Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Bad Tölz is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen.

In 1937 a SS-Junkerschule (SS Officer Candidate School) was made at Bad Tölz which operated until the end of World War II in 1945. As well, a subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp was in the town. It provided labour for the SS-Junkerschule and the Zentralbauleitung (Central Administration Building). The former SS-Junkerschule was the base of the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion, 10th Special Forces Group until 1991.

Bad Tölz is known for its spas, historic medieval town, and spectacular views of the alps. On the western bank of the Isar River lies the Kurverwaltung, or modern spa, whose iodine-rich waters are known for their soothing and healing powers. Another major attraction is Stadtpfarrkirche, a church made in 1466, which is a good example of German late-Gothic architecture.

Geography 
Bad Tölz sits on the Isar River,  above sea level. It has an area of
Culture 
 Bad Tölz is the setting of the popular television series, Der Bulle von Tölz.
 Tölzer Knabenchor - a world-famous boys choir.
 Bad Tölz is famous for the hockey club EC Bad Tölz (also known as Tölzer Löwen)

References

Other websites 

  
 Junkerschule Bad Tölz

Spa towns in Germany
Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen
Christopher Maurice "Chris" Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, actor, rapper and producer. He is one of the most successful R&B singers of the generation as said by Billboard. He has often been called by many contemporaries as the "King of R&B".

"Forever" is one of Brown's most famous songs. He has won three American Music Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, eleven BET Awards, and one Grammy Award.

Personal life
He got attention when he was arrested and convicted in 2009 for beating his then-girlfriend, Barbadian R&B singer Rihanna. He was sentenced to five years probation and six months community service. He was also ordered to stay at least 300 feet away from her for five years. Brown has bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.

He made his own record label CBE (Chris Brown Entertainment or Culture Beyond Your Evolution) in 2007.
Brown has three children: Royalty Brown (born 2014 with Nia Guzman), Aeko Catori (born 2019 with Annika Harris) and Lovely Symphani (born 2022 with Diamond Brown)

Artistry
Brown has a four-octave tenor vocal range and the useful of the falsetto.

He lists Michael Jackson, Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Lil Wayne, 2Pac, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly as his musical influences.

Discography
Brown has released 5 albums and 4 mixtapes:

References
References 

1989 births
Living people
21st-century American actors
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American singers
Actors from Virginia
African American actors
African-American television actors
African-American rappers
African-American singers
American criminals
American dancers
American movie actors
American people convicted of assault
American singer-songwriters
American contemporary R&B singers
American R&B singers
American pop singers
American hip hop singers
American dance musicians
Rappers from Virginia
Singers from Virginia
People with bipolar disorder
American Music Awards
Grammy Award winners
Pop rappers
Bernau bei Berlin (English Bernau near Berlin) is a German city in the Barnim district. The city is located about  northeast of Berlin.

In 1842 a railway line was opened. One of the first electrical suburban railway lines in the world has been opened in 1924. This line of the Berlin S-Bahn connected Bernau with station Stettiner Bahnhof (today Berlin Nordbahnhof) in Berlin. The Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB) (General German Confederation of Trade Unions) opened its school in 1930. The Waldsiedlung (engl. residential area in the wood) is a district of the city where the political leaders of the GDR lived isolated from the people.

Twinned cities 
  - Champigny-sur-Marne
 ,  - Meckhenheim
  - Skwierzyna

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the city (German)

Barnim
Bad Reichenhall is a spa town, and capital of the Berchtesgadener Land district in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is located near Salzburg, and encircled by the Chiemgauer Alps. Mount Staufen () and Mount Zwiesel () are both near Bad Reichenhall. Bad Reichenhall is a traditional center of salt production, obtained by evaporating water saturated with salt from brine ponds. The town was the site of a disaster on 2 January 2006, when the roof of the town's ice rink collapsed under snow, killing 15 and injuring 34 others.

Ice rink disaster 

Fifteen people, twelve of them children, died in the collapse of the Bad Reichenhall Ice Rink on 2 January 2006. Thirty-four people were injured in the accident.

Famous people from Bad Reichenhall 
 Anni Friesinger, speed skater
 Regina Häusl, alpine skier
 Stefan Holzner, triathlete
 Michael Neumayer, ski jumper
 Hans Söllner, singer-songwriter

References

Other websites 

 Bad Reichenhall Tourist Centre
 Bad Reichenhall Tourist Attractions
Spa towns in Germany
Berchtesgadener Land
Chris Brown (born 1989) is an American R&B singer.

Chris Brown or Christopher Brown may refer to:

Music

Chris Brown (album), an album by Chris Brown
Chris Brown (Canadian musician), Canadian singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist
Chris Brown (Australian musician), Australian musician, member of Ayers Rock (band)
Chris Brown (composer) (born 1953), composer, pianist, and electronic musician
Chris Taylor Brown (born 1981), singer for Trapt
Christopher Brown (composer) (born 1943), English composer

Sports

Cricket
Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1974) (born 1974), English cricketer
Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973) (born 1973), former Cook Islands cricketer

Gridiron football
Chris Brown (American football coach), American football coach and former player
Chris Brown (defensive back) (born 1962), American football player
Chris Brown (offensive lineman) (born 1978), former American football offensive lineman
Chris Brown (running back), American football player
Football
Chris Brown (American soccer) (born 1977), American soccer midfielder/striker
Chris Brown (footballer, born 1971), English-American football defender and manager
Chris Brown (footballer, born 1984), English football striker
Chris Brown (footballer, born 1992), English football defender

Hockey
Chris Brown (field hockey) (born 1960), New Zealand
Chris Brown (ice hockey) (born 1991), American ice hockey player drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes
Christophe Brown (born 1974), Swiss ice hockey player in the Switzerland National League A

Other sports
Chris Brown (athlete) (born 1978), Bahamian sprinter
Chris Brown (baseball) (1961–2006), American third baseman
Politics
Chris A. Brown (born 1964), member of the New Jersey General Assembly
Christopher J. Brown (born 1971), member of the New Jersey General Assembly
Chris Brown (California politician) (born 1981), American politician and businessman in the state of California
Chris Brown (Mississippi politician) (born 1967), Republican Mississippi state representative and businessman

Other people 
Christopher Brown (author), American science fiction author
Christopher Brown (museum director) (born 1948), director of the Ashmolean Museum
Chris Brown (British Army officer), last General Officer Commanding Northern Ireland
Chris Brown (veterinarian) (born 1978), Australian veterinarian, television personality and author
M. Christopher Brown II, President of Alcorn State University
Chris Brown (dancer) (1896–1956), Native American dancer and costume maker
Demmin () is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It was the capital of the former Demmin Rural District.

World War II 
German troops destroyed the bridges over the Peene while retreating from Demmin during World War II. This way, the advance of the Soviet Red Army was slowed down when they arrived in Demmin on April 30, 1945. During that night and the following morning, Demmin was handed over to the Red Army largely without fighting, similar to other cities like Greifswald.

Although there were only a few pockets of resistance, nearly 900 people committed mass suicides in fear of the Red Army. Coroner lists show that most drowned in the nearby River Tollense and River Peene, where others poisoned themselves. This was fuelled by atrocities and rapes committed by Red Army soldiers until the city commander had the access to the rivers blocked on May 3.
Famous residents 
 Joachim Lütkemann (1608-1655), preacher and author
 Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann (1724-1782), merchant and politician
 Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839-1884), pathologist
 Willy Schulz-Demmin (1892-1974), painter
 Hans-Adolf Asbach (1904-1976), politician
 Willi Laatsch (1905-1997), pedologist
 Paul von Maltzahn (born 1945), diplomat
 Andy Glandt, banjo player

Literature 
 Norbert Buske, Das Kriegsende in Demmin 1945 (German) - The End of the War in Demmin 1945

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Demmin Rural District
The Red Army was the army of the Bolsheviks that was led by Leon Trotsky during the Russian Civil War. It later became the army of the Soviet Union. The name used mainly before and during World War II. After the war, it was renamed as the Soviet Army, but many people continued to call it the Red Army. Even now, some people still nickname the modern Russian Army as the Red Army. 

Some later communist organizations such as the Red Army Faction used the name, and anti-communists sometimes used the name for any left-wing group that they said was trying to promote communism and was paid for by the Soviets.

1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Armies
Military of the Soviet Union
World War II
1918 establishments in the Soviet Union
Nienburg is a town and capital of the district Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Geography

Geographical location 
Nienburg is on the river Weser, approx.  southeast of Bremen, and  northwest of Hanover. Nienburg is the largest town in the Mittelweserregion.

Population 
(in each case December 31st)
 1998 - 32.789
 1999 - 32.659
 2000 - 32.611
 2001 - 32.454
 2002 - 32.462
 2003 - 32.543
 2004 - 32.691
 2005 - 32.803

Town's structure 
Nienburg, including quarters
 Erichshagen
 Holtorf
 Langendamm
 Schäferhof/Kattriede
 Nordertor
 Leintor
 Lehmwandlung
 Alpheide

Town council 
The 38 members of the "Stadtrat" are made up of:
 Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands - CDU 14
 Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands - SPD 17
 Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Grüne 3
 Freie Demokratische Partei-FDP 2
 Wählergemeinschaft - WG 1
 Die Linke 1
(September 10, 2006)

Twin towns 
Nienburg has two twin towns:
 Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States
 Vitebsk, Belarus

References
Querfurt a town in Saalekreis district (Kreis) in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, in a fertile country on the Querne,  west from Merseburg, on a branch line from Oberroblingen.

References

Other websites

Saalekreis
The Saab 35 Draken ("kite" or "dragon") is a fighter aircraft made by Saab. It first flew in 1955 and was introduced in 1960. It was made to replace the Saab 29 Tunnan. The Draken used a delta wing, which gave it speed. In fact, it was Sweden's first aircraft to go twice the speed of sound.

What the Draken is like 
The Draken is 50 feet, 4 inches (15.35 meters) long, 30 feet, 10 inches (9.42 meters) wide, and 12 feet, 0 inches (03.89 meters) tall. It weighs 18,188 pounds (8,250 kilograms) empty and can weigh up to 27,050 pounds (12,270 kilograms) with things in it. It is powered by a Volvo Flygmotor RM 6C jet engine. It carries 2 30mm cannon and can carry AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles.

Who uses the Draken 
Sweden
Austria
Finland
Denmark
United States

Related pages
Mirage III
Delta wing
Saab

References 

Military aviation
Haiti is divided into 10 departments (French, départements).  When Haiti was the French colony of Saint-Domingue, there were three provinces: North, South and West. Under Toussaint L'Ouverture, the provinces were converted into departments.

The departments are further divided into 41 arrondissements, and 133 communes.

Other websites
Statoids: Departments of Haiti
Turquoise is an opaque (cannot be seen through), blueish-green mineral. It is not common and can be valuable in finer grades.  It has been prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years because of its interesting coloring. 

The word 'turquoise' means Turkish in French.

Gemstones
Birthstones
Yotsuya Kaidan, also known as Tōkaidō yotsuya kaidan, is one of the most famous Japanese ghost stories of all time. It was written as a play in 1825 by Tsuruya Nanboku. 

The tale takes place in the Tōkaidō region.

Plot
The story is a tale of murder, betrayal and ghostly revenge. It continues to be an influence on Japanese horror today.

References

Japanese folklore
Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528) was a Hungarian-German painter, engraver and mathematician.

He was born on 21 May 1471 and died on 6 April 1528 in Nuremberg, Germany and is best known as a maker of old master prints. His prints were often in a series, so that there is a group of different prints about a subject.  The most famous series are the Apocalypse (1498) and his two series on the passion of Christ, the Great Passion (1498–1510) and the Little Passion (1510–1511).
Dürer's best known individual engravings (that is, ones that are not part of a series) include Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514) and Melencolia I (1514). His most iconic images are his woodcuts of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1497–1498) from the Apocalypse series, the Rhinoceros, and numerous self-portraits in oils.  Dürer possibly did not cut his own woodblocks but may have employed a skilled carver who followed his drawings faithfully. He painted a number of religious works in oils and made many brilliant watercolours and drawings, which through modern reproductions are now perhaps his best known works.

Dürer's prints made him famous across Europe before 30, with many people hailing him as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe.

Early life 

Dürer was the third child and second son of his parents, who had between fourteen and eighteen children. His father was a successful goldsmith from Ajtós, near Gyula in Hungary.
Dürer's godfather was Anton Koberger, who left goldsmithing to become a printer and publisher in the year Dürer was born. He quickly became the most successful publisher in Germany, and owned twenty-four printing presses and had many offices in Germany and abroad. His most famous publication was the Nuremberg Chronicle, published in 1493 in German and Latin. It had 1,809 woodcut pictures by the Wolgemut workshop. Dürer may well have worked on some of these, as the work on the project began while he was with Wolgemut.
Wanderjahre and marriage 
After completing his term of apprenticeship in 1489, Dürer followed the common German custom of taking a wanderjahre — in effect a gap year.  Dürer was away nearly four years, travelling through Germany, Switzerland, and probably, the Netherlands. Dürer wanted to meet Martin Schongauer, the best engraver of Northern Europe, but Schongauer died shortly before Dürer's arrival. He stayed at the house of Schongauer's brother, and got some pictures that Schongauer owned.
His first painted self-portrait is now in the Louvre.  It was painted in Strasbourg, probably so that Dürer could send it back to his fiancée in Nuremberg. In fact, very soon after he got back to Nuremberg, on 7 July 1494 Dürer was married to Agnes Frey. She was the daughter of a well known brass worker (and amateur harpist) in the city. He was 23, and the marriage was arranged while Dürer was away travelling. his absence.  They had no children, and most people think that they did not marry for love, but because it was good to link the two families.  Also, a single man could not set up in business for himself in Nuremberg. Dürer painted some portraits of his wife, but experts say that they "lack warmth".  The experts think that if Dürer loved his wife he would have taken more time over those pictures to make her look more beautiful and friendly.

First Visit to Italy 

Within three months Dürer left for Italy.  The start of plague in Nuremberg was one reason for his leaving.
In Italy, he went to Venice where artists were working in a more modern style.  Dürer wrote that Giovanni Bellini was the oldest and still the best of the artists in Venice.

Return to Nuremberg 

On his return to Nuremberg in 1495, Dürer opened his own workshop. He started to use what he learned in Italy more and more, so his work was quite different from the other artists in Nuremberg who used only the traditional German style.

Dürer's father died in 1502 and his mother died in 1513.
Dürer probably did not cut any of the woodblocks himself.  This was a job for experts.  But he had designed and cut woodblocks for woodcut as part of his training in Wolgemut's studio, and he had seen  many carved and painted altarpieces made in the studio.  This means he knew what could be made into a woodblock print, and how to work with the expert block cutters. Dürer either drew his design directly onto the woodblock itself, or glued a paper drawing to the block. Either way his drawing was destroyed when the block was cut.
His famous series of sixteen great designs for the Apocalypse are dated 1498. He made the first seven scenes of the Great Passion in the same year, and a little later, a series of eleven on the Holy Family and saints. Around 1503–1505 he produced the first seventeen of a set illustrating the life of the Virgin, which he did not finish for some years. Neither these, nor the Great Passion, were published as sets until several years later, but prints were sold individually in considerable numbers.
The Venetian artist Jacopo de' Barbari, whom Dürer had met in Venice, visited Nuremberg in 1500, and Dürer said that he learned much about the new developments in perspective, anatomy, and Body proportions from him. de'Barbari did not want to tell Dürer everything he knew, so Dürer began his own studies, and he kept studying for the rest of his life.  This is a series of drawings show Dürer's experiments in human proportion, before he made his famous engraving of Adam and Eve (1504). This is the only existing engraving signed with his full name.

Dürer made large numbers of other practice drawings, especially for his paintings and engravings, and many survive, most famously the Praying Hands (1508 Albertina, Vienna).  He also continued to make images in watercolour and bodycolour (usually combined), including a number of very beautiful still lives of meadow sections or animals, including his "Hare" (1502, Albertina, Vienna).
Second visit to Italy 
In early 1506, he returned to Venice and stayed there until the spring of 1507.  By this time Dürer's engravings were very popular and were being copied. In Venice he was given a valuable commission from the emigrant German community for the church of San Bartolomeo.  This was the altar-piece known as the Adoration of the Virgin or the Feast of Rose Garlands.  It includes portraits of members of Venice's German community, but shows a strong Italian influence. Later, the Emperor Rudolf II took it to Prague. Other paintings Dürer made in Venice include, The Virgin and Child with the Goldfinch, Christ disputing with the Doctors (supposedly produced in just five days), and a number of smaller works.

Nuremberg and the masterworks 

Dürer was admired by the Venetians, but he was back in Nuremberg by mid-1507. He stayed in Germany until 1520. His reputation had spread throughout Europe. He was on friendly terms with most of the major artists of Europe, and exchanged drawings with Raphael.
The years between  and his journey to the Netherlands are divided according to the type of work he made. During the first five years, 1507–1511, after his return from Venice Dürer mostly painted. He made his four best  paintings, Adam and Eve (1507), Virgin with the Iris (1508), the altarpiece the Assumption of the Virgin (1509), and the Adoration of the Trinity by all the Saints (1511). During this period he also completed the two woodcut series, the Great Passion and the Life of the Virgin.

He complained that painting did not make enough money, so from 1511 to 1514 he concentrated on printmaking. The famous works he made in this period were the thirty-seven woodcuts for the Little Passion, published first in 1511, and a set of fifteen small engravings on the same theme in 1512. In 1513 and 1514 he created his three most famous engravings, The Knight, Death, and the Devil (or simply, The Knight, as he called it, 1513), Melencolia I, and St. Jerome in his Study (both 1514).
'Melencolia I' has a magic square which is believed to be the first seen in European art. The two numbers in the middle of the bottom row give the date of the engraving, 1514.

In 1515, he created his woodcut of the Rhinoceros.  The rhinoceros was in Lisbon, but Durer never saw it.  He made it from a sketch and description from another artist.  It was not very lifelike, but still being used in some German school science text-books early last century.  The rhinoceros was from an  extinct Indian species.

Up to 1520 he produced a wide range of works, including portraits in tempera on linen, experiments in etching on plates of iron, and parts of the Triumphal Arch and the Triumphs of Maximilian which were huge woodcut projects ordered by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Journey to the Netherlands and beyond 

In the summer of 1520 Dürer made his fourth and last major journey.
He wanted to renew the Imperial pension Maximilian had given him. Maximilian had died in 1519, so the  city of Nuremberg stopped paying it.  Dürer also needed new patrons following the death of Maximilian, and to avoid an outbreak of sickness in Nuremberg.

He took his wife and her maid and left Nuremberg for the Netherlands in July 1520, to be at the coronation of the new emperor, Charles V. He travelled by the Rhine to Cologne, and then to Antwerp, where he made many drawings in silverpoint, chalk, and charcoal.
Dürer went to Aachen for the coronation, but also made trips to Cologne, Nijmegen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Brussels, Bruges, Ghent, and Zeeland. In Brussels he saw "the things which have been sent to the king from the golden land" — the Aztec treasure that Hernán Cortés had sent home to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V following the fall of Mexico. Dürer wrote that this treasure trove "was much more beautiful to me than miracles.  These things are so precious that they have been valued at 100,000 florins".  Dürer appears to have been collecting for his own cabinet of curiosities, and he sent back to Nuremberg various animal horns, a piece of coral, some large fish fins, and a wooden weapon from the East Indies.
Dürer took many prints with him.  He wrote in his diary to whom he gave, exchanged, or sold them, and for how much. This is some of the few times the price of prints was recorded, so historians think it very important to show the values of prints compared to paintings at that time.  Dürer returned home in July 1521.  He had an unknown illness which stayed with him for the rest of his life, and slowed his rate of work.

Final years in Nuremberg 

Back in Nuremberg, Dürer started work on a series of religious pictures. There are many practice sketches and studies (practice paintings for a bigger painting) but no big paintings from this time.  This was partly because of his illness, but more because of the time he spent preparing to write books about geometry and perspective, the proportions of men and horses, and fortification.
His writings show that Dürer was highly sympathetic to Martin Luther, and he may have been influential in the City Council declaring for Luther in 1525. However, he died before religious divisions had hardened into different "Catholic" and "Protestant"churches.  Dürer probably thought of himself as a reform-minded Catholic.

Dürer died in Nuremberg at the age of 56.  He left money and goods worth 6,874 florins - a considerable sum. His workshop was a part of his large house.  His widow lived there until her death in 1537.  The house is now a museum.

Related pages
 Self portrait
List of German painters

References

Books/sources 
 Giulia Bartrum (2002), Albrecht Dürer and his Legacy, British Museum Press. 
 Walter L. Strauss (Editor) (1973), The Complete Engravings, Etchings and Drypoints of Albrecht Durer, Dover Publications.  — still in print in paperback.
 Wilhelm Kurth (Editor) (2000), The Complete Woodcuts of Albrecht Durer, Dover Publications.  — still in print in paperback.

Other websites
Other websites 

 Links to online museum images of all of Dürer's prints — see section B (nb: Not all Public Domain) 
 Albrecht Durer in the "History of Art" 
 http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/durer/
 Alternative Albrecht Durer 
 Works by Albrecht Dürer  at Museumsportal Schleswig-Holstein
 Albrecht Dürer: Vier Bücher von menschlicher Proportion (Nuremberg, 1528). Selected pages scanned from the original work. Historical Anatomies on the Web. US National Library of Medicine.
 
 De Symmetria... and Underweysung der Messung 1538, from Rare Book Room.
 O'Connor, John J; Edmund F. Robertson Biography at St-andrews.ac.uk

1471 births
1528 deaths
German painters
German artists
People from Nuremberg
Engravers
German mathematicians
German printmakers
El Greco ("The Greek", 1 October 1541 – 7 April 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He usually signed his paintings in Greek letters with his full name, Doménicos Theotokópoulos ().

El Greco was born in Crete, which was the center of Post-Byzantine art at that time. He trained and became a master of that kind of art before travelling at 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In 1570, he moved to Rome and opened a workshop and made a series of works. While he was in Italy, El Greco added elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance to his style. In 1577, at the age of 36, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death in 1614. In Toledo, El Greco painted his best-known paintings.
El Greco's dramatic and expressionist style puzzled other painters at the time, but came to be appreciated in the 20th century. El Greco is considered to have influenced both the Expressionist and Cubist styles. His personality and works inspired poets and writers like Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. Many modern scholars think that El Greco belongs to no conventional school. He is best known for long figures and often fantastic or dramatic coloring, combining Byzantine traditions with Western painting traditions. His paintings generally have very bright parts contrasting with very dark parts.

References 

1541 births
1614 deaths
Crete
Spanish painters
Greek people
People from Toledo, Spain
Spanish sculptors
Spanish architects
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824) was an English peer, nobleman, politician, and poet. He was christened George Gordon Byron, but changed his name later in life. He adopted the surname Noel, so that he could inherit half his mother-in-law's estate.

Lord Byron was the son Captain John Byron and Catherine Gordon.

He was a leading figure in Romanticism. He was regarded as one of the greatest European poets and many people still read his works. Among his best-known works are the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan.

Lord Byron is also famous for the way he lived his life. He was a dandy, living extravagantly, with many love affairs and debts. His fight against the Turks in the Greek War of Independence led to his death from a fever in Messolonghi in Greece. He is buried in the family vault in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Hucknall Torkard, Nottinghamshire, England. A memorial was not raised to him in Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey until 1969.
His daughter, Ada Lovelace, was famous because she collaborated with Charles Babbage on the "analytical engine," a predecessor to modern computers.

Bibliography

Major works 

 Hours of Idleness (1806)
 English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)  
 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812–1818)  
 The Giaour (1813) 
 The Bride of Abydos (1813)
 The Corsair (1814)  
 Lara (1814)
 Hebrew Melodies (1815)
 The Siege of Corinth (poem) (1816)
 Parisina (1816)
 The Prisoner Of Chillon (1816) (text on Wikisource)
 The Dream (1816)
 Prometheus (1816)
 Darkness (1816)
 Manfred (1817) (text on Wikisource)
 The Lament of Tasso (1817)
 Beppo (1818)
 Mazeppa (1819)
 The Prophecy of Dante (1819)
 Marino Faliero (1820)
 Sardanapalus (1821)
 The Two Foscari (1821)
 Cain (1821)
 The Vision of Judgement (1821)
 Heaven and Earth (1821)
 Werner (1822)
 The Deformed Transformed (1822)
 The Age of Bronze (1823)
 The Island (1823)
 Don Juan (1819–1824; incomplete on Byron's death in 1824)
Minor works 
 So, we'll go no more a roving (text on Wikisource)
 The First Kiss of Love (1806) (text on Wikisource)
 Thoughts Suggested by a College Examination (1806) (text on Wikisource)
 To a Beautiful Quaker (1807) (text on Wikisource)
 The Cornelian (1807) (text on Wikisource)
 Lines Addressed to a Young Lady (1807) (text on Wikisource)
 Lachin y Garr (1807) (text on Wikisource)
 Epitaph to a Dog (1808) (text on Wikisource)
 She Walks in Beauty (1814) (text on Wikisource)
 When We Two Parted (text on Wikisource)

Further reading 
 MacCarthy, Fiona: Byron: Life and Legend. John Murray, 2002. .
 McGann, Jerome: Byron and Romanticism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. .
 Rosen, Fred: Bentham, Byron and Greece. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1992. 
 Nicholson, Andrew, editor: The Letters of John Murray to Lord Byron. Liverpool University Press, 2007. .
 Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Carré d'Art : Barbey d'Aurevilly, lord Byron, Salvador Dalí, Jean-Edern Hallier, Anagramme éditions, 2008.

References
Pictures of Byron's Walk, Seaham, County Durham 
 Poems by Lord Byron at PoetryFoundation.org
 Podcast—Listen Live or download Audio of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage by Lord Byron
 A Website of the Romantic Movement 
 
 The Byron Society
 The Byron Society's Journal 
 The International Byron Society
 Byron's Grave
 Detailed site on Newstead Abbey, Byron's ancestral home, and on Byron's life in general
 Hucknall Parish Church, Byron's final resting place 
 Statue of Byron at Trinity College, Cambridge
 Complete list of Byron poetry
 The Byron Cronology
 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage 
 Discussion of Byron's homosexuality 
 Byron's Poetical Works, Vol. 1 
 Byron's Poetical Works, Vol. 6
 The Works Of Lord Byron, Letters and Journals, Vol. 1 
 The Works of Lord Byron: Letters and Journals, Vol. 2 
 Byron's 1816-1824 letters to Murray and Moore about Armenian studies and translations
 The biography Byron  by John Nichol
 Byron quotes
 Lord George Gordon Byron—Biography & Works
Centre for Byron Studies, University of Nottingham 
 The first Full English translation of Fantasmagoriana (Tales of The Dead)
 Byron page on The Literature Network
 Films based on Byron's life and works
 2003 television dramatization of Byron's life by the BBC
 Detailed account of Byron's love for animals
 Inscription on the monument to Boatswain, Byron's dog 
 More on Byron's Newfoundland dogs
 Byron manuscripts at the Harry Ransom Center, The University of Texas 
 George Gordon, Lord Byron at Find-A-Grave
1788 births
1824 deaths
Bisexual people
English Barons
English LGBT writers
English poets
Writers from London
Byron can mean:

People

Surname
George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron ("Lord Byron"), a well-known English writer and poet
Beverly Byron, U.S. Congresswoman
Don Byron, an American jazz composer and musician
Fergal Byron, Irish gaelic football player
Goodloe Byron, U.S. Congressman
Henry James Byron, dramatist 
John Byron, 1st Baron Byron,  century Royalist
John Byron,  century British explorer and admiral
Kari Byron, member of the MythBusters crew
Katharine Byron, U.S. Congresswoman
Robert Byron,  century British travel writer
Tom Byron, an American pornographic actor and director
William D. Byron, U.S. Congressman
Given name
Byron Black, Zimbabwean tennis player
Byron Cage, an American gospel singer
Byron Dafoe, National Hockey League goaltender
Byron Dorgan, U.S. Senator
Byron Haskin, U.S. film director
Byron Katie, American self-help author and founder of "The Work"
Byron Leftwich, NFL quarterback
Byron Nelson, PGA Tour golfer, nicknamed 'Lord Byron'
Byron White, U.S. Supreme court associate justice
Byron Scott, NBA coach and former player

Fictional characters
Byron Basset, the sleeping puppy from Tiny Toon Adventures
Byron (Babylon 5), a character from the television series Babylon 5
Byron Henry, a character in Herman Wouk's novels The Winds of War and War and Remembrance
Byron, a Gym Leader in the Pokemon Diamond and Pokemon Pearl video games
Places
United States
Byron, California
Byron, Georgia
Byron, Illinois
Byron Township, Ogle County, Illinois
Byron, Maine
Byron, Michigan
Byron Township, Michigan
Byron, Minnesota
Byron Township, Cass County, Minnesota
Byron Township, Waseca County, Minnesota
Byron, New York
Byron, Ohio
Byron, Oklahoma
Byron, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin
Byron, Monroe County, Wisconsin
Byron, Wyoming
Byron Center, Michigan
Byron Nuclear Generating Station in Illinois
Australia
Byron Bay, New South Wales, a coastal town
Canada
Byron, Ontario, a suburb of London
Outer space
Asteroid 3306 Byron
The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), also commonly known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war by the Greeks who won independence for Greece from the Ottoman Empire. Muhammad Ali Pasha sent his son Ismail with an army and a fleet to help fight the Greeks and the Greek Christian revolutionaries asked for help from European Christians. A fleet of the United Kingdom, France and Russia destroyed the Ottoman-Egypt fleet in the Battle of Navarino. After a long and bloody struggle, independence was finally achieved, and confirmed by the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832. The Greeks were thus the first of the Ottoman Empire's subject peoples to be accepted as an independent sovereign power.

Notes

References

Other websites

Treaty of Constantinople 
of London, 1832
War of Independence

19th century in Greece
Wars of independence
19th-century rebellions
Rebellions in Europe
1820s in Europe
Wars involving Greece
Ronald Sinclair (January 21, 1924 - November 22, 1992), born Richard Arthur Hould and sometimes called Ra Hould or Ron Sinclair, was a child actor from New Zealand, who became a movie editor.

Career
Sinclair was a child actor turned movie editor who was still considered a star in his home country of New Zealand, long after his Hollywood career ended. He appeared in movies like The Light That Failed, Tower of London, That Hamilton Woman and Desperate Journey. He also appeared in a series of children's adventure movies featuring the Five Little Peppers.

From 1955 on, Sinclair worked together with director Roger Corman. Together they edited movies like Swamp Women, Day the World Ended, The Intruder, The Raven and The Trip.

Other websites

1924 births
1992 deaths
New Zealand movie actors
Affoltern im Emmental is a municipality of the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Official website 

Municipalities in Emmental
Albligen () was a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Albligen and Wahlern merged into the new municipality of Schwarzenburg.

Former municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Alchenstorf is a municipality of the administrative district  Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Emmental
Allmendingen bei Bern is a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

The municipality is between Rubigen and Muri bei Bern, near Berne.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Amsoldingen is a municipality of the administrative district Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Thun
John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, CB (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946) was a British economist. His ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a big impact on modern economic and political theory. His ideas also had a big impact on many governments' tax and economic policies. He said governments should use tax and banking measures to stop the effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. He is one of the fathers of modern theoretical macroeconomics.

Biography

Personal and marital life 
John Maynard Keynes was born at 7 Melville Road, Cambridge, England. His father was John Neville Keynes, an economics lecturer at Cambridge University. His mother was Florence Ada Brown, a successful author and a social reformer. His younger brother, Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a surgeon and bibliophile (book lover). His younger sister Margaret (1890–1974) married the Nobel Prize-winning physiologist Archibald Hill.
Keynes first went to King’s College, Cambridge, in 1902. At first he studied mathematics. Later he studied economics under A.C. Pigou and Alfred Marshall. People think Professor Marshall prompted Keynes to change his studies from mathematics and classics to economics. Keynes received his B.A. in 1905 and his M.A. in 1908.

When Keynes was young, he had romantic and sexual relationships with men. One of his great loves was the artist Duncan Grant, whom he met in 1908. Keynes was also involved with the writer Lytton Strachey. Keynes appeared to turn away from homosexual relationships around the time of the first World War. In 1918, he met Lydia Lopokova, a well-known Russian ballerina. Keynes and Lopokova married in 1925.

Keynes was a successful investor and he built up a big fortune. He nearly lost all of his money after the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Later he re-built his fortune.

He enjoyed collecting books: for example, he collected and protected many of Isaac Newton's papers.
Bertrand Russell said Keynes was the most intelligent person he had ever known. Lord Russell said: "Every time I argued with Keynes, I felt that I took my life in my hands, and I seldom emerged without feeling something of a fool".

Career 
Keynes accepted a lectureship at Cambridge in economics funded personally by Alfred Marshall. Soon he was appointed to the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, where he was able to put economic theory into practice.

During World War I he worked for the Adviser to the Chancellor of the Exchequer and to the Treasury on Financial and Economic Questions.
Keynes also attended the Conference on the Versailles Treaty to end World War I. He wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace in 1919, and A Revision of the Treaty in 1922. In his books he said that the reparations which Germany was being made to pay would ruin the German economy and would lead to further fighting in Europe. These predictions were shown to be true when the German economy suffered in the hyperinflation of 1923. Reparations were only completed in 2010.

Keynes's magnum opus (Latin for "Great Work", meaning his most famous book) was the General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. The General Theory was published in 1936. The ideas in that book were very different from classical economics.
Historians agree that Keynes influenced U.S. president Roosevelt's New Deal, but disagree as to what extent. Spending more than the government earned in taxes (called deficit spending) was used in the New Deal from 1938. But the idea had been agreed to by President Herbert Hoover. Few senior economists in the U.S. agreed with Keynes in the 1930s. With time, however, his ideas became more widely accepted.

In 1942, Keynes was raised to the House of Lords. He became Baron Keynes of Tilton in the County of Sussex. When he sat in the House of Lords he was a Liberal member.

During World War II, Keynes wrote a book titled How to Pay for the War. He said the war effort should be paid for by higher taxes. He did not like deficit spending because he wanted to avoid inflation.
Death 
Keynes died of a heart attack at his holiday home in Tilton, East Sussex. His heart problems were made worse by the strain of working on post-war international financial problems. He died soon after he arranged a guarantee of an Anglo-American loan to Great Britain. Keynes' father, John Neville Keynes (1852–1949) outlived his son by three years. Keynes's brother Sir Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a distinguished surgeon, scholar and bibliophile. His nephews include Richard Keynes (born 1919) a physiologist; and Quentin Keynes (1921–2003) an adventurer and bibliophile. Keynes did not have children.

Bibliography 
 1915 The Economics of War in Germany
 1919 The Economic Consequences of the Peace
 Essays in Persuasion
 A Treatise On Probability
 Tract on Monetary Reform
 The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money
Influences on Keynes' works 
These people influenced Keynes:
 Knut Wicksell
 Arthur C. Pigou
 Alfred Marshall
 Adam Smith
 David Ricardo
 Dennis Robertson
 Karl Marx
 Thomas Malthus
 Michal Kalecki

Related pages

 Keynesian economics or Keynesianism
 Michał Kalecki
 Simon Kuznets
 Paul Samuelson
 John Hicks
 John Kenneth Galbraith
 G.L.S. Shackle
 Silvio Gesell

References
References

General sources 
 The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes: How the Second Industrial Revolution Passed Great Britain By, Bernard C. Beaudreau, iUniverse, 2006, 
 Essays on John Maynard Keynes, Milo Keynes (Editor), Cambridge University Press, 1975, 
 The Life of John Maynard Keynes, R. F. Harrod, London, Macmillan, 1951, 
 "Keynes, John Maynard," Don Patinkin, The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 2, 1987, pp. 19–41. Macmillan  (US Edition: )
 John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed 1883–1920, Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1992,  (US Edition: )
 John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour 1920–1937, Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 1994,  (US Edition: )
 The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy, Daniel Yergin with Joseph Stanislaw, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, 
 John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain 1937–1946 (published in the United States as Fighting for Freedom), Robert Skidelsky, Papermac, 2001,  (US Edition: )
 Lytton Strachey, Michael Holroyd, 1995,
Other websites 
 Bio, bibliography, and links 
 
 The Keynesian Revolution 
 Bio at Time 100 - the most important people of the century 
 John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace  (1919)
 John Maynard Keynes, The end of laissez-faire  (1926)
 John Maynard Keynes, An Open Letter to President Roosevelt (1933)
 John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936)
 Eton College Keynes (Economics) Society
 Short bio with birth location 
 Escoffier, Jeffrey. "Keynes, John Maynard." In Glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc.: Chicago, 2004. 
 Essays on John Maynard Keynes and Robert Lekachman   by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( 1998-2007 )
 Smith, Marx, Kondratieff and Keynes: Their Intellectual Life Spans, the Convergence of their Theories based upon the Long Wave Hypothesis and the Internet  by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( June 6, 1998 )
 Keynes's Career and Biographical Timeline
1883 births
1946 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Bisexual people
British economists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English LGBT people
English scientists
LGBT academics
LGBT scientists
Liberal Party (UK) people
Members of the House of Lords
People from Cambridge
Zionists
The American robin (Turdus migratorius) is a migratory songbird. Also known as the North American robin, it belongs in the thrush family, Turdidae. It was named after the European robin. This is because the European robin has a bright orange-red face and breast. The two species are not closely related. The American robin has seven subspecies. T. m. confinis is the most different subspecies.

The American robin lives throughout North America. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe (a vagrant is a bird that is found outside its normal species' range). It has also been a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Belize. The American robin can be found in many different kinds of habitats. It likes open areas of ground to feed and areas with trees or shrubs to breed and sleep. Because it has a large range, the IUCN Red List says that the American robin will not decline, and is listed as of least concern.
The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to northern North America after spending the winter in the south. The female will choose where to build the nest. She will make the nest with grass, sticks, paper, feathers, rootlets, and moss. Once the nest is built, she will lay 3 to 5 eggs. After the chicks leave the nest, both parents will continue to take care of them, until they can live on their own.

American robin eggs and juveniles are eaten by squirrels, snakes, blue jays, common grackles, American crows, and common ravens. The adults are eaten by hawks, cats, and larger snakes. Sometimes, the brown-headed cowbird lays its eggs in the Robin's nest. This is called brood parasitism. However, the robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs.

Etymology
This species was first described in 1766 by Linnaeus. It was described in the twelfth edition of his Systema naturae. He called it Turdus migratorius.

Description
Description

The American robin is large songbird. It has a round body. Its legs are long. It has a long tail. It has a long, yellow bill. It is dark gray-brown on its head, back, wings, and tail. It has an orange-red breast. There is a white patch on the underside of the belly, near the tail. This can be seen when it is flying. American robins that live in western North America are very pale (pale means light in color). American robins that live in eastern Canada are very bright. They have a white throat. It has black stripes in it. Females have lighter gray-brown heads than males. They also have lighter orange-red breasts. A young American robin (called a juvenile) is also lighter than the male. It has dark spots on its breast. Both sexes are 20–28 cm (7.9–11 in) long. They have a wingspan of 31–40 cm (12.2–15.7 in). American robins that live in western North America are very pale. American robins that live in eastern Canada are very bright.
The American robin was named after the European robin. This is because the European robin has a bright orange-red face and breast. The two species are not closely related.

The American robin has seven subspecies. They are very hard to tell apart and they do breed with each other.

Range and distribution
The American robin can be found all over North America. It is found from Alaska and Canada south to Mexico. Most American robins winter in Florida and the Gulf States to Mexico to the Pacific Coast. They will sometimes winter in southern Canada and the northern United States.

The American robin is a rare vagrant to western Europe. Most of the American robins have been found in Britain. The most recent sighting of an American robin in Britain was in January 2007. It has also been a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Belize.
Habitat
American robins are found in many different kinds of habitats. Some of them are gardens, parks, yards, fields, pastures, tundra, woodlands, pine forests, and shrublands. They like open areas of ground to feed. They like areas with trees or shrubs to breed and sleep.

Status
The American robin has a large range. It is estimated that its range is 16 million square kilometers (6 million square miles). It is also estimated that there are about 320 million individual American robins. The IUCN Red List says that the species is not believed to reach the threat of decline. It is therefore considered Least Concern.

American robins used to be killed for their meat. They were killed in the southern states. The meat was thought as a very good food. The American robin is now protected in the United State by the Migratory Bird Act.

Behavior