Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
To be diagnosed with FAS, a child must have a height, weight, or both that are lower than normal.  Their height or weight must be in the 10th percentile or lower, meaning 90% of all other children are taller or heavier.

Central nervous system problems
The central nervous system controls everything in the body.  When it is damaged by alcohol during pregnancy, the damage can cause many different problems.  To be diagnosed with FAS, a child must have three different kinds of central nervous system problems:

Structural problems
"Structural" problems are problems with the shape of the head or the brain.  For example:
 The child's head may be smaller than what would be normal for their height and weight
 Brain scans (like MRIs) may show changes in the shape of the child's brain
Neurological problems
Neurological problems are problems with the way the brain and nerves control the body.  For example:
 Problems with coordination (using different parts of the body together)
 Problems controlling muscles
 Problems with sucking as a baby
Functional problems
"Functional" problems are problems doing everyday tasks.  To be diagnosed with FAS, a child has to have a lot more trouble doing everyday things than other children his age.  The child has to have a low IQ or developmental delay, or problems in three of these areas:
 Cognitive deficits (thinking problems), like trouble learning in school
 Executive functioning deficits (problems with the type of thinking that helps us plan, organize, and solve problems)
 Motor functioning delays (problems with how a person controls their muscles), like:
 Having trouble walking (this is an example of a gross motor skill)
 Having trouble writing (this is a fine motor skill)
 Having trouble with balance and coordination (using different parts of the body together)
 Attention problems or hyperactivity (having trouble paying attention and having lots of energy)
 Problems with social skills, like making friends
 Other problems with daily tasks
Prevention 
In the United States, alcohol is the most common cause of birth defects that can be prevented.  Fetal alcohol syndrome can be prevented in every pregnancy if the mother drinks no alcohol while she is pregnant.

Doctors suggest that women who are trying to get pregnant should also drink no alcohol.  This is because a woman may not know she is pregnant for the first 4–6 weeks of her pregnancy.  Some women drink alcohol during this time, since they do not realize they are pregnant.  But drinking during the earliest part of a pregnancy can cause severe FAS because the earliest part of the pregnancy is when the fetus's brain starts developing.  This is why it is safest not to drink any alcohol if a woman thinks she might get pregnant.

References

Birth defects
Alcohol drinking habits
Stein Eriksen (11 December 1927 – 27 December 2015) is a Norwegian-American alpine skier. He won gold and two silvers at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. He retired in 1954.

Eriksen was born in Oslo. His parents were Marius Eriksen (1886–1950) and Birgit Heien (1900–1996). He lived in the United States for six decades.

Eriksen died on 27 December 2015 in Park City, Utah. He was 88.

References

Other websites

 Stein Eriksen at the International Ski Federation

1927 births
2015 deaths
1952 Winter Olympics
American skiers
Norwegian skiers
Norwegian Olympic gold medalists
Norwegian Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Oslo
In geodesy, a meridian arc is the distance between two points with the same longitude. In geometry it is an arc: a segment of a curve. The length of an imaginary rope laid over the globe would be that distance.

Two or more such measurements at different places get the shape of the  reference ellipsoid which is most like the shape of the geoid. This process is called "the determination of the figure of the Earth". The earliest determinations of the size of a spherical Earth used a single arc. The latest determinations use astro-geodetic measurements and the methods of satellite geodesy to get the reference ellipsoids.
The Alexandrian scientist Eratosthenes about 240 BC, first calculated a good value for circumference of the Earth. He knew that on the summer solstice at local noon the sun goes through the zenith in the ancient Egyptian city of Syene (Assuan). He also knew from his own measurements that, at the same moment in his hometown of Alexandria, the zenith distance was 1/50 of a full circle (7.2°). Assuming that Alexandria was due north of Syene, Eratosthenes concluded that the distance between Alexandria and Syene must be 1/50 of Earth's circumference.

In 1687 Newton published in the Principia a proof that the Earth was an oblate spheroid of flattening equal to 1/230.

Related pages 
 Struve Geodetic Arc

References 

Geodesy
Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt (July 20, 1671 in Darmstadt – August 11, 1736 in Vienna) was a Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, Imperial Field Marshal and Governor of Mantua.

Life 
Philip was a younger son of Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1630–1678) and his second wife Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Coburg (1640–1709), daughter of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha.

Philip fought for the Habsburgs in the Spanish War of Succession. In 1708 he became Field Marshal and Supreme Commander of the Imperial troops in newly conquered Naples. After the war in 1714, under influence of Prince Eugene of Savoy, he became governor of the former Duchy of Mantua until his death.

Philip was a great lover of music. When he was with his soldiers in Naples, he was patron of Nicola Porpora. When he was governor of Mantua, he made Antonio Vivaldi Maestro di Cappella of his court. Vivaldi wrote the opera Tito Manlio to celebrate Philip's wedding to Princess Eleanora of Guastalla, however the wedding never took place.
Marriage and children 
On March 24, 1693, Philip married Marie Therese of Croÿ (1673–1714), daughter of Ferdinand François Joseph, Duke of Croy-Havré. He had to beome a Catholic for the wedding, which made his mother very upset.

Philip and Marie had five children : 
Joseph (1699−1768), Bishop of Augsburg
Wilhelm Ludwig (1704, died young)
Theodora (February 6, 1706 – January 23, 1784), married in 1727 Duke Antonio Ferrante Gonzaga (1687–1729), no children.
Leopold (1708–1764), Imperial Field marshal, married in 1740 Enrichetta d'Este from Modena (1702–1777)
Charles (1710-1710)

Literature 
 Andreas Räss: Die Convertiten seit der Reformation S. 467 ff. 
 Alfred Arneth: Prinz Eugen von Savoyen, Wien, 1864

References

Other websites 
 www.geneall.net

1671 births
1736 deaths
German generals
Governors
Mantua
People from Darmstadt
Sean Patrick Hayes (born January 4, 1963) is an American actor, comedian, and producer.  He is best known for his role as Jack McFarland on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace. During the series he won an Emmy Award, four SAG Awards, and one American Comedy Award, and earned six Golden Globe nominations. After Will & Grace he guest starred in programs such as 30 Rock, Portlandia and Parks and Recreation.

References

Other websites
 

1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
Emmy Award winning actors
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT people from Chicago
LGBT producers
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Robert Leopold Spitzer (May 22, 1932 – December 25, 2015) was an American psychiatrist. He was a professor of psychiatry at Columbia University in New York City. He was a major figure in the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). He helped remove homosexuality as a mental disorder.

Spitzer was born in White Plains, New York. He studied at Cornell University and at New York University School of Medicine. He worked at Columbia University until his retirement in 2010. Spitzer died of heart disease at his home in Seattle, Washington at the age of 83.

References

Other websites
 Psychiatrist Robert Spitzer, Hero and Villain to Gay Rights Movement, Dies at 83 

1932 births
2015 deaths
Cornell University faculty
Cornell University alumni
American psychiatrists
Scientists from New York (state)
People from White Plains, New York
Mujaddid () in Islam is a reformer who is given the task of removing errors that have occurred among Muslims. Their job is to show people the great religious truths which the Muslim community will be asked to face. According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of  extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.

Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among vatious hadith specialists. Scholars and historians like Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people.
The Arabic word mujaddid means "reformer", "renovator", "reviver", "renewer" or "regenerator". It is someone who revives and renovates the religion. The concept of tajdid (renewal or revival) and the term mujaddid come rather from a hadith, a statement of the Prophet Muhammad. This hadith was written down by Abu Dawood in his Sunan, one of the six authoritative Sunni collections of the Prophet's statements. In this hadith, the Prophet says:

This means reform is in the essential nature of Islam and Muslims are called all the time to work hard to make new ideas cope with tradition. It also means that not everything in the Muslim tradition is useful and good for this modern age; there are certain things that were possible in the past but are no longer relevant today. Slavery would be a prime example.
The concept of tajdid in Islamic thought 
Tajdid (renewal) in Islamic thought means renewing the ideology representing the intellectual product of Muslims in the fields of science, knowledge and ijtihad to interpret Islam and understand and explicate its rulings.

Al-Suyuti mentioned in his book Al-Jami' al-Sagheer, "Renewing religion means renewing its guidance, clarifying its truth and precedence, refuting the innovations and extremism presented to its followers or their reluctance in upholding it, and following its rules in managing the interests of the people and the law of society and civilization."

Among the most manifest aspects of tajdid (renewal) in Islamic thought is the renewal of Islamic sciences as follows:
 The science of Islamic doctrine.
 The Principles of Islamic jurisprudence.
 The science of Jurisprudence.
 The science of the sunnah.
 The science of Qur'anic exegesis (tafsir).
 The science of Purification and Code of Conduct (Sufism).
 The biography of the Prophet and Islamic history.
Mujaddids can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders.

The reformers in Islam
There is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid. The persons of this list are claimed to be Mujaddid.

While there is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus.

1th Century AH
 Al-Hasan al-Basri (21–110 AH/642–728 AD)
 Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (63–101 AH/682–720 AD)
 Abu Hanifah (80–150 AH/702–772 AD)
 Malik ibn Anas (93–179 AH/711–795 AD)

2th Century AH
 Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i (150–204 AH/767–820 AD)
 Ahmad ibn Hanbal (164–241 AH/781–855 AD)

3th Century AH
 Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (260–324 AH/873–935 AD)
 Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (238–333 AH/852–944 AD)
 Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi (239–321 AH/853–933 AD)
 Ibn Surayj (249–306 AH/864–918 AD)
4th Century AH
 Abu Bakr al-Baqillani (338–403 AH/950–1013 AD)
 Ibn Furak (330–406 AH/941–1015 AD)
 Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (321–405 AH/933–1014 AD)
 Abu Hamid al-Isfarayini (344–406 AH/955–1015 AD)
 Abu al-Tayyib Sahl al-Sa'luki (0–404 AH/0–1013/14 AD)
 Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi (384–456 AH/994–1064 AD)
 Abu al-Ma'ali al-Juwayni (419–478 AH/1028–1085 AD)

5th Century AH
 Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (450–505 AH/1058–1111 AD)
 Ibn al-Jawzi (509/510–597 AH/1116–1201 AD)
 Ahmad al-Rifa'i (512–578 AH/1118–1182 AD)

6th Century AH
 Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (543/44–606 AH/1149–1209 AD)
 Abu al-Qasim al-Rafi'i (555–623 AH/1160–1226 AD)
 Al-Baydawi (0–685 AH/0–1286 AD)
 Al-'Izz ibn 'Abd al-Salam (577–660 AH/1181/82–1262 AD)

7th Century AH
 Ibn Daqiq al-'ld (625–702 AH/1228–1302 AD)
 Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Sakandari (658–709 AH/1259–1309 AD)
 Ibn Battuta (703–779 AH/1304–1377 AD)
 Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (720–790 AH/1320–1388 AD)
 Al-Taftazani (722–793 AH/1322–1390 AD)
8th Century AH
 Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (724-805 AH/1324-1403 AD)
 Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi (725-806 AH/1325-1404 AD)
 Ibn Khaldun (732-808 AH/1332-1406 AD)

9th Century AH
 Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (849–911 AH/1445–1505 AD)
 Zakariyya al-Ansari (823–926 AH/1420–1520 AD)

10th Century AH
 Shams al-Din al-Ramli (919–1004 AH/1513–1596 AD)
 Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (993–1081 AH/1585–1671 AD)
 Ahmad Sirhindi (971–1034 AH/1564–1624 AD)

11th Century AH
 Aurangzeb (1068–1118 AH/1658–1707 AD)
 'Abdallah ibn 'Alawi al-Haddad (1044–1132 AH/1634–1719 AD)
 Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1114–1176 AH/1703–1762 AD)

12th Century AH
 Murtada al-Zabidi (1145–1205 AH/1732–1791 AD)
 Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba (1160–1224 AH/1747–1809 AD)
 Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlawi (1159–1239 AH/1746–1824 AD)

Thirteenth Century (November 14, 1882)
 Imam Ahmad Raza
 Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)
 Said Nursî (1878–1960)

Controversial figures 
 Ibn Taymiyyah (661–728 AH/1263–1328 AD)
 Usman dan Fodio (1167–1233 AH/1754–1817 AD)
 Al-Albani (1332–1420 AH/1914–1999 AD)
References 
 Tuhfat al-Muhtadin bi Akhbar al-Mujaddidin () by Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti.
 Mausu'at A'lam al-Mujaddidin fi al-Islam () by Samih Kurayyim.
 Mujaddid - Islamic Encyclopedia

Other websites 
 Concept of a Mujaddid and the past and present ones

Arabic words and phrases
Islamic religious leaders
Eleanor Coen (October 21, 1916 – July 9, 2010) was an American painter. She was born in Normal, Illinois. Coen worked at the Art Institute of Chicago. Coen's work is displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and Art Institute of Chicago.

Coen died of heart failure at the age of 93 in Evanston, Illinois.

References

1916 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American painters
Artists from Illinois
People from Normal, Illinois
Martin Bell (born January 16, 1943) is an American movie director. He was best known for his movies such as Streetwise and American Heart. His career began in 1971 wile making short movies. He was married to Mary Ellen Mark until her death in 2015.

References

Other websites

1943 births
Living people
American movie directors
Aaron Temkin Beck (July 18, 1921 – November 1, 2021) was an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania.  He was thought to be as the father of cognitive therapy, and his theories are widely used in the treatment of clinical depression.

Early life
Beck was born in Providence, Rhode Island to a family of Russian Jewish immigrants. He studied at Brown University and at Yale Medical School.

Career
Beck also developed self-report measures of depression and anxiety including Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale, Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Youth Inventories. Beck is known for his research in psychotherapy, psychopathology, suicide, and psychometrics, which led to his creation of cognitive therapy and the BDI, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring depression severity.
Beck worked with psychologist Maria Kovacs in the creation of the Children's Depression Inventory, which used the BDI as a model.  Beck's work at the University of Pennsylvania inspired Martin Seligman to create his own cognitive techniques and exercises, and later work on learned helplessness.

Beck is the President Emeritus of the non-profit Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and the Honorary President of the Academy of Cognitive Therapy, which certifies qualified cognitive therapists.

Personal life
Beck married judge Phyllis W. Beck in 1950. Together, they had four children. He lived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Beck turned 100 on July 18, 2021 and died later in the year on November 1 at his home in Philadelphia.
More reading
Beck, A.T., & Haigh, E. A.-P. (2014).  Advances in Cognitive Theory and Therapy: The Generic Cognitive Model. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. DOI 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734
Beck, A.T. (1967).  The diagnosis and management of depression. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 
Beck, A.T. (1972).  Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. 
Beck, A.T. (1975).  Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. Madison, CT: International Universities Press, Inc. 
Beck, A.T., Rush, A.J., Shaw, B.F., & Emery, G. (1979).  Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

References
References

Other websites
Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research
Cognitive Therapy Today (Beck Institute's Blog)
Academy of Cognitive Therapy 
Centro de Psicología Aaron Beck España
 The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health
 Charlie Rose interview of Aaron T. Beck and others (video) 
 Aaron T. Beck interviewed by daughter Judith Beck (video)

1921 births
2021 deaths
American centenarians
American psychiatrists
Scientists from Philadelphia
Scientists from Rhode Island
Academics from Pennsylvania
Writers from Providence, Rhode Island
Writers from Philadelphia
Educators from Philadelphia
Ralph Deleon Guerrero Torres (born August 6, 1979) is an American Republican politician from Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands. He was the 9th Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands from the death of governor Eloy Inos on December 28, 2015 until January 9, 2023. He previously served as the 10th Lieutenant Governor. He was elected to this position in the 2014 election. He lost re-election in 2022 to Arnold Palacios.

References

1979 births
Living people
Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Lieutenant Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
Sir William Waad (also Wade or Wadd) (1546 - 1623) was an English diplomat and administrator. He served as a special diplomatic agent for Elizabeth I of England. She sent him to France to collect papers which were used to convict her sister, Queen Mary. Waad also carried out the questioning and interrogations of political prisoners, often using torture to get the answers. He was involved in questioning Sir Walter Raleigh, members of the Gunpowder Plot, and the Essex rebellion among others.

References

1546 births
1623 deaths
English politicians
Carlos Antonio Romero Barceló (September 4, 1932 – May 2, 2021) was a Puerto Rican politician. He served as the fifth Governor of Puerto Rico. He was the second governor to be elected from the New Progressive Party (PNP) and also Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico from 1993 to 2001.

On July 3, 2017, he was appointed by Governor Ricky Rosselló as Puerto Rico's first United States Shadow Senator to the U.S. Senate.

Romero Barceló was hospitalized in San Juan, Puerto Rico in March 2021 for sepsis and a urinary tract infection. He died a month later on May 2, 2021 at the age of 88.

References

Other websites

Hispanic Americans in Congress: Carlos Romero-Barceló
The National League of Cities

Movie: "Bajo otra Bandera" made 1997.

1932 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from sepsis
Deaths from urinary tract infection
Infectious disease deaths in Puerto Rico
United States senators
Governors of Puerto Rico
Mayors of San Juan, Puerto Rico
A coronagraph is a telescope to see things around the Sun. The telescope uses a disk to block the bright surface of the sun, exposing bright objects around the sun to be visible to human eyes.

References

Astronomy
Tools
James Braid (1795 - 1860) was a Scottish surgeon and hypnotist.

He was born in Portmoak, Scotland. He died in of an illness in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester.

Research on hypnotism
Braid saw a demonstration of mesmerism by Charles Lafontaine in 1841 and began to explore and research the subject for himself. He argued that the trance like state that a person went into, which he called hypnotism, was a state of mind. He said it was not caused by the transferring "mesmeric fluid" or "animal magnetism". He believed a hypnotic state could be caused by having a person stare at a small bright object. When a person was in a hypnotic state, they could be given suggestions which they did not remember when fully awake. He also noted changes in pulse and blood circulation, which he believed were able to cure some illnesses. He began using hypnotism and suggestion as way of treating some of his patients.
His ideas were later developed by a group of doctors in Paris, who were called "Braidists". Led by the neurologist J. M. Charcot, their work made it scientifically acceptable to study hypnotism.

Books and articles
Braid wrote a book and several articles about his research and his ideas:
 Neurypnology, or, The Rationale of Nervous Sleep (1843).
 The Power of the Mind over the Body (1846).
 Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology (1852).
 Hypnotic Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases (1853).

References

1795 births
1860 deaths
British neurologists
Scottish scientists
Scottish medical doctors
Norman Colin Dexter, OBE, (29 September 1930 – 21 March 2017) was an English crime writer. He was known for his Inspector Morse novels, which were written between 1975 and 1999 and adapted as a television series from 1987 to 2000.

In 2000 Dexter was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to literature. In 2001 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Oxford.

Dexter died in his sleep at his home in Oxford on 21 March 2017, aged 86.

References

Other websites
 

1930 births
2017 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
English novelists
Writers from Lincolnshire
Crime writers
Sheila Mercier (1 January 1919 – 4 December 2019) was an English actress. She was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. She played Annie Sugden in Emmerdale for over 20 years between 1972 and 1994, she made 3 further appearances in 1995, 1996 and 2009.

References

Other websites

1919 births
2019 deaths
Actors from Yorkshire
British military personnel of World War II
English television actors
People from Kingston upon Hull
English centenarians
The Buick Rendezvous was a midsize crossover SUV. It was built by General Motors from 2002 to 2007. The Rendezvous was built on a short wheelbase of the GM U platform similar to the Pontiac Aztek. It slotted between the Rainier and the Terraza. From 2002 to 2006, it offered the option of front-wheel-drive or all-wheel drive. This was dropped for the final model year. The Rendezvous was later discontinued due to a drop in sales and replaced by the slightly larger Buick Enclave CUV which also replaced the Rainier and Terraza.

Other websites

2000s automobiles
Rendezvous
Sport utility vehicles
Stuck in the Middle is a Disney Channel Original Series. It was created by Alison Brown and executive producer Linda Videtti Figueiredo. The series stars Jenna Ortega as Harley Diaz. The series aired on February 14, 2016. The main character of the show is one year older than Lincoln Loud from The Loud House.

Plot 
The series is about a family of 9, seen through the point of view of Harley Diaz, a 12-year-old inventor who just so happens to be the middle kid in a large family,

Cast 
 Jenna Ortega as Harley Diaz
 Ronni Hawk as Rachel Diaz
 Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz
 Isaak Presley as Ethan Diaz
 Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz
 Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz
 Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz
 Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz
 Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz

Release 
The Disney Channel series Stuck in the Middle started airing on February 14, 2016. The series premiered on March 11, 2016. Production began on November 30, 2015.
Episodes 
 Ariana Greenblatt, Kayla Maisonet, Nicolas Bechtel, Malachi Barton, Cerina Vincent, and Joe Nieves are absent for three episodes each.

References

Other websites 

2010s American television series
American sitcoms
Disney Channel television series
Television series by Disney
English-language television programs
2016 television series debuts
2018 television series endings
Budō is a Japanese term describing modern Japanese martial arts. Budō, which means "the martial ways", has its origins in bushidō, "the way of the warrior". The budō arts include aikido, judo, jūkendō, Kendo, Kyūdō, naginata, shorinji kempo and sumo. In battle, budō teaches defense with the ideas of nonviolence and spiritual enlightenment. Originally designed for warfare, budō became a way of self-defense. From his book Meditations on Violence, Rory Miller wrote:
"It is better to avoid than to run; better to run than to de-escalate; better to de-escalate than to fight; better to fight than to die. Budō is based on the principles of Zen. The term budō is often used in another sense to refer to specific martial arts such as Akai Budo, Judo and Kendo.

References 

Japanese martial arts
Spirituality
A rearguard is a part of a military force that protects the main force from attack from the rear. This is either during an advance or withdrawal. The term can also be used to describe forces protecting lines of communication behind an army. In modern armies the rearguard may be used to delay an enemy, to keep supply routes open or may also gather intelligence on an enemy approaching from the rear. One of the best recorded examples of a rearguard action is found in The Song of Roland. It is based on the historical events of the attack on the rearguard of Charlemagne's army in the Pyrenees. It was written in the 11th century, three hundred years after it happened.

References 

Military terminology
Military tactics
The Song of Roland () is an epic poem based on the Battle of Roncevaux in 778 during the reign of Charlemagne. It is the oldest surviving major piece of French literature. It exists in different manuscript versions which shows its great popularity in from the 12th to 14th centuries.

The date of poem is somewhere between 1040 and 1115. An early version began around 1040. Additions and changes were made up until about 1115. The final text has about 4,000 lines of poetry. These are further divided into 298 poetic units called laisses. It was written to be performed, possibly to music. The author of the poem is unknown.

The epic poem is the oldest example of the chanson de geste. This was a literary form popular between the 11th and 15th centuries. It was all about legendary deeds and heroes.
Historical event 
The poem is about an actual historical event that happened centuries earlier. In 778 Charlemagne invaded Spain. On his way through the Pyrenees he looted and plundered Basque lands. He found little resistance in Spain until he reached the city of Zaragoza. Charlemagne demanded they surrender. The city governor, Hussain Ibn al-Ansari, refused. Charlemagne then laid siege to the city but with little success. Finally the governor paid Charlemagne a large amount of gold in return for Charlemagne's army leaving the area. Charlemagne had a pending Saxon revolt at home so he needed little persuasion to leave.
As Charlemagne marched north back to France he again passed through Basque territory. His large army was deep in the Pyrenees in a long column on August 15, 778. His rearguard was commanded by Roland, one of Charlemagne's most trusted leaders. The rearguard was attacked starting the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The Basques using their knowledge of the terrain were able to overcome the Frankish rearguard. But their job was to protect the main army so they fought to the last man. The Basques plundered the baggage trains and captured the gold Charlemagne was paid at Zaragoza. Before the Frankish army could turn to fight the Basques, they had gone. Roland and his men died as heroes.

Main characters in the poem
Baligant
Blancandrin
Bramimonde
Charlemagne
Ganelon
King Marsile
Naimon
Oliver
Roland
Turpin

References

Other websites 
Song of Roland

Epic poems
11th-century works
Chumar is a place in the provences of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The area is claimed by both China and India. According to China's Ministry of Defence "the two countries’ border, to this day, has not been designated". The problem is that for centuries, the sparsely inhabited mountainous region existed as a buffer zone between empires. A border war broke out in 1962 that has to date killed thousands of soldiers. The tension between the two countries has come and gone but is now raised again.

References 
 

Territorial disputes of India
Jammu and Kashmir
Elżbieta Maria Krzesińska née Duńska (November 11, 1934 – December 29, 2015) was a Polish track and field athlete from Warsaw.

She competed in the long jump. She competed for her native country at the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia where she won the gold medal in the Women's Long Jump.  She returned to the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome but failed to defend her title, finishing second behind Soviet Vera Krepkina.

Krzesińska died after a long-illness at her home in Warsaw at the age of 81.

References

1934 births
2015 deaths
1952 Summer Olympics
Polish long jumpers
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Polish Olympic gold medalists
Polish Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Warsaw
Pavel Srníček (10 March 1968 – 29 December 2015) was a Czech professional footballer. He played as a goalkeeper from 1990 to 2007, mainly for Newcastle United. 

He represented Sheffield Wednesday,  Portsmouth and West Ham United in England, and also played in Italy for Brescia and Cosenza, in Portugal for Beira-Mar, and in his native country for Banik Ostrava. After retiring, he worked as a goalkeeping coach for his own private school and for Sparta Prague.

Srníček played internationally for the Czech Republic from 1994 to 2001, earning a total of 49 caps. He was part of their squad that came runners-up at UEFA Euro 96, and was their first-choice goalkeeper when they came third at the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup and contested UEFA Euro 2000.

On 4 January 2012, Sparta Prague confirmed the appointment of Srníček to their coaching staff.
Srníček suffered a massive heart attack while out jogging on 20 December 2015. He was put into an induced coma at a hospital in his native Ostrava. He died nine days later at the age of 47, when his life support was turned off due to irreversible brain damage.

References

1968 births
2015 deaths
Czech footballers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in the Czech Republic
Progeria (), also called Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome and HGPS progeria syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder. Children born with progeria show symptoms which are like aging. This can include skin wrinkles and grey hair or baldness. Progeria is one of several progeroid syndromes. The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" (πρό), meaning "before" or "premature", and "gēras" (γῆρας), meaning "old age". 

It is very rare, only 1 child in every 8 million live births. People with progeria usually only live to their mid teens to early twenties. It is a genetic condition that occurs as a new mutation. It is rarely inherited, as people with the condition do not usually live long enough to have children. 

Scientists are studying progeria because it might reveal clues about the normal process of aging. Progeria was first described in 1886 by Jonathan Hutchinson. It was also described independently in 1897 by Hastings Gilford. The condition was later named Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome.
References

Genetic disorders
Syndromes
Birth defects
Anthony George Booth (9 October 1931 – 25 September 2017), later known as Tony and Antony, was a retired English actor. He is best known for his role as Mike Rawlins in the BBC series Till Death Us Do Part.

Booth is the father-in-law of former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair. Blair is married to Booth's daughter Cherie Booth.

Booth suffered a stroke in 2010. He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2004. He died of the disease in London on 25 September 2017 at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
 

1931 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in London
English television actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
Actors from Liverpool
Robert Henry Cerv (May 5, 1925 – April 6, 2017) was a former American baseball player. Before his professional career, he was a collegiate baseball and basketball player at the University of Nebraska. He was born in Weston, Nebraska.

Cerv signed with the New York Yankees in 1950 and was a little-used reserve outfielder on the Yankee teams of the early 1950s. Cerv played for the Yankees from 1951 through 1956, again in 1960, and lastly from 1961 through 1962. He also played for the Kansas City Athletics (1957-1960), Los Angeles Angels (1961), and the Houston Colt .45s (1962).

Cerv died on April 6, 2017 in Blair, Nebraska from a stroke, aged 91.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from stroke
New York Yankees players
Oakland Athletics players
Houston Astros players
Sportspeople from Nebraska
Robin Williams is a British slalom canoeist who competed in the 1980s. He won two medals in the C-2 team event at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a gold in 1981 and a bronze in 1983.

References

British sportspeople
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canoeists
Florida A&M University or FAMU, is a public, historically black university in Tallahassee, Florida. Its official name is Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University.  Florida A&M University was built on the highest of seven hills in Tallahassee.  It opened on October 3, 1887.

It is one of the largest historically black universities in the United States, in number of students. It awards bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees.

FAMU's main campus is in Tallahassee. It is close to the State Capitol and the campus of Florida State University. The university also has campuses in Orlando, Miami, Jacksonville, Tampa and Crestview.

National historic district

 has 132 buildings that spread out over . Part of the campus is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. This is named the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College Historic District.  It was placed on the list on May 9, 1996.
The district is in the center of the campus. In the National Register, it covers . It includes 14 historic buildings and 1 object. One campus building, the old Carnegie Library, is listed separately on the National Register.

On April 18, 2012, the AIA's Florida Chapter put Lee Hall at Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.

References

Other websites 

Florida A&M Athletics website

1887 establishments in Florida
Colleges and universities in Florida
National Register of Historic Places
Tallahassee, Florida
Historically black colleges and universities
Frank James Malzone (February 28, 1930 – December 29, 2015) was an American baseball player. He was a former Major League Baseball third baseman and right-handed slugger who played for the Boston Red Sox (1955–65) and California Angels (1966). He was born in The Bronx, New York.

Malzone died in Needham, Massachusetts of natural causes at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
Baseball Library 

1930 births
2015 deaths
Boston Red Sox players
California Angels players
Sportspeople from New York City
"Over and Over Again" is a song by English recording artist Nathan Sykes. The song was written by Sykes and was released in the United Kingdom on 20 November 2015 as the second single from his debut studio album. The song peaked to number 8 on the UK Singles Chart.

Sykes performed the song live on The X Factor on 22 November 2015.

Charts

References

2015 songs
Kim Yang-gon (; 24 April 1942 – 29 December 2015) was a North Korean politician. He was a member of the ruling party Workers' Party of Korea (WPK). He served as head of relations with South Korea from 2007 until his death, under both Kim Jong-il and later Kim Jong-un. He was born in Anju, South Pyongan Province.

Kim died in a car accident on 29 December 2015, aged 73.

References

1942 births
2015 deaths
North Korean politicians
Road accident deaths
The rufous-tailed lark (Ammomanes phoenicura) is a passerine bird. It is native to India and northeast Pakistan.

References

Other websites

Birds of India
Birds of Pakistan
Passeri
Turpenoids, or isoprenoids, are a large group of organic compounds. They are built of five-carbon isoprene units put together  and modified in thousands of ways.

They are lipids, and are found in all classes of living things. They are the largest group of natural products. About 60% of natural products are terpenoids.

Plant terpenoids are often used for their scent. They are used in traditional herbal remedies. Terpenoids help the scent of eucalyptus, the flavors of cinnamon, cloves, and ginger, the yellow color in sunflowers, and the red color in tomatoes. Well-known terpenoids include citral, menthol, camphor, salvinorin A in the plant Salvia divinorum, the cannabinoids found in cannabis, ginkgolide and bilobalide found in Ginkgo biloba, and the curcuminoids found in turmeric and mustard seeds.

The steroids and sterols in animals are biologically produced from terpenoid precursors.

References 

Organic compounds
Lipids
Bad Orb is a spa town in Hesse, Germany.

References

Other websites 

Towns in Hesse
Spa towns in Germany
Main-Kinzig-Kreis
Astrocytes  are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. They are also known collectively as astroglia.

The proportion of astrocytes in the brain varies. Studies have found that the astrocyte proportion varies by region from 20% to 40% of all glia. 

Astrocytes do many things. They help the endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier, provide nutrients to the nervous tissue, keep extracellular ions in balance. They also help repair the brain and spinal cord after traumatic injuries.

Research since the mid-1990s has shown that astrocytes release Ca2+ ions, and adjust brain functions. Such discoveries have made astrocytes an important area of research in neuroscience.

References 

Cells
Nervous system
Natoli is an Italian surname.

It may refer to:
 Antonino Natoli of Patti (1539-1618), Italian priest
 Giuseppe Natoli (1815-1867), Italian politician
 Prince Giovanni Natoli (died 1633), Italian nobleman
Mangesh Keshav Padgaonkar (Devanagari: मंगेश केशव पाडगांवकर; 10 March 1929 – 30 December 2015) was an Indian poet from Maharashtra, India. He was born on 10 March 1929 in Vengurla, Sindhudurg District in Maharashtra. 

Padgaonkar has 40 publications to his credit. He began writing at the age of 14. The United States Library of Congress has 31 of his publications in their collection. He has also translated works of Kabir and Surdas in Marathi along with Shakespeare's plays The Tempest, Julius Caesar and Romeo and Juliet. In 2008, his translation of the Bible was released.

Padgaonkar died in Mumbai from a short illness at the age of 86.

References

1929 births
2015 deaths
Indian writers
Marathi people
Indian poets
Joe Houston (July 11, 1926 – December 28, 2015) was an American tenor saxophonist. He played jazz and rhythm and blues. He was born in Bastrop, Texas. His career began in the 1940s in Kansas City, Missouri.

Houston formed his own band The Rockets, and moved to Los Angeles in 1952.  He scored his only two chart hit singles in 1952 with "Worry, Worry, Worry" and "Hard Time Baby" both of which peaked at #10 on Billboard's R&B singles chart.

Houston's musical career ended after he suffered a stroke in 2005. He died on December 28, 2015 in Long Beach, California, following a series of strokes, aged 89.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American saxophonists
American jazz musicians
American blues musicians
Musicians from Texas
Musicians from Los Angeles
Musicians from Kansas City, Missouri
The Apgar score is used in medicine.  It is a quick way of measuring how healthy a newborn baby is.

Virginia Apgar invented the Apgar score in 1952.  She was an anesthesiologist, and created the score to measure how babies were affected by anesthesia given to their mothers during childbirth.

Today, the Apgar score is very commonly used by doctors, nurses, midwives, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and other medical professionals.  One of the reasons it is so popular is that doing an Apgar test is very quick.  It usually takes less than a minute, sometimes just seconds.

When an Apgar test is done, five simple things about the newborn baby are checked.  The newborn gets a score of 0, 1, or 2 on each of these give things.  The scores are added up, and the total is the newborn's Apgar score.

"Apgar" is the name of the woman who invented the Apgar scale.  But "APGAR" is also a backronym that stands for the things the Apgar scale checks.  These are Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.
The Apgar score

What the scores mean
The Apgar test is usually done one minute after birth, and again five minutes after birth.  It may be repeated later if the score is low and stays low.  

The main goal of the Apgar score is to see whether the newborn needs medical help.  Usually:
 Scores of 7 or more are normal, and the newborn only needs basic care.
 Scores of 4, 5, and 6 are low.  The newborn may need some medical help, like being warmed up or being given oxygen.
 Scores of 3 or below are dangerously low.  The newborn may need immediate medical help, like CPR or help breathing.

Low scores

If a newborn has a low Apgar score one minute after birth, this does not mean the baby is going to have long-term health problems. This is especially true if the Apgar score is better five minutes after birth.
But an Apgar score that stays below 3 at later times—like 10, 15, or 30 minutes after birth—may show that the newborn has brain damage.  These newborns are a little more likely to have cerebral palsy. However, the Apgar test cannot predict (say for sure) whether a baby will have long-term health problems.

References

Other websites
 (Retrieved from Profiles in Medicine-The Virginia Apgar Papers)

Medicine
Babies
Pregnancy and childbirth
Neheb is listed on the Palermo Stone as a Predynastic ancient Egyptian king who ruled in the Lower Egypt. There is no other evidence of such ruler. Neheb may be a mythical king only remembered in unwritten stories, or may even be completely fictitious.

References

Predynastic Pharaohs
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Douglas Leon Atkins (May 8, 1930 – December 30, 2015) was a former American football defensive end. He played for the Cleveland Browns, Chicago Bears and New Orleans Saints in the National Football League. He played college football at the University of Tennessee under legendary head coach Robert Neyland. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was born in Humboldt, Tennessee. 

Atkins died in Knoxville, Tennessee on December 30, 2015 at the age of 85.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
American football defensive ends
Cleveland Browns players
Chicago Bears players
New Orleans Saints players
Sportspeople from Tennessee
Jerzmanice-Zdrój is a small village in Lower Silesia, Poland. The first time it appeared in sources was in 1253 as Hermanstorph. The village administrator is Edward Janiec.

Jerzmanice-Zdrój was a health resort from 1881, when a doctor from the nearby town Złotoryja made a small place for sick people called "Hermsdorf Bad". This lasted until World War II. After the war, the health resort did not re-open.

Origin of name 
The origin of "Jerzmanice" is unknown. One theory is that this part of the name is a Polish crack from German name "Hermsdorf" or "Hermannsdorf". These names are an earlier name of Jerzmanice-Zdrój. The origin of zdrój is means "spring" or "spa" in English. 

A lot of people do not say "Jerzmanice-Zdrój", only "Jerzmanice". The earlier names of Jerzmanice are: Bad Hermsdorf, Hermsdorf, Hermannsdorf, Hermanstorph, Hermsdorf am Katzbach. In 1946 the name "Jerzmanice Zdrój" was established.
Environment 
The highest point in Jerzmanice is Goleń Hill. It is  above sea level. It is in the valley of Kaczawa.

Education 
The village has a primary school and public library.

Traffic 
Through Jerzmanice run a few streets: DW364 and DW328. The most popular way of travel is private transportation.

Religions 
Most citizens are Roman Catholics, but only  about 20% practise it. Some people are Jehovah's Witnesses or atheists.

Villages in Poland
Lower Silesian Voivodeship
Gino John Marchetti (January 2, 1926 – April 29, 2019) was an American professional football player in the National Football League and businessman. A defensive end, he played in 1952 for the Dallas Texans and from 1953 to 1966 for the Baltimore Colts.

Marchetti was born in Smithers, West Virginia. He was raised in Antioch, California.  Marchetti studied at Modesto Junior College and at the University of San Francisco.

In 2004, Marchetti was voted to the East-West Shrine Game Hall of Fame.

Marchetti died of problems caused by pneumonia on April 29, 2019 at a hospital in Paoli, Pennsylvania at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
 Smith, Don. "Gino Marchetti," The Coffin Corner, Vol. 18, No. 5, 1996. 
 Ravens Nest Baltimore Colts Page 
 Sundays at 2:00 With the Baltimore Colts. ()
 Gallery of Gino Marchetti's football cards
 Klingaman, Mike. "Catching Up With...former Colt Gino Marchetti," The Toy Department (The Baltimore Sun sports blog), Wednesday, October 14, 2009.
1926 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Pennsylvania
American football defensive ends
American military personnel of World War II
Baltimore Colts players
Sportspeople from West Virginia
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Sportspeople from Baltimore
Sportspeople from Dallas
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Businesspeople from Texas
Mekh is listed on the Palermo Stone as a Predynastic ancient Egyptian king who ruled in the Lower Egypt. There is no other evidence of such ruler. Mekh may be a mythical king who is only remembered in unwritten stories, or may even be completely fictitious.

References

Predynastic Pharaohs
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
A reign is the period of time that a monarch (a king, queen, emperor, etc.) rules over a country. It can also be the period of time that a spiritual leader rules in a particular office. For example, the reign of a pope, dalai lama, patriarch etc. A reign can also be used for an office or championship. In many cases a reign lasts until the monarch (or leader) resigns, dies, or is removed. A monarch's reign was sometimes used to mark time officially. In Anglo-Saxon England for example, many royal documents were dated by the regnal year of the king. This lasted until about the 10th century.

Current Longest Reigning Monarchs  
Some of the longest reigning current monarchs are:

Elizabeth II, United Kingdom, 62+ years .
Sikiru Kayode Adetona, Nigeria, 55+ years. 
Hassanal Bolkiah, Brunei, 47+ years.
Margrethe II of Denmark, 42+ years.
Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, United Arab Emirates, 42+ years.
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden 41+ years.
Some of the longest reigning monarchs of all time are:
Sobhuza II, Swaziland, reigned for 82 years, 253 days.
Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe, reigned for 81 years, 234 days.
Bhagvat Singh, ruler of Gondal, India, reigned for 74 years, 87 days.
Louis XIV of France reigned for 72 years, 110 days.

Shortest Reigning Monarchs in History 
Some of the shortest reigns in history are:
Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême as "Louis XIX of France", reigned for 20 minutes.
Dipendra of Nepal, reigned for 56 hours (in a coma).
Dục Đức reigned as Emperor of Vietnam for 3 days.
Lady Jane Grey reigned as Queen of England for 9 days.
Edward V of England was King of England for 2 months, 16 days.
Dafydd ap Gruffydd was the Prince of Wales (last independent ruler) for 6 months, 11 days.

References 

Monarchy