Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Kinetic energy is the energy that an object has because of its motion. This energy can be converted into other kinds, such as gravitational or electric potential energy, which is the energy that an object has because of its position in a gravitational or electric field.

Difference between Kinetic & Potential Energy 
Kinetic Energy is the maximum amount of work a moving body due to its motion can do, whereas Potential energy is the maximum amount of work a body can do due to its configuration or position in a field force.  Kinetic Energy is valid for all sorts of forces as seen from this derivation.

but Potential Energy is not as can be seen here

which clearly suggests that only conservative forces can have potential energy associated with them; see conservation of energy.

Translational kinetic energy
The translational kinetic energy of an object is:

where
  is the mass (resistance to linear acceleration or deceleration);
  is the linear velocity.
Rotational kinetic energy
The rotational kinetic energy of an object is:

where
  is the moment of inertia (resistance to angular acceleration or deceleration, equal to the product of the mass and the square of its perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation);
  is the angular velocity.

Energy
Mechanics
Basic physics ideas
Potential energy is the stored or pent-up energy of an object. It is often contrasted with kinetic energy. 

In physics, potential energy is the energy which an object has due to its position in a force field or which a system has due to the way its parts are arranged. 
Common types include the gravitational potential energy of an object that depends on its vertical position and mass, the elastic potential energy of an extended spring, and the electric potential energy of a charge in an electric field. The SI unit for energy is the joule (symbol J).
Potential energy is often associated with restoring forces such as a spring or the force of gravity. The action of stretching the spring or lifting the mass is performed by an external force that works against the force field of the potential. This work is stored in the force field, which is said to be stored as potential energy. If the external force is removed the force field acts on the body to perform the work as it moves the body back to the initial position, reducing the stretch of the spring or causing a body to fall. When this happens, potential energy changes into kinetic energy. The total energy stays the same because of the law of conservation of energy.

Physicists say that potential energy is the difference between the energy of an object in a given position and its energy at a reference position.
Simple examples 
Bringing a rock uphill increases its potential energy under gravity. Stretching a rubber band increases its elastic potential energy, which is a form of electric potential energy. A mixture of a fuel and an oxidant has a chemical potential energy, which is another form of electric potential energy. Batteries too have chemical potential energy.

Types of potential energy 
There are various types of potential energy, each associated with a particular type of force.

Gravitational potential energy 
Gravitational potential energy is experienced by an object when height and mass is a factor in the system. Gravitational potential energy causes objects to move towards each other. 
If an object is lifted a certain distance from the surface from the Earth, the force experienced is caused by weight and height.
Work is defined as force over a distance, and work is another word for energy. The potential energy added when you lift an object is:

where
 is the force of gravity
 is the change in height
or
Here,  is the acceleration due to gravity.

The total work done by gravitational potential energy when an object falls from position 1 to position 2 is:

or

where
 is the mass of the object
 is the first position
 is the second position

Electric potential energy 
Electric potential energy is experienced by charges both different and alike, as they repel or attract each other. Charges can either be positive (+) or negative (-), where opposite charges attract and similar charges repel.
If two charges were placed a certain distance away from each other, the potential energy stored between the charges can be calculated by:

where
 is 1/4πє (for air or vacuum it is )
 is the first charge
 is the second charge
 is the distance apart
Elastic potential energy 
Elastic potential energy is experienced when a rubbery material is pulled away or pushed together. A spring for example stores elastic potential energy. The amount of potential energy the material has depends on the distance pulled or pushed. The longer the distance pushed, the greater the elastic potential energy the material has.
If a material is pulled or pushed, the potential energy can be calculated by:

where
 is the spring force constant (how well the material stretches or compresses)
 is the distance the material moved from its original position

Related pages 
Kinetic energy

References

Energy
Basic physics ideas
Force
A ship is a large vehicle used to travel on water. It is bigger than a boat. Most are cargo ships, which carry most of the world's international trade. There are also many warships, passenger ships and other kinds for different purposes.

When people talk about a ship, they often use the pronoun "she". For example: She was launched on 29 December 1878.

History

Early ships 
The first ships used oars or the wind (or both) to make them move.

From about 4000 BC the Ancient Egyptians were making wooden sail boats. By 1200 BC the Phoenicians and Greeks had begun to make bigger sailing ships which were about 30 metres (100 feet) long and could carry 90180 tonnes of cargo. The Romans made even bigger ships which could carry up to 1,000 people and 1,000 tonnes of cargo. The 8th century saw the rise of the Vikings, who were famous for their "longships" and which were mainly used for raiding other countries, but also for trading. The longships had flat bottoms so they could move in shallow (not deep) rivers.
Age of sail 
Sailing ships were used for thousands of years, but they were very important from the Age of Discovery to the 19th century. The Chinese admiral Zheng He commanded a fleet of large 'treasure ships' on seven voyages all over Asia up to East-Africa in the early fifteenth century. The most successful and largest fleet in the 17th century was the Dutch fleet (see the Netherlands). For trade and transport the Dutch often used a particular kind of trading ship, called a flute (fluyt in Dutch). Transport of people and cargo on sailing ships became rare in the early 20th century.
Some famous ships from this era include:
 Niña, Pinta, Santa Maria - Christopher Columbus' ships
 The Mayflower - The ship that carried the Pilgrims to Massachusetts
 Queen Anne's Revenge - The pirate Blackbeard's ship
 HMS Bounty - Captain Bligh's ship. Site of the most famous mutiny of all time
 USS Constitution - The most powerful ship in the early United States Navy
 HMS Victory - Admiral Horatio Nelson's flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar

The age of steam 
In the 19th century, steamboats became commonplace.
At one time, the steamships Titanic, Olympic, and Britannic were the largest ships in the world, Titanic sank on her maiden voyage after hitting an iceberg, becoming one of the most famous shipwrecks of all time, the Olympic was Titanic 's nearly identical twin, and actually set sail before Titanic and was scrapped in the 1930s after a very successful career including her being a passenger liner and a warship in World War I. The Britannic was the largest of these three sister ships, and was supposed to be more grand and elegant than the Titanic, but before she set sail on her maiden voyage, WWI broke out and she was stripped of her elegant furniture and elaborate paneling and became a hospital ship. During her term as a hospital ship, she was sunk by either a mine or torpedo, no one knows for sure. The Titanic lies at the bottom of the North Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Nova Scotia, and the Britannic lies in the Aegean Sea, off the coast of the Island of Kea.
Modern ships 
After World War II ships with diesel engines became commonplace. Passenger airliners replaced passenger ships for long trips in the late 20th century. Cargo ships became much bigger. The main kinds are container ships for mostly manufactured goods, and bulk carriers including oil tankers.

Largest ship 
The world's largest ship is the Prelude, owned by Shell. It is being built on Geoje Island, South Korea. It is 488m long and has the internal capacity greater than the total volume of four large aircraft carriers. What it will do is collect natural gas off the coast of Australia, and liquify it. When liquified, the hydrocarbon takes up 600 times less space than its gas. Smaller tankers will take the liquid gas to its buyers. The ship will do liquifying and temporary storage, which is usually done on land. Shell believes this justifies the cost of the ship.

The shipping yard builds all kinds of structures for the oil industry. It employs 30,000 workers.

Some names for parts of a ship
Amidships - near the middle of the ship.
 Bow - the front of the ship.
 Stern - the back of the ship.
 Aft - in the direction of the stern.
 Astern - behind the ship.
 Starboard - the right side of the ship.
 Port - the left side of the ship.
 Bridge - the room in which the ship is controlled.
 Cabin - a room where a crew member lives.
 Decks - the floors.
 Galley - the kitchen.
 Hold - an area inside the ship used to carry goods.
 Hull - the main body of the ship.
 Keel - a beam running from stern to bow.
 Mast - a central pole on which sails are hung.
 Brig - Prison cells in the ship.

Some types of ships
Bulk carrier - very large ship used for carrying very heavy cargo.
 Catamaran - a ship with two hulls.
 Cruise ship - a large passenger ship that takes people on holiday or vacations.
 Ferry - a passenger ship which often carries vehicles as well as people.
 Supertanker - a very large ship usually used for carrying oil.
 Warship
 Aircraft carrier - a warship which carries aircraft
 Battleship - a large warship
 PT boat- a small warship
 Submarine - an underwater boat

References 

Basic English 850 words
 
Navigation
A boat is a vehicle used to travel on water. It is smaller than a ship and can be lifted out of the water and carried on a ship. Some boats have sails, some are powered by rowing with oars, and some use motors. Those that use steam engines are steamboats. There are some boats that can go underwater. They are called submarines. A narrowboat is a boat designed to be used on narrow canals. It is sometimes called a barge.

Historically, most boats have been constructed from wood. However, more recently built boats are often made of metals like steel and aluminium. Expensive boats may have parts made from fiberglass or composite materials and some even have helicopter pads.

History 
The Pesse Canoe is likely the oldest boat recovered to date as it was built sometime around 8,000 BCE

References
History 
Originally, Naval war was fought by ramming other ships and then jumping onto them to fight the crew. In Ancient Greece and Rome, the ships were usually powered by oars. During the Middle Ages, the cannon was invented. These could be shot at other ships from a great distance. Warships around this time also began to use sails instead of oars for power. In the middle 19th century, ships began to be plated in armor for protection. Steam engines allowed them move while carrying the armor, and better ones soon made them much faster. These early warships, called ironclads, are thought to have begun the type of Naval warfare used today. Ships and guns soon became much larger.

Related pages 

 Royal Navy
 United States Navy
 Royal Australian Navy
 Royal New Zealand Navy

Other websites 

 Navy -Citizendium
An air force is the branch of a country's military which fights in the air. The air force is made up of aircraft such as fighters, bombers, helicopters and transport aircraft. When a navy has its own air force it is called Naval Aviation. 

Air forces began in the early 20th century, usually as part of the army. Most countries separated their air forces in the 1930s and 1940s. 

Aircraft in an air force sometimes fly in a formation. Formations are when the aircraft fly in a pattern. Air forces is part of the military.

The biggest air force in the world is the United States Air Force (USAF). Second and third largest are the United States Navy and Russian Air Force.

References
A
 Adobe
 Acrobat
 Algorithm
 AMD
 Android
 API
 Apple
 Application
 Analog

B

 Boot
 binary
 BIOS
 bitcoin
 byte
 bot
 Botnet
 Browser

C 
 C programming language
 Cable
 Configuration
 Cache memory
 Captcha
 Connection
 Control
 Cookie
 C++
 Computer

D
 data
 database
 datalake
 Debian
 decompress
 desktop
 dialer
 digital
 document
 disk operating system (redirect (or disambig) from DOS)
 download

E
 ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
 electricity
 email
 email attachment
 Encarta encyclopedia
 Epiphany web browser
 End User License Agreement (redirect from EULA)
 Explorer
 ext2 filesystem type
 ext3 filesystem type

F
 File allocation table (disambiguation from FAT or fat)
 FAT16 filesystem
 FAT32 filesystem
 file
 file types by ending
 filesharing
 filesystem
 firewall
 folder
 footnotes
 format
 FreeBSDK
 freeware
 FTP
 Facebook
 function
 font

G
 gigabyte (redir from gb)
 GIMP
 Gmail
 Gnome
 Google
 GNU
 GnuPG
 GPU
 Google Nest
H
 hacker
 hard disk (redirects from hard drive, hard disk drive, hard disk)
 hardware
 Hash function
 HDMI
 home page
 HTML
 HTTP
 HTTP Cookie

I
 Intel
 Icons
 Input device
 Internet
 Integrated circuit-IC

J

 Java
 JavaScript
 J#

K
 KDE*
 kernel
 keyboard
 key
 keyword

L
 laptop
 licensing examples for computer software
 link
 Linux
 Lavasoft
 Live CD
 LibreOffice

M
 Macintosh
 Mac OS
 Mac OS X
 Malware
Mainframe Computer 
 Mandrake Linux
 Martus
 md5
 media
 megabyte (redir or disamb from mb)
 Microsoft
 modify
 monitor
 Motherboard
 mouse
 Mozilla web browser
 Mozilla Firefox web browser
 Modem
 mp4
 mpeg-4

N 

 NTFS filesystem type
 Netscape
 Netscape Navigator web browser
 network
 NNTP
 non-commercial
 notebook computer
 notepad
 Nvidia

O
 ogg file format for multimedia
 OpenOffice.org
 Online
 Offline
 Open Site
 open source
 Opera web browser
 operating system
 operating systems, a list
P
 page
 Perl
 personal computer (PC)
 Petabyte
 pdf or more likely PDF
 peer to peer, P2P
 PGP
 PHP
 proprietary
 piracy
 pirate
 plug-in
 Python
 popup
 printer
 privacy
 program
 program release
 Python
 PRINT
 Pixel

Q
 QNX
 QuickBasic
 QuickTime.
 QWERTY

R
 Random_access_memory(redirect from RAM)
 ReactOS
 Read-only_memory(Redirect from ROM)
 RedHat
 Reiser FS filesystem type
 root
 RSA
 Recycle Bin
 Reboot
 RISC reduced instruction set computer

S
 scan
 search engine
 security
 server
 shared source
 shareware
 software
 spam
 spamming
 Spreadsheet
 spyware
 super computer
 super user
 surfing the internet
 Suse
 SDK
 SSD
 system
 synergy (synergistic)

T
 training for computers
 Trojan horse
 Terabyte (TB)
 Tablet

U
 Ubuntu
 undo
 UNIX
 update
 upload
 user
 USB

Vvv

 version
 virtual community
 Visual Studio
 Visual Basic
 virus
 Vulnerability
 VPN

W
 Windows
 Wine (software)
Wi-Fi

X
 Xine
 XML
 x86, x32(processor)
 x86-64, x64(processor architecture)

Y
 Yahoo!
 Yotabyte
Z
 Z (file format)
Zoom in - Zoom out
ZIP
Zettabyte(ZB)

Other websites 
 A Gnu Dictionary of Computing - downloadable

Computing
Computer-related lists
Computers
Removal tools 
Removal tools have been developed to assist users in clearing out these unwanted programs.
Like many programs that people use for security, the program must be changed often. Updating allows the removal tool to recognize new types of adware. This can be done by downloading files over the internet using the 'update' option in the program.

Software
Gender is a social word that is used to talk about how people express masculine (traits most people think of as male) or feminine (traits most people think of as female) traits.

Definitions and history

"Gender" comes from the Latin word genus which meant "kind" or "type". In the few hundred years before the 1950s, the term 'gender' was used only in the field of grammar. In 1955, a scientist began to use the word gender in new ways when referring to people, in a way that was related to their 'sex' but not quite the same. The term was not applied to other animals. They continued to have different “sexes”.

Grammar
Grammar

Before the 1950s, the term 'gender' was used only in the field of grammar, and only to distinguish a category of words that are called 'feminine nouns' from other words that are 'masculine nouns'.[1][2] Early Indo-European languages~had three genders. Languages that come from Latin like Spanish, French, and Italian have lost one, and their nouns are either feminine or masculine in gender. For example, in Spanish, 'house' (casa) is feminine, and 'day' (día) is masculine. Some languages still have three genders, like German. Outside of their grammatical category, the word 'gender' was not used to refer to people. At that time, when one spoke about someone being either 'male' or 'female', the word used was sex.

Pronouns
Pronouns 

Merriam Webster officially recognized the pronoun "they" as a singular use pronoun in 2019.  According to the dictionary, the word had actually been used as a non-gender binary pronoun since the 1300s.  Around the time Merriam Webster made this announcement, artist Sam Smith announced that their correct pronouns were actually they/them.  Typically, for those who identify as female, the correct pronouns are she/her, and for males, he/him.
The difference between sex and gender 
Many people often use the terms "sex " and "gender" interchangeably, however, some people now assign them two different meanings. They use the term "sex" to refer to the biological assignment of an individual, which is often based on scientific knowledge. This biological determination is often made at birth.  Doctors often assign sex by looking at pre-natal images or directly inspecting genitalia at birth. This determination is still based on our beliefs on gender and sex being the same. The problem lies in what happens when an individual falls outside of the typical categories of "male" or "female". Some medical professionals have turned to the Karyotype method to look at the sex chromosomes to determine biological sex. "Gender", on the other hand, is considered by some to be more of a psychological factor.  To them, gender is determined by our expressions, and behaviors rather than scientific knowledge.
Gender as a social construct 
Typically, gender has been described by using terms such as man, woman, or even transsexual.  These terms are applied to people based on their sex, or sometimes on the basis of culturally constructed characteristics. Although many people may be biologically assigned a sex, the gender they believe themselves to be may not align with this sex. An individual's gender is often assumed by outsiders based on cultural norms: outward appearance, body shape and size, physical activity, etc. Although an individual's gender identity is determined by psychology, a gender identity can be constructed by wearing particular clothing, language, actions and such, that are associated with that gender in a given society. Psychologist and feminist anthropologist Anne Fausto-Sterling calls this embodiment.

Gender roles
Gender roles 

In 1955, John Money created the term gender role and began to use it to mean something different from sex. Gender roles are how a society views different genders and how they should act. An example of this would be how some people believe feminine or female people should cook and clean rather than play sports. These roles change over time and differ based on different cultures, but are often ideas that are created by people rather than coming from nature.
Gender identity development
The term identity means the mental image someone has of themself as well as some kind of similarity with others in some particular way.  Gender identity, specifically, refers to the experiences someone has that are similar to a person of a particular gender.  This gender identity affects how a person views themself as well as how they interact with others. Developmental psychologists have found that the development of an identity begins in early adolescence. Learning about what it means to be a particular gender also starts at an early age.  During adolescence, children begin to internalize the gender roles in their surroundings and "gender intensification" occurs. Gender intensification means that the child feels more pressure to conform to socially sanctioned gender norms, resulting in deeper gender role differentiation for boys and girls. Biological, can affect gender identity development as well
.  Research done with animals has shown that pre-natal sex hormones affect the sexual differentiation of the brain.
Gender and sexual orientation

Gender binary 
‘Binary’ comes from the Latin word bini meaning two together. As such binary refers to an idea in which there are only two possible options that are often opposite. This is how most people thought of gender throughout history in many parts of the world with male and female being the only two options.

Thinking of gender in this way can lead to a society with strict gender roles that are in place for a long time to think that those are natural or biological roles that each option has to conform to at birth. Examples of this are women who are not allowed access to education or jobs or men who are expected to not be emotional or soft. Strict binary gender roles are also often tied to reasons for oppression of sexualities outside of the majority. Societies often enforce gender binaries due to concepts like tradition and the idea that their stability relies on keeping this binary in place.
The LGBTQ+ community 
The term LGBTQ is constantly evolving and adding terms to the acronym as knowledge of the community becomes more widely known.  As of 2020, the acronym has expanded to LGBTQQIAAP, which stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Queer, Questioning, Intersex, Asexual, Ally, and Pansexual. The community is, however, mostly referred to as the LGBTQ+ community.
Intersex 
Intersex is the word used to describe the condition where a person has genitals that are not clearly male or female.  There is a variety of ways this condition may physically manifest including infants that have enlarged clitorises or a combination of elements of both the male and female genitalia. Sex assignment is often performed on infants that have obvious intersex characteristics, this is often referred to as intersex genital mutilation. Some have recently suggested that medically unnecessary surgeries such as intersex genital mutilation be delayed until the child is old enough to make a medically informed decision with counseling. Many intersex individuals may even go their whole lives without knowing that they are intersex due to a chromosomal abnormality.  Typically, females' sex chromosomes are XX and males XY, however, XXY (Klinefelter syndrome), XXXY, XXXXY, and XYY are some other possibilities.
Gender spectrum 
Although many societies still exist under a gender binary, more and more around the world are becoming more accepting of ideas of gender outside of strict male and female categories. An important thing to know about gender in this form is that the people who exist within them have always existed but have not always been free to express themselves. One example of this is people who are transgender, those who were labeled based on their biological sex, but eventually come to realize that label does not fit what they identify with. In addition to this, some people do not experience gender in a way that fits into a binary at all, and these people are called either non binary or genderqueer.
Another category that is not a part of the gender binary is called intersex. Intersex people are born without obviously male or female genitalia. It is a common practice in hospitals that an intersex baby will have a surgery that makes them one sex. Doctors do this with the belief it will help the child later on in life as they begin to develop during puberty. However, it can cause mental and emotional issues for the child if they begin to struggle with gender identity. Intersexuality is not a well accepted or understood idea in most places, since most people have never heard of it or are willing to accept people who are.

Related pages 

 Agender
 Bigender
 Gender equality
 Genderfluid
 Gender identity
 Intersexuality
 Pansexuality
 Sexual dimorphism
 Transgender
 Transsexual

References
Dutch () is a West Germanic language. It comes from the Netherlands and is the country's official language. It is also spoken in the northern half of Belgium (the region called Flanders), and in the South American country of Suriname. A language known as Afrikaans was developed from Dutch by the people in southern Africa and is now spoken mainly in South Africa but also in nearby Namibia. About 22 million people around the world speak Dutch.

History 
Dutch is a West Germanic language The West Germanic branch is divided into English, Frisian, German and Dutch. Dutch has a similar vocabulary and grammar to English but is closer to German.

The North Germanic languages of Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and Icelandic are also part of the Germanic language branch. Dutch is also in some cases like those languages.
The Dutch of before 1170 is called Old Dutch (Oudnederlands). The Dutch between 1170 and 1500 is called Middle Dutch (Middelnederlands), which is also called Diets and so that is why it is called Dutch in English. The word "Dutch" itself came from the Proto-Germanic word theodiscus, which means "language of the common people" and then was also used to refer to the Germans and their language. Over time, the Modern English usage now refers to that the Netherlands, not the Germans. The Dutch word for German, Duits, comes from the same origin.

The oldest Dutch book known is Wachtendonckse Psalmen, which was written in 900. The first Dutch writer known by name is Hendrik van Veldeke, who was born around 1150.

Letters 
Dutch uses the letters of the same Roman alphabet as English.

Vowels 

Note: The e can also be a schwa (like in the)
Note: The short vowels (a, e, i, o, u) are pronounced long in open syllables (explaned further down below).
 oe – like the "ou" in you
 eu – like the French "eu" in fleur
 ui – typical Dutch sound, but almost identical to the French word oeuil (= eye)
 ou/au – like in sound
 ij/ei – typical Dutch sound, the same as "ej" in Esperanto (not in Polish) In Amsterdam, the sound instead is "i" in ice.
 aai – like the "i" in ice
 eeuw – typical Dutch sound
 ieuw – somewhat like "iew" in view

Open and closed syllables 
Vowels are said differently on the if the syllable is open or closed. If a syllable is open, short written vowels are said as long ones. However, short written vowels are said short if the syllable is closed.:
The word praten has two syllables: pra|ten. Because pra is open, the a is pronounced like aa.
The word plat had only one syllables and so the a is short (just a).
There is, however, an exception to this rule. This is the "e". This is because "e" can also be a "mute e" (Schwa) (IPA character ə). In most words, where an open syllable ends with e it is a short e. Therefore, open syllables with a long e (ee) are written as ee. Example:
The word "me" contains an e and is not pronounced as "mee". (Mee has a totally different meaning).

There are, however, exceptions to this rule as well. This can be seen in the word meenemen. This word can be divided into three syllables: mee|ne|men. The e's in the first two syllables are long ones, but the last one is a mute e.

The mute e also occurs in the ending of verbs (usually -en).
Consonants 
 b
 c
 d
 f
 g/ch – not pronounced as the English G; the Dutch G is pronounced in the back of the throat with a "scratching" sound. In the south of the Netherlands, the G is spoken differently (so called soft G) than in the north (hard G).
 h
 j – like "y" in you
 k
 l
 m
 n
 p
 q – only used rarely; spoken as k
 r – not like English; the Dutch R is a more rolling R
 s
 t
 v
 w
 x – only used rarely, mostly in foreign words, pronounced as ks
 z

Note: In words that end with "-d", the "-d" is pronounced like "-t".

Grammar 

The grammar of Dutch is slightly more complex than that of English. Word order in sentences is different in complex sentences. The basic simple sentence-structure is subject-verb.

Verbs 
Dutch has few grammatical tenses. These are most used:
 onvoltooide tegenwoordige tijd (present simple)
 onvoltooide verleden tijd (past simple)
 voltooide tegenwoordige tijd (present perfect)
 voltooide verleden tijd (past perfect)
Onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd 
The most simple verb-time is the onvoltooide tegenwoordige tijd (ott; present simple). The ott is used when something happens now, or regularly (like Hij eet regelmatig (He eats regularly)). Most verbs are conjugated (changed) in a regular form (these verbs are called regelmatige werkwoorden (regular verbs)). The word stem of the verb is still there in all of the conjugations (verb changes). The correct way of doing so is

Note: The stem of a verb is the infinitive of the verb without the -en. In some verbs, the first syllable is open and so any vowel is long. The stem changes to a written long vowel so the stem of lopen becomes loop. If the -en is then added to the stem (like with wij), the written form becomes short again, but it is still said as a long vowel).
Onvoltooid verleden tijd 
The past form of the ott is the onvoltooid verleden tijd (ovt; past simple). How verbs are conjugated (changed) in the ovt is not easy to understand. Mistakes are common because some verbs are add a D, but others add a T. The "'t kofschip" rule is that the verb without -en (the stem in most verbs) ends with a consonant, which is also in "'t kofschip", the verb is changed with a T:
The verb praten (to talk) is changed with a T because prat ends with a T.

The verb can now be changed as the following:

There are some words for which "'t kofschip" is not so easy. In vrezen (to fear), the stem of the verb is vrez, but the singular form is vrees and it looks as if it is changed with a T. However, it changes to a D because vrezen without -en is vrez. The Z is not in "'t kofschip" and so the verb is changed to a D.

The verb can now be changed as follows:
Continuating verbs 
Although Dutch has present continuous (the -ing form of verbs in English), it is not used often:
The senctence "I am eating", is in Dutch "Ik eet", which is literally "I eat".
The present continuous in Dutch is "Ik ben etende", but it is almost never used.
Actually, there are three types of continuous verbs in Dutch.
 The first type is a form of the verb zijn (to be) with the actual continuous verb. That is done by adding de on the infinitive. It is rare but correct to use it in Dutch, and it is used only in very formal texts.
 The second type is a type in and which the verb actually functions as an adverb. Depending on the subject, the verb is changed by adding either a "d" or "de" to the infinitive. The verb then has the function of while..... An example: Hij liep drinkend de supermarkt uit. English uses He walked out of the supermarket while drinking .
 The third type is a type that is often used. Its use can be compared with the English type of continuous. Something is being done at the moment but is not completed. The form of zijn + aan het comes before the infinitive: Ik ben aan het lopen, which means I am walking (at the moment).

Examples 

  hallo  (hello)
  Ik heet ...  (my name is...)
  Ik hou van je  (I love you)
  ja  (yes)
  nee  (no)

Numbers
Numbers 

  een  (one)
  twee  (two)
  drie  (three)
  vier  (four)
  vijf  (five)
  zes  (six)
  zeven  (seven)
  acht  (eight)
  negen  (nine)
  tien  (ten)
  elf  (eleven)
  twaalf  (twelve)

In number with three digits (e.g. 100), the Dutch change the u into o and replace 1 of the r's. Example:
The number 100 becomes: honderd, which literally means hundred.

Basic Dutch expressions

References

West Germanic languages
Languages of the Netherlands
Belgian culture
Flanders
The Creative Commons licenses relates to the name of several copyright licenses released on December 16, 2002. The licenses were released by Creative Commons, a United States nonprofit corporation. Everybody can put their own creations under these licenses.

There are four basic license conditions. A simple overview of these four:

 Attribution (BY): Allow others to copy, distribute, display and perform the work and evolved versions of it. They must give the original creator credit for the work. 
 Noncommercial (NC): Allow others to copy, distribute, display and perform the work and evolved version of it. They are not allowed to make money with it. 
 No Derivative Works (ND): Allow others to copy, distribute, display and perform  the work. They are not allowed to change the work into something else.
 Share Alike (SA): Allow others to distribute evolved works only when they use the same license. See also copyleft.
It is possible to combine the license elements to allow people to use a work under certain conditions. For example, a combination of the first and fourth is called "CC BY-SA". This stands for "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike". With this license other people can use the work for free, but they must give credit to the original creator, and when they make something new with the work they must give it the same "CC BY-SA" license.

Criticism 
The Free Software Foundation thinks that the Creative Commons system is confusing, because people often forget to tell which of the licenses they use. Instead they suggest to use the Free Art license.

Related pages
 Creative Commons
 Copyleft
 Free content

References 
 Portions of this article are taken from the Creative Commons website, published under the Creative Commons Attribution License v1.0

Other websites 
 The full selection of licenses
 Creative Commons web site

Software licences
The Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is a Micronesian island nation in the western Pacific Ocean. As of 2018, about 58,000 people live there. The capital of Marshall Islands is Majuro. The official languages are Marshallese and English.

Roughly 10% of the population of the Marshall Islands can now be found in northwest Arkansas, U.S. Most live and work in the city of Springdale, a community of roughly 50,000. Each year, the Marshallese host a homecoming event so friends and relatives can get together to celebrate, stay in touch with politics at home, and spread their island culture. They meet at the Jones Center for Families in Springdale and have dancing, feasting, volleyball, and basketball. As a population, they are devoted to family and church and bring island dance and song to this corner of Arkansas.

References

Other websites
An alphabet is a writing system, a list of symbols for writing. The basic symbols in an alphabet are called letters. In an alphabet, each letter is a symbol for a sound or related sounds. To make the alphabet work better, more signs assist the reader: punctuation marks, spaces, standard reading direction, and so on.

The name alphabet comes from Aleph and Beth, the first two letters in the Phoenician alphabet.

This article is written with the Roman alphabet (or Latin alphabet).  It was first used in Ancient Rome to write Latin.  Many languages use the Latin alphabet: it is the most used alphabet today.

Alphabets 
It seems that the idea of an alphabet – a script based entirely upon sound – has been copied and adapted to suit many different languages. Although no alphabet fits its language perfectly, they are flexible enough to fit any language approximately. The alphabet was a unique invention.p12
The Roman alphabet, the Cyrillic, and a few others come from the ancient Greek alphabet, which dates back to about 1100 to 800BC.p167 The Greek alphabet was probably developed from the Phoenician script, which appeared somewhat earlier, and had some similar letter-shapes.

The Phoenicians spoke a Semitic language, usually called Canaanite. The Semitic group of languages includes Arabic, Maltese, Hebrew and also Aramaic, the language spoken by Jesus. We do not know much about how the alphabetic idea arose, but the Phoenicians, a trading people, came up with letters which were adapted by the early Greeks to produce their alphabet. The one big difference is that the Phoenician script had no pure vowels. Arabic script has vowels which may, or may not, be shown by diacritics (small marks above or below the line). The oldest Qu'ran manuscripts had no diacritics. Israeli children to about the third grade use Hebrew texts with vowel 'dots' added.p89
No ancient script, alphabetic or not, had pure vowels before the Greeks. The Greek alphabet even has two vowels (Eta) and Epsilon) for 'e' and two (Omega and Omicron) for 'o', to distinguish between the long and short sounds. It appears that careful thought went into both the Phoenician invention and the Greek adaptation, but no details survive of either process.

Semitic scripts apparently derive from Proto-Sinaitic, a script of which only 31 inscriptions (plus 17 doubtful) are known. It is thought by some researchers that the original source of this script was the Egyptian hieratic script, which by the late Middle Kingdom (about 1900BC) had added some alphabetic signs for representing the consonants of foreign names. Egyptian activity in Sinai was at its height at that time. A similar idea had been suggested many years previously.
Short list of alphabets 
A list of alphabets and examples of the languages they are used for:
Proto-Sinaitic script
 Phoenician alphabet, used in ancient Phoenicia.
 Greek alphabet, used for Greek
 Roman alphabet (or Latin alphabet), most commonly used today
 Arabic alphabet, used for Arabic, Urdu and Persian
 Hebrew alphabet, used for Hebrew, Ladino (only in Israel) and Yiddish
 Devanagari, used for many languages of India
 Cyrillic alphabet, which is based on the Greek alphabet, used for Russian and Bulgarian
 Hangul, used for Korean 
 Ethiopic
Other writing systems 
Other writing systems do not use letters, but they do (at least in part) represent sounds. For example, many systems represent syllables. In the past such writing systems were used by many cultures, but today they are almost only used by languages people speak in Asia.  A syllabary is a system of writing that is similar to an alphabet. A syllabary uses one symbol to indicate each syllable of a word, instead of one symbol for each letter of the word. For example, a syllabary would use one symbol to mean the syllable "ga", instead of two letters of the alphabet "g" and "a".

 Japanese uses a mix of the Chinese writing (kanji) and two syllabaries called hiragana and katakana. Modern Japanese often also uses romaji, which is the Japanese syllabary written in the Roman alphabet.
 The Koreans used the Chinese writing in the past, but they created their own alphabet called hangul.
Originally, 1200 BC in the Shang dynasty, Chinese characters were mainly "pictographic", using pictures to show words or ideas.  Now only 1% of Chinese characters are pictographic.p97 97% of modern characters are SP characters.  These are a pair of symbols, one for meaning (semantics) and the other for pronunciation.p99 In many cases the P and S parts are put together into one joint character.  Chinese is not one spoken language, but many, but the same writing system is used for all.  This writing system has been reformed a number of times.

Related pages 
 Multialphabetism
 Writing

References
A county is a small subdivision of a country. It is a form of local government. A county is usually a group of towns or villages. It has a different meaning in different languages. Originally the word was for the land under a count (in Great Britain an earl). Today a "county" is often something between a larger state and a smaller town or district.

County governments keep records and organize elections and laws. They are a kind of local government.

Canada 

Six of Canada's ten provinces are divided into counties. The provinces with counties are Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.

China 
The word "county" is the English name for the Chinese word xiàn (县 or 縣).  On Mainland China under the People's Republic of China, counties are the third level of local government.  On Taiwan, the county is the highest governmental level below the Republic of China central government.
There are about 2,000 counties in China; this number is about the same as in  the Han dynasty, 2,000 years ago. The county is one of the oldest levels of government in China.

In the past, "prefecture" and "district" were names for xiàn, before the Republic of China. People started using the English name "county" after the start of the Republic of China.

The head of a county is the magistrate.

Croatia 
Counties started to be units of regional self-government in Croatia in 1990. There are twenty counties and the city of Zagreb which has the same status. They are called županije and their leader is a župan.

France 
There was a change in the historical counties of France in 1790 after the Revolution. The new government unit was the département. But French people use the word county (comté) in the name of the Free County region, the old Free County of Burgundy.
Hungary 
The government unit of Hungary is megye, or in Latin: comitatus. This is the same as the word county. Today Hungary has 19 counties, 20 city counties and 1 capital, Budapest. The comitatus was also the unit in the Kingdom of Hungary.

Ireland 
Ireland originally had 32 counties in the nineteenth century. 26 of these later formed the Republic of Ireland and 6 formed Northern Ireland. The counties were in 4 provinces - Leinster (12 counties), Munster (6) Connacht (5) and Ulster (9).
In the 1970s in Northern Ireland and in the 1990s in the Republic of Ireland, there was a change in the county numbers and borders (where they started and finished). In the Republic, for example, the change broke Dublin County into four parts: Dublin City, Dún Laoghaire - Rathdown, Fingal, and South Dublin. 'County Tipperary' is really two counties, Tipperary North Riding and Tipperary South Riding. The towns Cork, Galway, Limerick, and Waterford are now separated from the countryside areas of their counties. So the Republic of Ireland now has thirty-four "county-level" units. But for sports, culture etc. people normally talk about the original 32 counties and 4 provinces.

Each county has a flag/colours and often a nickname too.

Japan 
"County" is one name for gun (郡), which is a part of a prefecture. Other names for gun are "rural district", "rural area" or "district". People do not like to use "district" because the usual translation of "district" is choume (丁目).
Today, "counties" have no political power or organisation use. Postal services use it.

New Zealand 
After New Zealand ended its provinces in 1876, they began using a county system as in other countries. They used it until 1989.

During the second half of the 20th century, many people went to the country counties from nearby cities. Because of this, sometimes they put the two together, making a "district" (e.g. Rotorua). Or sometimes they changed the name to "district" (e.g. Waimairi) or "city" (e.g. Manukau).

In 1974 they had a big change; they made the organisation the same all over New Zealand. Today the country has cities and districts, but no counties.

Norway 
Norway has 19 Counties (singular fylke, plural fylker, literally "folk"). Until 1972, Bergen was a county, but today it is a municipality in the county of Hordaland. All counties have municipalities (singular kommune, plural kommuner).
Each county has an assembly (fylkesting). Norwegians choose the people in the assembly every 4 years. The counties work with high schools and roads, etc. Some people, and political parties, such as the Conservatives, Høyre, want the end of the counties. Others want to make some of them into larger regions.

Poland 
In English we normally call the Polish second-level organisation unit powiat a "county" or "district".

Romania 
The smaller units of Romania are called  judeţ (plural: judeţe). This name comes from jude, a judge of a city. Today Romania has 40 counties and the capital, Bucharest has a separate status.

Serbia 
We sometimes call the units of Serbia (okrug) counties, but more often we call them districts.

Sweden 
In 1634 the old provinces in Sweden had a new name: counties. Today there are 21 Counties, and in each County there are Municipalities. 
The Swedish name is Län.

United Kingdom 
See also List of counties of the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom there are 92 traditional counties (also known as shires), 86 in Great Britain and 6 in Northern Ireland. The British counties are different ages.

In England, in Anglo-Saxon times, Shires were units for getting taxes. They usually had a town at their centre. People called these towns the shire town. The shires had the same name as their shire town (for example Bedfordshire). Later people called these towns the county town. The name "county" came from the Normans, from a Norman word for an area under a Count (lord).

In 1539 Wales got thirteen counties. The counties in Scotland are this age or older.

The county boundaries (borders) of England are different today. In medieval times, some important cities got the status of counties, for example London, Bristol and Coventry. Some small places, e.g. Islandshire, were also counties. In 1844, a lot of these small places returned to their old counties.

United States
United States

The name "county" is also used in 48 of the 50 states of the United States, for the next government unit smaller than the state. Louisiana uses the name parishes and Alaska uses boroughs. The U.S. Census Bureau lists 3,141 counties or organisation units of this sort. The power of the county government is very different in every state.

In New England, counties are mostly for law. In Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, they have no governmental use; they are only geographic names. Most power is in the New England town. 

In other places than New England, counties are for the police, water, gas and electricity, libraries, statistics and birth certificates. County sheriffs are the head of the police in some states, for areas outside of cities and towns. Other places have "County Police" and county sheriffs are for law. Each county has a county seat, usually the biggest town, where the county offices are.
New York University, also known as NYU, is a research university in New York City. It is the largest private university in the United States, and is highly regarded in the nation as well as around the world.

Rankings
In 2020, it was ranked as the 11th best university in the United States by the QS World University Rankings: USA, and as the 28th best university in the world by U.S. News & World Report. In addition, NYU is highly ranked in the fields of Law, Medicine, Mathematics, Business, Psychology, Communications, Performing Arts, Film, Economics, and Philosophy.

History
The university was founded as University of the City of New York in 1831 by a prominent group of New York City residents led by then United States Secretary of the Treasury, Albert Gallatin. The school was officially renamed New York University in 1896.
37 Nobel Prize winners have been produced by NYU, the 12th most in the United States and 19th most in the world. Three heads of state attended NYU: Ma Ying-jeou of the Republic of China, Ephraim Katzir of Israel, and Guillermo Endara of Panama. Many American politicians also attended NYU, including Bill de Blasio, Carol Bellamy, and Rudy Giuliani. Many successful actors and movie directors attended NYU, including Martin Scorcese, Angelina Jolie, Alec Baldwin, Spike Lee, Ang Lee, Mahershala Ali, Woody Allen, and Adam Sandler. Other famous alumni include the creator of the polio vaccine Jonas Salk, singer Lady Gaga, Twitter founder Jack Dorsey, author Suzanne Collins, and former special counsel Robert Mueller.

NYU is one of the places where 5G was created, as well as where many of the foundations of modern electromagnetic theory were discovered.