Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Dynamic random access memory is the most commonly used form of RAM.

DRAM is called dynamic (or active), because it must be refreshed all the time or it will lose the data which it is supposed to be storing. Because it loses data when power is removed, DRAM is called volatile. This word comes from the Latin adjective volātilis, which means "flying, fleeting, transitory".

Refreshing DRAM means reading the data from the DRAM and directly writing them back to the DRAM.
DRAM is made up of millions of very small capacitors. Each of these capacitors has a transistor to let energy in and out. The capacitor slowly loses energy, and if the DRAM is not refreshed, in the end one or more of the capacitors will let so much energy out, that for example a 1 will become a 0, so data will be lost or corrupted. Almost all computers refresh their DRAM many times per second.
Comparison DRAM and SRAM
DRAM is often compared to SRAM (Static RAM). SRAM is able to store data as long as power/energy is used. There is no need to refresh it. SRAM can also be faster than DRAM. But SRAM is much more expensive than DRAM. Also, SRAM uses more electric power and heats up much faster than DRAM.
DRAM and SRAM lose the data when the power to them is turned off, unlike non-volatile random-access memory. 

Computer hardware
Computer memory
Most touchpads have the function of tapping, which imitates the left-click button on a mouse. New models of touchpads often do more things because they can respond to the pressure of more than one finger. This is called multi-touch and makes it possible to do things like scroll though, zoom in and out, and rotate a page or part of the screen. The user can choose and change which functions happen if the user does certain moves. For example, the normal function for tapping on the pad is the left-click on the mouse. The user can change it in the settings section to the right-click of the mouse, if the user likes it better.

Related pages
 Computer mouse
 Touchscreen
 Input device

Computer hardware
Data input
Fingerprint scanners are security systems of biometrics.  They are used to unlock doors and in other security applications.  During the 2010s fingerprint scanners became commonplace on mobile phones.

People have a pattern of ridges on their fingers.  This fingerprint cannot be removed or changed.  Every fingerprint is different from any other in the world.  Because there are countless combinations, fingerprints are much used for identification.

Various Types

Optical reflexive 
They are based on the oldest technique, that consists of placing your finger on a glass surface or a prism that is illuminated by a led diode. When the ridges of fingerprints touch the surface, the light is absorbed, while between these crests a total reflection occurs. The resulting light and dark areas are recorded in an image sensor.
Capacitive 
The sensor is a silicon integrated circuit with a surface that is covered by a large number of transducer elements (or pixels), with a typical resolution of 500 dpi. Each element contains two adjacent metal electrodes. The capacitance between the electrodes, which forms a feedback path for an inverting amplifier, is reduced when the finger is applied to said surface: it is further reduced when it detects ridges and less reduced when it detects the space between them.

The sensor is susceptible to electrostatic discharge. These sensors only work with normal healthy skins, they are not operative being used on skins with hard areas, calluses or scars. Moisture, grease or dust can also affect its operation.
Mechanical 
It consists of tens of thousands of tiny pressure transducers that are mounted on the surface of the sensor. An alternative design uses switches that are closed when pressed by a ridge, but that stay open when they are under a valley. This only provides one bit of information per pixel, instead of working with a gray scale.

Thermal 
In this case the heat driven by the finger is detected, which is greater when there is a ridge than when there is a valley. A silicon component has been developed with a matrix of pixels called "FingerChip", that is, "finger integrated circuit", each of which is covered with a layer of pyroelectric material in which a change in temperature translates into a change in the load distribution of its surface. The image is in the gray scale that has the right quality even with the finger worn, with dirt, with grease or with humidity. The sensor has a robust protective layer and can provide a dynamic output.
Dynamic output 
Most of the sensors described have been altered in the past. To avoid this, a new operating mode has been added. Instead of simply placing your finger statically on the sensor, the finger moves slowly along it. The sensor only has a narrow sensitive area, and generates a complete sequence of images, which can be reassembled, by means of a processor, in a complete image. The benefits are improved appreciably and the elimination of any residual grease is guaranteed.

Use 

The most important use area is in access control for computers. This is especially important for laptops and PDAs. Thanks to the price falling, more and more devices are equipped with sensors. Other devices with built-in fingerprint sensors include USB hard drives, USB memory modules and card readers. They are also available in mice and keyboards.
Sensors are increasingly used to secure financial transactions and change machines for "online" banking. In the future, the owner's fingerprint will be stored securely on identity cards and credit cards and may also be used for authentication of emails using digital signatures.

Direct physical access to rooms and devices can also be ensured by coupling fingerprint sensors with door opening systems.

Construction forms 
There are two construction forms: the stagnant and the moving fingerprint scanner.

 Stagnant: The finger must be dragged over the small scanning area. This is cheaper and less reliable than the moving form.  The image is not very good when the finger is not regularly dragged over the scanning area.
 Moving: The finger lies on the scanning area, while the scanner runs underneath. Because the scanner runs regularly over the fingerprint, the images are better.

Computer hardware
Data input
Authentication methods
324 Bamberga is the 16th biggest asteroid in the Main asteroid belt. It was found by Johann Palisa on February 25, 1892 in Vienna, making it one of the last big (diameter over 200 km) asteroids found. Apart from the near-earth asteroid Eros, it was the last asteroid which is ever easily visible with binoculars to be found.
Although its very high orbital eccentricity means its opposition magnitude varies a lot, at a rare opposition near perihelion Bamberga can reach a magnitude of +8.0, which is as bright as Saturn's moon Titan. Such near-perihelion oppositions happen on a regular cycle every twenty-two years, with the last happening in 1991 and the next in 2013. Its brightness at these rare near-perihelion oppositions makes Bamberga the brightest C-type asteroid, about one magnitude brighter than 10 Hygiea's maximum brightness of around +9.1. At such an opposition Bamberga can in fact be closer to Earth than any main belt asteroid with magnitude above +9.5, getting as close as 0.78 AU. For comparison, 7 Iris never comes closer than 0.85 AU and 4 Vesta never closer than 1.13 AU when it becomes visible to the naked eye in a pollution-free sky.
Overall Bamberga is the tenth brightest main belt asteroid after, in order, Vesta, Pallas, Ceres, Iris, Hebe, Juno, Melpomene, Eunomia and Flora. Its high eccentricity (for comparison 36% higher than that of Pluto), though, means that at most oppositions other asteroids reach higher magnitudes.

It has an unusually long rotation period among the big asteroids. Its spectral class is between the C-type and P-type asteroids.

An occultation of Bamberga was seen on 8 December, 1987, and gave a diameter of about 228 km, in agreement with IRAS results.

References 

Asteroids
Dalpe is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

www.dalpe.ch
Dalpe e Cornone, Informations and pictures
Faido is the capital of the district of Leventina in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland.

It has about 1,600 people and lies in the Leventina valley.

History 
The municipality was first noted in 1171 as Faedo.

In the spring of 2004, the people voted for merging the neighboring municipalities of Chiggiogna, Osco, Mairengo, Calpiogna, Campello, Rossura, Calonico, Anzonico, Cavagnago, and Sobrio. Most of the municipalities did not want to do that, and the new municipality contains only the municipalities of Faido, Chiggiogna, Rossura, and Calonico. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged into the municipality. On 10 April 2016, Sobrio merged into the municipality.

References

Other websites 

 Official website
Frasco was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 17 October 2020, the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

References

Other websites

  Official website  

Former municipalities of Ticino
Gerra (Gambarogno) was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Gerra (Verzasca) was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008, the former municipalities of Cugnasco and Gerra (Verzasca) merged to form the new municipality of Cugnasco-Gerra.

Other websites 

 Official website  

Former municipalities of Ticino
2008 disestablishments in Switzerland
Ghirone was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 22 October 2006, the former municipalities of Aquila, Campo (Blenio), Ghirone, Olivone and Torre merged to form the new municipality of Blenio.

It is no longer a municipality.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
2006 disestablishments in Switzerland
Giornico is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 www.giornico.ch
Giubiasco was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Bellinzona
Gnosca was a municipality, in the municipality of Bellinzona and the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Bellinzona
Gordevio was a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008, Avegno and Gordevio merged to form the new municipality of Avegno Gordevio.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Gordola is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The town was the first time mentioned in a document in 1200.

References

Other websites

 Official website
Giaches de Wert (pronounce: JYA-kes de VERT) (born Flanders, 1535;  died Mantua,  6 May  1596) was a Flemish composer who lived and worked in Italy. He was one of the most important composers of madrigals in the Renaissance period.

Life 
We know very little about his childhood.  Even some of the things about his adult life we are not sure about.  He was born in Flanders, possibly in Ghent.  When he was a boy he was taken to Italy and he stayed there for the rest of his life.

As a boy he was a singer in the household of Maria di Cardona, Marchesa of Padulla, near Naples.  As a young man he lived in Novellara.  He married there, and he had at least six children.

Later he went to live in Milan where he had the job of maestro di capella (music director).  He stayed there until 1565.  Some letters he wrote during that time have survived.  They describe life at the court where he worked.
In 1565 he went to work for the Gonzaga in Mantua and became choir master at the ducal chapel of S. Barbara where he stayed until 1592.  A lot of people were jealous of his good job, especially a man called Bonvicino who made life difficult for him.  It was then found that Bonvicino was having a love affair with de Wert’s wife, so she had to go back to live in Novellara.

De Wert was becoming a very well known composer.  He was offered a job at the emperor’s palace in Prague, but he did not take it.  He travelled to work in various places such as Parma and Novellara.  In Novellara his wife was found to have been plotting against the Gonzaga of Novellara.  She was put in prison where she later died.  There were long arguments in the law court about who should have her property.  In the end, de Wert was given a third of her possessions, and he was given the right to let his children inherit the money.
He worked in Ferrara where he had a love affair with a lady who was of aristocratic birth.  Since he was only a musician he was only a servant, so the lady was sent away from the court.

In his later years he worked for the court at Mantua where the music had become very good because the new ruler, Vincenzo Gonzaga, was very interested in music.  De Wert composed music for the theatre.  His health became poor.  He suffered from malaria during the early 1580s.  He died in Mantua and was buried in the crypt at S Barbara.

Music and influence 
De Wert wrote over 230 madrigals and other secular works.  These were later published in 16 volumes.  He also wrote over 150 sacred pieces (motets, hymns etc.) which showed how well he could write counterpoint.
His madrigals were very modern for their time.  The music was very daring in the way it described the words.  He sometimes used small groups of singers to contrast with one another like a musical conversation.   He was a great influence on later madrigal composers such as  Monteverdi and Gesualdo.

References and further reading 
 Groves Music Online
 Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  ISBN 0-393-09530-4

1535 births
1596 deaths

Renaissance composers
Franco-Flemish composers
Belgian composers
San Gimignano is a small hill town in the province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy. San Gimignano is famous for the medieval towers, and for the wine, called "Vernaccia di San Gimignano".

History 
San Gimignano was founded as a small village in about 1300 BC by the Etruscans. The city is named after Saint Geminianus, who defended it from Attila the Hun in the mid 5th century.

In medieval and Renaissance times, it was a stopping point for pilgrims on their way to Rome and the Vatican as it sits on the medieval via Francigena.

In 1199, during the period of its highest splendour, the city made itself independent from Volterra.

Important places 
There are many churches in the town: the two main ones are the Collegiata, a cathedral, and Sant'Agostino.

The Communal Palace is now the home of San Gimignano Gallery. Hhere there are works by Pinturicchio, Benozzo Gozzoli, Filippino Lippi, Domenico di Michelino, Pier Francesco Fiorentino, and others.
The heart of the town contains the four squares, "Piazza della Cisterna", "Piazza Duomo", "Piazza Pecori", and "Piazza delle Erbe".

Culture 
San Gimignano is the birthplace of the poet Folgore da San Gimignano (1270-1332).

Tea with Mussolini, a 1999 drama about English and American women in Italy during World War II, was filmed in part at San Gimignano.

Images

References 

Towns in Siena
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Wine regions
The Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its headquarters are in Bonn, but it has a second seat in Berlin.

The Ministry was formed on 22 November 2005.

Organisation 
The ministry has two "parliamentary permanent secretaries", Gerd Müller, CSU and Ursula Heinen, CDU, and the top civil servant is Gert Lindemann. He is the "established permanent secretary".

The ministry’s work is done in six departments
 Department 1: Central division
 Department 2: Consumer protection, diet, and biological and genetic engineering
 Department 3: Food safety, the veterinary surgeon
 Department 4: Agricultural markets, planning bases
 Department 5: Rural room, social system, vegetable production, forest and timber industry
 Department 6: EU matters, international matters, fishing

The Federal Ministers

Competition 
The ministry organizes the nationwide competition "Our Village has a Future".
Gorduno was a municipality, in the municipality of Bellinzona and the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Bellinzona
Grancia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 

Municipalities in Lugano
Gravesano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lugano
ACF Fiorentina (Associazione Calcio Fiorentina), often called Fiorentina, is an Italian professional football club from Florence, Tuscany, and was founded in 1926.

History 
Fiorentina have won the Serie A twice, first in 1955/56 then again in 1968/69, as well as winning six Coppa Italia trophies. On the European stage Fiorentina have won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup in 1960/61, they finished runners-up  in the UEFA Cup 1989/90 and they also came close to winning the biggest European prize, finishing as runners-up in the European Cup during 1956/57.

Current squad

Name 
 1926-2002 AC Fiorentina
 2002-2003 Florentia Viola
 2003-present ACF Fiorentina

Nickname 
Fiorentina is known by the nickname La viola; a reference to their distinctive purple colours.

History 
August 26 1926 - With the fusion of Palestra Ginnastica Fiorentina (P.G.F.) Libertas and Club Sportivo Firenze, Fiorentina was born.

1939 - 1940 - Fiorentina wins their first cup, the Coppa Italia.
1955 - 1956 - FIorentina win their first "Scudetto", (the Italian championship).

1920 - 1961 - 2th "Scudetto" is won by Fiorentina.

After the second "Scudetto", Fiorentina won the Cup Winners' Cup.

1960 - the club win the "Coppa Italia" and the Mitropa Cup

1974 - the Viola win the Anglo-Italian League Cup.

1975 - the team won another "Coppa Italia".

1993 - 1994 - Fiorentina were relegated to the Serie B (second division).

Afterwards the team return to the Serie A

1996 - Fiorentina gained their 3rd "Coppa Italia".

2000 - Fiorentina win the "Italian Super Coppa".

2001 -2005 - The team is struck by financial problems, and are moved to the bottom of Italian Football.  They then work their way back up to the Serie A.

Titles won 
 Serie A : 2
 1955/56, 1968/69
 Coppa Italia : 6
 1939/40, 1960/61, 1965/66, 1974/75, 1995/96, 2000/01
 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup : 1
 1960/61

League positions from 2000-2009

League positions from 1929-1999

References

Other websites 
 Sito ufficiale
Italian football clubs
Florence
1926 establishments in Italy
Gresso was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

History 
The municipality was made in 1882 by splitting from the municipality of Vergeletto. On 10 April 2016, the former municipalities of Gresso, Isorno, Mosogno and Vergeletto merged to form the municipality of Onsernone.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2016 disestablishments in Switzerland
Gudo was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Bellinzona
Indemini was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Intragna was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009, the former municipalities of Borgnone, Intragna and Palagnedra merged into the new municipality of Centovalli.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Iragna was a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino and Osogna merged into the new municipality of Riviera.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Iseo was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was incorporated into the comune of Bioggio in 2008.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
2008 disestablishments in Switzerland
Isone is a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Bellinzona
Isorno was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

History 
The former municipality was created in 2001 by a merger of Auressio, Berzona and Loco. On 10 April 2016, the former municipalities of Gresso, Isorno, Mosogno and Vergeletto merged to form the municipality of Onsernone.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2016 disestablishments in Switzerland
Lamone is a municipality in Lugano in Ticino canton in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Lugano
Lavertezzo is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Officail website of the municipality Lavertezzo (Italian)
Lavizzara is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

The municipality was created in 2004 by a merger of Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, Peccia and Prato-Sornico.

References

Other websites

 Official website
Ligornetto was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.  On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites 
 
 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Linescio is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (formerly the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, ) is a Federal Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was founded 1949 as the Federal Ministry of the Economy.

It was combined in May 1971 with the Federal Ministry of Finance to make the Federal Ministry of Economics and Finance. This joining only lasted until December 1972.

In 1998 the technology area of the Ministry of Research and Development was given to the ministry so that it was called Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology. It was joined with the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs to make the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour between 2002 and 2005.

The new Federal Government of Angela Merkel split the two areas so that there is a Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology again.
History 
The ministry has had many names
 1917-1919 - Reichswirtschaftsamt the Reich Economy Office
 1919-1945 - the Reich Ministry of Trade and Commerce
 1946-1949 - the Administration Office for the Economy
 1949-1998 - the Federal Ministry of Economics
 1998-2002 - the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology
 2002-2005 - the Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour
 2005-2013 - Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology
 2013-2021 - Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy
 since 2021 - Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action

Structure of the ministry 
To do its job, the ministry is divided into nine departments, the central division deals with administration, the other divisions deal with a certain area of policy. There are also some independent agencies which report to the ministry
Ministry divisions 
 Z - Central division
 E - European Affairs
 I - Economic policy
 II - Middle class policy
 III - Energy policy
 IV - Industrial policy
 V - International Economic policy
 VI - Communication and post policy
 VII - Technology policy

Authorities 
 Federal cartel office - BKartA, Bonn
 Federal Office of Economy and Export Control - BAFA, Eschborn, Bochum
 Electricity, Gas, Telecommunications, Post and Railways Federal Network Agency - BNetzA, Bonn
 Federal Agency for Foreign Trade - bfai, Cologne
 Federal Institute of Materials Research and Examination - BAM, Berlin
 Physical technological Federal Institute - PTB, Brunswick, Berlin
 Federal Institute of Geowissenschaften and raw material - BGR, Hanover, Berlin
Federal Ministers 
Economics 1949 to 1998 (1971/72: Federal Ministry of Economics and Finance)
 1949-1963: Ludwig Erhard, independent
 1963-1966: Kurt Schmücker, CDU
 1966-1972: Karl Schiller, SPD
 1972: Helmut Schmidt, SPD
 1972-1977: Hans Friedrichs, FDP
 1977-1982: Otto Graf Lambsdorff, FDP
 1982: Manfred Lahnstein, SPD
 1982-1984: Otto Graf Lambsdorff, FDP
 1984-1988: Martin Bangemann, FDP/DVP
 1988-1991: Helmut Hausmann, FDP/DVP
 1991-1993: Jürgen Möllemann, FDP
 1993-1998: Günter Rexrodt, FDP

The ministry had many junior ministers, one who has gone on to a more important political job is Norbert Lammert, CDU, who was parliamentary permanent secretary between 1994 and 1997. Lammert became President of the Bundestag in 2005

Of the ministry's top civil servants, called the "established permanent secretary", Klaus von Dohnanyi is best known. He was established permanent secretary in 1968 and 1969. He is a famous economist and was First Mayor of Hamburg
Federal Minister for Economy and Technology 1998 to 2002
 1998-2002: Werner Müller, independent

Federal Minister for Economics and Labour 2002 to 2005
 2002-2005: Wolfgang Clement, SPD

Federal Minister for Economics and Technology since 2005
 2005-2009: Michael Glos, CSU
 2009: Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, CSU
 2009-2011: Rainer Brüderle, FDP
 2011-2013: Philipp Rösler, FDP

Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy, since 2013
 2013-2017: Sigmar Gabriel, SPD
 2017-2018: Brigitte Zypries, SPD
 2018-2021: Peter Altmaier, CDU
 2021-: Robert Habeck, Grüne

Headquarters
The main headquarters of the ministry is in Invalidenstraße in Berlin-Mitte. It is number of buildings which used to be the Kaiser Wilhelm academy (armed forces medical school) and the old hospital. The second headquarters of the ministry is the old Gallwitz barracks in Bonn-Duisdorf.

References
The Federal Ministry of Education and Research () (BMBF) is a Federal Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. The headquarters of the Ministry are in the so-called "cross buildings" (Kreuzbauten) in Bonn, a second office is in Berlin.

History 
The Federal Ministry of Education and Science was founded as the Federal Ministry for Nuclear Affairs on October 20, 1955. It was renamed the Federal Ministry of Nuclear Affairs and Water-supply and Distribution in 1957, and again in 1962 to Federal Ministry of Scientific Research.

It became the Federal Ministry for Education and Science in 1969 which it kept 1994 up to the reunification with the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology.
The Federal Ministry of Research and Technology had been founded only 1972.

The Ministry got its present name in 1998.

Federal Ministers

References 
Peter Weingart: Das Wissensministerium : ein halbes Jahrhundert Forschungs- und Bildungspolitik in Deutschland VelbruÌck Wiss., Weilerswist 2006,
Locarno is the capital of the Locarno district in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

References

Other websites

 The city of Locarno official website

Cities in Switzerland
Lodrino was a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino, and Osogna merged to form the new municipality of Riviera.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Losone is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Cities in Switzerland
The New Musical Express (better known as the NME) is an Indie and pop music magazine in the United Kingdom. It has been published every week since March 1952. It was the first British magazine to include a singles chart.

History
The magazine's first issue was published on 7 March 1952. It was first published in a non-glossy tabloid format on standard newsprint.

1960s
During the 1960s, the magazine championed the new British groups emerging at the time. The Beatles and The Rolling Stones were frequently on the front cover a lot. These and other artists would also appeared at the NME Poll Winners Concert, an awards event that featured artists voted as most popular by the NME's readers. The concert also featured an awards ceremony where the poll winners would collect their awards.

The later part of the 1960s, the magazine began to report about psychedelia as well as the continuation of articles about British groups of the time.
1970s
In early 1972, with the magazine on the verge of closure by its owners, But a new person became editor and the paper's coverage changed radically from an uncritical to something intended to be smarter, hipper, more cynical and funnier than any mainstream British music paper had previously been (an approach influenced mainly by writers).

In mid-1973, the paper was selling nearly 300,000 copies per week and was outselling its other weekly rivals, Disc, Record Mirror and Sounds.

The year 1976 saw Punk Rock arrive on the music scene and NME, like other "specialist" publications, was slow in reporting and covering this new music phenomenon. In an attempt to boost sales, the paper advertised for a pair of "hip young gunslingers" to join their editorial staff. This resulted in the recruitment of two journalists who made sure the magazine was completely up to date on this new music style. Bands who a few months previously had been criticising the NME were now eager to be included.
The magazine also became more openly political during the time of Punk. Its cover would sometimes feature youth-oriented issues rather than a musical act.

1980s
Sales were dropping, and by 1985 NME had hit a rough patch and was in danger of closing again. During this period, the editors at the magazine were split between those who wanted to write about hip hop, a genre that was relatively new to the UK, and those who wanted to stick to rock music. Sales were apparently lower when photos of hip hop artists appeared on the front and this led to the paper suffering as the lack of direction became even more apparent to readers.

The late eighties and early nineties had a generally weak rock scene in the UK and the paper was forced into giving a high profile to long forgotten bands like Kingmaker and the Railway Children.

1990s
By the end of 1990, although the magazine still supported new British bands, the paper was dominated by American bands, because that was what the music scene in general was about.
Although the period from 1991 to 1993 was dominated by American bands like Nirvana, this did not mean that British bands were being ignored. The NME still covered the Indie scene a lot.

By 1992, some new British bands were beginning to appear. Suede were quickly hailed by the paper as an alternative to the heavy Grunge sound and hailed as the start of a new British music scene. Indie however was still the dominant force, but the rise of new British bands would become something the paper would focus more and more upon.
In April 1994 Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain was found dead, a story which affected not only his fans and readers of the NME, but would see a massive change in British music. Grunge was about to be replaced by Britpop BBC NEWS | Entertainment | Highlights from the Britpop year, a new form of music influenced by British music of the 1960s and British culture. The phrase was coined by NME after the band Blur released their album Parklife in the same month of Cobain's death. Britpop began to fill the musical and cultural void left after Cobain's death, and Blur's success, along with the rise of a new group from Manchester called Oasis saw Britpop gather popularity for the rest of 1994. By the end of the year Blur and Oasis were the two biggest bands in the UK and sales of the NME were increasing thanks to the Britpop effect.
2000s
The new millennium saw the NME focus on new British bands such as Franz Ferdinand and the Kaiser Chiefs who emerged as "indie music" continued to grow in commercial success. This commercial success has led to bands such as the Arctic Monkeys being both successful in the extreme and being championed by the NME; a phenomenon not seen since Britpop.

In December 2005 accusations were made that the NME end of year poll had been edited for commercial and political reasons.NME defends album of year poll | UK news | The Guardian These criticisms were rebutted by McNicholas, who claimed that webzine Londonist.com had got hold of an early draft of the poll.

In 2006 NME won the CocaCola best magazine this century award.

NME.COM
Its first editor was Brendan Fitzgerald. Later Anthony Thornton redesigned the site, focusing on music news. The website was awarded Online Magazine Of The Year in 1999 and 2001 and Anthony Thornton was announced as Website Editor Of The Year on three occasions.
It was awarded 'Best Music Website' at the Record Of The Day awards in October 2005. In 2006 NME.COM celebrated with a party at London's KOKO featuring Leicester band Kasabian and was subsequently awarded the BT Digital Music Award for Best Music Magazine and the first 'Chairman's Award' from the Association of Online Publishers awarded by the Chairman, Simon Waldman.

In 2007 NME.COM was launched in the USA with additional staff and plans to launch its Breaking Bands contest and the NME Awards across the Atlantic.

The site now provides news, reviews, gig listings, and videos as well as featuring downloads, merchandising and message boards.

The website over the last year has shifted it focus to also include tabloid gossip alongside its traditional music news. With regular news articles entitled "Daily Ligger" and "Tabloid Hell."

In 2007 NME.com had a free download from the Verve, and it was the first songs the Verve released since they got back together.
Music magazines
Companies of the United Kingdom
1952 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in the United Kingdom
British weekly magazines
British record charts
Media in the United Kingdom
Pop music
Rock music
Pedernales is a Dominican province; it is in the southwestern part of the country, on the border with Haiti. Its capital city has the same name, Pedernales.

It was created on 16 December 1957. It was a municipality of the Barahona province before being elevated to the category of province.

Name
The province was named after the Pedernales river; this river forms the southern border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. And the river is named Pedernales because the mineral flint () is common in the region.

History
Some native groups lived close to the coast and the River Pedernales before the conquest of the island by European people. But very few people has lived in the region, for most of its history, because it is a very dry region.

In his second travel to America, Christopher Columbus sighted and named part of the present island, including the Beata and Alto Velo islands, that are part of the province.
Until the 20th century, the only people living here were Haitians and many places have French names. Sometimes, during the Dominican-Haitian War (1844-1856), Haitian soldiers came across this region because there were not Dominican soldiers. The only fight between soldiers of the two countries in the territory of the present province was close to the El Can bay, near the town of Juancho, on 6 January 1856.

Since colonial times, the territory was part of the Azua province until it was changed to the Barahona when Barahona became a province in 1881. The province of Pedernales was created in 1957 with the municipalities of Pedernales, its capital, and Oviedo.

Juancho became a municipal district in 1998 and José Francisco Peña Gómez Oviedo in 2005.

Location
The Pedernales province is in the southwest of the country. It is bordered to the north by the province of Independencia, to the northeast by Barahona, to the east, south and west by the Caribbean Sea. To the west Pedernales borders the Republic of Haiti.
Population
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Pedernales province, and 20,345 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km².

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 32nd (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province, the province with fewest people living in it and with the lowest population density.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 33,755 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is Pedernales, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 13,077 inhabitants.

Geography
The Pedernales province has a total area of . It has   of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 7th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
The province is in the Barahona Peninsula. The Sierra de Bahoruco ("Bahoruco mountain range") is in the northern half of the province; its highest mountain, and the highest mountain of the province, is Loma del Toro,  above sea level, in the limits with the Independencia province.

The rest of the province is formed by savannas and plains of limestone rocks. The savannas are close to the coast, as the Sansón Savanna in Oviedo and the Pedernales Savanna around the city of Pedernales.

Several small islands belong to the province. The main islands are Beata and Alto Velo.

The altitude of Pedernales, provincial capital, is  above sea level.

The only important river is the Pedernales river, with its tributary Mulito. The Pedernales river marks the Dominican-Haitian border.
There are several lagoons (a lagoon is a small lake close to the sea) with brackish water. The most important is the Laguna de Oviedo, on the eastern coast and near the town of Oviedo, with an area of . On the western coast, the most important lagoon is Laguna Salada, with an area of .

Climate
The climate of the province is tropical, hot most of the year, but it is cooler on the mountains. It is very dry in the savannas and plains, with long droughts, but rains are common in the high mountains.

Municipalities
There are two municipalities and two municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

Economy
As in all border provinces in the Dominican Republic, there is little economic development. The trade with Haiti is important, above all in the capital city. On the mountains, coffee and beans are important products. Potato, cabbage and other vegetables are produced in the Sierra de Bahoruco.
Fishing is also an important activity in the province, mainly close to the Beata Island, where lobster, conch and several kind of fishes are caught.

Because of the beautiful beaches of the western coast of the province, like Bahía de las Águilas ("Eagles Bay"), tourism is becoming an important economic activity. There are two of the largest national parks of the country: the Jaragua National Park and the Sierra de Bahoruco National Park.

The development of the province was produced by the mining of bauxite (an aluminium ore) but, since 1984,  it has changed to the mining of limestone to send to other countries and for a cement factory.

References

Provinces of the Dominican Republic
1957 establishments
1950s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Wolfenstein 3D is a 1992 first person shooter computer video game. The game was created by id Software. It was released for the PC on May 5, 1992. It was later released for many other systems including Apple computers and Nintendo's SNES console and Game Boy Advance handheld system. Wolfenstein 3D was one of the first first person shooter games. It is said to have created much of the popularity in this type of game. The game was based on the 1980s Muse Software computer games Castle Wolfenstein and Beyond Castle Wolfenstein.

Story
In Wolfenstein 3D, the player controls an American soldier named BJ Blazkowicz. The player is trying to get out of a building controlled by Nazis during World War II. The player must avoid guards and dogs while looking for the way out. Food, medical supplies, ammunition and weapons can be found along the way to help the player.
Gameplay
There are four types of weapons in the game:
 Knife: this weapon is usually only used if the player does not have ammunition for his guns. It can only hurt people standing very close to the character.
 Pistol: this gun is small and weak. It is the gun the player starts with.
 Machine Gun: this is like the pistol except it shoots faster.
 Chaingun: this gun shoots very quickly.

Controversy
Because of the use of Nazi symbols and music in the game, Wolfenstein 3D was banned in Germany. This was because it broke German laws. People also complained about the player having to shoot dogs in the game.

Other websites
 Official website 

Shooter video games
1992 video games
NEC PC-9801 games
Game Boy Advance games
Xbox games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Id Software
Deceiver is the fourth album by American musician Chris Thile, which was released in 2004. The album uses thirty-nine different instruments, which were all played by Thile alone. Some of the instruments played on the album include mandolin, piano, bass guitar, electric guitar, violin, and different types of percussion instruments. In 2005, the album was nominated a Grammy Award, for "Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical" to Deceiver'''s engineers, Thile and Gary Paczosa.

 Musical style 
In an interview from 2007, Chris Thile described what he had in plan for Deceiver: 

 Track listing 
 "Wrong Idea" - 2:37
 "On Ice" - 3:52
 "Locking Doors" - 2:44
 "Waltz For Dewayne Pomeroy" - 3:03
 "Empire Falls" - 2:58
 "I'm Nowhere and You're Everything" - 5:54
 "Jessamyn's Reel" - 1:54
 "The Believer" - 2:35
 "This Is All Real" - 3:27
 "Ready For Anything" - 5:15

All songs on Deceiver'' were written by Chris Thile.
Personnel 
 Chris Thile - Music, Arranger, Producer, Art Direction, Design
 Gary Paczosa - Producer, Engineer
 Wendy Stamberger - Art Direction

References 

Chris Thile albums
2004 albums
The My Trach Massacre was the murder of many people in My Trach Village, My Thuy Commune, Le Thuy District, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam. The massacre took place on 29 November 1947 between 2:00 a.m. and 12:00 p.m.  Soldiers of the French army killed nearly half of the 320 people who lived in the village. Many of the civilians who were killed were women, old people and children.

Quảng Bình province
November events
1947 in Asia
20th century in Vietnam
Massacres in Asia
War crimes
The Anti-submarine boom net was used to stop enemy submarines entering Sydney Harbour during World War II. The net went all the way across the harbour from Green Point, Watson's Bay to Georges Head on the other side. The boom was part of the Sydney Harbour defences which also included artillery batteries and patrol boats.

History
In January 1942, the Australian defence forces began to build the anti-submarine boom net; it was finished in August 1942. For more than three years, entry by boats, ships and ferries into Sydney Harbour was through one of three different gates that were a part of the anti-submarine boom net.
By 10:27pm, Chuma knew that he had been discovered, so he blew up the submarine using bombs, killing himself and his crew. The two other submarines got through the boom net, which at the time was not quite finished. They attacked shipping for many hours before they were destroyed as well.

In August 1945, the boom net was taken away. By early 1946, only the dolphin structure was left. The base of the winch house is the only remaining part of the anti-submarine boom net. It can still be seen at Green Point.

References

Military of Australia
World War II
1940s in Australia
Eurotrash is an American English slang term to describe stereotypical Europeans. These words often will cause rage to Europeans.

Examples 
Broken English speaker
Racist
Metrosexual

Pejoratives
Slurs
This page lists the main local rulers: rulers of dependencies and of the main administrative divisions (autonomous regions, insular or peninsular regions, successors of historical regions or regions with strong identity, regions in the news, etc.)

For national rulers, i.e. heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions or prime ministers who are not heads of government...) of the 194 states usually recognized like that (192 UN members + Vatican City + Taiwan), of 10 other national entities (quasi and unrecognized states), and of 7 in exile and/or alternative governments (only in exile governments that exercised power or succeeded governments that exercised power) :

Dependencies

Autonomous regions and particular administrative divisions - A-L

Autonomous regions and particular administrative divisions - M-Z

Uncertain status autonomous regions

Autonomous subdivisions, etc.

Notes

References
 rulers.org
Heads of government
Local rulers, main
The Virgin Islands are an island group in the Caribbean. It could also mean:

British Virgin Islands
United States Virgin Islands
Adele Laurie Blue Adkins (born 5 May 1988) is an English singer, songwriter, musician and multi-instrumentalist. In 2023, she appeared at number 22 on the Rolling Stone magazine's "200 best singers of all time" list.

Early life
Adele Laurie Blue Adkins was born on 5 May 1988, at North Middlesex University Hospital in Edmonton, London. She is the daughter of a Welshman named Mark Evans and Penny Adkins. She has a half-brother called Cameron. She lived with his father and he started singing from the age of four, She graduated from The BRIT School in Croydon in May 2006. 

In July 2006, Adele published two songs in the fourth issue of online arts magazine PlatformsMagazine.com. After graduation, Adele began to play small shows at venues all over Britain. She has also toured with best friend Jack Peñate, as well as Jamie T, Raul Midon, Devendra Banhart, Amos Lee and Keren Ann since summer 2006. Adele went on her first UK headlining tour in October 2007.
Singing career
Adele's first single released was "Hometown Glory". On it, she sings about Tottenham. The single was released on 22 October 2007 on Jamie T's label Pacemaker Recordings. It is a limited edition 7" vinyl with B-side "Best for Last". She has since signed to independent music label XL Recordings. In January 2008, she released her second single "Chasing Pavements".

Adele has become quite popular on MySpace. She is following the example of fellow Londoner Lily Allen by using the web as a mediafocus and a place to see what people think of her songs. Adele performed Daydreamer on BBC2's Later With Jools Holland, alongside Paul McCartney and Björk. She was next on BBC1's Friday Night with Jonathan Ross on 7 December 2007, singing Chasing Pavements.