Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Safavid Iran or the Safavid Empire (Azerbaijani: Səfəvi İmparatorluğu; Persian: شاهنشاهی صفوی,  Šāhanšāhi-ye Safavi) was an early modern either Turkic (Azerbaijani) or Iranian empire.

The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, they controlled all of what is now Iran, Republic of Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

Origin and language 
Originally of Kurdish origin, which began as a Sunni mystical order, which was  non-tribal, the Safavids emerged as a hereditary lineage of Sufi sheiks centred in Ardabil, belonging to the Shafi'i school and possibly of Kurdish origin.  The Safavid shahs spoke Azeri brand of Turkic at the court like the qizilbash,. After the capital was moved to Isfahan, Persian began to be spoken in the palace.

History
History

Safavid conquest of Iran
In the summer of 1500, Ismail (member of Safavid family), rallied about 7,000 Qizilbash troops at Erzincan, including members of the Ustajlu, Rumlu, Takkalu, Dhu'l-Qadar, Afshar, Qajar, and Varsaq tribes. Thus, the Safavids launched a new Turkic invasion from the east. Qizilbash forces passed over the Kura River in December 1500, and marched towards the Shirvanshah's state. They defeated the forces of the Shirvanshah Farrukh Yassar near Cabanı (present-day Shamakhi Rayon, Azerbaijan Republic) or at Gulistan (present-day Gülüstan, Goranboy, Nagorno-Karabakh), and subsequently went on to conquer Baku.
Thus, Shirvan and its dependencies (up to southern Dagestan in the north) were now Ismail's. The successful conquest had alarmed the ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu, Alvand, who subsequently proceeded north from Tabriz, and crossed the Aras River in order to challenge the Safavid forces, and both sides met at the battle of Sharur in which Ismail's army came out victorious despite being outnumbered by four to one. He also made an alliance with the Kurds of Dersim, even though he had bad relations with other Kurds. The Safavid dynasty rose to power in 1501, when Ismail I took the city of Tabriz from the Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans and proclaimed himself the Shah of Iran. He appointed his former guardian and mentor Husayn Beg Shamlu as the vakil (vicegerent) of the empire and the commander-in-chief (amir al-umara) of the Qizilbash army.
Revival of Iranianhood and spread of Shi'ism 
The reign of Ismail I is one of the most important in the history of Iran. The reasons for this are twofold. Firstly, before his accession in 1501, Iran, since its conquest by the Arabs eight-and-a-half centuries earlier, had not existed as a unified country under native Iranian rule, but had been controlled by a series of Arab caliphs, Turkic sultans, and Mongol khans. Although many Iranian dynasties rose to power amidst this whole period, it was only under the Buyids that a vast part of Iran properly returned to Iranian rule (945–1055). Secondly, one of his first acts, the promulgation of the Eṯnā-ʿašarī rite of Shiʿism to be the official religion of the newly-created state, had profound consequences for the subsequent history of Iran.
After the Ismail I
In the reign of Tahmasb I, Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566), sultan of the Ottoman Empire, may have considered a strong Safavid empire a threat to his ambitious plans in the west and northwest of his realm. During the first decade of Tahmasp's reign, however, he was preoccupied with fighting the Habsburgs and the unsuccessful attempt to seize Vienna. In 1532, while the Ottomans were fighting in Hungary, Suleiman sent Olama Beg Takkalu with 50,000 troops under Fil Pasha to Iran. The Ottomans seized Tabriz and Kurdistan, and tried to obtain support from Gilan province. Tahmasp drove the Ottomans out, but news of another Uzbek invasion prevented him from defeating them. Suleiman sent his grand vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, to occupy Tabriz in July 1534 and joined him two months later. Suleiman peacefully conquered Baghdad and Shia cities such as Najaf. Whilst the Ottomans were on the march, Tahmasp was in Balkh, campaigning against the Uzbeks
. Tahmasp did not fight the exhausted Ottoman army but laid waste the entire region from Tabriz to the frontier; the Ottomans could not permanently occupy the captured lands, since they soon ran out of supplies. Tahmasp established a new polity for the Safavid state; he decreased the Qizilbash influence on the Iranian bureaucracy.
Ismail II reigned for one year and was replaced by Mohammad Khodabanda. At the time of Mohammad Khodabanda, oreign powers took advantage of the factional discord in Iran court to seize territory for themselves. Uzbek bands attempted to invade north-east Iran before being repulsed by the governor of Mashhad. The most important event of Khodabanda's reign was the war with the Ottomans. In 1578, the Ottoman sultan Murad III began a war with Safavid Iran which was to last until 1590. In the first attack, the sultan's vizier Lala Mustafa Pasha invaded the Safavid territories comprising Georgia and Shirvan
. Shirvan fell before the end of the summer of 1578, by which fact the Ottomans had now control of almost all territories west of the Caspian Sea coast, and it also opened the way for an attack on what is nowadays the core of Armenia and Azerbaijan, which were subsequently attacked in 1579 by a large contingent of Crimean Tatars, led by Adil Giray Khan, but he was captured in a remarkable counterattack led by Mirza Salman Jabiri and Hamza Mirza, and later executed in Qazvin, the Safavid capital at that time.
Reconquest 

Against the Uzbeks

His successor, Abbas I, initiated a Reconquest, with the Uzbeks invading Khorasan first. By 1599, Abbas had conquered not only Herat and Mashhad, but had moved as far east as Balkh. This would be a short-lived victory and he would eventually have to settle on controlling only some of this conquest after the new ruler of the Khanate of Khiva, Baqi Muhammad Khan attempted to retake Balkh and Abbas found his troops were still no match for the Uzbeks. By 1603, the battle lines had stabilized, albeit with the loss of the majority of the Persian artillery. Abbas was able to hold onto most of Khorassan, including Herat, Sabzevar, Farah, and Nisa.

Abbas' north-east frontier was now safe for the time being and he could turn his attention to the Ottomans in the west. After defeating the Uzbeks, he moved his capital from Qazvin to Isfahan.

Against the Ottomans
He then fought against the Ottomans and aptured northern Iran even in 1623, Abbas decided to take back Mesopotamia, which had been lost by his grandfather Tahmasp through the Ottoman-Safavid War (1532–1555). Profiting from the confusion surrounding the accession of the new Ottoman Sultan Murad IV, he pretended to be making a pilgrimage to the Shi'ite shrines of Kerbala and Najaf, but used his army to seize Baghdad. However, Abbas was then distracted by a rebellion in Georgia in 1624 led by Giorgi Saakadze thus allowing an Ottoman force to besiege Baghdad, but the Shah came to its relief the next year and crushed the Turkish army decisively. In 1638, however, after Abbas' death, the Ottomans retook Baghdad, and the Iranian–Ottoman border was finalised to be roughly the same as the current Iran–Turkey and Iran–Iraq borders.

Fall 
Safavids eventually succumbed to Russian, Afghan and Ottoman pressure and was replaced by Afsharids.

Safavid Shahs of Iran

References

Sources
History of Iran
Former empires
Former countries in the Middle East
Cazenovia College is a private college in Cazenovia, New York. It had 800 students in Fall 2020.

Cazenovia College started in 1824 with the name Genesee Seminary. It was called Cazenovia Seminary from 1894 to 1982.

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Islamic schools and branches have different understandings of Islam.

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Acapulco is the debut studio album by Therese. The album was released on January 13, 2003.

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Nikolay Gumilyov was an influential Russian and Soviet poet, literary critic and military officer who was arrested, jailed and executed by the Cheka, the secret police organization that became the KGB.

Anna Akhmatova was his wife.

Soviet military people
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The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic was the shortest lived part of the Soviet Union. It included part of Finland and all of Karelia. The territory was only part of the USSR for 16 years from 1940 to 1956.

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The Soviets were the workers councils of the Soviet Union and the organizations the country took its name from. In theory, these councils were to govern the USSR,  but in reality, Soviet power was almost always concentrated in the hands of the premiers and the highest ranking members of the Soviet Communist Party.

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The 1924 Soviet Constitution was the first of three constitutions the Soviet Union had and replaced the 1918 Russian Constitution. The 1924 Constitution paved the way for later Soviet policies like the five-year plans. According to Archie Brown, none of the Soviet Constitutions were accurate guides to the political reality in the USSR.

This constitution was later replaced by the 1936 Soviet Constitution and then the 1977 Soviet Constitution.
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The 1936 Soviet Constitution also called the Stalin Constitution was the second constitution of the Soviet Union adopted by Joseph Stalin and it was the longest lasting of all Soviet constitutions, running for 31 years. The 1936 constitution nominally granted all manner of rights to the Soviet people. In practice however, this constitution helped cement Stalin's totalitarian power and rubberstamped the Great Purge and other Soviet purges.

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The 1977 Soviet Constitution was the final constitution of the USSR in effect from 1977 until the Soviet Union was dissolved in 1991. It was also called the Constitution of Developed Socialism because the preamble to the 1977 Soviet Constitution says The aim of the dictatorship of the proletariat having been fulfilled, the Soviet State has become the state of the whole people, representing everyone, not just the workers and peasants alone The 1977 Constitution also led to some decentralization of powers from the central Soviet Communist Party to the governments underneath it. This constitution began to allow limited private enterprise, and loosened the hours citizens were required to work at state enterprises,  especially during the reign of Mikhail Gorbachev.
After Dissolution of USSR, Russia still used the 1977 Soviet Constitution until a new Constitution was adopted after 1993 crisis

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Decentralization or decentralisation is the transfer of powers from a national government into the possession of the country's non-sovereign or semi-sovereign local governments of administrative divisions (state, provincial, municipal etc.) or to private entities or the citizens themselves.  

Decentralization can also refer to a similar process of decentralizing power within a non-governmental organization such as a corporation.

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State atheism is the discouragement or outlawing of religion within a country. State atheism is commonly associated with communist states, such as the Soviet Union and Vietnam, where it is based on Karl Marx's quote religion is the opium of the people. However, non-communist states can also be atheistic, such as Mexico during the Mexican revolution.

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Archibald or Archie Brown may refer to:

 Archibald Brown (architect) (1881–1956), American architect
 Archibald G. Brown (1844–1922), British minister
 Archie Brown (historian) (born 1938), British political scientist and historian
 Archie Brown (rugby) (1894–?), Welsh rugby player
 Archie Scott Brown (1927–1958), British racing driver
 Archie Brown (footballer) (born 2002), English footballer
Archibald G Brown was a Calvinist Baptist minister for the London Tabernacle church. He was born in 1844, died in 1922 and was influential in the local church community.

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Archie Brown is an English Association football player. He plays defence for FC Lausanne-Sport.

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Archibald Brown was an American architect born in 1881 and died in 1956. Archibald's most famous works were part of the Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics.

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The Buryat language is a minority language in Russia, Mongolia, and China.

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The Soviet of Nationalities was the upper chamber in the Soviet Union's legislature, the Supreme Soviet.

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The Supreme Soviet () was the common name for the legislative bodies (parliaments) of the Soviet socialist republics (SSR) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and were modeled after the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, established in 1938.

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The Soviet of the Union was the lower chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

Law of the Soviet Union
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Shekhani is a name for the Nuristani language spoken in Broghil Pass in Chitral.  Not much is known about the language, but it is presumed to be a Kata-vari language variety. It is one of the Languages of Chitral.  Around 1,500 people speak the language.Currently there is a Latin script and Arabic script being developed for Shekhani.·  The Khowar name for it is ‘’Sheikhwar’’ which means “Language of the Sheikhs or converts”.  It is currently endangered due to it’s isolation from other Nuristani languages and close proximity to Dardic and Iranian languages.  The Kamviri variety of Shekhani is called Shekhaniwar.
Usage 
The name "Shekhani" is used for the Eastern Kata-vari dialect.  But because Kamviri in Chitral is borrowing many words from Shekhani, it is also called Kamviri and is now very close.  Shekhani is known as "Sheikhwar" in Khowar while Kamviri is known as "Shekhaniwar".  Some sources site Shekhani as a term used for the Nuristani dialects and languages, but some just use it for the Eastern Kata-vari dialect.

Alphabet 
Abdurrahman L. Rundi along with FLI created a alphabet and writing system in the Nastaliq Arabic script since 26 June, 2022.

References 

Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Indo-Iranian languages
Chitral District
The Leaders of the Soviet Union were the rulers of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. They wielded absolute or nearly absolute political control over the Soviet citizens lives. 

Vladimir Lenin - Seized Power after October Revolution overthrew Kerensky's Government. From 1917/1922 to his Death in 1924.

Joseph Stalin - The ruler who intensified collectivization and conducted many purges. 1924 to his Death in 1953.

Georgy Malenkov - From 1953 untl his forced removal in 1955

Nikita Khrushchev - The one who toned down Stalin's policies a bit. 1955 to until his ovethrowing in 1964

Leonid Brezhnev - From 1964 to his death in 1982

Yuri Andropov - Ruled from 1982 to his death in 1984

Konstantin Chernenko - Ruled from 1984 until his death in 1985

Mikhail Gorbachev - From 1985 to Country's Collapse in 1991.
Collectivization or collectivisation is nationalization of enterprises and other property in communist states.
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The August Coup was a coup d'etat in Russia August of 1991 in which communist hardliners in the Soviet Communist Party tried to wrestle control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who they believed deviated from communist doctrine too much.

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The Congresses of Soviets were the meetings of the Supreme Soviet.

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The Bolshevik Initial Decrees were a series of edicts announced after the Bolshevik victory in the October Revolution of 1917.

The decrees included:

Decree on Peace - An edict outlining the Soviet withdrawal from World War One without payment of indemnities or annexations. This edict was to secure the support of Russian soldiers.

Decree on Land - Edict outlining measures by which Soviet peasants were to divide farmland amongst themselves. It also mandated the dissolution of the estates of the former aristocracy. The decree was popular with the peasantry.

Workers Decrees - Outlined reforms for labourers and instituted a minimum wage, a limit on working hours, established workers committees, etc.  

Decree on Courts.

Decree Abolishing Classes and Civil Ranks.

Decree of Establishment of the State Commission on the Enlightenment.

History of the Soviet Union
The Llanos (Spanish Los Llanos, "The Plains"; ) are a very big tropical grassland on flat land east of the Andes Mountains.  The Llanos are in Colombia and Venezuela, in northwestern South America. Ecologists call them an ecoregion.  They put them in the same group with other tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and places where small trees and bushes grow.

Geography
The Llanos go east to west. The Andes Mountains are on the west side of the Llanos and the Venezuelan Coastal Range of mountains are north of the Llanos. The Guiana Highlands are to the southeast, and the Negro-Branco moist forests are to the southwest. To the east the Orinoco wetlands and Orinoco Delta swamp forests in the Orinoco Delta.

The Orinoco River is the biggest river in the Llanos.  The Orinoco River goes from west to east. The Orinoco is the biggest and most important river in Venezuela.
Climate
The Llanos have a tropical savanna climate and tropical monsoon climate. The rainy part of the year is April to November.  The dry season is from December to March. The wettest months are typically June and July. In the southwest, the llanos get as much as  of rain per year in the southwest,  in Apure State, and  per year in the Llanos of Monagas State in the northeast. The average temperature across the whole year is , and it does not change much with the seasons; the coldest months (June, July, December, and January) are only  colder than the hottest months.

Plants
The Llanos have open grasslands, savannas with some trees, and small forests.  The most common forest in the Llanos is gallery forests that grow next to rivers and streams. The Llanos have grasslands that flood for part of the year llano bajo or "low llano") and grasslands that stay dry (llano alto "high llano").
The grass and woody plants in the llano alto are 30–100 cm high, forming bunches 10 to 30 cm apart. The ground is typically sandy and does not have many food chemicals for the plants. The llano alto covers approximately two-thirds of the Llanos in Venezuela and much of the Colombian Llanos. There are many grasses in the genus Trachypogon: species include Trachypogon plumosus, T. vestitus, Axonopus canescens, A. anceps, Andropogon selloanus, Aristida spp., Leptocoryphium lanatum, Paspalum carinatum, Sporobolus indicus, and S. cubensis, and sedges in the genera Rhynchospora and Bulbostylis. Woody plants and green plants are legumes in the genera Mimosa, Cassia, Desmodium, Eriosema, Galactia, Indigofera, Phaseolus, Stylosanthes, Tephrosia, and Zornia. The trees manteco (Byrsonima crassifolia),  chaparro (Curatella americana), and alcornoque (Bowdichia virgilioides) are the most common. They can grow apart from each other.  When they grow togehter, they are called matas
.  The matas can be as small as 12 meters across or as large as a hectare.
During the rainy season, parts of the Llanos can flood.  The flood water can be a meter deep. Then the savannass and grasslands become wetlands.  They become like the Pantanal of central South America. Water birds and other animals come to live in the flooded Llanos. The Llanos that flood are called llano bajo.  The Llanos bajos have soil with more food chemicals in them, so different plants grow there, for example the grass Paspalum fasciculatum and the trees Copernicia tectorum and gallery forest trees.
The gallery forests that grow near rivers have both evergreen forests on the Llanos that flood and semi-deciduous forests in the high Llanos that do not flood. Morichales are forests that flood part of the year.  They have the moriche palm (Mauritia flexuosa). Vegas are evergreen forests that flood part of the year.  They grow near the Orinoco river and its smaller rivers. Trees form a canopy 8 to 20 meters high, and include Inga spp., Combretum frangulifolium, Gustavia augusta, Pterocarpus sp., Etaballia dubia, Spondias mombin, and Copaifera pubiflora.

Semi-deciduous forests grow above flood level. They form a canopy 12 to 15 meters high. The trees that grow there are, for example, Tabebuia billbergii, Godmania aesculifolia, Cassia moschata, Spondias mombin, Copaifera pubiflora, Bourreria cumanensis, Cordia spp., Bursera simaruba, Cochlospermum vitifolium, Hura crepitans, and Acacia glomerosa.
Matorrales are places with woody plants that grow 5 to 8 meters high. There are large matorrales in the middles of the Venezuelan Llanos. Scientists think they might have been dry forests long ago. They include woody plants, for example Bourreria cumanensis, Randia aculeata, Godmania aesculifolia, Pereskia guamacho, Prosopis spp., Xylosma benthamii, Erytroxylum sp., and Cereus hexagonus.

Animals
Fur animals live in the Llanos.  For example, there are white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), giant armadillos (Priodontes maximus), eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus), Alston's cotton rats (Sigmodon alstoni), Hispid cotton rats (S. hispidus), Zygodontomys brevicauda, and Oecomys bicolor.
Many animals live in the gallery forests that grow next to the rivers.  For example, there are the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu), white-lipped peccary (T. pecari), South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), white-tailed deer,  red brocket (Mazama americana), wedge-capped capuchin (Cebus olivaceus), Venezuelan red howler (Alouatta seniculus), large rodents like the lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), agoutis (Dasyprocta spp.), and Brazilian porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), and large cats like the puma (Puma concolor), jaguar (Panthera onca), and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis). The endangered giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) lives along the Orinoco River and its small rivers.

Some of the largest jaguars in the world live in the Llanos. The male jaguar can weigh over .

The Llanos long-nosed armadillo (Dasypus sabanicola) and the short-tailed opossum Monodelphis orinoci live in the Llanos.
The Llanos' wetlands have about 70 species of water birds, for example the scarlet ibis. Many sharp-tailed ibis (Cerbibis oxycerca) and white-bearded flycatcher (Phelpsia inornata) also live in the Llanos.

There are reptiles in the Llanos: the Orinoco crocodile (Crocodylus intermedius), spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus), Green anaconda (Eunectes murinus), and Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa) live in the flooded places.

Indigenous peoples
Indigenous human beings who live in the Llanos include the Guahibo people in the western Llanos in Colombia and Venezuela, and the Yaruro people in the eastern Llanos in Venezuela.

Cow raising and farming
Starting with the Spanish takeover, people have brought millions of cows to teh Llanos. An 1856 watercolor painting by Manuel María Paz shows cows eating grass between the palm trees. The word llanero ("plainsman") became the name for the cowhands who took care of the herds. They are like the gauchos of the Pampas or the vaqueros of Spanish and Mexican Texas.
People raised so many cows on the Llanos that the grasslands changed.  Human beings set fire to the grasslands to kill trees and shrubs and grow better grass for the cows.  Human beings brought new grasses from other parts of the Earth because they thought they would be better for the cows to eat.  For example, they brought the African grass Melinis minutiflora.  Now, large parts of the Llanos are govered in African grass.

Much of the Llanos now has farms on it, for example rice and corn farms.  Some of the rice fields are in the parts of the Llanos that flood.
Oil and gas
People look for oil and natural gas in Arauca, Casanare, Guárico, Anzoátegui, Apure, and Monagas. The Orinoco Belt, which is in Venezuela, has a lot of heavy crudeoil in oil sands. The Orinoco belt oil sands are one of the largest in the world, after the Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada. All of the non-conventional oil in Venezuela put together , most of which is the Orinoco, is about as much as all the convetional oil in the rest of the world.

Protected areas
In 2017, scientists said that 105,323 km², or 28%, of the Llanos, is in protected areas, meaning places where the government says no one may harm the plants or animals. Protected areas include Aguaro-Guariquito National Park (5,857.5 km²), Cinaruco-Capanaparo National Park (5,843.68 km²), Tortuga Arrau Reserve (98.56 km²), and Caño Guaritico Wildlife Refuge (93.0 km²) in Venezuela, and El Tuparro National Natural Park (5,549.08 km²) in Colombia.

Gallery

Cities in the Llanos
In Colombia
Acacías
Arauca, Arauca
Gaviotas
Maní, Casanare
Orocué
Paz de Ariporo
Puerto Carreño
Inírida
Puerto López, Meta
San José del Guaviare
Saravena
Tame
Villavicencio
Yopal
Fortul

In Venezuela
Acarigua
Araure
Barinas
Calabozo
Caripito
El Tigre
Guanare
Maturín
Puerto Ayacucho
Sabaneta
San Carlos
San Fernando de Apure
Tucupita
Valle de la Pascua

Related pages
 History of Colombia
 History of Venezuela

References

Other websites

 
 Dawn on the Plains Photo Feature, Havana Times, Oct 1, 2010.
 The llanos music
 The llanos of Colombia and Venezuela
 Los Llanos de Colombia

Grasslands
Geography of South America
Ecoregions
An edict or decree is an announcement of a new law. It can also be the law itself. Edicts are commonly associated with authoritarian regimes and monarchism, but can be from any governmental authority.

Law
Sovetsky Sport was the sports newspaper for the Soviet Union. It served as a partner to Pravda.

Newspapers published in Russia
Pravda was the newspaper that served as the official mouthpiece of the Soviet Communist Party.

Newspapers published in Russia
The Egyptian Revolution of 1952 was a period of profound economic, social and political change in Egypt that began with the coup d'etat that overthrew King Farouk, the last king of Egypt.

1952
20th century in Egypt
Revolutions
Farouk I  (; Arabic: فاروق الأول, full name: Farouk bin Ahmed Fuad bin Ismail bin Ibrahim bin Muhammad Ali bin Ibrahim Agha; 11 February 1920 — 18 March 1965) was the King of Egypt and the Sudan from 1936 until his abdication in 1952.

His full title was "His Majesty Farouk I, by the grace of God, King of Egypt and the Sudan". As king, Farouk was known for his extravagant playboy lifestyle. After the death of his father, King Fuad I in 1936, Farouk became king at the age of 16. He was very popular among the people. However, as time went by, Farouk's popularity slowly declined, perhaps due to the corruption and incompetence of his government.
Eventually, the  Egyptian military, led by General Mohamed Naguib and the other Free Officers started a coup d'état. This started the Egyptian Revolution. Farouk was forced to abdicate the throne in favor of his infant son, Ahmed Fuad, who succeeded him as King Fuad II. However, a year later in 1953, the monarchy was abolished and Egypt was declared a republic. Mohamed Naguib became its first ever President. Farouk died in exile in Rome, Italy in 1965 at the age of 45.

His sister, Princess Fawzia Fuad, was the first wife and consort of the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

Other websites
 

 
Farouk and Narriman: Egypt’s Last Royal Romance

|-

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The Suez Crisis was the invasion of Egypt by Israel, the United Kingdom and France to regain control over the Suez Canal and to remove then Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser who nationalized the Suez Canal Company and Egypt's oil industry.

Before 1956, the Suez Canal was owned by the Suez Company, a private corporation. This company was mostly owned by British and French investors. In 1956, Egyptian President Nasser nationalized the Canal. In other words, he took it away from the Suez Company and put the Egyptian government in control. Israel, the United Kingdom, and France invaded Egypt. 

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The service ceiling of an aircraft is the highest altitude it's capable of flying at.

Aviation
Aerial reconnaissance is espionage that is done for the sky, or outer space.

References

Air force
Bhadarwahi is a language spoken in the Bhadarwah region of Jammu and Kashmir, India.  It is a Indo-Aryan languages from the Western Pahari languages.  There are also some speakers in Pakistan.

References

Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
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This list includes all players from Kenya who have played at least one T20I match.

Key

List of players

Last updated 20 November 2021.

References 

Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers

Kenya Twenty20 International cricketers
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This is a list of Italian Twenty20 International cricketers.

Key

List of players
Statistics are correct as of 21 October 2021.

Notes

References 

Lists of Twenty20 International cricketers

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Matthew William Reeve Stokes was born 7 October, 1995 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He is a cricketer who plays cricket for Guernsey and is the older brother of Anthony Stokes.

Other websites
 

1995 births
Living people
Guernsey cricketers
Cricketers from Edinburgh
Anthony Stokes was born 1 November, 1998 in Saint Peter Port, Guernsey. He is a cricketer who plays for Guernsey. He is a younger brother of Matthew Stokes.

Other websites
 

1998 births
Living people
Guernsey cricketers
Rao Sahab  is a term used to refer to the Yadavs (or Yaduvanshi Ahirs) of Indian state of Haryana, Rajasthan and South-Western Delhi comprising of Ahirwal region.

History
In the early 8th century, The Yadava king, Charu Rao, moved from Mathura to the area of Ahirwal. He created the Ahiral state with Rewari as the capital. Many people from the caste in this area founded Jagirs. Rewari was one of them. People and other Kings called these Jagirdars Rao Sahab.

Rao Rulers

Balarama 

Balarama (Sanskrit: बलराम, IAST: Balarāma) is a Hindu god and the elder brother of Krishna. The Rewari empire was founded by Balrama and is named on Rewati, the daughter of king Rewat of Mahabharata time. King Rewat married his daughter to Balram and gave his kingdom to Balram. The King used to call his daughter Rewa and after marrying her daughter to Balram, it was named as "Rewa-wadi", with the time the name became Rewari.
Rao Ruda Singh 
Rao Ruda Singh, an Ahir ruler of Tijara, acquired his ancestoral jagir of Ahirwal . Ruda Singh made Bolni village, south of Haryana his headquarters, 12 km to the east. He cleared the forests and established new villages.

Rao Ram Singh 
After Rao Ruda Singh, his son Rao Ram Singh (Ramoji) took over the throne of Rewari. Ram Singh built a fort at Bolni and deployed soldiers on it for security. He was a fearless warrior so after a long struggle he was able to neutralize the criminals.

Rao Shahbaz Singh 
Rao Ram Singh was followed by his son and successor, Shahbaz Singh, who was a contemporary of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb.

Rao Nandram Singh and Rao Man Singh 

Shahbaz Singh was succeeded by his eldest son, Rao Nandram. Rao Nand Ram 
expanded the estate to nearby districts. He shifted his headquarters from Bolni to Rewari. The water collector named Nand Sagar in Rewari is still a testimony of his memory.

Rao Mitrasen Ahir
Rao Mitrasen Ahir 

Rao Mitra Sain was the son of Rao Tulsiram the Chandravanshi Ahir ruler who ruled Ahirwal.  Rao Mitrasen fought with Muslim invaders, Britishers, Kachwahas of Jaipur, Shekhawats of Shakhawati and Rulers of Bharatpur etc. To take revenge on Rewari, in the early months of 1781, the Rajput rulers of Jaipur & Shekhawats  attacked Rewari but they were defeated by Rao Mitrasen in the Battle Of Mandan and suffered heavy losses from a strategic point of view. In 1785, a Maratha expedition to Rewari was repelled by Rao Mitra Sain of Rewari. Shortly afterwards he died, the Marathas tried to invade again, but again suffered heavy loss by Rao Raja Ram Singh of Rewari.
Rao Bal Kishan 
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Rao_Bal_Krishna.jpg
Rao Bal Kishan was born to Rao Nand Ram Singh of the royal Yaduvanshi Ahir family of Rewari . It is said that he killed a lion without wearing armor. This earned him the title of "Sher Bacha Shamsher Bahadur". He was married to the daughter of a Ahir Sardar Ramchandra of Takana Nasibpur.
Pran Sukh Yadav 

Pran Sukh Yadav (1802–1888) was a military commander of his time He was a participant revolutionary in the Revolution of 1857. He was a close friend of Hari Singh Nalwa and the famous Punjab ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In his earlier times, he fought on the side of the Sikh Khalsa army. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, he participated in the first and second British-Sikh conflicts.

Related pages
Gurgaon
Ahirwal
Yadav

References

Yadav
Zachary McLaughlin was born 24 May, 1990. He is a cricketer who played three Twenty20 Internationals for Cayman Islands in 2019.

Other websites
 

1990 births
Living people
Caymanian cricketers
Isaac "Ike" Berger (November 16, 1936 – June 7, 2022) was an Israeli-born American weightlifter. He competed for the United States at the 1956, 1960 and 1964 Olympics and won one gold and two silver medals. He held eight world records (four official and four unofficial), and won the United States national title eight times. Berger was born to a rabbi in Jerusalem.

References

1936 births
2022 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American Olympic gold medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
American weightlifters
Costică Dafinoiu (6 February 1954 – 8 June 2022) was a Romanian light-heavyweight boxer. His career began in 1969. He won a bronze medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He retired in 1981.

References

1954 births
2022 deaths
Romanian Olympic bronze medalists
Boxers
Tarhan Erdem (1933 – 8 June 2022) was a Turkish politician. He was born in Kurucaşile, Turkey. He was a member of the Republican People's Party. Erdem was a member of the Member of the Grand National Assembly from 1977 until 1980. He was the Minister of Industry and Technology for one month in 1977.

Erdem died on 8 June 2022 at a hospital in Bodrum, Turkey from problems caused by a stroke, aged 89.

References

1933 births
2022 deaths
Turkish politicians
Deaths from stroke
Dame Maria Paula Figueiroa Rego  (26 January 1935 – 8 June 2022) was a Portuguese-British visual artist. She was known for her paintings and prints based on storybooks. Her works were seen as abstract and used pastels. Her works were usually about feminism. She was the first artist-in-residence at the National Gallery in London.

Rego died after a short illness, on 8 June 2022 in London at the age of 87.

References

1935 births
2022 deaths
Artists from Lisbon
British painters
British feminists
Artists from London
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
The Dark Crystal is a 1982 American British dark fantasy movie directed by Jim Henson and first time director Frank Oz. It stars Stephen Garlick, Lisa Maxwell, Billie Whitelaw, Jerry Nelson, Percy Edwards, Roberta Taylor, Barry Dennen and was distributed by Universal Pictures.

Other websites
 Official Site
 
 
 

1982 movies
1980s family movies
1980s fantasy movies
American fantasy movies
British fantasy movies
Movies directed by Jim Henson
Movies directed by Frank Oz
Universal Pictures movies
Movies about witchcraft
Movies about wizards
Movies about birds
Movies about elves
Andrey Anatolyevich Shumilin (; 9 March 1970 – 8 June 2022) was a Russian wrestler. He competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics and came fourth.

Shumilin died on 8 June 2022 at a hospital in Berlin, Germany from cancer, aged 52.

References

1970 births
2022 deaths
Russian Olympians
Russian wrestlers
Cancer deaths in Germany
Vladimir Grigoryevich Yegorov (; 26 November 1938 – 8 June 2022) was a Russian politician and military person. He was the governor of Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia from 2001 to 2005. He was Admiral commanding the Baltic Fleet before he became governor. He was born in Moscow, Russia.

Yegorov died in Kaliningrad, Russia on 8 June 2022, aged 83.

References

1938 births
2022 deaths
Russian military people
Russian politicians
Kaliningrad Oblast
Stanley Fischer (; born October 15, 1943) is an Israeli-American economist. He was the 20th Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve from 2014 to 2017. Fisher was the 8th governor of the Bank of Israel from 2005 to 2013. He is a citizen of both Israel and the United States.  

He was First Deputy Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund and Chief Economist of the World Bank. 

On January 10, 2014, President Barack Obama nominated Fischer to be Vice-Chairman of the US Federal Reserve Board of Governors. 

On September 6, 2017, Stanley Fischer announced that he was resigning as Vice-Chairman for personal reasons on October 13, 2017.

References

1943 births
Living people
Israeli scientists
American economists
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Zambian politicians
Israeli politicians
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
The Valet is a 2022 American romantic comedy movie directed by Richard Wong and written by Bob Fisher and Rob Greenberg. It is a remake of the French movie The Valet (2006). It stars Eugenio Derbez and Samara Weaving, with Max Greenfield, Betsy Brandt, Marisol Nichols, Amaury Nolasco, Carmen Salinas, Noemi Gonzalez, Armando Hernández, Carlos Santos, Ravi Patel, and John Pirruccello.

The movie is about a parking valet (Derbez) who is hired to date an actress (Weaving) trying to cover up an affair. It was released on Hulu on May 20, 2022 to positive reviews.

References

2022 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Max Greenfield (born September 4, 1979) is an American actor. He was known for his roles in Veronica Mars and Ugly Betty. He also played Schmidt in the Fox sitcom New Girl.

References

1979 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York (state)
Comedians from New York (state)
The Backrooms is an urban legend and creepypasta about a maze that seems to have no true end. It has empty office rooms in a moist yellow room and hallways. The area is said to have the smell of wet carpet with the sound of buzzing lights. These rooms have levels with monsters and strange but often dangerous creatures called "entities" living in them. Usually people get into the backrooms by accidentally falling or no-clipping through any solid object in real life.

People exploring and/or trying to get out of the Backrooms are known as "wanderers", though there are some people who have permanently settled down in different levels The Backrooms in places called "outposts"

Since its original creation, The Backrooms has been expanded into other forms of media and Internet culture, including video games, memes, and a horror/science fiction web series.
Levels 
 
The Backrooms original concept has been made bigger by 4chan, Reddit and YouTube users, who have created different levels of the Backrooms. There are thousands of levels found within fan-made Wikis of the Backrooms, featuring different pictures and safety classes in a format influenced by the SCP wiki. One canon is that there are three distinct levels. The levels in this canon include:
Level 0: The level showed in the original Backrooms photo, featuring all of the weird and creepypasta's most well known features - moldy carpet, based on only one color yellow walls and buzzing fluorescent lights. One of the things created by users for this level are dogs, described as Hounds. Another feature of this level is a noclip zone, which can bring wanderers back to Earth's dimension, return them to the starting point of Level 0, or to another level with different entities.
 Level 1: A level reached when one chooses not to enter a noclip zone and instead wanders around Level 0 for days. It is darker than Level 0 and features a more industrial architecture, with mechanical like sounds being heard through Level 1. The level appears to be a dark, dingy warehouse with low-lying fog and puddles of water around. Opposed to Level 0, the fluorescent lights begin to flicker more frequently, occasionally shutting down completely – This is when the entities come out.
Level 2: The third level of the Backrooms, according to the three-level interpretation. It is the one of the darkest levels, containing more industrial like architecture. This level appears as long service tunnels with pipes lining the walls. It is described as being reached when one simply wanders around Level 1 for a long enough period of time, and featuring a much higher temperature than other levels. Survivors of the Backrooms claim that the only way to escape the level is to remain calm, stating that only when the Backrooms have become a person's home can they depart. It is said to have entities that are more dangerous than those of Level 1
Popularity and impact
In January 2022, a short horror video titled The Backrooms (Found Footage) was uploaded to the YouTube channel Kane Pixels. This video caused the Backrooms to become popular again. The Backrooms was an inspiration for Apple TV+'s Severance.

References

Internet culture
2019 establishments
Horror
Internet memes
Science fiction
Windows Speech Recognition (WSR) is speech recognition developed by Microsoft for Windows Vista that enabled voice commands to control the desktop user interface; dictate text in documents and email and more. WSR has support of all Microsoft Windows except Windows Vista inducled with Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, Windows 10 and Windows 11.

Related pages 

 Windows Vista

Microsoft software
MindGeek (formerly Manwin) is a Canadian company that focuses on pornography.

References

Other websites
 

2004 establishments in Canada
2004 establishments
Companies based in Luxembourg City
MindGeek
Pornographic movie studios
Just Nuisance (1 April 1937 – 1 April 1944) was the only dog ever to be officially enlisted in the Royal Navy. He was a Great Dane who between 1939 and 1944 served at HMS Afrikander, a Royal Navy shore establishment in Simon's Town, South Africa. He died in 1944 at the age of seven years and was buried with full military honours.

Dogs
The Manawatu Standard is a regional daily newspaper in New Zealand. The newspaper is based in Palmerston North. The company started in 1880.

References

Other websites 
Official website
Newspapers in Oceania
English-language newspapers
Central Asian Arabic (العربية الآسيوية الوسطى) is a severely endangered variety of Arabic historically spoken widely across Central Asia including Khorasan, but now dying out.  Many are now switching to Persian or Tajik.

History
Much of the region of Central Asia was under the rule of Islamic Arab caliphates.  Many nomadic Arabs moved from Khuzestan and Oman to Samarkand and other parts of Central Asia.  After Soviet forces took the region, Arabic started dying.  The majority of Arabic speakers have switched to Dari in Afghanistan and Tajikistan.

References

Languages of Afghanistan
Languages of Uzbekistan
Languages of Tajikistan
Languages of Iran
Arabic language
Elizabeth Anne Cutler FRS FBA ( – ) was an Australian psycholinguist. She was the director emeritus of the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics until 2012. Cutler was elected to fellowships of the Royal Society, the British Academy, and the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia during her career. She was a professor at Western Sydney University.

References

1945 births
2022 deaths
Australian academics
Australian linguists
Psychologists
Scientists from Victoria (Australia)
People from Sydney
Aamir Liaquat Hussain (; 5 July 1971 – 9 June 2022) was a Pakistani politician, columnist and television host. He was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from August 2018 to October 2021, when he resigned from the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. He was an assembly member before form 2002 until 2007. He also was the Minister of State for Religious Affairs from 2004 until 2007. Hussain was born in Karachi, Pakistan.

Hussain died on 9 June 2022 at a hospital in Karachi, one month before his 51st birthday. A few hours before, he had a heart attack at his home.

References

1971 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Politicians from Karachi
Writers from Karachi
Television presenters
Columnists
Oleg Alekseyevich Moliboga (, ; 27 February 1953 – 9 June 2022) was a Soviet volleyball player and Russian volleyball coach. He was born in Dnipropetrovsk, Soviet Union. He took part in the 1976 Summer Olympics and in the 1980 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal in 1976 and a gold medal in 1980.

Moliboga died on 9 June 2022, aged 69.

References

1953 births
2022 deaths
Soviet Olympic silver medalists
Soviet Olympic gold medalists
Russian volleyball players
Bajram Begaj (born 20 March 1967) is an Albanian former military officer and politician. He is the 9th President of Albania since 24 July 2022. 

Begaj was the 26th Chief of General Staff of the Albanian Armed Forces from July 2020 to June 2022. 

He is an independent, but was nominated to the presidency by the Socialist Party as the candidate to the fourth round of the 2022 presidential election. Begaj is the fifth president in the history of Albania to have a military background.

References

1967 births
Living people
Generals
Presidents of Albania
Current national leaders
Scinax rossaferesae is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.  Scientists have seen it in and around Guartelá Canyon.

The adult male frog is 27.8–31.6 mm long from nose to rear end.  The iris of its eye is gold or yellow in color.  Parts of its legs are light brown.

The scientists who wrote the first paper about this frog named it after their friend Dr. Denise Rossa-Feres, a zoologist.

References

Frogs of South America
Hipra Laboratories, S.A. is a Spanish pharmaceutical multinational founded in 1954. It began in the field of veterinary medicine but is also developing a vaccine against COVID-19.

History 
The founder of the company is the Catalan pharmacist, veterinarian and chemist Joan Nogareda i Gifre, a native of Olot. In 1971, he acquired a Madrid-based companyand moved it to the province of Girona in 1954. Since 1973, its headquarters have been in Amer. His brother Ernest and Pere Casadevall are involved in the new company.

Human health 
Since April 2020, Hipra has been developing a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 with funding from the CDTI.2 Later, in November 2021, the vaccine went to phase 2 of human trials3, to finally start phase 3 in early 2022 with 3,000 volunteers in 20 hospitals, mainly from Spain but also from Italy and Portugal.

The company expects to make 400 million doses in 2022, having already agreed a supply of 50 million doses with Vietnam.