Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
When Oobi was still being played on TV, it had a cult following of Muppets fans and small filmmakers who made their own Oobi puppets. In 2003, the Boston Herald newspaper said that Oobi was "already very popular" with "those of the Muppet generation." A worker for Noggin, Tom Ascheim, said in the same article that Oobi "gets fan mail," and he thought it was an interesting idea for a show because "everybody has an Oobi in their hand." In 2004, the magazine The Melbourne Age said that "the show - the work of various Sesame Street alumni - is developing a strong cult following; the real Uma [Thurman] is said to be a fan of hand Uma." An internet catalog of Oobi puppets and eyes, OobiEyes.com, was online from 2006 to 2013. A small group of YouTube.com users who made fan films with Oobi puppets existed during the early years of the website, and OobiEyes.com held an advertising campaign with YouTube in 2008.
In other media
Nate Ruess's rock band, The Format, made a music video with Oobi puppets for their song "Dog Problems" in November 2006. The video was shown on the cable channels MTV2 and MTVU.
A talk show called The Soup showed clips from Oobi many times. Oobi was a regular part of the part called "What Your Kids Are Watching". In this part, the host Joel McHale made comments about funny scenes from children's shows and movies.
John Green, a writer, played Oobi in a video blog (vlog) that he posted to his YouTube channel in May 2007. The vlog was called "Vlogbrothers: How to Write a Book Proposal".
A runner-up of the 2009 Cannes Young Lions Competition, a TV advertising contest for kids, was a video based on Oobi called "Let Your Hands Do the Talking." The video showed spoofs of celebrities played by hand puppets with "Oo"-themed names, just like Oobi and Uma.
In January 2014, Oobi appeared in a parody commercial called "Farewell Elizabeth" from Durex, a condom company. The commercial followed the story of a young man and an Oobi puppet.
A television pilot inspired by Oobi called "Right Hand Guy" was made for the channel Disney XD in summer 2016. It was about a boy whose hand came to life and became his friend. The director who made the pilot, Dan Lagana, showed the Oobi episode "Babysitter!" to the actors so that they would be familiar with it.
References

English-language television programs
Timothy "Tim" Lagasse (born February 20, 1969) is an American actor who uses puppets. He is known for playing Oobi on Oobi and Crash on Crash & Bernstein. He works on The Muppets and Sesame Street.

Biography
Tim Lagasse was born in the town Milford, Connecticut. He went to St. Mary's School and Notre Dame High School in West Haven, Connecticut. He graduated from the University of Connecticut in 1992 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Puppetry.

Lagasse teaches people how to use and make puppets at the Lincoln Center Foundation. He also teaches about modern ways of puppetry at the University of Connecticut's Puppet Arts Program. In 2011, he worked at the University of Central Arkansas as part of Heather Henson's "Handmade Puppet Dreams" Film Festival. In 2012, he went to Haiti as a puppet workshop trainer.

Other websites
 
 Tim Lagasse at the Muppet Wiki
 Official site

References

1969 births
American entertainers
American puppeteers
People from Milford, Connecticut
Living people
Otto von Guericke (; originally spelled Gericke, ; November 20, 1602 – May 11, 1686 (Julian calendar); November 30, 1602 – May 21, 1686 (Gregorian calendar)) was a German scientist, inventor, and politician. He was known for his work about the physics of vacuums.

References

1602 births
1686 deaths
German physicists
Scientists from Saxony-Anhalt
German politicians
The Hamlet chicken processing plant fire was an industrial accident. It occurred on September 3, 1991 at the Imperial Foods Chicken Processing Plant in Hamlet, North Carolina, United States. In the center of the plant, a hydraulic line failed and ignited the cooking oil in a  long frying vat. An automatic fire extinguisher, which was state of the art at the time, had been installed over the cooking vat, but it failed to put the fire out. The fire spread quickly and many workers were unable to escape due to locked fire exits. 25 workers died and 54 were injured in the fire. The plant never reopened and was demolished in 2001. The owner of the facility pled guilty to 25 counts of manslaughter, and was sentenced to almost 20 years in prison. He was paroled after four years. The fire was the worst industrial accident in North Carolina's history and led to new safety requirements for industrial facilities in the United States.

1991 in the United States
1990s in North Carolina
Building and structure fires
1991 disasters
Fires in the United States
Madiha Yousri (), (née Ghanima Habib Khalil (); 3 December 1921 – 30 May 2018) was an Egyptian movie and television actress. She was born to a Turkish father and Sudanese mother in Cairo. She was known for her role as Siham in Immortal Song (1952). In 1969 she was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival.

On 30 May 2018, Madiha died at a Cairo hospital from heart disease at the age of 96.

References

Other websites

Article about Madiha Yousri

1921 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from heart disease
Disease-related deaths in Egypt
Actors from Cairo
Jürgen Marcus (Jürgen Beumer, 6 June 1948 – 17 May 2018) was a German schlager singer. He was born in Herne, Germany. He was successful during the 1970s, when he had 14 chart hits in Germany.  He was also known for his participation on behalf of Luxembourg in the 1976 Eurovision Song Contest. He retired in 2017. 

On May 29, 2018, it was announced by his manager that Marcus died of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in May 17, 2018 in Munich.

References

Other websites

 
 

1948 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from COPD
Disease-related deaths in Germany
German singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Yoseph Imry (Hebrew: יוסף אמרי; born 23 February 1939 – 29 May 2018) was an Israeli physicist. He was best known for taking part in the discovery  of mesoscopic physics. In 2016, Imry won the Wolf Prize. In 1996, Imry received the Rothschild Prize in physics. In 2001, Imry was awarded the Israel Prize in physics.

He was a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts (Salzburg), the European Academy of Sciences, Sciences and Humanities (Paris) and the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Imry died in Tel Aviv on 29 May 2018 at the age of 79.

References

Other websites
home page 

1939 births
2018 deaths
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Academics of the Weizmann Institute of Science
Jewish Wolf Prize winners
Scientists from Tel Aviv
Israeli physicists
Mustafa Semavi Eyice (December 9, 1922 in Istanbul, Turkey – May 28, 2018 in Istanbul, Turkey) was a Turkish art historian and archaeologist.  He worked in the study of Byzantine and Ottoman art in Istanbul. Professor Eyice was thought as the pioneer of Byzantine studies in Turkey.

References

Writers from Istanbul
1922 births
2018 deaths
Archaeologists
Turkish historians
Turkish academics
Istanbul University alumni
Arkady Arkadyevich Babchenko (; born 18 March 1977) is a Russian journalist and war correspondent. He was a critic of President Vladimir Putin. He was born in Moscow. He temporarily left journalism and worked as a taxi driver for several years, but in January 2009 started working in Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta. As a military correspondent, he followed the South Ossetia war in 2008.

Beginning in October 2017, Babchenko began working in Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, for the TV channel ATR.

Babchenko faked his own assassination at his Kiev apartment on 29 May 2018 to arrest Russian spies who were plotting (or making a plan about) his assassination. However, the next day, he appeared alive at a press conference with the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU). According to the SBU the 'murder' had been staged to arrest his assassins, who were operating on orders by Russian security services.

References

Other websites
 

1977 births
Living people
Russian journalists
Russian political writers
Writers from Moscow
Joseph Patrick "Joey the Clown" Lombardo Sr. (born Giuseppe Lombardi; January 1, 1929 – October 19, 2019), also known as "Joe Padula," "Lumbo," and "Lumpy", was an imprisoned American mafioso and a high-ranking member of the Chicago Outfit crime organization.  He was alleged to be the Consigliere of the Outfit.

In February 2009, Lombardo was sentenced to life in prison. He died on October 19, 2019 at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
MSNBC.com - Attorney: Reputed mobster 'Joey the Clown' gives surrender terms (Associated Press)
ABC7Chicago.com - Joey 'the Clown' has a tough time getting medical help in federal lockup  by Chuck Goudie
Lombardo To Be Defended On Government's Dime (Associated Press)
Illinois Police and Sheriff's News - Wanted: Joseph Lombardo Wanted 
Illinois Police and Sheriff's News - Who's Who in the Chicago Outfit for 1997 
Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator Website 

1929 births
2019 deaths
People convicted of manslaughter
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Joseph "the Builder" Andriacchi (born October 20, 1932) is an American mobster. He has been reported by Chicago newspapers to be a high-ranking member of the Chicago Outfit criminal organization. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Andriacchi was identified in a 1995 Chicago Tribune article as being an underboss for day-to-day operations for the Chicago Outfit.

On September 30, 2007, the Chicago Tribune reported that law enforcement sources indicated that Andriacchi controls Chicago's north side and north suburbs, and that he leads the Elmwood Park crew.

References

Other websites
 Joseph Andriacchi Archive at TheChicagoSyndicate.com

1932 births
Living people
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Criminals from Chicago
Peter DiFronzo (May 13, 1933 – December 4, 2020) was an American mobster. He was the brother of John DiFronzo (former leader of the Chicago Outfit)  and Joseph DiFronzo.

DiFronzo was supposedly a made man, and stands at 5'8 and weighs 185 pounds.

In 1965, he was arrested for interstate stolen property and served ten years in prison. He was featured in William F. Roemer Jr's War of the Godfathers: The Bloody Confrontation Between the Chicago and New York Families for Control of Las Vegas in 1990. His wife, Josephine, is part owner of D&P Trucking, located in Chicago, Illinois, though authorities believe it is Peter and his brothers Joe and John that actually run the enterprise.  Peter is also supposedly active in some of the Outfit's racketeering schemes.

He has a conviction for transporting stolen goods and served time in Leavenworth.

DiFronzo died on December 4, 2020 in North Barrington, Illinois from pneumonia caused by COVID-19, aged 87.

References
References

1933 births
2020 deaths
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Criminals from Chicago
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Deaths from pneumonia
John DiFronzo (December 13, 1928 – May 27, 2018), nicknamed "No Nose", was an American mobster. He was the boss of the Chicago Outfit from 1997 until his death in 2018. His brother, Peter DiFronzo, a made-man, was convicted of warehouse burglary in 1963.

In 2009, John DiFronzo, Rudy Fratto, and several others were named in a civil lawsuit by Joseph Fosco, the son of late Teamsters treasurer Armando Fosco, alleged to have tried to extort $400,000 from Fosco.

DiFronzo died in River Grove, Illinois on May 27, 2018 of complications from Alzheimer's disease at the age of 89.

References

1928 births
2018 deaths
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Salvatore "Sam" Giancana (born Salvatore Giangana; June 15, 1908 – June 19, 1975), was a Sicilian American mobster, notable as being boss of the criminal Chicago Outfit from 1957–1966. His nicknames were "Mooney", "Momo", "Sam the Cigar", and "Sammy".

On June 19, 1975, a gunman entered Giancana's basement kitchen and shot him in the back of the head as he was frying sausage and peppers at his Oak Park, Illinois home. After Giancana fell to the floor, the gunman turned him over and shot him six more times in the face and neck.

References

1908 births
1975 deaths
Murders by firearm in the United States
Burials at Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside)
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Assassinated American people
Mostafa Fathi (; born 12 May 1994) is an Egyptian footballer. He plays for Zamalek SC and Egypt national football team.

Career statistics

Club

Honours 

 Zamalek SC

 Egyptian Premier League: 2014-15
 Egypt Cup: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
 Egyptian Super Cup: 2016

Individual 

 Egypt's Most Promising Talent of the Year: 2014-15
 Egyptian Professional Players Best Winger: 2015
 Al-Ahram Team of the Year: 2016

1994 births
Egyptian footballers
Living people
Antonio Pujía (11 June 1929 – 26 May 2018) was an Italian-born Argentine sculptor. Through his artwork he has always honored women, but he has also denounced the world´s horrors of famine and war. He was born in Polia, Calabria, Italy.

His 1975 exhibit at the San Martín Cultural Center was a particular success, and Pujía added his entire warehouse of works to the initial display. He lived in Spain from 1975 to 1976, working in the renowned Escorial Museum.

Pujía died on 26 May 2018 in Buenos Aires, Argentina of colorectal cancer at the age of 88.

References

1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Cancer deaths in Argentina
Italian educators
Italian sculptors
Argentine sculptors
Webster is a city in the U.S. state of Texas located in Harris County, within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area.  The population was 10,684 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Harris County, Texas
Haskell is a city in central Haskell County, Texas, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 3,322. It is the Haskell county seat. United States Secretary of Energy and former Governor of Texas Rick Perry was born here.

References

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
The 2018 UEFA Europa League Final was the last game of the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League, the 47th season of Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 9th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Cup to the UEFA Europa League. It was played at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais in Décines-Charpieu, Lyon, France on 16 May 2018, between French side Marseille and Spanish side Atlético Madrid.

Atlético Madrid won the match 3–0 for their third Europa League title. As winners, Atlético Madrid will play against the winners of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League, Real Madrid, in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup. They will also qualify to enter the group stage of the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League.

Teams
In the following table, finals until 2009 were in the UEFA Cup era, since 2010 were in the UEFA Europa League era.

Road to the final

Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away).

Match
Match

Details
The "home" team (for administrative purposes) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw, which was held on 13 April 2018, 12:00 CEST, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.

Statistics

Related pages

2018 UEFA Champions League Final
2018 UEFA Super Cup

Notes

References

Final
El Lago is a city in Harris County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,706 at the 2010 census. El Lago is Spanish for The Lake.

References

Cities in Harris County, Texas
Arnold Eric Sevareid (November 26, 1912 – July 9, 1992) was an American author and CBS news journalist from 1939 to 1977. He was one of a group of elite war correspondents that was hired by CBS newsman Edward R. Murrow and nicknamed "Murrow's Boys." He followed in Murrow's footsteps as a commentator on the CBS Evening News for 12 years for which he was recognized with Emmy and Peabody Awards.

Sevaraid was the first to report the Fall of Paris, when the city was captured by the Germans during World War II.

Sevareid died of stomach cancer on July 9, 1992 in Washington, D.C., aged 79.

Other websites
  Excerpt from "Canoeing with the Cree" series, Minneapolis Star, September 6, 1930
  Recording of final broadcast message, November 30, 1977.
 

Peabody Award winners
Emmy Award winners
1912 births
1992 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
American television presenters
American novelists
Writers from North Dakota
Writers from Minnesota
Journalists from Minnesota
Columbia Heights is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States.  The population was 19,496 at the 2010 census.

Minnesota State Highways 47 (University Avenue) and 65 (Central Avenue) are two of the main routes in the city.

Columbia Heights is a first-ring northern suburb of Minneapolis, which it borders on the south.

References

Cities in Minnesota
Velva is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 1,084 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Minot Micropolitan Statistical Area. 

Velva was founded in 1897 and is the birthplace of television correspondent Eric Sevareid.

References

Cities in North Dakota
1897 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in North Dakota
The 2017–18 UEFA Europa League was the 47th season of Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 9th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Cup to the UEFA Europa League.

The last game was played at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais in Décines-Charpieu, France. Atlético Madrid won against Marseille to win their third Europa League title.

As winners, Atlético Madrid played against the winners of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League, Real Madrid, in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup. They also automatically qualified for the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League group stage, but since they had already qualified through their league performance, the berth reserved was given to the third-placed team of the 2017–18 Ligue 1.

Manchester United qualified for the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League as winners of the Europa League. They were unable to defend their title as they qualified for the Champions League knockout phase.
Teams
The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round:
CW: Cup winners
2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, etc.: League position
LC: League Cup winners
RW: Regular season winners
PW: End-of-season European competition play-offs winners
UCL: Transferred from the Champions League
GS: Third-placed teams from the group stage
PO: Losers from the play-off round
Q3: Losers from the third qualifying round

Notably two teams take part in the competition that are not playing in their national top division, Tirana (2nd tier) and Vaduz (representing Liechtenstein, playing in Swiss 2nd tier).

Notes

Round and draw dates
The schedule of the competition is as follows (all draws are held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland, unless stated otherwise).

Matches in the qualifying, play-off, and knockout rounds may also be played on Tuesdays or Wednesdays instead of the regular Thursdays due to scheduling conflicts.

Group stage
Group stage

The draw for the group stage was held on 25 August 2017, 13:00 CEST, at the Grimaldi Forum in Monaco. The 48 teams were drawn into twelve groups of four, with the restriction that teams from the same association cannot be drawn against each other. For the draw, the teams were seeded into four pots based on their 2017 UEFA club coefficients.

In each group, teams played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format. The group winners and runners-up advanced to the round of 32, where they were joined by the eight third-placed teams of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League group stage. The matchdays were 14 September, 28 September, 19 October, 2 November, 23 November, and 7 December 2017.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

Group I

Group J

Group K

Group L

Knockout phase

Round of 32

Round of 16

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Final

Statistics
Statistics do not include the qualifying rounds and play-off round.

Top goalscorers

Top assists
Top assists

Squad of the season

Related pages
2017–18 UEFA Champions League
2018 UEFA Super Cup

References

Other websites
UEFA Europa League (official website)
A latchkey kid is a child who returns after school to a house empty of parents. The child's parents are both working. This situation was first seen during the Second World War. Men where drafted into the armed forces, and many women were working in factories or on the land. Later, as mothers began to work regularly, latchkey children became common again in the 1960s and following years. Libraries also found they had kids arrive for a couple of hours after school.

Effects on the children of this situation were mixed.

Related pages 
Helicopter parent
Free-range parenting

References 

Childhood
Family
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport , also called Sea–Tac Airport or Sea–Tac (), is the airport in SeaTac, Washington for Seattle, Washington. It is  south of downtown Seattle. The airport is the biggest in the Pacific Northwest and has many airlines, like Alaska Airlines and Delta Air Lines. It has three runways and three terminals.

Airlines
Aer Lingus
Aeroméxico
Air Canada and Air Canada Express
Air France
Alaska Airlines (hub)
All Nippon Airways
American Airlines and American Eagle
Asiana Airlines
British Airways
Cathay Pacific
Condor Flugdienst
Delta Air Lines and Delta Connection (hub)
Emirates
Eurowings
EVA Air
Frontier Airlines
Hainan Airlines
Hawaiian Airlines
Icelandair
Japan Airlines
JetBlue Airways
Korean Air
Lufthansa
Norwegian Air Shuttle
Singapore Airlines
Southwest Airlines
Spirit Airlines
Sun Country Airlines
Thomas Cook Airlines
United Airlines and United Express
Virgin Atlantic
Volaris
XiamenAir

References
References

Airports in the United States
Buildings and structures in Seattle
Transport in Washington (state)
Pontiac's War (also known as Pontiac's Conspiracy or Pontiac's Rebellion) was an uprising of Native American tribes against English rule in America. A few tribes, mainly from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country started it in 1763. The cause of the war was that these tribes did not like British politics in the region. Warriors from other tribes joined the uprising to help get rid of the English soldiers and settlers. The war is named after the Odawa leader Pontiac, the most prominent of many native leaders in the conflict.

The British were one of the winners of the French and Indian War, which lasted from 1754 to 1763. As a result, large amounts of land in the region that were controlled by the French were now controlled by the English. French and English politics were very different.
Warfare on the North American frontier was brutal. Prisoners were often killed, and civilians were often targeted.  Other atrocities were widespread. Native Americans and British settlers had very little in common. In this conflict, this fact showed as ruthlessness and treachery. Contrary to popular belief, the British government did not issue the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in reaction to Pontiac's War. Because of the conflict, the Proclamation's Indian clauses were applied more often, though. This was unpopular with British colonists, and may have been one of the things that helped start the American Revolution.
Naming the conflict 
The conflict is named after its most famous participant, the Odawa leader Pontiac. Other names include "Pontiac's War", "Pontiac's Rebellion", and "Pontiac's Uprising". An early name for the war was the "Kiyasuta and Pontiac War". "Kiyasuta" is a different spelling for Guyasuta, an important Seneca/Mingo leader. The war became widely known as "Pontiac's Conspiracy" after Francis Parkman published a book named The Conspiracy of Pontiac in 1851. This important book has been the definitive account of the war for nearly 100 years, and is still made.
Origins 
In the decades before Pontiac's rebellion, there were a number of wars in Europe which also had an influence on the French and Indian Wars in North America. The largest of these wars was the Seven Years' War. In this war, France lost New France in North America to Great Britain.  The Shawnee and Lenape had also fought in this war. The Treaty of Easton was signed in 1758, and brought peace with these tribes. In the treaty,  the British promised not to settle further beyond the ridge of the Alleghenies. This line was confirmed in 1763, but few people respected it.  Most fighting in the North American theater of the war, generally referred to as the French and Indian War in the United States, came to an end after British General Jeffrey Amherst captured Montreal, the last important French settlement, in 1760.
Tribes involved 
Today, it is difficult to say who exactly took part in the rebellion. At the time, the region was known as "pays d'en haut" ("upper country"), but its borders were not defined exactly. Until the Paris peace treaty of 1763, it was claimed by France. Native Americans from many different tribes lived there. At the time, a "tribe" was a group of people who spoke the same language, or a group of people who belonged to the same family. It was not a political unit. No chief spoke for an entire tribe, and no tribe acted in unison. For example, Ottawas did not go to war as a tribe: some Ottawa leaders chose to do so, while other Ottawa leaders denounced the war and stayed clear of the conflict.
There were three basic groups of tribes. The first group was composed of tribes of the Great Lakes region: Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi, who spoke Algonquian languages; and the Huron, who spoke an Iroquoian language. They had long been allied with French habitants. They lived among them, they traded with them, and marriages between French settlers and Native Americans were common. Great Lakes Native Americans were alarmed to learn that they were under British sovereignty after the French loss of North America. When a British garrison took possession of Fort Detroit from the French in 1760, local Native Americans cautioned them that "this country was given by God to the Indians."
The third group was made of tribes of the Ohio Country: Delawares (Lenape), Shawnee, Wyandot, and Mingo. These people had migrated to the Ohio valley earlier in the century from the mid-Atlantic and other eastern areas. They did this to  escape British, French, and Iroquois domination in the New York and Pennsylvania area. Unlike the Great Lakes and Illinois Country tribes, Ohio Native Americans had no great attachment to the French regime. They had fought as French allies in the previous war in an effort to drive away the British. They made a separate peace with the British with the understanding that the British Army would withdraw from the Ohio Country. But after the departure of the French, the British strengthened their forts in the region rather than abandoning them, and so the Ohioans went to war in 1763 in another attempt to drive out the British.
Outside the pays d'en haut, most warriors of the influential Iroquois Confederacy did not participate in Pontiac's War because of their alliance with the British, known as the Covenant Chain. However, the westernmost Iroquois nation, the Seneca tribe, had become disaffected with the alliance. As early as 1761, the Seneca began to send out war messages to the Great Lakes and Ohio Country tribes, urging them to unite in an attempt to drive out the British. When the war finally came in 1763, many Seneca were quick to take action.

Amherst's policies
Amherst also began to restrict the amount of ammunition and gunpowder that traders could sell to Native Americans. The French had always made these goods available. Amherst, however, did not trust the Native Americans, particularly after the "Cherokee Rebellion" of 1761. In this rebellion Cherokee warriors took up arms against their former British allies. The Cherokee war effort had collapsed because of a shortage of gunpowder. Amherst therefore hoped that future uprisings could be prevented by restricting the supply of gunpowder. This created resentment and hardship: Native American men needed gunpowder and ammunition, because it helped them with hunting. With gunpowder and ammunition, they had more game for their families and skins for the fur trade. Many Native Americans began to believe that the British were disarming them before starting war against them
. Sir William Johnson, the Superintendent of the Indian Department, tried to warn Amherst of the dangers of cutting back on gifts and gunpowder, but he was not successful.
Land was also an issue in the coming of the war. With the French, there were relatively few colonists. Most of the colonists were farmers, who also traded fur during the hunting season. In contrast, there were many British colonists. The British colonists wanted to clear the land of the trees and occupy it. Shawnees and Delawares in the Ohio Country had been displaced by British colonists in the east: This was the main reason for their involvement in the war. On the other hand, Native Americans in the Great Lakes region and the Illinois Country had not been greatly affected by white settlement. They were aware of the experiences of tribes in the east, though. Historian Gregory Dowd argues that most Native Americans involved in Pontiac's Rebellion were not immediately threatened with displacement by white settlers. Dowd argues that historians have therefore overemphasized British colonial expansion as a cause of the war
. He believes that the presence, attitude, and policies of the British Army, which the Native Americans found threatening and insulting, were more important factors.
Another factor that led to the outbreak of the war was a religious awakening of the Native Americans in the region in the 1760s. Food shortages and epidemics, as well as discontent with the British fed the movement.  The most influential person in this phenomenon was Neolin, known as the "Delaware Prophet". Neolin said,  Native Americans should steer clear of the trade goods, alcohol, and weapons of the whites. Merging elements from Christianity into traditional religious beliefs, Neolin told listeners that the Master of Life was displeased with the Native Americans for taking up the bad habits of the white men, and that the British posed a threat to their very existence. "If you suffer the English among you," Neolin said, "you are dead men. Sickness, smallpox, and their poison [alcohol] will destroy you entirely." It was a powerful message for a people whose world was being changed by forces that seemed beyond their control.

Outbreak of war, 1763

Planning the war
Planning the war 

Although fighting in Pontiac's Rebellion began in 1763, rumors reached British officials as early as 1761. According to these rumors, discontented Native Americans were planning an attack. Senecas of the Ohio Country (Mingos) circulated messages ("war belts" made of wampum) which called for the tribes to form a confederacy and drive away the British. The Mingos, led by Guyasuta and Tahaiadoris, were concerned about being surrounded by British forts. Similar war belts originated from Detroit and the Illinois Country. The Native Americans were not unified, however, and in June 1761, Native Americans at Detroit informed the British commander of the Seneca plot. After William Johnson held a large council with the tribes at Detroit in September 1761, peace was maintained, but war belts continued to circulate. Violence finally erupted after the Native Americans learned in early 1763 that the French would give the pays d'en haut to the British.
The war began at Fort Detroit under the leadership of Pontiac. It quickly spread throughout the region. Eight British forts were taken; others, including Fort Detroit and Fort Pitt, were unsuccessfully besieged. Francis Parkman's The Conspiracy of Pontiac portrayed these attacks as a coordinated operation planned by Pontiac. Parkman's interpretation remains well known. Other historians have since argued that there is no clear evidence that the attacks were part of a master plan or overall "conspiracy". The most common view among scholars today is that, rather than being planned in advance, the uprising spread as word of Pontiac's actions at Detroit traveled throughout the pays d'en haut, inspiring already discontented Native Americans to join the revolt. The attacks on British forts did not happen at the same time: most Ohio Native Americans did not enter the war until nearly a month after the beginning of Pontiac's siege at Detroit.
Parkman also believed that Pontiac's War had been secretly instigated by French colonists who were stirring up the Native Americans in order to make trouble for the British. This belief was widely held by British officials at the time, but historians have found no evidence of official French involvement in the uprising. (The rumor of French instigation arose in part because French war belts from the Seven Years' War were still in circulation in some Native villages.) Rather than the French stirring up the Native Americans, some historians now argue that the Native Americans were trying to stir up the French. Pontiac and other native leaders frequently spoke about the fact that French power was about to return. When this happened, the Franco-Native alliance would be revived; Pontiac even flew a French flag in his village. All of this was apparently intended to inspire the French to rejoin the struggle against the British
. Although some French colonists and traders supported the uprising, the war was initiated and conducted by Native Americans who had Native—not French—objectives.
Historian Richard Middleton (2007) argues that Pontiac's vision, courage, persistence, and organizational abilities allowed him to activate a remarkable coalition of Indian nations prepared to fight successfully against the British. The idea to gain independence for all Native Americans west of the Allegheny Mountains did not originate with Pontiac, but with two Seneca leaders, Tahaiadoris and Guyasuta. By February 1763 Pontiac appeared to embrace the idea. At an emergency council meeting, Pontiac clarified his military support of the broad Seneca plan and worked to motivate other nations to join the military operation that he helped lead. This was in direct contradiction to traditional Indian leadership and tribal structure
.   He achieved this coordination through the distribution of war belts: first to the northern Ojibwa and Ottawa near Michilimackinac; and then after the failure to seize Detroit by stratagem, to the Mingo (Seneca) on the upper Allegheny River, the Ohio Delaware near Fort Pitt, and the more westerly Miami, Kickapoo, Piankashaw and Wea peoples.
On April 27, 1763, Pontiac spoke at a council on the banks of the Ecorse River, in what is now Lincoln Park, Michigan, about 10 miles (15 km) southwest of Detroit. Using the teachings of Neolin, Pontiac convinced a number of Ottawas, Ojibwas, Potawatomis, and Hurons to join him in an attempt to seize Fort Detroit. On May 1, Pontiac visited the fort with 50 Ottawas in order to assess the strength of the garrison. According to a French chronicler, in a second council Pontiac proclaimed:It is important for us, my brothers, that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French.... Therefore, my brothers, we must all swear their destruction and wait no longer. Nothing prevents us; they are few in numbers, and we can accomplish it.Hoping to take the stronghold by surprise, on May 7 Pontiac entered Fort Detroit with about 300 men carrying concealed weapons
. The British had learned of Pontiac's plan, however, and were armed and ready. As his tactic had not worked, Pontiac withdrew after a brief council. Two days later, he started a siege of the fort. Pontiac and his allies killed all of the British soldiers and settlers they could find outside of the fort, including women and children. One of the soldiers was ritually cannibalized, as was the custom in some Great Lakes Native cultures. The violence was directed at the British; French colonists were generally left alone. Eventually more than 900 soldiers from a half-dozen tribes joined the siege. Meanwhile, on May 28, a British supply from Fort Niagara led by Lieutenant Abraham Cuyler was ambushed and defeated at Point Pelee.
After receiving reinforcements, the British attempted to make a surprise attack on Pontiac's encampment. But Pontiac was ready and waiting, and defeated them at the Battle of Bloody Run on July 31, 1763. Nevertheless, the situation at Fort Detroit remained a stalemate. Pontiac's influence among his followers began to fade. Groups of Native Americans began to abandon the siege, some of them making peace with the British before departing. On October 31, 1763, finally convinced that the French in Illinois would not come to his aid at Detroit, Pontiac lifted the siege and removed to the Maumee River, where he continued his efforts to rally resistance against the British.

Small forts taken
Small forts taken 

Before other British outposts had learned about Pontiac's siege at Detroit, Native Americans captured five small forts in a series of attacks between May 16 and June 2. The first to be taken was Fort Sandusky, a small blockhouse on the shore of Lake Erie. It had been built in 1761 by order of General Amherst, despite the objections of local Wyandots, who in 1762 warned the commander that they would soon burn it down. On May 16, 1763, a group of Wyandots gained entry under the pretense of holding a council, the same stratagem that had failed in Detroit nine days earlier. They seized the commander and killed the other 15 soldiers, as well as British traders at the fort. These were among the first of about 100 traders who were killed in the early stages of the war. The dead were ritually scalped and the fort—as the Wyandots had warned a year earlier—was burned to the ground.
In the Illinois Country, , Kickapoos, and Mascoutens took Fort Ouiatenon (about  west of present Lafayette, Indiana) on June 1, 1763. They lured soldiers outside for a council, and took the 20-man garrison captive without bloodshed. The Native Americans around Fort Ouiatenon had good relations with the British garrison, but emissaries from Pontiac at Detroit had convinced them to strike. The warriors apologized to the commander for taking the fort, saying that "they were obliged to do it by the other Nations." In contrast with other forts, the Natives did not kill the British captives at Ouiatenon.
Three forts in the Ohio Country were taken in a second wave of attacks in mid-June. Iroquois Senecas took Fort Venango (near the site of the present Franklin, Pennsylvania) around June 16, 1763. They killed the entire 12-man garrison, keeping the commander alive to write down the grievances of the Senecas. After that, they ritually burned him at the stake. Possibly the same Seneca warriors attacked Fort Le Boeuf (on the site of Waterford, Pennsylvania) on June 18, but most of the 12-man garrison escaped to Fort Pitt.

On June 19, 1763, about 250 Ottawa, Ojibwa, Wyandot, and Seneca warriors surrounded Fort Presque Isle (on the site of Erie, Pennsylvania), the eighth and final fort to fall. After holding out for two days, the garrison of about 30 to 60 men surrendered, on the condition that they could return to Fort Pitt. The warriors killed most of the soldiers after they came out of the fort.
Colonists in western Pennsylvania fled to the safety of Fort Pitt after the outbreak of the war. Nearly 550 people crowded inside, including more than 200 women and children. Simeon Ecuyer, the Swiss-born British officer in command, wrote:  "We are so crowded in the fort that I fear disease...; the smallpox is among us." Fort Pitt was attacked on June 22, 1763, primarily by Delawares. The fort was too strong to be taken by force. A siege was organized, which lasted during the month of July. In the meantime, war parties raided deep into Pennsylvania, taking prisoners and killing unknown numbers of settlers in scattered farms.Too strong to be taken by force, the fort was kept under siege throughout July. Meanwhile, Delaware and Shawnee war parties raided deep into Pennsylvania, taking captives and killing unknown numbers of settlers in scattered farms. Two smaller strongholds that linked Fort Pitt to the east, Fort Bedford and Fort Ligonier, were fired upon throughout the conflict, but were never taken.
Before the war, Amherst did not believe that the  Native Americans would offer any effective resistance to British rule. During that summer, he was convinced of the contrary. He ordered   to "immediately ... put to death" captured enemy Native American warriors. To Colonel Henry Bouquet at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, who was preparing to lead an expedition to relieve Fort Pitt, Amherst wrote on about June 29, 1763: "Could it not be contrived to send the smallpox among the disaffected tribes of Indians? We must on this occasion use every stratagem in our power to reduce them." Bouquet responded to Amherst (summer of 1763):

P.S. I will try to inocculate [sic] the Indians by means of Blankets that may fall in their hands, taking care however not to get the disease myself. As it is pity to oppose good men against them, I wish we could make use of the Spaniard's Method, and hunt them with English Dogs. Supported by Rangers, and some Light Horse, who would I think effectively extirpate or remove that Vermine.
Amherst replied:

P.S. You will Do well to try to Innoculate [sic] the Indians by means of Blankets, as well as to try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race. I should be very glad your Scheme for Hunting them Down by Dogs could take Effect, but England is at too great a Distance to think of that at present.

Officers at the besieged Fort Pitt had already attempted to do what Amherst and Bouquet were discussing. During a parley at Fort Pitt on June 24, 1763, Ecuyer gave Delaware representatives, Turtleheart and Mamaltee, two blankets and a handkerchief that had been exposed to smallpox, hoping to spread the disease to the Native Americans in order to "extirpate" them from the territory. William Trent, the militia commander, left records that showed the purpose of giving the blankets was "to Convey the Smallpox to the Indians." Turtleheart and Killbuck would later represent the Delaware at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768.
Bushy Run and Devil's Hole 
On August 1, 1763, most of the Native Americans broke off the siege at Fort Pitt in order to intercept 500 British troops marching to the fort under Colonel Bouquet. On August 5, these two forces met at the Battle of Bushy Run. Although his force suffered heavy casualties, Bouquet fought off the attack and relieved Fort Pitt on August 20, bringing the siege to an end. His victory at Bushy Run was celebrated in the British colonies—church bells rang through the night in Philadelphia—and praised by King George.
This victory was soon followed by a costly defeat. Fort Niagara, one of the most important western forts, was not assaulted, but on September 14, 1763, at least 300 Senecas, Ottawas, and Ojibwas attacked a supply train along the Niagara Falls portage. Two companies sent from Fort Niagara to rescue the supply train were also defeated. More than 70 soldiers and teamsters were killed in these actions, which Anglo-Americans called the "Devil's Hole Massacre", the deadliest engagement for British soldiers during the war.

Paxton Boys
The violence and terror of Pontiac's War convinced many western Pennsylvanians that their government was not doing enough to protect them. This discontent was manifested most seriously in an uprising led by a vigilante group that came to be known as the Paxton Boys.  They had this name because they were primarily from the area around the Pennsylvania village of Paxton (or Paxtang). The Paxtonians turned their anger towards Native Americans—many of them Christians—who lived peacefully in small enclaves in the midst of white Pennsylvania settlements. Prompted by rumors that a Native war party had been seen at the Native village of Conestoga, on December 14, 1763, a group of more than 50 Paxton Boys marched on the village and murdered the six Susquehannocks they found there. Pennsylvania officials placed the remaining 16 Susquehannocks in protective custody in Lancaster, but on December 27 the Paxton Boys broke into the jail and slaughtered most of them
. Governor John Penn issued bounties for the arrest of the murderers, but no one came forward to identify them.
The Paxton Boys then set their sights on other Native Americans living within eastern Pennsylvania, many of whom fled to Philadelphia for protection. Several hundred Paxtonians marched on Philadelphia in January 1764, where the presence of British troops and Philadelphia militia prevented them from committing more violence. Benjamin Franklin, who had helped organize the local militia, negotiated with the Paxton leaders and brought an end to the immediate crisis. Franklin published a scathing indictment of the Paxton Boys. "If an Indian injures me," he asked, "does it follow that I may revenge that Injury on all Indians?" One leader of the Paxton Boys was Lazarus Stewart who would be killed in the Wyoming Massacre of 1778.
British response, 1764–1766 
In spring and summer of 11764, there were more Native American raids on frontier settlements that usual. The hardest hit colony that year was Virginia. In July, four Delaware Indian soldiers killed and scalped a school teacher and ten children in what is now Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Incidents such as these prompted the Pennsylvania Assembly, with the approval of Governor Penn, to reintroduce the scalp bounties offered during the French and Indian War: money was paid for every Native killed above the age of ten, including women.
The  Board of Trade held General Amherst responsible for the uprising. As a consequence, he was recalled to London in August 1763.  Major General Thomas Gage replaced him. In 1764, Gage sent two expeditions into the west to crush the rebellion, rescue British prisoners, and arrest the Native Americans responsible for the war. According to historian Fred Anderson, Gage's campaign, which had been designed by Amherst, prolonged the war for more than a year because it focused on punishing the Native Americans rather than ending the war. Gage's one significant departure from Amherst's plan was to allow William Johnson to conduct a peace treaty at Niagara, giving those Native Americans who were ready to "bury the hatchet" a chance to do so.

Fort Niagara treaty
Two expeditions 
After they had secured the area around Fort Niagara, the British launched two military expeditions into the west. The first expedition, led by Colonel John Bradstreet, was to travel by boat across Lake Erie and reinforce Detroit. Bradstreet was to subdue the Native Americans around Detroit before marching south into the Ohio Country. The second expedition, commanded by Colonel Bouquet, was to march west from Fort Pitt and form a second front in the Ohio Country.
Bradstreet set out from Fort Schlosser in early August 1764 with about 1,200 soldiers and a large contingent of Native allies enlisted by Sir William Johnson. Bradstreet felt that he did not have enough troops to subdue enemy Native Americans by force. When strong winds on Lake Erie forced him to stop at Presque Isle on August 12, he decided to negotiate a treaty with a delegation of Ohio Native Americans led by Guyasuta instead. Bradstreet exceeded his authority by conducting a peace treaty rather than a simple truce, and by agreeing to halt Bouquet's expedition, which had not yet left Fort Pitt. Gage, Johnson, and Bouquet were outraged when they learned what Bradstreet had done. Gage rejected the treaty, believing that Bradstreet had been convinced to abandoning his offensive in the Ohio Country
. Gage may have been correct: the Ohio Native Americans did not return prisoners as promised in a second meeting with Bradstreet in September, and some Shawnees were trying to enlist French aid in order to continue the war.
Treaty with Pontiac 
The military conflict essentially ended with the 1764 expeditions. Some Native Americans still called for resistance in the Illinois Country, where British troops had yet to take possession of Fort de Chartres from the French. A Shawnee war chief named Charlot Kaské emerged as the most strident anti-British leader in the region, temporarily surpassing Pontiac in influence. Kaské traveled as far south as New Orleans in an effort to enlist French aid against the British.