Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The festival has also given more attention and a larger audience to such movies as Saw, Super Troopers, The Blair Witch Project, Spanking the Monkey, Reservoir Dogs, Primer, Little Miss Sunshine, Clerks, Sex, Lies, and Videotape, The Brothers McMullen, Afternoon Delight, Napoleon Dynamite, and Whiplash.

References

Further reading
Anderson, John. Sundancing: Hanging Out And Listening In At America's Most Important Film Festival. Harper Paperbacks, 2000.
Biskind, Peter. Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance, and the Rise of Independent Film. Simon & Schuster, 2004.
Craig, Benjamin. Sundance – A Festival Virgin's Guide. Cinemagine Media Publishing, 2004.
Smith, Lory. Party in a Box: The Story of the Sundance Film Festival . Gibbs Smith Publishers, 1999.
von Roon, Alexander. "Grass and dark Tunnels: Sundance is a Marketing-Tool for the US Film Industry", Berliner Zeitung 2000.

Other websites 

 – official site
Sundance: A Festival Virgin's Guide – detailed festival history and information for attendees
Movie festivals
Park City, Utah
1978 establishments in the United States
Turner Field is a baseball ballpark in Atlanta, Georgia, home to the Atlanta Braves. The park first opened in 1996 to host the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, when it was known as Centennial Olympic Stadium. After the Olympics and Paralympics, the park was changed to allow baseball to be played, and opened for the 1997 Braves season. The stadium replaces Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, which was built in 1966.

On November 11, 2013, it was announced that the Braves would leave Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County. The lease which allowed the Braves to play in Turner Field was set to end in 2016, and the team stated that many fans had problems getting to the stadium on game days. At the new stadium's groundbreaking on September 16, 2014, that venue's name was revealed as SunTrust Park.
After the Braves left, Turner Field has been reconfigured for the second time, redesigned for college football in 2017 as Center Parc Stadium for Georgia State University. Architecture firm Heery was responsible for both stadium conversions.

References 

Major League Baseball venues
Sports buildings in Atlanta
Atlanta Braves
1996 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Stephanie Lynn "Stevie" Nicks (born May 26, 1948, in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American singer-songwriter. She is best known for her work with Fleetwood Mac. Within the band and as a solo singer, she has over forty Top 50 hits and has sold over 140 million albums. 

Nicks was named "The Reigning Queen of Rock and Roll" and one of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time" by Rolling Stone. As a member of Fleetwood Mac, she was selected to be included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. She was included again in 2019 for her solo career. 

With Fleetwood Mac, Nicks has been nominated for nine Grammy Awards. They won the 1978 Grammy Award for Album of the Year for Rumours. They also won the 2003 Grammy Hall of Fame Award.

Discography

Fleetwood Mac
Studio albums
 Fleetwood Mac (1975)
 Rumours (1977)
 Tusk (1979)
 Mirage (1982)
 Tango in the Night (1987)
 Behind the Mask (1990)
 Say You Will (2003)

References

Other websites
American singer-songwriters
Musicians from Phoenix, Arizona
Living people
1948 births
American rock singers
Atlantic Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Fleetwood Mac members
Baloristan (Gilgit-Chitral) is the name of a region of Northern Areas of Pakistan.  It borders Pakistan's North-West Frontier to the west, Afghanistan and China to the north, Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir to the east, leading to the frozen wastes of the Third Pole. 

The central administrative unit of Baloristan, Gilgit Agency.

Regions of Pakistan
Michael Curtis Waltrip (born April 30, 1963 in Owensboro, Kentucky) is an American race car driver and owner of his team called Michael Waltrip Racing. Michael Waltrip is the younger brother of three time Sprint cup champion, Darrell Waltrip.

1963 births
Living people
Daytona 500 winners
Sportspeople from Kentucky
American racecar drivers
People from Owensboro, Kentucky
Jean Simmons (January 31, 1929 - January 22, 2010) was an Anglo-American actress. She was active in movies, television and theatre.

Life and career
Jean Simmons was born in London, England. She began her acting career very young, and appeared in films like David Lean's Great Expectations (1946) and Laurence Olivier's Hamlet (1948) while still a teenager.

As a very promising young actress, she came to Hollywood in 1950, where she appeared in such films as The Robe (1953), Young Bess (1953), Désirée (1954), The Egyptian (1954), The Big Country (1958), Spartacus (1960), Elmer Gantry (1960), Life at the Top (1965), A Rough Night in Jericho (1967), etc.

In the 1970s, she gradually turned to television work, notably in the highly successful miniseries The Thorn Birds (1983), for which she won an Emmy Award for best supporting actress, and North and South  (1985).
Simmons was married twice. Her first was to actor Stewart Granger from 1950 to 1960, with whom she had a daughter, Tracy (born 1956). Simmons and Granger became American citizens in 1956. The second was to film director Richard Brooks from 1960 to 1977, with whom she had a second daughter, Kate (born 1961). Both marriages ended in divorce.

Simmons died at the age of 80 of lung cancer in Santa Monica, California.

References

Actors from London
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
British child actors
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from lung cancer
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
1929 births
2010 deaths
Emmy Award winning actors
Ernest "Ernie" Coombs, CM (November 26, 1927 – September 18, 2001) who was most famous for being the host of the popular Canadian television TV show called Mr. Dressup. 'Mr. Dressup was on TV for a very long time.

He was born in Lewiston, Maine in 1927. After he finished school at the North Yarmouth Academy he decided to find work entertaining children. He first started learning how to do this when he moved to Canada in 1963 and started working for Fred Rogers on an early version of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. This show was on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation TV channel. After Rogers moved back to the United States in 1964 Coombs stayed in Canada. His next work was on a TV show called Butternut Square which was on TV from 1964 to 1967.
After "Butternut Square" ended Coombs started the "Mr. Dressup" TV show. It would become one of Canada's longest-running children's TV shows. As Mr. Dressup he would do art, sing songs, tell stories and play children's games. In each show Mr. Dressup would dress up in costumes that he would find in a box he called his "Tickle Trunk".

Coombs became a Canadian citizen in 1994.

His TV show did not stop until February 1996.  The same year, he was named a Member of the Order of Canada . 

Repeats of his TV show were shown on CBC Television until 2006.

After he retired from TV Coombs continued to work entertaining children and did a lot of work to raise money for many children's charities.

Coombs had a stroke on September 10, 2001. He died on September 18, 2001 in Toronto, Ontario. He was 73 years old when he died.
Other websites
Ernie Coombs' Order of Canada Citation 
Ernie Coombs' CBC personalities page
Canadian Connections' Ernie Coombs page 
The Mr. Dressup Pictures and Sound Page by Buffalonian Steve Cichon

Multimedia 
CBC Archives Remembering Mr. Dressup - CBC News 2001

1927 births
2001 deaths
Musicians from Ontario
Canadian television actors
People from Lewiston, Maine
Pleiotropism is a central term in developmental genetics. In pleiotropism, a single gene affects a number of phenotypic traits in the same organism. 

These pleiotropic effects often seem to be unrelated to each other. The usual underlying mechanism is that the same gene is activated in several different tissues, producing apparently different effects. It follows that the phenomenon must be extremely common, since most genes will have effects in more than one tissue. 

The term may be contrasted with pleiomorphism, in which a genetically uniform group of organisms shows variable phenotypes.
Evolutionary implications 
Pleiotropy has significance for the theory of evolution. It has often been claimed that some heritable features of animals are not the product of adaptation by natural selection. Much of this may be explained by pleiotropism. Strong selection for one or two aspects of gene function will automatically bring along some other pleiotropic traits. These other traits, though inherited, may be neutral or even slightly deleterious in terms of selection.

Antagonistic pleiotropy refers to the expression of a gene resulting in multiple competing effects, some beneficial but others detrimental to the organism. Three circumstances are possible:

1. Simultaneously, a gene may cause deleterious traits which are outbalanced by the survival value of positive traits.

2. A gene may increase fitness in the younger, fertile organism, yet contribute to decreased fitness later in life. The reproductive contribution at the younger stages of life will ensure the spread of such a gene.
3. A gene may increase fitness in some habitats, but not others. Its survival in the population is then balanced. An example is a bacterial gene which enhances glucose use at the expense of the ability to use other energy sources (such as lactose). This has positive effects when there is plenty of glucose, but can be lethal if lactose is the only available food source.

References 

Classical genetics
Evolutionary biology
Empire of the Sun is an Australian electronic music group which started in 2007. The band is made up of two musicians, Luke Steele of The Sleepy Jackson and Nick Littlemore of Pnau. The pair achieved chart success with their first single, "Walking on a Dream", which got to number ten on the Australian charts, and reached 64 on the UK Singles Chart.

Their first album also called Walking on a Dream, released in October 2008, won a platinum award in Australia. Another single from the album, "We Are the People" reached the top 25. Recently Empire of the Sun was in the news for getting to fourth position on the BBC’s annual Sound of Music poll 2009. They are currently signed to EMI Australia and Virgin UK. In November 2009, the band won four awards from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). They were given the award for the best group, the best pop release, the Album of the Year, and Single of the Year.
Empire of the Sun is very different, Luke Steele said that "...we are not a band. We're anything we want it to be..." The two musicians play a lot of instruments and dress in elaborate stage costumes.

Other websites
 Official Empire of the Sun website
 Empire of the Sun on MySpace

References 

Australian pop music groups
Electronic music bands
Musical duos
Musical groups from Sydney
An interrobang or interabang is a grammatical symbol which combines both the exclamation mark (!) and the question mark (?).

The basic purpose of is to put at the end an exclamatory sentence, such as one where we are in disbelief (ex. You did what‽)

It is a very uncommonly used symbol as most people would simply end their exclamatory questions with both of the symbols like this: !? or ?!

On a computer an interrobang looks like this: ‽

On a chromebook the unicode is: Ctrl+Shift+u+2+0+3+D

Punctuation
Altruism is different from acts done out of responsibility, loyalty or moral obligation towards a specific individual (such as a god, a king or a government). Whether "pure" altruism is possible has been debated by scholars for thousands of years. One theory says that no act of giving, helping or sacrificing can be described as truly selfless, because the person will receive personal gratification from it (that is, a feeling of satisfaction that they have done something good for another). Whether this theory is correct depends on whether such feelings qualify as a 'reward' or 'benefit'.

The word "altruism" was given by the French philosopher Auguste Comte in French, as altruisme, for an antonym of egoism. He derived it from the Italian altrui, which in turn was derived from Latin alteri, meaning "other people" or "somebody else".
The concept of altruism has long been studied in philosophy and ethics. The term was originally used in the 19th century by sociologist and philosopher of science, Auguste Comte. It has become an important topic for psychologists (especially those that study evolutionary psychology), evolutionary biologists and ethologists. The scholars of each field have developed different ideas about altruism. All agree that altruism is caring about the welfare of other people and acting to help them.

Evolutionary psychology
In the study of animal behaviour, altruism is seen in social animals when an individual willingly sacrifices itself for the better survival of the group. There are several theories about how this behaviour has come about under evolution by natural selection.
 Kin selection, is a theory that animals and humans are more altruistic towards members of their own species than to species that are more distantly related. This has been confirmed in many studies. See also: Eusociality: Theories of social evolution.
 Vested interests. People are likely to suffer if their family, friends or allies suffer. Helping one's own family and friends may therefore eventually benefit the self. This is about cooperation. Extreme self-sacrifice for the group may happen if something threatens to kill the entire group.
Reciprocal altruism. A person is more likely to help another if there is a chance that the other person will help them in return, whether immediately or eventually. This is about reciprocity. Many people cooperate if and only if others cooperate in return. Reputation may become important in this. A person with a good reputation for reciprocity have a higher chance of receiving help even from persons they have had no direct interactions with previously.
 Handicap principle. Acts of altruism are often used to show others what skills one has and what resources one has access to. This may signal to others that the altruist could be valuable as a sexual partner. Women find altruistic men to be attractive partners. In animals, research has found that good hunters have better success finding partners to reproduce with. In humans, people who know that their acts will be seen sometimes even wastefully donate money they know are not needed by the recipient because it helps their reputation.
These theories try to explain how evolution has shaped psychological mechanisms, such as emotions, that encourage altruistic behaviour.

In religion

Most, if not all, of the world's religions promote selflessness as a very important moral value. It forms part of the central philosophies of Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism and Sikhism, as well as many other religions.
Buddhism teaches love and compassion for all forms of life (ahimsa). Love is the wish that all beings be happy, and compassion is the wish that all beings be free from suffering. It considers all living things to be equal. Unlike most other religions, Buddhists believe that the consequences of our actions come not from punishments based on moral judgment, but from the law of karma (kamma). Karma is the natural law of cause and effect. In this law, we experience the effects of what we cause: if you cause suffering, then as a natural consequence you will experience suffering; if you cause happiness, then as a natural consequence you will experience happiness. Most types of karmas, with good or bad results, will keep one in the wheel of samsāra; others will liberate one to nirvāna.
In Sufism, the idea of īthār (selflessness) is defined as preferring others over yourself. For Sufis, this means devotion to others and completely forgetting concern for oneself. It teaches sacrifice for the sake of the greater good. Islam considers those practicing īthār as abiding by the highest degree of virtue. In īthār, attention is focused on everything that exists except for the self.

Related pages
 Charity (practice)
 Empathy
 Fraternity
 Inclusive fitness
 Philanthropy
 Misanthropy
 Theodicy of disprivilege
 Toleration
 Selfishness

References
Notes

Bibliography

 
 
 
 Comte, Auguste, Catechisme positiviste (1852) or Catechism of Positivism, tr. R. Congreve, (London: Kegan Paul, 1891)
 
 Oliner, Samuel P. and Pearl M. Towards a Caring Society: Ideas into Action. West Port, CT: Praeger, 1995.
 
 
 
 Wedekind, C. and Milinski, M. Human Cooperation in the simultaneous and the alternating Prisoner's Dilemma: Pavlov versus Generous Tit-for-tat. Evolution, Vol. 93, pp. 2686–2689, April 1996.
Other websites
 What is Altruism?  from Altruists International
 Selflessness: Toward a Buddhist Vision of Social Justice by Sungtaek Cho
 Altruism: Myth or Reality? , by Dan Batson and Nadia Ahmad
 The Altruistic Personality and Prosocial Behavior Institute at Humboldt State University

 
Evolution
The Visegrád Group (also the Visegrád Four or V4) is a group of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. It was created in 1991 in Visegrád, Hungary for the purposes of better cooperation among these countries.

Other websites 
 Official website

History of the Czech Republic
20th-century establishments in Hungary
Slovakia
1991 establishments in Poland
Political organizations based in Europe
European organizations
The standard error, sometimes abbreviated as , is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic. The term may also be used for an estimate (good guess) of that standard deviation taken from a sample of the whole group.

The average of some part of a group (called a sample) is the usual way to estimate the average for the whole group. It is often too hard or too costly to measure the whole group. But if a different sample is measured, it will have an average that is a little bit different from the first sample. The standard error of the mean is a way to know how close the average of the sample is to the average of the whole group. It is a way of knowing how sure one can be about the average from the sample.
In real measurements, the true value of the standard deviation of the mean for the whole group is usually not known. So the term standard error is often used to mean a close guess to the true number for the whole group. The more measurements there are in a sample, the closer the guess will be to the true number for the whole group.

How to find standard error of the mean
One way to find the standard error of the mean is to have lots of samples. First, the average for each sample is found. Then the average and standard deviation of those sample averages is found. The standard deviation for all the sample averages is the standard error of the mean. This can be a lot of work. Sometimes it is too difficult or costly to have lots of samples.
Another way to find the standard error of the mean is to use an equation that needs only one sample. Standard error of the mean is usually estimated by the standard deviation for a sample from the whole group (sample standard deviation), divided by the square root of the sample size:

where

s is the sample standard deviation (i.e., the sample-based estimate of the standard deviation of the population), and
n is the number of measurements in the sample.

In general, the larger the sample, the closer the estimated standard error of the mean is to the actual standard error of the mean. As a rule of thumb, there should be at least six measurements in a sample. Then the standard error of the mean for the sample will be within 5% of the actual standard error of the mean (that is, if the whole group were measured).

Corrections for some cases 
There is another equation to use if the number of measurements is for 5% or more of the whole group:
There are special equations to use if a sample has less than 20 measurements.

Sometimes, a sample may come from one place even though the whole group may be spread out, while other times, a sample may be made in a short time period when the whole group covers a longer time. In which case, the numbers in the sample are not independent, and special equations are used to try to correct for this.

Usefulness 
A practical result: One can become more sure of an average value by having more measurements in a sample. Then the standard error of the mean will be smaller because the standard deviation is divided by a bigger number. However, to make the uncertainty (standard error of the mean) in an average value half as big, the sample size (n) needs to be four times bigger. This is because the standard deviation is divided by the square root of the sample size. To make the uncertainty one-tenth as big, the sample size (n) needs to be one hundred times bigger.
Standard errors are easy to calculate and commonly used because:
If the standard error of several individual quantities is known, then the standard error of some function of the quantities can be easily calculated in many cases;
Where the probability distribution of the value is known, it can be used to calculate a good approximation to an exact confidence interval;
Where the probability distribution is not known, other equations can be used to estimate a confidence interval;
 As the sample size gets very large, the principle of the central limit theorem shows that the numbers in the sample are very much like the numbers in the whole group (they follow a normal distribution).

Relative standard error 
The relative standard error (RSE) is the standard error divided by the average. This number is smaller than one. Multiplying it by 100% gives it as a percentage of the average. This helps to show whether the uncertainty is important or not.
For example, consider two surveys of household income that both result in a sample average of $50,000.  If one survey has a standard error of $10,000 and the other has a standard error of $5,000, then the relative standard errors are 20% and 10%, respectively. The survey with the lower relative standard error is better, because it has a more precise measurement (the uncertainty is smaller).

In fact, people who need to know average values often decide how small the uncertainty should be—before they decide to use the information.  For example, the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics does not report an average if the relative standard error exceeds 30%. NCHS also requires at least 30 observations for an estimate to be reported.

Example
Example 

For example, there are many redfish in the water of the Gulf of Mexico. To find out how much a 42 cm long redfish weighs on average, it is not possible to measure all of the redfish that are 42 cm long.  Instead, it is possible to measure some of them. The fish that are actually measured are called a sample. The table shows weights for two samples of redfish, all 42 cm long. The average (mean) weight of the first sample is 0.741 kg. The average (mean) weight of the second sample is 0.735 kg—a little bit different from the first sample.  Each of these averages is a little bit different from the average that would come from measuring every 42 cm long redfish (which is not possible anyway).
Knowing the uncertainty in the mean, one can know how close the sample average is to the average that would come from measuring the whole group. The average for the whole group is between a) the average for the sample plus the uncertainty in the mean, and b) the average for the sample minus the uncertainty in the mean. In this example, the  average weight for all of the 42 cm long redfish in the Gulf of Mexico is expected to be 0.723–0.759 kg based on the first sample, and 0.717–0.753 based on the second sample.

Related pages 

 Errors and residuals in statistics

References

Errors and residuals in statistics
Really Wild Animals was a National Geographic television series. It had Dudley Moore as the voice of "Spin".

Episodes

Season 1 
 Swinging Safari
 Wonders Down Under
 Deep Sea Dive
 Totally Tropical Rain Forest
 Amazing North America
 Adventures in Asia
 Polar Prowl
 Hot Dogs and Cool Cats

Season 2 
 Dinosaurs and Other Creature Features
 Monkey Business and Other Family Fun
 Farmyard Friends
 Awesome Animal Builders
 Secret Weapons and Great Escapes

Children's television series
Adaptive radiation is rapid evolutionary radiation. It is an increase in the number and diversity of species in each lineage. It produces more new species, and those species live in a wider range of habitats.

Some definitions phrase it in terms of a single clade: "Adaptive radiation is the rapid proliferation of new taxa from a single ancestral group". However, in the most striking cases, such as occurred in the Triassic after the greatest extinction event in Earth history, many lines underwent rapid radiation simultaneously. This must have something to do with the availability of ecological niches and relative little competition.

The Ediacaran biota were the result of an early metazoan radiation. The greatest radiation of all took place early in the Cambrian period, when most of our animal phyla evolved: see List of animal phyla.

With less competition, groups diversify to fill available habitats and niches. This is an evolutionary process driven by natural selection.
The term was introduced and discussed by George Gaylord Simpson, the palaeontologist who contributed to the modern evolutionary synthesis. Others prefer not to use the term. Robert L Carroll prefers to use the term major evolutionary transitions, though it turns out that all or most of these could also be described as adaptive radiations. Others use terms like macroevolution, or even megaevolution, as if the processes are different from those which occur below species level. It is part of evolutionary theory that all processes take place at the level of populations. All agree, though, that the speed of evolution does change, however it is measured.
Measurement of rates of change 
Records of timing are bedevilled by gaps in the fossil record, often at those crucial early stages when numbers are low and geographical distribution is severely restricted. "In reality, there are long periods within nearly every lineage for which the fossil record remains unknown".p297 These gaps affect our knowledge of timing, and of changes in body shape and function.

Nevertheless, when several distinctly new lines appear within a short period, it seems reasonable to say that the rate of change has been surprisingly fast. An example would be the appearance of new reptilian groups in the Upper Triassic. Using the term 'reptile' broadly, the groups include dinosaurs, pterosaurs, Chelonia (turtles), crocodylomorphs (early Crocodilia), phytosaurs, and ichthyosaurs a bit earlier (Middle Triassic).
These radiations occurred after the great Permian–Triassic extinction event that ended the Palaeozoic era. The Triassic itself had several lesser (but still significant) extinctions. Unfortunately, the Triassic has the poorest fossil record of the whole of the Mesozoic era.

Causes

Innovation 
The evolution of a new feature may let a group diversify because it makes possible new ways of living. A most striking example is the cleidoic egg, which developed in early amniotes, and permitted vertebrates to invade the land. The cleidoic egg must have been developed in the latest Devonian or early Carboniferous. Amphibians, who branched off before this event, still lay their eggs in water, and so are limited in the extent to which they can exploit land environments.
Opportunity 
Adaptive radiations often happen when organisms enter environments with unoccupied niches, such as a newly formed lake or an isolated island chain. The colonizing population(s) may diversify rapidly and take advantage of all possible niches. Opportunities occur when land bridges form between areas which were previously separate, and whenever species get to new place in the world.

In Lake Victoria, an isolated lake which formed recently in the African rift valley, over 300 species of cichlid fish radiated from one parent species in just 15,000 years.

Vacant islands 
In about , the Hawaiian Islands have the most diverse collection of drosophilid flies in the world, living from rainforests to mountain meadows. About 800 Hawaiian drosophilid species are known.
All of the native drosophilid species in Hawaii have apparently descended from a single ancestral species that colonized the islands, about 20 million years ago. The subsequent adaptive radiation was spurred by a lack of competition and a wide variety of vacant niches. Although it would be possible for a single pregnant female to colonise an island, it is more likely to have been a group from the same species.

There are other animals and plants on the Hawaiian archipelago which have undergone similar, if less spectacular, adaptive radiations.

Mass extinctions 
Adaptive radiations commonly follow mass extinctions. After an extinction event, many niches are left vacant. A classic example of this is the replacement of the non-avian dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous with mammals in the Palaeocene.
Great radiations 
The Cambrian explosion: the most famous of all adaptive radiations. Most phyla appeared during or just before the Cambrian.
Flight: all forms of flying animals are highly successful
Flight in insects: the Pterygota: the greatest number of living species are flying insects.
Flight in birds: the origin of birds: the greatest number of land vertebrates.
The Upper Triassic radiation of dinosaurs.
The Upper Cretaceous radiation of flowering plants.

Related pages 
 Adaptation

References

Evolutionary biology
Paleontology
Ajda Pekkan (born February 12, 1946 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish singer and actress. She is one of the most successful Turkish singers with the sales of over 30 million copies worldwide. She is called "Superstar". She has released more than 20 albums. Most famous ones are "Superstar", "Superstar II", "Superstar III" (also known as Superstar 83), "Ajda '90", "Ajda '93", "The Best of Ajda", "Diva", "Cool Kadın" and "Farkın Bu". Also he recorded singles in French and English.

Biography 

Ajda was born to Rıdvan Pekkan, an officer in the Turkish Navy, and Nevin Dobruca, a housewife. She spent her childhood at the Gölcük Naval Base in Kocaeli Province. Ajda graduated from the Çamlıca Kız Lisesi.
She released her first album on CD, "Ajda '90" in 1990. She recorded her "Ajda '93" album in the USA and Switzerland. Her complation albums containing the new recordings of his hit songs, "The Best of Ajda" and "Diva" were very successful albums. Her latest album, "Farkın Bu", which released in July 2011 became the most selling album of 2011 in Turkey.

Discography

Studio albums

Albums 
 Ajda Pekkan (1968)
 Fecri Ebcioglu Sunar (1969)
 Ajda Pekkan Vol III (1972)
 La Fete A L’Olympia (1976)
 Süperstar (1977)
 Pour Lui (1978)
 Süperstar II (1979)
 Sen Mutlu Ol (1981)
 Sevdim Seni (1982)
 Süperstar III (1983)
 Ajda Pekkan - Beş Yıl Önce On Yıl Sonra (1985)
 Süperstar IV (1987)
 Ajda ’90 (1990)
 Seni Seçtim (1991)
 Ajda ’93 (1993)
 Ajda Pekkan (1996)
 The Best of Ajda (1998)
 Diva (2000)
 Cool Kadın (2006)
 Aynen Oyle (2008)
 Farkın Bu (2011)

Complations 
 Ajda (1975)
 Unutulmayanlar (1990)
 Hoşgör Sen (1993)
 The Best of Ajda (1998)
 Diva (2000)
Singles 
 Abidik Gubidik Twist/Göz Göz Değdi Bana (1964)
 Her Yerde Kar Var/Onyedi Yaşında (1965)
 Moda Yolunda/Serseri (1966)
 Seviyorum/İlkokulda Tanışmıştık (1966)
 İki Yabancı/Bang, Bang (1967)
 Dönmem Sana/İlk Aşkım (1967)
 Oyalama Beni/Saklambaç (1967)
 Aşk Oyunu/Et C'est Pour Toi (1967)
 Boşvermişim Dünyaya/Sevdiğim Adam (1967)
 Dünya Dönüyor/Üç Kalp (1968)
 Kimdir Bu Sevgili/Onu Bana Bırak (1968)
 Özleyiş/Ve Ben Şimdi (1968)
 Boş Sokak/Çapkın (1968)
 Ne Tadı Var Bu Dünyanın/Mesut Ol Sen (1969)
 İki Yüzlü Aşk/Erkekleri Tanıyın (1969)
 Durdurun Şu Zamanı/Yaşamak Ne Güzel Şey (1969)
 Ben Bir Köylü Kızıyım/Tatlı Dünya (1969)
 Son Arzu/Üzgün Yüzlü Dertli Akşam (1969)
 Ay Dogarken/Sev Sen de Gönlünce (1969)
 Sensiz Yıllarda/Olmadı Gitti (1970)
 Yağmur/Tek Yaşanır mı (1970)
 Gençlik Yılları/Bilmece Bildirmece (1971)
Yalnızlıktan Bezdim/Gel (1971)
 Sen Bir Yana Dünya Bir Yana/İçiyorum (1971)
 Olanlar Oldu Bana/Çapkın Satıcı (1972)
 Dert Bende/Varsın Yansın Dünya (1972)
 Kaderimin Oyunu / Kimler Geldi Kimler Geçti (1973)
 Babylone, Babylone / Viens Pleurer Dans Mon Coeur (1973)
 Tanrı Misafiri / İçme Sakın (1973)
 Seninleyim / Palavra Palavra (1973)
 Nasılsın İyi misin / İnanmam (1974)
 Sana Neler Edeceğim / Haram Olsun Bu Aşk Sana (1974)
 Hoşgör Sen / Sana Ne Kime Ne (1975)
 Al Beni / Aşk Budur (1975)
 Ne Varsa Bende Var / Yere Bakan Yürek Yakan (1976)
 Je T'apprendrai L'amour / Tu Pars Et tu Reviens (1976)
 Gözünaydın / Kim Ne Derse Desin (1976)
 Viens Dans Ma Vie / Face a Face Avec Moi (1977)
 Aglama Yarim / Sakın Sakın Ha (1977)
 A Mes Amours, A Mes Amours / Satisfaction (1977)
 Ya Sonra / Yeniden Başlasın (1978)
 Pet'r oil/Loving On Petrol/Le Roi Du Petr' oil - Eurovision 1980 Turkey (1980)
 Sen İste (2003)
 Resim (2009)
 Yakar Geçerim (2011)
1946 births
Living people
Musicians from Istanbul
Turkish movie actors
Turkish pop singers
Mary Lillian Ellison (born July 22, 1923 in Kershaw County, South Carolina – died November 2, 2007 in Columbia, South Carolina), better known by her ring name The Fabulous Moolah, was an American female professional wrestler.  She wrestled for WWE. She was a 4 time WWF Women's Champion.  She was champion for almost thirty years.  That made her champion longer than anyone else in the sport. She was inducted into the 1995 WWE Hall of Fame.  She was the first woman to join the WWE Hall of Fame. She is also the oldest WWE Women's Champion ever to win the title against Ivory at No Mercy in 1999. She was best friends with fellow wrestler Mae Young. The Fabulous Moolah also has a book about her life titled, The Fabulous Moolah: First Goddess of the Squared Circle.

Moolah died on November 2, 2007 in Columbia, South Carolina of a heart attack.

References

Other websites
The Fabulous Moolah's WWE Hall of Fame page
The Fabulous Moolah at findagrave.com
1923 births
2007 deaths
American professional wrestlers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Female professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from South Carolina
WWE Hall of Fame
A percentile (or a centile) is a measure in statistics.  

It is a way of expressing where an observation falls in a range of other observations. 

For example, if a score falls in the 20th percentile, this means that 20 percent of all the scores recorded are equal to or lower. If a score is in the 90th percentile, this means that 90 percent of all the other scores were equal to or lower than that score. 

In statistics, percentiles are found by taking a large set of numerical data, arranging it in ascending order, and then dividing it into 100 groups with an equal number of data points. Each of the 99 dividing points is called a percentile of the data set. 

Some of the percentiles have special names. For example. the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles are called the first, second and third quartile, respectively. The 50th percentile is also called the median.

Related pages 

 Decile

References 

Statistics
The Grand Coulee used to be a river in the U.S. state of Washington. This dry river stretches for sixty miles from the Grand Coulee Dam to Soap Lake. A feature known as Dry Falls divides the Coulee into two parts. Dry Falls is thought to be the remains of the largest waterfall ever, two or three times higher than Niagara Falls.

Geological history
The Grand Coulee is granite bedrock which is 40 to 60  million years old. The volcanic basalt is  thick. The coulee is said to have been made when the Columbia River was blocked by a large glacier. At the end of the last ice age the Columbia River went back to its old route and left the coulee. The coulee is a mile wide and was formed by a river that now flows a different way.

Modern Uses

The area surrounding the Grand Coulee is shrub land. It has a rainfall of twelve inches per year. The Lower Grand Coulee contains the Park, Blue, Alkali, Lenore, and Soap lakes. Until recently, the Upper Coulee was dry.
The Columbia Basin Project dammed the river in 1952. It used the Grand Coulee as an irrigation network.  The Upper Grand Coulee was dammed and made Banks Lake. The lake is filled by pumps from the Grand Coulee Dam. Banks Lake feeds a hundred-mile (160 km) irrigation system.

References

Geography of Washington (state)
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is similar to both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.  Like type 1 diabetes, LADA is an autoimmune disease of the pancreas.  This means the body's immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that are supposed to make insulin. But LADA is also like type 2 diabetes, because it causes insulin resistance. This means that insulin does not work as well as it should in a person's body.

Most people with latent autoimmune diabetes are thin or skinny  or have a normal BMI, although some are overweight to slightly obese.

LADA and diabetes

Differences between LADA and type 1 diabetes 
The biggest difference between LADA and type 1 diabetes is that LADA has a gradual onset (it comes on slowly).

Also, people with type 1 diabetes cannot make insulin.  But if they are given a shot of insulin, the insulin works and does its job in their bodies.  But in people with LADA, even if they are given insulin, the insulin may not work as well as it should.
Differences between LADA and type 2 diabetes 
Most people with LADA become insulin-dependent (have to inject insulin) within 3-15 years. This is very different from type 2 diabetes.  Only 20%-30% of type 2 diabetics end up being insulin-dependent.

Another difference is that type 2 diabetes can happen to anyone at any age.  But LADA does not affect children or teenagers.  It usually affects people age 35 and older, but can affect anyone between 20-29 years of age.

With LADA, the pancreas cannot make insulin because the immune system is attacking its insulin-making cells.  This does not happen in type 2 diabetes.

Contrary to popular belief, some people with LADA do have family members with type 2 diabetes.

Diagnosis and treatment 
People with LADA are sometimes misdiagnosed (diagnosed incorrectly) as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. A special blood test can prove what kind of diabetes a person has.  The test looks for an antibody that only diabetics with LADA have.  It is called a GAD antibody test.
People with LADA usually control their diabetes using very similar methods and changes of lifestyle to type 2 diabetes: eating right, exercising and oral medications; weight loss is optional. Unlike Type 2 diabetics who might never need to inject insulin, however, the LADA patients become insulin dependent within several years.

Complications 
The complications of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults are highly similar to those for types 1 and 2 diabetes, like stroke, heart disease, gangrene, kidney trouble, and heart attacks.

Genes and antibodies
There are glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies connected with LADA. There are also TCF7L2 genes associated with Type 2 diabetes which are also connected with LADA.

Related pages 
 Type 1 diabetes
 Type 2 diabetes
 Insulin
 Autoimmune disease
 Insulin resistance

References

Diabetes mellitus
Autoimmune diseases
The Screwdriver is an alcoholic cocktail. It is made from orange juice mixed with vodka which is an alcohol. It got its name because American builders used to add vodka to their orange juice and stir it with their screwdrivers.

References 

Alcoholic drinks
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794) was a French nobleman, chemist and biologist. He is often called the "Father of Modern Chemistry". His work is an important part of the histories of chemistry and biology. It also contributed to the beginnings of atomic theory. He was the first scientist to recognise and name the elements hydrogen and oxygen. He was executed, as were hundreds of other nobles, during the French Revolution.

Early life 
Antoine de Lavoisier began studying at the Collège Mazarin in Paris in 1754, when he was 11 years old. Collège Mazarin was one of the best secondary schools in France then. He studied to be a lawyer like his father and his grandfather. He got his degree in 1763 and practised law at the parliament; however, he really preferred scientific research to law, so he also studied chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics. He got his law degree in 1763, but never practised as a lawyer. He started a career as a scientist instead.

Science career
Science career 

During his career, Lavoisier brought major changes to the study of chemistry. Much of his research was done on combustion. He is the person who explained combustion by oxidation. To prove this, Lavoisier studied the air. In order to do this, in 1776, he burned mercury in an enclosed vase. His conclusion: the air is a combination of oxygen and is not a chemical element.

He also discovered the law of conservation of mass that is nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed. It says that the mass of the final products of a chemical reaction is the same as the reactants’ ones. Today, this principle is the basis of modern chemistry.

Lavoisier, together with L. B. Guyton de Morveau, Claude-Louis Berthollet and Antoine François de Fourcroy, created the first system of chemical nomenclature in the 1780s.
Political career 
While he was doing research for chemistry, Lavoisier was also working at the government. During this time, the French Revolution began in 1789. Antoine kept his position in the government. But, two years later, a new government arrived in power. This new government was suspicious of Lavoisier's great success as a scientific researcher and as a public administrator. He was accused of selling modified tobacco. He was arrested for conspiracy against the people. Even though there was no proof that showed that Antoine de Lavoisier broke the law, he was sentenced to death on 8 May 1794. He was executed using the guillotine.

References 

1743 births
1794 deaths
French chemists
French biologists
People executed by decapitation
Scientists from Paris
The Tequila Sunrise is an alcoholic cocktail made using tequila. Mexico is known for having Tequila in its bars. It is named afer the way it looks when it is poured into a glass, similar to the sky at sunrise. 

Cocktails
George Gaylord Simpson (16 June 1902 – 6 October 1984) was an American paleontologist. Simpson was perhaps the most influential paleontologist of the twentieth century, and a major participant in the modern evolutionary synthesis. 

He was an expert on extinct mammals and their migrations, especially the Great American Interchange between the Americas. Simpson  opposed Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, so his work on animal migration lacked this idea.

Simpson dispelled the myth that the evolution of the horse was a linear process culminating in the modern Equus caballus. He coined the word hypodigm in 1940, and published extensively on the taxonomy of fossil and living mammals.
Biography 
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Simpson was raised mostly in Denver, Colorado. He got his degrees from Yale University in 1923 and 1926. His dissertation, American Mesozoic Mammalia (1929), was the first step in his lifelong interest in the evolution of mammals. After a post-doctoral year at the British Natural History Museum, Simpson returned in 1927 to take up a post in the American Museum of Natural History.
In 1942, Simpson enlisted in the U.S. Army. He served as a Captain, then Major, in Army intelligence, Simpson served with American forces in North Africa and western Europe until 1944. Then he resigned, suffering from a severe bout of hepatitis. He returned home, with two Bronze Stars. He was promoted to Curator (head) of the Department of Geology and Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History. He also held a post as Professor of Zoology at Columbia University (19451959). He took up his work on early mammals, and worked on the Palaeocene and Eocene faunas of the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. 

He was Curator of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University from 1959 to 1970, and a Professor of Geosciences at the University of Arizona until his retirement in 1982.
Major works and awards 
In the 1940s Simpson produced three major works. Tempo and mode in evolution (1944), Principles of classification and a classification of mammals (1945) and The meaning of evolution (1949). Simpson provided a popular account of modern evolutionary theory with emphasis on evidence from the fossil record.

Simpson was awarded the Linnean Society's Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1958. He also received the Royal Society's Darwin Medal "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to general evolutionary theory, based on a profound study of palaeontology, particularly of vertebrates" in 1962. He was awarded the U.S. National Medal of Science in 1965.

Quotes 
These quotations from Simpson give a good idea of the man:
"Man is the result of a purposeless and natural process that did not have him in mind".
"I don't think that evolution is supremely important because it is my specialty; it is my specialty because I think it is supremely important".
Books 
 Attending marvels (1931)
 Tempo and mode in evolution (1944)
 The meaning of evolution (1949)
 Horses (1951)
 Evolution and geography (1953)
 The major features of evolution (1953)
 Life: an introduction to biology (1957)
 Principles of animal taxonomy (1961)
 This view of life (1964)
 The geography of evolution (1965)
 Penguins (1976)
 Concession to the improbable (1978) (an autobiography)
 Splendid isolation (1980)
 The Dechronization of Sam Magruder (posthumously published novella, 1996)

References

Other websites 
George Gaylord Simpson — full and comprehensive biography by L. F. Laporte
George Gaylord Simpson  — biographical sketch from The Stephen Jay Gould Archive
George Gaylord Simpson — a short biography from the PBS Evolution website
George Gaylord Simpson Papers, American Philosophical Society.
1902 births
1984 deaths
Harvard University faculty
American autobiographers
American evolutionary biologists
American geologists
American military personnel of World War II
American paleontologists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Majors in the United States Army
Scientists from Chicago
Yale University alumni
Educators from Chicago
Military people from Chicago
Daisy Duck is a cartoon character created in 1940 at Walt Disney Animation Studios. Daisy is the girlfriend of Donald Duck. She is characterized by a big hairbow on her head. Her best friend is Minnie Mouse. Minnie Mouse is Mickey Mouse's girlfriend. 

Daisy made her official debut (an earlier love interest for Donald called Donna was introduced in the 1937 short 'Don Donald') in the 1940 short Mr. Duck Steps Out.

She likes shopping and she is a showboat. Daisy Duck is popular among women though she has made relatively few appearances in media compared to Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck..

Related pages
 Walt Disney Pictures
 List of Disney movies

Fictional characters introduced in 1940
Duck, Daisy
Duck, Daisy
This is The Hockey News top 100 National Hockey League players of all-time. The Hockey News is a newspaper that write about ice hockey. This list is included in the book The Top 100 NHL Players of All-Time ().

Judges 
The judges who helped make the selections for this list included writers, journalists, and broadcasters (Don Cherry, John Davidson, Milt Dunnell, Stan Fischler, Dick Irvin, Brian McFarlane, Bob McKenzie, Jim Matheson, Harry Neale, Frank Orr), as well as coaches, referees, general managers, and former players (Al Arbour, Scotty Bowman, Emile Francis, Howie Meeker, Scotty Morrison, Roger Neilson, Bud Poile, Sam Pollock, Marcel Pronovost, Billy Reay, Glen Sather, Harry Sinden, Red Storey).