Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Swedish, Norwegian, Danish 
The Scandinavian languages treat the characters with diacritics ä, ö and å as new and separate letters of the alphabet, and sort them after z. Usually ä is sorted as equal to æ (ash) and ö is sorted as equal to ø (o-slash). Also, aa, when used as an alternative spelling to å, is sorted as such. Other letters modified by diacritics are treated as variants of the underlying letter, with the exception that ü is frequently sorted as y.

Non-Roman scripts 

Scripts for semitic languages such as Arabic and Hebrew have a wide variety of diacritics. This is partly because the scripts for semitic languages were originally formed without separate letters for vowels, and partly because some of the languages (Arabic in particular) are spoken in a number of dialects. 

The diacritics in Hebrew and Arabic are not always used, however.

References
Everything as a service(EaaS, XaaS,  *aaS) is a concept of being able to call up re-usable, fine-grained software components across a network. It is a subset of cloud computing. The most common and successful example is software as a service (SaaS), but the term as a service has been associated and used with many core components of cloud computing including communication, infrastructure, data and platforms.

A number of vendors including Google, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard and Amido have been associated with the "everything as a service" trend.
Key characteristics
Offerings tagged with the as a service suffix have a number of common attributes, including:
 Low barriers to entry is a common method of offerings, with services typically being available to or targeting consumers and small businesses.
 Little or no capital expenditure as infrastructure is owned by the provider.
 Massive scalability is also common, though this is not an absolute requirement and many of the offerings have yet to achieve large scale.
 Multitenancy enables resources (and costs) to be shared among many users.
 Device independence enables users to access systems regardless of what device they are using (e.g. PC, mobile,...etc.).
 Location independence allows users remote access to systems.

Sub-categories 
This kind of services can be divided into more specific types:

 Software as a Service (SaaS)
 Platform as a Service (PaaS)
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Related pages
 Cloud computing

References

Computer science
Internet
Computer networking
Lorraine Kelly CBE (born 30 November 1959, Gorbals, Glasgow) is a British television presenter and journalist. She is known for presenting the television programme on GMTV, Lorraine.

Kelly helped start GMTV in January 1993.  She presented a range of programmes, including the main breakfast show with Eamonn Holmes. Kelly writes weekly columns for The Sun and The Sunday Post.

Kelly was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to charity and the armed forces.

Personal life
Kelly lives in Dundee. She is a Dundee United fan and attends most games.

Kelly was unable to present her show Lorraine due to a horse accident on 21 February 2012. Guest presenters then presented her show instead. After recovering she returned on 16 April 2012.

She is married to Steve Smith and has a daughter, Rosie.

Filmography
Filmography

Bibliography
 Lorraine Kelly's Nutrition Made Easy (Virgin Books, due January 2009)
 Lorraine Kelly's Junk-Free Children's Eating Plan (Virgin Books, 2007)
 Lorraine Kelly's Baby and Toddler Eating Plan (Virgin Books, 2002/2004/2006)

References

Other websites 

1959 births
Living people
Scottish journalists
Entertainers from Glasgow
Scottish television presenters
Television personalities from Glasgow
George Andrew Romero (February 4, 1940 – July 16, 2017) was an American-Canadian director, writer, editor and actor. He is known for his horror movies with zombie themes.

Life and work 
Romero was born in the Bronx, New York City to a Cuban-American father of Spanish ancestry and a Lithuanian-American mother. 

Romero went to Pittsburgh's Carnegie Mellon University. After graduating in 1960, he started directing short movies and commercials before moving onto horror movies. He and friends started a directing group called Image Ten Productions in the 1960s, and they made Night of the Living Dead (1968). The movie was directed by Romero and written with John A. Russo. It became a cult classic.

Later, Romero made There's Always Vanilla (1971), Jack's Wife / Season of the Witch (1972) and The Crazies (1973), Martin (1977), and Creepshow (1982). His most well-known movies are Night of the Living Dead and Creepshow.
In 1978, Romero made another zombie movie called Dawn of the Dead (1978). The movie made over $55 million and was named one of the top cult movies by Entertainment Weekly in 2003. Romero made a third zombie movie called Day of the Dead (1985), which was less popular.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Romero made other movies such as Monkey Shines (1988) (about a killer helper monkey), Two Evil Eyes (1990), The Dark Half (1993) and Bruiser (2000) (about a man whose face becomes a blank mask).

In 1998, Romero made a commercial for Resident Evil 2.

Universal Studios made a remake of Dawn of the Dead in 2004, without Romero.

Romero divorced his wife, Christine Forrest. They have two children together. Romero then married Suzanne Desrocher in 2011. He became a dual American -Canadian citizen in 2009.

Death 
Romero died of lung cancer on July 16, 2017 in Toronto, Ontario at the age of 77.
Favourite movies 
Romero chose his favourite top ten movies of all time as: The Brothers Karamazov, Casablanca, Dr. Strangelove, High Noon, King Solomon's Mines (1950), North by Northwest, The Quiet Man, Repulsion, Touch of Evil and The Tales of Hoffman. The Tales of Hoffman is Romero's "favourite film of all time; the movie that made me want to make movies."

Movies made 
 Night of the Living Dead (1968)
 There's Always Vanilla (1971)
 The Crazies (1973)
 Jack's Wife / Season of the Witch (1973)
 The Winners (1973, television series)
 O. J. Simpson: Juice on the Loose (1974)
 Martin (1977)
 Dawn of the Dead (1978)
 Knightriders (1981)
 Creepshow (1982)
 Tales from the Darkside (1984, television series)
 Day of the Dead (1985)
 Monkey Shines (1988)
 Two Evil Eyes (1990)
 The Dark Half (1993)
 Bruiser (2000)
 Land of the Dead (2005)
 Diary of the Dead (2008)
 Island of the Dead (2009)
 The Crazies (2010)
Books written 
 Dawn of the Dead (with Susan Sparrow; movie tie-in), 1979
 Bizarro! by Tom Savini (foreword), 1984
 Martin (with Susan Sparrow; movie tie-in), 1984
 Book of the Dead edited by John Skipp and Craig Spector (foreword), 1989
 Toe Tags #1-6 ("The Death of Death"; DC Comics), 2004–2005

Critical studies
 Gagne, Paul R. The Zombies That Ate Pittsburgh: the Films of George A. Romero (New York: Dodd, Mead 1987)
 Newman, Kim. Nightmare Movies: A Critical History of the Horror Film 1968-1988 (1988)
 Williams, Tony. Knight of the Living Dead: The Cinema of George A. Romero (London: Wallflower Press 2003)

References

Other websites 

Simon Pegg interviews George A. Romero 
Homepage of the Dead - Romero Fan Site (information, forums, art gallery and fiction)
1940 births
2017 deaths
Actors from the Bronx
American cinematographers
American movie actors
American movie editors
American television directors
American television producers
Canadian movie actors
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Canadian screenwriters
Canadian television directors
Canadian television producers
Cancer deaths in Ontario
Deaths from lung cancer
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Screenwriters from New York City
Writers from the Bronx
Frederick "Fred" Jones, also known as Freddie, is a fictional character from Scooby-Doo. He is the official leader of Mystery Incorporated.

Portrayals
He has been voiced by Frank Welker ever since the character's first appearance in 1969. Freddie Prinze Jr. roles the portrayal of Fred in the two Raja Gosnell movies.
Zac Efron roles the voice of Fred in CGI animated film Scoob!.

Fictional characters introduced in 1969
Scooby-Doo characters
Animated human characters
Standard Chinese, or Standard Mandarin, is the official modern Chinese spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan and is one of the four official languages of Singapore. It is based off the Mandarin dialect and should not be confused with other varieties of Chinese.

Common phrases 

 Related pages 
Mandarin Chinese

References

 Norman, J., Chinese, Cambridge University Press, (Cambridge), 1988.
 Ramsey, R.S.(1987). The Languages of China. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 
 San Duanmu (2000) The Phonology of Standard Chinese''

Other websites 

General Introduction of Chinese Language
Stroke order for Chinese character Official website of the Ministry of Education
Introductory Course for Mandarin Chinese 
 New Asia--Yale-in-China Chinese Language Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong

Chinese language
Working language 
English was introduced to Singapore by the British in 1819. The British established a port, later a colony, on the island. English had been the administrative language of the colonial government, and when Singapore gained self-government in 1959 and independence in 1965, the local government decided to keep English as the working language. It is not against the law to speak mother tongue during working hours. It is against the law to forbid people speaking their mother tongue anywhere at work as long as it does not harm the business and/or compromise safety at work.
The use of English as a common language serves to bridge the gap between the diverse ethnic groups in Singapore.

Bilingualism 

In schools, students are also required to take a Mother Tongue class, where they are either taught Mandarin Chinese, Malay or Tamil.
As a result, most Singaporeans have at least conversational ability and basic literacy in a minimum of two languages: English, and the language that is used at home. Many more are conversant in three or more languages.

Other languages 
About 60% of Singapore's Indian population speaks Tamil as their native language. Other Indian languages include Malayalam and Hindi.

There are around 5,000 Peranakans living on the island, and they still use the Hokkien-influenced Malay dialect called Baba Malay.

A handful of Portuguese Eurasians still speak a Portuguese-creole known as Papia Kristang. The most fluent speakers however, come from the pre-war generation.

Related pages
English Language
Malay Language
Mandarin Chinese
Singlish
Tamil Language

References
Stratovarius is a Finnish power metal band that formed in 1983.  Their material contains elements of symphonic metal, progressive metal and NWOBHM.

Albums

Studio albums 
 Fright Night (1989)
 Twilight Time (1992)
 Dreamspace (1994)
 Fourth Dimension (1995)
 Episode (1996)
 Visions (1997)
 Destiny (1998)
 Infinite (2000)
 Elements, Pt. 1 (2002)
 Elements, Pt. 2 (2003)
 Stratovarius (2005)
 King of Nothing (2009)
 Polaris (2009)
 Elysium (2011)
 Nemesis (2013)
 Eternal (2015)

Live albums

DVD

Compilation albums

Songs
Songs

Music videos 
 Future Shock (1989)
 Against The Wind (1995)
 Black Diamond (1997)
 The Kiss Of Judas (1997)
 S.O.S (1998)
 A Million Lightyears Away (2000)
 Hunting High And Low (2001)
 Eagleheart (2003)
 I Walk To My Own Song (2003)
 Maniac Dance (2005)
 Deep Unknown (2009)
 Under Flaming Skies (2011)
 Halcyon Days (2013)
 Unbreakable (2013)
 If the Story Is Over" (2014)
 My Eternal Dream (2015)
 Shine in the Dark (2015)
 Until the End of Days (2016)
 My Eternal Dream (live) (2017)
 Unbreakable (orchestral version)'' (2018)

Other websites 

 Official Stratovarius website
 The Stratovarius Network

1984 establishments in Europe
Finnish heavy metal bands
Power metal bands
Musical groups from Helsinki
1980s establishments in Finland
The Sino-Tibetan or Trans-Himalayan languages, form a language family. This includes Chinese and the Tibeto-Burman languages and some 250 languages of East Asia. Kra-Dai languages and Hmong–Mien languages are also sometimes included.

The largest language within this family are the Chinese languages by far with over 1.3 billion native speakers. It is also the one with the oldest writing (hanzi) going back to the Jiahu symbols in 6600 BC.

All these languages descend from a single proto-language. People are still working on what this sounded like.

Origins 
Some researchers think the Sino-Tibetan languages very likely came from the Huanghe in North-Central China (Zhongyuan). Others think they came from much further west, in southwest China or even Northeast India.
Zhang et al. (2019) did a study of 109 Sino-Tibetan languages to suggest a Sino-Tibetan homeland in northern China near the Huanghe basin. He found there was a split between Sinitic languages and the Tibeto-Burman languages approximately 4,200-7,800 years ago (with an average of 5,900 years ago). This is connected with the expansion of the Yangshao culture and Majiayao culture. Others agree by using different data; they say it came from around 7,200 years ago, around the Cishan and early Yangshao culture.

Example languages 

 Qiang language is spoken in Gansu. It is agglutinative like other Altaic languages.
 Meitei language (Manipuri language) is the most widely spoken Sino Tibetan language in India. Various other Sino-Tibetan languages are also spoken in Northeast India. 
 Tibetan is spoken by around 6 million people. 
 Burmese is the language of Myanmar and is spoken by around 33 million.
Evolution of language 
Proto-Chinese and Proto-Tibeto-Burman had many different prefixes and suffixes. Proto-Chinese changed to Old Chinese around the Shang Dynasty. This is shown in the Book of songs. Nouns, verbs, and modifiers were all dependent on affixes (beginning of words) such as *s-, *p-, *-k. After the Warring State Period in China, Old Chinese started using tones. The suffix (end of words) *-s was also used.

The typical word order in Sino-Tibetan languages is object-verb. Modern Chinese, Bai, Karenic, and Mruic are exceptions.

SOV is likely the original word order. Over time Chinese became subject–verb–object. However, Chinese differs from almost all other VO languages in the world in placing relative clauses before the nouns they modify.

Relation to other language families 
Sino-Tibetan may be related to the Altaic languages. Mang Mulin, a Mongolian linguistics professor at the Inner Mongolia Normal University, began studying the origin of Mongolian words in the late 1970s.
There are links between Sino-Tibetan, Austroasiatic (from South China), and Austronesian (from Taiwan) languages.

There may even be connections between Chinese and the native languages of the Americas (Na-Dene) and Western Eurasia (Yeniseian).

Related pages 
Chinese language

References
Jens Johansson (born November 2, 1963 in Stockholm) is a Swedish power metal keyboardist and pianist. He is noted as one of the first and most influential "shred" keyboardists, for his high-speed neoclassical and fusion style.

Studio albums

Related links 
 Jens Johansson's Homepage
 Heptagon Records
 Stratovarius Homepage

References 

  Jens interview in 2001.

Some text taken from the 'Heavy Machinery' album booklet and Jens Homepage.

1963 births
Living people
Keyboardists
Swedish musicians
Timo Antero Kotipelto (born March 15 1969) is the vocalist of the Finnish power metal band Stratovarius and is the creator and vocalist of the power metal band Kotipelto.

Discography

With Stratovarius
Fourth Dimension (1995)
Episode (1996)
Visions (1997)
Visions of Europe (Live, 1998)
Destiny (1998)
The Chosen Ones (Compilation, 1999)
Infinite (2000)
Infinite Visions (DVD, 2000)
Intermission (2001)
Elements, Pt. 1 (2003)
Elements, Pt. 2 (2003)
Stratovarius (2005)

Solo
Waiting For The Dawn (2002)
"Beginning" (2002) - single
Coldness (2004)
"Reasons" (2004) - single
"Take Me Away" (2004) - single
Serenity (2007)
"Sleep Well" (2006) - single

Other websites
Official website

1969 births
Living people
Jörg Michael (born 27 March 1963) is a German drummer. 
Most of the bands Michael has played with are in the power metal genre. He is one of the most notable drummers of that style. Michael has played an important part in shaping the drumming characteristics of this genre. The first album he recorded was Prayers of Steel with the band Avenger (the band would later change their name to Rage). By the middle of the 1980s, he no longer worked with just one band, but worked as a studio session drummer. Because of this, he has been a part of many different bands and albums.

1963 births
Living people
German drummers
Lauri Porra (born December 13, 1977) is a Finnish bass guitarist. He is best known for his work in Stratovarius and Sinergy.

1977 births
Living people
Finnish guitarists
Heavy metal guitarists
LK Today was a British lifestyle programme hosted by Lorraine Kelly.

2000s British television series
ITV television programmes
English-language television programs
Velma Dinkley is a fictional character in the cartoon series Scooby-Doo. She was voiced by Mindy Cohn in 2002-2015, 2016-2020.

Fictional characters introduced in 1969
Scooby-Doo characters
Animated human characters
Gino Lucetti (31 August 1900 – 17 September 1943) was an Italian anarchist. He was born in Carrara, Italy. He fought in World War I. Later he went to France, from where he returned to try to kill the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. On September 11 1926, in the Porta Pia square in Rome, he threw a bomb against Mussolini's car, but without effect. Arrested, Lucetti was condemned to spend his life in prison. In 1943, Lucetti escaped from prison with the help of others, but died shortly during a bombing of Ischia.

Related pages
 List of anarchists

References
 
 
 Marina Marini, Gino Lucetti. Lettere dal carcere dell'attentatore di Mussolini (1930-1943), Galzerano Editore, Salerno 2010.

1900 births
1943 deaths
Italian anarchists
People from Carrara
The Pierhead Building is a building in Cardiff, Wales, UK. It was designed by William Frame, built in 1897, and is owned by the National Assembly for Wales. It is one of Cardiff's most famous landmarks.

Buildings and structures in Cardiff
Cardiff
1897 establishments in the United Kingdom
1890s establishments in Wales
The Tibeto-Burman family of languages (often considered a sub-group of the Sino-Tibetan language family) is spoken in various central and south Asian countries, including Myanmar (Burma), Tibet, northern Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, parts of central China (Guizhou, Hunan), northern parts of Nepal, north-eastern parts of Bangladesh, Bhutan, western Pakistan (Baltistan), and various regions of India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, and both the Ladakh and Kargil regions of Jammu and Kashmir).

The subfamily includes approximately 350 languages; Burmese has the most speakers (approximately 32 million). Approximately 8 million Tibetans and related peoples speak one of several related Tibetan dialects or languages.

Bibliography
Bibliography 

 Benedict, Paul K. (1972). Sino-Tibetan: A conspectus. J. A. Matisoff (Ed.). Cambridge: The University Press. .
 Bradley, David. (1997). Tibeto-Burman languages and classification. In D. Bradley (Ed.), Papers in South East Asian linguistics: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas (No. 14, pp. 1–71). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
 Shafer, Robert. (1966). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 1). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
 Shafer, Robert. (1967). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 2). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
 Shafer, Robert. (1968). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 3). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
 Shafer, Robert. (1970). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 4). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
 Shafer, Robert. (1974). Introduction to Sino-Tibetan (Part 5). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Huang-di, (黃帝/黄帝 huángdì) or the Yellow Emperor, is a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero who is thought to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese. One of the legendary Five Emperors, it was written in the Shiji by historian Sima Qian (145 BC-90 BC) that Huangdi reigned from 2497 BC to 2398 BC. His personal name was said to be Gongsun Xuanyuan (公孙轩辕). He became the chief deity of Taoism during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD).

Sources 
 The Terracotta Warriors- <Cotterell, Maurice. The Terracotta Warriors. Rochester, Vermont: Bear and Company, 2004.>

References

Other websites 

 Huang Clan Genealogy from the Yellow Emperor 

Emperors and Empresses of China
Taoism
Religious Confucianism
The hermit crab is a type of crab that does not have a hard shell. They use old shells for protection. They especially like old whelk shells. When the hermit crab grows in size, it finds a larger shell.

Description 
The hermit crab is a crustacean, but it is very different from other crustaceans. While most crustaceans are covered from head to tail with a hard exoskeleton, the hermit crab is missing part of its exoskeleton. The back part where its abdomen is located, is soft and squishy. Thus, the minute a hermit crab molts into an adult, it sets out to find a shell in which to live.
To get into the shell, the hermit crab squeezes in backwards, using its four back legs to enter the shell. The back legs have hooks that anchor the hermit crab into the shell without difficulty. The next four legs are used for walking, while the front two are its chelipeds. The chelipeds are not equal in size: one is big and other is small. The larger one is used for grabbing prey and guarding the entrance to its shell. All together, hermit crabs have a total of ten legs, including the chelipeds and the rear legs used to anchor to the shell.

There are about 500 different species of hermit crabs around the world, and they have different colors, often with patterns like stripes and dots on their bodies. Most hermit crab species live on the ocean floor, but many live on land. Female terrestrial (land based) hermit crabs must return to the sea to breed.
Diet 
Hermit crabs are omnivores (eating plants and animals) and scavengers (eating dead animals that they find). They eat worms, plankton, lime chips, and organic debris.

Fossil Record 
Hermit crabs first appeared in the Cretaceous period, before the Dinosaurs became extinct (died out). Fossils have been found where they have used Ammonite shells.

Reproduction 

The reproductive (sexual) organs of hermit crabs are located near and just below the animal's heart and open to the outside at the base of the last pair of walking legs in the male. In the female, they are located at the base of the middle pair of walking legs. Female hermit crabs usually lay their eggs shortly after copulating (mating) but they can also store sperm (male sexual cells) for many months. The eggs are fertilised as they are laid by passing through the chamber holding the sperm. The eggs are carried and hatched in a mass attached to the abdomen inside the shell. The number of eggs is usually large, but depends on the animal's size.
As pets 
Basic needs to keep pet Hermit Crabs: 
 Humidity gauges (humidity: 75- relative)
 Temperature gauges (temperature: 70-75 °F) 
 Substrate: sand, coconut fiber (must be deep and soft enough to dig in so that crabs can molt) 
 Minimum of a 5 gallon tank for one crab; and 10 gallon tank for about 20 crabs 
 Shells (shells are changed during growth)
 Separate molting tank[dubious – discuss] 
 Fresh water dish 
 Salt water pool for submerging (aquarium salt)

References 

Crabs
Alexander Elliot Anderson "Alex" Salmond (surname pronounced SAM-MOND; born 31 December 1954 in Linlithgow, Scotland) is a Scottish politician who is a former First Minister of Scotland and former leader of the Scottish National Party (SNP) which is a political party that wants Scotland to become an independent country from the United Kingdom. He is also the longest-serving First Minister of Scotland, with over seven-and-a-half years in office.

Alex Salmond studied at the University of St Andrews and became an economist at the Royal Bank of Scotland. Salmond became a Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Banff and Buchan at the 1987 General Election. In 1990, Alex Salmond became the leader of the Scottish National Party. He became a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Banff and Buchan at the 1999 Scottish Parliament Election and resigned as SNP leader in 2000.
Salmond became the party leader again in 2004 and stood in the 2007 Scottish Parliament election for the constituency of Gordon. At this election, the SNP received the highest number of seats and the highest share of the vote in Scotland, but did not have enough seats to form a majority government. The SNP then formed a minority government with Alex Salmond as First Minister.

Alex Salmond was against the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was one of several MPs who called for Prime Minister Tony Blair to be impeached. At the 2010 General Election, Alex Salmond stood down as a Member of Parliament but argued against the BBC's decision not to allow the SNP on the televised Prime Ministerial Debates.
On 19 September 2014, following the results of the independence referendum which confirmed a majority of the Scottish people had voted to remain as part of the United Kingdom, Salmond announced that he would be resigning as First Minister in November 2014. Salmond formally resigned as First Minister on 18 November 2014, with his deputy, Nicola Sturgeon taking office two days later.

References

1954 births
Living people
Calvinists
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Scottish National Party members of the Scottish Parliament
First Ministers of Scotland
Scottish National Party MPs
People from West Lothian
First Minister of Scotland is the chief executive of the government of Scotland. The current First Minister of Scotland is Humza Yousaf of the Scottish National Party, since 29 March 2023 after Nicola Sturgeon resigned. The first was Donald Dewar, who died in office in 2000. Alex Salmond was the longest-serving First Minister with over seven-and-a-half years in office. The official residence of First Minister is Bute House in Edinburgh, Scotland.

List of First Ministers of Scotland

Caretaker First Ministers of Scotland 
 Jim Wallace (Scottish Liberal Democrats) - 11 October 2000 – 26 October 2000
 Jim Wallace (Liberal Democrats) – 8 November 2001 – 22 November 2001
Deputy First Ministers of Scotland 
 Jim Wallace (Scottish Liberal Democrats) – 19 May 1999 – 23 June 2005
 Nicol Stephen (Scottish Liberal Democrats) – 27 June 2005 – 17 May 2007
 Nicola Sturgeon (Scottish National Party) – 17 May 2007 – 19 November 2014
 John Swinney (Scottish National Party) – 21 November 2014 – 29 March 2023
 Shona Robison (Scottish National Party) – 29 March 2023 – present

Residence 

The official residence of the First Minister is Bute House. It is located in Edinburgh.

 
1999 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in Scotland
Corinne Enaudeau is a French philosopher. She is the daughter of Jean-François Lyotard.

A teacher in philosophy in the Lycée Henri-IV of Paris and the Lycée Janson de Sailly, she is also the program director of International College of philosophy of Paris.

Main works 

 Là-bas comme ici. Les paradoxes de la représentation, Gallimard, coll. « Connaissance de l'inconscient - Série Tracés », 1998.
See also
 (Dir. with Patrice Loraux)La méthode de l'expédient, Collège International de Philosophie - Le Collège en Actes, Kimé, 2006.
 (With Jean-François Nordmann, Jean-Michel Salanskis and Frédéric Worms) Les Transformateurs Lyotard, Collège International de Philosophie, Sens & Tonka, 2008.
 She has translated Manifesto of the Communist Party by Marx and Engels and the Critique of the Gotha Program by Marx.

20th-century French philosophers
The People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) is a political pressure group in Thailand. It was originally a coalition of protestors against the government of Thaksin Shinawatra. It called for the resignation of Shinawatra and two later prime ministers, Samak Sundaravej and Somchai Wongsawat. It is also called the National Liberation Alliance or the Yellow Shirts after the colour of the clothes they wear. It started from accusations of fraud against Shinawatra's business deals.

In November 2008, the PAD seized Donmuang and Suvarnabhumi Airports to force Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawa to resign. The airports had to close. In 2011 they camped outside Government House for almost 200 days to protest about government policy.

Supporters wear yellow shirts with a hat that has a Latin message liberate (). They wear a blue scarf and they use tools that to make the sound like clapping hands ().

References

Political parties in Asia
Politics of Thailand
Organizations based in Thailand
King Naresuan The Great. (also known as Phra-Ong-Dam or Naret). He was born in the year of the Rabbit (Refer to Chinese Zodiac Year), B.E. 2098 (A.D 1555) at Jan Palace, Phitsanulok. His father was King Mahathammaracha and his mother was Queen Wisutkhasat. King Narasuan had one older sister named Princess Suphan Thewi (Supankanlaya) and one brother named King Ekathotsarot (Phra-Ong-Khao).

The Burmese King Bayinnong moved his troops to attack Ayutthaya, and he conquered it. So, he asked for King Naresuan as his adopted child while Naresuan was 9 years old. When Naresuan was 16, King Mahathammaracha wanted Naresuan to come back to be a viceroy of Phitsanulok and gave Princess Suphan Kanla Ya instead as the captive from Phitsanulok.

Major events in the life of King Naresuan

B.E. 2113 He fought with Khmer's troop and he won. 

B.E. 2114 He was established (set up) to be a governor of Phitsanulok when he was 16.

B.E. 2117 He fought at Viengjan, and he has a smallpox. So he came back to Phitsanulok.
B.E. 2121 He fought for driving out Phaya Jeen Jan Tu from Ayutthaya. 

B.E. 2127 He proclaimed peace at Krang province.

B.E. 2127-2130  Burman sent armies to attack Thai but Burman lost.

B.E. 2133 He reigned Ayutthaya when he was 35 years old.

B.E. 2135 Made war with Mang Ka Yoe Cha Wa.

B.E. 2138 and 2141 He fought with Hong Sa Wa Dee. 

B.E. 2148  He died at Tung Keaw, Hang luang when he was 50 years old.

References

1555 births
1605 deaths
Kings and queens
Thai nobility
The insurgency in Southern Thailand is a violent rebellion that is taking place in three southern provinces of Thailand. There are Naratiwat Pattani, and Yala. Most of the people that live in these provinces are not related to Thai people. They are Muslim Malays.

Background 
The rebellion started in the 19th century, when the British and the King of Siam agreed on the border between Siam and Malaya. The British took Kedah and Kelantan, and Pattani became part of Siam. The sultan of Pattani was removed and his kingdom was split into three provinces. Ever since then, the Malay people of this region have wanted to get their independence back, or to join Malaysia as a state.
Recent history 
The unrest in the southern provinces is one of the biggest problems in Thailand. There is an armed struggle against the government. There are many severe attacks on civilians too, mostly considered terrorism. Since it has happened, some Thai families had to move out from the site because the problems changed their lives. They were also scared of what would happen with them.

20th century in Thailand
20th-century rebellions
Rebellions in Asia
Insurgencies
20th-century conflicts
A triode (“valve” in British English) is a type of empty tube with wires in it (vacuum tube). It is not a vacuum tube diode, which has only two wires (electrodes), but has a third electrode, called the grid between the 2 wires (cathode (electric thrower) and anode (electric eater)).

How the word is created 
The word “triode” comes from the word parts “tri” (three) + “ode” (way, road).

How it works 
When the cathode becomes hot, it gives out electricity particles (electrons). These electrons are then taken by the anode. This makes an electric movement (current), which is controlled by the grid. The grid “checks” how many electrons can pass through, and “eats” the extra ones. The grid lets the triode to be used as an electric amount changer (amplifier).

The grid can also quickly change the amount of electrons it lets through, so it can also be part of an oscillator (wave thrower) and wave taker (detector).

History 
Philipp Lenard created the “grid” idea in 1902 to make an electron taker.
Then, the diode (Fleming valve) was created by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904.

Lee De Forest and Robert von Lieben created the triode in 1908 from his original Audion diode of 1906. The triode is used as an amplifier (electric amount changer).  The name triode was created because people needed to know which kind of vacuum tube it is, rather than a diode, tetrode, or pentode.

People wanted to talk to people far away. They used triodes to talk, by triode radio receivers (wave takers) and triode radio transmitters (wave throwers ). At first they only sent Morse code but better triodes later allowed talking by radio.

The triode transmitters were so good that they replaced the crystal transmitters to make the new listening devices (earphones)

This made the first way of talking far away, creating the beginning of radio broadcasting (sending radio waves to many people) around 1920. This made far away telephones better.
Then people at the “Bell Telephone” group made even better telephones that can catch waves that traveled about 800 miles. When they put the first long triode wave throwers in the (Atlantic) ocean (transcontinental telephone line) people were very happy 3 years after on January 25, 1915.

Other people put the wave throwers in their creations, making very good things (television, public address systems, electric phonographs, and talking motion pictures)

Then people started putting more wires inside, to 4 wires (tetrode, by Walter Schottky in 1916) to 5 wires (pentode, by Gilles Holst and Bernandus Dominicus Hubertus Tellegen in 1926). 

The triode was used in other devices (radios, televisions, and audio systems) until it was beaten by the super wave thrower (transistor), made in 1947, ending the time of the triode.
Today triodes are used in wave throwing and hot making. Triodes are also starting to be used in good electric audio machines and music machines. They are also used in glow makers (vacuum florescent displays, (VFDs), and there are different types of glow makers, but all use triodes.

What it can be used for 
Radios and telephones are also wave takers, so it is used in them. But it is too big, so from 1960 to 1969, the transistor has mostly replaced it. It is an ancestor of the transistor. It is still used in vacuum tube amplifiers.

Today, the triode is still used in iPods and radios and heaters to heat and to take waves.

Other websites 
 "Introduction to Thermionic Valves" 

Electronic components
Thailand has had 26 prime ministers since it changed from a monarchy to a democratic regime.

List of prime ministers 
Colour key (for political coalitions/parties):

General categories:  (12)  (7) 

Defunct political parties:

Pre–1950:  (3)  (2)  (1) 

1950–1975:  (1)  (1)  (0)  (1) 

1975–2000:  (1)  (0) 

Post–2000:  (2)  (1)  (2) 

Active political parties:  (6)  (1)  (1)  (1)  (1)

Timeline

References

 
Thailand
Suvarnabhumi Airport (; IATA: BKK, ICAO: VTBS), also unofficially known as Bangkok Airport, is the main international airport of Bangkok, Thailand. It is located in Bangchoung, Rachatawa, Noungprue and Bangphli district Samutprakarn province. The area of the airport is about . It is six times bigger than Don Mueang International Airport, the other international airport serving Greater Bangkok.

Budget
The Thai government gave a budget of about 150,000 million baht (US$4.9 billion or 3.7 billion euro) to build this international airport. This included investment of Government service and State Enterprises of 137,000 million baht ($4.46 billion), and private company about 13,000 million baht ($423 million). The airport could support the passengers more than 45 million people. It was designed by Helmut Jahn.

International airlines
International airlines included of 102 airways and 142 cities. There are:
Aeroflot
 Air Astana
 Air Austral
 Air China
 Air France
 Air India
 Air Koryo
 Air Macau
 Air Madagascar
 All Nippon Airways
 Asiana Airlines
 Austrian Airlines
 Biman Bangladesh Airlines
 British Airways
 Cathay Pacific
 Cebu Pacific
 China Airlines
 China Eastern Airlines
 China Southern Airlines
 Condor
 Delta Air Lines
 EgyptAir
 El Al Israel Airlines
 Emirates

 Ethiopian Airlines
 Etihad Airways
 EVA Air
 Finnair
 Garuda Indonesia
 Gulf Air
 Hainan Airlines
 Hong Kong Airlines
 IndiGo
 Japan Airlines
 Jeju Air
 Jet Airways
 Jetstar Airways
 Jetstar Pacific
 Juneyao Airlines
 Kenya Airways
 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
 Korean Air
 Kuwait Airways
 Lao Airlines
 Lufthansa
 Mahan Air
 Malaysia Airlines
 MIAT Mongolian Airlines
Myanmar Airways International
 Okay Airways
 Philippine Airlines
 Qantas Airways
 Qatar Airways
 Qeshm Airlines
 Royal Brunei Airlines
 Royal Jordanian
 S7 Airlines
 Shanghai Airlines
 Shenzhen Airlines
 Singapore Airlines
 SpiceJet
 Spring Airlines
 SriLankan Airlines
 Swiss International Air Lines
 Tigerair
 Transaero
 Turkish Airline
 T'way Airlines
 U Airlines
 UTair Aviation
 Uzbekistan Airways
 VietJet Air
 Vietnam Airlines
 Xiamen Airlines

Domestic airlines
Most domestic airlines fly from Don Mueang Airport, but the following airlines fly from Suvarnabhumi:

 Asia Atlantic Airlines (hub)
 Bangkok Airways (hub)
 Business Air
 Jetstar Asia (hub)
 Orient Thai Airlines (hub)
 Thai Airways (hub)
 Thai Smile (hub)

References

Airports in Asia
Buildings and structures in Thailand
Sanam Luang is a big field in front of Wat Phra Kaew and the Grand Palace in Bangkok, Thailand. Sanam Luang has another name, Tung Pra Me'ru (meaning cremation field). It was used for cremation of the King and his royal relatives. In 1855, King Rama IV changed the field's name to Sanam luang, announcing that the old name was thought unlucky. 

King Rama I used Sanam Luang to officiate ceremonies. Then in King Rama V's era, Sanam Luang was extended and the buildings around it were destroyed. The people used Sanam Luang to perform ceremonies instead of growing rice.  

In King Rama VI's era, Sanam Luang was used for horse racing and part of the field was turned into a golf couse. 

At present, the Thai people still use Sanam Luang to officiate royal ceremonies for the King, princes and princesses. Sanam Luang is an important national site.

References

Bangkok
Town squares in Asia
Baltistan (), also known as بلتیول (Baltiyul) in the Balti language, is a region in northern Pakistan. It borders Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China.  It lies in the Karakoram mountains just to the south of K2, the world's second highest mountain.  It is an extremely mountainous region, with an average altitude of over 3,350 m (11,000 ft). It is inhabited principally by Balti Shi'a Muslims of Tibetan descent who converted from Tibetan Buddhism before the 16th century.

Baltistan was an independent state but was occupied by the Raja (King) of Kashmir in the nineteenth century.  In 1947 when India and Pakistan gained independence, it was still part of Kashmir. Now the region is divided between Pakistan and India.
The elections on 12 November 2009 brought about a major change and upheaval in the Baltistan region, which had been once an area ruled by a feudal Raja and then an area under Pakistani military control. It is believed that democracy in the region will also help to bring about more economic development and public empowerment.

Related pages 
 Ladakh

Other websites 

 The Changing Northern Areas 
 Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
 Tourism Northeran Areas
 Pakistan's Northern Areas 

Regions of Pakistan
Gilgit-Baltistan
Balti (بلتی) is a language spoken in Baltistan, in the Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan and neighbouring parts of the disputed territory of Indian-administered Kashmir. Before 1948 Baltistan  was part of Ladakh province. The language is a sub-dialect of Ladakhi and an archaic dialect of the Tibetan language, but many of the consonants that are silent in most modern Tibetan dialects are pronounced in Balti.
Balti 
All people of different races, living in Baltistan are called Balti. Greeks used the word Byaltae instead of Bal-ti, which in Tibetan means water gorge. The historian Ptolemy who was also a general in the army of Alexander the Great had named the region (Byaltae) in his book. Baltistan is the Persian translation of Baltiyul, “The Homeland of Balti”. The people belonging to Balti nationality are settled on both banks of the river Indus from Kargil (in the east) to Haramosh (in the west) and from Karakoram range (in the north) to Deosai plains (in the south). In this nationality the majority comes from Tibetan origin. However people migrated to this area in different periods of ancient times, on account of different reasons and after merging in the prevailing Tibetan society, gave birth to a new civilisation. All these multi-racial groups speak Balti language, which is a branch of the ancient Tibetan language. However, in some rural areas, the Sheen people still speak Shina language.
The Balti are a very forbearing, cheerful,brave and hospitable people. But during the Rmakpon reign (from 12th century to 1840 A.D.) they invaded Ladakh and Tibet many times.

There are several Balti communities in Pakistan's urban areas farther south, that is in Lahore, Islamabad, in Karachi and other places.But they are living as non Pakistani in Pakistan because Gilgit Baltistan is considered as disputed region.

Evolution 

The Balti language has kept many honorific words like all the Tibetan dialects and many other languages. Below are a few examples:

References 

 Everson, Michael. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N2985: Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS. 2005-09-05
 Hussainabadi, Mohamad Yusuf.  Balti Zaban. 1990.
 Read, A.F.C. Balti grammar.London:The Royal Asiatic society, 1934.
Other websites 
 Unicode
 Koshur: The Balti Language
 Tibetan script makes a comeback in Pakistan 
 Proposal to add four Tibetan characters for Balti to the BMP of the UCS
 Tibetan Extensions 2 : Balti 
 Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
 Northern Areas Development Gateway 
 Pakistan's Northern Areas 

Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan
Sino-Tibetan languages
Languages of Jammu and Kashmir
Languages of India
Raja ( (rājā)) is a Sanskrit word for king and is used as a title for monarchs in South Asia and South East Asia.

The title has a long history in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, as it is found in the Rigveda. It can also be used as a name for non-royal people in South Asia.
In Pakistan, Raja is still used by many Muslim Rajput clans as  titles. Raja is also used as a name by Pakistani Muslims and Indian Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. It is also used as a name and title by Bengali Muslims.

Rajas in the Malay world 
 The ruler of the state of Perlis, Malaysia is titled the Raja of Perlis. Most of the other state rulers are titled Sultans. But the Raja has equal status with the other rulers and is one of the electors who designate one of their number as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong every five years. Many Muslim Malay rulers in the medieval times adopted the title of Raja.

Related pages
 Maharaja
 Kshatriya
 Rajput
 Shah

Notes
Notes

Other websites 
 Indian Princely States, the most comprehensive, specialised site on (princely) (e)states in British India
 RoyalArk (more elaborate, on a smaller number of dynasties)- here India
 WorldStatesmen- Indian princely states, here K-Z

Heads of state
Titles
History of Pakistan
Indian monarchs
A Raja is a type of monarch. This is sometimes spelled "Rajah".

Raja may also refer to:

 Rajan, the Sanskrit for "king, ruler"
 Raja Yoga, one of the four major Yogic paths of Hinduism
 Raja (genus), a genus of rays

In popular culture:
 Raja Casablanca, a Moroccan sports club
 Raja (actor), an Indian movie actor who works in Tollywood
 Raja (1975 movie), a Bollywood movie with Rishi Kapoor
 Raja (1995 movie), a Bollywood movie starring Sanjay Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit
 Raja (2003 movie), a French/Moroccan movie directed by Jacques Doillon
 Raja (Phantasy Star IV), a fictional character in the video game Phantasy Star IV
 Raja (album), an album by Finnish thrash metal band Stam1na

Rajais the given name or surname of:
 M. Raja, Indian director
 Raja Bell, Basketball player

Related pages
 Rajah (disambiguation)
 Rajput
Rajah may refer to:

 Rajah, an other spelling of Raja, meaning an Indian monarch
 Rajah (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Universe
 Rajah (dog), famed New Zealand German Shepherd police dog

People
 Indranee Rajah, a Deputy Speaker of Singapore's Parliament
 Rajah Humabon, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century
 Rajah Lakandula, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century
 Rajah Muthiah Chettiar, Tamil banker, educationist, philanthropist, and politician
 Rajah Sulayman, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century

Places
 Ayer Rajah, an area in the Queenstown Planning Area in the southwest part of Singapore
 Rajah Buayan, a municipality in the Philippines
 Rajah Buayan, Maguindanao, a municipality in the Philippines
Things
 Ayer Rajah Expressway, a Singapore expressway
 Culex rajah, a type of mosquito
 Nepenthes rajah, a carnivorous pitcher plant species native to Malaysia
 Rajah Broadcasting Network, a Philippine media network
 Rajah Motors, former automobile manufacturer in India
 Rajah Scops Owl, a type of owl
 Rajah Solaiman Movement, a terrorist organization
 Rajah Spiny Rat, a species of rodent
 The Rajah, a 1919 movie starring Harold Lloyd
 
 HMS Rajah (D10), an escort aircraft carrier
 Toxorhynchites rajah, a type of mosquito

Related pages
 Rajput
PUSHIM is a Japanese reggae singer. Her real name is Paku Pushin. She was born in Osaka on November 16, 1975, and started to sing in 1995. She released her first single in 1999. She has strong and deep voice. Her younger sister, YOUNGSHIM, is also a reggae singer.

Career
She began performing in the Kansai reggae scene in 1995. In 1998, she did back-up vocals for the Refugee Camp's "It's Too Late", a Carroll King cover. After signing with Sony Music Japan, she recorded and released her first single called "Brand New Day" on June 19, 1999. It receive a lot of critical acclaim. In September of 1999, she released a second single called "Strong Woman". It was also a success and she sold many copies. The following spring, her debut album "Say Greetings" was released. Her latest album is "Sing A Song... Lighter!". It was released in 2006, with Luciano appearing on one track.

Extended plays

Studio Albums

Other websites
PUSHIM's official homepage
Sony Music Online Japan PUSHIM's page on her label's website
1975 births
Living people
Reggae musicians
Singers from Osaka
A headset is a headphone with a microphone. People can listen to sound with headphone and can record sound with a microphone. A headset is easy to use because it can be used without hands, just like a telephone. A person only needs to put the headset on his/her head and then can talk with a mic. Many people use headsets at the computer so they can converse and type easily. Headsets normally have only one speaker like a telephone, but also can be made with speakers for both ears.

New type of Headset 
Nowadays there are wire headset and wireless headset, which means there's no wire between the computer and the headset.  It works by radio waves.  A wireless headset can be put in a pocket or a bag easily due to its small size.  This can be used for soundproofing.

History 
The inventor of the headset is Nathaniel Baldwin, but his version could not be sold to people. The second headset is the US Army's headset for airplane pilots in World War I.
How headsets work? 
Headset is made up of two parts. They are input part and output part. From input part, headset receive sound signal. And from output part, headset receive sound signal and generate sound.

Audio technology