Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A competing theory, however, suggests that a later amendment conflicting with an already-ratified Corwin Amendment could either explicitly repeal the Corwin Amendment (as the Twenty-first Amendment explicitly repealed the Eighteenth Amendment) or be inferred to have partially or completely repealed any conflicting provisions of an already-adopted Corwin Amendment.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 The ‘Ghost Amendment’ That Haunts Lincoln’s Legacy 
 A proposed Thirteenth Amendment to prevent secession, 1861

Proposed amendments to the United States Constitution
The Child Labor Amendment is a proposed and still-pending amendment to the United States Constitution that would specifically authorize Congress to regulate "labor of persons under eighteen years of age". The amendment was proposed in 1924 following Supreme Court rulings in 1918 and 1922 that federal laws regulating and taxing goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 and 16 were unconstitutional.

The majority of the state governments ratified the amendment by the mid-1930s. However, it has not been ratified by the required three-fourths of the states according to Article V of the Constitution. None of the states have ratified it since 1937. There was not much interest in the amendment after the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which implemented federal regulation of child labor with the Supreme Court's approval in 1941.
Because Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification, the amendment is still technically pending before the states. Currently, ratification by an additional ten states would be necessary for this amendment to become law.

Text

Background
With the Keating–Owen Act of 1916, Congress had attempted to control interstate commerce involving goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 or 16, depending on the type of work. The Supreme Court found this law unconstitutional in Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918). Later that year, Congress attempted to levy a tax on businesses with employees under the ages of 14 or 16 (again depending on the type of work), which was struck down by the Supreme Court in Bailey v. Drexel Furniture. It became apparent that a constitutional amendment would be necessary for such legislation to overcome the Court's objections.
Legislative history
The amendment was offered by Ohio Republican Congressman Israel Moore Foster on April 26, 1924, during the 68th Congress, in the form of House Joint Resolution No. 184. The text of the proposed amendment reads:

Ratification history
Having been approved by Congress, the proposed amendment was sent to the state legislatures for ratification. It was ratified by the following states:
 Arkansas — June 28, 1924
 California — January 8, 1925
 Arizona — January 29, 1925
 Wisconsin — February 25, 1925
 Montana — February 11, 1927
 Colorado — April 28, 1931
 Oregon — January 31, 1933
 Washington — February 3, 1933
 North Dakota — March 4, 1933 (After State Senate rejection – January 28, 1925)
 Ohio — March 22, 1933
 Michigan — May 10, 1933
 New Hampshire — May 17, 1933 (After rejection – March 18, 1925)
 New Jersey — June 12, 1933
 Illinois — June 30, 1933
 Oklahoma — July 5, 1933
 Iowa — December 5, 1933 (After State House rejection – March 11, 1925)
 West Virginia — December 12, 1933
 Minnesota — December 14, 1933 (After rejection – April 14, 1925)
 Maine — December 16, 1933 (After rejection – April 10, 1925)
 Pennsylvania — December 21, 1933 (After rejection – April 16, 1925)
 Wyoming — January 31, 1935
Utah — February 5, 1935 (After rejection – February 4, 1925)
 Idaho — February 7, 1935 (After State House rejection – February 7, 1925)
 Indiana — February 8, 1935 (After State Senate rejection – February 5, 1925 and State House rejection - March 5, 1925)
 Kentucky — January 13, 1937 (After rejection – March 24, 1926)
 Nevada — January 29, 1937
 New Mexico — February 12, 1937 (After rejection – 1935)
 Kansas — February 25, 1937 (After rejection – January 30, 1925) no other states have ratified the Child Labor Amendment.
The following fifteen state legislatures rejected the Child Labor Amendment and did not ratify it: Connecticut (1925), Delaware (1925), Florida (1925),  Georgia (1924), Louisiana (1924), Maryland (1927), Massachusetts (1925), Missouri (1925), North Carolina (1924), South Carolina (1925), South Dakota (1925, 1933 and 1937), Tennessee (1925), Texas (1925), Vermont (1925), and Virginia (1926).  Although the act, on the part of state legislatures, of "rejecting" a proposed constitutional amendment has no legal recognition, such action does have political implications.

Of the 48 states in the Union in 1924, five have taken no action of record on the amendment: Alabama, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York and Rhode Island. Neither have Alaska or Hawaii, which became states in 1959. Because there are now 50 states in the Union, it cannot become law unless it is ratified by 38 states (an additional 10), although when it was submitted to the states 36 ratifications were enough.
If ever ratified by the required number of U.S. state legislatures, the Child Labor Amendment would give the Congress of the United States jurisdiction concurrent with that of the states to legislate on the subject of child labor. In this case, child labor laws would no longer only fall under the jurisdiction of the states under the 10th Amendment. The states would have to yield to federal law where the two conflict—which is normal procedure anyway. After several state legislatures initially objected to the proposal during the 1920s, a number of them re-examined their position during the 1930s and decided to ratify. Those delayed actions resulted in much controversy. They also resulted in the 1939 decision of the United States Supreme Court in the landmark case of Coleman v. Miller
. Miller. In this case it was determined that the Child Labor Amendment remains pending business before the state legislatures because the 68th Congress did not specify a deadline within which the state legislatures must act upon the Child Labor Amendment. The Coleman v. Miller ruling formed the basis of the unusual and belated ratification of the 27th Amendment which was proposed by Congress in 1789 and ratified more than two centuries later in 1992 by the legislatures of at least three-fourths of the 50 states.
The common legal opinion of federal child labor regulation reversed in the 1930s. Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938 regulating the employment of those under 16 or 18 years of age. The Supreme Court ruled unanimously in favor of that law in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. (1941), which overturned Hammer v. Dagenhart (one of the key decisions that had motivated those in favor of the Child Labor Amendment). After this shift, the amendment has been described as "moot" and effectively part of the Constitution; the movement for it had concluded.

Notes

References

Other websites 

The Child Labor Amendment Debate of the 1920s, Bill Kaufmann, Ludwig Von Mises Institute, November 1992
Labor: Children , a 1924 Time magazine article on the subject
Labor: A 20th Amendment? , a 1925 Time magazine article discussing 1920s attempts to ratify the Amendment

Proposed amendments to the United States Constitution
Child labour
The National Central Library in Florence is one of Italy's two national libraries. It is the largest library in the country. A copy of every book published in Italy has to be sent there.

Related pages
 ''Libro di Antonio Billi

1714 establishments in Europe

Buildings and structures in Florence
National libraries in Europe
18th-century establishments in Italy
The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that would have given the District of Columbia full representation in the United States Congress, full representation in the Electoral college system, and full participation in how the Constitution is amended. It was proposed by Congress on August 22, 1978. It was ratified by only 16 states by the time it expired on August 22, 1985. It was 22 ratifications short of the needed 38 in order for the proposed amendment to have been adopted.

Text
Text

Legislative history
Representative Don Edwards of California proposed House Joint Resolution 554 in the 95th Congress. The United States House of Representatives passed it on March 2, 1978, by a 289–127 vote, with 18 not voting. The United States Senate passed it on August 22, 1978, by a 67–32 vote, with 1 not voting. With that, the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment was submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. The Congress included in the text of the proposed amendment that included the requirement that ratification by three-fourths (38) of the states be completed within seven years following its passage by the Congress (i.e., August 22, 1985) in order for the proposed amendment to become part of the Constitution. By placing the ratification deadline in the text of the proposed amendment, the deadline could not be extended, as had been done regarding the Equal Rights Amendment.
Ratification history
Ratification by the legislatures of at least 38 of the 50 states by August 22, 1985 was necessary for the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment to become a part of the Constitution. During the seven-year period specified by Congress it was ratified by only 16 states and so failed to be adopted. The amendment was ratified by the following states:

New Jersey on September 11, 1978
Michigan on December 13, 1978
Ohio on December 21, 1978
Minnesota on March 19, 1979
Massachusetts on March 19, 1979
Connecticut on April 11, 1979
Wisconsin on November 1, 1979
Maryland on March 19, 1980
Hawaii on April 17, 1980
Oregon on July 6, 1981
Maine on February 16, 1983
West Virginia on February 23, 1983
Rhode Island on May 13, 1983
Iowa on January 19, 1984
Louisiana on June 24, 1984
Delaware on June 28, 1984
Had it been adopted, this proposed amendment would have given Washington, D.C. full representation in both houses of the Congress. Also, this proposed amendment would have repealed the Twenty-third Amendment. The Twenty-third Amendment does not allow Washington, D.C. to have more electoral votes "than the least populous State," nor does it grant Washington, D.C. any role in the election of a President by the House of Representatives (or that of the Vice President by the Senate). In contrast, this proposed amendment would have provided Washington, D.C. full participation in the Electoral College. Finally, the proposed amendment would have also allowed the Council of the District of Columbia, the Congress, or the people of Washington D.C
.C. (depending on how this proposed amendment would have been interpreted) to decide whether to ratify any proposed amendment to the Constitution, or to apply to the Congress for a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution, just as a state's legislature can according to the Constitutional amendment process. The amendment would neither have made Washington, D.C. a state, nor affected Congress's authority over it.
References

Proposed amendments to the United States Constitution
Belaid Abdessalam () (20 July 1928 – 27 June 2020) was an Algerian politician. He served as Prime Minister of Algeria. He served as minister from 8 July 1992 until he resigned in 21 August 1993.

Abdessalam was born in Dehemcha, near Sétif, Algeria on 20 July 1928. He died on 27 June 2020, aged 91.

References

1928 births
2020 deaths
Prime Ministers of Algeria
Marcia Carolyn "Marcy" Kaptur (born June 17, 1946) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative representing Ohio. She has served since 1983. She is a member of the Democratic Party. 

Kaptur endorsed Bernie Sanders for Democratic nomination in 2016.

References

Other websites

Congresswoman Marcy Kaptur official U.S. House site
Marcy Kaptur for Congress

Profile  at SourceWatch
Jake Whitney interviews  Marcy Kaptur in Guernica magazine, December 2009

1946 births
Living people
Politicians from Toledo, Ohio
United States representatives from Ohio
Urban planners
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Federalism in the United States is the relationship between the state governments and the federal government.  This relationship is set out in the United States Constitution.  The Constitution says which powers the federal government has, and which powers belong to the states.  The goal of federalism is to create a balance of power, so neither the states or the federal government can get too powerful.

Background

Colonial government
When America was a colony of the British Empire, it was ruled by the government of King George III.  Many American colonists thought this government was corrupt and did not care about the colonists' rights.
The Founding Fathers of the United States started to believe in an idea they called republicanism.  This idea said that the people in a country should be able to choose their government.  It said that the government's job was to protect people's natural rights, and if the government did not do this, the people had the right to overthrow it.  By 1775, these ideas were common in colonial America.

In the 1760s and 1770s, the British government began passing laws that forced the colonists to pay taxes on items like printed materials and things that were made outside the colonies.  To many Americans, these were examples of corruption and unfairness in the government.  The government was making them pay taxes, but the colonists had no say in what tax laws were passed, or even what their money was spent on.
In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began.  The next year, the colonies passed the United States Declaration of Independence, making them the new country of the United States.  By 1783, thanks to help from France, Spain, and some Native American tribes, the United States won the war and its independence from the British Empire.

First constitution
First constitution

However, British rule had made most Americans distrust federal governments.  Many Americans did not like the thought that people far away from them could make rules about their lives, like the British government had.  They saw government as the biggest threat to their freedom.  Because of this, the United States' first constitution, the Articles of Confederation, gave most of the power to the states.  The Articles created a federal government, but gave it very little power.  For example, the Articles allowed the Continental Congress to sign treaties and declare war, but it could not raise taxes to pay for an army.  Also, all major decisions required all of the state governments to agree.  This made it very difficult for the federal government to get anything done.

Federalism in the early United States
The Founding Fathers  and regular Americans  began to see that the Confederation government was not working well.  Some of the Founding Fathers began to suggest federalism as a solution to the problems with the Articles of Confederation.
Many more Americans began to support federalism after Shays' Rebellion of 1786-1787.  Shays' Rebellion started out as a protest by poor farmers in western Massachusetts, and ended up as an armed rebellion.  Neither the federal government or the state government had enough soldiers or money to pay for an army that could stop the rebellion.  Merchants in Massachusetts had to pay for a private army to stop the rebellion.  Also, during the Rebellion, Massachusetts' state government took away people's right to habeas corpus (so they could keep people in jail without a trial) and their right to say bad things about the government.  Many Americans began to realize that under the Articles of Confederation, their government was unable to protect them or their rights.  This was not the republican government they had fought for.

Creating a new federalist government
In 1787, fifty-five delegates met at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.  There, they created ideas about a new type of government, called federalism.  In this type of government, they decided:
 The federal government would have more power than before.  However, power would be divided between the states and the federal government, so the federal government would not be all-powerful
 The states would get representatives in the federal legislature, the United States Congress.  Their representatives would speak for what the people in each state needed and wanted, and would be able to vote on all federal laws
 Small and large states would get an equal number of representatives in the United States Senate, to prevent the large states from having all the power
 The new federal government would have three separate sections which would divide and balance power between them.  Each would make sure the other two never got too powerful
The delegates at the Constitutional Convention wrote a new Constitution.  The last part of the Constitution, Article 7, said that nine states would have to ratify (approve) the Constitution for it to go into effect.   The Federalist movement started working to get the Constitution ratified.

A new Constitution
A new Constitution

Some of the Founding Fathers argued strongly for federalism, especially James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.  They created the strongest defense of the new Constitution in a book called The Federalist Papers.  This was a collection of 85 essays supporting federalism.  Its goal was to convince people to vote to ratify the Constitution.  Although they were published anonymously at the time (with nobody's real names listed), the essays were written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay.  The essays explained the new Constitution and all the protections in it.  It answered many of the arguments against federalism, and explained how the Constitution would help protect people's rights.  For example, in "Federalist No. 10," James Madison wrote that federalism would help protect the republican values most Americans supported, like the importance of personal freedoms.
People who did not support the new Constitution were called "Anti-Federalists".  The Anti-Federalists included Founding Fathers like Patrick Henry and George Mason.  They worried that under the new Constitution, the federal government was too strong, and had too much power over the states.  They wanted the states to have more power.  They also did not like the fact that the Constitution had no bill of rights.  Without a bill of rights, they worried that the federal government would take their rights away.

After the Federalists promised to add a bill of rights to the Constitution after it was ratified, and after George Washington said he supported the new Constitution, the states ratified the Constitution.
Amendments
The new Constitution took effect on March 4, 1789.  That same year, Congress wrote and proposed twelve amendments to the Constitution.  Three-fourths of the states would have to ratify these amendments in order to add them to the Constitution.  The states ratified ten amendments on December 15, 1791.  Together, they became the Bill of Rights.  The Tenth Amendment set the guidelines for federalism in the United States.  It said that any powers that the Constitution did not give to the federal government belonged to the states.  This was meant to calm people's worries that the federal government would try to take more and more power from the states.

Notes

References

18th century in the United States
Roger Agnelli  (May 3, 1959 – March 19, 2016) was a Brazilian entrepreneur, banker, and corporate leader. He ran one of the largest mining companies in the world, Vale SA. In 2013, he was voted by Harvard Business Review as the world’s fourth best-performing chief executive officer behind Apple Inc. CEO Steve Jobs, Jeff Bezos of Amazon.com and Yun Jong-Yong of Samsung.

On March 19, 2016, he was killed, along with his wife, son, and daughter (and three others) when their plane crashed in São Paulo, Brazil. He was aged 56.

References

Other websites
 Roger Agnelli | Radar on-line - Veja

1959 births
2016 deaths
Aviation deaths
Billionaires
Chief executives
Businesspeople from São Paulo
Dušan Čkrebić (7 August 1927 – 7 April 2022) was a Serbian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Serbia. He served as minister from 5 May 1984 through 5 May 1986. He was a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia.

Čkrebić was born in Niš, Serbia. He died on 7 April 2022 in Belgrade, Serbia at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
 Biography of Prime Minister Dušan Čkrebić  

1927 births
2022 deaths
Presidents of Serbia
Prime Ministers of Serbia
Yugoslavian communists
Niš is the city of southern Serbia. It is the third-largest city in Serbia (after Belgrade and Novi Sad). 

It is the administrative center of the Nišava District.  According to the 2011 census, the city has population of 183,164. The city center has 187,544 people living there and the administrative area has a population of 260,237.

Other websites

Regional Chamber of Economy Niš Official Website 

Cities in Serbia
Sikiru Adesina (born 1971, died February 8, 2016), popularly known as Arakangudu, was a Nigerian movie actor, director and producer. He was best known for playing roles as either an herbalist, armed robber or occultist in movies. On February 8, 2016, he died at his residence in Kaduna, Northern Nigeria.

Filmography 
 Temi Ni, Tie Ko
 Agbede Ogun
 Idunnu Mi
 Ilu Gangan
 Ogbologbo
 Iya Oju Ogun
 Ere Agbere
 Agbede Ogun
 Agba Osugbo
 Aje Olokun
 Iya Oko Bournvita
 Igba Owuro
 Ayaba Oosa
 Ajana oro
 Fijabi
 Oju Odaran Re

References

Other websites 
 

2016 deaths
1971 births
Movie directors
Nigerian actors
United States Reports are the official record of all the cases that the United States Supreme Court has heard.

Contents
The United States Reports include many types of information, like:
 The Court's decisions and orders on each case
 This includes majority opinions, concurring opinions, and dissenting opinions
 Lists of every case the Court decides

Citation
In the United States, when lawyers want to talk or write about a Supreme Court decision, they cite the United States Reports.  For example, the case Brown, et al., v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, is cited this way:
Brown v. Bd. of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

This tells the lawyer that the decision of the Court in the case entitled Brown v. Board of Education (as properly abbreviated), decided in 1954, can be found in volume 347 of the United States Reports, starting on page 483.
Joseph Mercieca (, 11 November 1928 – 21 March 2016) was a Maltese prelate. He served as Archbishop of Malta from 1976 to 2006. He was born in Gozo, Malta. He was known for restoring stability in the Maltese church following his predecessor Mikiel Gonzi's dispute with the Malta Labour Party.

Mercieca died in his home in Żejtun, Malta after a long-illness on 21 March 2016. He was aged 87.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
Maltese people
Roman Catholic archbishops
Léonie Geisendorf, née Kaplan (8 April 1914 – 18 March 2016), was a Polish-born Swedish architect. She lived and worked in Stockholm, Sweden most of her life. 

Geisendorf was born in Warsaw, Poland. She studied architecture at Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. 

In 1938, after her internship, Geisendorf moved to Sweden and was hired by Sven Ivar Lind, KFAI and Paul Hedqvist. In 1950 Geisendorf and her husband, Charles Edouard started their own office in Stockholm. She was known for creating the 	S:t Göran high school. She turned 100 in April 2014. Geisendorf died in Paris, France at the age of 101.

References

Other websites

1914 births
2016 deaths
People from Stockholm
Architects
Swedish centenarians
The Salmonidae is a family of ray-finned fish. They are the only living family in the order Salmoniformes. It includes salmon, trout, chars, graylings, and the subfamily known as the freshwater whitefish.

The Atlantic salmon and trout in the genus Salmo give the family and order their names.

Salmonids look rather primitive for teleost fish. Their pelvic fins are placed far back, with an adipose fin towards the rear of the back. They are slender fish, with rounded scales and forked tails. Their mouths contain a single row of sharp teeth. Although the smallest species is just  long as an adult, most are much larger, with the largest reaching .

All salmonids spawn in fresh water. In many cases the fish spend most of their lives at sea, returning to the rivers only to reproduce. This a migratory lifecycle. They are predators, feeding on small crustaceans, aquatic insects, and smaller fish.

Extinct genera

Salmonidae 

 Eosalmo (belongs to this family)

Orthogonikleithridae
Leptolepides (belongs to the family Orthogonikleithridae)
 Orthogonikleithrus (belongs to the family Orthogonikleithridae)

References
Robert John "Bob" Healey, Jr. (May 3, 1957 – March 20, 2016) was an American attorney, businessman, educator, restaurateur, and political activist. He was the founder of Rhode Island's Cool Moose Party. It is the state's third-largest political party from 1994 until 2002. He has been a perennial candidate for statewide office.

Career
Healey has run for Governor or Lieutenant Governor a total of seven times. He ran as an independent candidate in 2010, he won 39% of the vote for Lieutenant Governor. He wanted to abolish the office. As the Moderate Party nominee for Governor in 2014, Healey won 22% of the vote while spending less than $40 on the campaign.

Death
Healey was found dead in his bed at his home in Barrington, Rhode Island on March 20, 2016. He is believed to have died from a suspected heart attack in his sleep. He was aged 58.

References

Other websites

Bob Healey's Campaign Journal – A Guerrilla Guide to the Cerebral Revolution
1957 births
2016 deaths
Businesspeople from Rhode Island
Educators from Rhode Island
American political activists
Boston University alumni
Columbia University alumni
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Politicians from Providence, Rhode Island
People from Barrington, Rhode Island
Lawyers from Rhode Island
The official flag of the state of California is known as the Bear Flag. An earlier version of the flag was first flown during the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt and was also known as the Bear Flag.

References

California
California
Korematsu v. United States , was a landmark United States Supreme Court.  It concerned the constitutionality of military commanders, under an executive order by the President, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II. This was regardless of their citizenship. In February of 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order No. 9066. This gave military commanders the power to evacuate all persons considered a threat to national security from the West Coast of the United States to relocation centers. Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American who was born in the United States, refused to comply with the order. He became a fugitive, but was arrested and sentenced to five years probation. He appealed his conviction with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. After having his conviction upheld, the case was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. In a 6-3 decision, the Court upheld his conviction and ruled the exclusion order was constitutional.
Decision 
The question before the Court was did the President and Congress exceed their long powers. Did they violate the rights of Japanese and American citizens of Japanese descent?

In the majority opinion by Justice Hugo Black, the Court ruled 6-3 that the need to protect the country from 
espionage outweighed the rights of Mr. Korematsu. The issue of discrimination against a person due to prejudice against his ancestry is not a factor. Neither is there any question of his loyalty to the United States. The sole issue is his refusal to comply with a legal order during a time of war.
Background 
On May 19, 1942, during World War II, Japanese Americans were ordered to be move into relocation camps by Civilian Restrictive Order No. 1, 8 Fed. Reg. 982. This order, and other similar orders, were based upon Executive Order 9066 (February 19, 1942). Fred Korematsu was a Japanese-American man who decided to stay in San Leandro, California and knowingly violated Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army.  Korematsu argued that the Executive Order 9066 was unconstitutional and that it violated the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. He was arrested, tried and convicted. No question was raised as to Korematsu's loyalty to the United States.  The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction, and the Supreme Court granted certiorari.
Effects of Korematsu 
The decision in Korematsu v. United States has been very controversial. Korematsu's conviction for evading internment was overturned in 1983. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998 from President Bill Clinton.

References 

1944 in the United States
20th century in California
United States Supreme Court cases
Mare (; plural: maria ) is the name for a great plain on the Moon.  Several such maria exist.  They were formed by ancient impacts and volcanic eruptions.  Because of their high amount of iron, they reflect less light than the highlands of the Moon, causing them to appear dark to the naked eye. They are called sea Because ancient astronomers looked at the Moon and thought they saw seas and oceans, they named those dark areas maria, the Latin word for seas.  The maria cover about 16% of the surface of the Moon and most of them are on the side of the moon which is visible from Earth.

A lunar mare, Mare Tranquillitatis was the landing site for the first manned landing on the Moon on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Apollo 11 landed at  .

References

Surface features of the Moon
The Aérospatiale SN-601 Corvette is a French twin-turbojet aircraft. It was the only one business jet built by Aérospatiale. It can carry two pilots and between 6 and 14 passengers.

Civil aircraft
Corvette
The Embraer Emb-202 Ipanema is Brazilian civilian aircraft. It's used for crop dusting.

Agriculture
Civil aircraft
202
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health, , was a United States Supreme Court case.  It had to do with the right to die.  Nancy Cruzan was a woman who was in a persistent vegetative state.  Her family wanted to stop life support treatments so she could die.  Hospital workers refused to do this without a court order.  Eventually, the case made it to the Supreme Court.  On June 25, 1990, the Court decided it was legal to require "clear and convincing evidence" that stopping life support is what a person would have wanted.

Background

On January 11, 1983, Nancy Cruzan's car ran off the road.  She landed 35 feet away, face-down in a ditch filled with water.  When paramedics arrived, her heart had stopped and she was not breathing.  The paramedics resuscitated her, but her brain was damaged by not having enough oxygen.  The brain damage caused a persistent vegetative state.
Doctors put a feeding tube into her stomach so food and water could be given through the tube.  Without the feeding tube, Cruzan would die from starvation or dehydration, because she could not swallow anything.

In 1988, Cruzan's parents asked her doctors to stop feeding her through the feeding tube.  They believed Nancy would not have wanted to live in a persistent vegetative state.  She had recently told a friend that if she got badly injured or sick, she would not want to live unless she could live "at least halfway normally."  Nancy's parents wanted her to be able to die.  However, the hospital refused to take out the feeding tube without a court order.

Lower court decisions
The Cruzans asked a trial court to order the hospital to remove Nancy's feeding tube.  The trial court agreed.
The court said that a person has a "fundamental natural right" in the Constitution to have someone make the decision to remove life support "when the person has no more cognitive brain function ... and there is no hope of further recovery."  The court said Nancy's conversation with her friend showed that she would not want to live in a persistent vegetative state.

The state of Missouri appealed this decision.  The case went to the Supreme Court of Missouri, which reversed the trial court's decision.  The Supreme Court of Missouri ruled that no one can refuse treatment for another person, unless:
 The person had a living will, a legal document saying what a person would want in certain medical situations (for example, saying: 'I do not want treatment if I am ever in a persistent vegetative state'); OR
 There was "clear and convincing ... reliable evidence" that the person would have wanted to refuse treatment.  That evidence did not exist in the Cruzan case, the Court said.
Supreme Court
The United States Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal of the Missouri Supreme Court's decision.  This was the first "right to die" case that the United States Supreme Court had ever heard.p.27  

The Cruzan case divided the Supreme Court.  Five of the Supreme Court Justices (judges) wrote their own opinions about the case.p.28  Four disagreed with the decision the Court made.  However, the Court ruled, in a 5-4 vote, that the Supreme Court of Missouri made the right decision.  They ruled that Missouri did not violate the Constitution when it required 'clear and convincing evidence' that Nancy would have wanted her life support to be ended.

The U.S. Supreme Court did rule that competent people (people who are able to make decisions for themselves) have the right to refuse medical treatment.  They said the Constitution gives competent people this right in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
However, it said things are different for people who are incompetent (people who cannot not make decisions for themselves  for example, because they are in a persistent vegetative state).  If another person wants to refuse treatment for someone who is incompetent, they have to show "clear and convincing proof" that refusing treatment is what the person would want.

After the Supreme Court

The Cruzans
 After the Supreme Court's decision, the Cruzans went back to the first trial court with new evidence.  The court ruled that the Cruzans now had clear and convincing evidence that Nancy would have wanted her life support ended if she was in a persistent vegetative state.  On December 14, 1990, Nancy's feeding tube was taken out.  

Protesters filed seven different petitions with the court to try to get Nancy's feeding tube put back in, but the court refused.p.29  Then, on December 18, nineteen people went into Nancy's hospital room and tried to reattach her feeding tube themselves; they were arrested.p.29
Nancy Cruzan died on December 26, 1990.  She had been in a persistent vegetative state for eight years.

At Nancy's funeral, her father told reporters: "I would prefer to have my daughter back and let someone else be this trailblazer."p.29  Six years later, he killed himself.

Effects
The Cruzan case is one of the most important "right to die" cases in United States history.  It set precedents that courts would follow in many cases in the future.

The case also made many Americans interested in writing living wills and other advance directives (documents that tell doctors and family members what they want in certain medical situations, if they cannot make decisions for themselves).

References

Other websites
 Quick facts about the Cruzan case in Simple English (from IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law)
 Living Wills and Advance Directives for Medical Decisions (from the Mayo Clinic)

1990 in the United States
1990s in Missouri
United States Supreme Court cases
Euthanasia
Adam Nergal Darski (sometimes just called Nergal; born Adam Michał Darski; 10 June 1977 in Gdynia, Poland) is a Polish musician and celebrity who is best known for being in the black/death metal band Behemoth. He is the vocalist for Behemoth and plays the guitar, bass, synthesizer and drums.

Biography 

Darski was born Adam Michał Darski in Gdynia, Poland. He was raised in Catholic and began to play the guitar at age eight. He likes to call himself Nergal (which comes from Babylonia mythology and is the god of plague and war). He founded the band Behemoth while he was just a teenager in 1991. Darski also is the main lyricist, composer and manager of the band. For a brief time, he called himself Holocausto, which was inspired by Beherit leader Nuclear Holocausto. He was a member of a band called Wolverine, which showed his skills at clean singing.
He was inspired by Norway's Black Circle, so he formed together with Blasphemous (from the band Veles) and Venom (from Xantotol) and called themselves the Temple of Infernal Fire. Later other bands joined and far-right politics were introduced, and the group renamed the Temple of Fullmoon. Darski didn't want to be involved with politics, so he distanced himself from the group. This led to some members of the group accusing him of betrayal. Some members even sent him death threats. He says that he is now in good terms with the members.

Darski has completed six years of history at the University of Gdańsk. He is qualified to be a museum curator.
In March 2010, Darski got in legal trouble and was faced with blasphemy charges after he publicly condemned religion and ripped a Bible up on stage in 2007. Darski claimed that he did it to enhance his live performance, and didn't mean to offend anyone. He also said that he believes freedom of speech should come before religion in Poland. Darski faced up to two years in prison for ripping up the Bible, but the charges were dropped on 28 June 2010.

In 2011, he became a judge on season one of The Voice of Poland.

In July 2012, Nergal became the newest spokesman for Demon Energy drinks that would be sold all throughout Poland. Nergal appeared in his full Behemoth attire on the front of four different flavors of the Demon Energy brand next to the brand's slogan of "No Limits, No Laws". Darski reportedly donated all of the money he earned for his placement to one of the world's best bone marrow donor centers.
In October 2012, he got into legal troubles again over the ripped up Bible incident in 2007. The Supreme Court said that Darski could be guilty of the crime of “offending religious feelings” even though he did not mean to. The case was returned to a lower court which found him guilty of “intentionally insulting the Holy Bible” but the case was dismissed because of to the statute of limitations.

Personal life 

Darski dated the famous Polish pop singer, Dorota Rabczewska, from mid-2009 to early 2011. They even engaged during those years, but on 17 March 2011, the media claimed that they had called off the engagement and broken up.

Since 2014, Darski has been the co-owner of a barbershop in Warsaw, Poland. In 2015 he opened a second barber shop in Warsaw and bar in Sopot.

Leukemia
Leukemia 

Darski was rushed to the hospital on 8 August 2010 for unknown reasons. All upcoming Behemoth live shows were cancelled. On 24 August 2010, Darski was diagnosed with leukemia. The illness was thought to have advanced far enough to make chemotherapy useless, but these reports have since been proven false. His then-fiancée offered to donate her marrow, but his marrow didn't match. On 8 November 2010, Darski found a genetic bone marrow match, and he then underwent treatment to receive a bone marrow transplant. He was let out of the hospital on 16 January 2011.

References 

1977 births
Living people
Polish musicians
The words Karaite and Qaraite are very confusing and can be used about a few different things: 

1) There are some groups of people (whose ancestors came from Central Asia) who have been called Karaite people and the languages of some of these groups of people have also been called Karaite languages. Their ancestors were a type of Christian from the Church of the East sometimes also called Keraites. Many Karaite people say that the word Karaite means "black" in the Turco-Mongol language of their ancestors. That is a traditional Central Asian way to say they were originally from the Northern Turkic tribes. 

2) There are also Qaraite people who are mainly Turkic and related to the Karaite people but the Qaraite people mainly converted to Islam. Most people say their name also means "black" but some of these Qaraite people themselves say their name actually comes from an Arabic word for someone good at reading the Quran.
Valproate (VPA) is a drug. It has different forms, such as valproic acid, sodium valproate and valproate semisodium. It is mostly used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder. It is also used to stop migraines. It is useful to stop some types of seizures. It can be given intravenously or by mouth.

Common side effects of this medication are sleepiness, dry mouth, weakness, vomiting and nausea. Serious side effects can include liver problems, pancreatitis and an increased suicide risk.  Valproate is known to cause birth defects and miscarriages in pregnant women who use the medicine, so it is not recommended for women who are pregnant or able to become pregnant to take Valproate.

Overdose and poisoning
Too much valproic acid can result in wanting to sleep, shaking, near unconsciousness, less breathing, coma, metabolic acidosis, and death. Normal amounts of valproic acid levels in blood plasma are from 20–100 milligrams per liter. 150–1500 milligrams of valproic acid per liter of blood plasma is very dangerous.

Brand names

Brand names of valproic acid

Branded products include:

 Absenor (Orion Corporation Finland)
 Convulex (G.L. Pharma GmbH Austria)
 Depakene (Abbott Laboratories in US and Canada)
 Depakine (Sanofi Aventis France)
 Depakine (Sanofi Synthelabo Romania)
 Depalept (Sanofi Aventis Israel)
 Deprakine (Sanofi Aventis Finland)
 Encorate (Sun Pharmaceuticals India)
 Epival (Abbott Laboratories US and Canada)
 Epilim (Sanofi Synthelabo Australia and South Africa)
 Stavzor (Noven Pharmaceuticals Inc.)
 Valcote (Abbott Laboratories Argentina)
 Valpakine (Sanofi Aventis Brazil)

Brand names of sodium valproate

Portugal
 Tablets – Diplexil-R by Bial.
United States
 Intravenous injection – Depacon by Abbott Laboratories.
 Syrup – Depakene by Abbott Laboratories. (Note Depakene capsules are valproic acid).
 Depakote tablets are a mixture of sodium valproate and valproic acid.
 Tablets – Eliaxim by Bial.

Australia
Epilim Crushable Tablets Sanofi
Epilim Sugar Free Liquid Sanofi
Epilim Syrup Sanofi
Epilim Tablets Sanofi
Sodium Valproate Sandoz Tablets Sanofi
Valpro Tablets Alphapharm
Valproate Winthrop Tablets Sanofi
Valprease tablets Sigma

New Zealand
Epilim by Sanofi-Aventis

All the above formulations are Pharmac-subsidised.
UK
 Depakote Tablets (as in USA)
 Tablets – Orlept by Wockhardt and Epilim by Sanofi
 Oral solution – Orlept Sugar Free by Wockhardt and Epilim by Sanofi
 Syrup – Epilim by Sanofi-Aventis
 Intravenous injection – Epilim Intravenous by Sanofi
 Extended release tablets – Epilim Chrono by Sanofi is a combination of sodium valproate and valproic acid in a 2.3:1 ratio.
 Enteric-coated tablets – Epilim EC200 by Sanofi is a 200-mg sodium valproate enteric-coated tablet.

UK only
 Capsules – Episenta prolonged release by Beacon
 Sachets – Episenta prolonged release by Beacon
 Intravenous solution for injection – Episenta solution for injection by Beacon

Germany, Switzerland, Norway, Finland, Sweden
 Tablets – Orfiril by Desitin Pharmaceuticals
 Intravenous injection – Orfiril IV by Desitin Pharmaceuticals

South Africa
 Syrup – Convulex by Byk Madaus
 Tablets – Epilim by Sanofi-synthelabo

Malaysia
 Tablets – Epilim by Sanofi-Aventis
Romania
 Companies are SANOFI-AVENTIS FRANCE, GEROT PHARMAZEUTIKA GMBH and DESITIN ARZNEIMITTEL GMBH
 Types are Syrup, Extended release mini tablets, Gastric resistant coated tablets, Gastric resistant soft capsules, Extended release capsules, Extended release tablets and Extended release coated tablets

Canada
 Intravenous injection – Epival or Epiject by Abbott Laboratories.
 Syrup – Depakene by Abbott Laboratories its generic formulations include Apo-Valproic  and ratio-Valproic .

Japan
 Tablets – Depakene by Kyowa Hakko Kirin
 Extended release tablets – Depakene-R by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo and Selenica-R by Kowa
 Syrup – Depakene by Kyowa Hakko Kogyo

Europe
In much of Europe, Dépakine and Depakine Chrono (tablets) are equivalent to Epilim and Epilim Chrono above.

Taiwan
Tablets (white round tablet) – Depakine (帝拔癲 / di-ba-dian) by Sanofi Winthrop Industrie (France)

Israel
 Depalept (equivalent of Epilim) 
 Depalept Chrono (extended release tablets; equivalent of Epilim Chrono)
India, Russia and CIS countries 
 Valprol CR by Intas Pharmaceutical (India)
 Encorate Chrono by Sun Pharmaceutical (India)
 Serven Chrono by Leeven APL Biotech (India)

Brand names of valproate semisodium
 Brazil – Depakote by Abbott Laboratories and Torval CR by Torrent do Brasil
 Canada – Epival by Abbott Laboratories
 Mexico – Epival and Epival ER (extended release) by Abbott Laboratories
 United Kingdom – Depakote (for psychiatric conditions) and Epilim (for epilepsy) by Sanofi-Aventis and generics
 United States – Depakote and Depakote ER (extended release) by Abbott Laboratories and generics
 India – Valance and Valance OD by Abbott Healthcare Pvt Ltd, Divalid ER by Linux laboratories Pvt Ltd, Valex ER by Sigmund Promedica, Dicorate by Sun Pharma
 Germany – Ergenyl Chrono by Sanofi-Aventis and generics
 Chile – Valcote and Valcote ER by Abbott Laboratories
 France and other European countries — Depakote
 Peru – Divalprax by AC Farma Laboratories
 China – Diprate OD

References
References

Drugs used in psychiatry
Carboxylic acids
Somnolence (also sleepiness or drowsiness) is a strong desire for sleep. It is also sleeping for unusually long periods. It can refer to the usual state before falling asleep. It can be accompanied by lethargy, weakness and difficulty thinking.

Sleepiness can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as driving a vehicle.

References

Sleep
Symptoms
On 22 March 2016, three large explosions happened in the Belgian capital Brussels. Two bombs exploded at Brussels Zaventem Airport and one exploded at Maalbeek metro station. According to the Belgian Health Ministry, at least 31 people were killed and over 250 injured. Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has publicly claimed responsibility for the attack. There are three suspects. Two were suicide bombers and Belgian police are currently searching for the third one.

Background 
Belgium took part in the war against ISIL in Iraq. About 500 foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq are Belgians. The fighters mostly come from immigrant families.
Belgium suffered previous attacks. In May 2014, an Islamist gunman attacked the Jewish Museum of Belgium in Brussels, killing four people. In January 2015, Security men stopped a group maybe planned a second Charlie Hebdo shooting. The operation resulted in the deaths of two members of the group. In August 2015, a man shot and stabbed people on a train in Brussels, before being stopped by passengers.

The attackers that were part of the November 2015 Paris attacks were based in Molenbeek, and the city of Brussels was closed for five days to search for people. On 18 March 2016, Salah Abdeslam, who possibly was part of the Paris attacks, was caught, and at least one other suspect is still free.

Bombing locations

Brussels Airport 
Two explosions took place in the airport's departure hall.
Victims 
At least 31 people were killed and more than 230 others were injured. Three Americans, Mormon missionaries, were seriously injured, as well as a member of the U.S. military and his family. The U.S. Embassy in Brussels asked U.S. citizens not to use buses and subways.

ISIL attacked Brussels 
Two men used bombs to kill themselves and other people at Brussels Airport. The police is looking for a third man seen with them in CCTV photo from the airport. ISIL said it was behind the attack.

Hours after the attacks, police went into a home in Schaerbeek, north of Brussels, where they found a nail bomb, chemicals, and an ISIL flag. One man was arrested, but then released.