Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri (born January 23, 1947), was President of Indonesia from July 23, 2001 to October 20, 2004. She was the Indonesia's first female President, and leader born after independence. On September 20, 2004, she lost her campaign for re-election in the 2004 Indonesian presidential election. She was also the country's vice president from 21 October 1999 to 23 July 2001. She is the daughter of Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.

Early life

Megawati was born in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Her father is Indonesia's first President, Sukarno, and her mother is Fatmawati, one of Sukarno's nine wives. Megawati was Sukarno's second child and first daughter. She grew up in her father's Merdeka Palace, one of Indonesia's presidential palace. She used to dance for her father's guests and had a hobby of gardening. Megawati was 19 when her father gave up his power in 1966 and was taken over by a government which was later led by President Suharto.
Megawati studied agriculture at Padjadjaran University in Bandung but dropped out in 1967 to be with her father following his loss of power. In 1970, the year her father died, Megawati went to the University of Indonesia to study psychology but dropped out two years later.

References

|-

1947 births
Living people
Indonesian Muslims
Presidents of Indonesia
Vice-Presidents of Indonesia
The Kingdom of Kerma was a state in Nubia from around 2500 BC to about 1520 BC.  It was based in the city of Kerma in Upper Nubia and was a major centre during the Middle Kingdom period of Egypt.  It had a distinct civilization (for example very fine and original ceramics have been found).

The site of Kerma includes both an extensive town and a cemetery consisting of large tumuli.  Because one can find there much examples of Nubian culture and burial practices at the site, scholars think that the Egyptian statues and other Egyptian objects found at Kerma arrived through trade.
In 2003, a Swiss archaeological team working in northern Sudan uncovered one of the most remarkable Egyptological finds in recent years. At the site known as Kerma, near the third cataract of the Nile, archaeologist Charles Bonnet and his team discovered a ditch within a temple from the ancient city of Pnoubs, which contained seven monumental black granite statues. Magnificently sculpted, and in an excellent state of preservation, they portrayed five pharaonic rulers, including Taharqa and Tanoutamon, the last two pharaohs of the 'Nubian' Dynasty, when Egypt was ruled by kings from the lands of modern-day Sudan. For over half a century, the Nubian pharaohs governed a combined kingdom of Egypt and Nubia, with an empire stretching from the Delta to the upper reaches of the Nile.

Footnotes
Footnotes

References
 Bonnet, Charles, et al. The Nubian Pharaohs: Black Kings on the Nile, AUC Press (February 22, 2007) -   
 Bonnet, Charles, et al., 2005, Des Pharaohs venus d'Afrique : La cachette de Kerma. Citadelles & Mazenod.
 Bonnet, Charles, 1986,  Kerma, Territoire et Métropole, Institut Français d’Archaéologie Orientale du Caire.
 Kendall, Timothy 1997.  Kerma and the Kingdom of Kush.  National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Inst. Washington D.C.

History of Africa
2nd millennium BC in Egypt
3rd millennium BC in Egypt‎
Aladdin (also known as Aladdin and the Magic Lamp) is a 1992 American animated musical fantasy comedy movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Aladdin is the 31st animated movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. It was part of the Disney movie era known as the Disney Renaissance. The movie was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements. It is based on the Arab folktale of Aladdin and the magic lamp from One Thousand and One Nights. The voice cast features Scott Weinger, Jonathan Freeman, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Frank Welker, Gilbert Gottfried, and Douglas Seale.
Aladdin was released on November 25, 1992. It got positive reviews and was the most successful movie of 1992, earning over $217 million in revenue in the United States, and over $504 million worldwide. The movie also won many awards, most of them for its soundtrack. Some people have accused it of being racist, because the heroes are light-skinned and have American accents while the villains are dark-skinned and have Arab accents. Aladdins success led to other material inspired by the movie, including two direct-to-video sequels, The Return of Jafar and Aladdin and the King of Thieves; an animated television series; toys, video games, spin-offs, and Disney merchandise. A Broadway adaptation debuted in 2014.

Plot
In the city of Agrabah, the Sultan wants his daughter Princess Jasmine to marry a prince, but she rejects every suitor and temporarily leaves the palace. At the marketplace, she meets a "street rat" named Aladdin.
Jafar, the Sultan's vizier, discovers that Aladdin is the only one who can enter the Cave of Wonders and find a magic lamp. Jafar orders him to get the lamp. Aladdin and his pet monkey, Abu, enter the cave, where they befriend a magic carpet and obtain the lamp. Abu inadvertently grabs a forbidden treasure and the cave collapses itself. Jafar believes Aladdin has died.

After surviving, Aladdin rubs the lamp and meets the Genie, who grants three wishes for him. Aladdin uses the first one to disguise himself as a prince so that he can meet Jasmine again. Pretending to be a prince, he returns to the city, and meets the Sultan and Jafar. After Jasmine discovers the identity of Aladdin, the Sultan decides to promote him.
When Jafar steals the lamp and releases the Genie. Jafar uses two of his wishes to become a sorcerer and to make himself the sultan. However, Aladdin tells Jafar that he is still not as powerful as the Genie. This makes Jafar wish to become a Genie as well, but this means that he is now trapped in a lamp forever.

Aladdin uses his third wish to free the Genie and he sets off to see the world. Aladdin and Jasmine plan their marriage.
Cast and characters
 Scott Weinger as Aladdin, an 18-year-old prince. (singing voice: Brad Kane)
 Robin Williams as The Genie and the Merchant
 Jonathan Freeman as Jafar
 Linda Larkin as Princess Jasmine (singing voice: Lea Salonga)
 Frank Welker as Abu the Monkey and Rajah the Tiger
 Gilbert Gottfried as Iago the Parrot
 Douglas Seale as The Sultan
 Jim Cummings as Razoul
 Bruce Adler as the Merchant (singing voice). 
 Charlie Adler as Gazeem
 Corey Burton as Prince Achmed and Necklace Merchant
 The Magic Carpet is a sentient carpet that is able to fly.
 Peter Cullen as Cave of Wonders

International Versions

Danish Dubbing år: 1993 

 Aladdin – Søren Launbjerg
 Genie (Ånden) – Preben Kristensen
 Jasmin (Dialog) – Ilia Swainson
 Jasmin (Sang) – Louise Norby
 Jafar – Nis Bank-Mikkelsen
 Jago – Torben Zeller
 Sultanen – Ove Sprogøe
 Peddler – Kurt Ravn
 Additional Voices: Peter Zhelder, Vibeke Dueholm, Peter Aude, Lasse Lunderskov, Lars Thiesgaard

References

Notes

Other websites
1992 movies
1990s American adventure movies
1992 adventure movies
1992 romance movies
Aladdin (Disney)
American family movies
1990s American musical movies
1990s American romance movies
Disney animated movies
Movies about royalty
Movies based on fairy tales
Movies composed by Alan Menken
Movies composed by Harry Gregson-Williams
Movies set in palaces
D. B. Cooper (also known as Dan Cooper) is an alias (false name) for a man who hijacked an airplane in November 24, 1971. At that time, airline passengers were not searched before boarding their planes. He carried a bomb onto a flight between Portland, Oregon and Seattle, Washington. He received the ransom payment of $200,000.  He jumped from the airplane, which was a Boeing 727.  When he jumped, the airplane was in the Pacific Northwest, perhaps over Woodland, Washington. Hundreds of suspects have been named through the years, but no conclusive evidence has surfaced regarding who Cooper was, or where he lived. The FBI believes he did not survive the jump. Several people have tried to explain what happened after the jump. Some of these explanations contradict each other.

Because no one expected he would jump and because little is known of what happened afterwards, people are still interested in the case. The Cooper case (code-named "Norjak" by the FBI) remains an unsolved mystery.
The case is famous for its lack of evidence.  A few important clues have arisen, nevertheless. In late 1978, a placard, which had instructions on how to lower the rear stairs of a 727 was found just a few flying minutes north of Cooper's projected drop zone. It is believed that this is from the rear stairway of the plane from which Cooper jumped. In February 1980, eight-year-old Brian Ingram found $5,880 in decaying $20 bills on the banks of the Columbia River.
The official physical description of Cooper has remained unchanged and is considered reliable. Flight attendants Schaffner and Mucklow, who spent the most time with Cooper, were interviewed on the same night in separate cities, and gave nearly identical descriptions: around  tall, , mid-40s, with close-set piercing brown eyes and swarthy skin. Because the tie clip was pinned on the left side there is the possbilty Cooper was left handed; he smoked Raleigh Cigerettes and drank Bourbon and soda.While he knew the airstair could be lowered Cooper had to ask about how the airstair was operated indicating that while he had knowledge of an airstair he did not have practical experience of how to operate one.
Agents theorized that Cooper took his alias from a popular French-language Belgian comics series featuring the fictional hero Dan Cooper, a Royal Canadian Air Force test pilot who took part in numerous heroic adventures, including parachuting. (One cover from the series, reproduced on the FBI website, depicts test pilot Cooper skydiving.) Because the Dan Cooper comics were never translated into English, nor imported to the U.S., they speculated that he had encountered them during a tour of duty in Europe. Becuase Cooper not only demanded a ransom in "neogoatble American Currency" but also may have used the Dan Cooper comic name there is speculation "D.B. Cooper" may have been a Canadian
. In 2007 The FBI also disclosed that Cooper had chosen the older of the two primary parachutes supplied to him, rather than the technically superior professional sport parachute, and that from the two reserve parachutes, he selected a "dummy", an unusable unit with a sewn-shut chute intended for classroom demonstrations, although an experienced skydiver would have realized this was non-functional. He also used the cord from the functional parachute he jumped with to secure the money bag. Cooper appeared to be familiar with the Seattle area and may have been an Air Force veteran, based on testimony that he recognized the city of Tacoma from the air as the jet circled Puget Sound, and his accurate comment to Mucklow that McChord Air Force Base was approximately twenty minutes' driving time from Seattle-Tacoma Airport—a detail most civilians would not know or comment upon. His financial situation was very likely desperate
. According to the FBI's retired chief investigator, Ralph Himmelsbach, extortionists and other criminals who steal large amounts of money nearly always do so because they need it urgently; otherwise, the crime is not worth the considerable risk. Assuming that Cooper was not a paratrooper but was an Air Force veteran, Special Agent Larry Carr, who led the Cooper investigative team from 2006 until its dissolution in 2016, suggested the possibility that he was an aircraft cargo loader. Such an assignment would have given him knowledge and experience in the aviation field; and loaders—because they throw cargo out of flying aircraft—wear emergency parachutes and receive rudimentary jump training. Such training would have given Cooper a working knowledge of parachutes—but "not necessarily sufficient knowledge to survive the jump he made".
The FBI was skeptical of Cooper's odds of survival, concluding that he lacked crucial skydiving skills and experience. "We originally thought Cooper was an experienced jumper, perhaps even a paratrooper", said Carr. "We concluded after a few years this was simply not true. No experienced parachutist would have jumped in the pitch-black night, in the rain, with a  wind in his face wearing loafers and a trench coat. It was simply too risky. He also missed that his reserve parachute was only for training and had been sewn shut, something a skilled skydiver would have checked." Cooper also failed to bring or request a helmet, jumped with a non-functional parachute into a probable  wind at  in November over Washington state without proper protection against the extreme wind chill.
The FBI speculated from the beginning that Cooper did not survive his jump. "Diving into the wilderness without a plan, without the right equipment, in such terrible conditions, he probably never even got his chute open", said Carr. Even if he did land safely, agents contended that survival in the mountainous terrain at the onset of winter would have been all but impossible without an accomplice at a predetermined landing point. This would have required a precisely timed jump—necessitating, in turn, cooperation from the flight crew. There is no evidence that Cooper requested or received any such help from the crew, nor that he had any clear idea where he was when he jumped into the stormy, overcast darkness. A 2009 National Geographic special "Robbery in the Sky" speculates on why Cooper and the larger part of the ransom have not been found .i.E
.i.E. Cooper was killed when he fell into the Columbia River; the River at that time was part of a route for ocean going ships and Cooper remains and the ransom were caught by an ocean going ship. Part of the ransom money broke loose and drifted on to the sand bar where it was found. Cooper and the rest of the money received a burial at sea.
In October 2007, the FBI announced it was able to get a partial DNA profile of Cooper from the tie he left on the hijacked plane. The FBI warehouse had lost other material with his DNA. On December 31, 2007, the FBI revived the unclosed case: They published never before seen composite sketches and fact sheets online. They did this because some people might remember them, and help identify Cooper. In a press release, the FBI said that it still does not believe Cooper survived the jump, but wanted to know who Cooper was. In March 2008, the FBI announced that another possible clue was being investigated after a torn, tangled parachute was found within the bounds of Cooper's probable jump site near the town of Amboy, Washington.  However, the FBI announced on April 1, 2008 that the parachute in question was not D. B. Cooper's
. B. Cooper's. The man responsible for packing the four parachutes said that the recently discovered parachute was not Cooper's, as his was nylon, and the newly discovered parachute was silk, dating from the 1940s.
Normally, the criminal laws cannot work against people years after their crimes (statute of limitations). In 1976, to prevent D. B. Cooper from escaping punishment, a Portland grand jury charged D. B. Cooper with crimes.

Since 1999, Ariel, Washington holds an annual D. B. Cooper celebration on the anniversary of his jump.

He is said to be a disabled veteran.

References

Other websites 

 
 FBI FOIA Reading Room Files of the "Norjak" D.B. Cooper Case
 Check-Six.com - Codename:Norjak - The Skyjacking of Northwest Orient Flight 305
 Radio interviews about D. B. Cooper's identity with major authors 
 Nov. 27, 1971, account of the hijacking in the Minneapolis Tribune 

 Radio interview with FBI lead investigator Larry Carr 
 Video tour of D.B. Cooper evidence with FBI lead investigator Larry Carr 
 PCGS Currency Notifies FBI of “D. B. Cooper” Serial Numbers
American criminals
Mysterious people
Missing people
1971 in the United States
20th-century births
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Pseudonyms
Transport in Washington (state)
Alistair Maclean Darling, Baron Darling of Roulanish  (born November 28, 1953) is a British Labour Party politician who was the Chancellor of the Exchequer from June 2007 to May 2010 and also held several posts in Tony Blair's government. He is the Member of Parliament for Edinburgh South West.

Alistair Darling was born in London. He was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1987 General Election. His government posts under Tony Blair include: Chief Secretary to the Treasury (1997–1998), Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (1998–2002), Transport Secretary (2002–2006), Scottish Secretary (2003–2006), Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (2006–2007), and Chancellor of the Exchequer (2007–2010).

References

1953 births
Living people
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Labour Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
The moa were large, herbevores and were  flightless birds with no wings. They lived only in New Zealand, and are now all extinct.

There were nine species (in six genera) of Moa. The largest and best known were the genus Dinornis, which grew up to 3.6 meters (12 feet) tall, and weighed as much as 230 kilograms (510 pounds). 

The Māori people arrived in New Zealand from Oceania about 800 years ago. Then, moas lived in large numbers, especially on South Island. Archaeological sites with evidence of moa hunting are all over New Zealand. The moas became extinct about five hundred years ago. The moas had survived being hunted by Haast's eagle. However, they could not survive being hunted for food by the Maori.

Recent extinctions (also mostly birds) have been caused by habitat change and introduced species.

Large birds 
 Cassowary
 Elephant bird 
 Aepyornis 
 Terror birds 
 Phorusrhacos
 Brontornis
 Dromornis
 Gastornis (Diatryma)

References 

Birds of New Zealand
Ratites
Struthioniformes
Megafauna
Malacology is the study of molluscs. These animals include snails, slugs, octopus, squid, and bivalves generally, such as clams and mussels. Most of them have shells. The shells are often collected for their beauty and interest. Many people eat molluscs, especially those people who live near the ocean.

Those scientists who study molluscs are called malacologists. They identify and classify them, and find out everything they can about their lives.

Types

Types of gastropods 
The gastropods are the most common type of mollusc. They have about 70,000 described species.
 marine gastropod
 sea snail
 sea slug
 non-marine gastropod
 freshwater gastropod: with very few exceptions, the only freshwater molluscs are freshwater snails
 freshwater snail
 terrestrial gastropod: gastropods are the only group of molluscs which have some species living on land
 land snail
 land slug
 semi-slug
Types of bivalves 
With 20,000 described species, bivalves are the second commonest class of molluscs. There are several classifications of bivalves in use. This is a rough guide:
Pteromorphia including the
File shells
Mussels
Oysters
Pearl oysters and pen shells
Heterodonta
Soft-shelled clams
Shipworms (Turedo)
Hard-shelled clams, cockles and razor shells

Malacologists
Malacologists

 Horace Burrington Baker (1889–1991)
 Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (1777-1850)
 Jean Guillaume Bruguière (1749-1798) 
 William J. Clench (1897-1984)
 Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
 Gérard Paul Deshayes (1795-1875)
 John Edward Gray (1800-1875) 
 Otto Friedrich Müller (1730-1784) 
 Alcide d'Orbigny (1802-1857)
 Isabel Pérez Farfante (1916-2009)
 Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840)
 Lovell Augustus Reeve (1814-1865)
 María Isabel Scott Hylton (1889-1990)
James Sowerby (1757–1822)
 George Brettingham Sowerby I (1788-1854) 
 George Brettingham Sowerby II (1812-1884) 
 George Brettingham Sowerby III (1843-1921) 
 William John Swainson (1789-1855)

Museums 
Museums that have either exceptional malacological research collections (behind the scenes) and/or exceptional public exhibits of molluscs:
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
 American Museum of Natural History
 Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum
 Cau del Cargol Shell Museum
 Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
 Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels: with a collection of more than 9 million shells (mainly from the collection of Philippe Dautzenberg)
 Smithsonian Institution

Some mollusks

References

Branches of zoology
Molluscs
A placard is a sign made to inform people about something. Often, they are used to warn about danger. Very often, hazard symbols (special pictograms) are used. 

Sometimes, placard is also used to mean a leaflet that shows how a certain machine should be operated.

Human communication
Budíkov is a village in the Pelhřimov District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 283 people live there and it has 6,64 km². Budíkov was first documented in 1226.

Villages in Vysočina Region
Typha is a genus of plants. They are found in wetland habitats. They are commonly found in the Northern Hemisphere, but may be found in wetlands elsewhere. These plants are known in British English as bulrush, bullrush or reedmace, and in American English as cattail or punks.

Species 
 Typha angustifolia - Lesser Bulrush or Narrow Leaf Cattail
 Typha angustifolia x T. latifolia - Hybrid or White Cattail 
 Typha domingensis - Southern Cattail
 Typha latifolia - Common Cattail
 Typha laxmannii - Laxman's Bulrush
 Typha minima - Dwarf Bulrush
 Typha orientalis and Typha muelleri - Raupo
 Typha shuttleworthii - Shuttleworth's Bulrush

Uses by humans 
Cattails were once used to make paper. Cattail paper is very heavy and coarse, and is rarely used today. Cattail has also been used as a water filter to remove the poisonous chemical arsenic from drinking water.

References 

Poales
Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic disease. It affects red blood cells. It changes the cells from flexible disks into rigid crescents. When many red cells take this shape veins get blocked. This can cause damage to many organs. The organ damage increases with time and leads to an early death.

The disease 
This is a lifelong disease which starts in childhood. The red blood cells take up an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. The cells also become sticky. This causes difficult blood flow when cells flow through long narrow capillaries. Low oxygen increases the problem. As they pass through low oxygen areas most cells take up this shape. The cells then stick to the inner wall of blood vessels, especially the branching point of veins. This leads to a blockade of blood flow in many organs. Severe complications may result.
The spleen is involved differently in different ethnic groups with this disease. Spleen is the organ which filters old RBCs and destroys them. Old RBCs are stiff and cannot pass through some very narrow slits in the spleen. But in sickle patients all cells very quickly become stiff and thus keep clogging up the spleen. Starting from a very young age segments of the spleen die because of this problem. In the pure form of this disease the whole spleen is dead and shrunken before the patient become adult. Normal spleen keeps a large store of B cells which make antibodies and protect us from bacteria. Loss of a working spleen leads to loss of protection from such bacteria.

In many Asian populations beta thalassaemia occurs together with sickle cell disease. Thalassemia itself is another form of anaemia. But the nature of the two disease are opposite. Thalassemia increases red cell flexibility. However, thalassemia itself can be a serious disease.

Population genetics
The sickling occurs because of a single point mutation in the gene for the beta chain of haemoglobin. Sickle-cell disease occurs more commonly in people (or their descendants) from parts of tropical and sub-tropical regions where malaria is or was common. One quarter of all people of Sub-Saharan African origin carry the gene.

We all inherit two copies (alleles) of the hemoglobin beta gene. One comes each parent. Some people are heterozygous: they have the sickle mutation in one copy and the other copy is normal. Such people are called sickle trait or a carrier. People with sickle trait are more resistant to malaria than normal people.
When both alleles of a gene are similar (homozygous) a person has copies mutated or both normal. If both alleles have the mutation, it causes the full disease. In malaria prone areas, normal people die frequently of malaria often before they had children. Those with both copies with sickle mutation die of sickle disease before they can reproduce. But the heterozygotes have a better survival (and have more children) than both homozygous groups. Thus, the inheritance of the disease is an example of 'heterozygous advantage'.

In the full (homozygous) disease life expectancy is shortened, in fact it is near-fatal in pre-modern societies. Sir Cyril Clarke said (referring to East Africa in the 1960s) "Almost all the children (with sickle-cell disease) will die in infancy".p25. Studies in the modern U.S.A. report an average life expectancy of 42 years for males and 48 years for females.

References 

Genetic disorders
Blood disorders
David Wright Miliband (born 15 July 1965) is a British politician who was the Foreign Secretary from June 2007 to May 2010 and a member of Tony Blair's cabinet. He was the Member of Parliament for South Shields in Tyne and Wear. He is the CEO of the International Rescue Committee.

David Miliband was born in London to Polish-Jewish parents and is an atheist. He was raised in Primrose Hill, London. He is the elder son of Marxist Ralph Miliband and Marion Kozak. He is the elder brother of Labour leader Ed Miliband. He was educated at the University of Oxford and was the head of the Number 10 Policy Unit from 1997-2001. He was first elected in the 2001 general election. After being part of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown's governments, Miliband was a candidate in the 2010 Labour leadership contest. Despite Miliband being favourite to win the contest, his brother Ed narrowly won the contest in September 2010. Miliband chose not to be a member of Ed's shadow cabinet.

References
References 

1965 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British atheists
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Jewish atheists
Jewish British politicians
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from the London Borough of Camden
Politicians from London
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
John Whitaker 'Jack' Straw (born 3 August 1946 in Buckhurst Hill, Essex, England) is a British politician. He held several Cabinet posts in the Labour government under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. He is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Blackburn.

Jack Straw became a Labour Party MP at the 1979 General Election for the constituency of Blackburn. He was promoted to the shadow cabinet in 1987 and became the Home Secretary when Labour returned to power in 1997.  His other cabinet posts included: Foreign Secretary (2001-2006), Leader of the House of Commons (2006-2007) and Justice Secretary (2007-2010). He did not choose to become a member of Ed Miliband's shadow cabinet.

Personal life
Straw's first marriage, in 1968, to teacher Anthea Weston ended in divorce in 1977. They had a daughter, Rachel, born on 24 February 1976. She died after five days because of a heart defect.
Straw is of Jewish descent (his maternal great-grandmother was from an Eastern-European Jewish family). He himself is Christian.

On 10 November 1978 he married Alice Perkins, a senior civil servant. They have two adult children, William and Charlotte.

He supports his local football club Blackburn Rovers. He was made an Honorary Vice President of Blackburn Rovers in 1998 by Jack Walker.

Straw has tinnitus.

References

1946 births
Living people
English Anglicans
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Lord Chancellors
Politicians from Essex
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
English Christians
Jacqueline Jill "Jacqui" Smith (born 3 November 1962) is an English politician. She was the first female Home Secretary of the United Kingdom. She was born in Malvern, Worcestershire. She was the Member of Parliament for the Redditch constituency. She was first elected in the 1997 general election. She lost her seat at the 2010 General Election.

She is a member of the Labour Party.

Personal life
Smith married Richard Timney (born 1963 in Ealing, London) in October 1987 in Malvern, Worcestershire. They have two sons. 

In December 2008, it was discovered that Timney wrote a series of letters praising the work of Smith. These letters were sent to newspapers. He did not say that he was her husband and managing her constituency office.

In June 2008 the Independent newspaper reported that she was a season-ticket holder at Aston Villa Football Club.

References
References

1962 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Worcestershire
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
BBC 100 Women
Desmond "Des" Henry Browne, Baron Browne  (born March 22, 1952) is a Scottish politician and was Secretary of State for Defence and Secretary of State for Scotland. He was first elected in the 1997 general election, and was the Member of Parliament for the Kilmarnock and Loudoun constituency in the United Kingdom until 2010, when he was created a Life Peer 

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1952 births
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Secretaries of State for Scotland
People from East Ayrshire
United Kingdom Life Peers
Alan Arthur Johnson (born 17 May 1950) is an English politician and former Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was born and raised in London. He has been the Member of Parliament for the Hull West and Hessle constituency in the East Riding of Yorkshire since the 1997 general election.

He is a member of the Labour Party.

Johnson has been married twice. His first marriage was to Judith Elizabeth Cox. They had one son and two daughters. After his divorce he married Laura Jane Patient in 1991. They had a son, born in 2000.

References

Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from London
1950 births
Living people
Secretaries of State for Health and Social Care
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
Hilary James Wedgwood Benn (born 26 November 1953) is an English politician. He was born in Hammersmith, west London. Since October 2010, he has been the Shadow Leader of the House of Commons. He is the Member of Parliament for the Leeds Central constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in 1999 in a by-election. He is a member of the Labour Party. He is the middle son of Tony Benn (1925-2014) and Caroline Benn (1926-2000).

Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from London
1953 births
Living people
Douglas Garven Alexander (born October 26, 1967) is a Scottish politician.  Before  the 2010 General election he was Secretary of State for International Development, afterwards he became the Shadow Secretary of State for International Development and is now Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He is the Member of Parliament for the Paisley and Renfrewshire South constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in 1997 in a by-election. 

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1967 births
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
People from Paisley, Renfrewshire
Politicians from Renfrewshire
John Matthew Patrick Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness (born 6 May 1955) is an English politician. He is a member of the Labour Party.

He was the Member of Parliament for the Barrow and Furness constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election, and retired in 2010. In March 2011 he published a report on public sector pension reform.

The report states that radical reform to the pension plans of six million public sector workers still leave them with "hugely generous" settlements. The retirement crisis has been caused by the scrapping of gold-plated final salary pension schemes for private sector workers coinciding with low interest rates and a lacklustre stock market. House prices have also fallen. "Future pensioners are likely to be confronted by a crisis of expectations and a squeeze in income", the report warns.

References
References

1955 births
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
United Kingdom Life Peers
Harriet Ruth Harman (born 30 July 1950) is a British politician who was the Deputy Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 to 2015. She was born and raised in West London. She is the Member of Parliament for the Camberwell and Peckham constituency in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. She was first elected for Peckham in a by-election in 1982.

Career
She has held cabinet posts in the Labour governments of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. Following Brown's resignation as Labour leader on 11 May 2010, Harman was the acting leader of the Labour Party until Ed Miliband was elected on September 25, 2010. Until 2015 she was the Deputy Leader and ex-officio member of the Shadow Cabinet. She was also Shadow Deputy Prime Minister and Shadow Secretary of State for International Development.

On February 24 2014, Harman's was on Newsnight to say that she did not support the Paedophile Information Exchange.
Harman would not say sorry.
Personal life
Harman is a feminist. She married Jack Dromey in 1982. The couple have two sons and a daughter. Dromey died in 2022.

References

British feminists
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from London
1950 births
Living people
British King's Counsel
James Mark Dakin Purnell (born March 2, 1970) was an English politician was Secretary of State for Work and Pensions in 2010. He was the Member of Parliament for the Stalybridge and Hyde constituency in the United Kingdom from the elected in the 2001 general election until he retired at the 2010 general election.  He is currently the Head of the Open Left project at the left leaning think tank Demos

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1970 births
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Paul Peter Murphy, KCMCO, KSG  (born November 25, 1948) is a Welsh politician and held several cabinet posts, including Secretary of State for Wales. He is the Member of Parliament for the Torfaen constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1987 general election. 

He is a member of the Labour Party.

1948 births
Living people

Members of the British House of Commons for Welsh constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland
Secretaries of State for Wales
UK MPs 1987–1992
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United Kingdom Life Peers
Ruth Maria Kelly (born May 9, 1968) is now an economist working for the HSBC Bank. She was a British politician and had been a Cabinet Minister. 

She was the Member of Parliament for the Bolton West constituency in the United Kingdom from the 1997 general election to the 2010 general election

She is a member of the Labour Party.

1968 births
Living people

Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Hazel Anne Blears (born May 14, 1956) is an English politician.   She was the Member of Parliament for the Salford and Eccles constituency from 1997 to 2015. She was first elected in the 1997 general election as member for the Salford constituency.  

She held several government posts under Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, including Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government, up until the 2010 general election

She is a member of the Labour Party.

1956 births
Living people

Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Geoffrey William Hoon (born 6 December 1953) is an English politician and held several government posts. He was born in Derby. He was the Member of Parliament for the Ashfield constituency in the United Kingdom from his first elected in the 1992 general election until he retired in 2010.

Hoon is a member of the Labour Party.

1953 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Derby
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Edward Michael "Ed" Balls (born 25 February 1967) is a British current television presenter and a former politician who is currently presenter for the ITV breakfast show Good Morning Britain.  He was the shadow Home Secretary in Ed Miliband's shadow cabinet. He was born in Norwich, Norfolk and moved to Nottinghamshire during his childhood. He is the Labour Party and was theCo-operative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Morley and Outwood in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

He was first elected in the 2005 general election and held the post of Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families from June 2007 to May 2010. He was a candidate to become leader of the Labour Party in September 2010 and lost to Ed Miliband. Ed Balls lost his seat in the 2015 general election

References
References

1967 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Co-operative movement
Harvard University alumni
Labour Party (UK) MPs
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Politicians from Nottinghamshire
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Edward Samuel Miliband MP (born 24 December 1969) is a British politician. He was the leader of the Labour Party and of the Official Opposition. He is also the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Doncaster North, and is a former cabinet minister.

He was born in University College Hospital, Bloomsbury, London and raised in Primrose Hill. His parents were Polish-Jewish immigrants. He is the younger son of the Marxist thinker Ralph Miliband. At the London School of Economics, he obtained a Master's degree in Economics, and then became an advisor to Labour politicians such as Harriet Harman and Gordon Brown. At the 2005 general election, he was elected to be the MP for Doncaster North. His first job in government was as the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, which he took up on October 3, 2008 and remained as until Labour lost the 2010 General Election.

In September 2010, he defeated his brother David Miliband by a small number of votes to become leader of the Labour Party.
He resigned as leader in May 2015 after Labour lost to the Conservative Party in the 2015 General Election. Jeremy Corbyn replaced him.

References

1969 births
Living people
Jewish British politicians
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Leaders of the Labour Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
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People from the London Borough of Camden
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
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UK MPs 2005–2010
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UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Andrew Murray Burnham (born 7 January 1970) is an English politician. He was a candidate in the 2010 Labour leadership election. As of 2012 Burnham was Shadow Secretary of State for Health within Ed Miliband's Shadow Cabinet. He is the Member of Parliament for the Leigh constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 2001 general election. 

Burnham was born in Old Roan, Aintree, Lancashire and raised in Culcheth, Warrington.

He is a member of the Labour Party.

On 5 May 2017, he was elected mayor of Greater Manchester.

References

Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
British socialists
British feminists
English Roman Catholics
People from Warrington
1970 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Directly elected British mayors
Secretaries of State for Health and Social Care
Politicians from Cheshire
Shaun Anthony Woodward (born 26 October 1958 in Bristol, England) is a British politician and is the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in Ed Miliband's shadow cabinet. He is the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of St Helens South in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. 

He was first elected in the 1997 general election as the Conservative Party MP for the constituency of Witney but changed to Labour in 1999. At the 2001 General Election he was made the MP for the St Helens South constituency and was the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from 2007 to 2010. When Ed Miliband became Labour leader, Shaun Woodward was made the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. 

1958 births
Living people
English politicians
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Bristol
Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland
Yvette Cooper (born 20 March 1969) is a British politician who is currently the Shadow Home Secretary since 29 November 2021.

Cooper is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford constituency in the United Kingdom. She is a member of the Labour Party. Her husband, Ed Balls, represents the neighbouring constituency of Morley and Outwood.

She served in the Cabinet between 2008 and 2010 under Prime Minister Gordon Brown. She was Chief Secretary to the Treasury and then Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. After Labour lost the 2010 general election, Cooper was appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary, then in 2011 Shadow Home Secretary.

References

Other websites
Official site 

1969 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Inverness
John Yorke Denham (born July 15, 1953) is an English politician. He is the Member of Parliament for the Southampton Itchen constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected in the 1992 general election. 

Denham has held the following positions:
1995–1997: Shadow Minister for Social Security
1997–1998: Parliamentary under Secretary of State at the Department of Social Security
1998–1999: Minister of State at the Department of Social Security
1999–2001: Minister of State for Health Services
2001–2003: Minister of State for Policing
2003–2007: Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee
2007–2009: Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills
2009–2010: Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
2010–2011: Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills
2011–2013: Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Leader of the Opposition

He is a member of the Labour Party.
1953 births
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Limnology is the study of waters that are not part of the oceans or seas. This includes rivers, lakes, swamps, streams, wetlands, water under the ground, and even bodies of water made by people. Scientists who study this are called limnologists. Their work includes biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and hydrology.
The International Society of Limnology  promotes limnology to  scientists throughout the world. There are many centres for such research throughout the world. 

Limnology helps to explain why some lakes have lots of plants and animals and some have very few.  The Freshwater Biological Association which is based next to Windermere in England did a lot of the early work. Limnologists there worked out why deep lakes have cold water at the bottom in summer-time but not in Winter. The reason was that winds in Autumn mix the waters up.

References

Earth sciences
The Toyota RAV4 is a small sized SUV made by Toyota. Toyota has made the RAV4 since 1994, but has sold it in America since 1996. The RAV4 is sold in a 4-door with an optional V6 engine, the RAV4 is more of a car-like SUV than a truck sized one. The RAV4 EV was an electric version sold in California from 1996 to 2003. The RAV4 shares competition with the similar Honda CR-V, Subaru Forester, and Ford Escape. RAV4 stands for Recreational Active Vehicle with 4-wheel-drive but RAV4s may just come with 2-wheel drive. It’s a versatile car with good fuel economy and favorable on-road manners. The car is powered by a 2.5-liter four-cylinder engine along with six-speed automatic gear options.

Toyota RAV4 is one of the first cars introduced in small crossover SUV market. All-in-all Toyota RAV4 is an impressive well-equipped compact SUV with no major pitfalls.

Sources 

1990s automobiles

2000s automobiles

2010s automobiles

2020s automobiles

RAV4
The Toyota MR2 and MR2 Spyder were sports cars made by Toyota. They were sold from 1984 until 2007. The MR2 is a mid-engine sports car, similar to cars by Ferrari and Porsche. MR2 is an acronym for midship, rear-wheel-drive, two-seater.

1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
MR2
Wheaton College is a private Evangelical Protestant college in Wheaton, Illinois, a suburb  west of Chicago in the United States. It was founded in 1860.

Other websites 

Official college website

Colleges and universities in Illinois
Council for Christian Colleges and Universities
Oberlin Group of Libraries
1860 establishments in the United States
1860s establishments in Illinois
A sacred site is a place that is thought of as sacred (or holy) to a particular religion. Every one of the world's major religions has sacred sites. Some religions, such as Islam & Hinduism, think of the sacred sites as being very important to their faith. In other religions such as Protestant Christianity, sacred sites are not so important.

The idea that a place is sacred often comes from something that has happened at the place, or a religious story about that place. Mount Sinai is a sacred site for Jews and Christians because it was on Mount Sinai that Moses received the Ten Commandments of God.

The sacred site might be a natural site, or it might be a building of some sort. One of the most famous natural sites that is also a sacred site is Uluru (also called Ayre's Rock) in Central Australia. It is believed to have been sacred to the aboriginal people for about 40,000 years. Other famous natural sites are the sacred trees of India, Japan and South East Asia.
Very often, buildings have been made on natural sites that were already thought of as sacred. For example, a spring of water coming from the ground might be said to have healing powers. A special well-house might be built around the spring to protect it, and as a place where people might leave offerings (gifts to a god).

Other sites are thought of as sacred because a holy person or saint lived there, or died there, or their body is kept there. The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem is one of the most sacred sites to Christianity because it is believed that Jesus' body was placed in a tomb there. The city of Mecca is sacred to all Muslim people as the birthplace of the prophet Muhammad.