Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Up to 1900 
 1075  Dmitar Zvonimir is crowned King of Croatia.
 1480  Stand-off on the Ugra River, between the forces of Akhmat Khan of the 'Great Horde', and those of Grand Duke Ivan III of Russia, resulting in the retreat of the Tataro-Mongols.
 1573  End of the Spanish Siege of Alkmaar (Netherlands) - First Dutch victory in the Eighty Years' War.
 1600  San Marino adopts its own constitution.
 1806  Napoleonic Wars: Forces of the British Empire lay siege to the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer, on France's English Channel coast.
 1813  The Treaty of Ried is signed between Bavaria and Austria.
 1814  The first election to Norway's Storting (Parliament) takes place.
 1821  The Government of Jose de San Martin creates the Peruvian Navy.
 1822  A volcanic eruption begins on the island of Java.
 1856  The Second Opium War between China and Western powers begins.
 1860  The telegraph line linking San Francisco and Los Angeles, California, opens.
 1862  American Civil War: Battle of Perryville, Kentucky.
1871  The Great Chicago Fire occurs.
 1879  War of the Pacific: In the naval Battle of Angamos, Chile defeats Peru.
 1895  Empress Myeongseong of Korea is murdered by Japanese forces at Geongbok Palace, before her corpse is burned.
 1897  Gustav Mahler becomes director of the Vienna Court Opera.
1901  2000 
 1904  Edmonton, Alberta and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan become cities.
 1912  The First Balkan War begins: Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
 1918  World War I: In the Argonne Forest, France, US Corporal Alvin C. York kills 28 German soldiers and captures 132.
 1928  Joseph Szigeti gives the first performance of Alfredo Casella's violin concerto.
 1932  The Indian Air Force is created.
 1939  World War II: Germany annexes Western Poland.
 1941  World War II: In their invasion of the Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol.
 1952  United Kingdom: The Harrow and Wealdstone rail crash occurs. It is the UK's deadliest peacetime rail disaster.
 1956  The New York Yankees player Don Larsen pitches the only perfect game in a World Series.
 1962  Algeria joins the UN.
 1962  Germany's Der Spiegel publishes an article on the Bundeswehr (German army), which leads to a major scandal.
1967  Che Guevara is captured in Bolivia, leading to his execution the next day.
 1973  Yom Kippur War: Gabi Amir's armored brigade attack Egyptian-occupied positions on Israel's side of the Suez Canal, in hope of driving them away. The attack fails, destroying over 150 Israeli tanks.
 1974  Baja California Sur becomes a state of Mexico.
 1978  Australian Ken Warby sets the a water speed record, which still stands.
 1982  Trade Unions, including Solidarity, are banned in Poland.
 1982  The musical Cats opens on Broadway.
 1990  Israel-Palestinian Conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinian and injure over 100 near the Dome of the Rock.
 1991  Croatia decides to sever constitutional relations with Yugoslavia.
 1998  In Oslo, Gardermoen Airport replaces Fornebu Airport.
 2000  Aleksander Kwasniewski is re-elected as President of Poland.
From 2001 
 2001  Two airplanes collide in heavy fog from take-off from Milan, Italy, killing 118 people.
 2001  George W. Bush announces the creation of the Department of Homeland Security.
 2004  Wangari Maathai wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
 2005  2005 Pakistan earthquake: At 03:50:38 UTC, an earthquake measuring 7.6 on the Richter scale happens in the Pakistan region of Kashmir, killing thousands of people.
 2010  Chinese activist Liu Xiaobo wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
 2013  Peter Higgs and François Englert share the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the Higgs boson.
 2015  President Sepp Blatter is suspended from FIFA for ninety days, along with senior officials Michel Platini and Jerome Valcke, during a major corruption scandal.
Up to 1900 
 1515  Margaret Douglas, Scottish noblewoman (d. 1578)
 1585  Heinrich Schütz, German composer (d. 1672)
 1661  Michel Le Quien, French history writer (d. 1733)
 1676  Benito Jeronimo Feijoo, Galician monk and scholar (d. 1764)
 1713  Yechezkel Landau, Polish rabbi (d. 1793)
 1715  Michel Benoist, French Jesuit missionary (d. 1774)
 1720  Jonathan Mayhew, American minister (d. 1766)
 1747  Jean-Francois Rewbell, French politician (d. 1807)
 1789  William John Swainson, English-New Zealand ornithologist and entomologist (d. 1855)
 1789  John Ruggles, American politician (d. 1874)
 1807  Harriet Taylor Mill, English philosopher and activist (d. 1858)
 1818  John Henninger Reagan, American politician (d. 1905)
 1823  Ivan Aksakov, Russian writer (d. 1876)
 1826  Emily Blackwell, American physician and activist (d. 1910)
 1834  Walter Kittredge, American violinist and composer (d. 1905)
 1843  Kitty Kielland, Norwegian artist (d. 1914)
 1846  Bjorn Jonsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (d. 1912)
1850  Henry Louis Le Chatelier, French chemist (d. 1936)
 1863  Edythe Chapman, American actress (d. 1948)
 1864  Ozias Leduc, Canadian painter (d. 1955)
 1868  Max Slevogt, German painter (d. 1932)
 1868  Coleman Livingston Blease, Governor of South Carolina (d. 1942)
 1870  Louis Vierne, French composer (d. 1937)
 1871  Ivan Poddubny, Russian wrestler (d. 1949)
 1873  Ejnar Hertzsprung, Danish chemist and astronomer (d. 1967)
 1873  Alexey Shchusev, Russian architect (d. 1949)
 1875  Laurence Doherty, English tennis player (d. 1919)
 1877  Hans Heysen, German-born landscape artist (d. 1968)
 1883  Otto Heinrich Warburg, German chemist, won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1970)
 1883  Dick Burnett, American musician (d. 1977)
 1884  Walther von Reichenau, German general (d. 1942)
 1889  Collett E. Woolman, American businessman (d. 1966)
 1890  Edward Rickenbacker, American fighter pilot (d. 1973)
 1890  Philippe Thys, Belgian cyclist (d. 1971)
1892  Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet (d. 1941)
 1893  Clarence Williams, American pianist and composer (d. 1965)
 1895  Juan Perón, President of Argentina (d. 1974)
 1895  Zog I, King of Albania (d. 1961)
 1896  Julien Duvivier, French director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1967)
 1897  Rouben Mamoulian, Armenian director (d. 1987)
1901  1950 
 1901  Eivind Groven, Norwegian composer and theorist (d. 1977)
 1901  Mark Oliphant, Australian physicist, humanitarian and politician, Governor of South Australia (d. 2000)
 1903  Georgy Geshev, Bulgarian chess player (d. 1937)
 1908  Martha Dodd, American writer (d. 1990)
 1910  Paulette Dubost, French actress (d. 2011)
 1910  Gus Hall, American Communist politician (d. 2000)
 1913  Robert Gilruth, American aviation and space travel pioneer (d. 2000)
 1917  Rodney Robert Porter, British biochemist (d. 1985)
 1917  Billy Conn, American boxer (d. 1993)
 1917  Walter Lord, American writer (d. 2002)
 1918  Jens Christian Skou, Danish chemist (d. 2018)
 1919  Kiichi Miyazawa, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2007)
 1920  Frank Herbert, American science fiction writer (d. 1986)
 1922  Nils Liedholm, Swedish footballer (d. 2007)
 1924  Alphons Egli, Swiss politician (d. 2016)
 1927  César Milstein, Argentine scientist (d. 2002)
 1927  Raymond Chow, Hong Kong film producer (d. 2018)
1928  Bill Maynard, English actor (d. 2018)
 1929  Betty Boothroyd, English politician
 1929  Valdir Pereira, Brazilian footballer (d. 2001)
 1929  Franklin Stahl, American geneticist and biologist
 1930  Alasdair Milne, English director and producer (d. 2013)
 1931  Bill Brown, Scottish footballer (d. 2004)
 1932  Kenneth Appel, American mathematician (d. 2013)
 1932  Ray Reardon, Welsh snooker player
 1934  James Holshouser, American politician, 68th Governor of North Carolina (d. 2013)
 1935  Albert Roux, French-English chef
 1937  Paul Schell, American politician, 50th Mayor of Seattle (d. 2014)
 1938  Walter Gretzky, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
 1938  Bronislovas Lubys, Lithuanian politician and businessman (d. 2011)
 1939  Paul Hogan, Australian actor
 1939  Harvey Pekar, American writer (d. 2010)
 1939  Tanhum Cohen-Mintz, Israeli basketball player (d. 2014)
 1939  Lynne Stewart, American attorney (d. 2017)
 1941  Jesse Jackson, American clergyman and activist
1943  Chevy Chase, American comedian and actor
 1946  Dennis Kucinich, American politician
 1946  Hanan Ashrawi, Pakistani scholar, activist and politician
 1946  Jean-Jacques Beineix, French director and producer
 1948  Gottfried Helnwein, Austrian-Irish artist
 1948  Claude Jade, French actress (d. 2006)
 1948  Pedro Lopez, Colombian serial killer
 1948  Johnny Ramone, American musician (d. 2004)
 1948  Baldwin Spencer, former Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
 1949  Sigourney Weaver, American actress
 1950  Blake Morrison, English writer
 1950  Miguel Brindisi, Argentine footballer
1951  1975 
 1951  Shannon C. Stimson, American political theorist
 1952  Takis Koroneos, Greek basketball player and coach
 1952  Edward Zwick, American director, producer and screenwriter
 1953  Robert Saxton, English composer
 1954  Brigitte Rohde, German sprinter
 1956  Janice E. Voss, American astronaut (d. 2012)
 1956  Stephanie Zimbalist, American actress
 1957  Martha Kearney, Irish-British broadcaster
 1957  Antonio Cabrini, Italian footballer
 1958  Ursula von der Leyen, German politician
 1960  Reed Hastings, American businessman, co-founder of Netflix
 1960  François Perusse, Canadian humorist
 1964  Jakob Arjouni, German writer (d. 2013)
 1964  CeCe Winans, American singer
 1965  C. J. Ramone, American musician
 1965  Ardal O'Hanlon, Irish comedian and actor
 1965  Harri Koskela, Finnish wrestler
 1968  Zvonimir Boban, Croatian footballer
 1968  Emily Procter, American actress
 1970  Matt Damon, American actor
 1970  Anne-Marie Duff, British actress
1970  Sadiq Khan, British politician, Mayor of London
 1970  Tetsuya Nomura, Japanese video game designer and director
 1971  Monty Williams, American basketball player
 1971  David Gauke, British politician
 1972  Stanislav Varga, Slovakian footballer
 1972  Terry Balsamo, American guitarist
 1972  Kim Myung-min, South Korean actor
 1974  Fredrik Modin, Swedish ice hockey player
 1974  Koji Murofushi, Japanese hammer thrower
From 1976 
 1976  Karina Bacchi, Brazilian model and actress
 1976  Renate Groenwold, Dutch speed skater
 1976  Seryoga, Belarussian rapper, actor and producer
 1977  Anne-Caroline Chausson, French cyclist
 1977  Jamie Marchi, American voice actress, director and screenwriter
 1977  Erna Siikavirta, Finnish musician (Lordi)
 1977  Travis Wester, American actor
 1978  Antonino D'Agostino, Italian footballer
 1979  Kristanna Loken, American actress
 1980  Nick Cannon, American actor, rapper and producer
 1980  The Miz, American professional wrestler
 1981  Chris Killen, New Zealand footballer
 1984  Anthony Le Tallec, French footballer
 1985  Eiji Wentz, Japanese entertainer
 1985  Simone Bolelli, Italian tennis player
 1985  Bruno Mars, American singer-songwriter
 1987  Aya Hirano, Japanese voice actress
 1989  Armand Traoré, French footballer
 1993  Angus T. Jones, American actor
 1993  Garbiñe Muguruza, Spanish tennis player
 1993  Barbara Palvin, Hungarian model
 1993  Molly Quinn, American actress
1996  Sara Takanashi, Japanese ski jumper
 1997  Bella Thorne, American actress, singer and dancer
Up to 1900 
 976  Helen of Zadar, Queen of Croatia
 1286  John I of Dreux, Duke of Brittany (b. 1217)
 1317  Emperor Fushimi of Japan (b. 1265)
 1621  Antoine de Montchrestien, French soldier, playwright and economist (b. 1575)
 1647  Christian Soren Longomontanus, Danish astronomer (b. 1562)
 1652  John Greaves, English mathematician and astronomer (b. 1602)
 1656  John George I, Elector of Saxony (b. 1585)
 1735  Yongzheng Emperor of China (b. 1678)
 1754  Henry Fielding, English writer (b. 1707)
 1772  Jean-Joseph de Mondonville, French violinist and composer (b. 1711)
 1793  John Hancock, American revolutionary and businessman (b. 1737)
 1802  Emmanuel Vitale, Maltese general (b. 1758)
 1803  Vittorio Alfieri, Italian writer (b. 1749)
 1809  James Elphinston, Scottish linguist, educator and orthographer (b. 1721)
 1820  Henri Christophe, King of Haiti (b. 1767)
 1834  François-Adrien Boieldieu, French composer (b. 1775)
 1869  Franklin Pierce, 14th President of the United States (b. 1804)
1879  Miguel Grau Seminario, Peruvian naval officer (b. 1834)
 1886  Austin F. Pike, American politician (b. 1819)
 1891  Giovanni Caselli, Italian physicist (b. 1815)
 1894  Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., American physician and writer (b. 1809)
 1895  Empress Myeongseong of Korea (b. 1851)
 1897  Alexei Savrasov, Russian painter (b. 1830)
1901  2000 
 1928  Larry Semon, silent movie comedian (b. 1889)
 1936  Premchand, Indian writer (b. 1880)
 1936  Red Ames, American baseball player (b. 1882)
 1942  Sergei Chaplygin, Soviet engineer (b. 1869)
 1944  Wendell Willkie, American politician, candidate for President of the United States (b. 1892)
 1945  Felix Salten, Austrian writer (b. 1869)
 1953  Nigel Bruce, British actor (b. 1895)
 1953  Kathleen Ferrier, American contralto (b. 1912)
 1967  Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1883)
 1972  Prescott Bush, father of President of the United States George H. W. Bush (b. 1895)
 1973  Gabriel Marcel, French philosopher, playwright and critic (b. 1889)
 1977  Giorgos Papasideris, Greek singer, composer and lyricist (b. 1902)
 1982  Fernando Lamas, Argentine actor (b. 1916)
 1982  Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker, English peace activist, Nobel Peace Prize winner (b. 1889)
 1983  Joan Hackett, American actress (b. 1934)
1983  Robert Docking, American politician, 38th Governor of Kansas (b. 1925)
 1985  Malcolm Ross, American balloonist and atmospheric physicist (b. 1919)
 1987  Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of Greece (b. 1899)
 1992  Willy Brandt, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Nobel Peace Prize winner (b. 1913)
 1997  Bertrand Goldberg, American architect (b. 1913)
 1999  John McLendon, American basketball player and coach (b. 1915)
From 2001 
 2002  Jacques Richard, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1952)
 2004  Jacques Derrida, French philosopher (b. 1930)
 2012  Eric Lomax, Scottish captain and writer (b. 1919)
 2012  Ken Sansom, American actor and singer (b. 1927)
 2012  Nawal Kishore Sharma, Indian politician, 20th Governor of Gujarat (b. 1925)
 2012  John Tchicai, Danish-French saxophonist and composer (b. 1936)
 2013  Phil Chevron, Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1957)
 2014  Thomas Eric Duncan, Liberian Ebola patient diagnosed in the US (b. 1972)
 2014  Jeen van den Berg, Dutch speed skater (b. 1928)
 2014  Mike Waugh, American politician (b. 1955)
 2014  Helmut Ruge, German comedian, actor and writer (b. 1940)
 2015  Paul Prudhomme, American chef (b. 1940)
 2015  Jim Diamond, Scottish singer (b. 1951)
 2017  Gianni Bonagura, Italian actor (b. 1925)
 2017  Slim Chaker, Tunisian politician (b. 1961)
 2017  Jerry Kleczka, American politician (b. 1943)
 2017  Grady Tate, American soul-jazz drummer and singer (b. 1932)
2017  Y. A. Tittle, American football player (b. 1926)
 2017  Birgitta Ulfsson, Finnish-Swedish actress (b. 1928)
 2017  Beverly Reid O'Connell, American judge (b. 1965)
 2018  Arnold Kopelson, American film producer (b. 1935)
 2018  George Taliaferro, American football player (b. 1927)
 2018  Joseph Tydings, American lawyer and politician (b. 1928)
 2018  Hiroshi Wajima, Japanese sumo and professional wrestler (b. 1948)
 2018  Venantino Venantini, Italian actor (b. 1930)
Observances 
 Independence Day (Croatia)
 Navy Day (Peru)
 Air Force Day (India)
 Children's Day (Iran)
 Arbor Day (Namibia)

October 08
Up to 1900 
 306 – Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. Also on this day, in 312, he is defeated in battle and drowns in the River Tiber.
 312 - Battle of Milvain Bridge: Constantine I defeats Maxentius to become Roman Emperor.
 1344 - The lower town of Smyrna (Izmir), in present-day Turkey, is captured by Crusaders.
 1420 - Beijing officially becomes the capital city of Ming Dynasty China.
 1492 – Christopher Columbus reaches Cuba.
 1516 - Battle of Yaunis Khan: Turkish forces under Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mameluks near Gaza.
 1531 - Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia. Imam Ahmad takes control of southern Ethiopia.
 1628 - The Siege of La Rochelle, France, is ended through forces loyal to King Louis XIII of France, following the surrender of the mainly Huguenot challenge.
 1636 – Harvard University is founded.
1644 - The Regiment that later becomes the Royal Marines is founded by the then-Duke of York, later King James II of England/VII of Scotland.
 1707 - The Hoei earthquake causes over 5,000 deaths in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, Japan.
 1746 - An earthquake of Lima, Peru, of estimated magnitude 8.4, kills around 18,000 people. The coastal city of Callao is almost completely destroyed.
 1775 - American Revolutionary War: A British proclamation forbids residents to leave Boston, Massachusetts.
 1776 - American Revolutionary War: British forces arrive at White Plains, New York and attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Americans.
 1834 - Battle of Pinjarra: In present-day Western Australia, British colonists kill between 14 and 40 Aborigines.
 1835 - The United Tribes of New Zealand are founded, signed by 31 Maori chiefs.
 1836 - The Peruvian-Bolivian Confederation is formed.
 1848 – Spain's first railway line is opened.
 1856 – Portugal's first railway line is completed.
1869 – Dmitri Mendeleev publishes the Periodic Table of the elements.
 1886 – The Statue of Liberty is dedicated by Grover Cleveland.
 1891 - An earthquake in Japan kills 7,273 people.
 1900 - The 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris end after five months.
1901  2000 
 1904 - Panama and Uruguay start diplomatic relations.
 1918 – Czechoslovakia becomes independent.
 1918 - A new Polish government is created in Galicia.
 1919 - United States Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto, paving the way for prohibition to begin in January 1920.
 1922 – Fascists led by Benito Mussolini take over the Italian government.
 1929 - Black Monday during the Wall Street Crash.
 1940 - World War II: Italy invades Greece through Albania.
 1942 – The Alaska Highway is completed.
 1951 - Juan Manuel Fangio wins the Formula One championship.
 1954 - Ernest Hemingway wins the Nobel Prize in Literature.
 1954 – The Modern Kingdom of the Netherlands is re-founded as a federal monarchy.
 1958 – Pope John XXIII becomes Pope.
 1962 – The Cuban Missile Crisis ends.
 1964 - Vietnam War: US officials deny involvement in the bombing of North Vietnam.
 1965 - The Gateway Arch in Saint Louis, Missouri is completed.
1974 - In Woomera, South Australia, the British rocket Black Arrow is launched, along the satellite Prospero.
 1981 – The band Metallica is founded.
 1982 – Felipe González is elected Prime Minister of Spain.
 1990 - The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic holds its first election involving more than one political party.
 1995 – A train fire in the Baku Metro kills 289 people.
 1995 - Antonio Guterres becomes Prime Minister of Portugal.
 1998 - An Air China jetliner is hijacked by disgruntled pilot Yuan Bin and flown to Taiwan.
From 2001 
 2005 - American politician Lewis Libby resigns over the Valerie Plame Affair.
 2007 – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner is elected President of Argentina.
 2009 - A bombing in Peshawar, Pakistan, kills 117 people and injures 213.
 2009 - Angela Merkel begins her second term as Chancellor of Germany.
 2012 - People along the east coast of the United States prepare for the arrival of Hurricane Sandy, which had already caused a lot of destruction in the Caribbean.
 2013 - The St Jude Storm, also known as "Christian", "Carmen" and "Simone", hits the southern UK, northern France, the Low Countries, Germany, Denmark and southern Sweden. At least 15 people are killed, either from falling trees or getting swept out to sea, and transport is disrupted. Denmark records its highest wind-speed during this storm.
 2017 - Two bomb attacks in Mogadishu, Somalia, kill at least 19 people, after a massive bomb attack in the city had killed over 350 people two weeks earlier.
Up to 1900 
 1017 - Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1056)
 1510 – Francisco Borgia, Spanish Jesuit (d. 1572)
 1536 - Felix Platter, Swiss writer and physician (d. 1614)
 1585 - Cornelius Jansen, Dutch bishop and theologian (d. 1638)
 1667 - Maria Anna of Neuburg, Queen of Spain (d. 1740)
 1691 – Peder Tordenskjold, Norwegian naval hero (d. 1720)
 1697 – Canaletto, Italian artist (d. 1768)
 1703 - Antoine Deparcieux, French mathematician (d. 1768)
 1718 - Ignacije Szentmartony, Croatian Jesuit missionary (d. 1793)
 1733 - Franz Ignaz von Beecke, German composer (d. 1803)
 1751 - Dmitry Bortniansky, Russian and Ukrainian composer (d. 1825)
 1767 – Marie Sophie of Hesse-Kassel, Queen of Denmark and Norway (d. 1852)
 1793 – Caroline of Denmark (d. 1881)
 1803 - Caroline Unger, Austrian singer (d. 1877)
 1804 - Pierre François Verhulst, Belgian mathematician (d. 1849)
 1818 - Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (d. 1883) (November 9 in Gregorian calendar)
1823 - William Simpson, Scottish artist and war correspondent (d. 1899)
 1837 – Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Japanese shogun (d. 1913)
 1839 - Edward P. Allen, American captain, lawyer and politician (d. 1909)
 1840 - Joseph W. Fifer, 19th Governor of Illinois (d. 1938)
 1845 - Zymunt Florenty Wroblewski, Polish physicist (d. 1888)
 1846 - Auguste Escoffier, French chef (d. 1935)
 1854 - Jean-Marie Guyau, French philosopher and poet (d. 1888)
 1860 - Jigoro Kano, Japanese martial artist (d. 1938)
 1860 - Hugo Preuss, German politician (d. 1938)
 1864 - Adolfo Camarillo, American-born Mexican land owner and rancher (d. 1958)
 1866 - Ramón del Valle-Inclán, Galician writer (d. 1936)
 1875 - Gilbert H. Grosvenor, American geographer and editor (d. 1966)
 1879 - Channing H. Cox, 49th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1968)
 1882 - Grigol Robakidze, Georgian writer (d. 1962)
 1885 – Per Albin Hansson, Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1946)
 1886 - O. G. S. Crawford, English archaeologist (d. 1957)
1889 - Juliette Béliveau, Canadian actress and singer (d. 1975)
 1891 - Ormer Locklear, American pilot (d. 1980)
 1892 - Dink Johnson, American pianist, drummer and clarinettist (d. 1954)
 1896 – Howard Hanson, American composer (d. 1981)
 1897 – Edith Head, American costume designer (d. 1981)
1901  1950 
 1901 - Eileen Shanahan, Irish poet (d. 1979)
 1902 – Elsa Lanchester, Anglo-American actress (d. 1986)
 1903 – Evelyn Waugh, British writer (d. 1966)
 1904 - George Dangerfield, English-American historian, journalist and writer (d. 1986)
 1907 - Tommy Hampson, British athlete (d. 1965)
 1908 – Arturo Frondizi, President of Argentina (d. 1995)
 1909 – Francis Bacon, Anglo-Irish painter (d. 1992)
 1912 – Richard Doll, British epidemiologist (d. 2005)
 1914 – Jonas Salk, American doctor, developed the Polio vaccine (d. 1995)
 1914 – Richard Laurence Millington Synge, British biochemist (d. 1994)
 1921 - Azumafuji Kin'ichi, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1973)
 1922 - Simon Muzenda, Zimbabwean politician (d. 2003)
 1925 - Ian Hamilton Findlay, Scottish poet, writer, artist and gardener (d. 2006)
 1927 - Roza Makagonova, Russian writer (d. 1995)
 1927 – Cleo Laine, British singer
 1928 – Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, Egyptian Muslim cleric (d. 2010)
 1928 - Marcel Bozzuffi, French actor (d. 1988)
1928 - Lawrie Reilly, Scottish footballer (d. 2013)
 1928 - William Rodgers, Baron Rodgers of Quarry Bank, British politician
 1929 – Joan Plowright, British actress
 1929 - John Hollander, American poet
 1929 - Virginia Held, American philosopher and writer
 1930 – Bernie Ecclestone, British Formula 1 executive
 1931 - Harold Battiste, American composer, arranger, performer and teacher (d. 2015)
 1932 - Gerhart Baum, German politician
 1932 – Spyros Kyprianou, President of Cyprus (d. 2002)
 1933 – Garrincha, Brazilian footballer (d. 1983)
 1935 - Alan Clarke, British movie director (d. 1990)
 1936 - Horst Antes, German artist and sculptor
 1936 - Carl Davis, American-born British conductor and composer
 1936 - Charlie Daniels, American country musician
 1937 - Lenny Wilkins, American basketball player
 1938 – David Dimbleby, British broadcaster
 1938 - Dave Budd, American basketball player
 1938 - Bernadette Lafont, French actress (d. 2013)
 1938 - Anne Perry, British writer
1939 – Jane Alexander, American actress
 1939 - Miroslav Cerar, Yugoslavian gymnast
 1941 - Hank Marvin, English guitarist
 1941 - Curtis Lee, American singer
 1942 - Kees Verkerk, Dutch speed skater
 1943 – Cornelia Froboess, German actress
 1944 – Anton Schlecker, German businessman
 1944 - Dennis Franz, American actor
 1944 - Gerry Anderson, Northern Irish broadcaster (d. 2014)
 1944 - Ian Marter, English actor and writer (d. 1986)
 1945 - Sandy Berger, American lawyer and politician (d. 2015)
 1945 - Wayne Fontana, American singer
 1946 - Wim Jansen, Dutch footballer and coach
 1949 – Caitlyn Jenner, American athlete and television personality
 1950 - Ludo Delcroix, Belgian cyclist
 1950 - Sihem Bensedrine, Tunisian journalist and activist
1951  1975 
 1951 - Ronnie and Donnie Galyon, American conjoined twins
 1951 - Peter Hitchens, English journalist and writer
 1952 - Annie Potts, American actress
 1954 - Christopher Benfey, American literary critic
 1955 - Digby Jones, English politician and businessman
 1955 - Yves Simoneau, Canadian movie and television director
 1955 – Bill Gates, American entrepreneur
 1956 – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, former President of Iran
 1956 - Sandy Clark, Scottish footballer and coach
 1956 - Franky Vercateuren, Belgian footballer and coach
 1957 - Florence Arthaud, French sailor (d. 2015)
 1957 - Stephen Paul David Morris, British musician
 1957 - Scott Hahn, American theologian
 1958 - William Reid, Scottish musician
 1958 - Concha García Campoy, Spanish journalist (d. 2013)
 1958 - Ashok Chavan, Indian politician, 16th Chief Minister of Maharashtra
 1962 - Scotty Nguyen, Vietnamese-born American professional poker player
 1962 - Erik Thorstvedt, Norwegian footballer
 1962 – Daphne Zuniga, American actress
1963 - Lauren Holly, American actress
 1963 - Eros Ramazzotti, Italian singer-songwriter and musician
 1963 - Sheryl Underwood, American comedian and talk show host
 1964 - Andrew Bridgen, English politician
 1965 - Jami Gertz, American actress
 1966 - Andy Richter, American actor and comedian
 1967 - Richard Bona, Cameroonian musician
 1967 - Kevin Macdonald, Scottish movie director
 1967 – Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein
 1967 – Julia Roberts, American actress
 1967 - John Romero, American video game designer
 1968 – Marc Lièvremont, French rugby player and coach
 1969 - Ben Harper, American rock musician
 1969 - Jeremy Davies, American actor
 1972 – Brad Paisley, American musician
 1973 – Alvin Burke, Jr., American professional wrestler known under the ring name Montel Vontavious Porter or MVP.
 1974 – Joaquin Phoenix, American actor
 1974 - Vicente Moreno, Spanish footballer and manager
 1974 - Dayanara Torres, Puerto Rican actress and singer
From 1976 
 1979 – Aki Hakala, Finnish drummer
 1979 - Isabella Ochichi, Kenyan athlete
 1979 - Martin Skoula, Czech ice hockey player
 1979 - Jawed Karim, German-American internet entrepreneur and co-founder of YouTube
 1979 - Natina Reed, American actress, rapper and singer-songwriter (d. 2012)
 1980 – Alan Smith, English footballer
 1981 – Milan Baros, Czech footballer
 1981 - Solomon Andargachew, Ethiopian footballer
 1982 - Jeremy Bonderman, American baseball player
 1982 - Mai Kuraki, Japanese singer-songwriter, pianist and producer
 1982 – Matt Smith, British actor
 1983 - Jarrett Jack, American basketball player
 1984 – Obafemi Martins, Nigerian footballer
 1984 - Kári Kristjánsson, Icelandic handball player
 1984 - Bryn Evans, New Zealand rugby player
 1985 - Troian Bellisario, American actress
 1986 - Aki Toyosaki, Japanese voice actress
 1987 - Frank Ocean, American singer-songwriter
 1988 - Jamie xx, English musician, DJ and record producer
 1988 - Go Eun-ah, South Korean actress
1989 - Camille Muffat, French swimmer (d. 2015)
 1991 - Lucy Bronze, English footballer
 1996 - Jack Eichel, American ice hockey player
 1996 - Jasmine Jessica Anthony, American actress
 1997 - Sierra McCormick, American actress
 1997 - Taylor Hinz, American tennis player
 1998 - Nolan Gould, American actor
 2004 - Miss Beazley, George W. Bush's pet dog (d. 2014)
Up to 1900 
 312 – Maxentius, Roman Emperor (b. 278)
 1225 - Jien, Japanese poet and historian (b. 1155)
 1312 - Elisabeth of Tirol (b. 1262)
 1412 – Margaret I of Denmark (b. 1353)
 1485 - Rodolphus Agricola, Dutch humanist (b. 1443)
 1568 - Ashikaga Yoshihide, Japanese shogun (b. 1539)
 1627 – Jahangir, Mughal Emperor (b. 1569)
 1639 - Stefano Landi, Italian composer (b. 1587)
 1646 - William Dobson, English painter (b. 1610)
 1661 - Agustín Moreto y Cavana, Spanish playwright (b. 1618)
 1703 – John Wallis, English mathematician (b. 1616)
 1704 – John Locke, English philosopher (b. 1632)
 1708 – Prince George of Denmark, Prince Consort of Great Britain (b. 1653)
 1740 – Empress Anna of Russia (b. 1693)
 1754 - Friedrich von Hagedorn, German poet  (b. 1708)
 1768 - Michel Blavet, French flautist and composer (b. 1700)
 1792 - John Smeaton, British civil engineer (b. 1724)
 1818 – Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States (b. 1744)
 1857 - Louis-Eugène Cavaignac, 26th Prime Minister of France (b. 1802)
1899 - Ottmar Mergenthaler, German-American inventor (b. 1854)
 1900 – Max Müller, German philologist (b. 1823)
1901  2000 
 1916 - Oswald Boelcke, German pilot (b. 1891)
 1917 - Dimitrios Votsis, Greek politician (b. 1841)
 1918 – Ulisse Dini, Italian mathematician (b. 1845)
 1929 – Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1849)
 1939 - Alice Brady, American actress (b. 1892)
 1952 – Billy Hughes, 7th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1862)
 1959 – Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban revolutionary (b. 1932)
 1969 - Constance Dowling, American actress (b. 1920)
 1973 - Taha Hussein, Egyptian historian, writer and academic (b. 1889)
 1973 - Sergio Topano, Italian actor, director and playwright (b. 1883)
 1975 - Georges Carpentier, French boxer (b. 1894)
 1978 - Rukmani Devi, Sri Lankan actress and singer (b. 1923)
 1983 - Otto Messmer, American animator (b. 1892)
 1984 - Wells Kelly, American singer-songwriter and musician (b. 1949)
 1986 - Ian Marter, English actor and writer (b. 1944)
 1989 - Kateb Yacine, Algerian writer (b. 1929)
 1998 – Ted Hughes, English poet (b. 1930)
From 2001 
 2005 – Richard Smalley, American chemist (b. 1943)
 2005 - Tony Jackson, American basketball player (b. 1942)
 2005 - Fernando Quejas, Cape Verdean singer and musician (b. 1922)
 2006 – Red Auerbach, American basketball coach and executive (b. 1917)
 2007 - Evelyn Hamann, German actress (b. 1942)
 2007 – Porter Wagoner, American country singer (b. 1927)
 2009 – Taylor Mitchell, Canadian singer-songwriter (b. 1990)
 2010 – Jonathan Motzfeldt, 1st Prime Minister of Greenland (b. 1938)
 2011 - Jiri Grusa, Czech writer and diplomat (b. 1938)
 2012 - Terry Callier, American guitarist and singer-songwriter (b. 1945)
 2013 - Tadeusz Mazowiecki, former Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1927)
 2014 - Hans Schneider, Austrian-American mathematician (b. 1927)
 2014 - Michael Sata, 5th President of Zambia (b. 1937)
 2014 - Romualdas Granauskas, Lithuanian writer (b. 1939)
 2014 - Koichiro Kimura, Japanese writer and martial artist (b. 1940)
 2014 - Galway Kinnell, American poet (b. 1927)
2017 - Gert Timmerman, Dutch singer (b. 1935)
 2017 - Josaphat-Robert Large, Haitian-American poet, novelist and art critic (b. 1942)
 2018 - Luis Miguel Enciso Recio, Spanish historian and politician (b. 1930)
 2018 - Richard Gill, Australian conductor and activist (b. 1941)
 2018 - Colin Sylvia, Australian football player (b. 1985)
 2018 - I. John Hesselink, American theologian (b. 1928)
 2019 - Al Bianchi, American baseball player and coach (b. 1932)
 2019 - Kay Hagan, American politician (b. 1953)
 2019 - Zoltán Jeney, Hungarian composer (b. 1943)
 2022 - Jerry Lee Lewis, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1935)
 2023 - Matthew Perry, American-Canadian actor (b. 1969)
Observances 
 Czech Republic and Slovakia: National holiday marking the independence of Czechoslovakia in 1918
 Ochi Day in Greece, Cyprus and Greek communities

Days of the year
American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron,  is a team sport. It is played by two teams with 11 players on each side. American football is played with a ball with pointed ends. Points are scored in many ways, usually by one team getting the ball into the end zone of the other team. The game started in the late 19th century as college football, an American version of rugby football.

The main leagues that play American football are the professional National Football League (NFL), and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which plays college football.  In the National Football League, players can be paid millions of dollars.  In the National Collegiate Athletic Association, players simply play for the pride of their school, scholarships, or for the chance to join a national team.  Over a million boys (and a number of girls) play high school football. There is also a closely related sport called Canadian football (CFL).
Gameplay 
An American football game is played with a ball called a football. The sport is played on a grass (or artificial turf) field. The field is exactly  long and  wide. The end zones, one at each end of the field, are  long. The players wear protective equipment, including a helmet with face mask, shoulder pads, thigh pads, and often a mouth guard. A team has four chances, or "downs", to advance the ball  while the opposing team tries to stop it. Certain players advance the ball by carrying or throwing it. Teams can score by advancing the ball to the other team's end zone or by kicking the ball through a goalpost placed at the back of the end zone. American football is carefully regulated by time and rules, which are enforced by officials, who also determine when a team scores.
In NCAA football overtime, which is based on the system used for high school football in most U.S. states, the teams take turns trying to score. The game ends when one team scores, and the other team fails to score as many points during its chance.

Field 

American football is played on a field  long by  wide. Most of the game is played on  in the middle. It is divided by 20 lines drawn every . The field has two other sets of markings, running between the two end zones along the length of the field, known as "hashmarks". All plays must start between the hashmarks—if the last play ended outside the hashmarks, the ball is moved to the nearest hashmark. At the ends of the field there are scoring areas, called the end zones.

There are also two yellow poles on the end of each field called uprights. Sometimes, if the team can not score a touchdown they might want to kick it through the uprights for three points. The uprights are also used for scoring one point after a team scored a touchdown.

Players
Players 

There are many types of players on a football team. For the offensive part of the team, a quarterback throws the football to wide receivers while offensive linemen block to protect him from defensive players. The offensive linemen also block when a running back runs to advance the football. Players on the Defensive line, a linebacker, and defensive backs (cornerbacks and American football safeties) attempt to tackle the offensive player who carries the football.
Some team members only play during certain times. These players belong to the Special Teams. The kicker can kick the ball to the other team or between the uprights, while the placeholder holds the ball steady. The kick returner runs the ball down the field in an attempt to score points after catching the ball.

Scoring
Scoring

Touchdown (6 points) 
A touchdown is achieved when a player has legal possession of the ball and the ball crosses an imaginary vertical plane above the opposing team's goal line.  After a touchdown, the scoring team attempts a try for 1 or 2 points (see below).  A successful touchdown is signaled by an official extending both arms vertically above the head.

Field goal (3 points) 
A field goal is scored when the ball is place kicked between the goal posts behind the opponent's end zone. The most common type of kick used is the place kick.  For a place kick, the ball must first be snapped to a placeholder, who holds the ball upright on the ground with his fingertip so that it may be kicked. Three points are scored if the ball crosses between the two upright posts and above the crossbar and remains over.
Extra point (1 or 2 points) 
Immediately following a touchdown, the scoring team can attempt to kick the ball between the goal posts for 1 extra point. The team can also run or pass the ball into the end zone for 2 points. This is not done very often, although it does happen if the game situation calls for it.

College football has unique rules regarding extra point attempts in overtime. Teams that score touchdowns are required to attempt a two-point conversion during the second overtime. Starting with the third overtime, the two teams alternate two-point conversion attempts, with the game ending when one team scores and the other does not.
Defensive conversion (2 points) 
In the NFL, college football, and high school football in Texas (whose rules are based on the NCAA set), if the defense takes possession of the ball during an extra point (via fumble, interception, or blocked kick) and returns the ball into the opponent's end zone, the defensive team receives 2 points. (In high school football outside of Texas, if the defense takes possession during an extra point, the play is dead at that moment and the conversion is ruled "no good".)

Safety (2 points) 
A safety is scored if a player causes the ball to become dead in his own end zone. When this happens two points are awarded to the opposing (usually defending) team.  This can happen if a player is either downed or goes out of bounds in the end zone while carrying the ball. It can also happen if he fumbles the ball, and it goes out of bounds in the end zone. A safety is also awarded to the defensive team if the offensive team commits a foul which is enforced in its own end zone.
American Professional Seasons

Exhibition season 

Exhibition season (better known as Pre-Season) is in August. In the exhibition season, the teams get ready for the regular season by having training. Teams have practices to help the team get better and see who will make the team. All of the teams play 3 games before the regular season starts, and the games do not change what team gets to the post season. Because of it, teams do not use their best players much, and use the games as more practice.

Regular season 
The 32 NFL teams are divided into two conferences: the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). Each of them is divided in four divisions: North, South, West and East. Each division includes four teams.
The season lasts 18 weeks. Each team plays 17 games and has one week off. This week of rest is called a "bye week".

NFL playoffs
NFL playoffs 
 

At the end of the regular season, the winners of each division and the next three best teams in each conference play in a tournament. The NFC's champion and The AFC's champion play the NFL's final game, the Super Bowl. The event is often treated as a National holiday as many stores close for the event. The day of the event is commonly known nationwide as Super Bowl Sunday.

References

Notes

Related pages 
 Association football

Other websites

 NFL in a nutshell -BBC
 Super Bowl
"The Ugly Duckling" () is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. Andersen lavished great care on this story, spending a year perfecting it. It was first published in 1844 with "The Angel", "The Sweethearts", and "The Nightingale" in New Fairy Tales. The critics liked these stories. Andersen considered the story "a reflection of my own life." The moral of the tale: "it does not matter if you were born in a duck yard if you have lain in a swan's egg." The tale has been adapted to various media such as animated movies.

Story 
A mother duck hatches six pretty little ducklings. A seventh bird is hatched. He is homely. The other ducks abuse him. He runs away. He is given a home by an old woman. Her cat and hen do not like him. He runs away again. Winter comes and a kind farmer gives him a home. The little bird almost dies. Spring comes. The "ugly duckling" has grown into a beautiful swan. The other swans welcome him as their own. They bow to him. He is happy for the first time in his life.

Notes
Notes

References
 Wullschlager, Jackie. 2000. Hans Christian Andersen. Knopf.

Fairy tales
Works by Hans Christian Andersen
General relativity is a theory of space and time. The theory was published by Albert Einstein in 1915. 

The central idea of general relativity is that space and time are two aspects of spacetime. In general relativity, gravity has no such force as Newton put forward. According to Einstein it is a curvature that warps not only space, but also time. (Time dilation)

Idea
A central idea in general relativity is the "principle of equivalence". An example is that two people, one in an elevator on the surface of the Earth, and the other in an elevator in outer space but accelerating upwards at the  will each observe the same behavior of an object they drop from their hands. The object will accelerate to the floor at 9.8 m/s2 in either case.

This makes it it impossible for either to distinguish whether or not they are at rest in a gravitational field.  Other versions of this type of "thought experiment" were used to show that light would curve in an accelerating frame of reference.
The force pulling the Earth towards the Sun is about the same as a second force. This second force is called the centrifugal force. The centrifugal force exists because the Earth moves sideways. This sideways motion makes the distance between the Earth and Sun increase. Since the Earth is being pulled towards the sun and moving away at the same time, it stays at about the same distance. This is also how the Moon orbits the earth. In this second case, Earth is the ball and the Moon is the object. 

The Sun and other objects with mass curve four dimensional spacetime fabric.
Predictions
General relativity has predicted many things which were later seen. These include:
 As light gets closer to the Sun, it bends towards the sun twice as much as classical physics predicts (the system used before general relativity). This was seen in an experiment by Arthur Eddington in 1919. When scientists saw his experiment, they started to take general relativity seriously.
 The perihelion of the planet Mercury rotates along its orbit more than is expected under Newtonian physics. General relativity accounts for the difference between what is seen and what is expected without it.
Redshift from gravity. When light moves away from an object with gravity (moving away from the center of the valley), it is stretched into longer wavelengths. This was confirmed by the Pound-Rebka experiment.
 The Shapiro delay. Light appears to slow down when it passes close to a massive object. This was first seen in the 1960s by space probes headed towards the planet Venus.
Gravitational waves. They were first observed on 14 September 2015.
Related pages
 Special Theory of Relativity

References

Other websites 

Basic physics ideas
Relativity
Albert Einstein
Rutland is the smallest county of England. It is surrounded by the counties of Leicestershire, Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire.

The main towns of Rutland are Oakham and Uppingham.

In the mid-1970s, it was the inspiration for Eric Idle's TV show, Rutland Weekend Television.

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Unitary authorities
January - March 
January 4 – End of term for Culbert Olson, 29th Governor of California. Earl Warren follows him.
January 11 – The United States and United Kingdom give up territorial rights in China.
January 11 – General Juanto dies in Argentina – Ramon Castillo succeeds him
January 12 – Jan Campert, Dutch journalist and writer, dies in Neuengamme concentration camp
January 14 – Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes the first President of the United States to travel by airplane while in office (Miami, Florida to Morocco to meet with Winston Churchill to discuss World War II).
January 15 – World War II: Japanese are driven off Guadalcanal.
January 15 – The world's largest office building, The Pentagon, is dedicated (Arlington, Virginia).
January 18 – World War II: Soviet officials announce they have broken the Wehrmacht's siege of Leningrad.
January 18 – The Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto rise up for the first time, starting the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
January 23 – World War II: British forces capture Tripoli from the Nazis.
January 23 – In Spearfish, South Dakota, temperature rises from -20 to +7 degrees Celsius in two minutes
January 23 – Duke Ellington plays at New York City's Carnegie Hall for the first time.
January 24 – World War II: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill conclude a conference in Casablanca.
January 27 – World War II: 50 bombers mount the first all American air raid against Germany (Wilhelmshaven was the target).
February 1 – World War II: Vidkun Quisling is appointed Prime Minister of Norway by the Nazi occupiers.
February 2 – World War II: In Russia, the Battle of Stalingrad comes to an end with the surrender of the German 6th Army.
February 3 – World War II: The death of the Four Chaplains when their ship was struck by a torpedo.
February 7 – World War II: In the United States, it is announced that shoe rationing will go into effect in two days.
February 8 – World War II: Battle of Kursk – the Russian army captures the city.
February 8 – World War II: Battle of Guadalcanal – United States forces defeat Japanese troops.
February 10 – March 3 – Mohandas Gandhi stops eating to protest that he was in jail.
February 11 – General Eisenhower is selected to command the allied armies in Europe.
February 14 – World War II: Rostov, Russia is freed.
February 14 – World War II: Battle of the Kasserine Pass – German General Erwin Rommel and his Afrika Korps launch an offensive against Allied defenses in Tunisia; it is the United States' first major battle defeat of the war.
February 16 – World War II: Soviet Union reconquers Kharkov, but is later driven out in the Third Battle of Kharkov
February 18 – The Nazis arrest the members of the White Rose movement.
February 20 – American movie studio executives agree to allow the Office of War Information to censor movies.
February 22 – Members of White Rose are executed in Nazi Germany.
February 27 – The Smith Mine #3 in Bearcreek, Montana, United States explodes, killing 74 men.
February 28 – OPERATION GUNNERSIDE, 6 Norwegians led by Joachim Ronneberg successfully attack the heavy water plant Vemork.
March 1 – "Panzer General" Heinz Guderian becomes the Inspector-General of the Armoured Troops for the German Army during World War II.
March 2 – World War II: Battle of the Bismarck Sea – United States and Australian forces sink Japanese convoy ships.
March 3 – 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter an air-raid shelter at Bethnal Green tube station in London.
March 8 – World War II: American forces are attacked by Japanese troops on Hill 700 in Bougainville in a battle that will last five days.
March 13 – World War II: On Bougainville, Japanese troops end their assault on American forces at Hill 700.
March 13 – Holocaust: German forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Kraków.
March 26 – World War II: Battle of Komandorski Islands – In the Aleutian Islands the battle begins when United States Navy forces intercept Japanese attempting to reinforce a garrison at Kiska.