Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
David Plouffe (; born May 27, 1967) is an American political strategist who helped propel the Barack Obama Presidential campaign to success in the 2008 US Elections where he served as campaign manager.  

In 2017, he joined Facebook owner Mark Zuckerberg's wife, Priscilla Chan's charity organization, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, after leaving Uber as a lead effort and advocacy.

Plouffe was born in Wilmington, Delaware to Frances Vincent and James Plouffe.

References

1967 births
Living people
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
The duodecimal system (also known as base 12 or dozenal) is the number system with a base of twelve. In the duodecimal system, large numbers are expressed by groups of 12. For example, the number fifty (which we usually write as 50) would be written as 42 in the dozenal system, since it is equal to 4×12+2.

The number 12 is the smallest number that has four factors (2, 3, 4, 6). If one divides the numbers 10 and 12 with 3, the results will be 3.333... and 4, respectively. Doing the same thing with 6, the results will be 1.666... and 2. So, the duodecimal system can control the fractions better than the decimal system.

How to represent 10 and 11 in duodecimal 
There are no numerical symbols that represent 10 and 11 in duodecimal, so letters taken from the English alphabet are used, specifically X (from the Roman numeral for ten) and E (from the initial of eleven). Some people use A and B (as in hexadecimal) as well.
Edna Kramer in her 1951 book The Main Stream of Mathematics used * and # for decimal 10 and 11. The symbols were chosen because they are available in typewriters and push-button telephones.

This article uses "2" and "3" for decimal 10 and 11.

Duodecimal values

References 

Numbering systems
Alberto Jorge Fouilloux Ahumada  (22 November 1940 – 23 June 2018) was a Chilean football midfielder and striker. He earned 70 caps and scored 12 goals for the Chile national team during his career.

After retiring as a player Fouilloux went on to become a manager, serving as head coach of Huachipato and Colo-Colo.

Fouilloux died on June 23, 2018 aged 77 in Santiago, Chile of lung cancer.

References

1940 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Chilean footballers
Phan Huy Lê (23 February 1934 – 23 June 2018) was a Vietnamese historian. He was born in Lộc Hà district. He was professor of history at the Hanoi National University.

Phan was the author of many studies on village society and Vietnamese history in general. He was thought by many as "doyen of Vietnamese historians." He was also director of the Center for Vietnamese and Intercultural Studies at Vietnam National University, Hanoi.

Phan died of heart disease on 23 June 2018 in Hanoi, aged 84.

References

Vietnamese people
Historians
Deaths from heart disease
1934 births
2018 deaths
The Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea (국무총리 / 國務總理, Gungmuchongni) is appointed by the President of South Korea, with the National Assembly's approval. The officeholder is not required to be a member of the National Assembly. The Prime Minister is not the head of government but is similar to that of a vice president.

The Sino-Korean word gungmu (/) means "state affairs" and chongni (/) means "prime minister", "premier" or "chancellor", so the full title in Korean means literally "Prime Minister for State Affairs", but it is not used as official English title. The short title in Korean is just Chongni.

References

Other websites
 Prime Minister's Office 
 South Korea at worldstatesmen.org
Lee Nak-yeon (, born 20 December 1951), also known as Lee Nak-yon, is a South Korea politician. He was the 45th Prime Minister of South Korea.

References

1951 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of South Korea
Lee Hong-Koo (born May 9, 1934; Hangul: 이홍구; Hanja: 李洪九) is a former Korean academic and politician. He served as a former Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea, former South Korean Ambassador to the United Kingdom and United States, and founding Chairman of the East Asia Institute in Seoul.

References

Other websites
 Lee Hong-koo Naver Profile 

Living people
1934 births
Prime Ministers of South Korea
Deputy Prime Ministers of South Korea
Lho Shin-yong (Korean: 노신영, 28 February 1930 – 21 October 2019) was a South Korean politician, diplomat and intelligence chief. He served as the 18th Prime Minister, the 18th Foreign Minister and the 12th Director of the Agency of National Security Planning (ANSP, now National Intelligence Service) of the fifth South Korean republic.

Lho died in Seoul on 21 October 2019 at the age of 89.

References

1930 births
2019 deaths
Prime Ministers of South Korea
Ana María Francisca Adinolfi (known by her stage name, Violeta Rivas; 4 October 1937 – 23 June 2018) was an Argentine singer and actress. She was born in Buenos Aires. She was known for singing in the music program El Club del Clan.

She performed ¡Que Suerte! in Uruguay, which became her greatest hit. Rivas toured Latin America singing melodic songs. After the 1960s, she continued to perform in other films and to sing other songs such as Colorado, El Baile del Ladrillo, El Cardenal, and others.

Rivas died of a stroke in Buenos Aires on 4 October 1937, aged 80.

References

Other websites

Actors from Buenos Aires
Singers from Buenos Aires
Pop singers
Deaths from stroke
1937 births
2018 deaths
Pavel Vranský (29 April 1921 – 24 June 2018) was a Czech brigadier general. He was known for serving during the Siege of Tobruk. He is a  recipient of the War Cross and Medal of Merit He was born in Lipník nad Bečvou.

Vranský died on 24 June 2018 in Lipník, aged 97.

References

1921 births
Living people
Czech people
Generals
Nitish Kumar (born 1 March 1951) is an Indian politician. He was the chief minister of Bihar from 2015 until 2022. He is the President of Janata Dal (United). He is best known for his zero-tolerance policy against corruption.

References

Other websites 

1951 births
Living people
Bihari politicians
Francine Fuhara Muyumba (born 18 February 1987) is a Congolese youth leader serving as President of the Pan African Youth Union. In 2011, Muyumba became the first International Student to be elected President of the University of Namibia Student Representative Council. The other International student to have held the position was Joseph Kalimbwe seven years later.

In 2017, Muyumba was chosen among the 100 Influential young Africans.

References 

1987 births
Democratic Republic of the Congo politicians
Youth activists
Living people
A nickel–zinc battery, abbreviated NiZn, is a type of rechargeable battery. It is similar to the nickel cadmium battery but with a higher voltage of 1.6 V. Large nickel–zinc battery systems have been known for over 100 years. Since 2000, development of a stabilized zinc electrode system has made this technology competitive with other commercially available rechargeable battery systems. Cells in "AA" and "AAA" sizes are available. Nickel–zinc batteries are not as toxic as nickel–cadmium batteries, and they are less of a fire risk than lithium–ion batteries. The energy density is higher than nickel–cadmium, but not quite as high as lithium–ion.

Batteries
The University of Namibia (UNAM) is the largest university in Namibia. It was founded by an act of the National Assembly on 31 August 1992 and has 12 campuses, 8 faculties and 5 schools spread across the country. It has close to 24,000 studying on full time, part time and distance learning.

Campuses 
 Windhoek Main Campus
 Hage Geingob Campus
 Khomasdal Campus
 Nuedamm Campus 
 Rundu Campus
 Henties Bay Campus
 Southern Campus
 Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus 
 Oshakati Campus
 Jose Dos Santos Campus
 Katima Mulilo Campus

References

Windhoek
Colleges and universities in Africa
A depolarizer or depolariser is a substance used in a primary cell to prevent buildup of hydrogen gas bubbles. This would interfere with the working of the cell.  Manganese dioxide is a widely used depolarizer.

Batteries
A fire-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which hot gases pass from a fire through many tubes. These run through a sealed container of water. The heat of the gases passes through the walls of the tubes, and this heats the water and creates steam.

Most steam locomotives have fire-tube boilers.

Boilers
A motor–generator is a device for converting electrical power to another form. Motor–generator sets are used to convert frequency, voltage, or phase of power. They may also be used to isolate electrical loads from the electrical power supply line. Large motor–generators were widely used to convert industrial amounts of power while smaller motor–generators were used to convert battery power to higher voltages.

Nowadays, motor–generators have largely been replaced by semiconductor devices. Examples include rectifiers for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and inverters for converting DC to AC.

Electricity
AAR wheel arrangement is a system for classifying locomotives used in North America. It is a simplified form of the UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements.

Examples
 A1A-A1A Two bogies or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each bogie has two powered axles and one unpowered axle
 B-B Two bogies or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each bogie has two powered axles 
 C-C Two bogies or wheel assemblies under the unit. Each bogie has three powered axles 

Locomotive classification systems
For wheel arrangement systems, see:

 AAR wheel arrangement
 UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements
 Whyte notation
Kenneth Ian Albiston (11 November 1926 – 20 June 2018) was an Australian rules footballer. He played for Richmond and Melbourne in the VFL. He served in the royal air force during the last years of World War II. He was born in Balwyn, Victoria.

Albiston died on 20 June 2018 in Melbourne, Victoria at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

DemonWiki profile

1926 births
2018 deaths
Australian rules footballers
Sportspeople from Victoria (Australia)
Richard Benjamin Harrison Jr. (also known by the nicknames The Old Man and The Appraiser; March 4, 1941 – June 25, 2018) was an American businessman and reality television personality. He was born in Danville, Virginia, but raised in Lexington, North Carolina. He was best known as the co-owner of the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, as featured on the History channel series Pawn Stars.

Harrison was usually referred to by his nickname, "The Old Man".

Harrison died on June 25, 2018 in Las Vegas, Nevada from Parkinson's disease at the age of 77.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Gold and Silver Dealer in USA 

1941 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Nevada
American television personalities
Businesspeople from Virginia
People from North Carolina
Jamsheed Marker (Hilal-e-Imtiaz) (24 November 1922 – 21 June 2018) was a Pakistani diplomat. He served as Ambassador to the United States serving from 17 September 1986 to 30 June 1989. He was the head of mission during the administrations of Prime Ministers Muhammad Khan Junejo and Benazir Bhutto. He helped negotiate the Soviet military withdrawal from Afghanistan.

Marker died on 21 June 2018 in Karachi at the age of 95.

References

1922 births
2018 deaths
Ambassadors to the United States
Pakistani diplomats
Francesco Forleo (13 November 1941 – 24 June 2018) was an Italian politician and policeman. He served as a Deputy from 1987 to 1994. He was born in Turin.

Forleo died of dementia in Genoa on 24 June 2018 at the age of 76.

References 

1941 births
2018 deaths
Italian politicians
Police officers
People from Turin
Deaths from dementia
Etna is a city in the Scott Valley area of Siskiyou County, California, United States. The population was 678 at the 2020 census.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the city of Etna

1878 establishments in California
Cities in California
Settlements in Siskiyou County, California
Montague is a city in Siskiyou County, California, United States. The population was 1,226 at the 2020 census.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of Montague

1900s establishments in California
1909 establishments in the United States
Cities in California
Settlements in Siskiyou County, California
Sayed Isma'el Balkhi () was a poet, political activist and cleric in Afghanistan during the twentieth century. He was one of the thinkers and pioneers of the Islamic Movement of Afghanistan.

References 

1918 births
1968 deaths
Hazara people
Hazara politicians
Afghan poets
Siskiyou County ( ) is a county in the northernmost part of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 44,076. The county seat is Yreka.

Siskiyou County is in the Cascade Mountains on the Oregon border.

References 

1852 establishments in California
Yreka ( ) is the county seat of Siskiyou County, California, United States. It is near the Shasta River at 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level and covering about 10.1 sq mi (26 km2) area, of which most is land. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 7,807.

In 1941, it was proposed that Yreka were to be the capital city of the proposed Jefferson state, which would be made-up of southern Oregon and northern California.

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 Yreka Chamber of Commerce 
 Siskiyou County Historical Society 
 Siskiyou County Museum 
 Siskiyou Daily News
Images of Yreka from the Eastman’s Originals Collection ,  Special Collections Dept. , University of California, Davis.

1851 establishments in California
1857 establishments in California
Cities in California
County seats in California
Settlements in Siskiyou County, California
Baikonur Cosmodrome (; ) is a spaceport in southern Kazakhstan. It is the first and most active space port in the world. It is leased to Russia until 2050, and is managed by Roskosmos and the Russian aerospace forces. It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s. There are many commercial, military and scientific rocket launches each year  All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.

Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, was launched from Baikonur in 1957. Vostok 1, the first human spaceflight, was also launched from Baikonur, carrying Yuri Gagarin. The launchpad used for both of these missions was renamed Gagarin's Start.

References 

1955 establishments in Asia
Spaceports
Buildings and structures in Kazakhstan
1950s establishments in Kazakhstan
Proton is an expandable launch vehicle used for both commercial and Russian government launches. It is still in use as of 2018. All Protons are built at Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center, and are then launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome. It can launch around 22.8 tonnes to Low Earth orbit, and it can launch around 6.3 tonnes to Geostationary orbit. It is expected to be retired before 2030.

It was originally created as a super heavy Intercontinental ballistic missile. The first Proton rocket was launced in 1965. Proton's design was kept secret until 1986. It launched several sections of the Mir space station, and also launched two modules to the ISS.

References 

Rockets
Russia
The North British Locomotive Company (NBL) was created in 1903 through the merger of three Scottish locomotive manufacturing companies. They were Sharp, Stewart and Company and Neilson, Reid and Company  and Dübs and Company. This created the largest locomotive manufacturing company in Europe at the time.

The company closed in 1962.

Locomotive manufacturers
1903 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Scotland
1962 disestablishments
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Companies of Scotland
Organisations based in Glasgow
In economics, the term volatility is used to measure how much the price or value of an economic good or service changes over time. Goods or services where the price changes a lot are said to have a high volatility, those that don't have a low volatility. The word come from the Latin verb "volare" meaning "to fly".

In the securities markets, volatility is often associated with big swings in either direction. For example, when the stock market rises and falls more than one percent over a sustained period of time, it is called a "volatile" market. An asset's volatility is a key factor when pricing options contracts. In statistical terms, volatility is the standard deviation of a market or security’s annualised returns over a given period - essentially the rate at which its price increases or decreases. Historical volatility is calculated using a series of past market prices, while implied volatility looks at expected future volatility, using the market price of a market-traded derivative like an option.
Causes of volatility 
Market volatility is caused by a host of several factors

 Political and economic factors
 Industry and sector factors
 Company performance
 Volatility overseas

References 

Finance
Joshua David Hawley (born December 31, 1979) is an American politician. He is the senior United States Senator of Missouri since January 3, 2019.

He was the Attorney General of Missouri from 2017 to 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party.

He was born in Springdale, Arkansas. Hawley studied at Stanford University and at Yale University. He is a former law clerk to Chief Justice John Roberts of the Supreme Court.

In October 2017, Hawley announced his candidacy for U.S. Senate. He defeated Claire McCaskill in the general election in November 2018.

References

Other websites
Missouri Attorney General
Hawley for Senate

1979 births
Living people
United States senators from Missouri
Stanford University alumni
Yale University alumni
Attorneys general
Politicians from Missouri
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Geoff Case (18 September 1935 – 22 June 2018) was an Australian rules footballer. He played in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He was born in Victoria, Australia.

Case was a tough midfielder and played his 122 VFL games for Melbourne, which included the 1955, 1957, 1959 and 1960 winning grand finals.  He also represented the VFL, but retired at the relatively young age of just twenty-six in 1962.

Case died on 22 June 2018 in Melbourne at the age of 82.

References

1935 births
2018 deaths
Australian rules footballers
Sportspeople from Victoria (Australia)
Deanna Lund (May 30, 1937 – June 22, 2018) was an American actress. She was born in Oak Park, Illinois. Lund was best known for her role in the Irwin Allen television series Land of the Giants, where she played the character of Valerie Ames Scott.

Lund died on June 22, 2018 at her home in Century City, California of pancreatic cancer, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 
 Official site

1937 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Oak Park, Illinois
Constance Adams (16 July, 1964 – 25 June, 2018) was an American space architect. He worked in the space program.  In the late 1990s she was employed by Lockheed Martin Space Operations, to support the NASA’s Mars exploration research efforts at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. Among other projects, Adams was involved in developing the Lockheed-Martin design of an inflatable module for the International Space Station.

Adams died of colorectal cancer in Houston on June 25, 2018, aged 53.

References

Writers from Houston
American architects
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Cancer deaths in Texas
1960s births
2018 deaths
Anthony Steven Evers (born November 5, 1951) is an American politician and educator. He is the 46th and current Governor of Wisconsin. He was elected Governor on November 6, 2018, defeating Scott Walker.

Before becoming Governor, he served as the 26th Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin from 2009 to 2019. Evers serves as President of the Council of Chief State School Officers and was Wisconsin's Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction from 2001 to 2009. 

Evers was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Wisconsin in the 2018 gubernatorial election. His running mate is community organizer Mandela Barnes. Evers won the election by 1%.

Evers was re-elected governor in 2022, defeating businessman Tim Michels.

Evers had esophageal cancer before undergoing intensive surgery in 2008.

References

Other websites
 Governor Tony Evers official State of Wisconsin website
1951 births
Living people
Governors of Wisconsin
Educators from Wisconsin
Politicians from Wisconsin
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lance Franklin (or Buddy Franklin) was born on 30 January 1987. In his early life he had grown up to love AFL and view as many matches as he could, but his passion did not just stop there, he was a star on the AFL field as a young boy and eventually pursued his passion to the point he is at now, an international level.

Franklin was born in Perth, Western Australia, into a family of Indigenous Australians (Noongar-Wajuk) and grew up in Dowerin supporting the Melbourne Football Club. When he was 15, he won a sports scholarship and was educated at Wesley College. He played one senior game for the Perth Football Club in 2004, kicking one goal, and represented Western Australia at the 2004 AFL Under 18 Championships.
Franklin has won two premierships, four All-Australian team awards, two Coleman Medals and a Peter Crimmins Medal in his time at Hawthorn, he also kicked the AFL Goal of the Year twice (in 2010 and 2013). He also was nominated for the AFL Rising Star award in the 2005 season. After winning his second premiership at Hawthorn, Franklin moved to the Sydney Swans at the end of the 2013 season, before representing Australia in the 2013 International Rules Series. Franklin had an incredible impact at Sydney, where he won three All-Australian selections and two more Coleman Medals.

1987 births
Living people
Grigory Isaakovich Barenblatt (; July 10, 1927 – June 21, 2018) was a Russian mathematician. He was born in Moscow. He was an emeritus Professor in Residence at the Department of Mathematics of the University of California, Berkeley and Mathematician at Department of Mathematics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. 

Barenblatt died on June 21, 2018 at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
 Applied mechanics: an age old science perpetually in rebirth (pdf). The Timoshenko Medal acceptance speech by Grigory Barenblatt (to be published by ASME in summer 2006).

1927 births
2018 deaths
Russian mathematicians
Writers from Moscow
William Stanley Merwin (September 30, 1927 – March 15, 2019) was an American poet. He was mainly active during the anti-Vietnam War era. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (in both 1971 and 2009), the National Book Award for Poetry (2005) and the Tanning Prize, one of the highest honors bestowed by the Academy of American Poets, as well as the Golden Wreath of the Struga Poetry Evenings.

In 2010, the Library of Congress named Merwin the seventeenth United States Poet Laureate to replace the outgoing Kay Ryan.

Merwin died at his home in Haiku, Hawaii on March 15, 2019 from a heart attack, aged 91.

References

1927 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Pulitzer Prize winners
American poets
Writers from New York City
Writers from Hawaii
Charles Simic (; born Dušan Simić; May 9, 1938 – January 9, 2023) was a Serbian American poet. He was the co-poetry editor of the Paris Review. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1990 for The World Doesn't End, and was a finalist of the Pulitzer Prize in 1986 for Selected Poems, 1963-1983 and in 1987 for Unending Blues. 

Simic was appointed the fifteenth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 2007.
Simic married fashion designer Helene Dubin in 1964, and their union produced two children. In 1971, he became an American citizen. Simic died of complications of dementia on January 9, 2023, at the age of 84.

References

1938 births
2023 deaths
Pulitzer Prize winners
American poets
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from New Hampshire
Writers from Oak Park, Illinois
People from Belgrade
Deaths from dementia
Disease-related deaths in New Hampshire
Michelle Renee Clunie (born November 7, 1969) is an American actress, dancer and activist. She is best known for her roles as Melanie Marcus on Showtime's series Queer as Folk and as Ellen Beals on Make It or Break It. She is currently a star on MTV’s Teen Wolf as Mrs. Finch.

References

Other websites
 

1969 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American activists
American dancers
Actors from Portland, Oregon
The following article is a complete discography for Creed, an American rock band.  Formed in 1993 in Tallahassee, Florida, Creed released three studio albums and one compilation album before breaking up in 2004 due to tension between members.  However, they reunited in 2009 to release a new studio album.  Creed have sold over 53 million albums worldwide. The band's discography consists of four studio albums, two compilation albums, one live video release, one extended play and a host of guest contributions to other albums.
Studio albums
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:33px;"|Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"|Album details 
! colspan=7|Peak chart positions 
! rowspan="2" style="width:175px;"|Certifications(sales thresholds)
! rowspan="2"|Sales
|-
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| US
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| AUS
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| CAN
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| NZ
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| SWE
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| SWI
!style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| UK
|-
|1997
| My Own Prison
Released: August 26, 1997
Label: Wind-Up Records
| style="text-align:center;"| 22
| style="text-align:center;"| 75
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 49
| style="text-align:center;"| —
|
RIAA: 6× Platinum
MC: 3× Platinum
|
US: 6,500,000
|-
|1999
| Human Clay
Released: September 28, 1999
Label: Wind-Up Records
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:center;"| 35
| style="text-align:center;"| 29
|
RIAA: 11× Platinum
ARIA: 4× Platinum
BVMI: Gold
MC: 6× Platinum
BPI: Gold
|
US: 11,690,000
|-
|2001
| Weathered
Released: November 20, 2001
Label: Wind-Up Records
| style="text-align:center;"| 1
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:center;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 44
|
RIAA: 6× Platinum
ARIA: 2× Platinum
BVMI: Gold
MC: 3× Platinum
BPI: Gold
|
US: 6,400,000
|-
|2009
| [[Full Circle (Creed album)|Full Circle]]
Released: October 27, 2009
Label: Wind-Up Records
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 27
| style="text-align:center;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 56
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
| style="text-align:center;"| 78
|
|
US: 444,000
|-
|
|
US: 444,000
|-
| colspan="11" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes a release that did not chart.
|}
Compilation albums

Video albums

EPs

Singles
EPs

Singles

Guest appearances
Creed produced the soundtrack to Scream 3 in 2000, from which the single "What If" was released (the song originally appeared on the band's Human Clay album from 1999). The song "Is This the End?" was also specifically recorded for the soundtrack. Other songs contributed to soundtracks include "Bound & Tied" (Dead Man on Campus), "I'm Eighteen" (The Faculty), "To Whom It May Concern" (The Scorpion King), and "Young Grow Old" (WWF Forceable Entry). "I'm Eighteen" is a cover of the Alice Cooper song of the same name. Creed were also at Woodstock 1999, where they played many of their hits as well as The Doors' song "Roadhouse Blues", during which they were joined by Doors' guitarist Robby Krieger.  The performance was later included on the compilation CD of that event.  In 2000, the band contributed a studio cover of "Riders on the Storm" for The Doors tribute album Stoned Immaculate: The Music of The Doors (a song they also performed at Woodstock).
All of these tracks are included on the band's 2015 compilation With Arms Wide Open: A Retrospective'', along with other assorted b-sides and rarities.

Music videos

References

Discographies of American artists
Richard Scott Bakker (born February 2, 1967, Simcoe, Ontario) is a Canadian fantasy author. He also lectures in the South Western Ontario university community. He grew up on a tobacco farm in the Simcoe area. In 1986 he attended the University of Western Ontario and studied literature. He later completed an MA in theory and criticism.  After further study in philosophy at Vanderbilt University he returned to London, Ontario where he now lives with his wife and daughter. He spends his time writing fiction and study.

Works

Fiction

The Second Apocalypse 
R. Scott Bakker's major work is a series known as The Second Apocalypse, which he began developing in the 1980s. The series was first planned as series of three books. The first two books were to be the The Prince of Nothing and The Aspect-Emperor. The third book has been called The Book That Shall Not Be Named by Bakker.  He thought the title of this book was a spoiler for the first two books.
Bakker began writing the books in the early 2000s. He found he needed to split each of the three books into its own sub-series to include all of the characters, themes and ideas he wished to explore. The first two books have now become trilogies, and the third book, which is currently two volumes, may expand to a third.

Science Fiction, Thrillers, Mystery, and Other Works

Neuropath 
A science fiction novel about a serial killer whose knowledge allows them to control the human brain. Published in 2008.

The Disciple of the Dog 
The story of a private investigator, Disciple Manning, who suffers from a condition like Hyperthymesia. Published in 2010.

Philosophy 
Bakker developed ideas which are the basis of his Blind Brain Theory and Heuristic Neglect Theory.
Blind Brain Hypothesis 
A short essay about his Blind Brain Hypothesis, published 2008. It was based on ideas that were part of his novel, Neuropath. These ideas were about the limits of human consciousness, for example how the eye does not see all the colors because they are beyond our field of vision. We are only aware of a tiny part of all the information our brains process, and this means that what we experience is largely an illusion.

Bakker wrote that the scientific method and its progress would one day give us insights into human behavior that we could not imagine now. He argued in the future there would be some kind of brain–computer interface.

The Semantic Apocalypse 
In 2008, Bakker presented The End of the World As We Know It: Neuroscience and the Semantic Apocalypse at Western University's Centre for the Study of Theory and Criticism. This was based on ideas from Neuropath, a  fictional world where the technologies of neuroscience have reached technical and social maturity and prevalence.
Bakker says that science is now used to explain the natural world, rather than folk stories. He says that one day science will also explain how our brains work, and how that affects our behaviour. Human behaviour is not always rational, and society has ignored this cognitive bias. Bakker's Blind Brain Hypothesis is that we are only conscious of a tiny part of the information processed by our brains. Because of this we do not fully understand our thoughts and behaviours. 

Bakker noted the amount of money now being spent to use neuroscience to improve marketing techniques.

Three Pound Brain 
In May 2010, Bakker began a blog called Three Pound Brain. Bakker has used the blog to explore and write about his philosophical ideas. He also uses it for copies of his past academic work, speculative pieces, and samples and drafts of his fiction writing.

Back to Square One 
An essay published on Scientia Salon, November 2014.

Crash Space 
Science fiction short story released in Midwest Studies in Philosophy.
From Scripture to Fantasy 
A paper published in Cosmos and History, January 2017.

On Alien Philosophy 
On Alien Philosophy was first published on Three Pound Brain, August 2015, it was later rewritten for the Journal of Consciousness Studies, Feb 2017.

Bibliography

The Prince of Nothing 

 The Darkness That Comes Before (2004)
 The Warrior-Prophet (2005)
 The Thousandfold Thought (2006)

The Aspect-Emperor 

 The Judging Eye (2009) 
 The White-Luck Warrior (2011) 
 The Great Ordeal (2016) 
 The Unholy Consult (2017)

Atrocity Tales 

 The False Sun, Three Pound Brain, published in 2017 in The Unholy Consult
 The Four Revelations of Cinial'jin, Three Pound Brain, published in 2017 in The Unholy Consult
 The Knife of Many Hands, published in two parts in Grimdark Magazine #2 & #3, 2015
 The Carathayan, published in Evil is a Matter of Perspective

Short Stories
Short Stories 

 Light, Time, and Gravity, Three Pound Brain
 The Long Held Breath, Three Pound Brain
 Reinstalling Eden, Nature (2013)
 What Was...And What Will Never Be, Three Pound Brain
 Crash Space, Midwest Studies in Philosophy (2015)
 The Dime Spared, Three Pound Brain

Disciple Manning novels 

 Disciple of the Dog (2010)
 The Enlightened Dead (forthcoming)

Stand-alone novels 

 Neuropath (2008)

Essay-collections 

 Through the Brain Darkly: The Blind Brain Theory of R Scott Bakker (2013)
 The Digital Dionysus: Nietzsche & the Network-Centric Condition (2016)

References

Other websites 

 Official R. Scott Bakker website
 Bakker's blog
 Second Apocalypse Forum Independently maintained fan forum endorsed by R. Scott Bakker.
 R. Scott Bakker's The Devil's Chirp (Ambrose Bierce homage)
 Bakkerfans Twitter
 R. Scott Bakker's old SFF Forum  at SFFWorld
 The Three-Seas Forum read-only archive 
 Bakker Subreddit

1967 births
Living people
Canadian novelists
Canadian science fiction writers
Deneb (also named Arided, α Cygni, alpha Cygni, α Cyg) is the brightest star in the constellation of Cygnus.  It, along with Vega, and Altair make up the Summer Triangle asterism.

It has an apparent magnitude of 1.25, which means that it is the 20th brightest star in the night sky. However its distance from the sun and luminosity are difficult to calculate, but it's distance is estimated to be approximately 2,600 light years away. It is thought to be between 55,000 and 196,000 times as luminous as the Sun.

Deneb is a blue supergiant that is 203 times larger than the Sun.

Deneb will be the Pole Star in the year 9800 AD.

References 

Northern pole stars
Supergiants
Jackson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Mentioned in Despatches for his actions in the Middle East. In March 1942, while serving in the South West Pacific theatre, he was promoted to squadron leader. He was in command of No. 75 Squadron at Port Moresby in Papua, operating P-40 Kittyhawks. Described as "rugged, simple" and "true as steel", Jackson, aged 34, was nicknamed "Old John" by his much younger squadron members. He was praised for his leadership during the defence of Port Moresby. He was killed in action on 28 April 1942. His younger brother Les took over No. 75 Squadron, and also became a fighter ace. Jacksons International Airport, Port Moresby, is named in John Jackson's honour.

References

1908 births
1942 deaths
People from Brisbane
Australian military people
World War II people
Omokoroa is a small urban area in the Western Bay of Plenty District of New Zealand. The suburb is thought part of Greater Tauranga (contributing towards its population of ), and is within the Bay of Plenty electorate.

References 

Settlements in Bay of Plenty Region
Western Bay of Plenty District
Falcon 9 is a two-stage rocket. It was designed and manufactured by SpaceX in the United States. Parts of the rocket can be used more than one time. The latest version of the first stage can return to Earth and be flown again many times. Both the first and second stages are powered by SpaceX Merlin engines. They use cryogenic liquid oxygen and rocket-grade kerosene (RP-1) as fuel. Its name comes from the fictional Star Wars spacecraft, the Millennium Falcon. The 9 is for the nine engines of the rocket's first stage. There have been many versions of the rocket. These include v1.0 (2010–2013), v1.1 (2013–2016) and  v1.2 Full Thrust (2015–present). It also includes the Falcon 9 Block 5 version.

It also includes the Block 5 Full Thrust version. This version has been used since May 2018. Most rockets can only be used one time. SpaceX has landed Falcon 9 boosters over a hundred times.  The first stages have been used as many as eleven times.
Falcon 9 can carry of up to  to low Earth orbit (LEO). If fully used, it can carry  to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The rocket can carry  to GTO when the first stage is recovered. It has a cargo size of ]145 cubic meters of volume The heaviest GTO loads carried have been Intelsat 35e () and Telstar 19V ().
In 2008, SpaceX won a Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract in NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program. They would take cargo to the International Space Station (ISS) using the Falcon 9 and Dragon capsule. The first mission under this contract launched on 8 October 2012. Falcon 9 can take NASA astronauts to the ISS. It is also certified for the National Security Space Launch program and NASA Launch Services Program as "Category 3". This means it can be used with the most expensive, important and complex NASA missions. Falcon 9 is said to be the world's most advanced space launch vehicle by many sources. As of January 2021, Falcon 9 has the most launches among all U.S. rockets that are currently being used. It is the only U.S. rocket fully certified for transporting humans to the International Space Station. It is also the only commercial rocket to take humans to orbit. On 24 January 2021, Falcon 9 set a new record for the most satellites launched by a single rocket
. It carried 143 satellites into orbit.
Five rockets of the version 1.0 design were launched from June 2010 to March 2013. Version 1.1 had fifteen launches from September 2013 to January 2016. The "Full Thrust" version has been used since December 2015. There are many upgrades to this version. The latest Full Thrust variant, Block 5, was introduced in May 2018. It has more thrust, improved landing legs and other minor improvements to help recovery and reuse. The Falcon Heavy version was first flown in February 2018. It has a stronger Falcon 9 first stage as its center core. It also has two added Falcon 9 first stages used as boosters. SpaceX plans to replace Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy with the much larger Starship launch system.

Development history

Conception and funding 
In October 2005, SpaceX said it was going to launch Falcon 9 in the first half of 2007. The first launch took place in 2010.
NASA became the main user for the vehicle in 2008. They agreed to buy 12 Commercial Resupply Services launches to the International Space Station. The money would be paid after the demonstration missions were completed successfully. The space logistics delivery contract was worth US$1.6 billion for a minimum of 12 missions to carry supplies to and from the International Space Station.

Elon Musk has said that it would have taken longer without the NASA money.SpaceX has only come this far by building upon the incredible achievements of NASA, having NASA as an anchor tenant for launch, and receiving expert advice and mentorship throughout the development process. SpaceX would like to extend a special thanks to the NASA COTS office for their continued support and guidance throughout this process. The COTS program has demonstrated the power of a true private/public partnership, and we look forward to the exciting endeavors our team will accomplish in the future.
In 2011, SpaceX saidthat Falcon 9 v1.0 costs were about US$300 million. NASA said that costs would have been US$3.6 billion if a traditional cost-plus contract approach had been used. In 2014, SpaceX released total costs for both the Falcon 9 and the Dragon capsule. NASA provided US$396 million. SpaceX provided over US$450 million.

A 2011 NASA report said that it would have cost them about US$4 billion to develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster. "A more commercial development" approach might have let the agency to pay only US$1.7 billion".

Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 said that the normal NASA process of setting only a requirement and leaving the details to SpaceX let them make the Falcon 9 rocket at a muchlower cost.
Development 
At first, SpaceX wanted to follow the Falcon 1 with a larger capacity vehicle, the Falcon 5. In 2005, SpaceX said it was working on the Falcon 9 instead. They said that they already had a government customer. The Falcon 9 was said to be able of carrying approximately  to low Earth orbit. They said it would cost US$27 million per flight with a  payload. It would cost US$35 million with a  payload. SpaceX also said a heavy version of the Falcon 9 would have a payload capacity of about . The Falcon 9 was intended to enable launches to Low-Earth orbit (LEO), Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO), as well as both crew and cargo vehicles to the International Space Station (ISS). The rocket was not full reusable at this time. This caused the price estimates to be higher than expected.
Testing 
The original NASA contract called for a demonstration flight of Falcon in September 2008. It also called for all three demonstration missions to be done by September 2009. In February 2008, the plan for the first demo flight was delayed until early 2009. According to Elon Musk, the delay was  caused by how cpmplex the work was the rules for launching from Cape Canaveral.

The first test with two engines connected to the first stage was done in January 2008. Other tests led to the Falcon 9 being tested with nine engines. The engine were tested for a full mission length (178 seconds for stage one) in November 2008. In October 2009, the first stage had a successful all-engine test fire for the first time. This was done  in McGregor, Texas. In November 2009, SpaceX held the first test of the second stage. This test lasted forty seconds. In January 2010, a full-duration (329 seconds)  firing of the Falcon 9 second stage was held. SpaceX  scheduled launch date of March 2010.
In February 2010, SpaceX's first flight stack was set up at Space Launch Complex 40, Cape Canaveral. On 9 March 2010, SpaceX  was to test-fire the first stage. The test was stopped 2 seconds before firing. This was because of a failure in the system designed to pump high-pressure helium from the launch pad into the first stage. The problem was with the pad and not with the rocket itself. All of Falcon 9's systems leading up to the abort worked as expected. Another test on 13 March 2010 was successful.
Production 
In December 2010, SpaceX was making one Falcon 9 (and Dragon spacecraft) every three months. They wanted to double the rate to one every six weeks. By September 2013, SpaceX's manufacturing space had increased to nearly . The factory had set up to make 40 rocket cores per year. The factory was making one Falcon 9 vehicle per month as of November 2013. The company wanted to increase that to 18 vehicles per year in mid-2014 and  24 per year by the end of 2014. They wanted to be making 40 rocket cores per year by the end of 2015.

These production rates were not achieved by February 2016. The company said that production rate for Falcon 9 cores had only increased to 18 per year. They also said that the number of first stage cores that can be made at one time had doubled from three to six. The rate was expected to grow to 30 cores per year by the end of 2016. Still, By August 2016, SpaceX was working towards a production capacity of 40 cores per year.
Since 2018, SpaceX has usually reused first stages. This has reduced the need for new cores. In 2021, SpaceX had 31 F9 launches. Only two of those used new boosters. They recovered the booster on all but one flight.

Design 

The Falcon 9 is a two-stage rocket. it is powered by LOX and RP-1.   Both stages have Merlin 1D rocket engines. The first stage has nine that are adapted for use at sea-level. The second stage has one that is adapted for use in a vacuum. The engines uses a pyrophoric mixture of triethylaluminum-triethylborane (TEA-TEB) to ignite the engine. The first stage engines are set in a form SpaceX calls "Octaweb." Many cores have four landing legs at the base of the Octaweb. To control the core while it falls through the atmosphere, SpaceX uses grid fins. They deploy from the vehicle after separation. The legs deploy moments before landing.
The propellant tank walls and domes are made from aluminum–lithium alloy.  The second stage tank of a Falcon 9 is a shorter version of the first stage tank. This decreases the cost to make them. The connection between the two stages is a carbon-fiber and aluminum-core structure. The original stage separation system had twelve attachment points. This was which was reduced to three in the v1.1 launcher.

The Falcon 9 uses a payload fairing to protect satellites during launch. The fairing is  long,  in diameter, weighs approximately .  It is made of a carbon fiber skin on an aluminum honeycomb core. Testing of the design was done at NASA's Plum Brook Station facility in spring 2013.
SpaceX uses multiple flight computers. This makes the system less affected by faults. Each Merlin rocket engine is controlled by three computers. Each of these computers has two processors that check each other. The software runs on Linux. It is written in C++. Each stage has its own flight computers. This is in addition to the controllers on each engine.  Each engine microcontroller CPU runs on a PowerPC architecture.

The Falcon 9 rocket can lose up to two of the engines and still complete the mission. Each engine creates  of thrust.
Launcher versions 
The Falcon 9 v1.0 flew five times in 2010–2013. The Falcon 9 v1.1 made its first flight in September 2013. The mission carried a very small  payload, the CASSIOPE satellite. It later launched larger things. This included the SES-8 GEO communications satellite. Both Falcon 9 v1.0 and Falcon 9 v1.1 were expendable launch vehicles (ELVs). The Falcon 9 Full Thrust made its first flight in December 2015. The first stage of the Falcon 9 Full Thrust version can be used many times. The current version, known as Falcon 9 Block 5, made its first flight in May 2018.
Pricing 
In 2010, the price of a Falcon 9 v1.0 launch was US$49.9 to US$56 million. By 2012, the listed price range had increased to US$54–US$59.5 million. In August 2013, the price for a Falcon 9 v1.1 was US$56.5 million; it was raised to US$61.2 million by June 2014. Since May 2016, the price for a Falcon 9 Full Thrust mission (allowing booster recovery) is US$62 million. Dragon cargo missions to the ISS have an average cost of US$133 million  The DSCOVR mission, for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), cost US$97 million.

In 2004, Elon Musk said "long term plans call for development of a heavy lift product and even a super-heavy, if there is customer demand. [...] Ultimately, I believe US$500 per pound (US$1100/kg) [of payload delivered to orbit] or less is very achievable". At its 2016 price, a Falcon 9 FT launch costs just over US.
In 2011, Musk estimated that materials needed for the Falcon 9 v1.0 launch cost about US$200,000. The first stage uses  of liquid oxygen and  of RP-1 fuel, while the second stage uses  of liquid oxygen and  of RP-1.

In October 2019, data from NASA showed that the Falcon 9's "base price" of US$62 million per launch would be lowered to US$52 million for flights scheduled in 2021 and beyond.

CNBC reported in April 2020 that the United States Air Force's launches were costing US$95 million This was because of the extra security used. SpaceX executive Christopher Couluris stated that reusing rockets can bring prices even lower, that it "costs US$28 million to launch it, that's with everything".

Gallery

References

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