Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
"Agricultural Productivity, Comparative Advantage, and Economic Growth," Journal of Economic Theory 58 (December 1992): 317-334.
"Toward a Theory of International Currency," with Nobuhiro Kiyotaki and Akihiko Matsui, The Review of Economic Studies 60 (April 1993): 283-307.
"An Approach to Equilibrium Selection," with Akihiko Matsui, Journal of Economic Theory 65 (April 1995): 415-434.
"Complementarities and Cumulative Processes in Models of Monopolistic Competition," Journal of Economic Literature 33 (June 1995): 701-729.
"Start-up Costs and Pecuniary Externalities as Barriers to Economic Development," with Antonio Ciccone, Journal of Development Economics, 49 (April 1996): 33-59
"The 1996 Nakahara Lecture: Complementarity, Instability, and Multiplicity," Japanese Economic Review, 48 (September 1997): 240-266.
"Self-Defeating Regional Concentration," with Takaaki Takahashi, The Review of Economic Studies, 65 (April 1998): 211-234.
"Growing Through Cycles," Econometrica, 67 (March 1999): 335-347.
"Efficiency and Equilibrium with Dynamic Increasing Aggregate Returns Due to Demand Complementarities," with Antonio Ciccone, Econometrica, 67 (May 1999): 499-526.
"Endogenous Inequality," The Review of Economic Studies, 67 (October 2000): 743-759.
"A Ricardian Model with a Continuum of Goods under Nonhomothetic Preferences: Demand Complementarities, Income Distribution and North-South Trade," Journal of Political Economy, 108 (December 2000): 1093-1120.
"Growing Through Cycles in an Infinitely Lived Agent Economy,” Journal of Economic Theory, 100 (October 2001): 220-234.
"Explaining Diversity: Symmetry-Breaking in Complementarity Games,” American Economic Review, 92 (May 2002): 241-246.
"The Rise of Mass Consumption Societies," Journal of Political Economy, 110 (October 2002): 1035-1070.
"Financial Market Globalization, Symmetry-Breaking, and Endogenous Inequality of Nations,” Econometrica, 72 (May 2004): 853-884.
"Credit Market Imperfections and Patterns of International Trade and Capital Flows,” Journal of the European Economic Association, 3 (April-May 2005): 714-723.
"The 2005 Lawrence R. Klein Lecture: Emergent Class Structure,” International Economic Review, 47 (May 2006): 327-360.
"Credit Traps and Credit Cycles,” American Economic Review, 97 (March 2007): 503-516.
"Beyond Icebergs: Toward A Theory of Biased Globalization,” The Review of Economic Studies, 74 (January 2007): 237-253.
"Aggregate Implications of Credit Market Imperfections,” in Daron Acemoglu, Kenneth Rogoff, and Michael Woodford, eds., NBER Macroeconomics Annual 2007, Volume 22.
"Structural Change in an Interdependent World: A Global View of Manufacturing Decline," Journal of the European Economic Association, 7 (April-May 2009): 478-486.
"Imperfect Credit Markets, Household Wealth Distribution, and Development,” Annual Review of Economics , 2011, Volume 3, 339-362.
"The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly: An Inquiry into the Causes and Nature of Credit Cycles,” Theoretical Economics, 8 (September 2013): 623-651.
Endogenous Ranking and Equilibrium Lorenz Curve Across (ex-ante) Identical Countries,” Econometrica, 81 (September 2013): 2009-2031.
"Institution-Induced Productivity Differences and Patterns of International Capital Flows,” Journal of the European Economic Association, 12 (February 2014): 1-24.
"Globalization and Synchronization of Innovation Cycles,” with Laura Gardini and Iryna Sushko, London School of Economics Centre for Macroeconomics DP#2015-27.
"Revisiting the Model of Credit Cycles with Good and Bad Projects,” with Iryna Sushko and Laura Gardini, Journal of Economic Theory, 163 (May 2016): 525-556.
"Geographical Advantage: Home Market Effect in a Multi-region World,” Research in Economics, (formerly Ricerche Economiche), 71 (December 2017): 740-758
"Beyond CES: Three Alternative Classes of Flexible Homothetic Demand Systems, “ with Philip Ushchev, December 2017, CEPR-DP12210.
"Engel’s Law in the Global Economy: Demand-Induced Patterns of Structural Change, Innovation, and Trade,” Econometrica, Vol. 87 No.2 (March 2019): 497-528.
"Reconsidering the Market Size Effect in Innovation and Growth,” with Helene Latzer and Mathieu Parenti, December 2019, CEPR-DP14250.
Other websites
Kiminori Matsuyama, Department of Economics, Northwestern University
Kiminori Matsuyama, Chief Scientific Adviser, Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research

References 
[1] Tokyo Foundation for Policy Research, https://www.tkfd.or.jp/en/experts/detail.php?id=303 

[2] Canon Institute for Global Studies, https://www.canon-igs.org/en/fellows/kiminori_matsuyama.html  

[3] Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory, https://saet.uiowa.edu/economic-theory-fellows/

[4] “Special New Year’s Colloquy: Priority Issues for Public Policy Research (Part I),” https://www.tkfd.or.jp/en/research/detail.php?id=668

[5] Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies(IMES), https://www.imes.boj.or.jp/english/index.html 

[6] http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~kmatsu/vita.pdf

[7] https://www.canon-igs.org/en/fellows/kiminori_matsuyama.html 

[8] https://www.canon-igs.org/en/fellows/kiminori_matsuyama.html 

[9] https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/en-economics-innovation-lab/Clement-Malgouyres__1.htm
Japanese economists
People from Tokyo‎
Harvard University alumni
Ravensburg is a town in Upper Swabia in southern Germany. It is the capital of the district of Ravensburg, Baden-Württemberg.

As of 2002, it has about 48,000 people.

Ravensburg was first mentioned in 1088. In the Middle Ages, it was an Imperial Free City and an important trading centre. The "Great Ravensburg Trading Society" (Große Ravensburger Handelsgesellschaft) owned shops and trading companies all over Europe.

The historic town centre is still very much intact, including three town gates and over 10 towers of the medieval fortification.

The town's most popular festival is the "Rutenfest" in mid year.

References

Other websites 

Official website 
Rutenfest 
Blaserturm.de 
More images of Ravensburg

1276 establishments
13th-century establishments in Germany
1803 disestablishments
1800s disestablishments in Germany
1270s establishments in Europe
Upper Swabia
Hurricane Bud was a severe Pacific hurricane in June 2018. The storm struck Baja California Peninsula and Northwestern Mexico. Bud was an unusual Category 4 hurricane when it hit Baja California Peninsula.

At her peak, Bud had winds of .

Hurricanes in Mexico
2018 in Mexico
2018 in weather
East Pacific hurricanes
The Mighty B! is a Nickelodeon television program. It was made by Erik Wiese, Cynthia True and Amy Poehler. Poehler  also voices the main character. Its first episode was broadcast on April 26, 2008. The series is about a little girl named Bessie Higgenbottom. Bessie  wants earn all of the Camp Scout "honey bee" badges. If she has all the badges, she will earn the "Mighty B" award. A second season aired on September 17, 2008. the series has two seasons and 40 episodes.

Character list
Character list

Main characters 
The Higgenbottom Family
 Bessie Kajolica Higgenbottom (Amy Poehler) - 9 ¾ year old Bessie Higgenbottom is the bravest Honeybee scout. She is the main character. Her habits include nose-picking; at times she will stand out on the street deciding which smiley faced finger to pick her nose with.
 Happy Walter Higgenbottom (Dee Bradley Baker) - Happy is Bessie's dog.
 Benjamin "Ben" Higgenbottom (Andy Richter) - Bessie's 6-year old brother, Benjamin (usually called Ben, unless he is in trouble) is a bit of a scaredy-cat. He hopes to be Bessie's sidekick when she becomes the Mighty Bee.
 Hilary Higgenbottom (Megan Cavanagh) - She is the single mother of Bessie and Benjamin Higgenbottom. She owns and operates a coffee shop called Hilary's Cafe.
 Finger - Bessie's left-hand index finger and imaginary friend.
Recurring characters 
 Penelope "Penny" Lefcowitz (Dannah Feinglass) - Penny is 9 and Bessie's best friend.
 Marion "Mary" Frances Voctoria Eva Gibbons (Sarah Thyre) - She is the Honeybee troop leader and Portia's mom.
 Portia Gibbons (Grey DeLisle) - Portia is extremely conceited, and she believes she should be waited on and treated like a celebrity.
 Gwen (Jessica DiCicco) - Gwen is mainly seen at Portia's side, working as a lieutenant.
 Rocky Rhodes (Kenan Thompson) - He is a 13-year-old skateboarder who works as a waiter at Hilary's Café.

English-language television programs
Nickelodeon television series
2000s American animated television series
2010s American animated television series
2008 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
V354 Cephei is a red supergiant star that is 9,000 light years away from the Sun. It has a diameter that is between 690 and 1,520 times bigger than the Sun. This means it is among the largest known stars. It is in the constellation Cepheus.

Related pages
 T Cephei
 Mu Cephei
 MY Cephei
 RW Cephei
 VV Cephei

References

Red giants
Variable stars
Supergiants
Pollux is a red giant star. It is the brightest star in the Gemini constellation. It's diameter is . Once a type A star, Pollux has used all the hydrogen in its core and expanded to become a K-type giant star.

It is located at a distance of 34 light years, which makes it the closest giant star to the Sun. In 2006, an extrasolar planet (designated Pollux b, formally named Thestias) was confirmed to be orbiting the star at a distance of 1.64 AU in nearly a circular orbit.

References

Red giants
Grey DeLisle (born August 24, 1973) is an American voice actress, comedian, and singer-songwriter.

She is known for her voice roles as numerous characters of Wubbzy from  Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!, Vicky from The Fairly OddParents, Samantha "Sam" Manson from Danny Phantom, X.Z. Needlemeyer from The Amazing World of Gumball, Frankie Foster, Duchess and Goo from Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Azula from Avatar: The Last Airbender, Queen Joseph Pintincia from CyberAdult Girls, Ninja from Ashi Pets, Rose and Biscuit from Violet's Life, Mythra Lighter from Destiny's Side, Lacey Tsuyoshi from Acceptable Mountain, Olivia / Mystery Puzzler from Kingdom Gamers, Ms. Chalice from The Cuphead Show!, Kimiko Tohomiko from Xiaolin Showdown, and Prince Puppycorn from Unikitty!.

She has also been the voice of Daphne Blake in the Scooby-Doo cartoons and direct-to-videos and other appearances since 2000.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

1973 births
Living people
Actors from Monterey County, California
American movie actors
American singer-songwriters
American television actors
American video game actors
American voice actors
Singers from California
Writers from California

Comedians from California
The Basenji is a breed of dog. They are known for being one of the smartest dogs. Basenji are excellent at hunting, They are also hunting dogs which can help people find animals.

The Basenji is often said to be the "barkless" dog. They are also described as being "talking dogs", This is because they don't "bark" like other dogs. They make a unique sound which is like a yodel. They are clean dogs. Basenji are more cat-like than other dogs because of this. They spend a large amount of time cleaning themselves when they have any dirt on their coats. Like cats, Basenjis use their paws to clean themselves. This causes them to rarely have any smell about them.

Basenjis are around the size of a terrier. They  have have wrinkles on their foreheads. They are wonderfully friendly by nature as well as being inquisitive and confident. A Basenji forms a very strong and close bond with a family and in particular with one person in a household.

References

FCI breeds
Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington  (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was an important English scientist. He was an astronomer, physicist, and mathematician in the early 20th century.

Eddington did his greatest work in astrophysics. He was also a philosopher of science and a populariser of science. The Eddington limit is named after him. It is the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object (which is what causes the luminosity). 

Around 1920, he anticipated the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion in stars. This was published in his paper "The Internal Constitution of the Stars". At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington was the first to correctly speculate that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium.
He is also famous for his work on the theory of relativity. Eddington wrote a number of articles that explained Einstein's theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world. World War I severed many lines of scientific communication and new developments in German science were not well known in England.  He also conducted an expedition to observe the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919. That gave one of the earliest confirmations of general relativity.The observations showed that light from stars which passed close by the Sun was slightly bent towards the Sun. This was predicted by the general theory of relativity. He became known for his popular expositions and interpretations of the theory.

References 

1882 births
1944 deaths
English astronomers
English mathematicians
English physicists
The Alfred Jewel is a small piece of Anglo-Saxon goldsmith's work made of enamel and quartz enclosed in gold. It was discovered in 1693, in North Petherton, Somerset, England, and is now one of the most popular exhibits at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. It is named after King Alfred, a famous king of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex.

Jewelry
Anglo-Saxons
This is the list of the famous people belonging from the Bihar state of India.

Ancient

Nationalists and independence activists

Literature

Politicians
Dr. Srikrishna Sinha alias Sri Babu, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Jagjiwan Ram,  Karpoori Thakur, Smt. Meera Kumar, Rajiv Ranjan Singh Lalan, Sushil Modi, 
 Ishwari Prasad Gupta
 Jagannath Mishra
 Ravi Shankar Prasad
 Lalu Prasad Yadav
   K B Sahay
President of India

 Rajendra Prasad
 Abdul Qaiyum Ansari

Governor

 Balmiki Prasad Singh Sikkim
 Nikhil Kumar Nagaland
 Rameshwar Thakur Madhya Pradesh
 Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh Punjab
 Lalon Prasad Singh Assam
 Ram Dulari Sinha Kerala
 Shrinivas Kumar Sinha Assam
 Prabhat Kumar Jharkhand
 Dinesh Nandan Sahai Chhattisgarh
 Kailashapati Mishra Gujarat
 Ganga Prasad Meghalaya

President of Lok Sabha 
 Bali Ram Bhagat

 Meira Kumar
Meira Kumar

Union Minister
 Jagjivan Ram
 Ram Subhag Singh
 Ram Dulari Sinha
 Jagannath Mishra
 Chandrasekhar Singh
 Raghuvansh Prasad Singh
 Shyam Nandan Prasad Mishra
 Tarakeshi Sinha
 Chandareshwar Prasad Thakur
 Nitish Kumar
 Lalu Prasad Yadav
 Ram Vilas Paswan
 Syed Shahnawaz Hussain
 Ravi Shankar Prasad
 Rita Verma
 Shakeel Ahmad
 Rajiv Pratap Rudy

Orator

Indian National Congress

 Shakeel Ahmad
 Prem Chandra Mishra
 Sanjay Nirupam
 Ashok Choudhary
 H.K.Verma

Bhartiya Janata Party

 Ravi Shankar Prasad
 Syed Shahnawaz Hussain
 Rajiv Pratap Rudy
 Sanjay Mayukh
 Prem Ranjan Patel

Janata Dal (United)
Rajiv Ranjan Singh Lalan
  Sanjay Singh
 Ajay Alok
 Rajiv Ranjan Prasad
 Neeraj Kumar

Rashtriya Janata Dal

 Manoj Jha
 Bhai Virendra
 Shakti Singh Yadav

Samata Party

Uday Mandal
Bramhanand Mandal

Garhpura Namak Satyagrah Gaurav Yatra 
Rajeev Kumar

music
 Chitragupta
 Bismillah Khan
 Udit Narayan
 Daler Mehndi
Khesari Lal Yadav
Electronic Media
 Puliyya Prasoon Vajpayee, ABP News
 Uday Shankar, Star TV
 Raviish Kumar, NDTV
Kaushlendra Jha, KKN Live
 Asit Nath Tiwari, Zee News
 Anand Bharti,NDTV
 Ajit Anjum,  News24
 Shweta singh,Aajtak
 Anjana Om Kashyap, Aajtak

Governor of Reserve Bank of India 
 Laxmikant Jha

Chief Justice 
 Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha
 Lalit Mohan Sharma
 L. Sinha
 Ram Babu Yadav

Bihar people
people
Mohali is a city in the Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district, Punjab, India. It is the headquarters of Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district. It was officially named after Sahibzada Ajit Singh as SAS Nagar ("The City of Sahibzada Ajit Singh"). He was the eldest son of Guru Gobind Singh. It is still known popularly as 'Mohali'.

Demographics
As per 2011 census Mohali had a population of 176,170. In this males were 92,301 and females were 83,869. The literacy rate was 91.96% per cent. The sex ratio of Mohali is 909 females per 1000 males. Sikhism is the majority religion in Mohali. About 51.53% of the people are Sikhs. Hinduism is the second most followed religion here. 45.5% people in Mohali are Hindus. Minority religions here are Muslims, Christians, Buddhists and Jains.
Religious places
 Gurdwara Singh Shaheedan
 Shri Thakur Dwara Mandir (Hanuman Mandir)
 Mandir Mata Raj Rajeshwari, located near the Khadhi Bhandaar office
 Shiv Mandir
 Jamia Masjid
 Badri Narayan Mandir
 Gurdwara Akal Ashram
 Sri Guru Harkrishan Sahib Gurdwara
 Sohana Hospital
 Sai Mandir
 Jamia-e-Ali Masjid
 Sahib Ganj Masjid
 Durga Mata Mandir
 Sri Hanuman Mandir

References

Cities in Punjab, India
The 2018 California gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 2018, to elect the governor of California. Then-incumbent Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom was elected the next governor of California.

Background 
In February 2015, while Gavin Newsom was lieutenant governor, he announced he would run for governor in 2018, to succeed term limited governor Jerry Brown.

In mid-2017, businessman John H. Cox announced his candidacy for governor in 2018. After previously running for public office many times.

Election results 
On November 6. 2018, Lieutenant Governor Gavin Newsom defeated republican candidate and businessman John H. Cox, in a wide and large margin.

Inauguration 
Newsom became the 40th governor of California on January 7, 2019.

References

November 2018 events
2018 California elections
Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district is one of the 22 districts of Punjab, India. It was formed in April 2006. This is the 18th district of Punjab. This was created next to Pathankot district. It was officially named after Sahibzada Ajit Singh as SAS Nagar ("The City of Sahibzada Ajit Singh"). Sahibzada Ajit Singh was the eldest son of Guru Gobind Singh.

Demographics
According to the 2011 census, SAS Nagar district had a population of 986,147. SAS Nagar has a sex ratio of 878 females for every 1,000 males, This district has a literacy rate of 84.9%.

References 

Districts of Punjab, India
Muthuvan language is a Dravidian tribal language. This language is related to or came from Tamil. 16,800 people speak this language.

References 

Dravidian languages
A diesel locomotive is a locomotive powered by a diesel engine. The diesel engine drives the locomotive's wheels through a transmission system. Diesel locomotives are very popular worldwide, due to their ease of use and reliability. They can be more powerful than steam locomotives and do not need an expensive power grid like electric locomotives.

Transmission systems 
Mechanical transmission
Through a gearbox, shaft or chain (diesel-mechanical)

Electric transmission
By generating electricity which is in turn used to power the wheels (diesel-electric). This is the kind most used.

Hydraulic transmission
By using a hydraulic transmission system (diesel-hydraulic)

Locomotives
Halina Aszkiełowicz-Wojno (4 February 1947 – 22 June 2018) was a former Polish volleyball player. She was a member of Poland women's national volleyball team in 1965–1973, a bronze medalist of the Olympic Games Mexico 1968, medalist of the European Championship (silver in 1967, bronze in 1971).

Aszkiełowicz-Wojno died on 22 June 2018 at the age of 71.

References 

1947 births
2018 deaths
Polish volleyball players
Polish Olympic bronze medalists
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
FOXP2 is a gene which codes for a protein needed for speech and language.

It codes for "Forkhead box protein P2", which is needed for the proper development of speech and language in humans. Versions of this gene occur in many vertebrates, where it generally plays a role in communication (for instance, the development of bird song).

FOXP2 is the first gene found which affects speech and language.  The gene is more active in females than in males. In humans, mutations of FOXP2 cause a severe speech and language disorder. 

FOXP2 is popularly dubbed the "language gene", but this is only partly correct since there are other genes involved in language development. It directly regulates a number of other genes, including CNTNAP2, CTBP1, and SRPX2.

Two amino acid substitutions distinguish the human FOXP2 protein from that found in chimpanzees.  Evidence suggests that these changes affect the functions of FOXP2.

References 

Genetics
Langdon is a city in Cavalier County in the state of North Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of Cavalier County. The population was 1,878 at the 2010 census. Langdon was  made the county seat in 1884. It was incorporated in 1885.

References 

1884 establishments in Dakota Territory
Cities in North Dakota
County seats in North Dakota
Multiple unit may refer to:
 Diesel multiple unit
 Electric multiple unit
Hannah is a city in Cavalier County in the state of North Dakota, United States. The population was 15 at the 2010 census. It was founded in 1897.

References 

1897 establishments in the United States
Cities in North Dakota
1890s establishments in North Dakota
Maria "Magalì" Vettorazzo (16 March 1942 – 18 June 2018) was an Italian female pentathlete. She competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics and finished in 21st place. Vettorazzo was born in Preganziol, Italy.

Vettorazzo died on 18 June 2018 at the age of 76.

References

Other websites

1942 births
2018 deaths
Italian Olympians
Katriina Elovirta (15 February 1961 – 19 June 2018) was a Finnish female association footballer. She was a well known international match referee. She served as a referee with FIFA between 1995 to 2003. She also worked as a development manager for the Finnish Football Association until her death.

Elovirta died at age 57 after a long illness on 19 June 2018.

References

1961 births
2018 deaths
Finnish footballers
Commodore Sir Laurence Whistler Street, AC, KCMG, KStJ, QC (3 July 1926 – 21 June 2018) was an Australian jurist. He was born in Sydney. He served as the fourteenth and second youngest Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales from 1974 to 1988 and Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales from 1974 to 1989. 

Street died on the night of 21 June 2018 in Sydney at the age of 91.

References

Other websites
 [https://web.archive.org/web/20061019203411/http://www.laurencestreet.com.au/bio.htm Biography from official website

1926 births
2018 deaths
Australian judges
Politicians from Sydney
Nahum (Naum) Moiseyevich Korzhavin (; real surname Mandel, ; 14 October 1925 – 22 June 2018) was a Russian-American poet. He was born in Kiev of Jewish descent, He worked and lived in Boston, Massachusetts during most of his career. In 2005 Korzhavin participated in They Chose Freedom, a four-part television documentary on the history of the Soviet dissident movement. He wrote many memoirs and novels about dissidents.

Korzhavin died in Chapel Hill, North Carolina on 22 June 2018 at the age of 92.

References

Other websites
 Poet Naum Korzhavin, a Big Book Author

1925 births
2018 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Russian poets
American poets
Writers from Boston
Writers from Kyiv
Olga Teresa Krzyżanowska (10 September 1929 – 22 June 2018) was a Polish politician. She was born in Warsaw. Krzyżanowska served as a Senator of Poland and a Member of the Sejm from 1989 to 2005. 

Krzyżanowska died on 22 June 2018 in Gdansk from respiratory failure at the age of 88.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Poland
Politicians from Warsaw
Richard Joseph Leitsch (May 11, 1935 – June 22, 2018), also known as Richard Valentine Leitsch and more commonly Dick Leitsch, was an American LGBT rights activist. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He was president of gay rights group the Mattachine Society in the 1960s. He led many walkouts and sit-ins during protests to support the LGBT community. During the Stonewall riots, Leitsch was the first gay journalist to report on the riot.

Lietsch died from liver cancer in Manhattan on June 22, 2018, aged 83.

References

Other websites
"The Advocate Archives: Dick Leitsch Account of Stonewall
"Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation: Before Stonwall: The Sip-In at Julius'"
"NPR, Remembering a 1966 'Sip-In' for Gay Rights"
"New York Times Before the Stonewall Riots, 50th Anniversary of the Sip-In"
1935 births
2018 deaths
Gay men
Deaths from liver cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
American journalists
LGBT people from New York City
Journalists from New York City
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
American LGBT rights activists
Geoffrey Oryema (16 April 1953 – 22 June 2018) was a Ugandan-born French musician. Oryema was born in Soroti, Uganda. He was smuggled out of the country and moved to France where his career would be based from. He sang in the languages of his youth, Swahili and Acholi, the languages of the lost country, the 'clear green land' of Uganda, and he also sang in English and French.

Oryema died on 22 June 2018 in France of cardiac arrest at the age of 65.

References

Other websites 
 Official Website
 Long Tale Recordings
 Yahoo! Music Biography

1953 births
2018 deaths
Ugandan people
French guitarists
Vincent Paul Abbott (March 11, 1964 – June 22, 2018), also known as Vinnie Paul, was an American heavy metal drummer, guitarist, songwriter and producer. He was born in Abilene, Texas. He was best known for being the former drummer, and co-founder, of the heavy metal band Pantera. He was a member of Hellyeah. He also co-founded the heavy metal band Damageplan in 2003 with his younger brother, Dimebag Darrell.

Paul died on June 22, 2018 in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 54. It was later revealed that Abbott had died from a "dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease."

References

Other websites
Official Pantera website

1964 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from cardiomyopathy
Deaths from coronary artery disease
American heavy metal musicians
American drummers
American guitarists
American songwriters
American record producers
Musicians from Texas
Writers from Texas
People from Abilene, Texas
Francisco Waldir Pires de Souza (21 October 1926 – 22 June 2018) was a Brazilian politician. He served as Minister of Defence under President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, before being fired in 2007. From 1987 to 1989, he served as Governor of Bahia. He was born in Acajutiba, Brazil.

Pires died on 22 June 2018 in Rio de Janeiro of multiple organ failure at the age of 91.

References

1926 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Brazilian politicians
Koro Tainui Wētere  (22 June 1935 – 23 June 2018) was a New Zealand politician. He was an MP from 1969 to 1996, representing the Labour Party. He served as Minister of Māori Affairs from 1984 to 1990. He was a member of the Ngāti Maniapoto tribe.

Wētere died in Te Kuiti on 23 June 2018, one day after turning 83.

References

1935 births
2018 deaths
New Zealand politicians
Lallu Prasad Yadav is an Indian politician from Bihar. He is the former Chief Minister of Bihar. He became the Chief Minister of Bihar in 1990, but was made to resign in 1997 several times. He was a member of parliament of the 15th Lok Sabha. He is also president and founder of the Rashtriya Janata Dal.

References

1948 births
Living people
Bihari politicians
A bogie (called a truck in North American English) is a chassis, with wheels, attached to a rail vehicle, such as a boxcar. A bogie usually has four or six wheels. Each rail vehicle has a pair of bogies. The bogies can turn slightly to allow the rail vehicle to pass easily around curves in the railway track.

Rail technologies
Nalchik (; Kabardian:  //;  //) is the capital city of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia. It is in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains. In 2010, 240,203 people lived there.

Spa towns

Capitals of republics of Russia
Elista ( or ; , Elst) is the capital city of Kalmykia, Russia. In 2010, 103,749 people lived there.

1865 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Russia

Capitals of republics of Russia
Kalmykia
Innamaadhoo (Dhivehi: އިއްނަމާދޫ) 
This island is an inhabited island in Raa atoll. Like other islands, this island is made out of sand from corals.

People 
The inhabitants are Maldivians and they speak their language, Dhivehi.
Economy 
The economy of Innamaadhoo is built on carpentry. So, when you look at the whole country, the most carpenting experts are mostly from Innamaadhoo. From very small fishing boats to giant safari boats are built in this island. Even if wheat was grown few decades back, farming is not a very wide field. If we look at fishing, the islanders used to fish a lot in the 90's. So, putting salt on fish was a very wide field. But now, as the field perished, fishermen and fish-sellers are very less. The reason is believed to be because carpentry gives a lot of money (carpentry is a very good money-maker). In the field of tourism, inhabitants aren't directly contributing. It may be because there is no resort nearby. But diving boats, row boats, and ferries, etc. (needed for resorts) are built a lot here. 

Geography of the Maldives
Islands of Asia
Soglio is a village and a former municipality in the district of Maloja in the Swiss canton of the Graubünden close to the border with Italy. It is part of the municipality of Bregaglia.

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Stampa is a former municipality of the district of Maloja in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.

On 1 January 2010 the municipalities of Bondo, Castasegna, Soglio, Stampa, and Vicosoprano merged into a new municipality of Bregaglia.

Lägh da Cavloc is in the Val Forno.

References 

Former municipalities of Graubünden
Silvaplana () is a municipality of the district of Maloja in the Swiss canton of Graubünden and the name of a lake in the municipality.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Maloja
Soglio can mean:

Places

Italy
Soglio, Piedmont, a comune in the Province of Asti

Switzerland
Soglio, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Graubünden
Schongau can mean:
 Schongau, Bavaria, a town in Germany
 Schongau, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Lucerne
Ringsted is a city in Denmark with a population of around 20,000.

Ringsted is about 60 km from the capital Copenhagen.

References 

Cities in Denmark
Fontvieille is the southernmost ward in the Principality of Monaco. It was developed by an Italian architect, Manfredi Nicoletti, between the 1970s and the 1990s.

Fontvieille is twinned with Santa Maria a Monte, Italy, since 1991.

Neighborhoods
Monaco
A universal basic income (UBI) or simply basic income is a social program in which all citizens of a population regularly receive a sum of money from the government. A pure or unconditional basic income has no means test, much like Social Security in the United States. Basic income can be implemented nationally, regionally or locally. The idea gained attention in recent years because people fear that technology will make many jobs obsolete in the future.

The idea has never been put in place by any country yet, but there have been some experimental trials.

In a 2016 survey, 64% of Europeans voted for an UBI.

Concept 
An UBI is an income for everyone. There would be neither a social administrative means test nor a requirement of willingness to work. On the other hand, tax- and contribution-financed social benefits like unemployment benefit, social assistance or child benefit would no longer apply.

The incomes would be:
Unconditional: The sum of an UBI could vary with age, but with no other conditions. Everyone of the same age would receive the same income. Regardless of their gender, employment status, family structure, contribution to society, housing costs, or anything else.
 Automatic: The basic income of a person would be automatically paid weekly or monthly into a bank account or similar.
 Non-withdrawable: Basic incomes would not be means-tested. Their basic income will not change. Also when earnings increase or decrease.
 Individual: Basic incomes would be paid on an individual basis. Not on the basis of a couple or household.
 A right: Every legal resident would receive a basic income, subject to a minimum period of legal residency and continuing residency and continuing residency for most of the year.

History 
The Roman emperor Trajan gave 650 denarii to all common Roman citizens who applied.

In the 1516 book Utopia, Sir Thomas More describes a society in which every person receives a guaranteed income.
In 1984, the Basic Income Research Group began researching on basic income.

In the 21st century, the idea gained attention because many people fear that artificial intelligence (AI) and automation will make many jobs obsolete in the near future.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a petition in Europe called for an "emergency basic income". It got more than 200,000 signatures. The public opinion was largely positive.

Reasons and arguments

Automation 
One of the most popular reasons for an UBI is that artificial intelligence (AI) and automation will make many jobs obsolete in the near future. However, people still have to get enough money to live, even when there is no work for them anymore. An UBI could be a good solution for this problem.
Better working conditions 
Advocates of UBI say that with basic income, unattractive jobs would have to be better paid and their working conditions improved. This is because there is still a need for people who do this kind of work. And if they already get enough money from UBI, there has to be an incentive for doing these jobs.

Better society 
Some hope that an UBI will lead to a happier and fairer society with fewer debates about envy.

Some people also think that an UBI could make society more creative because people would no longer have the pressure to work. For example, people would have more time to educate themselves or find things they are interested in.

Some believe that an UBI will increase the willingness to take risks because everyone would be financially secure to some degree. This would promote a culture of ingenuity and increase the spirit of invention.
Notable advocates 
There are many prominent advocates of universal basic income. The English-language Wikipedia has a whole article about UBI advocates. This section here only lists the most notable advocates.
Elon Musk, American entrepreneur
Jeff Bezos, founder of Amazon
Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Meta
Chris Hughes, co-founder of Meta
Jack Dorsey, founder of Twitter
Pierre Omidyar, founder of eBay
Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
S. Robson Walton, former Chairman of Walmart
Ray Kurzweil, American inventor and futurist
Stephen Hawking, British theoretical physicist

Pilot programs and experiments 

Since the 1960s, there have been a number of basic income pilot programs and experiments. Some examples include:

1960s−1970s 

 Experiments with negative income tax in United States and Canada in the 1960s and 1970s.
 The province of Manitoba, Canada experimented with Mincome, a basic guaranteed income, in the 1970s. In Dauphin, Manitoba, labor decreased by 13%. This was less than expected.
2000−2009 

 The basic income grant in Namibia launched in 2008 and ended in 2009.
 An independent pilot implemented in São Paulo, Brazil launched in 2009.

2010−2019
Basic income trials run in 2011-2012 in several villages in India. It was found that basic income in the region raised the education rate of young people by 25%.
 Iran introduced a national basic income program in autumn 2010. It is paid to all citizens and replaces the gasoline subsidies, electricity and some food products, that the country applied for years to reduce inequalities and poverty. The sum corresponded in 2012 to approximately US$40 per person per month, US$480 per year for a single person and US$2,300 for a family of five people.
 In Spain, the ingreso mínimo vital, the income guarantee system, is an economic benefit guaranteed by the social security in Spain, but in 2016 was considered in need of reform.
 The GiveDirectly experiment in a disadvantaged village of Nairobi, Kenya, the longest-running basic income pilot as of November 2017. It is set to run for 12 years.
 A project called Eight in a village in Fort Portal, Uganda that provides income for 56 adults and 88 children.
A two-year pilot the Finnish government began in January 2017 which involved 2,000 subjects In April 2018, the Finnish government rejected a request for funds to extend and expand the program from Kela (Finland's social security agency).
 An experiment in the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands, launched in early 2017, that is testing different rates of aid.
 A three-year basic income pilot that the Ontario provincial government, Canada, launched in the cities of Hamilton, Thunder Bay and Lindsay in July 2017. However, it was only made available to people with a low income and funding would be removed if they obtained employment. This made it more related to the current welfare system than true basic income. The pilot project was canceled on 31 July 2018 by the Progressive Conservative government under Ontario Premier Doug Ford.
In Israel in 2018, a non-profit initiative GoodDollar started a project. The goal was to build a global economic framework for providing universal basic income. The initiative aims to launch a peer-to-peer money transfer network. There, money can be distributed to those most in need and regardless of their location, based on the principles of UBI. The project raised US$1 million from eToro.
 The Rythu Bandhu scheme is a welfare scheme started in the state of Telangana, India, in May 2018. It was aimed at helping farmers. Each farm owner receives 4,000 INR per acre two times a year for rabi and kharif harvests. To finance the program, a budget allocation of 120 billion INR (US$1.6 million as of June 2020) was made in the 2018–2019 state budget.
Social income started paying out basic incomes to people in need in Sierra Leone. The international initiative is financed by contributions from people world-wide. They donate 1% of their monthly paychecks.
 In May 2020 Spain introduced minimum basic income. This reached about  2% of the population. It is expected to cost state coffers three billion euros ($3.5 billion) a year."
 In August 2020, a project in Germany started that gives a 1,200 Euros monthly basic income in a lottery system to citizens who apply. The project will last three years and be compared against 1,380 people who do not receive basic income.
 In October 2020, HudsonUP was launched in Hudson, New York, by The Spark of Hudson and Humanity Forward Foundation. The aim is to give $500 monthly basic income to 25 residents. It will last five years and be compared against 50 people who are not receiving basic income.
Other websites 

 Stanford University Basic Income Lab (BIL)

Further reading
Bryce Covert, "What Money Can Buy:  The promise of a universal basic income – and its limitations", The Nation, vol. 307, no. 6 (10 / 17 September 2018), pp. 33–35.
 Benjamin M. Friedman, "Born to Be Free" (review of Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght, Basic Income:  A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy, Harvard University Press, 2017), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIV, no. 15 (12 October 2017), pp. 39–41.
 John Lanchester, "Good New Idea:  John Lanchester makes the case for Universal Basic Income" (discusses 8 books, published between 2014 and 2019, comprehensively advocating Universal Basic Income), London Review of Books, vol. 41, no. 14 (18 July 2019), pp. 5–8. 
 
 Ewan McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018) SSRN, part 4(2).
 Ailsa McKay, The Future of Social Security Policy: Women, Work and a Citizens Basic Income, Routledge, 2005, .
Paul O'Brien, Universal Basic Income: Pennies from Heaven, The History Press, 2017, .
 Karl Widerquist, Jose Noguera, Yannick Vanderborght, and Jurgen De Wispelaere (editors). Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
 Karl Widerquist, ed., Exploring the Basic Income Guarantee, (book series), Palgrave Macmillan.
 Karl Widerquist, Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income: A Theory of Freedom as the Power to Say No, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, March 2013. Early drafts of each chapter are available online for free at this link.
References 

Economics
Social security
Vladikavkaz (, lit. ruler of the Caucasus,) formerly known as Ordzhonikidze () and Dzaudzhikau (), is the capital city of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia. It is in the southeast of the republic at the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, on the Terek River. As of 2010, 311,693 people lived there.

It is one of the most populous cities in the North Caucasus.

The city is an industrial and transportation center. Manufactured products include processed zinc and lead, machinery, chemicals, clothing and food products.

References 

1784 establishments
Capitals of republics of Russia
Corcelles is the name or part of the name of several places:

Switzerland
 Corcelles, Bern, in the canton of Bern
 Corcelles-Cormondrèche, in the canton of Neuchâtel 
 Corcelles-le-Jorat, in the canton of Vaud
 Corcelles-près-Concise, in the canton of Vaud
 Corcelles-près-Payerne, in the canton of Vaud
 Corcelles-sur-Chavornay, in the canton of Vaud

France
 Corcelles, Ain, in the Ain department
 Corcelles-en-Beaujolais, in the Rhône department 
 Corcelles-Ferrières, in the Doubs department 
 Corcelles-les-Arts, in the Côte-d'Or department 
 Corcelles-lès-Cîteaux, in the Côte-d'Or department 
 Corcelles-les-Monts, in the Côte-d'Or department
Cryptocurrency is a type of currency which uses digital files as money. Often, people create these files using the same ways as cryptography (the science of hiding information). Cryptocurrency users can use Digital signatures to keep the transactions safe, and to let other people check that the transactions are real. The creators of the first cryptocurrencies made them to be free of government-given currencies.

No single person controls cryptocurrencies. Instead they are decentralized and controlled by many people. This is different from 'centralized' electronic money and central banks, which a small group of people control. The control of each cryptocurrency works through a distributed ledger (a list of transactions shared by everyone), usually a blockchain. This lets everyone know all of the financial transactions that happen.
Bitcoin, first released as open-source software in 2009, is famous because it was the first decentralized cryptocurrency. Since then, people have created more than 4,000 cryptocurrencies (sometimes called altcoins, or alternative coins).

The value problem 
In many cases, it is not possible to exchange cryptocurrencies for real currencies such as the US dollar. It is only possible to convert them to other cryptocurrencies. People can also use them to buy things. But you can convert some cryptocurrencies to real currencies. Those cryptocurrencies usually have high volatility, (their price changes very often).  Using them is very risky. They are also a target for Pump-and-Dump-Attacks. They act like a big distributed economic system: because they are not issued or controlled by central banks, their value is difficult to influence.  For this reason, they cannot really take the place of a stable currency.
People often use cryptocurrencies to do speculation.  That makes building a system of more or less stable exchange rates very difficult. Another problem is the inequality of distribution: a small number of people have most of the cryptocurrency. For example: about 1.000 people hold half of the total amount of bitcoins in the world.  So if any of these people start using the Bitcoin that they own, they will change the exchange rate. It also means that these people have a great influence on the value of the currency. They can change its value easily. The currency itself only tells you who owns it. Exchange rates of cryptocurrencies are established outside the system. Traders and brokers set the exchange rate. This is not a guarantee that they trade cryptocurrency at the value that they suggest.  The unit of cryptocurrency doesn't have value by itself.
In contrast to cryptocurrencies, central banks control "real" currencies such as the US dollar, Japanese yen, euro, or Chinese renminbi. Certain economic phenomena such as inflation or deflation may change the value (and exchange rate) of a currency. The people who own units of the currency have no direct influence on its value.

Formal definition 
According to Jan Lansky, a cryptocurrency is a system that meets six conditions:
The system does not require a central authority, distributed achieve consensus on its state .
 The system keeps an overview of cryptocurrency units and their ownership.
 The system defines if new cryptocurrency units can be created. If new cryptocurrency units can be created, the system defines the how to create new units, and how to determine the ownership of these new units.
 Ownership of cryptocurrency units can be proved exclusively cryptographically.
The owner of a unit of cryptocurrency can transfer this unit. For this transfer to be successful, the current owner must prove the ownership. 
 If two different instructions for changing the ownership of the same cryptographic units are entered at the same time, the system performs at most one of them.

In March 2018, the word "cryptocurrency" was added to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Crypto mixing 
Basically, cryptocurrency mixing is a service where tainted bitcoins can become unmarked bitcoins. Bitcoin mixing, also called Bitcoin tumbling or Bitcoin blending, is the process of using a service to make your Bitcoin purchases and transactions untraceable. Instantly mixing Bitcoin is the only way to hide your bitcoin exchanges and make them impossible to track. This protects against criminals, hackers, and activities prohibited by the law where people use bitcoin. It also protects you against law enforcement. The huge amount of bitcoins on mixing services come from mining pools around the world.
Crypto mining 
Crypto mining is the process of using specialized hardware and software to verify transactions on a blockchain network. The process involves solving complex mathematical equations to validate transactions and add them to the blockchain. Miners are rewarded for their efforts with cryptocurrency, usually in the form of the coin that they are mining. There are three main types of crypto mining: Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA)

Proof of Work is the most widely used consensus mechanism in the crypto space. It is used by Bitcoin and many other cryptocurrencies. In PoW, miners have to solve complex mathematical equations to validate transactions and add them to the blockchain. The miner who solves the equation first is rewarded with cryptocurrency.
Proof of Stake is a newer consensus mechanism that is becoming increasingly popular. In PoS, instead of solving complex equations, miners are chosen to validate transactions based on the amount of cryptocurrencythey hold. This is known as ‘staking’. The more cryptocurrency a miner holds, the more likely they are to be chosen to validate transactions.

Proof of Authority (PoA) is a consensus algorithm for private or consortium chains. It uses a set of trusted nodes, or validators, to secure the network. These nodes are pre-selected by the network administrator and are responsible for validating transactions and adding them to the blockchain.

References
Villeret can mean:

 Villeret, Aisne, France
 Villeret, Aube, France
 Villeret, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Bern
 Jacques Villeret, French actor
The Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway (DNSR) was a cross-country railway running north–south between Didcot, Newbury and Winchester in England.  

The line opened in stages between 1882 and 1885. Owing to lack of money, it never reached Southampton, so trains from Winchester to Southampton went by another route.

The line closed between 1960 and 1962 and some sections have become cycle routes. There are plans to build a cafe, the "Handlebar Cafe", on the cycle route near Winchester.

References

Closed railway lines in South East England