Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Staunton challenged Saint-Amant to a longer match to be played in Paris at the Café de la Régence for a stake of £100 (equivalent to about £75,000 today). Staunton took Thomas Worrall and Harry Wilson to Paris as his assistants; this is the first known case where seconds were used in a chess match. Staunton gained a seven-game lead but then struggled to keep it before winning the match 13-8 (eleven wins, four draws, and six losses) in December 1843.

Saint-Amant wanted a third match, but Staunton was initially unwilling as he had developed heart trouble during the second match. After a long, difficult negotiation, which he reported in the Chess Player's Chronicle, Staunton went to Paris intending to start their third match in October 1844, but he caught pneumonia while traveling and almost died; the match was postponed and never took place.

Several modern commentators regard Staunton as de facto World Champion after his match victory over Saint-Amant, although that title did not yet formally exist.
In 1845 Staunton began a chess column for the Illustrated London News, which became the most influential chess column in the world and which he continued for the rest of his life. Although his articles mostly focused on over-the-board play, a significant number featured correspondence chess. Some followed with enthusiasm the progress of promising youngsters, including Paul Morphy. Staunton produced over 1,400 weekly articles for the Illustrated London News.
The first chess match by electric telegraph took place in 1844, between Washington and Baltimore. In April 1845 Staunton and Captain Kennedy travelled to Gosport to play two games by telegraph against a group in London. Staunton took a long-term interest in this solution to the difficulties of travel, and reported telegraph games in the Illustrated London News. In 1871 his report of a telegraphic match between Sydney and Adelaide calculated that the 74 moves of the longest game had traveled a total of 220,000 miles (not much less than the distance between Earth and Moon).

In 1847 Staunton published his most famous work, The Chess-Player's Handbook, which is still in print. It contained over 300 pages of opening analysis, and almost 100 pages of endgame analysis. He still found time for two matches in 1846, comfortably beating two professionals.

London 1851
London 1851 

Staunton proposed and then took the lead in organizing the first ever international tournament in 1851. He thought the Great Exhibition of 1851 presented a unique opportunity, because the difficulties that blocked international participation would be greatly reduced.

The committee had also organized a 'London Provincial Tournament' for other British players, and promoted some of the entrants to play in the International Tournament to get the right number of players for a knock-out tournament.
The tournament was a success, but disappointing for Staunton personally; in the second round he was knocked out by Anderssen, who won the tournament convincingly; and in the play-off for third place Staunton was narrowly beaten by Elijah Williams. Perhaps Staunton over-stretched himself by acting as both a competitor and the Secretary of the organizing committee. In 1852 Staunton published his book The Chess Tournament, which recounted in detail the efforts required to make the London International Tournament happen and presented all the games with his comments on the play.

The London Chess Club, which had fallen out with Staunton and his colleagues, organized a tournament that was played a month later and had a multi-national set of players, many of whom had competed in Staunton's tournament. The result was the same – Anderssen won.

In the mid-1850s Staunton got a contract to edit the text of Shakespeare. This edition appeared in parts from 1857 to 1860; the work was praised in reviews.

Morphy
While Staunton was busy with the Shakespeare edition, he received a courteous letter from the New Orleans Chess Club, inviting him to that city to play Paul Morphy, who had won the first American Chess Congress. Staunton replied, thanking the Club and Morphy "for the honour implied in your selection of me as the opponent of such a champion". Staunton pointed out that he had not competed for several years and was working six days a week (on editing Shakespeare), and so he could not possibly travel across the Atlantic for a match. He also wrote in the Illustrated London News that he
"had been compelled, by laborious literary occupation, to abandon the practice of chess, beyond the indulgence of an occasional game... If Mr. Morphy – for whose skill we entertain the liveliest admiration – be desirous to win his spurs among the chess chivalry of Europe, he must take advantage of his purposed visit next year; he will then meet in this country, in France, in Germany and in Russia, many champions ... ready to test and do honor to his prowess". 
Chess historian H.J.R. Murray wrote that Staunton's letter and article should have been interpreted as a courteous refusal of the offer, but that Morphy interpreted them differently, and one of the main reasons for his visit to Europe in 1858 was the hope of playing a match with Staunton.p415
Upon arriving in England in June 1858, Morphy promptly challenged Staunton to a match. At first, Staunton declined Morphy's offer saying that the challenge came too late. Morphy did not give up negotiations and urging Staunton to play. In early July Staunton agreed provided he was given time to get back into practice, and provided that he could manage all this without breaking the publication contract for his Shakespearean work. In early August, Morphy wrote asking Staunton when the match could occur, and Staunton asked again for a delay of some weeks. Just before Staunton left London for Birmingham, his old enemy George Walker published an article accusing him of trying to delay the match indefinitely, and Staunton received another letter from Morphy pressing him to name a date for the match. Staunton and Morphy met socially in Birmingham and, after a tense discussion, Staunton agreed to play in early November
. In September the Illustrated London News printed both a complimentary full-page article about Morphy and a complimentary mention of him in its chess column. On 6 October 1858, while in Paris  Morphy wrote Staunton an open letter which was also circulated to several publications, in which Morphy complained about Staunton's conduct. Staunton replied on 9 October, re-stating the difficulties he faced, but now giving them as reasons to cancel the match. On 23 October, Staunton published his entire reply along with a partial copy of Morphy's open letter. The main criticism against Staunton was never his failure to play Morphy. As Lord Lyttleton put it in a letter to Morphy:
Staunton continued writing the chess column in Illustrated London News until his death in 1874, greeting new developments with enthusiasm. In 1860 he published Chess Praxis, a supplement to his 1847 work The Chess Player's Handbook. The new book devoted 168 pages to presenting many of Morphy's games and praised the American's play. Five years later Staunton published Great Schools of England (1865), whose main subject was the history of major English public schools but which also presented some progressive ideas: learning can only take place successfully if the active interest of the student is engaged; corporal punishment is to be avoided and fagging should be abolished. Most of his later life was spent in writing about Shakespeare, including: a photo lithographic reproduction of the 1600 Much Ado about Nothing in 1864 and of the first folio of Shakespeare in 1866. He wrote articles on Unsuspected corruptions of Shakespeare's text, published from 1872 to his death
. All these works were highly regarded at the time. When he died suddenly of heart disease, on 22 June 1874, he was at his desk writing one of these papers. At the same time he was also working on his last chess book, Chess: theory and practice, which was published posthumously in 1876.
A memorial plaque now hangs at his old residence of 117 Lansdowne Road, London W11. In 1997 a memorial stone bearing an engraving of a chess knight was raised over his grave at Kensal Green Cemetery in London, which had previously been unmarked and neglected.

References 

1810 births
1874 deaths
British chess players
English writers
Syncope is the medical term for fainting or blacking out. It is a sudden loss of consciousness, usually for a short time. It is mostly because there is not enough oxygen in the brain. It can be for other reasons. 

Fainting is quite common. It usually happens in two age ranges: the teenage years, and during older age. The chance of a person fainting at least once in a lifetime is about 40 to 50 percent. Syncope causes 1 to 3 percent of all attendances to emergency departments and 1 to 6 percent of all hospital admissions.

References 

Symptoms
The English Opening, usually just called the English, is a chess opening for White. It has become the third most popular opening move, after 1.e4 and 1.d4. The opening was developed by the English master Howard Staunton and played in his match against Saint-Amant.p124

 1. c4
As a first move, this may transpose into a Queen's Pawn Game: 1.c4 Nf6 2.d4. That would not be the English opening. The English is a flexible system that includes some or all of these moves:
 Nc3
 Bishop fianchettoed on g2
 Nf3 or Ne2
 0-0
 d3
 Rb1 followed by b2-b4-b5

 Variation 1.
1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 g6 3.g3 Bg7 4.Bg2 0-0 5.d3 d6 6.Nf3 e5 7.0-0 Nc6 8.Rb1 a5 9.a3 h6 10.b4 axb4 11.axb4 Be6 12.b5 This sequence shows the system fully in operation. White operates in the centre and Q-side; Black operates more on the K-side.

 Variation 2.
1.c4 e5 2.g3 Nf6 3.Bg2 d5 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.Nf3 Nc6 6.d3 This has the character of a Sicilian defence reversed.
Variation 3. 
1.c4 Nf6 2.Nc3 e6 3.e4 d5 4.cxd5 exd5 5.e5 Here 5...d4, 5...Ne4 and 5...Nfd7 are most often played. This is a quite different line, where the two sides clash early in the centre. Since White does not have to play 3.e4, he could avoid this line.

Each of these lines has its own distinct character, and needs to be learnt by the player.

References 

Chess openings
Sebastián Pardo (born 1 January 1982) is a former Chilean football player. He has played for the Chilean national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Universidad Chile||rowspan="4"|Primera División||4||0
|-
|2000||14||0
|-
|2001||10||0
|-
|2002||14||2

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="5"|Feyenoord Rotterdam||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||18||3
|-
|2003/04||15||2
|-
|2004/05||6||0
|-
|2005/06||21||5
|-
|2006/07||10||0
|-
|2007/08||Excelsior||Eredivisie||18||1

|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Universidad Chile||rowspan="2"|Primera División||7||1
|-
|2009||8||0
57||3
87||11
144||14
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Chilean footballers
People from Quillota
Goran Rubil (born 9 March 1981) is a Croatian football player. He plays for Hajduk Split.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Nantes Atlantique||rowspan="3"|Division 1||2||0
|-
|2000/01||1||0
|-
|2001/02||2||0
|-
|2002/03||Ligue 1||5||0
|-
|2003/04||Stade Lavallois Mayenne||Ligue 2||8||1
|-
|2004/05||Nantes Atlantique||Ligue 1||1||0

|-
|2005||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||11||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Rijeka||rowspan="2"|Prva HNL||4||0
|-
|2006/07||10||1
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Hajduk Split||rowspan="4"|Prva HNL||9||0
|-
|2007/08||27||3
|-
|2008/09||15||1
|-
|2009/10||||
19||1
11||0
65||5
95||6
|}

References
Hajduk Split

1981 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
Carlos Alberto Costa Dias (born 5 May 1967) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988||rowspan="2"|Coritiba||rowspan="2"|Série A||12||3
|-
|1989||8||4
|-
|1990||rowspan="3"|Botafogo||rowspan="3"|Série A||17||0
|-
|1991||13||1
|-
|1992||23||4
|-
|1993||Vasco da Gama||Série A||0||0
|-
|1993||Grêmio||Série A||4||2
|-
|1994||Paraná||Série A||15||5

|-
|1995||Shimizu S-Pulse||J. League 1||32||17

|-
|1996||Paraná||Série A||8||1

|-
|1997||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||10||3

|-
|1998||Coritiba||Série A||3||0
|-
|1999||Paraná||Série A||10||0
113||20
42||20
155||40
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1992||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1967 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Brasília
Claiton Fontoura dos Santos (born 25 January 1978) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Atlético Paranaense.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||Bahia||Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||1||||||||||19||1
|-
|1999||18||1||||||||||18||1
|-
|2000||Vitória||Série A||20||2||||||||||20||2
|-
|2001||Bahia||Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|2001/02||Servette||Nationalliga A||15||1||||||||||15||1

|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||24||0||||||||||24||0
|-
|2003||41||0||||||||||41||0
|-
|2004||Santos||Série A||9||1||||||||||9||1

|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||13||3||2||0||4||0||19||3
|-
|2005||31||4||1||0||6||0||38||4

|-
|2006||Botafogo||Série A||31||3||||||||||31||3
|-
|2007||Flamengo||Série A||5||1||||||||||5||1
|-
|2007||Atlético Paranaense||Série A||22||2||||||||||22||2
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||J. League 1||30||2||1||0||6||0||37||2
|-
|2009||J. League 2||23||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||23||4

|-
|2009||Clube Atlético Paranaense||Série A||||||||||||||||
189||11||||||||||189||11
15||1||||||||||15||1
97||13||4||0||16||0||117||13
301||25||4||0||16||0||321||25

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Porto Alegre
Reinaldo Vicente Simão (born 23 October 1968) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||23||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||23||3
|-
|1996||15||4||2||0||15||1||32||5
|-
|1997||12||3||0||0||5||0||17||3
50||10||2||0||20||1||72||11
50||10||2||0||20||1||72||11
|}

References

1968 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Ovidiu Burcă (born 16 March 1980) is a Romanian football player. He plays for Energie Cottbus.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||Emelec||Serie A||6||0

|-
|2000||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||4||0
|-
|2000||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||16||1

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Universitatea Craiova||rowspan="2"|Divizia A||6||0
|-
|2001/02||19||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Dinamo Bucureşti||rowspan="3"|Divizia A||12||0
|-
|2003/04||21||0
|-
|2004/05||13||0
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Naţional Bucureşti||Divizia A||22||1
|-
|2006/07||Liga I||17||1

|-
|2007/08||Energie Cottbus||Bundesliga||0||0
|-
|2008||Beijing Guoan||Super League||15||1
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Energie Cottbus||Bundesliga||7||0
|-
|2009/10||2. Bundesliga||||
6||0
20||1
110||2
7||0
15||1
158||4
|}

References
Energie Cottbus 

1980 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Jussiê Ferreira Vieira (born 19 September 1983) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Girondins Bordeaux.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="3"|Série A||8||1
|-
|2002||8||0
|-
|2003||1||0

|-
|2003||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||17||5

|-
|2004||Cruzeiro||Série A||41||12

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Lens||rowspan="3"|Ligue 1||12||1
|-
|2005/06||35||6
|-
|2006/07||21||6
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="4"|Ligue 1||16||2
|-
|2007/08||22||4
|-
|2008/09||20||2
|-
|2009/10||||
58||13
17||5
126||21
201||39
|}

References
Girondins Bordeaux 

1983 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Oh Jang-Eun (born 24 July 1985) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Tokyo||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||2||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2003||4||0||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2004||7||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0

|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Daegu||rowspan="2"|K-League||16||3||1||1||7||0||colspan="2"|-||24||4
|-
|2006||24||6||2||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||34||6
|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Ulsan Hyundai||rowspan="4"|K-League||17||0||3||1||7||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2008||24||2||3||1||9||0||colspan="2"|-||36||3
|-
|2009||22||4||0||0||4||0||4||2||30||6
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
13||0||1||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||22||0
103||15||9||3||35||0||4||2||151||20
116||15||10||3||43||0||4||2||173||20
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
|2009||1||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||10||0
|}

References
Caíco (born 15 May 1974) is a Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1996||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||13||1||0||0||11||3||24||4
13||1||0||0||11||3||24||4
13||1||0||0||11||3||24||4
|}

1974 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Porto Alegre
Argélico Fuchs, previously Argélico Fucks, (born 14 September 1974) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="3"|Internacional||rowspan="3"|Série A||4||0
|-
|1994||22||2
|-
|1995||16||1

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||14||0
|-
|1997||18||0

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Santos||rowspan="2"|Série A||21||2
|-
|1999||0||0

|-
|1999/00||Porto||Portuguese Liga||5||1

|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Palmeiras||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Benfica||rowspan="4"|Portuguese Liga||22||2
|-
|2002/03||28||2
|-
|2003/04||19||1
|-
|2004/05||19||1

|-
|2004/05||Racing Santander||La Liga||2||0

|-
|2005||Cruzeiro||Série A||10||0
|-
|2006||Ulbra||Série C||0||0

|-
|2007||Hangzhou Greentown||Super League||22||1
73||5
32||0
93||7
2||0
22||1
222||13
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1995||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References
References

1974 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Henrique Arlindo Etges (born 15 March 1966) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||20||0||0||0||3||0||23||0
20||0||0||0||3||0||23||0
20||0||0||0||3||0||23||0
|}

References

1966 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Moacir Rodrigues Santos (born 21 March 1970) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil's national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988||rowspan="5"|Atlético Mineiro||rowspan="5"|Série A||11||0
|-
|1989||14||0
|-
|1990||10||1
|-
|1991||17||3
|-
|1992||12||1
|-
|1993||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||0||0

|-
|1993/94||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||11||1

|-
|1994||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||0||0

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Sevilla||rowspan="2"|La Liga||17||1
|-
|1995/96||13||1

|-
|1996||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||16||3
|-
|1997||Portuguesa Desportos||Série A||21||0

|-
|1998||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||26||0
101||8
41||3
26||0
168||11
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1990||3||0
|-
|1991||2||0
|-
!Total||5||0
|}

References

1970 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Emerson Orlando de Melo (born 2 March 1973) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 1||7||0||3||0||0||0||10||0
7||0||3||0||0||0||10||0
7||0||3||0||0||0||10||0

1973 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Claudio Ubeda (born 17 September 1969) used to be an Argentinian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="4"|Rosario Central||rowspan="4"|Primera División||19||0
|-
|1991/92||0||0
|-
|1992/93||36||0
|-
|1993/94||22||1

|-
|1994/95||Querétaro||Liga Ascenso||||

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="9"|Racing||rowspan="9"|Primera División||22||0
|-
|1996/97||32||1
|-
|1997/98||26||1
|-
|1998/99||35||4
|-
|1999/00||35||1
|-
|2000/01||37||0
|-
|2001/02||36||0
|-
|2002/03||35||1
|-
|2003/04||17||1

|-
|2004||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 1||25||3

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Racing||rowspan="2"|Primera División||4||0
|-
|2005/06||11||1
367||11
||
25||3
392||14

1969 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Argentine football managers
People from Rosario, Argentina
Christoffer Andersson (born 22 October 1978) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Helsingborg.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Nybro||||15||0
|-
|1996||||21||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="7"|Helsingborg||rowspan="7"|Allsvenskan||1||0
|-
|1998||23||1
|-
|1999||25||0
|-
|2000||24||1
|-
|2001||23||2
|-
|2002||26||5
|-
|2003||26||2

|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Lillestrøm||rowspan="3"|Tippeligaen||26||2
|-
|2005||26||1
|-
|2006||11||0

|-
|2006/07||Hannover||Bundesliga||7||0

|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Helsingborg||rowspan="4"|Allsvenskan||15||2
|-
|2008||28||9
|-
|2009||28||5
|-
|2010||||
255||27
63||3
7||0
325||30
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||10||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
!Total||24||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Swedish footballers
was a  after Einin and before Kengen.  The period started in April 1299 and ended in November 1302. During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Shōan era
 1301 (Shōan 3, 1st month): In the 5th year of Go-Fushimi's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the throne passed to a cousin who would become known as Emperor Go-Nijō.
 1301 (Shōan 3): Hōjō Sadatoki gave up his position as  for the shogun of the Kamakura shogunate.  He became a Buddhist monk.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Japanese eras
1299
1300s in Japan
, also known as Kangen or Ken'ei, was a  after Shōan and before Kagen.  This period started in November 1302 and ended in August 1303. During this time, the emperor  was .

Events of the Kengen era
 1302 (Kengen 1):  The central structure of Shin-Yakushi-ji Buddhist temple complex was repaired during the Kengen Era.  It is one of the oldest wooden buildings in Japan.  It still has some of its original woodwork from its 8th century construction.
 1302 (Kengen 1, 6th month):  Emperor Go-Nijō made a formal visit to the retirement home of his grandfather, the former Emperor Kameyama.  Late the same night, Kameyama sent a poem to his grandson in the Imperial palace. Emperor Go-Nijō responded with a poem:

English translation
When I raised my eyes
unable to bear the thought
of saying goodbye,
the moon had hidden its light
in the realm above the clouds.

Romaji transliteration
shitawaruru
nagori ni taezu
tsuki o mireba
kumo no ue ni zo
kage wa narinuru
Beyond numbering
will be the occasions
when we two will meet
for you are surely destined
to live a thousand years.

kimi wa yoshi
chitose no yawai
tameotereba
aimin koto no
kazu mo shirarezu

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Japanese eras
1302
1303
1300s in Japan
James Scott "Jimmy" Connors (born September 2, 1952, in East St. Louis, Illinois, also known as "Jimbo") is an American retired tennis player. He was the World No. 1 tennis player. He won the Australian Open, Wimbledon and the US Open. He was coached by Pancho Segura.

References

1952 births
American tennis players
Australian Open champions
Living people
People from East St. Louis, Illinois
Sportspeople from Illinois
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
was a  after Kengen and before Tokuji.  This period started in August 1303 and ended in December 1306. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Kagen era
 1304 (Kagen 2, 16th day of the 7th month):  Former Emperor Go-Fukakusa died.
 1305 (Kagen 3, 15th day of the 9th month):  Former Emperor Kameyama died.
 1305 (Kagen 3): Ashikaga Takauji was born.  He would grow to become the founder and first shogun of the Ashikaga shogunate.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library,  "The Japanese Calendar"

Japanese eras
1303
1304
1305
1306
1300s in Japan
Westport is a town in South Western Connecticut, United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 27,141 people lived there.

References 

Towns in Connecticut
Wofford College is a liberal arts college in Spartanburg, South Carolina and currently has about 1,500 students. Wofford's motto is "Intaminatis fulget honoribus" which means in English ("She shines with untarnished honor"). Wofford's mascot is the terrier and their colors are old gold and black.

Websites 
Wofford College

Colleges and universities in South Carolina
was a  after Kagen and before Enkyō.  This period started in December 1306 and ended in October 1308. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Tokuji era 
 10 September 1308 (Tokuji 3, 8th month): In the 8th year of Go-Nijo's reign, the emperor died at age 24; and the throne passed to his cousin, who would come to be known as Emperor Hanazono.
 1308 (Tokuji 3, 10th month): The nengō was changed to Enkyō to mark the start of the reign of Emperor Hanazono.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library,  "The Japanese Calendar"

Japanese eras
1306
1307
1308
1300s in Japan
Net can refer to:
 Fishing net, a net used for fishing

In computing and communications, it can also refer to
 Network
 Computer network
 Internet

tr:.NET
, also known as Enkei or Enkyū, was a  after Tokuji and before Ōchō.  This period started in October 1308 and ended in April 1311.  During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Enkyō means "Becoming Prolonged" because of the tail of the great comet which was seen in the night sky of 1308.

Events of the Enkyō era 
Retired former-Emperor Fushimi administered the court up through the time he took the tonsure as a Buddhist monk, which happened after this nengō ended.
 1308 (Enkyō 1): After the death of Emperor Go-Nijō, the throne passed to a cousin who would come to be known as Emperor Hanazono.  The new emperor was 12 years old.
 1310 (Enkyō 3, 11th month):  Hōjō Sadafusa died; and Hōjō Tokiatsu was named to take his place as Kyoto representative of the military government in Kamakura.

An early version of The Tale of the Heike (Heike monogatori) has been traced to a draft written during this era.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period
 Enkyō (Edo period), 1744-1748

References
References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Enkyō (Kamakura period)
1308 establishments
14th-century establishments in Japan
1311 disestablishments
14th-century disestablishments in Japan
A preparatory school (or prep school) is a term in school education. Its use varies in different parts of the world.
In the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth countries, it is a fee-paying private school which prepares students for the entrance exam to public schools. Such schools take children at 11, who may go to public schools at 14 years of age. This is in contrast to the state school system, where children go from primary school to secondary school at 11 years of age. Many public schools now run their own prep schools, and some have entry at 11 rather than 14.
In the United States it is a private school which prepares students for college.  For example, Village School (Great Neck, New York) is a preparatory school.

Types of educational institutions
The OR gate is a logic gate that outputs 1 (true) when at least one of its inputs is 1 (true). That means that if both of its inputs are 0, the output will be 0.

The best way to remember an OR operation is "one or the other, or both."

Symbols 
There are three symbols for the OR gate:

Logic gates
was a  after Enkyō and before Shōwa.  This period started in April 1311 and ended in February 1312. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Ōchō era
Retired former-Emperor Fushimi administered the court up through the time he took the tonsure as a Buddhist monk, which happened after this nengō ended.
 
 1311 (Ōchō 1, 1st month): Emperor Hanazono participated in his coming of age ceremony.
 1311 (Ōchō 1, 9th month): Hōjō Morotoki died at the age of 37 years.  He was the tenth  for the shogun of the Kamakura shogunate.

After this era, the Fujiwara clan influence becomes so powerful that they are able to keep others below them in rank.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Japanese eras
1311 establishments
1310s establishments in Japan
1312 disestablishments
1310s disestablishments in Japan
The NOR gate is a logic gate that outputs 1 (true) when both of its inputs are 0 (false). That means that if at least one of its inputs is 1 (true), the output will be 0.

The best way to remember a NOR operation is "neither one or the other, nor both."

Symbols 
There are three symbols for the NOR gate:

Logic gates
The XOR gate (Exclusive OR) is a logic gate that outputs 1 (true) when exactly one of its inputs is 1 (true). That means that if both of its inputs are the same, the output will be 0 (false). The XOR gate does what is called an exclusive disjunction in logic.

Symbols 
There are three symbols for the XOR gate:

Logic gates

sv:Disjunktion (logik)#OR-grind och XOR-grind
Hollywood Undead is a rap rock band from Los Angeles, California. They became a band in 2005 when members Aron Erlichman (Deuce) and Jorel Decker (J-Dog) released the song "The Kids" on their MySpace account. Their first album Swan Songs was released in 2008 and became a hit claiming Gold in the United States.

Members

Current members
Charlie Scene – vocals, lead guitar (2005–present)
Da Kurlzz – vocals, drums, percussion (2005–present)
Funny Man – vocals (2005–present)
J-Dog – keyboard, synthesizer, vocals, rhythm guitar (2005–present)
Johnny 3 Tears  – vocals (2005–present)
Danny - Vocals

Former members
Shady Jeff – vocals, band manager (2005–2007)
Deuce - vocals, producer, lyrics (2005–2010)

Albums 
Studio albums:
 Swan Songs (2008)
 American Tragedy (2011)
 Notes from the Underground (2013)
 Day of the Dead (2015)
 Five (2017)
 New Empire vol 1 (2020), Vol 2 (2020)
 Hotel Kalifornia (2022)

Other websites
Official website

Hip hop bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Erik Edman (born 11 November 1978) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Helsingborg and the Swedish national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||rowspan="3"|Helsingborg||rowspan="3"|Allsvenskan||24||0
|-
|1998||25||0
|-
|1999||12||1

|-
|1999/00||Torino||Serie A||0||0

|-
|1999/00||Karlsruhe||2. Bundesliga||8||0

|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|AIK Solna||rowspan="2"|Allsvenskan||8||0
|-
|2001||13||0

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Heerenveen||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||33||1
|-
|2002/03||30||0
|-
|2003/04||28||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||28||1
|-
|2005/06||3||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="3"|Stade Rennais||rowspan="3"|Ligue 1||26||0
|-
|2006/07||30||0
|-
|2007/08||12||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Wigan Athletic||rowspan="3"|Premier League||5||0
|-
|2008/09||2||0
|-
|2009/10||3||0

|-
|2010||Helsingborg||Allsvenskan||||
82||1
0||0
8||0
91||1
41||1
68||0
290||3
|}

International career statistics
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||9||0
|-
|2004||11||0
|-
|2005||7||1
|-
|2006||12||0
|-
|2007||9||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||57||1
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Swedish footballers
Magnus Hedman (born 19 March 1973) is a former Swedish football player. He has played for Sweden national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1990||rowspan="8"|AIK Solna||rowspan="8"|Allsvenskan||2||0
|-
|1991||2||0
|-
|1992||7||0
|-
|1993||26||0
|-
|1994||26||0
|-
|1995||25||0
|-
|1996||26||0
|-
|1997||13||0

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="5"|Coventry City||rowspan="4"|Premier League||14||0
|-
|1998/99||36||0
|-
|1999/00||35||0
|-
|2000/01||15||0
|-
|2001/02||First Division||34||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Celtic||rowspan="2"|Premier League||8||0
|-
|2003/04||12||0

|-
|2003/04||Ancona||Serie A||3||0

|-
|2004/05||Celtic||Premier League||6||0

|-
|2006/07||Chelsea||Premier League||0||0
127||0
134||0
26||0
3||0
290||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1997||5||0
|-
|1998||6||0
|-
|1999||9||0
|-
|2000||10||0
|-
|2001||11||0
|-
|2002||10||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
!Total||58||0
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
Swedish association football goalkeepers
Ludovic Magnin (born 20 April 1979) is a former  Swiss football player. He played as a left-back for the Switzerland national team, Yverdon Sport, FC Lugano, Werder Bremen, VfB Stuttgart, and FC Zürich. He is now manager of SC Rheindorf Altach in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Yverdon-Sport||rowspan="2"|Nationalliga B||27||0
|-
|1998/99||34||0
|-
|1999/00||Nationalliga A||35||2
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Lugano||rowspan="2"|Nationalliga A||28||0
|-
|2001/02||19||0

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||4||0
|-
|2002/03||12||1
|-
|2003/04||4||0
|-
|2004/05||25||3
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Stuttgart||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||25||1
|-
|2006/07||22||1
|-
|2007/08||27||0
|-
|2008/09||23||0
|-
|2009/10||6||0

|-
|2009/10||Zürich||Super League||||
143||2
148||6
291||8
|}

International career statistics
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||6||1
|-
|2003||2||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
|2005||9||1
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||10||1
|-
|2008||8||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
!Total||62||3
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
Swiss footballers
Swiss football managers
Sportspeople from Lausanne
FC Zürich managers
Switzerland at UEFA Euro 2004
Switzerland at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
Switzerland at UEFA Euro 2008
Switzerland at the 2010 FIFA World Cup
Takashi Umeda (born 30 May 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Oita Trinita.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Seino Transportation||rowspan="3"|Football League||13||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|1996||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1997||29||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||31||2
|-
|1998||Oita Trinity||Football League||22||2||3||2||colspan="2"|-||25||4
|-
|1999||rowspan="9"|Oita Trinita||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||28||1||3||0||4||0||35||1
|-
|2000||12||1||2||0||1||0||15||1
|-
|2001||23||3||3||1||1||0||27||4
|-
|2002||14||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||17||1
|-
|2003||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||30||2||1||0||1||0||32||2
|-
|2004||25||0||2||0||5||0||32||0
|-
|2005||29||3||2||0||4||0||35||3
|-
|2006||22||0||2||0||3||0||27||0
|-
|2007||11||0||1||0||3||0||15||0
|-
|2008||Gifu||J. League 2||39||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||41||5
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Oita Trinita||J. League 1||4||0||1||0||4||1||9||1
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
303||21||27||3||26||1||356||25
303||21||27||3||26||1||356||25
|}
References
Oita Trinita 

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Gifu Prefecture
is a Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Oita Trinita||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||7||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2006||14||0||0||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
|-
|2007||11||0||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2008||Gamba Osaka||J. League 1||5||0||0||0||1||0||2||0||8||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara Chiba ||J. League 1||17||0||3||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||23||0
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||||||
54||0||5||0||11||0||2||0||72||0
54||0||5||0||11||0||2||0||72||0
|}

References

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Oita Prefecture
Marcelo Chamusca (born 7 October 1966) is a Brazilian football manager. His brother is Péricles Chamusca. From 2004 until 2009, he was a coach at the club Péricles Chamusca managed (São Caetano, Goiás, Botafogo, Oita Trinita).

References
Oita Trinita

1966 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Sportspeople from Salvador, Bahia
Manabu Komatsubara (born 2 April 1981) is a former Japanese football player.

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Gunma Prefecture
Shinichi Terada (born 10 June 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama.

Club career statistics

|-
|2004||rowspan="6"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||1||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2005||2||0||2||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||7||2
|-
|2006||20||0||3||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||23||1
|-
|2007||21||2||4||3||6||1||colspan="2"|-||31||6
|-
|2008||13||2||3||0||3||0||3||0||22||2
|-
|2009||5||1||0||0||1||0||3||0||9||1
|-
|2010||Yokohama||J. League 2||||||||||||||||||||
62||5||14||5||13||2||6||0||95||12
62||5||14||5||13||2||6||0||95||12
|}

References
Yokohama

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Osaka
is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|Honda||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||9||1||||||3||1||12||2
|-
|1991/92||21||2||||||4||0||25||2
|-
|1992||rowspan="8"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="8"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||2||1||6||0||8||1
|-
|1993||4||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|1994||15||1||1||0||0||0||16||1
|-
|1995||32||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||36||1
|-
|1996||30||1||3||0||9||0||42||1
|-
|1997||20||0||1||0||11||0||32||0
|-
|1998||28||1||4||0||5||1||37||2
|-
|1999||19||0||0||0||3||0||22||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Tokyo||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||27||1||1||0||2||0||30||1
|-
|2001||11||0||0||0||2||0||13||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||10||0||0||0||0||0||10||0
|-
|2002||J. League 2||27||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2003||Volca Kagoshima||Regional Leagues||||||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
253||8||17||2||45||2||315||12
253||8||17||2||45||2||315||12
|}

References

1967 births
Living people
Footballers from Nara Prefecture
Július Bielik (born 8 March 1962) is a former Slovak football player. He has played for Czechoslovakia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1979/80||rowspan="3"|Spartak Trnava||rowspan="3"|First League||0||0
|-
|1980/81||27||2
|-
|1981/82||30||0
|-
|1982/83||rowspan="9"|Sparta Prague||rowspan="9"|First League||18||0
|-
|1983/84||28||0
|-
|1984/85||29||1
|-
|1985/86||29||2
|-
|1986/87||30||0
|-
|1987/88||28||0
|-
|1988/89||30||1
|-
|1989/90||31||1
|-
|1990/91||24||2

|-
|1991/92||Mazda||JSL Division 1||20||1
|-
|1992||Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 1||colspan="2"|-

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Union Cheb||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||28||3
|-
|1995/96||8||0
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Hradec Králové||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||11||0
|-
|1996/97||7||0
304||9
20||1
54||3
378||13
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1983||1||0
|-
|1984||0||0
|-
|1985||0||0
|-
|1986||0||0
|-
|1987||2||0
|-
|1988||6||0
|-
|1989||3||0
|-
|1990||6||0
|-
!Total||18||0
|}

References

1962 births
Living people
Slovak footballers
Tigran Petrosian  (Tbilisi, Georgia, 17 June 1929 – Moscow, 13 August 1984) was World Chess Champion from 1963 to 1969. He was born to Armenian parents, and brought up in the capital of Armenia, Yerevan.p103 Before his chess career, he was a street cleaner.

Petrosian got the USSR national master title in 1947, and his chess improved rapidly when he moved to Moscow that year. By coming second in the 1951 USSR championship he qualified for the FIDE Interzonal tournament in Stockholm next year. There, he qualified for the World Championship Candidates tournament in Zurich 1953. He came fifth, and was awarded the title of International Grandmaster.p299
Years followed when he made no visible progress, and others had the chance to challenge for the world title. Vasily Smyslov and Mikhail Tal both won the world title, yet lost it back to Botvinnik in return matches. At last, in 1962, Tigran won the Candidates tournament, and became the new challenger to Botvinnik. Petrosian also won the very strong Soviet Championship four times, in 1959 (Tbilisi), 1961 (Moscow), 1969 (Moscow), and 1975 (Yerevan).p118

The World Championship 
Before the title match started, FIDE changed the rules so that somebody who lost the world championship in a match would not automatically get a return match. The rule that allowed for return matches had been criticised for giving Botvinnik too great an advantage over his rivals.
In the match Petrosian started shakily, losing the first game and just escaping with a draw in the second game. From then on he was in control, and won the match (best of 24 games) by +5 –2 =15. In 1966 he defended the title against Boris Spassky, and won 12½–11½. The victory was rather more emphatic than the score suggests. In 1969 Spassky was again the challenger, and this time Petrosian lost 10½–12½.

Petrosian played in every world championship cycle from 1951 to 1980, when he lost a quarter-final match against his old enemy, Viktor Korchnoi.

Olympiads 
Petrosian's record in Chess Olympiads was unsurpassed. He played for the USSR in nine Olympiads, and this is a summary of his overall results: +79 –1 =50.p156–8
Style, personality 
Petrosian was one of those players who set out to stifle the opponent's chances before they take action themselves. He was a student of Nimzovich's ideas of prophylaxis. Capablanca was another such player, but his chess was pure and simple. Petrosian's was profound and complex. He has been much admired by grandmasters, but was not so popular with lesser players. Like Capablanca, he was somewhat lazy, and did not strive to win every game. At his peak, he was the best player in the world at manoeuvring in complex positions, and an outstanding endgame player.p300

References

Other sources 
Keene, Ray and Simpole, Julian 2009. Petrosian vs the Elite: 71 victories by the master of manoeuvre 1946–1983. Batsford, London. 
Shekhtman Eduard 1991. The games of Tigran Petrosian. transl. Kenneth P. Neat, 2 vols, Pergamon, Oxford. All his recorded games, some with annotations.
Vasiliev, Viktor 1974. Tigran Petrosian: his life and games. Batsford.  .
1929 births
1984 deaths
Chess grandmasters
Sportspeople from Tbilisi
Armenian chess players
Soviet chess players
Mikkel Kessler (born March 1, 1979 in Copenhagen) is a Danish professional boxer. His nickname is The Viking Warrior. Kessler won the WBA Super Middleweight regular title on June 21, 2008, beating Dimitri Sartison by a 12th round knockout. Kessler defended his title against Danilo Häussler, on October 25, and against Gusmyl Perdomo on 12 September 2009. On November 21, 2009 Kessler lost his championship to Andre Ward in the Super Six World Boxing Classic tournament. Kessler's next fight will be against Carl Froch.

Other websites
 Mikkel Kessler Fight-by-Fight Career Record 
 Mikkel Kessler - The Viking Warrior official page 

Danish boxers
Sportspeople from Copenhagen
1979 births
Living people
A line-item veto is the power of the president (or any leader of an executive branch) to reject (veto) certain individual parts ("line items") of a piece of legislation (a bill) without rejecting the whole thing.

In the United States, almost all governors (leaders of the U.S. states) are able to use the line item veto.  Currently, the President of the United States is not able to use the line-item veto; however, the Presidents of Brazil and Belarus can. President Bill Clinton was given the line-item veto by the United States Congress for a few years until the Supreme Court said that it was unconstitutional.
People who like the line-item veto say that it is good because it allows the President to remove unimportant waste from important legislation.  For example, it would be too dangerous to completely veto big pieces of legislation (like the budget for the military or the budget for other government departments), but with the line-item veto, the President could choose to keep what he or she thinks are the good parts of the bill and reject the bad parts of the bill.

People who do not like the line-item veto say that it is bad because it gives the President too much power over Congress and believe that it goes against the checks and balances created by the U.S. Constitution.  Other criticisms include the possibility that the president's individual vetoes of line items make the bill different than what Congress voted for.

Related pages
 Veto

Legal terms
Milton Friedman (July 31, 1912 – November 16, 2006) was an American economist. He believed in monetarism.  Monetarism is the theory that how much money the government prints each year has a huge effect on the economy.  He supported the government printing the same low rate of money each year rather than a different amount each year.

Friedman was born in Brooklyn, New York to a Hungarian-Jewish family. He was raised in Rahway, New Jersey. Friedman studied at Rutgers University, at Columbia University, and at the University of Chicago. He worked thirty years in Chicago with George Stigler as a leader of the Chicago school of economics.

During the 1970s, Milton Friedman's idea of monetarism gained popularity and he became an economic advisor to President Ronald Reagan.
Friedman believed that the government control over the economy should be limited.  He supported cutting taxes, lowering government spending, getting rid of government rules that limited the economy and letting parents choose which school their taxes paid for.  His political views were libertarian.  He was against forcing people to join the army, and said that getting rid of United States military conscription was the thing he was most proud of doing.

Throughout several decades, Friedman made many documentaries, books, and interviews to express his views to the public. The main books he wrote were Capitalism and Freedom and Free to Choose.

Friedman married Rose Director in 1938. Together, they had a son and a daughter. He was agnostic.

Friedman died of heart failure in San Francisco, California, aged 94. He was survived by his wife and his two children. His remains were cremated and scattered over the San Francisco Bay area.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Milton and Rose Friedman: An Uncommon Couple  (Multiple Text, audio, video)
 The Milton Friedman papers at the Hoover Institution Archives
 Selected Bibliography for Milton Friedman at the University of Chicago Library
 Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
 
 
 Becker Friedman Institute at the University of Chicago
 The Foundation for Educational Choice
 Milton Fridman at Scarlett
 Inflation and Unemployment 1976 lecture at NobelPrize.org
 Nobel Prize acceptance speech
 Milton Friedman -Citizendium 

1912 births
2006 deaths
American agnostics
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
Jewish American academics
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Libertarians
Republicans (United States)
Scientists from San Francisco
Writers from San Francisco
Writers from New Jersey
Educators from San Francisco
Educators from New Jersey
University of Chicago faculty
Educators from New York City
Writers from New York City
An electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons within an atom. The electron configuration describes where the electrons are inside orbitals. The structure of the Periodic table of elements is partly based on electron configuration.

There are four kinds of electron configurations: s, p, d, and f orbitals. Each orbital can house a maximum of 2 electrons. S orbitals are roughly sphere-shaped, p orbitals are polar and shaped like a dumbbell, d orbitals are usually shaped like a four-leaf clover, and f orbitals form a mathematically complex shape. Orbitals can have different energy levels. For example 1s is a low energy sphere-shaped orbital while 3s is a higher energy sphere-shaped orbital. An atom can have more than one orbital; in fact, all except hydrogen do. Similarly, atoms can have more than one of each kind of orbital.

The electron configurations fill up with electrons in an unchanging order. They describe how the electrons behave and orbit the nucleus.

Chemistry
The , sometimes called Suikochō-jidai ("period of the Suiko court"), was a time in the history of Japan which lasted from around 538 through about 710.  There is some overlap with the Kofun period which came before.  There is also some overlap with the Nara period, which comes after. 

The Asuka period is named after the Asuka region, about 25 km south to the modern city of Nara.
Timeline
 538: Introduction of Buddhism from China via Korean peninsula 
 593: Prince Shōtoku is regent for Empress Suiko
 600: Yamato state sends the first Japanese diplomatic mission to China
 607: Prince Shōtoku builds the Buddhist temple Hōryūji in Ikaruga.
 645 (Taika 1): Emperor Kōtoku moves his capital from Asuka to Naniwa near the Bay of Osaka. 
 645 (Taika 1): Taika Reform and the establishment of provinces 
 672: Prince Ōama, later Emperor Temmu usurped the throne by winning the civil war (Jinshin no Ran) against Emperor Kōbun. 
 701 (Taihō 1): Code of Taihō was proclaimed.
 708 (Keiun 5): A mint was established in the province of Ōmi. The mint made coins which are recognized as the first Japanese currency.
 710 (Wadō 3, 3rd month):  Empress Gemmei established her new capital in Nara, which was known then as Heijō-kyō.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of Japanese eras

References

Other websites

Metropolitan Museum of Art,  Asuka and Nara Periods
Japan-guide.com,  Early Japan
Periods in Japanese history
538 establishments
710s disestablishments in Japan
6th-century establishments in Asia