Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Pauline Viardot (18 July 1821 – 18 May 1910) was a 19-century French mezzo-soprano of Spanish descent. She also taught and composed. She was instrumental in getting Camille Saint-Saens's Samson and Delilah composed and staged.

French opera singers
1821 births
1910 deaths
French singers
Seoul Guarantee Insurance Company (SGIC, ) is a financial services company in South Korea. Its headquarters are in Seoul. SGIC is the largest provider of surety and trade credit insurance. It is fully owned by Korea Deposit Insurance Corporation. KDIC is a government institution that insures bank deposits.

History
The company was formed after the merger between Hankuk and Korea Fidelity and Surety Corporation. It happened during the economic crisis that hit Korea in 1998.  A mass layoff and restructuring followed.

Other websites
 Official Homepage 

Insurance companies
Companies of South Korea
, also known as Special Case cities, is a defined class or category of Japanese cities.  It is a local administrative division created by the national government.  All special cities have a population greater than 200,000.

History
The special or special case cities were created because of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan. Each city does many of the things normally done by prefectures.
List
Special cities were recognized starting in 2000. There are 40+ of these cities, including
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 Akashi, 2002
 Atsugi, 2002
 Chigasaki, 2003
 Fuji, 2001
 Fukui, 2000
 Hachinohe, 2001
 Hirakata, 2001
 Hiratsuka, 2001
 Ibaraki, 2001
 Ichinomiya, 2001
 Isesaki, 2007
 Jōetsu, 2007
 Kakogawa, 2002
 Kasugai, 2002
 Kasukabe, 2008
 Kawaguchi, 2001
 Kishiwada, 2002
 Kōfu, 2000
 Koshigaya, 2003
 Kumagaya, 2009
 Kure, 2000
 Matsue, 2012
 Matsumoto, 2000
 Mito, 2001
 Nagaoka, 2007
 Neyagawa, 2001
 Numazu, 2000
 Odawara, 2000
 Ōta, 2007
 Sasebo, 2001
 Sōka, 2004
 Suita, 2001
 Takarazuka, 2003
 Tokorozawa, 2002
 Tottori, 2005
 Toyonaka, 2001
 Tsukuba, 2007
 Yamagata, 2001
 Yamato, 2000
 Yao, 2001
 Yokkaichi, 2000

Related pages

 Administrative division
 Urban area
 Municipalities in Japan

References

Other websites
 ; graphic shows wards compared with other Japanese city types at p. 1 [PDF 7 of 40]
Rockfish is an unincorporated community in Nelson County, Virginia, United States.

Overview
It was among the communities severely affected by flash flooding from Hurricane Camille in 1969.

Rockfish was frequently referenced in the CBS television series The Waltons. It was noted as being the closest town to Waltons Mountain. Which was the fictional version of the nearby community of Schuyler.

Also known as "Rockfish Depot" even though the railroad depot building has been gone for decades.

References

Other websites
 GNIS reference

Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Lowesville is an unincorporated community in Nelson County, Virginia, United States.  It lies along the path of the now-defunct Virginia Blue Ridge Railway.

References

GNIS reference

Unincorporated communities in Virginia
The Virginia Blue Ridge Railway (VBR) is a historic intrastate short line railroad. It operated in central Virginia in the 20th century.

History
The company was incorporated in 1914. Construction was started in 1915. The VBR went between Tye River Depot in Nelson County to Massies Mill. It met up with the Southern Railway in Massies Mill. The railroad followed the course of the Tye and Piney Rivers for several miles. It eventually enters the mountains. It was initially built to haul chestnut for lumber out of the heavily-timbered Piney River area to local mills until World War I. The chestnut blight wiped out much of the timbered areas. The railroad later served several quarries in the area where titanium dioxide and aplite were mined. It passed through the communities of Roses Mill, Piney River, Canopy, Lowesville, and Buffalo Mine.

The line was abandoned in 1980. In the early 21st century, part of the roadbed was being developed as a rails-to-trails project, the Blue Ridge Railway Trail.

References
References

 Brief history and information on the trail project 
 Brief history and some photos

Transport in Virginia
Rail transport in the United States
Roses Mill is an unincorporated community in Nelson County, Virginia, United States. It lies along the path of the now-defunct Virginia Blue Ridge Railway.

References

GNIS reference

Unincorporated communities in Virginia
Adial is an unincorporated community in Nelson County, Virginia, United States.

References
GNIS reference

Unincorporated communities in Virginia
The Rimouski Océanic are a Canadian ice hockey team. That began playing in 1995. The team currently plays in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. They play their home games in Rimouski, Quebec at the Colisée de Rimouski.

The team first started as the Sherbrooke Castors and they played in Sherbrooke from 1969 to 1982 before they moved to Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec in 1982 and became the Saint-Jean Castors. They later renamed themselves the Saint-Jean Lynx. The team moved to Rimouski in 1995 and became the Rimouski Océanic.

Many NHL players have played for their team including Sidney Crosby, Vincent Lecavalier, Brad Richards, Ryane Clowe and Michael Frolík.

The team won both the QMJHL championship and the Memorial Cup in the 1999–00 season.

Other websites
Official website

1995 establishments in Canada
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Quebec
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League
Connie Black McHugh was a former Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.
 She died of lung cancer in 1997.

References

1938 births
1997 deaths
The Shawinigan Cataractes are a Canadian ice hockey team. That began playing in 1995. The team currently plays in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. They play their home games in Shawinigan, Quebec at the Centre Bionest de Shawinigan.

The team was first known as the Shawinigan Bruins but they changed their name in 1973. The team was then known as the Shawinigan Dynamos from until 1978. They are only team in the history of the QMJHL to occupy the same city since its inception.

The team won the Memorial Cup in 2012.

References

Other websites
Official website

1969 establishments in Canada
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Quebec
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League
The Victoriaville Tigres are a Canadian ice hockey team. That began playing in 1982. The team currently plays in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. They play their home games in Victoriaville, Quebec at the Colisée Desjardins.

The team first started in 1986 and played in Longueuil, Quebec where they were known as the Longueuil Chevaliers. The Chevaliers moved from Longueuil to Victoriaville in 1987 and were renamed the Tigres. 

The Tigres won the President's Cup in 2002. They also competed in the Memorial Cup finals in 2002 but lost against the Kootenay Ice.

Other websites
Official website

1982 establishments in Canada
Canadian Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Quebec
Quebec Major Junior Hockey League
Chemical weapons were a major part of World War I. It was the first time that chemical weapons were widely used in warfare. The gas was very harmful to both sides because the gas would often blow back into the attackers front lines. For this reason the use of gas was feared by both sides. Gas masks were used to stop the gas by preventing it from traveling to the lungs. The first masks were big and clumsy. This caused them to be hated.

The soldiers and the public had been told that the First World War would have been over by December of 1914. In 1916 the war was still going on, and a stalemate had been reached. ‘The Triple Alliance’ and ‘The Triple Entente’ had to compete to create better technology to break the stalemate and to win the war.
Britain’s first use of gas was in December of 1915. This caused public outcry. People saw it as inhumane. This lasted during and after the war. The factories that manufactured the gases were not allowed to call them gases. An act had been signed years before forbidding the use of poisonous gases in combat. The gas was referred to as an accessory.

In WWII, Hitler refused to use gas against the enemy, as he was a victim of a gas attack in the past.
Types of gas
 Tear Gas: First used by the French in 1914.  It was effective but not deadly.
 Chlorine: First used by the Germans.  It was a highly visible cloud of green.  It damaged the eyes, throat, nose, ears and lungs. Death was caused by asphyxiation.
 Phosgene: First used by the French. Some symptoms appeared nearly 24 hours after exposure.  It was colourless and smelt like stale hay.  Sometimes it was mixed with Chlorine.
 Mustard Gas: First used by the Germans in 1917.  It was the most effective and most publicized gas in  the war.  It caused huge, painful yellow blisters on contact with skin.  Few victims died.  Gas masks were ineffective against this heavy and dense mist.  It sank to the bottom of trenches and into cracks and crevices and stayed there for weeks or even months.
Many soldiers suffered from gas attacks but only 3% of those affected actually died. However blindness was a common side effect of exposure. Death was slow and very painful. Most soldiers were sent home to die. Some took many months to die.

Russia suffered the most casualties, adding up to a total of 57,000.  Gas attacks were the thing soldiers in the trenches feared over anything.

Related pages 
 Chemical warfare
 Phosgene
 Mustard gas
 World War I

References

World War I
Chemical warfare
Jet Set Radio Future is a video game that was made by Smilebit. It is published by Sega and is available for Xbox. It is the sequel to the 2000 video game, Jet Grind Radio, and also as a part of Jet Set Radio series.

The game is set in a futuristic Tokyo which the player as part of a gang trys to gain control of. The games gameplay also requires the player to find other gangs graffiti tags and tag over them when the player collects enough spraycans that are littered around each stage. The game's tagging system is also different from the last game. Some of the tagging locations contain multiple spray targets which depend on the tag's size. Time limits for stages are removed and the stages are interconnected.

Other websites 
 Jet Set Radio Future at MobyGames

2002 video games
Platform games
Xbox games
A dreadnought is a navy battleship. A battleship is a large ship used in ocean battles between countries. The first dreadnoughts were made in the early 20th century. They were named after The HMS Dreadnought, of the Royal Navy, the first ship of this type.

The first dreadnought was launched in 1906 by the United Kingdom, and was a new design of battleship. These ships had bigger guns; they also had guns that could shoot longer distances. Heavy steel layers were built on to the dreadnoughts as protection, which made them very strong and hard to sink. They were also much faster than older battleships. 

World War 1 was the first war in which dreadnoughts were used. After the war, a treaty was signed in Washington DC to limit the construction of battleships. This treaty helped stop the manufacturing of dreadnoughts. Japan, the UK, France, Italy and the United States signed this treaty. In the middle 1930s Italy and Japan renounced the treaty and started building larger ones, and the other countries followed.
Chromo is an unincorporated town and U.S. Post Office in Archuleta County, Colorado, United States.  The Chromo Post Office has the ZIP Code 81128.

Geography
Chromo is located at  (37.036818,-106.843243).

References

Unincorporated communities in Colorado
Swahili coast refers to the East cost of Africa inhabited by the Swahili people, that is Kenya, Tanzania and the northern part of Mozambique. Sometimes the islands off this coast are also included. Examples of such islands are Zanzibar, Comoros and Pate.

Geography of Kenya
Geography of Tanzania
Geography of Mozambique
Robert Heron "Bob" Bork (March 1, 1927 – December 19, 2012) was an American writer, politician, lawyers, and legal scholar who was nominated by Ronald Reagan to be part of the Supreme Court in 1987, but his nomination was rejected by the Senate. He was the United States Solicitor General and acting United States Attorney General.

Bork was born on March 1, 1927 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He studied at the University of Chicago. He was married to Claire Davidson from 1952 until her death in 1980. Then he was married to Mary Ellen Pohl from 1982 until his death in 2012. With Davidson he had three children. Bork died on December 19, 2012 from heart disease.

References

Other websites

 A Conversation with Judge Robert H. Bork - Event Video, Federalist Society, 2007-06-26
 Congressional Record: Floor Vote on Bork Nomination
 Bork, Robert H. (1996) Our Judicial Oligarchy . 1996 First Things November .
 
Booknotes interview with Bork on Slouching Toward Gomorrah, December 4, 1996.
1927 births
2012 deaths
United States Attorneys General
United States Solicitors General
American judges
Lawyers from Pittsburgh
Educators from Pittsburgh
Politicians from Pittsburgh
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Writers from Pittsburgh
Alphonso Taft (November 5, 1810 – May 21, 1891) was the United States Attorney General and United States Secretary of War under President Ulysses S. Grant. He was the father of U.S. President William Howard Taft.

Taft was born on November 15, 1810 in Townshend, Vermont. He was raised in Cincinnati, Ohio. Taft stuided at Yale College, at Yale Law School, and at Yale University. He was married to Fanny Phelps from 1841 until her death in 1951. They had five children. Then he was married to Lousie Maria Torrey from 1853 until his death in 1891. They had five children. Taft died on May 21, 1891 in San Diego, California from heart failure, aged 80.

References

Other websites

1810 births
1891 deaths
American judges
Lawyers from Cincinnati
Deaths from heart failure
Politicians from Cincinnati
William Howard Taft
Politicians from Vermont
Republican Party (United States) politicians
United States Attorneys General
Bacolet is a town on the island of Tobago, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The town itself lies beneath Fort King George at the Bacelot Bay. It is near Scarborough, Tobago, to the south-east of the island-capital. It is one of the most developed parts of Tobago where the high society of the island lives. There are also many villas and hotels for tourists.

The Dwight Yorke Stadium is located in Bacolet.

References

Towns in North America
Settlements in Trinidad and Tobago
The Dwight Yorke Stadium is in Bacolet, Tobago, (Trinidad and Tobago). It is named after former Manchester United  footballer Dwight Yorke.  The stadium was constructed for the 2001 FIFA U-17 World Championship which was hosted by Trinidad and Tobago. The Dwight Yorke Stadium can seat 7,500. It is on the Island of Tobago. The stadium is only minutes from the capital Scarborough and 25 minutes from the airport. It is used by the local football team. The playing surface dimension is 105 metres x 68 metres.

The stadium hosted the 2005 Carifta Track and Field Championships and is also used for minor Tobagonian athletics events.

It also hosted games from the 2010 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.

References 

Sport in Trinidad and Tobago
The United States Ambassador to the United Nations is the leader of the delegation of the United States, the U.S. Mission to the United Nations. Its incumbent is Linda Thomas-Greenfield since February 25, 2021.

Ambassadors that served in political positions include Adlai Stevenson, George H.W. Bush, Jeane Kirkpatrick, Madeleine Albright, John R. Bolton, Susan Rice and Nikki Haley.

United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
The following is a chronological list of those who have held the office:

References

Other websites
 United States Mission to the United Nations
 Bureau of Diplomatic Security (DS)
 U.S. Department of State's listing of U.S. ambassadors to the United Nations
Ben Herring (born 14 March 1980, Auckland, New Zealand) is a former rugby union player. He played for the Leicester Tigers in the Guinness Premiership. His position is flanker. Herring missed out on a 2007 Super 14 rugby contract with any New Zealand Super 14 team. He negotiated a move to join the Leicester Tigers in early 2007. In April 2009 Herring retired on medical advice after suffering a series of concussions.

References

Other websites
Leicester profile

1980 births
Living people
New Zealand rugby union players
Sportspeople from Auckland
Barłogi (formerly German Berloge) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bobrowice within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship. It is in western Poland. It is about  south of Bobrowice. It is about  south of Krosno Odrzańskie and  west of Zielona Góra.

Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II).

The village has a population of 85.

References

Villages in Lubusz Voivodeship
Gmina Bobrowice is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. Its seat is the village of Bobrowice. It lies approximately  south of Krosno Odrzańskie and  west of Zielona Góra.

The gmina covers an area of , and as of 2006 its total population is 3,113.

Villages
Gmina Bobrowice contains the villages and settlements of Barłogi, Bobrowice, Bronków, Bronkówek, Brzezinka, Chojnowo, Chromów, Czeklin, Dachów, Dęby, Dychów, Janiszowice, Kołatka, Kukadło, Lubnica, Młyniec, Prądocinek, Przychów, Strużka, Tarnawa Krośnieńska, Wełmice and Żarków.

Neighbouring gminas
Gmina Bobrowice is bordered by the gminas of Dąbie, Gubin, Krosno Odrzańskie, Lubsko and Nowogród Bobrzański.

References
Polish official population figures 2006
Lubusz Voivodeship
Czeklin is a former village in the administrative district of Gmina Bobrowice. It was formerly a German village named Schegeln.  The village is within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately  west of Bobrowice,  south-west of Krosno Odrzańskie, and  west of Zielona Góra.

Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II).

References

Villages in Lubusz Voivodeship
Piegłowo-Wieś is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowo. It is within Mława County, Masovian Voivodeship in east-central Poland.

References

Villages in Masovian Voivodeship
Weyer is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Lahn, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.

References
Saint Pauls Mountain () is a mountain in Antarctica. It is high and has steep cliffs. It is 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) northeast of Round Mountain on the north side of Taylor Glacier. It is joined to Round Mountain by a high ridge. It was named by the Discovery expedition (1901-04).

Mountains of Antarctica
Gabrielle [ gey-bree-el-uh, gab-ree- ] is a female name. The male form is Gabriel, from the Archangel in the Gospel of Luke. Gabrielle is a timeless and popular name that has been utilized for centuries. It is the feminine version of the name Gabriel, which translates to "God is my strength" in Hebrew. This name has a fascinating background and is associated with numerous noteworthy individuals and characters. Gabrielle has been used in various cultures and languages. In French, it is pronounced as "gah-bree-EL" and is a favored name for girls. In Spanish, it is pronounced as "gah-bree-YEL" and is also a popular name for girls. In English, it is pronounced as "GAY-bree-el" or "GAB-ree-el" and can be used for both boys and girls. The name Gabrielle has been incorporated into literature and popular culture. One of the most recognizable characters with this name is Gabrielle Solis from the TV show "Desperate Housewives
." Additionally, Gabrielle is the name of the archangel who announced the birth of Jesus to Mary in the Bible. This name was ranked #448 on the US Popular Names in 2021.
People
Gabrielle Giffords, American politician and gun control advocate
Gabrielle Union, American actress, activist, and author
Gabrielle Stone, American water polo player
Gabrielle Anwar, English-American actress
Gabrielle (Xena)
Coco Chanel
Elle Varner
Gabrielle (singer) - British R&B singer, known for the song 'Dreams'

References

 

Given names
Cities in Japan are one of the basic local entities of the nation.

Japan's smallest sub-national jurisdictions are sometimes grouped together. The term shichoson combines suffixes which recognize the municipalities, including
  
 
 

The small cities generally have populations of over 30,000.

There are three defined classes or categories of big cities.  
 Designated cites, population over 500,000
 Core cities, population over 300,000
 Special cities, population over 200,000

Each of the largest cities does many of the things normally done by prefectures.

History
Japan's system of local governments date from 1947. Cities in Japan are local governments which are defined by the Local Autonomy Law.

Related pages

 Administrative division
 Urban area
 Municipalities in Japan

References

Other websites
 "Large City System of Japan"; graphic shows cities in context [PDF 7 of 40]
Stephanie (which can be spelled in different ways) [ stef-uh-nee ] is a female given name. Stephanie is a name that has been commonly given to girls for hundreds of years. Its origins come from the Greek name Stephanos, which translates to "crown" or "garland." Over time, many well-known individuals have been named Stephanie, contributing to its rich history. The masculine version is Stephen. Stephanie is a very popular female name. Many celebrities and fictional characters carry the name. For example, Stefani Germanotta goes by the stage name Lady Gaga. This name was ranked #455 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People 

 Princess Stéphanie of Monaco, younger daughter of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, and Grace Kelly; younger sister of Albert II, Prince of Monaco
 Stephanie Grisham, Former Trump White House Press Secretary
 Stephanie Murphy, U.S. Representative from Florida (born 1978)

References

Given names
Kwon Young-ghil (, born November 5, 1941) is a South Korean politician, journalist, human rights activist, and workers' rights activist. He was a member of the 17th, 18th, and 19th South Korea National Assembly.

In 1997 he was defeated by the Democratic Labor Party candidate for South Korea's 15th presidential election. He was defeated again in 2002 at 16th presidential election, and in 2007 for the 17th presidential elections. Between 1996 and 1997 he was Chairman of Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU). In 2000 to 2009 he was leader of Democratic Labour Party ().

References 
 Kwon Young-ghil:South Korea National Assemblys  
 Kwon Young-ghil  
 민주노동당 홈페이지 

1941 births
South Korean journalists
Human rights activists
South Korean politicians
Korean activists
Living people
The Mentality of Apes by Wolfgang Köhler is a 1925 book. It is a landmark work in ethology, cognitive psychology and the study of the hominid apes. In it the author, a leading gestalt psychologist, showed that chimpanzees could solve problems by insight (intelligence). The importance of this work was to show there is no absolute dividing line between the human species and their nearest living relative, at least in this respect. It was also a marker in the struggle between behaviourism and cognitive psychology which continued for the following half century. Köhler's observations and experiments were done on chimpanzees in captivity. Not until Jane Goodall's work later in the century was the behaviour of chimpanzees in the wild studied in depth.

Publication 
The book in English was preceded by important publications in German, which are listed in Henle, Mary 1971. The selected papers of Wolfgang Köhler. New York: Liveright, bibliography 438/9. The book publications are as follows:
1921. Intelligenzprüfungen an Menschenaffen. Berlin: Springer (called a 'second edition', but the first was a two-part whole issue journal publication 1918/19).
1925. The Mentality of Apes. Translated from the second revised edition by Ella Winter. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. U.S. edition 1925 by Harcourt, Brace & World. Also included is a translation of Köhler's long 1921 paper as Some contributions to the psychology of chimpanzees. Appendix, p281342.

Biology books
1925 books
Apes
Jessica [ jes-i-kuh ] is a female given name. The name first appeared as the name of a character in the Shakespearean play The Merchant of Venice. Common nicknames of the name include "Jess" and "Jessie". The name Jessica comes from a Hebrew name, Yiskah, which means "to see" or "to gaze upon." Yiskah was the name of a character in the Bible who was Haran's daughter, Abraham's brother. She was famous for being beautiful and inspired the name Jessica.

People 

 Jessica Marie Alba, American actress, model and businesswoman

References

Given names
Laurens Hammond (11 January 1895 - 3 July 1973) was American inventor and he also made musical instruments. His most famous invention is the Hammond organ.

References

Other websites
 The Laurens Hammond Story

1895 births
1973 deaths
The Eureka or Aha! effect refers to the moment of insight when a puzzling problem is suddenly solved. It is named after the Greek polymath Archimedes.

Archimedes was asked by the local king to detect whether a crown was pure gold, or if the goldsmith had added silver. During his trip to the public bath, he noticed how water got displaced when his body sank into the bath. The volume of water displaced equals the volume of the body immersed in the water. He suddenly realized that two objects which weighed the same in air might not weigh the same in water, because the less dense object would displace less water. This is known as Archimedes' principle. 

Archimedes leaped out of a public bath, and ran home naked shouting Eureka! (I found it). This story is thought by some to be a myth, but Archimedes was indeed a most notable inventor. He would certainly have experienced the Aha! effect.
There seems to be a two phase process. In the first phase, the problem solver gets stuck. Even though they may have explored all the possibilities, they still cannot see the solution. The second phase occurs suddenly and unexpectedly. After a break in mental fixation or re-evaluating the problem, the answer is seen. Insight problems may be difficult to solve because of our mental fixation on the inappropriate aspects of the problem. People have a good memory for Aha! moments. Insight may occur after a break in mental fixation, allowing the solution to appear transparent and obvious.

References 

Cognition
Problem solving
David Sarnoff was a Russian-born American broadcasting pioneer. He was born 27 April 1891 and died 12 December 1971. He picked up the alert signal from the RMS Titanic on 14 April 1912. In 1916, he had the idea for radios. After a couple of years, the RCA sold radios with a value of 80 000 000 dollars.

1891 births
Businesspeople from New York City
1971 deaths
Insight is the act of understanding the inner nature of things. It is a type of comprehension or learning. It can be used in several ways:
a piece of information: I have an insight into that problem..
the way you come to know something, a kind of learning.
the answer to a question or problem.
a sudden realization: the Eureka effect, named after Archimedes. This is also known as an epiphany.

Higher intelligence (higher IQ) has also been found to be associated with better performance on insight problems.  However, those of lower intelligence benefit more than those of higher intelligence from being provided with cues and hints for insight problems.

References 

Cognition
Problem solving
Lockheed Martin Corporation is an American aerospace, defence, arms, security, and advanced technologies company with worldwide interests. It was formed by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta in March 1995. It is headquartered in North Bethesda, Maryland, in the Washington, D.C., area. Lockheed Martin employs approximately 110,000 people worldwide as of January 2020.

References

Other websites

Companies based in Maryland
Bethesda, Maryland
Lockheed & Lockheed-Martin aircraft
C. Srinivasa Iyengar was an Indian politician. He was also a former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Indian National Congress candidate from Paramakudi constituency in  1962 election.

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing
Tamil Nadu politicians
K. Ugrapandian (b. 1945) is an Indian politician. He is a former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Paramakudi constituency in 1977 election.

References 

1945 births
living people
Tamil people
Tamil Nadu politicians
Ron Gourlay is the Chief Executive of Chelsea Football Club. He took the position on 31 October 2009, Before he was Chief Operating Officer of the club.

Chelsea FC
Ron Gourlay has worked at Chelsea for 5 years. He previously worked for Manchester United and Umbro.
He was appointed the chief executive of Chelsea on 17 September 2009. He began there after Peter Kenyon's left the club on 31 October 2009.

He was quoted as saying: "It is a huge honour to be offered the chance to lead Chelsea". "We have a fantastic team both on and off the field and those teams can move us on to even greater success in the future. To be responsible for that is a fantastic challenge and I will be giving it my total commitment, drive and energy" after being named as the successor.

References

Football in England
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
History
Captain Charles Sturt was the first European explorer to visit the Balranald area. This was in January 1803 as he was going down the Murrumbidgee River in a boat. In 1836, the explorer Major Thomas Mitchell camped on the site of Balranald during his trip to explore the south of Australia. The first person to begin farming was Benjamin Boyd, a squatter, in 1842. George Hobler settled in what became the town area in 1845. The town itself began when the police set up a camp at a spot where the river was easy to cross in 1848. They were there to support the Commissioner for Crown Lands, George James McDonald, who named the area after the town in Scotland where he was born.
A shop and hotel opened in 1848 and the town became an official settlement in 1851. The first 35 blocks of land were sold by auction on 14 January 1845. In 1858 the first steamboat arrived and Balranald became an important inland port. The explorers Burke and Wills camped outside the hotel in 1860 on their journey north to the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Environment
Baranald is on the flood plains of the Murrumbidgee. These plains have many swampy areas which have redgum and blackbox forests. It is also a habitat for the Southern Bell Frog, or Growling Grass Frog, which is on the NSW list of endangered species.

References

Towns in New South Wales
The United States fiscal cliff was an economic situation in the United States in 2012. Several tax increases and spending cuts happened at about the same time, causing a sudden fall in the US budget deficit.  A compromise was reached which delayed the economic impact.

Economy of the United States
2012 in the United States
A Leaf spring is a spring type, usually it has been used in vehicles but nowadays current type is not so popular. Using leaf spring is one of the oldest ways to make suspension.

Engineering
Camp Funston was a U.S. Army training camp during World War I located on Fort Riley, southwest of Manhattan, Kansas. American soldiers were there in France in the spring of 1918. Camp Funston was the largest of the 16 camps. The camp was to help soldiers for the military. The money the camp got was $10 million. The camp was . There was space for the commander (officer) to rest. The ground was divided into 4 blocks each by .  The camp could fit 2,000 people in it. There were 3 theaters, a large pool, a barbershop, restaurants, clothing stores, and an arcade (a place with lots of stores on one side). The west division of the camp was where the troops stayed from Kansas, Missouri, and Colorado.

One of the people in charge of the camp was Leonard Wood. He trained all of the troops. Each of the malls, stores, and restaurants paid money back to the camp to help the camp have money.

In March 1918, a sickness called the Spanish flu went to just about everyone in the camp.

References

United States Army
World War I
A U-boat is a military submarine used by Germany. German submarines were most active in the First Battle of the Atlantic in World War I and the Battle of the Atlantic in World War II. Although they could be very effective as weapons against enemy warships, they were most effective in economic warfare (commerce raiding) and enforcing naval blockades against enemy shipping.

The name is an abbreviation of the German  ("undersea boat"). In English, U-boat refers exclusively to the German vessels used during the World Wars. In German, however, the term U-Boat refers to any submarine, including military and civilian ones and modern and foreign ones.  Austro-Hungarian Navy submarines were also known as U-boats.

References 

Warships
World War I
World War II
Military of Germany
Kampos () is a former community in the Karditsa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of Karditsa. Population 5,469 (2001). The seat of the community was in Stavros.

References

Settlements in Greece
2011 disestablishments in Europe
Mordellistena degressa is a species of beetle in the family Mordellidae. It is in the Mordellistena genus. It was discovered in 1917.

References

Polyphaga
Mordellistena is a genus (type) of beetles in the family Mordellidae. It contains many species.

They are "tumbling flower beetles", so-called for the typical irregular movements they make when escaping predators.

References

Other websites
 

Polyphaga
Holism  is the idea that natural systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) and their properties, should be viewed as wholes, not as collections of parts. This often includes the view that systems somehow function as wholes and that their functioning cannot be fully understood solely in terms of their component parts.

Reductionism is often viewed as the opposite of holism. Reductionism in science says that a complex system can be explained by reduction to its fundamental parts. For example, the processes of biology are reducible to chemistry and the laws of chemistry are explained by physics.
Social scientist and physician Nicholas A. Christakis explains that "for the last few centuries, the Cartesian project in science has been to break matter down into ever smaller bits, in the pursuit of understanding. And this works, to some extent...but putting things back together in order to understand them is harder, and typically comes later in the development of a scientist or in the development of science".

Related pages 
Gestalt psychology
Interdisciplinarity
Theory of everything

References 

Philosophical movements and positions
The Lone Ranger is a 30-minute American western television series. It stars Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger and Jay Silverheels as The Lone Ranger's Indian pal Tonto. The series was one of the highest-rated series in television's early years and ABC's first true "hit". Its first run lasted from September 15, 1949 to June 8, 1957. Its first five seasons were broadcast in black and white. Its last season aired in color. There was a total of 221 episodes.

George Trendle and Fran Striker were producers. John Hart briefly took the role of The Lone Ranger while Moore was tied-up in a salary dispute with producers. Oil millionaire Jack Wrather bought the show in 1954. Wrather's other television 
properties included the hit series Lassie and Sgt. Preston of the Yukon. Two feature-length movies were produced after the show was canceled, The Lone Ranger (co-starring Wrather's wife Bonita Granville Wrather) and The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold.
Some episodes are available on video and DVD. The series is sometimes seen in reruns. The series was known for its use of classical music collected from many sources. Especially famous was the series's opening and closing music, a part of Gioachino Rossini's William Tell Overture. Equally well known were the cries heard at the end of each episode of "Who was that masked man?" and The Lone Ranger's "Hi-Yo, Silver! Away!"  Much merchandise was manufactured during the series run such as toys, games, costumes, guns and holsters, and comic books.

1940s in entertainment
1950s television series
Western (genre) television series
American drama television series
Children's television series
Black and white television series
English-language television programs
ABC network series
Pembroke College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1347 on Christmas Eve. This was when Edward III gave Marie de St Pol the right to build a new college. She was the wife of the Earl of Pembroke, who died in 1327. The name of the college comes from him. However, it used to be called Hall of Valence Mary and only in 1856 the name was changed to the current one.

Pembroke College has about 700 students. The buildings within the college are of very different age. The oldest ones are from the 14th century, including the Chapel. The Hall was built later in the 1850s, and many of the student's rooms after the 1950s. It is found on Trumpington Street, which is near King's Parade, the main street in Cambridge.

Some very important people have studied here, like John Sulston (he won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) and Edmund Spenser (a poet).

Other websites 

Official website
Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1347 establishments
1340s establishments in England
William Dean Howells (March 1, 1837 – May 11, 1920) was an American author and literary critic. His works include the Christmas story "Christmas Every Day" and the novel The Rise of Silas Lapham. He married Elinor Mead and had three children.

Works

Venetian Life (1866)
Italian Journeys (1867)
Suburban Sketches (1871)
Their Wedding Journey (1872)
A Counterfeit Presentment (1877)
The Lady of The Aroostook (1879)

The following were written during his residence in England and in Italy, as was The Rise of Silas Lapham in 1885.

The Undiscovered Country (1880)
A Fearful Responsibility (1881)
Dr. Breen's Practice (1881)
The Sleeping Car (1882)
A Modern Instance (1882)
A Woman's Reason (1883)
Three Villages (1884)
Tuscan Cities (1885)
The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885)

He returned to the United States in 1886. He wrote various types of works, including fiction, poetry, and farces, of which The Sleeping Car, The Mouse-Trap, The Elevator; Christmas Every Day; and Out of the Question are characteristic.
Indian Summer (1886)
The Minister's Charge (1886)
Annie Kilburn (1887/88)
Modern Italian Poets (1887)
April Hopes (1888)
Mark Twain's Library of Humor (1888, in conjunction with Mark Twain)
A Hazard of New Fortunes (1889)
The Shadow of a Dream (1890)
Criticism and Fiction (1891)
Christmas Every Day (1892)
The Quality of Mercy (1892)
An Imperative Duty (1892)
The Coast of Bohemia (1893)
My Year In a Log Cabin (1893)
A Traveler from Altruria (1894)
Stops of Various Quills (1895)
The Story of a Play (1898)
Ragged Lady (1899)
Their Silver Wedding Anniversary (1899)
The Flight of Pony Baker (1902)
The Kentons (1902)
Questionable Shapes (1903)
Son of Royal Langbrith (1904)
Editha (1905)
London Films (1905)
Certain Delightful English Towns (1906)
Between the Dark and the Daylight (1907)
Through the Eye of the Needle (1907)
Heroines of Fiction (1908)
The Landlord At Lion's Head (1908)
My Mark Twain: Reminiscences (1910)
New Leaf Mills (1913)
Seen and Unseen at Stratford-upon-Avon: A Fantasy (1914)
The Leatherwood God (1916)
Years of My Youth (autobiography) (1916)
References
 
 Fryckstedt, Olov W. 1958. In Quest of America: A Study of Howells’ Early Development as a Novelist. Upsala, Sweden: Thesis.
 Goodman, Susan and Carl Dawson. William Dean Howells: A Writer's Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005. 
 Lynn, Kenneth S. William Dean Howells: An American Life. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1970. 
 Olsen, Rodney. Dancing in Chains: The Youth of William Dean Howells. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

Further reading

Other websites

 
 Essays by William Dean Howells at Quotidiana.org
 William Dean Howells Society includes a biographical sketch of Howells, links to his works (including the "Editor's Study" columns), questions and replies, bibliographies, and pictures.
 Realism in American Literature at the Literary Movements site

1837 births
1920 deaths
19th-century American novelists
Writers from Massachusetts
Doughboy was a nickname given to the 85,000 American soldiers who fought in France during World War I. Their leader was John J. Pershing. 

The word "doughboy" was well known almost 100 years before World War I in Britain and America. Doughboy had a different meaning then. Soldiers in Spain, America, and Britain were all familiar with fried doughnuts called doughboys. Because of the occasional contact of the nation's armed force and transatlantic migration, it seems likely that this usage was known to the members of the U.S. Army by the early 19th century.
Though the first person to use the term is unclear, it was in use as early as the 1840s. One place that may have used "doughboy" first was during the Mexican–American War. Infantry forces, the army, were always covered with dust from marching through Mexico. This made the men look like uncooked dough. Another idea is the dusty infantry men looked like the mud bricks used in the area called adobes. Another idea is that doughboys were named this was because of their way of cooking field servings in the 1840s and 1850s when they baked doughy flour and rice mixtures in the ashes of a fire, but this does not explain why only army men had the doughboy name. 
 

United States Army
World War I
Colourful Radio is a commercial radio station in London. It broadcasts to Birmingham and Manchester on DAB Digital Radio. It also plays over the Internet. Colourful Radio's output is split between news, current affairs and music. The type of music the station plays is a combination of afrobeat, soul, rnb, reggae, and jazz-funk.

Colourful Radio was officially founded in 2002 by Kofi Kusitor. It went public in 2004 as the UK's first internet audio stream. It played various shows over the internet until it joined Sky satellite in 2006.

Colourful Radio began broadcasting on DAB on 2 March 2009. By then Mr Kusitor had appointed as Head of Station, Gordon Mac (formerly of KISS FM) and as Head of Programmes Henry Bonsu (former presenter of BBC London 94.9) to ran the station.

Notes

Other websites
Colourful Radio website

Radio stations in the United Kingdom
2009 establishments in England
Cootie is a roll-and-move-, 3-dimensional, table-top children's game for 2 to 4 players. At the roll of the die, the player selects a component of the cootie such as the head or the tongue. The winner is the first to complete his cootie. Schaper's plastic bug has become an icon. For some, it is a symbol for the baby boomer generation.

The game was invented in 1948 by William Schaper. It sold in the millions after being launched in 1949. There were many games called "Cootie" in the early years of the 20th century. Only Schaper's game had a free-standing cootie though. The game is now produced by Hasbro subsidiary Milton Bradley. In 2003, Cootie was named to the Toy Industry Association's "Century of Toys List".

References 

 Jane C. Hu. A Brief History of Cooties［N].   Smithsonian Magazine.May 2019.

Games
Origin 
The non-toxic, non-staining, reusable modeling compound that came to be known as "Play-Doh" was a stretchy, putty-like substance made by Noah McVicker of Cincinnati-based soap manufacturer Kutol Products. It was made at the request of Kroger Grocery, who wanted a product that could clean coal residue from wallpaper. Following World War II, with the change from coal-based home heating to natural gas and the resulting decrease in coal soot, and the introduction of washable vinyl-based wallpaper, the market for wallpaper cleaning putty decreased quite a lot.
Onslow is a small Canadian rural community in central Colchester County, Nova Scotia. It is an unincorporated community. The community is located along the north bank of the Salmon River. It is on the opposite side of the river from the town of Truro. It is largely a farming area. It is in a region first settled by Europeans as Onslow Township (1761).

An important highway interchange is in the community. It is where Highway 102 ends at Highway 104.
Onslow is home to Central Colchester Junior High School. The school is operated by the Chignecto-Central Regional School Board. Onslow also contains a small corner store, a John Deere dealership and a volunteer fire department. The area is mostly farmland but people live here also and the community is expanding somewhat. In the fall and spring, migrating Canada Geese are attracted to the farmlands and corn fields. Onslow is in an area with high winds. This makes it an excellent place for wind turbines. Some farmers in the area have put up wind turbines to power their farms.

Nova Scotia Power has a power distribution point in Onslow where it interconnects the Halifax Regional Municipality  with Cape Breton, South Shore and New Brunswick Power Transmission System.

References

Settlements in Nova Scotia
Sylvie Testud (born January 17, 1971) is a French actress, writer and director. She started acting in films in 1991. She has since won two César Awards for her performances.

Biography
She grew up in the La Croix-Rousse quarter of Lyon, France. Her mother immigrated from Italy in the 1960s and married a Frenchman. He left the family when Sylvie was just two years old.
In 1985, when Testud was 14, she started taking acting classes in Lyon with the actor and director Christian Taponard. In 1989, she moved to Paris and studied for three years at the Conservatoire (CNSAD). In the early and mid 1990s, she began to have small roles in films. She acted in L'Histoire du garcon qui voulait qu'on l'embrasse (directed by Philippe Harel) and Love, etc. (directed by Marion Vernoux). In 1997 she had an important role in Caroline Link's Jenseits der Stille. This film was a great success in Germany. She had to learn German, sign language, and the clarinet for this film. In 1998, she played Béa in Thomas Vincent's Karnaval. This was her first important role in a French film. In 2000, she performed in Chantal Akerman's La Captive. In 2001 she won the César Award for Most Promising Actress for her role in Les Blessures assassines (English title: Murderous Maids).

In 2003, she wrote the book Il n'y a pas beaucoup d'etoiles ce soir about her life as an actress.
One of her most important performances was in the film Stupeur et tremblements in 2003. She was awarded a César Award for Best Actress and a Prix Lumière award for best actress for her performance in this film. In 2007, she acted in La Vie en Rose. This film won two Academy Awards.

She became Chevalier (Knight) of the Ordre national du Mérite in March 2009.

She has two children. Her son, Ruben, was born on 15 February 2005. Her daughter, Esther, was born in January, 2011.

Selected filmography
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Year
! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Title
! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Role
! style="background: #CCCCCC;" | Director   
|-
|1995
|Those Were the Days
|Sylvie
| Didier Haudepin
|- 
|1996
| Beyond Silence
|Lara
|Caroline Link
|-
|rowspan=2|1998
|Karnaval
|Béa
|Thomas Vincent
|-
|The Misadventures of Margaret
|the young nun
|Brian Skeet
|-
|1999
|Annaluise & Anton
|Laurence
|Caroline Link
|-
|rowspan=4|2000
|La Captive
|Ariane
|Chantal Akerman
|-
|Drug Scenes (episode "Lucie")
|Lucie
|Guillaume Nicloux (episode)
|-
|Sade
|Renée de Sade
|Benoît Jacquot
|-
|Murderous Maids
|Christine Papin
|Jean-Pierre Denis
|-
|2001
|I'm Going Home
|Ariel
|Manoel de Oliveira
|-
|rowspan=2|2002
|Everyman's Feast
|Sophie
|Fritz Lehner
|-
|A Loving Father
|Virginia
|Jacob Berger
|-
|rowspan=2|2003
|Fear and Trembling
|Amélie
|Alain Corneau
|-
|Sole Sisters
|Tina
|Pierre Jolivet
|-
|2004
|Words in Blue
|Clara
|Alain Corneau
|-
|2006
|La Vie en rose
|Mômone
|Olivier Dahan