Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Equation of Time

Significantly, on the plate we can see a pair of scales that help the observer make the equation of time correction. One scale gives the date in months and days. Along side of it, another scale is engraved with the minutes on that day that the watch would be running faster or slower. Here it is labeled "Watch Slower, Watch Faster. The 15th April is one day when no conversion needs to be made. This dial can be used both to read solar time shown by sundials and also the mean time that is favoured by clocks, with the practical purpose that observers can use the dial to calibrate their pocket watches, which in 1812 would not always run true. By 1820 watches manufacture had improved and the Lever escapement had become popular, so frequent calibration was no longer needed.

Other Commissions
Another Whitehurst sundial dated around 1800 sold for £1850 in 2005 in Derby.

Related pages
 Sundial
 John Whitehurst

References
Notes
References
Notes

Bibliography
 
  Slightly amended reprint of the 1970 translation published by University of Toronto Press (Toronto). The original was published in 1965 under the title Les Cadrans solaires by Gauthier-Villars (Montrouge, France).
 

Collections of Derby Museum and Art Gallery
A chimney is a structure used to ventilate hot flue gases  or  smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. Most chimneys are vertical, or almost vertical, to make sure that the gases flow easily, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack, or chimney, effect. The space inside a chimney is called a flue. Chimneys may be found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships. In the United States, the term smokestack  is also used when talking about locomotive chimneys or ship chimneys, the word funnel can be used too.

The Height of a chimney is really important, when higher, chimney's dispersion of pollutants will not cause too much influence on surrounding areas. Tall chimneys also allow chemicals to self-neutralize in the air before they reach the ground.

References 

Architectural elements
A Home appliance is any consumer-electronic machine use to complete some household task, such as cooking or cleaning. Home appliances can be classified into: 
Major appliances, or white goods
Small appliances

This division is also detectable in the service area of these kinds of products. Most Brown goods require high technical knowledge and skills, while white goods need more practical skills and brute force to make the devices work, and heavy tools required to repair them.

The invention of home appliances led to a decline in employment of domestic workers in the 20th century.
Home appliances
Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, taxonomist, and historian of science. 

He was also one of the most influential and widely read writers of popular science of his generation.

Gould spent most of his career teaching at Harvard University and working at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. In the latter years of his life, Gould also taught biology and evolution at New York University near his home in SoHo.

Gould's greatest contribution to science was the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which he developed with Niles Eldredge in 1972. The theory proposes that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability, which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution. The theory was contrasted against the idea that evolutionary change is marked by a pattern of smooth and continuous change in the fossil record.
Most of Gould's empirical research was based on the snail genera Poecilozonites and Cerion. He also contributed to evolutionary developmental biology, and has received wide praise for his book Ontogeny and Phylogeny. In evolutionary theory he opposed strict selectionism, sociobiology as applied to humans, and evolutionary psychology. He campaigned against creationism.

Many of Gould's Natural History essays were reprinted in collected volumes.

References 

Jewish American scientists
American paleontologists
Columbia University alumni
Scientists from New York City
1941 births
2002 deaths
American evolutionary biologists
Harvard University faculty
John Richard Peverley (born July 8, 1982) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey center.

Peverley played hockey in the ECHL for 2 seasons with the South Carolina Stingrays and Reading Royals. He has formerly played for the Nashville Predators for 3 seasons, the Atlanta Thrashers for 3 seasons and the Boston Bruins for 3 seasons. He won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins on June 15, 2011 when the Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0.

On March 10, 2014, during a game against the Columbus Blue Jackets, he collapsed on the team bench. He has had heart conditions in the past and missed a few games the week earlier when he didn't feel well after a game. He is in stable condition. The NHL released a state on Peverley's health saying: "Dallas player Rich Peverley is doing well and is in stable condition. He was transported to the hospital." As a result of the emotional state of the players on both teams caused by the medical emergency, the game was rescheduled to April 9.

References
References

Other websites 

1982 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
Atlanta Thrashers players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Dallas Stars players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Milwaukee Admirals players
Nashville Predators players
People from Kingston, Ontario
Portland Pirates players
Stanley Cup champions
People from Guelph
ECHL players
The Bengali Wikipedia is the Bengali language version of the Wikipedia. Bengali is the language of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, and parts of the Indian states of Tripura and Assam. Bengali is an Indo-Aryan (coming from the region of India and Pakistan) language.

Gallery

References

Wikipedias
Bengali encyclopedias
Nathan Russell Horton (born May 29, 1985 in Welland, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger that currently plays for the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Horton played hockey in the OHL for 2 seasons with the Oshawa Generals. He has formerly played for the Florida Panthers for 3 seasons and the Boston Bruins for 3 seasons. During his time with the Bruins, Horton won the Stanley Cup with them on June 15, 2011 when the Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0. On July 5, 2013, Horton agreed to terms on a seven-year contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets.

He is married to Canadian model Tammy Plante who is the great-niece of legendary NHL goaltender, Jacques Plante.

References

Other websites 

Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Stanley Cup champions
1985 births
Ontario Hockey League players
Psocoptera are an order of winged insects that are commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. They first appeared in the Permian period, 295–248 million years ago. They are often regarded as the most primitive of the hemipterans. Their name originates from the Greek word psokos meaning gnawed or rubbed and ptera meaning wings. There are more than 5,500 species in 41 families in three suborders. Many of these species have only been described in recent years.

They range in size from 1–10 millimeters (0.04–0.4 in) in length.

Insects
Thrips are an order of insects, the Thysanoptera. They are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings. 

Other common names for them are thunderflies, thunderbugs, storm flies, thunderblights, and corn lice. The scientific name for the order Thysanoptera comes from the Greek thysanos (fringe) and pteron (wing).

Thrips feed on a large variety of plants and animals by puncturing them and sucking up the contents. Thrips species are pests if they feed on plants with commercial value.

Thrips found in the British Isles are tiny insects, just 1-2mm long, but in other parts of the world they can be up to 14 mm. They have two pairs of narrow, fringed wings, although some are wingless. More than 6,000 species of thrips are known around the world, with over 300 of these in Europe and about 150 native to Britain.

Insects
Cymbopogon (lemongrass) is a tall perennial plant. Its common names include lemon grass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, citronella grass, and others. There are between 55 and 70 species, most of them grow in Asia.

Uses 
Lemongrass is native to the Philippines. It is a herb. It has a citrus taste and can be dried and powdered, or used fresh.

Lemongrass is used as a flavouring in teas, soups, and curries. It is also used for poultry, fish, beef, and seafood dishes. Powdered Cymbopogon citratus is used as a tea in African countries such as Togo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Latin American countries such as Mexico.

These species are used for the production of citronella oil. This is used in soaps to repel insects (especially mosquitoes) in insect sprays, candles, and aromatherapy. The main chemicals in citronella (geraniol and citronellol) are antiseptics. They are used in household disinfectants and soaps.

References

Herbs
Poaceae
Judith Rich Harris (February 10, 1938 – December 29, 2018) researched psychology.  She was an independent researcher, and not a university professor.  Her most famous book is The Nurture Assumption.  The book asks "Why [do] children turn out the way they do"?  Its answer is that "Parents matter less than you think and peers matter more".

Education
Harris graduated from Tucson High School and attended the University of Arizona and Brandeis University, from where she graduated magna cum laude in 1959. In 1961 she received a master's degree in psychology from Harvard University.
The Nurture Assumption
Harris's most famous work is The Nurture Assumption.  It was published in 1998.  A revised version was published in 2009.  Children often act like their parents act.  Some psychologists thought this was because of the way that parents raised their children.  Harris argues that (some or all of) this similarity is due to genetics.  Otherwise, parents are not the most important factor in child development.  This book argues that peers are more important.   Harris argues that children are socialized by peers.

No Two Alike
Harris also wrote No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality.  It was published in February 2006. Harris attempts to explain why people are so different in personality, even identical twins who grow up in the same home.
Opinions of her work 
George A. Miller was chair of the Department of Psychology which formally dismissed Harris from the PhD program at Harvard, 1960, on the grounds that her 'originality and independence' did not live up to Harvard's standards.

Later, in 1994, she developed a theory of child development, which focussed on the peer group rather than the family. This formed the basis for a 1995 article in the Psychological Review for which she received the American Psychological Association's George A. Miller Award for an Outstanding Recent Article in General Psychology.<ref>Harris J.R. 2006. No two alike: human nature and human individuality. W.W. Norton. </ref>

Death
Harris suffered from a chronic autoimmune disorder, diagnosed as a combination of lupus and multiple sclerosis. She died on December 30, 2018 at the age of 80.
Books and articles
Harris, J. R., & Liebert, R. M. (1984,). The child: development from birth through adolescence.  Prentice Hall, 
Harris, J. R., Shaw, M. L., & Altom, M. J. (1985). Serial position curves for reaction time and accuracy in visual search: Tests of a model of overlapping processing. Perception & Psychophysics, 38, 178-187.
Harris, J. R. (1995). Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review, 102, 458-489.
Harris, J. R. (1998). The nurture assumption: why children turn out the way they do.  Free Press, .
Harris, J. R. (2000). Socialization, personality development, and the child's environments. Developmental Psychology, 36, 699-710.
Harris, J. R. (2000). Context-specific learning, personality, and birth order. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 174-177.
Harris, J. R. (2002). Why do people believe that birth order has important effects on personality? The Nurture Assumption Web Site. Retrieved 2007-08-27
Harris, J. R. (2006). Parental selection: a third selection process in the evolution of human hairlessness and skin color. Medical Hypotheses, 66, 1053-1059.
Harris, J. R. (2006). No two alike: human nature and human individuality.  W.W. Norton,
Personal life
She married Charles S. Harris in 1961; they have two daughters (one adopted) and four grandchildren. Harris suffered from an autoimmune disease; she died December 29, 2018.

Related pages

Nature versus nurture

References

Other websites
Judith Rich Harris's Web Site
Blame your peers, not your parents, author says, APA Monitor 29(10), October 1998, p. 9
The Parent Trap, Newsweek September 7, 1998, pp. 52–59.
Peer Pressure, New York Times Book Review'' September 13, 1998, pp. 14–15

1938 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from multiple sclerosis
Harvard University alumni
American psychologists
Scientists from Tucson, Arizona
St Columb Major is a small town in Cornwall, United Kingdom. Often referred to locally as St Columb, it is about seven miles (11 km) southwest of Wadebridge and six miles (10 km) east of Newquay.
 The full name distinguishes it from the village and parish of St Columb Minor on the coast.

Twice a year the town plays host to the game of "hurling", a medieval game once common in Cornwall but now only played in St Columb and two other towns. It is played on Shrove Tuesday and then again on the Saturday eleven days later. The game involves two teams of several hundred people (the 'townsmen' and the 'countrymen') who attempt to carry a silver ball made of apple wood to goals set two miles (3 km) apart, making the parish the largest pitch for a ball game anywhere in the world.

References

Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
Calstock () is a parish and a large village in south east Cornwall, United Kingdom, on the River Tamar near the border with Devon. The village is  south west of Tavistock and  north of Plymouth.

The parish had a population of 6,095 in the 2001 census. As well as Calstock, other settlements in the parish include Albaston, Chilsworthy, Gunnislake, Harrowbarrow, Latchley and Metherell.

Calstock village is within the Tamar Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and lies on the scenic Tamar Valley railway. Mining was formerly an important industry here.

References

Villages in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
The River Tamar is a river in South West England, that forms most of the border between Devon (to the east) and Cornwall (to the west). The Tamar's source is less than 6 km (4 miles) from the north Cornish coast, but it flows southward. At its mouth, the Tamar flows into the Hamoaze (a wide estuary) before entering Plymouth Sound. Tributaries of the river include the rivers Inny, Ottery, Kensey and Lynher (or St Germans River) on the Cornish side, and the Deer and Tavy on the Devon side.

King Athelstan of England made the east bank of the River Tamar the boundary between England and Cornwall in the year 936. There are no road bridges over the lower Tamar apart from the modern Tamar Bridge at Saltash which was built to replace the ferry. In 1859 the Royal Albert Bridge was built across the Tamar at Saltash to carry the main railway line into Cornwall. Both bridges connect Saltash with Plymouth.
The Tamar Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty covers around 195 km² (75 square miles) around the lower Tamar (below Launceston) and its tributaries the Tavy and the Lynher. It was first proposed in 1963, but was not designated until 1995.

References

Rivers of England
Geography of Cornwall
South West England
The corinthian order is one of the three main classical orders (styles) of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order and Ionic order. 

The Corinthian is the most decorative of the three orders. It has thin columns that have grooves running vertically up the sides. The most important difference with the other orders is the big capital (top part of the column), which is decorated with leaves and scrolls.

History
The oldest known example of a Corinthian column is in the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae in Arcadia, ca 450–420 BC. This column stands inside the temple and does not form part of the wall. The oldest use of the Corinthian order on the outside of a structure is the round Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens. It was put in place around 334 BC.
Examples of Corinthian order architecture
Greece
Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens
Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens)
Rome
Pantheon, Rome (illustration)
Temple of Mars Ultor
Renaissance and Baroque
Neoclassical and Beaux-Arts
United States Capitol (illustration)
St. La Salle Hall, Manila
Don Enrique T. Yuchengco Hall, Manila
Enrique M. Razon Sports Center, Manila
Ukraine
Great Lavra Belltower (fourth tier - 8 columns)
Germany
The Reichstag, Berlin

Related pages
Classical order
Doric order
Ionic order
Tuscan order
Composite order

Other websites
 A simple overview of the three classical orders

Architectural styles
Ancient Greek architecture
The Wellington Monument is an obelisk in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland. It is also called "Wellington Testimonial" because it was built while Wellington was still alive.

The monument is in the southeast of the Park. It is near Kilmainham and the River Liffey. The obelisk is  tall. It is the largest obelisk in Europe.

History

The monument was built to celebrate the victories of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. He was born in Dublin.

It was designed by the architect Sir Robert Smirke. Building was started in 1817. In 1820 they ran out of money. It was not finished until 1861 when it was opened to the public. There were also plans for a statue of Wellesley on a horse  in front of it. This was never built.
Features of the Testimonial
There are four bronze plaques on the bottom part of the monument. Three have pictures about Wellington's career, the fourth has text. The pictures are 'Civil and Religious Liberty' by John Hogan, 'Waterloo' by Thomas Farrell and the 'Indian Wars' by Joseph Robinson Kirk. The text reads:

Asia and Europe, saved by thee, proclaim 
Invincible in war thy deathless name, 
Now round thy brow the civic oak we twine 
That every earthly glory may be thine.

References

Buildings and structures in Dublin
Military monuments and memorials
Ashtown Castle is a towerhouse in the Phoenix Park in Dublin. It is now part of the Phoenix Park Visitor Centre.

It is not clear when the castle was first built. It might date back as far as 1430. The roof dates from the 17th century.  

After the building was made bigger and improved, it was used as the house for the Under Secretary of Ireland from 1782. In 1922, it became the house for the first United States ambassador to Ireland. After the ambassador moved to the Chief Secretary's Lodge, the Papal nuncio used the building until 1978 when he moved. 

In 1978, the building was in bad shape. It could not be repaired. When they started to break down the building, they found the towerhouse inside the bigger building. It was restored to its old form.

Reference

Other websites
 Heritage Ireland

Buildings and structures in Dublin
Castles in the Republic of Ireland
15th-century buildings and structures
The Aviator is a 2004 American biographical epic drama movie directed by Martin Scorsese. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio as Howard Hughes. It was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, and won five, including Best Supporting Actress for Cate Blanchett, who plays Katharine Hepburn. Kate Beckinsale plays Ava Gardner. The movie also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film.
It is about the live of Howard Hughes, his flights and his live as film producer. It ends with his Vision of all plane

Release dates

Other websites 

2000s biographical movies
2004 drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American biographical movies
American drama movies
American epic movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
English-language movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies about aviation
Movies directed by Martin Scorsese
Movies set in California
Movies set in the 1910s
Movies set in the 1920s
Movies set in the 1930s
Movies set in the 1940s
Warner Bros. movies
Mâcon is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in east-central France. It is the préfecture (capital) of the department.

Even if Mâcon is the capital of the department, it is only the second largest city in population after Chalon-sur-Saône.

History
The Celts from the Aedui (people that lived between the Saône and Loire rivers) had an oppidum and a river port in the present place of Mâcon. This settlement was called Matisco by Julius Caesar.

Geography
Mâcon is the southernmost capital city in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is at  north of Lyon and  from Paris.

The city lies on the western (left) side of the Saône river, on the border with the Ain department.

It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Since 1972, the commune of Mâcon is divided in two parts: the southern part, including the old city, and the northern part. Both parts are surrounded by the communes:
Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Charnay-lès-Mâcon, less than  to the west of Mâcon and where is the local airport, is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".

The average temperature for the year in Charnay-lès-Mâcon is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month, on average is January, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Charnay-lès-Mâcon is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is August with an average of .

Population
The inhabitants of Mâcon are known, in French, as Mâconnais (women: Mâconnaises ).

With a population of 33,456, Mâcon has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Mâcon
Administration
Mâcon is a prefecture of the Saône-et-Loire department since 1800. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Mâcon and the administrative centre () of two cantons:
 Mâcon-1 formed by the communes Charnay-lès-Mâcon and Sancé, and part of Mâcon, with 22,266 inhabitants (2014).
 Mâcon-2 formed by the commune Varennes-lès-Mâcon and part of Mâcon, with 20,566 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Mâconnais Beaujolais Agglomération ().

Twinned and partner towns
Mâcon is twinned with:

 Neustadt an der Weinstrasse, Germany, since 26 June 1956
 Crewe and Nantwich, United Kingdom, since 1957
 Overijse, Belgium, since 28 August 1960
 Macon, United States, since 1972
 Lecco, Italy, since 12 May 1973

 Alcázar de San Juan, Spain, since 15 March 1980
 Eger, Hungary, since 11 May 1985
 Pori, Finland, since 11 May 1990
 Santo Tirso, Portugal, since 20 June 1992
Places of interest
Some interesting places in Mâcon are:
 The Mâcon Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Vincent de Mâcon) in the town centre
 The Saint-Pierre Church (Èglise Saint-Pierre) in the Place Saint-Pierre
 The Museum of Fine Arts (former Ursuline Convent)
 Hôtel Senecé (Lamartine museum)

People from or related to Mâcon
 Alphonse de Lamartine (1790-1869), poet
 Georges Duby (1919–1996), historian

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Mâcon
 Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Mâcon - official website  
 Tourist office website
 Mâconnais Beaujolais Agglomération website  

Departmental capitals in France
Communes in Saône-et-Loire
The following is a list of the 573 communes of the Saône-et-Loire département, in France.

(CUCM) Communauté urbaine Creusot-Montceau, created in 1970.
(CAC) Communauté d'agglomération Chalon Val de Bourgogne, created in 2001.

Saone-et-Loire
The following is a list of the 545 communes of the Haute-Saône département, in east France.

Haute-Saone
The following is a list of the 293 communes of the Rhône département, in France.

(COURLY) Agglomeration community of Greater Lyon, created in 1966.
(CAV) Agglomeration community of Pays Viennois, created in 2002, most of which is located in the Isère département.

Rhone
The Chief Secretary for Ireland was the British Cabinet minister with responsibility for Irish affairs. It was the second most important politician in Ireland, after the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. From the late 18th century and early 19th century onwards the Chief Secretary would also sit in the British cabinet. Because of this, he was better connected and became more powerful that the Lord Lieutenant. From 1922, the Irish were no longer ruled by the British king, and the political office disappeared. 

They used to live in the Chief Secretary's Lodge in the Phoenix Park.

List of Chief Secretaries for Ireland
List of Chief Secretaries for Ireland

History of Ireland
Irish politicians
St Mawes is a small town opposite Falmouth, on the Roseland Peninsula on the south coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom. It lies on the east bank of the Carrick Roads into which the River Fal flows. The town is in the civil parish of St Just in Roseland. It was once a busy fishing port, but the trade declined during the 20th century.

The town of St Mawes is a popular tourist location. There is a ferry service to Falmouth, which is less than a mile away by boat, but about 30 miles away by road. The town takes its name from the Celtic saint Maudez (Mawe), who may have come from Ireland.

St Mawes Castle is a well-preserved coastal fortress from the time of Henry VIII, built to resist invasion from Europe.

References

Towns in Cornwall
The Roseland Peninsula, or just Roseland, is a district of west Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Roseland is in the south of the county and contains the town of St Mawes and villages such as St Just in Roseland and Gerrans. It is a peninsula, separated from the rest of Cornwall by the River Fal (on the east is the English Channel).

There is some disagreement about where the peninsula  begins and some include the village of Tregony in Roseland and others do not. 

Geography of Cornwall
Peninsulas of the United Kingdom
Bourbon is a whiskey that is distilled from grain mash containing at least 51% corn and aged a minimum of two years.  It gets its name from Bourbon, Kentucky where most bourbon is produced.  Many bourbons are made using a method called "sour mash" where fermentation of each new batch contains a little of the batch before to achieve a consistent quality.

Drinks made from bourbon include Lynchburg Lemonade, Manhattan, and Old Fashioned.

Whisky
Whisky made in Scotland is known as Scotch whisky, or simply as "Scotch" (especially in North America).

It means the whisky is distilled in Scotland. It is usually a blend of malt and grain whiskies, and aged in barrels ('casks') for at least three years (four years for exports). 

Single malt scotch is made only from malted barley and no other grain, sugar, or fermentable material. They are made at the same distillery and not blended with any other scotch. Most single malt scotches are aged an average of 8 to 12 years.

Whisky
Alcoholic drinks
Annecy is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Haute-Savoie department.

It is on the northern tip of Lake Annecy.  It is 35 kilometres south of Geneva.

It is often known as "la Venise des Alpes" or "the Venice of the Alps".

Annecy has hosted the Annecy International Animated Film Festival since 1960.

Annecy bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games but lost to Pyeongchang.

On 1 January 2017, the former communes of Annecy-le-Vieux, Cran-Gevrier, Meythet, Pringy and Seynod were merged into the commune of Annecy.

Sister cities
Annecy is a twin town with:
  Cheltenham, United Kingdom, since 1956
  Bayreuth, Germany, since 1966
  Vicenza, Italy, since 1995
  Sainte-Thérèse, Canada, since 1987
  Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovakia, since 2003
  Sassandra, Côte d'Ivoire

References
Chambéry is a commune, the prefecture of the Savoie department.

Sister cities
Chambéry is twinned with:
 Turin, Italy, since 1957
 Albstadt, Germany, since 1979
 Ouahigouya, Burkina Faso
The following is a list of the 294 communes of the Haute-Savoie département, in France.

 (CAA) Agglomeration community of Annecy, created in 2001.

Haute-Savoie
The following is a list of the 305 communes of the Savoie département, in France.

(CAC) Agglomeration community of the Chambéry Métropole, created in 2000.

Savoie
The Change-Up is a 2011 American comedy movie produced by David Dobkin, Neal H. Moritz, David Furnish and Gary Barber and directed by David Dobkin. The Change-Up was released on August 5, 2011 in North America.

Cast 
 Ryan Reynolds as Mitchell "Mitch" Planko, Jr. / David "Dave" Lockwood
 Jason Bateman as David "Dave" Lockwood / Mitchell "Mitch" Planko, Jr.
 Leslie Mann as Jamie Lockwood, Dave's wife
 Olivia Wilde as Sabrina McKay, Dave's attractive assistant
 Craig Bierko as Valtan
 Gregory Itzin as Flemming Steel, Dave's boss
 Alan Arkin as Mitchell "Mitch" Planko, Sr., Mitch's father
 Sydney Rouviere as Cara Lockwood, Dave and Jamie's daughter
 Mircea Monroe as Tatiana, Mitch's nymphomaniac girlfriend

Release dates

Other websites 

2011 comedy movies
2011 fantasy movies
2010s American fantasy movies
2010s English-language movies
American fantasy-comedy movies
Movies about wish fulfillment
Aaron Rome (born September 27, 1983 in Nesbitt, Manitoba) is a Canadian ice hockey defenseman. He currently plays for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played in the WHL for a combined 8 seasons with the Saskatoon Blades, Kootenay Ice, Swift Current Broncos and the Moose Jaw Warriors. He formerly played in the NHL for the Columbus Blue Jackets, Anaheim Ducks and the Vancouver Canucks. He was on the Anaheim Ducks when they won the Stanley Cup in 2007 but he did not qualify to have his name engraved on the cup. He did however get a Stanley Cup ring and a day to spend with the cup in the off-season.

On June 6, 2011, Rome was given a four-game suspension because of a late hit that he did on Boston's Nathan Horton during game three of the 2011 Stanley Cup finals. The hit gave Horton a concussion and he was sent to the hospital.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1983 births
Living people
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cincinnati Mighty Ducks players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Dallas Stars players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Kootenay Ice players
Manitoba Moose players
Moose Jaw Warriors players
Norfolk Admirals players
Portland Pirates players
Saskatoon Blades players
Stanley Cup champions
Swift Current Broncos players
Syracuse Crunch players
Texas Stars players
Vancouver Canucks players
American Hockey League players
Ben Smith (born July 11, 1988) is an American professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks.

He has also played ice hockey in college at Boston College with the Eagles. He made his NHL debut with the Blackhawks on October 29, 2010 against the Edmonton Oilers. He scored 2 goals on April 15, 2011 against the Vancouver Canucks in his second NHL playoff game.

On April 24, 2011, Smith scored the overtime goal on a rebound by Niklas Hjalmarsson against the Vancouver Canucks' goaltender, Roberto Luongo, to force a Game 7 in Vancouver. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

On March 2, 2015, the Blackhawks traded Smith to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Andrew Desjardins.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1988 births
American ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Living people
People from Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
San Jose Sharks players
Sportspeople from North Carolina
Stanley Cup champions
A topoisomerase is one of a group of enzymes that unwind and wind DNA in order to help the creation of DNA structures. 

DNA is in a helix/spiral which helps make the structure of DNA strong and stable. However, when undergoing DNA replication, the spiral needs to be untwisted, and when spirals are being untwisted knots, and breaks can happen. When studying the structure of DNA, James D. Watson and Francis Crick knew that there was need for an enzyme to overcome this problem. 

Topoisomerase binds to either side of the DNA strands and allows the DNA to be untangled or unwound.

Molecular biology
Enzymes
NHL 12 is an ice hockey video game developed by EA Canada and published by EA Sports. It is the twenty-first game in the NHL series. It was released on September 8, 2011 in Australasia, September 9, 2011 in Europe and on September 13, 2011 in North America. The game was featured at the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo.

New Features
New features in NHL 12 include: the ability to hit goalies, goalie fights, improved Be a Pro mode, more realistic hits, helmets popping off when being hit, knuckleball shots, shattered glass, and more puck movements. Players can also play the 2011 Winter Classic at Heinz Field under snowfall. A new feature called the Action Tracker follows the players every move in the game.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

2011 video games
Electronic Arts video games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Sports video games
Windows games
Rosenery Mello do Nascimento (born 1965  - died June 4, 2011) was a Brazilian celebrity also known as "fogueteira do Maracanâ".

She was known for an incident at the football game between the teams of Brazil and Chile (1989) in the Maracanã Stadium, in a match valid for the World Cup qualifiers in 1990.

Soon after, she was on the cover of men's magazine Playboy.

She was born in Rio de Janeiro and died of a brain aneurysm there.

References 

1965 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from intracranial aneurysm
Disease-related deaths in Brazil
People from Rio de Janeiro
Anthony David Weiner (born September 4, 1964) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives. He represented the 9th district of the state of New York. Weiner is a member of the Democratic Party.

Early political career
After graduating from college at the State University of New York-Plattsburgh in 1985, Weiner began working on the staff of Charles Schumer, who was then a Congressman from New York.

In 1991, Weiner became the youngest person to be elected to the City Council of New York City. Weiner was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1999.

In 2011, Weiner became involved in a scandal after his Twitter account sent a woman a picture of a man with an erection. At first, Weiner said that he had not sent the picture and that somebody must have hacked into his account. However, a few days later, he admitted that he had sent the picture and that he had been having sexual conversations with several women through Twitter.
Because of the scandal, Weiner left the House of Representatives. He quit on June 16. In August 2016, Wiener was again blamed for sending a picture of his manbulge.

Personal life 
Weiner married Huma Abedin in 2010. Their son was born in 2011.

Weiner is Jewish.

References

1964 births
Living people
Jewish American politicians
Politicians from New York City
United States representatives from New York (state)
Democratic Centralism is a Leninist idea which means that the ruling party (in the case of Russia, the Bolsheviks) would discuss an idea to come up with an answer, and then once an answer was decided discussion would never be allowed again. Joseph Stalin used this principle to help him rise to power in the 1920s.

Communism
In Communist parties the politburo (short for "political bureau") was the group of people that made all decisions of the party. The Central Committee elected its own members to the Politburo at meetings. The leader of the politburo was called the General Secretary, and this person was the most powerful person in the party.

Communism
A secretariat is the body that keeps a large organization organized. The Secretariat is the office of the secretary. Organizations that have secretariats include the US Navy and Interpol. The European Union's Council of Ministers has a secretariat that employs about 2,300 people. They provide a range of services including secretarial work, translation, and legal advice.

References

Organizations
Public administration
A vanguard is a (usually small) group of people who lead a movement. It comes from two old French words, avant (front) and garde (guard). In military terms, a vanguard is a group of soldiers who scout ahead to protect an army from surprise attacks.

in Politics 
In the political philosophy of Leninism "vanguard" refers to the "vanguard party". This would be a small group of dedicated revolutionaries who would lead the Communist movement in Russia.

References 

Communism
Military terminology
The Communist Party of Vietnam is the political party that controls Vietnam.

History
The Party was founded in 3 February 1930 by Ho Chi Minh as the Indochinese Communist Party. Ho led the party to power in 1945. In 1954, the country was divided into two at the Geneva Conference. After that, the party ruled only North Vietnam until 1975, when the party once again ruled over a united Vietnam.

Nationalist organizations in Asia
Vietnam
National liberation movements
1930 establishments
1930s establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Vietnam
Carlos Alberto García Moreno (born in Buenos Aires, October 23, 1951) is a musician, composer and Latin American rock producer.

Discography 
 Yendo de la cama al living (Spanish: Going from the bed to the living room) (1982)
 Clics modernos (Spanish: Modern clicks) (1983)
 Piano bar (1984)
 Parte de la religión (Spanish: Part of the religion) (1987)
 Cómo conseguir chicas (Spanish: How to get girls) (1989)
 Filosofía barata y zapatos de goma (Spanish: Cheap philosophy and rubber shoes) (1990)
 La hija de la lágrima (Spanish: The daughter of the tear) (1994)
 Say no more (1996)
 El aguante (Spanish: The hanging on) (1998)
 Influencia (Spanish: Influence) (2002)
 Rock and roll yo (Spanish: The "rock and roll" me) (2003)
 Kill Gil (Spanish: Kill Dumbass) (2010)

1951 births
Argentine composers
Living people
Musicians from Buenos Aires
Singers from Buenos Aires
Keith McCready (born April 9, 1957) is an American professional pool player. He was born in Elmhurst, Illinois. His nickname is Earthquake.<ref>"Pearl vs. Earthquake in Classic Joss Finals" www.azbilliards.com [Retrieved 7 April 2011],</ref>

On St. Patrick's Day in 1984, McCready won the Clyde Childress Memorial Nine-ball Tournament at The Maverick Club in Richmond, Kentucky against many famous players.

In movies
In 1986, McCready starred as the character Grady Seasons, with Paul Newman and Tom Cruise in Martin Scorsese's Academy Award-winning film The Color of Money'',

References

1957 births
Living people
People from Elmhurst, Illinois
Fowey is a small town and cargo port at the mouth of the River Fowey in south Cornwall, United Kingdom. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 2,273.
Fowey is in the South Coast (Eastern Section) of the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It lies at the end of the Saints' Way a long-distance footpath and has ferries across the river to Polruan (foot) and Bodinnick (vehicle). There are many historic buildings in the town, including the ruins of St Catherine's Castle, while Readymoney Cove has a local beach.

References

Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
The River Fowey is a river in Cornwall, United Kingdom, which follows an irregular course across Bodmin Moor and enters the English Channel at Fowey.

There is a ferry between Fowey and Bodinnick. The first road crossing going upstream is in Lostwithiel. The river has seven tributaries, the largest being the River Lerryn. The part of the Fowey Valley between Doublebois and Bodmin Parkway railway station is known as the Glynn Valley (from Glynn House, Cardinham). The valley is the route of both the A38 trunk road and the railway line (built by the Cornwall Railway in 1859).
The catchment area of the River Fowey covers a total of  consisting of various types of rock.

References

Rivers of England
Geography of Cornwall
The Chief Secretary's Lodge is a house in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland. It is also called Deerfield House or the U.S. Ambassador's Residence. It is used as the home for the U.S. Ambassador to Ireland. The size of the property and the land around it is about . It also includes three cottages and a gate lodge.

The building was completed in 1776. It was built by Col. John Blaquiere, Chief Secretary for Ireland of the British government. He was also the bailiff of the Phoenix Park. It was used as the house for the Chief Secretary until 1922, when the Irish Free State was formed.

In 1927, the American government started to use the building for the embassy and as house for the ambassador to Ireland. Later the embassy was moved out. In 1952, the American government improved the house and lands around it.

References

Other websites
 New York Times has pictures of the inside of the building

Buildings and structures in Dublin
Perranzabuloe is a coastal civil parish and a hamlet in Cornwall, United Kingdom. The hamlet (containing the parish church) is just over a mile (2 km) south of the main settlement of the parish, Perranporth and seven miles (11 km) south-southwest of Newquay. The parish population was 5,382 in the 2001 census.

The name of the parish comes from the medieval Latin Perranus in Sabulo meaning Piran in the sand. Piran (the patron saint of Cornwall) was a Christian evangelist who founded a church in the seventh century near the coast north of Perranporth. The ruins of this church were rediscovered in the 20th century. The medieval parish church of Perranzabuloe was over a long period completely lost in sand dunes. A new church had to be built further away from the coast.

References

Villages in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
Perranporth is a small seaside resort on the north coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is six miles (10 km) southwest of Newquay and seven miles (11.3 km) northwest of Truro.  Perranporth has a population of 3,066. and is the largest settlement in the parish of Perranzabuloe.

The village's name is Cornish for Saint Piran's cove.  It is believed that Saint Piran founded a church at Perranzabuloe near Perranporth in the seventh century. Buried under sand for many centuries, it was unearthed early in the 20th century, but again abandoned in the sands in the 1970s.

References

Villages in Cornwall
Marazion is a town in west Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is on the shore of Mount's Bay, two miles (3 km) east of Penzance.

St Michael's Mount is half-a-mile offshore from Marazion. At low water a causeway links it to the town and at high water passenger boats carry visitors between Marazion and St Michael's Mount.

Marazion is a tourist resort with an active community of artists who produce and sell paintings and pottery in the town's many art galleries.

Marazion is one of the towns claiming to be Britain's oldest town. Marazion was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 and is the oldest chartered town in Britain, having been granted this status by King Henry III in 1257.

References

Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
Lionel Cranfield Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, PC (18 January 1688 - 10 October 1765) was an English politician and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

Dorset was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland twice. First from 1731 to 1737 and then again from 1751 to 1755. 

Knights of the Garter
1688 births
1765 deaths
People from Dorset
English politicians
Lord-lieutenants
The Christmas Raid or Magazine fort raid happened on the 23 December 1939. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) stole a lot of weapons and ammunitions (bullets) from the Irish Army. Although the theft from the Magazine Fort building in Phoenix Park was successful, most of what was stolen was recovered by the Irish Army a few days later. Several IRA volunteers were arrested.

Reasons for raid
The reason for the raid was that the IRA had many Thompson submachine guns. They found it hard to get the .45 ACP bullets used in these guns in Europe. Because the Irish Army also used the Thompson and had large supplies of bullets, the IRA decided to steal some.
The raid
Around 2030 the gate bell rang, and the Military Police officer on guard opened the gate a little for a civilian who said he had a parcel to deliver to the officer-in-charge. The unidentified man told the MP to open the gate fully and put his hands up. At this point the IRA team appeared from both inside and outside the fort, confiscating the weapons of the sentry and MP.

The two hostages were then forced to act as human shields for the two intruders to the guardroom where the remaining soldiers were caught by surprise and gave up without a fight. The captives heard 'many' heavy lorries coming and going from the depot. At 2210 hrs the IRA locked the prisoners in the so-called 'C' Magazine area which the raiders had completely emptied.

It was 2250 by the time a party of soldiers was sent from Portobello Barracks to find out what was happening at the fort. They managed to catch two of the raiders.
A total of 1,084,000 rounds of ammunition had been taken and removed in thirteen lorries with no casualties.

Over the next three to four days a large, nationwide hunt was organised to find the stolen items.

On 1 January 1940 it was reported that almost three-quarters of the ammunition had been found, a total of 850,000 rounds; 
 two and a half tons were found in Dundalk, County Louth,
 eight tons in Swords, County Dublin,
 sixty-six cases of Thompsons and ammunition in South Armagh (2 and a half tons captured by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)), 
 one hundred crates containing 120,000 rounds in Straffan, County Kildare.

In addition, some IRA volunteers who were caught storing the ammunition were arrested.

What happened after the raid
The raid was not good for the IRA. The massive hunt to find what was stolen turned up all and more. It caused IRA Volunteers to be arrested.
The day after the raid the Irish Minister for Justice, Gerald Boland, at an emergency meeting of the Dáil (government) introduced the Emergency Powers bill to allow internment (taking prisoner), Military Tribunal, and executions for IRA members. It became the Emergency Powers Act.

Related pages
 The Emergency
 Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)
 Sabotage Campaign (IRA)
 Northern Campaign (IRA)

Footnotes

Further information
 Mark M. Hull, Irish Secrets. German Espionage in Wartime Ireland 1939-1945, Dublin:Irish Academic Press, 2003, 
 Enno Stephan, Spies in Ireland, London, 1963  (reprint)
 J Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army - The IRA 1997 - Details of IRA Companies and Vol. involved.
 IRA volunteer Liam Brady's recollection of the Christmas Raid and the part he played in it, available here .
 Collection of images from the fort 

1939 in Europe
20th century in Dublin
Irish Republican Army
December events
Vestigial organs are organs of the body which are smaller and simpler than those in related species. They have lost, or almost lost, their original feature.

Vestigiality is evidence for evolution, since they only make sense if evolution has occurred. They were one of the puzzles of pre-Darwinian natural history. The puzzle vanished once biologists realised they once were working adaptations, in the ancestors of present-day animals.

They occur in animals (and plants) which have changed their style of life from their ancestors. Thus snakes lost their legs as their system of movement changed. But one type of snake – the boas – have vestigial rear legs and pelvis. The human vermiform appendix is another example. That was much larger, and stored microbes which produced cellulase to break down plant cell walls. Leaves are the main diet of apes, but they are not a main part of man's diet. Cellulose cannot be digested by our species.