Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In Pieces is the fifth studio album by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released on August 31, 1993. It debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200 and the Top Country Albums chart. It was also a huge hit outside the United States. In Great Britain it was Brooks' highest placed album on the charts. It reached the top ten of the country album charts before it was issued officially (due to imports from both the United States and Ireland). Critics felt that this would ruin the album's sales once it was issued. However, when it was eventually issued in Britain in early 1994 it went to #1 on the country charts and reached #2 in the pop charts and also produced two top 40 hit singles on the British pop charts.

The track "Callin' Baton Rouge" was previously a #37 peaking single in 1987 for the New Grass Revival, whose members back Brooks on his rendition. It was the first time the group had recorded together since they disbanded in 1989.
Background
Brooks commented on the album saying:
"In Pieces was just time to smile. It was time to laugh, it was time to get loud. It's definitely the most live album that we've ever cut. I think the band went to a different level on this. They seemed to play more like a band that had been together for years than studio musicians that come together and play at time to time. So this one is all there for me. I like to listen to it loud, and I just love the stuff like Baton Rouge and Ain't Going Down Til The Sun Comes Up. From One Night A Day, all the way to the very last song, The Cowboy Song, which is definitely my favorite off In Pieces and it will stand up with anything that I have cut over the past five years. Like the other things, I'm very proud of this one and I hope you like it.''''

Track listing
The track ordering has varied on different releases of this album.
Original release
"Standing Outside the Fire" (Jenny Yates, Garth Brooks) – 3:52
"The Night I Called the Old Man Out" (Pat Alger, Kim Williams, Brooks) – 3:12
"American Honky-Tonk Bar Association" (Bryan Kennedy, Jim Rushing) – 3:33
"One Night a Day" (Gary Burr, Pete Wasner) – 4:15
"Kickin' and Screamin'" (Tony Arata) – 4:02
"Ain't Goin' Down ('Til the Sun Comes Up)" (Kent Blazy, Williams, Brooks) – 4:33
"The Red Strokes" (James Garver, Lisa Sanderson, Yates, Brooks) – 3:44
"Callin' Baton Rouge" (Dennis Linde) – 2:38
"The Night Will Only Know" (Stephanie Davis, Yates, Brooks) – 3:55
"The Cowboy Song" (Roy Robinson) – 3:59

Limited series
"Standing Outside the Fire"
"The Night I Called the Old Man Out"
"American Honky-Tonk Bar Association"
"One Night a Day"
"Kickin' and Screamin'"
"Anonymous" (Tony Arata, Jon Schwabe) – 2:55
"Ain't Goin' Down ('Til The Sun Comes Up)"
"The Red Strokes"
"Callin' Baton Rouge"
"The Night Will Only Know"
"The Cowboy Song"
Subsequent releases (also known as The Remastered series)
"Standing Outside the Fire"
"The Night I Called the Old Man Out"
"American Honky-Tonk Bar Association"
"One Night a Day"
"Ain't Goin' Down ('Til The Sun Comes Up)"
"Anonymous"
"Kickin' and Screamin'"
"The Red Strokes"
"Callin' Baton Rouge"
"The Night Will Only Know"
"The Cowboy Song"

Chart performanceIn Pieces debuted at #1 on the U.S. Billboard 200, becoming his third, and #1 on the Top Country Albums, becoming his fourth #1 Country album. In July 1998, In Pieces'' was certified 8 x Platinum by the RIAA.

Charts

End of decade charts

Sales and certifications

Singles

Chart Successions

Personnel
Garth Brooks - lead and backing vocals, guitar
Additional musicians and staff
Sam Bacco - percussion
Bruce Bouton - pedal steel guitar 
Sam Bush - mandolin , fiddle , backing vocals 
Mark Casstevens - acoustic guitar
Mike Chapman - bass guitar, Synclavier programming 
Kathy Chiavola - backing vocals
John Cowan - backing vocals 
Helen Darling - backing vocals
Jerry Douglas - dobro 
Bobby Emmons - Hammond B-3 organ 
Ty England - acoustic guitar, backing vocals 
Béla Fleck - banjo 
Pat Flynn - acoustic guitar 
Rob Hajacos - fiddle 
Jim Horn - saxophone 
Roy Huskey, Jr. - bass 
Chris Leuzinger - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Steve McClure - electric guitar, pedal steel guitar 
Terry McMillan - harmonica
Ferrell Morris - percussion
Denny Purcell - digital remastering
Mike Palmer - drums, percussion 
Allen Reynolds - producer
Milton Sledge - drums, percussion
Bobby Wood - piano, keyboards
Trisha Yearwood - background vocals

References

1993 albums
Garth Brooks albums
Fresh Horses is the sixth studio album by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released on November 21, 1995. Fresh Horses peaked at #2 on the Billboard 200 chart, and #1 on the Top Country Albums chart.

The album had a worldwide radio ban until it was available to buy. Only the two singles issued ("She's Every Woman" and "The Fever") were allowed to be played before this date, the latter of which was a new country-rock version of an old Aerosmith song. Through 2006, approximately 7 million copies have been sold in the U.S.

Background

Brooks commented on the album saying:
"Everyone was expecting this album to be pop. Everyone said we were leaving (country). For the first time ever, I was involved (in writing) in eight of the 10 cuts, so it's a huge reflection of myself. It's the things I enjoy singing about. I got to sing about the band on the road, I got to sing about cowboys, and more importantly, the women who put up with those cowboys.Track listing
"The Old Stuff" (Bryan Kennedy, Dan Roberts, Garth Brooks) – 4:12
"Cowboys and Angels" (Kent Blazy, Kim Williams, Brooks) – 3:16
"The Fever" (Steven Tyler, Joe Perry, Roberts, Kennedy) – 2:40
"That Ol' Wind" (Leigh Reynolds, Brooks) – 5:22
"Rollin'" (Harley Allen, Reynolds, Brooks) – 4:07
"The Change" (Tony Arata, Wayne Tester) – 4:06
"The Beaches of Cheyenne" (Roberts, Kennedy, Brooks) – 4:13
"It's Midnight Cinderella" (Williams, Blazy, Brooks) – 2:23
"She's Every Woman" (Victoria Shaw, Brooks) – 2:53
”Ireland" (Stephanie Davis, Jenny Yates, Brooks) – 5:01
“The Limited Series” (1998) of the album inserted a cover of  Bob Dylan’s “To Make You Feel My Love” between tracks 7 and 8.

Chart performanceFresh Horses peaked at #2 on the U.S. Billboard 200, and peaked #1 on the Top Country Albums, becoming his sixth #1 Country album. In November 2006, Fresh Horses''''' was certified 7 x Platinum by the RIAA.

Album

Sales and Certifications

Singles

Other charted songs

Chart Successions

Personnel
Garth Brooks - lead vocals

Additional musicians
Susan Ashton - backing vocals
Sam Bacco - percussion
Bruce Bouton - steel guitar
Mark Casstevens - acoustic guitar
Mike Chapman - bass guitar
Ed Foote - hurdy-gurdy
Rob Hajacos - fiddle
Gordon Kennedy - electric guitar
Chris Leuzinger - electric guitar
Jimmy Mattingly - fiddle
Bobby Wood - piano, organ, keyboards
Leigh Reynolds - acoustic guitar
Milton Sledge - drums, percussion
Trisha Yearwood - backing vocals

References

1995 albums
Garth Brooks albums
Sevens is the seventh studio album by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released on November 25, 1997, and debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200, and on the Top Country Albums chart. The album also topped the Country album charts in Britain for several months and crossed over into the mainstream pop charts. His duet with Trisha Yearwood, "In Another's Eyes", won the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals at the Grammy Awards of 1998. Sevens was nominated for the Best Country Album Grammy the following year.

Background

Brooks commented on the album by saying:

"I'm proud, I'm excited, I'm nervous, and it feels good to be back in the game again. This is a very personal album. I only wrote six of the songs, but there are many that are so 'me' that people I work with every day thought I wrote them".
Track listings
"Longneck Bottle" (Rick Carnes, Steve Wariner) – 2:15
"How You Ever Gonna Know" (Kent Blazy, Garth Brooks) – 3:35
"She's Gonna Make It" (Blazy, Kim Williams, Brooks) – 2:45
"I Don't Have to Wonder" (Shawn Camp, Taylor Dunn) – 3:04
"Two Piña Coladas" (Camp, Benita Hill, Sandy Manson) – 3:34
"Cowboy Cadillac" (Bryan Kennedy, Brooks) – 2:50
"Fit for a King" (Jim Rushing, Carl Jackson) – 3:58
"Do What You Gotta Do" (Pat Flynn) – 2:57
"You Move Me" (Gordon Kennedy, Pierce Pettis) – 4:34
"In Another's Eyes" (Bobby Wood, John Peppard, Brooks) – 3:33
duet with Trisha Yearwood
"When There's No One Around" (Tim O'Brien, Darrell Scott) – 3:33
"A Friend to Me" (Victoria Shaw, Brooks) – 3:05
"Take The Keys to My Heart" (Hill, Pam Wolfe, Tommy Smith) – 2:31
"Belleau Wood" (Joe Henry, Brooks) – 3:29
Chart performance
Sevens debuted at #1 on the U.S. Billboard 200, becoming his fifth, and #1 on the Top Country Albums, becoming his seventh #1 Country album. In November 2006, Sevens was certified 10 x Platinum by the RIAA.

Charts

Certifications

End of decade charts

Chart Successions

Credits

Technical
Recorded and Mixed by Mark Miller
Recorded at Jack's Tracks Recording Studio
Assisted by Duke Duczer and Joe Hayden
Strings Recorded at Javelina Studios
Mastered at Georgetown Masters by Denny Purcell
Digital Editing by Carlos Grier
Personnel
As listed in liner notes.
Susan Ashton – background vocals ("She's Gonna Make It", "You Move Me")
Sam Bacco – percussion ("You Move Me", "Belleau Wood"), congas ("She's Gonna Make It")
Bruce Bouton – steel guitar
Garth Brooks – lead vocals, background vocals
Sam Bush – background vocals ("Do What You Gotta Do"), mandolin ("Do What You Gotta Do", "When There's No One Around")
Shawn Camp – acoustic guitar ("Two Piña Coladas")
Mark Casstevens – acoustic guitar
Mike Chapman – bass guitar
John Cowan – background vocals ("Do What You Gotta Do")
Béla Fleck – banjo
Pat Flynn – acoustic guitar ("Do What You Gotta Do")
Kevin Grant – bass guitar ("Fit for a King")
Rob Hajacos – fiddle
Randy Hardison – drums ("Fit for a King")
Lona Heid – background vocals ("Fit for a King")
Randy Howard – fiddle ("Fit for a King")
Carl Jackson – acoustic guitar, background vocals ("Fit for a King")
Chris Leuzinger – electric guitar, nylon string guitar
Edgar Meyer – arco bass ("Belleau Wood")
Al Perkins – Dobro ("Fit for a King")
Milton Sledge – drums, percussion
Catherine Styron – piano ("Fit for a King")
Steve Wariner – acoustic guitar ("Longneck Bottle")
Bobby Wood – piano, keyboard
Crowd vocals on "Two Piña Coladas": Dorothy "The Birthday Girl" Robinson, Charles Green, Mat Lindsey, Sandy Mason, Shawn Camp, Big Al, "Double D", Sam "The Man" Duczer, Garth Brooks

All strings performed by the Nashville String Machine; conducted and arranged by Jim Ed Norman.

Art
Production: Carlton Davis
Production Assistant: Denise Jarvis
Art Direction: Virginia Team
Design: Jerry Joyner
Photography: Beverly Parker
Additional Photographs: Henry Diltz, Virginia Team and Jerry Joyner
Make-Up: Mary Beth Felts
Digital Imager: Harris Graphics

First editions
777,777 copies of Sevens were marked as First Editions. These albums have a gold seal on the CD booklet and a similar mark on the CD itself. Canadian versions of the albums have a maple leaf shaped seal on the cover. First Editions were not released outside of North America.

References

1997 albums
Garth Brooks albums
Scarecrow is the eighth studio album by American country music artist Garth Brooks. It was released on November 13, 2001, and debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200 chart, and the Top Country Albums chart. It has been certified 5× platinum RIAA and was named Best Selling Album at the 2002 Canadian Country Music Association Awards. It was the last album by Brooks before his thirteen-year hiatus.

Background
Brooks commented on the album saying:

"At the end of last year I made a commitment to Capitol (Records) that I would try to bring them one more album. This is the result of that effort, a real labor of love, that I'm proud to hold up next to all of our previous releases. For the first time in my life I think I made a happy album. It's heavy on steel guitars, but you're not aware of it in some places because the musicians are so good at what they do."
Content
Singles released from this album include "Beer Run (B Double E Double Are You In?)" (a duet with George Jones, also found on Jones's 2001 album The Rock: Stone Cold Country 2001), "Wrapped Up in You", "Squeeze Me In" (a duet with Trisha Yearwood), "Thicker Than Blood", and "Why Ain't I Running". Of these, "Wrapped Up in You" was the highest peaking, reaching #5 on the Hot Country Songs charts. Prior to the album's release, "When You Come Back to Me Again" had charted on the country charts as a selection from the soundtrack to the film Frequency.
Several of the tracks on this album were originally recorded by other artists. "Pushing Up Daisies" was originally recorded by Kevin Welch on his 1995 album Life Down Here on Earth, while "Big Money" was originally recorded under the title "It Pays Big Money" by Mark Chesnutt on his 2000 album Lost in the Feeling. Additionally, "Don't Cross the River" was previously recorded by America on their 1972 album Homecoming. "Squeeze Me In" was previously recorded by Lee Roy Parnell on his 1995 album We All Get Lucky Sometimes.
Track listing
 "Why Ain't I Running" (Kent Blazy, Tony Arata, Garth Brooks) – 4:32
 "Beer Run (B Double E Double Are You In?)" (Kim Williams, Amanda Williams, Keith Anderson, George Ducas, Blazy) – 2:28
 duet with George Jones
 "Wrapped Up in You" (Wayne Kirkpatrick) – 4:42
 "The Storm" (Blazy, K. Williams, Brooks) – 4:37
 "Thicker Than Blood" (Jenny Yates, Brooks) – 2:53
 "Big Money" (Shawn Camp, Randy Hardison, Wynn Varble) – 3:59
 "Squeeze Me In" (Delbert McClinton, Gary Nicholson) – 3:30
 duet with Trisha Yearwood
 "Mr. Midnight" (J.R. Cobb, Buddy Buie, Tom Douglas) – 4:03
 "Pushing Up Daisies" (John Hadley, Kevin Welch, Gary Scruggs) – 4:18
 "Rodeo or Mexico" (Bryan Kennedy, Paul Kennerley, Brooks) – 4:22
 "Don't Cross the River" (Dan Peek) – 4:05
 "When You Come Back to Me Again" (theme from the movie Frequency) (Yates, Brooks) – 4:44
Alternate track listing from 2014 re-release
 "Why Ain't I Running" (Kent Blazy, Tony Arata, Garth Brooks) – 4:32
 "Beer Run (B Double E Double Are You In?)" (Kim Williams, Amanda Williams, Keith Anderson, George Ducas, Blazy) – 2:28
 duet with George Jones
 "More Than a Memory" (Lee Brice, Billy Montana, Kyle Jacobs) – 3:25
 "Thicker Than Blood" (Jenny Yates, Brooks) – 2:53
 "Wrapped Up in You" (Wayne Kirkpatrick) – 4:42
 "The Storm" (Blazy, K. Williams, Brooks) – 4:37
 "Big Money" (Shawn Camp, Randy Hardison, Wynn Varble) – 3:59
 "Squeeze Me In" (Delbert McClinton, Gary Nicholson) – 3:30
 duet with Trisha Yearwood
 "Mr. Midnight" (J.R. Cobb, Buddy Buie, Tom Douglas) – 4:03
 "Good Ride Cowboy" (Jerrod Niemann, Bryan Kennedy, Richie Brown, Bob Doyle) – 3:26
 "Pushing Up Daisies" (John Hadley, Kevin Welch, Gary Scruggs) – 4:18
 "Rodeo or Mexico" (Bryan Kennedy, Paul Kennerley, Brooks) – 4:22
 "Don't Cross the River" (Dan Peek) – 4:05
Charts and sales performance
In the United States, Scarecrow debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, becoming his eighth No. 1 album on the chart, and No. 1 on the Top Country Albums, becoming his eleventh No. 1 Country album. In January 2006, Scarecrow was certified 5× Platinum by the RIAA.

Charts

Sales and certifications

Credits
Compiled from liner notes.

Technical
 Recorded and mixed by Mark Miller at Jack's Tracks Recording Studio
 Additional recording by Keith Stegall at The Sound Station
 Engineered by John Kelton
 Mastered by Denny Purcell at Georgetown Masters
 Digital editing by Eric Conn and Carlos Grier
Musicians
 Drums and percussion: Milton Sledge ("Wrapped Up in You": Sam Bacco; "Thicker Than Blood", "Squeeze Me In" and "Don't Cross the River" percussion: Sam Bacco; "Rodeo or Mexico" additional percussion: Sam Bacco)
 Bass: Mike Chapman ("Wrapped Up in You": Jimmie Lee Sloas)
 Acoustic guitar: Mark Casstevens ("Wrapped Up In You": Wayne Kirkpatrick, "Don't Cross the River": Pat Flynn)
 Electric guitar: Chris Leuzinger
 Keyboards: Bobby Wood
 Steel and slide guitars: Bruce Bouton
 Fiddle: Rob Hajacos ("Wrapped Up in You" and "Don't Cross the River": Jimmy Mattingly)
 Accordion: Joey Miskulin
 Harmonica: Terry McMillan
 Banjo: Béla Fleck
 Mandolin: Sam Bush
 Dobro: Jerry Douglas
 String arrangements: Dennis Burnside

Art
 Production: Carlton Davis
 Production assistant: Denise Jarvis
 Art direction: Virginia Team
 Design: Chris Ferra
 Photography: Bev Parker
 Make-up: Mary Beth Felts
 Digital imaging: Colourworks

References

Other websites
 

2001 albums
Garth Brooks albums
Fresh Horses is a 1988 coming of age drama film directed by David Anspaugh, and starring Andrew McCarthy and Molly Ringwald.

Plot
Cincinnati college senior Matt Larkin (Andrew McCarthy) seems to have a picture perfect life: he is well-liked at his mid-western college, that he is soon to graduate, has a beautiful, waspy fiancée, friends, parties and good times. But when Matt meets Jewel (Molly Ringwald), his carefully constructed house of cards falls apart and changes him forever.

Matt’s content with his very proper fiancée and his safe life, so when his best friend Tipton (Ben Stiller) relates a story of a night spent in a rough country house filled with seedy characters, beer, music and women, Matt initially scoffs at the idea of visiting. However, as he ponders his imminent marriage, he decides to check it out - no harm done, just a little fun before life gets serious.
The two drive out to the house, in the "boonies", expecting a wild party, however, when they arrive, they find only the aftermath of a debaucherous night—cigarette butts and bottles strewn everywhere, a bluesy ZZ Top tune on the stereo, a solitary biker playing pool and a woman’s muffled giggle coming from upstairs. Disappointed, Matt goes to fetch a beer for Tipton and in doing so, in the kitchen, meets Jewel.

Jewel is all mystery and trailer park at the same time. She’s a poor Kentucky girl, obviously grown up uneducated, yet Matt is instantly drawn to her. He returns to seek her out and the attraction they share is obvious. Despite their social differences, Matt is completely infatuated.
His life soon does a 180. He breaks off his engagement, sneaks out at night and stops seeing his friends. However Matt is yet to figure out who exactly Jewel is and discover the secrets she is hiding (including an abusive husband and stepfather, the shady people that hang around the house, as well as the fact she is underage).

As a result the two worlds collide and it seems they are doomed by circumstance. After Matt has a run in with Jewel’s spouse, the ultra-seedy Green (Viggo Mortenson), Matt and Jewel must make the decision they have both been dreading, but will ultimately free them.

Cast
 Molly Ringwald as Jewel
 Andrew McCarthy as Matt Larkin
 Patti D'Arbanville as Jean
 Ben Stiller as Tipton
 Leon Russom as Kyle Larkin
 Molly Hagan as Ellen
 Viggo Mortensen as Green
 Doug Hutchison as Sproles
 Dan Davis as Fletcher
Setting
Filming locations in Kentucky included Kenton, Boone and Gallatin Counties, and the city of Warsaw; In Ohio, the University of Cincinnati, the city of Cincinnati, and Kings Island  amusement park, then in Deerfield Township, Warren County, Ohio, now in Mason; and Switzerland County, Indiana.

Reception

Critical reaction
Critical reaction to the film was mixed. In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Michael Wilmington said, "[t]here's a lot to admire in the film adaptation of Larry Ketron's play 'Fresh Horses'" and called the dialogue "fresh, sad and funny." He also praised the work of director Anspaugh and cinematographer Fred Murphy, saying they give the movie "a very distinctive look: moody and poetic, grainy and wistful, drenched with a sad, faraway, forget-me-not drizzle of passion and regrets." However, he concluded that the "movie refuses to jell."
Box office
The film performed poorly, earning $3,074,292 in the opening weekend, and a total of $6,640,346 domestically - only 46.3% of the total gross, failing to recoup its $14 million budget.

Play
The film is based upon the play of the same name, also by Larry Ketron. It was first performed at the WPA Theatre, New York City on February 4, 1986 with a cast including Suzy Amis.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1988 movies
American movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Albany is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Shackelford County. About 2,032 people lived there in 2010.  The city was named after Albany, Georgia. The Cook oilfields were discovered in 1926. They became a large part of the local economy. Ranching is the main occupation, raising sheep and cattle. The town slogan is "Albany, the Home of the Hereford."

Geography 
Albany has a total area of 1.5 square miles.

References 

County seats in Texas
Cities in Texas
Shackelford County is a county in the state of Texas in the United States. In 2020, 3,105 people lived there.  The county seat is Albany.  The county was named for Jack Shackelford who had been a medical man, and then was a soldier who lead men in the Texas Revolution.

References 

Texas counties
Crystal City is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Zavala County. About 7,446 people lived there in 2013.  The "San Antonio, Uvalde and Gulf Railroad" stopped in Crystal City.

Crystal City was home to a large internment camp in World War II. It was the largest internment camp for Germans and those of German descent in the US. Almost all the children and many of the wives interned here were American citizens. Most were held here for four years.

References 

County seats in Texas
Cities in Texas
Imprisonment and detention
World War II
Fredric Sheldon Brandt (June 26, 1949 – April 5, 2015) was an American physician, researcher, lecturer, author, and radio host. He was known for using the first botulinum toxin ("botox") and fillers. Brandt was also known for his role in the FDA approval of numerous fillers and botulinum toxins for cosmetic use in the United States. 

Brandt committed suicide by hanging himself on April 5, 2015 in his home in Coconut Grove, Florida, aged 65. His publicist reported that he had been suffering from depression.

References

Other websites
 Dr. Brandt Skincare

1949 births
2015 deaths
Suicides by hanging in the United States
American physicians
American radio personalities
Scientists from Newark, New Jersey
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
Scientists from Miami
Writers from Miami
Educators from Newark, New Jersey
Educators from Miami
Kardam, Prince of Turnovo, Duke of Saxony (2 December 1962 – 7 April 2015), was the eldest son of Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria and his wife Doña Margarita Gómez-Acebo y Cejuela.  

Kardam was born after the unseating of the Bulgarian monarchy. He was sometimes styled as if her were a crown prince. He was known also as Kardam of Bulgaria and Kardam of Turnovo, the latter being the title of the heir apparent of the Bulgarian throne.

Prince Kardam suffered severe injuries in a road accident in 2008, and did not recover. He died of a lung infection in hospital in Madrid on 7 April 2015, aged 52.

References

1962 births
2015 deaths
Bulgarian royalty
People from Madrid
Princes and princesses
Road accident deaths in Spain
Simeon Borisov Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Tsar Simeon II or King Simeon II of Bulgaria (; born 16 June 1937) is an important political and royal figure in Bulgaria. During his reign as the Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 to 1946 he was a minor, the monarchical leader. He also served as the 48th Prime Minister of Bulgaria.

Other websites

 King Simeon II
 The first website about Simeon II of Bulgaria focuses on his pre-1995 history
Financial Times July 2001 Biography
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha's address, 10 February 2005  concerning amending the constitution to bring it in line with EU requirements
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha's statement, 5 July 2002  concerning Bulgaria's candidacy for NATO membership: "The role of the international community should be gradually transformed from crisis response to integration. Palliative measures intended to mitigate yet another crisis cannot bring stability and prosperity. The best solution is the region's integration into the European and Euroatlantic institutions."
1937 births
Living people
Eastern Orthodox Christians
Bulgarian royalty
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Ralph Bakshi (born October 29, 1938) is an American director of animated and live-action movies. His best known movies include Fritz the Cat (1972), Wizards (1977), The Lord of the Rings (1978), American Pop  (1981) and Fire and Ice (1983).

References

Other websites

Rotospective: Ralph Bakshi, Lessons in Artistry, Rebellion and Success a profile at AgentPalmer.com
Radio interview with actor Ron Thompson from Ralph Bakshi's American Pop
American Pop – Q&A video with actor Ron Thompson at The Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood, California

1938 births
Living people
American painters
Jewish American entertainers
Jewish American writers
Jewish screenwriters
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
People from Haifa
Screenwriters from New York City
SPB may refer to:

 Saint Petersburg, second largest city in Russia
 Shortest Path Bridging, (IEEE 802.1aq), computer networking
 Sodium phosphate, term for a variety of salts
Shortest Path Bridging also known as IEEE 802.1aq is a computer protocol used to simplify the creation and configuration of networks, supports faster restore times, increased bandwidth, redundancy, and security.

Related pages
 Border Gateway Protocol
 Intermediate System to Intermediate System

References 

Internet protocols
The Duke Lemur Center is an  sanctuary for several species of lemurs and lorises. It is at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. The center is the largest sanctuary for these animals in the world. There are about 10 different species at the center. The center does not harm the animals while researching them. The Duke Lemur Center is open to the public. Tours are by appointment only.

On November 10, 2014, Jovian (best known for mainly portraying Zoboomafoo in the series of the same name) died at his home in the center of renal failure at age 20. It is currently unknown when his funeral was.

References

Other websites

 The official homepage of the Duke Lemur Center

Research organizations in the United States
Durham County, North Carolina
Kay Lenz (born March 4, 1953) is an American actress and former child performer. She has worked mainly in television. She has received two Emmy Awards. She played Jane in American Graffiti. She also played Maggie Zombro in Reasonable Doubts. 

She was born in Los Angeles, California.

References

American television actors
American stage actors
American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1953 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
The marmosets are a group of New World monkeys.
There are 22 marmoset species in four genera. All are in the biological family Callitrichidae. The term marmoset is also used in reference to the Goeldi's marmoset, Callimico goeldii, which is closely related.

Most marmosets are about  long. Compared to other monkeys, they have some primitive features. They have claws rather than nails, they lack wisdom teeth, and their brain layout seems to be relatively primitive. Their body temperature is unusually variable, changing by up to 4 °C (7 °F) in a day.  Marmosets are native to South America and have been found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru. They have also been spotted in Central America.

Marmosets have germline chimerism. This is not known to occur in nature in any primates except this family.
Marmosets are highly active, living in the upper canopy of forest trees, and feeding on insects, fruit and leaves.  They have long lower incisors, which allow them to chew holes in tree trunks and branches to harvest the gum inside; some species are specialised feeders on gum.

Marmosets live in family groups of three to 15. There are one or two breeding females, an unrelated male, offspring and other family members and unrelated individuals. Their mating systems are highly variable and include monogamy, polygyny and occasionally polyandry.

References
Old Calendarists is the name of traditionalist Eastern Orthodox churches which have splintered from their church due to their church adopting the revised Julian calendar.

Eastern Orthodox Church
In 1889, the Old Catholic Church seceded from the Roman Catholic Church, mainly because Old Catholics do not accept the dogma that the pope is infallible. All of the Old Catholic Churches united in what is called the Union of Utrecht, in 1889. 
19th century in the Netherlands
Christianity in the Netherlands
Old Catholicism
Utrecht (city)

Organizations based in the Netherlands
1889 establishments in Europe
Charles Raymond Offenberg (September 13, 1918 – April 6, 2015), better known as Ray Charles, was an American singer, songwriter, musician, conductor, and vocal arranger. He was best known as the organizer and leader of the Ray Charles Singers (who were featured on Perry Como's television series, radio shows, and records for 35 years).

On April 6, 2015, Charles died in Beverly Hills, California of natural causes at the age of 96.

References

1918 births
2015 deaths
American singer-songwriters
American conductors
Writers from Chicago
Singers from Chicago
Musicians from Chicago
Jayakanthan (; 24 April 1934 – 8 April 2015) was a Tamil writer, essayist, journalist, pamphleteer, filmmaker and critic.  He was a recipient of both Jnanpith and Sahitya Akademi awards.

Jayakanthan died on 8 April 2015 in Chennai after a long-illness, at the age of 80.

References

1934 births
2015 deaths
Indian critics
Indian journalists
People from Chennai
Conversion therapy is treatment to change a person from homosexual to heterosexual. Such treatments have been criticized for being a form of pseudoscience. Conversion therapy has been controversial in some countries, including the United States.

The American Psychiatric Association has criticized the treatments. They say the treatments are unreliable.

The highest-profile contemporary supporters for conversion therapy are Christian fundamentalists and other religious organizations. This therapy has been ridiculed by critics as "pray the gay away".

Use of the therapy on minors is not allowed in New Jersey, California and Washington D.C..

References

LGBT
Pseudoscience
Controversies
Homophobia
Jovian (1994 – November 10, 2014) was a Coquerel's sifaka lemur, best known for mainly portraying Zoboomafoo in the series of the same name. On November 10, 2014, Jovian died at his home in the Duke Lemur Center of renal failure at age 20.

Jovian was born in the spring of 1994 at the Duke Lemur Center to parents Nigel and Flavia.

References 

1994 births
2014 deaths
Individual animals
Lemuriformes
Deaths from renal failure
The National Primate Research Centers is a network of 8 research programs in the United States. It is funded by the National Institutes of Health to conduct biomedical research on primates. Each center is connected to a university or other host institution.

References

Research organizations in the United States
The Biomedical Primate Research Center (BPRC) is Europe's largest primate research center. It is a scientific research institute that performs research that contributes to the identification and development of new medicines against deadly diseases. The center is located in Rijswijk, (Zuid-Holland).

BPRC employs about 110 people.

Other websites
 The official homepage of the Biomedical Primate Research Center

References

Research organizations in Europe
Organizations based in the Netherlands
Màrius Serra i Roig (May 1, 1963, Barcelona, Catalonia) is a Spanish writer. He is also a journalist. He has won several writing prizes. He is a graduate in English philology studies. In 2006 he won the most important prize in Catalonia for writing his novel Farsa (Catalan for Farce): the Ramon Llull Prize. He was also a presenter on a television show about books (named Alexandria) in Canal 33 in Catalonia. Màrius is a writer on Avui newspaper (Catalonia). Serra is also on a radio program of Radio Nacional de España.

Works

Short Stories
1987 Linia (Line)
1988 Amnèsia (Amnesia)
1991 Tres és massa (Three it is too much)
1993 Contagi (Infection)
1998 La Vida normal (The normal life)

Novels
1990 L’home del sac (The bag man)
1996 Mon oncle (My uncle)
1999 Ablanatanalba
2003 Monocle
2006 Farsa (Farce)
2008 Quiet
2013 Plans de futur (Future plans)

Essays
2004 De com s'escriu una novel·la
2007 Enviar i Rebre

Criticism and literary studies
2004 de com s’escriu una novel·la (How to write a novel)

References
References

Other websites

Spanish writers
Living people
1963 births
Sarah Breedlove (December 23, 1867 – May 25, 1919), known as Madam C. J. Walker, was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. She was said to be the first female self-made millionaire in America. When she died her estate was worth  $600,000 (worth about $8 million today). So this may not have been entirely true. She made her fortune in the hair care business. Her own hair loss caused her to look for “hair-growing” solutions. She developed and marketed a successful line of beauty and hair products for black women. She started the company Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company. She died May 25, 1919 of hypertension in Irvington, New York at the age of 51.
Early life 
On December 23, 1867, Sarah Breedlove was born on a plantation near the village of Delta, Louisiana. She was the fifth child born to recently freed slaves, Owen and Minerva. She was their first child born free. Her mother died in 1874 and her father died in 1875. She went to live with her sister Louvinia and her husband. In 1877 they moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi where Sarah picked cotton. At age 14 she married Moses McWilliams. He died two years later. Breedlove and her daughter A'Lelia went to St. Louis. Two of her brothers were barbers there. She worked washing clothes for $1.50 USD a day. She also attended night school. In 1894 Breedlove married for the second time to John Davis. But the marriage failed as he was unfaithful to her.
Early career 
In the 1890s Breedlove began losing her hair due to a scalp condition. She began experimenting with home made cures. At the 1904 World's Fair Breedlove met Annie (Turnbow) Malone. By 1905 she was selling Malone's products. Breedlove moved to Denver where she married her second husband, Charles Joseph Walker. In a dream it came to her what to mix up for a hair product. One of the ingredients was only available in Africa so she sent for some. Her hair started growing again. She started her own business selling a product she developed "Madam Walker's Wonderful Hair Grower" It was designed as a scalp healer and hair conditioner. As Mrs C.J. Walker she changed her business name to Madam C.J. Walker. in 1906, her daughter A'Lelia graduated from college and came to work managing her mother's company. This freed Walker to begin selling her product door-to-door. She gave presentations to church groups wherever she could. In 1908 she started her own college in Pittsburgh to train her salespeople.
Self-made success 
 
In 1910 she incorporated her company. She could not attract big investors so she used $10,000 of her own money to start her school and factory in Indianapolis. She was the sole shareholder of the Madame C.J. Walker Manufacturing Company. Sarah Walker was a serious business women. She began mixing herbs and shampoos. Her products where especially for black women. In a short time she had trained 40,000 salespeople, her "Walker Agents". Her agents learned her system of vegetable shampoos, witch hazel, cold creams and diets. She didn't invent the hot comb, for straightening hair. But she improved it with wider teeth just for black women's hair.
Walker was a leader and a role model in the black community. She was one of the first female African Americans to create hair care products for black women. This was at a time when almost all products where for white people. The goal of her starting her business was to make female African Americans feel better about themselves. They could feel better about their appearance by using her products. Walker re-invented hair straightening just for black people. Her way of making money helped her and also got her employees out of poverty. Whenever they would make a sale for her they would get a certain percentage of the money. She did get some criticism from other black leaders. Booker T. Washington criticized her for making black women look like white women. He did not like skin bleaching and straightened hair. But she stated that the crucial ingredients for her hair care products came from Africa. Madam C. J. Walker died on May 25, 1919.

Notes

References
Notes

References 

1867 births
1919 deaths
African-American people
American billionaires
American inventors
American philanthropists
Deaths from hypertension
Smail Prevljak (born 16 February 1995) is a Bosnian professional footballer who plays as a forward for KAS Eupen in the  Belgian First League.

Club career
As a young player, he played for FK Igman Konjic and RB Leipzig. He was part of the RB Leipzig team that won promotion to the Under 19 Bundesliga for the 2014–15 season. He was signed on a two-year contract by RB Leipzig on 1 July 2014. He made his debut on 2 August 2014, in a 0–0 draw against VfR Aalen.

On 1 September 2014, he went on loan to FC Liefering. He made his full-match debut in a 5–2 lost against SC Austria Lustenau on 26 September 2014.  He scored his first goal for the club, in a 4–1 win against FC Wacker Innsbruck on 3 October 2014. Despite an injury, he was the leading scorer of FC Liefering (12 goals in the season as of April 2014)
On 9 November 2014 he made his debut for the first team of Salzburg. He came on in minute 62 in the league match against SCR Altach. After loans to SV Mattersburg and KAS Eupen he left Salzburg in 2020 and joined KAS Eupen in the Belgian First League.

He holds a Bosnian passport and played for Bosnia U21 and the national team.

Honours
   Austrian Champion: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020
   Austrian Cup: 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019

References

1995 births
Living people
Bosnia and Herzegovina footballers
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Players of FC Liefering
Austrian football champions
Dred Scott v. Sandford, , was a US Supreme Court landmark decision. In March 1857, the court ruled that blacks, whether slaves, or free, were not citizens of the United States. They could not, therefore, sue in federal court.

Dred Scott had sued in federal court and claimed that he was free because he had lived in free territory. He lost his case in a ruling that has been condemned by many as the Supreme Court's worst decision.

The Dred Scott case, which denied Scott his freedom by ruling that blacks were not US citizens, was the end of years of legal cases from 1846 to 1857 in lower federal district court and Missouri courts, which had granted Dred Scott freedom for about two years.

Background
Dr. John Emerson was a surgeon serving in the US Army. In 1833, he purchased Dred Scott, a slave in Missouri. The same year, he moved to Illinois and took Scott with him. Emerson was sent to a fort in the Wisconsin Territory. Scott, his slave, went with him.
While living in Wisconsin Territory (now Minnesota), Scott met and married Harriet Robinson. She was owned by a justice of the peace. After marrying Scott, Emerson became her owner as well. Emerson returned to Missouri and took his slaves with him.

In 1843, Emerson died in Missouri. Scott and his family were left to Emerson's wife, Eliza Sandford.

Decision 

In 1846, Scott sued for his freedom in court. Helped by abolitionist lawyers, he claimed that he was free because he had lived in free states for a long time. The defense claimed that Dr. Emerson was forced to move to the Wisconsin Territory because he served with the US Army and that he should be able to keep his property. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, decided that Scott was not free and so he did not have a right to sue. Furthermore, he stated that the US Congress could not make laws against slavery in United States territories. The majority opinion was agreed to by seven of the nine Justices.
The dissenting Justices pointed out when the US Constitution was ratified, blacks were already considered citizens in several states.

The ruling was a major setback to the anti-slavery movement. The Republican Party condemned the ruling. In effect, it allowed slavery in all US territories, even in the North.

Aftermath
The decision became a central issue in slavery debates and helped cause Abraham Lincoln to be elected as US President and then the American Civil War.

In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment banned slavery in the United States. In 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment overturned the Dred Scott decision and gave nearly all persons born in the country US citizenship regardless of their color.

Soon after the 1857 decision, Eliza Sandford sold Scott and his family to Taylor Blow. Blow, ne of Scott's previous owners, then granted Scott and his family their freedom. Scott died a free man on September 17, 1858. He did not live long enough to see blacks become US citizens.
Dred Scott is one of only four decisions by the Supreme Court that were overturned by an amendment to the United States Constitution. The other three are:
 Chisholm v. Georgia, which was overturned by passage of the Eleventh Amendment.
 Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., which was overturned by passage of the Sixteenth Amendment.
 Oregon v. Mitchell, which was reversed by the Twenty-sixth Amendment.

Arguably, one more case could be added:
 Minor v. Happersett, which was indirectly overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment. In 1875, Virginia Minor, in trying to gain the right to vote for women, argued the Fourteenth Amendment gave citizens the right to vote. The Court said it did not. The passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, 45 years later, gave women the right to vote. However, Minor v. Happersett'' was still cited as case law into the 1960s in other right to vote issues.

Related pages 
 Slavery
 American Civil War
 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
 Smith v. Allwright

Notes
Notes

References

Other websites 
 1857 Dred Scott decision
 Essays on Fairness Of The Dred Scott Decision

1857
1850s in the United States
Abolitionists
African-American history
Slavery in the United States
United States Supreme Court cases
Origins of the American Civil War
Jirair Sefilian (Ժիրայր Սեֆիլյան; born 10 July 1967) is an Armenian military commander and political activist. He is one of the leaders of Armenian opposition and the head of Founding Parliament opposition group. Since April 8, 2015 he is under arrest and recognized as a political prisoner.

Biography
In 1990 Sefilian arrived in Armenia and participated in the Karabakh War. Sefilian became the commander of the Shushi special military commando, playing a significant role during the Battle of Shusha. Sefilian was awarded with the First Degree Order of the Combat Cross.

Other websites
Biography 

1967 births
Armenian military people
Armenian activists
Prisoners
People from Beirut
Living people
Nina Companeez (born 26 August 1937 – 9 April 2015) was a French screenwriter and film director. She was known for her movies The Horseman on the Roof, Adorable menteuse, and The Diary of an Innocent Boy.

References

Other websites

1937 births
2015 deaths
French movie directors
French screenwriters
Writers from Boulogne-Billancourt
Geoffrey Bond Lewis (July 31, 1935 – April 7, 2015) was an American character actor. Lewis was known for his movie roles alongside Robert Redford and Clint Eastwood.

Personal life
Lewis was born in San Diego, California. He was married to Glenis Batley from 1973 until they divorced in 1975, Then he was married to Paula Hochhallter until his death in 2015. One of his daughters is actress-singer Juliette Lewis.

Career
Lewis worked many times with actor-director Clint Eastwood in several movies. They were Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, Pink Cadillac, Any Which Way You Can, Bronco Billy, Every Which Way but Loose, Thunderbolt and Lightfoot and High Plains Drifter. He is also part of the musical story-telling group Celestial Navigations.

Death
On April 7, 2015, Lewis died of natural causes in his Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California home, aged 79.

References

Other websites

Official Website for Celestial Navigations
1935 births
2015 deaths
Actors from San Diego, California
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Georg Simon Ohm (16 March 1789 - 6 July 1854) was a German physicist and mathematician. During part of the time in his life, Ohm worked as a school teacher.  Some of his research focused on the new electrochemical cell, invented by Italian scientist Alessandro Volta. Using equipment he had created himself, Ohm found that there is a direct proportionality between the potential difference (voltage) applied across a conductor and the resultant electric current. This relationship is known as Ohm's law.

In 1881, after his death, the  SI unit for electrical resistance was named Ohm in his honour. The uppercase Greek letter Omega (Ω) is used for the unit.

1789 births
1854 deaths
German physicists
Ground meat (also known as minced meat ) is meat that is finely chopped by a meat grinder or a chopping knife.

References

Meat
Ground beef is a ground meat made of beef. it is used in many recipes including hamburgers and cottage pie.

References

Beef
Peter Alexander Walsh (11 March 1935 – 10 April 2015) was an Australian  senator and Labor politician from 1974 to 1993. e was elected to the Australian Senate in 1974, and served as Minister for Resources and Energy from 1983 to 1984 and Finance Minister from 1984 to 1990.  He was noted for his pro-free market views.

Walsh died at a hospital in Perth after a short illness on 10 April 2015, aged 80.

References

1935 births
2015 deaths
Members of the Australian Senate
Richard "Richie" Benaud OBE (; 6 October 1930 – 10 April 2015) was an Australian cricketer. After his retirement from international cricket in 1964, he became a well-known commentator on the game.

Early life
Benaud was born in Penrith, New South Wales. His parents were of French descent. He was raised in Sydney. Benaud studied at Parramatta High School.

Career
Benaud was a Test cricket all-rounder. Along with fellow bowling all-rounder Alan Davidson, he helped Australia to be at the top of world cricket in the late 1950s and early 1960s after a slump in the early 1950s. In 1958 he became Australia's Test captain until his retirement in 1964.

Illness and death
In November 2014, Benaud announced that he was diagnosed with skin cancer, aged 84. He died in his sleep on 10 April 2015 in Sydney. Prime Minister of Australia Tony Abbott offered a state funeral for Benaud, but his family rejected the offer.
Books
 The Way of Cricket (1961)
 A Tale of Two Tests (1962)
 Spin Me a Spinner (1963)
 The New Champions (1966)
 Willow Patterns (1969)
 Test Cricket (1982)
 World Series Cup Cricket 1981–82 (1982)
 The Hottest Summer (1983)
 The Ashes 1982–83 (1983)
 Benaud on reflection (1984)
 The Appeal of Cricket (1995)
 Anything But (1998)
 My Spin on Cricket (2005)
 Over But Not Out (2010)

References

Other websites

HowSTAT! statistical profile on Richie Benaud

1930 births
2015 deaths
Australian cricketers
Cancer deaths in Sydney
Deaths from skin cancer
Australian sports commentators
Sportspeople from Sydney
Writers from Sydney
is a Japanese actress and model. Aoi was best known for her roles in films All About Lily Chou-Chou (2001), Hana and Alice (2004), Honey & Clover (2006), Hula Girls (2006), Rainbow Song (2006), Welcome to the Quiet Room (2007), Vampire (2011) and Rurouni Kenshin (2012).

She has won many awards for her performances on screen, including the Japan Academy Prize and Kinema Junpo Awards for best supporting actress in 2007 for Hula Girls and Rookie of the Year for continued performances in the field of Films in Media and Fine Arts by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan in 2009.

References

Other websites

Official website 

1985 births
Japanese movie actors
Japanese television actors
Japanese voice actors
Living people
Actors from Fukuoka Prefecture