Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Note that there is no "Methene". Methene is not possible as alkenes require a carbon-carbon double bond and methane only has one carbon atom.

Alkynes

Alkynes have a carbon to carbon triple bond. CnH2n-2 is their general formula.

"Methyne" does not exist because of methane's one carbon atom.

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes are isomers of alkenes. They have the same general formula (CnH2n), the only difference is that they do not have a carbon to carbon double bond.

Note that the alkene Ethene does not have a cycloalkane as it can only form a straight line.

Alkadiene

Alkadienes have two carbon to carbon double bonds. Their general formula is CnH2n-2. They are isomers of Alkynes.

In a similar manner, there can also exist alkatriene (three carbon to carbon bonds) and other forms. The versatile nature of Carbon's chemistry allows for a nearly infinite number of configurations and compounds.

Aromatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons are aromatic organic molecules that form flat ring-shaped bonds. The most simplest of aromatic hydrocarbons are benzene and indole. They can have one ring, heterocyclic, like benzene or 2 rings, bicyclic like napthalene (primary ingredient in mothballs) or many rings, polycyclic like anthracene (red dye colourant).
Their general formula is CnH2n-6, where n is a number greater than or equal to 6.
Shanghai (, ; Mandarin pronunciation: ) is the biggest city in China and one of the world's largest cities. It had about 24,000,000 people in 2017. It is a special province-level city in China ("municipality"), like Beijing, Tianjin, and Chongqing.

Name

The Mandarin Chinese name of Shanghai is Shànghǎi, which is written as  in Chinese characters. This name means "On-the-Sea" because Shanghai used to be next to the East China Sea. Today, dirt from the Yangtze River has made Pudong much bigger and downtown Shanghai is about  from the open sea. The city has become so big, though, that its government now controls other areas like Pudong and Fengxian that are still beside the sea.
Shanghai's name is a little simpler than most other Chinese cities' names, because it was a small fishing village for a long time. The short way to say its name in Chinese is still Hù (). A hu was an old kind of fishing trap that was made with bamboo and nets. The people around Shanghai used to use them to catch fish and crabs in Suzhou Creek and other waterways.

Geography

Shanghai is at the mouth of the Yangtze River, where it meets the East China Sea in the middle of China's east coast. Downtown Shanghai is located just south of the place where Suzhou Creek meets the Huangpu River. This is about  southwest of where the Huangpu meets the Yangtze River. The area between downtown and the Yangtze used to be farmland and other cities like Wusong and Baoshan, but now Shanghai is so big that they are part of it.

History

For most of China's history, Shanghai was a small fishing village. The big cities nearby were Suzhou and Hangzhou. Under the Ming and Qing, Shanghai had a big city wall and started to grow.
Under the Ming and the Qing, people from other countries could only buy and sell things with China on an island near Guangzhou. The British effectively controlled Shanghai from the mid 19th century until World War II. Parts of Shanghai were controlled by the UK, the US, and France. This control was ended by the Japanese during World War II.

The Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai.

Landmarks

Shanghai attracts many tourists each year. Its landmarks include:

Amusement parks 
Shanghai Disneyland Park, Happy Valley, Jinjiang Amusement Park

Commercial Centers 
Huamu, Lujiazui, Wujiaochang, Xintiandi, Xujiahui, Zhenru

Culture venues 
Hongkou Football Stadium, Pudong Football Stadium, Shanghai Library, Shanghai Grand Theater, Tianzifang arts, crafts, and folklore

Gardens
Guyi Garden, Yu Garden

Museums
Shanghai Science and Technology Museum, China Art Museum, Shanghai Natural Museum,

Nature
Sheshan, Shanghai Ocean Aquarium, Shanghai Wildlife Park
Sightseeing locations
East Nanjing Road, People's Square, Site of the First CPC National Congress, The Bund, Zhujiajiao

Temples
City God Temple of Shanghai, Confucian Temple of Shanghai, Jing'an Temple, Jade Buddha Temple, Longhua Temple, Zhenru Temple

Towers
Shanghai World Financial Center, Oriental Pearl Tower, Shanghai Tower, Jinmao Tower

Business
Shanghai is home to the China Stock Exchange, along with Shenzhen, and is the financial center of China.

Sister Cities
Dunedin, New Zealand

Related pages
 Shanghainese food

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Official website
Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American writer.

He was known for a unique style of writing which he called Gonzo journalism, where the writer writes about himself trying to write about what was happening around him. 

He was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky and spent most of his adult life on his ranch in Colorado. He committed suicide in Woody Creek, Colorado by shooting himself in the head. His main topic was the health of the American Dream.

Works 
His books include:

 Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
 The Rum Diary
 Hell's Angels
 The Great Shark Hunt
 The Kingdom of Fear
 The Curse of Lono

References

Other websites 

1937 births
2005 deaths
American journalists
American novelists
Suicides by firearm in the United States
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Writers who committed suicide
John Christopher "Johnny" Depp Jr. (born June 9, 1963) is an American actor, musician, philanthropist and producer.

Early life
Depp was born at Lady of Mercy Hospital in Owensboro, Kentucky, He is the youngest child of an engineer and a waiter. He is of Belgian (Flemish), Dutch, English, French, and German descent. He's also known to have Native American background as his grandmother was Native American. He grew up with his brother Danny and his sisters Debbie and Christie. He spent a lot of time with his grandfather. His family went to Florida and in the next years, they had to change homes often. Johnny became worse at school and had his first experiences with drugs and sex at the age of 12. He was thrown out of school for smoking pot in the back of the school and started to make music in a band called The Flame, and later on The Kids.
Acting career
His first movie was Nightmare on Elm Street in 1984, which was a success. Afterwards, he decided to go to an acting school in Los Angeles. He got a small part in the movie Platoon and shortly after this, he was offered a part in the television series 21 Jump Street.

He plays Jack Sparrow in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.

Personal life
His ex-wife is Lori Allison. He was engaged to Sherilyn Fenn in the late 1980s. He had a four-year relationship with Winona Ryder in the mid-1990s. He has a daughter, Lily-Rose Depp (born 1999) and a son John (Jack) Christopher III (born 2002) by his former partner, French singer Vanessa Paradis.
He began a relationship with Amber Heard in 2012. The couple married in February 2015. They divorced in May 2016. Their divorce had a lot of media attention when Heard said that Depp had been abusive throughout their relationship, and Depp in turn said in 2018 that Heard had abused him, before unsuccessfully suing the publishers of British tabloid The Sun for English defamation. And she reclaimed him 100 million dollars.

In 2022, Depp sued Heard for defamation in the United States after she wrote an op-ed discussing being a public victim of domestic violence in 2018, describing himself as a victim of cancel culture. The trial began in Virginia on April 11, 2022 and the verdict was reached on June 1, 2022 which found Heard guilty for defamation, resulting in US$10.3 million awarded.

Depp lives in Los Angeles. Depp has bought an island.

Throughout his life, Depp has had many jobs. He has owned a nightclub, called 'The Viper Room'.

Movies
A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)
 Private Resort (1985)
 Slow Burn (1986)
 Platoon (1986)
 Cry-Baby (1990)
 Edward Scissorhands (1990)
 Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991)
 Benny and Joon (1993)
 What's Eating Gilbert Grape? (1993)
 Arizona Dream (1993)
 Ed Wood (1994)
 Don Juan De Marco (1995)
 Dead Man (1996)
 Donnie Brasco (1997)
 The Brave (1997)
 Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998)
 The Ninth Gate (1999)
 Sleepy Hollow (1999)
 The Astronaut's Wife (1999)
 Chocolat (2000)
 Before Night Falls (2000)
 Blow (2001)
 The Man Who Cried (2001)
 From Hell (2001)
 Once Upon a Time in Mexico (2003)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)
 Happily Ever After (2004)
 Secret Window (2004)
Finding Neverland (2004)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
The Corpse Bride (Voice, 2005)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (2007)
 Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)
 Public Enemies (2009)
The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009)
 Alice in Wonderland (2010)
 The Tourist (2010)
 The Rum Diary (2011)
 Rango (2011)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011)
 21 Jump Street (2012)
 Dark Shadows (2012)
 The Lone Ranger (2013)
 Lucky Them (2013)
 Transcendence (2014)
 Tusk (2014)
 Into the Woods (2014)
 Mortdecai (2015)
Black Mass (2015)
 Yoga Hosers (2015)
 London Fields (2015)
 Black Mass (2015)
 Allice Through the Looking Glass (2016)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017)
 Murder on the Orient Express (2018)
 Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald (2018)
 The Professor (2019)
 Waiting for the Barbarians (2020)
 Crock of Gold (2020)
 Minamata (2021)
Television
 21 Jump Streets (1-1)
 Family Guy - cameo
 Puffin (upcoming)

References

Other websites

1963 births
Living people
Actors from Kentucky
Actors from Florida
American movie actors
American movie directors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Musicians from Kentucky
People from Owensboro, Kentucky
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Uncle John's Bathroom Readers is the name of a series of books aimed at people who like to read while using the restroom. The books are full of trivia.

The books were first published in 1988.

Books
Uncle John's Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Second Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Third Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Fourth Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Fifth Bathroom Reader (Forms - along with 6 and 7 - Uncle John's Legendary Lost Bathrom Reader)
 Uncle John's Sixth Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Seventh Bathroom Reader
 The Best of Uncle John's Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Ultimate Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Giant 10th Anniversary Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Great Big Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Absolutely Absorbing Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's All-Purpose Extra-Strength Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Supremely Satisying Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Ahh-Inspiring Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Unstoppable Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Slightly Irregular Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Fast-Acting Long-Lasting Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Curiously Compelling Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Triumphant 20th Anniversary Bathroom Reader
 Uncle John's Unsinkable Bathroom Reader
Kid's Bathroom Readers

Uncle John's Bathroom Reader for Kids Only
Uncle John's Electrifying Bathroom Reader for Kids Only
Uncle John's Top Secret Bathroom Reader for Kids Only

Other books 

There are several other books in the series, aside from the "Classics" and the "For Kids Only." Over 3 million of the books have been sold in total.

Common columns

"Court Transquips"
"Famous for 15 Minutes"
"Strange Lawsuits"
"Urban Legends"

Series of books
Non-fiction books
American literature
Catalonia (; : ) is a Spanish autonomous community. It is south of the eastern Pyrenees, and has a northern border with France.
 
Catalonia is made up of four provinces: Barcelona, Tarragona, Girona () and Lleida (). It has a population of over seven million people. Catalonia has three official languages: Catalan, Spanish and Occitan. The last is spoken in a small region of northern Catalonia that borders France and is known in Occitan as Val d'Aran.

The capital of Catalonia is Barcelona, on the Mediterranean Coast. Between Costa del Garraf and Costa del Maresme, Barcelona very popular in summer for tourists, foreign or national.
The Catalan people have autonomy within Spain and so they have their own local government and their own police and some control over their own community. In September 2005, the Catalan Parliament decided to call Catalonia a 'nation' in the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, which was approved in 2006. According to the Spanish Constitution, Spain is a group of historical nationalities and regions, but that declaration has no judicial status since it only appears in the preamble to the constitution.

On 27 October 2017, Catalonia declared independence from Spain after a vote in Parliament, but that was not recognised by the international community. The Spanish Senate voted in favour of direct rule. It removed the Catalan government and called a snap regional election. The Spanish Supreme Court imprisoned seven former ministers of the Catalan government on charges of rebellion and misuse of public funds. Several others—including then-President Carles Puigdemont—fled to other European countries.
Catalonia is one of Southern Europe's most prosperous regions. Industrialization, especially in the textile industry, began  earlier and took place faster than in other Spanish territories. The region is also greener than Southern Spain as it gets more rain, and it has different kinds of crops grown. Catalonia, especially the northern part, is much less hot than the rest of Spain.

References

Notes
Civil engineering is the term for the work of designing and building infrastructure. It usually means large structures, like bridges, dams, buildings, roads and tunnels.  It also covers complicated networks such as water, irrigation and sewerage networks, and the construction of houses and homes.  Civil engineers can be involved in all stages in the life of infrastructure, from planning and construction to maintenance and demolition.  Civil engineering often overlaps with architecture.

Civil engineering has many different areas or disciplines.  Some important areas are geotechnical, structures, environmental, construction management, hydrology, transportation, and materials. It is important for civil engineers to have an understanding of all these disciplines as projects often involve many of them at the same time.
Civil engineers are responsible for lots of the things that are required for a society to function properly. Safe water supplies, sewage treatment, roads, railways and buildings are all part of civil engineering.

To work in civil engineering requires training. Construction workers will train at a center and 'on the job' (training while doing the job), sometimes with apprenticeship. 

To be a professional in civil engineering requires studying at a university or college. Civil engineers often study subjects like structures, materials, physics and calculus.

The profession of civil engineering is represented by professional bodies in various countries. In the UK the Institution of Civil Engineers promotes civil engineering as a discipline and supports engineers throughout their careers. The American Society of Civil Engineers performs a similar task in the USA.
Professional engineers often choose to become Chartered Engineers. Chartership shows employers and clients that they are both qualified and experienced in their jobs. Civil engineers usually have to write a big essay and take an interview with a panel of experienced engineers to gain chartership.

Related pages 
 Geotechnical engineering
 Military engineering
 National Academy of Engineering
 Structural engineering

Other websites 
 List of Civil Engineering Words

References 

construction
Civil engineering
A comparison is an evaluation of similarities and differences.

Comparison (computer programming)
Comparison (grammar)
Comparative
Three degrees of comparison

Basic English 850 words
The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses over the San Francisco Bay, going from San Francisco to Marin County, in the U.S. state of California. It was opened for use in 1937. When the bridge was finished, its length of  made it the longest bridge in the world until 1964. It carries U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1. There is also a footpath for people and bicycles.

History 
Before the bridge, the only way to go north from San Francisco to Marin County was by ferryboat.  The trip by ferry took 20 minutes to complete. Before the bridge was built, San Francisco was the biggest American city still served mostly by ferries.  Some experts did not think that people could build a bridge because the water currents between Marin and San Francisco were very strong. Also, the water was very deep in the middle - 102 m - and there was a lot of wind and fog that could make building a bridge difficult.
In 1916, San Francisco's city engineer asked other engineers to offer ideas for a bridge. One man, Joseph Strauss, designed a very cheap bridge - only $17 million, but many thought it was ugly.  Local authorities asked him to change the design and to work with other experts.  He agreed.  He and other experts, especially architect Irving Morrow, designed the bridge again, this time as a suspension bridge.  A suspension bridge has tall towers that hold long cables, and the cables hold up or "suspend" the bridge.

The bridge is called the Golden Gate Bridge because it crosses the Golden Gate Strait, the area of water between the San Francisco peninsula and the Marin County peninsula.
In 1930, people in San Francisco and Marin County agreed that the local governments could sell bonds to the public to raise money for the bridge. The new bridge was going to cost $30.1 million.  But it was difficult for the governments to sell the bonds at the time because of the Wall Street Crash of 1929.  Finally, the Bank of America, which was based in San Francisco, agreed to buy all the bonds to help the local economy.

Construction 

Construction began on January 5, 1933 and was finished in April 1937.  Eleven men died during the construction, so the builders put a net under the bridge for the safety of the builders.  Nineteen men were saved by the net.

When they finished the bridge, they painted it with a reddish-orange sealant, a type of paint that protects the bridge from water and humidity.  People liked the color because it looked good with the bridge's surroundings and it was easy to see in the fog, so the bridge was officially painted with the color, called International Orange.
Today 
People can cross the bridge in cars or motorcycles any time.  During daylight hours, they can cross by bicycle or on foot. They can not cross the bridge on roller skates, skateboards, or mopeds.

People often jump off the bridge to commit suicide (kill themselves). They fall 75 meters and most of them die when they hit the water. Over 1700 people committed suicide by jumping off the bridge.

Tolling
When the bridge opened, drivers had to pay 50 cents to cross the bridge in either direction.  Today, when drivers go north on the bridge (leaving San Francisco) they do not have to pay, but starting on September 2, 2008, when going south (entering San Francisco), they have to pay $6 if they pay cash or $5 if they buy a Fastrak pass. On April 7, 2014, the tolls increased as part of the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway & Transportation District five-year toll and transit fare programs.

References
References

Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
Buildings and structures in San Francisco
Seven Wonders of the Modern World
Steel bridges
Suspension bridges
Marin County, California
Landmarks in San Francisco
1937 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in California
California Historical Landmarks
Bridges in the San Francisco Bay Area
The kitchen is the room in the house where food is cooked. Sometimes, people eat in their kitchens, too. Hotels, schools, and places where people work often have kitchens as well. A person who works in a kitchen in one of these places may be a kitchen worker or a chef (depending on where he/she cooks). An outdoor kitchen at a campsite might be placed near a well, water pump, or water tap, and it might provide tables for food preparation.

References

Rooms
Software engineering is a field of engineering, for designing and writing programs for computers or other electronic devices.  A software engineer, or programmer, writes software and compiles the software to make instructions the computer can follow. 

Good quality software is easier to fix and add new features. Good documentation and good design are parts of good software. Becoming a software engineer requires experience and practice writing code. Software engineering may be very difficult work.   The software release life cycle includes getting the requirements, planning, writing, documenting and testing the software before it is released. When it is released, it is given to other people to use, who are called the "end users". Good software should be user friendly, which means it is easy to use.
Steps in creating software
Software engineering can broadly be split into the following steps:
 Requirements say what the software should do.
 Software design is usually done on paper. It says what the different parts of the software are, and how they talk to each other.
 After the design phase is done, each component (part) of the software is coded.  Code is what tells the computer exactly what to do at each step.
 Testing is done to see if the components meet the requirements and that the system as a whole meet the requirements.
 Part or all of this process can be repeated if software bugs are found or new requirements are needed.

Tools used in creating software
Software engineers use many tools and practices in making software.  Some of the most common are:
 Flowcharts
 UML diagram
 Debugging tools
 Compiler
 Text editor, usually part of an IDE - Integrated Development Environment
 Database

Related pages 
 Software development

Other websites
Other websites 

The British Computer Society
The Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Computer Degrees and Careers 
Software engineering -Citizendium

Notes

Software
Engineering disciplines
Computer science
A student is a person who goes to school to learn something. Students can be children, teenagers, or adults who are going to school, but it may also be other people who are learning, such as in college or university. A younger student is often called a pupil. Usually, students will learn from a teacher or a lecturer if at university. They also do much reading. A student can also be a person studying for a specific profession.

Subjects
Students in school learn subjects. There are many subjects in school like:
Math
Science
Social Studies
Writing
Reading
Language

Related pages 
 Education
 Study

Learning
People
A suburb is an area of a town or city, a little away from Downtown, where there are fewer big buildings and mainly houses, schools and shops. Such places are called suburban areas or suburban districts. Sometimes, the suburbs cover a very large area. The suburbs are part of the metropolitan area and may be legally part of the main city.

Since the Industrial revolution, urbanization has spread very quickly and far. Transport in the form of trams, buses, trains and cars allows commuting from distant homes to work in the inner city. This led to the growth of suburbs as residential areas. Housing commonly includes Detached houses and semi-detached houses and flats. Houses are built farther apart than in the inner city and there is often space for gardens and parks.
As cities grow outwards, they begin to take over the surrounding countryside. Authorities have created Green belts on the undeveloped land around a city to prevent urban sprawl and to prevent the towns and cities merging into one. They also encourage development within the town, and protect the countryside. The need for new houses, particularly large detached and semi-detached houses in pleasant surroundings, means that some areas of green belt land have been built on and others are threatened. That's because it is cheaper to build on empty land than to redevelop brownfield sites in older parts of the town or city.

Related pages 
 Suburbanisation - how suburbs are created

Urban geography
Types of settlements
A skyscraper is a very tall high-rise building, usually more than 152 metres (500 feet) in height.  Most skyscrapers are built in urban areas such as cities, and they are very common in the central business district (also called downtown) areas of many large cities including New York City, Chicago, London, Paris, Sydney, Beijing, Berlin, Toronto, Moscow, Hong Kong and Tokyo. Skyscrapers  are common in downtown districts where it's more economical to build up instead of out.

History 
Originally, the word skyscraper meant a tall sail on a sailing ship. Over time, the word's meaning has changed, and today it means a tall building. Until the nineteenth century, buildings taller than six stories tall were not common. Tall buildings made of weak materials would fall down. In addition, people did not like walking up many steps and running water could only be brought up to fifty feet (15m) high.
Better technology helped make skyscrapers more common. Stronger building materials such as steel and reinforced concrete were developed, so stronger buildings could be made. Water pumps brought water up to heights above fifty feet.

The first building to be considered a skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building, was built in Chicago, Illinois in the United States, and was designed by William LeBaron Jenney. The building, ten stories high, was built from 1884 to 1885. It was destroyed in 1931 because they wanted to build another building in its previous place.
In the same year the Home Insurance Building was destroyed, one of the oldest and most famous skyscrapers, the Empire State Building, opened in New York City. Later in the 20th century, people started building skyscrapers in cities that did not have many tall buildings in the past. In 1973, the then-called Sears Tower in Chicago was finished and became the world's tallest building until the late 1990s. It took the record from the World Trade Center in New York City, which opened in 1970 but was destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Many taller buildings have been built since then, including Taipei 101 in Taipei. This building was the world's tallest from 2004 until 2008, when the Burj Khalifa in Dubai opened. Burj Khalifa is at this time the tallest building and man-made structure ever made, but the Jeddah Tower in Jeddah, which is still being built, will be even taller.
Related pages
List of tallest structures in the world
List of tallest buildings in Australia
List of tallest buildings in Thailand
List of tallest buildings in the United States
Urbanization
In mathematics, integers are whole numbers (natural numbers, their negatives and zero). Integers can also be shown on a number line like this:

In particular, zero or 0 is an integer that is neither positive nor negative. An integer is a whole number with no fractional or decimal part.

Integers have no smallest or largest value because for any given integer, there is always a larger and smaller integer. Any integer is either greater than or smaller than any other integer. Consecutive integers are integers that come after each other (as in ).

The sum, difference and product of integers is always an integer.(for example, (12 + 2345 × (67 - 8)) × 9 is an integer). An integer divided by an integer is sometimes not an integer (for example, 1 ÷ 2 = 0.5).

 or  is the name of the set of integers, and  is the set of positive integers. (, +, 0) is an abelian group.

The number of integers is infinite. The cardinal number of  is . The ordinal number of  is .
To sum up, an integer is a whole number that has no decimals.

In programming                                                                                                                             

In some programming languages, like C, there are types called "int" or "integer."

Notes                                                                                                                                                                          

Number theory
Natural numbers, also called counting numbers, are the numbers used for counting things. Natural numbers are the numbers small children learn about when they first started to count. Natural numbers are always whole numbers (integers excluding negative numbers) and often exclude zero, in which case one is the smallest natural number. The set of natural numbers can be represented by the symbol .

There is no largest natural number. The next natural number can be found by adding 1 to the current natural number, producing numbers that go on "forever". There is no natural number that is infinite in size. Any natural number can be reached by adding 1 enough times to the smallest natural number.
Non-natural numbers
The following types of numbers are not natural numbers:
 Numbers less than 0 (negative numbers), for example, −2 and −1
 Fractions, for example, ½ and 3¼
 Decimals, for example, 7.675
 Irrational numbers, for example,  and   (pi)
 Imaginary numbers, for example,  (i)
 infinity, for example,  and 
0 (if not included as a natural number)

Basic operations

 Addition; The sum of two natural numbers is a natural number. 
 
 
 
 Multiplication: The product of two natural numbers is a natural number. 
 
     
 
 
  

 Ordering: Of two natural numbers, if they are not the same, then one is bigger than the other, and the other is smaller.  m = n or m > n or m < n
 if l > m then l + n > m + n
 if l > m and l > 0 then l x n > l x m
 Zero is the smallest natural number: 0 = n or 0 < n
 There is no largest natural number n < n + 1
"Subtraction": If n is smaller than m then m minus n is a natural number. If n < m then m - n = p. 
 if l - m = n then l = n + m
 if n is greater than m, then m minus n is not a natural number
 if l = m - n and p < n then l > m - p

 Division: If  then 

 Mathematical induction: If these two things are true of any property P of natural numbers, then P is true of every natural number
 if P is true of 1
and if P of n then P of n+1
then P is true of all natural numbers

Special natural numbers
Even numbers: If n = m x 2, then n is an even number
 The even numbers are 0, 2, 4, 6, and so on. Zero is the smallest (or first) even number.
Odd numbers: If n = m x 2 +1, then n is an odd number
 A number is either even or odd but not both.
 The odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, and so on.
Composite numbers: If n = m x l, and m and l are not 0 or 1, then n is a composite number.
 The composite numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21 and so on.
Prime numbers: If a number is not 0, 1, and not a composite number, then it is a prime number.
 The prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and so on. Two is the smallest (or first) prime number. Two is the only even prime number.
 There is no biggest prime number. 
Square numbers: If n = m x m, then n is a square. n is the square of m.
 The squares are 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 and so on.
How to write it 
 or  is the way to write the set of all natural numbers. Because some people say 0 is a natural number, and some people say it is not, people use the following symbols to talk about the natural numbers:

Related pages
 1 (number)
 Integer
 Zero
Number theory
Integers

References
The Golden Rule is a moral which says treat others how you would want to be treated. This moral in various forms has been used as a basis for society in many cultures and civilizations. It is called the 'golden' rule because there is value in having this kind of respect and caring attitude for one another.
People of many religions see the value of this mandate and have similar expressions. In Christianity, Jesus Christ taught this idea to his disciples and others when he gave his Sermon on the Mount. It is recorded in the Holy Bible in the book of Matthew, Chapter 7 and verse 12. Jesus explained to his listeners that all the things that were recorded in the Jewish law and that the prophets had taught about concerning morality was summed up in this one rule. The context of this statement (Matthew 7) is about God's mercy and kindness. The principle that was shared is to not always treat others as they might deserve to be treated, as we may judge some as undeserving, but instead to always be merciful and charitable, not withholding good.

In other religions and belief systems there is a similar concept of "the ethic of reciprocity", also called the Golden Rule. They usually give a similar idea, although sometimes it has been expressed in the form such as "Do not treat others as you would not like to be treated."
One of the earliest rules of this type is from the Old Testament days of Moses: "Love thy neighbor as thyself" (Leviticus 19:18).  Similar rules have also appeared over time:
ca. 950 BC: "...by making dharma (right conduct) your main focus, treat others as you treat yourself." - Mahabharata Shānti-Parva 167:9 (Hinduism)
 ca. 600 BC: "Avoid doing what you would blame others for doing." – Thales (Greek philosopher)
 ca. 500 BC: "Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful." - Buddha Udanavarga 5:18 (Buddhism)
 ca. 500 BC: "A man should wander about treating all creatures as he himself would be treated." — Sutrakritanga, 1.11.33 (Jainism)
 ca. 480 BC: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?" The Master replied: "How about 'shu' [reciprocity]: never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself?" - Confucius Analects 15:24
 ca. 400 BC: "Do not do to others that which angers you when they do it to you." - Isocrates (Greek philosopher)
 ca. 350 BC: "That which you hate to be done to you, do not do to another." - Egyptian Papyrus, Brooklyn 47:218:135
ca. 50 BC: "What you do not want to happen to you, do not do it yourself either." - Sextius (Greek philosopher)
 ca. 1 AD: "Do not do to others what you know has hurt yourself" - Tirukkural (Tamil Hinduism) 
 ca. 400 AD: "What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation..." - Babylonian Talmud Shabbath 31:a (Judaism)
 ca. 600 AD: "None of you [truly] believes until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself." - Muhammad, various hadiths (Islam)
 ca. 800 AD: "Whatever is disagreeable to yourself, do not do unto others." Shayast-na-Shayast 13:29 (Zoroastrianism)
 ca. 1200 AD: "Regard your neighbor's gain as your own gain, and your neighbor's loss as your own loss." Treatise on the Response of the Tao (Taoism)
 ca. 1400 AD: "If the entire Dharma can be said in a few words, then it is — that which is unfavorable to us, do not do that to others." Padmapuraana 19/357–358 (Hinduism)
ca. 1850 AD: "And if thine eyes be turned towards justice, choose thou for thy neighbour that which thou choosest for thyself." Baha'ullah (Baha'i Faith)
Related pages 
Quid pro quo is when a return favour is definitely expected.

Philosophy
Phrases
Life skills
Leicester () is a city in the East Midlands region of England and it is the county town of Leicestershire.

In the 2011 census the population of Leicester was about 330,000. The city is also the 11th largest by population in England and the 13th largest in the United Kingdom.

History and Society
Leicester is about 2,000 years old and was called Ratae Corieltauvorum when it was founded by the Romans. After the Romans had gone and the Anglo-Saxons settled there the town of Leicester was founded and named after the River Soar (then called Leire) and "cester" meaning the Roman ruins. Much later, after the invasion by the Danes, Leicester was within the area under Danish rule and one of the fortified "Five Burghs". In early modern times it became a centre of the manufacture of boots, shoes and knitted clothes such as socks.
Since 1926 there has been a Church of England diocese of Leicester and in 1927 the Church of St Martin became Leicester Cathedral. As well as different forms of Christianity many other religions have followers in the city including Islam and Hinduism. The UK census in 2001 showed that 17.4% of people in Leicester said that they had no religion.

Leicester has a wide variety of people from other countries, including many from Pakistan, Bangladesh and India. Leicester also has communities of people from the Caribbean, Somalia, Afghanistan, Kurdistan, Iran, Poland and many other countries. Many of these communities have their own community organisations. As well as English about 70 other languages are spoken in the city.

Leicester is well known for having residents from many different cultural backgrounds. People who believe that they are having problems because of racism can get help from The Race Equality Centre.
Government and politics
Leicester has three MPs: Jon Ashworth (Leicester South), Liz Kendall (Leicester West) and Claudia Webbe (Leicester East). All three are members of the Labour Party.

On 5 May 2011, Sir Peter Soulsby became the first directly elected Mayor of Leicester. He is called the City Mayor. Leicester also has a Lord Mayor for ceremonies.

Leicester City Council has 54 councillors. At the moment there are 52 from the Labour party and one Independent and one Liberal Democrat. Leicester is divided into 22 wards for local government which include the city centre and many suburban areas.

Services and facilities
Leicester has a very large covered outdoor market. The market has been in the same place for 700 years. The city also has two shopping centres: Haymarket and the much larger Highcross.

Leicester has several museums. The biggest and best known is the New Walk Museum.
The city has many parks, including Abbey Park and Victoria Park. There is also a botanical garden in Oadby, which is a town south of Leicester.

Leicester has a race course, which is also in Oadby.

There are two hospitals in the city (Leicester General Hospital and Leicester Royal Infirmary) and one just outside the city (Glenfield Hospital).

The city is the home of Leicester City F.C. the Leicester Football Club who are also known as the Foxes. Leicester is also home to a rugby club called the Leicester Tigers. It also has a cricket team for adults and juniors called Leicestershire CCC (county cricket club).

Leicester has two universities: the University of Leicester and De Montfort University. It also has several further education colleges, the largest one is Leicester College.

There are two bus stations: Haymarket and St. Margaret's (which is also a coach station). The train station is on London Road. Leicester is about 75 minutes from London by train.
Many trade union branches in the city and county are members of Leicester and District Trades Union Council.

The local newspaper is called The Leicester Mercury.

Other websites 
 Leicester City Council
 Official Tourism site for Leicester and Leicestershire
 Leicester City Guide 
 Leicester and District Trades Union Council 
 Leicester Mercury
 News from Leicester
 Leicester Market
 The Race Equality Centre
 Leicester museums and galleries
 Local hospitals 
 University of Leicester Botanic Garden
 A brief History of Leicester

References

 
Unitary authorities
Hollywood is a district in Los Angeles, California. It is very famous around the world as a place where movies and television series are made. It has many different attractions such as the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the famous Hollywood Sign. Many tourists come to Hollywood to see all of these things. Because of the importance of Hollywood in the movie industry of the United States, the whole industry is often called "Hollywood", even though not all movies are made in Hollywood. This use of the word "Hollywood" is called metonymy..
Many historic Hollywood theatres are used as venues and concert stages to premiere major theatrical releases and host the Academy Awards. It is a popular destination for nightlife and tourism and home to the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The Hollywood Walk of Fame was created in 1958 and the first star was placed in 1960. It is a sidewalk along the Hollywood Boulevard and the USA. There are more than 2000 five-points stars on the walk featuring the names of artists working in the entertainment industry.

The first movie to be made entirely in Hollywood was the 17-minute short In Old California. It was directed by D. W. Griffith. It was released in 1910.

On the mountain overlooking Hollywood, there is a sign that is made of very big letters, spelling out its name. It's called the "Hollywood sign". The huge Hollywood sign was built in 1923.

Related pages
 Bollywood

Other websites

 
 Hollywood Photos 

Movie industry
Neighborhoods of Los Angeles
Saturday Night Live (SNL) is a popular American television program. It has been broadcast on Saturday nights since October 11, 1975. It is one of the longest-running television programs in American television. It is broadcast from NBC studios in New York City. The name comes from the fact that the program is aired live on Saturday nights at 11:30 PM EST. This is a rarity in the age of filming and videotape. SNL is shown in re-runs in the summer and on cable TV. The program usually consists of the following:
 Comedy sketches
 A celebrity host, usually an actor or comedian
 A popular band/musician performing a recent song
 Weekend Update, a satirical newscast usually featuring celebrity impressions
 Parody commercials
 Various short movies, animated segments and the like.
Saturday Night Live was created and executive-produced by Lorne Michaels and started in 1975 as NBC's Saturday Night. Many famous comic actors got their starts being cast members on the program. The show has led to several movies, books, DVDs, and has been the inspiration for a couple of other TV shows. It has been nominated for 183 Emmy Awards and won 42.

"Live from New York, it's Saturday night!" is said near the beginning of every episode.
Actors on SNL
Many cast members have come and gone in the history of Saturday Night Live. Here is a list of some of those cast members and how long they lasted on the show.
 Chevy Chase (1975 to 1976)
 Dan Aykroyd (1975 to 1979)
 Bill Murray (1977 to 1980)
 Eddie Murphy (1980 to 1984)
 Billy Crystal (1984 to 1985)
 Martin Short (1984 to 1985)
 Robert Downey, Jr. (1985 to 1986)
 Mike Myers (1989 to 1995)
 Chris Rock (1990 to 1993)
 Adam Sandler (1990 to 1995)
 Chris Farley (1990 to 1995)
 Janeane Garofalo (1994 to 1995)
 Will Ferrell (1995 to 2002)
 Tina Fey (2000 to 2006)
 Amy Poehler (2001 to 2008)
 Jimmy Fallon (1998 to 2004)
 Seth Meyers (2001 to 2014)
 Bill Hader (2005 to 2013)
 Andy Samberg (2005 to 2012)
 Jason Sudeikis (2005 to 2013)
 Kristen Wiig (2005 to 2012)
 Kate McKinnon (2012 to 2022)
 Pete Davidson (2014 to 2022)
Memorable Impressions
Many cast members have impressions of celebrities on Saturday Night Live. Here is a list of some of those actors having impressions of celebrities.
 Chevy Chase as Gerald R. Ford
 Phil Hartman as Ronald Reagan
 Will Ferrell as George W. Bush
 Tina Fey as Sarah Palin
 Amy Poehler as Hillary Clinton
 Kate McKinnon as Hillary Clinton
 Kate McKinnon as Kellyanne Conway
 Darrell Hammond as Bill Clinton
 Darrell Hammond as Donald Trump
 Alec Baldwin as Donald Trump
 Darrell Hammond as Sean Connery
 Will Ferrell as Alex Trebek
 Larry David as Bernie Sanders
 Melissa McCarthy as Sean Spicer

Memorable sketches
 Weekend Update
 The Californians
 Celebrity Jeopardy
 Wayne's World
 The Roxbury Guys
 What Up with That
Seasons and cast members 
 The cast members for season one were Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, George Coe, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Laraine Newman, Michael O'Donoghue, and Gilda Radner.
 The cast members for season two were Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Chevy Chase, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Bill Murray, Laraine Newman, and Gilda Radner.
 The cast members for season three were Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Bill Murray, Laraine Newman, and Gilda Radner. Tom Davis and Al Franken also made occasional onscreen appearances.
 The cast members for season four were Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Bill Murray, Laraine Newman, and Gilda Radner. Tom Davis and Al Franken also made occasional onscreen appearances.
The cast members for season five were Jane Curtin, Garrett Morris, Bill Murray, Laraine Newman, Gilda Radner, and Harry Shearer. The featured players were Peter Aykroyd, Tom Davis, Jim Downey, Brian Doyle-Murray, Al Franken, Don Novello, Tom Schiller, Paul Shaffer, and Alan Zweibel.
 The cast members for season six were Denny Dillon, Gilbert Gottfried, Gail Matthius, Eddie Murphy, Joe Piscopo, Ann Risley, and Charles Rocket. The featured players were Yvonne Hudson, Matthew Laurance, and Patrick Weathers.
 The cast members for season seven were Kath Soucie, Christine Ebersole, Mary Gross, Tim Kazurinsky, Eddie Murphy, Joe Piscopo, and Rob Paulsen. The featured player was Brian Doyle-Murray.
 The cast members for season eight were Kath Soucie, Mary Gross, Brad Hall, Tim Kazurinsky, Gary Kroeger, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Eddie Murphy, and Joe Piscopo.
The cast members for season nine were Jim Belushi, Kath Soucie, Mary Gross, Brad Hall, Tim Kazurinsky, Gary Kroeger, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Eddie Murphy, and Joe Piscopo.
 The cast members for season ten were Jim Belushi, Billy Crystal, Mary Gross, Christopher Guest, Rich Hall, Gary Kroeger, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Harry Shearer, Martin Short, and Pamela Stephenson.
 The cast members for season eleven were Joan Cusack. Robert Downey, Nora Dunn, Anthony Michael Hall, Jon Lovitz, Dennis Miller, Randy Quaid, Terry Sweeney, and Danitra Vance. The featured players were A. Whitney Brown, Al Franken, Don Novello, Dan Vitale, and Damon Wayans.
 The cast members for season twelve were Dana Carvey, Nora Dunn, Phil Hartman, Jan Hooks, Victoria Jackson, Jon Lovitz, and Dennis Miller. The featured players were A. Whitney Brown, and Kevin Nealon.
The cast members for season thirteen were Dana Carvey, Nora Dunn, Phil Hartman, Jan Hooks, Victoria Jackson, Jon Lovitz, Dennis Miller, and Kevin Nealon. The featured player was A. Whitney Brown.
 The cast members for season fourteen were Dana Carvey, Nora Dunn, Phil Hartman, Jan Hooks, Victoria Jackson, Jon Lovitz, Dennis Miller, and Kevin Nealon. The featured players were A. Whitney Brown, Al Franken, Mike Myers, and Ben Stiller.
 The cast members for season fifteen were Dana Carvey, Nora Dunn, Phil Hartman, Jan Hooks, Victoria Jackson, Jon Lovitz, Dennis Miller, Mike Myers, and Kevin Nealon. The featured players were A. Whitney Brown and Al Franken.
 The cast members for season sixteen were Dana Carvey, Phil Hartman, Jan Hooks, Victoria Jackson, Dennis Miller, Mike Myers, and Kevin Nealon. This season also starred Chris Farley, Tim Meadows, Chris Rock, and Julia Sweeney. The featured players were A. Whitney Brown, Al Franken, Adam Sandler, Rob Schneider, and David Spade
The cast members for season seventeen were Dana Carvey, Chris Farley, Phil Hartman, Victoria Jackson, Mike Myers, Kevin Nealon, Chris Rock, and Julia Sweeney. This season also starred Ellen Cleghorne, Siobhan Fallon, Tim Meadows, Adam Sandler, Rob Schneider, and David Spade. The featured players were Beth Cahill, Al Franken, Melanie Hutsell, and Robert Smigel
 The cast members for season eighteen were Dana Carvey, Chris Farley, Phil Hartman, Mike Myers, Kevin Nealon, Chris Rock, Rob Schneider, and Julia Sweeney. This season also starred Ellen Cleghorne, Melanie Hutsell, Tim Meadows, Adam Sandler, and David Spade. The featured players were Al Franken, and Robert Smigel.
 The cast members for season nineteen were Ellen Cleghorne, Chris Farley, Phil Hartman, Melanie Hutsell, Michael McKean (mid-season hire), Tim Meadows, Mike Myers, Kevin Nealon, Adam Sandler, Rob Schneider, David Spade, and Julia Sweeney. The featured players were Al Franken, Norm, Macdonald, Jay Mohr, and Sarah Silverman.