Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
January 29 – Heather Graham, American actress
 January 31 – Minnie Driver, British actress
 February 28 – Daniel Handler, American writer (Lemony Snickets: A Series of Unfortunate Events)
 March 5 – John Frusciante, American musician (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
 March 18 – Queen Latifah, American singer, actress and model
 May 18 – Tina Fey, American screenwriter and actress
 May 27 – Joseph Fiennes, English actor June 1 Alex Lalas Popular football player Alison Hinds Queen of Soca popular female  soca artiste Of Barbados
 June 22 - Steven Page, Canadian singer (Barenaked Ladies)
 July 8 – Beck, American singer
 July 23 – Charisma Carpenter, American actress
 August 2 – Kevin Smith, American movie director
 August 8 – Pascal Duquenne, Belgian actor
 August 12 – Kristopher Schau, Norwegian singer
 August 13 – Alan Shearer, English football player
 August 20 – John Carmack, American video game creator
 August 31 - Debbie Gibson, American singer
 September 9 – Macy Gray, American singer and actress
October 2 – Kelly Ripa, American actress and talk show host
 October 8 – Matt Damon, American actor
 October 9 – Steve Jablonsky, American movie and television composer
 October 15 – Pernilla Wiberg, Swedish skier
 October 25 - Ed Robertson, Canadian singer and guitarist (Barenaked Ladies)
 October 28 – Greg Eagles, African-American actor
 October 29 – Phillip Cocu, Dutch footballer
 October 29 – Edwin van der Sar, Dutch footballer
 December 12 – Jennifer Connelly, American actress
 December 18 – Rob Van Dam, American professional wrestler
 December 24 – Sascha Fischer, German rugby player
 December 29 – Glen Phillips, American singer and guitarist
Deaths

January 

 January 5 – Max Born, German physicist (b. 1882)

February 
 February 2 – Bertrand Russell, Welsh philosopher and mathematician (b. 1872)
 February 27- Marie Dionne, one of the Dionne Quintuplets (b. 1934)

March 
 March 30 – Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1885)

April 
 April 28 – Ed Begley, American actor (b. 1901)

May 
 May 12 – Nelly Sachs, German writer (b. 1891)

June 

 June 21 – Sukarno, first President of Indonesia (b. 1901)

July 
 July 24 - Beatrice Roberts, American actress (b. 1901)
 July 27 – António de Oliveira Salazar, 12th President of Portugal (b. 1889)

August 
 August 10 – Alexander Gode, German-American linguist (b. 1906)

September
September 

 September 3 – Vince Lombardi, American football coach (b. 1913)
 September 5 – Jochen Rindt, German racecar driver (b. 1942)
 September 18 – Jimi Hendrix, American guitarist (b. 1942)
 September 25 – Erich Maria Remarque, German writer (b. 1898)
 September 28 – Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt (b. 1918)
 September 29 - Edward Everett Horton, American actor (b. 1886)

October 

 October 4 – Janis Joplin, American rock singer (Mercedes Benz) (b. 1943)

November 

 November 4 – Friedrich Kellner, German writer (b. 1885)
 November 9 – Charles de Gaulle, President of France (b. 1890)

December 
 December 30 – Sonny Liston, American boxer (b. 1932)
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physics won by Hannes Alfvén, Swedish electrical engineer, plasma physicist, and Louis Néel, a French physicist
Nobel Prize in Chemistry won by Luis Federico Leloir, Argentine physician and biochemist
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared by Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, and Julius Axelrod for their work on neurotransmitters
Nobel Prize in Literature won by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian writer
Nobel Peace Prize won by Norman Borlaug, American biologist and humanitarian
Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences – Paul Samuelson

Movies released 
 Airport, starring Burt Lancaster and Dean Martin
 The Aristocats, an animated movie by Walt Disney Productions
 Love Story, winner of Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama
 MASH, winner of Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or comedy
 Patton, winner of 7 Academy Awards
 Tora! Tora! Tora! about the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941
 Woodstock

Hit songs
"(They Long to Be) Close to You" – Carpenters
 "Maybe I'm Amazed" – Paul McCartney
 "After Midnight" – Eric Clapton
 "Ain't No Mountain High Enough" – Diana Ross
 "American Woman" – The Guess Who
 "Amos Moses" – Jerry Reed
 "Border Song (Holy Moses)" – Aretha Franklin
 "Bridge Over Troubled Water" – Simon and Garfunkel
 "Call Me" – Aretha Franklin
 "Can't Stop Loving You" – Tom Jones
 "Cecilia" – Simon and Garfunkel
 "Celebrate" – Three Dog Night
 "Close To You " – Carpenters
 "Come And Get It" – Badfinger
 "Come Together /Something " – The Beatles
 "Cupid " – Johnny Nash
 "Does Anybody Really Know What Time it is" – Chicago
 "Down on the Corner" – Creedence Clearwater Revival
 "El Condor Pasa" – Simon and Garfunkel
 "Eli's Coming" – Three Dog Night
 "Everybody's Out of Town" – B.J. Thomas
 "Fire and Rain" – James Taylor
 "For You Blue" – The Beatles
 "Hand Me Down World" – The Guess Who
 "Heaven Help Us All" – Stevie Wonder
 "If You Could Read My Mind" – Gordon Lightfoot
"I'll Never Fall in Love Again" – Dionne Warwick
 "Immigrant Song" – Led Zeppelin
 "Indiana Wants Me – R. Dean Taylor
 "Instant Karma (We All Shine On)" – John Lennon
 "Isn't It a Pity" – George Harrison
 "It Don't Matter to Me" – Bread
 "It's a New Day (Parts 1 & 2)" – James Brown
 "It's Only Make Believe" – Glen Campbell
 "I've Lost You" – Elvis Presley
 "Jam Up and Jelly Tight" – Tommy Roe
 "Joanne" – Michael Nesmith & The First National Band
 "Kentucky Rain" – Elvis Presley
 "Leaving on a Jet Plane" – Peter, Paul and Mary
 "Let It Be" – The Beatles
 "Let Me Go to Him" – Dionne Warwick
 "Lola " – The Kinks
 "Lonely Days " – The Bee Gees
 "Long and Winding Road" – The Beatles
 "Looking Out My Back Door " – Creedence Clearwater Revival
 "Love the One You're With" – Stephen Stills
 "Mama Told Me (Not to Come)" – Three Dog Night
 "Mississippi Queen" – Mountain
 "My Sweet Lord" – George Harrison
 "No Matter What" – Badfinger
 "No Time " – The Guess Who
 "Oh Happy Day" – Glen Campbell
"Only Love Can Break Your Heart" – Neil Young
 "Out In the Country" – Three Dog Night
 "Psychedelic Shack" – The Temptations
 "Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head" – B.J. Thomas
 "Reach Out and Touch (Somebody's Hand)" – Diana Ross
 "Remember Me" – Diana Ross
 "Ride Captain Ride" – Blues Image
 "See Me, Feel Me " – The Who
 "Share the Land" – The Guess Who
 "Signed, Sealed, Delivered, I'm Yours" – Stevie Wonder
 "Snowbird" – Anne Murray
 "Son of a Preacher Man" – Aretha Franklin
 "Stoney End" – Barbra Streisand
 "Summertime Blues" – The Who
 "The Long and Winding Road" – The Beatles
 "The Wonder of You" – Elvis Presley
 "Travelin' Band" – Creedence Clearwater Revival
 "We've Only Just Begun " – Carpenters
 "What Is Truth?" – Johnny Cash
 "Whole Lotta Love " – Led Zeppelin
 "Who'll Stop The Rain" – Creedence Clearwater Revival
 "Your Song" – Elton John
New books 
 Deliverance by James Dickey
Fantastic Mr Fox by Roald Dahl
Fire from Heaven by Mary Renault
Of a Fire on the Moon by Norman Mailer
The Guardians by John Christopher (Sam Youd)
Jonathan Livingston Seagull by Richard Bach
The Paper Chase by John Jay Osborn, Jr.
Syracuse is a city in the U.S. state of New York. It is also the county seat of Onondaga County. Syracuse has a population of 148,620and a metropolitan area population of 662,000.

Syracuse is sometimes called the "Salt City" because salt mining was once the main industry. Syracuse is named after Syracuse, Sicily, a city on the Italian island of Sicily.

Syracuse is home to Syracuse University and many company company offices.

References

County seats in New York (state)
Syracuse might mean:
Syracuse, Sicily, a city in Italy on the island of Sicily
Syracuse, New York, an American city in the state of New York
Syracuse Crunch, an ice hockey team from the city in New York
Syracuse University, a university in the city in New York
Syracuse, Kansas, an American city in the state of Kansas.
A soap opera is a television or radio program that airs in episodic series. This means that each episode continues telling a story, which, in turn, tells more of the last episode's story. A single story on a soap opera can be told for weeks, months, or sometimes even years.

In America, each soap opera airs every day, Monday through Friday, in the afternoon. Because they air at this time, they are sometimes called daytime serials. In the U.K. and other countries, the soap operas air in the evening, twice or three times a week.

This is a list of soap operas that air in America, in their current order of popularity:

The Young and the Restless
The Bold and the Beautiful
General Hospital
Supernatural
Lost
Days of Our Lives
All My Children
As the World Turns
One Life to Live
Guiding Light
Passions

There are still two soap operas that air in Australia, Network Ten's Neighbours and the Seven Network's Home and Away. Strangely, Neighbours is more popular in England than it is in Australia.
In the U.K., the most popular soap operas are Coronation Street and EastEnders. Coronation Street is about people who live in Manchester, in the northern part of England. EastEnders is about people who live in an imaginary place called Albert Square in the East End of London. Another popular soap opera is Emmerdale, and it is about people who live in a small village in Yorkshire, also in the northern part of England. In the 1970s Crossroads became the most watched soap in England. It was shown from 1964 to 1988.

In Latin America (including Brazil), Spain, Portugal and Portuguese-speaking countries in Africa (like Angola), soap operas are called telenovelas, and usually run for a limited time.

Related pages
Dorama 
Serial
Radio drama
Playwright
Theatre

References 

 
Television genres
The Young and the Restless is a very popular American soap opera. The show is the highest-rated soap opera, which means that more people watch it than any other soap opera. It aired its first episode on March 26, 1973. It is set in fictional Genoa City, Wisconsin. In the beginning, the show was about the Brooks family, who were very rich, and the Foster family, who were poor. Today, very few members of either family are still on the show.

Today, the show tells stories about two cosmetics companies: Newman Enterprises and Jabot Cosmetics. Newman's president is Victor Newman (played by the actor Eric Braeden) and Jabot's president is Jack Abbott (played by Peter Bergman). These two men hate each other very much and would like to see the other fail. This hatred is the root of much of the story on the show.

List of actors/characters on the show

Other websites
Other websites 

1973 American television series debuts
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American soap operas
Television series set in Wisconsin
CBS network shows

English-language television programs
Georgia is a state in the southeastern part of the United States. It is bordered by Florida to the south, Alabama to the west, Tennessee and North Carolina to the north, and South Carolina to the east. All of Georgia's coastline is on the Atlantic Ocean. The ocean borders Georgia to the southeast.

Georgia was established in 1732 and became a state in 1788. It was the last of the original 13 colonies and eventually joined in the growing rebellion against Britain. Georgia was named after George II of Great Britain.

History 
Georgia was initially inhabited by Native Americans before the arrival Europeans. The largest tribes were the Cherokee and the Creek.

The 5 Regions of Georgia 
There are 5 regional habitats of Georgia. They are the Georgia mountains, Okeefenokee marsh/swamp area, the Georgia coastal region, the Georgia Piedmont, and Atlantic Coastal region .
Cities in Georgia 
The capital and largest city in Georgia is Atlanta. The 1996 Olympic Games took place there, and the book and movie Gone with the Wind was set in and around Atlanta in the 1860s. Other big cities in the state include Augusta, Columbus, Savannah, and Macon. Georgia has a total of 159 counties.

Related pages
 List of counties in Georgia
 List of rivers of Georgia

References 

 
1788 establishments in the United States
Prem Pal Singh Rawat (previously known as Maharaji, also known as Guru Maharaj Ji and Balyogeshwar) waku
s born in India on December 10, 1957. Rawat is a self-help guru who teaches inner peace by the use of what he calls "self-knowledge". 

His father was a spiritual master, guru (or teacher of religious matters) in India for three million people. Prem Rawat took over at the age of eight when his father died. He went to England and the United States when he was 13 years old in 1971. 

He got married when he was 16 years old. In 1975, he had a fight with his mother and brother. They took over in India while Prem Rawat took over in America and the West. Now he lives in California. He shares self-knowledge for free, to help those interested to find inner peace.

Prem Rawat founded "The Prem Rawat Foundation", a nonprofit organization, to address the fundamental human needs of food, water, and peace.

Other websites 
Words of Peace Global
Prem Rawat's personal web site
The Prem Rawat Foundation

References
References

1957 births
Living people
Indian religious leaders
Hindu gurus
Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher born in Königsberg, East Prussia. Kant studied philosophy at the University of Königsberg, and later became a professor of philosophy. He called his system "transcendental idealism". Kant's writing about epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him one of the most influential figures in the history of philosophy.

Today the town Königsberg is part of Russia, and is renamed Kaliningrad. When Kant was alive, it was the second largest city in the kingdom of Prussia.
Life 
Immanuel Kant was born on April 22, 1724. In 1740 he entered the University of Königsberg and studied the philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz and his follower Christian Wolff. He studied there until 1746 when his father died, then left Königsberg to take up a job as tutor. He became the tutor of Count Kayserling and his family. In 1755 Kant became a lecturer and stayed in this position until 1770. He was made the second librarian of the Royal Library in 1766. Kant was eventually given the Chair of Logic and Metaphysics at the University of Königsberg. In his entire life Kant never travelled more than seventy miles from the city of Königsberg. Kant died on February 12, 1804 with the final words "Es ist gut" ("It is good").
University 
After finishing his study in the university, Kant hoped to be a teacher of philosophy, but it was very difficult. He could have lived a life of private lecturer as interested in physics, both astronomical objects (such as planets and stars) and the earth. He wrote some papers about this, but he became more interested in metaphysics. He wanted to learn the nature of human experience: how humans could know something, and what their knowledge was based on.
First doubts 
Under the strong influence of the philosophical system of Leibniz and Wolff, Kant began to doubt the basic answers of past philosophers. Then, Kant read a Scottish philosopher, David Hume. Hume had tried to make clear what our experience had been, and had reached a very strong opinion called "skepticism", that there was nothing to make our experience sure. Kant was very shocked by Hume, and saw the theory he had learned in a new point of view. He began to try finding a third way other than the two that Kant called "skepticism" and "dogmaticism".

Kant read another thinker, named Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who lived in Geneva, Switzerland, and wrote in French. His thought on human beings, especially on morals, human freedom and perpetual peace, impressed Kant.

Philosophy 
Some scholars like to include Kant as one of the German idealists, but Kant himself did not belong to that group.
The most-known work of Kant is the book Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft) that Kant published in 1781. Kant called his way of thought "critique", not philosophy. Kant said that critique was a preparation for establishment of real philosophy. According to Kant, people should know what human reason can do and which limits it has. In the Critique of Pure Reason Kant wrote several limits of human reason, to both feeling and thinking something. For sensation, there are two limits inside of human perception: space and time. There are no physical objects, but the limitations of our mind that work whenever we feel something through our senses. For thinking, he said there are twelve categories or pure rational concepts, divided into four fields: quantity, quality, relation and modality. Kant thought human reason applied those ideas to everything.
Ideology 
Is what we think only our fantasy? Kant said "No", although without those sensual and rational limitations, we can think nothing, then Kant was convinced there would be something we could not know directly behind our limitations, and even with limitations we could know something. It can not be a personal fantasy either, since those limitations were common to all human reason before our particular experience. Kant called what we could not know directly Ding an sich -- "thing itself". We can think "thing itself" but cannot have any experience about it, nor know it. God, the eternity of soul, life after death, such things belong to "thing itself", so they were not right objects of philosophy according to Kant, although people had liked to discuss them from ancient times.
Books 
Kant wrote two other books named Critique: Critique of the practical reason (1788) and Critique of the Judgement (1790). In Critique of the practical reason Kant wrote about the problem of freedom and God. It was his main work of ethics. In Critique of the Judgement Kant wrote about beauty and teleology, or the problem if there was a purpose in general, if the world, a living creature had a reason to exist, and so on. In both books, Kant said we could not answer those problems, because they were concerned with "thing itself".

Influence 
Kant had a great influence on other thinkers. In the 19th century, German philosophers like Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer and writers like Herder, Schiller, and Goethe were influenced by Kant.
In the early 20th century Kant's ideas were very influential on one group of German philosophers. They became known as the new-Kantians. One of them, Windelband, said, "every philosophy before Kant poured into Kant, and every philosophy after Kant pours from Kant". 

Kant has influenced many modern thinkers, including Hannah Arendt, and John Rawls.

References

Other websites 

 Stephen Plaquist's Glossary of Kantian Terminology
 Kant's Ethical Theory Kantian ethics explained, applied and evaluated
 
 All works of Kant  
 Kant in the Classroom  (background information for Kant's lectures)
 Immanuel Kant's works: text, concordances and frequency list

1724 births
1804 deaths
18th-century German philosophers
19th-century German philosophers
Continental philosophers
German academics
Prussian writers
People from former German territories
People from Kaliningrad
Prussian philosophers
An aunt is relationship that describes a woman who is a sibling of a parent or is married to a sibling of a parent. Aunts are sometimes called Auntie or Aunty. A man is a nephew to their Aunt and a woman is a niece. An aunt is part of an extended family. The child of an aunt's is a cousin. Often the word aunt is used with people who are not related to show closeness or respect.

In many cultures there are different words to describe a person's mother's sister and father's sister. In Latin a mother's sister is matertera while a father's sister is amita.
Detail
A maternal or paternal relative is one who is related through one's mother or father, respectively. For example, a maternal aunt is the subject's mother's sister. An in-law is a relationship that is not by blood, but instead by marriage. The in-law shares the in-law relationships of the spouse's relatives. For example, an aunt in-law could be the wife of the subject's uncle.
 aunt: parent's sister.
 maternal aunt: mother's sister.
 paternal aunt: father's sister.
 half-aunt: parent's half-sister.
 double-half-aunt: a person who is a half-sister of both of the subjects parents.
 grandaunt (or great-aunt): grandparent's sister.
 great-grandaunt (or great-great-aunt): great-grandparent's sister.
 aunt-in-law: uncle/aunt's wife.
 aunt-in-law: spouse's aunt.
 co-aunt-in-law: spouse's uncle/aunt's wife.
 stepaunt: stepparent's sister.
 stepaunt: parent's stepsister.

References 

Family
Homer is the name of the Greek poet who wrote the epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. These are the earliest works of Greek literature which have survived to the present day, and are among the greatest treasures of the ancient world. They are a product of Mycenaean culture. The Iliad tells the story of the Trojan war, which took place around 1190 BC. The manuscripts of Homer were written much later, probably later than 800 BC.

The history
What makes the history of this period so difficult is that the Mycenaean civilization was followed by several hundred years of decline, from which little or no writing has survived. This period, the Greek Dark Ages, ended around 800 BC, when once again we find Greek writing, though this time in their newly developed alphabetic script. Therefore, there is a distinct possibility that the Homeric epics had a life, perhaps a long life, as oral literature, spoken by story-tellers.
We know little about Homer, and the later Greeks also knew little about him. Some have doubted he was a real person; others think he was a woman. 
A legend, has it that he was a blind poet who lived in Ionia. There is no definite evidence for any of these ideas.

There is archaeological evidence that Troy existed. The site of Troy has been discovered, and excavated. Therefore, it is a fair guess that the epic began as a long oral poem based on the siege of Troy, but with details added and changed as time went on. Homer's poetry is different from other poetry because it had to be short in order to be memorized.

The date of Homer, and the transcription
The date of Homer's existence is not known. Herodotus said that Homer lived 400 years before his own time, which would place him at around 850 BC; but other ancient sources gave dates much closer to the time of the Trojan War. The date of the Trojan War was given as 1194–1184 BC by Eratosthenes.
Today, "the date of Homer" means the date of the writing down the oral poems, rather than the life of Homer. This is called the transcription date. The language suggests that the earliest possible date for the transcription is 800 BC, and the latest possible date is 600 AD.

References

Ancient Greek poets
Donatien Alphonse François, Comte de Sade, (2 June 1740 – 2 December 1814), better known as the Marquis de Sade) was a French nobleman, writer and philosopher who was born in Paris. The de Sade family were French nobility, who came from Provence. Different members of the house held positions in the Church, and the French state at different times.

Once Donatien had grown up, he had troubles with the authorities several times. He was bisexual. He spent many years in prison and at a mental asylum.

The main points he was accused of were:
Whipping a prostitute.
Drugging prostitutes and later forcing them to have group sex, and also engage in sodomy.

On one of his escapades, he "accidentally" raped a close relative of his, who was a nun. This caused his family to drop him, and to hand him over to the authorities.

For this, he was sentenced to death (while being absent). He later escaped the death penalty by moving to Italy.  The death penalty against him was later changed to a prison sentence.
In prison, he started to read about philosophy. He also started to write down his ideas. He tried to hide his writing, and also wrote in a very small print, so that the consumption of paper would not be noticed.

In later years, he was moved to an asylum (for the mentally ill), and gave his wife the possibility of a divorce.

After the French Revolution, he got out of the asylum, but in 1803 was declared mentally ill (and again was sent to the asylum). He died in the asylum in Val-de-Marne in 1814 at the age of 74.
 
The term 'sadism' was named after him. It refers to the habit of getting pleasure from giving pain.

References 

1740 births
1814 deaths
Bisexual people
French criminals
French LGBT writers
French novelists
French prisoners
LGBT criminals
Sex offenders
Writers from Paris
The Eurozone (also called Euro area or Euroland) is the set of countries in the European Union which have adopted the Euro (€) currency. The European Central Bank is responsible for managing the supply of money within the eurozone and political decisions are taken by the "euro group", which is a meeting of the politicians from each euro country in charge of that country's economy.

EU members that are not part of the Eurozone are Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania.

Official members 
There are 20 members in the Eurozone 

Made the area on 1 January 1999
1 Austria
2 Belgium
3 Finland
4 France
5 Germany
6 Ireland
7 Italy
8 Luxembourg
9 Netherlands
10 Portugal
11 Spain

Joined on 1 January 2001
12 Greece

Joined on 1 January 2006
13 Slovenia

Joined on 1 January 2008
14 Cyprus
15 Malta

Joined on 1 January 2009
16 Slovakia

Joined on 1 January 2011
17 Estonia

Joined on 1 January 2014
18 Latvia

Joined on 1 January 2015
19 Lithuania

Joined on 1 January 2023
20 Croatia
There are other countries outside the European Union which use the euro as well, but these are not officially in the eurozone.

Other websites 
 Eurozone -Citizendium

European Union
Ordinal numbers (or ordinals) are numbers that show something's order, for example: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th.

Suppose a person has four different T-shirts, and then lays them in front of the person, from left to right.

 At the far left, there is the red T-shirt.
 Right of that is the blue one.
 Then there is the yellow one.
 And finally, at the far right is an orange T-shirt.

If the person then starts counting the shirts from the left, he would first see the red shirt. So the red shirt is the first T-shirt. The blue shirt is the second T-shirt. The yellow shirt is the third one, and the orange T-shirt is the fourth one.

The first, second, third, and fourth in this case are ordinal numbers. They result from the fact that the person has many objects, and they give them an order (hence 'ordinal'). The person then simply counts those objects, and gives the ordinal numbers to them.
In set theory, ordinals are also ordinal numbers people use to order infinite sets. An example is the set  (or  for short), which is the set containing all natural numbers (including 0). This is the smallest ordinal number that is infinite, and there are many more (such as  + 1).

Related pages
Cardinal number
Names of ordinal numbers in English
Transfinite number

References 

Number theory
The word Gnome can mean different things:

 A Gnome is a creature of myth.
 Gnomes are elemental spirits of earth.
 Gnomes are tiny, shaped like humans, with long beards.  A gnome is like a dwarf but smaller.  Gnomes like gems and mining.
 The GNOME desktop is a desktop environment for computers running Unix and Unix-like computer operating systems.
A republic is a form of government that has no monarchy and no hereditary aristocracy. It originates from Rome. In 509 BC, the Romans overthrew the Roman Kingdom and established a republic, a government in which citizens elected representatives to rule on their behalf.

National sovereignty lies in the authority of the government, not in an emperor or monarch. The word republic comes from the Latin words res publica,  meaning a "public thing". For example, the United States and India are republics. However, the United Kingdom and Canada are not republics since they have a monarch (King Charles III in both cases)
Countries with a king or other monarch and free elections is called a constitutional monarchy, not republics. A constitutional monarchy resembles a republic because the constitution has been amended to remove power from the monarch and install institutions conforming to a philosophy of republicanism. That includes the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms, the Netherlands, Thailand, and countries in Scandinavia and elsewhere. What makes a republic different is that its laws are made and enforced without royal authority.

The head of state in a republic is generally a person who has been chosen by the citizens by direct election or by a group of elected representatives to act as the top representative of the people. In most republics, the head of state is called the president. In some countries, the president is elected and has a lot of political power. In others, the president does not hold much direct power but is important in the legal system for other reasons.
Sometimes, state is called a "republic" when its head is not called a "king". For example, the Roman Empire had an "emperor" and the Dutch Republic had a "stadholder", but they worked as hereditary monarchs.

Licchavi, in India, was an aristocratic state in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE and is nowadays sometimes called the first republic. The earliest republics that were much imitated later were Greek cities, for example democracy in Athens. The biggest difference from the other city-states was that people chose their leaders by voting or by lottery. Several Italian city-states during the Renaissance were ruled by a small group of aristocrats, and were called republics.

References

Forms of government
Not to be confused with Martin Luther King Jr. 
Martin Luther (10 November 1483 in Eisleben - 18 February 1546 in Eisleben) was a German monk and theologian of Christianity who is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation. That was the Protestant churches leaving the Roman Catholic Church.

Luther started the Lutheran Church, the first Protestant church.

Early life 
Luther studied philosophy at the University of Erfurt. In 1505, he entered into the Augustinian Order as a monk. Luther studied theology and ancient languages in Erfurt. In 1512 he became a doctor of theology in Wittenberg and began his lectures on the Psalms and Letters of Saint Paul.
Break with Catholicism
In October 1517, Luther wrote his 95 Theses. Many people think that he put them on the door of a church in Wittenberg, but no one said so at the time and so that may be a myth. Instead, he published a copy and presented it to church officials at Worms Cathedral. Luther called it The Disputation of Doctor Martin Luther on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences. It questioned the teaching of the Western Church, its ideas about penance, the authority of the Pope, and the usefulness of "indulgences." The Catholic Church was selling indulgences to get out of purgatory and to go right to heaven after death. Indulgences were sold for money for the dead so that they could go to heaven faster. Poor people could not be able to go to heaven as quickly, but the priests in the church could be rich from selling them. Luther thought that all of that was wrong and against the Bible.
After studying the Letters of Paul, especially the Letter to Romans, Luther came up with an idea called "sola fide". That means that only by faith, people can get salvation by God. That would mean that many of the Church's customs were useless and so should be cast away.

Luther at first believed that he could reform (improve) the Church from the inside and he wanted to stay part of it, but the papacy considered his Theses to be as heresy and excommunicated him on June 15, 1520 with a paper saying that he did not have its permission to go to heaven. In October, Luther burned the paper in public and showed he would not obey it unless it accepted his words.

Emperor Charles V opened the imperial Diet of Worms on 22 January 1521 to hear the case. For Luther, it was the last chance to say that he had been wrong. However, he did not change his mind and so the Diet declared Luther an outlaw.
Starts new church
With the help of a friend, Luther hid in Wartburg Castle, near Erfurt. There, he translated the Bible. First, he wrote the New Testament in German, instead of the original Greek. Later, he translated the Old Testament into German from Hebrew. Until then, the Mass and the Bible were usually in Latin, which very few people understood. That made most people going to Mass not understand what the priest was saying. Luther translated the Bible so that more people could read and understand it. They now no longer depended on the priest to tell them what was in the Bible, but they could read it themselves.

Luther started his own church, the Lutheran Church, with his friend Philip Melanchthon.
Family 
From the Bible, Luther formed firm ideas about families. Luther knew that what a child learned at home would greatly influence his life. He said in Table Talks, "Sermons very little edify children, who learn little thereby; it is more needful they be taught and well instructed in schools, and at home, and that they be learned and examined what they have learned; this way profits much; 'tis very wearisome, but very necessary." Luther also preached against the Catholic Church's refusal to let priests marry. After hearing his preaching, many nuns wrote to him to ask for help in escaping their convents. Luther helped nine nuns escape from a convent. On April 4, 1524, Luther had a friend help the nuns sneak over the wall and hid them in barrels on a wagon until they were out of the city. One of the nuns was Katherine von Bora.
After finding husbands for the nuns whose families would not accept them, Luther had to find a husband for Katherine von Bora. Katherine, however, rejected a match Luther arranged for her, and said that she would accept only Luther or another pastor, Amsdorf, as her husband.

At first, Luther did not really like Katherine and thought that "she was proud and haughty." His feelings changed, however, and they married on June 13, 1525. Luther later said, "And thank God it hath turned out well; for I have a pious (holy, God-loving) and faithful wife, to whom one may safely commit (give) his heart."

They had six children. On June 6, 1526, Luther wrote, "I am a happy husband... for from the most precious woman, my best of wives, I have received, by the blessing of God, a little son, John Luther, and, by God's wonderful grace, I have become a father."
The firstborn was John Luther. The next was a daughter, Elizabeth, but she died when she was just eight months old, and Luther wrote in a letter, "My little daughter Elizabeth is taken from me, and hath left me with a bleeding and almost womanly heart, so sad am I on her account. I never thought the heart of a father was so tender towards his children. Pray the Lord for me." A third child, Magdalene, also died young. Then came Martin, then Paul, and finally Margaret. It was for his children that Luther wrote the Small Catechism, a book showing the basics of Lutheran beliefs.

Movies 
Since the time of the silent movies, there are 28 movies about Luther that have been made. The newest one, Luther, was released in 2003.

Related pages 
John Calvin
Jan Hus
Huldrych Zwingli

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Martin Luther - Eine Bibliographie (German) 
 Full text in English of the 95 theses 
 Disputatione pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum (95 Theses, in Latin, at Wikisource)
 Project Wittenberg, a collection of Luther's text
 Repository of Luther's works at Project Gutenberg

1483 births
1546 deaths
 
Bible translators
German academics

People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
People from Saxony-Anhalt
Noh or No (Japanese:能 Nō) is a major form of classical Japanese musical drama. It started in the 14th century and continues today. Noh is made up of mai (dances), hayashi (music) and utai (words usually in songs). The performers use masks and dance slowly. Zeami and his father Kan'ami brought Noh to its present-day form during the Muromachi period.

Types of Noh drama 
Theater pieces of Noh are classified into 5 groups.
 Divine; the hero or heroine is divine like a god, heavenly people, and so on. The hero or heroine makes a benediction at the end of the drama.　　
 Shura-mono (Warrior); the hero (rarely heroine) is a warrior, usually already dead.
 Kazura-mono (Women); the heroine and often her love romance is the focus.
 Zatsu-no (Miscellaneous); Noh which cannot be placed in the other four groups.
 Oni-noh (Oni; demons) ; Non-humans, like oni, tengu (fairy, lion), are the heroes of this type. Mainly it is played at the end of the program.
Noh players 
All Noh players are men. They have been taught their skills by their fathers. When a woman or girl appears in the drama, a male actor plays her role with a woman mask.

There are three types of Noh players: shite, waki and kyogen. Shite plays the hero or the heroine. He talks sings and dances. Waki (meaning "Side") and plays the sidekick of Shite. The Waki usually plays the role of a traveler role. He introduces us to the world in the drama. Kyogen appears in the middle of the drama if it has two parts, and plays the role of the local citizen. He talks to Waki and makes him notice something new or realize what has happened.

Music on Noh 
Hayashi means musical instrumentals. Two kinds of drum (Tuzumi, Taiko) and a flute (Fue) are used in the theater.

References 

Japanese music
Theatrical forms
Entertainment in Japan
A manga () is a Japanese comic book. 

Manga is drawn by a mangaka () (Japanese for cartoonist: an artist of comics). Manga is usually read from right to left. 

The word manga can be both singular and plural, and mean both the medium of comics or a single comic. It is a form of art that is used to draw comics and develop Anime (animated cartoons of manga art). Colors and symbols are important.
Types 
 Yōji (幼児向け漫画) - manga for people aged 1–4
 Kodomo (or Jidō) manga (児童漫画、子ども漫画) - manga that appeals to many small children
 Doraemon
 Kureyon Shinchan
 Shōnen (少年漫画) - A boy is usually the main character in these types of manga. The storyline is mostly about adventure/fighting.Weekly Shōnen Jump (published by Shueisha) BleachNarutoBlack CloverOne PieceDragon BallThe Prince of TennisGintamaDeath Note Weekly Shōnen Sunday (published by Shōgakukan) InuYashaDetective ConanMajorMagi Weekly Shōnen Magazine (published by Kōdansha) Fairy TailFighting Spirit (manga) Monthly GFantasy (published by Square Enix)Black Butler 
 Shōjo ( - Manga that features human emotions and relationships. Mostly for girls aged 13–17.
 Ciao (published by Shogakukan) 
 Chuchu (published by Shogakukan)
 Sho-Comi (published by Shogakukan)
 Ribon (published by Shueisha)
 Nakayoshi (published by Kodansha)
 Sailor Moon - an example of shōjo manga published by Nakayoshi LaLa (published by Hakusensha)
Hana to yume (published by Hakusensha)
 Seinen - manga that is written for college-aged young menYoung animal (published by Hakusensha)
 Berserk Nana to Kaoru Futari Ecchi Ai Yori Aoshi Young King OURs (published by Shōnen Gahōsha)Hellsing Young Ace (published by Kadokawa Shoten)Another Seijin (成人漫画) - manga that might appeal to men more than women
 Josei/Redikomi (女性漫画　レディースコミック、レディコミ) - (abbreviation of English "LADIes' COMIc") manga that might appeal to women more than men
 Shōnen-ai (少年愛) - manga that features a romantic relationship between two male characters. Also known as Yaoi
 Shōjo-ai'' (少女愛) - Manga that features a romantic relationship between two female characters. Another name Yuri(百合).
Related pages
 Anime
 Cosplay
 Mangaka
 Light novel
 Otaku
 Hentai
 Ecchi
 Manhwa  – Korean comic books

 
Comic books
The Spree is a river in the north-east of Germany.
It runs through the centre of Berlin. The river is  long.

Geography of Berlin
Geography of Brandenburg
Geography of Saxony
Rivers of Germany
Liberalism is a way of thinking about politics and government. It emphasises the idea of freedom, and believes that the best countries are the ones that are freest. liberals all believe that everyone equally deserves to be free. However, liberals have disagreed about what gives people freedom and what takes it away.

Beliefs 

Liberals can be broadly divided into two groups. Classical liberals believe that the main threat to freedom is the government. They believe that politicians are often keen to increase their own power, and that they can easily become tyrants. Classical liberals point to examples such as Nazi Germany, Taliban Afghanistan and North Korea as examples of countries led by tyrants. In these countries, human rights are ignored, lots of people are put in prison and worked to death, and there is no way to vote out the government at an election.
Classical liberals therefore emphasise the importance of democracy and human rights. They believe that countries need clear and strict laws that stop the government from removing the rights of individuals. Often, these rights are protected by a constitution. In some countries, such as the United States, the right to own a gun is protected so that people are always able to overthrow their government if it becomes a tyranny.

Classical liberals often also tend to believe that the government should make few rules about the economy. They often blame economic problems on bad decisions made by the government. They also believe that people have a right to own things, and that overly high taxes ignore this human right.
In contrast, modern liberals believe that the main threat to freedom comes from poverty. They suggest that poverty takes away choices from people, and that this stop them from being able to enjoy being a human. They believe that the Industrial Revolution and economic crises such as the Great Depression significantly reduced freedom. Therefore, they believe that the government should tax rich people to allow it to pay for things for poorer people (such as schools, hospitals and welfare payments). Their goal is to create equality of opportunity, where everyone is able to have an equal chance to be happy. This disagrees with the classical liberal view that the government should not tax people too highly or be closely involved in the economy.

Classical liberals are often members of conservative organisations and so are sometimes considered right-wing. Modern liberals share many similar views with social democrats and are seen as left-wing.
Philosophy 
In the old days, kings or queens told people what to do (a form of government called a Monarchy), and there was very little freedom. A few hundred years ago, philosophers such as John Locke, Simón Bolívar, John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham began to write about freedom. Earlier writers, such as Marcus Aurelius, had written about freedom, but this time the idea caught on. The United States of America was the first country to have a constitution which was based on the ideas of John Locke which were similar to those of Mill and Bentham, and which guaranteed certain rights to all citizens, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the right to assemble (get together in groups), the right to bear arms (weapons), and the right to ask their government to take action (right of petition) or to remove from office rulers they did not like (right of referendum).
Another idea that became popular around this time was the idea of free trade. A leading philosopher who promoted free trade was Adam Smith.

Liberalism today 
Most of the wealthy countries in the world today are liberal democracies with more or less free trade. An exception to this rule are the oil-rich countries, not all of which are liberal or democratic. Most of the poor countries in the world are dictatorships, with heavy restrictions on trade. China is a poor country which is rapidly becoming rich, and is trying the experiment of combining dictatorship with free trade. Whether it is possible to have the advantages of free trade without other freedoms remains to be seen.
Liberalism around the world 
All liberal governments support free elections, and this idea is defended in the legal systems of many countries. However, many countries have elections, but they are not free. This is because opposition candidates cannot use the mass media to publicize their ideas. This situation leads to long-term stability, and to rule by elite groups or dictators. That situation exists in Russia and almost all the former states of the Soviet Union to the east.

United States 
The government of the United States was created based on a belief in democracy and personal freedom. However the word "liberalism" has taken on a different meaning in modern times. Liberals in the United States still believe in supporting democracy and freedom, but many liberals also support other ideas. While not all liberals agree on everything, most liberals in the United States agree:
That equal opportunity for all people is a good goal
 That government should provide some level of education and healthcare to all people, even if some taxes have to be increased to achieve this goal
 That richer people should pay more of their income in taxes than poor people
 That liberties and freedoms are very important and should be protected
 Most liberals in the United States believe that peace is at least somewhat important, and that government should work together with other countries and not start as many wars on their own

Liberals in the United States are also sometimes called "Progressives". The biggest liberal political party in the modern United States is the Democratic Party. However, the Green Party is seen to be more 'left', or liberal than the Democrats.
Australia 
Liberals in Australia have many different ideas about government than liberals in the United States. Most liberals in Australia believe that government should not increase taxes, and would like a government that has lower taxes and less power over the economy. The main liberal political party in Australia is the Liberal Party of Australia. The Liberal Party also believes that government should support traditional values and morals, something which many conservatives believe as well.

Notes

Related pages
 Political economy
 Neoliberalism
 Constitutional economics
 Conservatism
Zeno's paradoxes are a famous set of thought-provoking stories or puzzles created by Zeno of Elea in the mid-5th century BCE. Philosophers, physicists, and mathematicians have argued for 25 centuries over how to answer the questions raised by Zeno's paradoxes. 

Nine paradoxes have been attributed to him. Zeno constructed them to answer those who thought that Parmenides's idea that "all is one and unchanging" was absurd. Three of Zeno's paradoxes are the most famous: two are presented below. They all deal with problems of the apparently continuous nature of space and time.
Achilles and the tortoise
In the paradox of Achilles and the Tortoise, Achilles is in a footrace with the tortoise. Achilles allows the tortoise a head start of 100 meters, for example. Suppose that each racer starts running at a constant speed, one very fast and one very slow. After some finite time, Achilles will have run 100 meters, bringing him to the tortoise's starting point. During this time, the slower tortoise has run a much shorter distance. It will then take Achilles some further time to run that distance, by which time the tortoise will have advanced farther. It will then take still more time for Achilles to reach this third point, while the tortoise again moves ahead. Thus, whenever Achilles reaches somewhere the tortoise has been, he still has farther to go. Therefore, because there are an infinite number of points Achilles must reach where the tortoise has already been, he can never overtake the tortoise.