Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Now That's What I Call Music (U.S. Series) is an original series of around 30 compilation albums released since 1998. The albums contain the hits or modern music of the latest time period. Most of the songs are singles from various artists. Most of the albums contain anywhere from 18 to 20 tracks.

Now! series in other countries

More recently, there have been numerous different versions of the brand in other parts of the world, including:
 Arabia (under the name Now That's What I Call Arabia)
 Argentina
 Asia region
 Australia
 Canada
 China
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 Finland
 Egypt
 Greece
 Hungary
 Israel
 Italy
 Japan
 Mexico
 New Zealand
 Poland
 Portugal
 South Africa
 South America
 Spain
 Turkey
 United States

Although there is some overlap in content between current releases in different markets, there are also differences such as the inclusion of local hits, and (for example) the single-CD format of the U.S. releases, in contrast with the traditional double-album UK format.

United States
Original series 
 Now That's What I Call Music! (released October 27, 1998)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 2 (July 27, 1999)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 3 (December 7, 1999)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 4 (July 18, 2000)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 5 (November 14, 2000)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 6 (April 3, 2001)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 7 (July 31, 2001)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 8 (November 20, 2001)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 9 (March 19, 2002)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 10 (July 23, 2002)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 11 (November 19, 2002)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 12 (March 25, 2003)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 13 (July 22, 2003)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 14 (November 4, 2003)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 15 (March 23, 2004)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 16 (July 27, 2004)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 17 (November 2, 2004)
Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 18 (March 15, 2005)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 19 (July 19, 2005)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 20 (November 1, 2005)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 21 (April 4, 2006)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 22 (July 11, 2006)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 23 (November 7, 2006)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 24 (March 27, 2007)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 25 (July 17, 2007)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 26 (November 13, 2007)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 27 (March 11, 2008)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 28 (June 3, 2008)
 Now That's What I Call Music!, Vol. 29 (November 11, 2008)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 30 (March 24, 2009)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 31 (June 30, 2009)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 32 (November 3, 2009)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 33 (March 23, 2010)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 34 (June 15, 2010)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 35 (August 31, 2010)
Now That's What I Call Music! 36 (November 9, 2010)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 37 (February 8, 2011)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 38 (May 3, 2011)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 39 (August 9, 2011)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 40 (November 8, 2011)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 41 (February 7, 2012)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 42 (May 1, 2012)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 43 (August 7, 2012)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 44 (November 6, 2012)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 45 (February 5, 2013)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 46 (May 7, 2013)
 Now That's What I Call Music! 47 (August 6, 2013)
Christmas series 
 Now That's What I Call Christmas! (released October 23, 2001)
 Now That's What I Call Christmas!: The Signature Collection (September 30, 2003)
 Now That's What I Call Christmas!, 3 (October 10, 2006)
 The Essential Now That's What I Call Christmas (September 23, 2008)
 Now That's What I Call Christmas! 4 (October 12, 2010)
 Now That's What I Call Today's Christmas (September 25, 2012)

DVD series 
 Now That's What I Call Music! DVD: The Best Videos of 2003 (November 4, 2003)
 Now That's What I Call Music! DVD 2 (November 2, 2004)

Latino series 
 Now Esto Es Musica! Latino (March 21, 2006)
 Now Esto Es Musica! Latino 2 (November 21, 2006)
 Now Esto Es Musica! Latino 3 (October 9, 2007)
 Now Esto Es Musica! Latino 4 (March 24, 2009)
Special editions 
 Now That's What I Call Music! #1's (January 24, 2006)
 Now That's What I Call Party Hits! (November 13, 2007)
 Now That's What I Call the 80s (March 11, 2008)
 Now That's What I Call Classic Rock (June 3, 2008)
 Now That's What I Call Country (August 26, 2008)

1998 albums
Compilation albums
Cedrus deodara (; Hindi, Sanskrit:  devadāru;  xue song) is a species of cedar trees. It is also known as: Deodar cedar, Himalayan cedar, or Himalayan deodar. 

It is common in the western Himalayas, eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, north-central India (states such as Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand. It is also local to Kashmir, southwesternmost Tibet and western Nepal.

It grows in places that are 1500–3200 m above sea level. It is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching 40–50 m tall, exceptionally 60 m, with a trunk up to 3m thick. It has a cone-shaped crown with level branches and drooping branchlets.

Appearance 
The leaves are needle-like, mostly 2.5–5 cm long. It occasionally grows up to 7 cm long. It can be very thin (1 mm thick), borne singly on long shoots, and in dense clusters of 20-30 on short shoots. Its colours range from bright green to glaucous blue-green.
The female cones are barrel-shaped, 7–13 cm long and 5–9 cm broad, and break up when mature (in 12 months) to release the winged seeds. The male cones are 4–6 cm long, and shed their pollen in autumn. 

The Himalayan deodar is the state tree of Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and National tree of Pakistan..

Notes

References 

National symbols of Pakistan
Plants of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
Conifers
Personal space is a concept on psychology and sociology. The concept talks about two people (the "actors"). They have space around them. The closer they are to each other emotionally, the closer an actor will be able to stand to the other, without being intrusive. The concept was introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966.  

Discomfort results if one actor steps into the personal space of the other, without this being desired. The amount of space a being needs can be classified in two categories:
Immediate individual physical space (determined by imagined limits)
A space an individual considers theirs to live in; this is often called territory or habitat. Its size is dependent on many things, such as growth needs, habits, courtships, etc.

Hall's spacing models were based on Heini Hediger's 1955 psychological studies of zoo animals.

References

Sociology
Animals and humans
Brigadier-General Reginald Edward Harry Dyer CB (October 9 1864 – July 23 1927) was a British Indian Army officer responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Early life
Dyer was born in Murree, in British India, now in Pakistan. He spent his childhood in Shimla and received his early education at the Bishop Cotton School in Shimla. He was born just six years after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The rebellion was a war that had been fought by some Indians to end British rule. It had been defeated by the British but had created segregation, suspicion and fear between the British and the Indians. Although he had been born after the rebellion had ended, the effects had affected Dyer's life.
Dyer went to Midleton College, County Cork between 1875 and 1881. In 1885 after his time at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst he joined the Queen's Royal Regiment (West Surrey) as a Lieutenant, and served in riot control duties in Belfast (1886) and the Third Burmese War (1886–87). He then joined the British Indian Army. First joining the Bengal Staff Corps as a Lieutenant in 1887 and being part of the 39th Bengal Infantry, and then joining the 29th Punjabis.

During his time with the 29th Punjabis he fought in the Black Mountain campaign of 1888, the relief (battle) of Chitral in 1895. And was promoted to Captain in 1896. In 1901 he became Deputy Assistant Adjutant General. and then fought in the Mahsud blockade between 1901 and 1902.

Dyer then joined the 25th Punjabis where he served in the Zakha Khel Expedition (1908). He was in charge of the 25th Punjabis in India and Hong Kong and was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1910.
During World War I (1914–18), he was in charge of the Seistan Force. and made a Companion of the Bath (CB). He was promoted Colonel in 1915, and was made a temporary Brigadier-General in 1916.

In 1919, about a month after the Amritsar killings, in the Third Anglo-Afghan War, his Brigade relieved the garrison of Thal. He retired on 17 July 1920, having become a Colonel.

Background
In 1919 the British population of Punjab feared a plot by the Indians to overthrow British rule. There was talk of mutiny and of death threats to Europeans. Sir Michael O'Dwyer, the Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, decided to deport Indians from Punjab who were leading protests against the British.
One person who was targeted was Dr. Satyapal, who was in the Army Medical Services during World War I. He was in favour of non-violent civil disobedience and was stopped from speaking in public. Another person was Dr. Kitchlew, a Muslim barrister who wanted political change and was non-violent. The Deputy Commissioner, Miles Irving, did not know much about these two people. Both men were arrested because Irving suspected them of trying to rebel against the British.

Their arrest led to demonstrations by the people of Punjab. Crowds gathered in all public places demanding a release of the two men. Army troops panicked and opened fire on a bridge across a railway line, causing several deaths. This resulted in a mob which returned to the city centre. More army troops arrived to stop more demonstrations.
The mobs sought out Europeans in the city. On April 9 1919, Miss Marcella Sherwood, who worked at the Mission Day School for Girls was bicycling round the city to close her schools. She was attacked by the mob in a narrow street and was beaten and left wounded. She was rescued by local Indians who hid her from the mob and moved her to the fort. This attack on a lady angered Dyer, who was in command of troops in Jullundur.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

Brigadier Dyer is infamous for the orders which he gave on April 13 1919 in Amritsar. It was under his command that 90 troops, made up of 25 Gurkhas, 25 Pathans and Baluch, all armed with .303 Lee-Enfield rifles and the Gurkhas who were with khukris opened fire on a gathering of unarmed civilians, including women and children gathered at the Jallianwalla Bagh in what came to be later known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
The civilians had arrived at Jallianwala Bagh to join the yearly Baisakhi celebrations which are both a religious as well as a cultural festival of the Punjabis. The Bagh had an area of 6–7 acres and had walls all around. The walls had ever small entrances which only a few people could go through.

Dyer ordered the troops to fire directly at the crowd of people; they kept shooting until they ran out of bullets (1650 rounds). The shooting lasted for about 10 minutes.

During the ten minutes of shooting, Dyer kept checking how the troops were shooting. He ordered the soldiers to shoot where most of the people were. He did this not because the crowd was slow to leave, but because he wanted to "punish them" for being there.

Some of the soldiers at first fired in the air instead of at the people. When they did this General Dyer shouted: "Fire low. What have you been brought here for?."
Later Dyer's himself was to admit that the crowd was not given any warning to leave. He said  he did not feel sorry for ordering his troops to fire.

Injured and dead
The British army reported 379 dead say it over 1000 dead. According to a Home Political Deposit report, the number was over 1,000, with more than 1,200 wounded. Dr. Smith, a British civil surgeon at Amritsar, said there were over 1800 casualties. Because of the large numbers of people killed and injured, general Dyer became known as "The Butcher of Amritsar" in India.

Crawling Order
Brigadier Dyer sent soldiers to the area where Miss Marcella Sherwood was beaten. He ordered that any Indians wishing to travel through the street (150 yards) had to crawl on all fours. This order also included the people who had rescued her.
Because of this order the street was closed, the houses had no back doors and the people could not go out without climbing down from their roofs. No doctor or supplier was allowed in, resulting in the sick being untended. The order was enforced by a flogging booth set up in the middle of the street.

Death
After the Amritsar massacre, Dyer's health failed and in 1921 he suffered paralysis. He never recovered. He died at Long Ashton, near Bristol, on July 23 1927.

The Morning Post remembered him in articles titled, "The Man Who Saved India" and "He did his Duty". The Westminster Gazette wrote a contrary opinion, "No British action, during the whole course of our history in India, has struck a severer blow to Indian faith in British justice than the massacre at Amritsar, and the attitude of official Anglo-India to it."

References

British Indian Army officers
1864 births
1927 deaths
The London Gazette is one of the official records of the British government, and one of the most important in the UK. The London Gazette claims to be the oldest surviving English newspaper. It was first published on 7 November 1665. It is not a normal newspaper with typical news stories. The London Gazette is still published each weekday, except for Bank Holidays. The Gazette is being put online and records between the years 1752–1998 are online.

History
History

The London Gazette was first published as the Oxford Gazette on 7 November 1665.  Charles II and the Royal Court had moved to Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London, and courtiers were unwilling to touch, let alone read, London newspapers for fear of becoming ill.  When the King returned to London after the end of the plague the Gazette moved too. The first issue of the London Gazette (labelled No. 24) was published on 5 February 1666.  The Gazette was not a newspaper in the modern sense: it was sent in manuscript by post to subscribers. It was not printed for sale to the general public.

Traditions
In time of war, dispatches from the various conflicts are published in the London Gazette. People referred to are said to have been mentioned in despatches. When members of the armed forces are promoted, and these promotions are published here, the person is said to have been “gazetted”.
Being "gazetted" (or "in the gazette") sometimes also meant becoming bankrupt. Notices of engagement and marriage also used to be published in the Gazette.

References

Other websites
 London, Edinburgh and Belfast Gazettes 
 TSO (The Stationery Office)

Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Google Chrome is a freeware web browser made by Google. It builds on parts from other open source software, including WebKit and Mozilla Firefox. 
The name comes from the graphical user interface frame, or "chrome", of web browsers. The open source project behind Google Chrome is known as Chromium.

The first version was a beta for Microsoft Windows was released on September 2, 2008. macOS and Linux versions were released in December 2009.
Announcement 
The release announcement was going to be made on September 3, 2008, and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features of and reasons for the new browser. Copies that were for Europe were shipped early and German blogger Philipp Lenssen of Google Blogoscoped made a scanned copy of the 38-page comic available on his website after receiving it on September 1, 2008. Google then made the comic available on Google Books and their website and referenced it on its official blog along with an explanation for the early release. As of September 2, 2008, Google has a link to Google Chrome on their main page.

Design
Design

Security 
Blacklists
Chrome downloads updates of two blacklists (one for phishing and one for malware) and warns users when they try to visit a harmful site. This service is also made available for use by others via a free public API called "Google Safe Browsing API". In the process of maintaining these blacklists, Google also notifies the owners of listed sites who may not be aware of the presence of the harmful software.
Sandboxing
Each tab in Chrome is sandboxed to "prevent malware from installing itself" or "using what happens in one tab to affect what happens in another". Following the principle of least privilege, each process is stripped of its rights and can compute but can't write files or read from sensitive areas (e.g. documents, desktop), this is similar to "Protected Mode" that is used by Internet Explorer 7 on Windows Vista. The Sandbox Team is said to have "taken this existing process boundary and made it into a jail"; for example, malicious software running in one tab is unable to sniff credit card numbers, interact with the mouse or tell "Windows to run an executable on the start-up" and will be terminated when the tab is closed. This enforces a simple computer security model whereby there are two levels of multilevel security (user and sandbox) and the sandbox can only respond to communication requests initiated by the user.
Plugins
Plugins such as Adobe Flash Player are typically not standardised and as such cannot be sandboxed like tabs. These often need to run at or above the security level of the browser itself. To reduce exposure to attack, plugins are run in separate processes that communicate with the renderer, itself operating at "very low privileges" in dedicated per-tab processes.

Incognito
Chrome includes an Incognito mode (similar to Safari's Private Browsing and Internet Explorer 8's InPrivate) which "lets you browse the web in complete privacy because it doesn’t record any of your activity" and discards cookies. When enabled for a window "nothing that occurs in that window is ever logged on your computer."
Speed 
JavaScript
The Javascript virtual machine was considered a sufficiently important project to be split off (like Adobe/Mozilla's Tamarin) and handled by a dedicated team in Denmark. Existing implementations were designed "for small programs, where the performance and interactivity of the system weren't that important" but web applications like Gmail "are using the web browser to the fullest when it comes to DOM manipulations and Javascript". The resulting V8 JavaScript engine was designed for speed and introduces new features with that in mind such as hidden class transitions, dynamic code generation, and precise garbage collection. Tests by Google show that V8 is about twice as fast as Firefox 3 and the Safari 4 beta.
User interface 
The main user interface includes back, forward, refresh, bookmark, go and cancel options similar to Safari browser, while the settings location looks like Internet Explorer 7/8. The minimize, maximize and close window buttons are based on Windows Vista
Gears
Chrome includes Gears which adds developer features that may or may not become web standards, typically relating to the building of web applications (including offline support).

New Tab Page
Chrome replaces the browser home page which is displayed when a new tab is created with a New Tab Page. This shows thumbnails of the eight most visited websites along with the sites most often searched, recent bookmarks, and recently closed tabs. This concept appeared first with Opera's Speed Dial.
Omnibox
The Omnibox is the URL box at the top of each tab, based on the one in Opera. It includes autocomplete functionality but will only autocomplete URLs that were manually entered (rather than all links), search suggestions, top pages (previously visited), popular pages (unvisited), and text search over history. Search engines can also be captured by the browser when used via the native user interface by pressing Tab.

Popups
Popup windows "are scoped to the tab they came from" and will not appear outside the tab unless the user explicitly drags them out. It is not clear whether they also run in their own process.

Rendering engine
At first, Chrome used the WebKit browser engine on advice from the Android. Since version 28, Chrome has used its own fork, or a version of WebKit called Blink. This is to allow Google to change Blink to suit Chrome's needs explicitly by removing things that Chrome doesn't need. The IOS version of Chrome still uses Blink due to IOS' requirements.
Tabs
Tabs are the primary component of Chrome's user interface and as such has been moved to the top of the window rather than below the controls (similar to Opera). This subtle change is in contrast to many existing tabbed browsers which are based on windows containing tabs. Tabs (including their state) can be seamlessly transferred between window containers by dragging. Each tab has its own set of controls, including the Omnibox URL box.

Standards

The first release of Google Chrome Beta (Build 1583) did not pass the Acid3 test; it scored 77/100 and does not render the image correctly. It passed the Acid2 test initially, but failed upon resizing. From version 4 onward, Google Chrome has passed the Acid1, 2, and 3 tests.
Webapps
Webapps can be launched in their own streamlined window without the Omnibox URL box and browser toolbar. This limits the browser chrome so as not to "interrupt anything the user is trying to do", allowing web applications to run alongside local software (similar to Mozilla Prism, Adobe AIR and Fluid).

Notes

References

Other websites 
  
 Chromium project page at Google Code
 Google Chrome features
 Official Google Blog article of Google Chrome
 Google Chrome Help 

Web browsers
Google
The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polish: Polska Akademia Nauk, in short: PAN) with seat in Warsaw, is one of the two Polish institutions which have the nature of an academy of sciences.

History
The Polish Academy of Sciences is an institution of studies of the Polish state, with seat in Warsaw. It had been established in 1952 by the partnership of previous societies of studies, including Polish Academy of Abilities (Polska Akademia Umiejętności, in short PAU), with its seat in Cracow, and the Scientific Society of Warsaw (Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie) which had been established in the 18th century as Society of Warsaw of the Friends of Sciences (Warszawskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk).

In 1989, the Polish Academy of Abilities, in Cracow, assume again its independent existence, out of the Polish Academy of Sciences, in Warsaw.
Polish Academy of Sciences at Present
The Polish Academy of Sciences funciona as docta society which acts through a chosen corporation of distinguished scholars and of institutions of research. The academy also acts through its committees, creating an important scientific consulting body.

Remarkable members
 Tomasz Dietl physicist;
 Bohdan Paczynski astrophysicist;
 Adam Schaff (Marxist philosopher who had been a member of the academy);
 Aleksander Wolszczan astronomer.

Foreign members
 Aage Niels Bohr physicist;
 Karl Alexander Müller physicist;
 Roger Penrose mathematician;
 Carlo Rubbia physicist;
 Chen Ning Yang physicist.

Related pages
 Royal Society

Other websites
 Website of PAN 

Warsaw
Education in Poland
1952 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Poland
The  chinese remainder theorem is a theorem from number theory. It is about congruence. The original form was:
How many soldiers are there in Han Xin's army? – If you let them parade in rows of 3 soldiers, two soldiers will be left. If you let them parade in rows of 5, 3 will be left, and in rows of 7, 2 will be left.

The theorem says that there will be a solution to this question if there's no common factor between the row sizes. Using the original example, that is that no number divides both 3 and 7, both 3 and 5, nor both 5 and 7 (except, of course, 1). They're all coprime.

The Chinese remainder theorem is used in cryptography. For example, for the RSA algorithm.

Other websites 
 Chinese remainder theorem at cut-the-knot
 "Chinese Remainder Theorem" by Ed Pegg, Jr., The Wolfram Demonstrations Project, 2007

Theorems in number theory
History 
A Japanese with the name Nakano Michiomi - he later changed his name to So Doshin - incorporates his martial art school into his Buddhist teachings. So Doshin said, that he taught martial arts mostly in order to attract young people to Buddhism. Religious societies didn't pay the taxes, and So Doshin probably considered it, too. Until 1972, So Doshin said that he was the 21st grand master of an esoteric northern Shaolin system called Iher Man Thuen. In 1972 he changed his mind because the Japanese court gave an official decision that his style was not Chinese, but a mixture of karate (perhaps Wado-ryu) and jujutsu (perhaps Hakko-ryu). Consequently, the style's name was changed from "Shorinji Kempo," meaning "kung fu of Shaolin Temple," to "Nippon Shorinji Kempo," meaning "Japanese Way of Fist of Shaolin." The students of Nippon Shorinji Kempo have signs of manji on their kimonos, but it is not treated as the symbol of fascism, it signifies happiness in Buddhism.

Japanese martial arts
In music, a riff is an ostinato; a repeated set of notes, pattern, or melody, often played by rhythmic instruments. The riff is the base of the musical composition. They are most common in rock music, funk, and jazz.

Some of famous riffs in rock music can be found in the following songs:

Deep Purple – "Smoke On The Water"
AC/DC – "Highway to Hell" 
Nirvana – "Smells Like Teen Spirit"
Metallica – "Enter Sandman"
Michael Jackson – "Beat It"
Chuck Berry – "Johnny B. Goode"
The White Stripes – "Seven Nation Army"
Black Sabbath – "Iron Man"
Jimi Hendrix – "Purple Haze"
The Rolling Stones – "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
Guns n Roses – "Sweet Child O'Mine"
 Queen – "Bohemian Rhapsody"

Musical terminology
A Stop error screen, also called as a Blue screen of death  is a screen that a device shows when it has an error it cannot fix and has to stop. These screens are usually called screens of death because the device cannot recover from the error and the operating system or firmware has to close.

The screens are usually color-coded such as a Microsoft Windows computer showing a Black Screen of Death (BSoD) or an Xbox showing a green screen of death when they have errors.

History
If its settings tell it to, the computer will do a "core dump" and save data to a disk file, or "dump file", for later, to help an expert fix the problem.

These screens are usually caused by problems in device drivers. They can also be caused by hardware errors, such as bad RAM or power supplies, overheating of the inside of the system, or hardware which is run at higher rates than the limits. This is called overclocking.

These errors were in all the Windows operating systems since Windows 3.1.
Windows 1.0 and 2.0
The first BSODs were seen when starting Windows 1.0 and Windows 2.0, and had random data, mess, shown with a blue screen, hence the name.

Windows 3.x, 95, 98, and ME

The first BSOD that looked like an error was in Windows 3.1. BSODs like that appeared in Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows ME. These showed an error message with an all-blue screen. The error screen was shown when there was a startup error, or when there was some other error such as an error occurring in a hardware driver file.

When Bill Gates was showing Windows 98 to the public, a BSOD happened. The computer crashed when his assistant, Chris Capossela, connected a scanner to show that Windows 98 could support Plug and Play. Bill Gates responded: "That must be... er... that must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet!"
Windows NT family
Beginning with Windows 2000, the BSOD remained an all-blue color, but changed to show more detailed technical information, and also listed a few steps that the user could do to fix the problem causing the BSOD to appear. The same screen was used in Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7.

Windows 8
Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 uses a lighter blue color for the BSOD, and made the message easier to read. It even added an emoticon of a frowing face. The technical details was replaced with a simple line of text showing the name of the crash error so that the user could look it up on the Internet.

Windows 11
Windows 11 has a black screen of death instead of blue.

Related pages
 Red Ring of Death
 Kill screen
 Computer virus
 Computer hardware
 Data loss

References

Other websites 

 Microsoft Website

Computer terminology
Portland Bill is a peninsula off the south coast of England. It has strong tidal currents. The nearby town of Weymouth was a sailing venue for London 2012.

The Bill is a narrow promontory at the southern end of the Isle of Portland. It is the southernmost point of Dorset, England. One of Portland's most popular destinations is the Portland Bill Lighthouse.

Dorset
CERN is a research institute near Geneva, Switzerland.  The full name is Organisation Européene pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Organization for Nuclear Research). The letters "CERN" are left over from the older Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (European Council for Nuclear Research). CERN was founded in 1954. Today 22 nations are members of the organisation. It is the world's biggest laboratory for particle physics. About 2600 people work there full-time, and over 7800 scientists from about 500 universities and research institutes work there in total.

The Large Hadron Collider, the largest particle accelerator in the world, is at CERN.

References

Other websites

Scientific organizations
Nuclear physics
Research organizations in Europe
1954 establishments in Europe
Organizations based in Switzerland
The Onager (Equus hemionus) is a large mammal belonging to the Equidae family. It is native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, Pakistan, Kashmir, Israel and Palestine, and western China. It is sometimes known as the Asian Wild Ass.

Equids
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Pakistan
Plants and animals of Kashmir
The pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) is an oceanic dolphin. It is found in all the world's temperate and tropical oceans. The species was beginning to come under threat due to the killing of millions of individuals in tuna purse seines (fishing). The 1980s saw the rise of "dolphin-friendly" tuna capture methods in order to save millions of the species in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Oceanic dolphins
Pilot whales are two species of oceanic dolphins, whose scientific name is Globicephala. The two types of pilot whales are the long-finned pilot whale and the short-finned pilot whale. Their behaviour resembles that of the larger whales more than that of dolphins. 

The two look similar at sea and are usually just known simply as pilot whales or calderón in Spanish. They and other large dolphins are also known as blackfish.

Pilot whales can be found nearly worldwide. The long-finned variety prefers colder waters, for example near Antarctica. The short-finned ones can also be found in tropical waters. Pilot whales are highly social animals, they live in groups of 20-30 animals, called pods. Larger groups of over 100 pilot whales have been observed. Studies suggest that the young remain in the same pod as their parents, which is unusual for mammals. Female short-finned pilot whales go through menopause. Females that no longer reproduce contribute to the survival of the young.
For reasons which are unknown, pilot whales seem to end up stranded on a beach fairly often.

References 

Oceanic dolphins
Mammals of Asia
The Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata) is a mammal of the oceanic dolphin family. It is small, and rarely seen.  Its name is because it shares some features with the Killer Whale.  They are not closely related.

Description
The pygmy killer is an average-sized dolphin. It may easily be confused at sea with other species, in particular the melon-headed whale. The body is large and dark-colored. The head is rounded without a beak. The sides are lighter and the belly is often white. Several individuals have been seen with a white lining around the mouth and chin. The dorsal fin is tall.

The pygmy avoids human contact. These dolphins always move in groups.  The groups are usually of 10 to 30, but sometimes much larger.

They have been seen attacking, killing and eating other cetacean species such as the Common Dolphin.

References

Oceanic dolphins
Mammals of Pakistan
The Persian jird (Meriones persicus) is a species of rodent in the Muridae family. It is found in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.

The Persian jird is about 6 inches long.  It has a brush-tipped tail that is slightly longer than the body.  They are wild brown with white bellies. 

They live in dry rocky hillsides with little plant life and semi-desert areas.  The eat dry plant material and grains, and sometimes small insects.

Persian jirds usually have two litters a year.  Each litter has around seven pups.

Some people keep them as a pet.  They can live to be six or seven years old.  They need large cages that let them climb and leap.

Rodents
Mammals of Pakistan
The didgeridoo (sometimes didjeridu) is an Australian Aboriginal wind musical instrument. They were used by the Yolgnu people of Arnhem Land. They can be quite long, anywhere from  long. Most are around   long. The longer the instrument, the lower the pitch or key of the instrument. They are a  hollow wooden tube, which can be either cylindrical or conical in shape. It is best described as being a wooden trumpet or drone. Musicologists say it is a brass aerophone.

It is difficult to know when didgeridoos were first used. Studies of rock art in Arnhem Land show that it has been in use for more than 1,500 years. A  rock painting in Ginga Wardelirrhmeng, on the northern edge of the Arnhem Land plateau, dates from the freshwater period. It shows a didgeridoo player and two singers playing in a ceremony.
The word
"Didgeridoo" is said to be a word invented in the West, not an Aboriginal word. It may come from the Irish words dúdaire or dúidire. This means 'trumpeter; constant smoker, puffer; long-necked person, eavesdropper; hummer, crooner' and  dubh, meaning "black" (or duth, meaning "native").  However, this theory is not widely accepted.

The earliest examples of the word in print was in a 1919 issue of Smith's Weekly where it was called an "infernal didjerry" which "produced but one sound - (which sounded like) didjerry, didjerry, didjerry and so on". It was also used the 1919 Australian National Dictionary, The Bulletin in 1924 and the writings of Herbert Basedow in 1926.  There are more than 45 names for this instrument among the Aboriginal people of northern Australia including Yirdaki. Yirdaki, also sometimes spelt yidaki, is for the instrument made and used by the Yolngu people of north-east Arnhem Land.

Making a didgeridoo
Aboriginal didgeridoos are made in the traditional communities in Northern Australia or by makers who travel to Central and Northern Australia to get the materials. They are usually made from hardwoods, usually eucalyptus species that are native to the area. Sometimes a native bamboo, such as Bambusa arnhemica, or pandanus is used. The main trunk of the tree is used, though a big branch may be used instead. Aboriginal makers spend a lot of time looking for a tree that has been hollowed out by termites. If the hollow is too big or too small, it will make a poor quality instrument.
When a tree is found and cut down, the part of trunk or branch that will be made into a didgeridoo is cut out. The bark is taken off, the ends are trimmed, and there is some shaping of the outside. It may be painted or left natural. A rim of beeswax may be put on to the mouthpiece end. Traditional instruments made by Aboriginals in Arnhem Land are sometimes fitted with a 'sugarbag'  mouthpiece. This is black beeswax from wild bees and has a its own special smell.

Didgeridoos can also be made from PVC pipes, non-native hard woods (which are split, hollowed and rejoined), fiberglass, metal, agave, clay, hemp (a bioplastic named zelfo), and even carbon fiber. These didgeridoos usually have an upper inside diameter of around 1.25" down to a bell end of anywhere between two to eight inches and have a length made to the needed key. The mouthpiece can be made of beeswax, hardwood or simply sanded and sized by the craftsman. In PVC, rubber stopper with a hole cut into it can be used.
Modern didgeridoo designs are different from the traditional Australian Aboriginal didgeridoo. They are recognized as being a separate instrument. Didgeridoo design changes started in the late 20th century using new materials and different shapes.

Playing the didgeridoo

A didgeridoo is usually played sitting down because they are so long. It is played with continuously vibrating lips to make the drone while using a special way of breathing called circular breathing. This means a player breathes in through the nose at the same time as pushing air out of the mouth. A skilled player can refill the air in their lungs. With practice, the player can keep a note playing for as long as desired. There are recordings of modern didgeridoo players playing without stopping for more than 40 minutes; Mark Atkins on Didgeridoo Concerto (1994) plays for over 50 minutes continuously.
The rhythm of the circular breathing, gives the instrument its readily recognizable sound. Other changes in the didgeridoo's sound can be made by adding vocal sounds to the drone. Most of the sounds are related to the sounds of Australian animals, such as the dingo or the kookaburra. To make these sounds, the players simply have to use their voice to make the sounds of the animals whilst continuing to blow air through the instrument. The results range from very high-pitched sounds to very low sounds. Adding vocal sounds increases the complexity of the playing.

Anthony Baines wrote that the didgeridoo is like "...an aural kaleidoscope of timbres". He also said that the virtuoso skills used by the best performers were unlike those needed on any other instrument.
Use of the didgeridoo
The didgeridoo was mainly played for ceremonial dancing and singing. It was also common for didgeridoos to be played for entertainment outside of ceremonial life. In northern Australia, the didgeridoo is still a very important as it plays for singers and dancers in surviving cultural ceremonies. Today, most didgeridoo playing is for entertainment in both Indigenous Australian communities and elsewhere around the world.
Pair sticks, sometimes called clapsticks or bilma, set the beat for the songs during ceremonies. The rhythm of the didgeridoo and the beat of the clapsticks use patterns that have been handed down for many generations. Traditionally, only men play the didgeridoo and sing during ceremonies, but both men and women may dance. There were female didgeridoo players, but they did not play in ceremonies and it was not encouraged. Linda Barwick, an ethnomusicologist, says that traditionally women have not played the didgeridoo in ceremony, but in informal situations there is no prohibition in the Dreaming Law. On September 3, 2008, the publisher Harper Collins issued a public apology for its book "The Daring Book for Girls", scheduled to be published in October, which openly encouraged girls to play the instrument.
Didgeridoo in popular culture
 
The didgeridoo is now often used as an instrument in the experimental and avant-garde music scene. Industrial music bands like Test Department- used sounds from this instrument in their performances, linking ecology to industry, influenced by ethnic music and culture.

It has also been an instrument used for the fusion of tribal rhythms with a black metal sound. A music project called Naakhum  used the paganism of the Australian tribes and many others as an approach.
Souvenir didgeridoos
Most didgeridoos made today are for souvenir purposes. It is common to find didgeridoos made of non-native timbers, decorated incorrectly by non-indigenous artists with colourful designs or copied dot patterns. These decorations do not use traditional dreamtime stories or designs. These didgeridoos also often vary widely in size and shape, many being thinner and straighter. As a result of the inadequate wood types, shapes and lengths, souvenir didgeridoos can rarely be used as musical instruments.

Decoration of souvenir didgeridoos is often seen by Aboriginal communities as offensive, inappropriate, inadequate, inaccurate and in many cases, misleading.  The copying of traditional artwork is also used to sell these didgeridoos to unsuspecting tourists.
Health benefits
A 2005 study in the British Medical Journal found that learning and playing the didgeridoo helped reduce snoring and sleep apnea. It does this by making muscles in the upper airway stronger, and this helps them stay open during sleep. This strengthening happens after the player has learned the circular breathing technique.

References

Musical instruments
Indigenous Australian music
Australian music
Donald LaFontaine (August 26, 1940 – September 1, 2008) was an American voice actor. He had a deep voice. He recorded many movie trailers and television advertisements. He used the well known phrase "in a world...", which has been used in movie trailers many times.

Other websites 
Official site

2008 Interview on World Talk LIVE with host Brett Cohen

 The Age (Australia), November 29, 2003: Trailer talk Article about Don LaFontaine by Alan Gelder.
 SWINDLE Magazine Interview
 Don LaFontaine - Obituary

References

American voice actors
Actors from Minnesota
1940 births
2008 deaths
People from Duluth, Minnesota
In 2000, Bungie was acquired by Microsoft, and the Halo: Combat Evolved project, which was in development at that time, was reoriented to the upcoming Microsoft console — Xbox. The game was included in the console's starter game package, and subsequently became the so-called "killer application" of the Xbox platform, selling millions of copies and bringing billions of dollars in profits. Bungie has been releasing Halo series games for several years, but on October 5, 2007, it announced its independence from Microsoft, becoming a private company of Bungie (LLC); at the same time, the rights to Halo remained with Microsoft. In return, Bungie signed a contract with another game publishing company, Activision, in 2010, developing and releasing the multiplayer games Destiny (2014) and Destiny 2 (2017). In 2019, Bungie announced the end of the contract with Activision, expressing its intention to release further Destiny series games independently.

References 

halo
American video game companies
A flamethrower is a device used to shoot fire. They have been used by the military since the days of Greek fire. Most modern military flamethrowers project flaming liquids. 

Flamethrowers became rare in the 19th century, due to improvements in other weapons.  Trench warfare made them more useful again, and the German army began using them in 1915.  Flamethrowers were used during World War 2 as a bunker clearing device.  Many Axis troops used pillboxes and other small fortifications in Northern France, Germany, and on Pacific Ocean islands.  Small fire squads used these weapons to draw them out.  Although flamethrowers project flames, burning was not the most common form of death associated with these weapons.  Rather, smoke released as a byproduct of combustion presented soldiers with the grim ultimatum between death by smoke inhalation or leaving the trench and facing enemy gunfire.
Due to advancements in ballistic technologies and modern warfare tactics, flamethrowers are much less common in modern theatres. Presently, these weapons have been converted for civilian use for clearing old crops, domestic defense and even landscaping. In 2018, the Boring Company headed by Elon Musk developed a civilian flamethrower in a limited production of 20,000 units. With the prominence of Musk in contemporary culture, these flamethrowers were sold quickly yielding 10 million dollars for the Boring Company in gross revenue.

Weapons
A holster is a type of clothing. It is like an extra pocket worn to hold something where it can quickly be taken out for use. Holsters have long been used to hold a firearm, especially a pistol. At the end of the 20th century many people started carrying a mobile phone in a holster.

Accessories
Confetti are small pieces of paper or other material that is thrown into the air at a celebration such as party or a wedding. Confetti comes in a variety of colors and shapes.

In some places including Europe, the use of confetti is banned due to health problems of people, animals or the earth, or due to the work needed to clean up the confetti afterward. Foil and plastic confetti are not biodegradable. Some cans are illegal due to banned items in them.

The first known use of confetti was in 1815, as the Italian word "confetto" meaning "sweetmeat".

References 

Parties
Track listing
"Thank You" (Alanis Morissette, Glen Ballard)
"Head over Feet" (Ballard, Morissette)
"8 Easy Steps" (Morissette)
"Everything" (Morissette)
"Crazy" (Seal, Guy Sigsworth)
"Ironic" (Ballard, Morissette)
"Princes Familiar" (Nick Lashley, Morissette) (MTV Unplugged)
"You Learn" (Ballard, Morissette)
"Simple Together" (Morissette)
"You Oughta Know" (Ballard, Morissette)
"That I Would Be Good" (Morissette, Ballard)
"Sister Blister" (Morissette)
"Hands Clean" (Morissette)
"Mercy" (Jonathan Elias, Morissette) (from The Prayer Cycle)
"Still" (Morissette) (from the Dogma soundtrack)
"Uninvited" (Morissette) (from the City of Angels soundtrack)
"Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love)" (Cole Porter) (from the De-Lovely soundtrack)
"Hand in My Pocket" (Ballard, Morissette)
iTunes bonus tracks
"So Unsexy" (Morissette) (acoustic/Vancouver sessions) - also available for free download at Alanis' official website.
"Crazy" (Tony Kanal extended mix)
The Collection Info 
Morissette's singles that are not on the album include "All I Really Want", "Joining You", "Unsent", "So Pure", the live track "King of Pain" (a cover of The Police song), "Precious Illusions" and the European single "Out Is Through". Additionally, none of her eight dance pop single releases under MCA Records's Canada imprint are present.

References
"Alanis Morissette". Mariah-charts.com. Retrieved December 1, 2006.

Other websites
The Collection site at Alanis.com 

2005 albums
Alanis Morissette albums
Poales is a taxonomic order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons. The order includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges.

Most Poales are wind-pollinated, and so lack the colour and scents of most flowering plants. The bromeliads, however, produce large fruits which are eaten by animals and so act as seed-spreaders.

The earliest fossils of Poales date to the late Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago. Some suggest the origin of the group may be 115 million years ago in South America. The earliest known fossils include pollen and fruits.

The flowers are typically small, enclosed by bracts, and arranged in inflorescences (except in the  genus Mayaca, with solitary terminal flowers). The flowers of most species are wind pollinated. The seeds usually contain starch.
Among monocots, the Poales come second to the orchids in number of species. But in economic terms, they are far more important. In fact, the true grasses (Poaceae) produce by far the most important grains eaten by humans and other animals.

One recent classification lists these families: 
 order Poales
 family Anarthriaceae
 family Bromeliaceae
 family Centrolepidaceae
 family Cyperaceae
 family Ecdeiocoleaceae
 family Eriocaulaceae
 family Flagellariaceae
 family Joinvilleaceae
 family Juncaceae
 family Mayacaceae
 family Poaceae
 family Rapateaceae
 family Restionaceae
 family Thurniaceae
 family Typhaceae
 family Xyridaceae
Diversity and uses 
The Poales are the most economically important order of monocots and possibly the most important order of plants in general. Within the order, by far the most important family economically is the family of grasses (Poaceae, syn. Gramineae), which includes barley, maize, millet, rice, and wheat. It is also the largest family in the order, far outnumbering the other families:
 Poaceae: 12,070 species
 Cyperaceae: 5,500 species
 Bromeliaceae: 3,170 species
 Eriocaulaceae: 1,150 species

References