Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Politics
Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy lead by a constitutional monarch. Under the constitution of 1868, executive power is in the hands of the Governor and the cabinet, which consists of several other ministers.

Climate

Luxembourg has a continental climate. 

The highest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was , on 25 July 2019 in Steinsel.

The lowest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was  on 2 February 1956 in Wiltz.

Top 5 warmest days

Districts, cantons, and communes
Luxembourg is divided into 3 districts, which are further divided into 12 cantons and then 102 communes. Twelve of the communes have city status, of which the city of Luxembourg is the largest.

Districts
The districts are
Diekirch
Grevenmacher
Luxembourg

Related pages
List of rivers of Luxembourg
Luxembourg at the Olympics
Luxembourg national football team

References

 
European Union member states
Benelux
Current monarchies
French-speaking countries
German-speaking countries
Baden-Württemberg (, ; Alemannic German: Baade-Wiirdebäärg) is a federal state (Bundesland) in the southwestern region of Germany. It is the third largest German state by total area (after Bavaria and Lower Saxony) with a size of nearly 35,752 km² and population (after North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria) with over 11 million people as of 2017. It shares borders to the east with the state of Bavaria, to the north with the states of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate, to the west with the country of France (along the river Rhine), and to the south with the countries of Switzerland and Austria. Its biggest cities are Stuttgart, the capital, Mannheim, and Karlsruhe. The Minister President is Winfried Kretschmann of the party Alliance '90/The Greens.

In 2017, Baden-Württemberg ranked 2 on the Human Development Index (HDI) among all states in Germany.

History 
In 1952, the three states of Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern joined to found Baden-Württemberg.
Politics 
The Minister President is the chief of the government of Baden-Württemberg. The government is made up of ministers and state secretaries.

The CDU was the main political party in the state between 1953 and 2011, the Ministers President have all been members of the CDU. Between the years 1972 and 1992, the members of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg were mostly members of the CDU. But the state is also a stronghold of the "Grünen" which were founded in the early 1980s in Karlsruhe. The election results of the Grünen in Baden-Württemberg have always been above the election average for the party in Germany.

Since 2016 there have been 5 parties represented in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg:
 Greens
 Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 Free Democratic Party (FDP/DVP)

List of Ministers President since 1952:

Tourism
Tourism 

The Black forest, the Swabian Alb and the Lake Constance are world famous holiday regions. The highest mountain is the Feldberg (1492m).

Other important cities for tourism in Baden-Württemberg besides the capital city of Stuttgart are: Freiburg, Heidelberg, Rastatt, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Ulm, Ravensburg and Heilbronn.

The Danube, the Neckar and the Rhine are important rivers which are in the state.

Economy 
Baden-Württemberg has the third largest economy in Germany after the economies of North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria. It had a gross regional product (GRP) of €524.33 billion in 2019.

Religion 
In the northern part of Württemberg and the Kurpfalz the majority are Protestants. But the other parts of the state, especially the south, the majority are Roman Catholics.

Statistics for Baden-Württemberg:

Sports 
Football is the most popular sport in Baden-Württemberg. The best clubs are the VfB Stuttgart and the Karlsruher SC (Karlsruher SC or KSC). Another popular sport is handball.

References
References

Other websites 
 www.baden-württemberg.de
 www.baden-württemberg.de/en/home
 Webportal Baden-Württemberg. .
Vienna (;  ; Central Austro-Bavarian: Wean ; Viennese German and Austrian German: Wian []) is the capital and largest city of Austria. It is also one of Austria's nine states.

It is in the east of the country on the river Danube. More than 1,800,000 people live there (2016). It is an administrative district (Bundesland) of its own.

Before World War I, it was the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Its centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
The history of the city goes back to the Roman Empire. The Romans started a military camp called Vindobona. The camp was in today's first district on the Danube river. The name came from the Celts, so there was probably a Celtic settlement before the Roman invasion. The Romans stayed until the 5th century. In medieval times, the settlement was still in use. The present name was mentioned in 881 in the Salzburger Annalen, where a battle ad weniam is mentioned.
In 976 the House of Babenberg became rulers of the area. They made Vienna their capital in 1155. Vienna was already an important city. In 1156, Austria became a Duchy, and Vienna was where the Duke who ruled the Duchy lived. In 1221, Vienna got municipal rights.  It Is the second oldest city in Austria (Enns, in Upper Austria, is the oldest).

In 1278, the Duchy came to the Habsburg family. Rudolf IV started the university in 1365 and while he was duke the nave of the Gothic St. Stephan's Cathedral was built. Quarrels within the Hapsburg family caused an economic decline in Vienna. In 1438, Vienna became the residence of the Holy Roman Emperor.

During the time of the reformation Vienna was a Protestant city, but in the times of the Counter Reformation, Austria and Vienna were mostly Roman Catholic.
In 1529, Vienna was first besieged by the army of the Ottoman Empire, which had a border only 150 km east of Vienna. This hurt Vienna economically, but led to people fortifying the city (making it stronger). After a second siege, the Ottoman Empire could not take Vienna, and the city started getting larger.

During the baroque era, Vienna was rebuilt. Many residences for the nobility were built. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach was an important architect in Vienna.

At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century Vienna was the home of important composers like Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert.
Karl Lueger was the most important mayor in the time of Emperor Franz Josef. During his time important community plans were realized that made Vienna a modern city. However, Lueger was a radical anti-Semite. He was admired by the young Adolf Hitler, who spent some years before the First World War in Vienna. At this time, Vienna was an important place for the arts. Composers like Arnold Schönberg, Anton Webern, Alban Berg and Ernst Krenek were important for the development of modern music. Also the  psychoanalysis was founded in Vienna by Sigmund Freud. Also the so-called Jugendstil in arts was part of Vienna's modern arts scene. Founding fathers of modern architecture lived and worked also in Vienna at this time (Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos)
After the end of the First World War the Austrian-Hungary Empire was dissolved and Vienna became capital of the Republic of Austria. In 1938, Austria was occupied by Germany. In Vienna the suffering of the Jewish inhabitants began. A lot of their properties was given to Austrians (Arisierung).

After the Second World War, which destroyed 20% of Vienna's buildings, Vienna was divided into four parts. The city was controlled by the allies like the other parts of Austria. In 1955 the state treaty between the allies and Austria was signed in Vienna's Belvedere. After that Vienna became an important city for international organisations. The first was 1957 the International Atomic Energy Organisation (IAEO) and 1965 the OPEC followed. 1980 the Vienna International Center was opened and Vienna is now the third UN-city together with New York and Geneva.

Districts 
There are 23 districts in Vienna. They are:
Sightseeing
Vienna has many things worth seeing. Here are a few of them.
St. Stephen's cathedral and St. Stephen's Square:
 Today St. Stephen's square with the cathedral is the very center of Vienna. The Graben and the Kärntner Straße which lead away from the square are shopping streets with a lot of different shops. Opposite the cathedral you can find the Haas-House, a very modern building by the architect Hans Hollein. 
Ringstraße:
The Ringstraße runs around the first district and was built in the second half of the 19th century. The street follows the old city walls which were destroyed to create it. Along the street you can find different important buildings like the Staatsoper (opera house), the parliament, the Burgtheater, the two museums of natural history and arts. Also, the Wiener Postsparkasse which is an important building by the architect Otto Wagner is along the street.
Hofburg:
Hofburg:
From the 13th century to 1918 this was the residence of the Habsburg rulers. Today it is the residence of the President of the Republic of Austria and you can also visit different museums like the Schatzkammer where you can see the different crowns of the Habsburg family and the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. The National Library is also the Hofburg. 
Schönbrunn Palace:
Today's buildings were built by the architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach an important architect in the baroque era in Austria. Another building of Fischer is the Karlskirche.
Schloss Belvedere:
Schloss Belvedere was built by Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt another important Austrian baroque architect. It was built for Prinz Eugen of Savoy who fought successfully against the Ottoman Empire. Today the castle is used as museum (Austrian Gallery Belvedere).
Culture 

There are many old buildings, churches and museums in the city centre. Classical music and opera are popular in Vienna. The composers Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Brahms all worked in Vienna. Vivaldi also died in Vienna. The city has two world-famous orchestras: the Vienna Philharmonic and the Vienna Symphony.

Vienna is also the name of a song about the city, by the British group Ultravox.

Vienna is the home of the nationally successful soccer clubs SK Rapid Wien and FK Austria Wien.

References

Other websites 
 Official Website of the city of Vienna (English)
 WorldFlicks in Vienna: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps 

 
World Heritage Sites in Austria
Art, music, theatre, literature 
 Charlie Chaplin's The Gold Rush is released.

Events 
January 21 – Albania becomes a republic.
July 18 – Adolf Hitler publishes his book Mein Kampf.
October 30 – The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird creates the first television transmitter in London.
November 9 – The NSDAP builts the SS (Schutzstaffel).

Births

January 

 January 7 - Gerald Durrell, British naturalist (d. 1995)
 January 15 - Ernst Benda, German politician (d. 2009)
 January 17 - Robert Cormier, American writer (d. 2000)
 January 26 – Paul Newman, American actor (d. 2008)

February
February 

 February 8 – Sir Anthony Berry, British politician
 February 8 - Jack Lemmon, American actor (d. 2001)
 February 17 - Hal Holbrook, American actor (d. 2021)
 February 20 – Robert Altman, American director and movie maker (d. 2006)
 February 20 - Girija Prasad Koirala, Nepalese politician (d. 2010)
 February 21 - Tom Gehrels, Dutch-born American astronomer (d. 2011)
 February 21 - Sam Peckinpah, American movie director (d. 1984)

March 
 March 20 - David Warren, Australian inventor (d. 2010)
 March 25 – Flannery O'Connor, Irish writer

April 
 April 14 - Rod Steiger, American actor (d. 2002)
 April 14 - Abel Muzorewa, Zimbabwean politician (d. 2010)
 April 29 - Iwao Takamoto, Japanese-American animator (d. 2007)

May
May 

 May 1 - Scott Carpenter, American astronaut (d. 2013)
 May 11 - Max Morlock, German footballer (d. 1994)
 May 16 - Robert Pierpoint, American journalist (d. 2011)
 May 17 - Idi Amin, 3rd President of Uganda (d. 2003)
 May 19 - Malcolm X, American Civil rights leader (d. 1965)
 May 23 - Joshua Lederberg, American biologist (d. 2008)
 May 27 - Tony Hillerman, American writer (d. 2008)
 May 28 - Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, German operatic baritone (d. 2012)

June 

 June 3 – Tony Curtis, American actor (d. 2010)
 June 8 - Barbara Bush, former First Lady of the United States (d. 2018)
 June 21 - Maureen Stapleton, American actress (d. 2006)
 June 29 - Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy

July 

 July 1 - Farley Granger, American actor (d. 2011)
 July 2 - Patrice Lumumba, Congolese politician (d. 1961)
 July 23 - Tajuddin Ahmed, Bangladeshi politician (d. 1975)
 July 23 - Quett Masire, former President of Botswana
 July 29 - Mikis Theodorakis, Greek singer and politician

August
August 

 August 1 - Ernst Jandl, Austrian writer (d. 2000)
 August 2 - Alan Whicker, British journalist and writer (d. 2013)
 August 2 - Jorge Rafael Videla, Argentine military leader (d. 2013)
 August 8 – Alija Izetbegović, Bosnian politician (d. 2003)
 August 12 - Thor Vilhjalmsson, Icelandic writer (d. 2011)
 August 15 - Oscar Peterson, Canadian musician (d. 2007)
 August 27 - Nat Lofthouse, English footballer (d. 2011)

September 

 September 1 - Roy J. Glauber, American scientist
 September 12 - Syed Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi politician (d. 1975)
 September 15 - Carlo Rambaldi, Italian special effects artist (d. 2012)
 September 16 - B. B. King, American musician
 September 20 – Ananda Mahidol, King of Thailand (d. 1946)
 September 27 - Robert Edwards, British Nobel Prize-winning physiologist (d. 2013)
 September 29 - Steve Forrest, American actor (d. 2013)
October 
 October 3 – Gore Vidal, American writer (d. 2012)
 October 11 - Elmore Leonard, American novelist (d. 2013)
 October 12 - Essie Mae Washington-Williams, American educator (d. 2013)
 October 13 – Lenny Bruce, American comedian (d. 1967)
 October 13 - Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2013)
 October 16 - Angela Lansbury, British-born actress
 October 17 - Harry Carpenter, German sports commentator (d. 2010)
 October 18 - Ramiz Alia, last Communist leader of Albania (d. 2011)
 October 21 - Celia Cruz, Cuban salsa singer (d. 2003)
 October 29 - Robert Hardy, English actor

November 
 November 1 - Fritz Laband, German footballer (d. 1982)
 November 10 - Richard Burton, Welsh actor (d. 1984)
 November 11 - Jonathan Winters, American actor and comedian (d. 2013)
 November 20 - Robert F. Kennedy, American politician (d. 1968)
 November 24 - Simon van der Meer, Dutch scientist (d. 2011)
 November 29 - Ernst Happel, Austrian footballer and coach (d. 1992)
December 
 December 2 - Julie Harris, American actress (d. 2013)
 December 13 - Dick Van Dyke, American actor
 December 23 - Mohammed Mzali, former Prime Minister of Tunisia (d. 2010)
 December 28 – Hildegard Knef, German actress, singer and writer (d. 2002)

Deaths 
February 28 - Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany
March 12 – Sun Yat Sen, Chinese revolutionary
March 20 – George Nathaniel Curzon, British statesman
November 20 – Queen Alexandra of Denmark
December 28 - Sergei Yesenin, Russian poet

Nobel Prize 
Nobel Prize in Physics – James Franck, Gustav Ludwig Hertz
Chemistry – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy
Literature – George Bernard Shaw, Irish playwright
Peace – Austin Chamberlain and Charles Gate Dawes
A telescope (from the Ancient Greek τῆλε, tele "far" and σκοπεῖν, skopein "to look or see"; τηλεσκόπος, teleskopos) makes astronomical objects appear closer to the naked eye. It is an important tool for astronomy that gathers light and directs it to a single point. Some do this with curved mirrors, some with curved lenses, and some with both. Telescopes make distant things look bigger, brighter and closer. Galileo was the first person to use a telescope for astronomy, but he did not invent them. The first telescope was invented in the Netherlands in 1608. Some telescopes, not mainly used for astronomy, are binoculars, camera lenses, or spyglasses.
When telescopes are used with just your eye, an eyepiece has to be used. These use two or more smaller lenses to magnify an image. Without an eyepiece, an eye cannot focus the image. When a telescope is used with a camera or other special scientific tools, eyepiece lenses are not needed. The bigger the aperture (mirror) the more light the telescope collects. It makes faint objects appear clearer.

Most big telescopes for astronomy are made to study very carefully things that are already known.  A few are made for searching, such as for unknown asteroids or extrasolar planets.  Most big telescopes are made to be used with a CCD (Charge-Coupled Devices) camera instead of just the eye.  This is called "Astrophotography".  A Go-to telescope is needed to track Deep Sky objects and is placed on an Equatorial Mount for the axis to point towards Polaris, this is called polar alignment.
Telescopes can be used by normal people too, not just scientists.  These are amateur telescopes, and they are usually smaller, and they don't cost too much for an amateur to buy.  Some of the most popular amateur telescopes are Dobsonians, a type of Newtonian telescope.

The word telescope is usually used for light human eyes can see, but there are telescopes for wavelengths we cannot see. Infrared telescopes look like normal telescopes, but have to be kept cold since all warm things give off infrared light. Radio telescopes are like radio antennas, usually shaped like large dishes.

X-ray and Gamma ray telescopes have a problem because the rays go through most metals and glasses.  To solve this problem, the mirrors are shaped as many rings inside each other so the rays strike them at a shallow angle and are reflected.  These telescopes are space telescopes because little of this radiation reaches the Earth.  Other space telescopes are put in orbit so the Earth's atmosphere does not interfere.
Telescopes are mostly used for looking at celestial objects such as, the stars, planets, moons, exoplanets, etc.

Related pages
 List of telescope types

Other websites 

 European Southern Observatory - OWL
 The Resolution of a Telescope 
 Image of a Telescope
 Telescope -Citizendium
A homonym is a word that has more than one meaning. For example, right means moral, the opposite of left, and a personal freedom.

Definition: one of a group of words that share the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings.

The point is that homonyms are both homophones (they sound the same) and homographs (they look the same).

Related pages
 Synonym

References 

Words
Not to be confused with principle.

A principal is a person who is in charge of something.  The person is usually in charge of a school, or a research project, or a business.

see also headmaster
Occupations
Peru is a country in South America. The capital is Lima. The ruins of Machu Picchu, the Andes mountains, and the source of the Amazon River are all found in Peru.

Peru is bordered to the north by Ecuador and Colombia, to the east by Brazil, to the south by Chile, and to the southeast by Bolivia. Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions and over 33 million people live in it.

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821.
Peru suffered a terrible guerrilla war in the 1980s. The communist (Maoist) Shining Path tried to take over the country. But after the leader of the group was captured in 1992, Shining Path was not a threat anymore. During the 1990s, it was ruled by President Alberto Fujimori. During this time, the economy of Peru got better, and it became easier to start a company or operate a business. After Fujimori, Alejandro Toledo was elected president, and then Alan Garcia, who was president from 1985 to 1990, was elected again in 2006. Ollanta Humala was elected president in 2011 and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was elected president in 2016. In March 2018, Kuczynski resigned following political scandals and Vice President Martín Vizcarra was sworn in as the next president.

Peru's most important exports, products that it sells to other countries, are fish, gold and other metals, oil, coffee, sugar, and cotton. Also, the food in Peru is very diverse, including typical dishes like Ceviche and Broiled Chicken.
Tourists from other countries like to come to Peru because of the history and also to enjoy nature. Many people come to climb mountains in the Cordillera Blanca in the Ancash Region, and many people visit Peru's long Pacific coast or the Amazon jungle. Cuzco and Machu Picchu are just two of the places where many buildings built by the Incas are still standing after hundreds of years, and these are some of the most visited places. The Incas were not the only tribe in Peru who left buildings and artifacts, but they were the most powerful.

Peru is divided into 25 regions of Peru regions. Lima is the capital and other main regions are Cuzco, Arequipa and Lambayeque.  In the Amazon jungle region, we can find many important rivers and different animals, plants and people of many indigenous cultures.

Peru includes 29.5 million people.

The currency of Peru is the Nuevo Sol.

Demographics
Demographics 

The population of Peru is approx. 30 million. The ethnic composition of Peru is like the following: 
 60.0%: Mestizo.
 25.0%: Native American.
 15.0%: European.
 7.0%: Mulatto.
 2.0%: Black.
 1.0%: Asians.

Economy 
As of 2018, about 22.3% of the population lives below the national poverty line
History 
Peru was the home of the Inca Empire. The Incas were a well-organized Indian civilization that began the city of Cuzco (now called Cusco). Beginning in the 1400s, they defeated many nearby tribes and built an empire in the Andes. The Inca forced the people to work for the king for a certain number of days every year. They used this "work tax" to build roads and terraces on the sides of the mountains to grow crops, and huge cities with rich palaces for the rulers and their queens. Records were kept on quipa, knotted ropes, since the Incas never invented writing. These could be quickly sent anywhere in the empire by a series of relay runners set up along the roads. Heavier loads were sent by llamas, the pack animals of the Andes.
The Incas were rich in gold and silver which could be found in the mountains. The Spanish wanted that treasure when they discovered the nation in the 1500s. Francisco Pizarro, a Spanish man, kidnapped and killed the Inca ruler in 1532, even after his people paid a huge amount of treasure for his release. The Incas fought the Spanish for many years, but the last Inca king was killed in 1572.
Peru was a Spanish colony until 1821. Spanish is still the main language of the people, although many also speak Quechua, the Inca language.
Related pages 
List of rivers of Peru
Machu Picchu
Manú National Park
National University of San Marcos
Peru at the Olympics
Peru national football team
Lord of Miracles

References 

Notes

Other websites 

 Peruvians in Germany 
 Peruvian Directory of websites

 
Spanish-speaking countries
The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) has 16 states (). The biggest is Bavaria and the smallest is Bremen. Most of them were created after the Second World War. Some states have historical roots from the early Middle Ages.

State creation since 1949:
 1952: Three small states (Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern, part of Germany since 1949) joined to form Baden-Württemberg.
 1957: The Saar, which was put under French administration after World War II, joined the Federal Republic of Germany as the Saarland.
 1990: On German reunification, the reunited city of Berlin and the territory of the former German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic as six new states.

Population and area in km² as of November 2014:
Munich ( ;  ;  ) is the third biggest city of Germany (after Berlin and Hamburg), and the capital of Bavaria. It has a population of around 1,500,000. The metropolitan area of Munich includes the city itself, and all the suburbs around it, and has about 3 million people in it; whereas the metropolitan region has 6.2 million people (as of 2022). It is one of the most important centres of the economy in Germany. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification).
The official population of Munich city proper at 310.43 km2 is 1,368,840 inhabitants only with principal residence as of 31st January 2009. Around 176,000 inhabitants with secondary residence also live in administrative city limits but they are not calculated in this official census. According to some estimates that population counts around 200,000 people. The fast growing Munich urban area has 2,667,000 inhabitants (2008 estimate). Munich city with all suburbs at 12,000 km2 has 4,700,000 inhabitants and Munich metropolitan region that covers 27,700 km2 and includes Augsburg, Ingolstadt, Landshut, Rosenheim and Landsberg has around 6,000,000 inhabitants. Munich is the 12th largest city in EU by population within city limits and the 14th largest urban area in Europe. Its metropolitan area ranks among largest metro areas in Europe. As of December 2008, 47.3% of Munich's residents belong to no religious group, 38.3% are Roman Catholic, 14.0% are Lutheran Protestants and 0.3% are Jewish
.3% are Jewish. There is also a small Old Catholic parish and an Episcopal Church.
History 

1158: The settlement was founded as Munichen by Henry the Lion.
1255: residence of Upper Bavaria
1806: Munich became the capital of the Bavarian monarchy.
1923: Beer Hall Putsch of the Nazis
1939-45: 45% of the city was destroyed in World War II.
1972: 1972 Summer Olympics
1980: Oktoberfest bombing
2016: 2016 Munich shooting

Economy 
Munich has the strongest economy of any German city. They have the lowest unemployment rate (5.6%) of any German city with more than a million people.

Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe. It is home to the Süddeutsche Zeitung, one of Germany's largest daily newspapers. Munich is also home to Germany's largest public broadcasting network, ARD, and its largest commercial network, Pro7-Sat1 Media AG. The headquarters of the German branch of Random House, the world's largest publishing house, is in Munich.

The Bavaria Film Studios are in the suburb of Grünwald. They are one of Europe's biggest and most famous movie production studios.
Lufthansa has opened a second hub at Munich's Franz Josef Strauss International Airport. It is the second-largest airport in Germany, after Frankfurt International Airport.

Sights and attractions 
 English Garden (Englischer Garten)
 Deutsches Museum (Science Museum)
 Oktoberfest
 Frauenkirche (Cathedral of Our Lady)
 Olympiaturm (Olympic Tower, a radio and TV broadcasting station)
 Bavaria statue

Transportations

Airport 
Munich Airport - Franz Joseph Strauss (IATA: MUC, ICAO: EDDM)

Public transportation 
 
Munich has one of the most comprehensive systems in the world. There are subways, suburban trains, trams and buses.

Sports
Munich is the most successful city in Bundesliga history. FC Bayern Munich have won 20 national championship along with 13 DFB Cups, 5 UEFA Champions League/European Championship, 1 UEFA Cup and 1 UEFA Cup Winners Cup for 39 trophies.
Munich hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics. They were one of the host cities for the 2006 Football World Cup. Munich bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games but lost to Pyeongchang. In September 2011 the DOSB President Thomas Bach said that Munich would bid again for the Winter Olympics in the future.

Sports clubs 
 Bayern Munich
 TSV 1860 Munich
 SpVgg Unterhaching – not really a club from Munich as Unterhaching is a rural town of its own
 Munich Irish Rovers FC
 EHC Munich – local professional hockey club

Colleges and universities 
Munich's universities are known for their high ranking in Germany.
 Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
 Technical University of Munich
 Munich University of Applied Sciences

Sister cities 
  Bordeaux (France), since 1964
  Cincinnati (US), since 1989
  Edinburgh (Scotland), since 1954
  Harare (Zimbabwe), since 1996
  Kyiv (Ukraine), since 1989
  Sapporo (Japan), since 1972
  Verona (Italy), since 1960
Beers 
 Augustiner Bräu
 Hacker-Pschorr
 Hofbräu
 Löwenbräu
 Paulaner
 Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu

References

Other websites 
 stadt.muenchen.de/rathaus – German page
 Munich travel guide

 
Olympic cities
1158 establishments
12th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Germany
Berlin (; ) is the capital city of Germany. It is the largest city in the European Union by population, with around 3.7 million people in 2020. Berlin residents come from about 190 different countries.

The city is in the eastern part of Germany in Central Europe and is surrounded by many forests and lakes. Berlin has an area of . The rivers Havel, Dahme and Spree run through Berlin. It has a temperate climate.

Berlin is home to many famous buildings and monuments, like the Siegessäule, the Brandenburger Tor, the Reichstag and the boulevard Unter den Linden. On the boulevard is the Humboldt University. The city has many nightlife options.
Berlin is an important city for the history of Germany. The King of Prussia and the Emperor of Germany lived in Berlin. The government of Germany was in Berlin for many years. Bombs destroyed many buildings in the city in World War Two. The city was split into West Berlin and East Berlin after World War Two. After the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 very few people were allowed to cross from East Berlin into West Berlin. The wall divided the city until 1989 when the East German government decided to allow anyone to cross, and people decided to tear down the wall.

Berlin is a world city of culture, start ups, politics, media and science. There are a lot of technology companies in the city. They are important for the city's economy. Many planes and trains travel to and from Berlin because the city is an important place for tourism and business.
History 
 1244: The first writings about a place called Berlin.
 1451: The Hohenzollern family moved to Berlin as the place to rule their country.
 1618–48: After the Thirty Years' War in Germany, the number of people that lived in Berlin dropped to only 6000.
 1701: Berlin became capital of Prussia.
 1709: Berlin and its neighbor city Cölln (not Köln/Cologne) are combined to form the new Berlin.
 1806: The army of Napoleon Bonaparte moved into Berlin.
 1871: Berlin became capital of the German Empire.
 1920: The Old Berlin and some neighbour towns are combined into "Greater Berlin" (Groß-Berlin).
 1945: The town is divided into four sectors, used by the allies of World War II. There is a Soviet Sector, an American Sector, a British Sector and a French Sector.
 1949: After foundation of the two Germanies, the town is still divided. There is now West Berlin and East Berlin.
 1961: The Berlin Wall was built by the communist government of East Germany between the two halves of Berlin.
1990: After German reunification, the Berlin Wall is torn down, and there is only one Berlin again. The new Berlin becomes the capital of one Germany.
 2001: 23 boroughs of Berlin were changed into 12.
 2006: The FIFA World Cup Final is held in Berlin at Olympiastadion.
People 

In 2018, Berlin had 3.75 million registered inhabitants in an area of . The city's population density was 4,206 inhabitants per km2. Berlin is the most populous city in Germany and the European Union. The entire Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has a population of more than 6 million in an area of . More than 2.0 million households were counted in the city. Around 60 percent of them were single-person households.

There are more than 20 communities with a population of at least 10,000 people in 2019, including German, Turkish, Polish, Syrian, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Bosnian, Vietnamese, American, Romanian, Croatian, Chinese, Austrian, Ukrainian, French, British, Spanish, Israeli, Indian and Iranian communities.
In 2019, there were 777,345 registered residents of foreign nationality and another 542,975 German citizens with a "migration background", meaning they or one of their parents immigrated to Germany after 1955. Berlin residents originate from about 190 different countries.

Geography
Berlin is in northeastern Germany, in an area of low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly flat terrain. It is part of the Northern European Plain. The river Spree and Havel are the two main rivers in the city. In Spandau, a borough in the west of Berlin, the Spree empties into the river Havel, which flows from north to south through western Berlin. The largest lakes being the Tegeler See, the Großer Wannsee and the Großer Müggelsee.

The Arkenberge hills in Pankow at  elevation are the highest point in Berlin. The Müggelberge (mountains) at  elevation is the highest natural point and the lowest is the Spektesee in Spandau, at  elevation.

Boroughs
Boroughs 

 Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf
 Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg
 Lichtenberg-Hohenschönhausen
 Marzahn-Hellersdorf
 Mitte (central)
 Neukölln
 Pankow
 Reinickendorf
 Spandau
 Steglitz-Zehlendorf
 Tempelhof-Schöneberg
 Treptow-Köpenick

Education

Berlin is one of the most renowned centers of higher education and research in Germany and the world. Historically, 57 Nobel Prize winners are affiliated with the Berlin-based universities.

The city has four universities and more than 40 private, professional, and technical colleges in 2020. Around 200.000 students were enrolled in 2019. Among them around 20% have an international background.
The three largest universities combined have approximately 110,000 students. There are the Free University of Berlin (Free University of Berlin, FU Berlin) with about 35,000 students, the Humboldt University of Berlin (HU Berlin) with 40,000 students, and the Technical University of Berlin (TU Berlin) with 35,000 students. The Charité Medical School has around 9,000 students. The Berlin University of the Arts (UdK) has about 4,000 students and the ESMT Berlin is a leading business schools in Germany. The Berlin School of Economics and Law (HWR) has an enrollment of about 11,000 students, the Berlin University of Applied Sciences and Technology (BHT) of about 12,000 students, and the Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft (University of Applied Sciences for Engineering and Economics, HTW) of about 14,000 students.

Nobel Prize winners

Culture
Culture 

Berlin is famous for its numerous cultural institutions, many of which enjoy international reputation. It is a trendsetting city. Young people, creatives and entrepreneurs continue to settle in the city and make Berlin a popular entertainment center in the world.

Landmarks 
 Alexanderplatz 
 Berliner Dom (Berlin's cathedral)
 Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Main Railway station)
 Brandenburg Gate
 East Side Gallery (Former Berlin Wall)
 Fernsehturm (TV tower - the highest building in Germany)
 Potsdamer Platz
 Reichstag building (home of the Bundestag)
 Rotes Rathaus (office of the Governing Mayor)
 Siegessäule (Statue of Victory)
 Tiergarten (Central Park)
 Unter den Linden (Main boulevard)

Cuisine 

The Berlin cuisine and culinary offerings vary greatly. 23 restaurants in Berlin have been awarded one or more Michelin stars in 2021, which ranks the city at the top for the number of restaurants in Germany.
Many local foods originated from north German culinary traditions and include rustic and hearty dishes with pork, goose, fish, peas, beans, cucumbers, or potatoes. Typical Berliner fare include popular street food like the Currywurst Buletten (meat balls) and the Berliner doughnut, known in Berlin as . German bakeries offering a variety of breads and pastries are widespread. One of Europe's largest delicatessen market is found at the department store KaDeWe. Among the world's largest chocolate stores is Fassbender & Rausch.

Berlin is also home to a diverse gastronomy scene reflecting the immigrant history of the city. Immigrants brought their culinary traditions to the city, such as the varied fast-food version of the doner kebab. Asian cuisine like Chinese, Vietnamese, Thai, Indian, Korean, and Japanese restaurants, as well as Spanish tapas bars, Italian, and Greek cuisine, can be found in many parts of the city.

Economy
Economy

In 2018, the GDP of Berlin totaled €147 billion. The city is the largest metropolitan economy in Germany and the third largest in the European Union. Berlin's economy is dominated by the service sector, with around 85% of all companies doing business in services. In 2019, the total labor force in Berlin was about 2.0 million. 

Important economic sectors in Berlin include life sciences, transportation, information and communication technologies, media and music, advertising and design, biotechnology, environmental services, construction, e-commerce, retail, hotel business, and medical engineering.

Research and development are important for the city. Berlin is part of the Eurozone.

Creative industries

The creative arts and entertainment business is an important part of Berlin's economy. The sector comprises music, film, advertising, architecture, art, design, fashion, performing arts, publishing, R&D, software, TV and radio.
In 2014, around 30,500 creative companies operated in the Berlin-Brandenburg metropolitan region, predominantly medium-sized enterprises. Generating a revenue of 15.6 billion Euro and 6% of all private economic sales, the culture industry grew from 2009 to 2014 at an average rate of 5.5% per year.

Berlin is an important center in the European and German film industry. It is home to more than 1,000 film and television production companies, 270 movie theaters, and around 300 national and international co-productions are filmed in the region every year. The Babelsberg Studios and the production company UFA are adjacent to Berlin in Potsdam. The city is also home of the German Film Academy (Deutsche Filmakademie), founded in 2003, and the European Film Academy, founded in 1988.
Business 
Many German and international companies have business or service centers in the city. For several years Berlin has been recognized as a major center of business founders. In 2015, Berlin generated the most venture capital for young startup companies in Europe.

Among the 10 largest employers in Berlin are the City-State of Berlin, Deutsche Bahn, the hospital providers Charité and Vivantes, the Federal Government of Germany, the local public transport provider BVG, Siemens, Deutsche Telekom and the e-commerce firm Zalando.

Sister cities 
Berlin has partnerships with 17 cities. Each of the 12 boroughs also has their own sister cities.

References

Other websites 

 Official page www.berlin.de
 Berlin Sightseeing Tours
 EXBERLINER – English City Magazine
 Berlin City Panoramas – panoramic views and virtual tours

 
Olympic cities
The 1930s was a decade in the Anno Domini and Common Era in the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1, 1930 and ended on December 31, 1939. It is distinct from the decade known as the 194th decade which began on January 1, 1931 and ended on December 31, 1940.

Events 
 Great Depression
 Dust Bowl
 1930-1933 famine in Soviet Union kills millions 
 1933 – Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany
 1933 – Prohibition ends in the United States
 1939 – The start of World War II
 Nancy Drew books debut

Important people

Actor 
 Actor Cary Grant (United States)
 Actor Charles Boyer (France)
 Actor Fred Astaire (United States)
 Actor Fred MacMurray (United States)
 Actor Gene Reynolds (United States)
 Actor Humphrey Bogart (United States)
 Actor James Stewart (United States)
 Actor Lionel Barrymore (United States)
 Actor Melvyn Douglas (United States)
 Actor Robert Taylor (United States)
 Actor Spencer Tracy (United States)
 Actor William Holden (United States)
Actress 
 Actress Barbara Stanwyck (United States)
 Actress Deborah Kerr (United States)
 Actress Doris Day (United States)
 Actress Fay McKenzie (United States)
 Actress Gene Tierney (United States)
 Actress Ginger Rogers (United States)
 Actress Gloria Swanson (United States)
 Actress Greta Garbo (United States)
 Actress Peggy Stewart (United States)
World Leaders 
 President Paul von Hindenburg (Germany)
 Führer Adolf Hitler (Germany)
 King Faisal I (Iraq)
 President of the Executive Council W. T. Cosgrave (Ireland)
 President of the Executive Council Éamon de Valera (Ireland)
 Taoiseach Éamon de Valera (Ireland)
 King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
 Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (Italy)
 Emperor Hirohito (Japan)
 Sultan Mohammed V (Morocco)
 President Manuel L. Quezon (Philippines)
 Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar (Portugal)
 King Ananda Mahidol (Siam)
 General Secretary Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
 President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Turkey)
 King George V (United Kingdom)
 King Edward VIII (United Kingdom)
 King George VI (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (United Kingdom)
 President Herbert Hoover (United States)
 Vice President Charles Curtis (United States)
 President Franklin D. Roosevelt (United States)
Vice President John Nance Garner (United States)
 Holy Father Pope Pius XI (Vatican)
 Holy Father Pope Pius XII (Vatican)
The 1940s was a decade in the Anno Domini and Common Era in the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1, 1940 and ended on December 31, 1949. It is distinct from the decade known as the 195th decade which began on January 1, 1941 and ended on December 31, 1950.

Events 
 1940 – Retreat at Dunkirk
 1941; Attack on Pearl Harbor, which followed by U.S. join the war then.
 1944 – Normandy invasion
 1945 (August 6 and 9) – first use of the atomic bomb in warfare.
 1945 – World War II ends
 1945 – Start of the Cold War
 1945-1946 – Nuremberg Trials
 1946 – baby boom begins in the United States.
 1947 – Independence for India and other colonies.
 1947-1949 – Indo-Pakistani War
 1948-1949 – Arab-Israeli War
 1949 – Communists take power in China.

People
People

Actor 
 Cary Grant, British-American actor
 Charles Boyer, French actor
 Dana Andrews, American actor
 Fred Astaire, American actor
 Fred MacMurray, American actor
 Gene Reynolds, American actor
 Humphrey Bogart, American actor
 James Stewart, American actor
 Kirk Douglas, American actor
 Lionel Barrymore, American actor
 Melvyn Douglas, American actor
 Robert Taylor, American actor
 Spencer Tracy, American actor
 Toshirō Mifune, Japanese actor
 William Holden, American actor
Actress 
 Audrey Hepburn, British-Belgian actress
 Ava Gardner, American actress
 Barbara Stanwyck, American actress
 Bibi Ferreira, Brazilian actress
 Deborah Kerr, British actress
 Donna Reed, American actress
 Doris Day, American actress
 Fay McKenzie, American actress
 Gene Tierney, American actress
 Ginger Rogers, American actress
 Gloria Swanson, American actress
 Grace Kelly, American actress
 Greta Garbo, Swedish-American actress
 Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress
 Janet Leigh, American actress
 Judy Garland, American actress
 Katharine Hepburn, American actress
 Lana Turner, American actress
 Lauren Bacall, American actress
 Machiko Kyō, Japanese actress
 Mai Zetterling, Swedish actress
 Marilyn Monroe, American actress
 Mary Pickford, Canadian-American actress
 Muriel Pavlow, British actress
 Olivia de Havilland, American actress
 Peggy Stewart, American actress

Composer 
 Aram Khachaturian, Armenian composer

Director
Director

Footballer 
 Adolfo Pedernera Argentine footballer
 Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentine-Spanish footballer
 Ferenc Puskás, Hungarian footballer
 Stanley Matthews, English footballer

Musician

Scientist 
 Albert Einstein, German-born American scientist
 Enrico Fermi, Italian-American physicist
 Erwin Schrödinger, Austrian physicist
 Niels Bohr, Danish physicist
 Paul Dirac, English theoretical physicist
World Leaders 
 Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China
 José Figueres Ferrer, President of Costa Rica (until 1948)
 Adolf Hitler, Führer of Germany
 Karl Dönitz, 4th President of Germany
 Wilhelm Pieck, Leadership of East Germany
 Otto Grotewohl, Leadership of East Germany
 Theodor Heuss, President of Germany
 Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of Germany
 Mahatma Gandhi, leader of India
 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan
 Pope Pius XII, Pope in the 1930s
 Ananda Mahidol, King of Siam (until 1946)
 Rhee Syng-man, President of South Korea
 Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand
 Pridi Banomyong, Prime Minister of Thailand
 George VI, King of the United Kingdom
 Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of United Kingdom
 Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of United Kingdom
 Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States (until 1945)
 Harry S. Truman, President of the United States
 Joseph Stalin, leader of the USSR
The 1950s was a decade in the Anno Domini and Common Era in the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1, 1950 and ended on December 31, 1959. It is distinct from the decade known as the 196th decade which began on January 1, 1951 and ended on December 31, 1960.

Events 
 1950–1953 Korean War.
 1953 – Structure of DNA published by James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins.
 1953 – Edmund Hillary is the first man on Mount Everest.
 1954 – Battle of Dien Bien Phu ends France's colonization of Vietnam and leads to division of Vietnam into North and South.
 1956 – Hungarian Revolution of 1956
 1956 – Suez Crisis
 1958 – Treaty of Rome
 1959 – Fidel Castro becomes the Prime Minister of Cuba.
 1957 – Sputnik launched.

Important people
Important people

Actor 
 Cary Grant, British-American actor
 Charles Boyer, French actor
 Dana Andrews, American actor
 Fred Astaire, American actor
 Fred MacMurray, American actor
 Gene Reynolds, American actor
 Humphrey Bogart, American actor
 James Dean, American actor
 James Stewart, American actor
 Kirk Douglas, American actor
 Lionel Barrymore, American actor
 Melvyn Douglas, American actor
 Paul Newman, American actor
 Robert Taylor, American actor
 Spencer Tracy, American actor
 Toshirō Mifune, Japanese actor
 William Holden, American actor

Actress 
 Anita Ekberg, Swedish actress
 Audrey Hepburn, British-Belgian actress
 Ava Gardner, American Actress
 Barbara Stanwyck, American actress
 Bibi Ferreira, Brazilian actress
 Deborah Kerr, British actress
 Donna Reed, American actress
 Gene Tierney, American actress
 Ingrid Bergman, Swedish actress
 Marilyn Monroe, American actress
 Monica Vitti, Italian actress

Director 
 Alfred Hitchcock, British movie director
Musician 
 Chuck Berry, American rock & roll musician
 Bo Diddley, American rock & roll musician
 Elvis Presley, American singer
 Buddy Holly, American singer
World Leader 
 Juan Perón, President of Argentina
 U Nu, Prime Minister of Burma
 Ne Win, Prime Minister of Burma
 Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China
 Fidel Castro, President of Cuba
 Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt
 René Coty, President of France
 Charles de Gaulle, President of France
 Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor of Germany
 Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany
 Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India
 David Ben-Gurion, Prime Minister of Israel
 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan
 Shigeru Yoshida, Prime Minister of Japan
 Ichirō Hatoyama, Prime Minister of Japan
 Tanzan Ishibashi, Prime Minister of Japan
 Nobusuke Kishi, Prime Minister of Japan
 Kim Il-Sung, Supreme Leader of North Korea
 Pope Pius XII, Pope (until 1958)
 Pope John XXIII, Pope from 1958
 Joseph Stalin, General Secretary of the Soviet Union (until 1953)
 Nikita Khrushchev, General Secretary of the Soviet Union
 Francisco Franco, Caudillo of Spain
 Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand
 George VI, British king (until 1952)
Elizabeth II, British queen (since 1952)
 Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of United Kingdom
 Harry S. Truman, President of the United States (until 1953)
 Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the United States
 Josip Broz Tito, President of Yugoslavia