Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The trail was there until 1802, when a turnpike, a type of road, was built over it "for improving and making a road from the west line of the Town of Salisbury in the State of Connecticut to the Susquehannah River at or near the Town of Jericho". The part of the new turnpike east of the Hudson River was sometimes known as the Ulster and Salisbury Turnpike. A plaque was placed in November 1922 at the Beekman Arms Inn. The sign marked the crossing of the Kings Highway (now called US 9) and the Ulster and Salisbury Turnpike.

NY 308 itself was officially made during 1930. The path of the road was changed a bit in the 1960s.

Major intersections

References

Other reading

Other websites

NY State Route 308 Ends 

Roads in New York (state)
Grand Central Terminal (GCT) — often called Grand Central Station or simply Grand Central — is a train station in New York City. Located at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, it is the largest train station in the world by number of platforms.

History
The first station at this site was built in 1871 by the New York Central Railroad at a time when there were many long-distance passenger trains in the United States which most people took to move across the country. Back then it was called "Grand Central Depot". In 1913 the station was rebuilt and given its current name, "Grand Central Terminal", but today many people call it "Grand Central Station". In fact, "Grand Central Station" is the name of the nearby post office, and of a New York City Subway station underneath.
Layout
Grand Central Station covers an area of 48 acres and has 44 platforms on two levels, with 67 tracks along them. There are 41 tracks on the upper level and 26 tracks on the lower level. All of them are built underground at the end of a long tunnel under Park Avenue, where trains have to change from diesel to electric power using a third rail to avoid problems with exhaust. These platforms serve commuters traveling on the Metro-North Railroad to Westchester County, New York, Putnam County, New York, and Dutchess County, New York in New York State, and Fairfield County, Connecticut and New Haven County, Connecticut in the state of Connecticut. By December 2022, the Long Island Rail Road will be extended to a new station at Grand Central, below the existing platforms. Once this happens, Grand Central will have a total of 75 tracks and 48 platforms.

References
References

1871 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in New York (state)
Rail transport in the United States
Transport in New York City
Railway stations in the United States
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks
Samuel P. Taylor State Park is a state park located in Marin County, California. It contains approximately  of redwood and grassland.  The park contains about  of old-growth forest, some of which can be seen along the Pioneer Tree Trail.

References 

State parks in the United States
Marin County, California
1945 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in California
Pedernales is a Dominican city and the capital of the Pedernales province, in the southwest of the country close to the border with Haiti.

Name
The name of "Pedernales" was given to the town when it was founded because that was the name of the river that now is the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic.

Pedernales or silex ("flint") is the name of a hard mineral that is common in the region.

History
Before the conquest of the island by European people, some native groups lived around the place where the city of Pedernales is now. But soon those groups disappeared and very few people came to live here because it is a very dry region.

When the French colony of Saint-Domingue (present Haiti) was created, the Pedernales river was the southern border between that colony and the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo (present Dominican Republic). During those colonial times, some soldiers came here for some time but almost nobody lived here for a long time.
In 1927, the Dominican government brought farmers from other places of the country and made a town for them; the new town was given the name of Pedernales and its first administrator was Sócrates Nolasco who later became a well-known writer.

The town became, in 1938, a municipal district (an administrative division of a municipality in the Dominican Republic) of Enriquillo, province of Barahona.

When the Pedernales province was created in 1957, the town of Pedernales became the capital of the new province.

Population
The municipality had, in , a total population of 14,590: 7,473 men and 7,117 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

Geography
The only rivers in the municipality, and in the province, are the Pedernales river and its tributary Mulito.

Sierra de Bahoruco ("Bahoruco mountain range") is in the northern half of the municipality; its highest mountain, and the highest mountain of the province, is Loma del Toro,  above sea level, in the limits with the Independencia province.
The municipality has a total area of  and has only one municipal district (a subdivision of a municipality): José Francisco Peña Gómez.

The altitude of the city of Pedernales is  above sea level.

The municipality of Pedernales has the Independencia Province to the north, the Barahona Province to the east, the municipality of Oviedo to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the south and Haiti to the west. The city is at about  from the border with Haiti.

Climate
Pedernales has a subtropical steppe/low-latitude semi-arid hot climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: BSh).

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is September with  of rainfall, followed by October with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of  followed by February with an average of .
Pedernales is in a hot region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administrative division
The municipality of Pedernales has only one municipal district:

Economy

Because Pedernales is on the border, the trade with Haiti is important. But the main economic activity is farming, mainly on the mountains, where coffee and beans are important products. Potato, cabbage and other vegetables are produced in the Sierra de Bahoruco.

Fishing is also an important activity in the province, mainly close to the Beata Island, where lobster, conch and several kind of fishes are caught.

Tourism is becoming an important economic activity because there are several beautiful beaches with white sand, like Cabo Rojo and Bahía de las Águilas. There are two of the largest national parks of the country: the Jaragua National Park and the Sierra de Bahoruco National Park.
Mining of limestone to send to other countries and for a cement factory is another important economic activity in the municipality.

References 

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1927 establishments in North America
20th-century establishments in the Dominican Republic
The Mahicans (also Mohicans) are a Native American tribe. They are part of the Northeastern Woodlands. They spoke an Algonquian language. They originally settled around the Hudson River. There was conflict with the Mohawk during the Beaver Wars. As a result, many Mahicans moved to Massachusetts after 1680. They settled with tribes of the Lenape. Mahicans moved later to New York and joined the Oneida for several decades. The remaining descendants moved to northeastern Wisconsin during the 1820s and 1830s.
The tribe's name for itself was Muhhekunneuw, or "People of the River."  In the late 20th century, several tribes wanted their lands in New York back. In 2010, Governor David Paterson made a deal with the Stockbridge-Munsee. They could have some land a build a casino.

Notable members
John Wannuaucon Quinney, diplomat
Bill Miller, musician

References

Native Americans
The Heaviside function, often written as H(x), is a non-continuous function whose value is zero for a negative input and one for a positive input.

The function is used in the mathematics of control theory to represent a signal that switches on at a specified time, and which stays switched on indefinitely. It was named after the Englishman Oliver Heaviside.

The Heaviside function is the integral of the Dirac delta function: H′(x) = δ(x). This is sometimes written as

Discrete form 
We can also define an alternative form of the Heaviside step function as a function of a discrete variable n:

where n is an integer.

Or

The discrete-time unit impulse is the first difference of the discrete-time step

This function is the cumulative summation of the Kronecker delta:

where

is the discrete unit impulse function.

Representations 
Often an integral representation of the Heaviside step function is useful:

H(0) 
The value of the function at 0 can be defined as H(0) = 0, H(0) = ½ or H(0) = 1. In particular:
Related pages
 Laplace transform
 Step function

References 

Mathematics
Yasushi Kita (born 25 April 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||rowspan="4"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||5||0||6||0
|-
|1998||7||0||3||0||0||0||10||0
|-
|1999||3||0||0||0||3||0||6||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||7||0||3||0||2||0||12||0
|-
|2001||7||0||0||0||2||0||9||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Cerezo Osaka||J. League 2||37||2||4||1||colspan="2"|-||41||3
|-
|2003||J. League 1||18||1||5||0||3||0||26||1
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||17||0||1||0||1||0||19||0
|-
|2005||17||3||0||0||5||0||22||3
|-
|2006||11||0||0||0||1||0||12||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|Thespa Kusatsu||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||7||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2008||33||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||34||1
|-
|2009||21||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2010||Gainare Tottori||Football League||||||||||||||||
186||7||18||1||22||0||226||8
186||7||18||1||22||0||226||8
|}
References

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka
Hiroki Kobayashi (born 24 May 1977) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics
|-
|1996||rowspan="5"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2001||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||Tokyo||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="4"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||21||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2004||9||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2005||39||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0
|-
|2006||10||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2007||Rosso Kumamoto||Football League||34||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Roasso Kumamoto||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||18||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2009||10||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
144||0||2||0||0||0||146||0
144||0||2||0||0||0||146||0
|}

References
Tomohiko Ito (born 28 May 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Ventforet Kofu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||6||0||2||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|2000||38||0||4||0||2||0||44||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004||23||0||1||0||4||0||28||0
|-
|2005||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||30||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2010||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
98||0||8||0||6||0||112||0
98||0||8||0||6||0||112||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka
Japanese association football goalkeepers
Descriptive statistics is a branch of statistics. Its aim is to summarize a set of statistical data. The data are usually taken by sampling a population. To picture the way the data are distributed, a histogram may be drawn. The data may be summarized by computing some characterising values, like the "center" of the data, and the "spread". In some cases the different items of data will be grouped and the groups will be described, in some way. 

Statistics
Statistical inference  is the statistical process of drawing conclusions from data. 

Examples would be the randomness of the data, observational errors, sampling variation, and other issues.

Scope
For the most part, statistical inference makes statements about populations, using data drawn from the population of interest by some form of random sampling. The result is some kind of statistical proposition, such as:
 an estimate; i.e., a particular value that best approximates some parameter of interest
 a confidence interval. That is an interval from a dataset such that, under repeated sampling, the interval would contain the true parameter value with the probability at the stated confidence level
 a credible interval; i.e., a set of values containing, for example, 95% of samples would include the true value of the parameter. 
 rejection of a hypothesis
 clustering or classifying data points into groups

References 

Statistics
Ânderson Lima Veiga (born 18 March 1973) is a Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||Guarani||Série A||19||1||||||||||19||1
|-
|1996||rowspan="4"|Santos||rowspan="4"|Série A||16||2||||||||||16||2
|-
|1997||18||0||||||||||18||0
|-
|1998||17||3||||||||||17||3
|-
|1999||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1999||São Paulo||Série A||15||1||||||||||15||1
|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Grêmio||rowspan="4"|Série A||18||1||||||||||18||1
|-
|2001||14||1||||||||||14||1
|-
|2002||18||7||||||||||18||7
|-
|2003||32||8||||||||||32||8
|-
|2004||São Caetano||Série A||33||9||||||||||33||9

|-
|2005||Albirex Niigata||J. League 1||30||8||1||0||5||0||36||8

|-
|2006||São Caetano||Série A||25||7||||||||||25||7
|-
|2007||Coritiba||Série B||25||3||||||||||25||3
250||43||||||||||250||43
30||8||1||0||5||0||36||8
280||51||1||0||5||0||286||51
|}

1973 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Silvio Spann (born 21 August 1981) is a Trinidad and Tobago football player. He plays for Wrexham and Trinidad and Tobago national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||Doc's Khelwalaas||Pro League||||||||||||
|-
|2001||W Connection||Pro League||||||||||||

|-
|2001/02||Perugia||Serie A||0||0||||||0||0
|-
|2002/03||Sambenedettese||Serie C1||3||0||||||3||0

|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|W Connection||rowspan="2"|Pro League||||||||||||
|-
|2004||||||||||||

|-
|2004/05||Dinamo Zagreb||Prva HNL||0||0||||||0||0

|-
|2005||Yokohama||J. League 2||20||3||0||0||20||3

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|W Connection||rowspan="2"|Pro League||||||||||||
|-
|2007||||||||||||

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Wrexham||League Two||9||1||1||0||10||1
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Conference||13||0||2||0||15||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||
||||||||||
3||0||||||3||0
0||0||||||0||0
20||3||0||0||20||3
22||1||3||0||25||1
45||4||3||0||48||4
|}

International career statistics
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||7||0
|-
|2004||8||1
|-
|2005||9||0
|-
|2006||2||0
|-
|2007||5||1
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||6||0
|-
!Total||41||2
|}

References

1981 births
Living people
Trinidad and Tobago footballers
Amir Karič (born 31 December 1973) is a Slovenian football player. He plays for Koper.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1992/93||Rudar Velenje||PrvaLiga||27||10||||||||||27||10
|-
|1993/94||rowspan="4"|Maribor Branik||rowspan="4"|PrvaLiga||20||0||||||||||20||0
|-
|1994/95||28||2||||||||||28||2
|-
|1995/96||21||4||||||||||21||4
|-
|1996/97||25||6||||||||||25||6

|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||5||0||2||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|1998||7||0||0||0||3||1||10||1

|-
|1998/99||Maribor Teatanic||PrvaLiga||11||0||||||||||11||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Maribor Pivovarna Laško||rowspan="2"|PrvaLiga||12||0||||||||||12||0
|-
|2000/01||3||0||||||||||3||0

|-
|2000/01||Ipswich Town||Premier League||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|2000/01||Crystal Palace||First Division||3||0||||||||||3||0

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Maribor Pivovarna Laško||rowspan="3"|PrvaLiga||12||1||||||||||12||1
|-
|2002/03||15||4||||||||||15||4
|-
|2003/04||16||4||||||||||16||4

|-
|2004||Moscow||Premier League||4||0||||||||||4||0
|-
|2004/05||Mura||PrvaLiga||9||3||||||||||9||3

|-
|2005/06||AEL Lemesos||First Division||11||1||||||||||11||1

|-
|2005/06||Koper||PrvaLiga||15||1||||||||||15||1

|-
|2006/07||Anorthosis Famagusta||First Division||2||0||||||||||2||0

|-
|2006/07||Interblock Ljubljana||PrvaLiga||||||||||||||||
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Olimpija Ljubljana||Third League||||||||||||||||
|-
|2008/09||Second League||||||||||||||||
|-
|2009/10||Koper||PrvaLiga||||||||||||||||
214||35||||||||||214||35
12||0||2||0||3||1||17||1
3||0||||||||||3||0
4||0||||||||||4||0
13||1||||||||||13||1
246||36||2||0||3||1||251||37
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1996||3||1
|-
|1997||5||0
|-
|1998||3||0
|-
|1999||9||0
|-
|2000||11||0
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||11||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
!Total||64||1
|}

References 

1973 births
Living people
Slovenian footballers
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Slovenia at UEFA Euro 2000
Slovenia at the 2002 FIFA World Cup
The 2007 floods in the United Kingdom were a series of major floods that happened in many places across the country during June and July 2007.

In Gloucestershire, there was a flash flood from the River Severn and a lot of extreme rainfall. It is estimated that 13 people were killed and nearly all of Gloucestershire was trapped in their homes for the summer holidays. The water was around four foot deep, and it got into most people's homes. The repairs would have cost about 3 thousand pounds per home.
Effects
Primary effects
 In July 2007, thirteen people were killed after the River Severn burst its banks.
 10,000 motorists were stranded overnight.
 Farmers lost crops.
 350,000 people were without running water after the sewage treatment plant was submerged.
 Houses and buildings were flooded and ruined.
 Electricity in Gloucester was shut down.
 Schools and businesses were unable to travel or work and were shut down.
 Significant damage to most properties in the area with nearly 50,000 homes affected, with people losing treasured, personal belongings and made homeless- staying with friends or relatives and 850 families had to stay in caravans, some up to Christmas 2008.
 Infrastructure severely affected, with roads cut off and badly damaged.
On 22nd May water treatment works shut down. The media reporting’s of imminent loss of supplies, meant usage doubled and led to water depletion. By 24 July, 140,000 properties in Gloucestershire had no water supply. Alternative water supplies by bottles, bowsers and tankers had to be used. Water supplies were not fully restored until 1 August.
Secondary effects
 Shops had better business because people needed more supplies.
 £3 billion had to be spent on repairs.
 Some businesses lost income while they had to repair buildings.
 9,000 businesses affected
 More than 180,000 insurance claim

Responses
 People helped each other, creating a sense of community.
 Children were taught in temporary classrooms without books.
 Sandbags were distributed. (25,000)
 200 tonnes of sand used
 Flood barriers were put in place.
 Bottled water was given out.
 5 million liters of water distributed through 85 different places
 People who lost their homes were forced to live with relatives or caravans for up to two years.

Floods
2007 floods
Floods in Europe
July 2007 events
June 2007 events
2007 disasters
Anto Drobnjak (born 21 September 1968) is a former Yugoslavian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="4"|Jedinstvo Bijelo Polje||||5||0||||||||||5||0
|-
|1987/88||||24||7||||||||||24||7
|-
|1988/89||||14||1||||||||||14||1
|-
|1989/90||||27||19||||||||||27||19
|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|Budućnost Titograd||rowspan="2"|First League||31||13||||||||||31||13
|-
|1991/92||17||9||||||||||17||9

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="2"|Red Star Belgrade||rowspan="2"|First League||35||22||||||||||35||22
|-
|1993/94||29||17||||||||||29||17

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="3"|Bastia||rowspan="3"|Division 1||31||12||||||||||31||12
|-
|1995/96||36||20||||||||||36||20
|-
|1996/97||33||18||||||||||33||18
|-
|1997/98||Lens||Division 1||32||14||||||||||32||14

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||18||8||1||0||0||0||19||8
|-
|1999||13||4||0||0||2||1||15||5
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Sochaux-Montbéliard||rowspan="2"|Division 2||18||3||||||||||18||3
|-
|2000/01||14||1||||||||||14||1
|-
|2001/02||Division 1||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|2001/02||Martigues||Division 2||26||9||||||||||26||9
118||49||||||||||118||49
64||39||||||||||64||39
191||77||||||||||191||77
31||12||1||0||2||1||34||13
404||177||1||0||2||1||407||178
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||2||1
|-
|1998||3||1
|-
!Total||6||2
|}

References

1968 births
Living people
Yugoslavian footballers
Montenegrin footballers
Serbian footballers
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Sugiyama was born in Shizuoka on July 4, 1941. After graduating from Meiji University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mitsubishi Motors in 1966. The club won the champion in 1969 and 1973. The club also won 1971 and 1973 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1973. In his 8 seasons, he played all matches except 1 game in 1970 season and he was selected Best Eleven in all seasons. He was also selected "Japanese Footballer of the Year" 3 times (1964, 1969 and 1973).
On May 28, 1961, during Rōnin for university, Sugiyama debuted for the Japan national team against Malaya. He played at 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. At 1964 Summer Olympics, he played 3 games and scored 2 goals against Argentina and Ghana. At 1968 Summer Olympics, he played 6 matches and assisted 5 goals and Japan won bronze medal. In 2018, 1968 Olympics team was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. He also played at 1962, 1966 and 1970 Asian Games. At 1972 Summer Olympics qualification in 1971, Japan's failure to qualify for 1972 Summer Olympics. This qualification was his last game for Japan. He played 56 games and scored 15 goals for Japan until 1971.

After retirement, Sugiyama became a manager for Yamaha Motors in 1974. He led the club to the Japan Soccer League Division 1. He is their longest-serving manager, having led the club from 1974 to 1987.

In 2005, Sugiyama was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.

Statistics
Statistics

|-
|1966||rowspan="8"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||14||11
|-
|1967||14||8
|-
|1968||14||4
|-
|1969||14||1
|-
|1970||13||4
|-
|1971||14||4
|-
|1972||14||3
|-
|1973||18||6
115||41
115||41
|}

|-
|1961||3||0
|-
|1962||6||0
|-
|1963||5||1
|-
|1964||2||1
|-
|1965||4||3
|-
|1966||6||2
|-
|1967||5||4
|-
|1968||4||1
|-
|1969||4||0
|-
|1970||11||1
|-
|1971||6||2
|-
!Total||56||15
|}

References

Other websites

Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association
Japan Football Hall of Fame (Japan team at 1968 Olympics) at Japan Football Association

1941 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
Footballers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in football
Japanese Olympic bronze medalists
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Gallup's List of Widely Admired People is a poll of United States citizens to tell the names of the individuals whom they most admire. It is a list made every year by The Gallup Organization. In December 1999, they produced a list of 18 people from the 20th century who are "most admired":

Mother Teresa
Martin Luther King, Jr.
John F. Kennedy
Albert Einstein
Helen Keller
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Billy Graham
Pope John Paul II
Eleanor Roosevelt
Winston Churchill
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
Mohandas Gandhi
Nelson Mandela
Ronald Reagan
Henry Ford
Bill Clinton
Margaret Thatcher

References 

 Lists of the most admired people for any given year can be found in the respective volume.

Lists of people
There is a rise in average IQ scores since the beginning of measurements. It is called the Flynn effect. The rise in most industrialized countries where IQ testing has long been commonplace is about three IQ points per decade. James R. Flynn described this phenomenon in 1984.

Others supported the claims. They found the rise was mostly due to the test scores of those who scored an IQ below 100. The number of those who were classified as mentally handicapped reduced from year to year. In contrast, the scores of those who got more than 100 did not seem to be affected.

The rise 
IQ tests are re-normalized every so often to hold the average score for an age group at 100. This gave a first hint to Flynn that the IQ was changing over time. The revised versions are standardized on new samples and scored with respect to those samples only. The only way to compare the difficulty of two versions is to have a group of people take both tests. This confirms IQ gains over time.
The average rate of rise seems to be around three IQ points per decade. Today, children go to school for a longer time. They have also become more familiar with testing. It might therefore be expected that the biggest gains occur with school-related content, such as vocabulary, arithmetic or general information. Just the opposite is the case: abilities such as these have had small gains and occasional declines over the years. The largest changes appear  on general intelligence factor loaded (g-loaded) tests such as Raven's Progressive Matrices, instead. For example, Dutch soldiers gained 21 points in only 30 years, or 7 points per decade, between 1952 and 1982.
Some studies focused on the distribution of scores have found that the Flynn effect mainly occurs with lower scores. However, Raven (2000) found that a lot of data must be re-interpreted with respect to the date of birth. Previously, this data had been interpreted to show that many abilities decrease when people get older. This data must now be interpreted to show that many abilities had in fact increased dramatically, as Flynn predicted. On many tests this occurs at all levels of ability. Two large samples of Spanish children were assessed with a 30-year gap. Comparison of the IQ distributions indicated that 
the mean IQ had increased by 9.7 points (the Flynn effect),
the gains were concentrated in the lower half of the distribution and negligible in the top half, and
the gains gradually decreased from low to high IQ.
Some scientists believe these changes are very big. One of them is Ulric Neisser. In 1995 he was the head of a task force of the American Psychological Association, charged with writing a statement on where intelligence research was. He estimates that if American children of 1932 could take an IQ test normed in 1997 their average IQ would have been only about 80. In other words, half of the children in 1932 would be classified as having borderline mental retardation or worse in 1997. Looking at Ravens, Neisser estimates that if you extrapolate beyond the data, which shows a 21 point gain between 1952 and 1982, an even larger gain of 35 IQ points can be argued.  Arthur Jensen warns that extrapolating beyond the data leads to results such as an IQ of minus 1000 for Aristotle (even assuming he would have scored 200 in his day).

Most of the time, the effect is associated with IQ rises. A similar effect has been found with increases in semantic and episodic memory.

References

Intelligence
William Franklin Graham Jr.  (November 7, 1918 – February 21, 2018), better known as Billy Graham, was an American Evangelical Christian minister and evangelist. He was a member of the Southern Baptist Convention. Graham is widely recognized as the one of the most important and most influential preachers of the twentieth century.   He was a spiritual advisor to several U.S. presidents. Graham preached in person to more people than any other American preacher in recorded history. Until 2002, Graham's lifetime audience with radio and television broadcast was more than two billion people. Graham met every United States President since Harry S. Truman. He received many honors including the Congressional Gold Medal and the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Biography

Early life
Early life

Graham was born on November 7, 1918, on a dairy farm near Charlotte, North Carolina. His mother and father Morrow Coffey and William Franklin Graham managed the farm. They were devout Christians and Graham's mother had a big influence on his faith. In 1933 Graham's father forced Graham and his sister Catherine to drink beer until they vomited. This made them hate alcohol for the rest of their lives. The Billy Graham Center says Graham was converted in 1934 during a revival meeting in Charlotte led by local evangelist Mordecai Ham. However, he did not become a member of a local youth group because he was "too worldly". After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936 Graham went to Bob Jones College (now called Bob Jones University).
While he was at college, Graham would often take a canoe to a little island in the river. On that island he would preach to the birds, alligators, and cypress stumps. In 1937, Graham transferred to the Florida Bible Institute (now Trinity College of Florida) where the Florida College in Temple Terrace, Florida now stands. Graham later transferred to Wheaton College and in 1943, graduated from Wheaton in Illinois with a degree in anthropology. While he was at Wheaton College, Graham decided to take the Bible as the perfect Word of God. He accepted this as truth at the Forest Home Christian camp (now called Forest Home Ministries), southeast of the Big Bear area in Southern California. A memorial is there showing where Graham first made this choice.
Family 
In 1946, Graham married a girl who was in a class with him, Ruth Bell. Her parents were Presbyterian missionaries in China. Her father, L. Nelson Bell, worked as a surgeon there. When talking about Bell, Graham said "She looked at me and our eyes met and I felt that she was definitely the woman I wanted to marry." Ruth said that he wanted to please God more than any man she had ever met. They married two months after they graduated from college. After marriage, they lived in a log cabin that she had made. Ruth died on June 14, 2007, at age 87. They had five children together: Virginia (Gigi) Graham Foreman; Anne Graham Lotz; Ruth Dienert; Franklin Graham, and Ned Graham. They also had 19 grandchildren and 28 great-grandchildren.

Ministry

Beginning
Beginning

Graham became a Southern Baptist minister in 1939. Then he took over and organized financing of the radio program "Songs in the Night". Afterwards, he made the baritone, George Beverly Shea director of music in his ministry. The program went well, but Graham left it in 1945. He wished to be a chaplain in the armed forces, but after trying to get in, he came down with mumps, so he had to not enlist. After some time, he recovered in Florida. Then he started Youth for Christ with evangelist Charles Templeton. He traveled all through the United States and Europe as an evangelist.
Hearst intervention
Graham held many revival meetings in Los Angeles in 1949. These revivals are thought to be the time when Graham became a national religious figure. This is because he got help from the powerful newspaper man William Randolph Hearst. Many people believe that Hearst liked Graham for his love of his country. It is also believed that he may have thought that Graham could help with his conservative, anti-communist views. Hearst sent a telegram to his newspaper editors reading "Puff Graham" during Graham's late 1949 Los Angeles crusade. Therefore, one could read much more about Graham now in Hearst's newspaper chain and national magazines. That meant that his crusade event could run for eight full weeks — five weeks longer than planned. Henry Luce put Graham on the cover of Time magazine in 1954.

Middle years
Middle years

Graham had missions in both London and the Madison Square Garden in 1957. The London mission lasted 12 weeks and the New York mission was about 16 weeks. He also led his first crusade in Australia in 1959.
Later years
During the Cold War, Graham was the first evangelist to speak behind the Iron Curtain. During the Apartheid times, Graham would not go to South Africa until the government let all people sit together. He finally preached his first crusade there in 1973, during which he taught that apartheid was not right.

Graham went to China, where his wife Ruth was born. He also appeared in North Korea in 1992. On September 14, 2001, shortly after the September 11 attacks, Graham led prayer at the Washington National Cathedral. President George W. Bush went to this service. On June 24, 2005, he began what he said would be his last North American crusade. On the weekend of March 11 and March 12, 2006 Graham held the "Festival of Hope". It was held in New Orleans, which was recovering from Hurricane Katrina.
Graham said that he had to retire because of his failing health. He had had Parkinson's disease for about 15 years, as well as many other problems. In August 2005, though weak, he used a walker to go to at the start of his library in Charlotte, North Carolina. On August 18, 2007, Graham, aged 88, was treated for intestinal bleeding.

Graham preached Christianity to nearly 215 million people in more than 185 countries and territories. He also preached to hundreds of millions more through television, videos, movie, and webcasts. He went to over 41 evangelistic crusades. He began this ministry in 1947, and kept doing it until recently. He would often use a big area, such as a stadium, park, or a large street to speak at. Groups of up to 5,000 people would often sing in choir at his meetings. Graham would preach the gospel and then invite people to come forward. In 1992, one-quarter of the 155,000 in his Moscow audience came for salvation upon his request.
Graham died on February 21, 2018, at his home in Montreat, North Carolina, at the age of 99, just 259 days before his 100th birthday.

Politics
In politics, Graham was a member of the Democratic Party, but changed to Republican during the presidency of his friend Richard Nixon. Though he did not support people running on politics in general, he gave his support in some cases over the years.

Pastor to Presidents

Graham met every United States President from Harry Truman to Donald Trump. He became close friends with Vice-President Richard Nixon while on a golf course. Dwight D. Eisenhower asked to see Graham while on his deathbed. Graham also worked with Lyndon B. Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, the Bush family, and Barack Obama when he visited Rev. Graham at his home in Montreat, North Carolina where they “had a private prayer.”
Graham played golf with John F. Kennedy, even though Kennedy was a Roman Catholic. Graham spent the last night of Johnson's presidency in the White House. He was also there for the first night of Nixon's. Nixon appeared at one of Graham's revivals in East Tennessee in 1970. It had one of the biggest crowds ever to gather in Tennessee. However, their friendship got weaker because Graham did not approve of Nixon's post-Watergate behavior. They became better friends again. Graham said at that time, "I'm out of politics."

When Graham went to the hospital in 1976, three Presidents called in one day to wish him well: former President Nixon, President Ford, and President-Elect Carter. He was at the start of Reagan's presidency, and gave the speech at George H.W. Bush's presidency. Bill Clinton went to one of Graham's New York revivals in 2005. He also said that he had gone to Graham's revival as a boy in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1959.
Graham spoke at many funerals over the years, but he was unable to do Reagan's on June 11, 2004, because of recent hip surgery. Graham had been Reagan's first choice. Bad health also kept Graham from doing the funeral of President Gerald R. Ford in Washington D.C., on January 2, 2007.

Foreign policy views
Graham spoke against communism. He was in favor of the U.S. Cold War policy, including the Vietnam War. However, in a 1999 speech, he talked about his relationship with the late North Korean dictator Kim Il-Sung. He said that he was a "different kind of communist" and "one of the great fighters for freedom in his country against the Japanese." Graham went on to say that even though he had never met Kim's son and former North Korean dictator Kim Jong Il, he had "exchanged gifts with him." Graham gave a globe covered with doves to the North Korean Friendship Museum.

Controversy

Agreement with Richard Nixon's antisemitism
In 1994, the people read in the diaries of H. R. Haldeman that Graham had talked with President Nixon about "Jewish domination of the media". (H. R. Haldeman worked with Richard Nixon at the White House). Because what Haldeman had written was different from things that Graham usually said in public, most Jewish groups did not really believe it. Graham released a statement that he never spoke "publicly or privately about the Jewish people, including conversations with President Nixon, except in the most positive terms." He said, "Those are not my words." In 2002, however, "Richard Nixon tapes" showed that Graham had talked about it, in the 1970s. This was like Haldeman had written. On the tapes, Graham agreed with Nixon that Jews had control over the American media. He called it a "stranglehold" in 1972.  Graham said "This stranglehold has got to be broken or the country's going down the drain
." When the videotapes were released, Graham said he was sorry for his remarks, saying, "although I have no memory of the occasion, I deeply regret comments I apparently made ... They do not reflect my views, and I sincerely apologize for any offense caused by the remarks." He also said that "If it wasn't on tape, I would not have believed it. I guess I was trying to please... I went to a meeting with Jewish leaders and I told them I would crawl to them to ask their forgiveness."
Ideas about women
In 1970, Graham said feminism was part of a society with fewer rules and that women did not want to compete with men. He also said that a women should be a wife, mother, and homemaker. This idea of the role of women was published in the Ladies' Home Journal. Many people sent letters of protest. The magazine added a section called "The New Feminism" after a sit-in protest at the Journal.

Graham was never alone with any woman except his wife. This was called the Billy Graham rule.

Billy's daughter Bunny said that her father did not allow her and her sisters higher education.

Awards and honors
Awards and honors

Recognition
Between 1950 and 1990, Graham appeared many times on Gallup's list of most admired people. The United States Postal Service has said that he is one of the few Americans, along with the current President, who can get mail that simply says his name and country: "Billy Graham, America". He received the "Congressional Gold Medal" from the United States Congress and the "Presidential Medal of Freedom" from Reagan, America's highest civilian honors. President Bill Clinton and former Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole gave Graham the "Congressional Gold Medal" at a ceremony in Washington D.C., in 1996. The George Washington Carver Memorial Institute has honoured his work to help make better relationships between people of different races.
National day
In 1971, Graham's hometown of Charlotte held a "Billy Graham Day", to which President Richard Nixon came. On May 30, 1999, Graham was invited to speak right before the Indianapolis 500. On May 31, 2007, the $27 million Billy Graham Library was officially started in Charlotte. Former Presidents Jimmy Carter, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton came. In 1990, the band "The Swirling Eddies" gave homage to Graham with its song "Billy Graham" on the album Outdoor Elvis.

Awards
Graham got the "Big Brother of the Year Award" for his work on behalf of children.  He also got the "Templeton Foundation Prize for Progress in Religion" and the Sylvanus Thayer Award for his commitment to "Duty, Honor, and Country."  The "Billy Graham Children's Health Center" in Asheville is named after him. There is a special chair named after him at the Southern Baptist Samford University; the "Billy Graham Chair of Evangelism and Church Growth."

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Billy Graham Evangelistic Association
 Anti-Semitic charges
 Billy Graham Training Center
 Streaming video clip from 1957 event in Times Square 
 New York journalist goes to Graham's crusade and the gay pride march

1918 births
2018 deaths
American Baptist ministers
American Christian writers
Gospel Music Hall of Fame inductees
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Southern Baptist Convention
Television evangelists
Writers from Charlotte, North Carolina
Daubechies wavelets are a family of orthogonal wavelets named after Belgian physicist and mathematician Ingrid Daubechies. They are used in discrete wavelet transform.

Definition 
Scale function coefficients (low pass filter in orthogonal filter banks) must satisfy following conditions ( is length of filter).

 Normalization
  or  (then coefficients must be divided by factor of )
which implies
  or  (then coefficients must be divided by factor of )

 Orthogonality
  for 
 
 Vanishing moments
  for 

There is more than one solution (except case of ). However, it is necessary to distinguish between low pass and high pass filter.

Wavelets are denoted like Dx, where x is either number of coefficients () or number of vanishing moments (). First case of notation (number of coefficients) is more recent and more frequented (e.g. D8 is wavelet with 8 coefficients).
Example 
MATLAB code for enumeration of wavelet with 4 coefficients (denoted as D4).
t = solve(
	'h0*h0 + h1*h1 + h2*h2 + h3*h3 = 1',           % normalization
	'h2*h0 + h3*h1 = 0',                           % orthogonality
	'+(0^0)*h0 -(1^0)*h1 +(2^0)*h2 -(3^0)*h3 = 0', % zero
	'+(0^1)*h0 -(1^1)*h1 +(2^1)*h2 -(3^1)*h3 = 0'  % and first vanishing moments
);

Solutions (low pass filters only):

Related pages 
 Wavelet transform
 Quadrature mirror filter

Harmonic analysis
Digital signal processing
Straight pool, also called 14.1 continuous or simply 14.1, is a pocket billiards (pool) game. It was the common sport of championship competition until faster-playing games like nine-ball and to a lesser extent eight-ball became more popular.  This is the Classic game from the history of pool. The game was especially popular in the United States, and was the subject of the classic 1961 film The Hustler.
Straight pool is well known in the United States, Europe, Japan and the Philippines, but the game has become more obscure elsewhere. Probably the all-time greatest player (by professional statistics), Willie Mosconi, held the record high run, of 526 balls, which stood for 65 years until beaten by John Schmidt, who scored 626 points in a 2019 attempt to break Mosconi's record.

Rules
Rules

The first rack
In the first rack in straight pool (when you place all the balls together before the break), the fifteen object balls (the colored balls) are racked in a triangular frame, usually made from aluminum, wood, or plastic. The center of the ball at the top of the rack is placed over the a spot on the table called the foot spot.  Traditionally, the 1 ball is placed at the rack's right corner, and the 5 ball is placed at the rack's left corner. Other balls are placed randomly. All the balls must touch their neighbors. However, it is considered a courtesy by some players to place a striped ball at the front of the rack. This is because the break is very important and it is believed that a striped ball is easier to hit very precisely.
In most pool games, pocketing a ball and spreading the balls is the aim on the break. Straight pool is different. In it, the goal on the first break shot is to leave the opponent with a "safety". A safety means a situation where they opponent has no good shot. The reason for this is because the call-pocket rule—the rule discussed earlier requiring the player to call the ball they intend to pocket—includes the break shot. For that reason, if you break the balls hard, and even if you pocket many balls, you will not be able to go again unless you called one of those balls in a pocket and it goes into that pocket.
All other fouls during the game have a penalty of a one point deduction. This includes fouling on an intragame rack (a rack after the first rack, which are discussed later). However, a third foul in a row at any time in a straight pool game results in a loss of 15 points. When applying this rule, a foul on the initial break, though it is a loss of two points, is not counted as two fouls. The 15 point deduction is in addition to the one point loss for each foul. Thus, the first two fouls are a loss of one point each, and the third foul in a row is a loss of 16 points: 1 point for the foul, and 15 points for it being the third foul in a row.
Intragame racking
"Intragame racks" refers to all racks after the first rack. As noted previously, straight pool is played to a specific number of points, normally far more than the 15 total points that can be made in the first rack. For this reason, multiple intragame racks are necessary. Intragame racking employs a separate set of rules from those in place at the game's start on the first rack.
To reach the point in time when an intragame rack is needed, the balls are played until only the cue ball and only one object ball remain on the table's surface. At that time, if neither the cue ball or the fifteenth object ball remains in the rack area (or is interfering with racking in the rack area) the fourteen pocketed object balls are racked with no ball placed at the top of the rack, and the rack is placed so that if the top ball were in the rack, its center would be placed over the table's foot spot. Play then continues with the cue ball shot from where it rested, and the fifteenth, non-racked object ball from where it rested prior to racking.
The name "14.1 continuous" is named after this racking method. That is, that fourteen (14) racked object balls and one (.1) separate colored ball are left at the end of each intragame rack. The shooter will then normally try to pocket the unracked fifteenth colored ball, and at the same time have the cue ball smash into the fourteen racked balls, spreading them so that later shots are available, and the player continue at the table.

A number of rules detail what must be done when one or both of the cue ball and fifteenth object ball are either in the rack area at the time an intragame rack is neeeded, or are so close to the intragame racking area, that the racking of the 14 balls cannot be done without moving one of them. The rules also vary depending on whether the cue ball or fifteenth object ball are resting on the table's head spot. These rules are shown on the following chart. Note that in the chart the use of the word kitchen refers to the area behind the table's head string.

References
References

"World Standardized Rules: 14.1 Continuous" , World Pool Billiard Association, 2007. Accessed May 16 2008.

Other websites
WPA World Standardized Rules for straight pool 
"What Killed Straight Pool?" , R.A. Dyer, Billiards Digest magazine (online edition), August 2005; accessed February 15 2007 

Cue sports