Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on a bit array at the level of its individual bits.

Bitwise operators
In the explanations below, any indication of a bit's position is counted from the right side, moving left. For example, the binary value 0001 (decimal 1) has zeroes at every position but the first (i.e. the rightmost) one.

NOT
The bitwise NOT, or complement, is an operation that performs logical negation on each bit. Bits that are 0 become 1, and those that are 1 become 0. For example:

 NOT 0111  (decimal 7)
   = 1000  (decimal 8)

 NOT 10101011  (decimal 171)
   = 01010100  (decimal 84)

AND
A bitwise AND is an operation that takes two bit patterns and performs the logical AND operation on each pair of bits. If both bits in the compared position are 1, the result is 1 otherwise the result is 0. For example:

     0101 (decimal 5)
 AND 0011 (decimal 3)
   = 0001 (decimal 1)
OR
A bitwise OR is an operation that takes two bit patterns of equal length and performs the logical inclusive OR operation on each pair of bits. If both bits are 0 the result is 0, while otherwise, the result is 1. For example:

    0101 (decimal 5)
 OR 0011 (decimal 3)
  = 0111 (decimal 7)

XOR
A bitwise XOR is an operation that takes two bit patterns of equal length and performs the logical exclusive OR operation on each pair of bits. If both bits are 0 the result 0, if one bit is 1 and the other is zero the result is 1, and if both bits are 1 the result is 0.

     0101 (decimal 5)
 XOR 0011 (decimal 3)
   = 0110 (decimal 6)

Computer science
Boolean algebra
Irving Berlin (May 11, 1888 – September 22, 1989), born Israel Baline in Imperial Russia, was a Jewish-American songwriter.

Selected works
Berlin's first popular success was "Alexander's Ragtime Band."

In 1938, Kate Smith made "God Bless America" a popular hit.

In 1942, Berlin won the Academy Award for the best original song in the movie "Holiday Inn". The song was "White Christmas.". Bing Crosby recorded the song. This became "the best-selling record of all time."

Broadway musicals written by Berlin included "Annie Get Your Gun" and "Call me Madam."

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Irving Berlin Music Company
PBS page on Irving Berlin , part of their Great Performances series
If Irving Berlin could not read or write music, how did he compose?  (from The Straight Dope)
 Liner notes for The Vintage Irving Berlin, New World Records NW 238 
Irving Berlin collection of non-commercial sound recordings, at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
The Judy Room "Easter Parade" section 
Daniel K. Elder "Remarkable Sergeants: Ten Vignettes of Noteworthy NCOs," http://ncohistory.com/files/RemarkableSgts.pdf

1888 births
1989 deaths
American centenarians
American composers
American Jews
American movie score composers
American pianists
American songwriters
Entertainers from New York City
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
A supercentenarian is someone who has lived to the age of 110 years or more, something achieved by only one in a thousand centenarians. A very small number of supercentenarians have lived to be 115. Early uses of the word meant a person well over 100, but now it is just known as people who are 110 or older.

Thomas Johhanes Peters (1745 - 1857) is the first undisputed supercentenarian case in history.

Jeanne Calment (1875 - 1997) had the world's longest verified human lifespan at 122 years, 164 days.

Jiroemon Kimura (1897 - 2013) is the longest lived documented man at 116 years, 54 days.

Related pages 
 Oldest people
 List of American supercentenarians

References

Other websites 
 LongeviQuest
 Supercentenarian Research Foundation
 International Database on Longevity
 Gerontology Research Group
 List of Super-centenarians Louis Epstein
Leila Alice Daughtry Denmark, M.D. (February 1, 1898– April 1, 2012) is an American pediatrician who still worked until she was 103. She worked on the vaccine for pertussis (also known as whooping cough) in the 1920s and 1930s.

As a doctor, she was one of the first to be against smoking near children and drug use in pregnant women. She also thinks that it is bad to drink cow's milk, people should eat fruit but not drink fruit juices, and drink only water.

When she turned 100, she did not want cake because it had too much sugar in it. She turned 110 in 2008, becoming a rare case of a supercentenarian who had been known for reasons other than her age.

Related pages 
 List of American supercentenarians

References

Other websites 
 Keenlyside, Barbara. "Dr. Leila Denmark's secret: Love what you do." Atlanta Business Chronicle, 24 July, 1998. 
 Meyer, M.D., Charles R. "The Graying Physician". 'MMA Publications', August 2006. 
 Report on Leila Denmark's supercentenarian status
1898 births
2012 deaths
American physicians
American supercentenarians
Scientists from Georgia (U.S. state)
The dhow is a type of boat. It is Middle Eastern in make. The boat is a popular type of transport along the Nile river. The dhow is normally small with a big sail.

Sailing
Boats
Sarah Siddons (5 July 1755 – 8 June 1831) was a Welsh actress. She was the best-known actress who played tragedies of the 18th century. She was the older sister of John Philip Kemble, Charles Kemble, Stephen Kemble, Ann Hatton and Elizabeth Whitlock. She is very famous for the way she played the Shakespearean character Lady Macbeth. She grew to liking the character Lady Macbeth very much.

Biography

Youth
She was born Sarah Kemble in Brecon, Brecknockshire, Wales. She was the oldest daughter of Roger Kemble, an actor and manager. He travelled around with his company, which included most members of his family,  and Sarah "Sally" Ward.

Acting was only just becoming a respectable profession for a woman. At first, her parents did not like the fact that she had chosen to become an actress.
Career
In 1774, Siddons had her first success as Belvidera in Thomas Otway's Venice Preserved. Because of this role, David Garrick noticed her. Garrick later sent someone to see her act as Calista in Thomas Rowe's Fair Penitent. After this, she was engaged to appear at Drury Lane. She was inexperienced. Because of this, and other factors, her first appearances as Portia in the play The Merchant of Venice and in other parts were not well received. She received a note from the manager of Drury Lane saying that her services would not be required. She was, in her own words :

In 1777, she went to play in the provinces. For the next six years she worked in provincial companies, in particular those in York and Bath. Her fame grew. Her next Drury Lane appearance on 10 October 1782 was very different. She was an immediate sensation playing the title role in Garrick's adaptation of a play by Thomas Southerne, Isabella, or, The Fatal Marriage.
Her most famous role was that of Lady Macbeth.  Because she was very good at expressing emotion when she acted Lady Macbeth'''s murderous passions she could captivate her audience. Lady Macbeth was the play best adapted to her acting. She was tall and had a striking figure, brilliant beauty, powerfully expressive eyes, and solemn dignity of demeanour. This allowed her to claim the character as her own.

After Lady Macbeth she played Desdemona in Othello, Rosalind in As You Like It, Ophelia and Volumnia, all with great success. In Queen Catherine she discovered a role that was almost as well adapted to her acting powers as that of Lady Macbeth.

It was the beginning of twenty years in which she was the queen of Drury Lane. Her celebrity status has been called "mythical" and "monumental". By "the mid-1780s Siddons was established as a cultural icon." She mixed with the literary and social elites of London society. She knew people like  Samuel Johnson, Edmund Burke,  Hester Thrale Piozzi, and William Windham.
In 1802 she left Drury Lane. She then appeared on the stage of a rival theatre, Covent Garden, from time to time. It was there, on 29 June 1812, that she gave perhaps the most extraordinary farewell performance in theatre history. She was playing her most famous role, Lady Macbeth, and the audience refused to allow the play to continue after the end of the sleepwalking scene. Eventually, after tumultuous applause from the pit, the curtain reopened and Siddons was discovered sitting in her own clothes and character - whereupon she made an emotional farewell speech to the audience lasting eight minutes.

Mrs Siddons formally retired from the stage in 1812, but continued to appear on special occasions. Her last appearance was on 9 June 1819 as Lady Randolph in John Home's Douglas.

Personal life
She began as a ladies maid to Lady Greathead at Guy’s Cliffe House, near the Saxon Mill, Coventry Road, Warks.
In 1773, at the age of 18, she married William Siddons, an actor. She was less lucky with her family. She had seven children but five of them died. Her marriage to William Siddons was the cause of many problems. They could not divorce, but they separated, and lived in different places.

Death
Sarah Siddons died in 1831 in London. She is buried in Saint Mary's Cemetery at Paddington Green.

Reynolds portrait

Sir Joshua Reynolds painted his famous portrait, "Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse," in 1784 (see Infobox), and signed it on the hem of her dress, "for," he told her, "I have resolved to go down to posterity on the hem of your garment."
In 1950, Joseph Mankiewicz saw the portrait and decided that it would provide the setting for the opening scene of All About Eve. The scene opened in the ballroom of the then fictitious Sarah Siddons Society. The occasion is the presentation of the Sarah Siddons award statuette, modeled on Sarah Siddons as the Tragic Muse. In the climactic party scene, the painting is prominently displayed between Bette Davis and Marilyn Monroe. The portrait also presides over the final scene when Anne Baxter moves past it.

In 1957, Bette Davis posed as Sarah Siddons in a re-creation of the painting staged as part of the Pageant of the Masters.

Cultural references
At the time of the release of All About Eve, The Sarah Siddons Award was a purely fictitious award. However, there now exists the American Sarah Siddons Award for dramatic achievement in theatre: a genuine and prestigious award, named in honor of Siddons. The award is given annually in Chicago by the "Sarah Siddons Society."
The London Underground had an electric locomotive built by Vickers named after her.  Used on the Metropolitan Line, No. 12 lasted along with other locomotives, until 1961.  Painted a maroon colour, she is now the only one of twenty locomotives to remain preserved in working order.

Michael Corby, founder of the 1970s group The Babys, is reportedly the great-great-great-great-grandson of Sarah Siddons.

Related pages
Kemble family

References

Further reading
Seewald, Jan: Theatrical Sculpture. Skulptierte Bildnisse berühmter englischer Schauspieler (1750–1850), insbesondere David Garrick und Sarah Siddons. Herbert Utz Verlag, München 2007, 

 Other websites 
Shaughnessy, Robert. “Siddons, Sarah (1755–1831).” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Ed. H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison. Oxford: OUP, 2004. Online ed. Ed. Lawrence Goldman. Jan. 2006. 16 Dec. 2006.

1755 births
1831 deaths
Welsh stage actors
The Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks on the Empire of Japan during World War II (WWII). The United States and the Allies were fighting against Japan and slowly winning.  Two nuclear weapons were dropped on Japan, one on the city of Hiroshima and the other on the city of Nagasaki.  The generals wanted to bomb Kokura instead of Nagasaki, but it was too cloudy over Kokura that day. U.S. President Harry S. Truman ordered these attacks on August 6 and 9, 1945.  This was near the end of WWII.
Many say that the atomic bombs actually saved many lives in the long run because it prevented the invasion of Japan.  However, Japan had lost a huge part of its food resources and the majority of its navy.  Many of these people suggest that Japan may have lacked the strength to carry out major fighting.  US military commanders made statements during and immediately after 1945 that they believed Japan was effectively defeated prior to the dropping of the bomb.  Before the bombs, Japan offered to surrender, on condition that their leaders had to stay in charge.  America said the Emperor of Japan leader could stay in power, but the Japanese had to take orders from American soldiers placed in Japan, making it an occupied territory.  More people would have been killed in a full battle in Japan.  Some give different guesses of deaths in an invasion and deaths by the atomic bombs, and say that the bombings were not necessary. People still argue about this
.  No nuclear weapon has ever been used against a target since August 9, 1945.
The decision to use nuclear weapons on Japan was made after an analysis showed that more than a million people—combatants and civilians of both nations—would die if Japan was invaded by Allied forces. The nuclear bombings, while shocking and unprecedented, actually paled in comparison with the Operation Meetinghouse firebombing of Tokyo on March 9/10, 1945, which killed 100,000 civilians and destroyed 16 square miles in a single night. Doing nothing or waiting for surrender was not an option because hundreds of thousands of combatants, civilians, and prisoners of war were dying each month in the territories of the Empire of Japan.
Partly because of the atomic bombings, Japan adopted the Three Non-Nuclear Principles after the war. These principles said that Japan could not create or try to get nuclear weapons. A scientist Albert Einstein wrote a letter about the atomic bomb on August 2, 1939. But he said later, "I made one great mistake in my life, when I signed a letter to President Roosevelt recommending that atom bombs be made."

Related pages 
 Nuclear fission
 Nuclear war

References

Other websites 
 Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum  Peace Database
The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki at atomicarchive.com

1945 in Japan
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
Nuclear weapons
World War II
August events
Sir William Schwenck Gilbert (18 November 1836 – 29 May 1911) was an English dramatist, librettist, poet and illustrator. He is best known for the comic operas (or operettas) that he wrote with Sir Arthur Sullivan.

Gilbert worked in the civil service for a few years, but he did not like it. He studied law and became a lawyer, but not many people hired him. To make more money, he wrote short stories and comic poems for magazines. He also worked as a theatre critic. Gilbert made drawings for some of his poems and signed them "Bab", a nickname he had when he was a baby. Those poems became known as "The Bab Ballads" and were very popular.

In the 1860s Gilbert started writing plays. At first he wrote parodies of other writers' plays and operas, but soon he developed his own way of writing. Gilbert wrote many plays; most of them are not performed anymore, but Engaged (1877), about a man who proposes marriage to every woman he meets, is still performed.
In 1871 Gilbert started working with Sullivan. They wrote fourteen comic operas together; Gilbert wrote the words and Sullivan wrote the music. Their fourth opera, H.M.S. Pinafore (1878), made the team of "Gilbert and Sullivan" famous all over the English-speaking world. Besides Pinafore, their best-known operas are The Pirates of Penzance (1879) and The Mikado (1885). The Gilbert and Sullivan operas are still performed very often, by opera companies, theatre companies, and groups in schools and colleges.

Gilbert and Sullivan sometimes argued about what to write and how to write it, but they worked together for 25 years, from 1871 to 1896. When they were angry with each other, they wrote operas with other people, but those operas did not make as much money as the operas they wrote together. When Sullivan died in 1900, Gilbert stopped writing operas.
Gilbert directed his own plays and operas. He wanted the actors to talk in a natural way, and not shout as if they were giving a speech to a big crowd. Gilbert's ideas helped other playwrights, like Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw, to make their plays more real.

1836 births
1911 deaths
English writers
English poets
English playwrights
Librettists
Gilbert and Sullivan
British illustrators
The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor is a 2008 American adventure movie. It is a sequel to  The Mummy and The Mummy Returns. It was released on August 1, 2008 in the United States. Jet Li is in the movie also.

Theatres 
The movie opened in Los Angeles on July 27, 2008.

Critics ideas 
Most critics said the movie is bad. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times liked it as "plain dumb fun."

References

Other websites
 
 
 

2008 action movies
American action movies
American adventure movies
American fantasy movies
German action movies
German fantasy movies
Canadian action movies
Canadian fantasy movies
Movies set in China
Movies set in deserts
Movies set in the 1940s
The Mummy
Movies directed by Rob Cohen
Universal Pictures movies
The Borough of Congleton (or Congleton Borough) is in Cheshire, England. The towns of Alsager, Congleton, Middlewich and Sandbach are in the Borough. It was part of the second tier of local government. It was replaced by Cheshire East in April 2009.

Religion
The percentage of people of each religion in  the borough. 

People stating religion as: 

Christian: 81.46%
Muslim: 0.17%
Buddhist: 0.12%
Hindu: 0.11%
Jewish: 0.06%
Sikh: 0.04%
Other religions: 0.16%
No religion: 11.46%
Religion not stated: 6.43%

References

Other websites 
Homepage 

Cheshire
Naltar Pass is a mountain pass to the north of Shani Peak in Naltar Valley in Pakistan. The pass lies west of Chaprot Pass and east of Hayal Pass.

References

Mountain passes of Pakistan
Shangla Pass is a mountain pass in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It connects Upper Swat with Lower Swat.

Mountain passes of Pakistan
Diphu Pass is a path through the mountains where the borders of the People's Republic of China, India and Myanmar meet. Diphu Pass is a strategic route to southern South Tibet.

Other websites
Satellite image of the pass

Geography of the People's Republic of China
Dongkha (el. 3060 m./12,000 ft.) is a high mountain pass in the Himalaya connecting Sikkim in Republic of India with Tibet.

The pass offers a view of the Tibetan Plateau. The pass is located in North Sikkim. Near the pass is the placid Cholamo Lake, 6.5 km long and 2.5 km wide.

Mountain passes of India
Goecha La (el. 4940 m.) is a high mountain pass in Sikkim, India in the Himalaya range.

The pass has a view of the southeast face of Kanchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world.

Mountain passes of India
Haldighati is a mountain pass in the Aravalli Range of Rajasthan in western India. It connects Rajsamand and Pali districts, 40 kilometres from Udaipur. The name is believed to have come from the turmeric-coloured yellow soil. (Turmeric is haldi in Hindi.)

Mountain passes of India
Jelep La (also spelled Jelepla) (el. 4267 m./14,300 ft.) is a high mountain pass between Sikkim and Tibet.

Etymologically the term Jelep La is derived from jelep meaning lonely and la meaning pass in Tibetan. The pass is in Sikkim and the route connects Lhasa to the Republic of India. The pass is 46 metres (150 feet) in length.

Mountain passes of India
Kasara Ghat is a ghat (mountain pass) in the Western Ghats, near the town of Kasara in Maharashtra, India. The Kasara Ghat is located on the busy Mumbai–Nashik route, and is one of the four major rail and road routes leading into Mumbai. The railway line, which passes through the ghat, is the steepest in India with a gradient (slope) of 1 in 37.

Mountain passes of India
The Kumbharli Ghat is a mountain pass in Maharashtra, India cutting across the Western Ghats range. It connects the coastal Konkan part of Maharashtra with the Marathwada region on the Deccan plateau.

Mountain passes of India
Lipu-Lekh Pass (el. 5350 m.) is a Himalayan pass in the Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand, India.

Mountain passes of India
Nama Pass (el. 5500 m.) is a Himalayan mountain pass that is found in the eastern part of the Kumaun region in the Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand, India.

Mountain passes of India
Naneghat (Marathi: नाणेघाट) is a mountain pass in the Western Ghats range near Junnar in Pune district of Maharashtra, India.

Mountain passes of India
Palakkad Gap is a 32-42 kilometer wide low mountain pass in the Western Ghats, near Palakkad town in the South Indian State of Kerala.

Mountain passes of India
Pangsau Pass, 3727 feet in altitude, lies on the crest of the Patkai Hills on the Republic of India-Burma (Myanmar) border.

Mountain passes of India
The Pin Parvati Pass is a mountain pass in Himachal Pradesh, India.

Mountain passes of India
Rohtang Pass (el. 13,051 ft (3,978 m) is a high mountain pass 51 km from Manali that connects the Kullu Valley with the Lahul and Spiti valleys of Himachal Pradesh, Republic of India.

The pass is open only from May to November. It is used by a lot of cars, buses and trucks.

A tunnel with 8.8 km (5.5 mi) length is built at 3,100 metres (10,171 ft) elevation and will be opened in 2019. Travelling on the Leh-Manali Highway will then be possible all the year. Now it takes 4 to 6 hours to cross Rohtang pass. It will then take about half an hour to travel through the Rohtang tunnel.

Gallery 

Mountain passes of India
Shipkila is a mountain pass and border post on the Republic of India-People's Republic of China border. It is through this pass which the river Sutlej enters India (from the Tibet Autonomous Region).

It is located in Kinnaur District in the state of Himachal Pradesh, India, and Tibet Autonomous provincial Region in People's Republic of China. The mountainous pass is India's third border post for trade with China after Nathula in Sikkim, and Lipulekh in Uttarakhand. The pass is close to town of Khab. Like other border passes along the Indo-Sino disputed border, it is cliamed by the Chinese and the border because of this is now no longer open for non-residents.

Coordinates & Location Type

Area Type: Hypsographic
Location Type: Pass
Latitude: 31.81667
Longitude: 78.75
Latitude (DMS): 31° 49' 0 N
Longitude (DMS): 78° 45' 0 E

Territorial disputes of China
Territorial disputes of India
Mountain passes of India
Sin La (el. 5495 m.) is a high Himalayan mountain pass in eastern Kumaun. It is in the Pithoragarh District of the Uttarakhand state in India.

Mountain passes of India
Traill's Pass (el. 5212 m.) is a mountain pass through the Himalayas in the Uttarakhand state in the districts of Pithoragarh and Bageshwar in India.

Mountain passes of India
Kangchenjunga (Nepali:कञ्चनजङ्घा Kanchanjaŋghā) SewaLungma (Limbu language) is the third highest mountain in the world (after Mount Everest and K2).

Kangchenjunga has an altitude of 8,586 metres (28,169 ft). Kangchenjunga translated means "The Five Treasures of Snows", as it has five peaks, four of them over 8,450 metres. It is one of the mountains in the range of the Himalayas.

References

Himalayas
Mountains of India
Mountains of Nepal
Sikkim
Fry may mean:

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (when F.R.Y. is capitalized)
Frying, a method of cooking in a pan or pot which may involve immersion in a fat
French fried potatoes (French fries), potatoes cut into sticks and deep-fried
Fry, recently-hatched fish which have absorbed their yolk sacs and can hunt and consume live food
Philip J. Fry, a character from Futurama
A January 2009 Compete.com study ranked Facebook as the most used social networking service by worldwide monthly active users. Entertainment Weekly put the site on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list. It said, "How on earth did we stalk our exes, remember our co-workers birthdays, bug our friends, and play a rousing game of Scrabulous before Facebook?" Quantcast estimates Facebook had 138.9 million monthly different U.S. visitors in May 2011. According to Social Media Today, in April 2010 about 41.6% of the U.S. population had a Facebook account. Facebook's growth started to slow down in some areas. The site lost 7 million active users in the United States and Canada in May 2011 relative to previous statistics.
Criticism 
Facebook has been involved in many controversies over privacy. Some of these controversies have been about people being able to see personal information that other people post, and others are about companies and advertisers being able to see users' personal information. Facebook has sent ads to people based on the persons gender, age, income, national origin and sexual orientation.

Research published in the journal PLOS ONE has shown that Facebook may be responsible for spreading unhappiness through society as well as keeping people connected. Scientists found that the more time people spent on Facebook over a two-week period, the worse they subsequently felt. "On the surface, Facebook provides an invaluable resource for fulfilling the basic human need for social connection. Rather than enhancing well-being, however, these findings suggest that Facebook may undermine it."
Facebook Gaming 
In 2018, Facebook launched Facebook Gaming officially on June 1, 2018 with a pool of gaming streamers including Darkness429, Stonemountain64, ThePoolshark, and Alodia Gosiengfiao.

Facebook Gaming or fb.gg is Facebook's take on gaming livestreams where gamers and fans interact. Facebook launched it as a tab on the Facebook app and a standalone app. It also has an In-stream Rewards feature where viewers are gifted in-game rewards while watching streams with Mobile Legends: Bang Bang being a part of pioneering the feature as mentioned by Jack Li, a Facebook Gaming representative, on Moonton Epicon held last July 18, 2019.

In 2019, Jeremy "DisguisedToast" Wang was signed to Facebook Gaming in a surprise move from Twitch. Soon after, Facebook signed Super Smash Bros. star streamer Gonzalo "ZerO" Barrios.

On February 18, 2020 Ronda Rousey performed her first live stream on Facebook Gaming, announcing that she will stream once per week. The details of her contract were not disclosed.
On April 20, 2020 Facebook launched its gaming app in Playstore, named as Facebook Gaming. This app was actually planned to release in June 2020, but Facebook preponed on witnessing the community demand.

References

Other websites
https://www.facebook.com/

2004 establishments in the United States
Social networking
American technology companies
Websites established in 2004
This is a list of Oklahoma's state symbols, including official and unofficial. The official symbols are codified by statute. Many of the unofficial symbols are put in place by Oklahoma Senate of House of Representative resolutions.

State symbols

Other websites
Oklahoma Almanac–"Tourism, Symbols, and Flags" 
USPS description of the Oklahoma Statehood Stamp

State symbols
In adults, pubic hair is the hair that covers the area around the sex organs. It is generally darker in colour and stronger in texture than other hair found on the human body. It is caused by the rising levels of androgens during puberty. Pubic hair is a secondary sex characteristic.

Pubic hair appears during puberty in girls and boys. The onset of pubic hair development is termed pubarche. In developed countries, this usually happens around the age of ten in girls and around the age of eleven or twelve in boys. Beginning with only a few hairs above the vulva (in girls) or penis (in boys), the area quickly fills out in a triangular shape, making a thick patch of hair. In boys, the patch becomes a trapezoid shape, meaning four-sided.
Pubic hair removal
About four of five women between ages 18 and 65 say they remove some or all of their pubic hair, according to a 2019 article in the New York Times newspaper. One survey done in 2016 found that about half of the men in the United States cut, trim, shave or remove pubic hair in other ways.
It is more common among younger men than among old men. Pubic hair is sometimes made into a fashion item. Men and women do this. Some people may change the way their pubic hair looks, by trimming or shaping it. One style is called a "landing strip", like a runway where an airplane lands. Muslim women and men are told or encouraged to remove or at least trim pubic hair (as well as armpit hair) although local traditions may be different in some countries. 
Some people use chemicals that dissolve pubic hair. Some people use wax, a sugar paste, laser treatment or electrolysis to remove pubic hair. The use of wax to remove all pubic hair is sometimes called Brazilian.
Sometimes people change the color. Sometimes people ask, "Does the carpet match the drapes?" This means, "Is the person's pubic hair the same color as the hair on the person's head?" Usually people with red natural hair color have darker red pubic hair. In most cases pubic hair is most similar in color to a person's eyebrows.

Gallery

References

Hair
The White Rose was a German group that opposed the Nazis in World War II. They distributed pamphlets denouncing Adolf Hitler's regime from June 1942 until February 1943. The group consisted of students from the University of Munich along with a professor.

Beginning of the White Rose, June-July 1942 
In June 1942, Alexander Schmorell and Hans Scholl, who were University students at the Ludiwg Maximilian University in Munich, began writing and distributing leaflets that spoke out against Hitler and Nazi Germany. They wrote four leaflets from June-July 1942.  The leaflets called for passive resistance to the Nazi regime, and told of the horrors of the War against the Jews (in the second pamphlet, they talk about how “since the conquest of Poland, three hundred thousand Jews have been murdered in this country in the most bestial way.”) The White Rose leaflets were the only Resistance movement in Nazi Germany to speak out against the systematic Holocaust of the Jews.
A couple hundred copies were made of each leaflet. Hans and Alexander then mailed them out to random addresses  from phone books:

“To set you at rest, we add that the addresses of the readers of the White Rose are not recorded in writing. They were picked at random from directories.”

-Exerpt from fourth leaflet

The White Rose, November 1942-February 1943 
In July 1942, Alex and Hans, as well as their friend Willi Graf, were ordered to go to the Russian front over the Summer to serve as medics. The resistance activities were put on hold for three months. When Alex and Hans came back in November 1942 they threw themselves back into the Resistance Activities with renewed vigor.

Between November 1942-January 1943, four new members joined the group: Willi Graf, Christoph Probst, Sophie Scholl, and Kurt Huber.   These members made up the core of the White Rose group, although there were multiple other members who were in charge of distribution and recruiting for the White Rose.
In January 1942, the fifth leaflet was published. Unlike the other four leaflets, the fifth leaflet had a couple thousand copies printed of it. 

On February 3, after hearing of the defeat of Stalingrad, Hans, Willi and Alexander snuck out that night to graffiti the University walls with slogans such as “Down with Hitler” and “Hitler the mass murderer.” They repeated these graffiti campaigns on February 8 and 15, going so far as to graffiti the  Feldherrnhalle , the monument to the Nazis who were killed during Hitler’s failed Beer Hall Putsch. These graffiti campaigns put the Gestapo on red alert.
Capture and Execution of the White Rose Members 
In early February, the sixth leaflet was published. Thousands of copies were made of this leaflet. There were so many copies that the White Rose members ran out of envelopes to place the leaflets in. Seeing this, Hans and Sophie decided to sneak into the University during classes and place the extra leaflets in the halls. They did not tell the other members of the plan.
On February 18, 1943, Hans and Sophie carried two briefcases stuffed with pamphlets into the University. Hurriedly placing leaflets in the halls, they were about to leave when Sophie realized she still had leaflets lert in her briefcase. Hurrying up to the third floor, she began to place them along the hallways. What happened next is unclear, but something caused Sophie to grab the rest of the leaflets and throw them off the balcony and into the atrium. This spontaneous action was observed by Jakob Schmid, the university custodian who was also a Nazi Party fanatic. He alerted the Gestapo, who stormed the university and captured Sophie and Hans.

Over the next four days, the Gestapo interrogated Sophie and Hans. The two of them gave up no names, but Hans had a handwritten draft for a new leaflet on him when he was captured. The draft of the leaflet was written by Christoph Probst, who was captured on February 20.
On February 22, 1943, Hans, Sophie, and Christoph were put on trial. They were all sentenced to death by Guillotine. Their execution was that same day. Hans and Sophie were able to see their parents before they died. Christoph was not able to see any family.

Over the next few weeks, more members were captured by the Gestapo. On April 19, 1943, the second trial of the White Rose members was held. In it, Willi Graf, Alexander Schmorell, and Kurt Huber were sentenced to death. Ten other members received prison sentences, and one alleged member was acquitted.

Alexander Schmorell and Kurt Huber were executed on July 13, 1943. Willi Graf was held in solitary confinement for about six months as the Gestapo tried to get him to give out names of other members.  When that failed, they executed him on October 12, 1943. He was the last of the six main members to be killed.

Legacy 
Today, the White Rose members, especially Hans and Sophie Scholl, are well known in Germany.
Three movies have been created about the White Rose:

Fünf Letzten Tage (Five last days), released in 1982

Die Weisse Rose (The White Rose), released in 1982

Sophie Scholl:Die Letzen Tage (Sophie Scholl: The Final Days), released in 2005

Members 
The core of the White Rose was comprised of five students: Sophie Scholl, her brother Hans Scholl, Alexander Schmorell, Willi Graf, and Christoph Probst. All were between the ages of 21-25 years old. Kurt Huber, Sophie’s Philosophy teacher, was the sixth main member of the White Rose.

There were also other members who were on the fringe of the inner circle of the White Rose. Some of these member include:

Hans Hirzel

Suzanne Hirzel

Franz Joseph Muller

Heinrich Guter

Eugen Grimminger

Dr. Heinrich Phillip Bollinger

Helmut Karl Theodore August Bauer

Dr. Falk Erich Walter Harnack

Gisela Schertling

Katherina Schüddekopf

Traute Lafrenz
Traute Lafrenz

*These names came from the second trial of the White Rose members, held on April 19, 1943. Over the course of the war, a total of 29 people were captured and accused of aiding the White Rose. 13 were given prison sentences, and 16 were executed.*

References 

1942 establishments in Europe
Nazi Germany
Rebellions in Europe
20th-century rebellions
1943 disestablishments in Europe
1940s establishments in Germany
1940s disestablishments in Germany
"Ring of Fire" is a country music song popularized by Johnny Cash and co-written by June Carter and Merle Kilgore. The single appears on Cash's 1963 compilation album, Ring of Fire: The Best of Johnny Cash. The song was recorded on March 25, 1963 and became the biggest hit of his career, staying at number one on the charts for seven weeks.

References 

1963 songs
Country songs
Johnny Cash songs
Olivia Newton-John songs
Alan Jackson songs
Dwight Yoakam songs
The Animals songs
Port wine (also called  Vinho do Porto, Oporto, Porto, and often simply Port) is a Portuguese wine. 

Porto is a fortified wine. This means its alcohol is stronger than ordinary wine. This has the effect of making the wine long-lasting even after the bottle has been opened. Porto is a sweet wine, but comes as dry or semi-dry also. It is often served as a dessert wine.

Port is made in the Douro Valley in the northern provinces of Portugal.  Wines which are similar to the Portuguese product called port are made in several countries around the world. The biggest producers are Australia, South Africa, India, Canada and the United States. However, under European Union guidelines, only the product from Portugal may be labelled as Port. In the United States, Federal law mandates that the Portuguese-made product be labeled Porto or Vinho do Porto.
Port is produced from grapes grown and processed in the Douro region. The Douro valley where Port wine is produced was defined and established as a protected region, or appellation in 1756. It is the oldest defined and protected wine region in the world.

The wine produced is then fortified with the addition of a Brandy (distilled grape spirits). This is done to stop the fermentation leaving residual sugar in the wine and to increase the alcohol content.  The wine is then stored and aged. For ageing, it is often put in barrels stored in caves After aging, it is  bottled.  

The wine got its name, "Port," in the second half of the 17th century from the seaport city of Porto at the mouth of the Douro River.  Much of the product was brought there. It was then either sold on a market or exported to other countries in Europe.  

Wine
North Mississippi Allstars is a blues-rock band from Hernando, Mississippi. It was started in 1996.

Members 
The band is made of brothers Luther Dickinson (guitar, vocals) and  Cody Dickinson (drums, keyboards, electric washboard), and Chris Chew (electric bass guitar).  Dickinson also plays a cigar box guitar called the "lowebow".

Albums 
Allstars' first album, Shake Hands With Shorty, was nominated for a Grammy for "Best Contemporary Blues Album". 51 Phantom and Electric Blue Watermelon have also received nominations in that same category.  The group also won a W.C. Handy Award for "Best New Artist Debut" in 2001.

Present members 
The band now tours with John Hiatt.  They have released an album with him called Master of Disaster.

After 2007, Luther Dickinson plays guitar for The Black Crowes' instead of Marc Ford, and played lead guitar for their album Warpaint. He tours with The Black Crowes.
Cody Dickinson has started a new side project called "Hill Country Revue" with Chris Chew, Garry Burnside, Daniel Coburn, Duwayne Burnside and Kirk Smithart.

Discography 
Shake Hands With Shorty (2000)
51 Phantom (2001)
Polaris (2003)
Tate County(Hill Country Blues) (2004) Private Release
Hill Country Revue: Live at Bonnaroo (2004)
Electric Blue Watermelon (2005)
Hernando (2008)

References

Other websites 
 Official web site
 Official MySpace profile

American rock bands
Blues bands
Musical groups from Mississippi
Malika Parbat (also known as Queen of the mountains) (el. 5,290 metres (17,356 ft) is a mountain in Kaghan Valley, Pakistan about six kilometres south of Saiful Muluk Lake near Ansoo Lake.

Other websites 
 Northern Pakistan areas in Google Earth 

Himalayas
Mountains of Pakistan
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Rakaposhi (Räkapoşi) is a mountain in the Karakoram, in Pakistan. It is found in the Nagar Valley about 100 kilmotres north of the city of Gilgit.

Name 
Rakaposhi means "shining wall" in the local language. Rakaposhi is also known as Dumani ("Mother of Mist"). It is ranked 27th highest in the world and 12th highest in Pakistan.

Nagar:
Nagar () was a princely state in the northernmost part of the Northern Areas of Pakistan, which existed until 1974. The state bordered the Gilgit Agency to the south and west, and the former princely state of Hunza to the north and east. The state capital was the town of Nagar. The area of Nagar now forms three tehsils of Hunza-Nagar District. Nagar along with Gilgit and Baltistan is claimed by India as part of the state of Jammu & Kashmir.
History 
Nagar was an autonomous principality in close association with neighbouring Hunza. The British gained control of both states 1889 and 1892. The British retained Nagar's status as a 'principality' until 1947 but together with Hunza it was considered a vassal of Kashmir, although never ruled directly by it. The rulers of Nagar sent annual tributes to the Kashmir Durbar until 1947, and along with the ruler of Hunza, were considered amongst the most loyal vassals of the Maharajas of Kashmir.
In 1947, the state acceded to Pakistan, but continued as semi autonomous state. In 1968 Syed Yahya Shah the first educated politician of the valley, demanded civil rights from the Mir of Nagar. When Ayub Khan's dictatorship ended in Pakistan and the democratic government of the Pakistan Peoples Party under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto came into power through elections it realized the sentiments of the people against the Mir for democracy so the Government freed the prisoners of the movement and dissolved the Mirs of Hunza and Nagar and were merged into the Northern Areas in 1974.

Government 
The state was governed by the hereditary rulers of the Maghlot dynasty who were styled as Mir and were assisted by a council of Wazirs or Ministers. Details for early rulers are uncertain with the first definite dates available from 1839 CE onwards. The son of the last ruler, Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan, was in 2005 Northern Areas deputy chief executive.
Reign Mirs of Nagar 
Unknown dates Fadl Khan
Unknown dates Daud Khan
Unknown dates Ali Dad Khan (1st time)
Unknown dates Hari Tham Khan
Unknown dates Ali Dad Khan (2nd time)
Unknown dates Kamal Khan
Unknown dates Rahim Khan I
Unknown date – 1839 Rahim Khan II
1839 – 1891 Jafar Zahid Khan (1st time)
1891 – 1892 Raja Azur Khan (acting)
1892 – 1904 Jafar Zahid Khan (2nd time)
1905 – 17 March 1940 Raja Mir Iskandar Khan
 March 1940 – 25 September 1974 Shaukat Ali Khan (1930–1976)
 September 1974 State of Nagar dissolved

Geography 
The geography of Nagar was very difficult mountainous terrain, which provided a certain degree of protection against invading forces. The highest mountain was the 7,788 m (25,551 ft) Mount Rakaposhi which lay to the south of the town of Nagar. As of 2009[update], the Karakoram Highway crosses Nagar, connecting Pakistan to China via the Khunjerab Pass. The road follows the Hunza river for some distance through Nagar and into the Hunza region.
Demographics 
The inhabitants of the Nagar valley is around 90,000 (AKRSP Census, 2000). Nagar is home of people of two main ethnicities – the Burushaski speakers and the Shina speakers. The older type of Broshuski is still spoken in this valley with mild modern accent.

Religion 
Although the population was traditionally predominantly shia (Jafria). Following sectarian violences in January 2005, the Tanzim Ahle Sunnah wal Jama’at representing Sunnis, and the Central Anjuman-e-Imamia Northern Areas representing (Jafria) Shias signed on February 18, 2005 a six-point peace agreement arranged by Northern Areas Legislative Council (NALC) members to ensure peace in the city.

Other websites 
 Rakaposhi on Summitpost.org
 A Rakaposhi web page 
 Photos from Rakaposhi, by Waqas Usman

Karakoram
Mountains of Gilgit-Baltistan
Tirich Mir (also called Terich Mir'' and Terichmir''') is the highest mountain in the Hindu Kush region of northern Pakistan.

It lies in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Other websites 
 Tirich Mir on SummitPost

Himalayas
Mountains of Pakistan
Chitral District
Wagah (, , ) is the only road international border crossing between the Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan. It is on the G.T. Road between the cities of Amritsar, India and Lahore, Pakistan. The first town on the Indian side is Attari.

Other websites 
 

Transport in Pakistan
Jamie Anderson is an American singer from Tucson, Arizona. She is based in Ottawa, Ontario. She is openly lesbian.

Career 
Anderson first began touring the U.S. in 1987, and released her first album in 1989. She was voted Favorite New Performer by Hot Wire in 1990 and 1991, and played many women's music festivals, coffeehouses, colleges and other venues all though the 1990s and to the present.

Discography
 Closer to Home (Tsunami Records, 1989)
 Center of Balance (Tsunami, 1992)
 A Family of Friends (Tsunami Records, 1993)
 Bad Hair Day (Tsunami, 1993)
 Never Assume (Tsunami, 1995)
 Drive All Night (Tsunami, 1999)
 Listen (Tsunami, 2002)
 A Promise of Light (Tsunami, 2005)
 Three Bridges (Tsunami, 2007)
 Better Than Chocolate (Tsunami, 2010)
 Dare (Tsunami 2013)
 The Truth Appears (Tsunami 2019)
 Songs from Home (Tsunami 2020)

References

1957 births
Living people
Singers from Tucson, Arizona
Musicians from Arizona
Lesbians
LGBT people from Arizona
LGBT singers
R. L. Burnside (born Robert Lee Burnside, November 23 1926 - September 1 2005) was a blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist who lived in Holly Springs, Mississippi.

He played music for most of his life, but did not get popular till the 1990s.

Early life 

Burnside was born in Harmontown, Mississippi, in Lafayette County. He spent most of his life working as a sharecropper and a fisherman, as well as playing guitar at weekend house parties. 

He was first inspired to play guitar in his early twenties, after hearing John Lee Hooker play. He learned music  from Mississippi Fred McDowell, who lived nearby. He was also influenced by his cousin-in-law, Muddy Waters.
During the 1950s, Burnside moved to Chicago, Illinois to get a better job, but things did not turn out as he had hoped. Within one month, his father, brother, and uncle were all murdered in the city. He used this tragedy to help him write music. He used it mostly for his interpretation of Skip James's "Hard Time Killing Floor", "R.L.'s Story," and the opening and closing tracks on Burnside's 2000 album, Wish I Was In Heaven Sitting Down.

Around 1959, he left Chicago and went back to Mississippi to work the farms and raise a family.

Later life

After a heart attack in 2001, Burnside's doctor advised him to stop drinking; Burnside did, but said that change stopped him from playing.  

Members of his family continue to play blues in the Holly Springs area. His grandson, Cedric Burnside, tours with Kenny Brown, while his son Duwayne Burnside has played guitar with the North Mississippi Allstars. In 2004, the Burnside sons opened Burnside Blues Cafe, 30 miles southeast of Memphis in Holly Springs, Mississippi.
Career 
His earliest recordings were made in the late 1960s by George Mitchell and released on Arhoolie Records.  Another album was recorded that year and Hill Country Blues came after in the early 1980s. An album with only singles followed, released in Memphis, Tennessee.

In the 1990s, he began recording for the Oxford, Mississippi, label Fat Possum Records, founded by Peter Redvers-Lee and Matthew Johnson. Burnside stayed with Fat Possum until his death, and he usually played with his friend and understudy, the slide guitarist Kenny Brown.

Death
Burnside died at St. Francis Hospital on September 1, 2005 at 78 years old.
Surviving family 
His wife: Alice Mae Taylor Burnside (They had been married almost 55 years.) 
Daughters: Mildred Jean Burnside, Linda Jackson, Brenda Kay Brooks, and Pamela Denise Burnside;
Sons: Melvin Burnside, R.L. Burnside Jr., Calvin Burnside, Joseph Burnside, Daniel Burnside,  Duwayne Burnside,   Dexter Burnside, Garry Burnside, and Rodger Harmon
Sisters: Lucille Burnside, Verelan Burnside, and Mat Burnside
Brother: Jesse Monia
35 Grandchildren
32 Great-Grandchildren

Prison time 
Burnside was convicted of murder and sentenced to six months' in prison. Burnside's boss helped to keep the murder sentence short because he needed Burnside to work on the farm.  "I didn't mean to kill nobody," Burnside said. "I just meant to shoot the sonofabitch in the head. Him dying was between him and the Lord."

Style 
Burnside had a strong voice and played electric and acoustic guitars. He played in the style of North Mississippi hill country blues rather than Mississippi Delta blues.
Many of his songs do not have chord changes, but use the same chord or bass line through the song.

Discography 
 First Recordings (recorded in the late 1960s by George Mitchell; re-released by Fat Possum Records in 2003)
 A Ass Pocket of Whiskey (1996, featuring the Jon Spencer Blues Explosion)
 Burnside on Burnside (a critically acclaimed 2001 live album recorded in the Crystal Ballroom on Portland, Oregon's Burnside Street)
 Come On In, Wish I Was in Heaven Sitting Down, and A Bothered Mind (three albums of remixed material, often featuring guest artists, released in 1998, 2000 and 2004, respectively)
 Too Bad Jim (produced in 1992 by Robert Palmer)
 Well, Well, Well (songs and interviews from 1986-1993, released in 2001 on MC Records)