Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
There are lots of different varieties of Indian music. Most of the different types of music are similar to Western music types. Pop, classical, and folk are all included. India’s classical music has a history originating hundreds of years back and is still popular in India today, as religious inspiration or pure entertainment. Girl and boy bands are common in India. Farida Vakil founded one of the first female bands in India, The Ladybirds. Like Africa, India has many different ethnic groups, speaking their own languages, and having very distinct cultural traditions.

The tal, or tala, is a repeating rhythm pattern usually played by the tabla. It usually has between six and sixteen beats. The beats are grouped into small sections in the pattern. The first note in the pattern is called a ‘sam’. It shows the beginnings and ends of improvisation, so it is often emphasized.
The Raga is also a pattern, but it differs from Western scales or melodies. Ragas are sort of a mix of scales and melodies. They have particular ascending and descending patterns. Ragas are used to symbolize the time of day, season, mood or special occasion.

A drone is a note that’s either held or repeated throughout a piece of music. It’s usually the tonic note, the starting note. Nowadays, the drone is played by an electrical box, but traditionally, it is played using the tanpura, which is also known as the Tambura.

Improvisation is when the player does not have a prepared piece or an incomplete piece of music, and they make up notes as they play. Improvisation is recognized as a form of composition.

There are 4 types of structure in Indian Music, Alap, Jhor, Jhala and Gat/Bandish. Each of these has different roles in a piece of Indian music.
Alap is the name for the opening part of a piece of classical music from North India. It is a type of melodic improvisation that includes a Raga in it. Only the singer and the drone can be heard at this point.

Jhor is a more elaborate version of the Raga that is included in the Alap. It forms the beginning of the performance. This comes after Alap and before Jhala.

Jhala indicates the fast-paced ending of the Raga. It is often distinguished by the overcoming of the melodic component by the rhythm.

The Gat, or Bandish is a permanent composition set in a specific Raga. It is accompanied by the Tabla, a drone and melodic accompaniment by a sarangi , violin or harmonica.

 
Entertainment in India
Charles Darwin wrote about twenty books, including the most famous book in biology, the Origin of Species. The books covered the natural history sciences, now called geology, palaeontology, zoology, botany, anthropology, psychology and evolutionary biology.

The Origin of Species is the most important single book in the biological sciences, and its main ideas are well-supported by modern research.

The Voyage of the Beagle (1839) and The Descent of Man (1871) are also highly important.

Several of the other books were also ground-breaking.
List of books 
 1838-43: Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle: published between 1839 and 1843 in five Parts (and nineteen numbers) by various authors, edited and superintended by Charles Darwin, who contributed sections to two of the Parts:
 1838: Part 1 No. 1 Fossil Mammalia, by Richard Owen (Preface and Geological introduction by Darwin)
 1838: Part 2 No. 1 Mammalia, by George Robert Waterhouse (Geographical introduction and A notice of their habits and ranges by Darwin)
 1839: Journal and Remarks (The Voyage of the Beagle)
 1842: The structure and distribution of Coral Reefs
 1844: Geological observations of volcanic islands
 1846: Geological observations on South America
 1849: Geology from A manual of scientific enquiry; prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy: and adapted for travellers in general. ed. John Herschel. 
 1851: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes. Living barnacles.
1854: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc.
 1851: A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae, or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain. Fossil barnacles.
 1854: A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain
 1859: On the Origin of Species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life
 1862: On the various contrivances by which British and foreign Orchids are fertilised by insects (Fertilisation of Orchids)
 1865: On the movements and habits of climbing plants (Linnean Society paper, published in book form in 1875)
 1868: The variation of animals and plants under domestication
 1871: The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex
 1872: The expression of emotions in Man and animals
 1875: Insectivorous plants
 1876: The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom
1877: The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species
 1880: The power of movement in plants
 1881: The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms
References 

 
Science books
19th-century books
Penelope Ann Miller (born Penelope Andrea Miller, January 13, 1964) is an American stage and movie actress. She has acted in numerous movies and television programs. Her father Mark Miller was an actor.

She was born in Los Angeles, California on January 13, 1964. She has been married to Will Arnett from 1994 until they divorced in 1995. She is now married to James Huggins since 2000. With Miller she has two children.

References

Other websites

 
 

American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1964 births
Living people
The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British award given to citizens of the Commonwealth. It was founded by King George V in 1917, as a reward for outstanding achievements in the arts, literature, music, science, politics, industry or religion.

The order is limited to 65 Companions of Honour.  At first 45 members could be from the United Kingdom, 7 from Australia, 2 from New Zealand and 11 from other Commonwealth countries. Foreigners from outside the realm may be added as "honorary members". Membership of the order gives no title, or precedence, but recipients can put the post-nominal letters "CH" after their names.

The insignia of the Order consists of an oval medallion with an oak tree, a shield with the royal arms hanging from one branch, and on the left a mounted knight in armour.  The badge's clear blue border bears the motto IN ACTION FAITHFUL AND IN HONOUR CLEAR. Men wear the badge on a ribbon (red with golden border threads) around their necks, and women on a bow at the left shoulder.
Current members
Sovereign: Charles III
Members:
 The Lord Tebbit CH PC (1987)
 The Lord Baker of Dorking CH PC (1992)
 The Lord King of Bridgwater CH PC (1992)
 Dame Janet Baker CH DBE (1993)
 The Lord Owen CH PC (1994)
 The Lord Hurd of Westwell CH CBE PC (1995)
 Sir David Attenborough OM CH CVO CBE FRS FZS FSA (1996)
 The Lord Heseltine CH PC (1997)
 David Hockney OM CH RA (1997)
 Sir John Major KG CH PC (1998)
 The Lord Patten of Barnes KG CH PC (1998)
 Bridget Riley CH CBE (1998)
 John de Chastelain CH OC CMM CD (1999)
 The Lord Hannay of Chiswick GCMG CH (2003)
 Dan McKenzie CH FRS (2003)
 Dame Judi Dench CH DBE FRSA (2005)
 Sir Ian McKellen CH CBE (2008)
 The Lord Howard of Lympne CH PC KC (2011)
 The Lord Young of Cookham CH PC (2012)
 Peter Higgs CH FRS FRSE (2012)
 The Lord Coe CH KBE (2012)
 The Lord Strathclyde CH PC (2013)
 The Lord Campbell of Pittenweem CH CBE PC KC (2013)
 Sir Nicholas Serota CH (2013)
 The Baroness O'Neill of Bengarve CH CBE FRS (2013)
 Dame Maggie Smith CH DBE (2014)
The Lord Clarke of Nottingham CH PC KC (2014)
 Lady Mary Peters LG CH DBE (2015)
 The Lord Woolf CH PC (2015)
 Sir Roy Strong CH FRSL (2016)
 The Lord Smith of Kelvin KT CH (2016)
 The Baroness Amos LG CH PC (2016)
 George Osborne CH PC (2016)
 Sir Richard Eyre CH CBE (2017)
 Dame Evelyn Glennie CH DBE (2017)
 Sir Alec Jeffreys CH FRS (2017)
 Sir Mark Elder CH CBE (2017)
 Sir Paul McCartney CH MBE (2017)
 J. K. Rowling CH OBE FRSL (2017)
 Dame Stephanie Shirley CH DBE (2017)
 Delia Smith CH CBE (2017)
 The Lord Stern of Brentford CH FRS FBA (2017)
 The Lord Bragg CH FRS FBA FRSL (2018)
 Lady Antonia Fraser CH DBE FRSL (2018)
 Margaret MacMillan OM CC CH FBA FRSL (2018)
 Richard Henderson CH FRS (2018)
 Dame Kiri Te Kanawa ONZ CH DBE AC (2018)
 Margaret Atwood CC CH FRSL (2019)
 The Lord McLoughlin CH PC (2019)
 Sir Elton John CH CBE (2019)
 Sir Keith Thomas CH (2019)
 Sir Paul Smith CH CBE RDI (2020)
 Sir David Chipperfield CH CBE RDI RA (2021)
 Sir Paul Nurse OM CH FRS (2022)
The Lord Field of Birkenhead CH PC (2022)
 Sir Quentin Blake CH CBE FRSL RDI (2022)
 Sir Salman Rushdie CH FRSL (2022)
 Dame Marina Warner CH DBE FBA FRSL (2022)
 Sir Michael Marmot CH FBA (2023)
 Sir John Bell GBE CH FRS (2023)
 Ian McEwan CH CBE FRSL (2023)
 Dame Anna Wintour CH DBE (2023)
Honorary Members:
 Amartya Sen CH FBA (2000)

Other websites 
- Order of the Companions of Honour page

References

 
Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
Commonwealth of Nations
1917 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in the United Kingdom
Culture jamming is a tactic by consumer social movements to either disrupt or subvert mainstream cultural institutions. It is also intended to expose dubious or substandard political thoughts on commercial culture. The tactics of culture jamming include refiguring fashion statements, product image and logos as means to challenge ideas about what is cool.

The term "culture jamming" was first used around 1984. 

Activism
A subdomain is the portion shown before a domain name, separated by a dot (.)

For example, a domain might look like this
example.com

Whereas the subdomain of this domain might look like this, shown here in bold
subdomain.example.com Examples 

Many sites use sub domains for applications such as email, calendars or different languages, including these examples. Subdomains again shown in bold
 mail.yahoo.com
 calendar.google.com
 en.wikipedia.org
eastnaija.com
east9ja.com

Internet
Websites
Domain can mean:
 Domain name
 Domain Name System or DNS
 Domain (biology), the top level of biological taxonomy
 For maths, see Function (mathematics)
Tretinoin is the acid form of vitamin A. It is also known as all trans retinoic acid, or ATRA. As a drug, it can be used used for the treatment of acne vulgaris and keratosis pilaris. The medicine goes under several brand names.

Drugs
Vitamins
Carboxylic acids
Thunder Bridge is a hamlet near the villages of Stocksmoor and Kirkburton, in the Kirklees district, in the county of West Yorkshire, England. Thunder Bridge is also near the A629 road. The bridge is Grade 2 listed.

References 

Settlements in West Yorkshire
Hamlets in England
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, better known as RuBisCO, is an enzyme that catalyzes the first major step of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle. Carbon fixation is how the atoms of atmospheric carbon dioxide are made available to organisms in the form of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. RuBisCO splits 6-C molecules into two equal parts.

RuBisCO is very important in biology and ecology because it catalyzes the primary chemical reaction by which inorganic carbon permanently enters the biosphere.

RuBisCO is also the most abundant protein in leaves and the most abundant protein on Earth. It accounts for 50% of soluble leaf protein (20-30% of total leaf nitrogen) and 30% of soluble leaf protein in plants (5-9% of total leaf nitrogen).

Given its important role in the biosphere, there are currently efforts to genetically engineer crop plants to contain more efficient RuBisCO.

Notes and references 
Notes

References

Enzymes
Photosynthesis
Boyle's law (also called Mariotte's law and the Boyle-Mariotte law) is a law about ideal gases.

The law can be stated as follows:

In other words, the volume of a constant mass of ideal gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure applied on it.

In symbols, the law is:

or

where P is the pressure of the gas, V is the volume of the gas, and k is a constant.

For a given mass of gas at a constant temperature, the product of the pressure and the volume is constant. As the volume decreases, the pressure increases in proportion, and vice versa. For example, when the pressure halves, the volume doubles.

Suppose you have a tank that contains a certain volume of gas at a certain pressure. When you decrease the volume of the tank, the same number of gas particles is now contained in a smaller space. Therefore, the number of collisions increases. Therefore, the pressure is greater.
Imagine you have a gas at a certain pressure (P1) and volume (V1). If you change the pressure to a new value (P2), the volume changes to a new value (V2). We can use  Boyle's law to describe both sets of conditions:

The constant, k, is the same in both cases, so we can say the following:

Example: The pressure of a gas is 3 atm and the volume is 5 litres. If the pressure is reduced to 2 atm, what is the volume?

∴ The volume will be 7.5 litres.

The law was found by Robert Boyle in 1662, and afterwards independently by Edme Mariotte in 1679.

References

Laws of physics
Science experiments
Thermodynamics
Physical chemistry
Dik Trom is the main character in a series of five children’s books written in the Dutch language.  The author, C.Joh. Kieviet wrote the first book in 1891.  It was called “Uit het leven van Dik Trom” (“From the life of Dik Trom”).  The books became extremely popular and they continue to be very popular today, more than 100 years after they were written.

The Life of Dik Trom
Dik Trom was a naughty boy who got up to lots of tricks with his friends.  However, he is a very honest boy and he is very kind, so the readers like him.

Dik Trom lived in the village of Hoofddorp in the Harlemmermeer in the north of Holland.  This is the village where the author grew up, so he was setting the stories in his own village, and based a lot of the characters on real people he had known.

Dik’s real name was “Dirk”.  This is a common Dutch name.  Dirk was very fat, even as a boy, so he soon became known as “Dik” (the Dutch word “dik” means “fat”).  The word “trom” means “drum” so his name really means “Fat Drum”.
Dik’s parents love him very much, but they are no good at disciplining him.  When he does something naughty his father just says: “‘t is toch een bijzonder kind - dat is-ie” (“he’s a really special child, that he is”).

Dik is always brave, he is never a coward.  His friends want to go and annoy a little old lady, but Dik persuades them to go and annoy the village policeman, and he has a leading role in that adventure.

Another adventure tells how Dik said he could ride a donkey without falling off.  The donkey belonged to the village merchant, and it was a stubborn beast that always tried to throw off its riders.  Dik managed to stay on by sitting backwards on the donkey and holding on to its tail.  This is how Dik is usually seen in pictures, and there is a statue of him in the village of Hoofddorp which shows him on the donkey.
Other books about Dik Trom
Kieviet found it difficult at first to find a publisher for his book, because the main character was naughty.  Once it had appeared in a second edition with some illustrations it became very popular, and Kieviet followed it with four other books about Dik, and one about Dik’s son.  Eight films have been made about Dik Trom, the most recent in 2010.

List of Dik Trom books
 1891 Uit het leven van Dik Trom  (“From the life of Dik Trom”) Valkhoff & Co.
 1907 De zoon van Dik Trom (“Dik Trom’s son”) Valkhoff & Co.
 1912 Toen Dik Trom een jongen was (“When Dik Trom was a boy”) Kluitman. 
 1920 Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten (“Dik Trom and his fellow villagers”) Kluitman. 
 1923 Het tweede boek van Dik Trom en zijn dorpsgenoten. (“The second book of Dik Trom and his fellow villagers”) Kluitman.  
 1931 De avonturen van Dik Trom. (“The Adventures of Dik Trom”) Kluitman.

References
 “Uit het leven van Dik Trom” by C.Joh. Kieviet - Alkmaar gebr. Kluitman
Dutch children's books
Characters in written fiction
Uranium-235 is a radioactive isotope of uranium. Uranium-235 has 143 neutrons, 92 protons, and an isotope mass of 235.0439299.  Uranium-235 has 235Pa, 235Np, and 239Pu as its parent isotopes.  As it decays, it produces 231Th. Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. Uranium-235 makes up about 0.72% of natural uranium. When it is separated from the other uranium isotopes, it is called enriched uranium. The main use for enriched uranium is in Nuclear reactors.  

Enriched uranium is best known for its use in the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.  The bomb called Little Boy used Uranium-235. Uranium-235 can be used for nuclear fission.  This fission is about 504.81 barns for slow thermal neutrons and 1 barn for fast thermal neutrons.  Uranium-235 was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster.

Isotopes
Uranium
Douglas Edward „Eddie“ Alexander Gustafsson McIntosh (born  31 January 1977 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a football player. He is currently playing for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg as goalkeeper in the Austrian t-mobile league.

He started playing football in 1983 with IFK Stockholm. He played afterwards for IFK Stockholm, IFK Norrköping, Molde FK, Ham-Kam and Lyn Oslo. 2009 he signed for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. On April 18th, 2010 he was injured severely during the awaymatch versus LASK Linz and had to recover 317 days. On March 2nd, 2011 he came back in the away match versus Kapfenberg and is now again the Nr.1 goalkeeper of FC Red Bull Salzburg. In January 2011 he singed a new contract till 2014.

Honours
 Austrian Champion with Red Bull Salzburg 2009, 2010
 Goalkeeper of the year in Norway: 2008
 Goalkeeper of the year in Austria: 2010

Gallery

References
Red Bull Salzburg Homepage

Other websites
 Eddie Gustafsson (Fangemeinschaft Red Bull Salzburg)
Swedish footballers
American association football goalkeepers
1977 births
Living people
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Sportspeople from Philadelphia
Austrian football champions
William Broderick Crawford (December 9, 1911 – April 26, 1986) was an American actor.

Career 
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., his first film was Woman Chases Man (1937). He was in Beau Geste (1939), a classic starring Gary Cooper.
 
His got an Academy Award and a Golden Globe in 1950 for  his role in the 1949 movie Decepción, directed by Robert Rossen.

In the 1950s he worked with Glenn Ford in Convicted (1950, directed by Henry Levin), Human Desire (1954, directed by Fritz Lang) and the western classic The Fastest Gun Alive (1956), where he played a gunslinger who wants to prove he is the fastest gun.

He starred in the famous Italian film directed by Federico Fellini, Il bidone (1955). 

In 1966 he co-starred with Audie Murphy in The Texican (1966). In 1970 he starred in Ransom Money, where he played a police inspector who led the rescue of a child who was kidnapped by a gang.
He narrated the film The Candidate (1972) and starred Terror in the Wax Museum (1973), a horror film starring Ray Milland and John Carradine. Towards the end of the 1970s, he had a great performance in the film The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover (1977), directed by Larry Cohen.

Television 

Crawford starred in Highway Patrol (1955-1959).  He played Chief Dan Mathews, an experienced highway police chief.

Crawford also worked on films for television such as The Challenge (1970), The Phantom of Hollywood (1974), Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby (1976), and Mayday at 40,000 Feet! (1976).

Crawford was a special guest star in Rawhide, The Virginian, The Girl from U.N.C.L.E., The Man from U.N.C.L.E., Cimarron Strip, Banacek, Vega$, Fantasy Island, and others.

Other websites 

 
Watch Highway Patrol
Broderick Crawford in Il Bidone
 Profile @ Turner Classic Movies

1911 births
1986 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Philadelphia
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Peter Graves (March 18, 1926 – March 14, 2010) was an American actor.

Early life
His mother was of German ancestry; his father of Norwegian.

Career
In the early years of his career he starred in sci fi movies  such as Red Planet Mars (1952), Killers from Space (1954), and some low-budget western movies, including Fort Defiance (1951) and Fort Yuma (1955). He played Morgan Earp, in Wichita (1955), with Joel McCrea and directed by Jacques Tourneur. 
 
Peter Graves won the role of traitor prisoner Sgt. Price in the movie Stalag 17 (1953), directed by Billy Wilder and starring William Holden. Another of his movies was The Night of the Hunter (1955), with Robert Mitchum.

Other movies include Texas Across the River (1966), with Dean Martin, The Ballad of Josie (1967), The Five Man Army (1969), where he leads a group of mercenaries in Mexico.
 
In 1980s he plays a crazy pilot, in the comedy movie Airplane! (1980) and Airplane II: The Sequel (1982). 
 
His last movie was Addams Family Values (1993).
Television
In 1967 Graves replaced Steven Hill in the CBS television series Mission: Impossible. He played the role Jim Phelps leader of a group of spies.  He worked on the series from 1967 until 1973. He returned later to make Mission: Impossible 1988.

He also had a relative success in the series Fury (1955-1960), Whiplash (1961), and Court Martial (1965-1966).

Her performances include specials such as Hallmark Hall of Fame, Fireside Theatre, Celebrity Playhouse, Matinee Theatre, Cavalcade of America, Disneylandia, The Red Skelton Show.

Filmography

References

 
 
 
 
 Biography and filmography at Brian's Drive-In Theater
 Peter Graves at The New York Times

1926 births
2010 deaths
Actors from Minneapolis
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Personal grooming, also called titivating and preening, is the art of cleaning and grooming parts of the body.

In humans 

Grooming in humans is usually done in the bathroom, for the hair. Things such as washing and cleaning the hair, combing it and taking out the tangles, and styling. It can also include shaving, done by a man to cut his beard short. However, sometimes the beard can be groomed as well, and washed and grown.
In animals 
Animals usually clean their fur, feathers or other skin coverings. This is also a form of hygiene. Taking out other objects such as insects, leaves, dirt or twigs, are all forms of grooming. Among animals, birds spend a lot of time preening their feathers. They do this to remove ectoparasites, keep them in good condition, and waterproof them. Felidae cats are well known for their grooming, which they usually do by licking themselves. One of the reasons this is done is to remove all the scent on them so that they will not attract any predators. Cats groom so much that they often produce hairballs from the fur they accidentally swallow.

Mutual grooming 
In humans, mutual grooming is done to become more close to each other emotionally.

Gallery

Related pages

References 

Hygiene
Ethology
"Firework" is a 2010 song by Katy Perry from her second major-label album, Teenage Dream. It was released on October 26, 2010. The song received a good review by music critics and claimed the top spot on Billboard Hot 100. The single hit top 5 on twenty charts worldwide.  It reached the top three in most of the countries where it charted, including Australia and the UK.  It topped charts in the US, Canada, and New Zealand.  In the US, it was Perry's fourth number-one song altogether and the third in a streak of five number-ones.  At the 2012 Grammy Awards, "Firework" was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance.

The song was certified Diamond in the US for shipments of over 10 million copies in that country alone.

Background
Background   

"Firework" was written by Perry, Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, Sandy Wilhelm, and Ester Dean while produced by Stargate and Sandy Vee at Soapbox Studios in Atlanta, Georgia. It was recorded at Roc the Mic Studios in New York City. It was mixed at The Bunker Studios by Vee. Audio engineering was done by Carlos Oyandel and Damien Lewis. All instruments were done by Stargate and Vee. Lead and background vocals were provided by Perry. Perry said that "Firework" is her favorite song on Teenage Dream.

Music video 
The video for the song features people in different situations that show their bravery.  For example, there is a young child battling cancer, a woman who is at first shy of wearing a bathing suit, and a man who is unsure of his sexuality.  Perry sings that they are all "fireworks" and are brave for fighting through their issues.  The video has received over 1.077 billion views on YouTube as of January 2018.

References

Other websites

2010 songs
Katy Perry songs
Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature is an 1863 book by Thomas Henry Huxley, in which he gives evidence for the evolution of man and apes from a common ancestor. 

It was the first book devoted to the topic of human evolution, and discussed much of the anatomical and other evidence. Backed by this evidence, the book said that evolution applied as fully to man as to all other life.

Precursors of the idea 
In the 18th century Linnaeus and others had classified man as a primate, but without drawing evolutionary conclusions. 

It was Lamarck, the first to develop a coherent theory of evolution, who discussed human evolution in this context. 

Robert Chambers in his anonymous Vestiges also clearly made the point.
The book came five years after Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace announced their theory of evolution by means of natural selection, and four years after the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species. In the Origin Darwin had deliberately avoided tackling human evolution, except for a sentence: "Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history". Darwin's sequel came eight years later, with The Descent of Man, and Selection in relation to Sex (1871).

Content and structure of the book

Chapters 
I.   On the natural history of the man-like Apes p1–56. This contains a summary of what was known of the great apes at that time.

II.  On the relations of Man to the lower animals p57–112. This chapter and its addendum contained most of the controversial material, and is still important today.
Addendum: A succinct history of the controversy respecting the cerebral structure of Man and the apes p113–118.
III. On some fossil remains of Man p119–159. A neanderthal skull-cap and other bones had been found, and various remains of early Homo sapiens. Huxley compares these remains with existing human races.

References 

Biology books
1863 books
Evolutionary biology
After an unsuccessful stint with Motown, Mars signed with Atlantic Records in 2002. He became recognized as a solo artist after lending his vocals and co-writing the hooks for the songs "Nothin on You" by B.o.B, and "Billionaire" by Travie McCoy. He also helped write the hits "Right Round" by Flo Rida featuring Kesha, "Wavin' Flag" by K'naan, and "Fuck You" by Cee Lo Green, also known as "Forget You". In October 2010, he released his album, Doo-Wops & Hooligans. The album reached number three on the Billboard 200 chart. He was nominated for seven Grammys at the 53rd Grammy Awards, winning Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Just the Way You Are".  His singles "Just the Way You Are", "Nothin' on You", "Grenade", "Locked Out of Heaven", "When I Was Your Man", "The Lazy Song", "It Will Rain", "24K Magic", and "Finesse" have all reached the top five of the US Billboard Hot 100, with the first five reaching number one.

Mars has sold 10 million albums around the world.
In 2013, his song "Locked Out of Heaven" was nominated for a Grammy Award.  He was featured on British producer Mark Ronson's song "Uptown Funk!", which became the number-one song of the year 2015 and the 2010s decade in the United States.  It spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100.  "Uptown Funk" won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year.

Mars co-wrote the song "All I Ask" from English singer-songwriter Adele's third studio album 25 (2015).  In 2016, Mars released the single "24K Magic" (pronounced "twenty-four-karat magic") from his album, also called 24K Magic.  It has reached the top five of the Billboard Hot 100.  The second single from 24K Magic, "That's What I Like", became Mars' seventh number-one song on the Hot 100.  A remix of the 24K Magic song "Finesse", featuring rapper Cardi B, was released in January 2018 and reached the top five around the world.
In 2021, Mars collaborated with recording artist Anderson .Paak on the song "Leave the Door Open" as the duo Silk Sonic. The song became Mars' eighth and Paak's first number-one on the Billboard Hot 100.

Early life
Peter Gene Hernandez was born on October 8, 1985, in Honolulu, Hawaii.  He was raised in the Waikiki neighborhood of Honolulu. He is the son of Peter Hernandez and Bernadette "Bernie" San Pedro Bayot (died June 1, 2013). His father is of half Puerto Rican and half Jewish (from Hungary and Ukraine) ancestry and is originally from Brooklyn, New York. Mars' mother immigrated to Hawaii from the Philippines as a child and was a Filipino.

At the age of six, in 1991, Mars appeared on The Arsenio Hall Show as an Elvis Presley impersonator. After performing many times in his hometown throughout his childhood, he decided to pursue a musical career and moved to Los Angeles after graduating from high school.
Artist influences
As a child, he was influenced by artists such as Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson and would often try to sing like these artists. Mars also incorporates reggae and Motown inspired sounds into his work. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times referred to Mars as "one of the most versatile and accessible singers in pop."

Discography

Studio albums 
Doo-Wops & Hooligans (2010)
Unorthodox Jukebox (2012)
24K Magic (2016)

with Silk Sonic 

 An Evening with Slik Sonic (2021)

Awards

Grammy Awards 
Mars has won 15 Grammys (10 solo, four as part of Silk Sonic, and one as part of The Smeezingtons) from 35 nominations.

References

Other websites

Official website
Official website

American contemporary R&B singers
American R&B singers
American pop singers
American hip hop singers
American funk musicians
American new jack swing singers
American rock singers
American doo-wop singers
American singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Jewish American musicians
Singers from Hawaii
Writers from Hawaii
1985 births
Living people
People from Honolulu
Atlantic Records artists
Bruno Mars
Space Shuttle Endeavour (OV-105) is the fifth space shuttle run by NASA. It replaced the Space Shuttle Challenger. Endeavour was named after Captain James Cooks's ship, HMS Endeavour. It made 25 trips into space, travelling about 123,000,000 miles. It is now on display at the California Science Center.

References
Space Shuttle Overview: Endeavour (OV-105) 
"Shuttle Orbiter Endeavour (OV-105)"  

Endeavour
Woodruff (Galium odoratum) is a plant used for herbical medicine. It grows to 30-50 cm long.

Uses 
Dried woodruff is used in potpourri and as a moth deterrent. It is also used in Germany, to flavour May wine, syrup for beer, brandy, sausages, jelly, jam, a soft drink (Tarhun), ice cream, and tea. In Germany it is also used to flavour Sherbet (powder). Mixed with German "corn schnapps" (alternative: vodka), it is a popular drink among people at parties. It is also called "Korn Brause" or "Korn ahoi". Also, Waldmeister flavoured jelly made from vodka is popular at parties too.

Herbs
Rubiaceae
The sudo command is a program for Unix-like operating systems like Linux distributions.  It allows users to run programs as another user.  The "su" portion is sometimes described as substitute user, super user, or switch user.

Importance 
The sudo command gives the administrator the option of allowing certain users access to otherwise disallowed commands on a granular level.  This power must be carefully administered as it could potentially allow users to make changes to files that could cause serious damage to other users' files as well as damaging the operating system itself.

Usage 
The sudo command is used from the command line.

For example: 
Imagine a system has three users: student, JOE, and BOB.

[JOE@clone7 ~]$ /bin/grep "home" /etc/passwd 
student:x:1000:1000:Student:/home/student:/bin/bash
BOB:x:1001:1001::/home/BOB:/bin/bash
JOE:x:1002:1002::/home/JOE:/bin/bash
[JOE@clone7 ~]$
JOE wants to know what files are in BOB's home directory.  As one would expect, unless given rights through other means, JOE will be denied:

[JOE@clone7 ~]$ ls -lrt /home/BOB
ls: cannot open directory /home/BOB: Permission denied
[JOE@clone7 ~]$

If JOE is in the sudoer file, she can use the sudo command to run the ls command as if she were BOB:

[JOE@clone7 ~]$ sudo -u BOB  ls -lrt /home/BOB
[sudo] password for JOE: 

total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 BOB BOB 0 Jan  6 06:48 BOBs_secretfile.txt
[JOE@clone7 ~]$ 

If JOE is not in the sudoers file, she will be denied:

[JOE@clone7 ~]$ sudo -u BOB  ls -lrt /home/BOB
[sudo] password for JOE: 

JOE is not in the sudoers file.  This incident will be reported.

[JOE@clone7 ~]$ 

Another example, to delete a file (e.g. Example.php) normal users do not typically have permissions for, the user can type:

[JOE@clone7 ~]$ sudo rm -r Example.php
[sudo] password for JOE: 

[JOE@clone7 ~]$
[JOE@clone7 ~]$

When the password is entered correctly (assuming proper entries in the sudoers file), the computer would then run the command.

Programs with a graphical user interface can also be run with sudo, but it may mess them up.
Various desktops for Unix-like systems usually have their own version of sudo for such programs.
 

Unix
Castling's Heath is a hamlet in the civil parish of Groton, in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. It has three listed buildings, including Castling's Hall, Castling's Heath Cottage and Manor Farmhouse. There is also Dove Barn in Castling's Heath for weddings.

References 

Hamlets in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
Neuroblastoma is a kind of cancer that usually occurs in children and infants. This kind of cancer mostly affects the Autonomic nervous system. The cancer creates tumors, but the cells or pieces of the tumors do not fully finish growing. There are about 650 cases per year in the United States. About half of these cases occur in children younger than two years old. The tumors can grow from any  neural crest element of the sympathetic nervous system. Most of the time, it comes from one of the adrenal glands. It can also start growing in nerve tissues in the neck, chest, abdomen, or pelvis.

Neuroblastoma is one of the few malignant types of cancer that sometimes goes away on its own, for no obvious reason.
Types and forms 
The illness can have many different forms. There are three risk categories (types): low, intermediate (medium), and high risk. Low-risk disease is most common in infants, who usually get better, though they may need to have surgery. High-risk disease is very difficult for doctors to make better.

Esthesioneuroblastoma, which is also called "olfactory neuroblastoma", comes from the olfactory epithelium and doctors are still not sure what type of cancer it is. It is not a cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, and is not the same thing as neuroblastoma.

References

Cancer
Navigator means more than one thing.

 Someone who does navigation, which is going somewhere without getting lost
 Netscape Navigator, a web browser for computers
 Lincoln Navigator, a car
The Alfa Romeo 156 is a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It replaced the Alfa Romeo 155 in late 1997 and was replaced by the Alfa Romeo 159 in late 2005. The Sportwagon was added in 2000 and received a new dashboard in 2002. The exterior was facelifted in 2003. It was the first car to feature hidden rear door handles, a design feature first seen on the Nissan Pathfinder SUV, an idea which has since been copied by other brands.

Engines 
 1.6 T. Spark 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.8 T. Spark 103 kW (140 hp) and 106 kW (144 hp)
 2.0 T. Spark 110 kW (150 hp) and 114 kW (155 hp)
 2.0 JTS 121 kW (165 hp)
 2.5 V6 140 kW (190 hp) and 141 kW (192 hp)
 GTA 184 kW (250 hp)
 1.9 JTD 77 kW (105 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 85 kW (115 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
 1.9 Multijet 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.4 JTD 100 kW (136 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.4 Multijet 129 kW (175 hp)

Other websites 
 

156
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Engelbert Humperdinck (1 September 1854 – 27 September 1921) was a German composer. Today, he is seen as part of the Romantic movement. Most people remember him for his opera, Hänsel und Gretel which was first performed in 1893.

British singer, Arnold George Dorsey (born 1936), uses the name "Engelbert Humperdinck" as his stage name. He wanted the name to make him seem more cultured and refined.

References

20th-century German composers
1854 births
1921 deaths
A solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The largest photovoltaic power plant in the world was the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) CSP installation located in the Mojave Desert, California.  Other large CSP plants include the 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Arizona, the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW, 250 MW when finished), and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.

Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in the 1980s. Solar power is increasingly used.
The solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity. As the use of solar energy has been increased nowadays. Not only we save the electricity with the help of a solar power plant but it also contributes towards the environment. It converts solar energy into electricity either directly using photovoltaics. 

It is in great use as it is least expensive and provides electricity with sunlight. The utilization of these products is increasing day by day after knowing the importance of solar energy use. the government is also taking initiatives to aware the people about solar products by introducing incentive schemes. 

Installing solar power plant is quite beneficial in every aspect not only your pocket but the entire globe. This solar equipment is used in an active manner and converts the solar energy into a useable form which can be used for powering all sort of appliances.
Concentrated solar power system use mirrors, lenses and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The photoelectric effect coverts the light into electric current. All the countries all over the globe have decided to bring the solar products into great use. 

As everyone is aware nowadays to contribute towards the globe, our environment with the help of solar energy. Apart from this, it is a one-time investment and there will no longer need to spend on heavy electricity cost again and again.

Related pages
Nuclear power plant
Solar thermal energy
Wave power

Notes
Jersey is an island in the English Channel.

Other places:
 New Jersey, a U.S. state often shortened to "Jersey"
 Jersey, Arkansas, a town in the United States
 Jersey, Georgia, a town in the United States

Things:
 Jersey (clothing)
 Jersey (fabric)

Other:
 Jersey (band), a Canadian ska music group
Steampunk is a style of fiction having to do with a semi-fictional world where old machinery from the Victorian 19th century is still being used. Technologies that were new or important to the Victorians, such as steam power, clockwork or electricity, are big themes in steampunk.

Important influences on steampunk are the Victorian "scientific romances", the first science fiction novels. Authors like Jules Verne and H.G. Wells are still very popular. Modern novels often cross-over with Goth and vampire themes.
The fictional style has become an active 'scene' where steampunks dress in costume and attend meetings or conventions. This costume is a large part of the scene. Many steampunks spend lots of time sewing their own outfits, or collecting accessories such as hats and goggles. The Maker movement involves many people who are both Makers and steampunks. They make Contraptions, fanciful devices as either art or a pretended function. Some of these contraptions are as large as cars, buses or even a steam-powered mobile house.

Sometimes this aspect is expanded to include cultural ideas of the 19th and early 20th century, such as small items like clothing and accessories, or large objects such as locomotives (trains) or machines that have not even been invented yet, like airplanes.

Steampunk themes in fiction 
Sometimes steampunk is used in stories to give a rough, gritty feel. This is typical of American steampunk stories, where many stories are set around the Old West or the American Civil War.
British steampunk is a contrast to this. Instead it considers Victorian society as a more polite society and tries to re-create a world of politeness, etiquette and distinctions between classes.

Neither flavour of steampunk cares too much about historical accuracy. The purpose is to have fun, not to accurately re-enact a period of real history.

Favourite Steampunk machines 
Steampunks are very fond of particular machines and these keep re-appearing as themes in fiction or in costume.
 Time machines
 Zeppelins and airships
 Ray guns
 Robots, especially robots that walk on legs.
Costume 
 Goggles
 Goggles are one of the most popular pieces of steampunk costume. Part of "the story" for steampunks is their bravery in hazardous situations, either exploring remote and dangerous places, or experimenting in their laboratory. In both of these, goggles are essential protective equipment.  Steampunk goggles often have telescopic lenses or swivelling lenses on posts that can be rotated in front of the eyes.
 Hats
 Hats are not often worn today, compared to the past, and so steampunks favour wearing them as an easy and distinctive piece of costume. Favourite hat styles are top hats, pith helmets and pickelhaubes.
 Boots
 Gloves
 These range from ordinary gloves with gears and other accessories sewn on to give them a more technical appearance all the way to highly detailed mechanical hands.
 Ray guns
 Ray guns with ornate gearwork or tubing are popular.
 Accessories
Accessories
 Victorian era accessories such as pocket watches, brass spyglasses, or walking sticks are also popular components of steampunk costumes.  Some outfits include large tanks worn on the back.
For ladies 
 Corsets
 Female steampunk fans sometimes wear corsets on the outsides of their costumes, contrary to actual Victorian era fashions.
 Bustles
 Jewelry
 Steampunk jewelry typically includes gears.  The octopus is a popular theme, perhaps inspired by the attack of the cuttlefish on the Nautilus in the Jules Verne story 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.

Origins of the name 
The word "steampunk" is made of the root words "steam" and "punk".

A well-known science-fiction author William Gibson, wrote books in the early 1980s that created the "cyberpunk" style. Later he, and the writer Bruce Sterling, wrote one of the early steampunk novels The Difference Engine. This book was popular and readers looked for a term to describe this new style. They chose "steampunk", from "steam" and "cyberpunk".

An alternate story is that the term was coined by writer K.W. Jeter in a letter to Faren Miller at Locus magazine.
Derivative styles 
There are several related styles that have grown from steampunk. These usually have names ending in "-punk". The best known is "Dieselpunk", which is set in the 1930s. Like the Steampunk fondness for Victorian steam machines, Dieselpunks like the Modernist style of the 1930s, with polished aluminium aircraft and petrol or diesel engines.

Another variety is set in the American frontier during the late 19th century.  The American 1960s television series Wild Wild West is a good example of this.

Paranormal steampunk includes legendary creatures such as werewolves or vampires and mixes horror with steampunk.

Works of fiction based in or on Steampunk

Books
The Oswald Bastable (Nomad of the Time Streams) series by Michael Moorcock
Morlock Night by K.W. Jeter
Time Ships by Stephen Baxter
The time machine by H. G. Wells
Video and Computer games
Riven- based heavily in the use of metal, steam-powered or manual, mechanical devices.
Myst III: Exile- Two worlds in the game are based in steampunk mechanics; one based heavily on steam and water power, and the other on manual mechanics.
Myst IV: Revelation- The main hub location of the game, Tomahna, partially involves the use of mechanical and electrically-powered devices. However, some items in the game are anachronistic (they do not exactly belong in that time period), such as cathode ray tubes (basic TV screens) and circuit boards. The clothing worn by the characters in the game are also similar to 18th and 19th century clothes.
Film
First Men in the Moon (1964) - Based on a story by H.G. Wells.
Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959) - Based on a story by Jules Verne.
The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) - Based on (but differs greatly from) a graphic novel by Alan Moore.
Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow (2004) - A dieselpunk film.
Steam Trek  (1994) - Is a parody of Star Trek done as a steampunk film.
Wild Wild West - a 1960s television series.
Wild Wild West (1998 film)- an adaptation of the original 1960s television program.
Steamboy
Arcane - A more dystopian take on Steampunk by Riot Games

References

Other websites

Brass Goggles, the Steampunk Forum 

Fiction genres
Jersey is a type of fabric which is mainly used for clothing. Originally it was made of wool, but today other materials, such as cotton or synthetic fibers are also used. Since the Middle Ages, the island of Jersey exported a lot of knitted goods; the fabric used became well-known under the name. 

Cloth
Brown hair, also called brunette hair, is the second most common hair color. It varies from light brown to black. People with brown or black hair are known as brunettes. Brown hair is common in Indo European and West Eurasian people. However, people with brown or black hair are found all across the world.

Hair
Joy Behar is an American actress, comedian and writer. She co-hosts the television program The View on ABC. Behar has been in a number of movies and other television programs. She currently hosts The Joy Behar Show. She was born October 7, 1942.

Other websites

1942 births
Living people
American voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Writers from New York City
Television talk show hosts
In sport, a jersey is a shirt worn by a member of a team, often with the wearer's name and team number as well. Many Cycling jerseys of specific colour or pattern represent certain statuses in cycling, such as the maillot jaune (yellow jersey) of the leader of the Tour de France, or the rainbow jersey.  The World Cycling Union also says a champion must wear the champions jersey in a race, not the team jersey.  Cycling jerseys are usually made of special synthetic material to help sweat away from the skin.  The main garment of an ice hockey uniform, which was traditionally called a sweater, is increasingly known as a hockey jersey. This garment, along with basketball jerseys which are usually sleeveless and baseball jerseys which are usually button up, have become fashion accessories.
In some sports, such as baseball, basketball, and American football, a player's jersey may be "retired".  When a jersey is retired that player's jersey is placed usually where the team plays in honour of that player's accomplishment.  The retiring of a jersey at one time included the retiring of the number on the player's jersey leaving it unavailable for future players, to further honour that player.  However, as jerseys are usually double digit (00-99), that leaves only 100 possible numbers—if the rules of the sport allow it. For example, in U.S. college basketball, only 36 distinct numbers are possible, as rules prohibit the use of any digits greater than 5. As such the practice of retiring the number has dwindled, and in most cases only the specific jersey is retired and put on display.

Other