Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Lake Ülemiste () a lake in Estonia. It is the largest of the lakes near Tallinn, the capital city. Tallinn takes its drinking water from this lake. The lake gets its water mostly from the small Kurna stream and the larger Pirita River (through the Vaskjala-Ülemiste canal).

There is a legend about this lake. The legend says that the "Old Man of Lake Ülemiste" () lives in the lake. When anyone meets him, he always asks: "Is Tallinn ready yet?". If the other person answers "Yes, the city is ready.", then the old man will send the lake waters out to cover the city of Tallinn. In this way, if anyone meets this old man, they should answer: "No, the city is not ready. There is a lot of work to do still." In this way the city can be saved.

Other websites

Ulemiste
Geography of Estonia
Sachertorte  (Sacher cake) is a  chocolate cake with a chocolate icing and a apricot jam filling. It is a typical sweet from Vienna. It is named after Franz Sacher, who invented the recipe.

History
The first cake was made by Franz Sacher in 1832 when Klemens Fürst Metternich ordered the kitchen to create a new sweet for his evening guests. The chef was ill so Sacher, who was apprentice in his second year, invented the first Sachertorte. After this the cake was nearly forgotten. Sacher worked in Budapest and Presburg and opened in 1848 a  high-class delicatessen and winery in Vienna. His son Eduard Sacher, who learned in the  Demel bakery which supplyed the court, brought the recipe in the form we know today. First the cake was sold by Demel, but after Eduard bought the Hotel Sacher also there.
In the 20th century there was a legal battle between the Sacher and the Demel about selling the "Original Sacher Torte". In 1963 the both parties agree, that the Hotel Sacher is allowed to use the name "Original Sacher Torte". The Demel could now sell a "Eduard Sacher Torte".

The Sachertorte consists of a chocolate sponge cake with a thin layer of apricot jam in the middle and dark chocolate icing on the top and sides. The main difference between the cake from the Hotel Sacher and from the Demel bakery is that the Original Sacher Torte has a layer of apricot jam under the icing and in the middle of the cake. The cake from Demel has only jam under the icing.

Most of the time the cake is served with whipped cream without sugar.

Other websites

Homepage Hotel Sacher-Die Sacher Torte(German)
 "Sachertorte" - A recipe by Delia Smith 
 BBC News|Happy Birthday, cake
 Is Sachertorte the Ultimate Devotion? 

Cakes
Dishes named after people
Austrian food
Salzburger Nockerl is a sweet dessert from Salzburg, Austria.

The dessert is made of egg yolk, flour, sugar, salt, vanilla, and milk mixed into a thin dough. It is always freshly prepared. It is served warm with powdered sugar on it.  The powdered sugar is said to represent the snow-covered peaks of the Gaisberg, Moenchsberg and Nonnberg.

In the operetta "Saison in Salzburg" (Season in Salzburg) by Fred Raymond, the dessert is praised in a song as "“Suess wie die Liebe und zart wie ein Kuss” (meaning Sweet as love and tender as a kiss in German). A legend says that they were invented by Salome Alt, the concubine of Salzburg′s Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau in the early 17th century.

Other websites
Spiegel Online:Nichts als heiße Luft (Nothing but hot air) 

Austrian food
Desserts
Egg dishes
Thermochemistry is the study of the energy and heat to do with chemical reactions and physical transformations (physical changes). Physical transformations are when a state of matter (a solid or liquid, for example) changes to another state. Examples of transformations include melting (when a solid becomes a liquid) and boiling (when a liquid becomes a gas).

A reaction gives out or takes in energy. A physical transformation also gives out or takes in energy. Thermochemistry looks at these energy changes, particularly on a system's energy exchange with its surroundings. Thermochemistry is useful in predicting reactant and product quantities at all times during a given reaction. Thermochemists do this by using data, including entropy determinations. Thermochemists will tell if a reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous, favorable or unfavorable.
Endothermic reactions take in heat.  Exothermic reactions give out heat.  Thermochemistry combines the concepts of thermodynamics with the idea of energy in the form of chemical bonds. It includes calculations of such quantities as heat capacity, heat of combustion, heat of formation, enthalpy, entropy, free energy, and calories.

History
Thermochemistry started with two ideas:

Lavoisier and Laplace’s law (1780): The energy change for any transformation is equal and opposite to energy change for the reverse process.
Hess' law (1840): The energy change for any transformation is the same whether it goes in one step or many.

These discoveries came before the first law of thermodynamics (1845). They helped scientists understand this law.

Edward Diaz and Hess investigated specific heat and latent heat. Joseph Black developed the concept of latent energy changes.
Gustav Kirchhoff showed in 1858 that change in the heat of reaction is given by the difference in heat capacity between products and reactants: . Integrating this equation allows the evaluation of the heat of reaction at one temperature from measurements at another temperature.

Calorimetry
The measurement of heat changes is called calorimetry. It measures the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes. A calorimeter, a device for calorimetry, is usually a closed in chamber.

Calorimetry has these steps: Chemists make the change happen inside the chamber. The temperature of the chamber is measured either using a thermometer or thermocouple. The temperature is plotted against time to give a graph. Chemists use the graph to calculate fundamental quantities. 

Modern calorimeters have small computers that measure the temperature and give the calculated data quickly. One example is a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC).
Systems
Several thermodynamic definitions are very useful in thermochemistry. A "system" is the specific section of the universe that is being studied. Everything outside the system is considered the surrounding or environment. A system may be: 
 an isolated system — when it cannot exchange energy or matter with the surroundings, as with an insulated bomb calorimeter;
 a closed system — when it can exchange energy but not matter with the surroundings, as with a steam radiator;
 an open system — when it can exchange both matter and energy with the surroundings, a pot of boiling water, for example.
Processes
A system undergoes a "process" when one or more of its properties (characteristics) changes. A process relates (connects) to the change of state. An isothermal (same temperature) process happens when the temperature of the system stays the same. An isobaric (same pressure) process happens when the pressure of the system stays the same. An adiabatic (no heat exchange) process happens when no heat moves around.

Related pages
Important publications in thermochemistry
Isodesmic reaction
Principle of maximum work
Reaction Calorimeter
Thomsen-Berthelot principle
Julius Thomsen
Thermodynamic databases for pure substances
Calorimetry
Thermal physics

References

Other websites

Physical chemistry
Kurt Alois Josef Johann Schuschnigg (1897–1977, until 1919, Edler von Schuschnigg) was the 15th Chancellor of Austria. He was in office between the assassination of his predecessor, Engelbert Dollfuss in 1934, and the annexation of Austria in 1938. The time of Dollfuss' and Schuschnigg's reign is known as Austrofascism today. He survived the war as a prisoner. After the war, he took US citizenship, and became a professor for  state law in the United States. In 1968, he returned to Austria, where he died in 1977. 

Schuschnigg studied law in Freiburg im Breisgau and Innsbruck. The nazi Otto Planetta killed Dollfuss, in 1934, in an event that is known as July putsch today. During the war, the NSDAP saw Planetta as a hero. Schuschnigg became the next Chancellor, and at age 36, is the youngest person to become chanellor to this date.
Schuschnigg was arrested by the Gestapo soon after this. He was sent to the infamous Dachau Concentration Camp, where he spent most of the war. After Dachau was liberated by allied armed forces he moved to the United States. He wrote books on his political career and worked in academia in the US. In 1968 he retired from being a professor and retired to Austria, where he died of natural causes in 1977. 

1897 births
1977 deaths
Academics from Missouri
American political scientists
Austrian people of World War II
Chancellors of Austria
Government ministers of Austria
Holocaust survivors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Valeria Sergeyevna Kozlova (; born on January 22, 1988) is a Russian singer, composer, songwriter, drummer and actress. She was a member of the music group Ranetki from 2005 until 2008.

She was in a relationship with Ranetki's producer Sergei Milnichenko (b.1966) from 2005 until 2008.

Other websites 
 
 

1988 births
Living people
Russian singers
Russian composers
Russian actors
Diario Frontera is a Venezuelan regional newspaper, headquartered in Ejido, in the state of Mérida. Founded in 1978, its slogan is "El diario del occidente del país" (The Daily of the occident of the country).

Features 
The newspaper is distributed as standard colored format. It contains regional, national, and international news. It has two supplements, issued every Sunday: Aquí entre Nos magazine, and a supplement for children, Chipilín. It has special editions for occasions like Feria del Sol and Día del Trabajador.

History 
Diario Frontera was founded by José Benedicto Monsalve, along with the writer Rafael Ángel Gallegos, who was the first director, on 12 August 1978. At the beginning, it was printed in black and white using a rotary owned by Diario Critica.
In the eighties, Diario Frontera became a generalist newspaper, printed in black and white, and with 20 pages. Since 1989, it has printed a page or a section dedicated to the University of the Andes, due to the great number of students and the importance of the University in the life of the city.

In June 2005, it printed an inquiry about a student of the university killed by the police. Diario wrote that the student had been hit by the policemen, but also revealed his belonging to an armed political group. The headquarter of the newspaper was attacked by groups of students; it was the beginning of riots that then spread all over the city. The pleas of Reporters Without Borders remained unheard.

In 2008, on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary, Diario has revamped graphics (logo, typeface).

Directors 
 Rafael Ángel Gallegos
 Alcides Monsalve

References

Related pages
 List of Venezuelan newspapers
 Mérida, Venezuela

Other websites
 Diario Frontera website
1978 establishments
Newspapers in South America
Spanish-language newspapers
Mérida (state)
Charles Doolittle Walcott (March 31, 1850 – February 9, 1927) was an American geologist and invertebrate paleontologist. He became known for his discovery in 1909 of well-preserved fossils in the Burgess Shale of British Columbia, Canada.

Walcott became Director of the U.S. Geological Survey 1894–1907, and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1907–1927. He discovered a number of important fossil sites. At the Walcott Quarry, the lowest (earliest) of the Burgess Shale deposits, Walcott collected 65,000 specimens between 1910 and 1924. The site dates to the Middle Cambrian, and is in the Canadian Rockies.

The Walcott-Rust quarry is near Russia, New York. This site has produced some of the best preserved trilobites ever found, including enrolled specimens with soft body parts.

References 

 

1850 births
1927 deaths
American paleontologists
American geologists
Scientists from New York (state)
Estado Mérida () is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Mérida. Mérida State covers a total surface area of 11,300 km² and, in 2007, had an estimated population of 843,800.

Municipalities and municipal seats

Geography

Hydrography

Rivers
Hydrography is divided into two basins of the Orinoco River (Atlantic) and Lake Maracaibo (Caribbean Sea): In the Orinoco River basin major rivers are: Santo Domingo, Canaguá, Escagüey, Ticopoto, Bumbúm and Carapo; in the In the Lake Maracaibo basin major rivers are: Chama, Motatán, Mucujepe, Capaz, Torondoy, Mocotíes and Nuestra Señora.

Lagons
 
In the state there are a lot of gaps between them are: La Mucuy, Los Patos, Negra, Mucubaji, Santo Cristo, El Arco, Los Anteojos, Suero, Encierro, La Sangre, El Gallo, Don Pedro, Laguna Grande, campanario, La Honda, La Negra, Fría y La Carbonera. Other gaps: Laguna Brava, Los Lirios and Urao
National parks
 
 Sierra Nevada National Park
 Paramo Batallon – La Negra National Park
 Sierra de la Culata National Park
 Tapo-Caparo National Park

Natural monuments
 Chorrera de La González
 Laguna de Urao
 Meseta la Galera

Other sites of interest
 

 Aguas termales de Chiguara.
 Aguas termales de Jají.
 Aguas termales de Tabay.
 Aguas termales Valle de la Quebrada de las Tapias.
 El Velo de la Novia.
 Parque Natural Cascada De La India Carú
 Parque Natural Cascada El Guayabal
 Laguna de Mucubají o Laguna Grande.
 Laguna Negra.
 Kiubofibo "Inside my mind".
 Collado del Cóndor (Pico El Águila).
 Pico El Gavilán.
 Pico Espejo.
 Pico Mucuñuque.
 Aguas termales de Santa Apolonia
 Balneario de Palmarito

Climate and Vegetation
The climate is cold but in the relatively small area of Mérida state, there are usually several dramatic climatic changes that occur daily. The climate in Mérida city is between 19 °C and 20 °C, temperatures between 5 °C and 9 °C  at El Bolivar Peak, or below zero  when it snows and 28 °C in the El Vigía area. Its rains almost every late afternoon in January–February that is the coldest months an August–September and in August and September it often rains at night. The vegetation is exuberant and there are many lakes and rivers, a great number of which are well stocked with trout, one of the delicacies of Mérida. The most important river in the state is the "Chama" because a large part of the water resources of Venezuela originates in the Mérida mountains. The state tree is the "Bucare" and the state flower is the "Frailejón" and in the "Coloradito" is found the tree at the highest altitude in the world
. In this mountains habitat the "Oso Frontino" bear and the majestic Condor flies through the skies of the páramos and in the lagoons there are many trout.
References

Other websites 

 Government of Mérida State 

1864 establishments
 
Establishments in Venezuela
19th-century establishments in South America
Microsoft Agent is the technology created by Microsoft which uses animated characters Text to speech engines, and Speech recognition software to improve interaction with computer users. It comes pre-installed with Windows 2000 through to Windows Vista but not on Windows 7.

Technology
Microsoft Agent characters are stored in files of the .ACS file format, and can be stored in a number of compressed .ACF files for better World Wide Web distribution. Microsoft Office 97 and Microsoft Bob Actor characters are stored in files of the .ACT format.

The speech engine itself is driven by the Microsoft Speech API (SAPI), version 4 and above. Microsoft SAPI provides a control panel for easily installing and switching between various available Text to Speech and Speech to Text engines, as well as voice training and scoring systems to improve the quality and accuracy of both engines.
Microsoft provides four agent characters for free, which can be downloaded from the Microsoft Agent website. These are called Peedy, Merlin, Genie, and Robby. Some characters also shipped with Microsoft Office up to version 2003 as the Office Assistants and with Windows XP as search assistants. New Agent characters can also be created using Microsoft's development tools, including the Agent Character Editor. Agents can be embedded in software with Visual Basic for Applications and in web pages with VBScript, and automated tools for the purpose of simplifying this exist. However, web page agents are only compatible with Internet Explorer, since alternative browsers like Opera or Mozilla Firefox do not support ActiveX. Additionally, users of Windows Me,  Windows 2000, Windows XP, and above or owners of Microsoft Office 2000 and up are the only ones who have Agent software pre-loaded on their computers; others have to download the software and install it manually.

References

Microsoft
Gideon Welles (July 1, 1802 – February 11, 1878) was the United States Secretary of the Navy during the presidencies of Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.  He served from March 7, 1861 until March 4, 1869. He was from Glastonbury, Connecticut.

References

United States Secretaries of the Navy
1802 births
1878 deaths
Politicians from Connecticut
American abolitionists
American journalists
Lawyers from Connecticut
American literature
Members of the Cabinet of the United States
Keble College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Its main buildings are on Parks Road, opposite the University Museum and the University Parks.  Keble is one of the larger colleges, with 435 undergraduates and 245 graduate students. The head of the college is the Warden (currently Sir Jonathan Phillips) and senior academic members are Fellows.

Keble was founded in 1870, having been built as a monument to John Keble, a leading member of the Oxford Movement. As originally constituted it was for men only and the fellows were mostly bachelors resident in the college. In the period after the second World War the trends were towards scientific courses (the major area devoted to science east of the University Museum influenced this) and eventually co-education for men and women from 1979 onwards.
It remains distinctive for its once-controversial neo-gothic red-brick buildings designed by William Butterfield. During the 20th century the college has been extended several times by new buildings.

References

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1870 establishments in the United Kingdom
1870s establishments in England
The New York Clipper, also known as The Clipper, was a weekly entertainment newspaper published in New York City from 1853 to 1924. It covered topics such as dance, music, the outdoors, and sports.

Other websites
 
The New York clipper annual

Newspapers in New York City
1853 establishments in the United States
1924 disestablishments in the United States
1850s establishments in New York (state)
1920s disestablishments in New York (state)
The Baltimore Orioles were a 19th-century American Association and National League. They formed in 1882 and went defunct 1899. The team, which featured numerous future Hall of Famers, finished in first place three consecutive years (1894–1896) and won the Temple Cup championship in 1896 and 1897.

Major League Baseball teams
Sports in Baltimore
1882 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maryland
1899 disestablishments
1890s disestablishments in the United States
Sayabec is a small town called "municipality" in Quebec, Canada. It was established in 1894. 1,877 people live there. Sayabec is in the Matapedia Valley close to the Matapedia Lake.

Settlements in Quebec
1894 establishments
1890s establishments in Canada
This article is about the Formula One racing team. For other uses of the term arrow, see Arrow.

Arrows Grand Prix International was a Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002. The team was also known as Footwork.

Origins
The Arrows Grand Prix International team was founded in 1977, by Italian financier (someone who handles lots of money) Franco Ambrosio, Alan Rees, Jackie Oliver, Dave Wass and Tony Southgate when Rees, Oliver, Wass and Southgate left the Shadow team. They named the team after the first letter of each person's last name in order, spelling out AROWS. The name was then changed to the correct spelling of Arrows.

History
History

Arrows Grand Prix International
The team earned their first podium at the 1978 Swedish Grand Prix, with future Williams driver Riccardo Patrese earning second. The rest of the season consisted of him earning points occasionally. Arrows fielded Patrese until 1981. In 1984 the team used BMW M12 turbo engines, and later Megatron turbos, and results improved as the turbo era moved along, going at its peak in 1988 when the team finished fifth in the constructors' championship. In between 1984 and 1988 the team had gotten two podium positions. Eventually when turbo engines were banned from the regulations, making them illegal to run in a race, Arrows' performance dropped, despite a third place podium finish at the 1989 USA Grand Prix in Phoenix.
Footwork Arrows
The team was renamed Footwork in 1991 until being changed back to Arrows after the 1996 season. Arrows' performance dropped with the usage of the Porsche engines. Footwork eventually changed to Mugen Honda engines. The team also ran Ford and Hart engines as well.

Tom Walkenshaw's Arrows
In 1997, Tom Walkenshaw bought a part of Arrows, and hired 1996 Drivers' Champion Damon Hill and Pedro Diniz. Diniz was very rich and helped pay for Hill's salary, placing Diniz as the role of a pay driver. Hill nearly won the Hungarian Grand Prix but a component failure meant that Hill had slowed down and fell to second place, where Hill would finish. In the next few years Walkenshaw would buy out what Jackie Oliver had owned.
As the seasons went on Arrows started to go in debt. In 2002 at times the two drivers, Heinz-Harald Frentzen and Enrique Bernoldi deliberately failed to qualify for a couple of races in an attempt to save some money. The team could not finish the season and went into liquidation and folded at the end of the season. However, Phoenix Finance purchased the team's assets and tried to enter in the 2003 season but was not allowed. 

Formula One
Annabella Avery "Bella" Thorne (born October 8, 1997) is an American actress, dancer, singer, and model. She started as a child model and actress who has appeared in more than 20 movies and television series and more than 60 commercials. She is best known for her role as the young dancer CeCe Jones on the Disney Channel series Shake It Up!.

Early life
Bella Thorne was born on October 8, 1997 in Pembroke Pines, Florida.  She is the youngest of four children. Her older siblings are Kaili (born in 1992), Dani (born in 1993), and Remy (born in 1995), who are also actors and models. When Thorne was growing up, Spanish was her first language, but she has forgotten it from not using it.
Career
Thorne's first movie appearance was as a sidelines fan in the 2003 movie Stuck on You, but she was not credited for it. Since then, she has appeared in movie and television projects including Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Entourage, The O.C. (as a younger version of Taylor Townsend), the third-to-last episode of October Road, and five episodes of Dirty Sexy Money (as Margaux Darling). In 2007, Thorne appeared as a young girl who saw visions in The Seer.

In 2008, Thorne starred alongside Christian Slater and Taylor Lautner in the drama series My Own Worst Enemy. She won a Young Artist's Award for her portrayal of the character Ruthy Spivey in this series. She then appeared in the ten-episode web series Little Monk, which showed characters from the series Monk as children. In 2009, she played the antagonist in the horror movie Forget Me Not.
In 2010, Thorne joined the cast of HBO's Big Love in its fourth season. She replaced Jolean Wejbe in the role of Bill Henrickson's daughter Tancy 'Teeny' Henrickson, even though she had actually auditioned for a different role. She also guest starred on Wizards of Waverly Place, as Max's girlfriend Nancy Lukey. Thorne also took on a supporting role in the family drama Raspberry Magic.
Thorne currently co-stars on the Disney Channel sitcom Shake It Up!, (originally titled Dance, Dance Chicago). Thorne plays Cecelia "CeCe" Jones, a dancer who dreams of a career in the spotlight. While she had done a lot of work in television and movie, Thorne had no experience in professional dancing before being cast in this show. After signing onto the show in October 2009, she began taking three dance classes every night.

Personal life

Thorne is from Pembroke Pines, Florida, but has been living with her family in California since early 2006. Her interests include dancing, playing soccer, spending time with her family and playing with her two dogs, six cats and a turtle. She also says that she collects hardcover books, listens to 80s music, and uses YouTube as a research tool for getting into character. Thorne is a strong supporter of the Humane Society, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, and The Nomad Organization, which provides education, food and medical supplies to children in Africa.
Thorne lost her father to a vehicle accident in 2007.

Thorne was diagnosed with dyslexia in second grade. She is currently being home-schooled. She used to go to a public school, but was abused by other students. Thorne improved in her learning after attending a Sylvan Learning center and is currently reading and writing a grade ahead. Thorne also talked about her dyslexia in an April 2010 interview with American Cheerleader Magazine, and explained that she overcame her dyslexia by reading everything she could find, including the labels of cereal boxes.

Thorne is currently dating YouTuber Sam Pepper. In August 2016, Thorne came out as bisexual.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Music videos

Awards and nominations

young people

MgM awards

Mundo Jovem

References

Other websites

 
 Thorne Kids  at Life.com
1997 births
Actors from Florida
American artists
American child actors
American child singers
American Christians
American dancers
American LGBT rights activists
American movie actors
American pop singers
American television actors
Pansexual people
Disney people
LGBT actors
LGBT Christians
LGBT models
LGBT musicians
LGBT people from Florida
LGBT singers
Living people
Models from Florida
Musicians from Florida
Singers from Florida
American voice actors
Electropop singers
People with dyslexia
François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French politician who was the President of the French Republic from 21 May 1981 until 17 May 1995. He was born in Jarnac in the Charente department. He was a member of the Socialist Party. Before being elected president, he had held several positions in the French Cabinet. As President of France, he was also one of the Co-Princes of Andorra. He abolished death penalty in 1981. Jacques Chirac was President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra after him. Mitterrand died of prostate cancer in Paris. He was laid to rest in his birthplace Jarnac.

From 1959 to 1981, Mitterrand was also mayor of Château-Chinon (Ville), a municipality in the Nièvre department.

References
References

1916 births
1996 deaths
Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from prostate cancer
French lawyers
French mayors
Presidents of France
Princes of Andorra
Socialist Party (France) politicians
Politicians from Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Politicians from Grand Est
People from Charente
People from Nièvre
Afonso IV (; 8 February 1291 – 28 May 1357), called the Brave (), was the seventh king of Portugal and the Algarve from 1325 until his death. He was the only son that King Denis of Portugal had with his wife Elizabeth of Aragon. Afonso married Beatrice of Castile (1293–1359) in 1309, daughter of Sancho IV, King of Castile and María de Molina, and had four sons and three daughters by her. He also had another daughter.

Notes

Kings and Queens of Portugal
1291 births
1357 deaths
The Burgenland (Austro-Bavarian: Burgnlaund, Croatian: Gradišće, Hungarian: Felsőőrvidék, Őrvidék, Lajtabánság) is one of the nine federal states of the Federal Republic of Austria. It is the youngest of the nine states and came to Austria after the First World War in 1921. The name Vierburgenland (Land of Four Castles) was created in 1919. It was derived from the name of the four vármegye of the Kingdom of Hungary (in German Komitate, 'counties') known in Hungarian as Pozsony, Moson, Sopron and Vas, or in German as Pressburg, Wieselburg, Ödenburg and Eisenburg. Because Pressburg was given to Czechoslovakia, the number was dropped. In 1922 the name was adopted by the province assembly.

Geography
Geography

Burgenland has an area of 3961.80 km². It is divided into 3 regions (districts):
Nordburgenland (northern Burgenland): Eisenstadt, Eisenstadt-Umgebung, Neusiedl am See, Mattersburg and Rust
Mittelburgenland (middle Burgenland): Oberpullendorf
Südburgenland (southern Burgenland): Güssing, Jennersdorf and Oberwart
Sometimes Mittelburgenland is seen as a part of southern Burgenland.

The highest point of the state is the Geschriebenstein at 884 m, the lowest point is near Apetlon at 114 m. Burgenland and Hungary share the Neusiedler See. Leitha, Pulka and Raab are important rivers.

Minorities

Burgenland has Croatian (29,000 - 45,000) and Hungarian (5,000 - 15,000) populations. The Burgenland Croatian language is an 16th-century dialect which is different from standard Croatian. In former times there was also a Roma and Jewish population, but the Nazis destroyed them.
Languages in Burgenland
German 82,9 % 
Burgenland Croatian 10,4 % 
Hungarian 2,4 %
History
In 1043 a peace treaty between Henry III and King Samuel Aba of Hungary fixed the western border of the Kingdom of Hungary along the Leitha and Lafnitz rivers, among others. The territory of the present-day Burgenland became the western border-zone of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary until the 16th century. The majority of the population was Germanic. There was also immigration  in the Middle Ages from the neighbouring Austria. During occupation of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire some parts of today's Burgenland stayed within Habsburg rule. After the Austro-Hungarian  empire was formed in 1867 Burgenland was part of the Hungarian part of the monarchy. Because 74% of the inhabitants were of German origin the area came to the new formed Republic of Austria. In the time till the Second World War many people emigrated to the United States. It is said that Chicago is the largest town of the Burgenland.
During the Nazi occupation the state was part of Styria and Lower Danube. In addition to the oppression of the Jews, the ethnic groups Roma and Sinti also suffered under the Nazi regime. The  Lackenbach concentration camp for Gypsies was in the area.

After the Second World War Burgenland was part of the Soviet occupation zone. After the Staatsvertrag it had a long border to the communist area in eastern Europe. The economic development was very slow. After joining the European Union this development became faster.

Politics
Burgenland's provincial assembly (Landtag) has 36 seats.  The provincial government is a combination of Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). The voting age for regional elections in Burgenland was reduced to 16 in 2003.

Landeshauptleute (governors)

Culture and tourism
The area's main attractions are the Neusiedler See (the lake), the hot springs at Lutzmannsburg, Stegersbach and Bad Tatzmannsdorf. There is also over 500 km of bicycle tracks in Also.
There are several events in summer:
 Seefestspiele Mörbisch is an operetta festival held on a stage on the lakeshore
 St. Margarethen Opera Festival is held across the town at venues like Schlossspiele Kobersdorf
 Burgspiele Güssing, a theatre festival 
 Jennersdorf summer festival
 Several music festivals are held in Wiesen

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Burgenland Travel Guide
 Burgenland-Croatian Center
Organometallic chemistry is the study of chemical compounds containing bonds between carbon and a metal. It combines aspects of inorganic chemistry (the study of non-carbon bonds) and organic chemistry (the study of carbon bonds).

Examples of organometallic compounds are tetraethyllead; it was used as a fuel (leaded gasoline) additive in the past. Also Methylcobalamin (Vitamin B12) is a common organometallic compound.

Organometallic compounds 

Organometallic compounds are compounds that have chemical bonds between an one or more metal atoms and one or more carbon atoms of an organyl group (an organic ligand). They have the prefix "organo-" (for example, organopalladium compounds). Organometallic compounds include subgroups like the metalloproteins such as haemoglobin.
The term "metalorganics" usually refers to metal-containing compounds lacking direct metal-carbon bonds but which contain organic ligands which bind them to an organic compound. Metal beta-diketonates, alkoxides, and dialkylamides are members of this class.

In addition to the traditional metals, elements such as boron, silicon, arsenic, and selenium form organometallic compounds.

Coordination compounds with organic ligands

Many complexes have coordination bonds between a metal and organic ligands. The organic ligands often bind the metal through a heteroatom such as oxygen or nitrogen, in which case such compounds are called "coordination compounds".
Many organic coordination compounds occur in nature. For example, hemoglobin and myoglobin contain an iron center coordinated to the nitrogen atoms of a porphyrin ring; magnesium is the center of a chlorin ring in chlorophyll. The field of such inorganic compounds is known as bioinorganic chemistry. However, methylcobalamin (a form of Vitamin B12), with a cobalt-methyl bond, is a true organometallic complex, one of the few known in biology.

Structure and properties
The metal-carbon bond in organometallic compounds is half way between being ionic and covalent. Organometallic compounds with bonds that have characters in between ionic and covalent are very important in industry. They are both relatively stable in solutions but ionic enough to undergo reactions. Two important classes are organolithium and Grignard reagents.
Uses
Organometallics find practical uses in stoichiometric and catalytic processes, especially processes involving carbon monoxide and alkene-derived polymers.  All the world's polyethylene and polypropylene are produced with organometallic catalysts.  Acetic acid is produced using metal carbonyl catalysts in the Monsanto process and Cativa process. The bulk of the synthetic alcohols, at least those larger than ethanol, are produced by hydrogenation of hydroformylation-derived aldehydes.  Similarly, the Wacker process is used in the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde.

Organomettalic are highly basic and highly reducing. They catalyze many polymerization reactions. They are also useful stoichiometrically.

Organometallic compounds may be found in the environment. Environmentalists worry about organo-lead and organo-mercury compounds. They are toxic hazards.
Research is currently underway using organometallic catalysis.  The energy crisis has initiated increased interest in more efficient ways of working with the remaining fossil fuels we have left.  While many agree that lowering oil dependence is safer for the environment as well as politically wise.   The new interest in “green” technologies has also helped increase research.  Many examples of organometallic research can be found in the petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries.  Some current methods of chemical production are wasteful and produce toxic waste, while many organometallic catalysts show promise to change that.
History 
Louis Claude Cadet synthesized methyl arsenic compounds related to cacodyl. William Christopher Zeise made platinum-ethylene complex. Edward Frankland discovered dimethyl zinc. Ludwig Mond discovered Ni(CO)4. Victor Grignard worked with organomagnesium compounds. The abundant and diverse products from coal and petroleum led to Ziegler-Natta, Fischer-Tropsch, hydroformylation catalysis which employ CO, H2, and alkenes as feedstocks and ligands.

Years ago, Tetraethyllead was added to gasoline as an antiknock agent. Because lead is toxic, it is no longer used in gasoline. Instead, other organometallic compounds such as ferrocene and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) are now added to gasoline to prevent knocking.

The 1973 Nobel Prizes to Ernst Fischer and Geoffrey Wilkinson for work on metallocenes made organometallic chemistry more popular. In 2005, Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs and Richard R. Schrock shared the Nobel Prize for metal-catalyzed olefin metathesis.
Organometallic chemistry timeline 
 1760 Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt investigates inks based on Cobalt salts and isolates Cacodyl from cobalt mineral containing arsenic
 1827 Zeise's salt is the first platinum / olefin complex
 1848 Edward Frankland discovers diethylzinc
 1863 Charles Friedel and James Crafts prepare organochlorosilanes
 1890 Ludwig Mond discovers Nickel carbonyl
 1899 Introduction of Grignard reaction
 1900 Paul Sabatier works on hydrogenation organic compounds with metal catalysts. Hydrogenation of fats kicks off advances in food industry, see margarine
 1909 Paul Ehrlich introduces Salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis, an early arsenic based organometallic compound
 1912 Nobel Prize Victor Grignard and Paul Sabatier
 1930 Henry Gilman works on lithium cuprates, see Gilman reagent
 1951 Ferrocene is discovered
 1963 Nobel prize for Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta on Ziegler-Natta catalyst
 1965 Discovery of cyclobutadieneiron tricarbonyl
 1968 Heck reaction
1968 Heck reaction
 1973 Nobel prize Geoffrey Wilkinson and Ernst Otto Fischer on sandwich compounds
 1981 Nobel prize Roald Hoffmann and Kenichi Fukui on Isolobal Principle
 2005 Nobel prize Yves Chauvin, Robert Grubbs, and Richard R. Schrock on metal-catalyzed alkene metathesis
 2010 Nobel prize Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki for their work in palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions in organic synthesis.
Related pages 
Chelation

References

Other websites 
 MIT OpenCourseWare: Organometallic Chemistry 
 Rob Toreki's Organometallic HyperTextbook
  Web listing of US chemists who specialize in organometallic chemistry
Coniston Water (usually called just Coniston) is a lake in Cumbria. It is the third largest lake in the Lake District. It is  long and  wide. The lake has an elevation of 143 feet (44 m) above sea level. It drains to the sea via the River Crake.

Waterspeed record 

In the 20th century Coniston was the scene of many attempts to break the world water speed record. On August 19, 1939 Sir Malcolm Campbell set the record at 141.74 miles per hour (228.108 km/h) in Bluebird K4. Between 1956 and 1959 Sir Malcolm's son Donald Campbell set four successive records on the lake in Bluebird K7, a hydroplane.
In 1966 Donald Campbell decided that he needed to get over 300 miles per hour (483 km/h) to keep the record. On January 4, 1967 he achieved a top speed of over 320 miles per hour (515 km/h) in Bluebird K7 on the return leg of a record-breaking attempt. He then lost control of Bluebird, which somersaulted and crashed, sinking rapidly. Campbell was killed instantly on impact. The attempt could not be counted as a record-breaking run because the second leg was not completed.

Lady in the Lake 
In recent times, Coniston Water has become known for a controversial murder case. Mrs Carol Park was dubbed the "Lady in the Lake" after the Raymond Chandler novel of the same name.

References 

Lakes of the United Kingdom
Cumbria
Delirium tremens (often called DTs or "the DTs") is a medical emergency.  It is the worst form of alcohol withdrawal, which can happen when a person who drinks a lot of alcohol suddenly stops drinking. "Delirium" means very bad confusion that comes on quickly; "tremens" means "shaking."

Scientists think the DTs happen because the autonomic nervous system gets too excited.  It works too hard and will not shut off.

DTs were first written about in 1813.

Who gets DTs? 
Most people who stop drinking alcohol do not get the DTs. But some people are more likely to get the DTs if they suddenly stop drinking. DTs are more likely in people who:
 Have had seizures when they tried to stop drinking alcohol before
 Have drunk a lot of alcohol every day for several months
 Have drunk alcohol for more than 10 years
 Are sick or have other medical problems when they suddenly stop drinking
About 5% of people who have alcohol withdrawal symptoms get the DTs. About 5-10% of chronic (long-term) alcoholics get the DTs at some point in their life.

Symptoms 
DTs cause symptoms that can be very bad and very dangerous. Even though not many people get DTs when they stop drinking, many people that do get DTs die from them.  Others get permanent brain damage or other problems.

Symptoms usually start within 2 to 3 days after the person had their last drink.  But in some people, DTs can happen up to a week or 10 days after their last drink.
Life-threatening symptoms 
 
Most people who die from DTs die from one or more of these symptoms:
 Very bad seizures, especially status epilepticus
 Hyperthermia (a very high body temperature; if the body's temperature gets high enough, the brain will die)
 Severe hypertension (very high blood pressure; if the blood pressure gets high enough, it can cause a stroke)
 Severe tachycardia (very high heart rate; if the heart beats too fast, it cannot get blood and oxygen to the rest of the body.  Without enough blood and oxygen, no part of the body can survive.  Eventually breathing can stop. The brain can die or be damaged. The heart can stop beating normally or stop beating completely.)

Other changes to the body 
Other body symptoms caused by DTs include:
 Very bad sweating
 Shaking or tremors (which may be uncontrollable)
 Insomnia (being unable to sleep)
 Feeling very restless 
Anxiety
Anger and irritability
Changes to thinking and feelings 
DTs can cause changes to thinking and feelings that can be very scary for the patient:
 Very bad anxiety, panic attacks, paranoia, or agitation (feeling very upset and unable to relax)
The person may be so anxious or upset that they are certain they are going to die
 Being very confused (for example, the person might not recognize their family members)
 Being disoriented (for example, the person may not know who he is, where he is, or what is happening)
 Being unable to think normally or pay attention to anything
 Being unable to talk normally
Delusional thinking and paranoia
Depression and suicidal thoughts
Changes to the senses 
DTs can cause major changes to the senses, especially what a person sees, hears, and feels.  For example:
 Visual hallucinations: seeing things that are not really there.  These things seem very real to the person with DTs.  For example, sometimes people with DTs see very scary visions of insects, snakes, or rats.
 These visions often go along with the feeling that things like bugs are crawling on the person with DTs.
 Auditory hallucinations: hearing things that are not really there.

Treatment 
DTs always need to be treated in a hospital.  If a person starts having symptoms of DTs at home, 9-1-1 (or their local emergency number) should be called for an ambulance right away.
Several types of medicines can be used to treat DTs:
 Benzodiazepines are the most common type of medicine used for DTs.  In the United Kingdom, chlordiazepoxide (Librium) and diazepam (Valium) are most often used.  In the United States, lorazepam (Ativan) and oxazepam are often used too. These medicines will keep the person asleep or relaxed, make them more comfortable, and help prevent seizures.
 Sometimes anticonvulsant (anti-seizure) medicines are also used to prevent or treat seizures.
 Antipsychotic medicines, like haloperidol (Haldol), may be used to help make hallucinations go away.
People with DTs are also often given thiamine (vitamin B1), an important vitamin, because alcoholics often do not have enough thiamine.  If thiamine levels are low enough, this can cause brain damage.

References

Symptoms
Addiction
Brian Edward Cox OBE FRS (born 3 March 1968) is a British particle physicist. He is also a professor at the University of Manchester and a Royal Society University Research Fellow. He works on the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Cox presents some BBC science television programmes the most notable being Stargazing Live and Wonders of Universe. He also presented some episodes of Horizon.

Early life
Cox was born in 1968 in Chadderton, Oldham, Lancashire. His parents worked for Yorkshire Bank, his mother as a cashier and his father as a middle-manager in the same branch. He was a keyboard player for pop band D:Ream in the 1990s.

References

Other websites
 
 
Personal website 

1968 births
Living people
English pop musicians
English physicists
Musicians from Lancashire
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Academics of the University of Manchester
How to Win Friends and Influence People is a self-help book. It was written by Dale Carnegie and first published in 1936. It is one of the best selling self-help books ever published. Since 1936, over 15 million copies have been sold worldwide.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1936 books
Self-help books
Jemma "Jem" Palmer (born 10 April 1986) is an English model and professional wrestler. She was briefly signed to World Wrestling Entertainment. She is also known by the name Inferno. She used this name in the 2008 British television series Gladiators. In 2011, she became known for taking part in the twelfth series of Big Brother.

References

1986 births
Living people
Big Brother contestants
English professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Birmingham
Aaron Steven Haddad (born August 3, 1982) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in the WWE where he wrestled under the ring name, Damien Sandow.

He won the 2013 Money in the Bank for a World Heavyweight Championship Money in the Bank opportunity but became the first wrestler to outright lose his cash-in title match when he was defeated by John Cena on the October 28 episode of Raw.
Championships
Chaotic Wrestling
Chaotic Wrestling Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Chaotic Wrestling Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Edward G. Xtasy)
Florida Championship Wrestling
FCW 15 Championship (one time)
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Titus O'Neil)
International Wrestling Association
IWA Hardcore Championship (one time)
Ohio Valley Wrestling
OVW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Nova)
OVW Television Championship (one time)
Third OVW Triple Crown Champion
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #50 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.
World Wrestling Council
WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (one time)
WWC World Tag Team Championship (five times) (with Shawn Spears (one), Chicano (one), King Tonga Jr. (two) and Abbad (one))
WWE
Money in the Bank (2013)
WWE United States Champion (one time)

References

Other websites
Other websites

1981 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
Former WWE wrestlers
Ulf Svante von Euler (7 February 1905 – 9 March 1983) was a Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist. He won a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1970 for his work on neurotransmitters.

1905 births
1983 deaths
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Swedish biologists
Swedish Nobel Prize winners
The Fighting Temptations is a 2003 musical drama movie with Cuba Gooding Jr., and Beyoncé Knowles.

2000s musical movies
2003 drama movies
English-language movies
American musical movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Jonathan Lynn
Thaddeus Bullard (born April 29, 1977 in Boynton Beach, Florida) better known under the ring name Titus O'Neil, is an American professional wrestler and former American football player currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE).

He is one half of the Prime Time Players along with Darren Young. He competed on the second season of NXT where he finished 5th and also competed on the fifth season of NXT called NXT Redemption. He played professional football in the Arena Football League for the Utah Blaze, Tampa Bay Storm, Las Vegas Gladiators and Carolina Cobras.