Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1972, the A300 flew for the first time. The first type of A300 to be made, the A300B2, began to be used by airlines in 1974. The A300B4 began to be used one year later. At first, Airbus Industrie did not sell many planes. However, by 1979, 81 aircraft were being used. It was the A320 which made Airbus the very big company that it is today.

Parts of the A300 were made by many different companies from all over Europe. These were taken to Toulouse-Blagnac by some Aero Spacelines Super Guppy aircraft so that the parts could all be put together to make the plane. This method turned out to be much better than simply building the aircraft in one place.

Design

Some of the technology used for the Airbus A300 was taken from Concorde. When it began being used in 1974, the A300 was an advanced plane. Some advanced features were:
 Advanced wings by de Havilland
 Some parts made from metal billets, which saved weight
 Wind shear protection
 Autopilots which could fly the plane all the way from takeoff to landing.
A300s made later have other features, like:
 A glass cockpit
 The ability to move fuel around, which changes the plane's centre of gravity
 Wingtip fences (first used on the A310-300).

History

The A300 did not sell very well at first. Most of the orders were from airlines of countries which made up Airbus Industrie, like Air France and Lufthansa.

In 1974, Korean Air ordered 4 A300s. This made it the first airline outside of Europe to order an Airbus Industrie plane. Airbus Industrie thought that South-East-Asia was a good place to sell planes. It also thought that Korean Air was the 'key' to selling planes in that area.

Airlines which used the A300 to fly on short flights needed to have fewer flights so that the aircraft could be filled, so these airlines lost customers to other airlines which used smaller aircraft and had flights more often. Eventually, Airbus had to make the A320 to rival the Boeing 737 and McDonnell Douglas DC-9/MD-80.
In 1977, Eastern Air Lines leased four A300s. Frank Borman, who was the CEO of Eastern, was happy that the A300 used much less fuel than the planes the airline already had. He ordered 23 A300s. After this, Pan Am also ordered some A300s. From then on, many A300s were sold, and 878 planes were given to airlines.

The body of the A300 was made longer (on the A330 and A340), shorter (on the A310), or was changed (for the A300-600ST Beluga Super Transporter).

In March 2006, Airbus said that it was no longer making the A300/A310. The last A300 first flew on 18 April 2007. It was delivered to FedEx on 12 July 2007.

Different types of Airbus A300

A300B1
Only two of these were built: the prototype, and a second aircraft. It can hold 300 passengers or 323 passengers, and it has two General Electric CF6-50A engines.

A300B2
The first version to be made for airlines. It had General Electric CF6 or Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines. Air France was the first airline to use it, in May 1974.
A300B4
The version which was made the most. The first A300B4 made its first flight on 25 December 1974. Germanair got the first one on 23 May 1975.

A300-600
This type's official name is the A300B4-600. It has more powerful CF6-80 or Pratt & Whitney PW4000 engines, and it has the Honeywell 331-250 auxiliary power unit (APU). The A300-600 began being used in 1983 by Saudi Arabian Airlines The A300-600 also has a different cockpit (similar to the A310), so the flight engineer was not needed for this type.

A300B10 (A310)

This type is shorter and does not need a flight engineer. 
It can also be used as a military plane. It is currently being used by the Canadian Forces and German Air Force. 260 of these planes were sold, but five of these were never made.

Accidents

As of 2010, the A300 has had 54 accidents. There have been 26 hull-losses. 1,434 people have died on A300s.  A hull-loss accident is an accident where the plane is completely destroyed, or if it is damaged so much that it cannot be fixed.
Aircraft still flying
As of July 2020, there are more than 200 A300s still flying.

Details

Sources:

Engines

Deliveries

Data until the end of December 2007.

Related pages

References
References

Bibliography

Other websites

 Official site 

A300
Paul Ireland (born 1970) is a Scottish actor from Ardrossan, North Ayrshire, Scotland. He is best known for his role as Duncan Hayes in Neighbours.

References

1970 births
Living people
Scottish television actors
People from North Ayrshire
Australian television actors
George Washington Parke Custis (April 30, 1781 - October 10, 1857) was an American writer, orator, and agricultural reformer. He was the grandson of Martha Washington through her first husband, John Parke Custis. When his father died in 1781, George Washington Park Custis was raised at Mount Vernon by George and Martha Washington as their own son.

In 1804, Custis married Mary Lee Fitzhugh. They had four children.  Only one, Mary Anna Randolph Custis, survived.  In 1818, Custis completed Arlington House in Alexandria, Virginia. He displayed a large number of Mount Vernon relics there.

In 1831, his daughter married Lt. Robert E. Lee. The two remained in Arlington House. They had 7 children. Lee helped Custis manage his business affairs. Custis died in his bedroom at Arlington House in 1857.

References
 NPA:George Washington Parke Custis

People from Virginia
1781 births
1857 deaths
Jose Carlos Ruiz Gonzalez (born November 4, 1971 in Los Realejos, Tenerife, Canary Islands) is a judo athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and is a B2 type athlete. He competed in judo at the 2000 Summer Paralympics and he won third place in the men's Up to 60 kg group.

References 

Spanish judoka
Living people
1971 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2000 Summer Paralympics
People from the Canary Islands
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
María Monica Merenciano Herrero (born August 1, 1984 in Lliria, Valencia) is a judo athlete from Spain. She has a disability: She is blind and a B2 type athlete. She competed in judo at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and was the number three person to finish in the Up to 63 kg women's group.  She competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics and finished number three in the Up to 57 kg women at both Games.

References 

Spanish judoka
Living people
1984 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
People from Valencia
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B3
María Del Mar Olmedo Justicia (born August 10, 1983 in  Almería) is a judo athlete from Spain. She has a disability: She is blind and a B3 type athlete. She competed in judo at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She was the number two judo athlete in the women's + 70 Kilogram group.

References 

Spanish judoka
Living people
1983 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
2004 Summer Paralympics
People from Andalusia
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B3
One way that scientists study EEG recordings is by looking at different waves in the EEG. These waves do not move across the body, but occur as changes in the signal at one place over time. They are studied using mathematical techniques for separating a signal into different frequencies. The slowest waves are called delta, and they occur at 1 to 4 cycles per second. Delta occurs in sleep and during anesthesia. The next frequency is called theta, and it occurs at 4 to 8 cycles per second. Theta is seen when a person is trying to keep many different things, such as numbers or words, in memory. It is also seen when a person is drowsy. After theta comes alpha, a wave occurring at 8 to 12 cycles per second. Alpha is seen over the back of the head when a person has his or her eyes shut. It is also seen when a person is resting or meditating. Faster than alpha is beta, a wave that occurs at 12 to 30 cycles per second. It is seen when a person is getting ready to move or no longer resting
. It is also seen when a person takes benzodiazepine drugs. Finally, gamma is the fastest wave seen in EEG, occurring at 30 to 100 cycles per second. It is seen when a person is thinking or paying attention to something.
Neurology
Medical imaging
The Book of Shadows is a mix of religious text and personal diary content caried by many Wiccans. Gerald Gardner started the idea and said Wiccans should write down rituals and magical instructions inside.

Related pages 
 Grimoire

Religious texts
Magic (paranormal)
A regional language is a language spoken in an area that is part of a larger nation state.

Internationally, the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, "regional or minority languages" means languages that are:
traditionally used within a given territory of a State by nationals of that State who form a group numerically smaller than the rest of the State's population; and 
different from the official language(s) of that State
A regional language is, in terms of political status, different from the official language of the country where it is spoken. The regional languages are sometimes recognized and protected by the regional government or the state: many states across the world recognize regional languages, and give them a status, as is the case, for example, of Wallonia, Spain, Italy or Switzerland. In other cases the state does not grant official status as an official language of the country; it is the case with the regional languages of France, which can be studied but cannot be used in the government or any public service, where only French is official.

Status and trends
In some cases, a regional language may be the main or official language of another country; that is the case, in Europe, of French in the Valle d'Aosta, or Slovene in Austria.

Status changes may take place either by laws within a state or is by political and territorial changes.
An example of the first case is Belgium, where only French was the official language since the independence in 1831. In 1878, it was allowed that the provinces and districts where Flemish was spoken to use either French or Flemish; then, in 1938, Flemish became the official language of the northern part of Belgium.

For the second case, an example is the fragmentation of the Soviet Union where some regional languages, such as Latvian, Romanian or Georgian, became official languages in the new states formed after the fragmentation: Latvia, Moldova and Georgia.

In a federal state, an official language in a province, region or state, can be a regional language in other parts. That is the case, for example, in Canada, where French is the official language in the province of Quebec but is a regional one in other provinces.

Related pages
Minority language
Provincial language
National language
Official language

References

Languages
The Longest Yard (1974) is a comedy-drama movie starring Burt Reynolds, Eddie Albert, Enrique Peña Nieto, and Bernadette Peters. It is about a football team of prison inmates which plays against a team of prison guards.

References

1974 drama movies
1970s comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Robert Aldrich
The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas is a 1982 American musical comedy movie starring Burt Reynolds, Jim Nabors, and Dolly Parton. It is based on a Broadway musical written by Peter Masterson.

Other websites
 
 

1982 comedy movies
1980s musical movies
1980s sex comedy movies
American musical movies
American sex comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies about prostitution
Movies based on plays
Movies set in Texas
Universal Pictures movies
Scranton might mean:

Cities in the United States:
Scranton, Arkansas
Scranton, Iowa
Scranton, Pennsylvania
The Tupolev Tu-22 is a former Soviet bomber of the Cold War. It is a twin-turbojets built entirely of metal with a swept-wing. It can carry about 6,000 kg of bombs in internal bay. It was used only by the USSR, Libya, and Iraq. The bomber could carry 3 crew members. NATO called the Tu 22 as Blinder. Tupolev Tu-22M is a modernized variant.

Operational uses 
Soviets forces used some Tu-22 as high-speed reconnaissance planes.

Iraq used there bombers in Iran-Iraq War.

Libyan air force used the Tupolev Tu-22 in September 1987 for bombing N'Djamena and the French infantry. The bomber was shoot down by a MIM-23 Hawk's missile of the Armée de l'Air.

Bibliography 
 Frawley, Gerard, The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003 .  London: Aerospace Publication, 2002. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .

References 

Tupolev aircraft
Soviet military aircraft
Inference is a process of deriving new knowledge, given existing knowledge, and a number of rules. In logic, there are three different forms:
Deduction. Given some facts, and some rules, derive new knowledge. The best known case of this are syllogisms: All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal. This is usually called deduction.
Induction. In a car, the brake is used; the car slows down; therefore: using the brake will slow down the car. This is called induction.
Abduction. Using the brake in a car will slow down the car; the car slows down; probably, the brake was used. This is called abduction.

In other fields 
Inference in language, the opposite of implication (grammar)
Inference (statistics) means to draw conclusions from data

Logic
Wollemia is a genus of coniferous tree in the family Araucariaceae. It is a "living fossil", recently found in 1994. Its fossil record dates back 200 million years, and it was thought to be long extinct.

Wollemia nobilis was discovered in 1994 in a temperate rainforest wilderness area of the Wollemi National Park in New South Wales. in a remote series of narrow, steep-sided sandstone gorges near Lithgow,  150 kilometres north-west of Sydney.

In both botanical and popular literature the tree has been called the Wollemi Pine. It is not a true pine (genus Pinus) nor a member of the pine family (Pinaceae), but is related to Agathis and Araucaria in the family Araucariaceae.
The Wollemi pine is classified as Critically Endangered (CR – D) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List 2002. It is legally protected in Australia. A Recovery Plan has been drawn up, outlining strategies for the management of this fragile population; the overall objective is to ensure that this species remains viable in the long-term.

References 

Conifers
Trees of Australia
Restless legs syndrome is a serious neurological disorder. It involves an irresistible urge to move certain regions of the human body to stop odd or uncomfortable sensation. This condition often involves the legs, torso, the head or the arms. Moving an affected part of the body modulates sensations, which may provide temporary relief. Around 75% of people who have RLS have problems involving iron. Other possible issues include varicose veins, sleep troubles, conditions involving blood sugar, ADHD or fibromyalgia. 

Syndromes
Neurology
Premenstrual syndrome is a collection of emotional symptoms and conditions, with or without conditions that are physical. To actually declare PMS, certain emotional symptoms are present, the most common of which include stress, anxiety, problems falling asleep (insomnia) and mood issues. The condition affects many females.

Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
Little Chesterford is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 205 people living in Little Chesterford. Little Chesterford is on the River Cam.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Little Hallingbury is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1403 people living in Little Hallingbury.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Little Sampford is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 256 people living in Little Sampford.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Manuden is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 636 people living in Manuden.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Strethall is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 22 people living in Strethall. The name "Strethall" comes from 'Nook of land by a Roman Road'.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Takeley is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 2308 people living in Takeley.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Ugley is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 402 people living in Ugley. Ugley has a church called St Peter.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Wicken Bonhunt is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 233 people living in Wicken Bonhunt. Wicken Bonhunt is in between Newport and Clavering.

References 

Uttlesford
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Lambourne is a village and civil parish in Epping Forest, Essex, England. In 2011 there were 2013 people living in Lambourne.

References 

Epping Forest
Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Eight Cousins, or The Aunt-Hill is a book by Louisa May Alcott. It was published in 1875. It tells the story of orphan Rose Campbell and her eight aunts. 

Books by Louisa May Alcott
1870s books
American children's books
American novels
Frating is a village and civil parish in Tendring, Essex, England. In 2011 there were 537 people living in Frating. Frating church is now a private home.

References 

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Rose in Bloom is a book by Louisa May Alcott. It was published in Boston by Roberts Brothers in 1876. The book is a sequel to Eight Cousins. It is about Rose Campbell's entry into society. 

Books by Louisa May Alcott
1876 books
American children's books
American novels
Acun Ilıcalı (born 29 May 1969, Edirne) is a Turkish producer and presenter. He is also the founder and owner of Acun Medya.

Early life 
Acun Ilıcalı was born in May 29, 1969 in Edirne. He completed his basic education in Edirne. He went to high school in İstanbul at Kadıköy Maarif College and Anatolian High School. He enrolled in ELT department at Istanbul University but he dropped out and decided to work on television.

Programs  
 Fear Factor 
 Survivor 
 Var mısın Yok musun 
 Yetenek Sizsiniz  
 Yok Böyle Dans 
 O Ses Türkiye

Other websites 

1969 births
Living people
Turkish television presenters
Fingringhoe is a village and civil parish in Colchester borough, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 783 people living in Fingringhoe.

References 

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Under the Lilacs is a book by Louisa May Alcott. It was published in 1878.

Other websites
Project Gutenburg
Full text version of Under the Lilacs

Books by Louisa May Alcott
1878 books
American children's books
19th-century American novels
An Old-Fashioned Girl is a book by Louisa May Alcott. It was published in 1869.

 
Books by Louisa May Alcott
1869 books
American children's books
Fordham is a village and civil parish in Colchester borough, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 818 people living in Fordham. Fordham has a church called All Saints, 2 pubs, one called Shoulder of Mutton and the other called Three Horse Shoes. Fordham also has a village store, which includes the post office.

References 

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
A Long Fatal Love Chase is a book by Louisa May Alcott. It was written in 1866, but first published in 1995.

Books by Louisa May Alcott
1866 books
American novels
Great Horkesley is a village and civil parish in Colchester borough, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 2259 people living in Great Horkesley.

References 

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Great Tey is a village and civil parish in Colchester borough, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 937 people living in Great Tey.

References 

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Little Horkesley is a village and civil parish in Colchester borough, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 216 people living in Little Horkesley.

References 

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Peldon is a village and civil parish in Colchester borough, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 501 people living in Peldon. Peldon has a church called St Mary the Virgin.

References 

Villages in Essex
Civil parishes in Essex
Toby Tyler; or, Ten Weeks with a Circus is a children's novel. It was written by 'James Otis' (James Otis Kaler). It was first published in parts (serialization) in the magazine Harper's Young People in 1877. It was then published as a book by Harper & Brothers in 1881. A sequel called Mr. Stubb's Brother was published in 1883.

The story is about a boy who runs away from a foster home to join the circus. It was one of many "bad boy" books of the 19th century that were meant to show boys the consequences of being "bad". Toby Tyler was made into a Walt Disney movie in 1960.

1877 books
American children's books
Books with circus settings
19th-century American novels
James Otis Kaler  (March 19, 1848 — December 11, 1912) was an American writer. Kaler was born and died in Maine. He wrote many, many books for children (mostly boys) using the pen name James Otis. His first book Toby Tyler is his best known book. It was made into the Walt Disney movie Toby Tyler in 1960.

Other websites

Works by James Otis at Internet Archive (original edition scanned books illustrated color)
Original edition scanned books with illustrations at Google Books
 (plain text and HTML)
James Otis (Kaler), a site devoted to Kaler and his work

1848 births
1912 deaths
Writers from Maine
The Pilatus PC-12 is a lightweight transport aircraft. It is built in Switzerland. It is a single-turboprop. It is made of metal and composite material. It can carry between six and nine passengers.

Users

Military 
Some Pilatus PC-12 are used by the military, includng Afghanistan, Bulgaria, Finland, Republic of South Africa, Switzerland, and USA. In this last country the Pilatus PC-12 is called U-28A and is used for special forces support.

Civil 
Most Pilatus PC-12 aircraft are used by civilian owners, including business aircraft.

Bibliography 
 Frawley, Gerard, The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003 .  London: Aerospace Publication, 2002. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .
 Wilson, Stuart, Airliners of the world,  London: Aerospace Publication, 1999.

References 

Civil aircraft
Military aircraft
Transport in Switzerland
Cuban Spanish is a dialect of the Spanish language. It is the dialect spoken in Cuba. It shares many of the same features as other Caribbean dialects of Spanish.

Much of Cuban Spanish derives from the Spanish spoken in the Canary Islands of Spain. This is because large numbers of Canarian people moved to Cuba in the 19th and early 20th centuries. People from other Spanish communities, such as Galicians, Catalans, Basques and Asturians, also moved here, but did not have as much influence on the language as the Canarians did. Many words in Cuban Spanish come from the Canarian dialect, but some words are from other parts of Spain. There are also words that come from West African languages, French, or from the indigenous Taíno language.
The language is spoken differently from east to west. The eastern part of the island had large plantations where many African slaves worked during the 18th and 19th centuries. Therefore, the east has a stronger influence from African languages (such as Yoruba and Kikongo) than the west. It is closer to Dominican Spanish than to the Spanish spoken in the western part of the island. The Haitian Creole language influenced the eastern Cuban culture after the Haitian Revolution. Some words of the eastern dialect can be traced back to Haitian Creole words used every day locally. Some Cubans can still speak Haitian Creole.

References

Bibliography

Other websites 
 Spanish in Cuba 

Cuba
Spanish language
Water for Elephants is a novel by Sara Gruen. It was published in 2006 by Algonquin Books. The story is about a 23 year old Polish American orphan who joins a circus during the Great Depression. Themes are love and romance, murder, and cruelty to animals. The story was made into a 2011 movie starring Robert Pattinson, Reese Witherspoon, Christoph Waltz, Jim Norton, and Hal Holbrook.

20th-century American novels
2006 books
Adultery in fiction
Books with circus settings
Romance novels
The Boeing C-32 is a military variant of the 757 airliner. It is used by the United States Air Force for VIP and U.S. Federal Government transport. When used by the Vice President of the United States, it is called Air Force Two.

C-32
United States Air Force aircraft
Air Force Two is the air traffic call sign of any U.S. Air Force aircraft carrying the vice president of the United States. They usually fly in one of the two specially changed Boeing 757, C-32 kept by the U.S. Air Force. 

United States Air Force

Individual aircraft
The Maison de la Mutualité is a French convention center. It was built in 1930. It is in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. It is often associated with left-wing political meetings. It is also a theater.

Other websites
 

Buildings and structures in Paris
Convention and exhibition centers
Toby Tyler is a 1960 Walt Disney movie starring Kevin Corcoran as Toby. It is based on the book Toby Tyler by James Otis Kaler.

1960 movies
Movies based on books
Movies with circus settings
English-language movies
Kevin Anthony "Moochie" Corcoran (June 10, 1949 – October 6, 2015) was an American director, producer, and former child actor. He worked as a child in many of Walt Disney's most popular movies of the late 1950s and 1960s. These include Savage Sam, Old Yeller, Toby Tyler, Pollyanna, The Shaggy Dog, and Swiss Family Robinson.

Corcoran died from colon cancer at the age of 66.

Other websites

Allmovie bio
Disney Legends profile
Profile on The Original Mickey Mouse Club Show website 

Actors from Santa Monica, California
American television directors
American television producers
American child actors
Deaths from colorectal cancer
1949 births
2015 deaths
Old Yeller is a children's book by Fred Gipson. It was published in 1956. It is about a Texas family and their dog. The book was awarded a Newbery Honor in 1969. Old Yeller was followed by two sequels Savage Sam and Little Arliss. The book was made into a Walt Disney movie of the same name starring Kevin Corcoran, Fess Parker, Tommy Kirk, Dorothy McGuire, and Spike in 1958.  

1956 books
Books about dogs
Newbery Honor books
The Story of a Bad Boy is a book by Thomas Bailey Aldrich.  It is based in part on his life as a boy in New Hampshire. The book is considered the first in the "bad boy" genre of literature. The story was first published in parts (serialization) in 1869 in the magazine Our Young Folks. It was published in book form in 1870.

References

Other websites
The Story of a Bad Boy at Project Gutenberg
The Story of a Bad Boy at Internet Archive 
Aldrich House  at Strawbery Banke,

1869 books
Books first published in serial form
American children's books
Sir James Douglas (also known as Good Sir James and James the Black Douglas), (died 1330), was a Scottish soldier, knight and leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence. He is considered one of Scotland's greatest heroes. He was a follower and close friend of king Robert I of Scotland (also called Robert the Bruce).

Early life
James Douglas was the oldest son of William, Lord of Douglas and Elizabeth Stewart. His father, William, had refused to support king Edward I of England who had taken over Scotland in 1290. The English king put William in prison and took his lands. This left young James with no land and no father. Douglas then went to France where he lived a simple life for three years. On hearing of his father's death he returned to Scotland and went to see William of Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews. The bishop took James in and in due time Bishop Lamberton took James to see King Edward I of England. When the bishop asked for the lands of Douglas to be returned to James, the king grew angry and said no. The lordship of Douglas had been given to Robert Clifford and the king would hear no more of the matter. Douglas remained in the service of the bishop and did nothing to rebel against the king of England. He hoped to get his family's lands returned to him
. But in 1306 Robert the Bruce claimed the crown of Scotland as king Robert I. Now Douglas had a choice between two kings who might restore his lands.
In 1307 Douglas joined king Robert against the English king, Edward I That spring James Douglas with some of his men attacked his father's castle of Douglas and defeated the English soldiers there. Douglas then burned his castle and destroyed all stores of wine and grain. He poisoned the wells and executed the English soldiers they captured. This event became known as Douglas' larder. Even though Douglas did not yet possess his father's lands he had influence in that region. He and his men of Douglas harried the English forces in the region all that summer. The tactics used by Bruce and his followers including Douglas were limited to surprise attacks and quick escapes. They burned enemy lands and rendered castles they captured useless to the English. On learning the Earl of Pembroke was moving a large army into Scotland, Douglas went to warn Robert Bruce. Bruce and Douglas split up and agreed to meet at another place. When they rejoined their forces they attacked the English and defeated them.
The Black Douglas

In several raids in 1307 and 1308 James Douglas provided support to King Robert in the south of Scotland. On the night of Tuesday 19 February 1314 James Douglas and his men wearing black coats to cover their armor attacked Roxbrugh Castle. Roxbrugh was the main English stronghold in south central Scotland. It was defended by 100 English soldiers. The fall of Roxbrugh Castle caused many in the area to flee back to England. Now held by Douglas it was the beginning of his reputation as "the Black Douglas". To the people of Scotland he was "the Good Sir James". He was now one of the king's greatest supporter and a model of chivalry. But James had black hair and a reputation so feared by the English they named him "the Black Douglas." They said his evil success against them was because he was a demon himself. His son and grandson also used the feared name themselves continuing the family reputation.

Battle of Bannockburn
Edward II of England had kept up the wars against the Bruce and his followers. He was growing more and more angry with each victory of Robert the Bruce and his followers. Determined to put an end to Bruce once and for all he assembled a very large army. It consisted of mounted knights, archers, crossbow-men, and foot soldiers led by Edward himself. the exact size of his army is unknown, but it was several times larger than that of Robert the Bruce. King Robert chose the place for the upcoming battle at Bannockburn very carefully He chose a position with several natural defenses many of which prevented heavy cavalry or large mass formations to operate. He formed his army into four 'battles' or Battalions, three of which consisted of  'hedgehog' or schiltrons  Just before the battle began king Robert knighted Sir James Douglas,  his cousin Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland, and many others. James and Walter were joint leaders of the left battalion.
When the English army was still approaching, king Robert sent Douglas and Sir Robert Keith, Marischal of Scotland to observe the English and report back to him. Douglas and Keith reported king Edward was approaching with a very large army. During the battle most of the fighting was directed at the other two battalions. When the center battalion led by Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray was in trouble, Douglas went to their rescue of his close friend. But the English retreated before Douglas could help. Finally the Scots won the battle and the English fell back in confusion, king Edward with 500 mounted knights fled the field. James Douglas with a small mounted force gave chase to the English king. They chased them all the way to Dunbar, but Edward escaped back to England.

Border raids
Border raids

After English defeat at Bannockburn the northern border of England was very lightly defended. In August of 1314 James Douglas, along with Edward Bruce (the king's brother), and John of Soules led a large raid into England. From 1314 to 1319 Douglas was raiding northern England at least once a year. When Edward Bruce left for Ireland in 1317 Douglas took his place as leader in the south of Scotland. These raids were not just to frighten the English but to get cash payment for king of Scotland for not attacking that village. It was also to prove to the English that their king Edward II could not protect them. Douglas was the one of the main leader in the wars on the English border until the final peace in 1328.
Two times, in 1319 and in 1322, when Douglas raided into Yorkshire he tried to capture King Edward II and his wife Queen Isabella of France. While he did not succeed this only added to his reputation by the English as "the Black Douglas." On 25 December 1319 the Scots and English signed a two year truce. In 1320, James Douglas put his seal on the Declaration of Arbroath. This declaration of Scottish independence was in the form of a letter to Pope John XXII.

During this period Douglas was rewarded many times with grants of lands. One grant was not of land but of privileges. Called the Emerald Charter, it gave James Douglas and his heirs freedom from many obligations to the king. It also made Douglas and his heirs a judge in their own lands. In giving James Douglas this special grant the king took an emerald ring from his finger and placed it on Douglas' finger. His importance to King Robert and to Scotland was increasing as time went on.

Heart of the Bruce
In 1328 Robert the Bruce was in poor health and was dying. One thing he had not been able to do was to go on a crusade. He asked his friend Sir James Douglas to take his heart to the Holy Land. The king died on 7 June 1329. After the king's death James Douglas had a silver casket made and placed in it the heart of Robert the Bruce. He kept it safe on a chain around his neck. In 1330 he and six knights set out in a ship with royal banners. This is so all who saw it would know the heart of Robert, King of Scotland was on its way to Jerusalem in the Holy Land. The ship waited at Sluys, Flanders for other knights to join them before continuing on their voyage. They sailed to Spain where they stopped at Seville. They were welcomed by Alfonso XI, King of Castile and Leon as well as many English knights who had come to Spain to fight against the Moors. In August 1330 outside the walls of the Moorish town of Teba de Ardales Douglas and his knights joined the king's army
. King Alfonso asked Douglas if he would lead the vanguard and placed all the English and Scottish knights under his command. Douglas ordered the charge and the fighting began right away. When the moors pretended to retreat, Douglas and ten of his knights chased after them. But it was a trick and the Moors turned and surrounded them. Trying to rescue a fellow knight Douglas and all his knights were killed. Sir James Douglas was found with the silver casket still around his neck. His body was made ready for the trip home. The silver casket containing the heart of Bruce never reached the Holy Land. It was buried at the Abbey of Melrose. Sir James Douglas was  buried at the Kirk of Douglas.
Notes

References

1330 deaths
1280s births
Knights
Signatories to the Declaration of Arbroath 
Scottish nobility
The Shaggy Dog is a 1959 Walt Disney movie. It stars Fred MacMurray, Tommy Kirk, Kevin Corcoran, and Annette Funicello. It is based on the story, The Hound of Florence by Felix Salten. It was Disney's first live-action movie. A sequel was made in 1976 called The Shaggy D.A. which stars Dean Jones, Tim Conway, and Suzanne Pleshette.

References 

Movies based on books
Movies about dogs
1959 movies
English-language movies
Disney movies
Old Yeller is a 1957 Walt Disney movie. It stars Tommy Kirk, Fess Parker, Kevin Corcoran, Dorothy McGuire, and 'Spike'. It is based on a book by Fred Gipson.  The movie is about a boy and a stray dog in post-Civil War Texas. A sequel called Savage Sam followed in 1958.

Movies about dogs
Movies about diseases
Movies based on books
1957 drama movies
1950s family movies
English-language movies
Disney movies
Berserk! is a 1967 British movie starring Joan Crawford, Judy Geeson, Ty Hardin, and Michael Gough. It is about a circus plagued with gruesome murders. Reviews were lukewarm in general, but Crawford was praised. The movie was popular and well attended. SInce many tickets were sold, the movie was considered a box office success.

Movies with circus settings
1967 movies
British movies
English-language movies
Priscilla (Mullins or Mullens) Alden (ca. 1602 – ca. 1685) was a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620 when it sailed from England to North America. She married John Alden in Plymouth Colony in 1623, and bore him ten or eleven children. 

The couple founded Duxbury, north of Plymouth. She died in 1685 and is buried in the Myles Standish Burial Ground. She is the heroine of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1858 poem, The Courtship of Miles Standish.

Early life
Her birthplace and parents are not known with certainty. She may have been born in Surrey to Col. William Mullins, Sr. and Alice Mullins. She sailed to the New World with her parents and brother Joseph. These three died the winter of 1620-1621.

Marriage
Priscilla married John Alden in 1623 in Plymouth Colony. They had ten or eleven children. John and Priscilla Alden lived in Plymouth until the late 1630s. They then moved north to found the town of Duxbury, Massachusetts.
Death
Priscilla Alden died about 1685, and is buried in the Myles Standish Burial Ground in Duxbury.  The exact location of her grave within the burial ground has not been found.

Legacy
She is a main character in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1858 poem, The Courtship of Miles Standish. Longfellow was a descendant of the Aldens. He romanticized a family legend for the poem.

References
 Mayflower History: Priscilla Mullins

1602 births
1685 deaths
Mayflower passengers
People buried in the Myles Standish Burial Ground, Duxbury, Massachusetts
People from Surrey
John and Priscilla Alden Family Sites is a National Historic Landmark consisting of two properties in Duxbury, Massachusetts, United States.

According to the Department of the Interior's press release:

Alden Homestead site
This property is the site of John Alden's original home. It was built about 1632.  John and Priscilla Alden first lived in this house. Traditional accounts say the house was abandoned around 1653.  The building has not survived. The property is now an important archeological site. It is owned by the Town of Duxbury.

John Alden House
The John Alden House is a historic house museum that was supposed to be the home of John and Priscilla Alden. It is located at 105 Alden Street in Duxbury, Massachusetts.  Family tradition says it was built in 1653. Scientific testing of the beams says the house was built about 1700.
Recognition
John and Priscilla Alden Family Sites was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.  The sites were declared a National Historic Landmark on October 7, 2008. The Alden Kindred of America, Inc. is a non-profit organization that owns and takes care of the John Alden House.

Notes

References
Alden House and Kindred Website

More reading
Levine, Sassaman, and Nassaney, eds. The Archaeological Northeast (Chapter: "An Interdisciplinary Study of the John Alden Houses, 1627 and 1653, Duxbury, Massachusetts: Archaeology and Architecture" by Mitchell T. Mulholland). Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey (1999).

National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Museums in Massachusetts
1632 establishments
1630s establishments in Massachusetts
1650s establishments in Massachusetts
17th-century buildings and structures
The Greatest Show on Earth is a 1952 movie.  Its setting is the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus. It stars Betty Hutton, Cornel Wilde, and Charlton Heston. It was produced, directed, and narrated by Cecil B. DeMille. It won the Academy Award for Best Picture. It was a box office hit.

1952 movies
1950s epic movies
Movies with circus settings
English-language movies
Movies directed by Cecil B. DeMille
Paramount Pictures movies
Billy Rose's Jumbo  is a 1962 MGM musical movie. It stars Jimmy Durante, Doris Day, Martha Raye, and Stephen Boyd. The movie was directed by Charles Walters. It featured Busby Berkeley's choreography. It was nominated for an Academy Award for the adaptation of its Rodgers and Hart score.

References

Movies with circus settings
1962 movies
1960s musical movies
American musical movies
Screenplays by Ben Hecht
Movies directed by Charles Walters
Freaks is a 1932 MGM horror movie about circus sideshow performers.   It was directed and produced by Tod Browning. The cast is mostly actual traveling carnival performers. The movie was based on Tod Robbins' 1923 story "Spurs". Director Browning cast real people with deformities as the sideshow "freaks," rather than using costumes and makeup. The movie was not popular. In 1994, Freaks was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

References

Other websites

 
 

1932 movies
1930s horror movies
American horror movies
Movies with circus settings
United States National Film Registry movies
MGM movies
Roustabout is a 1964 movie starring Elvis Presley, Barbara Stanwyck, Joan Freeman, and Leif Erickson. Elvis plays a biker who takes a job with a struggling carnival. He falls in love with the manager's daughter, and makes the carnival a great success when he starts performing as a singer.

American musical movies
1964 musical movies
1960s English-language movies
James "Jim" Norton (born 4 January 1938) is an Irish character actor. He is known for his roles in Straw Dogs, Memoirs of an Invisible Man, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, and in Water for Elephants.

Norton was born on 4 January 1938 in Dublin, Ireland.

References

Other websites

 List of Performances at FilmReference.com

1938 births
Living people
Irish movie actors
Irish television actors
Irish stage actors
Irish voice actors
Actors from Dublin
Tony Award winning actors
Gene Rodman Wolfe (May 7, 1931 – April 14, 2019) was an American science fiction and fantasy writer. He was known for his fantasy novels which had connections to his Catholic faith. His best known work was The Book of the New Sun, a collection of four novels. Wolfe won two Nebula Awards and many Locus Awards.

Wolfe was born on May 7, 1931 in New York City, New York. He studied at Texas A&M University and at the University of Houston. He was married to Rosemary Wolfe. He lived in Chicago and in Barrington, Illinois.

Wolfe had double bypass surgery on April 24, 2010. He also had surgery on his right eye in early 2013. He died from heart disease on April 14, 2019 in his Peoria, Illinois home. He was 87.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Ultan's Library, a journal for the study of Gene Wolfe
Bibliography of Gene Wolfe's work in the Locus database 
Paul Duggan's Wolfe site 
Gene Wolfe's online fiction  at Free Speculative Fiction Online
The Urth Mailing List, for discussion of Wolfe's work
Overview of Wolfe's work in Washington Post Book World by the SF critic Nick Gevers

Nebula Award winning writers
1931 births
2019 deaths
American Roman Catholics
Writers from New York City
Writers from Houston
Writers from Chicago
The Consumer Electronics Show, also known as just CES, is a yearly conference for technology held every January at the Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States. Technology companies come here to host previews of their products and announce new products. It is not open to the public. Products that were first introduced to the public at a Consumer Electronics Show include the videocassette recorder (in 1970), the camcorder (in 1981), high-definition television (in 1998), the Xbox (in 2001), and the Blu-ray Disc (in 2003). It was first held in June 1967 in New York City.

In 2009, Jeopardy! taped the Tournament of Champions and Celebrity Jeopardy! at that year's show. It introduced a new set that would become their main set in the fall of 2009.

References

Other websites

Official website 

Technology
Las Vegas
1967 establishments in the United States
Crystal Pepsi was a soft drink made by Pepsi sold from 1992 to 1993. It was colorless and had no caffeine in it. It started being sold on April 14, 1992. It failed due to low sales. It was later sold as a citrus drink called "Crystal From Pepsi," which also lasted a short time before Pepsi stopped selling it.

References

Soft drinks
Here Comes Honey Boo Boo is a reality television program. It is about a 7-year-old beauty contestant named Alana Thompson in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is a spin-off of the reality television program Toddlers & Tiaras. The show has gotten mixed reviews. It began in August 2012. The second season of it started July 17, 2013 and ended on September 11, 2013.

American reality television series
Television spin-offs
2012 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
The Israel Aircraft Industries Kfir or IAI Kfir is an Israeli fighter-bomber aircraft. It is based on the French Mirage 5 but with an american turbojet and avionics. It is a single or dual seat.

Users 
When Israel stopped using Kfir in 1996, the aircraft was sold to foreign countries. Colombia, Ecuador, and Sri Lanka bought some of them. Between 1985 and 1989, the U.S. Navy rented twenty five single-seat Kfir, as F-21A. American Kfir were used for dissimilar air combat training, for simulation of Soviet fighter aircraft like MiG-23 Flogger.

Sri Lanka used the Kfir against the Tamils Tigers rebellion.

Bibliography 
 Frawley, Gerard, The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003 .  London : Aerospace Publication, 2002. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  . 
 Kaminsky, Tom, The United States Military Aviation Directory, London : Airtime Publishing, 2000. .

References 

Military aircraft
Israel Defense Forces
Lorazepam (also known as Ativan) is a sedative medicine which was first introduced around 1977 for anxiety treatment. It is also used for muscle relaxation. Unwanted side effects include low blood pressure, hangover effects and confusion.

Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine, and it is widely approved and used for status epilepticus (continuous seizures) and anxiety.  Benzodiazepines are central nervous system (CNS) depressants, which are medicines that slow down the nervous system and relieve symptoms of anxiety.

References 

Drugs used in psychiatry
Organonitrogen compounds
Organochlorides
Anterograde amnesia is a kind of amnesia. Amnesia is a problem with remembering things. In anterograde amnesia, people have trouble making memories last - they forget. Amnesia is triggered by an event; people with anterograde  amnesia have problems creating new memories after that event. With Anterograde  amnesia, the longer-term memories from the time before the event remain intact. The amnesia may be partial or complete.

Very often Anterograde amnesia occurs together with retrograde amnesia. This is the case with conditions such as concussion.

There are different other conditions which can also lead to anterograde amnesia. They include:
Certain drugs:  For example, Benzodiazepines
injuries of the brain, most commonly traumatic brain injury
Certain diseases, for example a kind of encephalitis, caused by the Herpes simplex virus.
Being drunk can cause Anterograde amnesia.

Neurology
Amnesia
Aripiprazole (also called Abilify) is an antipsychotic medicine used for treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism and an adjuvant for major depression, which was first approved by Food and Drug Administration of the United States in November 2002. The first approval was for the treatment of schizophrenia. Later approvals were for bipolar disorder and depression. Common side effects include increase of blood sugar, vomiting, nausea and dizziness.

Drugs used in psychiatry
Organonitrogen compounds
Organochlorides