Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Flemming "Bamse" Duun Jørgensen (7 February 1947 – 1 January 2011) was a Danish pop singer and actor. He was the lead singer of the band Bamses Venner () and also released solo albums. As an actor he received a Robert Award for best male supporting actor in 1986 for the movie Ofelia kommer til byen (). Jørgensen died of a cardiac arrest on New Year's Day in 2011.

Discography 
Din sang (1977)
Solen skinner (1979)
Bamse Live I (1980)
Bamse Live II (1980)
Lige nu (1987)
1988 (1988)
Lidt for mig selv (1994)
Jul på Vimmersvej (1995)
Stand By Me (1999)
Always on My Mind (2001)
Be My Guest (2005)
Love Me Tender (2007)
Tæt på (2010)

References

1947 births
2011 deaths
Danish actors
Danish singers
Danish movie actors
William George Aston (9 April 1841 – 22 November 1911) was a British diplomat, author and scholar-expert in the language and history of Japan and Korea.

Early life
Aston was born near Londonderry in  Ireland. In 1859-1863, he studied at Queen's College in Belfast, which is now Queen's University Belfast.

Career
Aston was an interpreter in the British Legation in Japan in 1864. He studied with Ernest Mason Satow. 

Aston worked in the British consular service in Tokyo, Kobe and Nagasaki. He retired in 1889.

Japan
Along with  Satow and Basil Hall Chamberlain, Aston was one of three major British Japanologists during the 19th century.

Aston was the first translator of the Nihongi into the English language (1896).

Korea
In 1884, Aston was the first Western diplomat to live in Korea. 

Aston donated his translations of Korean folk tales to the Asiatic Museum in St. Petersberg, Russia and they were published in 2004. This part of Aston's personal collection is now at the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg.
Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about William George Aston, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 90+ works in 200+ publications in 4 languages and 3,000+ library holdings.

 A Short Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language (1869)
 A Grammar of the Japanese Written Language (1877)
 A Grammar of the Japanese Spoken Language (1877)
 Early Japanese history (1889)
 Nihongi; Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697 (1896)
 A History of Japanese Literature (1898)
 Littérature japonaise (1902)
 Shinto, the Way of the Gods (1905)
 Shinto, the Ancient Religion of Japan (1907)

References

Other websites

  Aston, W. G. (William George), 1841-1911 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

The History of Japanese Literature by W.G. Aston (Yokohama: Kelly and Walsh, 1899)

British Japanologists
1841 births
1911 deaths
British diplomats
People from County Londonderry
was the 53rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 823 and ended in 833.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .

Junna had six Empresses and Imperial consorts and 13 Imperial sons and daughters.

Events of Junna's life
Junna was Crown Prince for 13 years.

 810 (Kōnin 1): Prince Ōtomo was named the heir of Emperor Saga at 25 years of age.

 30 May 823 (Kōnin 14, 17th day of the 4th month): In the 14th year of Emperor Saga's reign, the monarch abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by Prince Ōtomo, who was Saga's younger brother. Soon afterwards, the prince is said to have said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 22 March 833 (Tenchō 10, 28th day of the 2nd month): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by a his adopted son, who would be known as Emperor Ninmyō.
11 June 840 (Jōwa 7, 8th day of the 5th month): Former-Emperor Junna died at the age of 55.

After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (misasagi) of Junna is in Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

Eras of reign
The years of Junna's reign are identified by more than one era name (nengō).
 Kōnin (810-824)
 Tenchō            (824-834)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Emperors of Japan
786 births
840 deaths
Styes (), also hordeolum () are infections at the base of a human eyelid or the eyelash. They are usually formed in the lids and are small red bumps; these styes can be either external or internal. Styes are small-sized and rather short in duration. They happen particularly often in infants, although people of all ages can get it. They're triggered by eye rubbing or poor nutrition. They often last four days under treatment to two weeks without.

Diseases and disorders of the eye
Isaac Titsingh FRS (10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon, scholar, merchant-trader and ambassador.

Japan, 1779-1784

At Dejima Island in Japan, Titsingh was the head of the Dutch East India Company(Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or "VOC" in Dutch) during 1779-1780, 1781–1783, and 1784. In these years, the Japanese policy of seclusion of isolation (sakoku) limited all contact with non-Japanese.
In this highly controlled context, the VOC traders became the sole official conduit for trade and for scientific-cultural exchanges between Japan and the West.

Titsingh is believed to have been the first Freemason in Japan.

India, 1785-1792
In 1785, Titsingh was appointed Director of the VOC trading post at Chinsura in Bengal. He formed a friendship with William Jones, the philologist and Bengal jurist.
Batavia, 1792-1793
Titsingh’s return to Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia) led to new VOC positions as Ontvanger-Generaal (Treasurer) and later as Commissaris ter Zee (Maritime Commissioner).

In Batavia, Titsingh met with the British Ambassador do China, Lord Macartney who was travelling to the Imperial Court in Peking. Titsingh encouraged McCartney to abandon a planned expedition to Japan in 1793.

China, 1794-1795

Titsingh was appointed Dutch Ambassador to the court of the Emperor of China. He was in Peking for the celebrations of the sixtieth anniversary of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. In Peking, the Titsingh delegation included Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest and Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes.

Titsingh is believed to have been the first Freemason in China. and the only to be received personally in the court of the Qianlong emperor.
Return to Europe, 1796-1812
Among the Japanese books brought to Europe by Titsingh, was a copy of  by Hayashi Shihei (1738–93). This book, which was published in Japan in 1785, deals with Chosen (Korea) and the kingdom of Ryukyu (Okinawa) and Ezo (Hokkaido). In Paris, the text represented the first appearance of Korean han'gŭl in Europe.

After his death

Titsingh died in Paris (February 2, 1812), and he is buried in Père-Lachaise cemetery.

After Titsingh's death, the printed original and Titsingh's translation were purchased by Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat (1788–1832) at the Collège de France.

In 1832, Julius Klaproth (1783-1735) at the Institut Royal publish his edited version of Titsingh's translation.
Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Seki Takakau, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 90+ works in 150+ publications in 7 languages and 1,600+ library holdings.
 "Bereiding van saké en soya," in Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (1781)
 Cérémonies usitées au Japon pour les mariages et les funérailles (1819).
 Mémoires et anecdotes sur la dynastie régnante des djogouns, souverains du Japon (1820),
 Illustrations of Japan (1822)
 Bijzonderheden over Japan (1824)
 Annales des empereurs du Japon (1834)

Related pages
 Nihon Odai Ichiran

References

Other websites
 Titsingh, Isaac, 1744-1812 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
 http://www.titsingh.nl/paginas/biotitsleven.htm 

1745 births
1812 deaths
Ambassadors of the Netherlands
Dutch esotericists
Dutch historians
Dutch physicians
Fellows of the Royal Society
Freemasons
Japanologists
Writers from Amsterdam
Surgeons
The Morrison Formation is a geological formation laid down in the Upper Jurassic. It is a distinctive sequence of sedimentary rock in the western United States, and is named after Morrison, Colorado.  It has been the most fertile source of dinosaur fossils in North America. 

It is composed of mudstone, sandstone, siltstone and limestone. Its colour is light grey, greenish gray, or red. Most of the fossils occur in the green siltstone beds and lower sandstones, relics of the rivers and floodplains of the Jurassic period.
Geography 
The formation is in Wyoming and Colorado, with outcrops in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Idaho. Equivalent rocks under different names are found in Canada. It covers an area of 1.5 million square km (600,000 square miles), although only a tiny fraction is exposed and accessible to geologists and paleontologists. Over 75% is still buried under the prairie to the east and much of the rest was destroyed by erosion as the Rocky Mountains rose to the west.

The first fossils were discovered by Arthur Lakes in 1877. That same year, it became the center of the Bone Wars, a fossil-collecting rivalry between early paleontologists Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope. 

 

In Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, the Morrison Formation was a major source of uranium ore.
Geologic history 
According to radiometric dating, the Morrison Formation dates from 156.3 ± 2 million years old at its base, to 146.8 ± 1 million years old at the top, which places it in the later Jurassic. This is similar in age to the Solnhofen Limestone Formation in Germany and the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. Throughout the western USA, it lays over the Middle Jurassic Summerville, Sundance, Bell Ranch, Wanakah, and Stump Formations.

At the time, the supercontinent of Laurasia had recently split into the continents of North America and Eurasia, although they were still connected by land bridges. North America moved north and was passing through the subtropical regions.

Palaeoenvironment 
The area was low-lying, and sediments were laid down in rivers, lakes, shallow water of various kinds. The details varied from time to time.
The Morrison Basin, which stretched from New Mexico in the south to Alberta and Saskatchewan in the north, was formed when the early pre-Rocky Mountains started pushing up to the west. Streams and rivers in the east-facing drainage basin swept sediment down from the heights. The sediment was dropped in swampy lowlands, lakes, river channels and floodplains. In the course of time, this became the Morrison Formation.

In the north, the Sundance Sea, an extension of the Arctic Ocean, stretched through Canada down to the United States. Coal is found in the Morrison Formation of Montana, which means that the northern part of the formation, along the shores of the sea, was wet and swampy, with much vegetation. Aeolian, or wind-deposited sandstones are found in the southwestern part, which indicates it was much more arid — a desert, with sand dunes.

Dinosaur National Monument
Dinosaur National Monument is a National Monument on the southeast flank of the Uinta Mountains on the border between Colorado and Utah at the confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers. The Dinosaur Quarry  is in Utah just to the north of the town of Jensen, Utah. This park has fossils of dinosaurs including Allosaurus, Abydosaurus (a nearly complete skull, lower jaws and first four neck vertebrae of the specimen DINO 16488 was found here) and various long-neck, long-tail sauropods.
The dinosaur fossil beds (bone beds) were discovered in 1909 by Earl Douglass, a paleontologist working and collecting for the Carnegie Museum. He and his crews excavated thousands of fossils and shipped them back to the museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for study and display. President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the dinosaur beds as Dinosaur National Monument in 1915.  The monument boundaries were expanded in 1938 from the original  tract surrounding the dinosaur quarry in Utah, to its present extent of over 200,000 acres (800 km²) in Utah and Colorado, including the spectacular river canyons of the Green and Yampa.
Dinosaur fossils 
The roster of dinosaurs from the Morrison is impressive. Among the theropods, Allosaurus, Saurophaganax, Torvosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Coelurus, Ornitholestes, Tanycolagreus, Stokesosaurus, and Marshosaurus are found in the Morrison. An abundance of sauropods has been found there, including Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Barosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Amphicoelias, which is possibly the largest known dinosaur ever to exist. Two genera of stegosaurs, Stegosaurus and Hesperosaurus, have been found there. Finally, ornithopods found in the Morrison include Dryosaurus, Camptosaurus, Drinker, Othnielia, and Othnielosaurus.

References 

Jurassic dinosaurs
Geography of Montana
Geography of Utah
Geography of Colorado
Geography of Nebraska
Geography of Kansas
Geography of Arizona
Geography of New Mexico
Geography of Wyoming
Lagerstätten
Dinosaurs of North America
Geological formations
Sedimentary rocks
Geology of the United States
was the eldest son of Japanese Emperor Richū; and he was the father of sons who would become known as Emperor Kenzō and Emperor Ninken.

No firm dates can be assigned to the lives or reigns of this period, but the reign of Emperor Ankō is considered to have lasted from 456 to 479; and Oshiwa died during Ankō's reign.

Traditional history 
According to the Nihonshoki, Oshiwa was killed in a hunting accident by Emperor Yūryaku.  His sons were adopted as heirs by Emperor Seinei.  They are known as Prince Woke  (or Kenzō-tennō) and as Prince Oke (or Ninken-tennō).

References 

5th-century births
470s deaths
Japanese imperial family
Accidental deaths
Dinosaur Ridge is part of the Morrison Formation, just west of Denver.

The Dinosaur Ridge area is one of the world's most famous dinosaur fossil localities. In 1877, some of the best-known dinosaurs were found here, including Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Stegosaurus, and Allosaurus. 

In 1973, the area was recognized for its uniqueness as well as its historical and scientific significance when it was designated the Morrison Fossil Area National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.  In 1989, the Friends of Dinosaur Ridge formed to address increasing concerns regarding the preservation of the site and to offer educational programs on the area's resources.

The rocks on the west side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the widespread Morrison Formation of Jurassic age. It is in these rocks, where Arthur Lakes discovered the dinosaur bones in 1877. Fifteen quarries were opened along the Dakota hogback in the Morrison area in search of these fossils.
The rocks on the east side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation.  When Alameda Parkway was being constructed in 1937 to provide access to Red Rocks Park, workers discovered hundreds of dinosaur footprints.  These were found to include mostly Iguanodon-like footprints. Carnivorous theropod tracks are also present.

The site features the Dinosaur Ridge Exhibit Hall with displays about the dinosaurs found at the site. Additionally, Dinosaur Ridge has interpretive signs at trail locations that explain the local geology, a volcanic ash bed, trace fossils, paleo-ecology, economic development of coal, oil and clay, and many other geologic and paleontological features.

References

Other websites 
 Friends of Dinosaur Ridge
 Photos 
 Dinosaur Ridge Information 

Geography of Colorado
Dinosaurs of North America
Museums in the United States
The Galaxy Nexus is a smartphone made by Google and Samsung, using the Android operating system. The phone started being sold on November 17, 2011.

Unlocking and rooting 
The Galaxy Nexus is designed to be a developer-friendly phone. It is very easy to unlock and root. To unlock the bootloader, boot the phone into fastboot mode by holding down both volume keys while powering the phone on, and connect the phone to a computer with the Android SDK installed and run the command "fastboot oem unlock". This is in contrast to most other mobile phones which are designed to be difficult to unlock. This phone uses NFC, which allows it to communicate wirelessly with other Android devices.

Related pages 
 Google Nexus

References

Other websites 
 Official Galaxy Nexus page 
 Galaxy Nexus at Samsung
Engadget coverage

Nexus mobile phones
Android smartphones
Mobile phones released in 2011
Nexus might mean:

Google Nexus
Nexus One
Nexus S
Galaxy Nexus
 Nexus (professional wrestling)

Nexus is one of the largest showrooms in the East Midlands with a strong and vibrant internet presence.
Cast
 Jesse Eisenberg as Mark Zuckerberg
 Andrew Garfield as Eduardo Saverin
 Justin Timberlake as Sean Parker
 Armie Hammer as Cameron Winklevoss and Tyler Winklevoss
 Josh Pence as Tyler Winklevoss (body double for Armie Hammer)
 Max Minghella as Divya Narendra
 Brenda Song as Christy Lee
 Rashida Jones as Marylin Delpy
 Joseph Mazzello as Dustin Moskovitz
 Rooney Mara as Erica Albright
 Dustin Fitzsimons as The Phoenix S-K Club President
 Patrick Mapel as Chris Hughes
 Douglas Urbanski as Larry Summers
 Wallace Langham as Peter Thiel
 Dakota Johnson as Amelia Ritter
 Malese Jow as Alice Cantwel
 Denise Grayson as Gretchen
 James Shanklin as Prince Albert II
 Trevor Wright as Josh Thompson
 John Getz as Sy
 Shelby Young as K.C.
 David Selby as Gage
 Aaron Sorkin as Ad executive

Release dates

References

Other websites 

Official site
Official site

2010 drama movies
2010s legal movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
American legal movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies directed by David Fincher
Movies set in California
Movies set in Massachusetts
Movies set in the 2000s
Movies set in 2004
Chaz Salvatore Bono (Born Chastity Sun Bono; March 4, 1969) is an American actor and is a spokesperson for the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. He danced on ABC's Dancing With the Stars.

In 1995, Chaz, who still appeared female at the time, told The Advocate that he was a lesbian.
In 2008 Bono started his gender transition from female to male. 

He is the son of Sonny and Cher Bono. He is a female-to-male transgender person. A documentary on Bono's experience, Becoming Chaz, was at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.  It was later on the OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network.

Books written
 Family Outing (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (1998). Little, Brown and Company. pp. 272. 
 The End of Innocence: A Memoir (with Michele Kort) (2003). pp. 232. 
 Transition: the story of how I became a man (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (2011). New York: Dutton. 
 Transition: Becoming Who I Was Always Meant to Be (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (2012 paperback). Plume. pp. 272.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

American movie actors
American television actors
LGBT people from California
Actors from Los Angeles
Transgender people
Participants in American reality television series
1969 births
Living people
"Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" is a single performed by American recording artist Katy Perry. It is the fifth single from her third album Teenage Dream. The song topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the US. It reached the top in Canada as well. It climbed to the top five in Australia and New Zealand and the top ten in Austria and the UK. It was released June 6, 2011. A remix was later released featuring rapper Missy Elliott.

The song became Perry's fifth number-one single from Teenage Dream. This was a first for a female artist. Only Michael Jackson also had five chart-toppers from one album with Bad in 1987.

References

2011 songs
Katy Perry songs
The Ying Yang Twins are an American crunk rap group based in Atlanta. The group debuted in 2000 and rose into mainstream with the song Get Low almost three years later. They've had several hit albums and hit songs.

American rap music groups
Musical groups from Atlanta
Hip hop bands
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
A Dip slope is the geological formation of tilted strata. They're found on homoclinal ridges, one side being steep and irregular and the other (the dip slope) being parallel to the bedding.

Geology
This is a list of Harry Potter movies cast members. Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson are the pioneer trio in Harry Potter series for the 8 movies.

Cast

References 

Lists of fictional characters
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport is a large airport in France.  It is in the outskirts of Paris.  In 2010, it handled 58,164,612 passengers.

As of 12 February 2018, the head of the airport is Marc Houalla.

References

Airports in Paris
Pouzolles () is a commune in the Hérault department and Occitanie in southern France.

Activities 
The village has a small collection of shops (bakery, superette, tobacconist) and several chambres d'hôtes. There are other activities, such as a post office, a nearby paintball, a seasonal gallery and of course the local wine industry.

Places of interest 
 the château (see pictures)

 the village center, built as a circulade

Demography

Related pages
 Communes of the Hérault department

References

Other websites
 Official Pouzolles website  

Communes in Hérault
, also known as ,  was an old province of Japan in area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

The province had borders with the provinces of Tajima, Tamba, Settsu, Bizen, and Mimasaka.

The provincial capital city was Himeji on the Ishikawa River.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Harima Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Temples and Shrines
Iwa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Harima.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hyōgo Prefecture
The Communauté de communes Coteaux et Châteaux was a group of communes in the Hérault departement and Languedoc-Roussillon region of France.

It was created on December 31, 1997, by decision of the Prefecture, and dissolved on January 1, 2013 upon merging with surrounding communauté de communes to form the Communauté des communes des Avant-Monts du Centre Hérault.

Etymology

The name comes from the local coteaux (vineyards) and chateaux (castles), prominent features of the countryside.

Communes

Coteaux et Chateaux contained the following communes:

 Fos
 Gabian
 Margon
 Montesquieu
 Neffiès
 Pouzolles
 Roujan
 Vailhan

References

Other websites
 Official Website  
 Look up coteau and château on the Wiktionary.
Lord of the Flies is a novel written by William Golding. It was published in 1954. The title is a literal translation of Beelzebub, a Semitic deity which was worshipped in the Philistine city of Ekron.

Golding based this novel on two personal experiences: his time teaching at boys' public schools and his experiences in World War II. He had read books like Coral Island which showed young boys getting stranded on desert islands and living in perfect Utopia. He wanted to write about what he thought would really happen in this situation.

Themes 
The book portrays their descent into savagery. Left to themselves, far from modern civilisation, the well-educated children revert to a primitive state.
The central theme is the conflicting human impulses toward civilization  living by rules, peacefully and in harmony  and toward the will to power. Themes include the tension between groupthink and individuality, between rational and emotional reactions, and between morality and immorality. How these play out is the story of Lord of the Flies.

Plot
A group of boys of different ages, from different schools and backgrounds, are stranded on an island after their plane is brought down. The country they came from has been hit with a atom bomb and all the adults on their plane have died. There is no one else on the island and no one knows where they are. On Piggy's advice, Ralph blows a conch shell to gather the boys from across the island to a meeting. There they are introduced to Merridew (Jack) who is head of the Choir and various other characters.
References 

1954 books
English novels
William Golding
Child support is continued payment performed by a parent for the financial benefits of children following marital separations, divorces or ends of civil unions. Child maintenance is paid either directly or indirect by obligors toward an obligee for care and support of children from terminated marriages, civil unions or other relationships. The obligor is the non-custodial parent; the obligee is either the custodial parent, a caregiver, a guardian or the state.

Duration of support orders
Support orders end based on local laws and the facts of each case. Support orders usually end when the child reaches the age of majority. (This can be an age from 16 to 21 (New York State)  or graduates from high school.) Some countries and states have laws that make support continue past the age of majority if the child is enrolled as a full-time, degree-seeking post-secondary student. If the obligor owes back child support, the payments must continue until the debt is satisfied, regardless of the age of the child.
Several factors can end a support order for a child under the age of majority. These include the child's marriage, legal emancipation or death.

References

Other websites
History of child support in the UK 
Child Support Agency (CSA) Australia - includes calculators and guides for separated parents
US Federal Child Support Enforcement - child support enforcement
UK Child Support Calculator App for iOS - UK Child Support Calculator App for iOS

Family law
was the 54th  emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 833 and ended in 850.

Traditional history
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .  

Ninmyō was the second son of Emperor Saga and the Empress Tachibana no Kachiko.  

Ninmyō had nine Empresses, Imperial consorts, and concubines (kōi); and he had 24 Imperial sons and daughters.

Events of Ninmyō's life
Ninmyō was Crown Prince for 10 years.

 6 January 823 (Kōnin 10, 4th month, 19th day): At age 14, Prince Masara is named Junna's heir.

 22 March 833 (Tenchō 10, 28th day of the 2nd month): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, the emperor abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by his adopted son.  Masara-shinnō was the natural son of Emperor Saga, and therefore would have been Junna's nephew.  Soon afterwards, Emperor Ninmyo is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
838-839 (Jōwa  5-6): Diplomatic mission to Tang China headed by Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu. 

 6 May 850 (Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month): Emperor Ninmyō died at the age of 41.

After his death
Emperor Ninmyō is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates , in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, as the location of Ninmyō's mausoleum.

Ninmyō was sometimes posthumously referred to as "the Emperor of Fukakusa," because that was the location of his tomb.

Eras of reign
The years of Ninmyō's reign are identified by more than one era name (nengō).
 Tenchō  (824-834)
 Jōwa    (834-848)
 Kashō    (848-851)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites
 Hokusai:  Poem #12, image of ceremonial event in Ninmyō's court 

Emperors of Japan
810 births
850 deaths
Natural deduction is a branch of mathematical logic developed in Poland in the 1920s and 30s. It is meant to express inference rules closely related to the "natural" way of reasoning.

Spurred on by a series of seminars in Poland in 1926 by Łukasiewicz that advocated a more natural treatment of logic, Jaśkowski made the earliest attempts at defining a more natural deduction. In 1929 he first suggested in 1929 using a diagrammatic notation, and later updated his proposal in papers in 1934 and 1935.

References 

Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy, 2000. Language, proof and logic. CSLI (University of Chicago Press) and New York: Seven Bridges Press. A gentle introduction to first-order logic via natural deduction, by two first rate logicians.

Other websites 
 Clemente, Daniel, "Introduction to natural deduction."
 Pelletier, Jeff, "A history of natural deduction and elementary logic textbooks."

Logic
John McCarthy (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American scientist. He is mostly known for the work he did in the field of logic. 

McCarthy was the first to use the term artificial intelligence, in an article he wrote in 1955. He invented LISP to be able to do logic programming, in 1958. This makes LISP the second-oldest high-level programming language that is still in use; FORTRAN is older. McCarthy studied mathematics. He invented Garbage collection to solve some of the problems LISP had. McCarthy's work received many awards, the Turing Award for his work on Artificial Intelligence, in 1971, or the National Medal of Science in 2003 are among them.

1927 births
2011 deaths
American computer scientists
Scientists from Boston
Hurricane Karl was the fifth and final major hurricane of 2010's Atlantic hurricane season. It became the most damaging hurricane to ever impact the Mexican state of Veracruz. As of September 23, 22 people have been confirmed killed, most of which were in the state of Veracruz. Preliminary losses from the storm are estimated at 70 billion MXN ($5.6 billion USD). Despite the destruction, the name Karl was not retired.

Sources

Other websites
The NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Karl
The NHC's Advisory Archive for Hurricane Karl
The NHC's Graphic Archive for Hurricane Karl

2010 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricanes in Mexico
2010 in Mexico
2010 in Belize
September 2010 events
Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes
Robert Pierpoint (May 16, 1925 – October 22, 2011) was an American broadcast journalist who worked for CBS.
 
He was born in Redondo Beach, California. Pierpoint served in the United States Navy during World War II. In 1948, he graduated from University of Redlands. Pierpoint covered the Korean War. He appeared on the first edition of See It Now in 1951. He also covered the State Department for CBS. He was often on Charles Kuralt's Sunday Morning broadcasts until his retirement. 
 
He learnt many of his radio and television skills from Edward R. Murrow, and was known as one of Murrow's boys. He is also remembered for playing himself, on the radio, in the final episode of M*A*S*H.
 
Pierpoint served as White House correspondent for six presidents, from Eisenhower to Carter. His wrote about this in his book, At the White House (1981). He was known for his verbal sparring with President Richard Nixon. He died in Santa Barbara, California, in 2011.
One time, Pierpoint was playing tennis when he was called to go on the air. He gave his report wearing a suit coat, tie, and tennis shorts.  The television image showed only his chest and above. But a photograph was taken that showed his legs. To recall this incident, Pierpoint's wife said that he will be buried wearing a suit coat and tennis shorts.

References 

 

 

American war correspondents
1925 births
2011 deaths
Writers from Los Angeles
was the 55th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

His reign started in 850 and ended in 858.

Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was .  He was also known as Tamura-no-mikado or Tamura-tei.

He was the eldest son of Emperor Ninmyō.

Montoku had six Imperial consorts and 29 Imperial sons.
Events of Montoku's life
Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for 8 years.
 6 May 850 (Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month):  In the 17th year of Ninmyō-tennō 's reign (仁明天皇17年), the emperor died.  His eldest son received the succession (senso).
 850 (Kashō 3, 4th month): Emperor Montoku formally acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 850 (Kashō 3, 5th month): The widow of Emperor Saga, who was the mother of Emperor Ninmyō and the grandmother of Emperor Montoku, died.
 850 (Kashō 3, 11th month): The emperor named Korehito-shinnō, the 4th son of Emperor Montoku as his heir.  This 9-month-old baby was also the grandson of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa who was Minister of the Right (udaijin).
 855 (Saikō 2, 1st month):  The Emishi organized a rebellion.  In response, a force of 1,000 men and provisions were sent to the north.
 855 (Saikō 2, 5th month): The head of the great statute of Buddha in the Tōdai-ji fell off.
After his death
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum (misasagi) of Montoku is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.  The site is formally named Tamura no misasagi.

Eras of reign
The years of Montoku's reign are identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 Kashō   (848-851)
 Ninju  (851-854)
 Saikō  (854-857)
 Ten'an  (857-859)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
827 births
858 deaths
Xavier Tondo Volpini (5 November 1978 – 23 May 2011) was a Spanish professional bicycle racer. He mainly participated in bicycle races up the mountain.

On 23 May 2011, while he was getting his bicycle ready for a ride, Tondo was trapped between his own garage door and car. He was crushed by the door. One of his teammates, Beñat Intxausti, was with him during the accident.

References

Other websites 
Profile at Cycling Archives

1978 births
2011 deaths
Accidental deaths in Spain
Spanish cyclists
Edmundo Ros OBE FRAM (7 December 1910 – 21 October 2011), born Edmund William Ross, was a Trinidadian-Venezuelan musician, vocalist, arranger and bandleader who made his career in Britain.

Ros's music featured three main types of music: Cuban music, Brazilian music and Caribbean calypsos. Of these genres, Cuban music was the most varied: it included the conga, the ballroom rumba, the mambo, and the cha-cha-cha. Ros introduced the Brazilian samba to England, and it became hugely popular. His Wedding Samba sold three millions copies on 78rpm. He was very popular during the 1950s and 60's.

The orchestrations for his band were designed to smooth the rough edges of Latin music. Ros emphasised the melodic aspects of the music, which he felt was necessary for his audiences. This is something he talked about after his retirement.
He was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad in 1910. He was brought up in Venezuela and went to a military college when he was 18. He learned to play the saxophone, euphonium and the drums. He played with the Venezuelan State Opera, and then won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music in London. He studied to be a conductor at the college in 1937. To earn extra money he played on recordings by other people, including Fats Waller, before starting his own band.

During the war he continued with his music, but also worked as an ambulance driver. After the war he opened the "Edmundo Ros Dinner and Supper Club". He recorded more than 50 albums, the most successful was Rhythms Of the South (Decca 1958), which sold more than a million copies.

He retired to Alicante, Spain in 1975, and made no more recordings. He received the OBE in 2000. He died in 2011 at the age of 100.

References

1910 births
2011 deaths
Bandleaders
Anne Elisabeth Jane "Liz" Claiborne (March 31, 1929 – June 26, 2007) was a Belgian-born American fashion designer and entrepreneur.

Early life
Claiborne was born to American parents in Brussels, Belgium. She moved to New Orleans, Louisiana in 1939. She went on to found the clothing company, which was named Liz Claiborne, Inc. She was the first female CEO and chairperson of a Fortune 500 company.

Death
Claiborne died in New York City from cancer of the lining of the abdomen.

Other websites
Official website
Liz Claiborne Art Ortenerg Foundation

1929 births
2007 deaths
American chief executives
American fashion designers
Cancer deaths in New York City
People from Brussels
Businesspeople from New Orleans
Liz Claiborne, Inc. is a fashion company based in New York City and founded in 1976 by a fashion designer of the same name. The organization markets clothing and fragrances. In the 1980s it was the first company from a female to hit the Fortune 500 mark.

The company was created by Liz Claiborne the person.

Fashion houses
Companies based in New York City
1976 establishments in New York (state)
An electrical outlet or receptacle, frequently called a wall outlet, is a socket that connects an electrical device to an electricity supply. In buildings, electrical outlets are usually installed in the wall, although they can also be installed in the floor. Occasionally, they are found in the ceiling for powering devices such as garage door openers or neon signs in storefront windows. Different countries often have different outlet types and voltages. Adapters are available to convert between the different types.

Other websites
Other websites 

 International power cords technology
 Glossary of standards terms
 Electricity Around The World (about plugs, sockets and electrical systems used around the world)
 Change to UK electrical wire colors 2004
 Household electrical safety handbook, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government
 IEEE history of Australian power connectors (in pdf format) 
 South Africa Eskom: Wiring a Plug 
 Guidance Notes for the Electrical Products (Safety) Regulation (Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong)
 Museum of Plugs and Sockets: pictures including disassembled units

Electrical wiring
An anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed. It is found in most weather stations. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word ἄνεμος , meaning wind. It describes any airspeed measurement instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics. Leon Battista Alberti described an anemometer for the first time around 1450.

References

Meteorology
Measuring tools
How it works
All isotopes that contain an odd number of protons and/or of neutrons (see Isotope) have an intrinsic magnetic moment and angular momentum, in other words a nonzero spin, while all nuclides with even numbers of both have a total spin of zero. The most commonly studied nuclei are 1H and 13C, although nuclei from isotopes of many other elements (e.g. 2H, 6Li, 10B, 11B, 14N, 15N, 17O, 19F, 23Na, 29Si, 31P, 35Cl, 113Cd, 129Xe, 195Pt) have been studied by high-field NMR spectroscopy as well.

A key idea of NMR is that the resonance frequency of a particular substance is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. This resonance is used in imaging techniques. If a sample is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field then the resonance frequencies of the sample's nuclei depend on where in the field they are located. Scientists try to use the highest possible magnetic fields to get the best image quality.
The principle of NMR usually involves two sequential steps: 
The alignment (polarization) of the magnetic nuclear spins in an applied, constant magnetic field H0.
An electro-magnetic, usually radio frequency (RF), pulse causes a small shift of this alignment of the nuclear spins. The pulse frequency is chosen based on the static magnetic field (H0) and the nuclei being measured.

The constant field and the pulse field are usually set perpendicular to each other. This maximizes the NMR signal strength. The resulting response by the total magnetization (M) of the nuclear spins is the phenomenon that is used in NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. Both use intense applied magnetic fields (H0) in order to achieve dispersion and very high stability to deliver spectral resolution. Scientist explain their readings as chemical shifts, the Zeeman effect, and Knight shifts (in metals).
NMR is used in low-field NMR, NMR spectroscopy and MRI in the Earth's magnetic field (referred to as Earth's field NMR), and in several types of magnetometers.

History

Nuclear magnetic resonance was first described and measured in molecular beams by Isidor Rabi in 1938. In 1944, Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work. In 1946, Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell expanded the technique for use on liquids and solids. They shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1952 for this discovery.

Purcell had worked on the development of radar during World War II at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Radiation Laboratory. His work during that project on the production and detection of radio frequency power and on the absorption of such RF power by matter laid the background for Rabi's discovery of NMR.
Rabi, Bloch, and Purcell noticed that magnetic nuclei, like 1H and 31P, could absorb RF energy when placed in a magnetic field of a strength specific to the identity of the nuclei. When this absorption occurs, the nucleus is described as being in resonance. Different atomic nuclei within a molecule resonate at different (radio) frequencies for the same magnetic field strength. The observation of such magnetic resonance frequencies of the nuclei present in a molecule allows any trained user to discover essential, chemical and structural information about the molecule.
After World War II, the development of NMR as a technique in analytical chemistry and biochemistry happened at the same time as the development of electromagnetic technology and advanced electronics and their introduction into civilian use. In the 1960s, William Lipscomb was a pioneer in using NMR to study chemical structures. He worked out how to look at NMR data to tell what atoms are connected together in a molecule.  This is called chemical shift.

References

Nuclear physics
Biography
He was born in New York City. He was the oldest child of Israel Hauptman and Leah Rosenfeld, and of Jewish descent.
 
Hauptman was interested in science and mathematics from an early age. He studied at Townsend Harris High School. He graduated from the City College of New York (1937). He earned an M.A. degree in mathematics from Columbia University in 1939. He married Edith Citrynell on November 10, 1940, and had two daughters.
After World War II, he began working together with Jerome Karle, a physical chemist, at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C.. He also enrolled in the Ph.D. program at the University of Maryland, College Park. They used their mathematics and physical chemistry skills to solve the phase problem of X-ray crystallography. By 1955, he had received his Ph.D. in mathematics, and they had worked out the  direct methods in X-ray crystallography. Their 1953 article, "Solution of the Phase Problem I. The Centrosymmetric Crystal", contained the main ideas, the most important of which was the introduction of probabilistic methods.
 
In 1970 he joined the Medical Foundation of Buffalo, becoming its Research Director in 1972. At this time he developed the neighborhood principle and extension concept. These theories were further developed during the following years.
Hauptman who was an atheist, signed with 21 other Nobel laureates the Humanist Manifesto in 2003.

References

Other websites
Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Laureates
Herbert Hauptman's Autobiography
Dr Hauptman's CV 
Pergament: A PBS portrait of Buffalo's Nobel winner Herbert Hauptman 
Board of Science Advisors, The Buffalo International Film Festival, Buffalo, NY, United States 

 

1917 births
2011 deaths
American atheists
American chemists
American mathematicians
American Nobel Prize winners
Columbia University alumni
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish atheists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from New York City
Educators from New York City
The Viking program was a NASA mission that sent two spacecraft to the planet Mars. These spacecraft were called Viking 1 and Viking 2. Each spacecraft was made of an orbiter and a lander. The orbiters took pictures of Mars from their orbit and sent information to Earth. The landers gathered scientific data on the surface of the planet.

Both Viking spacecraft were launched in 1975 and both reached Mars in 1976. Scientists chose landing places for both landers from the pictures that the orbiters had taken. Then the landers were released from the orbiters and they went down to their landing places. The orbiters continued to take pictures while the landers studied the surface of the planet and did other things. All of the spacecraft, including both orbiters and both landers, kept working for longer than they had been planned to. Eventually, they broke down. Viking 2 Orbiter stopped working in 1978, Viking 1 Orbiter and Viking 2 Lander in 1980, and Viking 1 Lander in 1982.
The Viking program was the most expensive and difficult mission ever sent to Mars. The program cost a total of US$1 billion. The program was very successful. Most of the knowledge about Mars until the late 1990s came from the Viking mission.

References

Other websites
 NASA Mars Viking Mission 
 Solar Views Project Viking Fact Sheet
 Viking Mission to Mars  (Video)
 A diagram of the Viking and its flight profile

NASA programs
Mars
1970s in spaceflight
The piculets are a subfamily of small woodpeckers which are mostly in tropical South America, with just three Asian and one African  species.

Like true woodpeckers, piculets have large heads, long tongues to get their insect prey and zygodactyl feet, with two toes pointing forward, and two backwards. However, they lack the stiff tail feathers that woodpeckers use when climbing trees. They are more likely to perch on a branch rather than an upright trunk.

They eat insects and grubs mainly from decaying wood. They re-use woodpecker holes for nesting, rather than making their own holes. The eggs are white, as with many hole nesters.

There are 30 species in all. It is known that they split off from mainstream woodpeckers in the middle Miocene about 15 million years ago (mya). Splits between the three genera happened about 7.9 mya.

Typically these birds have grey or dull green upperparts and dark-streaked white underparts.

References 

Piciformes
"Fallin' for You" is a song by the recording artist Colbie Caillat. The song was released June 29, 2009 as the lead single off her album Breakthrough, which was also released in 2009. The lyrics speak of someone falling for a guy with whom they are friends.

2009 songs
Moulting (or molting) is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off part of its body (usually the outer layer or covering) at particular times of year, or at specific points in its life cycle.  Moulting is also known as sloughing, shedding, or for some species, ecdysis.

Moulting can involve the epidermis (skin), and hair, fur, wool, or other external layer. In some species, other body parts may be shed, for example, wings in some insects. Examples include old feathers in birds, old hairs in mammals (especially dogs and other canidae), old skin in reptiles, and the entire exoskeleton in arthropods.

Examples

Ecdysis 
In arthropods, such as insects, arachnids and crustaceans, moulting is the shedding of the exoskeleton (or shell).
This process of moulting is called ecdysis. It is the defining feature of a whole group of invertebrates, the clade Ecdysozoa. This group includes the arthropods, nematodes, velvet worms, horsehair worms, rotifers, tardigrades and Cephalorhyncha. Since the cuticles of these animals often forms an inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed. Amongst fossils, trilobites and eurypterida used ecdysis. 

Ecdysis is part of the whole process of metamorphosis. The different stages (called 'instars') and the development of new 'apparatus' (such as sense organs) is necessary as the creature moves from one form to another. The new exoskeleton is initially soft but hardens after the moulting of the old exoskeleton.

References 

Developmental biology
Invertebrates