Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov  
  Awards ... (C0 153, Hq 5th Army, 23 Sept 44); Kazuo Otani (39089432), Staff Sergeant

1918 births
1944 deaths
Military people from California
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Ballycastle can refer to:

Ballycastle, County Antrim, a small town in Northern Ireland
Ballycastle, County Mayo, a village in the Republic of Ireland
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States. Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented posthumously.

Of the 3,476 Medals of Honor presented as of September 15, 2011, 30 have been awarded to Asian American recipients. The first Asian American to receive the Medal was José B. Nísperos. He received it for his actions in the Philippine–American War.
In 1996, a study determined that Asian Americans were discriminated against in the awarding of medals during World War II; consequently, 22 had their medals upgraded to the Medal of Honor. Except for those awarded during the 1996 discrimination study the most recent Asian American recipient of the Medal of Honor was Rodney Yano. He received it for his actions during the Vietnam War.

Philippine–American War and peacetime
The Philippine–American War was an armed military conflict between the United States and the First Philippine Republic. It was fought between 1899 and least 1902. The conflict started from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the Philippines. Although the conflict was officially declared over on July 4, 1902, American troops continued hostilities against remnants of the Philippine Army and other resistance groups until 1913. Some historians consider these unofficial extensions part of the war.
During this conflict one Asian American, José Nísperos, received the Medal of Honor. He got it for continuing to fight after being seriously wounded. He was the first person of Asian descent to receive it.

Telesforo Trinidad received a Medal of Honor after rescuing two men from a boiler explosion. He is the only Asian American sailor to receive the Medal during peacetime.
World War II, or the Second World War, was a global military conflict. It was started from the joining of what had initially been two separate conflicts. The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War. The other began in Europe in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland. This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances. One was called the Allies. The other was called the Axis powers. It involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel. Thi makes it the most widespread war in history. It placed the participants in a state of total war. That erased the distinction between civil and military resources. This resulted in the complete activation of a nation's economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities for the purposes of the war effort. Over 60 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed. It is the deadliest conflict in human history
. The Allies were victorious and the United States and Soviet Union emerged as the world's two leading superpowers.
During this conflict 464 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor. 266 of them posthumously. By the end of the war only two Asian Americans had been awarded the Medal of Honor. One was to Sergeant Jose Calugas of the Philippine Scouts. The second was to Private Sadao S. Munemori of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. A 1996 study commissioned by the United States Army by order of Congress investigated racial discrimination in the awarding of medals during World War II. The Command History Office at the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center at the Presidio of Monterey, California was tasked with identifying affected service-members and reviewing the records. After performing a review of the files, the study recommended that several Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders who received the Distinguished Service Cross during World War II should be upgraded to the Medal of Honor
. On June 21, 2000, President Bill Clinton awarded the Medal to 22 Asian Americans, 21 from the aforementioned study, in a ceremony at the White House.
The Korean War was an escalation of border clashes between two rival Korean regimes, each of which was supported by external powers; each tried to topple the other through political and guerilla tactics. In a narrow sense, some may refer to it as a civil war, though many other factors were at play. After failing to strengthen their cause in the free elections held in South Korea during May 1950 and the refusal of South Korea to hold new elections per North Korean demands, the communist North Korean Army moved south on June 25, 1950 to attempt to reunite the Korean peninsula, which had been formally divided since 1948. The conflict was then expanded by the United States and the Soviet Union's involvement as part of the larger Cold War. The main hostilities were during the period from June 25, 1950 until the armistice was signed on July 27, 1953
. In the early stages of the war, President Harry Truman sometimes described the conflict under the aegis of the United Nations as a "police action" rather than use the term war.
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the American War, occurred from 1959 to April 30, 1975. The term Vietnam Conflict is often used to refer to events which took place between 1959 and April 30, 1975. The war was fought between the Communist-supported Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the United States supported Republic of Vietnam. It concluded with the defeat and failure of the United States foreign policy in Vietnam. On April 30, 1975, the capital of South Vietnam, Saigon fell to the communist forces of North Vietnam, effectively ending the Vietnam War. Over 8.7 million U.S. forces participated in the Vietnam War; of whom slightly over 47,000 were killed in battle and almost 11,000 more died of non-battle causes.
During the Vietnam War three Asian Americans received the Medal of Honor, all of them posthumously. Elmelindo Smith, although wounded multiple times was killed while fighting with his unit. Terry Kawamura sacrificed his life by jumping on an explosive charge, saving the lives of two other soldiers, and Rodney Yano sacrificed his life by throwing burning ammunition off of a helicopter after a grenade exploded prematurely.

Footnotes

References

Lists of Medal of Honor recipients
Richie Dunn (born May 12, 1957 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a retired hockey player. For most of his career he played for the Buffalo Sabres.

Other websites 

1957 births
Living people
American ice hockey defensemen
Binghamton Whalers players
Buffalo Sabres players
Calgary Flames players
Hartford Whalers players
Hershey Bears players
Rochester Americans players
Sportspeople from Boston
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Gabriel Abraham, born on March 22th 1991 in Galaţi, Romania, is a prominent football player, the FC Oţelul Galaţi goalkeeper.

On 2008 he made his debut in FC Oţelul Galaţi. He has been international for Romanian team seven times in inferior categories.

Fotbal Club Oţelul Galaţi is a Romanian football club of Galaţi city. On last decades, the club has participated on League I, the higher division in Romania. It has won the Romanian Football League, the Romanian Football Super Cup and Romanian Football Cup.

Gabriel Abraham won 2010/11 Romanian Football League and 2011 Romanian Football Super Cup.

On 2011, in the C group of the Champions League, his team played against Benfica, Manchester United and Basel.

At the end of 2011, Abraham was transferred to Romanian club Prahova Tomşani.

On summer 2012 he went back to Fotbal Club Oțelul Galați.

Career statistics
 2010-11 Romanian Football League 
 2011 Romanian Football Super Cup

References
References

Other websites 
 Profile at romaniansoccer.ro 
 Gabriel Abraham profile at Transfermarkt.co.uk

1991 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Elizabeth Alice "Ali" MacGraw (born April 1, 1939) is a television and movie actress. She started in movies, but changed to stage and TV acting. She received Golden Globes for Goodbye Columbus and Love Story (the earlier was in 1969, and the latter was released in 1970). Some birthdate sources say that she was born in 1938; others say 1939 or 1940.

MacGraw was born in New York State.

References

1939 births
Living people
Actors from New York (state)
American movie actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Sir Richard Rodney Bennett, CBE (29 March 193624 December 2012) was an English composer who was famous for his film music and his jazz performance as well as for music for the concert hall. He lived in New York City from 1979 until his death in 2012.

Life 
Richard Rodney Bennett was born at Broadstairs, Kent.  He was very gifted as a child and had some private lessons with the composer Elisabeth Lutyens when he was 10.  He studied at the Royal Academy of Music with Howard Ferguson, Lennox Berkeley and Cornelius Cardew. During this time, he went several times to Darmstadt where some of the most famous modern composers of the time met every summer to discuss ideas, particularly serialism.

Bennett taught at the Royal Academy of Music between 1963 and 1965, at the Peabody Institute in Baltimore, United States from 1970 to 1971, and was later International Chair of Composition at the Royal Academy of Music between 1994 and the year 2000.
Bennett wrote over two hundred works for the concert hall, and fifty scores for film and television.  He also wrote and performed jazz songs. In the 1950s he studied in Paris with Pierre Boulez who encouraged him to write serial music, but later his music became more tonal and easier to listen to.  He wrote jazz music, film music and concert music for the BBC Proms and the Three Choirs Festival.  In 1976 he wrote Zodiac for the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington to celebrate the bicentenary of the United States of America.  He dedicated the work to Elisabeth Lutyens.  He started to give up serialism and combined various musical techniques to create his own personal style.  In 1979 he moved to the United States.
A work called Noctuary (1980) combines the musical style of Scott Joplin with ideas from Schumann and Debussy.  At the 1979 Edinburgh Festival he performed both with the horn player Barry Tuckwell who played his Horn Sonata as well as in late-night cabaret.  His Reflections on a Scottish Folk Song was a tribute to the Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.  His music was extremely well written and some of the greatest musicians performed his music e.g. Barry Tuckwell, Julian Bream, Evelyn Glennie and James Galway and the singers Jane Manning, Robert Tear and Philip Langridge.  In 2011 his suite of film music for Murder on the Orient Express was performed at the BBC Proms.

Richard Rodney Bennett died in New York on 24 December 2012.
Film and television scores
He wrote music for films and television; among his scores were the Doctor Who story The Aztecs (1964) for television, and the feature film Billion Dollar Brain (1967). His scores for Far from the Madding Crowd (1967), Nicholas and Alexandra (1971), and Murder on the Orient Express (1974), each earned him Academy Award nominations, with Murder on the Orient Express gaining a BAFTA award. Later works include Enchanted April (1992), Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), and The Tale of Sweeney Todd (1998). He also wrote many  orchestral works, piano solos, choral works and operas.

Honours
Bennett was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1977, and was knighted in 1998.

References

1936 births
2012 deaths
20th-century English composers
21st-century English composers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Musicians from Kent
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
The Division of Shortland is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of New South Wales. The Division closely follows the Pacific coast. It is a long and narrow shape not more than 10 kms wide. The western boundary is formed by Lake Macquarie. The Division stretches from Charlestown in the north to Norah Head in the south. It includes the towns of Toukley, Doyalson, Swansea, Belmont and Gateshead.

The Division was named after Lieutenant John Shortland. He was an early explorer of the Hunter Valley region. The Division was set up on May 11, 1949, and the first election was the 1949 Federal election. The seat is currently a safe Labor seat.

Members

Peter Morris' brother, Alan Morris was the member for the Division of Newcastle. His son Matthew Morris was a member of the New South Wales Parliament.

Election results

References

Division of Shortland - Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Jill Hall's website

Shortland
New South Wales
1949 establishments in Australia
Eva LaRue (December 27, 1966), sometimes called Eva LaRue Callahan, is an American actress. She played as Maria Santos in All My Children. She played Natalia in CSI: Miami. She has performed in other television shows and done some movies.

American television actors
1966 births
Living people
The name spider crab is used to refer to a species of crab in the superfamily Majoidea. See crab spider for spiders of the Thomisidae family.

The Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira kaempferi), is the largest living species of crab, and is found on the bottom on the Pacific ocean.
The Portly spider crab (Libinia emarginata), is a species of crab found in the estuarine areas on the east coast of North America.
Hyas is a genus of spider crabs, and contains the Great spider crab (Hyas araneus) which is found in the Atlantic Ocean, and the North Sea.
thumb|230px|A Japanese spider crab at the Manila Ocean Park 

The Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira kaempferi) is a species of marine crab, and is the only member in the genus Macrocheira. It is found only in the waters around Japan. The Japanese spider crab has the largest leg span of any arthropod in the world, reaching up to 3.8 meters (12 ft) long, and weighing up to 41 pounds (19 kg).
Description
The Japanese spider crab has the largest leg span of any arthropod in the world, reaching up to 3.8 meters (12 ft) long, and weighing up to 19 kg (41 pounds), but the actual body of the Japanese spider crab is only 38 cm (15 inches) long.  The Japanese spider crab has 8 legs and 2 arms used for feeding.  Each feeding arm is 1.5 meters (5 ft) long.  The Japanese spider crab is different from other crab species because the first pleopods (legs which help them swim, catch food, hold their eggs, and sometimes has gills on it) of the males are twisted, and its larvae are not very complicated organisms unlike other crab species larvae. It is orange in colour, with white spots on its legs. Although the Japanese spider crab has some ferocious appearances, it is actually known to be very gentle towards others.
Habitat and distribution
The Japanese spider crab is found in the Pacific side of the Japanese islands, Konshu and Kyushu, usually at a latitude between 30 and 40 degrees North. They are found usually in the Sagami, Suruga, and Tosa bays, as well as off the coast of the Kii peninsula.  However, a Japanese spider crab was once found as far south as Su-ao, in eastern Taiwan. This is most likely a one time event; it is possible a fishing trawler or extreme weather may have carried this individual much further south than its home range.  The Japanese spider crab is found up to the depths of 2,500 feet (750 meters).

Life cycle
The Japanese spider crab is a scavenger, meaning it feeds mostly on dead animals, but it also feeds on shellfish, opening the shells with its giant claws to feed on them. After molting, these crabs will eat their own shell to get some important nutrients.  It is one of the longest living creatures in the world, living up to 100 years.

References

Crabs
Animals of Japan
Living fossils
Lieutenant John Shortland (1769-1810) was an English naval officer who explored and named the Hunter River in Australia.

Shortland joined the Royal Navy in 1781 as a midshipman. After served in Quebec and the West Indies. His father, Captain John Shortland (1739-1803), was the person in the Navy who organized many of the details for the First Fleet which took the first convicts to Australia in 1788. He arranged for two of his sons, John and Thomas George Shortland (1771 – 1827), to sail with him on the First Fleet. Shortland was the master's mate on HMS Sirius with Captain John Hunter. He was also on the ship when it was wrecked on Norfolk Island in 1790. He left Australia in 1792.
In 1792, Shortland came back to Australia with Hunter. Hunter had been made Governor of New South Wales and Shortland was First Lieutenant on the Reliance. Other officers on the ship were Matthew Flinders and George Bass. In 1797 Shortland found and named the Hunter River while searching for escaped convicts. He explored the area which is now the city of Newcastle. He made the first charts of the harbour. Shortland was given grants of land at Liberty Plains and Bankstown. He also served as a member of the Criminal Court in Sydney. He missed the excitement of navy life and in 1800 he returned to England on the Reliance.
Shortland served in Egypt and then on the Dolphin and the Trompeuse. He went to Guinea and after the death of its captain, became captain of the Squirrel. In 1805 at Halifax he was made captain of the Juno, a captured 40 gun French frigate. In 1809 he made a brave but unsuccessful attack on four French ships. The Juno was destroyed and Shortland died of his wounds. The French buried him with military honours at Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe.

The Newcastle suburb of Shortland, and the Division of Shortland - an electoral division in the Australian parliament were named after him. He was honoured with a postage stamp for the 150th anniversary but the artist made a mistake and it was Shortland's father's image on the stamp.

References

1769 births
1810 deaths
Exploration of Australia
Royal Navy officers
Karla Bonoff (December 27, 1951 in Los Angeles) is an American singer-songwriter. Her songs have been performed by others, including Bonnie Raitt, Linda Ronstadt and Wynonna Judd. Her self-titled debut album was released in 1977. Her cover of "Personally" was in 1982.

Discography

Studio albums

 Karla Bonoff (1977) (US #52)
 Restless Nights (1979)(US #31), (AUS #66)
 Wild Heart of the Young (1982) (US #49)
 New World (1988)
 Carry Me Home (2019)
 Silent Night (2020)

with Bryndle
 Bryndle (1995)
 House of Silence (2002)

Live albums
 Live (2007)

Compilations
 Premium Best (1988) [Japan Only]
 The Best of Karla Bonoff (1992) [Mail Order; Japan Only]
 All My Life: The Best of Karla Bonoff (1999)

Singles

References

Other websites 

 

Singers from Los Angeles
1951 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from California
A cockfight is a blood sport between two or more roosters that is held inside a cockpit. The combatants, called gamecocks, are specially bred birds. Cockfights are called blood sports by animal welfare and animal rights groups due to trauma inflicted between the roosters. The sport is illegal in the United States (and a felony in thirty States).

Sports involving animals
Crime
Violence in sports
Peterhouse is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1284 and is the oldest college. It is also one of the smallest ones, with less than 400 total students.

In 1280, Hugo de Balsham, the person who created the college, was first allowed to keep some students following the same rules of Merton College, Oxford. At first, they stayed where St John's College is now. Four years later, they bought some land near the Church of St Peter in Trumpington Street, where Peterhouse is still found now. Over the years, Peterhouse has been centre of many important events. It was here that many discussions about religion and the Protestant Reformation took place. Peterhouse was also the second building in England to get electricity, after the Palace of Westminster.
Some very important people have studied here. Five of them have won Nobel Prizes:
Max Perutz and John Kendrew - Chemistry (1962) for finding out the first atomic structures of proteins using X-ray crystallography.
Sir Aaron Klug - Chemistry (1982) for developing crystallographic electron microscopy.
Archer Martin - Chemistry (1952) for inventing partition chromatography.
Michael Levitt

Others include:
Henry Cavendish, a scientist who discovered hydrogen
James Clerk Maxwell, a physicist
Eudora Welty, an author and winner of the Pulitzer Prize
Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, who was a Prime Minister of Great Britain

References

Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1284 establishments
13th-century establishments in England
Oleta Adams (born May 4, 1953) is an American singer and pianist. Adams began her career in the early 1980s. She gained fame  her singing on Tears for Fears's  album The Seeds of Love (1989). Her albums Circle of One (1991) and Evolution (1993) were top 10 hits in the United Kingdom. She was nominated for a Grammy for her cover of Brenda Russell's "Get Here". It was  a top 5 hit in both the UK and the US. Adams has been nominated for four total Grammy Awards and two Soul Train Music Awards.

References

1953 births
Living people
Singers from Seattle
Robinson College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1977 so it is the newest college in Cambridge. It allowed both men and women from the start. Today, it has about 550 students. The college was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1981. Because it is new, it does not have many of the traditions of the older colleges. For example, students can walk on the grass in the college gardens. 

It takes the name from David Robinson who gave £18 million to build the college. He also gave £3 million to build a new part of the Addenbrooke's Hospital in Cambridge. The buildings are made of red brick and are found in Grange Road, a few minutes away from the city centre of Cambridge. 

Some important people have studied here, like Nick Clegg, the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

References

Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
Vaginal flatulence is the noisy emission of air from the vagina. It can happen during sexual intercourse, stretching or through no particular activity. An informal term for this is queef.

Related pages
 Flatulence

References

Female reproductive system
The Vanishing is a 1993 drama thriller movie. It stars Sandra Bullock, Nancy Travis, Jeff Bridges and Kiefer Sutherland. It is about the abduction and murder of a girl named Diane (played by Bullock). This was directed by George Sluizer, who also directed a 1988 version of The Vanishing. The one released in 1993 got substandard reviews while in theaters.

1993 thriller movies
1993 drama movies
1990s psychological movies
1990s English-language movies
American drama movies
American thriller movies
Movies directed by George Sluizer
20th Century Fox movies
Movies set in Washington (state)
Movies set in Wyoming
Movies about abduction
Barry Emmanuel Tuckwell  (5 March 1931 – 16 January 2020) was an Australian horn player. He spent most of his professional life in the United Kingdom and the United States.

Early life and education 
Barry Tuckwell was born on 5 March 1931 in Melbourne.  His younger sister Patricia is a violinist and fashion model widely known as Bambi.  She married a photographer and later George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, a cousin of Queen Elizabeth II.

Tuckwell became a chorister at St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney where he studied the piano, organ, and violin.  Then, at the age of 13, he started to learn the French horn.  After six months he was playing it professionally. He studied at the Sydney Conservatorium of Music under Alan Mann, one of Australia's best known brass players.

Performing career

Orchestral
Orchestral

At 15, he was given the job of third horn with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. A year later, he joined the Sydney Symphony Orchestra which was conducted by  Eugene Goossens, where he remained for three and a half years before leaving for England.  His first appointment in 1951 was with the Hallé Orchestra, conducted by Sir John Barbirolli.  After two years, he went to the Scottish National Orchestra conducted by Karl Rankl and a year later to the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra conducted by Charles Groves. In 1955, he was appointed first horn with the London Symphony Orchestra.

He spent 13 years with the LSO, which is a co-operative orchestra (the players themselves make decisions about how the orchestra should be run). He was elected to the Board of Directors and was Chairman of the Board for six years. The chief conductors during this time were Josef Krips, Pierre Monteux, István Kertész and André Previn.

Soloist
Soloist

Tuckwell left the orchestra in 1968 and spent the rest of his career performing as a soloist and conductor.  He became very famous, making 
over 50 recordings and receiving three Grammy Award nominations.  In 1962 he formed a trio with Brenton Langbein (violin) and Maureen Jones (piano) for a performance of the Horn Trio by Don Banks, which was commissioned by the Edinburgh Festival. The trio played together for many years, playing music by Johannes Brahms, Charles Koechlin and others.  He also played in a wind quintet and was known as a conductor.

Many composers have written works for Barry Tuckwell.  They include concertos by Oliver Knussen, Don Banks, Gunther Schuller, Robin Holloway, and Thea Musgrave.  Richard Rodney Bennett wrote "Acteon" for horn and large orchestra for him.

Writings
Writings 

Barry Tuckwell has written three important books on the horn and horn playing. For the Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides, he wrote the book on the horn. He wrote an excellent book on Playing the Horn as well as Fifty First Exercises.

Teaching

Tuckwell is famous for his teaching.  He has been Artist-in-Residence at Dartmouth College and Pomona College in the USA, and he was Professor of Horn at the Royal Academy of Music in London from 1963 until 1974. He taught at the Peabody Conservatory in Baltimore in the 1980s and 1990s. He was Professorial Fellow at the University of Melbourne and has for several years hosted the annual Barry Tuckwell Institute at Colorado Mesa University in Grand Junction, Colorado.

Death
Tuckwell died on 17 January 2020 in Melbourne from cardiovascular disease at the age of 88.

Awards and honours
Barry Tuckwell has received many honours, including the Order of the British Empire in 1965 and a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1992.

References

Bibliography
Bibliography

Other websites
 http://www.barrytuckwellinstitute.com/ 

Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Classical horn players
1931 births
2020 deaths
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music‎
Shopian or Shupiyan () is a town and sub-district of the Pulwama District, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Towns in Jammu and Kashmir
The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American media franchise. It is set in a fictional universe with the setting of several superhero movies and television shows made by Marvel Studios, based on characters by Marvel Comics. This shared universe was shown in the movies by using the same characters or mentioning the same events. For example, Tony Stark appears at the end of The Incredible Hulk (2008), even though he has nothing to do with the rest of the story. This is the same way that the comic books were linked into the same universe. The franchise also includes television series, short movies, digital series, and literature.
The movies in the MCU are organized in sections called Phases. Phase One began in 2008 with the release of Iron Man and ended in 2012 with the release of The Avengers. Phase Two began in 2013 with the release of Iron Man 3 and ended in 2015 with the release of Ant-Man. Phase Three began in 2016 with the release of Captain America: Civil War and ended in 2019 with the release of Spider-Man: Far From Home. The first three phases in the franchise are collectively known as "The Infinity Saga". Phase Four began with the release of Black Widow in 2021 and ended with the release of Black Panther: Wakanda Forever in 2022. Phase Five began with Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania in 2023 and will end with the release of Blade in 2025. Phase Six will begin with Fantastic Four in 2025 and end with the release of Avengers: Secret Wars in 2026. The second three phases are collectively known as "The Multiverse Saga".
Marvel Television expanded the universe to network television with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC in 2013, followed by streaming television with Daredevil on Netflix in 2015 and Runaways on Hulu in 2017, and cable television with Cloak & Dagger on Freeform in 2018. Marvel Television produced the digital series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot. Marvel Studios themselves expanded to streaming with Disney+, starting with WandaVision in 2021 as the beginning of Phase Four. They also produced television specials known as Marvel Studios Special Presentations, starting with Werewolf by Night (2022) in Phase Four. Soundtrack albums have been released for all the movies and many of the television series, as well as compilation albums containing existing music heard in the movies
. The MCU includes tie-in comics published by Marvel Comics, while Marvel Studios has produced a series of direct-to-video short movies, called Marvel One-Shots, and a viral marketing campaign for its movies and the universe with the faux news program WHIH Newsfront.
The franchise has been commercially successful, becoming the highest-grossing franchise of all time, and has generally received a positive critical response. It has inspired other movie and television studios with comic book character adaptation rights to attempt to create similar shared universes. The MCU has been the focus of other media, outside of the shared universe, including attractions at various Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, an attraction at Discovery Times Square, a Queensland Gallery of Modern Art exhibit, television specials, guidebooks for each movie, multiple tie-in video games, and commercials.

Movies

TV series

Marvel Television

Marvel Studios

Short movies

Web series

Recurring cast and characters 
List indicator(s)

This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in at least three MCU movies/series and received main billing credit in at least two franchises.
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the media, or that the character's presence has not yet been confirmed.

 A P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs.
 A V indicates a voice-only role.

Reception

Box office performance

Critical reaction

Notes

 Zak Penn was the first screenwriter of The Incredible Hulk. Edward Norton re-wrote the screenplay under the pseudonym "Edward Harrison". Both drafts were sent to the Writers Guild of America, who ultimately gave sole credit to Penn based on the final cut of the movie.

Sources

Other websites

Fictional universes
Marvel Cinematic Universe movies
Media franchises
Anonymous or Anonymus may also refer to:
 Anonymity, when a personal identity is not known to the public
 Anonymous work, a work of art or literature that has an unnamed or unknown creator or author
 Anonymous (group), the collective name of loosely-affiliated individuals that participate in hacktivism
 "Anonymous" (song) a 2007 sing by Bobby Valentino
 Anonymus Valesianus, two writers of Byzantine chronicles, of the 6th century

Related pages
George Taro Sakato (February 19, 1921 – December 2, 2015) was a United States Army soldier.  He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life 
Sakato was born in Colton, California.  His parents were immigrants from Japan. He was a Nisei, which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.
He graduated from Redlands High School in Redlands, California.

The Sakato family moved to Arizona during World War II to avoid internment.

Soldier
Sakato joined the US Army in March 1944.

He volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.
For his actions in October 1944, Sakato was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Sakato's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation

Sakato's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern France in 1944. He charged an enemy stronghold.  Then he took command of his platoon and led it in defense of the position.
Private George T. Sakato distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 October 1944, on hill 617 in the vicinity of Biffontaine, France. After his platoon had virtually destroyed two enemy defense lines, during which he personally killed five enemy soldiers and captured four, his unit was pinned down by heavy enemy fire. Disregarding the enemy fire, Private Sakato made a one-man rush that encouraged his platoon to charge and destroy the enemy strongpoint. While his platoon was reorganizing, he proved to be the inspiration of his squad in halting a counter-attack on the left flank during which his squad leader was killed. Taking charge of the squad, he continued his relentless tactics, using an enemy rifle and P-38 pistol to stop an organized enemy attack. During this entire action, he killed 12 and wounded two, personally captured four and assisted his platoon in taking 34 prisoners
. By continuously ignoring enemy fire, and by his gallant courage and fighting spirit, he turned impending defeat into victory and helped his platoon complete its mission. Private Sakato's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Death
Sakato died in Denver, Colorado on December 2, 2015 at the age of 94.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 List of living Medal of Honor recipients

References

Other websites

 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov 

1921 births
2015 deaths
Military people from California
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
American people of World War II
Melly S. Oitzl (in full: Maria-Silvana Oitzl, born 1955 in Lind/Arnoldstein) is an Austrian neuroscientist studying behavior. She is associate professor of medical pharmacology at the University of Leiden and adjunct professor of cognitive neurobiology (the neurobiology of thinking) at the University of Amsterdam. Oitzl works on the relationships between stress, cognition, and emotion. She got her Ph.D. in 1989 from the Heinrich-Heine-University in Düsseldorf. Oitzl is a member of the board of the  Earth and Life Sciences division of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research. This organization had already given her an "Aspasia" grant in 2008. She has been a member of the executive committee and treasurer of the European Brain and Behaviour Society. The Web of Science lists more than 130 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals written by Oitzl. These have been cited over 5000 times and she has an h-index of 33.

References 

Austrian neuroscientists
1955 births
Living people
Pharmacologists
A chronicle (, from Greek , from , chronos, "time") is an account of historical events, arranged in order from earliest to latest. A chronicle is different from a narrative or history, as events which are not believed to be important may be excluded from the latter; a chronicler is more concerned with documenting events in sequential order.

The Nuremberg Chronicle, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, are the most famous chronicles. 

History books
Mary Elle Fanning (born April 9, 1998), known as Elle Fanning, is an American actress. She is the younger sister of actress Dakota Fanning. Fanning is known for her role in Maleficent and several other movies including Phoebe in Wonderland, Somewhere and We Bought a Zoo. 

In 2011, Fanning starred as Alice Dainard in J. J. Abrams' sci-fi-drama blockbuster, Super 8. Her acting was very well liked by the critics in this movie. She received nominations for a Saturn Award, a Young Artist Award, a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award, a Teen Choice Award, a Scream Award, an MTV Movie Award, and more.
Personal life
Fanning was born on April 9, 1998 in Conyers, Georgia. She is the daughter of Heather Joy (née Arrington), and Steven J. Fanning. Her mother played tennis professionally and her father played minor league baseball for the St. Louis Cardinals. He is now an electronics salesman in Los Angeles, California. Her maternal grandfather is American football player Rick Arrington, and her aunt is ESPN reporter Jill Arrington. Fanning is the younger sister of Dakota Fanning, who is also an actress. Fanning has Irish, German, English, and French ancestry. Fanning and her family are members of the Southern Baptist Convention.  Fanning currently attends Campbell Hall School in North Hollywood, Los Angeles.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

1998 births
Living people
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
American Baptists
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Imelda Mary Philomena Bernadette Staunton,  (born 9 January 1956) is an English Actress. She is mainly famous for portraying Dolores Umbridge in the Harry Potter film series.

She is also known for her roles in: Much Ado about Nothing, Maleficent Peter's Friends and The Crown.

Personal life 
Staunton was born in Archway, London. She studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She has been married to Jim Carter since 1983. The couple have a daughter.

References

Other websites 

1956 births
Living people
Actors from London
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art

English movie actors
English radio actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Kathleen Quinlan (born November 19, 1954 in Pasadena, California) is an American movie and television performer. She began her acting career with American Graffiti. She also did many television movies in the 1990s and 2000s.

References

Other websites

American movie actors
Actors from Pasadena, California
1954 births
Living people
American television actors
Crusio got in 1979 a master's degree and then in 1984 a PhD from the Radboud University Nijmegen. He performed research in behavior genetics, plant taxonomy, and vegetation science for his master's degree. His revision of the genus Anubias continues to generate interest. His work in plant taxonomy continued for several more years. He wrote about the genus Samolus. In 1986 he described a new species of the Aroid genus Lagenandra, L.dewitii. Crusio studied the inheritance of the behavior of mice exploring a new environment for his PhD He also looked at the effects on this behavior of not being able to smell (anosmia). He used quantitative-genetic methods such as the diallel cross for this. Crusio worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Heidelberg from 1984 to 1987. This was supported by a NATO Science Fellowship and an Alexander von Humboldt Research Fellowship. Crusio spent the year 1988 in Paris (France) supported by a fellowship from the Fyssen Foundation
. He returned to Heidelberg as a senior research scientist. He was then recruited as "chargé de recherche" by the CNRS. He worked at first in an institute of the Paris Descartes University (Paris V). He was promoted to research director in 1994. In 1997 he moved to the CNRS campus in Orléans. Crusio became professor of psychiatry at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester, Massachusetts in 2000 and returned to the CNRS in 2005. He became a group leader in the "Centre de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives" in Talence, a suburb of Bordeaux. He is currently adjunct director of the "Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine".
Research

Exploratory behavior 
Animals will often explore a new environment if they have the chance. Crusio thought that this would be favorable: it would make it possible for animals to find water, food, etc. However, moving around in unfamiliar spaces is dangerous. Such stabilizing selection would leave genetic traces. Crusio did indeed find such traces for mice and for Paradise fish.
In Heidelberg, Crusio became interested in the inheritance of variations in the neuroanatomy of the mouse hippocampus. He studied the intra- and infrapyramidal mossy fiber (IIPMF) projections in this brain area. Crusio showed that about 50% of the variation found between different inbred mouse strains in the sizes of their IIPMF were due to genetic differences. Herbert Schwegler and Hans-Peter Lipp had found that these variations are correlated with learning a two-way active avoidance task. Animals with smaller projections learned much faster than animals with larger IIPMF. Together with Schwegler and Lipp, Crusio showed that an inverse correlation could be found for spatial learning in a radial arm maze task. Animals with larger IIPMF learned better in this task. Injecting mouse pups with thyroxine results in larger IIPMF projections. When mice from a strain with small IIPMF projections zere treated in this way, they could learn better in the radial maze
. Crusio and his collaborators think that this correlation is causal. Not everybody believes this.
Mouse model of depression 
Mice that suffer unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) show symptoms that look like depression in humans. Researchers were thinking that deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis (the birth of new nerve cells) might be the cause of depression. Crusio and collaborators did experiments to look at changes in behavior and neurogenesis in stressed mice. They showed large changes in levels of aggression, anxiety, depressive-like behaviors, and learning. At the same time, there was a large drop in neurogenesis. The results dependent very much on the strain and sex. There did not appear to be a clear-cut correlation between the different changes. They concluded that their data do not support the idea that deficits in hippocampal neurogenesis alone are the cause of depression. However, they do not disprove this hypothesis either.
Mouse model of autism 
Crusio has recently looked into the possibility that FMR1 knockout mice can perhaps be used as a model for autism. The Fragile X syndrome is caused by a deficiency of the FMR1 gene. Patients often show autistic symptoms. A good mouse model for the Fragile X syndrome is available because there are mice in which the Fmr1 gene has been changed so that it does not work any more. A review of the work that has been done with these mice in many different laboratorie did indeed show that these animals have autistic-like symptoms. For example, they show changes in social behavior and this is a key symptom of autism.
Crusio is the founding editor-in-chief of Genes, Brain and Behavior. This journal started in 2002 and has an impact factor of 4.061. This ranks it 63rd out of 237 listed journals in the Neurosciences category and 6th out of 48 listed journals in the Behavioral sciences category. He and his co-editors developed standards for the publication of mouse mutant studies for this journal. These standards are gradually being accepted in the field. Since 2017, Crusio is editor-in-chief of Behavioral and Brain Functions. He is also an academic editor of PLoS ONE and served as associate editor of Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1991–2008) and The ScientificWorldJournal (2002-2011). Crusio serves or has served on the editorial boards of Behavioral and Brain Functions, Behavior Genetics (1991–1995), Behavioural Brain Research (1997–2007), BMC Neuroscience, BMC Research Notes, Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal of Visualized Experiments, Molecular Brain, Neurogenetics (1998–2006), and Physiology and Behavior
. He edited special issues for the journals Behavior Genetics, Behavioural Brain Research, Physiology and Behavior (with Robert Gerlai), Hippocampus (with Aryeh Routtenberg), and Brain Research Bulletin (with Catherine Belzung and Robert Gerlai). He also edited a handbook on molecular genetic techniques for behavioral neuroscience together with Robert Gerlai. He is currently editing the Cambridge Handbooks in Behavioural Genetics, a series of handbooks published by Cambridge University Press. The first volume, Behavioral Genetics of the Mouse, will appear in 2013.
Community service 
Crusio was one of two co-founders of the International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society in 1996 He served as member-at-large of the executive committee, treasurer, and president (1998–2001) of this society. He received from this society in 2011 the "Distinguished Service Award" for exceptional contributions to the field of behavioral neurogenetics. Crusio also served on the executive committees of the Behavior Genetics Association (from which he resigned in protest to Glayde Whitney's 1995 presidential address), the European Brain and Behaviour Society, and the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society (IBNS). Crusio has been a President of the Dutch Behavior Genetics Contact Group. He has been a member of several program committees for scientific meetings, most notably the 8th and 10th World Congresses of Psychiatric Genetics and the 2008, 2009 (co-chair), 2010 (chair), and 2011 (chair) Annual Meetings of the IBNS.
Important papers 
According to the Web of Science, Crusio's articles have been cited over 3200 times and he has an h-index of 33. Some important papers are:
  Original publication:

References

Other websites 
 Curriculum Vitae
 

1954 births
Living people
Dutch biologists
Geneticists
Neuroscientists
People from North Brabant
Fragmentation is the name given to a phenomenon that can be observed when a partition or logical volume is used over a longer period of time. In general, such a volume has a common file system. When data is written, the file system will try to keep logical blocks together as much as possible, using free space on the file system when this is available. When this is not possible, a file will be split into parts, which will be written to the volume. As the file is not stored in one part, accessing it will take a little longer. A process that saves all the files in one part per file is called defragmentation. 

Computing
The 2013 Formula One season was the 64th season of the Formula One World Championship. Eleven teams and twenty-two drivers competed in nineteen Grands Prix. The season started in Australia on 17 March and ended in Brazil on 24 November.

The 2013 season was the final year for the 2.4 litre V8 engine setup.

Sebastian Vettel was the defending World Drivers' Champion. He was Champion again in 2013.

Signed teams and drivers
At the 2012 Malaysian Grand Prix, Bernie Ecclestone said that the "majority" of teams in the 2012 season agreed to compete in 2013.

On 30 November 2012, the FIA published a provisional entry list for the 2013 season.

Team changes
In November 2012, the owners of HRT F1 placed the team for sale. The team needed to find a buyer by 30 November to remain in the sport. HRT failed to find a buyer and the team was not included in the 2013 entry list.