Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Reproduction
Bushmasters are oviparous: they lay eggs. This makes bushmasters different to other pit vipers found in the New World, because other pit vipers are viviparous,  they give live birth instead of laying eggs. A female can lay around a dozen eggs at a time. The female stays with her eggs until they have hatched and may attack any predator that comes near the nest.

Venom
The bushmasters are one of the largest and dangerous snakes in South America, and can inject a large amount of venom into their enemies. Even young bushmaster's bites are harmful, but bushmasters are nocturnal (they are active at night), so not a lot of people have been bitten by them.

Species
 Black-headed bushmaster, L. melanocephala
 South American bushmaster, L. muta
 Central American bushmaster, L. stenophrys

References 

Vipers
Snakes of North America
Reptiles of South America
Leonid Georgievich Yengibarov (; ; March 15, 1935 – July 25, 1972) was a Soviet clown and actor.

Yengibarov was born in Moscow. His father was Armenian. His mother was Russian. He started his career as a boxer. In 1955 he joined the State School of Circus Art. After graduation in 1959 he moved to Yerevan and joined the Armenian state circus.

He was one of the first Soviet clowns to create the poetic, intellectual clownery. He was invited to work in cinema. His first film was A Path to the Arena.

In 1960s he was known as one of the best clowns in the USSR and Eastern bloc. He created a pantomime troupe, and managed to stage only a single piece, "Star Rain" before his death in 1972.

Family 
Wife: Jarmila Galamkova

Daughter: Barbara Yengibarova (Born in 1965)
Filmography 
1963: A Path to the Arena, Путь на арену
1964: Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, Тени забытых предков
1966: Aybolit-66, Айболит-66 
1971: A Necklace for My Beloved, Ожерелье для моей любимой. (Comedy, directed by Tengiz Abuladze, cast in the Georgian SSR, Soviet Union) 
1972: Stoves-Benches, Печки-лавочки

Films about him
Please meet Leonid Yengibarov,
2 Leonid 2, 2 Леонид 2

1935 births
1972 deaths
Actors from Moscow
Armenian actors
Clowns
Russian movie actors
Soviet movie actors
The Great Sandy Desert is a desert in the northwest of Australia, mostly in Western Australia. It is the second-largest desert in Australia (after the Great Victoria Desert). It covers about . South of the Great Sandy Desert is the Gibson Desert, and to the east is the Tanami Desert.

There are not many people living in the Great Sandy Desert. Most of them  are Aboriginal communities and mining towns. The Aboriginal people of the desert fall into two main groups: the Martu in the west and the Pintupi in the east. They both speak Western Desert languages.

The area does not get much rain, but even in the driest parts rainfalls rarely drop below . The rate of evaporation (how quickly the water dries up) is very high. Most of the rain comes from thunderstorms. Many drought years end with a monsoon or tropical cyclone. On average for most of the area, there are about 20-30 days where thunderstorms form.
Most of the plants growing across the Great Sandy Desert are spinifex grasses. Animals living in the desert include  dingos, red kangaroo, monitor lizards, bilbies, marsupial mole, thorny devils, bearded dragons and many other species of lizard.

The first European to cross the desert was Peter Warburton. He made the journey from Alice Springs leaving in April 1873 and arriving at De Grey Station in January 1874. When Warburton arrived, he was starving and blind in one eye. He thanked his survival on his Aboriginal companion Charley.

References 

Deserts of Australia
Geography of Western Australia
The Disrobing of Christ is an oil painting by El Greco. It was completed in the spring of 1579 for the High Altar of the sacristy of the Cathedral of Toledo, where it still hangs. It measures 285 x 173cm. Harold Wethey says that the painting is a "masterpiece of extraordinary originality". The power of the picture depends upon El Greco's original and forceful use of color.

References 

Paintings with Christian themes
Spanish paintings
Paintings by El Greco
16th-century paintings
Azemiopinae, commonly known as the "Fea's vipers", is a monotypic subfamily made for a monotypic genus, Azemiops, which contains the venomous viper, Azemiops Feae. It is found on the mountains of Southeast Asia.

Description
The Feas's vipers can grow up to the length of 77 cm. They are blueish-gray or black in color with orange crossbands, the head is orange while the chin and throat is yellow, it also has yellow eyes.

Where they live
The Fea's viper is found in northern Vietnam, southern China, south-east Myanmar, and south-east Tibet. In China the Fea's viper is found in Fujien, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Kweichow, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang.

Habitat
The Fea's viper is found on mountains which have an altitude of 1000 meters. It prefers to live in cool climates which have an average temperature of 18-25 °C. In Vietnam it is found in bamboo forests.
Behavior
The Fea's viper is said to be nocturnal, but some people say that it crepuscular, and it hibernates in the winter. When disturbed, the Fea's viper flattens its body to make it look wider, and opens its mouth widely to show its fangs, giving its head a triangular shape. It sometimes also vibrates it tail. Fea's vipers are said to eat small mammals.

References

Vipers
Snakes of Asia
The Parable of the Prodigal Son is one of the parables of Jesus. It is found only in the Gospel of Luke at 15:11-32.  The parable is about a son who wastes his share of his father's estate. He loses all his money and gets work feeding pigs—one of the lowest jobs a person can do according to the Jewish religion.  He repents and returns to his father's house. He is welcomed and a feast is held.  His older, dutiful brother who has worked without reward for his father resents the fuss made over the prodigal son. His father reminds him that all he has is his. He says they should still celebrate the return of the younger boy because he has come back to them. In the Western Catholic church, this parable is usually read on the third Sunday of Lent. In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is read on the Sunday of the Prodigal Son. The parable is the subject of much art, music, literature, and stage works.
This is the last of three parables about loss and redemption. It follows the Parable of the Lost Sheep and the Parable of the Lost Coin. Jesus tells this parable after the Pharisees and religious leaders accuse him of welcoming and eating with "sinners." The father's joy described in the parable reflects divine love, the "boundless mercy of God," and "God's refusal to limit the measure of his grace."

References 

Prodigal Son
The Parable of the Mustard Seed is one of the parables of Jesus.  It is found in three of the Gospels of the New Testament: Gospel of Matthew (13:31–32), Gospel of Mark (4:30–32), and Gospel of Luke (13:18–19). The differences among the three tellings are minor.  

In Matthew and Luke, this parable is followed by the Parable of the Leaven. The Parable of the Leaven also has a theme about the Kingdom of Heaven growing from small beginnings. A version of the parable also occurs in the non-canonical Gospel of Thomas 20.

The parable from Matthew reads: "The Kingdom of Heaven is like a grain of mustard seed, which a man took, and sowed in his field; which indeed is smaller than all seeds. But when it is grown, it is greater than the herbs, and becomes a tree, so that the birds of the air come and lodge in its branches." The parables from Mark and Luke are similar.

References 

Mustard Seed
The Parable of the Lost Sheep is one of the parables of Jesus. It is found in the Gospel of Matthew at 18:12–14 and the Gospel of Luke at 15:3–7. It also appears in the non-canonical Gospel of Thomas. The parable is one of three that tell of loss and redemption. The others are The Lost Coin and The Prodigal Son. The Lost Sheep tells of a shepherd who leaves his 99 sheep to search for one sheep that is lost. Joel B. Green writes that "these parables are ... about God, ... their aim is to lay bare the nature of the divine response to the recovery of the lost." The parable has been depicted often in art.

References 

Lost Sheep
The Brandenburg Gate () on the Luisenplatz in Potsdam, should not be confused with the gate of the same name on Berlin's Pariser Platz, it was built in 1770/71 by Carl von Gontard and Georg Christian Unger by order of Frederick II of Prussia. It stands at the western end of Brandenburger Straße, which runs in a straight line up to the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul.

Previously, from 1733, there was another, simpler gate on the same spot, which resembled a castle gateway. Together with the city wall, a form of toll barrier, and the other gates it was intended to prevent desertion and smuggling.

Towards the end of the Seven Years' War, Frederick the Great had the old gate demolished and built, in its stead, this new Brandenburg Gate, as a symbol of his victory.

Since the city wall was demolished around 1900 the Brandenburg Gate has been a free-standing structure.

Sources 
 Paul Sigel, Silke Dähmlow, Frank Seehausen und Lucas Elmenhorst, Architekturführer Potsdam, Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 2006, .
Other websites 

Potsdam
Buildings and structures in Germany
1770s establishments in Europe
18th-century establishments in Germany
This is a list of amphibians by family

Class Amphibia 
Total 6771 species
Order Anura  frogs and toads 
Total 5966 species
Suborder Archaeobatrachia
Family Alytidae - Painted Frogs or Disc-Tongued frogs, 12 species. 
Family Bombinatoridae - Fire Belly toads, 8 species
Family Leiopelmatidae - New Zealand primitive frogs, 6 species. 
Suborder Mesobatrachia
Family Megophryidae - Litter frogs or Short Legged toads, 156 species
Family Pelobatidae - European Spadefoot toads, 4 species
Family Pelodytidae - Parsley frogs, 3 species
Family Pipidae - Tongueless frogs or clawed frogs, 33 species
Family Rhinophrynidae - Mexican Burrowing Toad, 1 species
Family Scaphiopodidae - American spadefoot toads, 7 species
Suborder Neobatrachia
Family Allophrynidae, 1 species
Family Aromobatidae - 104 species
Family Arthroleptidae - Screeching frogs or squeakers, 140 species
Family Brachycephalidae - Saddleback toads, 51 species.
Family Brevicipitidae - 31 species
Family Bufonidae - True toads, 558 species
Family Calyptocephalellidae - 4 species
Family Centrolenidae - Glass frogs, 146 species
Family Ceratobatrachidae, 85 species
Family Ceratophryidae - 86 species
Family Ceuthomantidae - 4 species, split off from family Brachycephalidae
Family Craugastoridae - 115 species
Family Cycloramphidae - 105 species
Family Dendrobatidae - Poison dart frogs, 179 species
Family Dicroglossidae, 171 species
Family Eleutherodactylidae - 201 species
Family Heleophrynidae - Ghost frogs, 7 species
Family Hemiphractidae - 94 species
Family Hemisotidae - Shovelnose frogs, 9 species
Family Hylidae - Tree frogs, 901 species
Family Hylodidae - 42 species
Family Hyperoliidae - Sedge frogs or bush frogs, 209 species
Family Leiuperidae, 86 species
Family Leptodactylidae - Southern frogs or tropical frogs, 100 species
Family Mantellidae, 191 species
Family Micrixalidae - 11 species
Family Microhylidae - Narrow-mouthed frogs, 487 species
Family Myobatrachidae - Australian ground frogs, 85 species
Family Limnodynastidae, 43 species
Family Nasikabatrachidae - 1 species, formerly included in family Sooglossidae
Family Nyctibatrachidae - 17 species
Family Petropedetidae, 18 species
Family Phrynobatrachidae - 82 species
Family Ptychadenidae - 53 species
Family Pyxicephalidae - 68 species
Family Ranidae - True frogs, 347 species
Family Ranixalidae - 10 species
Family Rhacophoridae - Moss frogs, 321 species
Family Sooglossidae Seychelles Frog, 4 species.
Family Strabomantidae 569 species, removed from family Brachycephalidae
Order Caudata  salamanders 
Total 619 species
Suborder Cryptobranchoidea
Family Cryptobranchidae - Giant salamanders, 3 species
Family Hynobiidae - Asiatic salamanders, 55 species
Suborder Salamandroidea
Family Ambystomatidae - Mole salamanders, 37 species
Family Amphiumidae - Amphiumas or Congo eels, 3 species
Family Plethodontidae - Lungless salamanders, 418 species
 Subfamily: Spelerpinae, 36 species
Family Proteidae - Mudpuppies and Waterdogs, 6 species
Family Rhyacotritonidae - Torrent salamanders, 4 species
Family Salamandridae - True salamanders and newts, 89 species
Suborder Sirenoidea
Family Sirenidae - Sirens, 4 species

Order Gymnophiona or Caecilia 
Total 186 species
Family Caeciliidae - Common caecilians, 125 species. 
Family Ichthyophiidae - Fish caecilians, 50 species. 
Family Rhinatrematidae - Beaked caecilians, 11 species

Other websites
 Amphibian Species of the World
 AmphibiaWeb

Lists of animals
Frogs have become a popular exotic pet. They can be kept in basic conditions, compared to reptiles. They are not expensive and their food is easily purchased. Common pet frogs includes ranids, hylids, bufonids, leptodactylids, and dendrobatids.

Pet frogs can be fed a lot of different live foods. These include crickets, rodents and fish. Small pet frogs will only eat crickets, fruit flies, springtails and other small arthropods. Medium-sized pet frogs can be fed larger crickets, mealworms, butterworms, silkworms, grasshoppers and small fish. Large pet frogs like Ceratophrys can be fed small fish, other frogs, reptiles, and small mammals such as mice or rats.
Amphibians of all sizes would need different terrariums. Tree frogs like to climb and can escape if a pet owner does not add a top cover for their tanks. Semi-aquatic amphibians need both land and water divided in the tank. Tropical frogs would need mist and high humidity in their terrariums. All water for amphibians must be dechlorinated. The chlorine can kill amphibians, and may be in tap water. Many amphibians are popular exotic pets and are found in some pet stores.

Pets
Frogs
Bombinatoridae or fire-bellied toads is a family of toads. It includes two genus Barbourula and Bombina. They have bright colors which means that they are toxic.

Species
Family Bombinatoridae
 Genus Barbourula
 Barbourula busuangensis - Busuanga Jungle Toad
 Barbourula kalimantanensis - Kalimantan Jungle Toad
 Genus Bombina
 Bombina bombina - Common Firebelly Toad
 Bombina fortinuptialis - Guangxi Firebelly Toad
 Bombina lichuanensis - Lichuan Firebelly Toad
 Bombina maxima - Yunnan Firebelly Toad
 Bombina microdeladigitora - Hubei Firebelly Toad
 Bombina orientalis - Oriental Firebelly Toad
 Bombina pachypus - Apennine Firebelly Toad
 Bombina variegata - Yellow-bellied Toad

Books 

Toads
Deborrah Kaye "Debbie" Allen (born January 16, 1950, Houston ) is an American dancer, actress and television producer. She also taught choreography and acted in Broadway plays.

References

Actors from Houston
American movie actors
American choreographers
1950 births
Living people
Drama Desk Award winners
Ascaphidae is a family of frogs. They are called tailed frogs because they have an organ that looks like a tail. The tail helps them to live in fast-moving streams. They live in North America.

References

Books

Other websites 

 Excerpt from Zeiner et al. 1988 describing tailed frogs 
 Type information from the American Museum of Natural History

Frogs of North America
The Pipidae is a family of frogs. They do not have tongues. There are over 30 species of Pipidae frogs. They are found in tropical places in South America and Africa.

Genera 
Family Pipidae
 Hymenochirus - Dwarf clawed frogs
 Pseudhymenochirus - Merlin's clawed frog
 Xenopus - Common clawed frogs
 Silurana - Tropical clawed frogs
 Pipa - Surinam toads

References

Other websites

Frogs of South America
Frogs of Africa
The African bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus) is a species of frog. They are in the Ranidae family. They are commonly named pixie frog because of their Latin name. They are found in Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo. They live in dry savannas, subtropical or tropical habitats. Males are bigger and longer than females.

Other websites
 The Natural History of the African Bullfrog, copyright 2002 by Terry Gampper.
 Natural History, Care and Breeding Information for African Bullfrogs / Pyxie frogs 

Frogs of Africa
Twyla Tharp (born July 1 1941) is an American dancer and choreographer.  She lives and works in New York City.  

Her work often uses classical music, jazz, and contemporary pop music.  In 1973, Tharp choreographed the ballet Deuce Coupe to the music of The Beach Boys.  It is considered to be the first crossover ballet.  Later she choreographed Push Comes to Shove.  That ballet featured Mikhail Baryshnikov and is now thought to be the best example of the crossover ballet.

Tharp has choreographed dances for many important ballet companies around the world.  She also has had success on Broadway.  In 1985, her staging of Singin' in the Rain, played at the Gershwin for 367 performances.  Her dance musical Movin' Out ran for 1,331 performances on Broadway. The musical is set to the music and lyrics of Billy Joel. It received 10 Tony Award nominations and Tharp was named Best Choreographer.
Honors and awards
Twyla Tharp received two Emmy Awards, 19 honorary doctorates, the Vietnam Veterans of America President’s Award, the 2004 National Medal of the Arts.

Tharp was inducted into the Academy of Achievement in 1993.

She was named a Kennedy Center Honoree for 2008.

Movies
Hair	
Ragtime 	
Amadeus 	
White Nights 
I'll Do Anything

References

Writers from New York City
American stage actors
1941 births
Living people
Emmy Award winners
Tony Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
Writers from Indiana
Drama Desk Award winners
Actors from Indiana
Actors from New York City
American choreographers
American dancers
Chytridiomycosis is a disease that can kill amphibians, for example frogs.  A fungus causes it.  THe chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis causes the disease.  The animals can catch it from each other. Chytridiomycosis one reason why there are fewer amphibians on Earth than there were. The fungus has decreased the amphibian population by 30% worldwide.  Many spcies are now extict because they died of chitridiomycosis.  In some species, only a few animals die, but in other species, they all die.  This is called 100% mortality. There is no cure.

Other websites 

 Article in National Geographic Magazine, April 2009 
 Wildlife Trade and Global Disease Emergence
 Main preventative management strategies for the Chytrid fungus 
 Amphibian chytridiomycosis at Amphibian Diseases Home Page 
 'Amphibian Ark' aims to save frogs from fungus 

Animal diseases
Fungal diseases
Temnospondyls are an order of small to giant batrachomorph tetrapods. They lived worldwide from the Carboniferous to the Triassic. A few species continued into the Lower Cretaceous.

The Temnospondyls are similar or identical to the Labyrinthodonts minus the Lepospondyls. It is probably an evolutionary grade, not monophyletic. It is convenient to use, because all these early amphibia were so different from present-day amphibia.p169 Many in the early Permian looked more like reptiles because they were adapted to life in a drier climate. Nevertheless, they were amphibians, and many larval stages have been found.

They are a large group of some 40 families and 160 genera.p322 Fossils have been found on every continent. Their evolutionary history spans 210 million years. During this time, they adapted to a wide range of habitats including fresh water, terrestrial, and even coastal marine environments.
Fossils are known from the larval stage, metamorphosis, and maturity.p184 Most temnospondyls were semiaquatic, although some were almost fully terrestrial, returning to the water only to breed. These temnospondyls were some of the first vertebrates fully adapted to life on land. Although temnospondyls are considered amphibians, many had characteristics such as scales, claws, and armour-like bony plates which modern amphibians do not have.

The youngest known temnospondyl is the Australian Koolasuchus that lived about 120 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous.

References

Other websites 

 Temnospondyli  Tree of Life project page on temnospondyls.
 Temnospondyli Palaeos page on temnospondyls.
The Lepospondyli are a large group of batrachomorph tetrapods from the Palaeozoic era. They are sometimes included in the Labyrinthodonts. 

They lived during the Carboniferous to the early Permian. There are six different groups. The Acherontiscidae, Adelospondyli, Aïstopoda, Lysorophia, Microsauria and Nectridea. The included species which looked somewhat like newts, eels, snakes and lizards. Some of them were aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial animals. None of them were big animals.

Other websites 

 Lepospondyli - Palaeos 
 Lepospondyli 
 Lepospondyli - phylogeny 

Amphibians
Peltobatrachus (from Greek pelte, meaning shield and batrakhos, meaning frog) is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibians from the late Permian period of Tanzania. They were large and slow-moving animals. They reached 70 centimeters (2.3 ft) in length. They were terrestrial amphibians. They only went back to the water to lay their eggs. They eat insects, worms and snails.

References

Temnospondyls
A terrestrial animal is an animal that lives on land such as dog, cat, an ant or an emu. It can also be used for some species of amphibians that only go back to the water to lay their eggs. It is usually a term to describe the difference between animals that live in water, (such as lobsters and fish), from animals that live on land.

Books
 Clark J. A. (2002). Gaining ground: the origin and evolution of tetrapods. Indiana University Press, 369 pp., .
 Cloudsley-Thompson J. L. (1988). Evolution and adaptation of terrestrial arthropods. Springer, 141 pp., .
 Little C. (1983). The colonisation of land: Origins and adaptations of terrestrial animals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 290 pp., .

Zoology
A sister group or sister taxon is a term used to describe the closest relatives of an organism (or other taxon) in a phylogenetic tree. It is a term in cladistics.

The sister group of organism A is B. The sister group of the clade B+A, is C.

References 

Cladistics
Reptiliomorpha is a clade of the amniotes and those tetrapods that share a more recent common ancestor with amniotes than with living amphibians (lissamphibians).

Unfortunately, different experts have used the term in several different ways. It has even been used for fossils of early amphibians. It is best used for animals which lay cleidoic eggs, but are not synapsids. Otherwise precursors of reptiles (sauropsids) get lumped together with precursors of mammals (synapsids).

Its only justification is that it may not always be possible to decide which group a fossil is from. But gradually, as with Seymouria, it is possible to separate fossils into more specific grouups.

Amphibians
Reptiles
Youth Riding a Hippalektryon is a circular painting (tondo) in the bottom of the bowl of an ancient Greek terracotta drinking cup. It was painted by Epiktetos. It is dated to the Archaic period of Greek art (ca. 530–520 BC). The cup stands about 5 1/8 in. (13 cm) tall. A hippalektryon is a mythical creature, part horse and part rooster. The cup is held in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The museum writes, "Late sixth-century vases connected with drinking occasionally have subjects that go beyond the familiar gorgons, griffins, or sphinxes. The hippalektryon belongs to this category. It is interesting to compare this piece to the fine early red-figure plate by Epiktetos showing a youth riding a rooster."

References

Other websites 
 

Paintings and pottery by Epiktetos
The genre known as Spy-fi is a cross-over between the genres of spy fiction and science fiction. The story usually involves a spy with advanced technological weapons or gadgets, and sometimes the villain is a mad scientist or evil genius with robots or advanced technological weapons and gadgets. The film and novel series James Bond was a popularizer of the genre, as well as such TV shows as The Man from UNCLE, Mission: Impossible, and I Spy.

Science fiction
Amanda Marshall (born August 29, 1972) is a Canadian pop-rock singer. Her self-titled first record was in 1995. It was a major success in Canada. Her most successful single was "Birmingham". Marshall has released many singles. She has not had a studio album since around 2001.

References

Other websites

Singers from Toronto
1972 births
Living people
Singing Reveler is the tondo (circular painting) in a terracotta drinking cup said to have been painted by Epiktetos. It is dated about 520510 BC.  The cup measures 3 1/16 x 9 15/16 x 7 1/16 to 7 3/16 in. The cup is in the collections of The J. Paul Getty Museum.

The tondo depicts an older, balding man reclining on a couch and singing. The setting is probably a drinking party (symposium). These cups were meant to be used at such parties and were often decorated with party scenes. 

The tondo presented problems to painters. It was difficult to present upright figures in a circle. Epiktetos solved this problem by using the couch as a line. The man's mantle slipping from the couch creates depth and space. The museum writes, "Epiktetos also used the circular frame of the tondo as part of the composition: it supports the man's pillow, and he props his foot on it."

References

Other websites 
 

Paintings and pottery by Epiktetos
Pentathletes is a painting on an ancient Greek terracotta drinking cup from Athens. It is said to be the work of the Carpenter Painter. It is dated about 510500 BC.  The cup measures 4 5/16 x 15 x 13 3/16 in. In the circular painting (tondo) at the bottom of the bowl of the cup, a youth pulls an older man to him for a kiss. The outside of the cup depicts bearded men and youths exercising with discus and javelin. A youth in a long robe plays music. The pictures reflect the interests of the aristocrats who would have used such a cup at a drinking party.

References 
 

Ancient Greek paintings
Ancient Greek pottery
6th-century BC works
A salt plain (also known as a salt pan or salt flat) is a flat area of ground covered with salt and other minerals. They are usually purely white. They are found in desert areas. In areas where salt plains form, the rate of evaporation (how quickly water dries up) is faster than the rate of precipitation (how often rain falls). A salt plain is formed where a lake or pond would otherwise be found. When the water dries up, the minerals stay left behind on the suface of the ground. Over thousands of years, the minerals (usually salts) build up on the surface.

Large salt plains are common in the Sahara Desert, the Kalahari Desert, the Rann of Kutch, the western United States and the central deserts of Australia. The Altiplano in Bolivia has the world's largest salt plan, the Salar de Uyuni.

Related pages
 Salt lake

References

Other websites 

Plains
Landforms
A witchetty grub (also spelled witchety grub or witjuti grub) is the large, white larva of a moth. It is a name used in Australia. Normally, it refers to the larvae of the cossid moth Endoxyla leucomochla, found in central Australia. These moths eat the roots of the witchetty bush (a plant named after the grubs). It is also sometimes used to refer to the larvae of other cossid moths, as well as those of ghost moths (Hepialidae). It is used mainly when the larvae are being thought of as food. Because it contains a lot of protein, the grub is the most important insect food of the desert. It was a staple in the diets of nomadic Aboriginal people living in the outback.

The name witchetty (or witjuti) comes from the Adnyamathanha language. The name comes from the words wityu (meaning "hooked stick") and vartu (meaning "grub").

References

Other websites
Witchetty Grub on Australian Insects

Indigenous Australian culture
Moths
The Carpenter Painter was a red-figure vase painter. He worked in Athens. He was active between 515 and 500 BC.  He chiefly painted cups. His real name is unknown. "Carpenter Painter" is taken from his depiction of a carpenter at work on a cup in the British Museum. Few of his works are known. The way he painted nipples, pectorals, hands, garments, and other details identify his work.

Related pages 
 Pentathletes (Carpenter Painter)

References 
 

Ancient Greek painters
Ancient Greek potters
John Allen Astin (born March 30, 1930) is an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor. He has acted in many movies and television shows. He is best known for his role as Gomez Addams in The Addams Family, his role in Evil Roy Slade, and other comedic characters.

Astin was born on March 30, 1930 in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at Washington & Jefferson College and at Johns Hopkins University.

Astin was married to Suzanne Hahn from 1956 until they divorced in 1972. He was married to Patty Duke from 1972 to 1985. He married Valeri Ann Sandobal in 1989. Astin had five sons; three by Hahn (David, Allen, and Tom), one by Duke (Mackenzie) and one adopted by Astin and Duke (Sean). Astin lives in Baltimore, Maryland.

References

Other websites

 
 

1930 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
Actors from Baltimore
Peter Seamus O'Toole (2 August 1932 – 14 December 2013) was a British stage and movie actor. He was known for his stage plays that were mostly based on that of William Shakespeare.

O'Toole was born on 2 August 1932 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England

O'Toole's career lasted almost 60 years. He became famous for his role as T. E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia (1962). He received his first Academy Award nomination for that role. He received seven more Academy Award nominations – for Becket (1964), The Lion in Winter (1968), Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969), The Ruling Class (1972), The Stunt Man (1980), My Favorite Year (1982), and Venus (2006). O'Toole holds the record for the most Academy Award nominations by an actor without a win.

O'Toole won four Golden Globes, a BAFTA Award, and an Emmy Award. He also received an honorary Academy Award in 2003. 

O'Toole died on 14 December 2013 in London, England from stomach cancer. He was 81 years old.
Early life
O'Toole was born on 2 August 1932 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. His mother was Constance Jane Eliot (née Ferguson), a Scottish nurse. His father was Patrick Joseph O'Toole, an Irish footballer. O'Toole studied to become an actor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art from 1952 until 1954.

Career

O'Toole's career began in 1954 on stage. His movie career began in 1960 in the movie Kidnapped as Robin MacGregor. His became famous when he played T. E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia. He became one of the most famous actors during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1972 O'Toole played both Miguel de Cervantes and Don Quixote in Man of La Mancha.

In 1980, he received good reviews for playing the director in the behind-the-scenes movie The Stunt Man. He received mixed reviews as John Tanner in Man and Superman and as Henry Higgins in Pygmalion. He won a Laurence Olivier Award for his performance in Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell (1989).
O'Toole played King Priam in the 2004 movie Troy. His last worldwide movie role was as food critic Anton Ego in the 2007 Disney-Pixar movie Ratatouille. On 10 July 2012 O'Toole released a statement that he would be retiring.

Awards
He was offered a knighthood but rejected it in objection to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's policies.

O'Toole was nominated for eight Academy Awards. He holds the record of having the most nominations for an Academy Award without winning. He won four Golden Globes, a BAFTA Award, and an Emmy Award. In 2003 O'Toole received an honorary Academy Award.

Personal life
O'Toole was married to Siân Phillips from 1959 until they divorced in 1979. O'Toole had three children; two daughters with Phillips (Kate and Patricia) and a son by his girlfriend Karen Brown (Lorcan Patrick O'Toole). O'Toole lived in London, England. He was lifelong friends with Irish actor Richard Harris until Harris' death in 2002.
Illness and death
O'Toole recovered from stomach cancer in the 1970s. He also had stomach cancer for the last eighteen months of his life. He died of the disease in the Wellington Hospital in London, aged 81. President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins lead a tribute to O'Toole. Higgins called O'Toole "a friend".

Funeral
O'Toole's funeral was held on 20 December 2013 at his London home. Rock star Sting and ex-wife Siân attended his funeral. His remains were later cremated. O'Toole's remains ware being planned to be taken back to his birthplace of Connemara, Ireland. His daughter Kate said, "We're bringing him home. It's what he would have wanted." At the mean time, O'Toole's ashes are kept in a safe in the Irish presidential mansion.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 "Peter O'Toole as Casanova" 
 Richard Harris, Peter O'Toole & Munster Rugby 
 University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol
 The Making of Lawrence of Arabia , Digitised
1932 births
2013 deaths
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from stomach cancer

Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Irish movie actors
Irish radio actors
Irish stage actors
Irish television actors
Irish voice actors
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Cerastes is a genus of small venomous vipers growing up to the length of around 50 cm. There are currently three species found. They are usually known as the "Horned Vipers", the "North African Desert Vipers", or the "Cerastes Vipers".

Behavior
The Horned Viper is nocturnal and terrestrial (lives on the ground), and is usually found buried underneath the sand. They are said to be slow moving, but they are able to do sidewinding. When they do sidewinding they can move faster across the sand. They are able to sink into the sand by moving in a rocking motion. They sink into the sand tail first and keep on sinking deeper into the sand until only their eyes and nose are sticking out of the sand. The reason they do this is so they can ambush prey which come close to it. They are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs. They live in the deserts of North Africa, Arabia, and Iran.

Feeding
The Horned Viper catch their prey by ambushing. They eat mainly rodents, birds and lizards.
Species
 Desert Horned Viper, C. Cerastes
 Arabian Horned Viper, C. Gasperettii
 Sahara Sand Viper, C. Vipera

Vipers
Las Vegas culture is the name for a number of setltements on the coast of present-day Ecuador. These settlements were created between roughly 8000 and 4600 BCE. In total, there are 31 settlements. The people who lived there were hunter-gatherers. They had also started agriculture. Bone points and a spatula have been discovered. They may have been used for making nets or textiles, along with various tools and containers shaped of shell; wood, bamboo, reeds, and bark are also believed to have been used in the tool industry.

No mummies have been found on the coast of Ecuador. The Las Vegas people had similarities with the people whose remains are preserved as the Chinchorro mummies of the north coast of Chile.They also lived at the same time.

References

History of Ecuador
Cultural anthropology
Yu Kil-chun (, 1856 – 1914) was a Korean politician, philosopher, thinker, reform activist and independence activist during the Joseon Dynasty. His nickname was Gudang, Chunmin, Guyil.

Life 
Yu Kil-chun was born in Kwangju. In his early years he studied under Park Kyu-su and Oh Kyung-suk. As a young man in 1881, he went to Meiji Japan to study at Keio University. He then went to the United States in 1884 to study mathematics. After that, he was accused of supporting the Gaehwadang (enlightenment party). He was arrested and put in jail from 1885 to 1894.

Between 1894 and 1895, Yu worked for the government of prime minister Kim Hongjip. He was Vice Minister of State for Home Office. In October 1895, Korea's King Gojong claimed that Yu was involved in the assassination of Queen Min. Kim was killed and his cabinet was disbanded. Yu went to the Russian embassy and escaped the country for exile in Japan. He returned to Korea in 1907 after he was pardoned by Emperor Sunjeong.
In 1910, when Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan, Yun started a movement against the annexation. Yu was offered the title danshaku by the Government of Japan, but he refused it. He died in 1914 of a heart problem. He was aged 58.

Works 
 Seoyugyonmun (서유견문)

Notes

Sources 
 De Ceuster, Koen. “The World in a Book: Yu Kilchun’s Soyu kyonmun.” In Remco E. Breuker, ed. Korea in the Middle: Korean Studies and Area Studies: Essays in Honour of Boudewijn Walraven. Leiden: CNWS Publications, 2008.

Other websites 
 구당 유길준(矩堂 兪吉濬):2003년 12월의 문화 인물   
 Yu Kil-chun  
 Yu Kil-chun , Korean historical person information 
 Yu Gil-jun  
 Yu Gil-jun  
 Yu Gil-jun  

1856 births
1914 deaths
Korean educators
Anti-communists
Korean politicians
Korean autobiographers
Plot may mean:

The events and scheme of a book, film or other medium
Fiction#Plot
Narrative

A conspiracy, usually secret, against a person or a regime
Katherine Esther Jackson (born May 4, 1930 as Kattie B. Screws) is the matriarch of the Jackson family of musicians and singers, including Michael Jackson, La Toya and Janet Jackson. She is the widow of Joe Jackson. 

Jackson had 10 children. Several of the children became famous.  In 1986 Essence honored her as "Mother of the Year".

In 1990, Jackson released her autobiography, My Family.  The book told about her elderly  years and her relationship with her husband and their children.

On June 25, 2009, Michael Jackson died. Katherine was granted temporary guardianship of Michael's three children. In 2012 her guardianship was suspended for a short time.  The guardianship resumed with TJ Jackson, Michael's nephew, added as a co-guardian.
Children
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson (born May 29, 1950)
Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (born May 4, 1951)
Toriano Adaryll "Tito" Jackson (born October 15, 1953)
Jermaine La Jaune Jacksun (born December 11, 1954)
La Toya Yvonne Jackson (born May 29, 1956)
Marlon David Jackson (born March 12, 1957)
Brandon Jackson (March 12, 1957)
Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958–June 25, 2009)
Steven Randall "Randy" Jackson (born October 29, 1961)
Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966)

References

African-American people
Jackson family
People from Alabama
1930 births
Living people
Fax (short for facsimile),  or telecopying, is the transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. 

The original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier), which turns the contents (text or images) into a bitmap, then the bitmap is sent through the telephone system. The receiving fax machine reconverts the coded image, printing a paper copy. 

Businesses usually have some kind of fax system, but the technology has faced increasing competition from Internet-based methods. Fax machines still retain some advantages, particularly in the transmission of sensitive material which, if sent over the internet, may be intercepted. However, encryption (a secret coding system) can make internet messages secure.

In some countries, because electronic signatures on contracts are not recognized by law while faxed contracts with copies of signatures are, fax machines enjoy continuing support in business.
In many businesses, standalone fax machines have been replaced by fax servers which receive and store incoming faxes electronically. The servers route them to users on paper or via a secure email. Such systems reduce costs by eliminating unnecessary printouts and reducing the number of inbound phone lines needed by an office.

History

Wire transmission 
Scottish inventor Alexander Bain worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments. He received the first fax patent in 1843.  Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. The Pantelegraph was invented by the Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli  He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyons in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of telephones.
In 1881, English inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the scanning phototelegraph that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. Around 1900, German physicist Arthur Korn invented the Bildtelegraph. It became widely used in continental Europe after a wanted-person photograph was transmitted from Paris to London in 1908. Its main competitors were the Bélinograf by Édouard Belin first, then since the 1930s the Hellschreiber, invented in 1929 by German inventor Rudolf Hell, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.

Transmission by landline was replaced by radiotransmission, and from  1960 by satellite transmission. Digital systems are now universal. Faster, more efficient and cheaper fax machines have allowed even small companies to own a fax machine. The technology is now world-wide.

References 

Telecommunications
Audrey Meadows (born February 8 1922; died February 3 1996) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as Alice Kramden on the 1950s American television comedy The Honeymooners. She was born in New York City by the name Audrey Cotter. Meadows died as a result of lung cancer.

Other websites

Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American musical theatre actors
American television actors
Deaths from lung cancer
1922 births
1996 deaths
Carl von Gontard (January 13, 1731 in Mannheim – September 23, 1791 in Breslau) was a German architect; he worked primarily in Berlin, Potsdam, and Bayreuth.

He modified the original Deutscher Dom and Französischer Dom cathedrals in Berlin and added the domed towers.

References

Other websites

1731 births
1791 deaths
German architects
People from Mannheim
Cloris Leachman (April 30, 1926 – January 27, 2021) was an American actress.

Personal Life 
She was in many stage plays, movies, and television programs. She won eight Primetime Emmy Awards and one Daytime Emmy Award. She was a vegetarian. Leachman was born in Des Moines, Iowa.

Leachman won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1971 for her role as Ruth Popper The Last Picture Show.

Death 
Leachman died on January 27, 2021, at her home in Encinitas, California at the age of 94. The cause of death was a stroke caused by COVID-19.

Notes

References

Other websites

American movie actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
1926 births
2021 deaths
Actors from Des Moines, Iowa
Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Writers from Des Moines, Iowa
American autobiographers
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
The Neue Kirche (; colloquially , meaning "German Cathedral"), is in Berlin.  It is on the Gendarmenmarkt across from the French Church. The Lutheran and Calvinist congregants used German as their native language.  This is different than the French-speaking Calvinist congregation who owned the French Church on the opposite side of Gendarmenmarkt. The congregants' native language combined with the domed tower gave the church its colloquial naming.

Famous parishioners
 E. T. A. Hoffmann

References
 Ingrid Bartmann-Kompa, Horst Büttner, Horst Drescher, Joachim Fait, Marina Flügge, Gerda Herrmann, Ilse Schröder, Helmut Spielmann, Christa Stepansky, and Heinrich Trost, Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmale in der DDR: Hauptstadt Berlin: 2 parts, Institut für Denkmalpflege (ed.) (11983), Berlin: Henschelverlag Kunst und Gesellschaft, 21984, part I, p. 217. No ISBN.
 Günther Kühne and Elisabeth Stephani, Evangelische Kirchen in Berlin (11978), Berlin: CZV-Verlag, 21986, pp. 374seq. .

Other websites
Other websites

 German Bundestag Historic Exhibition 
 Congregation in the Friedrichstadt (German official website)

Protestant churches in Germany
Buildings and structures in Berlin
18th-century buildings and structures‎
Mantellinae is a subfamily of frogs. They are part of the family Mantellidae. These frogs lives in Madagascar and Mayotte. These frogs looks similar to poison dart frogs. Most Mantellinae frogs are toxic. They have a lot of warning colors. There are over 100 species in this family.

Species and family 
There are two genus:
 Mantella (16 species)
 Mantidactylus (over 80 species)

Other websites 

Frogs of Africa
The Pacific tree frog (Pseudacris regilla) is a species of tree frog. They live on the West Coast of North America. This includes California, Oregon and Washington in the United States, and British Columbia in Canada. They live on the ground, but some have been found living in places 10,000 feet above sea level. They are the only frogs to make a "rabbit" sound.  Human beings also brought it to Ketchikan, Alaska.

This frog is small.  The adult frog is  3/4 of an inch to 2 inches long from nose to rear end.  It has a stripe near each eye.  Sometimes there is a mark in the shape of a triangle on its head and dark marks on the legs.  The frog's main body can be gray, green, light brown, brown, or black. in color.  This frog can change color.  It can be dark in color with no spots, then medium in color with spots, then light in color with no spots.  It takes the frog about 8 to 10 minutes to change from dark to light.  This frog has large disks on its toes for climbing and webbed skin on its back feet.
This frog eats insects:  leaf-hoppers, spring-tails, flies, stoneflies, ants, wasps, beetles, and caterpillars. It can also eat spiders, snails, and isopods.

This frog moves around at night but it does sometimes move during the day.  It can climb trees but it spends most of its time on the ground.

The female frog lays 5 to 60 eggs at a time in bodies of water at least 4 inches deep.  The eggs sometimes stick to twigs or other things underwater.  The tadpoles are about 45 mm long.  They are black or yellow-brown in color with a white or near-white belly.

References

Other websites

 Fact sheet, taxonomic details, distribution maps, slideshow, and images of Pseudacris regilla at ZipcodeZoo.com.
Californiaherps.com description - Includes detailed description, photos, recordings of calls
mister-toad.com Pacific Tree Frog description - Description of the ecology of Pacific Tree Frogs with photographs, audio and video.
 http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/herps/amphibid/species/hylareg.htm
Frogs of North America
The edible frog (Pelophylax kl. esculentus) is a species of frogs. It lives in Europe. It is also known as water frog or green frog. However, green frog is usually given to the North American frog Lithobates clamitans. The Edible frog is used as a food source to people in France.

Other websites 

Frogs of Europe
Animal hybrids
The Texas toad (Bufo speciosus) is a species of toads. They are very small only reaching three inches. They live in the United States in the state of Texas. But they are also found in Oklahoma, New Mexico and Mexico.

References 

  (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (Bufo). Evolution 58: 2517–2535.
  Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern.
IUCN RangeMap: Bufo speciosus
USGS: Texas Toad

Toads
Frogs of North America
(German for: French Cathedral) is the colloquial naming for the French Church of Friedrichstadt (, ) in Berlin on the Gendarmenmarkt across from the Deutscher Dom (German Cathedral), formerly a church of German-speaking congregants.

The first parts of the actual French Church were built from 1701 to 1705 for the Huguenot (Calvinist) community. At that time, Huguenots made up about 25% of Berlin's population. The French Church was modelled after the destroyed Huguenot temple in Charenton-Saint-Maurice, France.

In 1785 Carl von Gontard modified the church and built - wall to wall next to it - the domed tower, which - together with the French-speaking congregants - earned the church its naming. The domed tower is technically no part of the church, there is no access between church and tower, because both buildings have different owners. The tower, similar to that of Deutscher Dom, was simply built to give the Gendarmenmarkt a symmetric design.