Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
When a woman sees a doctor because she has fluid coming out of her vagina, the doctor might test the woman for bacteria pathogens.  Pathogens can grow too fast.  They can grow faster than the normal and healthy vaginal microbiota.  An infection can make fluid come out of the vagina.  This is called vaginal discharge.  A good and healthy bacteria that keeps the vagina free from sickness is called Lactobacillus.  There other good bacteria that keep the vagina healthy.  Some of their names are: Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, and Actinomyces.

If a woman catches a sexually transmitted disease, it will change the vaginal microbiota.  The healthy vaginal microbiota can not stop or cure a sexually transmitted infection.

Related pages 
Vagina

References

Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
Bacteria
Alexander Jerome Gould (born May 4, 1994) is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for voicing Nemo in Finding Nemo, Twitch in How to Eat Fried Worms and Shane Botwin in Weeds.

Early life
He was born in Los Angeles, California on May 4, 1994. His parents are Tom Gould and Valerie Gould. He has two sisters, Emma Gould, and Kelly Gould. Both are also actors. Gould has been an actor since the age of two. He had roles in the Television Series' Malcolm in the Middle and Ally McBeal. He voiced the title character, Nemo, in the animated movie Finding Nemo. He also starred in How to Eat Fried Worms. He received a Young Artist Award for each.  He won his third Young Artist Award in the Showtime series Weeds.

References

Other websites

1994 births
Living people
American child actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Fernando de Araújo (26 February 1963 – 2 June 2015) was an East Timorese politician. He was the President of the National Parliament from 8 August 2007 until 30 July 2012. He also served as the acting President of East Timor from 13 February until 17 April 2008.

Araújo was born in Manutaci, Ainaro District, in what was then Portuguese Timor. At the age of 12, he witnessed all 18 members of his family massacred by the Indonesian Army. He studied literature in Bali, Indonesia. He was married to Jacqueline Aquino Siapno of Dagupan City, Philippines.

Araújo died from a cerebral infarction on 2 June 2015 in Dili, aged 52.

References

1963 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from cerebral infarction
Presidents of East Timor
Kirill Vladimirovich Pokrovsky (; 25 March 1962 – 1 June 2015) was a Russian composer and performer. He wrote the soundtrack for the Divinity series of video games produced by Larian Studios. He was born in Moscow.

Pokrovsky died on 1 June 2015 in Belgium, aged 53.

References

Other websites
 

1962 births
2015 deaths
Musicians from Moscow
Russian composers
Russian singers
Michael "Slim" Richey (February 11, 1938 – May 31, 2015) was an American guitarist, fiddle player, bandleader and publisher. He was known for his long white beard and electric guitar style on jazz, swing and country music. He called himself "the most dangerous guitar player in Texas". He began his career in 1960 and worked with artists such as Kat Edmonson, the Jazz Pharoahs, and the Jitterbug Vipers. He was born in Austin, Texas.

Richey died from lymphoma on May 31, 2015 in Austin, aged 77.

References

1938 births
2015 deaths
Country musicians from Texas
American country guitarists
American jazz musicians
Cancer deaths in Texas
Deaths from lymphoma
American fiddlers
Musicians from Austin, Texas
Gerald Götting (9 June 1923 – 19 May 2015) was a German politician. He was the East German President of the People's Chamber from 12 May 1969 until 29 October 1976.

Götting was born in Nietleben, Province of Saxony, now part of Halle, Saxony-Anhalt. During World War II, he served in the Reichsarbeitsdienst and later in the Wehrmacht. He was briefly held as a prisoner of war by U.S. forces in 1945.

Götting died after a long illness on 19 May 2015 in Berlin, aged 91.

References

1923 births
2015 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Germany
German military personnel of World War II
Members of the Volkskammer
People from Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
Politicians from Saxony-Anhalt
Alan Bond (22 April 1938 – 5 June 2015) was a British-born Australian businessman.

Bond was known for his role in the WA Inc scandals of the 1980s. He was also known for bankrolling challenges for the yachting trophy the America's Cup. Because of this he won the Australian of the Year in 1978, along with Galarrwuy Yunupingu. He finally won the trophy in 1983, which had been held by the New York Yacht Club since 1851. In 1987, he paid $1 billion for the Nine television network from Kerry Packer's PBL, before selling the network back to PBL in 1990 for $250 million. In 1997, he was sentenced to seven years in prison for fraud, and was released in 2000.

Bond was born in Hammersmith, London, England. He moved to Western Australia in 1950 at the age of 12. He was married to Eileen Hughes from 1955 until their divorce in 1992. He was later married to Diana Bliss from 1995 until her suicide in 2012. He had  four children.
Bond suffered issues after open heart surgery and was put into an induced coma on 2 June 2015 at a Perth hospital. Bond died on 5 June 2015 after surgical complications at the age of 77.

References

1938 births
2015 deaths
Australian businesspeople
Australian Roman Catholics
Australian criminals
Australian of the Year Award winners
Fraudsters
Order of Australia
People from Perth, Western Australia
Australian sailors
William Richard "Bill" Shorten (born 12 May 1967) is an Australian politician. He was the Leader of the Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition from 13 October 2013 to 30 May 2019.

Shorten was born in Melbourne, Victoria. He is of English and Irish ancestry. He has been married twice and has a daughter. He is a Catholic.

Shorten lost to become Prime Minister of Australia in the 2016 federal election to Malcolm Turnbull and again in the 2019 election to Scott Morrison. After his 2019 defeat, Shorten said he would step down as party leader. He was replaced by Anthony Albanese.

In June 2022, Shorten became Minister for Government Services and Minister for the National Disability Insurance Scheme in the Albanese government.

References

Other websites

 

1967 births
Living people
Australian lawyers
Government ministers of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate
Politicians from Melbourne
The Bashi Channel is a waterway between Taiwan and the Philippines. It is part of the Luzon Strait in the Pacific Ocean. It lies between Y'Ami Island of the Philippines and Orchid Island of Taiwan. The Philippines call Orchrid Island Botel Tobago. Many undersea cables use this channel. It is also important for military operations. Both Taiwan and the Philippines say the channel belongs to them.

Geography of Taiwan
Geography of the Philippines
An Undersea cable or Submarine communications cable is a cable that is laid in the sea or in waterways. Usually such cables either carry electricity or they are used for telecommunication. Cables longer than about  use direct current, because the loss is too big with alternating current. Such cables are also built in a very rugged way.

Technology
The main story is about four boys on a swim team. The boys were on a swim team together in elementary and middle school and were split up before high school. Two of the boys, Haruka Nanase and Makoto Tachibana were reunited by fate to both attend Iwatobi High School. Luckily for them, when the new arrival of first years came, the third member from their original swim team Nagisa Hazuki also arrived to Iwatobi High School. Haruka and Makoto were astonished to be reunited with another friend of theirs, however something was missing. The final member to their childhood swim team, Rin Matsouka. Rin had been studying abroad in Australia and recently came back to Japan to go to high school at Samezuka Academy. When Haruka, Makoto, and Nagisa all caught up, they run into the younger sister of their old friend Rin, Gou Matsouka, who fills the boys in about Rin's whereabouts and goals. They are all determined and decide to start their own swim club to have the opportunity to see Rin once more
. With Gou as the manager and Makoto as the captain, the Iwatobi Swim Club needed one more thing to complete their team, a fourth member. The boys advertised everywhere however no one wanted to join. Until one day, Nagisa had stumbled across a first year who had a similarity with he and the other two boys on the team, he had a girly name.
Disney Legends Awards are given to individuals whose work has made significant contributions to The Walt Disney Company. The award was created in 1987. It was designed to honor those employees whose accomplishments have helped create Disney magic. More than 200 people have received the Disney Legends award. A selection committee chooses who will receive the award. It is given out at a special ceremony.

References 

The Walt Disney Company
American awards
Carrie is a horror series by Stephen King and released from 1974-2013.

Novel
Carrie (1974)

Films
Carrie (1976)
Carrie 2: The Rage (1999)
Carrie (1976) (2002 remake)
Carrie (1976) (2013 remake)

Carrie
Aviacsa was a Mexican airline. It started operations in 1990. Aviacsa was a low-cost carrier based in Mexico City. In 2009 the Mexican government refused to allow Aviacsa to fly because of safety concerns. Aviacsa appealed the decision in court. Meanwhile, the FAA removed Aviacia's airworthiness certificate in the United States until it could resolve the safety issues in Mexico. Aviacsa ceased operations in July 2009. It was sold to the Madero Group in 2010. In 2011, Aviacsa was going to start flying again. However, it didn't happen because the airline owed a lot of money to the Mexican Government. Aviacsa stopped all operations for good on May 4, 2011. Interjet took over many of Aviacsa's old routes.

Gallery

References

1990 establishments in North America
1990s establishments in Mexico
2009 disestablishments in Mexico
Airlines of Mexico
Ahmed Zewail (1946-2016) was an Egyptian chemist. He invented femtochemistry and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1999.  

Chemical reactions were once thought impossible to measure, because they happen in only a few femtoseconds. His Nobel award was for using laser technology to measure extremely fast chemical reactions. The laser technology showed how molecules changed during the reaction. He was on the scientific advisory team for the President. Zewail encouraged basic Egyptian education and knowledge.

Related pages
List of Egyptian scientists

References

"Ahmed Zewail." Gale Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2004. Biography in Context. Web. 29 May 2015.
"Ahmed H. Zewail".  Britannica School. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2015.
"Zewail, Ahmed Hassan." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2015. Web.  29 May 2015.
"ZEWAIL - EGYPT SUPPORTS KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY." AllAfrica. 16 Mar. 2015 eLibrary. Web. 29 May. 2015.
1946 births
2016 deaths
Chemists
Egyptian scientists
Wolf Prize winners
Egyptian Nobel Prize winners
Kafr El Sheikh Governorate
Daniel James, Jr. (February 11th, 1920 – February 25th, 1978) was the first African-American four-star general officer in the United States military. He received his pilot training with the Tuskegee airmen during World War II. He flew planes during the Korean, and Vietnam Wars. He was a flight instructor in the United States Air Force. On receiving his fourth star he became commander-in-chief of the North American Aerospace Defense Command in 1975. 
He died of a heart attack February 25th, 1978 in Colorado Springs, Colorado. On March 2, 1978, General James was buried at Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors. His widow, Dorothy W. James, died on May 2, 2000, in San Antonio, Texas. She is buried next to General James at Arlington.
Decorations and Service Awards
James won the following awards (Each oak leaf cluster and service stars represents one additional award):
 Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
 Air Force Distinguished Service Medal w/1 oak leaf cluster
 Legion of Merit w/1 oak leaf cluster
 Distinguished Flying Cross w/2 oak leaf clusters
 Meritorious Service Medal
 Air Medal w/13 oak leaf clusters
 Army Commendation Medal
 Combat Readiness Medal
 Good Conduct Medal
 American Defense Service Medal
 American Campaign Medal
 World War II Victory Medal
 National Defense Service Medal w/1 service star
 Korean Service Medal w/4 service stars
 Vietnam Service Medal w/2 bronze service stars
 Air Force Longevity Service Award Ribbon w/7 oak leaf clusters
 Armed Forces Reserve Medal
 Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon
 Republic Of Korea Presidential Unit Citation Ribbon
 United Nations Service Medal
 Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal
 Defense Distinguished Service Medal

References
References 

1920 births
1978 deaths
American generals
American military personnel of World War II
People from Pensacola, Florida
Military people from Florida
Misty Copeland (born September 10, 1982) is a ballet dancer for American Ballet Theatre (ABT). She made history in 2007 as the third African American to be promoted to the rank of soloist in two decades. She is the fourth African-American soloist, and the first in two decades with ABT.

On June 30, 2015, Copeland became the first African American woman to be promoted to principal dancer in ABT's 75-year history 

She starred as Odette in George Balanchine's Swan Lake. Copeland is considered a prodigy because she rose to stardom despite not starting ballet until the age of 13. She is the fourth African-American soloist, and the first in two decades with ABT.

The ABT is one of the three leading classical ballet companies in the United States.

References

Other websites 
 Carlotti, Valentino D. "ABT: Dancers" . Misty Copeland. Web. 29 May 2015.
 "The Official Website of Misty Copeland" . Misty Copeland. Web. 29 May 2015.

Living people
Ballerinas
American dancers
African-American entertainers
1982 births
Qubool Hai (English: I Accept) is a soap opera on Zee TV. The show tells about the Muslim community. It wants to break stereotypes about Islam.

The program has received praise for leading the way for more TV shows about Muslim culture and family life. It was produced by 4 Lions Films and by Divine Multimedia.

The program uses both drama and romance. It tells about the lives of three characters, Zoya, Ayaan and Asad. The three are really different from each other but their lives have been brought together by fate. Producer Gul Khan said, "The show is about a journey of life, its trials and tribulations and acceptance of one's fate. It is said that God gives us the strength to change what we can and the courage to accept what we can't".
The story usually takes place in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. It moved to Punjab, India for a month in April 2014. This was because the story jumped ahead 20 years to tell about the life of Asad and Zoya's daughter, Sanam. Production was back in Bhopal in May 2014, because Sanam went back to the city where her mother and father lived.

The program is still airing in June 2015, and has shown more than 680 episodes. With so many episodes and character changes, a number of different actors have played the various roles. The Show ended After 856 Episodes. It was one of the longest Indian soap opera running in this period.

Characters
Characters 

 Zoya is a modern and energetic woman who questions stereotypes. She listens to all who give her advice, but decides by what her emotional heart is saying. She has respect for her culture but does not follow rituals. Surbhi Jyoti played the part of Zoya in Season One.
Ayaan is a happy and carefree young man. He falls in love with many pretty women, but will not settle down with any of them. Ayaan is very fond of his mother and his step-brother, Asad. He has a close relationship with Asad. Even though he came from a broken family, he seems emotionally stable.
Asad only wants to become successful in life. He is a perfectionist and is not interested in being in love. His father left the family while he was still growing up. This caused him to have a disturbed and unstable childhood. Even so, he is making a success of himself.

References

Other websites
Official Website

Soap operas
2010s television series
Marissa Mayer was the president and CEO of Yahoo! until 2017. She started as the head of the company in 2012.

Mayer went to college at Stanford University. She studied computer science there. After college, she went to Google in 1999 as the first female engineer when she was 24 years old. She worked at Google until 2012.

When she went to Yahoo!, the company was losing money. She helped them improve. During her first year, their stock prices increased by 75%.

References

Hanson, Jarice. "Mayer, Marissa." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2015. Web.  29 May 2015.
"Marissa Mayer." Newsmakers. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 2013. Biography in Context. Web. 29 May 2015.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American chief executives
Google people
Wilma Pearl Mankiller (Cherokee: ᎠᏥᎳᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᏗᎯ; November 18`, 1945 – April 6, 2010) Was the first female principal chief of a major Native American tribe. Mankiller dedicated her life to aid the advancement and recognition of the Cherokee Nation, a Native American tribe based in Oklahoma. In 1977, she was elected to be deputy principal chief of the Cherokee Nation. She eventually replaced her boss as the Principal Cherokee chief, the main leader of the Cherokee. She was officially elected as chief 1987. During her time as chief, many Cherokee became official members of the Nation. Her administration brought great improvements in healthcare, jobs, and education for the Cherokee Nation. Mankiller also founded the Institute for Cherokee Literacy, which serves to preserve Cherokee traditions and culture. In 1993, she became a member of the National Women’s Hall of Fame for her accomplishments. In 1998, she was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom
. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is one of the highest honors a citizen of the United States can receive. Mankiller died on April 6, 2010 of Pancreatic Cancer.
References

2010 deaths
Native American people
Cherokee Nation
Indigenous rights activists
Vivienne Tam (, born 28 November 1957) is a fashion designer. The clothing she makes are a cross between Chinese and American cultures. This is important because most of the successful fashion designers were either American or French.

Sources
 "Vivienne Tam." Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 24. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Biography in Context. Web. 29 May 2015.
 "Vivienne Tam." Contemporary Fashion. Gale, 2002. Biography in Context. Web. 29 May 2015.

Fashion designers
Living people
1957 births
Avi Beker (3 May 1951 – 4 June 2015) was an Israeli writer, statesman, and academic. Beker served as the Secretary General of the World Jewish Congress from 2001 to 2003. He was born in Tel Aviv.

Beker died on 4 June 2015 of cancer, aged 64.

References

1951 births
2015 deaths
Israeli diplomats
Jewish academics
Writers from Tel Aviv
Israeli political scientists
Leonid Plyushch (Ukrainian: Плющ Леонід Іванович; 26 April 1938 – 4 June 2015) was a Ukrainian mathematician and Soviet dissident. Plyushch became a dissident by taking a public stance on political hot topics of the time. He was arrested in January 1972 on charges of anti-Soviet activity, and was jailed for a year before his trial began.

Plyushch was born into a Ukrainian working-class family in 1938 in Naryn, Kirghizia. He died on 4 June 2015 in France, aged 77.

References

Other websites
 PLYUSHCH, Leonid Ivanovych  at the Dissident Movement in Ukraine Virtual Museum

1938 births
2015 deaths
Ukrainian politicians
Soviet dissidents
Ukrainian mathematicians
Sybil Ludington (April 5, 1761 – February 26, 1839) was a heroine of the American Revolutionary War. She was the daughter of Colonel Henry Ludington. In 1773 he joined the rebel cause. He was the colonel of the local regiment. Sybil Ludington became famous for her night ride on April 26, 1777 to alert American colonial forces to the approach of the British Regulars. Her action was similar to the ride of Paul Revere. She rode more than twice the distance of Revere. She was only 16 years old at the time of her ride.

References 

American revolutionaries
American Revolutionary War
Molly Pitcher is a legend from the Revolutionary War.  She was bringing pitchers of water to men working a cannon.  When one of the men fell down, she fired the cannon herself.

Historians do not think there was a real person named "Molly Pitcher" in the Revolutionary War. Most historians agree it was a nickname.  They think the story of Molly Pitcher may have come from more than one real woman who fired a cannon.  Many of the battles were fought on hot days, and soldiers would ask for a pitcher of water to drink or to cool the cannons. Molly was a common woman's nickname at the time.

History of the legend 
Stories about the American Revolution were first told by talking out loud instead of writing them down. This allowed the storyteller to make things sound bigger than they were or even make up things that did not happen at all. Some stories are still told, long after professional historians prove they are not true.
The story of Molly Pitcher may have come from more than one real person. Many women helped soldiers on the battlefields during the Revolutionary war. Most were wives and daughters of soldiers. According to the legend, "Molly Pitcher" brought water to a group of soldiers firing a cannon during a battle. One of those soldiers was her husband.  She brought water many times. When she came to bring water one time, she saw her husband had been shot. Molly took his place and helped fire the cannon. The Battle of Monmouth is probably where the legend started. 

Her story was started many years after the war by writers and artists. A Currier and Ives print of a "Captain Molly" appeared in 1848. The first writing about Molly Pitcher was in 1859. It wasn't until 1876 that someone published a genealogy claiming a local woman was the real Molly Pitcher. After that, the idea of Molly Pitcher grew and grew.
Today, Molly Pitcher is famous.  She is in grade-school and high-school textbooks. Internet sources even argue whether Molly Pitcher was a feminist.
The real women 
 
Most legends start with some small truth. Molly Pitcher is no exception.  There are several women who might have been the real Molly Pitcher, or it might have been all of them together:
Mary Ludwig Hayes (also called Mary Ludwig Hayes McCauley) is in records on June 28, 1778. This is when she signed up to serve with the Pennsylvania Artillery. She may have earned the nickname "Molly Pitcher" by bringing drinking water to soldiers in the heat at the Battle of Monmouth. When her husband had heat stroke or was wounded, Mary took his place on the artillery piece. The legend says she was personally thanked by George Washington after the battle, but this might not be true. Washington made a comment during the battle, recorded by Dr. William Read. Washington said that he was admiring the manner in which Proctor was handling their right. He was referring to Captain Francis Proctor's artillery company. Mary Hays was the wife of a gunner in that company. The Battle of Monmouth started the myth of Mary Pitcher. The state of Pennsylvania gave her a pension of forty dollars forty years after the battle for her heroism.
Margaret Corbin was serving with her husband at Fort Washington in present day New York City. Her husband John fell wounded and later died, and she took his place at the cannon. She was hit by three rounds of grapeshot in her arm. She was captured by the British but returned to the Americans at a Philadelphia hospital. She continued to serve, doing whatever she could even though she was injured. Her arm never healed and she was given a half-soldier's pension in 1779 for the rest of her life.
Deborah Sampson at 5 feet 8 inches was a tall woman. She dressed as a man and served with the 4th Massachusetts Regiment. Because she had a good-looking face, the other men (thinking she was also a man) called her "Molly" as a joke. She served for the rest of the war. Sampson was the only other woman who received a federal pension for military service. She had tried once before to join the army in 1782 by disguising herself as a man. She collected a bounty for enlisting as "Timmothy Thayer." She was caught the following day and had to return the money.
The Revolutionary war had many small fights and only a few large battles. It was not unusual for women to be fight. Women filled many roles that most people thought were only done by men.

A written account 
Joseph Plumb Martin was a soldier in the Continental Army. He wrote down of his experiences. This came to the attention of historians in the 1950s. Martin describes a woman at the Battle of Monmouth:
 This account has been changed in other sources to show he gave her a name when in fact he did not.

References

Other websites 
 Will the Real Molly Pitcher Stand Up?, Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) 
 Historian examines the legend of Molly Pitcher
 Everything You’ve Heard About Molly Pitcher Is A Myth 

American Revolutionary War
Legendary people
Fictional American people
A Marksmanship Ribbon is an award by the United States Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard. It is awarded to service members who achieve an above-average score on a weapons qualification course. Also, there are select State National Guard organizations that award marksmanship ribbons for high placement in state-level marksmanship competitions.

Navy

The U.S. Navy has issued two marksmanship ribbons: the Navy Pistol Marksmanship Ribbon and Navy Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon, since 1920. The pistol ribbon is awarded for qualification on the Beretta M9 9mm pistol. The rifle ribbon is awarded for qualification on the M14 and M16 rifle variants.

The Navy issues the marksmanship ribbon in three levels — that of Marksman, Sharpshooter, and Expert. The basic ribbon is awarded for the Marksman level. The specific Marksmanship Device is awarded for qualification as a Sharpshooter or Expert. Those receiving an Expert qualification receive the Marksmanship Medal in addition to the Marksmanship Ribbon.
Between 1942 and 1960, the Navy also issued ribbons known as the Distinguished Marksmanship Ribbons.  These awards were declared obsolete by 1965.

Air Force

The United States Air Force awards a single ribbon, known as the Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon. It is for expert qualification on either the M-16 rifle, M-4 carbine or the individuals AFSC's (duty) designated pistol.  The ribbon is issued in only one degree. But, a bronze service star may be worn on the ribbon for those who have qualified expert on both the service rifle and pistol. The ribbon was authorized by the Secretary of the Air Force on Aug. 28, 1962. It was awarded to all Air Force service members who qualified after Jan. 1, 1963. Prior to the ribbon, Air Force members were awarded with the United States Air Force Small Arms Marksmanship Certificate of Achievement (AF Form 1193 Jan 1961).

Coast Guard
Coast Guard

The Coast Guard Marksmanship Ribbons are issued under the same criteria as the U.S. Navy. But Coast Guardsmen use a .40 cal SIG Sauer P229R DAK pistol instead of the Navy's M9 pistol. The Coast Guard issues two ribbons. they are known as the Coast Guard Pistol Marksmanship Ribbon and the Coast Guard Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon. The Marksmanship Device is awarded for qualification at the higher levels of sharpshooter and expert. Like the Navy, for those who receive an expert qualification, the Marksmanship Medal is awarded instead of the Marksmanship Ribbon.

National Guard
National Guard

Once a year, thousands of Army and Air National Guard shooters (champion marksmanship teams from each state) compete against each other at the Winston P. Wilson Rifle and Pistol Championships.  In the Missouri National Guard, the top twelve guardsmen selected to represent their state at the Winston P. Wilson matches are awarded the Governor's Twelve Ribbon. This is worn on dress uniforms. Any guardsman who earns the award more than once wear Hawthorn Cluster Device(s) on top of the ribbon.  In addition, these guardsman are awarded the Governor's Twelve Tab for wear on the combat uniform.
Similarly, the Adjutant General of Missouri awards the Adjutant General's Twenty Ribbon to soldiers and airmen. It is awarded to those who qualify among the top twenty competitors at the Missouri State Combat Matches conducted each year. They are the top eight combat rifle shooters, the top eight pistol shooters, the top two light machine gun teams, and the top two scout/sniper teams.  In addition to this ribbon, these guardsman are also awarded the Adjutant General's Twenty Combat Badge for wear on the combat uniform.

Guardsmen are authorized to wear these ribbons as a permanent decoration on service dress uniforms, to the left of federal awards, when operating under Title 32 (state control) status.  When federalized (Title 10), guardsman cannot wear these ribbons until they return to Title 32 status.
Additional Information
The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps provide Weapons Qualification Badges instead of a Marksmanship Ribbon. For the services that award the Marksmanship Ribbon, re-qualification is not necessary once a service member has obtained the award. The ribbon may be worn throughout an individual's career.  In the Navy and Coast Guard, the Marksmanship Ribbon may be upgraded with a Marksmanship Device if a higher qualification is achieved.

References

Military of the United States
Military honors
Claudette Colvin was born on September 5, 1939, in Birmingham, Alabama. She grew up in Montgomery, Alabama. Colvin was arrested on March 2, 1955, for not giving up her seat to a white woman. She was 15 years old when this happened. Colvin was put on trial on several charges including violating the segregation ordinance. The court found her guilty. She was beaten up and ridiculed by white people after the incident. Colvin was placed on probation. Reverend Johnson bailed her out and when she got back home, everyone was so proud of her. In 1956, about one year after Colvin refused to give up her seat, her lawyer, Fred Gray, filed the landmark federal lawsuit: Browder v Gayle. This case stopped segregation on public transportation in Montgomery Alabama. Claudette’s incident was before Rosa Parks even though she isn’t acknowledged much. Around this time, Colvin was getting involved in the Youth Council of Montgomery of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
. Even though they got a light sentence from the court, she was branded a troublemaker. She dropped out of college and could not find a job. Colvin moved to New York City in 1958. There she worked as a nurse assistant in a nursing home while living there. Colvin retired in 2004. She is currently 83 years old. Although she is relatively unknown, Colvin played an important part in the Civil rights movement.
References 

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
1939 births
People from Birmingham, Alabama
TAT-1 (Transatlantic No. 1) was the first submarine transatlantic telephone cable system. It was laid between Oban, Scotland and Clarenville, Newfoundland. Two cables were laid between 1955 and 1956. One cable for each direction. It was inaugurated on September 25, 1956. The cable was able to carry 35 simultaneous telephone calls. A 36th channel was used to carry up to 22 telegraph lines.

History
The first transatlantic telegraph cable had been laid in 1858 (see Cyrus West Field).  It only operated for a month, but was replaced with a successful connection in 1866.  A radio-based transatlantic telephone service was started in 1927. It charged £9 for three minutes.  A telephone cable was discussed at that time. But it was not practical until a number of technological advances arrived in the 1940s.
The developments that made TAT-1 possible were coaxial cable, polyethylene insulation, very reliable vacuum tubes for the submerged repeaters and an improvement in carrier equipment.  Transistors were not used, being a recent invention of unknown longevity.

References 

Telephone
Telecommunications
Thomas Lancelot (Tom) Lewis AO (23 January 1922 – 25 April 2016) was a New South Wales politician. He served as Premier of New South Wales and Minister in the cabinets of Sir Robert Askin and Sir Eric Willis. He became Premier following Askin's retirement from politics and held the position until he was replaced by Willis in a party vote. Lewis was first elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for the Electoral district of Wollondilly for the Liberal Party of Australia from 1957 until his resignation in 1978.

References

1922 births
2016 deaths
Politicians from New South Wales
Dr Godfrey Alan (Goff) Letts CBE (born 18 January 1928) is an Australian politician. He was the Majority Leader of the Northern Territory of Australia from 1974 to 1977.

References

1928 births
Living people
Chief Ministers of the Northern Territory
James Armistead Lafayette (December 10, 1760 – August 9, 1832) was an African American slave. He served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War as a double agent. He served under the Marquis de Lafayette. He reported on the activities of Benedict Arnold after he had gone over to the British. He also reported on Lord Cornwallis just before the Battle of Yorktown. James gave the British false information on the Americans.

Life and career
He was an African-American slave. He was owned by William Armistead of Virginia. James took his master's name and called himself James Armistead. James was born about 1748 in Virginia.During that time, the British had destroyed Richmond, Virginia. He lived in New Kent (36 minutes away from Richmond), which made him want to join even more.
After getting the consent of his master, he volunteered in 1781 to join the American army under the Marquis de Lafayette.  The Marquis used him as a spy. Armistead posed as a runaway slave to the British. He joined the camp of Brigadier General Benedict Arnold the turncoat who was leading some British forces in the area. Pretending to be a spy for the British, Armistead gained Arnold's trust. Arnold used him to guide British troops through local roads. "The ex-slave, who later renamed himself James Armistead Lafayette in the general's honor, served as a double agent against the british under the avowedly antislavery Lafayette."
After the war 
After the war James had to return to his live as a slave. He was not eligible for emancipation under the Act of 1783 for slave-soldiers. Spies were not considered soldiers. When Lafayette returned to Virginia in 1784 he found out that James was still a slave. 
The Marquis de Lafayette wrote a letter to the Virginia legislature praising James and what he did.The quote said, “This is to certify that the bearer by the name of James has done essential services to me while I had the honour to command in this state. His intelligences from the enemy’s camp were industriously collected and faithfully delivered. He perfectly acquitted himself with some important commissions I gave him and appears to me entitled to every reward his situation can admit of.” -Lafayette. This won James his freedom and a pension. James took the name James Armistead Lafayette.
James, now James Armistead Lafayette, bought forty acres of land in Virginia and began farming. He married and had a large family. He died August 9, 1830 on his farm in New Kent County, Virginia.

References

Other websites 
 An Original Patriot, James Lafayette 
 American Spies of the Revolution
 The Revolution's Black Soldiers

Slaves
Spies
American revolutionaries
Sir Eric James Neal AC CVO FTSE HonFAIB (born 3 June 1924) is an Australian politician. He was the Governor of South Australia 1996-2001, Commissioner of Sydney from 1987 to 1988, and until the start of 2010, the Chancellor of Flinders University.

Other websites
Press release of appointment as Chancellor of Flinders University 
University of South Australia - Sir Eric Neal library 
Biography of Chancellor of Flinders University 
Australian Institute of Building Honorary Fellows 
Sir Eric Neal on the Flinders uni Wiki 
A U Soccer Club

1924 births
Living people
Governors of South Australia
General Sir Phillip Harvey Bennett (27 December 1928 – 1 August 2023) was an Australian politician. He is a retired senior officer of the Australian Army. He served as Chief of the Australian Defence Force from 1984 to 1987, and later as Governor of Tasmania from 1987 to 1995.

References

Other websites
Korean War Nominal Roll
Vietnam War Nominal Roll

1928 births
Living people
Governors of Tasmania
James "Duke" Aiona (born June 8, 1955) is a Republican state government official for the U.S. state of Hawaii. He was the Lieutenant Governor from 2002 to 2010. During his first term in 2002, he made a campaign to stop drug abuse including crystal methamphetamine and underage drinking. He was the rival of Democrat David Ige who defeated him in the 2014 election for governor.

Sources
"James (Duke) R Aiona Jr." State Directory. Bethesda, MD: Carroll Publishing, 2009. Biography in Context. Web. 4 June 2015.
Lynne Duke Washington Post Staff Writer. "The Right to Bear Barbs; Court Says 'Hateful' Speech, 'Million Youth March' Are Protected."Washington Post. 03 Sep. 1999: A02. eLibrary. Web. 04 Jun. 2015.

Other websites
Official campaign website 

Republican Party (United States) politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Hawaii
Living people
1955 births
Evelyn Boyd Granville (born May, 1, 1924) the first African American to get a doctoral degree in math from Yale. She was born in Washington, D.C.. Around this time period, not many Americans acknowledged African Americans, especially African American women. She became a professor at Fisk University. She also worked for IBM and for NASA on the Project Vanguard and Project Mercury space programs.  She also taught at California State University in Los Angeles. She spent most of her career as an applied mathematician for the Diamond Ordinance Fuze Laboratories.

Sources
"Evelyn Boyd Granville." World of Computer Science. Gale, 2006. Biography in Context. Web. 8 May 2015. 
"Evelyn Boyd Granville." Almanac of Famous People. Gale, 2011. Biography in Context. Web. 29 May 2015.

1924 births
Living people
African-American people
California State University faculty
American mathematicians
Scientists from Washington, D.C.
Yale University alumni
Academics from Washington, D.C.
Madhur Jaffrey, CBE (born 13 August 1933) is an Indian cook and writer. She has been recognized in many magazine articles. Sixteen of her books are cookbooks.  The other four are stories. One of her cookbooks is Madhur Jaffrey's World Vegetarian: More Than 750 Meatless Recipes from Around the Globe. One of her stories is "Robi Dobi: The Marvelous Adventures of an Indian Elephant." In her recipes, she often uses many spices and herbs. She was married to actor Saeed Jaffrey.

Bibliography
"Madhur Jaffrey." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Biography in Context. Web. 29 May 2015.
Ollie Dabbous, Ollie Dabbous. "Gourmet Comfort Food The Chef's Guide to One-pot Cooking ; From Braised Plaice with Samphire to Fig and Honey Cake, Chef Ollie Dabbous Shares Seasonal Recipes That You Can Cook in a Casserole Series:." News International Associated Services Ltd.. 4 oct. 2014: 12 DB - ELibrary. Web. 29 May 2015.

References

Indian writers
Chefs
Living people
1933 births
Jerry Collins (4 November 1980 – 5 June 2015) was a professional New Zealand rugby union player. He played for the All Blacks between 2001 and 2007. At the time of his death, he was playing for RC Narbonne. He also played for the Hurricanes, Wellington, Toulon, Ospreys, Yamaha Júbilo.

Collins was born in Apia, Samoa. He grew up in Porirua, Wellington. He and his partner, Alana, had a daughter, Ayla.

Collins and his partner were killed in a car accident on 5 June 2015 near Béziers, Hérault in southern France. He was 34. His three-month-old daughter was badly injured and was flown to a Montpellier hospital.

References

Other websites
 Jerry Collins at AllBlacks.com

1980 births
2015 deaths
New Zealand rugby union players
Sportspeople from Wellington
RC Toulonnais players
Road accident deaths
Margaret Juntwait (March 18, 1957 – June 3, 2015) was an American radio broadcaster. She was the voice of the Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts from December 11, 2004, replacing Peter Allen when he retired after 29 years.

Juntwait was born in Ridgewood, New Jersey. She grew up in Upper Saddle River. She was married to Jamie Katz and had four children.

Juntwait died from ovarian cancer on June 3, 2015 in Saddle River, aged 58.

References

1957 births
2015 deaths
American radio personalities
Cancer deaths in New Jersey
Deaths from ovarian cancer
People from Ridgewood, New Jersey
A trait, or character, in biology is a feature of a living thing. It is part of an organism's phenotype.

Every living thing, from tiny organisms like bacteria, to plants, animals and humans, has some characteristics which make it special. Thus an elephant has tusks, large size and weight, large ears and very large molar teeth (et cetera). These are typical characters of the African and Indian elephants.

Biologists call those traits. The living thing is built in a certain way; this is its anatomy, its structure or body. The physical structure works in a certain way; this is its function, the way its body works. An animal also acts in a certain way; this is its behavior.

The way that a living thing is structured, the way its body works and the way that it acts are all traits. The basic traits are shared by all the members of the group, that is why they are put in the same group. Other traits are only shared by a small number of the group.
For example: 
 It is an anatomical trait of giraffes to have long necks. All giraffes have this trait. 
 It is a physiological function of birds to lay eggs to produce their young. All birds have this trait. 
 It is part of the behaviour of wolves to live and hunt in packs; it is part of the behaviour of cats to live alone or in small family groups, and to hunt alone. These characteristic behaviours are also traits.

Traits are heritable: they can be passed on from one generation to the next by genes. Mendel's work involved the inheritance of traits on pea plants. The whole group of traits of an organism is its phenotype.

Trait versus character 
Different sources use the term differently. 'Trait' competes with the term 'character'.

Synonyms 
According to some authorities, trait and character are synonyms:
The Dictionary of Genetics: "For trait, see character" and "Character: any detectable phenotypic property of an organism; synonymous with phenotype, trait".
'Trait'  as a sub-character 
Some sources use both terms:
"Any detectable variation of an inherited character. It is the expression of genes as part of the phenotype".

This works well with Mendelian characters. In such cases, a character is a feature of a species which may present as various traits. Examples:
Eye color = character
Blue eye color = trait1
Brown eye color = trait2
Appearance of pea = character
wrinkled = trait1
smooth = trait2

But not all characters are inherited in the simple manner of Mendel's pea characters. For example, an animal's weight is a character, but many genes contribute to it, and so does the animal's environment from birth. Weight is a) continuous rather than discrete (separate steps), b) polygenic (controlled by a number of genes), and c) because weight is influenced by both heredity and environment.
Only 'character' used 
To avoid this issue, some sources use only the term character. Futuyma uses this system for Mendelian characters:
Eye color = character
Blue eye color = character state1
Brown eye color = character state2
Appearance of pea = character
wrinkled = character state1
smooth = character state2
This use of 'character state' allows Futuyma to use terms such as 'ancestral state' and 'derived state' when talking about the evolution of characters.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Classical genetics
Billa (stylised BILLA) is an Austrian supermarket chain. It has over 1,600 locations in Europe with over a thousand in Austria alone. They also operate in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Croatia and Ukraine. Billa was founded by Karl Wlaschek in 1953, and are owned by Germany's REWE Group.

Other websites
 

1953 establishments in Europe
Companies of Austria
Supermarkets of Europe
1950s establishments in Austria
Tariq Aziz (born Mikhail Yuhanna; 28 April 1936 – 5 June 2015) was an Iraqi politician for the Ba'ath Party. He served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 24 January 1983 until 22 March 1991. He also served as the Deputy Prime Minister from 1 August 1965 until 9 April 2003. For decades he was a close adviser to Saddam Hussein.

Aziz was born in the town of Tel Keppe near Mosul to a Chaldean Catholic family. He studied English at Baghdad University. He later worked as a journalist, before joining the Ba'ath Party in 1957. He was married to Violet Yusef Nobud and had children.

Aziz was arrested in 2003 and spent the rest of his life in custody. He died in hospital from a heart attack on 5 June 2015 in Nasiriyah, aged 79. He also suffered from heart disease, depression, diabetes, and ulcers.

References

1936 births
2015 deaths
Iraqi criminals
Eastern Catholics
Iraqi politicians
People who died in prison custody
A frequent-flyer program is offered by an airline to reward its customers for loyalty. People who are part of the program usually earn miles (frequent-flyer points). These miles can be redeemed (exchanged) for free flights or other products and services. Many airline alliances allow customers to earn and redeem miles with a number of airlines. This may also work with a codeshare agreement. The first airline to launch a frequent-flyer program was American Airlines.

References

Marketing
Airlines
Henry Charles Bukowski (born Heinrich Karl Bukowski; August 16, 1920 – March 9, 1994) was a German-American poet, novelist, and short story writer.

His writing was influenced by the social, cultural, and economic ambience of his home city of Los Angeles. His work addresses the ordinary lives of poor Americans, the act of writing, alcohol, relationships with women, and the drudgery of work. He died of leukemia.

References
References

Other websites
 Timeline of Bukowski's life and publications
 Profile and poems at Poetry Foundation.org
 Profile and poems at Poets.org
 "Hanging with Bukowski at the Gotlieb Center". BU Today. Boston University 26 March 2009 
Guide to the Charles Bukowski Manuscript. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California.
 "Bukowski Comes to Wormwood" , The Wormwood Review 1985
 "Mickey Rourke plays a tough barfly" . Interview with Bukowski 10 February 1987. Chicago Sun Times
 13 August 2000 Bukowski profile (audio, 11 mins) NPR.
 "Smashed:The pulp poetry of Charles Bukowski" by Adam Kirsch at The New Yorker 14-03-2005
 HarperCollins profile, timeline and resources 

1920 births
1994 deaths
American poets
German poets
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate
Writers from California
Cyrus West Field (November 30, 1819 – July 12, 1892) was an American businessman and financier who, along with other entrepreneurs, created the Atlantic Telegraph Company and laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1858. Field was born in Stockbridge, Massachusetts.  When he was 16 years old, he moved to New York City. There he apprenticed in the largest dry goods business in the city. He went to work for the paper wholesaler E. Root and Company. When the company failed he bought up the stock. He built it up as Cyrus W. Field and Company. He became one of the city's richest men. Profits permitted him to retire at the age 34 with a fortune of $250,000. Bad investments left Field without most of his fortune at the end of his life. He died in New York City on July 12, 1892.

References 

Businesspeople from Massachusetts
1819 births
1892 deaths
Kurt Weber (24 May 1928 – 4 June 2015) was a Polish cinematographer. He was known for working on comedic and dramatic films from the 1950s to the 1980s. 

Weber was of Jewish descent.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Cinematographers
Polish Jews