Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In summer, adult male pronghorns fight with other males for a territory. In this territory the male keeps a group of females with which he mates in September. Adult males go to the extremes in fighting each other to win over the female by fatally injuring the other pronghorn and determining which male is stronger. Young males that do not yet fight for a territory form small groups, and old weak males live alone. Females live in groups of about 20 animals. When the female is close to giving birth, it leaves the group for a time to give birth to its offspring.

After a pregnancy of 8 months the female gives birth to 1-2 young, seldom three. The new-borns hide for three days, and after a week they can run with their mother. A pronghorn baby has grey fur, and after three months it has the adult coloring. They drink milk for 5–6 months, and start to eat grass after three weeks. Females become mature when they are 15–16 months old, and males become mature when they are 24 months old.
Similarities 
The pronghorn's similarity to deer is an example of convergent evolution, and it is like the parallel between deer and some African bovines.

Saved 
Pronghorns were hunted almost to extinction by hunters. They were saved by interested people. On January 26, 1931, President Herbert Hoover signed the executive order for the refuge. On December 31, 1936, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order creating a  tract; this was the true beginning for pronghorn recovery in North America.

Images

References

Even-toed ungulates
Mammals of North America
Computers can display information and let the user give commands to it using two methods: a command line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI).

In a command line interface, the user types commands using the keyboard to tell the computer to take an action. For example, the more command available in most operating systems will display the contents of a file. Sometimes people call CLI “Console”, but consoles can be GUI, too.

In many graphical user interfaces, the user can use the computer mouse to click on buttons. For example, your web browser may have a Print icon to print this page. Some use a touch screen or other method.

Graphical user interfaces are generally thought more easy to use than command lines. Command lines are faster than graphical user interfaces and can be used to give special commands to the computer.

List of operating systems with graphical user interfaces and command-line interfaces:

Microsoft Windows
Mac OS
Linux

Computing
The water deer (Hydropotes inermis) is an even-toed ungulate mammal of the deer family. It is the only member of the subfamily Hydropotinae. There are two subspecies: the Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis inermis) and the Korean water deer (Hydropotes inermis argyropus).

Appearance 
Water deer are small deer: they are about 90 cm long and about 50 cm high. They weigh about 13 kg. The water deer has yellowish-brown fur, with a white chin and throat. Both males and females do not have antlers. Males have long upper canine teeth (called tusks), which can be up to 5 cm long.

Habitat 
The water deer originally lived in China and Korea. Today there are also small wild populations in England and France. Water deer live close to water: in swamps and on the shores of rivers and lakes.

Life 
Water deer eat grasses and reeds. They also eat grains and vegetables from fields.

Water deer live alone, but sometimes they form small groups.
After a pregnancy of 200 days the female gives birth to 2-4 babies. A water deer baby has white dots and stripes on its fur, which disappear after 8 weeks. They drink milk for 3 months. When the young water deer are 6 months old they are independent and leave their mothers. They become mature when they are 1 year old.

Deer
Orchestration in music can have two meanings:

 It can mean: the study of how to write music for an orchestra.
 It can also mean the list of instruments that are used in a particular piece of music.

People who want to compose music for orchestras need to study orchestration.  They can do this by reading books about orchestration, but also they can do this by studying orchestral scores and listening to orchestras in concerts or on CDs.  Students at music colleges will also practise orchestration by taking piano music and arranging it for orchestra.

The word instrumentation means almost the same thing as “orchestration”.  “Instrumentation” means: understanding each instrument and knowing about all the sounds they can make.  It can be about any music with instruments, whereas “orchestration” refers to the orchestra from its beginnings in the 17th century to the present.
Orchestration is all about understanding how to write well for different instruments, how to combine them so that they sound well together and balance well.

Sometimes composers leave the orchestration of their works to other people.  Leonard Bernstein is famous as the composer of West Side Story, but although he composed all the notes he left it to other people to orchestrate.  The composer Maurice Ravel took a piano piece called Pictures at an Exhibition by Modest Mussorgsky (who had died forty years earlier). He arranged it for orchestra.  Most people know this version rather than Mussorgsky’s piano version.

Hector Berlioz and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov are two famous composers who were particularly brilliant at writing for orchestra.  They both wrote books on orchestration which are still very useful today.

Music
Blockbusters was a game show that aired from 1980 to 1987.

How to play 
One team of two people plays against a solo person to see if two heads are better than one.  The team is represented by the color white while the solo player is represented by the color red. There is a game board with letters inside spaces shaped like a hexagon.  A player picks a letter on the board, and host Bill Cullen asks a question to see how much the players know.  Whoever rings in first and gets the answer right gets their color put on the board in the space where the corresponding letter once was.  If the team makes a connection from left to right, they win.  If the solo player makes a connection from top to bottom, he/she wins.
Gold Rush 
Whoever wins after two games goes on to play the "Gold Rush" for a shot at an extra $5,000.  The board is the same, except that the spaces are colored gold, and sometimes more than one letter is seen in each space.  The object of the game is to make a connection across the board within the 60 second time limit.  If they do, they win the $5,000.  If they miss a question, a block will go up and they will have to work their way around it.

Different versions 
Blockbusters aired on the NBC network and was hosted by Bill Cullen from 1980 to 1982.  Then in 1987, comedian Bill Rafferty hosted a new version, which ended the same year. It featured two solo players instead of a team of two people and a solo player.

Television game shows
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
Theria is a subclass of mammals. It includes almost all living mammals: the ones that give birth to live young, and not by using a shelled egg.

The Theria are divided into two groups (infraclasses): Metatheria and Eutheria. The surviving Metatheria are the marsupials, and the Eutheria are the placental mammals. 

Mammals
The Ameridelphia is a superorder of marsupial mammals only found in South America. It consists of two orders:

Ameridelphia 
Order Didelphimorphia
Order Paucituberculata

Marsupials of South America
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (born October 27, 1945) is a Brazilian politician and former trade union leader who is the current President of Brazil since January 1, 2023. He previously was president from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2010. He is a co-founder and member of the Workers' Party. He was a Federal Deputy for São Paulo from 1987 to 1991. He had run three times for president, until winning the presidency during his fourth campaign in 2002, when he was elected to replace Fernando Henrique Cardoso. He was re-elected in 2006 in a landslide victory.
In early 2016, Lula was appointed Chief of Staff under his successor Dilma Rousseff, but his appointment was blocked because of federal investigations against him at the time. In July 2017, Lula was convicted on charges of money laundering and corruption in a controversial trial, and sentenced to nine and a half years in prison. After an unsuccessful appeal, Lula was arrested in April 2018 and spent 580 days in jail. In 2021, his sentence was overturned by the Supreme Court of Brazil because his jail sentence was seen as politically motivated.

Lula ran for president again in 2018, however dropped out after being charged for bribery. In May 2021, Lula said he would run for a third term in the 2022 general election, against the incumbent President Jair Bolsonaro. In October 2022 in the run-off election, Lula would beat Bolsonaro, winning 50.9% of the vote.
Early life
Lula was born in Caetés, Pernambuco to Aristides Inácio da Silva and Eurídice Ferreira de Melo. He was raised Roman Catholic. Lula was raised in São Paulo. His family lived in poverty and his father died of alcoholism.

He did not learn to read until he was ten years old and quit school after the second grade to work and help his family.

He studied at National Service for Industrial Training to become a metalworker. He lost the little finger on his left hand at 19 in an accident, while working as a press operator. It was because of this injury, he became more active in the labor unions and labour rights movement.

Union career 
Lula joined the labour movement when he worked at Villares Metals S.A.. He was elected in 1975, and reelected in 1978, as president of the Steel Workers' Union of São Bernardo do Campo and Diadema.
In the late 1970s, when Brazil was under military rule, Lula helped organize union activities, including major strikes. He was in jail for a month because under the military rule, his strikes were seen as illegal. Lula was awarded a lifetime pension after the fall of the military regime.

Legislative career
On 10 February 1980, Lula co-founded the Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT) or Workers' Party. That same year, he became National President of the Workers' Party and was in this role until 1988. In 1982, he added the nickname Lula to his legal name. In 1983, he helped found the Central Única dos Trabalhadores (CUT) union association.

In 1987, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. During his time as a deputy, he helped write the country's post-military rule constitution. He also focused on agricultural land reform and for fixing the country's debt. He decided not to run for re-election in 1990. He became Workers' Party President again in 1990 and he left the role in 1994.

Early presidential campaigns
Lula first ran for President of Brazil in 1989 and lost the election to Fernando Collor de Mello. He ran for president again in 1994 and came in second place again, losing to Fernando Henrique Cardoso. He would lose to Henrique Cardoso again in 1998.

First presidency

In 2002, Lula was elected President of Brazil, beating José Serra in a landslide victory. In 2006, he was re-elected in another landslide victory, beating Geraldo Alckmin.

Lula created a housing aid program to fix housing problems and help people in poverty have homes.

During Lula's first term, child hunger decreased by 46%. In May 2010, the UN World Food Programme (WFP) awarded Lula da Silva the title of "World Champion in the Fight against Hunger". Lula also fixed the country's economy by fixing its debt, and help make the economy strong enough for foreign banks to make investments and profits in Brazil again.
His second term as president, focused on environmental issues and created protection programs on indigenous lands and stopped deforestation in the Amazons. However, his second term was also controversial because of the Mensalão scandal, which said that Lula da Silva's party, the Workers' Party, had bribed Deputies to support and pass pro-Lula legislation.

When he left office, Lula da Silva was extremely popular, with many calling him Brazil's most popular president and the most popular politician in the world.

2018 presidential campaign

In 2017, Lula announced he would run as the Workers' Party candidate for president again in the 2018 election. His campaign was controversial and a target of attacks. In Paraná, a campaign bus was shot, and in Rio Grande do Sul, rocks were thrown at a Lula campaign bus. Despite this, he was seen as the front-runner to win the election.
While bribe charges against Lula were being held, the UN Human Rights Committee ruled on 17 August 2018 that it had requested the Brazilian government to allow Lula to be political and run for office. Despite this, Lula was charged and was forced to withdraw his campaign.

Bribe charges and release
On July 12, 2017, the former president was convicted at first instance of corruption (more specifically, the crime of passive corruption which in Brazilian criminal law is defined by the receipt of a bribe by a civil servant or government official) and money laundering and sentenced to nine years and six months in prison by judge Sérgio Moro. This made him ineligible to run for president in the 2018 election, and he dropped out of the election.

In 2021, his sentence was overturned by the Supreme Court of Brazil and all charges were cleared and seen as politically motivated.

Second presidency

2022 presidential campaign
In May 2021, Lula said he would run for a third term in the October 2022 general election, against the incumbent President Jair Bolsonaro. He is seen as the front-runner to win the election and beat Bolsonaro. He was 17% ahead of Bolsonaro in a poll in January 2022. In April 2022, Lula announced former São Paulo governor Geraldo Alckmin, who ran against him in the 2006 election, as his running mate.

On 2 October 2022, Lula advanced to the run-off election on 30 October against President Bolsonaro. Lula won 48.43% of the vote against Bolsonaro's 43.20%.

Lula was elected in the second round on 30 October, three days after his seventy-seventh birthday. He became the first president of Brazil elected to three terms and the first since Getúlio Vargas to serve in non-consecutive terms. He is also the first candidate to unseat an incumbent president.
Tenure
Lula was sworn in on 1 January 2023. At aged 77, he is the oldest person to become president. Lula said that his main goals were to fix the country's economy, democracy and education systems; fight against poverty; and push for more environmental policies.

On 8 January 2023, supporters of Bolsonaro stormed and invaded the Praça dos Três Poderes in Brasília, taking over the offices of the Supreme Federal Court, National Congress of Brazil and the Palácio do Planalto.
Lula took a non-aligned stance on the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Lula repeatedly attacked NATO and the European Union as the cause of the war. In April 2023 Lula condemned Russia's violation of Ukraine's territorial integrity and said Russia should withdraw from Ukrainian territory. He also put blame on Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, saying "This guy is as responsible as Putin for the war," during an interview in May 2022. Later in April 2023, he suggested that Ukraine should "give up Crimea" in exchange for peace, saying Zelenskyy "can not want everything".

In the first 4 months of 2023, Amazon deforestation rate has seen a significant decrease, being reported 40.4% lower in comparison to the same period of 2022. Lula also promised to recognize 14 new indigenous reserves. Six were recognized as of May 2023.
Personal life
Lula was married to Maria de Lurdes Ribeiro from 1969 until her death in 1971. He was later married to Marisa Letícia Lula da Silva from 1974 until her death in 2017. In 2022, he married Rosângela da Silva. Lula has five children.

Health
In 2011, Lula, who was a smoker for 40 years, was diagnosed with throat cancer. He underwent chemotherapy, leading to a successful recovery.

References

Other websites

 "Brazil’s Presidential Election: Background on Economic Issues" from the Center for Economic and Policy Research 
 Profile of President Lula 
 Lula's foreign policy of Third World unity , The Nation
 Brazil's 'Lula' Celebrates Election as President, Voice of America News
 Financial markets hold for Lula, BBC News
 Peace, love and power , Radio Netherlands
 Brazil's Lost Leader  from the Council on Hemispheric Affairs
 "Interview transcript: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva" July 11, 2006 Financial Times
1945 births
Living people
Presidents of Brazil
Current national leaders
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Democratic socialists
Politicians from São Paulo
Brazilian activists
Trade unionists
Paraná is a state in Southern Brazil. It is next to Paraguay and Argentina. Its capital is Curitiba. Paraná is a famous state because of Itaipu Dam and the Iguaçu Falls.

Paraná is bounded on the north by São Paulo, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina and the Misiones Province of Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and the republic of Paraguay, with the Paraná River as its western boundary line.

Paraná is one of the Brazilian states that shows the most signs of recent European colonization. Most of the population are descendants of European settlers, and is one of the most ethnically diverse. Waves of European immigrants started arriving after 1850, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians. The development of the state is closely linked to the arrival of the immigrants. Nowadays, migrants from other Brazilian states (especially from the São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and the Northeast Region) come to Paraná in search of a better life.
People of Polish descent predominate in the central and south regions, mainly around Curitiba. Italians predominate in the capital, Curitiba, and in the coast. People of Ukrainian descent predominate in a few cities, such as Prudentópolis; many Ukrainians are found throughout the state. Germans predominate in a few cities, such as Rolândia. Almost all towns have many Portuguese people and their descendants.

People of mixed-race ancestry predominate in a few towns in the north. There is an important Muslim Lebanese and Syrian community around Foz do Iguaçu. In the north, there are many Japanese people.

The main cities of the state are:
Curitiba (Capital and largest, east)
 Londrina (2nd largest, north)
 Maringá (3rd largest, north)
 Foz do Iguaçu (4th largest, west)
 Ponta Grossa (5th largest, center-east)
 Cascavel (6th largest, center-west)
 São José dos Pinhais (7th largest, Greater Curitiba)
 Colombo (8th largest, Greater Curitiba)
 Guarapuava (9th largest, center)
 Paranaguá (10th largest, east-coast)

Album

References

Other websites
The Dual Alliance was an alliance made between Germany and Austria-Hungary. It was started to help one another if Russia attacked either of them. It was formed on October 7, 1879.

1870s in Germany
Austria-Hungary
Radio Caracas Television (or RCTV) is one of the largest and most important television stations in Venezuela. It can be seen in all of Venezuela on channel 2. It was the third television station to start up in Venezuela (Televisiora Nacional was the first and Televisa was the second). Both Televisora Nacional and Televisa are no longer on, so RCTV is now the oldest television station in Venezuela. Venevision is RCTV's main rival. RCTV's offices can be found in the center of Caracas.

History
Radio Caracas Television began on November 15, 1953 (during the dictatorship of General Marcos Perez Jimenez). In 1953, plays, news, and sports were pretty much the only thing seen on RCTV, but by 1954, they began making soap operas (also known as telenovelas). Telenovelas are now RCTV's most liked and seen programs.
In the 1960s, RCTV began videotaping their programs, as they used to be made live. In 1961, there was small fire at RCTV. On July 21, 1969, RCTV was on of the only television station in Venezuela that showed the first visit to the moon by man.

In 1972, RCTV began selling some of its shows to other countries and television stations. The three hundred chaptered telenovela, "La Usurpadora" was the first telenovela to be sold to other countries. Today, RCTV's shows are said to be seen in more than 60 countries and heard in more than 20 languages. In 1974, RCTV began recording some of their programs in color. "Doña Barbara", which was made from a book written by Romulo Gallegos, was RCTV's first show made in color. Radio Caracas Television started the "Fundacion Academia Nacional de Ciencias y Artes de Cine" on November 15, 1978.

In the year 1981, RCTV began recording all of their programs in color.

On November 15, 1999, RCTV had been on 16,000 days.
On July 18, 2005, Empresas 1BC president Marcel Granier and RCTV president Eladio Larez opened up the new building where RCTV's news show, "El Observador", will be made.

Problems

President Hugo Chávez closed RCTV because of reports that they tried to take down his government.

Facts
 The host of "¿Quien Quiere Ser Millonario?" ("Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" in Venezuela) is Eladio Larez, who is also the president of RCTV.
 RCTV used to be seen on channel 7 (though in a few places, it can still be seen on that channel).

Other websites 
 RCTV 

Television networks
Caracas
1953 establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Venezuela
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by a virus called HIV.
 Acquired means that people are not born with the disease. They get it after being infected with the HIV virus.
 Immune or Immuno- talks about the immune system. The immune system is the part of the body that fights off disease.
 Deficiency means not to be enough. An immuno-deficiency is a problem where the immune system is damaged and cannot fight off diseases to keep the body healthy.
 Syndrome is a collection of symptoms, or problems in the body. Because the immune system is damaged, and cannot fight off disease, people with AIDS get a collection of symptoms which is referred to as the "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome."

How many people have AIDS? 
As of 2018, it is estimated that there are 39.7 million people worldwide infected with HIV. The HIV pandemic is most severe in Sub-Saharan Africa. Over 60% of all people with HIV live in the region.
Many people with HIV do not know they have it. Because of this, the exact number of people with HIV is unknown.

Where HIV started 
Scientists believe the first human who got HIV was a person in Africa in the early 1900s. It infected only a small amount of people (disease not recognised), until it then turned into an epidemic reported to have started in New York (USA) in 1981. It then very quickly started spreading to other countries. This happened when Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) went from apes or chimpanzees to humans. This virus probably crossed to humans when a hunter came into contact with monkey blood while cutting up monkeys to eat. Research in October 2014 shows that the virus started in Kinshasa during the 1920s. It was quickly spread by unprotected sex, dirty needles used by intravenous drug users, and it then made its way into the medical blood supply . Some people described the spread of the disease as a sexidemic (widespread).
HIV and AIDS 
Not everyone who has HIV has AIDS. When people first get HIV, they can be healthy for years. A person is diagnosed as having AIDS when he or she gets specific types of illnesses or gets sick in certain ways due to their HIV. Once a person's HIV progresses to (or turns into) AIDS, the person will continue to have AIDS for the rest of their life. While there are many treatments for HIV/AIDS, at this point there is no cure.

If someone has HIV they are called HIV-positive.

Someone has AIDS if they have HIV and either:
 Blood tests that show very low numbers of white blood cells – special cells that fight infections
 AIDS defining illnesses (illness is another word for disease.)
AIDS-defining illnesses 
If a person gets an "AIDS-defining illness," this is usually a sign that the person has AIDS. Healthy people do not get these illnesses, because a healthy immune system is strong enough to fight off these diseases. Because of this, getting an AIDS-defining illness is a sign that a person's immune system is seriously damaged. In a person with HIV, getting an AIDS-defining illness signals that the HIV has damaged the immune system badly enough that the person now has AIDS.
Some AIDS defining illnesses are:
 Kaposi's sarcoma – a type of cancer that usually affects the skin (often causing red or purple lesions, or wounds, on the skin). Sometimes KS only affects the skin; sometimes it also affects other systems in the body.
 CMV retinitis – a virus that infects the back of the eye.
 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (acronym PCP) – a type of pneumonia, an infectious disease of the lung. PCP is the most common infection in AIDS patients.
 Toxoplasmosis – a parasitic disease (a disease caused by a parasite), which can cause problems in the brain as well as other systems in the body.
 Invasive cervical cancer – cancer of the bottom part of a woman's uterus. Invasive means the cancer has spread.
How is HIV spread? 
HIV can be spread by some body fluids that have HIV in them:
 Blood
 Semen
 Fluids from a woman's vagina
 Fluids from the rectum
 Breast milk
 From infected mother to child during pregnancy (Transplacental).
This means a person can get HIV by:
 Having sex with a person with HIV without using condoms or other types of protection
 This includes anal sex and (sometimes) oral sex
 Sharing needles with someone who has HIV (to inject illegal drugs like heroin)
 Getting stuck with a needle that has been used on someone with HIV (this happens sometimes to healthcare workers like doctors and nurses)
 A mother with HIV can pass HIV on to her baby while she is pregnant or if she breast-feeds the baby
How is HIV not spread? 
HIV is NOT spread by:
 Body fluids like saliva (spit), tears, or sweat
 Touching a person with HIV (like shaking hands or hugging)
 Sharing dishes or drinking from the same glass as someone with HIV
 Light switches or toilet seats
 Drinking fountains
 Air or water
 Insects, like mosquitoes

Treatment
There are medicines that help people with AIDS. These are called antiretroviral medicines (or antiretrovirals.) Anti- means against. HIV is a retrovirus. So antiretroviral means it fights retroviruses.

Antiretrovirals cannot cure AIDS. This means they cannot make all of the virus leave a person's body. But they can make people with AIDS more healthy. Antiretrovirals help people fight the HIV virus. This makes their immune systems work better. So antiretrovirals are a treatment but not a cure for HIV.
People with HIV/AIDS who take antiretroviral medicines live longer. They live longer without getting AIDS defining illnesses. But after a long time, the HIV virus learns how to fight the antiretrovirals. The HIV virus is not killed by this medicine. HIV becomes resistant to the medicine. Then the resistant HIV hurts the immune system and the person may get AIDS.

Sometimes when HIV is resistant to one medicine, another medicine can be used. To make less resistance happen, people with AIDS take more than one medicine at the same time. They may take 2–4 medicines at once. This is sometimes called a cocktail or AIDS cocktail.
When HIV gets resistant to one medicine, this is changed to another medicine. So the AIDS cocktail that people with AIDS take changes over time. But after a long time, the HIV learns to be resistant to many drugs. This is called multi-drug-resistant (acronym MDR) HIV. After the HIV in a person has MDR-HIV there may be no more medicines to treat them. So scientists keep trying to find new medicines to fight HIV.
The five most important HIV medicines are:
 D4T (stavudine)
 3TC (Lamivudine)
 NVP (nevirapine)
 AZT (zidovudine)
 EFZ (efavirenz)

HIV orphans 

Many people who die of AIDS, especially in Africa, leave behind children who are still alive, and may need help. These children are called AIDS orphans.

Ways to stop AIDS 
There are many ways people fight the AIDS epidemic.
Education 
The most important way to stop HIV/AIDS is education. People can get HIV from the exchange of bodily fluids and from sharing needles. Children can also get HIV from their mothers (when they grow inside pregnant mothers and when they drink breast milk.)
Sex is one way to get HIV. If people use condoms when they have sex, there is a much smaller chance of catching HIV.

A person can also get HIV by sharing needles. This means using a needle that has not been cleaned after someone else has used it. Some people who take illegal drugs like heroin and cocaine take these drugs by needle. Some of these people share needles. If one person has HIV and he shares his needles, he can give HIV to other people. But if people have clean needles or if they know how to clean needles, they do not get HIV as much.
Many people do not know that condoms and clean needles help stop HIV. They may not even know that sharing needles and sex with someone who has HIV can make them get HIV. Even if people know about condoms and clean needles, they may not have condoms and clean needles.

Safe sex and needle exchange 
There are some people who do not want people to know about condoms or clean needles. They believe that if people know about condoms and have condoms they will have more sex. They believe that if people have clean needles they will use illegal drugs more. Many of these people think this because of their religion. For example, the Catholic church does not want people to have or use condoms. They do not want people to have condoms because they do not think people should have sex unless they are married. They also think that married people should not use condoms, because they believe that if people have sex, they should be prepared to accept a possible pregnancy.
Scientists who study (look at and learn about) people who use condoms, see that if teenagers (children 13–19) learn about condoms (and other birth control) they have less unsafe sex. Scientists see that learning about these things does not make teenagers start having sex earlier. The teenagers also have safer sex. Safer sex means doing things (like wearing condoms) to try not to get pregnant or get sexually transmitted diseases (STDs or STIs) like HIV, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Using a condom works very well for keeping people from getting pregnant or getting STDs if people know how to use a condom the right way.
Scientists have also learned that if a city has a needle exchange program it will have fewer people who use illegal drugs. Needle exchange programs are where people can come in and trade dirty needles for clean needles. This means that if they use drugs they will be more safe. But needle exchange programs do more than give people clean needles. They teach people about drugs. If people want to stop using drugs, they help them.

HIV vaccine 
The best way to stop HIV is thought to be a vaccine. There is no vaccine for HIV yet. Many scientists are looking for an HIV vaccine. Even one that protected some people from HIV would save millions of people's lives.
Wrong ideas 
Some people think that HIV is not the cause of AIDS. They dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS, the existence of HIV itself, or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods. These claims, known as "AIDS denialism", are rejected by the scientific community. However, they have had a significant impact, particularly in South Africa. There the government's official embrace of AIDS denialism (1999–2005) was responsible for its weak response to that country's AIDS epidemic. It has been blamed for hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and HIV infections.

Some conspiracy theories have been put about. Operation INFEKTION was a worldwide Soviet active measures operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV/AIDS. Surveys show that a significant number of people believed – and continue to believe – in such claims.
Notes 
  "Survey shows intervention crucial to halt HIV in youth." AIDS Policy Law. 2005 Mar 11;20(5):4.
  "Sexual possibility situations and sexual behaviors among  adolescents: the moderating role of protective factors." J Adolesc Health. 2004 Dec;35(6):528.e11-20.
  "Update: syringe exchange programs--United States, 2002." Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 Jul 15;54(27):673-6. MMWR is published by the Centers for Disease Control.

References

Other websites 
 World Health Organizations 3 by 5 Initiative
 Médecins Sans Frontières: Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines 
 WHO HIV/AIDS Programme
 AIDS Education Global Information System
 From the US National Institutes of Health 
 New England Journal of Medicine Article "Patents versus Patients? Antiretroviral Therapy in India"
 AIDSPortal knowledge network
 Piedmont Care
 AIDS portal 

Syndromes
Sexually transmitted diseases
Diseases caused by viruses
A gibibyte (GiB) is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices. One gibibyte holds 1024 mebibytes (MiB). Some people call this number of bytes a gigabyte. This would be considered the binary equivalent to the base-10 gigabyte, which consists of exactly one billion bytes.

A gibibyte is equivalent to 230 bytes (1,073,741,824 bytes) while a gigabyte is 109 bytes (1,000,000,000 or a billion bytes)

1024 gibibytes make one tebibyte.

Related pages 

 Kibibyte
 Mebibyte
 Tebibyte
 Pebibyte

Units of information
Return to Castle Wolfenstein is a first person shooter computer game made by id Software and published by Activision for computers as well as PlayStation 2 and Xbox game consoles.

Other websites
 Return to Castle Wolfenstein Official Site
 Planet Wolfenstein
 Wolfstuff Return to Castle Wolfenstein Resources 
 GameFAQs Enemy Territory
 RTCW and ET Community Site 
 gamegate2k 
 RTCW.co.uk 
 
 Return to Castle Wolfenstein at MobyGames
 Bosskey.net - Return to Castle Wolfenstein 

2001 video games
Activision video games
Shooter video games
PlayStation 2 games
Windows games
Xbox games
Online games
Ssirûm, or Korean wrestling, is a very old sport. It is shown in pictures that are painted on walls in the ancient graves in Korea. 

This kind of wrestling was formed in Korea. It took place on days of "public enjoyment" that were created by custom.  Similar to Sumo. the man who stays on his feet until the end was the winner. He was given the title changsa ("the athlete" or "the strong man"). He was also given an ox. 

As Korea grew industrially, this type of wrestling has become a real sport. It has support in the form of the teams of professional athletes coming from colleges and universities. There are also organizations for the national Championship Ssirum Changsa. There are competitions in the country. 

Two fighters fight on the sand inside a circle. They each put on "satpa" - a piece of cloth that ties around the waist and thighs. Using their hands, legs backs, they try to make the other person fall.
Most wrestlers are  in height and   in weight. The fights can seem slow at first they are actually very dynamic. 

Li Man-ki is one of the most well known sportsmen in this sport. In the 1980s, he won the title changsa (jangsa) many times. He has caused much of the interest of this sport.

Other websites 
Korea Ssireum Research Institute (en)

Wrestling
Sports in Korea
Queensland is a state in eastern Australia. It is the second largest state by area and the third largest state by population. In 2006 there were 3,904,532 people living in Queensland.
	
It occupies the north-east corner of Australia. The state has the Northern Territory to the west, South Australia to the south-west and New South Wales to the south. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. The capital city is Brisbane.
Emblems of Queensland
 The floral emblem of Queensland is the Cooktown Orchid, Dendrobium phalaenopsis, which was chosen in 1959 for the centenary of the beginning of the state of Queensland.
 The fauna emblem of Queensland is the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus. It was chosen in 1971.
 The bird emblem of Queensland is the Brolga, Grus rubicunda. It is the only one of the 17 species of crane that come from Queensland. It has been on the Queensland Coat of Arms since 1977, and became the bird emblem in 1986.
 The aquatic emblem is the Anemone Fish, Amphiprion akindynos. It was chosen in 2005.
 The state's official gem is the sapphire, which was first found in Queensland in 1870.

References

Other websites 

 Postcode Tool - Queensland 

 
1859 establishments in Australia
Babes in Toyland is an 1961 Disney musical movie. It starred Tommy Sands as Tom Piper and Annette Funicello as Mary Contrary. The characters in the movie are taken from Mother Goose nursery rhymes.

Plot

Tom the Piper's Son is about to marry Mary Quite Contrary. On the night before of their wedding, evil Barnaby hires two men, Gonzorgo and Roderigo, to drown Tom and take Mary's sheep. The sheep are being taken care of by Little Bo Peep. This will make life very hard for Mary and the children she lives with. It will make her have to marry Barnaby.

Tom and the sheep are taken by Gonzorgo and Roderigo, but they sell Tom to gypsies instead of killing him. Tom  escapes from the gypsies and goes with Mary, Bo-Peep, and other Mother Goose characters to Toyland.

Sources

Other websites 
 

1960s musical movies
1961 fantasy movies
Disney movies
American family movies
American musical movies
American fantasy movies
1960s English-language movies
An Airship is kind of lighter-than-air aircraft.  It floats in the sky and need not move to stay up.  That is because it is filled with a lifting gas that is more lightweight than air.  This is different from aeroplanes that stay up in the sky by moving. An airship floats like a balloon. But an airship is different from a balloon. An airship has an engine for power and a way to control its direction of movement. A balloon does not have an engine or a way to control its direction of movement.

Kinds of airships 
There are three kinds of airships. The difference is the amount of structure in the airship.

Rigid airships - Rigid airships have frames within the envelope to maintain their form.  The biggest airships were rigid airships, made in the 1920s and 1930s.  Big rigid airships were also called dirigibles.

Semi-rigid airships - Semi-rigid airships have small structures in them.  There are only a few semi-rigid airships.
Non-rigid airships - Non-rigid airships have no structures in them.  Non-rigid airships are also called blimps.  Most airships are non-rigid airships.

Blimps 
Blimps were used by the United States in WWII to fight against submarines. Blimps are now used mostly for advertising and sometimes for looking down, for example at sport stadiums and tourist attractions.

The Hindenburg 

The most famous airship was the Hindenburg. The Hindenburg was a rigid airship made by the Zeppelin airship company.  It burned when it was landing on May 6, 1937. There were 97 people on the airship when the fire started. The fire killed 35 of these people and one person on the ground. 

 
Gases
Aerospace engineering
New Amsterdam is the name the Dutch gave to the island of Manhattan after buying it from local Natives. It was the capital of New Netherland. In 1664 an English fleet arrived and took control. The English renamed it New York.

History of Manhattan
Universal suffrage means that every citizen above the age of 18 is allowed to vote. Most countries have universal suffrage, but some do not. In some countries people had to fight to get it. In other countries, it was granted after demonstrations in the main cities. They thought it was important to have it because they wanted to choose who ruled over them.

Related pages
Civil rights
Civil and political rights
Women's suffrage

Voting
Democratic rights
Bruce Dickinson (born 7 August 1958) is an English heavy metal singer. He is the singer in the band Iron Maiden.

Biography
Dickinson was born on 7 August 1958 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire. He was born as Paul Dickinson, but changed his first name to Bruce.  As a teenager, he lived in Sheffield. This was where he started to listen to heavy metal music.  He sang in local bands during this time, after trying to play the drums.

In the early 1980s, Dickinson was part of the band Samson. He left Samson in 1981. Later that year, after Paul Di'Anno left Iron Maiden, Dickinson was chosen to be the band's new singer. During the 1980s, Iron Maiden was very popular, and Dickinson's singing was a big part of this.

In 1990, Dickinson made his first solo album, called Tattooed Millionaire.  In 1993, he left Iron Maiden to become only a solo artist.  He released five solo albums during the 1990s, but they were not as popular as his work with Iron Maiden had been.
In 1999, Dickinson joined Iron Maiden again, and soon after the band  made a new album, Brave New World. Since then, he has stayed as a part of Iron Maiden as well as recording music both by himself and with other people.

Other interests
Outside of music, Dickinson is interested in fencing, has written both books and a script based on one of his albums for a screenplay, and has worked in the radio industry.

He is also a pilot for Astraeus Airlines, and became marketing director for the airline in September 2010.

1958 births
Living people
British aviators
English rock singers
Iron Maiden members
Musicians from Nottinghamshire
Streaming Soundtracks is a radio station that is found on the internet. It plays mostly theme music from movies and television shows, but also plays music from video games. It has a website to talk with other listeners.

Other websites 

 Streaming Soundtracks website

Radio stations
Entertainment websites
An étude (said "ay-TOOD"; French for study) is a short piece of music written to help the player to become a better player. They are usually quite difficult. Sometimes they are just called "studies". Composers such as the pianist Carl Czerny and the violinist Otakar Ševčik wrote lots of études.  Each one concentrates on a technical problem: fast scale passages, arpeggios, wide leaps, chords or, for string players, different ways of bowing.

The tradition of writing études started in the early 19th century, when the piano started to become popular. Many of the études from that time are still very popular today, including those by Muzio Clementi.

Frédéric Chopin wrote two sets of études for piano. Franz Liszt also wrote some very difficult études, including the piece known as La Campanella. These two composers' études are known for being not only good for developing piano technique but are also beautiful to hear. Because of this, they are often performed in concerts and recorded onto CDs.

Musical forms
A nocturne is a piece of music, usually for piano, which suggests the night (“nocturnal” means “of the night”).  The Irish composer John Field was the first person to make nocturnes popular.  He was inspired by the slow, gentle tunes of Italian operas of his time (early 19th century).  His nocturnes are mostly tunes with many long notes in the right hand over.

Related pages 
Nocturnes (Debussy)
Serenade

Musical terminology
Delta Air Lines, Inc. is a large airline from the United States. They are headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Their largest hub is also in Atlanta. Delta's first flight was in 1929. In 1972, Delta merged with Northeast Airlines. In 1987, Delta merged with Western Airlines. In 2009, they merged with Northwest Airlines. Until 2013, Delta was the world's largest airline. As of 2016, the airline goes to 334 cities and has 819 planes.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 http://www.delta.com

1924 establishments in the United States
Airlines of the United States
Companies based in Atlanta
1920s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Vytorin is a clinical drug made up of chemicals called ezetimibe (right image) and simvastatin (Left image) to help people with diseases that change the amount of fats in the blood.

Other websites
http://www.vytorin.com/vytorin/shared/documents/vytorin_pi.pdf 
 http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2008/09/02/new-england-journal-of-medicine-vytorin-cancer-link-uncertain/
 http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/NEJMsa0806603v1 

Drugs
Blade Runner is a 1982 American-Hong Kong dystopian science fiction movie directed by Ridley Scott and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. It was based on the book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick. Blade Runner's main actors are Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, Edward James Olmos and Daryl Hannah.

Plot 
The movie takes place in humid rainy climate changed Los Angeles in November 2019 when artificial human adults called "replicants" come to Earth. As replicants are not allowed on Earth anymore after some of them had attacked humans, police officers called "Blade Runners" hunt down and kill them on Earth. Rick Deckard is forced to hunt down some replicants in Los Angeles.
Response 
Some movie critics did not like Blade Runner because they thought it was slow, but others liked its many ideas. The movie did not sell many tickets in North American movie theaters but was more popular in other countries. Even though it did not make much money, it was liked very much by teachers and science fiction fans. Blade Runner looked good and made the future look very dark and old. The movie showed important ideas of the 21st century such as globalization and genetic engineering. Blade Runner is an important example of cyberpunk and people believe it has changed the world and affected many cultures. Blade Runner made Hollywood interested in stories written by Philip K. Dick.
Versions 
Seven versions of Blade Runner exist because of changes made by different people. The producers took Scott's cut and changed some things about it, which Scott did not like. In 1992, Scott released a Director's Cut version, which was made very fast. It cut the ending of the movie and removed the voice-over. Warner Bros. released the Final Cut, a new 25th anniversary version of the movie, in October 2007. It features some new scenes and removes some of the visible special effect.

Other websites 
 BRMovie.com — alt.fan.blade-runner website
 Special Edition News Page
 Encyclopedia Blade Runner
 BR-Insight — Thoughts of the movie

References 

1982 science fiction movies
American science fiction movies
Hong Kong movies
English-language movies
Film noir
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
Movies set in Los Angeles

Movies set in the future
Movies about genetic engineering
Robot movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Warner Bros. movies
Dystopian movies
Cult movies
Sir Ridley Scott (born 30 November 1937) is an English movie director and producer. The movies he has directed and produced include:

 Boy and Bicycle (1965)
 The Duellists (1977)
 Alien (1979)
 Blade Runner (1982)
 Legend (1985)
 Someone to Watch Over Me (1987)
 Black Rain (1989)
 Thelma & Louise (1991)
 1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992)
 White Squall (1996)
 G.I. Jane (1997)
 Gladiator (2000)
 Hannibal (2001)
 Black Hawk Down (2001)
 Matchstick Men (2003)
 Kingdom of Heaven (2004)
 All the Invisible Children (2005)
 A Good Year (2006)
 American Gangster (2007)
 Body of Lies (2008)
 Robin Hood (2010)
 Unstoppable (2010)
 Prometheus (2012)
 All the Money in the World (2017)

He also directed an important and expensive television commercial for Apple Computer called "1984".

Other websites 

1937 births
Living people
BAFTA Award winners
Emmy Award winners
English movie directors
English movie producers
Golden Globe Award winners
People from Tyne and Wear
Motörhead were an English rock band. The band was started in 1975 by bassist, singer and songwriter Ian Fraser “Lemmy” Kilmister. They are thought to be one of the bands that started the new wave of British heavy metal in the late 1970s. The word motorhead is a name for someone who likes cars, but in British slang it’s a name for a meth addict/speed freak.

Motörhead played heavy metal music very fast. This was different from how other bands played it at the time. Many listeners call them the first speed metal or thrash metal band. Motörhead are a main influence on other bands that play those styles. Lemmy did not like his band being called anything other than just a rock and roll band. Fans of punk music and metal music liked Motörhead. Their songs have words about war, drug abuse, and sex. They also sing about gambling in their most popular song, "Ace of Spades".