Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Since the Duke of Saxony was considered one of the prince-electors electing a new Holy Roman Emperor, there was an argument between the lines of Lauenburg and Wittenberg about who should cast Saxony's vote. In 1314 both lines found themselves on different sides in a double election. Eventually, the Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg succeeded in 1356 after the promulgation of the Golden Bull. To distinguish him from other rulers bearing the title Duke of Saxony, he was commonly called Elector of Saxony.
 Eric I 1296–1303 joint rule, then ruling until 1360 in Saxe-Bergedorf, partitioned from Saxe-Lauenburg (see section Dukes of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg below in this article)
 John II 1296–1303 joint rule, then ruling until 1321 in Saxe-Ratzeburg, partitioned from Saxe-Lauenburg (see section Dukes of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln below in this article)
 Albert III 1296–1303 joint rule, then ruling until 1308 in Saxe-Ratzeburg, partitioned from Saxe-Lauenburg, dying without issue Eric I inherited his share
In 1303 the brothers split their inheritance between them, however, only two brothers had heirs creating the Bergedorf-Mölln and the Ratzeburg-Lauenburg lines.

Dukes of Saxe-Bergedorf-Mölln
First named Saxe-Mölln, however, renamed after reorganising territory, including parts of Albert III's share in 1321.
 John II, 1285–1321, rivalled as Saxon Prince-Elector by his cousin Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg
 Albrecht (Albert) IV, 1321–1343.
 John III, 1343–1356.
 Albrecht (Albert) V, 1356–1370.
 Eric III, 1370–1401.

In 1401, the elder branch became extinct and Lauenburg rejoined the Ratzeburg-Lauenburg line.

Dukes of Saxe-Ratzeburg-Lauenburg
First named Saxe-Bergedorf-Lauenburg, however, renamed after reorganising territory, including parts of Albert III's share in 1321.
 Eric I, 1305–1361 (joint rule until 1308).
 Eric II, 1361–1368.
 Eric IV, 1368–1412.

In 1401, the younger branch inherited Lauenburg and other possessions of the extinct elder Bergedorf-Mölln line.

Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg (1401-1876)
The Ascanian Dynasty continued in Saxe-Lauenburg until 1689, but after the Lauenburg line had finally lost the Saxon Electorate to the Wittenberg line in 1356 and failed to obtain the succession in the Electorate after 1422, recognition of the Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg as Dukes of Saxony waned.

Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg

For the predecessor see the section Ascanian or younger Duchy of Saxony above in this article.

Wettin Dukes of Saxony

Albertine Dukes of Saxony
The Albertines were a junior branch of the Wettin dynasty of Electors of Saxony (section below), who ruled in Northern Thuringia and Southern Meissen until they replaced the senior "Ernestine" branch as Electors and rulers of most Saxon territory in 1547.

Ernestine Dukes of Saxony
Following their displacement by the Albertines, the Ernestine branch of the Wettins continued to rule in southern Thuringia as "Dukes of Saxony", but their lands eventually split up into many different tiny "Ernestine duchies".  Of these, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Meiningen, and Saxe-Altenburg lasted until 1918.  This article does not list the subsequent Ernestine dukes.

Electors of Saxony

The Golden Bull of 1356 confirmed the right to participate in the election of a Holy Roman Emperor to the Duke of Saxony in the Saxe-Wittenberg line. For the predecessor see the section Ascanian Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg above in this article.

Kings of Saxony  

The Holy Roman Empire came to an end in 1806. The Elector of Saxony, allied to Napoleon I, anticipated its dissolution by becoming the ruler of an independent Kingdom of Saxony in 1806.

Heads of the Albertine Branch of the House of Wettin (since 1918)
Saxony became a republic at the end of the German Empire in 1918. For later rulers, see List of Ministers-President of Saxony.
 Frederick Augustus III of Saxony, 1918-1932.
 Frederick Christian, Margrave of Meissen, 1932-1968.
 Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen, since 1968.

References

Other websites
  House Laws of the Kingdom of Saxony

Kings and Queens in Germany
Holy Roman Empire
Electors and Electresses
Lists of heads of state
Base Ball Bear is a Japanese rock band from Tokyo, Japan. Base Ball Bear has four members in the band; the current band members are Yūsuke Koide, Shiori Sekine and Daisuke Horinouchi.

Career 
The band, originally called “Planet,” was formed by four friends for a one-time performance at a high school culture festival. But they decided to continue playing because of how well they were received at the festival and how much fun they were having. The band was afviced by Toshiba EMI to change their name after sending their demo tapes to record labels and they chose Base Ball Bear which they got from Chocolate's song, Base Ball and Elvis Presley. The band currently has Yūsuke Koide on Vocals and guitar, Shiori Sekine on bass guitar and backing vocals and Daisuke Horinouchi on drums and chorus. Shōhei Yuasa, who used to play the guitar along with them, left the band on March 2nd, 2016.

Band members 

Current
Yūsuke Koide – Vocals/guitar
Shiori Sekine – bass guitar/backing vocals
Daisuke Horinouchi – drums/chorus
Former
Shōhei Yuasa - guitar

Other websites 
 Official website (Japanese)

Japanese rock bands
The Pontiac Bonneville was an American automobile. It was introduced in 1957 and discontinued in 2005 model year. The Bonneville was available as a convertible, sedan or coupe. This car was distributed through the Pontiac division of General Motors.

1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Pontiac automobiles
The Pontiac Grand Prix was an American-made car. It was first introduced around 1962. The car was sold through the Pontiac division of General Motors. They stopped selling the car in 2008.

1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Pontiac automobiles
Aeronwy Bryn Thomas-Ellis (3 March 1943 – 27 July 2009)
was the second child of the Welsh poet Dylan Thomas.

Born in London, where her parents lived at the time, she was named for the River Aeron. In 1949, the family moved to the Boat House, Laugharne, Carmarthenshire, Wales.
After her father's death in 1953, she and her mother went to Rome, later moving to Sicily.
She learnt Italian and became a translator of Italian poetry. She was also known as an ambassador for her father's work, and as a patron of the Dylan Thomas Society.
Visiting professor in schools and universities in the U.K. and abroad, in the late ‘90s  she was very popular with the students of Giuseppe Perotti School in Torino, Italy,  for her "creative writing" courses.
In 2007 she became President of IMMAGINE&POESIA (Image and Poetry), the international artistic literary movement founded at Teatro Alfa, Torino, Italy.

Aeronwy Thomas died in 2009 in New Malden London, aged 66.
Works (selection)
 Later than Laugharne  (Celtion, 1976)
 Christmas in the Boathouse (2003)
 A daughter remembers Dylan (Merton Books, 2006) - an expanded version of the booklet Christmas and Other Memories
 I Colori Delle Parole (Rotaract, 2007) -  includes poems by Aeronwy Thomas and paintings by Gianpiero Actis (in Italian and English)
 Burning Bridges (Cross-Cultural Communications, Merrick, New York, 2008)
 Shadows and Shades - Selected Poems (Poetry Monthly Press, 2009)
 My Father's Places (Constable, 2009)

References

1943 births
2009 deaths
Welsh writers
Welsh poets
British translators
Droseraceae is a family of flowering plants. The family is also known under its common name, the sundew family.

It consists of carnivorous plants: besides the sundews, the genus Drosera, it also contains the even more famous Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). The sundews produce sticky substances on their leaves that traps prey, and the Venus fly trap has leaves that form traps that close when disturbed.

Caryophyllales
Carnivorous plants
Plant families
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants are the Amaranth family, contains about 160 genera and 2,400 species. Most of these species are herbs or subshrubs; very few are trees or climbers.

This is a widespread and cosmopolitan family found mostly in subtropical and tropical regions, although many species belong in cool temperate regions.

Amaranthaceae
Arthur Fleming Fazzin (May 1, 1924-April 25, 1995) was an American television host. He is best known as the original host of the game show Jeopardy! from 1964 until 1975 and again from 1978 to 1979.

Biography
He was born in New York City to William and Marie Fazzin, who had emigrated to the United States from Austria. Art studied at Colgate and Cornell Universities, and he later served in the United States Navy during World War II.

Fleming first appeared on television as a body double for Ralph Bellamy in a detective series called Man Against Crime. He later starred in movies like The Flying Tigers and International Detective. He also played a lawyer named Jeremy Pitt in an NBC series called The Californians. It was set during the gold rush in San Francisco in the 1850s. He also appeared in television commercials before becoming the first host of the game show Jeopardy! on March 30, 1964. Fleming hosted Jeopardy! until 1975. He won two Emmy Awards for that program.
Fleming died after a two week battle with pancreatic cancer on April 25, 1995, just six days before turning 71. The same disease would later affect his successor on Jeopardy!, Alex Trebek, 25 years later when he died on November 8, 2020 at the age of 80.

Other websites

American movie actors
American television actors
American game show hosts
Cornell University alumni
Actors from New York City
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
1924 births
1995 deaths
Emmy Award winners
David Herman is an American actor, comedian and voice actor best known as an original cast member of MADtv and for his role as Michael Bolton in Office Space. He is also known for his voice roles on television programs such as Futurama, and King of the Hill.

Biography 
David Herman was born in New York City and raised in Washington Heights. He graduated from the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts in 1987, then attended the acting program at SUNY Purchase. Herman appeared in the films Born on the Fourth of July, Lost Angels and Let It Be Me, but he is probably best known for his role as Michael Bolton in Mike Judge's Office Space.  Earlier, Herman had joined the cast of John Leguizamo's House of Buggin' in 1994; however, that show was short-lived. When FOX decided to mount a sketch comedy show to replace House of Buggin''', Herman was kept on as an original MADtv'' cast member.

Filmography

Voice and video game appearances
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
1967 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
Dimples are genetically inherited indentations of the skin. They are caused by the flesh underneath the skin, that forms on some people's cheeks, especially when they smile. Some people may only have one dimple on only one side of the face.

References 

Human body features
The Ford Aerostar was the first minivan manufactured by Ford. The vehicle was introduced in 1985 as a 1986 model. The Aerostar was discontinued after 1997 and replaced by the Windstar, which was sold alongside since 1995. although Aerostar's role went unfilled until the 2010 introduction of the Ford Transit Connect van.

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
Aerostar
Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a pathogenic bacterial species that causes disease in humans. It is commonly found in soil and water. A. baumannii is the most important member of the Acinetobacter genus associated with infections gained in hospitals. A.Baumannii is resistant to a specific class of antibiotic called carbapenems. Carbapenems-resistant Acinetobacter infection is common in hospitals and is very dangerous. In 2017, it resulted in an estimated 8,500 infections in hospital patients and 700 deaths in the United States. The World Health Organisation (WHO) released a list of top bacteria pathogens of concern, called ESKAPE pathogens, due to their high levels of antibiotic resistance. A. baumannii was named as one of the most dangerous ESKAPE pathogens. In order to treat A. baumannii effectively, it is important to understand how it acts as pathogen and its mechanism of antibiotic resistance.
Biology 
A. baumannii are short and rod-shaped. They average between 1.0-1.5 micrometers in length. They do not all look the same and can vary in size and shape. Acinetobacter do not have a flagella, a tail-like structure used by many bacteria to move around. They are immobile but sometimes twitch and swarm to move around.

Habitat 
The first Acinetobacter was found in the soil by M.W. Beijerink in 1911. Since then, it has also been found in water, animals and humans. A. baumannii are often found in hospitals and make up almost 15% of infections that are transmitted in hospitals.  A. baumannii target moist environments. The respiratory tract, blood, open wounds, skin and eyes are all possible sites of infection.
Hospital infections 
A. baumannii can cause many different diseases with different symptoms. Types of infection include: pneumonia, bloodstream infections, meningitis, skin and bone infections and urinary tract infections. The most common infections are pneumonia and bloodstream infections. Factors that increase the risk of infection include a weak immune system, long hospital stays, hospital ventilators, and having an open wound.

It can be difficult to tell the difference between symptoms of A. baumannii infection and symptoms of other hospital infections. Symptoms include fever, rash, confusion, urinating pain, nausea, muscle and chest pains, breathing difficulties, and coughing.

A. baumannii is spread through contact with contaminated surfaces, objects, and skin of contaminated patients. It can survive on surfaces for a long time before infecting new patients making it an effective pathogen.
Treatment 
Carbapenems are a type of antibiotics that have been used to treat Acinetobacter baumannii infections. These antibiotics are effective in treating infection. However, A. baumannii can develop tolerance to this antibiotic. This tolerance makes it harder to treat infections. Carbapenems-resistant A. baumannii can spread their tolerance to other types of bacteria. This is dangerous in healthcare settings because if many bacteria are tolerant to carbapenems, the antibiotic cannot be used to treat infections anymore. A. baumannii can be tolerant to multiple antibiotics making infections difficult to treat.

Polymyxins are another antibiotic used to treat A. baumannii infection. These are effective against infection but polymyxins can be toxic to the kidneys.
Combination therapies can also be used to treat A. baumannii which is tolerant to many different types of antibiotics. This means treating the infection with a combination of different drugs at the same time. Different combinations are still being tested against A. baumannii infections.

Prevention of infection 
Preventing and controlling outbreaks of A. baumannii is very important. Preventing infections will reduce the number of infections in hospitals and help stop the spread of antibiotic resistance.

A. baumannii can be controlled with strict infection control measures such as educating hospital staff about the dangers of spreading hospital infections, proper hand washing, cleaning of hospitals and actively test surfaces for the presence of A. baumannii. These measures have been shown to reduce the spread of A. baumannii and reduce tolerance to antibiotics. However, all measures must be followed strictly to control infection.

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Strict weak ordering is a binary relation on a set. Such relations define a strict ordering, but they contain several elements of the same type. An example might be the relation "costs less than", or "is cheaper than". For any two elements that are of different types, the relation holds. On the other hand, there are some elements that cannot be ordered that way, because they are of the same type. An example for such a relation may be the relation, costs less than: milk may cost less than bread, and bread may cost less than cake. Two items of different types may cost less than another, but they can otherwise have the same price.

Two different algorithms that sort words by the number of letters in the word may not give the same ordering of the words with the same number of letters, but they will always give an ordering where the four-letter words come before the five-letter-words, and after the three-letter-words.
Time will give a strict weak ordering too; Events that are equivalent in the timeframe happen at the same time.

Mathematics
Color vision is the capacity of an organism to distinguish objects based on the wavelengths (or frequencies) of the light they reflect, emit, or transmit. 

Color is a quality made by the visual brain and so it is not a property of objects, despite what children are taught. 

The wavelength reflected from an object is the objective fact: it does not depend upon perception. A 'red' apple does not emit red light. Rather, it simply absorbs all the frequencies of visible light shining on it except for a group of frequencies that are reflected. It is these frequencies which are seen or perceived as red.

Mechanism
 The visible light spectrum ranges from about 380 to 740 nanometers. Colors of the spectrum such as red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and violet are in this range. These spectral colors do not refer to a single wavelength, but rather to a set of wavelengths: red, 625–740 nm; orange, 590–625 nm; yellow, 565–590 nm; green, 500–565 nm; cyan, 485–500 nm; blue, 450–485 nm; violet, 380–450 nm.
The nervous system derives color by comparing the responses to light from the several types of cone photoreceptors in the eye. These cone photoreceptors are sensitive to different portions of the visible spectrum.

For humans, the visible spectrum ranges approximately from 380 to 740 nm, and there are normally three types of cones. The visible range and number of cone types differ between species.

With color, vision gets better (more information) about the things the eye sees. This lets the eye see when fruit or vegetables are ripe, and can see animals hiding from plain sight. The advantage of color vision is mainly in the daytime. At night the main problem is to collect enough light to see in the weak light. This is something rods do better than cones.
Types of color vision
Color vision is not an all-or-none state. Many groups of animals can distinguish color, but in different ways. In mammals, for instance, some groups have no color vision, and some are dichromats. The dichromats have two kinds of cones, and cannot see ultraviolet, red and orange light. 

It is thought that the mammals which survived though the Jurassic period were small nocturnal or burrowing animals with little need to see color. Later, after the extinction of the dinosaurs, many lines adapted to be more active in the daytime. Most developed a form of color vision, which is much more useful in the daytime. Primates developed full (trichromacy) color vision. For them, the ability to distinguish the color of fruit from leaves always was essential.

Many insects have color vision in the ultraviolet range, which humans do not. That is why honey guides on flowers are so noticeable in ultraviolet light photographs.

Related pages
 Evolution of color vision
 Opsin
 Plant color

References
References

Physiology
Vision
Color
Compound eyes consist of many photoreceptor units or ommatidia. Each 'ommatidium' (singular) is an individual 'eye unit'. 

The image perceived is a combination of inputs from ommatidia on a convex surface. Thus they point in slightly different directions. 

Compared with simple eyes, compound eyes possess a wide-angle view. They can detect fast movement and, in some cases, the polarization of light.

The general picture 
Eyes with resolving power have come in ten fundamentally different forms, and 96% of animal species possess a complex optical system.  Image-resolving eyes are present in molluscs, chordates and arthropods.

Almost all insects and arachnids use both simple and compound eyes.

Types of compound eye 
Compound eyes fall into two groups: apposition eyes, which form multiple inverted images, and superposition eyes, which form a single erect image. Compound eyes are common in arthropods, and are also present in annelids and some bivalved molluscs.
Compound eyes, in arthropods at least, grow at their margins by the addition of new ommatidia.

Good fliers
Good fliers like flies or honey bees, or prey-catching insects like praying mantis or dragonflies, have specialized zones of ommatidia organized into a foveal area which gives acute vision. In the acute zone the eyes are flattened and the facets larger. The flattening allows more ommatidia to receive light from a spot and therefore higher resolution.

Other types 
Another version is the pseudofaceted eye, as seen in Scutigera. This type of eye consists of a cluster of numerous ocelli on each side of the head, organized in a way that resembles a true compound eye.

The body of Ophiocoma wendtii, a type of brittle star, is covered with ommatidia, turning its whole skin into a compound eye. The same is true of many chitons.

References 

Physiology
Vision
is a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyushu.  The capital city is Miyazaki.

History 
After the Meiji Restoration, the area of Hyūga Province was renamed Miyazaki Prefecture.

Miyazaki is famous for various foods such as meat and fruit.

Geography
Miyazaki Prefecture is on the eastern coast of the island of Kyūshū.  The southeast coastline faces the Pacific Ocean. Ōita Prefecture is north of Miyazaki. Kumamoto and Kagoshima Prefectures are to the west.

Cities

National parks
National parks are established in about 12% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Plants
Miyazaki is one of only two locations on Earth where the fungus Chorioactis geaster lives.

Shrines and temples
Tsuno jinja is the main Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages 
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Miyazaki Prefectural Art Museum

References

Other websites 

 Miyazaki Prefecture ;  
JNTO, Miyazaki
Thundersnow, also known as a winter thunderstorm, a snow thunderstorm or a thundersnowstorm, is a thunderstorm with snow instead of rain.  This rare kind of weather is less rare around the Midwestern United States, the Great Lakes and Rocky Mountains, the Sea of Japan, and Mount Everest.  Thundersnow mostly happens in March.

How it is made
A thunderstorm at the front of a wave of cold air or warm air (cold front or warm front)
The edge of a big ocean storm (or cyclone) where lower warm and higher cold air mix.
Thunderstorms going over a warm lake while the air is cold (or lake-effect).

Thunder can be heard many miles away, but thundersnow thunder can only be heard a few miles away. The snow stops sounds of thunder more than rain does.

Severe weather
Alachua County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on February 29, 1824. As of 2020, the population is 278,468. Alachua County's seat is Gainesville.

References

Other websites
 Official county website

Florida counties
1824 establishments in Florida Territory
Opsins are the universal photoreceptor molecules of all visual systems in the animal kingdom.   

They change from a resting state to a signalling state by absorbing light. This activates the G protein, resulting in a signalling cascade which produces physiological responses. 

This process of capturing a photon and transforming it into a physiological response is known as phototransduction.

Five groups of opsins are involved in vision. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex, but not in image-forming.

Some opsins allows vision in just a short stretch of wavelength. This is equivalent to seeing in only one colour. Two opsins allow vision in two colours, and is usual in mammals. Four opsins allows vision in full colour, and is usual in teleost fish, reptiles and birds. In mammals, only Old World monkeys, apes and humans have trichromacy, full colour vision.
It is thought – see evolution of colour vision – that mammals lost much of their colour vision capability during the long period in the Mesozoic when they lived as mostly nocturnal animals. 
"...two cone opsin gene families appear in contemporary eutherian mammals and, with the exception of some primates, none of these animals [get] more than a single photopigment type from each of their two gene families".

References 

Physiology
Biochemistry
Eye
Sinoceratops was a very large ceratopsian dinosaur. Its name means 'horned face from China'. The dinosaur used to live in what is now China during the Upper Cretaceous. The head of a full-grown Sinoceratops was probably about  long.

It was the first ceratopsid dinosaur found in China. All other centrosaurines are from fossils found in North America. Sinoceratops is one of the largest known centrosaurines. It is much larger than any other known basal member of the group.

Sinoceratops was a ceratopsian ornithischian, with an estimated length of about , weight of , and height of about . 

Sinoceratops is a member of the short-frilled ceratopsids, the Centrosaurinae. The holotype specimen is of a partial skull with most of the skull roof and partial braincase. The skull of Sinoceratops was about  long. It is one of the largest known centrosaur skulls.

References 

Ceratopsids
Crash Bandicoot may refer to:

 Crash Bandicoot (series), a video game series
 Crash Bandicoot (character), the protagonist of the series
 Crash Bandicoot (video game), the first game in the series
Crash Bandicoot: Warped (known in Europe as Crash Bandicoot 3: Warped) is the third video game for the Crash Bandicoot series. Time trials were a new feature introduced with this game.

Release dates

PlayStation 

North America: October 31, 1998
Europe: November, 1998
Japan: December 17, 1998
Australia: October 31, 2000

PlayStation Network 

Japan: September 27, 2007
North America: February 7, 2008
Europe: October 23, 2008

References

Further reading

Other websites

1998 video games
Naughty Dog games
PlayStation games
Crash Bandicoot games
Crash Team Racing is a racing video game developed by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation. The game was released in North America on September 30, 1999. It was released in Europe and Australia later the same year. It was released again for the Greatest Hits chain in 2000.

Crash Team Racing is the fourth game in the Crash Bandicoot series. It is the first Crash Bandicoot racing game and the last to be developed by Naughty Dog. The characters of the Crash Bandicoot series, must race against the evil Nitros Oxide and save their planet from destruction. In the game, players can take control of one of fifteen Crash Bandicoot series characters. Although only eight are available at first. During the races, speed power-ups and other objects to use for safety, can be used to help the player win the game.
The game received very good reviews from video game critics. They liked its gameplay and graphics. However, the audio had a mixed review. In 2003, Crash Nitro Kart, was released for the PlayStation 2, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance and N-Gage game consoles. It is not a sequel to Crash Team Racing. With 2.2 million copies sold, Crash Team Racing remains one of the most popular PlayStation and best-selling video games as of 2012.
Gameplay 
Crash Team Racing is a racing game in which the player controls characters from the Crash Bandicoot universe. The characters compete in karts. While racing, the player can accelerate, steer, reverse, brake, hop or use weapons and power-ups with the game controller's analog stick and buttons. There are two different crates that are scattered throughout the tracks and arenas of Crash Team Racing. Crates with question marks (?) on them have power-ups and weapons. Players must drive through and break the crate. When a player collects a weapon or power-up, it will appear in a box at the top of the screen. Once the player has this, they can destroy other racers with the weapon. The power-ups can help the player's performance. "Fruit Crates" carry "Wumpa Fruit" that increase the speed of the player's kart. This strengthens the player's weapons and power-ups if ten of them are collected.
The power slide can be done by holding down one of the shoulder buttons to perform a hop, and steering before the kart lands. While sliding, the "Turbo Boost Meter" on the lower-right corner of the screen fills up and goes from green to red. To get a speed boost, the player quickly presses the opposite shoulder button while the Turbo Boost Meter is red. The player can get three speed boosts in a row during a power slide. The third speed boost is more powerful. If the player waits too long into the power slide for a boost, the kart will spin around.

Plot
Plot

Characters 
Fifteen characters are playable in Crash Team Racing. However, only eight of them are playable from the start. Crash Bandicoot, the protagonist of the series, is a playable character. Doctor Neo Cortex, Crash's enemy, is a mad scientist. He wants to stop Nitros Oxide so that he may take over the world himself. Coco Bandicoot, Crash's younger sister, is a computer genius. Doctor N. Gin is a rocket scientist. He is Cortex follower and serves his master. Pura and Polar's karts have low speed but better handling. This allows them to get around tight corners. Tiny Tiger and Dingodile's karts are built for top speed.
The main antagonist of the story, Nitros Oxide, believes he is the fastest racer in the galaxy. He warns everyone about his plan to turn planet Earth into a concrete parking lot. There are four bosses: Ripper Roo, Papu Papu, Komodo Joe and Pinstripe Potoroo. The four bosses, along with a mistake clone of Crash Bandicoot named Fake Crash, become playable characters if the Adventure Mode is fully completed.

The player's tutors in the game are the twin witch doctor masks Aku Aku and Uka Uka. They give hints that help the player develop their racing skills. They become power-ups during the races. They temporarily protect the player from all attacks. However, their power does not protect the player from chasms or deep water.
The inhabitants of Earth are visited by an extraterrestrial named Nitros Oxide. He claims to be the fastest racer in the galaxy. He challenges Earth to a game called "Survival of the Fastest". If Earth's driver wins, he promises to leave Earth alone. However, if Oxide wins, he will turn Earth into a concrete parking lot and enslave the Earthlings. In response, the player character gathers all four Boss Keys needed to enter Oxide's spaceship and races him in a one-on-one match. Upon Oxide's defeat by the player character, he leaves Earth. He promises that he will return when all of the Time Relics have been gathered. Oxide faces the player again after all the Time Relics are gathered. After losing once more, Oxide keeps his word and leaves Earth forever. The end credits explains what the characters of the game did after the events of the story. Nitros Oxide himself returns to his home planet of Gasmoxia and hides from society. After years of therapy to cope with his loss, he tries to do unicycle-racing
. However, he gets into a bad accident.
How the game was created 
Naughty Dog began production on Crash Team Racing after the completion of Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back (1997). The game engine for Crash Team Racing was created at the same time Crash Bandicoot 3: Warped (1998) was produced. The characters of the game were designed by Charles Zembillas and Joe Pearson. They had designed the characters of the last three games of the Crash Bandicoot series. Nitros Oxide was originally a mad scientist who enjoys speed. Oxide plotted to speed up the entire world until the end of time. However, Zembillias and Pearson wanted the character to be an extraterrestrial. Because they said there were already human, animal and machine bosses in the past.
David Baggett produced the game's soundtrack, with Mark Mothersbaugh and Josh Mancell of Mutato Muzika composing the music. Sound effects were created by Mike Gollum, Ron Horwitz and Kevin Spears of Universal Sound Studios. The voices of Doctor Neo Cortex and Uka Uka were provided by Clancy Brown. The voices of Doctor N. Gin, Tiny Tiger and Pinstripe Potoroo were provided by voice actor Brendan O'Brien. Additional voices were provided by David A. Pizzuto, Mel Winkler, Michael Ensign, Hynden Walch, Billy Pope, Mike Gollom, Michael Connor and Chip Chinery.

Reviews
Reviews 

Crash Team Racing was given favorable reviews from critics. Official PlayStation Magazine described Crash Team Racing as "the game that made kart racing cool". Electronic Gaming Monthly believed that the game was "inspired [a lot] by Mario Kart, but still an amazing multiplayer racer." Doug Perry of IGN said that the game was "rock solid" in its gameplay and graphics, but Perry did not like Crash's smile because it made him look evil. Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot called the game "a great Mario Kart clone", and that it succeeded where similar games like Mega Man Battle & Chase, Bomberman Fantasy Race, Diddy Kong Racing, Chocobo Racing and Mario Kart had failed.
Critics gave a mixed review of the game's audio. The D-Pad Destroyer of GamePro said that the "whimsical" (no sound; which makes it very annoying) background music is "quite enjoyable" and the character sound bites are "varied enough to avoid becoming annoying." Doug Perry of IGN said that the voice acting is "nothing really that cute, clever or memorable" in the game, and believed that Crash's voice in the game is very similar to that of Luigi from the Mario Kart series. Jeff Gertsmann of GameSpot wrote that while the music and sound effects "push the game's cartoon theme," the themes were not too "over the top". Joe Ottoson of Allgame believed that the characters "are all quite vocal", and the music "sets off the whimsical mood nicely".
There have been over 2.2 million copies sold of Crash Team Racing. There were 1.71 million copies sold in Europe, 2.64 million copies sold in the United States, and under 500,000 copies sold in Japan. As a result of its success, the game was re-released for the Sony Greatest Hits chain in 2000 and for the Platinum Range on January 12, 2001. Crash Nitro Kart was released in 2003 for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, Nintendo GameCube, Game Boy Advance and N-Gage. It is not a sequel to Crash Team Racing and was the first game in the Crash Bandicoot series to feature a full motion video.

References

Books

Other websites 
The Official Crash Team Racing Website

1999 video games
Crash Bandicoot games
Naughty Dog games
PlayStation games
Racing video games
PlayStation Network games
Crash Bash (or Crash Bandicoot Carnival in Japan) is the fifth video game for the Crash Bandicoot series. In this game, a variety of mini-games are available for the player to play. The warp rooms were brought back here.

Release dates

PlayStation 

North America: November 6, 2000
Europe: December 1, 2000
Japan: December 14, 2000

PlayStation Network 
Japan: March 21, 2008
Australia: October 31, 2009

2000 video games
PlayStation games
Crash Bandicoot games
Bowery, (commonly called The Bowery) is the name of a street and a small neighborhood in the southern Manhattan. The name comes from the Dutch bouwerij, which is an old word for "farm." The neighborhood is surrounded by the East Village to the north, Canal Street and Chinatown to the South, Allen Street and the Lower East Side to the east and Little Italy to the west. The area was home to many Irish immigrants in the early 19th century after the Great Irish Famine.

Manhattan
Five Points (or The Five Points) was a slum (poor neighborhood) named after the five-cornered intersection of Anthony (now Worth St.), Cross (now Mosco), and Orange (now Baxter) in Manhattan it was located on. However, over time, the intersection sometimes had four or six corners. Five Points was the home to a lot of Irish and Italian immigrants, and to the 18th century Five Points Gang.

Other websites 
 What is Five Points? 

Manhattan
Neighborhoods of New York City
Amber Laura Heard (born April 22, 1986 in Austin, Texas) is an American actress.

Background
She made her movie debut in the 2004 sports movie Friday Night Lights. She had a recurring role on the television show, Hidden Palms as Greta Matthews. Heard came out at GLAAD's 25th anniversary event. From 2008 to 2011, she was in a relationship with photographer Tasya van Ree. She began a relationship with Johnny Depp in 2012. The couple became engaged in December 2013. They married in February 2015. In May 2016, she filed for divorce.

Their divorce had a lot of media attention when Heard said that Depp had been abusive throughout their relationship, and Depp in turn said in 2018 that Heard had abused him, before unsuccessfully suing the publishers of British tabloid The Sun for English defamation.
In 2022, Depp sued Heard for defamation in the United States after she wrote an op-ed discussing being a public victim of domestic violence in 2018, describing himself as a victim of cancel culture. The trial began in Virginia on April 11, 2022 with a verdict being reached on June 1, 2022 which found Heard guilty of defamation. She abused Johnny Deep and pretended that she got abused.

A year after losing a legal battle against her former husband Johnny Depp, she reportedly quit Hollywood and moved to Madrid with her daughter, Oonagh Paige (born April 8, 2021).

Entry into Film and Television 
Amber Heard's journey into the world of film and television began with rapid success. In 2004, she secured roles on television shows like "Jack & Bobby" and "The Mountain," followed by "The OC" in 2005. Her transition to the silver screen occurred with a supporting role in the sports drama "Friday Night Lights" in 2004, marking a significant turning point in her career.
However, her breakthrough came the following year when she appeared in the critically acclaimed film "North Country." Though her role was relatively small, she made a noticeable impact by portraying a younger version of Charlize Theron's character, Josey.

From this juncture, it became clear that Heard was destined for greater accomplishments. She took on diverse roles in films such as "Alpha Dog," "Price To Pay," and "All The Boys Love Mandy Lane," demonstrating her versatility as an actress. Notably, her leading role in "All The Boys Love Mandy Lane" garnered praise and identified her as a rising star when it premiered at the Toronto Film Festival.
Financial Aspects and Net Worth [5] 
As Amber Heard's stardom ascended, so did her net worth. According to Celebrity Net Worth, her estimated fortune in 2023 stands at approximately $500,000. However, it's essential to note that her financial situation has been the subject of considerable scrutiny. Before her highly publicized legal disputes with her ex-husband Johnny Depp, reports suggested that her net worth ranged from $2.5 million to as much as $8 million.
Filmography
 Friday Night Lights (2004) - Maria
 Side FX (2005) -  Shay
 Drop Dead Sexy (2005) - Candy
 North Country (2005) - Young Josey Aime
 Price To Pay (2006) - Trish
 The Prince (2006) (TV movie) - Serena
 You Are Here (2006) - Amber
 Alpha Dog (2006) - Alma
 Day 73 With Sarah (short film) (2007) - Mary
 Remember the Daze (2007) - Julia
 All the Boys Love Mandy Lane (2008) - Mandy Lane
 Never Back Down (2008) - Baja Miller
 Pineapple Express (2008) - Angie Anderson
 The Informers (2009) - Gwen Pearson
 Zombieland (2009) - 406
 The Stepfather (2009) - Kelly Porter
 ExTerminators (2009) - Nikki
 The Joneses (2010) - Jenn Jones
 The River Why (2010) - Eddy (Yet to be released)
 And Soon the Darkness (2010) - Stephanie
 The Ward (2010) - Kristen
 Drive Angry (2011) - Piper
 The Rum Diary (2011) - Chenault
 Justice League (2017) - Mera
 Aquaman (2018) - Mera

References

Other websites
1986 births
Living people
Actors from Austin, Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
Bisexual people
LGBT actors
LGBT models
LGBT people from Texas
Magnoliids (or Magnoliidae or Magnolianae) are a group of flowering plants. They are descendants of the earliest flowering plants: they keep some features which look like those of conifers.

The group include magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, tulip tree (Lyriodendron) and many others.  They  have three-part flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves. 

The magnoliids are today more than 10,000 species of flowering plants. They are successful despite being "primitive" in structure.

The group has many food crops (such as avocados) and many with psychotropic effects. The famous Polynesian drink kava is prepared from a magnoliad, and nutmeg fruits are a source of the hallucinogen myristicin. Psychotropic effects are usually a defence against herbivory.

References
The name commelinids is a plant taxonomy plural, not capitalised. It is used by the APG II system for a clade in the monocots. They have cell walls which contain ferulic acid.

It forms one of three groups in the monocots. The other two groups are the alismatid monocots and the lilioid monocots.

order Arecales (palms)
order Commelinales (spiderwort, water hyacinth)
order Poales (grasses, rushes, bromeliads)
order Zingiberales (gingers, banana)

Plant taxonomy
Monocots
The Ford Thunderbird is an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company starting in 1955. The Thunderbird was also known as the T-Bird. The car was often used in NASCAR races.

John Denver recorded a song in 1986 called "Along for the Ride", about the 1956 Thunderbird. The words and music were by Danny O'Keefe and Bill Braun. The Beach Boys had a big hit with the song "Fun Fun Fun" which also was about the Thunderbird.

References

1950s automobiles
1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Thunderbird
The Chevrolet Camaro is a car manufactured by Chevrolet. The Camaro was first sold in 1967. It was designed to compete with Ford Mustang, which was a very successful car. The Camaro was discontinued in 2002, but returned again in 2010 as a completely new car. The current generation Camaro's body shell comes from GM Korea formerly known as GM Daewoo.

History 
The Chevrolet Camaro was made to compete with the Ford Mustang. It would eventually become one of the most popular pony cars.

The first-generation Camaro was made from 1967 to 1969. It was designed as a sporty pony car. The first-generation Camaro came with many different engines. There were some inline-6s and some V8s. It was available as a coupé or a convertible. The design inspired the fifth-generation Camaro's design.

The second-generation Camaro was made from 1970 to 1981.  

The third-generation Camaro was made from 1982 to 1992.  

The fourth-generation Camaro was made from 1993 to 2002.
The fifth-generation Camaro was made from 2010 to 2015.  

The sixth and last generation Camaro was made from 2016 to 2024.

The Camaro was discontinued in January 2024.

References

1960s automobiles
1970s automobiles
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Camaro
The International Species Information System (ISIS) is an international non-profit organization that helps zoos and aquariums around the world. ISIS gives its members software to collect and share information about animals. The ISIS database has information on 2.4 million animals of 10,000 species. ISIS members use basic information (age, sex, parents, place of birth, reports of deaths, etc.) collected in the ISIS system to care for and manage their animals.

Other websites
Official site 

International scientific organizations
Non-profit organizations of the United States
The National Wildlife Federation (NWF) is the United States' largest private, nonprofit conservation education and advocacy organization. It has over four million members and supporters.

NWF seeks to educate people of all ages by publishing a variety of wildlife magazines, including Wild Animal Baby, Your Big Backyard, Ranger Rick, and National Wildlife Magazine, and by the Backyard Habitat series on Discovery's Animal Planet along with IMAX films, such as Coral Reef Adventure, India: Kingdom of the Tiger, Bears, Wolves, and Dolphins. It has an online field guide of plants and animals called Enature.com. Also, the NWF offers hands-on training and support for habitat restoration through its Backyard Wildlife Habitat and Schoolyard Habitat programs.
Some of NWF's goals include: solutions to global warming; reducing mercury pollution; strengthening the Endangered Species Act; fighting invasive species; saving the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge from oil drilling; restoring America's waterways; reforming the Army Corps of Engineers; and educating future environmental stewards.

NWF's headquarters is in Reston, Virginia.

Board members 
The following individuals make up NWF's top executive staff:
Larry J. Schweiger, President & Chief Executive Officer
Jaime Matyas, Executive Vice President & Chief Operating Officer
Dulce Gomez-Zormelo, Treasurer, VP for Finance & Chief Financial Officer
Cynthia Lewin, Secretary, Senior VP and General Counsel

Volunteer programs 
The NWF runs a large network of volunteer programs that reaches over 10 million people.

Some of the current programs include:
Habitat Ambassadors
Habitat Steward Volunteers
Habitat Steward Hosts
The Louisiana Grant Project
Global Warming Ambassadors
Wildlife Literacy Ambassador
Frogwatch USA Volunteer
Behind the Scenes Volunteers

Regional offices 
Apart from its headquarters, the NWF runs ten regional offices across the United States.

Other articles
Sustainability
Biodiversity
Global warming
Ecology
Earth Science
Natural environment
Recycling

References

More reading
 Thomas B. Allen, Guardian of the Wild: The Story of the National Wildlife Federation, 1936-1986 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987)

Other websites
National Wildlife Federation Website
NWF Chief Naturalist Craig Tufts Memorial 
Enature.com
Arizona Wildlife Viewing
NWF Budget Summary at CharityNavigator.com
Alaska Youth for Environmental Action Website

Environmental organizations based in the United States
Organizations based in Virginia
1936 establishments in the United States
The gums are the mucosal tissue that lies over the mandible and maxilla. They are also called gingiva. They surround the teeth and provide a seal around them.

About of healthy gums

Color
Healthy gums are usually "coral pink."  Other colors like red, white, and blue can mean there is a problem. Red gums mean that the patient has gingivitis, or the inflammation of the gum.

Shape
Healthy gums fill and fit each space between teeth.

Texture
Healthy gums are firm and do not move very much.

Reaction to disturbance
Healthy gums usually have no reaction to normal disturbance such as brushing.

Additional images

Related pages
Gum graft
Head and neck anatomy
Periodontitis

Other websites
Periodontal disease 

Mouth
The Jacobson's organ, is part of the body that helps an animal smell things. It is found in many animals. It was discovered by Frederik Ruysch and later by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813. It is also called the vomeronasal organ or VNO.

This body part is mainly used to detect  pheromones, chemicals that carry information between individuals of the same species. So, sometimes it is called the "sixth sense."

References

Sensory system
Vertebrates
The Los Angeles Zoo, founded in 1966, is a  zoo in  Los Angeles, California. The City of Los Angeles owns the entire zoo, its land and buildings, and the animals. Animal care, grounds maintenance, construction, education, public information, and administrative staff are city employees.

History and overview 
The zoo, located in Los Angeles' Griffith Park, is home to 1,100 animals from around the world. The first zoo opened in 1912 and was about two miles (3.2 km) north of its current site until about 1965.

In the 1971 20th Century Fox film Escape from the Planet of the Apes, the characters Zira and Cornelius are briefly kept at the Los Angeles Zoo.

The zoo is open from 10am–5pm every day of the year except December 25.