Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Major works 
 Phenomenology of Spirit (Phänomenologie des Geistes Sometimes translated as Phenomenology of Mind) 1807 (This gives an example of the problem: The English translators of the Phänomenologie des Geistes are not sure if they should translate "Geist" by "Spirit" or by "Mind", although the terms "Spirit" and "Mind" are sharply distinct in the English language.)
 Science of Logic (Wissenschaft der Logik) 1812–1816 (last edition of the first part 1831)
 Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (Enzyklopaedie der philosophischen Wissenschaften) 1817–1830
 Elements of the Philosophy of Right (Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts) 1821
 Lectures on Aesthetics
 Lectures on the Philosophy of History (also translated as Lectures on the Philosophy of World History) 1830
 Lectures on Philosophy of Religion
 Lectures on the History of Philosophy
Secondary literature 
 Theodor W. Adorno, 1994. Hegel: Three Studies. MIT Press. Translated by Shierry M. Nicholsen, with an introduction by Nicholsen and Jeremy J. Shapiro, . Essays on Hegel's concept of spirit/mind, Hegel's concept of experience, and why Hegel is difficult to read.
 Avineri, Shlomo, 1974. Hegel's Theory of the Modern State. Cambridge University Press. Best introduction to Hegel's political philosophy.
 Frederick C. Beiser, ed., 1993. The Cambridge Companion to Hegel. Cambridge University Press. . The Cambridge Companions are a good way to start learning about a particular philosopher; this one is no exception.

Other websites
Other websites 

 The new HegelWiki
 Hegel.net - resources available under the GNU FDL
 Hegel.net  - wiki article on Hegel
 Alicia Farinati -  Hegelian Works  Several articles on Hegel. Available in English, Spanish and French
 Commented link list
 Hegel mailing lists in the internet
 Explanation of Hegel, mostly in German
 The Hegel Society of America
 Hegel in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 http://www.gwfhegel.org/
 Hegel page in 'The History Guide'
 Is Hegel a Christian? 
 Rethinking the Place of Philosophy with Hegel - Call for Papers for Cosmos and History

Hegel texts online 
 
 Philosophy of History Introduction
 Hegel's The Philosophy of Right
 Hegel's The Philosophy of History
 Hegel by HyperText reference archive

Continental philosophers
German philosophers
Writers from Stuttgart
Deaths from cholera
1770 births
1831 deaths
The London Borough of Croydon is a London Borough. It is in south London. The borough is the farthest south of Greater London, with the M25 circle motorway touching it at the bottom. In North Croydon the borough mainly borders the London Borough of Bromley to the east as well as the London Boroughs of Southwark and Lambeth to the north. The boroughs of Sutton and Merton are west of Croydon.

Croydon's main town centre is Croydon itself. The town offers the most office space in Southeast England apart from Central London. There are two shopping centres in Croydon which are named Centrale and the Witgift Centre. Croydon was named the 20th best shopping town in the UK. Croydon is currently being modernised (meaning new buildings are being built). Croydon College and John Ruskin College are the only schools for people over 16 years old.
The London Borough of Croydon asked the government for city status in 2000 and again in 2002 but it failed. If the government said yes it would have been the third council in Greater London to hold that status, the others being the City of London and the City of Westminster.

The borough is the home of two football clubs, Crystal Palace F.C. who are in the Football League Championship and Croydon F.C. who are in the Ryman League. Croydon is also known for having a lot of parks and open spaces like Mitcham Common and South Norwood Lakes.

Croydon is a tourist attraction in London. One of the reasons is because it is close to Gatwick Airport and because it has lots of entertainment and historic facilities including the Fairfield Halls, Warehouse Theatre, Croydon Airport (disused), Shirley Windmill, Croydon Palace and the Croydon Clocktower.

Places
Places 

The borough includes the following areas:
 Addington
 Addiscombe
 Ashburton
 Broad Green
 Coombe
 Coulsdon
 Croydon
 Crystal Palace
 Forestdale
 Hamsey Green
 Kenley
 New Addington
 Norbury
 Purley
 Sanderstead
 Selhurst
 Selsdon
 Shirley
 South Croydon
 South Norwood
 Thornton Heath
 Upper Norwood
 Waddon
 West Croydon
 Woodside
 Whyteleafe

Attractions 

Croydon has many places that people enjoy visiting. There are a lot of places of interest such as Croydon Airport, which was the largest airport in London until its closure in September 1959. It was closed because of it was too small to handle the growing number of flights to Croydon so Heathrow and Gatwick took over. It has become a great place for air plane shows and sometimes is hosts along with Biggin Hill. Addington Palace is an 18th-century mansion that was the home of six archbishops.
The Warehouse Theatre is a professional producing producing studio theatre with up to a hundred seats in the centre of Croydon based in an oak-beamed former Victorian cement warehouse. The Fairfield Halls is an arts centre in Croydon which opened in 1962. It contains a concert hall, the Ashcroft Theatre (named for local actress Dame Peggy Ashcroft), the Arnhem Gallery civic hall (Croydon is twinned with Arnhem, a city in The Netherlands) and an art gallery. The large concert hall is used by the BBC for recordings.

Other websites 
 Croydon Council - London Borough of Croydon
 Croydon Online - Website about area
Nicolas Sarkozy (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician. He was the 23rd President of France and, because of that position, ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 to 15 May 2012 succeeding Jacques Chirac.
 
He was the leader of the UMP, and was elected President of the French Republic on 6 May 2007. He defeated Ségolène Royal, of the Socialist Party.
Political career
Sarkozy was known for his conservative law and order politics and his admiration for a new economic model for France during his presidency. He wanted a more liberalised economy for France because he saw the United States and the United Kingdom as positive examples. Until 26 March 2007, he was the Minister of the Interior of France. His nickname Sarko was used by both supporters and opponents. On 6 May 2012, Sarkozy was defeated in the 2012 election by Socialist François Hollande by a margin of 3.2%, or 1,139,983 votes. After leaving the office, Sarkozy pretended to retire from political life. As a former president, Sarkozy is entitled to de jure membership in the Constitutional Council.

Corruption trial
On 23 November 2020, a corruption trial started. He was accused for an attempted bribery of a judge. The trial was postponed until November 26, following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons.
On March 1, 2021, a court in Paris found former Sarkozy guilty of corruption, trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange. Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years, two of them suspended, and one in prison.

Notes

Other websites

Official websites 
 Nicolas Sarkozy Construire Ensemble—Official web site of the presidential campaign 
 Website of the UMP, Sarkozy's party 
 Nicolas Sarkozy–Official Website
 Supporters de Sarkozy–Official Website of Nicolas Sarkozy's supporters

Press 
  Charlie Rose show 02.02.07 (video interview at Place Beauvau, Paris with PBS journalist Charlie Rose, 30.01.07)
  Sarkozy takes over Chirac's UMP party (BBC)
  Profile: Nicolas Sarkozy (BBC)
  Nicolas Sarkozy: French Choose the American Way?  by David Storobin
  Vive this difference  by Suzanne Fields
  France's chance, Economist, 12 April 2007
  Letter From Europe- Round 1  Jane Kramer, The New Yorker, April 23, 2007
Related contents 
 Some Nicolas Sarkozy's quotations (French)
 Sarkozy 2007 — Website to promote Nicolas Sarkozy's candidacy in 2007

French Roman Catholics
French lawyers
Politicians from Paris
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Presidents of France
Princes of Andorra
1955 births
Living people
French Ministers of Finance
French criminals
Rotterdamse Voetbalvereniging "Hillesluis" (translated:Rotterdam's Football Society "Hillesluis") was a football club in Rotterdam. It was located near the Feyenoord stadium. It was created in 1932 in a Rotterdam's town with the same name. It was disestablished in 2012.

This club has 21 teams from which:
4 senior teams
6 junior teams
7 pupil teams
1 lady's team
1 futsal team
2 disabled teams

Other websites
RVV Hillesluis 

1932 establishments in Europe
2012 disestablishments in Europe
Dutch football clubs
Rotterdam
A tyrant (pronounce: tie-rant) is a person who rules with absolute power. In its Greek origin the word has no negative meaning: we translate Oedipus Tyrannus as 'Oedipus the King'. A tyrant  usually rules a country, and he often got his position as powerful ruler by force, although some of them inherited their power.

Later, the word came to mean someone who ruled with cruelty and injustice. The rule of a tyrant is called tyranny.  The adjective is tyrannical.

A dictator or despot is someone who rules with absolute authority, usually cruelly. It now has the same meaning as 'tyrant', whereas before, 'tyrant' meant something like 'ruler' or 'king'.

In the 10th and 9th centuries BC, Ancient Greece was ruled by monarchs. By the 7th century BC, they were ruled by groups of aristocrats. These aristocrats started to become unpopular. This gave cruel people the chance to get power for themselves, telling the people that they would be good rulers, but turning bad once they got power.
Around 650 BC the tyrant Cypselus became powerful in Corinth.  There were other tyrants in the Asiatic countries that were ruled by Greece.  Cypselus’s son Periander was also a cruel tyrant who ruled for 40 years. The tyranny in Corinth came to an end after he died.

Ancient Greece
Forms of government
Johann Pachelbel  (born in Nuremberg, baptized 1 September, 1653; died in Nürnberg, buried 9 March, 1706) was a German composer and organist.  He is very famous for his organ music.  He also wrote other keyboard music and music for the Protestant church.  His Canon in D has become a very popular piece of music and is very often played today at church weddings and other events.

He was brought up in Nürnberg and had his first music lessons there.  In 1669 he went to study at the university of Altdorf, but after a year he had to leave because his father could not afford to keep him.  About a year later he went to study at the Gymnasium Poeticum in Regensburg.  The directors of that school must have realized that he was an extremely talented musician, because they made an extra scholarship for him and allowed him to have special music lessons outside the school.
In 1673 he went to Vienna where he was deputy organist at  St Stephen’s Church.  He heard a lot more music there, especially the music of the catholic composers of  South Germany and Italy.  After a short while at Eisenach he got the job of organist at the Predigerkirche in Erfurt.

In 1681 he married, but his wife and their baby boy died in the plague.  In 1684 he married again and the couple had five sons and two daughters. Pachelbel taught Johann Christoph Bach who later taught Johann Sebastian Bach.

Pachelbel became a very famous organist.  He stayed in Erfurt until 1690.  After another five years he became organist at St Sebald, Nürnberg where he stayed for the rest of his life.
His music
Pachelbel is best known for his organ music.  He wrote many organ pieces based on chorales while he was in Erfurt.  In Nürnberg he wrote many pieces called Magnificat fugues. These were preludes which were played before the singers sang the Magnificat. His organ music also includes toccatas, ricercares, fantasias and ciacconas.  He wrote many suites for harpsichord and chamber music and vocal music.

Audio
Canon in D played on a piano:

1653 births
1706 deaths
Baroque composers
Entertainers from Bavaria
17th-century German composers
German organists
People from Nuremberg
18th-century German composers‎
Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects.  Opioid receptors are widespread in the brain, and are also in the spinal cord and digestive tract.

Opioids are chemical substances that relieve pain. There are a wide range of natural and artificial opioids. They are used in hospitals to treat acute pain, as can occur after an operation. They can also be used to relieve pain, where treatment no longer makes sense, for example in certain cancer patients. Drugs that can relieve pain are broadly known as analgesics.

Certain opioids are used as anesthetics, as well as in emergency medicine and intensive care. There are cases which are difficult to manage with non-opioid analgesics.

Certain opioids have been used as illegal drugs. They can cause impairment if taken in large amounts. Most opioids are controlled substances, only available by prescription.
The term Opiate is sometimes used as a synonym. Most often it is used to refer to opium alkaloids, and semi-synthetic opioids.

Natural opioids

Endogenous opioids 
So called endogenous opioids, also called endorphins, are peptides produced by the human body. They are used to respond to stress, to suppress pain and hunger. They also interact with sex hormones and they can cause a state of Euphoria. Mammals produce them in the brain.

Opium alkaloids / Opiates 
There are different alkaloids that naturally occur in opium. Opium is produced from Opium poppy. The most important ones are morphine, codeine and thebamine. Papaverine and noscarpine also occur in opium, but the way they work is different. Most of the time, they are therefore not counted as opiates.

Semi-synthetic opioids 
These are produced based on natural opioids, which are changed. Examples include heroin and oxycodone

Fully synthetic opioids 
Examples are 
pethidine
methadone
Addiction to opioids 
Drug tolerance to opioids and other narcotics can develop with long use.  This means that higher doses will be needed to keep the same effect.  It also means that the body will eventually learn to operate normally with that amount of medication.  When the user tries to stop taking these pain killers, withdrawal symptoms appear. Withdrawal from opioids is not life-threatening, but it can be uncomfortable, so it is important to get medical supervision. These symptoms include restlessness, pain in the bones and muscles, insomnia, diarrhoea, vomiting and involuntary leg movements. However, the psychological symptoms, including cravings, depression, anxiety, and insomnia, are more likely to lead a person to relapse if they are not working with a doctor to safely detox.
If the addiction keeps on going, eventual permanent brain changes can appear, which eventually adapts to the drug’s presence. Both prescription and recreational users of Opioids find that they will have to take increasingly larger doses of the drug to get the same effects, a process known as developing a tolerance. As users take greater and greater amounts of Opioids, they become progressively dependent on them. At this point, a full-blown addiction has developed. Even patients who experience chronic pain may be at risk for addiction, even though they are prescribed Opioids for treatment.

References 

 
Analgesics
Analgetics (one analgetic) (or analgesics) is a word for some drugs that are used to stop pain. These are also known as painkillers. There are several kinds of painkillers. All act on the nervous system. Some painkillers (such as opioids) can make people addicted if they are taken for a long time. Some painkillers have side effects that can harm people when they take too much (e.g., too much paracetamol can be dangerous for the liver)

Types of Analgesics 
 Paracetamol
 Opiates
 NSAIDs (commonly aspirin and ibuprofen)
 COX-2 inhibitors directly block a receptor.

References
A Dutch animation studio called NeoGeo created Blender as an in-house application. The song Yello, which is from a song album called Baby, started an idea of the name "Blender". Ton Roosendaal founded NaN in June 1998. He wanted to make and show off the program to the public. The program was published as shareware until NaN went bankrupt in 2002. The creditors, people who have other people oweing money to them, agreed to sell out Blender under the laws of the GNU General Public License in exchange for a one-time payment of 100,000 Euros (102,000 in U.S. dollars.) On July 18, 2002, Roosendaal put money into a Blender funding campaign—in order to collect donations. On September 7, 2002, the collected funds was given notice to the public. This proved that the Blender source code would be published. Blender is now an open source program. Right now, the Blender Foundation watches and takes care of it. It is the Blender Foundation's responsibility to do such a thing
. The Blender Foundation have the right to use dual licensing, so that, in addition to GNU GPL, Blender would also have the permission to use the following name: "Blender License". Blender License does not have a rule that says it needs a disclosing source code but it does have a rule on payments to the Blender Foundation. On the other hand, this choice was never used and became null in 2005. Right now, Blender belongs only to GNU GPL.
Features
Blender has many features and tools, such as:
 Modelling tools for creating 3D models, materials etc.
 Rendering engine (part of the program that draws the image of the 3D scene).
 Physics engine which can be used to make simulations of collisions, water, smoke etc.
 Animation tools which can be used to make 3D models move, e.g. for movies.
 Video editor.
 Grease pencil tool for 2D drawings

References 

Graphics software
Free software
Animation
Mark Richard Shuttleworth (born 18 September 1973) is a South African business person. He was the first African in space. He bought himself his space travel. He is also the leader of the Ubuntu project.

White South African people
South African businesspeople
1973 births
Living people
Paracetamol (or acetaminophen) is a common analgesic, a drug that is used to relieve pain. It can also be used to reduce fever, and some kinds of headache. This makes it an antipyretic, something that reduces fevers. It is used in many drugs that treat the flu and colds.

The words acetaminophen and paracetamol both come from the names of the chemicals used in the compound: N-acetyl-para-aminophenol and para-acetyl-amino-phenol. Sometimes, it is shortened to APAP, for N-acetyl-para-aminophenol.

Harmon Northrop Morse was the first to make Paracetamol, in the year 1878. Drugs made with Paracetamol became common in the 1950s. Today, these drugs are some of the most used, together with those containing salicylic acid or Ibuprofen. In the year 1977, Paracetamol was put on the List of Essential Medicines of the WHO.
Safety and dosage
Paracetamol is considered safe for use. The drug is easily available without a prescription. People often take too much Paracetamol. Sometimes this is because people do not know how much they should take. The recommended dose may not work for some individuals. Other times it is because they are trying to commit suicide. Very often, a person's liver can be hurt when they take too much Paracetamol. A dose of 150 milligrams for every kilogram of the person's weight (about 10 grams for most adults) will lead to permanent liver damage, and may cause the liver to fail. For people whose livers have already been damaged, such as alcoholics, and for those with a limited secretion of Paracetamol, this amount can be much smaller.==
References 

Analgesics
Organonitrogen compounds
Morphine (INN) (IPA: ) is a strong opiate pain killer drug. It is the principal active agent in opium and the prototypical opiate.  Like other opioids, e.g. diacetylmorphine (heroin), morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain, and at synapses of the nucleus accumbens in particular.  Morphine is highly addictive when compared to other substances, and tolerance and physical and mental dependences develop very rapidly. 

Patients on morphine sometimes say they have insomnia, visual hallucinations and nightmares; if these occur then reduction in dosage or switch to an alternative opioid analgesic should be considered.

The word "morphine" is derived from Morpheus, the god of dreams in Greek mythology. He is the son of Hypnos, god of sleep.
Medical uses 
Morphine is used legally: 
 As a pain killer in hospital settings for
 treating pain after surgery
 relieving pain associated with trauma
 In the relief of severe chronic pain, e.g.
 Cancer pain
 Pain from kidney stones
 Back pain
 As an adjunct to general pain killers
 In epidural anesthesia or intrathecal analgesia 
 For palliative care (i.e. to lessen pain without curing the underlying reason for it. This is often done for patients with incurable diseases)
 As a medication for severe cough
 In nebulised form, for treatment of dyspnoea.  The evidence for efficacy is slim . Evidence is better for other routes .
 As an antidiarrheal in chronic conditions (e.g., for diarrhea associated with AIDS), although loperamide (a non-absorbed opioid acting only on the gut) is the most commonly used opioid for diarrhea.
Morphine was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, which is generally believed to be the first ever isolation of a natural plant alkaloid in history. Sertürner began distributing it in 1817, and Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827. At the time, Merck was a single small chemists' shop. Morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1857. Sertürner originally named the substance morphium after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus (Greek: Μορφεύς), for its tendency to cause sleep.[2] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[3]
References

Opioids
Analgesics
Organonitrogen compounds
Marie-Ségolène Royal (born September 22, 1953 in Dakar, French West Africa, now Senegal) is a French politician. She is the president of the Poitou-Charentes region, a member of the National Assembly and a prominent member of the Socialist Party in France. She was the Socialist Party's candidate for the 2007 French presidential election but lost to Nicolas Sarkozy. She was the partner of former President of France François Hollande from 1978 until 2007.

She is known for her admiration for some "Third Way" policies, for her controversial insistence on law and order issues and for her support of devolution and participatory democracy.

Bibliography 
Royal is the author unless otherwise noted.
Le Printemps des grands-parents : la nouvelle alliance des âges (Paris : Cogite-R. Laffont, 1987) , (Paris : France Loisirs, 1988) , (Paris : Presses pocket, 1989) .
 Le Ras-le-bol des bébés zappeurs (Paris : R. Laffont, 1989) , cover "Télé-massacre, l'overdose?", subjects: Télévision et enfants, Violence—A la télévision.
 Pays, paysans, paysages (Paris : R. Laffont, 1993) , subject(s): Environnement—Protection—France ; Politique de l'environnement—France ; Développement rural—France.
 France. Ministère de l'environnement (1991-1997) Ségolène Royal, une année d'actions pour la planète : avril 1992 - mars 1993 (Paris : Ministère de l'environnement, ca 1993), subject(s): Politique de l'environnement—France.
France. Assemblée nationale (1958-) Commission des affaires étrangères Rapport d'information sur les suites de la Conférence de Rio / présenté par M. Roland Nungesser et Mme Ségolène Royal (Paris : Assemblée nationale, 1994) , subject(s): Développement durable ; Conférence des Nations unies sur l'environnement et le développement.
 La vérité d'une femme (Paris : Stock, 1996) , subject(s): Pratiques politiques—France—1970-.
 Laguerre, Christian École, informatique et nouveaux comportements préf. de Ségolène Royal (Paris ; Montréal (Québec) : Éd. l'Harmattan, 1999) , subject(s): Informatique—Aspect social ; Éducation et informatique ; Ordinateurs et enfants.
 Sassier, Monique Construire la médiation familiale : arguments et propositions preface by Ségolène Royal (Paris : Dunod, 2001) .
 Amar, Cécile and Hassoux, Didier Ségolène et François ([Paris] : Privé, impr. 2005) , subject(s): Royal, Ségolène (1953-) -- Biographies ; Hollande, François (1954-) -- Biographies.
Bernard, Daniel Madame Royal ([Paris] : Jacob-Duvernet, impr. 2005) , subject(s): Royal, Ségolène (1953-) -- Biographies ; France—Politique et gouvernement—1958-.
 Désir d'avenir ([Paris] : Flammarion, [forthcoming, March 2006]) .
 Malouines-Me La Madone et le Culbuto - Ou l'Inlassable Ambition de Ségolène Royal et François Hollande ([Paris] : Fayard, [forthcoming, April 5 2006]), series: LITT.GENE, .
Other websites 

 Ségolène Royal's official page at the French National Assembly (French)
 Ségolène Royal's official campaign site for the 2007 presidential elections  (French)
 Philippe Alexandre, "Ségolène in a State of Grace," Paris Match (Oct. 5-11, 2006), pp. 54-55 (translation)
 BBC: Profile: Ségolène Royal
 Spiegel Ségolène Royal Could Soon Become France's Next President
 A left wing comment on Royal's selection
 The irresistible rise of Ségolène Royal
 Interview with Ms. Royal in French with English translation  part 2 
 French Socialists Put Woman Forward for President. Eleanor Beardsley, All Things Considered, National Public Radio. November 17, 2006.
 Letter From Europe- Round 1  Jane Kramer, The New Yorker'', April 23, 2007

1953 births
Living people
Government ministers of France
Socialist Party (France) politicians
People from Dakar
Codeine or methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic properties. It is also used to treat coughing and diarrhea. It is marketed as the salts codeine sulfate and codeine phosphate. Codeine hydrochloride is more commonly marketed in continental Europe and other regions.

Codeine is an alkaloid found in opium in concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 3.0 percent. Codeine can be extracted from opium. Today, most codeine is synthesized from morphine through the process of O-methylation.

Uses 
Codeine is used to treat the following:
Cough, though its efficacy in low dose over the counter formulations has been disputed.
Diarrhea
Moderate to severe pain
Irritable bowel syndrome

Compound analgesics 
Codeine is often marketed as drugs in combination with paracetamol (acetaminophen) as co-codamol (best known in North America as Tylenol 3). Research has shown the combination to be very much more effective than paracetamol, and much less addictive that pure codeine.
There are similar combinations with aspirin as co-codaprin or with ibuprofen. These combinations provide greater pain relief than either agent alone. Drug synergy is an important principle.

References 

Opioids
Analgesics
Organonitrogen compounds
Opium is a narcotic resin produced from opium poppies (Papaver somniferum). It contains up to 16% morphine, an opiate alkaloid, which is most frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the black market. The resin also has non-narcotic alkaloids in it. Some of these are papaverine and noscapine. Opium is also known as afeem, and was called "God's Own Medicine" during its time of greatest popularity. It can be yellow or dark brown, and has a bitter taste.
Opium has been used and produced for thousands of years. During this time, the source plant has been changed and adapted. The methods of processing the plant, and extracting substance and consuming it also have changed.  The medicinal use of poppies for pain relief dates back to ancient times, but widespread use in patent medicines or as a recreational drug has occurred only in the last few centuries.  Drug prohibition laws in most countries were introduced in the 20th century.  Today the opium crop is worth in excess of $400 million legally and $7 billion illegally, after processing. Opium has caused many wars in China, such as the Opium Wars, because of heavy addiction to the drug. People who become addicted to opium become dull, lazy, and even sleepy. Opium itself is a very harmful and addictive ingredient and comes in many other forms of illegal drugs; including Heroin and/or Diamorphine. 

Health Risks
Health Risks

Health risks include, overdose, respiratory depression, risk of HIV if injected, and risk of permanent brain dulling if used for prolonged periods of time.

References  

Opioids
The Union for a Popular Movement (French: Union pour un Mouvement Populaire, UMP), was the main French centre-right political party. It was formed in 2002. On 30 May 2015, it was replaced by The Republicans.

The party had an absolute majority in the National Assembly but lost its majority in the Senate in September 2011. The UMP is a member of the European People's Party (EPP), of the Christian Democrat International (CDI) and of the International Democrat Union (IDU).

History 
Since the 1980s, the political groups of the parliamentary right joined forces around the values of economic liberalism and the building of Europe. Their rivalries had contributed to their 1981 and 1988 electoral defeats. Therefore, some politicians were in favour of the formation of a confederation, a party.
UMP was founded from the merger of the Gaullist-conservative Rally for the Republic (Rassemblement pour la République, RPR), the conservative-liberal Liberal Democracy (Démocratie Libérale, DL), and a part of the centrist Union for French Democracy (Union pour la Démocratie Française, UDF). Many Christian Democrats (such as Philippe Douste-Blazy and Jacques Barrot), the social-liberal Radical Party and the centrist Popular Party for French Democracy (both associate parties to UDF until 2002) joined the party.

The party was thus born out of the meeting of four major French political traditions: Gaullism, Liberalism (Republicanism), Christian Democracy (Popularism) and Radicalism.
The UMP generally supported the policies of President Jacques Chirac. However, in 2004, the party showed increasing signs of independence. The unpopularity with the electorate of Jacques Chirac and Jean-Pierre Raffarin's government led most members of the UMP to support Nicolas Sarkozy, a rival of Chirac. The party also publicly disapproved of Turkey's proposed membership in the European Union, which Chirac was in favour of.

The first president of the UMP, Alain Juppé, a close associate of Jacques Chirac, resigned on 15 July 2004. On 29 November 2004, Nicolas Sarkozy announced that he would officially take over the presidency of the UMP.

In the 2004 French regional elections the UMP suffered a heavy blow, securing only 2 out of 22 regions in Metropolitan France and half of the departments. This led to the fall of the Jean-Pierre Raffarin government (2001-04), and to the formation of a new cabinet, presided by another UMP politician, Dominique de Villepin.
On 22 April 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy won most of the votes in the first round of the 2007 presidential election. In the second round, he faced Socialist Candidate Ségolène Royal. On 6 May 2007 he won the Presidential election, garnering 53.35% of the vote.

Factions
Sarkozystes 
 Liberal Conservatives (conservatives, liberal-conservatives and conservative-liberals): Nicolas Sarkozy, Jean-Claude Gaudin, Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, Édouard Balladur, Dominique Bussereau, François Fillon, Michel Barnier, Dominique Perben, Jean-François Mattei, Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres, Charles Millon, Alain Lamassoure, Brice Hortefeux, François Baroin
 The Reformers (liberals and libertarians): Hervé Novelli, Gérard Longuet, Alain Madelin (president of the Liberal Circles), Patrick Devedjian, Jean-Pierre Soisson, Jean-Pierre Gorges, Claude Goasguen, Pierre Lellouche (president of "Liberal Generation"), Louis Giscard d'Estaing
 The Free Right (conservative liberals, libertarians and souverainists): Rachid Kaci, Alexandre Del Valle, Yannick Favennec, Étienne Blanc, François d'Aubert
Democratic and Popular (Christian-democrats and centrists): Philippe Douste-Blazy, Pierre Méhaignerie, Hervé de Charette, Adrien Zeller, Jacques Barrot, Nicole Fontaine, Pierre-André Wiltzer, Marc-Philippe Daubresse, Alain Joyandet, Antoine Herth
 Forum of Social Republicans (social-conservatives and Christian-democrats): Christine Boutin, Jean-Frédéric Poisson, Vincent You, Charles de Champeaux
Chiraquiens 
 Neo-Gaullistes (rightish Gaullistes and secular-minded conservatives, considering themselves the true heirs of President Charles de Gaulle): Jacques Chirac, Dominique de Villepin, Alain Juppé, Jean-Louis Debré, Michèle Alliot-Marie, Jean Tiberi
 Social-Gaullistes (leftish Gaullistes, social-democrats): Jean-Jacques Aillagon, Philippe Dechartre, Jean Matteoli, Bernard Reygrobellet, Yves Guéna, Alain Terrenoire, Jean Peyrelevade, Hamlaoui Mekachera
 Radicals and other social-liberal centrists: André Rossinot, François Loos, Jean-Louis Borloo, Renaud Dutreil, Serge Lepeltier, Jean-Luc Roméro (Gay Lib)
Souverainists 
 Arise the Republic (conservative-liberals, national-conservatives and souverainists): Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, Adrien Gouteyron, Yves Jego, Lionnel Luca, Michel Terrot, René André
 Rally for France (national-conservatives and souverainists): Charles Pasqua, Lionnel Luca, Jacques Myard, Jean-Jacques Guillet, Philippe Pemezec, Georges Siffredi
 National Centre of Independents and Peasants (national-conservatives, conservative-liberals and souverainists): Philippe Dominati, Christian Vanneste, Edouard Leveau, Jérôme Rivière

Ecologists 
 Blue Ecologie (centrist-ecologists): Corinne Lepage, Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, Patrice Hernu, Antoine Waechter

Leadership

Presidents 
 Alain Juppé (2002−2004)
 Nicolas Sarkozy (2004−2007)

Vice-Presidents 
 Jean-Claude Gaudin (2002−...)

General Secretaries 
 Philippe Douste-Blazy (2002−2004)
 Pierre Méhaignerie (2004−...)

Other websites 
 UMP official website  
 Forum de la Droite Européenne, ancien FPL UMP  
 UMP Watch
2002 establishments in France
2015 disestablishments in Europe
Conservative parties
Political parties in France
Oxycodone is a medicine that is used to treat pain.  This kind of pain medicine is called an analgesic.

Oxycodone is a man-made opioid.  This means that in the body, it acts like morphine, a powerful, natural painkiller.  The chemical elements in oxycodone are very similar to codeine, another natural painkiller.

Forms of Oxycodone 
Oxycodone is a generic drug.  It has many different brand names.

Some forms of oxycodone get released into the body right away.  These are short-acting forms of oxycodone - they start working quickly, but do not last very long.  The most common brand names for short-acting oxycodone are OxyIR and Roxicodone.
Other forms of oxycodone have a special coating that makes just a little bit of the medicine get released into the body at a time.  A small amount of oxycodone is released, non-stop, into the body for up to 12 hours.  The goal is to have the same amount of painkiller in the body all the time.  These are called long-acting, extended-release, or controlled-release forms of oxycodone.  They do not start working quickly, but they last a long time.  The most common brand name for controlled-release oxycodone is OxyContin.

Mixtures of oxycodone

Oxycodone is often mixed together with other pain medicines.  For example:
 Oxycodone mixed with acetaminophen is often called Percocet, Endocet, or Roxicet.
 Oxycodone mixed with aspirin is called Percodan.
 Oxycodone mixed with ibuprofen is called Combunox.
Since 2014, a new mixture has been created.  It is a mixture of oxycodone and naloxone.  Its goal is to stop people from abusing long-acting oxycodone.  (See the "Addiction" section lower on this page).  People sometimes abuse long-acting oxycodone (OxyContin) by chewing, crushing, snorting, or injecting the pills.  When oxycodone is mixed with naloxone, if the medicine is swallowed by mouth, like it is supposed to be, the oxycodone works like normal.  But if the medicine is chewed, crushed, or dissolved, the naloxone inside is released.  The naloxone keeps the oxycodone from working in the brain.  This makes it impossible for the person to get the good feelings they wanted to get from abusing the oxycodone.

How can Oxycodone be Given? 
Oxycodone can be given in many different ways.  These are called routes of administration (which means "ways of giving a medicine").
Oxycodone starts working the quickest if it is given by one of these routes:
 By a needle put into a vein (intravenously)
 Sprayed up the nose (intranasally)
 By a needle put into a special space in the spinal cord (epidural)
Oxycodone starts working a little more slowly if it is given by one of these routes:
 By a needle put into a muscle (intramuscularly)
 By a needle put right under the skin (subcutaneously)
 Into the rectum (rectally)
Oxycodone starts working the slowest, but lasts the longest, if it is given:
 By mouth (orally), as a pill to be swallowed
 On a patch that sticks to the skin and releases small amounts of medicine at a time (transdermally)

Addiction and Overdose
Most people who take oxycodone exactly as their doctor prescribes it do not get addicted to oxycodone.
But people can get addicted to oxycodone if they misuse it - for example, by taking it without a doctor's prescription, or taking more than the doctor prescribed. Some people like the good feeling they get when they take oxycodone.  They may keep taking more and more oxycodone to keep getting that good feeling. This can lead to addiction.

Oxycodone abuse, addition, and overdoses have become much more common recently.

Long Term Side Effects of Oxycodone 

 Chronic constipation.
 Depression.
 Anxiety.
 Negative effects on the reproductive system for women.
 Increased danger to the fetus during pregnancy.
 Sleep disturbances.
 Increased risk of falls and fractures, especially in women, and in older people.
 Physical dependence on oxycodone.
 Oxycodone addiction.
 Overdose.
Overdoses and treatment
People can die from overdosing on oxycodone (taking too much).  Too much oxycodone shuts down the part of the brain that tells us to breathe.  This can cause respiratory failure - where the body is not getting enough oxygen to survive.  Every part of the body needs oxygen to live, and without enough oxygen, parts of the body - like the brain - will start to die.  Eventually, a person's breathing can stop.  If they do not get help right away, their heart will stop and they will die.

There is a medicine called naloxone (Narcan) that can reverse some oxycodone overdoses.  Once it is given, the naloxone throws the oxycodone off of the spots on the brain they are attached to.  Naloxone attaches there instead.  This stops the effects of the oxycodone and helps the brain's breathing center start working more normally again.
On November 18, 2015, the FDA approved an "easy-to-use nasal spray" version of naloxone.  The goal was to make it easier for everyday people to use naloxone without having to have medical training.  Before this, naloxone could only be given through a needle into a vein or muscle.

Oxycodone Withdrawal & Detox 
Oxycodone withdrawal symptoms can include:

 Sweating.
 Fever.
 Gooseflesh.
 Excessively runny nose.
 Compulsive yawning.
 Sleep disturbances.
 Nausea.
 Diarrhoea.
 Severe aches and pain, in bones and/or teeth.

References

Opioids
Analgesics
Organonitrogen compounds
Pethidine or meperidine (often called Demerol in the United States) is a synthetic opioid - a man-made drug similar to morphine. It is a painkiller. It is used against moderate to severe pain. It can mix badly with other medicines, including muscle relaxants, some antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.

Pethidine can be bad for people with liver disease, kidney disease, an enlarged prostate, trouble peeing, hyperthyroidism, asthma or Addison's disease. It can also be bad for people who have had seizures or epilepsy.

Opioids
Analgesics
Esters
Organonitrogen compounds
The French National Assembly () is one of the two houses of the Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. The other is the Senate ("Sénat").

The National Assembly consists of 577 members known as députés (deputies), each elected by a single-member constituency. Deputies are elected in each constituency through a two-rounds system by which the top two candidates in the first round are usually on the ballot for the second. It is presided over by a president normally from the largest party represented, assisted by vice-presidents from across the represented political spectrum. The term of the National Assembly is five years; however, the President of France may dissolve the Assembly (by i.e.: calling a new election), unless he dissolved it in the preceding year.

The official seat of the National Assembly is the Palais Bourbon on the left bank of the river Seine.

Other websites 
 Official website

France
France
Government of France
Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition. It is caused by a thyroid gland that is too active. The thyroid gland makes hormones. These hormones manage the body’s metabolism. An example of one of these hormones is thyroxine. The thyroid-stimulating hormone starts the making of thyroxine. The thyroid-stimulating hormone is also called “TSH.” TSH is made in the pituitary gland. Hyperthyroidism is determined by a doctor by blood tests that show a decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level.

The most common cause of this disorder is "Graves’ disease.” Graves’ disease is a condition in which the thyroid gland becomes overactive. Antibodies from the immune system in the bloodstream attack itself (this is called an autoimmune disease). This causes the thyroid gland to grow, as well as produce more thyroid hormones.
Some symptoms of this disorder are the swelling of the neck, as well as weight loss. In addition, patients could experience their hands trembling, as well as their blood pressure increasing. They could also experience nervousness and anxiety attacks. Medication can stop the effects of hyperthyroidism. However, hyperthyroidism cannot be fixed completely. Hyperthyroidism can occasionally cause death.

References

Endocrine diseases
(99942) Apophis (symbol ) is a near-Earth asteroid that worried people for a short time in December 2004. This was because observations seemed to show that it would hit the Earth in 2029. Other observations had more accurate, or better, ideas. During 2029, Apophis would go through a "gravitational keyhole", an area in space no more than about 400 meters across. This would make it hit the Earth on April 13, 2036. This danger made the asteroid Level 1 on the Torino impact hazard scale until August 2006.

More watching showed scientists that the "keyhole" would be missed. On August 5, 2006, Apophis was lowered to a Level 0 on the Torino Scale. As of October 19 2006 the probability that Apophis will hit the Earth on April 13, 2036 is something around 1 in 45,000. It may also hit in 2038, but however the probability for that encounter, or meeting, is 1 in 12.3 million.

More reading 
Cooke, Bill. (2006) Fatal attraction. Astronomy, May 2006, pp. 46-51.

Other websites
Other websites

Risk assessment 
These sources are updated as new orbital data becomes available:
 http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/a99942.html  (NASA JPL)
  page and  impactor table from NEODyS.

NASA 
 http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news146.html  (JPL)
 http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news148.html  (JPL)
 http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news149.html  (JPL)

Other articles 
 Closest Flyby of Large Asteroid to be Naked-Eye Visible (2029 approach)
 http://skyandtelescope.com/news/article_1458_1.asp  (Sky and Telescope)
 An asteroid, headed our way (Christian Science Monitor, on efforts to deflect the asteroid if needed)

Asteroids
Dance music is music that is made to be danced to.  In a broader sense, an enormous amount of music sounds like dance music, even if it is not composed for dancing.  The history of dance music is similar to the history of dance as well as to the history of music.

Dance music was probably the first kind of music there was.  Thousands of years ago human beings must have discovered the joy of making noises by beating sticks in rhythm.  They probably danced as they did this.

We know that the Ancient Greeks danced to music, although we do not know much about what that music was like.

In the Dark Ages (before the Middle Ages) dancing was very popular.  The Christian Church thought that dancing was bad because it was always linked to the devil.  This is why the church people thought that musical instruments were bad, because instruments were used for dancing.
The earliest Western dance music that we know are some of the medieval dances such as caroles and the Estampie.   Composers started to write their music down on music staves.  Dance music had to have a regular beat so that the dancers could dance in time.  This is why barlines were invented.  The music was divided into bars with a particular number of beats in each bar.  This was different from church music which was based on plainchant which was very free in the way it was sung.

In the Baroque period many composers started to write pieces of music which were based on dance rhythms.  Composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach wrote suites which were collections of dance movements.  The most popular dances in a suite were: allemande, courante, sarabande, minuet and gigue.  Even when not writing dance movements, a lot of Baroque music is based on dance rhythms, for example: the grand opening chorus of Bach’s St Matthew Passion is based on the rhythm of a sicilienne.
In the Classical music period composers wrote a lot of symphonies and string quartets.  They had four movements.  The third was normally a minuet, although it was not for dancing to.  Composers such as Mozart and Schubert also wrote a lot of music which was for dancing or easy listening.  This was the popular music of its time.

In the Romantic era the waltz became popular.  Many waltzes were written to be danced to, but other composers simply wrote music (especially piano music) called “waltz”.  Chopin wrote piano pieces called after several kinds of dance: waltz, polonaise, mazurka etc.  Ballet had become very popular.  There was a lot of dance music in operas, especially in French operas.
In the 20th century “dance music” was often thought of as meaning:  music played by dance bands.  This kind of music developed into rock and roll in the 1960s.  Nowadays there is a wide variety of popular dance music, including  hip hop.  Spanish or  Latin American dances such as the samba, tango and cha cha cha are popular all over the world. Towards the end of the 20th century, a form of dance music known as electronic dance music (EDM) arose. This is electronic music which is made in a specific way as to be danced to, usually in the setting of a nightclub, discothèque or a party. Genres of EDM include post-disco, techno, house and trance, amongst several others.   

 

fi:Dance
Baruch Spinoza also known as Benedict Spinoza (24 November 1632 in Amsterdam – 21 February 1677 in The Hague) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. He is considered to be one of the great Rationalist philosophers of the 17th century. Other famous rationalists include Gottfried Leibniz and René Descartes.

Life 

Spinoza's ideas were not cherished by the Jewish community in Amsterdam of the time, and Spinoza was excommunicated in 1656.

Key ideas 

An important idea in Spinoza's philosophy is God and Nature (everything that exists) are the same thing. Opposing dualism and free will as determinist, Spinoza said that the body and the mind (soul)  are two of God's infinite attributes. 

There is no good or evil in Nature, and that these words only have meanings for human beings. For a person, an event that leads to happiness is good, and an event that leads to suffering is bad. 

Spinoza describes two types of thoughts, or emotions:
When a person acts from his own nature, he is said to be Active. The more you understand your actions, the more active you become. Active emotions lead to happiness and an understanding of God, as well as to Freedom. 
 When a person is being influenced by another person, or a thing, he is said to be Passive. 

The goal of every person is to intellectually love God (that is, understand Nature as much as humanly possible).

References 
 Jewish Encyclopedia

1632 births
1677 deaths
17th-century philosophers
Dutch Jews
Dutch philosophers
Jewish philosophers
Writers from Amsterdam