Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Lower Formulae (1958 - 1967)
Tyrrell Racing was created in 1958. It used Formula Three cars for Ken Tyrrell and local stars. Tyrrell stopped being a driver in 1959. He did not think that he was good enough as a driver. He began to run a Formula Junior operation. He used the woodshed owned by his family business, Tyrrell Brothers, to do the work on the cars. During the 1960s, Tyrrell moved through the lower levels of formula racing. John Surtees and Jacky Ickx raced for their first times with his team. The team's most famous partnership was with Jackie Stewart. Stewart first signed up in 1963.  

Tyrrell ran the BRM Formula 2 operation during 1965, 1966 and 1967. During this time, Stewart was signed to the Formula One team. Tyrrell then signed a deal to run Formula 2 cars made by French company Matra.

Formula One (1968 - 1998)

1960s
1960s

With the help of Elf and Ford, Tyrrell moved to Formula One in 1968. He started as a part of Matra International. It was made up of Tyrrell's own team and the French auto maker Matra. Stewart was expected to race very well. He won several Grands Prix in the teams Matra MS10. The car's most unusual feature was the use of aviation-styled structural fuel tanks. These let the car to be around 15 kg lighter. Although it was lighter, it was still stronger than the cars it was racing against. The FIA thought that the technology was not safe. They chose to not let it be used in 1970. They said that rubber bag-tanks had to be used instead.
For the 1969 championship, the Matra team chose to not compete in Formula One. Instead of competing, Matra worked with Ken Tyrrell's 'Matra International' team. They built a new DFV powered car with structural fuel tanks, even though it would only be able to be used for a single season. Stewart won the 1969 title easily driving the new Cosworth-powered Matra MS80. Stewart's title was the first won by a French chassis. It was the only one won by a chassis built in France. It was a very special event for a team and a constructor that had only entered Formula One the year before.

1970s
1970s

IN 1970, Matra merged with Simca. For the 1970 season, Tyrrell was asked by Matra to use Simca's V12 in place of the Cosworth. Simca was a subsidiary of the American company Chrysler which was competition for Ford. Stewart tested the Matra V12. He did not think it was as good as the DFV. Ford gave Tyrrell a large part of the money they needed to race. The team also got money for the French petroleum company Elf. Elf had an agreement with Renault that did not allow them to provide money to anyone who was partnered with Simca. Because of this, Ken Tyrrell had to buy a March 701 chassis as temporary solution while making his own car in secret.
The team did still win some races during the 1970s with Jody Scheckter and Patrick Depailler. Most notable of these was Scheckter's win at the 1976 Swedish Grand Prix. They finished first and second in that race using an unusual Derek Gardner designed Tyrrell P34 car. The P34 was the first (and only) successful six-wheeled F1 car. They replaced front wheels with smaller wheels mounted in banks of two on either side of the car. The design was no longer used after Goodyear refused to make the small tires needed for the car.

1980s

In 1977, the Turbo era started in Grand Prix racing. By the mid-1980s, normal (non-turbo) cars could not race as well. Without the enough money, Tyrrell was the last team with the Cosworth DFV. All other teams had changed to turbocharged engines. It was the start of two decades of bad times for Tyrrell. The last win for the classic Cosworth Ford DFV engine was by a Tyrrell car, Michele Alboreto at the 1983 Detroit Grand Prix. It was also Tyrrell's last Grand Prix win.
1990s
Tyrrell had money problems in the 1980s and 1990s. In the late 1990s, Tyrrell had problems with his health as well. In 1998 and in the face of dwindling form and ill health, he sold his team to British American Tobacco. The team became British American Racing. The last race for Tyrrell was the 1998 Japanese Grand Prix, where Ricardo Rosset failed to qualify and team-mate Toranosuke Takagi ended the race on lap 28 after a collision with Esteban Tuero's Minardi.

Complete World Championship Formula One results

Tyrrell Racing
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
* In 1968 and 1969 Tyrrell ran the works-supported Matra team, hence were not eligible for Constructors' Championship points themselves. Totals in brackets are those scored by Tyrrell drivers that counted toward the Matra-Ford total.
** During 1970, in addition to their own 001 car, Tyrrell ran March-built cars for which Tyrrell were not eligible for Constructors' Championship points. Points in brackets are those scored by Tyrrell drivers that counted toward March's total of 48.
***Winners of the Colin Chapman Trophy, with 169 points.

Other Tyrrell cars
Formula One World Championship results for Tyrrell cars entered by other teams.
(key)

Other websites

TeamTyrrell.Com

Footnotes

Formula One constructors
British automobile companies
The Copenhagen Metro (Danish: Københavns metro) is the longest underground traffic system in Denmark. It is a 20.5 km (12.7 mi) metro system. It was opened between 2002 and 2007, and has two lines, M1 (green) 14.3 km (8.9 mi) and M2 (yellow) 14.2 km, (8.8 mi). M3 and M4 will be made in the future.  In 2009, the metro carried 50 million passengers.

The stations in lines M1 and M2 are:	
 Amager Strand
 Amagerbro
 Bella Center
 Christianshavn
 DR Byen
 Fasanvej
 Femøren
 Flintholm
 Forum
 Frederiksberg
 Islands Brygge
 Kastrup
 Kongens Nytorv
 Lergravsparken
 Lindevang
 Lufthavnen (Airport)
 Nørreport
 Ørestad
 Øresund
 Sundby
 Vanløse
 Vestamager

 Number of stations: 22. 9 of these are underground

 Electrification: 750 V, third rail

 Average speed: 40 km/h (25 mph

 Top speed: 80 km/h (50 mph)

References

Transport in Denmark
Copenhagen
Rapid transit systems
2000s establishments in Denmark
Weston, Illinois was a community next to Batavia. It was a subdivision of pre-fabricated homes started in the early 1960s.  Sales were very slow, so the land developers tried to attract Fermilab to be a new employer on the edge of the new town.  However, it turned out that the amount of land needed would swallow up the entire town.  So, the town voted to sell all of the land, including the houses that had been built to Fermilab.  The people wanted to move the town to the east beyond the edge of Fermilab, but county officials prohibited the move. The town then dissolved.

Before new Fermilab buildings could be finished, the scientists moved into the Weston houses and also moved all of the farm houses on Fermilab to that location for use as office space. They renamed Weston, "Fermilab Village." It still houses visiting scientists.

References

Other websites 
Fermilab History and Archives Project

Villages in Illinois
Fermilab
1960s establishments in Illinois
20th-century disestablishments
Kim Ok-gyun (Korean: 김옥균; 1851 – 1894) was Korean Joseon Dynasty politician and diplomat. His nicknames were Gowoo (Korean: 고우, 古遇) and Gokyun (Korean: 고균, 古筠).

Books 
 Kihwageunsa (기화근사, 箕和近事)
 Chidoyakron (치도약론, 治道略論)
 Gapsinillok (갑신일록, 甲申日錄)

References 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=31693
 http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=4870

1851 births
1894 deaths
Korean politicians
Korean educators
Korean murder victims
Korean autobiographers
Great Britain at the Olympics is a history which includes 50 games in 23 countries and 6,000+ athletes. Since 1896, sportsmen of  the United Kingdom have taken part the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Great Britain is GBR.

History
The British National Olympic Committee was formed in 1905.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1905.

Great Britain's team first competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

Great Britain is the name that the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland uses when it competes at the Olympic Games. Great Britain was one of 14 teams to compete in the first Games in 1896. It has competed at every Games.  As of 2012, Athletes from Great Britain have won 780 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won 22 at the Winter Olympic Games.  Great Britain is the only team to have won at least one gold medal at every Summer Games.
Great Britain was the name given to the United Kingdom team for the 1908 Summer Olympics. It was also given the IOC country code GBR. The team is also called "Team GB". Representatives of the devolved Northern Ireland government, do not think this is a good name. They think it suggests that Northern Ireland is not part of the British Olympic team, and they think the name should be changed to Team UK. However, British is a correct term for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland as, for instance, in "the British Government".
 
In an agreement between the British and Irish Olympic groups, athletes from Northern Ireland can choose to be a part of the Irish Olympic team. All British people may have dual citizenship if they wish.

Summer Games results

Winter Games results

Host country
London, the United Kingdom's capital, has hosted the Games on three occasions.

In 2012, London became the first city to host the Olympics three times.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References
References

Other websites

 British Olympic Association

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
The Sundance Sea was an inland or epeiric sea covering much of western North America in the Jurassic period. It was an arm of what is now the Arctic Ocean, and extended through what is now western Canada into the central western United States. The sea receded (moved back) when highlands to the west began to rise.

Stratigraphy
The Sundance Sea did not occur at a single time; evidence suggests that it was a series of five successive marine transgressions. Each was separated by a period of erosion.The sea advanced and receded from the Middle Jurassic onwards. The terrestrial sediments of the Morrison Formation  eroded from rising highlands to the west  were deposited on top of the calcareous Sundance Formation as the sea retreated for the last time, late in the Jurassic.

The sedimentary rocks which formed in and around the Sundance Sea are often rich in fossils.
Fauna
The Sundance Sea had many types of animals. The oyster Gryphaea was very common, and shark teeth have been found. Fish, belemnites and to an extent ammonites swarmed in shoals. Crinoids and bivalvia dotted the seafloor. Ophthalmosaurus, a large ichthyosaur, swam in the seas using its large, long jaws to catch belemnite 'squid'. Pantosaurus, a plesiosaur the size of a seal, went after the easier-to-catch fish. The largest marine reptile in the Sundance Sea was Megalneusaurus, a large pliosaur similar to Liopleurodon. Its fossils have been found in Alaska and Wyoming, which were both covered by the Sundance Sea when it was alive.

During the periods of recession, dinosaurs and other Jurassic animals walked on the shores, leaving fossil footprints.

Related pages 
Western Interior Seaway (Cretaceous period)

References 

Geography of North America
Jurassic
Seas
The Western Interior Seaway  was a huge inland sea. It split North America into two halves for most of the mid- and late-Cretaceous Period. It was up to  deep,  wide and over  long.

Origin and geology 
Sea level was high in the Cretaceous, and the middle part of North America sank down. A shallow subducting plate pulled on the bottom of the lithosphere, causing it to move down. The sea entered both north and south, and came and went during the course of the Cretaceous. Widespread carbonate deposition suggests that the Seaway was warm and tropical, with abundant calcareous algae. The shrunken, regressive phase of the Western Interior Seaway is sometimes called the Pierre Seaway.

Fauna

The long, narrow western border of the seaway called Laramidia had one of the most diverse collections of dinosaurs anywhere on Earth.
The Western Interior Seaway was a shallow sea filled with abundant marine life. This included predatory marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs that grew up to 18 meters long.  Other marine life included sharks such as Squalicorax and the giant shellfish-eating Ptychodus mortoni (believed to be 10 meters long). There were advanced bony fish such as the massive 5-meter long Xiphactinus – a fish larger than any modern bony fish. Other sea life included invertebrates such as molluscs, ammonites, squid-like belemnites, and plankton including coccolithophores that secreted the chalky platelets that give the Cretaceous its name, foraminiferans and radiolarians.
The Western Interior Seaway was home to early birds also, including the flightless Hesperornis which had stout legs for swimming through water and small wing-like appendages used for marine steering rather than flight; and the tern-like Ichthyornis, an early avian with a toothy beak. Icthyornis shared the sky with large pterosaurs such as Nyctosaurus and Pteranodon. Pteranodon fossils are very common and it was likely a major component of the surface ecosystem, though it was only found in the southern reaches of the Seaway.

On the bottom, the giant clam Inoceramus left common fossilized shells in the Pierre Shale. This clam had a thick shell paved with prisms of calcite deposited at right angles to the surface, giving a pearly luster in life. Paleontologists suggest that its giant size was an adaptation for life in the murky bottom waters, where a correspondingly large gill area would have allowed the animal to cope with oxygen-depleted waters.

Related pages 
Sundance Sea (Jurassic period)

References
References 

Geography of North America
Cretaceous
Seas
The Common Poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii) is a nocturnal bird of the family Caprimulgidae, the nightjars.  It is found from British Columbia and southeastern Alberta, through the western United States to northern Mexico. The bird's habitat is dry, open areas with grasses or shrubs, and even stony desert slopes with very little vegetation.

Birds of North America
The hooded pitohui (Pitohui dichrous), is a songbird of New Guinea with black and orange plumage.

This species and its two close relatives, the variable pitohui and the brown pitohui,  were the first known poisonous birds. A neurotoxin  found in the birds' skin and feathers causes numbness and tingling in those touching the bird.

The hooded pitohui gets its poison from part of its diet, the Choresine beetles of the Melyridae family. These beetles are also a likely source of the lethal batrachotoxins found in Colombia's poison dart frogs.

Common and widespread throughout New Guinea, the hooded pitohui is of 'Least Concern' on the IUCN Red List of threatened species.

References

Birds of Oceania
Passeri
The 2014 Atlantic hurricane season was a below-average season in terms of named storms, and an average season in terms of both hurricanes and major hurricanes. It produced nine tropical cyclones, eight named storms, the fewest since the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season, six hurricanes and two major hurricanes. It officially began on June 1, 2014, and ended on November 30, 2014. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first storm of the season, Arthur, developed on July 1, while the final storm, Hanna, dissipated on October 28, about a month prior to the end of the season

Storm names
This is the list of names used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2014. The list is the same as the 2008 list except for Gonzalo, Isaias, and Paulette because Gustav, Ike, and Paloma were damaging and deadly storms in 2008, and their names were retired. In 2014 no storms were retired so the same exact list was used in 2020.

Notes
Notes

References

2014 disasters
was a , also known as Tempō, after Bunsei and before Kōka.  The period started in December 1830 and ended in December 1844. During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Tenpō means "Heavenly Protection".

Events of the Tenpō era
1833-1836 (Tenpō 4-7): Great Tenpō Famine
 1835 (Tenpō 6): Copper coins called Tenpō-tsūhō were minted.
 20 July 1835 (Tenpō 6, 7th day of the 6th month): Earthquake in Sanriku (Latitude: 37.900/Longitude:  141.900), 7.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
 1837-1843 (Tenpō 8-14): Gold and silver coins called Tenpō-kingin were minted.
 1837 (Tenpō 8): Tokugawa Ieyoshi became the 12th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
  1837 (Tenpō 8): Uprising led by Ōshio Heihachirō was known as Tempo Jiken and Ikuta Yorozu
  1837 (Tenpō 8): Morrison Incident — an American ship shelled by cannon fire from Uraga and Kagoshima
  1837 (Tenpō 8):  Tokugawa Yoshinobu was born
 12 December 1840 (Tenpō 11, 19th day of the 11th month): Former-Emperor Kōkaku died.
 25 April 1843 (Tenpō 14, 25th day of the 3rd month): Earthquake in Hokkaido (Latitude: 41.800/Longitude: 144.800), 8.4 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
1844 (Tenpō 15):  Errors in the lunar calendar were corrected. The new calendar was called the Tenpō-Jinin.  It was in use in Japan until 1872 when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.
Related pages 
 Edo period
 Tenpō calendar

References

Other websites 
 "The Japanese Calendar", National Diet Library—historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1830 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
1844 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
1830s establishments in Asia
A direct proof is a way of showing that something is true or false by using logic. This is done by combining known facts. No assumptions are made when doing a direct proof. Lemmas and theorems are used to prove direct proofs.

A statement that can be proved with a direct proof is usually in the form "if p, then q." Here, p and q are facts. To solve a statement like this, every case where p is true must be considered.

For example, this statement can be solved with a direct proof: "if x and y are even integers, then x+y is an even integer." Since x and y are even, then we can say that x=2m and y=2n, where m and n are integers. (This is a lemma.) We can also say that m+n is an integer, because adding two integers gives an integer. (This is another lemma.) Then we can say that x+y=2m+2n=2(m+n). Since m+n is an integer, we can say 2(m+n)=2k, where k=m+n. We know that any integer times 2 is an even integer. We can then say that any two even integers added together give an even integer.
Direct proofs are used in mathematics, logic, and computer science. The opposite of a direct proof is an indirect proof (also called a proof by contradiction.)

Related pages
 Mathematical proof
 Proof by contradiction
 Proof by induction

Mathematics
Logic
Death Valley Junction (formerly, Amargosa and '"Death Valley'") is a tiny Mojave Desert community in unincorporated Inyo County, California, at the intersection of SR 190 and SR 127, just east of Death Valley National Park.  The zip code is 92328, the elevation is , and the population fewer than 20. It contains the Amargosa Opera House and Hotel.

References 

National Register of Historic Places
Unincorporated communities in California
Settlements in Inyo County, California
1923 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in California
Melancholia, a mood disorder to do with depression
Major depressive disorder, clinical depression
Melancholic, one of the four temperaments theory of psychology
Criticism of writings
Beginning with the Enlightenment, in the 18th century, people began to apply methods of text criticism they had also applied to other documents, and philosophical writings.  This form of criticism uses reason, rather than revelations to study texts. There are four primary types of Biblical criticism: form, traditional, higher and lower criticism.
Form criticism tries to find the earlier oral traditions on which the texts were based.
Tradition criticism  studies the Bible and looks at how traditions have changed over time.
 Higher criticism: the study of the sources and literary methods employed by the biblical authors.
Lower criticism: the discipline and study of the actual wording of the Bible; a quest for textual purity and understanding.
Conservative Christians, as well as much of Orthodox Judaism  and Karaite Judaism,  support the idea that the Bible is historically accurate. Moderate and liberal Christians generally think the Bible texts are historical, and reliable. They do however think that certain passages should not be read literally, but metaphorically.

References

Controversies
was a  after Tenpō and before Kaei.  This period started in December of 1844 and ended in February of 1848.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Kōka era

 1844 (Kōka 1): Takashima Tomonosuke was born.

 1846 (Kōka 3): Two U.S. Navy ships were driven away from Uraga at the mouth of Tokyo Bay. 
 
 21 February 1846 (Kōka 3, 26th day of the 1st month): Ninkō died; and the succession passed to his son (senso).  Soon after, Emperor Kōmei's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).

 March 1846 (Kōka 3): Earthquake in Sanriku (Latitude: 39.500/Longitude:  142.000), 6.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale

  9 May 1847 (Kōka 4): Earthquake in Nagano (Latitude: 37.000/Longitude:  138.000), 7.4 on Richter Scale

 1848 (Kōka 5): The last subscription Noh performance of the pre-modern era.

During the Koka era, Hiroshige began making prints of women in the context of famous places.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References
References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1844 establishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
1848 disestablishments
1840s establishments in Japan
The Hoxne treasure  is the largest find of late Roman silver and gold in Britain, and the largest collection of gold and silver coins of the fourth and fifth century found anywhere in the Roman Empire.

The treasure was found by metal detector in the village of Hoxne in Suffolk, England, on  1992. The hoard consists of 14,865 Roman gold, silver and bronze coins from the late fourth and early fifth centuries, and about 200 items of silver tableware and gold jewellery.

The objects are now in the British Museum in London, where the most important pieces and a selection of the rest are on permanent display. In 1993, the Treasure Valuation Committee valued the hoard at £1.75 million (today £).
The hoard was buried as an oak box or small chest filled with items in precious metal, with some in smaller wooden boxes and others in bags or wrapped in fabric. Remnants of the chest, and of fittings such as hinges and locks, were recovered in the dig. The coins date the hoard to after AD 407, about the end of Britain as a Roman province.

The owners and reasons for burial of the hoard are unknown, but it was carefully packed and the contents seem what a very rich family might have owned. The lack of large silver serving vessels and of some of the most common types of jewellery, suggest that the hoard is only part of the wealth of its owner.
The Hoxne treasure contains several rare and important objects, including a gold body-chain and silver-gilt pepper-pots. The hoard was excavated by archaeologists with the items largely undisturbed and intact. The find has helped to improve the relationship between people using metal detectors and archaeologists. It has influenced a change in English law on finds of treasure.p173

Related pages 
Thetford Hoard

References 

Roman coins
Archaeological sites in Suffolk
Treasure troves
The  is one of Japan's traditional regions. The Japanese conventions of geography and history divide the nation into eight regions, including the Tōhoku region.  These have been used since 1905 as basic units for description and comparison and as cultural markers.

The regions of Japan are a fusion of historical divisions and modern administrative needs.    The significance of the region in Japan is geographical, cultural and administrative.

History
In the late 7th century, the Tōsandō region were identified as one of the eight largest administrative areas of the Imperial system (ritsuryo seido).

Gokishichidō is an ancient system of names for parts of the country, including Tōsandō.  Tōhoku covers the northern area of the island of Honshū in roughly the same area as the traditional Tōsandō.
In the Meiji period, the modern regional system was made by Imperial decree.  Japan was divided into regions (chihō ), including the Tōhoku region. A regional council  (chihō gyōsei kyōgisai) was headed by the governor of the most powerful prefecture in the regional grouping.  The council also included regional chiefs of central government ministries.

Over time, Tōhoku has developed its own regional dialects, customs and unique traditional culture. Tōhoku is famous for farming. Now a lot of kinds of vegetable are grown.

The Tōhoku University was built in 1907.

In 2011, Tōhoku was struck with a very strong earthquake and tsunami. It caused a lot of damage. Now, people in Japan do their best for the complete revival of Tōhoku.

Geography

The region occupies the northeastern part of Honshu, which is the largest Japanese island.
Tōhoku Prefectures
The region has six prefectures. From north to south, they are:
 Aomori Prefecture
 Iwate Prefecture
 Akita Prefecture
 Miyagi Prefecture
 Yamagata Prefecture
 Fukushima Prefecture

Related pages

 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
 Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Sri Lanka Railways Class S11 is a diesel multiple-unit (DMU) train, built for Sri Lanka Railways by RITES Ltd, an Indian state infrastructure corporation.  The DMUs are currently being imported in phases, with the last batch arriving in Sri Lanka in March 2012.  They were built to replace locomotive-hauled passenger trains.  Twenty S11 DMUs were ordered to strengthen long distance travel on the Coastal railway line from Colombo to Matara.

References

Locomotives
Transport in Sri Lanka
The following is a list of the 32 communes of the Guadeloupe overseas department of France.

Former communes detached from Guadeloupe on February 22, 2007:

 
Guadeloupe
The high numbers of people from the West on this list may be due to societies attitudes toward homosexuality. The Pew Research Center's 2003 Global Attitudes Survey found that "[p]eople in Africa and the Middle East strongly object to societal acceptance of homosexuality. But there is far greater tolerance for homosexuality in major Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia and Brazil. Opinion in Europe is split between West and East. Majorities in every Western European nation surveyed say homosexuality should be accepted by society, while most Russians, Poles and Ukrainians disagree. Americans are divided; a narrow majority (51 percent) believe homosexuality should be accepted, while 42 percent disagree."

A

Related pages
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people: W–Z

References

Lists of people
German athletes have been a part of most of the Olympic Games since the first modern Games in 1896.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Germany is GER.

History
Germany has hosted three Olympic Games. They hosted both the Winter and Summer Games in 1936. They also hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics. Germany was also to be the host of the 1916 Summer Olympics and the 1940 Winter Olympics. Neither of these were held because of World War I and World War II. After these wars, Germans were not allowed to be a part of the Olympics in 1920, 1924 and 1948. From after World War II until 1990, the country was divided and took part in the Olympics separately. Each of the two German states boycotted the Summer Games. West Germany was one of 65 countries that did not go to Moscow in 1980. This boycott was because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In 1984 East Germany joined the Soviet boycott of the Summer Games in Los Angeles.
German athletes have won 1618 medals. . They have won 528 gold, 542 silver and 548 bronze medals.

German post-WW2 division until 1990
German organisations were ended by the Allies in 194. In 1950 the IOC accepted the Nationales Olympisches Komitee für Deutschland for all of Germany. It was in (West) Germany.
Due to the Cold War, the (German Democratic Republic) was created in October 1949. A National Olympic Committee (NOC) for East Germany was created in 1951. It was not accepted by the IOC at first. Until 1965, athletes of the NOC of East Germany had to join the German team represented by the NOC of (West) Germany. This team took part in the Olympics from 1956 to 1964. It is now called the United Team of Germany (EUA, "Equipe Unifiée Allemande"), but was Germany (GER) then. Because of Germany being divided, from 1968 to 1990 two teams took part in each of the Games. Their designations were GER for the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and GDR for the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). In 1980 the West German code was changed to FRG. After the East Germany became a part of Germany again in 1990, Germany had a single team. It was designated GER.
In the early 1950s the French-controlled Saar had its own NOC. It took part in the 1952 Summer Olympics. It became a part of the German Olympic team in 1956.

Medals

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites 

 Germany profile at London2012.com 

Olympics
Nations at the Olympics
The Line Islands are an island chain in the central Pacific Ocean near the equator. Three of the islands are territories of the United States of America. These islands are Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, and Palmyra Island. The rest of the islands are part of Kiribati, an island nation in the Pacific ocean. The Islands that are part of Kiribati are Washington Island, Tabuaeran, Kiritimati, Malden Island, Starbuck Island, Caroline Island, Flint Island, and Vostok Island. The islands are sometimes grouped into the southern line islands (Caroline, Vostok, and Flint islands), central line islands (Jarvis Island, Malden Island, and Starbuck islands), and northern line islands (Kingman Reef, Kiritimati, and Palmyra, Washington, and Fanning islands).

Pacific islands
Archipelagos
was a  after Kōka and before Ansei.  This period started in February 1848 and ended in November 1854. During this time, the emperor was . 

The nengō Kaei means "Celebration of Eternity" or "Eternal Felicity"

Events of the Kaei Era

 1849 (Kaei 2): Medical practice of vaccination first used by Dutch physician at Dejima.

 July 1853 (Kaei 6): Commodore Matthew Perry and the United States Navy anchor off Uraga at the mouth of Tokyo Bay.

 1854 (Kaei 7): Commodore Perry returns to Edo Bay to force Japanese agreement to the Treaty of Kanagawa.  The chief Japanese negotiator was Hayashi Akira.

 2 May 1854 (Kaei 7, the 6th day of the 4th month): Fire destroyed the Imperial Palace in Kyoto.

During the Kaei era, the shogunate bought guns and encouraged the manufacture of guns.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1848 establishments
1840s establishments in Japan
1854 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Japan
Fenius Farsaid was a King in Irish mythology. He was King of Scythia when the Tower of Babel was being built, and one of 72 chieftains working for King Nimrod to build it. He managed to keep his language alive even after Babel confused languages and this eventually became Irish according to the myth. His son Nel married Scota, the daughter of King Cingris of Egypt. From his son the Gaels supposedly descended. He is mentioned in Lebor Gabala Erenn and Auraicept na en-Eces.

Irish mythology
Weston, Illinois is an unincorporated community in McLean County, Illinois. It is on U.S. Route 24.

History

On 26 August 1867, W. F. Bryan laid out Weston. The Original Town included 288 small lots, five blocks that were not subdivided and a Public Park. The depot and town hall were on the south side of the tracks. The station was for the Toledo Peoria and Western Railroad. In 1895 there were four churches. Just east of town, Western Cemetery has an area of natural tall grass prairie.

References

Unincorporated communities in Illinois
1867 establishments in Illinois
was a  after Kaei and before Man'en.  This period started in November 1854 and ended in March 1860.  During this time, the emperor was . 

The nengō Ansei means "tranquil government".

Events of the Ansei era 

 1854 (Ansei 1): The Ansei-Tōkai Quake (安政東海地震, Ansei Tōkai Jishin) was an 8.4 magnitude earthquake which struck on December 23, 1854. The epicenter ranged from Suruga Bay to the deep ocean, and struck primarily in the Tōkai region, but destroyed houses as far away as in Edo. The accompanying tsunami caused damage along the entire coast from the Bōsō Peninsula in modern-day Chiba prefecture to Tosa province (modern-day Kōchi prefecture)

 1854 (Ansei 1): The Ansei-Nankai Quake (安政南海地震, Ansei Nankai Jishin) was an 8.4 magnitude earthquake which struck on December 24, 1854. Over 10,000 people from the Tōkai region down to Kyushu were killed.

 1855 (Ansei 2): After the Imperial Palace was destroyed by fire in 1854 (Kaei 7), it was re-built in nine months.
1855 (Ansei 2, 21st day of the 11th month): The emperor moved in a grand procession from the Katsura Palace to the newly completed palace in Kyoto.

 11 November 1855 (Ansei 2): Great Ansei Earthquake in Edo.  Epicenter -- (Latitude: 36.000/Longitude: 140.000), 6.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale.

 15 November 1857 (Ansei 4): Nagasaki Medical School was opened.  Dr. Pompe van Meerdevoort gave the first formal public lecture at the new school.

 1858-1860 (Ansei 4-Ansei 6): Cholera killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people in Edo.

 1858 (Ansei 5): Establishment of Keio University.

 29 July 1959 (Ansei 5):  Ii Naosuke signs Japanese-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce (also known as the "Harris Treaty").

 1858 (Ansei 5): Beginning of Ansei Purge which was ordered by Ii Naosuke.

 March 24, 1860 (Ansei 7):  Ii Naosuke was assassinated, also known as the "Sakurada-mon Incident"

Related pages 
 Edo period

References
References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 National Diet Library, Photograph of Sakurada-mon (1909)

 

Japanese eras
1854 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
1860 disestablishments
1860s disestablishments in Japan
1850s establishments in Asia
was a  after Ansei and before Bunkyū.  This period started in March 1860 and ended in February 1861.  During this time, the emperor was . 

The nengō Tenpō means "Ten Thousand Years Prolonged"

Events of the Man'en era

 1860 (Man'en 1): First Western professional photographer to live in Japan was Orrin Freeman in Yokohama. 

 1860 (Man'en 1): First diplomatic mission from modern Japan to the United States.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" Link to historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1860 establishments in Asia
1860s establishments in Japan
1861 disestablishments
1860s disestablishments in Japan
Euro disco is a form of disco-based dance music which originated in the late-1970s in Europe, as a more European variant of disco music. Euro disco was based on disco music, yet it was a more encompassing genre which borrowed influences from pop, rock and New Wave music. In such a way, it was more pop-friendly and less "gritty" than regular disco music. It often included synthesizers within its composition.

Euro disco, as the term suggests, was popular in Europe. Nevertheless, it also achieved popularity in the United States through artists such as Donna Summer. Some regard Kraftwerk as the first Euro disco group. Furthermore,  Giorgio Moroder was also a major force within the Euro disco scene.

References

Disco
Pop music
Electronic dance music
The Wilson's bird-of-paradise is a small bird of the Paradisaeidae family.

Description 
The male is a red and black bird-of-paradise with a yellow mantle on its neck, a light-green mouth, blue feet and two curved violet tail feathers. The head is naked blue with a black double cross pattern on it. 

As so often with birds in general, and paradise birds in particular, the female is not showy. It is a brownish bird, though it does have a bare blue crown.

Diet 
Wilson's bird-of-paradise eat usually fruit or small insects.

References 

Paradisaeidae
Birds of Oceania
The Woodpecker Finch is a species of birds in the family Fringillidae. They live in the Galapagos Islands and are named for their habit of eating grubs that live in the woods. But the woodpecker finch, unlike woodpeckers, does not have a long tongue or a bill that is suitable for getting hold of the grubs. Instead, it uses a cactus spine or twig that is the right shape to dig grubs out.

References 

Finches
Galápagos Islands
Birds of South America
The secretarybird (Sagittarius serpentarius) is a large terrestrial bird of prey. It is usually found in African savannas and open grasslands.

Unlike most birds of prey, the secretarybird hunts its prey on foot. Adults hunt in pairs and sometimes as family flocks. They stalk through the grass with long strides. Prey includes insects, mammals from mice to hares and mongoose, crabs, lizards, snakes, tortoises, young birds, bird eggs, and sometimes dead animals killed in grass or bushfires.

The bird is famous for hunting snakes. It even hunts venomous cobras and other reptiles. Its claws are weak and blunt, so to make a kill, it stomps on its victim, breaking its back.

It is put in its own family on the basis of molecular sequence analysis.

Size 
Standing up, the secretarybird is nearly 4.5 feet (1.3 m) tall.

References 

Accipitriformes
Birds of Africa
A nucleophile is a species that donates an electron-pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in a reaction. All molecules or ions with a free pair of electrons can be nucleophiles. This pair of electrons is called lone pair. Because nucleophiles donate electrons, they fit the definition of Lewis bases. 

Nucleophilic describes the attraction of a nucleophile to the nuclei. Nucleophilicity, sometimes referred to as  nucleophile strength, refers to a substance's nucleophilic character and is often used to compare the attraction of atoms.

Neutral nucleophilic reactions with solvents such as alcohols and water are called "solvolysis". Nucleophiles may take part in nucleophilic substitution reactions. In those reactions, a nucleophile becomes attracted to a full or partial positive charge.

History
The terms nucleophile and electrophile were introduced by Christopher Kelk Ingold in 1929, replacing the terms cationoid and anionoid proposed earlier by A. J. Lapworth in 1925.
The word nucleophile is derived from nucleus and the Greek word φιλος, philos for love.

Properties
In general, within a row across the periodic table, the more basic the ion (the higher the pKa of the conjugate acid) the more reactive it is as a nucleophile. In a given group, polarizability is more important in the determination of the nucleophilicity. In other words, the easier it is to distort the electron cloud around an atom or molecule, the more readily it will react. For example, the iodide ion (I−) is more nucleophilic than the fluoride ion (F−).

Types of nucleophiles
Examples of nucleophiles are anions such as Cl−, or a compound with a lone pair of electrons such as NH3 (ammonia).
In the example below, the oxygen of the hydroxide ion donates an electron pair to bond with the carbon at the end of the bromopropane molecule.  The bond between the carbon and the bromine then undergoes heterolytic fission, with the bromine atom taking the donated electron and becoming the bromide ion (Br−). This is a SN2 reaction occurs by backside attack.  This means that the hydroxide ion attacks the carbon atom from the other side, exactly opposite the bromine ion.  Because of this backside attack, SN2 reactions result in a reversal of the configuration of the electrophile.  If the electrophile is chiral, it typically keeps its chirality, though the SN2 product's configuration is flipped as compared to that of the original electrophile (Walden inversion).
An ambident nucleophile is one that can attack from two or more places, resulting in two or more products.  For example, the thiocyanate ion (SCN−) may attack from either the S or the N. For this reason, the SN2 reaction of an alkyl halide with SCN− often leads to a mixture of RSCN (an alkyl thiocyanate) and RNCS (an alkyl isothiocyanate). Similar mixtures will happen in the Kolbe nitrile synthesis.

Carbon nucleophiles
Alkyl metal halides are carbon nucleophiles found in the Grignard reaction, Blaise reaction, Reformatsky reaction, and Barbier reaction, organolithium reagents, and anions of a terminal alkyne.

Enols are also carbon nucleophiles.  The formation of an enol is catalyzed by acid or base.  Enols are ambident nucleophiles, but, in general, nucleophilic at the carbon atom next to the carbons with double bond (alpha carbon atom).
Enols are commonly used in condensation reactions, including the Claisen condensation and the aldol condensation reactions.
Oxygen nucleophiles
Examples of oxygen nucleophiles are water (H2O), hydroxide anion, alcohols, alkoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and carboxylate anions.

Sulfur nucleophiles
Of sulfur nucleophiles, hydrogen sulfide and its salts, thiols (RSH), thiolate anions (RS−), anions of thiolcarboxylic acids (RC(O)-S−), and anions of dithiocarbonates (RO-C(S)-S−) and dithiocarbamates (R2N-C(S)-S−) are used most often.

In general, sulfur is very nucleophilic because of its large size, which makes it readily polarizable, and its lone pairs of electrons are readily accessible.

Nitrogen nucleophiles
Nitrogen nucleophiles include ammonia, azide, amines, and nitrites.

Related pages
Electrophile
Lewis base

References

Organic chemistry
The , also known as the Taishō era, was a  after Meiji and before Shōwa.  This period started on July 30, 1912 and it ended on December 25, 1926. During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Taishō means "Great Justice" or "Great Righteousness".

Events of the Taishō period
The years in which Taishō was the Japanese monarch comprise this period or era.
 1920 (Taishō 9): First census of Japan, population 77 million
 1921 (Taishō 10): Prince Hirohito was made regent (sesshō)
 1923 (Taishō 12): Great Kantō earthquake;
 1925 (Taishō 14): The Emperor accepts the principle of the right to vote for everyone
Politics
 1912 (Taishō 1): Emperor Meiji died; and Saionji Kinmochi was the Prime Minister during the time of transition.
 1912 (Taishō 1): Katsura Tarō became 15th Prime Minister of Japan
 1913 (Taishō 2): Yamamoto Gonbee became 16th Prime Minister
 1914 (Taishō 3): Ōkuma Shigenobu became 17th Prime Minister
 1916 (Taishō 5): Terauchi Masatake became 18th Prime Minister
 1918 (Taishō 7): Hara Takashi became 19th Prime Minister
 1921 (Taishō 10): Takahashi Korekiyo became 20th Prime Minister
 1922 (Taishō 11): Katō Tomosaburō became 21st Prime Minister
 1923 (Taishō 12): Yamamoto became 22nd Prime Minister
 1924 (Taishō 13): Kiyoura Keigo became 23rd Prime Minister
 1924 (Taishō 13): Katō Takaaki became 24th Prime Minister
 1926 (Taishō 15):Wakatsuki Reijirō became 25th Prime Minister

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese era name

References

Other websites 

 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1912 establishments in Asia
1910s establishments in Japan
1926 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Japan
1920s disestablishments in Asia
The Lanarkshire Derby is a football rivalry in Lanarkshire, Scotland, and matches are played between two of Motherwell, Hamilton Academical, Airdrie United and Albion Rovers.

Motherwell vs Airdrie
This game is the biggest Lanarkshire derby, and big crowds usually come to watch this match, at either Fir Park or Excelsior Stadium. For a very long time, Motherwell and Airdrieonians were the two biggest teams in Lanarkshire, up until Airdrie went out of business in 2002. There has only been one game between these two teams since Airdrie re-formed as Airdrie United, in the 2007 Scottish Cup. A Richie Foran goal won it for Motherwell that day, in front of a crowd of 5,924, the highest ever for an Airdrie United match. Also, this match had often been the final of the Lanarkshire Cup, a competition where teams from all-over Lanarkshire played in. This competition stopped in 1996.
Motherwell vs Hamilton Academical
This game is the second-biggest Lanarkshire derby, and the most Southern of all the derbies. Up until 2008, both teams were mostly in different divisions. Then Hamilton got promoted to the SPL and both teams were to play each other a lot. This ended when Hamilton got relegated in 2011, meaning that Motherwell are now the only SPL team in Lanarkshire.

Hamilton Academical vs Airdrie
This game is between the two middle-rated teams in Lanarkshire, and is not as big as when one of the teams play Motherwell. Both teams have usually been in a league lower than the SPL, so this is not thought to be a big derby.

Airdrie vs Albion Rovers
This game is big for both teams, as they were both in the Monklands area, until Airdrie moved to a new stadium in the Petersburn area in 1998. The first match between Albion and Airdrie (as United), was in 2010, when Airdrie beat Albion Rovers 1-0 at Cliftonhill. Since that game, both teams are in the same division in the 2011-12 season.
Albion Rovers vs Hamilton Academical
This is not a big derby match, as both teams have been in different divisions for most of their existence. They were in the same league in 2001, but have not met each other since, making this derby the smallest. Coatbridge and Hamilton are 6 miles apart.

Albion Rovers vs Motherwell
This is the least remembered of the derbies, as Albion have been in the lower divisions for most of their existence, whilst Motherwell have been in the top division. There is also no bad feeling between the two, as a few young Motherwell players have gone out on loan to Albion Rovers over the years.

References

Football in Scotland
Not to be confused with Camptosaurus.

Camposaurus is a dinosaur from the Late Triassic of North America. It is a relative of Coelophysis. This relationship was upheld by a recent phylogenetic anlysis.

With fossils dating back to 205–210 million years ago (mya), it is the oldest known neotheropod. It is known from partial lower leg bones and other fragmentary material. 

A study of Camposaurus arizoniensis by Ezcurra and Brusatte discovered two unique features. This meant the specimen was a valid genus and species. Camposaurus is definitely a neotheropod. Based on phylogenetic analysis, its closest known relative is Megapnosaurus rhodensis, because they share similarities in the tibia, and ankle. Spielman et al. (2007) put Camposaurus in the family Coelophysidae.

References 

Theropods
Triassic dinosaurs
Staurikosaurus is a genus of Upper Triassic theropod dinosaurs found in Brazil. It was a small, lightly built carnivore.

The rarity of Staurikosaurus remains may be a result of it being uncommon while alive, or because it lived in an environment such as a forest, where fossils rarely form.

Description

At just , 80 centimetres tall (31 in), and weighing just 30 kilograms (66 lb), Staurikosaurus was small in comparison to later theropods like Megalosaurus. Staurikosaurus and the related Herrerasaurus are definitely theropods and evolved after the sauropod line had split from the theropods.

The fossil record of Staurikosaurus is poor, but the skeletal structure of the legs is known. Staurikosaurus was a quick runner for its size. It also had just two vertebrae joining the pelvis to the spine, a distinctly primitive arrangement.

The available teeth for Staurikosaurus strongly suggest a carnivorous diet.