Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
was a  after Tenna and before Genroku.  This period started in February 1684 and ended in September 1688.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Jōkyō era
The new era of  was created by the Imperial court.  After 1684, the power to create a calendar shifted to the shogunate.  The Tokugawa astrology bureau developed a calendar which was independent of Chinese almanacs.

 1684 (Jōkyō 1): A fire burned the Imperial palace to ashes; and the reconstruction took a year.

 1684 (Jōkyō 1): Chikamatsu Monzaemon began to write plays for the kabuki audience in Heian-kyō.

 26 March 1685 (Jōkyō 2, 22nd day of the 2nd month): The former Emperor Go-Sai died; and a large comet appeared in the night sky.

 13 April 1686 (Jōkyō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month): Emperor Reigen abdicated; and his younger brother received the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Higashiyama's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 1689 (Jōkyō 6'): Calendar with seven-day week.
Related pages 
 Edo period
 Jōkyō calendar

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

 

Japanese eras
1684 establishments
1680s establishments in Japan
1688 disestablishments
1680s disestablishments in Japan
The Data Encryption Standard is a 56-bit cipher that was once recommended by the U.S. Government. In 1998, it was defeated by a machine built by the Electronic Frontier Foundation. It has been replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard in most uses.

3DES 
After DES was cracked, the NIST, the US institution for technology and also cryptography, developed 3DES. It has 3 times more bits, but is otherwise the same as DES.

Theoretically, 3DES should provide 168 bits of security. But because of the design, the NIST later said it only provides 80 bits of security. That can be broken by a modern computer and thus the cipher should be considered broken.

Cryptography
The Sha Tin Racecourse is a horse racing venue in Hong Kong.

Horse racing
Sports buildings
Buildings and structures in Hong Kong
The Geneva Protocol of 1925 (The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare) was a law that made it illegal to fight with chemical or biological weapons in interstate war. The Geneva protocol was signed on June 17, 1925 and the protocol was entered into force on January 8, 1928. Before, it was signed by some countries like the United Kingdom and France originally. Any country who has signed this Protocol must follow it.

After World War I, the Geneva Protocol was made from the treaties signed with Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria. The use of chemical weapons began in WWI when one million deaths resulted from chemical weapons.
After signing the treaty, some countries wanted to change it so that they would not have to follow it if the country fighting them did not follow the treaty. Because of this, many countries like France and United Kingdom withdrew from it. Others, like the United States still follow it but with this extra condition.

References

"Primary Documents- Geneva Protocol, 17 June 1925." firstworldwar.com. First World War.com, 22 Aug. 2009. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.
"1925 Geneva Protocol." un.org. UNODA: United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.
"Geneva Protocol." fas.org. FAS: Weapons of Mass Destruction, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2011.

Treaties and Conventions
1925
1920s in Europe
20th century in Geneva
Chemical warfare
1920s treaties
Fledge is the stage in a young bird's life when the feathers and wing muscles become developed enough for flight. It also describes the act of a chick's parents raising it until it is fully grown. A young bird that has recently fledged but still needs care and feeding is called a  fledgling.

In ornithology, fledging has many meanings, depending on species. Birds are sometimes considered fledged once they leave the nest, even if they still cannot fly.

References 

Developmental biology
Birds
Rat snakes are medium to large snakes that can be found mostly in the northern hemisphere. They feed primarily on rodents and birds and, with some species being over 3 m (10 feet), they are on the top levels of some food chains.  Many species make attractive pets and one, the corn snake, is one of the most popular reptile pets in the world. Other species can be very sensitive and sometimes aggressive, but the bites are not dangerous. Rat snakes were long thought to be completely nonvenomous, but recent studies have shown that some do have harmlessly small amounts of venom in them. When frightened, rat snakes may freeze, which is why a lot has been killed in traffic.

Rat snakes in captivity
Rat snakes are commonly kept as pets. The corn snake especially is one of the most popular pet reptiles, and belongs to the rat snake family.

References

Other websites 
 Information on a variety of Rat Snakes

Colubrids
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a type of mass spectrometry that is highly sensitive. It can see  a range of metals and several non-metals at concentrations below one part in 1012 (part per trillion). It is based on hooking together an inductively coupled plasma as a method of producing ions (ionization) with a mass spectrometer as a method of separating and detecting the ions. Many chemists use Argon as a carrier gas to make the plasma. The machine sends the sample ions through a series of small cones.  The cones let the plasma ions slowly enter the vacuum chamber of the mass spectrometer.

In trace elemental analysis, the method has advantages of high speed, precision and sensitivity compared to atomic absorption techniques. Analysis of lower concentrations at the same time is more prone to disruption by trace contaminants in labware and reagents used. Some analytes can not work with ICP-MS. Verification of analysis results requires additional work.
The variety of applications exceeds that of ICP-OES and includes isotopic speciation. Because ICP-MS can help make atom bombs, ICP-MS hardware is a subject for special exporting regulations.

Mass spectrometry
Laboratory equipment
Analytical chemistry
The Birds of America is a book by naturalist and painter John James Audubon. It includes illustrations of a wide variety of birds of the United States. It was first published between 1827 and 1838, in Edinburgh and London.

The work is of hand-coloured, life-size prints, made from engraved plates, measuring around . It includes images of six birds that are now extinct: Carolina Parakeet, Passenger Pigeon, Labrador Duck, Great Auk,
Esquimaux Curlew, and Pinnated Grouse.

References 

Biology books
1820s books
1830s books
Charles Wright (born August 25, 1935) is an American poet. He was awarded the National Book Award (1983) for Country Music: Selected Early Poems and the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (1998) for Black Zodiac.

References 

American poets
Writers from Tennessee
1935 births
Living people
4-H in the United States is a youth organization administered by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), with the mission of "engaging youth to reach their fullest potential while advancing the field of youth development." The name represents four personal development areas for the organization's members: head, heart, hands, and health. The organization has over 6.5 million members in the United States. Members are  five to 19 years old, in approximately 90,000 clubs.

The goal of 4-H is to develop citizenship, leadership, responsibility and life skills of youth through experiential learning programs and a positive youth development approach. Many people think of 4-H as an agriculturally-focused organization as a result of its history. But 4-H today focuses on citizenship, healthy living, science, engineering, and technology programs.
Today, 4-H and related programs exist in over eighty countries around the world. The organization and administration varies from country to country. Each of these programs operates independently. They cooperate in international exchanges, global education programs, and communications.

The 4-H motto is "To make the best better", while its slogan is "Learn by doing" (sometimes written as "Learn to do by doing").

History

The start of 4-H began around 1900, with the work of several people in different parts of the United States. The focal point of 4-H has been the idea of practical and hands-on learning, which came from the desire to make public school education more connected to rural life. Early programs tied both public and private resources together to benefit rural youth.
A. B. Graham started one of the youth programs in Clark County, Ohio, in 1902, which is considered the birth of the 4-H program in the United States. The first club was called  "The Tomato Club" or the "Corn Growing Club". T.A. "Dad" Erickson of Douglas County, Minnesota, started local agricultural after-school clubs and fairs also in 1902. Jessie Field Shambaugh developed the clover pin with an H on each leaf in 1910, and, by 1912, they were called 4-H clubs. The national 4-H organization was formed in 1914. When the United States Congress created the Cooperative Extension Service (CES) of the USDA by passage of the Smith-Lever Act of 1914, it included within the CES charter the work of various boys' and girls' clubs involved with agriculture, home economics and related subjects. By 1924, these clubs became organized as 4-H clubs, and the clover emblem was adopted.
The first 4-H camp was held in Randolph County, West Virginia. Originally, these camps were for what was referred to as "Corn Clubs". Campers slept in corn fields, in tents, only to wake up and work almost the entirety of each day. Superintendent of schools G. C. Adams began a boys' corn club in Newton County, Georgia, in 1904.  However, the city of Jacksboro, Texas, also stakes a claim to having the first forerunner to 4-H in 1910.

4-H membership hit an all-time high in 1974 as a result of its popular educational program about nutrition, Mulligan Stew, shown in schools and on television across the country.

References

Other websites 

 4-H Canada 
 4-H Website Official website for more information about 4-H on all levels of the 4-H system
 The National Collegiate 4-H website, the motto of the program is "Continuing to Share: Sharing to Continue"
 National 4-H Council Non-profit partner of 4-H and the Cooperative Extension System
 National 4-H Headquarters  Official 4-H government website by the USDA
Agricultural organizations
Education in the United States
Youth organizations
Life skills
The Emeishan Traps is a flood basalt volcanic province in Southwestern China, around Sichuan province. Many igneous rock types can be found there. This is known as large igneous province in geology. Other names for the traps include Permian Emeishan Large Igneous Province, and other variations. The Traps are the step-like rock made up of many layers of basalt, which were laid down by successive eruptions of magma. 

The eruptions that lead to the Emeshian traps began about 260 million years ago. The traps are much smaller than the Siberian Traps, which occurred not long afterwards, about 251 million years ago. Despite this, the Emeshian traps were large enough to have an impact on the ecology of the time, and on paleontology. They are part of the mass extinction events towards the end of the Permian period.
The Emeishan Traps are part of the scientific debate on the causes of mass extictions. The end-Guadalupian extinction occurred at almost the same time as the Emeshian Traps were formed. This supports the argument, that volcanism is the main driving force behind mass extinctions. Another theory that has been proposed to explain mass extinctions is that meteor or comet impact events caused them. In this context, the hypothesis is that impact events cause flood basalt eruptions, such as those which generated the Emeshian Traps. This hypothesis is not widely supported.

References
References 

 Dobretsov N.L. 2005. Large igneous provinces of Asia (250 Ma): Siberian and Emeishan traps (plateau basalts) and associated granitoids. Geologiya i geofizika. 46, 870-890.
 He, Bin et al 2003. Sedimentary evidence for a rapid kilometer-scale crustal doming prior to the eruption of the Emeishan flood basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 213, 391-405.
Extinction events
Flood basalts
Large igneous provinces
Geography of the People's Republic of China
Hurricane Janet was a deadly hurricane in September 1955. She killed 687 people in the Caribbean and in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Janet peaked at Category Five strength: her winds reached the 175 mile per hour level. The name Janet was later retired.

Deadly storms
1955 in North America
Hurricanes in Mexico
1950s in Mexico
September events
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Janet
1950s in weather
RMS Carpathia was a passenger steamship of the Cunard Line.

Carpathia was built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson.  The ship made her maiden voyage in 1903.

She was famous for rescuing the survivors of RMS Titanic after the RMS Titanic hit an iceberg and sank on 15 April 1912.

Carpathia was sunk in the Atlantic on 17 July 1918 during the First World War. She sank after being torpedoed by an Imperial German Navy U-boat. The captain of the Carpathia  was    A.H. Rostron.

References

Other websites

Carpathia (1903–1918 ; 13,555 tons) 
Maritimequest RMS Carpathia Photo Gallery
Carpathia 1907 photos by Marjorie Champlin Bowen

Ships
RMS Titanic
Carpathia has several meanings:

RMS Carpathia was a ship. It rescued some survivors from the sinking of the RMS Titanic on April 15, 1912
Carpathian Mountains, part of a mountain range in Europe
There is also a mountain range on the moon called the Montes Carpatus.
Carpathia, a fictional Balkan kingdom in the films The Prince and the Showgirl, Ghostbusters II, and Dragon Storm, as well as season 1, episode 14 of the television show Fantasy Island.
Nicolae Carpathia, the fictional Antichrist and head of the Global Community in Left Behind
Carpathian Ruthenia, a small historic region in Central Europe
Carpathia, a fictional planet in the British television series Outcasts
Pope Clement V (; 1264 –20 April, 1314), born Bertrand de Got, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 196th Pope from 1305 until his death.

He was the first of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

Early life
Bertrand de Got was born around 1264 in Villandraut in Gironde region of France.

Bishop
Betrand was Archbishop of Bordeaux.

Pope
He was elected pope on June 5, 1305; and he chose to be called Clement V.  He was the fourth of six non-cardinals to be elected pope in the Middle Ages.

Pope Clement moved the papacy to Avignon.

The pope was involved in conflicts with the Knights Templar.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 Avignon Papacy

References

Other websites 

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Clement V

1264 births
1314 deaths
French popes
A mucous membrane (or mucosae; singular mucosa) is a skin-like lining. A mucus membrane is covered in epithelium. They secrete mucus, and in the alimentary canal they absorb nutrients. They line cavities that are exposed to the external environment and internal organs. 

At several places they connect up (are contiguous) with the skin. For example, at the nostrils, the mouth, the lips, the eyelids, the ears, the genital area, and the anus. Unlike skin, which has hair growing out of it, mucous membranes are hairless.

The sticky, thick fluid secreted by the mucous membranes and glands is called "mucous". The term mucous membrane refers to where they are found in the body. However, not every mucous membrane secretes mucous.

Anatomy
A thimble is a small, hard cup. People wear one on their finger for protection from the needle when sewing.

Needlework
Raymond Poincaré (20 August 1860 - 15 October 1934)  was a French politician of the Third Republic. He was a cousin of the mathematician Henri Poincaré. He was president of France from 1913 to 1920, and Foreign minister several times. He had studied law at the Sorbonne and was trained to be a lawyer. He held a neutral view in the Dreyfus Affair at first, but later supported Dreyfus.

1860 births
1934 deaths
French Ministers of Finance
French people of World War I
Government ministers of France
Presidents of France
Politicians from Grand Est
People from Meuse
Knob and tube wiring (abbreviated K&T) was an early type of electrical wiring. It was commonly used from the 1880s to the early 1940s, and is occasionally, but very rarely, still used today. In knob and tube wiring, wires were held to the wooden structure by ceramic knobs, and were protected by ceramic tubes when they went through a piece of wood. Wires were held to the knobs by another piece of non-conducting wire. A material called loom protected the wire when it entered a junction box, which usually contained an outlet, switch, or light fixture. Splices were soldered together and wrapped in cloth electrical tape. The insulation on knob and tube wiring was usually cotton cloth soaked in asphalt. To prevent short circuits, the hot and neutral wires were kept far apart. This is not necessary on modern wiring because modern insulation alone is enough to prevent short circuits. Knob and tube wiring did not have a ground wire and therefore did not have three-prong outlets
. Most electrical codes allow the use of a GFCI to update knob and tube outlets to three-prong without installing any new wire.
Knob and tube wiring used cloth insulation. Over time this insulation can wear out, become brittle, and fall off, leaving bare wire. The ceramic knobs and tubes provide some protection because even if the insulation does fall off, the bare wire can not touch the wooden structure. The insulation is also somewhat flammable. Some knob and tube insulation intended for industrial use contained asbestos, which reduced the risk of fire, but can cause cancer. Unlike modern wiring, splices were not contained in a protective box. If a splice failed, it could make a spark and start a fire. The fuse boxes usually had no protection from using an incorrect fuse. An incorrect fuse could cause the wiring to overheat and become damaged or start a fire. Another problem is that when a fuse blew, people who didn't know or didn't care about the hazards would sometimes replace it with a coin or a ball of foil if a replacement fuse wasn't available, leaving no overload protection at all
. These issues can be partially corrected by installing a modern circuit breaker panel with arc fault circuit interrupter breakers. There was also no ground wire. Knob and tube can be updated with a GFCI to add the equivalent of grounding. There is generally no need to replace knob and tube wiring if it is in good condition.
Unusual wiring layouts 
Unlike modern wiring, knob and tube supply and return wires were not always alongside each other. In the oldest installations, several branch circuits could share the same neutral wire, which can cause overloads. To prevent overloads in this layout, the neutral wires were protected with fuses. If a neutral fuse blew or was removed, it could create a dangerous condition where the power appeared to be off, but was in fact still present. Three-way switches could also be wired in such a way that the outer ring of a lamp socket, which is normally connected to neutral, could be connected to hot, which is an electric shock hazard.

Related pages
Aluminum wiring
National Electrical Code

Electrical wiring
Post-postmodernism is a general term used to describe new developments emerging from postmodernism. A similar term is metamodernism. These terms are not always accepted: for example, they are not in the Tate Guide to modern art terms.

History
Modernism began around 1900. It was a rejection of tradition and an attempt to see the world differently. Events such as World War 2 and the Great Depression made many feel modernism had failed. This led to postmodernism, which is cold and skeptical of the grand narrative of Western Society. This grand narrative is explained by Jean-François Lyotard as something. Postmodernism is a very broad term that cannot be defined by specific themes. It is an all-encompassing way of thinking.
Postmodernism is seen as a theory for explaining 20th Century culture. With the 20th Century now behind us and a new century beginning, many have suggested that Postmodernism is outdated in our current world. Advances such as the internet have changed the way we live, making the world a smaller place but also making communication and interaction with things around us less intimate. Post-Postmodernism takes this as a key reason why a return to sincerity and authentic expression is the way forward for the 21st Century.

Definitions
Post-postmodernism is a very new idea that is still forming. There are many different ideas about how post-postmodernism could evolve and shape culture. They look to where faith, trust, dialogue, performance, and sincerity can work to overcome postmodern irony.

References

Art movements
Philosophical movements and positions
Enzo Favio Fortuny (born June 7, 1981 in Veracruz, Mexico) is a Latin American voice actor. He is always credited as Enzo Fortuny. While he remains as a specialist in young men's voices, his range is ample enough to allow him to portray either gentler roles (like Yukito Tsukishiro) or much rougher ones (like InuYasha). He is the Latin American Disney XD channel speaker and the official Latin American Dub-over artists of Drake Bell and Elijah Wood.

Filmography
 The Lord of the Rings movies series (2001 & 2002) - Frodo Baggins (voiceover for Elijah Wood) (all Latino Versions)
 InuYasha (2002–2006) - InuYasha (Latino Version)
 Harry Potter movie series - Fred and George Weasley (Latino Version)
 Toy Story - Sid (Latino Version)
 Drake & Josh (2004–2007) - Drake Parker (Latino Version)

References

Child actors
Mexican movie actors
Mexican voice actors
1981 births
Living people
People from Veracruz
Exercise physiology is the study of the acute responses and chronic adaptations to a wide-range of physical exercise conditions. In addition, many exercise physiologists study the effect of exercise on pathology, and the mechanisms by which exercise can reduce or reverse disease progression. Professional bodies in most developed countries review and approve education programs to ensuring the quality and consistency of education.

Area of study
An exercise physiologist's area of study may include but is not limited to biochemistry, bioenergetics, cardiopulmonary function, hematology, biomechanics, skeletal muscle physiology, neuroendocrine function, and central and perpheral nervous system function. Also, exercise physiologists range from basic scientists, to clinical researchers, to clinicians, to sports trainers.

Physiology
Evolutionary biology
Sports
A short circuit is a problem in an electrical circuit where two or more wires that are not supposed to come in contact with each other touch.  A short circuit can result in a very high current flowing through the circuit. The high current can destroy components, melt insulation and start a fire. If there is enough voltage, it can also cause an explosion called arc flash. Circuit breakers and fuses are devices that detect short circuits and (usually) shut the power off before any damage can be done.

A "short circuit" also happens when there is a bypass of electrical current. As electricity is "lazy", when there is a bypass without a "load" (e.g. Bulb), it will travel that route of least electrical impedance.

The term "short circuit" is frequently misused to describe any electrical problem.

References 

Electricity
Some advanced circuit breakers monitor current electronically, and shut the power off when an electronic sensor detects too much current. A circuit breaker does the same job as a fuse, but unlike a fuse, a circuit breaker does not need to be replaced to be reset, except in some severe cases such as very high-current short circuits and lightning strikes that may damage the circuit breaker.

Types

By voltage level
 Low voltage circuit breaker.
 Medium voltage circuit breaker.
 High voltage circuit breaker.

By medium of arc suppression
 Air circuit breaker
 CO2 circuit breaker
 Disconnecting circuit breaker 
 Oil circuit breaker
 Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breaker

Related pages
 Electricity

Electrical wiring
The Merchant of Venice is a play written by William Shakespeare. The date the play was written in unknown, but the play was mentioned in 1598 in Francis Mere's Wit's Treasury. A date of 1596-1597 is now accepted. Shakespeare's source was Il Pecorone by Ser Giovanni, a 14th-century Florentine writer.

The Merchant of Venice was first published in 1600. It was again published in 1619, and then in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays. The play has been made into television programs many times and also into some movies. Three operas are based on the play.

Story
Bassanio is an aristocratic but poor young man from Venice. He has fallen in love with Portia, a beautiful young lady of Belmont.  Bassanio needs money to woo the lady. He asks his friend Antonio, the merchant of Venice, for a loan.
Antonio's money is tied up in business ventures. Antonio borrows money from a Jewish moneylender named Shylock. Antonio signs a bond agreeing to give Shylock a pound of his flesh if the money is not repaid on a certain date. Bassanio uses the money to travel to Belmont. He wins Portia's love.

Antonio cannot repay the borrowed money on time. Shylock insists on the pound of flesh as stated in the bond. The case goes to court. Portia disguises herself as a lawyer. She says that Shylock's bond is cruel. His insistence on the terms of the bond is just, but justice must be softened with mercy but Shylock does not relent. Portia then traps Shylock in the loopholes of his own bond and thus Shylock is not only forced to release Antonio but also give away his wealth and religion.

Plays by William Shakespeare
1590s plays
Antisemitism
British plays adapted into movies
Comedy drama
is a Japanese naval officer, academic, writer and senior fellow in the Asia Center at Harvard University.

Early life
Koda was born in December 1949 at Tokushima Prefecture.  He studied at the Defense Academy at Yokosuka in 1968-1972.

Career
Koda served on several JMSDF ships, including the Yudachi (DD-108), the Shirayuki (DD-123), and the Sawayuki (DD-125).

Timeline
 1973: Commissioned as Ensign in the  or JMSDF
 1982-1984: Exchange officer at United States Naval Academy
 1983: Lieutenant Commander
 1987: Commander
 1990-1991: Commanding Officer, Destroyer Sawayuki (DD-125)
 1991-1992: Naval Command College at U.S. Naval War College
 1997: Rear Admiral
 1997-1999: Chief of Staff, Commander Fleet Escort Force
 2003: Vice Admiral
 2005-2007: Commandant, Sasebo JMSDF District
 2007-2008: Commander in Chief, Self Defense Fleet

Admiral Koda retired from JMSDF in August 2008.
Selected works
  "The Russo-Japanese War: Primary Causes of Japanese Success,"  Naval War College Review (Spring 2005)
 "A New Carrier Race? Strategy, Force Planning, and JS Hyuga,"  Naval War College Review (Summer 2011)

Honours
 Griffith Asia Institute in Brisbane, Australia: 2011 Synnot Lecture

References

More reading 
 Chun, Tarryn.  "Profile: Retired Vice-Admiral Yoji Koda, Asia Center Senior Fellow, 2009-2011," Harvard Asia Newsletter (Winter 2010), p. 5.

1949 births
Living people
Japanese admirals
Japanese academics
Japanese writers
People from Tokushima Prefecture
Teams of the 2011/12 season
  Grazer AK   from Styria
  SAK Klagenfurt   from Carinthia
  SV Allerheiligen  from Styria
  Villacher SV  from Carinthia
  Austria Klagenfurt  from Carinthia
  FC Gratkorn  from Styria-relegated from First League
  Union St. Florian from Upper Austria  
  DSV Leoben  from Styria
  [[SV Kapfenberg|Kapfenberger SV Amateure]]   from Styria
  SV Gleinstätten  from Styria 
  UVB Vöcklamarkt  from Upper Austria 
  Sturm Graz Amateure   from Styria
  FC Wels   from Upper Austria
  Vorwärts Steyr   from Upper Austria
  FC Pasching   from Upper Austria
  LASK Juniors   from Upper Austria

Other websites 
Regionalliga Mitte (german)

References

Football leagues in Austria
Tawakel Karman (born 7 February 1979) came to international attention as a leader in the 2011 Yemeni uprising, part of the Arab Spring. Yemenis have called her "Iron Woman" and "Mother of the Revolution." She won the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize with two other women. She is the first Yemeni and the first Arab  woman to win the prize. She is the second Muslim woman to win any Nobel Prize and the youngest Nobel Peace Laureate.
Journalist, politician, and rights worker
Karman is a journalist. She is also politician and senior member of the of Al-Islah political party. She is also works to improve human rights. She is one of the people who started the group "Women Journalists Without Chains". She became well known in Yemen after 2005. As a journalist, she helped a mobile phone news service after the government did not give them a license. She led protests for press freedom and organized weekly protests for reform. She lead the Yemini protests to support the Arab Spring after the Tunisian people overthrew the government of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali in January 2011. She has opposed President Ali Abdullah Saleh and thinks he should not be president any longer.

Personal
Karman earned a college degree in commerce from the University of Science and Technology, Sana'a. She also completed a graduate degree in political science from the  University of Sana'a. She is married to Mohammed al-Nahmi
Spelling her name in English
Tawakel is sometimes spelled differently in English, for example:  Tawakul, Tawakkol, Tawakkul or Tawakel Abdel-Salam Karman

Some of her writing in English
Karman, Tawakkol. "Our revolution's doing what Saleh can't - uniting Yemen." The Guardian, 9 April 2011.

Karman, Tawakkol. "Yemen’s unfinished revolution." New York Times, 18 June 2011.

Karman, Tawakkol. "The world must not forsake Yemen's struggle for freedom." The Guardian, 1 November 2011. (Includes a link to the Arabic version.)

Karman, Tawakkol. "Tawakkol Karman - Nobel Lecture." Nobelprize.org. 10 Dec 2011. (Includes links to the English, Norwegian, and Arabic versions.)

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country
 Leymah Gbowee 
 Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf

References
References

Other websites 
 Renowned activist and press freedom advocate Tawakul Karman , interviewed by Nadia Al-Sakkaf, Yemen Times, 17 June 2010
 Tawakel Karman interview with Al Jazeera
 Press Conference of 2011 Nobel Laureate, Tawakkul Karman Women's eNews.
 Tawakkol Karman's Official Facebook
 Tawakkol Karman's official Twitter
 Tawakkol Karman's Official website

1979 births
Living people
Human rights activists
Journalists
Yemeni people
The Porsche 911 is a luxury sports car made by Porsche since 1964, in Zuffenhausen, Stuttgart.

Sports cars
911
"A Painful Case" is a short story, written by James Joyce, an Irish author. This short story is one of the series which was published in his 1914 series.

Plot
A Painful Case tells of the loneliness and isolation of two characters, Mr. James Duffy and Mrs. Emily Sinico. He is a lonely person who meets a woman by accident.  Every morning he goes to work from his isolated suburb of Dublin by tram. In the afternoons, he goes to Dan Burk’s and eats his lunch there; a bottle of larger beer and a few arrowroot biscuits. At four o’clock, he is free. He has done the same work for four years, so his daily routine never changes. His evenings are always spent playing his landlady's piano or roaming around the city.  He doesn’t have friends or companions; he enjoys his own spirituality by himself.  He visits his family and relatives only at Christmas or for a funeral, but only when someone in his family dies. His only hobby is to attend an opera or a concert since he is a fan of Mozart.
One evening, Mr. Duffy attends a concert in the Rotunda and notices a lady sitting next to him; Mrs. Sinico. When she comments about the small audience, he sees this as an invitation to talk to her.  She is attractive and looks intelligent. In a few weeks, he meets her again at a concert in Earlsfort Terrace. This time, he has an opportunity to be close to her, while she is paying attention to her daughter. During their conversation, he figures out that she has a husband, but he doesn’t feel cautious of her. They then meet a third time by accident, and he asks her to meet him again. After that, they begin to see each other often, in her house.
After four years,  Mr. Duffy has returned to his normal life. However, he avoids concerts because he is afraid of seeing her. One night he reads in a newspaper of her death;  “Mrs. Emily Sinico, aged forty-three years, was killed at Sydney Parade Station yesterday evening."  After reading the painful news, he is disgusted by it. To him, she seems crude for having gotten drunk and then dying in such a shameful manner. He goes out to the pub thinking of the memory of her hand touching him. While he is drinking, he struggles with two images of her;  the lonely drunkard and the intelligent woman he was close to. He realizes that she is now just a memory. He wonders if he could have done something for her. He now realizes he loves her, but it is too late. Now, he thinks of their lonely lives. He knows that his life will continue in the same pattern until he dies
. As he walks, even though it is extremely cold, he feels that she is there with him; it seems that he could even hear her voice, since his memory of her is so strong. He looks down at the wall of the park and he sees lovers lying there.  He feels that he is an outcast from human life. The lovers are aware that he is there and they wish he would leave.
Summary
When Mrs. Sinico showed interest,  Mr. Duffy ignored her emotions. Perhaps, his cold-headedness broke her heart.  She thought she was close to him, so she opened up to him, while he only thought of her as a friend. She desired love and caring because she was lonely, even though she was married with a child. He didn’t realize until she was gone, that he would be alone until his death.

British short stories
Works of James Joyce
Anthropometry is the study of measurement and proportions of the human body.

Alphonse Bertillon and Criminology 

Anthropometry was first created by Alphonse Bertillon (April 24, 1853 – February 13, 1914). He was born in Paris, France. When he became a police officer, he created Anthropometry so that criminals could be easily identified. The system helped the police to get through many criminal records quicker. Having produced a set of characteristics of criminals, it became easier for the police to identify offenders.

Anthropometric measurements 

The system involves 10 measurements:
Height
Stretch
Bust  
Head length (crown to forehead)
Head width (temple to temple)
Cheek width
Ear length (both left and right)
Middle finger
Foot length
Cubit (length from elbow to middle finger)

References 
Burnett, “Introduction to Human factors, Human anatomy and Biomechanics”.  Web.10 Dec.2011
 "Anthropometry." Ergonomics4schools. Web. 10 Dec. 2011
 Webster's Online Dictionary  - Web. 11 Dec. 2011
Anatomy
Measurement
Anthropology
Physical anthropology
An eyelid is a thin piece of skin that covers and protects the eye. It is one of the thinnest areas of skin on a persons body. A muscle pulls back the eyelid to "open" the eye. People do this willingly or without thinking.  The human eyelid has a row of eyelashes that help protect the eye from dust and other small objects. Eyelashes also keep sweat out of the eye. Eyelids regularly spread tears and other secretions on the surface of the eye to keep it moist. The cornea is one part of the eye that must be kept moist.  Eyelids keep the eyes from drying out when asleep.  Also, the blink reflex protects the eye from things touching it.

Image gallery

Eye
Copenhagen Airport  () or Copenhagen Airport (; ) is an international airport in Denmark that has 3 terminals. It is the largest airport in the Nordic countries.

Scandinavian Airlines and Norwegian Air Shuttle are the largest airlines in Copenhagen.

It is located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of Copenhagen city centre, and 24 kilometres (15 mi) west of Malmö city centre.

There are three runways: 3,600m, 3,300m and 2,800m, all are asphalt.

The most popular flight destinations from Copenhagen are London, Oslo and Stockholm.

History

1925 - Opens for service.
1982 - The Cargo terminal opens.
2006 - 20 million passengers for the first time.
2007 - A metro station opens, connecting the airport to the Copenhagen Metro.
2010 - The new low cost terminal CPH Go opens the 31st of October.

Passengers (2010)  21,501,750

Sources

1925 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Denmark
Airports in Denmark
Buildings and structures in Copenhagen
Korean Americans (Korean: ; Hanja: ; Hangukgye Migukin) are Americans of Korean descent. They are mostly from South Korea. A small amount are from North Korea. The Korean American community comprises about 0.5% of the United States population or about 1.6 million people and is the fifth largest Asian American subgroup, after the Indian American, Chinese American, Vietnamese American and Filipino American communities. The U.S. has the second-largest Korean community in the world. The largest is in the People's Republic of China.

References

Ethnic groups in the United States
A gentlemen's agreement is an agreement made between two or more people. It can be written down, spoken, or just understood. A gentlemen's agreement needs people to be honourable and stick to the agreement, instead of enforcing the agreement. Because of this, it is different from a legal agreement or contract, because a legal agreement or contract can be enforced if needed.

Ethics
Hovenia dulcis is also called the oriental raisin tree. It is a plant that lives in Japan, Korea, Eastern China and the Himalayas.

Life cycle 
The oriental raisin tree grows about 10 meters tall. Its bark of the tree is dark gray. Its flowers are white, and they open between June and July. The tree grows fruit in September and October. The fruits are brown, and they are shaped like a chicken's claw.  Its seeds fall off from February to March.  Its germination rate, which is the number of seeds that begin to spore or grow, is about 2 – 15%. Most trees begin to grow their own fruit when they are two years old.

Living conditions 
The oriental raisin tree can grow with shade or light. Cold does not hurt the tree, but too much time without rain does hurt it. Unlike many other plants, the oriental raisin tree can grow even if the soil has lots of salt in it, so often lives near the sea. Pollution does not hurt the oriental raisin tree either, so it can live in cities and other industrial areas.
Uses and effects 
The wood of the oriental raisin tree can be used to make buildings, musical instruments, ships, and furniture. Because the stem tastes sweet, people like to eat it and make drinks from it. This stem is also used for medicine.

Rhamnaceae
"Dalit" refers to socially, economically and historically marginalized communities predominantly in India . It also means "broken/scattered" in Sanskrit and Hindi . The term dalits was in use as a translation for the British Raj census classification of Depressed Classes prior to 1935. It was popularised by the economist and reformer B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956), who included all depressed people irrespective of their caste into the definition of dalits. Hence the first group he made was called the "Labour Party" and included as its members all people of the society who were kept depressed, including women, small scale farmers and people from backward castes. 

Dr. Ambedkar fought for a separate electorate for Dalits in Ramsay MacDonald’s Communal Award during British Raj. This award would have ensured adequate representation of Dalit community enabling them to vote for their candidate.
In 1932, the British Raj recommended separate electorates to select leaders for Dalits in the Communal Award. This was favoured by Ambedkar but when Mahatma Gandhi opposed the proposal it resulted in the Poona Pact. That in turn influenced the Government of India Act, 1935, which introduced the reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes, now renamed as Scheduled Castes. 

Dalit (from Sanskrit ‘dal’ which means to split, to crack, to break) is the name given to a group of people who have been historically considered outcasts in Hindu societies from South Asia (India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh) and Eastern Africa (Somalia). Today, the Dalits, formerly known as "Chandala" (Untouchables), have increasingly adopted the term “Dalit” as their way out of the social segregation imposed by the caste system.
New leaders like Kanhaiya Kumar subscribe to this definition of "dalits", thus a Brahmin marginal farmer trying to eke out a living, but unable to do so also falls in the "dalit" category. Ambedkar himself was a Mahar, and in the 1970s the use of the word "dalit" was invigorated when it was adopted by the Dalit Panthers activist group. Gradually, political parties used it to gain mileage.

What is untouchability? 
Untouchability, is an ancient form of discrimination based upon caste. It is not merely the inability to touch a human being but also an attitude towards a minority group translated into various physical acts, norms and practices.

Social status 
The Dalit status carried with it the stigma of “untouchability” because it is associated with menial, degrading tasks immediately connected with their traditional occupations which include skinning dead cows or buffaloes, unclogging sewers, disposing of dead bodies of livestock and cleaning latrines.
Types of discrimination 
The discrimination against the Dalits takes various forms such as:
In rural areas, Dalits are often not allowed to engage in cultural and social activities with the rest of the community, including entering temples, sitting in the main spaces of villages, taking part in religious programs, and eating with the rest of the community during village ceremonies
Dalits are also not allowed to use the same items as non-Dalits in the communities; they are not allowed to rent or even enter homes of non-Dalits, use the same wells, eat and drink from the same dishes
In schools, Dalit children are often forced to sit separately from the rest of the students during the midday meal and are the only ones asked to clean latrines in the schools.
Being forced to wear caste markers (such as caste wristbands) to school
The prohibition of marrying with members of other castes
The prohibition of contesting in elections and exercising their right to vote
The prohibition of hoisting the national flag during Independence or Republic days
They are forced to vote or not to vote for certain candidates during the elections
Facing social boycotts by dominant castes for refusing to perform “duties".
Literacy and education 
The rate of literacy among the Dalits, as per 1991 census, was 37.41% as compared to 57.69% for non-Dalits.
Untouchability in schools has contributed to drop-out and illiteracy levels for Dalit children. The 1991 census of India reported that Dalit communities were one of the least literate social groups in the country, with only 30% of Dalit children recognized to have basic reading and writing skills.

Poor health 
Half of India's Dalit children are undernourished, 21% are 'severely underweight', and 12% die before their 5th birthday. Between 1998-1999 at least 50% of Dalit women suffered from anemia. High morbidity and child mortality are firmly linked to their low quality of life imposed by poverty, educational status and discrimination.
Social reform in India 
There have been many attempts to neutralize the caste-based discrimination. In the 1930s, the teachings of B. R. Ambedkar  and Mahatma Gandhi began to change attitudes towards the Dalit minority. In 1949 ‘Untouchability’ was outlawed by the Indian constitution and Indian law does not permit the practice of a caste system. Discrimination against the Dalit minority has become an important human rights and political issue. Even so, in rural areas the Dalits are still facing the consequences of the slow and steady decline of discrimination.
Social progress 
Today, the Dalit movements (The Dalit Panther Movement, the Dalit Mahasabha and the Dalit Sangharsh Samithi) which have emerged during the 20th century continue to struggle for equality and implementation of Communal Award. The progress of the past few decades shows hope for an improved level of equality within Indian society. In 1997,  Kocheril Raman Narayanan became the
first Dalit to have been elected President of India Another important political figure was Mayawati Kumari, the leader of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) which represents the Dalits. She has been elected four times as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, India’s most populous state.
Non-governmental organizations 
The National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights (NCDHR) established in 1998 by Dalit human rights activists, is one of many organizations committed to the elimination of caste discrimination. It's main objectives are “to hold the State accountable for all Human Rights violations committed against Dalits; to sensitize civil society by raising visibility of the Dalit problem; and to render justice to Dalit victims of discrimination and violence.”
The International Dalit Solidarity Network, which was established in 2000, is another organization concerned about caste discrimination and similar forms of discrimination based on work and descent. It has emerged as a network of national solidarity groups from affected countries such as those in South Asia and even West Africa.

References
References

Other websites 
Untouchability and Violence against Dalits
HCDHR Report on Dalits’ Access to Rights
BBC Article “All human beings are free and equal in dignity and rights”
National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights (NCDHR) India, 2006

Discrimination
Indian people
Castes
Mesosaurus is an extinct marine  reptile from the early Permian of southern Africa and South America. It was one of the first known marine reptiles, and had many adaptations to a fully aquatic lifestyle. 

It is sometimes considered an anapsid, but there is some disagreement about that. It is described by Benton as a 'parareptile', that is, a sauropsid.

Palaeobiology
Mesosaurus was one of the first reptiles to return to the water after early tetrapods came to land in the later Devonian. 

It was around  in length, with webbed feet, a streamlined body, and a long tail that may have supported a fin. It probably propelled itself through the water with its long hind legs and flexible tail. Its body was also flexible and could easily move sideways, but it had heavily thickened ribs, which would have prevented it from twisting its body. Specimens show it was viviparous, bearing live young.
Mesosaurus had a small skull with long jaws. The nostrils were located at the top, allowing the creature to breathe with only the upper side of its head breaking the surface. Its teeth were suitable for catching small nektonic prey such as crustaceans.

Distribution
Mesosaurus was significant in providing evidence for the theory of continental drift, because its remains were found in southern Africa and eastern South America, two far away places. As Mesosaurus was a coastal animal, and therefore could not have crossed the Atlantic Ocean, this distribution indicated that the two continents used to be joined together.

References 

Fossils
Marine reptiles
Bokbunja ju (hangul: 복분자주; hanja: 覆盆子酒; also spelled bokbunjaju, bokbunja-ju, or bokbunjajoo, and also called bokbunja wine) is a Korean traditional wine made from fermented Korean black raspberries called bokbunja (hangul: 복분자; hanja: ; Rubus coreanus). It is made by fermenting berries with water.

Bokbunja ju is crimson in color and sweet. It has between 15% and 19% alcohol by volume, depending on the brand. Koreans believe that it is good for health  and promotes male sexual stamina. It is often drunk on special occasions.

References

Wine