Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Narendra Kumar Swain (18 December 1939 – 7 September 2020) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Rajya Sabha from Odisha between 2015 to 2020. He was a member of the Biju Janata Dal. He was born in Odisha.

Swain died on 7 September 2020 in Odisha, aged 80.

References

1939 births
2020 deaths
Politicians from Odisha
Melissa Byram (née Mills; born 26 December 1973) is an Australian retired water polo player. She was part of the gold medal squad of the 2000 Summer Olympics.

She participated at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships.

References 

1973 births
Australian water polo players
Australian Olympic gold medalists
Living people
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Sydney
Kevin Bruce Zeese (October 28, 1955 – September 5, 2020) was an American lawyer and political activist. His work focused on ending the War on Drugs and mass incarceration. He helped organize the 2011 Occupy encampment in Washington, D.C. at Freedom Plaza. He was co-director of Popular Resistance. 

He ran for the United States Senate in Maryland in 2006. He lost the election to Ben Cardin. He was born in New York City.

Zeese died on September 5, 2020 in Baltimore City, Maryland from a heart attack, aged 64.

References

1955 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Lawyers from Baltimore
American political activists
Politicians from New York City
Politicians from Baltimore
Lawyers from New York City
Catt Sadler (born August 24, 1974) is an American entertainment reporter. She is best known for her work in E! News, E! News Weekend and Daily Pop. 

She co-hosted the network's The Daily 10 before its cancellation. The Los Angeles Times named her one of the top 10 up-and-coming broadcasters in entertainment.

References

1974 births
Living people
American television personalities
American journalists
Writers from Indiana
Charles Bishop Scarborough III (born November 4, 1943) is an American television journalist and author. Beginning in 1974, he has been the lead news anchor at WNBC. He also appeared on NBC News. He currently anchors News 4 New York at 6 p.m. every weeknight. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

References

Other websites

Chuck Scarborough's bio at nbcnewyork.com
"Answers From Chuck Scarborough", The New York Times, February 24, 2010

1943 births
Living people
American television news anchors
Journalists from New York City
Writers from Pittsburgh
Zsuzsa Kertész (born 28 December 1965) is a Hungarian water polo player. She competed for the Hungarian women's national water polo team in the 1985 European Water polo Championships, 1987 European Water polo Championships, 1989 European Water polo Championships, and 1991 European Water polo Championships.

References 

1965 births
Hungarian water polo players
Gabriella Tóth is a Hungarian water polo player. She competed for the Hungarian women's national water polo team in the 1994 World Aquatics Championships  and 2013 World Aquatics Championships.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Hungarian water polo players
Amal Clooney (née Alamuddin; ; born 3 February 1978) is a Lebanese lawyer. Her works focused in international law and human rights.

Her clients include Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks, the former prime minister of Ukraine, Yulia Tymoshenko; Canadian journalist Mohamed Fahmy; and Nobel Prize laureate Nadia Murad.

In 2019, Clooney was appointed the special envoy on media freedom by the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office.

In September 2021, The International Criminal Court (ICC) appointed Amal Clooney, as Special Advisor for the Sudanese conflict in Darfur.

References

1978 births
Living people
British lawyers
People from Beirut
Curtis S. Person Jr. (November 27, 1934 – September 4, 2020) was an American politician. He was born in Memphis, Tennessee. He was a member of the member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1966 to 1968. He also was a member of the State Senate from 1968 to 2006. Person Jr. was a member of the Republican Party.

Person Jr. died on September 4, 2020 in Memphis at the age of 85.

References

1934 births
2020 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Nicoletta Abbate is an Italian water polo player. She was a member of the Italian women's national water polo team. She played at the 1989 European Water Polo Championship, 1991 European Water Polo Championship, and 1994 World Aquatics Championships.

References

Other websites 
 Giulia segna sempre yellowball.it

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Italian water polo players
Jackie Northam is an Australian water polo player. She competed for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 1986 World Aquatics Championships.

References 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian water polo players
Debbie Watson (born 28 September 1965) is an Australian water polo player. She competed for the Australian women's national water polo team in the 1986 World Aquatics Championships.

References 

1965 births
Australian water polo players
The green-eyed tree frog, brown-spotted tree frog, fringed tree frog or New Guinea tree frog (Ranoidea genimaculata)  is a tree frog from New Guinea.  It lives everywhere on the island except high in the mountains. It lives in both Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, no more than 1500 meters above sea level. It also lives in Queensland, Australia, near the Great Barrier Reef, but some scientists think these are really two different species.  Scientists who think they are one species call the frogs in New Guinea and Australia Litoria genimaculata and scientists who think they are two different species call the New Guinea frogs genimaculata and the Australian frogs serrata. Some scientists think the group of frogs in Australia is really two different species, serrata and myola, for three altogether.
The adult male frog is 4.6 cm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 7.1 cm long. Each frog has a bright green ring around its eyes, which is why it is called "green-eyed tree frog" in English.  It has a brown-green body with patches of color that look like lichen that grows on wet rocks.  That way, the frog can hide from larger animals that want to eat it. The frog has very large discs on its toes for climbing.  This frog has a bit of skin on its hind legs that looks like fringe.  That is why it is also called "fringed tree frog" in English.

This frog lives near streams with rocks in them.  The male frogs tend to stay near the water, and the female frogs climb high into the trees.  The female frog lays eggs in pools, many hundreds at a time.

This frog has colors that look like an hourglass on its back.  Scientists thought they could take photographs of this frog to identify individual frogs, but the hourglass changes shape as the frog grows older.
This frog is not endangered now, but scientists think the fungal disease chytridiomycosis or a virus may have killed many of them.

References

Pelodryadidae
Frogs of Asia
Frogs of Oceania
Shin Godzilla is an 2016 Japanese drama-science fiction political kaiju film directed by Hideki Anno produced by Toho and Cine Bazar. as a direct sequel to Godzilla (2014). released in Japan as Godzilla Resurgence by July 29, 2016 and United States in October 11, 2016 in theatres. as a 31st film of Godzilla trilogy.
in 2016, Japan Coast Guard surround an spill by a giant creature named Shin Godzilla as a first form attack Kamata to Ota Ward bashes cars and trucks also building wrecks, Godzilla down. Godzilla runs stop down Shinagawa to target the dinosaur-creature, Godzilla regenerates his body into 57' meter tall self, surrounded by helicopters then the civilians stop firing and escapes Godzilla in the sea. as a 118-meter tall Godzilla wrecks Kamamura to Tokyo surrounded by Apache helicopters aiming Godzilla onto the head and seems durability, Type 10 Army tanks to shoot Godzilla's leg and continue firing the JSDF vehicles, included Howitzers, fighter jets to drop an bombs at Godzilla walks explosion at himself, flung the bridge and fell some tanks
. then Godzilla walks through Tokyo, B2-bombers to shoot Godzilla's back and explode his dorsal fins and getting angry with an his dorsal fin tries to glow purple breath, smokes to flaming and lasered the cities, B2s and destroy the buildings and zaps the Prime Minister and other streets, Ginza clock and others well, stops his atomic breath and rest onto Tokyo Station. next day, starting the bombing trains blow the feet, Godzilla awaked continue to destroy the drones and several buildings onto his atomic breath, then the buildings fill the explosives and slammed Shin Godzilla down the skyscrapers and unconscious
. the trucks fill many coagulant with crane to freeze Godzilla, and fails, awaked Godzilla, from the rails to follows an E231 and E233 subway trains to blow Godzilla down to the Tokyo Station and finished the coagulant to freezes again the creature, Godzilla bites the trucks and trashing the station and startle to destroy again, then killed Godzilla by freeze soliding his body, Godzilla dies by a freezing solid stands. they complete the mission of Yashiori Strategy for Rando himself. then Godzilla's tail strucked by a mutated skeletons around as a statue.
Cast
 Hiroki Hasegawa as Rando
 Satomi Ishihara as Kayoko Ann Patterson
 Yutaka Takenouchi as Naoko Okumura
 Ren Osugi as Prime Minister Seiji
 Akira Emoto as Ryuta
 Mansai Nomura as Shin Godzilla
The other cast includes Kengo Kora, Ren Osugi, Akira Emoto, Kimiko Yo, Jun Kunimura, Mikako Ichikawa, Pierre Taki, Takumi Saito, Keisuke Koide, Arata Furuta, Sei Hiraizumi, Kenichi Yajima, Tetsu Watanabe, Ken Mitsuishi, Kyūsaku Shimada, Kanji Tsuda, Issei Takahashi, Shinya Tsukamoto, Kazuo Hara, Isshin Inudo, Akira Ogata, Shingo Tsurumi, Suzuki Matsuo, Kreva, Katsuhiko Yokomitsu, and Atsuko Maeda. the voice English language dubs include, Todd Haberkorn as Rando and Godzilla vocalizations, Trina Nishimura, J. Michael Tatum, Kent Williams, Ian Sinclair, Micah Solosud, Kate Oxley, Christopher Bevins, Ed Blaylock, Jeremy Inman, Jeremy Schwartz, Charlie Campbell, R. Bruce Elliott, Rachel Robinson, Barry Yandell, David Wald, John Burgmeier.
Home Media Release 
The film was released by DVD in July 18, 2017 by Funimation by United States, Japan released by DVD, Toho Video in 2017.

References
 

2016 horror movies
2016 thriller movies
Godzilla
2016 science fiction movies
Japanese movies
2010s horror thriller movies
2010s monster movies
Apocalyptic movies
Movies directed by Hideaki Anno
Movies directed by Shinji Higuchi
Movies set in Tokyo
Movies set in Germany
Movies about nuclear war and weapons
Madam Secretary is an American political drama television series created by Barbara Hall on CBS from September 21, 2014 to December 8, 2019.

CBS network shows
2010s American television series
English-language television programs
American political drama television series
The Guardian is an American drama television series on CBS. It originally aired from September 25, 2001 to May 4, 2004.

2001 American television series debuts
2004 American television series endings
English-language television programs
The Beast is a character from Beauty and the Beast. In different movies and musicals, Dan Stevens, Terrence Mann, James Barbour and Steve Blanchard have played the role of the Beast. Now he was portrayed by Josh Groban.

Movie characters
The Xoraxane Roma in Turkey named official since the 1990's in Turkish as Romanlar (singularRoman, male Rom, female Romliye), but other Turkish designations like Çingene (Gypsy), Esmer Vatandaş, Kıpti and many other names also in use, but some used Çingene, or selfname Manuş (Human) and Şopar (Gypsy kid) for themself in East Thrace. In English they are named "Turkish Gypsy". The Word Gypsy is not pejorative for them. There are a number of subgroups, all named after their old professional jobs or only Xoraxane. There Religion is Sunni Muslim of Hanafi school and some are Members of a Sufism Tarika. Engagement's, marriage's, and circumcision of the boys (Sünnet party)'s, are big festivals.
The Roma people in Turkey speak the Turkish language as first language. Most do not speak the Romani language anymore, and many hide there Romani Background designate themselves as Turks only, and didn't want to be call as Roma. The majority live in East Thrace, this is why East Thrace is jokily called Gypsy County (Şoparistan), and Citys like Istanbul, Edirne and Izmir. They have Turkish citizenship and adopted the Turkish culture, they havent Romanipen (a special Romani culture-code etc.), like christian roma in europe. The Romanlar from Turkey distance themselves from all other Roma groups from europe, it doesnt matter if they are Christian or Muslims.
The Romanlar are closer to Turks as to any Roma Groups of Europe. They have only a lesser similarity with the Turkish speaking Xoraxane Roma from Bulgaria, Romani (Dobruja) or Greece (West-Thrace). They also havent an Minority status, and they didnt want to be called as Minority. Some of the Turkish Romani came as Guest worker to Germany and Austria in the 1960-70's. None of them was looked as Roma by the Host Population, only as Turks in Germany, where some of the Turkish-Romani Men married with German or Austrian Womans. The Offsprings of this Marriages called Melezi (Halfblood), a Turkish Loanword in the Romani language dialects of the Muslim Roma for people with mixed Romani blood.
In Turkey, the Romanlar do all kind of low Jobs, but also as flower sellers, basketmaker etc.
History 
There is recorded by Persian poets and historians in the Shahnameh. According to this records, the Persian king Bahram V of Sassanid Empire, brought several thousand musicians from India to Persia. From Persia, the descendants of the Indian musicians migrated to different countries.
According Ottoman and Turkish historians and linguists, the Romanlar in Turkey are the descendants of mixed Ancestry, the so called Chingan' (Musicans-Dancers), who once came from Hindustan, trough trading relationships at the Silk Road with the Byzantine Empire, from the Indian subcontinent into Egypt, who was at that time a part of the Byzantine Empire. They settled in Koptos (Qift) at the Nile for a while. Later, when the Muslim Arabian made fight with the Byzantine Empire, the Romanlar went with them as Camp followers to Asia Minor and settled first in Phrygia, from there they went to Thrace in Europe at 800 AD. The Greeks called them Atsingani. The oldest sedentary settlment of Romanlar was in Sulukule in Istanbul, dating back to 1054 AD. The Byzantine Historian Nikephoros Gregoras, told of Acrobats who came from Egypt to Constantinople in 1322
. The Ottoman Historian Evliya Çelebi described in his Book Seyhatnâme, the language and Background of the Roma people, that after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Sultan Mehmed II settled Roma from Gümülcine and Muslim Roma's from Bayat village Aydın Province and Sanjak of Menteşe to Istanbul as Dancers and Musicians. At the time of Ottoman Empire they got their own Sanjak (district) in East Thrace in 1530 by the Order of Suleiman the Magnificent. Turkish speaking Muslim Roma also settled from Anatolia in the Balkans under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. Today in Bulgaria, Greece (West-Thrace) and Romania (Dobruja) there live a Turkish speaking Muslim Roma minority. Many Romanlar live in Istanbul , Edirne and İzmir.
Genetic studies showed that Turkish Gypsys have similarity to Jats and Punjabis from Punjab (Pakistan) also Gene flow from Turks and Southeast Europe's people like Slavs, Greeks and Albanians into the Turkish Gypsys population of the Ottoman Empire, happend trough the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. Also people from Caucasus Mountains like the Kubachi people 

About Paspati in his Book of the Turkish Gypsy's from 1860-1863, he mentioned that Ottoman Turkish Men often married Gypsy woman, and arround 200.000 Muslim Roma live in Turkey. Under the reign of Abdulhamid II, there status was changend and they was named as Buçuk Millet.
At the Greek War of Independence 1821–1829, Crimean War 1853–1856, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Balkan Wars 1912-1913, World War I 1914-1918, and the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, many Turkish speaking Xoraxane-Roma together with other Non-Romani Muslims was expelled from Bulgaria and Greece and other parts of the Balkans, who once belonged to the former Ottoman Empire, to settle in Turkey.

After the end of Serfdom-Slavery in Moldova in 1855 and Wallachia in 1856, Orthodox Christian Roma went to Istanbul and named Laxo Roma who speak Vlax Romani language. In 1923 the Laxo went mostly to Greece.

Music and Dance 
The Romanlar in Turkey are wellknown of there Music and Dance, and play for Weddings, Sünnet partys and Kirkpinar-Festival (Oil wrestling), also for Non Romani People. Belly dance is performed in there own special style.

Kakava  
Kakava  is the name of the celebration of there own Male Saint Baba Fingo., its hold every year on 5-6 May at Edirne. Its an old Folk Believe by the Romanlar,
Sufism 
Many Romanlar in Turkey belong to the Sufism Hindiler Tekkesi of the Qadiri-Tarika, who was founded in 1738 by Sheykh Seyfullah Efendi El Hindi in Selamsız, a Romani quarter at Üsküdar in Istanbul. He was original a Muslim from Hindustan. Anyway the Romanlar are Muslims, the old Folk believe of Baba Fingo is present.

References

Roma
Ethnic groups in Turkey
History
One of the first Serb immigrants to the United States was the settler George Fisher, who came to Philadelphia in 1815, moved to Mexico, fought in the Texan Revolution, and became a judge in California. Another important early Serb in America was Basil Rosevic, who started a shipping company, the Trans-Oceanic Ship Lines, around the year 1800. In the early 1800s, many Serb sailors and fishermen from Montenegro and Herzegovina came to New Orleans looking for work. In 1841, Serbs founded the Greek Orthodox parish with Greek immigrants in New Orleans.
Serbian Americans fought in the American Civil War, mostly on the side of the Confederacy, as most Serbs living in America were in Louisiana and Mississippi. A few Confederate military units were started by Serbs in Louisiana, such as the Cognevich Company (named for Stjepan Konjevic, who immigrated to Louisiana in the 1830s), and the First and Second Slavonian Rifles. At least 400 Serbs fought in these three units during the Civil War. Several other known Serbs who fought in the Civil War came from Alabama and Florida, specifically from Pensacola.

Some Serbian Americans went back to Serbia to fight in the First Balkan War. During World War I, as many as 15,000 Serbian Americans went back to the Balkans to fight. Serbs in the United States who did not fight in the war raised knowledge, campaigned for the creation of Yugoslavia, sent aid to the Balkans through the Red Cross, formed a Serbian Relief Committee, and urged important Americans to support the Serbian cause.
After World War II many Serbs immigrated to the United States from Yugoslavia after Josip Broz Tito took control of the country. Since then, many Serbian American organizations have been formed in the United States. A number of Serbian American engineers worked on the Apollo program.

Alaska
Serbs have lived in Alaska since the first Serbs came to America in the 19th century. Many Serbs came in the Klondike Gold Rush in the late 1890s to earn money, just like they had done in the California Gold Rush.

The places where most Serbs settled in Alaska were Juneau, Douglas, Fairbanks, and Sitka. Many Serbs also settled in the Canadian Yukon during the gold rush as well, such as the legendary gold miner Black Mike Vojnić.
In 1893, Serbian miners in Alaska built the Orthodox Church in Juneau with the native Orthodox Tlingit people, who had been converted to Orthodoxy by the Russians decades before. During the First World War, many Serbian Americans went back to Serbia to fight, and thousands of them came from Alaska.

In recent years, it has become common for Serbian workers to come to Alaska every year to work for a few months in canneries, where food and living space is given to them. These workers stay in Alaska on temporary work visas, and speak English.

Population

Demographics

In the past, number of Serbs who immigrated to the United States was difficult to find as Serb immigrants were often recorded by their country of origin, so as Turks, Croats, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Dalmatians, Bosnians, Herzegovinians and Austro-Hungarians. In the 1910 census, there were 16,676 Serbs from Austria-Hungary, 4,321 from Serbia, and 3,724 from Montenegro.
187,738 citizens of the United States said that they Serb ethnicity in 2010. The 2012 American Community Survey estimated that there were 199,080 Americans with Serb ancestry. It is likely that some of the American citizens who said that they had Yugoslavian ethnicity (328,547 in 2010; 310,682 in 2012 estimation) are also ethnic Serbs.

Places in the United States where many Serbs have settled include Chicago, New York City, Indianapolis, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Phoenix, and Jackson, California.

Serbian-born population
Serbian-born population in the US since 2010:

References

Other websites
 USA SERBS/Serbian-American network
 Famous Serbian Americans 
 Serbian National Defense Council of America
 Serb National Federation
 Serbs for Serbs
 Serb Life eMagazine 
 About the notable Alaskan Serb Dapcevich family 

Ethnic groups in the United States
The Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria () is a metropolitan city in the Calabria region of southern Italy. Its capital is Reggio Calabria. It replaced  the Province of Reggio Calabria in 2017.

The Aspromonte massif dominates the western part, and with its long coastline, the metropolitan city is a popular tourist destination during the summer.

History
The Metropolitan City was created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990), and then established by the Law 56/2014.

Government
The Metropolitan City is headed by the Metropolitan Mayor (Sindaco metropolitano) and the Metropolitan Council (Consiglio metropolitano).

List of Metropolitan Mayors of Reggio Calabria

References
References

Other websites
 Province of Reggio Calabria official website 
 Città di Reggio Calabria official website  
 , Consulate General of the United States. (Includes links to relevant official websites, Italian and American, including area governments, colleges and universities, cultural, travel and tourism sites related to the region.)

2017 establishments in Italy
Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria
The term Quasiparticle describes a concept in physics in which energetically excited states in matter are treated as though they are elementary quantum particles in their own right.  In fact they may be something less tangible like a vibration or a rotation.

Unlike neutrons, protons, or even atoms and molecules, quasiparticles aren't independent structures floating about on their own in free space but exist only within the structure  being studied. 

For the purposes of modelling the behaviour of the excited  state within the structure  this treatment works very well.  

As the particles emerge from more fundamental structures they are called quasi-particles or quasiparticles.

These particles have in most cases short  lifetimes, like the magnon or the exciton. But there are also some quasi-particles with an infinite lifetime like the cooper-pair in superconductors.

List of known quasiparticles

References 

Basic physics ideas
Quantum mechanics
Subatomic particles
The Captains Regent are the heads of state of San Marino and leaders of the government. There are always two Captains Regent and they serve terms of six months.

List (since 1900)

Notes

References 

San Marino
Pteropus is a genus of large megabats. They are commonly known as fruit bats or flying foxes. They live in the tropics and subtropics of Asia:  Australia,  the Indian subcontinent, East Africa, and some oceanic islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 

There are at least 60 living species in the genus.
Flying foxes eat fruit and other plant matter, and occasionally  insects as well. They find food with their keen sense of smell. Most, but not all, are nocturnal. They navigate with keen eyesight, as they cannot echolocate. They have long lives and low birth rates.  Females of most species have only one offspring each year. This slow birth rate makes their populations vulnerable in present-day circumstances.
Like other bats, flying foxes can give deadly diseases to humans. They are the reservoirs of rare but fatal disease agents such as Australian bat lyssavirus (which causes rabies), and Hendra virus. Seven known human deaths have come from these two diseases. Nipah virus is also transmitted by flying foxes—it affects more people, with over 100 fatalities. 

Flying foxes have cultural significance to indigenous people. They appear in traditional art, folklore, and weaponry. Their fur and teeth were used as currency in the past. Some cultures still use their teeth as currency today.

References 

Bats
Mammals of Australia
Mammals of Asia
A measure word is a word or morpheme (the smallest meaningful unit in a language) that shows how much of something there is.

In English, measure words are used to show amounts of something that cannot be easily counted, also called uncountable nouns or mass nouns. For example, a person cannot usually say, "I have three gasolines", since gasoline is not easy to count. However, a person can measure how much gasoline there is or count how many containers are used to hold gasoline. In other words, people can say, "I have three gallons of gasoline", "I have three liters of gasoline", or "I have three tanks of gasoline."

In English, count nouns are their own measure words. A person can say "I have three cars" or "cars have four wheels". The nouns do not need any extra words because the nouns themselves are easy to count. Measure words can also be used to describe groups of countable nouns. For example, a group of cattle is called "a herd of cattle" and a group of fish is called "a school of fish."
In many East Asian languages, like Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, measure words must be used to count both mass nouns and count nouns. Unlike in English, a person cannot simply say "three cars" or "four wheels" in Chinese. The nouns in both phrases need a measure word. In Chinese a person must say "three (vehicle) car" (三辆车) and "four (thing) wheel" (四个轮).

Parts of speech
In mathematics, a function maps an input value to an output value. In the case of a matrix function, the input and the output values are matrices.  One example of a matrix function occurs with the Algebraic Riccati equation, which is used to solve certain optimal control problems. 

Matrix functions are special functions made by matrices.

Definitions
Most functions like  are defined as a solution of a differential equation. But matrix functions will use a different way.

Suppose  is a complex number and  is a square matrix. If you have a polynomial:
,
then it is reasonable to define

Let's use this idea. When you have
,
then you can introduce

For example, the matrix version of the exponential function and the trigonometric functions are defined as follows:
Importance
Matrix functions are used at numerical methods for ordinary differential equations and statistics. This is why numerical analysts are studying how to compute them. For example, the following functions are studied:
 Matrix exponential
 Root of a matrix
 Matrix cosine and sine
 Logarithm of a matrix
 Validated numerics for the functions above
 Matrix version of the gamma function

Related pages
 Matrix analysis
 Linear algebra
 Numerical linear algebra

References

Further reading
 A Survey of the Matrix Exponential Formulae with Some Applications (2016), Baoying Zheng, Lin Zhang, Minhyung Cho, and Junde Wu. J. Math. Study Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 393-428.
 Higham, N. J. (2006). Functions of matrices. Manchester Institute for Mathematical Sciences, School of Mathematics, The University of Manchester.

Functions and mappings
Linear algebra
The Mauritian flying fox (Pteropus niger) is also known as Greater Mascarene flying fox or Mauritius fruit bat. 

It is a megabat species endemic to Mauritius and La Réunion. An out-of-date name for this megabat is Vespertilio niger.

References 

Bats
Mammals of Africa
Jubba River is a river which starts in the Ogadenia region. It ends in the Jubaland state of Somalia.

References 

Rivers of Africa
Geography of Somalia
Jubaland
The Shebelle River is a river which starts in the Ogadenia region. It flows through the Hirshabelle and Jubaland states of Somalia.

References 

Rivers of Africa
Geography of Somalia
Geography of Ethiopia
Moytoy of Tellico, (died 1741) (, meaning "rainmaker") was given the title of "Emperor of the Cherokee" by Sir Alexander Cumming. He was chief of the Wolf Clan.

1680s births
1741 deaths
Cherokee Nation
Native American people
Star Trek: Picard is a television series by CBS.

References

Star Trek
American drama television series
English-language television programs
Žarko Domljan (14 September 1932 – 5 September 2020) was a Croatian politician. He was the first Speaker of the Croatian Parliament after Croatia's independence from Yugoslavia. He was the speaker from 30 May 1990 to 2 August 1992. He later was a Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

Domljan died on 5 September 2020 in Zagreb, aged 87.

References

1932 births
2020 deaths
Croatian politicians
Levon Aram Altounian (; ; 15 February 1936 – 6 September 2020) was a Lebanese footballer. He played as a winger or midfielder. He was born in Beirut.

Altounian played his whole club career at Homenetmen between 1952 and 1973. He also played for the national team from 1954 to 1963. 

On 6 September 2020, Altounian died at a hospital in Roumieh, Lebanon at the age of 84.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
People from Beirut
Lebanese footballers
Kevin Patrick Dobson (March 18, 1943 – September 6, 2020) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles as Detective Bobby Crocker in the CBS crime drama Kojak (1973–1978) and as M. Patrick "Mack" MacKenzie in Knots Landing (1982–1993). He was born in New York City.

Dobson died of a heart attack on September 6, 2020 in Coalinga, California at the age of 77.

References

Other websites

1943 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Coalinga ( or ) is a city in Fresno County and the western San Joaquin Valley, in central California.

The population was 17,590 at the 2020 census. This is up from 13,380 at the 2010 census, and 11,668 at the 2000 census.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Fresno County, California
Six Pack is a 1982 American comedy-drama movie directed by Daniel Petrie and starring Kenny Rogers, Diane Lane, Erin Gray, Anthony Michael Hall, Barry Corbin, Terry Kiser, Bob Hannah. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Other websites
 
 

1982 comedy-drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Daniel Petrie
Sergey Mikhailovich Koltakov (;  December 10, 1955 – September 7, 2020) was a Russian actor. He was born in Barnaul, Altai Krai, Soviet Union. He was best known for his roles as Sergei in Mirror for a Hero (1987), Hank in New Adventures of a Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1988) and as Konstatin in The Life of Klim Samgin (1988).

Koltakov died on September 7, 2020 in Moscow, aged 64.

References

1955 births
2020 deaths
Russian movie actors
Russian television actors
Russian stage actors
Abdul Malik Fadjar (22 February 1939 – 7 September 2020) was an Indonesian politician and academic. He was the Minister of Religious Affairs between 1998 to 1999 and Minister of Education from 2001 to 2004. He worked during the cabinets of B. J. Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri.

Fadjar died on 7 September 2020 at the age of 81.

References

1939 births
2020 deaths
Indonesian politicians
Indonesian academics
Hostages is an American drama television series that aired on CBS from 2013-2014.

2010s American drama television series
2013 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
English-language television programs
The Blacklist is an American crime thriller television series, starring James Spader, on NBC on September 23, 2013. 

2010s American drama television series
The Centralian tree frog (Ranoidea gilleni) is a tree frog from Australia.  It lives in the MacDonnell Ranges in the Northern Territory.

This frog lives in rocky places with water holes and bodies of water that sometimes dry up.  It hides during the day.  Scientists do not know much about the eggs or tadpoles.

Scientists used to think this was the same frog as Litoria caerulea.

References

Pelodryadidae
The CLP-1 or  () is the top division of the Tunisian Football Federation. It was created in 1921.
History
The football championship of Tunisia, was first held in 1907 by the "Ligue Tunisienne de football" (Tunisian League of football – LTF) then the Tunisian Football Federation (FTF). The first edition opposed the three teams of "Racing club of Tunis", "Football club of Bizerte" and "Sporting of Ferryville", and the two school teams of the "Carnot College of Tunis" and the "Sadiki College".
It became official with the creation of the LTF in 1921 and its affiliation with the French federation of football. Until 1939, the title of champion was attributed as a result of dams between the regional champions. But from 1946 to 1947, a championship of "excellence" (national division) was created and competes nationally. In 1944–1945, 1945–1946 and 1952–1953, the championship was not disputed and was replaced by a criterium (a kind of tournament pools where participation is voluntary).
Media coverage 
El Watania 1 and El Watania 2 have the broadcast rights of the Tunisian Ligue Professionnelle 1 since independence. Qatari channels Al-Kass Sports have the rights of broadcasting 10 meetings per season, most of them derby matches, since the 2015–16 season.

Current members of the Ligue Professionnelle 1 (2019–20 season)

Participating Clubs

Tunisia champions by season
This is the list of the clubs that won the Tunisian League:

Under the Rule of the USFSA (1909–21)

Under the rule of LTF (1921–1955)

After Independence (1956–present)

Performances

Performance by club
Teams in Bold compete in 2019–20 Ligue 1.

Performance by city

Number of Titles by Region

Titles by Main Region

Top scorers
This is the list of top scorers by season.

References

Other websites
League at fifa.com 
RSSSF competition history
 Tunisian Ligue 1 – Hailoosport.com  (Arabic)
Tunisian Ligue 1 – Hailoosport.com
20th-century establishments in Tunisia
1921 establishments
Football leagues in Africa
Football in Tunisia
Patricia Manterola (; born Bertha Patricia Manterola Carrión on April 23, 1972) is a Mexican singer and actress. She was born in Mexico City. Her career began in 1989. She was one of the original members of the Mexican pop group Garibaldi. She is known for her role as Julia in the telenovela Apuesta por un amor.

From 1999 to 2005, she was married to Garibaldi group member Xavier Ortiz.

References

1972 births
Living people
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican voice actors
Singers from Mexico City
Actors from Mexico City
Xavier Ortiz (June 29, 1962 – September 7, 2020) was a Mexican actor, singer, and businessman. He was a member of the Mexican pop group Garibaldi. He was known for his roles in Journey from the Fall and the Mexican production of P.S. Your Cat Is Dead. He also played Lalo in the 2009 telenovela Un gancho al corazón.

From 1999 to 2005, he was married to his Garibaldi member Patricia Manterola.

Ortiz killed himself on September 7, 2020 at his home in Guadalajara, aged 48.

References

1962 births
2020 deaths
People who committed suicide
Mexican movie actors
Mexican stage actors
Mexican voice actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican singers
Mexican businesspeople
Mexican television presenters
Patrick Anthony Sweeney (September 2, 1939 – September 7, 2020) was an American Democratic politician. He was a member of the Ohio Senate from 1997 to 1998, and a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1967 to 1997.  

He was appointed in January 1997 to fill the vacancy caused by Dennis Kucinich, who was elected to Congress. Sweeney was born in Cleveland, Ohio.

Sweeney died on September 7, 2020 in Cleveland at the age of 81.

References

1939 births
2020 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Cleveland
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Herminio "Harry" Lopez Roque Jr. (; born October 21, 1966) is a Filipino lawyer, politician, and former law professor. He is the current Presidential Spokesperson of President Rodrigo Duterte.

References 

1966 births
Filipino politicians
Filipino Roman Catholics
Living people
Joseph Chennoth (13 October 1943 – 8 September 2020) was an Indian Syro Malabar Catholic prelate. He worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See. He was an archbishop and an apostolic nuncio from 1999 until his death.

He was made a priest on 4 May 1969 by Bishop Paul Ch’eng Shih-kuang of Tainan, Taiwan.

Pope John Paul II named him titular archbishop of Milevum and Apostolic Nuncio to the Central African Republic and to Chad on 24 August 1999.

Pope Benedict XVI named him Apostolic Nuncio to Tanzania on 15 June 2005.

Benedict appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Japan on 15 August 2011.

Chennoth died on 8 September 2020 in Tokyo, aged 76.

References

1943 births
2020 deaths
Diplomats
Malayali people
Eastern Catholic bishops
Archbishops
People from Kerala
Jaya Prakash Reddy (10 October 1945  – 8 September 2020) was an Indian Telugu actor. He was born in Sirvel, Andhra Pradesh, India. He was known for his roles in Samarasimha Reddy, Jayam Manade Raa and Chennakesava Reddy. 

Reddy died on 8 September 2020 at his home in Guntur due to cardiac arrest, aged 74.

References

1945 births
2020 deaths
Indian movie actors
Indian television actors
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Veikko Olavi "Vexi" Salmi (; 21 September 1942 – 8 September 2020) was a Finnish lyricist.  He wrote the lyrics to many  popular songs for several prominent artists, including Irwin Goodman, Jari Sillanpää, and Katri Helena.  

His career as a lyricist began in the 1960s. He was born in Hämeenlinna, Finland. He wrote the lyrics to many Eurovision entry songs such as "Huilumies" and "Katson sineen taivaan".

Salmi died from a short-illness in Helsinki on 8 September 2020, aged 77.

References

1942 births
2020 deaths
Finnish songwriters
Jorge Aurelio Iragorri Hormaza (28 April 1937 – 7 September 2020) was a Colombian politician. He was born in Popayán, Colombia. He was a member of the Social Party of National Unity. He was the Governor of Cauca from 1975 to 1976. He was also a member of the Chamber of Representatives from 1981 to 1982 and Senate from 1991 to 2014.

Iragorri Hormaza died on 7 September 2020 from COVID-19 at the age of 83.

References

1937 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Colombia
Colombian politicians
People from Cauca
The Congress of the Republic of Colombia () is the name given to Colombia's bicameral national legislature.

The Congress of Colombia is made up of the 108-seat Senate (Senado), and the 172-seat Chamber of Representatives (Cámara de Representantes). Members of both houses are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms.

References

Government of Colombia
The House of Representatives (Spanish: Cámara de Representantes) is the lower house of the Congress of Colombia. It has 172 members elected to four-year terms.

According to the Colombian Constitution, the House of Representatives, currently made up of 166 representatives serving four-year terms, is elected in territorial constituencies, special constituencies and an international constituency.

Other websites
 

Government of Colombia
The Senate of the Republic of Colombia  () is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia, with the lower house being the House of Representatives. The Senate has 108 members elected for concurrent (non-rotating) four-year terms.

References

Government of Colombia
The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), also known as the Tokyo Trial or the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, was a military trial began on April 29, 1946, to try the leaders of the Empire of Japan for joint conspiracy to start a war (categorized as "Class A" crimes), conventional war crimes ("Class B") and crimes against humanity ("Class C").

Eleven countries (Australia, Canada, China, France, India, the Netherlands, New Zealand, the Philippines, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) provided judges and prosecutors for the court.

Twenty-eight Japanese military and political leaders were charged. The trial ended on November 12, 1948.

References

International law
World War II
1940s in Japan
1946
1947
1948
The trolley problem is an imaginary problem that people can solve to explore how the human mind works.

Oxford University philosophy professor Philippa Foot in the 1960s wrote about the trolley problem and other problems in her 1967 essay "The Problem of Abortion and the Doctrine of the Double Effect."  Massachusetts Institute of Technology professor Judith Jarvis Thomson made the trolley problem famous.  Now many schools teach the trolley problem.  For a time, there was even a part of philosophy called trolleyology. Jarvis Thomson named the problem "the trolley problem."

The trolley problem does not have a right or wrong answer.  Instead, it is a way to make people think and talk about what makes actions good or bad and why.

How it works
How it works

The agent ("you") is on a trolley, a fast-moving cart that can only run on a track.  It is not an automobile that can be driven off the edge of a road.  It must stay on a track.  Ahead of the agent, five people are standing on the track, where the trolley will run over them and kill them.  The agent has no way to stop the trolley.  The only thing the agent can do is throw a switch to make the trolley change onto a different track.  On this second track, there is one person.  None of the six people have time to move out of the way.

In Jarvis Thomson's version, the person controlling the trolley switch is not on the trolley.  Instead, this agent is watching from the side.  This person can throw the switch but they can also choose to do nothing.

If the agent does nothing, the trolley will kill five people.  If the agent throws the switch, the trolley will kill one person.

Variations
Variations

There are different versions of the trolley problem.  What if the agent knows something about the individual people on the track?

Emergency room case

The agent is a doctor working in an emergency room.  A homeless person or traveler comes to the emergency room, but the doctor learns he is not sick at all.  Upstairs in the hospital, there are five sick people who need organ transplants.  The homeless person is a perfect match for all five.  Like in the trolley problem, the doctor can kill one person by taking action or allow five people to die by doing nothing. The emergency room case was also in Foot's 1967 essay.

Most people think the emergency room problem is different from the trolley problem, even though the numbers are the same. The trolley problem is something that could happen in real life but would be very rare.  Healthy people go to emergency rooms every day.
In the emergency room problem, many, many things can affect the agent's decision.  The students say things like, "The agent is a doctor, and doctors are taught not to hurt or kill people, so the agent will say no" instead of saying what they themselves would do.  Or they would say things like "If the doctors kill the homeless person, people will find out about it.  They will be worried that the doctors will kill them for their organs, so they will not go to the emergency room when they need to.  Then more than five people will die—sick people who did not go to the emergency room for help." These things are true, but they mean the emergency room case is very complicated for a thought experiment.

Footbridge case

Philosophers invented the footbridge problem as a better version of the emergency room problem.  Unlike in the emergency room problem, there are no societal systems that get in the way, for example the doctor's education or people deciding not to go to the emergency room.
In the footbridge problem, the agent is standing on a small bridge over a trolley track.  Again, there is a trolley with no brakes moving very fast to five people.  It will hit and kill the people if nothing stops it.  They cannot move out of the way.  There is also a second person on the footbridge.  If the agent pushes this one person off the footbridge, then their body will stop the trolley, saving the five other people.  But the one person whom the agent has pushed will die. In this problem, the person the agent would push is big and fat enough to stop the trolley, but the agent is not.

Others
Other variations on the trolley problem include when the agent knows some or all of the people on the tracks.  Another is when the big fat person on the footbridge put the five people on the track on purpose so they would be run over.  Another is when the one person whom the trolley can run over instead of the other five is a person taking a nap in a hammock instead of someone standing on a trolley track.
In the brain

A team of scientists led by Joshua Greene put people in an fMRI machine to watch what their brains did while they thought about the trolley problem and its other versions. When people thought about pulling the trolley switch to kill one person instead of five, the parts of the brain that do cool, rational thinking (the prefrontal cortex) lit up.  When people thought about pushing a fat man onto the track, the parts of their brain that do emotion  (the amygdala) lit up.  The people decided not to push the fat man onto the track.  Greene and the other scientists said they think human beings are more likely to make moral decisions using intuition when they are feeling emotions, for example the disgust they feel at the thought of killing an innocent fat man.  Green and the other scientists said they think human beings are more likely to make decisions using logic when their emotions are not involved.

In popular culture
In popular culture

The trolley problem was in the episode "The Trolley Problem" on the second season of the sitcom The Good Place.

References

Philosophical problems
Psychology
Gao Wenbin () (December 1921/1922 – 7 September 2020) was a Chinese historian, translator, university professor and jurist. He was the last surviving member of the Chinese delegation which represented the Republic of China at the Tokyo Trial. He was born in Yueyang, Hunan. 

In 1952, he was arrested by one of the teachers of the Soochow University Law School terming him as a "special suspect" and was sentenced to a minimum of ten years of labour reform. 

He joined the China Democratic League in 1985.

He had lectures at the University of Maine School of Law and at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law. He also taught maritime law and international law at the Shanghai Maritime University.

Gao died on 7 September 2020 at a hospital in Shanghai from a long-illness, aged 99.

References

1920s births
2020 deaths
Chinese educators
Chinese lawyers
Chinese writers
Chinese historians
Chinese translators
A shibboleth () was originally a single word which distinguished one group from another.

Rather more widely, it is any custom or tradition that distinguishes one group of people from another. Shibboleths have been used throughout history in many societies as passwords. They are simple ways of self-identification: they signal loyalty and affinity.

Origin
The term comes from the Hebrew word shibbólet (), which means the part of a plant containing grain, such as the head of a stalk of wheat or rye. 

The modern use comes from an account in the Hebrew Bible. How this word was pronounced was used to distinguish friend from foe. In the Book of Judges, chapter 12, the inhabitants of Gilead inflicted a military defeat on the invading tribe of Ephraim (around 1370–1070 BC). The surviving Ephraimites tried to cross the River Jordan to their home territory, but the Gileadites secured the river's fords to stop them.