Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Michael Owen (born 14 December 1979) is a retired English professional footballer.

Club career statistics 

Statistics accurate as of match played 19 May 2013

International career statistics 

International goals
Scores and results list England's goal tally first.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Profile at ManUtd.com
 Michael Owen's column in The Times
 Photographs and statistics at sporting-heroes.net – England, Liverpool, Real Madrid, Newcastle
 Premier League profile
 

1979 births
Living people
People from Chester
Sportspeople from Cheshire
Association football forwards
English footballers
Premier League players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
2002 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
English autobiographers
Ballon d'Or winners
Manchester United F.C. players
Liverpool F.C. players
England at the 1998 FIFA World Cup
England at UEFA Euro 2000
England at the 2002 FIFA World Cup
England at UEFA Euro 2004
England at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
England before the English 
 Main articles: Prehistoric Britain and Roman Britain

Archaeology shows that people came to southern England long before the rest of the British Isles, probably because of the friendly climate between and during the ice ages of long ago.

Julius Caesar invaded what is now England in 55 and 54 BC, as part of the Gallic Wars, and was defeated. He wrote in De Bello Gallico that there were many tribes there, very similar to other Celtic tribes in Europe. Coins, and later Roman historians, have given us the names of some of the rulers of the tribes, and what they did.

In 43 AD, Claudius successfully invaded England with 40,000 soldiers landing at Gaul at Richborough, Kent.
For hundreds of years, what is now England was a Roman province, Britannia. The Romans later gave up on the province and left the Celtic people on their own as the Roman Empire began to fall apart. The influence of the Romans meant that the territory of England had already experienced unity before the Anglo-Saxons arrived.

Anglo-Saxon England
Analysis of human bodies found at an ancient cemetery near Abingdon, England, shows that Saxon immigrants and native Britons lived side-by-side.
The Romano-British population (the Britons) was assimilated. The settlement (or invasion) of England is called the Saxon Conquest, or the Anglo-Saxon or English Conquest.
From the 4th century AD, many Britons left to cross the English Channel from Wales, Cornwall and southern Britain, and started to settle the western part of Gaul (Armorica), where they started a new nation: Brittany. The Britons gave their new country its name and the Breton language, Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish. The name "Brittany" (from "Little Britain") arose at this time to tell the new Britain apart from "Great Britain". Brezhoneg is still spoken in Brittany today.
The Vikings
After a time of raids, the Vikings also began to settle in England and to trade, eventually controlling an area called the Danelaw from the late 9th century. One Viking settlement was at York, called Jorvik by the Vikings. Viking rule left traces in the English language — because Old English was already related to Old Norse, many Norse words began to be used in English at this time.

England during the Middle Ages 

The defeat of King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 against Duke William II of Normandy, later called William I of England, and the following Norman conquest of England caused important changes in the history of Britain. William ordered the Domesday Book to be written. This was a survey of the entire population, and their lands and property, to help in collecting taxes.
William also ruled Normandy, then a powerful duchy in France. William and his nobles spoke, and held court, in Anglo-Norman, in Normandy as well as in England. The use of the Anglo-Norman language by the aristocracy was kept up for centuries, and had a great influence on the development of Old English into Middle English.

In England, the Middle Ages was a time of war, civil war, rebellions from time to time, and many plots among the nobles and royalty. England had more than enough cereals, dairy products, beef and mutton. The nation's international economy was based on the wool trade, where wool from northern England was sold to the textile merchants of Flanders to make into cloth. Medieval foreign policy was also shaped by relations with the Flemish cloth business. An English cloth business was developed in the fifteenth century, allowing the English also to become wealthier.
In the reign of Henry II, the king got some power back from the barony and the Church. Henry's successor, Richard I "the Lion Heart", took part in the Third Crusade, and defended his French territories against Philip II of France. His younger brother John, who followed him as king, was not so lucky; he lost Normandy and many other French territories. In 1215, the barons led an armed rebellion and forced him to sign the Magna Carta, which put legal limits on the King's personal powers.

The reign of Edward I (1272–1307) was rather successful. Edward strengthened the powers of his Government, and called the first English Parliament. He conquered Wales.  His son, Edward II, lost the Battle of Bannockburn against Scotland.

The Black Death, an epidemic that spread over all of Europe and parts of Asia, arrived in England in 1349 and killed perhaps up to a third of the population.
Edward III gave land to powerful noble families, including many people with royal blood.  Because land was like power in these days, some powerful men could now try to claim the Crown.

Tudor England 

The Wars of the Roses ended with the victory of Henry Tudor, who became king Henry VII of England, at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, where the Yorkist king, Richard III was killed.

His son, Henry VIII split with the Roman Catholic Church over a question of his divorce from Catherine of Aragon.  Though his religious position was not entirely Protestant, this led to the Church of England breaking from the Roman Catholic Church. There followed a time of great religious and political troubles, and the English Reformation.

Henry VIII had three children, all of whom would wear the Crown.  The first to reign was Edward VI of England.  Although he was intelligent, he was only a boy of ten when he took the throne in 1547.
When Edward VI died of tuberculosis in 1553 Mary I took the throne when crowds cheered for her in London, which people at the time said was the largest show of affection for a Tudor monarch.  Mary, a loyal Catholic who had been influenced greatly by the Catholic King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, tried to get the country back to Catholicism.  This led to 274 burnings of Protestants, and much hatred from her people.  Mary lost Calais, the last English possession on the Continent, and became even more unpopular (except among Catholics) at the end of her reign.

The reign of Elizabeth returned a sort of order to England in 1558.  The religious question that had divided the country since Henry VIII was put to rest by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, which set up the Church of England in much the same form it has today.

The slave trade that made Britain a major economic power began with Elizabeth, who gave John Hawkins permission to start trading in 1562.
The government of Elizabeth was more peaceful, apart from the revolt of the northern earls in 1569, and she was able to lessen the power of the old nobility and expand the power of her government.  One of the most famous events in English military history was in 1588 when the Spanish Armada lost against the English navy, commanded by Sir Francis Drake.  Elizabeth's government did much to make her government stronger, and to make common law and administration more effective throughout England.

In all, the Tudor period is seen as an important one, leading to many questions that would have to be answered in the next century during the English Civil War.  These were questions of how much power the monarch and Parliament should have, and how much one should control the other.

The Stuarts and the Civil War
Elizabeth died without children who could take the throne after her. Her closest male Protestant relative was the king of Scotland, James VI, of the house of Stuart, so he became James I of England, the first king of the entire island of Great Britain, although he ruled England and Scotland as separate countries.

The English Civil War began in 1642, mainly because of conflicts between James' son, Charles I, and Parliament. The defeat of the Royalist army by the New Model Army of Parliament at the Battle of Naseby in June 1645 destroyed most of the King's forces. The capture and trial of Charles led to his beheading in January 1649 at Whitehall Gate in London. A republic was declared, and Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector in 1653. After he died, his son Richard Cromwell followed him in the office, but soon quit. The monarchy was returned in 1660, after England had a time of anarchy, with King Charles II again in London.
In 1665, London was hit with the plague, and then, in 1666, the capital was burned for 5 days by the Great Fire, destroying around 15,000 buildings.

In 1689, the Dutch Protestant William of Orange, replaced the Catholic King James II in what is called the Glorious Revolution. However, in Scotland and Ireland, Catholics loyal to James II were not so happy, and a series of bloody revolts followed. These rebellions continued until the mid-18th century, when Charles Edward Stuart was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.

The First Act of Union made Scotland, England and Wales into one country. The history of England after this 1707 Act is a part of Great Britain's history.

References

Other websites 
 Full text of The History of England From the Norman Conquest to the Death of John  (1066–1216) from Project Gutenberg.
 New and Improved Timeline of England coming soon from BBC.
 Timeline  of England.
 Medieval England
Further reading 
 A History of Britain: At the Edge of the World, 3500 BC – 1603 AD by Simon Schama, BBC/Miramax, 2000 
 A History of Britain, Volume 2: The Wars of the British 1603–1776 by Simon Schama, BBC/Miramax, 2001 
 A History of Britain - The Complete Collection on DVD by Simon Schama, BBC 2002 ASIN B00006RCKI
 The Isles, A History by Norman Davies, Oxford University Press, 1999, 
 The History of England, From the First Invasion by the Romans to the Accession of William and Mary in 1688, 1819 by Father John Lingard (Roman Catholic perspective)
 Shortened History of England by G. M. Trevelyan Penguin Books 
 A History of the English-Speaking Peoples by Sir Winston Churchill Cassell reference,  — the writing of which helped bring Churchill to public attention in the 1930s, and which forms the basis of many later reference works
Letters of the Kings of England, now first collected from the originals in royal archives, and from other authentic sources, private as well as public by J O Halliwell-Phillipps, London, H. Colburn, 1846. vol. 1 — Google Books
The Anglo-Saxons were the dominant people living in England from the mid-5th century AD until the Norman conquest in 1066. They spoke Germanic languages and are identified by Bede as the descendants of three powerful tribes. These were the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Their language, Anglo-Saxon or Old English, came from West Germanic dialects. It changed into Middle English from about the 11th century. Old English was divided into four main dialects: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian and Kentish.
The Anglo-Saxon culture replaced the Celtic culture in the area that is now England. Modern historians do not think that the Anglo-Saxons drove the Celts away, but instead that they became an upper class to the Celts in England, and the Celts then became part of the Anglo-Saxon culture. They created seven kingdoms in England. They never conquered Wales but Anglo-Saxon kings did claim overlordship from time to time. Some Anglo-Saxons came to Britain as warriors, but others came peacefully to become farmers or to raise families.

Anglo-Saxon migration 
It is not known how many Anglo-Saxons actually came to Britain between the 4th and 6th century AD. Many sources say large numbers of Anglo-Saxon settlers arrived. Because of this, some of the native Britons moved west, towards Wales and Cornwall. Others went to Armorica and became the Bretons. The language of the Anglo-Saxons, Old English, became the main language in southern Britain. A few Celtic and Latin words were borrowed into Old English.
In the areas such as Kent, Sussex, Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, many of the native Britons may have been driven out. In other areas, some Britons likely remained and were absorbed into Anglo-Saxon society. In 2011, a historian suggested that about 1 or 2 Anglo-Saxons came to England for every 10 Celts that were already there.

Angles, Saxons and Jutes 
It was Bede who identified the invaders as Angles, Saxons and Jutes. But he sometimes used the names Angli and Saxones for the same people in different parts of his writings. In Book I, Chapter 15 he said that by invitation of King Vortigern "Angles or Saxons" came to Britain in three longships. Modern authorities confirm that Angles, Saxons, Frisians and some Jutes did come to England during this migration time period. The differences between the tribes that moved to England were not significant. Kent was different in culture from other parts of England, mostly because it had close contact with parts of Europe such as Gaul.
Certain styles of jewellery are recognized by archaeologists as being typical of Anglian, Saxon and Jutish areas in Northern Europe. But why the name England came to be used for the country and English for the language is not clear. In Old English the people called themselves Engle, and in Latin they were called Angli, but nothing suggests the Angles made up the largest percentage of the Germanic peoples in Britain. The name Englaland, which became 'England' was regularly used by the 11th century.

Celtic words for the Anglo-Saxons 

The native British people, who wrote in both Latin and Welsh (a Celtic language), referred to these invaders as Saxones or Saeson. The latter name is still used today in the Welsh word for English people, Saeson, the English language, Saesneg, and things related to England, Seisnig. In the Scottish Gaelic language the word for an English person is sasannach and in Irish the word is sasanach.

Art
Art 

Anglo-Saxon art before the time of Alfred (who ruled from 871 to 899) is a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic techniques and styles. The Sutton Hoo treasure is an excellent example of very early Anglo-Saxon metalwork and jewellery. It came from a royal grave of the early 7th century. The period between Alfred and the Norman Conquest saw a distinct Anglo-Saxon style in art. This was due in part to the revival of the English economy and culture after the end of the Viking raids. This later style appears to have been in touch with trends in western Europe.
Anglo-Saxon art is mainly known today through illuminated manuscripts. Manuscripts were not the only Anglo-Saxon art form, but they have survived in much greater numbers than other types of objects. People in Europe at the time regarded Anglo-Saxon goldsmithing and embroidery as especially fine. The most common examples of Anglo-Saxon art are coins. Anglo-Saxon artists also worked in fresco, ivory, stone carving, metalwork and enamel, but few of these pieces have survived.

Literature
Old English literary works include epic poetry, biography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works, chronicles, riddles and others. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period.
A very famous work from this period is the poem Beowulf. It has achieved national epic status in Britain. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of important early English history. Cædmon's Hymn from the 7th century is the earliest attested literary text in (Old) English. One of the most valuable and important sources on Anglo-Saxon history is Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation.

References

Other websites 
 On the origins of Britons - according to Brian Sykes
 Fides Angliarum Regum: the faith of the English kings
 Anglo-Saxon origins: the reality of the myth  by Malcolm Todd

Germanic tribes
The Norman conquest of England was a military invasion of England by William the Conqueror in 1066.

William was Duke of Normandy, a country on the other side of the English Channel, now a region in France. He invaded England after the death of King Edward the Confessor because he believed he had the most right to be King of England, but King Harold II had himself crowned king instead. King Harold, with his Saxon army, and Duke William fought at the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066. King Harold was killed in the battle and his army left. On December 25, 1066 William was crowned the new King of England.

The Norman conquest was an important change in English history. The conquest linked England more closely with Continental Europe, and made Scandinavian influence less important. It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe.  The conquest changed the English language and culture, and set the stage for rivalry with France, which would continue (with a few breaks) until the 19th century.
England has never been successfully invaded since the Norman invasion nearly 1000 years ago.

Related pages
 Spanish Armada
 Jacobitism
 Operation Sea Lion

Other websites 
 Essential Norman Conquest , multimedia resources by Osprey Publishing.
 The Effect of 1066 on the English Language
 Collection of source material on the Norman conquest of England

Wars involving England
Normandy
1066 in England
11th-century conflicts
11th century in Europe
For the technology of putting many hard drives together, see RAID
A raid is an attack into enemy territory with no intent to get control of it. For example, the attack on Pearl Harbor was an air raid.

The attackers go away immediately after the attack. Most raids are brief and performed by a small number of people.

War
Following the fall from power of Napoleon Bonaparte:

Bourbon Dynasty, Restored
Restauration (Switzerland)

Related pages 
Restoration
The English Reformation was part of the Protestant Reformation. Many Christian churches in Europe broke away from  Rome. Each of the countries that went through this process did so in a different way. Earlier the Roman Catholic Church had supreme powers. 

Henry VIII broke ties with the church and became head of the English church. This was done in 1534 in the Acts of Supremacy. It was the beginning of the Church of England. His friend Thomas Cranmer became Henry's Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer would  also go on to advise Edward Henry's son when he took the throne in 1549. For years, the Church of England was almost exactly the same as the Catholic Church, except that it was ruled by the King instead of the Pope. This is different from the Reformation on the European continent, where the reformers wanted big changes right away.
There were several causes for the English Reformation. One of these was that Henry VIII, who was King of England, wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Another reason was because Henry wanted the Church's wealth and power, and got them with the dissolution of the monasteries.  

The Protestant Reformation in Scotland, however, was based more on the teachings of Martin Luther and John Calvin, so it was more like the Reformation in continental Europe. 

16th century in England
Protestant Reformation
Gianluigi "Gigi" Buffon (born 28 January 1978) is an former Italian professional footballer who plays in the goalkeeper position. He is a Goalkeeper for the Serie B team Parma Calcio. He used to play for the Italy national team from 1996 till he retired in 2018. Buffon is recognized by many peoples as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, and, by some, as the greatest ever.

Gianluigi Buffon started his career in Parma and won a UEFA Cup in 1999. In 2001, he transferred to the Italian giant Juventus and won the Serie A on consecutive years.

Buffon joined the Italy national team in 1997. In the 2006 FIFA World Cup, he led them to the championship, allowing only two goals in 7 games and keeping 5 clean sheets (no goals allowed), which was a new World Cup record at that time.

Career statistics

Club

International 
Source:

Notes

References
Notes

References 

1978 births
Living people
Italian association football goalkeepers
Footballers from Tuscany
People from Carrara
Italy at the 1998 FIFA World Cup
Italy at the 2002 FIFA World Cup
Italy at UEFA Euro 2004‏‎
Italy at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
Italy at UEFA Euro 2008
Italy at the 2010 FIFA World Cup
Italy at UEFA Euro 2012
Italy at the 2014 FIFA World Cup
Italy at UEFA Euro 2016‏‎‏‎
A checksum is a number. It is a kind of redundancy check. There are different ways to calculate it. It serves as a check, that no errors have been made when writing down the number. In its simplest form, the digits are simply added up. This can however not detect errors of swapping digits around. One of the uses of checksums is to check that account numbers have been entered correctly. 

Portuguese bank account identifiers are a good example of how checksums work. They have 21 digits. The first 19 digits identify the bank, branch and account number.  The last two digits are "mod 97" checksum digits based on modular arithmetic. A typical Portuguese bank account number is 0002.0123.12345678901.54. The digits have the following meanings:

The digits "0002" represent the bank.
The digits "0123" represent the branch of the bank.
The digits "12345678901" represent the account number
The digits "54" represent the checksum.
If 000201231234567890154 (the bank account number without the dots) is divided by 97, the answer is 207458809978249 remainder 1. Since the remainder is "1", the bank account identifier is probably correct. If the person writing down the number missed a digit, swapped two digits around or wrote a digit down incorrectly the remainder would not have been "1". If this is the case then the computer should detect an error and give an error message.   

Another place where checksums are used are serial numbers for computer software.

References

Computer science
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is a kind of herb. It is native to the Mediterranean and some parts of Asia. Its bulb, leaves, and seeds may be eaten. Dried fennel seeds are used as a spice for flavoring food. Fennel was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages. Their flavor is like anise.

Images

Other websites 
 Fennel - nutrition and uses

Herbs
Spices
Apiaceae
DisneyToon Studios was an animation studio created and owned by Walt Disney Animation Studios. Disneytoon Studios closed its doors on June 28, 2018, resulting in a layoff of 75 animators and staff. It worked together with Walt Disney Animation Studios. DisneyToon Studios made a total of 67 movies.

List of movies 
This is a list of 62 movies that were made by DisneyToon Studios.

Theatrical releases to most or all countries are marked with an asterisk (*). Theatrical releases to only some countries are marked with a double asterisk (**).
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)*
The Return of Jafar (1994)
Gargoyles the Movie (1995)A Goofy Movie (1995)* Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996)Mighty Ducks the Movie (1997)
Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin (1997)
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Belle's Magical World (1998)
Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Doug's 1st Movie (1999)Hercules zero to hero (1999)
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
Seasons of Giving (1999)
The Tigger Movie (2000)*
An Extremely Goofy Movie (2000)
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins (2000)The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea (2000)Recess school's out (2001)
Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure (2001)
Mickey's Magical Christmas Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001)Recess Christmas Miracle on Third Street (2001)
Return to Never Land (2002)*
Cinderella II: Dreams Come True (2002)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002)
Tarzan and Jane (2002)Mickey's House of Villains (2002)
Winnie the Pooh: A Very Merry Pooh Year (2002)
101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure (2003)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)*
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)*
Atlantis: Milo's Return (2003)
Stitch! The Movie (2003) Recess All Growed Down (2003)
Recess Taking the Fifth Grade (2003)Teacher's Pet (2004)
The Lion King 1½ (2004)
Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo (2004)
Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004)
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)
Mulan II (2004)
Pooh's Heffalump' Movie (2005)*
Tarzan II (2005)
Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch (2005)
Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie (2005)
Kronk's New Groove (2005)
Bambi II (2006)**
Bambi II (2006)**
Leroy and Stitch (2006)Winnie the Pooh: Shapes and Sizes (2006)Winnie the Pooh: Wonderful Word Adventure (2006)Brother Bear 2 (2006)The Fox and the Hound 2 (2006)Cinderella III: A Twist in Time (2007)Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams (2007)The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (2008)Tinker Bell (2008) Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure (2009)Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue (2010)Secret of the Wings (2012)**
Planes (2013)The Pirate Fairy (2014)**Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast'' (2015)
Franchises

References

The Walt Disney Company
The National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF), was a communist army based in South Vietnam that fought against the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War (1955-75). The group is better known as the Viet Cong (Việt Cộng) or V.C., short for "Vietnamese Communist." American soldiers called the Vietnamese communist forces Charlie (which is the letter "C" in the NATO phonetic alphabet), whether North Vietnamese or Viet Cong.

The group was made up of people from both South and North Vietnam. Most of the people in the group were communists but some members were not communists, but the main leaders were. The Viet Cong used guerilla warfare, including terrorist bombings, assassinations, and ambushes. The group is best known for the Tet Offensive, a surprise attack on many South Vietnamese cities that began in January 1968 during Tet, or the Vietnamese New Year. The group was closely allied with the government of North Vietnam, which conquered the South in 1975.
According to Re-thinking Camelot (Noam Chomsky 1993), the NLF resistance was in part the result of terror that was inflicted by the government of South Vietnam, which was backed and guided by the US, while the NLF was peacefully awaiting the national elections that had been promised by the Geneva Accords of 1954.

Some, however, accuse Chomsky of minimizing the communists' atrocities and of exaggerating those of their opponents.

History 
After the Geneva Agreement, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two regions. The people of the North and the Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam resolutely fought for the implementation of the Geneva Agreements in order to achieve peaceful reunification of Vietnam.

References

Vietnam War
National liberation movements
Rebel militia groups in Asia
Communism
1954 establishments in Asia
1976 disestablishments in Asia
The NATO phonetic alphabet is a set of code words for the letters of the Latin alphabet. They are used to spell words when people speak over the radio or telephone, when people from different countries are speaking with different accents, or in other situations where people may not clearly hear the normal names of the letters. This is important for accuracy in the military and in air travel and shipping. For instance, it may be difficult to hear whether a person is saying the letter "pee" (P) or "bee" (B). The NATO code words "papa" and "bravo" are much clearer. (Each code word begins with the letter that it stands for.)

Although it is commonly called a "phonetic alphabet", it is not used for phonetics as the International Phonetic Alphabet is. For this reason it is also called a "spelling alphabet". There have been many different spelling alphabets over time, but the NATO alphabet is the most commonly used around the world.
Between ships at sea, signal flags are used to stand for letters in order to spell out words.

Alphabet 

Below are the symbol flags and NATO code words for each letter of the alphabet. The pronunciations of the code words are given in the International Phonetic Alphabet. 

Two of the code words have a second pronunciation: charlie for 'C' may be pronounced with a French 'ch' sound (an English 'sh' sound: ), and uniform for 'U' may be pronounced without the 'y' sound that occurs in that word in English (). The R's in these two words, as well as at the ends of several other code words, do not need to be pronounced. These are the R's that are not pronounced in British English.
Numbers 
Numbers also have code words, but these are very close to the normal English names. Like letters in words, each digit of a number is read out individually. For instance, "13" is read as the two digits one three, not as the number thirteen. An exception occurs when "00" or "000" appears in a number. These may be read hundred and thousand (1300: one three hundred), though reading them out individually is also correct (1300: one three zero zero – but not as "one thousand three hundred", because the code word thousand means that there is a triple "000" in the text).
The pronunciation of some digits is different from English. 0 may be stressed on both syllables. 3 and 000 are pronounced like "tree" and "tousand", since the English "th" sound is difficult for many people. 4 is given its old pronunciation with two syllables: "fower" (rhymes with "lower"), to avoid confusion with the word "for". 5 is pronounced like "fife" to avoid confusion with "fire". The digit 9 is pronounced "niner" (rhymes with "finer") to avoid confusion with the German word "nein" ("no"). 

The decimal point in a number is called decimal (pronounced "day-see-mal"), regardless of whether it is written with a period (.) or a comma (,). For instance, 1,3 and 1.3 (meaning 1 and 3/10) are both read out loud as one decimal three.
These code words are for international usage. When two people speak the same language, they may speak the numbers in their language, even if they use the NATO phonetic alphabet for spelling names. Similarly, in the United States, it is common to say "point" instead of "decimal".

Punctuation 
Punctuation marks are only rarely spoken out loud in situations that call for the NATO spelling alphabet. If the period or comma in a sentence needs to be said, they are read as stop  and comma . (...) are brackets on  and brackets off ; "..." are quote  and unquote . "-" is hyphen , not "dash"; "/" is slant . Others are given their normal English readings as colon, semi-colon, exclamation mark, question mark and apostrophe.

References 

Alphabets
NATO
Flags
Super Mario Bros. is a video game made by Nintendo in 1985. It is played on the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The game is the sequel to the game Mario Bros. In Super Mario Bros., Mario goes to the Mushroom Kingdom. There, he must save Princess Toadstool (later Princess Peach) from Bowser. Players can also use Luigi in two-player mode. The game was made by Shigeru Miyamoto. The music was made by Kōji Kondō.

Super Mario Bros. was a very important game because it quickly changed how games were made. It was the best-selling video game ever before being beaten by Wii Sports in 2009. It turned Mario into a famous symbol. It also made the NES successful. This game greatly helped the video game industry.

Plot
Bowser has kidnapped Princess Toadstool, who is the princess of the Mushroom Kingdom. Mario must chase Bowser through eight worlds in the Mushroom Kingdom to rescue her, with the help of his brother, Luigi.
Gameplay
Super Mario Bros. is a platform game. In the game, Mario must race through the Mushroom Kingdom and save Princess Toadstool (later Princess Peach) from Bowser. Mario jumps, runs, and walks across each level. The worlds are full of enemies, platforms, and open holes. If Mario touches an enemy, he dies. If he falls down a hole or misses a jump, he will also lose a life.

Mario has several "power-ups". A red and white mushroom will make him big. If Mario is big and if he touches an enemy, he gets smaller; he will not die. If Mario is big and he hits a question block that has a power-up, a fire flower will come out. The fire flower will give him the power to throw fireballs, which can defeat enemies. If he gets hit as Fire Mario, he will go back to being small Mario.

Each world is divided into four levels. Some levels are underground and others are underwater. When Mario is underwater, he cannot jump on any enemy and he will shrink or die if he touches one.
The fourth level is a castle. Mario faces lava, fire bars, and other enemies in this level. At the end of the level is Bowser, who stands over a lava pit. Mario can throw fireballs to defeat Bowser. He can also jump over or run under Bowser to an axe. Touching the axe will destroy the bridge and cause Bowser to fall into the lava, defeating him. Toadstool's servant, Toad, will then tell Mario that the princess is in another castle. The eighth boss is the real Bowser and instead of Toad, the princess is there.

Impact
Super Mario Bros. was both the launch game and a good game for the Nintendo Entertainment System.  This game and Duck Hunt were bundled with every NES sold, and the game sold 40 million units as a result. There is also a version of the game with Duck Hunt and World Class Track Meet, which is for the NES Power Pad.
The game's main theme, which plays in the first level of the game, is very well known. It was composed by Koji Kondo. After being in Super Mario Bros., it has been in many other Nintendo games.

The game would later have updated versions in Super Mario All-Stars and Super Mario Bros. Deluxe. The game's design was also usable in the Super Mario Maker series.

References

1980s video games
Mario platform games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
In Ancient Greece, the name βάρβαρος, bárbaros, was given to all those who did not speak the Greek language. Later, the term Barbarian came to mean 'Anyone who is not Greek'. Later again, it meant 'anyone who is outside the Roman Empire'.

In modern use, the word is used to refer to an uncivilized or uncultured person. 

It is used for a member of a nation or ethnic group which is seen as having a lower level of civilization, or for an individual person which is seen as a brutal, cruel and insensitive or whose behavior is unacceptable in the civilized society of the speaker. When used for a person the word is always pejorative, when used for a nation not always.

Other websites 
 "Official Website of Barbaric Barbarians" , A humorous view of Barbarians
 Andrew Lang, Savage Supreme Beings , The Making of Religion, Chapter XII (1900).

Sociology
Pejoratives
Numerical digits are the number text characters used to show numerals. For example, the numeral "56" has two digits: 5 and 6. In the decimal system (which is base 10), each digit is how many of a certain power of 10 are needed to get the value. The rightmost, or units digit, is for 10^0, the next digit is for 10^1, etc.

The numeral "56" means:  6*10^0 + 5*10^1 = 6*1 + 5*10 = 6 + 50.

The ten digits of the decimal system are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Some numeral systems need more than ten digits. For example, the hexadecimal numeral system uses 16 symbols to represent numericals : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.

Related pages
 Digital

References 

Mathematics
Contempt is an intense feeling of disrespect and dislike.  It is related to feelings of resentment, jealousy  and bitterness.

Contempt may also mean:
 Contempt of court
 Contempt of Congress
 Contempt of Parliament
 Contempt (movie), known as Le Mépris in its original French, a movie by Jean-Luc Godard
Contempt (album), an album by futurepop band Assemblage 23
Contempt Breeds Contamination, a song by the thrash metal band Trivium
Content can refer to:
 Information and experiences created by individuals, institutions and technology to benefit audiences in contexts that they value.
Raw content is content in format that is detectable by an observer.
 Subject of the plot, in narrative works.
 Substance.
 Volume generalized to arbitrarily many dimensions in mathematics and physics.
 In education, the curriculum to be learned as opposed to the teaching methods used.
 As an emotion, a form of happiness from being happy with what you have.

Other
 Open content
 Free content
 Web content
 Content format
Evanescence is an American alternative metal/rock band. It was founded in 1995 in Little Rock, Arkansas by singer Amy Lee and former-guitarist Ben Moody. The band gained local popularity and released a number of EPs before signing a record deal with Wind-up.

The band released Fallen, their first full-length album, in 2003. Fallen gained popularity after two of its songs were featured in the film Daredevil. The album was a critical and commercial success and sold more than 17 million copies worldwide; spawning the hit singles “Bring Me to Life” and “My Immortal”. It also helped the band win two Grammy Awards.

In 2006, the band released their second studio album, The Open Door, which was positively received. It debuted at #1 in the Billboard Hot 200 chart, and sold more than 447.000 copies in its first week. The album sold more than 6 million copies and its third single, “Sweet Sacrifice”, was honored with a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Song.
After concluding “The Open Door Tour", the band went on a lengthy hiatus. The band announced that they would be working on a new album in June 2009, but the production was delayed several times. Evanescence, the bands’ self-titled third studio album, was eventually released on October 11, 2011. It debuted at #1 in 5 Billboard charts, including the Hot 200 and Rock Albums charts. “What You Want” became the first single off the album, and was released on August 9, 2011 to positive critical reception. “My Heart is Broken” was chosen as the second single and sent to radio stations on October 31, 2011. An accompanying video premiered on Evanescence’s Vevo account on YouTube on January 28, 2012. Lee has confirmed via a Twitter message that the third single will be “Made of Stone”. A remixed version “Made of Stone” was featured in the soundtrack of the 2012 film Underworld: Awakening.
The band has suffered many line-up changes throughout the years. David Hodges was the first member to exit the band in 2002. Co-founder Moody left the band mid-tour in 2004 due to creative differences with frontwoman Lee, followed by Will Boyd in 2006. In 2007, Lee fired guitarist John LeCompt and drummer Rocky Gray announced he was quitting the band shortly after. As of mid-2007, Lee is the only original member left in the band.

Evanescence was ranked at #71 on the Best Artists of the Decade chart. As a female-fronted band that utilizes dramatic vocals and orchestral elements in their music, critics and fans have drawn parallels between Evanescence and other female-fronted symphonic and gothic metal bands such as Lacuna Coil. The band is recognized for their dark music and lyrics, Lee’s vocals and piano instrumentations against the background of “chugging” guitar riffs and their use of electronic elements.

History

Early years (1994 – 2000)
The people who founded Evanescence are singer, songwriter and pianist Amy Lee and guitarist and songwriter Ben Moody who is no longer a member in the band. They met in a youth camp in 1994, when Moody heard Lee playing a song on the piano.

After that, they started writing music together. Two of their songs were played on the local radio station and the listeners wanted them to do a concert. They later appeared live and became a popular act in their area.

They chose "Evanescence" as a name for their band because Lee thought "it is mysterious and dark, and places a picture in the listener' mind." Evanescence means "to disappear" or "to fade away".

Before Fallen was released, Evanescence made two EPs (Evanescence EP and Sound Asleep EP) and one Demo CD called Origin. Some of the songs on Fallen can be found on their previous records, like My Immortal.

Fallen and Anywhere but Home (2001 – 2005)
Three of Lee and Moody's friends joined the band. They were John LeCompt, Rocky Gray and Will Boyd. The three also worked on previous Evanescence songs. The band also signed their first major label (Wind-Up Records) in 2001 and started working on Fallen. The band entered the studio in August 2002 to start recording songs for the album.

Fallen became a worldwide success, and spent 43 weeks on the Billboard top 10 charts. It sold over 15 million copies and was certified 7x platinum in the United States. It is also one of the eight albums to stay for at least a year within the Billboard Top 50 charts.

Their most successful single from Fallen is Bring Me to Life, which won a Grammy award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 2004. Another popular single is My Immortal, which was nominated for a Grammy in 2005. The other two singles are Going Under and Everybody’s Fool. All four songs had videos to promote them.
Ben Moody left the band while they were touring in Europe. The reason given for this is because of creative differences with the band’s singer Amy Lee. Moody was replaced by another guitarist, Terry Balsamo.

In 2004, Evanescence released Anywhere but Home, their first live album. It includes a concert in Paris, some behind-the-scenes features, and the single Missing, which reached #1 in Spain. The CD also had three live songs, Breathe No More, Farther Away, and the band's cover of Korn's Thoughtless.

The Open Door and Hiatus (2005 – 2009) 

The band entered the studio in September 2005 to start recording songs for their second album

Will Boyd left the band in 2006 for "not wanting to do another big tour" and for wanting "to be close to his family". He was replaced by Tim McCord.
The Open Door is the band's first album to reach #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. The album had four singles with videos, which are Call Me When You're Sober, Lithium, Sweet Sacrifice and Good Enough. In 2008, Evanescence was nominated for a Grammy award for Sweet Sacrifice.

The band toured two times to promote The Open Door. The first tour was held in countries such as the United States, Canada, Japan and Australia. In the second tour, they returned to the US and had more concerts there. They also joined the Family Values Tour 2007 with the band Korn and the Argentinean festival Quilems Rock 07 with the bands Aerosmith and Velvet Revolver.

On May 4, 2007, John LeCompt said that he was fired from Evanescence, and that Rocky Gray left the band. They were replaced for some time by Will Hunt and Troy McLawhorn, who are from the band Dark New Day.

Evanescence (2009 – present)
Lee announced in June 2009 that Evanescence were working on a new album and explained the reason behind the lengthy absence:
"I believe that to make great music you have to give yourself the freedom to evolve. I don’t see the point in making the same record twice, so I always want to challenge myself to make something better, stronger, and more interesting than before. That takes time, but it’s worth the wait for me. Hopefully, it will be for the fans too. Look out for new music next year…"
Lee later posted more information about the album through Evanescence's fan forum, EvThreads. She described the music as "dark, sarcastic, fun, strange, familiar and very different at the same time", stating that it's not music people would expect from the band. In another post, she mentioned that she was collaborating with Will "Science" Hunt and Balsamo in writing for the album.
Members
 Amy Lee - Vocals, piano/keyboards, harp
 Troy McLawhorn - Lead guitar
 Tim McCord - Bass guitar
 Jen Majura - Rhythm guitar
 Will Hunt - Drums and percussion

Discography
Studio albums
 Fallen (2003)
 The Open Door (2006)
 Evanescence (2011)
 The Bitter Truth (2021)

Singles
 Bring Me to Life
 Going Under
 My Immortal
 Everybody's Fool
 Call Me When You're Sober
 Lithium
 Sweet Sacrifice
 Good Enough
 What You Want
 My Heart Is Broken
 Lost in Paradise

Radio Singles
 Imaginary
 Missing
 Weight of the World

References

1990s American music groups
1995 establishments in the United States
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Alternative metal bands
American heavy metal bands
 
Gothic metal bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1995
Musicians from Little Rock, Arkansas
The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. Its roots go back to the early medieval period. It took over more and more from the power of the monarch. Its existence ended in 1707. 

After the Act of Union 1707 became the main part of the Parliament of Great Britain, and later the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The other nations of the United Kingdom (Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) each has a legislature of its own. This is called devolution. England does not have such a legislature today.

History

Origins 
The origin of Parliament can be found in the times of the Anglo-Saxons. Anglo-Saxon kings were advised by a council known as the Witenagemot, to which belonged the King's sons and brothers. 

The Ealdormen, or executive heads of the shire and the senior clergymen of the state, had seats as well. The King still had the highest authority, but laws were made only after seeking the advice (and, in later times, the consent) of the Witenagemot.
Development 
The royal council slowly grew into a Parliament. The first time the word Parliament can be found in official documents was during Henry III's reign. It was still mostly informal, and not an official body. The right to vote in Parliamentary elections for county constituencies was the same everywhere in the country, giving a vote to everyone who owned the freehold of land to a rent of 40 shillings a year (Forty-shilling Freeholders). 

The rise of Parliament's power was slowed down by civil war between Stephen and Empress Matilda. By the end of the Wars of the Roses, the king had the strongest authority again. The Crown was at the height of its power during the reign of Henry VIII.
Following the Restoration, monarchs agreed to regularly call Parliament. But there was no clear guarantee of Parliamentary liberties until James II, an unpopular Catholic ruler, was forced to flee the country in 1688. Parliament decided that he had given up his crown, and offered it to his Protestant daughter Mary, instead of his Catholic son. Mary II ruled together with her husband, William III.

Union: the Parliament of Great Britain 
Following the Treaty of Union in 1707, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland made acts of parliament which made a new United Kingdom of Great Britain. The existence of both parliaments came to an end. The new legislature was the new Parliament of Great Britain. Its home was the Palace of Westminster, the old home of the old Parliament of England.

Related pages
 Member of Parliament

References
References 

 Blackstone, Sir William. (1765). Commentaries on the Laws of England. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
 Davies, M. (2003). Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the House of Lords, 19th ed. 
 Farnborough, Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron. (1896). Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third, 11th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co.
 "Parliament." (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.

Other websites
Other websites 

 The Parliament of the United Kingdom. Official website.
 The Parliament of the United Kingdom. Parliament Live TV.
 The British Broadcasting Corporation. (2005). "A–Z of Parliament."
 The Guardian. (2005). "Special Report: House of Commons." 
 The Guardian. (2005). "Special Report: House of Lords."
 Parliamentary procedure site at Leeds University
 The Campaign for an English Parliament
 Mori Poll – Views on English Devolution – 41% support English Parliament 
 English Democrats – web site
 Witanagemot Club 
 David Davis on an English Parliament 
England
Politics of England
History of England
1707 disestablishments
1700s disestablishments in Europe