Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
"Spade-like incisors at the front, for snipping and scraping oysters from the rocks; and broad circular back teeth that acted as a pounding board to crush the shells, before the flesh was swallowed". Benton.p119

Their diet consisted of marine bivalves, brachiopods, and other invertebrates.

References 

Sauropterygia
Marine reptiles
Becoming Jane is a movie directed by Julian Jarrold in 2007. The setting of this movie is Hampshire, England in the 1700s. The movie’s story was based on a fictional biography written by Jon Spence. Anne Hathaway played Jane Austen. James McAvoy played Thomas Lefroy. This movie won the 2007 People's Choice Award for "Favorite Independent Movie". It was nominated for 2008 Ivor Novello Award for Best Original Film Score.

Plot
Jane (played by Anne Hathaway) is a writer. She lives in a rural area. Her father is a pastor of small church. Her her family is poor. She is under a lot of stress since her mother wants her to marry Mr. Wisley (Laurence Fox). He is the nephew of the wealthy Lady Gresham (Maggie Smith).
Twenty years later, Jane becomes famous writer and after a gathering, Jane and Tom meet again. There, Tom is with his daughter who likes Jane’s book a lot. His daughter asks Jane to read the novel. To stop her Tom called his daughter’s name – Jane. Knowing that Tom named his daughter after her, Jane accepts her request and reads her book, Pride and Prejudice.

Jane Austen
2007 movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
People's Choice Award winners
Steven Chu (born February 28, 1948) is an American physicist. He was the 12th United States Secretary of Energy from 2009 to 2013. Chu is known for his research at Bell Labs in cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light, which won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997, along with his scientific colleagues Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William Daniel Phillips. 

Chu is the first Nobel Prize winner and the second Chinese American to hold a post in the United States Cabinet. Before becoming the United States Secretary of Energy, he was a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He was also the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Before teaching at Berkeley, he was a professor of physics at Stanford University. He has argued for more research into alternative energy and nuclear power. He thinks the world should shift away from fossil fuels to help with climate change. For example, he discusses a global "glucose economy". This is a form of a low-carbon economy, in which glucose from tropical plants is shipped around like oil is today.

Early life
Chu was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He has ancestry from Taicang, Jiangsu. He attended and graduated from Garden City High School. He received both a B.A. in mathematics and a B.S. in physics in 1970 from the University of Rochester. He went on to earn his Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1976.

Career
He wrote a paper on gravitational redshift published in Nature (463, 926–929) in Feb 2010 and a second one co-authored in July 2010.

Under his leadership in 2010 the Department of Energy updated the water usage regulations on toilets and showers.
Secretary of Energy

His nomination to be Secretary of Energy was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate on January 20, 2009. On January 21, 2009, Chu was sworn in as Secretary of Energy in the Barack Obama administration. 

In March 2011 Chu said that federal regulators should not delay approving licenses for construction for planned U.S. nuclear power plants because of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. "I think those things can proceed", Chu told reporters on Capital Hill, referring to construction license applications pending at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Republicans in Congress have accused Chu for changing a US$535 million federal loan to Solyndra, an energy company. When the company went bankrupt in 2011, the government lost the money. A House Energy and Commerce subcommittee asked Chu in 2011 about the loan.

References

Other websites
Secretary of Energy Steven Chu at United States Department of Energy
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 from Nobel Prize with biography, lecture, diploma, photos, symposia and links
Bio  from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Energy@Berkeley: Solutions for Global Warming, University of California, Berkeley, November 13, 2007 includes link to event on YouTube
BP Makes Berkeley World Center for Biofuels  press release on the BP collaboration February 16, 2007
Alternative Energy Sources  March 28, 2005, Chu's PowerPoint presentation
Boulder’s physicists give Chu thumbs-up Article on other Nobel laureates' reactions to Chu as secretary of energy
Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
UCTV Programs with Steven Chu 
Physics Meets Biology 
Berkeley's Nobel Tradition 
Holding on to Atoms and Molecules with Lasers: Laser Cooling - From Atomic Clocks to Watching Biomolecules Move 
What Can Physics Say About Life?
Conversations with History: A Scientist's Random Walk, with Steven Chu 
Bio  and personal page  from Stanford University Department of Physics
Steven Chu: Uncovering the secret life of molecules from Stanford [Online] Report (July 16, 1997)
Chu's biophysics research group  at University of California, Berkeley
Growing energy: Berkeley Lab's Steve Chu on what termite guts have to do with global warming from UC Berkeley News (September 30, 2005)
 March 12, 2008
"Climate Disasters a 'Significant Possibility'  Interview with Steve Chu at Copenhagen Climate Council, November 3, 2008.
Interview with Steven Chu from "Growing Energy" from the PBS series e² energy
Interview, April 19, 2009
1948 births
Living people
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicists
Politicians from St. Louis, Missouri
Scientists from St. Louis, Missouri
United States Secretaries of Energy
University of Rochester alumni
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Stanford University faculty
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Educators from St. Louis, Missouri
Pororo the Little Penguin is a Clockwork Zoo 3D computer animation series planned by Iconix Entertainment. Each season has 52 episodes and three seasons have been aired in South Korea until now. In 2003, Season 1 was aired in 27 November 2003 on the Korean channel, EBS. In the beginning, 22 episodes of season 1 were made by North Korean company, Samcholli. About 110 countries imported Pororo and aired it. Pororo is so loved by children in Korea and he is perceived as an idol of children, so he is called Bbo-tong-ryung (뽀통령 in Korean) which means president Pororo.
Story 
Pororo and little animal friends live together in the town covered all over with snow and ice. Pororo, a little curious penguin,  and his friends are all different, so great and small commotions occur in this little town. Then one day, when Pororo and his friends hang out as usual, they find novelty egg under a tree in the woods. Pororo takes that egg to his house. Surprisingly, the egg hatches out and the little dinosaur is born, whose name is Crong. Crong becomes new friends of Pororo. Pororo and his friends learn lessons and form a friendship through adventures © 2007 DHX Media, Pororo All Right Reserved. license by DHX Media

Characters 
Pororo - The main character of this animation. He is little blue penguin. He always acts on impulse, because he is very curious. He is obsessed about unusual stuff. He enjoys adventures and challenges.

Crong - A little dinosaur who is found in the snow. He is a troublemaker. He wants to know many things and do many things.
Eddy - A little fox who wants to be a scientist. He invents many things that cause problems. He shows off himself and his inventions.

Rody - A robot who is strong. He has arms and legs stretch. Eddy made Rody, imitating before.

Poby - A big polar bear. He is so kind that he is always there to help his friends when they are in trouble.

Tongtong - A little dragon who has magical powers. He can fly and transform before. He appears in the animation from season 3.

Loopy - A little beaver. She is a crybaby who is very timid. However, she is nice to her friends and takes care of them. 

Petty - A little female penguin. She is good at sports although bad at cooking.

Harry - A little bird who is pleasant. Even though he is tone-deaf, he enjoys singing. He always brightens up the atmosphere.

Popo and Pipi - Funny aliens. Popo is timid and feminine and Pipi is eager and outgoing. 

Animation
South Korean culture
Queen Seondeok of Silla (606 – 8 January 647) was 27th ruler of Silla, one of the three ancient kingdoms of Korea. She was a daughter of King Jinpyeong and Lady Maya of the Kim clan. Because King Jinpyeong did not have any sons, Queen Seondeok became the first female ruler in Korean history after her father died. Besides the name Seondeok, she was also called Sung-Jo Hwang-Go which means "sacred and dedicated queen".

Queen Seondeok was an intelligent and capable ruler who established the foundation of Silla's unity of Korea peninsula. She ruled her kingdom wisely and improved her people’s life. Also, she made a lot of effort to accept advanced culture of ancient China by sending international students and monks. The star-gazing tower named Cheomseongdae and wooden tower with nine floors in Hwangnyongsa temple are the results of her effort.
According to some legend (in Korean history book Samguk Sagi) related to her, Queen Seondeok had great intuition and foresight. She noticed where the enemy was hiding by natural phenomena, predicted many incidents before it happened, and even knew when she would die a couple of days ago and left her will before death. Because of her extraordinary and heroic life, many Korean people make novels, plays, musicals and so on till now.

606 births
647 deaths
Kings and queens
Korean monarchs
Styx Records is an Austrian record label. It was founded in 1999  by the former drummer of the Mojo Blues Band, Peter Müller. The label focuses on blues, rhythm&blues and boogie woogie from Austria.

Artists
  Mojo Blues Band;
 Frank Muschalle Trio; 
 Vince Weber; 
 Martin Pyrker; 
 Andreas Sobczyk;
 Siggi Fassl;
 Norbert Schneider’s R&B Caravan; 
 Henning Pertiet Trio;

Other websites 
 Styx Records Homepage with samples from the labels records
Blues labels
Record labels
Independent record labels
The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (c 50) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which has now been repealed and replaced by the Equality Act 2010 (), except in Northern Ireland where the Act still applies. Formerly, it made it unlawful to discriminate against people in respect of their disabilities in relation to employment, the provision of goods and services, education and transport.  

1995 in the United Kingdom
Disability
Discrimination
Education in the United Kingdom
1990s Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Rights
Pachypleurosaurs were primitive sauropterygian reptiles that vaguely resembled aquatic lizards, and were limited to the Triassic period.  They were long animals, ranging in size from 20 cm to about four metres in length, with small heads, long necks, paddle-like limbs, and long deep tails.  The limb girdles are greatly reduced, so it is unlikely these animals could move about on land.  The widely spaced peg-like teeth project at the front of the jaws, indicate that these animals fed on fish.

Pachypleurosaurs are usually included among the Nothosaurs.

References

Sauropterygia
Marine reptiles
The Harrington Hump is a modular and easy-to-install system by which the height of a railway platform can be increased at relatively low cost. The system takes its name from the Harrington railway station, which was the location of the first production version. Harrington Humps are slowly being installed on other UK railway stations.

Rail infrastructure
Railway stations
Seven Sisters Road is a road in north London, England. The road runs within the boroughs of Islington, Hackney and Haringey. It is an extension of Camden Road, and runs from Holloway Road (the A1 road) at the Nags Head crossroads then on to another crossroads with Blackstock Road and Stroud Green Road. It carries on uphill alongside Finsbury Park to Manor House, and from there downhill to the junction with Tottenham High Road (the A10 road) at Seven Sisters Corner. The road was authorised in 1829 and constructed in 1833 by the Metropolitan Turnpike Trust. Seven Sisters Road is part of the A503. The stretch running past Finsbury Park is open to the park on the west side, and on the east side are large Victorian villas now used mainly as hotels.

References

Roads in London
The indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) is a small seed-eating bird. It is migratory. Its range is from southern Canada to northern Florida during the breeding season, and from southern Florida to northern South America during the winter. It often migrates by night, using the stars to navigate. Its habitat is farmland, brush areas, and open woodland. The indigo bunting is closely related to the lazuli bunting. 

The indigo bunting is a small bird, with a length of 11.5–13 cm (4.5–5 in). The male is a vibrant blue in the summer and a brown color during the winter months, while the female is brown year-round. The male displays brightly colored plumage during the breeding season to attract a mate. Nest-building and incubation are done solely by the female.  The diet of the indigo bunting is insects during the summer months and seeds during the winter months.

Passeri
Birds of North America
Birds of South America
The Railway Magazine is a monthly British railway magazine, aimed at the railway enthusiast market, that has been published in London since July 1897.  it has been, for three years running, the railway magazine with the largest circulation in the U.K., having a monthly average sale during 2009 of 34,715 (the figure for 2007 being 34,661). It was published by IPC Media until October 2010, with ISSN 0033-8923, and in 2007 won IPC's 'Magazine of the Year' award. From November 2010, The Railway Magazine is now published by Mortons Media Group Ltd. (Mortons of Horncastle).

References

Bibliography

Other websites 
 Official website

Rail transport in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines
1897 establishments in the United Kingdom
Magazines of the United Kingdom
The London Transport Board was the organisation responsible for public transport in London, England, United Kingdom, and its environs from 1963-1969. In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the public name and operational brand of the organisation was London Transport.

Related pages
Alexander Valentine - Chairman, 1962 to 1965
Maurice Holmes (barrister) - Chairman, 1965 to 1969

References

1963 establishments in England
1969 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Transport in London
1960s disestablishments in England
The northern shoveler (; Anas clypeata) is a common and widespread duck. It breeds in northern areas of Europe and Asia and across most of North America, and is a rare vagrant to Australia. In North America, it breeds along the southern edge of Hudson Bay and west of this body of water, and as far south as the Great Lakes west to Colorado, Nevada, and Oregon.

The northern shoveler is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.  The conservation status is Least Concern.

References

Ducks
The stiff-tailed ducks are part of the Oxyurinae subfamily of ducks. All have, as their name implies, long stiff tail feathers, which are erect when the bird is at rest. All have relatively large swollen bills.

These are freshwater diving ducks. Their legs are set far back, making them awkward on land, so they rarely leave the water.

Their unusual displays involve drumming noises from inflatable throat-sacs, head throwing, and erecting short crest.

Feather sequences are complicated, and it is hard to tell how old one of these ducks is. Feathers are vital for survival because of this animals tendency to spend time in the water. Without feathers this duck would die of hypothermia because it could not regulate its body temperature.

Ducks
was a  after Shōtoku and before Gembun.  This period started in July 1716 and ended in April 1736. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Kyōhō era

 1717 (Kyōhō 2): Kyōhō reforms are directed and overseen by Shogun Yoshimune.

 1718 (Kyōhō 3): The bakufu repaired the Imperial tombs.

 1718 (Kyōhō 3, 8th month): Shogunate creates a  in Heian-kyō (Kyoto).

 1721 (Kyōhō 6): Edo population of 1.1 million makes it the world's largest city.

 1730 (Kyōhō 15): The Tokugawa shogunate monitors the Dojima Rice Market in Osaka.

 3 August 1730 (Kyōhō 15, 20th day of the 6th month): A fire destroyed 3,790 houses in Heian-kyō.

 1732 (Kyōhō 17): Locusts eat crops in areas around the inland sea.

 24 September 1732 (Kyōhō 17, 24th day of the 9th month):  Former-Emperor Reigen died.

 1733 (Kyōhō 18): Ginseng grown in Japan begins to be available in the Japanese food markets.
13 April 1735 (Kyōhō 20, 21st day of the 3rd month) : Nakamikado abdicated; and the succession passed to his son (senso).  Soon after, Empress Sakuamachi's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 1735 (Kyōhō 20): Sweet potatoes were introduced into the Japanese diet.

Noteworty coins were minted during this era, including the gold ōban and koban.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1716 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1735 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
1710s establishments in Asia
Tteokbokki () is a Korean traditional food which has sticks of rounded rice cake as the main ingredient. ' tteok ' is the Korean word for rice cake and 'bokki' is the Korean word for something fried.

Tteokbokki is divided into gungjung tteokbokki and general tteokbokki as one of Korean street foods.

Types

Gungjung tteokbokki 
Gungjung tteokbokki () is made by frying beef and rice cake with soy sauce. It was developed in gungjung which means a Korean court.

General tteokbokki is cooked with seasoning using gochujang with starch syrup or sugar for the sweet taste. Generally gungjung tteokbokki uses beef and vegetable because it was cooked at court but general tteokbokki uses fish cake, green onions and boiled egg.

jja-jang tteokbokki 
jja-jang tteokbokki () is a stir-fried dish with jjajang.

History
History

In a cook book named 'Siuijeonseo' which was written in late 1800s, there is a record of tteokbokki. However, tteokbokki might have existed before the late 1800s because the main ingredient is rice cake and there were rice cakes during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period.
Gungjung tteokbokki is different from tteokbokki because there were no red peppers in Joseon Dynasty so they made gungjung tteokbokki with vegetables and meats. Modern tteokbokki was first made by Mabokrim who has sold tteokbokki with gochujang since 1953.

Korean food
Rice dishes
, also known as Horyaku, was a  after Kan'en and before Meiwa.  The period started in October 1751 and ended in June 1764. During this time, the emperor and emperess were   and .

The nengō Hōreki means "Valuable Calendar" or "Valuable Almanac". This time frame was created  by Emperor Momozono in 1754.

Events of the Hōreki era
The previous era ended in 1751 (Kan'en 4, 27th day of the 10th month); however, this nengō was created years later. By Imperial command, the era was re-named on December 2, 1754, which then became 19th day of the 10th month of the 4th year of Hōreki.
 1752 (Hōreki 2): An ambassador from the Ryūkyū Kingdom was received in Edo.
1754 (Hōreki 4): Shimazu clan was ordered to complete Kizo River flood control project
 1755 (Hōreki 5): Calendar reform by Abe Yasukuni, Shibukawa Kōkyō and Nishiyama Seikyū is named Horiki Kojutsu Gen-reki (Hōryaku calendar)
 1758 (Hōreki 8): Takenouchi Shikibu and others taught Confucianism and martial arts to the emperor in Kyoto.
 1760 (Hōreki 10): Shogun Tokugawa Ieshige resigned and his son, Tokugawa Ieharu, became the 10th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
 1762 (Hōreki 12): Emperor Momozono  abdicated; and the succession passed to his sister (senso).  Soon after, Empress Go-Sakuramachi's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 31 August 1762 (Hōreki 12, 12th day of the 7th month): Former-Emperor Momozono died.
 1763 (Hōreki 13): A merchant association handling Korean ginseng is founded in the Kanda district of Edo.
 1764 (Hōreki 14): Sweet potatoes are exported from Edo to Korea. The food crop in Korea is the result of a diplomatic mission.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References
References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1751 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1764 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek, ZAR), often informally called the Transvaal Republic, was a sovereign state in southern Africa ruled by the Afrikaners. It was defeated by the UK and its colonies, the British Cape Colony and the Colony of Natal in the Second Boer War and became the British colony of Transvaal.

Former countries in Africa
History of South Africa
1856 establishments
1850s establishments in Africa
1900s disestablishments in Africa
Inland seas, also called epeiric or epicontinental seas, are shallow seas over part of a continent.

They usually happen with marine transgressions, when the sea overtops the land. They are caused by either global high ('eustatic') sea level or the formation of large geologic basins which eventually connect to the ocean.
There have been, at some periods, shallow seas inside continents. Much of present-day North America was covered by an epicontinental sea called the Sundance Sea during the Jurassic period. In the Cretaceous an even larger area was covered by the Western Interior Seaway. A modern example is the Baltic Sea. The North Sea is not an inland sea, but it does sit on continental shelf, and so is epeiric (that is what the word means). The Hudson Bay is often considered an epeiric sea because its depth averages 100ft (30 m) whereas, for example, the Bay of Bengal is 2,600 metres (8000 ft) deep. So epeiric seas are on the continental plate, as are inland seas. The inland seas, however, are more enclosed.

Examples

Amazon basin 
The Amazon basin originally emptied into the Pacific Ocean when South America and Africa were part of Gondwana.
Mediterranean 
The Mediterranean Sea looks like a clear-cut example of an inland sea, but its deepest point is 5,267 m (17,280 ft) in the Calypso Deep of the Ionian Sea. The Mediterranean is a genuine sea which has been squashed almost out of existence by the movement of Africa against the European tectonic plate. It was formerly part of the ancient Tethys Ocean, which surrounded the old global supercontinent of Pangaea. So the Mediterranean is different from those inland seas which sit on top of continental plates.

Black Sea 
The Black Sea, on the other hand, is a genuine inland sea because it sits on continental plates which have subsided.

Western Interior Seaway 
A vast inland sea extended from the Gulf of Mexico deep into present-day Canada during the Cretaceous. It split the continent of North America into two halves, Laramidia and Appalachia, for most of the mid- and late-Cretaceous period. It was 2,500 feet (760 m) deep, 600 miles (970 km) wide and over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long.
At the same time, much of the low plains of modern-day northern France and northern Germany were covered by an inland sea, where the chalk was deposited that gave the Cretaceous Period its name.

Sundance Sea 
The Sundance Sea existed in North America during the mid to late Jurassic period of the Mesozoic Era. It was an arm of what is now the Arctic Ocean, and extended through what is now western Canada into the central western United States. The sea receded when highlands to the west began to rise. The sedimentary rocks which formed in and around the Sundance Sea are often rich in fossils.

Related pages 
Endorheic basin

References 

Seas
The  doll is a hollow, round, traditional Japanese doll.  It is modeled after Bodhidharma, the founder of the Zen sect of Buddhism.

The Daruma dolls are a kind of toy (omocha). The Daruma figurine is also a tumbler doll or roly-poly toy. When the doll is tumbled about, it rights itself. The two were well recognized as synonymous by the mid-19th century. Today, Daruma dolls are widely known, regardless of religion or sect.

Most daruma dolls are made of papier mache, and weighted at the bottom so the doll stands. The dolls are typically painted red. Darumas are sold with the eyes being white. Most daruma dolls are made in Takasaki City at the center of Japan. A fair is held in early January every year for the sale of darumas. Daruma dolls are symbols of good luck and business prosperity.
Daruma eyes
Dolls are sold without the eyes painted in. The custom is to make a resolution or a wish and darken the left eye of the daruma. When the resolution or the wish is fulfilled, the right eye is also darkened. This custom is seen widely today especially in the case of election or entrance examination in.

References

Japanese folklore
Japanese culture
Luck
Viña del Mar is a Chilean city and commune with 286.931 inhabitants (2002 census). It was created in 1878.

References

Other websites 
 Viña del Mar Municipality 
 Viña del Mar commercial guide 

Cities in Chile
1878 establishments
19th-century establishments in Chile
Valparaíso Region
Choinori (riding nearby in Japanese) is a scooter built by Suzuki. 

It was launched at 2003 for 59,800 Yen. Reducing the size and not using any high cost parts were the secret to low price. However, because of cutting costs, they do not have rear suspension and the maximum speed is around . It also has an aluminum four-stroke 50 cc engine. The special thing about the engine is that it weighs 40% less than other four-stroke engines. It also make the scooter lighter and cheaper. 

Due to its low price, it was a great hit in Japan. However, Suzuki stopped producing Choinori in 2007 because it failed to pass the new gas emission standards.

References 
Suzuki Motor Company (Japan), a Japanese anonymous visitor, Tatsuwo Sato, Hiroyuki Takeuchi

2003 establishments in Japan
2007 disestablishments in Japan
Choinori
was a  after Hōreki and before An'ei.  This period started in June 1764 and ended in November 1772. During this time, the empress and emperor were   and .

The nengō Meiwa means "Radiant Harmony".

Events of the Meiwa Era
  
 1766 (Meiwa 3): A plan to remove the Shogun was not successful.

 1770 (Meiwa 7): A typhoon flattened the newly built Imperial Palace in Kyoto.

 1770 (Meiwa 7): A great comet (Lexell's Comet) with a very long tale lit up the night skies throughout the summer and autumn.

 1770 (Meiwa 7): This was the start of 15 years of drought in Japan.

 9 January 1771: Empress Go-Sakuramachi abdicated; ; and the succession passed to her nephew (senso).  Soon after, Emperor Go-Momozono's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 29 February 1772 (Meiwa 9, 26th day or the 1st month): "The Great Meiwa Fire" -- one of the three greatest Edo fire disasters.

 2 August 1772 (Meiwa 9, 4th day of the 6th month): A big storm in the Kantō with floods and lost crops.
17 August 1772 (Meiwa 9, 19th day of the 6th month): A major storm destroys 4000 houses in Edo.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1764 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1772 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
Not to be confused with morning

Mourning refers to process of grieving. This almost always happens at funerals whenever a loved one passes away.
Mourning is also seen when things someone loves gets lost, although not as often. Most commonly seen is sadness, but typically a less intense but longer lasting feeling. Similar to melancholy. Mourning is only seen when a person (or animal, important object, or goal) is lost. Death is most commonly associated. Mourning is not just found in humans, but also in animals. Many birds have a sense of mourning when their mate dies.  
Death customs
An independent record label is a company which musicians can use to make and sell records. These companies are different from major record labels because they are smaller and don't operate under any major businesses.

Examples 
Some examples of independent record labels are:
 Ambush Reality, which is owned and run by the members of the band Enter Shikari and their friends.
 Super Records, which is owned by the band McFly

References
was a  after Meiwa and before Tenmei. This period started in November 1772 and ended in March 1781. During this time, the emperors were  and .

The nengō An'ei means "Eternal Tranquility" or "Peaceful and Long".

Events of the An'ei era
1774 (An'ei 3): Kaitai shinsho, the first complete Japanese translation of a Western medical work, is published by Sugita Gempaku and Maeno Ryotaku.
 1775 (An'ei 4): Epidemic diseases spread in the Japanese population and 190,000 died in Edo.
 1775 (An'ei 4): Carl Peter Thunberg arrived at Dutch East India Company outpost or "factory" in Nagasaki.
 1778 (An'ei 7): Flooding at Kyoto.
 1778 (An'ei 7): Volcanic island of Sakurajima erupted near Kagoshima and 16,000 were killed.
 12 June 1779 (An'ei 8, 28th day of the 4th month): Former-Emperor Go-Momozono died.
 1779 (An'ei 8): Isaac Titsingh arrived at Dejima.
 1780: After the death of Empress Go-Momozono, the succession (senso) passed to Emperor Kōkaku; and his role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 1780 (An'ei 9): Heavy rains and flooding in the Kantō.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References
References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" – historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 National Archives of Japan: Hinozenshu sanbutsu zuko, scroll showing illustrated inventory of industries in Hizen, An'ei 2 (1773) 

Japanese eras
1772 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1781 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
1770s establishments in Asia
A take is a performance which is continuously recorded. The word is used in movies and music to track the stages of production.

In movie-making, a take means each filmed "version" of a shot. Takes of each shot are generally numbered starting with "take one" and the number of each take after that is increased (with the director calling for "take two", "take three", "take four", etc.) until the filming of the shot is finished.

Movie terminology
Elizabeth "Lizzy" Pattinson is an English singer and songwriter.

Personal life
Lizzy has a sister, Victoria and brother, actor Robert Pattinson.

Career 
Lizzy has performed with the UK dance act Aurora and German duo Milk & Sugar. She was lead vocalist for them on Milk & Sugar's No. 1 Billboard Hot Dance Club Play track "Let The Sun Shine". She has had three Top 20 hits in the UK.

In 2008 Lizzy recorded background vocals for the movie Twilight. She is heard on the track "Who Are They?" by Carter Burwell.

Other websites 
 
 Lizzy Pattinson on Facebook

Living people
1983 births
English dance musicians
English singer-songwriters
Pop singers
Singers from London
was a  after Tenmei and before Kyōwa.  This period started in January 1789 and ended in February 1801.  During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Kansei means "Lenient Government".

Events of the Kansei era

 1790 (Kansei 2): Matsudaira Sadanobu orders  about Confucianism and Neo-Confucian doctrine
 1792 (Kansei 4): Russian envoy Adam Laxman arrives at Nemuro in eastern Ezo (now Hokkaidō).
 1793 (Kansei 5): Shogonuate orders research and publication of daimyo clan genealogies and hatamoto genealogies.
 1797 (Kansei 9):  Kansei Calendar Revision

Related pages 
 Edo period
 Kansei calendar

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1789 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1801 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
1780s establishments in Asia
1800s disestablishments in Asia
Pontoise is a commune of the Val-d'Oise department in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is  from the centre of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise.

Twin towns
Pontoise is twinned with:
  Böblingen, Germany
  Sevenoaks, England
  Geleen, Netherlands

References 

Communes in Val-d'Oise
Subprefectures in France
A fuse is a device that shuts off the power to an electrical circuit when too much electric current flows through it.  This usually happens when too many appliances are plugged in or when there is a short circuit. A fuse is made as an intentional weak spot in a circuit that will melt (or "blow") when too much current is flowing through it, shutting off the power to the rest of the circuit. This protects the rest of the circuit. After the fuse blows, the problem that caused it to blow must be corrected and the fuse must be replaced to restore power to the circuit. A circuit breaker does the same job as a fuse, but it can be reset without replacing anything.
Fuses in plugs are made in standard ratings. The most common are 3 A, 5 A and 13 A. The fuse should be rated at a slightly higher current than the device needs. e.g. if the device works a 3 A use 5 A fuse. Fast and slow fuses are made. Fast acting fuses blow immediately once the current rating is exceeded. Slow blow fuses will let the current exceed the rating for a fraction of a second, to allow devices like motors to start up.

Other websites 
 Fuse (electrical) -Citizendium 

Electrical wiring
Electronic components
was a  after Kansei and before Bunka.  This period started in February 1801 and ended in February 1804. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Kyōwa era

 9 December 1802 (Kyōwa 2, 15th day of the 11th month): Earthquake in northwest Honshū and Sado Province (Latitude: 37.700/Longitude: 138.300), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter scale.

 28 December 1802 (Kyōwa 2, 4th day of the 12th month): Earthquake on Sado Island (Latitude: 38.000/Longitude: 138.000).

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1801 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
1804 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
1800s establishments in Asia
1800s disestablishments in Asia
Naengmyeon is a traditional Korean summer food. The name means "cold noodles".  Naengmyeon’s basic ingredients are flour, a boiled egg, slices of cucumber and slices of boiled meat. Water or gochujang can be added depending on the type of Naengmyeon. There are many kinds of noodles made from wheat, buckwheat, potatoes or sweet potatoes.

History
According to the 19th century writings, it has been made since the Joseon Dynasty. It began as a delicacy in northern Korea. It was popular in the cities of Pyongyang and Hamhung in North Korea. Naengmyeon became widely popular in Korea after the Korean War.

Types

The two main types of naengmyeon are mul naengmyeon and bibim naengmyeon. Mul naengmyeon is served as a cold soup with the noodles contained in broth made from beef or chicken. Bibim naengmyeon is served with a spicy dressing made mainly from gochujang (red chili paste).

Korean food
Mathieu de Costa was the first known African to come to Canada, in the early 17th century. He was a storekeeper and translator. He spoke many languages including Portuguese, French, Dutch, English, pidgin Basque, his original African language, and Míkmaq. He helped to make a connection between the Europeans and the Míkmaq people. He was a freeman. Europeans liked that he talked many languages. The Port Royal Habitation National Historic Site of Canada remembers his work. They are in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia.

Explorers
Canadian businesspeople
African people
16th-century births
17th-century deaths
Translators
was a  after Kyōwa and before Bunsei.  The period started in January 1804 and ended in April 1818. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Bunka era
1804 (Bunka 1): Hayashi Jussai explained the foreign policy of the Tokugawa shogunate to the emperor in Kyoto.
 June 1805 (Bunka 2): Genpaku Sugita was granted an audience with Shogun Tokugawa Ienari to explain differences between traditional medical knowledge and Western medical knowledge.
 25 September 1810 (Bunka 7, 27th day of the 8thmonth): Earthquake in northern Honshū (Latitude: 39.900/Longitude: 139.900), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale. 
 7 December 1812 (Bunka 9, 4th day of the 11th month): Earthquake in Honshū (Latitude: 35.400/Longitude: 139.600), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
 24 December 1813 (Bunka 10, 2nd day of the 11th month): Former-Empress Go-Sakuramachi died.
 1817 (Bunka 14): Emperor Kōkaku traveled in procession to Sento Imperial Palace, a palace of an abdicated emperor. The Sento Palace at that time was called Sakura Machi Palace.
7 May 1817 (Bunka 14, 22nd day of the 3rd month): Kōkaku abdicated; and the succession passed to his son (senso).  Soon after, Emperor Ninkō's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1804 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
1818 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
1800s establishments in Asia
was a  after Bunka and before Tenpō.  This period started in April 1818 and ended in December 1830. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Bunsei era

 1822 (Bunsei 5): Edo was struck with 150 earthquake tremors over three days.

 11 August 1823 (Bunsei 6, 6th day of the 7th month):  German flora- and fauna-taxonomist Philipp Franz von Siebold arrived at Dejima as new physician for the Dutch trading post in Nagasaki harbor.

 13 August 1830 (Bunsei 13, 25th day of the 6th month): Earthquake at Kyoto (Latitude: 35.000/Longitude: 136.000), no Richter scale magnitude can be inferred from the available data.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1818 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
1830 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
1810s establishments in Asia
Tadao Ando is a Japanese architect. He was born in Osaka in 1941. Before he designed buildings, he had many other important experiences in his life. He became a professional boxer as a teenager and spent time in Thailand fighting. He then traveled around the world to learn about buildings. Ando became successful in the 1970s and has built buildings all over the world.

In 1995, Ando won the Pritzker Prize in 1995.

References

Further reading

 Ando, (2006) Taschen Books, Masao Furuyama, .

Japanese architects
1941 births
Living people
People from Osaka
Pritzker Architecture Prize winners
In the original Motion Picture Association of America film rating system, X rating represented that no one under 18 should be allowed to enter. Unlike the others, this rating was not copyrighted, and the rating became tied to pornography. Many theaters chose not to take an X rated movie, and many newspapers would not run ads for them. Certain movie companies had to release their films without rating, in particular independent movies. In Autumn 1990 the X was replaced with NC-17, but over the years, NC-17 absorbed the same stigma that the earlier X rating had.

Controversies
Movie ratings
Sinhala script (Sinhala: සිංහල අක්ෂර මාලාව; Siṁhala Akṣara Mālāva) is an Abugida, a script between a syllabic and alphabetic script. It is also known as Sinhalese script. It is written from left to right. It is used to write Sinhala, which is the official language of Sri Lanka. It is also used to write Sanskrit and Pali. These languages are used for religious texts. The Sinhalese Akṣara Mālāva, one of the Brahmic scripts, comes from the Ancient Indian Brahmi script. It is also related to the ancient Kannada script.

History 
Sinhala script comes from Brahmi, and was imported from Northern India, around the 3rd century BCE. Sinhala script developed in a complex way: Part independently but also strongly influenced by South Indian scripts at various stages. It is clearly influenced by the early Grantha script. Pottery from the 6th century BCE has been found in Anuradhapura, with lithic inscriptions dating from 2nd century BCE written in Prakrit.
Modern Sinhalese first appeared in the 13th century and is marked by the writing of the grammar book Sidat Sangara. In 1736, the Dutch were the first to print with Sinhala type on the island. The resulting type followed the features of the native Sinhala script that was written on palm leaves. The Dutch created type that was the same width throughout the letters (monolinear) with no separation between words in early documents. During the Colonial period, a new style of Sinhala also began to used which was high contrast and had different thicknesses. This high contrast type slowly replaced the monolinear type as the preferred style.

Today, the alphabet is used by over 16 million people to write Sinhala in very different situations, such as newspapers, TV commercials, government announcements, graffiti, and schoolbooks.

Sinhala is the main language written in this script, but rare instances of Sri Lanka Malay are recorded.

Types of alphabets
Types of alphabets

Sidath sangara alphabet
This alphabet was invented in the Dambadeniya period (1220–1345). This is the first specific Sinhala alphabet to be found in writing.

Śuddha set 
This alphabet includes the letters usually used everyday. It is enough to write almost every word in Sinhala.

Miśra set 
The Śuddha set was not enough to spell Pali and Sanskrit words correctly. So, new letters had to be used. This alphabet first appears in Abraham Mendis Gunasekara's Comprehensive Grammar of the Sinhalese Language, a grammar book published in 1891.

National Institute of Education Alphabet 
The alphabet was adopted by the National Institute of Education in 1989. This is the alphabet commonly used in schools in Sri Lanka.

Contemporary Sinhala Alphabet (Modern Sinhala Alphabet)
This alphabet was first published in 1990 by J.B. Dissanayake. Here, the vowels අ and ආ have two forms as open and closed.

International Standards Institution Sinhala Alphabet

Unicode Sinhala Alphabet

Structure
Structure 

It uses consonants as its base unit. To make different sounds, small strokes of lines called 'pili' (in Sinhala) are written before, after, above or below the base consonant.

Example 
ක = 'ka' sound (this is the base consonant)

ක +  ි = කි = 'ki' sound (a small arch like shape is placed on top of ක)

ක + ් = ක් = 'k' sound (a small flag like shape is placed on top of ක)

ක + ෙ = කෙ = 'ke' sound (a swirl is placed in front of ක)

Letters and how they are pronounced

Here, the letters of the National Institute of Education Alphabet are shown.

Vowels
There are 18 vowels.
අ is pronounced like the u in cut
ආ is pronounced like the a in father
ඇ is pronounced like the a in cat
ඈ is pronounced like ඇ but the sound is held longer
ඉ is pronounced like the i in is
ඊ is pronounced like the ee in feet
උ is pronounced like the u in put
ඌ is pronounced like the u in flute
ඍ is pronounced like the ri in river (when it is combined with a consonant, it is pronounced like ru)
ඎ is pronounced like the ree in reel This vowel occurs rarely
ඏ is pronounced as li or lu. This vowel is no longer in use
ඐ is pronounced as ඏ but the sound is held longer. This vowel is no longer in use
එ is pronounced like the e in bed
ඒ is pronounced like the a in ancient
ඓ is pronounced like eye
ඔ is pronounced like the o in cot
ඕ is pronounced like the o in go
ඖ is pronounced like the ou in house

Consonants 
There are 42 consonants. The consonants are divided into many groups based on how they are pronounced.
The consonant ඥ (pronounced like ඤ - like the ny in canyon) is used today but it is not included in the National Institute of Education Alphabet.

References

Writing systems
Sinhala language
The Arrondissement of Bayeux is an arrondissement of France. It is in the Calvados département, in the Basse-Normandie region. It has 6 cantons and 126 communes.

Cantons
The cantons of the arrondissement of Bayeux are:
 Balleroy
 Bayeux
 Caumont-l'Éventé
 Isigny-sur-Mer
 Ryes
 Trévières

Communes
The communes of the arrondissement of Bayeux, and their INSEE codes, are:

Other websites
Bayeux on French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies site (INSEE, in French)

Bayeux
An abugida is a writing system that is neither a syllabic nor alphabetic script, but somewhere in between. It has sequences of consonants and vowels that are written together as a unit, each of which is based on the consonant letter. Vowels must be written down as well, but they are secondary and do not act the same way as consonants.

Syllables are built up of consonants, each of which has an inherent vowel. That means a vowel must be pronounced in a syllable even if it is not written down. For example, in Thai, the syllable written as the consonant-vowel pair หา is pronounced haa, but the syllable just written as a consonant ห is pronounced hɔ.

Diacritic symbols may be used to change or mute the inherent vowel, and separate vowel letters may be used when vowels occur at the beginning of a syllable or on their own.
In some abugidas, certain vowels can be written to the right, to the left, on top, or below the consonant that is spoken before it, even if the reading order all of the consonants is left-to-right or right-to-left. An example uses the Thai consonant ก to show where the following vowels must be written.

This is different from a truly alphabetic script in which the vowels and consonants have the same status, and an abjad, whose vowels can be left out. Ethiopic, most scripts of the Indian subcontinent, mainland Southeast Asia, some scripts of Maritime Southeast Asia, and Canadian syllabics are abugidas.

The oldest known abugida is the Brahmi script, a writing system that was invented in modern-day India. Most abugidas that exist today, including Devanagari, Khmer, and Thai, were based on the Brahmi script. Abugidas based on Brahmi spread along with the Indian religions throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, especially Buddhism and Hinduism.
Some forms of shorthand also employ diacritics to indicate vowels.

The name 'abugida' is derived from the first four letters of the Ge'ez (Ethiopic) alphasyllabary writing system.

Some abugidas allow for consonant strings to be written down in a single consonant space. For example, in Khmer script, unlike in Thai script, consonants can be written on top of each other, with most consonants having normal and subscript forms. For example, the Khmer word phnom ភ្នំ as in Phnom Penh is written in one consonant space with three consonants, with ភ being ph, ្ន being the subscript form of ន n, and ំbeing the final -m to be pronounced after the vowel. Even though the word is written as phnm, the vowel o is the inherent vowel, thus it should be pronounced phnom. An example of a word with stacked consonants and a vowel is sri ស្រី, in which ស is s, ្រ is the subscript form of រ r, and ី being the vowel i.

Writing systems