Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Discography

Filmography 
 [1997]  (; lit. Goddess of the Sky) as 电视剧
 [2008] 
 [2012] 
 [2013] 
 [2016] 
 [2017]

References & other websites 
 Official Website (Japan)
 Official Blog 
 Official Blog 
 Oricon Profile 

1987 births
Living people
C-pop singers
Chinese singers
J-pop singers
People from Sichuan
Pop musicians
Tibetan people
Tibetan can refer to:
Of or relating to Tibet
Tibetan people, an ethnic group
Tibetan language
Tibetan script, a writing system
Tibetan art
Tibetan culture
Tibetan food
Tibetan Spaniel dog breed
Tibetan Mastiff dog breed
Tibetan Buddhism
V/Line is a regional train operator in Victoria, Australia. They operate all regional trains outside the Connex network, as well as some bus services that take people a long way.

References 

Public transport in Melbourne
Australian transport companies
Carpooling is sharing a car with other passengers to help share the cost of operating the car. Besides being cheaper than driving many cars at the same time, it also reduces traffic congestion. There are many companies that provide carpooling services such as Ola, MyCotra, Quickride, and Uber.

Road transport
In boxing, the term Middleweight is used for a specific group of people based on weight. A middleweight is a boxer weight does not exceed 160 pounds (73 kg).
 
Boxing organizations created many divisions so that fighters could fight people of the same size. 

The first heavyweight champion under modern rules was Irish boxer Jack (Nonpareil) Dempsey.

Famous heavyweight champions have include Bob Fitzsimmons, Nino Benvenuti, Rocky Graziano, Marvin Hagler, Bernard Hopkins, Roy Jones Jr., Jake LaMotta, Carlos Monzon, 
Sugar Ray Robinson, Tony Zale and Sugar Ray Leonard.

Boxing
Moneymore is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. It is  from Cookstown and  from Magherafelt.

Population facts
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 1,369 people living in Moneymore. They also saw that:
25.0% of the people were under 16 years old and 16.1% were over 60 years old.
47.9% of the people were male and 52.1% were female.
47.8% of the people were from a Roman Catholic background and 51.0% were from a Protestant background;
3.1% of people aged 16–74 had no job.

References

Villages in Northern Ireland
Denpasar () is the capital city of the province of Bali, Indonesia. It is also the site of Ngurah Rai Airport, the main gateway to Bali. It has a population of 897,300 (2017). 

Cities in Indonesia
Bali
Toome (or Toomebridge) is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. It is  from Magherafelt and  from Antrim. It is close to the River Bann.

Population facts
On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 722 people living in Toome. They also saw that:
27.2% of the people were under 16 years old and 10.9% were over 60 years old
48.8% of the people were male and 51.3% were female
96.3% of the people were from a Roman Catholic background and 2.9% were from a Protestant background
6.2% of people aged 16–74 had no job.

References

Villages in Northern Ireland
Settlements in County Antrim
Kuta is a town in southern Bali, Indonesia. Once it was a fishing village. It was one of the first towns on Bali to become popular with tourists. It is one of Indonesia's major tourist destinations. It has a long sandy beach, and many restaurants and bars. It is near Bali's Ngurah Rai Airport.

On October 12, 2002, a series of bombings killed more than 200 people in Kuta. The bombings happened outside two nightclubs.

Bali
Towns in Indonesia
An Inconvenient Truth is a 2006 documentary movie about global warming directed by Davis Guggenheim, presented by former United States Vice President Al Gore. The movie was first shown at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival. It opened in New York and Los Angeles on May 24, 2006. The movie was released on DVD on November 21, 2006. A companion book by Gore reached Number 1 on the paperback nonfiction New York Times bestseller list on July 2, 2006.  The movie won Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature and for Best Original Song.

An Inconvenient Truth is the story of Al Gore and his efforts to tell people about the climate change concerns. Gore says, "I've been trying to tell this story for a long time and I feel as if I've failed to get the message across." The movie closely follows a "slide show" presentation that Gore has shown throughout the world. It shows Gore's exploration of the global warming data, and predictions regarding climate change and its potential for disaster.
Related pages
 Stern Review
 The Dirty Energy Dilemma

References

Other websites
 
 
 

2006 documentary movies
Climate change
American documentary movies
Energy
Green politics
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Gary Megson (born: 20 June 1960) is an English former football player and manager. He is best known for being the manager of the West Brom team which gained promotion to the Premier League.

References

English football managers
Matthew "Matt" Moore Hardy (born September 23, 1974) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW). He works for OMEGA Championship Wrestling and Ring of Honor (ROH). He has worked for World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He teams with his younger brother Jeff Hardy.

References

Other websites 

 The Hardy Show website 
 WWE profile
 SLAM! Sports bio and story archive
 Profile on Online World of Wrestling
 

1974 births
Living people
All Elite Wrestling people
American bloggers
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Impact Wrestling alumni
Sportspeople from Raleigh, North Carolina
Kerobokan Prison is a prison in the town of Kerobokan, Bali. In addition to local criminals, a number of foreigners are held there, notably Schapelle Corby and the Bali Nine — all convicted of drug smuggling.

Prisons in Asia
Bali
Buildings and structures in Indonesia
Edmund Spenser (; c. 1552 – 13 January 1599) was an poet from England. He was most known for his poem The Faerie Queene, which talks about different knights who fight against evil. The poem also praises Queen Elizabeth I of England. He wrote also many sonnets and poems. The sonnets were collected under the name of Amoretti.

Edmund Spenser made a new rhyme-scheme for sonnet (abab bcbc cdcd ee) and a nine-line stanza (ababbcbcc). These forms are now called Spenserian sonnet and Spenserian stanza. Spenserian stanza was later used by many poets, among others by George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats and Alfred Tennyson.

Sources

1552 births
1599 deaths
People buried in Westminster Abbey
English poets
British poets laureate
Papua may refer to:

New Guinea, Pacific island
Papua New Guinea, country on the above island
Papua Region, in the above country
Papua (Australian territory), former Australian-administered territory in southeastern New Guinea
Papua (Indonesian province), Indonesian province on the western half of the New Guinea
West Papua (province), Indonesian province on the Bird's Head Peninsula region of the island
Western New Guinea, the western part of the island.
Papuan languages
The term Papuan languages means languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. That is, the term is defined negatively and does not mean a linguistic relationship.

The languages
The majority of the Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea (which is divided between the country of Papua New Guinea and Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Irian Jaya), with a number spoken in the Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville Island, and the Solomon Islands to the east, and in Halmahera, Timor, and the Alor archipelago to the west. One Papuan language, Meriam Mir, is spoken within the national borders of Australia, in the eastern Torres Strait. The only Papuan languages with official recognition are those of East Timor.
New Guinea is perhaps the most linguistically diverse region in the world. Besides the Austronesian languages, there are some 800 languages divided into perhaps sixty small language families, with unclear relationships to each other or to anything else, plus a large number of language isolates.

References

Other websites
2003 bibliography of languages (Papuan and Austronesian) of Indonesian Papua 
Summer Institute of Linguistics site on languages (Papuan and Austronesian) of Papua New Guinea 
Map of Papuan languages (formerly known as the East Papuan family) of island Melanesia 
Bill Foley on Papuan languages 
 Dryer's Papuan Language Families and Genera

Languages
Lombok (population 2,950,105 in 2005) is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It is to the east of Bali on the other side of the Lombok Strait. The capital and largest city on the island is Mataram.

The Gili Islands are very popular with tourists. There are many places to dive and the beaches are lovely.

Mount Rinjani, 3,726 m (12,224 ft), is the third-highest volcano in Indonesia.

In the summer of 2018, two major earthquakes, in July (6.4 magnitude) and in August (6.9 magnitude) hit the city killing nearly 270 people all together.

Other websites
 
 NY Times on Lombok
 Inside Lombok 

Lombok
Lesser Sunda Islands
Gondwana
The Faerie Queene is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. The poem was first published in 1590. A longer version of the poem was published in 1596. This version of the poem is in six parts or books. 

The Fairie Queene is about different knights who fight against evil. It is an allegorical work, and each book of the poem is about a different virtue. The poem also praises Queen Elizabeth I of England and her family, the Tudors. Queen Elizabeth liked the poem so much that she gave Spenser a pension as a reward.

16th-century English poems
Epic poems
1590s books
Torres Strait Islanders are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, Australia. They are culturally related to the coastal peoples of Papua New Guinea. They are regarded as being distinct from other Aboriginal peoples of the rest of Australia. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland.

Population 
There are 6,000 Torres Strait Islanders who live in the area of the Torres Strait, and 42,000 others who live outside of this area, mostly in the north of Queensland, particularly in Townsville and Cairns.
Culture 
The indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. They are a sea-faring people, and engaged in trade with peoples of Papua New Guinea. The culture is complex, with some Australian elements, some Papuan elements, and some Austronesian elements, just like the languages.  The Islanders seem to have been the dominant culture for many centuries, and neighbouring Aboriginal and Papuan cultures show some Island influence in religious ceremonies and the like.  Archaeological, linguistic and folk history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is Austronesian.  Unlike the indigenous peoples of mainland Australia, the islanders were traditionally agriculturalists although they supplemented their food supplies through hunting and gathering.

Related pages
 Indigenous Australians
 Papua New Guinea

References

Other websites 
 Torres Strait Regional Authority 
 Church of Torres Strait
Indigenous peoples of Australia
Queensland
Australian megafauna is a word used to describe a number of animal species in Australia that are quite a bit bigger than their closest living relatives. These species became extinct during the Pleistocene (16,100±100 - 50,000 years before present), but exact dates for their extinction have only been discovered recently.

Some mythological creatures from the Aboriginal dreamtime look a bit like animals from the prehistoric Australian megafauna.
Extinction
Scientists have been unable to agree on the reasons the megafauna became extinct. It is possible when humans came to Australia (around 48,000-60,000 years ago), and began hunting and using fire, they may have caused the extinction of the megafauna. Climate change, which made the country much drier during an Ice Age about 18,000 years ago, may have also have led to the extinction of the megafauna. Some scientists say that climate change alone caused the extinction of the megafauna. This argument does not allow for the fact that the megafaunal species had lived through two million years of climate changes. They had lived through a number of dry times before their sudden extinction.
Living Australian megafauna

Extinct Australian megafauna: pre-1788 
The following is a list of some of the Australian megafauna. It shows:

 Latin name (scentific name), (common name, when it lived), and a brief description.

Mammals 
Mammals are set out by size with largest at the top.

1000-2000 kilograms 
 Diprotodon optatum  was the largest type of Diprotodontid. About three metres long, two metres high at the shoulder and weighing up to two tonnes, it looked like a giant wombat. It is the largest marsupial currently known.
Diprotodon minor
 Zygomaturus trilobus was a smaller, about the size of a cow, about two metres long and one metre high. It was a Diprotodontid that may have had a short trunk (like an elephant). It appears to have lived in wetlands, using two fork-like teeth to dig up reeds for food.
 Palorchestes azael (the Marsupial Tapir) was a Diprotodontoid, about the same size as the Zygomaturus, with long claws and a long trunk. It lived in the Pleistocene (Mackness 2009).
100-1000 kilograms
 Euowenia grata
 Nototherium mitchelli
 Euryzygoma dunense
 Phascolonus gigas
 Ramsayia magna
Ramsayia magna
 Procoptodon goliah (the Giant Short-faced Kangaroo) is the largest kangaroo to have ever lived. It grew 2–3 metres (7–10 feet) tall, and weighed up to 230 kilograms. It had a flat, shortened face with jaw and teeth able to chew tough, desert plants. It had forward-looking eyes providing three dimensional vision. Procoptodon was one of seventeen species, in three genera in the Sthenurine subfamily, which are all extinct. Sthenurines lived in open woodlands in central northern Australia. All sthenurines had a hoof-like, fourth toe on the back legs. Their other toes were not fully formed. They also had elastic ligaments between the toe bones; this gave them more spring and speed compared to modern kangaroos. Sthenurine front legs were long, with two long fingers and claws, compared with the small, stiff arms of modern kangaroos. These may have been used for pulling branches nearer for eating and for walking on all four legs for short distances.
 Procoptodon rapha, P. pusio and P. texasensis
Protemnodon a type of giant wallaby with four species.
 Palorchestes parvus
 Macropus pearsoni and M. ferragus
Simosthenurus pales
Sthenurus tindalei and S. atlas
 Phascolarctos stirtoni was a koala, the same as a modern koala, but one third larger.
 Phascolomys medius
 Lasiorhinus angustioens
 Congruus congruus a wallaby from Naracoorte.
 Troposodon minor
 Sthenurus oreas
 Simosthenurus occidentalis (another Sthenurine), about as tall as a modern Eastern Grey Kangaroo, but much stronger. It is one of the nine types of leaf-eating kangaroos found as fossils in the Naracoorte Caves National Park.
 Simothenurus brownei
 Propleopus oscillans (the Carnivorous Kangaroo), from the Miocene and Pliocene, was large rat kangaroo, up to , with large cutting and tough grinding teeth. These show it was a carnivore able to eat insects, animals (possibly carrion), fruits, and soft leaves. It grew to about  to   tall.
 Simothenurus maddocki
 Sthenurus andersoni
Thylacoleo carnifex, (the Marsupial Lion), was the size of a leopard. It had a cat-like skull with large slicing teeth. It had a thumb-claw, that could be pulled back in, and very big front legs. It ate meat, and it lived in trees.
 Vombatus hacketti
 Macropus thor
 Macropus piltonensis
 Zaglossus hacketti was a sheep-sized echidna. It was found in Mammoth Cave in Western Australia, and is the largest monotreme so far discovered.
 Macropus rama
 Simothenurus gilli
 Warrendja wakefieldi a wombat from Naracoorte.
 Zaglossis ramsayi
 Sarcophilus harrisii laniarius was a large type of the Tasmanian Devil.
 Megalibgwilia ramsayi was a large, long-beaked echidna with powerful front legs for digging. It would have eaten worms and grubs, rather than ants.
Birds 

 Family Dromornithidae: this group of birds was closely related to waterfowl (ducks), not the modern ratites (emus and cassowaries).
 Dromornis stirtoni, (Stirton's Thunder Bird, Miocene epoch) was a bird that did not fly. It was  tall and weighed about . It is one of the largest birds so far discovered. It lived in subtropical open woodlands and may have been carnivorous. It was heavier than the Moa and taller than the Aepyornis.
 Bullockornis planei (the 'Demon Duck of Doom') was another large member of the Dromornithidae. It was up to  tall and weighed up to , and was probably carnivorous.
 Genyornis newtoni (the Mihirung) was related to Dromornis. It was about the height of an ostrich. It was the last survivor of the Dromornithidae. It had a large lower jaw and was probably omnivorous.
 Leipoa gallinacea (formerly Progura) was a giant malleefowl.

Reptiles
Varanus priscus (formerly Megalania prisca) was a giant, carnivorous goanna that might have grown to as long as , and weighed up to  (Molnar, 2004).
 Wonambi naracoortensis was a snake about  in length. It would catch animals at a water hole and kill by crushing. It was not a poisonous snake.
 Quinkana sp., was a land crocodile, which grew up to  in length. It had long legs positioned underneath its body, and chased down mammals, birds and other reptiles for food. Its teeth were sharp for cutting, not pointed for gripping like water living crocodiles. It was part of the Mekosuchine subfamily (all now extinct). It was discovered at Bluff Downs in Queensland.
 Liasis sp., (Bluff Downs Giant Python), lived during the Pliocene epoch, grew up to  long, and is the largest Australian snake known. It hunted mammals, birds and reptiles in woodlands near rivers. It is similar to the Olive Python (Liasis olivacea).
References 

 Field, J. H. and J. Dodson. 1999. Late Pleistocene megafauna and archaeology from Cuddie Springs, south-eastern Australia. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 65: 1-27.
 Wroe, S., J. Field, and R. Fullagar. 2002. Lost giants. Nature Australia 27(5): 54-61.
 Mackness, B.S. 2009. Reconstructing Palorchestes (Marsupialia: Palorchestidae) — from Giant Kangaroo to Marsupial ‘Tapir’. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 130: 21-36.
Gavin J Prideaux, Richard G. Roberts, Dirk Megirian, Kira E. Westaway, John C. Hellstrom, John M. Olley. 2007. Mammalian responses to Pleistocene climate change in southeastern Australia. Geology, v. 35, n. 1, p. 33-36.

Other websites 
 Cuddie Springs 
 Interview with Dr John Long, curator at the Museum of Victoria
 Naracoorte caves in South Australia 
 Lost Kingdoms 

Lists of animals
Animals of Australia
The Omagh bombing was a car bomb attack by the Real Irish Republican Army in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, on 15 August 1998. It killed 29 people and injured 300 others.

References

1998 in the United Kingdom
1990s building bombings
1990s crimes in the United Kingdom
1990s in Northern Ireland
1990s murders in Europe
Attacks on buildings and structures in Northern Ireland
August events
Building bombings in the United Kingdom
Car and truck bombings in Europe
County Tyrone
Explosions in Northern Ireland
Irish Republican Army
Mass murder in Northern Ireland
Mass murder in the 1990s
Massacres in the United Kingdom
Terrorist incidents in the 1990s
The Troubles
Car and truck bombings in the 1990s
On April 28, 1905, the American astronomer William H. Pickering said that he had found a tenth moon of the planet Saturn. Pickering named the moon Themis. No other astronomer has ever seen the moon that Pickering said he saw. Because of this, astronomers do not count Themis as an official moon of Saturn.

Pickering tried to figure out an orbit for Themis. He thought that Themis had an inclination of 39.1° to the ecliptic, with 0.23 eccentricity (0.23) and a semi-major axis distance of 1,457,000 km. This meant that Themis had an orbit like the moons Titan and Hyperion. Pickering believed that it took Themis 20.85 days to orbit Saturn, in a prograde motion.
Pickering thought that the diameter of Themis was about 38 miles (61 km). Pickering had also discovered the moon Phoebe, but modern astronomers know that Pickering made a mistake when he gave 42 miles (68 km) as the diameter of Phoebe. Because astronomers know how Pickering made his mistake, they can say that if Themis existed, it would have a diameter of 200 km.

In April 1861, Hermann Goldschmidt also thought he discovered a new satellite of Saturn between Titan and Hyperion. Goldschmidt called this moon Chiron. The moon Chiron also does not exist, but the name was used much later for the comet/asteroid 2060 Chiron.

In 1906, the French Academy of Sciences gave Pickering the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences for his "discovery of the ninth and tenth satellites of Saturn".

The actual tenth satellite of Saturn (in order of discovery) was Janus, which was discovered in 1966 and confirmed in 1980. Its orbit is far from the supposed orbit of Themis.

There is also an asteroid named 24 Themis.
Themis in fiction
John Varley's science fiction novel Titan takes place on an expedition to Saturn. As they approach the planet and prepare to enter orbit, the astronomer onboard discovers a new moon. At first she believes she has recovered Pickering's lost moon, so she names it Themis.
Robert Anton Wilson's novel Schrödinger's Cat trilogy makes frequent reference to Pickering's Moon as a satellite that revolves the "wrong way" around its primary.

References
 Harvard College Observatory Bulletin No. 189, p.1 (April 1905)
 Annals of Harvard College Observatory, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 173-185 (1905)
 AnHar 53 (1905) 173
 AnHar 61 (1908) 86
 Obs 28 (1905) 12:433
 PASP 18 (1906) 96
 Obs 31 (1908) 8:295
 MNRAS 69 (1909) 215
 Obs 32 (1909) 3:79

Saturn's moons
The Real Irish Republican Army (or Real IRA) is a group from Ireland who want Northern Ireland to become part of the Republic of Ireland, and want it to leave the United Kingdom. The group started after they left the Provisional Irish Republican Army, after an argument. On 15 August 1998 they did the Omagh bombing, which killed 29 people and hurt over 300 people. They have shot police officers and have also bombed places in England, such as London and Birmingham. It is against the law to be a member of the Real IRA.

References 

Irish nationalist organisations
National liberation movements
Irish Republican Army
1997 establishments in the United Kingdom

Organisations based in Northern Ireland
The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck is a comic book painted and written by Don Rosa. To make it, Rosa needed to see Carl Barks's stories and the more important facts of Scrooge's fictional life.

Chapters 
The story has 12 original parts, with more added later, that tell Scrooge's life:

American comic books
The Walt Disney Company
The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) is a set of exams taken in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and other British territories. They are usually taken by students aged 15–16, after two years of study. Some students can take their exams early if their teachers think the students are capable. Most students taking their GCSEs study between 5 and 25 subjects.

All pupils have to study English, mathematics and science until they are 15-16. They do not have to take the GCSE exams, but the large majority do so. In Wales, students must also study Welsh until they are 14.

Most schools require that a pupil passes 5 or more GCSE exams at grades 4 or 5 or above before they can move on to study A-levels.

In 2020, the exams were cancelled for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Subjects 
Many of the subjects in this list are not offered by every school.

Required
In all schools students have to study Mathematics, Science, and English linguistics and literature.
Creativity
 Art
 Art Textiles
 Film studies
 Textiles
 Music
 Design and Technology
 Drama
 Dance
 Performing arts
 Food technology

Languages
 Modern foreign languages including: Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Spanish, Somali, Turkish, Tamil, Urdu and Welsh 
 Classical languages including: Classical Greek, Biblical Hebrew and Latin

Technology
 Electronics
 Engineering and Manufacturing (Double Award)
 Graphic products
 Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
 Applied ICT (Double Award)
 Product Design
 Electronics with Resistant Materials
 Resistant Materials
 Systems and Control Technology
 Textiles
 IT

Humanities
 Humanities
 Geography
 Religious Studies
 History
 Citizenship
 Philosophy & Ethics
 Economics
 Hinduism
 Islamic Studies
People and society-related
 Citizenship (Personal Social Health Education)
 Health and Social Care (Double Award)
 Home Economics: Child Development
 Home Economics: Food and Nutrition
 Law
 Psychology
 Social Science
 Sociology

Natural sciences
 Astronomy
 Geology
 Human Biology
 Human Physiology and Health
 Physics
 Chemistry
 Biology

Others
 Further Mathematics (Further Pure Mathematics for Edexcel IGCSE)
 Applied Business (Double Award)
 Archaeology (may not currently be available as a separate GCSE  )
 Business Studies
 Business and Communication Systems
 General Studies
 Outdoor Pursuits - Birdwatching - Fishing
 Physical Education (PE)
 Sports Studies
 Statistics
 Media Studies

A-levels - Exams taken after GCSEs 
International GCSE - GCSE exams for students whose first language is not English.
Standard Grades - Similar exams taken in Scotland

References

Other websites

Education in the United Kingdom
This article is about Edo. For more information, see Tokyo (disambiguation).
 is the former name of the Japanese capital Tokyo, and was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. During this period it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world.
History
The site of the city, on what is now known as Tokyo Bay, had been settled for several centuries, but first became historically significant with the building of Edo Castle in 1457 by order of Ōta Dōkan. Kyoto was the site of the Japanese emperor's residence and the capital of Japan for many centuries, until the Tokugawa shogunate was established in 1603 and Edo became its seat of government. From that point Kyoto remained merely the formal capital of the country, while the de facto capital was now Edo, the center of real political power. Edo consequently rapidly grew from what had been a small, virtually unknown fishing village in 1457 to a big city of 1,000,000 residents by 1721, the largest city in the world at the time.

In 1868, when the shogunate came to an end, the city was renamed Tokyo, meaning "eastern capital", and the emperor moved his residence to Tokyo, making the city the formal capital of Japan.

Gallery

Related pages 

 Edo period

References
References

 Alternate spelling from 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article

History of Tokyo
1457 establishments
1868 disestablishments in Japan
15th-century establishments in Asia
The Renault Vel Satis was a large automobile created by the French car manufacturer Renault. It has five seats and four doors. It was produced from 2001 to 2009· It was known for its daring styling and was sold in the UK from 2002 to 2005 but was dropped there due to poor sales. Renault also produced another big car with bold styling called the Avantime which was a coupe/grand tourer but it was a poor seller with only 8,557 made between 2001 and 2003.

Vel Satis
Korean food came from very old traditions in Korea. It has developed through many environmental, political, and cultural changes. There are special rules for eating meals in Korea.

Korean food is mostly made up of rice, noodles, vegetables, and meats. Most Korean meals have many side dishes (called banchan) along with their steam-cooked rice. Kimchi is usually eaten at every meal. Sesame oil, doenjang, soy sauce, salt, garlic, ginger, pepper and gochujang are ingredients that are often used in the food.

In different provinces of Korea, its ingredients and dishes are different, too. The Korean royal court cuisine used to serve all the best dishes from each province for the royal family. People follow special rules when they eat meals in Korea.

Sweets
Sweets 

Traditional rice cakes like tteok are eaten as treats during holidays and festivals. Tteok means all rice cakes made from pounded rice (메떡, metteok), pounded glutinous rice (찰떡, chaltteok), or glutinous rice that has not been pounded. It is usually filled or covered with sweet mung bean paste, red bean paste, raisins, or a sweet, creamy filling made with sesame seeds, pumpkin, beans, pine nuts, and honey. Tteok is usually eaten for dessert or as a snack. Sikhye is a traditional Korean beverage. Usually, people drink it during the Korean festive holidays (For example, New Year’s Day or Korean Harvest Festival). It is made with simple water ingredients, malted barley flour, sugar, and cooked rice. Yakgwa is a traditional Korean sweet pastry or cookie. Yakgwa is a type of yumil-gwa, which is a deep-fried, wheat-based hangwa made with powdered grains, honey, malt, and sugar. This food is enjoyed on festive days such as chuseok.

Dining manners
Dining manners 

The oldest people are usually served first, and it is thought rude to pick up chopsticks or eat before the oldest people do so. In Korea, unlike in China and Japan, the rice bowl is not lifted up from the table. Spoons should not hit bowls while eating. You must not talk about dirty things. Some rules are now not important. For instance, talking used to be discouraged, but today people usually talk together at meals. Also, men usually ate at a different table than women, but now they eat all together. In Korea, they have both spoons and chopsticks, and together they are called sujeou (pronounced soo-juh - 수저). Usually, before they eat, people say, "Jalmukgessemnidah (잘 먹겠습니다)", and after they are finished, they say, "Jalmuggussemnidah (잘 먹었습니다)." Soups and stews must be set on the right side of the person who is eating.

List of Korean dishes
Meat dishes
 Bulgogi (불고기): a popular dish of beef cooked on a grill.
 Galbi (갈비): pork or beef ribs, thicker than bulgogi. It is often called "Korean BBQ."
 Samgyeopsal (삼겹살): Bacon, served like Galbi. It is often cooked with onions and garlic, and is eaten wrapped in lettuce. When it is wrapped in lettuce it is called ssam. The sauce spread on samgyeopsal when it is wrapped in lettuce is called ssamjang.

Fish dishes
 Hoe (pronounced 'hweh' - 회): raw seafood dish dipped in sauce and eaten wrapped up in lettuce or sesame leaves.
 Sannakji (산낙지): Raw octopus. It is usually served alive.

Soups and stews
 Guk (국): soup
 Tang (탕): stew
 Jjigae (찌개): stew

Grain dishes
These dishes are usually made with rice.
 Bibimbap (비빔밥): rice with vegetables (나물)
 Boribap (보리밥)
 Ogokbap (오곡밥): five-grain rice
Snacks or simple foods
These simple foods can be bought at shops on the street and are usually thought of as snacks rather than meals.
 Bindaetteok (빈대떡): Meaning mung-bean pancake
 Bungeoppang (붕어빵): A popular fish-shaped cake, pastry.
 Kimbap (김밥)

References

Bibliography 

Baek Un-hwa (백운화). Inje Food Science Forum (인제식품과학 FORUM), "Part 3 Status quo and prospect about the industrialization of Korean traditional beverages (제 3 주제 전통 음청류의 산업화 현황과 전망)" taken from  on 2008-06-15. pp. 75~95.
 Coultrip-Davis, Deborah, Young Sook Ramsay, and Deborah Davis (1998). Flavors of Korea: Delicious Vegetarian Cuisine. Tennessee: Book Publishing Company. .
Cost, Bruce. Asian ingredients: a guide to the foodstuffs of China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam. New York: Harper Perennial, 2000. 
Crawford, Gary W. (2006) East Asian Plant Domestication. In Archaeology of East Asia, edited by Miriam Stark. Wiley-Blackwell, 2006
Food in Korea, "Jontongjoo - Kinds of Traditional Liquors" taken from 
Fritscher, Lisa. "Korean Food Basics: What You Might Find On A Korean Food Menu" taken from   on 2007-11-17.
Herskovitz, Jon. Reuters, "North Korean beer: great taste, low proliferation risk", Mar 9, 2008, taken from 
Hopkins, Jerry. Extreme Cuisine: The Weird & Wonderful Foods that People Eat, Singapore: Tuttle Publishing, 2004.
Korea Agro-Fisheries Trade Corporation. "Introduction of Eumcheongryu" taken from  on 2008-05-22.
Korea Tourism Organization. "Experience Royal Cuisine" taken from   on 2008-06-13.
Koryǒsa, The History of the Koryǒ Dynasty, Seoul, 1990.
National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. "King Sejong's Humanism" taken from  on 2008-06-10.
Marks, Copeland. The Korean Kitchen: Classic Recipes from the Land of the Morning Calm. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1993.
O'Brien, Betsy. Let's Eat Korean Food. Elizabeth, NJ:Hollym, 1997.
Sohn Gyeong-hee (손경희). Inje Food Science Forum (인제식품과학 FORUM), "Part 1 HIstorical overview of Korean traditional eumcheongryu (제 1 주제 한국 전통 음청류의 역사적 고찰)" taken from  on 2008-06-16.
The Academy of Korean Studies. "농사직설(農事直說), Nongsa jikseol" taken from   on 2008-06-10.
The Chosun Ilbo. "Hanjeongsik, a full-course Korean meal" taken from   on 2008-06-11.
The Korea Economic Daily, "Brew master.. the only beer in the world" (브루 마스터 .. 세계 유일의 맥주) taken from 
Yi Kyubo, Tongmyǒng-wang p'yǒn' (The lay of King Tongmyǒng) in Tongguk Yi Sangguk chip (The Collected Works of Minister Yi of the Eastern Country), Seoul, 1982.
 Yi Yang-Cha, and Armin E. Möller (1999). Koreanisch vegetarisch: Die kaum bekannte, fettarme, phantasievolle und küchenfreundliche Art asiatisch zu kochen (Korean Vegetarian: Almost Unknown, Low Fat, Creative and Kitchen-friendly Way of Asian Cooking). .
Yi Tǒngmu, Sasojǒl (Elementary Etiquette for Scholar Families), quaoted in Sources of Korean Tradition, Volume Two: From the Twentieth Centuries, ed. Yǒongho Ch'oe, Peter H. Lee and W. Theodore de Bary. New York, 2000.
Yu Jisang (유지상). "How about today? Pojangmacha, outing at night" (오늘 어때? 포장마차 ‘밤마실’) taken from   on 2008-06-13.
Other websites 
https://mykoreankitchen.com/sikhye/https://kimchimari.com/yakgwa-or-yakwa/
 Korea National Tourism list of Korean food
Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden", and analýein, "to loosen" or "to untie") is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. Typically, this involves finding a secret key. In non-technical language, this is the practice of codebreaking or cracking the code, although "break" can also mean just a part of a complete solution.

People have been making and breaking codes for many centuries. In the 1930s specialized machines were invented to do the calculations. Code-breaking machines such as the Colossus computer were important during World War II. Computers were the main tool of cryptanalysis in the Cold War and later.

Related pages 
 Code
 Cryptography

References 
 Helen Fouché Gaines, "Cryptanalysis", 1939, Dover.

Other websites
Other websites 

 Basic Cryptanalysis
 Simon Singh's crypto corner 
 Distributed Computing Projects
 UltraAnvil tool for attacking simple substitution ciphers 
 A lot of real encrypted messages on newsgroups
 A javascript codesystems solver for many types of ciphers, with examples 
 The National Museum of Computing Cipher Challenge 

Cryptography
The International General Certificate of Secondary Education, or IGCSE, is an international exam for school students, offered by Cambridge Assessment International Education. It is typically taken by 14 to 16-year-olds, and it makes students ready for more academic work, including moving to A-Level and AS-Level study. The IGCSE is recognised as the same quality as the UK GCSE.

IGCSE courses cover subjects from a variety of areas: Languages, Humanities, Social Sciences, Mathematics, Creative, Technical and Vocational.

Most subjects can be studied at two levels of ability, either an easier level or a harder level. This is so that the IGCSE is appropriate for students with different levels of ability. It is planned to be appropriate for students whose first language may not be English, and this is seen in all the tests for the IGCSE.

Subjects available
The following is a list of subjects for which IGCSEs are available:
Accounting
 Afrikaans as a first language
 Afrikaans as a second language
 Agriculture
 Arabic as a first language
 Arabic as a second language
 Art
 Art and Design
 Bangladesh Studies
 Biology
 Business Studies
 Chemistry
 Child Development
 Chinese as a first language
 Chinese (Mandarin) as a second language
 Computer Studies
 Commerce
 Czech as a first language
 Drama
 Design & Technology
 Development Studies
 Dutch as a first language
 Dutch as a second language
 Economics
 English Language
 English Literature
 English as a second language (ESL)
 Environmental Management
 Food and Nutrition
 French as a first language
 French as a second language
 Geography
 German as a first language
 German as a second language
 Greek as a second language
 Hindi as a First Language
 History
 Human Anatomy
 Indonesian as a second language
 Information and Communication Technology
 Information Technology
 IsiZulu as a second language
 Japanese as a first language
 Japanese as a second language
Korean as a first language
 Latin
 Malay as a second language
 Mathematics
 Mathematics – Additional
 Music
 ORACLE
 Pakistan Studies
 Physical Education
 Physical Science
 Physics
 Portuguese as a first language
 Portuguese as a second language
 Punjabi
 Religious Studies
 Russian as a first language
 Science – Combined
 Sciences – Co-ordinated (Double Award)
 Sociology
 Spanish as a first language
 Spanish as a second language
 Spanish Literature
 Thai as a first language
 Thai as a second language
 Travel and Tourism
 Turkish as a First language
 Urdu
 Sinhala
This list, along with more information, is also available on the Cambridge International website.

References

Related pages
GCSE⁣ – GCSEs in the UK.
List of GCSE subjects.
Advanced levels (A-levels) - Exams taken after GCSEs in the UK.
Qualifications
Sánchez Ramírez is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is in the central part of the country. Its capital city is Cotuí.

It was created in 1952. It was a municipality of the Duarte province before being elevated to the category of province.

Name

The province was named after Juan Sánchez Ramírez, who was born in Cotuí and who fought against the French army when the country was a colony of France. When the country was again a Spanish colony, Sánchez Ramírez was made the governor of the colony.

History
The territory of the province was part of the La Vega Province from the Dominican independence (in 1844) until 1945 when most of the territory was made part of the Duarte Province.
On 3 March 1952, the province was created with the territory of Cotuí, part at that moment of the Duarte Province, and the southeastern part of La Vega province. When it was created, it had only two municipalities: Cotuí, the provincial capital, and Cevicos. In 1961, Fantino became the third municipality of the province; in 2002, Villa La Mata became the fourth municipality.

In 1979, La Cueva became a municipal district; La Bija and Angelina in 2001; Quita Sueño and Platanal in 2005; Hernando Alonzo, Caballero and Comedero Arriba in 2006; and Zambrana Abajo in 2010.

Location

The Sánchez Ramírez province is in the centre of the country, in the southeast limit of the Cibao Valley (part of the region called Eastern Cibao). It is bordered to the north by the Duarte province, to the east and south by the Monte Plata province, to the southwest and west by the Monseñor Nouel province and to the northwest by the La Vega province.
Population
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Sánchez Ramírez province, and 85,207 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km².

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 19th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 152,036 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is Cotuí, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 45,135 inhabitants.

Geography
The Sánchez Ramírez province has a total area of . It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 21st (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.
There are two regions in the province:
 The valley of the Yuna river, on the north and northeast of the province. It is part of the large region of Eastern Cibao; it is flat and with very good soils.
 Sierra de Yamasá (Yamasá mountain range in the southern part of the province. It is an eastern branch of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain chain") with low mountains. The highest point in the province is in this mountain range; it is La Naviza (sometimes written La Navisa),  high.

The altitude of Cotuí, provincial capital, is  above sea level.

The most important river is the Yuna river, that flows from west to east; the other rivers are all tributaries of this river. Other rivers are Cevicos, Chacuey and Maguaca; they flow from the Sierra de Yamasá into the River Yuna.

Municipalities
There are 4 municipalities and 8 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

Economy
Economy

The main economic activities in the province are farming and mining. Close to the town of Las Lagunas, in the Sierra de Yamasá, are the gold mines.

The main products of farming in the Sierra de Yamasá are cacao, oranges and tobacco. In the Yuna valley, rice is the most important product but pineapple and orange are also produced.

Cattle are also important in the province, mainly in the northwestern part of it.

References

Provinces of the Dominican Republic
1952 establishments in the Dominican Republic
Diane Julie Abbott (born 27 September 1953) is a British politician. Abbott was born and raised in London. Her parents were Jamaican immigrants. She is now the Member of Parliament for the Hackney North and Stoke Newington constituency in London, UK. She was fortunate to be the first black woman to be elected to the House of Commons  when she was elected in the 1987 General Election. In 2010, Abbott became Shadow Public Health Minister after unsuccessfully standing for election as leader of the Labour Party. Abbott was made Shadow Home Secretary by Jeremy Corbyn in October 2016.

She attended Newnham College, Cambridge.

Abbott is a frequent public speaker, newspaper contributor and TV performer.  She has been on many programmes such as Have I Got News For You, Celebrity Come Dine with Me, Cash in the Celebrity Attic.

References
References

1953 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
BBC people
Black British people
British feminists
Democratic socialists
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Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
People from Paddington
Politicians from London
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UK MPs 2001–2005
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UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Journalists from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
David Hywel Francis (6 June 1946 – 14 February 2021) was a Welsh politician and the Member of Parliament for the Aberavon constituency in the United Kingdom. He was elected in the 2001 General Election.

He was a member of the Labour Party.

References 

1946 births
2021 deaths
Welsh historians
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for Welsh constituencies
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Frank Doran (born April 13, 1949 in Edinburgh, Scotland–died October 30, 2017) was a Scottish politician and the  Member of Parliament for the Aberdeen North constituency in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election for Aberdeen South but was defeated in 1992. He is a member of the Labour Party.

Career 
He was re-elected at the 1997 general election for the new constituency of Aberdeen Central. The boundary of the constituency was changed, and in 2005 he was elected for the Aberdeen North constituency.

Personal life 
He is the partner of fellow Labour MP Joan Ruddock.

References 

1949 births
2017 deaths
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Dame Anne Begg, DBE (born December 6, 1955) is a Scottish politician and the  Member of Parliament for the Aberdeen South constituency in the United Kingdom. She was elected in the 1997 general election.

Begg is the first permanent wheelchair user in the House of Commons.

She is a member of the Labour Party.

References

1955 births
Living people

Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan (born 8 May 1947) is a Scottish football club chairman and a Labour Party politician.  He was the Member of Parliament for the Scottish  constituency of Airdrie and Shotts in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1987 general election for the Motherwell North constituency. The boundary of the constituency was changed, and in the 1997 election he was elected to the new constituency of Hamilton North and Bellshill. After more boundary changes in 2005 he was elected to the new constituency of Airdrie and Shotts.

He is the former Home Secretary. 

Reid did not stand in the 2010 election, and was made a life peer instead.

He is Chairman of Celtic Football Club in Glasgow.

He is a member of the Labour Party.

References
References

1947 births
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Secretaries of State for Northern Ireland
Secretaries of State for Health and Social Care‎
United Kingdom Life Peers
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
James Gerald Douglas Howarth, known as Gerald Howarth (born September 12, 1947) is a British politician and the Member of Parliament for the English  constituency of Aldershot in the United Kingdom. He was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1983 general election for the Cannock and Burntwood constituency but lost in the 1992 general election. 

He was re-elected at the 1997 General Election as MP for Aldershot. 

He is currently Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Ministry of Defence as Minister for International Security Strategy.

He is a member of the Conservative Party.

References

1947 births
Living people

Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Mount Agung () is a volcano on Bali. Mount Agung last erupted in 1963-1964. The lava just missed the Mother Temple of Besakih, which is located on high on the slopes of this sacred mountain. Over 1,000 people were killed and a number of villages were destroyed in this eruption.

Gunung Agung is an active volcano, with a large and deep crater that occasionally emits smoke and ash. The last major eruptions occurred in November 2017.

References

Bali
Agung
Mount Batur () is a volcano on Bali. Mount Batur last erupted in 2000. It is a volcano inside an older, larger, volcano. The original eruption, about 30,000 years ago, is one of the largest known volcanic events on Earth. The volcano is now 1,717 metres (5,633 feet) high. There are many people — whole villages — living inside the caldera.

Bali
Volcanoes of Indonesia
Mount Rinjani or Gunung Rinjani is an active volcano on Lombok, Indonesia. It is  high, making it the second highest volcano in Indonesia. It last erupted in 2009.

Lombok
Volcanoes of Indonesia
VEI-7 volcanoes
Mataram is a city on the west side of the island of Lombok, Indonesia. It is the capital and largest city of West Nusa Tenggara province, and has a population of around 342,896 people as of the year 2005.

Other websites
 http://www.mataramkota.go.id/

Lombok
Cities in Indonesia
West Nusa Tenggara