Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Development of Spider-Man 3 began immediately after the successful release of Spider-Man 2 for a 2007 release. During pre-production, Raimi originally wanted another villain to be included along with Sandman. At the request of producer Avi Arad, he added Venom and the producers also requested the addition of Gwen Stacy. Principal photography for the film began in January 2006, and took place in Los Angeles and Cleveland before moving to New York City from May until July 2006. Additional pick-up shots were made after August and the film wrapped in October 2006. During post-production, Sony Pictures Imageworks created over 900 visual effects shots. With an estimated production budget of $258–350 million, it was the most expensive film ever made at the time of its release.
Spider-Man 3 premiered on April 16, 2007, in Tokyo, and was released in the United States in both conventional and IMAX theaters on May 4, 2007. The film grossed $890.9 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of the trilogy, the third-highest-grossing film of 2007 and was the highest-grossing Spider-Man film until it was surpassed by Spider-Man: Far From Home in 2019. Unlike the previous installments, Spider-Man 3 received a mixed reception from critics, who praised the performances, visual effects and action sequences, but criticized the overloaded storylines, subplots, and overabundance of villains. The majority of these topics were later attributed to studio interferences and creative differences between Sony, Raimi and Arad.
A fourth installment, titled Spider-Man 4, was set to be released on May 6, 2011, followed by a Venom spin-off film, but both were canceled due to Raimi's withdrawal over creative differences with the writers and producers. The Spider-Man film series was rebooted twice; first with The Amazing Spider-Man (2012) by Marc Webb and starring Andrew Garfield; and later a new film series set within the Marvel Cinematic Universe, directed by Jon Watts and starring Tom Holland, beginning with Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017). The Venom spin-off was revived in 2016 by Sony and was finally released in 2018 with Venom, set within Sony Pictures Universe of Marvel Characters and directed by Ruben Fleischer and starring Tom Hardy.
Plot 
Several months after Otto Octavius' sacrifice, Peter Parker plans to propose to Mary Jane Watson, who has just made her Broadway musical debut. A meteorite lands at Central Park, and an extraterrestrial symbiote follows Peter to his apartment by latching on to his motorbike after he and Mary Jane leave there after stargazing. Harry Osborn, seeking vengeance for his father's death and having taken the performance-enhancing gas, attacks Peter with his father's Green Goblin technology, but the battle ends in a stalemate with Harry crashing down and having partial amnesia, losing his memory of Peter as Spider-Man. Meanwhile, police pursue escaped convict Flint Marko, who visits his wife and sick daughter before fleeing again. Falling into an experimental particle accelerator that fuses his body with the surrounding sand, he transforms into the Sandman, who can control sand and reform his body with it.
At the Daily Bugle, Peter exposes rival photographer Eddie Brock, whose fake photos depict Spider-Man as a criminal. Publisher J. Jonah Jameson fires Brock and hires Peter to be a staff photographer. Later, Peter brings Gwen to a jazz club, where Mary Jane now works. Peter passionately dances with Gwen in front of Mary Jane, in order to make her jealous. Gwen, realizing this, apologizes to Mary Jane and leaves. After assaulting the bouncers and accidentally hitting Mary Jane, Peter finally realizes that the symbiote is corrupting him. Retreating to a church's bell tower, upon realizing high-pitched sounds weakens the creature, Peter removes the symbiote, where it bonds with Brock, transforming him into Venom. Brock locates Marko, who survived being washed away, and convinces him to join forces to defeat Peter.
Afterward, Marko explains that Ben's death was an accident that has haunted Marko ever since; Peter forgives Marko, allowing him to escape. Harry and Peter reconcile before Harry subsequently dies from his injuries. Sometime later after Harry's funeral, Peter and Mary Jane reconcile and share a dance at the jazz club.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Spider-Man 3 Launch 

2007 movies
2000s superhero movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Sam Raimi
Movies produced by Avi Arad
Sequel movies
Spider-Man (2002 movie series)
Buena Vista International movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are artificial languages built by simplifying the grammar and reducing the number of words in the language to avoid ambiguity or complexity.

There are two types of controlled languages: some designed to help non-native speakers of a language, and some designed to enable automatic semantic analysis.

The first type of languages are often called "simplified" or "technical" languages. They are used by businesses or industries to improve the quality of technical writing. The standard terms simplify the semi-automatic translation to other languages. Examples are: the ASD Sim Technical English, Caterpillar Technical English, and IBM's Easy English.

Simplified (or technical) languages guide the writer by general rules such as "write short and simple sentences", "use the person's name ("John Smith" for example) instead of saying "him", and "talk about who is doing something, rather than what is being done, unless you need to say what is being done".
The second type of languages have well defined rules for writing and understanding. These rules can be matched to formal languages, such as first-order logic. The languages can be analysed by computer. They can be checked to see they are correct. They can be searched for information easily.

Languages
Existing controlled natural languages include:

 Globish
 Attempto Controlled English
 Basic English
 ClearTalk
 Common Logic Controlled English
 E-Prime
 Gellish Formal English
 ModeLang
 Newspeak
 Plain English
 Processable English (PENG)
 Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules
 Special English

Related pages
 Constructed language
 Knowledge representation
 Natural language processing

References
References

Other websites
 Controlled Natural Languages (Macquarie University)
 Overview of Controlled English and HyperSTE, customizable Controlled English checker
 Simplus – Simplified English Checker
 Freelance Translation
 acrolinx® Information Quality Suite  – Customizable controlled language checker for many authoring environments
 PERMIS Policy Editor uses controlled English in its user interface
 Akis, Jennifer Wells, and William R. Sisson. (2002) Improving Translatability: A Case Study at Sun Microsystems, Inc. Globalization Insider (Localization Industry Standards Association's e-magazine).
 Kohl, John R. (2008) Language Quality-Assurance Software: Optimizing Your Documentation for a Global Audience.Intercom 55.5 (May), pp. 6–9.
 Kohl, John R. (2007) Assisted Writing and Editing at SAS. ClientSideNews Magazine 7.8 (August): 7-10.

Constructed languages
An artificial language is a language specially made for a purpose. These languages can be based on an existing natural language or can be artificial.

Some types of artificial languages are:

 Constructed languages take the place of natural languages. They make  human communication simpler, or make fictional worlds believable. Basic English, Esperanto, Tolkien's Quenya, and Lojban are examples.

 Formal languages are tools in mathematical logic and computer science where the terms are very precise and clearly defined.

 Computer languages are formal languages used by humans to program computers or for communication among computers.  Programming languages and markup languages are types of computer languages.

Related pages
 Constructed language
 Natural language
 Computer language

 
Interlinguistics
Linguistics
Language
Benozzo Gozzoli  (4 October 1497) was an Italian Renaissance painter. He is most famous for a small chapel that he decorated with frescos of the Procession of the Magi.

Life 
Benozzo was born in Florence in about 1420. Nothing is known about his parents, or how he started training as an artist. The first that is known of him is that in 1444 he was working with the famous sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, who was making the bronze doors for the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral.

In 1447 he started working with the painter Fra Angelico. He went to Rome with Fra Angelico to help paint the Chapel of Pope Nicholas V in the Vatican. In 1449 he was working in his own studio.
Works 
For many years Benozzo worked as an assistant to other artists. At that time, he had to make his style match the style of the master, so it is hard to tell his art works apart. When Benozzo painted on his own, his pictures are rich with many details in the clothing, the buildings and the landscape. He was extremely good at painting faces, and many of the people in his pictures seem to be portraits of real people.
In 1450 he had two important jobs. The first was to paint the Life of St Francis of Assisi in the town of Montefalco.
 In Florence, a new palace had been built for Cosimo Medici. Benozzo got the job of decorating the walls with frescos. The paintings are a the Procession of the Magi. "The Magi" is a term used for the wise men who, in the Gospel of Matthew, came to visit Jesus as a young child. They are often also called "The Three Kings". The Palace is called the Riccardi-Medici Palace.
Benozzo painted a great procession going around the walls of the chapel, with well-known people painted as the Kings, and members of the Medici family and their friends in the procession. The painting is brightly coloured and full all many interesting details. It is his most famous work.
Benozzo also worked in the city of San Gimignano. In the Collegiate Church, where there were already many frescoes, he painted a picture of Saint Sebastian.
At St. Augustine's Church, he painted another picture of Saint Sebastian. Saint Sebastian was the saint who people asked to help when plague was making people in the town sick.
Benozzo then painted one of his most important works, a series of frescos in the "chancel" (main chapel) of the church, showing the life of Saint Augustine. There are 17 large pictures, each one telling a scene from the saint's life.
Gallery

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References 
 Rosella Vantaggi, San Gimignano, Town of the Fine Towers, Plurigraf (1979)
 Diane Davies (editor), Harrap's Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Artists, Harrap (1990). 
 Ilan Rachum, The Renaissance, and Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopus (1979). 

1420 births
1498 deaths
15th-century Italian painters
People from Florence
I Am... Sasha Fierce is the third studio album by American singer Beyoncé. It was released on November 12, 2008 by Columbia Records. It featured a more of a pop and R&B sound with heavy usage of dance music and ballads in its musical direction.

Background 
Knowles worked on the album for almost one year. This is longer than she had spent on her previous solo albums and records with her old group Destiny's Child. She said that she has co-written and co-produced over 70 songs.

In a statement released on Knowles official website, she wrote: I am in a different place right now and I wanted people to see the many sides of me.  The music is upbeat for the dance, fun side and it is reflective, passionate and serious for the personal side.  I have taken risks here.  I am not afraid and my music will explain it all.  There is no label or tag on my sound.  It's me and I am so excited to share it with the world on November 18.

Track listing
Track listing

Platinum edition
In September 2009, an enhanced two-disc version of the album was released, its first disc featuring 16 tracks from the original version with four bonus audio tracks, and its second disc, the video collection from Above and Beyoncé, including seven music videos.

The Bonus Tracks EP

Singles

References 

2008 albums
Beyoncé albums
Pop albums
Dance albums
R&B albums
Columbia Records albums
Gary Reht Shearston (born January 9, 1939) is an Australian singer and songwriter. He was a leading figure of the folk music scene of the 1960s. He is important as a singer of Australian traditional folk songs. He scored a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom in 1974 with version of the Cole Porter classic "I Get A Kick Out Of You".

Early life
Shearston was born in Inverell. His father served in World War II so Shearston and his mother lived with his grandparents at Tenterfield. At the age of 11 his family moved to Sydney. He attended Newington College from 1950 to 1955.

Working life
Shearston began work as a newspaper writer with United Press. His first show business job was with the Tintookies, the Australian travelling puppet show. He joined the Hayes Gordon Ensemble Theatre working as an actor and stage manager. He was the host of a children's quiz show on television called Name That Tune.
Shearston played guitar and sang English, American and Australian folk songs. At 19 he become a full time singer. He worked in hotels and sang at The Folksinger. He sang with the American gospel and blues singer Brother John Sellers. In 1962 Shearston signed a recording contract with Leedon. The next year Leedon's distributor, Festival, signed him to CBS. In March 1965 Sydney radio stations started playing a song from his record, Australian Broadside. His song Sydney Town hit the Top 10 in his home city. In 1966 and 1967, Shearston was Australia's biggest selling folk singer. He had his own national television show, Just Folk. Peter, Paul and Mary recorded a song he wrote called Sometime Lovin. They invited Gary to go to America. He spent a year in London and then 4 years on the East Coast of the United States of America. In 1972 he went back to England and recorded some songs for the album Dingo. He had big hit with his deadpan (flat, no emotion) version of Cole Porter's I Get A Kick Out Of You
. In 1990 he received the Tamworth Songwriters' Association's prize for "Bush Ballad of the Year".
Church career
Shearston returned to Australia in 1989. He is now an Anglican Church minister in country Australia.

Selected recordings
 Sometime Lovin' - 1965 
 Sydney Town - 1965 
 I Get A Kick Out Of You - 1974

Other websites
 Gary Shearston's Official Website
 Howlspace article 
 Pop Archives – I Get A Kick Out of You feature 
 Undercover Music
 SMH Album Review 3 August 2007
 /Photo of Gary Shearston

References

1939 births
Living people

Australian singers
Australian folk musicians
Musicians from New South Wales
The Flame in All of Us is the last album released by Thousand Foot Krutch. It was released on September 18, 2007. It has more of a rock sound than earlier albums, but also has some softer songs. The band recorded with producer Ken Andrews in the Spring of 2007. The album began at #58 on The Billboard 200 charts.

Five songs from The Flame in All of Us were put on the internet before the album actually released. One of them, Falls Apart was a single for the band.

Songs 

2007 albums
Hard rock albums
Nu metal albums
"Falls Apart" was a single released by Thousand Foot Krutch in 2007. It was made available online in July 2007. It is on their album The Flame in All of Us.

Music video 
The "Falls Apart" video starts off showing the band in a dark wood room, with lots of rope around them. The members only have enough room to play their instruments. Eventually a man and a woman are shown and they are being held together by ropes. The man walks over to the woman and puts his arm around her. After a while she gets up and starts walking away, but then the ropes come off around everyone (the band and the couple alike). Because of this all of the body parts of the couple lie on the floor. But the man's hand crawls to the woman's hand and they hold each other while the band ends the song. 

2007 songs
Cowra is a city in the central west of New South Wales, Australia. It is in Cowra Shire.  It is 310m above sea-level and about 300 km west of Sydney. Cowra is on the banks of the Lachlan River.

The first name for Cowra was Coura Rocks. This may have been the name of one of the first cattle farms. This name is probably the name of the river ford (crossing) where people could cross the Lachlan River.

The name Cowra comes from a local aboriginal word meaning "eagle on the rocks".

It should not be confused with another New South Wales town named Corowa.

History
History

The first people to live in the area were the Wiradjuri people. The first European explorer, George Wilson Evans, came into the Lachlan Valley in 1815. He named the area the Oxley Plains after his boss, the Surveyor-General, John Oxley. In 1817 he said the area was "unfit for white settlement". An army camp was set up soon after at Soldiers Flat near present-day Billimari. Arthur Ranken and James Sloan, from Bathurst, were amongst the first European settlers on the Lachlan. They moved to the area in 1831.

The township of Coura Rocks began in 1840. By 1847 the township was called Cowra. The village was officially listed in 1849.
In the 1850s many people looking for gold went through on their way to the gold fields at Lambing Flat (Young) and Grenfell. The first school was started in 1857. The first bridge over the Lachlan River was built in 1870. Gold was found at Mount McDonald in the 1880s. The railway, from Sydney, reached Cowra in 1886. Local government started in 1888. The first telephone were connected in 1901. The town water supply was started in 1909, the gas in 1912, and town supplied electricity was connected in 1924.

Cowra is home to the Australian copy of the United Nation's World Peace Bell. These are normally kept in a nation's capital city. It was given to Cowra because of its special role in international understanding, world peace and as a centre of world friendship.

The Cowra breakout
During World War II Cowra was the site of a prisoner of war (POW) camp. Most of the prisoners were captured Japanese and Italian soldiers, sailors and airmen. On August 5, 1944  about 545 (some sources say over 1000) Japanese POWs attempted a mass escape from the camp. This is perhaps the largest prison escape in the world. At the same time, other Japanese prisoners killed themselves, or were killed by their countrymen, inside the camp.

The POWs tried to capture machine gun posts, armed only with home made weapons. The Prime Minister John Curtin said this was a "suicidal disregard of life", and had no chance of success.

During the escape 231 Japanese and 4 Australian guards were killed, and 108 prisoners were wounded. The dead Japanese were buried in Cowra in a specially made Japanese War Cemetery. This is the only such cemetery in Australia. It also has some of the dead from the WWII air raids on Darwin.

An Avenue of Honour also remembers those who died in World War I.
Japanese Garden
The Japanese War Cemetery was looked by members of the Cowra RSL and given to Japan in 1963. In 1971 the Cowra Tourism Development decided to celebrate this link with Japan. They planned a Japanese garden for the town. The Japanese Government agreed to help as a sign of thanks for the respectful treatment of their war dead. The garden also received money from the Australian Government and private groups.

The garden was designed by Ken Nakajima (1914 - 2000). He was a world famous designer of Japanese gardens. The first part was opened in 1979, with a second part opened in 1986.
The gardens were built in the style of the Edo period. They are a kaiyū-shiki or strolling garden. They are designed to show all of the landscape types of Japan. At five hectares, the Cowra Japanese Garden is the largest Japanese garden in the Southern Hemisphere. An annual Sakura Matsuri (cherry blossom festival) is held in the gardens during late September and/or early October each year. The garden also has other events during the year.

References

Other websites 

 Cowra Shire Council 
 Fact sheet on 1944 Cowra outbreak , National Archives of Australia
 Cowra Wine Region
 YouTube Video Featuring Cowra

Towns in New South Wales
Network computing is when computers work together over a network. Network computing is "Storing and/or running applications in servers in a network" This means that the network may use the power from all the networked computers to perform complex tasks. The network could also be for sharing files so that they can be looked at on any computer in the network easily.

Network computing is the opposite to Stand-alone computing. This is where computers are not connect to a network. Most laptops and home computers do their jobs alone and are stand-alone computers.

References

Network Computing  at network-computing.net

Computer networking
A loan is a type of debt. The borrower agrees to repay the lender the sum of money loaned, at a particular time. It is often paid part by part over time, in order to clear the debt.

Acting as a provider of loans is one of the main tasks for financial institutions. For other institutions, issuing of debt contracts such as bonds is a main source of funding. Bank loans and credit are one way to increase the money supply.

Important components of a loan
A loan can be broadly described by the following terms.

Deposit or Down-payment
The deposit or down-payment is an amount of money that the borrower is required to pay, as the first contribution towards clearing the debt, so that the loan deal can be finalized. The deposit is usually higher than the monthly contribution towards the loan. Some loans require a deposit while some do not. The deposit is usually a fraction, typically a percentage, of the total amount that is loaned out.
Installments
An Installment is money that is a monthly payment towards the loan. It may not be necessarily paid monthly but it has to be paid from time to time over throughout the loan deal. Installments are paid according to a loan rate.

Interest
Interest is a charge on top of the value of the loan, that acts as a cost of the loan. Interest is paid according to a rate called an interest rate. The interest rate varies from loan to loan and from lender to lender.

Loan payment
The most typical loan payment type is the fully amortizing payment in which each monthly rate has the same value over time.

The fixed monthly payment P for a loan of L for n months and a monthly interest rate c is:

Types of loan
Loans can be broadly classified as either secured or unsecured loans.
Secured and unsecured loans
Secured loans are loans for which the borrower is required to guarantee repayment, by pledging with property, for instance a car, a house etc. This property is called security or collateral. Because of the pledging, secured loans are given in larger amounts and have lower interest rates. However, there is a risk of losing the property used as security, in the event that the loan is not paid off.

An example of a secured loan is a mortgage.

Unsecured loans are loans that are given without pledges of repayment. This means that the borrower is not required to provide security to get the loan.
Because of the high risk involved, unsecured loans are given out in smaller amounts and have higher interest rates. The lenders raise the interest rates in an effort to recover their money as quickly as possible. Most personal loans are unsecured loans.
Personal loans
A personal loan is a 'small expense' loan that is mostly used by people to 
finance their day to day emergencies. They come in smaller amounts and
therefore, just like most unsecured loans, they are easily approved.

Home loans
Home loans are loans that are taken for the purpose of buying a house.
Home loans are secured loans. The house acts as a collateral or security
to the loan.

Payday loans
Payday loans  are signature loans or cash advances that requires no security. This means that it is possible to get a payday loan even with a bad credit status or no credit at all. Payday loans are given on the basis of employment and income.

However, payday loans have a high interest rate especially when the paying schedule is not followed. The high interest rates are a cost of convenience. Interest could run as high as 2000%, for this reason, it is not a good idea to take a payday loan if you don't expect to earn enough to repay it.
Auto loans
Auto loans are loans given out by financial institutions or car dealerships, for the purpose of buying an automobile. Due to the nature of automobiles to lose value with time, Auto loans usually have high interest rates. The shorter the time an auto loan is paid, the lower the overall cost of the loan will be.

Mortgage
Mortgage is a loan that is used specifically to purchase a house. Usually, a mortgage is given to you by a mortgage company or any financial institution, after evaluation of your potential to pay back the loan in full. A mortgage is a secured loan, therefore, providing collateral is necessary. Mortgage can be further classified into long-term and short-term mortgages, depending on the length of time required for the mortgage to be paid. Short-term mortgages usually have a term of 15 years while long–term mortgages have a 30-year term.
Credit card loans
When you get a credit card, you have taken a loan. This is a credit card loan, and just like any other loan, it comes with interest and fees. Credit card loans are given out by credit companies and most banks today. The interest rates on credit card loans are higher than that on most personal loans, often around 15%.

References

Other websites
 Federal Direct Consolidation Loans Information Center of the U.S. Government 
 William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program
 UK Information about extending your borrowing 
 Debt Settlement Advice from Consumer Reports magazine

Finance
Money
A mortgage is a way to use one's real property as a guarantee for a loan to get money.  Real property can be land, a house, or a building. Many people do this to buy the home they use for mortgage: the loan provides them the money to buy the house and the loan is guaranteed by the house. Mortgage closing costs are the fees paid when securing a loan, either when buying a property or refinancing. Lenders charge these fees in exchange for creating your loan. Closing costs cover things like your home appraisal and searches on your home’s title.
In a mortgage, there is a debtor and a creditor. The debtor or mortgagor is the owner of the property, while the creditor or mortgagee is the owner of the loan. When the mortgage transaction is made, the debtor gets the money with the loan, and promises to pay the loan. The creditor will receive money back with interest over time (usually in payments made each month by the debtor). If the debtor does not pay the loan, the creditor may take the mortgaged property in place of the loan. This is called foreclosure.

In the 2008 American economic failure, creditors lent money to debtors who could not pay back that money.  This lowered housing prices and hurt the economy.

Types of mortgage
Types of mortgage

Simple mortgage
Defined under Section 58(b) of the Indian Transfer of Property Act as a simple mortgage is a transaction whereby ‘without delivering possession (ownership or occupancy) of the mortgaged property, the mortgagor binds himself personally to pay the mortgage money and agrees, expressly or implicitly, that in the event of his failing to pay according to his contract, the mortgagee shall have a right to cause the mortgaged property to be sold by a decree (an order of law) of the court in a suit(a case in a law court) and the proceeds of the sale to be applied so far as may be necessary in payment of the mortgage money; there is no foreclosure of the mortgaged property. Normally a mortgage is to be registered if the mortgaged money is Rs.100 or more. Mortgage deed is to be executed and appropriately stamped ad valorem with two best available witnesses.

It can be said generally when the possession of the mortgaged property is not delivered, the transaction is simple mortgage.
English mortgage
A mortgage has a product term and a mortgage term, the mortgage term is the total amount of time you will have the mortgage (typically 10 to 25 years) where the product term is how long you will be tied into a fixed rate (normally 2 to 5 years) The borrower promises to repay the borrowed money on a certain date and if it is a repayment mortgage will have cleared the mortgage in full by the end of the mortgage term. The borrower transfers the property to the lender. The lender will re transfer the property when the money is repaid when the mortgaged property is absolutely transferred to the mortgagee.  The land registry holds information on who owns a property and which properties have charges outstanding on them.

English mortgage is a type of mortgage where the ownership of property is transferred to the mortgagor on a condition that the mortgagee will transfer the ownership on repayment of the loan, the title deeds are transferred to the mortgagee
Reverse mortgage
A reverse mortgage is a loan where the lender pays the monthly instalments to the borrower instead of the borrower paying the lender. The payment stream is reversed. A reverse mortgage allows people to get tax-free income from the value of their home. They are mainly to improve older people's personal and financial independence.

These arrangements are variously called reverse mortgages, lifetime mortgages or equity release mortgages (referring to home equity), depending on the country. The loans are typically not repaid until the borrowers are deceased, hence the age restriction.

Usufructuary mortgage
In this form of mortgage, the property is given as a security to the mortgagee, who is let into possession or is permitted to repay himself out of the rents and profits of such property. Following Two points should be noted carefully with respect to Usufructary mortgage, that is
(i) Possession must be given to the mortgagee, or the mortgagor must expressly or impliedly bind himself to deliver possession and 

(ii) The mortgagor will not be personally liable, unless there is a distinct agreement to the contrary.

The lender takes the property. The lender receives income from the property (rent, profit, interest, etc.) until the money is paid back. The owner keeps the title deeds with him.

References 

Business
Property
In computer network and computer science, digital bandwidth or just bandwidth means the amount of data that can be sent from one point to another in a certain period of time. It is measured as a bit rate expressed in bits per second (bits/s) or multiples of it (kbit/s Mbit/s etc.) 

Digital bandwidth should not be confused with:
Network throughput: which is the average rate of successful data transfer through a connection. 
Data transfer: which is the quantity of data transferred over a given period of time.

Bandwidth in web hosting 
In web hosting, the term "bandwidth" is often used to describe the amount of data transferred to or from the website within a defined period of time. Another more specific phrase used for this meaning of bandwidth is monthly data transfer.
Web hosting companies often quote a monthly data transfer for a website, for example 500 gigabytes per month. If the total amount of data downloaded from the website in a particular month reaches this limit, the hosting company may shut off further public access to the site.

Internet connections bandwidths

Broadband
Sometimes, the word "broadband" is used to mean "high-speed", especially with high-speed internet connections.  "Broadband" means "wide band", and suggests high-speed.  However, the term is not clear;  "high-speed" is more clear. A dial-up telephone connection is most often thought to be low-speed, at less than 56,000 bit/s (bits per second). High-speed is usually 200,000 bit/s or faster. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) or Cable modem connections are usually high-speed.

References 

Computer science
"Niki FM" is a song by Hawthorne Heights. It is one of their most famous songs, and their second hit.

The band's singer, JT, says it is his most personal song from the album The Silence in Black and White, and is his favourite song to perform live in concert. They still play it at concerts, although without the harsh vocals that are on the single.

Music video
The music video for Niki FM starts with a room with a lot of people in. JT is at the front, and someone in the audience is touching someone's leg. The video also includes JT being kissed by another woman. It shows him in a room tearing a picture in two and he stares at it. He has a radio and goes outside the young woman's house to match with the lyrics "I'm outside of your window, with my radio". The girl walks away and leaves him, and the song finishes.

References

2004 songs
Gears of War 2 is a third-person shooter video game made by Epic Games and published by Microsoft. It can only be played on Microsoft's own Xbox 360 console. It is the sequel to the popular Xbox 360 game Gears of War. The game was released around the world on November 7 2008. By November 12 it had already sold over 2 million copies.

References 

2008 video games
Xbox 360 games
Microsoft video games
Epic Games is a video game company based in North Carolina, USA. They are famous for making the Fortnite, Unreal Tournament, and Gears of War series' of video games.

American video game companies
Companies based in North Carolina
1991 establishments in the United States
In mathematics, the Riemann sum is a method of approximating the integral of a function over an interval. One representation of the integral, is the area under a curve in a graph.  The Riemann sum is calculated   by splitting the region into equal parts. In each part, the function is replaced by a shape. Shapes that are commonly used are rectangles, trapezoids, parabolas and cubics.The area of the similar shape can then be calculated. This method is often used when finding the closed form integral is difficult or impossible. The shapes used also influence how accurate the approximation is. More complex shapes give a higher accuracy, but this also means that calculating the approximation becomes more difficult.
Because the region filled by the small shapes is usually not exactly the same shape as the region being measured, the Riemann sum will differ from the area being measured. This error can be reduced by dividing up the region more finely, using smaller and smaller shapes. As the shapes get smaller and smaller, the sum approaches the Riemann integral.

The Riemann sum  may also be used to define the integration operation. The sum is named after a German mathematician who was called Bernhard Riemann.

Definition
Definition

You divide the horizontal length under the part of the function you want to evaluate into "n" equal pieces.  That is the n on top of the Σ (Greek letter sigma).  The (xi-xi-1) represents the size of one horizontal segment that is created from dividing the whole by the "n".  The f(yi) is a y value in an "n" segment.  Since the area of a rectangle is length × width, the multiplication of xi and f(yi) is the area of a rectangle for that part of the graph.  The Σ means we add up all of these small rectangles to get an approximation of the area under the segment of a function.

Other websites
A simulation showing the convergence of Riemann sums

Calculus
The Beatitudes (from Latin beatus, meaning "blessed" or "happy") are a list of traits that Christians should follow told by Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke. Some of these include humbleness, meekness, and making peace. 

Jesus Christ taught these ideas as part of a three lesson sermon; the Sermon on the Mount.

References 

Gospels
Ascetic redirects here. You might also be looking for acetic acid. The term should not be confused with aestheticism.

Asceticism (Greek: askēsis) is a word that describes a certain way of living. In this kind of life, a person gets rid of worldly pleasures for religion or spirituality. A person might not have sex or drink alcohol. One might spend much of their time in prayer or meditation. Often, the reason is to follow goals of Christianity and the Indian religions (including yoga). These teach that salvation and freedom involve a process of changing one's mind and body. This is done by limiting speech, what one thinks and does with the body. 

The earliest people who practiced Buddhism, Jainism, and the Christian hermits, lived very simply and without luxury. They rejected sensual pleasures and keeping money. This did not mean that life could not be enjoyed. But spiritual and religious goals are hindered by such indulgence.

References

Lifestyles
Human behavior
Museo Nazionale di San Marco is a church and Dominican convent. in Florence, Italy. The church also has the Museum of St. Mark (Museo di S. Marco) which shows paintings by Fra Angelico.

History
The Domincan Convent was begun in the early 1400s. The first "prior" (head man) was St. Antoninus of Florence. The famous painter known as Fra Angelico was one of the first of the Dominican Friars to live and work there. He later became the prior. The land for the convent was given to the friars by Cosimo Medici.  The monks lived in small rooms called "cells". Cosimo had a cell built for himself, where he could stay sometimes. Between 1447 and 1452 Cosimo got his favourite architect, Michelozzo, to build a large new library and improve other parts of the building. In the late 1700s, the facade (front) of the building was rebuilt in a Classical style.
In 1490, the prior of St. Marks was a famous Domincan called Savonarola. He lived in the cell that had once belonged to Cosimo Medici. He was a great preacher. He disliked Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo Medici, who was often called "Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico). He thought that Lorenzo had too much power and was acting like a prince. He preached against Lorenzo, against the Pope and against the Roman Catholic Church. He told everyone that the end of the world was near. Many people became frightened or depressed by the things that he said. Pope Alexander VI had Savonarola arrested. He was tortured and put to death in 1498. 60 years later, the Church agreed that, in fact, he had said nothing wrong.

Treasures
The Library of St. Mark's contains many illuminated manuscripts. Some were probably decorated by Fra Angelico's brother Benedetto. Some may even have been painted by Fra Angelico.
The Museum has a collection of paintings by Fra Angelico. On of the most famous is The Descent from the Cross, which shows the body of Jesus being taken down from the cross where he was crucified. The convent also contains many paintings by Fra Angelico. They are frescos, and decorated many walls, including a painting in each friar's cell.

Another famous fresco is The Last Supper painted in the refectory (dining room) by Domenico Ghirlandaio.

Gallery

Related pages
 Florence Cathedral

References
Anne Mueller von der Haegen and Ruth Strasser, Art and Architecture of Tuscany, Konemann (2001), 

Roman Catholic churches in Italy
Buildings and structures in Florence
15th-century buildings and structures‎
In Hinduism, sadhu is a common term for an ascetic or someone who practices yoga (yogi). Sadhus have given up trying to achieve the first three Hindu goals of life: kama (enjoyment), artha (practical objectives) and even dharma (duty). The sadhu is solely dedicated to achieving moksha (liberation) through meditation and contemplation of God. Sadhus often wear ochre-colored clothing, as a symbol that they have given up many things in life.

Hinduism
Digambar (sky-clad) is one of the two main sects of Jainism, the other is Svetambar. The word digambara is made up of two words 'dig' and 'ambar',  the person whose clothes (ambar) is the directions (dig). The digambar have a stricter interpretation of Jainism than other sects.

Vows of a monk

Every Digambara monk is required to follow 28 vows (vrats) compulsory.

 Fivefold regulation of activities (samiti)
 Control of speech - Not to criticise anyone.
 Control of thought
 Regulation of movement - To prevent killing of small living beings.
 Care in lifting things
 Examining food and drink before consuming.

References

Citations

Jainism
Squidward Tentacles is the main protagonist of the franchise with the same name. He is SpongeBob SquarePants's grumpy neighbor and coworker. He is a turquoise octopus. He lives in a moai. His moai is between SpongeBob SquarePants' pineapple house and Patrick Star's rock. Squidward gets annoyed by SpongeBob and Patrick having fun with each other. He later becomes friends with them and Mr. Krabs in his own franchise and helps SpongeBob SquarePants (as Molten SpongeBob) with getting revenge.

Squidward is not happy with his boring life. He always wants to be famous and well-known by everyone. He wants to show everyone about his talent as a musician or painter, even though he has no talent on either of them. He enjoys plays the clarinet. However, he has to work as a cashier at the Krusty Krab restaurant. Squidward hates working at the Krusty Krab, because he dislikes his greedy boss Mr. Krabs and is annoyed that he has to work with SpongeBob.

References
References

SpongeBob SquarePants characters
Anthromophic characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Afro-Asian or Blasian, means a person of mixed race. Black African and East Asian.

History

West Asia and Africa
Ethiopians went to South Arabia in the 2nd century and the 4th century. By 532 AD they had invaded Yemen. After this, many more Africans came to South Arabia as slaves; men were usually traded and the women were kept as servants for the Arab leaders. Mixed race children were more valuable in South Arabia. Two such children became Princes of the Abbassids. At this time, the Arabian army, known as the Sabaens, moved to Ethiopia. In Iraq, Bantu-speaking Africans were called Zanj. The large number of Zanj slaves working in bad conditions in Iraq lead to the famous Zanj Rebellion over fifteen years (869-883 AD). African rebels took over many of Iraq's cities forcing Arabs to flee to African nations such as Kenya, Somalia and Tanzania. Today someone of African and Arab descent is considered Afro-Arab.
A former slave by the name of Najah seized power in the 10th century and established the Banu Najah dynasty, the first royal Afro-Asian family.

South Asia 
As early as 1100 AD, African slaves were brought to India by Arab merchants in medieval times from the Bantu-speaking parts of eastern Africa. These Africans became known as Siddi or Habshi, Arabic word meaning Black African. Today, marriage has made the Siddi population in India much smaller. Someone of Indian and African background is considered an Indo-African. In South Asia, there are over 15,000 individuals who identify as Afro-Asian.

United States 

In 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. could no longer be with their wives who stayed behind in China. Because White Americans looked at Chinese labor workers as stealing jobs, they were treated badly. Many Chinese men settled in black communities and in turn married black women.
Tiger Woods, a famous golf player, is of white, black, Native American, Chinese and Thai descent; his mother being half Thai and his father being half African-American. R&B singer Amerie is another famous Afro-Asian-American, with her mother Korean and her father being black. Hines Ward, an NFL football player who currently plays for the Pittsburgh Steelers, is also an Afro-Asian.

As of the census of 2000, there were 106,782 Afro-Asian individuals in the United States.

The West Indies

In the 1860s, Chinese people were imported for labor and trade. It became more common for a Chinese man to marry a black woman since there was more black women than Chinese women. According to the 1946 Census, 12,394 Chinese were located between Jamaica and Trinidad. 5,515 of those who lived in Jamaica were Chinese-Jamaican and another 3,673 were Chinese-Trinidadians living in Trinidad. In Guyana and Haiti, there is also a very small percentage within the minority who are of Asian descent.
Haitian painter Edouard Wah was born to a Haitian mother and Chinese father.

United Kingdom
The UK has a large mixed race population, which is about 1.4% of the population (or around 850,000 people). The largest groups are mixed Whites and Black and mixed Whites and Asians. However, there are over 70,000 UK citizens that are mixed race and do not fit the above descriptions, a large percentage of these are Afro-Asian. Famous Afro-Asian Britons include Naomi Campbell, David Jordan.

References

 John Middleton, The World of the Swahili.
 James de V. Allen, Swahili Origins.
 Agehananda Bharati, The Asians in East Africa: Jayhind and Uhuru.
 "The Indian Diaspora" at the UCLA Manas project

Other websites 
 Blasians.com - Providing a Voice for Black Asians Online
  

Ethnic groups
Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (; 24 December 179826 November 1855) was a heavily influential national Polish Romantic poet, generally regarded as the greatest figure in Polish literature, especially known for his epic poem Pan Tadeusz. At the later phase of his life he was also a political activist, an ideologue and a Messianic philosopher who lectured Slavic languages at Collège de France.

Life

Early years
Adam Mickiewicz was born on 24 December 1798, either at his paternal uncle's estate in Zaosie (now Zavosse) near Navahrudak (in Polish, Nowogródek) or in Navahrudak itself in what was then part of the Russian Empire and is now Belarus.

Works
In many literary critics' opinion, Mickiewicz is among the most important writers such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, George Byron and Homer.

::::Lithuania, my country! You are as good health:
How much one should prize you, he only can tell
Who has lost you.

Notes

Further reading

Other websites
1798 births
1855 deaths
Polish poets
Belarusian writers
Freemasons
History of Poland
Lithuanian writers
Polish Roman Catholics
Polish essayists
Polish philosophers
Polish playwrights
Polish translators
Political writers
Publishers
Deaths from cholera
Academics of the Collège de France
Altaic is a language system that includes the Turkic languages, Mongolic, and the Tungusic languages. That is probably the meaning attributed to "Altaic" by most general linguists. 

It has disputed language families, but only a few linguists still believe that it existed. It supposedly had 66 languages that are now spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia.

However, since the publication of Gustaf John Ramstedt's Einführung in 1952–1957, most Altaicists have included Korean in Altaic. Since the publication of Roy Andrew Miller's Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages in 1971, some also included Japanese (Nicholas Poppe) or Japonic, consisting of Japanese and Ryukyuan.

A few linguists (such as (Street 1962)) even count Ainu with the Altaic languages but as part of a node including Korean and Japanese, in contrast to a Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic node, with Korean-Japanese-Ainu and Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic, in turn, forming a higher-level node.
The core version of Altaic, consisting of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic, is sometimes referred to as "Micro-Altaic," and the expanded version, including Korean and sometimes Japanese, is referred to as "Macro-Altaic," but even the core version is very controversial.

References

Other websites 
 Altaic family tree Ethnologue
 Altaic languages  MSN Encarta
 Monumenta altaica Altaic linguistics website
 Altaic etymology section in StarLing databases
 Defense of Altaic  by Alexis Manaster Ramer (1994)

Languages
The Mongolian language (, Mongol kele, Cyrillic: Монгол хэл, Mongol khel) is the best-known member of the Mongolic language family and the language of most of the residents of Mongolia, where it is officially written with the Cyrillic alphabet and of around three million Mongolian speakers in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, where it is officially written with the traditional Mongolian script. It is also spoken in some areas in the Russian Far East and Kyrgyzstan. The majority of speakers in Mongolia speak the Khalkha (or Halh) dialect, while those in China speak one of many Inner Mongolian dialects.

References 

 Janhunen, Juha (ed.) (2003): The Mongolic languages. London: Routledge.

Other websites 

 Ethnologue report for Khalkha Mongolian
 Lingua Mongolia  Information on classical Mongolian, including an online dictionary
 Omniglot - Mongolian Alphabets
 Mongolian bilingual dictionaries