Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
German nihilism 

In 1733, the word "nihilism" was used by a German writer named Friedrich Leberecht Goetz. He used the word as a literary term. A Swiss thinker called Jacob Hermann Obereit also used the word in 1787, and Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi did in 1799. This is where it first became part of philosophy. The belief that no one can know true reality is what Obereit called "nihilism". He used this definition to call Immanuel Kant a nihilist. This was because Kant said people cannot be certain of real things, but can only be certain about their experience of real things. Jacobi also used this definition to say Kant and his followers were nihilists. For example, he famously called Johann Gottlieb Fichte a nihilist. Jacobi thought German idealism and humanism were kinds of nihilism that came from the Age of Enlightenment. According to him, these so-called rational philosophies were the total opposite of rational.
Around 1824, a German journalist called Joseph von Görres used the word "nihilism" in a political way. He said that rejecting social structures was nihilism. But the word "nihilism" almost died out during this time. For example, the German thinker Max Stirner is called one of the first true nihilists but he never used the word. He wrote most of his works in the 1840s.

Russian nihilism 

Russian nihilism was an early kind of nihilist philosophy. It was also a subculture that sometimes mixed with revolutionism. Russian nihilism is often wrongly called a kind of political terrorism because of this. Its main interest was to destroy traditional values, especially in art and religion. Its main philosophers were Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Dmitry Pisarev. It also attacked the belief in free will and God. German nihilism came from German idealism, but Russian nihilism was different because it attacked idealism.
Mikhail Bakunin is often called the father of Russian nihilism. In 1842, he wrote: "Let us therefore trust the eternal spirit which destroys and annihilates only because it is the unfathomable and eternal source of all life. The passion for destruction is a creative passion, too!". Then in the 1850s and 60s, the theory behind Russian nihilism started to form. Originally it was a philosophy of scepticism towards morals and truth. It was in 1862 that the Russian author Ivan Turgenev made the word "nihilism" popular. He used it in his novel called Fathers and Sons to describe the attitude of the younger generation. The nihilists in the book say they are people who reject  that they can. Even though Turgenev was more of an , many young people started to call themselves "nihilists" because of this book.
For Pisarev, nihilism was mostly philosophical and not political. He thought extraordinary people should free themselves from rules and morals. He thought anyone who did this would be above ordinary people. But later, Russian nihilism became more and more political. It inspired many revolutionaries such as Sergei Nechaev and Vladimir Lenin.

Nietzsche 

Probably the most important explanation of nihilism comes from Friedrich Nietzsche. He wrote many criticisms against nihilism. But he also had some similar beliefs to nihilists like Dmitry Pisarev and Max Stirner. Because of this, he is sometimes called a nihilist and sometimes called an . His explanation of nihilism combined the German and Russian meanings of the word, and also went further.
When Nietzsche asks the question "What does nihilism mean?", his answer is that "the highest values  themselves." He says nihilism is when someone thinks that what  exist is not what  exist. For example, some people want a perfect world to exist instead of the real world. But nihilism isn't just about wanting it all gone — Nietzsche says that nihilism is also trying to attack and destroy everything that exists.

Related pages 
 Absurdism
 Cynicism
 Egoism
 Existentialism
 God is dead
 Pessimism
 Postmodernism

References 

 

Philosophical movements and positions
Terrorism
Anarchism
Licensed to Ill is the first album by the Beastie Boys. Beastie Boys is an American hip hop music group. The album was released in November 1986.

Track listing 

"Rhymin & Stealin"  – (4:08)
"The New Style" – (4:36)
"She's Crafty" – (3:35)
"Posse in Effect" – (2:27)
"Slow Ride" – (2:56)
"Girls" – (3:14)
"Fight for Your Right" – (3:28)
"No Sleep Till Brooklyn" – (4:07)
"Paul Revere" – (3:41)
"Hold It Now, Hit It" – (3:26)
"Brass Monkey" - (2:37)
"Slow and Low" – (3:38)
"Time to Get Ill" – (3:37)

Members 

Mike D - Voice 
Adam Horovitz - Voice 
Adam Yauch - Voice 
Rick Rubin - Sampling
Kerry King - Electric guitar

1986 albums
Debut albums
Hip hop albums
Symptoms
Most people with coronary heart disease can feel healthy for years before they start experiencing symptoms. The most common symptom is a heart attack.  If coronary heart disease is not treated, some of the plaques in the coronary arteries can break away and block the blood flow to the heart.  Coronary heart disease is the most common cause of sudden death. It is also the most common cause of death in people over 65 years old. Men are 10 times more likely to get coronary heart disease than women.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a form of heart disease. It causes fatty materials (like cholesterol) to build up in the arteries, forming harder materials called plaques. This causes the arteries to become narrower. It also makes it more difficult for blood to flow through the arteries. This can cause blood clots to form, blocking blood from traveling through the arteries.  Small pieces of plaque can also break off and block smaller blood vessels.
If an artery becomes blocked completely, it causes serious problems. All cells, tissues, and organs in the body need oxygen and nutrients (carried by blood) to survive. If cells or tissues are not supplied with enough blood, they will die. (This is called necrosis.) When this happens in the coronary arteries, a section of the heart dies. This can cause a myocardial infarction (a heart attack) to happen.

Prevention 
People can do many different things to keep themselves from getting coronary heart disease:
 They can change their diet. For example, they can eat fewer fatty foods, and take in as few saturated fats and avoiding trans fats as possible.
 They can eat more vegetables, fruits, legumes and whole grains.
 They can avoid drinking alcohol, and can take in less salt.
 They can exercise regularly.
 They can avoid becoming overweight or obese by doing things to control their weight.

Heart disease
Fructose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods. It is also one of the three most important blood sugars, the other two are glucose and galactose. Honey; tree fruits; berries; melons; and some root vegetables, such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips and onions, contain fructose, usually with sucrose and glucose. Processed foods also contain fructose due to how sweet it is.

References

Other websites 
 What is Fructose? 
 Fructose 
 Carbohydrate metabolism 
 Fructose Information Center

Monosaccharides
Sweeteners
Peer pressure is influenced by the peer group members. It often happens to children during puberty. The group defines some social values. For somebody to stay "cool" in that group, they must act like other people. Social pressure (and wanting to be accepted or in favor inside the group) leads people to do things they would not do otherwise. For example, it can influence a person to smoke cigarettes or  marijuana, to drink alcohol, commit crimes, and many other things that they might regret.Most of the time,adolescents create a peer group of their age to enjoy themselves. They have strong faith and belief in their friends of the same group. The new desires, aspirations, and interests are developed because of the changes they experience. They become sensitive and sentimental.
When parents and society do not consider and address their needs, aspirations, and desires, they feel dominated and leave home to spend most of their time with their friends in peer groups. Sometimes they cannot get proper counseling and guidelines in these stages. Consequently, sometimes, they can fall prey to many bad habits. There are many positives and negatives to peer pressure. 

Peer pressure is commonly thought of negatively, but in reality, it's not always a bad thing. Sometimes peer pressure is used to influence people positively. Learning about acceptable group norms can be a positive part of learning how to live with and socialize with other people.  

Positive peer pressure, in which people are influenced to do nice things like give to charity, is usually a good thing.

References 

Psychology
Sociology
In biology, a cuticle is something that covers the outside of living things called organisms. Cuticles are usually tough but also bendable. In plants, cuticles in the leaves help it from losing too much water by evaporation.

Integumentary system
Leek is a vegetable. It belongs to the genus Allium. This is the same genus as the onion and garlic. It can be used for cooking.
They usually come in a cylinder like body and they are tall and skinny

Leeks take around 100 to 120 days to grow and they are mainly harvested in Europe or Asia they are planted in deep holes to prevent them from sun and to avoid photosynthesis. The soil is required to be fertile and allows water to travel without crating puddles or drain to quickly.

Nutrition 
Leeks contain only contain 61 calories, 14.15 Carbohydrates, 1.5g of protein, 0.3g Fat, Vitamins A, C, E and K.

Root vegetables
Allium
A great power is a nation or state that is able to influence other states in most of the world. That is possible because it has great economic, political and military strength. It is not as powerful as a superpower or hyperpower.

Its opinions are taken into account by other nations before taking diplomatic or military action. Characteristically, they have the ability to intervene militarily almost anywhere. They also have soft, cultural power, and often economic investment in less developed countries. There is no definite list, but five great powers are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and seven are in the G7.

Great powers 
The world's great powers as of the early 21st century are at least:

China
Germany
Japan
Russia
United States

Potential great powers
India

Older great powers
United Kingdom
France
Italy

Related pages
 Superpower
 Hyperpower

References

International politics
Country classifications
A bite is a wound received from the teeth of an animal.  Animals may bite things in self-defence.  Animals also bite things to cut them into smaller pieces before they eat them.

Bites can cause many medical problems, such as:
 Tearing or scratching the tissue
 Haemorrhaging if major blood vessels are pierced
 Infection by bacteria or pathogens, such as rabies
 Introduction of venom by venomous animals such as some snakes
 Introduction of things that may irritate the person by causing inflammation or itching

Treatment 
Bite wounds should be washed, ideally with povidone-iodine soap and water.  The injury should then be loosely wrapped with a bandage.  Open bite wounds are not sutured because of the risk of infection.
Animal bites caused by carnivores (other than rodents) may infect the victim with rabies if the animal that bit them carries it.  If possible, the animal is caught and the head is looked at for signs of rabies.  Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behaviour, and red eyes.  If the animal lives for ten days and does not develop rabies, then the animal probably is not infected.  In cases where the animal cannot be found, prophylactic rabies treatment is carried out in most places.

Snake bites 
Many of the world's snakes are not considered dangerous to humans, but even a bite from a "safe" snake may injure the victim if the wound is not treated properly, and large snakes such as constrictors are capable of causing a lot of damage with their bites.
Spider bites 
The black widow spider and some scorpions are considered dangerous to humans, mostly to small children and elderly adults.  Only the Sydney funnel-web spider of Australia is frequently dangerous to adults, and it lives only within 100 miles of Sydney. Antivenins are available in the United States for black widow spiders and the dangerous scorpions native to the region.

Basic English 850 words
Injuries
Northern Europe is the northern part of  the  European continent. Most people see the following states as part of it:
 The Nordic countries, including Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, as well as Åland, the Faroe Islands and occasionally Karelia and the Kola Peninsula.
 Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands (but see also Western Europe)
 The Baltic states, i.e. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania 
 Areas bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, e.g. north-western Russia, northern Poland (most often referred to as Eastern Europe), the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and northern Germany.

Europe, the planet's 6th largest continent, includes 47 countries and assorted dependencies, islands and territories. 

Before the 19th century, the term 'Nordic' or 'Northern' was commonly used to mean Northern Europe in a sense that included the Nordic countries, European Russia, the Baltic countries (at that time Livonia and Courland) and Greenland.
In earlier eras, when Europe was dominated by the Mediterranean region (i.e. the Roman Empire), everything not near this sea was termed Northern Europe, including Germany, the Low Countries, and Austria. In medieval times, the term (Ultima) Thule was used to mean a semi-mythical place in the extreme northern reaches of the continent.

In a European Union context, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Austria, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are often seen as belonging to a Northern group.

References 

Regions of Europe
Western Europe is a geographic region of Europe. This term does not have an exact definition. Some definitions include countries like Spain and the United Kingdom, while some don't. Its use has changed over time. During the Middle Ages, the European parts of the Western World included those countries following Catholicism or Protestantism. During the Cold War, Western Europe was a geographic and socio-political concept. It meant the democratic European countries of the First World, which are also vaguely defined. It was and still is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of economics, politics, and religion. At its widest medieval definition, it includes the following 32 countries:

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)
 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)
(was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)
 (was eastern/Communist during the Cold War)

 

Many of these countries were members of the Western European Union. Many, such as Norway, are also in Northern Europe or in Central Europe or Southern Europe.

Countries in the Western European Union include Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom.

Today, the term "Western Europe" has to do with geography and with economics. The concept is commonly associated with liberal democracy, socialism and also with the European Union, though that also has some countries of Eastern Europe.

Most of the countries in the region share Western culture, and many have economic, and political ties with countries in North and South America and Oceania.
In addition, Scandinavia (in Northern Europe) is commonly associated with social democracy and remains fairly neutral throughout international disputes. The Iberian Peninsula, the most western part of Europe is similarly closely linked to the Americas.

It is a monotonous area with long and irregular coastlines.

References

Regions of Europe
A Furnace is a device used for heating. It does this through burning propane, natural gas, other something else flammable. The word has different meanings, though:
 In American English, it is the name for a heating system in the house. British English usually calls such systems boiler, heater or kiln.
 There are industrial furnaces; these provide heat so some processes can take place. An example of such a furnace would be the use in metallurgic processing. Blast furnaces for example make iron.

Home appliances
Heat
HVAC
Southern Europe is a region of the European continent. The official definition of Southern Europe includes the Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula. Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece and all northern Mediterranean countries of the European continent are considered part of Southern Europe.
Most importantly, in a European Union context, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Greece, Cyprus, Croatia and Slovenia officially belong to the Group of the South.

Geographical definition 
Geographically, Southern Europe would be the south half of the landmass of Europe. This definition is relative, with no clear limits.
The Alps mountains are a physical barrier between Italy and the rest of Europe.

Geopolitical definition of the United Nations
For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization has its own special definition of regions.  Corsica for example is part of France, thus not part of Southern Europe, but Italian Tyrol belongs to Southern Europe as it is part of Italy..

Climatical definition 
The climatic definition of southern Europe would be similar to the areas of Mediterranean climate. The Mediterranean climate is often thought to be a typical characteristic of Southern Europe.

Linguistic and cultural definition 
Countries of Latin Europe are often associated with the concept of Southern Europe, especially Italy and Spain. 
Greece, Malta and Anatolia are often associated with them.

List of countries 

Although there is no precise definition, the following territories are commonly thought to be parts of Southern Europe:
Iberian Peninsula
 Portugal
 Azores
 Madeira
 Spain
 Balearic Islands
 Canary Islands
 Ceuta
 Melilla
 Andorra
 Gibraltar (United Kingdom)
 Italian Peninsula and Western Mediterranean islands
 Italy
 Sicily
 Sardinia
Corsica (France)
 Vatican City
 San Marino
 Monaco
Malta
Croatia
 Balkans and Aegean islands
 Cyprus
 Greece
 Ionian Islands
Aegean Islands
Crete
 Albania
Serbia
North Macedonia
Romania
Kosovo
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Turkey 

Regions of Europe
Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus). It is west of Italy, southeast of France, and north of the island of Sardinia.

Corsica is one of the administrative regions of France.

Corsica is famous for its tourist attractions, and as the birthplace of Napoléon Bonaparte.

Geography 

Corsica has 1,000 km of coastline and more than 200 beaches, and is very mountainous, with Monte Cinto as the highest peak at 2706m and 20 other peaks of more than 2000m.

Big towns: (Corsican names)
Ajaccio ()
Bastia ()
Corte ()
Sartène ()

Other towns and villages:
Saint-Florent ()
Calvi ()
L'Île-Rousse ()
Porto-Vecchio ()
Bonifacio ()
Aleria
The land and weather 
Corsica is the most mountainous Mediterranean island. The low ground has a Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot and dry. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall. The climate of the high ground is cold and is wetter. The natural vegetation is Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrubs. The mountains are rich of forests of oak, and pine, except for the high ground. Much of the coastal lowlands has been cleared for agriculture, which has reduced the mountain forests considerably. The island has a natural park (Parc Naturel Régional de Corse), which protects thousands of rare animal and plant species. The park was created in 1972 and includes the Golfe de Porto, the Réserve Naturelle de Scandola (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), and some of the highest mountains on the island. This park is protected.
History 
 725 : Lombards settle in Corsica
 754 : Carlo Magno, becomes king of the Lombards, and gives the lands of Corsica to the Pope.
 1077 : The Pope Gregorio VII gives to an important priest of Pisa,the power for change or help things in Corsica.
 1133 : Orders of priest separate itself in two parts, one for Genoa, and one for Pisa
 1195 : A group of Genoa's soldier come in Bonifacio
 1268 : A group of Genoa's soldier come in Calvi
 1284 : Corse became property of Genoa
 1383 : fondazione di Bastia da Genuva
 1551 : Samperu Corsu attacks the Turks for France
 1559 : Trattatu di Cateau-Cambrésis, Corsica is taken back by Genoa
 1725 : Pasquale Paoli born
 1730 : in December, Corsica is Independent
 1732 : Peace of Corti
 1735 : first constitution of Corsica
 1736 : Teodoru di Neuhoff became the King of Corsica
 1737 : Versailles meeting between France and Genoa
 1755 : 14 July, Pasquale Paoli became "generale di a Nazione" by the court of Orezza
 1755 : second constitution of Corsica written
1765 : University of Corti is open.
 1768 : 15 May, at the "meeting of Versailles", Genoa sells Corsica to the French. Corsica attacks France.
 1768 : 9 October, soldiers of Pasquale Paoli, a freedom-fighter, won a battle against the French soldiers, during the battle of "U Borgu".
 1769 : 9 May, Corsica loses in the battle of "Ponte Novu" against the French soldiers.
 1769 : 13 June, Pasquale Paoli, leaves Corsica for Great Britain after France beats him in battle.
 1769 : 15 August, Napoléon Bonaparte was born in Ajaccio
 1789 : France says that "Corse is part of the French kingdom"
 1790 : Becomes the "dipartimentu" of Corsica, with Bastia as the capital.
 1793 : Corsica is separated in two parts, a part of "Liamone" and the part of "Golu"
 1807 : Pasquale Paoli dies
 1821 : Napoléon Bonaparte dies on the island of Saint Helena
 1840 : travel of Prosper Mérimée on Corsica
 1858 : 4 August, French becomes the official language of Corsica
Administration 

The capital of the territorial collectivity of Corsica is Ajaccio (). The territorial collectivity is divided in two départements: Corse-du-Sud and Haute-Corse. These two départements were created on September 15, 1975 by the département of Corse.

Economy 

Tourism is the biggest source of Corsican economy. The island has a pleasant climate, beautiful mountains and really beautiful coastlines that make it a popular destination among the French and other Western Europeans. However, the island has not had the same level of intensive development as other parts of the Mediterranean. Tourism is particularly concentrated in the area around Porto Vecchio and Bonifacio in the south of the island and Calvi in the northwest.
Corsica is currently governed almost as any other région of France. There are lots of movements on the island the independence of Corsica and of Corsicans from France. The French government is against full independence. There is support on the island for to have more autonomy, but polls show that a large majority of Corsicans are opposed to full independence. Some groups who claim to support Corsican independence have carried out a violent campaign since the 1970s that includes bombings and a few accidental assassinations, usually against pieds-noirs and other non-Corsicans, or buildings of the French government. Corsican independence groups attack when they are sure there won't be a danger for victims. However, not all groups for independence has "nice treaties", Sometimes independence groups are known to practice extortion and other intimidatory tactics, similar to mafia activity in Sicily and southern Italy
. Non-Corsican homeowners may be threatened with the destruction of their home, or they are constrict to pay a "revolutionarian tax",for to help the groups in the attacks.
In 2000, Prime Minister Lionel Jospin agreed to give more autonomy to Corsica but just for stopping the violence. The propose of autonomy for Corsica would have included greater protection for the Corsican language (Corsu), the island's traditional language (which is also considered to be a dialect of Italian). However, the plans for increased autonomy were opposed by the Gaullist opposition in the French National Assembly. In a referendum on July 6,2003, a narrow majority of Corsican voters opposed to the project from the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin and Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy that would have suppressed the two départements of the island and granted more autonomy to the territorial collectivity of Corsica.
"U Corsu", language of Corsica 
In Corsica the official language is French, but lots of people speak, "u corsu", the language of Corsica, protected by UNESCO. Corsu shares some similarities with Tuscan dialects (with their accents) or to Gallurese language, spoken in the nearby island of Sardinia. Corsu has two varietes, "Supranacciu", common in the northeast of theisland, (Bastia, Corte), and the "Suttanacciu" common in the south of the island, (Ajaccio, Sartene). The native Corsican language is closer to Italian than French, but both come from Latin. The ancient Romans spoke Latin.

Sport 
In Corsica, football is a very common sport. The island has in the first league of France ('Ligue 1'), 2 teams. The AC Ajaccio and the SC Bastia. Another very famous sport in Corsica, is volleyball, with the ''GFCO Ajaccio Volley-Ball' team.

Notes

Other websites
Other websites 

 PhotoGlobe - Corsica A collection of photos of Corsica together with GPS-based positions
 CNN coverage of rejection of autonomy proposals in 2003 
 University of Corsica
 Corsica travel information at Wikivoyage
 Example of Corsican village
A maser is a device that produces light and heat by using atoms to release energy. It was invented by Charles Hard Townes in the 1950s. A maser takes the small vibrations in atoms and amplifies them to release electromagnetic radiation. Originally, they were referred to by the acronym MASER or 'Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Unlike most radio transmitters, maser waves tend to have very similar wavelengths. Their usage was first predicted by Albert Einstein. In the 1960s masers were made to emit optical wavelengths, and soon were called lasers.

Machines
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an organization created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, in order to continue the development of the web, and its languages. Tim Berners-Lee also wants to make standards for the languages, and to improve them. As of 2 April 2010, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 328 Members.

As of 29 March 2012, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 351 members.

As of  9 June 2014, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 384 Members.

References

Other websites 
W3C - Homepage

Internet
This is a list of pterosaurs.

A 
Aetodactylus
Angustinaripterus
Anhanguera
Anurognathus
Arambourgiania
Araripedactylus
Araripesaurus
Arthurdactylus
Austriadactylus
Avgodectes
Azhdarcho

B 
Bakonydraco
Batrachognathus
Beipiaopterus
Bennettazhia
Bogolubovia
Boreopterus
Brasileodactylus

C 
Cacibupteryx
Campylognathoides
Caulkicephalus
Caviramus
Cearadactylus
Chaoyangopterus
Coloborhynchus
Comodactylus
Criorhynchus
Ctenochasma
Cycnorhamphus

D 
Darwinopterus
Dendrorhynchoides
Dermodactylus
Dimorphodon
Diopocephalus
Domeykodactylus
Dorygnathus
Dsungaripterus

E 
Eoazhdarcho
Eopteranodon
Eosipterus
Eudimorphodon

F 
Feilongus

G 
Germanodactylus
Gnathosaurus
Gallodactylus

H 
Haopterus
Harpactognathus
Hatzegopteryx
Herbstosaurus
Huanhepterus
Huaxiapterus

I 
Istiodactylus

J 
Jeholopterus
Jidapterus

K 
Kepodactylus

L 
Laopteryx
Liaoxipterus
Lonchodectes
Lonchognathosaurus
Longchengpterus
Ludodactylus

M 
Mesadactylus
Montanazhdarcho

N 
Nesodactylus
Noripterus
Normannognathus
Nurhachius
Nyctosaurus
O 
Ornithocheirus
Ornithostoma

P 
Parapsicephalus
Peteinosaurus
Phosphatodraco
Plataleorhynchus
Preondactylus
Pteranodon
Pterodactylus
Pterodaustro
Pterorhynchus
Puntanipterus

Q 
Quetzalcoatlus

R 
Rhamphinion
Rhamphocephalus
Rhamphorhynchus

S 
Santanadactylus
Scaphognathus
Sinopterus
Siroccopteryx
Sordes

T 
Tapejara
Tendaguripterus
Thalassodromeus
Tropeognathus
Tupandactylus
Tupuxuara

U 
Unwindia

V 
Volgadraco
Vectidraco

W 
Wukongopteryx

X 
Xericeps

Y 
Yikianopteryx

Z 

Zhejiangopterus

Lists of animals
Deinonychus  was a medium theropod dinosaur. It was a dromaeosaur, and also a larger relative of the famous Velociraptor. This 3.4 meter (11 ft) long Deinonychus lived during the Lower Cretaceous, about 115-108 million years ago. Fossils have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, Wyoming, and Oklahoma.

Deinonychus is perhaps the single most important dinosaur discovered in the mid 20th century.

Ostrom's analysis
Paleontologist John Ostrom's study of Deinonychus in the late 1960s started the debate on whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded. It is now accepted that all or most smaller theropods had feathers whose function was temperature regulation. Ostrom noted the small body, sleek, horizontal, posture, and the enlarged claws on the feet, which suggested the animal was an active, agile predator. Before this, the popular idea of dinosaurs had been one of plodding, reptilian giants.
Deinonychus means 'Terrible claw'. This refers to the large, sickle-shaped claw bone on the second toe of each hind foot. In life, a horny sheath over this bone extended the length. Ostrom reconstructed the claw as over  long.

The species name antirrhopus means “counter balance”. This refers to Ostrom's idea that the tail balanced the front of the body. As in other dromaeosaurs, the tail vertebrae have ossified (bony) tendons and super-long bone processes. These features seemed to make the tail into a stiff counterbalance. A fossil of the closely related Velociraptor has an connected tail skeleton that is curved side to side in a long S–shape. This suggests that, in life, the tail could swish to the sides with some flexibility.

Paleoecology
Deinonychus remains have been found near those of the ornithopod Tenontosaurus. Teeth discovered near  Tenontosaurus specimens suggest it was hunted or at least scavenged by Deinonychus.

References

Dromaeosauridae
A cheerleader is a person who does cheerleading, or leads cheers for sporting events or during competition. This is usually done as a group. It is done to keep the spirit of a sports team up.

History 
This sport is originally from the United States. It was first seen in the beginning of the 1900s. It was, and is still used to support a local sports group (for example football). 

Because of the athletic ability often needed in cheerleading, many people think cheerleading is a sport. Cheerleaders perform routines that include dancing, tumbling, cheering, stunting and jumping. Cheerleading teams can compete in competitions against other cheer teams as well as perform for different sporting events.

Other websites 

Cheerleading Squads

Sports occupations
The My Opera Community is a virtual community, which provides help and social networking services for people who use the Opera browser.

History 
The My Opera Community started in August 2001 and was shut down after February 2014. It currently has over 16,000,000 members, who are from all over the world.

Sources

Other websites 
The My Opera Community Website

Opera ASA
2001 establishments
2014 disestablishments
Permanent used as an adjective usually means that something will stay for a long time or forever. Its opposite is temporary. Permanent may also mean other things.

Permanent is a mathematics function used in working with Matrix theory.
A permanent wave is a hair style.
In the card game, Magic: The Gathering, a permanent is any card that is put into play and stays there.
Linen is a material made from the fibers of the flax plant (Linum usitatissimum).  It is mainly used to make cloth, especially for light clothing and table coverings.

History 
The flax plant is one of the plants humans have grown and used. Linen cloth was already made at least 6,000 years ago in Egypt and Mesopotamia. This makes linen one of the oldest fibers and cloths used by humans, besides wool and hemp. Linen and hemp were the most important fiber plants in Europe for a long time. Linen was for example also used to wrap Egyptian mummies.

In recent centuries linen has largely been replaced by cotton and synthetic materials, which are cheaper.

Other websites 

Fibers
Woven fabrics
Hieroglyphs, or hieroglyphics, are a type of writing that uses symbols or pictures to stand for sounds and words. The Egyptians, Luwians and Mayan cultures are among those who used hieroglyphs. They have also been found in Turkey, Crete, United States and Canada.

They are thought to have started when pictures were used to tell stories on pots and other artwork.  Over time, the pictures became letters.

The word hieroglyph comes from the Greek words ἱερός (hierós 'sacred') and γλύφειν (glúphein 'to carve' or 'to write'), and it was first used to mean Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Greeks who came to  Egypt saw the picture letters, which were often found carved on house walls, tombs and monuments.
Ancient Egypt 
Ancient Egyptians used pictures to make a phonetic alphabet as in a rebus, so that each sound could be written with a picture-word, a phonogram or pictograph. For example, a zig-zag for water n came to mean the letter "n", because the Egyptian word for water started with n. This same picture became our letter 'M' in the Latin alphabet, because the Semitic word for water started with m, and Semitic workers changed the symbols to fit sounds in their own language. In the same way, our Latin letter 'N' came from the hieroglyph for snake D as the word for "snake" started with n in Semitic. In Egyptian, this picture had stood for a sound like English "J" because of their word for snake. Some pictures came to represent ideas, and these are known as ideograms.

The Egyptians used between 700 or 800 pictures, or glyphs. They were written from right to left and from top to bottom. They did not use punctuation.
History 
Archaeologists believe that the Egyptians began using  hieroglyphs about 3300 or 3200 BCE. They were in use for more than 3500 years. Only the nobles, priests and government officials wrote in hieroglyphs. They were hard to learn and took a long time to write. People stopped using hieroglyphs when Christianity took hold in Egypt. Writing in hieroglyphs became more rare: the last known inscription was made in 394 CE.

Hieroglyphs, like Japanese or Chinese characters, started out as ideographic characters, or writing made of pictures. The ancient writing has no vowels, and all sounds in the writing are consonants.
Breaking the code
After the end of the Egyptian civilization in 30 BCE, people no longer knew how to read the hieroglyphs. When the French took over Egypt in 1798, French soldiers found a large stone. This is now called the Rosetta Stone. The Rosetta Stone had writing in three different languages: hieroglyphs, Ancient Greek and demotic (a simplified form of hieroglyphs). Jean François Champollion guessed that the writing on the stone was the same in three different languages. By using the Ancient Greek, he was able to work out the name of the ruler, Ptolemy V, in hieroglyphs. After many years of study, he was then able to work out how to read the other words.

Cretan hieroglyphs
Cretan hieroglyphs

A type of hieroglyphs was also used on Crete and the surrounding islands in the 2nd millennium BCE. This writing system developed into a script called Linear A. For some time, both writing systems were used. Of the 137 symbols are known, several resemble pictograms.  96 of the 137 known hieroglyphs occur in "words" and 32 seem to be logograms.

There are four numerals that represent 1, 10, 100 and 1000, respectively, and a symbol that looks like a small cross: it probably shows the beginning of the text. Because there are relatively few symbols, the writing is probably syllabic, much like Linear A. Most of the known texts are short: occur on sigils and clay shards.

Related pages
Rosetta Stone

References

Writing systems
4th millennium BC in Egypt
Papyrus is a kind of paper that was used in Ancient Egypt for writing. It was first made in the 3rd millennium BC. It was made from a kind of reed called Cyperus papyrus. 

This plant grows in marshy areas around the Nile river.  The Egyptians also used the papyrus plants to make boats, mattresses, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets. 

Specially cultivated papyrus, grown on plantations, was used to make the writing material. Papyrus was first used in Ancient Egypt, but it was later used elsewhere in the Mediterranean region.

References

Other websites 
 
 

Ancient Egypt
Writing media
Paper
Sodium hypochlorite is an unstable compound composed of sodium and hypochlorite ions. It is stable in solution, though. It is light green and has the chemical formula NaClO (or NaOCl). It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is used to disinfect (kill bacteria) and as a bleach to remove stains from clothing. It is not good for cotton because the sodium hydroxide normally contained eats away the clothing fibers. It reacts with acids to produce chlorine.

Related pages
Potassium chlorate
Hypochlorite

Sodium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Raisins belong to the family Vitaceae, a family of dried grapes. They have a lot of sugar.

And they are Bussin.

Other websites 
 Cooking.com: Raisins 
 Natural Benefits and Curative Properties 
 The World's Healthiest Foods: Raisins 
 A close-up photo of a raisin 

Fruits
Vitaceae
Taste buds are small 'bumps' on the tongue. They are the sense organs which detect the taste of things that go into the mouth. They are involved in detecting the five (known) elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami.

Other websites 
 Beyond the Tongue Map
 Taste Perception: Cracking the Code 
 Scientists Explore the Workings of Taste Buds from National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation, July 22, 2005

Sensory system
A calf can be:

A word for the young of some animals, usually cows, but also whales, dolphins, giraffes, bison, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, yaks and elephants.
A muscle in the lower leg.
Nectar, in botany, is a liquid made by the flowers of plants. It is sweet because it has sugar in it. Plants make nectar to attract pollinating animals. It is made in glands called nectaries. The nectaries are usually at the bottom of the perianth of the flower. This means the animal trying to get the nectar has to touch the parts of the plant that are used for reproduction. By doing this, the animal getting the nectar helps the plants reproduce.

Some plants make nectar outside the flower. These plants do it to attract predatory insects. These insects will eat both the nectar and any plant-eating insects found near the plant.

Nectar is economically important because it is where the sugar for honey comes from. It is also useful in agriculture and horticulture because the adults of many predatory insects, as well as hummingbirds, eat nectar. Some plants give off very rich scents.
Extrafloral nectaries 
Extrafloral nectaries  (not in the flower) are specialised nectar-secreting plant glands. They develop outside flowers, and are not involved in pollination.

In contrast to floral nectaries, nectar produced outside the flower generally has a defensive function. The nectar attracts predatory insects which will eat both the nectar and any plant-eating insects around, they work as 'bodyguards'.

Extrafloral nectaries have been reported in over 3941 species of vascular plants belonging to 745 genera and 108 families, 99.7% of which belong to flowering plants (angiosperms). This is 1.0 to 1.8% of all known species. They are most common among eudicots, occurring in 3642 species (of 654 genera and 89 families). They often occur in rosids.

References 

Flowers
Plant physiology
A hunting dog is any dog who helps humans in hunting. There are several types of hunting dogs.  The major categories of hunting dog include hounds, terriers, cur type dogs, and gun dogs.  These categories have smaller groups in them that are based on different things the dogs are good at doing.

Types of hunting dogs

Hounds
There are two types of hounds, sight hounds and scent hounds. The difference between them is if they use sight or smell to find what they are hunting for. They are often used to hunt animals with fur. In America, raccoon, coyote, and large predators are hunted with hounds, and traditionally in Britain hounds were used to hunt the fox.

Gun dog
These dogs are also called bird dogs. They are used by hunters who carry shotguns to hunt small animals.  Gun dogs come in three main classes. The classes are retrievers, flushing spaniels, and pointing breeds.
Retrievers
The main job of a retriever is to get the animal after the hunter shoots it. Retrievers are very good in the water and often used by hunters shooting ducks.

Flushing spaniels
Flushing spaniels are used when birds being hunted are found in areas where they can hide, for example high grass. The spaniel will run through the grass. This makes the birds fly into the air so the hunter can shoot them. Spaniels stay close to the hunter so when the birds start to fly, the hunter is close enough to shoot them.

Pointers
Pointers find birds then stand still and point at where the bird is. They often are farther away from the hunter than a spaniel would be. By pointing instead of flushing the bird out, they give the hunter time to get close enough to shoot the bird.
Terriers
These dogs are almost always used to hunt mammals.  Terriers are used to find the den or living space of the animal. They will go into where the animal lives and either force it to run out or they will kill it. Many of the animals hunted with terriers are animals that cause damage, for example, ground hogs, fox and badger.

Cur types
Curs are used in the same way as terriers but on larger animals. Curs are used to hunt boars, raccoon, cougars, and other large mammals

Working dogs
Purebred dogs are dogs whose ancestors are all the same breed.

A breed of dog is a particular subspecies that has been bred through time to exhibit certain characteristics, for example a bulldog is bred to be short and have a flat nose while a greyhound is bred to be light and run fast. Some dogs are bred to look special which is why poodles have fluffy hair.

Dogs
The Mass Transit Railway or MTR (in Chinese, 香港鐵路有限公司, literally "Hong Kong Railway Company"; or 港鐵 for short) is the main rapid transit railway system in Hong Kong. Since the MTR service first opened in 1979, the network has grown to more than 150 stations. Built and run by MTR Corporation Limited, the MTR system is a very popular mode of public transport in Hong Kong, with around 2.46 million passengers riding each day.

Construction 
Hong Kong's growing economy and the quick increase in population created a lot of traffic problems. The Hong Kong government made a study of these problems. The first line was opened in 1979. The MTR was quickly popular with the people of Hong Kong, so later they built more lines to cover more ground. People are still deciding how and where to expand the MTR network next.

Network

History of the MTR
History of the MTR

Initial proposal
During the 1960s, the government of Hong Kong thought they need to accommodate increasing road traffic that growing Hong Kong's economy would bring. British transport consultants Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates were appointed to study the transport system of Hong Kong. The consultants released the Hong Kong Mass Transport Study in September 1967, which proposed the construction of a mass transport underground railway system in Hong Kong.

In 1970, an underground network with four lines was laid out and planned as part of the British consultants' new report, Hong Kong Mass Transit: Further Studies. The four lines were to be the Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, Island Line, and East Kowloon Line. However, the lines that were eventually constructed were somewhat different compared with the lines that were originally proposed by the "Hong Kong Mass Transport Study".
In 1972, the Hong Kong government authorised construction of the Initial System, a 20-km system that roughly translates to the Kwun Tong Line today (except the line now extends to Tiu Keng Leng). Negotiations with four major construction consortia started in 1973. The government's intention was to tender the entire project, based on the British design, as a single tender at a fixed price. A consortium from Japan signed an agreement to construct the system in early 1974, but in December of the same year it pulled out from the agreement, stemming from fears of the Arab oil crisis.
Modified Initial System (Kwun Tong Line / Tsuen Wan Line)
Several weeks later, in early 1975, a government agency known as the Mass Transport Provisional Authority was established to take charge of the project. It announced that the Initial System would be slightly reduced to 15.6 kilometres, and renamed it the Modified Initial System. Plans for a single contract were also abandoned in favour of 25 engineering contracts and 10 electrical and mechanical contracts.

In addition, the government-owned Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) was established to replace the Mass Transport Provisional Authority. (This was the company succeeded by the MTR Corporation Limited on 30 June 2000)
Construction of the Modified Initial System (now part of Kwun Tong Line and Tsuen Wan Line) commenced in November 1975. After almost four years, the northern section was completed on 30 September 1979. On 1 October 1979, the northern section was opened, with trains running from Shek Kip Mei to Kwun Tong. The route from Tsim Sha Tsui to Shek Kip Mei was opened in December of the same year.

In 1980, the first harbour crossing was made by an MTR train as the Kwun Tong Line was extended even farther to Chater station, now known as Central station. To deal with increasing patronage, trains were also extended to six cars.

Tsuen Wan Line 
The government approved construction of the Tsuen Wan Line in 1977, then known as Tsuen Wan Extension, and works commenced in November 1978. The project added a 10.5-kilometre section to the MTR system, from Prince Edward to Tsuen Wan. The line started service on 10 May 1982 with a total cost of construction (not adjusted for inflation) at HK$4.1 billion.
When service of this line started, the section of the Kwun Tong Line from Chater to Argyle, present-day Mong Kok station, was transferred to the Tsuen Wan Line. Thus, Waterloo became the terminus of the Kwun Tong Line, and both Argyle and Prince Edward stations became interchange stations. This change was made because system planners expected traffic of the Tsuen Wan Line would exceed that of the Kwun Tong Line. This forecast proved quite accurate, necessitating a bypass from the northwestern New Territories to Hong Kong Island. Launched in 1998, the Tung Chung Line serves exactly that purpose.

Although land acquisitions were made for a station at Tsuen Wan West, the station was never built. This is not to be confused with Tsuen Wan West Station on KCR West Rail, which lies on the newly reclaimed area near the former ferry pier.
It is interesting to note that since the line's opening in 1982, this is the only line whose alignment has virtually remained the same for the past 23 years. For example, the Kwun Tong Line's alignment has changed for 2 times since its opening - the taking over of Tsuen Wan Line from Mong Kok to Central, and the taking over of Eastern Harbour Crossing section by the Tseung Kwan O Line.

Island Line
Government approvals were granted for construction of the Island Line in December, 1980. Construction commenced in October, 1981. On 31 May 1985 the Island Line was opened with service between Admiralty and Chai Wan stations. Both Admiralty and Central stations became interchange stations with the Tsuen Wan Line. Furthermore, each train was extended to eight cars.

On 23 May 1986, service reached Sheung Wan station. Construction for this station was delayed for one year as government offices which sat on top of the station had to be removed to a new location before construction could start.