Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Libraries 

The first library in Lawrence was built in 1854. It was burned in Quantrill's Raid. A new library was built in 1865. In 1902, Andrew Carnegie gave a lot of money to build a new library. Built it in 1904, and it was called the "Lawrence Public Library." A new library was built in 1972. In July 2014, the design changed.

In 2016, the library won an award for the building's beauty.

Media 

One of the first businesses started in Lawrence was a newspaper called the Herald of Freedom. It started in October 1854 and ended in 1859. In August 1885, the newspaper the Lawrence Daily Journal started and in June 1895, the Daily World started. In 1911, they joined together, and became the Lawrence Journal-World. There is also a student newspaper published by the University of Kansas. It is called the University Daily Kansan. Change of Heart is a street newspaper sold by homeless people in Lawrence.

Lawrence mostly gets television shows from Kansas City, but people can get them from Topeka, too.
From 1947 to 1981, the Centron Corporation was in Lawrence. The Centron Corporation was a big movie company which made many big industrial and educational movies. Two students from the University of Kansas started the company. Some residents of Lawrence were able to get into the movie industry through Centron. One resident, Herk Harvey, worked at Centron for over 30 years as a director. He created a full-length theatrical movie, Carnival of Souls, a horror cult movie shot mostly in Lawrence, and released in 1962.

Newspaper 
Lawrence has the Lawrence Journal-World, a local newspaper that publishes every day. Many people also get the University of Kansas student newspaper, The University Daily Kansan.

Radio 
These radio stations are in Lawrence, Kansas:

AM

FM

Television 
These television stations are in Lawrence, Kansas:

Infrastructure

Transportation
Transportation 

Interstate 70, U.S. Route 40, U.S. Route 59, and U.S. Route 24 go through Lawrence. Interstate 70 goes east-west in the northern part of Lawrence and connects with U.S. Route 59. Route 59 goes north-south along North 2nd Street, Iowa Street, and 6th Street. U.S. Route 40 is about two miles south of Interstate 70. It also goes east-west through northern Lawrence along 6th Street. K-10 is a state highway that goes east-west. It enters Lawrence on 23rd Street, then it goes south. It goes to west Lawrence, and it stops northwest of Lawrence.
Two bus systems are in Lawrence. One is called the Lawrence Transit, and the city runs it. The other is called KU on Wheels, and the University of Kansas runs it. There are 18 bus routes. KU students and teachers can use them for free. Greyhound Lines has a bus stop in Lawrence. It can take people to other cities. Also, the Johnson County, Kansas bus system can take students to and from the colleges in Lawrence and Overland Park. This bus is known as the "K-10 Connector."

The Lawrence Municipal Airport is northeast of Lawrence. It is very close to U.S. Route 40. It is used for people who have airplanes. No airplane companies have planes there. Kansas City International Airport is the closest airport that airplane companies use. It is about 50 miles northeast of downtown Lawrence.
Two Class I railroads go through Lawrence. One railroad is owned by Union Pacific Railroad. The other is owned by BNSF Railway. The BNSF Railroad track starts in the eastern part of Lawrence, and it goes west. It follows the path of the Kansas River. The Union Pacific track also starts in eastern Lawrence and goes west. It also follows the path of the Kansas River. It is north of the Kansas River. The BNSF railroad track is south of the Kansas River. There is an Amtrak station in Lawrence, very close to downtown. Lawrence is a stop on Amtrak's "Southwest Chief" route from Chicago to Los Angeles.

Health and Utilities 
Lawrence has one hospital, the Lawrence Memorial Hospital. It has won awards for good care and quality.
The biggest electric company in Lawrence is Westar Electric. The biggest gas company is Black Hills Energy. Lawrence has television providers including Midco and DirecTV. Lawrence has Internet service providers including Midco, Wicked Broadband, CenturyLink, HughesNet, Allconnect, ViaSat Satellite, Exede, and Wild Blue Internet. Lawrence has telephone providers including Verizon, AT&T, Sprint, and Midco.

Sister cities 
Lawrence has three sister cities through Sister Cities International:
  Eutin, Germany – October 27, 1989
  Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan – September 21, 1990
  Oiniades, Greece – October 20, 2009

Notable people
Notable people 

Langston Hughes was poet who grew up in Lawrence while his grandmother took care of him. Alan Mulally, former CEO of Ford, grew up in Lawrence. He was a member of the Plymouth Congregational Church. George Docking, former Governor of Kansas, went to school in Lawrence and to the University of Kansas. Danny Manning, NBA player and college basketball coach, went to school in Lawrence and at the University of Kansas. Federal judge Sri Srinivasan also went to school in Lawrence.
Some very famous people came to Lawrence to study at the University of Kansas. Wilt Chamberlain played for the Jayhawks basketball team before he joined the Harlem Globetrotters. James Naismith, the inventor of basketball, was the Jayhawks's first basketball coach. Bob Dole, former U.S. Senate Majority Leader and 1996 Republican Presidential nominee, studied at the University of Kansas. The Dole Institute is in Lawrence because of him. Many different governors studied there including Jane Dee Hull, the first female Governor of Arizona, Kathleen Sebelius, Sam Brownback, and Alf Landon.  Other famous students include Juan Manuel Santos, former President of Colombia and 2016 Nobel Peace Prize winner; Brian McClendon, the creator of Google Earth; Clyde Tombaugh, the man who discovered Pluto; Ronald Evans, a NASA astronaut who went to the Moon; and Vernon L. Smith, the winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics.
In popular culture 
Lawrence was the setting for many books by science fiction writer James Gunn, including The Immortals (1964). The book was used for the ABC television movie and TV series The Immortal (1969–1971).

The 1983 television movie The Day After was set in Lawrence. Parts of the movie were filmed in the city.

Sam and Dean Winchester, the main characters of the Supernatural TV series, are from Lawrence. Lawrence was referenced many times in the show. Lawrence was destroyed in the 2006 TV Series Jericho.

Josh Ritter, an American folk singer, has a song called Lawrence KS on the 2002 album Golden Age of Radio. Cross Canadian Ragweed's 2007 album Mission California has a song entitled "Lawrence." A homeless family the band saw while visiting the town around Christmas inspired the song.
Lawrence is the normal starting place for the map program Google Earth (2005). Brian McClendon chose the place. McClendon graduated from the University of Kansas in 1986, and he was the director of engineering for Google Earth.

Related pages 
Great Flood of 1951
Jayhawker
University of Kansas
Haskell Indian Nations University

Notes

References

Bibliography 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .

More reading 
 History of Lawrence, Kansas: from the First Settlement to the close of the Rebellion; Richard Cordley; E.F. Caldwell; 360 pages; 1895. (Download 20 MB PDF eBook)
 The Englishman in Kansas; or, Squatter Life and Border Warfare; T.H. Gladstone; Frederick law Olmstead; 328 pages; 1857. (View full text)

Other websites 

 
 Lawrence – Chamber of Commerce
 Lawrence – Visitor Center
 Daily Record, Google news archive. —PDFs for 998 issues, dating from 1889 through 1893.
 Daily World, Google news archive. —PDFs for 1,062 issues, dating from 1892 through 1895.
 Lawrence City Map, KDOT
1854 establishments in Kansas Territory
Bleeding Kansas
County seats in Kansas
 
Oregon Trail
Cities in Douglas County, Kansas
Hilo () is the second-largest CDP in the State of Hawaii and the largest settlement on the island of Hawaii with a population of 44,186 during the 2020 census.

Hilo is the county seat of Hawaii County, Hawaii, and is in the South Hilo District. The town overlooks Hilo Bay.

Hilo is near two shield volcanoes
 Mauna Loa, an active volcano, and
 Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano
Some of the best ground-based astronomical observatories are on Mauna Kea.

Hilo is home to the University of Hawaii at Hilo, as well as the Merrie Monarch Festival, a week-long celebration of ancient and modern hula, which takes place every year after Easter. It is also home to the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation, one of the world's leading producers of macadamia nuts. It is served by Hilo International Airport, inside the CDP.

History
History

Although there is not much archaeological evidence, people lived in the areas along Hilo Bay, Wailuku and Wailoa Rivers before the Western world made contact. They were known as the Hilo. They dominated the high mountaintops until the middle 1800s.  Hilo means high mountaintop in the original language of the native peoples who lived on the mountaintops. King Kamehameha, the first king of Hawaii, conquered all the islands and then moved the Hilo mountain settlement to the shore after the arrival of outsiders.

Originally, the name Hilo applied to the whole district of Hilo, now divided into South Hilo District and North Hilo District.  When William Ellis visited in 1823, the main settlement in Hilo district was Waiākea on Hilo Bay.  Missionaries came to the district in the early to middle 1800s, founding several churches, notably Haili Church, in the area of modern Hilo.
Hilo expanded as sugar plantations in the surrounding area created new jobs and drew in many workers from Asia, making the city a trading center.

A breakwater across Hilo Bay was begun in the 1900s and completed in 1929. On April 1, 1946, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake near the Aleutian Islands created a fourteen-meter high tsunami that hit Hilo 4.9 hours later, killing 160 people. In response an early warning system, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, was established in 1949 to track these killer waves and provide warning.  This tsunami also meant the end of the Hawaii Consolidated Railway, and instead the Hawaii Belt Road was built north of Hilo using some of the railbed.

On May 23, 1960, another tsunami, caused by a 9.5 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Chile the previous day, claimed 61 lives allegedly due to people's failure to heed warning sirens. Low-lying bayfront areas of the city on Waiākea peninsula and along Hilo Bay, previously populated, were rededicated as parks and memorials.
Geography and climate

Hilo is at  (19.705520, -155.085918).

Hilo is classified by the United States Census Bureau as a census-designated place (CDP), and has a total area of ,  of which is land and  of which (7.10%) is water.

Hilo features a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification: Af), with substantial rainfall throughout the course of the year. Hilo's location on the eastern side of the island of Hawaii (windward relative to the trade winds) makes it the fourth-wettest city in the United States, behind the southeast Alaskan cities of Whittier, Ketchikan and Yakutat, and one of the wettest in the world. An average of around  of rain fell at Hilo International Airport annually between 1971–2000, with 275 days of the year receiving some rain. At some other weather stations in Hilo the annual rainfall is above .
Monthly average temperatures range from  in January to  in August. The highest recorded temperature was  on May 20, 1996, and the lowest  on February 21, 1962. The wettest year was 1994 with  and the driest year was 1983 with .  The most rainfall in one month was  in December 1954.  The most rainfall in 24 hours was  on November 2, 2000.

Hilo's location on the shore of the funnel-shaped Hilo Bay also makes it vulnerable to tsunamis.

Education 

There are many educational institutions in Hilo. Some of these are the University of Hawaii at Hilo and Hawaii Community College.

Culture
 East Hawaii Cultural Center
 Hilo Art Museum
 Lyman Museum
 Pacific Tsunami Museum

Notable natives and residents

 Rodney Anoa'i
 Keiko Bonk
 Ed Case
 Titus Coan
 Wesley Correira
 David McHattie Forbes

 Harry Kim
 High Chiefess Kapiolani
 Alii Nui Keōua Kuahuula
 High Chiefess Kinoole o liliha
 Robert Kiyosaki
 George Lycurgus

 Troy Mandaloniz
 Gerald Okamura
 BJ Penn
 Benjamin Pitman
 Bob Shane
 William Herbert Shipman
Points of interest

 Banyan Drive
 Coconut Island
 East Hawaii Cultural Center
 Haili Church
 Hilo Tropical Gardens
 Hilo Art Museum
 Imiloa Astronomy Center of Hawaii
 Kalakaua Park
 Liliuokalani Park and Gardens
 Lyman Museum
 Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation
 Mokupāpapa Discovery Center for Northwestern Hawaii's remote coral reefs
 Nani Mau Gardens
 Naha Stone (associated with Kamehameha I) in front of the Hilo Public Library
 Onomea Bay Scenic Drive
 Pacific Tsunami Museum
 Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo
 Prince Kuhio Plaza
 Rainbow Falls (Waianuenue) & Boiling Pots on the Wailuku River
 University of Hawaii at Hilo Botanical Gardens
 Wailoa River State Recreation Area with King Kamehameha Statue

References

Other websites
 Hilo Downtown Improvement Association 
 Pacific Tsunami Museum
 `Imiloa Astronomy Center of Hawai`i

 
County seats in Hawaii
Lennon–McCartney (sometimes McCartney–Lennon) was the songwriting partnership between the two English musicians John Lennon (1940-1980) and Paul McCartney (born 1942). It is one of the best-known and most successful musical partnerships in history. Between 1962 and 1969, they wrote about 180 credited songs. Most of the songs were recorded by the band they were both part of, The Beatles. Other songs credited to Lennon–McCartney were originally released not by the Beatles but by other artists, especially those managed by Brian Epstein. Recording a Lennon–McCartney song helped start new artists' careers. For example, one of The Rolling Stones' first singles, "I Wanna Be Your Man", was a Lennon–McCartney song.

The Beatles
John Lennon
Paul McCartney
The Birmingham Triennial Musical Festival was a festival of classical music that used to be held in Birmingham, England.  It was started in 1784 and continued until 1912.  “Triennial” means that it happened once every three years.

History
The first music festival was held for three days in September 1768.  It helped to raise money to complete the new General Hospital on Summer Lane.  Another festival was held in 1778 to get more money. The hospital opened in September 1779.

From September 1784 the festival was held every three years.  It continued to raise money for the hospital.

The church and theatre where the festival was held became too small, so in 1834 they built Birmingham Town Hall which had much more room.
Many famous musicians performed at the festival.  In 1837 Felix Mendelssohn conducted a performance of his oratorio St. Paul, played the organ, and played the piano part in the first performance of his Piano  Concerto No. 2 which had been especially commissioned by the Festival.  In the next festival he played his Piano Concerto No. 1.  In 1846  (a year before he died) the festival commissioned him to write his oratorio Elijah.  It was a huge success.  He was paid 200 guineas.  Elijah was played at every festival after that.

The festival commissioned other composers to write works, these included: Arthur Sullivan, Max Bruch, Charles Gounod and Antonín Dvořák.

The great conductor Hans Richter was made principal conductor in 1885.

Edward Elgar wrote several works for the festival.  In 1900 his oratorio The Dream of Gerontius was given its first performance.  In 1903 he performed The Apostles, and 1906  The Kingdom. In 1912 he wrote The Music Makers.  The principal conductor for 1912 was Henry Wood.
The 1909 and 1912 festivals lost a lot of money and they could not give any money to the hospital.  This was soon followed by  World War I, so the festival stopped and did not continue after the war.

Birmingham
Classical music festivals
Music festivals in England
1784 establishments
1780s establishments in England
1912 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in England
"You Never Give Me Your Money" is a song by The Beatles that opens the medley on side two of the album Abbey Road. It was written by Paul McCartney and is credited to Lennon/McCartney.

Recording

The Beatles recorded 26 takes of "You Never Give Me Your Money" on May 6, 1969, with McCartney on piano and vocals, Lennon and Harrison on guitar and Starr on drums. 

On July 1, McCartney overdubbed lead vocals onto take 30, and added more vocals and chimes on July 15.

"You Never Give Me Your Money" was originally to transition into "Sun King" with a long organ note. This was recorded along with more vocals on July 30. They were scrapped the following day, when McCartney completed the song by adding bass guitar and piano. The "Sun King" crossfade was completed on August 5 with a series of tape loops containing the sounds of bells, birds, bubbles and insects.

Personnel
Personnel

Paul McCartney: lead and background vocals; piano and bass; wind chimes and tape loops.
John Lennon: fuzzed lead guitar and background vocals.
George Harrison: chiming lead guitar and background vocals.
Ringo Starr: drums and tambourine.

Other websites

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
"Whenever You Need Somebody" is a song originally sung by Rick Astley. The song's style is pop-dance. It was the second single released by Astley. It is the title track of Astley's first album, Whenever You Need Somebody. It was written and produced by Stock Aitken Waterman.

It was a successful European hit, following the pattern of the artist previous smash single "Never Gonna Give You Up". It was never released as a single in the U.S.

List of tracks

 7" single
 "Whenever You Need Somebody" (3:26)
 "Just Good Friends" (3:45)

 7" single - Picture-disc
 "Whenever You Need Somebody" (3:26)
 "Just Good Friends" (3:45)
			
 12" maxi
 "Whenever You Need Somebody" (lonely hearts mix) (7:34)
 "Whenever You Need Somebody" (instrumental) (3:50)
 "Just Good Friends" (3:45)

Peak position in international singles charts

References

1987 songs
Rick Astley songs
"Sun King" is a song written by John Lennon but credited to Lennon/McCartney. It was recorded by The Beatles for their Abbey Road album.

History
The working title was "Here Comes the Sun King". It was shortened to "Sun King" to avoid confusion with the song "Here Comes the Sun". The song is in three-part harmony, sung by Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Harrison. At the end of the song, the music stops abruptly and a Ringo Starr drum fill leads into the next track, "Mean Mr. Mustard".

The mixing of Romance languages occurs in the last three lines of the song. In 1969, Lennon was interviewed about these lyrics and said, "We just started joking, you know, singing 'cuando para mucho.' So we just made up... Paul knew a few Spanish words from school, you know. So we just strung any Spanish words that sounded vaguely like something. And of course we got 'chicka ferdy' in. That's a Liverpool expression. Just like sort of-- it doesn't mean anything to me but (childish taunting) 'na-na, na-na-na!'"
In 1976, The Bee Gees covered the song for the musical documentary All This and World War II.

Notes

Other websites
 
 

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
Alan Gray (born in York, 23 December 1855; died in Cambridge, 27 September 1935) was a British organist and composer.

Gray was born in York.  He went to St Peter's School in York, and Trinity College, Cambridge. From 1883 to 1893, he was Director of Music at Wellington College, Berkshire. In 1893, when Stanford left the post of organist at Trinity College, Alan went back there to become organist, and stayed there until 1930.

From 1922-1923 he was president of the Royal College of Organists.

Gray wrote several cantatas as well as chamber music and organ music, but he is mainly remembered for his church music, including an  Evening Service in F minor (Magnificat and Nunc dimittis).  He also composed several descants to various hymn tunes, several of them are still sung today.  He did a lot of work as editor of the Purcell Society.

Alan Gray was a very tall man: 2 metres (nearly 6 ft 7in).

References
 The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; , vol 7
1855 births
1935 deaths
English organists
English composers
People from York
"Mean Mr. Mustard" is a song written by John Lennon (credited to Lennon/McCartney) and performed by The Beatles on their album, Abbey Road. The Abbey Road version was recorded with "Sun King" in one continuous piece.

Composition

The song was written in India. Lennon said that the song was inspired by a newspaper story about a miser who hid his cash wherever he could so he can stop people from making him spend it. On reflection, he didn't think highly of the composition, describing it in Anthology as "a bit of crap I wrote in India."
A demo version of the song was recorded in May 1968 at Kinfauns, George Harrison's home in Esher, and appears on Anthology 3. In that version, Mustard's sister is named Shirley. Lennon changed it to Pam when he saw the ochance to ease the segue into the song "Polythene Pam", which is after "Mean Mr. Mustard" on the album. According to Lennon, "In 'Mean Mr. Mustard', I said 'his sister Pam'—originally it was 'his sister Shirley' in the lyric. I changed it to Pam to make it sound like it had something to do with it." Additionally, the original version of the song was a quieter acoustic rendition and was over 4 minutes in length.

Other versions

The version in the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band movie was performed by Mean Mr. Mustard (played by Frankie Howerd) and his evil robot companions named the Computerettes. As with the performance of "She's Leaving Home" also in the movie, the computerized singing of the Computerettes was performed by the Bee Gees.

Personnel
Personnel

John Lennon – lead and harmony vocals, piano, maracas
Paul McCartney – harmony vocals, fuzz bass
George Harrison – lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine

References

General

 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
The Magnificat is the song that the Virgin Mary sang after Elizabeth told her that she is going to give birth to God's son.  This is the story told in the Bible in the book of Luke Chapter 1, verses 46-55. It is also known as the Song of Mary. "Magnificat" is a Latin word meaning "magnifies" (saying how great [God] is).

The words of the Magnificat have been set to music by many composers.  These musical settings were mostly written for church services.  In the Anglican Church it is always sung as part of the traditional evening service (Evensong).

Like all other New Testament texts the Magnificat was originally written in Koine Greek, but in the Western Church it is most often to be found in Latin or the language of the country.
Text
The Latin text from the Vulgate is as follows:
Magnificat anima mea Dominum,
et exsultavit spiritus meus in Deo salutari meo.
Quia respexit humilitatem ancillae suae. 
Ecce enim ex hoc beatam me dicent omnes generationes.	
Quia fecit mihi magna, qui potens est,
et sanctum nomen eius. 
Et misericordia eius a progenie in progenies 
timentibus eum.
Fecit potentiam in brachio suo,
dispersit superbos mente cordis sui. 
Deposuit potentes de sede 
et exaltavit humiles. 
Esurientes implevit bonis
et divites dimisit inanes.	
Suscepit Israel puerum suum, 
recordatus misericordiae suae. 
Sicut locutus est ad patres nostros, 
Abraham et semini eius in saecula.
Gloria Patri et Filio 
et Spiritui Sancto, 
sicut erat in principio et nunc et semper 
et in saecula saeculorum. Amen.

The English words of the Magnificat in the traditional translation found in the Book of Common Prayer:
My soul doth magnify the Lord : and my spirit hath rejoiced in God my Saviour.
 For he hath regarded : the lowliness of his handmaiden.
 For behold, from henceforth : all generations shall call me blessed.
 For he that is mighty hath magnified me : and holy is his Name.
 And his mercy is on them that fear him : throughout all generations.
 He hath shewed strength with his arm : he hath scattered the proud in the imagination of their hearts.
 He hath put down the mighty from their seat : and hath exalted the humble and meek.
 He hath filled the hungry with good things : and the rich he hath sent empty away.
 He remembering his mercy hath holpen his servant Israel : as he promised to our forefathers, Abraham and his seed for ever.

The Magnificat (The soul rejoices in the Lord) found in the Roman Breviary

 My soul proclaims the greatness of the Lord,
 my spirit rejoices in God my Savior,
 for he has looked with favor on his humble servant.
From this day all generations will call me blessed,
 the Almighty has done great things for me,
 and holy is his Name.

 He has mercy on those who fear Him
 in every generation.

 He has shown the strength of his arm,
 he has scattered the proud in their conceit.

 He has cast down the mighty from their thrones,
 and has lifted up the humble.

 He has filled the hungry with good things,
 and the rich he has sent away empty.

 He has come to the help of his servant Israel
 for he has remembered his promise of mercy,
 the promise he made to our fathers,
 to Abraham and his children for ever.

 Glory to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit,
 as it was in the beginning, is now, and will be for ever.
 Amen. Alleluia

Related pages
Nunc dimittis
Service (music)

Christian hymns
Mary, mother of Jesus
The Nunc dimittis is a hymn from the Bible.  It was sung by Simeon when he saw the baby Jesus.  

The story told in the book of Luke was that Simeon, who was a Jew, had been promised by the Holy Ghost that he would not die until he had seen Jesus.  When Mary and Joseph brought the baby Jesus to the Temple in Jerusalem for the ceremony of consecration of the firstborn son, Simeon was there, and he took Jesus into his arms and said the words which are now known as the Nunc dimittis.  He was saying to God that he could now die happily because he had seen the Saviour.

The words of the Nunc dimittis have been set to music by many composers.  In the Anglican Church they are traditionally sung at Evensong.

The English words as found in the Book of Common Prayer, 1662:
Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace : according to thy word.
For mine eyes have seen : thy salvation,
Which thou hast prepared : before the face of all people;
To be a light to lighten the Gentiles : and to be the glory of thy people Israel.

Related pages
Magnificat
Service (music)

Christian hymns
"Zangaléwa" or "Tsaminamina" is a 1986 hit song, originally sung by a makossa group from Cameroon called Golden Sounds who were popular throughout Africa for their silly dances and costumes. The song was such a hit for Golden Sounds that they eventually changed their name to Zangaléwa, too. The song pays tribute to African skirmishers (a.k.a tirailleurs) during WW2. Most of the band members were in the Cameroonian Army themselves and used make up, fake belly and fake butt for comic relief.

The song is still used today almost everywhere in Africa by soldiers, policemen, boy scouts, sportsmen and their supporters, usually during training or for rallying. It is also widely used in schools throughout the continent especially in Cameroon as a marching song and the lyrics are well-known among Cameroonians. The song was also popular in Colombia where it was known as “The Military” and brought to the country by West African DJs.
The men in the group often dressed in military uniforms, wearing pith helmets and stuffing their clothes with pillows to appear like they had a swollen buttocks from riding the train and overweight stomachs from eating too much. Music historians say the song, or at least part of it, is a criticism of Black military officers who were in league with Whites to oppress their own people. The rest is Cameroonian slang and jargon from the soldiers during the war.

Translation 
Meaning of the words in Fang language:
 "Tsaminamina" means: Come.
 "Waka waka" means: Do it – as in perform a task. Waka is pidgin language meaning walk while working.
 "Tsaminamina zangalewa" means: where do you come from?.
 "Wana" means: it is mine.
 "Zambo" means: wait.

Other websites 
 Youtube Video

1986 songs
"Polythene Pam" is a song written by John Lennon, credited to Lennon/McCartney, and performed by The Beatles on their album Abbey Road.

Background
The name 'Polythene Pam' came from the nickname of an early Beatles' fan from the Cavern Club days, named Pat Hodgett (now Dawson), who would often eat polythene. She became known as 'Polythene Pat'. She said in an interview, "I used to eat polythene all the time. I'd tie it in knots and then eat it. Sometimes I even used to burn it and then eat it when it got cold."

Personnel
John Lennon – vocals, 12-string acoustic guitar, rhythm guitar, handclaps
Paul McCartney – backing vocals, bass, lead guitar, piano, electric piano
George Harrison – backing vocals, lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine, maracas, cowbell

Notes

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
"She Came in Through the Bathroom Window" is a song written by Paul McCartney (although credited to Lennon/McCartney) and performed by The Beatles on their album Abbey Road as part of the Abbey Road medley.

Origin

McCartney said the song was inspired by Apple scruffs (dedicated fans who would stay outside the Abbey Road studio and the homes of the Beatles), who broke into McCartney's St John's Wood home. Diane Ashley, one of the group, says: "We were bored, he was out and so we decided to pay him a visit. We found a ladder in his garden and stuck it up at the bathroom window which he'd left slightly open. I was the one who climbed up and got in." She then opened the front door to let the others in, and they stole a number of photographs. Another Apple scruff, Margo Bird, remembers being good friends with McCartney - she would often take his dog for walks - and later got a job at Apple Corps. She says that she was asked to get back a certain photograph, which she did.
In the 2006 DVD documentary The Classic Artists Series: The Moody Blues (DVD UK, released October 2006), Mike Pinder, the former keyboard player of Birmingham R&B band The Moody Blues, states that the inspiration for the song actually rests with an incident that happened to them—a groupie climbing into an open bathroom window in the band's home and spending the night with band member Ray Thomas. The next day, Pinder and Thomas told the story to McCartney, who—guitar in hand—strummed and sang "She came in through the bathroom window...".

Recording

The Beatles recorded the rhythm track for this and Polythene Pam as one piece on 25 July 1969. It took them 39 attempts, after which they added lead vocals and re-recorded the drums and bass guitar parts.

On July 28, they added more vocals, guitar, percussion and piano. The song was completed two days later with additional guitar and percussion.

This song was performed directly after "Polythene Pam", the song on the preceding track, without pause.
At the very beginning of the song, in anticipation to the change of meter, John Lennon says "we'll listen to that now... heh-heh" and then shouts "Oh, look out!" A slower, ethereal version of this song, recorded during the Let It Be sessions, appears on Anthology 3.

Personnel
Paul McCartney – lead and harmony vocals, lead guitar
John Lennon – acoustic 12-string guitar, background vocals
George Harrison – bass guitar, background vocals
Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine

Cover versions
 Joe Cocker's cover of this song reached number 30 on the Billboard top 40 in 1970.
 Los Lonely Boys' cover of this song appears on their 2009 tribute EP entitled 1969.

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
Joe Cocker songs
Ike & Tina Turner songs
"The End" is a song by The Beatles written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon/McCartney) for the album Abbey Road. It was the last song recorded by all four of the Beatles, and is the final song of the medley that dominates side two of the LP version of the album.

Composition and recording
McCartney said, "I wanted [the medley] to end with a little meaningful couplet, so I followed the Bard [ Shakespeare ] and wrote a couplet." In his 1980 interview with Playboy, John Lennon said, "That's Paul again ... He had a line in it, 'And in the end, the love you get is equal to the love you give,' which is a very cosmic, philosophical line. Which again proves that if he wants to, he can think." Lennon misquoted the line slightly; the actual words are, "And, in the end, the love you take/ Is equal to the love you make."
Recording began on July 23, 1969, when the Beatles recorded a one-minute, 20-second master recording that was extended via overdubs to two minutes and five seconds. At this point, the song was called "Ending." The first vocals for the song were added on August 5, more vocals and guitar overdubs were added on August 7, and bass and drums on August 8, the day the Abbey Road cover picture was taken. Orchestral overdubs were added August 15, and the closing piano and accompanying vocal on August 18.
All four Beatles have a solo in "The End", including a Ringo Starr drum solo. Starr did not like solos. McCartney, Harrison, and Lennon perform a rotating sequence of three, two-bar guitar solos. The solos begin 53 seconds into the song and end just before the final piano part. Lennon described it in his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone: "There's a nice little bit I played on Abbey Road. Paul gave us each a piece, a little break where Paul plays, George plays and I play." The first two bars are played by McCartney, the second two by Harrison, and the third two by Lennon, then the sequence repeats. Each has a style which McCartney felt reflected their personalities: McCartney's playing included string bends similar to his lead guitar work on "Another Girl" from the Help! album; Harrison's was melodic with slides yet technically advanced and Lennon's was rhythmic, stinging and had the heaviest distortion. Immediately after Lennon's third solo, the piano chords of the final line "And in the end...." begin
...." begin. Then the orchestration arrangement takes over with a humming chorus and Harrison playing a final guitar solo that ends the song.
Paul and John's last guitar solos and the drum solo were used in the intro to "Get Back" in the Beatles' Love.

"The End" was at first intended to be the final track on Abbey Road, but it is followed by "Her Majesty". In the first practice mix, "Her Majesty" followed "Mean Mr. Mustard" (on the released version of the album, "Her Majesty" begins with the excised final chord of "Mean Mr. Mustard"). According to sound engineer John Kurlander, McCartney said, "I don't like 'Her Majesty,' throw it away." Kurlander cut it out, but said, "I'd been told never to throw anything away, so after he left I picked it up off the floor, put about 20 seconds of red leader tape before it, and stuck it onto the end of the edit tape." When McCartney heard "Her Majesty" in its new position he liked it and decided that it should remain on the album.
Reception
Richie Unterberger of Allmusic said that "The End" was to be "the group's take on the improvised jamming common to heavy rock of the late '60s, though as usual the Beatles did it with far more economic precision than anyone else." John Mendelsohn of Rolling Stone said it was "a perfect epitaph for our visit to the world of Beatle daydreams: "The love you take is equal to the love you make.".

In popular culture
The Beastie Boys sampled a portion of "The End" for their track "The Sounds of Science" from Paul's Boutique.
Chris Farley asked Paul McCartney on the Farley Show, a skit on Saturday Night Live, whether it was true if the love you take is equal to the love you make.
Personnel
Paul McCartney – vocal and backing vocal, bass, piano, and lead guitar (only parts of the solo)
John Lennon – backing vocal, lead guitar (only parts of the solo)
George Harrison – backing vocal, rhythm and lead guitar (on complete song)
Ringo Starr – drums, backing vocal (only on the love you chorus)
Personnel above per Ian MacDonald

George Martin – orchestration

References

General

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1969 songs
Israel and Judah were Iron Age kingdoms of the old Near East. The area of time covered in this page is from the first mention of the name Israel in the archaeological record (1200 BCE) to the end of a independent Judean kingdom near the time of Jesus Christ.

The two kingdoms arose on the most eastern coast of the Mediterranean, the most western part of the Fertile Crescent, between the old empires of Egypt to the south, Assyria, Babylonia, later Persia to the north and east, Greece and later Rome across the sea to the west. The area is small, maybe only 100 miles north to south and 40 or 50 miles east to west.
Israel and Judah were from the Canaanite culture of the late Bronze Age, and were based on villages that formed and grew in the southern Levant highlands (today for the region between the coastal plain and the Jordan Valley) between c. 1200-1000 BCE. Israel became an important local power in the 9th and 8th centuries BCE before falling to the Assyrians.  The southern kingdom, Judah, became rich inside the greater empires of the region before a revolt against Babylon led to it being destroyed early in the 6th century.

Judean exiles returned from Babylon early in the following Persian period, starting a Judahite presence in the province of Yehud, as Judah was now called. Yehud was absorbed into the subsequent Greek-ruled kingdoms which followed the conquests of Alexander the Great. In the 2nd century BC, the Jews went up against Greek rule and created the Hasmonean kingdom, which became first a Roman dependency and soon went under the rule of the Roman Empire.

Late Bronze Age background (1550-1200 BCE)
The eastern Mediterranean seaboard - the Levant - goes 400 miles north to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert, and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian desert. The coastal area of the southern Levant, large in the south and becoming short to the north, the southernmost part has a zone of foothills, the Shephalah; like the plain this area narrows as it goes northwards, ending at Mount Carmel. East of the plain and the Shephalah is a mountainous ridge, the "hill country of Judah" in the south, the "hill country of Ephraim" north of that, then Galilee and the Lebanon mountains. To the east again lie the steep-sided valley occupied by the Jordan River, the Dead Sea, and the wadi of the Arabah, which continues down to the eastern arm of the Red Sea. Beyond the plateau is the Syrian Desert, separating the Levant from Mesopotamia. To the southwest is Egypt, to the northeast Mesopotamia
. "The Levant thus constitutes a narrow corridor whose geographical setting made it a constant area of contention between more powerful entities".
Settlement during the Late Bronze Age was concentrated in the coastal plain and along major communication routes, with the central hill-country only sparsely inhabited; each city had its own ruler, constantly at odds with his neighbours and appealing to the Egyptians to adjudicate his differences. One of these Canaanite states was Jerusalem: letters from the Egyptian archives indicate that it followed the usual Late Bronze pattern of a small city with surrounding farmlands and villages; unlike most other Late Bronze city-states, there is  no indication that it was destroyed at the end of the period.
Canaan and the Late Bronze collapse
Canaan in the 13th and early 12th centuries had people of various origins, united by a common socioeconomic system of city-states administered and controlled by Egypt. Egyptian power and the Canaanite city-state system collapsed. From the collapse two new communities emerged in the 12th century BCE, the Israelites in the hill country and the Philistines in the southern part of the coastal plain. The Philistines clearly represent the arrival of a considerable number of outsiders, probably from Cyprus, with their own non-indigenous culture.  The Israelites are just as clearly indigenous to Canaan:  to take linguistics as just one indicator, Judahite and Israelite Hebrew of the early 1st millennium BCE group with Phoenician, Ammonite, Moabite and Edomite; and within that grouping a "core Canaanite" of Israelite and Phoenician can be distinguished from a "fringe Canaanite" of Judahite, Ammonite, Moabite and Edomite.
The causes of the Bronze Age collapse - which extended throughout the eastern Mediterranean - are obscure.  Drought, famine and other stresses may be behind the widespread population movements of the time.  Whatever the cause, several important Canaanite cities were destroyed at the end of the Bronze Age (over a period of more than a century), and Canaanite culture was gradually absorbed into that of the Philistines, Phoenicians and Israelites.

Pre-Exilic period

Iron Age I (1200-1000 BCE)
The Merneptah stele, erected by an Egyptian pharaoh about 1200 BC, contains the first record of the name Israel: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not." This Israel, identified as a people, were probably in the northern part of the central highlands. As chaos spread, people went to live in the previously unsettled highlands: surveys have identified more than 300 small settlements, most of them new and the largest with a population of no more than 300, in the Palestinian highlands during Iron Age I. The villages were bigger and more numerous  in the northern regions (biblical Manasseh and Ephraim), although no settlements can be described as urban. The total settled population at the beginning of the period was about 20,000, and double this number by the end
. Nevertheless, while Iron Age I villages with features such as four-roomed houses, collar-rim store jars, and hewn water-cisterns are counted as Israelite when found in the highlands, it is in fact impossible to differentiate these from Canaanite sites of the same period; nor is it possible to distinguish between Hebrew and Canaanite inscriptions down to the 10th century.
In Iron Age I the highlands lack any sign of centralised authority, or of temples, shrines, or centralised worship in general (although cult-objects associated with the Canaanite god El have been found); almost the sole marker distinguishing the highland "Israelite" villages from Cannanite sites is an absence of pig bones, although whether this can be taken as an ethnic marker or is due to other factors remains a matter of dispute.

The same period saw the rise of the kingdoms of  the kingdoms of Aram Damascus and Ammon to the east of the northern hill country, Moab (east of the Dead Sea), and Edom (in the Arabah south of the Dead Sea), in that order.
An inscription of the Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I, probably identical with the biblical Shishak, record a series of  campaigns apparently directed at the area immediately north of Jerusalem in the second half of the 10th century BCE. About a hundred years later, in the 9th century BCE, the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III names Ahab of Israel among his enemies at the battle of Qarqar (853 BCE), while in the Mesha stele (c.830 BCE) a king of Moab celebrates his success in throwing off the oppression of the "House of Omri" (i.e. Israel). Similarly, the Tel Dan stele tells of the death of a king of Israel, probably Jehoram, at the hands of an Aramaen king about 841 BCE. Excavations at Samaria, the Israelite capital, further reinforce the impression of a powerful, centralised kingdom in the northern highlands during the 9th and 8th centuries. In the second half of the 8th century king Hoshea of Israel revolted against the Assyrians, and was crushed (c.722 BCE)
.722 BCE). Part of the population was deported, outside settlers were brought in to replace them, and Israel became an Assyrian province.
The first evidence for the existence of an organised kingdom in the southern region comes from the mid 9th century Tel Dan stele, which  mentions the death of a king of the "House of David" alongside the king of Israel; the contemporary Mesha stele may also mention the House of David, although the reconstruction which allows this reading is disputed. It is generally assumed that this "House of David" is identical with the biblical dynasty, but the archaeological evidence from surface surveys indicates that during the 10th and 9th centuries Jerusalem was only one of the four large villages in the area, with no sign of primacy over its neighbours. It was only in the last part of the 8th century that Jerusalem experienced a period of rapid growth, achieving a population far greater than at any time before and clear primacy over the surrounding towns. The older scholarly reconstruction  of events is that this was due to an influx of refugees from Israel following its conquest by the Assyrians (c
.722 BC), but the newer view is that it reflects a cooperative effort between Assyria and the kings of Jerusalem to establish Judah as a pro-Assyrian vassal state exercising control over the valuable olive industry. The sudden collapse of the Assyrian power in the last half of the 7th century led to an unsuccessful bid for independence under king Josiah, followed by the destruction of Jerusalem by Assyria's successor, the neo-Babylonian empire (587/586 BCE).
In 586 BCE, the Babylonians, under king Nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem, destroyed the Temple of Solomon, ended the Davidic kingship, and carried the people into captivity. Only the poorest were left behind in Judah, now the Babylonian province of Yehud with its capital at Mizpah in the former territory of Benjamin, north of Jerusalem. A few years later, again according to the bible, the governor of Yehud was murdered by rivals, triggering another exodus of refugees, this time to Egypt. Thus by about 580 the people of Judah were to be found in three separate locations, the elite in Babylon (where, incidentally, they appear to have been well treated), a large community in Egypt, and a remnant in Judah. The Exile ended when Cyrus the Great of Persia conquered Babylon (traditionally 538 BCE). The Persians reconstituted Judah/Yehud as a province ("Yehud medinata") within the satrapy "Beyond the River", and over the following century some of the exiles returned to Jerusalem
. There they eventually rebuilt the Temple (traditionally 516/515 BCE), but for over a century the administrative capital remained at Mizpah. Samaria, meanwhile, continued as the province of Semarina within the same satrapy as Yehud.
The Persian Period
In 539 BCE the Persians conquered Babylon and in 537 BCE, inaugurated the Persian period of Jewish history.  In 520 BCE Cyrus the Great allowed Jews to return to Judea and rebuild the Temple (completed 515 BCE).  He appointed Zerubbabel (the grandson of the second to last Judean king, Jehoiachin) governor, but did not allow the restoration of the kingdom. The influence of Zoroastrianism on monotheism, Judaism, as well as Christianity are still the subject of academic debate.

Without a powerful king, the Temple became more powerful, and priests became the dominant authority.  However, the Second Temple had been constructed under a foreign power, and there were lingering questions about its legitimacy.  This provided the condition for various sects to develop within Judaism over the coming centuries, each of which claimed to represent "Judaism". Most of these typically discouraged social intercourse, especially marriage, with members of other sects.
The end of the Babylonian Exile saw not only the construction of the Second Temple, but, according to the Documentary Hypothesis, the final version ion of the Torah as well.  Although the priests controlled the monarchy and the Temple, scribes and sages (who later became the rabbis) monopolized the study of the Torah, which (starting from the time of Ezra) was read publicly on market-days. These sages developed and maintained an oral tradition alongside of the Holy Writ, and identified with the prophets.  According to Geza Vermes, such scribes were often addressed using a basic term of respect, "lord."

Hellenistic and Roman periods (333 BCE-70 CE) 

The Hellenistic period began in 332 BCE when Alexander the Great conquered Persia.  Upon his death in 323 BCE, his empire was divided among his generals.  At first, Judea was ruled by the Egyptian-Hellenic Ptolemies, but in 198 BCE, the Syrian-Hellenic Seleucid Empire, under Antiochus III, seized control over Judea.