Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Parasites
Parasites include the tachinid flies Sturmia convergens and Lesperia archippivora. Caterpillars that have the Lesperia archippivora maggots inside them will finish their last molt. They will then hang upside down on a horizontal surface. They die before they turn into a chrysalis. At that time one white maggot comes out of the caterpillar. The maggot then forms a brown pupa on the ground.

The bacteria Micrococcus flacidifex danai also infects the caterpillar and causes “black death”. Just before turning into a chrysalis, the caterpillar will find a horizontal surface. They die a few hours later. The body turns black shortly after. The bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes infections in weakened insects. It is a common cause of death in insects that are raised in laboratories.

Relationship with humans
The monarch is the state insect of Alabama, Idaho, Illinois, Minnesota, and Texas. It is the state butterfly of
Vermont and West Virginia.
It was nominated in 1990 as the national insect of the United States of America. It was nominated along with the honeybee (Apis mellifera). However, the legislation did not pass.

Many people like to attract monarchs by growing a butterfly garden with the plant Asclepias physocarpa. Others like raising them for fun or for educational purposes. Sanctuaries have been made for migrating Monarchs. The sanctuaries are found at the monarch's favorite overwintering places. These migrations can create a lot of tourism revenue.

Many schools also enjoy caring for monarchs. They start with caterpillars. When the caterpillars mature into butterflies, they are then set free into the wild.
Some organizations, such as the Cape May Bird Observatory, have monarch labeling programs. Labels are placed on the wing of the butterfly. The labels have information on them. This helps scientists track the monarchs during their migration. It also helps the scientists study the paths that the monarchs take on their migration.

Adult food sources
Adult Monarchs have been seen on a number of different nectar plants.  Here is a list of some of them:

 Apocynum cannabinum – Indian hemp
 Asclepias incarnata – Swamp milkweed
 Asclepias syriaca – Common milkweed
 Asclepias tuberosa – Butterfly weed
 Aster sp. – asters
 Cirsium sp. – thistles
 Conyza canadensis – Canadian horseweed
 Daucus carota – Wild carrot
 Dipsacus fullonum – Fuller's teasel

 Eupatorium perfoliatum – Common boneset
 Eutrochium maculatum – Spotted joe-pye weed
 Hesperis matronalis – Dame's rocket
 Medicago sativa – Alfalfa
 Solidago sp. – golden rods
 Syringa vulgaris – Lilac
 Trifolium pratense – Red clover
 Vernonia gigantea – Tall ironweed
Males will also take in water and minerals from damp soil and small, wet rocks.  This is known as puddling.  The Monarch has also been seen puddling at an oil stain on pavement.

Food plants

Here is a list of plants that the Monarch caterpillar eats:

 Asclepias amplexicaulis – Clasping milkweed
 Asclepias asperula – Antelope horns
 Asclepias californica – California milkweed
 Asclepias cordifolia – Heart-leaf milkweed
 Asclepias curassavica – Scarlet milkweed
 Asclepias curtissii – Curtiss' milkweed
 Asclepias eriocarpa – Woollypod milkweed
 Asclepias erosa – Desert milkweed
 Asclepias exaltata – Poke milkweed
 Asclepias fascicularis – Narrow-leaf milkweed
 Asclepias humistrata – Sandhill milkweed
 Asclepias incarnata – Swamp milkweed
Asclepias nivea – Caribbean milkweed
 Asclepias physocarpa – Swan plant
 Asclepias purpurascens – Purple milkweed
 Asclepias speciosa – Showy milkweed
 Asclepias subverticillata – Horsetail milkweed
 Asclepias syriaca – Common milkweed
 Asclepias tuberosa – Butterfly weed
 Asclepias verticillata – Whorled milkweed
 Calotropis gigantea – Crown flower
 Calotropis procera – Apple of Sodom
 Cynanchum laeve – Sand vine
 Sarcostemma clausum – White vine

References

Danaus
Naturalism is "the idea or belief that nothing exists beyond the natural world". It is the belief that "the natural world is the whole of reality". The term was first used this way in English in 1750.

It is a kind of philosophy called metaphysical, because it covers everything: "nature is all there is, and all basic truths are truths of nature". 

All the things and powers which are commonly called supernatural, such as God, souls or witchcraft do not exist, according to this position.

Method and science 
Methodological or scientific naturalism is concerned with practical methods for acquiring knowledge. 

Many scientists use the scientific method for their research. Hypotheses are be explained and tested only by reference to natural causes and events.

Explanations for observations are only useful when they are based on hypotheses of natural causes. An explanation that relies on a natural mechanism that works according to certain rules is usable. Explanations that need miracles to work are not.
Methodological naturalism is the principle underlying all of modern science. Some philosophers extend this idea, so that it applies to all of philosophy as well. Science and philosophy, according to this view, are said to form a continuum. W.V. Quine, George Santayana, and other philosophers have advocated this view.

A number of other philosophical ideas are similar to naturalism:
Positivism
Materialism
Physicalism
Empiricism

Related pages
Naturalism (literature)
Uniformitarianism

References

Other websites
 Naturalism David Papineau, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 Naturalism Jon Jacobs, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 Naturalism article in the Catholic Encyclopedia

 

Epistemology
Philosophy of science
Philosophical movements and positions
Heinz Sielmann (June 2, 1917 in Rheydt, Germany – October 6, 2006 in Munich) was a world famous wildlife photographer, zoologist and documentary filmmaker.

Heinz Sielmann was degree in Biology and specialized in Zoology, in 1940, at the Imperial Posen University (Poland).

His work includes award-winning movies like Lords of the Forest (better known in the USA under its title Masters of the Congo Jungle (1959), the English version narrated by Orson Welles, Galapagos - Dream Island in the Pacific (1962), Vanishing Wilderness, and The Mystery of Animal Behavior. 

His series Expeditionen ins Tierreich (Expeditions into the Animal Kingdom) broadcast on national German Television from 1965 to 1991, made him well known in Germany.

Other websites
International Herald Tribune Europe - German naturalist and documentary filmmaker Heinz Sielmann dies

1917 births
2006 deaths
German photographers
People from Mönchengladbach
Green Screen is an international wildlife movie festival. Since 2007 it takes place every year in Eckernförde, Germany. The festival shows full-length and short movies about animals. It is the only festival of its kind in Germany.

The awarded trophy is made of natural sand.

The festival also shows classic nature documentaries.

Since 2008 a special prize for filmmakers is named after the famous filmmaker Heinz Sielmann.

References

Other websites

 Homepage

Movie festivals
Festivals in Germany
2007 establishments in Germany
Schleswig-Holstein
Lars Petrus (born in 1960) is a speedcuber from Sweden. He invented a method of solving the Rubik's Cube very quickly. He became the Swedish national champion of speedcubing in 1982. He finished fourth overall at the first official Rubik's Cube World Championships held in Budapest. He later published his own special method, known as the Petrus method, on the internet.

Other websites
Official website

1960 births
Living people
Swedish people
The Rite of Spring (Le Sacre du Printemps) is a ballet in two parts. It was written for the 1913 Paris season of Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes company. 

The music was written by Igor Stravinsky. The dances, which Stravinsky hated, were choreographed by Vaslav Nijinsky. The style of the dance was not in traditional ballet form, but as what Nijinsky imagined to be a primitive ritual. Stravinsky complained that Nijinsky had no understanding of the rudiments of music. The set and costumes were designed by Nicholas Roerich. 

The ballet was first performed by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes at the Theatre du Champs-Élysées in  Paris on 29 May 1913. The dress rehearsal met with approval from critics and invited guests, but the premiere was greeted with tumult and riot, only stilled by the performance of Marie Piltz as the sacrificial maiden. Subsequent performances were received with growing appreciation, but the ballet's great difficulties forced it to be presented only six times.
The ballet was revived in 1920 by the Ballets Russes, but the music had been performed in its entirety in concert before the revival. Nijinsky's dances had been forgotten so Leonide Massine (who had not seen the original performances) designed the dances anew. These met with Stravinsky's approval. In 1940, Walt Disney used the music to accompany a segment of the animated movie Fantasia. This segment depicted lumbering dinosaurs and smoldering volcanoes.

Stravinsky's music 
The music lasts about 40 minutes, and is divided into two parts.  It has the subtitle "Pictures from Pagan Russia". Stravinsky had the idea of composing music which was about country people from old times in Russia who danced a fertility rite.  This means: a ceremony which is supposed to bring good luck to the next year’s harvest. In this ancient Russian dance, one young girl is chosen to dance and dance until she dies. She is the sacrifice. She is sacrificed to the god of spring.
How Stravinsky wrote the score 
The painter Nicholas Roerich talked with Stravinsky about the idea for this ballet in 1910. Stravinsky started writing down musical ideas while he was still working on his ballet The Firebird.  Then he worked on Petrushka. In 1912 he was able to concentrate on The Rite of Spring.  All these ballets were composed for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.

First performance 
The Rite of Spring was first performed by the Ballets Russes on 29 May 1913 at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris. The conductor was Pierre Monteux. The audience were shocked at the primitive kind of dancing and the irregular rhythms and strange orchestral sounds and unusual chords.  Nijinsky’s choreography was so different from classical ballet.  Nijinsky found it difficult to work with Stravinsky and difficult to work with the music.
Carl Van Vechten described the scene as follows:
"A certain part of the audience was thrilled by what it considered to be a blasphemous attempt to destroy  music as an art, and, swept away with wrath, began very soon after the rise of the curtain, to make cat-calls and to offer audible suggestions as to how the performance should proceed. The orchestra played unheard, except occasionally when a slight lull occurred. The young man seated behind me in the box stood up during the course of the ballet to enable himself to see more clearly. The intense excitement under which he was labouring betrayed itself presently when he began to beat rhythmically on top of my head with his fists. My emotion was so great that I did not feel the blows for some time".
Marie Rambert heard someone in the gallery call out: "Un docteur … un dentiste … deux docteurs…". The second performance (June 4) was fortunately less eventful and, according to Maurice Ravel, the entire work could actually be heard.
The complicated music and violent dance steps caused some to boo. They started to shout and whistle. They argued, and other people who liked it argued back. Then some people started to fight. In the end the police were called. Stravinksy was very upset and ran out of the theatre. The performance was a scandal, but this actually made people curious and soon the ballet became very famous. It was performed six times that season, and there were no more interruptions during the other performances.

Themes 
The Rite of Spring is divided into two parts, and each part has several sections:

Part 1: The Adoration of the Earth
In the Introduction we hear the coming of spring.  A bassoon starts all by itself on a very high note.  Gradually other instruments join in until it sounds like the swarming of insects and other spring noises.
In The Auguries of Spring – Dances of the Young Girls we hear two chords played together, each chord is in a different key.  This chord which is in two keys at once is stamped out by the strings and eight horns.  A rocking tune is heard on the cor anglais.

This leads to The Game of Capture in which we hear a piccolo trumpet (a small kind of trumpet) play a quick, flutter-tongue melody.

 Round-dances of Spring is a country tune on high and low clarinets followed by a slow dance for strings and woodwinds.  The music is then repeated with immense loud intensity, soon followed by quiet flute trills.

 Games of the Rival Tribes uses timpani, low brass instruments and horns to describe the furious tribes.

 The Procession of the Sage is the entry of the wise man (the sage).  It builds into a big climax.

 Adoration of the Earth-The Sage is a short bit of very quiet music, leading to

 Dance of the Earth which leads Part One to a wild end.

Part 2: The Sacrifice
The  Introduction  describes the night.  Lots of chords in several keys at once leads to a tune in the strings.

 Mysterious Circles of the Young Girls.  This is where one girl is chosen to die.  Six solo violas play the tune, an alto flute is heard.  Trumpets and horns with mutes interrupt the circling.  Then eleven heavy thumps on the strings and drums lead to…

 Glorification of the Chosen One.  This is a big, exciting dance with noisy horns and timpani and bass drum.

 Evocation of the Ancestors.  The elders (the wise old men) arrive to majestic chords on wind and brass.

 Ritual Action of the Ancestors.  We hear quiet, ticking chords and a duet for cor anglais and alto flute.  Then trumpets and horns, and finally clarinets.

 Sacrificial Dance of the Chosen One.  The “Chosen One” dances herself to death.  The music is very energetic, with very irregular rhythms and time signatures which keep changing almost every bar.  The work ends in a huge climax.
Musical characteristics 
Stravinsky's music has many complex harmonies with dissonant sounds.  There are passages with polyrhythms (several rhythms at once) as well as polytonality (music in several keys at once).  The time signatures keep changing, and he often uses ostinati (repeated patterns).

Stravinsky wanted his music to describe the releasing of lots of energy.  Most composers would have done this by using a lot of percussion instruments.  However, although two players are needed for the timpani, there are not many other percussion instruments.  Instead, the whole orchestra becomes a kind of percussion instrument.  Also, the music often sounds like Russian folkmusic.

Instrumentation 
The Rite of Spring uses a very large orchestra with some unusual instruments. There are almost 100 people playing the piece.  Here is a list of the instruments used:
woodwinds: piccolo, 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo 2), alto flute, 4 oboes (4th doubling cor anglais 2), cor anglais, clarinet in E-flat and D, 3 clarinets in B-flat, A (3rd doubling bass clarinet 2), bass clarinet, 4 bassoons (4th doubling contrabassoon 2), contrabassoon
brass: 8 horns in F (7th and 8th doubling Wagner tubas in B-flat), trumpet in D, 4 trumpets in C (4th doubling bass trumpet in E-flat), 3 trombones, 2 tubas
percussion: timpani (2 players, with a minimum of 5 drums including a piccolo timpano), bass drum, cymbals, tam-tam, crotales (antique cymbals) in A-flat and B-flat, triangle, tambourine, guiro
strings: violins i, ii (16), (14), violas (12), violoncellos (10), double basses (8)

The dance
The dance 

Nijinsky's choreography was thought almost as shocking as the music. The idea is: a tribe sacrifices a young virgin each year in the Spring to please their gods, and make sure crops grow well. The dancers adopt a pigeon-toed stance (position); their moves are heavy. They move together in groups; their movements are like a ritual. They look like a primitive tribe performing a ritual. The ritual moves towards the sacrifice of the girl. The Rite of Spring is a link between classical ballet and modern dance.p395

Reconstruction of the ballet 
Nijinsky's choreography has not been kept very well, but there have been efforts in recent years to reconstruct his performance, using costumes and set designs that look like the original ones from 1912. The Royal Ballet in London has a compact disc which discusses Bronislava Nijinska's directions for the dance in a modern (post WWII) production of the ballet.
Fantasia 
The Rite of Spring became even more popular when Walt Disney used some of the music in his animated movie Fantasia in 1940.  It is used in the film to describe early life on planet earth with dinosaurs roaming about.

References

 Robert, Grace. 1949. The Borzoi Book of Ballets. New York: Knopf. pp. 25963.
 Igor Stravinsky "The Rite of Spring" - Malcolm Hayes 2003, printed in programme for BBC Promenade Concert 16 August 2004

Other websites 
Hewett, Ivan 2013. Did The Rite of Spring really spark a riot? BBC News Magazine. 

Compositions by Igor Stravinsky
Ballets Russes productions
Ballets choreographed by Nijinsky
The theory of recapitulation was a theory that tied evolution (the change in organisms over time) with embryology (the way organisms develop before they are born). The theory stated that before they are born, organisms pass through developmental stages that look like adult animals of other species, in roughly the same order that these other species split off during evolution.

Étienne Serres first proposed this idea in 1824–26. In 1886 Ernst Haekel suggested that the embryonic development of an organism (its ontogeny) followed the same path as the evolutionary history of its species (its phylogeny). It is also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism.

Although there is something to this idea, it is no longer thought to be such a useful way to look at development.

Haeckel's theory
Haeckel's theory

Haeckel formulated his theory as "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". Ontogeny is the steps an organism takes in its development before it is born, starting as a single cell and ending as a baby. Phylogeny is the steps a species takes in its development, starting as a very simple organism and evolving into the current organism. "Recapitulates" is a synonym for "reflects" and implies that the ontogeny of an organism is similar to the phylogeny of its species.
However, not all of Haeckel's evidence or conclusions were this good. Haeckel produced several embryo drawings that often overemphasized similarities between embryos of related species.  These found their ways into many biology textbooks, and into popular knowledge, even though they were wrong. Furthermore, Haeckel used this "evidence" to conclude that white people were evolutionary superior to people of other races. Not only is this a racist view, but we know today that it is not true.

Rejection 
Today, scientists think that Haeckel overstated the case. For example, the "gills" of a developing human do not work (though Haekel never said they did). Furthermore, as better observations were made, it was discovered that developing babies don't look exactly like the pictures Haeckel drew. He may have exaggerated what he saw in order to support his point better. Also, Haekel's discussion was entirely about morphology: he did not discuss the evolution and development of animal behaviour.
However, this is not to say that nothing about the theory makes sense. It is true that our ontogeny gives clues about our phylogeny. However, the relationship is not nearly as direct as Haeckel said it was. In fact, Haekel's over-emphatic claims led in due course to over-emphatic rejections.

Modern observations 
Today, scientists agree that some parts of Haeckel's theory still make sense. For example:
Before they are born, developing organisms of different species look similar.
This similarity lasts longer in species which split from each other rather recently.
Before they are born, developing organisms may have traits which they do not have when born, but which the organisms that they evolved from had when they were adults.

Notes

References

Other websites
Of Parts and Wholes: Self-similarity and Synecdoche in Science, Culture and Literature 
"Ontology Recapitulates Philology", a parody phrase

Evolutionary biology
Developmental biology
Mount Tambora (8°14’41”S, 117°59’35”E) is an active volcano in Indonesia. It is on top of a subduction zone. Tambora was taller before its explosive volcanic eruption in 1815. This killed tens of thousands of people around the world. Later eruptions have been smaller.

History 
When the volcano erupted in 1815, it climaxed on 10 April. It was the most destructive volcanic eruption in modern history. It has been estimated that it was four times larger than the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, between Java and Sumatra, in terms of volume of magma ejected. Before the explosion, Tambora was 4,300 m (14,100 ft) high, now it is only 2,722 m (8,930 ft) high. Its massive crater is therefore a caldera.
The eruption destroyed a small Asian culture, known to archaeologists as the Tamboran kingdom. Most deaths from the eruption were from starvation and disease, as the fallout ruined farming in the local region. The death toll was at least 71,000 people, of whom 11,000–12,000 were killed directly by the eruption. The often-cited figure of 92,000 people killed is believed to be overestimated.

It released 160 cubic kilometers    of ash into the upper atmosphere. This caused famine around the world. Tambora's 1815 outburst was the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. It had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7 and was one of the most violent eruptions in the last 5,000 years, comparable to the 180 AD "Hatepe eruption" of Taupo Volcano and the 969 AD eruption of Baekdu Mountain. The explosion was heard on Sumatra island more than  away. Heavy volcanic ash falls were observed as far away as Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku islands.
Climate change 
The eruption caused a global climate change known as the "volcanic winter". 1816 became known as the "Year without a summer" because of the effect on North American and European weather. Crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in the worst famine of the 19th century.

References 

Volcanoes of Indonesia
Calderas
VEI-7 volcanoes
Louis of France, Dauphin of France (1 November 1661  14 April 1711) was the eldest son and heir of Louis XIV, King of France and his wife, Marie Therese of Austria. He was called the "Grand Dauphin" (which is "Le Grand Dauphin" in French) because his great-grandson who was the son of Louis XV and the father of Louis XVI, Louis, Dauphin of France (1729-1765).

He had two wives. The first one was Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, they both got married in 1680 and had 3 children together. The second was Marie Émilie de Joly from their marriage in 1695 until Louis's death in 1711. They had no children together.

He never became king as he died before his father did therefore, the heir became his eldest child who is Louis, Duke of Burgundy. However, the Duke of Burgundy died a year later so the heir became the Duke of Burgundy's son, Louis XV.
Issue
 Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy (16 August 1682 - 18 February 1712), Duke of Burgundy and later Dauphin of France; married second cousin Maria Adelaide of Savoy and had the future Louis XV of France;
 Philippe of France (19 December 1683 -  9 July 1746), Duke of Anjou, (later King of Spain); became King of Spain in 1700; married second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy and had issue; married again Elisabeth Farnese and had issue such as the future Dauphine of France, Infanta Maria Theresa;
 Charles of France (31 July 1686 – 5 May 1714), Duke of Berry, Alençon and of Angoulême Count of Ponthieu; married his first cousin Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans and had issue but none survived over a year;

Thus, through Burgundy and Anjou, Louis ensured the continuation of the senior Bourbon line on the throne of France and the establishment of the cadet Spanish Bourbon dynasty respectively.

References
References

Further reading
 Lahaye, Matthieu, Louis, Dauphin de France. Fils de roi, père de roi, jamais roi, DEA directed by Joël Cornette, University of Paris VIII, 2005.
 Lahaye, Matthieu, Louis Ier d'Espagne (1661-1700) : essai sur une virtualité politique, Revue historique, Numéro 647, PUF, Paris, Novembre 2008.

1661 births
1711 deaths
House of Bourbon
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Dauphins and Dauphines of France
The northern pintail or pintail (Anas acuta) is a widely occurring duck which breeds in the northern areas of Europe, Asia and North America. It is strongly migratory and winters south of its breeding range to the equator. Unusually for a bird with such a large range, it has no geographical subspecies if the possibly conspecific Eaton's Pintail is considered to be a separate species.

Ducks
Tupac: Resurrection (Original Soundtrack) was released by Amaru Entertainment and Interscope Records as the soundtrack for the 2003 documentary of the same name. It includes remixed versions of several previously released 2Pac recordings, including "Death Around the Corner" from Me Against the World, "Secretz of War" from Still I Rise. and "Holler if You Hear Me" from Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.; and unreleased Tupac verses re-constructed into new tracks such as "Ghost", "One Day at a Time", and "Runnin (Dying to Live)". The album sold more than 420,000 copies in its first week. Eminem produced major parts of this album. The album features The Notorious B.I.G., Eminem, 50 Cent, Outlawz, and Digital Underground.

Track listing

References

2003 albums
Hip hop albums
Donington Park is a park and motor racing track near Derbyshire in North West Leicestershire, England.

The land was part of the Donington Hall estate. Tom Wheatcroft owns it. It is mainly used as a motor racing track, but the land is also used for music festivals and a Sunday market.

In July 2009, it was announced that the Formula One British Grand Prix would be at Donington Park from 2010 until 2020.  However, by November that year, money had not been raised to improve the track and the hosting of the Grand Prix remained in doubt.

References

Formula One circuits
1931 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in England
The European Grand Prix (sometimes called the Grand Prix of Europe) is a Formula One race. It was reintroduced during the mid-1980s. It has been held regularly since 1999. 

In earlier years, one of the national Grands Prix was also called the European Grand Prix. The first race to be so named was the 1923 Italian Grand Prix, held at Monza and won by Carlo Salamano in a Fiat. Since , the European Grand Prix is a separate race. It is usually held in a country that also holds a national Grand Prix.

Winners of the European Grands Prix

Repeat winners  (drivers) 

Only includes standalone events

Repeat winners (constructors) 

Only includes standalone events.

The Formula One season as a standalone event

The Formula One season as an honorary designation

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Formula One Grands Prix
Omote-sandō Station (表参道駅、おもてさんどうえき) is a railway station of Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan.

Adjacent stations

Railway stations in Tokyo
Panasonic Toyota Racing was a Formula One team owned by the Japanese car maker Toyota and based in Cologne, Germany. Toyota announced their plans to join F1 in 1999, and after a long time testing with their TF101 car, the team raced for the first time in 2002. The new team has grown from Toyota's long standing European Toyota Motorsport organisation, which has previously competed in the World Rally Championship and the 24 hours of Le Mans. Despite a point in their first ever race, Toyota F1 have not yet won a grand prix, their best finish so far being 2nd place in 2005, during which they achieved three podiums and a pole position, as well as finishing fourth in the world constructors' championship with 88 points.

Complete Formula One results

As a works (factory) team 
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Half points awarded as less than 75% of race distance was completed
Notes 
 At the 2004 Canadian Grand Prix, both race cars were disqualified. Illegal brake cooling ducts were found on the cars in the inspection after the race.
 At the 2005 United States Grand Prix, neither race car started the race. Michelin told their teams the tires were not safe to race with.
 At the 2002 Japanese Grand Prix, Allan McNish crashed during Saturday qualifying. He did not start the race, and never raced in Formula One again.
 At the 2009 Japanese Grand Prix, Timo Glock crashed during Saturday qualifying. He did not start the race.

As an engine supplier

Other websites 

Formula One constructors
Formula One engine manufacturers
Philip Toll Hill, Jr., (April 20, 1927 – August 28, 2008) was an American automobile racer and the only American-born driver to win the Formula One World Drivers' Championship. Hill was described as a "thoughtful, gentle man" and once said, "I'm in the wrong business. I don't want to beat anybody, I don't want to be the big hero. I'm a peace-loving man, basically.

1927 births
2008 deaths
American racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Jacques Joseph Charles Villeneuve, OQ (born April 9, 1971 in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec) is a Canadian automobile racing driver. He is the son of Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve, and is the namesake of his uncle (also a racer).

He raced in Formula One from 1996 to 2006, driving for Williams, BAR, Renault and BMW Sauber. He won the world championship in 1997 with Williams, in only his second season, the first person to do so that quickly (except for the 1950 season, the very first season in F1).

1971 births
Living people
Canadian racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Quebec
Anthony Wayne Stewart (born May 20, 1971 in Columbus, Indiana) is an American race car driver. He drives the #14 Chevrolet SS in the NASCAR Sprint Cup series. For most of his career in NASCAR, Stewart was driving for Joe Gibbs Racing, but now owns his own team called Stewart Haas Racing. Hurt in August, he could not take a NASCAR start til the end of 2013.

Career
Tony Stewart started racing in Go-Karts. Then, in 1991, he moved into the United States Auto Club (USAC) series where he won the Rookie of the Year award. This award is given to the best first year driver in the series.
Stewart started racing in the Winston Cup series (now called the Sprint Cup series) in 1999. He drove for Joe Gibbs Racing. He finished in second place in his first race. Stewart went on to win the Sprint Cup Championship in 2002. In 2009, Stewart began racing for his own team, named Stewart Haas Racing. Stewart won the 2011 Sprint Cup Championship, beating Carl Edwards. Stewart and Edwards finished the season tied in points, but Tony had won more races during the year then Edwards, so Stewart was given the championship. In 2015, Stewart said that 2016 would be his final year racing in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.

References

NASCAR drivers
American racecar drivers
1971 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Indiana
IndyCar Series drivers
Wantage is a town in the Vale of the White Horse, near the Thames Valley, in the English county of Berkshire, and about  south-southwest of Oxford. It is famous for being the birthplace of King Alfred the Great.

Local government
Wantage has a town council consisting of sixteen councillors, twelve of whom  are Liberal Democrats (2007). It is also part of the district of the Vale of White Horse.

Transport

Wantage sits at the crossing of the B4507 valley road, the A417 Reading to Cirencester road and the A338 Hungerford (and junction 14 of the M4 motorway) to Oxford road. 

Wantage is connected to Oxford, Didcot, Abingdon and Faringdon by regular bus services. The fastest public bus journey from Wantage to Oxford takes about 45 minutes, the slowest can take over 1 hour 15 minutes.

History
History

King Alfred the Great was born here in the 9th century. Wantage appears in the Domesday Book of 1086. Its value was £61 and it was in the king's ownership until 1190. Troops of the king were stationed in Wantage during the English Civil War.

Since 1848, Wantage has been home to the Community of Saint Mary the Virgin, one of the largest communities of Anglican nuns in the world.

Famous people

King Alfred the Great was born in Wantage in 849.
John Betjeman, Poet Laureate from 1972 to 1984, lived in Wantage and his book, 'Archie and the Strict Baptists' is based in the town. A memorial park has now been established in the town named after him, which includes extracts from his poems in a peaceful wooded area.

Twinning
Wantage is twinned with:
 Mably in France
 Seesen in Germany

The town was twinned with Seesen (Germany) in 1979 and Mably (France) in 1990.

Other websites
Other websites

 Wantage Community Website
 Wantage Town Council 
 Wantage Churches Together 
 Vale and Downland Museum, Wantage 
 Royal Berkshire History: Wantage
 Wantage Silver Band
 King Alfred's School 
 CTC Wantage Section 
 Wantage Dive Club 
 Wantage Choral Society
 Wantage Town Football Club
 Wantage local bus services

Towns in Oxfordshire
A Haunting is an American paranormal drama anthology television series. It was about different hauntings that have occurred in different parts of the U.S. Due to the high audience levels, the series became a weekly program on the Discovery Channel for the United States, being produced by Larry Silverman. There were 115 episodes.

Overview
The episodes tell a chronicle of paranormal phenomena in real life told in astonishment by their own protagonists. This chilling series chronicles some of the most shocking supernatural stories in the United States. Tragedy, suicide and murder confront ordinary people with terrifying situations. It is currently broadcast in some Latin American countries and in Europe only in Spain.
Narrations in first person, clarify the mysteries and the causes of each and every one of the stories.  Ultimately, Tales from Beyond the Grave delves into the mysteries surrounding the innocent owners of haunted homes. All the inexplicable events can turn into tragedy, if the disturbed spirits that inhabit the houses of the protagonists insist on recording their last word.

Episodes

English-language television programs
Discovery Channel
The sage (also called wise old man or "Senex") is a character who often appears in literature and mythology.  He is an old man who is very wise.  In times of trouble people go to ask the sage for advice.  The sage is a very calm, intelligent old man.  He is like a father-figure or grandfather-figure.  He gives sensible advice or judgment.

In some stories the sage is seen as"foreign" in some way, that is, he is different from the other people of that culture.  Merlin is a good example of this, as he was only half human.

The psychologist Carl Jung called him a senex.  This is Latin for old man.  Jung sees him as someone who realizes that the young person is going to be the hero of the story, and he himself is just an advisor.

Literature
Mythology
Cognition
Władysław I Herman (ca. 1044 - 4 June 1102), was a Duke of Poland from 1079 until his death.

He was the second son of Casimir I the Restorer by his wife Maria Dobroniega, daughter of Vladimir the Great, Grand Duke of Kiev.

1040s births
1102 deaths
Polish dukes
Felipe González Márquez (born 5 March 1942) is a Spanish socialist politician. He was the General Secretary of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) from 1974 to 1997. To date, he remains the longest-serving Prime Minister of Spain, after having served four successive mandates from 1982 to 1996. He is married and has three children.

1942 births
Living people
People from Seville
Prime Ministers of Spain
Social democrats
Jayceon Terrell Taylor (born November 29, 1979), better known by his stage name The Game (or simply Game), is an American rapper and actor. He became famous in 2018 with the success of his debut album, The Documentary, and his two Grammy nominations. Since then, he is considered to be a driving force in bringing back the West Coast hip hop scene into the mainstream and competing with many of his East Coast counterparts.

Career

Discography
 Untold Story (2004)
 The Documentary (2005)
 Doctor's Advocate (2006)
 LAX (2008)
 The R.E.D. Album (2011)
 Jesus Piece (2012)
 The Documentary 2 (2015)
 The Documentary 2.5 (2015)
 1992 (2016)
 Born 2 Rap (2019)
 Drillmatic – Heart vs. Mind (2022)

1979 births
Living people
African-American rappers
Rappers from California
Gangsta rappers
Musicians from Compton, California
Baroness Karen Christenze von Blixen-Finecke (born Dinesen; 17 April 1885 – 7 September 1962) was a Danish author who wrote works in Danish and English. She is also known under her pen names Isak Dinesen, used in English-speaking countries, Tania Blixen, used in German-speaking countries, Osceola, and Pierre Andrézel.

1885 births
1962 deaths
Danish writers
Danish novelists
Hackleton, Northamptonshire, England, is a large village that is neighboured by Piddington and Horton.
The village has a post office, village shop, local butchers and the White Hart pub. There is also a village hall, where meetings and events are held.

Behind the school, Hackleton C of E Primary, is the recreation ground. It is most commonly known as 'The Rec'. It has play equipment.

Villages in Northamptonshire
Euptoieta is a genus of butterflies.  Euptoieta belongs in the family Nymphalidae.

Species 
 Euptoieta bogotana Staudinger, 1885
 Euptoieta claudia Cramer, 1775 – Variegated Fritillary
 Euptoieta hegesia Cramer, 1779 – Mexican Fritillary
 Euptoieta hortensia Blanchard, 1852
 Euptoieta perdistincta A. Hall, 1930
 Euptoieta poasina  Schaus, 1913
 Euptoieta sunides Hewitson, 1877
 Euptoieta thekla  A. Hall, 1919

References 

Gerardo Lamas (edited by) (2004).  Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera.  Checklist: Part4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea.  Scientific Publishers, Inc., Gainesville, FL.  

Nymphalidae
Cinnamon Toast Crunch is a cereal made by General Mills. It has small squares sprinkled with cinnamon and sugar. It was first made in 1984.

References

Breakfast cereals
Jerome Bernard "Jerry" Orbach (October 20, 1935 – December 28, 2004) was an American actor and singer. He was best known as Lennie Briscoe in the Law & Order television series.

Other websites 

1935 births
2004 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American musical theatre actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from prostate cancer
Tony Award winning actors
Raúl Ramón Mondesí Avelino (born March 12, 1971, in San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic) is a former Major League Baseball player.  Now, he is the mayor of San Cristóbal Province in the Dominican Republic. He was the National League Rookie of the Year in 1994.  He won Gold Glove Awards in 1995 and 1997 as an outfielder.

Mondesí was first signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers as an amateur in 1988.  He played in the Pioneer League.  His first Major League game was on July 19, 1993.

On November 8, 1999, he was traded by the Dodgers (along with Pedro Borbón, Jr.) to the Toronto Blue Jays for Shawn Green and minor league player Jorge Nunez. Mondesí was traded by the Blue Jays to the New York Yankees on July 1, 2002 for Scott Wiggins. The Yankees traded him on July 29, 2003 to the Arizona Diamondbacks for David Dellucci, Bret Prinz and minor leaguer John Prowl.
He signed as a free agent with the Pittsburgh Pirates on February 24, 2004. He left the team for personal reasons.  The Anaheim Angels signed him on May 30, 2004. Shortly after, he tore his quadriceps and was placed on the disabled list. The Atlanta Braves signed Mondesí in 2005.

Mondesí is currently out of baseball and living in San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic.

References

1971 births
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Atlanta Braves players
Dominican Republic baseball players
Living people
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Mayors
National League All-Stars
New York Yankees players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Cliff Floyd is a baseball player who was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was born on December 5, 1972. He is a Sagittarius. He is 6'4" and weighs 230 pounds.

1972 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago Cubs players
Florida Marlins players
Montreal Expos players
New York Mets players
San Diego Padres players
Tampa Bay Rays players
National League All-Stars
Sportspeople from Chicago
Freegle is an organisation in the United Kingdom that help people give away things they do not need anymore to other people for free, if someone will collect and take the item away. This means that used items are not thrown away while they are still useful to someone. This is to make sure that less garbage is thrown into landfills, so that these landfills can have more space and last longer.

In October 2009, there were more than 200 Freegle groups with more than 920,000 members in the UK.

References

Other websites 
 Freegle website

Environmental organisations based in the United Kingdom
Recycling
My Generation is the first album by the rock group The Who. It was released in December 1965 in the United Kingdom, where it got to number five in the charts. One of the songs, "My Generation", became very popular, and is now one of the most famous rock songs ever. In the US, the album was released in April 1966 as The Who Sing My Generation. It had some different songs than the UK album.

My Generation (UK)
These were the songs on the first UK album:
 "Out in the Street"
 "I Don't Mind"
 "The Good's Gone"
 "La-La-La Lies"
 "Much Too Much"
 "My Generation"
 "The Kids Are Alright"
 "Please, Please, Please"
 "It's Not True"
 "I'm a Man"
 "A Legal Matter"
 "The Ox"

The Who Sing My Generation (US)
These were the songs on the US album:
 "Out in the Street"
 "I Don't Mind"
 "The Good's Gone"
 "La-La-La Lies"
 "Much Too Much"
 "My Generation"
 "The Kids Are Alright"
 "Please, Please, Please"
 "It's Not True"
 "The Ox"
 "A Legal Matter"
 "Instant Party"
Other versions
A new remixed version of the album was released in August 2002, and in August 2008 a longer version, in mono, was released.

References

1965 albums
Debut albums
Rock albums
The Who albums
John Alec Entwistle (9 October 1944 – 27 June 2002) was an English musician who was best known as the bassist for the rock band The Who. His bass playing style influenced many other bass players who came after him.  Entwistle is regarded by many as the greatest bassist in the history of rock music.
Entwistle played his bass guitar as a lead instrument, employing a "full treble, full volume" sound, as well as often using pentatonic lines and a typewriter finger approach.  He recorded the first bass solo in the history of popular music on The Who's song "My Generation".  Other notable examples of Entwistle's playing are "Boris the Spider" and "The Real Me".  As he developed his sound and refined his skill, Entwistle's bass sounded like a VOX Amplifier.  At the time of his death he had a collection of over 400 instruments that reflected the different brands he used over his career: Fender, Rickenbacker, Alembic, Warwick were the brands he used most.  He owned many of the most expensive bass guitars in the history of the world.

Entwistle played bass for The Who and as a solo performer from 1964 until 2002.  His bass guitar sound was the main reason The Who gave the loudest concert on record at the time.
Entwistle died in a hotel room at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada on 27 June 2002. The Las Vegas coroner said that he died of a heart attack caused by cocaine.

In 1990, Entwistle was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Who.

Notes

1944 births
2002 deaths
Bassists
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
English rock musicians
Musicians from Middlesex
People from Chiswick
Roger Harry Daltrey CBE (born 1 March 1944) is an English musician best known as the singer of English rock band The Who. He has also had a solo career. He has released eight solo albums. He has also worked as an actor in the theatre, on television and in many movies. 

As a member of The Who, Daltrey was inducted into both the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland and the UK Music Hall of Fame.

References

1944 births
Living people
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Singers from London
Progressive rock singers
Keith John Moon (23 August 1946 – 7 September 1978) was an English drummer best known as being a member of the rock band The Who. He was famous for his frantic drumming style, his use of fills, his destructive, volatile behavior and his heavy drinking that help earn him the nickname "Moon the Loon." Keith Moon joined The Who in 1964. He played on all the band's albums and singles from their debut, 1965 to 1978. Who Are You was his last album with The Who. It was released two weeks before his death. He died of an accidental drug overdose in Mayfair, London.

Twelve years after his death, in 1990, Keith Moon was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Who.  He is considered one of the greatest rock drummers of all time.

1946 births
1978 deaths
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
English rock drummers
Musicians from Middlesex
Humble Pie was an English blues-rock band that formed in 1969. The members were Steve Marriott, Peter Frampton, Jerry Shirley, and Greg Ridley. In 1972, Frampton left and was replaced by Clem Clempson. In 1976, the band broke up. Their most famous song was "30 Days In The Hole", which was on the album Smokin.

References

English rock bands
hard rock bands
blues bands
Tomoyoshi Tsurumi (born 12 October 1979) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||41||8||3||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||44||9
|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||25||1||2||0||4||0||3||0||34||1
|-
|2004||20||1||0||0||5||1||colspan="2"|-||25||2
|-
|2005||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2005||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 1||4||1||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||1
|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Ventforet Kofu||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||14||0||0||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||18||1
|-
|2007||2||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2008||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
106||11||6||1||13||2||3||0||128||14
106||11||6||1||13||2||3||0||128||14
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Yamanashi Prefecture
Yuya Satō (born 10 February 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF Utd. Chiba.

Club career statistics

|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Ventforet Kofu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2005||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2006||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||6||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2007||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2008||J. League 1||15||0||1||0||5||0||21||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
32||0||6||0||5||0||43||0
32||0||6||0||5||0||43||0
|}

References

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Daisuke Matsushita (born 31 October 1981) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||Shizuoka Sangyo University||Football League||20||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Ventforet Kofu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2005||9||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2006||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
32||0||0||0||0||0||32||0
32||0||0||0||0||0||32||0

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture