Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
On 27 June 2015, it was badly damaged by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. It was after they had captured Palmyra. After the freedom of Palmyra by the Syrian army, Maamoun Abdulkarim announced that the pieces were still in place. Further, he said that it was possible to put them back together. He was giving hopes for reconstruction. The statue was moved to Damascus in 2016. There, it was completely restored. On 1 October 2017, it was fully restored. Presently, it is placed in the National Museum of Damascus. This is for its safety. Later, it will be moved to Palmyra again.

References 

History of Syria
Statues
Monuments and memorials
1st-century works
Pixiu (; Old Chinese (ZS) *bi-qʰu) is a Chinese mythical creature. Pixiu are considered powerful protectors of feng shui practitioners. They look like strong, winged lions. A Pixiu is a special creature for wealth. It is said to have a want for gold, silver, and jewels. So, Pixiu are always regarded as special creatures that have sacred powers of drawing cai qi ( wealth) from all directions.

According to the Chinese zodiac, it is helpful for unlucky people.

Gender 
There are two kinds of Pixiu based on their antlers. The one with two antlers is the female. She is called a Bìxié. The one with one antler is the male. He is called a Tiānlù.

Bìxié (; lit. "to ward off evil spirits"): The female wards off evil. They can help any sufferers from bad feng shui. 
Tiānlù (): The male takes care of wealth. He searches for gold and other wealth. When he returns to his master's house, the Bìxié guards the riches. Displaying Tiānlù at home or in the office is said to stop wealth from flowing away.
Pixiu can smell gold and silver. They bring their masters money in their mouth. Statues of this creature are often used to attract wealth in feng shui.

Today, Pixiu are a popular design on jade necklaces. It was also shown as a design on the sword of Fa Mulan's character in the 1998 Disney animated feature movie, Mulan.

Mythology

Once Pixiu broke the rules of Heaven by discharging faeces on the floor of Heaven. When it was found out, it was punished by the Jade Emperor. The punishment of spanking was hard enough to cause its anus to be permanently sealed. The Jade Emperor further announced that the food of the Pixiu would be restricted to gold, silver, and jewels.
Another story describes the Pixiu as the well-behaved youngest son of the Dragon King. He was spoiled by his parents. One day, Pixiu played on the Dragon King's desk and broke a seal by mistake. The seal showed the power of the Dragon King. The Dragon King became very angry. He used magic to turn Pixiu into an animal. He then sealed his rectum. He announced that from then on, Pixiu could only eat things representing wealth.

Pixiu have a fame of being wild animals. The large fangs can be seen in their mouths. These are used to attack demons and evil spirits. It could convert them to wealth. Pixiu also guard against disease caused by these evil spirits. Pixiu patrols the Heavens to keep demons away and to protect their owners from all harms.

Pixiu would always and constantly guard its master, even after he passed from this life onto the next world. Pixiu would help their masters to go to Heaven by flying them up to Heaven on their backs.

References 

Chinese mythology
Dragons
Legendary creatures
The Jade Emperor ( or , ) is one of the representations of the first god ( ) in Chinese mythology and religion. In Daoist theology, he is associated with Yuanshi Tianzun, one of the Three Pure Ones. He is also the  ("Highest Power") of Caodaism. He is often identified with Śakra in Chinese Buddhist cosmology. In Korean mythology, he is known as Haneullim.

The Jade Emperor is known by many names. Some names include (1) the Heavenly Grandfather (, ), which originally meant "Heavenly Duke", (2) the Jade Lord; (3) the Highest Emperor; (4) Great Emperor of Jade (,  or , ).

Mythology 
The Jade Emperor was originally the assistant of the Divine Master of the Heavenly Origin, Yuanshi Tianzun. Yuanshi Tianzun is the supreme beginning, the limitless and eternal creator of Heaven and Earth. He picked Yu-huang, or the Jade Emperor, as his personal successor.
The Jade Emperor will later be succeeded by the Heavenly Master of the Dawn of Jade of the Golden Door (). The characters for both are shown on the front of the arms of his throne.

In two traditional writing texts produced in 1925 and 1972, Guan Yu became the 18th Jade Emperor in about 1840 AD. However, some have disagreed that Guan Yu has succeeded. And thus the Jade Emperor and Guan Yu are often worshiped separately. In Tienti teaching, the ruling Jade Emperor has 55 predecessors. However, this is from the opinion of the Chinese folk religion. Many Taoists do not believe these claims to be true.

Festivals 
The Jade Emperor's Birthday () falls on the ninth day of the first lunar month. On this day, Taoist temples perform a Jade Emperor ritual (, , literally "heaven worship"). In this, priests and common people lie straight on the ground, burn incenses and make food offerings.

References 

Taoism
Chinese mythology
Gods and goddesses
The Alfa Romeo 121 was an Italian aircraft engine produced by Alfa Romeo. It has a Horsepower of 380.

Variants 

 121 R.C.14
 121 R.C.20
 121 R.C.22

Users 

 Ambrosini S.7
The Alfa Romeo 125 is an Italian piston aircraft engine made by Alfa Romeo in the 1930s. between 1934 and 1944 there where 11,000 units built.

Variants 

 Alfa 125 R.C.10
 Alfa 125 R.C.35

Users 

 Breda Ba.64
 Savoia-Marchetti S.M.81 Pipistrello
Chang'e () or Chang-Er or Chang-o or Heng'e is the Chinese female deity of the Moon. She is the topic of many stories in Chinese mythology. Most of her stories are associated with Houyi, the archer, an Emperor, an elixir of life and the Moon. She was married to Houyi. In present days, the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program was named after her.

Story
There are many stories about Chang'e.  The following is about the origin of the Mid-Autumn Festival. In one version, long time ago, Chang'e was a beautiful woman. Ten suns had risen together into the skies. They had scorched the Earth. Thus, it caused hardship for the people. Houyi, the archer, shot down nine of them. He left just one Sun. He was given either two or one with enough for two elixirs of immortality as a reward. He did not drink it directly. He let Chang'e keep it with her because he did not want to be immortal without his beloved wife. However, while Houyi went out hunting, his enemy Fengmeng went into his house. And he tried to force Chang'e to give the elixir to him. She drank them instead of giving them to Fengmeng. Then, Chang'e flew upward past the heavens. There, she chose the Moon as her home. As she loved her husband, she wanted to live nearby him. That is why she chose the moon. Houyi found out what had happened and felt sorry
. So, he displayed the fruits and cakes that Chang'e had enjoyed. Then, he killed himself.
In older versions of the story, Chang'e stole the elixir from Houyi. Then, she drank it and flew away to the Moon. Then, her husband could not go after her. Chang'e appears in Wu Cheng'en's late 16th-century novel, Journey to the West.

References 

Chinese mythology
Chinese gods and goddesses
Charles Allan Rich was an American country music singer, songwriter, and musician. 1960 was the first time he had a song on Billboard Hot 100 music chart.

Background 
Rich was born and raised in Arkansas, United States, to rural cotton farmers. He attended Consolidated High School in Forrest City.

Biography
He was born on December 14, 1932 in Colt, Arkansas.

He died on July 25, 1995.

Discography

Singles during the 1960s

1970s and 1980

Death 
Charlie died July 25, 1973 at a motel in southeastern Louisiana city, while travelling to Florida with his wife.

References

1932 births
1995 deaths
Musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
American country singers
The Mid-Autumn Festival or the Moon Festival or the Mooncake Festival is a traditional festival celebrated in mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and Vietnam, as well as by overseas Chinese and Vietnamese people. Similar holidays are celebrated in Japan, Korea, and across many Southeast Asian regions.

It is one of the most important holidays in Chinese culture. Its popularity is at the same level with that of Chinese New Year. The history of the Mid-Autumn Festival dates back to 3,000 years back. The festival is held on the 15th day of the 8th month of the Chinese lunisolar calendar. It is celebrated in a full moon night. It is during the mid-September to early October according to the Gregorian calendar. On this day, the Chinese believe that the moon is at its brightest and fullest size. This coincides with the harvesting time in the middle of Autumn.
Lanterns of all sizes and shapes, are carried and displayed. This symbolises that light brings people's way to prosperity and good luck. Mooncakes, are traditionally eaten during this festival. These are mostly filled with sweet-bean, egg yolk, meat or lotus-seed paste. The Mid-Autumn Festival is based on the story of Chang'e, the moon goddess in Chinese mythology.

Celebrations

Moon worship

 

An important part of the festival celebration is Moon worship. The ancient Chinese people believed in renewing associated with the Moon and water. This concept is related to the menstruation of women. So, they called it "monthly water".

Lanterns

A very important part of celebrating the festival is carrying the bright lanterns and lighting them on towers or floating sky lanterns. Another tradition involving lanterns is to write riddles on them and have other people try to guess the answers ().
Lantern usages were not combined with Moon-worship before the Tang dynasty. Traditionally, the lantern has been used to represent fertility. The laterns act mainly as a toy and decoration. But today the lantern has come to depict the festival itself. In the old days, lanterns were made in the image of natural things, myths and local cultures. As time passed, a greater variety of lanterns could be found as local cultures became influenced by their neighbors.

As China gradually evolved from a farming society to a mixed farming and trading one, traditions from other festivals began to be brought into the Mid-Autumn Festival. For example, the putting of lanterns on rivers to help the souls of the drowned as practiced during the Ghost Festival. During the Qing dynasty, Hong Kong fishermen would put up lanterns on their boats for the Ghost Festival. They keep the lanterns up until Mid-Autumn Festival.

References 

Holidays of the People's Republic of China
Festivals in China
Festivals in Asia
Giovanni Fattori (1825-1908) was an Italian painter. His works are seen as impressionist today. He was a member of a group of painters known as Macchiaioli.

1825 births
1908 deaths
People from Livorno
19th-century Italian painters
20th-century Italian painters
Lou Grant is a fictional character in The Mary Tyler Moore Show and its related TV show Lou Grant.

Ed Asner played Lou Grant.

Television characters
People from Los Angeles
Lachin corridor a six-kilometer mountain corridor in Azerbaijan that connects Armenia and the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh. The territory of the corridor today consists of three settlements: the villages of Zabukh, Sus and the city of Lachin.

After the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, the area was occupied by the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Following the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war it is now controlled by Russian peacekeepers.

References 

Nagorno-Karabakh
The Sierra Miahuatlan spikethumb tree frog (Sarcohyla miahuatlanensis) is a frog that lives in Mexico.  Scientists have only seen it in one place: a pine-oak forest in the Sierra de Miahuatlán, Oaxaca.

The scientists who wrote the first paper about the frog say it is similar to the southern Sierra Madre tree frog in size, but it is a different color.

References

Frogs of North America
The Alfa Romeo 126 is an Italian piston aircraft engine made by Alfa Romeo.

Variants 

 Alfa 126 R.C.10
 Alfa 126 R.C.32
 Alfa 126 R.C.34

Users 

 CANT Z.506A Airone
 CANT Z.506B Airone 
 CANT Z.506C Airone
 Caproni Bergamaschi AP.1
 DAR-10A
 Junkers Ju 52 
 Macchi M.C.94 
 Macchi M.C.100
 Savoia-Marchetti S.73 
 Savoia-Marchetti S.74
 Savoia-Marchetti S.77
 Savoia-Marchetti S.M.79-II Sparviero 
 Savoia-Marchetti S.M.83
The Alfa Romeo 128 is an Italian piston aircraft engine made Alfa Romeo. It was commonly used in World War II aircraft.

Variants 

 Alfa 128 R.C.18
 Alfa 128 R.C.21

Users 

 Fiat G.12
 Savoia-Marchetti SM.75 Marsupiale
 Savoia-Marchetti S.M.79 Sparviero
 Savoia-Marchetti S.M.79B Sparviero
 Savoia-Marchetti S.M.82 Canguru
 Savoia-Marchetti S.M.84 
 Savoia-Marchetti S.M.95
The Alfa Romeo 135 is an Italian piston aircraft engine made Alfa Romeo. designed in 1934-1935 and got it's first test in 1938.

Variants 

 136 R.C.25
 135 R.C.32
 135 R.C.34
 135 R.C.45
 136 R.C.65
 136 R.C.100

Users 

 Cant Z.1018
 Savoia-Marchetti SM.87 
 Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 (Central engine)
 Savoia-Marchetti SM.90 
 Cant Z 1014 
 Focke-Wulf Fw 200 
 CRDA CANT Z.1018

References 

Aircraft engines
A prophage is a bacteriophage genome. It is part of the circular bacterial DNA chromosome, or it is a plasmid outside the circular chromosome.. 

This is a latent form of a phage: the viral genes are there in the bacterium but cause no disruption of the bacterial cell. 

Pro means "before", so, prophage means the stage of a virus inserted into host DNA before being activated inside the host.

Prophages are important agents of horizontal gene transfer.

References 

Virology
Horizontal gene transfer
The Alfa Romeo Lynx is an Italian piston aircraft engine made Alfa Romeo. It's a licensed version of the Armstrong Siddeley lynx.

Users 

 Breda Ba.19
 Breda Ba.25
 IMAM Ro.10
The Alfa Romeo RA.1000 is an Italian piston aircraft engine made Alfa Romeo.

Users 

 Breda Ba.201
 Caproni Vizzola F.4
 Macchi MC202
 Reggiane Re. 2001
The Agusta GA.70 is a Italian piston aircraft engine made by Agusta.

Variants 

 GA.70/0
 Horizontal mounting for light aircraft.
 GA.70/V
 Vertical mounting for helicopters.

Users 

 Agusta A.103
 Bölkow Bo 103
 de Bernardi M.d.B. 02 Aeroscooter
 Phoenix Minor
 Phoenix Major

Aircraft engines
The Agusta GA.140 is a Italian piston aircraft engine made by Agusta.

Variants 

 GA.140/0
 Horizontal mounting for light aircraft.
 GA.140/V
 Vertical mounting for helicopters.

Applications 

 Agusta A.104

Aircraft engines
Agusta is an Italian Helicopter and engine builder. it was found by Giovanni Agusta in 1929. Its headquarter is in samarate, Italy.

It is since the year 2000 that it merged with the company westland to create the now famous AgustaWestland.

Engines 

 Agusta GA.70
 Agusta GA.140

Helicopters 

 A.101 

 A.103 
 A.104 Helicar
 A.105 
 A.106
 A109/AW109 
 A.115 
 AW119 Koala
 A129 Mangusta 
 EMA 124
Leucadendron is a genus of about 80 species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae, endemic to South Africa, where they are a prominent part of the fynbos ecoregion and vegetation type.

Selected species
Leucadendron album
Leucadendron arcuatum
Leucadendron argenteum
Leucadendron barkerae
Leucadendron bonum
Leucadendron brunioides
Leucadendron burchellii
Leucadendron cadens
Leucadendron chamelaea
Leucadendron cinereum
Leucadendron comosum
Leucadendron concavum
Leucadendron conicum
Leucadendron coniferum
Leucadendron cordatum
Leucadendron coriaceum
Leucadendron corymbosum
Leucadendron cryptocephalum
Leucadendron daphnoides
Leucadendron diemontianum
Leucadendron discolor
Leucadendron dregei
Leucadendron dubium
Leucadendron elimense
Leucadendron ericifolium
Leucadendron eucalyptifolium
Leucadendron flexuosum
Leucadendron floridum
Leucadendron foedum
Leucadendron galpinii
Leucadendron gandogeri
Leucadendron glaberrimum
Leucadendron globosum
Leucadendron grandiflorum
Leucadendron gydoense
Leucadendron immoderatum
Leucadendron lanigerum
Leucadendron laureolum
Leucadendron laxum
Leucadendron levisanus
Leucadendron linifolium
Leucadendron loeriense
Leucadendron loranthifolium
Leucadendron macowanii
Leucadendron meridianum
Leucadendron meyerianum
Leucadendron microcephalum
Leucadendron modestum
Leucadendron muirii
Leucadendron nervosum
Leucadendron nitidum
Leucadendron nobile
Leucadendron olens
Leucadendron orientale
Leucadendron osbornei
Leucadendron platyspermum
Leucadendron pondoense
Leucadendron procerum
Leucadendron pubescens
Leucadendron pubibracteolatum
Leucadendron radiatum
Leucadendron remotum
Leucadendron roodii
Leucadendron rourkei
Leucadendron rubrum
Leucadendron salicifolium
Leucadendron salignum
Leucadendron sericeum
Leucadendron sessile
Leucadendron sheilae
Leucadendron singulare
Leucadendron sorocephalodes
Leucadendron spirale
Leucadendron spissifolium
Leucadendron stellare
Leucadendron stelligerum
Leucadendron strobilinum
Leucadendron teretifolium
Leucadendron thymifolium
Leucadendron tinctum
Leucadendron tradouwense
Leucadendron uliginosum
Leucadendron verticillatum
Leucadendron xanthoconus
Social services, also called Welfare service or Social Work are any publicly or privately provided services intended to aid disadvantages
, distressed and vulnerable person or groups. The social services also denotes the Profession engaged in rendering such services.
Welfare economics
Social care
The deathwatch beetle (Xestobium rufovillosum) is a species of woodboring beetle. It lives in pieces of wood and can sometimes be found in the wooden parts of old buildings. The adult beetle is brown and about  long. Eggs are laid in dark crevices in old wood inside buildings, trees, and inside tunnels left behind by previous larvae. The larvae bore into the timber. Larvae  feed for up to ten years before pupating, and later emerging from the wood as adult beetles. Timber that has been damp and is affected by fungal decay is soft enough for the larvae to chew through. They use enzymes present in their gut to digest the cellulose and hemicellulose in the wood.
The larvae of deathwatch beetles weaken the structural timbers of a building by tunneling through them. Treatment with insecticides to kill the larvae is largely ineffective, and killing the adult beetles when they emerge in spring and early summer may be a better option. However, infestation by these beetles is often limited to historic buildings, because modern buildings tend to use softwoods for joists and rafters instead of aged oak timbers, which the beetles prefer.

To attract mates, the adult insects create a tapping or ticking sound that can sometimes be heard in the rafters of old buildings on summer nights; therefore, the deathwatch beetle is associated with quiet, sleepless nights and is named for the vigil (watch) being kept beside the dying or dead. By extension, a superstition has grown up that these sounds are an omen of impending death.

References

Polyphaga
The Aerosport-Rockwell LB600 is an engine made by Aerosport and is based on a snowmobile.

Users 

 Aerosport Rail
 Calvel Frelon
 PDQ Aircraft PDQ-2
 Thor Duster
Aerosport was a company founded by Harold Woods in Holly Springs, North Carolina in 1971.

They make aircraft and engines.

Aircrafts 

 Aerosport Quail
 Aerosport Rail
 Aerosport Scamp
 Aerosport Woody Pusher

Engines 

 Aerosport-Rockwell LB600

1971 establishments in the United States
Rockwell is a major American manufacturer of aircraft.

Aircrafts 

 Fuji/Rockwell Commander 700.
 North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco.
 North American Sabreliner.
 Rockwell B-1 Lancer.
 Rockwell Commander 112.
 Rockwell Ranger 2000.
 Rockwell X-30.
 Rockwell XFV-12.

American aircraft companies
The Aeronca E-113 is a piston engine made by Aeronca.

Variants 

E-113A
E-113C
Aeronca-JAP J-99

Users

E-113 

 Aeronca C-3
 Aeronca K
 Welch OW-6M
Tabyin-ul-Kalam was an Urdu-language book. It was written around 1862 by Syed Ahmed Khan. It was written as a commentary on the Bible. It has a comparative study of Islam and Christianity in order to improve the relationship between British people and Muslims. He proved from this book the basic "similarities between Islam and Christianity".

In the first discourse of Tabyin-ul-Kalam, he deals with “the necessity of coming of Prophets to save mankind” based on Quranic studies. In the second volume of his Tabyin ul-Kalam, the advocacy of a non-literal reading of the Qur'an (and the Bible) is found.

Although due to lack of resources this work was not finished, yet it showed Syed's commitment to improve relations.

References

Other websites 

 Tabyin-ul-Kalam on Rekhta

1862 books
Urdu language
Islamic theology
Aeronca is an American aircraft manufacturer and its headquarters is in Middletown, Ohio.

Aircraft

Engines 

 Aeronca E-107
 Aeronca E-113

Missiles 

 GT-1
The ABC Wasp is a Piston aircraft engine. It's made in the UK By ABC Motors. The first engine was made in 1916 and there where 56 engines made.

Variants 

Wasp I
Wasp II

Users 

 Wasp I

 Avro 504K
 BAT Bantam
 BAT Baboon
 Sopwith Snail
 Westland Wagtail

 Wasp II

 Avro 504K
 BAT Bantam
 Saunders Kittiwake
 Sopwith Snail
 Westland Wagtail

References 

ABC aircraft engines
The ABC Scorpion is a piston aircraft engine. It's made in the UK By ABC Motors. The first engine was made in 1921.

Variants 
 Scorpion I
 Scorpion II

Users 
 ABC Robin
 Boulton Paul Phoenix
 BFW M.19
 BFW M.23
 Comper Swift
 de Havilland Humming Bird
 Farman Moustique
 Hawker Cygnet
 Heath Parasol
 Hendy Hobo
 Henderson-Glenny Gadfly
 Kay Gyroplane
 Luton Minor
 Mignet HM.14 Pou-du-Ciel
 Parmentier Wee Mite
 Peyret-Mauboussin PM X
 RWD 1
 SAI KZ I
 Saynor & Bell Canadian Cub
 Short Satellite
 Snyder Buzzard
 Udet U 7 Kolibri
 Wheeler Slymph
 Westland Woodpigeon

References 

ABC aircraft engines
ABC Motors is a United Kingdom engine and aircraft manufacturer. The headquarter is in Hersham, surrey.

Engines 

 ABC 6 hp 
 ABC 8 hp 
 ABC 30 hp 
 ABC 60 hp 
 ABC 100 hp 
 ABC Dragonfly 
 ABC Gadfly 
 ABC Gnat 
 ABC Mosquito
 ABC Hornet 
 ABC Scorpion 
 ABC Wasp

Aircraft 

 ABC Robin
Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Zipporah is a woman in the Bible.  She is in the Book of Exodus.  She is the daughter of Reuel/Jethro, the priest and prince of Midian.  She marries Moses.

References 

Old Testament people
The Bentley BR1 is a Britsh piston aircraft engine made by Bentley during the First World War.

Users 

 Avro 536
 Port Victoria P.V.9
 Sopwith Camel
 Westland N.1B

Aircraft engines
Structuring, also called smurfing is a way to cheat in American banking.  It is the act of breaking a large sum of money into smaller sums to hide it from the law.  Some United States laws, for example the Bank Secrecy Act and Internal Revenue Code say people have to tell the government if they move large amounts of money all at once.  By moving the money in smaller amounts, people can sneak past the law.  People might structure if they are trying to make criminal money look like honest money or committing fraud.

Definition
Structuring is the act of dividing a large financial transaction, for example a payment or bank deposit, into many smaller ones to sneak past the law. The structurer, or "smurf," makes sure each smaller sum is lower than the number that the law says must be reported.  For example, if the limit is $10,000 in one day, the structurer will move no more than $9,999.99 in one day.  groups of criminals sometimes use many smurfs who move money.
The word "smurfing" comes from the Smurfs, which are fictional people from comic books.  The Smurf village has a large group of many small people.  A Miami lawyer named Gregory Baldwin may be the person who first named structuring "smurfing." People have called it that since the 1980s.

Regulations

United States
In the United States, the Bank Secrecy Act says people must write the government currency transaction reports (CTRs) if they buy, sell, or deposit money worth $10,000 or more.  This is either in USD or any money from any other country. Financial institutions, for example banks, that think someone might be smurfing have to tell the government about it.  They file a suspicious activity report (SAR). In 1986, the U.S. Congress passed a new part of Title 31 of the United States Code:
No person shall, for the purpose of evading the reporting requirements of section 5313 (a) or 5325 or any regulation prescribed under any such section, the reporting or record keeping requirements imposed by any order issued under section 5326, or the record keeping requirements imposed by any regulation prescribed under section 21 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or section 123 of Public Law 91–508—[...]

(3) structure or assist in structuring, or attempt to structure or assist in structuring, any transaction with one or more domestic financial institutions.

This law also says that people who smurf may be punished with paying their own money, five years in prison, or both. The filing of Form 8300 is required under Internal Revenue Code section 6050I.
If a bank files a suspicious activity report, a judge may issue a warrant.  This is a piece of paper that says, in this case, the police or other agents may take the money in the smaller payments and hold it as evidence.  Even if the person or business was not really smurfing, they still have to hire lawyers and go to a court of law.  This can cost $20,000 or more.

In 2014, The New York Times printed a story about money taken from innocent people in this way.  The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) then changed the way it worked.

If a banks thinks a customer is smurfing and files a suspicious activity report, the bank is not allowed to tell the customer about it unless the customer asks.  Sometimes bank desk employees will warn customers anyway.

Outside the United States
Other uses
The word "smurfing" is also for drugss, for example pseudoephedrine. In this type of smurfing, the agent buys small amounts of legal drugs from many places, then puts the small amounts together to make enough to make the illegal drug methamphetamine. Also, since the monthly pseudoephedrine purchase limits in US are too low for mass meth production, this practice often involves using multiple people, other "smurfs."

As Robert Pennal of the Fresno Meth Task Force explains:

Then we started seeing "smurfing." Remember how the smurfs were little gatherers? We started getting calls from different retail stores that people were buying two or three packs—that's the most you can buy—and they went to one store, they bought three, they went to another store, bought three. We're seeing blister packs everywhere because they're sitting in the car, they're punching the pills out of the blister packs, they're putting them in the freezer bags and they're turning them over to chemical brokers.
Related pages
 Salami slicing

References

Other websites
 Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ruling on structuring

Financial crimes
The Bentley BR2 is a Britsh piston aircraft engine made by Bentley during the first world war.

Variants 

 BR.2 230
 BR.2 245

Users 

 Armstrong Whitworth Armadillo
 Austin Osprey
 Boulton Paul Bobolink
 Brennan Helicopter
 Gloster Grouse
 Gloster Nightjar
 Gloster Sparrowhawk
 Grain Griffin
 Handley Page Type S
 Nieuport Nightjar
 Parnall Panther
 Sopwith Buffalo
 Sopwith Gnu
 Sopwith Salamander
 Sopwith Snipe
 Vickers Vampire

Aircraft engines
A manometer is a device that is able to measure the pressure of a medium (a liquid, or a gas), it is also used to check the pressure of cylinder but it can only check the inner pressure not outer. In most cases, the relative pressure will be measured. A barometer can measure the absolute pressure, compared to a vacuum.A common simple manometer consists of a U-shaped glass tube filled with a liquid. It is a simple pressure gauge and it's measure difference in pressure exerted at the two ends of the glass tube. The name ("manometer") comes from Ancient Greek, μανός manós  -thin and μέτρον métron measurement, or ruler. Many animals have a tympanic membrane (or eardrum), which only reacts to changes in pressure similar to a manometer.

Tools
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party is the office of the highest-ranking member of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). That person is also typically (or usually) the supreme leader of Laos.

Laotian politicians
Meldreth is a village in South Cambridgeshire, and is south-west of Cambridge. From the 2011 Census the population was 1,783.

References 

Villages in Cambridgeshire
Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire
Acrisure Stadium is a sports stadium located in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Acrisure Stadium is the home stadium facility of the Pittsburgh Steelers NFL franchise and the University of Pittsburgh Panthers college football team. The stadium sits on approximately 12.4 acres of land and has a capacity of 64,450. Acrisure Stadium is only used as a football facility. The stadium opened in August 2001 and the Steelers debuted there during the 2001-2002 NFL season.

Other websites
Stadium Website

Sports buildings in Pennsylvania
Bridei III (616-693) was King of the Picts from 672 until 693, he defeated the Northumbrian king Ecgfrith and killed him at the Battle of Nechtansmere in 685.

References 

610s births
690s deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland
Portrait of the artist Carlo Bazzi is a painting by the italian painter Achille Beltrami, made in 1910, that shows the artist Carlo Bazzi.

Related pages 
 Achille Beltrame

Other websites

 ritratto di Carlo Bazzi (torino 1875 - 1947), Achille Beltrame,General Catalog of Cultural Heritage of the Italian Government

References

1910s paintings
Critical race theory (CRT) is a way that scholars study and teach civil rights and the history of race, especially in the United States.  Critical race theory shows another way of thinking and doing things than mainstream American liberal racial justice. CRT looks at social, cultural, and legal things and the way they affect race and racism. CRT says that the reason white people ended up and stayed richer and more politically powerful than people of other races was not only because of people acting racist on purpose.  It was also because of complicated, changing social rules that people didn't always know were there.
American legal scholars started CRT in the mid-1970s. Derrick Bell, Alan Freeman, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Richard Delgado, Cheryl Harris, Charles R. Lawrence III, Mari Matsuda, and Patricia J. Williams wrote about it. It became a movement by the 1980s.  Critical race theory included some theories of critical legal studies (CLS) but it put more focus on race. CRT uses critical theory and scholars Antonio Gramsci, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and W. E. B. DuBois are in it, as well as the Black Power, Chicano, and radical feminist movements from the 1960s and 1970s.
CRT scholars think about race as an intersectional  social construct.  "Social construct" means that it comes from society's rules and not from the physical world.  For example, money is a social construct.  A piece of paper is worth money because the society agrees that it is.  For example, which continent someone's ancestors came from is a real thing.  However, whether or not that is important is a social construct.  When CRT says that race is not "biologically grounded and natural," it does not mean that human beings from different parts of Earth do not look different.  It means that the rules around looking different are made up. Instead, they think of race as an idea that makes life easier for white people by making it worse for people in other races. In legal studies, CRT says that even laws that are color blind, meaning laws that look like they are not about race, can still have racist effects
. CRT focuses on intersectionality, which means that race affects other identities, for example gender and social class, to produce complicated effects on power and advantage.
Scholars who do not think CRT is good say that CRT acts as if storytelling is more important than evidence and logic, that it does not treat truth and merit as important enough, and that it does not value liberalism enough.
Since 2020, conservative U.S. lawmakers have tried to keep CRT and other antiracism education out of primary and secondary schools. CRT is only taught at the university level, though some lower-level curricula do teach some CRT without calling it that.  Supporters of CRT say these lawmakers don't talk honestly about CRT and that what they really want is for people to stop talking about racism, equality, social justice, and the history of race in America.

Definitions
In his introduction to the comprehensive 1995 publication of critical race theory's key writings, Cornel West describes CRT as "an intellectual movement that is both particular to our postmodern (and conservative) times and part of a long tradition of human resistance and liberation."
Law professor Roy L. Brooks defines critical race theory in 1994 as "a collection of critical stances against the existing legal order from a race-based point of view". Education Week describes the core of CRT as the idea that that race is a social construct and racism is neither an individual bias nor prejudiceit is "embedded in the legal system" and supplemented with policies and procedures.

University of Alabama School of Law professor Richard Delgado, a co-founder of critical race theory, defines it in 2017 as "a collection of activists and scholars interested in studying and transforming the relationship among race, racism, and power".

Gloria Ladson-Billings, a pedagogical theorist who introduced CRT to the field of education in 1994, describes CRT as an "interdisciplinary approach that seeks to understand and combat race inequity in society."
Early years
Delgado and legal writer Jean Stefancic wrote an article in 1998 called "Critical Race Theory: Past, Present, and Future." According to that article, CRT began with Derrick Bell in his 1976 Yale Law Journal article, "Serving Two Masters" and his 1980 Harvard Law Review article "Brown v. Board of Education and the Interest-Convergence Dilemma." 

Bell started out as a civil rights lawyer. He won 300 civil rights cases for the NAACP in Mississippi. Later, he worked as a professor at Harvard Law School. There, Bell made new classes about American law and how it worked with race.
In 2001, Delgado and Stefancic also wrote Critical Race Theory: a Introduction. That book talked about Bell's "interest convergence" as a "means of understanding Western racial history." The focus on desegregation after the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Educationdeclaring school segregation unconstitutionalleft "civil-rights lawyers compromised between their clients' interests and the law." Many Black parents wanted better schools for their children but the lawyers wanted a "breakthrough," a famous case that would change things for the whole country. In 1995, Cornel West said that Bell was "virtually the lone dissenter" because he wrote articles in famous law review publications challenging the ways people thought about the law and people of color.
Bell wrote his own material for the classes he taught.  In 1970, he turned them into a book called Race, racism, and American law. He became Harvard Law School's first Black tenured professor in 1971. In 1980, Bell resigned from the university because he thought it was doing racist things, and he became the dean at University of Oregon School of Law. Later, he went back to Harvard as a visiting professor. While he was away from Harvard, his supporters organized protests against Harvard's lack of racial diversity in the classes, student body, and teachers. In 1981, one student protest started a new class based on Bell's course and textbook. In that class, students brought in visiting professors, such as Charles Lawrence, Linda Greene, Neil Gotanda, and Richard Delgado, to teach Race, racism, and American law.
Delgado and Stefancic said Alan Freeman, who wrote in the 1970s, was also part of the beginning of critical race theory. In his 1978 Minnesota Law Review article, Freeman wrote about the Supreme Court and civil rights laws from 1953 to 1969. He said their interpretation of the law was too narrow to stop racial discrimination. In his article, Freeman said there were two ways to look at racial discrimination: victim and perpetrator. To the victim, racial discrimination was about real-world conditions and about the "consciousness associated with those objective conditions." To the perpetrator, racial discrimination was only about being able to perform actions without thining about the real-world conditions of the victims, such as the "lack of jobs, lack of money, lack of housing."
After this meeting, legal scholars started writing more articles with critical race theory in them, including over "300 leading law review articles" and books. In 1990, Duncan Kennedy published an article about affirmative action in law schools in the Duke Law Journal, and Anthony E. Cook published his article "Beyond Critical Legal Studies" in the Harvard Law Review. In 1991, Patricia Williams published The Alchemy of Race and Rights, while Derrick Bell published Faces at the Bottom of the Well in 1992. Cheryl I. Harris published her 1993 Harvard Law Review article "Whiteness as Property" in which she described how looking like a white person led to benefits similar to owning property. In 1995, 24 legal scholars contributed to a major compilation of key writings on critical race theory.
Although CLS criticized the way the legal system had made and protected social structures that allowed racism or made it worse, CLS did not talk about how to solve this problems. Derrick Bell and Alan Freeman said that CLS could not provide solutions unless it talked about race and racism. CRT criticized CLS for focusing too much on class and economic structures and not enough on race.

Growth and expansion
In 1995, Gloria Ladson-Billings and William F. Tate started using critical race theory in education. In an article they wrote in 1995, Ladson-Billings and Tate talked about why education focused on what white people think of as normal. They looked at how schooling was not always fair and equal. Other scholars have since spread this to school segregation in the U.S.; relations between race, gender, and academic achievement; pedagogy; and ways of studying social problems.
According to University of Edinburgh philosophy professor, Tommy J. Curry, by 2009, many agreed with CRT's idea that race was socially constructed, not "biologically grounded and natural." "Social construct" means that even though how much dark pigment different people have in their skin is a real thing, and which continent their ancestors came from is a real thing, whether or not those facts are important is made up by society.  For example, money is a social construct.  A round piece of metal is real.  A piece of paper with ink on it is real.  But societies decide whether the metal is a coin and whether the paper is paper money.
Common themes 
Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic say that critical race theory has several themes:
 Critique of liberalism: Critical race theory asks whether regular liberalism is right or wrong about Enlightenment rationalism, legal equality and constitutional neutrality. Critical race theory says the incrementalist approach of traditional civil-rights discourse is not so good.  The incrementalist approach is about taking small steps at a time.  Increments are steps. Critical race theory favors a race-conscious approach to social transformation.  Critical race theory asks people to check whether affirmative action, color blindness, role modeling, and the merit principle really are good or bad and how much  preferring political organizing over liberalism's reliance on rights-based remedies.
Storytelling, counter-storytelling, and "naming one's own reality": Critical race theory says it is good to use storytelling to talk about how racial oppression affects people's real lives. Bryan Brayboy talks about the importance of storytelling in Indigenous American communities and he proposed a Tribal Critical Race Theory (TribCrit).
 Revisionist interpretations of American civil rights law and progress: Criticism of civil-rights scholarship and anti-discrimination law, such as Brown v. Board of Education. Derrick Bell, one of CRT's founders, argues that civil-rights advances for black people coincided with the self-interest of white elitists, which Bell termed interest convergence. Mary L. Dudziak searched through records in the U.S. Department of State and Department of Justice and found that U.S. government support for civil-rights legislation "was motivated in part by the concern that racial discrimination harmed the United States' foreign relations."
Intersectional theory: This is the study of how race works with and against other things that affect people's lives, for example sex, social class, national origin, and sexual orientation. For example, studying how the needs of a Latina female are different from those of a black male.
 Standpoint epistemology: This is the idea that someone who is a member of a specific minority group has more authority to talk about that group that people outside that group do not have.  For example, a Korean person has more authority to talk about being Korean than a white or black person does.  Critical race theory also says that this can show where the law does not really treat people equally.
Essentialism vs. anti-essentialism: This is about how important race is and whether it is more important than other things.  Delgado and Stefancic write, "Scholars who write about these issues are concerned with the appropriate unit for analysis: Is the black community one, or many, communities? Do middle- and working-class African-Americans have different interests and needs? Do all oppressed peoples have something in common?" This talks about how even people who are in the same group or look like they are in the same group might need different things.  This is because their lives are not only about being in that one group.
 Structural determinism: Exploration of how "the structure of legal thought or culture influences its content" in a way that determines social outcomes.
Empathetic fallacy: This is the idea that people can change other people's minds by telling a story to try to get them to understand how other people suffer or are harmed.  This is called empathy. According to CRT, empathy is not enough to change racism because most people do not meet enough people who are different from themselves and most people do not look for stories about people in other groups.
 Non-white cultural nationalism/separatism: This is the most radical idea.  It is that people in different racial groups should think about living in different countries or other structures.  This is connected to separatism and reparations, both for foreign aid and black nationalism.
Internalization 
Scholar Karen Pyke studied and wrote papers about internalized racism or internalized racial oppression.  This is when people who suffer from racism start to believe that they are not as good as whites or that their culture is not as good as white culture. They think this not because they are less intelligent or easier to trick than other people are.  Instead, it is because this is how authority and power in society make people feel.

Institutional racism 
Camara Phyllis Jones defines institutionalized racism like this:
In other words, institutionalized racism is when the society is set up to help some people more than others and hurt some people more than others and it isn't always easy to see this happening.  With institutionalized racism, a white person does not need to do anything racist to a non-white person.  The rules of the society do it for them.  For example, the schools in white neighborhoods might have more and newer computers than the schools in black neighborhoods, which means the white schoolchildren will get better grades even if the black schoolchildren work just as hard.  The people at the white school might not know that the people at the black school have worse computers.  In English, we say this as, "this is not a level playing field."
Influence of critical legal studies 
Critical race theory is like critical theory, critical legal studies, feminist jurisprudence, and postcolonial theory. Tommy J. Curry wrote that the epistemic ways in which these ways of thinking are similar come from idealism. Idealism is about discourse (i.e., how individuals speak about race) and the theories of white Continental philosophers and the way they talk about structural and institutional stories about white supremacy. These ways of speaking and thinking are important to realist analysis of racism from Derrick Bell's early writing,. Black thinkers, for example, W. E. B. Du Bois, Paul Robeson, and Judge Robert L. Carter wrote about them even more.
Critical race theory uses the things critical legal studies says are important.  It also uses ways of looking at things from critical legal studies and civil rights scholarship, but it also argues with them. Critical race theory takes its theory from many places. Angela P. Harris says critical race theory has the same "commitment to a vision of liberation from racism through right reason" as civil rights tradition. It deconstructs some premises and arguments of legal theory and simultaneously holds that legally constructed rights are incredibly important. Derrick Bell says that Harris thinks critical race theory is committed to "radical critique of the law (which is normatively deconstructionist) and... radical emancipation by the law (which is normatively reconstructionist)."
Applications 
Scholars of critical race theory have used it to look at hate crime and hate speech. The U.S. Supreme Court made a ruling on hate speech in R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul in 1992.  In that ruling, the Court struck down an anti-bias ordinance.  In that case, a teenager who had burned a cross. Mari Matsuda and Charles Lawrence argued that the Court had not looked closely at the history of racist speech and the actual injury that racist speech can cause.

Critical race theorists also say affirmative action is good. They say that rules for whom to fire or whom to let into a good school that are officially based only on "merit," for example grades alone, are not really race-neutral.

Criticism
Criticism

Academics and jurists
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, "aspects of CRT have been criticized by legal scholars and jurists from across the political spectrum." Critics say it has a "postmodern way of looking at the truth. It also says critical race theory opposes "the traditional liberal ideals of neutrality, equality, and fairness in the law and legal procedures and of unreasonably spurning the notion of objective standards of merit in academia and in public and private employment, instead interpreting any racial inequity or imbalance in legal, academic, or economic outcomes as proof of institutional racism and as grounds for directly imposing racially equitable outcomes in those realms." People who want to use CRT have also been accused of calling criticism of CRT racist.
In 1997, law professors Daniel A. Farber and Suzanna Sherry said that critical race theory did not have enough evidence to support it.  Instead, they said, it was based on the belief that reality was a socially construct, that it pushed away evidence to use storytelling instead, rejected truth and merit as ways of looking at political dominance, and rejected the rule of law. In 1995, Farber and Sherry wrote that anti-meritocratic tenets in critical race theory, critical feminism, and critical legal studies may unintentionally lead to antisemitic and anti-Asian implications. They wrote in 1997 that if the system really is unfair in its structure the way critical race theorists say it is, then the success of Jews and Asians might make people say they cheated. In 2017, Delgado and Stefancic wrote a response: They said that there was a difference between criticizing an unfair system and criticizing individuals who do well inside that system.
In a 1999 Boston College Law Review article called Race, Equality and the Rule of Law: Critical Race Theory's Attack on the Promises of Liberalism, First Amendment lawyer Jeffrey J. Pyle said that critical race theory undermined confidence in the rule of law. He wrote that "critical race theorists attack the very foundations of the liberal legal order, including equality theory, legal reasoning, Enlightenment rationalism and neutral principles of constitutional law."