Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The second bridge opened on 13 July 1887 and is still in use. In 2003, a £20.85 million strengthening and refurbishment project (£ as of ), on the bridge was completed. More than  of bird droppings were scraped off the ironwork lattice of the bridge using hand tools, and bagged into  sacks. Hundreds of thousands of rivets were removed and replaced. All work was done in very exposed conditions high over fast-running tides in the river.

References 

Bridges in Scotland
Steel bridges
1878 establishments in Scotland
1879 disestablishments
1870s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1887 establishments
1880s establishments in Scotland
Jeffrey Bryant Saturday (born June 18, 1975) is an American former professional football center. and coach. He played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Indianapolis Colts and Green Bay Packers. He was hired as a head coach for Indianapolis Colts and coached them for the last 8 weeks of the 2022 NFL season after Frank Reich was fired. He played college football at North Carolina. He was first signed by the Baltimore Ravens as an undrafted free agent in 1998, but was released. He signed with the Indianapolis Colts, where he stayed through 2011. Saturday earned a Super Bowl ring when Indianapolis beat the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI.

On March 7, 2013, Saturday signed a one-day contract with Colts and retired from playing professional football. On September 21, 2015, Saturday was inducted into the Colts Ring of Honor.

References

Other websites
Profile on NFL.com
1975 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Atlanta
Baltimore Ravens players
Indianapolis Colts players
Green Bay Packers players
National Football League coaches
"Underneath Your Clothes" is the second English-language single released by Latin music artist Shakira. It is taken off of her album Laundry Service following the massive success of "Whenever, Wherever". The song was released as a single in early 2002.

2002 songs
Shakira songs
The Salle Le Peletier (sometimes referred to as the Salle de la rue Le Peletier or the Opéra Le Peletier) was the home of the Paris Opera from 1821 until the building was destroyed by fire in 1873. The theatre was designed and constructed by the architect François Debret on the site of the former Hôtel de Choiseul. Due to the many changes in government and management during the theatre's existence, it had a number of different official names, the most important of which were: Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique (1821–1848), Opéra-Théâtre de la Nation (1848–1850), Théâtre de l'Académie Nationale de Musique (1850–1852), Théâtre de l'Académie Impériale de Musique (1852–1854), Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra (1854–1870), and Théâtre National de l'Opéra (1870–1873).

References
Notes
References
Notes

Sources
 Barbier, Patrick (1995). Opera in Paris, 1800–1850: A Lively History.  Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. .
 Fauser, Annegret, editor; Everist, Mark, editor (2009). Music, theater, and cultural transfer. Paris, 1830–1914. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. .
Loewenberg, Alfred (1978). Annals of Opera 1597–1940 (third edition, revised). Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield. .
 Mead, Christopher Curtis (1991). Charles Garnier's Paris Opera. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. .
 Pitou, Spire (1983). The Paris Opéra: an encyclopedia of operas, ballets, composers, and performers (3 volumes). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwod Press. .
 Simeone, Nigel (2000). Paris: a musical gazateer. Yale University Press. .

Other websites
 Opéra National de Paris
 Notes on the Académie Royale de Musique from the Scholarly Societies Project 

Opera houses in France
Theatres in Paris
The Darmstadt University of Technology (; TUD) is a university in Darmstadt, in Germany. It is the largest technical university in the state of Hesse and one of the largest technical universities in Germany with around 25,000 students.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Darmstadt
Education in Hesse
Technical colleges and universities in Germany
1877 establishments in Europe
1870s establishments in Germany
Carlotta Grisi (June 28, 1819 – May 20, 1899) was an Italian ballet dancer. She was famous for creating the role of Giselle.

Early life 
Grisi was born in Visinada, Istria (now part of Croatia).  Her real name was Caronne Adele Josephine Marie Grisi.  She was trained at the ballet school of Teatro alla Scala in Milan.

Europe 
At her 1836 debut in London, Grisi danced with Jules Perrot. She next appeared in Paris at the Théâtre de la Renaissance in 1840. A year later, she toured with Perrot to Paris, London, Vienna, Munich, and Milan. By dancing Perrot's choreography, she gained both public and critical acclaim.
Her greatest role was Giselle.  The world première of this two-act ballet was on June 28, 1841 at the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique, Paris. The ballet  caused a sensation. It inspired reviewers to proclaim Giselle to be the greatest ballet of its time. The ballet immediately established Grisi as a star in her very first full-length ballet in Paris. Her salary grew from 5,000 francs to 12,000 in 1842 and 20,000 by 1844, with additional performance fees on top. It also marked the beginning of a change in her relationship with Jules Perrot. Grisi's last performance in the west was in Paul Taglioni's Les Métamorphoses (aka Satanella, 1849).
Russia 
In 1850, she joined Perrot in St. Petersburg, Russia. He had been appointed balletmaster to the Imperial Ballet. She danced Giselle at the Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre. The first Giselle in Russia had been danced by Fanny Elssler. The initial reaction to Grisi's interpretation of the role was not enthusiastic. Over time, the Russians came to appreciate her talents. She was Prima Ballerina of the St. Petersburg Imperial Theatres in St. Petersburg from 1850 to 1853. She worked with Perrot and also Joseph Mazilier.

Retirement and death
In 1854, she left Russia for Warsaw with her daughter. She intended to continue dancing. She became pregnant by Prince Léon Radziwill. He persuaded her to retire from ballet.  Grisi gave birth to her second daughter, Léontine Grisi. She settled in Saint-Jean, Geneva, to spend the next forty-six years of her life in peaceful retirement. She died in Saint Jean on May 20, 1899. Her tomb is located in Cimetière de Châtelaine. One of Giselle's creators, Théophile Gautier described her dancing as having a childlike artlessness, a happy and infectious gaiety.

References

Other websites 

Andros on Ballet - Carlotta Grisi
Carlotta Grisi in Giselle 
Prominent Istrians, Carlotta Grisi

1819 births
1899 deaths
Ballet dancers
Italian people
Brian Patrick Dawkins (born October 13, 1973) is an American football player. He is a safety for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the second round of the 1996 NFL Draft. He played college football at Clemson.

He is a nine-time Pro Bowl selection. Dawkins is a member of the Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team, the NFL 2000s All-Decade Team and the 20/20 Club (20 sacks, 20 interceptions).

College
Dawkins played college football for the Clemson Tigers. He was voted an All-American. Dawkins had 247 tackles and 11 interceptions during his time at Clemson.

Professional career

Philadelphia Eagles
Dawkins was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 2nd round (61 overall) of the 1996 NFL Draft. He beat out Eric Zomalt for a starting spot, which Dawkins never lost. He was a dominant force and is one of the most famous Philadelphia defenders. In 2002 against the Houston Texans, Dawkins became the first player ever to have a sack, interception, and touchdown catch in one game. He and the Eagles parted after the 2008 season. Dawkins's last game as an Eagle was an NFC Championship loss to the Arizona Cardinals.

Denver Broncos
Dawkins signed a 5-year, $17 million contract with the Denver Broncos. His hard-hitting and dominant style of play continued. After quarterback Tim Tebow was traded to he New York Jets in March of 2012, Dawkins said that Tebow "spiritually healed his injured neck."
Career overview
Dawkins has been known for his hard hits that have come with the Eagles and Broncos. For his professional career, Dawkins has 911 career tackles, 36 forced fumbles, 26 sacks, 37 interceptions, 513 yards, and three total touchdowns.

References
 Dawkins signs 5-year deal with Broncos
 Dawkins gives former Eagles employee 2 game tickets
 Stats at Pro-Football-Reference.com
 With Daughters healthy, Brian Dawkins looks forward to 2008
 Buy Brian Dawkins's house
 Dawkins claims tebow healed his neck-Bleacher Report

1973 births
Living people
American football safeties
Sportspeople from Florida
Denver Broncos players
Philadelphia Eagles players
The Romantic ballet is a genre of ballet that evolved in the early 19th century as a reaction against the classicism that dominated 18th century art and literature. Balletomanes of the early nineteenth century were bored with stories about ancient gods and goddesses, plots based on myths, and ancient costumes. They wanted ballets about real people and real places. Pointe work became artistic expression rather than  stunt work, and the long, white, ballet skirt of tulle was introduced. Both produced the illusion of ethereal weightlessness. Gas lighting made it possible to create special dimming effects and wires enabled ballerinas to "fly".
The romantic era in ballet began with The Ballet of the Nuns in 1831 and was followed by La Sylphide in 1832. The genre began a slow decline. Coppélia of 1870 is said to mark the end of the romantic ballet, although the three ballets composed by Tchaikovsky are romantic ballets. Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake of 1876 is considered a romantic ballet. Even his The Nutcracker of 1892 is a romantic ballet. Michel Fokine's Les Sylphides of 1906 is considered a tribute to the romantic ballet in its atmosphere and tone. 

Romantic ballets have four things in common: they are not about mythological gods and goddesses; they show local or national color in costumes, settings, and dances such as mazurkas and waltzes; a supernatural, fantastic, exotic, or spiritual element is usually prominent; and ballet technique is a focus, especially pointe work for the ballerina.

Sources 
 Kant, Marion (Ed.) (2007). The Cambridge Companion to the Ballet. Cambridge UP.  

Ballets
Construction 
The bridge was designed by architects Denton Corker Marshall. It was built for Transurban by Baulderstone Hornibrook,  from 1996–1999 and cost AU$75 million. It was named by Jeff Kennett, for former Premier of Victoria, Sir Henry Bolte because it linked the West Gate, Monash and Tullamarine Freeways - projects planned or completed by the Bolte Government.

It is one of the largest balanced cantilever cast in situ box girder bridges in Australia. It is built as two separate bridges of variable depth, prestressed concrete box girders, separated by a  gap between the structures.
The bridge has two  high silver towers. These are on either side of the roadway at the middle of the bridge's span. These two towers are only for show, and are not joined to the main body of the bridge. The towers are hollow, and have ladders leading to a small roof top hatch. The Bolte Bridge has four spans with two main spans of  and side spans of . The total length of the bridge is . The twin bridge has two  wide decks, each with three lanes of vehicles. There is no access for cyclists or pedestrians.

Other bridges in Australia built in the same way are the Gateway Bridge, Brisbane and Mooney Mooney Bridge near Gosford, north of Sydney.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 
 Video of Formula One driver Mark Webber driving over the Bolte Bridge in 2011
 Denton Corker Marshall Profile 

Bridges in Australia
Cantilever bridges
Buildings and structures in Melbourne
1999 establishments in Australia
In mathematics, the norm of a vector is its length. A vector is a mathematical object that has a size, called the magnitude, and a direction. For the real numbers, the only norm is the absolute value. For spaces with more dimensions, the norm can be any function  with the following three properties:
 Scales for real numbers , that is, .
 Function of sum is less than sum of functions, that is,  (also known as the triangle inequality).
  if and only if .

Definition 
For a vector , the associated norm is written as , or L where  is some value. The value of the norm of  with some length  is as follows:

The most common usage of this is the Euclidean norm, also called the standard distance formula.
Examples 
 The one-norm is the sum of absolute values:  This is like finding the distance from one place on a grid to another by summing together the distances in all directions the grid goes; see Manhattan Distance.
 Euclidean norm (also called L2-norm) is the sum of the squares of the values: 
 Maximum norm is the maximum absolute value: 
When applied to matrices, the Euclidean norm is referred to as the Frobenius norm.
 L0 norm is the number of non-zero elements present in a vector.

Related pages 

 Magnitude (mathematics)

References 

Linear algebra
Geometry
Mathematical analysis
The Bangladesh Cyclone of 1991 was an extremely devastating super cyclonic storm. On the evening of Monday, April 29, 1991 a strong super cyclonic storm struck the Chittagong area of southeastern Bangladesh with winds around 155 mph. The storm killed over 138,000 people and caused $1.5 billion in destruction. The cyclone left almost ten million homeless.

Deadly storms
20th century in Bangladesh
Cyclonic storms
1991 in Asia
1990s in weather
The , also known as the Pearl Bridge, is the world's longest suspension bridge. 

Akashi-Kaikyō connects the island of Honshu with Awaji Island in the Seto Inland Sea.  The bridge is part of the Honshu-Shikoku Highway which allows automobiles to cross the Akashi Strait.

History
The construction of the bridge began in May 1988.  The bridge was opened on April 5, 1998.

The cost of building the bridge is estimated at 500 billion yen.

References

Other websites

  Structurae,  Akashi Kaikyo Bridge

Steel bridges
Suspension bridges
1998 establishments in Japan
Bridges in Japan
Hyōgo Prefecture
Chittagong (officially called Chattogram or Chattagram) is a city in southeast Bangladesh near the Karnaphuli River. The city is the capital of the Chittagong district and division. The city has around 5.5 million people.

References 

Cities in Bangladesh
Chittagong Division
1340 establishments
Establishments in Bangladesh
14th-century establishments in Asia
A gamekeeper is a person who manages an area of countryside to make sure there is enough game for shooting, or fish for angling. He actively manages areas of woodland, moorland, waterway or farmland for the benefit of game birds, deer, fish and wildlife in general. 

In the UK, a gamekeeper is typically employed by a landowner. He ofen works on a country estate. It is his job to prevent poaching, and to rear and release game birds such as pheasants and partridge. He eradicates pests, encourages and manages grouse, and controls predators such as foxes. He manages habitats to suit game, and monitors the health of the game.

Other websites 

Gamekeeping as a career - BASC 
National Gamekeeper's Organisation

Agricultural occupations
was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Shimatani was born in Kyoto on November 6, 1938. After graduating from Kansai University, he joined Furukawa Electric in 1961. In 1965, Furukawa Electric joined new league Japan Soccer League and he played in 1 season in the league. After he left the club, he played for his local club Kyoto Shiko Club.

On January 11, 1959, when Shimatani was a Kansai University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against Singapore.

Shimatani managed his local club Kyoto Shiko Club (later Kyoto Purple Sanga) in 1972. 1972 season is first season Kyoto Shiko Club was promoted to new division, Japan Soccer League Division 2 from Japanese Regional Leagues. He managed until 1974. In 1977, he managed for Kyoto Shiko Club again. However, in 1978 season, the club was relegated to Regional Leagues. He resigned in 1978. In 1994, he signed with Kyoto Purple Sanga. He resigned in September.
On October 24, 2001, Shimatani died of cirrhosis in Kyoto at the age of 62.

Statistics

|-
|1965||Furukawa Electric||JSL Division 1||8||2
8||2
8||2
|}

|-
|1959||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

Other websites

1938 births
2001 deaths
Footballers from Kyoto Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
JEF United Chiba players
Kyoto Sanga FC players
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Shiji was born in Aichi Prefecture on October 20, 1938. When he was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he won 1959 Emperor's Cup as a member of Kwangaku Club which was consisted of Kwansei Gakuin University players and graduates. After graduating from Kwansei Gakuin University, he played for his local club Toyota Motors.

On May 28, 1961, when Shiji was a Kwansei Gakuin University student, he debuted and scored a goal for the Japan national team against Malaya.

In 1965, Shiji became a manager for Toyota Motors. In 1966, the club joined Japanese Regional Leagues. He promoted the club to new division Japan Soccer League Division 2 in 1972 and Division 1 in 1973. He resigned in 1974.

Statistics

|-
|1961||1||1
|-
!Total||1||1
|}

References

Other websites

1938 births
Living people
Footballers from Aichi Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
Nagoya Grampus players
The state of Georgia is divided into 159 counties. 

Georgia has the second largest number of counties of any state in the United States.  The state of Texas has 254 counties (see List of counties in Texas). The last new county in Georgia was Peach County, formed in 1924.

Counties listing

|}

References

Georgia, counties in

county
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. He also managed the Japan national team.

Biography
Kawabuchi was born in Takaishi on December 3, 1936. After graduating from Waseda University, he played for Furukawa Electric. In 1965, Furukawa Electric joined new league Japan Soccer League. In the initial league season, he was the first player to score a hat-trick, against Nagoya Mutual Bank. He retired in 1970. He played 68 games and scored 10 goals in the league.

On December 25, 1958, when Kawabuchi was a Waseda University student, he debuted and scored 2 goals for the Japan national team against Hong Kong. In 1962, he played at 1962 Asian Games. In 1964, he was selected Japan for 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. At 1964 Summer Olympics, he scored a goal in first match against Argentina. He also played at 1962 Asian Games. He played 26 games and scored 8 goals for Japan until 1965.
After retirement, Kawabuchi became a coach for Furukawa Electric in 1970. In 1973, he became a manager and managed until 1975. Just before 1982 World Cup qualification in December 1980, he was named manager for the Japan national team to replace Masashi Watanabe, who suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Kawabuchi managed Japan at 1982 World Cup qualification and managed until March 1981.

In 1991, he named inaugural chairman of the J.League is first professional league in Japan. In 1991, he also became a first chairman of J.League. In 2002, he resigned chairman of J.League and became 10th president of Japan Football Association as Shunichiro Okano successor. Kawabuchi served until 2008. He also served as president of Japan Basketball Association from May 2015 to June 2016.

In 2006, he received FIFA Order of Merit. In 2008, he was also selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.

Statistics
Statistics

|-
|1965||rowspan="6"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="6"|JSL Division 1||14||3
|-
|1966||14||4
|-
|1967||14||1
|-
|1968||14||1
|-
|1969||12||1
|-
|1970||0||0
68||10
68||10
|}

|-
|1958||2||2
|-
|1959||9||3
|-
|1960||1||0
|-
|1961||6||1
|-
|1962||6||2
|-
|1963||0||0
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||2||0
|-
!Total||26||8
|}

References

Other websites

Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association

1936 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japanese football managers
Japan Soccer League players
JEF United Chiba players
Japan national football team managers
Footballers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
There are 44 counties in the U.S. state of Idaho.

Alphabetical list

|}

Old Idaho counties
 Alturas County: A huge county in south-central Idaho that was formed in 1864, but split up in 1895.
 Lah-Toh County, Idaho Territory: A county in northern Idaho that was formed in 1864, but it was ended a short time later in 1867.
 Logan County: Formed by a partition of Alturas County in 1889, bit it was shortly ended in 1895.

References

Idaho-related lists
Idaho
There are 102 counties in the state of Illinois.  

|}

Old counties
 Dane County was renamed in 1840 to the current Christian County.
 The original Knox County, Illinois, became extinct with the formation of the Illinois Territory in 1809. It became Knox County, Indiana. The modern Knox County, Illinois was formed much later and was not a part of the original Knox County.

References

Illinois
counties
The U.S. state of Indiana has 92 counties. Each county is the local level of government within its borders. County government in Indiana consists of two bodies, the county council and the commissioners.

List of counties

|}

References

Indiana
There are 99 counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. The first two counties, Des Moines County and Dubuque County, were formed in 1834 when Iowa was still part of the Michigan Territory. One of the most important days in Iowa county history was January 15, 1851, when 49 counties were created.

The Iowa Constitution of 1857, which is still in effect today, states that counties must have an area of at least .  No county be reduced below that size by badger changes. Exceptions to this rule were granted, as ten counties have areas below this size. The smallest county (Dickinson) has a land area of , while the largest (Kossuth) has an area 973sq mi (2,520 km²). Polk County is the most densely populated county at 657 persons/sq mi, and contains the state's capital and largest city, Des Moines.
County information
The number in the column headed "#" is the one used on the map from the National Atlas of the United States, shown on the left. The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, which is used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county.

|}

Old counties
The following counties no longer exist:

Bancroft County (1851–1855), merged with Kossuth County
Cook (1836–1837), merged with Muscatine County
Crocker County (1870–1871), merged with Kossuth County
Risley (1851–1853), formed Webster County
Yell (1851–1853), formed Webster County

References

Iowa
There are 105 counties in the U.S. state of Kansas.

Alphabetical list

|}

Former counties of Kansas

References 

Kansas
Kansas-related lists
There are 120 counties in the U.S. state of Kentucky.



Alphabetical list

|}

Clickable map
The map shown below is clickable; click on any county to be redirected to the page for that county, or use the text links shown above on this page.

References

 (Main reference for data in the list, unless otherwise noted).

List of Kentucky counties
Kentucky
The Maribyrnong River Viaduct (also known as the Quarter Mile Bridge) is a railway bridge across the Maribyrnong River in the western suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. It is near the E.J. Whitten Bridge, and is almost 400 metres long (hence the quarter mile name). The Albion-Jacana railway line uses the bridge, which is mainly used for freight. It also carries the Melbourne to Sydney CountryLink XPT. It is the second highest bridge in Victoria, only behind the West Gate Bridge (58 metres). At a height of 180 feet (54.86 m) above the water, it is even higher than the Sydney Harbour Bridge (52 metres). The bridge is 1257 feet (383.13 m) long

It was built in 1927–29 by the Victorian Railways Construction Branch, being the largest trestle bridge in Australia when completed in June, 1929. It is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register and employed 200 people during construction, with one fatality.

References 

 City of Moonee Valley Gap Heritage Study
Other websites 
 Images from the construction of the bridge, 1928 

Bridges in Australia
Buildings and structures in Melbourne
Rail transport in Australia
1929 establishments
1920s establishments in Australia
The U.S. state of Louisiana is divided into 64 parishes in the same way that 48 of the other states of the United States are divided into counties (Alaska is divided into boroughs and census areas).

Thirty-eight parishes are governed by a council called the Police Jury. The other twenty-six have various other forms of government, including: president-council, council-manager, parish commission, and consolidated parish/city.

Listing

|}
Listing

|}

Former Parishes
Biloxi Parish formed in 1811 from West Florida territory. It was eliminated in 1812 when part of the former West Florida area was transferred to Mississippi Territory.
Carroll Parish formed in 1838 from part of Ouachita Parish. In 1877, it was divided into East Carroll Parish and West Carroll Parish.
Feliciana Parish formed in 1810 from West Florida territory. In 1824, it was divided into East Feliciana Parish and West Feliciana Parish.
Pascagoula Parish formed in 1811 from West Florida territory. It was eliminated in 1812 when part of the former West Florida area was transferred to Mississippi Territory.
Warren Parish formed in 1811 from part of Concordia Parish, and merged into Concordia Parish and Ouachita Parish in 1814.

References
  - Counties, parish seats, areas, names and date of formation of current parishes
  - Formation dates and origin of parishes

Louisiana
There are 16 counties in the U.S. state of Maine

List

|}

Song
A song is taught to many elementary school children across the state, entitled the Maine County Song, to aid in memorizing the names of the state's 16 counties. It is sung to the tune of Yankee Doodle.

 Sixteen counties has our state
 Cumberland and Franklin
 Piscataquis and Kennebec
 Oxford, Androscoggin
 Waldo, Washington, and York
 Lincoln, Knox, and Hancock
 Sagadahoc and Somerset
 Aroostook and Penobscot

An alternate version as put forth by the Maine Secretary of State's Kids' Page:

 The sixteen counties in our state
 Are Cumberland and Franklin
 Piscataquis and Somerset
 Aroostook, Androscoggin
 Sagadahoc and Kennebec
 Lincoln, Knox and Hancock
 Waldo, Washington and York
 Oxford and Penobscot

However the traditional version is:

 Sixteen counties in our state
 are Cumberland and Franklin
 Waldo York Piscataquis
 Oxford and Androscoggin
 Washington and Somerset
 Lincoln Knox and Hancock
 Kennebec Sagadahoc
 Aroostook and Penobscot
References

Maine
There are twenty-four counties and Baltimore City in the U.S. state of Maryland. Though an independent city rather than a county, the City of Baltimore by some is considered the equal of a county for most purposes and is a county-equivalent.

Alphabetical listing

|}

Map

Former counties

References 

Maryland
The Bridge of Sighs (Italian: Ponte dei Sospiri) is a small bridge in Venice,  northern Italy. The bridge has walls and a roof. It is made of white limestone and has windows with stone bars. It passes over the Rio di Palazzo and connects the old prisons to the interrogation rooms in the Doge's Palace. It was designed by Antoni Contino (whose uncle Antonio da Ponte had designed the Rialto Bridge), and built in 1602.
The view from the windows of the Bridge of Sighs was the last view of Venice that convicts saw before their imprisonment. The bridge was named by Lord Byron in the 19th century. It was thought that prisoners would sigh at their final view of beautiful Venice through the windows before being taken down to their cells. In reality, the days of inquisitions and summary executions were over by the time the bridge was built and the cells under the palace roof were occupied mostly by small-time criminals. In addition, little could be seen from inside the Bridge due to the stone grills covering the windows. 

A local legend says that lovers will be granted everlasting love and bliss if they kiss on a gondola at sunset under the bridge.

Related pages
The name "Bridge of Sighs" has since been applied by association to other similar covered bridges around the world, including:
Puente de los Suspiros ("Bridge of Sighs" in Spanish), a bridge in the city of Barranco, Lima, Peru  
 A bridge in Cambridge, England
 A bridge in Oxford, England
 A bridge in Stockholm, Sweden
 A bridge in Frankfurt am Main, Germany
 A bridge in the Santa Barbara County Courthouse, Santa Barbara, California
 The Virginia Street Bridge in Reno, Nevada, known for being the place where newly-divorced women coming from the Washoe County Courthouse would toss their wedding rings into the Truckee River.
 It was the inspiration for a bridge built in 1884 between the Allegheny County Courthouse and the old county jail in downtown Pittsburgh, USA. It has been deemed a National Historic Landmark.
 One of the few natural arches in the Grand Canyon that is visible from the Colorado River (at mile 35.6, approx 57.3 km on the right). It is located in Redwall limestone and has a span of 4 metres (15 feet) and a height of 9 metres (30 feet).
In fiction
A reproduction of the bridge is featured in Volume 1 of the science fiction manga Aria, by Kozue Amano.

References

Other websites

 

Sighs, Bridge of Sighs
Stone bridges
17th-century buildings and structures
There are 14 counties in Massachusetts. Massachusetts has ended eight of its fourteen county governments.  This leaves five counties with county-level local government (Barnstable, Bristol, Dukes, Norfolk, Plymouth) and one, Nantucket County, with combined county/city government. Counties are still generally recognized as geographic entities if not political ones.

Eleven other historical counties have been in Massachusetts.  Most ended when their lands were absorbed into the colony of New Hampshire or the state of Maine.

List of current counties 

 |}

Former counties

References 

Massachusetts
Jeffrey John Hornacek (born May 3, 1963 in Elmhurst, Illinois) is a retired American basketball player. Hornacek played a total of 16 seasons in the NBA with the Phoenix Suns, Philadelphia 76ers and the Utah Jazz. He played college basketball at Iowa State. He retired from basketball in 2000 to spend more time with his family. His jersey number 14 was retired by the Utah Jazz.

Other websites
Jeff Hornacek's NBA bio

1963 births
Living people
American basketball players
Sportspeople from Illinois
Philadelphia 76ers players
Phoenix Suns players
Utah Jazz players
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
People from Elmhurst, Illinois
Super Cyclonic Storm Gonu was an extremely intense and very damaging storm. The cyclone was the most intense recorded tropical cyclone in the Arabian Sea and the strongest named tropical cyclone recorded in the Indian Ocean. Gonu developed on June 1 2007 over the northwest Indian Ocean and then intensified to Category 5 levels. The storm then weakened and then struck eastern Oman on June 6, contributing to that region's worst modern natural disaster and causing around $4.2 billion in damage. The cyclone also struck Iran, causing $216 million in damage. Almost eighty people died from Cyclone Gonu.

Tropical cyclones in Asia
Cyclonic storms
2007 in weather
2007 in Asia
History of Oman
2000s in Iran
Sargent and Greenleaf is a lock manufacturer. It is not to be confused with Assa Abloy's Sargent brand. Sargent and Greenleaf is well-known for their safe locks, although they also make other lock products including military-grade padlocks.

Companies based in Kentucky
1857 establishments in the United States
Marashiyan or Marashis (in Mazandarani language: مرعشیون) is one of the Arab dynasties in Iran. Marashiyan ruled from 1359 to 1582 in Tabarestan (northern Iran). This is Islamic government. Mirbozorg is founder of the Marashiyans.

References 
 Marʿas̲h̲is

Other websites 

Mazandaran
Arab world
Royal dynasties
Henry IV could mean:
Henry IV of England (1367–1413), English king
Henry IV, Pt. 1, a play by William Shakespeare
Henry IV, Pt. 2, a play by William Shakespeare, sequel to the one above
Henry IV of France (1553–1610), French king
Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1050–1106), German king and Holy Roman Emperor
Henry IV Probus (c. 1258–1290), a Silesian duke
Jonathan Nolan (born 6 June 1976) is a British-American author and screenwriter. He is the brother of movie director Christopher Nolan. Jonathan Nolan's story Memento Mori was made into a critically acclaimed movie Memento. He has also co-written screenplays for  The Prestige and The Dark Knight Trilogy, with his brother. In movie credits, his name has appeared as Jonah.

Early life
He was born in London, England, to an English father and American mother. He was raised in the Chicago area. Nolan attended Loyola Academy in Illinois. He graduated from there in 1994, and then graduated from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1999. In this university, he studied English and was a staff writer for The Hoya.

His brother, Christopher, speaks with a British English accent, but Jonathan speaks with an American English accent.
Career
Nolan tells about successful work relationship with his brother in the production notes of The Prestige: "I’ve always suspected that it has something to do with the fact that he’s left-handed and I’m right-handed, because he’s somehow able to look at my ideas and flip them around in a way that’s just a little bit more twisted and interesting. It’s great to be able to work with him like that."

On March 23, 2007, it was announced he would pen Interstellar, a science fiction film. It is based on the theories of Kip Thorne, a theoretical physicist who is known for his theories in gravitation physics and astrophysics and for having trained a generation of scientists. The film was first reported to be directed by Steven Spielberg and eventually settled with Christopher Nolan as director and is released in 2014.

Nolan worked on The Dark Knight Rises. It is the third Batman movie in The Dark Knight Trilogy.
On February 10, 2011, Nolan's TV pilot Person of Interest had been picked up by CBS and plan was to make it in a TV show. The show was officially picked up by CBS on May 13, 2011, and will star Michael Emerson, Jim Caviezel, and Taraji P. Henson. It will be produced by J. J. Abrams. His company Bad Robot Productions will produce it. Nolan will be the executive producer.

Works of fiction
"Memento Mori" (2001 Short Story) the basis of MementoThe Prestige (2006) - screenplay (with Christopher Nolan)The Dark Knight (2008) - screenplay (with Christopher Nolan)Person Of Interest (TV Series 2011–2016) - creator/writerThe Dark Knight Rises'' (2012) - screenplay (with Christopher Nolan)

References

Other websites
 

Christopher Nolan
Living people
1976 births
Screenwriters from Chicago
Screenwriters from London
British television writers
American television writers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Afrikaner nationalism is a political ideology which was created in the 19th century in South Africa. There is an ethnic group called Afrikaner in South Africa. Afrikaner nationalism is the idea that the Afrikaner are "chosen people". It says that Afrikaners who speak their language should unite to fight off foreign influences that come from  English-speaking settlers of South Africa, black people or Jews.

The historian T. Dunbar Moodie describes Afrikaner nationalism as a kind of civil religion that combined the history of the Afrikaners, their language and the Afrikaner Calvinism as key symbols. A major proponent of the ideology was the secret Broederbond organization and the National Party that ruled the country from 1948 to 1994. Other organisations aligned with the Afrikaner nationalistic ideology were the Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Organisations (Federasie van Afrikaanse Kultuurvereniginge , FAK), the Institute for Christian National Education and the White Workers' Protection Association.
References

Politics of South Africa
Nationalism
Political movements
19th century in South Africa
There are 83 counties in the U.S. state of Michigan.

List of counties
Former counties
 Brown County: formed in 1818 from unorganized territory. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Brown County, Wisconsin.
 Keskkauko County: formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Renamed Charlevoix County in 1843. Annexed to Emmet County in 1853. Reformed as Charlevoix County from Emmet County in 1869.
 Crawford County: formed in 1818 from unorganized territory when Michigan Territory was expanded to include area west of Lake Michigan upon formation of ths state of Illinois. Transferred to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Crawford County, Wisconsin.
 Des Moines County: formed in 1834 from unorganized territory. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Des Moines County, Iowa.
 Dubuque County: formed in 1834 from unorganized territory. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Dubuque County, Iowa.
 Iowa County: formed in 1830 from part of Crawford County. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Iowa County, Wisconsin.
Isle Royale County: formed in 1875 from part of Keweenaw County. Returned to it in 1897.
 Manitou County: formed in 1855 from parts of Emmet County and Leelenau County. County was ended in 1895 and added to Charlevoix County and Leelanau County.
 Milwaukee County: formed in 1834 from part of Brown County. Given to Wisconsin Territory in 1836 and continues as Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.
 Omeena County: formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Added to Grand Traverse County in 1853.
 Wyandot County: formed in 1840 from part of Mackinac County. Added to Cheboygan County in 1853.
References

More reading
 
 County histories published in Michigan History Magazine. Some back issues that include these histories are still available for purchase.
 
 
  at Google books
 
 
 

Michigan
Numerical analysis studies different algorithms to get approximations for  problems of mathematical analysis. Approximations are used for the following reasons:
 There are no known ways to solve a problem using calculus. Examples for such problems are the Navier–Stokes equations or the Three-body problem
 There is a way to solve a problem using calculus. Getting an exact solution is impractical though, because it requires a long time, or many resources. An example for this is calculating power series.

One of the earliest known uses of numerical analysis is a Babylonian clay tablet, which approximates the square root of 2. In a unit square, the diagonal has this length. Being able to compute the sides of a triangle is extremely important, for instance, in carpentry and construction.
Numerical analysis continues this long tradition of practical mathematical calculations. Much like the Babylonian approximation of , modern numerical analysis does not seek exact answers, because exact answers are often impossible to obtain in practice. Instead, much of numerical analysis is concerned with obtaining approximate solutions while maintaining reasonable bounds on errors.

Numerical analysis naturally finds applications in all fields of engineering and the physical sciences, but in the 21st century, the life sciences and even the arts have adopted elements of scientific computations. Ordinary differential equations appear in star movement; optimization occurs in portfolio management; numerical linear algebra is important for data analysis; stochastic differential equations and Markov chains are essential in simulating living cells for medicine and biology.
Computers greatly helped this task. Before there were computers, numerical methods often depended on hand interpolation in large printed tables. Since the mid 20th century, computers calculate the required functions instead. These same interpolation formulas nevertheless continue to be used as part of the software algorithms for solving differential equations.

Famous numerical software
In order to support numerical analysts, many kinds of numerical software has been created:
 MatLab - made by MathWorks
 GNU Octave, Scilab - open source versions of MATLAB
 SageMath
 SciPy
 Wolfram Mathematica - made by Wolfram Research

References

Researchers

Related pages

Further reading

Numerical analysis
The state of Texas is divided into 254 counties.  This is more than any other U.S. state.

List

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References

 - Counties, county seats, county formation, and areas
 - populations
 - official sites

Texas
Dame Barbara Windsor DBE (born Barbara Ann Deeks; 6 August 1948 – 10 December 2020) was an English actress. She was best known for her roles in the Carry On films and as Peggy Mitchell in the BBC One soap opera EastEnders. She joined the cast in 1994, and she left the show in 2016 when her character was killed off.

References

References

Other websites 

1937 births
2020 deaths
Actors from London
English voice actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
The Commonwealth of Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 39 independent cities, which are considered county-equivalents for census purposes.

List

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References

Virginia

county
connected  Musashi Province and Shimōsa Province in the Edo period of Japan.  The bridge crossed the Sumida River in the area of modern Tokyo.

History

Timeline
 1659 (Manji 2): Building began on the Ryōgoku Bridge.
 September 1, 1923 (Taishō 12, 1st day of the 9th month):  The bridge was damaged during the Great Kantō earthquake.
 1932 (Shōwa 7): Bridge re-building completed.

References

Buildings and structures in Tokyo
Wooden bridges
Bridges in Japan
There are 114 counties and one independent city in the U.S. state of Missouri.

In Missouri, the county level of government level comes between those of the city and the state. Its main responsibilities include maintaining roads, providing security, prosecuting criminals, and collecting taxes. Elected officials at this level include a sheriff, prosecuting attorney, and assessor.

The city of St. Louis is an independent city, and is not within the limits of a county. Its residents voted to secede from Saint Louis County in 1876. Throughout the United States, St. Louis is one of three independent cities outside the state of Virginia (the other two are Baltimore, Maryland and Carson City, Nevada).

Counties

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Former county names

References

Missouri
There are 95 counties in the State of Tennessee. A county is a local level of government smaller than a state and typically larger than a city or town.

Alphabetical list 
Click on the double triangles at the top of a column to sort the table by that column.

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Former counties
There are two former counties in Tennessee:
 James County (1870–1919) - Now part of Hamilton County. The county seat was Ooltewah. 
 Tennessee County (1788–1796) - When Tennessee achieved statehood, the previous Tennessee County in North Carolina became Tennessee County, Tennessee, and was divided into Montgomery and Robertson Counties.
Consolidated counties
Three Tennessee counties operate under consolidated city-county governments, a city and county that have been merged into one jurisdiction. As such, these governments are simultaneously a city, which is a municipal corporation, and a county, which is an administrative division of a state.
 City of Nashville and Davidson County
 City of Lynchburg and Moore County
 City of Hartsville and Trousdale County

References 

Tennessee
There are 93 counties in the U.S. state of Nebraska.

Nebraska's postal abbreviation is NE and its FIPS state code is 31.

County list

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Former counties of Nebraska
 Clay (1855-64) Formed from un-organized and dissolved into Gage and Lancaster County.
 Jackson (1855-6) Formed from un-organized and dissolved to the Fillmore County and un-organized.
 Johnson (1855-6) Formed from un-organized and dissolved to un-organized
 Blackbird (1855-88) Formed from Burt County and dissolved to Thurston County
 Loup (1855-6) Formed from Burt and un-organized and then dissolved Madison, Monroe and Platte Counties
 Jones (1856-66) Formed from un-organized and dissolved into Jefferson County.
 Grant, Harrison, Jackson, Lynn, Monroe and Taylor counties listed in 1870 (But no proof on where)

Notes 

Nebraska
Boyzone are an Irish boy band. The group is a quartet, its members are Keith Duffy (born 1974), Mikey Graham (born 1972), Ronan Keating (born 1977) and Shane Lynch (born 1976). Stephen Gately (1976-2009) was also a member until his death. The band were formed in Dublin by Louis Walsh in 1993. They split in 2000 and reformed in 2007.

Personnel
Final lineup
 Keith Duffy (1993-2000, 2007-2019)
 Mikey Graham (1993-2000, 2007-2019)
 Ronan Keating (1993-2000, 2007-2019)
 Shane Lynch (1993-2000, 2007-2019)

Former members
 Stephen Gately (1993-2000, 2007-2009; died 2009)

Other websites 
Official website
1990s establishments in the Republic of Ireland
1990s Irish music groups
2000s Irish music groups
2010s Irish music groups
Boy bands
Irish pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups from Dublin
Musical quartets
Musical quintets
1993 establishments in Europe
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
2000 disestablishments in Europe
Musical groups established in 2007
2007 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in the Republic of Ireland
There are eighty-eight counties in the U.S. state of Ohio. The elected county officials include three commissioners, a sheriff (the highest law enforcement officer in the county); prosecutor (equivalent of a district attorney in other states); coroner, engineer, auditor, treasurer and clerk of courts.

List of counties

References

 
 

Ohio
There are 87 counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota.

Alphabetical listing

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References 

Minnesota
There are sixty-seven counties of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States of America. The city of Philadelphia shares boundaries with Philadelphia County, and governmental functions have been shared since 1854.

FIPS code
The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry. FIPS codes are five digit numbers, for Pennsylvania the codes start with 42 and are completed with the three digit county code. The FIPS code for each county in the table links to census data for that county.

Alphabetical list

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References

Pennsylvania
Dorothy Elizabeth Gish (March 11, 1898 – June 4, 1968) was an American actress. She was born in Dayton, Ohio. She was very young when her father abandoned the family. Dorothy, her older sister Lillian, and their mother entered the theatrical profession to support themselves.

In 1912, actress Mary Pickford introduced them to director D. W. Griffith. The sisters began acting at Biograph Studios. Dorothy and Lillian Gish both debuted in Griffith's An Unseen Enemy. Dorothy would star in over 100 short movies and feature movies.

Dorothy married actor James Rennie in 1920. They divorced in 1935. Dorothy never remarried. She died in 1968 from bronchial pneumonia in Rapallo, Liguria, Italy. She was laid to rest in Saint Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York City.

Her sister Lillian was later laid to rest beside her. Dorothy Gish was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6385 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood, California. Dorothy and Lillian both appeared in D. W. Griffith's Orphans of the Storm in 1921.