2001 Statistics Canada Census:
Population: 930
% Change (1996-2001): -5.9
Dwellings: 418
Area (km²): 21.41
Density (persons per km²): 43.4

Related pages
 Newfoundland and Labrador

towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Wind power in South Australia is a big energy source for the state and South Australia is well suited to wind farms as it is close to the Roaring forties winds.

As of June 2014, South Australia has 16 wind farms, with an installed capacity of 1,473 megawatts (MW). Wind power represented 27% of the state's energy production. 

Wind farms do not emit greenhouse gases in the generation of electricity, and so wind power is considered a highly desirable form of renewable energy which assists in the reduction of the State’s reliance on coal and gas fired electricity generation.

References

Wind farms
South Australia
There are several Solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which supply power to the electricity grid.   Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the name given to nine solar power plants in the Mojave Desert which were built in the 1980s. These plants have a combined capacity of 354 megawatts (MW) making them the largest solar power installation in the world. Nevada Solar One is a new solar thermal plant with a 64 MW generating capacity, near Boulder City, Nevada. There are also plans to build other large solar plants in the Mojave Desert.  The Mojave Solar Park will deliver 553 MW of solar thermal power when fully operational in 2011.

Insolation (solar radiation) in the Mojave Desert is among the best available in the United States, and some big groups of people are in the area.  This makes the Mojave Desert particularly suitable for solar power plants. These plants can generally be built in a few years because solar plants are built almost entirely with modular, readily available materials.

References
References

Solar power plants
Energy in California
The Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team was a professional bicycle racing team.

The US Postal Service stopped was the sponsor of the team until 2004. The Discovery Channel took over sponsorship in June 2004 in time for the new UCI ProTour

On February 10 2007 Discovery Channel ended its sponsorship of the team at the end of the 2007 season. The decision to end its sponsorship is believed to be related to the firing  of Discovery Networks president Billy Campbell by David Zaslav, Zaslav became the new president of Discovery Communications that same day.

On 10 August 2007, the team's licence holders, Tailwind Sports, said that the team would stop racing at the end of the year. They could not find a new sponsor and blamed that on bad publicity about doping in the 2007 Tour de France.

Members
The most well known member of the Discovery Channel team was Lance Armstrong. He won the Tours de France seven times before he retired in 2005.

References
References

Other websites 
Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team
 Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team 
 The Official Fan Club of Lance Armstrong and the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team
 Discovery Channel team page at Cyclingpost
U.S. Postal Service Pro Cycling Team
 USPS Pro Cycling Team Website 
 Letter arguing that Postal Watch has no case against the USPS
 Inspector General criticisms of sponsorships 

UCI ProTour teams
Discovery Channel
2007 disestablishments in the United States
Sports organizations of the United States
Alkanes are chemical compounds, made of carbon and hydrogen. The simplest alkane is methane, which is made of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Larger alkanes have two or more carbon atoms connected or bonded together in a chain. The carbon atoms of alkanes are joined together by single bonds, which is what makes them different from alkenes. The alkane's general formula is CnH2n+2.

These are some alkanes:

 Methane (CH4)
 Ethane (C2H6)
 Propane (C3H8)
 Butane (C4H10)
 Pentane (C5H12)
 Hexane (C6H14)
 Heptane (C7H16)
 Octane (C8H18)
 Nonane (C9H20)
 Decane (C10H22)
 Undecane (C11H24)

 Dodecane (C12H26)
 Tridecane (C13H28)
 Tetradecane (C14H30)
 Pentadecane (C15H32)
 Hexadecane (C16H34)
 Heptadecane (C17H36)
 Octadecane (C18H38)
 Nonadecane (C19H40)
 Icosane (C20H42)
 Heneicosane (C21H44)
 Docosane (C22H46)
In an alkane, each carbon atom is sp3-hybridized with 4 sigma bonds (either C–C or C–H), and each hydrogen atom is joined to one of the carbon atoms (in a C–H bond). The longest link of carbon atoms in a molecule is known as its carbon skeleton or carbon backbone. The number of carbon atoms may be thought of as the size of the alkane.

The alkanes have two main commercial sources: petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas.

An alkyl group is an alkane-based molecular fragment that has one open valence for bonding. They are generally abbreviated with the symbol for any organyl group, R. Although Alk is sometimes used to abbreviate an alkyl group.

Production 

Alkanes come from crude oil. Crude oil is a natural resource, a thick black fluid found by drilling underground. Crude oil is a mixture of alkanes of different chain length - composed of different numbers of carbon atoms. It also has laboratory method of production.
Fractional distillation is the method used to separate the different hydrocarbons in crude oil, used to get a purer or more distilled, sample of a single alkane.

References
Charles-François Gounod (born in Paris, 17 June 1818; died in Saint-Cloud, 17 October 1893) was a French composer. Gounod (pronounce: “Goo – no”) wrote many different kinds of pieces, but he is best known today for his operas Faust and Roméo et Juliette and, especially, for the very popular “Ave Maria” which is a melody that goes with a prelude by Johann Sebastian Bach.

Early life
Gounod was born in Paris. His father was a painter and engraver. His mother was his first piano teacher. When his father died in 1823 his mother started a school to teach the piano. Gounod soon showed musical talent and went to study at the Paris Conservatoire. He studied with three teachers, all of whom died soon after Gounod became their pupil. The first time he competed for the Prix de Rome he did not get it, but the third time, in 1839, he was successful. This meant that he could go to Rome to learn more about music.
In Rome he liked the religious music of the 16th century by composers such as Palestrina. He did not much like the modern opera composers such as Donizetti and Bellini. Gounod also spent some of the year in Austria and Germany. He passed through Leipzig where he met Mendelssohn, whose music made a big impression on him.

Gounod returned to Paris where he got a job as director of music at a church. He thought of becoming a priest, but then he changed his mind. He left his job in the church. Some time later he became friends with the singer Pauline Viardot and her husband Louis. He spent some time at their house composing the opera Sapho.

He composed the Messe Sollennelle, also known as the Saint Cecilia Mass. Two fragments of this work were first performed in London during 1851 and it helped him to become famous. By this time he was married. He had a job in charge of several choirs. He started to write a lot of choral music.
He wrote two symphonies in 1855, the 1st Symphony in D major, and the 2nd Symphony in E flat, although they are not often played today.

Middle period
In 1856 he started to write the opera by which he is now best remembered: Faust (1859), based on the first part of the play Faust by Goethe. The opera was produced in 1859 and soon was performed in many countries, especially in Germany. The composer Richard Wagner was the most important opera composer in Germany and his operas were quite different, so he said that Gounod’s operas were silly.
When the Franco-Prussian war broke out in 1870 Gounod went to live in England. He stayed there for five years becoming the first conductor of what is now the Royal Choral Society. Gounod wrote a lot of music for choirs at this time, including a motet composed especially for the grand opening of the Royal Albert Hall in 1871. He worked very hard, although he was often depressed about the war situation in France. His house in Saint-Cloud had been destroyed. He returned to France in 1874 and was glad to be back with his family.

He wrote much chamber music, including five string quartets, but these are hardly ever played today.
Last years
Later in his life, Gounod became very interested in religion again. He wrote a lot of religious music, including his famous musical setting of Ave Maria based on the first prelude from Book I of The Well-Tempered Clavier by J.S. Bach and Hymnus Pontificius the anthem of Vatican. He also wrote two oratorios, including Mors et vita which Queen Victoria liked so much that she asked for it to be played in the Royal Albert Hall in 1886.

He was just finishing a requiem called Le Grand Requiem when he died. He was given a state funeral on October 27, 1893. He asked for all the music at his funeral to be chant only.

References

 Sadie, S. (ed.) (1980) The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians
 Condé, G. (ed.) (2009) Charles Gounod

19th-century French composers
Romantic composers
1818 births
1893 deaths
The Operación Puerto doping case (meaning Operation Mountain pass) is a doping investigation in Spain. It started in May of 2006.

Dr. Eufemiano Fuentes is accused of giving banned doping drugs to 200 professional athletes.

Fuentes doped a lot of well known tennis and football stars but most attention was on the fairly small number of professional road cyclists that were named in the investigation.

By May 2007, fifteen have been proved not guilty, but three have admitted doping or have had very much evidence of blood doping placed before them.

References

Doping cases in sport
Doping cases in cycling
Dover is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,954 at the 2020 census. The United States Census Bureau says the borough has a total area of 1.4 km² (0.5 mi²). All of it is land. There are no lakes or rivers in Dover.

History
James Joner bought 203 acres of land in 1764. On this land, he created the town of Dover. It was known as Jonerstown until 1815, when the name was changed to Dover. Dover was incorporated in 1864, exactly 100 years after its founding.

Intelligent design controversy 

Dover is most well known for something that happened in 2004-05. The Dover Area School District voted to include a statement about intelligent design in what is taught on about biology in its schools. This action led to the court case Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District in late 2005.
On December 20, 2005, Judge John E. Jones III decided in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania that a public school district in Pennsylvania cannot teach Intelligent Design in a science class room. He said it was because it is based on a religious belief. The first amendment in the United States Constitution does not allow the government to deal with anything that deals with religious points of view.

References

Other websites 
 Dover Township official site
 Dover School District

Boroughs in Pennsylvania
1764 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Rugby sevens is the shortened version of rugby union in which only seven players per side feature, instead of the full fifteen. The version of rugby union is very popular, with notable comptitions including the IRB Sevens World Series and the Rugby World Cup Sevens. It is also played at events such as the Commonwealth Games and rugby league has also adopted the sevens format.

Rugby sevens was invented in Melrose, a small town in Scotland.
It is played under the same rules and on a field of the same dimensions as the 15-player game but a rugby sevens match lasts approximately 15 minutes (7 minutes aside with 1 minute half-time break) but the finals last somewhat more than 20 minutes; each half in a final is ten minutes instead of the normal seven minutes also the game ends when the ball goes of the pitch or points are scored. The point system is similar to rugby union where a Try gets a team 5 points and conversion 2 points with 3 points for penalties and Drop-goals (drop-goals are very uncommon in sevens). Points scoring occurs with much greater regularity in sevens compared to fifteens, since there are more spaces for players to run. Scrums still exist within sevens, composed of just three players from each team. Given the speedy nature of the game, players are usually either from the backline or the trio of loose forwards in fifteens rugby
. All sevens players, wether in the forwards or otherwise must be fit,agile,relatively strong and demonstrate a high level of fitness in order to compete at an optimum level. Countries such as New Zealand, Fiji, South Africa, England, and Samoa have very successful sevens teams. Rugby sevens have also been played in the commonwealth games since 1998 where there are only boys teams. New Zealand is ranked as number 1 in the commonwealth games. New Zealand has won 4 gold medals and one silver medal.
References 

Rugby union
The tournament's most recent edition, in Russia in 2013, was planned to be the last. In October 2009, the International Olympic Committee voted to add men's and women's rugby sevens to the Summer Olympics starting in 2016. World Rugby (then known as the International Rugby Board, or IRB), which runs rugby union around the world, said in September 2009 that it would no longer hold a World Cup if the sport would be part of the Olympics. However, the IRB changed its mind, saying in 2013 that the World Cup would be kept. The next World Cup will be held in 2018, and from that point will continue every four years.

Men's tournaments

Women's tournaments

Rugby union
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon  (Margaret Rose; 21 August 1930 – 9 February 2002), was the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II and the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.

Early life
Princess Margaret was born on 21 August, 1930 in Glamis Castle, Scotland. 

During the 1950s, she was in a relationship with Peter Townsend which gained much press coverage hoping they would marry, but ultimately they did not. 

In 1960, she married the photographer Anthony Armstrong-Jones, who was made Earl of Snowdon. They had two children, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon born in 1961 and Lady Sarah Chatto born in 1964. After they divorced in 1978, she was known as Princess Margaret Countess of Snowdon; the Earl's new wife was simply the Countess of Snowdon. Armstrong-Jones died in January 2017, almost 15 years after Margaret.
Illness and death
Her later life was marred by illness. She suffered a nervous breakdown in the 1970’s, and in 1978, she fell ill whilst visiting Tuvalu, which resulted in her requiring hospital treatment in Sydney, Australia. In January 1985, after years of heavy smoking, she had an operation to remove part of her left lung. In January 1993, she was admitted to hospital with a bout of pneumonia. In February 1998, she suffered a mild stroke in her holiday home at the Caribbean island of Mustique. A year later in the same place, she suffered scalds to her feet in a bathroom accident which reduced her mobility, sometimes using a wheelchair as a result. She had further strokes in early 2001, and her public appearances became less frequent. 

Around January 2002, it was announced Princess Margaret was admitted to hospital.
She died on 9 February 2002 of a stroke while in King Edward VII Hospital. She was cremated so she could be buried next to her beloved father, George VI at St George's Chapel. Her mother, Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, survived her by just over a month, died on 30 March 2002, aged 101, and she, too, was buried in St George's Chapel.

Titles and styles

21 August 1930 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret of York
11 December 1936 – 3 October 1961: Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret
3 October 1961 – 9 February 2002: Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon

Ancestry

References

Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John
House of Windsor
British princesses
1930 births
2002 deaths
Elizabeth II
Romain Maes (10 August 1912 in Zerkegem– 22 February 1983 in Groot-Bijgaarden) was a Belgian cyclist. He won the 1935 Tour de France. Some claim that he also won the 1936 Paris-Roubaix race, and that Georges Speicher was credited as winning by mistake.

1912 births
1983 deaths
Belgian cyclists
People from West Flanders
Tour de France winners
An heir (female: heiress) is a person who has inherited something after the original owner's death. It is often a child after a parent dies.

Heir apparent and heir presumptive usually refer to someone who will inherit a royal or noble title:

An heir apparent is someone who will inherit at the death of the present title-holder.
A Crown Prince is an heir apparent to the throne in a monarchy.

An heir presumptive is someone who may inherit unless someone with a better claim under the rules of succession is found.

King Charles III's oldest son is Prince William, who is thus the heir apparent of the British monarchy.

Prince Bertil of Sweden was the heir presumptive to his nephew King Carl XVI Gustav. The King's son, Prince Carl Philip became heir apparent when he was born, but when in 1980 the law of succession changed, his sister Princess Victoria became the world's first heiress apparent.

Monarchies that have used the title

Prussia
Japan
Sweden
Denmark
Greece

References

Royalty and nobility
Monarchy
The Armenia national football team is the national football team of Armenia. After the split of the Soviet Union, they played their first match against Moldova on 12 October 1992.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References 

European national football teams
Sport in Armenia
Organizations based in Armenia
Michel de Nostredame (December 1503July 1566), usually  latinised as Nostradamus, was a French physician, apothecary, author, translator, and astrological consultant. Some people believe that Nostradamus was even a seer, but this was never proven. He is best known for his book called Les Propheties (The Prophecies), first published in 1555, a collection of 942 quatrains (a type of poem). The quatrains allegedly predict future events.

Life
Nostradamus was born as de Nostredame sometime in December 1503, somewhere located in Provence, Kingdom of France (in modern-day France). His first name was only given to him, when he was baptised as Michel (French for "Michael"). While it is disputed how many children his parents had, it is known thst they had at least 9 children. Michel was the son of a notary named Jaume de Nostredame and his spouse Reynière de Nostredame. Reynière was the granddaughter of Pierre de Saint-Rémy, who worked as a physician in Saint Rémy. Jaume and his family originally celebrated Judaism as their religion, but his father, Cresquas Gassonet, a grain and money dealer who worked in Avignon, had converted to Roman Catholicism sometime in the second half of the 15th century, abandoned his Jewish name, and took the French name Pierre de Nostredame. Nostredame in French means Our Lady
. The other family members followed in his footsteps and converted, as well, to Roman Catholicism, abandoned their Jewish names, and took the surname "de Nostredame". The earliest ancestor in Michel's father's line is identified as Astruge of Carcassonne. Astruge died around 1420.
Michel's known siblings include Delphine de Nostredame (year of birth unknown; and year of death unknown), Jean I (born in approximately 1507; and died in 1577), Pierre (year of birth unknown; and year of death unknown), Hector (year of birth unknown; and year of death unknown), Louis (year of birth unknown; and year of death unknown), Bertrand (born in 1511; and died in 1602), Jean II (born in 1522; and year of death unknown), and Antoine (born in 1523; and died in 1597). Other than this information, little is known about his childhood. 
There is a tradition that when Michel was a child, he was educated by his mother's grandfather named Jean de Saint-Rémy. However, historical records show that Jean disappeared from records in 1504,   in Michel's first year of life, making him still too little. 
This made some people to believe that Jean died shortly after disappearing from historical records.
When he was 14, Nostradamus succesfully passed the test and was accepted to attend the University of Avignon. He attended the university to study for his baccalauréat. In the university, he studied trivium, rhetoric, and logic, rather than something more advanced. It was only later in time, that universities had studies more advanced, such as quadrivium, astronomy, and astrology. He only studied in the university for more than one year, when the university closed due to a plague outbreak. All of the inhabitants of Avignon were forced to leave. According to Nostradamus' journals, as a result of the plague outbreak, after he left Avignon, he escaped to the countryside for 8 years, where he worked as a medical researcher starting from 1521
. By 1529, when Nostradamus was already a apothecary for some years, he successfully passed the test and was accepted to enter the University of Montpelier to study for a doctorate in medicine, but shortly after his attendance, he was expelled by the student procurator, Guillaume Rondelet, when it was discovered he worked as a apothecary. Back in the day, apothecaries were banned from attending universities in France because it was considered a "manual trade" and had been slandering physicians. The explosion document still exists in the university's library. Some of his publishers and correspondents would later call him a "doctor". After his explusion, Nostradamus still continued working, though it is disputed whether he was still a apothecary (after he got expelled), and succesfully invented a "rose pill". Some people believe that the pill was used to protect people from the plague.
Marriage and healing work 
In 1531, Nostradamus was invited by Jules-César Scaliger, a leading Renaissance scholar, to come to Agen. There , he married a woman with whom he had two children. The name of that woman is disputed. Three years later in 1534, his wife and two children died from unknown causes (some people believe they died from the plague). After their deaths, he continued to travel, passing through France. Some people speculate that he may have even traveled to Italy, during this time. He returned to his hometown only in 1545.
After his return, he assisted a prominent physician named Louis Serre to help fight against a major plague outbreak in Marseille, and then tackled further disease outbreaks on his own in Salon-de-Provence and in Aix-en-Provence, the capital of Provence. In 1547, he settled in Salon-de-Provence in the house which still exists today where he married a rich widow named Anne Posarde. With her he had six children (three daughters and three sons). In 1556 and 1557, he and his second wife acquired a one-thirteenth share in a huge canal project. The project was organised by Adam de Craponne to construct the Canal de Craponne to irrigate Salon-de-Provence, which was largely waterless, and the nearby Désert de la Crau from the river Durance.

Sources
Lemesurier, Peter, The Nostradamus Encyclopedia, 1997; The Unknown Nostradamus, 2003; Nostradamus: The Illustrated Prophecies, 2003

Other websites
Other websites

1503 births
1566 deaths
Astrologers
Deaths from cerebral edema
French esotericists
French physicians
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Pharmacists
People from Bouches-du-Rhône
A trough is an elongated area of comparatively low atmospheric pressure, usually in association with weather fronts.

Convective cells may form in the surrounding area of troughs and give birth to a tropical cyclone. Some tropical or subtropical areas, such as the Philippines or south China are greatly affected by convection cells along a trough. In the mid-latitude westerlies, troughs and ridges often exchange with each other, especially when upper-level winds are in a high-amplitude pattern. For a trough in the westerlies, the region just west of the trough axis is typically an area of convergent winds and descending air - and hence high pressure - while the region just east of the trough axis is an area of fast, divergent winds and low pressure. Tropical waves are a type of trough in easterly currents, a cyclonic northward deflection of the trade winds.

Meteorology

fi:Matalan sola
The QuikSCAT (Quick Scatterometer) is an earth-observing satellite that provides wind speed and direction information over oceans to NOAA. It is a "quick recovery" mission to fill the gap created by the loss of data from the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) that was lost in June 1997. It is in a sun-synchronous low-earth orbit.

Because of the 2003 failure of the ADEOS II satellite that was meant to succeed the NSCAT, QuickSCAT is currently the only US-owned instrument in orbit that measures surface winds over the oceans.  The European Space Agency has its own scatterometers in orbit, such as Envisat.

However, because it is now running on a backup transmitter and having other problems, this satellite could fail at any moment, putting risk at weather forecasts for possibly dangerous tropical cyclones.
In early June 2007, Bill Proenza, Director of the National Hurricane Center in Florida, came under fire for criticizing his NOAA superiors for not creating a back-up plan for replacing the capabilities provided by this satellite.

References

Satellites
The Zakarids (Armenian: Զաքարյաններ, Zakaryanner; Georgian: მხარგრძელები, Mkhargdzelebi) were a noble Armenian family in medieval Armenia and Georgia.

References

History of Armenia
Bermuda International Airport , also known as L.F. Wade International Airport, is an airport in Bermuda, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the north Atlantic Ocean.  In 2006, L.F. Wade International Airport handled about 900,000 passengers, up 7% from 2005. It has one passenger terminal, one cargo terminal, and eight aircraft stands. It can support all aircraft sizes up to and including the Boeing 747. Currently, ten airlines operate services to Bermuda Airport from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The largest aircraft now operating in regularly scheduled service at BDA are British Airways' Boeing 777-200s.

References

Bermuda
 
Airports in the United Kingdom
Mikhail Saakashvili (; born December 21, 1967) is a Georgian politician and was the President of Georgia.  As of 2020 he is head of National Reform Council of Ukraine.

In October 2021, Mikheil Saakashvili, was arrested after returning illegally to his country, after being in exile outside Georgia since 2013. A gesture he explained by his willingness to fight alongside his compatriots in the country.  

Right now, the Georgian ex-president is in jail and in a very bad position. Doctors have found that he has been poisoned and the Georgian government do not let him go to the jury. He is considered the greatest president in Georgian history.  

1967 births
Living people
Presidents of Georgia
Politicians from Tbilisi
Waltham is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 59,226 at the 2000 census.

References

Other websites

Waltham official website

Cities in Massachusetts
Sea surface temperature (SST) is the water temperature at the surface. In practical terms, the exact meaning of "surface" will vary according to the measurement method used. A satellite infrared radiometer indirectly measures the temperature of a very thin layer (about 10 micrometres thick) or skin of the ocean (leading to the phrase skin temperature) representing the top millimeter; a thermometer attached to an already fastened or wandering buoy in the ocean would measure the temperature at a specific depth (e.g. the top 1 meter below the sea surface); the measurements regularly made from ships are often from the engine water intakes and may be at various depths in the upper 20 m of the ocean. Note that the depth of measurement in this case will vary with the cargo aboard the vessel.

Oceans
A national language is a language which is the national identity of a nation. A national language is used for political and legal discourse.

Related pages 
 First language
 Official language
 Regional language

Languages
Nationality
The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is a museum that deals with the history of country music. The museum is located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The museum also honors the major people in the history of country music.

Other websites
The Country Music Hall of Fame - official site

Nashville, Tennessee
Country music
Museums in the United States
Buildings and structures in Tennessee
The current flag of Iran was started to be used on July 29, 1980, and is a similar of changes brought to Iran by the Islamic Revolution. The simple design of the flag is three horizontal bands of green above white above red, symbolizing Islam, peace, and courage.

Iran
National symbols of Iran
Real Zaragoza is an Aragonese football Club. The club competes in La Liga (the Spanish Premier League).

History 
It was established in 1932 when Zaragoza CD and Iberia FC join to create Real Zaragoza. Its home stadium is La Romareda in the city of Zaragoza.

Managers 
Amongst its previous managers is Víctor Fernández.

Name 
 1932-1941 Zaragoza F.C.
 1941-present Real Zaragoza

Awards 
Real Zaragoza's honours includes 6 Spanish Championships "Copa del Rey" and five times runners-up, a Inter-City Fairs Cup and another runners-up, a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and a Spanish Premier League "La Liga" runners-up.

League position

Former position

Players 
Famous players like Juan Esnáider, Gabi Milito, Jorge Valdano, Ricardo Oliveria, Cafu or José Luis Chilavert have played for Real Zaragoza.

1932 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in Spain
Spanish football clubs
Zaragoza
Everton Tigers are an English professional basketball team. They play in Liverpool. The Tigers are a part of the British Basketball League (BBL). The Tigers play at the Greenbank Sports Academy. Some of the Everton Tigers players are Mohamed Niang, Delme Herriman, and Chris Haslam.

Sports teams in England
Basketball teams
Sport in Liverpool
The Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester (also known more simply as The Eastman School, Eastman, or ESM) is a music conservatory in Rochester, New York, in the United States. It is said to be one of the best schools for teaching music in the world.

Music schools
Colleges and universities in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in New York (state)
Henry Morgenthau, Sr. (April 26, 1856 – November 25, 1946)was a German-born American businessman and United States ambassador. He is most known by his job as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during World War I. He was father of the politician, Henry Morgenthau, Jr. and the grandfather of Robert M. Morgenthau, the current District Attorney of New York County, and historian Barbara Tuchman.

Businesspeople from New York City
Politicians from New York City
American Jews
1856 births
1946 deaths
The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group who natively speak the Persian language. They share the same Persian culture, cuisine and history. In  Western writings, it is common to name all ancient Iranian peoples as Persian, although some of them were not of the Persian culture, and did not speak the Persian language.

In terms of religion, most Persians today follow the Shia Islam branch of Islam while there is a sizeable population of ethnic Sunni Persians mostly living in southern Iran in Fars province. Historically, the religion of the Persians was Zoroastrianism however this religion declined after the Muslim conquest of Iran and Persians began to gradually convert to Islam and become Muslim.

Related pages 
 Persian language

References 

History of Iran
Louis P. Lochner (born Ludwig) (February 22, 1887 – 1975) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American journalist at the Associated Press. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his work reporting the news from Nazi Germany.

Other websites 
Louis P. Lochner (1887-1975) Family Collection, 1524-1975 : Concordia Historical Institute

1887 births
1975 deaths
Writers from Illinois
American journalists
Pulitzer Prize winners
A shepherd is someone who looks after sheep.  Shepherds usually take the sheep out into fields so that they can graze (eat the grass).  In the same way, someone who looks after cows is called a “cowherd”. A "swineherd" looks after pigs and a "goatherd" looks after goats. A herd is a group of animals. "Herding" can also mean making a herd of animals go to another place. A female shepherd is called a “shepherdess”. 

Many years ago, when most people lived in the country, shepherding was very common.  Sheep were kept for their milk, meat, and especially their wool.  We know that there were shepherds in some parts of the world thousands of years ago.

The shepherd’s job was to make sure the sheep were safe and they were not eaten by wolves or other wild animals.
A shepherd’s way of life
In many societies shepherds were an important part of the economy. Unlike farmers, shepherds were often wage earners.  They were paid to watch other people’s sheep. Shepherds often lived all on their own.  Some were nomads.   Shepherds were most often the younger sons of simple farmers who did not inherit any land. Still in other societies, each family would have a family member to shepherd its flock, often a child or young person or an old person who was not able to help much with the harder work. 

Shepherds often worked with dogs.  The dogs (sheepdogs) were trained to herd the sheep.  Sheepdog trials are still popular today.  The shepherd has to give signs to the dog to tell it exactly where he wants the sheep to go.
A shepherd had a lot of time to sit and think or amuse himself.  He often made simple instruments out of reeds that grew where he sat.  These instruments were often simple pan flutes or just pipes which were similar to bamboo pipes or a modern recorder.  Some shepherds learned to carve instruments out of wood.  An example is the fujara from Slovakia and southern Poland.

Shepherds in the arts

Shepherds often made up music.  This is why composers of classical music very often wrote music which imitated the sound of the shepherd’s pipe.  For example: in Mozart’s opera The Magic Flute the character Papageno, a birdcatcher, plays on his pipes.  In the Symphonie Fantastique Berlioz wrote music which describes a shepherd playing his pipes, and a shepherdess far away the other side of the hill answering his call.  Berlioz used an oboe and a cor anglais for this.
Musicians were not the only people who liked the idea of the life of a shepherd.  Many painters painted scenes in the country with sheep being looked after by a shepherd.  Poets wrote about shepherds.  The shepherd’s way of life was thought to be the ideal way to live.  It was called Arcadian.  Poems like these are called pastoral, after the term for herding.  Some early examples are the Idylls of Theocritus, and the Eclogues of Virgil.

In religion

 King David was a shepherd before becoming King of Israel.
 In the Christian religion Jesus is often called “the good shepherd” because he looks after his people, as a shepherd looks after his sheep.
 Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, was one of many prophets who worked as shepherds.

Related pages
 Sheepdog
 Alsatian (dog)
 Animal husbandry

Agricultural occupations
The Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) was an Armenian militant organization, that operated from 1975 to 1986.
The stated intention of ASALA was "to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its alleged responsibility for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland".

ASALA was founded in 1975 in Beirut, Lebanon by Hagop Hagopian (Harutiun Tagushian) and Kevork Ajemian, a prominent contemporary writer.

The group's activities were primarily assassinations of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, the United States and the Middle East. A failed attack in Geneva on October 3, 1980, in which two Armenian militants were injured resulted in a new nickname for the group, the 3 October Organization. The ASALA's eight point manifesto was published in 1981.
Continuous attacks prompted Turkey to accuse Cyprus, Greece, Syria, Lebanon, and the Soviet Union of provoking or possibly funding the ASALA, though nothing of this sort was ever found to be true.
  
According to Tessa Hofmann, Turkish officials frequently used the accusation of collaboration with the ASALA and foreign Armenian circles to incriminate extreme left-wing Turkish opposition groups.

Related pages
 Gourgen Yanikian

Other websites
GlobalSecurity site: ASALA

References

1975 establishments
Anti-Turkism
Armenian Genocide
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Terrorism
Kevork Vartani Ajemian (Adjemian) (in Armenian Գևորգ Աճեմյան, in Western Armenian Գէորգ Աճեմեան) (May 23, 1932 – December 27, 1998) was an Armenian writer, journalist and public activist, one of the founders of ASALA military organization.

Biography
Kevork Ajemian was born in Syria, in the family of Armenian refugees. In early age he moved to Lebanon, where he studied at the American University of Beirut. 

A prominent representative of the new generation of Armenian Diaspora writers of 1960s he wrote both in Armenian and in English, his books were published in Lebanon, USA and USA. 

In 1978-1989 Ajemian edited the "Spurk" journal, in 1979 he took part of the First Armenian Congress Organizing Committee (Paris). He died in Paris, France. 

In 1999 a collection of the best journalistic works of Ajemian was published.

Books
Rulling over the Ruins, USA, 1999
A Time for Terror, USA, 2000.

Other websites
Ajemian at Amazon

1932 births
1998 deaths

Armenian writers
Armenian diaspora
Armenian activists
Supabarn is a small, supermarket chain which started in Canberra with large shops across the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales in Australia. It was known as Supabarn Emporium in the early 2000s before becoming Supabarn Supermarkets in 2004. It sells traditional, wholefoods, organic and  grocery and fresh food items.

History 
It was first opened in the Kippax in the 1985 followed by Fyshwick ( now closed)  and a few more shops have been opened from that time onwards such as Chisholm, Karabar. Today Supabarn is one of Canberra's largest employers because it has 750 people in seven shops, with two in Sydney. 

In 2015, Coles bought some of its stores.
Sections 
Delicatessen: Cheeses, antipasto's, pates, dips and salads with a European style
Seafood: Fish, lobsters, oysters and prawns - all from HACCP approved suppliers
Produce: Fresh and dried fruit and vegetables
Butcher Shop: Meat and chickens
Bakery: Baked items like pies - prepared daily, cakes, pastries and breads
General Merchandise: Kitchenware, bakeware, glassware and other everyday items
Groceries: Normal, organic, gluten-free and gourmet items
Dairy & Frozen Foods: Milk, cheeses, yoghurts, fresh sauces, ready-to-eat meals, ice cream and other dairy and frozen food items
Liquor: Champagnes, wines, imported beers and spirits

References

Other websites 
Supabarn Supermarkets
Bloomberg profile

Supermarkets of Australia
Organizations based in Canberra
This is a list of members of the United Nations. The list includes the date each country joined the United Nations.

The member states can be sorted by their official designations and dates of joining by clicking on the buttons in the header of the columns. Original members are listed with a .

Notes 
All notes are based on Official list of member states

References

Other websites 
 Official list of member states

United Nations, Members of
The 1960 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XVII Olympiad, were held at Rome in Italy.  Rome had been awarded the 1908 Summer Olympics. However, after the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius, London became the host.

CBS paid $394,000 for the right to broadcast the Games in the United States.

Host 
Rome was chosen as the host of the 1960 Summer Olympics in 1955. Other cities that could have hosted the Olympics were:

  Brussels, Belgium
  Budapest, Hungary
  Detroit, United States
  Lausanne, Switzerland
  Mexico City, Mexico
  Tokyo, Japan

Tokyo would later host the 1964 Summer Olympics, and Mexico City would later host the 1968 Summer Olympics.

Participating nations 
A total of 67 nations sent athletes to compete at the Melbourne games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

Other websites 
 IOC page for the 1960 Summer Olympics

References

Other websites

 Rome 1960 at Olympic.org

1960 Summer Olympics
The 1948 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1948 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The games started on January 30 1948. St. Moritz was also the site of the 1928 Winter Olympics.

These Games were the first in twelve years, because none were held during World War II.

Other websites 
 IOC page for the 1948 Winter Olympics

Olympics
Winter Olympics in Europe
Sport in Switzerland
1940s in Europe
20th century in Switzerland
The 1932 Winter Olympics, officially known as the III Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1932 in Lake Placid, New York, United States. The games started on February 4 1932. The 1932 Winter Olympic Games were going to be in Big Pines, California, but because of poor snow conditions, the games were moved to Lake Placid.

Other websites 
 IOC page for the 1932 Winter Olympics

Olympics
1932 in the United States
1930s in New York (state)
Lake Placid, New York
Winter Olympics 1932
Winter Olympics 1932
The 2010 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games, were the Winter Olympics that were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 2010. Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC). The XXI Olympic Winter Games were held from February 14 2010 to February 28 2010. Many of the 2010 events were held in the nearby resort community called Whistler, about an hour's drive north of Vancouver.

The 2010 Winter Olympics is the third Olympics hosted by Canada, and the first by the province of British Columbia. Previously, Canada was home to the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. The villages of Whistler and Garibaldi bid for the games in 1976 but failed to win.
Participating nations
82 National Olympic Committees had teams in the 2010 Winter Olympics. Cayman Islands, Colombia, Ghana, Montenegro, Pakistan, Peru and Serbia were in their  first winter Olympics. Also Jamaica, Mexico and Morocco came back to the Games after missing the Turin Games. 

 Albania(1)
 Algeria(1)
 Andorra(6)
 Argentina(7)
 Armenia(4)
 Australia (40)
 Austria(81)
 Azerbaijan(2)
 Belarus(50)
 Belgium(9)
 Bermuda(1}
 Bosnia and Herzegovina(5)
 Brazil(5)
 Bulgaria(19)
 
 Cayman Islands(1)
 Chile(3)
 
 Colombia(1)
 Croatia(19)
 Cyprus(2)
 Czech Republic(92)
 Denmark(18)
 Estonia(30)
 Ethiopia(1)
 Finland(95)
 France(108)
 Georgia(8)

 
 Ghana(1)
 Great Britain(52)
 
 Hong Kong(1)
 Hungary(16)
 Iceland(4)
 India(3)
 Iran(4)
 Ireland(7)
 Israel(3)
 Italy(109)
 Jamaica(1)
 Japan(94)
 Kazakhstan(38)
 North Korea(2)
 South Korea(46)
 Kyrgyzstan(2)
 Latvia(59)
 Lebanon(3)
 Liechtenstein(7)
 Lithuania(8)
 Macedonia(4)
 Mexico(1)
 Moldova(7)
 Monaco(6)
 Mongolia(2)