Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Zinc finger structure
'Zinc finger' is the name of many protein structures. The zinc atom binds the proteins and makes them more stable. ZFNs bind to DNA base pairs. One zinc finger can bind about 3 base pairs by itself.

ZFN function 
Zinc finger nucleases are made with 3-6 zinc fingers. ZFNs have two important domains: a DNA-binding domain and a DNA-cleavage domain. The DNA-cleavage domain uses an enzyme called Fokl that breaks DNA. 

ZFN’s can only change DNA sequences they are designed for. The DNA-binding domain binds to a specific DNA sequence. Two ZFN’s designed for the same DNA sequence are needed change one gene. The DNA-binding domains bind to both strands on the DNA double helix. DNA-cleaving domains break the DNA strand and cut the gene base pairs out. Cells fix broken DNA strands on their own using DNA repair. Deletion mutations result from missing base pairs after DNA repair.
The length of target gene sequence can also be specified. A minimum of 9 base pairs can be changed using 3 zinc fingers. This is useful for removing and inserting very short DNA sequences and determining their effect on the target gene. Also large sequences can be changed using more than one ZFN.

Use of ZFNs
ZFNs were used to discover gene functions in many genetics studies. ZFNs could be used to change DNA on any species. Another feature of ZFNs is that they can be used in vivo (in living organisms). They were used on model organisms: plants, insects, and fish.

Problems using ZFNs 
The biggest issue with ZFNs was accidentally altering genes besides the target gene. A ZFN must be made to find the right base pairs on the target gene. These base pairs are chosen so only the target gene will have them. DNA-cleavage domains work on any DNA sequence so binding to a wrong gene sequence will change it instead. ZFNs that knock out base pairs for more than one gene are not considered accurate.
Superseded 
ZFNs have now been superseded by techniques called CRISPR. Crisper techniques are easier to use, less costly and have a much wider range of uses.

References

Genetic engineering
Enzymes
Mont Sokbaro is the highest point of Benin.  The altitude is . It is on the border between Benin and Togo.

Sokbaro
Geography of Benin
Hills
Sir John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence, GCB, GCSI, PC (4 March 1811 – 27 June 1879), better known as Lawrence of the Punjab  was a famous British colonial officer, administrator and statesman in British India. He had the distinction of serving as the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab and later Viceroy of India from 1864 to 1869. He was the younger brother of Sir Henry Lawrence. 

The Lawrence Gardens, Lahore (now renamed Bagh i Jinnah) were originally named after John Lawrence.

1811 births
1879 deaths
Colonial officials of British India
Viceroys
The W Regional Park is a major national park in West Africa.  It is formed around a meander in the River Niger shaped like a "W". The park includes areas of the three countries Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso.

The W National Park of Niger was formed by decree on 4 August 1954.  In 1996 it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  

In the three nations, the Regional park covers about 10,000 km².  Almost no people live in this area.

Fauna
The park is known for its large mammals, including aardvarks, baboons, buffalo, caracal, cheetahs, elephants, hippopotamuses, leopards, lions, serval and warthogs.  The park has a home for some of West Africa's last wild African Elephants. The W Park used to have packs of the endangered Painted Hunting Dog.  The National Park is one of the last strongholds for the Northwest African cheetah. There is a small but increasing population of at least 15-25 animals of this rare cat in the park.
The W area is also known for its bird populations.  There are over 350 species identified in the park.

References

Other websites

National parks in Africa
Biosphere reserves
World Heritage Sites in Africa
Wetlands
The Pendjari National Park is in north western Benin.  It is next to the Arli National Park in Burkina Faso.  It is named for the Pendjari River.  The national park is known for its wildlife and is home to some of the last populations of big game like elephants, West African lions, hippopotamuses, buffalo and various antelopes in West Africa. The Park is also famous for its variety of birds.

The Pendjari National Park has an area of 2755 square kilometres. The park is part of the WAP complex.  The WAP complex is the W, Arli and Pendjari parks. This is a large protected area in Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger. 

Biosphere reserves
National parks in Africa
Geography of Benin
Nkroful is a village in Ghana. The village is known because it was the birthplace of Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana who led the country to independence from the United Kingdom. He is also buried there. 

The local language spoken in Nkroful is the Akan language dialect Nzema but Fante is also spoken.

Villages in Africa
Settlements in Ghana
A spring is a device typically made of metal, usually steel.

The metal can be compressed (squeezed). When the compression force is removed, the spring returns to its original length. The metal is usually spring steel, and it is wound tightly. There is lot of varitions with size and type, example some springs have designed for pulling, not pushing. Gas-springs are often used with vehicles tailgate.

History
Simple non-coiled springs were used throughout human history e.g., the bow. In the Bronze Age more advanced spring devices were used, as shown by the spread of tweezers in many cultures. Ctesibius of Alexandria developed a method for making bronze with spring-like characteristics by producing an alloy of bronze with an increased proportion of tin, and then hardening it by hammering after it is cast.

Coiled springs appeared early in the 15th century, in door locks.  The first spring powered-clocks appeared in that century. They evolved into the first large watches by the 16th century.
In 1676 British physicist Robert Hooke discovered the principle behind springs' action, that the force it exerts is proportional to its extension, now called Hooke's law.

References 

Engineering
The Fens, or , are a naturally marshy region in eastern England. Most of the fens were drained several centuries ago. They are now mostly a flat, damp, low-lying agricultural region.

A fen is an individual area of marshland or former marshland. The marsh is (or was) neutral or alkaline water with relatively large quantities of dissolved minerals, but few other plant nutrients.

The Fenland is mostly around the coast of the Wash. It includes parts of four counties: Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and a small area of Suffolk. The whole occupies an area of nearly .
Most of the Fenland lies within a few metres of sea level. As with similar areas in the Netherlands, much of the Fenland originally consisted of fresh- or salt-water wetlands, which have been artificially drained and continue to be protected from floods by drainage banks and pumps. With the support of this drainage system, the Fenland has become a major arable agricultural region in Britain for grains and vegetables. The Fens are particularly fertile, containing around half of the grade 1 agricultural land in England.

The Fens include the churches and cathedrals of Ely, Ramsey, Crowland, Thorney and Peterborough.
Other significant settlements in the Fens include Cambridge, Boston, Spalding, Wisbech and King's Lynn.
The Fens are very low-lying compared with the chalk and limestone uplands that surround them – in most places no more than 10 m above sea level. Indeed, as a result of drainage and the subsequent shrinkage of the peat fens, many parts of the Fens now lie below the average sea level. Although one writer in the seventeenth century described the Fenland as all lying above sea level (in contrast to the Netherlands),<ref>H. C. A discourse concerning the drayning of fennes and surrounded grounds in the sixe counteys of Norfolk, Suffolke, Cambridge, with the Isle of Ely, Huntington, Northampton and Lincolne. London: 1629.
Reprinted in 1647 under title: "The Drayner confirmed, and the obstinate Fenman confuted.</ref> the area is now home to the lowest land point in the United Kingdom, Holme Fen in Cambridgeshire, at around 2.75 metres below sea level.  Within the Fens there are a few hills, which have historically been called "islands" as they remained dry when the low-lying fens around them were flooded. The largest of the fen-islands is the Isle of Ely, on which the cathedral city of Ely was built; its highest point is 39 m above mean sea-level.
Without artificial drainage and flood protection, the Fens would be liable to periodic flooding, particularly in winter due to the heavy load of water flowing down from the uplands and overflowing the rivers. Some areas of the Fens were once permanently flooded, creating small lakes or meres'', while others were only flooded during periods of high water. In the pre-modern period arable farming was limited to the higher areas of the surrounding uplands, the fen islands and the so-called "Townlands", an arch of silt ground around the Wash where the towns had their arable fields. Though these lands were lower than the peat fens before the peat shrinkage began, the more stable silt soils were reclaimed by medieval farmers and embanked against any floods coming down from the peat areas or from the sea. The rest of the Fenland was dedicated to pastoral farming, fishing, fowling and the harvesting of reeds or sedge, for example for thatch
. In this way, the medieval and early modern Fens stood in contrast to the rest of southern England, which was primarily an arable agricultural region.
Since the advent of modern drainage in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Fens have been radically transformed, so that today arable farming has almost entirely replaced pastoral and the economy of the Fens is heavily invested in the production of crops such as grains, vegetables and some cash crops such as rapeseed or canola.

References 

East of England
Wetlands
An incident where all members of a group considered a cult kill themselves has been called a cult suicide.  In some cases, all or nearly all members commit suicide at the same time and place. Very often, this has been arranged as a mass suicide.

Groups that have committed such mass suicides and that have been called cults include Heaven's Gate, Order of the Solar Temple, and Peoples Temple. There are other cases, where the respective group has supported mass suicide, but where it did not encourage all members to kill themselves. An example for such a case is that of the Filippians.

References

Related pages

 Destructive cult
 Doomsday cult
 Mass suicide
 Puputan

Other websites
 "Global charts" World Health Organisation
 "The Creativity Movement"  ReligiousTolerance.org
 "From Silver Lake to Suicide: One Family's Secret History of the Jonestown Massacre"  by Barry Isaacson

Cults
A destructive cult is a cult or other religious movement which has caused harm to its members or other people, or which will likely do so. There is a discussion of what harm really means in this context. For most researchers, it includes physical harm, so organisations who injure or kill their members qualify.

Some researchers also include mental abuse in this notion of harm, for example: "A destructive cult is a pyramid-shaped authoritarian regime with a person or group of people that have dictatorial control. It uses deception in recruiting new members (e.g. people are NOT told up front what the group is, what the group actually believes and what will be expected of them if they become members". Psychologist Michael Langone defines a destructive cult as "a highly manipulative group which exploits and sometimes physically and/or psychologically damages members and recruits". Lifton's "Eight criteria for thought reform" are criteria to identify a destructive cult.
The use of the term "destructive cult" has also been criticised. According to  some researchers, the term has been used to describe groups which are not necessarily harmful to themselves or others. The term may be used too widely, and equated with the deaths of members of Peoples Temple at Jonestown.  Some complain that the term has been used to discredit groups. Lorne L. Dawson writes that though the Unification Church "has not been shown to be violent or volatile," it has been described as a destructive cult by "anticult crusaders".

The German Federal Constitutional Court  ruled in 2002, that the German government defamed the Osho movement by referring to it, among other things, as a "destructive cult". The court decided that "destructive cult" and other expressions employed by the government to describe the group had no factual basis to justify their use.

References

Cults

sv:Domedagssekt
Examples of groups said to be doomsday cults include the Peoples Temple, the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, and Aum Shinrikyo. Aum Shinrikyo was responsible for an Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in 1995, where thirteen people died. The People's Temple organised a forced mass suicide in Guyana, at a facility now known as "Jonestown", where over 900 people died. The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten commandments, in Uganda, predicted the end of the world would be on the 31st December 1999.  When it did not come, people in the movement became skeptical, and wanted their property back, which they had donated to the church leader.  At a religious service on 17th March 2000, the church where the service was held was put on fire, and 530 people died.  During the inquiry, the police found other people dead, at the properties of the movement; they had likely been poisoned. In total, over 1000 people had died
. The leader of the movement survived, and has not been seen since then.
In Globalisation and the Future of Terrorism, Brynjar Lia notes that "Doomsday cults are nothing new," but also states that they are "relatively few". Lia cites the mass murder/suicide of members of Peoples Temple at Jonestown, Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God, the use of salmonella as a poison by followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, and actions of Aum Shinrikyo as examples, noting that: "...during the past decades one has witnessed a number of increasingly violent doomsday sects, inflicting mass violence on their members and, in rare cases, also on outsiders".

References

Cults
Religious violence
New religious movement is a term that is used for certain religious communities. Such communities are usually small, compared to world religions. Very often, they do not have a long history. In most cases, the following will be true:
Most people in the movement converted from another religion; the case where the parents and children are part of the same movement does not occur often.
The members are all part of the same social group, for example the new middle class.
There is a charismatic leader.
There is a clear distinction between people who are part of the movement, and those that are not. This distinction can often not be made easily, for mainstream religions.
The way the group is organised may change.
Other names for such movements include sect and cult. They are problematic though, because they have a negative connotation. Examples for movements that have been called cults are Scientology, Transcendental Meditation, Unification Church, Family International also called Children of God, Branch Davidians, Heaven's Gate and Wicca.

References
Richard Hildreth (June 28, 1807 – July 11, 1865), was an American journalist, author and historian.  He is best known for writing his six-volume History of the United States of America, 1849-1853.
Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Hildreth, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 270 works in 870+ publications in 11 languages and 12,800+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 Archy Moore, the white slave; or, Memoirs of a fugitive, 1836
 The history of banks; to which is added a demonstration of the advantages and necessity of free competition in the business of banking, 1837 
 Theory of morals an inquiry concerning the law of moral distinctions and the variations and contradictions of ethical codes, 1844
 Theory of politics; an inquiry into the foundations of governments and the causes and progress of political revolutions. 1853 
 Despotism in America: an inquiry into the nature, results, and legal basis of the slave-holding system in the United States, 1854 
 The history of the United States of America, 1854 
 Japan as it was and is, 1855

References
References

Further reading
 Emerson, Donald E. (1946). Richard Hildreth Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

1807 births
1865 deaths
American journalists
American historians
Harvard University alumni
George H. Kerr (November 7, 1911 – August 27, 1992), also known in Taiwan as 葛超智 (or 柯喬治), was an American diplomat, author and academic.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Kerr, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 270 works in 870+ publications in 11 languages and 12,800+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.

 Du Pont romance, a reminiscent narrative of E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and company, 1938
 Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945, 1953 
 Okinawa, the history of an island people, 1958
 Formosa betrayed, 1965 
 Formosa: licensed revolution and the home rule movement, 1895-1945, 1974
 Bibliography of the Ryukyus, 1961 
 琉球文献目錄 (Bibliography of the Ryukyus), 1962
 The Taiwan confrontation crisis, 1985

Notes

Other websites
  George H. Kerr Papers at the Online archive of California
 Formosa Betrayed full text in PDF 

1911 births
1992 deaths
American diplomats
American historians
George Kerr may mean

 George H. Kerr, American diplomat, author and academic
 George Kerr (athlete), Olympic athlete from the British West Indies
Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt (July 29, 1861 – February 14, 1884) was the first wife of Teddy Roosevelt. She died in 1884. She was of Mexican descent and born in Texas. She had 1 child with her husband.

1884 deaths
First Ladies of the United States
Theodore Roosevelt
People from Texas
1861 births
Richard Henry Pitt Mason (3 March 1934 – 27 June 2009), also known as R.H.P. Mason, was an Australian academic, historian and Japanologist.  He is a professor at the Australian National University in Canberra.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Mason, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 10+ works in 50+ publications in 5 languages and 1,900+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 A history of Japan, 1972 (with J.G. Caiger)
 Japan's first general election, 1890, 1962
 Saigyō, 1979 
 日本の第一回総選挙, 1973 
 日本の歴史, 1997 
 A map guide to Japan, 1968

References

Other websites
 Mason, R.H.P at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)

1934 births
2009 deaths
Japanologists
Australian historians
Abdominal migraine (AM) is a kind of migraine which causes severe pain in the area of the abdomen.  The pain is usually around the navel (belly button) area, which is called the periumbilical area.

AM is most common in children starting at about age 7, but younger and older children may also get AM.  Usually, abdominal migraines stop by the time children become teenagers.  However, children who have had AM are more likely to have migraine headaches when they are adults.  Sometimes adults also have abdominal migraines.

Abdominal migraine causes paroxysmal attacks - attacks that happen suddenly, and happen again and again. The attacks can last from 1–72 hours, but they usually last less than 6 hours.  They happen about one-third more often in females than in males.
Abdominal migraines can cause other symptoms along with bad pain in the abdomen.  People with AM usually have at least two of these other symptoms: nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite (not wanting to eat), headache, photophobia (being bothered by lights), and pallor (pale skin).

AM is more common in children of women who have had migraine headaches.  This suggests that AM may have a genetic cause (a cause that is passed down from parents to their children).
Signs and symptoms
Abdominal migraines can cause many different symptoms.  A person having an AM may have all of these symptoms, or only a few.
Pain in the abdomen which lasts from 1–72 hours
Loss of appetite (not wanting to eat)
Nausea (feeling like throwing up)
Vomiting (throwing up)
Yawning
Listlessness (not having any energy)
Drowsiness (feeling very sleepy)
Pallor (the skin becomes pale (lighter in color than usual)
Flushing or skin blushing (the skin of the face, neck, or upper chest suddenly becomes redder. This happens when the body makes more of the hormone adrenaline, which causes the heart to beat faster and pump more blood through the body's blood vessels. The blood vessels also dilate (become larger))
Periorbital dark circles (dark circles under both eyes)

Diagnosis
Diagnosis

To diagnose abdominal migraine, first a doctor takes a patient's clinical history (where the doctor gathers information about all of the medical problems and medical treatments the patient has ever had).  The doctor also takes a family history (gathering information about family members' health), because many medical problems may be inheritable medical conditions.  This means that the problems may be passed down from parents to children, possibly because of problems in the family's genes.  Most people with abdominal migraines have family members (especially mothers) who have also had migraines.
Differential diagnoses
Before making a final diagnosis of abdominal migraine, a doctor must rule out differential diagnoses.  These are other medical problems which could cause the same symptoms as AM.  The doctor must make sure that the patient doesn't actually have one of these other problems instead of AM:
Giardia lamblia - a parasite which can infect a person's gastrointestinal system
Lead poisoning
A tumor
A peptic ulcer
Mesenteric adentis - (inflammation, or swelling, of the lymph nodes below and to the right of the navel (belly button)
Irritable bowel syndrome
Constipation
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome
Splenoptosis or 'Wandering spleen'
Recurrent pancreatitis - inflammation of the pancreas that keeps happening

References

Migraine
Richard Mason may refer to:

 Richard Mason (historian), also known as R.H.P. Mason
 Richard Mason (novelist), English author of The World of Suzie Wong
Richard Mason (16 May 1919-13 October 1997) was a British novelist and screenwriter.  He is best known for writing The World of Suzie Wong. The book was adapted into a Broadway play in 1958.  Mason's work became the basis for the 1960 film starring William Holden and Nancy Kwan.

Among Mason's film screenplays was At Town Like Alice. His work was nominated for the 1956 BAFTA British screenplay award.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Mason, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 20+ works in 180+ publications in 15 languages and 1,400+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 The Wind Cannot Read, 1946
 The Shadow and the Peak, 1949
 The World of Suzie Wong, 1957
 The Passionate Summer, 1958
 The Fever Tree, 1962

References

Other websites
 Richard Mason at IMDb

1919 births
1997 deaths
British novelists
Jacques Prévert (; 4 February 1900 – 11 April 1977) was a French poet and screenwriter. who wrote the screnario of Les Enfants du Paradis.

His parents were André Prévert and Suzanne Catusse. Jacques Prévert was married to Simone Dienne (1925 – 1946) then divorced and re-married to Janine Tricotet (1947 – 1977).

References

Other websites

  Prévert, Jacques, 1900-1977 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
 
 Podcast: Audio reading of the poem "Barbara"  
 http://vieadeux.biotope.ca/?p=63  

1900 births
1977 deaths
French poets
French screenwriters
Writers from Hauts-de-Seine
is a school or style of karate.  It is a  martial art which was developed in Japan by Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957).

In the past, people practiced this martial art in many countries. Shotokan is still popular in modern culture. Karate is primarily a combat sport done with bare hands. That is the meaning of Kara-te: empty hand. So then the only weapons that can be used against a fighter are parts of the body.

History 
There are many styles of karate in different parts of the world. Shotokan is a style of karate that comes mainly from a small island south of Japan named Okinawa Island.  The person who began this martial art was Gichin Funakoshi. This master practised karate all his life.  He taught for many years and he wrote a book about his art.

In 1939, Funakoshi established the first Shotokan dojo.
Practise 
To exercise you must wear a karate uniform and a belt that tells what your level of experience is.
The order of karate belts is as follows for beginner to advanced levels: white, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, brown and black. (The order of the belts may vary depending on the style of karate). After the black belt, there are nine more levels before finishing all notions of karate. 

In a fight, you must wear shin guards, gloves, a chest protector and a mouth piece. 
 The heart of karate:  In this sport, people must learn the Japanese language to understand all technic. 
 The very foundation of karate Shotokan is the expression OSS. This means: heart, courage, patience, spirit and never give up.
 For welcome and to thank the Sensei (Master) this way, say OSS!
Benefits 
Karate is beneficial to maintain good physical and mental shape.  First, this discipline allows us to maintain good muscle tone. This is good for succeed as the strikes in karate take strength.
Flexibility is also developed as karate requires that one performs high kicks and jumps. In addition, better endurance is necessarily because in the fight, fighters always need a good breath.

For mental well-being, karate promotes greater self-esteem, because it is an individual sport. The students progress at their own pace and one learns to overcome. In fact, it is a physical activity, so it helps to release stress and feel less pressure. In addition, Karate improves concentration because the fighter must be more attentive to his mind and his body. Having good concentration is an advantage. When someone is hurting during a fight, with his concentration he can no longer feel pain. Also, the fighter has to watch the eyes of his opponent and thinki about what he can do to catch him off guard.
Related pages
 Shotokai

References

Other websites
  Japan Karate Association website 
 
  Association de karaté japonais du Québec
 Kreimers-karate institute 
 Shokosato.com
  France Shotokan

Karate
An Acephalgic migraine( also known as a 'Silent migraine') is a kind of migraine without the head pain.  Acephalgic is Latin for "without head pain"). Most kinds of migraines start before a person is 30-years-old but this kind of migraine usually starts sometime during middle-age, which is after 40-years-old, and becomes more common as a person gets older. Unlike other migraines, males have Acephalgic migraines more often then women do.

An acephalgic migraine may cause neurologic dysfunction in some people, which is when parts of the brain does not function right, and causes different kinds of problems, such as seeing flashing lights or having blind spots, where nothing can be seen. These kinds of neurologic dysfunction are known as an aura.

References

Migraine
Anal stricture (also called anal stenosis) is a medical problem that is not common; it may be congenital (a baby is born with a medical problem), but usually if it does happen it is after anorectal surgery, which is surgery in the area of the rectum and anus. This may cause stricture (when a passage in the body becomes too narrow) of the anal canal, which leads to hard or painful bowel movements.   When anal stenosis does occur it is usually after a hemorrhoidectomy, which is the surgical removal of hemorrhoids; this is the cause in 90% of cases of anal stenosis.
Mild stenosis can be treated with stool softeners or fiber (which come from plant foods) supplements (in pill or powder form). When the narrowing of the anal canal is not too much, an operation called a sphincterotomy can be done to correct the problem. This is an operation done on the internal anal sphincter muscle, a round muscle inside the anal canal.  In cases where the anal canal becomes very narrow, an operation called an anoplasty is done. This is reconstructive surgery (also known as plastic surgery) of the anus.

References

Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
A Mexican standoff is a three person duel. In a two person duel the person who shoots first has the advantage. In a Mexican duel it is different. If person A shoots B, then person C has the advantage as they can shoot person A while they are busy. So in a Mexican standoff nobody wants to be the first one to shoot. As well as this, nobody can take the risk of backing down. The term is often used to describe a confrontation between two equals, where neither side will gain a winning advantage by being the first to shoot, but neither side can risk backing down. The Cold War between the USA and the Soviet Union is often described as being a Mexican standoff, with neither country prepared to be the first to risk using nuclear weapons.

The idea of a Mexican standoff is often used as part of the plot in movies.

This page mentioned, but misquoted, in the last scene of The Big Bang Theory episode #506. 

Dispute resolution
The Mughal dynasty, or Great Moguls or simply Moguls or Muguls (a corruption of the word 'Mongol') were a dynasty of Muslim rulers who came from Central Asia and founded the Mughal Empire in medieval India. It was a branch of the Timurid dynasty founded by Tamerlane.

The Mughal dynasty is generally divided into the following:

Early or Great Mughals
 Babur (reigned 1526-1530) founded the dynasty;
 Humayun (r: 1530-1540, then interregnum, then back in 1555-1556)
 Akbar the Great (1556-1605)
 Jahangir (1606-1627)
 Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
 Aurangzeb Alamgir (1658-1707)

Later or Lesser Mughals
 Shah Alam Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712)
 Jahandar Shah (1712-1713)
 Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719)
 Muhammad Shah Rangeela (1719-1748)
 Ahmad Shah (1748-1754)
 Alamgir II (1754-1759)
 Shah Alam II (1759-1806)
 Akbar (Shah) II (1806-1837)
 Bahadur Shah Zaffar II (1837-1858)

References

Royal dynasties
Mughal Empire
Dynasties in India
David Herbert Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English writer. He was born in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire. He wrote under the pen name D. H. Lawrence. He wrote Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Odour of Chrysanthemums, The Virgin and The Gypsy, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley's Lover. He died of tuberculosis in Vence, France.

He also did some poetry and one of his poems was "Last Lesson of the Afternoon."

Deaths from tuberculosis
English LGBT writers
English novelists
Infectious disease deaths in France
Writers  from Nottinghamshire
1885 births
1930 deaths
Falconidae is a family of birds with 60 species of diurnal birds of prey. The family has two subfamiles, Polyborinae, which includes the caracaras and forest falcons, and Falconinae, which includes the falcons, kestrels and falconets.

Falconiformes
Sir Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari,  KCB CSI (1841–1879), was a British military administrator in British India. He was the son of Count Louis Adolphus Cavagnari, from Parma, Italy, 

He later obtained naturalization as a British citizen, and entered the military service of the East India Company.In 1861 he was appointed an assistant commissioner in the Punjab region of British India, and in 1877 became deputy commissioner of Peshawar (now in Pakistan) and took part in several expeditions against the Pathan tribes.
In September 1878 he was attached to the staff of a British mission to Kabul, Afghanistan, which the Afghans refused to accept on their soil. In May 1879, after the British-Indian forces had invaded Afghanistan, and the death of Afghan Emir Sher, Cavagnari negotiated and signed the Treaty of Gandamak with Sher Ali's son and successor, Yaqub Khan. With this treaty, the Afghans agreed to admit a British representative to Kabul. The post was conferred on Cavagnari. He took up his residence in July 1879. However, on 3 September 1879, Cavagnari and the other European members of the mission, along with their guards who were made up of soldiers of the Corps of Guides, were killed after Afghan troops mutinied against them.

1841 births
1879 deaths
Colonial officials of British India
The Corps of Guides was a regiment of the British Indian Army which was formed and served mostly in the North-West Frontier Province of British India. It had a unique composition of being part infantry and part cavalry.

The idea for raising such a body of troops was Sir Henry Lawrence's. He appointed a young officer,  Lt. Harry Lumsden as its commandant and on 6 February 1847 Lumsden took over his famous command. The class or tribal composition of the men recruited for 'The Guides' was mostly of Pathans of the region. The headquarters of the Guides was at Mardan (now in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan). 

After 1947 and the independence of Pakistan, the Guides regiment became part of the Pakistan Army. Its infantry section was incorporated into the Frontier Force Regiment while its cavalry side became the Guides Cavalry.

Military of Pakistan
Indian military organizations
Wah Cantonment, also known as Wah or Wah Cantt (Punjabi, Urdu: واہ) is a city in the Rawalpindi District in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a military garrison city that sprung up around the Pakistan Ordnance Factory and a cantonment with Pakistan Army barracks and other facilities. It has a proper market, hospital, schools, colleges and other civic facilities, and many areas for people to live. 

It is near the much older Wah village, along the Grand Trunk Road  (GT Road). Wah villiage is a small but scenic and historical place. It is the birthplace of a famous Punjabi leader and statesman, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, Khattar.

Cities in Punjab (Pakistan)
The sable (Martes zibellina) is a species of marten in forest environments.

References 

Mustelids
Mammals of Asia
In some countries, a civil union is a contract between two people which gives them rights similar to those they can obtain in marriage. In countries where it is allowed, a civil union is often available to people of the same sex; marriage is often limited to people of opposite sex. The first country to introduce civil unions was Denmark, in 1989. In Denmark, a civil union was limited to people of the same sex. These people got the same rights and duties as married people. In 2010, such couples were also allowed to adopt children. As of 2012, Denmark allows people of the same sex to marry, and the civil union is no longer available.

LGBT rights
Family law
LGBT marriages
Louis Michael Cullen (born 1932) is an Irish diplomat, academic, historian, author and Japanologist.  He is Professor of Modern Irish History at Trinity College in Dublin.

Early life
Cullen's family came from New Ross in County Wexford. He earned a Master's degree at University College Galway.  he was awarded a doctorate at the London School of Economics.

Career
Cullen joined the Irish Diplomatic Corps.  He was posted Paris where he began research into the historic trading links between Ireland and France.

In 1963, he became a lecturer in history at Trinity College. He was appointed professor in 1972.
Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Cullen, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 70+ works in 150+ publications in 7 languages and 4,600+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 Anglo-Irish Trade 1600-1800, 1968
 The Formation of the Irish Economy, 1969
 An Economic History of Ireland Since 1660, 1972
 Négoce et industrie en France et en Irlande aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles: actes du Colloque franco-irlandais d'histoire, Bordeaux, mai, 1978, 1980
 The Emergence of Modern Ireland 1600-1900, 1981
 The Hidden Ireland: Reassesment of a Concept, 1988
 Hidden Ireland: Reassessment of a Concept, 1988
 Culture et pratiques politiques en France et en Irlande XVIe-XVIIIe siècle: actes colloque de Marseille 28 septembre-2 octobre 1988, 1990 
 A History of Japan 1582-1941: Internal and Eexternal Worlds,  2003

Notes

Other websites
  Cullen, L.M. (Louis M.) at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
1932 births
Living people
European diplomats
Irish historians
Japanologists
Palin is a hillstation town in the Kurung Kumey district of Arunachal Pradesh. It is inhabited by Nyishi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. It has a population of around 20,000 (2011 census).

The town has an average elevation of .

Climate
Palin has a subtropical highland climate (Cwb in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are warm with very high rainfall. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall. It has very hilly and high geographical terrain. Most of time it is covered by clouds. The area is windy in nature.

Culture
Palin and the areas around it are mainly populated by people of the Nyishi tribe. Nyokum, an agricultural festival of the Nyishis, is the main festival celebrated in the town. Beside Nyokum, Christmas,Diwali and Dusherra are also celebrated with great pomp and Joy.

The town's has a Roman Catholic church called the Holy Rosary Church. It was consecrated by the Bishop of Itanagar. It reflects the extensive Christian influence and provides good views of Palin and the surrounding countryside.
Places of Interest

Holy Rosay Catholic Churh is one of largest Catholic Church in the state. It is located at the hilltop in the town.

Palin river one of the tributaries of River Subansiri flows through this town .The river ideal for river rafting,fishing and for picnics.

From here tourist places like Ziro, Parshuram Kund(in Lohit), Malinithan(in Siang), Bhishmak Nagar (in Dibang Valley) are also easily accessible by roads.

Demographics
 India census, Palin has a population of 11251.
The Nyishis are the indegenious inhabitants of the area.

Communication
Palin is situated at mid-northern part of Arunachal Pradesh. The District Highway connect Palin to the other part of Arunachal and India. Regular Bus and Tata sumo services are available from Itanagar, Ziro etc.

References

Other websites 

PALIN by India travel portal
1962 Border War between India and China(Henderson brook report) 
Contact List for all Important Government Officials in Itanagar Includes Police, Telephone, Electricity and more
Arunachal Pradesh
Towns in India
Veterinary medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with the health of animals. It is the study and practice of preventing, diagnosing and treating disease and injuries in animals. Veterinary medicine covers all species of animals, including both domesticated animals and wild animals.

People who study and practice veterinary medicine professionally are called veterinarians (often known as "vets").

Veterinary science tries to help human health by monitoring and controlling zoonotic diseases (infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans).

Related pages

 Zoology
is a martial arts organisation established to teach and spread the art of karate.  Gichin Funakoshi was the leader who was most responsible for its beginning in 1936.

References

Other websites 
 Shotokai Encyclopedia
 Karate-do shotokai Europe (KDSE)
 Nihon Karate-do shotokai, Japan

1936 establishments in Asia
Japanese martial arts
1930s establishments in Japan
Ryan O'Marra (born June 9, 1987) is a Japanese-born Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played a 33 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Edmonton Oilers and the Anaheim Ducks.

O'Marra was drafted 15th overall in the 2005 NHL Entry draft by the New York Islanders but never played a game with them although he did play 8 games with their AHL farm team, Bridgeport Sound Tigers. O'Marra was born in Tokyo, Japan to Irish Canadian parents. He moved to Canada when he was one year old.

On March 26, 2015, O'Marra announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.

References

Other websites 

1987 births
Anaheim Ducks players
Bridgeport Sound Tigers players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Edmonton Oilers players
Living people
Oklahoma City Barons players
Sportspeople from Tokyo
Springfield Falcons players
Syracuse Crunch players
American Hockey League players
ECHL players
Ontario Hockey League players
is a Japanese city in Saitama Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

It has been recognized as a special city since 2009.

The city has an estimated population of 153,392 (as of 1 June 2012) and the density of  1,270.8 people per km².

Geography
Kumagaya has a total area is 159.88 km².

References

Other websites

 Kumagaya City website 

Cities in Saitama Prefecture
The Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA) is a nationalist separatist group dedicated to the defense of ethnic Zomi people. It fights for the reunification of Zomi people, whose homelands are split between in Myanmar (Chin State), Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts) and North-east India (Manipur and Mizoram). It aims to unite all Zomi people under one governing unit, known as a Zogam, meaning "land of the Zomi".

Nationalist organizations in India
Chittagong Hill Tracts
Separatist movements of India
Rebel militia groups in Asia

Organizations based in Myanmar
was the founder of Shotokan, which is the most widely known school or style of karate.  He is known as the "father of modern karate".

Funakoshi died on 26 April 1957 in Tokyo of colon cancer, aged 88.

Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Funakoshi, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 30+ works in 60+ publications in 8 languages and 1,800+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 唐手術: 錬胆護身, 1925 
 空手道教範, 1935 
 空手道一路, 1956
 Karate-Do Kyohan: The Master Text, 1973
 The Twenty Guiding Principles of Karate: The Spiritual Legacy of the Master, 1975
 Karate-Do: My Way of Life, 1975
 Karate-Do Nyumon: The Master Introductory Text. 1988
 Karate Jutsu: The Original Teachings of Master Funakoshi, 2001
 The Essence of Karate, 2010

References

Other websites

 Funakoshi, Gichin, 1870-1956 at Virtual International Authority File 

 

1868 births
1957 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Japanese martial artists
Filmography
The Muppet Show as Rizzo the Rat, Lips, Foo-Foo, Billy Boy, Caveman, Geri & the Atrics tuba player, Leo (episode 403: Shields & Yarnell), Rowlf the Dog (occasional, hands only), Security Guard, The Snorers' Chorus member, Thog (episode 502), Timmy Monster (occasional, voice in episode 423), Trevor the Gross, The White Rabbit, Winky Pinkerton (episode 308: Loretta Lynn), Zeke (1979 - ca. 1980s)
The Muppet Movie as The Muppet Movie: Kermit the Frog (assistant for "The RAINBOW Connection" number)
The Great Muppet Caper as Rizzo the Rat and Lips
The Muppets Take Manhattan as Rizzo the Rat, Gil, Dogs
The Christmas Toy as Mew
The Jim Henson Hour as Flash, Jacques Roach, Waldo C. Graphic, Yellow Extreme, Bean Bunny, Foo-Foo
The Muppets at Walt Disney World as Bean Bunny, Rizzo the Rat, Lips, Foo-Foo, Sprocket
The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson as Rizzo the Rat, Bean Bunny, & Kermit the Frog
Muppet*Vision 3D as Waldo C. Graphic, Bean Bunny, & Rizzo the Rat
The Muppet Christmas Carol as Rizzo the Rat, Bean Bunny, Kermit the Frog (as Bob Cratchit), Beaker, Belinda Cratchit, Laundress, Lips, Sprocket, Whatnots, Rats, Inkspots, Pig Businessman
Muppet Meeting Films as Flunky, Kermit the Frog, Mr. Briteweight
Billy Bunny’s Animal Songs as Kermit the Frog
Sesame Street Stays Up Late as Ernie
Sesame Street as Ernie (1993 - 2014), Kermit the Frog (1996 - 2001; 2009), Dr. Feel, Guy Smiley (Season 32)
Muppet Sing-A-Long: It’s Not Easy Being Green as Kermit the Frog
Jim Henson’s The Animal Show with Stinky & Jake as Jake the Polar Bear
Muppet Classic Theater as Rizzo the Rat and Kermit the Frog
Muppets on Wheels as Kermit the Frog
Mr. Willowby’s Christmas Tree as Kermit the Frog
Muppet Treasure Island as Kermit the Frog (as Captain Abraham Smollett), Rizzo the Rat, Beaker, Walleye Pike, Jacques Roach, Inkspots, The Dodo, Rats
Things That Fly as Kermit the Frog, Co-Pilot
Muppets Tonight as Kermit the Frog, Rizzo the Rat, Beaker, Andy Pig, George the Janitor, Captain Pighead, Eugene, Lash Holstein, Miss Weatherington, Mr. Poodlepants, Meepzorp, Bug Llewelyn, Farm person, Pigeons, Nigel's Mom, Alphonso D'Bruzzo
Elmo Saves Christmas as Kermit the Frog
123 Count with ME as Ernie
Quiet Time as Ernie
Elmopalooza as Ernie and Kermit the Frog
The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street as Kermit the Frog
Muppets from Space as Rizzo the Rat, Kermit the Frog, Beaker, Bean Bunny, Cosmic Fish, Beach Hippie
The Adventures of Elmo in GROUCHland as Ernie, Bad Humor Man, Sharon Groan, Stuckweed, Football Stenchman
CinderElmo as Ernie, Kermit the Frog, Prince the Dog
Muppet RaceMania as Kermit the Frog, Link Hogthrob, Rizzo the Rat, Beaker, Bean Bunny, Gil, Flange Doozer
Play With Me Sesame as Ernie (Seasons 1 & 3)
Bert & Ernie’s Word Play as Ernie, Lead Singer of The Frosty Four, Mo, Troll
Kermit’s Swamp Years as Kermit the Frog, Young Kermit, Jack Rabbit, Chico
It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie as Kermit the Frog, Rizzo the Rat, Beaker, Bean Bunny, Mr. Poodlepants, Statler (1 line) & 1 of the Elvises
Talk, Read, Write as The King of Reading & Writing
Muppets Party Cruise as Kermit the Frog, Link Hogthrob, Rizzo the Rat, Beaker, Bean Bunny, Andy Pig
The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz as Kermit the Frog (as the Scarecrow), Rizzo the Rat (as the Mayor of Munchkinland), Beaker, Statler (as Kalidah Critic), Bean Bunny
Statler & Waldorf: From the Balcony as Statler (episodes 1-8)
Mr. Magorium's Wonder Emporium as Kermit the Frog
Disney Xtreme Digital as Kermit the Frog, The Newsman, Rizzo the Rat, Beaker, Statler, Bean Bunny, Singing Food, Turkey
Count on Sports as Ernie
Studio DC : Almost Live as Kermit the Frog, Rizzo the Rat, Beaker & Statler
Abby in Wonderland as Ernie
A Muppets Christmas as Letters to Santa: Kermit the Frog, Rizzo the Rat, Beaker & Statler
Bohemian Rhapsody as Kermit the Frog, The Newsman, Rizzo the Rat, Beaker, & Statler
Christmas in Rockefeller Center as Kermit the Frog, Rizzo the Rat & Lips
The Muppets as Kermit the Frog, Link Hogthrob, The Newsman, Lips, Rizzo the Rat, Beaker, & Statler
Late Night with Jimmy Fallon as Kermit the Frog ("When the River Meets the Sea")
Muppets Most Wanted as Kermit the Frog, Link Hogthrob, The Newsman, Lips, Rizzo the Rat, Foo-Foo, Beaker, & Statler
Lady Gaga & the Muppets' Holiday Spectacular as Kermit the Frog, Lips, Rizzo the Rat, Beaker, & Statler
Just for Laughs as Kermit the Frog, Beaker, & Statler
The Muppets as Kermit the Frog, Link Hogthrob, The Newsman, Lips, Rizzo the Rat, Beaker, & Statler
References

1959 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Atlanta
Muppets
American puppeteers
Jeffrey Paul Mass (June 29, 1940 – March 30, 2001) was an American academic, historian, author and Japanologist.  He was Yamato Ichihashi Professor of Japanese History at Stanford University.

Early life
Mass was born in New York City in 1940. He earned a BA degree in history from Hamilton College in 1961. He received his PhD. in history from Yale University in 1971.

Career
Mass joined the Stanford University faculty in 1973.  He became a full professor in 1981.
Selected works
In an overview of writings by and about Mass, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 30+ works in 110+ publications in 3 languages and 5,000+ library holdings. 
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
 Warrior government in early medieval Japan: a study of the Kamakura Bakufu, shugo and jitō, 1974
 The Kamakura bakufu: a study in documents, 1976
 The development of Kamakura rule, 1180-1250: a history with documents, 1979
 Court and Bakufu in Japan: essays in Kamakura history, 1982 
 The Bakufu in Japanese history, 1985
 Lordship and inheritance in Early Medieval Japan: a study of the Kamakura Soryō system, 1989
 Antiquity and anachronism in Japanese history, 1992
 The origins of Japan's medieval world: courtiers, clerics, warriors, and peasants in the fourteenth century, 1997 
 Yoritomo and the founding of the first Bakufu: the origins of dual government in Japan, 1999

References

Other websites
  Mass, Jeffrey P., 1940-2001 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Jeffrey P. Mass, 1940-2001 at MeijiGakuin.ac.jp

1940 births
2001 deaths
American historians
American Japanologists