Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The following is a list of presidents of the Marshall Islands, since the creation of that office in 1979.

List of presidents of the Marshall Islands
The Whirlpool galaxy, is also known as Messier 51a, M51a, or NGC 5194. It is a large galaxy with well-defined spiral arms, with a smaller companion galaxy. They have been through a collision, and are still interacting.

The Whirlpool was the first galaxy to be classified as a spiral galaxy. Different methods put its distance as between 15 to 35 million light-years. Recently it was estimated to be 23 ± 4 million light-years from the Milky Way. Messier 51 is one of the best known galaxies in the sky.

Its spiral arms are so impressive and well-defined that it is called a "grand design" spiral galaxy. It has an active galactic nucleus, no doubt fuelled by a massive black hole.

The galaxy and its companion, NGC 5195, are easily seen by amateur astronomers, in the constellation Canes Venatici. The two galaxies can be seen with binoculars. The Whirlpool galaxy is also a popular target for professional astronomers. They study its galaxy structure (particularly the spiral arms) and galaxy interactions.

References
References 

Spiral galaxies
The Museo del Prado is a museum established on 19 November 1819, located in Madrid. It is one of the biggest and most important museums in the world. Its collection includes works of European artists, from the 12th to the 19th century. It was founded as a museum for paintings and sculptures, but also contains other types of works of art. The collections include many works of Francisco de Goya, Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Titian and Peter Paul Rubens and Hieronymus Bosch. In 2012, about 2.8 million people visited the museum. Some of the most famous paintings in the museum include: Las Meninas, The Garden of Earthly Delights, The Third of May 1808, and La Maja Desnuda. The architects that constructed the museum are Rafael Moneo and Juan de Villanueva.

References

19th-century establishments in Spain
1810s establishments in Europe
1819 establishments
Art museums in Spain
Madrid
In many branches of science, including mathematics, mathematical optimization is a branch that is about finding a right set of answers that gives the best (optimal) solution to a problem, given some limitations, or criteria. In the simplest case, this means that a function needs to be minimized or maximized.

Example
For example, consider a baker with a set amount of flour, sugar, yeast, etc. They also are given five hours to prepare.  Time and ingredients are the constraints, or criteria.  The baker is tasked with providing the largest volume of food to feed a hungry crowd.  Maximizing the number of servings is the optimization function.
Difficulty
Many problems are much harder, though, and solving them analytically is not feasible: in these cases, numerical methods are often used.  This often is a result of when the decisions that need to be made involve whole numbers.  A baker can usually make half of a recipe, but consider a rancher trying to determine how many cattle and sheep to graze.  Limitations may include amount of land available or money to purchase the animals. The optimization function is to maximize profit. If they could purchase a fraction of a cow or sheep, then the problem is pretty easy to solve.  However, since one can only buy whole sheep or cows, the problem becomes very difficult to solve perfectly, so the best one can do is sometimes to get a "best guess" using numerical methods with the help of a computer.
Solutions
The first step is usually to take the derivative of the initial function. From here maxima or minima can be found within a domain by simply finding the critical points. These include domain (x) values where the differentiated function equals 0 or does not exist. Simply finding critical points is not enough to determine maxima or minima. The final step to determining a maximum, minimum, or neither can be one of two methods.

(1) X values lesser and lesser than the critical point must be substituted into the differentiated function to determine if the values change sign. If they go from negative to positive, the critical point is a minimum. If they go from positive to negative, the critical point is a maximum. If neither occurs, the point is neither. This is known as the first derivative test.
Applications
The application of optimization span many fields. A simple example is attempting to find the smallest possible difference in the distance of two objects in two-dimensional space (x and y). In this context, the derivative of the function that gives the difference is taken in order to find the minimum. A more complicated example is in Machine Learning, in which the optimization function attempts to find the global minimum of the loss function in order to minimize the difference or loss between the algorithm’s predictions and the actual values. This example is more difficult as Machine learning algorithms often utilize multidimensional data usually in the form of tensors yielding more complicated functions.

Related software
Today, there are many tools to support optimization studies:
 MATLAB
 Wolfram Mathematica

References

Combinatorial optimization
Arab slave trade refers to the practice of slavery in the Arab world. It took place mainly in Western Asia, North Africa, Southeast Africa, the Horn of Africa. It also included parts of Europe (such as Iberia and Sicily), beginning during the era of the Muslim conquests and continuing into the 20th century. 

The Arab slave trade was conducted through slave markets in the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa. Most of the slaves were from Africa's interior.

Historians estimate that between 650 AD and the 1960s, 10 million to 18 million people were enslaved by Arab slave traders. They were taken from Europe, Asia and Africa across the Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and Sahara desert.

History 

One of the oldest slave trades in history was the Arab trade of Zanj (Bantu) slaves in Southeast Africa. This trade began 700 years before the European Atlantic slave trade. Men taken as slaves were often used as servants, soldiers, or workers. Women and children were mainly used as servants and concubines.
Most male slaves were castrated. It is estimated that as many as 6 out of every 10 boys bled to death during this process. Even so, castrating slaves was worthwhile because eunuchs sold for high prices. Over time, the Arab slave trade shifted to concentrate more on women and young girls for sexual purposes. This was different than the later Atlantic slave trade, which concentrated on enslaving men for labor.

Modern slavery in Africa 

In Mauritania slavery was abolished legally in 1980. But Muslim Berbers still own an estimated 90,000 African slaves. This is despite the fact that African Mauritanians converted to Islam over a hundred years ago and the Qur’an does not allow Muslims to enslave other Muslims. Slaves are used for farm labor, concubines and domestic servants. The children remain the property of their masters. They can be bought, sold, or exchanged for trucks, camels or guns.
Slavery in Sudan is active again with the Muslim north waging war against Animists and Christians in the south. In these raids almost all slaves are taken from the tribes in the Nuba Mountains. Government sponsored Arab militias often kill the men and enslave women and children. Those taken slaves are forced to convert to Islam. Those that refuse are put to death. The trafficking in women and children in Western and Southern Africa violates the 1948 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

References

Other websites 
 Two Views of The History of Islamic Slavery in Africa
 The East African Slave Trade
 Slavery still haunts Africa, where millions remain captive

Historic slave trade
Arabian Peninsula
John B. King Jr. (born January 5, 1975) is an American politician. He was the  Secretary of Education at the  U.S. Department of Education from 2016 to 2017. Before, he served as its Acting Deputy Secretary, and from 2011 to 2014 he was the  New York State Education Commissioner. 

The former Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan, was given the job of putting into effect the No Child Left Behind Act. However, King is required to put into effect the law that replaces that law, the Every Student Succeeds Act.

In April 2021, King announced that he would be running for the Democratic nomination for Governor of Maryland in the 2022 election. He lost the Democratic nomination in July 2022.

References

1975 births
Living people
African American politicians
Columbia University alumni
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Brooklyn
United States Secretaries of Education
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Yale University alumni
Politicians from Maryland
People from Silver Spring, Maryland
Sarah Margaret Roffey Jewell (born February 21, 1956) is a British-born American businesswoman. She is the 51st United States Secretary of the Interior. She served in the government of President Barack Obama from April 2013 to 2017. She is the second woman to hold the position, after Gale Norton.

References

1956 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
United States Secretaries of the Interior
Businesspeople from Washington (state)
Businesspeople from London
The Antennae galaxies (NGC 4038/NGC 4039) are two colliding galaxies. They are in the constellation Corvus. The process takes hundreds of millions of years, maybe even a billion years.

The collision, with its clouds of gas, dust and magnetic fields, causes extremely rapid star formation. This is their starburst phase, and might last a few hundred million years. They were discovered by William Herschel in 1785.

They are in the NGC 4038 group with five other galaxies. Before The Collision, NGC 4038 was a barred spiral galaxy and NGC 4039 was a spiral galaxy. These two galaxies are known as the Antennae galaxies because they have two long tails of stars, gas and dust ejected from the galaxies as a result of tidal force in the collision that look like an insect’s antennae. The nuclei of the two galaxies are joining to become one giant galaxy, sometime in the future to form an Elliptical galaxy.
These interacting galaxies are nearer and less remote to the Milky Way than previously thought—at 45 million light-years instead of 65 million light-years.

References 

Galaxies
Chaim Yisroel Belsky (August 22, 1938 – January 28, 2016) was an American rabbi and posek of Orthodox and Haredi Judaism. He was one of the roshei yeshivas at Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, and rabbi of the summer camp network run by Agudath Israel of America. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

Belsky was criticized by other rabbis for his repeated defense of sexual abusers. Some have claimed that he intimidated victims of abuse. Belsky has publicly stated that victims should not report their rape to the police.

Belsky was taken to hospital on January 22, 2016 in Brooklyn. He had a "serious illness". He died eight days later on January 30, at the age of 77.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
American rabbis
People from Brooklyn
Jean-Marie Doré (12 June 1938 – 29 January 2016) was a Guinean politician. He was the Prime Minister of Guinea from January 2010 until December 2010.

Doré was the President of the Union for the Progress of Guinea (UPG). He was opposition leader for years before being chosen to lead a transitional government that was in place during the preparation and conduct of the 2010 presidential election.
 
Doré died in Conakry on 29 January 2016, at the age of 77.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
Prime Ministers of Guinea
T. N. Gopakumar (1957 – 30 January 2016) was an Indian writer, movie director and journalist. He was the news editor in chief of Asianet News. Gopakumar was also the producer and anchorperson of the popular weekly programme Kannadi on Asianet.

Gopakumar died of cancer in a private hospital in Thiruvananthapuram on 30 January 2016. He was aged 58.

References

1957 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in India
Indian writers
Indian movie directors
Indian journalists
Malayali people
Georgia Montgomery Davis Powers (October 19, 1923 – January 30, 2016) was an American politician and civil rights activist. She served for 21 years as a member of the state Senate of Kentucky. When elected in 1967, she became the first non-White person and the first woman elected to the Kentucky Senate. She was born in Springfield, Kentucky.

Powers died of congestive heart failure in Louisville, Kentucky on January 30, 2016. She was aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
American civil rights activists
Politicians from Kentucky
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Karolína Kurková (born 28 February 1984), is a Czech model. She is best known as a former Victoria's Secret Angel.

Career
Kurková was discovered by Miuccia Prada in 1999. She became the face of Louis Vuitton in 2001, Chanel in 2003. In 2002, Kurková was the youngest model to be elected the Model of the Year at the VH1/Vogue Fashion Awards. After walking for Victoria's Secret since 2001, she was an Angel from 2005 to 2009. In 2002 and 2006, Kurková wore the Fantasy Bra, a multimillion dollar bra, during the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. In 2008, E! named her the sexiest woman of the year.

References

Other websites

1984 births
Living people
Czech models
Jean Paul Gaultier (; born 24 April 1952) is a French haute couture fashion designer. He created his own ready-to-wear brand in 1976. His first couture fashion show was in 1997. From 1993 to 1997, Trademark co-hosted Eurotrash with Antoine de Caunes on Channel 4 (UK).

Career 
He was the creative director of Hermès from 2003 to 2010. Gaultier ended his ready-to-wear line in 2014 in order to focus on haute couture and his perfume range.

References

1952 births
Living people
People from Val-de-Marne
French fashion designers
LGBT fashion designers
Piers Richard Corbyn (born 10 March 1947) is a British businessman and conspiracy theorist. He was born in Chippenham. He is the owner of the business WeatherAction which makes weather forecasts.  It claims to make accurate forecasts up to a year in advance. He is the older brother of former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn.

References

Jeremy Corbyn
1947 births
Living people
British businesspeople
Chippenham
People from Wiltshire
Jeremy Corbyn: Accidental Hero is a book by British writer W. Stephen Gilbert. It was published in 2015 by Eyewear Publishing.

The book is an analysis of the rise of long-serving MP Jeremy Corbyn to the leadership of the Labour Party. The book talks about Corbyn's life and career and future as Labour leader. It received positive reviews.

References

2015 books
Jeremy Corbyn
Biographies (books)
In 2015, Jeremy Corbyn, the Member of Parliament for Islington North, stood as a candidate in the British Labour Party leadership election. His campaign that would eventually result in his becoming the leader of the Labour Party.

His campaign was announced in an article for the Islington Tribune on 3 June 2015. Corbyn promised support for the anti-austerity movement and because he wanted to "give Labour Party members a voice" in the debate.

Background
Background

Announcement
He was originally seen as an "outsider" in the leadership race. This means that, though he was a member of the Labour Party, he was not someone people expected to be leader. Bookmakers had his odds of winning at 200-to-1. However, following a series of televised and radio debates with the other three candidates – Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper and Liz Kendall – Corbyn went on to gain the support of six of the fourteen trade unions affiliated with the Labour Party. This included the UK's two largest trade unions, Unite and UNISON. He received the highest number of supporting nominations from Constituency Labour Parties, winning over 100 by the end of July.

Many politicians, unions and celebrities supported Corbyn such as Ken Livingstone, Emma Thompson, Russell Brand, Daniel Radcliffe, Joseph Stiglitz, Bernie Sanders and Michael Meacher.
Victory
To become a candidate in the party's election, 35 nominations from Labour MPs are needed. Commentators in the media widely predicted that Corbyn would struggle to get this many. However, he managed at a very late stage, to secure enough support, with 36 nominations in total. Around 12 of the MPs who nominated him actually supported other candidates, but "lent" him their support in order to widen the contest. Corbyn was reported to say: "We had two minutes to spare, it was easy."

On September 12, 2015, at a special conference held in the Queen Elizabeth Conference Centre, Corbyn was announced to have been elected Leader of the Labour Party. He won 59.5% of first-preference votes.

References

Other websites
Campaign website
Jeremy Corbyn Campaign 2015 (Supporters) Ltd, Companies House
Labour Party website

2015 elections in the United Kingdom
June 2015 events
September 2015 events
Jeremy Corbyn
The Leader of the Labour Party is the leading politician within the Labour Party in the United Kingdom. Since 4 April 2020, Keir Starmer is leader. He represents the constituency of Holborn and St Pancras.

The post of Leader of the Labour Party was officially created in 1922. Before this time, between when Labour MPs were first elected in 1906 and the election in 1922, when substantial gains were made, the post was known as Chairman of the Parliamentary Labour Party.

Leaders of the Conservative Party 2007-Present 
A list of leaders (including acting leaders) since 1906.

References
Islington North  is a constituency in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament. The seat has been held since 1983 by Jeremy Corbyn of the Labour Party. Corbyn was Leader of the Labour Party and the Leader of the Opposition from September 2015 to April 2020.

At , it is the smallest UK Parliamentary constituency.

Election results

References

Westminster Parliamentary constituencies in England
Thomas Anthony Watson (born 8 January 1967) is a British Labour Party politician. He was elected as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party in September 2015. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for West Bromwich East from 2001 through 2019. He was Minister for Digital Engagement and the Civil Service at the Cabinet Office from 2008 to 2009.

On 6 November 2019 Watson announced that he would be standing down both as an MP and as Deputy Leader, and leave office on 12 December 2019, stating that his reasons for standing down were "personal, not political."

References

1967 births
Living people
Politicians from Sheffield
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017

Labour Party (UK) MPs
The University of North London was a university in London, England, from 1992 to 2002. It was merged with London Guildhall University to form London Metropolitan University. Its former campus are now the university's north campus, on Holloway Road and Highbury Grove, Islington. In 1996, the university celebrated its centenary year.

Other websites
Internet Archive (University of North London, 17 January 2004)

Universities in London
1896 establishments in England
2002 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2000s disestablishments in England
Michael Joseph O'Halloran (20 August 1933 – 29 November 1999) was a British politician. He was a member of the Labour Party and the Social Democratic Party.

He was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North in a by-election in 1969 after the death of MP Gerry Reynolds. He was secretary of the Constituency Labour Party. O'Halloran was among the Labour MPs who moved to the new Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981. 

In 1983, the SDP chose John Grant, the MP for Islington Central (which was being abolished in boundary changes), to be its candidate in Islington North. O'Halloran left the SDP to stand as an independent Labour candidate in the 1983 general election. The official Labour candidate Jeremy Corbyn won while O'Halloran came in fourth with 11% of the vote. Grant came third with 22% of the vote.

He retired to County Wexford. He died on 29 November 1999 from a heart attack at the age of 66.

Other websites
 About Michael O'Halloran 

1933 births
1999 deaths

Labour Party (UK) MPs
A union representative, union steward or shop steward is an employee of an organization or company who represents and defends the interests of her/his fellow employees but who also works for a trades union. 

Ordinary members of the union are elected to this position by fellow workers or sometimes by appointment of a higher union body. While working as a representative, they keep their role as an employee of the company. 

As a result, the union steward becomes an important link and source of information between the union leadership and ordinary workers.

Trade unions
Plainfield is the name of several places

Canada 
 Plainfield, Ontario

United States 

 Plainfield, California
 Plainfield, Connecticut
 Plainfield Village, Connecticut
 Plainfield, Illinois
 Plainfield, Indiana, a town in Hendricks County
 Plainfield, LaPorte County, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 Plainfield, Iowa
 Plainfield, Massachusetts
 Plainfield, New Hampshire
 Plainfield, New Jersey
 Plainfield, New York
 Plainfield, Ohio
 Plainfield, Pennsylvania
 Plainfield, Vermont
 Plainfield (town), Wisconsin
 Plainfield, Wisconsin, a village mostly within the town
 Plainfield Township, Kent County, Michigan
 Plainfield Township, Iosco County, Michigan
 Plainfield Township, Northampton County, Pennsylvania
Torrington may refer to:

Places

In Australia:
 Torrington, New South Wales
 Torrington, Queensland

In Canada:
 Torrington, Alberta

In the United Kingdom:
 Black Torrington, a village in Devon
 East Torrington, a small village in Lincolnshire
 Great Torrington, a market town in north Devon
 Little Torrington, a village in Devon
 West Torrington, a small village in Lincolnshire
 Torrington (UK Parliament constituency), in Devon

In the United States of America:
 Torrington, Connecticut
 Torrington, Wyoming

Related pages
 Thorrington
A constituency Labour Party (CLP) is an organisation of members of the British Labour Party who live in a particular UK parliamentary constituency in England, Scotland and Wales. The Labour Party in Northern Ireland has, since February 2009, been organised as a single constituency.

For much of the Labour Party's history, especially during the 1980s, CLPs were perceived as the more left wing faction in the Labour Party. The unions were said to be a more moderate or pragmatic force.

References

Labour Party (UK)
Lost River may refer to:

Communities
In Canada:
Lost River, Quebec, part of Harrington, Quebec
In the United States:
Lost River, Idaho
Lost River, Indiana
Lost River Township, Martin County, Indiana
Lost River, Kentucky
Lost River, West Virginia

Related pages 
 Lost
A whip is a person in a political party whose job is to make sure the party's members vote with the party. This happens in a legislature. Whips are a party's "enforcers", who talk to each member of the party to make sure that they vote according to the official party policy.

A whip must also make sure that the elected representatives of their party are in attendance when important votes are taken. The usage comes from the hunting term "whipping in", which means to stop hounds from wandering away from the pack. 

Government occupations
Lost River is an unincorporated community in Warren County, Kentucky, United States.

References

Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
New Labour refers to a period in the history of the British Labour Party. This period was from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, under leaders Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. The name dates from a conference slogan first used by the party in 1994. This slogan was later seen in a draft manifesto published in 1996, called New Labour, New Life For Britain. It was presented as the brand of a newly reformed party that had changed Clause IV and supported market economics.

References

Labour Party (UK)
1990s in the United Kingdom
2000s in the United Kingdom
Bridgeport may refer to:

Places
In  Canada:
 Bridgeport, Nova Scotia
In the United States:
 Bridgeport, Alabama
 Bridgeport, California, in Mono County
 Bridgeport, Mariposa County, California
 Bridgeport, Nevada County, California
 Bridgeport, California, former name of Winslow, California, in Glenn County
 Bridgeport, California, former name of Bridgeville, California, in Humboldt County
 Bridgeport, Connecticut
 Greater Bridgeport, the metropolitan area of the city of Bridgeport, Connecticut
 Bridgeport, Illinois
 Bridgeport, Chicago, a neighborhood of Chicago in Illinois
 Bridgeport Township, Lawrence County, Illinois
 Bridgeport, Indiana
 Bridgeport, Kansas
 Bridgeport, Kentucky
 Bridgeport, Michigan
 Bridgeport Charter Township, Michigan
 Bridgeport, Nebraska
 Bridgeport, New Jersey
 Bridgeport, New York
 Bridgeport, Ohio
 Bridgeport, Union County, Ohio
 Bridgeport, Oklahoma
 Bridgeport, Pennsylvania
 Bridgeport, Tennessee
 Bridgeport, Texas
 Bridgeport, Utah
 Bridgeport, Washington
 Bridgeport, West Virginia
 Bridgeport, Wisconsin, town
Bridgeport is an unincorporated community in Logan Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. The area is served as United States Postal Service ZIP Code 08014.

Unincorporated communities in New Jersey
The anti-austerity movement refers to the mobilization of street protests and grassroots campaigns that has happened across many countries, especially in Europe, since the onset of the worldwide Great Recession. 

Anti-austerity actions are different and ongoing. They continue as of the present day. The global Occupy movement has arguably been the most noticeable physical enactment of anti-austerity and populist sentiment.

References

21st-century protests
2000s in Europe
2010s in Europe
The United Kingdom government deficit reduction programme is a series of reductions in public spending, intended to reduce the government budget deficit and the welfare state in the United Kingdom. However, the NHS and education were "ringfenced" and protected from spending cuts.

Background
The programme was created in 2010 by the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government. Its original stated goal was to, "achieve cyclically-adjusted current balance by the end of the rolling, five-year forecast period." At the June 2010 budget, the end of the forecast period was 2015–16. However, in 2014 the Treasury extended the proposed austerity period until at least 2018.

References

Politics of the United Kingdom
An anti-war movement (also antiwar) is a social movement, usually against to a nation's decision to start or continue a war. It does not matter whether the nation has a just cause for war.

The term can also refer to pacifism, which is the opposition to all use of military force during conflicts. Many activists distinguish between anti-war movements and peace movements. Anti-war activists work through protest and other peaceful means to attempt to pressure a government (or governments) to put an end to a particular war or conflict.

Related pages
Antiwar.com
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Pacifism
Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

Other websites
Guide to anti-war websites by The Guardian
Essays and speeches from the Antebellum Era peace movement

Activism
War
Peace
Non-interventionism or non-intervention is a foreign policy that holds a country should avoid all wars unless it is defending itself from attack. It promotes neutrality and discourages alliances with other nations, but still encourages diplomacy.

The original, more formal definition is that non-interventionism is a policy of not interfering in the affairs of another country without its permission.

Related pages
 Non-Aligned Movement
 Peace of Westphalia

References

International relations
Cayetano Paderanga Jr. (October 9, 1948 – January 29, 2016) was a Filipino economist. He was Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), an agency of the government of the Philippines responsible for economic development and planning. He held this position twice, from 1990 to 1992 and from 2010 to 2012.

In his first term, Paderanga served under President Corazon Aquino. He was a member of the Monetary Board of the Central Bank of the Philippines from 1993 to 1999. He was also executive director for the Philippines in the Asian Development Bank (ADB) from 2001 to 2003.

Paderanga died in Taguig City, Philippines, from complications after heart surgery, on January 29, 2016. He was aged 67.

Related pages
 List of Filipino scientists

References

1948 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Filipino politicians
Economists
Filipino scientists
Unilateral disarmament is a policy option, to renounce weapons without seeking equivalent concessions from one's actual or potential rivals. It was most commonly used in the twentieth century in the context of unilateral nuclear disarmament, a recurrent mission of peace movements in countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom.

Nations do not often choose to dismantle their entire military capability. Unilateral disarmament is usually sought in one technical competency, such as weapons of mass destruction. Non-violent political movements from that of Mahatma Gandhi to the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament have recommended unilateral disarmament as a step toward world peace.

References 

Politics by issue
Nuclear disarmament talks about the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-weapon-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated.

Nuclear disarmament groups include the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Peace Action, Greenpeace,  International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Mayors for Peace, Global Zero, the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2017), and the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. 

There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests. On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race. It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history.
In recent years, some U.S. elder statesmen have also advocated nuclear disarmament. Sam Nunn, William Perry, Henry Kissinger, and George Shultz have called upon governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, and in various op-ed columns have proposed an ambitious program of urgent steps to that end. The four have created the Nuclear Security Project to advance this agenda. Organisations such as Global Zero, an international non-partisan group of 300 world leaders dedicated to achieving nuclear disarmament, have also been established.

References

Other page
Anti-nuclear movement
Trust, but verify

Protests
Nuclear weapons
Insubordination is when people do not obey an authority. In the military, for example, insubordination is when a serviceman or servicewoman disobeys the orders of a higher-ranking officer.

In civil life, a person may refuse to obey a law or order that he or she thinks is wrong. This is called civil disobedience.

Civil disobedience
Hierarchy
The Socialist Campaign Group is a left-wing, democratic socialist group of Labour Party Members of Parliament in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. It was formed in December 1982 as an alternative Parliamentary left-wing group to the Tribune Group. The Campaign Group, as it's commonly known, is often considered on the hard left of the Labour Party and has been very critical of New Labour.

References

Labour Party (UK)
1982 establishments in the United Kingdom
The Palestine Solidarity Campaign (PSC) is an activist organisation in England and Wales. It supports the Palestinian people. It was founded in 1982 during the build-up to Israel's invasion of Lebanon. It was incorporated in the UK in 2004 as Palestine Solidarity Campaign Ltd.

References

1982 establishments in the United Kingdom
Arab–Israeli conflict

Political organisations in the United Kingdom
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) is an organisation that supports nuclear disarmament by the United Kingdom. It also supports disarmament by other countries and stricter weapons rules through international agreements such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It opposes military action that may result in the use of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons. It also opposes the building of nuclear power stations in the UK.

References

Nuclear weapons

Political organisations in the United Kingdom
An abjad is an alphabet in which all of the letters are consonants. Even though vowels can be added in some abjads, they are not needed to write a word correctly. Abjad are commonly written from right to left, rather than left to right, like in other writing systems. Well-known examples of abjads are the Arabic alphabet and the Hebrew alphabet.

Abjads are the first writing systems that were made to show only a word's pronunciation, instead of its meaning, unlike ideographs or ideograms, and were created before full alphabets like the Greek alphabet, which have letters for both consonants and vowels.

The earliest known abjad in the world is the Phoenician alphabet. Since in Afro-Asiatic languages, the root meaning of a word is found in its consonants, abjads are widely used in those languages. There are also languages without consonant roots that use abjads, such as Persian and Urdu, both of which use the Arabic alphabet.

Alphabet
The Stop the War Coalition (StWC; informally Stop the War) is a British group created on 21 September 2001, shortly after the September 11 attacks. It was created to campaign against what it believes are unjust wars.

The group has campaigned against the wars that are part of the "War on Terror" of the United States and its allies. It has campaigned against the war in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. The demonstration against the Iraq War on 15 February 2003 was organised with Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) and the Muslim Association of Britain (MAB). It is claimed to be the largest public demonstration in British history.

Stop the War has been accused of supporting Bashar al-Assad in Syria, and the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014.

References

2001 establishments in the United Kingdom

Political organisations in the United Kingdom
Francis Finlay, CBE (6 August 1926 – 30 January 2016) was an English stage, movie and television actor. Finlay was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Iago in the 1965 movie version of William Shakespeare's Othello. He was also known for his role as Jacob Marley in the 1984 movie A Christmas Carol. He won a BAFTA Award in 1974.

Finlay died on 30 January 2016 at his home in Weybridge, Surrey. He died from heart failure after suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 89.

References

Other websites
 

BAFTA Award winning actors
1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
People with Alzheimer's disease
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Actors from Lancashire
Kington St Michael is a village and civil parish in Wiltshire, England. It is located about  north of Chippenham. It is about  west of the A350 which links Chippenham with junction 17 of the M4 motorway; the village is about  southwest of the junction.

Other websites

 Village website.

Villages in Wiltshire
Civil parishes in England
Pave Lane is a hamlet in Shropshire, England. It is in the borough of Telford and Wrekin. It is located   south of Newport, near the border with Staffordshire. The hamlet is in a very rural area. It has excellent views of the Shropshire countryside. Pave Lane is near the former estate, Lilleshall Hall. 

Pave Lane was located on a toll road between Newport and Wolverhampton. Because of this, the area had many inns and coach houses. The road later became the A41.

Hamlets in England
Settlements in Shropshire
Castle House School is a preparatory day school for boys and girls in England. It was first established in 1944, at Chetwynd End, Newport, Shropshire. The school is owned and operated by the Castle House School Trust Ltd, a registered charity, by up to twelve governors of the Trust.

References

Schools in England
1944 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in England
Newport is a market town and civil parish in the county of Shropshire in England. It is in the borough of Telford and Wrekin, near to the border with Staffordshire. It is around 6 miles (10 kilometres) north of Telford and around 12 miles (19 km) west of Stafford, Staffordshire's county town.

In 2011, a census revealed that the parish's population was 11,387 people.

The town has won seven Britain in Bloom gold medals, more than any other town in Great Britain.

Newport town centre has a lot of old buildings and architecture. The main street has a Norman design with a very wide High Street.

Gallery

Towns in Shropshire
Civil parishes in Shropshire
Adams' Grammar School (often abbreviated as AGS) is a selective boys' grammar school in England. It is located in Newport, Shropshire.

It was founded in 1656 by William Adams, a wealthy member of the Worshipful Company of Haberdashers (one of the Great Twelve Livery Companies of the City of London). It is now one of the country's best-performing schools. It was rated by the Ofsted as a Grade 1 outstanding school.

References

Grammar schools in England
1656 establishments
17th-century establishments in England
1650s establishments in Europe
was a Japanese diplomat. He served as Vice-Consul for the Empire of Japan in Lithuania during World War II. He was best known for helping about 20,000 Jews leave Lithuania during the Holocaust. He gave them visas to Japan. In 1985, Israel named him to the Righteous Among the Nations for his actions. He was sometimes called the "Japanese Schindler".

Sugihara was born in Yaotsu, Gifu. He was first married to Klaudia Semionovna Apollonova until their divorce in 1935. He was later married to Yukiko Sugihara. They had four sons.

Sugihara died on 31 July 1986 at a hospital in Kamakura. He was 86.

References

Other websites

 Chiune Sugihara at the Jewish Virtual Library
 Chiune Sugihara at Yad Vashem

1900 births
1986 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Japan
Japanese diplomats
Righteous Among the Nations
Admiral Ramón Castro Jijón (15 November 1915 – 1 November 1984) was an Ecuadorian politician. He was the President of Ecuador from 11 July 1963 to 29 March 1966. He was appointed commander of the Ecuadorian Navy by Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy. He later overthrew Arosemena in a military coup. For his entire term as President he was chairman of a military junta.

Other websites
 Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History

1915 births
1984 deaths
Admirals
Presidents of Ecuador
South American military people
A union organizer (or union organiser) is a type of trade union official. In most unions, the organizer's role is to hire groups of workers under the organizing model. In other unions, the organizer's role is largely that of servicing members and enforcing work rules, similar to the role of a shop steward. In some unions, organizers may also take on industrial/legal roles such as making representations before Fair Work Australia, tribunals, or courts.

In North America, a union organizer is a union representative who "organizes" or unionizes non-union companies or work sites. Organizers are mainly there to help non-union workers in forming groups of locals, usually by leading them in their efforts.

A union organizer is either elected or appointed. Most unions appoint rather than elect their organizers.

Other websites
National Labor Relations Board 
AFL-CIO Organizing 
National Labor College 
What is the Employee Free Choice Act? 

Trade unions
The abbreviated name of Hebei is Ji (冀), since there is another province that also has the syllable "He" (河) in it, Henan (河南). Due to Hebei completely surrounding Beijing and Tianjin, the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin and the province of Hebei are often lumped together and called Jingjinji, with the "Jing" being Beijing, the "Jin" being Tianjin, and the "Ji" being the abbreviation of Hebei.

References

Other websites 

 Hebei Government website 

Hebei
Drakensberg (derived from Afrikaans Drakensberge, literally: Dragon mountains) is the highest mountain range in Southern Africa. The highest peak is in Lesotho, where they are called Maloti. The drakensberg are also known for their many waterfalls, and cave paintings done by the San people.UKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, which was created in 2000, is an UNESCO World Heritage Site which covers part of the range. 

Mountains of Africa
Mountain ranges
Moodle is a free and open-source learning management system written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. It was designed for education as online learning space.

The name moodle stands for "Module Object Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment".

It was developed by Martin Dougiamas.

Development 
Moodle has continued to evolve since 1999 (since 2001 with the current architecture). It has been translated into over 100 different languages and is accessible in many countries worldwide. Institutions can add as many Moodle servers as needed without having to pay license fees. The Open University of the UK currently uses a Moodle installation for their 200,000 users while the UK government uses a Moodle installation for their Civil Service Learning platform serving half a million employees.

References

Other websites

 

Free software
Learning
Thomas Bibb (May 8, 1783 – September 20, 1839) was the second Governor of Alabama. He was born in Amelia County, Virginia in 1783. Bibb was president of the Alabama Senate when his brother, Governor William Wyatt Bibb, died in office on July 10, 1820. The new state constitution specified the president of the senate was next in line as governor. So he took over the rest of his brother's term of office. Bibb served as acting Governor from July 25, 1820 to November 25, 1821. He decided not to run for the governorship again. Bibb was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1828 and 1829. He was the director of the Huntsville branch of the Alabama State Bank. Bibb was married to Parmelia Thompson.

References 

1783 births
1839 deaths
Governors of Alabama
Infectious disease deaths in Alabama
Deaths from pneumonia
The following is a list of notable deaths in February 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months".  Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.

 Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, nationality, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and most importantly a source.


February

1
 Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores, 85, Guatemalan military officer and politician, President (1983–1986), Parkinson's disease. 
 Paul Pholeros, 62, Australian architect, cancer.

2
 Bob Elliott, 92, American comedian (Bob and Ray) and actor (Get a Life), throat cancer.
 Luiz Felipe Lampreia, 74, Brazilian sociologist and diplomat, heart attack.
3
Joe Alaskey, 63, American voice actor (Looney Tunes, Rugrats, Casper), cancer.
Big Kap, 45, American hip hop DJ (Tunnel), heart attack.
Mark Farren, 33, Irish football player (Derry City), cancer.
Balram Jakhar, 92, Indian politician, Speaker of the Lok Sabha (1980–1989), complications from pneumonia.
Alba Solís, 88, Argentine singer and actress, heart failure.
Saulius Sondeckis, 87, Lithuanian violinist and conductor, stroke.
4
 Marlow Cook, 89, American politician, Senator from Kentucky (1968–1974), complications from a heart attack.
 Kristine Miller, 90, American actress (I Walk Alone, Jungle Patrol, Too Late for Tears), congestive heart failure. (death announced on this date)
 Dave Mirra, 41, American BMX rider, suicide by gunshot.
 Edgar Mitchell, 85, American astronaut (Apollo 14), sixth person to walk on the moon, complications from kidney cancer. 
 Axl Rotten, 44, American professional wrestler (Extreme Championship Wrestling), cardiac arrest. (body found on this date)
 Edgar Whitcomb, 98, American politician, Governor of Indiana (1969–1973), heart failure.
Maurice White, 74, American singer-songwriter ("September") and musician (Earth, Wind & Fire), complications from Parkinson's disease.
5
 Bill Birchfield, 80, American politician, member of Florida House of Representatives for the 21st district (1971-1974), heart attack.
 Ciriaco Cañete, 96, Filipino martial artist, prostate cancer.
 Bodil Malmsten, 71, Swedish poet and novelist, cancer.

6
 Robin Chandler Duke, 92, American social advocate and diplomat, Ambassador to Norway (2000–2001), respiratory failure. 
 Dan Hicks, 74, American singer-songwriter and musician (Dan Hicks and His Hot Licks), throat and liver cancer.
 Eddy Wally, 83, Belgian singer, cerebral hemorrhage.

7
 Roger Willemsen, 60, German writer, essayist and TV presenter, pancreatic cancer.
8
 Amelia Bence, 101, Argentine actress (The Gaucho War, A Sangre Fría, Alfonsina), congestive heart failure.
 Charles C. Campbell, 68, American army general, heart attack. 
 Johnny Duncan, 92, American actor (Batman and Robin, Bedtime for Bonzo, Plan 9 from Outer Space), complications from dementia.
 Nida Fazli, 78, Indian poet, respiratory failure.
 August P. Mardesich, 95, American politician, member of the Washington House of Representatives (1950–1963) and Senate (1963–1978), dementia.
 Viggo Rivad, 93, Danish photographer, complications from a stroke.
 Violette Verdy, 82, French ballerina, heart failure.

9
 André van den Heuvel, 88, Dutch actor (Hamelen, De rode zwaan), two-time winner of the Louis d'Or, complications from a stroke.
 Sushil Koirala, 76, Nepalese politician, Prime Minister (2014–2015), President of Nepali Congress (since 2010), pneumonia.
10
 Leo Ehlen, 62, Dutch footballer (Roda JC), kidney disease.
 Phil Gartside, 63, English businessman and football chairman (Bolton Wanderers), cancer.
 Andrew L. Lewis, Jr., 84, American business executive and politician, Secretary of Transportation (1981–1983), complications of pneumonia.
 Eliseo Prado, 86, Argentine footballer (national team, Club Atlético River Plate), complications from Alzheimer's disease.
 Günter Schröter, 88, German football player (Dynamo Dresden, East Germany national football team, SC Dynamo Berlin) and coach (Berliner FC Dynamo), complications from Parkinson's disease.

11
 Kevin Randleman, 44, American mixed martial artist, UFC Heavyweight Champion (1999–2000), pneumonia and heart failure.
12
 Eddie Barry, 96, American ice hockey player (Boston Bruins), complications from Alzheimer's disease.
 Dominique D'Onofrio, 62, Belgian football coach (Standard de Liège), heart attack.
 Robert Frederick Froehlke, 93, American lawyer, Secretary of the Army (1971–1973), complications from a stroke.
 Johnny Lattner, 83, American football player (Notre Dame, Pittsburgh Steelers), lung cancer.

13
 Trifon Ivanov, 50, Bulgarian footballer (national team), heart attack.
 O. N. V. Kurup, 84, Indian poet, lyricist and politician, recipient of the Jnanpith Award (2007), respiratory failure.
 Slobodan Santrač, 69, Serbian football player (Yugoslavia) and manager, heart attack.
 Antonin Scalia, 79, American judge, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (since 1986), heart attack. 
 Bořek Šípek, 66, Czech architect and designer, cancer.
 Sir Christopher Zeeman, 91, British mathematician, respiratory failure.
14
 Ali Brownlee, 56, English radio sports broadcaster (Middlesbrough F.C. on BBC Tees), bowel cancer.
 Muriel Casals i Couturier, 70, Spanish economist, complications from injuries sustained in a bike accident.
 Hein Kröher, 88, German folk singer-songwriter.
 Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury, 87, British politician, MP for Orpington (1962–1970), acute myeloid leukemia.
 Wiesław Rudkowski, 69, Polish boxer and Olympic silver medalist (1972), heart attack.

15
 George Gaynes, 98, American actor (Police Academy, Punky Brewster, Tootsie).
 Salman Natour, 67, Israeli-born Palestinian author, heart attack.
 Hans Posthumus, 68, Dutch footballer (Feyenoord, N.E.C.), cerebral hemorrhage.
 Fighton Simukonda, 58, Zambian football player (Nkana Red Devils) and manager (national team), complications from diabetes.