Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes happened on April 14−16, 2016 near Kumamoto Prefecture in southern Japan. A foreshock of magnitude 6.2 on the Richter scale happened on the evening of April 14 at 21:26 Japan Standard Time. The main earthquake happened at 1:25 am JST with a magnitude of 7.0 on April 16.

A total of 48 people died in the two earthquakes. About 3,000 more were injured. There was severe damage in and around Kumamoto. Many structures including Kumamoto-Castle fell and some of them caught fire and infrastructures, especially water, electricity and gas supply are destructed. More than 44,000 people had to leave the area because of the disaster and most of them suffer hard living in shelters.

References

Kumamoto earthquakes
2010s disasters in Japan
April 2016 events
Earthquakes in Japan
2016 in Asia
Game & Watch Gallery 4, known in Europe and Australia as Game & Watch Gallery Advance, is the fifth game in the series in Europe and Australia and the fourth in North America. It was released for the Game Boy Advance in Europe on October 25, 2002, in the United States on October 28, 2002, and in Australia in 2002. It is the second Game & Watch Gallery game not to receive a Japanese release until 2016 via the Wii U's Virtual Console. It is also the first title in the Game & Watch Gallery series to credit TOSE as a co-developer, after the company had gone uncredited in the previous installments.
This game features Game & Watch games in two styles: Classic, which features faithful reproductions of the original games, and Modern, which gives the games a different visual style using characters from the Super Mario Bros. series. It features 11 games with both Modern and Classic modes, and nine games with only Classic mode. This game facilitates multiplayer for Boxing and Donkey Kong 3.
List of games
 Fire
 Boxing
 Rain Shower
 Mario's Cement Factory
 Donkey Kong Jr.
 Donkey Kong 3
 Chef
 Mario Bros.
 Donkey Kong
 Octopus
 Fire Attack

Also included are several unlockable games that can only be played in Classic mode:

 Manhole
 Tropical Fish
 Mario's Bombs Away
 Parachute
 Bomb Sweeper
 Climber
 Safebuster
 Life Boat
 Zelda

Wii U games
Game Boy Advance games
2002 video games
Metuchen ( ) is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States

History
Metuchen was created by the New Jersey Legislature on March 20, 1900. The land was part of Raritan Township (now known as Edison).

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 2.766 square miles (7.166 km2). That included 2.764 square miles (7.160 km2) of land and 0.002 square miles (0.006 km2) of water (0.09%).

References

Boroughs in New Jersey
Middlesex County, New Jersey
20th-century establishments in New Jersey
1900 establishments in the United States
The Bukit Panjang LRT Line is a LRT  Line in Singapore.

The line takes about 28 minutes for the full loop. This route starts at the Choa Chu Kang and travels around the Bukit Panjang area.

This line uses C801 and C801A trains.

History
The Bukit Panjang LRT was first opened on 6 November 1999. Ten Mile Junction Station was closed from 10 December 2010 to 30 December 2011.

Services
There are three services on the line: A and B terminate at Choa Chu Kang, and C ends at Ten Mile Junction.

Stations
Stations

All stations, except Choa Chu Kang and Ten Mile Junction, have two facing side platforms. Choa Chu Kang has an island platform, similar to most Singapore MRT stations, while Ten Mile Junction has only a single platform and is the only station with platform screen doors (supplied by Horton Automatics). Bukit Panjang and Choa Chu Kang have half-height platform barriers. Choa Chu Kang station will have two additional platforms and a new set of fare gates to ease crowding during peak hours. Between 2016 and 2017, Half-Height Platform Barriers were installed at the remaining 11 LRT stations.

As of January 2019, the Half-Height Platform Barriers were installed at all stations except for Ten Mile Junction.

References

Light Rail Transit (Singapore)
Prince Antoine of Monaco, Marquis of Baux  (16 December 1717 – 4 February 1718), was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known as the Marquis of Baux as the heir to the throne of Monaco. He was also the  and Count of Matignon. He died before succeeding his mother.

Life

Born in Monaco, he was the eldest son of the then-reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband, Jacques I. He was given the title of Marquis of Baux, the traditional title for an heir to the Monégasque throne. 

Heirs apparent who never acceded
1717 births
1718 deaths
House of Grimaldi
Ten Mile Junction LRT Station (BP14) is an LRT station in Singapore. It is along the Bukit Panjang LRT Line.

Services are provided at a lower frequency than other LRT stations. Trains only arrive every 20 minutes.

Timeline
6 November 1999: Station opened
10 December 2010: Station closed
30 December 2011: Station reopened

Former Codes
Formerly the code was: A14 (1999 - 2001)

Following Stations
Previous: Bukit Panjang (BP6/DT1)Next: N/A

Light Rail Transit (Singapore) stations
Paya Lebar MRT station (EW8/CC9) is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the East West Line and Circle Line in Geylang, Singapore.

It is named after the Paya Lebar Road, not the area called Paya Lebar. It is in the Geylang district.

History
This station was opened on 4 November 1989, as part of the East West Line. Its former code is E5. The Circle Line station platforms was opened on 17 April 2010.

A track fault at Paya Lebar delayed trains travelling towards HarbourFront on 31 December 2012. SMRT had called in staff to manually drive the trains between Dakota and MacPherson to navigate the fault. Circle Line trains began running normally again more than four hours after the fault took place around 8 am.
Station Information
There are two links between the elevated East West Line station and the underground Circle Line station. The first link consists of a series of escalators to the Circle Line concourse from the western side of the East West platform, which is a common link to go to the Circle Line station. The second link, which is barrier-free, was built on the former area of Exit A which has been closed since late 2007 for reconstruction.

For the East West Line, train platforms are on Level 2. For the Circle Line, train platforms are on Basement 2. This is the only interchange station that has a middle track on the underground line, and it is the terminus for short-working trips after peak hours.

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

References

Other websites

 

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
A petitioner is a very specific legal term. It is the person who presents a formal legal petition to a court or a legislature that requests a certain action be taken. A petitioner is also the person who files a motion  or an appeal to a higher court. A party who petitions the Supreme Court to review a case is known as either the petitioner or the appellant. The person or entity (such as a corporation or government) who opposes the petition is called a respondent. In some cases a third party, an amicus curiae (friend of the court), may be heard.
Appeal process 
In the case of an appeal, the petitioner is usually the party who lost in a lower court. This can be either the plaintiff or the defendant who files the petition to the higher court for judicial review. If the petition is granted, the petitioner files an appellate brief giving the legal arguments for filing the appeal. The respondent is given a short period of time to respond to the brief with arguments for their side of the case and to refute any arguments made by the petitioner. In some jurisdictions, the petitioner is allowed to file a short reply. In all three cases, arguments must be based on the trial record which includes the Transcripts of testimony and evidence from the original trial.

Civil law 
In civil law the person who files the case against another person is called the petitioner or plaintiff. In a divorce this is the party who files or starts the action to legally end the marriage.

References
References

Other websites 
 Legal Language
 Is it better to be the petitioner or the respondent?

Legal terms
Steven Universe is an American animated television series created by Rebecca Sugar for Cartoon Network. The series focuses on Steven Universe (voiced by Zach Callison), who protects his hometown of Beach City alongside Garnet (voiced by Estelle), Amethyst (voiced by Michaela Dietz) and Pearl (voiced by Deedee Magno Hall), three magical alien guardians known as the Crystal Gems. During the original run of the series, episodes of Steven Universe were broadcast once a week in blocks of multiple new episodes in the course of a week, marketed as "Stevenbombs"; or back-to-back as specials with an umbrella title.

During the series, 160 episodes of Steven Universe aired over five seasons, between November 4, 2013, and January 21, 2019. A television film, Steven Universe: The Movie, was released on September 2, 2019, following the fifth and final season. A concluding limited series, Steven Universe Future, premiered on December 7, 2019, and ended on March 27, 2020.

Series overview
Series overview

Episodes
The order and length of the first three seasons is different between official sources. This list uses the "intended order" of the episodes according to co–executive producer Ian Jones-Quartey, which re-orders six episodes from the first two seasons compared to the broadcast order.

Pilot (2013)

Season 1 (2013-15) 
26 half-hours (52 episodes) were produced for Season 1. This list includes a 53rd, "Say Uncle," which was produced and aired as part of Season 2, but chronologically is placed by Jones-Quartey's list late in Season 1.

Episode premieres first happened weekly on Monday nights. They were moved to Wednesday nights beginning with the episode "Steven the Sword Fighter," then to Thursday nights beginning with the episode "Coach Steven". The episodes "Open Book", "Shirt Club", and "Story for Steven" were bumped to air during the second season.

Every episode was supervised directed by Ian Jones-Quartey, but uncredited for "Say Uncle".
Season 2 (2015–16) 
Season 2 and Season 3 were produced as one season of 26 half-hours, made up of 49 regular episodes, 1 double-length special, and 6 shorts. When the season was officially split in two after the fact, 26 of the regular episodes and the shorts were aired as "Season 2". This included "Say Uncle," but this list moves that episode to Season 1.

Jasmin Lai is the art director for every episode, with Elle Michalka co-directing "Full Disclosure".

Season 3 (2016)

 Season 3 consists of the remaining 23 regular episodes and 1 double-sized episode produced alongside season 2.
 The episodes "Super Watermelon Island", "Gem Drill", "Same Old World", "Barn Mates", and "Hit the Diamond" aired as a four-week special event titled In Too Deep.
 The remaining episodes of the season all aired during another four-week special event titled Summer Adventures.

Season 4 (2016-17)
Season 4 was at first ordered together with Season 5, as a set of 26 half-hours, but the two were split into separate seasons during production. Season 4 consists of 13 half-hours (23 regular episodes, 1 double-length special, and 5 shorts).
 The episodes "Kindergarten Kid" and "Know Your Fusion" were the last two episodes to air during a four-week special event titled Summer Adventures.
 "Steven's Dream", "Adventures in Light Distortion", "Gem Heist", "The Zoo", and  "That Will Be All" aired as a four-night special event titled Out of This World.
 Episode premieres moved to Fridays beginning with the episode "The New Crystal Gems".

Season 5 (2017-19)
Season 5 is made of the remaining 13 half-hours ordered alongside Season 4, plus 3 additional half-hours ordered after it was decided to bring the series to an end, to conclude the story. Together, they comprise 26 regular episodes, 1 double-length special, and 1 quadruple-length finale.
 The episodes "Stuck Together", "The Trial", "Off Colors", and "Lars' Head" aired together as a one-hour special, under the umbrella title Wanted.
 The episodes "Lars of the Stars" and "Jungle Moon" aired together as a half-hour special, under the umbrella title Stranded.
 Episode premieres moved to Monday nights beginning with the episode "Your Mother and Mine".
 The episodes "Now We're Only Falling Apart", "What's Your Problem", "The Question", "Made of Honor", and "Reunited" aired as a five-night special event titled Heart of the Crystal Gems.
 The episodes "Legs from Here to Homeworld", "Familiar", "Together Alone", "Escapism", and "Change Your Mind" aired as a five-week special event titled Diamond Days.
Each episode was art directed by Liz Artinian.
Steven Universe Future (2019–20) 

A limited series, Steven Universe Future, was made to be an epilogue to the main series, premiered on December 7, 2019.

Shorts

Season 2 (2015) 
All six digital shorts put together make up one full production code of the second season (1031-058).

Dove Self-Esteem Project shorts (2018–19) 
These shorts are written only by Rebecca Sugar and are animated by Chromosphere Studio.

The Crystal Gems Say Be Anti-Racist shorts (2020–21) 
A series of public service announcement shorts where the Crystal Gems teach the audience about anti-racism. All of the shorts are written by Rebecca Sugar and Ian Jones-Quartey, and animated by Chromosphere Studio.

Notes

References 

Lists of television series episodes
Subash Chandra Bose () was an  Bharat freedom fighter and one of the causes to Bharat's freedom. He was known as Netaji. He was the President of Indian National Congress  from 1938 to 1939. He attempted to get rid of    British rule in Bharat during World War II. He was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack and died in plane crash in 18 August 1945 in Taiwan.

Career 
Netaji's attempt was successful. He was also recognised as the person who founded the Azad Hind Army or Indian National Army (now Bharat National Army) with the help of Japan in 1942.

 

He was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack and died in a plane crash in 18 August 1945.

References 

Notes

Other websites 
 

Indian independence movement
1897 births
1945 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Aviation deaths
Indian military people
Indian revolutionaries
Military personnel of World War II
Socialists
World War II political leaders
Politicians from Odisha
Princess Charlotte Thérèse Nathalie Grimaldi of Monaco  (19 May 1719 – circa 1790), was a Monégasque princess.  Charlotte never married and as a result became a nun at a convent in Paris.

Life

Born in Paris, she was the eldest daughter of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques  I. Styled as "Mademoiselle de Monaco", she was known as either Charlotte or Thérèse Nathalie. Never marrying, she eventually took religious vows and became a nun at the Convent of Visitation in Paris on 21 January 1738.
She remained unmarried, and died childless. She was once engaged to Frédéric Jules de La Tour d'Auvergne, "Prince of Auvergne". Yet, this proposed marriage did not come to be and before she was much older the engagement was broken off and Charlotte went to a convent to begin her education. She considered becoming a nun while there, wrestled with the decision but did finally take her vows as a sister of the Order of the Visitation. She did leave the convent a number of times to visit her family

Other websites

References

1719 births
1790 deaths
House of Grimaldi
Nuns
On April 16, 2016, a 7.8 magnitude struck Ecuador at 18:58 local time. It was centered about 17 miles from the town of Muisne and about 110 miles from the capital Quito. There was widespread damage, so that most infrastructures are destroyed. Structures hundreds of miles from the epicenter collapsed.

Over 272 people died. Over 2,500 people were injured.

President Rafael Correa declared a state of emergency after the earthquake.

References

Ecuador earthquake
2016 in South America
April 2016 events
2010s in Ecuador
Princess Sofia of Sweden, Duchess of Värmland (born Sofia Kristina Hellqvist on 6 December 1984) is the wife of Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland. She began dating Prince Carl Philip in 2010. She has also been a glamour model and reality television contestant. Hellqvist has appeared on the reality show Paradise Hotel.

Early Life 
Princess Sofia was born as Sofia Kirstina Hellqvist at Danderyd Hospital in Danderyd Municipality, She is daughter of Erik Hellqvist and Marie Rotman.

Marriage and motherhood 
She married Prince Carl Philip at Slottskyrkan in Stockholm on 13 June 2015. After the marriage she got the title Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Värmland. Their first child Prince Alexander Erik Hubertus Bertil, was born on 19 April 2016. In March 2017, it was announced that the couple's second child is expected in September 2017. Their second son Prince Gabriel Carl Walther was born on 31 August 2017.
Titles, styles and honours 
 6 December 1984 – 13 June 2015: Miss Sofia Kristina Hellqvist 
 13 June 2015 – present: Her Royal Highness Princess Sofia of Sweden, Duchess of Värmland (Swedish: Hennes Kungliga Höghet Prinsessan Sofia av Sverige Hertiginna av Värmland)

National Honours 
 Sweden: Member of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
 Sweden: Member of the Royal Family Decoration of King Carl XVI Gustaf, 2nd Class
 Sweden: Recipient of the 70th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf 
 Foreign 
 Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (17 January 2018)
 Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (2 November 2018)
 Germany: Grand Cross 1st Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (7 September 2021)
 Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (16 November 2021)
 Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose (17 May 2022)
 Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (11 October 2022)

References
References

1984 births
Living people
Swedish models
Swedish princesses
House of Bernadotte
Seymouria was an amphibian tetrapod from the early Permian of North America and Europe, about 280 to 270 million years ago (mya). It was small, only 2 ft (60 cm) long. 

As an adult animal, Seymouria was well adapted to life on land, with many reptilian features. It was for quite a long time thought to be a primitive reptile. It is now known that its early life stages were in water. Apparently, it is an amphibian whose adult stage was adapted for life in a dry climate.
The discovery of its amphibian nature was a considerable surprise.
"... the discovery of larval stages... demonstrated conclusively that the seymouriamorphs were not biologically amniotes". Fossil larvae have been found of three related genera, from the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian of five European countries.
"It has been shown conclusively that seymouriamorphs had an amphibian-type life history, with aquatic young stages that lost their external gills after metamorphosis.... Seymouriamorphs were definitely not amniotes themselves". This means they were not reptiles.

The adult skeletons were first found in the red beds of Texas and Oklahoma. These beds were laid down in the huge delta complex of a large river flowing towards a coast, much like the Mississippi of today. The species found in Germany and New Mexico, Seymouria sanjuanensis, had massive legs and held its body well off the ground. This shows an "effective adaptation to terrestrial locomotion".
A simplified life cycle might be: eggs laid in water, larval stages in water, young animal with limbs climbs out and instinctively moves to higher ground. All its life lived as a carnivore on dry land, returning to water occasionally to drink and to breed. The adults would be able to operate in a fairly dry climate.

References 

Fossils
Amphibians
Karaikal is a port city in the south-eastern coast of India. It is also a municipality and headquarters of the Karaikal district. France got control over Karaikal in 1674 and ruled it for over 280 years until Pondicherry became independent in 1954.

After the independence, Karaikal was also joined with Yanam, Mahe, and Pondicherry forming the Puducherry Union territory. Karaikal and other surrounding parts like Tirumalairayanpattinam, Thirunallar, Nedungadu, Kottucherry, Neravy, Varichikudy etc. form the Karaikal district. This district divides the Nagapattinam district into two. This makes Nagapattinam district as the only district to be divided into two in India.

The rivers of Arasalar River, Virasolanar River, Tirumalairajanar River, Vikramanar River and tributary rivers of Arasalar River flow into the sea through Karaikal.

Karaikal is in the Kaveri river delta region. The land around Karaikal is rich in alluvium, which makes it fertile land.
Karaikal is where Karaikal Ammaiyar, one of the 63 nayanmars, was born and lived. She is one of the renowned saints, who showed her devotion to Lord Shiva. She was also known as the mother of southern music.

Karaikal has many temples like the Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple. The grand and famous festival of Mangani festival is celebrated in Karaikal. The other temples are Kailasanathar Kovil, Sri Nithyakalyana Perumal temple etc.

References

Cities in India
Settlements in Puducherry
Karaikal District
Melksham () is a small-sized English town, on the River Avon in the county of Wiltshire. It is  east of the city of Bath and  south of Chippenham. Melksham is  west of Devizes and  north of Warminster on the A350 national route.

The name is thought to come from "meolc", the Old English word for milk, and "sham", meaning fake. On John Speed's map of Wiltshire (1611), the name is spelt both Melksham (for the hundred) and Melksham (for the town itself). There are nine schools in Melksham. Melksham also has an unpopular football and rugby team that play competitive matches in a small league. The population of Melksham in 2019 is 19,357. In Melksham there is a park called King George, it has a tennis court and a football court all together in one. It has a massive field with lots of apertures and swings.

Melksham has very very poor transport infrastructure, with less than one train every 2 hours to nearby towns. The bus services are also as infrequent.
The main attraction in Melksham is it’s array of supermarkets, including Asda, Aldi, Lidl, Waitrose, Sainsburys and Iceland. It has the highest supermarket density in mainland Britain. There isn’t, however, a Tesco (except a small Tesco Metro) or Morrisons.

Cooper Tyres was a main employer but has recently let a lot of staff go.

Preschools 

 ABC Day Pre-School
 Bowerhill Pre-school
 King Fishers Pre-School
 Little Joeys
 Little Robins
 Queensway Chapel
 Sunflowers Pre-School

Shops 

 Aldi
 Boots
 Co-op
 Factory Shop
 Garden Centre
 Greggs
 Iceland
 Leeks
 Lidl
 Mc Donalds
 Melksham Flower Shop
 Peacocks
 Sainsburys
 Savers
 Specsavers
 Sports Bug
 Starbucks
 Toy master
 Waitrose
 Whitehall

Restaurants 

 Bear
 Kings Arms
 Mc Donalds
 Milk Churn
 Reffa Tandori
 Water Meadow
 Weather Spoons

Walks in Melksham 

 Conigre Mead
 Melksham Forest
 River Avon

References 

Towns in Wiltshire
Nan Chiau High School is a co-educational secondary school in Singapore. It is one of the 11 schools in Singapore that offer the Special Assistance Plan (SAP) Special/Express stream.

The school is affiliated to Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan (also known as the Singapore Hokkien Association).

Brief History
Nan Chiau High School was originally Nan Chiau Teachers' Training School which started in 1941 by Tan Kah Kee, at Kim Yam Road in River Valley.
 During World War II, the school was used as the headquarters and training grounds for Dalforce, against the invading Japanese.
 In 1947 Nan Chiau Teachers' Training School was changed into Nan Chiau Girls' High School. 
 In 1965, Nan Chiau Girl's High School was rebuilt at a cost of 2 million dollars. On 8 March 1969, the new school building was opened by then education minister Ong Pang Boon 8 March 1969.
 In 1974, the school was further expanded due to high number of students.
 In 1980 the school became an English medium school. 
 In 1984, the school started to take in boys. The school was renamed "Nan Chiau High School"
 In 2000, Nan Chiau High School was relocated to Sengkang New Town. The primary section separated to form Nan Chiau Primary School
Notable Alumni 
 Peh Chin Hua
 Member of Paliament of Singapore, 1988 to 2001.
 Dr. Leong Chan-Hoong
 Deputy Head, Social Lab, Lee Kuan Yew Institute of Policy Studies, National University of Singapore
 Han Kim Ling
 Product Lifecycle Manager, Volex
 Former Project Manager, Tyco Electronics
 Goh Lay Kuan
 Singapore pioneer dance choreographer and arts educator
 Recipient of the Singapore Cultural Medallion, 1995
 Co-founder of Singapore Performing Arts School

Gallery

Notes 

Schools in Singapore
High schools
Promenade Station (CC4/DT15) is an MRT Station in Singapore. It is an underground interchange station along Circle MRT Line and Downtown MRT Line. It is the deepest station in Singapore at  below ground. The deepest platform is at Basement 7.

Timeline
17 April 2010: Station opened along Circle Line
22 December 2013: Downtown Line was opened, making Promenade the deepest MRT interchange station.
27 December 2015: Downtown Line Platforms changed from A and B to C and D

Unusual Layout
It is the only station to have four separated stacked side platforms on its own levels -

Basement 2: Circle Line towards Dhoby Ghaut or Marina Bay
Basement 4: Circle Line towards HarbourFront
Basement 6: Downtown Line towards Expo
Basement 7: Downtown Line towards Bukit Panjang
This is due to lack of space and the tight corridor at Temasek Avenue area. The two levels were restricted (B3 and B5).
Exits
A: The Helix Bridge towards Marina Bay Sands, The Float @ Marina Bay, Singapore Flyer, Conrad Centennial Singapore, F1 Pit Building, Mandarin Oriental, Marina Promenade, Marina Square, Raffles Boulevard, Ritz-Carlton Marina
B: Millenia Walk, Centennial Tower, Millenia Tower
C: Suntec City

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Jurong East Station (NS1/EW24) is an MRT station in Singapore. It is an interchange station along North South MRT Line and East West MRT Line. The station is a terminus for the North South MRT Line, and is currently the only elevated station to have triple island platforms.

History
This station was opened on 5 November 1988. The Branch MRT Line was opened on 10 March 1990, and it merged with North South MRT Line on 10 February 1996. The station code was originally W9. Two additional platforms were opened on 27 May 2011.

Following stations
East West Line
Previous: Clementi (EW23)Next: Chinese Garden (EW25)

North South Line
Previous: N/ANext: Bukit Batok (NS2)

Platforms

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1988 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Singapore
The Maurya Empire is the first large empire of India. The empire was founded in 322 BC by Chandragupta Maurya.

Etymology 

The name "Maurya" does not occur in Ashoka's inscriptions, or the contemporary Greek accounts such as Megasthenes's Indica, but it is attested by the following sources:

The Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman (c. 150 CE) prefixes "Maurya" to the names Chandragupta and Ashoka.
 The Puranas (c. 4th century CE or earlier) use Maurya as a dynastic appellation.
 The Buddhist texts state that Chandragupta belonged to the "Moriya" clan of the Shakyas, the tribe to which Gautama Buddha belonged.
 The Jain texts state that Chandragupta was the son of a royal superintendent of peacocks (mayura-poshaka).
Tamil Sangam literature also designate them as '' and mention them after the Nandas
Kuntala inscription (from the town of Bandanikke, North Mysore) of 12th century AD chronologically mention Mauryya as one of the dynasties which ruled the region.
According to some scholars, Kharavela' Hathigumpha inscription (2nd-1st century BC) mentions era of Maurya Empire as Muriya Kala (Mauryan era), but this reading is disputed: other scholars—such as epigraphist D. C. Sircar—read the phrase as mukhiya-kala ("the principal art").

According to the Buddhist tradition, the ancestors of the Maurya kings had settled in a region where peacocks (mora in Pali) were abundant. Therefore, they came to be known as "Moriyas", literally meaning, "belonging to the place of peacocks". According to another Buddhist account, these ancestors built a city called Moriya-nagara ("Moriya-city"), which was so called, because it was built with the "bricks coloured like peacocks' necks".
The dynasty's connection to the peacocks, as mentioned in the Buddhist and Jain traditions, seems to be corroborated by archaeological evidence. For example, peacock figures are found on the Ashoka pillar at Nandangarh and several sculptures on the Great Stupa of Sanchi. Based on this evidence, modern scholars theorize that the peacock may have been the dynasty's emblem.

Some later authors, such as Dhundhi-raja (an 18th-century commentator on the Mudrarakshasa and an annotator of the Vishnu Purana), state that the word "Maurya" is derived from Mura and the mother of the first Maurya king. However, the Puranas themselves make no mention of Mura and do not talk of any relation between the Nanda and the Maurya dynasties. Dhundiraja's derivation of the word seems to be his own invention: according to the Sanskrit rules, the derivative of the feminine name Mura (IAST: Murā) would be "Maureya"; the term "Maurya" can only be derived from the masculine "Mura".

Administration
Administration

The Empire was divided into four provinces, with the imperial capital at Pataliputra. From Ashokan edicts, the names of the four provincial capitals are Tosali (in the east), Ujjain (in the west), Suvarnagiri (in the south), and Taxila (in the north). The head of the provincial administration was the Kumara (royal prince), who governed the provinces as king's representative. The kumara was assisted by Mahamatyas and council of ministers. This organizational structure was reflected at the imperial level with the Emperor and his Mantriparishad (Council of Ministers).. The mauryans established a well developed coin minting system. Coins were mostly made of silver and copper. Certain gold coins were in circulation as well. The coins were widely used for trade and commerce
Historians theorise that the organisation of the Empire was in line with the extensive bureaucracy described by Chanakya in the Arthashastra: a sophisticated civil service governed everything from municipal hygiene to international trade. The expansion and defense of the empire was made possible by what appears to have been one of the largest armies in the world during the Iron Age. According to Megasthenes, the empire wielded a military of 600,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry, 8,000 chariots and 9,000 war elephants besides followers and attendants. A vast espionage system collected intelligence for both internal and external security purposes. Having renounced offensive warfare and expansionism, Ashoka nevertheless continued to maintain this large army, to protect the Empire and instil stability and peace across West and South Asia.
..Even though large parts were under the control of  Mauryan empire the spread of information and imperial message was limited since many parts were inaccessible and were situated far away from capital of empire.
The economy of the empire has been described as, "a socialized monarchy", "a sort of state socialism", and the world's first welfare state. Under the Mauryan system there was no private ownership of land as all land was owned by the king to whom tribute was paid by the by the laboring class.  In return the emperor supplied the laborers with agricultural products, animals, seeds, tools, public infrastructure, and stored food in reserve for times of crisis.
Arthashastra and Megasthenes accounts of Pataliputra describe the intricate municipal system formed by Maurya empire to govern its cities. A city counsel made up of thirty commissioners was divided into six committees or boards which governed the city. The first board fixed wages and looked after provided goods, second board made arrangement for foreign dignitaries, tourists and businessmen, third board made records and registrations, fourth looked after manufactured goods and sale of commodities, fifth board regulated trade, issued licenses and checked weights and measurements, sixth board collected sales taxes. Some cities such as Taxila had autonomy to issue their own coins. The city counsel had officers who looked after public welfare such as maintenance of roads, public buildings, markets, hospitals, educational institutions etc. The official head of the village was Gramika (in towns Nagarika). The city counsel also had some magisterial powers
. The taking of Census was regular process in the Mauryan administration. The village officials (Gramika) and municipal officials (Nagarika) were responsible enumerating different classes of people in the Mauryan empire such as traders, agriculturists, smiths, potters, carpenters etc. and also cattle, mostly for taxation purposes. These vocations consolidated as castes, a feature of Indian society that continues to influence the Indian politics till today.
Empire Expansion

Conquest of the Nanda Empire
Historically reliable inscription details of Chandragupta's campaign against Nanda Empire are unavailable and but later written Buddhist, Jain, and Hindu texts which claim Magadha was ruled by the Nanda dynasty, which, with Chanakya's counsel, Chandragupta conquered Nanda Empire. The army of Chandragupta and Chanakya first conquered the Nanda outer territories, and finally besieged the Nanda capital Pataliputra. In contrast to the easy victory in Buddhist sources, the Hindu and Jain texts state that the campaign was bitterly fought because the Nanda dynasty had a powerful and well-trained army.
The Buddhist Mahavamsa Tika and Jain Parishishtaparvan records Chandragupta's army unsuccessfully attacking the Nanda capital.  Chandragupta and Chanakya then began a campaign at the frontier of the Nanda empire, gradually conquering various territories on their way to the Nanda capital. He then refined his strategy by establishing garrisons in the conquered territories, and finally besieged the Nanda capital Pataliputra. There Dhana Nanda accepted defeat. The conquest was fictionalised in Mudrarakshasa play, it contains narratives not found in other versions of the Chanakya-Chandragupta legend. Because of this difference, Thomas Trautmann suggests that most of it is fictional or legendary, without any historical basis. Radha Kumud Mukherjee similarly considers Mudrakshasa play without historical basis.
These legends state that the Nanda king was defeated, deposed and exiled by some accounts, while Buddhist accounts claim he was killed. With the defeat of Dhana Nanda, Chandragupta Maurya founded the Maurya Empire.

Conquest of the Eastern Seleucid Empire
Greek historians mentioned the result of Seleucid–Mauryan war where Seleucid Empire's eastern satrapies( Gedrosia,Arachosia, Aria, and Paropamisadae) ceded to Mauryan Empire :
" The geographical position of the tribes is as follows: along the Indus are the Paropamisadae, above whom lies the Paropamisus mountain: then, towards the south, the Arachoti: then next, towards the south, the Gedroseni, with the other tribes that occupy the seaboard; and the Indus lies, latitudinally, alongside all these places; and of these places, in part, some that lie along the Indus are held by Indians, although they formerly belonged to the Persians. Alexander [III 'the Great' of Macedon] took these away from the Arians and established settlements of his own, but Seleucus Nicator gave them to Sandrocottus [Chandragupta], upon terms of intermarriage and of receiving in exchange five hundred elephants. " — Strabo 15.2.9
Greecian historian Pliny also quoted a passage from Megasthanes work about Chandragupta Empire boundaries:
Most geographers, in fact, do not look upon India as bounded by the river Indus, but add to it the four satrapies of the Gedrose, the Arachotë, the Aria, and the Paropamisadë, the River Cophes thus forming the extreme boundary of India. According to other writers, however, all these territories, are reckoned as belonging to the country of the Aria.  

— Pliny, Natural History VI, 23

Treaty of the Indus
The ancient historians Justin, Appian, and Strabo preserve the three main terms of the Treaty of the Indus:

(i) Seleucus transferred to Chandragupta's kingdom the easternmost satrapies of his empire, certainly Gandhara, Parapamisadae, and the eastern parts of Gedrosia, Arachosia and Aria as far as Herat. 

(ii) Chandragupta gave Seleucus 500 Indian war elephants.
(iii) The two kings were joined by some kind of marriage alliance (ἐπιγαμία οι κῆδος); most likely Chandragupta wed a female relative of Seleucus.

Treaty of the Indus
The ancient historians Justin, Appian, and Strabo preserve the three main terms of the Treaty of the Indus:

(i) Seleucus transferred to Chandragupta's kingdom the easternmost satrapies of his empire, certainly Gandhara, Parapamisadae, and the eastern parts of Gedrosia, Arachosia and Aria as far as Herat. 

(ii) Chandragupta gave Seleucus 500 Indian war elephants.

(iii) The two kings were joined by some kind of marriage alliance (ἐπιγαμία οι κῆδος); most likely Chandragupta wed a female relative of Seleucus.

Conquest of the Saurashtra
Chandragupta conquered Southern-Western part of India. Especially his conquest over Saurashtra and Sudarshana lake construction is preseved in later Satrapian king Rudradaman inscription:
(L.8) for the sake of/ ordered to be made by the Vaishya Pushyagupta, the provincial governor of the Maurya king Chandragupta; adorned with conduits for Ashoka the Maurya by the Yavana king Tushaspha while governing; and by the conduit ordered to be made by him, constructed in a manner worthy of a king (and) seen in that breach.

—Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman

Conquest of the Kalinga
Kalinga War plays a very important role in Mauryan history which changes a cruel Emperor Chanda-Ashoka to Priyadarshi Ashoka.
"Beloved-of-the-Gods, King Priyadarsi(Ashoka)conquered the Kalingas eight years after his coronation. One hundred and fifty thousand were deported, one hundred thousand were killed and many more died (from other causes). After the Kalingas had been conquered, Beloved-of-the-Gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the Dharma, a love for the Dharma and for instruction in Dharma. Now Beloved-of-the-Gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingas. "
— Ashoka, Major Rock Edict No. 13

Boundaries sharing territories

Even though Ashoka defined the boundaries of his empire four times in various inscriptions (with same lines) but he never mentioned any inner hole or unconquered region inside his empire.This suggests that Ashoka's empire was likely contiguous, with no significant unconquered regions within its borders :
Sav[r]atravijite [De]va[nam]priyasaPriyadrashisa y[e] cha [a]mtayatha [Choda] PamdiyaSatiyaputro KeradaputroTambapamni…,
-Second Rock-Edict: Shahbazgarhi
Sav[a]ta vijitsi Devanampiyas[a] Piyadasis[a] lajine ye cha amta [a]tha Choda Pam[di]yaSatiyaputo Ke[lala]putoTamba[pa]mni.. 
-Second Rock Edict: Kalsi
sa[vatra vi]jitasi Devanapriyasa Priyadrashisarajine ye cha ataatha [Choda] Pa[mdiya] Sa[ti]ya[p]u[tra] Keralaputra [Tam]bapani..
-Second Rock Edict: Mansehra
Sav[r]atravijite [De]va[nam]priyasaPriyadrashisa Ye Ca anta ataChoda, Pandiya, Satiyaputo, Ketalaputo, Tam bapanni, Antiyogonaama, Yonalaja....  -Second Rock Edict :Girnar
—Translation: Everywhere in the conquered dominions of king Priyadarsin, the beloved-of the gods, and the dominions on the boarders as those of the Choda (the Colas), Pandiya (the Pandyas). Satiyaputo (The Satiyaputras) and the Ketalaputo (the Keralaputras), as far as Tamraparni, the Yavana king named Antiyogonaama (Antiyoka) and the other neighbouring kings of this king Antiyoka.
Chandragupta Maurya's rule
Chandragupta Maurya established the Maurya empire by overthrowing the Nanda dynasty and expanded the empire with the help of Chanakya. By 316 BC , the Maurya empire fully occupied North-Western parts of India, defeating and conquering the governors left by Alexander the Great. Chandragupta Maurya defeated Seleucus I Nicator and gained the territories beyond Indus River.

After Chandragupta Maurya, his son Bindusara started to rule from 298 BC. He was called as "Amitraghata", the sanskrit word telling that Bindusara is the "slayer of enemies". He conquered the southern parts of India. After his death, only Kalinga (modern Orissa) and parts of Tamil Nadu were left unconquered.
Golden age of the empire
King Ashoka, son of Bindusara, became the emperor of Mauryan Empire in 268 BC. He is one of the greatest emperor of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka conquered Kalinga in the violent and bloody war, which is known as the Kalinga War. This is the only war fought by King Ashoka. The casualities are more than 200,000. The region of Kalinga was destroyed and looked bloodshed. This changed the mind of Ashoka. He devoted the rest of his life to 'ahinsa' and 'dharma-vijaya'. He became a Buddhist after this war. King Ashoka made many Rock edicts and Stupas in his empire. The present emblem of India was taken from one of his rock pillars. He was commonly called as Ashoka the Great.

Decline
After his death in 232 BC, the empire started to decline. The empire lasted just fifty years after his death. Brihadratha Maurya, the last Mauryan emperor was killed by his general Pushyamitra Sunga, who founded the Sunga Empire in 185 BC.

References
References

4th-century BC establishments
Former empires
Former countries in South Asia
South River is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

Demographics
At the 2010 United States Census, there were 16,008 people, 5,652 households, and 4,019 families residing in the borough.

South River's largest incoming immigrant population are Asian's, Mexican's and Brazilian populations.

Belarusians in South River

South River has become a center for Belarusian Americans in the postwar-period. The immigrants reestablished the Belarusian Orthodox parish of St. Eufrasinnia, that previously existed in Germany. In 1953 a Belarusian cemetery was opened, that houses also Radasłaŭ Astroŭski.

Government

Local government
The town government council has a Mayor and a Borough Council. It has 6 members that serve three-year terms. Two members are up for election each year.

Federal Representation
South River is located in the 12th Congressional District

Education
The South River Public Schools serve students in Kindergarten through Twelfth grade.
As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's four schools had a total enrollment of 2,305 students and 163 classroom teachers

Transportation

Roads and highways
The borough had a total of  of roads    were maintained by the municipality.  are maintained by Middlesex County.</p>

The mains roads that travel through are CR 535 and CR 527. Route 18 passes just west of the borough, which provides access to the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95).

Public transportation
New Jersey Transit bus service is provided on the 811 and 815 routes.

References 

Middlesex County, New Jersey
Boroughs in New Jersey
1898 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in New Jersey
Russell Westbrook Jr. (born November 12, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets, Washington Wizards, and the Lakers  of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Westbrook played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins. Westbrook is the point guard and stands . He was named as the best player in the NBA in 2017 winning the MVP (Most Valuable Player) Award, because he is argubaly one of the best players in the NBA because, he has had more triple doubles in three games than Lebron James has had his whole 2016-2017 season

1988 births
Houston Rockets players
Living people
Oklahoma City Thunder players
Lyubomir Lalov Ivanov  is a Bulgarian mathematician, geographer, linguist and politician.

Chairman of the "Mathematical Logic" section at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1990-2011). Chairman of the Bulgarian Antarctic Place-names Commission since 1994, and national representative to the International Committee on Antarctic Geographic Information. President of the Manfred Wörner Foundation since 1994. Chairman of the Atlantic Club in Bulgaria (2001–2009).

Biography
Lyubomir Ivanov was born on 7 October 1952 in Sofia. In the period 1986-1988 he organized a successful dissident campaign against the candidacy of Sofia for hosting in the city and adjacent Vitosha Mountain the Winter Olympics of 1992 and 1994.
He was an activist of the independent association Ecoglasnost in 1989. Author of Charter '89 for the preservation of Bulgarian natural heritage. Co-founder of the association Wilderness Fund and the Green Party, 1989. Participant in the National Round Table, 1990. Member of the National Coordination Council of the Union of Democratic Forces (1990-1991). Member of the VII Grand National Assembly. He authored scientific works in the field of mathematics, linguistics and toponymy, which have been applied in particular in designing the Streamlined System for the Romanization of Bulgarian. Ivanov suggests using his approach to Cyrillic transliteration also for other alphabets, notably Russian. Participant in several Antarctic expeditions and author of the first Bulgarian topographic maps of Antarctica. Leader of the topographic survey Tangra 2004/05, noted by Discovery Channel as a timeline event in Antarctic exploration.
Awards
In 1987 he was awarded the prize Nikola Obreshkov – the highest national award for achievements in mathematics, given for his monograph Algebraic Recursion Theory. UNHCR Award for his contribution to refugee studies.

Notes

Other websites
 Lyubomir Ivanov on ResearchGate

Environmentalists
Explorers of Antarctica
Bulgarian scientists
Mathematicians
People from Sofia
Douglas Norman Harvey (December 19, 1924 – December 26, 1989) was a Canadian professional hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1947 until 1964, and from 1966 until 1969 and is widely regarded as one of the greatest defencemen ever to play the game.  He won the James Norris Memorial Trophy as the league's top defenceman on seven occasions.

Career statistics

NHL coaching record

Awards

NHL

Related pages
List of members of the Hockey Hall of Fame
List of NHL players with 1000 games played

References

Other websites
 
 
 Stole This from a Hockey Card: A Philosophy of Hockey, Doug Harvey, Identity and Booze 

1924 births
1989 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Deaths from cirrhosis
Detroit Red Wings players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
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New York Rangers players
People with bipolar disorder
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Sportspeople from Montreal
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Alissa Johannsen Rubin is an American journalist who writes about war. She is of Jewish descent. She is the bureau chief for The New York Times in Paris. In 2016 she received a Pulitzer Prize for her stories about women in Afghanistan.

Work 
Rubin worked for The Congressional Quarterly, The Wichita Eagle, and The American Lawyer magazine. 

In 1997, Rubin went to work at The Los Angeles Times, where she wrote about Iraq, Afghanistan and the Balkans.

In 2007 she went to work for the The New York Times, where she wrote about Iraq and France.  She worked in the Baghdad bureau as a journalist, and then she became chief. In 2009, she became chief of the bureau in Kabul, Afghanistan.

Awards 
 2016 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting 
 2016 Michael Kelly Award for reports on the treatment of women in Afghanistan 
 2015 John Chancellor Award

References
References

Other websites 
"Flawed Justice after a mob killed an Afghan woman", by Alissa J. Rubin.  This story about the death of Farkhunda Malikzada won her the Pulitzer Prize.
Alissa J. Rubin on Twitter

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American journalists
Jewish American writers
Pulitzer Prize winners