Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
. Later Kim was moved to Osaka and later to Seoul, South Korea. Kim was later quoted as saying that a weight had been attached to his feet aboard the boat heading toward Korea, indicating that the kidnappers had intended to drown Kim by throwing him into the sea. They were, however, forced to abandon this plan as the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force began a pursuit of the kidnappers' boat. Subsequently, Kim was released in Busan. He was found alive at his house in Seoul five days after the kidnapping. According to some reports U.S. Ambassador Philip Habib intervened with the South Korean government to save Kim's life.
Pak's daughter Park Geun-hye was elected the chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party in 2004. She has resigned her post in order to prepare a presidential bid for the upcoming election.

Family 
Park Chung-hee was married three times. first wife Kim Ho-nam (김호남; 1918 - 1990, m.1936 - 1945), birth one daughter, Park Jae-ok(박재옥, b.1937). second wife Lee Hyon-lan (이현란; ? -?, m.1945 - 1947), birth one son, early death(b.1947 and d.1947). three wife Yuk Young-soo(육영수, 1926 - 1974, m.1950 - 1974, her death), birth daughter Park Geun-hye(박근혜, b.1952) and Park Geun-ryoung(박근령, b.1954), son Park Chi-man(박지만, b.1958).

References

Other websites 
 BBC News' "On this day": a recollection of Park's assassination.

1917 births
1979 deaths
Anti-communists
Assassinated people
Former dictators
South Korean generals
Military personnel of the Korean War
Murders by firearm
People of the Vietnam War
Presidents of South Korea
Yun Bo-seon (Korea:윤보선, August 26, 1897 – July 18, 1990) was the President of South Korea from 1960 to 1962. 

He was born in Asan, South Chungcheong province, Yun graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1930. He entered politics after Japanese occupation ended in 1945, with Syngman Rhee being his mentor. In 1948, Yun was made mayor of Seoul by Rhee. A year later, he was made the Minister of Commerce and Industry. Soon, he started to disagree with Rhee's authoritarian policies. He then served as president of the Red Cross Society, before being elected to the National Assembly in 1954. A year later, he founded the opposition Democratic Party along with several others.
After Rhee's government was ousted by a student-led pro-democracy uprising, Yun was elected president on August 13, 1960. He was merely a figurehead, as South Korea had switched to a parliamentary system in response to the authoritarian excesses of Rhee's regime.  After Park Chung Hee's coup in 1961, he stayed on briefly to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962. He opposed Park's authoritarian rule and ran for president twice in 1963 and 1967, losing each time. After receiving suspended sentences several times for anti-government activities, Yun retired from politics in 1980 and focused primarily on cultural activities until his death from diabetes and high blood pressure. He died in 1990.

Book 
 《Autobiography, Road of thorns the national salvation (구국의 가시밭길)》(1967)
 《Select the days of lonely(외로운 선택의 나날들)》(1991)

Prize 
 Sharon Big-Merit(무궁화 대훈장)
 In-Cheon Cultural Award

Related pages
 Yun Chi-ho
 Chang Myon
 Jang Jun-Ha
 Yun Chi-Young

References
References

Other websites 
Cheongwadae profile 

Presidents of South Korea
1897 births
1990 deaths
Mayors of Seoul
Anti-communists
Syngman Rhee or Lee Seungman (, March 26, 1875 – July 19, 1965) was a Korean independence activist and politician. He was the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere. Rhee was a strong anti-Communist, and led South Korea through the Korean War. His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election. He died in exile in Hawaii.

Early life 
Rhee was born in Whanghai Province to Rhee Kyong-sun, a member of the aristocratic Yangban family. Rhee was descended from Prince Hyo-nyong, the second son of King Taejong of Joseon. He soon became active in Korea's struggle against Japanese control. He was arrested in 1897 for demonstrating against the monarchy.
After he was released in 1904 he went to the United States. He obtained several degrees, including a Ph.D. from Princeton University. He began writing his name in the Western manner, with the personal name before the family name. When President Theodore Roosevelt was helping negotiations for the Treaty of Portsmouth, Rhee asked him to put freedom for Korea in the treaty. This did not happen.
In 1910, he went back to Korea under Japanese rule. His political actions got him into trouble with the Japanese army, so he left for China in 1912. In 1919, all of the major pro-independence groups formed the provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai. Rhee was elected the president, a post he held until 1925 when he was removed by the Provisional Assembly for the misuse of his authority.

Presidency
Presidency

President of South Korea 
At the end of World War 2, Rhee returned to Seoul. This was before the other independence leaders, since he was the only one well known to the Allies. In 1945, he was chosen as head of a provisional (short term) government. With the unspoken agreement of the occupation authorities, Rhee conducted a number of actions to "remove Communism". This was actually a hidden plan to remove all possible opposition to him.

Rhee was elected the first president of South Korea on 10 May, 1948 by a parliamentary vote. He defeated Kim Koo, the last president of the Provisional Government by 180 votes to 16. All the left-wing parties refused to take part in the election. On 15 August 1948, he formally took over from the US military and became the legal power over the Korean people.
Korean war 
Rhee made himself unpopular by telling the people in Seoul to stay in the city when the Korean War started. He had already left. His decision to cut the bridges on the Han River stopped thousands of people from escaping from the Communists. The UN and South Korean forces fought back and drove the North Koreans north towards the Yalu River. After a Chinese counterattack the UN and South Korean were pushed back to the current DMZ. Rhee became unpopular with the US and the UN for refusing to agree to a number of peace plans that would have left Korea divided. He wanted to become the leader of a united Korea with UN assistance. He tried to stop any peace plan that would not remove the northern government completely. He also argued for stronger military action to be used against China. He was annoyed because the US would not bomb China.
On January 18, 1952, Rhee declared South Korean rule over the waters around the Korean peninsula. This was an idea the same as today's exclusive economic zones. The new border, which Rhee called the "Peace Line", included Tsushima Island and the uninhabited islands named Dokdo. This led to protests from the Japanese government. They claimed that the islands were Japanese territory. Minor clashes followed, but the islands have been under South Korean administration since then.

Throughout his rule, Rhee took extra steps to keep his control over the government. In May 1952 Rhee pushed through constitutional changes which made the presidency a directly elected position. To get this passed by parliament he declared martial law. He jailed the members of parliament he thought would vote against it. Rhee was soon elected by a big majority. He regained control of parliament in the 1954 elections. He pushed through an amendment to exempt himself from the eight-year limit on presidents.
Resignation 
By 1960, Rhee had already served three terms in office. His next victory was certain after the main opposition candidate, Cho Byeong-ok, died shortly before the March 15 elections. Rhee won with 90% of the vote. The real contest was in the race for vice president. This was held separately under the law of the time. Yi Gi-bung, who Rhee thought should take over after him, was declared the winner of an election that the opposition claimed was rigged. This created anger among groups of the Korean people. A student-led April 19 Movement forced Rhee to resign on April 26.
On April 28, a DC-4 belonging to the CIA operated Civil Air Transport took Rhee out of South Korea. This was to rescue him from the angry crowds. Kim Yong Kap, Rhee's Deputy Minister of Finance, revealed that President Rhee had taken $20 million in government money for himself. Rhee, his Austrian-born wife, Francisca Donner, and adopted son lived in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii. On July 19, 1965, Rhee died of a stroke. His body was returned to Seoul and buried in the National Cemetery on July 27, 1965.

Legacy 
Rhee's legacy has been in considerable dispute. In general, conservative circles regard Rhee as the patriarch of the nation, while liberals tend to be critical of him.

Rhee's former residence in Seoul, Ihwajang, is currently used for the presidential memorial museum, and Woo-Nam Presidential Preservation Foundation has been set up to honour his legacy.

Book 
 《Dogripjungsin》(독립정신)
 《Japan Inside Out》
Rhee in songs and movies 
 Rhee is mentioned in Billy Joel's history themed song "We Didn't Start the Fire".
 Rhee is mentioned numerous times in Robert Altman's movie MASH (1970). This is a comedy about a team of American army medical officers during the Korean War.
 When the lights go out in the operating room during surgery and then come back on a short time later one of the doctors says "Syngman Rhee paid the electric bill."
 When Hawkeye (Donald Sutherland) takes the young Korean mess hall boy, and his friend, Ho-Jon, to get medical treatment, he tells the South Korean guards that "This is Syngman Rhee's son, he goes right in", so he does not have to wait.

Related pages
 Kim Gu
 Kim Kyusik
 Kim Seong-Su
 Yun Poson
 Yun Chi-Young
 Chang Myon
 Kim Won-bong
 Kim Il-Sung
 Park Hon-Yong
 Heo Jeong
 Yun Chi-Ho
 Park Chung-hee
 Philip Jaisohn

References

Other websites 

 Syngman Rhee 
 Syngman Rhee's FBI files hosted at the Internet Archive
1875 births
1965 deaths
Anti-communists
Deaths from stroke
Speakers of the National Assembly (South Korea)
People of the Korean War
Presidents of South Korea
Psychonauts  is an action-adventure platformer video game created by Double Fine. It was made for the Xbox, Playstation 2, and PC, and was later brought to Xbox 360 through the Xbox Live Arcade service, and Apple Computers through Steam. The main character, Rasputin, is a Psychonaut, or psychic who travels through people's minds. Although Psychonauts initially did poorly regarding sales, the game is well known for being very creative and having a cult following. A sequel has recently been rumored to be developed by Double Fine and produced by Markus "Notch" Persson, millionaire, and creator of Minecraft and Mojang Studios. Tim Schafer, founder of Double Fine, predicts Psychonauts 2 to cost $13 million to make.

2005 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Windows games
Platform games
Sum 41 (sometimes called The Sums, originally called Kaspir) is a Canadian rock punk band from Ajax, Ontario. The people currently in the band are Deryck Whibley (lead vocals, guitar, keyboards), Cone McCaslin (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Steve Jocz (drums, percussion, and backing vocals). The band's most known lineup is the same, except with Dave Baksh on lead guitar and backing vocals.

In 1999, the band signed a record deal with Island Records. Since then, the band has released four studio albums. Their most successful album to date is All Killer, No Filler. The album had the single "Fat Lip" which did very well, making it the band's most successful single. The second single off the album, "In Too Deep", also did well.
They often perform more than 300 times in a single year. That is why they are known for their long and worldwide tours, most of which last more than a year. So far, all of the Sum 41 albums have done very well in Canada. Sum 41 has received many awards and nominations. They have been nominated for seven Juno Awards (the Canadian equivalent of a Grammy Award), winning twice.

Influences
Sum 41's influences include NOFX, All, Black Flag, Fugazi, Pennywise, Rancid, Superchunk, Weezer, Beastie Boys, Bad Religion, Buzzcocks, Nirvana, Ramones, Social Distortion, The Offspring, Foo Fighters, The Police, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Guns N' Roses, Metallica, Anthrax, The Vandals, Megadeth, Dio, Slayer, No Use for a Name, Carcass, Elvis Costello, Run-DMC, Lagwagon, Face to Face, Devo, Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock and Green Day.

Line-ups

Discography
Studio albums
All Killer No Filler (2001)
Does This Look Infected? (2002)
Chuck (2004)
Underclass Hero (2007)
Screaming Bloody Murder (2011)

References
References

Other websites
Official Site @ Island Records

A Sum 41 fan community 

 
Canadian punk bands
Canadian rock bands
Pop punk bands
2000s music groups
Musical groups established in 1996
1996 establishments in Canada
Canonisation is a statement by a church saying that someone is a saint. This process is used by some Christian churches, most commonly in the Roman Catholic Church. The person must be dead, because living people cannot be canonised.

The process of canonisation involves proving that the person lived in a way that justifies this decision. They must have loved others and loved God. In the Catholic Church, at least two miracles by the saint's intercession must be proven. This means that, because the person is believed to be in heaven, someone must pray, or ask, for the saint to pray for them in heaven. If the prayer is answered and a miracle happens, then they know that the person is a saint. The miracles prove that the saint must be in heaven with God, and able to ask God for prayers to be answered.            

These people then enter into the canon, or list, of saints.
It is not correct to say that the Church "makes" someone a saint. The Catholic Church believes that anyone who is in heaven is already a saint. The canonisation process just finds out for sure, or without a doubt, that someone is a saint.

Other websites 
 Canonistion of Saints  - Describes the significance and process of canonising saints.
 Entry on canonisation and beatification in the Catholic Encyclopedia

Christian terminology
Christian saints
Dunstan (909–May 19, 988) was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 960 to 988. He was canonized (made a saint) in 1029. He became famous for the many stories told about his dealing with the Devil.

References

Other websites 
Early British Kingdoms: St. Dunstan
Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Dunstan
The True Legend of St. Dunstan and the Devil by Edward G. Flight, illustrated by George Cruikshank, published in 1871, and available from Project Gutenberg
Early British Kingdoms: St. Dunstan enshrined at Glastonbury or Canterbury?

909 births
988 deaths
Christian saints
Dunstan may be the following reasons:

People
 Saint Dunstan, a saint and 10th-century Archbishop of Canterbury
 Don Dunstan, former Premier of South Australia
 Donald Dunstan (Australian Governor), former Governor of South Australia
 Albert Dunstan, former Premier of Victoria
 William Dunstan, recipient of the Victoria Cross
 Keith Dunstan, journalist and son of William
 Darren Dunstan, voice actor

Places
 Lake Dunstan in New Zealand

Organizations
St Dunstan's, a British charity for blind ex-service personnel

Educational institutions
 Saint Dunstan's University on Prince Edward Island
 St Dunstan's College in London
 Dunstan High School in Alexandra, New Zealand

Churches
 Church of St Dunstan, Liverpool
 St Dunstan's, Mayfield
 St Dunstan's, Stepney
 St Dunstan-in-the-East
 St Dunstan-in-the-West
 St. Dunstan's Church of the Highlands Parish, Shoreline, Washington
 St. Dunstan's, Canterbury
SHOE PARK  

a park in India. It covers an area of 4,000 sq yd (3,300 m²). It is located at the top of Mumbai's Malabar Hill.  The park is named after Kamala Nehru, the wife of India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. 

A place often visited by schoolchildren, it has little to offer by way of entertainment apart from a structure shaped like a shoe. The shoe structure is inspired by the nursery rhyme "There was an old woman." 

From the garden, one can see Chowpatty Beach, and the DOLLY

NECKLACE's

Parks in India
Stronghold means castle or any other strongly fortified place.
The history of fortified buildings reaches from antiquity to modern times.
In medieval Europe, the castle was the most common type of stronghold and often the residence of the king or territorial lord.   The Maginot Line is an example of a 20th century stronghold.  

Stronghold is also the name of a small video game franchise consisting of several castle-sim games made by Firefly Studios.

Related pages 
fortification

Construction
Weimar (Lahn) is a community in the German state of Hesse. It has about 7,600 inhabitants. Weimar (Lahn) lies near Marburg.

References

Other websites 
 Community's official website
 Weimar-Wenkbach
 FSG Südkreis

Municipalities in Hesse
Marburg-Biedenkopf
A Lord (Laird in some Scottish contexts) is a person who has power and authority. Women will usually (but not universally) take the title 'Lady' instead of Laird or Lord, but there is an example of a female Lord: Lord of Mann, the ruler of the Isle of Man. The territory belonging to a lord is often called a lordship. Lords as a group are a peerage. 

The word actually comes from the Old English forms for "loaf" (bread) and "ward" (used to mean "protector", although today it means "one who is protected"). So a lord or "loaf ward" was originally "the one who protected the loaf". A mesne lord was a lord in the feudal system who had vassals who held land from him, but who was himself the vassal of a higher lord. The one who ruled over mesne lords was sometimes called an overlord. This higher lord was sometimes the king.

In a religious context, The Lord means God, mainly by Christianity.

References 

Royalty and nobility
Religious terminology
An interval in music means the distance between two notes (whether these notes are played together or separately).

Two notes on a keyboard which are next to one another (counting both white and black notes) are a “semitone” apart. A “tone” is two semitones (see semitone). However, an “intervale” depends on how the notes are written (what they are called) e.g. whether the black note between D and E is written as D sharp or E flat (which are two different names for the same note).

Please note that in all of the examples below, C is the lower note of the pair, and the other note is the next note of that name above it. So, the interval between a C and a B is only a major 7th if it is between a C and next B above it.

Major and perfect intervals in the major scale

In a major scale there are eight notes e.g. a C major scale (see above) is:
C D E F G A B C and down again.
The interval between C and D is a major 2nd (major second).
 The interval between C and E is a major 3rd (major third)
 The interval between C and F is a perfect 4th (perfect fourth)
 The interval between C and G is a perfect 5th (perfect fifth)
 The interval between C and A is a major 6th (major sixth)
 The interval between C and B is a major 7th (major seventh)
 The interval between C and C is a perfect 8th (perfect octave)

Minor intervals

If a major interval is made smaller by a semitone it becomes minor:

 The interval between C and D flat is a minor 2nd
 The interval between C and E flat is a minor 3rd
 The interval between C and A flat is a minor 6th
 The interval between C and B flat is a minor 7th

Diminished intervals
If a perfect interval becomes smaller by a semitone it becomes “diminished”

 The interval between C and F flat is a diminished 4th
 The interval between C and G flat is a diminished 5th

If a major interval becomes smaller by two semitones (i.e. a tone) it becomes “diminished”
The interval between C and D double flat is a diminished 2nd
 The interval between C and E double flat is a diminished 3rd
 The interval between C and A double flat is a diminished 6th
 The interval between C and B double flat is a diminished 7th

Augmented intervals

If a major interval is made bigger by a semitone it becomes “augmented”

 The interval between C and D sharp is an augmented 2nd
 The interval between C and E sharp is an augmented 3rd
 The interval between C and A sharp is an augmented 6th
 The interval between C and B sharp is an augmented 7th

Similarly, if a perfect interval becomes bigger by a semitone it becomes “augmented”

 The interval between C and F sharp is an augmented 4th
 The interval between C and G sharp is an augmented 5th

Examples:
 C to D sharp is an augmented 2nd (N.B. but if the D sharp is called E flat it is a minor 3rd)
 C to G flat is a diminished 5th
 C to B double flat (the same note as A) is a diminished 7th.
It is important to realize that, in order to work out what an interval is, the lower note should be treated as the first note of the scale.

Examples:
 C sharp to A sharp is a major 6th
 C sharp to A is a minor 6th

Inverted intervals

Intervals can be “inverted” (turned upside down). For example: instead of going from a C up to an A (major 6th) we can go from C down to an A (minor 3rd).
 A major 6th is the inversion of a minor 3rd.

 All major intervals, when inverted, become minor intervals.
 All augmented intervals, when inverted, become diminished.
 All perfect intervals, when inverted, are still perfect (this is why they are called “perfect”).

 All intervals, when inverted, add up to 9 (there are 8 notes in a scale. One note is obviously being counted twice).

Compound intervals are intervals bigger than an octave e.g.
C to D an octave and one more note above it is a major 9th.

Big intervals are called “wide” intervals. The opposite is a “narrow” interval.

Related pages
 Semitone

Music theory
Modes in music are a kind of scale.

The Ancient Greeks used several modes in their music. Medieval musicians borrowed the names of these modes to describe the scales used in their music. Western music predominantly usually uses two scales: major and minor, which correspond to the Ionian and Aeolian modes. Like any other scale, a mode can start on any note.

Each mode has a different pattern of tones and semitones (or “half tones”) (see semitone).
 The Western major scale (e.g. the C major scale C D E F G A B C) starts on its KEY NOTE and goes up using the following pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone.
 The Western natural minor scale (e.g. the A natural minor scale A B C D E F G A) does the same, but it has a different pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
tone, semitone, tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone.
The modes are easiest to see on a piano keyboard using the white notes only. The most common modern modes are:
 Ionian (C D E F G A B C)
 Dorian (D E F G A B C D)
 Phrygian (E F G A B C D E)
 Lydian (F G A B C D E F)
 Mixolydian (G A B C D E F G)
 Aeolian (A B C D E F G A)
 Locrian (B C D E F G A B)

It will be seen that
 The Ionian mode is the major scale.
 The Dorian is a natural minor scale with a major sixth.
 The Phrygian is a natural minor scale with a minor second.
 The Lydian is a major scale with an augmented fourth.
 The Mixolydian is a major scale with a minor seventh.
 The Aeolian is the natural minor scale.
 The Locrian sounds rather strange, and was hardly ever used in Medieval music. It is a minor scale with a minor second and a diminished fifth.

Each mode also has a version called “hypo—“.
For example: A to A is Hypodorian. It is the same as Aeolian, but the D is treated as the “keynote”.

The names of the modes come from cities in Ancient Greece.
In the Middle Ages these modes were widely used in church music.

Some composers in recent centuries have enjoyed using the ancient modes from time to time in their music. Folksongs are often modal. Greensleeves is an example of a well-known tune which is modal.

Music theory
Sharp means that something can cut easily.
Sharp may also refer to:
Sharp (photography), if a picture is sharp it is well in focus.
Sharp hearing, if someone has "Sharp hearing" it means they can hear extremely well.
Sharp (music), a sharp is a note that has been made higher by a semitone
Sharp (tuning), means that a note that is not in tune:  The pitch is too high (see intonation).
Sharp Corporation, a Japanese electronics manufacturer

Basic English 850 words
Lucuma  fruits are found in Peru, and Chile. Lucuma have been eaten for many centuries. Anthropologists have found ancient burial sites with lucuma seeds. 

Lucuma is used in a variety of culinary drinks and desserts. Lucuma is the most popular ice cream flavor in Peru.

References

Fruits
Sapotaceae
Western Asia (or Southwest Asia) is the part of Asia that includes the Middle East and South Caucasus.

Territories 

Southwest Asia in most uses includes:

 
  (partly)
 
 
  (partly)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (partly)

Other websites
Stanford's Map of Western Asia is an old map from 1885
Jane Eyre is a novel written by Charlotte Brontë. It was published in 1847 in England. It is Charlotte Brontë's most famous book.

Background 

Around this time, Charlotte was beginning to suffer a painful toothache, which made many of her teeth fall out. She was even more worried about her father's blindness. On 19 August 1846, Charlotte went to Manchester with her father to see an eye surgeon, William James Wilson. Wilson performed the operation on 25 August. The next day, Charlotte described it to her friend Ellen in a letter. Wilson had been helped by two other surgeons. The operation had taken about 15 minutes. Charlotte wrote, "Papa is now confined to his bed in a dark room and is not to be stirred for four days - He is to speak and to be spoken to as little as possible". "Depressed and weary (tired)", Charlotte began writing Jane Eyre.
Charlotte did not have good eyes, so she wrote in little square books that she held close to her eyes. She wrote the first copy in pencil. When she left Manchester to go back home, she took the book with her and continued writing.

Plot
Jane Eyre is a love story. It tells about a young woman called Jane Eyre who was an orphan and goes to teach a girl named Adele Varens in a far-away house. The master of the house is Mr. Rochester. Jane and Mr. Rochester fall in love, but Jane is horrified when she finds out Mr. Rochester is already married to a crazy woman. She leaves the house, believing that marrying him would now be the same as adultery and that she would be his mistress, not his wife. When she goes away, she becomes sick and almost dies. Three people, Diana, Mary, and St. John Rivers, find her and let her live with them. There, she becomes a teacher and finds out that they are her cousins. She is very happy until St. John wants her to marry him and be a missionary with him. She knows that he does not really love her and thinks she is simply useful, so she says no. However, he continues to ask her, and she is finally almost persuaded that it is her duty to marry him when she hears Mr
. Rochester crying, "Jane! Jane!" She feels that something has happened to him, and quickly goes back to see him. His crazy wife had set his house on fire and died in it. Mr. Rochester, because of the fire, had become blind and wounded. Jane, now that his wife is dead, is happy to marry him, and they get married and have a son.
Famous sentence 
The novel begins the last chapter with one of the most famous lines in English literature:

"Reader, I married him".

The active voice was revolutionary for its time.

Other books by Charlotte Brontë
Villette
Shirley

References 

1847 books
English novels
Books by Charlotte Brontë
Gifhorn is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony.

About 43,000 people live there. They have 3 star hotels.

References

Other websites
Fortifications are military constructions and buildings designed for defense during war. People have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, but the designs have become more and more complex. The term fortification comes from the Latin words fortis ("strong") and facere ("to make").

Many military installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may class as fortresses, smaller ones formerly often bore the name of fortalices. Some are castles. The word fortification can also mean the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City walls are fortifications but not necessarily called fortresses.

The last great system of fortification to be built was the Atlantic Wall.

Related pages 
 Fortress
 Stronghold
 Salient

Other websites
Other websites 

 Information on Australian World War 2 Fortifications
 A Military History of Malta (Fortifications)
 Fortress Cologne
 Aerial photography: Fortress - Komárom - Hungary
 Petrovaradin - Greatest XVIII century fortress in Europe

Gallery 

Fortification
Neurosurgery is the surgical specialty that focuses on diseases and injuries involving the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.

Surgery
Conjoined twins are twins whose bodies are joined together at birth. This happens where the zygote of identical twins fails to completely separate. Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in 200,000 births, and approximately half are stillborn. The overall survival rate for conjoined twins is between 5% and 25%. Conjoined twins are more likely to be female (70-75%). Daisy and Violet Hilton are a famous pair of conjoined twins. They were born in Brighton and were kept on top of the Evening Star pub, where they were taught to dance by a cruel barmaid. She then sold them and they toured Vaudeville. They became famous in the movie Freaks and lived long lives, eventually getting married.

Twin people
The United States Armed Forces defend The United States of America and areas far beyond it. They are staffed by Soldiers,Sailors and other Personnel who are responsible for protecting the United States of America and areas beyond it.
{| border="1" width="300" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"
|-----
! colspan="2" bgcolor="#8888dd" | United States Armed Forces
|-----
| colspan="2" align="center" | Military manpower
|-----
| Military age
17–45 years old
|-----
| Availability || Males & Females ages 17–49:
109,305,756 (2005 est.).
|-----
| Citizenship
| Regular Army: No Citizenship Requirement For Enlisted Members / All Officers must be US Citizens. National Guard: Citizens Only.
|-----
| Reaching military age annually
| Males & Females: 4,180,074 (2005 est.)
|-----
| Total armed forces ||  2,685,713 (Ranked 2nd)
|-----
| Active troops || 1,426,713 (Ranked 2nd)
|-----
| Total troops || 2,685,713 (Ranked 7th)
|-----
| colspan="2" align="center" | Military expenditures
|-----
|-----
| Dollar figure ||  $441.6 billion (Ranked 1st.)
|-----
| Percent of GDP || 3.7% (FY2006 est.) (Ranked 26th)
|-----
| Dollar Figure (per citizen)
$935.64($1470) (ranked 3rd)
|}
The United States Armed Forces are the military of the United States. It has six branches: the Army, the Navy, the Marines, the Air Force, the Space Force and the Coast Guard.
The U.S. President is Joe Biden. He is the current Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. All branches except the Coast Guard are part of the Department of Defense, which is controlled by the Secretary of Defense.  The Coast Guard is part of the Department of Homeland Security. The Marine Corps is part of the Navy.

About 1.4 million people are currently on active duty in the military with another 1,259,000 people on reserve (with 456,000 people in the Army and Air National Guard). There is currently no conscription. Women can serve in most combat positions, and in all non-combat military jobs. Because of war, some of these non-combat jobs actually see combat regularly.
Ranks 
All branches of the United States military have Commissioned Officers and Non Commissioned/Enlisted Personnel. Most Enlisted members with a rank of E-4 and above are called Non-commissioned Officers (NCOs); the exception is the Air Force where E-5 is considered the first NCO rank. Their usual duties are to supervise or make sure that common jobs are done properly every day. Most branches also include Warrant Officers (Chief Warrant Officers in the Navy.) They are considered experts in their field, they are higher rank than other enlisted troops, but below officers. There are four ranks of Warrant Officers: WO-1 through WO-4 (CWO-1 to CWO-4)
Here are some common ranks for the US Army, Air Force and Marines. These branches of the military use different names for the enlisted ranks, but they all use the same for officers. The Navy and the Coast Guard have different ranks; for those see United States Navy. There are no five star general Ranks. The General of the Army,General of the Air Force and Fleet Admiral are only used in wartime situations.

References

Other websites 
 Official U.S. DOD site
 Global Security on U.S. Military Operations
 Today's Military website
 Largest Military Personnel Locator
 US Military ranks and rank insignia
 US Military Mottos

Branch links 
 U.S. Army
 U.S. Navy
 U.S. Air Force
 U.S. Marine Corps
 U.S. Coast Guard
The xiao is a Chinese musical instrument. It is made from bamboo.  It is an end-blown flute.

Flutes
Michael Diamond, better known as Mike D (born November 20, 1965), is an American rapper. He is a member of the Beastie Boys, a hip hop band.

Diamond co-founded the band "The Young Aborigines" in 1979. They changed the name of the band to the Beastie Boys in 1981. At that time, the band played hardcore punk music. In 1992, he founded his own record label, Grand Royal. He is married to Tamra Davis.

1965 births
Living people
Musicians from New York City
Rappers from New York (state)
American drummers
American Jews
Singers from New York City
Autolycus of Pitane (ca. 360 BC—d. ca. 290 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer.  He was born in Pitane, a town of Aeolis, in Asia Minor.  His works were probably completed in Athens between the years 335 BC and 300 BC.  Autolycus' surviving works include a book on spheres (called On the Moving Sphere) and another on the rising and setting of celestial bodies.  On the Moving Sphere is believed to be the oldest mathematical treatise from ancient Greece that is completely preserved.

Euclid mentions Autolycus' work.  Autolycus also taught Arcesilaus.

Maurolycus translated Autolycus' works in the sixteenth century.

Mathematics
Autolycus studied the movements of a sphere.  It is believed they were the earliest written mathematics related books which have actually survived.  Theodosius' Sphaerics was based on Autolycus' work on spheres.
Astronomy
Autolycus studied the relationship between the rising and the setting of the celestial bodies, and wrote that "any star which rises and sets always rises and sets at the same point in the horizon."

A crater on the Moon is named after him.

References 

Ancient Greek astronomers
Ancient mathematicians
The Roman legions (armies) of the governor of Roman Britain, Platorius Nepos, built the wall for the emperor between 122 and 126. The wall was about  long. Most of the wall –  – was made of stone. To the west of this section – for  – the wall was made of turf. The stone part of the wall was  thick and about  tall. The wall's turf part was  thick and about  tall. To start with, the wall's east end was at Newcastle upon Tyne (), but later the Romans built more stone wall for  to the east, to Wallsend on Tyne. In front of the wall (on the northern side) was a ditch. The ditch was  away from the wall. The ditch was at about  deep and was normally about  wide. The Romans used the wall for at least two hundred years.
Hadrian's Wall is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site called Frontiers of the Roman Empire. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. It shares this listing with the Antonine Wall in Scotland and the German fortifications known as the Limes Germanicus. Hadrian's Wall was the first of two "great walls" created by the Romans in Great Britain. Its ruins are more visible than the lesser known Antonine Wall to the north.It also had small watch towers/fortes along it.

The Vallum is a huge earthwork associated with Hadrian's Wall. It runs from coast to coast to the south of the wall.

Construction 
Begun in AD 122, during the rule of the emperor Hadrian, it was the first of two fortifications built across Great Britain. The second was the Antonine Wall (now in Scotland), the lesser known of the two.
The original wall was 20 feet tall and 8 feet wide. It had a fort every 7 miles that housed a force of over 500 soldiers and for each mile there were smaller forts and watchtowers. There were three legions working on it and in 10 years it was nearly finished. 

The wall was the most heavily fortified border in the Empire. In addition to its role as a military fortification, it is thought that many of the gates through the wall would have served as customs posts to allow trade and levy taxation.

Tourism 
A significant portion of the wall still exists, particularly the midsection, and for much of its length the wall can be followed on foot by Hadrian's Wall Path or by cycle on National Cycle Route 72.
"Stretching for 73 miles across northern England, Hadrian's Wall is the most important monument of Roman Britain, and the best-known frontier of the entire Roman empire".English Heritage describes it as "one of the towering achievements of military engineering, and a monument to the power of one of the greatest empires in world history".

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
 Vindolanda
 Antonine Wall
 Frontiers of the Roman Empire

References

Other websites 
 Hadrian's Wall.org 
 Hadrian's Wall National Trail Path 
 UNESCO Frontiers of the Roman Empire
 Hadrian's Wall & Housesteads Fort information at the National Trust 
 News on the Wall path

History of the United Kingdom
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Defensive walls
Roman buildings and structures
Buildings and structures in Northumberland
2nd-century buildings and structures
The Brigantes were a British Celtic tribe (people), that used to live in the North of Roman Britain; between the rivers Tyne and Humber. They occupied what was later Northumbria. To the north was the territory of the Votadini, which straddled the present day border between England and Scotland.

Nearby tribes
The tribes that used to live next to the Brigantes were the Carvetti, the Parisii, the Cornovii, and the Corieltauvi.

Related tribes
There was a Brigantes tribe who used to live in the South of Ireland as well. They may both be related to the Brigantii of the eastern Alps.

Other websites 
 Brigantes Nation
 Brigantes at Roman-Britain.co.uk
 Brigantes  at Romans in Britain

References 

History of the United Kingdom
Celtic peoples
Relation could mean:

Relation, a person to whom one is related, i.e. a family member (see also Kinship)
Relation (mathematics), a generalization of arithmetic relations, such as "=" and "<", that occur in statements, such as "5 < 6" and "2 + 2 = 4".  See also binary relation, triadic relation, relational algebra, theory of relations.
In the relational model, a set of tuples, otherwise known as a table.
Relation, in logic and philosophy, a property or predicate ranging over more than one argument.  See also Logic of relatives, Relation of ideas, Relational theory, Relational philosophy.

Related pages

International relations
Interpersonal relationship
Intimate relationship
Relationships

Basic English 850 words
Kinship is the most basic principle of putting individuals into social groups, roles, and categories.  The basic sort of kinship is to belong to the same family by birth.

Kinship 
Kinship tells us how we are related to our family or each other, through our biology and history.  Kinship can be a complex system of social groups. It is a universal system as everyone has a family. Some small and large scale societies use kinship not only for human reproduction but for “economic transactions, the political system and [their] religious beliefs” (J.Hendry, 1999).

History 
The anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan invented kinship studies. In the 1850s and 1860s he watched the Iroquois, a Native American group in the Northeastern United States. He was mostly interested in what was keeping societies together. He was the first to state the different types of kinship systems that exist, in his book, called ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family’.

Types 
There are two main types of kinship.
Consanguinity means to be related by blood. Laws in some countries use the amount of consanguinity between two people.  For instance, deciding who is allowed to be married.  It can also be used to decide who can receive property after death if there is no will.  Many religions also use the amount of consanguinity to define acceptable practices.

Affinity means to be related by social processes, like marriage or adoption. There are also legal and religious definitions for acceptable amounts of affinity.

Descent 
There are two types of descent involved in kinship.  Patrilineal are the relations that come from the father’s blood line.  Matrilineal are the relations that come from the mother’s blood line.
Examples of kinship
 parent (father or mother)
 child (son or daughter)
 sibling (brother or sister)
 grandparent (grandfather or grandmother)
 grandchild (grandson or granddaughter)
 uncle or aunt
 nibling (nephew or niece)
 cousin
 ancestor
 descendant
 Friend (someone who you feel you are like or was related to you in another life (in the past or the future).

References 
 C. Delaney. (2004). ‘Relatives and Relations’: Investigating Culture. Oxford: Blackwell. p.192.
 J. Hendry. (1999). ‘Family, Kinship and Marriage’: An Introduction to Social Anthropology. London Palgrave.
 L. Rival. (1998). ‘Androgenous Parents and Guest Children’: The Huaorani Couvade. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol.4: p.619-642.
Family
Thierry Henry (born 17 August 1977 in Les Ulis, Essonne, France) is a French football manager and former player. He is now retired but used to play at New York Red Bulls and was previously a part of the France national team. He is considered one of the world's best players.

Henry started his career at small clubs in France. He had played for the Italian team, Juventus. In 2001, he joined Arsenal of England, where he became one of the best players in the English Premier League. After three years with FC Barcelona he went to the US to play for the New York Red Bulls in the Major League Soccer. He has been named the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year three times and the French Player of the Year four times since 2001.

On the France national team, Henry has scored 5 goals in World Cup competitions. Only one French player, Michel Platini, has scored more goals than Henry.

Club career statistics
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="5"|Monaco||rowspan="5"|Division 1||8||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||3
|-
|1995/96||18||3||3||0||1||0||22||45
|-
|1996/97||36||9||3||0||9||1||48||10
|-
|1997/98||30||4||5||0||9||7||44||11
|-
|1998/99||13||1||1||0||5||0||19||1

|-
|1998/99||Juventus||Serie A||16||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||16||3

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="8"|Arsenal||rowspan="8"|Premier League||31||17||5||1||12||8||48||26
|-
|2000/01||35||17||4||1||14||4||53||22
|-
|2001/02||33||24||5||1||11||7||49||32
|-
|2002/03||37||24||6||1||12||7||55||32
|-
|2003/04||37||30||4||4||10||5||51||39
|-
|2004/05||32||25||2||0||8||5||42||30
|-
|2005/06||32||27||2||1||10||5||44||33
|-
|2006/07||17||10||3||1||7||1||27||12
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Barcelona||rowspan="3"|La Liga||30||12||7||4||10||3||47||19
|-
|2008/09||29||19||1||1||12||6||42||26
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
105||20||12||0||24||8||141||28
16||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||16||3
254||174||31||10||84||42||369||226
59||31||8||5||22||9||89||45
434||365||56||18||130||59||621||305
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||10||3
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||14||5
|-
|2001||7||3
|-
|2002||10||3
|-
|2003||14||11
|-
|2004||13||32
|-
|2005||6||33
|-
|2006||16||8
|-
|2007||6||5
|-
|2008||11||4
|-
|2009||9||3
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||117||112
|}

References 

1977 births
Living people
1998 FIFA World Cup players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Arsenal F.C. players
Footballers from Île-de-France
French football managers
People from Essonne
FC Barcelona players
Attacking is an action done to violate or destroy something. In military affairs it means the armed action to force one's own will over the opponent's will, by means of destruction of the army of the enemy. The most important characteristics of an attack in comparison with all other types of combat and actions is the initiative.

Related pages
 Charge (warfare)
 Attack aircraft

War
Suwałki is a city in northern Poland in Podlaskie Voivodeship. It has about 69 100 inhabitants and is 65,24 km².

History
The area of Suwałki has had people living on it since the early Middle Ages. However, with the coming of the Teutonic Order to Sudovia, their lands were captured and did not have many people living on it. The village was founded by monks, who were given the area around the future city in 1667 by the Grand Duke of Lithuania John II Casimir. Soon after the group of monks built its headquarters in Wigry, where a monastery and a church were built. The new owners of the area started fast use and building of the forests and brought enough settlers to build new villages in the area. Also, production of wood, lumber, tar and iron ore was started.
The town was cut into into 300 lots for future houses and its people were all given civil rights and did not have taxes for seven years. The town was also given 18.03 square kilometres of forest that was to be made into land to grow crops on. On May 2, 1720, by King August II let the city keep its rights, and the town was allowed to have one fair a week and four markets a year. A coat of arms was given also, with Saint Roch and Saint Romuald on it.

In 1794 the area was taken by Prussia. In 1796 the monastery in Wigry was closed and the ground that it was on was taken by the Prussian government. The next year local authorities were moved to the town, as well as a group of soldiers. By the end of 18th century, Suwałki had 1,184 people and 216 houses. Many of them were Jewish.
After the end of the Central Powers in November 1918, the commander signed an agreement with the Temporary Council of the Suwałki Region and let the city back into Poland. However, the German army stayed in the city. In February 1919 the local people voted in the first elections to the Polish Sejm, but soon after the German commanders changed their minds and kept the Polish soldiers from the area and in May passed it to Lithuania to control. By the end of July the Paris Peace Conference gave the city to Poland and the Lithuanians left the city, but some of the Polish lands were left on the Lithuanian side of the border while several Lithuanian villages were left on the Polish side of the border. This led to the Sejny Uprising on August 23, 1919. To make the city safe, the next day Polish soldiers entered Suwałki. There was a Polish-Lithuanian War and for several days limited fights were fought for the control over Suwałki, Sejny and other towns in that area
. The war ended because of the Entente in mid-September. During the Polish-Bolshevik War the city was captured by the Reds and after the Battle of Warsaw it was again given to the Lithuanians, but it was taken by the Polish Army with few losses soon after.
After the war, Suwałki was still a capital of the powiat. The heavily damaged town recovered very slowly and Communism did not help the city's problems. This time came to an end in 1975, when Suwałki became the capital of a separate Suwałki Voivodeship. The number of people rose quickly and by the end of the 1970s there were over 36,000 people in the city.

In 1989 the city had a time of trouble. Most of the city's factories did not work good enough and ran out of money. However, the making of the Suwałki Special Economic Zone and the place of the Russian and Lithuanian borders opened new chances for local trade. Also, the clean city started to bring many tourists from all around the world to the city.