Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
James Emory Foxx (October 22, 1907 – July 21, 1967), nicknamed "Double X" and "The Beast", was an American first baseman in Baseball. Foxx was the second major league player to hit 500 home runs, and at age 32, is the second youngest to hit that many home runs, behind Alex Rodriguez.

1907 births
1967 deaths
American baseball players
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago Cubs players
Deaths from choking
Philadelphia Phillies players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Sportspeople from Maryland
Stade de l'USFA is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive des Forces Armées.  The stadium holds 9,000 people.

Football stadiums in Ouagadougou
Stade Wobi Bobo-Dioulasso is a stadium in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive du Foyer de la Régie Abidjan-Niger.  The stadium holds 10,000 people.

Wobi Bobo
Bobo Dioulasso
Spotify Camp Nou is a football stadium used by FC Barcelona that was opened in 1957. It can hold 99,354 people, making it the largest stadium in Europe and the second largest football stadium in the world. 

The stadium was used to host the 1982 FIFA World Cup and the 1992 Summer Olympics. It also hosted the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Bayern Munich.

Matches hosted

European Competition Finals

European Super Cups/UEFA Super Cups

International Competitions

Football at the 1992 Summer Olympics

Gallery

References 

 
1957 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Spain
The Dean of the United States Senate is the Senator that has been in office the longest.
 
Unlike the office of President pro tem, the Office of Dean is not an official position.

History
After the death of Daniel Inouye on December 17, 2012, Patrick Leahy became the new Dean of the Senate. Also since the death of Inouye, Leahy became the President pro tempore and "dean". Leahy is the senorist Democratic Senate politician in the United States. When Leahy retired, Chuck Grassley assumed the role in 2023.

References

United States Senate
Stade Municipal is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home of Santos Football Club.  The stadium holds 15,000 people.

Football stadiums in Ouagadougou
Stade Banfora is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive de la Comoé.  The stadium holds 6,000 people.

Football stadiums in Ouagadougou
Stade Balibiè is a stadium in Koudougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Association Sportive des Employés et Commerçants de Koudougou.  The stadium holds 30,000 people.

Football stadiums in Burkina Faso
Benjamin Scott Folds (born September 12, 1966) is an American singer and songwriter who plays the piano.  He was the main singer of the band Ben Folds Five.  The band stopped playing together in 2000, and Folds has played as a solo act since then.  His solo albums include Rockin' the Suburbs, Songs for Silverman and Way to Normal.

Sources

1966 births
Living people
Singers from North Carolina
American singer-songwriters
Carl Zimmer (born 1966) is a popular science writer and blogger, mostly dealing with the study of evolution and parasites. He has written several books and contributes science essays to publications such as The New York Times and Discover. He is a Fellow at Yale University's Morse College. He lives in Guilford, Connecticut, with his wife, Grace Farrell Zimmer, and their two children.  His father, Dick Zimmer, was a Republican congressman from New Jersey from 1991 through 1997. His brother, Benjamin Zimmer, is a linguist.

Awards
 American Association for the Advancement of Science's 2004 Science Journalism Award 
 The Pan American Health Organization's Award for Excellence in International Health Reporting
 American Institute Biological Science's Media Award
 Everett Clark Award for Science Writing
 John Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship
 United States National Academy of Sciences Communication Award
Bibliography
 Zimmer, Carl At the Water's Edge (1999) 
 Zimmer, Carl Parasite Rex (2001) 
 Zimmer, Carl Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea (2001) 
 Zimmer, Carl Soul Made Flesh (2004) 
 Zimmer, Carl Smithsonian Intimate Guide to Human Origins (2005) 
 Zimmer, Carl Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life (2008) 

1966 births
Living people
Writers from New Jersey
Stade de la SONABEL is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Association Sportive SONABEL.  The stadium holds 5,000 people.

Football stadiums in Ouagadougou
Stade Municipal is a stadium in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games.  The stadium holds 30,000 people.

Football stadiums in Burkina Faso
Bobo Dioulasso
Stade du 4-Août is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and it also has an athletics track. The stadium can hold of 35,000 people. Etoile Filante Ouagadougou play their homes games at the stadium.

References

Other websites
 Photo  at worldstadiums.com 
 Photos  at fussballtempel.net
 Stadium at Openstreetmap

Football stadiums in Ouagadougou
1984 establishments
38628 Huya, previously known by its provisional designation ) is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO). It was found in March 2000 by Ignacio Ferrin and announced on October 24, 2000. It was given the name Huya, after Juyá, the Wayuu rain god, in August 2003 by the International Astronomical Union.

Size 
At the time when it was found, Huya was the biggest and brightest TNO yet found. It was found using data collected by at the CIDA Observatory in Venezuela. Astronomers think it's about 530 km in diameter.

Surface 
The object has a red-sloped reflectance spectrum, saying that the surface could be rich in organic material such as tholins.

Orbit 
Given the long orbit that TNOs have around the sun, Huya comes to opposition in early May of each year at an apparent magnitude of 19.3.

References
References

Other websites 
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
 37th DPS: Albedos, Diameters (and a Density) of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects 
 Planet 10? Tiny 'Plutino' Almost Qualifies 
 Discovery of a bright Trans-Neptunian Object (Yale) 
 From the Rain Forest to Planet Huya 

Possible dwarf planets
Kuiper belt objects
2101 Adonis was one of the first near-Earth asteroids to be found.  It was found by Eugene Delporte in 1936 and named after Adonis, the beautiful youth with whom the goddess Venus fell in love. Adonis is thought to measure about 1 km in diameter.

In the close approach that led to the first time it was found, not enough sightings could be made to find out it's orbit, and Adonis was lost until 1977 when it was found once again by Charles T. Kowal.

Adonis was the second Apollo asteroid to be found (after 1862 Apollo itself). It may be a dead comet, and may be the source of some meteor showers. 

It comes within 30 Gm of the Earth six times in the 21st century, the nearest being 5.3 Gm in 2036.

Other websites 
 Long-lost planet 1936 CA ("Adonis") recovered

Adonis
1566 Icarus is an Apollo asteroid (a sub-class of near-Earth asteroid). At its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) it is closer to the Sun than Mercury. In its orbit it crosses the orbits of Mercury, Venus and Mars. It is named after Icarus of Greek mythology, who flew too close to the Sun. The asteroid was found in 1949 by Walter Baade.

Icarus makes a close approach to Earth at gaps of 9, 19, or 38 years. Sometimes, it comes as close as 6.4 Gm (16 lunar distances and 4 million miles), as it did on June 14, 1968. The last close approach was in 1996, at 15.1 Gm, about 40 times as far as the Moon. The most recent close approach was on June 16, 2015, 8.1 Gm (5 million miles).

In 1967, Paul Sandorff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave his students the task of making a plan to destroy Icarus, if it was going to hit the Earth. This plan is known as Project Icarus (which was the basis for the 1979 science fiction film Meteor, starring Sean Connery).

References
References

Other websites 
 NeoDys Object Listing: orbital elements and list of close approaches
 Article on TheSpaceReview.com about Project Icarus

Icarus
3200 Phaethon, sometimes incorrectly spelt Phaeton, is an Apollo asteroid and a dead comet.

It was announced on 14 October 1983 in IAUC 3878, with optical confirmation that it looks like an asteroid. It was the first asteroid to be found by a spacecraft. It measures 5.10 km in diameter.

Phaethon approaches the Sun closer than any other numbered asteroid. Its perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) is only 0.140 AU – less than half Mercury's perihelion distance. It is a Mercury-, Venus-, Earth- and Mars-crosser. The surface temperature at perihelion could reach ~1025 K, or 1400 F. For this reason, it was named after the Greek myth of Phaëton, son of the sun god Helios.

Phaethon approached to 18.1 Gm on 10 December 2007. It will draw nearer in 2017, 2050, 2060,  and closer still on 14 December 2093, passing within 0.0198 AU (3.0  Gm).

References 

Asteroids
Minor planet designations are number-name combinations given by the Minor Planet Center, a part of the IAU. They are used for dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies such as asteroids, but not comets. They are given to a body once its orbit is secured and unrelated to provisional designations, given when an object is found. 

The two parts of a formal designation are
 a number, historically given in a similar order to the order that it was found, now given only after the orbit is secured
 a name, either the name assigned by the astronomer who found it or, more commonly, the provisional designation.
It looks like this: (number) Name, for example (90377) Sedna or . According to what the astronomer wants, the brackets are now often removed, as in 90377 Sedna. In practice, however, the number is primarily a catalog entry for any reasonably well-known object. Therefore, the name or provisional designation is generally used in the formal designation: Sedna, .
The rule for moons of minor planets, such as the formal designation (87) Sylvia I Romulus for the asteroid moon Romulus, is an extension of the Roman numeral convention used, on and off, for the moons of the planets since Galileo's time.

The Minor Planet Center also managed comets but used a different cataloging system.
History 
By 1851, there were 15 asteroids, all but one with their own symbol. The symbols were becoming less and less simple, and, as they had to be drawn by hand, astronomers found some of them hard to draw. This difficulty was addressed by Benjamin Apthorp Gould in 1851, who suggested numbering asteroids in the order that they were found, and placing this number in a circle as the symbol for the asteroid, such as ④ for the fourth asteroid, Vesta. This practice was soon coupled with the name itself into an official number-name designation, "④ Vesta", as the number of minor planets increased. By ca 1858, the circle had been simplified to brackets, "(4)" and "(4) Vesta", which was easier to typeset. Other punctuation such as "4) Vesta" and "4, Vesta" was also used, but had more or less completely died out by 1949.
The major exception to the convention that the number tracks the order they were or the order that they're orbit was calculated is the case of Pluto. Since Pluto was originally called a planet, it was not given a number until a 2006 redefinition of "planet" that didn't include it. At that point, Pluto was given the formal designation Pluto.

References

Other websites 
IAU FAQ on minor planets 
MPC explanation of provisional designations
Dr. James Hilton, When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets? 

Minor planets
is a popular ball-shaped Japanese dumpling.  It is like a savory pancake in a ball-shape which is cooked in a special pan.

Takoyaki is a specialty of Osaka and Kyoto.  It is usually eaten as a snack.

Many people in Osaka and Kyoto have a special cooker that makes takoyaki. This is because they eat takoyaki often.

History
Takoyaki was invented in Osaka in 1935 by Tomekichi Endo.  It is most often made with flour and small pieces of boiled octopus.

How to make Takoyaki 
First, mix flour and egg with water to make dough. It is important the dough is not too thick but not too watery. 
Second, pour the dough into a takoyaki pan. 
Third, put a piece of cut, boiled octopus into each of the holes of the takoyaki pan. Also, put pickled ginger, and tenkasu (deep-fried flour dough). 
Fourth, turn the dough as it cooks to make a ball-shape. 
Finally, once cooked, put takoyaki sauce, katsuobushi (dried fish flakes), and aonori (green laver) on the balls.
Minor planet
A minor planet named "6562 Takoyaki" was discovered in 1991 by M. Yanai and K. Watanabe at Katani.  The name was selected by children who visited the Funai Space Festival which was held in Osaka in 2001.

References

Other websites

 Just Hungry,  "Takoyaki, the great street snack that's fun to make at home"

Japanese food
Nishinomiya is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is in the Kansai region of Japan and has a population of 483,598. 

It has been recognized as a core city since 2008.

History

The Great Hanshin Earthquake on January 17, 1995 killed 1,134 people in Nishinomiya and injring 6386 people. 34,181 buildings were completely destroyed with 27,116 buildings being partially destroyed. Nishinomiya had 194 evacuation spots with 44,351 evacuees.

Some famous places in Nishinomiya include Koshien Stadium, where the professional baseball team the Hanshin Tigers play, and Nishinomiya Gardens.

Sister Cities
Sister cities
U.S., Spokane, Washington September, 1961 

Friendship cities
Brazil, Paraná, Londrina, May, 1977
China, Zhejiang, Shaoxing July, 1985
France District of Lot-et-Garonne and Agen, April, 1992
 U.S., Burlington, Vermont
 Aquitaine
 Japan, Kagoshima (formerly Naze), Amami, October, 1981
 Japan, Kochi, Yusuhara, March, 1991
Geography 
 Location - Nishinomiya City is in Hyogo Prefecture. It lies on Osaka Bay between Kobe (to the West) and Osaka (to the East).
 Size - Area is 99.96km2
 Transport - There are excellent links to Kobe, Osaka and beyond with a choice of three separate train lines. The Bullet train, which connects to Tokyo, stops in nearby Kobe. Also, roads out of the city are good. Many people within the city travel by bicycle so there are large bicycle parking places especially near stations.
The Land - most of Nishinomiya is on the flat plain in the south, however there are mountains in the north. The town has expanded up the mountains, so many houses are built on the slopes of these mountains with excellent views over the city below and even out over Osaka Bay.  One small mountain is called Kabuto-yama. This landmark, with its Japanese helmet shape, can be seen from most parts of the city. In the bay, artificial islands have been made on which industries, residential areas and a marina have been built. There is a small beach.
Economy 
Nishinomiya is famous in Japan for its sake (rice wine) production. Other food production is the main industry. There are also docks for shipping.

Leisure and Culture 
There are huge shopping centres that are very popular. The city is the home of the famous Hanshin Tigers baseball team who play at Koshien Stadium. The Tigers have won the Central League pennant five times (1962, 1964, 1985, 2003, 2005) and the Japan Series once (1985). In each of 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009, more than three million people attended games at their Nishinomiya stadium. There are many shrines, such as Nishinomiya Shrine, Hirota-jinja and Kannō-ji. A popular light novel, manga, and anime series 'The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya' is set in Nishinomiya.

References

Cities in Hyōgo Prefecture
The 1979 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1979 and ended on November 30, 1979. This was an average season with 20 storms, however only 9 became tropical. This was a damaging and deadly season most of the damage was caused by Tropical Storm Claudette, Hurricane David and Hurricane Frederic. Most deaths were caused by Hurricane David.

Storms
Tropical Depression One 
Tropical Depression Two 
Tropical Storm Ana 
Tropical Depression Four 
Hurricane Bob  
Tropical Storm Claudette 
Tropical Depression Nine 
Tropical Depression Ten 
Hurricane David 
Tropical Storm Elena  
Hurricane Frederic 
Hurricane Gloria 
Hurricane Henri 
Tropical Depression Nineteen 
Tropical Depression Twenty 
Tropical Depression Twenty-One 
Tropical Depression Twenty-Two 
Subtropical Storm One 
Tropical Depression Twenty-Five 
Tropical Depression Twenty-Six
Storm names
This is the list of names that were set aside for the 1979 Atlantic hurricane season. The list is not the same as in 1973 because in 1979 male names were added to the list. Names that were not used are marked in .

Retired names
In the spring of 1980, the names, David and Frederic were retired and replaced with the names Danny and Fabian.

Other websites
 Monthly Weather Review
 HPC rainfall pages for 1979 tropical cyclones impacting North America
The 1969 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1969 and ended on November 30, 1969. This season was highly active in fact, at that time it was the most active it has since fallen many times. This season featured the very powerful, Hurricane Camille.

Storms
Tropical Depression Seven 
Tropical Storm Anna 
Hurricane Blanche 
Hurricane Camille  
Hurricane Debbie 
Tropical Storm Eve 
Hurricane Francelia 
Hurricane Gerda 
Hurricane Holly 
Tropical Depression Twenty-Nine 
Hurricane Inga 
Hurricane Ten 
Tropical Storm Eleven 
Subtropical Storm One 
Tropical Depression Thirty-Two 
Tropical Storm Jenny 
Hurricane Kara 
Hurricane Laurie 
Tropical Storm Sixteen 
Hurricane Seventeen 
Hurricane Martha

Unused names

Retired names
In the spring of 1970, Camille was retired.

Other websites
 Monthly Weather Review
 HPC rainfall pages for 1969 tropical cyclones
Hanasaka-jiisan(花咲か爺）is a famous folk story of Japan.  The name means "old man who made flowers blossom(Japanese flower)".  The story became famous in Japan in the Edo Period (1603-1868).
Story 
   
There was a kind-hearted old man, Hanasaka-jiisan, who grew cherry blossoms.  The old man and his wife had a white puppy.  One day, their dog barked, “Koko-hore-wan-wan,” (meaning "Dig here! Bark bark!") while digging in a field.  The old man dug up gold and made the old man very rich.  The old man was very happy.  The old man's neighbor saw the dog barking and watched as the old man dig up the treasure. The old couple’s neighbors were jealous of this.  So they stole the white puppy away, and ordered him to search for treasure. They beat him, then he went to search for treasure.  But they only found rubbish. So, then they killed the dog.  The old man was crushed with grief. The neighbor's gave the old man and his wife the dog's ashes.
Then, the dog appeared in the old man's dream.  The dog said, "Please scatter my ashes on the dead cherry blossom tree!"  The old man followed the dog's directions. Then, the dead cherry blossom tree came into full bloom.  The old man and his wife received great praise from a feudal lord passing by.
ICOCA is an IC (Integrated Circuit) Card used on the JR West rail network in Japan. It stands for "Integrated Circuit Operating Card." It can be used as a riding ticket or digital cash. For example, you can use it to get on a train or, to buy a drink at a convenience store, or bread from a bakery.

How To Purchase 

The Green Windows (midori-no-madoguchi) of JR stations sell ICOCA cards. The price of the card is 500 yen (about $5 USD), but at first you must pay 2,000 yen (about $20 USD), and you immediately get 1,500 yen (about $15 USD) of cash on the card. The limit you can have on the card is 20,000 yen (about $200 USD).

Origin of Name 
The name of the card is a play on the phrase, "Ikoka" (行こか), which means, "Let's go," in the western Japanese dialect.

Japanese railways
Mono no aware (物の哀れ) is a Japanese literary term.  It means "the pathos of things" in English. Pathos is the power in literature that creates feelings of sorrow, pity and tenderness. Mono no aware is a very important concept when reading old literature, so that the reader can understand the importance and beauty of the literature.  It is used to express the keen emotion and pathos of a piece of literature and the feeling it gives the readers' senses, such as the description of a sound or scenery.  The Tale of Genji, said to be the world's oldest novel, is a good example of literature that gives its readers the sense of mono no aware.

Origin 
The term mono no aware was first used by Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801) to describe Heian Period (794 AD - 1185 AD) literature, especially Tales of Genji.
In contemporary culture
Notable manga artists who use mono no aware–style storytelling include Hitoshi Ashinano, Kozue Amano, and Kaoru Mori. In anime, both Only Yesterday, by Isao Takahata and Mai Mai Miracle, by Sunao Katabuchi make note of the passing of time in a gentle way by presenting the main plot against a parallel one from the past.  In addition, the Japanese director Yasujiro Ozu was well known for making a sense of mono no aware. 

Japanese literature
Salmon (pronounced sa-mon, as the l is silent) is a range of pale pinkish-orange to light pink colors, named after the color of salmon flesh.

The first recorded use of salmon as a color name in English was in 1776.

Meaning of salmon 
 The color salmon is know to provide good health because salmon contains Omega-3 fatty acids, which are good for you.  

 The color pale salmon (shown below) represents finance because it is used as the color of the paper on which some economic newspapers like the Financial Times are printed (it is also the color of logo of the Financial Times website).  Hence the economic press is sometimes termed the salmon press as opposed to regular general newspapers published on off-white colored newsprint.

Tones of salmon color comparison chart

Related pages
List of colors

References
A saddle is like a seat for a rider, which is held to an animal's back by a belly strap called a girth. The most common type is the equestrian saddle made for a horse. Saddles have been made for camels and other animals. The earliest saddles were simple pads fixed with a surcingle seen by 800 BC, with the saddle tree coming into use about 200 BC, and paired stirrups by 322 AD Saddles in use today, date back to the 1700s. Today, modern saddles come in different styles, designed for different equestrian activities. They need careful fit for both the rider and the horse. Proper saddle care can extend the useful life of a saddle, often for many years.

The two most common saddle types used for horse riding are the English saddle and the Western saddle. The English saddle is used for horse sports like show jumping, dressage, and eventing. It is also used for horse showing. It has less leather and is lighter than most Western saddles.
The Western saddle is used for horse activities where the rider needs more support than in and english saddle. It is also used for showing,  barrel racing,  rodeo, and many other sports. The biggest difference is it has a horn on the front, and a higher cantle. This was used originally for tying cattle off when working, so the ranchers could brand or work with the cow. It's now used more widely, in barrel racing it's used for support, in roping events, it's still used to tie cattle.
There are many different types of English and Western saddles. All are designed for a specific purpose. So while they might look different, they all help the rider for the sport or activity for which they were designed. For example, a rider would not want to jump in a Western saddle because the horn would make it hard for them to stay in the correct position over the jump. A rider would not want to work cows in a jumping saddle because they would not have a horn and because the Western saddle puts the rider in a better position for working cows.

Horse riding
A bridle is equipment used to direct and control a horse. The bridle holds a bit which goes in the mouth of a horse, and has reins which are joined to the bit.

Bridles are usually made of leather. They are made of different parts which are buckled together. The headpiece, also called a crownpiece, goes behind the horse's ears. The browband is placed across the horse's forehead. Sometimes, a strap called a martingale is attached to the noseband.

A bridle without a bit uses a noseband to control a horse, and is called a hackamore, or a bitless bridle. Bitless bridles work by pressure and leverage on the horse's nose and chin groove. Bitless bridles can be useful for horses that have problems with their mouths. It is more difficult to turn a horse using a bitless bridle. Bitless bridles can provide tremendous leverage and stopping power.

References

Horse riding
The Greek Wikipedia (also Hellenic Wikipedia, Elliniki Vikipedia, ) is the fifth language of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It started on December 1, 2002. By 15 December 2003, it had 1,000 articles. As of October 2009, it had reached over 45,000 articles.

As of October 2015, it is the 50th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.

References

Other websites

 Greek Wikipedia 
 Greek Wikipedia mobile version 
 Statistics for Greek Wikipedia by Erik Zachte
 Tell us about Greek Wikipedia
 Pontic Wikipedia
 Ancient Greek Wikipedia 

Wikipedias
Websites established in 2002
August Franz Anton Hans Fritzsche (21 April 1900 in Bochum – 27 September 1953 in Cologne) was a Nazi official, ending the war as Ministerialdirektor at the Propagandaministerium.

Fritzsche was one of the 24 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was acquitted.

References 

1900 births
1953 deaths
German civil servants
German journalists
Nazi leaders
People from Bochum
Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga (August 7, 1533–November 29, 1594), was a Spanish nobleman, soldier and epic poet.  While in Chile (1556–63) he fought against the Araucanian Indians, and there he began the epic poem La Araucana, said to be the greatest Spanish historical poem. This heroic work in 37 cantos is divided into three parts, published in 1569, 1578, and 1589. It tells of the brave uprising of the Araucanians and also tells the history of Chile and of contemporary Spain.

Spanish writers
1533 births
1594 deaths
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) is the governing body covering both public and private higher education institutions in the Philippines, including its degree-granting programs. The CHED was established in May 18, 1994 through Republic Act 7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994.

Related pages
Professional Regulation Commission (Philippines)

Other websites
CHED Philippines official website 

Education in the Philippines
Government agencies of the Philippines
Professional Regulation Commission is a governing body tasked by the government of the Philippines to administer and supervise licensing examinations in the Philippines.

Related pages
Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)

Other websites
Professional Regulation Commission official website

Education in the Philippines
Government agencies of the Philippines
Reserve Officers' Training Corps is a type of military officer commissioning program, mostly in the United States. It is designed as a subject that students can choose to take at college. It focuses on leadership development, problem solving, strategic planning, and professional ethics. After joining the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, the person involved must be involved in the military for a period of time.

The U.S. Armed Forces and a number of other national militaries have ROTC programs. The Philippines established its program in 1912, with the creation of the first unit at the University of Santo Tomas during American colonial rule. ROTC in South Korea started in 1963; while China created its own program in 1997.

Military of the United States
University of Santo Tomas is a private Roman Catholic university in Manila, Philippines.

Colleges and universities in the Philippines
The athletic nickname of a school, university, college, or institute is the name officially or unofficially adopted by that institution for at least the members of its sports teams. In general, the institution uses this name to describe the people associated with it, especially its current students. It is also adopted by the athletic teams mascot.

Sports words
Adel Fadel Abbas Tamano (born October 2, 1970) is a Filipino lawyer and politician. He is the spokesperson of the United Opposition.  He was president of the University of the City of Manila.

Early life And career 
Tamano is the eighth son of the late Senator Mamintal Tamano and civic leader Hadja Putri Zorayda Abbas Tamano. Tamano is married to Rowena Kapunan, who is also a lawyer. They have two children.

During the 2007 elections, Tamano was the spokesperson for the United Opposition. He is also a member of Kapunan, Tamano, Villadolid & Associates. He lectures on legal writing at the Ateneo Law School, and on constitutional law at the Far Eastern University Institute of Law and the University of the City of Manila.
Education 
Tamano attended Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and La Salle Greenhills for his primary and secondary education. He went to the Ateneo de Manila University to study A.B. Economics and later law, graduating in 1992 and 1996 respectively. Thereafter, he attended the University of the Philippines and took a master's degree in Public Administration.

In June 2005, he matriculated in Harvard Law School's Master of Laws graduate program. He was the first Filipino Muslim to graduate from Harvard Law School.

References

Other websites 
 Harvard Commencement Speech
 Tamano:His Own Man

Living people
1970 births
University of the City of Manila
Filipino politicians
Benjamin G. Tayabas is the longest-serving university president of the University of the City of Manila.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Filipino academics
University of the City of Manila
Living people
The University of the Philippines (UP; )  is a public school in the Philippines.
The flagship campus is UP Diliman.

References

Colleges and universities in the Philippines
Far Eastern University is a private research university in Manila, Philippines.

Colleges and universities in the Philippines
The University of Arizona (also known as UA, or Arizona) is a public research university in Tucson, Arizona.

The school began in 1885. It was the first university in the Arizona Territory. The school also includes the Banner – University Medical Center Tucson. This is a four-year M.D. college in downtown Phoenix.

The mission of the University of Arizona is, "To improve the prospects and enrich the lives of the people of Arizona and the world through education, research, creative expression, and community and business partnerships."

Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities (an organization for research institutions). It is the only school from Arizona in the group.
Athletics 
The sports teams are nicknamed the Arizona Wildcats (often shortened to "Cats"). They got the name from a 1914 football game with the California champions at the time, Occidental College. The Los Angeles Times said that, "the Arizona men showed the fight of wildcats." Sports are a big part of campus life at the school and they get a large amount of money to operate the programs.

They are members of the Pacific-12 Conference in the NCAA, which they joined in 1978. The Wildcats have won national titles in several sports, most notably men's basketball, baseball, and softball. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are UA Red and Arizona Blue.

References 

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Arizona
Arizona
1885 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Arizona Territory
The  square meter is the SI-derived unit of area. It has a symbol m² (33A1 in Unicode). It is defined as the area of a square whose sides measure exactly one metre.  The square metre is derived from the SI base unit of the metre, which in turn is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in absolute vacuum during a time interval of  of a second.

Adding SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples. However, as the unit is squared, the order of magnitude difference between units doubles from their comparable linear units.  For example, a kilometre is one thousand times the length of a metre, but a square kilometre is one million times the area of a square metre.

A "square metre" is not the same thing as a "metre square"  - although it is true that exactly 1 square metre is exactly 1 meter square. But that only works for the numbers 1 and 0; no others.

For example, a square that is 2 metres long and 2 metres wide has 4 square metres of area.
But a square that is 4 metres squared would have 4 metres on each side. This means it would have 16 square metres of area.

That is,  is 4 meters squared, whereas  is 4 square meters.

SI prefixes applied to the square metre 
The square metre may be used with all SI prefixes used with the metre.

Conversions

A square metre is equal to:
 0.000 001 square kilometre (km²)
 10,000 square centimetres (cm²)
 0.000 1 hectares (ha)
 0.01 ares (a)
 1 centiare (ca)
 0.000 247 105 381 acres
 1.195 990 square yards
 10.763 911 square feet
 1,550.003 1 square inches

Related pages

Notes

Other websites 
BIPM (SI maintenance agency)  (home page)
BIPM brochure (SI reference)

Units of area
SI derived units
"Quid pro quo" is a Latin phrase. It means roughly "this for that." In other words, the phrase describes the context when something is given in return for something else.

The phrase means the same thing as the English saying "a tit for a tat", or trading something for something else. It can also mean the same thing as "an eye for an eye".

Lawyers sometimes use this saying to mean "an even trade".

Quid pro quo means reciprocity

Related pages 
Golden Rule

References

Latin words and phrases
Cologne or Eau de Cologne is a toiletry, a perfume in a style of that originated from Cologne, Germany. Nowadays, it's used as a term for scented formulations with a concentration of about 2-5% essential oils. Cologne may be used by men or women.

Composition
In a base of dilute ethanol (70-90%), Eau de Cologne contains a mixture of citrus oils including oils of lemon, orange, tangerine, bergamot, lime, grapefruit and neroli. It can also contain oils of lavender, rosemary, thyme, petitgrain (orange leaf), and jasmine.

History  
Eau de Cologne is a spirit-citrus perfume launched in Cologne in 1709 by Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), an Italian perfumer from Santa Maria Maggiore Valle Vigezzo, Italy. In 1708, Farina wrote to his brother Jean Baptiste: "I have found a fragrance that reminds me of an Italian spring morning, of mountain daffodils and orange blossoms after the rain" (Eckstein p.8). He named his fragrance Eau de Cologne, in honour of his new hometown.
The Original Eau de Cologne composed by Farina was used only as a perfume and delivered to "nearly all royal houses in Europe" (Farina Fragrance Museum information leaflet). His ability to produce a constantly homogenous fragrance consisting of dozens of monoessences was seen as a sensation at the time. When free trade was established in Cologne by the French in 1797, the success of Eau de Cologne prompted countless other businessmen to sell their own fragrances under the name of Eau de Cologne and even Farina.
Giovanni Maria Farina's formula has been produced in Cologne since 1709 by Farina opposite the Jülichplatz and to this day remains a secret. His shop at Obenmarspforten opened in 1709 and is today the world's oldest fragrance factory. Other Colognes, such as the famous Cologne 4711, named after its location at "Glockengasse No. 4711", have the name in common but smell different. In 1806, Jean Marie Joseph Farina, a grand-grand-nephew of Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), opened a perfumery business at Paris that developed into Roger & Gallet, that owns the rights to Eau de Cologne extra vielle in contrast to the Original Eau de Cologne from Cologne.

Eau de Cologne, or just "cologne", has now become a generic term.

Perfumery
The Flock is a 2007 movie directed by Andrew Lau, the co-director of the Infernal Affairs trilogy. The movie, which was his first English-language movie, stars Richard Gere and Claire Danes.

2007 movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Fast Food Nation is a 2006 American/British movie directed by Richard Linklater. It is based on Schlosser's bestselling 2001 non-fiction book Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal.

The movie is about the fast food industry. Schlosser's book criticized the fast food industry. He finds out where types of fast food are made, where they come from, and why people eat it.

Related pages
 List of 2006 movies

2006 movies
American movies
British movies
Mexican movies
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Fast food
Movies directed by Richard Linklater
Going the Distance is a 2004 Canadian movie. It was directed by Mark Griffiths. It is set across Canada. Its tagline was "They came. They saw. They came." The film was released in Canada as Going the Distance, but in the USA, it was called National Lampoon's Going the Distance. The Canadian DVD release has its original release title.

Other websites

2004 comedy movies
2000s road movies
2000s teen comedy movies
Canadian comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
Sabrina the Teenage Witch is an American children's television sitcom. It is based on the Archie comic book series of the same name. It is set in Massachusetts. It stars Melissa Joan Hart in the title role. Its first four seasons aired on Nickelodeon from September 27, 1996 to May 5, 2000; the final three seasons ran on Noggin from September 22, 2000 to April 24, 2003.

Other websites 

1996 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
1990s teen television series
2000s American sitcoms
2000s teen television series
American teen comedy television series
College television series
High school television series
Television series set in Massachusetts
WB network shows
English-language television programs
Vera Wang (; born June 27, 1949) is an American fashion designer. She was born and raised in New York City. Her parents were Chinese. She is based in New York and is known for her wedding gown collection, among other specialties.

Career 
After her graduation in 1971, Wang began working for Vogue Magazine. In 1972, she was promoted as the senior fashion editor. She left Vogue in 1987, to join Ralph Lauren as the design director for accessories.

Wang established her own label "Vera Wang" in 1990, in New York.

References 

1949 births
Living people
American fashion designers
Total Request Live (known from 1998 to 2008 as TRL) was a television series on MTV that featured popular music videos. In addition to music videos, the show also featured daily guests.

TRL played the top ten most requested music videos of the day, as requested by viewers who voted for their favorite video online. The countdown started with the tenth most requested video of the day and ended with the most requested video of the day. As of October 22, 2007, the countdown was based on votes, charts, ringtones, downloads, radio airplay, and streams, meaning that the video that the user requested might not have been the number one video of the day. The show mainly aired from Monday to Thursday for an hour, but the scheduling and length of the show has changed over the years. Even though the word "Live" is in the show's title, a lot of the show's episodes have actually been pre-recorded.
On September 15, 2008, it was announced that TRL would be over and it was later replaced by another show. A special, three-hour finale was aired on November 16, 2008 at 8 p.m.

Until 2010, a local version of TRL was still running in Italy on MTV.

History

The beginning of TRL
The beginning of TRL traced back to 1997 when MTV started to produce MTV Live from the newly opened MTV Studios in Times Square in New York. MTV Live featured celebrity interviews, musical performances, and news updates. Music videos were not a major part of the program. At one time, the show had more than 75,000 viewers.

At the same time, MTV aired a countdown show that was simply called Total Request, hosted by Carson Daly. Total Request was a more quiet show, as music videos were introduced from a dimly lit set.

By the fall of 1998, MTV producers decided to merge MTV Live and Total Request into a new show called Total Request Live. The new show made its premiere on September 14, 1998.
The end of TRL
On September 15, 2008, it was announced that TRL would be shut down. The last regular weekday episode aired on November 13, 2008. The episode showed the process of the set being torn down.

A three-hour special that was aired on November 16, 2008 marked the end of the show. The final show included several musical performances.

On June 25, 2014, MTV announced that it will bring back TRL for one day on July 2, 2014 with American singer Ariana Grande.

References

1998 American television series debuts
Music television series
2008 American television series endings
English-language television programs
"Breakaway" is a 2004 song written by Avril Lavigne, Bridget Benenate and Matthew Gerrard and produced by John Shanks. It was recorded by pop rock singer Kelly Clarkson for the soundtrack to the film The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement by Disney Records. It was also included on Clarkson's second album, Breakaway and was released as the album's first single.

References

2004 songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
Multi-criteria optimization, or multiobjective optimization is a way of solving a mathematical or economic problem where many different parameters need to be changed to get one of the best possible solutions to the problem. The result of this is called Pareto efficiency, named after Vilfredo Pareto, who first used it in his studies. 

In welfare economics, the idea of Pareto efficiency is very simple: If there is no way of improving the situation of one person, without making that of another person worse, the solution found is Pareto-efficient.
If we look at what the economy produces, we might say it is on its Pareto Frontier or Production Possibility Frontier, meaning that it is making (or "producing") all it can with the things it has (such as machines, labour, land and ideas -- all called resources or factors of production). If this is the case, making more of one thing would mean making less of another; the resources are already being used to full capacity, so making more of one thing will take resources away from making another.

Just because something is Pareto efficient, it doesn't mean it is fair or "equitable". Even though no-one could be made better off without making someone else worse off, it is possible that one person owns all of the world's things. To make anyone else better off, some would have to be taken away from this person, making them worse off.

Welfare economics
, also known as John Manjiro or John Mung, was a Japanese sailor, educator, and interpreter.

Early life 
Manjiro was born in the Naka-no-hama in Tosa Province (now Tosashimizu in Kōchi Prefecture). He was the second son of a poor fisherman.  He worked when he was young because his father died and his mother and older brother were sick. Because of this, he did not learn how to read and write very well.

Life in the United States 

In 1841, when he was 1 years old , the fishing boat he worked on ran into a storm and was turned over. He and the people with him were on the ocean for five days. They landed on an island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean where no people lived.  They spent 143 days on that island.  An American ship passed by the island and John Manjiro and the others were saved.
At this time, Japan was a closed country. The American ship or any non-Japanese ship could not enter Japan.  Also, any Japanese who left Japan were killed by the Japanese government if they returned to Japan.  Most of the people saved from the island were taken to Hawaii.  The captain of the ship liked John Manjiro and took Manjiro with him.  Manjiro saw a map of the world for the first time and saw how small Japan was in the world.  Manjiro was named “John Mung” by the captain.  He was adopted by the captain of the ship and lived with the captain’s family in the United States.  
	
Manjiro learned English, math, measurement, navigation, and shipbuilding at school.  He spent all of his time to studying to be a captain.  He learned new ideas from the Western world. For example, democracy and equality between men and women.
Return to Japan 
Manjiro returned to Hawaii and bought a boat.  He and his friends from the fishing boat started to sail back to Japan in December of 1850.  Japan was still a closed country. Because of this, he was investigated by the Shogunate (the rulers of Japan) for a long time.  

IN 1851, Manjiro return to his village in Japan. 

Around this time, Shimazu Nariakira, a historical person in Japan, was interested in English and shipbuilding. John Manjiro began working as an English teacher. He had a strong friendship with many statesmen. He was even asked to be a statesman himself.  

In 1853-1854, Manjiro was the interpreter for Matthew C. Perry when the Americans first came to Japan. 

In his later years, Manjiro visited American friends. By then, he could not speak English very well any more.  He died in 1898 at the age of 71 years old.
The Name, "John Manjiro" 
John Manjiro was actually born as Manjiro (without a family name).  The name "John" comes from the name of the ship he was saved by when on the island in 1841.  The name of the ship was "John Howland." The captain gave Manjiro this name.  In 1938, Ibuse Masuji, a Japanese writer, first used the name "John Manjiro."  From this book came the name of "John Manjiro."

John Manjiro's English 
Manjiro had problems translating because he was not good at translating English sentences. This was because he had not learned basic grammar when he was young.  He was used as interpreter when Commodore Perry came in 1863.  Manjiro pronounced English just as he heard it. His pronunciation was different from present-day English.  Japanese based their pronunciation of English at the time on Manjiro’s pronunciation. They were able to be understood by Americans and English people.
The John Manjiro Musical 
There is a musical about Manjiro in Japan.  It is called The Dream of John Manjiro.  It was first done in June, 1974.

Trivia 
John Manjiro was the first Japanese man to set foot on the contintental United States, to take a train, to ride a steamship, and to wear a necktie. John Manjiro talked about world views with Ryoma Sakamoto, a famous Japanese statesman and general.

References

1827 births
1898 deaths
Japanese translators
People from Kōchi Prefecture
Proper motion is the name for the way the stars seem to slowly move relative to each other when seen from Earth. 

The movement is caused by the fact that all stars (including the Sun) are moving through space at hundreds of kilometres per second. However, because they are so far away, it takes a long time for us to see that they have moved, and even then it takes a powerful telescope to see the difference. Because of this, for a long time, most people thought that the stars did not move at all. Even the ancient Greeks, who knew a lot about the stars and discovered some of the other ways they move, such as stellar precession, did not discover proper motion (although they probably suspected it). 

Proper motion was not proved to exist until 1718 when Edmond Halley noticed the stars Sirius, Arcturus and Aldebaran had moved from the places they were in star charts that Hipparchus had drawn around 130 BC. However, even after more than 1,800 years, they had moved less than half a degree.