Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Carl Gustav Jung (26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and writer. He created many theories and ideas that are still used in psychology today. Psychology is the science of how people think and feel. His kind of psychology was called analytical psychology or Jungian Analysis.

Jung worked for about seven years with Sigmund Freud early in his career, but they argued over a theory and from 1913 went their separate ways. This was because they disagreed about what motivated people and how to understand psychology.

Jung is famous for many things that he did for psychology. The work he did was important for measuring what kind of personality people have. The test called the Myers Briggs Type Indicator is based on his ideas. He is also famous because of his ideas about the ancients - people from many years ago.
Jung spent his life learning from observation and read exceptionally widely subjects as different as philosophy, science, anthropology, religion, literature, art and historical books relating to alchemy and the occult. He thought he could learn important things about psychology from them. He investigated them to find out what symbols they contained and how ancient people tried to make sense of the world around them. Alchemy is considered a precursor of modern chemistry.

He wrote in academic German, for doctors, psychologists and many other educated people. Most people who study Jung start with the book Man and His Symbols. It was written by colleagues of Jung so that people would be able understand him. Another useful introduction to his work is his Biography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, written mostly by his secretary, Mrs Aniela Jaffe, and to which he contributed three or four chapters.
Jung also created important terms called collective unconscious, archetypes, extraversion (outer world) and introversion (internal world).   

Jung died a widower in his mid-eighties in Kusnacht, Canton of Zurich Switzerland.

Biography 
Carl Gustav Jung was born on 26 July 1875 in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau.

In popular culture 

 The American rock band Tool was influenced by ideas of Jung for their album Ænima.
 The Lighthouse (2019) by American movie director Robert Eggers has many references to Jung.

Works 
Jung, C. G. 1953. Psychiatric Studies. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung Vol. 1. 1953, ed. Michael Fordham, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, and Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen. This was the first of 18 volumes plus separate bibliography and index. Not including revisions the set was completed in 1967.

Legacy
Jung's work also inspired modern psychiatrist Bernard D. Beitman on the subject of coincidences, including synchronicity and related topics in the field.

References
References 

1875 births
1961 deaths
Psychiatrists
Psychoanalysts from Europe
Swiss psychologists
Swiss physicians
Arbon District‎
People from Thurgau‎
Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer. He wrote horror stories and poems.

Early life 

Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809. His parents were two touring vaudeville actors, David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins. David left the family under unknown circumstances while Poe was an infant. When Poe was two his mother died of tuberculosis, leaving Edgar an orphan. The wealthy John Allan took Edgar into his home in Richmond, Virginia. In 1815, the Allan family moved to England. Young Poe went to an English private school. After five years, the family moved back to Richmond, Virginia.

After moving back to Virginia, Poe entered the University of Virginia in 1826. While there, he gambled, lost money, and went into debt. John Allan became angry, and cut off all contact with Poe. In 1827, Poe published his first work, a collection of poetry titled, Tamerlane and Other Poems. Poe did not have his name published in the book; it was attributed to "a Bostonian."
Military life 
Poe enlisted in the army. He used the name Edgar A. Perry and lied about his age. He was successful as a soldier and quickly became a sergeant major. While in the army his foster-mother Frances Allan died. Poe attempted to mend his relationship with John Allan. Poe soon left the army and enrolled at West Point in New York state.

Poe did not enjoy his time at West Point and got very bored. He was expelled in March 1831. At this point, John Allan disowned him. Poe was well-liked by other cadets. They contributed money to pay for Poe to publish a book of his poems called Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems. He soon moved to Baltimore, Maryland.

Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York 
In Baltimore, Poe lived with his aunt, Maria Poe Clemm. She was the sister of Edgar's real father. Clemm also had a daughter named Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe. Virginia admired Poe very much. In 1836, when Virginia was thirteen, she and Poe married.
Poe was writing a lot by this time. He sold his first short story in 1832. His writing did not earn very much money. He also worked as an editor for various magazines over the years, becoming very well known for his literary criticism. Poe also was drinking off and on during these years.

In 1842, while Poe was living with Clemm and Virginia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Virginia became sick with tuberculosis. The family moved to New York City. They later settled in The Bronx. On 29 January 1845, Poe published his most famous poem, "The Raven", making him very popular. Virginia died a few years later, on 30 January 1847, due to pulmonary tuberculosis. Poe was devastated  after her death.
Death 
On September 27, 1849, Poe left Richmond after a short visit. It is not known what happened to him until October 3; On that day, he was discovered outside of Gunner's Hall by Joseph W. Walker in Baltimore. He was taken to Washington College Hospital. While in the hospital. he became delirious and started seeing hallucinations. He died on October 7, 1849, in the hospital. It is not known what his cause of death was. There are several possible theories. They include congestion of the brain, alcoholism withdrawal, tuberculosis and rabies.

Poe was buried in the grounds of the Westminster Church and Burying Ground after a small funeral with only a few people. On May 17, 1875, Poe was reburied at the front of the churchyard after a city-wide campaign to raise money to build a large monument. He is buried there alongside his wife Virginia, and Virginia's mother Maria Clemm.

Selected works
Short stories 
 "Berenice" (1835) Horror story about obsession
 "The Black Cat" (1845) Horror story about a cat
 "The Cask of Amontillado" (1846) A story of revenge
 "A Descent Into The Maelström" (1845) Man vs. Nature, Adventure Story
 "Eleonora" (1841) A love story
 "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" (1845) Talking with a dead man
 "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839) An old house and its secrets
 "The Gold Bug" (1843) A search for pirate treasure
 "Hop-Frog" (1845) A dwarf seeks revenge
 "The Imp of the Perverse" (1845) Procrastination and confession
 "Ligeia" (1838) A haunting supernatural tale
 "The Man of the Crowd" (1845) How to follow someone
 "Manuscript Found in a Bottle" (1833) Adventure at sea
 "The Masque of the Red Death" (1842) The horror of the plague
 "Mesmeric Revelation" (1849) Conversation with a hypnotized dying man
 "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841) A detective story
 "Never Bet the Devil Your Head" (1841) A comedy with a moral
"The Oval Portrait" (1842) A tragic love story
 "The Pit and the Pendulum" (1842) A torture chamber
 "The Premature Burial" (1844) About being buried alive
 "The Purloined Letter" (1845) A detective story
 "Silence - A Fable" (1838) A dream
 "Some Words With a Mummy" (1845) A mummy speaks
 "The Spectacles" (1844) A comedy about love at first sight
 "The System of Dr. Tarr and Prof. Fether" (1845) Inside an insane asylum
 "The Tell-Tale Heart" (1843) A murderer's guilt
 "William Wilson" (1839) A doppelganger story
Poems  
 "The Conqueror Worm"
 "The Raven"
 "To Helen"
 "The Bells"
 "Annabel Lee"
 "A Dream Within A Dream"
 "To Ulalume: A Ballad"
 "For Annie"

Related pages
 Lycée Edgar-Poe

Other websites 

 Poe's resting place
 Poe's life, poems, works 
 Poe Museum 
 Best Edgar Allan Poe Poems

1809 births
1849 deaths
19th-century American poets
 
Unexplained deaths
Writers from Baltimore
Writers from Virginia
People from the Bronx
Fred Astaire, born Frederick Austerlitz (10 May 1899 – 22 June 1987), was an American dancer,
actor, singer, choreographer and
presenter. He was the most famous stage, movie and television dancer of his day.

Life
Astaire started dancing on the stage with his sister Adèle, and when she married he started a movie partnership with Ginger Rogers. After that, he danced with a succession of talented American dancers on movie and on television. He appeared in 32 movies. His movie partners included Eleanor Powell, Ann Miller, Vera-Ellen, Cyd Charisse: all high-class dancers, and on TV with Barrie Chase. Their An evening with Fred Astaire won nine Emmy Awards in 1958.

Many male dancers of the 20th century were influenced by him, and said so. He owed a lot to the choreography of Hermes Pan, but even more to his own perfectionism and relentless practice.
Astaire was also an excellent actor, and a successful, though personally modest, singer. He introduced some of the most celebrated songs from the Great American Songbook. He married Phyllis Potter in 1933; they had two children. After her death, he remarried in 1980 to Robyn Smith, a female jockey 45 years his junior.

Sources

Astaire, Fred. Steps in Time, 1959, 
Billman, Larry. Fred Astaire — a bio-bibliography, Greenwood Press 1997, 
Freeland, Michael. Fred Astaire: an illustrated biography, Grosset & Dunlap, 1976. 
Thomas, Bob. Astaire, the man, the dancer. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1985.

Other websites
Other websites 

 (Astaire is the first biographical entry in the IMDB database.)
Fred Astaire biography at Allmovie Guide
 Fred Astaire tribute site. 
Fred Astaire biography at AlsoDances.Net 
Time.com: The Great American Flyer   Fred Astaire:1899-1987 
Time Magazine archive: Astaire essay by Richard Corliss 
Astaire's religious views incl. many extracts from his biographers 
Ava Astaire discusses her father's legacy. (BBC Television - Realplayer required)
Fred Astaire at Find-A-Grave
"He's in Heaven..." - In Memoriam Fred Astaire

1899 births
1987 deaths
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
American dancers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
Kennedy Center honorees
Singers from Nebraska
The Game Boy Advance, commonly abbreviated as GBA, is a 32-bit handheld video game console. It was manufactured by Nintendo. The predecessor to the Game Boy Advance was the Game Boy Color. The Game Boy Advance was eventually succeeded by the Nintendo DS in 2004.

The Game Boy Advance was released in Japan on March 21, 2001. Nintendo later released it in North America on June 11, 2001, in Australia on June 20, 2001, and in Europe on June 22, 2001.

Other models
Other models

Game Boy Advance SP
The Game Boy Advance SP (announced in 2002) is one of the two Game Boy Advance variations, first released in Japan on February 14, 2003, in Europe on March 23, 2003, in North America on March 28, 2003, and in Australia on April 10, 2003. It is similar to the original model, but it has a "clamshell" design, meaning that it can be folded to open and close which was later used in all the DS and 3DS models except the original 2DS. The Game Boy Advance SP has a rechargeable battery, and it does not run on two AA batteries. The Game Boy Advance SP has a backlit screen, meaning it has a bright screen (older versions of the GBA SP have a frontlit screen). Like its predecessor, it is backwards compatible with GB and GBC games.
Game Boy Micro
The Game Boy Micro is one of the two variations of the Game Boy Advance and is the last model in the Game Boy Line (alongside the AGS-101 model of the SP) announced at E3 2005. Development of the Micro began in 2004. It is smaller than most handhelds and is designed to fit inside coin pockets. It retains a rechargeable battery and backlit screen from the Game Boy Advance SP. The Game Boy Micro removed backwards compatibility with original Game Boy and Game Boy Color games as it is not compatible with accessories made for the GBA and SP. It also is incompatible with the Nintendo e-Reader. The Game Boy Micro also has a removable face plate for alternative designs. The Micro did not sell well as it was overshadowed by its successor, the Nintendo DS, which also plays GBA games.
Size: 50×101×17.2 mm (2×4×0.7 in)
Weight: 80 g (2.8 oz)
Processor: 32-bit 16.8 MHz ARM processor (ARM7TDMI)
Colors: various
Screen: 51 mm / 2 inches, backlit with adjustable brightness.
Resolution: 240×160 pixels
Battery: built-in rechargeable lithium-ion battery. It has up to five hours of battery life with top brightness and sound and eight hours with both features on default.
Headphones: standard 3.5mm headphone jack

The Game Boy Micro has a switch on its right side to make the volume lower or higher. If the player presses the L shoulder button, it can be used to adjust the backlit screen between 5 different brightness levels.

Gallery

References

Game Boy
Nintendo video game consoles
Amerie or Ameriie (born Amerie Mi Marie Rogers, married name Nicholson, January 12, 1980), is an American R&B singer.

Early life
Amerie was born to a South Korean mother and African American father. Her first language is Korean.

Personal life
In 2004, Amerie began dating her manager, Lenny Nicholson. On March 1, 2010, they were engaged. The couple married on June 25, 2011, in an oceanfront ceremony in Anguilla.

Albums 
 All I Have (2002) number 9 in US charts
 Touch (2005) number 5 in US charts; number 28 in UK charts
 Because I Love It (2007), number 7 in UK chart
 In Love & War (2009)

Singles 
 "Why Don't We Fall In Love" (with Ludacris) (2002) number 23 in US charts, number 40 in UK charts
 "Talkin' To Me" (2002) number 51 in US charts
 "Paradise" (LL Cool J with Amerie) (2002) number 36 in US charts, number 18 in UK charts (2003 release)
 "1 Thing" (2005) number 8 in US, number 4 in UK, number 9 in Canada.

References
References

1980 births
Living people
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Washington, D.C.
Singers from Massachusetts
Musicians from Massachusetts
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
Musicians from Alaska
Singers from Alaska
American movie actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American bloggers
Ben Stein (November 25, 1944) is an American attorney, writer, actor, comedian, and television personality.

He was a lawyer, then speech writer for Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He went into show business helping some liberal writers write accurate portrayals of conservatives for a television show. He soon turned to acting, landing his most famous role as a boring teacher in the movie Ferris Bueller's Day Off. He was also the main person in the 2008 movie Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. His nerdy appearance and dead-pan manner have made him a popular fixture on movies and TV till this day. From 1997 to 2003 he had his own game show, Win Ben Stein's Money. He also wrote many books and had articles that appeared in popular magazines and newspapers. He is also spokesperson for a product named "Clear Eyes".

References

Other websites 

 

1944 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American game show hosts
Actors from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Soft rock is subgenre of rock music. Some people find it lighter and more relaxing than rock and roll while some cannot stand it. Some singers and musicians who sing soft rock are: Bread, The Carpenters and Chicago.

Rock music
Angela Dorothea Merkel (born Angela Dorothea Kasner on 17 July 1954 in Hamburg) is a German politician, and was Chancellor of Germany from 22 November 2005 to 8 December 2021.

She was born in Hamburg, at the time part of West Germany, and grew up in the former German Democratic Republic, where she lived until the reuniting of Germany in 1990. Merkel is now married to Joachim Sauer, a professor of chemistry. From 2000 to 2018, she was the chairperson (was in charge of) the German conservative party, the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU).

Merkel became Germany's first female chancellor on 22 November 2005 in a coalition of the two biggest German political parties, the CDU/CSU and SPD. After the next election in 2009, she formed a coalition with the German liberal party FDP. After the 2013 and 2017 Federal Elections, she again emerged as chancellor of a coalition government.
Her father was a Lutheran pastor and her mother was a school teacher. Before becoming a politician, she worked as a researcher in Physical Chemistry. In December 2015, she was named as Time magazine's Person of the Year. 

In October 2018, Merkel announced her permanent retirement from politics, as she said she would not seek reelection as leader of the CDU at the party convention in December 2018 and as Chancellor in 2021. After this, another female politician, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, replaced her as CDU leader.

References 

 
1954 births
Living people
Chancellors of Germany
East German people
German chemists
German Lutherans
Government ministers of Germany
Members of the German Bundestag
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Time People of the Year
A Chinese dragon was the symbol of the Emperor of China. The dragon in the Qing Dynasty came out on national flags.

Dragons are often found in Chinese art and stories. Since people discovered dragons in Chinese art and stories, dragons are sometimes thought of as a symbol for China.

There are people inside Chinese dragons. Dragons are very popular in China.  The phoenix is a dragon that has five claws and was a powerful symbol for the emperors in China.

References 

Legendary creatures
National symbols of the People's Republic of China
Robert Selden Duvall (born January 5, 1931) is an American actor and director.  Duvall won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Tender Mercies (1983). He has also won the Screen Actors Guild Award, several Golden Globe Awards, and a BAFTA Award.

Early life 
Duvall was born in San Diego, California. His parents were Mildred Virginia Hart and William Howard Duvall. He studied at Severn School in Severna Park, Maryland and The Principia in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated, in 1953, from Principia College in Elsah, Illinois.

Career 
Duvall's career began in 1952. His first role was as Arthur "Boo" Radley in the 1962 movie To Kill A Mockingbird. He then appeared on Captain Newman, M.D. (1963).
He landed many of his most famous roles during the early 1970s, such as Major Frank Burns in the blockbuster comedy MASH (1970) and the lead role in THX 1138 (1971), as well as Horton Foote's adaptation of William Faulkner's Tomorrow (1972). This was followed by a series of critically lauded performances in commercially successful films.

Personal life 
Duvall's political views are variously described as libertarian or conservative.

Duvall was married to Barbara Benjamin from 1964 until they divorced in 1975. Then, he was married to Gail Youngs from 1982 through 1985. Then he was married to Sharon Brophy from 1991 through 1996. He has been married to Argentine actress Luciana Pedraza since 2005.

Duvall has no children. He lives in The Plains, Virginia.

Movies 
He has appeared in many other films including:
To Kill A Mockingbird (1962)
 M*A*S*H (1970)
 The Godfather (1972)
 Tomorrow (1972)
 Network (1976)
 Apocalypse Now (1979)
 True Confessions (1981)
 Colors (1988)
 The Apostle (1997)
 The Judge (2014)
 Widows (2018)

Legacy 
In 2015, at age 84, Duvall became the oldest person ever nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards, with a nomination for the movie The Judge.

References

Other websites 

 
 

Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Actors from San Diego, California
Actors from Virginia
Actors from Maryland
Actors from Illinois
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
Movie directors from California
Movie directors from Illinois
Republicans (United States)
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American activists
1931 births
Living people
Stevland Hardaway Judkins (born May 13, 1950)  known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist.

A child prodigy,Wonder became one of the most successful and well-known artists on the Motown label. He has recorded 23 albums and more than 30 U.S. top ten hits,such as Superstition, Sir Duke and I Just Called To Say Love You (which topped all the charts the board it faced). He has written and produced songs for many of his labelmates and other artists as well. His music, which concerns love, peace, care and knowledge about the outside world has won him 25 Grammy Awards(the most awarded to a male solo artist). Wonder plays the drums, guitar, synthesizers, congas, and most famously the piano, harmonica, and the keyboard. In 2009, United Nations dubbed him "Messenger of Peace".
Early life
He was born on May 13, 1950 at St. Mary's of Michigan Medical Center in Saginaw, Michigan. His real name is Stevland Hardaway Judkins but he later dropped the name Morris and it has been his name for his life.

He has been blind since shortly after his birth. While in the hospital his incubator was left too warm, which caused his retina to detach and resulted in severe optical nerve damage.
In 1961, Wonder sang his own composition , "Lonely Boy" for Smokey Robinson of The Miracles. This earned wonder his contract with Motown and he was mentored by Clarence Paul.Wonder's first album, The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie, was released by Motown Records in 1962 when Wonder was 12 years old. This album was to showcase Stevie's instrumental talents and contained to compositions that Wonder and Paul co-wrote - Session Number 112 and Wondering. He released his second album Tribute to Uncle Ray later that year, mostly covers of Ray Charles's songs including a fresh song, Sunset. These two albums were released in reverse order of recording and failed to gain recognition.Clarence, feeling a song was coming on set Mother Thank You for release as a single, which was pulled and replaced with I Call It Pretty Music But The Old People Call It The Blues. The song almost broke into the Billboard Hot 100, appearing at 101 before dropping out of sight
. The followups Little Water Boy and Contract on Love had no success, despite the latter appearing on the Uptight album. His first live album Recorded Live: The 12 Year Old Genius reached number one in the Billboard 200 and contained the  live two part single Fingertips, This made him the youngest musician ever to have a number one album in the United States and the youngest artist ever to top the chart.
In 1971, Wonder released the album Where I'm Coming From, an album he expected to see what was going wrong with the world (featured the single "If You Really Love Me". Around the same time his label mate, Marvin Gaye released a similar album, What's Going On,  which spawned three singles. The albums have been compared with Marvin's seen as successful, whereas Wonder's seen as "self-indulged, undistinguished, pretentious" and overall lacking in unity and flow. Wanting to become a more independent artist, Wonder allowed his old Motown contract to expire.
Wonder moved to a new studio and was taught synthesiser engineering. He then met Malcolm Cecil and Robert Margouleff who introduced him to an electric orchestra  known as TONTO (The Original New Timbral Orchestra) Around the time of its release the previous year, it garnered a lot of attention. On March 3, 1972 Wonder released a new album by the name of Music of My Mind, with all songs flowing together thematically. The album spawned the singles Superwoman and Keep On Running. The album was a success with critics finding it representative of his artistic growth. Although he was separate from Motown, he would still submit his albums to his old record label, Tamla. Cecil and Margouleff helped him engineer the TONTO synthesiser and so were listed as associate producers. This began Wonder's classical period and marked a long collaboration with TONTO's Expanding Head Band.
The albums that followed were Talking Book  and Innervisions, the latter winning album of the year in 1973. Wonder won his first four Grammy Awards in 1973. Two of the awards were for his single "Superstition" from Talking Book.  In 1974, Wonder's seventeenth album Fulfillingess' First Finale was released, also winning album of the year. It featured two number one singles, "Boogie on Reggae Woman", and "You Haven't Done Nothin", a hit which launched criticism against The Nixon Federation - funny enough, 2 days later, Richard Nixon resigned.   Wonder won another four Grammys for the album that year. It was Wonder's second number one album. Wonder's next album Songs in the Key of Life also reached number one. This was Wonder's most critically acclaimed album and the Library of Congress called it culturally, historically or aesthetically significant
. It spawned five singles , Sir Duke, a song explaining the pleasures of music, I Wish   wishing for childhood days to come back As a ballad of love which will last till The Impossible happens, Another Star a fast-paced Cuban style heartbreak ballad which featured on BBC's promotional video for the  2014 World Cup and Isn't She Lovely a song inspired by the birth Wonder's daughter, Aisha Morris.(Wonder would not release it as a single although instructed by a Motown executive to do so.) The former two songs reached No.1 on the Billboard charts.
In 1979, he released a soundtrack album, Journey Through The Secret Life Of Plants for a documentary The Secret Life Of Plants. The album used a computer melodian virtually throughout. The album contain the No.1 ballad Send One Your Love. The album had been called odd goofy nerdy and foolish. Wonder blamed Motown for not promoting the album  properly. In 1980, Wonder released Hotter Than July which included I Ain't Gonna stand For It, a country-style song about a man whose property has been repeatedly trespassed, Master Blaster (Jammin'), a reggae tune dedicated to Bob Marley, "Lately", a ballad and "Happy Birthday", a song in memory of Martin Luther King Jr used for Wonder's campaign to make Luther's birthday a national holiday. His next was a greatest hits album titled Original Musiquarium I featuring 4 new singles That Girl, Do I Do, Front Line and Ribbon in The Sky. In 1983, Wonder contributed Stay Gold to the drama The Outsiders. He then scheduled an album to be titled People Work, Human Play
. The album never surfaced and instead 1984 saw the release of his next soundtrack album The Woman in Red.It spawned the hit single "I Just Called to Say I Love You" which reached number one in all the countries with charts at the time, therefore becoming his bestselling record. It was Wonder's only number one in the UK. It was number one there for six weeks. In 1985 Wonder released  the digital album In Square Circle and featured on Dionne Warwick's single "That's What Friends Are For" with Elton John and Gladys Knight. It reached number one in the US. Wonder shared the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo Or Group With Vocal. In 1987 Wonder released the album Characters which featured hit singles "Skeletons" and "You Will Know", but was subject to mixed reception. Michael Jackson's album Bad was released. Wonder featured on the album's fifth song "Just Good Friends". In December 1987 Wonder released a single called "Get It", a duet with MJ in turn for Just Good Friends.
In 1991, Wonder's 3rd soundtrack album, Jungle Fever was released a month before the drama film of the same name. The album helped Wonder climb back into the Top Ten in album charting.

In 1995 Wonder released Conversation Peace. It was his first album that was not a soundtrack since 1987. One single, "For Your Love", was released from the album. It won 2 Grammy awards for Best R&B Male Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.

In 2005 Wonder released his first album in ten years, A Time to Love. Reviewers were upset with the fact it took ten years for him to release a new album with fresh material.  On June 25, 2011, Wonder performed at the opening ceremony of the 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games in Athens, Greece.

Wonder said in 2013 that he will release 2 new albums in 2014, and is making a third. The current working titles are Ten Billion Hearts, When The World Began and Gospel Inspired By Lula.

References

Other websites

Official website 
Stevie Wonder at The Songwriters Hall of Fame website
1950 births
Living people
People from Saginaw, Michigan
American activists
American pianists
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
American soul musicians
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Blind people
Grammy Award winners
Multi-instrumentalists
Singers from Michigan
20th-century American singers
Littleton is a community in Colorado, near Denver. It is most famous in 1999 because of the Columbine High School massacre at Columbine High School, which is not actually in the city of Littleton, but is in a ZIP code assigned to Littleton.

Cities in Colorado
County seats in Colorado
Motown is a famous record label founded in Detroit, Michigan in the late 1950s by Berry Gordy. It is known for signing many well-known rhythm and blues singers and groups. Some of the artists who sang on the label include:
 Smokey Robinson and the Miracles
 The Temptations
 The Supremes
 The Jackson 5
 The Four Tops
 Gladys Knight and the Pips
 Marvin Gaye
 The Isley Brothers
 Rick James

"Motown" can also refer to the city of Detroit itself, or to the genre of music made by artists like those listed above.

Other websites

1959 establishments in the United States
American record labels
Detroit
Music genres
1950s establishments in Michigan
Events 
 September 11 - Swami Vivekananda began his first conference in Parliament of World's Religions

Births 
 June 29 – Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer
 July 30 – Fatimah Jinnah, Pakistani Mother of the Nation.
 August 17 – Mae West

Hit Songs 
 "Happy Birthday to You"
 "The Cat Came Back"
Mustelids are a family of carnivorous mammals. They are the family Mustelidae, in the order Carnivora.

They are the largest family of mammals. They are diverse, from weasels who eat mice to wolverines that can kill prey much larger than themselves. Mustelids live in many habitats: otters for example, live mostly in the water, while one species of weasel lives in the Arctic.

One kind of mustelid, the ferret, has been tamed and used for hunting for a long time. These days it is mostly kept as a pet. Because the ferret looks a bit like a rat that has been stretched out in the middle, it is sometimes called a tube rat.

These are other well-known animals from the mustelid family.

 Ferrets
 Badgers
 Ratels (or Honey badgers)
 Martens
 Minks
 Polecats
 Sables
 Stoats
 Otters

They can be thought of as two subfamilies, the Lutrinae (the otters), and the Mustelinae (the rest)
Vanilla Ninja is a music group made up of four girls named Lenna Kuurmaa, Katrin Siska, Piret Järvis. Previous members are Triinu Kivilaan & Maarja Kivi.
The band has had some popular songs in Europe and they were in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005.

Discography 
 All released singles and their chart peak position: Estonia (EST), Germany (GER), Austria (AUT), Switzerland (SWI), Poland (POL), and Finland (FIN).

Albums

Singles

Music videos

DVDs 
 2004 - Traces of Sadness (Live in Estonia)
 2005 - Best Of: The Video Collection

Band members

Current 
 Lenna Kuurmaa – vocals, guitar
 Katrin Siska – keyboard, vocals
 Piret Järvis – guitar, vocals

Former 
 Maarja Kivi – vocals, bass (2002 - 2004)
 Triinu Kivilaan – bass, vocals (2004 - 2005)

Other websites
Other websites 

 Vanilla Ninja Official Estonian Website 
 Vanilla Ninja Official Latinoamerican Website 
 Vanilla Ninja Fansite in English 
 Vanilla Ninja Portaal 
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Events 
 January 1 – Ole Pedersen Hoiland breaks into the Bank of Norway and steals 64.000 dalers (Swedish dollars)
 January 30 – Unsuccessful assassination attempt against President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol – first assassination attempt against a President of the United States.
 February 20 – Concepción, Chile is destroyed by an earthquake
 March 2 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.
 April 18 – Lord Melbourne becomes the new British Prime Minister.
 May 5 – In Belgium a railroad opens from Brussels to Mechelen. It is the first railway in continental Europe.
 May 6 – James Gordon Bennett, Sr. makes the first issue of the New York Herald.
 July 4 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad finishes the Thomas Viaduct, at the time the longest bridge in the United States, and the second longest in the world. (London Bridge was the longest in the world at the time)
 September 7 – Charles Darwin gets to the Galapagos Islands aboard HMS Beagle.
October 2 – Texas Revolution begins: Battle of Gonzales – Mexican soldiers try to get the people of Gonzales, Texas to give up their weapons, but the Texans fight back
 December 9 – The Army of the Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.
 December 16 – Fire in New York City destroys 530 buildings
 December 19 – Toledo Blade newspaper begins publishing.
 December 28 – Seminole fighter Osceola and his warriors attack U.S. government agent Thompson outside Fort King in Central Florida, starting the Second Seminole War.
 The State of Ohio and the Michigan Territory fight the Toledo War over the city of Toledo and the Toledo Strip.
 De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestum, Copernicus' book on the motion of the Earth, is removed from the Index of Prohibited Books.
 Samuel Colt patents the first revolver
 Civil war erupts in Uruguay between supporters of Blanco and Colorado parties
 The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.
 The French word for their language changes to français, from françois
Art, music, theatre, and literature 
 May 8 – Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first four fairy tales
 June 2 – P.T. Barnum and his circus begin their first tour of the United States
 September 26 – Donizetti's opera Lucia di Lammermoor is performed for the first time

Births 
 March 15 – Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (d. 1916)
 April 9 – King Léopold II of Belgium (d. 1909)
 June 2 – Pope Pius X (d. 1914)
 October 23 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (d. 1914)
 November 25 – Andrew Carnegie, American industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1919)
 November 30 – Mark Twain, American writer and humorist (d. 1910)

Deaths 
 March 2 – Emperor Francis I of Austria (b. 1768)
 April 21 – Samuel Slater, American industrialist (b. 1768)
 May 13 – John Nash, English architect (b. 1752)
 June 18 – William Cobbett, English journalist and writer (b. 1763)
 July 28 – Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, French marshal (b. 1768)
 September 23 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (b. 1801)
Haile Selassie I ( born Tafari Makonnen July 23, 1892 - August 27, 1975) was the Emperor of Ethiopia from April 2, 1930 to September 12, 1974. He was Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia from 1916 to 1930, when he was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia as one of the Solomonid dynasty. He fought against Italy, shortly before World War II. He was one of the founding fathers of the League of Nations and the United Nations and the 8th person to be recognized the Time Person of the Year. 

Tafari was made into local governor of Sidamo in 1907 and Harar in 1911. In Harar, he had a huge following, but he agreed not to remove Lij Iyasu from power as regent in exchange for Iyasu not removing him as governor of Harer. However, Iyasu became a Muslim and broke his agreement by trying to remove Tafari as governor. Tafari said that he now did have to keep the agreement and so he removed Iyasu as regent.
Because Iyasu was a Muslim, the nobles replaced him with Empress Zauditu on September 27, 1916 and made Tafari regent. From to then on, Tafari controlled Ethiopia. He was made negus (king) in 1928 and was crowned "Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God" on November 2, 1930. His coronation was given widespread publicity throughout the world, especially in two TIME Magazine articles. The publicity created interest on the faraway island of Jamaica, where a belief in his divinity (Godliness) soon arose because of his titles, and he was seen as a symbol of black liberation.
In 1936, he left Ethiopia after an invasion by Benito Mussolini's Italy. The Emperor gave a speech at the League of Nations that asked the world to stop the Italians, but it failed to act. With the help of the British in World War II, he returned to Ethiopia in 1941. In 1963, the Emperor did everything he could to help start the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), with its headquarters in Addis Ababa. In 1966, he visited Jamaica, where he met the Rastafarian community of Jamaica.

On September 12, 1974, he was overthrown by a Marxist coup. He was said to have died of natural causes in August 1975, but evidence later showed that he had been murdered. However, many Rastafarians claim that he is still alive.
Haile Selassie contributed Ethiopian troops to the United Nations operation in the Congo peacekeeping force during the 1960 Congo Crisis to preserve Congolese integrity, according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 143. On 13 December 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit to Brazil, his Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Guard) forces staged an unsuccessful coup and briefly proclaimed Haile Selassie's eldest son, Asfa Wossen, as emperor. The regular army and police forces crushed the coup attempt since it lacked broad popular support; was denounced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; and was unpopular with the army, the air force, and thr police. The effort to depose the Emperor, however, had support among students and the educated classes. The coup attempt has been characterized as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, when Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the people's consent"
. Student populations began to empathise with the peasantry and the poor and advocate on their behalf. The coup spurred Haile Selassie to accelerate reform, which was manifested in the form of land grants to military and police officials.
A UN plebiscite voted 46 to 10 to have Eritrea be federated with Ethiopia, which was later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V). Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and be represented in what had been the Ethiopian PA, which would become the federal parliament. Haile Selassie would have none of the European attempts to draft a separate constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and he wanted his own 1955 Constitution protecting families to apply to both Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961, the 30-year Eritrean Struggle for Independence began, followed by Haile Selassie's dissolution of the federation and shutting down of the Eritrean Parliament.

In September 1961, Haile Selassie attended the Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. That is considered to be the founding conference of the Non-Aligned Movement.
In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the Eritrean War of Independence. The emperor declared Eritrea the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962. The war would continue for 30 years. Haile Selassie and then the Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him attempted to retain Eritrea by force.

In 1963, Haile Selassie presided over the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the precursor of the today's African Union (AU). The new organization would establish its headquarters in Addis Ababa. In May that year, Haile Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Along with Modibo Keïta of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between Morocco and Algeria. In 1964, Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the United States of Africa, a proposition later taken up by Muammar Gaddafi.
In 1966, Haile Selassie attempted to replace the historical tax system with a single progressive income tax, which would significantly weaken the nobility, which had previously avoided paying most of their taxes. Even with alterations, the law led to a revolt in Gojjam, which was repressed although enforcement of the tax was abandoned. Having achieved its design in undermining the tax, the revolt encouraged other landowners to defy Haile Selassie.

A parade in honoir of Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I, turns onto Pennsylvania Avenue from New York Avenue; crowds line the street. Washington, D.C 1963
While he had fully approved and assured Ethiopia's participation in UN-approved collective security operations, including Korea and Congo, Haile Selassie drew a distinction between it and the non-UN-approved foreign intervention in Indochina, consistently deplored it as needless suffering and called for the Vietnam War to end on several occasions. At the same time, he remained open toward the United States and praised it for making progress with civil rights legislation in the 1950s and the 1960s. He visited the US several times during those years.

Titles and styles 
Main article: List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie
23 July 1892 – 1 November 1905: Lij Tafari Makonnen
 1 November 1905 – 11 February 1917: Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen
 11 February 1917 – 7 October 1928: Le'ul-Ras Tafari Makonnen
 7 October 1928 – 2 November 1930: Negus Tafari Makonnen
 2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974: His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings, Lord of Lords, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God and Light of the Universe.
 134th Christian ruler of Ethiopia ?
 On 21 January 1965, Haile Selassie I was venerated with the title of "Defender of the Faith" by the Patriarchs of the Oriental Orthodox Churches of the World.

National orders 

 Chief Commander of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia (1909)
 Grand Collar of the Order of Solomon (1930)
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seal of Solomon
 Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Queen of Sheba
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)
 Grand Cordon of the Order of Menelik II
 Order of Fidelity

References
References 

1892 births
1975 deaths
Rastafari
Time People of the Year
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Emperors of Ethiopia
Ethiopia (,  , , , Oromo: Itiyophiyaa, , Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ) is a country in the Horn of Africa. It has one of the longest and most well known histories as a country in Africa and the world. Ethiopia was one of the few countries in Africa that escaped the Scramble for Africa. It avoided being colonized until 1935, when it was invaded by the Italians under Benito Mussolini, who took over the country for a brief time. Ethiopia used to be called Abyssinia. The word "Ethiopia" is from the Greek word Αἰθιοπία (IPA: /ˌaitʰioˈpia/) meaning sun light burned face. It is the most populous landlocked country in the world. It  lost its Red Sea ports when Eritrea gained independence in 1993.
History 
The idea of an Ethiopian nation became important  with the Kingdom of Aksum in the 4th century A.D. The Aksumite Kingdom was a mainly Christian state that at its biggest controlled what is now the Ethiopian Highlands, Eritrea, and the coastal regions of Southern Arabia.  The Aksumite Kingdom was responsible for the development of the religious movement that became the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. However, the expansion of Islam in the 7th century caused the decline of the Aksumite Kingdom, and most of the lowland populations converted to Islam, while the highland people remained Christian. Since the Aksumite people became divided between Christian highlands and Islamic lowlands, religious and tribal tensions and rivalries between the people intensified. The Aksumite society changed into a loose confederation of city-states that maintained traditions and languages influenced by Aksum.
After the fall of Aksum due to declining sea trade from fierce competition by Muslims and changing climate, the power base of the kingdom migrated south and shifted its capital to Kubar (near Agew). They moved southwards because, even though the Axumite Kingdom welcomed and protected the companions of Prophet Muhammad to Ethiopia, who came as refugees to escape the persecution of the ruling families of Mecca and earned the friendship and respect of the Prophet. Their friendship deteriorated when South-Arabians invaded the Dahlak islands through the port of Adulis and destroyed it, which was the economic backbone for the prosperous Aksumite Kingdom. After a second golden age in the early 6th century the Aksumite empire began to decline in the mid 6th century, eventually ceasing its production of coins in the early 7th century. Around this same time, the Aksumite population was forced to go farther inland to the highlands for protection, abandoning Aksum as the capital
. Arab writers of the time continued to describe Ethiopia (no longer referred to as Aksum) as an extensive and powerful state, though they had lost control of most of the coast and their tributaries. While land was lost in the north, it was gained in the south; and, though Ethiopia was no longer an economic power, it still attracted Arab merchants. The capital was moved to a new location, currently unknown, though it may have been called Ku'bar or Jarmi.
Local history holds that, around 960, a Jewish Queen named Yodit (Judith) or "Gudit" defeated the empire and burned its churches and literature. While there is evidence of churches being burned and an invasion around this time, her existence has been questioned by some western authors. Another possibility is that the Aksumite power was ended by a southern pagan queen named Bani al-Hamwiyah, possibly of the tribe al-Damutah or Damoti of the Sidama people. It is clear from contemporary sources that a female usurper did indeed rule the country at this time, and that her reign ended some time before 1003. After a short Dark Age, the Aksumite Empire was succeeded by the Agaw Zagwe dynasty in the 11th or 12th century (most likely around 1137), although limited in size and scope. However, Yekuno Amlak, who killed the last Zagwe king and founded the modern Solomonic dynasty around 1270 traced his ancestry and his right to rule from the last emperor of Aksum, Dil Na'od
. It should be mentioned that the end of the Aksumite Empire didn't mean the end of Aksumite culture and traditions; for example, the architecture of the Zagwe dynasty at Lalibela and Yemrehana Krestos Church shows heavy Aksumite influence.
Fearing of what recently occurred, Axum shifted its capital near Agew In the middle of the sixteenth century Adal Sultanate armies led by Harar leader Ahmed Gragn invaded the Ethiopian Highlands in what is known as the "Conquest of Habasha". Following Gragn invasions the southern part of the Empire was lost to Ethiopia and scattered several groups like the Gurage people were cut off from the rest of Abyssinia. In the late sixteenth century the nomadic Oromo people penetrated the Abyssinian plains occupying large territories during the Oromo migrations. Abyssinian warlords often competed with each other for dominance of the realm. The Amharas seemed to gain the upper hand with the accession of Yekuno Amlak of Ancient Bete Amhara in 1270, after defeating the Agaw lords of Lasta.