Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Nord-Pas-de-Calais (sometimes also Nord-Pas de Calais)  used to be an administrative region of France. It is now part of the administrative region of Hauts-de-France. Its prefecture was Lille. In 2012, four million people lived there (365,000 in the urban area of Lille).

The two departments in the region were Nord and Pas-de-Calais.

The local economy was based on carbon, steel and textiles. The secondary sector (industry) employed 33.8% (of an 28.9% national average). Unemployment was at 12.9 per cent (9.8% national average). Structural investment in the TGV and the Channel Tunnel has shown some improvement though. The tourism industry does well thanks to the border with Belgium and closeness to England.

Other websites

Former administrative regions of France
Picardy ()  used to be an administrative region of France. It is now part of the administrative region of Hauts-de-France. It is in the north of the country. Amiens was its capital. In 2007 almost 1.9 million people lived in the region, 186,000 of them in the capital.

The departments in the region were Aisne, Oise, and Somme.

Agriculture is very important for Picardy. There are many products, including potatoes, cereals, and vegetables. Picardy was also called Jardin de France, meaning 'Garden of France'.

Other websites

Former administrative regions of France
Pays de la Loire (or Pays-de-la-Loire) is an administrative region of France. Its capital is Nantes. In 2018, about 3.8 million people lived in the region. There are seven big centers, with more than 100.000 people in the respective urban area:  Nantes, Angers, Le Mans, La Roche-sur-Yon, Cholet, Saint-Nazaire and Laval.  

The departments in the region are:
Loire-Atlantique
Maine-et-Loire
Mayenne
Sarthe
Vendée

The economy is centered around the production of food, and agriculture in general. It is the third in France in that sector. 51% of meat products, 19% of milk, and 67% of the natural produce of grain (cereals) are produced there.

Languages 
Some people in the region also speak other local languages. These are  

 Angevin
 Breton
 Gallo
 Poitevin

Breton is a Celtic language, the others are Romance languages.

References

Other websites
Rhône-Alpes is a former administrative region of France. It is now part of the administrative region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. In 2010, about six million people lived in the region.

The capital was Lyon. Grenoble and Saint-Étienne are also important cities in the region.

The departments in the region were:
Ain
Ardèche
Drôme
Isère
Loire
Rhône
Savoie
Haute-Savoie

The Rhône-Alpes region hosted the Winter Olympics three times; in 1924 at Chamonix, 1968 at Grenoble, and 1992 at Albertville.

Other websites

Former administrative regions of France
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur or PACA (, Italian: Provenza-Alpi-Costa Azzurra) is one of the 18 administrative regions of France. Its capital is Marseille.

Geography

The Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region is the tenth largest region of France with an area of . It is in southeastern France and borders to the east with Monaco and Italy (with the Italian regions of Liguria and Piedmont). To the north is the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and to the west is the Occitanie region.

To the south, the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur has about  of coast along the Mediterranean Sea.

The distances from Marseille, the capital of the region, to other cities are:

 Paris, the national capital, ;
 Toulouse, ;
 Bordeaux, ;
 Lyon, ;
 Montpellier, ;
 Nice, .

Rivers
The only main drainage basin in the region is the Mediterranean basin; some of the rivers in region are:

 Rhône - 
 Durance - 
 Verdon - 
 Var - 
 Tinée - 
 Estéron - 
 Loup - 
 Vésubie - 
 Siagne -
Mountains
The Barre des Écrins, at , is the highest mountain of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It is in the Écrins National Park (), one of the ten French national parks.

The highest point of the different departments in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region are:

Departments
The Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region is formed by 6 departments:

Arr. = Arrondissements          Cant. = Cantons          Comm. = Communes

Demographics
The Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region had, in 2014, a population of 4,983,438, with a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The main cities with more than 30,000 inhabitants (2014) in the region are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Provence
 Regions of France

References

Other websites

 Regional Council website 
 Prefecture of the region
 Encyclopédie Larousse online
Île-de-France is a region of France. The capital city is Paris. It is also the capital city of France. In 2013 about 12 million people lived in the region. About 2.1 million people live in the city of Paris.

There are 8 departments in the region. They are:
Essonne
Hauts-de-Seine 
Paris 
Seine-et-Marne
Seine-Saint-Denis
Val-d'Oise
Val-de-Marne 
Yvelines
Pont-l'évêque is a soft cheese from Normandy. It is produced in the village with the same name. It has had an AOC since 1976, which means it can only be made in Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados. It is made from the milk of cows. 

French cheeses
Calvados
Livarot is a cheese from Normandy. It is produced in the village with the same name. It is a soft cheese made from the milk of cows.

French cheeses
Calvados
Ajaccio (Latin: Ajax; French: Ajaccio; Corsican: Aiacciu), pronounced "ah-YAH-cho", is a town in France. It is the capital of the territorial collectivity of Corsica and the prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud.

Geography 
Ajaccio is on the west coast of the island of Corsica in a sheltered position at the foot of wooded hills on the northern shore of the Gulf of Ajaccio. The harbour is to the east of the town and is protected on the south by a peninsula. Ajaccio has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Ajaccio was the birthplace of:
 Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821), Emperor of the French
 Joseph Fesch (1763-1839), cardinal
 Tino Rossi (1907-1983), singer, actor
 Fred Scamaroni (1914-1943), WW II Resistance hero
 Alizée (born 1984), pop singer
 Irène Bordoni (1895-1953), singer, Broadway theatre & movie actress

References

Other websites 

 Official website

Sources and References
A prefecture in France can refer to :
the Chef-lieu de département, the town in which the administration of a département is located ;
the Chef-lieu de région, the town in which the administration of a région is located ;
the jurisdiction of a préfecture ;
the official residence or headquarters of a préfet.

Subdivisions of France
This article is about the visible spectrum. For all other uses see: Spectrum (disambiguation)

A spectrum, plural: spectra, is a band of several colours: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. A spectrum can be seen if the Sun's light is passed through a prism and allowed to gather on a white screen. This visible spectrum is part of the larger electromagnetic spectrum. Spectroscopy is the study of spectra.
A natural example of a spectrum is a rainbow. The word spectrum was first used by scientists studying optics. They used the word to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a prism.  The spectrum seen when light passes through a prism is an example of the dispersion of light.  The material from which the prism is made has a different  refractive index n than air.  Usually, nprism is greater than nair, and nair is taken to be approximately one. This implies that light travels a little slower in the material of the prism than in the space surrounding it.  The angle of refraction can be determined from the angle of incidence and the refractive indexes using Snell's law.
The reason why the white light separates into in its component colors instead of remaining white is because the shorter wavelengths are refracted, or bent, more than the longer wavelengths.  Thus, red, having the longest visible wavelength, will appear closest to the line perpendicular to the surface of the material (the normal), that is, it will be bent the least.  Violet light, with the smallest wavelength  in the visible spectrum, will be bent the most.  The rainbow produced will always be in the same order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.

References

Related pages
Primary colour

Light
Arshak II (or Arsaces II) (350-367) was the son of Diran. During his reign, Shapur II of Persia tried to take over Armenia once and for all. Arshak II was taken prisoner during talks about peace with Shapur and later killed himself in prison.

Despite having many troubles during his reign, Arshak II was able to change many parts of his kingdom for the better. They included:
The creation of many monasteries, to keep monks away from the problems of everyday life. They also helped spread the gospel
The building of hospitals
The creation of many schools to teach Assyrian and Greek, since the Holy Bible was read in those languages at that time
The ban of inbred marriages, polygamy, divorce, pagan rituals, drunkenness and killings for revenge
The better treatment of slaves

References 
Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, A. hador [Armenian History, volume I], Athens, Greece, 1994, pg. 108-111

Monarchs of Armenia
350 births
367 deaths
Tiridates III (or Trdat III) was the king of Armenia (286-330), and was also known as Tiridates the Great. (Some scholars may be wrong because they call him as Trdat IV as a result of the fact that Tiridates I of Armenia reigned twice.) In 301, Tiridates made Christianity as the sole religion in Armenia, making Armenia the first Christian state in the world.

References 
Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, A. hador [Armenian History, volume I],  Athens, Greece, 1994, pg. 96-105.
The Library of Congress - Armenia - A Country Study
Yuri Babayan - Tiridates the Great

Monarchs of Armenia
286 births
330 deaths
Tiridates was the name of three members of the Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia:
Tiridates I of Parthia was the brother of Arsaces I.
Tiridates II of Parthia ruled c. 30–26 BC 
Tiridates III of Parthia ruled c. AD 35–36

Tiridates (Trdat in Armenian) was the name of three kings of the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia:
 Tiridates I of Armenia ruled c. 56–59 and 62–72
 Tiridates II of Armenia ruled c. 197–238
 Tiridates III of Armenia ruled c. 283–330

Other

Trdat the Architect, reconstructed the dome of Hagia Sophia in 989 and built the Cathedral of Ani.
Aotearoa is the current Māori language name for New Zealand. It has replaced previous translations such as Niu Tirani (which was used in the Treaty of Waitangi) and Niu Tireni (which was used in the Whakaputanga Declaration of Independence). It translates to the land of the long white cloud or one long white cloud.

Māori language
Hagia Sophia (Greek: Ἁγία Σοφία, meaning the Holy Wisdom) is a religious building in the eastern Bosporus of Istanbul, Turkey. It was originally a Byzantine Eastern Orthodox cathedral and was turned into a mosque after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire.
The walls and floor of the building are from the Late Antiquity and the decorations, including mosaics and frescoes, are mostly from the Middle Ages.

History

Cathedral
Hagia Sophia was the third church built in this location. It was built between 532 and 537 as the cathedral of Constantinople, the capital city of the Eastern Roman Empire during Late Antiquity. Byzantine emperor Justinian the Great ordered the construction. The architects were Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus. Greek historian Procopius wrote about Hagia Sophia's construction. The building's roof (a large dome) fell and had been rebuilt many times. An earthquake in 994 damaged the cathedral, it was rebuilt by Trdat the Architect.
Hagia Sophia was used as an Eastern Orthodox cathedral until 1453, except during the Latin Empire when it was turned into a Roman Catholic cathedral.

Mosque
In 1453, after the Fall of Constantinople, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror turned Hagia Sophia into a mosque.

It became a museum in 1935 after the decision of the secularist Turkish government under Kemal Atatürk in 1934. In July 2020, the Islamist Turkish government under Tayyip Erdoğan ordered the Hagia Sophia to be turned back into a mosque following a supreme court annulment of a 1934 presidential decree that made it a museum.

Other websites

References 

Mosques in Turkey
Eastern Orthodox Church
Cathedrals
6th-century buildings and structures
Incense is a fuel that is burned to make a smell. It can be used for many purposes, for example, during rituals in some religions. Incense can be used to make a place smell better or to help improve mood.

In Judaism, instructions for the use of incense were given in Exodus. (E.g. Exodus 30:1). In Christianity, Christ is given myrrh and frankincense by the wise men. (Gospel of Matthew 2:11)

Incense is also used in Hindu rituals.

Other websites
 Incense in Catholicism 

Religious objects
Magic (paranormal)
Perfumery
Derbyshire is a county in the East Midlands of England. A large part of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire. 

The northern part of Derbyshire overlaps with the Pennines, a famous chain of hills and mountains. The county contains part of the National Forest, and borders on Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Staffordshire and Cheshire.

Places of interest 
 Chatsworth — a stately home
 Crich Tramway Village, Crich
 Derwent Valley Mills — a World Heritage Site
 Hob Hurst's House — English Heritage
 Nine Ladies Stone Circle — English Heritage
 Sutton Scarsdale Hall — English Heritage
 Wingfield Manor — English Heritage
 Creswell Crags — pending World Heritage Site proposal

Geology 
Derbyshire can only be understood by its ancient geology. Most of the geology was laid down in a tropical paradise in the equatorial region of the Earth.
Northern Derbyshire is an uplifted dome of rock layers. These layers have been eroded to expose older rocks in the centre of the Derbyshire Dome. They are encircled by younger limestone rocks. They give way on three sides to Upper Carboniferous shales, gritstones and sandstones of Namurian age (331 to 315 mya).

South of Buxton much of the land is difficult to walk on, and roads are narrow and winding. This area was once a tropical paradise with scattered calcium carbonate reefs. This coarse sandstone was much used for gritstone grinding wheels for use in mills.

 
Ceremonial counties of England
West Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England. It was created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972  and in 2005 covered an area of 2,029 km² and a population of 2.1 million. It is the most built up and biggest urban area in Yorkshire.

Divisions and environs
West Yorkshire is divided into five local government districts; they are the City of Bradford, Calderdale, Kirklees, the City of Leeds and the City of Wakefield. The county borders Lancashire, Greater Manchester, Derbyshire, North Yorkshire and South Yorkshire.

Economy
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of West Yorkshire at current basic prices published  (pp.240-253) by Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
Cities, towns and villages
 Ackworth, Allerton Bywater
 Baildon, Bailiff Bridge, Batley, Beeston, Bingley, Birkby, Birkenshaw, Boothtown, Boston Spa, Bradford, Brighouse
 Castleford, Cleckheaton, Copley, Cragg Vale, Cullingworth
 Denby Dale, Dewsbury
 Elland, Emley, Esholt
 Fairburn Ings, Ferrybridge, Fitzwilliam
 Garforth, Golcar, Gomersal, Greetland, Guiseley
 Halifax, Harewood, Hartshead, Hartshead Moor, Haworth, Hebden Bridge, Heckmondwike, Hemsworth, Heptonstall, Hipperholme, Holmfirth, Honley, Horbury, Horsforth, Huddersfield
 Ilkley
 Keighley, Kippax, Kirkburton, Kirkstall, Knottingley
 Ledsham, Ledston, Leeds, Linthwaite, Liversedge
 Marsden, Meltham, Mirfield, Morley, Mytholmroyd
 New Mill, Newmillerdam, New Farnley, Nostell, Norristhorpe
 Oakworth, Ossett, Oxenhope, Otley, Oulton
 Pontefract, Pudsey
 Queensbury
 Rastrick, Riddlesden, Ripponden, Rothwell, Roberttown
Saltaire, Sandal, Scammonden Scarcroft, Scholes, Shelley, Shepley, Shibden, Shipley, Silsden, Slaithwaite, Sowerby Bridge, Stanbury, Swillington
 Thornbury, Thornton, Thornhill, Todmorden, Tong
 Wakefield, Walton, West Bretton, Wetherby, Wilsden
 Yeadon
Historic environment
 Harewood House
 Cliffe Hall, also known as Cliffe Castle
 Esholt Hall
 Firsby Hall
 Kirklees Hall
 Ledston Hall
 Linthwaite Hall
 Linton Hall
 Lotherton Hall
 Kershaw House
 East Riddlesden Hall
 Oakwell Hall
 Oulton Hall
 Sandal Castle
 Shelley Hall
 Shibden Hall
 Tong Hall
 Bretton Hall
 Kirkstall Abbey, Kirklees Priory, Nostell Priory, Pontefract Priory
 Wetherby Castle
 Scarcroft Water Mill
 Roman Lagentium (Castleford)
 Saltaire, a model village
 Keighley and Worth Valley Railway

Museums
 Brontë Parsonage Museum, Haworth
 Royal Armouries museum, Leeds
 Colne Valley Museum
 Pennine Farm Museum, Ripponden
 Pontefract Museum
 West Yorkshire Folk Museum, Shibden
 National Coal Mining Museum for England (Netherton)
 National Media Museum, Bradford
 Yorkshire Sculpture Park, West Bretton
 Tolson Museum, Dalton (Huddersfield)
 Wakefield Museum
 Redhouse Museum
Natural environment
 Emley Moor, site of the tallest self-supporting structure in the UK (a TV mast)
 Walton Hall, West Yorkshire, home of naturalist Charles Waterton and the world's first nature reserve
 RSPB Fairburn Ings - wetland centre for birds
 Seckar Woods LNR, a Local Nature Reserve
 New Swillington Ings Nature Reserve
 Otley Chevin - extensive wooded parkland on high ground with extensive views North over Wharfedale and South as far as the Peak District
 Harewood Estate - Leeds Country Way public footpath runs through the estate, beautiful landscaped gardens and home to Red Kites amongst many other birds

Waterways
 Scammonden Water, Deanhead Reservoir - both in the moors near Ripponden
 River Aire, River Calder, River Hebble, River Spen, River Worth
 Aire & Calder Navigation
 Calder and Hebble Navigation
 Huddersfield Broad Canal
 Huddersfield Narrow Canal, Standedge Tunnel
 Leeds and Liverpool Canal
 Knottingley & Goole Canal
 Rochdale Canal

References
References

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Yorkshire and the Humber
South Yorkshire is a metropolitan county in the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England, in the north. The county was created in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972 and in 2001 covered an area of 155,205 hectares.

Divisions and Environs 
South Yorkshire is divided into four local government districts; they are the City of Sheffield, the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley and the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham. The county borders Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, East Riding of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire.

History 
The main settlements of South Yorkshire developed around the industries of mining and steel manufacturing. The main mining industry was coal which was concentrated to the north and east of the county. There were also iron mines in the area. The rivers running off the Pennines to the west of the county supported the steel industry that is concentrated in the city of Sheffield.
South Yorkshire was created as a metropolitan county in 1974, by the Local Government Act 1972, from the southern part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and the former county boroughs of Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham and Sheffield.

Economy 
South Yorkshire is one of the least prosperous areas in Western Europe.

Towns and villages

Main settlements 
The principal settlements of South Yorkshire are:
 Sheffield, an industrial city known for steel and cutlery
 Doncaster, an old Roman town known for railways and horse racing;
 Rotherham, an industrial town bordering Sheffield on the River Don;
 Barnsley, a market town on the River Dearne, the former administrative centre of the metropolitan county.

Urban areas 
South Yorkshire is made up of three main urban areas. Dearne Valley is made up of Barnsley and a number of villages and towns. The Sheffield urban area is made up of Sheffield and Rotherham and the Doncaster urban area is Doncaster and surrounding areas.

Dearne Valley 
[bolton on Dearne] |barnsley |
Doncaster

Sheffield

Other towns and villages

Places of interest 

 Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet, Sheffield 
 Barnsley Town Hall
 Cannon Hall Museum, Park & Gardens, Barnsley 
 Chapel of Our Lady of Rotherham Bridge ("Chapel on the Bridge"), Rotherham
 Clifton Park Museum, Rotherham
 Conisbrough Castle 
 Cusworth Hall
 Doncaster Mansion House
 Kelham Island Museum, Sheffield 
 Monk Bretton Priory
 Sheffield Winter Gardens 
 Roche Abbey 
 Rother Valley Country Park 
 Howden Moors 
 St Lawrence Church, Adwick le Street
 Wentworth Castle & Gardens, Barnsley
 Wentworth Woodhouse
 Weston Park Museum & Mappin Art Gallery, Sheffield
 Woodlands model village
 Worsborough Mill and Country Park

Notes 

 
Ceremonial counties of England
A salad is a serving in a meal that includes leaf vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, or arugula. Uncooked or cold cooked vegetables that are sliced into small pieces (for example tomato or onion) are then mixed with the leaf vegetables. Some salads use cheese like Greek salad uses Feta.

A salad dressing or vinaigrette is then poured on top of the vegetables. Salad dressings and vinaigrettes are a mixture of oil, herbs, spices, and flavorings. 

Some people also add other foods to the salad, such as croutons, bacon, chicken, grated cheese, tuna, pasta, olives, cooked potatoes, rice, or beans.

Types of salad

Green salad 

A green salad or garden salad has leafy vegetables such as lettuce, spinach, or rocket (arugula). The salad leaves may be cut or torn into bite-sized fragments and tossed together (a tossed salad). They may also have nuts or croutons.

A wedge salad is made from a head of lettuce (such as iceberg) halved or quartered, with other ingredients on top.
Vegetable salad 
Vegetables other than greens may be used in a salad. Common raw vegetables used in a salad include cucumbers, peppers, tomatoes, onions, carrots, celery, and radishes. Other ingredients include mushrooms, avocado, olives, hard boiled egg, artichoke hearts, heart of palm, green beans, cheeses.

Fruit salads 
Fruit salads are made of fruit, and include the fruit cocktail that can be made fresh or from canned fruit.

Dessert salads 
Dessert salads rarely include leafy greens and are often sweet. Common variants are made with gelatin or whipped cream; e.g. jello salad, pistachio salad, and ambrosia. Other forms of dessert salads include snickers salad, glorified rice, and cookie salad popular in parts of the Midwestern United States.

Composed salad 
A composed salad is a salad arranged on a plate rather than put into a bowl. It can be used as a meal in itself rather than as a part of a meal.
Dressings 
A green salad is often served with a salad dressing. Some examples include:
 Italian dressing
 Mayonnaise
 Olive oil
 French dressing
 Tahini
 Vinaigrette

The purpose of salad dressing depends across cultures. There are many often used salad dressings in North America. Traditional dressings in southern Europe are vinaigrettes, while mayonnaise is predominant in eastern European countries and Russia. In Denmark dressings are often based on crème fraîche. In China, where Western salad is a recent adoption from Western cuisine, the term salad dressing (沙拉酱, shalajiang) means to mayonnaise or mayonnaise-based dressings.

Garnishes 
There are many vegetables and other fare that are often added to salads. Some of them include: 

 shelled sunflower seeds
 onions (mostly the red variety)
 bacon bits (sometimes the bits are artificially flavored pieces of textured soybean protein)
 radishes
 grated carrots
 tomatoes
 surimi - artificial crab meat
Again, individual taste usually governs the choice of salad garnishes.

Related pages 
 Chef salad
 Caesar salad
 Fruit salad
 Watercress salad
 Salade niçoise

References

 
Appetizers
Nottinghamshire (abbreviated Notts) is a county in the East Midlands of England. It borders South Yorkshire, North Lincolnshire, Lincolnshire, Leicestershire and Derbyshire. The county town is traditionally Nottingham, at , though the council is now based in West Bridgford (at a site facing Nottingham over the River Trent).

The districts of Nottinghamshire are Ashfield, Bassetlaw, Broxtowe, Gedling, Mansfield, Newark and Sherwood, and Rushcliffe. The City of Nottingham was administratively part of Nottinghamshire between 1974 and 1998 but is now a unitary authority, although it remains part of the county.

Culture
Nottinghamshire contains the ancestral home of the poet Lord Byron, Newstead Abbey, which he sold in 1818. It is now owned by Nottingham City Council and open to the public.

Settlements and communications
The traditional county town, and the largest settlement in the historic and ceremonial county boundaries, is Nottingham. The city is now administratively independent, but suburbs including Arnold, Carlton, West Bridgford, Beeston and Stapleford are still within the administrative county and West Bridgford is now home of the county council.

Places of interest 
 Clumber Park
 Creswell Crags
 Rufford Country Park
 Southwell Minster
 Sherwood Forest
 Ye Olde Trip To Jerusalem
 Hawton Church
 Nottingham Castle
 Newstead Abbey

Other websites 
 Nottinghamshire County Council
 BBC Nottingham
 Nottinghamshire Indymedia 
 Visit Nottinghamshire
 Nottinghamshire Police 
 Flickr Nottingham  A collaborative blog from the members of the Nottingham Flickr Group, covering the county as well as the city
 Nottingham Nightclub Guide

Ceremonial counties of England
The Pennines are a mountain range in England. Often said to be the "backbone of England", they form an unbroken range stretching from the Peak District in the Midlands, through the Yorkshire Dales, parts of Greater Manchester, the West Pennine Moors of Lancashire and Cumbrian Fells to the Cheviot Hills on the Scottish border. Their total length is about .

Etymology
The name Pennines is believed to come from the Celtic pennioroches, meaning "hill", although the earliest written reference to the name dates only from the 18th century.

Altitude and size
The mountains are not very tall and are often called hills. The highest is Cross Fell in eastern Cumbria, at . Other main mountain peaks include Mickle Fell , Whernside , Ingleborough , Pen-y-ghent , and Kinder Scout .
The landscape of the Pennines are mostly upland areas of high moorland. 
The Pennines make up the main watershed in northern England, dividing the eastern and western parts of the country. The rivers Eden, Ribble, and Mersey flow west towards the Irish Sea. On the other side of the watershed, the rivers Tyne, Tees, Swale, Calder, Aire, Don, and Trent flow east to the North Sea. 

Mountains of the United Kingdom
Hills of England
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system for writing down sounds. It was created by the International Phonetic Association in 1886, so that people could write down sounds of languages in a standard way. Linguists, language teachers, and translators use this system to show the pronunciation for words.

Wikipedia also uses the IPA to show how certain words are meant to be spoken. Most symbols are letters in the Latin alphabet, or variations of it. For example, the palatal approximant (the y in yesterday) is written with []. In IPA symbols can be written between slashes (called a broad transcription, e.g."little" can be written as /lɪtl/ ) or in square brackets (called a narrow transcription, e.g. "little" can be written [lɪɾɫ], which is how specific groups say it). Narrow translation is more precise than broad.

The IPA has symbols only for sounds that are used normally in spoken languages. The Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet (or extIPA) are used to write down other sounds.
The IPA is sometimes changed, and symbols are added or taken away. Right now there are 107 different letters in the IPA. There are also 52 marks which are added to letters to change their sound. These marks are called "diacritics".

History 
In 1886, a group of French and British language teachers formed the International Phonetic Association. These teachers used the Romic alphabet at first. They later changed the alphabet so that different languages would all write the same sounds with the same letters.

Use of the alphabet 
The IPA is made to have one symbol for every sound. This means that every letter always makes the same one sound. This is different from English. In English, some letters make multiple sounds. For example, the letter <x> in English normally is spoken as two sounds ([ks]), but could also be spoken as [gz] or [z].

Letters 
The International Phonetic Alphabet has letters for three types of sounds: pulmonic consonants, non-pulmonic consonants, and vowels.

Pulmonic consonants
Pulmonic consonants are made by blocking air coming from the lungs. Most consonants (and all English consonants) are pulmonic. The symbols for these sounds are arranged in a table. The rows show how the sound is made (the manner of articulation), and the columns show where it is made (the place of articulation).

Non-pulmonic consonants 
Non-pulmonic consonants are made without air coming from the lungs. There are three types of non-pulmonic consonants. Implosive consonants are made by taking air into the mouth. Ejective consonants are made by forcing the air out of the larynx instead of the lungs. Click consonants are made by creating an airtight pocket in the mouth and quickly releasing it.

Vowels 
Vowels are sounds made without blocking air at all.

References

Other websites 
 Homepage of the International Phonetic Association 
 Interactive IPA Flash Charts
 Interactive IPA Chart, for all languages

Pronunciation
Language transcription
The Lake District, also known as The Lakes or Lakeland, is a rural area in north west England.  It is a popular vacation area, famous for its lakes and its mountains and its associations with the early 19th century poetry and writings of William Wordsworth and the Lake Poets.

It is on a tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

History
Lake District National Park (created in 1951) is one of the fifteen National parks in the United Kingdom.

Geography
The Lake District is about 34 miles (55 km) across (north-to-south or west-to-east).  It is entirely within Cumbria, and is one of England's few mountainous regions. All the land in England higher than three thousand feet above sea level is in the Park.

25 highest fells
The 25 highest fells (of those given an individual chapter in the Pictorial Guides by Alfred Wainwright) are:
Scafell Pike, 978 m / 3210 ft
 Scafell, 965 m / 3162 ft
 Helvellyn, 951 m / 3118 ft
 Skiddaw, 931 m / 3054 ft
 Great End, 910 m / 2986 ft
 Bowfell, 902 m / 2960 ft
 Great Gable, 899 m / 2949 ft
 Pillar, 892 m / 2926 ft
 Nethermost Pike, 891 m / 2923 ft
 Catstycam, 889 m / 2917 ft
 Esk Pike, 885 m / 2903 ft
 Raise (Lake District), 883 m / 2896 ft
 Fairfield, 873 m / 2863 ft
 Blencathra, 868 m / 2847 ft
 Skiddaw Little Man, 865 m / 2837 ft
 White Side, 863 m / 2831 ft
 Crinkle Crags, 859 m / 2818 ft
 Dollywaggon Pike, 858 m / 2815 ft
 Great Dodd, 857 m / 2807 ft
 Grasmoor, 852 m / 2795 ft
 Stybarrow Dodd, 843 m / 2772 ft
 St Sunday Crag, 841 m / 2759 ft
 Scoat Fell, 841 m / 2759 ft
 Crag Hill, 839 m / 2753 ft
 High Street, 828 m / 2717 ft

Lakes
Lakes

Only one lake in the National Park has the word 'Lake' in its name, namely Bassenthwaite Lake. All the others such as Windermere, Coniston Water, Ullswater and Buttermere use other forms, such as 'mere' and 'water'. The major lakes and reservoirs in the park are given below.

The word 'tarn' is a local word used to describe any small lake that may otherwise be called a pond.

Nomenclature
A number of words/phrases are local to the Lake District and are part of the Cumbrian dialect. These include:

fell - brought to England by Viking invaders and close to modern Norwegian 'Fjell' meaning mountain
tarn - a word that has been taken to mean a small lake in a corrie, it is a local phrase for any small pool of water
Yan Tan Tethera - the name for a system of sheep counting which was traditionally used in the Lake District. Though now rare, it is still used by some and taught in local schools.

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
 Yorkshire Dales

References

Other websites
Other websites

Lake District official website
Lake District Walks
Illustrated Guide to the Lake District

More reading
Hollingsworth, S. 'The Geology of the Lake District: a review', Proc. Geologists Assoc., 65 (Part 4) 1954
Moseley, F. Geology of the Lake District, Yorkshire Geologic

Cumbria
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Chosroes III The Small (or Khosrov III Godag), was the son of Tiridates III, was a member of the Arshakuni Dynasty and the king of Armenia from 330 – 339 AD. He was a man of short stature, thus his name. He founded the city of Dvin which later became the Armenian capital. 

During his reign, two generals, Vatche Mamikonian and Vahan Amatuni, started a battle, often coming to help the king. During these years, pro-Sassanid  and anti-Mamikonian sentiment grew in Armenia and so did anti-Roman sentiment. Pro-Sassanid groups gained popularity so much so that they were successful in assassinating Catholicos St. Aristaces I, son of Gregory the Illuminator. 

Shapur II, Sassanid king of the Persians, invaded Armenia twice and did gain some territory. Vatche Mamikonian was killed in those battles and was later named a saint by the Armenian Apostolic Church for his sacrifice. Chosroes II died in 339 AD.

References
References 

Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, A. hador [Armenian History, volume I],  Athens, Greece, 1994, pg. 107

339 deaths
Monarchs of Armenia
Queen Isabella of Armenia (died c. 1252) ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1219–1252. She was the daughter of Leo II of Armenia and Sybilla of Lusignan (daughter of Amalric I of Cyprus). Leo named Isabella as his heir.

She was married twice. Her first husband was Philip, son of Bohemund IV of Antioch, whom she married in 1223. Philip was murdered in 1225.

Her second husband was Hethum (or Hetoum) I, to whom she was married against her will on June 14, 1226. Hethum was co-ruler (or ruler) of Armenia from 1226 to 1270. The couple had six children:

Leo III (d. 1289)
Thoros (d. 1266),
Sibylle (d. 1290), who married Bohemund VI of Antioch
Euphemie (d. 1309), who married to Julien Grenier, Lord of Sidon
Rita of Armenia
Maria of Armenia, who married Guy d'Ibelin

Bibliography

Isabella of Armenia, Queen
Isabella of Armenia, Queen
Argishti II of Urartu was king of the Urartun empire from 714 to 680 BC.

References 

Monarchs of Armenia
Urartu
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Xerxes (died c. 212 BC) was the King of Sophene and son of Arsames II. During his domination, Antiochus III the Great invaded his capital Arsamosata. Xerxes recognized Antiochus as his sovereign and received his sister Antiochia as his bride, who later killed him.

Notes
Polybius, VIII.25

References
Johann Gustav Droysen,  Geschichte des Hellenismus, vol. ii. p. 73
Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 204.

210s BC deaths
Monarchs of Armenia
Yorkshire and the Humber is one of the regions of England. It covers most of the historic county of Yorkshire, along with the part of northern Lincolnshire that was previously in the administrative area of Humberside (which existed 1974-1996).

The highest point of the region is Whernside, in the Yorkshire Dales, at 737 metres. The largest freshwater lake is Hornsea Mere in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

The population in 2005 was 5,854,357.

Local government 
The official region consists of the following subdivisions:

Key: shire county = † | metropolitan county = *

It was originally called Yorkshire and Humberside, and defined as North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and Humberside.

Other websites 
 Government Office for Yorkshire and the Humber 
 Yorkshire and Humber Assembly
Sophene (Armenian: ) was a province of the Armenian Kingdom and of the Roman Empire, in the southwest of the kingdom. It is currently in modern-day southeastern Turkey.

According to Anania Shirakatsi's Ashkharatsuyts ("World Atlas," 7th century), Tsopk was the 2nd among the 15 provinces of Greater Armenia. It consisted of 8 cantons (gavars): Khordzyan, Hashtyank, Paghnatun, Balahovit, Tsopk (Shahunyats), Andzit, Degiq, and Gavreq (Goreq).
Tsopk was part of the kingdom of Urartu in the 8th-7th cc BC. After unifying the region with his kingdom in the early 700s BC, king Argishtis I of Urartu resettled many of its inhabitants to his newly built city of Erebuni (modern day Armenian capital Yerevan). Around 600 BC, Tsopk became part of the newly emerged ancient Armenian Kingdom of Orontids.
 
After Alexander the Great's campaigns in 330s BC and the subsequent collapse of the Achaemenid Empire, Tsopk remained part of the newly independent kingdom of Greater Armenia. In the early 200s BC, at the instigation of the Seleucid Empire, which was trying to weaken the Armenian kingdom, Tsopk, along with Commagene, split from Greater Armenia, forming the Hellenistic kingdom of Tsopk-Commagene. The kingdom was ruled by a branch of the Armenian royal dynasty of Orontids. Tsopk later split from the Tsopk-Commagene kingdom as well, forming an independent kingdom.
Around 200 BC, in his attempt to finally subjugate Armenia, Seleucian king Antiochus III conquered both Greater Armenia and Tsopk, installing Armenian generals Artaxias I and Zariadres as governors-strategoses respectively in each kingdom. Following Antiochus' defeat by Romans at the battle of Magnesia in 190 BC, both Zareh and Artashes declared themselves independent kings. Zareh and his descendants ruled the kingdom of Tsopk until it was reunified with Greater Armenia by Tigranes the Great in the 80s BC.

Pompey gave Sophene to Tigranes, after defeating his father Tigranes the Great.
Sophene later become part of the Roman Empire, and was made into a province of the Roman Empire. The capital was Amida (modern Diyarbakır). Around 54, the province was ruled by Gaius Julius Sohaemus.
In 530, Sophene was included into the province of Armenia IV.

References 

Places of Ancient Rome
Ancient Armenia
3rd-century BC establishments
1st-century BC disestablishments
The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic (or Ancient Greek) successor state of Alexander the Great's empire. At its greatest extent, the Empire covered central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Turkmenistan, Pamir and the Indus Valley.

Primarily, it was the successor to the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, and was followed there by the Islamic Caliphate (Rashidun Empire) conquest and rule, from 650s to 660s AD. Later on, much of this area became part of the Umayyad Empire and then the Abbasid Empire.

There were over 30 kings of the Seleucid dynasty from 323 to 63 BC.

The partition of Alexander's empire (323–281 BC) 
Alexander the Great had conquered the Persian Empire but later died young, leaving his huge empire of partly Hellenized culture without an adult heir.
The empire was put under the management of a regent named Perdiccas in 323 BC, and the territories were divided between Alexander's generals, who thereby became satraps, at the Partition of Babylon. Leaders who thought they should have more, started wars to get it. Soon the various parts of the empire were fighting each other.

The early Seleucid Empire 
Seleucus I Nicator was one of Alexander's generals who received a portion of the huge empire Alexander had carved out. He received huge expanses of land in Syria, Babylon, Anatolia, even as far out as India. When Perdiccas was killed in a political assassination by Ptolemy of Egypt, the empire that was barely held together then splintered apart. The Seleucid Empire quickly expanded, eventually taking parts of Thrace in the west and advancing past the Indus in the East.
Seleucus I clashed several times with his southern rival for power, the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The Ptolemaic Dynasty controlled most of Egypt and the lands around it, and would fight the Seleucid Empire on many occasions for control of Syria. Seleucus I conquered much of Anatolia, and was preparing to invade Macedonia, when he was assassinated. This momentarily put an end to the Seleucid Empire's ambitions in Greece. After Seleucus I died, his heirs spent much of their time and money trying to maintain the enormous empire they had inherited. In this, they were rather successful, but the vastness of the empire defied attempts by the successors of Seleucus to control it effectively.

References 

History of Persia
Ancient history of Azerbaijan
History of Pakistan
Former countries in the Middle East
Former empires
Westmorland (an older spelling is Westmoreland, an even older spelling is Westmerland) is an area of north west England and one of the 39 historic counties of England. It was an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 and now is part of Cumbria.

Early history 

At the time of the Domesday Book in 1086 the county was said to form part of Yorkshire. 
The historic county borders are with Cumberland to the north, County Durham and Yorkshire to the east, and Lancashire to the south and west. 

The highest point of the county is Helvellyn at 950m (3,117 ft). According to the 1831 census its area was 485,990 acres.  

Appleby, the historic county town, was also a historic borough until it was reformed in 1885.

According to the 1971 census, Westmorland was the second smallest administrative county with people in England, after Rutland. The spead of population was as follows:
In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the county was abolished and its former area was combined with Cumberland and parts of Lancashire and Yorkshire to form the new county of Cumbria. The former county now forms part of the districts of South Lakeland and Eden.

References 

1889 establishments in England
1974 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British shires
The historic counties of England are subdivisions of UK They were used for various functions for several hundred years and continue to form the basis of modern local government. They are alternatively known as ancient counties and traditional counties.

The counties 
The historic counties are as follows:

References

Other websites 
 GENUKI - Family history links to historic counties
 The Historic Counties Trust

History of England
Historic counties of England
Lists of counties
Lists about England
The Ceremonial counties of England are areas of England are defined by the government with reference to the metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England. They are also often called geographic counties.

Map

† ceremonial county covers larger area than the non-metropolitan county
Definition
The Lieutenancies Act 1997 defines the "ceremonial counties" in terms of local government areas created by the Local Government Act 1972 as amended. Schedule 1, paragraphs 2–5 defines them as:
 Bedfordshire, including Luton
 Berkshire
 Bristol
 Buckinghamshire, including Milton Keynes
 Cambridgeshire, including Peterborough
 Cheshire, including Halton and Warrington
 City of London
 Cornwall, including Isles of Scilly
 Cumbria
 Chester
 Derbyshire, including Derby
 Devon, including Plymouth and Torbay
 Dorset, including Bournemouth and Poole
 County Durham, including Darlington, Hartlepool, and Stockton-on-Tees north of the River Tees
 East Riding of Yorkshire, including Kingston-upon-Hull
 East Sussex, including Brighton and Hove
 Essex, including Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock
 Gloucestershire, including South Gloucestershire
 Greater London, excluding the City of London
 Greater Manchester
 Hampshire, including Southampton and Portsmouth
 Herefordshire
 Hertfordshire
 Isle of Wight
Isle of Wight
 Kent, including Medway
 Lancashire, including Blackburn with Darwen, and Blackpool
 Leicestershire, including Leicester
 Lincolnshire, including North Lincolnshire, and North East Lincolnshire
 Merseyside
 Norfolk
 North Yorkshire, including York, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland, and Stockton-on-Tees south of the River Tees
 Northamptonshire
 Northumberland
 Nottinghamshire, including Nottingham
 Oxfordshire
 Rutland
 Shropshire, including Telford and Wrekin
 Somerset, including Bath and North East Somerset and North Somerset
 South Yorkshire
 Staffordshire, including Stoke-on-Trent
 Suffolk
 Surrey
 Tyne and Wear
 Warwickshire
 West Midlands
 West Sussex
 West Yorkshire
 Wiltshire, including Swindon
 Worcestershire
Bedfordshire
 Berkshire
 Buckinghamshire
 Cambridgeshire, including Isle of Ely
 Cheshire
 held jointly with Chester
 Cornwall
 Cumberland
 Derbyshire
 Devon
 held jointly with Exeter
 Dorset
 held jointly with Poole
 Durham
 Essex
 Gloucestershire
 held jointly with Gloucester and Bristol
 Herefordshire
 Hertfordshire
 Huntingdonshire
 Kent
 held jointly with Canterbury
 Lancashire
 Leicestershire
 Lincolnshire
 held jointly with Lincoln
 City of London, having commissioners of Lieutenancy (not shown on map)
 County of London
 Middlesex
 Norfolk
 held jointly with Norwich
 Northamptonshire, including the Soke of Peterborough
 Northumberland
 held jointly with Berwick-upon-Tweed and Newcastle upon Tyne
 Nottinghamshire
 held jointly with Nottingham
 Oxfordshire
 Rutland
 Salop (Shropshire)
 Somerset
 Southamptonshire (Hampshire)
 held jointly with Southampton
 Staffordshire
 held jointly with Lichfield
 Suffolk
 Sussex
 Warwickshire
 Westmorland
 Wiltshire
 Worcestershire
 held jointly with Worcester
Yorkshire - had three Lieutenants, one for each of the three ridings
 (a) East Riding, held jointly with Kingston upon Hull
 (b) North Riding
 (c) West Riding, held jointly with York
References

Other websites
 Lieutenancies Act 1997
The counties of England are territorial divisions of England that have many different purposes, such as local government. Most counties began as Anglo-Saxon shires, and duchies.

The names, boundaries and functions of these divisions have changed many times. A series of local government reforms from the 19th century onwards has left the exact definition of the term 'county' unclear, and many counties have more than one definition in law.

Therefore, the term "counties of England" does not refer to a unique set of names or boundaries. There are specific sets of counties that serve a purpose in government (e.g. ceremonial county, registration county or former postal county) or are cultural regions that are sometimes loosely defined (e.g. historic county).
Two definitions have a purpose in present-day government:
 Administrative counties: These are areas that are governed by a county council.
 Ceremonial counties: These are the areas that are represented by a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff.
For example, Leicester is not in the administrative county of Leicestershire, but is in the ceremonial county of Leicestershire.

Historic counties 

The 39 historic, ancient or traditional counties, developed from the 12th to the 16th centuries, though many of the specific areas are much older. They were not used for census reporting since 1841. Most of the historic counties continue to form part of the local government structure, often with reformed boundaries.

Registration counties 
Registration counties existed from 1851 to 1930 and were used for census reporting from 1851 to 1911.
1889 to 1974 
Elected county councils were set up in England in 1889, taking over many of the administrative functions of the Quarter Sessions courts, as well as being given other powers over the years. A County of London was created from parts of Kent, Middlesex and Surrey. The counties were divided into administrative counties (the area controlled by a county council) and independent county boroughs. Some counties were covered by several administrative counties; they were Suffolk, Sussex, Northamptonshire, Hampshire, Cambridgeshire, Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.

1965 saw a minor change as the original County of London became instead the 'administrative area' of Greater London.