Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Bechyně is a South Bohemian town in the Czech Republic. It lies 19 km southwest of Tabor in the forested landscape at the confluence of rivers Lužnice and stream Smutná. Bechyně was founded by Jan Lucemburský around the year 1323. Town now has about 6,000 inhabitants and is especially famous for spas and the production of ceramics. Well-preserved historic town centre is one of the most valuable urban conservation areas in the country since 1990.

Points of Interest

Castle Bechyně
In the 16th century, it had Peter Vok of Rožmberk rebuild from Gothic castle in representative Renaissance castle, where he later (in 1580) married Catherine of Ludanice.  During the summer season the castle is open to the public and guided exposures and serves as place for many of cultural events.
Monastery Virgin Mary Assumption Church
Church dominating the rock above the river Lužnice, was established in 1491, the original Augustinian monastery functioned here from first half of the 14th century. Part of the area is also a monastery garden with pleasant seating and beautiful views of the valley Lužnice.

Church of St. Matthew
Main dominant of Masaryk square. The church was founded between 13th and 14th century and gained current appearance after reconstruction in 1740. The tower of the church is open to the public in summer and provides views over the town.
“Bechyně rainbow”
"Bechyně rainbow" is a reinforced concrete arched bridge that was designed by Eduard Viktor. It was completed on 28 October 1928. "Bechyně rainbow" was the highest reinforced concrete arch bridge in the former Czechoslovakia, the height above the river 50 m, 90 m span arch and length 203.38 m. The bridge is used for road and rail transport and for walk as well. This bridge has become an icon of the town and was used in the official town logo.

Historic railroad Bechyně–Tábor
The railway route from Tábor to Bechyně was built as the first electrified railway in Austria Hungary, completed in 1903. The track originally ended before Bechyně at the old station. After completion of the bridge “Bechyně rainbow” was in 1928 extended up to the town.

References

Towns in the Czech Republic
14th-century establishments in Europe
South Bohemian Region
Ratibořské Hory is a village and municipality. It is in the Tábor District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.

The municipality is . As of 2 October 2006, there were 747 people living there.

Description
Village Ratibořské Hory is 9 miles northeast of Tabor in the direction of Kutna Hora.

The village currently has about 740 inhabitants and consists of five parts - Ratibořské Hory, Vresce, Dub, Podoli and Ratiborice. There already begins Moravian Highlands with the occurrence of minerals and ores containing silver.

In 1526 King Louis Jagelonsky granted brothers Medencum of Ratiborice and Podoli right to extract minerals in a half miles in circumference around Ratiborice. The king reserved the preferential right to purchase precious metals, gold and lot for two stacks and talent of silver for three and a half stack.
This privilege started extensive mining activity area Ratiborice, which enriched the local landscape of picturesque islands heaps especially with forest vegetation. It is these heaps, vivid evidence of mining, are a wonderful adornment of the landscape, we can observe the dominant height, from Adam's Hill, whose summit is at an altitude of 611 meters, or from the top of the loaf, which is above the natural park Polanka and its altitude is 666 m.

Through this cycle, called the results "silver eight" that showcases the very beautiful natural scenery with twelve ponds that are surrounded by meadow vegetation in protected plants - such as "Menyanthes trifoliata" which is an herb that has known its share in it drink, which has a great success both at home and abroad and is known for Becherovka.
From cultural attractions dominate renovated churches St. Bartholomew in Ratiborice and St. Adalbert in Ratiborske Hory.
The development of the municipality contributes to school, post office, health center, public library, grocery store and last but not least, the local association Sokol, volunteer firefighters, SK Ratiborske Hory and hunting associations.

Tourists, who can also use the regular bus lines from the district town, offering a pleasant rest and two restaurants on the square of  Ratiborske Hory.

History
The town Ratibořské Hory (Bergstadtl), founded four hundred eighty years ago in the northeast of Tabor, was for several centuries dependent on mining.
The boom in mining caused a much greater concentration of population in Ratibořské Hory than the corresponding options of agricultural production in the town and its surroundings.
Fundamental change in character fit in well with the renewal of mining in the district of  Ratiborice sometime early 16 century. Already from 1515, was preserved record of the smelting of silver ore from Ratiborice and Vresce in Rosenberg's steelworks in the Czech Krumlov. The Rosenbergs invested in these mines large amounts of money, called the new professionals who are in Ratibořice Mountains focused primarily on large construction pit the Three Kings. At that time Ratibořské Hory with the surroundings at the peak of its prosperity, which was mined today in nearly all known mines.

Villages in the Czech Republic
South Bohemian Region
Canoe racing is a water sport. The sport normally takes place on water that is moving very slowly or not moving at all. The goal of the sport is to move the canoe a given distance in the shortest time. This sport is an Olympic event. At one time, wooden boats were used for racing. Over time, people started using boats made of carbon fibers. These boats are lighter and tougher than wooden boats.

Classes
There are two main types of races. These are canoe (C1, C2, C4) and kayak (K1, K2, K4). The number tells how many people are on the boat. In a kayak, a person sits. In a canoe, a person kneels on one knee. A kayak has a rudder. It is used to steer the boat. A canoeist (person who uses a canoe) uses the paddle to move the boat. This is done by moving the paddle from the bow to the stern (front to back). After each race, the boats are looked at to make certain they are legal. If a boat does not have enough weight, the racer is disqualified and cannot win the race.
Races
Races are divided into several groups based on how long they are.

Short distance
In short distance races, the races are either 200 m, 500 m or 1000 m long. The path of the race is laid out using buoys. Each person has a separate path to follow from the starting line to the finish. On longer races, there may be a point where the paths cross each other to let the person turn their boat.

Long distance and marathon
Long distance races are 5000 m long. Marathon races are at least 15 km. Men's marathon has a minimum length of 20 km. Women's marathon has a minimum of 15 km. Most major races are 30 km or longer. There is no maximum distance for marathon races. There is a marathon race that is about 1000 km long on in the Yukon. The longer races are usually broken up into several parts and may be raced over several days. In long distance and marathon races, all racers start at the same time. They do not use intervals where the racers are started at different times.

Canoeing
Boat racing
Geocaching is an outdoor sport activity based on GPS (Global Positioning System). Players use a receiver or mobile device and other navigational techniques to hide or look for containers, called "geocaches" or "caches".

One of the main ideas of geocaching is putting caches in places that are interesting, but not often visited by tourists. In the listing of the cache, information about the places is given.

After 19 years of activity there are over 3,000,000 active geocaches. There are over 5 million geocachers worldwide.

History 
Geocaching was invented shortly after the removal of artificial error from GPS on May 2, 2000. Accuracy of the GPS before this date was about 100m, after this date is less than 3m. Improved accuracy allowed geocachers to specify where caches are located.
The first cache was placed on May 3, 2000, by Dave Ulmer in Beavercreek. It was found by Mike Teague of Vancouver on May 6, 2000. The original name of the game is GPS Stash Hunt, but it was changed on May 30, 2000 after the discussion of several players to Geocaching.

Cache 
The cache is usually in a waterproof plastic container with a logbook where geocachers write their registered nickname and date they find it. Larger containers usually contain items for trading like plastic toys, hockey cards or special trackable items called Travel Bugs or Geocoins. Trackable items are logged on the website and moved from cache to cache.

The coordinates of a hidden cache with the rating of the difficulty and terrain and information about size are placed by owner at the official website Geocaching.com. After checking by a reviewer, they are published and available for other gteocachers.

Types of caches   
Traditional cache: The basic cache type, hidden on the place defined by coordinates in header of listing.
Multi cache: The geocacher usually has to go over the stages, find some information at every stage (such as number on information board etc.) and at the finish calculate the coordinates of the final cache.

Mystery/puzzle cache (also called "Unknown cache"): The coordinates of the final cache are usually hidden in some cipher, image or text and the geocacher has to discover it.

Letterbox hybrid cache: A combination of geocaching and letterboxing in the same container. Instead of a classic cache there is a stamp, which the finder can print to his or her diary.

Webcam cache: It is not a typical cache where the geocacher has to find a hidden box with a logbook. Instead, he has to find a webcam on the published coordinates and take a photo of himself.

Virtual cache:  Similar to webcam cache, there is no hidden box at the coordinates. The geocacher only has to find out information such as the name on a monument and send it to the owner of the cache.
Earth cache: Very similar to virtual cache, but in a geographically interesting place. The geocacher has to find out answers for the questions in a listing, take a photo here, and send it to the owner of the cache.

Event cache: Meeting organized and attended by geocachers. There is also special type of event – CITO (Cache in, trash out), where geocachers have to clean up an area. An event attended by more than 500 people is called a Mega-event, and an event attended by more than 5000 people is called a Giga-event

References

Sports
A cardinal-nephew (; ;) was a pope's relative -- a nephew -- who was raised to the rank of cardinal.  The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages.

Cardinal-nephew was an office in the Curia of the Roman Catholic Church before 1692.  After the death of the reigning pope, the office of cardinal-nephew was vacated. 

The pope's cardinal-nephew was his chief assistant and confident.  The man in this role was expected to act as if he were a relative of the pope; and sometimes -- often, he was in fact a member of the pope's extended family.  

After 1692, this office was banned by Pope Innocent XII in Romanum decet pontificem. 

This role and function is now filled by the Vatican's Secretary of State.

List of cardinal-nephews 
Notable cardinal-nephews include many who would later become popes:

Gregory IX
 Alexander IV
 Adrian V
 Gregory XI
 Boniface IX
 Innocent VII
 Eugene IV
 Paul II
 Alexander VI
 Pius III
 Julius II
 Leo X
 Clement VII
 Benedict XIII
 Pius VII

References
References

Religion-related lists
Chemical energy is the energy produced in a chemical reaction in the form of heat. Using Hess's law it is possible to calculate the amount of energy an exothermic reaction produces.

Chemistry
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (about 1043 – 1099 AD), known as El Cid, was a Castilian nobleman. He was a military leader in medieval Spain. After his death, he became the hero in a mediaeval Spanish poem, El Cantar de mio Cid.

Exiled from the court, El Cid went on to command a Moorish force. After the Christian defeat, El Cid was recalled to service. He took command of a combined Christian and Moorish army. He used this army to create his own fiefdom in Valencia. He was a brave general that lead his country to victory. El Cid was born in Vivar, also known as Castillona de Bivar. The Muslims gave him the nickname "El Cid" from the Spanish Arabic word al-sid, meaning "lord." 

El Cid was brought up at the court of King Ferdinand the Great and served Ferdinand's son, Sancho II of León and Castile. He rose to become the commander and royal standard-bearer of Castile when Sancho became king in 1065.
Sancho wanted to reunite all the three parts of his dead father's kingdom.  Rodrigo lead the Castilian military campaigns against Sancho's brothers, Alfonso VI of León and García II of Galicia, as well as in the Muslim kingdoms in Al-Andalus. Sancho was murdered in 1072.

Working for Alfonso
After his brother's death, Alfonso returned from exile attempting to claim his dead brothers throne. El Cid then swore Alfonso to the throne and named him King.

Although, Alfonso feared that El Cid would not prove loyal, but with no proof. In 1074, El Cid married Alfonso's niece, Jimena. Some believe the marriage was encouraged by Alfonso to bring El Cid under his watchful eye. Alfonso never gave El Cid a chance to make a better name for himself in the military, and kept him from becoming famous. 

El Cid soon became fed up, and in 1081, without Alfonso's permission, he invaded the city of Toledo.
This made Alfonso very mad, and his advisors told him that El Cid had tried to betray him by attacking the city without his permission, false information. Alfonso then banished him from the Kingdom  of Castile.

Later life
El Cid then worked as a paid, professional soldier for the Muslim king of Saragossa. During the time that had past, El Cid defeated Christian attacks and continued to make himself better known and more famous as a general. This caused other kings and generals to fear that El Cid would overtake them with his power.
In October 1086, Alfonso had a battle with the Almoravids. They attacked each other at Sagrajas, where Alfonso was defeated. The loss made Alfonso reconsider banishing El Cid. Alfonso called him back, hoping El Cid could defeat the Almoravids. However, the trust issues led the two men to go their separate ways yet again. The Alfonso and El Cid were meet together with their armies, but they failed to because of miscommunication. People convinced King Alfonso that El Cid had planned to not show up, and let Alfonso and his army be defeated. Once again, Alfonso exiled El Cid.
El Cid and his small army left, and invaded land in eastern Spain. Four years later, he ruled a large, wealthy territory. Its capital was Valencia.
He ruled well, allowing Muslims and Christians to mingle. King Alfonso begged for El Cid’s help in his ongoing battle with the Almoravids. Meanwhile, the kingdom El Cid had worked so hard to build was falling apart from Muslim revolts. El Cid went back to Valencia and returned the city to peace.

El Cid continued to conquer many cities before his death on July 10, 1099 in Valencia. El Cid's life story inspired many playwrights and poems.

References 

1043 births
1099 deaths
Spanish generals
The 1981 Irish Hunger Strike was a hunger protest in Northern Ireland by Irish republican prisoners during the Troubles. During the protest, seven prisoners from the Provisional Irish Republican Army and three from the Irish National Liberation Army starved themselves to death in the hunger strike. The first to die, Bobby Sands, was elected as a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom during his hunger strike.

Deaths 
By the end of the protest 10 prisoners had died. Their names, paramilitary affiliation, dates of death, and length of hunger strike are as follows: 

1981 in the United Kingdom
1980s in Northern Ireland
Deaths from starvation
20th-century protests
Provisional Irish Republican Army
Suicides in the United Kingdom
This page shows the results for Group B of the UEFA Euro 2012 qualification. Russia qualified, and the Republic of Ireland went to the playoffs.

 Green means that the team automatically qualifies.
 Blue means the team is going to the playoffs.

The top scorer of the group was Henrikh Mkhitaryan (Armenia) with 6 goals.

UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
This is a list of social networks.

References 

Computer-related lists
Noriyuki "Pat" Morita (June 28, 1932 – November 24, 2005) was an American actor and stand up comedian of Japanese descent. He was born in Isleton, California. He is known for playing Mr. Miyagi in the Karate Kid movies. He also appeared in the sitcom Happy Days. He died of renal failure in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Other websites 

1932 births
2005 deaths
Actors from Sacramento County, California
American movie actors
American stand-up comedians
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from California
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in Nevada
In the first book, Nikki Maxwell had always wanted an iPhone so she could become a popular girl at school, she got a telephone but in her locker. Before she starts eighth grade, Nikki hoped her mom bought her an iPhone as a back to school present. She becomes very disappointed that her mom got her a diary instead. So when she starts eighth grade on a scholarship her dad got her due to his bug extermination contract with the horrible!!! school, she doesn't want anyone to know she only attends the school due to her dad's extermination contract. She is devastated to have a locker next to the most popular girl in school, Mackenzie Hollister, who makes nasty comments about other girls. So when she goes to class one day, Mackenzie hands her an invitation to her big birthday bash. Nikki thought she was going to be invited to the party, but Mackenzie wanted her to pass it to her best friend, Jessica, who sits behind Nikki
. Then Nikki finds out about the school's annual art competition, in which the grand prize is $500. She went to the office to fill out a form, but she fills out a paper to sign up to be a Library Shelving Assistant. Nikki eventually does sign up for the art competition, and enters a watercolour she painted in art camp. The day the art is due, her painting is destroyed by her dad's van. So her friends and crush team up to make an art project from pictures of tattoos Nikki did with her lucky pen. Her art wins the art contest, and Nikki is excited to receive the $500.
Series of books
American children's books

Characters

Nikki Maxwell: Dorky, writes in diary. Cute crush, 2 BFF's, pretty decent artist, experiences bullying a lot. Goes to Westchester on an extermination scholarship. Her real name is Nicole.

Brandon Roberts - Nikki's crush, volunteers at Fuzzy Friends, secretly likes Nikki too. His grandma, Betty, is owner of Fuzzy Friends.

Zoeysha E Franklin- Short name, Zoey, her dad is executive media producer (allows her to meet all celebrities). Mom is an attorney. She and Chloe are Nikki's BFF's.

Chloe C Garcia- Has Latin origins, her dad is an author and owns big library (allows her to read all novels). She and Zoey are also the back-up singers of Nikki's band, Actually, I'm Not Really Sure Yet.
Mackenzie Hollister- bully, spoiled brat, rich, lip-gloss addict, always wears designer clothes and shoes, blonde hair extensions. Like Nikki, she also has a little sister (who is named Amanda) and she is a lot like Brianna. In the 10th book of the Dork Diaries series (Tales from a Not-So-Perfect Pet Sitter), Amanda becomes Brianna's best friend at her ballet class. Mackenzie is also the leader of the CCP (Cute, Cool, and Popular) clique.

Brianna Lynn Maxwell 
 Nikki’s bratty little 6-year-old sister. Brianna is afraid of the tooth fairy because Nikki told her the tooth fairy collects children's teeth to make dentures for old people. She has a friend named Miss Penelope (which is her own hand with a face drawn on it with an ink pen). She thinks Brandon has cooties.
Jessica Hunter 
 The second highest-ranking CCPs at WCD and Mackenzie's best friend. She also dislikes Nikki and is more than super mean to her. Jessica has blonde hair and loves the color pink. Her last name (Hunter) was revealed in Dork Diaries 3 1/2: How to Dork Your Diary.

Violet Baker 
The most popular girl out of the most unpopular people. When she signs up to run for chairperson of WCD's Halloween dance, she loses to MacKenzie Hollister and signs up for clean-up committee instead. When Mackenzie quits, Violet becomes head of the entertainment committee. She has a huge iTunes collection and is in a wheelchair. She appears in the second and third book. In Dork Diaries: Tales From a Not So Talented Pop Star, it is revealed Violet plays the piano. She is the pianist in Nikki's band, Actually, I'm Not Sure Yet.
Theodore L. "Theo" Swagmire III 
 One of the unpopular boys in WCD and one of Nikki's friends. He has a big crush on Mackenzie. He was later really happy to hear the bit of news that Mackenzie's date was the lead singer of the band (as he was the lead singer), especially when he wanted to ask Mackenzie but was sure she would reject him. He is known for being the school nerd, and in Dork Diaries: Tales From a Not So Talented Pop Star, it is revealed he plays guitar. He is lead guitarist in Nikki's band, Actually, I'm Not Sure Yet. He hopes to one day go to Hogwarts. He now has a crush on Zoey Franklin because they went together as dates to the Sweetheart Dance in Dork Diaries: Tales From a Not-So Happy Heartbreaker. They held hands, slow-danced, and may have even kissed at the dance.
Marcy Simms
Nikki meets Marcy through her post as Miss-Know-It-All. Marcy sends an anonymous letter to Miss Know-It-All, saying that she's new, being bullied by some other girls, and can't find friends. Nikki tells her to hang in there, and keeps a look out for the new girl. She soon finds Marcy, and invites her to Brandon's birthday party, where Marcy has a great time. Marcy is Mackenzie's assistant fashion director for the newspaper, but is bullied by Mackenzie, and is deemed to be unfashionable by the latter. Marcy wears sports glasses and has short hair.

Marcus
Marcus

Marcus is a recurring character in the Dork Diaries series. He is the guitarist of Nikki's band, Actually, I'm Not Really Sure Yet. He appears in Dork Diaries: Tales From a Not-So Talented Pop Star and Dork Diaries: Tales From a Not-So Happy Heartbreaker. He appears to be a shy, nice, and thoughtful character in Dork Diaries and is also known as one of the smartest people in school along with Theodore L. Swagmire III. He also has a crush on Chloe Garcia and the both of them went on a date at the Sweetheart Dance in Dork Diaries: Tales From a Not-So Happy Heartbreaker. They held hands, slow-danced, and took a keepsake picture together. They also may have kissed. Nikki Maxwell, Brandon Roberts, Zoey Franklin, and Theodore L. Swagmire III are all Marcus’ friends.

Tiffany Davenport
Tiffany Davenport

Tiffany is the secondary antagonist of the Dork Diaries series. She is a student at North Hampton Hills International Academy, along with her BFFs, Hayley and Ava. She debuted in Dork Diaries: Tales from a Not-So Friendly Frenemy. She is Nikki's enemy, and Mackenzie's frenemy. Her mother found out in book 12 that she was a cyberbully, and forced her to do community service doing the summer (which Tiffany really disliked). André is her stepbrother.

Andre: Andre is the stepbrother of Tiffany. He was introduced in Dork Diaries: Tales from a Not-So-Secret Crush Catastrophe (the 12th book of the Dork Diaries series). He is one of the main antagonists in the newer books but turned into a protagonist in the story. André strongly rivals Brandon Roberts and tries to undermine his relationship with Nikki Maxwell as well as the popular ship Nandre. He is also the first and only friend of Nikki to call her Nicole.
Martin James Landau (June 20, 1928 – July 15, 2017) was an American actor. Landau won an Academy Award for his portrayal of Bela Lugosi in Ed Wood directed by Tim Burton.

Career 
Martin Landau was of Jewish descent. When Landau was a teenager, he was hired by The New York Daily News as a cartoonist.

Landau started acting in small roles in films and television shows such as The Goldbergs (1953) and Armstrong Circle Theatre (1956). His first major role was in the Alfred Hitchcock movie North by Northwest (1959) with Cary Grant. In 1966 he got the role of master of disguise Rollin Hand in the TV series Mission Impossible, along with his wife, Barbara Bain. He played that role for three years and earned a Golden Globe Award in 1968.
In 1975, Landau was hired for the British sci fi TV series Space: 1999, where he played Commander John Koenig. Barbara Bain was also in that series. Then Landau starred in movies such as Meteor (1979) with Sean Connery and The Fall of the House of Usher (1979) where he played Roderick Usher. In 1982 he returned to play an unbalanced character in Alone in the Dark, directed by Jack Sholder and starring Jack Palance and Donald Pleasence. In 1988, Landau was nominated for an Academy Award for his supporting role in Tucker: The Man and His Dream directed by Francis Ford Coppola, and then Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989) by Woody Allen. 

He also won a Golden Globe for his role in Tucker: The Man and His Dream. In 1994, Martin Landau got a role in Ed Wood with Johnny Depp and directed by Tim Burton. In that movie, he played Bela Lugosi. He won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe in 1995 for that.
Landau appeared in TV series In Plain Sight (2009), The Simpsons (2011) and in the movies Ivory (2010) and Mysteria (2011).

Death
Landau died at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California on July 15, 2017 at the age of 89. The cause of death was hypovolemia shock caused by atherosclerosis and gastrointestinal bleeding.

References

More reading
 Conversations with great teachers by Bill Smoot
 Horror films of the 1980s by John Kenneth Muir

Other websites

 

1928 births
2017 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American cartoonists
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Jewish American actors
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Military personnel of the Korean War
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from atherosclerosis
Nina Aigner (born 20 June 1980 in Antiesenhofen, Austria) is a former Austrian football player. She played as striker and finished her career after the 2010/11 season. Her last team was FC Bayern München. Nina Aigner was also a talented tennis player and played at the age of 15 un the U16 team world championship where she won the bronce medal.

Career
She started playing football for the SV Peterskirchen. 1998 she went on to Union Kleinmünchen Linz and won this season her first title in the ÖFB-Frauenliga. The next two seasons she played for Union Landhaus Vienna. She won twice the double with this club.

2001 she went to FC Bayern München and played her first match versus  SC Freiburg. There she shot her first goal. The last match was on  20 February 2011. With end of the season she finished her career. In 176 matches for München she scored 107 goals. In her career she shot 221 goals in 241 matches. During her time with Bayern she made a degree in sport marketing (2007)
For the Austrian football national team she played 29 matches and shot 7 goals.

References

Other websites
Players profile Weltfußball.de (German)
FC Bayern München-Frauenfußball:Statistik Nina Aigner

Austrian women's footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
1980 births
Living people
Mariel Hemingway (b. November 22, 1961) is an American actress and writer. She starred in many television programs and in movies. She is the granddaughter of writer Ernest Hemingway.

Career 
Hemingway's first role was with her sister Margaux in the movie Lipstick (1976). The movie was not considered especially good, but Mariel received notice for her acting.  She was nominated as "Best Newcomer" for the Golden Globes Award that year.

Hemingway's most famous role was in Woody Allen's Manhattan.  It was a romantic comedy in which she plays Tracy, a high school student and Allen's lover. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

In Personal Best (1982), she played a bisexual track and field athlete. The movie was noted for some explicit (by mainstream standards) lesbian love scenes. In connection with Personal Best, she appeared in a pictorial in the April 1982 issue of Playboy and was also on the cover.
She starred as Dorothy Stratten in Star 80 (1983), a movie about the Playboy model's life and murder. Reports circulated for years that Hemingway had had her breasts enlarged to play the role of Stratten. During a 2007 appearance on the late-night talk and variety show, Fashionably Late with Stacy London, she said she had the surgery before Star 80. Her breast implants were removed years later after they had ruptured.

Hemingway has played a lesbian or bisexual woman in several movies and television shows, including, Personal Best, The Sex Monster, In Her Line of Fire, and episodes of the TV series "Roseanne" and Crossing Jordan. Hemingway, however, is not gay. She has said she formed a "big connection with the gay-and-lesbian community" after Personal Best and enjoys taking roles in "cutting-edge" productions.

Hemingway has a perfume, "Mariel", by H2O+.
She is the host of Spiritual Cinema, a monthly television show dedicated to spiritual movies. She has begun hosting a series of yoga practice videos Yoga Now, with guru Rodney Yee.

Personal life 
In December 2008, Hemingway said through her web site's blog that she had separated from her husband earlier in the year. Hemingway had been married since December 9, 1984 to Stephen Crisman.  They had two daughters together: model Dree Hemingway (born 1987) and Langley Fox Hemingway (born 1989).  As of early 2011, Hemingway is romantically involved with Bobby Williams.

Bibliography 
Mariel Hemingway is the author of:

Filmography

References 

American television actors
American movie actors
Writers from California
Actors from Marin County, California
1961 births
Living people
Tiffany Renee Darwish (born October 2, 1971) much better known by her stage name Tiffany, is an American singer-songwriter. She has had many hit songs, including "I Think We're Alone Now". This 1987 song was a cover of the 1967 hit of the same name. She was born and raised in Norwalk, California.

Other websites 

1971 births
Living people
American child singers
American pop musicians
Singer-songwriters from California
Singers from Los Angeles
Kanjanur is a village in the Thiruvidaimarudur taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is on the northern bank of the Kaveri River about 18 kilometres north-east of Kumbakonam. It is one of the nine Navagrahasthalas of the Cauvery Delta. It is famous for its Agniswarar temple. This temple is dedicated to Shukra (Venus). The temple is one of the "Navagraha Temples" of the Cauvery Delta. To the north of Kanjanur, there are some low hillocks. These are 100 to 150 feet high. Magnesite deposits have been discovered in these hills.

References 
 
 

Villages in India
Sir James Whyte Black, OM, FRS, FRSE, FRCP (14 June 1924 – 22 March 2010) was a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist. Black started in the physiology department at the University of Glasgow. While there, he became interested in how adrenaline affected the human heart. He went to work for ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1958. While working for ICI, he created propranolol. Propranolol is a beta blocker, used to treat heart disease. Black also created cimetidine. It is a drug used to treat stomach ulcers.  He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for creating these drugs.

Early life and education 
Black was born in Uddingston, Lanarkshire. He was the fourth of five sons of a Baptist family.  His father was a mining engineer.  He grew up in Fife. Black went to Beath High School, Cowdenbeath. At the age of 15, he won a scholarship to the University of St Andrews. At St Andrews, he studied medicine.  He graduated in 1946.
Career 
After graduation, Black took a teaching job in Singapore for three years. He moved to London in 1950.  Later in 1950, he returned to Scotland. He joined the University of Glasgow (Veterinarian School). There that he became interesteed in how adrenaline affects the human heart. He was mainly interesting in how it affected people with angina. He found the effects of adrenaline did not help. He joined ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1958. He worked with the company until 1964. During this time, he created propranolol, which became the world's best-selling drug.  While at ICI, Black developed a new way of doing research. Before this, drug molecules would be created and then tested to find in what ways the molecules could be used as medicine. Black chose to pick a medical use and then try to create the molecules for that medicine. The discovery of propranolol was said to be the greatest discovery in the treatment of heart disease since the discovery of digitalis.
At the same time, Black was trying to find a treatment for stomach ulcers. ICI did not wish to do this so Black stopped working for them in 1964. He joined  Smith, Kline and French. He worked for them for nine years until 1973. While there, Black developed his second major drug, cimetidine. It was first sold under the brand name Tagamet in 1975. Tagamet soon outsold propranolol to become the world's largest-selling prescription drug.
Black became the department head of pharmacology at University College London in 1973. He created a new undergraduate course in medicinal chemistry. He had many problems trying to get money for research, so he quit. He went to work for Wellcome Research Laboratories in 1978.  He worked there until 1984.  Black then became Professor of Analytical Pharmacology at the Rayne Institute of King's College London medical school. He stayed there until 1992.  He created the James Black Foundation in 1988 with money from Johnson and Johnson. He worked with  25 scientists in drugs research. This research included gastrin inhibitors which may stop some stomach cancers.

Black helped increase basic scientific and clinical knowledge in cardiology. His creation of propranolol is thought to be one of the most important contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology of the 20th century.  Propranolol has helped millions of people.
Honours and awards 
Black was made a Knight Bachelor on 10 February 1981 for services to medical research. He received the honour from Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace.  On 26 May 2000 he was appointed to the Order of Merit by the Queen.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1976. That same year he was awarded the Lasker award.  In 1979, he was awarded the Artois-Baillet Latour Health Prize.  In 1982 Black was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine.  He was awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings for their work on drug development. In 1994 he received the Ellison-Cliffe Medal from the Royal Society of Medicine.

References

Other websites 
 James Black tells his life story at Web of Stories (video)

1924 births
2010 deaths
Academics of the University of London
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights Bachelor
British pharmacologists
Wolf Prize winners
Scottish medical doctors
David Bruce Cassidy (April 12, 1950 – November 21, 2017) was an American singer, actor, songwriter and guitarist. He had many hit songs between the 1970s and the 2000s. He played Keith Partridge in the television sitcom The Partridge Family in the 1970s.  Cassidy was one of the contestants on Celebrity Apprentice 2011.

Personal life
Cassidy was born in New York City. His parents were actor Jack Cassidy (1927-1976) and actress Evelyn Ward (1923-2012). He grew up in West Orange, New Jersey and Beverly Hills, California.

Cassidy announced on February 20, 2017, that he was suffering from dementia.

Death
On November 18, 2017, it was announced that Cassidy has been hospitalized in Fort Lauderdale, Florida with multiple organ failure. He was in critical condition and was placed in a medically induced coma. Two days later, Cassidy was out of the coma and was waiting for a liver transplant. Cassidy died on November 21, 2017, aged 67.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1950 births
2017 deaths
Actors from Beverly Hills, California
Actors from Manhattan
Actors from New Jersey
American guitarists
American movie actors
American pop musicians
American stage actors
American television actors
American television producers
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Disease-related deaths in Florida
Musicians from California
Musicians from Manhattan
Musicians from New Jersey
Singers from California
Singers from New Jersey
Singers from New York City
Tropical Storm Lee was the 12th named storm of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season. Lee was responsible for 21 deaths and property damage in total was in excess of $2 billion. The storm affected areas from Louisiana and Texas to Pennsylvania and New York.

References

Atlantic tropical storms
2011 in weather
2010s in Louisiana
2011 in Texas
2010s in Pennsylvania
2011 in New York (state)
Hurricanes in Louisiana
Digital electronics is a type of electronics. These make use of "boolean logic" and "discrete digital signals" for electronics, devices, and equipment. 

Examples of such devices are computers, information appliances, digital cameras, digital televisions, flash memory, key USB memory, mobile phones, hard disks, and devices of computer memory. Digital signal processing works on analog signals after they have been converted to digital form.

Digital circuits 
Digital electronics is a branch of electronics concerning digital circuits which  apply boolean logic  which are represented by electronic logic gates. True and false are represented by different binary values with 0 volts for true and 5 volts for false. Digital circuits are less vulnerable to noise but consume a lot of energy. Digital circuits were invented in the twentieth century and is the foundation for digital communications and computers.

 
Electronics
Dominique Dawes (born November 20, 1976 in Silver Spring, Maryland) is a retired gymnastics performer. She won multiple medals. As a member of the US National Gymnastic Team, she won a gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics. She was a ten year member of US National Gymnastic Team.

References

1976 births
Living people
American Olympic gold medalists
American gymnasts
American Olympic bronze medalists
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
A semi-trailer truck, also known as a semi, tractor-trailer, big rig, eighteen-wheeler, or (in the United Kingdom and Ireland) articulated lorry or artic is a vehicle that has a towing tractor and a semi-trailer that carries the freight.  They use diesel fuel.

Layout 

A semi-tractor has no body and does not carry any cargo on it. The front of a semi-trailer is put on it. Only the rear of the trailers have wheels, so the tractor pulls the trailer and carries the front part of the trailer's weight.

The tractor and driver cost as much as a truck, but the trailers don't cost very much. You can have more trailers than tractors and the tractors can change trailers easily. The tractor and driver do not have to wait to be loaded or unloaded, they can change trailers. They can also pull different kinds of trailers, any type that is needed at the time.
Country differences  
All countries have different laws for semi-trucks. The biggest difference between the EU, UK, and US is the length of the semi-truck. Most weigh about the same (US trucks weigh a little less than EU and UK trucks). Most are about the same width and height. In large countries truck s can be longer. They can have a larger cargo space. Longer semi-tractors drive better at faster speeds. Most US trucks are "convential" (bonneted in UK) with the engine under a hood in front of the cab. In the US shorter trucks weigh less. The weight has to be spread out over a long length. This is important on bridges. With long semi-trucks not as many trucks fit on the bridge and the weight of the axles are far apart. This length is important in the US.
In the UK and EU roads are smaller and turn more. Trucks have to be shorter. Most are cab-over-engine models (COE). The driver sits over the engine and the front of the cab is flat. Shorter trucks can weigh more. Trailers can have three axles under the load, and short semi-tractors with two axles. These have the same weight and number of axles as a long semi-truck. They take up less space and can turn better.

Different countries drive on different sides of the road. This is named for the side the driver sits on.  The UK is the main right-hand drive (RHD) country. Most countries that were British colonies are RHD. The EU and most other countries are LHD. The US was British but is LHD. Canada (next to the US) is LHD. When you are building a truck LHD or RHD is not important. Australia builds US type Mack and International trucks with RHD.
Trailer types 
Semi-trailers can be the same types as trucks. Because they don't cost as much as a truck they can also be special types. Shipping containers are large and heavy. In some countries special laws cover them. Skeleton frame trailers are built to carry them. Long semi-trailers are used for logs. In the UK and EU some logs are smaller. The trailers are 2 or 3 logs long. They have a crane to load them. In the US "lowboys" (the load is just above the road) carry large construction machines. Special trailers can be built for very big loads. Australia "road-trains" can pull 4 trailers.

References 

Trucks
Interstate 470 (I-470) is a  long loop of Interstate 70.  It goes around the city of Wheeling, West Virginia. The western end of the road is where it meets I-70 near Blaine, Ohio. Traveling southeast through Belmont County, the highway comes to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge which carries I-470 over the Ohio River. After crossing the river into Ohio County, West Virginia, the highway turns northeast.  It runs towards the Wheeling neighborhood of Elm Grove. The road's eastern end is at I-70 near Wheeling Park.

On average, between 26,000 and 38,000 vehicles use the highway every day. During the rebuilding work on the Wheeling Tunnel, I-470 was one of two suggested detour routes to avoid the closed tunnel.

References

Other websites

Interstate 470 at AA Roads
Interstate 470 (in Ohio)  at State Ends

470
A video camera is camera used to make electronic motion pictures.  It captures moving images and synchronous sound. Early video cameras were all analog and most modern ones are digital.  Analog video cameras produce signals that can be displayed with analog televisions.  The signals can be shown at the time, or can be stored in an analog format on magnetic tape.  Digital video cameras produce digital images.

Video cameras were invented early in the 20th century for television use, and by the end of the century, people could buy digital video cameras, which can almost immediately display the image. Video recorders that could record the image on magnetic tape were created in the middle 20th century.
At first, video cameras were large and expensive.  Only professionals operated them.  As the electronics industry advanced, and solid state circuits with transistors and microprocessors replaced vacuum tubes, video cameras became smaller and inexpensive.  Now many mobile phones and other consumer electronic devices include video cameras.  In addition, software is now widely available to edit or to compress the output from video cameras.
Uses 
Modern video cameras have numerous designs and uses, not all of which resemble the early television cameras. 
 Professional video cameras, such as those used in television production and sometimes filmmaking in digital cinema; these may be studio-based or mobile in the case of an electronic field production (EFP). Such cameras generally offer extremely fine-grained manual control for the camera operator, often to the exclusion of automated operation. 
 Camcorders, which combine a camera and a VCR or other recording device in one unit; these are mobile, and are widely used for television production, home movies, electronic news gathering (ENG) (including citizen journalism), and similar applications.  Some digital ones are
 Pocket video cameras.
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) generally use pan tilt zoom cameras (PTZ), for security, surveillance, and/or monitoring purposes. Such cameras are designed to be small, easily hidden, and able to operate unattended; those used in industrial or scientific settings are often meant for use in environments that are normally inaccessible or uncomfortable for humans, and are therefore hardened for such hostile environments (e.g. radiation, high heat, or toxic chemical exposure).
 Webcams are video cameras which stream a live video feed to a computer. Larger video cameras (especially camcorders and CCTV cameras) can be similarly used, though they may need an analog-to-digital converter in order to store the output on a computer or digital video recorder or send it to a wider network.
Most 21st century video cameras are digital cameras which convert the signal directly to a digital output; such cameras are often small, even smaller than CCTV security cameras, and are often used as webcams or optimized for still-camera use. The majority are incorporated directly into computer or communications hardware, particularly mobile phones, though analog video equipment remains in use. 
 Special systems, like those used for scientific research, e.g. in an observatory or satellite or spaceprobe, or in artificial intelligence and robotics research. Such cameras are often tuned for non-visible radiation for infrared photography (for night vision and heat sensing) or X-ray (for medical use).
Special uses of video cameras include systems that capture images at the finish line to time races and sporting events.  Some toll roads use video cameras to make pictures of the license plate of any car that fails to pay tolls. Computers then identify the drivers and mail enforcement letters to collect the missed tolls.

Cameras
Electronics
Data input
Pope Innocent VI (; c. 1282 – September 12, 1362), born Étienne Aubert, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 200th Pope from December 18, 1352 until his death in 1362.

He was the fifth of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

Early life 
Étienne Aubert was born in the hamlet of Les Monts, which is today part of the commune of Beyssac in the Corrèze department of France.  He was the son of Adhemar Aubert (1260-?), seigneur de Montel-De-Gelas in Limousin.

Bishop
Aubert was made the Bishop of Noyon in 1338; and he became the Bishop of Clermont in 1340.

Cardinal
In 1342, he was raised to the position of cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Aubert was elected pope on December 18, 1352. He chose to be called Innocent VI.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Papal actions
 1358 – Permitted Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned in Rome.
 1360 Broker in negotiation of Treaty of Bretigny between England and France.
After his death
The tomb of Innocent VI is at the Carthusian monastery of Villeneuve-les-Avignon.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 Avignon Papacy

References

Other websites 

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent VI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Aubert

French popes
1280s births
1362 deaths