Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
War-time 

The revolutionary party identified with an anti-colonial ideology that wished to gain independence from previous imperial powers. The FLN used ideology as a means to legitimize their party, they gained support from citizens who might not otherwise have supported the political goals of the party. Furthermore, the FLN had a nationalist and socialist ideology (which is also why it is considered a nationalist/socialist party) for several reasons. Oftentimes, when countries fight for independence their movement, is led by nationalists as nationalism causes citizens to want to break free from their colonizers. The FLN's ideology not only legitimized their actions but also created a sense of solidarity and identity among Algerians. Also, the FLN created a sort of bridge between Algeria, and other nations that were fighting colonialism.
Post-war 
Post-war Algeria's government had a nationalistic extremist ideology. Ironically, much of the left in France supported the regime associated with this ideology. The FLN was declining in February 1989 when the country implemented a new constitution. The new constitution leads to the ending of Algeria's socialism and its corresponding one-party system.

Aftermath 
Algeria gained sovereignty over its political future concerning France after a referendum that was held on 8 January 1961. Following the referenda, the French Government and the FLN had several negotiations between 7 and 18 March of the following year.  The negotiations led to an ending of the armed conflict between France and FLN-led Algeria on 19 March 1962. The ending came about after a common agreement of cooperation between the two states.

References 

Politics of Algeria
Political parties in Africa
1954 establishments
Nationalist organizations in Africa
National liberation movements
20th-century establishments in Algeria
Other websites 

Organisations based in Algeria
Socialist organisations
Ahmed Ben Bella (25 December 1918 – 11 April 2012) was an Algerian soldier. He was the first President of Algeria from 1963 to 1965.

He was born in Maghnia, Algeria. He was a Sunni Islam. Ben Bella joined the French Army in 1936.

He went to prison for forming a group to fight French rule. He escaped and went to Tunisia. He was arrested again in 1956 and got out of prison in 1962.

He became president in 1963. In 1965, Houari Boumédiènne made him stop being Presindent. He was under house arrest until 1980. He was allowed to live in Switzerland. He lived for 10 years in Lausanne. In 1990 he was able to return to Algeria.

References

1918 births
2012 deaths
Presidents of Algeria
Muslims
Elizabeth Banks (born February 10, 1974) is an American television and movie actress. She was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Her movies include the Spider-Man franchise, 2008's comedy Zack and Miri Make a Porno, Invincible, The Hunger Games, and in The Lego Movie and sequel The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part. Banks is a Democrat. She attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention to support President Obama's re-election.

References

Other websites

Actors from Massachusetts
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Democrats (United States)
1974 births
Living people
People from Pittsfield, Massachusetts
The national flag of Algeria has two equal vertical bars, green and white. In the center is a red star and crescent.  The white color is for peace.  Green is for the beauty of nature.  Red is for the blood of those killed fighting for independence in the Algerian War (1954 to 1962).  The star and crescent are for Islam.

Algeria
National symbols of Algeria
Movie 43 is an American comedy movie in which Emma Stone, Halle Berry, Hugh Jackman, Uma Thurman, Elizabeth Banks, Chris Pratt, Naomi Watts, Seth MacFarlane, Josh Duhamel, Anna Faris, Greg Kinnear, Dennis Quaid, Kate Winslet, Gerard Butler, Richard Gere, Johnny Knoxville, Justin Long, and many other actors star. Its release date was January 25, 2013.

References

2013 comedy movies
2010s black comedy movies
2010s sex comedy movies
American black comedy movies
American sex comedy movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Justin Jacob Long (born June 2, 1978) is an American movie actor. He has acted in many movies, including Live Free or Die Hard (a 2007 movie that stars Bruce Willis).

References

Other websites

American movie actors
Actors from Fairfield, Connecticut
1978 births
Living people
"Australian Convict Sites" is a World Heritage Site which includes the remains of 11 places used in the transportation of convicts to Australia. This was a plan by the British government to move thousands of prisoners from England to Australia. It started with the sending of the First Fleet to Sydney in 1788 and continued for about eighty years. The Australian Convict Sites include places in Sydney, Tasmania, Norfolk Island, and Fremantle. These show:

" .. the best surviving examples of large-scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts."

All the sites were all individually included on the Australian National Heritage List before being put on the World Heritage list in 2010.
Penal Sites Included
The 11 penal sites making up the Australian Convict Sites World Heritage listed property are
  Cockatoo Island Convict Site (New South Wales) 
  Great North Road (New South Wales) 
  Hyde Park Barracks (New South Wales) 
  Old Government House (New South Wales) 
  Kingston and Arthurs Vale Historic Area (Norfolk Island) 
  Brickendon and Woolmers Estates (Tasmania)  
  Cascades Female Factory (Tasmania) 
  Coal Mines Historic Site (Tasmania) 
  Darlington Probation Station (Tasmania) 
  Port Arthur (Tasmania) 
  Fremantle Prison (Western Australia)

Criteria for Listing
There are over 3000 convict sites remaining in Australia. The Australian Convict Sites were selected as the best examples of the world's convict era. This met World Heritage Selection Criteria IV & VI:

Criterion IV (i.e. a collection of buildings/architecture etc. showing an important stage in human history):

"an exceptional example of the forced migration of convicts - an important stage of human history"
Criterion VI (i.e. directly associated with events etc. of importance to the whole world):

"an extraordinary example of global ideas and developments associated with the punishment and reform of the criminal elements of humanity during the Age of Enlightenment and the modern era

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites 
 Australian Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (2008) Australian convict sites: World Heritage NominationAccessed 5 August 2010

Australian Convict Sites
Australian National Heritage List
Buildings and structures in New South Wales
Prisons in Australia
Settlements in Australia
Buildings and structures in Tasmania
Western Australia
Sequoia National Park is a national park in the U.S. state of California. It was created on September 25, 1890. The park covers . The park contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 United States, Mount Whitney, at  above sea level. The park is next to Kings Canyon National Park. The two parks are managed together by the National Park Service.

The park is famous for its giant sequoia trees. One of these trees is the General Sherman tree, one of the biggest trees on Earth. The General Sherman tree is in the Giant Forest, which has five of the ten biggest trees in the world.

References

Other websites

 NPS: official Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks website

National parks in the United States
Geography of California
Tulare County, California
1890 establishments in California
Summer Stock is a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical movie. It was made in 1950.  The movie was directed by Charles Walters and stars Judy Garland, Gene Kelly, Eddie Bracken, Gloria DeHaven, Marjorie Main and Phil Silvers. Nicholas Castle Sr. was the choreographer.

Judy Garland struggled with many personal problems during filming, and Summer Stock was her last MGM movie. It was also her last pairing with Gene Kelly onscreen.  MGM terminated Garland's contract - by mutual agreement - in September 1950.
Plot 
Jane Falbury (Garland) is a farm owner. Her actress sister Abigail (DeHaven) arrives at the farm with her theater troupe.  They need a practice stage, and Jane and her housekeeper Esme (Main) reluctantly agree to let them use their barn. The actors and actresses, including the director Joe Ross (Kelly), repay her hospitality by doing chores around the farm.  Although Joe is engaged to Abigail, he begins to fall in love with Jane after Abigail leaves him in an angry fit. Jane is engaged to Orville (Bracken), but falls in love with Joe. The movie ends with a spectacular show in the barn itself, with the new leading lady, Jane.

Soundtrack 
All songs were written by Harry Warren (music) and Mack Gordon (lyrics) except where noted. Orchestration chores were divided between Conrad Salinger and Skip Martin.
Overture
 "If You Feel Like Singing, Sing" – Judy Garland
 "(Howdy Neighbor) Happy Harvest" – Gene Kelly, Garland, Phil Silvers and company stock members
 "Dig-Dig-Dig Dig For Your Dinner" – Kelly
 "Mem'ry Island" – Gloria DeHaven and Hans Conried (dubbed by Pete Roberts)
 "Portland Fancy" – (traditional New England contra dance tune) stock company members, Kelly and Garland
 "You, Wonderful You" (Jack Brooks and Saul Chaplin, lyrics and Warren, music) – Kelly and Garland
 "Friendly Star" – Garland
 Newspaper Dance ("You, Wonderful You")  – Kelly
 "All for You" (Chaplin) –  Kelly and Garland
 "You, Wonderful You" (Reprise) – Kelly and Garland
 "Heavenly Music" (Chaplin) – Kelly, Silvers and dogs
 "Get Happy" (Harold Arlen (music) and Ted Koehler (lyrics)) – Garland and chorus
 "(Howdy Neighbor) Happy Harvest" (finale) – Kelly, Garland, Silvers and company stock members
Behind the scenes 
Shooting this movie was sometimes a struggle for Garland. She was coping with many pressures in her personal life, including a heavy reliance on prescription medication.

Audiences noticed that in the last number "Get Happy" she appears thinner than in the rest of the movie. Before shooting the number, she had taken two months off and lost between 15-20 pounds.  Garland finished the movie, and embarked on a long promised vacation from the studio. Soon, however, she was called back to star with Fred Astaire in the upcoming movie Royal Wedding. Once again, Garland struggled to perform at her absolute best in the face of exhaustion and overwork.  She was fired from the movie, and her contract with MGM was terminated through mutual agreement. Even though Summer Stock took six months to film, it was a box-office success.
Highlights 
The film's most famous scene is the final song-and-dance number "Get Happy" performed by Judy Garland in a tuxedo jacket, black fedora, and black nylons to an arrangement by Skip Martin.  This sequence was choreographed by Charles Walters and filmed two months after the rest of the movie, after Garland sought the help of a hypnotist in Santa Barbara and lost 20 pounds. With the sedative-hypnotic paraldahyde reportedly on her breath, which the number's male dancers described as sickeningly sweet, Garland performed the number perfectly in just a couple of takes, and the rest is history. According to New York Times critic Bosley Crowther: " 'Get Happy' finds Miss Garland looking and performing her best."

In another notable sequence, Kelly performs a solo dance in a darkened barn, using a newspaper and a creaky board as partners and props; the musical accompaniment reprises "You Wonderful You". The dance "turned out to be one of the breakthrough numbers" of his career.

Notes
Notes

References
 Frank, Gerold. Judy (1999), Da Capo Press, 
 Green, Stanley and Schmidt, Elaine. Hollywood musicals year by year (1999), Hal Leonard Corporation, 
 Wayne, Jane Ellen.  The Golden Girls of MGM, (2003), Carroll & Graf Publishers,

Other websites 
 
 
  The Judy Garland Online Discography, "Summer Stock"

American musical movies
1950 movies
MGM movies
The  (CNCP, ) is a French inter-ministerial commission, interprofessional and interagency. It has been created by the social modernization law (No. 2002-73). It is under the authority of the Minister responsible for vocational training.

The commission has several missions:
 Identify the supply of vocational qualifications (),
 Process applications for registration and to update the  (RNCP, ),
 Ensure the renewal and adaptation of degrees and titles, to monitor the qualifications and work organization,
 Make recommendations to the attention of institutions delivering professional certifications or certificates of qualification.

Related pages
Commission des titres d'ingénieur
Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs
Conférence des Grandes Écoles

References

Other websites
 CNCP Official website 

Education in France
2002 establishments in France
Kupiškis is a city in the northeast part of Lithuania. It is in Panevėžys County.

Cities in Lithuania
The Greater Blue Mountains Area is a World Heritage Site in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the World Heritage List at meeting of the World Heritage Committee, held in Cairns in November 2000.

Description 

This area is one of rugged tablelands, cliffs, deep valleys and rivers and lakes. There are many rare and different plants and animals which tell the story of Australia's great age. It shows the story of the evolution of Australia's unique eucalypt trees and the other plants and animals which live among them.

The Greater Blue Mountains Area covers about 10,300 square kilometres. It is mainly forest on a sandstone plateau 60 to 180 kilometres inland from central Sydney. The area includes large areas of wilderness and is about one third the size of Belgium, or twice the size of Brunei.

The Blue Mountains are a blue color. This is because rising air temperature makes the oil of Eucalypts evaporate into the air. This makes the mountains seem bluish.
The World Heritage Site includes eight protected areas. These are in two main blocks separated by land set aside for transport and housing. These areas are the:
 Jenolan Caves Karst Conservation Reserve
 Blue Mountains National Park
 Wollemi National Park
 Yengo National Park
 Nattai National Park
 Kanangra-Boyd National Park
 Gardens of Stone National Park
 Thirlmere Lakes National Park.

The Blue Mountains are not really mountains, but a sandstone plateau rising from less than 100 metres above sea level to 1300 metres at the highest point. The plateau is cut through with deep valleys. There are basalt outcrops on the higher ridges. There are many different plants and animals which probably survived because they found shelter from climatic changes during recent geological history.

Vegetation
Vegetation 

The area is famous for its many different eucalypt habitats, from wet and dry sclerophyll grasslands, mallee heathlands, as well as swamps and wetlands. There are 91 species of eucalypts,  13% of all eucalypts, in the Greater Blue Mountains Area. Of these, 12 only grow here.

The area has been described as a natural laboratory for studying the evolution of the eucalypts. This is because there are so many of the different types growing in the Greater Blue Mountains Area. The area shows examples of how the eucalypts have changed to grow in the different Australian environments. These vary from tall forests at the margins or rainforest in the deep valleys, through open forests and woodlands, to shrublands of stunted mallees on the exposed tablelands.
As well as the eucalypts, the Greater Blue Mountains Area also contains ancient, relict species of world wide importance. The most famous of these is the recently discovered Wollemi pine. This tree is a "living fossil" dating back to the age of the dinosaurs. Thought to have been extinct for millions of years, the few surviving trees of this ancient species are known only from three small groups located in remote valleys within the area. The Wollemi pine is one of the world's rarest species.

Vegetation types 
Sclerophyll: Very tough leaves and stem; packed with poisons and/or indigestible stuff. Not good food for herbivores, a type of defence against herbivory. In Australia, often dry savannahs, dominated by grasses with an overstorey of Eucalypts and Acacias.
Mallee: A type of plant habit. Groups of small trees coming up from an underground lignotuber, a starchy enlarged root (or stem) which stores water. Gives rise to clumps of smallish eucalypts.

Fauna
Fauna 

More than 400 different kinds of animals live within the valleys and tablelands of the Greater Blue Mountains Area. These include threatened or rare species such as the tiger quoll, the koala, the yellow-bellied glider and the long-nosed potoroo. There are also rare reptiles and amphibians including the green and golden bell frog and the Blue Mountain water skink.

The largest predator of the area is the dingo. These wild dogs hunt for grey kangaroos and other prey.

The Greater Blue Mountains Area has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA). It has many of the world's rockwarblers, as well as flame robins, diamond firetails and pilotbirds.  The endangered regent honeyeater is seen there regularly. It is also a migration bottleneck for yellow-faced honeyeaters.

UNESCO listing
The Greater Blue Mountains Area was listed as a World Heritage Area by UNESCO on 29 November 2000. It was the fourth area in New South Wales to be listed.
The reason why this site was chosen to be included on the World Heritage list is quoted below:

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

Blue Mountains virtual video tour. 
Gundungurra Blue Mountains Aboriginal traditional owners. 
Nomination of the Greater Blue Mountains Area for inscription on the World Heritage List by the Government of Australia 1998
Greater Blue Mountains Area at UNESCO World Heritage Centre
The Greater Blue Mountains Area, New South Wales, Australia  at United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre
Blue Mountains World Heritage Institute
Blue Mountains, NSW, Australia  Aerial video of the Jamison Valley below Katoomba.

Geography of New South Wales
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Australian National Heritage List
Blaenavon Industrial Landscape is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Blaenavon, Wales. It includes coal and ore mines, quarries, a primitive railway system, furnaces, workers' homes, and the social infrastructure of the community.

History
The town of Blaenavon and 3,290 hectares in the region of the town were named a World Heritage Site in 2000.  The area around Blaenavon shows of the importance of South Wales as the world's major producer of iron and coal in the 19th century.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

References

Other websites

 
  Blaenavon World Heritage Site website

Buildings and structures in Wales
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
The Groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales (GIFAS, in English Group of French aerospace industries) is a  French aerospace industries association created in 1908, featuring more than 260 members. The first name of the association was Association des Industries de la Locomotion Aérienne. It acquired its current name in 1975.

The current president of the GIFAS is Éric Trappier, the CEO of Dassault Aviation.

References

1908 establishments in Europe
Aviation in France
Aerospace engineering
1900s establishments in France
Scientific organizations based in France
Esquire is a men's magazine, published in the U.S. by the Hearst Corporation. Founded in 1932, it flourished during the Great Depression under the guidance of founder and editor Arnold Gingrich.

Notes 

1932 establishments in the United States
American magazines
Magazines published in New York City
UniverSud Paris is a grouping of higher education institutes in France. It groups 21 public universities and the national research center. These places teach nearly all subjects of sciences (fundamental, engineering, business).

History
In 1991, the French government decided to create the "French Poles of Research and Higher Education". In 2007, its status changed to a public establishment for scientific cooperation (établissement public de coopération scientifique).

Colleges and institutes

The member universities and institutes are :
Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences (Agro ParisTech), founded in 2007, as a result of the merger of three agronomy, forestry and food science schools with roots dating back to 1824
 National Veterinary School of Alfort, founded in 1765
 National School of Landscape (ENSP), founded in 1965
 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), founded in 1946
 National Research Institute of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (formerly Cemagref), founded in 1981
 French agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), founded in 1999
 Telecom & Management SudParis, founded in 1979
 Genoscope (French National Sequencing Center), founded in 1996
 National School of Computer Science for Industry and Business (ENSIIE), founded in 1968
 HEC Paris, founded in 1881
 École Polytechnique (X), founded in 1794
 École supérieure d'optique (IOGS), founded in 1917
 École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Versailles, founded in 1969
SOLEIL (French particle accelerator), founded in 2006
 Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), founded in 1943
 Paris-Sud 11 University, founded in 1971
 Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, founded in 1991
 University of Évry Val d'Essonne, founded in 1991
 École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, founded in 1880
 École Centrale de Paris, founded in 1829
 École supérieure d'électricité (Supélec), founded in 1894
References

Colleges and universities in France
1991 establishments in France
Île-de-France
Charity is the act of giving help to those in need of it. It is a humanitarian act. It involves giving money, goods or time and effort to those who need it. It is done without expecting something in return. Giving money or food to poor people is an example of charity. Poor, sick or injured people are generally considered the proper people to whom charity should be given. When such people are not supported, they often begin begging, which is directly asking for help from people they do not know. Others may rely on support from charitable organizations. These organizations collect money and goods and then give them to those in need.

Most charities are concerned with providing basic needs, such as food, water, clothing, health care and shelter. The most common form of charity is donating money. The money is then used to buy these basic needs. However, there are many other actions that may be performed as charity, such as teaching orphans, donating blood, or money to help fund medical research.
Charitable giving can be a responsibility in many religions. This kind of charity is called almsgiving or alms. The word "charity" comes from the Latin "caritas" meaning Christian love. In Islam, it is called zakat. It is one of the five most important duties of being a Muslim, and in Judaism it is "tzedakah".

Related pages 
 Altruism
 Charitable organization
 Compassion
 Fundraising
 Humanitarianism
 Mercy
 Philanthropy
 Pro bono

References

Altruism
Daphnia are small, planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5 mm in length. Daphnia are members of the order Cladocera. They are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans often called water fleas because of their jumpy swimming style. They live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers.

Anatomy & physiology

Circulation 
Daphnia have open circulatory systems. Instead of having blood vessels, the daphnia have a fluid called haemolymph. The haemolymph is pumped throughout the body cavity (which is called a haemocoel).

Nervous system 
The Daphnia’s nervous system consists of a brain that has two or three pairs of ganglia. Ganglia are nerve cells that tend to cluster up. The nervous system also has nerve rings that go round the oesophagus. Last of all, it has a paired ventral nerve cord.
Reproduction 
The Daphnia reproductive system is parthenogenetic. The female daphnia produce eggs without mating. That means that their eggs can grow without being fertilized. The female daphnia carries its 50 or so eggs in the brood chamber, until they are ready to hatch. Daphnia can still mate, the only difference is that the “mated” eggs have an extra hard shell that can protect them from harsh conditions for a long time. These eggs are called cysts, and they can hatch when conditions are favorable again, which is usually around spring.

Other 
Daphnia spp. are a popular live food in tropical and marine fish keeping.

References

Other websites 
 Van Bergen, Yfke. 2004. Daphnia breaths easy. Journal of Experimental Biology 207, i-ii 

Branchiopods
The President of Algeria is the head of state of Algeria.  The President is also in charge of the Algerian armed forces.

Living former presidents

As of 22 September 2021, there is one living former president:

 
1962 establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in Algeria
From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs (or need) is a slogan that Karl Marx made popular in his writing Critique of the Gotha program, published in 1875. The German original is Jeder nach seinen Fähigkeiten, jedem nach seinen Bedürfnissen. According to Marx, once a communist society has been established, it will produce enough goods and services so that everyone's needs can be satisfied.

Even though the phrase is commonly attributed to Marx, he was not the first to use it. The slogan was common within the socialist movement. Louis Blanc first used it in 1839, in "The organization of work".  The origin of this phrasing has also been attributed to the French communist Étienne-Gabriel Morelly, who proposed in his 1755 Code of Nature "Sacred and Fundamental Laws that would tear out the roots of vice and of all the evils of a society" including the following:

References

Socialism
Kassaman or Qassaman (, ; "We Pledge") is the national anthem of Algeria. Mufdi Zakariah wrote the lyrics in 1956.  He did this while in jail by the French. The composer of the music is Mohamed Fawzi, from Egypt. He wrote the lyrics on the walls of a French prison with his blood.

Lyrics

References

1956 works
African anthems
National symbols of Algeria
The San Francisco row houses, also known as Painted Ladies are Victorian and Edwardian buildings painted in three or more colors. The style used is sometimes called polychrome.

Buildings and structures in San Francisco
The national emblem of Algeria is the seal used by the government.  Other states use coats of arms.  The current emblem began in 1976.  The difference was changing the motto from French to Arabic. On the emblem is the crescent that is also found on the Flag of Algeria.  It is a symbol of Islam.  The text says "The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria".

The Hand of Fatima is in front of the Atlas Mountains.  It is below a rising sun to show a new era.  Buildings are for industry and plants for agriculture.

Historic coats of arms and emblems

Algeria
National symbols of Algeria
Abdelaziz Bouteflika (2 March 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician. From 1999 to 2019, he was the ninth President of Algeria.  He was President at the end of the bloody Algerian Civil War in 2002.  He ended emergency rule in February 2011 during Arab Spring.

He was President of the United Nations General Assembly from 1974 until 1975.

Bouteflika resigned on 2 April 2019 after months of massive protests.

Bouteflika died on 17 September 2021 at his home in Zéralda, Algeria from cardiac arrest at the age of 84. He was in bad health since he had a stroke in 2013.

References

1937 births
Presidents of Algeria
2021 deaths
Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from cardiac arrest
The Prime Minister is the head of government of Algeria.

The President of Algeria chooses the Prime Minister. The People's National Assembly must okay the choice. There are no  limits on a Prime Minister's term.  The person who was Prime Minister the longest was Mohamed Ben Ahmed Abdelghani.  He did the job from 1979 to 1984.

List

 
1962 establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in Algeria
Ahmed Ouyahia (born July 2, 1952) is an Algerian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Algeria from August 16, 2017 to March 12, 2019.

Ouyahia was already Prime Minister from 1995 to 1998, from 2003 to 2006, and from 2008 to 2012.

He was also Minister of Justice for a time. He formed and was president of the RND party.

References

1952 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Algeria
Adrar is a province in southwestern Algeria.  It is named for its capital Adrar. It is the second-largest province. There are 402,197 people.

Divisions
The province has 11 districts and 28 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Adrar
 Aougrout
 Aoulef
 Bordj Badji Mokhtar
 Charouine
 Fenoughil
 Reggane
 T'Sabit
 Timimoun
 Tinerkouk
 Zaouiet Kounta

References

Provinces of Algeria
Carlton Gardens is also the name of a small street in London, England.

The Carlton Gardens is a World Heritage Site in the suburb of Carlton. It is very close to the centre of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

The  site has the Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne Museum and Imax Cinema, tennis courts and an award winning children's playground. The site is a rectangle shape. From the Exhibition building the gardens gently slope down to the southwest and northeast. The World Heritage listing says the Royal Exhibition Buildings and Carlton Gardens are "of historical, architectural, aesthetic, social and scientific (botanical) significance to the State of Victoria."
The listing in the Victorian Heritage Register says in part: 
"The Carlton Gardens are of scientific (botanical) significance for their outstanding collection of plants, including conifers, palms, evergreen and deciduous trees, many of which have grown to an outstanding size and form. The elm avenues of Ulmus procera and Ulmus × hollandica are significant as few examples remain world wide due to Dutch elm disease. The Garden contains a rare specimen of Acmena ingens, only five other specimens are known, an uncommon Harpephyllum caffrum and the largest recorded in Victoria, Taxodium distichum, and outstanding specimens of Chamaecyparis funebris and Ficus macrophylla, south west of the Royal Exhibition Building."

Wildlife includes possums, ducks and ducklings in spring, Tawny Frogmouths, Kookaburras, flying foxes, and other urban environment birds and bats.
History
 1839 - Large blocks of land around Melbourne were set aside by Superintendent Charles La Trobe. Most of this land was later sold and subdivided or used for public buildings. A large number of sites were kept as public parks, including the Carlton Gardens as well as Flagstaff Gardens, Fitzroy Gardens, Treasury Gardens and Kings Domain.
 Circa 1856 - The City of Melbourne took over the Carlton Gardens, and paid Edward La Trobe Bateman to make plans for the site. The path layout and other features of the design were built.  
 1870s - The Victorian Government took over the Gardens and small changes were made by Clement Hodgkinson. The site was completely changed for the 1880 Melbourne International Exhibition by the architect Joseph Reed. An important local gardener, William Sangster, was paid to plan and build new gardens.
1880 - The Exhibition Building was completed for the Melbourne International Exhibition that year. Extra spaces built to house some of the exhibition in the northern section were removed after the exhibition closed on 30 April 1881.
 1888 - The Melbourne Centennial Exhibition celebrated 100 years of European settlement in Australia.
 1891 - The curator's (manager) house was completed and lived in by John Guilfoyle.
 1901 - First Parliament of Australia opened in the Exhibition Building. The west wing of the Building becomes the site of the Victorian Parliament for the next 27 years.
 1919 - The buildings became a hospital for influenza epidemic victims
 1928 - The fence was removed leaving the bluestone footings.
 During the Second World War the buildings were used by the Royal Australian Air Force.
 1948 to 1961 - some of the buildings were used as a migrant processing centre.
 2001 -  Taylor Cullity Lethlean and Mary Jeavons won an award for designing and building a new children's playground.
The Exhibition Building is still used for exhibitions, including for the annual Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show. It also used for exams by the University of Melbourne in recent years. The Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, opened in 1996 at Southbank, provides more modern facilities and has become Melbourn'e main space for exhibitions and conventions.

Related pages
 List of botanical gardens

Other websites

 World heritage listing for Carlton Gardens
 Melbourne City Council - Carlton Gardens 
 Open Space and Recreation - Merit Carlton Gardens Playground 
 World Heritage, World Futures  — Restoration of the Western Forecourt of the Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne

Buildings and structures in Melbourne
Botanical gardens
World Heritage Sites in Australia
Chlef is a province in Algeria.  There are about 1 million people. The capital is Chlef.

Divisions
The province is divided into 13 districts.  There are also 35 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Abou El Hassan (دائرة أبو الحسن)
 Aïn Merane (دائرة عين مران)
 Béni Haoua (دائرة بني حواء)
 Boukadir (دائرة بوقادير)
 Chlef (دائرة شلف)
 El Karimia (دائرة الكريمية)
 El Marsa (دائرة المرسى)
 Oued Fodda (دائرة وادي الفضة)
 Ouled Ben Abdelkader (دائرة اولاد بن عبد القادر)
 Ouled Farès (دائرة اولاد فارس)
 Taougrit (دائرة تاوقريت)
 Ténès (دائرة تنس)
 Zeboudja (دائرة زبوجة)

References

Provinces of Algeria
Laghouat is a province  (wilaya) in central Algeria. The name means "the oases". The capital is Laghouat. Other localities include Aflou, Ain Madhi, Kourdane and Makhareg.

Divisions
The province is divided into 10 districts.  There are also 24 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aflou
 Aïn Mahdi
 Brida
 El Ghicha
 Gueltet Sidi Saâd
 Hassi R'Mel
 Ksar El Hirane
 Laghouat
 Oued Morra
 Sidi Makhlouf

References

Provinces of Algeria
Crater Lake National Park is a national park in the U.S. state of Oregon. It was created in 1902. It is the only national park in Oregon. The park includes the caldera of Crater Lake, the remains of the destroyed volcano Mount Mazama, and nearby hills and forests. 

The lake is  deep. It is the deepest lake in the United States, the second deepest in North America and the ninth deepest in the world. The lake is so deep because of the caldera it is in.

Crater Lake has no streams flowing into or out of it. All water that enters the lake is eventually lost from evaporation or flowing away underground. The lake is re-filled only from snow and rain.

Related pages
 Cascade Volcanic Arc

References

National parks in the United States
Geography of Oregon
Oum El Bouaghi or Oum el-Bouaghi is a province of Algeria. The capital is Oum el-Bouaghi.

Administrative divisions
The province is divided into 12 districts.  There are also 29 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn Babouche
 Aïn Beïda
 Aïn Fakroun
 Aïn Kechra
 Aïn M'Lila
 Dhalaâ
 F'Kirina
 Ksar Sbahi
 Meskiana
 Oum El Bouaghi
 Sigus
 Souk Naâmane

References

Provinces of Algeria
Robert John "Bob" Carr (born 28 September 1947) was a Labor member of the Australian senate from 6 March 2012 to 24 October 2013 and Foreign Minister  13 March 2012 to 18 September 2013. Before that, he was Premier of New South Wales from 1995 to 2005.

References

Other websites

1947 births
Living people
Premiers of New South Wales
Politicians from Sydney
Australian Labor Party politicians
Members of the Australian Senate
Australian ministers for Foreign Affairs
Leaders of the Opposition of Australian states and territories
A total of 20 places in Australia have been chosen as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Australia agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention on 22 August 1974.

List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

As of 2020, there are 20 WHS places in Australia.
 4 cultural sites
 12 natural sites
 4 mixed sites

There are 2 sites which are on a tentative list.

Table

Tentative list
The tentative list consists of sites which have been nominated.  The evaluation process is not yet completed.
 Great Sandy World Heritage Area
 Gondwana Rainforests (extension to existing property)
 Murujuga Cultural Landscape
 Flinders Ranges

Notes

References

Other websites

 UNESCO, World Heritage Sites
  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

Australian culture
Australia
Australia-related lists
The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 British-American superhero movie, and a sequel to The Dark Knight and a second sequel to Batman Begins. It was the last movie in The Dark Knight Trilogy.
Eight years after Harvey Dent's death and the defeat of the Joker, the Dent Act grants the Gotham City Police Department the ability to easily prosecute organized crime. Feeling guilty for covering up Dent's crimes, Police Commissioner James Gordon writes a resignation speech telling the truth, but decides not to reveal the truth because it was not the right time. Batman has disappeared, with Bruce Wayne becoming an outcast. Cat burglar Selina Kyle steals Bruce's fingerprints from his home, kidnaps a congressman, then disappears. Selina hands Bruce's fingerprints to Phillip Stryver, an assistant to Bruce's business rival John Daggett, in hope of having her criminal record erased. Stryver double crosses Selina, but she uses the congressman's stolen phone to alert the police of their location. Gordon and the police arrive to find the congressman, then chase the criminals into the sewers while Selina escapes. A masked man called Bane who had escaped from a hijacked CIA Plane captures Gordon
. Gordon escapes, and is found by John Blake, a patrol officer who grew up as an orphan and has known Batman's true identity from their similar backgrounds. Gordon promotes Blake to detective, with Blake reporting directly to him.
Wayne Enterprises is on the point of becoming bankrupt after Bruce wasted almost all of the companies money on a fusion reactor project when he learns that the core could be weaponized. Later, Bane attacks the Gotham Stock Exchange, using Bruce's fingerprints to bankrupt Wayne Enterprises. Alfred Pennyworth, concerned that Bruce has not moved on from being Batman, reveals to him that Rachel Dawes had intended to marry Dent before she died, and resigns in an attempt to dissuade him. Fearing that Daggett, Bane's employer, would gain access to the reactor, Bruce and Lucius Fox asks board member Miranda Tate to take over his company. Bane later kills Daggett. After being promised to erase her records, Selina agrees to take Batman to Bane, but instead betrays him to a trap. Bane appears and reveals that he intends to fulfill Ra's al Ghul's mission to destroy Gotham with the League of Shadows. He breaks Batman's back and takes him to a foreign, well-like prison where escape is impossible
. The inmates tell Bruce the story of Ra's al Ghul's child, born in the prison and cared for by a fellow prisoner before escaping, the only prisoner to have ever done so; Bruce thinks the child is Bane.
Background

The movie is based on DC Comics character Batman. It is distributed under Warner Bros.. The movie was directed by Christopher Nolan and produced by Emma Thomas. The music was scored by Hans Zimmer. The cast includes Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Tom Hardy, Morgan Freeman, Anne Hathaway, Marion Cotillard, Matthew Modine, Cillian Murphy, Nestor Carbonell, Ben Mendelsohn, Liam Neeson, Tom Conti, Joey King, Juno Temple, and Alon Abutbul. The locations of filming were in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Newark, New Jersey, Los Angeles, California, and in New York City, New York.

Cast and characters
Christian Bale as Batman/Bruce Wayne, finally emerges after eight years from the events of The Dark Knight. He returns in order to save Gotham from Bane.
 Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth, Bruce Wayne's loyal butler who had enough of Bruce being an outcast from Gotham. 
 Gary Oldman as Commissioner James Gordon, the police commissioner of Gotham who knows the truth about Harvey Dent, but does not want to tell the city.
 Anne Hathaway as Catwoman/Selina Kyle, a new female character who helps Batman save the city and helped Batman into finding Bane.
 Tom Hardy as Bane, the main villain who breaks Batmans back and occupies Gotham, seeking to complete the mission to destroy the city. He was trained by Ra's al Ghul just like Batman was in Batman Begins. He was killed when Selina Kyle shot him with the Batpod.
Marion Cotillard as Miranda Tate/Talia al Ghul, a new Wayne Enterprises boardmember and later takes control of the company. She was thought to be someone who wanted to clean the world, but turned out to be an enemy of Batman. She was the daughter of Ra's al Ghul. She was killed while her truck crashed and fell into an inner tunnel. 
 Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Officer Robin John Blake, a new Gotham City cop who helps both Batman and Commissioner Gordon to save Gotham. At the end he found the Batcave and might become Robin.
 Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox, the CEO of Wayne Enterprises and the one who gave Bruce Wayne all of the new gadgets and information.  
 Matthew Modine as Officer Peter Foley, the new detective under James Gordon's commission. He was killed during the final battle.
 Cillian Murphy as Scarecrow, was the judge of the corrupt courtroom whom he sentenced all of Gotham's rich people.
Nestor Carbonell as Mayor Anthony Garcia, was the mayor of Gotham before being killed in a mass explosion in the Gotham Stadium.
 Ben Mendelsohn as John Daggett, the founder of Daggett Industries who wants to take control of Wayne Enterprises, but was later killed by Bane.
 Liam Neeson as Ra's al Ghul, appeared as a spirit when Bruce Wayne was trapped under the pit.
 Tom Conti as Prisoner, a prison doctor who helps Bruce heal after Bane had broken his back.
 Joey King as Young Talia al Ghul, the younger version of the daughter of Ra's al Ghul as she appeared in flashbacks.
 Alon Abutbul as Dr. Leonid Pavel, a Russian nuclear scientist who helped Bane create a nuclear bomb to destroy Gotham, he was later killed by Bane.
 Juno Temple as Jen, Selina Kyle's best friend.
 William Devane as the President of the United States.
 John Nolan as Fredricks, a boardmember of Wayne Enterprises.
 Patrick Leahy as Boardmember, a boardmember of Wayne Enterprises.
Burn Gorman as Phillip Stryver, the vice-chairman of Daggett Industries who was later exiled from Gotham and later fell through the ice.
 Chris Ellis as Priest, a priest who takes care of orphaned children from where John Blake came from.
 Aidan Gillen as CIA Agent, the CIA agent who was about to transport Bane, until the plane was hijacked and was killed during the attack.
 Josh Stewart as Barsad, Bane's right-hand man who helps Bane take control of Gotham, he was killed during the final battle.
 Wade Williams as the Warden at Blackgate Prison.
International release

Release
The Dark Knight Rises was released on July 20, 2012, on which same day a shooting happened in Aurora, Colorado during the movie's premiere inside an area theater. The movie is the 3rd highest-grossing movie in the world with $1,081,041,287 worldwide. The Dark Knight Rises currently ranks #7 in the list of the highest-grossing movies in history. The Dark Knight Rises came out on DVD and Blu-ray on December 4, 2012. It was one of the top movies on AFI in 2012.

Taglines
 "Rise"
 "A Fire Will Rise"
 "The Legend Ends"
 "Every Hero Has a Journey. Every Journey Has an End"
 "The Epic Conclusion to the Dark Knight Legend"

Awards

References

Other websites

 
 
 

2012 movies
2010s superhero movies
American thriller movies
British movies
Batman movies
English-language movies
Movies based on comic book characters
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies directed by Christopher Nolan
IMAX movies
The Dark Knight Trilogy
Warner Bros. movies
Total Recall is a 1990 American science fiction action movie directed by Paul Verhoeven. It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Ironside, Rachel Ticotin and Sharon Stone. It is set in the year 2084 in a terraformed Mars. The movie was released in June 1990. The story of the movie came from "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale" by Philip K. Dick.

It was remade in 2012.

Release dates

Other websites 

1990 action movies
1990s mystery movies
1990 science fiction movies
1990s American action movies
American mystery movies
American science fiction movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Paul Verhoeven
Movies set in the future
Movies set on Mars
Dystopian movies
Movies about dreams
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
"That's the Way (I Like It)" is a disco-pop song released during late 1975 by the group KC & the Sunshine Band. It was risqué at the time because of certain lyrics. This single has been covered and sampled by various artists through the years.

Pop songs
1975 songs
KC and the Sunshine Band songs
Dead or Alive (band) songs
Hefei () is a city and municipality () in eastern China. Hefei is the capital the Anhui province. It is the political, economic, and cultural center of Anhui. It is located in the central portion of the province, and it borders Huainan to the north, Chuzhou to the northeast, Wuhu to the southeast, Tongling to the south, Anqing to the southwest and Lu'an to the west. Hefei has 7.06 million people, 2.18 million of whom lives in the urban area.

History 

From the 8th to the 6th centuries BC, there were many small states in Hefei. The area later became a part of the Chu kingdom. Many archaeological finds dating from this period have been made. In the 2nd century BC, the name 'Hefei' was first given to the county set up in the area under the Han dynasty.
In the 3rd century AD, the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford was fought at Xiaoyao Ford () in Hefei. Zhang Liao, a general of the Wei state, led 800 picked cavalry and defeated the 200,000-strong army from Wu. After this battle, Wu and Wei fought for several decades in Hefei.

Political divisions 
Hefei Municipality is divided into 4 districts, 4 counties and 1 city.

Luyang District ()
Yaohai District ()
Baohe District ()
Shushan District ()
Feidong County ()
Feixi County ()
Changfeng County ()
Lujiang County ()
Chaohu City ()

References

Cities in China
Anhui
Anhui (; ) is a province in the east of China. The capital is Hefei. The area of Anhui is 139,400 km2, the population of it is roughly 62,548,000 (2017).

Administrative divisions
Anhui is divided into seventeen prefecture-level divisions:

Anhui
The Australian Fossil Mammal Sites is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Queensland and South Australia.

The UNESCO listing is for two separate areas where fossils from the Cainozoic era have been found. Riversleigh, Queensland is in the north west corner of Queensland and Narcoorte South Australia is in the south east corner of South Australia. The Riversleigh site is part of the Lawn Hill National Park.

The sites are important for their extinct marsupials. The fossils show the evolution of mammals in Australia over the last 20 million years. The Naracoorte site is part of the Naracoorte Caves National Park. Its fossils show the way marsupials adapted to the great climate changes that have affected the world over the last 170,000 years.

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites

References  

World Heritage Sites in Australia
Lagerstätten
Protected areas of South Australia
Protected areas of Queensland