Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
. After the official surrender of the Ottoman Empire during the end of World War I, the capital Istanbul began to be occupied by British, French, Italian and Greek troops who began entering the city in November 1918. Many parts of the Ottoman Empire in western Anatolia were occupied by Greece meanwhile southeast Anatolia was occupied by France and southwest was occupied by Italy. The First Republic of Armenia was also occupying the majority of eastern Anatolia during this time. Due to the desperate situation, one Ottoman military commander Mustafa Kemal Pasha decided to resign from the Ottoman army and gathered up a Turkish resistance force to push the occupying Allied armies out of Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal decided to set up his base of operations in Ankara.
The Turkish War of Independence was military campaign by the Turkish National Movement under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, which led to the foundation of the modern Republic of Turkey.

In 1923, the Ottoman Empire formally ceased to exist.

Succession policies 

The empire was a hereditary monarchy and followed a Turco-Mongol tradition in which all men in the leader's family could become rulers. The ruler's title was Sultan and was used in front of the name (for example, "Sultan Süleyman"). The title of Sultan was also used for the wives and the daughters of the monarchs. In this case, it was used at the end of the name (for example, Hürrem Sultan"). In the early years of the empire, shahzadahs, the sons of the Sultan, were sent to different parts of the empire (Sanjaks) to get experience of governing. Later, they might be candidates for the Sultanate and the Caliphate.
After Ahmed, the system changed. In the new system, the Sultan would keep his male family members locked in a small apartment called a kafes from which they would never be able to see the outside world and take power from him. Sometimes, a new Sultan would kill his male family members to make sure that no one else could be leader.

The women in his harem often sought greater status and influence, and the Sultan's mother could become a powerful political force in the Empire. Each mother in the harem would try to make her own son the next Sultan since they knew that he would probably be killed otherwise.

References

Other websites 

 The Ottoman Empire: A Chronogical Outline
 The Ottoman Empire: The Eternal State 
 Ottoman Website
 History of Turkish Empire—gives detailed timetable.
 Turkish Oral Narrative
 Information about Ottomans
 Forced population transfers in early Ottoman imperial policy - covers the period 1300-1600
 Turkey in Asia is an old book in English from 1920
 Ottoman Empire Citizendium
Strategic bombing is a military strategy used to destroy the enemies' economic ability to fight a war.  It is an attack from the air. Strategic bombing missions usually attack targets such as factories, railroads, oil refineries and cities. Missions would attack targets such as military bases, command and control facilities, airfields, and ammunition dumps.

The United States Air Force (USAF) has used strategic bombers in later conflicts.

History 
Strategic bombing was an idea first tried in World War I. It was used by the German Luftwaffe. They bombed Antwerp. Zeppelins were used to bomb England.
However, the strategic bombing in World War II was on a far larger scale than anything which went before. First, In the Battle of Britain the German Air Force almost defeated Britain by attacking the Royal Air Force planes on the ground. This was partly successful, and some think it was a mistake to switch to other targets. The British had primitive radar, good enough to know whereabouts each attack was going. There was time to get the fighters in the air to intercept and damage the attacks.

Despairing of victory this way, the attack was switched to the cities. 
German bombing of London and the larger provincial cities such as Coventry (an industrial city). They used high explosives and incendiary devices to cause fires.
Once the attacks on British air bases was diverted to the city targets, the Luftwaffe began to lose planes to the defences. The German air force, which had previously fought easy targets (for example, in the Spanish Civil War) began to take losses. Eventually these losses began to tell, and Hitler cancelled the planned invasion. He realised that no invasion across the Channel could succeed while Britain still had an active air force.

USA enters World War II 
United States Army Air Force (USAAF) Colonel Billy Mitchell promoted strategic bombing in the United States. He had new ideas on the strategic, and tactical air war. The first USAAF strategic bomber was the B-17 Flying Fortress. 

In the end, the large bomber fleets of the Allies devastated Nazi Germany with conventional bombs, and the atomic bomb was dropped on the Japan.

Later years 
After World War II, the Strategic Air Command was located at Omaha, Nebraska, at Offutt Air Force Base.  Nuclear weapons became an important mission.
A full cadre of generals at Offutt participated in many of the missions of the "Looking Glass", a KC-135 air tanker which was stripped and refitted with state of the art electronics which would take over in case the president was killed in wartime.  The plane had several generals on board to assume wartime duties.  The "red telephone" was an instant connection to the president at the White House.  The plane flew all day every day, three planes took off a day in overlapping flights to provide this level of coverage.  Since the end of the cold war, this flight ended, however, the Strategic Air Command still maintains the main facility at Offutt AFB - this is where President Bush flew to when the Twin Towers were bombed on 9-11-01 to set up his command center.

References 

Air force
conflicts
World War II

de:Luftkrieg#Strategische Bombardements
Edsel was a make of car and a new car making division introduced by the Ford Motor Company on September 4, 1957. The company called that day, "E-Day." It was named after Henry Ford's son, Edsel Ford. The Edsel was also one of the biggest failures in history. It was sold for only three years, ending in 1960.

Ford planned to move their Lincoln brand upmarket and put another make in beneath it. Design of the Edsel began in 1955 under the name "E-car" which stood for "Experimental car". 

Edsel produced four models their first year, the 1958 model year. These were the large Citation and Corsair, and the smaller, easier to buy Pacer and Ranger.

These were the different body styles offered:

 Citation: 2 door hardtop, 4 door sedan, 2 door convertible

 Corsair: Same, no convertible

 Pacer: 2 door, 4 door, 2 door sedan, 2 door convertible

 Ranger: 2 door, 4 door, 2 door sedan, 4 door sedan
The Bermuda, Villager and Roundup were station wagons based on the two smaller Edsel models. They were basically the same as the 1957-59 Ford wagons.

63,110 Edsels sold the first year, which was the second largest car launch for any brand in history. Only the Plymouth introduction in 1928 was better, but still not as many cars as Ford hoped would sell.

There were only 2 Edsels in 1959, the Ranger and the Corsair. Only 44,891 cars were sold in that model year. 

Only the Ranger and Villager were produced in 1960. These were almost exactly like the 1960 Ford cars. Only 2848 cars were built before the Edsel Motor Division was closed on November 19, 1959.

Edsel's failure
Edsel's failure 

Edsel's failure is very famous because it failed after Ford put US$400,000,000 into its development. It had many innovations which are still in use today, including brakes which adjusted themselves and a very powerful V-8 engine called the "FE-series" that would be used for many years in later Fords. Also, the car did not live up to all of the promises in the advertisements before it was released. Some people blamed the look of the new car because of its very unusual grille shaped like a horse's collar. One famous quote from an auto writer said that the Edsel looked like "an Oldsmobile sucking on a lemon." Quality of the Edsel was a problem as well. Even the name was a problem to some buyers. Worst of all, the U.S. was entering a period of recession. All car sales were down.
Many drivers did not like having the automatic transmission as push-buttons mounted on the steering wheel hub. Since this was the place the horn was normally found, drivers ended up shifting gears instead of honking the horn. 

The planned 1960 Edsel Comet compact car was relabeled Mercury Comet and sold more cars in its first year than all models of Edsel ever produced. 

Fewer than 6,000 Edsels survive and today they are considered collectors’ items, with convertibles sometimes selling for over US$20,000 if in good condition. As usual with classics, hardtop models are worth considerably less, station wagons less than that, and sedans least of all. It is possible to get a very good 1959 sedan for about US$3000–$3500.

Other websites 
 Edsel.com History, specifications, resources for owners.

Ford
1957 establishments in the United States
1960 disestablishments in the United States
1000 (M) in the Gregorian Calendar was the last year of the 10th century and the 1st millennium in the Christian era ending on December 31. According to the then used Julian Calendar, 1000 AD was a leap year starting on Monday. In the Gregorian Calendar (not invented at the time) the year would have been a common year starting on Wednesday.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

Events 
 Leif Ericson becomes the first European to visit America
 Gunpowder is invented in China.
 Dhaka, Bangladesh, is started.

Births 
 July 5 – Robert I, Duke of Normandy, French nobleman; father to William the Conqueror (died 1035)
 King Stephen I of Hungary, Hungarian royal (died 1038)
 Pope Clement II (died 1045)
 Pope Damasus II (died 1047)
 Pope Sylvester IX (died 1049)
 Saint Herfast, French bishop; first Lord Chancellor of England (died 1085)
Events 
 July 27 – The July Revolution begins.
 August 2 – Charles X of France refuses the throne.
 August 9 – Louis Philippe becomes "King of the French".

Deaths 
 Joseph Fourier
Chino Hills is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is in San Bernardino County. In 2020, 78,411 people lived in Chino Hills. It is named for the hills that cover most of the city.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in San Bernardino County, California
There are a number of different types of learning: 
Classical conditioning: where two stimuli come together, the organism learns they are related.
Operant conditioning: an organism changes its behaviour when behaviour has consequences.
Play: an inherited mechanism whereby mammals speed up learning in the young.
Gestalt learning: learning by insight
Imitation, emulation or observational learning: mimicking the behaviour of others
Implicit learning or unconscious learning: learning which is done without conscious awareness of the learning process.
Imprinting: a very rapid type of early learning.
References

Related pages 
e-learning
Pedagogy

Other websites 

 Explorations in Learning & Instruction: The Theory Into Practice Database 
 Articles about Natural Learning  from Natural Life magazine
 Interview with James Zull, Ph.D.
Acrocorinth is the acropolis of the Greek city Corinth.

Other websites 
 Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Fortress of Acrocorinth 

Buildings and structures in Ancient Greece
Neutrons, with protons and electrons, make up an atom. Neutrons and protons are found in the nucleus of an atom. Unlike protons, which have a positive charge, or electrons, which have a negative charge, neutrons have zero charge which means they are  neutral particles. Neutrons bind with protons with the residual strong force.

Neutrons were predicted by Ernest Rutherford, and discovered by James Chadwick, in 1932. Atoms were fired at a thin pane of beryllium. Particles emerged which had no charge, and he called these 'neutrons'. They were later added to the modern image of the atom. 

Neutrons have a mass of 1.675 × 10-24g, which is a little heavier than the proton. Neutrons are 1839 times heavier than electrons.
Like all hadrons, neutrons are made of quarks. A neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark. One up quark has a charge of +2/3, and the two down quarks each have a charge of -1/3. The fact that these charges cancel out is why neutrons have a neutral (0) charge. Quarks are held together by gluons.

Isotopes 
Neutrons can be found in almost all atoms together with protons and electrons. Hydrogen-1 is the only exception. Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called isotopes of the same element. 

The number of neutrons in an atom does not affect its chemical properties. However it affects its half-life, a measure of its stability. An unstable isotope has a short half-life, in which half of it decays to lighter elements. By contrast, a stable isotope has a long half-life, much longer than that of an unstable isotope. The stability of an isotope is related to radioactivity: an unstable isotope can be highly radioactive.
Atomic reactions  
Neutrons are the key to nuclear chain reactions, nuclear power and nuclear weapons.

Related pages
 Proton
 Electron

References 

Subatomic particles
Basic physics ideas
LiveJournal (often called LJ) is a website on which Internet users can keep a blog. It is also the name of the software that was designed to run it. LiveJournal is different from some other blogging sites, because a user can interact with friends in certain ways that are unique to the website (such as instant messaging in LJ Talk). It is based in San Francisco, California.

LiveJournal was started in 1999 by Brad Fitzpatrick as a way of keeping his high school friends updated on his activities. In January 2005, a blogging software company called Six Apart bought Danga Interactive, the company that was owned by Fitzpatrick, which operates LiveJournal.

Features 

LiveJournal has a service called a "friends list", which makes the site a way to socialise with friends and other people, even though it is a blog service too.
LiveJournal lets users change their accounts in several ways. A programming language called S2 can help users make their blogs look different. Users may upload small pictures (maximum 100 by 100 pixels) called userpics, which appear next to the username. People can pay to get more features, like extra userpics, the ability to record their voices into a post ("voice posts"), the ability to make polls, and better layouts.

Each user also has a "User Info" page, which may contain contact information, a biography of the user, and lists of friends, interests, communities, and even schools the user had attended.
Currently LiveJournal has five kinds of accounts. About 95% of all LiveJournal users use a non-paid account ("plus" accounts). People can pay for their accounts ("Paid" accounts) and get more features, or they can get a "sponsored" account, which is free and has more features, but has advertisements. "Early adopters" are the accounts of people who signed up for LiveJournal back in 1999 or 2000. There are also permanent accounts. Most people can not get a permanent account. LiveJournal only sells them sometimes, and they may not sell them again.

1999 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
Websites
RNA is an acronym for ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid. Many different kinds are now known.

RNA is physically different from DNA. DNA has two intercoiled strands, but RNA only has one strand. RNA also has different bases than DNA. These bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

Adenine bonds with uracil. Guanine bonds with cytosine. In this way, we say that adenine is complementary to uracil and that guanine is complementary to cytosine. Adenine, guanine and cytosine are also in DNA. In RNA, uracil replaces thymine as a complement to adenine.

RNA also has ribose. This is different from the deoxyribose in DNA. These differences result in RNA being more chemically reactive than DNA. This makes it the more suitable molecule to take part in cell reactions.

RNA is the carrier of genetic information in certain viruses, especially retroviruses like HIV. This is the only exception to the general rule that DNA is the hereditary substance.

Protein synthesis RNAs

Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA 

The main function of RNA is to carry information of amino acid sequences from the genes to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are where proteins are assembled.

This is done by messenger RNA (mRNA). A strand of DNA is the blueprint for the mRNA which is transcribed from that DNA strand. The sequence of base pairs is transcribed from DNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. Then the mRNA moves from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to form proteins. The mRNA translates the sequence of base pairs into a sequence of amino acids to form proteins. This is called translation.

DNA does not leave the nucleus for many reasons. DNA is a very long molecule, and is bound in with proteins, called histones, in the chromosomes. mRNA is able to move and react with many cell enzymes. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves to the ribosomes after it is transcribed.
Two kinds of non-coding RNAs help in the process of building proteins in the cell. They are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

tRNA 
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a short molecule of about 80 nucleotides which carries a specific amino acid to the polypeptide chain at a ribosome. There is a different tRNA for each amino acid. Each one has a site for the amino acid to attach, and an anti-codon to match the codon on the mRNA. For example, codons UUU or UUC code for the amino acid phenylalanine.
rRNA 
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time. rRNA is extremely abundant and makes up 80% of the 10 mg/ml RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cytoplasm.

snRNAs 
Small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) join with proteins to form spliceosomes. The spliceosomes govern alternative splicing.
Genes code for proteins in bits called exons. The bits can be joined together in different ways to make different mRNAs. Thus, from one gene many proteins can be made. This is the process of alternative splicing. Any unwanted versions of the protein get chopped up by proteases, and the chemical bits re-used.
Regulatory RNAs 
There are a number of RNAs which regulate genes, that is, they regulate the rate at which genes are transcribed or translated.

miRNA 
Micro RNAs (miRNA) act by joining an enzyme and blocking mRNA or speeding its breakdown. This is called RNA interference.

siRNA 
Small interfering RNAs (sometimes called silencing RNAs) interfere with the expression of a specific gene. They are quite small (20/25 nucleotides) double-stranded molecules. Their discovery has caused a surge in biomedical research and drug development.

Parasitic and other RNAs

Retrotransposons 
Transposons are only one of several types of mobile genetic elements.
Retrotransposons copy themselves in two stages: first from DNA to RNA by transcription, then from RNA back to DNA by reverse transcription. The DNA copy is then inserted into the genome in a new position. Retrotransposons behave very similarly to retroviruses, such as HIV.
Viral genomes 
Viral genomes, which are usually RNA, take over the cell machinery and make both new viral RNA and the protein coat of the virus.

Phage genomes 
Phage genomes are quite varied. The genetic material can be ssRNA (single-stranded RNA), dsRNA (double-stranded RNA), ssDNA (single-stranded DNA), or dsDNA (double-stranded DNA). It may be between 5 and 500 kilo base pairs long with either circular or linear arrangement. Bacteriophages are usually between 20 and 200 nanometers in size.

Phage genomes may code for as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes.

Uses

Some scientists and doctors have used messenger RNA in vaccines to treat cancer and prevent people from becoming sick.

References 

 
Cell biology
Macromolecules
Figure skating is both an art and a sport, in which people skate around on ice, doing jumps and spins. It is done at the Winter Olympics, and it has its own world championships. The name means to make figures or patterns on the ice. People skate with music.

In figure skating, sometimes women or men skate alone, or they skate in couples. Couples dancing includes pairs and ice dancing. Pairs skating has jumps, and sometimes the man lifts the woman in the air. These things are not done in ice dancing. In ice dancing, the woman must be held in the man's arms. Another kind of figure skating is synchronized skating done in groups.

History 
The first ever figure skating club was started in 1742 in Edinburgh, Scotland. World Championships began in 1896 (the first in St. Petersburg, Russia). Before the Winter Olympic Games were started, competitions in figure skating were part of the Summer Olympic Games, in 1908 and 1920.

Rules 
The International Skating Union (ISU) made the rules.
Singles Skating 
Singles skating is composed of a Short Program and a Free Skate. Both of them have a technical score and a presentation score.

 The Short Program (SP) must include 2 solo jumps, a jump combination consisting of two jumps, 3 spins and one Step Sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
 Free Skate (FS) contains jump elements, jump combinations or jump sequences.  The Free Skate also has 3 spins, one Step Sequence fully utilizing the ice surface and a choreographic sequence.

Judges 
Under the ISU Judging System the Judges focus entirely on evaluating the quality of each element performed (technical aspect) and the quality of the performance. There will be a panel of 9 Judges per segment. Out of these 9 scores, the highest and lowest score of each element or program component are ignored and the average will be taken.
Technical Score 
The score for the element is composed of a “Base Value” of each element and the “Grade of Execution - GOE”. GOE is that the Judge grades the quality of the element on a scale of +5 to -5. The total of all the elements scores gives the Technical Score.

Presentation Score 
The Judges award points on a scale from 0.25 to 10.00 with increments of 0.25 for the Presentation Score to grade the overall presentation of the performance. There are five items in the Presentation Score.
Skating Skills
Over all skating quality
Transitions, Linking Footwork and Movement
The varied and/or intricate footwork, positions, movements, and holds that link all elements. This also includes the entrances and exits of technical elements.
Performance/Execution
The physical and emotional involvement of the skater/couple as they translate the intent of the music and choreography
Choreography/Composition
The arrangement of all movements according to the principles of proportion, space and music 
Interpretation
The translation of the music to movement on ice
Jumps 
There are six types of jump that ISU decides to score. The following items are listed in order of the score (difficulty). There are two types of jumps: edge jump and toe jump. The Axel, loop,  and Salchow are edge jumps and the lutz, flip and toe loop are toe jumps.
Axel
This is the only jump where a skater takes off while skating forward. It's the most difficult jump of the six.
Lutz
The skater takes off from the back outside edge of the left or right foot and pokes the ice with the opposite toe.
Flip
The skater takes off from the back inside edge of the left or right foot and pokes the ice with the opposite toe.
Loop
The skater takes off from the back outside edge of the right or left foot. This jump is often used in second jump of combination jump.
Salchow
The skater takes off from the back inside edge of the right or left foot. 
Toe Loop
Toe Loop
The skater takes off from the back outside edge of the right or left foot and pokes the ice with the opposite toe. This is the easiest jump and it is often used in second jump of combination jump.
Spins 
Spins are classified as Sit spins, Upright spins or Camel spin. Each of them has various variations. Any position which is not basic is a non-basic position.

Sit spin

The position of this spin is that the upper part of the skating leg is at least parallel to the ice.
there are 3 categories based on position of free leg
Sit Forward (with leg forward)
Sit Sideways (with leg sideways)
Sit Behind  (with the leg behind)
Upright spin

The position of this spin is any position with the skating leg is extended or slightly bent which is not a camel position.
there are 4 categories based on position of the torso.
Upright Forward (with torso leaning forward)
Upright Straight or Sideways (with torso straight up or sideways)
Upright Biellmann (in Biellmann position)
Upright Layback
Camel spin
The position of this spin is any position where the  free leg backwards and the knee is higher than the hip level, however Layback, Biellmann and similar variations are still considered  upright spins.
There are 3 categories based on the direction of the belly button.
Camel Forward (with belly button facing forward)
Camel Sideways (with belly button facing sideways)
Camel Upward (with belly button facing upward)

Turns and Steps 
Turns
three turns, twizzles, brackets, loops, counters, rockers
Turns must be executed on one foot. If a turn is “jumped ”, it is not counted as performed.　
Steps
toe steps, chasses, mohawks, choctaws, change of edge, cross rolls
Steps must be executed on one foot whenever possible.

Some well-known figure skaters
Pairs:
 Emilie Rotter & Laszlo Szolas (Hungary)
 Maxi Herber & Ernst Baier (Germany)
 Barbara Wagner & Robert Paul (Canada)
 Ludmila Belousova & Oleg Protopopov (USSR)
 Irina Rodnina & Alexei Ulyanov (USSR)
 Irina Rodnina & Alexander Zaitsev (USSR)
 Ekaterina Gordeeva & Sergei Grinkov (USSR)
 Xue Shen & Hongbo Zhao (China)
 Tatiana Totmianina & Maxim Marinin (Russia)
 Dorota Siudek & Mariusz Siudek (Poland)
Aljona Savchenko & Robin Szolkowy (Germany)
Aljona Savchenko & Bruno Massot (Germany)
Sui Wenjing & Han Cong (China)
Ice dance:
 Jean Westwood & Lawrence Demmy (Britain)
 Eva Romanova & Pavel Roman (Czechoslovakia)
 Diane Towler & Bernard Ford (Britain)
 Lyudmila Pakhomova & Alexander Gorshkov (USSR)
 Jayne Torvill & Christopher Dean (Britain)
 Natalia Bestemianova & Andrei Bukin (USSR)
 Isabelle Duchesnay & Paul Duchesnay (France/Canada)
 Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko (Russia)
 Oksana Grishuk & Evgeny Platov (Russia)
 Tatiana Navka & Roman Kostomarov (Russia)
 Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto (United States)
 Meryl Davis & Charlie White (United States)
 Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir (Canada)
Gabriella Papadakis & Guillaume Cizeron (France)

Related pages 
Ice dancing

References

Other websites 

Images for figure skating
Figure Skating TV Schedule
Videos for figure skating

 
Winter Olympic sports
Gabriel in the Bible is an angel, specifically an archangel (arch means "highest" or "chief").  The name means "God is my strength" or "man of God", 

The greeting of the Angel Gabriel opens the prayer Ave Maria.

In the Christian calendar, the Archangel Gabriel is celebrated together with the Archangels Michael and Raphael on September 29th. 

Gabriel is also a given name.  Cognates: Hungarian: Gábor. Italian: Gabriele. Finnish: Kaapo.  The feminine form of the name Gabriel is Gabrielle.

Archangel Gabriel in the Bible 
Gabriel is first mentioned in the Bible, in the book of Daniel, when he appeared to Daniel. In the New Testament, St. Gabriel appears first in the book of Daniel in the Old Testament, the angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks. And most famously, to Mary to announce the coming birth of Jesus. The Catholic feast of the Annunciation celebrates this visit every year, nine months before Christmas.
The Bible does not say angels have wings, but Christian artists usually show them that way.

References 

Angels
Biblical people
Christian saints
A post office is a place that is made available by the postal system to post, receive, sort, handle, and to move or deliver mail. postage stamps can be bought to mail things like packages  or letters and drop them off there, and the employees deliver it to the destination.

References

Other websites 

 
 GRC Database Information: worldwide post office website links
 Photos of post offices around the world
 Royal Mail Chat 
 The British Postal Museum & Archive
 United Kingdom Post Office site 
 United States Postal Service
 Universal Postal Union
Postal services
The Lahn is a river in Hesse, Germany with a length of .

Its source is in the Rothaargebirge.

It flows through the towns Marburg, Gießen, Wetzlar, and Limburg an der Lahn.

It joins the River Rhine  at Lahnstein, near Koblenz.

Geography of Hesse
Rivers of Germany
The Rottweiler ( or , ) is a breed of domestic dog, regarded as medium-to-large or large. Their coat of fur is mostly black, with brown on the legs and face. They are excellent guard dogs, as well as herding, and companion dogs.

History 
The Rottweiler is one of the oldest of herding breeds. With a history possibly dating back to the Roman Empire, the Rottweiler may be a descendant of ancient Roman drover dogs; a mastiff-type dog that was a dependable, rugged dog with great intelligence and guarding instincts.
Behaviour 
Dogs are pack animals. When they feel threatened, they will defend themselves. They will also protect other members of the pack to a certain extent. How they defend themselves, and how close they feel to the rest of the pack (their owners) depends on the dog's nature. It also depends on how they were raised. Since dogs judge dangerous situations differently, they should not be left unattended near a place where people are arguing. They may also judge unattended moves of a child as an attack. Therefore, dogs should not be left alone near children.

Size 
There is no specific weight for a Rottweiler to qualify to be judged in dog shows. The dog must be neither too thin or too fat for its size. Both males and females must be "medium-large" in size for the American Kennel Club. The General German Rottweiler Club (ADRK) lists 50 kilograms (110 pounds) for males and 42 kilograms (93 pounds) for females .
Considerations 
When the Rottweilers' owners are not experienced, problems arise. Sometimes humans, mostly children, are attacked by these dogs. The attacks are often a result of irresponsible owners. Rottweilers are very intelligent and need equally smart handlers to raise them.

In some areas, breeding certain dogs has been restricted or forbidden.

References
Further reading
 Blackmore, Joan. A Dog Owners Guide to the Rottweiler
 Brace, Andrew H. (Ed), The Ultimate Rottweiler, Ringpress Books, Surrey, 2003. 
 Coren, Stanley. The Intelligence of Dogs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. (1994).
 Chardets: Know your Rottweiler
 Fédération Cynologique Internationale-Standard N° 147/ 19. 06. 2000 / GB The Rottweiler. Translated by – Mrs C. Seidler Country of Origin – Germany.
 Dogs of the Rottweiler breed in India have a large, muscular physique, the chest is wide and deep. Paws are of medium length, strong, and also muscular, the neck is medium, massive, the head is large, with a powerful mouth, the ears hang down on the sides of the head on the cheekbones. The tail is usually docked, black and tan.,   4 July 2021
 National Dog – The Ringleader Way, Volume 12 Number 1 & 2, Jan/Feb 2009 Breed Feature "Bernese Mountain Dogs, Leonbergers & Rottweilers".
 Pettengell, Jim. The Rottweiler
Pienkoss, Adolf. The Rottweiler, 3rd revised and updated edition, Internationale Foederation der Rottweilerfreunde (IFR) Wilhelmitenstr. 15a, 46354 Borken, Germany, 2008
 Price, Les. Rottweilers: an owner's companion. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York 1991. 
 Schanzle, Manfred, Studies In The Breed History Of The Rottweiler. German edition Published by Allgemeiner Deutscher Rottweiller – Klub (ADRK) E.V. 1967 English edition published jointly by Colonial Rottweiler Club & Medallion Rottweiler Club – Sept 1969. 1981 Printing (updated) – Published by Powderhorn Press 3320 Wonderview Plaza, Hollywood, CA90068.
 Yrjola, J.A.U. & Tikka, Elvi. Our Friend the Rottweiler.
Other websites 

 

Dog breeds originating in Germany
FCI breeds
Molossers
Morna Anne Murrary  (born June 20, 1945) is a Canadian Pop and Country musician. She was born in Nova Scotia. She was a teacher in physical education. “I wasn’t all that young,” as she told later. “I did go to university and I did teach school for a year. I had my feet planted fairly firmly on the ground when it all began.” But also sang and made records. One of her records, "Snowbird", became a hit late in 1970. The song was not about Christmas, but was popular during the Christmas season. The record became a perennial through association with the holiday.

Murray later had hits with remakes of Beatles ("I'm Happy Just to Dance With You") and Monkees songs ("Daydream Believer"). She also recorded "Shadows in the Moonlight" and "A Little Good News", which became popular.

She publicly retired from a singer in the music industry in 2008 when she had the last concert tour.

Suggested reading 
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Murray
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anne-murray-emc
Notes

Outer links 
Anne Murray - Official Website

1945 births
Living people
Canadian pop musicians
Canadian pop singers
Country musicians
Grammy Award winners
People from Nova Scotia
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J. K. Rowling is the second novel (published in 1998) in the Harry Potter series of books. A movie of the book was released in 2002.

About the story

The story begins as Harry, orphaned, spends summer with an aunt, uncle and cousin who do not love him. Harry is visited by Dobby, a house-elf, who is forced to serve the Malfoy family. Dobby warns Harry not to go back to Hogwarts, the magical school that Harry went to the year before, saying that terrible things will happen there. Harry doesn't listen to the warning, so Dobby causes a mess to make Harry's aunt and uncle angry. They lock Harry in his room for the rest of the summer. Harry is rescued by his best friend Ron Weasley in a flying car. He spends the rest of the summer at the Weasley home, called "The Burrow". The reader is introduced to the Weasley family, including Ron's sister Ginny, who is just starting at Hogwarts.
Mr Weasley works for the Department of Magic. He is fascinated by "Muggles" (ordinary people) and the way that they manage to live without magic. It is his job to prevent wizards from illegally enchanting Muggle objects. But he does not always do his job in the way the department would like. In fact, he drives his family to catch the school train in a magical Ford Anglia. The magical train leaves Paddington station in London from Platform 9. But because of strange happenings, Harry and Ron miss the train to school.

Harry and Ron go to school, very late, and in disgrace. Harry has not been back at school very long before it becomes clear that everybody inside the school is in danger. One by one students, and even the caretaker's cat, are affected by a strange and frightening spell. As everyone becomes more and more frightened, they start to be suspicious of other people.
Important ideas in this book
 One of the "themes" or ideas in this book is "suspicion". The author shows that when people are frightened, sometimes they can act in a very nasty way. If they see a person who acts a little bit differently to everyone else, they become "suspicious". They decide that maybe that person is the cause of the problem, not because they seem evil, but just because they seem different.
 In this book, there are five very different people who are lonely and sad. Each one of them acts foolishly, because of their loneliness. Harry Potter suffers a great deal of unhappiness and loneliness, because he has a special talent that very few wizards have. The author has already told the reader about this talent in the first book, even though it did not seem very important at the time. Harry's talent makes most of the other students suspicious of him.
Another theme in this book is that some people think that they are "special". A person might think that they are special because they are rich, handsome, clever, from a noble family or even because they think that though their life has been hard, they are secretly more important than everyone else. Whatever the cause is, these people act in a way that shows no respect for others. These people act as if everyone else in the world owes them something and everyone else is beneath them. There are three of these people in this book, and their selfish attitudes are dangerous.
1998 books
Harry Potter books
A personal computer (PC) is the common name for a type of computer that is most popular in offices and homes. The first PC called the "IBM PC" was made by the company called IBM in 1981, although many computers were made before like the Commodore PET. Smartphones and tablets are also computers for personal use, but they are not often called "personal computers".

Operating Systems 
Today, most PCs usually have a basic set of software called an operating system. The operating system is responsible for several tasks including providing a user interface (UI). The most popular operating system on PCs is Windows, sold by Microsoft Corporation. PCs made by a company called Apple Inc. use a different system of software called Mac OS that is also made by Apple Inc.

Many free operating systems are available. Some are called Linux operating systems. There are over 300 different Linux "distributions". Each one has a different purpose/feel. Ubuntu Linux is the most-used Linux distribution.
Parts of a personal computer 
A modern PC has a minimum set of parts to be useful. The "base unit" or "tower" (case) houses the computer parts. Usually, a mouse and keyboard are used for input, however some operating systems need only a keyboard. A monitor is usually needed to view output. In a laptop computer these parts are all together.

Inside the base unit or tower there are many electronic parts. The main parts are the motherboard, CPU, memory, and a data storage device, such as a hard disk or solid-state drive.

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) follows the instructions in the operating system and application programs. The memory, or RAM (random access memory), is for moving information (or data) quickly to and from the processor. The hard disk or solid-state drive hold programs and data while the computer is powered off. Floppy drives, CD-ROM drives, and USB flash drives are used for portable data storage.
Computers sometimes have a modem to send and receive data over a phone line, or more recently, over cable television lines. Computers can also be connected to a computer network using a network card.

Modern PCs have various sockets called ports. The most common ports are known as USB ports.

Uses for personal computers 
Computers may be used for work, including doing research using the internet, keeping records; or writing documents. Other uses include communicating, with people across the world using Instant messaging, e-mail or Skype or recreation activity such as playing computer games.

Computers
Time People of the Year
MS-DOS is a discontinued 16-bit computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation. It stands for "Microsoft Disk Operating System".  The operating system implements a command-line interface for the user to input commands (which ran from disk).  It was popularly used in PCs before GUI operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows, came out, and still is used in some places today.

MS-DOS is a text-based operating system, meaning that a user works with a keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text.  Later, MS-DOS programs were often made to allow control by using a mouse and graphics (even without additionally running Microsoft Windows) especially for video games or to make work more simple and quick (some people still believe that working without graphics is really more efficient).
MS-DOS is called a disk operating system because it was mainly made to interact with the disk (to implement a file system for users and programs); it was loaded into a computer's memory with a floppy disk each time the computer is started (booted) up.

MS-DOS was released as proprietary software, but decades later after most users had gone to other systems, it was released as free software.

History and details 
MS-DOS stands for "Microsoft Disk Operating System", and came from an operating system Microsoft bought called 86-DOS, originally called QDOS, or "Quick and Dirty Operating System."

OS/2 was made to replace MS-DOS, but that replacement did not succeed.  MS-DOS was used to run the Windows operating systems until an operating system known as Windows XP.

How-To Books 

Many books were written on how to use MS-DOS.  A popular introductory book was MS-DOS for Dummies, by Dan Gookin, the book in the For Dummies series of easy to follow instruction books.

References

Microsoft operating systems
A disk operating system (DOS) will load from a floppy disk each time a computer starts, and will access that disk for software to complete operations. MS-DOS is probably the most well-known DOS, and was purchased by Microsoft Corporation from a system known as QDOS. As operating systems became more complicated and took up more space, they began to be permanently installed on hard drives, which are faster and more reliable than floppy disks, and can store more data. This was encouraged by a steady drop in hard drive prices.

DOSes are usually text-based and without graphics to save space on a floppy disk. Although DOSes have mostly been replaced by Windows, Macintosh, and Linux systems, among others (sporting a GUI, or Graphical User Interface), they are still in use in some places, mostly on older computers. This may be because of a lack of money, the need to use software which still runs on a DOS system, nostalgia for an older operating system, or the belief that text-based systems are more efficient.
Although GUIs are more popular, in times of emergency or when one needs to install special software, a boot disk allows a user to start his or her computer into a DOS.

Operating systems
An Internet service provider, or ISP, maintains, installs and provides internet connection to residential or commercial areas. Some examples of ISP clients include - homes, coffee shops, hotels, libraries, offices. They usually charge a fee for installing the connection and a monthly fee for maintaining it.

The internet is basically a web of interconnected networks - which are maintained by a huge number of different ISPs. They keep connected around the world by giving their clients access to other ISP networks. This is called peering.

Many ISPs have other services such as e-mail and web hosting service.

ISPs offer different types of connections such as dial-up, DSL, through optical fiber wires, through a cable television connection, or wireless. Communications satellite connections are used mainly in remote areas. Dial-up is the slowest connection, while a direct fiber-optic connection is usually the fastest.

References
The National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) was an ice hockey league in Canada that was formed in 1999 and ended in 2007.  The best female players in the world played in this league and in the Western Women's Hockey League.  The mayor of Brampton, Ontario, Susan Fennell, was the NWHL's commissioner (president).

Teams in the NWHL

Brampton Thunder
British Columbia Breakers
Calgary Oval X-Treme
Edmonton Chimos
Montreal Axion
Montreal Jofa Titan
Minnesota Whitecaps
Oakville Ice
Ottawa Raiders
Laval Le Mistral
Quebec Avalanche
Saskatchewan Prairie Ice
Scarborough Sting
Strathmore Rockies
TELUS Lightning
Toronto Aeros
Vancouver Griffins

NWHL Champions

1999–2000 - Beatrice Aeros
2000-01  - Beatrice Aeros
2001-02  - Beatrice Aeros
2002-03 - Calgary X-Treme
2003-04 - Calgary X-Treme
2004-05 - Toronto Aeros
2005-06 - Montreal Axion
2006-07 - Brampton Thunder

Other websites 
NWHL/COWHL website for 2000-01
NWHL website

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
The Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) is an ice hockey league in North America.  It was formed in 2004.  The best female players in the world play in this league and in the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL).  Some WWHL teams began in the NWHL. The Minnesota Whitecaps and the Manitoba Maple Leafs continue to be active teams and are playing a number of exhibition games as the league expands to include several new teams.

Teams in the WWHL
 Manitoba Maple Leafs
 Minnesota Whitecaps

Champions
 2010-11 - Minnesota Whitecaps
 2009-10 - Minnesota Whitecaps 
 2008-09 - Minnesota Whitecaps 
 2007-08 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 
 2006-07 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 
 2005-06 - Calgary Oval X-Treme 
 2004-05 - Calgary Oval X-Treme

Other websites 
WWHL website
Manitoba Maple Leafs 
Minnesota Whitecaps 

Ice hockey leagues in Canada
The Yukon is a territory of Canada, north of British Columbia, west of the Northwest Territories, and east of the American state of Alaska. Its population is 31,000. Most of the territory's people live in the capital of Whitehorse. Many of the people are native Canadians (First Nations).

The Yukon became a territory in 1898. It was part of the Northwest Territories from 1870 to 1898. Many people came to live in the Yukon during the Yukon Gold Rush of the 1890s.

Mount Logan, at 5959 metres above sea level, is Canada's highest mountain.

The most important industry in the Yukon is mining.

References

 
1898 establishments
1890s establishments in Canada
The District of Saanich is a region of Greater Victoria, British Columbia. It is north of the City of Victoria. Over 100,000 people live in Saanich. It is named after the Saanich First Nation.

Some communities within Saanich include Gordon Head, Royal Oak, Cordova Bay, Tillicum-Gorge, Cadboro Bay, Broadmead, Cedar Hill, and Ten-Mile Point.

Saanich Commonwealth Place, a recreation centre first used for swimming and diving at the 1994 Commonwealth Games, is located in Saanich.

Saanich celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2006.

The mayor of Saanich is Richard Atwell.

Cities in British Columbia
Emily Carr (December 13, 1871 – March 2, 1945) was a Canadian artist and writer.

Biography
Emily Carr was born in Victoria, British Columbia in 1871.  Her parents died while she was a young teenager.  She began art lessons when she was sixteen.  When she was nineteen, she went to study art in San Francisco. She also studied art in England but she got sick and came back to Victoria.  After she got better, she went to France to continue her art studies.  She saw paintings by many French artists who were experimenting with new ways of painting.  She was most influenced by French impressionism and post-impressionism, though.

When Carr came back to Canada, she had trouble selling her paintings because they looked unusual to many people.  Her paintings were even laughed at.  She had to make money to support herself so she ran a small apartment house.  She was so busy that she did not have much time to paint.
In 1927, she met a famous group of Canadian painters called the Group of Seven.  They were impressed by her paintings and she became respected for her art.

In the later years of her life, Carr started writing books.  Klee Wyck was the title of one of these books.  It won the Governor General's Award which is an important award for literature in Canada.  She also wrote The Book of Small. She died in 1945 in Victoria.

Themes and influences
Carr painted scenes from nature and from First Nations culture.  For example, she painted many Haida and Tlingit totem poles.  The Tlingit people called her Klee Wyck, which means "the laughing one."  She went on long trips by canoe to visit First Nations villages.

She also liked to paint Canadian nature.  She believed it was important that Canadian paintings have a different style than paintings from Europe.  She liked the paintings of the Group of Seven because of their originality.