Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
His family 
Charles Spurgeon was born on 19 June 1834, in Kelvedon, in the English county of Essex. He was the eldest child of Eliza Jarvis and John Spurgeon. His mother Eliza was born in nearby Belchamp Otten on 3 May 1815. She was about 19-years-old when Spurgeon was born. His father John Spurgeon, born in Clare, Suffolk on 15 July 1810, was about 24-years-old. There were 17 children in Spurgeon's family, but nine of them died when they were babies.

Interests 

When he was six, Spurgeon read The Pilgrim's Progress. He read that book over 100 times in his life. Spurgeon was also very good at mathematics. As a young boy, he would read the Scriptures at family worship. He memorised many hymns as a child, and would use many of them in his sermons later in life.
Spirituality 
As an early teenager, he was very intelligent, but was also fearful and doubting. By the influence of his father and grandfather, Spurgeon was kept from most normal sins. As a child, he thought that he was a good person. But he later said that, "Day and night God's hand was heavy on me." He read the whole Bible, but he thought that it was threatening him, rather than promising him good things. As he got older, these things weighed on his conscience.

On 6 January 1850, when he was 15, a snow storm made him seek shelter in a Primitive Methodist chapel in Colchester. While he was there, a worker there said to him, "Young man, you look very miserable." Spurgeon knew this, and he believed now that only God could heal him. The worker, seeing his need, replied, "Young man, look to Jesus Christ! Look! Look! Look! You have nothin' to do but to look and live."
Within moments, he was converted to Christianity, or as he said: "God opened his heart to the Salvation message." He later said that, "I thought I could dance all the way home." On 3 May 1850, he was baptised in the River Lark, at Isleham. Later that year, his family moved to Cambridge.

Early adulthood

Beginnings 
He preached his first sermon in the winter of 1850–51. At that time, he was made the pastor of the Waterbeach Baptist Chapel in Cambridgeshire. His preaching was thought to be very good. In 1853, he authored his first written work: a Gospel tract.
New Park Street Chapel 
In April 1854, aged 19 and after he had preached for three months, Spurgeon became the pastor of the New Park Street Chapel in London. At that time, it was the largest Baptist congregation in the city. Within months of Spurgeon being the pastor there, he became very famous. Even before he was 20, Spurgeon had preached over 600 times. His sermons were published every week, and many people read them. While he was at the New Park Street Chapel, Spurgeon became friends with James Hudson Taylor. Taylor was the man who started the China Inland Mission.
The way Spurgeon preached was not new, but it was easy to understand. When he would read and teach the Bible in his messages, many people would think about what Jesus had said. Because the church congregation became too large for their building, they had to move to Exeter Hall, then to Surrey Music Hall, and later to the Metropolitan Tabernacle. By the age of 22, he was a very popular preacher. He would preach to more than 10,000 people at a time. Even before the microphone was invented, he spoke to an audience of almost 24,000 at the Crystal Palace.

On 8 January 1856, Spurgeon got married to Susannah Spurgeon. By the age of 33, she had to stay home because of her disabilities. They had twin sons, Charles and Thomas, born 20 September 1856.

Tragedy
Tragedy 

While he was preaching on 19 October 1856, there was a tragedy. A group of men yelled "Fire!" This made many people panic and run for the exits. It was later found out that seven people died after being trampled to death. Spurgeon was hurt emotionally by the actions of these men, and it had a large influence on his life. He had depression for many years. He later said that he cried for no reason, but still his ministry went on.

Middle life 

On 18 March 1861, the church moved to their newly built Metropolitan Tabernacle, at Elephant-and-Castle in London. The building could hold from five to six thousand people, and was like a modern-day "megachurch". Spurgeon read many books, up to six a week.
When the missionary David Livingstone died in 1873, a copy of Spurgeon's sermon, "Accidents, Not Punishments", was found among his belongings. There was a comment at the top of the first page that read, "Very good, D.L." Livingstone carried the sermon with him when he travelled to Africa, but it was given back to Spurgeon. Spurgeon had given the message on Sunday, 8 September 1861, at the Metropolitan Tabernacle, in Newington, London. He had preached it because of two disasters that happened close to his house. On Sunday, 25 August 1861, there was a tragic accident between two trains in the Clayton Tunnel between London and Brighton. 23 people died from this crash and the crash also injured hundreds. About two weeks later, on Monday, 2 September another train wreck in North London that made 15 more people die.

Final years and death
Spurgeon gave his last sermon at the Metropolitan Tabernacle on 7 June 1891. During his pastorate, 14,692 were baptised and joined the Tabernacle. Spurgeon's wife was often too sick to leave their home to hear him preach.

Near the end of his life, he had poor health with rheumatism, gout, and Bright's disease. He died in Menton, in France, on 31 January 1892. Spurgeon's wife and sons lived longer than him. His body is buried in a tomb in West Norwood Cemetery, in London.

Controversies
Controversies

Baptist Union controversies 
Around the end of Spurgeon's life, he was part of many conflicts in the Baptist Union of Great Britain (BUGB). Spurgeon later left the Baptist Union. Even after Spurgeon's death, there were such controversies there, such as the talk over whether or not the Baptist Union should be allowed to meet in the Metropolitan Tabernacle. Spurgeon's son, Thomas, who was the co-pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle with Archibald G. Brown, said that, "The Baptist Union almost killed my father." "Yes," replied someone at BUGB, "and your father almost killed the Baptist Union."

Downgrade controversy 
A controversy with Baptists started in 1887 when Spurgeon wrote what was later called the "Downgrade Controversy." It got that name when Spurgeon used word "Downgrade" when talking about how other Baptists looked at the Bible. Spurgeon meant that things such as Charles Darwin's theory of evolution were making the Baptist Union weak.
Baptismal regeneration 
The "baptismal regeneration" controversy was started by a sermon in the Metropolitan Tabernacle on 5 June 1864. That was when Spurgeon spoke to Anglican Christian leaders who supported infant baptism. The sermon is 16 pages long, so it took around an hour for Spurgeon to preach it. Over 350,000 copies of this sermon were sold. However, Spurgeon did work with Anglicans, as well as people from other denominations all his life.

Spurgeon's ministries

Spurgeon's 

Stockwell Orphanage was an orphanage started by Spurgeon in London in 1867. It opened on 9 September 1869, and was originally for boys only. It began taking girls as well in 1879. The children were fed, clothed and taught at the orphanage. The money to pay for this mainly came from donations.
The orphanage was open until London was bombed in the Second World War. It later turned into Spurgeon's Child Care (and then into Spurgeon's). It is now mainly in England, but has international projects in Mexico, Africa and Eastern Europe.

Spurgeon's College 

Spurgeon's College is a theological institute in London. Spurgeon started it in 1857. Spurgeon's College is a member of the Baptist Union.

Spurgeon library 
In 1906, William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri paid £500 ($2500) for most of the Spurgeon library. The Spurgeon library had around 5,100 books in it at the time. In 2006, the whole library was sold to the Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. Some of Spurgeon's sermon notes are at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama.

Works 

His works have been translated into many languages. He also made many volumes of commentaries, sayings, and other types of literature.
2200 Quotations from the Writings of Charles H. Spurgeon
 Able To The Uttermost
 According To Promise
 All of Grace : 
 An All Round Ministry
 Around the Wicket Gate
 Barbed Arrows
 C. H. Spurgeon’s Autobiography : 
 Chequebook of the Bank of Faith : 
 Christ’s Incarnation
 Come Ye Children
 Commenting and Commentaries
 The Dawn of Revival, (Prayer Speedily Answered)
 Down Grade Controversy, The
 Eccentric Preachers
 Feathers For Arrows
 Flashes Of Thought
 Gleanings Among The Sheaves
 God Promises You : 
 Good Start, A
 Greatest Fight In The World, The
 Home Worship And The Use of the Bible in the Home
 Interpreter, The or Scripture for Family Worship
 John Ploughman’s Pictures
 John Ploughman’s Talks
 Lectures to My Students : 
 Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit, The
 Miracles and Parables of Our Lord
 Morning & Evening : 
 New Park Street Pulpit, The
 Only A Prayer Meeting
 Our Own Hymn Book
 Pictures From Pilgrim’s Progress
 Power in Prayer : 
 The Preachers Power and the Conditions of Obtaining it
Saint And His Saviour, The
 Sermons In Candles
 Sermons On Unusual Occasions
 Soul Winner, The : 
 Speeches At Home And Abroad
 Spurgeon's Commentary on Great Chapters of the Bible
 Spurgeon’s Morning and Evening
 Spurgeon's Sermon Notes : 
 Sword and The Trowel, The
 Till He Come
 Treasury of David, The : 
 We Endeavour
 The Wordless Book
 Word and Spirit : 
 Words Of Advice
 Words Of Cheer
 Words Of Counsel
References

Bibliography

Other websites 

 More information on Charles Spurgeon 
 Chronological index of Spurgeon's sermon 
 Index of Spurgeon's writings 
 Spurgeon Gems - Over 2,750 of Spurgeon's sermons in modern English
 Spurgeon's quotes and illustrations

Biographies 
 Spurgeon's Biography - at Christian Biography Resources
 Spurgeon's Audio Biography
 "Charles Haddon Spurgeon, A Biography"  - By W. Y. Fullerton
 "The Autobiography of Charles Spurgeon", vols. 1 and 2

1834 births
1892 deaths
 
Baptist ministers
English autobiographers
English Protestants
Evangelists
Writers from Suffolk
George Fredrick Müller (German: Georg Friedrich Müller) (September 27, 1805 – March 10, 1898), was an Christian evangelist and worker of orphanages in Bristol, England. He cared for about 10,000 orphans in his life. He was well known for giving an education to the children under his care, so much that sometimes he was accused of giving the poor more than they should be given.

Biography
Biography

Childhood 
Müller was born in Kroppenstedt, a village in the Kingdom of Prussia. His early life he was not very righteous. He was a thief, a liar and a gambler. At age 14, while his mother was dying, he was playing cards with friends and drinking.
His father wanted to give him a religious education that would give him a wealthy job as a clergyman in the church. While studying divinity at college, a fellow student invited him to a Christian house meeting. He was welcomed there, and he soon began reading the Bible. He also began talking much with the others at the meetings. He soon left his sinful life, and began wanting to be a missionary. He began preaching in churches nearby. He still met with the growing group of evangelical believers in his university.  he had a pet monkey named curious George.
Early years 
In 1828, Müller almost started working with Jews in England. But when he got there, in 1829, he fell ill. When he got better, he promises he would obey the will of God. He soon left London. He believed that God would provide for his needs as he did his Christian work. He became the pastor of a chapel in Devon. Soon after, he married Miss Mary Groves. While he was the pastor of the church, he would not take a regular salary. He also stopped renting pews for the church. He said that would give too much money to the wealthy.
He moved to Bristol in 1832. In 1834, he founded the "Scripture Knowledge Institution for Home and Abroad". It had the goal of helping Christian schools and missionaries. And also it gave away the Bible. He did not get any money from the government. He only accepting personal gifts. But still they received, and gave away £1.5 million ($2,718,844 USD) by the time of his death. It was mainly used for supporting the orphanages he worked at. But also they giving away nearly two million Bibles and other religious texts.

Middle life 

Müller and his wife began working with orphans in 1836. They then kept thirty girls in their own home. Soon after that, they opened three more orphanages. That made the total of children they cared for about 130. In 1845, as they got bigger, Müller decided that they would build another building for around 300 children. In 1849, that home opened. By 1870, more than 2,000 children were being helped in their five homes.
To this point, Müller had never asked for financial support, and he did not go into debt. Even though their five homes cost over £100,000 to build. Many times, he would get free food donations only hours before it was time to eat. That helped his faith in God even more. Every morning after breakfast there was a time of Bible reading and prayer. Every child was given a Bible when they left the orphanage. The children had nice clothes. Müller even had a school inspector make sure things were done right.

In 1871, an article in The Times stated that since 1836, 23,000 children had been educated in the schools. Also it said that thousands had been educated in other places that they paid for. The article also said that since he started, 64,000 Bibles, 85,000 Testaments, and 29,000,000 religious books had been made, and given away. They also had to pay the support of 150 missionaries.
Later years 
In 1872, after the death of his first wife in 1870, he got married to Susannah Grace Sanger. In 1875, at the age of 70, he began a 17-year period of missionary travel. He preached in the United States, India, Australia, Japan, China, and nearly forty other countries.  He traveled over 200,000 miles, and that was before the airplane was invented. Because he knew several languages, he was able to preach in English, French, and German.  His sermons were translated into over twelve other languages.

He told in his autobiography how he came to closely read the Bible, he came with "great astonishment" to find that it was able to "speak decidedly" to him. He was a founding member of the "Open Brethren" movement. In 1892, he went back to England. He later died on March 10, 1898.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
 The George Müller Foundation 
 Mueller Resources at WholesomeWords.org
 George Mueller's Strategy for Showing God (lecture by John Piper on Feb. 3, 2004)
 Bristol Suburbs Photo Album (Including pictures from the Orphanage at Ashley Downs)
 George Müller  By Gilson Santos
 The Church under attack : George Muller & Bethesda Chapel, Bristol

1805 births
1898 deaths
British autobiographers
British Protestants
Evangelists
German Protestants
Christian missionaries
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Saxony-Anhalt
The spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), also known as the Andean bear is the last of the lineage of short-faced bears. Locally, it is also called ukuku, jukumari or ukumari. The other short-faced bears are now extinct. They lived during middle to late Pleistocene age.

The spectacled bear is a relatively small species of bear native to South America. It has black fur with a distinctive beige-coloured marking across its face and upper chest. Males are 33% larger than females. Males can weigh 130 – 200 kilograms (286 – 440 lb), and females 35 – 60 kilograms (77 – 132 lb). They are found in several areas of northern and western South America, including western Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, western Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, and eastern Panama. Spectacled bears are the only surviving types of bear native to South America, and the only surviving member of the subfamily Tremarctinae. Their survival has depended mostly on their ability to climb even the highest trees of the Andes.

References
References 

Bears
Mammals of South America
Convergent evolution is a process in biology. It occurs when two species from different lines develop the same traits or features. This happens because they live in similar habitats, and have to develop solutions to the same kind of problems.

Similarity in traits can occur in two ways. Both species might have acquired the trait by descent from a common ancestor. In this case the structures are homologous. An example is the tetrapod limb, which has been inherited from early tetrapods in the late Devonian/early Carboniferous, about 360 million years ago. On the other hand, both might be independent adaptations to similar conditions in their habitat. In this case the structures are analogous. Convergent evolution leads to analogous features.
Examples 
 Wings: the wings of insects, birds, bats and pterosaurs are similar to a certain degree. In particular, they are all thin and strong, with a wide surface area. The wings can be mechanically moved in a regular way so as to create lift; and so on. In each case the wings evolved separately, so their form reflects certain physical necessities. The three larger animals all have insulation and temperature regulation, and hence a high rate of metabolism. That is also necessary for flight, which requires a great deal of energy.
 Eyes: One of the most famous examples of convergent evolution is the camera eye of cephalopods (e.g. squid), vertebrates (e.g. mammals) and cnidaria (e.g. box jellies). Their last common ancestor had a simple photoreceptive spot, but there was progressive refinement of its structure to the advanced camera eye. The similarities of such a complex structure shows how there may be some challenges which have an optimal solution.
Nectar-eaters: Four groups of songbirds from different families in different countries specialise in nectar-eating. They are the hummingbirds (Trochilidae; Americas); the sunbirds (Nectariniidae; South Africa); the honeyeaters (Meliphagidae; Australia); and the honey-creepers (Drepanididae; Hawaii).p224 They have similar adaptations because all of them use their tongue to eat nectar from the center of flowers.
 Vultures of the Old and New Worlds come from separate, though related families. Old World vultures come from the family Accipitridae, which also includes eagles, kites, buzzards, and hawks. Old World vultures find carcasses exclusively by sight. New World vultures belong in the family Cathartidae, and use scent as well as sight. They are both large, soaring birds which are specialist feeders on dead carcasses. They have powerful beaks, long featherless necks, strong stomach acids, an extensive crop to store the food while eating, and so on. These traits have evolved independently.
The shape of large, fast-moving aquatic animals tends towards a torpedo shape: tuna, sharks, dolphins, killer whales, ichthyosaurs all have a similar shape. This streamlined shape reduces drag as they move through the water. Fins of some (ichthyosaurs, sharks) occur in the same places on the body. They have arrived at this shape from very different starting points.
 The sabretooth cat lifestyle evolved independently at least five times in mammals.
Small animals which sleep in trees: Many hang on with their feet, in which case they usually have a tendon locking device which keeps them hanging on even during sleep. Once the tendons are locked, the muscles in their legs and feet can relax. Even dead bats stay hanging. These various examples have evolved independently of each other: this is known from the fine details of the mechanism. One plus of a locking mechanism is that it allows attachment to slender branches on which predators might be unable to walk.

Examples of convergent evolution are extremely numerous: it is an important feature of evolution.
Parallelophyly 
Parallelophyly is the special case where two or more lines with a close common ancestor acquire the same character independently. Cichlid fish in Lake Tanganyika in East Africa have developed the same feeding method in six different lines. Stalked eyes occur irregularly and independently in acalypteran flies. They have clearly inherited the genetic capacity for such eyes. This capacity is selected only in some lines.p62, 225

References 

Evolution
Michelangelo Antonioni  (, ; 29 September 1912 – 30 July 2007) was an Italian film director, screenwriter, editor, and painter. His best known movie is Blowup, made in 1966. He died on the same day as Ingmar Bergman, another famous director. He was born in Ferrara and died in Rome.

References

Other websites 

Italian movie directors
Italian screenwriters
People from Ferrara
1912 births
2007 deaths
Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo (July 23, 1886 A Coruña, Spain - December 14, 1978 Locarno, Switzerland) was a Spanish diplomat, writer, historian and pacifist. He was the father of Nieves Mathews and professor/historian Dr. Isabel de Madariaga.  He was the grandfather of Javier Solana.

Related pages
Liberalism
Contributions to liberal theory

References

Other websites
 Cueva de Zaratustra  Madariaga and his Memorias de un federalista
Madariaga European Foundation 

1886 births
1978 deaths
Spanish writers
Spanish historians
People from A Coruña
Bislama is one of the three national languages of Vanuatu. It is a new language, made during the last two or three hundred years by mixing English with some French and some local words. The way the words are put together is like people have talked in Vanuatu for a long time -- not like English or French words are put together.

Bislama is like this:
Stoa long haos - The store next to the house.
Buk blong mi - My book.
Bambae mi wantem bia - I will want beer.

History 
Between the 1870s and the 1880s, hundreds of thousands of Pacific islanders (many of them from the New Hebrides) were forced to work on plantations, mainly in the state of Queensland, Australia, and Fiji. A pidgin was formed out of the several languages spoken in these plantations. It combined English vocabulary with the grammar from the languages of the region. This early plantation pidgin was the origin of Bislama, Tok Pisin in Papua New Guinea and Pijin from the Solomon Islands.
This creole started spreading throughout the Vanuatu archipelago at the turn of the 20th century. Because there are 113 languages spoken in Vanuatu, Bislama serves as a lingua franca for communication. 

The first dictionary of Bislama was published in 1995. Its second edition was published in 2004. This has helped to create a standardised and uniform spelling of written Bislama.

Besides Bislama, most ni-Vanuatu also know their local language. The country's official languages used for education are English and French.

Grammar
Two frequent words in Bislama are "long" and "blong", which take the place of many prepositions in English.

"Long"
Long as 'next to', 'by', 'beside' etc.
Stoa long haos The store next to the house.
long as 'at' or 'to'
Mi bin stap long ples ia bifo I have been to this place before.
Mi stap long stoa I am at the store.
long as 'in'
Jea long haos The chair in the house.

Long has many other related meanings, and is sometimes used in improvisation.
"Blong"
Originally from the English word "belong", blong takes the place of 'of' or the genitive case in other languages. Just like of in English, it is one of the most widely used and versatile words in the language, and can indicate possession, country of origin, defining characteristics, intention, and others.

Buk blong mi The book that belongs to me, my book
Man blong Amerika Man from America, American.
Hemi woman blong saiens She is a woman of science, She is a scientist.
Man blong dring Man of drinking i.e. a drinker

Other websites 

Bislama languages resources, dictionary, translator, translaters, online training
Bislama spelling dictionary for Microsoft Word
Bislama Spelling Dictionary compiled by Daryl Moon (.pdf)
Bislama language  A guide to speaking Bislama; dictionaries English-Bislama and Bislama-English
Bislama (Vanuatu) written by Terry Crowley Background (history, attitudes and use), vocabulary, sounds, grammar

Languages of Oceania
Vanuatu
Pidgins and creoles
Tariq Said Ramadan (born 26 September 1962 in Geneva, Switzerland) is a Swiss Muslim academic and theologian. He thinks Islamic texts should be studied. He also thinks that Islamic society today is different from what it was when  the Koran was written. He therefore says that Muslims living in Europe need to adapt and change Islam, so they can contribute its values to a European society.

This position is often referred to as Euroislam.

In November 2017, multiple women accused Ramadan of rape. On 31 January 2018, Ramadan was taken into custody by French police. After two days of questioning, he was formally charged with two counts of rape and ordered to remain in custody.

References

1962 births
Living people
Muslim scholars
Writers from Geneva
Swiss academics
Unterschleißheim (Central Bavarian: Untaschleißheim) is a town in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

References

Other websites

Munich (district)
Baierbrunn (Central Bavarian: Baiabrunn) is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

References

Other websites

Munich (district)
Geert Wilders  (born 6 September 1963) is a Dutch right-wing populist and nationalist  politician, born in Venlo. He is a member of the Dutch Parliament. He joined the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy first, and in 2006 created and has become the leader for the Party for Freedom.

Politics 
He began working as an assistant (helper) for Frits Bolkestein in 1990. In September 2004, he left People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD in Dutch, the language spoken in the Netherlands). After that he made his own party named Groep Wilders. Later he changed the name to Partij voor de Vrijheid (Party for Freedom or PVV).

Fitna 

Fitna is a short movie made by Wilders. It was released on the Internet on 27 March 2008. Wilders' goal was to show people what he thinks about Islamization, using this movie.

References

Other websites 

 Wilders on the Party for Freedom website 
 Geert Wilders Weblog
1963 births
Living people
Dutch councillors
Dutch party chairs
Islamophobia
Independent politicians in the Netherlands
Leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Nationalists
Party for Freedom politicians
People from The Hague
People from Utrecht (city)
People from Venlo
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
Politicians from Limburg (Netherlands)
Writers from Limburg (Netherlands)
The Cessna 182, marketed under the name Skylane, is a four-seat, single-engine, light airplane. It has the option of adding two child seats, installed in the baggage area.

Introduced in 1956, the 182 has been produced in a number of variants, including a version with retractable landing gear, and is the second most popular Cessna model, after the 172.

Civil aircraft
Cessna aircraft
Asparagus is a large genus of flowering plants with over 300 different species. Some of the plants are grown as ornamental plants. One of these is the "asparagus fern", Asparagus setaceus, which is not a real fern. The best known plant in this group is Asparagus officinalis, which is grown as a vegetable, and is usually eaten in spring.

Asparagus was one of the plants which Carl von Linné showed in his work Species Plantarum. A. officinalis is used as its type species.

Some species of asparagus are used in cooking. They are known to make urine smellier.

References

Other websites 
The names of different kinds of Asparagus

Vegetables
Asparagales
Father Armand David (Espelette September 27, 1826 near Bayonne –November 10, 1900 in Paris) was a Lazarist missionary Catholic priest as well as a zoologist and a botanist. He discovered many new species in China. The best-known of the animals he discovered are the Giant Panda and the Père David's Deer and the Dove tree, Davidia involucrata

1826 births
1900 deaths

French botanists
French Roman Catholic priests
Roman Catholic missionaries
French zoologists
People from Bayonne
Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) is a species of deer. It is also known as Milu (麋鹿) in Chinese. In the past it went extinct in the wild and existed only in captivity. However, it has been reintroduced to the wild in some areas. It likes marshland, and is believed to be native to the subtropics. It eats a mixture of grass and water plants.

Characteristics 

Adults weigh between  and . They have a nine-month gestation period, and one or two fawns are born at a time. They reach maturity at about 14 months, and have been known to reach the age of 23 years.

Père David's deer has a long tail, wide hooves, and branched antlers. Adults have summer coats that are bright red with a dark dorsal stripe, and dark gray winter coats. The fawns are spotted.
Population 
This species of deer is native to China. By the late 19th century, the deer had become extinct in the wild. The only remaining herd belonged to the was Chinese emperor. He kept the deer in a royal hunting park in the southern part of Beijing. In 1895, a flood washed away part of the wall and some of the deer escaped. Most of these were then killed and eaten by the local population. This left fewer than 30 deer left in the park. Then in 1900, the park was occupied by German and Japanese soldiers during the Boxer Rebellion. These killed and ate the remaining deer. This left the deer nearly extinct in China. The last known deer in the wild in China was shot in 1939 near the Yellow Sea.
A few animals had been taken illegally to Europen countries to be put on show. In 1900, Herbrand Russell was determined to save the deer. He bought all that remained in captivity in Europe and brought them to Woburn Abbey, England. The deer survived through both World Wars due to the efforts of Russell and his son, Hastings. The current world population comes from this herd, and can be found in zoos around the world.

The deer began to be reintroduced in the wild in 1985, with a herd of 20 deer. These were placed in Nan Haizi Milu Park, Beijing, and Dafeng Reserve, Jiangsu Province, China. Other herds were added in 1986 and 1987.  By 2005, the wild population had increased to about 2,000.

References

Literature 
  Listed as Critically Endangered (CR D v2.3)
 Robert Twigger, The Extinction Club (William Morrow, 2001).   This is an account of the author's research into the Milu.

Other websites 

Père David's Deer at Animal Diversity Web

Deer
Mammals of Asia
While the ease of setting up a problem using finite elements and getting a solution is the reason for its popularity, it is also the cause of its frequent misuse and distrust of the answers obtained. Usually you have to check your results with an experiment before your model is acceptable for use. It is the author's observation that the use of finite elements in structural analysis is in particular poorly managed. Engineers typically begin working with FEM having very little knowledge of numerical methods or knowledge of finite element behavior. There are no standards and guidelines for modeling and few managers who understand well enough to regulate modeling. It has led to mistrust of the method, its arrested development, and some very bad analysis being performed that is copied by others. Much aircraft structural design is analyzed using FEM.

References

Related pages
 Calculus of variations
 Numerical methods for partial differential equations

Differential equations
Engineering
Sipoo (, ) is a municipality in Uusimaa, Finland. Sipoo had over 19,000 residents in the end of 2014. Neighbouring municipalities are Helsinki, Vantaa, Kerava, Tuusula, Järvenpää, Porvoo, Pornainen and Mäntsälä. The area of Sipoo is . The tax level of Sipoo is 18.75%. The leader of the municipality is Mikael Grannas.

Some villages
Broböle, Kalkkiranta, Söderkulla, Savijärvi and Västerskog.

Söderkulla is a local centre in the Southern Sipoo. There is an elementary school and many sports places as well as the haven there.

Centre village 
The centre of Sipoo is Nikkilä. There are several stores, bars and restaurants as well as many services in Nikkilä. There is one secondary school and many primary schools there. There are also a high school and a vocational school.
Nikkilä has two churces, an old one and a new one. The old church, Saint Sigfrid's church is a medieval stone church and was built in 1450-1454 although some of the parts have been added afterwards. The new red brick church was built in the year 1885 and designed by Theodore Decker.

Population growth

References

Other websites
Website (in Finnish)

Municipality of Sipoo  - Official Website (in English)

Municipalities of Uusimaa
In clothing, a collar is the part of a shirt, dress, coat or blouse that goes around or frames the neck. A collar may also be a separate or detachable item around the neck.

Basic English 850 words
Clothing
A frame is a flat container to hold something. It can also be an outer part of the structures.

Frame could also mean:
Timber framing, a method of building for creating framed structures of heavy timber
 Framing (construction), a building term known as light frame construction
 Door frame or window frame, structures fixed to buildings, vehicles or other containers to which the hinges of doors or windows are attached and can be locked shut
 Frame and panel, a method of woodworking
 Framer, a carpenter who assembles major structural elements in constructing a building
 Frame of reference, the set of coordinates in which a system is observed
 Basis (linear algebra), an ordered basis is also called a "frame"
 Framework, software
 Film frame, one of the many single photographic images in a motion picture
 Frame (vehicle), on which the carrossery of the automobile is mounted
 Body-on-frame, construction technology for automobiles
 subframe
 chassis
 Picture frame, a solid border around a picture or painting
 Eyeglass frames
In legal use, to frame someone is to make it look as if they are guilty of a crime that they did not commit.

Basic English 850 words
Parcel can mean several things:
 A mailable or shippable box.
 In real estate parcel is a unit of land under declared ownership (with or without buildings).

Basic English 850 words
The land hemisphere is the hemisphere on the Earth with the highest possible area of land. It is centered on  (near the city of Nantes, France). The other half of the Earth is the water hemisphere.

The land hemisphere has seven eighths of the land on the Earth. This would be four fifths of the land area if Antarctica were included in the land area of the World. Europe, Africa, North America, most of Asia and most of South America are in the land hemisphere. Europe is at the center of the land hemisphere. Because the area of the oceans of the land hemisphere is bigger than its land area, the land hemisphere means the hemisphere where most land is.

References 

Hemispheres
The water hemisphere is the hemisphere on the Earth with the highest area of water. It is centered on , near New Zealand. The other half of the Earth is the land hemisphere.

Not including Antartica, the water hemisphere has only one-eighth of the world's land,. Australia, New Zealand, a small part of Southeast Asia and the southern part of South America are in the water hemisphere.

Antarctica is included in the hemisphere, and most of it is certainly land. If it were included in the total land area of Earth, the water hemisphere would have one-fifth of the world's land. Most of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean are on the water hemisphere. The area of the oceans of the water hemisphere is much higher than its land area, but the area of the oceans of the land hemisphere is still higher than its land area.

References

Hemispheres
Oceans
Pasadena is a city in California. It is northeast of Los Angeles on Interstate 210 and the Metro Gold Line. As of 2020, it had a population of 138,699.

Every year, Pasadena has the Tournament of Roses Parade. The Rose Bowl Game is played after the parade.

Pasadena was settled by Tongva Indians and Mexican ranchers before California became a state.  In the 1880s, it became a city (making it the oldest city in the area after Los Angeles).  Pasadena was one of the hubs of the Pacific Electric Railroad. During the early 20th century, it was the eighth-largest city in California.

There are many historic buildings in Pasadena. They include the Gamble House, the Blacker House, and the historic homes in Bungalow Heaven.  There are also several colleges, including the California Institute of Technology.  Pasadena has an arts scene, with many famous people acting at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium or Pasadena Playhouse or putting paintings in the Norton Simon Museum.

References

 
1874 establishments in California
Events
 Hasdrubal Gisco commits suicide to avoid being lynched by a Carthaginian mob.
 October 19 — The Battle of Zama ends the Second Punic War and largely destroys the power of Carthage. Roman and Numidian forces under the laedership of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his Numidian ally, Masinissa, defeat a combined army of Carthaginians and their Numidian allies under the command of Hannibal and forces Carthage to capitulate. Hannibal loses 20,000 men in the defeat, but he is able to escape Masinissa's pursuit.

200s BC
Surprise can mean many things:
 Surprise (emotion)
 Surprise party, a party where the person it is for is not told it will happen
 Surprise factor, the fundamental element in humor that puts a twist on familiar subjects
 Surprise, surprisal, or self-information, the information-theoretic quantity , where p is the probability of occurrence
 Symphony No. 94 (Haydn) in G major "Surprise Symphony" by Joseph Haydn
 "Surprise" (Buffy episode), an episode of the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer
 Surprise, Arizona, a city in the United States
 Surprise, Nebraska, a village in the United States
 Surprise (Paul Simon album), a 2006 album by Paul Simon
 Surprise (Better Than Ezra album), a 1989 album by Better Than Ezra
 (T)Raumschiff Surprise - Periode 1, a German science fiction parody movie by Michael "Bully" Herbig
 HMS Surprise, various real and fictional Royal Navy ships
 Ambush or military surprise, a military strategy to strike the enemy at a time or place or in a manner for which they are unprepared
Surprise!, an award-winning short movie by Veit Helmer
 Surprise (animated movie), an animated short movie created by Pixar Animation Studios for Sesame Street
 Surprise Records, a record label
 "Surprise, Arizona" a song by Richard Buckner
Surprise Moriri, a South African football (soccer) player
The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is a mammal of the order Carnivora. It is the biggest and most well-known species of fox. Red foxes are sometimes hunted for sport, or killed as pests or carriers of rabies.

Description 
Red foxes have long legs, pointed triangular black ears, a pointed snout, and a long bushy tail other red foxes The tail is also something of a food store.

Foxes also communicate with each other by urinating on trees or rocks, like dogs sometimes do. Its back, sides, and head are usually covered with reddish-brown fur, and its neck and chest are covered with white fur. Its legs and paws are normally black.
Hunting behavior, diet and predators 
Red foxes hunt alone. Red foxes are omnivores. They feed on mice, squirrels, birds, rabbits, hares, and other small animals. However, they will also eat fruit, vegetables, fish, frogs, lizards, eggs, insects, and worms. The red fox will continue to hunt even when it is full. It stores leftover food to eat later. When they are raised by humans domestically, they can also eat pet food. Red Foxes hunt mostly at night, sunset, and dawn.

When prey has been detected, the fox crouches low to the ground and moves towards it, while attempting to minimize any noise or visual warnings.  During the approach, the fox´s eyes remain on its prey. A chase starts once the fox has been seen. the prey escaping through dense bushes, or in the fox disabling it by biting it in the legs.
Red foxes have a few natural predators. Their predators are wolves, coyotes, bears, cougars, and lynxes, while eagles, hawks, owls, and badgers are predators of red fox kits, although eagles can kill adult foxes. Humans are the worst enemies of foxes as humans kill foxes for their fur.

Mating 
Red foxes usually mate in the winter. The vixen (female fox) normally gives birth to a litter of 2 to 12 pups. When red foxes are born, they are brown or gray. Although a new red coat usually grows in one month, some red foxes have other colored coats such as golden, reddish-brown, silver, or even black. The mother of the pups, after she weens them, feeds them at first by regurgitating food into their mouths.
Sleep 
Foxes generally do not sleep in dens unless they are females who are giving birth to or raising cubs. Female foxes seek out dens made by other animals, like rabbits or badgers, but will dig their own den if necessary. Foxes in the wild curl up in a ball out in the open to sleep, keeping warm by covering themselves with their bushy tails. Foxes who live in urban areas may sleep under structures such as sheds.

Habitat 

It is native to America, Asia, and Europe. They were later brought to Australia.

Foxes in Australia 
There are about 1.7 million foxes in Australia. Early settlers brought red foxes to Australia in the 19th century, because they wanted to hunt the foxes as a sport. In the next 100 years, foxes spread across Australia and became an invasive species. Red foxes kill hundreds of millions of animals in Australia every year, which strongly hurts the continent's biodiversity. Currently, there are efforts to reduce the fox population.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

http://animals.mom.me/foxes-sleep-7359.html

http://mynarskiforest.purrsia.com/ev6rhunt.htm

http://www.onekind.org/be_inspired/animals_a_z/fox_red/ 

Foxes
Mammals of North America
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Australia
The Royal Surrey Gardens were gardens in Kennington, London, during the Victorian period.  It was the site of Surrey Zoological Gardens and Surrey Music Hall.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

Botanical gardens in the United Kingdom
Charles Spurgeon
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Lambeth
Iron Man is an American science fiction superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man. It is the first movie in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). It was released in different countries on dates between April 30, 2008 and May 2, 2008. The movie follows a billionaire industrialist (Robert Downey Jr.) having a heart transplant. The movie was positively welcomed from both audience and film critics. It was the number one movie in the United States in the opening weekend.

Plot 
Tony Stark is the CEO of Stark Industries, a company that makes weapons and bombs.  He flies to Afghanistan to show off a new weapon called the "Jericho" missile to the United States Army.  He and four other soldiers drive off in a Humvee, which is then attacked. One of the attack weapons was a bomb that Stark Industries had made.  The soldiers are killed. Stark is badly injured by shrapnel from the bomb and is kidnapped.
Stark wakes up in a cave to find a man named Ho Yinsen standing over him.  Yinsen tells Stark that he took out as much shrapnel as he could. He also installed wires connected to a car battery to stop the rest of the shrapnel from reaching his heart and killing him.  Raza, the leader of the terrorists, orders Stark and Yinsen to build a Jericho missile for him.  Stark builds an arc reactor that produces clean power.  He uses it to replace the car battery that he has been carrying around.

Stark and Yinsen then build an armored suit for Stark to escape in.  Because Raza demands that the missile be ready the next day, Stark decides they must escape soon. But his suit is not ready yet. So Yinsen picks up an assault rifle and starts shooting to give Stark more time.  When the suit is ready, Stark defeats Raza and his men. Yinsen is badly injured and dies. Stark sets fire to the whole camp and lifts off using the armored suit.  He crashes and the Army finds him and his friend, James Rhodes.
When he arrives home, Stark announces that he is closing the weapons division of Stark Industries.  He then spends his time downstairs building a new armored suit and a new arc reactor more powerful than the last one.  Stark tells his secretary, Pepper Potts, to destroy the old arc reactor, but she instead puts it in a glass box.  On the first test of his second armor, Stark goes up into the atmosphere and the suit freezes up.  He rebuilds it to work in cold conditions and paints it red.

At a party, he learns that Obadiah Stane, who is second-in-command at Stark Industries, and others are secretly selling weapons to Raza and his men.  He tells Potts to go into Stane's office and find the shipping records so he can fly to the places and destroy the weapons.  Stane finds out that Pepper Potts has the information.
So Stane builds a suit based on Stark's first suit, the Mark I, which Raza found in the desert and gave to him. He names his suit the Iron Monger.  But his scientists cannot make an arc reactor to power it, so he goes to Stark's house to steal his. He paralyses Stark with a small device that Stark built, and takes the arc reactor out of his chest. Without the arc reactor, Stark cannot live long. He goes back to his workshop to find the original arc reactor.  He breaks the glass box and puts the old arc reactor in his chest. Then he puts on the Mark III suit to fight Stane.
Potts and a group of government men go to Stark Industries to arrest Stane, but they find him in the Iron Monger suit. Stark and Stane fight. Stark has Potts blow up the large arc reactor at Stark Industries to kill Stane. In a few days, the photographs of the fight appear in newspapers. The press call Stark's armor Iron Man.  A government agency, S.H.I.E.L.D, tells him that he should say that he was on a boat during the events, so his role as Iron Man in the fight is kept secret. But during a press conference, Stark says that he is Iron Man.

After the movie credits, a man named Nick Fury tells Stark that he is not the only superhero around and that he would like to discuss the Avengers Initiative with him.
Cast 
 Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark/Iron Man
 Terrence Howard as James "Rhodey" Rhodes
 Jeff Bridges as Obadiah Stane
 Shaun Toub as Ho Yinsen
 Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts
 Faran Tahir as Raza
 Paul Bettany as J.A.R.V.I.S.
 Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson
 Jon Favreau as Harold "Happy" Hogan
 Samuel L. Jackson as Nick Fury

Sequels

Iron Man 2 

Because this movie did so well, Marvel made a sequel.  It is called Iron Man 2 and was released in April, May and June 2010.  The different release dates were for different parts of the world. Iron Man also appears in other Marvel Cinematic Universe movies, like The Avengers.

Iron Man 3 

A third movie, Iron Man 3 was released on May 3, 2013.

References

Other websites 
 Official Iron Man website 
 

2008 science fiction movies
2000s superhero movies
American science fiction movies
English-language movies
Iron Man movies
Movies directed by Jon Favreau
Movies set in Afghanistan
Movies set in Los Angeles
Marvel Cinematic Universe movies
Molars are special teeth found in mammals, and also the most complex sort of teeth. They are used for grinding food. 

Humans have 12 molars in total, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The molar which is the farthest back in each group is called a wisdom tooth. The wisdom teeth are the last teeth to appear, usually at around the age of eighteen. These final molars do not erupt in many people.

All molars and premolars have a structure for grinding food. They have elevated (~pointed) parts called cusps. These cusps are characteristics of the species in question, but in general they are found on the molars, and to a lesser extent on premolars.

Teeth
The Qinling Mountains (Traditional Chinese: 秦嶺, Simplified Chinese: 秦岭) are a major mountain range. Most of them are in the Eastern province of Shaanxi, in China. The mountains provide a natural boundary between the North and South of the country. They support a large variety of plants and wildlife, some of which is found nowhere else on Earth.

Mountains of China