Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Proper motion is useful to astronomers in figuring out how far away a star is from Earth because stars that are close usually have a larger proper motion (meaning they move faster across the sky) than stars that are farther away. For example, Barnard's star has the largest proper motion of any star, moving 10.3 arcseconds per year. This is equal to one quarter of a degree, or half the diameter of the Moon in the sky, in only 87 years. It is the second-closest star to the Earth at 5.98 light years away. Also, eight of the ten stars with the biggest proper motions are less than 15 light years away.

References 

Astronomical phenomena
The origin of birds is one of the most interesting questions in palaeontology and evolution. Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Mesozoic era.

Thomas Henry Huxley ("Darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of this nearly 150 years ago. He compared the first fossil bird, Archaeopteryx, with a small theropod dinosaur, Compsognathus. They are two fossils from the same place and time: the Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, Germany. The strata come from the end of the Jurassic period, about 144 million years ago.

Huxley's papers on Archaeopteryx, and the origin of birds, were of great interest then, and still are. He showed that the two fossils were almost identical, except for the front limbs and feathers of Archaeopteryx.

He united reptiles and birds under the title of Sauropsida, and thought that birds had evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs.
Modern ideas 
All palaeontologists since Huxley agreed that Archaeopteryx evolved from reptiles, but many thought it was derived from an earlier type than dinosaurs. It took a long time before they agreed with Huxley. Almost all now think that early members of a group of small carnivorous dinosaur were ancestral to birds.

The group most favoured as ancestral is the Paraves or Eumaniraptora, which includes the dromaeosaurs and the troodonts. The dromaeosaurs include Velociraptor and Deinonychus but, of course, it would have been an earlier type of dromaeosaur, perhaps from the lower Jurassic. Dromaeosaurs have several traits we used to think were special to birds: hollow bones with holes for air-sacs, limbs with many bones either lost or fused, clavicles fused into wishbones, and feathers.
The discovery of feathered dinosaurs and birds in the Lower Cretaceous of China was what finally convinced palaeontologists. What seems to have happened is this. Theropod dinosaurs evolved feathers for heat regulation rather than flight. From then, a small group began to use them for primitive flight. This group is represented in the Jurassic by Archaeopteryx and Anchiornis.
Mosaic of old and new 
Huxley had pointed out that Archaeopteryx was a mixture of reptile and bird features. Without the feathers and arms, its skeleton looked just like that of Compsognathus. We now know its bone growth physiology was much slower than modern birds, and more like that of its dinosaur ancestors. This means it would take longer after hatching before it could fly. A modern precocial bird takes for 3–6 weeks from hatching to flying. In Archaeopteryx this milestone might have taken about 18 weeks. It might have taken two to three years to reach its final adult size. The evolution of the physiology of modern forms occurred later in the group's history. They have had over 140 million years to evolve after Archaeopteryx. This is an example of mosaic evolution, where some characters in a transitional form are basal, while others are remarkably advanced.

Chinese bird fossils
Jurassic fossils 
Anchiornis huxlei is so far the only dinobird fossil known which lived before Archaeopteryx. It was found in Liaoning, China. The strata dates to the mid-late Jurassic period, 160 to 155 million years ago. There are also feather-bearing non-flying dinosaurs from the Jurassic of China, such as the maniraptoran Epidexipteryx. Epidexipteryx is the earliest known example of ornamental feathers in the fossil record, about 152 to 168 million years ago.
Anchiornis had large wings, made up of flight feathers attached to the arm and hand (as in modern birds) as well as flight feathers on the hind legs, forming an arrangement of fore and hind wings. The forewing of Anchiornis was composed of 11 primary feathers and 10 secondary feathers. The primary feathers in Anchiornis indicated poorer aerodynamic ability compared to its later relatives. In Microraptor and Archaeopteryx, the longest forewing feathers were closest to the tip of the wing, making the wings appear long, narrow, and pointed. However, in Anchiornis, the longest wing feathers anchored near the wrist, making the wing broadest in the middle and tapering near the tip for a more rounded, less flight-adapted profile.

So the animal could glide, but probably not fly.

Cretaceous fossils
Flying gave the birds access to many new habitats, and an adaptive radiation took place. We see the results of this rapid evolution in the Chinese fossils from the Lower Cretaceous, which are more varied, and mostly more advanced, than Archaeopteryx. There are now 31 different bird genera from the Lower Cretaceous of China. It is also clear, from the tail feathers of Confuciusornis (one of the Chinese fossils), that some of these birds were already using feathers for signalling and display, just as they do today. Like heat regulation, using feathers for display may be much earlier than flight. Confuciusornis is the fifth oldest bird fossil, about 25 million years after Archaeopteryx.
Most dinosaurs died out in the K/T extinction event, at the end of the Cretaceous. The only ones that survived were the birds. The birds, therefore, are not just the descendents of reptiles, but the descendents of theropod dinosaurs. Birds are the last surviving dinosaurs.
Colour of feathers 
The pigments preserved in a 120 million year old fossil bird have been revealed using X-rays. A team scanned the beautifully preserved fossils of Gansus yumenensis and Confuciusornis sanctus. Their study, published in the journal Science, revealed the chemical fingerprint of pigments that once tinted the ancient bird's feathers. The trace metal copper is a marker for the dark pigment eumelanin. "The X-ray technique was so sensitive that it was able to show that each molecule of copper it detected was being tugged and squashed into a particular shape because it was bound within a eumelanin molecule".

Research of this kind has now been repeated several times.

Dinobirds 
This is an informal grouping of theropods closest related to birds. These groups are small dinosaurs. They definitely have pennaceous feathers (like birds), and therefore probably temperature regulation. One proposed classification is:
 Eumaniraptora or Paraves
 Deinonychosauria
 Troodontidae
 Dromaeosauridae
 Aves
The earliest example of a dinobird is a troodont, Anchiornis huxlei, from the Upper Jurassic. This specimen pre-dates Archaeopteryx by 5–10 million years, and predates any other feathered dinosaur from its location (Liaoning Province, China) by 25–35 million years. This species had long feathers on its hind limbs as well as fore limbs, and could glide, but probably not fly.

At least this clade of theropods had well-developed genuine feathers before the first known bird. Feathering in other groups of theropods is still uncertain. One compsognathid, Sinosauropteryx, has plumaceous feathers, as does Shuvuuia, another small theropod. Apparently, many small theropods carried feathers, whose function was thermoregulation (to keep warm).

If we look just before the extinction event. there are examples of birds which are even more like modern birds, such as Asteriornis.
Extinction event 
There is now evidence that many early bird groups went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period (K/T extinction event). This is the same time that the other dinosaurs went extinct.

"Analysing 24 specimens, the researchers identified 17 species, seven of which were 'archaic birds' that are not seen after the K-T mass extinction. These findings show for the first time a diversity of archaic birds alive, right up until the end of the Cretaceous. This would mean that the archaic birds went extinct abruptly 65 million years ago, and that modern birds must have descended from just a few groups that survived the event".

Researchers dated the fossils to within 300,000 years of the boundary layer at the end of the Cretaceous.
A May 2018 report, in Current Biology, says that its authors think that the birds that survived the end-of-Cretaceous disaster were Neornithes, Neognathae (Galloanserae + Neoaves). They were not tree-living, and could not fly far. After the world-wide destruction of forests, it took a long time for the world's forests to return properly. Virtually the same conclusions were already reached before, in a 2017 book on avian evolution.

Origin of modern birds 
All living birds are Neornithes, a subclass in traditional taxonomy. The Ornithurae is the natural group made up of modern birds and their extinct relatives. Their relatives include Ichthyornis and Hesperornis, and some of the Chinese Cretaceous birds. They all have a plough-shaped pygostyle, a bone at the end of the tail which allows the tail feathers to fan and retract. Other groups of birds became extinct in the K/T extinction event.
Gansus is a genus of aquatic birds that lived during the Lower Cretaceous, somewhere between 115 and 105 million years ago in what is now Gansu province, western China. It may be the oldest-known of the Ornithurae, depending how that group is defined.

Under any definition, all living birds, including taxa as diverse as ostriches, hummingbirds and eagles, are descended from basal ornithurans, many of which were semi-aquatic. It is now thought possible that all modern birds descended specifically from a semi-aquatic bird similar to Gansus. Thus, while Gansus is not necessarily a direct ancestor of today's birds, it is closely related to such an ancestral species.

Related pages 
 Lagerstätte
 Jehol biota
 Bird

References 

Coelurosaurs
Birds
Evolutionary biology
Fossils
Reddit () is a website where people share links to articles, media and other things on the web. The website is organized into "subreddits", communities within the Reddit community to discuss certain topics or to look at specific content. The posted links can be voted on, and the links with most votes are displayed on the front page of the website. Reddit was founded in 2005 by Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian, and is also available in other languages. People in the Reddit community call themselves "redditors". Some examples of subreddits are /r/Pics, /r/Aww, /r/FakeHistory, /r/WritingPrompts, /r/Showerthoughts, /r/todayilearned. Subreddits are directed towards all sort of things, like educational, funny, cute pictures of animals, intellectual nonsense, internet memes, and more.

Reddit has occasionally been the topic of controversy due to the presence of subreddits devoted to explicit or controversial material, including subreddits r/Creepshots and r/jailbait.
Site overview
Reddit is a website comprising user-generated content that can be discussed like a forum.

Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users.

Users and moderators
Reddit users are called "redditors." Moderators are called "mods".

Subreddits
Discussions on Reddit are organized into user-created areas of interest called "subreddits".

References

Other websites

Websites established in 2005
Bryde's whale is a baleen whale. It is a small group of several species which look alike and used to be lumped together. The whale can grow from 12.5 m (41 ft) to 14 m (46 ft) long and a weight of 16–18.5 tonnes, with the female larger than the male. 

Until the 1950s it was considered a single species, Balaenoptera brydei. It is now known that there are several almost identical species. Balaenoptera edeni and Balaenoptera omurai are two other species in the group. 

There has also been confusion between the Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis, and the Bryde's whale as they look alike and are the same size. Bryde's whale is unique in having three long ridges on its head that go from between the eyes towards the blowhole. All other rorquals have just one. The Bryde's whales skin varies from black to dark grey.
The whale was named after Johan Bryde, who built South Africa's first factory to process whales. They are found in tropical and sub-tropical waters. There seem to be several different types of Bryde's whales, but it has not yet been decided if they are different species, or a sub-species. In particular, B. brydei and B. edeni may be sister species.

References

Baleen whales
Catherine of Portugal (born in Lisbon, Portugal November 26, 1436; died June 17, 1463), also known as the Infanta Catarina, was the daughter of King Edward of Portugal. She lived most of her life and died in the Convent of Saint Claire.

Relatives 

1436 births
1463 deaths
Portuguese royalty
Alto Paraíso de Goiás (usually just Alto Paraíso) is a small town and a municipality in Goiás state, Brazil.

Cities in Goiás
Nap is the raised (fuzzy) surface on cloth. Velvet in one of these clothes with nap.  Nap can also mean a felt cloth.

In the 14th century, the word described the roughness of woven cloth before it was cut.

Piled nap
In the 15th century, the term nap refers to a pile given to the cloth. The word pile means the raised fibers that are there on purpose.  They were put there, instead of by producing the cloth. The nap is woven into the cloth, often by weaving loops into the fabric.  The can then be cut or left on the cloth. Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made by weaving a second yarn through woven cloth, making a nap or pile.

References 

Cloth
An art exhibition is a place where works of art are shown to the public. The word exhibition comes from Latin exhibere, which means to show. This can be in a museum or an exhibition hall. The exhibition can be temporary, or permanent (like a section of a museum). Some exhibitions show works of art of the same artist, others show works of art on a common theme.

Art exhibitions
A tournament is a competition with large number of players, all taking part in a sport or game. The word and general meaning come from the medieval tournament or "tourney". The word is still used sometimes used for a military event such as the Royal Tournament.

The word tournament is now defined in two ways:
One or more competitions held at a single place and held over a short period of time. Some game clubs help prepare members for such tournaments. Chess clubs, for example, often use ranking systems, chess clocks, and rules like those used in chess tournaments.
 A competition with many matches, each with a small group of competitors. The tournament winner is based on the combined results of these individual matches. These are common in sports and games where each match can only have a small number of competitors, often  two, as in most team sports, racket sports, combat sports, many card games and board games, and competitive debating. Such tournaments allow large numbers to compete against each other, even though there are only two teams or players in a single match.
These two types of tournament are different. All golf tournaments meet are of the first type, but match play tournaments are in the second. Football (soccer) leagues like the Premier League are tournaments in the second sense, but not the first, having matches spread across many places over a period of up to a year. Many tournaments meet both definitions; for example, the Wimbledon tennis championship.

Sports competitions
Transhumanism is a cultural movement that thinks that humans could benefit from technology (mostly the biological type) that improves the condition of life. It seeks to find a solution to aging, disease, and death (especially of the natural variety) by making use of such technology. The word was coined by Julian Huxley in 1957.

References

Other websites 

 What is Transhumanism?

Philosophical movements and positions
Philosophical anthropology
Kirk Lee Hammett (born November 18, 1962) is the lead guitarist for the band Metallica. He also sings in the background (backing vocals) during most of their songs. Joe Satriani was Hammett's guitar instructor. Before joining Metallica, he was the founding member of another band called Exodus. He left Exodus when the other musicians in Metallica asked him join them.

1962 births
Living people
American guitarists
Musicians from San Francisco
Metallica members
Kim Yoon-ok, also called Kim Yun-ok, (, born 26 March 1947) is the wife of Lee Myung-bak, President of the Republic of Korea .

Her family runs a construction company in Daegu. She and her husband Lee Myung-bak met at the College of Health Education at Ewha Womans University.

On December 19, 1970, after graduation from the University, Kim was engaged to Lee Myung-bak against her family's will.  Lee was then director of the Hyundai Engineering Corporation. They have 1 son and 3 daughters together. Kim Yoon-ok enjoys cooking.

1947 births
First Ladies of South Korea
Living people
In Greek mythology, Pandora's box was a large jar (πιθος Pithos) carried by Pandora. It contained the evils to be let loose on mankind. When the box was empty, hope remained. The actual evils are not specified by Hesiod.

Where the word box is from 
The word in the original text is Pithos, which usually refers to a large container; used to store wine or other things. Such containers were also used for funerals. In the case of Pandora, this jar may have been made of clay for use as storage as in the usual sense, or, instead, of bronze metal as an unbreakable prison.
The mistranslation of Pithos as "box" is usually attributed to the 16th-century humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam. Erasmus is thought to have made the error when he translated Hesiod's tale of Pandora into Latin. Hesiod's Pithos refers to a storage jar for oil or grain. Erasmus, however, translated pithos into the Latin word pyxis, meaning "box". The phrase "Pandora's box" has endured ever since. This error was further backed by Dante Gabriel Rossetti's painting Pandora.

 References 

 Bibliography 
 Neils, Jenifer, The Girl in the Pithos: Hesiod’s Elpis'', in "Periklean Athens and its Legacy. Problems and Perspectives", eds. J. M. Barringer and J. M. Hurwit (Austin: University of Texas Press), 2005, pp. 37–45.

Greek mythology
Longshore drift is the process of the ocean currents forcing sand and other material down a beach. 

The material is first pulled into the currents by the backwash (the water going out to sea) and is then pushed back up the beach by the swash (the water going onto the beach). Longshore drift always moves in the direction of the main wind. If longshore drift continues for a long time, beaches can be changed quite a bit. The changes depend on the details, and vary from place to place. Longshore drift is the net (average) movement of sand grains across a beach in a zig-zag motion.

 The waves carry the rock material up the beach at an angle. (waves move at an angle)
 The backwash carries the material directly down (gravity) into the sea or it stays there.
 This process goes again.
There are many inexpensive and effective ways of controlling longshore drift. The most common method is groynes (wooden walls that the sand builds up against). Some people dislike groynes because they interfere with walking along the beach, and the look of the beach.

Wave physics
Environmental issues
Erosion
Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl (10 May 1890 in Würzburg – 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was a German military commander, was the Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) during World War II. At the Nuremberg trials he was tried, sentenced to death and hanged as a war criminal.

1890 births
1946 deaths
Executed German people
German generals of World War II
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
People executed by hanging
People from Würzburg
Originally produced and marketed by Stokely-Van Camp, the Gatorade brand was purchased by the Quaker Oats Company in 1983, who was bought out by PepsiCo in 2001. As of 2010, Gatorade is PepsiCo’s 4th-largest brand, on the basis of worldwide annual retail sales. It primarily competes with Coca-Cola's Powerade and Vitaminwater brands worldwide; plus, Lucozade Sport in the United Kingdom. Within the United States, Gatorade accounts for approximately 75 percent market share in the sports drink category.

Other flavours 
There are many other flavours of Gatorade, including:
 Original Lemon-lime
 Fruit punch
 Grape
 Orange
 Cool Blue
Gatorade is the official sports drink of NASCAR, the National Football League, Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, Women's National Basketball Association, USA Basketball, National Hockey League, Association of Volleyball Professionals, US Soccer Federation, Major League Soccer, and other professional and collegiate athletic organizations, providing supplies of the drinks to sponsored teams in some cases. Distribution was extended to include the U.K. in 2008, coinciding with an agreement designating Gatorade as the official sports drink of the Chelsea F.C. Gatorade's 1991 "Be Like Mike" ads featured Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls, a North American basketball team which had just won its first National Basketball Association championship at the time. The ads began airing in August 1991 and the phrase "Be Like Mike" became household lingo in America. In more recent years, the Gatorade brand has continued to employ professional sports athletes in the promotion of its products
. Primary endorsers in the 2000s have included Major League Baseball player Derek Jeter, National Hockey League player Sidney Crosby, National Basketball Association player Dwyane Wade, PGA Tour golfer Tiger Woods, and National Football League quarterback Peyton Manning. Gatorade is the official sports drink of Viva Entertainment's home video affiliate, Viva Video, Inc.
In popular culture 
Gatorade has been the subject of substantial media attention and reference in popular culture situations, most of which are in relation to team or individual athletic sports. The most notable and ongoing presence of Gatorade in popular culture is the Gatorade shower, originally called the "Gatorade Dunk," where players from a victorious team pick up the Gatorade cooler, sneak up behind the head coach, and pour the contents of the cooler (generally Gatorade and ice) over his head at the end of an American football game. This tradition was popularized in the mid-1980s when Harry Carson and Jim Burt, of the New York Giants, doused head coach Bill Parcells during the 1985 season. Burt's teammates picked up on this practice and popularized it during the team's championship season of 1986-87. The tradition has since become a recurring tradition across other team sports.
Gatorade has also achieved status as the cliché representative for sports drinks in American media, for example, in the film Clerks, the character Dante is at one point forced to give free Gatorade to his hockey teammates, and in the film The Waterboy, Adam Sandler is told that "the water sucks" and that Gatorade is superior.

References

Other websites 
Gatorade
Soft drinks
Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll (17 January 1801 – 16 January 1856), an illegitimate daughter of William IV and Dorothy Jordan, married William Hay on 4 December, 1820, at the age of 19. Hay was born with the name Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence.

She married her husband at St George's, Hanover Square, an Anglican church in Westminister.

She is shown in a Fitzclarence portrait in House of Dun, and she kept a stone thrown at her father William IV and the gloves he wore on opening his first Parliament as keepsakes.

She died on 16 January 1856 in Edinburgh, Scotland, aged 54.
Children and Relatives
With her husband she had four children:
 Lady Adelaide Harriet Augusta Hay (18 October 1821 – 22 October 1867)
 William Harry Hay, 19th Earl of Erroll (3 May 1823 – 3 December 1891), married Eliza Amelia Gore on 20 September 1848
 Lady Agnes Georgiana Elizabeth Hay (12 May 1829 – 18 December 1869). She married James Duff on 16 March 1846. Their son, Alexander Duff, married Princess Louise, who was the daughter of Edward VII.
 Lady Alice Mary Emily Hay (7 July 1835 – 7 June 1881) married Charles Edward Louis Casimir Stuart (1824–1882; known also as Count d'Albanie) nephew of fraud John Sobieski Stuart.

She is also the grandmother of Princess Louise's husband, the Duke of Fife.

David Cameron is related to Elizabeth Hay through William IV, which makes him the fifth cousin, twice removed to the Queen.

References

1801 births
1856 deaths
British royalty
Earls and countesses
Robert Roberts Taylor Blyth (2 June 1900 – 1956) was a Scottish professional football player from the 1920s.

Blyth was born in Muirkirk, Scotland.  His father was a soccer player for Portsmouth, who later became the manager from 1901 to 1904.

Blyth played in eight Portsmouth games in the 1921-1922 season.

1956 births
Footballers from East Ayrshire
Bredbury is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, in Greater Manchester, England. Bredbury is found   southeast of the city of Manchester, and  east-northeast of Stockport.  At the 2001 census it had a population of  15,126 people living there.

References

Towns in Greater Manchester
Stockport, Greater Manchester
FeedDemon is a free proprietary software for Windows that reads RSS feeds. The inventor of FeedDemon is Nick Bradbury, the inventor of other software. This software is owned by NewsGator Technologies since May 2005. This software can work with Bloglines and NewsGator Online.

Other websites
 Official Website

Software
The phrase Roaring Twenties describes the 1920s, a time in North America when art, society, and culture were rapidly changing. The term 'Roaring' applies here, as art, society and culture were rapidly improving and therefore 'Roaring'. Prohibition was in place and so North America was a very 'wise' and 'clean-cut' place to be.

Economy
The North American economy during the 1920s was doing very well because World War I had just ended. Many new products were being made for the consumer. Products were being produced on a huge scale throughout North America, one example of these products is the 'Model T Ford', a car that was seen in every state of the USA.
Culture 
The culture of the Roaring Twenties was very different from before. Women's roles were changed. Liberal young women, called flappers, wore short skirts, cut their hair short, and listened to a new form of music called jazz. Women had gotten the right to vote. Writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway were called the Lost Generation because they moved out of the United States after the war. African-American art and culture also grew a lot during the Harlem Renaissance.

Problems of the Roaring Twenties
Even though North America was doing very well in terms of prosperity, a lot of problems still arose. One of the main problems in North America during the 1920s was Organized Crime. Gangs of foreign immigrants were importing illegal alcohol, tobacco, firearms etc. One of the most famous gangsters of this time was Al Capone.

1920s in the United States
Ginseng refers to species within Panax, a genus of species of slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, in the family Araliaceae. They grow in the Northern Hemisphere in eastern Asia (mostly northern China, Korea, and eastern Siberia), typically in cooler climates; Panax vietnamensis, discovered in Vietnam, is the southernmost ginseng found.

Araliaceae
Herbs
Malacañang Palace is the official home for the President of the Philippines. It is in the San Miguel district of Manila, the Philippines.

Manila
Buildings and structures in the Philippines
A topological space is a space studied in topology, the mathematics of the structure of shapes. Roughly, it is a set of things (called points) along with a way to know which things are close together.

More precisely, a topological space has a certain kind of set, called open sets. Open sets are important because they allow one to talk about points near another point, called a neighbourhood of the point. A neighbourhood of a point is simply an open set containing that point. If one did not have the concept of open sets, one cannot define neighbourhoods in a good way. If one tries to define a neighbourhood of a point as any set containing that point, it might just include that point and that point only, not any points near it, or points far away.
We also have the concept of closed sets, which are complements of open sets. That is, all of the points not belonging to a certain open sets forms a closed set.
Open sets must follow certain rules so that they match our ideas of nearness. The union of any number of open sets must be open, and the union of a finite number of closed sets must be closed. (The second rule only works for a finite number of closed sets. That is because in many cases a set containing a single point is closed. Any set is made of points. If the second rule applied to an infinite number of closed sets, then every set would be closed.) As a special case, the set containing every point is both open and closed. The set containing no points is also both open and closed.

A set of points can have many different definitions of what an open set is. One can think of only certain sets as open, or more sets as open. One might even consider every set to be open. The same set with different definitions of open sets form different topological spaces.

Topology
Gisele Caroline Bündchen (born July 20, 1980) is a Brazilian model. She also occasionally acts in movies. According to Forbes, Bündchen is the best paid supermodel in the world and the sixteenth richest woman in the entertainment world. Bündchen earned $33 million in 2007 and $35 million in 2008 alone. Bündchen's fortune is estimated to be about $150 million. She is also listed on Guinness Book of World Records as the world's richest supermodel. Bündchen has been the face of more than 20 brands internationally and has appeared on more magazine covers than any other model.

Personal life 

Gisele Caroline Bündchen was born in Brazil to a family of German origin. Her mother, Vânia Nonnenmacher, was a bank clerk and her father, Valdir Bündchen, was a university teacher and writer. Bündchen is one of the six daughters of Vânia Nonnenmacher and Valdir Bündchen. Her sisters are: Raquel, Graziela, her twin Patrícia, Gabriela and Rafaela.
Bündchen married Tom Brady on February 26, 2009. Bündchen has two children with him, Benjamin Rein Brady (born 2009) and Vivian Lake Brady (born 2012).

References

Other websites 

 Official site
 

Brazilian models
Brazilian movie actors
Twin people
1980 births
Living people
Rio Grande do Sul
Sonic Unleashed is a 2008 adventure video game, which was released for Wii, PlayStation 3 (PS3), PlayStation 2 (PS2) and Xbox 360.

Sonic can turn into a giant werehog with amazing power at nightfall. But in day, race though many tracks fight Eggman and his robots, and save the day once again, like in other Sonic the Hedgehog video games.

References

Other websites
Official website 

Sonic the Hedgehog games
2008 video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
Wii games
Xbox 360 games
PlayStation Network games
Tarnów is a city in the southeastern part of Poland in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. About 114,000 people live in Tarnów. It is a major rail junction, located on the strategic east-west connection from Lwów to Kraków.

Cities in Lesser Poland Voivodeship
León is a province in the northwest of Spain. About 500,000 people live there. Its capital city is León. Leonese language is the language of the province.

Related pages
 Kingdom of León

Kingdom of León
Bermudo III was the King of León in the Middle Ages.

Related pages
 Kingdom of León

Kings of Leon
Ponferrada is a town and municipality of the Región of El Bierzo (province of León, Castilla y León, in Spain.  About 66,000 people were living here as of 2005.

Other websites 
Official Town Website

Municipalities in Castile and León
Settlements in León
For the town that joined with Toronto in 1998, see York, Ontario.

The Regional Municipality of York, also called York Region, is a regional municipality in south-central Ontario, Canada, between Lake Simcoe and Toronto. It replaced the old York County in 1971. In 2006, nearly 893,000 people were living in the Regional Municipality of York.   It is the fastest growing region in Canada and it is expected to grow to more than 1.5 million people by 2031. The whole region is part of the Greater Toronto Area and is part of the Golden Horseshoe. The capital of the region is in Newmarket.

Geography
York Region covers 1,776 square kilometres from Lake Simcoe in the north to the city of Toronto in the south.  The eastern border is shared with Durham Region. To the west is Peel Region, and Simcoe County is to the northwest.
Towns and cities in York Region include:
Town of Aurora
Town of East Gwillimbury
Town of Georgina
Township of King
City of Markham
Town of Newmarket
Town of Richmond Hill
City of Vaughan
Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville

There is also one First Nation (Native Canadians) with an Indian reserve, where the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation live.

York Region includes farmlands, wetlands and small kettle lakes, the Oak Ridges Moraine and over 2,070 hectares of regional forest, as well as built-up areas of its towns.

Notes

Other websites
York Region Official site
Yorkregion.com online news
York Regional Police
Map of York Region 

Settlements in Ontario
This is a complete list of Pokémon, fictional monsters from the Pokémon series. This list covers over 1010 Pokémon species.

List
*These pre-evolved Pokémon were introduced in generations following introduction of the species they evolve into (and after the 2nd, which introduced breeding). The pre-evolutions will only hatch from eggs produced under special conditions. All other eggs will hatch directly into the next stage of evolution.
†Marked as  for at least one game entry. These Pokémon cannot be encountered and caught in the course of normal gameplay, and does not affect the completion of Pokédex. They are officially only made available via promotional events, or transferred from a previous version or spin-off titles under certain conditions. Lugia and Ho-Oh are special cases in that are Mythical only in Game Boy Advance (GBA) versions but legendary in other versions, where they can be obtained by normal gameplay.
‡In Pokémon Black and White, Zorua and Zoroark cannot be encountered and caught in the course of normal gameplay without trading or obtaining them from promotional distributions. However, Zorua and Zoroark are not Mythical Pokémon, because they are required to complete the Pokédex in Pokémon Black and White''.
References

Other websites 
Official Pokédex
Pokémon species on Bulbapedia
National PokéDex on Bulbapedia

pokemon
"When You're Gone" is a song performed by the Canadian singer Avril Lavigne for her 2007 album The Best Damn Thing.

References 

Avril Lavigne songs
2007 songs
"Hot" is a song by Avril Lavigne produced by Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald. It is the third single from Lavigne's third album, The Best Damn Thing.

2007 songs
Avril Lavigne songs
{{Infobox website
| name =  Korean Wikipedia''
| screenshot = Ko-Wikipedia-Main Page 20150603.png
| collapsible = yes
| caption =
| logo = Wikipedia-logo-v2-ko.svg
| url = ko.wikipedia.org
| commercial = No
| type = Internet encyclopedia project
| language = Korean
| owner = Wikimedia Foundation
| author = Korean wiki community
}}

The Korean Wikipedia''' is the Korean-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in October 2002, and as of June 2020 15, has over 500,000 articles.

It is the 27th largest edition.

References

Other websites 
 Korean Wikipedia main page.

Wikipedias
"He Wasn't" is the fourth single from Avril Lavigne's second album Under My Skin.

Track listing

Australia
(82876690742; Released April 8, 2005)
 "He Wasn't" (Album version)
 "He Wasn't" (Live full band performance)
 "He Wasn't" (Live and acoustic)
 "He Wasn't" (Music video)

UK
 "He Wasn't" (Album version)
 "He Wasn't" (Live version)
 "He Wasn't" (Music video)
 Plus exclusive video diary and other stuff.

French single
 "He Wasn't" (Album version)
 "He Wasn't" (Live version)

UK promo / AU promo
 He Wasn't (Album version)

Chart positions

Awards

Other websites

"He Wasn't" music video
Avril Lavigne's Official Site

Avril Lavigne songs
2004 songs
Over the Hedge is a 2006 computer-animated comedy movie based on the comic strip of the same name. It was directed by Tim Johnson and Karey Kirkpatrick, and produced by Bonnie Arnold. The movie premiered in Los Angeles on April 30, 2006 and was released on May 19, 2006. The movie stars Bruce Willis, Steve Carell, Garry Shandling, William Shatner, Avril Lavigne and Nick Nolte.

Plot

While searching for food, RJ the raccoon goes into the cave of Vincent the bear, who has a wagon full of human food taken from a nearby rest stop. RJ accidentally wakes Vincent from his deep sleep of hibernation, and in a race to escape, causes the food cart to roll out onto the nearby highway and get run over by a large truck. To avoid being eaten himself, RJ promises Vincent that he will completely replace all that food within the week.
As RJ brings the food to Vincent, he is overcome by remorse, and instead uses the stash to knock Dwayne's truck off the road, and makes Vincent mad. Dwayne is knocked out while the animals get free, and Spike, Bucky and Quillo use skills they learned from a videogame to drive the truck back to the development. Verne convinces the group to forgive RJ since he came back to save them, and they save him from Vincent. They return the truck to the development, crashing through Gladys' home, and the animals flee into the hedge. Gladys and Dwayne converge on the animals from one side with a yard trimmer and a cattle prod, respectively, while Vincent tries to swipe at them from the other. To escape, RJ gives Hammy an energy drink, allowing the hyperactive squirrel to move very, very fast. Hammy causes Vincent, Gladys, and Dwayne to be trapped by the Depelter Turbo while the animals escape
. The police and animal control arrive, and Vincent is sent to the Rocky Mountains, while the lady Gladys is arrested for using the illegal Depelter Turbo, and Dwayne attempts escape only to run into Nugent the dog, who bites him on the leg.
RJ and Verne apologize to each other. RJ is brought into the group, as is Tiger, who became love-struck with Stella even after learning she was a skunk. Verne realizes they have not had a chance to search for food until Hammy reveals that while sped up, he had collected enough nuts for the group to last the year.

Cast
 Bruce Willis as RJ
 Garry Shandling as Verne
 Steve Carell as Hammy
 Wanda Sykes as Stella
 Eugene Levy as Lou
 Catherine O'Hara as Penny
 Shane Baumel, Sami Kirkpatrick, and Madison Davenport as Spike, Bucky and Quillo
 William Shatner and Avril Lavigne as Ozzie and Heather
 Omid Djalili as Tiger
 Nick Nolte as Vincent
 Cameron Diaz as Princess Fiona
 Allison Janney as Gladys Sharp
 Thomas Haden Church as Dwayne LaFontant
 Antonio Banderas as Puss in Boots
 Conrad Vernon as Gingerbread Man
 Eddie Murphy as Donkey
 Mike Myers as Shrek
 Julie Andrews as Queen Lillian
 Aron Warner as Big Bad Wolf
 Cody Cameron as Pinocchio
 Tom Hanks as Sheriff Woody

References
References

Other websites
 Official website 
 

2006 comedy movies
2006 computer-animated movies
American comedy movies
American animated movies
British comedy movies
British animated movies
Canadian comedy movies
Canadian animated movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies about raccoons
Movies about turtles
Movies about cats
Movies about bears
Paramount Pictures movies
DreamWorks Animation movies
Crossover movies
Donkey Kong 64 (also called DK 64) is a platform video game made by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 video game system. It was first released on November 24, 1999 in North America. Donkey Kong 64 is one of the first games for the Nintendo 64 to use the Expansion Pak.

Gameplay 
The gameplay of Donkey Kong 64 is about getting different types of items. Some of those items include coins, bananas, weapons, and keys. These items are needed in order to move on to new levels and fight bosses.

Donkey Kong 64 can be played in multiplayer with up to four players at a time. The multiplayer mode has three arenas and five characters to pick from the single player mode.

Reception 
Donkey Kong 64 got good scores from reviewers and had an 88% average on GameRankings.

References 

Platform games
1999 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Donkey Kong
A Tesla coil is an electrical machine invented by Nikola Tesla in 1891. It is a radio-frequency oscillator and resonant transformer that generates high voltage electricity at low currents. One use is to make lightning bolts. Most are used nowadays to entertain. "Singing Tesla coils" have also been made that can create music. 
 It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction

Transformers (electrical)
Froot Loops is a many colored, fruit flavored breakfast cereal made by the cereal maker Kellogg's. It is sold worldwide. When it was first made in 1963, the cereal had red, orange, and yellow loops. In the 1990s, blue, green, and purple loops were added to the cereal. The cereal's mascot is a Toucan called Toucan Sam.

Other websites 
Froot loops website

Breakfast cereals
The Toronto Sun is an English language daily tabloid newspaper published in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is often seen as a working person's newspaper.

As of the end of 2007, the Sun sold 180,000 newspapers during Monday to Saturday and about 310,000 papers on Sunday.

Related pages
 The Sun (United Kingdom) - The original UK version

References

Other websites
 
 Article on the Sun  - includes rough circulation info

Newspapers published in Canada
English-language newspapers published in Canada
A Lymph node () is an organ consisting of many types of cells, and is a part of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and remove foreign (not of the body) objects from the body. Lymph nodes contain white blood cells. They are important for the correct use of the immune system.

Where They Are Found 

In the human body, the most likely place where lymph nodes can be felt are the neck, underarms, and groin area.

References 

Lymphatic system
Miles Gilbert "Tim" Horton (January 12, 1930 – February 21, 1974) was a Canadian professional hockey defenceman from Cochrane, Ontario. He played 24 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs, the New York Rangers, the Pittsburgh Penguins, and Buffalo Sabres. He was also a businessman and the co-founder of Tim Hortons, now Canada's largest restaurant chain. He died in an car crash at St. Catharines, Ontario in 1974 at the age of 44.

Doughnut shops 

In 1964, Horton opened his first Tim Hortons shop in Hamilton, Ontario.

As well as over 2700 shops in Canada, Buffalo, New York has over 80 Tim Hortons Doughnut Shops, and they can be found in Detroit, Michigan; Columbus, Ohio; and other American cities, mainly in the Northeast and the Great Lakes region. There are now over 400 shops in the United States.
Death 
Early on the morning of February 21, 1974, Horton was driving on the Queen Elizabeth Way from Toronto to his home in Buffalo after the Buffalo Sabres had played in Toronto the night before, in his sports car. He lost control and hit a concrete culvert. The crash turned the vehicle over and Horton, who was not wearing a seat belt, was thrown out of the car. Horton was dead on arrival at the local hospital. A police officer following Horton said that he had been going over 160 km/h (100 mph).

Tim Horton is buried in York Cemetery Toronto..

Career statistics
Career statistics

Awards and achievements
 1961-62 – Stanley Cup
 1962-63 – Stanley Cup Champion
 1963-64 – Stanley Cup Champion
 1966-67 – Stanley Cup Champion
 1977 – Inducted (posthumously) into the Hockey Hall of Fame
 1996 – Number 2 retired  by the Buffalo Sabres
 1998 – Ranked number 43 The Hockey News list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.
 2004 – Ranked number 59 The Greatest Canadian by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2016 – Number 7 retired by the Toronto Maple Leafs

References

Other websites 
 
 The Canadian Encyclopedia: Tim Horton 
 Biography at Tim Hortons corporate site 

1930 births
1974 deaths
Accidental deaths in Canada
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
New York Rangers players
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Road accident deaths
Sportspeople from Ontario
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Ontario Hockey League players
Jetstar Airways is a low-cost airline. It was established by Qantas to counter the expansion of Virgin Blue in Australia. It flies to many domestic and international destinations. Its main airport is Melbourne Airport.

Sister companies 
  Jetstar Asia (Singapore)
 Jetstar Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
 Jetstar Japan (Japan)
 Jetstar Pacific Airlines (in Vietnam)

History  
In 2003 Qantas bought the bankrupt Impulse Airlines, and established Jetstar as a low-cost domestic subsidiary. In February 2004 Jetstar Airways start selling tickets to passengers for her flights.
On 1 December, 2005 she started flying to 1st international airport in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Other websites 

  Jetstar Airways

Low-cost airlines
Airlines of Australia
2000s establishments in Australia
2004 establishments
Airlines of Oceania
Transport in Melbourne
A Fire extinguisher is a device which can be used to control a fire. Fire extinguishers can help remove the fire, and may stop it from burning. Depending on the size, some fire extinguishers can be carried around and operated by hand. There are different kinds of fire extinguishers. Different kinds of fire can be controlled by different substances. There are color codes, the color tells what kinds of fires the fire extinguisher is useful for:

There are also different sizes of fire extinguishers. Bigger fire extinguishers can be used for a longer time. Hand-held fire extinguishers vary between 0.5 and 14 kg. A 2 kg extinguisher works for about two to four seconds, the 12 kg model for about eighteen seconds. There are also bigger fire extinguishers, mounted on a cart or a vehicle. These are used to fight fires at airports, for example.
To be useful, fire extinguishers need to be checked after a certain amount of time. Usually, for fire extinguishers in public buildings, there are laws about this amount of time. 

Firefighting
The minke whale (also known as the lesser rorqual) is the smallest of the baleen whales that lives in many places in the world. It is the smallest rorqual whale (the large baleen whales). A large one is about 30 feet long and weighs 10 tons. They are black or gray with white on their belly and a white "armband" across their flippers. It is the only baleen whale that is still hunted for money. The Minke whale can swim quite fast.

There are two types of Minke whale.  They are:
 Common minke whale or northern minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and
Antarctic minke whale or southern minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis)

Description

The minke whales are the second smallest baleen whale. Only the pygmy right whale is smaller. Males measure an average of  and females  in length. Both sexes typically weigh 4 - 5 t (3.9–4.9 long tons; 4.4–5.5 short tons) as adults.  The maximum weight may be as much as 14 t (14 long tons; 15 short tons). They become adults after 6 to 8 years.
The minke whale is a black/gray/purple color. Common minke whales (Northern Hemisphere variety) have a white band on each flipper. The body is usually black or dark-gray above and white underneath. Most of the back, including dorsal fin and blowholes, appears at once when the whale comes to the surface to breathe.

Minke whales usually live for 30–50 years.  In some cases they may live for up to 60 years.

The gestation time for minke whales is 10 months.  Calves measure  at birth.  The newborns nurse for five to possibly 10 months. Breeding is mostly done during the summer months. Calving is thought to happen every two years.

References

Baleen whales