Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Platoon members
Captain Mainwaring, played by Arthur Lowe - A bank manager in charge of the platoon.
Sergeant Wilson, played by John Le Mesurier - second in charge. He is quiet, well spoken and often appears very relaxed.
Lance Corporal Jones, played by Clive Dunn - third in charge. He is very keen, and an old soldier of the British Empire, although his ideas often go wrong. He also gets very worried when a problem happens, and shouts "Don't Panic".
Private Frazer, played by John Laurie. A regular soldier. He is a grumpy but kind hearted Scottish man.
Private Godfrey, played by Arnold Ridley. A regular soldier. He is a very nice, but very old man, who often needs to go to the toilet.
Private Pike, played by Ian Lavender. A regular soldier. He is very young, and is often told that he is a "stupid boy" by Mainwaring.
Private Walker, played by Jimmy Beck. A chirpy regular soldier. Able to get any supplies for the platoon through illegal methods. He is quite cheeky and is often told off by Mainwaring.
ARP Warden William Hodges, played by Bill Pertwee. The platoon's major rival and nemesis. Mainwaring looked down on him as a greengrocer. As an ARP Warden he was always demanding that people "put that light out".
Other characters
The Vicar - local parish vicar of the town
Mr Yeatmen - the local parish verger and busybody
Captain Square - Commander of the nearby Eastgate Home Guard and old soldier
Mr Gordon - Town Clerk
Mrs Pike - Frank's mother

Other websites

Dad's Army at the former BBC Guide to Comedy (archive)

1968 television series debuts
1977 television series endings
1977 disestablishments in Europe
1960s British television series
1960s sitcoms
1970s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
1970s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English-language television programs
A card game is any game played with playing cards. Some common card games are poker, bridge, blackjack, solitaire, and go fish.

Cards are individually identifiable from one side only (the "face"). Each player knows only the cards he holds and not those held by anyone else. Card games are often called  "games of chance" or games of "imperfect information". In these, the current position is not seen by all players throughout the game. 

Some games of cards use a board. The gameplay of a card game depends on the use of the cards by players. The board is a guide for scorekeeping or for card placement. Board games (the principal non-card game genre to use cards) generally focus on the players' positions on the board, and use the cards for some secondary purpose.

There are trading card games like Pokemon and Yu-Gi-Oh! that use special packs. These games often involve fighting role-play.

Other websites
 International Playing Card Society
 Rules for historic card games
 Clock and Patience Card Game

References
The following countries had a census of the general population in 2000:

 Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China
 Costa Rica 2000 Census, the ninth federal census, conducted at irregular intervals
 2000 Estonia Census
 Indonesia 2000 census
 2000 Panamanian census
 2000 Turkish census
 2000 United States Census, the 22nd decennial federal census
Kelantan is a state in Malaysia on the northeast part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Kelantan is Kota Baru.

References

Other websites
Melaka (formerly known as Malacca) () is a state in Malaysia that is on the southern part of Malay Peninsula. The Strait of Malacca is to the south. The capital city of Malacca is Malacca City.

References

Other websites
Negeri Sembilan is a state in Malaysia. It is on the southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Negeri Sembilan is Seremban.

References

Other websites
Pahang is a state in Malaysia on the eastern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Pahang is Kuantan.

There are 11 districts in Pahang, which are Bera, Bentong, Cameron Highlands, Jerantut, Kuantan, Kuala Lipis, Maran, Pekan, Raub, Rompin and Temerloh.

References

Other websites
Perak is a state in Malaysia on the western part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Perak is Ipoh.

References

Other websites
Perlis is a state in Malaysia that is on the very northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia, bordering Thailand. The capital city of Perlis is Kangar.

References

Other websites
Sabah is a state in Malaysia on the northeast part of the island of Borneo. The capital city of Sabah is Kota Kinabalu.

References

Other websites
Sarawak is a state in Malaysia. It is mostly on the northwestern part of the island of Borneo. The capital city of Sarawak is Kuching.

Languages
The official languages of Sarawak are Malay and English. Other local spoken languages include Chinese, Iban, Melanau, Bidayuh, Punan, Penan, Kelabit, Kayan and others.

References

Other websites
Terangganu (; Jawi:ترڠݢانو, Terengganu Malay: Tranung, Thai: ตรังกานู) formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu, is a state in Malaysia on the northeastern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The capital city of Terengganu is Kuala Terengganu.

References

Other websites

Terengganu State Government Information Portal
Tourism Malaysia - Terengganu 
Terengganu tourism page
Labuan is an island which is also the Federal Territory in Malaysia. It is off the northeastern part of the island of Borneo facing the South China Sea.

References

Other websites

Geography of Malaysia
Federal Territories of Malaysia
Putrajaya is the administrative capital city of Malaysia. It is south of Kuala Lumpur, the seat of government of Malaysia. It is also a Federal Territory in Malaysia.

Image gallery

References

Other websites

Cities in Malaysia
Federal Territories of Malaysia
Counter-terrorism, also spelled as counterterrorism, is work to prevent and fight against terrorism. Counter-terrorism is usually done by governments, militaries, paramilitaries, police forces, and special counter-terrorism units.

There are many different ways to do counter-terrorism. An important goal is to stop terrorism before it happens. This is done by trying to find out about plans to commit terrorism. If the plan is discovered, sometimes the terrorists can be arrested or security can be sent to protect the target of the terrorism.

Sometimes no one finds out about the terrorist plot until it starts to happen. When this happens, police or counter-terrorist soldiers may be sent to try and stop the terrorists from completing the plan, which usually leads to combat. 

Counter-terrorists are also a playable team in the video game Counter-Strike and the subsequent sequels.  

Security
Terrorism
Law enforcement
Boraginaceae is a family of around 2000 species, occurring mainly in Europe and Asia, especially in the Mediterranean region. Most of them are herbs, although there are some woody plants. Most of them are grown as ornamental plants, although some are a source of dye or have medicinal uses. The most well-known members of the Family include Forget-me-not (Myosotis), Heliotrope (Heliotropium), the Comfreys (Symphytum), Borage (Borago), and Hound's Tongue (Cynoglossum).

Boraginaceae
Capparaceae commonly known the caper family, are trees, shrubs, or lianas, sometimes herbs, that are usually found in the tropics. The family may contain up to 16 genera and 480 species, although some genera currently included may not belong there. The largest genera are Capparis (about 150 species), Maerua (100 species), Boscia (37 species) and Cadaba (30 species).
The history of astronomy tells how civilizations thought about the sky they saw at night. It also discusses the beginnings of modern astronomy.

Early history 
Babylonian astronomers viewed the sky as a celestial sphere, far above the Earth.  This sphere had shiny stars on it.  Like earlier astronomers, they organized and named the star patterns as constellations. They took special interest in the seven bright stars that did not stay in any particular constellation.  These were the Star of the Day (Sun), the Star of the Night (Moon), and five planets.  The stars and planets seemed to wander around the celestial sphere, in an area now called the Zodiac. The ancient astronomers carefully recorded the movements they saw.
Ancient Greece 
Greek philosophers, seeing the movement of heavenly bodies, developed models of the Universe based more on empirical evidence. The first model was proposed by Eudoxus of Cnidos. According to this model, space and time are infinite and eternal, the Earth is spherical and stationary, and all other matter is confined to rotating concentric spheres.

This model was brought into agreement with astronomical observations by Ptolemy of Alexandria, in the second century AD. His Syntaxis mathematica, known as the Almagest, was translated from Greek to Arabic, and from Arabic to Latin. It was printed in 1515, with another edition in 1528.
However, not all Greek scientists accepted the geocentric (Earth-centered) model of the Universe. The Pythagorean philosopher Philolaus thought the center of the Universe was a "central fire" around which the Earth, Sun, Moon and Planets revolved in uniform circular motion.
The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos was the first person to propose a heliocentric (Sun-centered) model of the universe. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book The Sand Reckoner describes Aristarchus' heliocentric theory. Archimedes wrote: (translated into English)
So, Aristarchus thought the stars were very far away, and he said this was why there was no visible parallax. That is, no one saw movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moved around the Sun. Actually. the stars they saw were much farther away than was generally assumed in ancient times. Now we know that stellar parallax is only detectable with telescopes. The rejection of the heliocentric view was apparently quite strong, as the following passage from Plutarch suggests (On the apparent face in the orb of the Moon):
Cleanthes [a contemporary of Aristarchus and head of the Stoics] thought it was the duty of the Greeks to indict Aristarchus of Samos on the charge of impiety for putting in motion the Hearth of the universe [i.e. the Earth], . . . supposing the heaven to remain at rest and the earth to revolve in an oblique circle, while it rotates, at the same time, about its own axis. 
The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who supported Aristarchus' heliocentric model was Seleucus of Seleucia. He was a Babylonian astronomer a century after Aristarchus. According to Plutarch, Seleucus was the first to prove the heliocentric system through reasoning, but it is not known what arguments he used. Seleucus' arguments for a heliocentric theory were probably related to the phenomenon of tides. According to Strabo (1.1.9), Seleucus was the first to state that the tides are due to the attraction of the Moon, and that the height of the tides depends on the Moon's position relative to the Sun.

Copernicus
Copernicus 

The geocentric model was accepted in the Western world for about two thousand years. In 1543 Copernicus revived Aristarchus’ theory. Copernicus said (again) that the sun was the center of the Solar System.

As noted by Copernicus himself, the idea that the Earth rotates (goes round on its axis) was very old, dating to Philolaus (c. 450 BC). A century before Copernicus, Nicholas of Cusa proposed that the Earth rotates on its axis. (This was in his book, On Learned Ignorance (1440).

The first empirical evidence for the Earth's rotation on its axis, using the phenomenon of comets, was given by Tusi (1201–1274).
Copernicus' heliocentric model allowed the stars to be placed uniformly through the (infinite) space surrounding the planets, as first proposed by Thomas Digges in his Perfit Description of the Caelestiall Orbes according to the most aunciente doctrine of the Pythagoreans, latelye revived by Copernicus and by Geometricall Demonstrations approved (1576). Giordano Bruno accepted the idea that space was infinite and filled with solar systems similar to our own. n; for the publication of his various beliefs, he was burnt at the stake in Rome on 17 February 1600.
18th century 
As observations on the Solar System progressed, some basic facts appeared. All planets go round the Sun in the same direction, and their planes of revolution are very similar. Likewise, most satellites go round planets in nearly the same planes. The planets revolve around their own axes in the same sense in which they orbit the Sun. These regularities cannot be a chance coincidence.

Many were at work trying to use the ideas of Newton and Kepler to explain the observational astronomy provided by the new, larger, telescopes.

A significant astronomical advance of the 18th century was the realization by Thomas Wright (1711–1786) that the "fixed stars" were not scattered at random, but concentrated in what we now call the "galactic plane", our view of the Milky Way. What is even more remarkable is his idea that very faint nebulae, in which "no one star... can possibly be distinguished" might be extremely distant groups of the same kind.p83/4
Kant (1724–1804), known today for his philosophy, made some important discoveries about the nature of the Earth's rotation. He showed the frictional resistance against tidal currents on the Earth's surface must cause a very gradual slowing of the earth's rotation. The days have grown longer as time has passed. Also, he laid out a nebular hypothesis, in which he deduced that the Solar System formed from a large cloud of gas, a nebula. Following Wright, Kant also thought the Milky Way was a large disk of stars formed from a (much larger) spinning cloud of gas.

The greatest theoretician of the 18th century was Laplace (1749–1827), who worked on the mechanics of the planets and Solar System. His massive 5-volume work on the mechanics of the Solar System explained many of the regularities which observations had discovered. Laplace made good use of another Frenchman's mathematics: Lagrange (1736–1813).
Laplace is also noteworthy for his nebular hypothesis of the evolution of the Solar System. As it happens, the details of Laplace's theory do not quite work out for planetary systems, but they are the basis of how we understand stars condense out of a nebula.

The 18th century was also a century of great observers. William Herschel (1738–1822), helped by his sister Caroline (1750–1848) built the biggest telescope of the day (40-foot), but did his best work on a 20-foot telescope. There were problems with the mirror of the large one. The discovery of Uranus put his career on the way: he got a salary of £200 a year as "King's Astronomer". He got a rough idea of where we are in the galaxy, and could see other spiral galaxies. He called them "island universes" like the Milky Way. Also he began to work out the motions of different stars. He discovered double stars, and published catalogues of them.p113/120 Herschel's observations brought astronomy into the modern era.
Modern era
The modern era of physical cosmology began in 1917, when Albert Einstein first applied his general theory of relativity to model the structure and dynamics of the universe.

Two great discoveries changed our picture of the Universe. Both were made by Edwin Hubble in the 1920s. Before then, it was thought that our galaxy, the Milky Way, was the whole universe. Hubble first showed that the Andromeda galaxy was a separate galaxy and similar. Many more galaxies were soon discovered. Later in the 1920s he showed that all distant galaxies were moving away from each other in a general expansion of the universe. He did this by discovering the red shift of spectroscopic light from distant galaxies. That does not apply to galaxies that are clustered together, such as Andromeda which, with our galaxy, is part of the Local Group in the Virgo Supercluster.
Thus what move apart are clusters of galaxies kept together by local gravity.

References 

Astronomy
Six Feet Under is an American comedy-drama television show set in California. It aired from 2001 - 2005. There are 63 episodes, each one is 60 minutes long. It was created by screenwriter Alan Ball.

Other websites

2001 American television series debuts
2005 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American comedy-drama television series
Golden Globe Award winning programs
HBO television series
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Television series set in California
English-language television programs
An uppercut in boxing is a punch that usually aims for an opponent's chin. It is commonly known as a hook to the chin (for example in German: Kinnhaken).

In the technical language, people do not use the expression "hook to the chin", because as a rule one calls a "hook" a punch from the side with the lead hand, and almost always the chin is the target of punches. It is achieved by lifting your right or left hand and attempting to hit the opponent's chin.

Aim 

The uppercut is often used to start or finish a set of punches.

Notable users 
Joe Louis was mostly known for his uppercuts.

References 

Martial art techniques
Boxing
Chlorite is an ion. Its chemical formula is ClO2–. It is an oxidizing agent. It contains chlorine in its +3 oxidation state. They can be known as salts of chlorous acid. Some chlorites are explosives. It can be made by dissolving chlorine dioxide in a base. It can also be made by reduction of chlorate with hydrogen peroxide. Sodium chlorite is the most common chlorite.

Related pages
Hypochlorite
Perchlorate

Chlorine compounds
Ions
Chlorous acid is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formula is HClO2. It contains chlorite ions. It is not stable. It easily disproportionates to hypochlorous acid and chloric acid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Chlorites are made by reacting chlorous acid with a base. They are more stable. It can be made by reacting barium chlorite with sulfuric acid. This makes insoluble barium sulfate and chlorous acid.

Related pages
Perchlorate
Hypochlorite

Acids
Chlorine compounds
Sodium chlorite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaClO2. It contains sodium and chlorite ions.

Properties 
Sodium chlorite is a colorless solid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It disproportionates sometimes. It forms the unstable chlorous acid when reacted with a strong acid.

Preparation 
It is made by reducing chlorine dioxide in a basic solution of hydrogen peroxide.

Uses 
Sodium chlorite can be used to disinfect water. Since chlorine dioxide is too reactive to store, sodium chlorite is stored and converted to chlorine dioxide before use. It is also used as a disinfectant. It can be used in oxidation reactions in organic chemistry.

Safety 
It is similar to chlorates in toxicity. Ingestion of about 10 grams would be fatal. A smaller amount could make someone very sick.

Related pages 
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium chlorate

Sodium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Chloric acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HClO3. It contains chlorate and hydrogen ions.

Properties
Chloric acid is a colorless solution. It cannot be made pure. It only can be mixed with water. It is very reactive. Chloric acid can decompose when warmed to make perchloric acid, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and oxygen. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It can make things like sugar burn when it is mixed with them. Sulfur can make explosive mixtures with potassium chlorate because chloric acid can be made.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting barium chlorate with sulfuric acid. The insoluble barium sulfate is filtered out. It can also be made by heating hypochlorous acid.

Uses
Chloric acid can be used as a reagent in chemical analysis and to make other chemicals

Related pages
Chlorous acid
Perchloric acid

Acids
Chlorine compounds
Barium chlorate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ba(ClO3)2. It contains barium and chlorate ions.

Properties
Barium chlorate is a colorless solid. It is very toxic because it has barium ions in it. It also is an oxidizing agent. It makes oxygen gas when it is heated.

Preparation
Barium chlorate can be made by reacting sodium chlorate and barium chloride. It can also be made by electrolytic oxidation of barium chloride, similar to the chloralkali process. It can also be made by reacting ammonium chlorate, an unstable compound, with barium carbonate. This mixture is boiled, converting the ammonium carbonate to ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Uses
Barium chlorate is used in fireworks to make a green color. It is also used in matches to make oxygen and make the match burn faster.

Related pages
Barium nitrate

Chlorine compounds
Barium compounds
Ammonium chlorate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NH4ClO3. It contains ammonium and chlorate ions.

Properties
It is a colorless solid. The chlorate is an oxidizing agent and the ammonium is a reducing agent, making it a little explosive. It explodes when in sunlight for a few minutes. It should never be crystallized as it can explode without any detonation. It can catch flammable things on fire. It decomposes completely to nitrogen, chlorine, and oxygen when heated gently.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting ammonia or ammonium carbonate with chloric acid.

Uses
It is used to make barium chlorate.

Related pages
Ammonium nitrate
Ammonium perchlorate

Nitrogen compounds
Chlorine compounds
Ammonium carbonate, also known as baker's ammonia or sal volatile, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is (NH4)2CO3. It contains ammonium and carbonate ions.

Properties
Ammonium carbonate is a white solid. It dissolves in water. It reacts with acids to make an ammonium salt and carbon dioxide. It has a slight smell of ammonia. It reacts with bases to make ammonia gas.

Preparation
Ammonium carbonate is made by reacting ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and calcium carbonate in a furnace. The ammonium carbonate is exposed to air to decompose any bicarbonate and then is sold. It can also be made by reacting carbon dioxide with ammonia.

Uses
It is used to make bread rise. It can also be used in cough syrup.

Related pages
Sodium carbonate

Nitrogen compounds
Carbonates
Ammonium nitrate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NH4NO3. It contains ammonium and nitrate ions. The nitrogen is in the -3 and +5 oxidation states.

Properties
Ammonium nitrate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water. It makes water cold when it dissolves. It is an oxidizing agent. When it is heated gently, it turns into water and nitrous oxide. It can detonate when heated strongly. There were several disasters where ammonium nitrate exploded. Ammonium nitrate fertilizers were banned in some places because they were used to make explosives.

Preparation
Ammonium nitrate is made by reacting ammonia with nitric acid. This reaction is very violent. It can be made by reacting sodium nitrate with ammonium sulfate. This makes a solution of ammonium nitrate and sodium sulfate. When the mixture is cooled, the sodium sulfate is crystallized and can be filtered.
Uses
Ammonium nitrate is used as a fertilizer. It contains more nitrogen than most fertilizers. It is also used in explosives. It can be used as an oxidizer in rockets.

Related pages
Ammonium chlorate
Ammonium perchlorate

Nitrogen compounds
Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound (a thing made when two or more chemical elements attach to each other). Its chemical formula is ClO2. The Cl means 1 chlorine ion and the O2 means two oxide ions. The chlorine is in its +4 oxidation state. That means that when the chemical compound was made, four electrons were taken from the chlorine and given to the oxygens.

Description
It is a yellowish gas. It has a bad smell. It can explode easily. It reacts (has chemical reactions with) many other chemicals. It explodes when it is more than 15% concentration in air. When light is shined on it, it can explode. It dissolves easily in cold water.

How it is made
It is made by oxidation (the pulling of electrons away from) of sodium chlorite by chlorine gas.
It can also be made by reduction (giving electrons to) of sodium chlorate in an acidic solution. There are some reducing agents (chemicals that reduce another chemical) that can be used. Methanol (an alcohol), sulfur dioxide (a gas made by burning sulfur), hydrochloric acid (a common acid), or hydrogen peroxide can be used.

There are even more ways to make chlorine dioxide. Sodium chlorite can react with a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid to make chlorine dioxide.

Sodium chlorite reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine dioxide.

Electrolysis (the passing of an electric current through a liquid) of a chlorite solution like sodium chlorite makes chlorine dioxide.

Chlorine dioxide can explode easily.  That is why it is normally made when it is needed, and immediately dissolved in water to make it safer.  It is not normally packaged and sent to people that need it.
Uses
Chlorine dioxide is used to bleach wood pulp to make paper. It can also be used to disinfect water. There are some ways it is better than chlorine. It is less corrosive (breaking down other things) than chlorine and does not make as many bad things in water.

Related pages

Perchlorate
Hypochlorous acid
Bromine dioxide

Chlorine compounds
Oxides
Potassium perchlorate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KClO4. It contains potassium and perchlorate ions.

Properties
Potassium perchlorate is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water only a little. It is an oxidizing agent. It can react with glucose to make carbon dioxide, potassium chloride, and water. It can be mixed with sulfur, while potassium chlorate cannot safely be mixed.

Preparation
It is made by reacting potassium chloride with sodium perchlorate. This makes the potassium perchlorate crystals.

Uses
It is used as a rocket propellant. It can also be used in fireworks and other explosives. Ammonium perchlorate is used more, though.

Related pages
Hypochlorite
Chlorite
Sodium chlorite

Potassium compounds
Chlorine compounds
A fashion accessory is  a decorative item that supplements one's outfit. Items such as such as jewellery, gloves, handbags, hats, belts, scarves, watches, sunglasses, pins, stockings, bow ties, leggings, ties, suspenders, and tights.

Accessories add color, style and class to an outfit, and create a certain look, but they may also have practical functions. Handbags are for carrying small necessary items, hats protect the face from weather, Laptops and mobile phones communicate, and gloves keep the hands warm. 

Accessories may be used to show religious or cultural affiliation: Crucifixes, Star of David, Islamic headscarves, skullcaps and turbans are common examples. Designer labels on accessories are perceived as an indicator of social status.

Accessories are also available in the form of bracelets, necklaces, and earrings. 

Accessories
The Corrymeela Community is a Christian community whose objective is the promotion of reconciliation and peace-building in Northern Ireland. They want to do this through the healing of social, religious and political divisions in Northern Ireland.
Organisations based in Northern Ireland
Trip-hop is a genre of downtempo music. It began as a mix of rock, jazz, dub, soul, and some other elements including psychedelic rock, ambient, progressive rock, acid jazz and alternative hip hop. It came from Bristol, England in the early 1990s; the group that started what has become to be called the Bristol sound was Massive Attack.

References

 
Electronic music
Electronic dance music
Big beat is a genre of dance music, which includes various genres of music, including drum and bass, alternative rock, trip-hop, acid house, beat music, punk rock and psychedelic rock.

Dance music
The Pact of Steel (; ), formally the Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy, was an agreement between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany signed on May 22, 1939 by the foreign ministers of both countries: Count Galeazzo Ciano for Italy and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany.

The pact had two parts. The first was the formal text, which said that both countries would continue helping each other. The second had both countries agree to have the same military and economy policies and was called the "Secret Supplementary Protocol".

The pact's name was decided by Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, who thought that its original name, "Pact of Blood", would be unpopular in his country.

Notes

1930s treaties
Nazi Germany
1930s in Italy
1939
A firing squad is a group of people with guns who shoot and kill a criminal who has been sentenced to death penalty.  The person being shot is often blindfolded.  This method of execution has often been used in the military for crimes such as desertion and cowardice. 

Few countries use firing squads anymore.  Many countries have either stopped using the death penalty or switched to using lethal injection.  For example, in the United States, the state of Utah formerly used firing squads, but it now uses lethal injection.  However, some countries, such as Indonesia and the United Arab Emirates, still use firing squads.  As of 2014, 73 countries still use execution by firing squad, and is the sole method of execution in 45 different countries.  

Capital punishment
Client state is a word used to describe a state that has to follow a more powerful state in international politics.  The word is not specific compared with the other words which have similar meanings: satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state and tributary state.  The greater state may be said to exercise hegemony over the lesser one.

International politics
Panties are a kind of underwear. Women's panties are also called knickers. Other names are underpants ("undies"), briefs and smalls.

There are many different shapes and sizes of panties. A common type are bikini panties, which are usually small like a bikini bottom. Bloomers are panties which are loose-fitting and bigger. Panties with a high waistline are usually thought to be worn by older or more conservative women. 

Panties may be made of silk, cotton, satin or man-made fabrics, and decorated with lace. Most full cut panties are made of cotton or other comfortable materials.

Names 
Knickers in British English only refers to female panties; in American usage the term is also used for a type of male trousers more properly called "breeches".

Underwear
Bottoms (clothing)
Alan Eugene Jackson (born October 17, 1958 in Newnan, Georgia) is an American country music singer. Jackson is a member of the Grand Ole Opry. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in April 2010. Jackson was also inducted into the Georgia Music Hall of Fame in 2001.

Jackson is married to his high school sweetheart, Denise Jackson and has three daughters, Mattie Denise, Alexandra Jane "Ali", and Dani Grace.

Albums

Singles

"Blue Blooded Woman" (1989)
"Livin' on Love" (1994)
"Where I Come From" (2001)
"Hard Hat and a Hammer" (2010)

Christmas singles
"Honky Tonk Christmas" (1993)

Music charts

Related pages
List of country musicians from Georgia (U.S. state)

Notes

References

Other websites
Alan Jackson's Official website

1958 births
Living people
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Country musicians from Georgia (U.S state)
Scott Andrew Speed (born January 24, 1983) is an American race car driver. He was a driver for the Toro Rosso Formula One team. He made his first F1 race start at the 2006 Bahrain Grand Prix. He was the first American to race in F1 since Michael Andretti in 1993. In 2008, Speed started racing in NASCAR. For 2009 and 2001, he drove the Red Bull Toyota Camry full time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. Speed attempted to qualify for the 2011 Indianapolis 500, but did not make the race.

Early years 
Speed started kart racing at the age of 10. He moved up to Formula series in 2001. He was a champion in US Formula Russell. He drove in both the US Barber Formula Dodge and US Star Mazda Series. Speed won the 'Red Bull Driver Search' program. In 2003 he drove for the ADR team in British Formula Three. During that year he fell ill with ulcerative colitis, a form of inflammatory bowel disease. He returned to the United States for treatment.
2004 saw two championship titles for Speed. He won the Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup and later German Formula Renault. This was despite his worsening colitis. This performance earned him a drive in the first season of GP2 Series for 2005. He ended the season third place in the driver championship standings behind Nico Rosberg and Heikki Kovalainen.

At the end of 2005, Speed drove the first three races of the new A1 Grand Prix series for A1 Team USA.

Formula One 

In 2005 at the Canadian Grand Prix, Speed took part as a test driver for Red Bull Racing; becoming the first American driver to participate in a Formula One event since Michael Andretti's 1993 stint. He was also the test driver for the United States Grand Prix.

After the purchase of Minardi, Red Bull Racing announced the team would become Scuderia Toro Rosso. Speed and Vitantonio Liuzzi would be the drivers for the 2006 season.
In , Speed's first race was  the Bahrain Grand Prix. His best finish of the season was a ninth place at the Australian Grand Prix. He would have finished Australia in the points, but had 25 seconds added to his race time for overtaking under yellow flags. At the United States Grand Prix he qualified a career best 13th. He was taken out of the race in a first-lap collision.

Scott Speed's  season was disappointing. He had equipment breakdowns and several crashes. He spun off the circuit in wet conditions at the European Grand Prix. That turned out to be his last race for the team. After the race, it was reported that he was involved in a physical altercation with team principal Franz Tost. Tost has since denied this. Speed also said that they wanted to get rid of both him and Liuzzi. Before the next race at Hungary, the team announced that he had been replaced by Sebastian Vettel.

ARCA/REMAX Series
ARCA/REMAX Series 

To get ready for racing in NASCAR, Speed raced in the Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA) series. he enter several races in 2007, and a full season in 2008. He drove the Red Bull-sponsored Toyota for Eddie Sharp Racing. Speed finished 5th in the points in 2008.

During the finale of the 2008 ARCA season, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. hit Speed and sent him into the wall. This ended Speed chance at a good finish, and possibly a Championship. After repairs, Speed intentially ran his car into Stenhouse, sending both cars into the wall. Neither driver was injured. ARCA officials parked Speed for the day.
NASCAR 
Speed made his Craftsman Truck Series debut at Atlanta Motor Speedway on March 7, 2008. He drove the Morgan-Dollar Motorsports #46 Cheverolet truck with Red Bull sponsorship. In his second race, he recorded his first Top 10 finish at Martinsville Speedway. He won his first career race on May 30 at Dover with Bill Davis Racing in a Toyota. On Sunday October 19, 2008, Scott Speed started his first Sprint Cup Series event at Martinsville Speedway. He finished in 30th place. He finished the Cup season in the #84 Red Bull Toyota Camry for the Red Bull Racing Team.

For the 2009 Sprint Cup season, Speed's car number was changed to #82. He won his first Rookie of the Race honor at the Daytona 500. Speed won the pole for the Sam’s Town 300 in his Nationwide Series debut on February 28, 2009. He also broke the track record with a speed of 182.45 mph and a lap time of 29.42 seconds.
Red Bull Racing Lawsuit 
Within two weeks of leaving Red Bull Racing (RBR), Speed filed a lawsuit against the team for breach of contract. Breach of contract means that one person or group in the contract (RBR in this case) did not do the things they should have done. Speed is asking for $6.5 million US$ in the lawsuit. Speed alleges (says) that Red Bull significantly reduced its financial commitment to Speed's race team and was unable and/or unwilling to provide [Speed] with 'supporting equipment' satisfactory for a driver of [his] skill to [be] effective [to] compete in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Speed is claiming that Red Bull did not give his race team enough money or himself good enough race cars. Without the best race cars, it is hard to race at the same level as the top teams.
On July 28, 2011, Speed place a lien on RBR's property in Mooresville, North Carolina. The lien is for the race shop and the land it sits on. A lien is a legal tool to keep RBR from selling the property. The property can be used to ensure a debt is paid. RBR purchased the property for about $3.3 million US$.

IndyCar 
Speed attempted to qualify for the 2011 Indianapolis 500. He drove a car entered by Dragon Racing. He was having trouble finding enough speed in the car to qualify. Dragon Racing put Patrick Carpentier in the car to test it. Carpentier spun and crashed the car. Dragon did not have another car for Speed to use. Speed was unable to qualify for the race.

Racing record

Career summary 

↔ Competed in less that 75% of the races. Not eligible to score championship points.
† Team results.

Complete GP2 series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key)
Personal information 
Speed currently resides in Mt. Holly, NC, where he lives with his wife Amanda Mathis.

His brother Alex currently races karts in America and is a 3 time Stars of Karting champion and a 3 time SKUSA Supernationals winner.

References

Other websites 

 Official Scott Speed site
 Profile and 2006 statistics 

American Formula One drivers
GP2 Series drivers
NASCAR drivers
Sportspeople from California
1983 births
Living people
CeBIT is the name of an annual computer fair in Hanover, Germany. It is the worlds largest exhibition of this kind. CeBIT stand for "", German for "Centre of Office Automation and Information Technology and Telecommunication".

It takes place every year in spring on the "Messegelände", the large exhibition grounds of Hanover. From the 1950s until 1985, CeBit was a part of the Hanover fair ("Hanover-Messe"), a big industrial fair taking place every year in spring. Since 1986 it has been an independent fair.

In the 2000s the Cebit had about 500,000 visitors each year.

Computers
Hanover
Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards (27 September 1925 – 10 April 2013) was a British scientist who won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in developing in vitro fertilisation (IVF). This method is sometimes called making "test tube babies".

He began work on his ideas in the 1950s, and the first test tube baby, Louise Brown, was born on 25 July 1978. His research partner from 1968 was Patrick Steptoe (1913–1988). By 2010, more than 4 million babies had been born using the IVF method.
Early life
Edwards served in the military in World War II. In 1948, after the war, Edwards went to study at the University of Wales, then to the University of Edinburgh in 1951, where he completed his PhD. His studies had been on how embyros developed in mice. He had a research position at the California Institute of Technology in 1957. In 1958 he returned to England and began work for the National Institute of Medical Research. While at the Institute he began to study human fertilisation. In 1962, he took a up a new job at the University of Glasgow, but in 1963 went to Cambridge University. In 1965 he went back to the US where he was a visiting scientist at Johns Hopkins University and later at the University of North Carolina. he returned to Cambridge and taught physiology from 1969.
IVF
While scientists had some success in fertilising rabbit eggs in a laboratory, Edwards soon discovered that the process for humans was quite different and much more complex. He spent many years studying the human egg, and how it could best be fertilised by sperm outside the body. He succeeded in fertilising an egg in 1969, but they did not develop. Patrick Steptoe was a British gynecologist who had done a lot of work using a laparoscope to investigate the ovaries. Using the laparoscope he was able to take eggs directly from the ovaries. Edwards was able to use these eggs and successfully fertilize them in a cell culture dish. This discovery caused a lot of debate and discussions about whether this sort of study should be allowed to continue.

Family
His wife was Ruth Fowler Edwards, the granddaughter of physicist Ernest Rutherford and daughter of physicist Ralph Fowler. He has 5 daughters and 12 grandchildren.

Death
Edwards died on 10 April 2013 after a long lung illness in England, aged 87.

References
References

1925 births
2013 deaths
British military personnel of World War II
British Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from West Yorkshire
Medical researchers
Theodore Sturgeon (26 February 1918 — 8 May 1985) was an American science fiction author. 

He used a special writing style called rhythmic prose. Prose writing tells a story, but rhythmic writing is often poetry. His prose text would fit into a standard poetry rhythm, or meter. This made subtle shift in mood. Usually the reader would not notice how the timing of the words changed their feeling.

His most famous novel is More Than Human (1953).

Biography
Sturgeon was born Edward Hamilton Waldo in Staten Island, New York City in 1918. His name was legally changed at age eleven after his mother's divorce and remarriage to William Dicky ("Argylle") Sturgeon. "Theodore Sturgeon" is occasionally misidentified as a pseudonym; it was in fact his legal name.
He sold his first story in 1938 to the McClure Syndicate, which bought much of his early (non-fantastic) work; his first genre appearance was "Ether Breather" in Astounding Science Fiction a year later. At first he wrote mainly short stories, primarily for genre magazines such as Astounding and Unknown, but also for general-interest publications such as Argosy Magazine. He used the pen name "E. Waldo Hunter" when two of his stories ran in the same issue of Astounding.  A few of his early stories were signed "Theodore H. Sturgeon."
Sturgeon ghost-wrote an Ellery Queen mystery novel, The Player on the Other Side (Random House, 1963).  This novel gained critical praise from critic H.R.F. Keating, who "had almost finished writing Crime and Mystery: the 100 Best Books, in which I had included The Player on the Other Side ... placing the book squarely in the Queen canon" when he learned that it had been written by Sturgeon.  Similarly, "William DeAndrea, author and ... winner of Mystery Writers of America awards, selecting his ten favorite mystery novels for the magazine Armchair Detective, picked The Player on the Other Side as one of them.  He said: 'This book changed my life ... and made a raving mystery fan (and therefore ultimately a mystery writer) out of me. ... The book must be 'one of the most skilful pastiches in the history of literature.  An amazing piece of work, whomever did it'."
Sturgeon wrote the screenplays for the Star Trek episodes "Shore Leave" (1966) and "Amok Time" (1967, later published as a "Fotonovel" in 1978). The latter is known for his invention of the pon farr, the Vulcan mating ritual, the first use of the sentence "Live long and prosper" and the first use of the Vulcan hand symbol. Sturgeon also wrote several episodes of Star Trek that were never produced. One of these was notable for having first introduced the Prime Directive.  He also wrote an episode of the Saturday morning show Land of the Lost, "The Pylon Express", in 1975. Two of Sturgeon's stories were adapted for The New Twilight Zone. One, "A Saucer of Loneliness", was broadcast in 1986 and was dedicated to his memory. Another short story, "Yesterday was Monday", was the inspiration for The New Twilight Zone episode A Matter of Minutes. His 1944 novella "Killdozer!" was the inspiration for the 1970s made-for-TV movie, Marvel comic book, and alternative rock band of the same name.
Although Sturgeon is well-known among readers of classic science-fiction anthologies (at the height of his popularity in the 1950s he was the most anthologized author alive) and much respected by critics (John Clute writes in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction: "His influence upon writers like Harlan Ellison and Samuel R. Delany was seminal, and in his life and work he was a powerful and generally liberating influence in post-WWII US sf"), he is not much known among the general public and won comparatively few awards (though it must be noted that his best work was published before the establishment and consolidation of the leading genre awards, while his later production was scarcer and weaker). He was listed as a primary influence of the much more famous Ray Bradbury.  Kurt Vonnegut based his character Kilgore Trout on Theodore Sturgeon.

Sturgeon died on May 8, 1985, of lung fibrosis, in Eugene, Oregon. Sturgeon lived for several years in the neighboring city of Springfield.

Sturgeon's Law
Sturgeon's Law

In 1951, Sturgeon said something that is now known as Sturgeon's Law. He said, "Ninety percent of SF [science fiction] is crud, but then, ninety percent of everything is crud."  At first, this was called Sturgeon's Revelation. Sturgeon has said that "Sturgeon's Law" was originally "Nothing is always absolutely so."  However, the former statement is now widely referred to as Sturgeon's Law. He is also known for his strong support of critical thinking and challenging all normative assumptions: "Ask the next question." He represented this credo by the symbol of a Q with an arrow through it, an example of which he wore around his neck and used as part of his signature in the last 15 years of his life.
Novels
 The Dreaming Jewels (1950)  Also published as The Synthetic Man 
 More Than Human (1953)  Fix-up of three linked novellas, the first and third written around the previously published "Baby Is Three" 
 The Cosmic Rape (1958) Abridged version published as To Marry Medusa
 Venus Plus X (1960)
 Some of Your Blood (1961)
 Godbody (1986) (published posthumously)

Novelizations
Movie producers hired Sturgeon under his own name to write novelisations of these movies based on their scripts:
 The King and Four Queens (1956)
 Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (1961)
 The Rare Breed (1966)

Pseudonymous novels
 I, Libertine (1956): Historical novel created as a for-hire hoax.  Credited to "Frederick R. Ewing," written from a premise by Jean Shepherd.
 The Player on The Other Side (1963): Mystery novel credited to Ellery Queen and ghost-written with Queen's assistance and supervision.

Short stories
Short stories

Sturgeon published numerous short story collections during his lifetime, many drawing on his most prolific writing years of the 1940s and 1950s.  

Note that some reprints of these titles (especially paperback editions) may cut one or two stories from the line-up.  Statistics herein refer to the original editions only.

Collections published during Sturgeon's lifetime

The following table includes sixteen volumes (one of them collecting western stories) where up to three stories (representing no more than half the book) were previously published in a Sturgeon collection.

The following 6 collections consisted entirely of reprints of previously collected material:

Complete short stories
North Atlantic Books has been releasing the chronologically assembled The Complete Short Stories of Theodore Sturgeon, edited by Paul Williams, since 1994. The series will run to 13 volumes, with the last appearing in 2010.
The currently available volumes include:
 The Ultimate Egoist (1937 to 1940)
 Microcosmic God (1940 to 1941)
 Killdozer (1941 to 1946)
 Thunder and Roses (1946 to 1948)
 The Perfect Host (1948 to 1950)
 Baby is Three (1950 to 1952)
 A Saucer of Loneliness (1953)
 Bright Segment (1953 to 1955, as well as two "lost" stories from 1946)
 And Now the News... (1955 to 1957)
 The Man Who Lost the Sea (1957 to 1960)
 The Nail and the Oracle (1961 to 1969)
 Slow Sculpture (1970 to 1972, plus one 1954 novella and one unpublished story)
 Case and The Dreamer (1972 to 1983, plus one 1960 story and three unpublished stories) forthcoming September 2010