Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Jean Robieux (15 October, 1925; Jugon-les-Lacs – 14 June 2012; Chatenay-Malabry) was a French physicist. Graduate from École Polytechnique (1946-1949), École nationale de l'aviation civile (1949-1951), Doctor of Science from University of Paris and holder of a Master of Science from the California Institute of Technology, he is a leading French specialist in laser.
He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences and of the Académie des Technologies (Academy of Technologies).

Works 
Jean Robieux is responsible for the discovery of the principle of control of laser fusion in 1961 and the discovery of the principle of laser isotope separation. All contributions are outlined in his book « High Power Laser Interactions : Isotopes Separation - Nuclear Fusion Control - Elementary Particles Selective Creation ».
Bibliography 
 High Power Interactions : Isotopes separation - Nuclear fusion control - Elementary particles selective creation. Ed. Lavoisier-2000
 Towards the end of global warming. Abundant energy without pollution. Laser nuclear fusion». Ed.Louis de Broglie-2009

Award 
 Officier of the Légion d'honneur (2000)

Other websites 
  Interview vidéo de monsieur Jean Robieux sur la fusion nucléaire par laser 
  La fusion par laser au seuil de la réalité 
  La Fusion Nucléaire par laser - Jean Robieux

References 

1925 births
2012 deaths
French physicists
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
Alumni of the École Polytechnique
Grevenmacher () is a commune with city status in eastern Luxembourg, near the border with Germany.

Grevenmacher is the capital city of the Grevenmacher canton and of the district of Grevenmacher. The city is on the left bank of the Moselle river.

Name
The name Grevenmacher is formed by two words: "Greven" and "Macher". "Macher" comes from the Latin word maceria ("very old walls"); "Greven" comes from the old German word Grafen (modern German: Graf) that means "count, earl". The town "Macher of the Count" was, since 1346, different from other "Machern" found in the region: Königsmacher, Kleinmacher, Rodemacher, Mecher, Mézières etc. The present name of Grevenmacher has been in use since 1769.

History
The valley of the Moselle, which owes its wealth to the fact that it is close to the water and it has fertile land, was settled long before the Roman era. As for Grevenmacher, the first town was behind the Holy Cross Chapel at the place called "Buerggruef", not far from the Roman road to the city of Luxembourg.
A few centuries later, the Counts of Luxembourg chose a safe place to protect their land against the powerful archbishops of Trier. They found it in Grevenmacher, that was the place where the road going from the city of Luxembourg to Trier meet with the one going from Trier to Thionville. Here a strong fortress was built, probably on the orders of Count Henry V. In 1252, this same count made Grevenmacher a city.

Geography

The commune of Grevenmacher, which is in the eastern part of the canton on the left bank of the Moselle river, has an area of , with  of forests and  of vineyards.

The altitude of the commune is  high. At the church, the altitude  is  high.

The most important river is the Moselle (; German: Mosel; ).

Population
There were 4,923 persons living in the commune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population in Grevenmacher
Sights
Famous sights in Grevenmacher are, for exampleː
 "Huelen Zant", remains from an old castle;
 Chapel "Saint-Croix" (this is French and means "holy cross");
 The "Kelsbach", a beautiful piece of nature;
 The "Jardin des papillons" (this is French again and means "garden of butterflies"), a building which contains a lot of butterflies and other insects;
 The "Kulturhuef" which is a museum and a cinema.

Sport
The city has three soccer places, two in "Op Floor" (there is also the stadium from the CSG, the soccer club from Grevenmacher) and one on the bank from the Mousel. The city has also six tennis fields, three in a hall and the other three on the bank of the Mousel. Next to the tennis fields is an outdoor swimming pool. Grevenmacher has also two sports halls.

Twinned and partner towns
Grevenmacher is twinned withː
  Aubière, France

Gallery

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Communes of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Other websites

 Official website
Official website 

Communes of Grevenmacher
was a  after Katei and before En'ō.  This period spanned the years from November 1238 to April 1239. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Ryakunin Era
 1238 (Ryakunin 1, 1st month): Kūjo Yoritsune travelled from Kamakura to Kyoto with Hōjō Yasutoki.
 1238 (Ryakunin 1, 2nd month): Yoritsune began to live in his new palace at Rokuhara.
 1238 (Ryakunin 1, 10th month): Yoritsune travelled from Kyoto to Kamakura.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1238
1239
1230s in Japan
was a  after Ryakunin and before Ninji.  This period spanned the years from February 1239 to July 1240. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the En'ō Era
 1239 (En'ō 1, 1st month):  gave up his office as daijo daijin; and he retired from court life.  He became a Buddhist priest.
 28 March 1239 (En'ō 1, 22nd day of the 2nd month): Former Emperor Go-Toba died at age 60.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1239
1240
1230s in Japan
1240s in Japan
, also called Jinji, was a  after En'ō and before Kangen.  This period started in August 1240 and ended in January 1243. The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Ninji Era
 1242 (Ninji 3, 10th day of the 1st month): In the 10th year of Shijō's reign, the emperor died; and the succession (senso) was received by the second son of former Emperor Tsuchimikado.
 1242 (Ninji 3, 5th month): Emperor Go-Saga's role as emperor was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 14 July 1242 (Ninji 3, 15th day of the 6th month): Hōjō Yasutoki died at age 60.
 7 October 1242 (Ninji 3, 12th day of the 9th month): Former Emperor Juntoku died in exile on Sado Island.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1240
1241
1242
1243
1240s in Japan
Osweiler is a small village in the commune of Rosport, in eastern Luxembourg.

The commune is in the canton of Echternach,  which is part of the district of Grevenmacher.

The family of Dennis Hastert, the 59th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, emigrated from Osweiler to America.

References

Other websites

Settlements in Luxembourg
was a  after Ninji and before Hōji.  This period started in February 1243 and ended in February 1247. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kangen era
 1244 (Kangen 2, 4th month): Kujō Yoritsugu had his coming-of-age ceremonies at age 6.  In the same month, Yoritsune asked Emperor Go-Saga for permission to make Yoritsugu the new shogun.
 11 Septembe 1245 (Kangen 3, 7th month):  Yoshitsune shaved his head and became a Buddhist priest.
 1246 (Kangen 4, 7th month): Yoritsune's son, now Shogun Yoritsugu (who is only 7 years old) marries the sister of Hōjō Tsunetoki.
 1246 (Kangen 4): In the 4th year of Go-Saga's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his 4-year-old son.  Soon after, Emperor Go-Fukakusa's role as emperor is confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1240s in Japan
The Ichneumonoidea are parasitoid wasps. They are a superfamily in the suborder Apocrita.

The superfamily is made up of the ichneumon wasps, (family Ichneumonidae), and the braconids (family Braconidae). The superfamily contains well over 80,000 different species. Members of the family Ichneumonidae are usually larger than members of the Braconidae, and the family has three times as many species as the braconids. The two families are distinguished mainly by details of wing venation.

Almost all are solitary insects, and most are parasitoids—the larvae feeding on or in another insect which finally dies. Being in the same order, ichneumonoids are closely related to other hymenoptera such as ants and bees. Many species in both families use polydnaviruses (with double strand DNA) to suppress the immune system of the host insect.
Some species use many different insects as hosts, others are very specific in host choice. Various ichneumons are used successfully as biological control agents in controlling pests such as flies or beetles.

Ichneumon wasp species are highly varied, ranging from  to  long. Most are slender, with the females of many species (particularly in the genus Megarhyssa) having an extremely long ovipositor for laying eggs. The female finds a host and lays an egg on, near, or inside the host's body. Upon hatching, the larval ichneumon feeds either externally or internally, killing the host when they themselves are ready to pupate. Despite looking formidable, the ovipositor does not deliver a sting like many wasps or bees. It can be used by the wasps to bore through rotten wood, and lay eggs in grubs hiding under the wood.

Other websites
Other websites

 Reference large-format photos of 15 different species of Ichneumonidae
 An interesting account  of an observer's encounter with Ichneumons.
 University of Florida Department of Entomology & Nematology page about Ichneumons 
 BugGuide page: Family Ichneumonidae - Ichneumon Wasps

References

Parasitoids
Wasps
Information asymmetry is a concept in economics and contract theory. It says that in any given contract the two parties of the contract do not have the same information. Information economics is a field of science that looks at some of the problems that result from this bias. Neoclassical economics assumes there is perfect information: all the actors know all the states of their environment; they can also observe what all the other actors do. Information is free -it has no cost in the economic sense. This is also true for the ability to observe the other parties.

Model 
A model called New institutional economics changes this: information is no longer free, there are costs associated with obtaining information.
Information asymmetry is concerned with three main asymmetries:
 Hidden characteristics: Certain features of the products are not known before the contract is made.
 Hidden action and hidden information: After the contract is made, one of the actors' actions cannot be observed (hidden action); if it can be observed, its qualities cannot be determined (hidden information)
 Hidden intention: Before the contract is made, all the actors can be observed, but their intentions cannot be known.

History 
In 2001, the Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to George Akerlof, Michael Spence, and Joseph E. Stiglitz "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information."

Related pages 
Planned obsolescence

References 

Market failure
SWV (Sisters with Voices) are an African American female group that sing R&B music. The group was founded in 1990 and had multiple hit songs between then and 1998, one of which sampled the Michael Jackson hit song Human Nature. The group broke up in 1998 but then reunited around 2005 and have been making music since.

Albums 
 It's About Time (1992)
 New Beginning (1996)
 Release Some Tension (1997)
 I Missed Us (2012)
 Still (2016)

Musical groups from New York City
American R&B bands
American pop music groups
American girl groups
Musical groups established in 1990
1990 establishments in New York (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
1998 disestablishments in the United States
1990s disestablishments in New York (state)
Musical groups established in 2005
2005 establishments in New York (state)
Simpson's paradox is a paradox from statistics. It is named after Edward H. Simpson, a British statistician who first described it in 1951. The statistician Karl Pearson described a very similar effect in 1899.-  Udny Yule's description dates from 1903.  Sometimes, it is called the Yule–Simpson effect. When looking at the statistical scores of groups, these scores may change, depending on whether the groups are looked at one by one, or if they are combined into a larger group. This case often occurs in social sciences and medical statistics. It may confuse people, if frequency data is used to explain a causal relationship.  Other names for the paradox include   reversal paradox and amalgamation paradox.

Example: Kidney stone treatment 
This is a real-life example from a medical study comparing the success rates of two treatments for kidney stones.
The table shows the success rates and numbers of treatments for treatments involving both small and large kidney stones, where Treatment A includes all open procedures and Treatment B is percutaneous nephrolithotomy:

The paradoxical conclusion is that treatment A is more effective when used on small stones, and also when used on large stones, yet treatment B is more effective when considering both sizes at the same time. In this example, it was not known that the size of the kidney stone influenced the result. This is called a hidden variable (or lurking variable) in statistics.
Which treatment is considered better is determined by an inequality between two ratios (successes/total). The reversal of the inequality between the ratios, which creates Simpson's paradox, happens because two effects occur together:
 The sizes of the groups, which are combined when the lurking variable is ignored, are very different. Doctors tend to give the severe cases (large stones) the better treatment (A), and the milder cases (small stones) the inferior treatment (B). Therefore, the totals are dominated by groups three and two, and not by the two much smaller groups one and four.
 The lurking variable has a large effect on the ratios, i.e. the success rate is more strongly influenced by the severity of the case than by the choice of treatment. Therefore, the group of patients with large stones using treatment A (group three) does worse than the group with small stones, even if the latter used the inferior treatment B (group two).

References

Statistics
Guarani, Guaraní or Guarany may refer to

Ethnography 
 Guaraní people, an indigenous people from South America's interior (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia)
 Guaraní language, or Paraguayan Guarani, an official language of Paraguay
 Guarani dialects, spoken in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay 
 Guarani languages, a group of languages, including Guarani, in the Tupí-Guaraní language subfamily

Economics 
 Paraguayan guaraní, the currency of Paraguay

Geography 
 Guarani, Minas Gerais, Brazil
 Guarani de Goiás, Brazil
 Guarani das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
 Guarani Aquifer, a large underground water reservoir in South America

Literature and music 
 The Guarani, an 1857 novel by José de Alencar
 Il Guarany, an opera by Carlos Gomes, based on the above novel

Machines
 VBTP-MR, a Brazilian 6x6 armored personnel carrier
Association football (soccer) clubs 
Brazil
 Guarani Esporte Clube (CE), Juazeiro do Norte
 Guarani Esporte Clube (MG), Divinópolis
 Guarani Futebol Clube, Campinas
 Guarany Futebol Clube, Bagé
 Guarany Futebol Clube (Camaquã)
 Guarany Sporting Club, Sobral
 Associação Atlética Guarany, Porto da Folha
 Esporte Clube Guarani, Venâncio Aires
 Sociedade Esportiva, Recreativa e Cultural Guarani, Palhoça
 Sport Club Guarany, Cruz Alta

Paraguay
 Club Guaraní, Asunción
The coat of arms of Argentina was used in its current form in 1944.  It started in the seal of the General Constituent Assembly of 1813. 

It is not known who made the coat of arms.  At the top is the gold-yellowed Sun of May, also found on the flag of Argentina. The rising sun is for the rising of Argentina.  In the center, there are two shaking hands.  This is for the unity of the Provinces of Argentina. The hands come together to hold a pike.  This shows power and willingness to defend freedom.  The Phrygian cap is on the top of the spear.

The blue and white colors are for the Argentine people.  They are the same colors of the Argentine flag. The blue half is for the sky and the white is for the Río de la Plata.

References

Argentina
National symbols of Argentina
Jennifer Ann Agutter (born 20 December 1952) is a British actress. She was born in Taunton, Somerset.  She starred in The Railway Children, Walkabout, Logan's Run and ''An American Werewolf in London.

References

Other websites 

1952 births
Living people
Actors from Somerset
BAFTA Award winning actors
British child actors
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English television actors
(Spanish for "in unity and freedom") is Argentina's national motto. It was set in the 1813 General Assembly. This was when the Argentine War of Independence wanted free from the Spanish Empire. It is on all peso coins and banknotes.

References

Argentina
Mottos
Patagonia is at the southern end of South America.  It is land shared by Argentina and Chile.  It has some of the most dramatic landscapes on Earth. It has the southern section of the Andes mountains to the southwest towards the Pacific ocean.

Geography 
It follows south through the Colorado River towards Carmen de Patagones in the Atlantic Ocean. To the west, it includes the Valdivia through Tierra del Fuego archipelago.

The name Patagonia is from the word patagón used by Magellan in 1520.  The word was for the native people that his expedition thought to be giants. Now people think the Patagons were actually Tehuelches.  They had an average height of 180 cm (~5′11″) compared to the 155 cm (~5′1″) average for Spaniards of the time.

Animals
Animals

The guanaco, the cougar, the Patagonian fox, the Patagonian hog-nosed skunk, and the Magellanic Tuco-tuco are the most common mammals of the Patagonian plains.  There are also many birds.  Southern Caracara, Austral parakeets, and Green-backed Firecrowns are some.  Waterfowl include Chilean Flamingo, Upland Goose, and steamer ducks.

Famous marine fauna include the southern right whale, the Magellanic Penguin, the orca and elephant seals. The Valdés Peninsula is a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its importance as a nature reserve.

References

Geography of Argentina
Geography of Chile
An omen is a sign that is thought to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. The word can mean something either "good" or "bad" is about to happen. The origin of the word is unknown, although it may be connected with the Latin word audire, meaning "to hear". An example from the past, babies born with birth defects were believed to be a bad or evil omen.

Related pages
 Luck
 Superstition

Divination
Boyacá is one of the 32 departments of Colombia. It is in the central northeastern part of the country, almost entirely within the mountains of the Eastern Cordillera to the border with Venezuela, although the western end of the department extends to the Magdalena River. Its capital is Tunja.

Boyacá is known as "The Land of Freedom" because in this region there were several battles that resulted in the independence of Colombia from Spain.

History

The territory of present-day Boyacá was inhabited, during the Pre-Columbian time, by Muisca indigenous peoples. They lived mainly by agriculture and mining gold and emeralds.

The first European to discover the area was the Spaniard Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. In 1539, Gonzalo Suárez Rendón, a Spanish colonist, founded the city of Tunja and other places. Tunja became one of the main political and economic centers for the Spanish during the "Viceroyalty of New Granada".
During the 19th century Boyaca was battleground of several important battles during the war of Independence; two of the most important were the "Battle of the Pantano de Vargas" (Vargas Swamp Battle) on 25 July 1819, and the "Battle of Boyacá" on 7 August 1819.

Geography
The Boyacá department is in the Andean region over the mountains of the Eastern Cordillera (the eastern section of the Andes in Colombia). It borders 8 departments: Santander and Norte de Santander to the north, Arauca and Casanare to the east, Cundinamarca and Meta to the south, and Caldas and Antioquia to the west. It also borders with Venezuela.

Boyacá has an area of , most of it on a plateau. Its highest point is Ritacuba Blanco () in the Eastern Cordillera; it is  high.

Many rivers start in this area; the most important are the Chicamocha and Arauca rivers, tributaries to other important rivers such as the Magdalena and Meta rivers.
Boyacá also has numerous lakes; the largest, and the largest in Colombia, is the Lake Tota with an area of .

Climate
The area around Tunja, at an altitude of about , is characterized by climates with few extremes of temperature  and ample precipitation in all months. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Tunja is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Tunja is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is January with an average of . There is an average of 179.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in May with 19.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in January with 6.0 days.

The average temperature for the year in Tunja is . The warmest month, on average, is March with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .
Provinces and Municipalities
There are 13 provinces and two special districts in the Boyacá Department, listed below with their 123 municipalities. The provincial capitals are in bold.

Centro
 Cómbita
 Cucaita
 Chíquiza
 Chivatá
 Motavita
 Oicatá
 Siachoque
 Samacá
 Sora
 Soracá
 Sotaquirá
 Toca
 Tunja
 Tuta
 Ventaquemada

Gutiérrez
 Chiscas
 El Cocuy
 El Espino
 Guacamayas
 Güicán
 Panqueba

La Libertad
 Labranzagrande
 Pajarito
 Paya
 Pisba

Lengupá
 Berbeo
 Campohermoso
 Miraflores
 Páez
 San Eduardo
 Zetaquirá

Occidente
 Briceño
 Buenavista
 Caldas
 Chiquinquirá
 Coper
 La Victoria
 Maripí
 Muzo
 Otanche
 Pauna
 Quipama
 Saboyá
 San Miguel de Sema
 San Pablo de Borbur
 Tununguá

Márquez
 Boyacá
 Ciénaga
 Jenesano
 Nuevo Colón
 Ramiriquí
 Rondón
 Tibaná
 Turmequé
 Úmbita
 Viracachá

Neira
 Chinavita
 Garagoa
 Macanal
 Pachavita
 San Luis de Gaceno
 Santa María

Norte
 Boavita
 Covarachía
 La Uvita
 San Mateo
 Sativanorte
 Sativasur
 Soatá
 Susacón
 Tipacoque
Oriente
 Almeida
 Chivor
 Guateque
 Guayatá
 La Capilla
 Somondoco
 Sutatenza
 Tenza

Ricaurte
 Arcabuco
 Chitaraque
 Gachantivá
 Moniquirá
 Ráquira
 Sáchica
 San José de Pare
 Santa Sofía
 Santana
 Sutamarchán
 Tinjacá
 Togüí
 Villa de Leyva

Sugamuxi
 Aquitania
 Cuítiva
 Firavitoba
 Gámeza
 Iza
 Mongua
 Monguí
 Nobsa
 Pesca
 Sogamoso
 Tibasosa
 Tópaga
 Tota

Tundama
 Belén
 Busbanzá
 Cerinza
 Corrales
 Duitama
 Floresta
 Paipa
 Santa Rosa de Viterbo
 Tutasá, Boyacá

Valderrama
 Betéitiva
 Chita
 Jericó
 Paz de Río
 Socotá
 Socha
 Tasco

Distrito Fronterizo
 Cubará

Special Handling Zone
 Puerto Boyacá

Demographics
The inhabitants of the Boyacá department are known, in Spanish, as Boyacense.

Boyacá had a population, in 2005, of 1,255,311, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Population history in Boyacá

The 10 municipalities with more inhabitants in the Boyacá department are:
Economy
Farming is an important activity; some crops grown here are sugarcane, coffee and cacao. Cattle raising is also important.

Mining is also an important activity, mainly of emerald and coal.

Places of interest
Some places of interest in the department are:
 Monument to the Lancers () a memorial for Vargas Swamp Battle.  It is the largest monument in Colombia.
 Villa de Leyva is a touristic colonial town and municipality. The town is at  west of the departmental capital Tunja.
 Battleground of the Battle of Boyacá, to the south of Tunja.
 Puente de Boyacá (in English: The Bridge of Boyacá) is a small bridge at  to the west of Tunja. It commemorates the historic battle of 7 August 1819 known as the Battle of Boyacá.
 Lake Tota, the largest lake of fresh water of the country.
 Basílica of Our Lady of the Rosary in Chiquinquirá. Our Lady of the Rosary is the patron saint of Colombia.

Gallery

References

 
1858 establishments
1850s establishments in South America
19th-century establishments in Colombia
Phoebe Belle Cates (born July 16 1963) is an American model and movie actress. She is best known for acting in movies in the Gremlins franchise and for acting in the 1982 movie Fast Times at Ridgemont High.

Cates was born on July 16 1963 in New York City, New York. She married actor Kevin Kline in 1989. They have two children.

References

Other websites

American movie actors
Actors from New York City
Models from New York City
1963 births
Living people
was a  after Kangen and before Kenchō.  This period started in February 1247 and ended in March 1249. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Hōji era

 1247 (Hōji 1):  The Hōji conflict; Hōjo family destroyed the Miura family; and in so doing, the clan consolidated its authority as regents.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1247
1248
1249
1240s in Japan
Argentine Antarctica is a part of Antarctica claimed by Argentina as part of its national territory.  This claim overlaps with British and Chilean claims in Antarctica. Argentine Antarctica is a department of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands.

The Argentine exploration to the continent started early in the 20th century. José María Sobral was the first Argentine to set foot on Antarctica in 1901. He spent 2 seasons with the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of Doctor Otto Nordenskiöld. In 1904, the Orcadas Base was fully working. Years later other bases were made. The first Argentine expedition to reach the South Pole was the 1965 Operación 90.

Argentine actions in Antarctica are coordinated by the Instituto Antartico Argentino

According the last Argentine national census, on October 2010 (winter) there were 230 people in the six permament bases.
Geography
The geography of Argentine Antarctica has some features of the Patagonia. The highest peaks are at the south of the Antarctic Peninsula. The land is under an ice sheet.

The region has a polar climate, with strong winds, snow and thick clouds.

References

Antarctic territorial claims
Geography of Argentina
1901 establishments
Establishments in Antarctica
1900s establishments in Argentina
Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina
The Chilean Antarctic Territory  is the territory in Antarctica claimed by Chile since 1940. The Chilean Antarctic Territory overlaps Argentine and British Antarctic claims.

Within Chilean territorial organization Antártica is the name of the commune that administers the territory. Belongs to Antártica Chilena Province, which is part of Magallanes y la Antártica Chilena Region. The commune of Antártica was created on July 11, 1961, and was dependent on the Magallanes Province until 1975, when the Antártica Chilena Province was created, making it dependent administratively on Puerto Williams, the province capital.

The Antarctic Treaty froze all the Antartic claims.

Bases

List of Chilean Antarctic Bases:

(P): Permanent; Are open all the year.
(S): Seasonal; Are open in the Austral Summer.

Villa Las Estrellas is the only civil settlement in a Chilean Base, the other one is in Esperanza Base (Argentina) and it's called "Fortín Sargento Cabral"
The only permanent Chilean base on the Antarctic Peninsula is Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme.  It has been working since February 18, 1948. It is located on Puerto Covadonga.

References

Geography of Chile
Antarctic territorial claims
1940 establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Chile
Establishments in Antarctica
was a  after Hōji and before Kōgen.  This period started in March 1249 and ended in October 1256. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kenchō era

 1252 (Kenchō 2): Great Buddha of Kamakura was put in place at Kōtoku-in.
 1253 (Kenchō 5): Kenchō-ji founded.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1240s in Japan
1250s in Japan
was a  after Kenchō and before Shōka.  This period started in October 1256 and ended in March 1257. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kōgen era
 1 September 1256 (Kōgen 1, 11th day of the 8th month): Kujō Yoritsune, also known as Fujiwara Yoritsune, died at the age of 39 years.
 14 October 1256 (Kōgen 1, 24th day of the 9th month): Yoritsune's son and successor as Kamakura shogun, Kujō Yoritsugu, also known as Fujiwara Yoritsugu, died at the age of 18 years.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1256
1257
1250s in Japan
was a  after Kōgen and before Shōgen.  This period started in March 1257 and ended in March 1259. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Shōka era
 1257 (Shōka 1): A major epidemic was reported in this year.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1257
1258
1259
1250s in Japan
, also romanized as Bumpō, was a  after Shōwa and before Gen'ō.  This period started in February 1317 and ended in April 1319.  The reigning Emperors were  and .

Events of the Bunpō Era
 1317 (Bunpō 1, 9th month): Former-Emperor Fushimi died at age 53 years.
 1318 (Bunpō 2, 2nd month): In the 11th year of Hanazono's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his cousin, who was the second son of former-Emperor Go-Uda.  Soon eafter, Emperor Go-Daigo's role as emperor was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 1319 (Bunpō 3, 4th month): Emperor Go-Daigo caused the nengō to be changed to Gen'ō to mark the beginning of his reign.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

 

Japanese eras
1317 establishments
1310s establishments in Japan
1319 disestablishments
1310s disestablishments in Japan
was a  after Bunpō and before Genkyō.  This period started in April 1319 and ended in February 1321.  The reigning Emperor was .
Events of the Gen'ō era
After the abdication of Emperor Hanazono, Takaharu-shinno was proclaimed emperor. Nijō Michihira was Chancellor (kampaku); but the court remained under the direction of former-Emperor Go-Uda.  Prince Morikuni  was the shogun in Kamakura; and Hōjō Takatoki was the shogunate's chief minister (shikken').
 1319 (Gen'ō 1, 3rd month): Prince Kuniyoshi, the son of former-Emperor Go-Nijō, was named Crown Prince (tōgu).
 1319 (Gen'ō 1, 6th month): Konoe Tsunehira died.  He was Minister of the Left (sadaijin).
 1319 (Gen'ō 1, in the 8th month): The daughter of Saionji Sanekane became one of the emperor's concubines.
 1319 (Gen'ō 1, 12th month): Nijō Michihira resigned from his office as kampaku; and Ichijō Uchitsune became kampaku.
 1330 (Gen'ō 2, 5th month): Hōjō Tokiasu died.  Tokiasu was a high shogunate official (Rokuhara Tandai and Kitakata).
 1320 (Gen'ō 2, 5th month): Kujō Moronori died at age 48. He was a former Regent (sesshō'').

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References
References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

 

Japanese eras
1319
1320
1321
1310s in Japan
1320s in Japan
Béard-Géovreissiat is a commune in the Ain department of France. Most of the commune is the villages of  Béard and Géovreissiat. The hamlet of St Germain de Béard, and the northern part of the hamlet of Croix-Châlon are also part of the commune.

The commune was called Géovreissiat until October 2008. Géovreissiat is the main village and the city hall is there.
In 2009, 935 people lived in the commune. They are called the Béardais.

Between 1841 and 1846, the population fell from 720 to 354 inhabitants, and continued to fall until the end of the Second World War. Today it has reached its highest population since records began.

References
INSEE
Habitat
Apple snails live in water. They prefer water temperatures between 18°-28° Celsius, or 65°-82° Fahrenheit. They eat things like fresh fruits, lettuce, other vegetables, algae and wafers. However, they are not called apple snails because they eat apples. They get their name from the fact that one species of apple snails can grow to be the size of an apple. Apple snails are also common aquarium pets because of their size. They also prefer to be with other snails. They are good pets because they can live in almost any water condition, for example, water with low/high levels of oxygen, and various temperatures. Although they can live in water with high oxygen, this makes them move slower.
Anatomy
A snail has a basic anatomy like any other mollusk. They have a shell, a nervous system, a circulatory system, a respiratory system, and a reproductive system. The circulatory system has an open heart system, which pumps blood which flows over all of the organs in the snails body without veins or arteries. The respiratory system includes gills and lungs. They need gills to be able to live in water. They have lungs because their bodies adapted to their environment because of frequent droughts; so they need lungs to breathe during the droughts. Their nervous system includes their brain, which controls their body. They are one of the only species of snails that are not hermaphrodites. Each gender has its own reproductive parts.
Food and Digestion
Apple snails are herbivores, so they eat mostly aquatic vegetation, and algae. In captivity, they are commonly fed fish food, along with supplements of rotting organic waste, such as vegetables.. To digest food, apple snails first break up food with the radula teeth, and then the food will be swallowed, and travel down the esophagus and to the stomach. It will eventually exit through the anus as feces. Apple snails will eat most aquatic vegetation, and can "ruin" the look of an aquarium very quickly, as they are scavengers.

The heart
Apple snails have an open circulatory system. This means that the heart pumps blood, but instead of it pumping through veins and arteries like humans have, the blood washes over the organs, and the organs absorb it on contact. After the blood is pumped and the nutrients have been absorbed, it flows back to the heart to take the carbon dioxide away and to get new oxygen.
Reproductive System
The apple snails are not hermaphrodite, like most snails, meaning that they have two genders.

The male snail has two kinds of sperm. One is for attaching onto the female's egg, and the function of the other sperm is unknown.

The female's eggs are stored in the "ovaria" which is near the digestive gland. It goes to the receptaculum seminis, where the male's sperm is stored. The eggs are fertilized here. Then, after the eggs are fertilized, they are sent to the shell gland which will give the eggs a protective shell. After, they shall continue down their tube and leave the mother's body, waiting to be hatched.

Subspecies
Pomacea diffusa, spike-topped apple snail, Brazilian apple snail, golden mystery snail and ivory snail
Pomacea Canaliculata, (channeled apple snail)

References

Gastropods
Lottery is a form of gambling where people pick numbers for a prize, usually money. It is forbidden by some governments although allowed by others. Until after World War II, lottery systems were banned in most countries, including the United States and Europe. Nowadays, lottery is a real method of revenue in some countries, including United States.

Gambling
In 1900, the mathematician David Hilbert published a list of 23 unsolved mathematical problems. The list of problems turned out to be very influential. After Hilbert's death, another problem was found in his writings; this is sometimes known as Hilbert's 24th problem today. This problem is about finding criteria to show that a solution to a problem is the simplest possible.

Of the 23 problems, three were unresolved in 2012, three were too vague to be resolved, and six could be partially solved. Given the influence of the problems, the Clay Mathematics Institute formulated a similar list, called the Millennium Prize Problems in  2000.
Summary
The formulation of certain problems is better than that of others. 
Of the cleanly-formulated Hilbert problems, problems 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, and 21 have a resolution that is accepted by consensus. On the other hand, problems 1, 2, 5, 9, 15, 18+, and 22 have solutions that have partial acceptance, but there exists some controversy as to whether it resolves the problem.

The solution for problem 18, the Kepler conjecture, uses a computer-assisted proof.  This is controversial, because a human reader is unable to verify the proof in reasonable time. 

That leaves 16, 8 (the Riemann hypothesis) and 12 unresolved. On this classification 4, 16, and 23 are too vague to ever be described as solved. The withdrawn 24 would also be in this class. 6 is considered as a problem in physics rather than in mathematics.

Table of problems
Hilbert's twenty-three problems are:
Other websites
  :Wikilivres:Mathematische Probleme – source texts, documents, translations, media
   Listing of the 23 problems, with descriptions of which have been solved 
 Original text of Hilbert's talk, in German 
 English translation of Hilbert's Mathematical Problems on Wikisource
 Details on the solution of the 18th problem 
 "On Hilbert's 24th Problem: Report on a New Source and Some Remarks."
The Paris Problems 
 Hilbert's Tenth Problem page!
'From Hilbert's Problems to the Future' , lecture by Professor Robin Wilson, Gresham College, 27 February 2008 (available in text, audio and video formats).

References

About the problems

Other references

Mathematical problems
Problem solving
Energy drinks are beverages whose producers say they can "can boost energy". This claim has to do with vitamins and stimulants in these drinks. Examples of energy drinks are Red Bull and Monster Energy. They are usually well liked by young people. 66 percent of energy drink sales are to people between the ages of 14 and 35.

Soft drinks
Kellie Noelle Martin (b. October 16 1975 near Riverside, California) is an American television actress. She is known for playing Lucy Knight in the NBC television series ER.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

 

American television actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
Actors from Riverside County, California
1975 births
Living people
People from Riverside, California
In ancient Roman religion, Mutunus Tutunus was a phallic marriage deity. He is often associated with the Greek god Priapus. His shrine was located on the Velian Hill, supposedly since the founding of Rome, until the 1st century BC.

During marriage rites, Roman brides are supposed to have straddled the phallus of Mutunus to prepare themselves for sexual intercourse, according to Church Fathers who interpreted this act as an obscene loss of virginity.

Related pages

Priapus - Greek mythology version of Mutunus Tutunus

Roman gods and goddesses
Lionel Guérin is a French Chief executive officer and politician. Graduate from the École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique and from the École nationale de l'aviation civile, he is the founding President of the regional airline Airlinair, President of Transavia France and of the Fédération nationale de l’aviation marchande.

In September 2011, he almost became chairman of Air France.

Lionel Guerin is an environmental activist. He likes parrots. He also likes supporting sustainable aviation.

Guérin received the Legion of Honour award.

Bibliography 
 Info-Pilote number 612, Paris, Info-Pilote, March 2007

References 

Living people
Alumni of the École nationale de l'aviation civile
Aviation in France
French politicians
French environmentalists
French businesspeople
1956 births
Omar Hawsawi (b. 27 September 1985 is a Saudi Arabian footballer. He currently plays as a Defender for the Al-Nassr club.

References
 ‏Kooora.com

Other websites
asia.eurosport.com Profile
slstat.com Profile

Saudi Arabian footballers
1985 births
Living people
Abdulaziz Fallatah is a Saudi football player who plays a Midfielder for Hajer.

Fallatah started his career at Al-Qadisiyah Club. He joined Al-Nassr in the summer of 2011.

References

 Kooora.com

Other websites
Profile at slstat.com

Saudi Arabian footballers
Living people
1985 births
People from Mecca
True Romance is a 1993 American crime drama movie. It was directed by Tony Scott and was released on September 10, 1993. The cast of the movie includes Christian Slater, Patricia Arquette, James Gandolfini, Dennis Hopper, Gary Oldman, Brad Pitt, Val Kilmer and Christopher Walken.

Release dates

Other websites 

1993 crime drama movies
1990s road movies
American crime drama movies
American road movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies directed by Tony Scott
Movies set in Detroit
Movies set in Los Angeles
La Sylphide () is a romantic ballet. It was created for Marie Taglioni by her father Filippo Taglioni to showcase her talents.  The ballet was first performed in the Salle Le Peletier in Paris on March 12, 1832. The ballet was a great success. Taglioni was regarded as the greatest ballerina of the age.

Story of the ballet 
The ballet is set in Scotland. James is on the eve of marrying Effie. Gurn also loves Effie. James is distracted by a vision of a lovely sylph. Old Madge, a witch, reads palms. She declares Gurn will be the husband of Effie. James grows angry and throws her out into the storm. The wedding preparations start. The sylph appears and steals the wedding ring. James runs after her into the forest. Effie is consoled in the arms of Gurn.
In the forest, the sylph and James dally romantically. The sylph summons her sister sylphs. They entertain James with several dances. He wants to capture the sylph, and asks Old Madge for her help. She gives him a poisoned scarf, but tells him he can capture the sylph with it. He wraps the sylph in the scarf. Her wings fall off and she dies. James sees a wedding procession led by Gurn and Effie. He faints and dies. Old Madge has had her revenge.

Danish choreography     

In November 1836, August Bournonville choreographed his version to music by Herman Severin Løvenskiold for the Royal Danish Ballet. Taglioni's choreography has been lost, but Bournonville's exists and is still danced in Copenhagen. In 1972, Pierre Lacotte reconstructed Taglioni's choreography from prints, notes, and other materials.

Ballets
, also known as the Muromachi era, the Ashikaga era, or the Ashikaga period, is a division of Japanese history.  The period started in 1333 and ended in 1573.

Ashikaga shogunate 
The years of the Ashikaga shogunate are called the Muromachi period.  The name comes from the district of Kyoto in which this series of shoguns had an official home.  This home was also known as the  or .
Timeline 
 1333 (Kemmu 1): 
 1336 (Kemmu 4): Ashikaga Takauji captures Kyoto.  Emperor Go-Daigo established what is called the Southern Court (Nanchō) in Yoshino; and what is called the Northern Court (Hokuchō) is established in Kyoto
 1392 (Meitoku 3), also known as Genchū 9: Forces of the Southern Court surrenders to Ashikaga Yoshimitsu and the empire is unified under Emperor Go-Komatsu.
 1398 (Ōei 5): Kinkaku-ji or "Gold Pavillion" is built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
 1467 (Ōnin 1): The Ōnin War
 1484 (Bunmei 16): Ginkaku-ji or "Silver Pavillion" is built by Ashikaga Yoshimasa
 1488 (Chōkyō 2): Ryōan-ji is built by Hosokawa Katsumoto.
 1543 (Tenbun 12, 25th day of the 8th month):  Portuguese ship landed at Tanegashima bringing the first gun into Japan.
 August 15, 1549 (Tenbun 18, 22nd day of the 7th month):  Jesuit Catholic priest Francis Xavier arrived in Japan
 1555 (Kōji 1, 11th month):  Mōri Motonari won the , also known as the "Battle of Miyajima"
June 12, 1560 (Eiroku 3, 19th day of the 5th month):  at the Battle of Okehazama, the forces of Imagawa Yoshimoto were defeated by Oda Nobunaga.
 1569 (Eiroku 12): First Christian church opened in Nagasaki.
 1570 (Genki 1, 6th month): At the Battle of Anegawa, the forces of Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu won a victory.
 1573 (Genki 4): Ashikaga Yoshiaki, the last Muromachi shogun, ran away from Kyoto.
Gallery

Related pages 
 Northern Court
 Southern Court
 List of Japanese eras
 Nanboku-chō period
 Sengoku period

References

Other websites 

 Metropolitan Museum of Art,  Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392),  Muromachi Period (1392–1573)
 British Museum, Japan: Muromachi period (AD 1333-1568) 
 Japan-guide.com,  Muromachi Period (1333 - 1573)

Periods in Japanese history
Samurai
1330s establishments in Japan
1573 disestablishments
1333 establishments
16th-century disestablishments in Japan
Jason Adam Griffith (born November 29, 1980) is an American voice actor and actor. He has worked on several animated TV series. He was the voices of Sega mascot Sonic the Hedgehog, Shadow the Hedgehog and Jet the Hawk in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series. He was also the voice of Cilan, Ash's former traveling partner and first Gym Leader in Pokémon: Black & White.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Other
 Astonishing X-Men (motion comic) - Elixir
 Iron Man: Extremis (motion comic) - Iron Man/Tony Stark
 Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn - Additional voices
 Freedom - Additional voices
 The Dark Night Rises: The Mobile Game - Jack Crane
 Casters (web series) - Cal

References 

1980 births
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
Pokémon
American voice actors
Living people
Kim is a male or female given name. The pronunciation of the name is [ kim ]. It can also be used as a shorter way of saying "Kimberly", "Kimberley", "Kimball", "Kimiko" and "Joakim". It can also be used as a nickname. The name Kim is of English origin and is derived from the Old English word "cyne" which means "royal" or "noble"  This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Girls were hardly ever given the name "Kim" until the 1960s. Since then, it has become more common for females to be named Kim.

People with this name include:
Sports
 Kim Batiste, American baseball player
 Kim Bokamper, American football player
 Kim Clijsters, Belgian tennis player
 Kim Gevaert, Belgian athlete
 Kim Grant (footballer), Ghanaian former footballer
 Kim Grant (tennis), South African tennis player
 Kim Hagger, English track and field athlete
 Kim Hirschovits, Finnish ice hockey player
 Kim Johnsson, Swedish professional ice hockey player
 Kim Källström, Swedish footballer
 Kim Rhode, skeet shooter
 Kim Sunna, Swedish professional ice hockey player
 Kim Warwick, Australian former tennis player
 Carlos Henrique Dias, Brazilian footballer nicknamed "Kim"
 Kim Yong-sik, Japanese and South Korean association football player

Politics
 Kim Beazley, Australian politician, son of Kim Edward Beazley
 Kim Campbell, first and only (to date) female Canadian Prime Minister
 Kim Carr, Australian politician
 Kim Edward Beazley, Australian politician
 Kim Jong-un, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea and 3rd Supreme leader of North Korea