Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Sources

Info on alma-latina.net

1973 births
Mexican television actors
Mexican movie actors
Living people
People from Zacatecas
Telenovelas 
La que no podia amar (2011) .... Efrain Rios
Soy tu dueña (2010) .... Dr. Felipe Santibáñez
Mañana es para siempre (2008–2009) .... Vladimir Piñeiro
Al diablo con los guapos (2007–2008) .... Rigoberto (Villain)
Muchachitas como tú (2007) .... Federico Cantú (Villain)
La Verdad Oculta (2006) .... Roberto Zárate (Villain)
Contra viento y marea (2005) .... Jerónimo
Apuesta por un amor (2004–2005) .... Álvaro Montaño (Villain)
Amy, la niña de la mochila azul (2004) .... Bruno Cervantes
Clase 406 (2002–2003) .... Giovanni Ferrer Escudero
Entre el amor y el odio (2002) .... Jose Alfredo Moreno
Primer amor a mil por hora (2000–2001) .... Santiago García 'La Iguana'
Tres mujeres (1999–2000) .... Ángel Romero
Mi pequeña traviesa (1997–1998) .... Martin
Amada enemiga (1997) .... Marcos
La antorcha encendida (1996) .... José
Te sigo amando (1996) .... Oscar
Lazos de amor (1995–1996) .... Geno
Bajo un mismo rostro (1995) .... Teo
El vuelo del águila (1994) .... Porfirio Díaz (young)
Mexican television actors
1974 births
Living people
People from Guanajuato (state)
Silvia Marlene Favela Meraz (born on August 5, 1976 in Santiago Papasquiaro, Durango, Mexico) is a Mexican actress and model She is known for acting in many soap operas. These include Gata Salvaje, El Zorro, the Sword and the Rose, The Heirs of Mount and 's face Vengeance. She was also in the American movie Species - The Awakening.

Biography 
Favela started in show business as a model. She later studied at Centro de Educación Artística (Center of Arts Education) of Televisa in Mexico City. Favela made a first appearance as a cheerleader of a television program called Shrimp that falls Asleep.

Later, she began to work with soap operas. These included The Beach House, Baby Face, The Intruder and Between love and hate.  Her first success came with Wildcat, because, previously, had always done roles; telenovela starring latter earned her the nickname "wildcat " for the general public.
She has also worked in theater with actors like Helena Rojo and Julio German, in Again, Sam and are unfaithful and do not look who, respectively, also participated as a presenter of a program called Meridian X, which dealt about extreme sports.

Later in soap operas and always participated in Bridal Veil, where facing the co-starring role, produced by Juan Osorio and years later, also participated in Ruby, under the production of José Alberto Castro, playing the character of Sonia, along with Barbara Mori

After these appearances returned to star in a soap opera, with Against all odds, where, plays the character of Natalia Rios.
Starred in the telenovela Zorro, the Sword and the Rose was the first soap opera in history to HD, this is the most ambitious project of her career so far. The show was held in by Telemundo in collaboration with Sony Pictures and with a remarkable cast of actors like Christian Meier and Harry Geithner, which they interpret as weight papers are that of Diego de la Vega / Zorro and the Military Commander Ricardo Montero.

During 2008-2009, respectively, the beautiful Mexican took a break, in which she rejected the title roles of Doña Bella (RCN) and Beware the angel (Televisa ) with William Levy

In 2011 returns to screens Telemundo to star in the telenovela Del Monte Heirs again with Mario Cimarro. This production was recorded in Colombia and has actors such as Jose Luis Resendez, Roberto Mateos, and Natasha Klauss, among others.

In Hollywood she acted in the movie Species - The Awakening, where comparía sign with stars such as:
Helena Mattsson, Adam Wylie, Ben Cross, Marco Bacuzzi and Dominic Keating.
In 2012 returns to screens Venevision to star in the novel Heart passionate in which she won the lead role in history alongside Guy Ecker and Susana Dosamantes. This production is recorded in Miami and has actors Lorena Meritano, Daniela Navarro, Dayana Garroz, Carlos Guillermo Haydon among others. In late August, after signing an exclusive contract with Telemundo, the actress performs a dual role in The Bruiser Where does a star / antagonize melodrama after the end of the characters in Maritza Rodriguez and Elizabeth Gutierrez

Personal life 

For actress Marlene Favela important things in life: her parents and family. She maintained a relationship from 2009 to 2010 with Jorge Kahwagi. Currently in a relationship with Guy Davidyan, in that one year in relationship.

Stroke 
Marlene Favela, suffered a stroke On July 27 of 2012.
The actress was at her home in Miami when she began to feel a tingling in the hands, nausea, dizziness, difficulty speaking, so I immediately went to Mount Sinai Hospital. Favela thought she had poisoned by eating seafood, but it turned out she had a stroke that could have been fatal, but thanks to the quick intervention of doctors was saved.

In the hospital, Favela underwent surgery for intracranial bleeding was caused by a congenital disease. The actress told that could have gone blind or die.

This terrible experienciale Favela served to realize that she is a much loved and put in a new perspective on life, believing her to relax and take better care of their health and focus more on being with your loved ones.

Filmography

Television 
 Ugly Betty (2006)
 Meridian X (presenter)
 Billboard Awards 2007 (presenter)
 What happens to us? (Presenter)

Movie

Theatre 
 Again, Sam
 Be Unfaithful and Who Do Not Look

Awards and nominations

Other websites
Marlene Favela Official Site  (in Spanish and English)
Mexican television actors
Mexican movie actors
Mexican stage actors
1976 births
Living people
People from Durango
Ninón Sevilla (Emelia Pérez Castellanos, November 10, 1921 – January 1, 2015) was a Cuban-Mexican movie dancer and actress who was active during the "golden age" of Mexican cinema. She was considered one of the greatest Cuban stars and the queen of the 'rumberas' (a style of movie dancing).

She was raised by her aunt. She danced her way through Havana night clubs and cabarets, and arrived in Mexico in 1945.

Filmography (selected) 
 Carita de Cielo (1946)
 Pecadora (1947)
 Señora Tentación (1948)
 Revancha (1949)
 Coqueta (1949)
 Perdida (1950)
 Aventurera (1950)
 Victimas del Pecado (1951)
 Sensualidad (1951)
 No niego mi pasado (1952)
 Llevame en tus brazos (1953)
 Mulata (1954)
 Yambao (1957)
 Mujeres de Fuego (1959)
 Zarzuela 1900 (1959)
 Noche de Carnaval (1983)
TV
 Juicio de Almas (1964)
 Rosa Salvaje (1987)
 Yo no creo en los hombres (1989)
 Las Secretas Intenciones (1993)
 María la del Barrio (1995)
 La Usurpadora (1998)
 Rosalinda (1999)
 Tres Mujeres (1999)
 El precio de tu amor (2000)
 Entre el amor y el odio (2002)
 Amarte es mi pecado (2003)
 Central de Abasto (2008)

References

Other websites

Cuban actors
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
1921 births
2015 deaths
The LG Optimus 2X is a smartphone made by LG Electronics. The Optimus 2X is the world's first smartphone with a dual-core processor. The smartphone holds the Guinness World Record for this.

References 

LG mobile phones
INDO stands for Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap. It is a semi-empirical quantum chemistry method that is a development of the complete neglect of differential overlap (CNDO/2) method  developed by John Pople. Like CNDO/2 it uses zero-differential overlap for the two-electron integrals. Integrals for over orbitals centered on the same atom are included in the INDO method.

The method is now rarely used in its original form. But it is the basis for several other methods, such as MINDO, ZINDO and SINDO.

Related pages
Computational chemistry

References 

Semiempirical quantum chemistry methods
Wiswesser Line Notation, also referred to as WLN, was the first line notation that precisely describes complex molecules. The notation is simple, so that trained chemists as well as computers can translate it. It was invented by William J. Wiswesser in 1949.

The keypunch was the main data entry device when WLN was developed. Keypunches could only type capital letters(A-Z), numbers(0-9), and a few special characters(& / -). So, the symbols used in WLN were limited so that they could be stored on punched cards.

Examples 
 1V1: acetone
 2O2: diethyl ether
 1VR: acetophenone
 L66J BMR& DSWQ  IN1&1: 6-dimethylamino-4-phenylamino-naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid

Related pages
 Simplified molecular input line entry specification (SMILES)
 International Chemical Identifier (InChI)

References

Other websites
 
 Everything Old is New Again: Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN)

Chemical nomenclature
Cheminformatics
Hemerophile is a term used for animals and plants that profit from the changes humans have made to their environment. For this reason, they can often be found in the cultural landscape of humans; they are said to follow humans. Some species that live closely together with humans, and that have followed them to their immediate surroundings are called synanthropes. 

Animals and humans
Plants
The Winter's Tale is a play by William Shakespeare, published in the First Folio, in 1623. It was grouped among the comedies, but some modern editors have relabelled the play as one of Shakespeare's late romances. Some critics, among them W. W. Lawrence, consider it to be one of Shakespeare's "problem plays", because the first three acts are filled with intense psychological drama, while the last two acts are comedic and supply a happy ending. 

Despite this, the play has been popular, and there are different adaptations of it to the stage. The first was done by  David Garrick in his adaptation called Florizel and Perdita; first performed in 1754 and published in 1756. The Winter's Tale was revived again in the 19th century, when the third "pastoral" act was widely popular). In the second half of the 20th century The Winter's Tale  was often performed as a whole. The text was usually taken from the First Folio.
Plot
Polixenes, King of Bohemia, visits his old friend Leontes, King of Sicilia. Leontes wants Polixenes to stay longer, but at first Polixenes wants to go home. However, he is persuaded to stay for longer by Leontes's wife, Queen Hermione. Leontes starts to fear that Hermione and Polixenes are in love with each other. Leontes orders Lord Camillo to poison Polixenes, but Camillo decides to warn Polixenes instead and they run away together to Bohemia.
About the play
Like most of Shakespeare's plays, it was based off an existing story. It is mainly based off a 1588 play called Pandosto by Robert Greene. Shakespeare made less changes to the story than he would usually make. The main difference is that he changed it from a sad ending to a happy ending. Shakespeare made other, smaller changes. All the characters have different names, and Bohemia and Sicilia are swapped around.

The play has five "acts" (parts). The first three acts have tense drama. A character called "Time" briefly appears to announce the sixteen-year time jump between the third and fourth acts. The last two acts are much lighter in tone. They are like the "pastoral" plays that were popular around Shakespeare's time, which were light plays that were set in the countryside. Although the play has a happy ending, some of the tragedy cannot be undone: Mamillus is still dead, and the bad things that happened in the past cannot be forgotten.
It appears Shakespeare was not trying to make the play realistic. Many things in the play suggest it is set in Europe in Shakespeare's day, but the "Oracle of Delphos" sounds like the Oracle of Delphi in Ancient Greece. This was located in the mountains, not on an island like in the play. In the play, it is also said that Bohemia has a coastline and deserts. The real Bohemia was located where the Czech Republic is now located. It never had a coastline or deserts. Shakespeare might have chosen to make it unrealistic, in order to make the play feel more like a fantasy. 

The play also has a famous moment when Antigonus is chased away by a bear. In the stage directions, this is written as "Exit, pursued by a bear." It is not known whether Shakespeare used a real bear, or whether it was an actor dressed as a bear.

It is not clear how Hermione returns at the end of the play. The play suggests it might be magic, but it also suggests that Hermione was alive all along.

References
References

Plays by William Shakespeare
1610s plays
For other people named William Griffiths, see William Griffiths (disambiguation).
William Griffiths (7 April 1912–14 April 1973) was a British Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom.  He was Member of Parliament for Moss Side from 1945 until 1950. He represented Manchester Exchange from 1950 until his death in 1973.

References 
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs

Other websites 
 Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Griffiths 

1912 births
1973 deaths
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Gran Turismo is the PlayStation Portable game of the Gran Turismo racing series. It has over 700 cars.
The fastest cars are the Bugatti Veyron, and the two Formula One cars.[Source?]

References

PlayStation Portable-only games
2009 video games
Gran Turismo series
Remipedia is a class of blind crustaceans. They live in coastal aquifers.

So long as the water is salty, these little animals can be found.
They are found in almost every ocean basin, including in Australia, the Caribbean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean. They live in subtropical waters.

The first described remipede was a fossil called Tesnusocaris goldichi (early Pennsylvanian). Since 1979 at least 17 living species have been identified.

Genetic studies suggest that remipedes are the arthropods most closely related to insects.

Anatomy 
Remipedes are  long. They have a head and a long trunk of up to forty-two similar body segments. The swimming appendages are on the sides of each segment, and the animals swim on their backs. They are generally slow-moving.

They have fangs connected to secretory glands. It is not known whether these glands secrete digestive juices or poisonous venom. They have a primitive body plan in crustacean terms, and may be a basal, ancestral crustacean group.
At least one species, Godzilliognomus frondosus, has an organised brain, with a particularly large olfactory area. Species which live in dark environments need to detect scents in the water. The size and complexity of the brain suggested that Remipedia might be the sister taxon to Malacostraca, regarded as the most advanced crustaceans.

References 

Crustaceans
Hokkien refers to a Chinese language spoken in Southern Fujian, Taiwan and many Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia and Singapore. It is similar to Teochew.

Chinese language
Languages of China
Kumaranallor is a place in Kerala, India. It is in Kottayam District. It is well known for the Devi Temple.

Kerala
is a city in the south of Iwate Prefecture, Japan and on the Iwai River. After Morioka and Ōshū, it is the third largest city in the prefecture.

Description

Ichinoseki is in the southernmost area of Iwate Prefecture in the Tohoku region of Japan. The city's name means first gate in Japanese.
The city has expanded in area by taking in and joining neighboring towns.  The current city of Ichinoseki became larger after 7 towns merged on September 20, 2005. The city is now equivalent to former Iwai District, and it is connected to Miyagi and Akita Prefectures. The population is nearly 120,000, with 42,335 households.

Population
There are many factories belonging to large Japanese companies such as Sony and NEC in Ichinoseki. The city has many Brazilian workers living there. Outside the city center there are many farms. Some Chinese and Filipino women have moved here to marry local farmers.
Attractions
 Ichinoseki is close to historically important Hiraizumi to the north. Tsuriyama Park is near the center of the original city of Ichinoseki. Tsuriyama Park gives a good view of Ichinoseki. Hondera Farm Village has been named an Important Cultural Landscape.

City History
April 1, 1948 - The city of Ichinoseki was started by combining 2 towns and 2 villages.
January 1, 1955 - The city of Ichinoseki merged with the villages of Genbi, Hagisho, Maikawa, and Yasakae to make a new city of Ichinoseki
September 1, 1956 - The city added parts of the town Hiraizumi.
May 1, 1964 - The city added parts of the town Hiraizumi for the second time.
September 20, 2005 - the towns of Daitō, Higashiyama, and Senmaya, and the villages of Kawasaki and Murone (all from Higashiiwai District) and the town of Hanaizumi (from Nishiiwai District) merged with the old city of Ichinoseki and approximately doubled the old city's population and nearly tripled its size.

Sister Cities/Friendship Cities
In Japan
Miharu (Tamura District, Fukushima Prefecture)
Signed between the former city of Ichinoseki on August 8, 1987
Kesennuma (Miyagi Prefecture)
Signed between the former cities of Ichinoseki and Kesennuma on May 1, 1997
Signed between the former city of Kesennuma and former town of Murone on May 8, 2003
Tanabe (Wakayama Prefecture)
Signed between the former village of Murone and the town of Hongu on August 8, 1987
Yoshikawa (Saitama Prefecture)
Signed by the former village of Murone on April 15, 1997

Railway

East Japan Railway Company

Tōhoku Shinkansen
 Ichinoseki Station

Tōhoku Main Line
 Yushima Station (Iwate)　　　　　　　　
 Hanaizumi Station
 Shimizuhara Station
 Ichinoseki Station
 Yamanome Station

Ōfunato Line
 Ichinoseki Station
 Mataki Station
 Rikuchū-Kanzaki Station
 Iwanoshita Station
 Rikuchū-Matsukawa Station
 Geibikei Station
 Shibajuku Station
 Surisawa Station
 Senmaya Station
 Konashi Station
 Yagoshi Station
 Orikabe Station
 Niitsuki Station

Education

Elementary Schools
Elementary Schools

Junior High Schools

High schools
Ichinoseki Gakuin High School (一関学院高等学校)
Ichinoseki Shuko High School (一関修紅高等学校) (also has a preschool and a university)
Ichinoseki No. 1 High School (岩手県立一関第一高等学校)
Ichinoseki No. 2 High School (岩手県立一関第二高等学校)
Hanaizumi High School (岩手県立花泉高等学校)
Daito High School (岩手県立大東高等学校)
Senmaya High School (岩手県立千厩高等学校)
Ichinoseki Tech High School (岩手県立一関工業高等学校)

Vocational schools
 Ichinoseki National College of Technology (一関工業高等専門学校)

Junior Colleges
 Shuko Junior College (修紅短期大学)

Transportation
Ichinoseki is on the JR East Tōhoku Shinkansen connecting Ichinoseki with Tokyo. It is also on the Tōhoku Main Line, which connects Ichinoseki and the prefecture's capital, Morioka.

References

Other websites
  Ichinoseki official website

Cities in Iwate Prefecture
Maxillopoda is a diverse class of crustaceans which includes the barnacles, copepods and a number of related animals.

It does not appear to be a monophyletic group, and no single character unites all the members.

Description 
With the exception of some barnacles, maxillopodans are mostly small, including the smallest known arthropod, Stygotantulus stocki. They often have short bodies, with the abdomen reduced in size, and generally lacking any appendages  This may have arisen through paedomorphosis.

Apart from barnacles, which use their legs for filter feeding, most maxillopodans feed with their maxillae. Their bodyplan has 5 head segments, 6 thoracic segments and 4 abdominal segments, followed by a telson (tailpiece).

Fossil record 
The fossil record of the group extends back into the Cambrian, with fossils of barnacles and tongue worms known from that period.
Classification 
Six subclasses are generally recognised, although many works have included the ostracods among the Maxillopoda. Of the six groups, only Mystacocarida are entirely free-living; all the members of the Tantulocarida, Pentastomida and Branchiura are parasitic, and many of the Copepoda and Thecostraca are parasites.

References 

Crustaceans
Line notation is a text-based notation system using ASCII characters.  It is most often used for chemical nomenclature. An entire chemical structure is written on a single straight line.

Line notation can also be a word and symbol description of an electrochemical cell used in chemistry.

Related pages
 Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN)
 Simplified molecular input line entry specification (SMILES)

Notation
Chemical nomenclature
Musical notation
Cephalocarida is a class inside the subphylum Crustacea that has only twelve shrimp-like benthic species. They were discovered in 1955, and are commonly referred to as horseshoe shrimps.

All cephalocaridans are in just one family: Hutchinsoniellidae. Even though there is no fossil record of cephalocaridans, most specialists believe them to be basal (primitive) among crustaceans.

Description and anatomy 
These crustaceans are from  in length, with a long body. They have no eyes, and live in a muddy natural habitat.

The structural and functional similarity between the maxillae and the legs may be a sign of primitive organization; the maxillae are not specialized, as they are in other crustaceans.

The thorax consists of 10 segments, and the abdomen bears a telson but no other appendages.
Ecology 
Cephalocaridans are found from the intertidal zone down to a depth of 1500 metres, in all kinds of sediments. They feed on marine detritus. To bring in food particles, they make water currents with the thoracic appendages like the branchiopods and the malacostracans. Food particles are passed forward along a ventral groove, leading to the mouthparts.

References 

Crustaceans
The Dulce Amor Tour was the seventh small concert tour by American singer Selena. The tour was to promote her seventh independent LP record Dulce Amor (1988). The tour began on November 26, 1988, in Corpus Christi, Texas. The concert ended on July 26, 1989, in Houston, Texas. Selena had sung a lot of covers during this tour. She also had begun designing her own clothing.

Selena was inspired by Janet Jackson, Madonna and Paula Abdul for designing her own clothing. Selena was inspired by Michael Jackson for dance moves that she could perform. In some concerts, Selena was underpaid by venues across Texas. She was not paid fairly because she was a female lead-singer in a male-dominated genre. Selena had food thrown at her by Tejano fans at one of her concerts.

The concert tour had grossed only $4,500. The concert ended because of angry fans and because Selena was being promoted to EMI Latin.
About this tour 
The Dulce Amor Tour started on November 26, 1988, in Corpus Christi, Texas, Selena's hometown. The tour was also her last independent tour before signing a contract with EMI Latin. Selena had asked her father, Abraham Quintanilla Jr, if she could design the band's clothing. Her father did not want her to choose the band's clothing. However, he did give her permission to design her own clothing.

Selena had inspiration from Madonna, Paula Abdul and Janet Jackson. She also had inspiration for dance moves from Micheal Jackson and other popular 1980s singers. When the tour had begun, Selena had performed more cover versions then her own songs. Selena felt that she should sing popular music to help the band become more popular. The concerts had usually lasted for an hour and a half.
Selena was paid only $150 for each concert. However, some venues underpaid Selena because she was a female lead-singer in a male-dominated genre. Venues who booked Selena felt that she would never become a huge successful singer. Some even laughed at Selena's father for even promoting her. During several concerts, food was thrown at Selena by Tejano fans.

Selena was discriminated against and was not allowed to perform at some venues. However, the Dulce Amor Tour became the most successful tour in Selena's early career. This was because, more venues had booked Selena to perform and attendance to her concerts were growing. The Dulce Amor Tour had grossed $4,500.

In some concerts such as the December 10, 1988 Dallas, Texas concert, Selena had performed "Tú Solamente Tú", "Qué", "Soy Amiga", "Dame Tu Amor", "Dame Un Beso" and "A Million To One". In this concert, she only had done two covers that night.
On February 20, 1989, Selena performed in Odessa, Texas. Her concert had ended early because Tejano fans were throwing food at Selena. Selena only got to perform "Costumbres", "Quisiera Darte", "I Like It", "No More Lies" and "Dulce Amor". Selena and her band were taken back to their tour bus. The club owner did not pay Selena. He felt that he now needed the money to clean up the mess. He also banned Selena to ever perform again at his venue until 1994, after she had won a Grammy Award.

Set list 
Source:
 "No More Lies" - cover by Michel'le
 "Costumbres"
 "Quisiera Darte"
 "I Like It" - cover by Dino
 "I Think We're Alone Now" - cover by Tiffany
 "Could've Been" - cover by Tiffany
 "Dulce Amor"
 "Cariño, Cariño Mio"
 "Thriller" - cover by Michael Jackson
 "Break" - Pete Astudillo sings in this period or Selena talks with the fans.
 "Open Your Heart" - cover by Madonna
 "Cien Anos"
 "La Bamba"
 "Anything for You" - cover by Whitney Houston
 "Always Mine"
 "No Llores Mas Corazon"

Concert Dates 

 Source:
Source:

Personnel 
 Selena - vocals
 A.B. Quintanilla III - guitar
 Roger Garcia - backup guitar
 Suzette Quintanilla - drums
 Ricky Vela - keyboards
 Abraham Quintanilla Jr - set design
 Marcella Quintanilla - set design
 Source:

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Official Website 

Concert tours
1988 in the United States
1989 in Texas
20th century in San Antonio, Texas
20th century in Dallas
20th century in Houston
History of Austin, Texas
Church's Texas Chicken is a restaurant franchise that specializes primarily in fried chicken, but also sells french fries, mashed potatoes and biscuits. It was founded in San Antonio on April 17, 1952. Its headquarters are in Sandy Springs, Georgia. Church's is the 4th largest fried chicken franchise in the United States, the largest being Kentucky Fried Chicken.

Co-franchising 
By the mid-to late-1990s, Church's Chicken and hamburger chain White Castle announced their co-franchise, in which both companies would sell their own separate products while operating in some shared restaurant spaces with some shared personnel. In Canada, Church's Chicken items were once available in Harvey's restaurants, but the co-venture was discontinued.

Related pages
 List of fast-food chicken restaurants

References

Other websites

 

1952 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in Texas
American fast food restaurants
San Antonio, Texas
The PPSh-41 (Pistolet-Pulemyot Shpagina; ; "Shpagin machine pistol") is a Soviet submachine gun. It was designed by Georgi Shpagin. The PPSh-41 was supposed to be a cheaper, simpler gun to use than the PPD-40. The PPD-40 was in Soviet service at that time. The PPSh-41 officially replaced the PPD-40 in 1941. The PPSh-41 was supposed to be used by conscripted soldiers with very little training. The PPSh-41 got its ammunition from a magazine. It was also a selective fire submachine gun. It was made mostly of stamped steel. It fired the 7.62×25mm pistol round. The PPSh-41 was used a lot during World War II and the Korean War, as it was the most produced SMG throughout the wars. It was still in use in Vietnam with the Viet Cong as late as 1970 as the Chinese Type 50 (a copy). There were even some PPSh-41's captured by US soldiers as late as the Iraq War.

History
History

World War II
The idea for the development of the PPSh-41 came partly from the Winter War against Finland. It was found in this war that submachine guns were good weapons for close-quarters combat. The PPSh-41 was developed in mid-1941. It was made in many factories in Moscow. Local Party members were made responsible for making sure enough PPSh-41s were made.
A few hundred weapons were made in November 1941. Another 155,000 were made over the next five months. By spring 1942, PPSh-41 factories were making around 3,000 weapons a day. The PPSh-41's design was good, as it allowed many weapons to be made in a short amount of time (mass production). Other examples of this kind of design were the M3 submachine gun, MP40 and the Sten. Its parts (except the barrel) could be made by unskilled workers. The PPSh-41 used 87 parts, and the PPD-40 used 95. The PPSh-41 could be made in 7.3 hours. However, the PPD-40 took 13.7 hours.  The making of the barrel was often made simpler by using barrels made for the M1891 Mosin–Nagant rifle. The rifle barrel was cut in half. From this one rifle barrel, two PPSh-41 barrels were made. The barrel was then altered for the 7.62mm Soviet submachine gun cartridge.
The PPSh-41 was popular in the German armies as well. Captured PPSh-41s were often used by the Germans against their enemies. It was so popular among German soldiers, in fact, that it was the second most used SMG among German forces in WWII.

After the German Army captured a lot of PPSh-41s during World War II, a program was started. In this program, the weapons would be altered to fire the German submachine gun bullet, the 9mm Parabellum. The Wehrmacht officially called these PPSh-41s the MP41(r). PPSh-41s which were not altered were called the MP717(r). They were given 7.63x25mm Mauser ammunition instead of the Soviet 7.62x25mm bullet.  The German military made German-language manuals to teach soldiers how to use the PPSh-41. These were printed and given out across the Wehrmacht.

The Soviet Union also tried the PPSh-41 in close air support. They put dozens of PPSh-41s on some of their planes.
Korean War
After the war, a large number of PPSh-41s were given to Soviet client states. They were also handed out to communist guerillas. The North Korean People's Army (NKPA) and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) fighting in Korea got huge amounts of PPSh-41s. They were also given the North Korean Type 49 and the Chinese Type 50. These were copies of the PPSh-41s with small changes. The PPSh-41 was used a lot during the entire Korean War. Though it was not very accurate, the PPSh-41 did well in close-range battles because of its extremely high rate of fire and its high ammo capacity. These often happened in the Korean War, especially at night. United Nations forces often had trouble with returning enough bullets when they were attacked by communists with the PPSh-41. Some U.S. infantry officers said that the PPSh-41 was the best gun of the war. It was not as accurate as the U.S. M1 Garand or M1 carbine. However, it gave more power at close range.

Features
Features

The PPSh-41 fired the 7.62x25mm (Tokarev) bullet. The 7.62x25mm was the main Soviet pistol and submachine gun bullet. The PPSh-41 weighed around 12 pounds (5.45 kg) with a full 71-round magazine. It weighed 9.5 pounds (4.32 kg) with a loaded 35-round magazine. The PPSh-41 could fire 900 rounds per minute. This was very high compared to other submachine guns of World War II. The PPSh-41 did not have a grip on it. Because of this, the soldier usually had to hold the PPSh-41 behind the drum magazine. The soldier could also hold the bottom of the drum. 35-round box magazines could have been used from 1942. However, Soviet soldiers in World War II usually kept the 71-round drum magazine.
The PPSh-41 drum magazine was a copy of the Finnish M31 Suomi magazine. It held 71 rounds. The drum magazine was slower and more difficult to load with ammunition than the box magazine. The box magazine began to be used more after 1942.  Even though it had less bullets in it, the box magazine made it easier to hold the weapon. It was possible that the PPSh-41 would fire bullets if it was dropped on a hard surface. This was because of its open bolt design.
Different kinds of PPSh-41 
Because the Germans had captured so many PPSh-41s, a program was started. In this program, the weapons would be altered to fire the German submachine gun bullet. This bullet was called the 9mm Parabellum. The Wehrmacht officially called these PPSh-41s the MP41(r). PPSh-41s which were not altered were called the MP717(r). They were given 7.63x25mm Mauser ammunition instead of the Soviet 7.62x25mm bullet.  The German military made German-language manuals to teach soldiers how to use the PPSh-41. These were printed and given out across the Wehrmacht.

During World War II, an even simpler submachine gun was brought in to service. It was called the PPS-43. However, it did not replace the PPSh-41 during the war.
Other kinds 
 Type 50: A Chinese version of the PPSh-41.
 Type 49: A North Korean version. Only drum magazines can be used with this model.
 M-49: The M49 Submachine gun was a Yugoslavian version. It used the PPSh-41's design. However, it has many important differences.
 PPS-50: A Canadian, semi-automatic version of the PPSh-41. The box magazine holds 30 rounds and the drum magazine holds 50 rounds.
 SKL-41: A German, semi-autmatic version. It went on sale in 2008. This version fires the 9mm Parabellum bullet.

Users

Current
 
 
 : Made licensed copies under the designation "Type 49", which date back to the Korean War.
 Russian separatist forces in Donbas: Limited usage in the beginning of the War in Donbas.
Former
 : Formerly in service with the Afghan Army, until the 1980s. Also used by various self-defense groups.
 
: Made licensed copies under the designation "Type 50".
 
 
 : Used during and after WWII until succeeded by the vz. 58.
 : Used by the East German Grenztruppen der DDR and the Kampfgruppen der Arbeiterklasse This weapon became icon especially due to its presence during the construction of the Berlin Wall being used by both the KdA and GT. Designated "MPi41" in DDR service, the PPSh-41 was gradually replaced by the AK-47 beginning in 1960.
  Estonia: Estonian partisans used captured SMGs against the Soviets in 1941.
 : Used captured examples.
 : Used during civil conflicts in 1990s.
 
 : Used by the PAIGC in the Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
 : Captured and reissued PPSh-41s in the early 1940s. Produced a local version in the early 1950s called the "7.62mm Géppisztoly 48.Minta", or simply "48m".
Iran: Produced a local version in the 1940s with a tangent rear sight.
 
  Italian Partisans: Used examples captured from German soldiers
 
: Used by Latvian partisans against Soviets in 1940s.
  Lebanese National Movement
 
 
 : Used captured guns, and also converted some to 9×19mm Luger under the designation "MP41r".
 North Vietnam: Viet Minh, Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army used PPSh-41 variants, including the K-50M license-built copy, and the Chinese Type 50.
 : It was used by the First Polish Army. After the war, it was made under license as the "7.62 mm pm wz.41" by Łucznik Arms Factory. 
 : Captured and reissued PPSh-41 submachine guns during 1941–1944. Made licensed copies during the 1950s at Cugir Arms Plant under the designation "PM PPȘ Md. 1952".
 
 
 : Captured from North Korean and Chinese during the Korean war.
 : In service with the Soviet Army in 1942.
 : Locally produced a variant known as the M49 Submachine gun.

Related pages
 Submachine gun

References

Bibliography

Other websites
Other websites 

Submachine guns
Geto Boys (Formerly Ghetto Boys) is an American rap group from Houston, Texas. Geto Boys have three members in the band; the current band members are Bushwick Bill, Scarface and Willie D. The best is known for their use of misogyny, gore, psychotic experiences, and necrophilia in their lyrics. The band originally consisted of members; Prince Johnny C, The Slim Jukebox, DJ Ready Red, and Little Billy. Little Billy later became known as Bushwick Bill.

Discography 
So far as of 2011, Geto Boys have released 8 Studio albums:

Albums
Making Trouble (1988)
Grip It! On That Other Level (1989)
The Geto Boys (1990)
We Can't Be Stopped (1991)
Till Death Do Us Part (1993) 
The Resurrection (1996)
Da Good da Bad & da Ugly (1998)
The Foundation (2005)

Other websites 
Official website 

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rap music groups
Hip hop bands
Musical groups from Houston
Warner Bros. Records artists
IONIS Education Group  is the leading private higher education group in France. The group was created in 1980 and has more than 35,000 students and 100,000 alumni in 2023 currently working in business, IT, aviation, energy, transportation, biology, management, finance, marketing, communication, and design. 29 schools are members of the group.

It also has an independent non-profit Foundation.

Since July 2023, the head is Charline Avenel.

Member schools

Business 
 Institut supérieur de gestion
 ISG Luxury Management
 ISG RH
 ISG Sport Business Management
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 ISTH
 ICS Bégué
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
 MOD'SPE Paris
 XP, the international esport & gaming school
Technology 
 École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École spéciale de mécanique et électricité
 IA Institut
 Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
 Institut sup'biotech de Paris
 E-Artsup
 Epitech Digital
 IONIS School of Technology and Management
 Coding Academy
 SecureSphere by EPITA
 Supinfo
 Supinfo Digital
 Web@cademie

Education solutions 
 École des technologies numériques appliquées
 Fondation IONIS
 IONISx
 IONIS 361
 PHG Academy

References

Other websites 
 IONIS Education Group website
 IONIS Online

Colleges and universities in France
1980 establishments in France
Brad Terrence Jordan (born November 9, 1970 in Houston, Texas), known by his stage name, Scarface, is an American rapper. He is best known as being a member of the rap group, Geto Boys. Scarface also appears in the video games Def Jam Vendetta and Def Jam: Fight for NY. He is cited as being an influence to many different rappers.

Discography

Albums 
Scarface has released 12 studio albums:

References

1970 births
Living people
American Muslims
Rappers from Texas
Singers from Houston
(DI) (English: The German Inscriptions of Medieval and Early Modern Times) is one of the oldest collections of historical inscriptions. The series tries to collect, to describe and to explain a huge number of inscriptions. The inscriptions used date from medieval and early modern times. The Inscriptions are in today's Federal Republic of Germany, Republic of Austria and South Tyrol. The project was instituted by the German linguist Friedrich Panzer (from Heidelberg) in 1934. The historians Karl Brandi (from Göttingen) and Hans Hirsch (from Vienna) helped him with his effort. The scientists planed the task as an interacademic venture to publish writings concerning epigraphy. By now 81 volumes have been published. An individual volume contains usually the inscriptions of a single city, of a German district or an Austrian district. Several of the Academies of Sciences work together to publish the volumes and to push the project further
. The German Academies involved are in Berlin, Düsseldorf, Heidelberg, Leipzig, Mainz, Göttingen und München. Also the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna is involved. The Reichert-Verlag is the publishing house of the scientific editions.
The Academies of Sciences in Mainz and Göttingen planed and carried the project "Deutsche Inschriften Online" (English: German Inscriptions Online) out. The project's ambition was to digitalize the volumes DI 66/45/56/58/61 and make them available online. The realisation is based on a database who was developed by the Inscription-offices in Greifswald and Mainz. The venture has an innovative character. It is seeing itself as a broadening of the project "Inschriften Mittelrhein-Hunsrück (IMH)" (English: Inscriptions of the Middlerhine-Hunsrück). The IMH-Project was worked out in 2008. The "Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde an der Universität Mainz" (English: Institute for Regional History at the University of Mainz) took part in working out the IMH-Project. The project digitalized the volume "Die Inschriften des Rhein-Hunsrück Kreises I (DI 60)" (English: The Inscriptions of the Rhine-Hunsrück District) edited by epigraphist Eberhard J. Nikitsch
. Nikitsch. In the meantime the website of the IMH-Project has merged into the DIO-Web portal. In the long run digitalization and making available online of further volumes is scheduled. Also a translation of the DIO-Website into the English language is projected.
Today twelve volumes including more than 4170 items and more than 4000 illustrations and photographs can be retrieved by the user. Currently online available are the volumes DI-19 Göttingen (City), DI-28 Hameln, DI-36 Hannover, DI-42 Einbeck, DI-45 Goslar, DI-56 Braunschweig, DI-58 Hildesheim, DI-60 Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis I, DI-61 Helmstedt, DI-66 Göttingen (District), DI-46 Minden, The Inscriptions of the City of Mainz. First Part: The Inscriptions of the Cathedral and the Museum of Cathedral and Diocese ranging from 800 to 1350.

References

Bibliography 
 Schrade, Torsten: Epigraphik im digitalen Umfeld (=Epigraphy in the Digital Field). (URN: urn:nbn:de:0289-2011051816). In: Skriptum 1 (2011), Nr. 1. ISSN 2192-4457. (Article available under Creative Commons-Licence; the article overviews birth and development of the DIO-Project in German)
Other websites
 The German Inscriptions of Medieval and Early Modern Times (DIO) - Mainpage (German)
 Epigraphical Research- and Documentation-Center Munich
 Inscription-office Bonn 
 Inscription-office Greifswald 
 Inscription-office Göttingen
 Inscription-office Mainz 
 Inscription-office Vienna 
 Excerpts from the Hessian volumes of the Cenotaph-Project 

History of Germany
"Buenos Amigos" () is a duet from American singer Selena and Salvadoran singer Alvaro Torres. The song became Selena's first number-one single. It peaked at number-one on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks in 1992. The single "Como La Flor" (1992) became Selena's first solo artist single.

References 

Selena songs
1991 songs
Spanish-language songs
"¿Qué Creias?" () is a song by American singer Selena. "¿Qué Creias?" became the third single from Entre A Mi Mundo (1992). It peaked at number 14 on the Hot Latin Tracks and number 16 on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay chart.

Chart

References 

Selena songs
1992 songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
"Amame" () is a song by American singer Selena. "Amame" became the fourth and last single from Entre A Mi Mundo (1992). "Amame" peaked at number 27 on the Hot Latin Tracks and number 21 on the Regional Mexican Airplay chart. "Amame" was remixed for Anthology (1998). It included a ballad version of the song.

Charts

References 

Selena songs
1992 songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
"No Debes Jugar" () is a song by American singer Selena. The song was the lead single from Selena Live! (1993). The song peaked at number three on the Hot Latin Tracks, Latin Regional Mexican Airplay and Latin Pop Airplay chart.

Chart

References 

Selena songs
1993 songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
"La Llamada" () is a song by American singer Selena. "La Llamada" became the second single from Selena Live! (1993). The music video was filmed in Malibu, California. The song peaked at number five on the Hot Latin Tracks, number six on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay and number eight on the Latin Pop Airplay charts.

Charts

References 

Selena songs
1993 songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
"Tu Robaste Mi Corazón" () is a duet by Mexican-American singers Selena and Emilio Navaira. "Tu Robaste Mi Corazon" was the third and last single from Selena Live! (1993). In Siempre Selena (1996), the male parts of the song were performed by Pete Astudillo. The song peaked at number five on the Hot Latin Tracks, number six on the Latin Pop Airplay and number eight on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay charts.

Charts

References 

Selena songs
1993 songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
"Dondequiera Que Estés" () is a single released by Selena with a duet with the Barrio Boyzz. The song was a major hit in 1994, staying at #1 for 6 weeks on top of the Hot Latin Tracks chart.

Song information
The song was first released on the Barrio Boyzz album Donde Quiera Que Estes in 1993 and was never included on the Amor Prohibido album at the time of the release, but was then included on the reissued version of Amor Prohibido in 2002 and also included on Selena's greatest hits collection Ones.

Music video
The music video for "Dondequiera Que Estés" was shot entirely in New York City. The video consisted of Selena and the Barrio Boyzz performing choreographed dancing.

Legacy

Awards

Certifications

Charts

Track listing 

U.S. 12" Vinyl (1994)
 "Donde Quiera Que Estes"  – 4:25

Mexico Promo Single (1994)
 "Donde Quiera Que Estes"  – 4:25

Mexico Promo Cassette (1994)
 "Donde Quiera Que Estes"  – 4:25
 "Donde Quiera Que Estes (Radio Edit)"  – 4:15
Spain Promo Single (1995)
 "Donde Quiera Que Estes"  – 4:25

Mexico Digital Download (2002)
 "Donde Quiera Que Estes"  – 4:25

Argentina Digital Download (2002)
 "Donde Quiera Que Estes"  – 4:25

References

Other websites
"Donde Quiera Que Estés" (Music Video) at YouTube

1994 songs
Selena songs
Spanish-language songs
Richard Shaw (December 8, 1966 – June 9, 2019), known by his stage name, Bushwick Bill, was an American rapper of Jamaican descent. He was best known as being a member of the rap group, Geto Boys. Bushwick Bill has dwarfism.

Life
He lost his eye when he was depressed, drunk and suicidal, and went to his girlfriend's house and asked her to shoot him. She refused, and he threatened to hurt their baby. After a struggle, the gun went off and the bullet pierced his eye which left the bullet stuck inside his head. Bill survived the accident. The album cover for Geto Boy's 1991 album, We Can't Be Stopped is a picture of Bill in the hospital after his accident.

On May 1, 2019, he revealed that in February of that year he had been diagnosed with stage 4 pancreatic cancer. He died a month later on June 9, 2019 at a Denver, Colorado hospital from the disease, aged 52.

Discography

Albums 
Bushwick Bill has released 6 studio albums:

References

Websites
 Bushwick Bill at Myspace
1966 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Rappers from Texas
Singers from Houston
People with dwarfism
"Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" is a song by American singer Selena.

Background and production 
Before "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" was written, Selena had performed cover versions of popular songs while on tour. While touring on the Entre A Mi Mundo Tour, Selena had decided to perform a song she had recently written. The song was called "Little Bidi Bubbles", "Little Bubbles" and "Swim Swim Swim!" The song was in English and had talked about a fish swimming in the ocean happily. The fish was given only one wish and had decided to give that wish away to another fish she had really liked. The song was performed in the style of roots reggae mixed with cumbia music. The song had became a sound check for Selena y Los Dinos, after Selena had written the song. Initially, Selena had wanted to perform the song to her fans and see their reactions before she would professionally record it. The song was not recorded even though it was given positive feedback from fans.
Around the early months of 1994, the lyrics of the song was finished. Selena had recorded the song a few weeks afterwards. A.B. told interviewers that he was afraid and nervous about releasing the song because of its mixed music genres. He also said that the use of mixed genres had never been done before for a Tejano singer. After Amor Prohibido (1994) was released, EMI Latin had a hard time choosing a lead single. Selena and the record company had wanted "Amor Prohibido" as the lead single, whereas A.B. had wanted "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom". A.B. had tried to convince his sister and EMI, but was unsuccessful. "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" had then became a promotional single for the album.
When Selena was killed on March 31, 1995, she was in the middle of releasing a crossover album. EMI Latin and Selena's family had decided to release it on July 18 of that same year. However, since the album was not finished, they were short on songs. A.B. had then made a few remix versions of Selena's most popular and famous songs, one of them being "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", which were included in Dreaming of You (1995).

References 

Selena songs
1994 songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
Selena Gomez songs
"Fotos y Recuerdos" () is a song by American singer Selena. The song sampled the song "Back on the Chain Gang" by The Pretenders.

Chart

References 

Selena songs
1994 songs
Spanish-language songs