Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Novosibirsk (Russian: Новосиби́рск, pronounced ) is Russia's third largest city, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast. It is also the largest city in Siberia and the administrative center of Siberian Federal District. It is in the southwest of this district.

History 
It was founded in 1893 as the future site of the Trans-Siberian railway bridge crossing the great Siberian river Ob. Its importance further increased early in the 20th century with the completion of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway connecting Novosibirsk to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea. 

The settlement became city in 1903. City name may be translated as New Siberian. From 1893 until 1925 Novosibirsk was called Novonikolayevsk. 
During the Great Patriotic war of the Soviet Union a lot of factories from the west parts of the country were evacuated here.

In 1986 Novosibirsk became the first city in Siberia having a metro system.
The city lies along the Ob River in the West Siberian Plain. To the south is the Ukok Plateau part of  the UNESCO World Heritage Site entitled Golden Mountains of Altai.

Climate 
The climate is sharply continental, with very severe, cold and snowy winters and hot and dry summers. Temperatures in summer range from 10 to 30 °C (50...85 °F), in winter -5 to -25 °C (20...-10 °F), but can reach -45 °C (-50 °F) in winter and 35 °C (95 °F) in summer. The difference between the highest and the lowest temperature is 83 °C (181 °F). Most of the time the weather is sunny, with an average of 2880 hours of sunshine per year.

Economy 
Industries include machine manufacturing and metallurgy. It is the home of one of Novosibirsk State University (in nearby Akademgorodok), a number of institutes and a scientific research center. Novosibirsk has opera and ballet companies, several theaters, museums, and art galleries, and numerous sports facilities.
Transportation 
West Siberian railway control organization is located in the city, on the Vokzalnaya magistral street beginning near Novosibirsk Glavny rail terminal.

In 1986 Novosibirsk metro started its working. It became the first subway system in Siberia.

Also, the city has tram, trolley and bus systems.

Tolmachevo international airport is located in Novosibirsk area.

Related pages 
List of cities and other settlements in Russia

References 

 
Capitals of oblasts of Russia
Alice Springs () is a city in the Northern Territory of Australia.  It is 200 km south of the centre of mainland Australia. It is about halfway between Darwin in the north and Adelaide in the south.

In 2005 there were 26,486 people living in Alice Springs. This makes it the second largest town in the Northern Territory.

Alice Springs is often called "the Alice" or simply "Alice.” It is called "Mparntwe" by the Arrernte. The Arrernte people are the Aboriginal people who have lived around Alice Springs for more than 50,000 years.

History

Indigenous History 

According to the Arrernte traditional stories, the land around Alice Springs was shaped by caterpillars, wild dogs, travelling boys, two sisters, euros and other ancestral figures. There are many sites of traditional importance in and around Alice Springs. These include Anthwerrke (Emily Gap), Akeyulerre (Billy Goat Hill), Ntaripe (Heavitree Gap), Atnelkentyarliweke (Anzac Hill) and Alhekulyele (Mt. Gillen).

Early city
Early city 

In 1862, John McDouall Stuart led an expedition into Central Australia and the area where Alice Springs is located.  Until the 1930s the town was known as Stuart. The Australian Overland Telegraph Line that joined Adelaide to Darwin and Great Britain was completed in 1872. It followed Stuart’s route. It opened up the interior for permanent European settlement. When surface alluvial gold was found at Arltunga, 100 km east of Alice Springs, in 1887 many people began to move into the area.

The telegraph station was built near a waterhole in the normally dry Todd River. It was thought to be a permanent source of water, and was named Alice Springs. Alice was the wife of the former Postmaster General of South Australia, Sir Charles Todd. The Todd River was named after Sir Charles.

The original method of travel in the outback were camels. These camel trains were run by people from Pathan tribes in the North-West frontier of India and Pakistan. They were wrongly called ‘Afghans’ in Australia.
In 1929 the Palmerston and Pine Creek Railway was built from Darwin as far as Birdum, Northern Territory. The Great Northern Railway had been built in 1891 from Port Augusta as far as Oodnadatta, South Australia. The lines wouldn’t meet until 2003. On February 4, 2004, the first passenger train arrived in Darwin.

During the 1960s Alice Springs became an important defence base. About 700 people work at the US/Australian Pine Gap joint defence satellite monitoring base.

The major industry in recent times is tourism.

Geography and climate

Topography and climate 
The town of Alice Springs built on the banks of the usually dry Todd River. It is on the northern side of MacDonnell Ranges. The region where Alice Springs is located is known as Central Australia, or the Red Centre. It is a very dry region, made up of several different deserts.

Temperatures can vary by up to 28 °C. In summer the average highest temperature is in the high 30s. In winter the average lowest temperature can be -7.5 °C.
The rainfall can vary quite a lot from year to year. The annual average rainfall is 286 mm. In 2001 741 mm fell, but in 2002 only 198 mm fell.

Economy 

Alice Springs began as a town to supply the cattle farms that first came to the area. The arrival of the railway increased its economy and productivity. Today the town supplies a region of 546,046 square kilometres. There are 38,749 people living in the region. The region includes a number of mining and farm communities, the Joint Defence Facility at Pine Gap and tourist attractions.

The people 
In June 2004, 38,749 people lived in the region. There were 26,058 people living in the city of Alice Springs. Aboriginal people made up about 37% of people in the Alice Springs region in 2001.
Aboriginal population 
According to the 2001 census, Australian Aborigines are about 17% of the people in Alice Springs, and 29% of the people in the Northern Territory. Alice Springs is the business centre of Central Australia. Aboriginal people come from all over the region to use the town's services. Aboriginal residents usually live in the suburbs, on special purpose leases (or town camps). Some live farther out at Amoonguna to the south. Many live on the small family outstation communities on Aboriginal Lands in surrounding areas.

The traditional owners of the Alice Springs area are the Central Arrernte people. As it is the largest town in central Australia, there are also speakers of at least thirteen other languages.

American influence 

The American influence in Alice Springs comes from Pine Gap, a US satellite tracking station. It is 19 km south-west of Alice Springs. Pine Gap employs 700 American and Australians. There are about 2,000 people in the Alice Springs region who are US citizens.
American influence can be seen throughout Alice Springs. The Americans still celebrate all major festivals, including Halloween, Independence Day and Thanksgiving. A number of Australians also join in the festivities from time to time. There is also American sport, including baseball, basketball, and American football.

Visitors 
Alice Springs has a large number of visitors up of:
 Tourists
 Residents of Pine Gap
 Australian Aborigines visiting from nearby Central Australian communities
 Australian or international workers on short-term contracts (locally called "blow-ins")
Education 
Alice Springs has 19 public and private schools and colleges. This includes 2 for aboriginal students, 7 pre-schools and the Alice Springs School of the Air. The School of the Air provides education to students in remote areas. The Alice Springs Campus of Charles Darwin University offers courses in TAFE and Higher Education. The Centre for Appropriate Technology was established in 1980. It has a range of services to encourage and help Aboriginal people improve their quality of life on remote communities.

Sport 

Australian Rules Football is a popular sport in Alice Springs. The Central Australian Football League has several teams and many people play. The sport is very popular in Indigenous communities. The local stadium, Traeger Park, can hold 10,000 people. It was built to hold national AFL and international cricket matches. In 2004, an AFL pre-season Regional Challenge match between Collingwood Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club filled the stadium.
Cricket is also a popular sport in Alice Springs. The Imparja Cup Cricket Carnival started in 1994. Teams from Indigenous communities come from all across Australia. A unique sporting event, held every year, is the Henley-on-Todd Regatta. This is also known as the Todd River Race. It is a sand river race with bottomless boats. It is the only dry river regatta in the world. Another unusual sporting event is the Camel Cup. This is also held every year at the local racetrack, Blatherskite Park. It is a full day event with races using camels instead of horses.

References
A recital is a concert of classical music given by just one musician or one musician and an accompanist.  A pianist playing a concert by himself will be giving a "piano recital".  A "violin recital" will be given by a violinist and piano accompanist.

People started talking about "recitals" in the middle of the 19th century.  Pianists such as Liszt became famous when they travelled about giving piano recitals.  Soon piano manufacturers (firms that make pianos) and concert agents started to sponsor famous pianists to give recitals.  These great pianists became great stars in the way that, in music, only opera singers had been great stars before. Some concert halls have become well-known places for recitals, e.g. the Bosendorfersaal in Vienna, the Beethovensaal in Berlin, the Wigmore Hall in London and the Carnegie Hall in New York.
Some pianists became known for playing recitals of music by just one composer.  Recitals of Chopin's music were particularly popular.  "Song recitals" (or "vocal recitals") are given by singers who sing Lieder and sometimes arias from operas.

Music events
Programme music (or "program music" in US English) is music for instruments which describes something or tells a story.  It is the opposite of "absolute music" which is not trying to describe anything, just the sound of the piece.  Programme music was very popular in the 19th century although some programme music was written earlier.

History
Some composers in the Renaissance and Baroque periods wrote music which described battles. Antonio Vivaldi wrote a very famous set of four concertos for violin and strings called The Four Seasons.  Each of the movements describe things happening during the year's seasons, e.g. the birds singing in the spring, snowy winter days, etc.
At the start of the 1800s, Beethoven wrote a pastoral symphony, Symphony No. 6 "Pastorale", which describes the peaceful life in the countryside.  This way of making music describe things became very popular with Romantic composers.  Mendelssohn wrote "concert overtures" which had nothing to do with an opera but were simply short pieces of music for orchestra which told a story.  Hebrides Overture, for example, describes the feel of the sea lapping into Fingal's Cave in the Scottish Inner Hebrides.
Franz Liszt made programme music very popular in his symphonic poems.  Hector Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique describes a story he made up himself about a man who has dreams about a woman he loves.  The woman he loves is represented by a tune (melody) which is heard in different ways during the symphony.  It is called an idée fixe (French for "fixed idea").  This way of linking a theme (tune) with a person led to Wagner's use of leitmotif in his operas in which a tune is linked to a person, event or idea.  At the start of the 19th century Richard Strauss  wrote several symphonic poems, often using a leitmotif to describe the person it is about.  They include Don Juan, Don Quixote and Ein Heldenleben (A hero's life).

Musical forms
An anaerobic organism is any living thing that does not need oxygen for growth. 

 Obligate anaerobes will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen.
 Facultative anaerobes can use oxygen when it is present. 
 Aerotolerant organisms can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they are anaerobic because they do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. 

Microaerophiles are organisms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations (low micromolar range); their growth is inhibited by normal oxygen concentrations (approximately 200 micromolar). Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen.
Obligate anaerobes may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use aerobic respiration; without oxygen some of them ferment, some use anaerobic respiration. Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. Microaerophiles carry out aerobic respiration, and some of them can also do anaerobic respiration.

Some anaerobic bacteria produce toxins (e.g., tetanus or botulinum toxins) that are highly dangerous to higher organisms, including humans.

Related pages 
Cellular respiration
Anaerobic digestion
Biogas

Microbiology
Metabolism
Tetanus (or lockjaw) is a disease that leads to muscle contractions that stay that way for some time.

Infection generally occurs through wound contamination, and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. The main symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani. As the infection goes on, muscle spasms develop in the jaw. This is usually followed by problems with swallowing. The disease leads to muscle stiffness and spasms in other parts of the body. Infection can be prevented by proper immunization and by post-exposure prophylaxis.

References

Other websites 

 Tetanus Information from Medline Plus
 Tetanus Symptoms 
 Tetanus Surveillance -- United States, 1998-2000 (Data and Analysis)

Diseases caused by bacteria
Immunization is a way of preventing a person from getting a disease.  This is done by making the person's body come into contact with a bit of the disease so that the body learns how to fight it.  The body's ability to fight off a disease is called its immune system. 

The material is known as an immunogen.  Immunization is the same as inoculation and vaccination because inoculation and vaccination use an infecting agent (something that infects) in the same way that immunization does.
  
When the human immune system is exposed to an infection once, it can learn how to cope quickly if it is exposed to it again.  By exposing an individual to an immunogen in a controlled way, the body will be able to protect itself from that infection later on in life.
Whipped cream is a dairy food used in many desserts. It is made with heavy cream, a type of cream that contains a large amount of fat.

Preparation
To make whipped cream, a person whips or beats the heavy cream with a whisk or an electric mixer until it becomes fluffy and filled with air. For some desserts, icing sugar can be added as a sweetener. Some people also add flavourings to whipped cream, such as vanilla.

Serving
Whipped cream is used in many types of desserts. Some desserts, such as apple pie or strawberry shortcake, are often served with whipped cream on top. Whipped cream is also served in milk shakes, Alex's coffee, and on ice cream sundaes. Some desserts have whipped cream inside them, such as cream puffs and eclairs.

Dairy products
Desserts
Tetanospasmin is the neurotoxin produced by the vegetative spore of Clostridium tetani in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. It is sometimes called spasmogenic toxin, tetanus toxin or abbreviated to TeTx or TeNT. 

Poisons
Proteins
A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells – neurons – usually by interacting with membrane proteins and ion channels. 

Many of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins. A common effect is paralysis, which sets in extremely rapidly. The venom of bees, scorpions, pufferfish, spiders and snakes can contain many different toxins. Many neurotoxins act by affecting voltage-dependent ion channels.

A man named Clairvius Narcisse was dead and came back to life again because the locals used neurotoxin on him to bring him back to life. He was buried in Haiti in 1964.

Physiology
Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups, when the thing that is paralysed cannot move. 

Paralysis is most often caused by damage to the nervous system or brain, especially the spinal cord. Major causes are stroke, trauma, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Partial paralysis can also occur in the REM stage of sleep (see:Sleep paralysis). Paralysis often includes loss of feeling in the affected area.

Types of paralysis

Hemiplegia 
In hemiplegia, one side of your body is paralysed.

Monoplegia 
During monoplegia, only one limb is unable to move.

Paraplegia 
In paraplegia, both legs are unable to move.

Quadriplegia 
The most extreme form of paralysis. The whole body from the neck down can't move.

Locked-in syndrome 
Paralysis of the whole body.

Disability
Disorders
A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.

20–30% of all genes in genomes code for membrane proteins. They are targets of over 50% of all modern medicinal drugs.

Function
Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms:
 Membrane receptor proteins relay signals between the cell's internal and external environments.
 Membrane transport proteins move molecules and ions across the membrane.
 Membrane enzymes have many activities.
 Cell adhesion molecules allow cells to identify each other and interact. For example, proteins involved in immune response.

Related pages
 Ion channel

References

Other websites 
 General principles of membrane protein folding and stability   from Stephen White laboratory
 Orientations of proteins in membranes (OPM) database 3D structures of integral and amphitropic membrane proteins

Molecular biology
The Tampa Bay Buccaneers are an American Football team in the National Football League (NFL). They are a part of the Southern Division of the National Football Conference. The Buccaneers are from Tampa, Florida. The team was founded in 1976, and are the champions from Super Bowl XXXVII in 2002. The current head coach is Bruce Arians. Their quarterback is Tom Brady.

The name "Buccaneer" comes from certain pirates who would raid the western coast of Florida in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

The Buccaneers play in Raymond James Stadium located in Tampa, Florida.

The Buccaneer's division rivals include the New Orleans Saints, the Carolina Panthers and the Atlanta Falcons. Their in state rivals include the Miami Dolphins and the Jacksonville Jaguars.

The Buccaneers have 3 players in the NFL Hall of fame: Lee Roy Selmon, Warren Sapp, and Derrick Brooks.
They are the first team to play the Super Bowl on their homefield, as Super Bowl LV is hosted in Tampa, after defeating the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship game. Tampa played the Kansas City Chiefs in the Super Bowl. They won the game 31-9 against the Kansas City Chiefs.

Other websites 
Tampa Bay Buccaneers official web site
Pro Football Hall of Fame

Sports in Tampa, Florida
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Sports organizations based in Florida
An obelus (plural, obeli) is a symbol of a line with dots above and below, , and is used to represent the division operation in mathematics. Because of that, this symbol is also known as a division sign. 

The word "obelus" comes from the Greek word for a sharpened stick, spit, or pointed pillar. This is the same root as that of the word "obelisk". The obelus was first used as a symbol for division in 1659, in the algebra book Teutsche Algebra by Johann Rahn. Today, the obelus is used occasionally, mostly as a standalone symbol for the division operation itself (as on a calculator), or as an operator in elementary arithmetic. In most cases, division is now represented using other ways, often by a forward slash (/), also known as "solidus".

Related pages 

 Slash (punctuation)

References

Other websites 
 Jeff Miller: Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols
 Michael Quinion: Where our arithmetic symbols come from

Mathematical notation
Symbols
A vinculum is a horizontal line put over a mathematical expression. It shows that it belongs together as a group. (Vinculum is Latin for "chain".)

Examples are:

1. groups of digits repeating forever, for example,

2. fractions

3. radicals (in the following example the quantity  is the radicand, and thus has a vinculum over it):

Other websites  
MathWorld Vinculum Entry with further (more complicated) examples
Periodic Continued Fraction

Mathematical notation
The colon (":") is a punctuation mark, simply consisting of two equally sized and vertically aligned dots.

Punctuation

Use in prose 
A colon is a more significant pause than a semicolon. It is usually used to contrast two parts of a sentence:
It's official: McClaren makes the worst start by an England manager.
When the door was forced,  a scene of chaos was revealed: chairs overturned, drawers puu66tw7rz3,dlled out and emptied, broken crockery on the floor...
If you must  go, take the following: climbing rope, ice axe, compass, a large-scale map,  water and food, and good boots.
Man proposes: God disposes.
The Lord seeth not as man seeth: for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the Lord looketh on the heart.

Use in other kinds of text 
 Introduction of a definition, such as:
A: the first letter in the Latin alphabet
Hypernym of a word: a word having a wider meaning than the given one; e.g. vehicle is a hypernym of car
Separation of the chapter and the verse number(s) indication in many references to religious scriptures, and also epic poems; it was also used for chapter numbers in roman numerals, as in:
John 3:14–16 (or John iii:14–16) (cf. chapters and verses of the Bible)
The Qur'an, Sura 5:18

 Separation when reporting time of day hour/minute/second (cf. ISO 8601), such as:
The concert finished at 23:45.
This file was last modified today at 11:15:05.
 Separation of a title and the corresponding subtitle, as in:
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope
 Separation of clauses in a periodic sentence
 Colons can also be used to start a list, such as, "He provided all of the ingredients: sugar, flour, eggs, and butter."

History 
The colon's first appearance in English text is marked by the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary as 1589.

Diacritical usage
Diacritical usage 

A special double-triangle colon symbol is used in IPA to indicate that the preceding sound is long. Its form is that of two triangles, each a bit larger than a point of a standard colon, pointing toward each other. It is available in Unicode as modifier letter triangular colon, Unicode U+02D0 (). A regular colon is often used as a fallback when this character is not available, or in the practical orthography of some languages (particularly in Mexico), which have a phonemic long/short distinction in vowels.

Mathematics 
The colon is also used in mathematics, cartography, model building and other fields to denote a ratio or a scale, as in 3:1 (pronounced "three to one"). A betting odd of the form  corresponds to the probability .  Unicode provides a distinct ratio character, Unicode U+2236 () for mathematical usage.

In many non-English-speaking countries, the colon is used as a division sign: "a divided by b" is written as a : b.
The combination with an equal sign, , is used for definitions.

Computing 
In computing, the colon character is represented by ASCII code 58, and is located at Unicode code-point U+003A. The full-width (double-byte) equivalent, ：, is located at Unicode code point U+FF1A.

The colon is quite often used as a special control character in many operating systems commands, URLs, computer programming languages, and in the path representation of several file systems. It is often used as a single post-fix delimiter, signifying the immediate precedence of a token keyword or the transition from one mode of character string interpretation to another related mode. Some applications, such as the widely used MediaWiki, use the colon as both a pre-fix and post-fix delimiter.

For a double-colon, "::" the meaning has included the use of ellipsis, as spanning over omitted text; however, there have been other meanings as well.
Internet usage 
On the Internet (online chats, email, message boards, etc.), a colon or multiple colons is sometimes used to denote an action or emote. In this use, it has the inverse function of quotation marks—denoting actions where unmarked text is assumed to be dialog. For example:

Kim: Pluto is so small, it should not be considered a planet. It is tiny!
Mel: Oh really? ::Drops Pluto on Kim’s head:: Still think it's small now?

Colons may also be used for sounds (as with ":Click:"). One can contrast this use with the use of outer asterisks (for example, *cough* would denote that the speaker is coughing, as opposed to saying the word 'cough').

It also has the widespread usage of representing two vertically aligned eyes in a emoticon, such as :-), :( :P, :D, :3, etc

Related pages
Semicolon, the ";" punctuation marks

References 

Punctuation
Typography
Colon could mean:

Colon (anatomy)
Colon (punctuation)
Colon (rhetoric)
Colon classification, a library classification system
Colon, Michigan, a village within Colon Township
Colon Township, Michigan
Carlitos Colón, professional wrestler
Carly "Carlito" Colón, his son, also a wrestler
Eddie Colón, his son, also a wrestler
Stacy Colón, his daughter, also a wrestler
Fred Colon, a Discworld character
Colon, the French word referring to a French-Algerian colonist.
Bartolo Colon, a pitcher for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Colon, an alternative name use in France for wine made from the Gros Verdot grape.
Tomorrow Never Knows is a song from The Beatles's Revolver album, from 1966.

John Lennon wrote the song based on his readings of The Psychedelic Experience, which adapted the Tibetan Book of the Dead for use as an LSD "user's manual", intending to give users a kind of religious experience. The song's title came from his bandmate Ringo Starr, who was known for his  but insightful comments about life.

Lennon wanted the sound of monks , to complement the Beatles' recording of the song. It was not possible to do this, but Lennon's voice was played through a special speaker (called a Leslie speaker), to give it a  sound, like a voice calling from a hilltop. Other sounds on the record came from tape loops, playing over and over, and from a sitar.

The song has also been recorded by other artists. A dance cover version appeared in the 1990s.

Sources

1966 songs
The Beatles songs
Songs about drugs
Gone with the Wind is the 1939 American movie based on Margaret Mitchell's book of the same name. It premiered in Atlanta, Georgia.  It stars Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Leslie Howard and Olivia de Havilland. The movie tells the story of the American Civil War from the perspective (view point) of a young southern woman named Scarlett O'Hara. The movie was very popular at the time. Considering inflation, it is the highest-grossing movie of all time. The movie has been criticized for inaccurately showing slavery and the South, but the movie changed how African Americans appeared on the screen. Gone with the Wind is considered one of the greatest movies of all time.
Plot 
It is the year 1861 and right before the American Civil War. Scarlett O'Hara lives with her parents, two sisters, and slaves at a plantation in Georgia. The plantation is called Tara. Scarlett is in love with Ashley Wilkes, but he will be marrying Melanie Hamilton. At a party at the plantation Twelve Oaks of Ashley, one guest Rhett Butler admires Scarlett. Scarlett is more interested in Ashley. News of the start of the Civil War interrupts the party. Men go racing about to enlist in the war. Scarlett marries Melanie's younger brother Charles. She does this to make Ashley jealous. Charles dies in the war, and Scarlett goes to Atlanta. There she appears at a charity bazaar in black mourning clothing and dances with Rhett.
The Confederates lose at the Battle of Gettysburg, and Union troops start entering the city of Atlanta. At the same time, Scarlett helps Melanie give birth to a child. They and Rhett flee the city. Rhett returns to the fighting, and Scarlett, Melanie and Prissy return to Tara. The place is a wasteland. The slaves Mammy and Pork, her father, and two sisters are there. Scarlett promises to make sure her family survives. 

Scarlett and her sisters work in the field. Their father dies trying to chase away a carpetbagger. The Confederates lose the war and Ashley returns. Scarlett wants to run away with him. He kisses her, but he says he cannot leave Melanie. Scarlett tricks Suellen's fiancé into marrying her to pay the high Reconstructionist taxes. One night, Scarlett is on the road and attacked. Frank, Ashley, Rhett, and others raid the town of the attack, and Frank dies. Later Scarlett accepts a marriage proposal of Rhett.
Rhett and Scarlett have a daughter called Bonnie Blue. Scarlett still likes Ashley and does not want any more children. Ashley's sister one day sees Scarlett and Ashley embracing and spreads rumors. Rhett hears about it and forces Scarlett to attend Ashley's birthday party. Melanie stands by her. When Scarlett returns home, Rhett is drunk and forces her to have sex. 

Rhett apologizes the next day. He says she can divorce, but she refuses. Rhett goes to London. When he returns, she says she is pregnant again. They argue, and Scarlett falls down the stairs and has a miscarriage. Later Bonnie dies trying to jump a fence with her pony. Melanie is very sick from her new pregnancy. Scarlett comforts Ashley and realizes that she loves Rhett. Scarlett pleads with Rhett, but he leaves her. She promises to win him back again.
Cast 
Vivien Leigh as Scarlett O'Hara
Clark Gable as Rhett Butler
Leslie Howard as Ashley Wilkes
Olivia de Havilland as Melanie Hamilton
Hattie McDaniel as Mammy 
Thomas Mitchell as Gerald O'Hara
Barbara O'Neil as Ellen O'Hara
Evelyn Keyes as Suellen O'Hara
Ann Rutherford as Carreen O'Hara
Butterfly McQueen as Prissy
George Reeves as Stuart Tarlenton
Fred Crane as Brent Tarlenton
Oscar Polk as Pork
Victor Jory as Jonas Wilkerson
Everett Brown as Sam
Howard Hickman as John Wilkes
Alicia Rhett as India Wilkes
Rand Brooks as Charles Hamilton
Carroll Nye as Frank Kennedy
Laura Hope Crews as Aunt Pittypat Hamilton
Harry Davenport as Dr. Meade
Leona Roberts as Mrs. Meade
Jane Darwell as Mrs. Merriwether
Ona Munson as Belle Watling
Cammie King as Bonnie Blue Butler

Production

Casting
Casting 

Selznick wanted Clark Gable to star as Rhett Butler. Selznich had to make a deal with MGM to get Gable. Selznick would have to pay Gable's salary directly. It took a long time to find the right actress for Scarlett. Many other famous actresses were considered. Katharine Hepburn wanted to have the role, but was rejected. The following actresses were screen-tested: Ardis Ankerson, Jean Arthur, Tallulah Bankhead, Diana Barrymore, Joan Bennett, Nancy Coleman, Frances Dee, Ellen Drew (as Terry Ray), Paulette Goddard, Susan Hayward, Vivien Leigh, Anita Louise, Haila Stoddard, Margaret Tallichet, Lana Turner and Linda Watkins.

Selznick worked with Susan Myrick to get the Southern accents correct.

Screenplay 
Selznick wanted Victor Fleming, who directed The Wizard of Oz to be director. Fleming did not like the script. Screenwriter Sidney Howard and Selznick revised the script a couple times. Others participated in the writing, but it is unclear how much each wrote.
Filming 
Selznick had Director George Cukor removed after three weeks. Several people and some of the actors did not like it. Victor Fleming would end up directing the movie. 

Most of the movie was shot at "the back forty". This was a movie studio backlot. At the time, it was owned by Selznick International. Other locations were in Los Angeles County and neighboring Ventura County. For the house Tara and the burning of Atlanta, facades were used. The movie was expensive to make. Some estimate it was $3.85 million.

Music 
The score has several love themes. The music includes folk and patriotic songs such as "Louisiana Belle", "Dolly Day", "Ringo De Banjo", "Beautiful Dreamer", "Old Folks at Home", and "Katie Belle","Marching through Georgia" by Henry Clay Work, "Dixie", "Garryowen", and "The Bonnie Blue Flag". The most famous theme is Tara's Theme.
Release 
The movie was first released at Fox Theatre in 1939. There was a standing ovation. When it was released in Atlanta, there were 300,000 visitors. There were several festivities including a parade. There were three days of parties in which the stars of the movie wore costumes and many stores in the city redecorated to look like they would have in the Civil War. Victor Fleming and Selznick were no longer close, so Fleming did not attend. Black actors like Hattie McDaniel were not allowed because of Jim Crow laws. The movie would be re-released several times for anniversaries of the Civil War and the movie.

Reception
Reception

Critical Response 
The movie had good reviews from critics. Critics considered the movie to be an ambitious and a technical achievement. Critics liked the first half better. Some critics were critical of the movie. They thought it was too long. Others said the movie was forgettable and not memorable. Some said the movie is a major event in history, but a minor one in movies. The movie has a 90% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.  The movie got several awards.
Awards
Gone with the Wind received 10 Academy Awards in 1940.
 Best Picture - Selznick International Pictures (David O. Selznick, producer)
 Best Actress in a Leading Role - Vivien Leigh
 Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Hattie McDaniel
 Best Cinematography, Color - Ernest Haller, and Ray Rennahan
 Best Director - Victor Fleming
 Best movie Editing - Hal C. Kern, and James E. Newcom
 Best Writing, Screenplay - Sidney Howard
 Best Art Direction - Lyle Wheeler
 Honorary Award - William Cameron Menzies - for "the use of color for the enhancement of dramatic mood"
 Technical Achievement Award - Don Musgrave

It was nominated for five more.
 Best Actor in a Leading Role - Clark Gable
 Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Olivia de Havilland
 Best Effects, Special Effects - Fred Albin (sound), Jack Cosgrove (photographic), and Arthur Johns (sound)
 Best Music, Original Score - Max Steiner
 Best Sound, Recording - Thomas T. Moulton (Samuel Goldwyn SSD)
Response from African-Americans 
Black commentators criticized the portrayal of African Americans in the movie. Some said the movie created African-American stereotypes. The movie was compared with The Birth of a Nation. Commentators said The Birth of a Nation was more of a direct attack on black people and obvious lies. Gone with the Wind, however, was a more subtle attack and lie. In the African-American community, there were different views. Some believed the movie to be insulting. Others thought that the performances of the African-American actors showed progress and achievements of African-Americans.
Audience Response 
A record number of people watched Gone with the Wind. After four years of its release, sixty million tickets were sold. This was about half of the U.S. population at the time. The movie was also popular in Europe and Japan. The movie was still popular decades later with its re-release. Only The Sound of Music, The Graduate, Doctor Zhivago and The Godfather would eventually make more than the re-releases of Gone with the Wind. Together, over 200 million tickets have been sold in America and Canada. It is the most successful movie to be made. The movie made the most money of all time, after taking inflation into account. Gone with the Wind is still popular in the 21st century.
Re-evaluation 
Although Gone with the Wind premiered in 1939, it is still remembered today as one of the greatest American movies of all time. Upon reevaluation, some critics say the script is poorly written. The movie was named the #4 best movie of all time by the American movie Institute. The quote "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn," said by Rhett Butler at the end of the movie and was voted the #1 greatest movie quote of all time.   The movie has made the following American Film Institute lists:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – #4
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – #2
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains
 Rhett Butler, Hero – Nominated
 Scarlett O'Hara, Hero – Nominated
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
 "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn." – #1
 "After all, tomorrow is another day!" – #31
 "As God is my witness, I'll never be hungry again." – #59
 "Fiddle-dee-dee." – Nominated
 "I don't know nothin' 'bout birthin' babies." – Nominated
 AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – #2
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – #43
 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – #6
 AFI's 10 Top 10 – #4 Epic film
Controversy 
The movie has been criticized for ignoring slavery and depicting the Confederacy in a positive way. The movie is a form of historical negationism or denialism. This is when the historical facts are not represented accurately. The movie glorifies the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. This false Lost Cause claims the South had heroic and just reasons for the war and that slavery was not the main issue. There are black stereotypes in the movie. The movie shows happy enslaved people. Rhett Butler and his men are part of the Ku Klux Klan in the book, but this is not in the movie. For some time, the movie was removed from theaters and HBO Max. This caused debates on political correctness. Since the George Floyd protests, criticism has increased. In response, the streaming service HBO Max has added a discussion of the movie's themes before the beginning of the movie. The site claims that one should not erase the movie but understand and learn from it.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Gone with the Wind Quotes 
 Gone with the Wind Script/Screenplay
 Gone with the Wind Trailer 
 
 Gone with the Wind at AllMovie 
 Gone with the Wind at Filmsite 
 Gone with the Wind at Rotten Tomatoes

1930s American drama movies
1939 romantic drama movies
1930s epic movies
1930s historical movies
1930s war movies
Academy Award winning movies
American epic movies
American romantic drama movies
American war movies
English-language movies
Histrionic personality disorder in fiction
MGM movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Georgia (U.S. state)
Movies set in London
Movies set in the 1860s
Movies set in the 1870s
Movies set in the 19th century
Movies about slavery
Screenplays by Ben Hecht
Movies directed by Victor Fleming
Movies directed by George Cukor
Titanic can refer to
 RMS Titanic, the ship which sank on its first voyage in 1912
 Titanic (1997 movie) a movie about that voyage
 Titanic (1996 TV miniseries), a CBS miniseries
 Titanic (2012 TV series), an ITV network show
 Titanic, Oklahoma, a town in Oklahoma
Anthony Carelli (born March 14, 1974) is a Canadian professional wrestler and judoka He currently works for the Impact Wrestling. He appears under the ring name Santino Marella. During his wrestling career, he was a two-time WWE Intercontinental Champion, one-time WWE United States Champion, and one-time WWE Tag Team Champion with Vladimir Kozlov. Outside of wrestling, Carelli owns his own judo dojo and is the official ambassador of Judo Canada.

World Wrestling Entertainment
Carrelli made his WWE debut on the April 16 edition of WWE Raw under the name of Santino Marella. He won the WWE Intercontinental Championship after Umaga was attacked by Bobby Lashley. With this, he became one of a few superstars to win a title in their first match.

On July 6, 2014, at a live event in Toronto, Ontario, Marella announced his retirement due to a third major injury to his neck.
TNA 2013 - 2015
Marella defeated Drake
Marella defeated Galloway

References

Other websites
Other websites

1974 births
Living people
Canadian judoka
Canadian professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Impact Wrestling people
Sportspeople from Mississauga
Fresco is a way of painting pictures. A fresco is a kind of mural, a painting that is done on a wall. A wall painting is sometimes called a fresco by mistake. A true fresco is painted onto plaster that is fresh. The plaster has been laid on the wall that day and is still damp. Frescoes last a long time because the paint mixes into the plaster. The word fresco comes from the Italian for "fresh".

History of frescoes

Ancient
Not all wall paintings are frescoes. In Ancient Egypt, for example, many of the wall paintings were done on dry plaster and are not true frescoes. 

The Royal Palace at Knossos in Crete, c. 1500 BC, had many frescoes. The scene of athletes dancing with a bull is the most famous. 

Many Ancient Roman wall paintings can be seen at Pompeii from the 1st century AD, but these are not true frescoes.
The Sigiriya Frescoes painted in Sigiriya in Sri Lanka around 485 AD use the "fresco lustro" technique which varies slightly from the pure fresco technique in that it also contains a mild binding agent. This gives the frescoes added durability as they have survived exposed for nearly 1500 years.

Medieval
There are many frescoes dating from the late Middle Ages, about 1000-1400 AD when, it was the fashion to paint the inside of churches with people and stories from the Bible. The order of the pictures was carefully planned by the artists and priests. Above the altar is usually seen a picture of Jesus Christ. On the west wall is often a frightening picture of The Last Judgement to remind people to turn to Jesus. Many frescoes like this can be seen in Greece, Spain, Portugal, Serbia, Armenia, Romania and Russia. There are a few in Germany, France and Italy.

Renaissance
Renaissance 

In Italy, around 1300 AD, the artist Giotto painted frescoes that were so full of life that people were amazed. Each picture was like looking onto a stage where real people told the story. This was the beginning of the period of art history called the Renaissance. Giotto's frescoes became so famous that he had many pupils and followers. Giotto's most famous frescoes are in the Arena Chapel in Padua. He also painted in the Church of St. Francis at Assisi and at Santa Croce (Church of the Holy Cross) in Florence.

A hundred years later, about 1400 AD, two artists called Masolino and Masaccio worked in the city of Florence, painting a chapel. Their names translate as "Little Tom" and "Fat Tom". Masaccio's way of painting was the biggest change since Giotto, in particular the two weeping naked figures of Adam and Eve. Everyone thought that Masaccio was one of the greatest painters alive. But he died at only 27 years old. These frescoes are in the Church of the Carmine, in Florence.
In the 1400s many other artists in Italy were given the job of painting churches or chapels. They were paid by patrons, rich people who could afford an artist. The most important patron was the Pope. Pope Sixtus IV had built a new chapel in the Vatican in Rome. In 1481, he got some of the best artists in Italy to decorate the walls for him. See Sistine Chapel. 

In 1508 the work continued in the Sistine Chapel when Pope Julius II made the great artist Michelangelo go to Rome to paint the ceiling. It took him four years, and he became sick from the strain and the smell. But when he had finished, he had painted one of the greatest artworks in the world. Then, 1537-1541, he painted the west wall of the same chapel with The Last Judgement.

For the next 200 years, painted ceilings were in fashion. But artists soon discovered that it was easier to paint in oil on canvas and put it up on the ceiling than to paint on the ceiling in fresco. The fashion for fresco painting began to fade.
References 
 Helen Gardner, Art Through the Ages, Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.
 Ponnamperuma, Senani (2013). Story of Sigiriya. Melbourne: Panique Pty Ltd. ISBN 9780987345110.

Other websites 
 Fresco School
 Sigiriya Frescoes

Painting techniques
The Count of Monte Cristo is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, père.  The story is about revenge and forgiveness. The main character of the book, Edmond Dantès, is wrongly sent to prison. There, he meets an old priest named Faria, who tells Dantès of a treasure. He escapes and finds the large treasure. He uses it to carry out a plan of revenge on the three people who sent him to prison. The novel was well received by critics and readers. It has been adapted to many stage plays and movies.
The novel was first published in the Journal des Débats in 18 parts from August 28, 1844 to January 15, 1846. It was first published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes (1844-5). It was published in English in 1846 by Chapman and Hall. It has been translated many times since 1846, and into many languages. Dumas wrote a set of three plays that told the story of The Count of Monte Cristo: Monte Cristo (1848), Le Counte de Morcerf (1851), and Villefort (1851). The book inspired the plot for other novels, including Lew Wallace's  Ben-Hur (1880).

Other websites 
 Pierre Picaud: The "Real" Count 
 Sparknotes Literary Analysis of The Count of Monte Cristo

References

1840s books
French novels
Historical novels
Books by Alexandre Dumas, père
Hallandale Beach is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. The city is named after Luther Halland, a worker for Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railroad. The population was 41,217 at the 2020 census. Sometimes the city is called the "southernmost Canadian city". This is because Hallandale Beach has been a popular vacation spot for years, and most of the tourists come from Quebec and the northeast United States. Many of these tourists eventually moved to the area to live there.

References

Cities in Florida
The National Socialist German Workers' Party (German ; Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), also known as the Nazi Party, was a far-right German political party. It was started in 1920 from the German Workers' Party (German: Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP), which would later be renamed the NSDAP. On the day it was created, the party published its 25-point manifesto (book of ideas). The items in this list of ideas included getting rid of the Treaty of Versailles; gaining more land for the German people; taking away any income people had not earned by working; taking away Jewish people's citizenship; changing the education system; and setting up a strong central government. It is most known for being Hitler's political party. 

From 1920 until 1923, Hitler the NSDAP became to most popular in Bavaria since the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 . In June 1934 the Nazi Party started Night of the Long Knives to kill SA leader Ernst Röhm and German Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher .

History
History 

In 1919, Adolf Hitler joined the German Workers Party. In 1920 the party changed its name, and Hitler took control in 1921.  

In 1923, the Nazi Party tried to start a coup d'état in Munich to take over Germany, but failed. This battle was called the Beer Hall Putsch.  Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison for treason.  However, he was let out of prison after nine months.  Other people who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch were given the death penalty or 5-6 years imprisoned. The government also made the NSDAP illegal in Germany.

While he was in prison, Adolf Hitler wrote most of Mein Kampf ('My Struggle'). In this book, he wrote down his political ideas and his future plans for Germany.