Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Military units
Less than three months after Kansas became a state, on April 12, Fort Sumter was attacked by Confederate troops and the Civil War began. In Washington D.C., there were rumors that President Abraham Lincoln would be kidnapped or even assassinated. A senator from Kansas, James Henry Lane organized 120 men from Kansas called the "Frontier Guard". For three weeks they remained in the White House to protect the President. Most Kansans favored joining the Union in the war. Governor Charles Robinson and Senator Lane recruited troops for the Union Army. During the war the federal government called for a total of 16,654 men from Kansas. But more than 20,000 enlisted and the state sent 19 regiments and four batteries to fight for the Union Army. Some of the men came from other states as Kansas only had about 30,000 men old enough to join the military. Kansas soldiers suffered a total of about 8,500 casualties during the war.

Lawrence Massacre
Lawrence Massacre

The first action in Kansas was not between the rival armies. It was a guerrilla raid in August 1863 by pro-slavery irregular forces led by W.C. Quantrill. They attacked the city of Lawrence, a centre of anti-slavery sentiment. They killed about 180 men and boys and destroyed a number of buildings. As the raiders could be heard shouting “Remember Osceola!”, the attack was taken to be a reprisal for an earlier raid by anti-slavery jayhawkers on Osceola, Missouri. Some believed that it was also a response to the recent deaths of some of the raiders’ imprisoned womenfolk, when their jailhouse collapsed, perhaps by design. (Recent research shows that the collapse was almost certainly accidental.) The massacre outraged the Confederate government, which had granted recognition to Quantrill under the Partisan Ranger Act, but now withdrew support from irregular forces.
Later engagements
The Battle of Baxter Springs, sometimes called the Baxter Springs Massacre, was a minor battle in the War. It was fought on October 6, 1863 near the modern-day town of Baxter Springs, Kansas.

On October 25, 1864, a series of three battles occurred. The first two in Linn County, Kansas, with the final in Vernon County, Missouri. The first was the Battle of Marais des Cygnes (also called the "Battle of Trading Post"). The second was a cavalry battle called the Battle of Mine Creek. This was a significant battle between mounted cavalry for Confederate forces and several brigades of Union cavalry that were pursuing General Price.  They were between Major General Sterling Price, leading the Missouri expedition, against Union forces under Major General Alfred Pleasonton. Price, after going south from Kansas City, was initially met by Pleasonton at Marais des Cygnes. At the end of the day, the Confederate army was destroyed as a fighting force and withdrew into Arkansas.

References
References

Other websites 
Access documents, photographs, and other primary sources on Kansas Memory, the Kansas State Historical Society's digital portal
Online Exhibit - Keep the Flag to the Front, Kansas Historical Society
Cool Things - Civil War Battle Flags, Kansas Historical Society
The Civil War in Kansas: A Bibliography, Kansas Historical Society

 
Bleeding Kansas
Ondrej Duda (born on 5 December 1994 in Snina, Slovakia) is a Slovak association football midfielder who currently plays for the Polish club Legia Warsaw and the Slovakia national football team. He played for VSS Košice from 2012 to 2014. His nicknames are Dudinho and Ondrej di Maria.

References

Other websites 
MFK Košice profile 
Ondrej Duda profile at Soccerway

1994 births
Living people
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Slovak footballers
1. FC Köln players
Mamer is a commune and small town in the Capellen canton, south-western Luxembourg. It is at  west of Luxembourg City.

History
The Treveri, a Gallic or Celtic tribe, inhabited the region for several hundred years until they were conquered by Julius Caesar in 54 BC. A Celtic necropolis from the 1st century was discovered in the early 1970s on the Juckelsboesch plateau between Mamer and Kehlen.
 
During the Gallo-Roman era which lasted until about 450, the Romans built and maintained a number of roads in the area including the Kiem (Latin caminus, road) linking Trier to Reims through what is now Mamer. Mambra was a small Roman settlement  on the banks of the Mamer river at the eastern end of today's Mamer. The Roman settlement was burnt by Germanic invaders around 276.

The road linking Luxembourg City to Brussels, passing through Mamer, was built in 1790.  In 1859, the railway to Brussels was opened, with a station in Mamer.
Geography
Mamer is in the south-west of the country, on the Mamer river, a tributary of the Alzette river.

The commune has an area of . The altitude is  high. At the church, the altitude is  high; the highest point in the commune is Juckelbösch that is .

Mamer is surrounded by seven communes of Luxembourg: Koerich and Kehlen to the north, Strassen to the east, Bertrange to the southeast, Dippach to the southwest, Garnich to the west and Steinfort to the northwest. The communes Strassen and Bertrange are part of the Luxembourg canton but the rest are part of the Capellen canton.

Population
There were 9,185 persons living in the commune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Other towns, besides the town of Mamer, within the commune are Capellen and Holzem.

Evolution of the population in Mamer
People from Mamer
 Nicolaus Mameranus (1500–1567), soldier and historian under Emperor Charles V.
 Nicolas Frantz (1889–1985), cyclist, who won the Tour de France in 1927 and 1928.
 Josy Barthel (1927–1992), athlete, who won the 1500 m gold medal at the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki.

Twinned and partner towns
Mamer is twinned withː
  Dangé Saint-Romain, France

Gallery

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Communes of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Communes of Capellen
Diemerswil was before 2023 a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website  

Former municipalities of Bern
Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Begum Jan is a doctor from South Waziristan, Pakistan. In 2008 she received the International Women of Courage Award. Jan cares for women and children in Pakistan's dangerous tribal areas.

Life 

When Jan was a child, she studied with boys, because there was no school for girls.  When the tribal leaders said she could not go to high school with boys, she studied with a tutor.  She went to medical school in Jalalabad, Afghanistan.

Work 

Jan worked at Pakistan Red Crescent.  She worked with women and children at a mental hospital. She also worked with Afghan refugees. Jan started the Tribal Women Welfare Association.

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Pakistani physicians
Diemtigen is a municipality of the administrative district Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 

Municipalities in Frutigen-Niedersimmental
William Paul Petersen (born September 23, 1945) is an American actor and comedian, best known for portraying Jeff Stone on The Donna Reed Show. He began his show business career at the age of 10 as a Mouseketeer on the Mickey Mouse Club.

References

Other websites
 

1945 births
Living people
Actors from Glendale, California
Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
American movie actors
American television actors
Nibal Thawabteh (Arabic language نبال ثوابتة) is a Palestinian political activist. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award. During her speech at the ceremony, she spoke for the Palestinian people and asked the world to listen to the Palestinian women.

Work 
Thawabteh was the first woman to be elected to the Beit Fajjar Village Council.  Beit Fajjar is a village near Bethlehem. She also helped other women get seats in the Village Council. Thawabteh started a monthly newspaper to write about subjects like honor killing, polygamy, and poverty.

Thawabteh is the director of the Media Development Center at Birzeit University in Birzeit, Palestine, near Ramallah.

References  

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Palestinian politicians
Women's rights activists‎
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Cynthia Bendlin is a human rights activist from Paraguay.  She works against human trafficking.  In 2008, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Work 

Bendlin is the head of the International Organization of Migration.  The organization works to prevent of trafficking of women in the border area of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay.  According to Bendlin, there are 6000 possible victims of trafficking in this area. In 2006 and 2007, the organization had seminars to teach government leaders to fight trafficking. The seminars were in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, Foz do Iguasu, Brazil and Porto Iguasu, Argentina.

References  

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Human rights activists
Paraguayan people
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Slither.io is an online multiplayer video game. It is played on a web browser or through an app. The game was started by Steve Howse in 2016. 

The game is played in the role of a snake eating 2-dimensional glowing dots on a grid. It is based on the 2015 game Agar.io, with the main difference is that snakes will die when their head collides with another snake, instead of being based on size like in Agar.io.

The game is most played in multiplayer , where every snake is a human player. In the iOS and Android versions, however, it can also be played in singleplayer, where every snake except the player is controlled by the device.

References

Other websites 
 

Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
IOS games
Android (operating system) games
Ashley Michele Greene (born February 21, 1987) is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Alice Cullen in the Twilight Saga movies.

Early life 
Greene was born in Jacksonville, Florida. Her mother is Michele Greene (née Tatum), who works in insurance, and Joe Greene, a former U.S. Marine who now owns a concrete business. She grew up in Middleburg and Jacksonville. She moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 17 to pursue an acting career. Greene has an older brother named Joe.

Career 
At first, she planned to become a model. Her manager told her that she was not tall enough to be a fashion model and that she should act in commercials instead. After taking commercial and acting classes, she realized that she liked acting more than modeling. Greene graduated from high school early and moved to L.A. to start her acting career.
Acting 
Early in her career, she had guest roles on television programs, such as Punk'd and Crossing Jordan. In 2008, she had an important role in the movie Twilight, which was based on the novel of the same name by Stephenie Meyer. She played the character Alice Cullen. She was also in the sequels to Twilight: The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2009), The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010), The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 1 (2011), and The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2 (2012).

Greene played Michelle Burkham in the drama movie Skateland (2010).

She acted in the movie A Warrior's Heart with Kellan Lutz, who was also in Twilight.

Greene acted along with Miley Cyrus and Demi Moore in the drama movie LOL (2012).

In 2013, Greene was in the historical film  CBGB about the former Manhattan music club with the same name.
Modeling 
In 2010, Greene did modeling for an advertisement by the company SoBe. In this advertisement, she wore body paint. Later the same year, Greene became the main model for the Mark brand of cosmetics. This brand is made by the company Avon.

Greene received an award from the PETA foundation because of her work with Avon, which does not do animal testing. She also received "The Style Icon Award" from the magazine Hollywood Life at the Young Hollywood Awards.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Music videos

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites 

 

1987 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Florida
Diessbach bei Büren is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Seeland
Bévilard is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2015, the former municipalities of Bévilard, Malleray and Pontenet into the new municipality of Valbirse.

Former municipalities in Jura bernois
2015 disestablishments in Switzerland
Diesse was a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Diesse, Lamboing and Prêles merged into the new municipality of Plateau de Diesse.

Other websites

Former municipalities in Jura bernois
Hospental is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. It has an area of .

References

Other websites

 Official Homepage of Hospental 

Municipalities of Uri
Aesch is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Hochdorf
It was first promoted in the 1840s. Stephen A. Douglas, one of the sponsors of the Kansas–Nebraska Act inserted it in the new law as a measure to balance slave and free states.  Abraham Lincoln was one of those who did not agree. He thought Congress should regulate federal territories. The act was passed but popular sovereignty proved to have deadly consequences. When Kansas was being considered for statehood, there was a rush by both people who were for and against slavery to go to Kansas and vote on the issue of slavery. This resulted in a great deal of fraud and violence. It led directly to Bleeding Kansas, the bloody border war over slavery.

References 

19th century in the United States
Bleeding Kansas
Origins of the American Civil War
United States law
Avegno Gordevio is a new municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 20 April 2008, when the municipalities of Avegno and Gordevio joined together to become Avegno Gordevio.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

2008 establishments in Switzerland
"Cool" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004). Written by Stefani and Dallas Austin, the song was released on July 5, 2005 as the album's fourth single. The song was compared to early music by Madonna, Cyndi Lauper and Janet Jackson.

Music video
Cools music video was directed by Sophie Muller and  was filmed in  June 2005. in Lake Como, Italy. The video features flashbacks of Stefani with brunette hair.

Track listings

CD single
"Cool" (album version) – 3:09
"Cool" (Photek Remix) – 5:49

CD maxi single
"Cool" (album version) – 3:09
"Cool" (Photek Remix) – 5:49
"Hollaback Girl" (Dancehollaback Remix by Tony Kanal featuring Elan) – 6:53
"Cool" (video) – 4:06

12" single
A1. "Cool" (Richard X Remix) – 6:37
A2. "Cool" (Richard X Dub Mix) – 7:10
B1. "Cool" (Photek DJ Mix) – 6:34
B2. "Cool" (Photek Remix) – 5:49

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love. Angel. Music. Baby.
Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Dallas Austin – drums, keyboards, production, songwriting
 Greg Collins – recording
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
 Caesar Guevara – assistant engineering
 Rob Haggett – second assistant engineer
 Doug Harms – assistant engineering
 Nellee Hooper – additional production

 Tony Kanal – synthesizer
 Jason Lader – programming
 Kevin Mills – assistant engineering
 Tony Reyes – bass guitar, Line 6 guitar
 Paul Sheehy – assistant engineering
 Rick Sheppard – MIDI, recording, sound design
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 David Treahearn – assistant engineering

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

References

2004 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Pop songs
New wave
R&B songs
The 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting was a major incident inside Pulse, a gay bar and nightclub in Orlando, Florida. It happened on June 12, 2016.

More than fifty people, including the shooter, were killed in the massacre. It was the deadliest homophobic attack on LGBT people in United States history. It was the deadliest attack in the U.S. since the September 11, 2001 attacks. Until the 2017 Las Vegas shooting that killed 60 people, the Pulse shooting was the deadliest mass shooting in American history.

The gunman was Omar Mir Seddique Mateen.

Incident

According to law enforcement officials, at an unknown time before the shooting, Mateen called the police and pledged himself to the leader of ISIS.
At about 2:00 a.m. EDT, Mateen fired shots inside the nightclub. He was armed with a rifle, a handgun, and a "device". Mateen then left the club briefly and exchanged gunfire with a police officer outside, before returning inside to take hostages. Pulse posted on its Facebook page at 2:09 EDT, saying "Everyone get out of pulse and keep running".

Reactions

United States

Florida governor Rick Scott described the incident as "clearly an act of terror", and declared a state of emergency.

In a broadcast statement made at around 2:00 p.m. from the White House, President Barack Obama described the shooting as an "act of terror" and an "act of hate". He mentioned that he has directed the Federal Bureau of Investigation to investigate the shooting as an act of terrorism, and that the full resources of the federal government would be made available.

References
References

2016 murders in the United States
Nightclub shooting
2016 mass shootings in the United States
Attacks on buildings and structures in 2016
Attacks on buildings and structures in the United States
Attacks on nightclubs
Islamic State
Islamic terrorist incidents in the United States
June 2016 events
Mass murder in 2016
Mass murder in Florida
Massacres in the United States
Murders by firearm in Florida
Terrorist incidents in 2016
Bleeding Kansas was a border war on the Kansas-Missouri border. It started with the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. It continued into the American Civil War (1854–1861). It was an ugly war between groups of people who had strong beliefs about slavery. The term was first coined by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune. He used it to describe the violence happening in the Kansas territory during the mid to late 1850s. Three different groups were fighting for power in Kansas at the time. These were those who were pro-slavery, abolitionists and free-staters. Bleeding Kansas, fought over the issue of slavery, was a precursor of events to come in the American Civil War.

Background
Background

Settling Kansas Territory
Before 1854 when the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened up the territory for settlement, there were people living there. Among these were several tribes of Native Americans. These included the plains Indian tribes of the Kansas, the Osage and the Pawnee people. They lived and moved throughout what is now the state of Kansas. In the 1830s about 20 tribes living east of the Mississippi River were relocated west of Missouri. By 1854 most of these tribes had been forced to give up these land to the federal government and move into what is now Oklahoma.
Issue of slavery
Slavery was the main issue that led to the Civil War.  The Southern United States was dependent on agriculture.  They were also dependent on the 4 million slaves who did the work on southern plantations.  Much of the southern economy depended on the free labor of slavery.  Slaves could be traded, rented, bought or sold.  A man's social status, prestige and wealth were demonstrated by the number of slaves he owned.

In the Northern United States, by the time of the Civil War, slavery had been abolished.  The north had almost all the industry of the country.  Immigration, especially from Ireland and Germany, provided a source of low cost labor.  This meant that the North did not need slaves.
Ever since the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened up the territory to settlement in 1854, the pro-slavery party in Missouri had been interfering in Kansas affairs. Missouri was admitted as a pro-slavery state under the Missouri Compromise. Slaveholders in Missouri were nervous about having a free-state on its western border. This is because runaway slaves could escape to there. Plantation owners in Missouri wanted to make sure Kansas became a slave state.

Most of the people who came to the Kansas territory came for land and opportunity. Most were from eastern states such as Ohio, Kentucky, Pennsylvania and New York. They were almost all white. Though they did not have slaves, most were prejudiced against black people. They believed the popular idea they were inferior. Most of the settlers seemed to want free soil for white people only.

First territorial legislature
Congress sent a three-man special committee to the Kansas Territory in 1856. The committee report said that if the only people who were allowed to vote in the election of March 30, 1855 were "actual settlers", it would have elected a Free-State legislature. The report also said that the legislature actually seated "was [filled with illegally-elected people], and [it] had no power to pass valid laws".

Violence in Kansas 

In October 1855, John Brown came to Kansas Territory to fight slavery. On November 21, 1855 a skirmish called "Wakarusa War" started when a Free-Stater named Charles Dow was shot by a pro-slavery settler. The war had one death, a free stater named Thomas Barber was shot and killed. On May 21, 1856, Missourians invaded Lawrence and burned the Free State Hotel. They destroyed two newspaper offices, and ransacked homes and stores.
The violence continued. Ohio abolitionist John Brown led his sons and other followers to plan the murder of settlers who spoke in favor of slavery. At a pro-slavery settlement at Pottawatomie Creek on the night of May 24, the group seized five pro-slavery men from their homes and hacked them to death with broadswords. Brown and his men escaped. They started making a plan for a full-scale slave insurrection to take place at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. They would have financial support from Boston abolitionists. The pro-slavery Territorial government had been relocated to Lecompton.

In August 1856, thousands of pro-slavery men formed into armies. They marched into Kansas. That same month, Brown and several of his followers engaged 400 pro-slavery militia in the "Battle of Osawatomie". The hostilities continued for another two months until Brown left the Kansas Territory. The new territorial governor, John W. Geary, took office and asked both sides for peace.
1857-1861
Once Geary became governor, there was peace. However, this peace was broken by violent outbreaks for two more years. The last major outbreak of violence was the Marais des Cygnes massacre in 1858. This was when border ruffians killed five Free State men. In all, about 56 people died during the Bleeding Kansas era.
The political process that led to statehood for Kansas was long and difficult. To become a state, Kansas had to give an acceptable constitution to the U.S. Congress. Kansas tried to become a state four times. They had four different constitutions given. This was more than any other state territory. Missourians, because they were so close, went across the border to vote on the first state constitution. The fact they were not Kansas residents did not stop them from stuffing the ballot boxes. With their help, pro-slavery candidates were elected to the constitutional convention. What came to be called the "Bogus Legislature" met on July 2, 1855. Among the laws passed by the Bogus Legislature were the death penalty for anyone setting slaves free or for saying or writing anything that might cause a slave rebellion. Citizens of Kansas who had talked about any anti-slavery ideas were not allowed to be jurors. The convention did everything it could to make anyone with anti-slavery sentiments leave Kansas
. Anti-slavery abolitionists met on June 24, 1855. They rejected the Bogus Legislature's laws and constitution.
The Topeka constitution 
After several conventions, the free-staters met in Topeka to write a constitution. It was given to the U.S. Congress, and it went to Kansas voters on December 15. The "Topeka constitution" won ratification by a vote of 1,731 to 46. The landslide victory was because the pro-slavery side protested the vote. President Franklin Pierce gave a speech January 24, 1856 saying the so-called Bogus Legislature was still legitimate. He called the Topeka constitution and the abolitionist convention illegal. The United States House of Representatives accepted the constitution by a vote of 99 to 97. It was sent to the United States Senate, but the bill was stopped in committee. The House and Senate went back and forth over the issue, but nothing was fixed. Then President Pierce sent federal troops to break up the Topeka legislature on July 4. A year passed with no progress. Both abolitionists and pro-slavery border ruffians started fighting a guerrilla war on the border to try to fix the issue.
A year passed with little change. However, James Buchanan was elected president of the United States. He chose Robert J. Walker to be the territorial governor of Kansas. His instructions to Walker were to help the "regular legislature" in creating a new constitutional convention. Buchanan promised Kansans that voters would be protected from force or fraud, and they should not protest the convention. Between mid-October and early November the Lecompton Constitution was drafted. When it was presented to Kansas voters it had two choices: a “Constitution With Slavery” and a “Constitution With No Slavery.” But it was cleverly worded in that it did not allow a vote against a constitution. This caused an angry response from voters. Governor Walker was forced to resign. By a vote of 6,226 to 569, on December 21, the Constitution With Slavery option won. However, Congress did not like the Lecompton constitution. The newly-created Republican Party joined forces with Northern Democrats, including Senator Stephen A
. Douglas, to block the constitution because they felt it did not represent the will of the people of Kansas. The Democratic Party was split over the issue. Douglas and free-Stater in Kansas got a referendum held on January 4, 1858. This time, abolitionists, many of whom had earlier protested the vote, voted. More than 10,000 voters completely rejected the Lecompton Constitution.
The third try at a constitution was called the Leavenworth Constitution. It was called that because on March 25, 1858, the delegates met in Leavenworth, Kansas. When a bill asking for another convention had been sent to the new territorial governor, James Denver for approval, he ignored it. The territorial legislature then passed the bill, but they met after they were scheduled to leave. This caused an angry debate even before the convention met. At the convention, abolitionists disagreed over several issues including what to offer to blacks. Even so, the delegates voted on a new constitution to present to the voters. It was ratified on May 18, but very few Kansans came out to vote on the issue. Congress did not even take the Leavenworth constitution seriously. Instead, President Buchanan said that the Lecompton constitution had been ratified and it should be the constitution under consideration
. While the Leavenworth constitution was waiting on ratification, both houses of congress sent the Lecompton constitution back to the voters of Kansas. This time there was a bribe attached. If the voters would approve the Lecompton constitution, they would get 3.5 million acres of public land to use for schools, a university and public works. If they rejected the constitution, Kansas would not be allowed to submit another constitution until it gained a larger population. On August 2, the voters rejected the terms of statehood made by Congress by a vote of 11,812 to 1,926. Both the Lecompton and the Leavenworth constitutions were dead. Both the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions realized it was time for a new plan for Kansas.
Things quieted down temporarily although the polls had shown the free-state abolitionists were clearly in the majority. Many of the pro-slavery men from Missouri lost interest in the political affairs of Kansas. Many of the more radical abolitionists did also. The territorial legislature proceeded to find a way for Kansas to become a state. On February 9, 1859 the legislature passed an act to create one more constitutional convention. The new governor, Samuel Medary, signed the bill. A vote held on March 28 showed 5,306 Kansans were for the measure while 1,425 were against it. By this time it was widely thought Kansas would be a free state, if approved for statehood. But other issues were being debated. These included state boundaries, suffrage and temperance. Deligates to the convention were elected and on July 5 met at Wyandotte, a town that later became part of Kansas City. On July 29, the Wyandotte Constitution was adopted (without signatures of many of the Democrats at the convention)
. It was presented to the people of Kansas on October 4 and was approved by a vote of 10,421 to 5,530.
The U.S. House of Representatives introduced a bill in February 1860 for statehood and it passed. In the Senate, however, the measure stalled. It went to the Committee on Territories for three months before it came back to the Senate floor. The committee had recommended it not be passed. Debates on the measure went back and forth, but nothing was done due to the upcoming presidential election. In the 1860 election, Abraham Lincoln won the presidency. The Southern states then seceded from the Union. With Congress cleared of those against Kansas becoming a free state, the measure was passed. President Buchanan was still in office but signed the bill making Kansas the 34th state. The Wyandotte constitution became the constitution of the State of Kansas.

Related pages 
 Kansas
 Kansas in the American Civil War
 Pro-slavery (United States)
 Free-Stater (Kansas)
 Abolitionism

References 

 
Origins of the American Civil War
Molokhia or Molokhiyya (various spellings based on the ) is an Egyptian soupy vegetable dish. It is made from leaves of Corchorus olitorius, commonly known as jute mallow , nalta jute, tossa jute, and Jew's mallow.  It is an Egyptian dish in Egypt. It is commonly served in other forms in the eastern Mediterranean area, the Levant and North Africa.

References 

Vegetables
Soups
Dürrenroth is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of Dürrenroth 

Municipalities in Emmental
Arkadiusz Krystian "Arek" Milik (born 28 February 1994 in Tychy, Poland) is a Polish association football forward who currently plays for the French club Olympique de Marseille (on loan from SSC Napoli) and the Poland national football team. He has also played for AFC Ajax, Rozwój Katowice, Górnik Zabrze, Bayer 04 Leverkusen and FC Augsburg.

Other websites 

 Voetbal International profile  
 Arkadiusz Milik profile on Soccerway
 Arkadiusz Milik profile on 91minut

References 

1994 births
Polish footballers
Living people
2022 FIFA World Cup players
Poland at UEFA Euro 2016
Poland at the 2018 FIFA World Cup
Poland at the 2022 FIFA World Cup
Vasiliy Vladimirovich Berezutski (; born 20 June 1982) is a Russian football coach and a former player. He played as a defender. Berezutski is an assistant coach with CSKA Moscow. He began his professional career in 1999 at the age of 17 with Torpedo Moscow. Berezutski was a Russia national football team regular. He earned his 100th cap on 6 September 2016 against Ghana.

Other websites 
Vasili Berezutski  at CSKA Moscow official website
Vasili Berezutski profile on Soccerway

References 

1982 births
Living people
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Russian footballers
Sportspeople from Moscow
Twin people
UEFA Euro 2008 players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
"Crash" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby. (2004). Written by Stefani and No Doubt bandmate Tony Kanal, the song uses car metaphors to describe a relationship. Many music critics compared the song to music made by American female rap group Salt-n-Pepa.

Music video
Unlike the previous singles released from the Love. Angel. Music. Baby. album, "Crash" was the only song not to feature an actual music video, a live performance from the Harajuku Lovers Tour was used instead, this was mainly because Stefani was pregnant with her first child.

Track listings
US 12" promotional single
A1. "Crash" (Album Version) – 4:06
B1. "Crash" (Instrumental) – 4:05
B2. "Crash" (A Cappella) – 4:06

European promotional CD single
"Crash" (Album Version) – 4:06

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love. Angel. Music. Baby.
Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
 Lee Groves – keyboards, mix programming
 Rob Haggett – second assistant engineer
 Tony Kanal – keyboards, production, programming, songwriting, synthesizers
 Colin "Dog" Mitchell – recording
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 David Treahearn – assistant engineering

Charts

Release history

References

2004 songs
Gwen Stefani songs
Hip hop songs
Electro songs
R&B songs
Eggiwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Eggiwil 
 

Municipalities in Emmental
Epsach is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Seeland
Skylab was the first space station of the United States. It was launched on May 14, 1973 on an extra Saturn V Moon rocket. It was launched without the third stage, lunar module, or command/service module because Skylab was itself an extra third stage that was turned into a space station, which is called a wet workshop. The Apollo spacecraft visited the station three times. If there was any problem, an Apollo spacecraft with Vance D. Brand and Don L. Lind could rescue the crews.

Experiments 

Skylab did 80 experiments. Those were divided into six categories:
 Life science
 Solar physics and astronomy
 Earth resources
 Material science
 Student research
 Other

Space stations
The Our (pronunciation [u:r]) is a river in Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. It is a left-hand tributary of the Sauer river, and so it is part of the drainage basin of the Rhine river.

Geography
The Our river has a length of . Of that length,  are in Luxemboug Its drainage basin has an area of .

The source of the Our is in southeastern Belgium. It is near Manderfeld in the Büllingen municipality,  Liège province. It is at an altitude of about .

The river flows southwards, more or less along the German-Belgian  border and, after Ouren, along the German-Luxembourg border. The historic town of Vianden lies on the Our.

The Our joins, as a left tributary, the Sauer river in Wallendorf in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, at about  of altitude.

North of Viande, the river is blocked by the Our Dam.
Main tributaries 
The tributaries of the Our river with length over 5 km are:
 Left tributaries
 Auw - 5.9 km
 Ihrenbach - 15.9 km
 Irsen - 35.5 km
 Teggelbach - 5.0 km
 Right tributaries
 Medenderbach - 7.5 km
 Kolvenderbach -8.7 km
 Weberbach - 6.1 km
 Braunlauf - 17.8 km
 Ulf - 17.8 km

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of Belgium
 List of rivers of Germany
 List of rivers of Luxembourg

References 

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Rivers of Belgium
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Luxembourg
Wallonia
Liège (province)
Carsington Water is a massive reservoir operated by Severn Trent Water.

It is England's ninth largest reservoir with a capacity of 35,412 megaliters. Planning for the reservoir started in the 1960s with actual construction staring in 1979. In 1984 there was a partial collapse of the dam.

Water infrastructure
Lakes of the United Kingdom
Derbyshire
Pro-slavery was an ideology that promoted the practice of slavery and defended against any interference with the system. By the 1830s, slavery was practiced mainly in the Southern United States. African American slaves were considered property. Slave owners justified them being property because slaves were black—in other words not people. Slaves were used on large plantations and small farms as the primary form of labor. 

Largely in response to the abolitionist arguments against slavery, pro-slavery advocates developed arguments to justify slavery as being a good thing. While anti-slavery groups pushed for a gradual end to slavery, and free-soilers sought to stop its expansion, abolitionists demanded an immediate end to the practice. Pro-slavery became as much anti-abolitionism as it was a defense of slavery.

Background
Background

Slave culture 
It is sometimes hard to understand why southerners who did not own slaves would defend the practice of slavery. In the south at that time, slaves did not just work on plantations. There were over 4 million blacks were enslaved in the south and they far outnumbered white people. In cities like Charleston, South Carolina, slaves worked at various jobs such as carpenters, blacksmiths, bricklayers and street sweeper. They performed every kind of manual labor. They raised the family's children, cooked, cleaned and served the food to their masters. A visitor to Charleston commented “Charleston looks more like a Negro country than a country settled by white people”.
Slave conditions 
Slaves were generally poorly fed and had minimal clothing and places to sleep. Household servants usually did better as they got the old clothes of their master's family and had access to better quality food. Slaves suffered from poor health in the heat and humidity of the south. Because of their poor diet and unsanitary living conditions, they frequently suffered from diseases. The rice plantations were the most deadly for slaves. They stood in water for most of the day under the hot sun. Malaria was a common disease. The mortality rate was highest among slave children. It averaged about 66 % generally and was as high as 90 % on rice plantations.
Pro-slavery arguments 
The arguments for slavery by Southern spokesmen said that chattel slavery (slaves as property), as practiced in the South, was more humane than the system of "wage slavery" practiced in the industrialized Northern United States. George Fitzhugh, in his book published in 1857, Cannibals All!, maintained that pro-slavery held the moral high ground in the national debate over slavery. Fitzhugh maintained that because slaveholders owned their slaves they took better care of them than the northern capitalists who only "rented" their workers. In his earlier Sociology for the South he proposed that many white people should also be slaves.
Some pointed out that slave owners provided food and clothes for their slaves, something that northern employers did not do. Other arguments pointed out that in addition to the benefits slaves enjoyed under slavery that by keeping them separate, they did not mix with the white race. While this was a fear of many southerners, the argument played on the fears of northerners. The basis for this was the commonly held belief at the time that blacks were inferior to whites.

Others pointed out that a sudden end to slavery would cause economic collapse in the south. There would be no cotton, tobacco or rice industries. Also, that if all the slaves were freed it would lead to unemployment and chaos all over the United States. They claimed it would lead to uprisings much like the "Reign of Terror" during the French Revolution.  

These arguments and others were widely published in books, newspapers and pamphlets. They were carefully designed to promote and defend slavery.

References
References

Other websites 
 George Fitzhugh, Cannibals All!, Google Books 
 From Slavery to Freedom: The African-American Pamphlet Collection, 1824-1909

Slavery in the United States
1830s in the United States
1840s in the United States
1850s in the United States
1860s in the United States
Origins of the American Civil War
Eriswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website of Eriswil 

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Secunderabad is a city in the state of Telangana, India. It is popularly called the twin city of Hyderabad.

History
Secunderabad was founded in the year 1806 as a British cantonment. Secunderabad and Hyderabad together form the sixth biggest metropolis in India. It is one of the biggest cantonments in India. It has a large presence of army and air force.

Demographics
The population of Secunderabad is 204,182. The literacy rate of Secunderabad is 73%. The most popular sport is cricket.

Cities in India
Telangana
Erlach () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Seeland
Cities in Switzerland
Erlenbach im Simmental is a municipality of the administrative district Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Frutigen-Niedersimmental
Ersigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2016, the former municipalities of Oberösch and Niederösch merged into the municipality of Ersigen.

References

Municipalities in Emmental
Thrombolites are ancient types of microbial communities that photosynthesize. They are similar to stromatolites, but they are formed differently.

Stromatolites are clearly layered, but thrombolites are not. They are "clotted accretionary structures". They formed in shallow water by the trapping, holding, and cementing sedimentary grains by microorganisms, especially cyanobacteria. They were common in the Cambrian and early Ordovician, and few examples still exist today.

References 

Fossils
Bacteria
Sedimentary rocks
Eschert is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Jura bernois
Etzelkofen was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern,
Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Etzelkofen, Büren zum Hof, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

Former municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Free-Staters were those settlers in Kansas Territory during the Bleeding Kansas era in the 1850s who opposed the extension of slavery to Kansas. The name came from the term "free state". This meant a U.S. state without slavery.

Some Free-Staters were abolitionists from New England. Other Free-Staters were abolitionists who came to Kansas Territory from Ohio, Iowa, and other midwestern states. However, the majority of Free-Staters, regardless of where they were from, did not claim to be abolitionists at the beginning.  Instead, the official Free-State line supported the idea of excluding all Black people from the state of Kansas. While they didn't have slaves themselves most were prejudiced against black people believing the popular idea they were inferior. Most of the settlers seemed to want free soil for white people only.
As time passed and the violence in Bleeding Kansas increased, abolitionists became associated with the Free-State movement. In 1858, the Free-Staters proposed a second constitution, the Leavenworth Constitution, which banned slavery and also would have given the right to vote to black men. This constitution also failed because of unresolved conflict between the two sides. Kansas became a state in 1861 after the fourth and final Wyandotte Constitution was agreed on.  Holton, Kansas was named for the Milwaukee, Wisconsin free-stater Edward Dwight Holton.

References 

Political movements
1850s in Kansas
Bleeding Kansas
Evilard is a municipality in the administrative district Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Biel/Bienne
Lucca Borges de Brito (born 14 February 1990), simply known as Lucca, is a Brazilian footballer. He plays for Corinthians. Lucca is known for his playmaking ability, his excellent technical ability, vision and set pieces.

References

1990 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Fahrni is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Thun
Farnern is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Graziano Pellè (born 15 July 1985 in San Cesario di Lecce, Italy) is an Italian association football forward who currently plays for the English club Southampton and the Italy national team. He has also played for U.S. Lecce, Calcio Catania, Crotone, Cesena, AZ Alkmaar, Parma Football Club SpA, U.C. Sampdoria and Feyenoord. He won the Eredivisie with AZ Alkmaar in 2009 and was Premier League Player of the Month in September of 2014.

Other websites 
Stats at Lega Serie A  
National team data  
Voetbal International profile

References 

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Apulia
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Omar Mir Seddique Mateen (November 16, 1986 – June 12, 2016) was an American mass shooter/mass murderer. He killed at least 49 people and wounded 53 others in a mass shooting at a gay bar in Orlando, Florida. He was killed in a gunfight with the police. It was the largest and deadliest act of violence targeting LGBT people in United States history.
Mateen was born in New York to Afghan parents. He moved to Port St. Lucie, Florida in 1991.

Before the shooting, he had been investigated by the FBI in 2013 and 2014. Mateen reportedly pledged his allegiance to the Sunni militant jihadist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) before the shooting.

References

1986 births
2016 deaths
American Muslims
American spree killers
American terrorists
Criminals from New York City
Deaths by firearm in Florida
Islamic State people
People from Florida
Bogdan Sorin Stancu (born on 28 June 1987 in Pitești, Romania) is a Romanian association football forward and left winger who currently plays for the Turkish club Gençlerbirliği and the Romania national football team. His nickname is Motanul (meaning Tomcat). He also previously played for Argeș Pitești, CS Mioveni, Unirea Urziceni, Steaua București, Galatasaray and Orduspor.

Career statistics

International goals 

These goals are current since the game against Switzerland.

Other websites 
 Official FCSB profile  
 Bogdan Stancu's profile at RomanianSoccer.ro
 Bogdan Stancu's profile UEFA.com

References 

1987 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Farhiyo Farah Ibrahim (Arabic language: فرحيو فرح إبراهيم) is a Somali refugee and women’s rights activist.  She fights against female genital mutilation and forced marriage in the Dadaab refugee camp in north-east Kenya. In 2008, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

In 2002 Farah went to work for the National Council of Churches in Kenya, teaching people about reproductive health. After she was attacked, she took a job as an interpreter in Dadaab.

In 2005 Farah went to a leadership program in the town of Naivasha in Western Kenya.  Then she worked for CARE, giving people information about reproductive health.  CARE is an international NGO that helps refugees.

References

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Somalian activists
Living people
Human rights activists
1982 births
The Carsey-Werner Company (also called Carsey-Werner Productions or Carsey-Werner Television) is an independent television company. It was founded in 1981 by former ABC writer and producer duo Marcy Carsey and Tom Werner.

The company created television sitcoms including Roseanne, A Different World, The Cosby Show, Grace Under Fire and That '70s Show.

Carsey-Werner was sold to NBC Universal in 2007.

References

American television studios
1981 establishments in the United States
Companies based in California