Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Within four days, the Orion-Bagac line was formed. The remaining Japanese troops managed to get through. General Homma ordered the stopping of all operations to reorganize his forces. On 22 February the 14th Army line was withdrawn a few miles to the north.

Japanese troops landed on the west coast of southern Bataan on the night of 22 January. The US sunk two barges and the rest scattered into two groups. The Japanese forces were stopped by Philippine Constabulary units and U.S. Army Air Corps men fighting as infantry. Japanese commanders sent new troops to the beaches, but they could not break out.

Fall of Bataan
Fall of Bataan

On the night of 12 March, General MacArthur, his family left Corregidor. MacArthur went to Australia. He promised the Filipino people that he "shall return". After the failure of their first attack against Bataan, the Japanese sent artillery forces to the Philippines. They had 190 artillery pieces, which included bigger guns like 150 mm cannons, and the Type 96 240 mm field howitzer. The Japanese sent new troops to Gen. Homma's 14th Imperial Army. Toward the end of March, the Japanese forces prepared for the final attack.

On 3 April, the Orion-Bagac line was bombed by 100 aircraft and artillery bombed by 300 artillery pieces. The Japanese 65th Brigade and 4th Division attacked the left side of II Corps. By 8 April, the senior U.S. commander on Bataan, Maj. Gen. Edward P. King, offered to surrender. The next morning, 9 April 1942, Gen. King met with Maj. Gen. Kameichiro Nagano. The tired and starving American and Filipino defenders on the Bataan peninsula surrendered.

References
References 

Pacific battles of World War II
1940s in the Philippines
1942
Salman Amin "Sal" Khan (born October 11, 1976) is a Bengali-American educator, entrepreneur, and former hedge fund analyst. He started the Khan Academy, a free online education platform and nonprofit organization. He is a Bengali-American and a Muslim.

References

Other websites
Khan Academy web site

After Words interview with Khan on The One World Schoolhouse, November 4, 2012
Salman Khan on KA wiki

1976 births
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
American chief executives
Educators from Los Angeles
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Businesspeople from New Orleans
Living people
Educators from New Orleans
The Battle of Rimini was a battle during World War II. It happened between 13 and 21 September 1944 in Rimini in Italy.

The battle was part of Operation Olive. This was the main Allied attack on the Gothic Line in August and September 1944. This was part of the Italian Campaign in the Second World War.

The Rimini Line was a German defensive line which was part of the Gothic Line.  Rimini had 1,470,000 rounds fired against it by allied forces.

Background
On 23 August 1944 Eighth Army launched Operation Olive. It attacking the eastern side of Italy. By the first week in September the attack had broken through the defences of the Gothic Line.

Battle
The 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade 
stopped two strong German attacks on 8 and 10 September. On 13 September the brigade tried to capture Rimini. The Germans were well prepared and held off the Greeks.

The following day 7 and 8 Troop of the B Squadron, 20th Armoured Regiment were added to the attack. The German defenders left.
On 15 September the Greeks attacked the Rimini airfield. Allied bombers attacked the western side of the airfield, and the Greeks attacked afterwards. The Germans attacked with fire from infantry, anti-tank rockets (Panzerschrecks), self-propelled guns, and emplaced Panther turrets.

The following day (17 September) the three battalions continued their advance. Once the airfield was taken the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade turned towards Rimini. On 18 September the 2nd and 3rd Battalions moved towards Rimini.

On the morning of 21 September, the 2nd Greek Battalion reached the city and raised the Greek flag on the municipal building. At 7:45 of 21 September the mayor surrendered the city to the 3rd Greek Mountain Brigade.

1944 in Italy
Rimini
Rimini
Rimini
Rimini
Rimini
Rimini
Rimini
September 1944 events
Vernon Lorden Shaw (May 13, 1930 – December 2, 2013) was the 5th President of Dominica. He took office on October 6, 1998, following the expiration of President Crispin Sorhaindo's single five-year term. Shaw left office on October 1, 2003, and was succeeded by Nicholas Liverpool. He died on December 2, 2013 from a heart attack, aged 83.

References

1930 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Presidents of Dominica
Gal Gadot (aka Gal Gadot-Varsano;   ; ; born 30 April 1985) is an Israeli actress and model. Gadot won Miss Israel 2004, before serving in the Israel Defence Forces. She played Gisele Yashar in the 2009 movie Fast and Furious. Gadot also played Wonder Woman in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice in 2016. She appeared in the solo movie Wonder Woman (2017) and again as Wonder Woman in Justice League (2017). 

In 2013, she was ranked as the second highest earning fashion model in Israel. She is the face of Gucci's Bamboo perfume. 

In 2019, Gadot formed her production company Pilot Wave, alongside her husband Yaron Varsano. Since the formation of the company, a number of projects have been announced, including a number of biographical films about important female historical figures, including Irena Sendler, Hedy Lamarr and Cleopatra.
Early life
Gadot was born in Petah Tikva, Israel to Jewish parents and grew up in Rosh HaAyin, Israel. In Hebrew, her first name means "wave". Her last name means "riverbanks". Her parents were born in Israel. Her father Michael Gadot is an engineer. Her mother Irit (née Weiss) is a teacher. Gadot's maternal grandfather Abraham Weiss was a Holocaust survivor from Czechoslovakia. She is descended from Ashkenazi Jews, with ancestry from the Levant and Southern Europe. Her father's family  comprising of Palestinian Jews. As a child, Gadot required speech therapy due to a speech disorder. She was a skilled ballet, hip-hop and modern jazz dancer growing up, as well as a volleyball and tennis player. She was a member of her high school's basketball team. Gadot's first job was at Burger King.
Military service
From the age of 20, Gadot served for two years as a soldier of the Israel Defense Forces. She did well in the three-month training. Gadot says of her time in the army, "You give two or three years, and it's not about you. You give your freedom away for a while. You learn discipline and respect".

Filmography

Film

Television

References

Other websites

 

1985 births
Living people
Israeli movie actors
Israeli television actors
Israeli voice actors
Israeli stage actors
Israeli Jews
Israeli models
Jewish actors
Jewish models
Kees Brusse (6 February 1925 – 9 December 2013) was a Dutch actor and movie director. He appeared in 47 movie and television shows since 1936. He starred in the 1975 movie Dokter Pulder zaait papavers. It was entered into the 26th Berlin International Film Festival.

References

Other websites

Kees Brusse at Virtual History

1925 births
2013 deaths
Dutch movie actors
Dutch movie directors
Dutch stage actors
Dutch television actors
People from Rotterdam
James Stanley "Jim" Hall (December 4, 1930 – December 10, 2013) was an American jazz guitarist, composer, and arranger. 

Hall died in his sleep in his Manhattan, New York apartment on December 10, 2013 from a heart attack, aged 83.

References

Other websites

 Jim Hall's official website
 Jim Hall's fan website
 
 "In Conversation with Jim Hall"  by Patrick Spurling (Jazz.com )

1930 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American jazz musicians
American guitarists
American composers
Musicians from Buffalo, New York
Donald Andrew Lund (May 18, 1923 – December 10, 2013) was a backup outfielder in Major League Baseball. He played for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1945, 1947, 1948[start]), St. Louis Browns (1948[end]) and Detroit Tigers (1949–1954). He batted and threw right-handed.

He died on December 10, 2013 at the age of 90 in Ann Arbor, Michigan at his home from natural causes.

Other websites
Baseball Library Entry for Don Lund 
Vintage Card Traders 1954 Series Don Lund Card 

1923 births
2013 deaths
American baseball players
Major League Baseball players
Sportspeople from Detroit
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Detroit Tigers players
Rossana Podestà (20 June 1934 – 10 December 2013) was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in Ulysses and Helen of Troy.

She was born in Tripoli, in the Italian colony of Libya on 20 June 1934. She was married to Walter Bonatti until his death in 2011. Podestà died from brain cancer in Rome, Italy, aged 79.

Some movies
 1950: Strano appuntamento
 1951: Domani è un altro giorno
 1951: The Seven Dwarfs to the Rescue
 1952: Il moschettiere fantasma
 1955: Ulysses
 1958: Helen of Troy
 1964: Le ore nude
 1974: The Sensual Man
 1985: Segreti, segreti

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
People from Tripoli
Lino Grech (1930 – 1 December 2013) was a Maltese actor, writer, activist and director. He was known for his roles in Final Justice (1985), Black Eagle (1988) and A Fine Romance (1989).

Personal life
Grech was born in Sliema. Lino Grech died on the night of 1 December 2013, aged 83, at the Mater Dei Hospital in Msida from prostate cancer. He is survived by his wife and his two children. His funeral took place on 4 December. His remains were cremated.

Career
His career began in 1975 with stage work. He translated works done by Arthur Miller and by Lope de Vega.

Grech was noted for his role on the television drama F'Bahar Wiehed (1970s). It was the first Maltese-language television series, which broadcast on TVM. Greech also directed and wrote stage works. Grech wanted to strengthen the theatrical and television works in Malta. 

In the 1990s, he wrote episodes for television shows such as Hypocrites, Simpatiċi, The Family Grech, and Now We See.
Besides acting, Grech was a labor union activist. He led one of the longest strikes on workers' rights in Maltese history.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Maltese writers
Maltese activists
Movie actors
Television actors
Movie directors
Brian Hitchen, CBE (8 July 1936 – 2 December 2013) was a British newspaper editor. Late in his career, he worked as a publisher. An incident with a car while crossing the road near Alicante, in Spain, led to his wife being killed instantly, while Hitchen himself died from his injuries a few hours later.

References

1936 births
2013 deaths
Road accident deaths
English journalists
British publishers
Writers from Lancashire
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
British editors
Salim Kallas (; 13 November 1936 − 2 December 2013) was a Syrian actor and politician.

Kallas died of lung cancer on 2 December 2013, aged 77, in Damascus. He left his wife, son and five daughters. His burial was on the next day, 3 December.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
People from Damascus
Radio personalities
Syrian politicians
Television actors
Syrian actors
Horst Christian Simco, better known as Riff Raff, is a singer and musician from Texas. He joined the band the Neighborhood in 2013. His second album Neon Icon is going to be released by Mad Decent in January 2014. 2 Chainz, Drake, Snoop Dogg, and Juicy J worked on the album with Riff Raff.

Discography

Albums
 The Golden Alien (2012)  
 Neon Icon (2014)

Collaborations
 ¡Three Loco! (2012) (with Andy Milonakis & Dirt Nasty as Three Loco)
 Jumpin Out The Gym (2013) (with DollaBillGates) 
 Galaxy Gladiators (2014) (with Action Bronson)

Mixtapes
 The Texas Tornado (2009)
 Never Ending Saturday (2009)
 Party McHardy (2010)
 Rookie of The Future (2010)
 The Freestyle Scientist (2010)
 Hilton Swag Vol. 1 (2010)
 Sour & Gun Powder (2011)
 Purple Haze & Hand Grenades (with Lean Team) (2011) 
 Rap Game Bon Jovi (2012) 
 Summer of Surf (2012) 
 Birth of an Icon (2012)
 Hologram Panda (with Dame Grease) (2012)
 Neon Vibes (with Harry Fraud) (2013)

References
References

1982 births
Singers from Texas
Musicians from Houston
Living people
Johan Wilhelm van Hulst (January 28, 1911 – March 22, 2018) was a Dutch retired politician. He served as Member of the Senate from July 3, 1956 until June 10, 1981. He was the Parliamentary leader of the Christian Historical Union in the Senate from December 10, 1968 until June 8, 1977 when the Christian Historical Union merged into the Christian Democratic Appeal.

Van Hulst was also a chess player and a former academic.

On March 22, 2018, Van Hulst died in Amsterdam at the age of 107.

References

Other websites 
  Dr. J.W. (Johan) van Hulst (Parlement.com)
  Dr. J.W. van Hulst (CDA) (Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal)

1911 births
2018 deaths
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Christian Historical Union politicians
Dutch academics
Dutch Calvinists
Dutch centenarians
Dutch chess players
Dutch people of World War II
Members of the Senate of the Netherlands
MEPs for the Netherlands
Politicians from Amsterdam
Righteous Among the Nations
Sportspeople from Amsterdam
Clyde Jackson Browne (born October 9, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. He has sold over 18 million albums in the United States alone. People know him for his songs "These Days", "The Pretender", "Running on Empty", "Lawyers in Love", "Doctor My Eyes", "Take It Easy", "For a Rocker", and "Somebody's Baby". 

Browne was born in Heidelberg, Germany on October 9, 1948 to an American family. He was raised in Los Angeles.

On March 24, 2020, Browne announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19 during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.

Discography
Studio albums
 Jackson Browne (1972)
 For Everyman (1973)
 Late for the Sky (1974)
 The Pretender (1976)
 Running on Empty (1977)
 Hold Out (1980)
 Lawyers in Love (1983)
 Lives in the Balance (1986) 
 World in Motion (1989)
 I'm Alive (1993)
 Looking East (1996) 
 The Naked Ride Home (2002)
 Time the Conqueror (2008)
 Standing in the Breach (2014)
 Downhill from Everywhere (2021)

Related pages
List of country musicians from California

References
References

Other websites

Wilson & Alroy's reviews of Jackson Browne recordings
All Music Guide Overview of Jackson Browne, including album reviews

1948 births
Living people
American rock singers
American folk singers
American folk musicians
American rock guitarists
American political activists
Musicians from Los Angeles
People from Heidelberg
Singer-songwriters from California
Country musicians from California
Silvio Arturo Zavala Vallado (February 7, 1909 – December 5, 2014) was a Mexican historian. He was an expert in law studies and Mexico's history.

Zavala born in Mérida, Yucatán on February 7, 1909. He studied at the National University of Mexico and at the University of Madrid. Zavala obtained a Ph.D. in law from the latter. He began his professional career in Spain in the Center for Historic Studies in Madrid.

Zavala died in Mexico City on December 5, 2014, aged 105.

References

Other websites
 Biography 

1909 births
2014 deaths
Mexican centenarians
Mexican historians
People from Yucatán (state)
Moonwalker, also known as Michael Jackson: Moonwalker, is an American-British-Canadian movie. It was released in 1988 in theatres in Europe and South America. The movie is a collection of eight short films about Michael Jackson. It is 93 minutes long. It made US$67,000,000 at box offices. On January 10, 1989, it was released on video on the United States and Canada. The video had sold more than 800,000 copies in the U.S. by April 17, 1989. The movie is named after a dance move that Jackson did called the moonwalk. John Lennon's son Sean is in the movie. Jackson executive produced Moonwalker.
Brandon Quentin Adams won the 1989 Young Artist Award for Best Young Actor/Actress in a Film Made for Video for his role as Zeke, a child version of Jackson, in the movie.
In 1989, Blackthorne Publishing made the movie into a comic book called Moonwalker 3-D.

References

1988 movies
Michael Jackson
American superhero movies
Movies about drugs
The Apollo Lunar Module (LM) is the spidery-looking landing vehicle on the moon. It was built for the US Apollo program to carry a crew of two from lunar orbit to the surface and back.

The LM was the last of the Apollo “hardware” to be developed. Its start had been delayed while NASA made up its mind to take the lunar-orbit meeting approach and thus require a vehicle like the LM for a landing. A contract with the prime builder was signed on January, 1963, almost two years after the Apollo project began. The LM was tested several times in space. Finally, on July 20, 1969 the Apollo 11 LM Eagle made the first manned lunar landing. 

As Apollo missions progressed, Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16, 17 had lunar landings using their LMs.  Apollo 13 had a terribly dangerous accident when an oxygen tank exploded. The Apollo 13 Lunar module, called Aquarius, played an unexpected role in saving the lives of the three astronauts after the explosion.

Specifications 

The LM was consisted of an ascent stage and decent stage.
Descent stage 
This was the unmanned lower part of the LM. it looked like octagonal-shaped.  It was made of aluminum alloy and had four legs for landing.  It had a descent rocket engine, and batteries and various supplies and scientific equipment to be used when landing on the moon and during the astronauts’ stay on the moon. 

To land on the moon, the descent engine would be fired to begin the LM’s drop from  out in lunar orbit down toward the moon.  LM could descend vertically and hover above the surface of moon.  After the two men finished their stay on the surface, the ascent stage, sitting on the descent stage, would use its ascent engine firing to lift itself off the moon.

Ascent stage 
This was the roundish upper half of the LM, the command center and crew cabin as well as the launching rocket for leaving the moon.
To save weight, there were no seats for the men.  They would stand, loosely held in place by straps.  In front and on either side of them were control panels for the LM’s guidance, communication, environment and propulsion systems.  On the left side, there was a window by which commander could look out to steer the LM.  Overhead in the middle section was the  of diameter hatch where the astronauts transferred to and from the Command Module when two vehicles were linked.  LM’s ascent rocket to meet Command Module was below the deck of the midsection.  Although ascent rocket was small, it was sufficient because the moon’s weak gravity – one-sixth that of earth’s – meant that the LM would not require a strong push to rise from the lunar surface.
First flight of Lunar Module 
On Monday, January 22, 1968, a 16-ton unmanned Lunar Module surrounded by a protective shield stood on top of a two-stage Saturn 1-B rocket called Apollo 5. This flight was made to do two important tests. One was to check separating stage from main rocket. The second was to check test firing of the descent engine, but this mission did not succeed. The Apollo 5 test ended after eight hours, and the LM remained in earth orbit. It eventually dropped into the atmosphere and burned up.

Related pages 
 Apollo Command/Service Module
 Apollo program
 NASA

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 50 Years Ago: The Apollo Lunar Module
 Google Moon overview of Apollo landing sites
 NASA catalog: Apollo 14 Lunar Module
 Demonstration of the Lunar Excursion Module and explanation of its systems
 Space/Craft Assembly & Test Remembered
 We Called It 'The Bug' ,
 Apollo 11 LM Structures handout for LM-5 (PDF)
 Apollo Operations Handbook, Lunar Module (LM 10 and Subsequent), Volume One. Subsystems Data (PDF)
 Apollo Operations Handbook, Lunar Module (LM 11 and Subsequent), Volume Two. Operational Procedures
 Apollo 15 LM Activation Checklist for LM-10 
 Lunar module launch  video

Apollo program
NASA spacecraft
Le Mont-Saint-Michel (; ) is an island and commune in Normandy, France. It is in the Manche department. It is located about one kilometre () from the country's northwestern coast. It is at the mouth of the Couesnon River near Avranches. It is  in size and it has a population of 44 (2009). People that live there are called the Montois.

The island has had strategic fortifications since ancient times. The name Mont-Saint-Michel comes from the monastery built there in the eighth century AD. The way in which the town is built is an example of how feudal society worked. At the top there is God, the abbey and monastery. Below this, there are the great halls, then stores and houses. At the bottom, outside the walls, there are the houses of fishermen and farmers.

Mont-Saint-Michel is one of France's most famous landmarks. The island and its bay are part of the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Every year, more than 3 million people visit it.

Geography
Geography

Formation
In prehistoric times, the Mont was on dry land. It is now a rocky tidal island. Sea levels became higher and erosion changed the landscape of the coast. Several layers of granite or granulite came to the surface in the bay. These layers of rock resisted the damage by the ocean better than the other rocks around them. These included Lillemer, the Mont-Dol, Tombelaine (a small island just to the north), and Mont Tombe, which later became Mont-Saint-Michel. The mount has a circumference of about 960 metres (3,150 ft). It is 92 metres (301 ft) above sea level at its highest point.

Tides
The difference between the high and low water marks is about . Medieval pilgrims who crossed the flat land sometimes called the mount "St. Michael in peril of the sea". Today, it can still be dangerous for visitors who do not use the causeway. It can be a risk to walk across the sands from the opposite coast. This is because of quicksand.
Polderisation and occasional flooding have created salt marsh meadows. They are ideal for sheep. The meat has a good flavour because of the sheep's diet. The pré salé (salt meadow, in French) is home to agneaux de pré-salé (salt meadow lamb). This is made into a local specialty (a famous type of food). The local lamb is sometimes on the menus of restaurants in the area.

Tidal island

Before 2013, Mont-Saint-Michel was linked to the mainland with a tidal causeway. It was a path covered at high tide and shown at low tide. This connection changed over the centuries. The coastal flats (the sand) have been polderised to make pastureland. This means Mont-Saint-Michel became closer to the coast. The Couesnon River was canalised. This helped make the flow of water similar every time the tide rises or falls. However, it developed a silting-up of the bay. In 1879, the tidal causeway was changed into a raised, dry causeway. This stopped the tide from cleaning the silt around the mount.
On 16 June 2006, the French prime minister and regional authorities announced a €164 million project (Projet Mont-Saint-Michel). The wanted to build a hydraulic dam using the waters of the river Couesnon and of tides. This would help remove all of the silt deposited by the rising tides. It would make Mont-Saint-Michel an island again.

The construction of the dam began in 2009. It was completed in 2013. The project was also to remove the causeway and its visitor car-park. The new car-park is on the mainland. It is about two kilometres () from the island. Visitors can use small shuttle buses to cross the causeway. The bridge is also open to pedestrians and vehicles without a motor.

Architect Dietmar Feichtinger designed the bridge. It opened to the public on 22 July 2014. The bridge lets the waters go freely around the island. It makes the dam more efficient. The project cost €209 million, €45 million more than planned. President François Hollande officially opened the bridge.
Sometimes, weather conditions make the tide very high. This is called a "supertide". For example, the sea completely covered the new bridge on 21 March 2015. It was the highest sea level for at least 18 years. Many people travelled to Mont-Saint-Michel to take photos.

History
Mont-Saint-Michel was an Armorican stronghold of Gallo-Roman culture in the sixth and seventh centuries. In the seventh century, the Franks took the mount. From about the fifth to the eighth century, Mont-Saint-Michel was part of a region called Neustria. At the start of the ninth century, it was an important place in the marches of Neustria.
Before the eighth century, the island was called Mont Tombe (). The Catholic Church built the first religious building in the eighth century, and the mount became Mont-Saint-Michel. According to legend, the Archangel Michael appeared in 708 to St. Aubert, the bishop of Avranches. The angel told him to build a church on the mount. Aubert didn't listen to the angel until Michael burned a hole in the bishop's skull with his finger.
The mount became strategically important again in 933 when William "Long Sword" (the Duke of Normandy) annexed the Cotentin Peninsula from the weakened Dukes of Brittany. This made the mount part of Normandy officially. This is shown in the Bayeux Tapestry, which commemorates (helps remember) the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The tapestry shows Harold, Earl of Wessex helping two Norman knights from the quicksand around Mont-Saint-Michel during a battle with Conan II, Duke of Brittany. Norman dukes paid for the development of the abbey in the following centuries. It became a good example of Norman architecture.

In 1067, the monastery of Mont-Saint-Michel gave its support to Duke William of Normandy in his claim to the throne of England. William gave houses and grounds on the English side of the Channel as a reward. These included a small island off the southwestern coast of Cornwall. It became a Norman priory named St Michael's Mount of Penzance. It looks similar to Mont-Saint-Michel.
During the Hundred Years' War, the English made many attacks on the island. They were not able to take it due to the abbey's very good fortifications. The English first attacked the mount in 1423, and then again in 1433. Thomas Scalles was the leader of the English army. Scalles left two wrought iron bombards when he stopped his attack. They are still there today. They are known as les Michelettes. The resistance at Mont-Saint-Michel gave hope to the French, especially Joan of Arc.

When Louis XI of France founded the Order of Saint Michael in 1469, he wanted the church of Mont-Saint-Michel to become the chapel for the Order. However, it was far from Paris so this was not possible.
The wealth and influence of the abbey helped other foundations, for example St Michael's Mount in Cornwall. However, it started to become less popular as a centre of pilgrimage due to the Reformation. At the time of the French Revolution, there were almost no monks living there. The republicans closed the abbey. It became a prison. At first, this was to hold clerical enemies of the French republic. Later, there were also important political prisoners at the mount. In 1836, famous figures, such as Victor Hugo, started a campaign to restore the mount. The prison closed in 1863, and the mount became a historic monument in 1874. Mont-Saint-Michel and its bay became UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1979. The factors for listing included cultural, historical, and architectural importance, as well as man-made and natural beauty.

Abbey design
Abbey design

In the 11th century, Richard II of Normandy chose an Italian architect called William de Volpiano to build the abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel. Volpiano had already built the Abbey of Fécamp, in Normandy. He designed the Romanesque church of the abbey. He chose to place the transept crossing at the top of the mount. He also built a lot of crypts and chapels below the ground. These are to support building above, because it is very heavy. Today, Mont-Saint-Michel has a church of Romanesque style.
Robert de Thorigny was a great supporter of Henry II of England. Henry was also Duke of Normandy at this time. Thorigny made the structure of the buildings stronger. He also built the main façade of the church in the 12th century. In 1204, the Breton Guy de Thouars, a friend of the King of France, attacked the mount with an army. He set fire to the village and killed lots of people. However, he had to retreat (leave) under the powerful walls of the abbey. The fire extended to the buildings, and the roofs burnt. Philip Augustus, Thorigny's friend, was unhappy about the cruel actions and the destruction. He offered Abbot Jourdain some money to build a new Gothic-style architectural set. The abbot added the refectory (dining room) and cloister.

Charles VI added big fortifications to the abbey-mount. He also added building towers and courtyards, and he made the ramparts stronger.

Development

Administration
Administration

The islet is part of the French commune of Mont-Saint-Michel. It is in the department of Manche, in Normandy. As of 2009, 44 people live there. The nearest large town, with a train station, is Pontorson. Mont-Saint-Michel is part of the Organization of World Heritage Cities.

Mont-Saint-Michel is also the subject of a traditional rivalry between Normans and Bretons. Bretons say that the Couesnon River marks the limit between Normandy and Brittany. It is only because the river has changed its course over the centuries that the mount is on the Norman side. This legend amuses the area's inhabitants. They state that the border is not located on the Couesnon river. They say it is on the mainland,  to the west, at the foot of the solid mass of Saint-Brelade.

Population

Up to 20,000 people a day visit the city in July and August. Among the 43 inhabitants (2006), 5 were monks and 7 nuns.
Twin towns – Sister cities
 Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima, Japan. Itsukushima Shrine is also an island-temple and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Mont-Saint-Michel has historical links with St Michael's Mount in Cornwall, UK. Edward the Confessor gave it to the Benedictines of Mont-Saint-Michel in the 11th century.

Historical monument
61 buildings of Mont-Saint-Michel are on the list of historical monuments. They were added from 1928 to today.

In popular culture
In popular culture

 French composer Claude Debussy went to the island. He was maybe inspired by the legend of the mythical city of Ys and Mont-Saint-Michel's cathedral for his piano prelude La Cathedrale Engloutie.
 1950 : The Elusive Pimpernel by Powell and Pressburger.
 1991 : Mindwalk
 2003 : Mont-Saint-Michel was the inspiration for the design of Minas Tirith in the film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King.
 Renaissance Mont-Saint-Michel is a playable multiplayer map in the video game Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (2010), and Assassin's Creed: Revelations (2011) by Ubisoft Montreal.
 2013 : Mont-Saint-Michel was the end of the stage 11 of the Tour de France. The stage was a time trial.

Related pages
 St Michael's Mount
 Saint Michael (Roman Catholic)

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Mont-Saint-Michel Celebrates 1,300 yrs of History 
 Official Mont-Saint Michel Tourist site (English version) 
 A visit to Mont St. Michel 
 Virtual recreation of Mont St. Michel in Second Life
 Pano at 360° of Mont St Michel
 INSEE population figures

Tidal islands
Islands of France
World Heritage Sites in France
Communes in Manche
The Spring 1945 offensive in Italy was given the code name Operation Grapeshot. It was the Allied attack by Fifth United States Army and British 8th Army into the Lombardy Plain. It started on 6 April 1945 and ended on 2 May with the surrender of German forces in Italy.

Background
The Allies had done their previous major attack on the Gothic Line in August 1944. The British 8th Army attacked up the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The U.S. 5th Army attacked through the central Apennine Mountains.

They managed to break through the Gothic Line defences. But they failed to get into the Lombardy Plains before the winter weather stopped them.  
They had a hard time in the cold winter weather. They planned to attack again in the spring.

Command changes
Harold Alexander was promoted to Field Marshal. He was made the Allied Supreme Commander Mediterranean on 12 December.

On 23 March, Albert Kesselring was appointed Commander-in-Chief Army Group West.
Orders of battle
In the spring, the problems of getting troops continued. The 15th Army Group had 1,334,000 men with Eighth Army having 632,980 men and Fifth Army 266,883.  Against them were 21 much weaker German divisions and 4 Italian divisions, a total of 25.

Plan of attack

Clark made his plan on 18 March. He wanted destroy the maximum number of enemy forces, cross the Po and capture Verona.

The Eighth Army was to go north west to capture Ferrara and Bondeno. The U.S. Fifth Army was to go past Bologna to surround German forces south of the Po. The Fifth Army was to go west towards Ostiglia. Next, the Allies would capture bridge across the Po and go north.

The Fifth Army plan (Operation Craftsman) aimed to pull German reserves away from Route 65. II Corps would then attack.
Battle
In the first week of April, attacks were launched on the right and left of the Allied lines. The goal was to draw German reserves away from the main attacks to come. Axis forces had to use sea, canal and river routes for supply. Axis shipping was being attacked in bombing raids.

The main attack started on 6 April with an artillery bombing of the Senio defenses. On 9 April, 825 heavy bombers dropped bombs near the Senio. From 15:20 to 19:10, artillery was fired. As well, 28 Churchill Crocodiles and 127 Wasp flamethrower vehicles were sent out. By 12 April, the 8th Indian Division was on the far side of the Santerno. The British 78th Division moved to attack Argenta.
The U.S. 5th Army began its attack on 14 April. First, there was a bombing by 2,000 heavy bombers and 2,000 artillery pieces. Then troops attacked. By 20 April both corps had broken through the German defences and reached the Po valley. 10th Mountain Division went north. By 19 April, the British 6th Armoured Division was moving to surround the German armies defending Bologna. Bondeno was captured on 23 April. Bologna was entered on 21 April. U.S. IV Corps reached the river Po at on 22 April. They went north to Verona which they entered on 26 April. British V Corps entered Padua on 29 April. Partisans had captured the German garrison of 5,000.

Afterwards
Secret surrender talks between the Germans and Western Allies were held in Switzerland (Operation Crossword) in March. The Soviets did not like that the Western Allies were trying to arrange a surrender that did not include the Soviets. On 29 April, the Germans surrendered.

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References
 
 
 
 

1945 in Italy
1945 in Italy

Battles involving Germany
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Hallasan is one of Korea's three most sacred mountains. It is on Jeju-do, the southernmost island of Republic of Korea (South Korea). It is 1,950m tall. On the top of Hallasan, there is a crater called Baek Rok Dam. It was an active volcano until about 25,000 years ago. It is now dormant. Hallasan is made of basalt, a type of black rock that is produced by volcanoes. It extends east to west. The south side of Hallasan is very steep. The slope of the north side is gentle. The east and south are relatively high but smooth.

Trails 
There are seven trails on Hallasan.
Eorimok covers a total of 6.8km and takes about three hours for a one way trip.
Yeongsil is a 3.7km foot trail from Yeongsil Resting Area to Witsae-oreum Shelter. A one-way trip takes 1 hour and 30 minutes.
Seongpanak trail is a 9.6km course and it takes about four and half hours for a one-way hike.
Gwaneumsa trail is 8.7km long and takes 5 hours for a one-way trip.
Donnaeko trail covers 7 km and takes about 3 hours and 30 minutes for a one-way trip.
Eoseungsaengak trail is 1.3km long and a one-way trip takes 30 minutes.
The 1.5-kilometer Seokgulam Trail takes about 50 minutes one away to Seokgulam hermitage.

Scenery 
Hallasan has subtropical plants, warm-climate plants, and subarctic plants. In spring, there are royal azaleas and yellow rape. There are also maple trees. In winter, the mountain is covered with snow. There are deer, which are the symbol of Hallasan.
Designation 
The ever-changing colors of the scenery make people admire the beauty of nature, and this is why Hallasan was selected as a national park on March 24 1970.  All of Jeju Volcanic Island was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007. During the last week in January, there is a snow-flower festival in Hallasan.

References 

Hallasan, Doosanpedia  
Hallasan official website  
Hallasan, Encyclopedia of Korean Culture

Volcanoes of Korea
Mountains of Asia
Aleqa Hammond (born 23 September 1965) is a Greenlandic politician. She was the leader of the Siumut party and also the country's first female Prime Minister after her party emerged as the largest in the 2013 elections.

References

Other websites

1965 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Greenland
Protestants
Juan Vicente Torrealba (20 February 1917 – 2 May 2019) was a Venezuelan harpist and composer of popular music.

Torrealba died at the age of 102 from heart failure on 2 May 2019, aged 102.

References

Other websites

 Juan Vicente Torrealba Discography (partial)

1917 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Centenarians
Venezuelan composers
People from Caracas
Venezuelan musicians
Arnoldo Foà (24 January 1916 – 11 January 2014) was an Italian movie actor. He has appeared in more than 130 movie since 1938. He was born in Ferrara, Italy.

Foà died on the morning of 11 January 2014, 13 days before his 98th birthday, from respiratory failure in his home in Rome, Italy.

References

Other websites

1916 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Emilia-Romagna
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in Italy
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Jacque Fresco (March 13, 1916 – May 18, 2017) was an American self-taught structural designer, architectural designer, concept artist, educator, and futurist. Fresco wrote and lectured his views concerning sustainable cities, energy efficiency, natural-resource management, cybernetic technology, advanced automation, and the role of science in society. He was of Jewish descent.

Fresco died at his home in Sebring, Florida from complications of Parkinson's disease on May 18, 2017, aged 101.

References

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  – The Venus Project

1916 births
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American centenarians
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Florida
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Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (May 19, 1860 – December 1, 1952) was an Italian diplomat and political figure. He was born in Palermo, Sicily. His father, a landed gentleman, delayed venturing out to register his son's birth for fear of Giuseppe Garibaldi's 1,000 patriots who had just stormed into Sicily on the first leg of their march to build an Italian nation.

References

Other websites

Arlacchi, Pino (1988). Mafia Business. The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 
Dickie, John (2004). Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia, London: Coronet, 
Lauren, Paul G. (1988). Power And Prejudice: The Politics And Diplomacy Of Racial Discrimination, Boulder (CO): Westview Press, 

1860 births
1952 deaths
Prime Ministers of Italy
Politicians from Palermo
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
Axel Gabriel Erik Mørch better known as Gabriel Axel (18 April 1918 – 9 February 2014) was a Danish movie director, actor, writer and producer. He is best known for the movie Babette's Feast (1987). He wrote and directed this movie. He won an Academy Award for it.

Axel died on 9 February 2014 at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
 

1918 births
2014 deaths
Danish movie actors
Danish movie directors
Danish screenwriters
Television directors
Writers from Aarhus
Danish movie producers
WWE Saturday Morning Slam was a professional wrestling show made by the WWE.

During its televised history in the United States it was shown on The CW during its Vortexx Saturday morning block. It was centered around being more family-friendly and targeted towards children. The show ran from August 25, 2012 to May 11, 2013. The show was cancelled because of creative differences between both the WWE and Saban Brands.

Commentator history

Related pages
WWE

References

World Wrestling Entertainment television programs
2012 American television series debuts
2013 American television series endings
Reed College is a private liberal arts college in Portland Oregon. Reed was begun in 1908 and had its first classes in 1911. Reed is an undergraduate school. An unusually high number of Reed's students go on to get Ph.D.s after they graduate. Reed is the only private undergraduate school to have a nuclear reactor. 

Tuition at Reed is about $44,200 a year. Reed is secular, meaning the school is not part of a religion. The school does not do very many NCAA sports, and it does not have any fraternities or sororities. 

Reed students are called "Reedies". Students are often called nonconformists. As a joke, some students say the motto of the school is "Communism, Atheism, Free Love".

People
Some famous or important people who went to Reed include:
 Bud Clark - Mayor of Portland from 1985 to 1992.
 Richard Danzig - 71st United States Secretary of the Navy 
 Steve Jobs - Helped start Apple Inc. and Pixar
 Hope Lange - Actress who won an Emmy Award
 Larry Sanger - Helped start Wikipedia

References
References

Colleges and universities in Oregon
Portland, Oregon
1908 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Oregon
Kevin Matthew Fertig (born January 17, 1977) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under the ring names, Mordecai and Kevin Thorn.

Under the Mordecai name, he played a religious zealot and under his Kevin Thorn name, he played a vampire character along with his manager Ariel.

In January 2009, he was offered a new contract with WWE, but turned it down. WWE announced that he was released from contract by request on January 9, even though his contract did not end until April 5 which prevented him from wrestling for other promotions.

Championships
Championships

Frontier Elite Wrestling
FEW Heavyweight Championship (five times, current)
FEW Deadman's Heavyweight Championship (three times)
Memphis Championship Wrestling
MCW Hardcore Championship (one time)
MCW Southern Heavyweight Championship (one time)
MCW Southern Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Trash)
Memphis Wrestling
Memphis Wrestling Southern Heavyweight Championship (two times)
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Travis Bane)

References

1977 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Memphis, Tennessee
Former WWE wrestlers
Big Hero 6 is an American computer animated superhero buddy comedy movie based on the Marvel Comics superhero comic that has the same name. It was released on November 5, 2014 by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The movie grossed over $651.8 million worldwide making it the highest-grossing animated movie of 2014, it also won the 87th Oscars for best animated feature.

The movie is about a boy named Hiro. He lives in the city of San Fransokyo (a mixture of Tokyo and San Francisco). He changes himself and his friends into high-tech heroes to protect the city. One of his friends is Baymax, a robot created by Tadashi (Hiro's brother). Baymax's only purpose is to take care of people.

Release Dates

References
References 

2014 action movies
2014 animated movies
2014 comedy movies
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2010s superhero movies
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American action comedy movies
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"Lost" is a song by Frank Ocean, from his album Channel Orange. It is about a girl who takes drugs and feels lost. It is an R&B and pop song.

2012 songs
"Pyramids" is a song by Frank Ocean. It is from the album Channel Orange. The song is about a pimp who falls in love with one of his prostitutes. It is an R&B and electronica song. It is almost 10 minutes long.

2012 songs
R&B songs
Songs about prostitutes
The Allied invasion of Sicily, codenamed Operation Husky, was a major battle of World War II in which Allies captured Sicily from the Axis Powers (Italy and Nazi Germany).

The large sea and air operation was followed by six weeks of land fighting and started the Italian Campaign. It was followed by the Allied invasion of Italy.

Husky began on the night of 9–10 July 1943 and ended on 17 August. It achieved the goals of the Allies. The Allies removed Axis air, land, and naval forces from the island.

As well, the Mediterranean's sea lanes were opened to the Allies, and the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, was briefly removed from power.

Background

Allies
The plan for Operation Husky called for the sea attack of the island by two armies. One would land on the southeastern coast. Another would land on the central southern coast. The attack would be helped by naval gunfire and bombing, and its commander was US General Dwight D. Eisenhower.
The Allied land forces were from the American, British, and Canadian Armies and were put into two groups. The Eastern Task Force was led by General Bernard Montgomery. The Western Task Force was commanded by Lieutenant General George S. Patton. In addition to the sea landings, airborne troops were to be flown in to capture bridges and high ground.

The Allied naval forces were put into two groups to transport the invading armies.

Axis
The island was defended by the two corps of Italian 6th Army under General Alfredo Guzzoni. In early July, the total Axis force in Sicily was about 200,000 Italian and 32,000 German troops, and 30,000 Luftwaffe ground staff. By late July, there were 70,000 German troops.

Planning

The attack plan was made on 17 May. At the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, American and British political and military leaders met to discuss future plans. The British wanted an invasion of Sicily. General Eisenhower was made Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces.
Preparatory operations
Once the Axis forces had been defeated in the North African Campaign, Allied bombers attacked airfields of Sardinia, Sicily, and the rest of southern Italy. They also bombed industrial targets in southern Italy and the ports of Naples, Messina, Palermo, and Cagliari.

Deception
To distract the Axis, the Allies did several trick operations. The most famous was Operation Mincemeat. The British allowed a corpse, disguised as a British officer carrying a briefcase with fake secret documents, to drift ashore in Spain.

They stated that the Allies were planning to invade Greece and Sardinia and had no plans to invade Sicily. The Germans thought that the documents were real and so they moved many of their defences from Sicily to Greece. That is a major reason for the Allies' success in Sicily.

Battle
Battle

Two British and two American attacks by airborne forces were carried out on the night of 9–10 July. They wanted to capture the bridge over the River Anape, but strong wind made them land in the wrong places. Airborne troops attacked patrols. A platoon captured the bridge and fought off counterattacks for a few hours.

The strong winds made the sea landings hard. Landings were made on 10 July on 26 main beaches.

By the evening of 10 July, the seven Allied divisions had landed, and the port of Syracuse had been captured.

Alexander's plan was to establish his forces on a line between Licata nd Catania. He wanted to capture ports.

References

1943 in Italy
Battles involving Australia
Battles involving Canada
Battles involving France
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Battles involving Italy
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Invasions of World War II
Sicily