Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
There are different types of CPR.  Regular people, who are not medical professionals, can do these things:
 Realize that a person is not breathing or has suddenly collapsed
 Call 911 (or whatever the emergency telephone number in their country is)
 Do chest compressions (press hard and fast in the middle of the chest, on the breastbone, until help comes; this will force blood to keep flowing to the body)
Many medical professionals can also do these things:
 They can use a machine called a defibrillator to give an electric shock to the heart.  This will not restart a heart that is not beating.  However, if the heart is beating in a way that is not normal, the electric shock may make the heart go back into a normal rhythm.
If the heart is not beating at all, they can give medicines (like epinephrine or atropine) to restart the heart. 
 If the heart is not beating in a normal rhythm, they can give medicines to make it start beating in a normal rhythm again
They can force oxygen into a patient's lungs, in a few different ways:
 With a bag-valve-mask (by placing a mask over the patient's face and squeezing a bag that is attached and is filled with oxygen)
 By placing a tube down a patient's throat to deliver oxygen more directly (this is called intubation).
 They can use an artificial pacemaker to do the heart's job, and force the heart to beat at a certain speed and rhythm
Statistics
Time is very important.  Each minute that passes before CPR is started lowers the chance of survival by about ten percent. If CPR starts within the first three to five minutes, and a defibrillator is available, the chance of survival can be as high as 50%, or even 75% (That is: one out of two, or three  out of four survive). In European countries, emergency services take about eight minutes or more to arrive, once they have been alerted. A victim's survival therefore largely depends on other people who are there and what they do. A quick call to emergency services, and a quick start of basic CPR, especially defibrillation, can double to triple the chance of survival - with adults and children.

References

Emergency medicine
An airén is a  type of white grape used to make wine. The grape is native to Spain. It is one of the most grown types of grape worldwide.

The areas of Valdepeñas and La Mancha grow the most Airén. Ciudad Real, Toledo, Albacete and Cuenca also grow large amounts. It can also be found significantly in Madrid and as far south as Montilla-Moriles.

Fruits
Wine
Jean Sibelius (born Hämeenlinna (Tavastehus) 8 December 1865; died Järvenpää, 20 September 1957) was a Finnish composer. He is one of the most famous people from Finland and one of the greatest composers of symphonies of all time. He was born at a time when Russia had a lot of power in Finland and the Finnish people were trying hard to keep their own culture and their independence. This nationalism can be heard in a lot of his music, especially some of the choral music. After 1928 he composed very little. He lived in retirement in his home in the Finnish countryside.

His life
His life

Early life 
Jean (pronounced the French way) was born 100 km north of the Finnish capital Helsinki. His grandfather had changed the family name from a Finnish name to the Latin-sounding “Sibelius”. His father died during a cholera epidemic when Jean was very young. His family spoke Swedish at home, but when he was eleven he went to a Finnish-speaking school. He learned to play the violin and wanted to be a soloist. He loved reading the Kalevala which was a long epic poem about the old Finnish legends. He also loved the Swedish-speaking poets who wrote poems about nature.
In 1885 he went to Helsinki to study law but he soon gave up law and concentrated on his violin studies and composition. He went to Berlin to continue his music studies. He became good friends with the pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni and went with him to Leipzig. At this time he had mainly written chamber music. In Vienna he had lessons from Karl Goldmark and heard lots of orchestral music. He spent a lot of his money, much of it on drink which was to be a big problem for him for many years.

Early success 

He went back to Finland in 1891. He earned money by teaching. He wrote a big work for orchestra and singers called Kullervo . The words were in Finnish, the story was from the poem Kalevala. This work made him famous.
In 1892 he married Aino Järnefelt. Her father was a general and very keen on the Finnish language. The Finnish were trying more and more at this time to be free of rule by Russia. Sibelius wrote more patriotic music during the 1890s e.g. the tone poem En Saga and the Lemminkäinen legends which include the popular The Swan of Tuonela. His patriotic tone poem Finlandia is still very popular today. His music at this time was influenced by Wagner and Tchaikovsky. He also heard Finnish folk melodies and, although he does not use them directly in his music, they became part of his musical language. In 1897 he was given a state pension which helped him financially although for many years he was still very often short of money because he had expensive tastes.

Mature years
Between 1899 and 1924 Sibelius composed the 7 symphonies which made him famous worldwide. His friend, the conductor Kajanus, conducted Sibelius’s works when he took the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra on tour around Europe. His wife was becoming worried about how much alcohol he was drinking in Helsinki, so 1903 she persuaded him to move the family to a place called Ainola in the Finnish countryside. They had a house built in Järvenpää. Apart from a few short periods in Helsinki he spent the rest of his life there. The first works he wrote there were his Symphony no 2 and the Violin Concerto . He became seriously ill in 1908 and for several years he had to stop smoking cigars and drinking alcohol. He continued to travel and visited England several times and the United States in 1914 where he was very popular. After the war he continued to write more symphonies as well as some short, light pieces. The last great work that he wrote was the tone-poem Tapiola in 1926
. He tried to write another symphony (no 8) but gave up and destroyed it. He never wrote any more music. He continued to live in retirement in his house in the Finnish country for another 30 years. He died of a brain hemorrhage. The house is now a Sibelius museum.
Family life 
Sibelius's wife Aino came from a highly respectable family. Although her father was a general in the army, there was a very great interest in culture in the Järnefeld family which included musicians, painters and poets. Jean fell in love with Aino on his first visit to her home. Aino was to be a faithful wife to him all his life, although she suffered a lot of hardship due to his drinking problems and his debts. They had five daughters.

His works
His works 

Sibelius is best known for his symphonies and tone-poems. His symphonies are very different from one another, none can be described as being “typical” of his style. The early symphonies are Romantic in character, in the later symphonies he tries out lots of new ideas and sounds. His Violin Concerto is played by all the great violinists. Sibelius wrote lots of songs for voice and piano. These are mostly settings of Swedish poems. He also wrote many choral works, mostly in Finnish. These vocal works are not so well known outside Finland because the language is not familiar abroad, but there are some very good songs, especially Luonnotar. Besides his important works he also wrote many short works in order to earn enough money to live. These include songs as well as many short piano pieces.

Sibelius's music today is extremely popular. His music has also been an influence on recent composers.

References 

 "Sibelius" by Andrew Barnett, 2007;
1865 births
1957 deaths
20th-century composers
Finnish composers
The Schutzstaffel (  (SS) or better known as the SS was a large security and military organization controlled by the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) in Germany. "SS" was sometimes written in Runic as , and this symbol was put on the SS flag and insignia. It was formed in 1925 in Weimar Germany or better known as the Weimar Republic . In 1934 the SS became powerful after the execution of the head of the Sturmabteilung (SA) leader Ernst Röhm in Night of the Long Knives .

The SS played a major part in The Holocaust. For example, they ran the Nazi concentration camps and death camps, where they killed millions of people. After World War II, judges at the Nuremberg Trials ruled that the SS was an illegal criminal organization. The judges also said that the SS was the organization that had done most of the Holocaust.

The SS is created
The SS is created

The SS was created in the 1925 to guard Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. (Schutzstaffel means "Protection Squadron" in German).pp. 26–29 From 1929 to 1945, Heinrich Himmler led the SS. During that time, the SS grew from a small paramilitary unit to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany.p. 47

The Nazis saw the SS as a special unit, like the Praetorian Guard (which used to guard Roman emperors). To be chosen for the SS, a person had to be racially "pure". This meant they had to prove that all their ancestors were "Aryan". They also had to be completely loyal to the Nazi party. They could never ask questions or disagree with anything the SS did.

Parts of the SS
Parts of the SS

The SS had two different parts. The Allgemeine-SS ("General SS") were the Nazis' police. The Waffen-SS ("Armed SS") were special units of soldiers in Nazi Germany's military. The Waffen-SS became known for fierce fighting and brutality against civilians and prisoners of war. Its units helped crush the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, where Polish Jews tried to fight back against the Nazis. Waffen-SS units also killed many American prisoners of war during the Battle of the Bulge in 1944.

The SS was militaristic but not military. It had its own rank system, insignia, and uniforms. This made the SS different from the German military, the Nazi party, and people who worked in the German government.

The SS gains power
The SS gains power

As the Nazi party gained more and more power in Germany, it gave control of more important jobs (like law enforcement) to the SS. Many SS organizations became as powerful as parts of the government. The Nazi party decided that to help it keep its power, it needed to give the SS two even more important jobs. One of these was to create and run the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the Nazi security and intelligence service. The other was to control the Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo): the SS secret police. Because it was in charge of so many important things, the SS could do almost anything it wanted.

Role in the Holocaust
As the SS's leader, Heinrich Himmler used the SS to put the Final Solution into action. The SS Einsatzgruppen murdered many civilians, mostly Jews, in the countries controlled by Nazi Germany during World War II. The SS was in charge of creating and running concentration camps and death camps (camps where people were sent to be killed). In these camps, millions of prisoners died from many causes, including murder, starvation, disease, freezing to death, and being experimented on by Nazi doctors like Josef Mengele.

After the war

After the war, the judges at the Nuremberg Trials decided the SS was a criminal organization (a group that was created only to commit crimes). They ruled that the SS had committed war crimes and crimes against humanity. They also said that the SS was the organization that had carried out most of the Holocaust.

Ranks of SS Personel

Oberster Führer der Schutzstaffel

Reichsführer

SS Generals
SS Generals

 Oberst-Gruppenführer (colonel general)
 Obergruppenführer (general)
 Gruppenführer (lieutenant general)
 Brigadeführer (major general)

SS Officers

 Oberführer (senior colonel)
 Standartenführer (colonel)
 Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel)
 Sturmbannführer (major)
 Hauptsturmführer (captain)
 Obersturmführer (first lieutenant)
 Untersturmführer (second lieutenant)

SS NCOS 

 Sturmscharführer (Regimental sergeant major)
 Hauptscharführer (sergeant major)
 Oberscharführer (senior sergeant)
 Scharführer (sergeant)
 Unterscharführer (corporal)

Junior SS personnel

Related pages
 The Holocaust
 Nazi concentration camps and death camps
 Holocaust victims
 Einsatzgruppen
 Nazi Germany
 Heinrich Himmler

References

1925 establishments in Germany
1945 disestablishments in Germany
War crimes
Logarithms or logs are a part of mathematics. They are related to exponential functions. A logarithm tells what exponent (or power) is needed to make a certain number, so logarithms are one of the inverse operations of exponentiation (the other one being roots). Historically, they were useful in multiplying or dividing large numbers.

An example of a logarithm is . In this logarithm, the base is 2, the power is 8 and the answer is 3. In this case, the exponentiation function would be:

The most common types of logarithms are common logarithms, where the base is 10, binary logarithms, where the base is 2, and natural logarithms, where the base is  .
History
Logarithms were first used in India in the 2nd century BCE. The first to use logarithms in modern times was the German mathematician Michael Stifel (around 14871567). In 1544, he wrote down the following equations:  and . This is the basis for understanding logarithms. For Stifel,  and  had to be whole numbers. John Napier (1550–1617) did not want this restriction, and wanted a range for the exponents.

According to Napier, logarithms express ratios:  has the same ratio to , as  to  if the difference of their logarithms matches. Mathematically: . At first, base  was used (even though the number had not been named yet). Henry Briggs proposed to use 10 as a base for logarithms, as such logarithms are very useful in astronomy.

Relationship with exponential functions 
A logarithm tells what exponent is needed to make a certain number, so logarithms are one of the inverse operations of exponentiation.
Just as an exponential function has three parts, a logarithm has three parts as well: a base, an power and an answer (also called exponent).

The following is an example of an exponential function: 

In this function, the base is 2, the power is 3 and the answer is 8.

This exponential equation has an inverse, its logarithmic equation:

In this equation, the base is 2, the power is 8 and the answer is 3.

Difference to roots 
Addition has one inverse operation: subtraction. Also, multiplication has one inverse operation: division. However, exponentiation actually has two inverse operations: the root and the logarithm. The reason why this is the case has to do with the fact that exponentiation is not commutative.
The following example illustrates this:
 If , then one can use subtraction to find out that . This is the same if : one also gets . This is because  is the same as .
 If , then one can use division to find out that . This is the same if : one also gets . This is because  is the same as .
 If , then one can use the square root to find out that . However, if , then one cannot use the root to find out . Rather, one has to use the binary logarithm to find out that .

This is because  usually is not the same as  (for example,  but ).

Uses 
Logarithms can make multiplication and division of large numbers easier, because adding logarithms is the same as multiplying, and subtracting logarithms is the same as dividing.

Before calculators became popular and common, people used logarithm tables in books to multiply and divide. The same information in a logarithm table was available on a slide rule, a tool with logarithms written on it.

Aside from computations, logarithm also has many other real-life applications:
Logarithmic spirals are common in nature. Examples include the shell of a nautilus, or the arrangement of seeds on a sunflower.
 In chemistry, the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydronium ions (H3O+, the form H+ takes in water) is the measure known as pH. The activity of hydronium ions in neutral water is 10−7 mol/L at 25 °C, hence a pH of 7. (This is a result of the equilibrium constant, the product of the concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxyl ions, in water solutions being 10−14 M2.)
 The Richter scale measures earthquake intensity on a base 10 logarithmic scale.
 In astronomy, the apparent magnitude measures the brightness of stars logarithmically, since the eye also responds logarithmically to brightness.
Musical intervals are measured logarithmically as semitones. The interval between two notes in semitones is the base  logarithm of the frequency ratio (or equivalently, 12 times the base 2 logarithm). Fractional semitones are used for non-equal temperaments. Especially to measure deviations from the equal tempered scale, intervals are also expressed in cents (hundredths of an equally-tempered semitone). The interval between two notes in cents is the base  logarithm of the frequency ratio (or 1200 times the base 2 logarithm). In MIDI, notes are numbered on the semitone scale (logarithmic absolute nominal pitch with middle C at 60). For microtuning to other tuning systems, a logarithmic scale is defined filling in the ranges between the semitones of the equal tempered scale in a compatible way. This scale corresponds to the note numbers for whole semitones. (see microtuning in MIDI ).
Common logarithms 
Base 10 Logarithms are called common logarithms. They are usually written without the base. For example:

This is true because:

Natural logarithms 
Logarithms to base  are called natural logarithms. The number  is nearly 2.71828, and is also called the Eulerian constant after the mathematician Leonhard Euler.

The natural logarithms can take the symbols  or, more commonly, . Some authors prefer the use of natural logarithms as , (and usually mention it on preface pages), thought this notation is incorrect.

Common bases for logarithms

Properties of logarithms 
Logarithms have many properties. For example:

Properties from the definition of a logarithm
This property is straight from the definition of a logarithm:

For example
, and
, because .

The logarithm to base  of a number , is the same as the logarithm of  divided by the logarithm of . That is,

For example, let  be 6 and  be 2. With calculators we can show that this is true (or at least very close):
The results above had a small error, but this was due to the rounding of numbers.

Since it is hard to picture the natural logarithm, we find that, in terms of a base ten logarithm:
, where 0.434294 is an approximation for the logarithm of .

Operations within logarithm powers
Logarithms which multiply inside their power can be changed as follows:

For example,

Similarly, logarithm which divides inside the argument can be turned into a difference of logarithm (because it is the inverse operation of multiplication):

Logarithm tables, slide rules, and historical applications
Before electronic computers, logarithms were used every day by scientists. Logarithms helped scientists and engineers in many fields such as astronomy.
Before computers, the table of logarithms was an important tool. In 1617, Henry Briggs printed the first logarithm table. This was soon after Napier's basic invention. Later, people made tables with better scope and precision. These tables listed the values of  and  for any number  in a certain range, at a certain precision, for a certain base  (usually ). For example, Briggs' first table contained the common logarithms of all integers in the range 1–1000, with a precision of 8 digits. 

Since the function  is the inverse function of , it has been called the antilogarithm. People used these tables to multiply and divide numbers. For example, a user looked up the logarithm in the table for each of two positive numbers. Adding the numbers from the table would give the logarithm of the product. The antilogarithm feature of the table would then find the product based on its logarithm.
For manual calculations that need precision, performing the lookups of the two logarithms, calculating their sum or difference, and looking up the antilogarithm is much faster than performing the multiplication by earlier ways.

Many logarithm tables give logarithms by separately providing the characteristic and mantissa of , that is to say, the integer part and the fractional part of . The characteristic of  is one plus the characteristic of , and their significands are the same. This extends the scope of logarithm tables: given a table listing  for all integers  ranging from 1 to 1000, the logarithm of 3542 is approximated by

Another critical application was the slide rule, a pair of logarithmically divided scales used for calculation, as illustrated here:
Numbers are marked on sliding scales at distances proportional to the differences between their logarithms. Sliding the upper scale appropriately amounts to mechanically adding logarithms. For example, adding the distance from 1 to 2 on the lower scale to the distance from 1 to 3 on the upper scale yields a product of 6, which is read off at the lower part. Many engineers and scientists used slide rules until the 1970s. Scientists can work faster using a slide rule than using a logarithm table.

Related pages 

 Euler's number
 Prime number theorem

References

Logarithms
Functions and mappings
William Penn (14 October 1644-30 July 1718) was an English colonial leader. He was very wealthy and owned slaves who he forced to work on his plantation. He was given what would become the US state of Pennsylvania by King Charles II as a debt to his father. Penn was a member of the Religious Society of Friends, who are known as Quakers.

Penn and his wife were made honorary United States citizens in 1984 by US President Ronald Reagan. He was friends with George Fox.

References

1644 births
1718 deaths
People from London
History of Pennsylvania
People from Pennsylvania
Quakers
Slavers
George Herman "Babe" Ruth, Jr.  (February 6, 1895 – August 16, 1948) was a famous baseball player during the 1910s and 1930s in Major League Baseball. He played with the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, and the Boston Braves, and hit 714 home runs in his career. Only two players, Hank Aaron and Barry Bonds, have hit more. At the beginning of his career, he was a pitcher. He is widely considered the greatest baseball player of all time.

Nicknames
Babe Ruth has been called by many nicknames. Some of the most common are: "The Great Bambino",  "The Sultan of Swat", "The Colossus of Clout", "The Titan of Terror", and "The King Of Crash". While attending St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, he was sometimes referred to by the racial epitaph "Niggerlips" as he had large facial features and was darker than most boys at the all-white reformatory.[7]
Early career
Ruth learned to play baseball while growing up in Baltimore, Maryland.His first Major League Baseball (MLB) team was the Boston Red Sox. Ruth began playing as a pitcher. He had some of the best pitching statistics in baseball. The Red Sox won the World Series in 1915, 1916, and 1918.

At that time, there was no designated hitter rule in the American League, where the Red Sox played, so Ruth got chances to hit as a pitcher. The team realized that he was also good at hitting. In 1918, Ruth began hitting more and pitching less. Later in his career, he became an outfielder.
Ruth was becoming a star player. However, by 1919, Red Sox owner Harry Frazee was having problems with money. In 1920, the Red Sox sold Ruth to the New York Yankees for cash. Even though the Red Sox had won several World Series in the years before this, they would not win another one until 2004. Many baseball fans believed that the Red Sox had become "cursed" by trading Ruth, and called this the "Curse of the Bambino". (When the Red Sox finally did win a World Series in 2004, they beat the Yankees in the American League Championship to get there.)

After the trade
Ruth spent most of the rest of his career with the Yankees, where he became one of the most famous players in baseball history. Ruth helped the Yankees win World Series championships in 1923, 1927, 1928, and 1932. He left the Yankees after the 1934 season and played one last season with the Boston Braves in 1935.
In 1927, Ruth hit 60 home runs, which was then a record for the most home runs in one season. The record was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 with 61 home runs.

Death
Ruth died of throat cancer on August 16, 1948.

Honors
In November 2018, Ruth posthumously received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Donald Trump.

Career batting statistics 

He also had a .474 career on-base percentage, which is second all-time to Ted Williams' .482.

References

Other websites 

 
 baberuth.com - Official site
 baberuthmuseum.com  Ruth Museum
 Photo of Babe Ruth as a member of the 1916 Red Sox

Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1895 births
1948 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
American baseball players
Boston Braves players
Boston Red Sox players
New York Yankees players
American Roman Catholics
Sportspeople from Baltimore
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Korn (sometimes written as KoЯn to fit their logo) is an American Grammy Award-winning nu metal and alternative metal band from Bakersfield, California.

The band was first called 'Creep' and had another singer.

People often say they created the nu metal genre. Along with other bands of the time, they were influences for a wave of nu metal, alternative metal and rap metal bands through the mid 1990s and early 2000s, helping Limp Bizkit (who were discovered by Korn themselves) and Slipknot more than other bands. Despite this, Korn have been quoted for disliking the term and even being called 'metal'. Jonathan Davis has said that Korn's music can not be classified and that it contains many other influences besides simply 'metal'. The official review on the iTunes Store for their first album goes as far as saying that Korn "hate the term".
Their first album was first sold in 1994 and also called KoRn. Since then, Korn has sold over 35 millions records worldwide - including 16,5 millions in the U.S., making them one of the best-selling metal acts of the last twelve years. The band's catalogue consists of seven platinum studio albums in a row, one platinum compilation album, and seven consecutive debuts (including Greatest Hits, Volume 1 compilation album) in top 10 of Billboard Top 200 best selling albums. Korn has been selected for 6 Grammys, and won 2 such awards. 8 of their albums has been awarded as multi-platinum, despite only part of them being on Billboard.

Band members 
Current lineup
 Jonathan Davis – lead vocals, bagpipes (1993–present)
 James "Munky" Shaffer – guitars (1993–present); backing vocals (2005–present)
 Brian "Head" Welch – guitars, backing vocals (1993–2005, 2013–present)
 Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu – bass (1993–present)
 Ray Luzier – drums (2009–present)

Former
 David Silveria – drums, percussion (1993–2006)

Timeline
Timeline

Studio albums
 Korn (1994)
 Life Is Peachy (1996)
 Follow the Leader (1998)
 Issues (1999)
 Untouchables (2002)
 Take a Look in the Mirror (2003)
 See You on the Other Side (2005)
 Untitled album (2007)
 Korn III: Remember Who You Are (2010)
 The Path of Totality (2011)
 The Paradigm Shift (2013)
 The Serenity of Suffering (2016)
 The Nothing (2019)
Requiem (2022)

References 

American heavy metal bands
Grammy Award winners
Nu metal bands
American hard rock bands
Alternative metal bands
People from Bakersfield, California
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a drug. It is most commonly used as a pain killer, or to reduce fever or inflammation.  It also has an anti-platelet effect - it reduces the number of platelets in the blood which reduces blood clotting- in that function it is used to prevent heart attacks.  Aspirin is one of the most-used medical drugs in the world.

There are some possible side-effects to this drug. For example, large amounts can damage the kidneys. Children taking aspirin can develop Reye's syndrome which causes the liver to become fatty and not work properly and also the brain to become enlarged. Reyes syndrome can be fatal, but most children survive it with treatment.
People with lung, kidney disease, gout, hyperuricemia (high amounts of uric acid in the blood), hemophilia (a blood clotting disorder), diabetes or high blood pressure should not take aspirin except on the advice of a qualified medical professional. Nor should people who are allergic to it, to ibuprofen or to naproxen. People with asthma where attacks are brought about by aspirin should avoid using any anti-inflammatory drugs based on it.

Aspirin was invented in Germany in 1897. Bayer has a trademark on the brand name "aspirin" in 80 countries. But in other countries, "aspirin" is the common name for the drug.

References

Analgesics
Carboxylic acids
Víctor Jara (September 28, 1932- September 15, 1973) was a singer from Chile, South America. 

He was born into a family of very poor peasants but through a lot of hard work and effort was able to enter the University of Chile - something very unusual in a poor country like Chile. In this manner he was able to escape the poverty of his parents. 

At University he studied dramatic arts or acting; he taught and directed theatre productions. During this time he met and married  Joan Turner, a British ballet dancer and choreographer who worked in Chile. 

Later Víctor Jara started to write and sing songs. He began to sing songs about the life of humble and poor people in his country: peasants, factory workers, miners, abandoned children, poor women. He also dedicated music albums to people who live in the shanty towns.
Víctor Jara tried to use his music to bring awareness about the inequality between the richest and the poorest people in society. How poor folk have a hard time acquiring the most basic things, such as food, health care, education, and housing. He also supported politicians who called for a fairer distribution of wealth to end poverty. 

In 1973 Víctor Jara was killed by a military dictatorship led by General Augusto Pinochet for singing songs about social problems and social injustice. The U.S. government of Richard Nixon supported the military regime.

Popular Songs

 El Derecho de Vivir en Paz  (The right to live in peace)
 Plegaria a un Labrador (Prayer to a laborer)
 Duerme, duerme negrito  (Sleep little black child)
 Vientos del Pueblo  (Winds of the people)
 El Amor es un camino que derrepente aparece  (Love is a road that suddenly appears)
 Cuando voy al trabajo (On my way to work)
 Te Recuerdo Amanda (I remember you Amanda)

Chilean singers
1932 births
1973 deaths
Former Roman Catholics
World Wrestling Entertainment, LLC, doing business as WWE, is a big company that produces professional wrestling shows. It is now the most popular company in the wrestling business. Vince J. McMahon started the company in 1963. His son, Vince K. McMahon is currently the Executive Chairman of the company and runs the company along president Nick Khan and Vince's son-in-law Paul Levesque, better known as Triple H. The company is owned by TKO Group Holdings.

The company used to be known as the World Wrestling Federation or the WWF. They changed their name to World Wrestling Entertainment after a lawsuit filed by the World Wide Fund for Nature, formerly known as the World Wildlife Fund, which uses the "WWF" initials in the United States. In 2011, the company rebranded itself as WWE, although its legal name is still World Wrestling Entertainment.
On April 3, 2023, the WWE and Endeavor agreed that the WWE and Zuffa (Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC)'s parent company) would merge to create TKO Group Holdings and would be going public on the New York Stock Exchange. The WWE and UFC will stay two seperate products even though their company is now merged. The merger was made official on September 12, 2023.

Shows

Weekly shows

Pay-per-view events

Championships and accomplishments 

At the top of WWE's championship hierarchy is the WWE Universal Championship on WWE Raw and the WWE Championship on WWE SmackDown. There are two championships available for female wrestlers: the Raw Women's Championship and the SmackDown Women's Championship. There are two tag team championships: the Raw Tag Team Championship and the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. There are three secondary titles in WWE, the WWE Intercontinental Championship and the WWE Cruiserweight Championship on WWE Raw and the WWE United States Championship on WWE SmackDown.
WWE's developmental brand NXT features its own set of championships.
There is the NXT Championship, the NXT Women's Championship and the NXT Tag Team Championship.

Champions

Other accomplishments

Retired championships

Related pages
 World Wrestling Entertainment roster

References
Scutellosaurus was a small bipedal herbivorous dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic period, 200–196 million years ago. It was about a metre long.

Its back was armoured, and it is placed in the Thyreophora with the other armoured dinosaurs. It was one of the earliest members of this group, and the most basal (primitive) form so far known. Its closest relatives may have been Emausaurus and Scelidosaurus. These, and the larger armoured dinosaurs Ankylosaurus, Stegosaurus and Huayangosaurus, were all quadrupedal. The lightly built bipedal Scutellosaurus is similar in form to the ancestral dinosaurs, which were bipedal.
Description
Scutellosaurus was around  long,  tall at the hips, and weighed . The fossil evidence includes two partial skeletons recovered from Arizona, although of the skull only the lower jaw has been recovered. There were also several hundred scutes running along its neck to its back and as far down as its tail. Some of these shields were flat, while others were pitted. It had an unusually long tail, possibly a counterbalance to the weight of the armoured body, and long arms that suggest it may have browsed on all fours.

References 

Ankylosauria
Jurassic dinosaurs
The London Eye is a large metal Ferris wheel. It is also known as the Millennium Wheel and is one of the largest observation wheels in the world. Since mid-January 2015 it has been known in branding as the Coca-Cola London Eye, after an agreement signed in September 2014. The London Eye is at the western end of Jubilee Garden, on the South Bank of the river Thames, between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge.

The Eye was opened in 2000.  It is  high. At the time it was built, in 1999, it was the tallest giant wheel in the world, and at present it is Europe's tallest Ferris wheel. It offered the highest public viewing point in London. The  observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard is now the highest public view of London.  
 
It is the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom: there are over 2.2 million visitors annually, and the Eye has made many appearances in popular culture.
The London Eye was overtaken in height by the Star of Nanchang, which is  high. On 11 February 2008, the Singapore Flyer overtook the Star of Nanchang with . In 2018-19 a plan for a taller observation wheel named the Whey Aye was proposed for Newcastle upon Tyne.

References

Other websites 

Official web site

Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Lambeth
Ferris wheels
For other uses, see Finlandia.
Finlandia is a symphonic poem by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. He wrote it in 1899 and made some changes to it the next year. "Finlandia" is the Latin name for Finland. At the time Sibelius wrote it, Finland was called the "Grand Duchy of Finland". This was because it was being ruled by Russia. The Finnish people wanted to rule Finland for themselves. The music was composed for a pageant to encourage the Finnish people to work for freedom.
The music of Finlandia is exciting and dramatic. It sounds like the Finnish people struggling to be free. Towards the end the music becomes calm and a lovely tune is played. It is a hymn tune which became known as Finlandia. Many years later Sibelius set some words to this hymn and it is often sung as a separate piece by a choir. The words were written by Veikko Antero Koskenniemi. It has become Finland's best known song and almost feels like a second Finnish national anthem. It is often sung as a hymn in Christian churches to the words "Be still, my soul: the Lord is on your side". The tune was also used as the national anthem of the short-lived African country Biafra.
 

Compositions by Jean Sibelius
1890s works
Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants, especially leaves. It is a type of translocation and part of the water cycle. The amount of water lost by a plant depends on its size, the light intensity, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soil water supply. The process of  Transpiration helps in regulating temperature in the plant. 

Transpiration was first worked out by Stephen Hales (17 September 1677 – 4 January 1761), an English clergyman.  He proved what is still believed, that the evaporation of water molecules from leaves is the main force pulling the water column up from its origin in the roots.
How transpiration works 
Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called stomata, which act rather like pores. In most plants there are more on the undersides of the leaves than on the top. The stomata are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore.  Transpiration happens when the guard cells open the stomata.  This lets oxygen and water vapour flow out, and carbon dioxide flow in.  The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, and the oxygen is produced by photosynthesis.
Desert plants and conifers have adaptations which reduce water loss.  Examples are: thick cuticles, reduced leaf areas, sunken stomata and hairs. All these reduce transpiration and conserve water. Many cacti do photosynthesis in succulent stems, rather than leaves. The surface area of even a fat stem is far less that the total surface of leaves in a tree. Also, stomata of desert plants are usually closed during the day and open at night, when transpiration is lower.

Related pages 
 Translocation (botany)

References

Other websites 
 A description of transpiration, including the mechanism of transpiration & factors affecting Transpiration.

Plant physiology
In botany, a stoma (plural = stomata) is a tiny opening or pore. It is found on plant leaves and stems, and any other green parts of the plant. It is used for gas exchange. Stomata are mostly found on the under-surface of plant leaves.  all  plants have stomata.

Stomata have two main functions. First is gaseous exchange i.e. intake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen. The second is the process of transpiration in plants.

Air enters the plant through these openings. The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, which also produces oxygen. The plant uses some of the oxygen but the rest is waste that exits through these same openings. Also, water vapor goes into the atmosphere through these pores in transpiration.

The pore is formed by a pair of cells known as guard cells. These adjust the size of the opening by opening or closing. To open a guard cell, protons  (hydrogen ions, H+) are pumped into the guard cells. Water enters into them, the cells gets filled, and they open.

References
References 

Plant anatomy
Cells
Plant physiology
Johann Georg Leopold Mozart (November 14, 1719 – May 28, 1787; pronounced MOHT-sart) was a composer, music teacher and violinist. He was the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

1719 births
1787 deaths
Austrian composers
Classical era composers
Austrian Roman Catholics
Austrian violinists
Leopold
Famine is a situation where most people do not have enough food to eat. Without food, the human body grows weaker and weaker until the person becomes very sick or dies (see malnutrition). In poor countries with much subsistence farming such as in parts of Africa and Latin America, famine can be common.

Famous famines 

 1816, the Year without a Summer was caused by Mount Tambora erupting. Tens of thousands died.
 The Irish Potato Famine lasted from 1846 to 1849.  It was caused by a potato blight.
 In the Holodomor, about 7 million of people starved to death in Ukraine in 1932 and 1933.
 The Great Leap Forward killed a few tens of millions of Chinese, in what was probably the biggest famine in history.

Other websites
Other websites

Famine Early Warning System monitors agricultural production and other warning signs worldwide
United Nations World Food Programme Hunger relief against poverty and famine
International Food Policy Research Institute Sustainable solutions for ending hunger
In Depth: Africa's Food Crisis, BBC News

Disasters
Agriculture
Hunger
In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation transmits information over a carrier wave by varying the frequency.  This technique is different from amplitude modulation which varies the amplitude, but keeps the frequency constant. This kind of modulation is used in broadcasting and other radio work.

In the context of broadcasting, Frequency modulation is often shortened to FM. When transmitting analogue sound,  the sound quality of FM signals is better than that of amplitude modulation (AM) signals. However, FM signals do not travel as far as AM beause they use higher frequencies that do not bounce off the Kennelly–Heaviside layer.

Many radio stations send out both kinds of signals. AM may be used for talk shows, and FM for music. FM broadcasting usually includes a difference signal, which can cause two different speakers at home to create different sounds. This creates stereo sound.

Other websites 
 Frequency Modulation

References 
Radio technology
The Monty Hall problem is a famous problem in probability (chance). The problem is based on a television game show from the United States, Let's Make a Deal. It is named for this show's host, Monty Hall.

In the problem, there are three doors. A car (prize of high value) is behind one door and goats (booby prizes of low value) are behind the other two doors. First, the player chooses a door but does not open it. Then the host opens a different door. The host knows what is behind every door, and always chooses a door with a goat behind it. (If there are goats behind both other doors, one is chosen at random.) Last, the player choose whether to keep what is behind the first door or to change to the third door (the one the host did not open).

The rules of the problem are that the host has to open a door with a goat behind it and the player has the opportunity to switch. The question is whether changing choices increases the chances of getting the car.
Most people feel that the car is equally likely to be behind either of the two doors that are still closed, so that changing doors does not affect the chance of getting the car. The true answer is that changing choices increases the chances of getting the car from 1/3 (one out of three) to 2/3 (two out of three).

That 2/3 (two out of three) chance comes from the fact in the initial door choice, the player has a 1/3 (one out of three) chance of picking the door with the car. There is a 2/3 (two out of three) chance if the car is behind one of the other two doors. If the player could switch from their one door to the other two doors this would improve their chances. The fact that the host reveals that one of the other doors contains a goat does not change this probability. The player is still effectively swapping their one door for the other two (even though one of them has been opened).

These are the options:
1. (Lose): If the player picks the car, then the host will show a goat. Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a goat .

2. (Win) : If the player picks a goat, then the host will show the other goat. Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a car.

3. (Win) : If the player picks the other goat, then the host will show the first goat. Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a car.

So, it is true that if the player changes (switches) then the player will win a car two times out of three.

Other websites 

 Monty Hall Problem at Wolfram MathWorld
 Graphical Proof of the Monty Hall Problem
 A Monty Hall Simulator in Javascript  
 Monty Hall Simulation Online
 Making the Monty Hall Obvious
 A tree-diagram of the Monty Hall problem under the Marilyn vos Savant assumptions
 The Game Show Problem 

Mathematical problems
Probability theory
Variations 
In Europe, the telephone number for emergency services is 1-1-2. In North America, the number for emergency services is 9-1-1. It can be dialed from any phone connected to a network, as a cellular service plan isn't required or charged for emergency calls. Some countries, such as Israel, maintains separate but consecutive numbers for police, fire, and medical services. When the number is dialed on the phone keypad, the call is routed to the nearest emergency telephone operating center. This center is oftentimes found within the same city or town that the call is made from. This provides a strong connection and allows emergency services to get to the location better. In some areas, calls are able to be traced on a map with GPS from cell towers. This can be helpful if a person calls but is unable to speak or if the telephone connection line disconnected before the call was ended intentionally.
Technological Implications 
The ability to contact emergency services has changed in recent years as technology has advanced. Some mobile devices like the Apple iPhone and Apple Watch and mobile applications such as Noonlight offer capabilities to contact emergency services without having to call or speak to an emergency phone operator. These features are still being tested and developed by using a smart phone's ability to maintain a very accurate GPS location.

References 

 
Telephone numbers
Classified could mean:

Classified information — sensitive information to which access is restricted by law or regulation to particular classes of people
Classified advertising
Classified (rapper) — rapper from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Classified (album) — a Sweetbox album released in 2001
Classified (bond album) — a bond album released in 2005
Classified as in biological classification
Satellite cities are almost self sufficient in terms of amenities and facilities. They usually have all of the things to categorize them as a separate city, but they rely on the parent city or the nearby larger metropolitan area for some of their needs like education or employment.

Urban geography
Shanty towns are slums on the outskirts of many cities – especially in third world countries. Normally there are not many shanty towns in more economically developed countries. Often of low cost, with houses badly built with plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, cardboard or any available material. Often irregular structures good enough to keep the rain away or to protect from the summer sun. Pets and animals are often left to roam for food and water.

Lack of clean water, sanitation and toilets often make people, especially children, more exposed to illnesses such as hepatitis and cholera.

Many are built on land without a permit and often have no roads,  numbered street, electricity or telephone lines. Some homes in shanty towns have some services but they are unkept and pose health and fire hazards. Sometimes shanty towns can take up whole parts of a city and may include millions of dwellers  – such as in the cities of Brazil- see Favelas.
Many shanty town settlements are built on the banks of rivers and as a result the residents suffer the effect of floods or from industrial toxins in the water. Some are built close to rubbish dumps.
 
Residents of shanty towns often have poor health, lack education, suffer from high levels of crime and suicide, and have a shorter life expectancy.