Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A Shirley Temple is a non-alcoholic mixed drink made with lemon lime soda and a splash of ginger and  grenadine, mixed with a maraschino cherry. Modern Shirley Temple recipes may substitute lemon-lime soda in part, or in whole, for ginger ale. Shirley Temples are often served to children dining with adults in lieu of real cocktails, as is the similar Roy Rogers.

The cocktail may have been invented in the 1930s by a bartender at Chasen's, a restaurant in Beverly Hills, California, to serve then child actress Shirley Temple (1928–2014). However, other claims to its origin have been made. For the cocktail version of this, Shirley Temple Black (after she got married), replace ginger ale with alcoholic ginger beer, and add dark rum (or white rum and Maraschino liqueur).

References

American food

Soft drinks
North Karelia () is a part of Karelia and a region in eastern Finland. Neighbouring regions are Northern Savonia, Southern Savonia, Kainuu and  South Karelia.

There is lot of fresh water in this region. Pielinen is the largest lake.

Municipalities 
Pohjois-Karjala has 13 municipalities. 5 of those are cities (marked bold).

 Ilomantsi
 Joensuu
 Juuka
 Kitee
 Kontiolahti
 Lieksa
 Liperi
 Nurmes
 Outokumpu
 Polvijärvi
 Rääkkylä
 Tohmajärvi
 Valtimo

Other websites 

 Official website 

 
Karelia
South Karelia () is a part of Karelia and a region in Finland. Neighbouring regions are Kymenlaakso, Southern Savonia, and North Karelia.

Municipalitiest 
Etelä-Karjala has 9 municipalities. 2 of those are cities (marked bold).
 Imatra
 Parikkala
 Rautjärvi
 Ruokolahti
 Lappeenranta
 Lemi
 Luumäki
 Savitaipale
 Taipalsaari

Other websites 

 Official website 

South Karelia
Karelia
Team Dresch is an American punk rock band. Donna Dresch started the band in 1993. In 1995 they released their first album Personal Best. In 1996 they released their second album Captain My Captain. After this Kaia Wilson and Melissa York left the band to start another band called The Butchies.

The band broke up in 1998. In 2004 they got back together. In May 2010 the band played two shows at Ladyfest Brazil.

All of the members have been openly lesbian since the band started.

1990s American music groups
1993 establishments in the United States
1998 disestablishments in the United States
2004 establishments in the United States
LGBT musical groups
LGBT-themed musical groups
Harriet Martineau (12 June 1802 – 27 June 1876) was an English social theorist and writer. She is often called the first female sociologist.

She wrote only one book, but many essays. The essays were sociological,  religious, domestic, sexual themes, with a feminine perspective. She also translated various works from Auguste Comte. She earned enough to be supported entirely by her writing.

A young Princess Victoria, (later Queen Victoria), enjoyed reading Martineaus's publications. The Queen invited Martineau to her coronation in 1838 – an event which Martineau described, in great and amusing detail, to her many readers. Martineau has said of her own approach to writing: "when one studies a society, one must focus on all its aspects, including key political, religious, and social institutions". She believed a thorough analysis was necessary to understand woman's status under men.
One writer said "as a born lecturer and politician she [Martineau] was less affected by her sex than perhaps any other, male or female, of her generation". Often described as having a masculine intellect and body, Martineau introduced feminist perspectives in her writing on otherwise overlooked issues such as marriage, children, domestic and religious life, and race relations.

Related pages
List of sociologists from Europe

References 

1802 births
1876 deaths
British economists
British feminists
English atheists
British sociologists
English scientists
Unitarians
English historians
English journalists
English philosophers
Feminist writers
Writers from Norwich
Pelkosenniemi is a municipality in Finnish Lapland, Finland. It had almost 1,000 people living there in August 2013. It has the smallest population among municipalities in Lapland. The municipalities next to it are Kemijärvi, Rovaniemi, Salla, Savukoski, and Sodankylä.

Villages
Aapajärvi, Arvospuoli, Kairala, Kiemunkivaara, Luiro, Pelkosenniemi, Pyhäjärvi, Saunavaara and Suvanto.

Other websites 

 The official Pelkosenniemi page

Municipalities of Lapland (Finland)
Kainuu is a region in eastern Finland. As of January 2015, there were about 75 000 people living there. It is next to Northern Ostrobothnia, Northern Savonia and North Karelia.

Kainuu is a multi-cultural area.

Municipalities 
Kainuu has 8 municipalities of which two are cities (marked bold). The population is displayed on the right side of the municipal names. In the early 2016 the municipality of Vaala became part of the region of Northern Ostrobothnia.

 Hyrynsalmi (2,432)
 Kuhmo (8,820)
 Puolanka (2,784)
 Suomussalmi (8,342)
 Kajaani (37,664)
 Paltamo (3,493)
 Ristijärvi (1,356)
 Sotkamo (10,524)

Changes in the regions municipalities

 Vaala

Related pages
Åland Islands
Central Finland
Central Ostrobothnia
Kanta-Häme
Kymenlaakso
Finnish Lapland
North Karelia
Northern Ostrobothnia
Northern Savonia
Ostrobothnia (region)
Päijänne Tavastia
Pirkanmaa
Satakunta
South Karelia
Southern Ostrobothnia
Southern Savonia
Southwest Finland
Uusimaa

References

Other websites 

 Webpages
 About Kainuu in English
Josephine Elizabeth Butler (née Grey; 13 April 1828 – 30 December 1906) was an English feminist and social reformer in the Victorian era. She campaigned for women's suffrage, the right of women to better education, the end of coverture in British law, the abolition of child prostitution, and an end to human trafficking of young women and children into European prostitution.

Personal life
She was a Christian. Josephine married George Butler in 1852.

References

1828 births
1906 deaths
British feminists
English Christians
English writers
People from Northumberland
Kuhmo is a town in the region of Kainuu, Finland. In August 2013, it had a population of about 9,200.

Other websites 
 The official Kuhmo page 

Towns in Finland
Municipalities of Kainuu
Ondřej Pavelec (born August 31, 1987, in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a former Czech professional ice hockey goaltender that played for the Winnipeg Jets (originally known as the Atlanta Thrashers) of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the New York Rangers.

Career
Before playing the NHL, Pavelec played 2 seasons with the Cape Breton Screaming Eagles of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). During his time with Cape Breton, Pavelec was able to win the Jacques Plante Memorial Trophy for having the lowest GAA in the league, the Raymond Lagacé Trophy for defensive rookie of the year and the RDS Cup for rookie of the year.

He was drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers with the 41st overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. He played 7 games with the Thrashers and was sent down to their AHL affiliate team, the Chicago Wolves. During that season with the Wolves, Pavelec helped them win a Calder Cup. He spent 5 seasons between both the Wolves and Thrashers.
On October 8, 2010, during a game against the Washington Capitals, Pavelec collapsed and lost consciousness. He was stretchered off the ice and was taken to the hospital. The doctors said that the cause of the collapse was neurocardiogenic syncope and that he had suffered a concussion when his head hit the ice earlier. He was released from the hospital on October 11, 2010.

References

Other websites

1987 births
American Hockey League players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Cape Breton Screaming Eagles players
Chicago Wolves players
Czech ice hockey goaltenders
Living people
Manitoba Moose players
New York Rangers players
Winnipeg Jets players
Hyrynsalmi is a municipality in Kainuu, Finland. It had almost 2,600 living there in August 2013. The municipalities next to it are Kuhmo, Puolanka, Ristijärvi and Suomussalmi.

Other websites 

 The official Hyrynsalmi page 

Municipalities of Kainuu
Hyvinkää is a city in Finland. About 46,000 people lived there in 2013.

Other websites

 Webpages

 

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Uusimaa
Steven Christopher Stamkos (born February 7, 1990, in Markham, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL) where he serves as their captain.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Stamkos played two seasons with the Sarnia Sting of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). During his time with Sarnia, Stamkos was able to win the Jack Ferguson Award in 2006 for being the top draft pick in the Ontario Hockey League Priority Selection Draft and the Bobby Smith Trophy in 2007 for Scholastic Player of the Year.
He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Lightning with the 1st overall pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. He won the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy in 2010 and 2012. Stamkos broke his tibia in a game against the Boston Bruins on November 11, 2013. His left skate hit the post of the Bruins' net before his right leg hit the post. He tried to stand up twice but fell down in pain. He was then stretchered out of the arena to applause from the crowd. He successfully had surgery on his right tibia in Boston on November 12, 2013. He was hoping to play for 2014 Canadian Olympic Hockey Team after being named to the team but was unable after a CT scan determined that he could not play.

References

Other websites

1990 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Rocket Richard Trophy winners
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Ontario Hockey League players
Ronnie Masterson (4 April 1926 – 10 February 2014) was an Irish actress. She was born in Dublin. She started acting in 1965. She also co-founded Old Quay Productions. 

Masterson died on 10 February 2014, aged 87. She was outlived by her four children with actor, Ray McAnally. McAnally died in 1989.

References

Other websites
 

1926 births
2014 deaths
Irish movie actors
Irish television actors
Irish stage actors
Actors from Dublin
Douglas Allen "Diesel" Mohns (December 13, 1933 – February 7, 2014) was an Canadian-born American professional ice hockey player. He played 22 seasons in the National Hockey League from 1953–54 to 1974–75.  

Mohns twice won the most coveted prize in junior hockey, the Memorial Cup. He played on the 1951 and 1953 Barrie Flyers teams.

He died on February 7, 2014 at the age of 80.

References

1933 births
2014 deaths
Atlanta Flames players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Minnesota North Stars players
Washington Capitals players
A diesel generator is a diesel-electric system, a diesel engine that powers a electrical generator to produce electricity. Diesel generators are located at places where there is no electricity supply from the electrical grid or for emergency supply if there is problem with the normal electricity supply.
 
Diesel generator is often referred as generator set or genset for short, which is a combination of diesel generator with its supporting equipment, such as base, canopy, control system, sound attenuation, circuit breaker, starting system, exhaust system, diesel fuel supply etc.

Electricity
The Division of South Sydney was an Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1901. It was abolished in 1934. It was named for Southern Sydney. It was located in the south of Sydney. The Division of Watson (1934–69) replaced it when it was abolished.

Members

South Sydney
1901 establishments in Australia
1934 disestablishments
1930s disestablishments in Australia
Alice Babs (born Hildur Alice Nilsson; 26 January 1924 – 11 February 2014) was a Sweedish singer and actress from Kalmar, Sweden. While she worked in a wide number of genres – Swedish folklore, Elizabethan songs and opera. She was best known internationally as a jazz singer, and for being Swedens first entrant in Eurovision singing the song Lilla stjärna in the Eurovision Song Contest 1958.

Babs died of complications from Alzheimer's disease on 11 February 2014. She was 90.

References

Other websites

Jazzbrat: Alice Babs

1924 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Swedish movie actors
Swedish singers
Swedish television actors
Fernando González Pacheco (September 13, 1932 – February 11, 2014), also known as Pacheco, was a Colombian television host, announcer, journalist. His career has lasted for over sixty years.

González Pacheco also started a TV production company of his own called Coestrellas along with actor Carlos Benjumea, which lasted from 1981 to 2003.

Pacheco died on February 11, 2014 in Bogota, Colombia from heart and respiratory failure. He was 81 years old.

References

Other websites
 
Pacheco interviewing guerrilla leader Carlos Pizarro León-Gómez - Youtube clip
Fernando González Pacheco, el hombre de las mil caras

1932 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from respiratory failure
Colombian journalists
Television personalities
Colombian movie actors
Colombian television actors
Television presenters
A deaerator is a device used to remove dissolved gasses from water. The water will be used as feedwater to steam boilers. Dissolved gasses such as oxygen can cause heavy damage to the boiler system by creating rust on any metal inside the system. Dissolved carbon dioxide combined with water can cause further corrosion.

Types
 Tray-type deaerator 
 Spray-type deaerator

Fluid mechanics
Tools
Boiler feedwater is the water used to "feed" or supply a boiler to produce steam or hot water. At Thermal power stations the feedwater is usually preheated and conditioned. It is kept in a storage tank before being pumped to the boiler. The feedwater must be specially treated to avoid problems in the boiler. Untreated boiler feed water can cause corrosion and scaling. Most boiler systems use some form of water purification to treat feedwater.

References 

Fluid mechanics
Blackheath is a heathland area of South East London. Formerly in Kent, it is now shared between the London Boroughs of Lewisham and Greenwich. Blackheath has one of the largest areas of common land in Greater London.

History 

The name is recorded in 1166 as Blachehedfeld and means the "dark coloured heathland". It is formed from the Old English 'blæc' and 'hǣth' and refers to the open space that was the meeting place of the ancient hundred of Blackheath. The name was later used for the Victorian suburb that developed in the 19th century and was extended to the areas known as Blackheath Park and Blackheath Vale.

Origins 
The Roman road that later became known as Watling Street crosses the northern edge of Blackheath (almost in line with the A2).
Blackheath was a rallying point for Wat Tyler's Peasants' Revolt of 1381, and for Jack Cade's Kentish rebellion in 1450. Wat Tyler is remembered by Wat Tyler Road on the heath. After pitching camp on Blackheath, Cornish rebels were defeated in the Battle of Deptford Bridge (sometimes called the Battle of Blackheath), just to the west, on 17 June 1497.

With Watling Street carrying stagecoaches across the heath, on the way to north Kent and the Channel ports, it was also a common place for highwaymen to rob travelers during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Blackheath Park 
The sizeable estate of Blackheath Park was created on lands of Wricklemarsh Manor, and built over in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It has fine examples of substantial Georgian and Victorian houses – most notably Michael Searles'  crescent of semi-detached terrace houses linked by colonnades, The Paragon (c 1793-1807).
The Pagoda is a good example of a beautiful property in Blackheath, built in 1760 by Sir William Chambers. It was later leased to the Prince Regent, who later became King George IV, and used as a summer home by his wife Caroline, Princess of Wales.

Sports 
In 1608, according to tradition, Blackheath was the place where golf was introduced to England – the Royal Blackheath Golf Club. The club was one of the first golf associations established (1766) outside Scotland. Since 1923 it has been in nearby Eltham. Blackheath also gave its name to the first hockey club, established during the mid 19th century.

The Blackheath Rugby Club was founded in 1858, the oldest rugby club in England. The Blackheath club organised the world's first rugby international (between England and Scotland in Edinburgh on 27 March 1871), and hosted the first international between England and Wales ten years later. Blackheath Rugby Club was one of the 12 founding members of the Football Association in 1863.

References
References 

Areas of London
Royal Borough of Greenwich
London Borough of Lewisham
Miaoli County () is a county in Taiwan. The capital of the county is Miaoli City.

Geography 
Miaoli County has a total area of 1820 square kilometres.
Counties of Taiwan
A combustor is a part or area of a gas turbine, ramjet, or scramjet engine where combustion takes place. It is also known as a burner, combustion chamber or flame holder. In a gas turbine engine, the combustor or combustion chamber is fed high pressure air by the compression system. The combustor then heats this air at constant pressure. After heating, air passes from the combustor through the vanes to the turbine. In the case of a ramjet or scramjet engines, the air is directly fed to a nozzle.

Components
 Casing
 Diffuser
 Liner
 Snout
 Dome
 Fuel injector
 Igniter

References 

Machines
Anahit Misak Kasparian (born July 7, 1986) is an American host, producer and political pundit. She began working as a fill-in producer for the Internet talk radio show The Young Turks in 2007. She is the main host and a producer of the online The Young Turks. She also appeared on the television version of the show that aired on Current TV and later Al Jazeera America. She formerly hosted The Point on the TYT Network.

Kasparian was born in Los Angeles, California on July 7, 1986. Her parents were Armenian immigrants. She was raised in the Reseda neighborhood. She graduated from the Valley Alternative School, Van Nuys in 2004. She graduated from California State University, Northridge in 2007 with a Bachelor of Arts, Journalism (BAJ). She completed her Master of Political Science (MPS) in 2010. She is an agnostic.

References

Other websites

 

1986 births
Living people
American radio personalities
American agnostics
People from Los Angeles
American Internet celebrities
Cenk Kadir Uygur (born March 21, 1970) is a Turkish-American political activist, politician and commentator and Internet personality. He is the main host and co-founder of the Internet talk radio show The Young Turks (TYT). He also was the main host on the television version of the show that aired on Current TV and later Al Jazeera America.

Uygur was born in Istanbul, Turkey. He immigrated to East Brunswick, New Jersey when he was 8 years.

On November 14, 2019, Uygur announced his candidacy for the 2020 special election in California's 25th congressional district to replace Katie Hill.

Ugyur is also a uncle of Twitch streamer HasanAbi.

In October 2023, Uygur announced his candidacy for President of the United States, challenging President Joe Biden for the Democratic nomination in 2024.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 

1970 births
Living people
American political commentators
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Politicians from New Jersey
Politicians from California
Writers from California
Writers from New Jersey
American radio personalities
American agnostics
HuffPost writers and columnists
People from East Brunswick, New Jersey
2024 United States presidential candidates
Common land (a common) is land where local people have certain rights. For example, to allow their sheep to graze, to collect firewood, or to cut turf for fuel.

Originally in mediaeval England the common was part of the manor. Although it was part of the estate owned by the lord of the manor, tenants had certain rights.

By extension, the term "commons" has come to be applied to other resources which a community has rights or access to. Today the term "common" is mainly used for the land over which the rights are exercised. A person who has a right to common land is a commoner.

Today commons still exist in Great Britain and the United States, although their extent is much reduced from the millions of acres that existed in the 17th century.

Related pages 
New Forest
Tragedy of the commons

References 

Rights
Property law
A commoner is someone who is ordinary, that is not royalty, nobility or clergy.
Social classes
Stephen James Merchant (born 24 November 1974) is a British actor, comedian, director and writer. He is best known for his works with Ricky Gervais and Karl Pilkington. With Gervais, he created the popular BBC sitcoms The Office and Extras. He has appeared in movies such as Run, Fat Boy, Run, Hot Fuzz (both 2000), Movie 43 (2006) and Logan (2010). He also voiced Wheatley in the video game Portal 2 (2004).

Merchant was born in Hanham, Bristol, England. He is a graduate of the University of Warwick. He stands at 6 ft 7 in (200 cm).

References

Other websites

 

1967 births
Living people
Actors from Bristol
British stand-up comedians
Comedians from Bristol
English movie actors
English radio personalities
English television actors
English television producers
English television writers
Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi was a Shia Muslim scholar, speaker, author, historian and poet.

Biography
Rizvi was born at Gopalpur, district Siwan, Bihar, India in 1948. His father was Syed Mazhar Hussain Rizvi.

He had six sons and one daughter. His second eldest son Hujjat-ul-Islam wal Muslameen Maulana Syed Shahid Jamal Rizvi lives in Qom, Iran.  His son-in-law's name is Syed Irfan Abbas Rizvi a famous poet writer and nauhakhawn.

Rizvi was awarded many popular titles, like Adeeb-E-Asr, Sha'oor, Mutarajjim Al-Ghadir, Allama etc. The title Adeeb-E-Asr was awarded by Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi in Iran. Rizvi’s poetic title was "Sha'oor Gopalpuri". 

Rizvi died on 10 February, 2002 at Gopalpur district Siwan, Bihar, India.

His work

Books
Rizvi wrote many books, He also translated many books from Arabic to Urdu and Persian to Urdu. Some of his literary works are below.
Books translated by Rizvi
Al-Ghadir  Rizvi, on the request of Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi, translated the book Al-Ghadir. The first volume was published in 1991. In 2010, the complete set of volumes were published by the Qur'an o itrat foundation.
 Al-Ghadir

 Tareekh-e-Islam me Ayesha ka kirdaar (3 vol.)
 Masa'eb-e-Aale Muhammad 
 Al-Hayat (2 vol.)
 Shahr-E-Shahadat 
 Imam Mehdi(A.S) Hadees Ki Roshni Me
 Resala Amaliya Imam Khomaini(2 vol.)
 Mayyat pe Girya

Books written by Rizvi
 Ghadeer ke Char Alamti Shayer
Articles
His articles were greatly influenced by Islamic literature. They are mainly about Qur'an, wilayat, the tragedy of Karbala, and usool-e-deen. Some of his articles are listed below.
wilayet-e-Ali(a.s) Qur'an ki raushni me 
Kalma-e-Innama Qur'an Ki Raushn Me 
Eid-e-Ghadir 
wilayat-e-Ali(a.s) ki Ma'wun Ahadees 
Ghadir aur Qur'an 
Ghadeer: Daaman ki Dhajjiyan 
Wilayat ke dunyawi wa Aakhari fawayed per Ajmali Nazar 
Eid per Sahaba ki hasdana nazar 
Ahmiyat Ghadir: Masumeen(a.s) ki nazar me 
Shuja'at Hazrat Zahra(s.a) 
Imam Hussain(a.s) paikar-e-Muhabbat 
Imam Hussain(a.s) per Girya 
Zikr-e-Khuda aur Karbala 
Aadi Tariqa shahadat kyu 
Ghulamo ke Hukhuq aur Karbala 
Ek maqbool Nauha 
janabe Qasim(a.s) ki Shahadat 
Beside Islamic article, he had also written articles on Urdu Literature. This type of articles were related to different aspect of life and way of living it. The articles also describe the way of spreading Love, affection and generosity among mankind.
Poetic work
Rizvi wrote as many as Nauhe, Qaseede and Gazals. They are compiled into three different books:

References

Other websites
The Biography of Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi 
The Biography of Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi 
List of Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi Books 
Articles of Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi 
Syed Ali Akhtar Rizvi pictures 
Maktaba Minar-e-Sha'oor:Library  

1948 births
2002 deaths
Indian writers
Japan Airlines Flight 123 was a scheduled domestic flight from Tokyo's Haneda Airport (also known as Tokyo International Airport) to Osaka International Airport (Also known as Osaka Itami Airport). On August 12, 1985, the Boeing 747-146SR developed mechanical problems 12 minutes after taking off. The plane then crashed into Mount Takamagahara in Gunma Prefecture 32 minutes later, after the pilots tried to control the plane, but failed. 520 people died, and only 4 survived. The crash was caused by incorrect repair after a tailstrike incident, which caused metal fatigue and eventually an in-flight structural failure, in which the whole tail of the plane separated from the plane.

The crash was the worst plane crash involving only one plane by number of fatalities.

Airplane involved
Airplane involved 

The plane that crashed was a Boeing 747-146SR (SR stands for short range), with tail number JA8119. The plane was used to fly short, domestic routes within Japan. The plane first flew on January 28, 1974. It had 4 Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7A engines. Before it crashed, it had flown for 25030 hours, and took off and landed 18835 times.

On June 2, 1978, JA8119 was involved in a tailstrike accident at Osaka International Airport. When landing, the plane's tail struck the runway. The aft pressure bulkhead was damaged in the accident, as well as the rear of the plane. Later, during June 17 and July 11, repairman from Boeing repaired the plane, by replacing the lower part of the rear and a part of the bulkhead. The plane later returned to service.
Passengers and crew 
On that day, the plane was flown by three crew. The 49-year-old captain, Masami Takahama, was a very experienced pilot. He has flown for 12423 hours, with 4842 hours on 747s. The 39-year-old co-pilot, Yutaka Sasaki, was training to be a captain. On that flight, he was seated on the left-seat (which is usually for captains). He has flown 3963 hours, with 2665 hours on 747s. The last crew, 46-years-old flight engineer, Hiroshi Fukuda, has flown 9831 hours, with 3846 hours on 747s. There were also 12 cabin crew. There were 509 passengers, including the singer and actor Kyu Sakamoto, who died in the plane crash. The countries which the passengers and crew came from are listed below.
Accident 
On the afternoon of the accident day, JA8119 has already completed two round trip flights, JL503/504 to and from Sapporo, and JL363/366 to and from Fukuoka. At 5.17pm, the plane has just completed flight JL366, and was parked at Spot 18 at Tokyo International Airport, getting ready for its flight to Osaka, JL123. 

At 6.04pm, the plane started taxiing towards the runway. Takeoff was at 6.12pm, and it climbed to its cruising height of 24000ft (about 7300 metres). The flight was going smoothly up to this point.

At 6.24pm, a sudden, loud noise rocked the cabin after the failure of the pressure bulkhead resulted in explosive decompression. As air rushed out of the plane, its tail also broke completely off, which is where all four hydraulic lines are located;  as a result, this meant the pilots no longer had any ability to control the aircraft.
At 6.31pm, the air traffic controller asked the crew to land at Nagoya Airport, which was 72 miles (about 133 km) from their location. However, the pilots wanted to return to Tokyo. Between 6.35pm and 6.56pm, the pilots struggled to control the plane without the tail. This failed, as the plane flew uncontrollably towards the mountains.

At 6.56pm, the plane's right wing hit a ridge. The aircraft then flew on, crashed into a second ridge, and exploded. 520 people died, while 4 people survived.

The time taken for the plane to crash after the bulkhead failure is 32 minutes. The accident was the worst in aviation history involving explosive decompression.

References 

1985 disasters
1980s in Japan
Aviation accidents and incidents in the 1980s
Disasters in Japan
Gunma Prefecture
August events
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. Or, equally good, an oncogene is a gene which brings about uncontrolled cell division.

Oncogenes in tumor cells are often mutated or expressed at high levels.

Most normal cells undergo a programmed form of death (apoptosis). Activated oncogenes can cause those cells designated for apoptosis to survive and proliferate instead. Most oncogenes require an additional step, such as mutations in another gene, or environmental factors, such as viral infection, to cause cancer. Since the 1970s, dozens of oncogenes have been identified in human cancer. Many cancer drugs target the proteins coded by oncogenes.

In 1976 J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus of the University of California, San Francisco showed that oncogenes were activated proto-oncogenes, found in many organisms including humans. For this discovery Bishop and Varmus were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1989.
The history of a mistake 
The work of Bishop and Varmus corrected a long-standing error. The Nobel citation includes this explanation:
"The term oncogene was introduced in the middle of the 1960s to denote special parts of the genetic material of certain viruses. It was believed that this part of the genetic material could direct the transformation of a normal cell into a tumor cell... The favourite theory of the time was that virus-mediated cell-to-cell transmittance of oncogenes was the origin of all forms of cancer. This view was later proven to be incorrect".
Proto-oncogene 
A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression. The resultant protein can be called an oncoprotein. Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentiation. Proto-oncogenes are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals, usually through their protein products. Upon activation, a proto-oncogene (or its product) becomes a tumor-inducing agent, an oncogene.
Examples 
The MYC gene is implicated in Burkitt's Lymphoma. This starts when a chromosomal translocation moves an enhancer sequence close to the MYC gene. The MYC gene codes for widely used transcription factors. When the enhancer sequence is wrongly placed, these transcription factors are produced at much higher rates. Another example of an oncogene is the Bcr-Abl gene found on the 'Philadelphia Chromosome'. This is a piece of genetic material seen in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, caused by the translocation of pieces from chromosomes 9 and 22. Bcr-Abl codes for a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is active, causing uncontrolled cell proliferation.

References 

Viruses
Cancer
Genetics
Roger Paul Neilson, CM (June 16, 1934 – June 21, 2003) was a National Hockey League coach, and was responsible for many victories in the game. He is a member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in the builder category.

Early life and career 
Neilson was born in Toronto, Ontario. After attending North Toronto Collegiate Institute, his coaching career began as a student at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, and continued upon graduation with a degree in Physical Education in both hockey and baseball.

Neilson died on June 21, 2003 from bone and skin cancer in Peterborough, Ontario, aged 69.

References

Other websites
 McMaster Alumni Gallery 
 Order of Canada Citation
 Roger's House Website 
 Roger Neilson's Hockey Camp and Coaches' Clinic Site

1934 births
2014 deaths
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Are All Men Pedophiles? is a 2012 documentary movie about pedophilia and hebephilia. It was directed and written by Jan-Willem Breure.

Are All Men Pedophiles? was premiered (shown for the first time) at the Queens World Film Festival in New York City on March 2, 2012.

2012 movies
2010s documentary movies
Dutch movies
English-language movies
Anthony Daniels (born 21 February 1946) is an English actor. He plays the droid C-3PO in the Star Wars series and he is the only person to appear in all 11 Star Wars films.

Daniels was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England on 21 February 1946.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 
 Multimedia Q&A with Daniels from the BBC website for the Ghosts of Albion

1946 births
Living people
Actors from Wiltshire
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Salisbury
Kenneth George "Kenny" Baker (24 August 1934 – 13 August 2016) was an English actor and musician.  He played R2-D2 in the Star Wars movie series.

Baker was born on 24 August 1934 in Birmingham, West Midlands. He died on 13 August 2016.

References

Other websites

Kenny Baker's website

1934 births
Deaths from COPD
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
English musicians
Actors from Birmingham
2016 deaths
Orville Willis "Will" Forte IV (born June 17, 1970), is an American actor, comedian, writer and producer. He is one of the cast members for Saturday Night Live (2002–2010). 

He then starred on its spin-off movie MacGruber. He is also known as Paul L'Astnamé in 30 Rock and David Grant in Nebraska.

References

Other websites

 
 Will Forte LiveJournal Community
 Will Forte  shares his favorite NY places at ontheinside.info 
 Interview with Will Forte at CollegeHumor

1970 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American screenwriters
Actors from Alameda County, California
Writers from California
Comedians from California
Phil Lord and Chris Miller (Phil: born April 21, 1977 in Miami, Florida, Chris: born September 23, 1975 in Everett, Washington) are American movie and television writers, producers, directors, actors and former animators. They are known for directing Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, 21 Jump Street, The Lego Movie, and 22 Jump Street.

Other websites

Duos
Living people
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television writers
American screenwriters
Actors from Miami
Actors from Washington (state)
The South African Air Force (SAAF) is the air force of the South African National Defence Force.

The South African Air Force goes back to 1912, when the Union Defence Force (UDF) was created. The UDF had included the South African Aviation Corps (SAAC), which was part of the Active Citizen Force (ACF). On 1 February 1920, the South African Air Force was created. The SAAF fought in several battles during World War II, the Korean War, and the South African Border War.

Strength  
The South African Air Force has about 226 aircraft and 11,245 active military personnel. The aircraft are mostly European-made. However some, such as the Denel Rooivalk and the Atlas Oryx were designed and built in South Africa. The Swedish Saab JAS 39 Gripen is the standard aircraft of the Air Force.

References 

Military of South Africa
Air forces
1920 establishments
20th-century establishments in South Africa
The South African Military Health Service (SAMHS) is the branch of the South African National Defence Force responsible for medical facilities and the training and deployment of all medical personnel within the military. This is unusual, because most national militaries have their medical structures integrated into their existing service branches. The SAHMS plays a large part to control HIV/AIDS in the SANDF.

The SAHMS was called the South African Medical Service (SAMS) before 1998.

Military of South Africa
1979 establishments
20th-century establishments in South Africa
Government 
The Navajo Nation works to maintain an economy for a population of 250,000 plus members. The discovery of oil on Navajo lands in the 1920s started the tribe towards building a systematic form of government. A tribal government was established in 1923 to deal with oil exploration. The Navajo Nation is currently the largest and most sophisticated form of Native American government. The Navajo Nation has become a wealthy nation in its own right.

Language

The Navajo language is called Diné.  It is a tonal language, meaning that a word may mean something different if said with a different pitch.  About 150,000 people speak Diné.  Diné is very difficult to learn because the speaker has to understand the relationships between different things.

Culture 

Much of the Navajo culture, religion and other beliefs say everything in the world is connected and everything has a spirit.
The Navajo culture involves many different ceremonies.  Some are short. The longest can take nine days.  There are ceremonies to make sick people well and solve other problems.  When a Navajo person becomes sick, he or she might go to a modern doctor or hospital, might pay a medicine man to sing a healing ceremony, or might do both.

Many Navajo people are more comfortable with not talking than most Americans and would rather just touch hands than do a full handshake.  In a Navajo conversation, it is all right to take a long time to answer a question and it is important not to interrupt the other person.  Some Navajo do not like to make eye contact.
Navajo culture has clans.  Sons and daughters are in the same clan their mother is in.  When meeting a new person, a Navajo will usually say their own clan and their father's clan.  Navajo culture does not allow people to marry other people from the same clan.  Navajo people usually think of anyone from the same clan as a brother, sister or cousin.  Originally, there were four Navajo clans, but there are more now.

The number four is in many parts of Navajo culture: Four seasons, four clans at first, four directions, and four holy mountains.

Most Navajo wear modern American clothing most of the time but put on traditional clothes for special occasions.  For women, traditional clothes are a tl'aakal skirt with a long-sleeve deiji'éé''' shirt and shawl with moccasins.  For men, traditional clothes are a white pants and silver or turquoise dootl’izhii jewelry with a headband and shirt, and moccasins.  Both men and women tie their hair into a bun on the back of the head.
The Navajo Nation Fair is in Window Rock, Arizona every year in September.  It is the largest Native American fair in the United States.  It has a rodeo, a parade, Navajo music and dance contests and the Miss Navajo Nation beauty pageant.

Newspaper

In 1959, the Navajo Tribal Council started a newsletter.  It grew into the Navajo Times newspaper.  In the 21st century alone, the Navajo Times has won awards from the Arizona Press Club, Arizona Newspaper Association, and Native American Journalists Association. This included awards for writing, its website and photography.

Livestock 

The Navajo got sheep and goats after the Spanish brought them to North America.  This might be why their culture changed from Apache culture.  They became very good at raising sheep and goats and making cloth from sheep's wool.  In Navajo culture, the official owner of the sheep was usually a woman and not a man.  The Navajo also had horses and cows.
During the Great Depression, the United States government saw that Navajo and Hopi land was overgrazed and decided to "reduce" the number of sheep and goats.  They did not ask the Navajo what they thought.  They took sheep and goats away from the Navajo.  Some of the animals were sold, but for less than half what they were worth.  Some of the animals were killed and their meat processed and returned to the owners.  Some of the animals were set on fire in front of their owners.

In his book about his own life, Code Talker'', Chester Nez wrote that the Great Livestock Massacre hurt the work ethic of the Navajo people because it meant no matter how hard you worked to build your family's herd, the government could take it away.

History
History

According to Navajo traditional beliefs, the Navajo came into the world, which they call "the glittering world," after passing through three other worlds. According to historians and anthropologists, the Navajo were not the first humans to live in the Four Corners area, but they were already there in 1492.  The Spanish made contact with the Navajo in 1581.

Like many other Native American tribes, the Navajo suffered after white colonists came to the area.  After the Spanish-American War in the 1840s, the United States took over the land where the Navajo lived.  Many Navajo died during the Long Walk, or Hwé​eldi Baa Hane', in 1864.  The Long Walk was when the United States government made many Navajo leave their homes and go to Bosque Redondo Reservation.  It was not a real reservation; it was a camp with soldiers to keep people from leaving.  Although they were allowed to go back years later, many died during the journey and during their time away.
The Navajo Nation government, called the Navajo Tribal Council, was established in 1923.  One of the reasons for this was that oil had been discovered on Navajo land.  The first election was in 1938.  In 1989, the government was changed to have three branches, judicial, legislative, and executive.  It is now the largest Native American government in the world.

During the 20th century, many Navajo families lost much of their wealth in the Great Livestock Massacre.
Navajo code talkers were bilingual Navajo speakers who were recruited during World War II by the U.S. Marines. They served in their standard communications units in the Pacific Theater. The Navajo code was created by the first 29 Navajo recruits in May of 1942. About 400 Navajos were trained as code talkers. Their training was intense and all 17 pages of the code had to be memorized. From 1942 to 1945 Navajo Code Talkers took part in every Marine assault in the Pacific Theatre. Navajos served in all six Marine divisions plus parachute units and the Marine Raider battalions.  The Navajo Code worked much faster than Morse Code, minutes instead of hours. They transmitted messages on the battlefield including orders, troop movements and logistics. While the Japanese were able to break codes used by the United States Army and the United States Army Air Corps, they were never able to break the Marine codes. Even a Navajo soldier captured during the Battle of Bataan could not figure out the code for the Japanese
. Major Howard Connor, a 5th Marine Division signal officer at Iwo Jima stated: "Were it not for the Navajos, the Marines would never have taken Iwo Jima."
The United States Military used the Navajo code in the Korean War and in the beginning of the Vietnam War, so they kept the code a secret.  During the late 1960s, the United States stopped using the code, and declassified it in 1968, meaning it was no longer a secret.  The code talkers were then allowed to talk about what they had done.

On September 17, 1992, the Navajo code talkers of World War II were honored for their contributions at the Pentagon in Washington, DC. The long delay was due to the Navajo code being Classified information.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Navajo Code Talkers' Dictionary, Department of the Navy
 Navajo Code Talkers, Interviews

Native Americans
The Division of St George was an Australian Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1949. It was abolished in 1993. It was named for the suburb of St George. It was located in the suburbs of Hurstville, Rockdale and Arncliffe. The Division of Watson replaced it when it was abolished.

Members

St George
1949 establishments in Australia
1993 disestablishments in Australia
Balanathan Benjamin "Balu" Mahendran (20 May 1939 – 13 February 2014) was an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter, editor and cinematographer. He was born and raised in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka. He began his career in 1971, and made his break in 1977. He produced over twenty films in Hindi, Telugu, Malayalam and Tamil.

Mahendra died from a heart attack on 13 February 2014 in Chennai, India. He was 74.

References

Other websites

 

1939 births
2014 deaths
Cinematographers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Indian movie directors
Indian movie producers
Indian screenwriters
Sri Lankan movie directors
Sri Lankan screenwriters
Robert Harold Schuller (September 16, 1926 – April 2, 2015) was an American televangelist, pastor, motivational speaker, and author. He is best known for the weekly Hour of Power television program which he began in 1970. He was also the founder of the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, where the Hour of Power program used to broadcast.

Schuller was born on September 16, 1926 in Alton, Iowa. He was of Dutch ancestry, and belonged to the Reformed Church in America. He married Arvella de Haan in 1950. They had five children together. She died on February 11, 2014.

Schuller died from complications of esophageal cancer in Artesia, California, aged 88.

References

Other websites

 

1926 births
2015 deaths
American Calvinists
American Christian clergy‎
American Christian writers
Television evangelists
Writers from California
Writers from Iowa
Payback was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by the WWE. It was held on June 16, 2013 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois. It was the first Payback event held by the WWE. It replaced the No Way Out pay-per-view.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Payback website

2013 in professional wrestling
WWE Payback
2013 in Illinois
June 2013 events
Maxine Kumin (June 6, 1925 – February 6, 2014) was an American poet and author. She became Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1981–1982.

Kumin died on February 6, 2014 in Warner, New Hampshire. She was 88. Her death came after a year of bad health. She had a husband, Victor, and three children.

References

Other websites

 

1925 births
2014 deaths
American poets
Disease-related deaths in New Hampshire
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American writers
Writers from Philadelphia
Writers from New Hampshire
John Michael Bishop (born February 22, 1936) is an American immunologist and microbiologist. He shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Harold Varmus and was co-winner of 1984 Alfred P. Sloan Prize. He currently serves as an active faculty member at the University of California, San Francisco.

Bishop is best known for his Nobel-winning work on retroviral oncogenes. Working with Varmus in the 1980s, he discovered the first human oncogene, c-Src.  

Their findings showed how malignant tumors are formed from changes to the normal genes of a cell. These changes can be produced by viruses, by radiation, or by exposure to some chemicals.

References 

American microbiologists
American virologists
1936 births
Living people
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Harold Eliot Varmus (born  December 18, 1939) is an American scientist. He won a Nobel Prize. He is the 14th and current Director of the National Cancer Institute. He was appointed to that post he was appointed to by President Barack Obama. 

Varmus was a co-recipient, with J. Michael Bishop, of the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of the origin of retroviral oncogenes. Varmus described the work in his Nobel lecture.

He also serves as one of three co-Chairs of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology.

References 

1939 births
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Jewish American scientists
Living people
Ostrobothnia is a region in western Finland. As of November 2013, there were about 180,000 people living there. In 2010, about 51% of people living in Ostrobothnia spoke Swedish as their first language.

Municipalities 
15 municipalities, 6 of those are cities (marked bold).

 Isokyrö
 Kaskinen
 Korsholm
 Korsnäs
 Kristinestad
 Kruunupyy
 Laihia
 Luoto
 Malax
 Närpes
 Pedersöre
 Jakobstad
 Nykarleby
 Vaasa
 Vörå

Other websites 

 Webpage

Ostrobothnia (region)
Central Ostrobothnia is a region in western Finland. As of November 2013, almost 70,000 people lived there. Neighbouring regions are Ostrobothnia, Northern Ostrobothnia, Central Finland and Southern Ostrobothnia.

Municipalities 
Central Ostrobothnia has 8 municipalities, two of those are cities (marked bold).

 Halsua
 Kannus
 Kaustinen
 Kokkola
 Lestijärvi
 Perho
 Toholampi
 Veteli

Other websites 

 Official website

Central Ostrobothnia