Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Hollies is a British rock and pop group that became one of the leading British groups of the 1960s (231 weeks on the UK singles charts during the 1960s, the 9th highest of any artist of the decade) and into the mid 1970s. It was formed by Allan Clarke and Graham Nash in 1962 in Manchester.

Their best known songs were "Bus Stop", "Just One Look", "Look Through Any Window", "I Can't Let Go", "Bus Stop", "Stop Stop Stop", "On a Carousel", "Carrie Anne", "Jennifer Eccles", and later "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother", "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress", and "The Air That I Breathe".

They are one of the few British groups of the early 1960s, along with the Rolling Stones, that have never disbanded and continue to record and perform. The Hollies were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010.

References

1962 establishments in England
Musicians from Manchester
British pop rock bands
Musical groups established in 1962
Harold Allan Clarke (born 5 April 1942) is a retired English pop rock singer. He was one of the founding members and the original lead singer of The Hollies. He retired from performing in 1999. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010.

References

1942 births
Living people
English pop singers
English pop musicians
English rock singers
English rock guitarists
Musicians from Lancashire
Anthony Christopher Hicks (born 16 December 1945) is an English guitarist and singer. He was a member of the British pop group The Hollies since 1963. He was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010. He was born in Nelson, Lancashire.

References

1945 births
Living people
English rock singers
English rock guitarists
Singers from Lancashire
Musicians from Lancashire
Robert Hartley Elliott (born 8 December 1941) is an English rock drummer. He is best known for playing with The Hollies. He has been described as "one of the very finest drummers in all of pop/rock".

References

1941 births
Living people
English rock drummers
English rock guitarists
Musicians from Lancashire
José Ramón Fernández Álvarez (November 4, 1923 – January 6, 2019) was a Cuban Communist leader. He was a Vice-President of the Council of Ministers from 1976 until his death in 2019.

Life 
He was born in Santiago de Cuba. During the Bay of Pigs Invasion on 17 April 1961, he was director of militia training and based at Managua near Havana.

He was a member of the Executive Committee of the Pan American Sports Organization. In recognition of his work he was awarded several medals, among them the title of Hero of the Republic of Cuba.

Fernández died on January 6, 2019 in Havana at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
CubaNow Magazine

1923 births
2019 deaths
Cuban politicians
Cuban military people
People from Havana
The pidyon haben is a Jewish life cycle event that takes place at the age of 1 Jewish month. The Jewish child is “redeemed” before God, to show the parents want the child. A few coins are given to a rabbi during this ceremony.

Jewish culture
The Seven Bridges of Paso Mayor is a railway bridge belonging to the Rosario Puerto Belgrano Railroad, which crosses the course of the Sauce Grande River in the limits of the Coronel Rosales and Coronel Pringles Municipalities, south of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

History 

It receives its name for being a bridge divided into seven sections, six of a type structure "cage" and one "open", is located in the Paso Mayor of the River Sauce Grande near the site of the same name. Its construction was completed in 1908 and is part of the Rosario Puerto Belgrano Railroad, the same crosses from north to south, the south of the Santa Fe Province and all the west of the Buenos Aires Province, discarding the radial model towards the City of Buenos Aires that had all the British railways.

It was used by a railway for the last time in the year 1977 when the southern section of that railway branch was definitively closed by a decree of the de military government.
In the 90 'this railway line was concessioned with all its assets, who currently is the owner of the concession is the company Ferro Expreso Pampeano S.A., which never used the southern section of the branch before said.

Structure 

The support or bastion of each end are 266 meters each, each bastion has two wings. Each one of the boards of each section rests on six pillars that are in what was the bed of the formerly mighty river.

The entire structure of the bridge, both the "upper rope", "lower rope", "diagonal", "lower bracing", "upper bracing", "poles", "joists", "bolts" and other parts of the bridges were built according to the following generalities:
Its parts should be accessible for inspection, cleaning, maintenance and repair.
 Its sections should be symmetrical, just like its rivets.
 The support system of the structure is separated from the masonry of the piles.
 Systems of brackets, braces or cords are used, so that the water rejected by the batteries does not cause deterioration in its lower part.

Declaration of Historical Heritage 
In 2010 the Deliberative Council of the Coronel Rosales Municipality declared it "Architectural, Historical and Cultural Heritage". In 2012 it was declared a provincial historical heritage by the legislature of the Buenos Aires Province.
Controversy 
Despite being recently declared historical heritage, it was left without one of its sections, the one used by Ferro Expreso Pampeano (Fepsa) to replace it in place of the damaged one in the Province of Santa Fe that crossed on Route 18 south of Rosario. The National Transportation Regulatory Commission demanded that Fepsa "refrain from carrying out any operation that is not authorized by the competent authority to change all or part of the bridge." Days later, with the withdrawal of the already completed structure, the control body reiterated the request for restitution of the railway material before 30 days and threatened to initiate legal actions.

Finally the bridge was restored to the original place ending with the controversy.

Rail transport in Argentina
Bridges
Buildings and structures in Argentina‎
Buenos Aires Province
Zhantoro Zholdoshevich Satybaldiyev (; born 6 January 1956) is a Kyrgyz politician. He was the 15th Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 5 September 2012 until 25 March 2014.

References

Other websites 
 Sputnik.kg

1956 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Kyrgyzstan
Askar Akayevich Akayev (; born 10 November 1944) is a retired Kyrgyz politician. He was the 1st President of Kyrgyzstan from 27 October 1990 until 24 March 2005.

Related pages
List of scientists from Asia

Other websites 
 Lenta.ru

1944 births
Living people
Presidents of Kyrgyzstan
Annalise Braakensiek (9 December 1972 –  6 January 2019) was an Australian model, actress, and television presenter. She was born in Sydney. She was known for her role as Claudia Macpherson in the 2000 television series Pizza and on the 2003 movie Fat Pizza.

Braakensiek was found dead in her Sydney apartment on 6 January 2019 at the age of 46.

References

Other websites

1972 births
2019 deaths
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian models
Actors from Sydney
Gene Zwozdesky,  (July 24, 1948 – January 6, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He was in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1993 to 2015, and was the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly from 2012 to 2015. He was born in Nipawin, Saskatchewan.

Zwozdesky died of cancer in Edmonton, Alberta on January 6, 2019, aged 70.

References

Other websites

Alberta Legislative Assembly biography Gene Zwozdesky
Edmonton Mill Creek political history, CBC News

1948 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in Canada
Politicians from Alberta
Politicians from Saskatchewan
Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev (; 19 March 1906 – 22 August 1989) was a Soviet aircraft designer and founder of Yakovlev.

Other websites 
 GlobalSecurity.org

1906 births
1989 deaths
Soviet engineers
Soviet politicians
Writers from Moscow
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Legion of Honour
is a Japanese shōnen manga series. It was written by Yūto Tsukuda and illustrated by Shun Saeki. An anime based on this manga by J.C.Staff aired between April 3, 2015 and September 25, 2015. A second season named Food Wars! The Second Plate aired between July 2, 2016 and September 24, 2016. The third season was first broadcast in Japan on Tokyo MX from November 4, 2017 to June 25, 2018.

It was number twelve on the 2014 Kono Manga ga Sugoi! Top 20 Manga for Male Readers survey. It was number three in the Nationwide Bookstore Employees' Recommended Comics of 2014.
Plot
A boy named Soma Yukihira wants to become a full-time chef in his father Joichiro's family restaurant and cook even better than his father, but Joichiro gets a new job that requires him to travel around the world and closes his shop. Joichiro has Soma go to Totsuki Saryo Culinary Institute, an elite culinary school where students engage in food competitions called shokugeki. He gets himself a spot at the school even though Erina Nakiri, the talented granddaughter of the school's dean, does not approve of him. Soma is assigned to Polaris Dormitory where he meets other students who want to be chefs, including Megumi Tadokoro. The story follows his adventures as he interacts with his peers and challenges Totsuki's students as well as others in shokugeki competitions. Learning that his father was not only a student of Totsuki, but also the second seat in the Council of Ten; Soma plans on becoming the best at the academy.

References
References

2012 manga
2015 anime television series
2015 manga
2016 anime television series
2017 anime television series
2018 anime television series
2020s television series
Adult Swim
Anime OVAs
Anime series based on manga
Comedy anime and manga
Light novels
Manga series
Capital Development Authority (abbreviated as CDA), is a public benefit corporation responsible for providing basic services in Islamabad Capital Territory, which may include sanitation, water, streets, the public library, schools, food inspection, fire department, police, ambulance, and other health department issues and transportation. City governments often operate or contract for additional utilities like electricity, gas and cable television. The CDA was established on 14 June 1960 by executive order entitled Pakistan Capital Regulation. As of 2016, most of CDA's municipal services and departments have been transferred to the newly created Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation, although CDA is still in charge of estate management, project execution and sector developments.

Other websites 
 CDA Official Website

1960s establishments in Pakistan
1960 establishments in Asia
Government of Pakistan
Islamabad
In the Aeroplane Over the Sea is the second album recorded by Neutral Milk Hotel.  It was released in February 1998. After the album came out and the band finished doing concerts to promote it, the leader of the band named Jeff Mangum became very private and basically disappeared except for one small concert in New Zealand and a reunion tour in the 2010s.

Sound
The album has many influences. Some of them are folk music, noise rock, and Eastern European music. A wide variety of instruments are played on the album. Some of them are bagpipes, distorted electric guitars, musical saw, accordion, and brass instruments.

Track listing

1998 albums
Bal Harbour is a village of Florida in the United States.

Villages in Florida
The Republic of Turkey has no official national emblem, but the star and crescent.

Turkey
National symbols of Turkey
Baron Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (; 4 June 1867 – 27 January 1951) was a Finnish military leader and statesman. Mannerheim served as the military leader of the Whites in the Finnish Civil War, Regent of Finland (1918–1919), commander-in-chief of Finland's defence forces during World War II, Marshal of Finland, and the sixth President of Finland (1944–1946).

References 

1867 births
1951 deaths
Presidents of Finland
Military personnel of World War II
DC Universe Online is a free to play video game. It has around 18 million users worldwide.

Reception

DC Universe Online received good reviews. It receive a grade of 7/10 from IGN. The rating further improves to 8/10 after its PlayStation 4 launch.

As of August 2014, the game has 18 million registered users. On gaming platforms PlayStation 3 and 4, the game is free of charge to play. It is the highest profit earning game on those platforms.

References

Other websites
 

Video games
Julian Wyatt Glover  (born 27 March 1935) is an English actor. He is known for his roles as General Maximilian Veers in The Empire Strikes Back, Aristotle Kristatos in the James Bond movie For Your Eyes Only, Walter Donovan in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, Brian Harcourt-Smith in The Fourth Protocol, and Grand Maester Pycelle in Game of Thrones. He also voiced the giant spider Aragog in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

References

Other websites
 

1935 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
English voice actors
Actors from London
Actors who played Bond villains
Sylvia Belle Chase (February 23, 1938 – January 3, 2019) was an American broadcast journalist. She was a correspondent for ABC's 20/20 from 1978 until 1985. She left to become a news anchor at KRON-TV in San Francisco; in 1990 she returned to ABC News in New York. 

Chase was born in Northfield, Minnesota. She studied at University of California, Los Angeles. Chase, who was diabetic, died in Belvedere, California on January 3, 2019 from brain cancer, aged 80.

References

1938 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Cancer deaths in California
American journalists
American television news anchors
Writers from Minnesota
Writers from San Francisco
Northfield is a city in Dakota and Rice counties in the State of Minnesota. The city is mostly in Rice County, with a small portion in Dakota County. The population was 20,007 during the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Minnesota
Alan Derek Piggott  (27 December 1922 – 6 January 2019) was a British aviator. He was best known glider pilots and instructors. He had over 5,000 hours on over 153 types of powered aircraft and over 5,000 hours on over 184 types of glider. 

In 1961 he became the first person to make an officially authenticated take-off and flight in a man-powered aircraft. 

Piggott died of a stroke, aged 96, on 6 January 2019 in Lasham, Hampshire.

References

1922 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stroke
British aviators
People from Essex
William Morgan Sheppard (24 August 1932 – 6 January 2019) also known as Morgan Sheppard or W. Morgan Sheppard, was an English actor. He was born in London. He studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Sheppard was known for his roles in Star Trek, Max Headroom and in Gods and Generals.

Sheppard died on 6 January 2019 at his home in Los Angeles, California from cancer, aged 86.

References

Other websites
 

1932 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Actors from London
Thomas Rukavina (August 23, 1950 – January 7, 2019) was an American politician. He was born in Virginia, Minnesota. He was a member of the Democratic–Farmer–Labor (DFL). He was a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1987 to 2013.

In 2010 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Minnesota, seeking the DFL nomination. He withdrew from the election. He was a St. Louis County commissioner from 2015 to 2018.

Rukavina was arrested on July 31, 2004, for fourth-degree drunk driving with a blood alcohol level of 0.15. He pleaded guilty to the charge.

Rukavina died of leukemia on January 7, 2019 at a hospital in Minneapolis, aged 68.

References

1950 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Minnesota
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Christopher Tucker (born August 31, 1971) is an American actor and stand-up comedian. He is known for his roles of Smokey in F. Gary Gray's Friday and as Detective James Carter in Brett Ratner's Rush Hour movie series.

Filmography

References

Other websites

1971 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Atlanta
Actors from Atlanta
Brett Ratner (born March 28, 1969) is an American director and producer. He is known for directing the Rush Hour movie series, The Family Man, Red Dragon, X-Men: The Last Stand, and Tower Heist.

Ratner is the co-founder of RatPac Entertainment, a movie production and financing company.

On January 19, 2017, Ratner received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his works to the motion picture industry.

In late 2017, seven women, including actresses Olivia Munn and Natasha Henstridge, accused Ratner of sexual misconduct and harassment.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Brett Ratner Cover Story Interview with Aventura Business Monthly
 Brett Ratner Producer Profile for The 1 Second Film
 New York Film Academy School of Film and Acting

1969 births
Living people
American movie directors
American movie producers
Businesspeople from Miami
José Antonio Pujante Diekmann (December 10, 1964 – January 1, 2019) was a Spanish politician and philosophy professor. Pujante was a deputy of the Regional Assembly of Murcia from 2007 until his death in office in 2019. He was born in Villefranche-de-Rouergue, France.

Pujante died of a heart attack on January 1, 2019, in Murcia, Spain at the age of 54.

References

1964 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Spanish politicians
Bernard Tchoullouyan (12 April 1953 — 6 January 2019) was a French former judoka. He won a world title in 1981 and an Olympic bronze medal in 1980. He was born in Marseille, France.

Tchoullouyan died on 6 January 2019 from a heart attack, at the age of 65.

References

1953 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
French judoka
French Olympic bronze medalists
Sportspeople from Marseille
Grim Fandango is an adventure video game made by LucasArts for Windows computers. It was released in October 1998. The game was directed by Tim Schafer.

Style
The style of the game mixes film noir movies, Mexican folklore, and Aztec beliefs about what happens after death.

Reviews
It is often called one of the best video games ever made because of its story, characters, writing, and visuals.

References

1998 video games
Point-and-click adventure games
Windows games
Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin (; 11 September 1900 – 9 June 1960) was a Soviet aircraft designer and founder of Lavochkin.

Other websites 
 GlobalSecurity.org

1900 births
1960 deaths
Russian aerospace engineers
Soviet politicians
Russian Jews
Soviet Jews
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Li Changchun (; born February 1944) is a retired Chinese politician. He was a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, top decision-making body of People's Republic of China between 2002 and 2012.

Other websites
 Vitae

1944 births
Living people
Chinese politicians
Carmencita Ongsiako Reyes (November 9, 1931 – January 7, 2019) was a Filipino politician and jurist. She was an Assemblywoman from 1985 to 1986, Congresswoman of Marinduque from 1978 to 1998 and 2007 to 2010, as well as governor from 1998 to 2007 and 2010 to her death.

Reyes died on January 7, 2019 in Manila at the age of 87.

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
Filipino politicians
John Mendelsohn (August 31, 1936 – January 7, 2019) was an American physician. He was President of the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston. He was MD Anderson President from 1996 to 2011. 

After his retirement in 2011, Mendelsohn remained on the faculty as co-director of the new Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan Institute for Personalized Cancer Therapy. He was a senior fellow in health and technology at the Baker Institute. Mendelsohn was only the third full-time president of MD Anderson.

Mendelsohn died on January 7, 2019 from glioblastoma in Houston, aged 82.

References

1936 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from glioblastoma
Cancer deaths in Texas
American physicians
Scientists from Cincinnati
Harold Demsetz (; May 31, 1930 – January 4, 2019) was an American economist. He was a professor of economics at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Demsetz was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a director of the Mont Pelerin Society, and a past (1996) president of the Western Economics Association.

He was known for his works in the Nirvana fallacy.

Demsetz died on January 4, 2019 at the age of 88.

References

1930 births
2019 deaths
American economists
Scientists from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Birdsong is a town in the US state of Arkansas.

Towns in Arkansas
Big Flat is a town in the US state of Arkansas.

Towns in Arkansas
Edwin B. "Ted" Erickson (1938 – January 7, 2019) was an American politician and businessman. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, but raised in Bryn Mawr. He was a Republican member of the Pennsylvania Senate, representing the 26th District from 2001 to 2015.

Erickson died on January 7, 2019 in Reading, Pennsylvania, aged 80.

References

1938 births
2019 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Philadelphia
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
Republican Party (United States) politicians
People from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
George Wilson "Doddie" Weir (4 July 1970 – 26 November 2022) was a Scottish rugby union player. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He played as a lock. He made 61 international appearances for the Scotland national team from 1990 to 2000.

In June 2017, Weir announced he was diagnosed with motor neurone disease (ALS) in order to promote Global MND Awareness Day which caused his death on 26 November 2022.

References

1970 births
2022 deaths
Rugby union players
Sportspeople from Edinburgh
Jeremy Michael London (born November 7, 1972) is an American actor. He is best known for his regular roles on Party of Five, 7th Heaven, and I'll Fly Away, a starring role the 1995 comedy film Mallrats, as well as a notable supporting role in the Civil War epic Gods and Generals. London made his directorial debut with the 2013 horror film The Devil's Dozen, in which he also appeared.

1972 births
Actors from San Diego, California
American movie actors
American television actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television directors
American television producers
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
Twin people from the United States
Khas Rajput (Devanagari: खस राजपूत) is a Rajput (warrior-ruler) community among Khas people. The term is popularly denoted to Khas people who follow Hindu Kshatriya tradition in the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is used very less in Nepal and is replaced by the term  Chhetri.
They have been connected to the  Khasas mentioned in the ancient Hindu literature. Historian Bal Krishna Sharma and Dor Bahadur Bista speculates that the Khas people were of Indo-European origin. Historian Baburam Acharya speculates that Khas are a sub-clan of Aiḍa, an Arya clan originated at Idavritt (modern day Kashmir).  Khas were living in the Idavaritt in the 3rd millennium B.C.E. and the original meaning of the term Khas was Raja or Kshatriya (Yoddha). He further speculates that Kashmir has been named from its local residents Khas as Khasmir. In the 2nd millennium B.C.E., one group of Khas migrated towards Iran while the other group migrated east of Sutlej river settling only in the hill regions up to Bheri River. Historian Balkrishna Pokhrel contends that Khas were not the Vedic Aryans but Aryans of latter period like the Gurjara, Darada, Shaka, Pallava and Pisacha. He further asserts that post-Vedic Aryans were akin to Vedic Aryans in terms of language and culture.
History
Traditionally, the Khas people were divided into "Khas Brahmins" (also called Bahuns in Nepal) and "Khas Rajputs" (also called Chhetris in Nepal). In Garhwal regions of Uttarakhand in India, the Khas Brahmins and Khas Rajputs had a lower social status than the other Brahmins and Rajputs. However, in present-day western Nepal, and in Uttarakhand they had the same status as the other Brahmins and Rajputs, possibly as a result of their political power in the Khasa Malla kingdom. 

Khas Rajputs in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand are historically accepted as army recruits for the hill Rajas. In Uttarakhand, Gharwal region there are two general divisions of Rajputs -  Asal Rajput and Khas Rajput. Asal Rajput are the immigrants of the lowlands of India while Khas Rajput are children of the local Khas population. Now there is no such divisions
Notable people
MS Dhoni, Indian cricketer
Trivendra Singh Rawat , Indian Politician
Yogi Adityanath, Indian Politician
Harish Rawat, Indian Politician 
 Bipin Rawat, Indian army chief
Unmukt Chand, Indian cricketer
Urvashi Rautela, Indian actress

Sources

Books

Ethnic groups in India
Rajputs
Douglas DC-2 was an American 14 seat, twin-engined airliner designed by Douglas. The DC-2 inspired the much more successful DC-3.

Douglas aircraft
Douglas DC-3 is an American fixed-wing, propeller airliner designed by Douglas. It was very successful, with 607 DC-3s being built. Even today, some companies still use DC-3’s despite better jet planes being for sale.

It was basically a longer version of Douglas’s earlier airplane, the DC-2. It was revolutionary to the airplane market when the DC-3 started being built in 1936, as it could fly farther than most aircraft at the time.

During WW2, a military version of the DC-3 known as the C-47 “Skytrain” was the primary transport of the US Military. It was used in major events like D-Day.

References

Douglas aircraft
Lisunov Li-2 (Russian: Лисунов Ли-2) was a Soviet transport aircraft developed by Lisonov.

Soviet & Russian aircraft
Boris Pavlovich Lisunov (; 19 August 1898 – 3 November 1946) was a Soviet aircraft designer and founder of Lisunov.

Other websites 
 PomniPro.ru 

1898 births
1946 deaths
Soviet engineers
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Vowel length is a feature in languages when how long a vowel is spoken in a word can create a completely different word. Although this is a feature in many languages like Japanese, Arabic, Hawaiian, Classical Latin, and Thai, there are also many languages that do not have this feature. 

An example of this would be the Japanese words chizu, which has a short vowel (a vowel spoken for a short time), and chīzu, which has a long vowel (a vowel spoken for a long time). The only difference that can be heard is how long the vowel "I" is spoken. The amount of time the vowel is spoken could create two entirely different words. Chizu means "map", while chīzu "cheese". 

When using IPA, the colon (:) is used to show that the vowel before it is a long vowel. For example, chizu in IPA is written as /t͡ɕizɯ/, but chīzu is written as /t͡ɕi:zɯ/.
While Old English had vowel lengthening, most modern dialects of English do not. For example, the words God and good used to have the same vowel sound, but the vowel in good (/go:d/), which was a long vowel, was said longer than it was in God (/god/), which was a short vowel. Although the vowel sounds in Modern English are very different than in Old English, readers can often get an idea of how vowels used to sound like based on an English word's spelling, which often shows words' historical roots rather than their current pronunciation. Long vowels in Old English could be written with a bar on top of the vowel like in gōd (good). Later, during the days of Middle English, spellings used to spell long vowels included spelling with two vowels together like in book or break and putting a silent "E" at the end of the word like in hate. These vowels were all long vowels until the Great Vowel Shift in English, in which the vowel sounds in English changed to sound very differently from before.
Classical Latin had both vowel and consonant lengthening, and long vowels had a macron, or a straight horizontal line, written above them. In Classical Latin, ānus (/ˈaː.nus/), annus (/ˈan.nus/), and anus (/ˈa.nus/) were all different words. Ānus means "buttocks", annus means year, and anus means old woman. Today, none of the Romance languages, the languages that are daughter languages of Latin, can distinguish words by vowel length, though Italian can distinguish words by consonant length: /anno/ "year", /ano/ "anus". Italian also has vowel lengthening in accented syllables ending in a vowel, but vowel length cannot make the difference between two words as it could in Latin.

References 

Linguistics
The Great Vowel Shift (GVS) - named so by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen - was a period of shifts in the pronunciation of vowels the English language. It took place approximately from the 15th century (the late Middle English period) until the 18th century (the Early Modern English period). This is the main reason why English words often sound different from how they are spelled.

Furthermore, coinciding with the development of print, the Great Vowel Shift and the increasing production of printed materials have brought about the standardisation of the English language as we know it today.
Changes 
This change was often divided into two phases (with a following third period in Early Modern English with less critical, minor changes) and varied slightly throughout English dialects. It concerned long vowels, short vowels and diphthongs and from the 1400s continued for several centuries. Some consonants’ pronunciation changes as well and these changes are sometimes described by scholars when discussing the Great Vowel Shift.

During the period of Middle English, there were five short and seven long vowels. Through the GVS, the long vowels /i:/ and /u:/ gained counterparts they did not have before, restoring the balance in the vowel system. This attempt to achieve balance is thought to be one of the reasons for the start of the GVS. Along with other theories, like the pull-chain and the push-chain theories.
The pull-chain theory suggests that the first to leave their positions were the higher vowels which then pulled the lower vowels to move too. The push-chain theory offers the opposite solution suggesting that the lower vowels were first to move and after they were raised, they pushed the higher vowels up from their previous positions.

 

The change of pronunciation during the GVS affected long stressed vowels. Therefore, “y” in “only” didn’t change pronunciation because it is not stressed. But the same vowel changes pronunciation in the word “my” because it is stressed. The place of pronunciation in the mouth changes, it shifted so that is was pronounced in a higher place in the mouth.

How do we know? 
It is important to note that distinguishing the Middle English pronunciation is just an approximation done by scholars because there aren’t any recordings of spoken language from that period.

Examples 
 The following tables show the changes in vowel pronunciation on specific examples.
Historical Division of the GVS 
Most generally, the researchers of the GVS have divided it into two phases, which coincidentally correspond with the periods of writings of the two famous English writers: Geoffrey Chaucer and William Shakespeare. Consequently, Chaucer’s and Shakespeare’s writings are often employed as the most representative examples of the Great Vowel Shift’s changes.

Social and Cultural Influences 
The exact pinpointing of the period of the Great Vowel Shift and the reason for its occurrence remains unknown to this day. However, there are several theories which are the most frequent, the most widely accepted, and also interconnected through the notions of social emancipation and elitism.
Plague or the Black Death, fast-tracked the levels of migration in England, with the capital and South England as the final destinations. The explanation for this choice of destination of migration might be that despite the infection being present everywhere throughout England, the death rates differed - with the southern part of England as the area with the lowest levels of casualties. The reason behind this is that this area had been majorly inhabited by the royals and the aristocracy, which meant better hygienic conditions and higher levels of health care - essentially presenting better chances to resist, counter and overcome the plague. Furthermore, the surplus of inhabitants in the capital might have fuelled the urge in the original inhabitants to differentiate themselves from and place themselves above the migrants culturally and socially, through a “more advanced” pronunciation of vowels.
The Hundred Years War and due to it, the presence of Frenchmen and with it the influence of French loan words during the Middle English period, which due to thousands of borrowings (mainly vocabulary connected to the government, war, church, law, cuisine, and clothes), transformed the English language, including its pronunciation. 
 Another factor might have been the middle-class hypercorrection as an effort to imitate the aristocracy’s more prestigious French pronunciation, as French was the language of aristocracy, diplomacy, and law, spoken by the ruling class.  Inversely, the shift might have also been influenced by the anti-French sentiment in England caused by the wars with France and the people’s efforts of distancing themselves from the French way of speaking.
References 

English language
Linguistics
A sound change in a language is when the sounds of the language become different over time in historical linguistics. Since people of different languages or dialects often talk to each other, the way people talk becomes more like the way the others talk. Because of this, it is natural for languages to sound differently overtime. Sometimes it happens slowly, while in other times it happens quickly.

An example of a sound change in English is the Great Vowel Shift, when all of the long vowel sounds in Middle English changed into what they are today. This is why the way English is spelled is so differently from how it is spoken.
Spelling systems that do not change with the sound changes of a language are often more difficult for a learner to learn how to read in that language. These kinds of spellings are called fossilized spellings. These include spelling systems like English, French, Mongolian script, and Thai. All of these spelling systems have changed little for the past few hundred years, even though their spoken languages sound very different from how they used to sound. Spelling systems that change with the sound changes are often easier for a  learner to learn how to read. These languages include Japanese, Turkish, and German.

Another much smaller sound shift in many dialects of English is the cot-caught merger, where words with lower back vowels like in cot and caught sound exactly the same to native speakers of certain English dialects and are spoken without any difference between the two sounds.

Linguistics
Mongolian script was the first writing system to be used to write the Mongolian language. It is similar to the Arabic alphabet in that it is a cursive writing system, or a writing system where all the letters in a word always touch each other and change depending on if the letter is at the beginning, middle, or end of a word. It is a vertically written system, meaning that it is written top-to-bottom, and it is the only vertical writing system to be read left-to-right (all other vertical systems, like Chinese and Korean, are left-to-right). It is one of the two writing systems used to write the Mongolian language, alongside Cyrillic, in the independent country of Mongolia (which is sometimes called Outer Mongolia to distinguish it from Inner Mongolia) and the only writing system used to write the language in the Chinese autonomous region of Inner Mongolia. Unlike Arabic, and Old Uyghur, the Traditional Mongolian script and it's variants are an abugida and brahmic script
. It is also used to write several other Mongolic and Tungustic languages such as Buryat, Kalmyk, Oirat, Manchu, and Xibe.
In 1941, a few decades after Mongolia became a communist state, the Cyrillic alphabet replaced Mongolian script likely due to influence from their communist ally, the Soviet Union. After the fall of communism,  Mongolia made Mongolian script official alongside Cyrillic to revive Mongolian culture. However, Cyrillic is still more common due to the lack of education in Mongolian writing, the lack of money to support it, and the difficulty of typing Mongolian on a computer. Also, more Mongolians can read Cyrillic than Mongolian script.  In Inner Mongolia, on the other hand, most ethnic Mongols do not know Cyrillic and can only read Mongolian in the Mongolian script.

References 

Writing systems
Alphabets
Autonomous regions of China are areas with very large numbers of ethnic minorities living in them. Their local government is similar to a province, but unlike provinces, minority languages are often co-official alongside the Chinese language, and some laws are written to meet the needs of the minority groups. China's five autonomous regions are the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the Tibet Autonomous Region, the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (East Turkestan), and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Their shortened names are Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Ningxia respectively. The largest minority group in each region are the Zhuang, the Mongol, the Tibetan, the Uighur, and the Hui people respectively.

Autonomous regions of China
The Manchu language is a Tungustic language and it was the native language of the Manchu people before and during the Qing dynasty. The Manchus are the ethnic minority in China that overthrew the Ming dynasty in 1644 and took over the country. When they ruled, they formed the Qing dynasty. Manchu uses a version of the Mongolian script that was changed to better suit the language. For the first 200 years, it was the official language in the courts, although commoners still spoke Chinese. However, during the mid-1800s, it became more common for the Manchu nobles to speak Chinese as their first language. As a matter of fact, China's last emperor, Aisin Gioro Puyi, knew very little Manchu and spoke Chinese as his first language. Nonetheless, Manchu was still written alongside Chinese in official documents until the end of Imperial China. Even though China today has 10 million Manchus, only 20 people speak Manchu today. This makes Manchu a critically endangered language
. Almost all Manchus today speak Mandarin Chinese as their first language.
References 

Languages of China
Early Modern English is the period of the English language when both the written and the spoken English language begins to be familiar to English speakers today, or speakers of Modern English. That is the period in which William Shakespeare wrote his plays. What sets Early Modern English apart from Middle English is the Great Vowel Shift, when all long vowel sounds changed to their current sounds.

English language
Zuma is the seventh album by Neil Young. It was released in November 1975.

Track listing

1975 albums
On Avery Island is the first album by Neutral Milk Hotel. It was released on March 26, 1996 by Merge Records.

Songs

1996 albums
Debut albums
Kuroko's Basketball, known in Japan as , is a Japanese sports manga series created by Tadatoshi Fujimaki. It was published in Weekly Shōnen Jump from December 2008 to September 2014. An anime television series based on this manga was produced by Production I.G. It began airing in 2012. A second season of the anime began airing in October 2013 and a third season began airing in January 2015. An anime movie based on Kuroko's Basketball: Extra Game manga premiered in Japan on March 18, 2017.

Kuroko's Basketball was the third highest selling manga series of 2013. In 2013, around 8,761,081 copies of this manga were sold.

References 

2012 anime television series
2013 anime television series
2015 anime television series
Anime series based on manga
Comedy anime and manga
Jonas Furrer (3 March 1805 – 25 July 1861) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1848–1861) and Radical Party.

Other websites 

 
 

1805 births
1861 deaths
Swiss mayors
Freemasons
Calvinists
People from Winterthur
Datto is a town in the US state of Arkansas.

Towns in Arkansas
Airbus A310 MRTT is a aerial fulet tanker developed from Airbus A310.

Airbus aircraft
Urban Clifford "Urbie" Green (August 8, 1926December 31, 2018) was an American jazz trombonist. He toured with Woody Herman, Gene Krupa, Jan Savitt, and Frankie Carle. The 1980s and beyond saw a slowing down of Urbie Green's recording career. Both albums recorded by him during this period are live, straight jazz works; Just Friends, and Sea Jam Blues. In 1995 he was elected into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.

Green died in Hellertown, Pennsylvania from congestive heart failure on December 31, 2018, aged 92.

References

Other websites
– Official Web Site
Urbie Green at the Trombone Page of the World
 A Tribute to Urbie Green 
Biography at Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame
Biography at WindSong Press
Profile at Verve Music
Official website of the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame

1926 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
American jazz musicians
American trombonists
Musicians from Pennsylvania
Musicians from Alabama
People from Mobile, Alabama
Hellertown is a borough in Northampton County, Pennsylvania, United States. Hellertown is located in the Lehigh Valley region of the state. The population of Hellertown was 5,898 at the 2010 census. Hellertown is located at  (40.584099, -75.338139).

References

Boroughs in Pennsylvania
Warren Francisco Plunkett (August 4, 1920 – December 30, 2018) was a former American football player and judge. He played as a blocking back on one season with the Cleveland Rams of the National Football League in 1942. He played college football at the University of Minnesota. He was born in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Plunkett died of complications from pneumonia in Austin, Minnesota on December 30, 2018 at the age of 98.

References

1920 births
2018 deaths
American football running backs
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Minnesota
Los Angeles Rams players
Sportspeople from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Carlos Sánchez (1935 – 29 December 2018) was a Colombian actor. He was known for playing  Juan Valdez for over thirty years, from 1969 to 2006.   He was originally a coffee farmer from Antioquia, Colombia. 

Sánchez in Medellín on 29 December 2018 from a respiratory tract infection, aged 83.

References

1935 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
Colombian entertainers
Mãe Stella de Oxóssi (born Maria Stella de Azevedo Santos, also known as Odé Kayodê, 2 May 1925 – 27 December 2018) was a Brazilian priest and writer. She was the fifth iyalorixá (chief priestess) of Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá, a Candomblé terreiro in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil (where she was born).

Stella was trained as a public health nurse. She became the iyalorixá of Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá in 1976.She was known for writing on the beliefs and practices of Candomblé for the general public, rather than practitioners. 

Stella died of a stroke on 27 December 2018 in Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia, Brazil, aged 93.

References

1925 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Brazilian writers
Priests
Merton Dick Van Orden (February 24, 1921 – December 9, 2018)  was an American rear admiral in the United States Navy. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy. He was born in Austin, Texas. He was Chief of Naval Research  from 1973 to his retirement in 1975. 

Van Orden died of prostate cancer in Arlington, Virginia on December 9, 2018, aged 97.

References

1921 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in Virginia
Military people from Texas
People from Austin, Texas
Airbus CC-150 Polaris is a Strategic transport, VIP transport, tanker developed from Airbus A310 MRTT.

Other websites
Airbus A330 Variant Set To Become Next Canadian Government Jet by Chris Loh, Simple Flying.

Airbus aircraft
Military of Canada
Leo John Dulacki (December 29, 1918 – January 4, 2019) was an American lieutenant general in the Marine Corps. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He served in the Corps during World War II, the Korean War and the Vietnam War.

During his 32 years of active service Dulacki held several important intelligence assignments in Moscow and Helsinki. He finished his career as Director of Personnel/Deputy Chief of Staff for Manpower at Headquarters Marine Corps. 

Dulacki died on January 4, 2019, at his retirement home in Sun City West, Arizona, at the age of 100, 6 days after his birthday.

References

1918 births
2019 deaths
American generals
American centenarians
American military personnel of World War II
American military personnel of the Korean War
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
People from Omaha, Nebraska
Military people from Nebraska
Sun City West is a census-designated place (CDP) in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. The population was 25,806 at the 2020 census.

References

Census-designated places in Arizona
Georgy Mikhailovich Beriev (Beriashvili) ( Georgij Michajlovič Beriev;  Giorgi Mikheilis Dze Beriashvili; 13 February 1903 – 12 July 1979), was a Soviet aircraft designer and founder of Beriev.

Other websites 
 GlobalSecurity.org

1903 births
People from Tbilisi
Scientists from Georgia (country)
Soviet engineers
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Bernice Resnick Sandler (March 3, 1928 – January 5, 2019) was an American women's rights activist. Sandler was best known for being the cause of the creation of Title IX, a portion of the Education Amendments of 1972. 

She has been called "the Godmother of Title IX" by The New York Times.

Sandler died on January 5, 2019 Washington, D.C. at the age of 90.

References

1928 births
2019 deaths
American activists
American feminists
Educators from New York City
Writers from New York City
Khosro (Hosrov) Sheikh Harandi (11 September 1950 – 8 January 2019) was an Iranian chess International Master. He was a repeated Champion of Iran, he was a member of the national team in five Chess Olympiads. He also represented Iran at first board in 19th World Student Team Chess Championship at Graz 1972 (+6 –3 =3). 

Harandi died on 8 January 2019 in Tehran at the age of 68.

References

Other websites
Khosro Harandi  at Chessgames.com

1950 births
2019 deaths
Chess players
People from Tehran
Father Óscar González-Quevedo Bruzón (December 15, 1930 – January 9, 2019) was a Spanish-born Brazilian Jesuit priest. He was an investigator in the field of parapsychology. He was born in Madrid.

González-Quevedo died on January 9, 2019 from heart disease in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, aged 88.

Books
O que é parapsicologia;
A face Oculta da Mente;
As Forças Físicas da Mente;
O Poder da mente na cura e na doença;
Antes que os demônios voltem, Loyola;
Os Espíritos e os Fenômenos Parafísicos;
Há provas de que os mortos agem?;
Identificação dos mortos?;
As provas da ciência;
Palavra de Iahweh;
Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe;
Milagres - A Ciência Confirma a Fé;
Os Milagres e a Ciência;
Milagres na história da Igreja;

References

1930 births
2019 deaths
Spanish writers
Brazilian writers
Deaths from heart disease
Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov () (7 May 1930 – 9 January 2019) was a Russian Communist politician. He was the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR between 15 March 1990 and 22 August 1991.

Lukyanov died in Moscow on 9 January 2019, at the age of 88, after suffering from a serious illness.

References

Other websites
 Biography 
 Biography 
 Examples of his poetry 

1930 births
2019 deaths
Russian politicians
Vice is a 2018 American biographical comedy-drama movie written and directed by Adam McKay. The movie stars Christian Bale as Dick Cheney, with Amy Adams, Steve Carell, Sam Rockwell, Tyler Perry, Alison Pill, and Jesse Plemons in supporting roles. 

The movie is about Cheney in his desire to become the most powerful Vice President in America's history. Vice was released in the United States on December 25, 2018, by Annapurna Pictures.

Cast