Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Albums

I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love 
The band released their first album on July 23, 2002. It was titled I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love. The album featured the first song written by the band, Skylines And Turnstiles, which Gerard began to write after the 9/11 attacks, in 2001.

Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge 
The second album by My Chemical Romance, Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge, was the album that shot them to fame with songs like "I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" and "Helena" (A song written about the Way brothers' grandmother, Elena). It was released in June 2004. Over two million copies of the album have been sold in the United States. The album was about a man who dies in a gunfight and is separated from his lover. In order to get her back, he makes a deal with the devil that would reunite them on the condition that the man first kill a thousand evil men. In the end, it is revealed that the last person that he needs to kill is himself.
The Black Parade 
Their third album titled The Black Parade was released on October 23rd, 2006. The album sold more than 240,000 copies in the first week after it was released. It has sold over 1 million copies in total. The first single taken from The Black Parade called Welcome to the Black Parade reached the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No.1 in the UK charts for two weeks.
The band has commented in the past about the album, saying that The Black Parade is like a different band performing in a different 'world', and once that's over, My Chemical Romance will never be The Black Parade again. The album largely focuses on one character, The Patient, but also consists of songs and lyrics about different subjects and aspects of life and death. At the end of the CD, there is an extra track called Blood which plays over a minute and a half later.
MCR's newest album was released on November 22, 2010. The original album was scrapped by the band due to their dislike and disappointment in it, and their second effort became what is now Danger Days. The band was halfway through making it when Bob Bryar suddenly left the band, which resulted in restarting the record. The record has spawned a tour called the World Contamination Tour, which is set to play through at least May 2011. MCR also went out on the Honda Civic tour 2011 with Blink 182. The band was using Michael Pedicone as a touring drummer to replace Bob Bryar. Pedicone was caught red handed stealing from My Chemical Romance. This resulted in him being kicked out, and replaced with Jarrod Alexander for the remainder of the Honda Civic Tour (2011). This album is musically different from Black Parade as the band has departed a bit from the dark themes of before and is infused with more pop influenced sounds and color
. Set in California in the year 2019, a group of rebels called the Killjoys are rebelling against a dictator-like corporation called Better Living Industries.
Band members

Current members
Jarrod Alexander- drummer (since 2019)
Gerard Way - lead vocals (since 2001)
 Ray Toro - lead guitar (since 2001)
 Mikey Way - Bass (since 2001)
 Frank Iero - rhythm guitar, backing vocals (since 2002)

Past members
 James Dewees - Keyboards, synthesizers, percussion (2006-2019)
Matt Pelissier - drums (2001-2004)
Bob Bryar - drums (2004 -2010)

Tour members
Mike Pedicone - drums (touring member 2010-2011)
 Jarrod Alexander - drums (touring member since 2011)

Studio albums
I Brought You My Bullets, You Brought Me Your Love (July 23, 2002)
Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge (June 8, 2004)
The Black Parade (October 23, 2006)
Danger Days: The True Lives of the Fabulous Killjoys (November 19, 2010)

 Demos
Dreams Of Stabbing And/Or Being Stabbed (December 2001)

 Live albums
Life on the Murder Scene (March 21, 2006)
The Black Parade Is Dead! (June 30, 2008)
Compilation albums
Conventional Weapons (October 31, 2012 - February 5, 2013)
May Death Never Stop You (March 25, 2014)
The Black Parade/Living With Ghosts (September 23, 2016)

 EPs
Like Phantoms, Forever (August 2002)
Warped Tour Bootleg Series (July 19, 2005)
Live and Rare (December 19, 2007)
The Black Parade: The B-Sides (February 3, 2009)
The Mad Gear and Missile Kid (November 22, 2010)
iTunes Festival: London 2011 (July 18, 2011)

References

Other websites 
My Chemical Romance Official Website
The Black Parade Official Website

2000s establishments in New Jersey
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Pop punk bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Musical groups established in 2001
Musical groups from Jersey City, New Jersey
 
Warner Bros. Records artists
Cobalt blue is a cool blue colour.  People used to make it using cobalt salts.  Cobalt blue is used widely by artists.  Many pieces of glassware have this colour--glassware that does have this colour is called cobalt glass. 

The first written use of cobalt blue as a colour name in English was in 1777.

Meaning of cobalt blue
 John Varley suggested cobalt blue as a good substitution for ultramarine blue for painting skies.
 Maxfield Parrish, famous partly for the intensity of his skyscapes, used cobalt blue, and cobalt blue is sometimes called Parrish blue as a result.
 Cobalt blue was the primary blue pigment used in Chinese blue and white porcelain for centuries, beginning in the late 8th or early 9th century.

Tones of cobalt blue colour comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References

Shades of blue
Pigments
Colors
Events 
 April 13 – Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter
 November 18 – Philip II becomes King of France
 During the third year of the Jisho era of Japan, a devastating whirlwind damages Kyoto.
 Emperor Antoku, reign of 81st emperor of Japan starts (1180-1185)
 Afonso I of Portugal is taken prisoner by Ferdinand II of Leon
 Artois is annexed by France
 Prince Mochihito amasses a large army and instigates the Genpei War between Taira and Minamoto clans
 Frederick Barbarossa removes Henry the Lion from the Duchy of Saxony, and created the Duchies of Westphalia and Styria
 Alexius II Comnenus becomes Byzantine emperor
 The Wittelsbach family takes control of Bavaria
 Kilij Arslan II allies with Saladin after the death of Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus
 Alexander Neckam becomes a lecturer in Paris, and writes De Natura Rerum, an early mention of chess (approximate date)
Estimation: Hangzhou, capital of Southern Song China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Fes in the Almohad Empire.
 Last major volcanic eruption of Sunset Crater, in Arizona
Births 
 August 6 – Emperor Go-Toba of Japan (died 1239)
 Berenguela of Castile, queen of Alfonso IX of Castile (died 1246)
 Gilbert de Clare, 5th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (died 1230)

Deaths 
 September 18 – King Louis VII of France (born 1120)
 September 24 – Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor (born 1118)
 October 25 – John of Salisbury, French bishop
 Al-Mustadi, Caliph
 William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber
 Abraham ben David, philosopher (martyred)
 Roman of Kiev
 Yaroslav II of Kiev
 Prince Mochihito, son of Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan
 Minamoto no Yorimasa, Japanese warlord (born 1106)

References
Azure is a color that looks like the color of the sky on a bright, clear day. It is a pure chroma on the RGB color wheel halfway between blue and cyan. The complementary color of azure is orange.

Meaning of azure

 Azure is one of the national colors of Italy on its Coat of Arms.  Nations which use tones of Azure in their flags include Argentina, Azerbaijan, Estonia, Guatemala, Kazakhstan, Namibia, Palau, San Marino, Somalia, Sweden, and Ukraine.  The European Union uses a vivid tone of azure called royal blue (the web color royal blue) as the background color for its flag.

 The flag of the United Nations is a tone of azure called "United Nations Azure" or "United Nations Blue" (shown below).  It is also the color of the helmets worn by the United Nations peacekeeping forces.

 In Poetry, azure is often used to represent or refer to the sky or Heaven. Azure is often used in France to describe the Mediterranean Sea.
Where the name comes from
The word azure comes from the Persian لاژورد lazhward. Lazhward was the name of a place. This place was famous for a kind of deep blue stone. Now we call this stone "lapis lazuli". It means "stone of Lazhward".

The word came to Old French by the twelfth century. The French used this word to talk about the colors of coats of arms. From the French the word came to the English. The first recorded use of azure as a color name in English was in 1374.

Heraldry

In heraldry, the word azure simply means "blue". Azure is said to represent Jupiter and sapphires.

It belongs to the class of tinctures called "colors". In engraving, it is sometimes depicted as a region of horizontal lines or else marked with either az. or b. as an abbreviation.
In addition to the standard blue tincture called azure, there is a lighter blue sometimes found that is called bleu celeste or "sky blue". Neither azure nor bleu celeste is precisely defined as a particular shade of blue, but azure is consistently depicted in a much darker shade.

Tones of azure color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
Viridian is a teal-green color with a hue toward  green.  The name comes from the Latin word viridis which means "green".

Meaning of viridian
 Viridian is a pigment used in art.

 Viridian is a popular color for painting dining rooms.  

 Viridian is the name of a city in the English translation of Pokémon Red and Blue.

 Viridian is a name on several cards in Magic: The Gathering

 The color is similar to the color forest green, and both colors are thought of as having to do with forests and woods.

 Viridian represents the Viridian Design Movement, an effort to encourage green architecture--architecture based on ecological principles.
Tones of viridian color comparison chart
 Malachite (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #0BDA51) (RGB: 11, 218, 81)
 Emerald (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #50C878) (RGB: 80, 200, 120)
 Caribbean Green (Crayola) (Hex: #00CC99) (RGB: 0, 204, 153)
 Sea Green (Hex: #20B2AA) (RGB: 32, 178, 170)
<li style = "background-color: #3cb371; color: #ffffff "> Medium Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #3CB371) (RGB: 60, 179, 113)<li>
 Pigment Green (Green (CMYK)) (Hex: #00A550) (RGB: 0, 165, 80)
 Deep Green (Green (Crayola)) (Hex: #01A368) (RGB: 1, 163, 104)
 Jade Green (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #00A86B) (RGB: 0, 168, 107)
 Mint (Mint Leaf (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3EB489) (RGB: 62, 180, 137)
 Jungle Green (Crayola) (Hex: #29AB87) (RGB: 41, 171, 135)
<li style = "background-color: #00a693; color: #ffffff "> Persian Green (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #00A693) (RGB: 0, 166, 147)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #009698; color: #ffffff "> Viridian Green (Pantone TPX 17-5126) (Hex: #009698) (RGB: 0, 150, 152)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #009b7d; color: #ffffff "> Paolo Veronese Green (Verde Verones (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #009B7D) (RGB: 0, 155, 125)<li>
 Mountain Meadow (Crayola) (Hex: #1AB385) (RGB: 26, 179, 33)
<li style = "background-color: #3cb371; color: #ffffff "> Medium Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #3CB371) (RGB: 60, 179, 113)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #009e60; color: #ffffff "> Shamrock Green (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #009E60) (RGB: 0, 158, 96)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #2e8b57; color: #ffffff "> Sea Green (web color) (Hex: #2E8B57) (RGB:46, 139, 87)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #228b22; color: #ffffff "> Forest Green (web color) (Hex: #228B22) (RGB:34, 139, 34)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #01796f; color: #ffffff "> Pine Green (Crayola) (Hex: #01796F) (RGB:1, 121, 111)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #007A74; color: #ffffff "> Skobeloff  (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #007A74) (RGB: 0, 122, 116)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #007f66; color: #ffffff "> Generic Viridian (Viridian inspecfico (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #007F66) (RGB: 0, 127, 102)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #40826d; color: #ffffff "> VIRIDIAN (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #40826D) (RGB: 64, 130, 109)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #3b7861; color: #ffffff "> Dark Erin (Erin (ISCC-NBS)) (Hex: #3B7861) (RGB: 59, 120, 97)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #3b7a57; color: #ffffff"> Amazon (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #3B7A57) (RGB: 59, 122, 87)<li>
 Tropical Rain Forest (Crayola) (Hex: #00755E) (RGB: 0, 117, 94)
<li style = "background-color: #007f5c; color: #ffffff "> Spanish Viridian (Viridian specfico (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #007F5C) (RGB: 0, 127, 92)<li>
 Dark Spring Green (web color) (Hex: #177245) (RGB: 23, 114, 69)
Related pages
 List of colors
The tarsiers are prosimian (non-monkey) primates. They got their name from the long bones in their feet. They are now placed together with the simians (monkeys).

They live in trees, and  are entirely nocturnal. Tarsiers are the only primates which are wholly carnivorous. They mainly eat insects, but some are also known to eat birds and snakes. Tarsiers can catch prey like birds even if they are in motion as the tarsiers jump from tree to tree to catch their prey.

Senses 
Tarsiers have incredibly good hearing.

They have large eyes. Each is about 16 mm wide.They are very sensitive to touch, and weigh as much as their entire brain. Unlike many nocturnal animals, tarsiers lack a light-reflecting area (tapetum lucidum) of the eye. They also have a fovea,  which is also not usual in nocturnal animals.
Brain difference 
The tarsier's brain is different from other primates in one respect. The sequence of cell layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus getting information from both eyes is different from the set-up in lemurs, lorises, and monkeys. "This apparent difference distinguishes tarsiers from all other primates, and reinforces the view that they arose in an early, independent line of primate evolution".

Reproduction 
Pregnancy takes about six months, which is a long time for such a small animal. Tarsiers give birth to single offspring.

History 
They were once widespread, but now tarsiers live only on islands in south-east Asia. Fossils are found in Asia, Europe, and North America, and some disputed fossils from Africa. Living tarsiers are on several southeast Asian islands, including the Philippines, Sulawesi, Borneo, and Sumatra.
They also have the longest continuous fossil record of any primate. The fossil record shows that their teeth have not changed much, except in size, in the past 45 million years. That means what they eat, and probably their lifestyle, has not changed much, either.

Mass media 
Tarsiers are said to be the inspiration for the famous movie character Yoda of Star Wars due to their small size but excellent hunting skills.
Conservation status 
One tarsier species, Dian's tarsier (Tarsius dentatus), is listed by on the IUCN Red List as being "lower risk – conservation dependent". Horsfield's tarsier (Cephalopachus bancanus) is listed as "lower risk – least concern". The spectral tarsier (Tarsius spectrum) is categorized as "lower risk, not threatened". The pygmy tarsier (Tarsius pumilus) was thought to be extinct until a family were found in 2008. The two males and single female (a fourth escaped) were captured using nets, and were radio collared to track their movements. Other tarsier species are listed as "data deficient".

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Primate Info Net - Primate factsheets & more: Tarsius sp.
 Video of a tarsier eating a cricket
 A synopsis of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine islands 
 The Philippine tarsier

Primates
Mammals of Asia
Theoretical Computer Science is domain of Computer Science that looks at the notion of information and about how information can be processed. It also looks at the way models are built in computer science. Common divisions of theoretical computer sciences include:
Automata theory: An automaton is an abstraction of a machine, which changes its internal state according to some rules. Automata theory also looks at the kinds of problems that can be solved by such automata.
Computability theory and Computational complexity theory look at the question if a problem can be solved by a given automaton, and how well a given solution is, compared to others.
Formal languages are the way to communicate with a given automaton. Most of the time, the question is whether the automaton will accept a word of a formal language, that is, when the word is fed into the automaton, the automaton will end up in an exit state. Semantics are used to talk about the grammars of such languages, and how they are constructed.
Information theory talks about the notion of information. Originally it was developed for signal processing. It is concerned with how a message needs to be changed, so that it can be transmitted over a  channel, an how to undo the changes at the other end, so that the original message can be recovered. These processes are known as encoding and decoding. Information theory also talks about how much self-information there is in a message. This is the theoretical basis for data compression, cryptography and digital signatures. Error detection and correction is about detecting if errors have occurred when the message was transmitted. In some cases, it may be possible to recover the original message even if errors have occurred, or part of the message has been lost.
A pedestrian is a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running.  In modern times, the term mostly refers to someone walking on a road or footpath, but this was not the case historically.

History
The main way humans get around is by walking.  The first humans walked out of Africa about 60,000 years ago. We walked across India to reach Australia. We walked across Asia to reach the Americas.  We walked from the fertile crescent area to reach Europe.

Nowadays, roads often have a designated footpath attached especially for pedestrian traffic, called the sidewalk in American English and the pavement in British English. There are also footpaths not associated with a road which are used only by pedestrians, especially ramblers, hikers or hill-walkers and there are roads not associated with a footpath. These footpaths, in mountains or forests, are called trails.
Efforts are underway by pedestrian advocacy groups to make it easy to be a pedestrian in new developments, especially to counteract newer developments where 20 to 30 percent do not include sidewalks. Some activists advocate large auto-free zones where pedestrians only or pedestrians and some non-motorised vehicles are allowed.

Related pages
Walking

Other websites 

 Early Pedestrians in North America
 US Pedestrian Advocacy Groups 
 UK Pedestrian Advocacy Group
 Transportation Alternatives: Pedestrian Advocacy
 America Walks
 Street quality promotion by street parties
 Pedestrian InRoads – US Pedestrian advocacy group 
 Perils For Pedestrians on YouTube
 Walkable Communities
Donald Appleyard's Livable Streets study 
 Ultramarathons 

Land transport
Patricia Deutsch Ross (born Elaine Patricia Deutsch; December 16, 1943 – July 26, 2017) was an American actress. She was best known for appearing the television game show  Match Game in the 1970s.  She was also known for doing voices in animated movies. Deutsch was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Deutsch died in Los Angeles, California from cancer on July 26, 2017 at the age of 73.

Filmography

Animated Roles
 Capitol Critters - Trixie
 The Emperor's New School - Mata the Lunch Lady
 The Smurfs - Additional Voices
 Time Squad - Amelia Earheart

Film Roles
 Happily N'Ever After - Additional Voices
 Jetsons: The Movie - Lucy 2
 Kronk's New Groove - Waitress
 Monsters, Inc. - Additional Voices
 Tarzan - Tantor's Mother
 The Emperor's New Groove - Waitress
 The Incredibles - Stratogale
 The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire - Rainbow Face #2

References

Other websites
Other websites 
 

1943 births
2017 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Pittsburgh
American television actors
Actors from Pittsburgh
A body double is a person who works in the movie or television production industry. Body doubles are models that act in scenes that actors or actresses do not want to do. For example, body doubles sometimes act in love scenes or scenes of nudity, where a person's body is shown. 

Body doubles are usually models that have developed very good bodies by exercising and by eating well. Actors whose characters must appear nude or otherwise show more skin, often have flaws and imperfections such as may come with age or being overweight and it can be expensive to digitally edit these out. Often, movies or television shows that use body doubles do not admit that a body double model was used. 

In the popular American movie Pretty Woman, a fashion and parts model named Donna Scoggins posed for the infamous movie poster in thigh-high boots, while another body double, Shelley Michelle, filmed nude scenes that actress Julia Roberts did not want to do.
Related concepts
Another job in the movie and television production industry where people do actions that the actors or actresses do not want to do is the job of stuntman. A stuntman is a person who does dangerous actions in movies, for example, jumping, falling, getting in a car accident, or pretending to fight with knives.

What distinguishes a "stunt person" from a "stunt double" is the particular character they portray. If the character in question is a main character and/or central to the plot and uniquely identifiable, the stuntman is then typically referred to as a "stunt double" in the credits.

References

Entertainment occupations
Performing arts
An intergenerational conflict is either a conflict situation between teenagers and adults or a more abstract conflict between two generations, which often involves prejudices against another generation.

Furthermore, intergenerational conflict describes cultural, social or economic discrepancies between generations. These can be caused by value shift or conflict of interest between younger and older generations. An example are changes to an intergenerational contract that may be necessary to reflect a change in demographics.

For examples of intergenerational conflict, Dreaming in Cuban, by Cristina Garcia is a good novel to take a look at.

Sociology

en:Intergenerationality#Conflict
An intergenerational contract is an agreement between different generations. It assumes that future generations will honor the contract and provide a service to a generation that has done the same service for an older generation.

The most common use of the term is in social security and refers to the consensus  to provide pensions for the retired generations through payments made by the working generations.

The use of the word contract is not entirely accurate as the next generation enters the agreement without consent.

Society
Inca rope bridges were simple suspension bridges over canyons and gorges to provide access for the Inca Empire. Bridges of this type were suitable for use since the Inca people did not use wheeled transport - traffic was limited to pedestrians and livestock. These bridges were an important part on the Inca road system and are an excellent example of Inca innovation in engineering. They were frequently used by runners delivering messages throughout the Incan empire.

Other websites 
The Last Inca Suspension Bridge: A Photo Album (various images of amazing Inca Bridges and pathways, old and new.)
Boston University, Inca Bridge to the past This bridge was also in use of crossing when they were at war.

References

 Incas: Lords of Gold and Glory, 1992, Virginia: Time-Life Books.

Finch, Ric, 2002, Keshwa Chaca: Straw Bridge of the Incas:  Ithaca, N.Y., South American Explorer, n. 69, fall/winter 2002, p. 6-13.  Copies of this issue may still be available for purchase from the South American Explorer.
Gade, D.W., 1972, Bridge types in the central Andes:  Annals of the Association of American Geographers, v. 62 (1), p. 94-109.    [Shows the bridge at Huinchiri and predicts the art of building it will be lost within another generation;   fortunately, this prediction has proven untrue, and ethnic/adventure tourism may help save this bridge for posterity.]

Malaga Miglio, Patricia, and Gutierrez, Alberto, (pub. date unknown), Qishwachaca:  Rumbos (magazine published in Peru), p. 30-34.

McIntyre, Loren, 1973, The Lost Empire of the Incas:  National Geographic Magazine, v. 144, n. 6, p. 729-787.

McIntyre, Loren, 1975, The Incredible Incas and Their Timeless Land: Washington D.C., National Geographic Society, 199 p.

Roca Basadre, David and Coaguila, Jorge, eds., 2001, Cañon delApurimac, La Ruta Sagrada del Dios Hablador:  Lima, Empresa Editora ElComercio, S.A., 78 p.

Secrets of Lost Empires:  Inca, 1995, NOVA program, available on video.
Squier, Ephraim George, 1877, Peru:  Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas:   New York, Harper Bros., 577 p.

 Von Hagen, Victor, 1955, Highway of the Sun:  New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 120 p.

 Chmielinski, Piotr, 1987, Kayaking the Amazon:  National Geographic Magazine, v. 171, n. 4, p. 460 - 473.

Suspension bridges
Inca civilization
Ropework
Ewoks are a fictional race of small, bear-like creatures from George Lucas' Star Wars universe. They first appeared in the film Return of the Jedi. 

They live on the forests on the moon of the Planet Endor. They often wear the skins or skulls of animals they have hunted. The most famous Ewok is Wicket W. Warwik, a brave Ewok who destroyed an entire Imperial shield projector. The Ewoks were also well known for their victory against the Empire in the "Battle of Endor".

Fictional characters introduced in 1983
Star Wars species
Fictional races
The Inca road system (El Camino Inca) of Peru was the most extensive among the many roads and trails that were constructed in pre-Columbian South America. 

It went across the Andes mountains and reached heights of over 5,000 m (16,500 feet) above sea level. The Inca road system covered approximately 22,500 kilometres (14,000 mi) and provided access to over three million km² of territory.

Because the Incas did not make use of the wheel for transportation, and did not have horses until the arrival of the Spanish in Peru in the 16th century, the trails were used almost exclusively by people walking, sometimes accompanied by pack animals, usually the llama.

The trails were used by the Inca people as a means of relaying messages, carried via knotted-cord quipu and by memory; and for transporting goods. Messages could be carried by runners covering as much as 240 km (150 mi) per day, working in relay fashion much like the Pony Express of the 1860s in North America.
There were approximately 2,000 inns, or tambos, placed at even intervals along the trails. The inns provided food, shelter and military supplies to the tens of thousands who traveled the roads.

Main routes 

The most important Inca road was the Camino Real, as it is known in Spanish, with a length of 5,200 km (3,230 mi). It began in Quito, Ecuador, passed through Cusco, and ended in what is now Tucumán, Argentina. The Camino Real went across the mountain ranges of the Andes, with peak altitudes of more than 5,000 m. El Camino de la Costa, the coastal trail, with a length of 4,000 km (2,420 mi), ran parallel to the sea and was linked with the Camino Real by many smaller routes.

Inca trail to Machu Picchu
By far the most popular of the Inca trails for trekking is the Capaq Nan trail, which leads from the village of Ollantaytambo to Machu Picchu, the so-called "Lost City of the Incas". There are many well-preserved ruins along the way, and hundreds of thousands of tourists from around the world make the three- or four-day trek each year, accompanied by guides.

The Inca Trail to Machu Picchu is actually three routes, which all meet up near Inti-Pata, the 'Sun Gate' and entrance to Machu Picchu. The three trails are known as the Mollepata, Classic and One Day trails, with Mollepata being the longest of the three. Passing through the Andes mountain range and sections of the Amazon rainforest, the Trail passes several well-preserved Inca ruins and settlements before ending at the Sun Gate on Machu Picchu mountain. The two longer routes require an ascent to beyond 12,000 ft (3,660 m) above sea level, which can result in altitude sickness.
Further reading 
 Inca: Lords of Gold and Glory. Virginia: Time-Life Books, 1992.
 Andean World: Indigenous History: Culture and Consciousness by Kenneth Adrien.

Other websites 
 Inca trail map 
 Inca trail tour 
 Interactive Map Interactive Map
 Inca Trail to Machu Picchu Interactive Map
 Inca Trail to Machu Picchu Information 

Inca_civilization
History
Formed in 1918 as CBC Film Sales by brothers Jack and Harry Cohn and their partner Joe Brandt, the studio started out very small. It eventually adopted the "Columbia" name in 1924 and became better known and successful under president Harry Cohn and film director Frank Capra making Western movies, comedy movies, and short films. After Harry Cohn died, the studio went under hard times in the 1960s and 1970s before being bought by the Coca-Cola Company in 1982. It created a side project with CBS and HBO that became TriStar Pictures and started making more successful films again such as the Ghostbusters movies and The Karate Kid.
Coca-Cola spun off Columbia into its own company again in 1987, which at that point had fully bought TriStar and other companies such as Merv Griffin's company, which was known for making Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy!. In 1989, Sony Corporation decided to buy Columbia Pictures Entertainment, which included both Columbia and TriStar. Under Sony, Columbia moved into the former MGM studios after years of sharing space with Warner Bros. Columbia and TriStar continued making their own movies and TV shows before combining under the Sony name in 1999.

Movies Columbia Pictures has made 

Columbia is known for making movies such as Ghostbusters, The Karate Kid, Men in Black, Stuart Little, 21 Jump Street, Zombieland, Bad Boys, and several movies about The Three Stooges and Spider-Man. It has also helped make a few James Bond movies with MGM.
TV studio 
At one point, one of the only ways that Columbia was still making money in the 1960s and 70s was through its TV department, which was originally the first version of Screen Gems and later renamed Columbia Pictures Television. TV shows that Columbia made through Screen Gems/CPT included I Dream of Jeannie, Days of Our Lives, Seinfeld, and Walker, Texas Ranger. The TV department was eventually renamed "Columbia TriStar Television" and is now known as Sony Pictures Television, and the "Columbia" name is now only tied to movies.

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 Official Sony Pictures website
 Sony Pictures Movies 
 SonyPictures.net

Sony
Coca-Cola
Companies based in California

American movie studios
Jason was a hero in Greek mythology. He was born in Thessaly, northern Greece. Jason was the captain of the ship called the Argos. The men who helped to sail the boat were called the Argonauts. The word Argonaut comes from the name of the boat: Argo and the word ending -naut meaning "sailor".
Jason and the Argonauts went to find the Golden Fleece. His father was Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcus. Jason fell in love with the daughter of the Golden Fleece's owner. Her name was Medea. Medea helped Jason get the Golden Fleece from her father. Jason and Medea killed the owner of the Golden Fleece and returned to Jason's city, Iolcus. Medea then killed Jason's half-brother Pelias so Jason could be in charge. When she was found out, Jason and Medea went to live in the Greek city of Corinth. Jason then married the princess of Corinth so they could stay. The story of Jason, the Argonauts, and the Golden Fleece is told in two modern movies: Hercules starring Steve Reeves, and Jason and the Argonauts starring Todd Armstrong.

References

People in Greek mythology
A color code is a system for displaying information by using different colors.  Color codes are often difficult or impossible for blind and color blind people to understand.

Examples of color codes:
Bottled gases
Electrical wiring
Electronic color code
Web colors for HTML color codes
25-pair color code
Fire extinguishers
Hanky code
Jumper cables
Traffic lights
Navigation lights, sea marks and characteristic lights
Ribbon colors see: :Category:Ribbon symbolism
U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Advisory System
Utility color codes

The Color Code is also the title of a book (References, Joseph et al., 2002) combined with a nutritional practice by the same name in another book publication (Heber, 2001). The Color Code combines food science, medical knowledge and nutritional practices to encourage consumer intake of colourful plant foods for achieving optimal health.
References
 Heber D. What Color Is Your Diet? The 7 Colors of Health, ReganBooks, HarperCollins, 2001,  
 Joseph JA, Nadeau DA, Underwood A. The Color Code: A Revolutionary Eating Plan for Optimum Health, Hyperion, 2002, 

Color
Encodings
Complementary colors are pairs of opposite colors.  What is meant by opposite can be different between color science, and art and the printing process.

Color science 

In color science "complementary colors" are colors opposite to each other on the color wheel.  Primary colors and secondary colors are typically paired in this way:

red and cyan ( red   cyan ) (where cyan is the mixture of green and blue)
green and magenta ( green   magenta ) (where magenta is the mixture of red and blue)
blue and yellow ( blue   yellow ) (where yellow is the mixture of red and green)
Afterimages
If a person stares at a single color for about a minute then looks at a white surface, an afterimage of the complementary color will appear. This is because of eye fatigue. For example, if the person stares at a red color, the photoreceptors (cells in the eye which catch colored light) for red light in the retina (the back part of the eye) become fatigued.  When photoreceptors are fatigued they are less able to send information to the brain. If the person then looks at white light, all photoreceptors will send information.  Because the photoreceptors for red light are fatigued, the information they send will not be as strong as the information about the colors other than red and the illusion of seeing the complementary color is created.

Art and design 

Because of the limited range of colors that was available throughout most of the history of art, many artists still use a traditional set of complementary pairs, including:

 red and green
 blue and orange
 yellow and purple
The complement of each primary color (red, blue, or yellow) is roughly the color made by mixing the other two in a subtractive system (red + blue = purple; blue + yellow = green; red + yellow = orange). When two complements are mixed they produce a gray or brown.

The use of complementary colors is an important aspect of art and graphic design. This also extends to other fields such as contrasting colors in logos and retail display. When placed next to each other, complements make each other appear brighter. On an artistic color wheel, complementary colors are placed opposite one another.  Although these artistic complements may not be precise complements under the scientific definition, most artistic color wheels are laid out roughly like the HSV color wheel discussed above.

References

Color
Decriminalization is making something legal that was illegal.

For example, alcohol was illegal in USA during the 1920s. However, people felt strongly against it, and made it legal again.

Law
Battledress is a general term for the military uniform worn into combat, as opposed to 'display' dress and formal uniforms worn at parades and functions. It may be either monochrome (often a shade of green or brown) or in military camouflage colours.

References
 
 
 Khaki: Uniforms of the CEF by Clive M. Law (Service Publications, 1998).

Other websites 
 www.canadiansoldiers.com: extensive discussion of Canadian Army uniforms, insignia, and traditions from 1900 to 2000

War
SketchUp is a 3D modelling program made for architects, engineers, and moviemakers. It is easier to use than most programs used for three dimensional drawings.  SketchUp was created by the company @Last Software and released in August 2000. In 2006, @Last Software was bought by Google. They released SketchUp6 in January 2007. SketchUp6 can use add-ons that let things build with the program be made into files that can be used with Google Earth. In 2012, SketchUp was bought by Trimble Navigation.

Other websites 
SketchUp official website 
SketchUp Wiki The SketchUp Wiki

Software
Islamism is a group of ideologies that say that the Muslim world should be run by sharia (Islamic laws). Generally, it is the idea that Islam should guide both society and politics, as well as people's personal lives. Important people who have inspired Islamist movements include Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Malcolm X, Ayatollah Khomeini, Sayyid Qutb, Muhammad Iqbal.

References

Islamic law
Poitiers is a city in France, the prefecture of the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. The town is picturesque; and its streets are interesting for their remains of ancient architecture, especially of the Romanesque period, and the memories of great historical events.

The city itself is very old. It already existed as a Gaulish fort in the time when Julius Caesar came to Gaul. It was the capital of the Pictones tribe.

Geography 
Poitiers is in the centre of the Vienne department, between the valleys of the Boivre and the Clain rivers. The old town is on the slopes and the summit of a plateau which rises 130 feet (40 m) above the streams which surround it on three sides.

Poitiers is at about  from Bordeaux,  from Paris,  from Limoges and  from Nantes.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Poitiers is surrounded by the communes:
Climate
The climate of Poitiers, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population 
The inhabitants of Poitiers are known, in French, as Pictaviens (women: Pictaviennes).

With a population of 87,435, Poitiers has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Poitiers

Poitiers forms, with seven other communes, the urban area of Poitiers with a population of 128,111 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Poitiers, formed by 97 communes, with a population of 257,233 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Administration 
Poitiers is the prefecture of the Vienne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Poitiers and the administrative centre () of five canton:
 Poitiers-1, with 23,086 inhabitants (2014).
 Poitiers-2, with 25,371 inhabitants (2014).
 Poitiers-3, with 26,843 inhabitants (2014).
 Poitiers-4, with 20,756 inhabitants (2014).
 Poitiers-5, with 22,170 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Grand Poitiers ().

Sister cities 
Poitiers is twinned with:
  Northampton, UK
  Marburg, Germany
  Lafayette, USA
  Coimbra, Portugal
  Yaroslavl, Russia
  Moundou, Chad
  Iaşi, Romania

Notable people
This is a list of people of interest who were born or resided in Poitiers:
René Descartes studied law at the University of Poitiers
Michel Foucault, French philosopher
Jean-Pierre Thiollet, French author
Brian Joubert, French ice skating champion

Gallery

Related pages 
 Arrondissement of Poitiers
 Communes of the Vienne department

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 City council website  (in French)
 Visiting Poitiers (in English)
 Tourisme Poitiers  (official site, in French)
 Tourism Poitiers  (official site, in English).

 
Former regional capitals in France
Valence is a city in the south of France, along the Rhône river. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Drôme department in France.

Sister cities
Valence is twinned with:
  Asti, Italy, since 1966
  Biberach an der Riss, Germany, since 1967
  Clacton-on-Sea, United Kingdom, since 1969
  Ijevan, Armenia, since 1996
  Gedera, Israel, since 1997

Communes in Drôme
Departmental capitals in France
Valence can stand for different things:

Places
 Valence-sur-Rhône, a city in the south of France, capital of the Drôme department
 Valence-sur-Baïse, a city in the Gers region of France
 Villages in France:
 Valence (Charente), a village in Poitou-Charentes
 Valence (Tarn-et-Garonne) a village near Agen
 Valence-d'Albigeois, a village near Albi
 Valence-en-Brie, a village near Melun

Science
 Valence (chemistry), a concept from chemistry
 Valence band, a concepts from Physics
 Valence quarks, a concepts from Physics
 Valence (biology), a concept from biology
An anvil is a hard piece of metal which is used as a workbench when making things out of iron or steel. An anvil is used by a blacksmith when he needs to hammer hot iron to bend it into the shape he wants. A blacksmith can make new shoes for horses.

Anvils were known in the Bronze Age and possibly earlier. They were used in Ancient Greece and Ancient Egypt. They are still in use today, although not nearly as much as 100 years ago when there were many more horses. 

Anvils are extremely heavy. They are made in different sizes. The 17th century writer John Bunyan was a tinker (someone who mends pots and pans). He walked around the villages of Bedfordshire with a small anvil and a few tools on his back. His anvil was wedge-shaped, so that he could knock it into the ground when he needed to do a repair. His anvil is now in the John Bunyan museum in Bedford.

Use as a musical instrument
The anvil has sometimes been used as a percussion instrument because it makes a very loud sound when hit by the hammer. Usually musicians use a metal bar mounted on a sound-box. This sounds just as good as a real anvil (which would be very heavy to carry around).

Verdi wrote some famous music called the Anvil Chorus in his opera Il Trovatore. Wagner asked for 18 anvils in Das Rheingold in the scene which takes place below the earth where the Nibelungs are working at their forges. Albert Parlow wrote an Anvil Polka, Varèse used an anvil in Ionisation, Walton uses an anvil in Belshazzar’s Feast and there is an anvil in the orchestra in Howard Shore's music for The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.

Related pages
Forge
Iron
Steel
Blacksmith
Silversmith

Tools
Percussion instruments
The Inca were a pre-Columbian civilization and empire in the Andes of South America. The word Inca can also mean the emperor or king of the Inca people. It was the largest empire in the Americas, and was large even by world standards. It existed shortly before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas. 

The Inca ruled along the western coast of South America for a little over 100 years, until the Spanish invasion in the 16th century. The empire was centered around the city of Cuzco, or Qosqo, in what is now southern Peru. This was the administrative, political and military center of the empire. In later years, it was also centered around Quito. The Inca were ruled by an Emperor known as the Sapa Inca. Throughout their empire, they built many roads and bridges to make travel  between their communities easy.
The Inca Empire was called  in Quechua, which means "four regions". The empire only lasted for about 100 years as the arrival of the conquering Spaniards in 1532 AD marked the end of their reign. Their main language was Quechua, but as the Empire was made up of many different groups there were probably many different languages as well.

The Inca Empire began around Lake Titicaca in about 1197. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used conquest and non-violent assimilation to gain a large portion of western South America. Their empire centered on the Andean mountain ranges. It included large parts of what is now Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile.

In 1533, Atahualpa, the last sovereign emperor, was executed by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro. That meant the beginning of Spanish rule in South America. The Inca Empire was supported by an economy based on the collective ownership of the land.
Bibliography 
Popenoe, Hugh et al 1989. Lost crops of the Incas. Washington DC: National Academy Press.
De la Vega, Garcilaso 1961. The Incas: the royal commentaries of the Inca. New York: The Orion Press.
McNeill, William H. 2006. How the potato changed the world's history. Social Research 66 1.
Other websites 
 Conquest of Peru, Prescott, 1847 Full text, free to read and search, a definitive history of the Incas.  One of the most readable and engaging history books of all time.  Humankind lost a civilization of impressive societal value.
 Inca Land by Hiram Bingham (published 1912–1922)
 Inca Artifacts, Peru, and Machu Picchu 360 degree movies of inca artifacts and Peruvian landscapes.
 Inca civilization and other ancient civilizations by Genry Joil.
 Inca stone cutting techniques: theory on how the Inca walls fit so perfectly.
 Ancient Civilizations - Inca Great research site for kids.
 Incan Ice Mummies NOVA site based on their series about the 1996 expedition that discovered Incan ice mummies.
 Incan Religion 

 
Former empires
1197 establishments
1532 disestablishments
Former monarchies of South America
16th-century disestablishments in South America
The pre-Columbian era means the history and prehistory of the Americas before there were important European influences on the American continent.

The word pre-Columbian refers to the era before Christopher Columbus, but sometimes it can include the history of American indigenous cultures as they continued to develop after the Christopher Columbus' first landing in 1492, until they were conquered or influenced by Europeans, even if this happened decades or even centuries after the arrival of Columbus.

Pre-Columbian can also mean cultures of any one of the great native civilizations of the Americas, such as those of Mesoamerica (the Aztec and Maya) and of the Andes (Inca, Moche and Chibcha).

Related pages
Native American
Columbian Exchange

References 
Sorenson, John L. and Johannessen, Carl L. (2006) "Biological Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages." In: Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 238–297.
Other websites 
 Central Andes Prehistoric Sequence

Native Americans
Periods and ages in history
Duct tape, sometimes called duck tape, is a very strong adhesive tape with a cloth backing . Usually duct tape is grey or black, but it is made in other colors including transparent, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, flames, zebra stripe, leopard spot, tye dye, and others. People use duct tape to repair many things, for example a broken handbag or a broken chair.

Duct tape was designed during World War I. It was first used to keep water out of ammunition cases. It was found to work so well that people started using it to fix many other things. Duct tape was also called "100 mph tape" by the military because it is said the tape will still stick in winds at speeds of 100 miles per hour. Duct tape got its name from its use on heating and air conditioning ducts but oddly enough, that is the one use that the tape is not very good for. It is illegal in California to use duct tape on ducts and most professional builders in the United States are not allowed to use it either.
In the United States, people use duct tape in many action movies and television shows. Strips of duct tape can be used to tie a person up because it is very hard to get them off.

Duct tape is also great for making things like wallets, purses, clothes, and sometimes even sculptures. The use of it as an art medium is fairly new, though.

Tools
A text editor is a program that is run on a computer that can create and change text.  The text can be saved into a file that is called a "text file".  Text editors can be used for a lot of things.  Many people use them to write documents.  Some people write code (like HTML or C++) using a text editor. 

Some text editors can edit rich text.  Rich text allows bold text, italic text, and other things.  This is why rich text is different form "text file" which do not have bold text or italic text properties.

Most text editors today support "search and replace". A computer will quickly find some text the user wants. The user can tell the computer to replace the found text with something else. This can be in part or all of the document.