Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Lake Van (, ) is the largest lake in Turkey, in the far east of the country.

Akdamar Island is in this lake. Although Lake Van is at  altitude with harsh winters, it does not freeze because it is very salty, except occasionally the shallow northern section.

History 
The lake was the center of the Urartian kingdom from about 1000 BC, and the capital of Urartu, Tushpa, was on the shore of Lake Van (on the site of the medieval castle of Van, west of Van city).

Later the land around the lake was ruled by Armenians. Along with Lake Sevan in today's Armenia and Lake Urmia in today's Iran, Van was one of the three great lakes of the Armenian Kingdom, referred to as the seas of Armenia.

Related pages
Arzashkun

References 

Van
Marmara Region‎
The Kurdish language (Kurdish: Kurdî) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Kurdish people in an area called Kurdistan, including by Kurdish people in parts of the countries Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Kurdish has two main dialects and many subs dialects, the two mains are : Kurmanji and Sorani. It belongs to the same language group as the Iranian languages. Another well-known Iranian language is Persian. It is considered an Indo-European language.

References 

Iranian languages
In Botany, an annual plant is a plant that usually germinates, flowers and dies in one year. True annuals will only live longer than a year if they are prevented from setting seed. Some seedless plants can also be considered annuals even though they do not flower.

In gardening, annual often refers to a plant grown outdoors in the spring and summer and surviving just for one growing season. 
Many food plants are, or are grown as, annuals, including most domesticated grains. Some perennials and biennials are grown in gardens as annuals for convenience, particularly if they are not considered cold hardy for the local climate. Carrot, celery and parsley are true biennials that are usually grown as annual crops for their edible roots, petioles and leaves, respectively. Tomato, sweet potato and bell pepper are tender perennials usually grown as annuals.
Ornamental annuals are often called bedding plants. Annuals are often used in gardens to provide splashes of color, as they tend to have a longer season of bloom than hardy herbaceous perennials.

Examples of true annuals include corn, lettuce, pea, cauliflower, watermelon, bean, zinnia and marigold.

Summer annuals 
Summer annuals sprout, flower and die within the same spring/summer/fall. The lawn weed, crabgrass, is a summer annual.

Related pages
Biennial plant
Perennial plant

References 

 Eduard Strasburger, Peter Sitte, Elmar Weiler, Andreas Bresinsky, Christian Körner: Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen. Heidelberg 2002 (35.). 

Botany
Types of plants
A pea, although treated as a vegetable in cooking, is botanically a fruit; the term is most commonly used to describe the small spherical seeds or the pods of the legume Pisum sativum. This was the original model organism used by Gregor Mendel in his early work on genetics.

The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae like the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), the chickpea, the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and the seeds from several species of Lathyrus.

P. sativum is an annual plant. It is a cool season crop, planted in winter. The average pea weighs between 0.1 and 0.36 grams. The species is as a fresh vegetable, but is also grown to produce dry peas like the split pea. These varieties are typically called field peas.
P. sativum has been cultivated for thousands of years, the sites  of cultivation have been described in southern Syria and southeastern Turkey, and some argue that the cultivation of peas with wheat and barley seems to be associated with the spread of Neolithic agriculture into Europe.

Description

It is a cool-season vegetable crop. The seeds may be planted as soon as the soil temperature reaches 10 °C, with the plants growing best at temperatures of 13 °C to 18 °C. They do not thrive in the summer heat of warmer temperate and lowland tropical climates, but do grow well in cooler high altitude tropical areas. Peas grow best in slightly acid, well-drained soils.

Seed dispersal  
The seeds are dispersed when the pod reaches maturity and bursts open. It scatters the peas over as wide a distance as it is possible for the plant.
Different varieties of peas
Several varieties of P. sativum have been bred. Widely cultivated examples include:
Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon is commonly known as the Snow pea 
Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon ser. cv. is known as the sugar snap pea

Ways of eating peas
Fresh peas are often eaten boiled and flavored with butter and/or spearmint as a side dish vegetable.  Salt is also commonly added to peas when served. Fresh peas are also used in pot pies, salads and casseroles. Pod peas (particularly sweet cultivars called mangetout and sugar peas, or the flatter "snow peas," called hé lán dòu, 荷兰豆 in Chinese) are used in stir fried dishes, particularly those in American Chinese cuisine. Pea pods do not keep well once picked, and if not used quickly are best preserved by drying, canning or freezing within a few hours of harvest.
Dried peas are often made into a soup or simply eaten on their own.  In Japan and other Southeast Asian countries including Thailand, Taiwan and Malaysia, the peas are roasted and salted, and eaten as snacks.  In the UK, marrowfat peas are used to make pease pudding (or "pease porridge"), a traditional dish.  In North America a similarly traditional dish is split pea soup.

In Chinese cuisine, pea sprouts (豆苗 dòu miáo) are commonly used in stir-fries and its price is relatively high due to its agreeable taste.

Some forms of etiquette require that peas be only eaten with a fork and not pushed onto the fork with a knife   .

References
References

Bianchini, F. & Corbetta, F., 1976, The Complete Book of Fruits and Vegetables. New York : Crown Publishers, Inc. .
European Association for Grain Legume Research (AEP). Pea.  .
Hernández Bermejo, J. E. & León, J., (1992). Neglected crops: 1492 from a different perspective, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 
Kafka, B., 2005, Vegetable Love, New York : Artisan, 
Muehlbauer, F. J. and Tullu, A., (1997). Pisum sativum L. Purdue University .
Oelke, E. A., Oplinger E. S., et al. (1991). Dry Field Pea. University of Wisconsin .
Oregon State University (OSU). (2006). Green Peas, Garden Peas, Peas.  .

Other websites

 Sorting Pisum names
 USDA plant profile
 Alternative Field Crops Manual: Dry Field Pea

Faboideae
Model organisms
Vegetables
Under extreme climatic conditions, a biennial plant may complete its lifecycle in a very short period of time (e.g. 3 or 4 months instead of 2 years). This is quite common in vegetable or flower seedlings that were exposed to cold conditions, before they were planted in the ground. This behaviour leads to many normally biennial plants being treated as annuals in some areas.
Flowering can be induced in some biennials by application of the plant hormone gibberellin, but this is rarely done commercially.
Examples of biennial plants are parsley, Lunaria, silverbeet, sweet William, colic weed, and carrot. The pansy is a biennial often grown as an annual. Plant breeders have produced annual cultivars of several biennials that will flower the first year from seed, e.g. foxglove, stock, and hollyhock.

Biennials may be kept alive longer than two years under environmental conditions that prevent them from flowering. Biennial sugar beet was prevented from flowering by not giving it the cold treatment required for flowering. It was kept alive in a greenhouse for 41 months.

References

Other websites 
 Plant life cycles 

Types of plants

he:בוטניקה - מונחים#צורות חיים של צמחים
The Warner Bros. Television Network, commonly called The WB, was a television network in the United States. It was founded by the Warner Bros. film studio and Tribune Company on January 11, 1995. The network was sometimes called "The Frog" because the network's mascot was an animated frog named Michigan J. Frog.

WB series
The WB created many well-known television series. Several of these series are Dawson's Creek, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Charmed, Gilmore Girls, Angel, Smallville, 7th Heaven, and Supernatural.

The WB also had a group of programs aimed at children under the name Kids WB. Kids WB showed mainly animated series, for example, Jackie Chan Adventures, Taz-Mania, Tiny Toon Adventures, Animaniacs, Pinky and the Brain and Batman: The Animated Series.

References

American television networks
1995 establishments in the United States
2006 disestablishments in the United States
The WB
Port Louis is the capital city of the African country of Mauritius. The city is a port on the Indian Ocean. It is the largest city and main port of the country. Port Louis is located in the Port Louis District. The  city has a population of 147,688 people.

History 
Port Louis was founded by the French around 1735. It was used as a place to supply food for their ships travelling around the Cape of Good Hope. The city was named in honour of King Louis XV. The first Governor was Count Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais.

Monuments 

Port Louis has many historic and colonial buildings. One of them is a fortification named Fort Adelaide or La Citadelle. It was built by the British in 1835. Most of the city's architecture can be seen from La Citadelle. Port Louis is surrounded by a mountain range, called the Port Louis Moka Range.  Other famous spots are the Police Barracks known as Les Casernes and the Port Louis Waterfront.
Other things to see in the city include the Caudan Waterfront, Port Louis Bazaar, the Mauritian Chinatown and the old Port Louis theatre. The capital has also three museums which are: the Mauritius Natural History Museum, the Blue Penny Museum and the Mauritius Stamp Museum.

Economy 
The main part of the economy of Port Louis is its port. The port handles all of the international trade for the country.  Clothing and textiles are the major things manufactured in the city. Chemicals, plastics, and pharmaceuticals are made there, and tourism is also important. 

Port Louis is the second most important financial center in Africa after Johannesburg. It is the city with the highest per capita income in Africa.

Demographics
Demographics 

The population of the city is now largely made up of the descendants of people who were hired for labor from India in the 19th century. Slaves were brought to the country by the British and French who colonized the island in the 18th century.  After the end of slavery in 1835, many Indian and Chinese workers were brought to work the land, and take care of sugar cane, at that time used to make rum. 

More than 75 percent of the population are Indians. The rest come from Africa, while a small number have Chinese and Eurasian ancestry.

References 
 Malcolm de Chazal, Petrusmok, The Standard Printing Est., 1951, La Table Ovale, 1979.
 Marie-Thérèse Humbert, La montagne des signaux, Paris : Stock, 1994
 Khal Torabully, Kot sa parol la - Rôde parole, poésie en créole et français, éditions Le Printemps, 1996, Maurice.

Other websites 

 Municipal website 
 Uneso, Ghat and Morne,  

Settlements in Mauritius
National capitals in Africa
Freetown is the capital city of the African country of Sierra Leone. With a population of  951,000 people, it is the largest city in that country. The city is a port on the Freetown Peninsula on the Atlantic coast. The port is a very important part of the economy of Freetown. It handles the main exports of the country. Industries include fish, rice, petroleum, and making cigarettes.

History 
The area was first settled in 1787 by 400 freed former slaves and Black American Loyalists sent from London. Many of these men had joined the British Army because the British promised to free them if they fought the American colonists. Before that time it was said to be a slave market. These people created the 'Province of Freetown' on land bought from local Temne leaders. After many of these original settlers died from disease, it was burnt by the local people in 1790.
The Sierra Leone Company tried to settle the area again in 1792. They resettled Freetown with 1,100 former slaves and Loyalists from Nova Scotia. Many of these people were born in the colonial United States. They were led by former slave Thomas Peters. Around 500 free Jamaican Maroons joined them in 1800.

The city survived being attacked by the French in 1794. In 1800 the people revolted but the British retook control.  From 1808 to 1874, the city was the capital of British West Africa.  The city grew quickly as many freed slaves came to live there. African soldiers who had fought for Britain in the Napoleonic Wars also came to live in Freetown.  During World War II, Britain had a naval base at Freetown.  Descendants of the freed slaves, called Creoles, have a large role in the city, even though they are only a small amount of the population.

The city had much fighting in the late 1990s. In 1998, it was captured by ECOWAS soldiers who were trying to make Ahmad Tejan Kabbah the President again.
Features 
One of Freetown’s most most known features is its famous cotton tree. The cotton tree is said to have been in the same position since colonists came to the area in 1787. At that time, the tree was still a young sapling. It now stands outside the Freetown Museum.

Notable buildings in the city include Freetown Law Courts, the Slave Gate and Portuguese Steps, St John's Maroon Church (built around 1820), St George's Cathedral (completed in 1828), Foulah Town Mosque (built in the 1830s) and the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Cathedral.  Also in Freetown are many beaches and markets, and the Sierra Leone Museum.

The city is the home of Fourah Bay College and the Njala University college.

Lungi International Airport  is the international airport of Sierra Leone. Freetown also has a heliport on Aberdeen Island. It connects the city with the airport.  There is a helicopter, hovercraft and ferry-service from the city to the airport.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Sierra Leone National Tourist Board 
 LiveFromFreetown 
 Cry Freetown 
 FreeTown photos 
 Lungi International Airport 

Cities in Sierra Leone
National capitals in Africa
1792 establishments
Establishments in Africa
Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is a former author and attorney who was the first lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017 as the wife of the 44th president of the United States, Barack Obama. She was the first African American woman to serve as this role. Like many other first ladies, Michelle has worked as a spokesperson for a cause. The cause she supports is better nutrition and exercise for children. She has done work with the Disney Channel and Nickelodeon to support this cause.

Life
Life 

Michelle LaVaughn Robinson was born at Provident Hospital of Cook County in Chicago, Illinois on January 17, 1964. She went to Princeton University and Harvard Law School. She and Barack Obama were married on October 3, 1992, and they have two children, Malia (born July 4, 1998) and Sasha (born June 10, 2001). For a long time, she lived in Chicago with her family. Then, her husband became a junior Senator for the State of Illinois. After that, he ran for President of the United States and won. Michelle became the First Lady of the United States and lived in the White House with her husband and two children. Her husband was elected on November 6, 2012, to a second term as president, so she served as First Lady until January 20, 2017.
On September 17, 2014, Obama visited St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. Kids there asked her questions. She said when she was asked who in her family that she liked to prank the most that her husband was the person, also saying they love to scare each other. Their daughters also try to scare them, but are not good, as their mother claimed. She also said the Truman Balcony is her favorite part of the White House. When asked about what she liked most about being First Lady of the United States, she answered that she enjoyed meeting the Pope and also spoke of being around Beyoncé and her fans at one of her concerts. She showed how excited she was by saying "Oh, my stars!"

In June 2018, she spoke to the American Library Association saying of her time in the White House as having had "no time for mistake".

Family
Family

Michelle Obama's brother, Craig Robinson, is the head coach of the Oregon State University men's basketball team. Her father, Fraser Robinson, was a pump operator for the Chicago Water Department. Her mother Marion Robinson stayed home to raise her and her brother Craig. Her children are Sasha and Malia Ann Obama.

Career
Michelle Obama became a lawyer after graduating from law school. While working at the law firm Sidley Austin, she met her future husband. In 1991, she left the company to work in the mayor's office as an Assistant to the Mayor, then she pursued various jobs outside the city including executive director, associate dean and executive vice president. After her husband’s inauguration, she focused on lifestyle and fitness, and she launched the Let’s Move campaign to eliminate childhood obesity. Her approval rating was 71% in March 2010. (Gale Biography in context)

Books
These books were written or ghostwritten and published by Michelle Obama while she was First Lady and afterwards:
References

Other websites

 Michelle Obama's White House Biography
 

African-American people
African American lawyers
First Ladies of the United States
Barack Obama
American autobiographers
Writers from Chicago
Obama family
1964 births
Living people
Lawyers from Chicago
Fame – The Musical is a musical. Jose Fernandez wrote the book. Jacques Levy wrote the lyrics. Steve Margoshes wrote the music. The musical is based on Fame, a 1980 movie.

The musical premiered in 1980 in Miami, Florida. It opened on the West End in 1995. It played Off-Broadway between 2003 and 2004. The story tells of students in a high school for the performing arts.

Other websites 
 Extensive information from the MTI website 
 Information from StageAgent.com
 Historical production information
 Information on UK productions 
 Information on NL productions 
 Information on NL (language) productions 
 'I'm Gonna Live Forever' - a new version from Fame Forever

Musicals based on movies
West End musicals
1980s musicals
1980 works
The  is the head of the government of Japan as well as the director and chief of the executive branch of the central government. The prime minister appoints the cabinet and wields the power to dismiss any cabinet minister.

The current prime minister is Fumio Kishida since 4 October 2021.

List of prime ministers

Living former prime ministers

Travel 

 Prime Minister's Official Residence
 Japanese Air Force One
 Prime Minister's Official Car
 List of spouses of prime ministers of Japan

References

Notes

Other websites
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Official website
was the 2nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.    Historians consider Emperor Suizei to be a legendary person,  and the name Suizei-tennō was created for him after his death by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

The Gukanshō records that Suizei ruled from the palace of Takaoka-no-miya at Katsuragi in what will come to be known as Yamato province.

Traditional history 
Suizei is almost certainly a legend. The Kojiki records only his name and genealogy. The  Nihonshoki includes Suizei as the earliest or first of .

The Gukanshō records that Suizei was one of the sons of Emperor Jimmu.

During reign of Emperor Suizei, the capital of Japan was at Kazuraki, Yamato.
Events of Suizei's life 
The Kojiki includes a story about how Suizei attained the throne. His older brother supported Suizei because of his courage.

The absence of information about Suizei does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei (509?-571).

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Suizei.

The actual site of his grave is not known.   According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.

Family tree

Related pages 
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References 

Emperors of Japan
À

 was the 3rd emperor of Japan,  according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider Emperor Annei to be a legendary person,  and the name Annei-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No firm dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

The Gukanshō records that he ruled from the palace of Ukena-no-miya at Katashiro in Kawachi in what will come to be known as Yamato province.

Traditional history
Annei is almost certainly a legend. The Kojiki records only his name and genealogy. The  Nihonshoki includes Annei as the second of .

The Gukanshō records that Annei was either the eldest son or the only son of Emperor Suizei.

During reign of Emperor Annei, the capital of Japan was at Katashiha, Kawachi.

Events of Annei's life
The absence of information about Annei does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei (509?-571).

The spirit (kami) of Emperor Annei and the events of his life are enshrined at Annei-tennō-sha at Shirakashi in Yamato province.

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Annei.

The actual site of his grave is not known.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References 

Emperors of Japan
was the 4th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider Emperor Itoku to be a legendary person, and the name Itoku-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

The Gukanshō records that he ruled from the palace of Migario-no-miya at Karu in what will come to be known as Yamato province.

Traditional history
Itoku is almost certainly a legend. The Kojiki records only his name and genealogy. The  Nihonshoki includes Itoku as the third of .

The Gukanshō records that Itoku was the second or third son of Emperor Annei, but the surviving documents provide no basis for making guesses about why the elder brother or brothers were passed over.
During reign of Emperor Itoku, the capital of Japan was at Karu, Yamato.

Events of Itoku's life

The absence of information about Itoku does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei (509?-571).

After his death 
This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Itoku.

The actual site of his grave is not known.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References 

Emperors of Japan
The Coptic Orthodox Church (; ) or Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria is the name for the largest Christian church in Egypt. The Coptic Orthodox Church is an Oriental Orthodox Christian church. Its churches can be found worldwide, where it serves Coptic believers who have emigrated to other countries.

On the 18th November 2012, the Coptic Orthodox Church enthroned His Holiness Pope Tawadros II as the 118th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. His Holiness is the successor to H.H. Pope Shenouda III who died in March 2012 after over forty years as the shepherd of all Copts.

The Church belongs to the Oriental Orthodox family of churches. It has been a separate church body since the disagreement at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD. The Church rejected the new definitions about what Christ is like, introduced at the council.

The Church has daughter churches in Ethiopia and Eritrea, which now elect their own Popes.
The Copts believe that their church was founded in Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist. According to official Egyptian sources, and the CIA World factbook, between five an ten percent of Egyptians are Christians. Over 90% of these are Copts. According to Coptic sources, 12 to 15% of Egyptians are Copts.

References 

Oriental Orthodoxy
Copts
Organizations based in Egypt
Pretoria is one of the three capital cities of the African country of South Africa. It is the executive (administrative) and de facto capital of the country. The other two capitals are Cape Town (legislative) and Bloemfontein (judicial). The city is in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa.

Geography and climate 
Pretoria is between the Highveld and the Bushveld, about 50 km north of Johannesburg in the north-east of South Africa. It is in a warm, well sheltered valley. The valley is surrounded by the hills of the Magaliesberg mountain range.  Pretoria has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa in the Köppen climate classification). Snow is a very rare event. It only snows in Pretoria once or twice in a century.

Demographics 
The city has a population of about 1.9 million people. The main languages spoken in Pretoria include Tswana, Ndebele, Afrikaans, and English.
History 
Nguni-speaking settlers were probably the first people to live in the river valley that later became the location of the city of Pretoria.

Pretoria was founded in 1855 by Marthinus Wessel Pretorius. He was a leader of the Voortrekkers. Pretoruis named the city after his father Andries Pretorius. Andries Pretorius had become a hero of the Voortrekkers after the Battle of Blood River. The city became the capital of the South African Republic (ZAR) on May 1, 1860.

During the First Boer War, the city was attacked in December 1880 and March 1881. The peace treaty which ended the war was signed in Pretoria on August 3, 1881 at the Pretoria Convention.
The Second Boer War (1899 to 1902) caused the end of the South African Republic. After this war, the United Kingdom took control of South Africa. During the war, Winston Churchill was imprisoned in the Staats Model School in Pretoria. He later got free and went to Mozambique. The city surrendered to British forces on June 5, 1900. The war ended in Pretoria with the signing of the Peace of Vereeniging on May 31 1902.

In 1910, Pretoria then became the administrative capital of all of South Africa, with Cape Town the legislative capital. Between 1860 and 1994, the city was also the capital of the province of Transvaal. On 14 October 1931, Pretoria got official city status. When South Africa became a republic in 1961, Pretoria stayed its administrative capital.

Pretoria was at one time seen as "the capital of Apartheid South Africa". This was changed when Nelson Mandela became the country's first black President.
Elon Musk the founder, chairman, CEO and chief technology officer of SpaceX; angel investor, CEO, product architect and former chairman of Tesla, Inc.; owner, chairman and CTO of X Corp.; founder of the Boring Company; co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI; and president of the Musk Foundation. He is the wealthiest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of US$241 billion as of September 2023, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index, and $261 billion according to Forbes, primarily from his ownership stakes in both Tesla and SpaceX

Economy 
Pretoria is an important industrial centre. It has many industries including iron and steel as well as automobile, railroad and machinery manufacture.

Places of interest 

 The National Zoological Gardens of South Africa
 Church Square
 Union Buildings
 Marabastad
 Menlyn Park
Museums 
 Kruger House (Residence of the president of the ZAR, Paul Kruger).
 Melrose House (The Treaty of Vereeniging which ended the Anglo-Boer War was signed here in 1902)
 Voortrekker Monument
 Freedom Park
 Transvaal Museum
 African Window

Nature Reserves 
 Groenkloof Nature Reserve
 Rietfontein Nature Reserve
 Moreletaspruit Nature Reserve
 Fairy Glen Nature Reserve
 Wonderboom Nature Reserve

Stadiums 
 Loftus Versfeld

Other websites 

 Pretoria portal

 
1855 establishments
19th-century establishments in South Africa
1850s establishments in Africa
Reza Alinejad (رضا علی نژاد, born September 21, 1985) is an Iranian at risk of execution for accidentally killing a man in self-defense when he was 17 years old.

He is subject of several human rights campaigns, who protesting against his sentence, because of evidence that his act was a self-defense and he was under age if 18 - his death sentence is a violation of international law, Tehran had signed.

Recently, his case was transferred to Tehran for Head of Judiciary Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi review.

Related pages 
 Delara Darabi

Other websites 
 Stop Child Executions
 Help Reza 
 Save Delara campaing on Reza 

1985 births
Living people
Human rights
Iranian people
A bigot is a person who is intolerant toward those who hold different opinions from oneself. It is often mistakenly thought to be intolerance to the opinions or beliefs of others. Hence, a person who is tolerant of a another person with different opinions or beliefs but is not tolerant of those opinions or beliefs is not a bigot. 

The origin of the word bigot in English dates back to at least 1598, via French. It started with the sense of "religious hypocrite", especially a woman.

The word bigot is often used as a pejorative term against a person who is obstinately devoted to negative prejudices, even when those prejudices are proven to be false.

Forms of bigotry may have a related ideology.
Etymology 
The exact origin of the word is unknown, but may have come from the German bei and gott, or the English by God. William Camden wrote that the Normans were first called bigots, when their Duke Rollo, who receiving Gisla, daughter of King Charles, in marriage, and with her the investiture of the dukedom, refused to kiss the king's foot in token of subjection, unless the king would hold it out for that purpose. And being urged to it by those present, Rollo answered hastily, "No by God", whereupon the king turning about, called him bigot; which name passed from him to his people. This is likely fictional, however, as Gisla is unknown in Frankish sources.

Related pages 

 Anti-Semitism
 Discrimination
 Fascism
 Homophobia
 Misogyny
Misandry
 Nazism  
 Racism
 Religious persecution
 Sexism
 Xenophobia
References
Word Histories And Mysteries: From Abracadabra to Zeus. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004. . p 24.
Ayto, John.  Dictionary of Word Origins: The Histories of More Than 8,000 English-Language Words. New York: Arcade Publishing. 1990.

Other websites
 Etymology of the word bigot

Sociology
Discrimination
Bukkake is when multiple people ejaculate with their penises on a person's face or body at the same time. It comes from the Japanese verb bukkakeru which means "to flood".

References

Sexual acts
Melleruds IF is an association football club in Mellerud in Sweden, established on 29 July 1908. They are in the Swedish 2nd Division: Västra Götaland. They have had some players who have moved into England, most notably Wigan Athletic F.C. player Andreas Johansson. Johansson played for Melleruds between 1993 and 1995.

Other websites
Official website

Swedish football clubs
1908 establishments in Sweden
Lisa Lampanelli (born Lisa Lampugnale, July 19, 1961) is an American comedian.

1961 births
Living people
Comedians from Connecticut
The Detroit Tigers are a Major League Baseball team in Detroit, Michigan. The team plays at Comerica Park. Their manager is Ron Gardenhire, and they are owned by Christopher Ilitch.

The Tigers began as a minor league baseball team in the 1890s. The league was reorganized as the American League, and became a major league in 1901. The Tigers were one of the first teams to have an "official" nickname. They obtained permission from a military group called the Detroit Light Guard, which was known as the "Tigers". That group had fought in the Civil War and the Spanish-American War.
The Tigers have often lived up to their nickname, having great success from time to time. Their most famous player was Ty Cobb, usually regarded as among the very greatest players of all time. The Tigers have frequently played in baseball's post-season games. They have won several World Series, in 1935, 1945, 1968 and 1984. They also played in the World Series in 2006 and 2012, where they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals and the San Francisco Giants, respectively.

References and notes

Other websites
 Official Website

Detroit Tigers
1894 establishments
An oscilloscope (sometimes abbreviated CRO, for cathode ray oscilloscope, or commonly just scope or O-scope) is a piece of electronic equipment that lets you see changes in signal voltage. For example, if you want to see the signal a small electronic timer was producing, you could connect it to an oscilloscope and see.

Usually, it shows a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences (vertical axis). These graphs are plotted with time or of some other voltage along horizontal axis.

Description 

A typical oscilloscope is usually box shaped with a display screen, numerous input connectors, control knobs and buttons on the front panel.  
To aid measurement, a grid called the graticule is drawn on the face of the screen.  Each square in the graticule is known as a division.

Other websites
Other websites 

 Oscillograph 1911 Encyclopædia.
 Online oscilloscope simulation
 Oscilloscope Tutorial 
 The Cathode Ray Tube site
 Digital Storage Oscilloscope measurement basics
 Oscilloscope FAQ
 Oscilloscope Articles & Resources
 Using a Common Oscilloscope 
 Features of handheld Oscilloscope
 Quick and easy tutorial to learn concepts and use. Technical terms explained in clear and simple way.

References 

Laboratory equipment
Electronics
Measuring tools
Machines
Girl Scout cookies are cookies that the Girl Scouts of the USA sell. They come in many different flavors. Buying Girl Scout Cookies helps the Girl Scouts out because it gives them money as well as helps teach them important lessons in life.

Cookies
Nancy Drew is a fictional character. She is the main character in a series of chapter books called Nancy Drew Mystery Stories. Her books were written in the 1930s by Edward Stratemeyer, founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate. The first writings in The Nancy Drew Mystery Stories were written by Mildred A. Wirt Benson, and changed by Harriet Adams, Edward's daughter. Nancy Drew's birth year is 1914 and she is 18 years old in the books.
Nancy Drew lives in the fictional River Heights with her father, Carson Drew. Their housekeeper, Hannah Gruen, has acted like a mother to Nancy, ever since Nancy's mother died when she was three years old. Nancy has a few close friends that appear in the book series and some of them in the computer games. When the book series first begins, Nancy's best friend is Helen Corning, who is a few years older than Nancy. A few books later, some new friends are introduced. Nancy's two best friends in the later books are Bess Marvin and George Fayne, the latter two being cousins. Ned Nickerson, Nancy's boyfriend, first appears in the book, The Clue in the Diary. Bess, George, and Ned all appear in the computer games and Helen Corning is never mentioned.
The Book Series 
The books were originally written in the 1930s. Through the years, the books have been changed slightly. There are currently 54 books documenting the teen's fictional mysteries.
Secret of the Old Clock (1930)
Hidden Staircase (1930)
Bungalow Mystery (1930)
Mystery at Lilac Inn, the (1930)
Secret of Shadow Ranch, the (1931)
Secret of Red Gate Farm, the (1931)
Nancy's Mysterious Letter (1932)
Clue in the Diary, the (1932)
Sign of the Twisted Candles, the (1933)
Password to Larkspur Lane, the (1933)
Clue of the Broken Locket, the (1934)
Message in the Hollow Oak, the (1935)
Mystery of the Ivory Charm, the (1936)
Whispering Statue, the (1937)
Haunted Bridge, the (1937)
Clue of the Tapping Heels, the (1939)
Mystery of the Brass-Bound Trunk (1940)
Mystery at the Moss-Covered Mansion, the (1941)
Quest of the Missing Map, the (1942)
Clue in the Jewel Box, the (1943)
Secret in the Old Attic, the (1944)
Clue in the Crumbling Wall, the (1945)
Mystery of the Tolling Bell, the (1946)
Clue in the Old Album, the (1947)
Ghost of Blackwood Hall, the (1948)
Clue of the Leaning Chimney, the (1949)
Secret of the Wooden Lady, the (1950)
Clue of the Black Keys, the (1951)
Mystery at the Ski Jump, the (1952)
Clue of the Velvet Mask, the (1953)
Ringmaster's Secret, the (1953)
Scarlet Slipper Mystery, the (1954)
Witch Tree Symbol, the (1955)
Hidden Window Mystery, the (1956)
Haunted Showboat, the (1957)
Secret of the Golden Pavilion, the (1959)
Clue in the Old Stagecoach, the (1960)
Mystery of the Fire Dragon, the (1961)
Clue of the Dancing Puppet, the (1962)
Moonstone Castle Mystery, the (1963)
Clue of the Whistling Bagpipes, the (1964)
Phantom of Pine Hill, the (1965)
Mystery of the 99 Steps, the (1966)
Clue in the Crossword Cipher, the (1967)
Spider Sapphire Mystery, the (1968)
Invisible Intruder, the (1969)
Mysterious Mannequin, the (1970)
Crooked Bannister, the (1971)
Secret of Mirror Bay, the (1972)
Double Jinx Mystery, the (1973)
Mystery of the Glowing Eye, the (1974)
Secret of the Forgotten City, the (1975)
Phantom of Venice, the (1975)
Sky Phantom, the (1976)
Strange Message in the Parchment, the (1977)
Mystery of Crocodile Island (1978)
Thirteenth Pearl, the (1979)
Nancy Drew Games
These are the Nancy Drew Games that were made by Her Interactive. The games are rated "E" (Everyone) by the ESRB.
Secrets Can Kill (1998)
Stay Tuned for Danger (1999)
Message in a Haunted Mansion (2000)
Treasure in the Royal Tower (2001)
The Final Scene (2001)
Secret of the Scarlet Hand (2002)
Ghost Dogs of Moon Lake (2002)
The Haunted Carousel (2003)
Film and Television Versions
There have been various film and television versions made about Nancy Drew.

In June 2007, Nancy Drew was released.  It was rated PG and starred Emma Roberts as Nancy Drew and Nick Palatas as Nancy's brother Greg Drew.
In 2002, Nancy Drew was released as a made-for-TV movie.  It starred Maggie Lawson as Drew.
In 1996, a TV series titled Nancy Drew came out.  It was made in France and ran for 13 episodes.
From 1977 to 1979, the television series The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries'' ran. For season one and part of season two, Nancy Drew was played by Pamela Sue Martin and, for the other part of season two, by Janet Louise Johnson.

Other websites 
Her Interactive  - Official site of the one who makes the computer games
Internet Book List  - List of published Nancy Drew Mystery Stories

Characters in written fiction
Series of books
American children's books
Arthur Abraham (born Avetik Abrahamyan on 20 February 1980 in Yerevan, Armenia) is a professional boxer.  He was the IBF middleweight champion from 2005 to 2009.  He won the vacant title on December 10, 2005, in Leipzig, Germany, beating Kingsley Ikeke, by a fifth-round knockout.

Arthur changed his weight class to compete at super middleweight.

Abraham trains under Ulli Wegner in Berlin, Germany and is managed by Wilfried Sauerland.

Titles in boxing

Amateur career 
International:
1997 International Light Welterweight German Champion
2000, 2001 and 2002 Senior Light Middleweight Armenian Champion

Professional career 
Major World Titles:
IBF Middleweight Champion (160 lbs)

Regional/International Titles:
WBA Inter-Continental Middleweight Champion (160 lbs)
WBF Intercontinental Middleweight Champion (160 lbs)
WBO European Super Middleweight Champion (168 lbs)

References

Other websites 
Official Website 
Boxing record
Arthur Abraham's Myspace Page
Arthur Abraham's career record
Armenian boxers
People from Yerevan
Living people
1980 births
The International Boxing Federation, or IBF, is one of many organizations which sanction world championship boxing bouts, alongside the WBA, WBC, WBO, and a dozen or so others.

Other websites 
 Official Site

organizations
International sports organizations
Vic Darchinyan (, born January 7, 1976, in Vanadzor, Armenia) is the former IBF flyweight champion. He is a left-handed boxer who currently trains under Billy Hussein, brother of boxers Nedal and Hussein Hussein. He was previously trained by former three-division world champion Jeff Fenech in Sydney, Australia.

Other websites 
Official website 
Vic Darchinyan's career record 

Armenian boxers
Living people
1976 births
Australian boxers
Atenism was one of the earliest monotheistic religions. It was the worship of the light emanating from the sun god (or rather sun disk), Aten. It was started by the 18 dynasty pharaoh Amenhotep IV, better known as Akhenaten. It lasted 20 years, until Akhenaten's death. Tutankhamun, Akhenaten's son, restored the traditional Egyptian religion. Today modern day groups have attempted to revive Atenism as a worldwide religion, most notably Akhetaten Fellowship.

Other websites

Akhetaten Fellowship Homepage @ www.atenism.org 
Akhetaten Fellowship Forums @ www.atenism.net 

Egyptian mythology
Georg Brandes described the Armenian gods in his book: “When Armenia accepted Christianity, it was not only the temples which were destroyed, but also the songs and poems about the old gods and heroes that the people sang. We have only rare segments of these songs and poems, segments which bear witness of a great spiritual wealth and the power of creation of this people and these alone are sufficient reason enough for recreating the temples of the old Armenian gods. These gods were neither the Asian heavenly demons nor the precious and the delicate Greek gods, but something that reflected the characteristics of the Armenian people which they have been polishing through the ages, namely ambitious, wise and good-hearted.”

Related pages
Ancient Armenia

References 

Paganism
Armenian culture
Ancient Armenia
Steak is a slice off a larger piece of meat, usually beef. In North America, steaks are usually grilled. They are also often pan fried or baked. The most tender (softest) cuts of the animal are usually used for steak. This also means that steaks have a high price. The pieces of meat used for steaks are usually cut across the muscle fiber, not along it. This makes them look more tender.

A restaurant that mainly makes steaks is known as a steakhouse. A well-known side dish to steak is prawns or a cooked lobster tail. This combination is often called surf and turf or reef and beef (the words "surf" and "reef" refer to the seafood and "turf" and "beef" refer to the steak). Special steak knives are used to cut steak. A steak knife is sharper than most table knives and is usually serrated.
Fish is not the only side dish for steak. Other common side dishes are baked potatoes, dinner rolls, salad, and corn on the cob. In France, steaks are often served with french fries. This combination is known as steak fries or steak-frites. They do not come with vegetables, but sometimes a salad is served with them.

Seasoning 
Steaks are seasoned with salt and black pepper. Some additional seasonings are garlic, rosemary, and other herbs and spices. Marinades are also an option depending on the cut. Butter can also be used for basting steaks for a milky flavor. Often, steaks are served with a special sauce called "steak sauce", but sometimes steaks are served with a spicy sauce called horseradish.

Cuts of steak 
Steak comes in a wide variety of cuts, which come from different parts of the cow.
Some different cuts are:
 Filet Mignon
 Strip steak
 Rib eye
 Flank steak
 Sirloin
 Chuck
 Skirt steak
 Flap steak
Degrees of cooking 
Meat that is cooked less will appear to be more tender and soft. The usual degrees of cooking for steaks (and some other meats) are:
 Raw/Uncooked - for example in tartare.
 Rare - cooked very quickly, mostly red inside.
 Medium Rare - cooked quickly, mostly pink inside with some red. 
 Medium - moderately cooked, mostly pink inside, but no red.
 Medium-Well - Mostly cooked, with some pink remaining inside.
 Well-done- thoroughly cooked. No pink remains inside, may be blackened on the outside.

References

Meat dishes
A jet engine is any engine that creates force by releasing a high speed jet of a liquid or a gas.

An example of a jet engine is a full balloon that is not held closed. It will release the air and push the balloon forward.

Turbojet engines are used on airplanes. Turbojet engines have a gas compressor, a kind of fan, at the front that takes in air. The engine burns fuel to make the air expand, and it blows a big wind out the back. On the way out, the hot air turns another fan (a gas turbine) which turns the rod that turns the fan at the front to make it go.

Another kind of a jet engine is a rocket engine. Ramjet and pulse jet engines are rarer kinds of jet engine.

Other websites 
 Jet Engine at Citizendium

Motors
Dawn Fraser  (born 4 September 1937) is an Australian champion swimmer. She is one of only two swimmers to win the same Olympic event three different times. She was born in Balmain, New South Wales.

Politics 
In 1988, Fraser was elected to the parliament of New South Wales. She served until 1991.

References

Other websites 

 Australian Olympic Committee Profile
 Dawn Fraser's world records
 

1937 births
Living people
Australian of the Year Award winners
Australian Olympic gold medalists
Australian Olympic silver medalists
Australian swimmers
Commonwealth Games medallists
Independent politicians in Australia
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Order of Australia
Politicians from Sydney
Sportspeople from Sydney
NBC News is the news division of American television network NBC. NBC News makes MSNBC channel, Today Show and news programmes.

Current shows 
Today
Weekend Today
Meet the Press with Chuck Todd 
NBC Nightly News with Lester Holt
Dateline NBC

Programming

 Meet the Press (1947–present)
 Today (1952–present)
 Today 3rd Hour (2018–present)
 NBC Nightly News (1970–present)
 Weekend Today (1987–present)
 Dateline NBC (1992–present)
 Early Today (1999–present)
 Today with Hoda & Jenna (2019–present)
 Sunday Today with Willie Geist (2016–present)
Former programming
 Weekend (1974–79)
 Ask NBC News (197?-1983)
 NBC News Overnight (1982–83)
 NBC News at Sunrise (1983–99)
 Real Life with Jane Pauley (1990–91)
 Expose with Tom Brokaw (1991)
 NBC Nightside (1991–98)
 Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric (1993–94)
NBC News At This Hour (1975–1990s; previously branded as NBC News Update, NBC News Capsule and NBC News Digest)
 Later Today (1999–2000)
 Today with Kathie Lee and Hoda (2008–2019)
 Rock Center with Brian Williams (2011–13)
 Today's Take (2012–2017)

References

Other websites 
 NBC News website

NBC
NBC network shows
CBS News is the news division of American television network CBS.

Current television shows
CBS Morning News
CBS News Sunday Morning
Face the Nation with Margaret Brennan
CBS Evening News with Katie Couric
CBS Evening News with Norah O’ Donnell
CBS Evening News with Russ Mitchell
60 Minutes
48 Hours Mystery
Up to the Minute

Anchors

Other websites 
 CBS News website

Columbia Broadcasting System