Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Unicode support
S-comma was not initially supported in early Unicode versions, nor in the predecessors like ISO/IEC 8859-2 and Windows-1250. Instead, Ş (S-cedilla), a character available since Unicode  1.1.0 (1993), was used for digital texts written in Romanian. In some contexts, like with low-resolution screens and printouts, the visual distinction between ș and ş is minimal. In 1999, at the request of the Romanian Standardization Association, S-comma was introduced in Unicode 3.0. Nevertheless, encoding for the S-comma was not supported in retail versions of Microsoft Windows XP, but a later European Union Expansion Font Update provided the feature. While digital accessibility to S-comma has since improved, both characters continue to be used interchangeably in various contexts like publishing.
The letter is part of Unicode's Latin Extended-B range, under "Additions for Romanian", titled as "Latin capital letter S with comma below" (U+0218) and "Latin small letter s with comma below" (U+0219). In HTML, these can be encoded by &#x0218; and &#x0219;, respectively.

Use of the comma with the letter S

Romanian
The Romanian letter  (S with comma) represents the voiceless postalveolar fricative  (as in "show"). On outdated systems which do not support the glyph, the symbol  (S with cedilla) is used. Example word: .

Character encoding

References

Latin letters with diacritics
The Face in the Sky is a 1933 American romantic comedy movie directed by Harry Lachman and starring Spencer Tracy, Marian Nixon, Stuart Erwin, Sam Hardy, Sarah Padden, Guy Usher. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Plot 
The film is about two sign painters (Spencer Tracy and Stuart Erwin) who find themselves blackmailed by a beautiful woman (Marian Nixon) determined to force Tracy's character into marriage. The film was directed by Harry Lachman and released by Fox Film.

Other websites
 

1933 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Harry Lachman
The Russian Empire national football team was the national football team representing the Russian Empire. It existed from 1910 to 1914.

Managers 
Georges Duperron (1910–1913)
Robert Fulda (1914)

Player records

Most appearances 
Vasily Zhitarev, 8
Nikita Khromov, 6
Vasily Butusov, 5
Andrei Akimov, 4
Pyotr Sokolov, 4

Goals 
Vasily Zhitarev, 4
Vasily Butusov, 1
Aleksandr Krotov, 1
Valentin Sysoyev, 1

Football in Russia
European national football teams
1910 establishments in Europe
1914 disestablishments in Europe
Jang Song-thaek was a North Korean politician and general. Jang was the uncle of the Supreme Leader of North Korea Kim Jong-un through his marriage to Kim Jong-il's sister.

During the final years of Supreme Leader Kim Jong-il's life, Jang Song-thaek was believed to be the de facto ruler of North Korea until Kim-Jong un became Supreme Leader in 2011.

Jong and his wife had a daughter who was born in 1977. She went to study in Paris but refused to return to North Korea and killed herself in 2006.

In December 2013, the North Korean government accused Jang Song-thaek of not being loyal to the Supreme Leader, Kim Jong-un (Jong Sang-Thaek's nephew). Jong Sang-thaek was then executed by shooting on the orders of Kim Jong-un.

References

1946 births
2013 deaths
North Korean people
People executed by firearm
The Power and the Glory is a 1933 American drama movie directed by William K. Howard and starring Spencer Tracy, Colleen Moore, Ralph Morgan, Helen Vinson, Phillip Trent, J. Farrell MacDonald. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Other websites

1933 drama movies
1930s American drama movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by William K. Howard
Movies about suicide
Man's Castle is a 1933 American romantic drama movie directed by Frank Borzage and was based on the play of the same name by Lawrence Hazard. It stars Spencer Tracy, Loretta Young, Marjorie Rambeau, Glenda Farrell, Walter Connolly and was distributed by Columbia Pictures.

Other websites
 
 
 

1933 romantic drama movies
1930s American drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by Frank Borzage
The CIS national football team was a transitional national team. It was created by the Football Federation of the Soviet Union in 1992. It would represent the Commonwealth of Independent States.

European Championship record

Post-Soviet national federations

National federation members of the CIS association

1.  Kazakhstan was an AFC member from 1994 until 2002, when they joined UEFA.

National federations outside the CIS association

Notes

Other websites
USSR National Football Team  (in Russian)

1992 establishments in Europe
European national football teams
"Squid Noir" is the first part of the 9th episode of the 11th season of SpongeBob SquarePants. It was first shown on television on November 10, 2017. The episode is about Squidward's clarinet going missing before playing at an open mic. The episode is shown in black and white. Before the episode was shown on television, fans were able to color the end of the episode. The first time the episode was on television, pictures that fans colored were shown at the end of the episode.

Story 

Squidward tries to play his clarinet at the Krusty Krab to prepare for playing at an open mic. The customers do not like the music and get him kicked out. Squidward tries to play in many other places, but no one wants to hear him play. He tries to play in his house, but his neighbor Patrick does not want to hear him play.
Before the night of the open mic, Squidward takes a nap. When he wakes up, he can not find his clarinet and thinks it was stolen. He goes to SpongeBob thinking that he took it. SpongeBob shows that he was at his grandmother's house when it happened. Squidward and SpongeBob go to the Krusty Krab and do a search on Mr. Krabs. Krabs says that he was counting his money when it happened and could not have taken the clarinet. Squidward and SpongeBob go to a comic book store to search Bubble Bass. SpongeBob and Bubble Bass fight using action figures. Bubble Bass's action figure breaks at the end of the fight. 

Squidward goes back to his house. Patrick finds jelly on where the clarinet last was. Squidward, SpongeBob, and Patrick go to a field and find a jellyfish with Squidward's clarinet. Squidward gets the clarinet back and plays on the open mic that night.

Reception
Reception 

The episode was watched by 1.855 million people when it was first shown on television. John Schwartz of Bubble Blabber liked the black and white look but thought that the episode was "too cliched" (not original). Blake Harper of Fatherly said that the episode is "a hilarious tribute" to the noir genre.

References

Other websites 

SpongeBob SquarePants episodes
2017 television episodes
A post office box or PO box is a rentable, lockable box that is located at a post office, registered under a unique address that is used to receive mail.

Only post office workers and the person or organization renting the box from the post office can get into the PO box.
Postal services
Shanghai Madness is a 1933 American adventure drama movie directed by John G. Blystone and starring Spencer Tracy, Fay Wray, Ralph Morgan, Eugene Pallette, Arthur Hoyt, Albert Conti. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Other websites

1933 drama movies
1930s American adventure movies
1930s American drama movies
Movies directed by John G. Blystone
The Mad Game is a 1933 American crime drama movie directed by Irving Cummings and starring Spencer Tracy, Claire Trevor, Ralph Morgan, J. Carrol Naish, Matt McHugh, Kathleen Burke, Willard Robertson. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Other websites
 
 
 

1933 drama movies
1930s American crime drama movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Irving Cummings
There are four laws of thermodynamics. They talk about temperature, heat, work, and entropy. They are used in thermodynamics and other sciences, for example chemistry.

Thermodynamics has three main laws: the first law, the second law, and the third law. Then there was another law, called the "zeroth law." The law of conservation of mass is also an important idea in thermodynamics, but it is not called law.

Zeroth law 
The zeroth law of thermodynamics says temperature is an empirical parameter in thermodynamic systems. It states the transitive relationship between the temperatures of multiple bodies in thermal equilibrium. The law says: If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First law 
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but can be neither created nor destroyed. It can also be stated in the following form:The energy gained (or lost) by a system is equal to the energy lost (or gained) by its surroundings.

Second law 
The second law of thermodynamics says that some things can't be undone after they are done. This indicates that entropy is real. It states that, in an isolated system, entropy can increase but cannot decrease. It can be stated as follows:Natural processes tend to go only one way, toward less usable energy and more disorder.

Third law 
The third law of thermodynamics can be stated as:A system's entropy approaches a constant value as its temperature approaches absolute zero.

Thermodynamics
Laws of physics
Wake Up and Dream is a 1946 American fantasy drama movie directed by Lloyd Bacon and was based on the novel The Enchanted Voyage by Robert Nathan. It stars John Payne, June Haver, Charlotte Greenwood, John Ireland, Clem Bevans, Lee Patrick, Irving Bacon and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Other websites
 
 
 

1946 drama movies
1940s fantasy movies
American fantasy movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Lloyd Bacon
Wake Island is a 1942 American World War II action drama movie directed by John Farrow and starring Brian Donlevy, Macdonald Carey, Robert Preston, William Bendix, Albert Dekker, Walter Abel, Frank Albertson and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was nominated for 4 Academy Awards in 1943.

Other websites

1942 drama movies
1940s action movies
1942 war movies
American war movies
American action movies
1940s American drama movies
World War II movies
Movies directed by John Farrow
Paramount Pictures movies
Love Me or Leave Me is a 1955 American biographical musical drama movie directed by Charles Vidor and starring Doris Day, James Cagney, Cameron Mitchell, Robert Keith, Tom Tully, Harry Bellaver, Richard Gaines. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was nominated for 6 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1956.

Other websites
 
 
 

1955 drama movies
1950s biographical movies
1955 musical movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
American musical movies
MGM movies
Movies directed by Charles Vidor
The Arizonian is a 1935 American western movie directed by Charles Vidor and starring Richard Dix, Margot Grahame, Preston Foster, Francis Ford, Louis Calhern, Hattie McDaniels. It was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.

Other websites

 

1935 movies
1930s Western (genre) movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies directed by Charles Vidor
Modular exponentiation is about finding the value of the equation c = be mod m. This is the remainder when dividing be by m. It is the inverse function of the discrete logarithm. Because modular exponentiation is easy and fast, and finding the discrete logarithm is difficult, both are used in fields such as public-key cryptography.

Right-to-left binary method 
When dealing with very large whole numbers, directly finding the result can be very resource intensive. We can make some optimisations to save computation power with principles like exponention by squaring.

Let's solve c = be mod m:
If m is 1, then we know that c must be 0 because every whole number is divisible by 1.
 Pull the number 1 aside and name it r.
 Find b mod m and replace b with the result.
 While e is larger than 0 do the following:
 If e is an odd number:
 Find  and replace r with the result.
 Halve e and round it down to the nearest whole number. Then replace e with the result.
 Find  and replace b with the result.
 Your answer will now be r.

Mathematical analysis
Young Tom Edison is a 1940 American biographical drama movie directed by Norman Taurog and starring Mickey Rooney, Fay Bainter, George Bancroft, Virginia Weidler, Eugene Pallette, Victor Kilian, Bobby Jordan, Spencer Tracy. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was followed up by 1940 Edison, the Man.

Other websites
 
 
 

1940 drama movies
1940s biographical movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Norman Taurog
Northwest Passage is a 1940 American western adventure movie directed by King Vidor and was based on the 1937 novel of the same name by Kenneth Roberts. It stars Spencer Tracy, Robert Young, Walter Brennan, Ruth Hussey, Nat Pendleton, Louis Hector, Isabel Jewell, Addison Richards and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1941.

Other websites
 
 
 

1940 adventure movies
1940s Western (genre) movies
1940s American adventure movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by King Vidor
Pierre Mercier (2 March 1937 – 13 November 2020) was a Canadian politician. He was a member of the Quebec Liberal Party. Mercier was born in Montmagny, Quebec. He was a member of the National Assembly of Quebec for Bellechasse from 1973 to 1976.

Mercier died on 13 November 2020 in Quebec City at the age of 83.

References

1937 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Quebec
was a Japanese sprinter. He competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics.

Okano died in Tokyo on 17 November 2020 from problems caused by a subarachnoid hemorrhage at the age of 90.

References

1930 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from subarachnoid hemorrhage
Japanese Olympians
Japanese athletes
Sprinters
was a Japanese artist of manga. He was known as the Gag Manga King. He won the Shogakukan Manga Award in 1964 for Osomatsu-kun and the Bungeishunjū Manga Award in 1971 for Tensai Bakabon. 

In April 2002 he was hospitalized for a subdural hematoma and was in a coma from 2004 until his death. On August 2, 2008, he died of pneumonia at a hospital in Bunkyō, Tokyo.

References

1935 births
2008 deaths
Deaths from subdural hematoma
Deaths from pneumonia
Japanese manga artists
was a Japanese movie director and screenwriter. He was known for directing and writing the cult-classic Godzilla vs. Hedorah.

He was an executive producer on the Legendary Pictures's American Godzilla movies, Godzilla (2014) and Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019). He was born in Imabari, Japan.

Banno died of problems caused by a subarachnoid hemorrhage in Kawasaki, Japan on May 7, 2017 at the age of 86.

References

1931 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from subarachnoid hemorrhage
Japanese movie directors
Japanese screenwriters
Uriah Adolphus Ashley Maclean (1 February 1944 – 25 November 2020) was a Panamanian Roman Catholic bishop. Ashley Maclean was born in Panama City. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1979. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Penonomé, Panama, from 1993 to 2015. He then was titular bishop of Agbia and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Panama, Panama, from 2015 to 2019.

Ashley Maclean died in Panama City on 25 November 2020 at the age of 76.

References

1944 births
2020 deaths
Roman Catholic bishops
People from Panama City
Dimitar Simeonov Largov (; 10 September 1936 – 26 November 2020) was a Bulgarian football midfielder. He played for Bulgaria in the 1966 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Septemvri Sofia and Slavia Sofia. 

He also competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.

Largov died on 26 November 2020 at the age of 84.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
Bulgarian footballers
Bulgarian Olympians
The Austrian Parliament () is the bicameral federal legislature of the Austrian Republic. It is made up of two chambers: the National Council and the Federal Council. 

In specific cases, both houses meet as the Federal Assembly. The legislature meets in the Austrian Parliament Building in Vienna.

Other websites
The Austrian Parliament - Official Homepage

Government of Austria
Bicameral legislatures
National legislatures
The Federal Assembly () is the name given to a formal joint session of the two houses of the bicameral Austrian Parliament, the National Council and the Federal Council. It is chaired by the presidents of the two parliamentary chambers.

Since 1945, the assembly has only met to swear the elected President of Austria into office.

Other websites
Official website 

Government of Austria
Austria
The National Council () is one of the two houses of the Austrian Parliament. It is known as the lower house. The constitution gives the National Council with more power than the Federal Council. The 183 members of the National Council are elected by nationwide popular vote for a term of five years.

References

Government of Austria
Austria
The Federal Council (, ) is the upper house of the Austrian Parliament, representing the nine States of Austria on federal level. 

It is part of a bicameral legislature alongside of the National Council. It can be compared with an upper house or a senate. It is less powerful than the National Council.

The Bundesrat has its seat at the Austrian Parliament Building in Vienna. The Parliament Building is where the Federal Council meets in the Hofburg.

References

Government of Austria
Austria
The BFG is a 1989 British animated movie produced by Cosgrove Hall Films. Based on the 1982 book of the same name by Roald Dahl. It was directed by Brian Cosgrove and written by John Hambley. The movie was first shown on 25 December 1989 on ITV in the UK.

The movie was dedicated to animator George Jackson, who had worked on numerous Cosgrove Hall productions prior to his death in 1986. This movie is also the last and posthumous role of Ballard Berkeley (voice of the Head of the Army), who died in 1988.

References

Other websites

1989 animated movies
British animated movies
Movies based on books
1980s English-language movies
1989 drama movies
Movies about giants
Movies about dreams
Movies set in London
Daria Nicolodi (19 June 1950 – 26 November 2020) was an Italian actress, producer and screenwriter. She was born in Florence, Italy. Her career began in 1970. 

Her best known roles were in Deep Red (1975),  Inferno (1980), Tenebrae (1982), Phenomena (1985), and Opera (1987).

From 1974 until 1985, she was in a relationship with Dario Argento. They had two children; including actress Asia Argento.

Nicolodi died on 26 November 2020 in Rome at the age of 70.

References

1950 births
2020 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Italian screenwriters
Italian movie producers
Actors from Florence
Teresita Tan Sy-Coson (born October 1950) is a Filipina businesswoman. She is the vice chairman of SM Investments Corporation (SMIC). The company is one of the Philippines' largest public holding companies. The company was started by her late father Henry Sy. Coson is also the chairman of BDO Unibank. She was recognized as Fortune's 50 Power Business Women.

References 

Living people
Filipino businesspeople
Hafez Abu Seada (; 1965 – 26 November 2020) was an Egyptian politician and human rights activist. He was Chairman of the Egyptian Organization for Human rights. He was known for his campaigns against torture and police brutality in Egypt. Abu Seada was also member of the National Council for Human Rights. He was born in Cairo, Egypt.

Abu Seada died in Cairo on November 26, 2020 from COVID-19 at the age of 55.

References

Egyptian politicians
1965 births
2020 deaths
Human rights activists
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt
Parviz Poorhosseini (Persian: پرویز پورحسینی, September 11, 1941 – November 27, 2020) was an Iranian actor. He was best known for his roles in Bashu, the Little Stranger (1989), The Fifth Season (1997) and Saint Mary (1997). Poorhosseini had appeared in more than 35 movies, over 70 TV shows and 60 theater performances. 

Poorhosseini died in Tehran on November 27, 2020 from COVID-19 at the age of 79.

References

Other websites

1941 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran
Actors from Tehran
Aly Zaker (6 November 1944 – 27 November 2020) was a Bangladeshi actor, businessman, director and writer. He was the owner of Asiatic Marketing Communications Limited. He was born in Chittagong Division, Bengal Presidency, British India.

Zaker was a freedom fighter during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.

He was known for starring in the movies Agami (1984) and Nodir Naam Modhumoti (1996). He also starred in the television series Bohubrihi and Aaj Robibar.

Zaker died at a Dhaka hospital on 27 November 2020 from COVID-19, three weeks after his 76th birthday.

References

1944 births
2020 deaths
Bangladeshi movie actors
Bangladeshi businesspeople
Bangladeshi movie directors
Bangladeshi writers
Stage actors
Television actors
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh
People from Chittagong Division
Noëlla Rouget (25 December 1919 – 22 November 2020) was a French resistant and teacher. She spoke of her experiences in the 1980s in Switzerland, Haute-Savoie, and Ain. She was born in Saumur, France.

Rouget died in Geneva on 22 November 2020 at the age of 100.

Written works
"Paule de Schoulepnikoff" (1995)
"Un bouquet en liberté pour notre Présidente" (2002)
Entre mémoire collective et mémoire familiale : l'héritage d'un trauma collectif lié à la violence totalitaire : étude exploratoire sur la transmission transgénérationnelle… (2006)
Retour à la vie : l'accueil en Suisse romande d'anciennes déportées françaises de la Résistance, 1945-1947 (2013)
"Le chemin du retour de Ravensbrück" (2015)
"Noëlla Rouget, la force du pardon" (2019)

References

1920 births
2020 deaths
French centenarians
French World War II resistance members
Writers from Pays de la Loire
People from Maine-et-Loire
Arthur Hervet (11 November 1938 – 23 November 2020) was a French Roman Catholic priest. He was a member of the Assumptionists. He was known for his fight for Romani people. He was born in Bannalec, France.

In the mid-1980s, Hervet became chaplain of a Church boat in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine called the Je Sers. He founded the association La Pierre Blanche which helped the homeless and former prisoners.

Hervet died in Lille on 23 November 2020 at the age of 82.

References

1938 births
2020 deaths
French Roman Catholic priests
Kamen Tchanev () (27 August 1964 – 26 November 2020) was a Bulgarian operatic tenor. He was born in Sliven, Bulgaria. He won the Jussi Björling International Competition for Tenors in 1994. 

Tchanev made recordings for the Bulgarian National Radio, RAI-2, Italy and in 1999 he recorded with Plovdiv Philharmonic Orchestra, Nayden Todorov conducting a CD production for the American label MMO. His career began in 1993.

Tchanev died on 26 November 2020 in Stara Zagora, Bulgaria from COVID-19, aged 56.

References

1964 births
2020 deaths
Bulgarian singers
Tenors
Stage actors
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Bulgaria
Celestino Vercelli (10 August 1946 – 26 November 2020) was an Italian professional racing cyclist. He rode in the 1971 and 1976 Tour de France.

Vercelli died on 26 November 2020 at the age of 74.

References

1946 births
2020 deaths
Tour de France cyclists
Italian cyclists
Cheng Pei-pei (born 6 January 1946) is a Chinese actress. She was born in Shanghai, China. Cheng is best known for her role  in the 1966 King Hu wuxia movie Come Drink with Me. She is more known for her role as Jade Fox in the award-winning 2000 wuxia movie  Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon.

References

1946 births
Living people
Chinese movie actors
Chinese television actors
Chinese stage actors
Chinese voice actors
Actors from Shanghai
Tzi Ma (; born June 10, 1962) is a Hong Kong-American actor.

He is well known for his roles in television shows, such as The Man in the High Castle and 24.

He also starred in the movies Dante's Peak, Rush Hour, Rush Hour 3, Arrival, The Farewell, and Tigertail.

His family moved to New York City in 1967 due to political problems in Hong Kong.

References

1962 births
Living people
Hong Kong actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Staten Island
The common Chinese tree frog or Chinese tree toad (Hyla chinensis) is a tree frog from China.  People have seen it in the middle of China and in parts of Taiwan and Vietnam.  It lives between 200 and 1000 meters above sea level.

The adult frog is 25 to 33 cm long from nose to rear end.  The female frogs are larger than the male frogs.  This frog has a wide head.  This frog is dark green on the back with a yellow belly and a brown mouth.  It has a black stripe near each eye and black spots on its sides.  Adult frogs sit in trees, smaller plants, and rice fields, sometimes in groups.

Scientists say this frog is related to Hyla arborea.

References

Frogs of Asia
The Order of Nine Angles (also called ONA or O9A) is a Satanic group based in the United Kingdom. The group say that the organization was created in the 1960s. The organisation became popular in the 1980s, because of its Neo-Nazi beliefs.

The ONA believe that human history can be broken up into nine aeons - groups of time each representing a human civilization.  They want to create a government based on Satanism, Fascism and Social Darwinism, which is the idea that both people and countries succeed because they are naturally better than other people or countries. (Social Darwinism has been proven to be wrong.)  Some parts of the ONA say people should rape women and children.  According to the BBC, pedophiles have joined the ONA.

The government of the United Kingdom says one part of the ONA, the Sonnenkrieg Division, is a terrorist organization.  The Sonnenkrieg Division is now illegal in the United Kingdom.

References

Neo-Nazism
Political organisations in the United Kingdom
Love Marie Payawal Ongpauco-Escudero (born February 14, 1985) known as Heart Evangelista is a Filipina actress and TV host. She is married to Chiz Escudero and also referred to as the first lady of Sorsogon.

References 

Filipino actors
Dutch Americans (Dutch: Nederlandse Amerikanen), not to be confused with the Pennsylvania Dutch, are Americans of Dutch descent whose ancestors came from the Netherlands. Dutch settlement in the Americas started in 1613 with New Amsterdam, which was exchanged with the English for Suriname at the Treaty of Breda (1667) and renamed to New York City. The English split the Dutch colony of New Netherland into two pieces, and named them New York and New Jersey. More immigration occurred in the 19th and 20th centuries.

References

Ethnic groups in the United States
The Australian Shepherd, or sometimes referred to as the Aussie Shepherd, is a medium-sized breed of dog which was developed in the United States, despite it's name.

It is very similar in it's appearance to the  English Shepherd and Border Collie, and indeed, studies have shown they are very similar in relation. Like many herding dogs, they show considerable drive and energy, being best at jobs such as search and rescue dogs, disaster dogs, therapy dogs, guide dogs, etc. For these reasons, they have become the 17th most popular dog breed in the United States.

Physical trait information

Size 
The Australian Shepherd is usually a medium-sized breed. They can weigh from  and stand from  in height. The Australian Shepherd Club of America (ASCA) standard says the Australian shepherd must stand between  at the shoulders, females being  and males measuring ; however, quality is not to be sacrificed in favor of size.

Color
Color 

The known Aussie colors are solid black, solid red (liver), blue merle, and red/liver merle; and these colors may also have copper (tan) points or white markings in various combinations on the face, chest, and legs. A black or red dog with copper and white trim is called 'tricolor' or 'tri', while a black or red dog with white trim but no copper is called 'bicolor' or 'bi'. White, rather than skin color, on or around the ears is an indicator of increased risk for deafness. Too much white on the face and ears can place an individual dog at greater risk for sunburn and subsequent skin cancer.
The wide variety of color comes from the color allele, which is either black (B) dominant or red (b), and the dominant merle allele (M). Together, these provide four coat-color aspects that can appear in any combination:
 Black tri, with copper points, white markings, or both on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly - solid black dogs are equally wanted as ones with copper or white.
 Red (liver) with or without copper points or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly - either white or copper points are required. Solid red dogs are equally wanted as ones with copper or white.
 Blue merle (a patchwork of gray and black) with or without copper points or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly - neither white nor copper points are required. Solid Merle dogs are equally desirable as ones with copper or white.
Red merle (a patchwork of cream and red/liver) with or without copper points or white markings on the face, collar, legs, chest, underbelly - neither white nor copper points are required. Solid Merle dogs are equally desirable as ones with copper or white.
The merle allele, which produces a mingled or patchwork combination of dark and light areas, is the coat pattern most commonly associated with the breed. This merle (M) is dominant, so heterozygous dogs (Mm) show the pigmentation pattern; however, when two merles are bred, the statistical risk is 25% of the offspring will end up with the two copies of the merle gene (homozygous). These dogs usually have a mostly white coat and blue irises and are often deaf, blind, or both. In this case, the deafness and blindness are linked to having two copies of the merle gene, which disrupts pigmentation and produces these health defects. The tri-colored (red, black, and white) Merles will have a 1/4 chance of being blind because of the genes when breeding two Merle colored dogs for the recessive fur color.

All black and blue merle dogs have black noses, eye rims, and lips. All red and red merle dogs have liver or brown noses, eye rims, and lips.
Also, variety is seen in the Aussie's eye color, and they are often heterochromatic. An early nickname for the breed was "ghost-eye dog". Aussie eyes may be any shade of brown or blue; they may have two different colored eyes, or even have bicolored or "split eyes" (for example, a half-brown, half-blue eye), which appear to be similar to the merle coloration. Merled eyes exist where one color is mixed in and swirled with another. Any combination of eye color is fine in the breed standard, so long as the eyes are healthy. In general, however, black Aussies (self, bi-color, or tri-color) tend to have brown eyes, while red (self, bi-color, or tri-color) Aussies usually have amber eyes, though these Aussies may also carry the blue-eyed gene.

The merle type in Australian Shepherds is very similar to the coat color in Mitf mouse mutants.
Tail 
Although some Aussies are born with naturally bobbed or partially bobbed (stubby) tails, the majority are born with full, long tails. Breeders have historically docked the tails when the puppies are born. In the United States and Canada, the standard calls for a natural bob or docked tail not to exceed four inches as a defining characteristic. Any natural tail length is permitted when showing in Europe, where cutting off a part of their tail has been banned in most countries, including the United Kingdom.

References 

Dog breeds originating in the United States
FCI breeds
The English shepherd or farm collie, is a breed of dog from the United States.  Even though it is called English, it is not from England. British settlers brought its ancestors to the New World when the British colonized North America.

The UKC Breed Standard for this dog breed, requires:

• The head is to be of medium length, and slightly rounded between the ears. The head and neck are carried slightly raised. 

• The skull is wide and flat above the eyes, broad between the ears.

• Teeth are "strong and regular".

• Ears to be wide at the base.

• Eyes are dark or medium brown, slightly round. Expresses character "strong and intelligently".

• Neck to be well-muscled, and arched.

• Shoulders well laid back, shoulder blade and upper arm of equal length.

• Legs are straight and muscular, not too short.

• Body length is about the same as the height of the withers, (ridge of shoulder blades). Chest is deep, extending down to the elbows. Topline level, ribs well sprung.
• Wide and muscular hindquarters, very compact.

• Feet are compact and round, arched toes.

• Tail moderately long, with the tip reaching to the hock joint. Slight curve, but when dog is at rest should not be held straight up.

• Coat glossy, thick and soft. It may be straight, wavy or curly, except for the face and skull. Fully covers body, good furnishing on hind legs. Tail rather plum, undercoat soft and fine.

References

Dog breeds originating in the United Kingdom
Wang Jianlin (Chinese: 王健林; born 24 October 1954) is a Chinese billionaire businessman, investor, and philanthropist. He is the founder of Dalian Wanda Group. It is China's largest real estate development company.

References 

Chinese businesspeople
Living people
Roshni Nadar Malhotra (born 1980/1981) is an India businesswoman. She is wealthiest woman in India and the chairperson of HCL Technologies. She is the first woman to a publicly-listed IT company in India. In 2019, Nadar ranked 54th on the Forbes World's 100 Most Powerful Women list.

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Indian businesspeople
Norwegian Americans (Bokmål: Norskamerikanere, Nynorsk: Norskamerikanarar) are Americans with ancestral roots in Norway.  Norwegian immigrants went to the United States mostly in the latter half of the 19th century and the first few decades of the 20th century.

References

Ethnic groups in the United States
Léon is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in south-western France.

Related pages 
 Communes of the Landes department

References 

Communes in Landes
Hatzegopteryx ("Hațeg basin wing") is a genus of azhdarchid pterosaur. It was found in Transylvania, Romania. It is known only from the type species, Hatzegopteryx thambema, named in 2002 based on parts of the skull and humerus. Additional fossils, including a neck vertebra, were included later. The largest of these remains shows that the Hatzegopteryx was one of the biggest pterosaurs, with an estimated wingspan of .

It is unusual because it had a very wide skull with large muscular attachments. The bones had a soft internal texture instead of being hollow. it had a short, robust, and heavily muscled neck  long. This short neck was about half the length of other azhdarchids. The neck could withstand strong bending forces. Hatzegopteryx lived on Hațeg Island, an island in the Cretaceous subtropics within the prehistoric Tethys Sea. It was probably the apex predator of Hațeg Island, tackling larger prey (including dwarf titanosaurs and iguanodontians) than other azhdarchids.

References
References

Pterosaurs
Animals of Europe
The French Football Federation (FFF) () is the governing body of football in France. It also is the governing body of football in Monaco. It was formed in 1919. It is based in Paris, which is the capital of France. The FFF was a founding member of FIFA.

References

Other websites
Official site 
 France at FIFA site
 France at UEFA site

1919 establishments in France
Football in France
Association football governing bodies in Europe
Day Without Art also written as Day With(out) Art (short: DWA) is an annual event where art museums and other organizations organize programs related to AIDS, people who have died, and to inspire positive action.

History 
Day Without Art began started in 1989. It was response to the AIDS crisis as many artists also died of AIDS. The day coincides with World AIDS Day, which began the year before.

800 U.S. art and AIDS groups participated in the first Day Without Art. Museums were sending staff to volunteer at AIDS services, or sponsoring special exhibitions of work about AIDS. Day With(out) Art grew in collaborations to estimated 8,000 national and international museums, galleries, art centers, AIDS service organizations, libraries, high schools and colleges take part.
New York group called "Visual AIDS" (now NGO), initiated public actions and programs, published an annual poster and copyright-free broadsides, and acted as press coordinator and clearing house for projects for Day Without Art/World AIDS Day. Day With(out) Art highlights art projects by artists living with HIV/AIDS, and art about AIDS, that were taking place around the world.

In 2014, the Los Angeles art collective, My Barbarian, staged a video performance in remembrance of Pedro Zamora, inspired by the queer theorist, José Esteban Muñoz's theory of counterpublicity.

In 2020, due to pandemic VisualAIDS organized online programming featuring commissioned diverse video works from different parts of the world and talks to authors. Programing was done in multiple languages and done both in in NYC and around the world at different times in different timezones with different partner organizations.

References
References

Other websites
 VisualAIDS.org: official Day Without Art website
 http://www.thebody.com/visualaids/dwa/dwa2006.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080908013708/http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmag/bk_issue/2005/winter/feature3.html

1989 establishments
LGBT events
HIV/AIDS
Art exhibitions
The Zazas (also known as Kird, Kirmanc or Dimili) are an Iranian people in eastern Turkey who traditionally speak the Zaza language, a western Iranian language written in the Latin script. Their homeland is made of Tunceli and Bingöl provinces and parts of Elazığ, Erzincan and Diyarbakır provinces. Zazas generally say that they are Kurds. They are often named Zaza Kurds by scholars.

Religion

Sunnism 
Predominantly Zazas adhere to Sunni Islam. According to a 2015 study that examined the voting-age adults of the Eastern and Southern Anatolia 75.4% of the people who stated that they were ethnically Zazas belonged to the Shafiʽi school of Islam, similar to Kurdish groups, but in contrast to local Turkish and Arab people who were majority Hanafi. Shafi‘i followers among the Zaza people are mostly Naqshbandi.
Alevism 
Alevism is the second largest Islamic sect among Zazas with 14.8% adhering to it. Zazas had the highest Alevi percentage among any group by far, being followed by Turks (5.4%) and Kurds (3.1%). It was also reported that around 70% of the Alevis spoke Zazaki as their mother language. Zaza Alevis mainly live around Tunceli Province. Hanafism, which is the biggest Islamic school in both Turkey and among the Turkish and Arabic people in the region, is followed by 9.8% of Zazas.

Shia 
Historically, a small Shia Zaza population existed in Gerger.

Related articles 
Zaza language

Notes

Bibliography

Further reading
 I. International Symposium on Zaza Language (2011)
 II. International Symposium on Zaza History and Culture (2012)
Faruk İremet, "Zonê Ma Zazaki" (Dilimiz Zazaca), (Our language Zaza and Zazas
Did a Genocide Take Place in the Dersim region of Turkey in 1938? ÖI Boztas - Strassler Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 2015 - academia.edu
 Munzur Çem, "Kirmanjki (Zazaki) Speaking Kurds And Their Ethnic Identity". Institute Kirmancki (Zazaki)
Unknown peoples; Zazas
CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE RELIGIONS OF THE ZAZA PEOPLE

Zaza
Two Years Before the Mast is a 1946 American adventure movie directed by John Farrow and was based on the 1840 memoir of the same name by Richard Henry Dana Jr.. It stars Alan Ladd, Brian Donlevy, William Bendix, Barry Fitzgerald, Albert Dekker, Howard Da Silva, Darryl Hickman, Roman Bohnen and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.

Other websites

 

1946 adventure movies
1940s historical movies
American adventure movies
Movies directed by John Farrow
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies set in the 19th century
Movies set in the 1830s
Movies set in Boston
Sheila Mary Nelson (5 March 1936 – 16 November 2020) was an English musician, music educator, writer and composer. She had played with the English Chamber Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the Menuhin Festival Orchestra.

She was best known as a violin and viola teacher. 

Nelson was co-author of the Essential String Method series and author/composer of many other music instruction books, published by Boosey & Hawkes. 

She was an Honorary Member of the Royal Academy of Music (Hon RAM).

Nelson died on 16 November 2020 from Alzheimer's disease.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
English composers
British teachers
Musicians from London
Writers from London
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Claire Boudreau,  (1965 – 18 November 2020) was a Canadian historian, genealogist, and officer of arms. She was a herald in the Canadian Heraldic Authority from 17 March 1997 until 20 May 2020.

On May 20, 2020, Boudreau was appointed Margaree-Chéticamp herald emeritus and succeeded as Chief Herald of Canada by Samy Khalid.

On 18 November 2020, she died from cancer at the age of 55.

References

1965 births
2020 deaths
Canadian historians
Cancer deaths in Canada
Genealogists
Rose Marie Battaglia  (1929 – 24 November 2020) was an American basketball coach. She coached at both high school and college levels, before retiring in 1989. She was added into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2018. 

Battaglia began her coaching career at Paramus Catholic High School in New Jersey. She also coached at Bergen Community College and at Iona College. She also coached at St Michael's in Union City and Benedictine Academy in Elizabeth.

Battaglia died on 24 November 2020 in Bergen County, New Jersey from lung cancer at the age of 91.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in New Jersey
Camilla Dolores Wicks (August 9, 1928 – November 25, 2020) was an American violinist. She was one of the first female violinists to create a major international career. Her performing career included solo appearances with leading European and American symphony orchestras including the New York Philharmonic, Philadelphia Orchestra and Chicago Symphony Orchestra.

Wicks died on November 25, 2020 at the age of 92.

References

1928 births
2020 deaths
American violinists
Musicians from Long Beach, California
George Holmes Carley (September 24, 1938 – November 26, 2020) was an American lawyer and judge. He was born in Jackson, Mississippi. Carley was on the Supreme Court of Georgia from March 1993 until July 2012. He also was acting as Chief Justice for the last two months of his term.

On November 26, 2020, Carley died of COVID-19 in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 82.

References

1938 births
2020 deaths
Lawyers from Georgia (U.S. state)
American judges
People from Jackson, Mississippi
People from Decatur, Georgia
Politicians from Mississippi
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Lawyers from Mississippi
Alfonso Milián Sorribas (15 January 1939 – 26 November 2020) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in La Cuba, Spain. He became a priest in 1962.

He was titular bishop of Diana and as Auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zaragoza, Spain, from 2000 to 2004 and as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Barbastro-Monzón, Spain, from 2004 to 2014.

Milián Sorribas died on 26 November 2020 in Zaragoza, Spain at the age of 81.

References

1939 births
2020 deaths
Spanish Roman Catholic bishops
Kevin Lobdell Burnham (December 21, 1956 – November 27, 2020) was an American two-time Olympic medalist and was a sailor. He won the silver medal at the 1992. He won a gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics. Burnham was born in New York City.

Burnham died on November 27, 2020 from problems caused by lung disease, aged 63.

References

1956 births
2020 deaths
American Olympic gold medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from New York City

American sailors
Špiro Guberina (1 March 1933 – 27 November 2020) was a Croatian actor. He was born in Šibenik, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. His career began in 1957. He was known for his roles as Marko in The Secret of an Old Attic (1984), Stari in Agonija (1998) and as the Priest in The Last Will (2001).

Guberina died on 27 November 2020 in Zagreb, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 

1933 births
2020 deaths
Croatian actors
Tony Hsieh ( ; ; December 12, 1973 – November 27, 2020) was an American businessman and venture capitalist. He retired as the CEO of the online shoe and clothing company Zappos in August 2020. He became CEO in 1999. 

Hsieh co-founded the Internet advertising network LinkExchange, which he sold to Microsoft in 1998 for $265 million. He was born in Illinois, but raised in San Francisco, California and Las Vegas, Nevada.

On November 18, 2020, Hsieh was injured in a house fire in New London, Connecticut while visiting family for Thanksgiving. He was trapped in the basement during the fire. He died a week later on November 27 at a Bridgeport hospital from his injuries, aged 46.

References

1973 births
2020 deaths
American chief executives
Businesspeople from Illinois
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Businesspeople from Las Vegas
Deaths from fire
Accidental deaths in the United States
Writers from Illinois
Writers from Las Vegas
Mohsen Fakhrizadeh Mahabadi (; 195827 November 2020) was an Iranian nuclear physicist. He was a professor of physics at Imam Hussein University in Tehran.

Career
He also was a brigadier general in the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, senior scientist in the Ministry of Defence and Armed Forces Logistics and the former head of the Physics Research Center (PHRC) at Lavizan-Shian.

Fakhrizadeh was believed by many countries as being in charge of Iran's nuclear programme, Project 111, which tried to help the country create a nuclear bomb.

Murder
On 27 November 2020, Fakhrizadeh was assassinated while traveling in a car near Tehran. The attack began when a truck carrying explosives hidden under a load of wood exploded near Fakhrizadeh's car. A second car was destroyed with a bomb.

More readings

References

1958 births
2020 deaths
Physicists
Iranian military people
Assassinated  Iranian people
Murders by firearm
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) ( or Sepâh for short) is a military branch of the Iranian government Armed Forces. It was founded after the Iranian Revolution on 22 April 1979 by order of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

References

Organisations based in Iran
A whistleblower (also written as whistle-blower or whistle blower) is a person, usually an employee, who gives information about a private, public, or government organization, that is seen as illegal, unsafe, or a waste, fraud, or abuse of taxpayer funds. 

Over 83% of whistleblowers report to a supervisor, human resources, or a neutral third party within the company. A whistleblower can also contact someone outside of the organization, like the media, government, or police.

References

Crime
The Higher School of Mechanics of the Navy (in Spanish, Escuela Superior de Mecánica de la Armada, commonly known by its acronym ESMA), was originally an educational facility of the Argentine Navy. It was used as an illegal, secret detention center during the Dirty War of military dictatorship.

References

Buildings and structures in Buenos Aires
The Australian Cattle Dog, or simply referred to as Cattle Dog, is a herding dog, and, as the name suggests, originates from Australia.

The Australian Cattle Dog is an extremely intelligent, active and sturdy dog breed. Developed by Australian settlers for handling herds of cattle, (also suggested by the name), they are still used today as a herding dog. They thrive on having a job to do, and being part of family activities.

References 

Dog breeds originating in Australia
FCI breeds