Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Saadi dynasty
Mohammed ash-Sheikh (1549–1554, 1554–1557)
Abdallah al-Ghalib	(1557–1574)
Abu Abdallah Mohammed II (1574–1576)
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I (1576–1578)
Ahmad al-Mansur (1578–1603)

1603–1627: Succession war

Main Saadian rulers, based in Marrakesh:
Abou Fares Abdallah (r. 1603–1608)
Zidan el Nasir (pretender since 1603, r. 1608–1628)

Splinter faction based in Fes, with only local power:
Mohammed esh Sheikh el Mamun (r. 1603–1613)
Abdallah II (r. 1613–1623)
Abd al-Malik ibn Abdallah (r. 1623–1627)

1627–1659: Reunified rule
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II (r. 1627–1631)
Al Walid ibn Zidan (r. 1631–1636)
Mohammed esh Sheikh es Seghir (r. 1636–1655)
Ahmad el Abbas (r. 1655–1659)

Dila'i interlude
Muhammad al-Hajj ad-Dila'i (r. 1659–1663)

Alaouite dynasty
1666–1957: Alaouite sultans of Morocco

1957–Present: Alaouite kings of Morocco

Other websites
The Alawi Dynasty Royal Ark

Moroccan
rulers
The current coat of arms of Morocco (formally, the royal coat of arms) was introduced 14 August 1957. It was developed by the graphic artists Gauthier and Hainaut and shows a green pentagram, specifically a two-dimensional Penrose pentacle on a red background before the Atlas Mountains and a rising sun. The royal crown is on top. Two lions function as the holders of the shield. On the ribbon underneath, the Arabic inscription is written: () (If you glorify God, He will glorify you) (Quran, Verse 7, Sura 47).

Morocco

National symbols of Morocco
Prince Moulay Hassan (born 8 May 2003) is the heir apparent to  the Moroccan throne. He is the oldest child of King Mohammed VI of Morocco and his wife Princess Lalla Salma of Morocco. He has a younger sister, Princess Lalla Khadija. He is named after his grandfather Hassan II; who ascends the throne, he is expected to reign as Hassan III.

In 2013 Hassan began appearing in public with his father at official engagements.

Title 

8 May 2003 His Royal Highness The Crown Prince of Morocco

Honours 
  : Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic (31 May 2014).

Ancestry

References

2003 births
Living people
Moroccan princes and princesses
People from Rabat
Princess Lalla Khadija of Morocco (born 28 February 2007) is the second child of Mohammed VI of Morocco and his wife, Princess Lalla Salma. Lalla Khadija's elder brother is Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco.

In honour of her birth, the king granted a royal pardon to thousands of prison inmates. Khadija visited Tunisia with her mother Lalla Salma in June 2009.

Title

28 February 2007 Her Royal Highness Princess Lalla Khadija of Morocco

Ancestry

References

2007 births
Living people
Moroccan princes and princesses
Lalla () (literally, "lady") is a (tamazight) Amazigh title of respect. The title is a prefix to her given name or personal name, and is used by females usually of noble or royal background. It may also be used to address older women out of respect. Any woman believed to be descended from Muhammad has the title of Lalla. Likewise, any man who is believed to be descended from Muhammad has the title of Sidi or Moulay (Moulay being a higher honorific).

References

 
Titles
Princess Lalla Meryem of Morocco (, born 26 August 1962 in Rome, Italy) is the first daughter and eldest child of the late King Hassan II of Morocco and his second wife, Lalla Latifa Hammou.

After she obtained her Baccalaureat in 1981, Princess Lalla Meryem was appointed by her father as the President of Social Works of the Royal Army Forces.

On 15 September 1984, she married Fuad Filali (born 1957), the son of former Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister Abdellatif Filali. They had two children: a daughter and a son:
 Sharifa Lalla Soukaïna Filali (born 30 April 1986 in Rabat). On 11 October 2013 married Mohammed El Mehdi Regragui. On 27 September 2015, she gave birth to twins.
 Moulay Idris Filali (born 11 July 1988 in Rabat).

Lalla Meryem divorced from Fuad Filali in 1999.

Princess Meryem has two brothers King Mohammed VI and Prince Moulay Rachid, and two sisters Lalla Asma and Lalla Hasna.
Holder of numerous prestigious official functions, Princess Meryem has focused much of her activities on the social and cultural realm. Princess Meryem is the President of the Moroccan association in support of UNICEF, President of the Hassan II Foundation for the Moroccans residing abroad, President of the Moroccan National Observatory of the Childs Rights and President of the Hassan II Foundation for the social works of the former soldiers and ex-combatants. In July 2001, she was nominated UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador with focus her Ambassadorship on UNESCO projects for women and children. Also Member of the Honorary Committee of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children.

Since 2003 she is President of the National Union of Moroccan Women (UNFM).

Using her Royal status, she continues her work on behalf of women and children and advocate their rights on an international level.

Honours

National honours
 Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Throne.
Foreign honours
 Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (United Kingdom, 27/10/1980).
 Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry (Portuguese Republic, 25/08/1994).
 Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of Isabella the Catholic (Kingdom of Spain, 16 September 2000).
 Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit (Lebanese Republic, 17/07/2001).

Ancestry

References

1962 births
Living people
People from Rome
Moroccan princes and princesses
Italian businesspeople
Tarfaya is a province in the Moroccan economic region of Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra, which includes the southwestern part of the territory of Morocco as of before 1975, and the northern part of the disputed territory of Western Sahara. Its population in 2004 was 10420. Its main town is Tarfaya.

In the north-east of the province, Khenifiss National Park is located.

Subdivisions
The province is divided administratively into the following:

Notes :
 Before 2009, these communes were part of the  Laâyoune Province.
 (eh) The two communes of Daoura and El Hagounia are located for their largest part in Western Sahara.

References

Geography of Morocco
Khenifiss National Park () is a national park in the southwest of Morocco, located near Akhfennir on the Atlantic coast in the region of Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra. It was established in 2006. The area of the park is . The national park was created to protect desert, wetlands, and coastal dunes.

The park was first created as a natural reserve in 1960, and in 1980, it was classified as a wetland of international importance. In 1983, the natural reserve was transformed into a Permanent Biological Reserve, and on September 26, 2006, the national park was created.

The park is located at the coast of Atlantic Ocean, north of the border with Western Sahara, between the towns of Tan-Tan (north) and Tarfaya (south). The National Route 1, which runs along the Atlantic coast of Morocco, passes through the park.
The park includes a coastal portion, the Khenfiss lagoon, the biggest lagoon at the Moroccan coast, and the inland portion, located on desert plateaus. The lagoon is also an important bird nesting ground. Ruddy shelduck, marbled duck, and Audouin's gull inhabit the lagoon permanently, and a big number of species migrate here in winter. Every year, about 20,000 birds stay in the lagoon area in the winter season.

The inland part includes sabkhas and is typical for Sahara landscapes. It also includes sand dunes and limestone plateaus.

The government declared its intention to turn the park into a major tourist attraction specializing in ecotourism.

World Heritage Status
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on 12/10/1998 in the natural category.

References
 

National parks in Africa
Geography of Morocco
Akhfennir is a small town in Tarfaya Province, in the Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra region of Morocco. The area is noted for Khenifiss National Park and Tarfaya-Akhfenir Wind Farm.

References

Other websites

Towns in Africa

Settlements in Morocco
The Sámi ethnic group in Norway, or Sámi people in Norway, are part of an ethnic group that also lives in Sweden, Finland, and Russia.

In Norway, the core-area of the Sami, is in 4 municipalities in Finnmark county and 1 municipality in Troms county: Kautokeino, Karasjok, Porsanger, Tana og Nesseby and Kåfjord.

The core area is inside Norway's part of Sapmi (or Lapland). (Lapland is a part of 4 countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.)

The Sami languages in Norway, are Northern Sami (en), Lule Sami language (en), and Southern Sami language (en).
The government's definition
"[P]eople who want to vote for", or want to be a member of "the Sami Parliament (en), they must register as Sami. The definitions of Sami" that started to be used by "Sami organizations, including the Nordic Sami Council, in the 1950s, became part of Norwegian law in 1987. A Sami is defined as a person who: 1) has Sami as his/her first language, or whose father or mother , or one of whose grandparents, has Sami as their first language, or 2) considers himself/herself a Sami and lives in entire accordance with the rules of the Sami society, and who is recognized by the representative Sami body as a Sami, or 3) has a father or mother who satisfies the above-mentioned conditions for being a Sami".

History
"Archeological research indicates that a culture identified as Sami arose in the Scandinavian peninsula between 1500 and 1000 B.C."

"[R]ecorded reference to the Sami", was made as early as 98 A.D. - by Tacitus
.
One account (or description) from 896 , was told to Alfred the Great, by Ohthere of Hålogaland (en) - a Norwegian chieftain, that had some connection to the English king's court.

[Old] Norse literature, such as the Icelandic sagas tells about the Sami; "Olav Tryggvason's Saga says "that the king killed a big man who was "troll-wise" and "there followed him a great number of Finns whenever he had need of them". ("Finns" is a name that sometimes meant "Sami people".)

Regarding getting the Sami to change their religion to Christianity: In the 18th century Thomas von Westen, a pietist, led missionary work (among the Sami), that has been called a  concerted (or special) effort. "About a century later, Niels Vibe Stockfleth worked among the Sami and translated [the Bible's] New Testament into" [one of the Sami languages].

At Dovrefjell when Harald Hardrada was king, there was profit from the keeping of herds of reindeer, and the business was at its highest
 intensity.
In regard to Sami (in Norway) that had reindeer herds; when these Sami moved their herds (every year), then they would interact with people who lived permanently on the coast; the interaction also included verdde: a friendship of convenience; for example, Sami needed milk and fish after having been on a plateau (or highland) for some weeks; Sami might need repair of equipment; trade was done: People from the coast traded fish for meat from reindeer.

People living permanently on the coast in North Norway, were [largely] Sami; these Sami had permanent housing, and it became easier for these Sami to stop behaving like Sami; in some areas one was not allowed to own land, if one was Sami; some Sami changed names, to names that might sound more Norwegian (and family names such as Sæter, Strømeng, and Kalvemo became new family names).

Sami language [largely] disappeared among the Coastal Sami. Sami that did reindeer farming, and Coastal Sami slowly lost the close contact [between the two groups].
Policies to "Norwegianize" the Sami
"There were organized attempts to eradicate [or make to disappear ] the Sami language and culture[,] as a step in assimilating the Sami into Norwegian society". Policies to "Norwegianize", Samis - were in place from the late 1840s,
into the 1980s.

"From the late 1840s to the 1950s, missionaries, agricultural experts and schoolteachers" tried "to Norwegianize the Sami"; the "first formal act of Parliament regarding the Norwegianization of the Sami people was made in 1848: 'The government is requested to investigate ... [find out if, and how far] there should be opportunity to bring the Norwegian Lapps, especially those living in coastal areas , instruction in the Norwegian language for the enlightenment of these people, and that the result of their findings be reported to the next Parliament'".
[Norway's] authorities [or government] made "a language directive (or rule) in 1880, which" was "made more forceful in 1898. It" said "that 'Teachers in those districts where the Lappish ... and Finnish (kvænsk) languages are permitted for the sake of facilitating instruction in the public schools shall do their utmost to spread knowledge  of the Norwegian language and seek to promote its use in the circles where they work'". Furthermore, the "government had a major objective for the school[s]: Not a single Sami word was to be heard on the school grounds" [or in school buildings].

"The authorities also" used "economic measures to carry out the work of Norwegianization, including the Land Act. A regulation [or part of the law] from 1902" says that "Sale [of land] may only be made to Norwegian citizens ... who can speak, read, and write the Norwegian language and use it on a day-to-day basis".
A report by the "Parliamentary School Commission, appointed in 1922" said, without being able to show [ evidence], "that that the Sami are less educable [or able to learn] than others"; the report also said that the Sami population is less gifted and the "Sami culture does not lend itself to development".

From around 1850, a government policy of Fornorskning [tried to remove Sami culture]. An article in Klassekampen said that the policy was very rough [to Sami persons]. Into the 1980s, the policy of Fornorskning lasted in some places.

Creation of associations
[Possibly the first] Sami association (in Norway) was started during the New Year's weekend in 1911: Buolbmag Same Særvve, in Polmak municipality.

Other
In regard to the Frøyningsfjell drum, sometimes called the Folldal drum: Sami authorities went to a museum in a European country and were given the drum in 2023.
Reindeer farming 
Reindeer farming, which is a type of animal husbandry, is done by Sami, between the White Sea and [towards the West and the South, across Russia's Kola peninsula, Finland, Sweden and Norway, into Norway's] county of Hedmark.

In reindeer farming, "the Sami travel with their flocks [of reindeer] according to an established cycle"; the cycle makes sure "that the" [reindeer] can eat properly during the various [or different] seasons of the year. For example, the spring migration to summer pastures, which have a rich variety of grasses and herbs, takes place just before new calves are born in May. Summer is a time when the calves grow and the adult animals regain their strength following a long, hard winter".
Among the Sami people are nomads that do reindeer farming. They lived in their cold environment by domesticating the reindeer. The Lapps were able to get everything they needed from the deer. They ate mostly meat, milk, and cheese. Their clothing was made from reindeer skins and wool. Their tents were also made from raindeer skins. The wool clothes were beautifully decorated.

The Lapps protected the herds, moving with them as they migrated from summer to winter pastures. They used reindeer to pull sleds carrying their supplies. During the winter, the herds moved south of where the trees grew. The Lapps lived nearby in homes made of logs or sod.
Winter clothing was made from layers of reindeer skin. The inside layer would be worn with the fur facing in toward the person's skin. The second layer was worn with the fur facing out. Boots were also made of fur and lined with grass that had been gathered during the short summer. Every evening the grass would be taken out and dried by the fire, so it would be ready to use again the next day. This way, a Lapp could be warm and comfortable in even the coldest weather.

Today only a few of the Lapp people still follow the herds. Those few use modern tools on their ancient migration. They use snowmobiles to herd the reindeer and rifles to kill the wolves that chase herds. Even helicopters and radios are used to locate and move the reindeer. Most of the Lapp people now live on small farms in one of the four nations of Lapland. They raise crops and animals, including a few reindeer, to meet their needs. The sale of reindeer meat is an important source of income for the Lapp people.
The Lapps were careful not to waste anything they got from the reindeer. Milk was taken from the reindeer to drink or make cheese. Meat was taken for food. The blood was frozen and then used for soup and pancakes. Knives and belt buckles were carved from the bones and antlers. The sinews (tendons) were used as sewing thread. Cleaned-out stomachs were used to carry milk or cheese. Every part of a dead reindeer was used.

Sami crafts 
Sami crafts are called duodji  (en:). The men make knives, drums and 'guksi' (burl cups) from wood, bone, and antlers. The women use leather and roots to make 'gakti' (clothing). Women also use birch and spruce to weave baskets.

Sami clothing 
Sami clothing is called 'gakti' and was originally made from reindeer leather, but now it is usually made from wool, cotton, or silk. Usually, there are different types of clothing for men and women.
Religion and spirituality 
Sami shamanism is the main religion of the Sami people. These beliefs are connected to the land, animalism, and the supernatural. There is some practice of bear worship. Sami shamanism is a polytheistic religion. It believes there are many gods. The Sami shaman are called the 'Noadi'. There are some 'wise men' and 'wise women' who try to heal people who are sick. They use rituals and herbal medicine. Some Sami people have changed their beliefs to Christianity. They join either the Russian Orthodox Church or the Lutheran.

In popular culture
Publications by Snorri Sturluson(1178-1241) say that a Sami woman, Snøfrid, married Harald Fairhair; furthermore, none of her children or grandchildren became kings; first when Harald Hardrada became a king, then her blood became part of the blood of the royal family.

Related pages
 Nomads

References

Nordic people
Arctic
Lapland
Norway
Don or Donald McKenzie (also Mackenzie or MacKenzie) may refer to:

McKenzie
 Don McKenzie (curler), Canadian curler, see 1988 Hexagon World Men's Curling Championship
 Don McKenzie (footballer, born 1927), Scottish footballer (Grimsby Town)
 Don McKenzie (footballer, born 1939), Australian rules footballer with Essendon
 Don McKenzie (footballer, born 1942), Australian rules footballer and coach of Footscray
 Don McKenzie (sports medicine), Canadian founder of Abreast In A Boat
 Don McKenzie (swimmer) (born 1947), American Olympic swimmer
 Donald Gordon McKenzie (1887–1963), member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba
 Donnie McKenzie (born 1960), British Olympic fencer

MacKenzie
 Donald MacKenzie (rower) (1879–?), Canadian rower who won a medal at the 1904 Summer Olympics
 Donald Angus MacKenzie, (born 1950) professor of sociology at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland
 Donald MacKenzie (Ontario politician), provincial politician from Middlesex East, 1883-1886
Mackenzie
 Donald Mackenzie, Lord Mackenzie (1818–1875), Scottish judge, styled Lord Mackenzie
 Donald Mackenzie (explorer) (1753–1851), Scottish-Canadian explorer and governor of the Red River Settlement
 Donald Alexander Mackenzie (1873–1936), Scottish journalist and writer on mythology
 Donald Mackenzie-Kennedy, Governor of Nyasaland (1939–1942)

Other
 The Strength of Donald McKenzie, 1916 American silent short film
Bajram Rexhepi (3 June 1954 – 21 August 2017) was a Kosovar politician. He was the former Interior Minister of the Republic of Kosovo and was member of the Kosovo Assembly. He was also the first elected post-war Prime Minister of Kosovo. He was a member of the second largest political party in Kosovo, the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK).

References

1954 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Prime Ministers of Kosovo
Mohammed Refaat El-Saeed ( Muhammad Rifaʻatu s-Saʻīd, 11 October 1932 ­– 17 August 2017) was an Egyptian politician, scholar and writer. He served as the general secretary of the National Progressive Unionist Party (Tagammu). El-Saeed held two doctorates in history, and was a part-time lecturer at the American University in Cairo. El-Saeed was a frequent contributor to al-Ahali, the Tagammu party organ.

El-Saeed died on 17 August 2017 at the age of 84.

References

1932 births
2017 deaths
Egyptian politicians
Egyptian scientists
Egyptian writers
Abdur Razzak (23 January 1942 – 21 August 2017) was a Bangladeshi actor and movie director. He was known as Nayak Raj, a title given by Ahmed Zaman Chowdhury, editor of Chitrali. He was given the Independence Day Award in 2015 by the Government of Bangladesh. He received National Film Awards (Bangladesh) for Best Actor for five times and received Lifetime Achievement Awards in 2013.

His first big break in cinema came with his role in Zahir Raihan's Behula (1966). He went on to make more than 300 appearances in Bengali and Urdu movies. He also directed around sixteen movies.

Razzak was a UNFPA goodwill ambassador.

References

Other websites
 The Beginning of Super Star – Nayakraaj Razzak The Legendary Actor

1942 births
2017 deaths
Bangladeshi movie actors
Bangladeshi movie directors
Recipients of Bangladesh National Film Awards
Recipients of the Independence Day Award
Brian Wilson Aldiss, OBE (; 18 August 1925 – 19 August 2017) was an English writer and anthologies editor. He was best known for science fiction novels and short stories. His byline reads either Brian W. Aldiss or simply Brian Aldiss, except for occasional pseudonyms during the mid-1960s.

Work
Greatly influenced by science fiction pioneer H. G. Wells, Aldiss was a vice-president of the international H. G. Wells Society. He was (with Harry Harrison) co-president of the Birmingham Science Fiction Group. 

Aldiss was named a Grand Master by the Science Fiction Writers of America in 2000, and inducted by the Science Fiction Hall of Fame in 2004. He received two Hugo Awards, one Nebula Award, and one John W. Campbell Memorial Award. He wrote the short story "Super-Toys Last All Summer Long" (1969), the basis for the Stanley Kubrick-developed Steven Spielberg movie A.I. Artificial Intelligence. Aldiss was associated with the British New Wave of science fiction.
Death
Aldiss died at his Oxford home one day after his 92nd birthday on 19 August 2017.

References

Other websites

 
 Brian Aldiss  at British Council: Literature
 Guardian newspaper profile
 Brian Aldiss's online fiction  at Free Speculative Fiction Online
 'Metropolis'  limited edition fine art print by Brian Aldiss
 "Supertoys Last All Summer Long" story by Brian Aldiss (Jan 1997)
 Brian Aldiss Collection  at the University of South Florida

1925 births
2017 deaths
English science fiction writers
English short story writers
Writers from Norfolk
Helmut Piirimäe (September 8, 1930 — 21 August 2017) was an Estonian historian. He was born Põltsamaa, Estonia. He was professor emeritus of University of Tartu, and an honorary doctor of University of Uppsala. Piirimäe researched Estonian history under the Swedish Empire in the 17th century, but also the Enlightenment in the 18th century, especially the French Revolution.

Piirimäe was married to art historian Krista Piirimäe. They had three sons and a daughter.

Piirimäe died on 21 August 2017 in Tartu, Estonia at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
Helmut Piirimäe's publications  (in Estonian)

1930 births
2017 deaths
Estonian historians
Paavo Olavi Lonkila (Paavo Lång; 11 January 1923 – 23 September 2017) was a Finnish cross-country skier. He was born in Kiuruvesi, Finland.

Lonkila won a gold medal in the 4×10 km relay at the 1952 Olympics and finished third in the individual 18 km race, 11 seconds behind his teammate Tapio Mäkelä. Earlier his 4×10 km relay team placed second at the 1950 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, where he finished fifth over 18 km. He won the 18 km event at the 1951 Holmenkollen ski festival. Lonkila was a farmer by occupation.

Lonkila died on 23 September 2017 in Kiuruvesi, Finland at the age of 94.

References

Other websites

Holmenkollen winners since 1892  – click Vinnere for downloadable pdf file 
Paavo Lonkila, a Famous Kiuruvesi sportsman 

1923 births
2017 deaths
Finnish Olympic bronze medalists
Finnish Olympic gold medalists
Finnish skiers
Christopher George Kennedy (born July 4, 1963) is an American businessman. He is Chair of Joseph P. Kennedy Enterprises, Inc. He is a son of former U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a member of the Kennedy family. Kennedy served as Chair of the Board of Trustees for the University of Illinois from 2009 to 2015. Until April 2012, he was also president of Merchandise Mart Properties, a commercial property management firm based in Chicago.

He was a candidate in the Democratic Party primary for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election.

References

1963 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Boston
Politicians from Boston
Businesspeople from Illinois
Politicians from Illinois
Kennedy family
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Jay Robert "J. B." Pritzker (born January 19, 1965) is an American venture capitalist, philanthropist, and private business owner based in Chicago. He is the 43rd and current Governor of Illinois and has been serving since 2019. He was reelected in 2022.

Pritzker was managing partner and co-founder of the Pritzker Group, a private investment firm that operates middle-market service and industrial companies and invests in digital technology companies. He has a net worth of around $3.4 billion. This makes Pritzker the richest officeholder in the United States.

He ran as the Democratic Party candidate for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election against Governor Bruce Rauner. His running mate was state legislator Juliana Stratton. Pritzker beat Rauner in the election in a landslide victory of 52% to 39%. His tenure as governor has been known for his response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Illinois.
Pritzker was born and raised in Atherton, California. He is a member of the Pritzker family. His older sister is Penny Pritzker, former United States Secretary of Commerce. He studied at Milton Academy and graduated from Duke University. In 1993, he earned his Juris Doctor from Northwestern University.

References

Other websites

Governor JB Pritzker official government website
JB for Governor campaign website

1965 births
Living people
Governors of Illinois
Philanthropists from Chicago
Businesspeople from California
Politicians from California
Businesspeople from Chicago
Politicians from Chicago
Lawyers from California
Lawyers from Chicago
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
People from Atherton, California
The 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Governor of Illinois.  The Democratic and Republican primary elections took place on March 20, 2018 and the Libertarian Party state convention was held on March 4th.

Incumbent Republican Governor Bruce Rauner ran for re-election to a second term against Democrat J. B. Pritzker and Libertarian Kash Jackson.

In March 2018, the primary results concluded with J. B. Pritzker winning the Democratic nomination with Rauner winning the Republican nomination.  Meanwhile, Kash Jackson won the Libertarian Party nomination during a state convention in Bloomington, IL.

Pritzker defeated incumbent Rauner in the general election by a landslide.

Republican Party

Candidates

Declared
 Jeanne Ives, State Representative
 Running mate: Richard Morthland, former State Representative
 Bruce Rauner, incumbent Governor
 Running mate: Evelyn Sanguinetti, incumbent Lieutenant Governor

Primary results

Democratic Party

Candidates
Candidates

Declared
 Daniel Biss, State Senator
 Running mate: Litesa Wallace, State Representative. Wallace replaced Ramirez-Rosa on September 8, 2017.
Former running mate: Carlos Ramirez-Rosa, Chicago Alderman. Biss removed Ramirez-Rosa from the ticket on September 6, 2017.
 Bob Daiber, Madison County Regional Superintendent of Schools
 Running mate: Jonathan W. Todd, social worker
 Tio Hardiman, former director of CeaseFire and candidate for Governor in 2014
 Running mate: Patricia Avery, President and CEO of the Champaign County chapter of the NAACP.
 Chris Kennedy, former Chairman of the University of Illinois Board of Trustees and member of the Kennedy family
Running mate: Ra Joy, executive director of CHANGE Illinois, a government reform coalition.
 Alex Paterakis, civil engineer and business owner.
 J. B. Pritzker, venture capitalist and philanthropist
 Running mate: Juliana Stratton, State Representative
Withdrawn
Scott Drury, State Representative, withdrew on September 19, 2017. He is running for Illinois Attorney General.
 Former running mate: Alex Hirsch, political operative
Ameya Pawar, Chicago Alderman, withdrew on October 12, 2017
 Former running mate: Tyrone Coleman, mayor of Cairo, Illinois

Polling

Primary results

Libertarian Party

Candidates

Winner
 Kash Jackson, Navy Veteran and activist

Failed
 Jon Stewart, retired professional wrestler, Republican candidate for the State House in 1998 and Republican candidate for IL-05 in 2009

General election

Predictions

Polling

with Jeanne Ives and J. B. Pritzker

with Bruce Rauner and Chris Kennedy

with Bruce Rauner and Daniel Biss

with Bruce Rauner and generic Democrat

with Jeanne Ives and Chris Kennedy

with Bruce Rauner and Dick Durbin

References

2018 elections in the United States
2018 in Illinois
Daniel Kálmán Biss (born August 27, 1977) is an American mathematician and politician. Biss is the Mayor of Evanston, Illinois since 2021. He was a member of the Illinois Senate from the 9th district, serving from January 2013 to January 2019. The district includes Chicago's northern suburbs, including Evanston, Glencoe, Glenview, Golf, Morton Grove, Golf, Northbrook, Northfield, Skokie, Wilmette, and Winnetka. 

Biss previously served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 2011 to 2013.

He was a candidate in the Democratic Party primary for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election.

Biss announced his candidacy for Mayor of Evanston, Illinois in the 2021 election in November 2020. He won the election in a landslide victory in February 2021.

References
References

1977 births
Living people
American mathematicians
Scientists from Evanston, Illinois
People from Skokie, Illinois
Politicians from Evanston, Illinois
Politicians from Akron, Ohio
Scientists from Akron, Ohio
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
American mayors
Scott Drury (born 1972) is an American politician. He is the Illinois state representative for the 58th district and a Democratic candidate for governor. The 58th district includes all or parts of Bannockburn, Deerfield, Glencoe, Highwood, Highland Park, Lake Bluff Lake Forest, Lincolnshire, Northbrook and North Chicago.

He was a candidate in the Democratic Party primary for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election.

References

1972 births
Living people
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Highland Park, Illinois
Ameya Pawar (born April 22, 1980) is an American politician. He is the alderman for the 47th Ward of the City of Chicago. He was first elected in the 2011 municipal elections, and was elected to a second term on February 24, 2015. Pawar's 2015 re-election was secured with over 82% of the vote, the largest margin in the election cycle. 

Pawar is the first Indian American and Asian American in Chicago City Council history.

He is a candidate in the Democratic Party primary for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election.

References

1980 births
Living people
Chicago City Council members
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Kent Liston Lee (July 28, 1923 – August 11, 2017) was a Vice Admiral of the United States Navy. The 36-year veteran of the Navy saw combat in World War II and commanded the aircraft carrier  during the Vietnam War. He was best known for his work in driving the development and procurement of the F/A-18 Hornet.

Lee died in Charlottesville, Virginia on August 11, 2017 at the age of 94.

References

1923 births
2017 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
Military people from South Carolina
Perch Zeytuntsyan (, July 18, 1938 – August 21, 2017) was an Egyptian-born Armenian playwright and screenwriter. He served as Minister of Culture of Armenia from 1990 to 1991.

In 1975, Zeytuntsyan became the executive secretary of the Writer’s Union of Armenia, a position he held until 1981. He went on to become the Minister of Culture in the first post-Soviet administration of the Republic of Armenia.

References

1938 births
2017 deaths
Armenian politicians
Armenian writers
Oriental Orthodox Christians
People from Alexandria
Playwrights
Screenwriters
Vicente Iturat Gil (22 August 1928 – 18 August 2017) was a Spanish cyclist. He won the Points classification in the 1957 Vuelta a España. He was born in Alcalà de Xivert, Spain.

Iturat died on 18 August 2017 in Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain at the age of 88.

References

1928 births
2017 deaths
Spanish cyclists
The Chicago City Council is the legislative branch of the government of the City of Chicago in Illinois.  It is made up of 50 aldermen elected from 50 wards to serve four-year terms.

Background
The Chicago City Council is set into session regularly (usually monthly) to consider ordinances, orders, and resolutions whose subject matter includes traffic code changes, utilities, taxes, and many other issues.  The presiding officer of the Chicago City Council is the Mayor of Chicago.  The secretary is the City Clerk of Chicago.  Both positions are popularly elected offices.

The Chicago City Council Chambers are located in Chicago City Hall. Also located in the building are the downtown offices of the individual aldermen and staff.

List of aldermen

Notes

References

Government of Chicago
Susana Mendoza (born May 13, 1972) is an American politician and the current Comptroller of Illinois. She formerly served as Chicago City Clerk and as a Illinois State Representative, representing the 1st District of Illinois – which included the Chicago communities of Brighton Park, Little Village, Gage Park and Back of the Yards. 

She was first elected in 2001 and served into her sixth term, when she won the election for Chicago City Clerk in February 2011.

On November 2, 2018 a video leaked from Mendoza’s campaign showing her plans to run for Mayor of Chicago in 2019 even though she successfully ran for re-election as Comptroller in 2018. Eight days after winning her re-election on November 14, Mendoza launched her mayoral campaign. She lost in the first round of the election.

References
References

Other websites
 Office of the Chicago City Clerk
 Rep. Susana Mendoza (D) 1st District, 97th Illinois General Assembly (2011-2012)
 Rep. Susana Mendoza (D) 1st District, 96th Illinois General Assembly (2009-2010)
 Rep. Susana Mendoza (D) 1st District, 95th Illinois General Assembly (2007-2008)
 Rep. Susana Mendoza (D) 1st District, 94th Illinois General Assembly (2005-2006)
 Rep. Susana Mendoza (D) 1st District, 93rd Illinois General Assembly (2003-2004)
 Rep. Susana Mendoza (D) 1st District, 92nd Illinois General Assembly (2001-2002) - No links provided by http://www.ilga.gov
 Susana A. Mendoza for IL Comptroller Official Campaign Website
 

1972 births
Living people
Politicians from Chicago
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
The City Clerk of Chicago is in charge of record-keeping for the city of Chicago and its elections. When the Chicago City Council is in session, the City Clerk serves as council secretary. This position is a citywide elected office.

The City Clerk's office is responsible for maintaining official city government records, distributing approximately 1.3 million vehicle stickers and residential parking permits, and issuing city business licenses.

The current city clerk is Anna M. Valencia since 2017.

Other websites
Office of the City Clerk

Government of Chicago
Toni Preckwinkle (née Reed; March 17, 1947) is an American politician. She is the current Cook County Board President and a former alderman in the Chicago City Council representing Chicago's 4th ward in Cook County, Illinois, United States.

She was elected on November 2, 2010, as President of the Cook County Board, the Executive Branch of Cook County government. Preckwinkle first sought office in 1983 and was defeated twice before securing election in 1991 and being re-elected as alderman four times.

On September 20, 2018, Preckwinkle announced her candidacy for Mayor of Chicago in the 2019 election to replace Rahm Emanuel. She advanced to the runoff election on April 2. She was defeated by Lightfoot by nearly 50%.

References

Other websites
Cook County Board President Toni Preckwinkle 
Campaign website
Full coverage at the Chicago Tribune

1947 births
Living people
Chicago City Council members
Politicians from Saint Paul, Minnesota
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Premier Guitar is a music magazine. A new issue is made every month. Articles in the magazine are usually about guitar players. The magazine has interviews, reviews, and information on how to play songs on guitar or bass guitar. The magazine started in 2007. .

Other websites
Premier Guitar website

Music magazines
Tove Kerstin Alsterdal, born on the 28th of December 1960 in Malmö, is a Swedish author, journalist and playwright.

In 2009 she made her debut with her first book in the thriller genre, ‘The Forgotten Dead‘, and has since been published in many countries worldwide.

She has also written manuscripts for movies and theatre, and been an editor for author Liza Marklund’s bestselling crime novels.

Biography 
Alsterdal was born year 1960 in Malmö. Her father was the journalist and author Alvar Alsterdal (1926-1991) from Alster in Värmland, Sweden. Alsterdal’s mother Elsa Bolin (1928-2009) was from Tornedalen, the northernmost part of Sweden bordering Finland.

Alsterdal grew up in Umeå in northern Sweden and in Jakobsberg, a suburb in Stockholm that she has depicted in her novel, ‘Let me take your hand’. During her first years of her career after graduating from high school she worked as a psychiatric nurse at Beckomberga hospital, a mental institution that recurs in the novel ‘Do not turn around’.
In the years 1984-1985 Alsterdal studied journalism at Kalix Folkhögskola in the north of Sweden. There she met Liza Marklund with whom she would come to work closely with, author to author.

Alsterdal lived in the town Luleå in Norrbotten for many years as an adult, where she among other things worked as a journalist for radio and TV, and started off her career as a playwright. Nowadays she lives in Stockholm. She has three daughters with her previous husband Nikolaj Alsterdal (née Andersen), the oldest born in 1999 and twins born in 2002.

Authorship 
Tove Alsterdal worked as a freelance journalist when she started writing drama for the fringe theatre Teater Scratch in Luleå in the beginning of the 1990s. Later she wrote manuscripts for county theatres, opera, radio, TV and movies.

In the spring of 2000, Alsterdal bought Alfred Nobel’s former laboratory in Vinterviken, Stockholm and ran her own cabaret theatre with her ex-husband.
With the actress and director Helena Bergström she wrote the manuscript to the movie ‘Så Olika’ (English translation: ‘So Different’) that premiered towards the end of 2009.

In September 2009

Alsterdal made her debut as a novelist with the thriller ‘Women on the beach’. The idea of the novel was at first meant to be a movie manuscript but the possible producers found it would be too expensive as the story is set in seven countries. The story centres itself around people who drown when fleeing over the Mediterranean Sea and people who are taken advantage of as slave labour in Europe. The novel was praised by critics and has been published in nineteen languages.

The movie rights to ‘Women on the beach/The Forgotten Dead’ are sold to the British Filmwave AB who are developing a six part TV miniseries based on the story.

All of Alsterdal’s thrillers are standalone novels. She has been compared to the likes of Dennis Lehane and Dan Brown, and has been called “the John Le Carré of Sweden”.
In 2012 her second novel, ‘Grave of silence’, was published. It is set in Tornedalen, in the north of Sweden, and is about the Swedes who emigrated to the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Alsterdals relative Nils Bucht was one of the people who disappeared under Stalin’s terror. The novel was nominated as the best crime novel of the year in Sweden, the Netherlands and France.

Alsterdals third novel, ‘Let me take your hand’, was awarded the prize for the best crime novel by the Swedish Crime Writer’s Academy in 2014. The novel is set in the Stockholm suburb that the author grew up in, Jakobsberg, and in Argentina where a Swedish woman disappears during the military dictatorship in the 1970s. “An elaborate and linguistically nuanced weave of mystery and contemporary history” read the motivation for the award.
In ‘Do not turn around’, published in 2016, Alsterdal returns to the mental hospital where she worked when she was younger. The novel depicts the collision between the place’s dark past and the new residence idyll that is growing in the area. The only witness to a murder is a Romani beggar.

“Not many authors would succeed in tying together a normal townhouse life with a society in free fall, combine big politics with murder mysteries with a gripping depiction of feeling alone within one’s family. But Tove Alsterdal does just that”, wrote best selling author and critic Malin Persson Giolito in the magazine ‘Amelia’.
Bibliography 
Chosen dramaturgy and movies
 •1998 – På Spaning (with Boel Forssell), Teater Scratch, Luleå
 •1998 – Sagan om vintern, libretto, (composer: Fredrik Högberg) chamber musical for children, Norrbottensmusiken
 •1998 - Tilde och Tiden, radio series, Sveriges Radio
 •1999 – Nånstans under stjärnorna, Teater Scratch, Luleå
 2000 - Dotter, Länsteatern i Örebro
 2000 – Snälla Py, Sveriges Radios julkalender
 2002 – Broder okänd, Lovteatern, Sveriges radio
 2004-2006 – Ensamma hemma, miniseries for Fieteri (a children’s program in Meänkieli and Swedish), Sveriges Television
 2004 –Vems är du?, Norrbottensteater]
 2005 – Om du var jag (TV-series, the short movie Elina)
 2006 - Dollar (i samarbete med Liza Marklund), Pan Vision
 2006 - Packa, packa!. Luleå: Norrbottensteatern. 2006. Libris 11941011, Teater Scratch
 2009 – So Different (original Swedish title: Så Olika), a full-length movie in collaboration with Helena Bergström, Sweetwater AB
2012 – Woman of Cain, (Kains Kvinna) libretto (composer: Fredrik Högberg), iOpera
 2016 –Det ropar under golvet, concert with Norrbotten Big Band and composer Torbjörn Ömalm
 2017 - Postcard Killings, manuscript for the full-length movie based on the book Postcard Killers by Liza Marklund and James Patterson, with Liza Marklund and Andrew Stern, George Films.
Novels 
 The Forgotten Dead (Kvinnorna på stranden/Women on the beach). Stockholm: Lind & Co. 2009. Libris 11566434. 
 Grave of Silence. Stockholm: Lind & Co. 2012. Libris 12281715. 
 Let me take your hand. Stockholm: Lind & Co. 2014. Libris 16260069. 
 Do not turn around. Stockholm: Lind & Co. 2016

Awards 
 2014 - Svenska deckarakademien - Best Swedish criminal novel
 2017 - Prix Balais D´or , best chriminal novel edited in France

1960 births
Living people
Swedish writers
Swedish journalists
People from Malmö
Stanisław Tym born 17 July 1937) is a Polish movie director, screenwriter, dramatist and actor. Tym has directed one movie Ryś in 2007. He is best known for his role Ryszard Ochódzki in cult polish movie Teddy Bear and two sequels: Controlled Conversations and Ryś.

Tym was born in Małkinia Górna, Poland.

References

Other websites

 

1937 births
Living people
Polish movie directors
Polish screenwriters
Polish movie actors
Polish playwrights
The Mercedes-Benz O 309 was the bus version of the Düsseldorfer Transporter, It was built by Mercedes-Benz from 1967 to 1986.

Related pages
Mercedes-Benz T2 - The van version of the Mercedes-Benz O309

Other websites

Buses
Mercedes-Benz automobiles
The Willamette River is a major tributary of the Columbia River, accounting for 12 to 15 percent of the Columbia's flow. The Willamette's main stem is  long, lying entirely in northwestern Oregon in the United States. Flowing northward between the Oregon Coast Range and the Cascade Range, the river and its tributaries form the Willamette Valley, a basin that contains two-thirds of Oregon's population, including the state capital, Salem, and the state's largest city, Portland, which surrounds the Willamette's mouth at the Columbia.

Originally created by plate tectonics about 35 million years ago and subsequently altered by volcanism and erosion, the river's drainage basin was significantly modified by the Missoula Floods at the end of the most recent ice age. Humans began living in the watershed over 10,000 years ago. There were once many tribal villages along the lower river and in the area around its mouth on the Columbia. Indigenous peoples lived throughout the upper reaches of the basin as well.
References

Works cited
 Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. . .

Portland, Oregon
Rivers of Oregon
Tony deBrum (February 26, 1945 – August 22, 2017) was a Marshallese politician and government minister. From 2012 and 2014, he was the Minister in Assistance to the President of Marshall Islands. He was an activist relating to climate change, and has been part of many conferences and demonstrations, including the People’s Climate March in New York City in September 2014.

In mid December 2015, he took part in the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference. He succeeded to form a new coalition between developed countries and developing countries called "High Ambition Coalition".

He was Foreign Minister of the Marshall Islands from 1979 till 1987, 2008 till 2009 and 2014 till 2016.

deBrum died at his home in Majuro, Marshall Islands on August 22, 2017 at the age of 72.

References

1945 births
2017 deaths
Marshallese people
Ambassadors
Environmentalists
Oceanic politicians
Iroij Litokwa Tomeing (14 October 1939 – 12 October 2020) was a Marshallese politician. He was the President of the Marshall Islands from January 2008 until October 2009.

Tomeing died on 12 October 2020 in Springdale, Arkansas, two days before his 81st birthday.

References

Other websites
Office of the President 
President Tomeing's address to the 63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly, September 25, 2008

1939 births
2020 deaths
Presidents of the Marshall Islands
Emlain Kabua (born February 1928 – 11 April 2023) was a Marshallese artist and political figure. She was the First Lady of the Marshall Islands and the wife of Marshallese President Amata Kabua. Kabua served as the first First Lady of the Marshall Islands from 1979 until 1996.

She is known for being the designer of the Flag of the Marshall Islands.

Kabua died on 11 April 2023, at the age of 95.

References

1928 births
2023 deaths
Marshallese people
Artists
The flag of the Marshall Islands, an island nation in the Pacific, was adopted upon the start of self-government, May 1, 1979. The flag was designed by Emlain Kabua, who was the first First Lady of the republic.

Rules about the flag are set forth in the Official Flag of the Marshall Islands Act 1979 (Public Law 1979-1).

References

Marshall Islands

National symbols of the Marshall Islands
Amata Kabua (November 17, 1928 – 20 December 1996) was a Marshallese politician. He was the first President of the Marshall Islands from 1979 to 1996.

Kabua died in office after a long illness, on December 20, 1996, in Honolulu, Hawaii, aged 68.

References

1928 births
1996 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Hawaii
Presidents of the Marshall Islands