Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
During the American Revolution, a man by the name of Abraham Woodhull ran a ring of civilian spies on behalf of General George Washington against the British using the pseudonym Samuel Culper. It was known as the Culper spy ring.

American Revolutionary War
Espionage
George Washington
History of New York City
Secret societies
United States intelligence agencies
Upper Canada is an old British name for the Canadian province of Ontario.

References 

1790s in North America
1791 establishments
1841 disestablishments
19th century in North America
British North America
History of Ontario
Regions of Canada
The Contitution Act of 1791 is a law issued by the British Parliament under King George III in response to the demands of the United Empire Loyalists asking for elected representation.  It split a British colony called the Province of Quebec into two separate provinces.  The province of Upper Canada since renamed Ontario and the province of Lower Canada since renamed Quebec.  Each was given elected representatives to let the government know what they wanted but who didn't have any actual power.

References 

British Empire
History of Canada
The Province of Lower Canada was a British colony in Canada. It included Labrador and the southern part of Quebec. It was created in 1791 when Britain split Quebec into two provinces. It was merged in 1841 with the rest of Quebec to form the Province of Canada.

References 

Historical territories of Canada
British North America
1790s establishments in North America
1791 establishments
19th-century disestablishments in North America
1841 disestablishments
Evergy is an electric utility in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. The company was created from a merger of Westar Energy of Topeka and Great Plains Energy of Kansas City, Missouri. Evergy is the largest electric company in Kansas. They serve 690,000 residential, commercial and industrial customers in the eastern third of Kansas.

References

Other websites 
 

20th-century establishments in Kansas
1909 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Missouri
Electric power companies
Kansas City, Missouri
David Peck is an American business executive, consultant, writer and public speaker, who is active at the intersection of cannabis and E-commerce sectors.

He attained a Bachelor's Degree in Psychology from Brown University, Rhode Island in 2003. He is the co-founder of Ivy Film Festival, hosted annually on the campus of Brown University.

He went on to help start the Ask a Ninja YouTube show.

In 2013, he founded Sock Panda, a company which donates socks to those in need with every purchase. As of December 2017 the company has donated nearly 100,000 socks to homeless shelters, low income senior centers, hospitals, and under-privileged classrooms throughout the United States.

He attained the Master of Business Administration from USC Marshall School of Business, California in 2014.

On April 2017, he joined High Times to serve as Vice President of Business Development

References 

Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2019
Living people
University of Guelph alumni
The Jimi system () is a way to organize the government to rule over far-away foreign lands. It uses barbarians to rule over barbarians or the people you conquered to rule over the people you conquered. 

It was used in China between the 7th century and 10th century. It was used during the Tang Dynasty from 650s-740s. It was also used in the Song, Mongol Yuan, Ming dynasties. But then it was also called the Tusi system (). It ended around 1726. Then the Qing dynasty created a new system.

Origin of term 
The term "Jimi" was first seen in the annotation of Shiji quoted by Sima Zhen in a book from the Eastern Han era. It means that a man uses a reign to lead a horse. 

Jimi roughly translates as "loose reigns". It was an indirect way to rule over people.

It is also known as Jimi fuzhou () or the loose-control administrative units, they were not commonly confused with Zhengzhou () or the regular administrative units.
What is it? 
China back then often conquered foreign lands. For example when China would conquer barbarians in the north, it would gain a lot of land. How does China govern so much land? They needed a way to govern these foreigners (or "barbarians"). 

China tells one of the barbarians they conquered to rule over the land for them. That ruler would have to follow orders from China, pay money, and help with China's military. This is Jimi. 

The jimi ruler would received instructions from the central authorities in China. They would pass their power to their first sons. 

Each year they would pay money to China (tribute). They helped with China's military.

There were three levels: the command (, like the central government), prefecture (, like a state) and county (). Together these were known as jimi fuzhou.
Examples 
The Tang conquered the Gokturks and made two jimi governments (duhufu 都護府) in 658. They were around the Tarbagatai Mountains and Lake Balkhash. Sometimes the term was applied to military camps created within Tang China.

Notes

References 
 Zhou, Weiyan, "Jimizhou" . Encyclopedia of China, 1st ed.
 Yuan, Bolan, Min, Shenglan and Huang, Li. "Tang Song Minzu Zhengce Jimi Wenti Zhi Bijiao Yanjiu" ("Ethnic Policy of the Tang and Song Dynasties, A Comparative Study on the Question  of Jimi") . Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities. 2004.5. ISSN 1001-5140.
 Liu, Tong (1998). The Study of Tang Dynasty's Jimifuzhou. Xi'an: Northwest University Press. .
 Tian, Suisheng et al. (1994). A Comprehensive Knowledge of Local Government. Beijing: China's Archives Press. .
 Zhang, Youjun et al. (1992). General Discussion of Ethnic Policy in China. Nanming: Guangxi Education Press. .

Other websites 
 The Tang Dynasty's Domination Strategy towards the Korean Peninsula in the Mid-7th Century
During the Arab Winter there was a resurgence of authoritarianism, absolute monarchies and Islamic extremism.

The Arab Winter started in 2014 and happened four years after after the Arab Spring. It includes civil wars, mounting regional instability, economic and demographic decline of Arab countries, and ethno-religious wars.

By the summer of 2014, the Arab Winter had resulted in nearly a quarter of a million deaths and millions of refugees. Perhaps the most significant event was the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant from 2014 to the present.
What happened? 
 Syrian Civil War,
 the Iraqi insurgency and the following civil war, the Egyptian Crisis,
 the Libyan Crisis; Various militias and tribes have started fighting in Libya after a breakdown in negotiations.
 the Crisis in Yemen.
 the removal of Mohamed Morsi and rise of General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in an anti-Muslim Brotherhood campaign.
 return to authoritarianism and suppression of civil liberties in Egypt since July 3, 2013.
 The arenas of Lebanon and Bahrain.
 The Northern Mali conflict was often described as part of the "Islamist Winter".
 Political changes which occurred in Tunisia, involving a change in government,
 a possible ISIL insurgency.
 Qatar-Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict
Chinese professor Zhang Weiwei first predicted an "Arab Winter" in his June 2011 debate with Francis Fukuyama. "My understanding of the Middle East leads me to conclude that the west should not be too happy. It will bring enormous problems to American interest. It is called "Arab Spring" for now, and I guess it will soon turn to be the winter for the Middle East."

In early 2016, The Economist said the Winter was ongoing and "worse than ever".

Consequences 
According to the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, as of January 2014, the Arab Winter cost the Arab League $800 billion USD. In 2014, sixteen million people in Syria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon were expected to need help.

According to a study by the American University of Beirut, as of the summer of 2014, a quarter of a million died, and millions are refugees.
Political columnist and commentator George Will said that as of early 2017, over 30,000 died in Libya, 220,000–320,000 were killed in Syria, and 4 million refugees had fled the Syrian Civil War alone. 
There is chaos and violence. So many people fled the Middle East and North Africa to Europe, it has resulted in the European migrant crisis. As a result, "boat-people", which was once commonly referred to Vietnamese boat people, became frequently used. These include refugees from Libya or Tunisia, escaping to the European Union across the Mediterranean Sea. Some European politicians fear the migrants might "flood" their shores. So many Europeans are working on laws to help manage the arrivals along their nations' borders.

Related pages 
 Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
 International military intervention against ISIL
 List of modern conflicts in North Africa
 Spillover of the Syrian Civil War
 Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
 Qatar-Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict

References
References

Other websites 
 RT – Flames, Fury & Frustration: Arab Spring spins into Arab Winter?
 RT – CrossTalk: Arab Winter?
 Arirang News – Prime Talk: Are we approaching an Arab Winter? Jang Ji-hyang, Asan Institute for Policy Studies
 VICE – Arab Winter: Syrian refugees in Lebanon Bekaa Valley
 Dimitar Mihaylov – Why the Arab Spring Turned into Arab Winter: Understanding the Middle East Crises through Culture, Religion, and Literature

History of the Middle East
2010s in Asia
2010s in Africa
In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a) is a unit to measure time. It has exactly 365 days of 86,400 seconds each. That is the average length of the year in the Julian calendar used in Western societies in previous centuries, and for which the unit is named. Nevertheless, because a Julian year measures duration rather than designates date, the Julian year does not correspond to years in the Julian calendar or any other calendar. Nor does it correspond to the many other ways of defining a year (for which, see Year). It is also not connected to the Julian day used in astronomy.

References 

Units of time
is a genre of Japanese manga, anime, light novel, video game, etc. It has character(s) who go into a different world.

The types of Isekai 
There are mainly two ways for the character(s) to go to a different world.  

One is . In some stories, the character goes to the different world keeping their memory. But there are also stories that the character remembers their previous life after being grown up. 

The other is . The way of moving to a different world is different between stories. For example, the character may suddenly move to a different world, or be made to move to a different world by somebody like god.

Examples 
Anime that are regarded as Isekai include Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World, That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime, Overlord, No Game No Life, Log Horizon, etc.

There is some debate as to whether some anime such as Sword Art Online. In this anime, the protagonist goes into a virtual world and eventually get out.
Anime
Anime and manga terms
Fantasy
Fiction genres
Manga
Movie genres
Television genres
Anime and manga genres
The Greek government-debt crisis happened after the financial crisis of 2007–08. In Greece it is known as The Crisis (). It started with sudden  reforms and austerity measures. But this made people poor and lose money and land. 

The Greek economy is in the longest recession of any advanced capitalist economy to date. It is even longer than the US Great Depression. Many well-educated Greeks left the country.

A trade deficit means that a country is buying more than it produces, so it has to borrow from others. Both the Greek trade deficit and budget deficit rose from below 5% of GDP in 1999 to peak around 15% of GDP in the 2008–2009 periods. Greece was perceived as a higher credit risk alone than it was as a member of the Eurozone. Thus investors felt the EU would help out Greece.

Reports in 2009 of Greek government disorganization increased borrowing costs. Greece could no longer borrow to finance its trade and budget deficits at an affordable cost.
The Great Recession 
The Greek crisis was triggered by the Great Recession, which led the budget deficits of several Western nations to reach or exceed 10% of GDP. Greece had high budget deficit (10.2%  and 15.1% of GDP in 2008 and 2009, respectively). But at the same time it had high public debt to GDP ratio. Greece appeared to lose control of this ratio, which already reached 127% of GDP in 2009. Being a member of the Eurozone, the country had essentially no autonomous monetary policy flexibility.

Internal factors 
In January 2010, the Greek Ministry of Finance published the Stability and Growth Program 2010. The report listed five main causes: poor GDP growth, government debt and deficits, budget compliance and data credibility. Causes found by others included excess government spending, current account deficits, tax avoidance and tax evasion.

Bibliography 

 
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 .
 .
 .
 .

References 

Financial crises
European Union
Politics of Greece
Austerity measures (political-economics) are government actions that try to reduce government budget deficits. They do this by spending less, increasing tax, both, or some other clever ways.

Austerity measures are used by governments that find it difficult to pay their debts. The measures are meant to reduce the budget deficit by bringing government revenue closer to spending.

In most macroeconomic models, austerity policies generally increase unemployment as government spending falls. Decreased government spending reduces public and maybe private employment. Also, tax increases can reduce consumption by cutting household disposable income. Some say that reducing spending may result in a higher debt-to-GDP ratio because government expenditure itself is a part of GDP.
For example, after the Great Recession, austerity measures in many European countries were followed by increasing unemployment and debt-to-GDP ratios despite smaller budget deficits. When an economy is operating at or near capacity, higher short-term deficit spending (stimulus) can cause interest rates to rise. This results in a reduction in private investment. This then reduces economic growth. Where there is excess capacity, the stimulus can result in an increase in employment and output.

Related pages 
 Functional finance
 Neoliberalism
 Planned shrinkage
 Trickle-down economics

References
Other websites 
 The Austerity Zone: Life in the New Europe – videos by The New York Times
 Socialist Studies Special Edition on Austerity (2011)
 Panic-driven austerity in the Eurozone and its implications Paul De Grauwe, Yuemei Ji, 21 February 2013 
 NYT Review of Books – Paul Krugman – How the Case for Austerity Has Crumbled – June 2013
 IMF Working Paper-Olivier Blanchard and Daniel Leigh-Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers-January 2013
 How Austerity Kills. The New York Times. 12 May 2013.
 The Austerity Delusion; Why a Bad Idea Won Over the West May/June 2013 Foreign Affairs
 Video: Richard Koo debates Kenneth Rogoff about the need for austerity, Institute for New Economic Thinking inaugural conference, 22 April 2010
 "Debt may be 'Schuld' in German, but it's 'belief' in Italian and 'faith' in English" Interview with Mark Blyth Science Portal L.I.S.A., 26 January 2015
 Austerity’s Greek Death Toll: Study Connects Strict Measures to Rise in Suicides. Truthdig. 4 February 2015.
Hundreds of mental health experts issue rallying call against austerity. The Guardian. 17 April 2015.
 Juice Rap News (April 2015). The EuroDivision Contest, a satire/parody of austerity
 Is austerity the new normal? A look at Greece and France, Tony Cross
 Life Under Austerity. Jacobin. 12 July 2015.
 Austerity policies do more harm than good, IMF study concludes. The Guardian. 27 May 2016.
 When left-leaning parties support austerity, their voters start to embrace the far right. The Washington Post. November 20, 2018
The Swadeshi movement was part of the Indian independence movement. It aimed at removing the British Empire from power and improving economic conditions in India. It was begun on 7 August 1905 in Calcutta.

References

Indian independence movement
Lawrence University is a four-year college in Appleton, Wisconsin, United States. It was founded in 1847.  It is a private school not affiliated with any church. In addition to the men's and women's liberal arts colleges, Lawrence has a Conservatory of Music.  In 2018 there were 1,472 students in the university. Of these, 13% were foreign students from  over 45 countries.  There were 405 faculty members (76% were full time).

Degrees granted
Lawrence University grants two four-year degrees: B.A. and B.Mus.  It also grants a five-year combined B.A./B.Mus. degree.

Affiliation
The university is a member of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest (ACM), which has off-campus programs in the United States and many other countries. Students from Lawrence and the other member schools may take part in these programs.

Lawrence has been a member of the Midwest Conference sports league since it began in 1921.

Costs
One year's tuition and fees are $47,475.  Room and board are $10,341.
Accreditation
The University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The Conservatory of Music is an accredited institutional member of the National Association of Schools of Music.

References

Other websites

 

1840s establishments in Wisconsin Territory
1847 establishments in the United States
Colleges and universities in Wisconsin
Gadfly is used for term for horse-fly or botfly. They are ectoparasites of mammals which drive the animals almost crazy with irritation.

Parasites
Flies
Botflies, also known as warble flies or  gadflies, are a family of flies: the Oestridae. Their larvae are internal parasites of mammals, some species growing in the host's flesh and others within the gut.

Flies
In astronomy, an extraterrestrial sky is a view of outer space from the surface of a planet (or related body in space) other than Earth.

The only extraterrestrial sky that has been directly observed and photographed by astronauts is that of the Moon. The skies of Venus, Mars and Titan have been observed by space probes designed to land on the surface and send images back to Earth.

Extraterrestrial skies seem to vary because of a number of reasons. An extraterrestrial atmosphere, if present, has a large bearing on visible characteristics. The atmosphere's density and chemical composition can contribute to differences in color, opacity (including haze) and the presence of clouds. Astronomical objects may also be visible and can include natural satellites, rings, star systems and nebulas and other planetary system bodies.
For skies that have not been directly or indirectly observed, their appearance can be simulated based on known factors, such as the position of astronomical objects relative to the surface and atmospheric composition.

Mercury
Because Mercury has little or no atmosphere, a view of the planet's skies would be no different from viewing space from orbit. Mercury has a southern pole star, Alpha Pictoris. It is fainter than Earth's Polaris in the constellation Ursa Minor.

The Sun from Mercury
On average, the visible diameter of the Sun on Mercury is 2.5 times as large as it appears from Earth, and its total brightness is more than 6 times as great. Because of the planet's orbit, the Sun's apparent diameter in the sky would vary from 2.2 times that from Earth to 3.2 times. The sun would be over ten-times brighter.

Due to its slow rotation, a day on Mercury lasts around 176 Earth days.
Other planets seen from Mercury
After the Sun, the second-brightest object in the Mercurian sky is Venus, which is much brighter there than for observers on Earth.

The Earth and the Moon are also very prominent in the sky of Mercury. and −1.2, respectively. All other planets are visible just as they are on Earth, but somewhat less bright at opposition.

Venus

The atmosphere of Venus is so thick that the Sun cannot be easily seen in the daytime sky, and the stars are not visible at night. Color images taken by the space probes suggest that the sky on Venus is orange. If the Sun could be seen from Venus's surface, the time from one sunrise to the next would be about 117 Earth days. Because of the rotation of Venus, the Sun would appear to rise in the west and set in the east.
An observer above the clouds of Venus would circle the planet in about four Earth days, and see a sky in which the Earth and the Moon shine brightly. Mercury would also be easy to spot, because it is closer and brighter, and because its maximum elongation from the Sun is considerably larger than when observed from Earth.

The Moon

The Moon's atmosphere is very thin so its sky is always black, as in the case of Mercury. However, the Sun is so bright that it is impossible to see stars during the daytime, unless the observer is well shielded from sunlight.

The Sun from the Moon
The Sun looks the same from the Moon as it does from Earth's orbit, somewhat brighter than it does from the Earth's surface, and colored pure white, due to the lack of scattering and absorption in its very thin atmosphere.
Due to the position and orbit of the moon, the Sun nearly always takes the same path through the Moon's sky over the course of a year. As a result, there are craters and valleys near the Moon's poles that never receive direct sunlight, and there may exist mountains and hilltops that are never in shadow.

The Earth from the Moon
Among the most prominent features of the Moon's sky is Earth. Earth shows phases, just like the Moon does for observers on Earth. The phases, however, are opposite; when the observer on Earth sees the full Moon, the lunar observer sees a "new Earth", and vice versa. The full Earth glows over 50 times brighter than the full Moon at its brightest for the observer on Earth. Earth light reflected on the Moon's darker half is bright enough to be visible from Earth, and is known as known as earthshine.
As a result of the Moon's rotation, one side of the Moon (the "near side") is permanently turned towards Earth, and the other side, the "far side", mostly cannot be seen from Earth. This means, conversely, that Earth can be seen only from the near side of the Moon and would always be invisible from the far side.

Eclipses from the Moon

Earth and the Sun sometimes meet in the lunar sky, causing an eclipse. On Earth, one would see a lunar eclipse, when the Moon passes through the Earth's shadow; meanwhile on the Moon, one would see a solar eclipse, when the Sun goes behind the Earth. Since the apparent diameter of the Earth is four times as large as that of the Sun, the Sun would be hidden behind the Earth for hours. Earth's atmosphere would be visible as a reddish ring.
Solar eclipse shadows, when the Moon blocks sunlight to the Earth, on the other hand, would not be as spectacular for observers on the Moon viewing the Earth: the Moon's umbra nearly tapers out at the Earth's surface. A blurry dark patch would be barely visible. The effect would be comparable to the shadow of a golf ball cast by sunlight on an object  away. Observers on the Moon with telescopes might be able to discern the umbral shadow as a black spot at the center of a less dark region (penumbra) traveling across the full Earth's disk. It would look essentially the same as it does to the Deep Space Climate Observatory, which orbits Earth at the L1 Lagrangian point in the Sun-Earth system,  from Earth.

In summary, whenever an eclipse of some sort is occurring on Earth, an eclipse of another sort is occurring on the Moon. Eclipses occur for observers on both Earth and the Moon whenever the two bodies and the Sun align in a straight line.
Mars
Mars has only a thin atmosphere; however, it is extremely dusty, and there is much light that is scattered about. The sky is thus rather bright during the daytime and stars are not visible.

The color of the Martian sky

Capturing accurate color images from Mars's surface is difficult. For many years, the sky on Mars was thought to be more pinkish than it is now believed to be.

It is now known that during the Martian day, the sky is a butterscotch color. Around sunset and sunrise, the sky is rose in color, but in the vicinity of the setting Sun it is blue. This is the opposite of the situation on Earth. Twilight lasts a long time after the Sun has set and before it rises because of the dust high up in the atmosphere of Mars.

On Mars, the red color of the sky is caused by the presence of iron(III) oxide in the airborne dust particles. These particles are larger in size than gas molecules, so most of the light is scattered. Dust absorbs blue light and scatters longer wavelengths (red, orange, yellow).
The Sun from Mars
The Sun as seen from Mars is about  as large as seen from Earth, and shines 40% of the light, approximately the brightness of a slightly cloudy afternoon on Earth.

Mars's moons as seen from Mars
Mars has two small moons: Phobos and Deimos. From the Martian surface, Phobos is one-third to one-half the size of the Sun, while Deimos is barely more than a dot.

Due to its orbit, Phobos rises in the west and sets in the east. Deimos rises in the east and sets in the west, like a "normal" moon, although its appearance to the naked eye would be star-like. Phobos and Deimos can both eclipse the Sun as seen from Mars, although neither can completely cover its disk and so the event is in fact a transit, rather than an eclipse.

Earth from Mars

The Earth is visible from Mars as a double star; the Moon would be visible alongside it as a fainter companion.

Venus from Mars
Venus as seen from Mars would have an apparent magnitude of about −3.2.
The outer planets
Compared with their view from Earth, the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) would appear slightly brighter during opposition, but slightly dimmer during conjunction.

The skies of Mars's moons
From Phobos, Mars appears 6,400 times larger and 2,500 times brighter than the full Moon as seen from Earth. From Deimos, Mars appears 1,000 times larger and 400 times brighter than the full Moon as seen from Earth.

The Asteroid Belt
The asteroid belt is sparsely populated and most asteroids are very small, so that an observer situated on one asteroid would be unlikely to be able to see another without the aid of a telescope. Some asteroids that cross the orbits of planets may occasionally get close enough to a planet or asteroid so that an observer from that asteroid can make out the disc of the nearby object without the aid of binoculars or a telescope.
Jupiter
Although no images from within Jupiter's atmosphere have ever been taken, artistic representations typically assume that the planet's sky is blue, though dimmer than Earth's, because the sunlight there is on average 27 times fainter, at least in the upper reaches of the atmosphere. The planet's narrow rings might be faintly visible from latitudes above the equator. Further down into the atmosphere, the Sun would be obscured by clouds and haze of various colors, most commonly blue, brown, and red. Although theories abound on the cause of the colors, there is currently no clear answer.

From Jupiter, the Sun appears to be less than a quarter of its size as seen from Earth.

Jupiter's moons as seen from Jupiter
None of the surface features on Jupiter's moons would appear as prominent as the lunar maria do when the Moon is viewed from Earth. Dark and light patches would be visible on Io's surface due to the coloration of sulfur that covers Io, and the largest volcanoes would be designated by dark points, but the lack of large, contrasting features results in a poor view of it. Europa, however, would appear as a completely featureless white disc. Even when viewed from nearby, most spacecraft images use contrast enhancements to clearly show the cracks in the Europan ice. Vague dark and light patches would be visible on Ganymede, whereas Callisto is much too distant for any features to be made out.

All four Galilean moons stand out because of the swiftness of their motion, compared to the Moon. They are all also large enough to fully eclipse the Sun.
Jupiter's small inner moons appear only as star-like points except Amalthea, which can occasionally appear as large as Callisto. However, they would all be brighter than any star. The outer moons would be invisible except for Himalia, which would appear as a dim, star-like point to the naked eye only under favorable circumstances.

The skies of Jupiter's moons
None of Jupiter's moons have more than traces of atmosphere, so their skies are black or very nearly so. For an observer on one of the moons, the most prominent feature of the sky by far would be Jupiter.

Because the inner moons of Jupiter are in synchronous rotation around Jupiter, the planet always appears in nearly the same spot in their skies. Observers on the sides of the Galilean satellites facing away from the planet would never see Jupiter, for instance.
From the moons of Jupiter, solar eclipses caused by the Galilean satellites would be spectacular, because an observer would see the circular shadow of the eclipsing moon travel across Jupiter's face.

Saturn

The sky in the upper reaches of Saturn's atmosphere is blue, but the predominant color of its cloud decks suggests that it may be yellowish further down. The rings of Saturn are almost certainly visible from the upper reaches of its atmosphere. The rings are so thin that from a position on Saturn's equator, they would be almost invisible. However, from anywhere else on the planet, they could be seen as a spectacular arc stretching across half the celestial hemisphere.
Saturn's moons would not look particularly impressive in its sky, as most are fairly small, and the largest are a long way from the planet. Even Titan, the largest moon of Saturn, appears only half the size of Earth's moon. In fact, Titan is the dimmest of Saturn's large moons due to its great distance and dimness; Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, and Rhea are all brighter. Most of the inner moons would appear as bright, star-like points (with the exception of Janus), although most would shine brighter than any star. None of the outer moons would be visible except Phoebe which would be very dim.

The skies of Saturn's moons
Since the inner moons of Saturn are all in synchronous rotation, the planet always appears in the same spot in their skies. Observers on the sides of those satellites facing away from the planet would never see Saturn. In the skies of Saturn's inner moons, Saturn is an enormous object.

The rings from Saturn's moons
The sky of Titan
Titan is the only moon in the Solar System to have a thick atmosphere. The Titanean sky is a light tangerine color. However, an astronaut standing on the surface of Titan would see a hazy brownish/dark orange color. As a consequence of its greater distance from the Sun and the thickness of its atmosphere, the surface of Titan receives only about  of the sunlight Earth does – daytime on Titan is thus only as bright as twilight on the Earth. It seems likely that Saturn is permanently invisible behind orange smog, and even the Sun would be only a lighter patch in the haze, barely illuminating the surface of ice and methane lakes. However, in the upper atmosphere, the sky would have a blue color and Saturn would be visible. With its thick atmosphere and methane rain, Titan is the only celestial body other than Earth upon which rainbows on the surface could form. However, given the extreme thickness of the atmosphere in visible light, the vast majority of the rainbow would be in the infrared.
The sky of Enceladus

Seen from Enceladus, Saturn would have a visible diameter sixty times more than the Moon visible from Earth. Moreover, since Enceladus rotates synchronously with its orbital period and therefore keeps one face pointed toward Saturn, the planet never moves in the sky of Enceladus and cannot be seen from the far side of the satellite.

Saturn's rings would be almost invisible, but their shadow on Saturn's disk would be clearly distinguishable. Like our own Moon from Earth, Saturn itself would show regular phases. From Enceladus, the Sun would have a diameter of only one-ninth that of the Moon as seen from Earth.
An observer located on Enceladus could also observe Mimas (the biggest satellite located inside Enceladus's orbit) transit in front of Saturn every 72 hours, on average. Its apparent size would be about the same size as the Moon seen from Earth. Pallene and Methone would appear nearly star-like. Tethys, visible from Enceladus's anti-Saturnian side, would reach a maximum apparent size, about twice that of the Moon as seen from the Earth.

Uranus

Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of Uranus is probably a light blue. It is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark.
None of Uranus's moons would appear as large as a full moon on Earth from the surface of Uranus, but the large number of them would present an interesting sight for observers hovering above the cloud tops. Unlike on Jupiter and Saturn, many of the inner moons can be seen as disks rather than star-like points; the moons Portia and Juliet can appear around the size of Miranda at times, and a number of other inner moons appear larger than Oberon. The outer irregular moons would not be visible to the naked eye.

The low light levels at such a great distance from the sun ensure that the moons appear very dim; the brightest, Ariel, would shine more than 100 times dimmer than the moon as seen from Earth. Meanwhile, the outer large moon Oberon would be only as bright as Venus despite its proximity.

Neptune
Neptune

Judging by the color of its atmosphere, the sky of Neptune is probably an azure or sky blue, similar to Uranus'. As in the case of Uranus, it is unlikely that the planet's rings can be seen from its surface, as they are very thin and dark.

Aside from the Sun, the most notable object in Neptune's sky is its large moon Triton, which would appear slightly smaller than a full Moon on Earth. It moves more swiftly than our Moon. The smaller moon Proteus would show a disk about half the size of the full Moon. An alignment of the inner moons would likely produce a spectacular sight. Neptune's large outer satellite, Nereid, is not large enough to appear as a disk from Neptune, and is not noticeable in the sky. The other irregular outer moons would not be visible to the naked eye.

As with Uranus, the low light levels cause the major moons to appear very dim.
The sky of Triton
Triton, Neptune's largest moon, has an atmosphere, but it is so thin that its sky is still black, possibly with some pale haze at the horizon. Because Triton orbits with synchronous rotation, Neptune always appears in the same position in its sky. As Neptune orbits the Sun, Triton's polar regions take turns facing the Sun for 82 years at a stretch, resulting in radical seasonal changes as one pole, then the other, moves into the sunlight.

Neptune itself with a maximum brightness would be about that of the full moon on Earth. Due to its eccentric orbit, Nereid would vary considerably in brightness; its disk would be far too small to see with the naked eye. Proteus would also be difficult to resolve but, at its closest, would rival Canopus.

Trans-Neptunian Objects
A trans-Neptunian object is any minor planet in the Solar System that orbits the Sun at a greater average distance than Neptune.
Pluto and Charon
Pluto, accompanied by its largest moon Charon, orbits the Sun at a distance usually outside the orbit of Neptune except for a twenty-year period in each orbit.
From Pluto, the Sun is point-like to human eyes, but still very bright, giving roughly 150 to 450 times the light of the full Moon from Earth. Nonetheless, human observers on Pluto would notice a large decrease in available light.

Pluto's atmosphere consists of a thin envelope of nitrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide gases, all of which are derived from the ices of these substances on its surface. When Pluto is close to the Sun, the temperature of Pluto's solid surface increases, causing these ices to sublimate into gasses. This atmosphere also produces a noticeable blue haze that is visible at sunset and possibly other times of the Plutonian day.
Pluto and Charon are tidally locked to each other. This means that Charon always presents the same face to Pluto, and Pluto also always presents the same face to Charon. Observers on the far side of Charon from Pluto would never see the dwarf planet; observers on the far side of Pluto from Charon would never see the moon. Charon, as seen from Pluto's surface would be a very large object in the night sky.

Comets
The sky of a comet changes dramatically as it nears the Sun. During closest distance, a comet's ices begin to sublime from its surface, forming tails of gas and dust, and a coma. An observer on a comet nearing the Sun might see the stars slightly obscured by a milky haze, which could create halo effects around the Sun and other bright objects.
Extrasolar planets
For observers on extrasolar planets, the constellations would differ depending on the distances involved. A consequence of observing the universe from other stars is that stars that may appear bright in our own sky may appear dimmer in other skies and vice versa.

A planet around either α Centauri A or B would see the other star as a very bright secondary.

From a planet orbiting Aldebaran, 65 light years away, our Sun would be seen as an insignificant star between Ophiuchus and Scorpius. Constellations made of bright, distant stars would look somewhat similar (such as Orion and Scorpius) but much of the night sky would seem unfamiliar to someone from Earth. Even Orion would appear somewhat different; viewed from this position, Alnilam and Mintaka would appear to be on top of each other, thus reducing the belt to two stars. Also, Bellatrix would be much closer to the belt, making the "chest" of Orion somewhat smaller.
Stars 
If the Sun were to be observed from the Alpha Centauri system, the nearest star system to ours, it would appear to be as a star in the constellation Cassiopeia. Due to the proximity of the Alpha Centauri system, the constellations would, for the most part, appear similar.

From further away, the Sun would be an average looking star in the constellation Serpens Caput. At this distance, most of the stars nearest to us would be in different locations to those in our sky, including Alpha Centauri, Sirius, and Procyon.

Related pages

 Earth phase
 Exosphere
 Extraterrestrial skies (en wiki)
 Sky
 Spaceship Earth
 Timeline of first images of Earth from space (en wiki)

References

Further reading

Other websites
 Astronauts on the planets
 Essay on the possible sky colours of alien worlds.
 JPL Solar System Simulator
 Phases of Charon as seen from Pluto
 The Starry Universe – Life magazine (December 20, 1954).
 Sunsets simulated on other planets (NASA; 22 June 2020)
 
 

Astronomy
A warble fly is a large fly of the genus Hypoderma. It is an ectoparasite on horses, sheep, goats and humans. They lay their eggs on the front legs of large animals. They bore their way in, causing damage and distress. They have been eliminated from European countries, but reinfestations occur regularly.

Flies
Parasites
Ford County (county code FO) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 34,287 people lived there. Its county seat is Dodge City. Dodge City is also the biggest city in Ford County. The county is named after Colonel James Hobart Ford.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.07%) is water.

People

The Dodge City Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Ford County.

The 2020 census says that there were 34,287 people. These people made up households. 50.1% of the people were White, 2.9% were Black or African American, 2.2% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 24.5% from other races, and 19.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 57.4% of the population.

Government
Government

Presidential elections
Ford County has been strongly Republican for most of its history, especially in recent elections. Only eight Democratic presidential candidates from 1888 to the present day have won the county. The most recent winner being Jimmy Carter in 1976.

Laws

Ford County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was changed in 1986. The changed allowed liquor to be sold.

References

Kansas counties
1867 establishments in Kansas
Riley County (standard abbreviation: RL) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 71,959 people lived there. The biggest city is Manhattan. Manhattan is also the county seat.

Two of Kansas' biggest employers are in Riley County: Fort Riley and Kansas State University.

History
On May 30, 1879, the "Irving, Kansas Tornado" started in Riley County. This tornado was believed to have been an F4 on the Fujita scale. The damage path of it was  wide and  long. Eighteen people were killed. Sixty people were injured.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (2.0%) is water.

The county is in the Flint Hills region of Kansas.

People

Riley County is part of the Manhattan, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area. Millennials make up 53.6% of the population of Riley County. It is one of the highest rates in the United States.

Government

Presidential elections
Riley County is the only county in Kansas without an elected sheriff. The county police department handles all the Sheriff’s responsibilities.

Education

Colleges and universities
 Kansas State University
 Manhattan Christian College
 Manhattan Area Technical College

Unified school districts
 Riley County USD 378
 Manhattan-Ogden USD 383
 Manhattan High School
 Blue Valley USD 384

Places

Cities
 Leonardville
 Manhattan, also partly in Pottawatomie County
 Ogden
 Randolph
 Riley

Fort Riley
Fort Riley Military Reservation covers  in Geary and Riley counties. It is north of the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers in Geary County.  25,000 people are in the fort during the day. It includes a census-designated place:
 Fort Riley (formerly "Fort Riley North")

References

Other websites
Other websites

County
 
 Riley County - Directory of Public Officials
Historical
 The Irving, KS Tornado
 Riley County Kansas AHGP
Maps
 Riley County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Riley County Maps:  (historical Township and place maps)
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

Kansas counties
1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
The Election Commission of India held indirect 2nd presidential elections of India on May 6, 1957. Dr. Rajendra Prasad won his re-election with 459,698 votes over his rivals Chowdhry Hari Ramwho got 2,672 votes and Nagendra Narayan Das who got 2,000 votes. Rajendra Prasad, has been the only person, to have won and served two terms, as President of India.

1950s in India
1957
Presidential elections in India
Geary County (county code GE) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 36,739 people lived there. Its county seat and most populous city is Junction City. The county is named after Governor John W. Geary.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (4.9%) is water. It is the second-smallest county in Kansas by land area. It is the third-smallest by total area.

People

Geary County is in the Junction City, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is included in the Manhattan-Junction City, KS Combined Statistical Area.

Government

Presidential elections

Laws
Geary County was a prohibition, or "dry", county until the Kansas Constitution was amended in 1986 and voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30% food sales requirement.  The food sales requirement was removed with voter approval in 1990.

Education
Education

Unified school districts
 Geary County USD 475
Geary is one of the few Kansas counties where a single school district serves the entire county.

Communities

Cities
 Grandview Plaza
 Junction City
 Milford

Unincorporated community
 Wreford

Ghost towns
 Alida, razed when Milford Lake was built

Fort Riley
Located north of the junction of the Smoky Hill and Republican rivers, the Fort Riley Military Reservation covers  in Geary and Riley counties.  The fort has a daytime population of nearly 25,000 and includes one census-designated place:
 Fort Riley (formerly Fort Riley North), primarily in Riley County

Townships

Geary County is divided into eight townships.  The city of Junction City is considered governmentally independent and is excluded from the census figures for the townships.  In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.

References
References

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Geary County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 42 pages; 1909.

Other websites

County
 
 Geary County - Directory of Public Officials
Other
 Junction City and Geary County Economic Development
 Geary County Convention and Visitors Bureau
 Fort Riley 
Historical
 Geary County Kansas AHGP
Maps
 Geary County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

Kansas counties
1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
Kara Swisher is an Opinion writer at the NY Times.

Other websites
 https://www.nytimes.com/column/kara-swisher

American journalists
Niobrara County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 United States Census, 2,484 people lived there. Its county seat is Lusk. Its eastern boundary abuts the west lines of the states of Nebraska and South Dakota.

History 
Niobrara County was created on February 21, 1911.

The county was named for the Niobrara River, which rises near Lusk.

Geography 
According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.07%) is water.

Bordering counties 

 Weston County – north
 Custer County, South Dakota – northeast
 Fall River County, South Dakota – east
 Sioux County, Nebraska – southeast
 Goshen County – south
 Platte County – southwest
 Converse County – west

Communities

Towns 
 Lusk (county seat)
 Manville
 Van Tassell

Census-designated place 
 Lance Creek

Unincorporated communities 
 Keeline
 Riverview

References

Other websites 

 Niobrara County, Wyoming official website

1911 establishments in Wyoming
Wyoming counties
Platte County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 8,667 people lived there. Its county seat is Wheatland.

History 
Platte County was created on February 21, 1911. The county was named for the North Platte River, which flows through the northeastern part of the county.

Geography 
According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.3%) is water. It is the third-smallest county in Wyoming by area.

Bordering counties 

 Niobrara County (northeast)
 Goshen County (east)
 Laramie County (south)
 Albany County (west)
 Converse County (northwest)

Communities

Towns 

 Chugwater
 Glendo
 Guernsey
 Hartville
 Wheatland (county seat)

Census-designated places 

 Chugcreek
 Lakeview North
 Slater
 Westview Circle
 Y-O Ranch
 Whiting

Unincorporated communities 

 Bordeaux
 Diamond
 Dwyer
 Dwyer Junction
 Uva
 Wendover

Ghost towns 
 Sunrise

References

Other websites 

 Platte County, Wyoming official website
1911 establishments in Wyoming
Wyoming counties
Sheridan County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 29,116 people lived there. Its county seat is Sheridan.

Communities

City 
 Sheridan (county seat)

Towns 
 Clearmont
 Dayton
 Ranchester

Census-designated places 
 Arvada
 Big Horn
 Parkman
 Story

Unincorporated communities 

 Acme
 Banner
 Beckton
 Burgess Junction
 Kleenburn
 Leiter
 Ucross
 Ulm
 Wolf
 Wyarno

References

Other websites 

 Sheridan County, Wyoming official website

1880s establishments in Wyoming Territory
1888 establishments in the United States
Wyoming counties