Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Bollywood songs are called Hindi film songs or filmi songs. Most of the movies have songs in them. Bollywood songs along with dances are a characteristic part of Hindi cinema. They give these movies their popular appeal, cultural value and context. Songs are sung by playback singers which actors and actresses lip sync on screen.

Change 
Bollywood ways of doing things are changing, however. A large Indian diaspora in English-speaking countries, and increased Western influence at home, have moved Bollywood movies closer to movies made in Hollywood. Kisses in the movies are now allowed. Plots tend to show Westernised city people dating and dancing in discos instead of arranged marriages.

Movie critic Lata Khubchandani writes,"..our earliest movies...(had) liberal doses of sex and kissing scenes in them. Strangely, it was after Independence the censor board came into being and so did all the strictures."
In 2001 five percent on Indian movies were shown in the United Kingdom which has a large Indian minority.
The emergence of streaming media and OTT platforms has disrupted the Bollywood industry as well. With COVID-19 affecting the entertainment industry worldwide, focus has shifted in recent year from cinema to web series. A number of successful web series are produced in Bollywood and overall the trend is shifting from musical films to different genres. This has also given rise to a trend of method acting in Bollywood, which more and more young actors are now taking up.

Related pages
 Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema)
 Lollywood (Pakistani cinema)
 Mollywood (Malayalam cinema)
 Tollywood (Telugu cinema)
 Hollywood

References

 
Hindi
Dinah Washington (born Ruth Lee Jones; August 24, 1924 - December 14, 1963) was an American R&B and jazz singer. She was an African American who was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama and raised in Chicago. She died of an accidental drug overdose in Detroit.

Other websites
http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19767/m1/

1924 births
1963 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
African American musicians
American jazz musicians
Drug-related accidental deaths
Singers from Alabama
Singers from Chicago
People from Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Robin Ward (born Jacqueline McDonnell in 1941) was an American singer. She had a hit with her song "Wonderful Summer" in 1963.

singers from Hawaii

1941 births
Living people
The adrenal gland is a gland in most mammals. It is near the kidneys. Its name tells its position (ad – "near", and renes – "kidneys"). The gland is made up of two types of tissues: the centrally located tissue is called the adrenal medulla and outside this lies the adrenal cortex.

The adrenal glands are known as "suprarenal glands" in humans. In many animals the glands are next to the kidneys, but they are cap-like structures on top of the kidneys in humans.

The adrenal cortex produces three main types of steroid hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) help in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance.

The adrenal gland makes hormones which control stress. It is involved in the production of steroid hormones. Among these hormones are cortisol and adrenaline.

Cortex 

The hormones secreted from the cortex region are called adrenocorticosteroids or corticoids. These are the hormones it makes:
Corticosteroids: all corticosteroids are made from cholesterol.
Cortisol / cortisone. These two are in a reversible reaction: they can be changed to each other by an enzyme. Cortisol is the active version, cortisone is the inactive version.
Aldosterone: a hormone which regulates blood pressure.
Androgens: these are intermediate male sex hormones. They are turned into more active hormones in the testes.

Medulla 
The adrenal medulla, in the center of the gland, makes:
Adrenaline (U.S = Epinephrine) and noradrenaline (U.S. = norepinephrine): they make the fight or flight response in animals.

References 

Glands
Endocrine system
Chiswick is a district in the London Borough of Hounslow in West London. It is most famous as the home of the artist William Hogarth.

Areas of London
London Borough of Hounslow
Characters 
The women were:
 Dorothy Zbornak (Bea Arthur) - She was born in Brooklyn, New York City. Her parents are Salvatore and Sophia, two Sicilian immigrants. She has a sister Gloria and a brother Phil. She was married with Stan Zbornak for 38 year long. With him she has two children: Kate and Michael Zbornak. After their divorce, she moved to the shared apartment with Blanche and Rose. Her mother Sophia criticized her love-life again and again. In the last episode was Dorothy and Blanche's uncle Lucas a pair. After her marriage she moved out of the house.
Rose Nyland (Betty White) - she grew up with nine children on a farm in Sankt Olaf, Minnesota. She is the outcome of an affair. Her father was a monk and his mother died during Roses childbirth. Nevertheless, she had a happy childhood with their adoptive parents and her two stepsisters Lily and Holly. She was married with an insurance agent called Charlie Nylund, until his died in 1970. They have five children: three daughters called Kirsten, Bridget and Gunilla and two sons called Adam and Charlie jr. Also, she has grandchildren: Charlie and Charlene. She worked as a staff in a counseling center. Sometimes, she works as a volunteers in a hospital. She is an honest Person and loves animals. She tells always about her life in Sankt Olaf.
Blanche Devereaux (Rue McClanahan) - she grew up in Atlanta, Georgia. She has four brothers and sisters. Her both sisters called Charmaine and Virginia. She doesn't like them, but she is nevertheless friendly to them. She has two brothers. Clayton is gay and Tad is a mentally handicapped person. Her father called Big Daddy. Until his death, she was the favourite daughter of him. She is the owner of this shared apartment. At that time, she lived with her husband George in this house. With him she had five children: two daughters called Rebecca and Janet and three sons called Biff, Doug and Skippy and she has four grandchildren: David, Sarah, Melissa and Aurora. She is obsessed with men and had many affairs with them. Blanche feels to old and she is not satisfied with her age.
Sophia Petrillo (Estelle Getty)- is the mother of Dorothy and lived in a nursing home called The Shady Pines. She moved to the three Ladys, after it is burned down. She tells about her nursing home very bad things and she doesn't tell good things. 1906, she was born in sicily and wandered to the USA. She was to married with Salvatore. She has a sister Angela and a brother Angelo. If she tells about her life in Sicily, she begins with this sentence: "Just imagine, Sicily nineteen hundred...!"
Recurring characters 
 Stanley "Stan" Zbornak (Herb Edelman)- was the classmate of Dorothy. After the High School, she was pregnant of him. Both were 17 years old and Dorothy had to marry him. The marriage was a disaster. He told his children many lies. For example, Christmas will delayed by two days. They were married for 38 years. Nevertheless, he loves them. Also, he is a seller of joke articles and wears a toupé.
 Miles Webber (Harold Gould)- is in a relationship with Rose.
 Salvatore "Sal" Petrillo (Sid Melton)- was the husband of Sophia. You don't see him in an episode, because he died before the action time.

1985 American television series debuts
1980s American comedy television series
1990s American sitcoms
1992 American television series endings‏‎ 
Emmy Award winning programs
Golden Globe Award winning programs
Miami in fiction
NBC network shows
Television series set in Florida
English-language television programs
Bark is the covering of the stems of woody plants, like trees. Bark protects the tree. Bark of different plants and trees can look very different, it can be rough or smooth and can have different colors. It is the outer layer of tree trunks.

Most of the bark grows from the vascular cambium. Some outer parts of the bark sometimes come from a cork cambium. In the bark are lenticels which allow gases to move in and out of those inner tissues which have living cells.

Bark of one kind or another has been on trees from the Carboniferous period. It is obvious on stems and branches, and on  some kinds of storage organs.

Plant anatomy
Plant physiology
Tartar could mean:
The Tatars, an ethnic group in present-day Russia
Hardened dental plaque (see calculus (dental))
Tartar sauce
Salts of tartaric acid:
Cream of tartar
Tartar emetic
Cowboy is a broad term for men who work on ranches. The word "cowboy" was used in England in the early 19th century but its use in the late 19th century in North America comes from the Spanish word vaquero. The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to Spain and the earliest European settlers of the Americas. In the United States the Native Americans and cowboys have a rich history, Still today, Native American cowboys are making a big impact in the world of rodeo.

Over the centuries Movies about cowboys are often called western movies. Movies often show them as fighting rather than working. Cowboys can be recognized by their big brown hats and lassos. Men who do similar work in Australia are called "stockmen."

Common clothing includes a belt with a big buckle, a cowboy hat, a lasso, a buttoned polo shirt, chaps, boots, and sometimes include another belt for carrying things while riding a horse.
Job 
A Cowboy is simply a person who works on a ranch and rides on a horse while he herds cattle. However, on the modern day ranch, the job has evolved into more duties such as branding, fencing, hay production, and machine and animal maintenance. Cowboys are also gunfighters, a lawman, outlaw, or a shooting exhibitionist, but was more commonly a hired gun who made a living with his weapons in the Old West.

In American culture

In American culture, the idea of cowboys is of freedom and independence. It is part of the myth of the Wild West. In movies and other stories, white actors usually play cowboys, for example Clint Eastwood and John Wayne. In real life, many cowboys of the 1800s were black or Latino.

The fictional cowboy called Sheriff Woody is played by Tom Hanks.

In British culture

In Britain, a "cowboy" is someone who charges money but is unskilled. For example, a "cowboy roofer" is someone who offers to fix a roof but does not know how to fix roofs.

Related pages
 Western (genre)

References
References

Agricultural occupations
Janet Reno (June 21, 1938 – November 7, 2016) was the United States Attorney General from 1993 to 2001, under President Bill Clinton. She was the first woman to ever have this job.

Reno died on November 7, 2016 from complications of Parkinson's disease, aged 78.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
Cornell University alumni
Politicians from Miami
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
United States Attorneys General
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from Miami
1493 was a common year.

Events
 March 15 – Christopher Columbus returns to Spain after his first trip to the Americas.
 July 28 – Great fire in Moscow.
 September 9 – Battle of Krbava field between defending Croatian nobles and invading Ottoman Turk forces.
 November 19 – Christopher Columbus goes ashore on an island he saw for the first time only the day before. He names it San Juan Bautista (later renamed Puerto Rico).
 December 23 – Georg Alt's German translation of Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle is published.
Events 
 January 6 – Archbishop Jakub Świnka orders all priests subject to his bishopry in Poland to deliver sermons in Polish rather than German, thus further unifying the Catholic Church in Poland and fostering a national identity.
 April 25 – Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in present-day Syria), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable; he captures the fortress a month later.
 September 4 – Roger of Lauria defeats King Philip III of France in a naval battle off of Barcelona.
 The writ Circumspecte Agatis, issued by King Edward I of England, defines the jurisdictions of church and state in England, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.
 The Second statute of Westminster is passed in England, reforming various laws; it includes the famous clause de donis conditionalibus, considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law in England.
The English romantic poem The Lay of Havelok the Dane is written (approximate date).
 Tran Hung Dao leads Vietnamese forces in victory over an invading Yuan dynasty Mongol army.
Alexander Murray Palmer Haley (August 11, 1921 – February 10, 1992) was an African-American writer. He also had Irish and, according to his own telling, some Cherokee ancestry. He was born in Ithaca, New York. He is best known for The Autobiography of Malcolm X, which he helped Malcolm X write, and his book Roots: The Saga of an American Family, which was about his family history and inspired a television mini-series. He died of a heart attack in Seattle, Washington.
Haley family lineage
Members of his family lineage that can be confirmed:
 Parents: Simon Alexander Haley [1892-1973] married 1919 1st wife Bertha George Palmer [1897-1932]
 Paternal Grandparents: Alex Haley [1845-1918] and 2nd wife Queen Jackson [1857-1941] Natural daughter of James Jackson of Alabama [1822-1879]
 Maternal Grandparents:Cynthia Babica [Murray] [1875-1949] married to William Edward Palmer [1872-1926][Son of George Palmer and Salena Groves]
 Maternal Great Grandparents:Tom Lea/Lea Murray [b.1833-?] married 1859 to Arena Holt [1841-1908] [Daughter of "Hillian" (b.1815)]
 Maternal Great Great Grandparents: "Chicken George" Lea [1806-1890] married Mathilda McGreggor Murray Lea [b.1806-?]

Roots
According to Haley, he based his novel Roots on oral tradition and research, including a visit to Africa.

About the first third of the book is of Haley's possible ancestor, Kunta Kinte, growing up in Africa in the 1700s.  This part of the book describes the culture he lived in.
When Kinte is a teenager, he is kidnapped and taken across the Atlantic Ocean to Annapolis, Maryland. He is sold in Spotslvania County Virginia to John Waller and then to his brother William Waller.  He tries to escape and fails.  Part of his foot is cut off as punishment and so he cannot run away again.  He marries a female slave cook named Bell.  They have a daughter Kizzie who is sold at age sixteen.  She is raped by Tom Lea and gives birth to a son, "Chicken George" Lea. Chicken George becomes a famous cockfighter, meaning he trains chickens for people to bet on as they fight.  George marries and has six children, but his father sells him to a British man who takes him overseas.  While George is away, his family is sold to a slave trader who sells them to the Murray family of Alamance County, North Carolina.  George eventually returns to them.  After the US Civil War of 1861-1865 rather than sharecrop, the family moves to Henning Tennessee
. Chicken George's granddaughter Cynthia marries Will Palmer and they become Alex Haley's grandparents.
Roots won a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book award.  It is unusual for a novel to do both.

At first, Haley said Roots was not a novel but non-fiction.  But when scholars looked into his facts, they found many of them were wrong.  Today, scholars think that the griot, the African scholar who talked to Haley, made up parts of the story.  They think Haley was guessing or imagining things as well.  Later, Haley would also admit that he copied parts of his book from a 1967 book called The African.

Even though the book is not historically accurate, American scholars still say it is one of the most important novels in the country because it inspired African Americans to write more about Africa and slavery.
Factual accuracy questions
Trying to confirm the facts in Haley novel in regards to Africa and the Waller, Lea, and Murray families raised doubts.
Ironically, the Millses discovered a better fit to the Haley oral history in the written record than Haley himself had found. Dr. William Waller's father was Colonel William Waller, who owned a slave named Hopping George, a description consistent with a foot injury. Colonel Waller also owned a slave named Isbell, who may be the Bell in Haley family legend. Tom Lea's father lived in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, and he may have purchased some of Haley's ancestors from the Wallers. When the Lea family moved to North Carolina, they would have taken their slaves with them. The Leas lived in close proximity to the Murrays and Holts, and there are three Kizzies associated with the Lea and Murray families in the post-Civil War records.
Historian Henry Louis Gates Jr. was a friend of Haley, but years after Haley's death, Gates acknowledged doubts about the author's claims:

Most of us feel it's highly unlikely that Alex found the village whence his ancestors sprang. Roots is a work of the imagination rather than strict historical scholarship. It was an important event because it captured everyone's imagination." Gates later hosted the TV series African American Lives and Finding Your Roots, which used DNA testing to corroborate family histories and genealogies. Haley wrote another novel in regard to his paternal grandmother Queen [Jackson] Haley but died before he could finish it; it was published posthumously as Queen: The Story of an American Family. Ironically Subsequent DNA testing of Alex Haley's nephew Chris Haley revealed that Alec Haley, Alex's paternal grandfather (and Queen Haley's husband) was most likely descended from Scottish ancestors via William Harwell Baugh, an overseer of an Alabama slave plantation.

References
References

Other websites 
 

African American writers
American novelists
American television producers
American television writers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Writers from New York (state)
1921 births
1992 deaths
People from Ithaca, New York
Harold Robbins (born Harold Rubin; May 21, 1916 – October 14, 1997) was an American author.

References

Writers from New York City
1916 births
1997 deaths
Baptism is a rite or ceremony performed by most Christian churches and denominations. It is done as a cleansing symbol. It shows that the person being baptized has become a follower of Jesus, and it can represent the joining of the Christian family.

Methods
Roman Catholicism baptize infants to mark their becoming members of the church. It is a sacrament usually performed by a priest. In most other churches, it is when the person is old enough to decide that they are ready.

Some religious groups practice baptism by sprinkling a small amount of water on the person, usually their head. Other groups put the person inside the water.
Bible times
In the Old Testament, a similar washing ceremony was done when priests were ordained. Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist before he began his ministry. The usual form of baptism among the earliest Christians was for the person to be immersed totally or partially. But sprinkling, or pouring, was also practiced at an early day with sick and dying persons when total or partial immersion was not practical.

Other websites 
 "Baptism." Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

References 

Sacraments
There are many people in China, more than in any other country. They all have many different cultures, histories and beliefs. The Chinese government officially says there are 56 nationalities. They are called  zú or  mínzú in China. Of these, almost all of them (about 90%) are Han people (汉族 : Hàn Zú). The rest of these nationalities (called "ethnic minorities"), from biggest to smallest in population, are:
Zhuang (壮族 : Zhuàng Tû
 Manchu (满族 : Mǎn Zú)
 Hui (回族 : Huí Zú)
 Miao (苗族 : Miáo Zú) (Hmong)
 Uyghur (维吾尔族 : Wéiwúěr Zú)
 Yi (彝族 : Yí Zú)
 Tujia (土家族 : Tǔjiā Zú)
 Mongol (蒙古族 : Měnggǔ Zú)
 Tibetan (藏族 : Zàng Zú)
 Buyei (布依族 : Bùyī Zú)
 Dong (侗族 : Dòng Zú)
 Yao (瑶族 : Yáo Zú)
 Korean (朝鲜族 : Cháoxiǎn Zú)
 Bai (白族 : Bái Zú)
 Hani (哈尼族 : Hāní Zú)
 Li (黎族 : Lí Zú), also called Hlai in the ethnic group's language.
 Kazak (哈萨克族 : Hāsàkè Zú)
 Dai (傣族 : Dǎi Zú, also called Dai Lue, one of the Tai ethnic groups)
 She (畲族 : Shē Zú)
 Lisu (傈僳族 : Lìsù Zú)
 Gelao (仡佬族 : Gēlǎo Zú)
 Lahu (拉祜族 : Lāhù Zú)
 Dongxiang (东乡族 : Dōngxiāng Zú)
 Va (佤族 : Wǎ Zú) (Va)
 Sui (水族 : Shuǐ Zú)
 Naxi (纳西族 : Nàxī Zú) (includes the Mosuo (摩梭 : Mósuō))
 Qiang (羌族 : Qiāng Zú)
 Tu (土族 : Tǔ Zú)
 Xibe (锡伯族 : Xíbó Zú)
 Mulao (仫佬族 : Mùlǎo Zú)
 Kirgiz (柯尔克孜族 : Kēěrkèzī Zú)
 Daur (达斡尔族 : Dáwòěr Zú)
 Jingpo (景颇族 : Jǐngpō Zú)
 Salar (撒拉族 : Sǎlá Zú)
 Blang (布朗族 : Bùlǎng Zú)
 Maonan (毛南族 : Màonán Zú)
 Tajik (塔吉克族 : Tǎjíkè Zú)
 Pumi (普米族 : Pǔmǐ Zú)
Achang (阿昌族 : Āchāng Zú)
 Nu (怒族 : Nù Zú)
 Ewenki (鄂温克族 : Èwēnkè Zú)
 Gin (京族 : Jīng Zú), meaning Vietnamese or Kinh people.
 Jino (基诺族 : Jīnuò Zú)
 De'ang (德昂族 : Déáng Zú)
 Uzbek (乌孜别克族 : Wūzībiékè Zú)
 Russians (俄罗斯族 : Éluōsī Zú)
 Yugur (裕固族 : Yùgù Zú)
 Bonan (保安族 : Bǎoān Zú)
 Monba (门巴族 : Ménbā Zú)
 Oroqen (鄂伦春族 : Èlúnchūn Zú)
 Derung (独龙族 : Dúlóng Zú)
 Tatar (塔塔尔族 : Tǎtǎěr Zú)
 Hezhen (赫哲族 : Hèzhé Zú)
 Lhoba (珞巴族 : Luòbā Zú)
 Gaoshan (高山族 : Gāoshān Zú), meaning Taiwanese aborigines
Women's chastity was guarded by keeping them in the inner quarters of the house in Han culture and Manchus adopted this practice from Han after the Qing was founded. the Jurchens (Manchus) were former Ming subjects but were rejecting their previous status and revolting when Nurhaci declared the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 and his Seven Grievances in 1618 calling for revenge against the Ming killing his father and grandfather.

References

 
China-related lists
The Shang dynasty (existed from 1600BC - 1046BC) was the second dynasty in China following the Xia dynasty. Most of what we know about the Shang Dynasty is from reading pictures on oracle bones and bronze objects. A dynasty is a series of rulers which are considered to be part of the same family because they are ruling a country(s) over generations. According to tradition, the last Shang king was overthrown in 1046 BC. The succeeding dynasty was called the Zhou dynasty.

Kings

References

Other websites 

Zhengzhou Shang City Site

 
 

Chinese dynasties
17th century BC
11th century BC
King Tang of Shang, in Chinese:"湯", born Zi Lu, in Chinese:"子履" (1617 BC - 1588 BC) was the first king of the Shang dynasty in Chinese history. He fought Jie, the last king of the Xia dynasty.

He was the leader of his tribe, or group of people,  for more than 17 years. When he was a leader, he made many smart men officials to help fix his government. 

When he saw that the Xia Dynasty was starting to be weak, Tang started 16 wars fighting the Xia Dynasty, getting many lands. Tang finally defeated the dynasty in 1600bc.
 
Many people of his country thought he was a good leader.  He made taxes smaller and did not force his people to be soldiers for a long time. He affected many people from foreign places.

1617 BC births
1588 BC deaths

Kings of Shang Dynasty
King Bu Bing of Shang of China, in Chinese:"卜丙", born Zi Sheng, in Chinese:"子勝",.  He was the forth king of the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC). He was the second son of King Tang. 

In Records of the Grand Person, he was recorded as the second king of the Shang Dynasty. In that book he is given the name "Wai Bing", in Chinese:"外丙". But in the oracle script, he was recorded as the forth king of the Shang Dynasty. In these records his name is "Bu Bing",in Chinese:"卜丙".

Kings of Shang Dynasty
New Year's Eve is the holiday before New Year's Day, on December 31, the last day of the current year. 

Today, Western countries usually celebrate this day with a party which ends with a group countdown to midnight. Party hats, noisemakers, fire crackers and drinking champagne are fairly common during this holiday.

Many towns also have firework shows or other noisy ways to start the new year. Places like Berlin, Chicago, Edinburgh, Los Angeles, London, New York, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, Toronto,  and Tokyo are well known for their New Year's Eve celebrations.

New Year's Eve is also a work holiday in some countries, such as Australia, Argentina, Brazil, France, Mexico, the Philippines, and Venezuela.

Related pages

 Chinese New Year
 Omisoka (Japan)
 Áramótaskaupið (Iceland)

New Year
The Chen dynasty () was the fourth and the last of the southern dynasties in China.  It was an ethnic Han dynasty.

Few records survive from the time of the Chen dynasty.  However, the records that exist say that the dynasty was strong and rich. Legend says that the Chen dynasty had ten times more wealth than Europe at the time.  The Chen dynasty's rulers had a tax system and ruling system similar to the Kang-Qian 'flourishing age'.  (The Kang-Qian age was the last and richest Chinese feudal dynasty).

The Chen dynasty took in an enormous amount of silver, which was used as money at the time.  The records that still exist say that the dynasty had as much as 30 million taels of silver in their reserves.  (A silver tael weighed about 30 grams.)  During the Chen dynasty, there was also a huge demand for Chinese silk, spices, porcelain, artwork, and many other products.

In the year 589, the Sui dynasty took over the Chen dynasty after the last Chen Emperor abdicated (gave up his position as Emperor).

Kings
Kings

Chinese dynasties
557 establishments
589 disestablishments
6th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in China
Disestablishments in China
Fighter aircraft are small military planes that are made to fight other airplanes. They are often fast, having aerodynamic shapes (shapes that make them move through air easily) and very powerful engines for their size. 

Fighters may carry many different kinds of weapons, including missiles, machine guns, and bombs. Fighters may be used as attack aircraft to attack vehicles, soldiers, or buildings on the ground. They are different from bombers because they are mainly designed to fight other airplanes. 

Specialized fighters have been made, such as night fighters, interceptors, and air superiority fighters.

Fighter aircraft also usually are maneuverable (turn well).

Recent developments 
 To counter the speed of modern aircraft, some surface ships are being designed with laser weapons.
 In the Russian invasion of Ukraine ground-to-air missiles are used against fighter planes.

Examples of fighter aircraft 
 Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
 MiG-17
 North American P-51 Mustang
 SPAD S.XIII

Other websites
Other websites 

 WW2DB: List of WW2-era Fighter Aircraft
 aircraft fighter: aircraft fighter in the world

Military aviation
Air force
Aircraft carriers are warships that carry airplanes and other aircraft like helicopters. They are used by navies to allow aircraft to fight along with naval warships.  Aircraft carriers are usually very large, carrying hundreds or thousands of sailors and tens or hundreds of aircraft.

The top of an aircraft carrier is called the flight deck and looks like a very small airport. Old aircraft carriers carried airplanes that could takeoff and land in the short distance of the flight deck without help. Similarly, small modern aircraft carriers only carry helicopters or specially designed airplanes such as the Harrier that can take off and land straight up and down or in the short distance of the flight deck.
The flight deck of a large, modern aircraft carrier has a landing area and a take-off area. The landing area is in the back and has a short runway. Airplanes stop by using a hook on the back of the airplane to grab wires stretched across the runway. In the front, the flight deck has a steam-powered catapult that connects to the front wheel of an airplane. The catapult pulls and throws the airplane off the deck, helping it take off quickly. So, aircraft carriers are basically small, floating, mobile airports. 

Because they are big ships and need much electric power, big modern aircraft carriers are steamships.  Some have on-board nuclear power plants  Others burn fuel oil.

Except for their airplanes, aircraft carriers usually have few weapons, so other warships escort them. Together, the aircraft carrier and these warships form a carrier group.

References 

Military aviation
Warships
Edward Kasner (1878–1955) is an American mathematician (person who studies math). He is famous for creating the word googol and the word googolplex.

Kasner went to Columbia University and received his Ph.D. (a degree (measure) of learning) in 1899.

Around 1920, Kasner decided to make a good, catchy name for a very big number (one, followed by a hundred zeros).  While he was walking with his nephews Milton (c. 1911–1980) and Edwin Sirotta in New Jersey's Palisades, Kasner asked them to think of good names. Milton was the one who said "googol".

In 1940, with James Roy Newman, Kasner made a book about math called Mathematics and the Imagination . It was in this book that the name "googol" was first used.

The website Google was named after Kasner's number googol.

Books

Other websites
 History from the Google website

1878 births
1955 deaths
Kasner, Edward
Columbia University alumni
Scientists from New York City
The Bay of Bengal is a bay in the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, west of the Malay Peninsula and east of India. It looks like a triangle. It is called the "Bay of Bengal", because to the north are the Indian state of West Bengal and the country of Bangladesh. It is an extended part of the Indian Ocean, but part of the sea landed on part of Bangladesh. It has four sea ports on part of Bangladesh. The Bay of Bengal was named in the history of Bangladesh.

References 

Bays
Geography of Asia
Indian Ocean
The Malay Peninsula (Malay: Semenanjung Tanah Melayu) is a big peninsula in Southeast Asia. The place is divided into three political parts. This includes:

 the northwest is the extreme south part of Myanmar
 the middle area and northeast is the south part of Thailand
 the south is the part of Malaysia called Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia

Geography of Malaysia
Peninsulas of Asia
Southeast Asia
The Jubilee line is a line on the London Underground. It runs from Stanmore in north-west London to Stratford in east London. The colour of the Jubilee line on tube maps is grey.

History 

The line opened on 1 May 1979, taking over one of the Bakerloo Line's two branches to relieve the main part of the line. To the Baker Street to Stanmore part a new four-kilometre part into central London was added, terminating at a new station at Charing Cross railway station.

The old Charing Cross station, on the Circle, District, Bakerloo and Northern lines, was renamed Embankment. The new Charing Cross tube station created a new interchange, from the stations of Strand on the Northern Line and Trafalgar Square on the Bakerloo.
Changes in land use, particularly the new areas in the Docklands area, caused the project to change considerably in the 1990s. The Jubilee Line Extension, opened in three stages in 1999, split from the existing line at Green Park, creating a one-station branch to Charing Cross, which is now closed (although it is still sometimes opened for occasional use as a film set). With the extension, the Jubilee Line is the only line on the London Underground network that crosses all other lines.

Trains

When the Jubilee Line was opened, it was run with 1972 trains. In 1984 the 1972 trains were replaced by the new 1983 trains. The old 1972 Stock were used on the Northern Line. The 1983 trains proved to be unreliable in service, with their single doors making passenger loading and unloading slower than on other trains with wider doors. With the opening of the Jubilee Line Extension, the opportunity was taken to introduce new trains, and today the line is worked by 1996 trains.

Map

Stations
Terminus: Stanmore opened December 10, 1932.
 Canons Park, opened December 10, 1932 (as Canons Park (Edgware)); renamed 1933.
 Queensbury, opened December 16, 1934.
 Kingsbury, opened December 10, 1932.
 Wembley Park opened October 14, 1893.
 Neasden, opened August 2, 1880.
 Dollis Hill, opened October 1, 1909.
 Willesden Green, opened November 24, 1879.
 Kilburn, opened November 24, 1879 (as Kilburn & Brondesbury); renamed September 25, 1950.
 West Hampstead, opened June 30, 1879.
 Finchley Road, opened June 30, 1879.
 Swiss Cottage, opened November 20, 1939.
 St. John's Wood, opened November 20, 1939.
 Baker Street, opened May 1, 1979.
 Bond Street, opened May 1, 1979.
 Green Park, opened May 1, 1979.
 Charing Cross (former terminus), opened May 1, 1979; closed November 19, 1999
 Westminster, opened December 22, 1999.
 Waterloo, opened September 24, 1999.
 Southwark, opened November 20, 1999.
 London Bridge, opened October 7, 1999.
 Bermondsey, opened September 17, 1999.
Canada Water, opened September 17, 1999.
 Canary Wharf, opened September 17, 1999.
 North Greenwich, opened May 14, 1999.
 Canning Town, opened May 14, 1999.
 West Ham, opened May 14, 1999.
 Terminus: Stratford, opened May 14, 1999.
References

Other websites 

 Jubilee Line , London Underground website
 Clive's UndergrounD Line Guides - Jubilee Line
 Michael Pead :: Photos of Stratford Market Depot

London Underground lines
Transport in the London Borough of Brent
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Transport in the London Borough of Harrow
Transport in the London Borough of Newham
Transport in the London Borough of Southwark
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Transport in the City of Westminster
Tunnels underneath the River Thames
1979 establishments in England
A medical emergency is an injury or illness that poses an immediate threat to a person's long-term health or life.  It needs to be treated immediately.  Doctors that are trained in emergency medicine are taught how to react to medical emergencies, and how to resuscitate patients.

Response
When there is a medical emergency, emergency medical services should be notified as soon as possible by calling for help using a local emergency telephone number, such as 911 in the United States or Canada, 112 in most of continental Europe and on GSM cell phones, 999 in the UK and most of its former colonies (112 works as well), 15 in France, 118 in Italy, 119 in South Korea and Japan, 000 in Australia, 101 in Israel and 111 in New Zealand. Calls to emergency services are usually free of charge; they can be made from any phone; in the case of a prepaid phone no credit is required.
The people that answer emergency calls, emergency medical dispatchers, will ask questions about the person who needs immediate treatment; some of the questions are whether the person is  conscious, how badly injured they are, their name if it is known, and if they have any other illnesses. They will also ask some basic information about the called, such as the name of the person calling. 

Many countries have laws that require anyone to help those in immediate danger. Help can mean as little as alerting emergency services, or telling other people that the person is having a problem. People that know first aid are expected to help as much as they can.  Moving the victim to a safe place can sometimes do more harm than good, and should be left to people that know how to properly move injured people unless there is no alternative (for example, in wilderness first aid). Many states have laws that protect those helping.
If the victim is not breathing, or if a heartbeat cannot be felt, artificial respiration and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) could be needed to keep a person's blood circulating long enough for medics to attempt revival.  Emergency medical technicians, Outdoor Emergency Care technicians or paramedics can use airway management techniques to help a person who is not breathing.

Clinical response 
While in a hospital environment, staff members that are on duty are trained to deal with emergency situations.  Emergency medical physicians are trained to deal with many medical emergencies, and have up-to-date cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advanced cardiac life support certificates.  In major incidents, most hospitals have protocols to have staff that are not at work at the hospital to go on duty as fast as they can.
Emergency departments follow basic advanced cardiac life support protocols, which include keeping a patient's blood pressure and blood saturation at acceptable levels.  Possible exceptions include the clamping of arteries in severe haemorrhage.

Statistics
Most emergencies are quite unspectacular. They will happen close to home.
 53% happen at home (or when doing a hobby)
 15% happen at school
 6% are traffic accidents

Of all emergencies:
 49% are illnesses (like a stroke, cardiac arrest or other problems with the heart)
 10% are intoxications (like alcohol or other drugs)
 12% are accidents (traffic accidents, accidents in the house)
 17% are other things (for example, delivering a baby)
 15% are false alarms (it looked like an emergency, but it really wasn't).
Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia, is the southeastern part of Asia. There are ten countries in this region. All the countries in Southeast Asia are a part of ASEAN, except for East Timor. Some of the countries are mostly on the Asian mainland; they were formerly called Indochina. The others are only on islands. All of the countries in Southeast Asia are in the tropics except for the northernmost areas of Myanmar, which is in the subtropics. These are the countries and territories in Southeast Asia:
  Aceh
 
 
 
 
 
  Cordillera
  (or Timor-Leste)
  Guangxi
  Hainan
 
 
  Japanese Zhanjiang
  Laos
 
  Malaya
  Myanmar (formerly Burma)
  Pattani
 
 
 
 
  South Maluku
  Taiwan
 
  Vietnam
  West Papua
The United Nations also includes the region of North-east India and Bangladesh traditionally, due to ethnicity similarities and culturally as part of Southeast Asia.

Related pages
 Central Asia
 East Asia
 South Asia
 West Asia

References
Sprints are short running races in athletics. They are events in which runners will not have to "pace themselves", but can run as fast as possible for the entire distance. These are often some of the more popular events in the Olympic Games.  The most common distances are 60 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters ,400 meters and 1500 metres.

References

Related pages

Middle distance race
Long distance race
Walking race
Hurdle race
Relay
Steeplechase
Cross-country race
Marathon

Running
The Boxer is a breed of dog. With good care, a Boxer can be an ideal pet and companion.

Characteristics 
Boxers are good guard dogs. They are strong and like to run in open spaces. They can have a coat in various colors, such as fawn, brindle, fawn-brindle mix, white, white-fawn mix, and brindle-white mix. Males are 22-25 inches at the withers (tops of the shoulders) and the females are 21-24 inches at the withers. These dogs can range from medium size (65 lbs) to medium large (75 lbs).  Boxers are one of the most popular breeds of dogs in the US and over-breeding is a concern.
Boxers are loyal dogs and unlike certain breeds, are not "one-person" dogs. They can become loyal to a person, family or group of persons and family friends. They make friends by nature and are curious dogs who love to explore. They are well-suited to be with children and elderly persons, though they can knock people down playing. These dogs may be feared because of their fearsome stance that can look intimidating. They rarely bark without a reason.

They have a high energy level and require lots of exercise. They love to play and have fun. Owners note that they act "puppy-like" their entire lifetime. Their temperament is jovial.  Mean Boxers are a rarity. Boxers love to chase, run, play tag and get any form of attention whenever possible. Boxers are easy to train to do tricks, especially for rewards including attention, love and recognition. They are clever dogs with a good memory. They love to ride in vehicles and are good "road trip" dogs.
Health and care 
Many veterinarians now refuse to crop (cut, bandage and splint to produce points) the Boxer's ears and many owners prefer the "naturally-floppy ears" to avoid painful and possibly cruel cosmetic surgery. Many owners like the cute appearance. Most Boxers have their tail cropped at birth. White Boxers, which were drowned at birth for much of the breed's span, are now sold or allowed to be distributed as pets, though most are neutered or spayed to prevent breeding.
History 
The Boxer was bred in Germany and was originally bred for bull-bating and dog fights, but when that was ruled out they were used as hunting dogs and farm dogs and just regular house pets.  The Boxer breed was created from the brabanter and Bullenbeiser. Though originally bred to fight and later used as a military sentry or police dog, Boxer owners will confirm that this type of role is no longer suitable for Boxers, as many decades of breeding had produced a dog that is too docile for this type of duty.

Dog breeds originating in Germany
FCI breeds
Molossers
American Graffiti is a 1973 American teen comedy-drama movie directed by George Lucas. This was Lucas' second movie and made him very well known. It is about what happens to a group of teenagers one night in August 1962 in Modesto, California, while they are driving around town and listening to radio DJ Wolfman Jack.

Release dates

Other websites 

1973 comedy-drama movies
1970s teen movies
American comedy-drama movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by George Lucas
Movies set in California
Movies set in the 1960s
United States National Film Registry movies
Universal Pictures movies
Screenplays by George Lucas
Lake Vostok is the biggest of the seventy lakes in Antarctica that are under sheets of ice. It is at 77° S 105° E. It is under Russia's Vostok Station. It is 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) under Antarctica's surface. 

The lake was found by Russian and British scientists. They used radar to find it. 

The lake consists of fresh water. The temperature of the water is about -3 °C. The freezing point of water is at 0 °C, but the water in the lake remains liquid because of the high pressure produced by the ice. 

There are two separate basins in the lake. These are separated by a ridge. It has been suggested that the ecosystems of the two basins are different.

Pressure and oxygen
Lake Vostok is an oligotrophic extreme environment. It is supersaturated with oxygen. The levels of oxygen are fifty times higher than those typically found in ordinary freshwater lakes on Earth. 
The weight of the ice on top of Lake Vostok is believed to add to the high concentration of oxygen. Oxygen from the ice gets dissolved into the water of the lake. Deposits of oxygen and other gases are trapped in the lake as well. The structure that traps them is called a clathrate. Gases trapped in clathrates are enclosed in ice and look like packed snow. These structures form at the high-pressure depths of Lake Vostok; they would become unstable if brought to the surface.

Life
No other natural environment on Earth is as rich in oxygen. For this reason, if there are any forms of life in the lake, they would probably need to have adapted to the high levels of oxygen to be able to survive. Some adaptations might include high concentrations of protective enzymes.
The environment in the lake is very similar to that on Jupiter's moon Europa or Saturn's moon Enceladus. Finding life in the lake would therefore make it more probable that life has existed on one of these moons.

References

Other websites 

 "Miles Below Antarctic Ice, a Freshwater Lake May Harbor Ancient Life." Robert Lee Hotz, The Los Angeles Times.

Vostok
Geography of Antarctica
Infrared (IR) radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation (a wave with electricity) . The wave is longer than light which humans can see and shorter than microwaves. The word infrared means below red. It comes from the Latin word infra (meaning below) and the English word red. (Infrared light has a frequency below the frequency of red light.) Red light has the longest wavelength that human eyes can see. Infrared waves cannot be seen by the eye.

Near-infrared waves are between 800 nm and 1.4 µm. Most infrared from the Sun is near-infrared. Thermal imaging is mostly done with thermal radiation waves between 8 and 15 µm.

People sense infrared as heat.

Most remote controls use infrared to send the control signals. Many missiles for anti-aircraft warfare find their target by infrared.
Telecommunications 
Before Bluetooth was invented, some computers, personal digital assistants, and cell phones used infrared technology to send files to other devices. Bluetooth replaced infrared in the early 2000s. Infrared is limited by the need to have both devices in a "line of sight" with each other.

Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least dispersion) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica fibers.

Related pages 
 Infrared spectroscopy
 Infrared telescope

References
In 1994, the "Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government" was created. It made the Republika Srpska into 80 parts, called municipalities. However, because of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1996, there are now 63 parts.

Municipalities (different parts of the land) that still exist
Banja Luka (City status)
 Istočno Sarajevo (City status, was also known as Srpsko Sarajevo)
 Berkovići
 Bijeljina
 Bileća
 Bosanska Kostajnica (was known as Srpska Kostajnica)
 Bosanski Brod (was known as Srpski Brod and simply Brod)
 Bratunac
 Čajniče
 Čelinac
 Derventa
 Doboj
 Donji Žabar (was known as Srpsko Orašje)
 Foča (was known as Srbinje)
 Gacko
 Gradiška
 Han Pijesak
 Istočna Ilidža (was known as Srpska Ilidža)
 Istočni Drvar (was known as Srpski Drvar)
 Istočni Mostar (was known as Srpski Mostar)
 Istočni Stari Grad (was known as Srpski Stari Grad)
 Istočno Novo Sarajevo (was known as Srpsko Novo Sarajevo)
 Jezero
 Kalinovik
 Kneževo
 Kotor Varoš
 Kozarska Dubica
 Krupa na Uni
 Kupres
 Laktaši
 Lopare
 Ljubinje
 Milići
 Modriča
 Mrkonjić Grad
 Nevesinje
 Novi Grad
 Novo Goražde (was known as Srpsko Goražde)
 Osmaci
 Oštra Luka (was known as Srpski Sanski Most)
 Pale
 Pelagićevo
 Petrovac
 Petrovo
 Prijedor
 Prnjavor
 Ribnik (was known as Srpski Ključ)
 Rogatica
 Rudo
 Sokolac
 Srbac
 Srebrenica
Srbac
 Srebrenica
 Šamac
 Šekovići
 Šipovo
 Teslić
 Trebinje
 Trnovo
 Ugljevik
 Višegrad
 Vlasenica
 Vukosavlje
 Zvornik
Renamed municipalities

Old municipalities 
 Bihać
 Centar Sarajevo
 Glamoč (part included in Šipovo)
 Gradačac (parts included in Modriča and Pelagićevo)
 Grahovo (formerly Bosansko Grahovo)
 Hadžići
 Ilijaš (part included in Sokolac)
 Konjic (parts included in Nevesinje)
 Lukavac (parts included in Petrovo)
 Maglaj (parts included in Doboj)
 Olovo (parts included in Sokolac)
 Rajlovac
 Srbobran (parts included in Šipovo) (formerly Donji Vakuf)
 Srebrenik
 Tuzla (parts included in Lopare)
 Vogošća
 Zavidovići

Republika Srpska
Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina
1994 in Europe
1990s in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republika Srpska (Serbo-Croatian: Република Српска / Republika Srpska) is one of the two parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina.  The other part is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is also a special city that is not in either, the Brčko District.

Regions 
The Republika Srpska has seven main parts (called regions). They are:

Related pages
 Municipalities of Republika Srpska

References

Other websites 

Regions of Republika Srpska
 
1995 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sir Kenneth Branagh (born 10 December 1960) is a British actor, movie director and television producer. He played Hamlet. He has directed and acted in many Shakespeare adaptations. He has acted alongside popular actors including: Emma Thompson, Keanu Reeves, Michael Keaton, Maggie Smith and Alan Rickman. 

Since Richard Attenborough's death in August 2014, Branagh has been the president of the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts in London.

In 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for screenplay writing for his movie Belfast.

Filmography

Other websites 

1960 births
Living people
BAFTA Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning directors
British movie actors
British movie directors
British movie producers
British stage actors
British television actors
British television producers
Emmy Award winning actors
Actors from Belfast
Golden Globe Award winning writers
Academy Award winning writers