Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
San Diego Comic-Con International, also known as Comic-Con International: San Diego (as given on its website), and as Comic-Con or the San Diego Comic-Con, was created in 1970 by Shel Dorf and a group of San Diegans. It was set up to celebrate comic books and for fans to meet creators, experts and other fans.

References

Notes 

 San Diego Comic Convention Souvenir Book 1994 (offline)
 The "Secret Origin" of San Diego's Comic-Con International

Other websites 

 
 The early days of Comic-Con, Variety, July 11, 2008
 Comic-Con 2010: Best Pics  - slideshow by Life magazine
 Comic-Con 2010 - slideshow by The First Post
 Comic-Con's Dorf watches sadly from the sidelines as T-shirts trump talent, San Diego Union Tribune July 16, 2006
 Keeping the intangibles  Maggie Thompson's memories of Comic-Con, Comics Buyer's Guide, Jan. 2009
 Comic-Convention Memories
 Crashing the Con  A Documentary on San Diego Comic-Con International 2008

Comics conventions
San Diego, California
Hydrogen fluoride is a chemical compound. It is a highly toxic colorless gas. Its chemical formula is HF. It dissolves in water to produce hydrofluoric acid, a strongly toxic corrosive acid. It is used to make fluorine. It is used as a catalyst. It is much more easily liquified (made into liquid) than any other hydrogen halide.

Related pages
Hydrogen chloride
Fluoride
Hydrogen bromide

Fluorine compounds
Catalysts
Hydrogen halides (or hydrohalic acids) are inorganic compounds that contain a hydrogen ion and a halide ion. The halogens are fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Astatine does not make a stable hydrogen halide, so it is not included.

The hydrogen halides are diatomic molecules with no tendency to ionize in the gas phase. Chemists therefore distinguish hydrogen chloride from hydrochloric acid. The former is a gas at room temperature that reacts with water to give the acid. Once the acid has formed, the diatomic molecule can not easily be regenerated.

Hydrogen compounds
Hydrobromic acid is an acid. Its chemical formula is HBr.  It is a very strong acid. It is used to make bromides by reaction with metals or metal oxides. 

It can be made by reacting bromine, sulfur dioxide, and water. This reaction makes hydrobromic acid and sulfuric acid. It is made by dissolving hydrogen bromide in water. It can also be made by reacting bromine with sulfur and phosphorus. It can also be made by electrolysis of a bromide solution. It can be made by reacting bromides with non-oxidizing acids, because oxidizing acids would turn the bromides into bromine.

Related pages
Hydrochloric acid
Hydriodic acid
Hydrofluoric acid

Acids
Bromine compounds

pl:Bromowodór#Kwas bromowodorowy
Hydrogen bromide is a chemical compound. It dissolves in water to produce hydrobromic acid. Its chemical formula is HBr. It is a stinky colorless gas. It is used to make other bromides. It is made by reacting hot hydrogen and bromine with a catalyst. It can be made by reacting bromides with non-oxidizing acids, such as phosphoric acid. Bromine can be reduced by phosphorous acid to make hydrogen bromide.

Related pages 
Hydrogen iodide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride

Bromine compounds
Hydrogen iodide () is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HI. It is a colorless odorous gas. It reacts with oxygen to make iodine and water. It can be made by reducing iodine with hydrazine. It can also be made by reacting iodides with non-oxidizing acids such as phosphoric acid. It can also be made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with iodine. Very pure hydrogen iodide can be made by combining hydrogen and iodine, but this is very slow. It will break down if exposed to air. It can be used to make illegal drugs and various chemical compounds of iodine. It dissolves in water to produce hydroiodic acid. Hydroiodic acid is a strong acid that is used to make iodides.

Related pages
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen bromide

References

Other websites
International Chemical Safety Card 1326

Acids
Iodine compounds
Seal script (Chinese: Simplified: 篆书 ;Traditional: 篆書; pinyin: zhuànshū) is an ancient style of Chinese calligraphy.

Books

 Chén Zhāoróng (陳昭容) Research on the Qín (Ch'in) Lineage of Writing: An Examination from the Perspective of the History of Chinese Writing (秦系文字研究﹕从漢字史的角度考察) (2003). Academia Sinica, Institute of History and Philology Monograph (中央研究院歷史語言研究所專刊). . (in Chinese)
 Qiú Xīguī (裘錫圭) Chinese Writing (2000). Translation of 文字學概要 by Gilbert L. Mattos and Jerry Norman. Early China Special Monograph Series No. 4. Berkeley: The Society for the Study of  Early China and the Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. .

Other websites

 Script translation
 Richard Sears on seal script

Calligraphy
Chinese characters
The clerical script (; pinyin: lìshū; Japanese: 隷書体, Reishotai;) is an archaic style of Chinese calligraphy.

Other websites

Calligraphy
Chinese language
The guzheng, also spelled gu zheng or gu-zheng (, with gu 古 meaning "ancient"; and also called zheng 箏) is a Chinese plucked zither.

Books

Han Mei. "Guzheng." In The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London, 2001).

Chinese music
The pipa () is a four-stringed Chinese musical instrument, belonging to the plucked category of instruments (弹拨乐器/彈撥樂器).

Books

New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London, 2001).

Other websites
 "Kishibe's diffusionism theory on the Iranian Barbat and Chino-Japanese Pi' Pa'," from The Shayda Institute-Iranian Classical Music site 
 An article on the historical development of pipa
 The Pipa on the Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Pipa Performance by Gifted Musician in United States

Chinese music
A royal charter is a legal document issued by the monarchy which gives certain rights to an organization.

When an organization, for example: a university, is founded there has to be an official document which lists the basic laws (the constitution) of the organization. If this document is given to the organization by the king or queen it is called a Royal charter.

In Europe Royal charters have been used to create towns ever since the Middle Ages. The date when the charter was made is thought of as the date when the town was founded (started), even if there had been people living there many years before.

Many groups such as the British East India Company were formed by Royal charter. Most British university operate under Royal Charters. This gives them the right to give degrees to the students at the end of their studies. 

The BBC operates under a Royal Charter which lasts for a limited period of ten years, after which it is renewed.
Charities may also have Royal charters. They do not need to have one, but they are likely to be more successful if they have a Royal charter.

Monarchy
Documents
Business law
Aluminium sulfate, sometimes spelled aluminum or sulphate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Al2(SO4)3. It is a white crystalline solid. It can be made by dissolving aluminium oxide in sulfuric acid. It is used to remove particles from water when it is processed for drinking. It is also used in making paper. It is used in baking powder, deodorants, slug killer,  and to make garden soils more acidic.

Related pages
Aluminium chloride
Sulfate
Aluminium

Sulfur compounds
Aluminium compounds
Sir George Grove (born Clapham in South London, 13 August 1820; died Sydenham on 28 May 1900) was an English engineer and musician.  

He wrote books about classical composers and is particularly famous for his big musical dictionary Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians. This dictionary continued to be updated and published after his death. It has now gone through seven editions. The latest edition is available online.

Life

George Grove was born in Clapham in South London. His father sold fish. His mother was into musicals. He learned to be an engineer and was sent out to Jamaica to help to build a lighthouse.  

He worked on the building of the Britannia tubular bridge over the Menai Strait.  He married the daughter of a clergyman. He became secretary of the Society of Arts and he wrote many articles for a Dictionary of the Bible.  He spent seven years doing this.  It gave him the idea of doing something similar for music.
Grove went to many concerts. He bought sheet music and studied it. He wrote programme notes for concerts, writing about the music that was being played.  He wrote about a lot of music by Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn and Schumann.

Career 
He wrote detailed essays about the symphonies of Beethoven and was a good friend of Clara Schumann.  He travelled with the composer Arthur Sullivan to Vienna where he met many great musicians including Brahms and discovered some music by Schubert that had been forgotten.   He spent several years writing his Dictionary of Music which was published in four volumes.

Grove worked very hard to get enough money to found the Royal College of Music which was opened in 1883 by the Prince of Wales.  Grove got many great musicians to come and teach there, including the world-famous singer Jenny Lind who was already retired, and Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford and others.
The prime minister William Gladstone gave him a knighthood for what he had done for music.  The new students included many who were to become famous.  

These include Hamish MacCunn and Charles Wood.  He became very fond of the student Edith Oldham and had an emotional attachment to her for the rest of his life.  His wife was not interested in his work.  He called his students his "children" and persuaded them to have a broad education.  

He wanted them to read a lot.  He was director of the RCM for eleven years, retiring in 1894, just after the RCM moved into a new building which is situated on the south side of the Royal Albert Hall.  The RCM is still there today.

George Grove was a very influential man for English music.  Although he was not trained as a musician he became extremely knowledgeable and was an excellent musicologist. The RCM setup a George Grove Memorial Scholarship in his memory.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980;
Musicologists
1820 births
1900 deaths
Thurston Dart (born 3 September 1921 - died 6 March 1971), was a British musicologist, conductor and keyboard player.  He is particularly remembered for his books in which he wrote about how music from earlier centuries should be performed.

Dart studied keyboard instruments at the Royal College of Music in London from 1938 to 1939, and also studied mathematics at University College, Exeter, graduating in  1942. He became a music lecturer and later professor at the University of Cambridge.  During his time at Cambridge, Dart did a lot of work for the early music revival.  Musicians were becoming interested in playing music from the Baroque, Renaissance and even Middle Ages. He formed such groups as the Early Music Consort of London.  In 1964 he became King Edward Professor of Music in the University of London (King's College).
Thurston Dart played the harpsichord in many concerts and made several gramophone recordings.  He wrote a book The Interpretation of Music (London, 1954), which became very widely read.  He wrote many articles in journals about music.

Dart taught many students, included some who later became famous: the composer Michael Nyman, conductor Sir John Eliot Gardiner and conductor/musicologist Christopher Hogwood.  He was one of the first musicians to make a recording of Bach's Brandenburg Concertos using historical instruments.

1921 births
1971 deaths
Harpsichordists
Musicologists
Alumni of the University of Exeter
Lend-Lease was a program of the United States government put into place right before World War II.  The United States was still trying to be neutral in the War, but wanted to give supplies to the Allied Powers (Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union).  The U.S. gave the Allies several billion dollars of weapons.  The Allies gave the United States rights to air and naval bases around the world, as well as billions in future monies.  This money was not fully given until 2006. 

Government of the United States
World War II
Huey Long (August 30, 1893 – September 10, 1935) was an American politician.  He was Governor and Senator in Louisiana in the 1930s. As governor he gave out free school books, built new schools, hospitals, roads, and even a new capitol building. He was a critic of big companies and the rich. As Senator, he came up with the idea of "Share Our Wealth" clubs, which promoted wealth redistribution.  Long was very popular among the American people.

Death
On September 10, 1935, Long was shot to death at age of 42 by Carl Weiss, a physician from Baton Rouge, Louisiana.  At the time of his death, he was saying that Franklin D. Roosevelt's policies did not go far enough. There were rumors Long would run for president. Long was buried on the grounds of the Louisiana Capitol. The movie All the King's Men is based on the life of Huey Long.

His son, Russell would also become a U.S. Senator.
During Long's lifetime, he visited various places in Europe as part of the "Global Reach" projects that he was part of. The most prominent of these visits in the public eye was in Robertsbridge, East Sussex.

1893 births
1935 deaths
American murder victims
American progressives
Deaths by firearm in the United States
Governors of Louisiana
Murders by firearm in the United States
United States senators from Louisiana
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Teapot Dome was a political scandal that took place in 1921 to 1922. The name comes from an oil reserve near Teapot Rock, Wyoming. President Warren G. Harding let the reserve and another reserve in California, be under the control of the Department of the Interior. The Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, who had taken $100,000 from oil companies, then let oil companies use the land.  The United States Senate looked into the matter and found Fall had committed conspiracy.  It is thought to be one of the biggest political scandals in American history. The scandal caused a large amount of damage to the legacy of former President Harding.

Political consequences

1924 Presidential Election 
In 1924, Democrats tried to use Teapot Dome to their advantage in that year´s presidential election by reminding people about it. The tactic failed and Republicans handily won.
History of Wyoming
Political scandals in the United States
Warren G. Harding
1921 in the United States
1922 in North America
20th century in California
An air door or air curtain is a machine used for separating two spaces from each other.  The machine is mainly used at doors into buildings.  The most common setup for air curtains is a downward-facing blower fan placed over an opening.  Normally this opening is a door to a building.  The fan stops outside air from entering the building to keep the building warm or cool.  The air curtain also keeps insects out by making turbulence.  The fan must be powerful enough to generate a jet of air that can reach the floor. They can also be heated or cooled as well to provide space heating or space cooling to an area.

Temperature
Heat transfer
HVAC
''The chemical element is called Phosphorus in English

A phosphor is a chemical compound that emits light when it is exposed to light of a different wavelength (i.e. color). Phosphors do not contain the chemical element Phosphorus, which can be made to glow a different way. This sometimes causes confusion. Phosphors are used in many types of lighting, including fluorescent bulbs where they change the ultraviolet light produced by excited mercury vapor into visible light. 

The chemistry of phosphors varies greatly depending on what the phosphor is to be used for. Phosphors include 'glow in the dark' materials that can be found in novelties, toys, and emergency safety lighting for buildings.  They are used in the screens of older style cathode ray tube televisions to make visible light from an electron beam. They can also be used to visibly detect ionizing radiation. Light-emitting diodes are devices that often use phosphors to obtain a particular color or color temperature.
Related pages
Light bulb
Light
Neon lamp

Light
A neon lamp is a light bulb that can make many colors when Noble gasses are inside of the bulb. For example, helium would give a light yellow color and neon would make a red or orange color when an electric current is run in the tube. It is normally used to make letters for signs. Different gases make different colors. Neon Lamps are used to make neon signs.

The different colors neon lamps can make

From left to right: Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon.

A neon glow lamp is a little orange light bulb. There is an electric current that flows between the two electrodes.

Related pages
Fluorescent lamp
Mercury-vapor lamp

Lamps
A turbocharger, or turbo, is a gas compressor. It is used to force air into an internal combustion engine. A turbocharger is a form of forced induction. It increases the amount of air entering the engine to create more power. A turbocharger has the compressor powered by a turbine. The turbine is driven by the exhaust gas from the engine. It does not use a direct mechanical drive. This helps to improve  the performance of the turbocharger.

Names 
Early builders of turbochargers called them as "turbosuperchargers". A supercharger is an air compressor used for forcing air into an engine. They thought that by adding a turbine to turn the supercharger, it would yield a "turbosupercharger". The term was soon shortened to "turbocharger". This can now create some confusion. The term "turbosupercharged" is sometimes used to refer to an engine that uses both a crankshaft-driven supercharger and an exhaust-driven turbocharger. This is also called twincharging.
Some companies such as Teledyne Continental Motors still use the term turbosupercharger to refer to their turbochargers.

Operation 
An engine creates power by burning a mixture of air and fuel. The air and fuel are put into the cylinders to burn. When they burn, they push the piston down. The piston turns the crankshaft and creates power. For car engines, this is measured horsepower.

Naturally Aspirated (Normally Aspirated) engines 
An engine that does not use a turbocharger or a supercharger is called a naturally aspirated or normally aspirated engine. Normally, when engine specifications are listed, a note is only made if the engine uses a turbocharger or supercharger. Most car engines are naturally aspirated. The power they can create is limited by the amount of air the pistons can pull into the cylinders.
Turbocharged engines 
A turbocharger is a small fan pump that spins around a shaft. The pump is driven by the pressure of the exhaust gas. A turbocharger consists of a turbine and a compressor. They are both mounted on the same shaft. The turbine is a heat engine. It converts exhaust heat and pressure to rotation. This rotation is used to turn the compressor. The compressor takes in the draws in the outside air. It squeezes or compresses the air. It then sends the air to the engine. Because the air pressure has been increased, more air and fuel may be put into the cylinders. This is sometimes called boost pressure.With more fuel to burn, the engine can create more power. This increases the horsepower of the engine.
Engine damage 
The engine can be damaged if the air pressure in the cylinders gets too high. If there is too much exhaust gas sent to the turbine, the compressor can create too much pressure. To stop this from happening, a wastegate is used. The wastegate will limit amount of exhaust gas sent to the turbine.

History 
The turbocharger was invented by Swiss engineer Alfred Büchi. His patent was applied for use in 1905. Diesel ships and locomotives with turbochargers began appearing in the 1920s.

Aviation 
During the First World War French engineer Auguste Rateau fitted turbochargers to Renault engines powering various French fighters with some success.
In 1918, General Electric engineer Sanford Moss attached a turbocharger to a Liberty aircraft engine. The engine was tested at Pikes Peak in Colorado at . The test was to show that the turbo could add the power airplanes lose at high altitude.  Internal combustion engines lose power because at high altitude, the outside air pressure is low. Less air and fuel can be drawn into the engine.

Turbochargers were first used in production aircraft engines in the 1930s.

Production automobiles 

The first turbocharged diesel truck was built by the "Swiss Machine Works Saurer" in 1938. The first production turbocharged automobile engines came from General Motors in 1962. The Oldsmobile Cutlass Jetfire was fitted with a Garrett AiResearch turbocharger and the Chevrolet Corvair Monza Spyder with a TRW turbocharger.
In 1974, at Paris Auto Show, Porsche displayed the 911Turbo. This was during the height of the oil crisis. The 911Turbo was the first production sports car with exhaust turbocharger and pressure regulator. The pressure regulator was the wastegate.
The first production turbo diesel automobiles were the Mercedes 300SD with a Garrett turbocharger, and the Peugeot 604. Both were introduced in 1978. Today, most automotive diesels are turbocharged.

Racing cars 
The first successful turbocharged racing engine appears to have been in 1952. Fred Agabashian in a diesel-powered Cummins Special qualified for the pole position at the Indianapolis 500. He led for . Then the turbo was damaged by tire debris. Offenhauser's turbocharged engines first came to Indianapolis in 1966. Their first victory came in 1968 using a Garrett AiResearch turbocharger. Turbocharged cars dominated the 24 Hours of Le Mans between 1976 and 1988, and then from 2000-2007.
Formula One had a "Turbo Era" from  until . Engines with a capacity of 1500 cc could produce as much as 1500 hp (1119 kW). In 1977, Renault was the first to use turbocharged engines F1. The performance made up for the high cost. Other engine manufacturers started building turbos. The turbocharged engines took over the F1 field. They ended the Ford Cosworth DFV era in the mid 1980s. the FIA decided that turbochargers were making the sport too dangerous and expensive. In 1987, the FIA decided to limit the maximum boost of the turbos. In 1989, turbochargers were banned completely.

World Rally Car racers have long preferred turbocharged engines. They offer a very high power-to-weight ratios. Turbo power started to rise to the levels of F1 cars. The FIA did not ban turbos. They restrict the turbo power by limiting the inlet diameter.

Multiple turbochargers
Parallel 
Some engines use two turbochargers. They will both be the same size. They are normally smaller than used on single-turbos engines. They are often used on V-type engines, such as V6s and V8s. Each turbo is powered by a separate exhaust pipe from the engine. Because they are smaller, they reach their optimal boost more quickly. This setup of turbos is normally called a parallel twin-turbo system. The first production car with parallel twin turbochargers was the Maserati Biturbo of the early 1980s.

Sequential 
Some car builders avoid turbo lag (below) by using two small turbos. The normal setup is to have one turbo working all the time. The seconds turbo will only start working at higher RPM. Because the turbos are smaller, they do not have as much turbo lag. The second turbo will be able get to full speed before it is required. This setup is normally called a sequential twin-turbo. Porsche first used this technology in 1985 in the Porsche 959.

Applications
Applications

Diesel 
Turbocharging is very common on diesel engines in automobiles, trucks, locomotives, ships, and heavy machinery. Diesels are particularly suitable for turbochargers for several reasons:
 Turbocharging can dramatically improve an engine's power and power-to-weight ratio.
 Truck and industrial Diesel engines normally run at their maximum speed. This reduces problems with turbo lag.
 Diesel engines have no engine knock. The diesel fuel is injected at the end of the compression stroke, and ignited by compression heat. Diesel engines can use much higher boost pressures than gasoline powered engines.
Motorcycle 
Using turbochargers to increase performance was very appealing to the Japanese builders in the 1980s. The first example of a turbocharged motorcycle is the 1978 Kawasaki Z1R TC. It used a Rayjay ATP turbo kit to build 0.35 bar (5 lb) of boost. This raised the power up from  to . It was only slightly faster than the standard model. Several other motorcycles were built with turbos. Turbo applications for motorcycles increased their price. The small gains in performance were not worth the extra cost. Since the mid 1980s, no manufacturers have produced turbocharged motorcycles.

Aircraft 
A natural use of the turbocharger is with aircraft engines. As an aircraft climbs to higher altitudes, the pressure of the surrounding air quickly decreases. A turbocharger fixes this problem by compressing the air to higher pressures.
Temperature considerations 
Compressing the air increases its temperature. This causes several problems. Increased temperatures can lead to engine knock because of increased cylinder head temperatures. Hot air cannot burn as much fuel as cold air. This will decrease the power produced. 

The common method of dealing with the hotter air is to cool it. The most common way is to use an inter-cooler or after-cooler. These coolers reduce the temperature of the air before it enters the engine. 

Modern turbocharged aircraft usually do not need to cool the incoming air. Their turbochargers are generally small and the pressures created are not very high. Thus, the air temperature is not increased very much.

Comparison to supercharging 
To run a supercharger, it needs to take away some power from the engine. The power it adds is more than the power it uses. A turbocharger uses the exhaust gases. This is heat energy that would be wasted.

Properties
Properties

Reliability 
Turbochargers can be damaged by dirty or poor oil. Most manufacturers recommend more frequent oil changes for turbocharged engines. The turbocharger will heat when running. Many recommend letting the engine idle for several minutes before shutting the engine off. This gives the turbo time to cool down. This will increase the life of the turbo.

Turbo lag  
The time required for the turbo to build up the needed pressure is called turbo lag. This is noticed as a hesitation in engine response. This is caused by the time taken for the exhaust system to speed up the turbine. The directly-driven compressor in a supercharger does not have this problem. 

Lag can be reduced by using lighter parts. This allows the turbine to start faster. Other mechanical changes can reduce turbo lag, but at an increase in cost.

References

Other websites 
 
 
Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc.'s Oil Free Turbocharger
 NASA Oil Free Turbocharger 

Motors
Aircraft engines
Lee Beon-Seok (hangul: , October 20 1900 – May 11 1972) was a Korean politician and independence activist. He was South Koreas first National Defense Minister, first Prime Minister, eighth home minister, and Ambassador Embassy of Taiwan.

References 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=126195

Other websites 
 Cheulgi Memorial Site 

1900 births
1972 deaths
People of the Korean War
Prime Ministers of South Korea
Sanat Naft Football Club () is an Iranian football club based in Abadan, Iran. They currently play in the Azadegan League. The team is sponsored by Iran's national petroleum industry and is part of the sports club Sanat Naft Athletic Club.

Iranian football clubs
1972 establishments in Asia
1970s establishments in Iran
Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century is a 2007 parapsychology book. The book talks about ideas proposed by Frederic William Henry Myers. Irreducible Mind says that the mind is separate from the brain or body. The book says that the mind continues on after death.

The authors come from various fields of psychology, science studies, and psychical research. Lead author Edward F. Kelly is Professor of Research in the Division of Perceptual Studies at the University of Virginia.

Criticism
The book has been criticized for endorsing paranormal claims and pseudoscience. In a review, clinical neurologist Sebastian Dieguez said the book is "painstakingly redundant, astoundingly arrogant in its claims and intents". Dieguez wrote that the authors of Irreducible Mind took reports of paranormal phenomena and wild claims at face value, talked "quantum babble" and formed an ignorant "soul of the gaps" argument.

Related pages
Bruce Greyson
Life After Life

References
References

Non-fiction books
Parapsychology
Spiritual books
2007 books
Aluminum Hormozgan F.C.  is an Iranian football club based in Bandar Abbas, Iran. They currently compete in the Azadegan League.

Iranian football clubs
2006 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Iran
Steel Azin Football Club  is an Iranian football club based in Tehran, Iran.

Players

Current squad

First team
As of 20 July 2010

References

Other websites
Official club website 

Football clubs in Tehran
2007 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Iran
Saipa Karaj Football Club  is a football team based in Karaj, Iran. The team is owned by SAIPA, an Iranian automobile manufacturer.

Season-by-season
The table below chronicles the achievements of Saipa in various competitions since 1993.

* Azadegan League.

** Iran Pro League.

Iranian football clubs
1989 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Iran
Persepolis Football Club (, pronounced Perspolis) is an Iranian football club based in Tehran, Iran. While the original name of the club is Persepolis, it is also called Piroozi (meaning victory) in Iran.

References

Football clubs in Tehran
1963 establishments in Asia
1960s establishments in Iran
The Persian Gulf Pro League () formerly known as Iran Pro League (IPL) () is the highest level of professional football in Iran.

All-time Premier League standings
Since the 2001-2002 season, IPL/Persian Gulf Cup has had nine seasons completed. The table below shows the all-time statistics of all teams attended in the 9 seasons held.

Champions



Related pages
 Persian Gulf
 Iran
 Documents on the Persian Gulf's name

References

Other websites

 Persian Gulf Pro League official website
 Persian Gulf Pro League at Soccerway.com
 List of Iran all-time top scorers at RSSSF

Football in Iran
Football leagues in Asia
1970 establishments in Asia
Esteghlal Cultural and Athletic Club  is an Iranian sports club most widely known for its professional football team based in Tehran. It was founded as Taj (), meaning 'Crown' in Persian and renamed after the Islamic Revoloution in 1979.

Esteghlal have been Asian Champions AFC Champions League twice and have also won six National Championship titles. Esteghlal together with Al-Hilal Riadh of Saudi Arabia are the second most successful clubs in Asian Champion's League, after Pohang Steelers of South Korea, with two champions titles and two runner up.

Season-by-season
The table below chronicles the achievements of Esteghlal in various competitions since 1945.

References

Football clubs in Tehran
1945 establishments in Asia
1940s establishments in Iran
Disney Mickey's Magix was a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg's and Disney. The cereal turned the milk in the bowl the color blue and the box had the theme of the "Sorcerer's Apprentice" segment from the movie Fantasia. The cereal had toasted oats with marshmallows.

Other websites 
Kellogg's

Breakfast cereals
The Walt Disney Company
Country Store is a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg's. Country Store is made in the United Kingdom and was first introduced in 1974.

Other websites 
Country Store on kelloggs.co.uk 

Breakfast cereals
The word Budweiser has several uses.

Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch), an American brand of beer.
Budweiser Budvar, a Czech brand of beer.
Budweiser Bier Bürgerbräu, another Czech brand of beer.
A German adjective that describes something or someone from the city of České Budějovice in the Czech Republic.
Alum is both a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical compounds.

It means potassium aluminium sulfate, a chemical compound. 
It also means a double sulfate salt.

Examples:
Potash alum is potassium aluminum sulfate
Sodia alum is sodium aluminum sulfate
Ammonium alum is ammonium aluminum sulfate

History 
Words like "alum" and "potash" were used before modern chemistry developed. The word 'alumen' occurs in Pliny's Natural History (2379 AD). In the 52nd chapter of his 35th book, he gives a detailed description. Different substances were distinguished by the name of 'alumen', but they were all astringents, and were all used in dyeing and medicine.

Notes 

Sulfur compounds
Budweiser Budvar (Czech: Budějovický Budvar) is a brand of beer (and a brewery) that is made in the city of České Budějovice in Southern Bohemia, Czech Republic.

In the European Union they sell it under the name Budweiser Budvar but in the United States and Canada they sell it under the name Czechvar.

Beer in Europe
Czech culture
The song thrush (usually thrush, Turdus philomelos) is a member of the passerine songbird family Turdidae. It breeds across much of Eurasia. It is also known in English dialects as  throstle or mavis. The song thrush has brown upperparts and black-spotted cream or buff underparts, and has three recognised subspecies. Its distinctive song, which has repeated musical phrases, has frequently been referred to in poetry.

The song thrush breeds in forests, gardens and parks, and is partially migratory with many birds wintering in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East; it has also been introduced into New Zealand and Australia. Although it is not threatened globally, there have been serious population declines in parts of Europe, probably due to changes in farming practices.
The thrush builds a neat mud-lined cup nest in a bush or tree and lays four or five dark-spotted blue eggs. It is omnivorous and has the habit of using a favourite stone as an "anvil" on which to smash snails. Like other perching birds (passerines), it is affected by external and internal parasites and is vulnerable to predation by cats and birds of prey.

Breeding and survival 
The female song thrush builds a neat cup-shaped nest lined with mud and dry grass in a bush, tree or creeper, or, in the case of the Hebridean subspecies, on the ground. She lays four or five bright glossy blue eggs which are lightly spotted with black or purple. Two or three broods in a year is normal, although only one may be raised in the north of the range. On average, 54.6% of British juveniles survive the first year of life, and the adult annual survival rate is 62.2%. The typical lifespan is three years, but the maximum recorded age is 10 years 8 months.
The thrush is occasionally a host of parasitic cuckoos, but this is rare because the thrush usually recognizes the cuckoo's eggs. However, the thrush does not act with the same aggression towards the adult cuckoo as does the blackbird. The introduced birds in New Zealand, where the cuckoo does not occur, still have the ability to recognise and reject non-mimetic eggs.

Feeding 
The song thrush is omnivorous, eating a wide range of invertebrates, especially earthworms and snails, as well as soft fruit and berries. Like its relative, the blackbird, the thrush finds prey by sight, has a run-and-stop hunting technique on open ground, and will rummage through leaf-litter seeking food.
Snails are especially important when drought or hard weather makes it difficult to find other food. The thrush often uses a favourite stone as an "anvil" on which to smash the snail before extracting the soft body and invariably wiping it on the ground before eating it. Young birds initially flick objects and attempt to play with them until they learn to use anvils as tools to smash snails. The nestlings are mainly fed on animal food such as worms, slugs, snails and insect larvae.

References 

Thrushes
Potassium aluminium sulfate, or potash alum, or potassium alum, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KAl(SO4)2. It contains potassium, aluminium, and sulfate ions. Crystals of it are transparent, and it is white when made into a powder.

Properties
It is a acidic solid at room temperature. It does not have a colour; its crystals are transparent, and its powder is white. It reacts with sodium bicarbonate to make carbon dioxide gas. It exists naturally, and can be found as a mineral.

Preparation
It is made by reacting aluminium sulfate with potassium sulfate.

Uses
It is used to purify water. It is also used in deodorants. It is an antiseptic. It had several uses in the past, such as in dyeing clothes.
Crystals can be grown from a solution of potassium aluminium sulfate.

Related pages
Alum
Aluminium sulphate

Potassium compounds
Aluminium compounds
Ray Adduono (born January 21, 1947 in Fort William, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played 221 games in the World Hockey Association.  He played for the Indianapolis Racers, Cleveland Crusaders, Minnesota Fighting Saints, and San Diego Mariners.

References 

1947 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey centres
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
World Hockey Association players
Eastern Hockey League players
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a spice, widely used in Asian cooking. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant, in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae.

How it grows 

Turmeric plants are widely grown in tropical areas of India, where over 70,000 acres are cultivated every year. The plant has long leaves, surrounding spikes where small flowers form. However the root, or ‘rhizome’ of the turmeric plant is harvested, in much the same way as ginger.  The turmeric rhizome takes about 10 months to grow before it can be harvested; it is then boiled, cleaned and dried in the sun. Most of the harvested turmeric is ground up and sold in jars for use in cooking, however the fresh root turmeric can also be used.

How it is used
How it is used 

Turmeric is one of the main ingredients of curry powder, and is used to give it the characteristic yellow colour. It is also delicious added to rice dishes, seafood, and mustards and pickles.  
Turmeric is also more widely used as a colourant for textiles and food products. It is sometimes substituted for saffron as it is much less expensive, but produces the same yellow colour. Turmeric has also been used as an alternative to medicine and can be made into a drink.

References

Zingiberales
Spices
Peter George "Pete" Bakovic (born January 31, 1965 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left wing who played briefly in the National Hockey League in the late 1980s for the Vancouver Canucks.

Bakovic played his junior hockey for the Windsor Spitfires of the Ontario Hockey League but was never drafted. After a strong final year of junior, he was signed as a free agent by the Calgary Flames in 1985. A tough player who fought often, Bakovic spent three seasons playing minor pro in the Flames' system without seeing an NHL game. In two years with the Moncton Golden Flames of the AHL, he lead the team in penalty minutes both years, but also posted good offensive totals, notching 54 and 51 points. In his only year with the Salt Lake Golden Eagles, Bakovic posted 43 points in 39 games along with 221 PIM.
Late in the 1987–88 season, he was dealt to the Vancouver Canucks. Vancouver immediately promoted him to their NHL team, and he played 10 games for the Canucks, recording 2 goals and 48 PIM. However, injuries struck the next year and he found himself back in the IHL with the Milwaukee Admirals. Bakovic would play three more seasons in Milwaukee without seeing another NHL game before retiring in 1991.

Following his retirement, Bakovic stayed in Milwaukee and remained with the Admirals organization as an assistant coach until 1998. He continues to live in Milwaukee and coaches high school hockey.

References

1965 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Moncton Golden Flames players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Vancouver Canucks players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Ontario Hockey League players
Chrome alum, also known as chromium potassium sulfate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KCr(SO4)2. It contains chromium, potassium, and sulfate ions. The chromium is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a dark purple solid. It is normally attached to extra water molecules. It dissolves in water.

Preparation
It is made by reducing potassium dichromate with sulfur dioxide.

Uses
It was used in making leather; now chromium(III) sulfate is used instead.

Related pages
Alum
Aluminium sulfate

Potassium compounds
Sulfur compounds
Chromium compounds
Chromium(III) sulfate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cr2(SO4)3. It is a colored compound. It is made by dissolving chromium or chromium(III) oxide in sulfuric acid. It can also be made by reduction of chromates by sulfur dioxide. It turns green when heated. It is used to make leather. Chrome alum was used in the past. It's an irritant.

Related pages 
Chromium(III) chloride
Dichromate
Chromium

Sulfur compounds
Chromium compounds
Gustavo Dudamel (born January 26, 1981 in Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan conductor and violinist.  He became famous as the conductor of the Venezuelan youth orchestra Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar.  Today he is the principal conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony in Gothenburg, Sweden, and music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic in Los Angeles, California. Dudamel is also the artistic director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar in Caracas, Venezuela.

Life and career
Dudamel was born in Barquisimeto, Venezuela.  His father played the trombone.  He studied music when he was quite young, and learned the violin when he was ten.  He also studied composition. He became involved with El Sistema, an organization in Venezuela to help children from poorer families to learn musical instruments.  He went to the Jacinto Lara Conservatory and then the Latin-American Violin Academy, learning the violin.
He began to study conducting in 1995.  In 1999, he became music director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar, the national youth orchestra of Venezuela, and toured several countries.

Dudamel won many prizes for conducting. He soon became well-known and conducted the Philharmonia, the Israel Philharmonic, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic.  He signed a recording contract with Deutsche Grammophon.  He conducted Don Giovanni at La Scala, Milan,  in November 2006. On September 10, 2007, he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra for the first time at the Lucerne Festival. In March 2008, he first conducted the San Francisco Symphony. 

In 2005, Gustavo Dudamel conducted at the BBC Proms when Neeme Järvi was ill.  He became Principal Conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony.  He still conducts the Simón Bolívar National Youth Orchestra

Dudamel first conducted in the  U.S. with the Los Angeles Philharmonic  at the Hollywood Bowl in 2005.   In 2009 he became their Musical Director.
On April 16, 2007, Gustavo Dudamel conducted the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra in a concert to celebrate the 80th birthday of Pope Benedict XVI, with Hilary Hahn as solo violinist.  The Pope was at the concert.

A documentary film Tocar y Luchar was made about Dudamel and El Sistema.

Personal life

Dudamel is married to Eloísa Maturén, a Venezuelan ballet dancer and journalist.

Other websites
Gustavo Dudamel official website

1981 births
Living people
Conductors
William James (1842–1910) was an American psychologist and philosopher. He was an original thinker in physiology, psychology and philosophy. His major work was a twelve-hundred page book which gave us such ideas as the "stream of thought". William was the brother of the novelist Henry James.

Epistemology
James was a pragmatist. He defined true beliefs as those that prove useful to the believer.  Truth is verifiable (can be tested) when thoughts and statements correspond with actual things, and also "hang together," or cohere, as pieces of a puzzle might fit together. These 'truths' are confirmed by the observed results putting them into practice.p427
"The most ancient parts of truth... once were plastic. They were called true for human reasons... Purely objective truth..., is nowhere to be found... The reasons why we call things true is the reason why they are true, for 'to be true' means only to perform this marriage-function." he wrote. The "marriage-function" is "marrying previous parts of experience with newer parts".p83
In What pragmatism means, James writes that the central point of his own doctrine of truth is, in brief, that "Truths emerge from facts, but they dip forward into facts again and add to them; which facts again create or reveal new truth (the word is indifferent) and so on indefinitely. The 'facts' themselves meanwhile are not true. They simply <u/l>are</u/l>. Truth is the function of the beliefs that start and terminate among them".

References

1842 births
1910 deaths
American philosophers
American psychologists
Writers from New York City
A headlamp is a light bulb mounted on the front of a machine. Normally it is mounted on a car. It shines forward. It can be turned on and off. It is used to see ahead of the machine so it wouldn't drive into trees or telephone poles. Incandescent bulbs and a variant known as halogen bulbs are the most common types. They are normally bright.

Related pages
Fluorescent bulb
Mercury-vapor lamp
Sodium vapor lamp

Light sources
Shawn Horcoff (born September 17, 1978 in Trail, British Columbia, Canada) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played for the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL) and is the captain of the team. He also played for the Dallas Stars and Anaheim Ducks.

Horcoff played college hockey at Michigan State University where he drafted by the Edmonton Oilers in the 1998 NHL Draft.

Brouwer also played in the AHL with the Hamilton Bulldogs and also played in the Swedish Elite League with the Mora IK team.

Other websites

1978 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Edmonton Oilers players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
People from Trail, British Columbia
Swedish Hockey League players
Daniel Hamhuis (born December 13, 1982 in Smithers, British Columbia, Canada) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Nashville Predators, Vancouver Canucks, and Dallas Stars. 

Hamhuis played in the WHL for the Prince George Cougars for 4 seasons and played for the Milwaukee Admirals in the AHL. Hamhuis won a gold medal with Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

On August 13, 2020, Hamhuis announced his retirement from the NHL.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

Other websites

1982 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Dallas Stars players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Milwaukee Admirals players
Nashville Predators players
Prince George Cougars players
Vancouver Canucks players
The V6 is a very compact engine design. It is shorter than the straight-4. Many V6 engines are narrower than the V8 engine. They work well and are well suited to the popular transverse engine front-wheel drive cars. It has largely replaced the inline-6, which is too long to fit in many modern cars. It is more complicated and not as smooth as the inline-6. The V6 is more compact, and more rigid, but also more prone to vibrations. It is also becoming a high performance engine. It has high power and torque output like the classic V8, but has good fuel economy.

History 
Some of the first V6-cars were built in 1905 by the Marmon Motor Car Company.