Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Career 
In September 1995 a band was formed called The Pale Ones. The band had Shawn Crahan on drums, Paul Gray on bass, Anders Colsefini on vocals and Donnie Steele on guitar. Later Joey Jordison joined and became drummer, Crahan became a Percussionist. The band also hired guitarist Josh Brainard and moved Colsefini to percussion and vocals. The band performed their first concert on December 4, 1995, then they were called Meld. Joey Jordison suggested naming the band Slipknot, after a song they had made. The band started wearing masks because Shawn Crahan wore a clown mask and to get better into the music.
In February Steele left the band because of religious beliefs. Craig Jones was hired as a replacement. Jones later became their full-time sampler. They hired Mick Thomson as a replacement guitarist. On October 31, 1996, Slipknot released their first demo Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat.
The band realized that their new songs needed more vocal melody, so they hired Corey Taylor. Colsefini became just a percussionist. At a show Colsefini announced that he was leaving the band. He was replaced by Greg Welts but he was fired from the band because he was lazy. Chris Fehn was hired as percussionist. In 1997 the band gave themselves numbers and wore coveralls while performing.

In 1998 DJ Sid Wilson joined after impressing the band. In 1999 Brainard decided to leave the band for personal reasons. Jim Root was his replacement. This left the band with the line-up they kept until 2010.
They became better known after giving some labels a five-song demo. They signed to Roadrunner records in summer 1998. They released their first album, named after the band (self titled) one year after signing to Roadrunner. The album had two singles (songs released separately from the album, but is still on the album). They went on tour and played at the Ozzfest. This made their fan base bigger. In early 2000, the album was certified platinum (selling 1,000,000 copies).

Their fans were waiting impatiently for a second release (Iowa), and recording started early 2001 in California. Band members argued over how long to go on live shows and recording times. Even so, they went ahead and released the album, and toured for it. The album had three singles, one of them appearing in a movie (Resident Evil). They sold all the seats in large arenas due to the large fan base. In 2002, the band took a break, and some members remade or started new bands and projects.
With delays of recording another album (Vol. 3: The Subliminal Verses), the band went back to California for recording. When early 2004 came around, the album was finished and touring began. The album was released in May. The album had six singles. From the tour, the band created a live album (an album made up of live versions of songs). Some band members were in the Roadrunner United: The All-Stars Sessions, a mix album of artists signed to Roadrunner. In 2006 the band won their only Grammy Award for their song "Before I Forget." The band took another break, with various members going to other projects and bands.
The fourth album (All Hope is Gone) was started in late 2007, but recording began in early 2008. The album was done in early summer 2008. The album had five singles. 2009 was 10 years since the release of their first album, so the first album was re-released as a special version. The tour for All Hope is Gone ended on Halloween night, 2009, and ended a third break for the band. Members went back to other projects and bands with singer Corey Taylor creating the band Junk Beer Kidnap Band. On May 24, 2010, bass player Paul Gray died. Investigation showed a drug overdose killed him. Band members hesitated, or to have another thought about, speaking about the future of the band. Drummer Joey Jordison said another record was 'kinda already in the making.' Corey Taylor, however, said that he didn't know whether or not to continue with Slipknot.
In 2013 Joey Jordison left the band. The band made and brought out a new album in 2014 called ".5: The Gray Chapter". Donnie Steele played the bass on some songs on the album, but did not want to fully rejoin, so a new bass player and drummer were brought in to replace Steele and Jordison. The band would not say at first who the new members were, though their names were soon discovered to be Alessandro Venturella (bass player) and Jay Weinberg (drummer). In 2019, Percussionist Chris Fehn had left the band, filing a lawsuit against the band over issues surrounding pay and compensation. He was replaced in tours by who was known only as the "Tortilla Man". He would later officially join the band in 2021, with him being revealed as Michael Pfaff. On June 7th, 2023, Slipknot, on their social media pages, had announced that Craig Jones, the keyboardist and sampler, has "parted ways with Slipknot" with seemingly no information as to why he had left. The post was removed a few hours later
. On that very day, they released a post on Instagram that seems to have revealed his replacement, who at the time, is unknown.
Band members 

Current
Alessandro venturella 

 (#0) Sid Wilson – turntables (1998–present)
 (#4) Jim Root – guitars (1999–present)

 (#6) Shawn "Clown" Crahan – custom percussion, backing vocals (1995–present)
 (#7) Mick Thomson – guitars (1996–present)
 (#8) Corey Taylor – lead vocals (1997–present)

Former
 Donnie Steele – guitars (1995–1996)
 Anders Colsefini – vocals, custom percussion (1995–1997)
 Greg "Cuddles" Welts – custom percussion (1997)
 Josh Brainard – guitars, backing vocals (1995–1999)
 (#3) Chris Fehn – custom percussion, backing vocals (1997–2019)
 (#2) Paul Gray – bass, backing vocals (1995–2010)
 (#1) Joey Jordison – drums (1995–2013)
 (#5) Craig "133" Jones – samples, media (1996–2023)

Discography
Studio albums
 Slipknot (1999)
 Iowa (2001)
 Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) (2004)
 All Hope Is Gone (2008)
 .5: The Gray Chapter (2014)
 We Are Not Your Kind (2019)
 The End, So Far (2022)
Style
Among the main influences of the band can be named to Black Sabbath, Pantera, Metallica, Slayer, Sepultura, Iron Maiden, Carcass, Judas Priest, Korn, AC/DC, Kiss, Beastie Boys and Mushroomhead. Thrash metal has been mentioned several times as a great influence to define them, together with nu metal. Slipknot uses three types of guitars (main, rhythm and bass), two percussionists in addition to drums, and electronics (samplers and turntables). The band's sound has been described as "a threshing machine devouring a military drum corps."

In their early work, the vocals vary widely, from clean singing, to raps, to screaming. Their most recent works include more melodic vocals, and raps have left. The words are almost always very aggressive, characterized by darkness, nihilism, anger, hatred, love, misanthropy and psychosis. Rick Anderson of Allmusic said the lyrics to Slipknot are "not generally quotable on a family website."
Paul Gray said about their style: "The only word I hate is 'nu metal,' we have death metal, thrash metal, grindcore, is a bit of everything, you know?"

References

Other websites

 Official website 

1995 establishments in the United States

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
American rap music groups
Des Moines, Iowa
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1995

Nu metal bands
Roadrunner Records
Archie Moore (December 13, 1916 – December 9, 1998) was an American boxer. He held the light heavyweight championship between 1952 and 1961. Moore won the title from Joey Maxim by unanimous decision in November 1952. He later lost the belt because he did not defend the title enough. Moore also fought for the heavyweight championship twice. He lost to Rocky Marciano on September 22, 1955, and to Floyd Patterson on November 30, 1956, in both of those attempts. One of his last fights was to Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali. Afterwards, Moore was Ali's trainer for a few short months.

References

American boxers
Sportspeople from Mississippi
1916 births
1998 deaths
Joseph William Frazier (January 12, 1944 – November 7, 2011) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1968 to 1973. Frazier also won a gold medal in boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics.

Frazier was born in Beaufort, South Carolina. He moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He learned to box in Philadelphia.

Frazier won the vacant world heavyweight title by beating Buster Mathis. He lost the title to George Foreman whom had knocked out Frazier in a 3 punch combo, breaking his eye socket, jaw, and collar bone. Frazier's most famous fights were rematches with Muhammad Ali. He beat Ali in their first fight in 1971 but lost the other two. The third fight was known as the "Thrilla in Manila".

Frazier died in Philadelphia on November 7, 2011 from liver cancer, aged 67.

References

Other websites 

Official website
Official website

1944 births
2011 deaths
African-American boxers
American Olympic gold medalists
Cancer deaths in Pennsylvania
Deaths from liver cancer
Sportspeople from South Carolina
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, is a type of lymphoma. It was first discovered by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. It is one of many kinds of cancers of the lymphatic system. Most of the time, the cancer grows in a lymph node before it spreads to the rest of the body. 

The symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma change as the disease progresses. At the first stage of the disease, the person may feel a lump on the affected lymph node that does not hurt when touched. The person may have fevers, sweat at night, and itchy skin. In the later stages of the disease, the person may feel very tired and their spleen may grow larger. 

Cancer
Diseases caused by viruses
Marvelous Marvin Hagler (born Marvin Nathaniel Hagler; May 23, 1954 – March 13, 2021) was an American professional boxer and film actor who competed in boxing from 1973 to 1987. He reigned as undisputed middleweight champion from 1980 to 1987. He was the world middleweight champion from 1980 to 1987. Hagler fought out of Brockton, Massachusetts. He won the championship from Alan Minter, in London, and successfully defended it eleven times before losing in a controversial fight with Sugar Ray Leonard. Hagler retired after that fight to live and work in Italy.

On March 13, 2021, Hagler's wife Kay announced that Hagler had died unexpectedly at his home in Bartlett, New Hampshire, at the age of 66. A wave of reports came out on Twitter, with thousands of people mourning the loss of Hagler.

References

Other websites

Marvin Hagler's amateur boxing record

1954 births
2021 deaths
American boxers
Sportspeople from Newark, New Jersey
The Sierra Nevada, meaning "snowy range" in Spanish, is a mountain range in the region of Andalusia in Spain. It contains the highest point of continental Spain, Mulhacén at 3,479 m.

It is a popular tourist destination, as its high peaks make skiing possible in Europe's most southern ski resort after Ski Centre on the island of Crete in an area along the Mediterranean Sea predominantly known for its warm temperatures and abundant sunshine. At its foothills is found the city of Granada and, a little farther, Málaga and Almería.

Other websites 

 Google Maps Satellite Photo
 Maps of the Sierra Nevada 
 XVII sport week -Old Pictures -
 Sierra Nevada Official Website (In Spanish) 
 Sierra Nevada Piste Map

References
References

Bibliography 
 Francisco Pérez Raya, Joaquín Molero Mesa, Francisco Valle Tendero, 1992: "Parque Natural de Sierra Nevada. Paisaje, fauna, flora, itinerarios". Ed. Rueda. Madrid. 
 "Flora de la Tundra de Sierra Nevada". Pablo Prieto Fernández, Ed. Universidad de Granada. 
 "Sierra Nevada: Guía de Montaña". Aurelio del Castillo y Antonio del Castillo. Ed. Penibética, 2003. 

Mountains of Europe
Geography of Spain
Andalusia
National parks in Spain
An airline is a company that transports people and items using airliners. An airline may have as few as one airplane or a fleet of hundreds of airplanes.

Most airlines offer regular flights between a group of airports.

An airline has many costs to establish and maintain air services: labor, fuel, airplanes, engines, spares and parts, IT services and networks, airport equipment, airport handling services, booking commissions, advertising, catering, training, aviation insurance and other costs.

Related pages
 Air travel
 List of airlines

Other websites
Simple Flying 
.
Wax is an organic chemical substance.  It is a type of lipid. 
Waxes have the following properties:
 They are soft, and easy to shape at room temperature
 Their melting point is above 45 °C
 They cannot be dissolved in water
 They are hydrophobic, repelling and repelled by water.
 
Some waxes, like beeswax, vegetable wax, and paraffin (a petroleum wax) occur naturally. Another such wax is earwax, which occurs in the ear. Other waxes may be manufactured. People use waxes for various purposes:

 Waxed paper
 Wax tablet
 Waxing

Lipids
Depending on its processing and thermal history, it may exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a semi-crystalline (opaque and white) material. Its monomer can be synthesized by the esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a byproduct or the transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate with methanol as a byproduct. Polymerization is through a polycondensation reaction of the monomers (done immediately after esterification/transesterification) with ethylene glycol as the byproduct (the ethylene glycol is recycled in production).

The majority of the world's PET production is for man-made fibers (in excess of 60%) with bottle-making accounting for around 30% of global demand. In discussing cloth uses, PET is generally referred to as simply "polyester" while "PET" is used most often to refer to packaging applications.

Thermoplastics
Nuclear energy may refer to:
Nuclear power, the use of sustained nuclear fission or nuclear fusion to generate heat and electricity
Nuclear binding energy, the energy required to split a nucleus of an atom
Nuclear potential energy, the potential energy of the particles inside an atomic nucleus

Nuclear energy
Card Sharks is a game show that has aired in different versions since 1978.

The main game
Two contestants fought against each other in the main game—the returning champion and a challenging contestant.  The returning champion was represented by the color red.  The challenger was represented by the color blue. The host, Jim Perry, then asked a toss-up question, which was asked to 100 people before the show (example: "We surveyed 100 lawyers: Have you ever defended a person who you believed was guilty?  How many lawyers said they have?").  The contestant he asked it to would provide what they thought the number of people who gave the answer the host gave.  The other contestant would then say whether they thought the actual number was higher or lower than the first contestant's guess.  Whoever is closer to the number got a chance at the cards.
There were two rows of five cards: the top red row (for the champion) and the bottom blue row (for the challenger).  The contestant in control had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the card before it.

There were two games.  Whoever won both games would go on to play the Money Cards.
The Money Cards
The winning contestant would then play the Money Cards to win more money.  He/she was given $200 to start out with.  They then had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the one before it, just like before.  This time, they had to bet money on each guess (example: $200 higher than a 2). The contestant worked their way across the bottom row, in which there were four cards, and then made it to the second row and were given $200 more. The least a person could bet on each card for the first two rows was $50. They then worked their way across that row, until they reached the top row, where there was only one card.  That row was called the "Big Bet" row.  There, the contestant had to bet at least half of what they won before.
Other versions
Card Sharks aired on NBC from 1978 to 1981 and was hosted by Jim Perry.  It returned on CBS and in syndication in 1986.  The CBS version was hosted by Bob Eubanks and ran until 1989.  The syndicated version was hosted by comedian Bill Rafferty, but ran until 1987.

In 2001, Card Sharks came back, hosted by Pat Bullard.  However, this version had different rules than the other ones.  In this one, two teams of two contestants (two at a time) had to guess higher or lower (or predict if the next card had exactly the same number as the previous one) on one row of seven cards. This version was not very popular and was cancelled after 13 weeks.  Many Card Sharks fans say this version is the worst game show revival of all time.

Card Sharks returned to television in 2019 as an hour-long series hosted by Joel McHale, airing on ABC. The gameplay is similar to the 1978-81 and 1986-89 versions.
Television game shows
NBC network shows
CBS network shows
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
Family Feud is an American television game show that has aired since 1976.

How to play 
There are two families, each with five family members on their team. They have to guess the answers to a survey question asked to 100 people to win points for their team. The answers are seen on a huge survey board. Several survey questions are asked by host Steve Harvey. The point values are doubled at the third question, and they are tripled for the fourth question. If a Sudden Death question is needed, only the #1 answer will be on the board. Whoever reaches 300 points or more will win the game and go on to play the bonus round, Fast Money.
Fast Money 
Two members of the winning family are asked five questions, one member at a time. One member stays on stage and is asked the questions while the other member is off-stage. After the answers are given (or if the time limit, either 15 seconds or 20 seconds, is up), the answers and their point values are revealed. After that, the other member is asked the same five questions, with a time limit of either 20 or 25 seconds. If they give the same answer to a question that the first member gave, a double-buzz will be heard, and the host will say, "Try again," after which another answer is given. Afterwards, the answers and their point values are revealed. If both contestants get 200 or more points, they win the grand prize.

Bullseye 
From 1992 to 1995, a new round was introduced, called the "Bullseye" round from 1992 to 1994 and the "Bankroll" round from 1994 to 1995.
In the Bullseye round, each family member on each team went to the faceoff podium to try to get the #1 answer to a survey question. Each time they got it right, they won a dollar amount for their team's "bank." Each question was worth different dollar amounts, anywhere from $500 to $5,000. Whatever they won in this round was what they would play for in Fast Money.

In the Bankroll round, only one family member from each team went to the podium. Only three questions were asked this time; they played in all three questions.

The Bullseye round returned for John O'Hurley's last season in 2009. John O'Hurley did it the same way Ray Combs did. It was just like the old Bullseye round used from 1992 to 1994. However, it was thrown out again in 2010.

Other versions 
Family Feud aired on ABC from 1976 to 1985. A syndicated version aired from 1977 to 1985. Both were hosted by actor Richard Dawson, who became famous for kissing all of the female contestants.
In 1988, Family Feud returned on CBS and in syndication with a new host, comedian Ray Combs. In 1992, the CBS version was expanded to an hour and included the Bullseye round. It was given a new name: The Family Feud Challenge. The syndicated version also got the Bullseye round in the Fall of that year and was named The New Family Feud. In 1993, The Family Feud Challenge was cancelled. In 1994, Ray Combs was fired and Richard Dawson was brought back to host the syndicated version. He only lasted one year, until 1995.

In 1999, the new version came on in syndication, with comedian Louie Anderson as host. Many people did not like him, and in 2002, he was replaced by Richard Karn. In 2006, Richard Karn left the show and John O'Hurley took his place, and in 2010 John O'Hurley left and Steve Harvey took his place. The show is still on the air today.
1976 American television series debuts
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American television game shows
CBS network shows
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
ABC network series
The Bank of America Stadium is a sports stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was built in 1996 for the Carolina Panthers. It used to be called Ericsson Stadium until it was renamed in 2004. The stadium seats 74,867 people.

Other websites
 Stadium site on panthers.com

National Football League venues
Carolina Panthers
Sports buildings in the United States
Buildings and structures in North Carolina
1996 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in North Carolina
Aston Martin Lagonda Limited is a luxury car company that was started in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford.

The company name is derived from the Aston Clinton hill climb and one of the company's founders, Lionel Martin.

The company went in and out of business a few times between World War I and World War II.  Lionel Martin left the company in 1926. The company was sold from one person to another many times until 1947, when David Brown bought it.  David Brown also bought Lagonda, and used Lagonda engines in his cars.  Aston Martin cars built when David Brown owned the company had the letters "DB" in the name. An Aston Martin won the 24-hour race at Le Mans in 1959.
David Brown sold the company again.  The company was having trouble staying open in the 1970s. Victor Gauntlett bought part of the company and kept it going with help from buyers of other parts of the company. In 1991 the Ford Motor Company bought Aston Martin and started making DB cars again. Ford owned Aston Martin until 2007 when they sold it to Investment Dar and Adeem Investments.

References

British automobile companies
1913 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in the United Kingdom
The Sydney Opera House is an opera house and iconic building on the shores of Sydney Harbour, in Sydney, Australia. It is shaped like the sails of a boat. Many concerts and events take place there, with 2000 performances a year presented by Opera Australia, Australia's national opera company. It is a famous tourist attraction.

History
The land where the Sydney Opera House stands is called Bennelong Point. Bennelong Point was once home to Fort Macquarie (the fort was built in 1817 and knocked down in 1901). On 10 August 1902, the Fort Macquarie Tram Depot was opened at Bennelong Point. The depot was knocked down in 1958. The Sydney Opera House was built on the same spot and the work began in 1959.
It was designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon. He won a design competition in 1957. Utzon left the project in February 1966 because the government was not paying his invoices. The building finally opened on 20 October in 1973. The project was completed ten years later and cost more than fourteen times the original budget. In 2001, Utzon was invited back to restore the building and change it back towards his original designs.

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

Opera House
Opera houses
World Heritage Sites in Australia
1973 establishments in Australia
The Sydney Harbour Bridge, in Sydney Harbour, is a bridge that joins north Sydney with south Sydney. People can cross the bridge by car, walking or by train. It now carries eight traffic lanes. Using six intended traffic lanes and an additional two that were formally tram tracks. 

There are two railway lanes that head in opposite directions. There is a tunnel that goes underneath. The bridge is an important tourist attraction. The scenery attracts many tourists and people living in or near the city. One of the many attractions of the Harbour Bridge is its famous 'BridgeClimb'. Luna Park Sydney is located next to the bridge.

The bridge is  long and  wide. The highest point of the arch is  tall. Building began on 19 March 1923 and ended in 1932. John Bradfield led the bridge's building.
The standards of industrial safety during construction were poor by today's standards. Sixteen workers died during construction,[31] but surprisingly only two were from falling off the bridge. Several more were injured from unsafe working practices undertaken whilst heating and inserting its rivets, and the deafness experienced by many of the workers in later years was blamed on the project. 

Henri Mallard between 1930 and 1932 produced hundreds of stills[32] and film footage[33] which reveal at close quarters of the bravery of the workers in tough Great Depression era conditions.[citation needed]

The total financial cost of the bridge was AU£6.25 million, which was not paid off in full until 1988.[34]

Other websites 
Harbour Bridge
Harbour Bridge
Bridges in Australia
Steel bridges
1932 establishments
1930s establishments in Australia
The Sydney Cricket Ground is a sports field in Sydney. Many professional sporting events take place there. These sports include cricket, rugby, and the Australian Football League.

Buildings and structures in Sydney
Sports buildings in Australia
Sports in Sydney
Darling Harbour is a harbour in Sydney, Australia. It has many shops and places to eat, and people like visiting it. It also has the Sydney Aquarium.

Buildings and structures in Sydney
Transport in Sydney
Bondi Beach is a beach in Sydney, Australia, about one kilometre long and roughly seven kilometres from the centre of the city.
Bondi beach is one of the world's greatest beaches, and is one of Sydney's main tourist attractions.

Large numbers of tourists visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, and many Irish and British tourists spend Christmas Day there.

History 
The word "Bondi" is an aboriginal (native) word which means water breaking over rocks or noise of water breaking over rocks.
In 1809, a road builder William Roberts received a grant of land in the Bondi area. In 1851 Edward Smith Hall and Francis O'Brien bought  of Bondi and named it the "Bondi Estate." Hall was O'Brien's father-in-law. In between 1855 and 1877 O'Brien bought his father-in-laws share of the land and named it the "O'Brien Estate". He made the beach and surrounding land available to the public as a picnic ground and amusement resort. As the beach became more popular, O'Brien wanted to stop public access. The Government believed that the Municipal council needed to step in. On the 9th June 1882, Bondi Beach became a public beach.
Today 
Many people visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, ranging from 4000 people to 9000 people. Bondi Beach has an underwater shark net that they share with other beaches along the southern coast. In 2004, Surf Lifesaving Australia gave different hazard ratings to each end of the beach. The northern end was rated a gentle 4 with 10 as the most hazardous, while the southern end was rated a dangerous 7 due to the famous rip current known as the "Backpackers Rip". The south end is generally reserved for surf board riding. Bondi Beach was added to the Australia National Heritage list in 2008.

Pods of whales and dolphins are sometimes sighted. Fairy penguins while rare are sometimes also seen.

Lifesavers 

Bondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club was the world's first livesaving club. North Bondi Surf Livesaving Club is a federation club. Both clubs were founded in 1907. Both clubs were involved in the biggest rescue ever on one day known as 'Black Sunday'.

References
References

Other websites 
 Bondi Chill - Music Made in Bondi Beach 

Geography of New South Wales
Beaches
Sydney
Stadium Australia, known for sponsorship reasons as Accor Stadium, formerly ANZ Stadium & Telstra Stadium, is a sports stadium in Sydney, Australia. The 2000 Summer Olympics took place there. Now it is used for many other sports, like rugby and Aussie Rules. The stadium opened in March 1999.

In 2002, the stadium was named after the sponsor Telstra. 1 January 2008 it was renamed the ANZ Stadium. In 2021 it was renamed again to Accor Stadium following a sponsorship deal with Accor the largest hotel chain in Australia. Accor operate hotels adjacent to the stadium under the brands Pullman, Novotel, Ibis & Ibis Budget all located within the Olympic Park prescient. As part of the deal, a number of upgrades were completed including a new large screen running the length of one side of the stadium 

As "Stadium Australia", the name was sometimes confused with the Sydney Football Stadium, which was formerly known as Aussie Stadium.

References
References 

Soccer stadiums in Australia
Australian rules football
Sports buildings in Australia
Buildings and structures in Sydney
1999 establishments in Australia
Sports in Sydney
Olympic venues
The Sydney Aquarium is a public aquarium in Darling Harbour, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It has many fish, sharks and seals. There is also a seal show. The aquarium was opened in 1988.

Aquariums
Buildings and structures in Sydney
Nigga is a term derived from the racial slur "nigger". It is generally used by African-Americans (especially young adults and teenagers), because other ethnic groups using it is considered offensive by most. The common use for this word is for a good friend, it can also be defined as a substitute for "nigger" in a less serious tone.

Note that this version of the word does not use a "hard R."

References

Pejoratives
Slang
English profanity
Germans () are the people of Germany. There are two main groups of people who are called Germans. They are citizens of Germany and ethnic Germans. They are also called German people.

Citizens of Germany
The term Germans is used to describe a person who is a citizen of the county. This is true no matter what their ethnicity. As long as they meet the requirements of German laws to be a citizen of Germany, they are Germans.

Ethnic Germans
Descendants (children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren) of Germans in other countries are often called "ethnic Germans". There are many ethnic Germans in Belgium, Denmark, Russia, Poland and France. There are also many of them living in  the United States Brazil and Canada. There are about 100 million Germans in the world. Most Germans speak the German language (Hochdeutsch is Standard German) and dialects such as Low German and Upper German. Most people in Switzerland and Austria are native speakers of the German language.

References
The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) is a proposed U.S. law in the U.S. Congress.  If voted into law, it would stop an employer from firing an employee because he or she is gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. The law would not apply to churches and other religious organizations.  It is also known as H.R. 2015. It was introduced on April 24, 2007.

The first proposed law to protect gay workers was introduced in the U.S. Congress in 1974, but none were voted into law.  In 1996, the proposed law failed in the Senate by one vote.  This is the first time a law has included "gender identity" in addition to "sexual orientation".

Currently, California, Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin have state laws that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity.
This is intended to address cases where gay, lesbian, bisexual and/or transgender ("GLBT") employees have been discriminated against by their employer because of their sexual orientation or gender identity.  These employees are not currently protected by the U.S. federal courts.

Opponents of the law often argue that sexual orientation and gender identity are a choice, unlike other protected factors such as gender, race and religion, and thus should not be equally protected. They also often argue that homosexuality is "unnatural" or "immoral". They also often present religious arguments against the law.

Previous bills have not included transgender people.  The new bill would protect transgender people, and its inclusion has been debated in the GLBT community. In August 2004, the Human Rights Campaign – an important LGBT organization in favor of the bill – said it will only support the bill if it includes transgender people.
In 1999, the [ngltf.org National Gay and Lesbian Task Force] was the first gay civil rights group to stop work on ENDA because it did not include transgender people. The group has worked to build approval in the community to support a bill that includes transgender people.  It participated in redrafting the current "trans-inclusive" bill.

Related pages
 Constitutional economics
 Political economy

References

[[Category::American civil rights]]
American civil rights
Cthulhu is a fictional deity created by the horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. Cthulhu is a powerful monster from another planet. It (Cthulhu is neither male nor female) is very ancient compared to humans, being around since the dinosaurs. It has the alien appearance of a large green dragon with the head of an octopus and human-like hands. There are said to be many people who worship it as their deity because of their powers over the mind.

Cthulhu is one of the Great Old Ones, a group of powerful beings from another place that now inhabit Earth, waiting to rise up (when the stars are right) and destroy the human race so they can rule the planet. The Old Ones are neither good nor evil, meaning that they do not hate humans, they just do not care about them. They think of humans as if they could be ants. Also, their appearance is so unlike anything of this world, that it is said that any human who so much as gazes upon one of them will go insane.
In one of Lovecraft's stories, The Call of Cthulhu, he said that Cthulhu currently lies in a dreamlike state in the underwater sunken city of R'lyeh (rill-ee-yeh), waiting for the time when the Old Ones shall rise again. In the story, R'lyeh is located in the southern Pacific Ocean.

Characters in written fiction
Science fiction
Diabetes insipidus is a medical condition caused when vasopressin does not appear in a person's blood. Vasopressin is released from the brain, and travels in the blood to the kidneys. There, it pulls water out of the urine, which reduces the amount of urine stored in the bladder.

If there is no vasopressin in the blood, the kidneys leave the water in the urine, and the bladder holds more liquid. This means a person needs to urinate more often. It also causes thirst. Increased thirst and urination are symptoms of regular diabetes (diabetes mellitus). That's why diabetes insipidus shares the name "diabetes."

Related pages
 Diabetes mellitus

Endocrine diseases
Anatomy 
Caecilians have no limbs. For this reason, the smaller species look like worms, while the larger species with lengths up to 1.5 m look similar to snakes. The tail is short and the cloaca is near the end of the body. Their skin is smooth and usually dark in colour. Some species have colorful skins, though. Inside the skin are calcite scales. Due to their underground life the eyes are small. Skin often covers them, to protect them. This has led to the idea that they are blind, which is not the case. Because of the skin cover, their seeing is limited to simple dark-light perception. They can tell the difference between dark and light. All Caecilians have two tentacles at their head. The tentacles are probably used for a second smelling capability in addition to the normal sense of smell based in the nose.
Distribution 
They are mostly distributed in the tropics of South and Central America, Africa, and South Asia. The diet of caecilians is not well known. They live in the moist, lower habitats. In South America they can be found well into the temperate north of Argentina. They can be seen as far south as Buenos Aires, when they are carried by the flood waters of the Paraná River coming from farther north. No studies have been made in central Africa, but it is likely that caecilians are found in the tropical rainforests there. The northernmost distribution is of the species Ichthyophis sikkimensis of Northern India. In Africa caecilians are found from Guinea Bissau (Geotrypetes) to Northern Zambia (Scolecomorphus). In South-East Asia the Wallace Line is not crossed, and they are not found in Australia or the islands in between. Ichthyophis is also found in South China and North-Vietnam.

Reproduction
Reproduction 

Caecilians are the only order of amphibians which only use internal insemination. The male Caecilians have a penis-like organ, the phallodeum, which is inserted into the cloaca of the female for 2 to 3 hours. About 25% of the species are oviparous (egg-laying); the rest are ovoviviparous, with eggs hatching inside the mother. The eggs are guarded by the female. For some species the young caecilians are already metamorphosed when they hatch, other hatch as larvae. The larvae are not fully aquatic, but spend the daytime in the soil near the water.
In ovoviviparous species the foetus is fed inside the female with special cells of the oviduct, which are eaten by the foetus with special scraping teeth. Some larvae, such as those of Typhlonectes, are born with enormous external gills which are shed almost immediately. The egg laying species Boulengerula taitanus feeds its young by developing a special outer layer of skin, which the young peel off with similar teeth. Ichthyophis is oviparous and is known to show maternal care.

Diet 
The diet of caecilians is not known well, though it seems it mostly consists of insects and invertebrates found in the habitat of the respecitive species. The stomach content of 14 specimens of Afrocaecilia taitana consisted of mostly  organic material and plant remains. Where identifiable remains were most abundant, they were found to be termite heads. Caecilians in captivity can be easily fed with earthworms, and worms are also common in the habitat of many caecilian species.
Origin of the name 
The name Caecilian derives from the Latin word caecus = blind, referring to the small or sometimes non-existing eyes. The name dates back to the taxonomic name of the first species described by Carolus Linnaeus, which he gave the name Caecilia tentaculata. The taxonomic name of the order derives from the Greek words γυμνος (gymnos, naked) and οφις (ophis, snake), as the caecilians were originally thought to be related to snakes.

Taxonomy
Taxonomy 

Taxonomically the caecilians are divided into ten families. The species numbers are approximate and many of these species are identified on the basis of only one specimen. It is likely that not all species have been described yet, and that some of the species described below as different may be combined into one species in future reclassifications.
 Beaked Caecilians (Rhinatrematidae) – 2 genera, 9 species
 Fish Caecilians (Ichthyophiidae) – 2 genera, 39 species
 Indian Caecilians (Uraeotyphlidae) – 1 genus, 5 species
 Tropical Caecilians (Scolecomorphidae) – 2 genera, 6 species
 Aquatic Caecilians (Typhlonectidae) – 5 genera, 13 species
 Common Caecilians (Caeciliidae) – 26 genera, 99 species

The recent discovery of a tenth family in north-east India has been announced.
Recent discoveries 
A Swiss researcher Daniel Hofer has recently found that certain caecilians produce potent skin poisons from specialized poison glands. The poison prevents predation and the poison of the bright yellow caecilian of São Tomé Island (Schistometopum thomense) in West Africa kills other animals kept in the same tank within a few days. The chemical contents of caecilian poison have not been well studied. Werner Himstedt has shown that the skin glands of Ichthyophis protects the eggs from germs and fungi. It has also been shown that these poisons are very different from those from other amphibians such as the arrow poison frogs.

In 2020, scientists from the University of Utah said some caecilians have venom glands in their mouths that come out near their teeth.  They did not see any muscles to push the venom out the way snakes have.  The scientists said they thought the caecilian would have to hold on to its prey for a long time and thrash its body around to get the venom out.
The hatchlings of the oviparous East African Boulengerula taitanus have special teeth that allow them to peel and eat their mother's skin. The mother's skin in this species was found to be thicker than normal and contained a high level of fat and other nutrients.

References 

 Werner Himstedt, Die Blindwühlen,  (German)

Other websites 
 Image of Grandisonia alternans, a Seychelles caecilain
 New Scientist article on Boulengerula taitanus
 Video of Boulengerula behaviour
A bullet-proof vest (also called "bulletproof vest", "body armor" or "body armour") is a protective piece of clothing that covers the torso (chest, abdomen, and back) of a person. It protects the wearer from most pistol and revolver bullets and from fragments of explosive devices such as grenades. Bullet-proof vests are worn by police officers, soldiers, security guards, and people who are at risk of being shot (such as the leader of a country).

How do they work? 
Bullet-proof vests contain many layers of tightly woven fabric such as Kevlar (or hard, strong materials such as ceramic or titanium) which can stop the metal pistol or revolver bullets or metal shell fragments from going into a person's body.

How much protection does a bullet-proof vest provide? 
When a bullet hits a bullet-proof vest, the forceful impact of the bullet can seriously hurt, or even kill, the person wearing the vest even if the vest stops the bullet.

A bullet from a strong sniper or rifle can pierce a bullet-proof vest.
If a bullet hits a body part that the bullet-proof vest does not cover, the bullet can hurt or kill the person wearing the vest.

Types of vests
The bullet-proof vests worn by most police officers and security guards are made with many layers of tightly woven fabric such as Kevlar.

Bullet-proof vests for soldiers are heavier and stronger than the bullet-proof vests worn by police officers and security guards, because soldiers need protection from rifle and machine gun bullets. Bullet-proof vests for soldiers often have flat pieces of ceramic material or a strong metal such as titanium. These materials can stop bullets from many rifles and handguns.

Related pages
 Helmet- soldiers and some types of police officers (called tactical police officers) also wear helmets to protect themselves

Protective clothing
Military uniform
A dry suit is a type of protective clothing worn by scuba divers who are swimming in very cold water, such as in the Arctic ocean or the North Atlantic ocean. A dry suit is similar to a wetsuit, in that it helps to insulate the diver's body from the cold of the ocean. However, a wetsuit lets water to touch the diver's body, but a dry suit is sealed so it does not allow water to touch the diver's body. This means that a dry suit offers more protection from the cold ocean water.

Protective clothing
A gauntlet is a protective covering that is used in some gloves and mittens. A gauntlet protects the wrists and the lower part of the forearm. Gloves or mittens for motorcycle drivers, snowmobile drivers, construction workers, forestry workers, and mountain climbers often have gauntlets. The gauntlet helps to protect the wrist and forearm from cold, and from being scraped or cut if there is an accident.

How they are made
The gauntlet of a glove or mitten is usually made from a material that is similar to the protective fabric or material used elsewhere on the glove or mitten. A pair of leather motorcycle gloves with gauntlets will usually have leather gauntlets. A pair of insulated nylon snowmobilers' mittens with gauntlets will usually have gauntlets made from insulated nylon fabric.
Other meanings
The word "gauntlet" is sometimes used in the following figure of speech: "to throw down the gauntlet." If a person says that "Fred threw down the gauntlet at the committee meeting last night", they mean that Fred issued a public challenge at the committee meeting.

Another figure of speech is the phrase "run the gauntlet." This means to "face a trial or test." For example, if a sailor commits an offense, his comrades may form a line, and each comrade will hit the sailor as he passes by the line. This is called "running the gauntlet."

Protective clothing
Sports equipment
Nylon is an artificial fibre. It is one of the most commonly used polyamides, and was first used on February 28, 1935. 

Nylon makes a silky material which was first used in toothbrushes.  It is strong, hard and water resistant. It is used to make clothes. In fact, polyamides are mostly used for synthetic fibres in clothing. Nylon can also be used to make other materials, such as parachutes, ropes, string for tyres, carpets, fishing nets and cloth and socks.

Nylon was invented by Wallace Carothers at Du-Pont.

References

Fibers
The forearm is the part of the human arm between the elbow and the wrist. It has many muscles including the ones that move the fingers.

Limbs and extremities
Mountain climbing  is a hobby/job where people climb mountains. It may involve hiking, rock climbing, as well as crossing glaciers. Someone who does mountain climbing is called a mountain climber or mountaineer.

Mountain climbers use the strength of their arms and legs to climb up mountains.  Many mountain climbers use ropes and wear special shoes and safety equipment . Most mountain climbers go up mountains as a hobby or as a recreational activity.  A few do mountain climbing as an occupation or job.  They get paid by outdoor clothing companies or universities to climb up mountains, or they are hired as a guide by recreational mountain climbers.  Some are scientists who study mountains. 

Climbing mountains can be dangerous. Each year, people are seriously injured or even killed from falling, being covered in an avalanche of snow, or getting too cold. Altitude sickness can cause accidents. Climbers in snowy areas face the danger of being buried in an avalanche of snow.
To reduce the risks, mountain climbers work together and learn how to climb safely. They wear safety equipment such as helmets and use ropes, compasses, and first aid kits. They bring other equipment, such as shovels, radio transmitters, and long poles (for finding people who are buried in the snow) and emergency G.P.S.

References
A figure of speech is an indirect way of communicating an idea. Many figures of speech are not meant to be understood exactly as they are said: they are not literal, factual statements. They use indirect language, and mean something different from ordinary language.

Linguists call these figures of speech "tropes"—a play on words, using words in a way that is different from its accepted literal or normal form. DiYanni wrote: "Rhetoricians have catalogued more than 250 different figures of speech, expressions or ways of using words in a nonliteral sense".

Metaphors are very common examples. A common figure of speech is to say that someone "threw down the gauntlet". This does not mean that a person threw a protective wrist-covering down on the ground. Instead, it usually means that the person issued a public challenge to another person (or many persons).

There is no one easy way to distinguish plain speech from figures of speech.

List of common figures of speech