Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A Feast for Crows is the fourth of seven planned books in A Song of Ice and Fire, a fantasy series written by George R. R. Martin. The book was first released on 17 October 2005 in the United Kingdom, and in the United States on 8 November 2005.

Like A Storm of Swords, A Feast for Crows was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel,  and was also the first book in the series to get to the top of the New York Times bestseller list.

Translations 
 Bulgarian: Bard (2006): "".
 Croatian: Algoritam (2006): "".
 Catalan: (2012) "".
 Dutch: Luitingh (2006): "".
 Finnish: "" (2007).
 French: Hardcover: Pygmalion (2006-...): "", "", "".
 German: Single volume, Fantasy Productions (2006): "" (to be released). Two volumes, Blanvalet (2006): "", "".
 Hungarian: Alexandra (2007): "".
 Italian: "" (Volume 1, 2006), "" (Volume 2, 2007).
 Polish: "".
 Russian: "".
 Serbian: Laguna (2006): "".
 Spanish: Gigamesh (2007): "".
Awards 
 Hugo Award – Best Novel (nominated) – (2006)
 British Fantasy Award – Best Novel (nominated) – (2006)
 Quill Award – Best Novel (Science Fiction & Fantasy) (nominated) – (2006)

A Song of Ice and Fire
2005 books
21st-century American novels
Zest is the outer skin of citrus fruit. Cooks use it to add strong flavor to foods.

Food ingredients
Citrus
Paprika is a spice made from the grinding of dried sweet red bell peppers. The word comes from a Turkish word meaning "pepper". In many non-English speaking European countries, the word paprika also refers to bell peppers themselves. The seasoning is used in many cuisines to add color and flavor to cooked foods.

Spices
Medicinal plants
A clove (Syzygium aromaticum, syn. Eugenia aromaticum or Eugenia caryophyllata) is an aromatic dried flower bud of a tree in the family Myrtaceae. Cloves are native to Indonesia. A clove tree is an evergreen and grows to the height of 8-12 m. The part used in cookery is a dried flower bud. Cloves are harvested primarily in Zanzibar, Indonesia and Madagascar; it is also grown in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, where they call it lavang.

Use in cooking
Cloves are used in cooking, whole or ground. If you put whole cloves in a ham, they will impart their flavour to the meat. Dried cloves are a key spice in India.

History
Cloves were once traded in Portugal. Clove was once one of the most valuable spices, a kg costing 7 g of gold.

Other websites

Myrtaceae
Spices
Indonesia
Herbs
Medicinal plants
The Myrtales are an order of flowering plants. They are a basal group of dicotyledons.

Families 
 Family Alzateaceae
 Family Combretaceae (leadwood family)
 Family Crypteroniaceae
 Family Heteropyxidaceae
 Family Lythraceae (loosestrife and pomegranate family)
 Family Melastomataceae
 Family Memecylaceae
 Family Myrtaceae (myrtle family)
 Family Oliniaceae
 Family Onagraceae (evening primrose family)
 Family Penaeaceae
 Family Psiloxylaceae
 Family Rhynchocalycaceae
 Family Vochysiaceae
The Myrtaceae or Myrtle family are a family of dicotyledon plants, in the order Myrtales. Myrtle, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, and Eucalyptus belong here. 

All species are woody, with essential oils, and flower parts in multiples of four or five. One character of the family is that the phloem is on both sides of the xylem, not just outside as in most other plants. The leaves are evergreen, alternate to mostly opposite, simple, and usually with an entire (not toothed) margin. The flowers have a base number of five petals, though in several genera the petals are minute or absent. The stamens are usually very conspicuous, brightly colored, and there are many of them.
Species
 Syzygium ampliflorum
 Syzygium amplifolium
 Syzygium andamanicum
 Syzygium anisatum
 Syzygium aqueum (Water Apple, Bell fruit, Water cherry, Watery rose apple)
 Syzygium australe (Brush Cherry (Aust.))
 Syzygium aromaticum (Clove)
 Syzygium beddomei
 Syzygium benthamianum
 Syzygium bourdillonii
 Syzygium caryophyllatum
 Syzygium chavaran
 Syzygium cordatum (Hute, Waterbessie, undoni, water berry, umSwi)
 Syzygium corynanthum (Sour cherry)
 Syzygium courtallense
 Syzygium crebrinerve  (Purple cherry)
 Syzygium cumini (Jambul, Jambolan, Black plum, Damson plum, Duhat plum, Jambolan plum, Java plum, Malabar plum, Portuguese plum)
 Syzygium curanii (Lipote)
 Syzygium cyclophyllum
 Syzygium densiflorum
 Syzygium diffusum
 Syzygium discophorum
 Syzygium erythrocalyx (Johnstones River Satinash)
 Syzygium fergusonii
 Syzygium fibrosum
 Syzygium fijiense
 Syzygium forte (White Apple)
 Syzygium francisii  (Giant water gum)
 Syzygium gambleanum
 Syzygium guehoi
 Syzygium guineese (Waterberry)
Syzygium hodgkinsoniae  (Red lilly pilly)
 Syzygium jambos (Roseapple, Malabar plum, Plum rose, Rose apple, Water apple)
 Syzygium luehmannii (Riberry, Cherry Satinash)
 Syzygium maire
 Syzygium malaccense (Malay Apple, Malacca apple, Malay rose apple, Mountain apple, Otaheite cashew, Rose apple, Water apple)
 Syzygium makul
 Syzygium manii
 Syzygium micranthum
 Syzygium microphyllum
 Syzygium minus
 Syzygium moorei  (Coolamon)
 Syzygium myhendrae
 Syzygium neesianum
 Syzygium occidentale
 Syzygium oleosum Blue Lilly Pilly
 Syzygium oliganthum
 Syzygium palghatense
 Syzygium paniculatum (Magenta lillypilly (Aust.))
 Syzygium parameswaranii
 Syzygium phaeophyllum
 Syzygium phyllyraeoides
 Syzygium polyanthum (Indian bay leaf, Indonesian bay leaf, Salam leaf, daun salam, Indonesian laurel)
 Syzygium pondoense
 Syzygium purpureum
 Syzygium ramavarma
 Syzygium rotundifolium
 Syzygium samarangense (Java Apple, Makopa, Java rose apple, Samarang rose apple, Water apple, Wax jambu, Wax apple)
 Syzygium seemannianum
Syzygium smithii = Acmena smithii
 Syzygium spathulatum
 Syzygium spissum
 Syzygium stocksii
 Syzygium suborbiculare (Lady Apple)
 Syzygium sylvestre
 Syzygium travancoricum
 Syzygium turbinatum
 Syzygium umbrosum
 Syzygium utilis
 Syzygium wolfii
 Syzygium wrightii
 Syzygium zeylanicum (Smaich (Cambodia))
Junoon (, meaning "obsession" in Urdu and "madness" in Arabic) is one of Pakistan's most popular rock bands. It is from the city of Lahore. It was formed in 1990 by guitarist/songwriter/medical doctor Salman Ahmad. It comes in the genre of Sufi rock.

Rock bands
Pakistani musicians
Transportation in Pakistan is extensive and varied but still in its developing stages. It serves a population of over 170 million people. Construction of new airports, roads, and railway provides jobs for many people.

Rail

Domestic
Rail

Domestic

Rail services in Pakistan are provided by the state-run Pakistan Railways, under the supervision of the Ministry of Railways. Pakistan Railways provides an important mode of transportation in Pakistan. It does large-scale movement of people and freight. The railway network is  long. Broad gauge is  of that. There are  of electrified track. The narrow gauge tracks form the remaining .  Pakistan Railways also operate special trains for various occasions. The Freight Business Unit, with 12000 personnel, operates over 200 freight stations on the railway network. The FBU serves the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim as well as various other stations along the network. It moves agricultural, industrial and imported products such as wheat, coal, fertilizer, cement, and sugar. The freight rates structure is based on market trends in road transport which is the main competitor to rail transport.
Metros
The Karachi Circular Railway opened in the early 1940s. It is the only functioning metro in Pakistan. In 1976, Karachi was going to begin work on an underground metro system, but plans were put on hold. The Lahore Metro also serves from Gagu Matta to Shahadara.

International
 Iran — A broad gauge railway line runs from Zahedan to Quetta. A standard gauge line is finished from Zahedan to Kerman in central Iran, linking with the rest of the Iranian rail network. On May 18, 2007, a MOU for rail cooperation was signed by Pakistan and Iran under which the line will be completed by December 2008. Now that the rail systems are linked up at Zahedan, there is a break-of-gauge between the Islamic Republic of Iran Railways standard gauge tracks and Pakistan Railways broad gauge.
Afghanistan — Currently there is no rail link to Afghanistan since no railway network is present in that country. However, Pakistan Rail has proposed to help build an Afghani Rail Network in three phases. The first phase will stretch from the Chaman to Spin Boldak in Afghanistan. The second phase will extend the line to Kandahar. The third phase will eventually connect to Herat. From there, the line will be extended to Khushka, Turkmenistan. The final phase would link  gauge with Central Asian  gauge. It is not clear where the break-of-gauge station will be. The proposed line will also connect the port town of Gwadar via Dalbadin and Taftan, connecting the port town to Central Asia.

 China — There is no link with China. However, on February 28, 2007, contracts were awarded for feasibility studies on a proposed line from Havelian via the Khunjerab pass at  above sea level, to the Chinese railhead at Kashgar. That is a distance of about .
Turkey — An Istanbul-Tehran-Islamabad passenger rail service was proposed recently. On 14 August 2009, a container train service was launched by the Prime Minister of Pakistan Yousuf Raza Gilani between Islamabad and Istanbul. The first train carried 20 Intermodal containers with a capacity of around . It will travel  from Islamabad, through Tehran, Iran and on to Istanbul in two weeks' time. According to the Ministry of Railways (Pakistan) Ghulam Ahmad Bilour, after the trial of the container train service, a passenger train will be launched. There are also hopes the route will eventually provide a link to Europe and Central Asia, and carry passengers.

Road

National Highways

During the 1990s, Pakistan began an ongoing project to rebuild all National Highways of Pakistan throughout the country to important financial, cargo and textile centers. The National Highway Authority (NHA) is responsible for the maintenance of all national highways in Pakistan.
The Makran Coastal Highway follows the coast of Sindh and Balochistan provinces. It links the port cities of Karachi and Gwadar. Journey time has been reduced to six or seven hours with the construction of the new Coastal Highway. The highway was built as part of a plan to improve transport facilities in southern Balochistan.

 The Karakoram Highway is the highest paved international road in the world. It connects China with Pakistan across the Karakoram mountain range, through the Khunjerab Pass.

 The Grand Trunk Road (commonly abbreviated to GT Road) is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For several centuries, it has linked the eastern and western regions of South Asia. It runs from western Bengal, across north India, into Peshawar in Pakistan.
The Silk Road is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across Asia. It connects East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, including North Africa and Europe. It passes through the mid section of Pakistan through the cities Peshawar, Taxila and Multan.

Motorways

The construction of motorways began in the early 1990s. The idea was to build a world class road network and to reduce the load off the heavily used national highways throughout the country. The M2 motorway was the first motorway completed in 1998. It links the cities of Islamabad and Lahore. Many new motorways have opened up including the M1 motorway and M3 motorway.

 Total: 
 Paved:  (including 339 km of expressways)
 Unpaved:  (2001)
 Vehicles on road: 4.2 million vehicles 250,000 commercial vehicles (2004 estimate)

References
Companies headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma

This list is very out of date and incomplete.

Largest Companies
ONEOK - Fortune 500 (312)
Williams Companies - Fortune 500 (367)
Dollar-Thrifty Automotive Group - Fortune 1000 (958) - Purchased by Hertz and Jobs moved from Tulsa.
Semgroup 
QuikTrip - Fortune's Largest Private Companies (33)
Vanguard Automotive Group:Alamo, National Purchased by Enterprise.  Most jobs moved to St. Louis or eliminated.  Small/Growing Shared Service Center remains.
Red Man Pipe and Supply
Other companies
AAON
Bama Pie
BOK Financial Corporation, parent company of Bank of Oklahoma, Bank of Texas and 4 other bank subsidiaries
Bluefin Payment Systems
Casillas Petroleum
Crane Carrier Corporation
ENGlobal Corporation
Enovation Controls
Explorer Pipeline 
Facet International
FlightSafety International   (Simulation Systems Division)
Rubbean Construction Company
GasTech Engineering Corporation
Helmerich & Payne, Inc., oil and gas exploration, and real-estate holding company
Hilti USA - Moved most of it's operation to Dallas.
John Zink Co.
Kenco Engineering
Lowrance Electronics
Lufthansa Technik Tulsa
Magellan Midstream Partners, L.P.
Manhattan Construction Company
Matrix Services
Mazzio’s
McElroy Manufacturing, Inc.
Nordam Group
Plymouth Pharmaceuticals
Public Service Company of Oklahoma a subsidiary of American Electric Power
RibCrib
Saint Francis Health System
Skycam
SmartMax Software
Syntroleum
Samson Investment Company, petroleum production and exploration company
TD Williamson
Unit Corp
Unit Corp
Webco Industries
Winnercomm
Xcel Energy
Xeta Technologies
ZFG Mortgage
Leinbach Company
Tulsa, Oklahoma
Oklahoma-related lists
Lists of companies
ONEOK, Inc. (pronounced like 'one oak') () is a diversified Fortune 200 corporation based in Tulsa, Oklahoma.  Founded in 1906 as Oklahoma Natural Gas Company, it is one of the largest natural gas distributors in the United States.

Other websites
 ONEOK Website

Tulsa, Oklahoma
Companies based in Oklahoma
1906 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Oklahoma Territory
Ashley Force (born November 29, 1982) is a funny car drag racer. She is the daughter of 14-time NHRA Funny Car division champion John Force and his wife Laurie Force.

Television
Ashley Force is featured with her family on A&E's reality show Driving Force.

1982 births
Living people
American racecar drivers
Yorba Linda, California
Sportspeople from California
Cottontail rabbits live in America. They are any of several North, Central and South American rabbit species of the genus Sylvilagus.

Description 
Most cottontail rabbits of the genus have a short tail with a white underside that shows when they are running away. This gives them their name, "cottontails." However, this feature is not present in all cottontails. Some can be different.

The cottontail rabbit lives most across North America, Central America, and South America. Most species live in nests called forms.

Cottontail rabbits do not get the disease myxomatosis as easily as European rabbits.

Species
Genus Sylvilagus 
 Subgenus Tapeti
 Swamp Rabbit, Sylvilagus aquaticus
 Tapeti, Sylvilagus brasiliensis
 Dice's Cottontail, Sylvilagus dicei
 Omilteme Cottontail, Sylvilagus insonus
 Marsh Rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris
Lower Keys Marsh Rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris hefneri (named after Hugh Hefner)
Upper Keys Marsh Rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris paludicola
 Marsh Rabbit, Sylvilagus palustris palustris
 Venezuelan Lowland Rabbit, Sylvilagus varynaensis
 Subgenus Sylvilagus
 Desert Cottontail, Sylvilagus audubonii
 Manzano Mountain Cottontail, Sylvilagus cognatus
 Mexican Cottontail, Sylvilagus cunicularius
Sylvilagus cunicularius cunicularius
Sylvilagus cunicularius insolitus
Sylvilagus cunicularius pacificus
 Eastern Cottontail, Sylvilagus floridanus
Sylvilagus floridanus alacer
Sylvilagus floridanus ammophilus
Sylvilagus floridanus avius
Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus
Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani
Sylvilagus floridanus chiapensis
Sylvilagus floridanus cognatus
Sylvilagus floridanus connectens
Sylvilagus floridanus continentis
Sylvilagus floridanus costaricensis
Sylvilagus floridanus cumanicus
Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus
Sylvilagus floridanus hesperius
Sylvilagus floridanus hitchensi
Sylvilagus flordanus holzneri
Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis
Sylvilagus floridanus llanensis
Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus
Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae
Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi
Sylvilagus floridanus nelsoni
Sylvilagus floridanus nigronuchalis
Sylvilagus floridanus orinoci
Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae
Sylvilagus floridanus paulsoni
Sylvilagus floridanus purgatus
Sylvilagus floridanus restrictus
Sylvilagus floridanus russatus
Sylvilagus floridanus similis
Sylvilagus floridanus subcinctus
Sylvilagus floridanus superciliaris
Sylvilagus floridanus valenciae
Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus
 Tres Marias Rabbit, Sylvilagus graysoni
Sylvilagus graysoni graysoni
Sylvilagus graysoni badistes
 Mountain Cottontail, Sylvilagus nuttallii
Sylvilagus nuttallii nuttallii
Sylvilagus nuttallii pinetis
Sylvilagus nuttallii grangeri
 Appalachian Cottontail or rarely Allegheny Cottontail, Sylvilagus obscurus 
 Robust Cottontail, Sylvilagus robustus
 New England Cottontail, Sylvilagus transitionalis
 Subgenus Microlagus
 Brush Rabbit, Sylvilagus bachmani
Sylvilagus bachmani bachmani
Sylvilagus bachmani cinerascens
Sylvilagus bachmani peninsularis
Sylvilagus bachmani cerrosensis
Sylvilagus bachmani ubericolor
Sylvilagus bachmani exiguus
Sylvilagus bachmani mariposae
Sylvilagus bachmani virgulti
Sylvilagus bachmani howelli
Sylvilagus bachmani macrorhinus
Sylvilagus bachmani riparius
Sylvilagus bachmani tehamae
Sylvilagus bachmani rosaphagus
 San Jose Brush Rabbit, Sylvilagus mansuetus
References

Lagomorphs
Mammals of North America
Mammals of South America
Selhurst Park is a football stadium in the London Borough of Croydon. It is home to Crystal Palace Football Club.

Football stadiums in London
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Croydon
Zack de la Rocha (born January 12, 1970) is the lead singer of American rock band Rage Against the Machine.  He was born in Long Beach, California.

Biography
Biography

Early life (1970-1991)
Zack was interested in punk rock - including bands such as the Sex Pistols and the Clash - from a young age. In seventh grade, Zack played guitar in a punk band called Juvenile Expression, along with his friend Tim Commerford, who played bass. As a teenager, Zack grew to like hardcore punk bands such as Minor Threat and Fugazi, and joined Hardstance as a guitarist. In 1988, Hardstance changed it's name to Inside Out, and Zack became vocalist. Inside Out broke up in 1991. In August of that year, while performing in a club, Zack was approached by Los Angeles local musicians Tom Morello, a guitarist, and Brad Wilk, a drummer and the three agreed to form a band called Rage Against the Machine, which was the name of a song Zack had written when he was vocalist. De la Rocha asked former Juvenile Expression bandmate Tim Commerford to play bass, and he agreed.

As a teenager, de la Rocha became a vegetarian for ethical reasons.
Rage Against the Machine (1991-2000: 2007-present)
Zack wrote most of Rage Against the Machine's songs, with lyrics that talked about politics and current events. The band signed with Epic Records in 1992 and released three original albums between 1992 and 1999- Rage Against the Machine in 1992, Evil Empire in 1996, and The Battle of Los Angeles in 1999. Zack left the band in October, 2000 for "political and creative differences". A fourth album, Renegades, was released in December.

On January 22, 2007, it was announced that they would reunite to play a show in Coachella, California. Since then, the band has been active in political causes and is planning to release a new album in 2011.

References

1970 births
Living people
Singers from California
Musicians from Long Beach, California
Without heat, a fire cannot begin. If fire becomes cool enough, it will not keep burning. Heat can be removed by using water. This only works on some types of fire. Separating burning fuels from each other can also reduce the heat. In forest fires, burning logs are separated and placed into safe areas where there is no other fuel. Turning off the electricity in an electrical fire removes the heat source, but other fuels may have caught fire. They will continue burning until the firefighters deal with them and their fire triangles. Without oxygen, a fire can not start. Oxygen may be removed from a fire by covering it in some way. Some foams and heavy gases (for example, carbon dioxide) are often used for this. The fire can also be closed off away from a source of oxygen. Once all the oxygen in the closed off area is used by the fire, it will go out if it cannot get more oxygen because it needs oxygen. And can be used

Fire
Modus ponendo ponens  is a valid, simple argument form in classical logic sometimes referred to as affirming the antecedent or the law of detachment. It is closely related to another valid form of argument, modus tollens or denying the consequent.

Modus ponens is a very common rule of inference, and takes the following form: 
If P, then Q.
P.
Therefore, Q.

Related pages 
Modus tollens
Syllogism

References 

Rules of inference
Angelo State University is a public university in San Angelo, Texas. It started in 1928. As of 2008, it had about 6,150 students.

The sports teams at Angelo State are called Rams for the men and Rambelles for the women.

References

Other websites

Angelo State University

Colleges and universities in Texas
1928 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Texas
The population of Nicaragua is approximately 6 million. The population is multicultural. The population includes indigenous native tribes from the Miskito Coast, Europeans, Africans, and Asians. The main language is Spanish. Some native tribes on the eastern coast speak their native languages. Some of these languages are Miskito, Sumo, and Rama. Some people speak English Creole. Creole is a curious mix-match of English, Dutch, French, Portuguese and Spanish. It dates back to the days when pirates hid out among the islands and cays that make up the coastline. The mixture of cultures has created diversity in art and literature. Some famous Nicaraguan writers are Rubén Darío, Ernesto Cardenal, and Gioconda Belli. The International Poetry Festival held each February in Granada attracts poets and fans from all over the world. Unlike the majority of Latin American countries, Nicaraguans do not see soccer as their main sport
. Baseball is king here, an influence from the years of United States occupation in the early 20th century. Music in Nicaragua is the same as elsewhere in the region. The traditional Latin styles like salsa and meringue rule. The Caribbean side has its own Caribbean Island vibe, as well as the traditional Garifuna Punta style.
The biological diversity, warm tropical climate, and active volcanoes make Nicaragua an increasingly popular tourist destination.

References 

 
Spanish-speaking countries
Current dictatorships
Lalon Shah Bridge is the second longest bridge in Bangladesh. Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia inaugurated the bridge at a ceremony held at Paksey. The bridge directly connects the north-western and south-western regions of the country by road. The river Padma had separated the two regions.

The 1.8 K.M long bridge has been constructed parallel to historic Hardinge Railway Bridge over the river Padma with the financial assistance from Japan. To construct the bridge, the Government of Japan through JBIC extended soft ODA Yen loan to Bangladesh in two phases. The first phase loan agreement was signed between Bangladesh and Japan on July 01, 1997 while the second phase loan agreement on March 31, 2001. The total cost of the bridge is US $ 184 million of which JBIC contributed US $ 141 million, which is about 80% of the total cost.
An inauguration ceremony was held at the bridge site at Paksey on May 18, 2004. Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia was the Chief Guest while Ambassador of Japan to Bangladesh H.E. Mr. Matsushiro Horiguchi spoke as the special guest. Mr. Ryutaro Koga, Deputy Director General of JBIC Tokyo read out the message from JBIC Governor Mr. Kyosuke Shinozawa in the ceremony. Mr. Tsutomu Uchida, Chief Representative of JBIC Dhaka was present, among others, in the function.

The Lalon Shah Bridge has some of the deepest concrete piles in the world and the longest continuous segmental deck in the world, erected by using the balanced cantilever technique.

Buildings and structures in Bangladesh
Bridges in Asia
Charlotte Emma Moore Sitterly (September 24, 1898 – March 3, 1990) was an American astronomer.

Charlotte Moore was born in Ercildoun, Pennsylvania. She graduated from Swarthmore College in 1920 and went on to Princeton to assist Henry Norris Russell. During this time, she worked at the Princeton University Observatory and the Mt. Wilson Observatory. She worked much on solar spectroscopy, studying the spectral lines of the Sun and identifying the chemical elements in the Sun. She earned a Ph.D. in astronomy in 1931 from the University of California, Berkeley on a Lick Fellowship. She then returned to Princeton.

During her second stay at Princeton, she met and married Bancroft W. Sitterly, who became a physics professor. She joined the then National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in 1945. Her tables of atomic spectra and energy levels, published by NBS, have remained essential references in spectroscopy for decades.
Later in her life, it became possible to launch instruments on rockets and she extended her work to the ultraviolet spectral lines.

1898 births
1990 deaths

American astronomers
Scientists from Pennsylvania
Widzew Łódź is a Polish football (soccer) club from Łódź, Poland.

The club was started in 1910 and currently plays in the Ekstraklasa (the highest league in Poland). They have won the Polish league four times (1981, 1982, 1996 and 1997). Their official colours are red-white-red.

Polish football clubs
Łódź
1910 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Poland
The Palestinian territories usually refers to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Their final status has yet to be determined. The territories were originally part of the Israeli Civil Administration, until the Oslo Accords in 1993. They were captured and occupied by Jordan and by Egypt in the late 1940s. Israel captured and occupied the areas in the Six-Day War in 1967.  Palestinian territories borders Jordan in the east, Israel in the west. It also borders Egypt on the southwest, which shares the maritime boundary of the Dead Sea.

After the Oslo Accords were signed in 1993, parts of the territories have been governed by the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). Both Israel and the PNA claim East Jerusalem, which was captured by Israel in 1967. In 1980, Israel made a law to include East Jerusalem as part of Israel. This has not been recognized by any other country. Part of Judea and Samaria is ruled by the Israeli 'Judea and Samaria Civil Administration'. This has not been recognized by any other country.
The West Indies Federation, also known as the Federation of the West Indies, was a short-lived Caribbean federation.  It lasted from January 3, 1958 to May 31, 1962. It was made of several Caribbean colonies of the United Kingdom. The expressed intention of the Federation was to make a political unit that would become independent from Britain as a single state—possibly similar to the Canadian Confederation, or Australian Federation. Before that could happen, the Federation collapsed due to internal political conflicts.

Former countries in North America
1958 establishments in North America
1962 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in North America
Former federations
A Little Bit Longer is the third hit studio album by American teen pop-rock band The Jonas Brothers. The album was released August 12, 2008 in the United States. The title of the album, A Little Bit Longer, comes from their song of the same name, which Nick Jonas wrote about his dealings with having type one diabetes. The album artwork was released by Team Jonas, the Jonas Brothers' official fan club, to fan club members via an e-mail newsletter on June 20, 2008. Like their last album, this one also features that includes more than 30 pages of bonus features with exclusive video performance, 60 printable photos, complete album lyrics, downloadable graphics, and hidden links. In addition, the packaging of the album is made from 100% recycled materials.
Track List 
 "BB Good"
 "Burnin' Up"
 "Shelf"
 "One Man Show"
 "Lovebug"
 "Tonight"
 "Can't Have You"
 "Video Girl"
 "Pushing Me Away"
 "Sorry"
 "Got Me Going Crazy"
 "A Little Bit Longer"
 "A Little Bit Longer (Live)"
 "Out of This World"
 "Live to Party"
 "Hello Goodbye"

Reviews 
Allmusic 
Blender 
Detroit Free Press 
The Gazette 
The Guardian 
Jesus Freak Hideout 
Los Angeles Times 
Rolling Stone 
Slant Magazine 
Toronto Star

References 

2008 albums
A Little Bit Longer is a song by the pop band Jonas Brothers. The song is the last original track on the album A Little Bit Longer.

Track listing

Bonus tracks

Japan Edition (CD/CD+DVD)

CD only
Track listing

CD+DVD
Track listing

DVD
"When You Look Me in the Eyes" (MV)
"Burnin' Up" (MV)
"Burnin' Up" ("Making of the Video")
"Lovebug" (MV)
"Lovebug" ("Making of the Video")
JB Special Message
A Little Bit Longer: Album piece with Exclusive Photo Gallery
A Little Bit Longer: Clear Channel Stripped Performance
Band In a Bus Trailer
YouTube videos:
DJ Danger
Nick J Show
Taichi
Gibson Surprise Visit
Look Me in the Eyes Tour Makes History
Meet the Queen Josephyne

Other websites 
Jonas Brothers Official Website

2008 songs
An antioxidant is a molecule that can slow or stop the oxidation, or electron transfer, of other molecules. 

Antioxidants can be found in food.

Antioxidants are molecules that relieve oxidative stress by preventing the formation and oxidation of free radicals. Antioxidants donate one of their electrons or hydrogen to free radicals, stopping their chain reaction. Found in our diet (for example, in vitamins) or formed inside our body (like enzymes), antioxidants can protect us from the damaging effects of free radicals.

The best way to combat free radicals is to have a diet of fresh fruits and vegetables, red wine, and green tea. These functional foods are rich in phytochemicals with antioxidant properties. Health supplements enriched with antioxidants are also now widely available.
References
Afzal, M., Armstrong, D. (2002). “Fractionation of herbal medicine for identifying antioxidant activity”. In: Armstrong, D. (Ed.) Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 186: Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Antioxidant Protocols, Humana Press Inc.
Halliwell, B., Aeschbach, R., Loliger, J., Aruoma, O.I. (1995). ”The characterization of antioxidant”. Food and Chemical Toxicology 33(7): 601–617.
Kaur, C., Kapoor, H. (2001). “Review: antioxidants in fruits and vegetables – the millennium’s health”. International Journal of Food Science and Technology 36: 703–725.
Percival, M. (1998). “Antioxidants”. Clinical Nutrition Insights 1/96 Rev. 10/98. http://acudoc.com/Antioxidants.PDF

Chemical processes
Diets
A marshmallow is a candy that is made of sugar or corn syrup, water, and gelatin, that has been pre-softened in hot water, dextrose, and flavorings, whipped to a spongy consistency. Marshmallows are used in several types of candies, on foods, and on some drinks such as hot chocolate.

Nutritional value 
The weight of a single portion of marshmallows is about  (four large marshmallows or a half cup of mini marshmallows)

References

Desserts
Candy
Joel David Coen and Ethan Jesse Coen are movie directors, producers and screenwriters. They are brothers and always work together. They have won many awards including the Academy Award (Oscar) four times and the Palme d'Or at the Cannes International Film Festival. Their movies are different genres. They sometimes make movies that are funny like Raising Arizona or movies with a lot of violence like No Country for Old Men. They can also mix both styles like, for example in Fargo.

They write, direct and produce their movies and they share the credits. People sometimes call them "A two-headed director" because when actors who work in their movies have a question they can ask either Joel or Ethan and get the same answer.
Biography 
Joel was born on November 29, 1954 and Ethan on September 21, 1957 in St. Louis Park, Minnesota near Minneapolis in the United States. Their parents were teachers, their father taught economy and their mother art history. Joel bought a camera and with it they started making new versions of the movies they saw on television.

When they finished high school, Joel studied movie at Bard College at Simon's Rock in Massachusetts and Ethan studied philosophy at Princeton University.

Personal life 
They are married. Joel married actress Frances McDormand in 1984 (she has acted in six of their movies). Ethan is married to Tricia Cook who edits their movies. They live in New York with their families.

Career 

Their first movie, Blood Simple (1984), follows the story of a bar-owner who asks a detective to murder his wife and her lover. The Cohens directed, but only Joel appears in the credits and he accepted awards at Sundance and Independent Spirit.
They wrote the screenplay for the Sam Raimi movie, Crimewave in 1985.

In 1987 they wrote and directed Raising Arizona. The movie is about a couple that cannot have babies and decides to steal one. Nicolas Cage and Holly Hunter played the married couple. The movie was not very successful and it did not make a lot of money in the box offices but many people consider it a cult movie (a movie that has a relatively small number of fans who constantly repeat lines from the dialogs, buy or create merchandise and gather to comment on it).

Their next movie was Miller's Crossing. It is about gangsters and was made in 1990.
After Miller's Crossing, Raising Arizona and Blood Simple, the brothers received good comments on their movies and their directing style as well as the dialogs in their movies. It was not until they made Barton Fink in 1991 that the brothers achieved international fame. The movie was nominated for Academy Awards. It won three awards at Cannes International Film Festival (the Palme d'Or, best director, and best actor). The story is about a playwright (a person who writes plays) whose name is Barton Fink and he moves to Los Angeles to write movies. Fink is played by John Turturro.
After Barton Finks success, the brothers had the chance to make a big-budget movie (with more money than the previous ones). That movie was The Hudsucker Proxy. The story talks about a man who is given the opportunity to be the director of a big company because the other people in the company (the board) want to buy it at a low price so they intend to have him ruin it. Instead of ruining the company, the man invents the hula hoop and becomes famous.
The Coens had 25 million dollars to make this movie but it only earned 3 million so it is considered a commercial failure (not successful). The critics said the movie was not good because it had nothing new to offer the viewers.
The brothers made another movie in 1996 with a little money. The name was Fargo. It was universally praised (almost everybody said it was good). They returned to Minnesota because the story takes place there and in North Dakota. The story is about a man who needs money to start his own business so he pays other men to kidnap his wife and plans to ask his rich father-in-law for the ransom (money given in exchange for the woman). Everything goes wrong and a series of violent events starts.
Experts say the movie was very good because of the dialog used by the actors (they used different accents) and Frances McDormand's performance (acting). She won the Best Actress Oscar. The brothers also won Best Original Screenplay and the Palme d'Or for Best Directing for a second time.
By 1998 they were famous for their style and talent and they made another movie The Big Lebowski, a comedy about a man who does not work and spends his time bowling. The man's name is Jeffrey Lebowski so some guys mistake him for a millionaire who has the same name. Fans of the movie consider it a cult movie.

Inspired by parts of Homer's Odyssey, O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000), received wide critical acclaim.

In 2001 they created The Man Who Wasn't There. The movie is supposed to be in 1940's in California.

In 2003 they directed Intolerable Cruelty. It is their most mainstream movie (the movie that is closest to the most common or popular genres). The leading roles are played by George Clooney and Catherine Zeta-Jones.

They worked with Tom Hanks in The Ladykillers in 2004. A previous version had been made before (not by the brothers) in 1955.

No Country for Old Men came out in 2007. The movie is based on the book with the same name written by Corman McCarthy.
A Serious Man, set in the 1960s in the suburbs of Minneapolis, came out in 2009.

 Awards 
 Academy Awards
The Coen brothers are two of only seven directors with three Oscars for the same movie.1991: Barton Fink
Best Supporting Actor (Michael Lerner, nominated)
Best Art Direction–Set Decoration (Dennis Gassner, Nancy Haigh, nominated)
Best Costume Design (Richard Hornung, nominated)1996: Fargo
Best Picture (Ethan Coen, nominated)
Best Director (Joel Coen, nominated)
Best Screenplay – Original (won)
Best Film Editing (as Roderick Jaynes, nominated)
Best Actress (Frances McDormand, won)
Best Supporting Actor (William H. Macy, nominated)
Best Cinematography (Roger Deakins, nominated)2000: O Brother, Where Art Thou?
Best Screenplay – Adapted (nominated)
Best Cinematography (Roger Deakins, nominated)2001: The Man Who Wasn't There
Best Cinematography (Roger Deakins, nominated)2007: No Country for Old Men
Best Picture (with Scott Rudin, won)
Best Director (won)
Best Screenplay – Adapted (won)
Best Editing (as Roderick Jaynes, nominated)
Best Supporting Actor (Javier Bardem, won)
Best Cinematography (Roger Deakins, nominated)
Best Sound (Skip Lievsay, Craig Berkey, Greg Orloff, Peter F. Kurland, nominated)
Best Sound Editing (Skip Lievsay, nominated)2009: A Serious Man
Best Picture (nominated)
Best Screenplay – Original (nominated)2010: True Grit
Best Picture (with Scott Rudin, nominated)
Best Actor in a Leading Role (Jeff Bridges, nominated)
Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Hailee Steinfeld, nominated)
Best Achievement in Directing (nominated)
Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published (nominated)
Best Cinematography (Roger Deakins, nominated)
Best Art Direction (Stefan Dechant, nominated)
Best Costume Design (Mary Zophres, nominated)
Best Sound (Skip Lievsay, Craig Berkey, Greg Orloff, Peter F. Kurland, nominated)
Best Sound Editing (Skip Lievsay, nominated)
BAFTA Awards 1996: Fargo
Best Film (nominated)
David Lean Award for Direction (Joel Coen, won)
Best Screenplay – Original (nominated)
Best Actress (Frances McDormand, nominated)
Best Cinematography (Roger Deakins, nominated)
Best Editing (as Roderick Jaynes, nominated)2000: O Brother, Where Art Thou?
Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music (T-Bone Burnett, Carter Burwell, nominated)
Best Cinematography (Roger Deakins, nominated)
Best Costume Design (Monica Howe, nominated)
Best Production Design (Dennis Gassner, nominated)
Best Screenplay – Original (nominated)2001: The Man Who Wasn't There
Best Cinematography (Roger Deakins, won)2007: No Country for Old Men
Best Film (with Scott Rudin, nominated)
Best Director (won)
Best Screenplay – Adapted (nominated)
Best Supporting Actor (Javier Bardem, won)
Best Supporting Actor (Tommy Lee Jones, nominated)
Best Supporting Actress (Kelly Macdonald, nominated)
Best Cinematography (Roger Deakins, won)
Best Editing (as Roderick Jaynes, nominated)
Best Sound (Peter F. Kurland, Skip Lievsay, Craig Berkey, Greg Orloff, nominated)2008: Burn After Reading
Best Screenplay – Original (nominated)
Best Supporting Actor (Brad Pitt, nominated)
Best Supporting Actress (Tilda Swinton, nominated)2009: A Serious Man
Best Screenplay – Original (nominated)2010: True Grit
Best Film (with Scott Rudin, nominated)
Best Screenplay – Adapted (nominated)
Best Leading Actor (Jeff Bridges, nominated)
Best Supporting Actress (Hailee Steinfeld, nominated)
Best Cinematography (Roger Deakins, won)
Best Costume Design (Mary Zophres, nominated)
Best Production Design (Stefan Deschant, nominated)
Best Sound (Peter F. Kurland, Skip Lievsay, Craig Berkey, Greg Orloff, nominated)
Berlin Film Festival 1998: The Big LebowskiGolden Bear (Joel Coen, nominated)

 Cannes Film Festival 1991: Barton Fink
Best Actor (John Turturro, won)
Best Director (Joel Coen, won)
Palme d'Or (Joel Coen, won – unanimously)1994: The Hudsucker Proxy
Palme d'Or (Joel Coen, nominated)1996: 'Fargo
Best Director (Joel Coen, won)
Palme d'Or (Joel Coen, nominated)

2000: O Brother, Where Art Thou?
Palme d'Or (Joel Coen, nominated)

2001: The Man Who Wasn't There
Best Director (Joel Coen, won – tied with David Lynch for Mulholland Dr.)
Palme d'Or (Joel Coen, nominated)

2004: The Ladykillers
Jury Prize (Irma P. Hall, won – for her acting)
Palme d'Or (nominated)

2007: No Country for Old Men
Palme d'Or (nominated)

Filmography

References

American movie directors
Living people
American Jews
Writers from Minneapolis
Academy Award winning directors
"Find a Way" is a single released off of the album by alternative hip hop band A Tribe Called Quest was taken from their fifth studio album The Love Movement.

References

1998 songs
A Tribe Called Quest songs
Hip hop songs
The Picture of Dorian Gray is the only published book written by Oscar Wilde. It was first published in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine on June 20, 1890. Later, Wilde was asked to edit this version, and it was published again in April 1891. The story is often incorrectly called The Portrait of Dorian Gray.

Plot 
The Picture of Dorian Gray tells about a young man named Dorian Gray who has a portrait painted of himself. The artist, Basil Hallward, thinks Dorian Gray is very beautiful, and becomes obsessed with Dorian. One day in Basil's garden, Dorian Gray meets a man named Lord Henry Wotton. Lord Henry Wotton makes Dorian Gray believe that the only thing important in life is beauty. However, Dorian realizes that he will become less beautiful as he grows older. He wishes the portrait Basil painted would become old in his place. Dorian then sells his soul so he can be beautiful forever, but not on purpose.
Dorian's wish comes true. However, every time Dorian does something evil, mean, or selfish, his picture ages. For 18 years, Dorian does not age. He does many bad things, while his portrait becomes more aged with each bad deed. Later on, Dorian decides to stop doing bad things in the hopes that this will make his portrait become beautiful again, but it only makes it worse. Dorian thinks that only a full confession will make the portrait beautiful again. However, he does not feel guilty for anything he has done. So Dorian picks up a knife and destroys the portrait.

When his servants hear a scream from the room Dorian is in, they call the police. The police find Dorian's body on the floor with a stab wound in his heart. His body has become very aged. However, the portrait has returned to the way it was when it was first painted.

References 

1890 books
Horror novels
Irish novels
The Little Red Book (official title Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong ) is a book of the sayings of Mao Zedong.  The preface was written by Lin Biao. 

It was put out by the military newspaper of the People's Republic of China from April 1964 until about 1976. The book is a collection of quotes taken from Mao Zedong's speeches and books. Its popular title The Little Red Book describes its size and appearance: it was specially designed for easy carrying.

Related pages
The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)

Political books
Chinese literature
1964 books
Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship is the first book on the Scout Movement, put out in 1908. It was written by Robert Baden-Powell, the starter of the Scout Movement. It is the fourth bestselling book of the 20th century.

References 

1908 books
Non-fiction books
Scouting
Wii Sports Resort is a sports video game for the Wii. It is a sequel to Wii Sports and was released in Summer 2009. The game comes bundled with the Wii MotionPlus device, which is required to play the game, and another Wii Remote Jacket. Both of these are also sold separately. The game is set in a beach resort called Wuhu Island.

Gameplay 
Wii Sports Resort is a collection of different sports games. There are twelve different sports. Two sports, Golf and Bowling, were also in Wii Sports.

Wii Sports Resort is played similarly to Wii Sports. Players use the Wii Remote to do different things, such as swinging a sword or throwing a basketball. The game uses the Wii MotionPlus to make these movements more accurate. Up to 4 people can play at the same time, but some sports (like Swordplay) only let 1 or 2 people play at the same time.

List of sports 
Swordplay
Wakeboarding
Frisbee
Archery
Basketball
Table Tennis
Golf
Bowling
Power Cruising
Canoeing
Cycling
Air Sports

Notes
Notes 

2009 video games
Wii games
Sports video games
Wii Chess is a  video game for the Wii console. It was made by Nintendo. The game was released on January 18, 2008 in Europe. Under the name Tsuushin Taikyoku: World Chess, it was released as a downloadable WiiWare title in Japan on September 30, 2008.

Gameplay
The game is played using the Wii Remote. The game features an option that gives players new to chess instructions on how each piece should move across the board. Players are also able to replay their games at a later time. Players can also play online against other players with the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, with Wii Chess players being able to compete against players of World Chess and Wii Chess players play against World Chess Players.

2008 video games
Wii games
Naked Lunch (sometimes referred to as The Naked Lunch) is a novel by William S. Burroughs originally published in 1959. This is the third novel written by the Beat Generation writer, although only his second to be published.

The book was originally published with the title The Naked Lunch in Paris in 1959 by Olympia Press. An American edition by Grove Press followed soon after in 1962. The American edition was titled Naked Lunch and was different from the Olympia Press edition.

Time magazine included the novel in its "TIME" 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005".

References

Beat Generation
On the Road is a novel by American writer Jack Kerouac, written in April 1951, and published in 1957. Most of it is autobiographical and was written based on the road trips of Kerouac and his friends across mid-century America and is often considered a defining work of the postwar Beat Generation.

When the book was originally released, the New York Times hailed it as "the most beautifully executed, the clearest and most important utterance" of Kerouac's generation.  The novel was chosen by TIME Magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.

Related pages
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

References

Beat Generation
1951 books
20th-century American novels
William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner), (September 25, 1897–July 6, 1962) was an American author. One of the most influential writers of the twentieth century, he was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize in Literature. His reputation is based on his novels, novellas, and short stories. However, he was also a published poet and also was a screenwriter. He is now deemed among the greatest American writers of all time.

Awards 
Faulkner received the 1949 Nobel Prize for Literature  for "his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel." He donated a portion of his Nobel winnings "to establish a fund to support and encourage new fiction writers," eventually resulting in the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. He donated another portion to a local Oxford bank to establish an account to provide scholarship funds to help educate African-American education majors at nearby Rust College in Holly Springs, Mississippi.