Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
On June 16, 1864, the United States Congress passed a law that would give full, equal pay to any soldiers who had been free men as of April 19, 1861.  Not all the soldiers qualified; some had still been slaves at this time. Colonel Hallowell, a Quaker, decided that because he did not believe in slavery, he could have all the soldiers swear that they were free men on April 19, 1861.  Before being given their back pay, the entire regiment was given what became known as "the Quaker oath". Colonel Hallowell carefully wrote the oath to say: "You do solemnly swear that you owed no man unrequited labor unpaid work on or before the 19th day of April 1861. So help you God".

On September 28, 1864, the United States Congress took action to pay the men of the 54th.  By this time, most of the men had served 18 months in the 54th.

Related pages
 American Civil War
 Union Army
 Confederate Army
 Robert Gould Shaw

Other websites
Other websites

Written in Glory, Letters from the Soldiers and Officers of the 54th Massachusetts
54th Massachusetts at the Battle of Olustee
Photograph of Sgt. Major Lewis Douglass
Photograph of Charles Douglass
 American Civil War Battles of Fort Wagner

Footnotes

Sources

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Union Army
African-American military personnel
Typhoon Meranti, also known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ferdie, was one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record. The storm struck the Philippines, Taiwan and mainland China. In terms of pressure, Meranti was the strongest typhoon since Typhoon Megi in 2010. It was also the strongest in terms of wind speeds since Typhoon Haiyan in 2013. Furthermore, it was the strongest tropical cyclone in 2016.

The storm caused more than $2.6 billion in damage. It led to more than 30 deaths.

References

2016 in weather
Pacific typhoons
September 2016 events
Retired tropical cyclone names
San Felipe ( Spanish for "St. Philip") is a Chilean city; it is the capital and main city of the San Felipe de Aconcagua province, Valparaíso region.

History
San Felipe was founded on 3 August 1740 by José Antonio Manso, who conquered the Aconcagua Valley. The city was named, after the king Philip V of Spain (), as San Felipe el Real.

Geography

The commune of San Felipe is in the valley of the Aconcagua river and has an area of . It is   north of the national capital of Santiago and at about  to the west of the Aconcagua, the highest mountain of the Americas.

The commune is bordered on the north by the Putaendo commune, on the east by the Santa María commune, on the southeast by the Los Andes and Rinconada communes of the Los Andes province, on the south by the Panquehue commune, and on the west by the Catemu commune.

 
The city of San Felipe is along the Aconcagua river, the main river of the province and of the Valparaíso region, near the point where the river is joined by the Putaendo river.
Population
 (last national census), there were 64,126 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The city of San Felipe has an urban area of  and a population, in 2002, of 53,017 inhabitants.

Its inhabitants are called Sanfelipeños (women, Sanfelipeñas).

Related pages
Communes of Chile
Provinces of Chile

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Valparaíso  Official website 
 Municipalidadnde San Felipe website  

Cities in Chile
Valparaíso Region
Macmillan Cancer Support is one of the largest British charities. It provides health care, information and financial support to people affected by cancer. As well as helping with the medical needs of people affected by cancer, Macmillan also looks at the social, emotional and practical impact cancer can have. Macmillan campaigns for better cancer care. Macmillan Cancer Support's goal is to reach and improve the lives of everyone living with cancer in the UK. They are one of Britain's top 1,000 charities.

References 

Cancer
Conventional weapons are those weapons that are not weapons of mass destruction. They can include weapons such as armoured fighting vehicles, armed helicopters, combat aircraft, artillery and warships. They can also include (but are not limited to) small arms, ammunition, cluster munitions and land mines. There is no single definition of conventional weapons. But they are the main weapons used in modern conventional warfare.

UN Register of Conventional Arms 
The United Nations set up the UN Register of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) in 1991. UN member nations add details of their imports and exports of conventional weapons. There are seven categories of conventional weapons in the register.

 Category I – Battle tanks.
 Category II – Armored combat vehicles.
 Category III – Large-calibre artillery systems.
 Category IV – Combat aircraft.
 Category V – Attack helicopters.
 Category VI – Warships.
 Category VII – Missiles and missile launchers.
Related pages 
 Small arms
 Nuclear weapon
 Chemical weapon
 Biological weapon

References

Other websites 
 Nuclear and Conventional Weapons 
 Small Arms: The Real Weapons of Mass Destruction | Military Update; YouTube

Weapons
Edward Gierek (; 6 January 1913 – 29 July 2001) was a Polish communist politician. 

Gierek is known for opening communist Poland to Western influence. He made economic changes. For a time these changes helped Poland's economy stabilize. He modernized industry and increased access to products. Later the 1973 oil crisis made prices increase. Poland had many foreign debts. There were several revolts because of the economy. The Polish people were unhappy with Gierek and he was removed from power.

References

1913 births
2001 deaths
Polish communist politicians
Silesian Voivodeship
Chiang Ching-kuo (27 April 1910 – 13 January 1988) was a Taiwanese politician. He held numerous posts in the government of the Republic of China (ROC).

Chiang Ching-kuo was the son of Chiang Kai-shek. He succeeded his father to serve as Premier of the Republic of China. He was the President of the Republic of China from 1978 until his death in 1988.

References

1910 births
1988 deaths
Anti-communists
Methodists
Prime ministers
Presidents of the Republic of China
The Aconcagua River is a river that flows from east to west through the Valparaíso region in north central Chile and flows into the Pacific Ocean  north of Valparaíso.

Although it has the same name, the Aconcagua river does not starts in the slopes of Aconcagua, which is in Argentina about  from the beginning of the river, in Chilean territory.

Geography

The Aconcagua river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Course
The Aconcagua river starts on the Andes at an elevation of about , at the confluence of two rivers:
 Juncal river, that starts in the Nevado Juncal mountain; it is  long.
 Blanco river, that is  long.

From its start, the river flows through the Aconcagua valley. Before the city of Los Andes, the river is joined, as a right tributary, by the Colorado river,  long, and then, after the city of San Felipe, by the Putaendo river, also a right tributary with a length of .
The river keeps flowing to the west, running through the cities of La Calera and Quillota, in the Quillota province. Finally, the Aconcagua river flows in the Pacific Ocean at the city of Concón, in the Valparaíso province.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Aconcagua river are:

Left tributaries:
 Estero Los Loros - 18 km

Right tributaries:
 Colorado- 58 km
 Putaendo - 34 km
 Estero Quilpué - 47 km
 Estero Limache

Related pages
 List of rivers of Chile

References

Other websites
 
 Cuenca Río Aconcagua  
 Saneamiento de los ríos Aconcagua y La Ligua  

Rivers of Chile
Valparaíso Region
Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War. He was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy.

Decorations and awards
 Twice Hero of Socialist Labour
 7 Orders of Lenin
 Order of the Red Banner
 Order of the Badge of Honour
 Lenin Prize

References

1909 births
1989 deaths
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union
Heads of government of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Luis Carrero Blanco, 1st Duke of Carrero Blanco, Grandee of Spain (4 March 1904 – 20 December 1973) was a Spanish admiral. He was a trusted associate of dictator Francisco Franco. He was assassinated by a member of ETA, a Basque group.

References

1904 births
1973 deaths
Admirals
Anti-communists
Assassinated people
Prime Ministers of Spain
Spanish military people
Spanish Roman Catholics
Marshal Lon Nol (, also ; 13 November 1913 – 17 November 1985) was a Cambodian politician and military leader. He led a coup against Prince Norodom Sihanouk in 1970. Nol made himself President of the newly created Khmer Republic. 

The Khmer Rouge took leadership of Cambodia. Lon Nol fled from Cambodia to Indonesia and then to the United States.

References

1913 births
1985 deaths
Anti-communists
Asian military people
Buddhists
Government ministers
People of the Vietnam War
Heads of state of Cambodia
Prime Ministers of Cambodia
Hu Yaobang (20 November 1915 – 15 April 1989) was a Chinese politician and a high-ranking official of the People's Republic of China.

Hu Yaobang was a political ally of Deng Xiaoping. They fought together in the Chinese Civil War. Both were part of the communist force that took power of Sichuan in 1949. Hu became the leader of the Communist Youth League from 1952–1966.

During the Cultural Revolution, Hu Yaobang was said to not be true to the Communist Party of China and Mao Zedong. He was rehabilitated twice. He was an important supporter of Deng Xiaoping's rise to power.

Hu Yaobang's death in 1989 was a cause for the Tiananmen Square protests.

References

1915 births
1989 deaths
General Secretaries of the Communist Party of China
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (26 August 1937 – 24 September 2010) was a Soviet politician. He was the vice president of the Soviet Union,. Yanayev served from 1990 to 1991.

Yanayev held several political positions. He served during the rules of Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko. With the help of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yanayev was the last and only elected Vice President of the Soviet Union. He later served a President of the Soviet Union during the August Coup and led the GKChP to depose President Gorbachev. The coup ended after 3 days. Yanayev was arrested. In 1994 he was pardoned by the State Duma.

Decorations and awards
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice
 Order of the Badge of Honour, twice

References

1937 births
2010 deaths
Russian communists
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Tinnitus is a symptom of hearing loss and other hearing problems. It is described as hearing sound in the head or ears that does not come from an outside source. Many people will hear ringing, buzzing, hissing or whistling sounds, but tinnitus can be other sounds such as roaring and humming as well.  

Different people will hear different sounds from tinnitus but how they hear it can also be different. Tinnitus can be loud or quiet and it can be continuous or occasional and some people will not notice their tinnitus but some people become very annoyed from it, especially when they feel tired or stressed.
 
There are many things that can cause people to get tinnitus. These are the main reasons:
Listening to loud noises 
Extreme stress
Old age 
Some diseases 
Some medicines

Treatments and therapies 
People of different range of age can develop tinnitus. It is not a disorder but the symptom of some underlying health condition.
People with tinnitus may take part in yoga, exercise regularly, perform sound therapies or join a tinnitus community .  Playing a faint background noise in the background also helps in keeping the phantom noise at bay.

References

Other websites 
 National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia and get more information on hearing problems.
 Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand and get more information on the hearing problem. 

Hearing problems
Ernest Bevin was a British statesman, trade union leader, and Labour politician. Bevin strongly opposed Communism. He helped in the creation of NATO.

References

1881 births
1951 deaths
Anti-communists
Baptists
British people of World War II
English Protestants
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Somerset
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
British trade unionists
The Hellenistic period in Ancient Greece (323–146 BC) was the time period between the death of Alexander the Great when the generals of Alexander created their own empires and the Roman conquest of mainland Greece. 

During this era: Greek culture, art and power expanded all over the Eastern Mediterranean (including Anatolia, Egypt, the Levant and the Balkans). Of all the Hellenistic empires that were established, the Seleucid Empire was the largest. The Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt is the most famous and the longest lasting due to its famous Library of Alexandria and members like Cleopatra VII.

Ancient Greece
The Frankfurt Universe are a German American football team from Frankfurt, Hesse.

The club was formed in 2007. Previously Frankfurt had the NFL Europa team Frankfurt Galaxy. In late 2014 the club announced that it had purchased the rights for the Galaxy name. Once again they played under the name Frankfurt Galaxy. In the official 2015 table of the German Football League however the team is still listed as Frankfurt Universe. It was renamed again as Frankfurt Universe in 2016.

Starting in 2015 the team plays at Frankfurter Volksbank Stadion, home ground of association football team FSV Frankfurt.

The team won the GFL 2 south in 2015 with a perfect season. They earned a promotion to the GFL after the eighth placed GFL team, the Franken Knights, withdrew from the promotion/relegation round.
Honours
The team's honours:
 German Bowl
 Runners-up: 2018
 EFL Bowl
 Champions: 2016
 Eurobowl
 Runners-up: 2017, 2018
 German Football League – Southern Division
 Runners-up: 2016, 2017
 League membership: 2016–present
 German Football League 2 – Southern Division
 Champions: 2015
 Runners-up: 2012, 2013

References

Other websites
 Official Website  
 German Football League official website  
 Football History  Historic American football tables from Germany

2007 establishments in Germany

American football
Frankfurt
Sport in Hesse
Sports clubs in Germany
There are 4 arrondissements in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence are:
History
Since its creation, the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department has had few changes:
 1790 : creation of the department with five districts: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron; the capital was Digne.
 1800 : creation of five arrondissements: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron.
 1926 : the arrondissements of Castellane and Sisteron were eliminated.
 1942 : Castellane was made again an arrondissement.

Related pages
List of arrondissements of France

References

Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
The arrondissement of Barcelonnette is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Barcelonnette.

History
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Barcelonnette was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Barcelonnette is in the northeast of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department. It is bordered to the northeast by Italy, to the southeast by the Alpes-Maritimes department, to the south by the Castellane and Digne-les-Baines arrondissements and to the west and north by the Hautes-Alpes department.

The arrondissement of Barcelonnette is the smallest arrondissement of the department both in area, , and population (8,004 inhabitants).

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
There is only one canton in the arrondissement of Barcelonnette, with all its communes in the arrondissement: the canton of Barcelonnette  (0401).

Communes
The arrondissement of Barcelonnette has 14 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 
 Barcelonnette (04019)
 Ubaye-Serre-Ponçon (04033)
 La Condamine-Châtelard (04062)
 Enchastrayes (04073)
 Faucon-de-Barcelonnette (04086)
 Jausiers (04096)
 Le Lauzet-Ubaye (04102)
 Val-d'Oronaye (04120)
 Pontis (04154)
 Méolans-Revel (04161)
 Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye (04193)
 Saint-Pons (04195)
 Les Thuiles (04220)
 Uvernet-Fours (04226)
 

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Barcelonnette
The arrondissement of Castellane is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Castellane.

History
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Castellane was part of that original department.

The arrondissement was eliminated in 1926 but became again an arrondissement in 1952.

Geography
The arrondissement of Castellane is in eastern Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Barcelonnette, to the east by the Alpes-Maritimes department, to the south by the Var department and to the west by the arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains.

The arrondissement of Castellane is the second smallest arrondissement of the department, after the arrondissement of Barcelonnette,  both in area, , and population (9,493 inhabitants).

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

There is only one canton in the arrondissement of Castellane, with all its communes in the arrondissement: the canton of Castellane  (0402).

Communes
The arrondissement of Castellane has 41 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Allons (04005)
 Allos (04006)
 Angles (04007)
 Annot (04008)
 Barrême (04022)
 Beauvezer (04025)
 Blieux (04030)
 Braux (04032)
 Castellane (04039)
 Castellet-lès-Sausses (04042)
 Val-de-Chalvagne (04043)
 Chaudon-Norante (04055)
 Clumanc (04059)
 Colmars (04061)
 Demandolx (04069)
 Entrevaux (04076)
 Le Fugeret (04090)
 La Garde (04092)
 Lambruisse (04099)
 Méailles (04115)
 Moriez (04133)
 La Mure-Argens (04136)
 La Palud-sur-Verdon (04144)
 Peyroules (04148)
 La Rochette (04170)
 Rougon (04171)
 Saint-André-les-Alpes (04173)
 Saint-Benoît (04174)
 Saint-Jacques (04180)
 Saint-Julien-du-Verdon (04183)
 Saint-Lions (04187)
 Saint-Pierre (04194)
 Sausses (04202)
 Senez (04204)
 Soleilhas (04210)
 Tartonne (04214)
 Thorame-Basse (04218)
 Thorame-Haute (04219)
 Ubraye (04224)
 Vergons (04236)
 Villars-Colmars (04240)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department
 List of arrondissements of France

References
References

Castellane
The arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Digne-les-Bains.

History
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains is in the central part of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department. It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Barcelonnette, to the east by the  arrondissement of Castellane, to the south by the Var department and to the west by the arrondissement of Forcalquier.

The arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains is the largest arrondissement of the department in area, , but the second in population (55,758 inhabitants), after the arrondissement of Forcalquier.

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains, there are 6 cantons and 4 of them with all their communes in the arrondissement:

 Digne-les-Bains-1 (0404)
 Digne-les-Bains-2 (0405)
 Oraison (0410) (partly)
 Riez (0412)
 Seyne (0413) (partly)
 Valensole (0415)

Communes
The arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains has 46 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aiglun (04001)
 Archail (04009)
 Auzet (04017)
 Barles (04020)
 Barras (04021)
 Beaujeu (04024)
 Beynes (04028)
 Bras-d'Asse (04031)
 Le Brusquet (04036)
 Le Castellard-Mélan (04040)
 Le Chaffaut-Saint-Jurson (04046)
 Champtercier (04047)
 Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban (04049)
 Châteauredon (04054)
 Digne-les-Bains (04070)
 Draix (04072)
 Entrages (04074)
 L’Escale (04079)
 Estoublon (04084)
 Ganagobie (04091)
 La Javie (04097)
 Majastres (04107)
 Malijai (04108)
 Mallefougasse-Augès (04109)
 Mallemoisson (04110)
 Marcoux (04113)
 Les Mées (04116)
 Mézel (04121)
 Mirabeau (04122)
 Montclar (04126)
 Moustiers-Sainte-Marie (04135)
 Peyruis (04149)
 Prads-Haute-Bléone (04155)
 La Robine-sur-Galabre (04167)
 Sainte-Croix-du-Verdon (04176)
 Hautes-Duyes (04177)
 Saint-Jeannet (04181)
 Saint-Julien-d'Asse (04182)
 Saint-Jurs (04184)
 Saint-Martin-lès-Seyne (04191)
 Selonnet (04203)
 Seyne (04205)
 Thoard (04217)
 Verdaches (04235)
 Le Vernet (04237)
 Volonne (04244)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Digne-les-Bains
Conductive hearing loss is one of the main types of hearing loss.  It happens when sound is blocked from going through the outer and middle ear into the inner ear and will only make noises sound less loud. 

Most of the time, conductive hearing loss can be treated but how it is treated depends on the causes and is different for everyone.

Causes
 Ear infections - some infections can cause the ear to swell and can make pus that blocks the ears
 Ruptured ear drums - a hole in the ear drum that makes it harder for sound to travel through the ears
 Objects blocking ear canal - some objects such as cotton tips and sometimes even ear wax can block the ears

Treatment
Medical - some ear infections can be treated by medicine
Surgery - sometimes surgery is needed to remove objects that are blocking the ears
Hearing aids - since conductive hearing loss usually makes noises sound quieter, hearing aids can help by making the sounds louder for users

References
References

Other websites 
 National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia and get more information on hearing problems.
 Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand and get more information on hearing problems.

Hearing problems
The arrondissement of Forcalquier is an arrondissement of France in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Forcalquier.

History
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Forcalquier was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Forcalquier is the most western of the arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department. It is bordered to the north by the Hautes-Alpes department, to the east by the arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains, to the south and west by the Vaucluse department and to the northwest by the Drôme department.

The arrondissement of Forcalquier is the second largest arrondissement of the department in area, after the arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains, , but first in population (88,333 inhabitants).

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Forcalquier, there are 9 cantons and 7 of them with all their communes in the arrondissement:

 Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban (0403)
 Forcalquier (0406)
 Manosque-1 (0407)
 Manosque-2 (0408)
 Manosque-3 (0409)
 Oraison (0410) (partly)
 Reillanne (0411)
 Seyne (0413) (partly)
 Sisteron (0414)

Communes
The arrondissement of Forcalquier has 97 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Allemagne-en-Provence (04004)
 Aubenas-les-Alpes (04012)
 Aubignosc (04013)
 Authon (04016)
 Banon (04018)
 Bayons (04023)
 Bellaffaire (04026)
 Bevons (04027)
 La Brillanne (04034)
 Brunet (04035)
 Le Caire (04037)
 Le Castellet (04041)
 Céreste (04045)
 Châteaufort (04050)
 Châteauneuf-Miravail (04051)
 Châteauneuf-Val-Saint-Donat (04053)
 Clamensane (04057)
 Claret (04058)
 Corbières (04063)
 Cruis (04065)
 Curbans (04066)
 Curel (04067)
 Dauphin (04068)
 Entrepierres (04075)
 Entrevennes (04077)
 Esparron-de-Verdon (04081)
 Faucon-du-Caire (04085)
 Fontienne (04087)
 Forcalquier (04088)
 Gigors (04093)
 Gréoux-les-Bains (04094)
 L’Hospitalet (04095)
 Lardiers (04101)
 Limans (04104)
 Lurs (04106)
 Mane (04111)
 Manosque (04112)
 Melve (04118)
 Mison (04123)
 Montagnac-Montpezat (04124)
 Montfort (04127)
 Montfuron (04128)
 Montjustin (04129)
 Montlaux (04130)
 Montsalier (04132)
 La Motte-du-Caire (04134)
 Nibles (04137)
 Niozelles (04138)
 Noyers-sur-Jabron (04139)
 Les Omergues (04140)
Ongles (04141)
 Oppedette (04142)
 Oraison (04143)
 Peipin (04145)
 Piégut (04150)
 Pierrerue (04151)
 Pierrevert (04152)
 Puimichel (04156)
 Puimoisson (04157)
 Quinson (04158)
 Redortiers (04159)
 Reillanne (04160)
 Revest-des-Brousses (04162)
 Revest-du-Bion (04163)
 Revest-Saint-Martin (04164)
 Riez (04166)
 La Rochegiron (04169)
 Roumoules (04172)
 Sainte-Croix-à-Lauze (04175)
 Saint-Étienne-les-Orgues (04178)
 Saint-Geniez (04179)
 Saint-Laurent-du-Verdon (04186)
 Saint-Maime (04188)
 Saint-Martin-de-Brômes (04189)
 Saint-Martin-les-Eaux (04190)
 Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire (04192)
 Sainte-Tulle (04197)
 Saint-Vincent-sur-Jabron (04199)
 Salignac (04200)
 Saumane (04201)
 Sigonce (04206)
 Sigoyer (04207)
 Simiane-la-Rotonde (04208)
 Sisteron (04209)
 Sourribes (04211)
 Thèze (04216)
 Turriers (04222)
 Vachères (04227)
 Valavoire (04228)
 Valbelle (04229)
 Valensole (04230)
 Valernes (04231)
 Vaumeilh (04233)
 Venterol (04234)
 Villemus (04241)
 Villeneuve (04242)
 Volx (04245)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Forcalquier
Sensorineural hearing loss is the most common and one of the main types of hearing loss. It is also known as "nerve deafness". Unlike the other main type of hearing loss - conductive hearing loss - sensorineural hearing loss is permanent.

Not only does sensorineural hearing loss cause noise to sound quieter but also makes sound less clear. This makes listening when there is a lot of noise harder and also makes hearing other people talk harder.

Causes 
There are two parts of the ear that can be damaged to cause sensorineural hearing loss, either the cochlea or the hearing nerve. They do not both have to be damaged to cause hearing loss and can be caused by a number of different things.
Age related - the cochlea and hearing nerve of older people is more likely to be damaged than younger people, causing hearing loss  
Noise related - listening to loud music or being in a place with very loud noise for a long time can damage your hearing
Disease - there are a few diseases and medications that can also cause hearing loss as a side-effect

Treatment 
Unlike conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss is permanent. There may be ways to cure it but these are very limited. There are however ways to treat it and make it better. 

Using hearing aids is the most popular way to treat this hearing loss. Hearing aids are not just able to make sound louder, which does not always help (because louder sound does not mean clearer sound) but can also reduce sounds that are not needed to hear other people talk while making speech louder. This is very helpful in making speech easier to understand.

References
References

Other websites 
 National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia and get more information on hearing loss and treatment.
 Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand and get more information on hearing loss and treatment.

Hearing problems
Helen Prejean (born April 21, 1939 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana) is a Roman Catholic nun.  She is a member of the Congregation of St. Joseph.  She is a well-known activist against the death penalty in the United States.

Early life and education
Helen Prejean was born to Augusta Mae (née Bourg; 1911–1993), a nurse, and Louis Sebastian Prejean (1893–1974), a lawyer. She joined the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Medaille in 1957. In 1962, she received a Bachelor of Arts in English and Education from St. Mary’s Dominican College in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1973, she earned a Master of Arts in religious education from Saint Paul University in Ottawa, Canada.

She has worked as:
 The Religious Education Director at St. Frances Cabrini Parish in New Orleans
 The Formation Director for her religious community
 A junior high school and senior high school teacher.
Death row ministry
Prejean began to work with prisoners on death row in 1981, in New Orleans, Louisiana.  In 1982, a friend asked her to write to Elmo Patrick Sonnier, who was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death by electrocution.  He was in prison in the Louisiana State Penitentiary. 

Prejean visited Sonnier in prison and agreed to be his spiritual adviser in the months leading up to his execution.  Doing this made Prejean more aware of the process involved in executions.  She began speaking out against the death penalty.  At the same time, she also founded Survive, an organization that counseled the families of victims of violence.

Since 1982, Prejean has ministered to many other inmates on death row, and has witnessed several more executions. She served as National Chairperson of the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty from 1993 to 1995.
Dead Man Walking
Prejean wrote a book called Dead Man Walking about her relationship with Sonnier and other inmates on death row.  The book was made into a feature film, an opera, and a play. In the film, Susan Sarandon played Prejean, and won an Academy Award for Best Actress.

Campaigns, book, and awards
In 1999, Prejean formed Moratorium 2000, a petition drive that eventually grew into a national education campaign, The Moratorium Campaign.  The organization Witness to Innocence, a group  of death row survivors who were convicted for crimes they did not commit, started under The Moratorium Campaign.
Prejean published her second book, The Death of Innocents: An Eyewitness Account of Wrongful Executions, in December 2004.  In this book, she tells the story of two men, Dobie Gillis Williams and Joseph O'Dell, whom she accompanied to their executions. She believes that both men were innocent. The book also examines the recent history of death penalty decisions by the Supreme Court of the United States and looks at the track record of George W. Bush as Governor of Texas.

In 1998, Prejean was given the Pacem in Terris Award.  This award was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls on all people of good will to make peace among all countries. Pacem in terris is Latin for "Peace on Earth."

Prejean now bases her work at the Death Penalty Discourse Network in New Orleans, and spends her time giving talks across the United States and around the world. She and her sister, Mary Ann Antrobus, have been deeply involved at a center in Nicaragua called Friends of Batahola.
Awards and recognition
Prejean has given commencement (graduation) addresses to more than 50 colleges and universities around the world.

She has also won other awards, including these:

2013: Robert M. Holstein 'Faith Doing Justice' Award from the Ignatian Solidarity Network
1998: World Pacem in Terris Award
1996: Pax Christi USA Pope Paul VI Teacher of Peace Award

Related pages
 Death penalty
 Capital punishment in the United States

References

Capital punishment in the United States
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal Sr. (September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997) was the ninth President of the Philippines. He is known for changing the country's Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. June 12 is the day President Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence of the First Philippine Republic from the Spanish Empire in 1898.

He is the father of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who was the fourteenth President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010.

References

1910 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Anti-communists
Filipino lawyers
Presidents of the Philippines
Vice presidents of the Philippines
Filipino Roman Catholics
Alain Émile Louis Marie Poher was a French politician. He was president of the French Senate from 3 October 1968 to 1 October 1992. Because of this he was interim President of France twice.

References

1909 births
1996 deaths
French Roman Catholics
MEPs for France
Presidents of France
Presidents of the European Parliament
Presidents of the Senate (France)
Politicians from Île-de-France
People from Val-de-Marne
Bishop is a city in Inyo County, California in the United States. Bishop is the only city in Inyo County. Bishop is in the Owens Valley. It was named after Bishop Creek, which comes from the Sierra Nevada mountains nearby. Bishop Creek was named after Samuel Addison Bishop, who moved to the Owens Valley. Bishop had 3,819 people in 2020. It is at an elevation of 4,150 feet (1,260 meters) above sea level.

References 

Cities in California
Settlements in Inyo County, California
Noise induced hearing loss (NHL) is hearing loss caused by sounds that are too loud (high decibel level) and damage hearing cells in the ear. This can make noises sound quieter as well as make noise less clear, it can also cause other hearing related symptoms such as tinnitus. NHL is permanent and cannot usually be restored.

Most of the time, NHL happens after being around a lot of noise for long periods of time. Listening to loud music, city traffic or even things like a hair dryer for can damage hearing after a while. But NHL can also happen suddenly when close to an extremely loud sound. This can come from things like being close to an airplane or a gunshot.

Signs of NHL 
Hearing is a very important sense. It can be hard to notice hearing loss, especially if it happens over time instead of suddenly. Even if it is hard for a person experiencing it to notice, it will still have a large effect on their life.
Not being able to hear a conversation when there is a lot of noise around is usually a good sign of hearing loss. Other people may sound like they are speaking softly or their speech may not be clear. Both of these can be signs of NHL. Similarly, having to ask people to repeat themselves and having to try very hard to hear people speak are also signs.

Apart from not being able to hear very well when talking to other people, there are other signs of NHL such as tinnitus as well as some other diseases and medication.
Preventing NHL 
Since NHL causes permanent damage, knowing the signs and causes of it and preventing it early is the only way to keep hearing healthy. 
Lowering the volume of sound is a good way to start. Even though controlling the level of sound heard is not always possible, when listening to music or watching movies it can be done and will keep hearing from being damaged.  
If controlling the level of sound is not possible then avoiding being around loud sound for a long time will help too. This is because the level of sound is not the only thing that is important for hearing loss, how long this loud sound is present is important as well.  
If none of the above methods to prevent hearing loss are possible, then using earplugs or earmuffs is a must. This will reduce the sound that is able to reach and cause damage to the ears. This is useful for people who work in places that are loud such as a  construction site.
Treatment 
Although NHL is permanent and most of the time cannot be cured, there are ways to manage it.

The most common thing to do is use hearing aids. Hearing aids can help with hearing loss by making sound louder and speech clearer. They can also be customised by audiologists to suit almost any lifestyle and to suit the specific needs of different people.

References

Hearing problems
North Jeolla Province or Jeollabuk-do (전라북도; 全羅北道; Jeollabuk-do) is a province in the southwest of South Korea. The province was formed in 1896 from the north of Jeolla Province. Its provincial capital is Jeonju.

History 
During the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, the province was the center of Mahan, and Mahan became part of Baekje, one of the three Kingdoms. In the Unified Silla period, the towns of Wansan-ju (now Jeonju) and Namwon-gyeong (now Namwon) were started in the province. When King Seongjong of Goryeo divided the whole country into 10 dos, Jeolla-do was called Gangnam-do. Later, in the Joseon Dynasty, it was finally called Jeolla-do.

Geography 
Jeollabuk-do's area is 8,067 km² and it occupies 8.1% of South Korea.

Religion 
The province contains 6 cities and 8 counties.

Other websites

 Jeollabuk-do provincial government English-language home page
 lonely planet: Introducing Jeollabuk-do

Provinces of South Korea
The United Nations Secretariat is the executive body of the United Nations. It has the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. The head of the Secretariat is the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who is appointed by the United Nations General Assembly.

United Nations
Mohammad Hamid Ansari (born 1 April 1937) is an Indian politician. He was the 12th Vice-President of India from 2007 through 2017. He is the first Vice President of India to be re-elected after Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Hamid Ansari serves as the president of the Indian Institute of Public Administration. He is also the Chancellor of Panjab University, Chandigarh.

Hamid Ansari was born in Calcutta(present Kolkata), West Bengal on 1 April 1937. He is the grand-nephew of former Congress president Mukthar Ahmad Ansari. Hamid started his career as Officer in Indian Foreign Service in 1961. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1984.

References 

1937 births
Living people
Vice presidents of India
History 
During the American Civil War, Cashtown was occupied by the Confederate States Army twice. Once in October 1862 when Confederate cavalry led by General J.E.B. Stuart occupied the town briefly. On June 28, 1863, General Robert E. Lee had invaded Pennsylvania a second time and was on his way to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the state capital. When he received word that the Union Army of the Potomac was coming, he ordered his divisions to assemble at Cashtown. On June 30 Confederate General Henry Heth had his divisions at Cashtown and sent a division to nearby Gettysburg to forage for supplies. Without any reconnaissance to see what was ahead of them, the Confederates blundered into a Union cavalry commanded by General John Buford. This started the Battle of Gettysburg.
Geography
Cashtown is  northwest of Gettysburg in western Adams County. U.S. Route 30 bypasses the center of the community. It forms the northern edge of the CDP. Old U.S. 30, the original Lincoln Highway, is the main street of Cashtown. McKnightstown is  to the east.

References

Other websites 
Cashtown Community Fire Dept.

Census-designated places in Pennsylvania
The news of the attack on Fort Sumter reached Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1861. President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen to serve for 90 days. These men were needed to put down the rebellion of the Southern states. In meetings across the North people cheered the flag and called those who seceded "traitors"! Across the North, eager volunteers responded to calls from local governmental officials to join newly raised state regiments. Governor Andrew Curtin of Pennsylvania issued a proclamation asking for 13,000 able-bodied Pennsylvania men to volunteer to help preserve the Union. Within three days, thousands of men had come to Harrisburg to enlist. But they had no place to organize or drill. Governor Curtin decided to use the County Agricultural Society in Harrisburg. Major Joseph F. Knipe officially opened the camp on April 18, 1861, and named it Camp Curtin in honor of the governor (the planned name had been Camp Union). By the end of April, it had sent 25 regiments into the field
. From December 1861 to March 1862, the camp was commanded by Major Truman Seymour. In June and July of 1863, General Robert E. Lee invaded Pennsylvania for a second time. His target was Harrisburg and Camp Curtin. However, before he could get there, an accidental meeting between Confederate and Union troops started the Battle of Gettysburg. After the battle Lee's army retreated back to Virginia.
The camp 
Over 300,000 soldiers passed through Camp Curtin, making it the largest army training camp during the Civil War. Harrisburg's location on major railroad lines running east and west, and north and south. This made it a very good location for moving men and supplies to the armies in the field. In addition to the Regular Army and Pennsylvania regiments, troops from Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio and Wisconsin used Camp Curtin. The camp and surrounding area also saw service as a supply depot. There was a hospital as well as a Confederate prisoner-of-war camp. At the end of the war, Camp Curtin was used as a mustering-out point for thousands of troops on their way home. It was officially closed on November 11, 1865.

Related pages 
 American Civil War
 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

References

Other websites 
 New Wayside Historical Markers
 Camp Curtin Historical Society; YouTube
 Camp Curtin anniversary celebrated in Harrisburg; YouTube
Union Army
United States Army
1860s in Pennsylvania
1861 in the United States
1862 in the United States
1863 in the United States
1864 in the United States
1865 in the United States
Aiguille de Chambeyron is a French mountain near the border with Italy, just west of the main chain of the Alps that separates the basin of the Rhône river, to the west, and the basin of the Po river, to the east.

It is the highest peak in the Alps south of Monte Viso.

Geography

Aiguille de Chambeyron is in the northeast of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department (commune of Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in southeast France.

With an elevation of  above sea level, it is the highest point of the department and of the historical region of Provence.

The mountain is in the Chambeyron Massif of the Cottian Alps. It has two summits, with the west one being the slightly higher.

On the north side of the mountain are 2 small and quite dead glaciers, filled with rocks: Chauvet Glacier and Marinet Glacier.

Geologie
The lower part of the mountain is made of Triassic limestone but the highest part is made of Jurassic limestone (more solid).
History
The first recorded ascension of the peak was made by W.A.B. Coolidge, a mountain climber from United States, and Christian Almer and his son, from Switzerland, in 1879.

Route
The more easy climbing route is by the south side of the mountain, from the Chambeyron Hut, a place where is possible to eat and with beds, at an altitude of .

The route to the Chambeyron Hut is, starting from the city of Barcelonette:

Barcelonette > Jausier > La Condamine-Châtelard > Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye >> Fouillouse >> Chambeyron Hut

It is possible to get to the hamlet of Fouillouse by car; here there is parking lot.

References

Other websites

 Géologie de l'Aiguille de Chambeyron - GeoAlp website 
 Aiguille de Chambeyron - peakery

Alps
Mountains of France
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Corps badges in the American Civil War were originally worn by soldiers of the Union Army on the top of their army forage cap, left side of the hat, or over their left chest pocket. The idea was suggested by Major Geneneral Philip Kearny. During a battle he reprimanded officers that turned out to not be under his command. To prevent that from happening again, he ordered the men in his division to sew a  square of red cloth on their hats. This idea was adopted by Major General Joseph Hooker after he assumed command of the Army of the Potomac. This was so any soldier could be identified at a distance.
Corps badges 
Maj. Gen. Daniel Butterfield, Hooker's chief of staff, was assigned the task of designing a distinctive shape for each corps badge. Butterfield also decided that each division in the corps should have a variation of the corps badge in a different color. Division badges were colored as follows:
 Red — First division of corps
 White — Second division of corps
 Blue — Third division of corps
These were used in the United States' Army of the Potomac. These rules were adopted by other Union Armies, however it was not universal.  For example, the XIII Corps never adopted a badge. Also, the XIX Corps had the first division wear a red badge, the second division wear a blue badge, and the third division wear white.

For Army corps that had more than three divisions, the standardization was lost:
 Green — Fourth division of VI, IX, and XX Corps
 Yellow — Fourth division of XV Corps (reportedly Orange was also used for a 5th Division Badge)
 Multicolor — Headquarters or artillery elements (certain corps)
The badges for enlisted men were cut from colored cloth. Officer's badges were privately made and of a higher quality. Metallic badges were often made by jewelers and were personalized for the user. The badges eventually became part of the Army regulations and a great source of regimental pride.

Corps badges
Corps flags
 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII
XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV Cavalry corps
See also
External links

Corps badges gallery

Corps flags, Army of the Potomac

I Corps, Army of the Potomac

II Corps, Army of the Potomac

III Corps, Army of the Potomac

IV Corps, Army of the Potomac

V Corps, Army of the Potomac

VI Corps, Army of the Potomac

IX Corps, Army of the Potomac

XI Corps, Army of the Potomac

XII Corps, Army of the Potomac

Corps flags, other Union armies

VII Corps, Dept of Arkansas

VIII Corps, Middle Department

X Corps, Department of South

XIII Corps, Army of the Tennessee
No badge was designated for the XIII Corps.
XIV Corps, Army of the Cumberland

XV Corps, Army of the Tennessee

XVI Corps, Military Division of West Mississippi

XVII Corps, Army of the Tennessee

XVIII Corps, Army of the James

XIX Corps, Middle Military Division

XX Corps, Army of the Cumberland 

{Note:XX Corps Badges same as the old XII Corps; the XX Corps was consolidated from the XI and XII Corps}

XXI Corps

XXII Corps, Dept of Washington

XXIII Corps, Dept of Ohio & Dept of North Carolina

XXIV Corps, Dept of Virginia

XXV Corps, Army of the James, Dept of Texas

Brigade badges 
I Corps, Army of the Potomac

Related pages 
Major organizations of the Union Army
Kearny Cross

References

Other websites 
  Designs of Civil War Corps Badges
 Civil war insignia cavalry, infantry and artillery brass

Union Army
Jeh Charles Johnson (born September 11, 1957) is an American civil and criminal trial lawyer. He was born in New York City. He was the United States Secretary of Homeland Security. He was the General Counsel of the Department of Defense from 2009 to 2012 during the first Obama Administration. He completed a Bachelor of Arts degree at Morehouse College (B.A.) and  law at Columbia Law School (J.D.). he is the grandson of sociologist and Fisk University president Dr. Charles S. Johnson.

Johnson's first name is taken from a Liberian chief, who reportedly saved his grandfather’s life while he was on a League of Nations mission to Liberia in 1930.

References 

1957 births
Living people
African-American people
Lawyers from New York City
United States Secretaries of Homeland Security