Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Swiss National Championship Serie A (1909-1937)
 1909: HC Bellerive Vevey
 1910: HC La Villa Lausanne
 1911: Club des Pâtineurs de Lausanne
 1912: HC Les Avants
 1913: HC Les Avants
 1914: not played
 1915: not played
 1916: HC Bern
 1917: HC Bern
 1918: HC Bern
 1919: HC Bellerive Vevey 
 1920: HC Bellerive Vevey 
 1921: HC Rosey-Gstaad 
 1922: EHC St. Moritz
 1923: EHC St. Moritz 
 1924: HC Château-d’Œx
 1925: HC Rosey-Gstaad
 1926: HC Davos
 1927: HC Davos
 1928: EHC St. Moritz
 1929: HC Davos
 1930: HC Davos
 1931: HC Davos
 1932: HC Davos
 1933: HC Davos
 1934: HC Davos
 1935: HC Davos
 1936: Zürcher SC
 1937: HC Davos
Swiss International Championship Serie A (1916-1933)
 1916: Akademischer EHC Zürich
 1917: HC Les Avants
 1918: HC Bellerive Vevey
 1919: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1920: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1921: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1922: HC Château-d’Œx
 1923: EHC St Moritz
 1924: HC Château-d’Œx
 1925: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1926: no winner
 1927: HC Davos
 1928: HC Rosey Gstaad
 1929: HC Davos
 1930: HC Davos
 1931: HC Davos
 1932: HC Davos
 1933: Grasshopper-Club Zürich

Other websites 
NLA official website 
Puck.ch 

Ice hockey leagues
The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as muscles, ligaments and tendons.  

The articulations (surfaces) between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The shoulder joint is the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula, the head sitting in the glenoid fossa. The shoulder as a whole is the complete group of structures in the region of the joint.

There are two kinds of cartilage in the joint. The first type is the white cartilage on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) which allows the bones to glide and move on each other. When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called arthritis), the joint becomes painful and stiff.
The labrum is a second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached.

The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but also stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing and pulling.  The compromise between mobility and stability results in many shoulder problems not faced by other joints such as the hip.

References 

Joints
The 1941–42 NHL season was the 25th season of the National Hockey League. Seven teams played 48 games each. The Toronto Maple Leafs would win the Stanley Cup defeating the Detroit Red Wings winning four straight after losing the first three in a best-of-seven series, a feat only repeated twice in NHL history as of the 2010 season.

Regular season

Final standings

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Leading goaltenders

Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

Playoffs
Note: all dates in 1942

Playoff bracket

Quarter-finals
Boston Bruins vs. Chicago Black Hawks

Boston wins best-of-three series 2–1

Detroit Red Wings vs. Montreal Canadiens

Detroit wins best-of-three series 2–1

Semi-finals
New York Rangers vs. Toronto Maple Leafs

Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4–2

Boston Bruins vs. Detroit Red Wings
Detroit wins best-of-three series 2–0

Final

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Detroit Red Wings

Toronto wins best-of-seven series 4–3

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References 
 Hockey Database
 NHL.com

1941 in North America
1942 in North America
The 1942–43 NHL season was the 26th season of the National Hockey League NHL). Six teams played 50 games each. This is the first season of the "Original Six" era of the NHL. The league's long-time president Frank Calder died due to heart disease. The Detroit Red Wings defeated the Boston Bruins to win the Stanley Cup.

Final standings

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Leading goaltenders

Note: GP = Games played; Min - Minutes Played; GA = Goals Against; GAA = Goals Against Average; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; SO = Shutouts

Playoffs
 see 1943 Stanley Cup Finals

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
 
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1942 in North America
Wilfred Edward Salty Owen MC (18 March 1893 – 4 November 1918) was an English poet and soldier, one of the leading poets of the First World War.

Owen was born in Shropshire, and had three siblings; two brothers and a sister.  When he was very small, the family moved to Birkenhead, where he went to school.  Later, he attended Shrewsbury Technical School.  Although he passed the exams necessary to go to university, he was unable to go because his parents could not afford the fees.  Before the war, he worked as an assistant to a vicar, and then went to France to teach English to the children of a French family.  About a year after war broke out, he joined the army as a junior officer, and was eventually sent back to France with the Manchester Regiment in 1916.
Conditions for troops on the Western Front were very harsh, and Owen suffered several bad experiences that led to him being considered unfit to continue fighting.  He was sent to Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh for treatment by a psychiatrist.  While there, he wrote poetry, and became editor of the hospital magazine, which was called The Hydra.  Soon afterwards, a better-known poet called Siegfried Sassoon arrived at the hospital as a patient, and the two became great friends.  Sassoon helped Owen to improve his writing, and introduced him to other writers and publishers.  Although Sassoon had made a public protest against the war, he quickly grew tired of life at the hospital, and went back to France to continue fighting.  In the meantime, Owen was given a job in the Northern Command Depot at Ripon, where he did not have to do any fighting.
When Owen was considered to be well enough to return to fighting, his friends were very worried about him.  He spent an afternoon with Siegfried Sassoon, who had been sent home after being seriously wounded; Sassoon tried to persuade Owen not to go back, but Owen had little choice.  He returned to France in July 1918.

Perhaps because he had previously been accused of being a coward, Owen was determined to show what a good soldier he could be.  On 1 October 1918 he led his men in an attack near the village of Joncourt, and his bravery was recognised by his being awarded the Military Cross.  However, shortly afterwards, while trying to cross the Sambre canal with his men, he was killed.  He died at the age of 25, only a week before the end of the war.

Owen never married, and is thought to have been homosexual, although there is no surviving evidence to prove this.

Poems

Two of his most famous poems are Anthem for Doomed Youth and Dulce et decorum est, which borrows a phrase from Horace.

References
References 

1893 births
1918 deaths
British Army people
British military personnel of World War I
English LGBT people
English poets
LGBT military people
LGBT poets
Military people killed in World War I
People from Oswestry
The World Cup of Hockey is an international ice hockey tournament, and is the successor to the Canada Cup, which was held from 1976 to 1991. The World Cup of Hockey has been held twice, in 1996 and 2004.

Results

References
 Müller, Stephan : International Ice Hockey Encyclopedia 1904-2005 / BoD GmbH Norderstedt, 2005 

Ice hockey competitions
Pop icon is a celebrity whose popularity stays the same or even increases as time goes by.

Most pop icons achieve their status through death, typically at a young age. The worship of pop icons is due only in part to their actual accomplishments. Some of the most notable pop icons are James Dean, Michael Jackson, John F. Kennedy and Marilyn Monroe. However, even celebrities who died old can become a pop icon like Elvis Presley.

Death nearly always increases the fame of a pop icon. Many people respect the dead. Others feel a close personal connection with the dead icon and want to remember the celebrity. Death also increases any value of all items that belonged to the pop icon.

Pop icons 

 ABBA
 Aerosmith
 Christina Aguilera
 Muhammad Ali
 The Beatles
 David Beckham
 Humphrey Bogart
 David Bowie
 Mariah Carey
 Charlie Chaplin
 James Dean
 Celine Dion
 Eminem
 Judy Garland
 Che Guevara
 Guns N' Roses
 Jimi Hendrix
 Audrey Hepburn
 Whitney Houston
 Janet Jackson
 Michael Jackson
Elton John
 Beyoncé Knowles
 Led Zeppelin
 Bruce Lee
 Bob Marley
 George Michael
 Madonna
 Nelson Mandela
 Kylie Minogue
 Marilyn Monroe
 Elvis Presley
 Prince
 The Rolling Stones
 Frank Sinatra
 Britney Spears
 Selena
 Spice Girls
 Bruce Springsteen
 Usher
 Oprah Winfrey

Related pages
Cultural icon

References

Further reading 
 
Cullen, Jim, ed (2001). Popular Culture in American History. UK: Blackwell Publishing. .
Celebrities
The Canada Cup was an international ice hockey tournament that was held five times from 1976 to 1991. Canada won the Cup four out of five times, and the Soviet Union won it once.

Competitions

References

 Müller, Stephan : International Ice Hockey Encyclopedia 1904-2005 / BoD GmbH Norderstedt, 2005 

Ice hockey competitions
Donna Adrian Gaines (December 31, 1948 – May 17, 2012), known by her stage name Donna Summer, was an American singer-songwriter. She was an African American Christian who was born and raised in Boston, Massachusetts. She became famous during the disco era in the 1970s and became a pop icon. She died of lung cancer in Englewood, Florida. In 1982 she released a single with Michael Jackson, Lionel Richie, and Stevie Wonder called "State of Independence".  She became known for songs like "Hot Stuff", "Last Dance", and "She Works Hard for the Money".

In 1974, Summer married Helmuth Sommer (which led to her stage name Summer) but divorced him two years later.  She married Bruce Sudano in 1990 and had two children with him.
Discography
Studio albums
 Lady of the Night (1974)
 Love to Love You Baby (1975)
 A Love Trilogy (1976)
 Four Seasons of Love (1976)
 I Remember Yesterday (1977)
 Once Upon A Time (1977)
 Bad Girls (1979)
 The Wanderer (1980)
 I'm a Rainbow (1981)
 Donna Summer (1982)
 She Works Hard for the Money (1983)
 Cat Without Claws (1984)
 All Systems Go (1987)
 Another Place and Time (1989)
 Mistaken Identity (1991)
 Christmas Spirit (1994)
 Crayons (2008)

References

Other websites 

1948 births
2012 deaths
African American musicians
American Christians 
American R&B singers
American disco singers
American soul singers
American singer-songwriters
Cancer deaths in Florida
Deaths from lung cancer
Disco
Grammy Award winners
Writers from Boston
Singers from Boston
People from Naples, Florida
Drug Abuse Resistance Education, better known as DARE or D.A.R.E., is an educational program for elementary  students. Students who enter the program sign a pledge to never use illegal drugs and attend a series of speeches for seventeen weeks provided by local law enforcement warning of the dangers of drug abuse.

Reference

Other websites 
Drug Abuse Resistance Education home page 
DARE World 
How to Start a DARE Program in your Community 
International Association of Chiefs of Police, IACP 
2003 U.S. Government Accountability Office letter to Senator Richard J. Durbin
A Different Look at D.A.R.E.
UK website
D.A.R.E. Brazil (PROERD) 

Education in the United States
Fundraising is the process of raising money for charities. Charities may use these to continue providing free after school activities for children, raise money for a cure and help elders and other patients with low income.

This may be achieved in many ways.

Some ways include:

 Donations
 Sales of merchandise
 Forms of gambling such as raffles or lotteries

Finance
Life imprisonment is a term used for a sentence of imprisonment. The effect of such a sentence is different in each jurisdiction. Life in prison is known by others as a humane alternative to the death penalty for the most serious crimes such as murder, terrorism, etc. A formerly used form of life imprisonment was Immurement.

In some cases, a person with a life sentence can leave prison on parole after a number of years. In the United States, this is usually 15 to 25 years. However, the person must convince a court or parole board that they will not commit more crimes. If a person leaves on parole, they are not completely free, and they have some restrictions. 

In other cases, the court may decide that the person should never leave prison, which is called life without parole. This sentence is used for even more serious crimes.

References

Other websites 
 International perspectives on life imprisonment 

Punishments
Imprisonment and detention
Gregory James Nava is an American movie director. Nava was born on April 10, 1949 in San Diego, California. He won several awards for his movies.

Filmography
 The Confessions of Amans (1977)
 The End of August (1982)
 El Norte (1983)
 A Time of Destiny (1988)
 My Family/Mi Familia (1995)
 Selena (1997)
 Why Do Fools Fall in Love (1998)
 Frida (2002)
 Bordertown (2007)

Other websites
 
 Gregory Nava  informational web site
 Cineaste interview by Dennis West
 PBS interview of Gregory Nava with Bill Moyers
 San Diego Film Festival  honors Gregory Nava

American movie directors
People from San Diego, California
1949 births
Living people
People en Espanol is a Spanish-language magazine published by Time Warner, Inc. that debuted in 1996 out of the success of the Selena tribute issue. As of 2006, it was the Spanish-language magazine of largest readership in the United States, reaching 4.2 million readers with each issue.

Notes

Other websites
 People en Español Official site
 People en Español Media Kit 

American magazines
Golden Eagle Award () is a Russian national award for movies and TV series, run by the Russian Academy of Cinema Arts since 2002. It like the Academy Awards and gives out in 20 nominations each January. The ceremony is held at the Mosfilm studios, where some of the most acclaimed Soviet features were filmed.

Other websites
 

2000s establishments in Russia
2002 establishments
Movie awards
Television
Russian culture
The American Bank Center is a convention center and 8,156-seat arena in Corpus Christi, Texas. The center is host to many conventions, concerts, performances, and sporting events. The arena is home to the Corpus Christi Rayz ice hockey team, as well as the Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi Islanders men's and women's basketball teams. As well as the convention facilities and arena, the American Bank Center also features the Selena Auditorium, named after Selena. The American Bank Center is in Corpus Christi's Bayfront Arts and Science Park.

Other websites
americanbankcenter.com
Centerplate
SMG

Entertainment venues
Sports buildings in Texas
Corpus Christi, Texas
Convention and exhibition centers in the United States
Selena Forever is a musical. It is about American singer Selena's life. It stars Veronica Vazquez as "Selena". The musical is based on the movie Selena.

Musical numbers
Musical numbers

Act I
 "A New Show's About to Begin" - Selena and Ensemble
 "The Ballad of Selena" - Los Sueños Del Pueblo
 "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" - Young Selena
 "Simply Me" - Young Selena
 "Blue Moon Memories" - Abraham 
 "Abraham’s Dream" - Abraham, Marcella
 "Como La Flor" - Adult Selena
 "Papa Gayo’s" - Los Sueños Del Pueblo
 "Blue Moon" - Young Selena
 "Abraham’s Dream" (Reprise) - Abraham
 "Living On A Bus" (Medley) - Marcella and Company
 "Dame Un Beso" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "La Bamba" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "Guitar Solo" - Chris
 "Baila Esta Cumbia" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "I’ve Grown Up, Daddy" - Selena and Company
 "Somebody Special" - Suzette, Los Sueños Del Pueblo
 "Pizza & Coke" - Selena
 "Wanting a Dream" - A.B., Los Sueños Del Pueblo
 "My Daughter Wants to Be Just Like Selena" - Mothers
 "Techno Cumbia" - Daughters
 "Amor Prohibido" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "Como La Flor" - Selena y Los Dinos
Act II
 "God's Child (Baila Conmigo)" - Selena and Los Suenos Del Pueblo 
 "Just Be Yourself, Selena" - Marcella, Suzette
 "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "La Carcacha" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "To Him She’s a Woman" - Marcella
 "A New Contract" - A.B., Los Sueños Del Pueblo
 "Missing My Baby" - Selena y Los Dinos
 "Meet Me In Corpus Christi" - Chris
 "Tomorrow and Forever" - Chris, Selena
 "You’re Gonna Die Today, Brother" - A.B., Friends
 "Amame, Quiereme" - Suzette, Billy, Chorus
 "If Tomorrow" - Abraham
 "Dress Like Selena" - Suzette
 "The Fan Club/I Will Survive" - Los Sueños Del Pueblo and Selena
 "I Could Fall In Love" - Selena
 "The Fan Club" (Reprise) - Los Sueños Del Pueblo 
 "Letters to Selena" - Women
 "The Next Morning" - Jose Behar
 "Dreaming of You" - Selena
 "Finale" - Company

Other websites
 Selena Forever Official Website 

Selena
2000s musicals
Musicals based on movies
Selena did not believe her best friend could do something like that and tried to maintain their friendship. However, by March, 1995 Saldivar and Selena's friendship had begun to crumble. Selena and her husband Chris Pérez visited Saldívar on 30 March 1995 to get the documents that she had stolen. Saldívar did not give Selena all the documents. On the morning of 31 March 1995, Selena met up with Saldívar to collect paperwork and missing documents for tax preparations. At the hotel, Selena demanded that Saldívar give her the missing financial papers. Saldívar then claimed that she was raped in Mexico. Selena took her to a local hospital where doctors found that Saldívar was lying. This made Selena decide to end her friendship with Saldívar. When Selena went to close the door, Saldivar took a gun from her purse and held Selena at gunpoint. In order to stop her from closing the door, she pulled the trigger and shot Selena in the back. Selena was taken to a local hospital, but was declared dead
. Saldivar went to her pickup truck and threatened suicide, but gave herself up after nine hours.
Saldivar pleaded not guilty to the charge of murder, claiming that the shooting was an accident. However, she was found guilty by jury and sentenced to life in prison with eligibility for parole in 2025. A lot of tributes were done throughout the United States and Mexico. Two life-sized statues were made in her honor. A 1997 movie was produced by Warner Bros.. It starred Jennifer Lopez as her breakthrough role.

Selena's death has been compared to those of Elvis Presley and John Lennon. Selena's death was called Black Friday by some Texans. George W. Bush declared April 16 as "Selena Day" in Texas. The event has gone on to become known as one of the darkest days in music history and helped to increase Selena's popularity in the United States.

Background and killing
Early 1994-1995 
After Selena won a Grammy Award  Selena Live! (1993), Selena opened Selena Etc. The boutiques had a beauty salon built inside. The boutiques were also a place where fans could buy merchandise made by Selena herself and official clothing. Selena hired Yolanda Saldivar as the registered agent for the San Antonio boutique. Saldivar became the manager for the Corpus Christi boutique. Selena's family believed that Saldivar was the best choice because Saldivar was boosting membership at the fan club. The fan club eventually became one of San Antonio's largest clubs in history. Saldivar believed that she could help Selena further if she moved closer to her. Saldivar moved from south San Antonio to Corpus Christi after she became manager of Selena Etc.
In Saldivar's room there were posters of Selena on the wall. Saldivar also had many pictures of Selena and a burning candle for Selena. When guests would arrive, Saldivar would entertain them with video tapes of Selena performing. During an interview with the Dallas Morning News in 1995, interviewers believed that Saldivar seemed very obsessive. Over time, Saldivar complained to staff members that she would like "to be just like Selena". Around this time, Selena gave Saldivar her American Express card for business purposes. With this, Saldivar rented luxurious cars and limousines. She also traveled to and from Mexico. Saldivar also used the card to take personal friends to fancy restaurants.
When Saldivar became a business associate, her friendship with Selena began to worsen.  Staff members began complaining about Saldivar to Selena. Selena didn't believe that her "friend" would hurt her or her business. Staff members then told Selena's father Abraham Quintanilla Jr. Quintanilla Jr then stepped in and reminded Selena that Saldivar could be a bad influence. Selena told her father that he thinks everyone is a bad person.
Black Friday 
At midnight on March 30, 1995, Selena and Perez drove to Saldivar's motel room. Perez waited for Selena by his pick-up truck. Selena went inside Saldivar's motel room. Selena asked for the documents that she needed for taxes. Saldivar gave her some of the missing documents, but when Selena and Perez arrived back home Selena noticed that Saldivar did not give her everything needed.  At the motel Selena demanded the financial papers at which point Saldivar called Selena and asked her to come back to her motel room, alone. Selena was met by Perez who told her that it was too late. Selena then told Saldivar that she would see her the next morning without Perez's knowledge.
At 11:49 am, Saldivar took a pistol out of her purse. As Selena turned around, Saldivar shot her in the back. The gunshot instantly damaged a major artery near Selena's heart. Selena ran out of the motel room and screamed "Help me! help me! help me!" Saldivar chased after Selena and called her a "bitch". Saldivar was attempting to shoot Selena again, but decided to flee back to the motel room.

Selena ran 392 feet to the motel lobby. She left behind a trail of blood. Selena fell to the floor and asked the clerk to lock the doors, saying "she's going to shoot me again". The staff tried to comfort Selena to get answers on what had happened. A staff member called 9-1-1. Someone in the lobby recognized Selena and screamed "that's Selena!" Selena gave the room number where she had been shot. The information was then given to the local police. By this time an employee noticed that Selena began fading away. He noticed that there was little moaning and moving from Selena.
The ambulance arrived in less than one minute. They ripped off the top portion of Selena's jogging suit. They then put a Vaseline gauze on Selena's wound, which stopped the internal bleeding. At this time, Selena's heartbeat was very slow. A paramedic began CPR so that blood could get to Selena's brain and heart.

Saldivar entered her pickup truck and tried to leave the parking lot of the motel. However, a police officer was already heading that way. The police officer saw Saldivar's car. Saldivar then reversed and parked her car between two cars. The police then blocked the car from leaving the spot. The police came out and ordered Saldivar to freeze, at which point she then put the pistol to her right temple. More police officers tried to get Saldivar to give herself up. They then called the FBI Crisis Negotiation Unit and SWAT team.
During the third hour, an autopsy was performed. This was because of the growing media interest. The autopsy revealed that the bullet entered Selena's lower back. It passed through Selena's chest cavity, which instantly damaged Selena's right subclavian artery. The bullet then exited the right upper chest. The autopsy also revealed that Selena's heart, fueled by adrenaline, pumped her blood out. The doctor said that if the bullet had hit Selena a millimeter higher or lower, the wound would not have been as severe.

During the fourth hour, Saldivar exclaimed that the gun was meant for herself. She also stated that when Selena tried to open the door, she asked her to leave the door closed. She said at that instant the gun went off. During the sixth hour, Saldivar agreed to give herself up. However, a police officer had a rifle. This caused Saldivar to panic and she went back to her truck. Saldivar gave herself up during the ninth hour. As police drove Saldivar away, fans cheered and cried tears of joy nearby.
References 

1995 in the United States
1990s in Texas
1990s murders in the United States
Corpus Christi, Texas
March 1995 events
Murder in 1995
Murders by firearm in Texas
Selena
Selena
The Maschinengewehr 34, or MG 34, was a general-purpose machine gun. It was developed in Nazi Germany. It was first made and accepted in 1934. It was first given to soldiers in 1935. It fires the 7.92 x 57mm Mauser cartridge.

It was designed to be able to be a light machine gun and be able to do other things as well. This was an early example of a general-purpose machine gun. When it is being used as a light machine gun, a bipod can be attached to it. If it is being used for other things, it is put onto a tripod and is belt-fed. In a battle, the bipod version was used mostly. This turned the MG 34 into an infantry support weapon. Later, the MG 34 started to be used less for the MG 42.

History
History

The MG 34 was used as Germany's main machine gun in the 1930s. It stayed the main tank and anti-aircraft machine gun. It was supposed to be replaced by the MG 42. However, there were not enough MG 42s. The German Armed Forces still wanted the MG 34 to be made. It kept being made until the end of WWII in 1945. However, the German Armed Forces wanted more MG 34s than could be made.

The MG 34 was designed by Mauser Werke. It was based on the Solothurn 1930 (MG 30). The Solothurn was developed by Rheinmetall. It was starting to be used in Switzerland.

The MG 34 began being made right away. It was used in all parts of the German Armed Forces and even by the police. When it was first brought into service, it was the very first general-purpose machine gun.  However, the MG 34 took a long time to make, and it was expensive and difficult to make. The Germans ended up using a weapon they could not afford. However, because so many were needed, it was still made.
Some MG 34s given to  Chinese Nationalist forces were used during both World War II and the Chinese Civil War.

Characteristics

The MG 34 could use 7.9 mm cartridge from both magazines and belts.

The MG 34's barrel is designed to be replaced quickly to keep the gun cool. Changing the barrel took just a few seconds when done by a well trained gunner. However, when the barrel was being replaced, it was very hot. The gunner changing the barrel had to wear an asbestos glove to protect his hands while he was changing the barrel.

The MG 34 had a special trigger. It was split into two parts. It gave select fire. Pressing the upper part of the trigger made semi-automatic fire. Holding the lower part of the trigger made fully automatic fire.

When the MG 34 was being used as a light machine gun it was used with a bipod. It weighed just  with its bipod.

The MG 34 broke easily if it was used in dirt or dust.
The MG 34 could be carried around by an infantry squad and be fired from a bipod. It could also be put onto a tripod to fire for a long time. It was kept cool by the air.

Different kinds of MG 34

MG 34/41(MG 34S)
The MG 34/41 was the MG 34 used for anti-aircraft. It could only fire fully automatically. The length of the MG 34/41's barrel is .

MG 34 Panzerlauf
The MG 34 Panzerlauf was the standard machine gun for tanks during World War II. To be used in a tank, the barrel of the MG 34 was covered with armour and the butt stock was removed.

MG 81
The MG 81 machine gun was based on the MG 34. The MG 81 was used on aircraft. It got its ammunition from a belt and fired 7.9 mm rounds. There were never enough MG 34s made to make its users happpy. Even though the MG 81 was much better than the MG 15 and MG 17 used before it, they were still used until the end of the war.

Related pages
 MG 42

References

Other websites

U.S. Army training video about the MG 34

General-purpose machine guns
8 mm firearms
Ramy Ayach () is a Lebanese singer. He was born on August 18, 1980 in Baakleen, Lebanon. Ayach was born as the oldest child. He was raised in the mountains of Lebanon. He became aware of his music and started singing in public places. He then became one of the most popular Arabian singers in the Middle East.

References

Other websites
 Ramy Ayach On Facebook
 Ramy Ayach Official Website
 Rotana Records Arabia

1980 births
Living people
Druze
Lebanese singers
The Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي امارت, Da Afġānistān Islāmī Amārāt) is an Islamic state governed by the Taliban that is the de facto current government of Afghanistan since 2021, has also ruled the country from 1996 to 2001.

Between 1996 and 2001, it controlled approximately 90% of the country as an insurgency, whereas remaining regions in the northeast were held by the Northern Alliance, which maintained broad international recognition as a continuation of the Islamic State of Afghanistan. After the September 11 attacks and subsequent declaration of a "War on Terrorism" by the United States, international opposition to the regime drastically increased, with diplomatic recognition from the United Arab Emirates and Pakistan being rescinded.
The Islamic Emirate was overthrown by the Northern Alliance on 17 December 2001, which had been bolstered by the ISAF coalition established after a U.S.-led invasion of the country two months prior. The Taliban has continued to refer to itself as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in official communications from 2001 until 2021.

During the 2021 Taliban offensive, the Islamic Emirate regained effective control of the governance of Afghanistan following the Fall of Kabul on 15 August 2021.

Related pages

Cabinet of Afghanistan
IEA

References

Current dictatorships
History of Afghanistan
A Palestinian Jew is a Jewish inhabitant of Palestine (or Land of Israel) at various points in the region's history (see Dispute over usage of the term below). Jews in Palestine prior to the establishment of the State of Israel are more commonly referred to as "Yishuv" (Jewish Community). A distinction is drawn between the "Old Yishuv," that is, the pre-existing Jews in the land of Israel, and the "New Yishuv," that is, the newly-arrived Jewish immigrants after the First Aliyah in 1881.  After the modern State of Israel was born in 1948, native Jews in Palestine became citizens of Israel, and the term "Palestinian Jews" largely fell into disuse.

Palestinian culture
Jewish ethnic groups
Some people who speak Arabic and live on the territory called Palestine today are Christians. These include Oriental Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholic (Eastern and Western rites), Protestant, and others. About half of them belong a branch of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem.

Today, less that four percent of the Palestinian Arabs living inside the borders of Palestine are Christians. Many Arabs emigrated, mainly because of wars fought between Egypt, Israel and Jordan. There is also a pressure to join Islam. Surveys done by the British in 1922 and 1946 showed that in 1922, about 9.5%  and in 1946 approximately 7.6% of the Palestinian Arabs were Christians.

References

Palestinian culture
Palestine
The Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus) is  a large bird. It lives in wet places such as in swamps and shallow lakes. It can be found from southeastern Europe to Pakistan and China.

It is the largest member of the pelican family. The average length is  170–190 cm (67-75 inches) The average weight is 11–15 kg (24-33 lbs). The wings are around 3 m (10 ft) across. It is the world's heaviest flying bird on average. However, sometimes a few birds from another species may also be as large or larger.

References

Pelecaniformes
Birds of Asia
Birds of Europe
The Platyzoa ("flat animals") are a group of protostomes proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1998. This is a taxon above the level of phylum, and is not part of the usual system of classification.

Cavalier-Smith included here the Platyhelminthes (flatworms), and a new phylum Acanthognatha, into which he gathered several previously described phyla of microscopic animals. Subsequent studies have supported Platyzoa as a viable clade, while differing on the phyla included and on relationships within Platyzoa.

Groups of phyla
The Lophotrochozoa ("crest-bearing animals") are a group of animals above the level of phylum. It is not part of the usual system of classification. They were recently discovered through molecular phylogeny. They include two of the most successful animal phyla, the Mollusca and Annelida.

Groups 
The Lophotrochozoa comprise two groups, the trochozoans and the Lophophorata. The exact relationships between the different phyla are not entirely certain.  However, it seems that neither the lophophorates nor the trochozoa are monophyletic groups by themselves, but are mixed together.

 Trochozoans produce trochophore larvae, which have two bands of cilia around their middle. The Trochozoa include the Nemertea, Mollusca, Sipuncula, Echiura and Annelida.
The Lophophorata are united by the presence of a lophophore, a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth. Some authors considered them deuterostomes, before RNA trees placed them together with the trochozoans. The Lophophorata include the Bryozoa, Phoronida, and Brachiopoda.

Other phyla are included on the basis of molecular data.

References 

Groups of phyla
French food has influenced the style of cooking throughout Europe, and its chefs work in restaurants throughout the world.

The roots of modern haute cuisine lie in chefs like La Varenne (1615–1678) and the notable chef of Napoleon, Marie-Antoine Carême (1784–1833). These chefs developed a lighter style of food compared to the food of the Middle Ages. They used fewer spices, and more herbs and creamy ingredients.

Typical ingredients like roux and fish stock, and techniques such as marinading, and dishes such as ragout, were invented. Carême was an expert pâtissier (pastry-maker), and this is still a mark of French cooking. He developed basic sauces, his 'mother sauces'; he had over a hundred sauces in his repertoire, based on the half-dozen mother sauces.
French cooking was introduced in the 20th century by Georges Auguste Escoffier (1846–1935). He was a genius at organisation. He worked out how to run large restaurants, as in a big hotel or a palace: how the staff should be organised; how the menu was prepared. He had methods for everything. Escoffier managed the restaurants and cuisine at the Savoy Hotel and Carlton Hotel in London, the Hôtel Ritz Paris, and some of the greatest cruise ships of the day.

Escoffier's other main contribution was the publication of Le Guide Culinaire in 1903, which spread the understanding of French cookery. However, Escoffier left out much of the culinary character to be found in the regions of France.
Gastro-tourism and the Guide Michelin helped to acquaint people with the rich bourgeois and peasant cuisine of the French countryside in the 20th century. Gascon cuisine has also had great influence over the cuisine in the southwest of France. Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated in variations across the country. Cheese and wine are a major part of the cuisine, playing different roles regionally and nationally. In the north of France, people often prefer to use butter to cook. In the south, they prefer olive oil and garlic. In France, each region has its own special dish; choucroute in Alsace, quiche in Lorraine, cassoulet in the Languedoc-Roussillon, tapenade in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, bouillabaisse in Marseille.

In November 2010, French gastronomy was added by UNESCO to its lists of the world's 'intangible cultural heritage'.

References 

 
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Rock pools (or 'tide pools') are rocky pools by the sea. They are in the intertidal zone. They are filled with seawater during high tides, and exist as separate pools at low tide. 

Tide pools are habitats of uniquely adaptable animals that have engaged the special attention of naturalists and marine biologists.

The rock pool habitat 
Tide pools are a home for hardy organisms such as sea stars, mussels and clams. They must be able to cope with a constantly changing environment — fluctuations in water temperature, salinity, and oxygen content. Huge waves, strong currents, exposure to midday sun and predators are only a few of the hazards that rock pool animals must endure to survive.
Waves can dislodge mussels and draw them out to sea. Gulls pick up and drop sea urchins to break them open. Starfish prey on mussels and are eaten by gulls themselves. Even black bears sometimes feast on intertidal creatures at low tide. Although tide pool organisms must avoid getting washed away into the ocean, drying up in the sun, or getting eaten, they depend on the tide pool's constant changes for food.

Tide pool zones, from shallow to deep
The water  level is always changing. Twice a day, the tide rises up the shore and then goes back again . When the tide starts to go back out, the upper shore is left exposed until the next high tide, 12 hours later. The rocks around the rock pool are covered by seaweed, a type of algae that thrives in the ocean.
This zone receives spray from wave action during high tides and storms. At other times the rocks experience other extreme conditions, baking in the sun or exposed to cold winds. Few organisms can survive such harsh conditions. Lichens and barnacles live in this region. In this zone, different barnacle species live at very tightly constrained elevations. Tidal conditions precisely determine the exact height of an assemblage relative to sea level.

Since the intertidal zone often desiccates when the tide is out, barnacles are well adapted to water loss. Their calcite shells are impermeable, and they possess two plates which they slide across their mouth opening when not feeding.  These plates also protect against predation.
High tide zone
The high tide zone is flooded for hours during each high tide. Organisms must survive wave action, currents, and  exposure to the sun. The high tide zone is inhabited by sea anemones, starfish, chitons, crabs, green algae, and mussels. Marine algae can provide shelter for such organisms as nudibranchs and hermit crabs. The same waves and currents that make the life in  the high tide zone difficult bring food to the filter feeders and other intertidal animals.

Low tide zone 
This area is mostly submerged – it is exposed only during low tide. It is teeming with life. There is much more marine life, especially seaweed. There is greater biodiversity, but organisms in this zone are not well adapted to dryness and temperature extremes. Low tide zone organisms include abalone, sea anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, hydroids, isopods, limpets, mussels, nudibranchs, small fish, sea cucumber, kelp, sea stars, sea urchins, shrimp, snails, sponges, sea grass, tube worms, and whelks.
These creatures can grow to larger sizes because there is more available energy and better water coverage: The water is shallow enough to allow more light for photosynthetic activity, and the salinity is at almost normal levels. The area is still protected from large predators because of the wave action and relatively shallow water.

Species in rock pools

Rock pool fauna 
Sea anemone, such as Anthopleura elegantissima, can clone to reproduce. The process is called longitudinal fission, in which the animal splits in two parts along its length.
Some species, such as Anthopleura sola can fight for territory. The white tentacles (acrorhagi) are for fighting. The acrorhagi contain stinging cells. The sea anemones sting each other repeatedly until one (usually) moves.
Some species of starfish have the ability to regenerate lost arms in time. Most species must retain an intact central part of the body to be able to regenerate, but a few can regrow from a single ray.The regeneration of these stars is possible because the vital organs are in the arms.

Rock pool flora 
Sea palms look much as palm trees do. They live in the middle to upper intertidal zones in areas with greater wave action. High wave action may increase nutrient availability and moves the blades of the thallus, allowing more sunlight to reach the organism so that it can photosynthesize.  In addition, the constant wave action removes competitors.

References

Biomes
Habitats
The Doom engine, sometimes called ID Tech 1, is the computer code behind the video game Doom. It is also used by several other games, including Doom 2 (but not Doom 3, which has its own engine). Heavily modified versions of the Doom engine are used in Heretic, Hexen, and Strife.

The Doom engine uses a technique called binary space partitioning to represent 3D levels in a way that a computer can process quickly. It is written mostly in C. The source code has been released for free under the GNU General Public License. Many Doom fans have made their own modified versions called source ports. Source ports often add new features and fix problems in the original engine. Popular source ports include Boom, PrBoom, PrBoom+, Zdoom, and Chocolate Doom.

The Doom engine represents levels internally using structures called linedefs, sidedefs, sectors, verticies, and things (meaning monsters, items, decorations, etc.). The doom engine reads levels and other data from a file called a WAD.
The Doom engine renders levels entirely on the CPU, not the video card, as most video cards at the time (1993) did not have 3D acceleration. This required very efficient algorithms to make the game work on the slow computers of the time.

The Doom engine has been made available for more types of computers than any other first person shooter engine. It is easy for a programmer to make it work on a new type of computer because it is written in C and it uses very few system resources, allowing it to run on handheld computers and computers without a 3D accelerator.

Video game engines
Indian and Japanese linguists first studied the social parts of language in the 1930s. Louis Gauchat in Switzerland also studied this in the early 1900s. However, none of them were known in the West until much later. The study of why language changes started during the late 1900's in the wave model. Thomas Callan Hodson was the first person to us the word sociolinguistics. It was in an article he wrote in 1939 called "Sociolinguistics in India". This was printed in a magazine called Man in India. Sociolinguistics in the West first came in the 1960s. It was pushed forward by linguists such as William Labov (in the US) and Basil Bernstein (in the UK). In the 1960s, William Stewart and Heinz Kloss introduced the simple ideas for the concept of pluricentric languages. This explains how standard language varieties are different between countries (e.g. American/British/Canadian/Australian English; Austrian/German/Swiss German; Bosnian/Croatian/Montenegrin/Serbian Serbo-Croatian).
Applications of sociolinguistics 
For example, a sociolinguist might research how a particular variety of language (vernacular) would not be considered correct in a business place. Sociolinguists might also study the grammar, phonetics, and vocabulary of this sociolect. Similarly, dialectologists would study the same things for a regional dialect.

The study of language variation focuses on how language changes with social pressure and when in a specific environment. Code-switching is a word used to explain the language changes in new environments.

William Labov is often thought of as the most important person who studies sociolinguistics. He is especially known for introducing a way to measure language variation and change. This made the study of language into a scientific area of study.

Further reading
Further reading 

 Cook, Manuela (2019). N-V-T, a framework for the analysis of social dynamics in address pronouns. In: Bouissac, P. (Ed.). The Social Dynamics of Pronominal Systems. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Chapter 1, pp. 17-34. {Hardbound ISBN| 978-90-272-0316-8}} and {e-Book ISBN| 978-90-272-6254-7}}
Lakoff, Robin T. (2000). The Language War. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 
Meyerhoff, Miriam. (2006). Introducing Sociolinguistics. New York: Routledge. 
Milroy, Lesley and Gordon. Matthew. (2003) Sociolinguistics: Method and Interpretation London: Blackwell Publishing. . (More advanced, but has lots of good examples and describes research methodologies to use.)
Paulston, Christina Bratt and G. Richard Tucker, editors. 1997. The early days of sociolinguistics: memories and reflections.‭  (Publications in Sociolinguistics, 2.) Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Trudgill, Peter. (2000). Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society(4th Ed.). London: Penguin Books.  This book is a very readable, if Anglo-centric, introduction for the non-linguist.
Watts, Richard J. (2003). Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  . A sociolinguistics book specializing in the research in politeness.  It's a little tough at times, but very helpful and informational.

References
References

Related pages
Linguistics
Sociology

Other websites

http://www.ncsu.edu/linguistics/ncllp/aboutfieldwork.php About sociolinguistic fieldwork
Sociolinguistics: an interview with William Labov  ReVEL, vol. 5, n. 9, 2007.

Branches of linguistics
James Graham Ballard (often "Jim"; 15 November 1930 – 19 April 2009) was an English novelist, short story writer, and important member of the New Wave movement in science fiction. His best-known books are  Crash (1973) and Empire of the Sun (1984).

Life

Shanghai
Ballard's father was a chemist at a company called the Calico Printers Association. The company was based in Manchester and made cloth. Ballard was born and raised in the Shanghai International Settlement, an area under foreign control where people "lived an American style of life".  He went to the Cathedral School in Shanghai. After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ballard's family temporarily left their suburban home and rented a house in downtown Shanghai to avoid the shells fired by Chinese and Japanese forces.
After the Pearl Harbor attack, the Japanese occupied the International Settlement. In early 1943 they began interning Allied civilians. Ballard was sent to the Lunghua Civilian Assembly Center with his parents and younger sister. He spent over two years in the internment camp. His family lived in a small area in G block, a two-story residence for 40 families. He went to school in the camp.

Many think that Ballard's exposure to the atrocities of war at a young age explains the conflicts and violence in much of his fiction.

England and Canada
In 1946, after the end of the war, his mother returned to England with Ballard and his sister on the SS Arrawa. They in Plymouth, and he attended The Leys School in Cambridge. After a couple of years his mother and sister returned to China, rejoining Ballard's father. Ballard went to live with his grandparents when he was not at boarding school. In 1949 he went on to study medicine at King's College, Cambridge and planned to become a psychiatrist.
At university, Ballard was writing avant-garde fiction heavily influenced by psychoanalysis and surrealist painters.  At this time, he wanted to become a writer as well as pursue a medical career. Ballard stopped his medical studies, and in 1952 he enrolled at Queen Mary, University of London to read English Literature. However, he was asked to leave at the end of the year.  Ballard then worked  for an advertising agency and as an encyclopedia salesman.  He kept writing short fiction but did not get published.

In 1953 Ballard joined the Royal Air Force and was sent to the RCAF flight-training base in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada. He left the RAF in 1954 after two years and returned to England.  In 1955 he married Helen Mary Matthews and they lived in Chiswick.