Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
2015 - Jordi Miralles, Spanish politician (b. 1962)
 2015 - Robert M. White, American meteorologist (b. 1923)
 2016 - Jean Alexander, English actress (b. 1926)
 2017 - Wolfgang Bötsch, German politician (b. 1938)
 2017 - Richard Wilbur, American poet (b. 1921)
 2018 - Robert Bushby, American aircraft designer (b. 1927)
 2018 - Per Theodor Haugen, Norwegian actor (b. 1932)
 2018 - Mel Ramos, American artist (b. 1935)
 2018 - Valeriy Shmarov, Ukrainian politician (b. 1945)
 2019 - Harold Bloom, American writer and literary critic (b. 1930)
 2019 - Bohdan Butenko, Polish cartoonist (b. 1931)
 2019 - Emmett Chappelle, American scientist (b. 1925)
 2019 - Louis Frey Jr., American politician (b. 1934)
 2019 - Anke Fuchs, German politician (b. 1937)
 2019 - Rosemary Harris, English writer (b. 1923)
 2019 - Baby Saroja, Indian actress (b. 1931)
 2019 - Jeffrey Spalding, Canadian painter (b. 1951)
 2019 - Sulli, South Korean singer, actress and model (b. 1994)
Observances 
 National Education Day (Poland)
 Nyerere Day (Tanzania)
 World Standards Day
 Mother's Day (Belarus)

Days of the year
Up to 1900  
 962 – Official founding day of the Holy Roman Empire.
 1032 - Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor becomes Duke of Burgundy.
 1207 - Terra Mariana, consisting of present-day Estonia and Latvia, is created.
 1411 - The Battle of Lincoln takes place, at which King Stephen of England is defeated and captured by the allies of Empress Matilda, presenting her with the unfulfilled opportunity to become the first reigning Queen of Medieval England.
 1421 - The Zhu Di Emperor inaugurates the Forbidden City as the centre of China's government.
 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Mortimer's Cross in Herefordshire.
 1536 – Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires.
 1653 - New Amsterdam, future New York City, is incorporated.
 1709 - Alexander Selkirk is rescued after being shipwrecked in the Juan Fernandez Islands in the Pacific Ocean off Chile.
 1848 – The US gains large territories at the end of the Mexican-American War.
1848 - California Gold Rush: The first ship with Chinese immigrants arrives in San Francisco, California.
 1868 - Pro-Imperial forces capture Osaka Castle from the Tokugawa shogunate and burn it to the ground.
 1876 - The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs of Major League Baseball is founded.
 1887 – In Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, the first American celebration of Groundhog Day takes place.
 1899 - The Australian Premiers' Conference is held in Melbourne, coming to the decision that the new national capital city, Canberra, between Sydney and Melbourne.
1901  2000 
 1901 - Funeral of Queen Victoria.
 1913 – Grand Central Terminal in New York City is opened.
 1914 - Charlie Chaplin's first movie appearance, Making a Living, is first shown.
 1920 - The Tartu Peace Treaty is signed  between Estonia and Russia.
 1920 - France occupies Memel.
 1922 – Ulysses by James Joyce is first published.
 1925 - Serum run to Nome: Dog sleds reach Nome, Alaska with diphtheria serum, inspiring the Iditarod race.
 1933 - Working as maids, the sisters Christine and Lea Papin murder their employer's wife and daughter in Le Mans, France.
 1934 - The Export-Import Bank of the United States is incorporated.
 1935 - Leonarde Keeler tests the first polygraph machine.
 1943 – The Battle of Stalingrad ends as German forces surrender.
 1946 – The Hungarian Republic is proclaimed.
 1959 - Indira Gandhi is nominated as President of the Indian National Congress.
 1966 - Pakistan suggests a six-point agenda with Kashmir after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
1971 - The International Ramsar Convention for conservation of wetlands is signed in Ramsar, Mazandaran, Iran.
 1971 – Idi Amin becomes President of Uganda.
 1972 - The British Embassy in Dublin is destroyed in protest against Bloody Sunday.
 1974 - The F-16 Fighting Falcon flies for the first time.
 1976 – The Groundhog Day gale affects the Northeastern United States and eastern Canada.
 1982 – Rifaat al-Assad initiates the massacre in Hama, Syria, a stronghold of the Muslim Brotherhood. Between 20,000 and 30,000 people are killed.
 1987 - After the 1986 People Power Revolution, the Philippines get a new constitution.
 1990 – South Africa: F. W. de Klerk announces the end of Apartheid and ends a ban on the African National Congress.
From 2001 
 2002 – Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange marries Maxima Zorreguieta Cerruti.
 2004 – Roger Federer becomes World number one in men's tennis, holding that position for a record 237 weeks.
 2007 - Indonesia's worst flooding in 300 years begins.
 2008 – Then-President of France Nicolas Sarkozy marries Carla Bruni.
 2011 – Egypt protests: Opponents and supporters of President Hosni Mubarak clash violently in Cairo.
 2014 - Award-winning actor Philip Seymour Hoffman is found dead. He was 46 years old.

Births
Up to 1850 
 1208 – King James of Aragon (d. 1276)
 1455 – King John of Denmark (d. 1513)
 1457 - Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, Italian-Spanish historian (d. 1526)
 1494 – Bona Sforza, Italian princess, Queen of Poland and Grand Duchess of Lithuania (d. 1525)
 1522 – Lodovico Ferrari, Italian mathematician (d. 1565)
 1596 - Jacob van Campen, Dutch architect and artist (d. 1657)
 1616 - Sébastien Bourdon, French painter (d. 1671)
 1621 - Johannes Schefferus, Alsatian humanist (d. 1679)
 1649 – Pope Benedict XIII (d. 1730)
 1650 – Nell Gwyn, British actress and royal mistress (d. 1687)
 1669 - Louis Marchand, French organist and harpsichordist (d. 1732)
 1677 - Jean-Baptiste Moran, French composer (d. 1745)
 1695 - William Borlase, English naturalist (d. 1772)
 1700 - Johann Christoph Gottsched, German philosopher and writer (d. 1766)
 1754 - Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, French diplomat and statesman (d. 1838)
 1782 - Henri de Rigny, French admiral and statesman (d. 1835)
1803 - Albert Sidney Johnston, American Confederate general (d. 1862)
 1812 - Yevhan Hretinka, Ukrainian writer (d. 1848)
 1829 - Alfred Brehm, German zoologist (d. 1884)
 1842 - Yulian Vasilyevich Sokhotski, Russian mathematician (d. 1927)
 1849 - Pavol Orszagh Hviezdoslav, Slovakian poet, dramatist and translator (d. 1921)
1851  1900 
 1852 - José Guadalupe Posada, Mexican artist (d. 1913)
 1860 - Curtis Guild, Jr., 43rd Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1915)
 1861 - Solomon R. Guggenheim, American art collector and philanthropist (d. 1949)
 1872 - Tome de Barros Queiroz, Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1925)
 1873 – Konstantin von Neurath, German diplomat and statesman (d. 1956)
 1873 - Leo Fall, Austrian operetta composer (d. 1925)
 1875 - Fritz Kreisler, Austrian violinist and composer (d. 1962)
 1880 - Frederick Lane, Australian swimmer (d. 1969)
 1882 – James Joyce, Irish writer (d. 1941)
 1882 - Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (d. 1944)
 1885 - Aldo Palazzeschi, Italian writer (d. 1974)
 1885 - Mikhail Frunze, Soviet general (d. 1925)
 1887 - Pat Sullivan, Australian cartoonist, animator and movie producer (d. 1933)
 1887 – Ernst Hanfstaengl, German pianist and politician (d. 1975)
 1890 - Charles Correll, American actor (d. 1972)
 1891 – Antonio Segni, Italian politician (d. 1972)
1892 - Tochigayama Moriya, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1969)
 1892 - Cuno Hoffmeister, German astronomer (d. 1968)
 1893 – Cornelius Lanczos, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1974)
 1893 – Sukhbaatar Damdin, Mongolian national hero (d. 1924)
 1895 - George Halas, American NFL co-founder (d. 1983)
 1896 – Kazimierz Kuratowski, Polish mathematician (d. 1980)
 1897 - Howard Deering Johnson, American businessman (d. 1972)
1901  1925 
 1901 - Jascha Heifetz, Russian violinist (d. 1987)
 1905 – Ayn Rand, Russian-born writer and philosopher (d. 1982)
 1909 - Frank Albertson, American actor (d. 1964)
 1912 – Millvina Dean, last Titanic survivor (d. 2009)
 1912 - Burton Lane, American composer and songwriter (d. 1997)
 1915 - Abba Eban, Israeli politician (d. 2002)
 1915 - Khushwant Singh, Indian journalist and writer (d. 2014)
 1917 - Do Muoi, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam
 1918 – Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (d. 2011)
 1918 - Luis Nishizawa, Mexican painter (d. 2014)
 1919 - Lisa Della Casa, Swiss operatic soprano (d. 2012)
 1923 - Svetozar Gligoric, Serbian chess player (d. 2012)
 1923 - Bonita Granville, American actress (d. 1988)
 1923 - Red Schoendienst, American baseball player, coach and manager
 1923 - Liz Smith, American gossip columnist (d. 2017)
 1924 – Elfi von Dassanowsky, Austrian-born producer and musician (d. 2007)
 1925 - Elaine Stritch, American actress (d. 2014)
1926  1950 
 1926 – Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, former President of France (d. 2020)
 1926 - Ehsan Naraghi, Iranian sociologist and writer (d. 2012)
 1926 - Miguel Obando y Bravo, Nicaraguan cardinal 
 1927 - Stan Getz, American jazz musician (d. 1991)
 1928 – Ciriaco de Mita, Italian politician
 1929 – George Band, British mountaineer (d. 2011)
 1929 - Vera Chytilova, Czech movie director (d. 2014)
 1929 - John Henry Holland, American scientist (d. 2015)
 1931 – Walter Burkert, German philologist (d. 2015)
 1931 – Les Dawson, British comedian (d. 1993)
 1931 – Dries van Agt, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands
 1932 - Robert Mandan, American actor
 1933 – Than Shwe, Burmese military leader
 1934 - Khalil Ullah Khan, Bangladeshi actor (d. 2014)
 1935 - Pete Brown, American golfer (d. 2015)
 1935 - Evgeni Velikhov, Russian physicist
 1936 - Duane Jones, American actor (d. 1988)
 1936 - Metin Oktay, Turkish footballer (d. 1991)
 1937 - Eric Arturo Delvalle, President of Panama (d. 2015)
1938 - Norman Fowler, English journalist and politician
 1939 - Dale Mortensen, American economist (d. 2014)
 1940 – David Jason, English actor
 1940 - Alan Caddy, English musician
 1940 - Thomas M. Disch, American science fiction writer and poet (d. 2008)
 1941 - Lee Redmond, former world record holder for the longest finger nails
 1942 – Graham Nash, English-American musician
 1942 - Jang Sung-taek, North Korean politician (d. 2013)
 1944 - Geoffrey Hughes, English actor (d. 2012)
 1945 - Robert Atzorn, German actor
 1946 - Isaias Afewerki, President of Eritrea
 1946 - Alpha Oumar Konaré, former President of Mali
 1946 - Blake Clark, American actor
 1947 – Farrah Fawcett, American actress (d. 2009)
 1948 - Ina Garten, American cookery writer and television presenter
 1948 - Al McKay, American guitarist and songwriter
 1949 – Duncan Bannatyne, Scottish entrepreneur
 1949 - Yasuko Namba, Japanese mountaineer (d. 1996)
 1950 - Libby Purves, English journalist and writer
1951  1975 
 1951 - Ken Bruce, Scottish radio presenter
 1951 – Valdir Peres, Brazilian footballer
 1952 - Park Geunhye, former President of South Korea
 1952 - Dave Casper, American football player
 1952 - Rick Dufay, American guitarist and songwriter (Aerosmith)
 1952 - Carol Ann Susi, American actress (d. 2014)
 1954 – Christie Brinkley, American model
 1954 – Hansi Hinterseer, Austrian singer and actor
 1954 - John Tudor, American baseball player
 1955 - Leszek Engelking, Polish poet and writer
 1955 - Kim Zimmer, American actress
 1958 - Fighton Simukonda, Zambian footballer (d. 2016)
 1959 - Ildefonso Falcones, Spanish writer
 1961 - Lauren Lane, American actress
 1961 - Steve Penney, NHL player
 1961 - Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal, former Prime Minister of Mongolia
 1962 - Philippe Claudel, French writer and movie director
 1962 - Andy Fordham, English darts player
 1963 - Kjell Dahlin, Swedish ice hockey player
 1963 – Eva Cassidy, American singer (d. 1996)
 1963 - Andrej Kiska, President of Slovakia
1963 - Stephen McGann, English actor
 1966 - Michael Misick, former Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands
 1967 - Laurent Nkunda, Congolese rebel leader
 1968 - Thomas Teige, German martial artist, actor and record holder
 1969 - Valeri Karpin, Russian footballer
 1970 - Jennifer Westfeldt, American actress and screenwriter
 1972 – Dana International, Israeli singer
 1972 - Melvin Mora, Venezuelan baseball player
From 1976 
 1976 - James Hickman, British swimmer
 1977 – Shakira, Colombian singer
 1977 – Libor Sionko, Czech footballer
 1977 - Martin Andresen, Norwegian footballer
 1978 – Barry Ferguson, Scottish footballer
 1978 - Faye White, English footballer
 1978 - Barbara Mori, Uruguayan-Mexican actress
 1979 - Shamita Shetty, Indian actress
 1979 - Fani Chalkia, Greek athlete
 1979 – Christine Bleakley, Northern Irish television presenter
 1980 - Teddy Hart, Canadian professional wrestler
 1980 - Nina Zilli, Italian singer
 1980 - Gavin Newlands, Scottish politician
 1981 – Emre Aydin, Turkish singer
 1981 - Salem al-Hazmi, Saudi terrorist (d. 2001)
 1982 - Han Ga In, South Korean model and actress
 1983 – Carolina Klüft, Swedish athlete
 1984 - Edgaras Cesnauskas, Lithuanian footballer
 1985 - Masoud Azizi, Afghan sprinter
 1985 - Silvestre Varela, Portuguese footballer
 1985 - Melody Gardot, American jazz singer-songwriter
 1986 - Gemma Arterton, English actress
1987 - Anthony Fainga'a, Australian rugby player
 1987 - Saia Fainga'a, Australian rugby player
 1987 – Giuseppe Rossi, Italian footballer
 1987 – Gerard Piqué, Spanish footballer
 1987 - Jill Scott, English footballer
 1988 - Zosia Mamet, American actress
 1989 - Ivan Perisic, Croatian footballer
 1990 – Dan Gosling, English footballer
 1991 - Nathan Delfouneso, English footballer
 1991 - Gregory Mertens, Belgian footballer (d. 2015)
 1993 - Ravel Morrison, English footballer
Deaths

Up to 1900 
 619 - Laurence of Canterbury, English archbishop
 1124 - Borivoj II, Duke of Bohemia (b. 1064)
 1218 - Konstantin of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod (b. 1186)
 1250 – King Eric XI of Sweden (b. 1216)
 1294 - Louis II, Duke of Bavaria (b. 1229)
 1307 - Oljeitu Temur Khagan, Emperor of the Mongol Empire (b. 1265)
 1461 - Owen Tudor, Welsh founder of the Tudor dynasty in England
 1512 - Hatuey, Caribbean tribal chief
 1529 - Baldassare Castiglione, Italian writer (b. 1478)
 1594 – Giovanni Pierluigi de Palestrina, Italian composer (b. 1525)
 1660 - Govert Flinck, Dutch painter (b. 1615)
 1675 - Ivan Belostenec, Croatian linguist and lexicographer (b. 1594)
 1769 – Pope Clement XVI (b. 1693)
 1802 - Welbore Ellis, 1st Baron Mendip, British statesman (b. 1713)
 1804 - George Walton, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1749)
 1836 - Laetitia Ramolino, mother of Napoleon (b. 1750)
 1895 - Archduke Albert, Austrian general (b. 1817)
1901  2000 
 1904 – William C. Whitney, American financier (b. 1841)
 1905 - Henri Germain, French banker and politician (b. 1824)
 1907 – Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist (b. 1834)
 1909 - Carlo Acton, Italian composer and concert pianist (b. 1829)
 1913 - Gustaf de Laval, Swedish engineer (b. 1845)
 1925 - Jaap Eden, Dutch skater and cyclist (b. 1873)
 1926 – Vladimir Sukhomlinov, Russian general (b. 1848)
 1942 - Ado Birk, 3rd Prime Minister of Estonia (b. 1883)
 1942 - Daniil Kharms, Russian playwright (b. 1905)
 1945 - Alfred Delp, German Resistance activist (b. 1907)
 1948 - Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (b. 1894)
 1952 - Callistratus of Georgia, Georgian Patriarch (b. 1866)
 1956 - Charles Grapewin, American actor (b. 1869)
 1956 - Pyotr Konchalovsky, Russian painter (b. 1876)
 1961 - Anna May Wong, American actress (b. 1905)
 1969 – Boris Karloff, English actor (b. 1887)
 1970 – Bertrand Russell, British mathematician and philosopher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1872)
1979 – Sid Vicious, English musician (b. 1957)
 1980 – William Howard Stein, American chemist, Nobel Prize winner (b. 1911)
 1986 - Gino Hernandez, American wrestler (b. 1957)
 1987 – Alistair MacLean, Scottish novelist (b. 1922)
 1987 – Carlos José Castilho, Brazilian footballer (b. 1927)
 1989 - Ondrej Nepela, Slovakian figure skater (b. 1951)
 1989 - Arnold Nordmeyer, New Zealand politician (b. 1901)
 1990 - Joe Erskine, Welsh boxer (b. 1934)
 1995 – Fred Perry, British tennis player (b. 1909)
 1995 – Donald Pleasance, British actor (b. 1919)
 1996 – Gene Kelly, American dancer, actor and director (b. 1912)
 1997 - Erich Eliskases, Austrian chess player (b. 1913)
 1997 - Sanford Meisner, American actor (b. 1904)
 1998 - Haroun Tazieff, French volcanologist and geologist (b. 1914)
From 2001 
 2003 - Lou Harrison, American composer (b. 1917)
 2004 - Bernard McEveety, American movie director (b. 1924)
 2005 – Max Schmeling, German boxer (b. 1905)
 2007 – Filippo Raciti, Italian police officer (b. 1967)
 2008 – Joshua Lederberg, American biochemist (b. 1925)
 2009 – Paul Birch, British footballer (b. 1960)
 2014 - Gerd Albrecht, German conductor (b. 1935)
 2014 - Philip Seymour Hoffman, American actor and director (b. 1967)
 2014 - Eduardo Coutinho, Brazilian actor, screenwriter and director (b. 1933)
 2014 - Bunny Rugs, Jamaican reggae musician (b. 1948)
 2015 - Andriy Kuzmenko, Ukrainian singer (b. 1968)
 2015 - Anand Shukla, Indian cricketer (b. 1940)
 2015 - Stewart Stern, American screenwriter (b. 1922)
 2016 - Bob Elliott, American comedian (b. 1923)
 2016 - Luiz Felipe Lampreia, Brazilian sociologist and diplomat (b. 1941)
 2017 - José Antonio Alonso, Spanish politician (b. 1960)
 2017 - Shunichiro Okano, Japanese footballer (b. 1931)
2017 - Jeff Sauer, American ice hockey coach (b. 1943)
 2017 - Gordon Aikman, Scottish ALS campaigner (b. 1985)
 2017 - Alvin Baldus, American politician (b. 1926)
 2017 - Bertram Kostant, American mathematician (b. 1928)
 2017 - Max Lüscher, Swiss psychotherapist (b. 1923)
 2017 - Miltos Papapostolou, Greek footballer (b. 1935)
 2017 - Jeff Sauer, American ice hockey coach (b. 1943)
 2018 - Dave Barrett, Canadian politician, 26th Premier of British Columbia (b. 1930)
 2018 - Jon Huntsman Sr., American businessman (b. 1937)
 2018 - Joseph Polchinski, American theoretical physicist (b. 1954)
 2018 - Ole Thestrup, Danish actor (b. 1948)
Holidays
 Groundhog Day - United States, said to determine whether winter weather will continue or whether it will get warmer
 Candlemas - Western Christianity
 Imbolc - Paganism
 Inventor's Day - Thailand
 World Wetlands Day
 Constitution Day - Philippines
 Anniversary of the Treaty of Tartu (Estonia)

February 02
A rainbow is an arc of colour in the sky that can be seen when the sun shines through falling rain. The pattern of colours, called a spectrum, starts with red on the outside and changes through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet on the inside. Sometimes a second, larger, dimmer rainbow is seen.

A rainbow is created when white light is bent (refracted) while entering a droplet of water, split into separate colours, and reflected back. A rainbow is actually round like a circle. On the ground, the bottom part is hidden, but in the sky, like from a flying airplane, it can be seen as a circle around the point opposite the Sun. 

Rainbows often appear after storms, and are popular symbols for peace in many cultures.

Cause
Cause 

The rainbow effect can be seen when there are water drops in the air and the sun is giving light at the back of the observer at a low distance up or angle.
Rainbows always appear opposite the Sun: they form circles around the shadow of your head (which is the point opposite the Sun).

While sunlight is white, all white light is actually a blend of many different colours. Water and other materials bend the different colours at different angles, some more strongly than others. This is called dispersion. By splitting up white light into its separate colours, rainbows appear colourful even though the source of light hitting them is white.
The rainbow displays with the deepest effect in our minds take place when:
 Half of the sky is still dark with draining clouds; and
 The observer is at a place with clear sky above.
Another common place to see the rainbow effect is near waterfalls. Parts of rainbows can be seen some of the time:
 at the edges of clouds lit from the back; or
 as upright bands of spectrum in far away rain even if it does not fall on the earth.

An unnatural rainbow effect can also be made by spraying drops of water into the air on a sunny day.

Colours of the rainbow 
Main article: ROYGBIV
The rainbow has no definite number of physical colours, but seven are traditionally listed. Below is a commonly used list of seven colors in the order seen in a rainbow. Computer screens cannot show them precisely but can make colors that look similar. (Each color shows the number codes used to tell a computer how to display the color.)  
 Red (Hex: #FF0000) (RGB: 255, 0, 0) 
 Orange (color wheel Orange) (Hex: #FF7F00) (RGB: 255, 127, 0) 
 Yellow (web color) (Hex: #FFFF00) (RGB: 255, 255, 0) 
 Green (X11) (Electric Green) (HTML/CSS “Lime”) (Color wheel green) (Hex: #00FF00) (RGB: 0, 255, 0) 
 Blue (web color) (Hex: #1555E3) (RGB: 0, 0, 255) 
 Indigo (Hex: #2E2B5F) (RGB: 46, 43, 95)
 Violet (Electric Violet) (Hex: #8B00FF) (RGB: 139, 0, 255)

Gray rainbow colours
Red-gray (Hex: #965656) (RGB: 150, 86, 86)
 Orange-gray (Hex: #997857) (RGB: 153, 120, 87)
 Yellow-gray (Hex: #A1A15A) (RGB: 161, 161, 90)
 Green-gray (Hex: #6CA66C) (RGB: 108, 166, 108)
 Blue-gray (Hex: #506D8A) (RGB: 80, 109, 138)
 Violet-gray
(Hex: #755496) (RGB: 117, 84, 150)

Optics
Weather
Colors
Color
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is part of the US federal government and is located at the George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia. The agency was formed in 1947 after World War II. Many of the people who started the CIA had been in the Office of Strategic Services, the main American spy agency during the war. General John K. Singlaub was one of the people who created the CIA.   

The United States has a history in intelligence services dating back to its origins. During the American Revolution, George Washington and other Founding Fathers of the United States such as Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, and Patrick Henry used espionage banana     

The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency has been Gina Haspel since April 26, 2018.
The CIA is made up of four groups, which do different things. Its goal is to protect the US people. Many people feel that the CIA does more bad than good. Others  people that the CIA does good by finding out secret information about enemies of the United States. Others think those secrets should remain secret. American law makes it illegal for the CIA and other agencies to kill foreign leaders. 

In 1992, Saddam Hussein tried to kill US President George H.W. Bush, who used to be director of the CIA, during a visit to Kuwait. The assassination plot failed. In revenge, President Bill Clinton ordered cruise missiles to be fired at the building of the Iraqi equivalent to the CIA. That occurred at night and so only the cleaners were killed, not those who had planned the assassination.
CIA has many clandestine, or secret, operations. Some CIA employees have been killed during their work. Their names are on a CIA memorial with a star for them, but some of the names are still secret. The number of stars is deliberately inaccurate. 

The CIA also uses open sources to gather information. Analysts read foreign newspapers and watch foreign news broadcasts to learn information, which can be pieced together to make a conclusion.

The CIA used to report to the President. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, a reorganization made the CIA and other intelligence agencies report to a Director of National Intelligence.
The CIA has been featured in many television and film productions, including the American television show "The Agency," the American television mini-series "The Company," the film "Spy Game" that stars Robert Redford and Brad Pitt, "Night Flight to Moscow" that stars Yul Brenner, "Scorpio" that stars Burt Lancaster, "Clear and Present Danger" that stars Harrison Ford; "Ice Station Zebra," and several James Bond films that featured the CIA agent Felix Leiter.

References

Other websites 
 Central Intelligence Agency website
Events 
 January 28 – George Lucas creates the second draft of what would eventually become Star Wars. At this time, the title of the story was Adventures of the Starkiller, Episode One of The Star Wars.
 March – Production begins on Star Wars
 March 26 – The movie version of The Who's Tommy premiers in London
 July – In order to create the necessary special effects for his movie, Star Wars, George Lucas forms Industrial Light and Magic.
 July 5 – Arthur Ashe becomes the first black man to win Wimbledon singles tennis title.
 September 5 – Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme attempts to shoot President Gerald Ford, but is stopped.
 September 22 – US President Gerald Ford survives another assassination attempt, this time by Sara Jane Moore.
 October 1 - The Ellice Islands split from the Gilbert Islands (present-day Kiribati) and change their name to Tuvalu.
 October 11 – Saturday Night Live airs for the first time.
 November 10 – The SS Edmund Fitzgerald sinks.
November 11 – Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam sacked by Governor-General Sir John Kerr.
 November 20 – Spanish fascist dictator Francisco Franco dies at the age of 82.
 Jaws becomes the first movie to ever gross US$100 million in North America, setting the standard for future blockbusters.
 The Vietnam War ends.
January 8 – Tift Merritt, American singer and songwriter
 January 17 – CoCo Lee, Chinese singer
 February 4 – Natalie Imbruglia, Australian singer and actress
 February 22 – Drew Barrymore, American actress
 March 15 – Eva Longoria, American actress
 March 27 – Fergie, American singer (Black Eyed Peas)
 April 6 – Zach Braff, American actor, director, and screenwriter
 April 14 – Anderson Silva, Brazilian martial artist
 April 26 – Joey Jordison, American musician (Slipknot)
 May 2 – David Beckham, English football player
 May 2 – Dorothy M. Metcalf-Lindenburger, American astronaut
 May 8 – Enrique Iglesias, Spanish singer
 May 10 – Hélio Castroneves, Brazilian racecar driver
 May 27 – Jamie Oliver, English celebrity chef
 June 4 – Russell Brand, English comedian and actor
 June 4 – Angelina Jolie, American actress
 June 8 – Shilpa Shetty, Indian actress and model
 June 30 – Ralf Schumacher, German racing driver
 June 30 – Rami Shaaban, Swedish footballer
 July 6 – 50 Cent, American rapper
July 9 – Shelton Benjamin, American wrestler
 July 9 – Jack White, American actor and musician
 July 11 – Lil' Kim, American rapper
 July 17 – Terence Tao, Australian mathematician
 August 7 – Charlize Theron, South African actress
 August 22 – Rodrigo Santoro, Brazilian actor
 September 17 – Constantine Maroulis, American singer
 September 20 – Juan Pablo Montoya, Colombian NASCAR driver
 September 22 – Ole Petter Andreassen, Norwegian musician
 September 30 – Wopke Hoekstra, Dutch politician
 October 5 – Kate Winslet, English actress
 October 9 – Sean Lennon, American musician
 October 10 – Rumiko Takahashi, Japanese manga artist
 October 14 – Floyd Landis, American cyclist
 November 22 – Aiko, Japanese singer
 December 5 – Ronnie O'Sullivan, English snooker player
 December 6 – Andrea Agnelli, Italian businessman
 December 17 – Milla Jovovich, Ukrainian-American model and actress
 December 27 – Heather O'Rourke, American actress (d. 1988)
 December 30 – Scott Chipperfield, Australian footballer
Deaths

January

February

March 

 March 14 - Susan Hayward, American actress (b. 1917)
 March 14 - Günther Reindorff, Estonian graphic designer (b. 1899)
 March 25 – Faisal of Saudi Arabia (b. 1906)

April 

 April 5 – Chiang Kai-shek, President of the Republic of China (b. 1887)
 April 12 - Josephine Baker, American dancer, singer and actress (b. 1906)
 April 13 - François Tombalbaye, 1st President of Chad (b. 1918)
 April 17 – Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, 2nd President of India (b. 1888)
 April 21 – Ranieri Mazzilli, President of Brazil (b. 1910)
 April 23 – Peter Ham, Welsh singer and songwriter (b. 1947)
 April 23 – William Hartnell, English actor (b. 1908)

May 
 May 28 – Ezzard Charles, American boxer (b. 1921)
 May 28 – Lung Chien, Chinese movie srceenwriter and director (b. 1916)

June 

 June 3 - Eisaku Satō, 39th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1901)
 June 3 – Ozzie Nelson, American band leader, producer, director, and actor (b. 1906)

July

August
July

August 

 August 9 – Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (b. 1906)
 August 15 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (b. 1920) 
 August 27 – Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia (b. 1892)
 August 29 – Éamon de Valera, President of Ireland (b. 1882)

September 
 September 25 – Heinz Müller, German bicycle racer (b. 1924)

October

November 

 November 3 - Tajuddin Ahmed, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1925)
 November 3 - Syed Nazrul Islam, acting President of Bangladesh (b. 1925)
 November 3 - Muhammad Mansur Ali, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1919)
 November 20 – Francisco Franco, Spanish dictator (b. 1892)
 November 21 – Gunnar Gunnarsson, Icelandic writer (b. 1889)

December 

 December 24 – Bernard Herrmann, American composer and conductor (b. 1911)
Up to 1950 
 622 – Start of the Islamic calendar.
 1212 - The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa marks a turning point of the Spanish Reconquista over the Moors.
 1377 – King Richard II of England is crowned.
 1661 - The first banknotes in Europe are issued in Sweden.
 1683 - Manchu Qing Dynasty naval forces under traitorous commander Shi Lang defeat the Kingdom of Tungning in the Battle of Penghu near the Pescadores Islands.
 1769 - Father Junipero Serra founds California's first mission, which becomes the city of San Diego. 
 1790 – The District of Columbia (Washington D.C.) is established as the capital of the US.
 1809 - La Paz, Bolivia, declares independence from Spain.
 1861 - American Civil War: Under orders from Abraham Lincoln, Union troops begin a 25-mile march into Virginia for what will become the First Battle of the Bull Run.
 1862 - American Civil War: David Farragut is promoted to rear admiral.
 1931 – Haile Selassie signs the first Ethiopian Constitution.
1935 – A 6.5 magnitude earthquake hits Taiwan, killing around 2,700 people.
 1935 – The first parking meter is installed in Oklahoma City.
 1945 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, US President Harry S. Truman and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill meet in Potsdam to discuss the future of a defeated Germany after World War II.
 1945 – First atomic bomb test occurs at Alamagordo, New Mexico.
 1950 – 1950 FIFA World Cup: Uruguay wins the FIFA World Cup for the second time, with a 2-1 win over the host nation Brazil in the final, with Alcides Ghiggia scoring the winning goal. In Brazil, the event is remembered as the "Maracanazo", and the country went into mourning after the defeat.
From 1951 
 1951 – The famous novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger is published.
 1951 - King Leopold III of Belgium decides to abdicate the throne in favor of his then-20-year-old son, who becomes King Baudouin I of Belgium.
 1965 – The Mont Blanc tunnel between France and Italy is opened.
 1969 – Apollo 11 launched for the first moon landing.
 1979 – Saddam Hussein becomes President of Iraq.
 1981 – Mahathir bin Mohamad becomes Prime Minister of Malaysia, serving until October 31, 2003.
 1983 - A Sikorsky S-61 helicopter crashes near the Isles of Scilly off the Southwest coast of England, killing 20 people.
 1984 – San Ysidro massacre: 21 people are killed and 19  injured in a shooting in a fast food restaurant in San Diego, California. The perpetrator is then killed by police.
 1990 – A 7.8 magnitude earthquake hits the Philippine island of Luzon, killing 1,621 people.
1990 - Then-West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl travels to the Soviet Union to meet with Mikhail Gorbachev and discuss German reunification.
 1994 – Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 collides with the planet Jupiter.
 1999 - John F. Kennedy Jr., piloting a piper Saratoga aircraft, dies when his plane crashes into the Atlantic Ocean near Martha's Vineyard off the US State of Massachusetts. His wife Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy and sister-in-law Lauren Bessette are also killed.
 2004 - The Millennium Park architectural project in Chicago is opened by Mayor Richard M. Daley.
 2007 – A 6.8 magnitude earthquake strikes near Niigata, Japan, killing 8 people and injuring more than 800.
 2008 - 16 young children in Gansu province, China, are diagnosed with kidney stones after being fed tainted milk.
 2013 - Around 27 children die and 25 are hospitalized after eating lunch served in their school canteen in Eastern India.
2017 - Tennis: Roger Federer wins a record-breaking 8th Wimbledon men's singles title, defeating Marin Cilic in straight sets.
 2017 - Jodie Whittaker is revealed as the first woman to play the role of Doctor Who in the British science fiction television series of the same name. 
 2018 - US President Donald Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin meet for talks in Helsinki, Finland.
 2019 - Ursula von der Leyen is chosen to succeed Jean-Claude Juncker as President of the European Commission, becoming the first woman to chosen to hold this position.
Up to 1900 
 1194 – Saint Clare of Assisi, Italian saint (d. 1355).
 1486 – Andrea del Sarto, Italian painter (d. 1530).
 1611 - Caecilia Renata of Austria (d. 1644).
 1661 - Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, Canadian captain, explorer and politician (d. 1706).
 1715 - Charles, Prince of Soubise, French general and statesman (d. 1787).
 1722 - Joseph Wilton, English sculptor (d. 1803)
 1723 – Joshua Reynolds, English painter (d. 1792).
 1731 – Samuel Huntington, American statesman  (d. 1796).
 1746 – Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer, mathematician and theologian (d. 1826).
 1749 - Cyrus Griffin, American politician (d. 1810).
 1769 - Edmund Fanning, American explorer and sea captain (d. 1841).
 1796 – Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, French painter (d. 1875).
 1821 – Mary Baker Eddy, American religious leader (d. 1910).
 1858 - Eugene Ysaye, Belgian composer and violinist (d. 1931)..
 1862 - Ida B. Wells, American journalist and activist (d. 1931).
 1872 – Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer (d. 1928).
1875 - Emil Voigt, American gymnast (d. 1961).
 1877 - Vasil Kolarov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (d. 1950).
 1880 - Kathleen Norris, American writer (d. 1966).
 1883 - Charles Sheeler, American photographer and painter (d. 1965).
 1884 – Anna Vyrubova, Russian writer (d. 1964).
 1888 – Frits Zernike, Dutch physicist (d. 1966).
 1888 – Shoeless Joe Jackson, American baseball player (d. 1951).
 1889 - Larry Semon, American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1928).
 1895 - Wilfrid Hamel, Canadian politician, 35th Mayor of Quebec City (d. 1968).
 1896 – Trygve Lie, Norwegian diplomat, UN Secretary-General (d. 1968).
1901  1950 
 1902 - Heo Jong-suk, Korean writer and politician (d. 1991).
 1903 - Mary Philbin, American actress (d. 1993).
 1904 - Gaffredo Petrassi, Italian composer and conductor (d. 2003).
 1906 - Vincent Sherman, American actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2006).
 1907 - Orville Redenbacher, American farmer and businessman (d. 1995).
 1907 – Barbara Stanwyck, American actress (d. 1990).
 1911 – Ginger Rogers, American actress and dancer (d. 1995).
 1918 - Müzeyyen Senar, Turkish singer (d. 2015).
 1919 – Choi Kyu-ha, President of South Korea (d. 2006).
 1919 - Hermine Braunsteiner, Austrian concentration camp overseer (d. 1999).
 1924 – Bess Myerson, American beauty queen (d. 2014).
 1925 - Frank Jobe, American surgeon (d. 2014).
 1926 – Heinz Kwiatkowski, German footballer (d. 2008).
 1926 – Alfred Pfaff, German footballer (d. 2008).
 1926 – Irwin Rose, American biologist (d. 2015).
 1928 - Anita Brookner, English writer (d. 2016).
 1928 – Ticho Parly, Danish tenor (d. 1993).
1928 – Andrzej Zawada, Polish mountaineer (d. 2000).
 1928 - Dave Treen, American politician, 50th Governor of Louisiana (d. 2009).
 1930 - Guy Béart, French singer and songwriter (d. 2015).
 1930 - Bert Rechichar, American football player (d. 2019).
 1932 - Bill Byrge, American actor and comedian.
 1933 - John Baddeley, British diplomat
 1934 - George Hilton, Uruguayan-Italian actor (d. 2019).
 1935 - Carl Epting Mundy, Jr., American general (d. 2014).
 1936 – Yasuo Fukuda, former Prime Minister of Japan.
 1936 - Venkataraman Subramanyan, Indian cricketer.
 1937 - Richard Bryan, American politician, 25th Governor of Nevada.
 1937 - John Daly, English director, producer and screenwriter (d. 2008).
 1939 – Corin Redgrave, English actor and political activist (d. 2010).
 1939 – Lido Vieri, Italian footballer.
 1939 - Mariele Ventre, Italian singer and conductor (d. 1995).
 1941 – Desmond Dekker, Jamaican singer (d. 2006).
 1941 – Dag Solstad, Norwegian writer and dramatist.
1941 - Hans Wiegel, Dutch politician.
 1941 - George Young, English politician.
 1942 – Margaret Court, Australian tennis player.
 1942 - Frank Field, English politician.
 1943 - Patricia Churchland, Canadian philosopher.
 1946 - Louise Fréchette, Canadian civil servant and diplomat. 
 1946 – Toshio Furukawa, Japanese voice actor.
 1946 - Richard LeParmentier, American-English actor (d. 2013).
 1947 - Alexis Herman, American politician.
 1948 – Lars Lagerback, Swedish football coach.
 1948 – Pinchas Zukerman, Israeli violinist.
 1950 - Dennis Priestley, English darts player.
1951  1975 
 1951 - Lorraine Chase, English actress and model.
 1952 - Stewart Copeland, American drummer.
 1952 - Marc Esposito, French director and screenwriter.
 1958 – Michael Flatley, American dancer.
 1959 - James MacMillan, Scottish composer and conductor.
 1959 – Zoran Joleski, Macedonian diplomat, Ambassador to the US.
 1960 - Terry Pendleton, American baseball player.
 1963 – Phoebe Cates, American actress.
 1963 - Norman Cook, English musician (Fatboy Slim).
 1964 – Nino Burjanadze, Georgian politician.
 1964 - Miguel Indurain, Spanish cyclist.
 1965 - Michel Desjoyeaux, French sailor.
 1965 - Claude Lemieux, Canadian-American ice hockey player
 1965 - Sherri Stoner, American actress and writer.
 1966 - Jyrki Lumme, Finnish ice hockey player.
 1966 - Mikhail Tatarinov, Russian ice hockey player.
 1967 - Jonathan Adams, American actor
 1967 – Will Ferrell, American comedian and actor.
 1968 – Larry Sanger, American computer scientist, philosopher and co-founder of Wikipedia.
1969 - Jules De Martino, English musician and singer-songwriter.
 1969 - Daryl Mitchell, American actor and singer.
 1969 - Sahra Wagenknecht, German politician.
 1970 – Apichatpong Weerasethakul, Thai movie director.
 1971 - Corey Feldman, American actor and singer.
 1973 - Shaun Pollock, South African cricketer.
 1974 - Ryan McCombs, American singer-songwriter and activist.
 1975 - Jamie Oliver, Welsh singer and keyboardist.
From 1976 
 1976 – Bobby Lashley, American wrestler.
 1976 – Carlos Humberto Paredes, Paraguayan footballer.
 1976 – Anna Smashnova, Israeli tennis player.
 1980 - Adam Scott, Australian golfer.
 1982 - André Greipel, German cyclist.
 1982 - Steve Hooker, Australian pole vaulter.
 1982 - Carli Lloyd, American soccer player.
 1982 - Michael Umaña, Costa Rican footballer.
 1983 – Duncan Keith, NHL ice hockey defenceman for the Chicago Blackhawks.
 1985 - Dejan Jakovic, Croatian-Canadian soccer player
 1987 – AnnaLynne McCord, American actress.
 1987 - Mousa Dembélé, Belgian footballer.
 1988 – Sergio Busquets, Spanish footballer.
 1989 – Gareth Bale, Welsh footballer.
 1990 - James Maslow, American actor, dancer and singer-songwriter.
 1991 - Andros Townsend, English footballer.
 1994 – Mark Indelicato, American singer and actor.
 1996 - Lucas Hemmings, Australian singer, 5 Seconds of Summer.

Deaths
Deaths

Up to 1950 
 1216 – Pope Innocent III (b. 1160/1161).
 1324 – Emperor Go-Uda of Japan (b. 1267).
 1342 - Charles I of Hungary (b. 1288).
 1557 – Anne of Cleves, wife of Henry VIII of England (b. 1515).
 1647 - Masaniello, Italian rebel (b. 1622).
 1664 - Andreas Gryphius, German poet and playwright (b. 1616).
 1747 - Giuseppe Crespi, Italian painter (b. 1655).
 1764 – Tsar Ivan VI of Russia (b. 1740).
 1882 – Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (b. 1818).
 1896 - Edmond de Gontcourt, French critic and publisher (b. 1822).
 1916 – Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russian biologist, won the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845).
 1917 - Philipp Scharwenka, German composer and educator (b. 1847).
 1943 – Helga Deen, German Holocaust victim (b. 1925).
 1947 – Raoul Wallenberg, Swedish diplomat (disappeared on this date) (b. 1912).
1951  2010 
 1953 – Hilaire Belloc, British writer (b. 1870).
 1976 – Carmelo Soria, Spanish diplomat (b. 1921).
 1979 - Alfred Deller, English singer (b. 1912).
 1982 – Charles Robberts Swart, South African politician (b. 1894).
 1985 – Heinrich Böll, German writer (b. 1917).
 1989 – Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor (b. 1908).
 1994 - Julian Schwinger, American physicist (b. 1918).
 1995 - Stephen Spender, British poet (b. 1909).
 1996 - John Panozzo, American drummer (Styx) (b. 1948).
 1999 – John F. Kennedy Jr., American publisher (b. 1960).
 1999 – Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy, wife of John F. Kennedy Jr. (b. 1966).
 2001 – Morris, Belgian cartoonist (b. 1923).
 2003 – Celia Cruz, Cuban singer (b. 1924).
 2003 – Carol Shields, Canadian writer (b. 1935).
 2004 - George Busbee, American politician, 77th Governor of Georgia (b. 1927)
 2005 - Camillo Felgen, Luxembourg singer-songwriter and radio host (b. 1920)
 2010 - James Gammon, American actor (b. 1940).
From 2011 
 2012 - Stephen Covey, American writer (b. 1932).
 2012 - Jon Lord, English musician (Deep Purple) (b. 1941).
 2012 - Kitty Wells, American singer (b. 1919).
 2014 - Szymon Szurmiej, Polish actor and director (b. 1923).
 2014 - Johnny Winter, American musician (b. 1944).
 2014 - Heinz Zemanek, Austrian computer pioneer (b. 1920).
 2014 - Karl Albrecht, German businessman (b. 1930).
 2015 - Alcides Ghiggia, Uruguayan footballer (b. 1926).
 2015 - Alan Kupperberg, American comic artist (b. 1953).
 2015 - Muhammad Youssef Abdulazeez, Kuwaiti shooting suspect (b. 1991)
 2015 - Jack Goody, British social anthropologist (b. 1919)
 2016 - Robert Burren Morgan, American politician (b. 1925)
 2016 - Nate Thurmond, American basketball player (b. 1941)
 2016 - Kazimieras Uoka, Lithuanian politician (b. 1951)
 2017 - Trevor Baxter, British actor (b. 1932)
 2017 - George A. Romero, American-Canadian film director and producer (b. 1940)
 2017 - Wilfried, Austrian singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1950)
2018 - Gabriel Caruana, Maltese artist (b. 1929)
 2019 - Ernie Broglio, American baseball player (b. 1935)
 2019 - Johnny Clegg, South African musician (b. 1953)
 2019 - Raja Dhale, Indian writer and political activist (b. 1940)
 2019 - Chung Doo-un, South Korean politician (b. 1957)
 2019 - Howard Engel, Canadian writer (b. 1931)
 2019 - John Paul Stevens, United States Supreme Court justice (b. 1920)
Observances 
 Engineer's Day (Honduras)
 Holocaust Memorial Day (France)

Days of the year
Thomas Dolby (born Thomas Morgan Robertson; 14 October 1958) is a British musican and computer designer. He is probably most famous for his 1982 hit, "She Blinded me with Science".

He married actress Kathleen Beller in 1988. The couple have three children together.

Discography

Singles

A Track did not chart in North America until 1983, after the success of "She Blinded Me With Science".

Albums

Studio albums

EPs

References

English musicians
Living people
1958 births
New wave musicians
Warner Bros. Records artists
New wave singers
Synth-pop singers
Seismic retrofitting is the modification of buildings that already exist to make them resistant to earthquakes. Seismic retrofitting techniques can be applied to other kinds of natural disasters such as tornadoes and strong winds from thunderstorms.

Seismic retrofit performance objectives 
Main levels of retrofitted building structure performance  objectives may vary, namely:
 To protect human lives.
 To protect a structure from total failure. 
 To preserve a structure's functionality after a strong earthquake. 
 To make a structure, practically, unaffected by any earthquake.

References 

Earthquake engineering
The word company has several meanings:

 company, the people who own or manage a business
 - in the military, a company is usually three groups called platoons along with the people who support them
 - in the navy, a ship's company is everyone on a certain ship.

Basic English 850 words
Births 
 March 3 – Norman Bethune
 May 19 - Ho Chi Minh leader of Viet Nam
 August 24 – Duke Kahanamoku, American athlete
 October 14 – Dwight D. Eisenhower
 December 5 – Fritz Lang, Austrian movie director

Deaths
 April 11 – Joseph Merrick, English man who was known as the 'Elephant Man'

Events
 January 15 – Premiere of Tchaikovsky's ballet The Sleeping Beauty

Unknown date
The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf is built in the city of Philadelphia.
Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Until April 21, 1960 it was the capital city of Brazil. According to the 2000 Census, the city had 5,473,909 people, and an area of over 1,000 km2.  In 2008 Eduardo Paes became Mayor. The city was started in 1565.

Copacabana Beach, Ipanema Beach, Sugar Loaf Mountain (in Portuguese, Pão de Açúcar), the statue of Christ the Redeemer (in Portuguese, Cristo Redentor), a harbor on Guanabara Bay, and Tom Jobim Airport are in Rio de Janeiro. It has much commerce and many industries, especially textiles, food, chemicals, and metallurgy. Most of these industries are in the northern and western suburbs of the city. Rio de Janeiro also has a small rural area, near the suburb of Campo Grande, where fruits and vegetables are grown.
Other cities near Rio de Janeiro, like Duque de Caxias, Nova Iguaçu, Queimados and São Gonçalo, that form the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, also have a lot of industries and population.

The city is 420 kilometers (about 261 miles) away from São Paulo, the biggest city in South America. The cities of Rio and São Paulo are linked by the Presidente Dutra Highway (also known as Via Dutra). The region crossed by the Presidente Dutra Highway has been an important industrial zone since the 1950s.

In the city of Rio de Janeiro lies Tijuca National Park, created in 1961. This park contains some 33 km2, between the northern and the southern parts of the city. The district (in Portuguese, bairro) of Santa Tereza can be reached by taking an electric tram (in Portuguese, bonde) from central Rio de Janeiro (near Largo da Carioca subway station), crossing over the Arcos da Lapa, an aqueduct built during the colonial period to provide water to the city.

The city hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 2016.
Sister cities 
Warsaw, Poland

References

Other websites 
 Virtual photo tour through Rio de Janeiro and neighbourhood with www.riodejaneirophotoguide.com 
 Prefeitura da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro's City Hall. Includes statistical information about the city, about Carnival, and municipal laws. 
 Rio de Janeiro at Wikivoyage

Capital of Brazil
Former national capitals
 
Capitals of Brazilian states
1565 establishments
16th-century establishments in Brazil
1560s establishments in South America
Andrew Jackson Jr. (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American politician who was the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. He was the first president to be a Democrat and is on the twenty dollar bill. His nickname was "Old Hickory". He forced many Native Americans to leave their homeland so white people could live there, and many died and contracted diseases. This was called the Trail of Tears.

Early life 
As a boy Andrew Jackson was a messenger for the Continental Army. The British caught him and mistreated him.

He was the first U.S. president who was not born into a rich family. He was not a rich man and did not have a college education. He moved to Tennessee and became a politician.
Military
During the War of 1812, he became a general and won the Battle of New Orleans which made him very famous. He joined the war because of childhood trauma that he had endured during the Revolutionary War; both his mother and his brother died during the war, and Jackson blamed the British and wanted to avenge his late loved ones.

Marriage 
In 1791, he fell in love with Rachel Donelson Robards. They went through a marriage ceremony. However, the marriage was not legal because she had not been granted a divorce from her first husband. Therefore, they married legally three years later. They had no children, but they adopted several. He became rich and owned a large plantation.

Politics 
In the 1790s Jackson was a member of the United States House of Representatives, the United States Senate, and the Supreme Court of Tennessee. In 1823 he returned to the Senate.

Andrew Jackson reorganized the Democratic Party and was its leader.