Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
At the age of six, Catherine had a vision of Jesus Christ. She continued to receive many visions throughout her life. At age 12, Catherine cut off her hair and was obligated to serve her family, living in small quarters in the basement. At the age of 16, she entered the Third Order of Saint Dominic and later became a Dominican nun. At age 28 she received the stigmata when praying next to a crucifix.  

She wrote a book called Dialogue, which taught that if you love your neighbors it is loving God. She also devoted her life to improving the Catholic church, helping the ill, poor, and spiritually underprivileged. Catherine persuaded the pope to return from Avignon, France and back into Rome. She also tried to start a new Crusade to the holy land, Jerusalem. She died of “holy anorexia”, as she ate very little in the name of God. She became a saint in 1461, and was later made a Doctor of the Church in 1970 by Pope Paul VI and a patron of  Europe in 1999.

References
References

People from Siena 
Christian saints
1347 births
1380 deaths
Deaths from anorexia
Eleanor the "Fair Maid of Brittany" (c. 1184 – 10 August 1241) was a member of the nobility of England. She was the eldest daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Constance, Duchess of Brittany. She was seen as a potential threat to the throne by her uncle, John of England, and cousin, Henry III of England. She was put in prison from 1202, and so became the longest imprisoned member of an English royal family. Although still treated honorably as a princess, she was never released or permitted to marry.

1180s births
1241 deaths
French nobility
Buchenwald concentration camp was a Nazi concentration camp during World War II.  In German, the camp was called Konzentrationslager (KZ) Buchenwald.  It was built in Germany in 1937, and stayed open until 1945.  Buchenwald was one of the first and largest labor camps built in Germany.

The Nazis sent people from all over Europe and the Soviet Union to Buchenwald.  There, they were prisoners and did forced labor in weapons factories.

After the Allies won World War II, the Soviet Union took over Buchenwald and some other parts of Germany.  From 1945 to 1950, they used Buchenwald as an internment camp.  They called it NKVD Special Camp Number 2.  (The NKVD was the Soviet police organization that ran the camp.)  On January 6, 1950, the Soviets handed over Buchenwald to the East German Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Today, what is left of Buchenwald is a memorial.  There is also a museum there.
History
The Nazis built Buchenwald on the Ettersberg (Etter Mountain), near Weimar, Germany, in July of 1937.  They named the camp Buchenwald, which means "beech forest" in English.  On the camp's main gate, they wrote Jedem das Seine ("Each to their own”).

Between April 1938 and April 1945, about 238,380 people were sent to Buchenwald.  These prisoners included people from many different countries.  They also included many Allied prisoners of war (POWs).  Over 56,000 prisoners died at Buchenwald.<ref name=Bartel>{{cite book |last=Bartel |first=Walter |date=1960 |title=Buchenwald-Mahnung und Verpflichtung: Dokumente und Berichte (Buchenwald: Warnings and our Obligation [To Future Generations] – Documents and Reports) |publisher=Kongress-Verlag }}</ref>

People

Camp commandants
Camp commandants

Karl-Otto Koch (1 August 1937–July 1941)
Buchenwald’s first commandant (camp leader) was Karl-Otto Koch.  He ran the camp from 1937 to July 1941.  His second wife, Ilse Koch, became well known as Die Hexe von Buchenwald ("the witch of Buchenwald") for the terrible ways she treated the prisoners.  Koch made the prisoners build a zoo at Buchenwald, with a bear pit (Bärenzwinger).

Eventually, Koch was put in prison at Buchenwald himself.  At first, two Nazi officials named Prince Waldeck and Dr. Morgen accused Koch of encouraging murder.  Later, Koch was also charged with corruption, embezzlement, black market dealings, and using the camp's workers to meet his own needs. Other camp officials were also charged, including Ilse Koch.

Karl Koch was tried and sentenced to death.  He was executed by a firing squad on April 5, 1945.  This was just one week before American soldiers arrived and took over Buchenwald.
After the war, Ilse Koch was sentenced to four years in jail.  At first, her sentence was cut down to two years and she was set free.  However, after this, she was arrested again and sentenced to life in prison by the new German government.  She killed herself in jail in September 1967.

Hermann Pister (1942–1945)

Buchenwald's second commandant was Hermann Pister.  He controlled the camp from 1942 to 1945, when it was taken over by American soldiers.

After the war, Pister was tried in the Nuremberg Trials, and was sentenced to death.  However, in September 1948, before he could be executed, Pister died of a heart problem.

Types of prisoners
Types of prisoners

The Nazis sent prisoners from all over Europe and the Soviet Union to Buchenwald.  These included:
 Jews
 Polish people
 Slavic people
 People with mental illnesses, intellectual disabilities, and physical disabilities
 People who practiced religions that the Nazis did not like, such as Jehovah's Witnesses
 Political prisoners (people from different political parties, or people who had different political beliefs than the Nazis, like socialists and communists)
 Romani and Sinti people
 Freemasons
 Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people
 Prisoners of war (especially Soviet POWs)
 Criminals

Women in Buchenwald
Somewhere between 500 and 1,000 women prisoners were kept at Buchenwald.  First, in 1941, twenty female political prisoners were brought to Buchenwald from Ravensbrück concentration camp.  They were forced to work as sex slaves in the camp's brothel.
However, most of the female prisoners were sent to Buchenwald in 1944 and 1945 from other concentration camps.  They were sent mainly from Auschwitz, Ravensbrück, and Bergen Belsen.  Later, all the women prisoners were sent to Buchenwald's many female satellite camps (smaller camps around Buchenwald).

Ilse Koch was the head supervisor (Oberaufseherin) of 22 other female guards and hundreds of women prisoners in the main camp.  More than 530 other female guards worked in Buchenwald's many other, smaller camps ("subcamps").  Only 22 women served or trained in the main Buchenwald camp, compared to over 15,500 men.
Allied airmen
When the Nazis captured soldiers from Western Allied countries, they almost always sent them to prisoner of war camps, not concentration camps.  However, they did keep a group of 168 airmen (flyers) at Buchenwald for two months. These men were from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Jamaica.  They got to Buchenwald on August 20, 1944.Eyewitness accounts of Art Kinnis, president of KLB (Konzentrationslager Buchenwald), and 2nd Lt. Joseph Moser, one of the surviving pilots, at http://buchenwaldflyboy.wordpress.com.

These airmen's planes had crashed in France, which Nazi Germany controlled.  The airmen were sent to Buchenwald, not a POW camp, because the Nazis said they were spies and "terror bombers."

After the war, one airman remembered arriving at Buchenwald:
The airmen were treated and abused in the same way as the other prisoners at Buchenwald.  Two airmen died there.  Then, in October 1944, the airmen were sent to Stalag Luft III, a regular POW camp.  The airmen who were accused of being "terror bombers" were going to be executed at Buchenwald after October 24.  They were saved by officers of the Luftwaffe (the German air force), who visited Buchenwald.  When they got back to Berlin, these officers made sure the airmen were sent to a regular POW camp, and not executed.

Death toll at Buchenwald

Causes of death
The Nazis' goal for camps like Buchenwald was Vernichtung durch Arbeit ("extermination through labor").  This meant that prisoners were being sent to Buchenwald to be worked to death.
Because of the terrible living conditions in the camp, illness was very common and spread quickly.  Prisoners were also starving.  Because of this combination of illness and starvation, many prisoners were actually "worked to death" as the Nazis had planned.  However, many other inmates died from executions, experiments by Nazi doctors, and other causes.

Summary executions of Soviet POWs (executions without a trial) were also done at Buchenwald.  In 1941 and 1942, at least 1,000 men were chosen to be killed and were sent to Buchenwald, where they were immediately shot in the back of the head.
Nazi doctors also did experiments on prisoners at Buchenwald.  For example, in 1942 and 1943, they used 729 prisoners to test a vaccine for typhus.  This meant the prisoners were given the vaccine, and then given typhus on purpose.  154 of these prisoners died.  In another experiment, Nazi doctors wanted to see how much of a certain poison was needed to kill a person.  They gave four Russian POWs the poison.  When the POWs did not die, they were "strangled in the crematorium" and then "dissected" (cut apart to study their bodies).  Doctors also burned other prisoners very badly with white phosphorus to test whether a medicine would help similar wounds caused by bombs.  After the war ended, at the Nuremberg Trials, one of these doctors defended himself by saying that while he was a doctor, he was also a "legally appointed executioner" (meaning the law allowed him to kill people).

Number of deaths
Number of deaths

The SS left behind records of how many prisoners came to the camp and how many left.  They recorded how many prisoners were let go, sent to another camp, or died.  These records say that 33,462 prisoners died at Buchenwald.  However, these records may not be completely true.  For example, before 1944, when the SS killed prisoners, they often wrote down that the prisoners were "transferred to the Gestapo," not that they were killed.  Also, starting in 1941, many Soviet POWs were executed in mass killings.  These POWs would be killed as soon as they got to the camp, and were never added to the camp's records.  This means they were not listed among the 33,462 dead.
One former Buchenwald prisoner, Armin Walter, counted the number of people who were killed by being shot in the back of the head.  Walter's job at Buchenwald was to set up and care for a radio system at the place where people were executed.  He counted the number of people who were killed and hid the information.  He says that 8,483 Soviet prisoners of war were shot and killed.

When all these deaths are added up, the total number of people who died at Buchenwald is about 56,545.  This number includes:
 Deaths according to SS records: 33,462
 Executions by shooting: 8,483
 Executions by hanging: 1,100 (estimate)
 Deaths during evacuation transports (moving prisoners to other camps by train or forced marches): 13,500 (estimate)

This total of 56,545 deaths means that 24% of the prisoners who were sent to Buchenwald died.

Liberation
Liberation

On April 4, 1945, United States soldiers took over Ohrdruf, one of Buchenwald's smaller camps.  Ohrdruf was the first Nazi camp liberated (taken over and freed) by U.S. soldiers.

Two days later, the Nazis started trying to evacuate (move everybody out of) Buchenwald.  They made thousands of prisoners go on forced marches toward other camps that the Americans had not yet reached.

A Polish engineer named Gwidon Damazyn, who had been a prisoner since March 1941, had set up a secret short-wave radio.  On April 8 at noon, Damazyn and Russian prisoner Konstantin Ivanovich Leonov sent a message in Morse code to the Allies.  The message had been written by the leaders of the prisoners' underground resistance movement (a group of prisoners who tried to fight the Nazis in secret). It said:
The text was repeated several times in English, German, and Russian.  Damazyn sent the English and German messages, and Leonov sent the Russian version. Three minutes after Damazyn sent the last message, the headquarters of the Third United States Army answered:

Damazyn fainted after getting the message.

After learning this news, Communist inmates attacked the camp's watchtowers and killed the guards who were still at the camp.  They used guns they had been collecting since 1942 (one machine gun and 91 rifles).

United States soldiers arrived at Buchenwald on April 11, 1945 at 3:15 P.M.  (The clock at the entrance gate is now permanently set to this time). The soldiers were given a hero's welcome.

Later that day, United States soldiers took over Langenstein, one of Buchenwald's smaller camps.  There, they freed over 21,000 prisoners.  They also ordered the mayor of Langenstein to send food and water to the camp, and rushed in medical supplies from an American field hospital.
On Thursday, April 12, 1945, some journalists arrived at Buchenwald.  The journalists included Edward R. Murrow, whose radio report about seeing Buchenwald was broadcast on CBS and became one of his most famous:

 Soviet Special Camp Number 2 
Between 1945 and February 10, 1950, the camp was run by the Soviet Union.  They used it as a prison camp called Special Camp Number 2.

The Soviet Union held 28,455 prisoners, including 1,000 women, at Special Camp Number 2.  Soviet records say that 7,113 of these prisoners died.  They were buried in mass graves in the woods around the camp.  Their families were not told they had died.

Prisoners at Special Camp Number 2 included: 
 People accused of being against Stalinism
 People accused of being members of the Nazi Party
 People who had done nothing wrong, but were confused with other people who had
 People who were arrested by the Soviets without committing any real crimes (arbitrary arrests)
The NKVD (the Soviet police organization that ran the camp) would not let the prisoners talk to anyone outside the camp.  The NKVD also did not try to figure out whether the prisoners were guilty.

On January 6, 1950, the Soviet Minister of Internal Affairs, Sergei Nikiforovich Kruglov, decided that the East German Ministry of Internal Affairs would take over all of the NKVD special camps, including the one at Buchenwald.

 Buchenwald is destroyed 

In October 1950, Buchenwald was destroyed.  The main gate, the crematorium, the hospital block, and two guard towers were left standing.  All prisoner barracks and other buildings were torn down.  Many of them have been rebuilt.

Just days after the camp was liberated in 1945, freed prisoners built a monument to honor the people who died at Buchenwald.  It was made of wood and was meant to be temporary.  Eventually it was replaced by a monument made of stainless steel.  The surface of this monument is kept at , the temperature of human skin, all year round.
A second monument was also built in 1958, near where prisoners had been buried together in mass graves.

Books about Buchenwald
Some people who survived being imprisoned at Buchenwald have written about what happened to them.  These people include:
 Jorge Semprún, Quel beau dimanche! ("What a Beautiful Sunday!")
 Ernst Wiechert, Der Totenwald ("Forest of the Dead")
 Léon Delarbre (who wrote and also drew scenes of what life was like in Buchenwald) 
 Edmond Vandievoet, I Escaped from a Nazi Death Camp (Vandievoet was one of the few prisoners who escaped from Buchenwald) 
 Elie Wiesel, La Nuit (Night'')
Visit from President Obama and Chancellor Merkel
On June 5, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited Buchenwald.  Elie Wiesel and Bertrand Herz, two survivors of Buchenwald, went with them.  During the visit, President Obama said at as a child, he had heard stories about Buchenwald from his great-uncle, who was part of the 89th Infantry Division.  This Division was the first group of American soldiers to reach the Ohrdruf forced labor camp, one of Buchenwald's smaller camps.

Photos of Buchenwald

Related pages
 Nazi concentration camps
 The Holocaust
 World War II

References

1930s establishments in Germany
1937 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Thuringia
Nazi concentration camps in Germany
Weimar
Pope Joan, Johanna or Joanna, was a legendary female Pope. Said to have ruled for several years during the 1100s, her story first appeared in 13th century chronicles, then spread throughout Europe through the writings of preachers and story tellers. For centuries she was widely believed to be real; however, today religious scholars think her story is legend. Whether she is real or made up is subject to debate.

The Pope Joan story states that she was German and arrived in Rome dressed in men's clothes, managing to convince people that she was in fact a man. Her alleged male name was John Anglicus. She started out in the clergy as a curiae notary; next she became a cardinal, and then finally she became the Pope. She served as pope  for about two and a half years but her true gender was exposed when she became pregnant. The birth of her child was thought to have taken place either on the road that separated the Colosseum and St. Clement's or in the church. Her death and punishment are unknown.

References
References

Popes
Legendary people
Vannozza dei Cattanei (13 July 1442 – 24 November 1518) was an Italian noblewoman. She was one of the many mistresses of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, future Pope Alexander VI. Among them, she was the one whose relationship with him lasted the longest.

1442 births
1518 deaths
Italian people
Photorealism is a style of painting or drawing. The picture is done with a lot of detail to make it look exactly like a photograph. The subjects pictured were often boring, without any special interest. Photorealism developed as an art style in the 1960s and 1970s. Two famous photorealist artists are Richard Estes and Chuck Close.

References

Art movements
My Name Is Skrillex is the first EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex. My Name Is Skrillex was released on June 7, 2010 on his MySpace profile.

The album is the first solo EP by Sonny Moore under the alias Skrillex. He released a previous album titled Gypsyhook under his first name.

Songs

Other websites
My Name Is Skrillex at Discogs

2010 albums
Skrillex albums
Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites is the second EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex.

Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites was released on October 22, 2010. Skrillex said that he recorded the EP in 2010 at his apartment using a laptop. The EP and song's name was inspired from the 1980 David Bowie album and song Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps).

The EP won two Grammys at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Dance Recording and for Best Dance/Electronica Album. The EP also received generally positive reviews from music critics and reached #49 on the Billboard 200 as well as #1 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart.

Songs

References

Other websites
Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites at Discogs

2010 albums
Skrillex albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
More Monsters and Sprites is the third EP and first remix album by American electronic music producer, Skrillex.

More Monsters and Sprites was released on June 7, 2011. A music video for the song "First of the Year (Equinox)" which was directed by Tony Truand, was nominated for Best Short Form Music Video at the 54th Grammy Awards.

The EP also received generally positive reviews from music critics and reached #124 on the Billboard 200 as well as reaching the top five on both the Billboard Heatseekers and Dance/Electronica Albums chart.

Songs

Other websites
More Monsters and Sprites at Discogs

2011 albums
Skrillex albums
Remix albums
Bangarang is the fifth EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex.

Bangarang was released on December 23, 2011. Singles from the EP are "Breakn' a Sweat" which features the American rock band The Doors and "Bangarang" which features American rapper Sirah.

The song "Breakn' a Sweat" was written for the 2012 documentary film Re:Generation. The iTunes version of the EP features an "Orchestral Suite" performed by Varien.

The EP received generally mixed to positive reviews from music critics. The EP reached #14 on the Billboard 200 as well as #1 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart.

Songs

References

Other websites
Bangarang at Discogs

2011 albums
Skrillex albums
Leaving is the sixth EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex. Leaving was released on January 2, 2013 to OWSLA's subscription service called The Nest.

Skrillex said that the title song "Leaving" was created in his hotel room in Mexico and that the song "The Reason" was finished an hour before the release of the EP in Moore's hotel room in Miami.

Songs

References

Other websites
Leaving at Discogs

2013 albums
Skrillex albums
An amine is a molecule which has a nitrogen atom that can behave as a base. An amine can be thought of coming from ammonia. The difference is that the three hydrogens in ammonia are changed to any group or atom. If only one of the hydrogens is changed, the amine is called primary. If two are changed, the amine is called secondary. If all three are changed then it is called tertiary. 

Sometimes, a fourth group can be added to the nitrogen. This is called a quaternary ammonium cation. This is not an amine but is a salt. If one of the groups on the nitrogen is a carbonyl group, then the molecule is called amide. This has very different properties.

Amines are used a lot in chemistry. Since the nitrogen has a lone pair, it can do many reactions. It can take protons away from some acids. It can also be a nucleophile. It can be changed into imines and other functional groups.

Amines are also found in many proteins. They are a part of every amino acid.

References

Functional groups
Brenda Strong (born March 25, 1960 in Oregon) is an American actress who stars primarily in television programs. She has, however, starred in a limited number of movies. She acted as Mary Alice Young in the ABC sitcom Desperate Housewives and as Ann Ewing in the TNT television drama Dallas, the 2012 edition. Before acting, she was crowned Miss Arizona 1980.

References

Actors from Oregon
1960 births
Living people
Transactinide elements are elements that have atomic numbers greater than the actinides. They have atomic numbers from 104 to 120.

They are all synthetic and radioactive. They range from 104 rutherfordium to 118 oganesson on the periodic table.

+
Sirius is 20 times brighter than the sun.

Canis Major is a constellation that is in the southern sky.  It means "greater dog" in Latin (also called large dog).  There is also the constellation Canis Minor, which means "lesser dog" in Latin.    The astronomer named Ptolemy listed Canis Major when he made a list of 48 constellations.  It is also one of the 88 modern constellations that were made by the International Astronomical Union.

The star Sirius is in Canis Major.  Sirius has a magnitude of -1.44, which means that it is the brightest star in the night sky.  It is sometimes called the "dog star."  Also, Sirius is only 8.6 light years away from Earth, which is very close (compared to other stars).
It also contains one of the largest stars known, VY Canis Majoris. VY Canis Majoris is around 1,500 times the size of the sun. The constellation also includes the blue bright giant star Aludra, yellow supergiant Wezen, and red giant Sigma Canis Majoris.

References
References 

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Ronald Jeremy "Ron" Hyatt (born March 12, 1953) who is known professionally by his credited stage name as Ron Jeremy is an American former pornographic actor, movie actor, filmmaker, businessman, stand-up comedian, television personality and convicted sex offender. He is known for his pornographic movies, and he was listed as one of the "Top 50 Best Porno Actors of All Time" as of 2007.

Jeremy was born on March 12, 1953 in Queens, New York City to a Jewish family. He was raised in New York City. He studied at the Queens College in New York. He was a teacher before he became a porn star. He is wellknown for his large circumcised Penis.

Jeremy was a contestant in the second season of The Surreal Life.

On January 30, 2013, Jeremy went to the hospital in Los Angeles, California after he had an heart aneurysm. The next day he had a surgery. He recovered from the surgery on February 7. He eventually left the hospital on February 19.
More than a twelve women have publicly accused Jeremy of sexual assault. In June 2020, Jeremy was charged with 4 counts of rape and sexual assault involving four women. In August 2020, he was charged with another 20 counts of either rape or sexual assault between 2004 and 2020 respectively. He could originally be sentenced to 250 years in prison.

References

Other websites

 Official RonJeremy.com
 Official Ron Jeremy Twitter

1953 births
Living people
Actors from Queens
American pornographic actors
American teachers
Businesspeople from New York City
Comedians from New York City
Educators from New York City
Jewish American actors
Jewish American comedians
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish sex industry people
The Surreal Life participants
Television personalities from New York City
Jared Francis Harris (born 24 August 1961) is an English actor. He played Lane Pryce in Mad Men and as Ulysses S. Grant in Steven Spielberg's 2012 movie Lincoln. He won an Sitges Film Festival in 1999. His father was late Irish actor Richard Harris.

Harris was born in Hammersmith, London, England to an Irish father, actor Richard Harris and to a Welsh mother, Elizabeth Rees-Williams. He studied at Downside School and at Duke University. Harris was married to Emilia Fox from 2005 until they divorced in 2010. Since 2011, he has been partners with Allegra Riggio.

Harris lives in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites
 

1961 births
Living people
Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Long hair is a hairstyle that is mostly worn by girls and women. Boys and men may sometimes wear hair to shoulder length. Longer than that is rare for men of most cultures.

Extremely long hair (usually waist length or longer) is normally only found in females. The reason is that the female hormonal system affects the growth of their hair, just as the male hormonal system supports facial hair growth. This is also the reason young females can have longer hair than older women.
Hair length is measured (in centimeters or inches) from the line of the scalp on the forehead up over the highest point of the skull to the end of the hair. This method is not suitable for measuring hair length for people with a fringe. In cosmetology, hair lengths are usually described by the part of the body where the longest hair ends: chin level, shoulder length, mid-back level, waist length, hip-length, classic length (extends to almost upper thigh-length, where the legs meet the buttocks), thigh-length, knee-length and ankle/floor length hair.

Hair usually takes about 2–2½ years to reach shoulder length. It usually takes about 4–5 years to grow to the waist (which is about 60-80 cm for most women) if left to grow.
Records 
The maximum hair length that is possible to reach is about 15 cm for infants (below the age of 1), about 60 cm for children (below the age of 13), and generally 100 cm for adults. Some individuals can reach excessive lengths. Lengths greater than 150 cm are frequently observed in long hair contests. Xie Qiuping had the longest documented hair in the world, measuring 5.627 m (18 ft 5.54 in) in May 2004.

The maximum hair length depends on the length of the period of hair growth for the individual. Waist-length hair or longer is only possible to reach for women with long periods of hair growth. Hair can grow continuously for between 2 and 7 years.
Significance 
Head hair is maintained by natural selection after other body hair had been greatly reduced. The hair has at least two functions:
to protect the scalp against weather (sun in the tropics, heat loss in the temperate zone)
to signal sexual attractiveness, as a secondary sex characteristic. A fine head of hair improves the chance of getting a mate and so producing children. By seven to nine months, infants can tell the sexes apart based on hair length, voice pitch and faces.

Cultures of men with longer hair 
Many Native American men wore long hair before the arrival of western influences on their culture. The long-term preference of females of the tribe for longer male hair would have effect by long-haired males contributing more children than short-haired males.

Related pages 
Hair style
Secondary sexual characteristics

References 

Hairstyles
A pseudanthium (Greek for "false flower") or flower head is a special type of inflorescence. Many flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure. The real flowers ("florets") are generally small and greatly reduced, but can sometimes be quite large (as in the sunflower flower head).

Pseudanthia are characteristic of the daisy and sunflower family (Asteraceae or Compositae). Their flowers are either ray flowers or disk flowers. The disk flowers in the center of the pseudanthium look like the centre of a normal flower. Flowers on the periphery have one large petal. This sytem is unique to this family. Either ray or disk flowers may be absent in some species: Senecio vulgaris lacks ray flowers and Taraxacum officinale lacks disk flowers. The pseudanthium has a whorl of bracts below the flowers.
At a glance, a pseudanthium (inflorescence) looks just like a normal flower, but closer inspection shows it is composed of multiple flowers. Thus, the pseudanthium represents an evolution of the inflorescence to a reproductive unit that may function in pollination like a single flower, at least in plants that are animal pollinated. The advantage of this "flower" is that it produces far more seeds than a normal flower, but needs only one act of pollination.

Related terms
Head
This is an equivalent term for flower head and pseudanthium when used in the botanical sense.

Capitulum (plural capitula)
Capitulum can be used as an exact synonym for pseudanthium and flower head. Its use is generally restricted to the Asteraceae family, though at least one source defines it as a small flower head. In addition to its botanical use as a term meaning flower head it is also used to mean the top of the sphagnum plant.

References 

Flowers
Plant anatomy
Alison [al-uh-suhn] is a female given name that has many kinds of spellings. It was originally in medieval Norman. It was derived from the name Alice. 

The name was first recorded in Scotland in the 12th century. The variant spelling Allison ranked 228 for female names for the United States in 1990, and was the 45th most popular for girls between 2005 and early 2010s. Alison has its roots in the English language and is believed to be a variation of the French name Alis.

As Allison, the name was used for tropical storms for 1989, 1995 and 2001. The 2001 tropical storm was incredibly damaging, which in turn caused the name to be retired the following year.

Alison can be used in other cases:

People
 Alison Krauss, an American bluegrass-country singer and fiddle player
 Alison Balsom, an English trumpeter
 Alison Moyet, an English pop singer-songwriter noted for her bluesy voice
 Alison Balsom, English trumpet player
Places
 Alison, New South Wales
 Alison Sound, an inlet on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada.
 Point Alison, Alberta, a summer village in Alberta, Canada.

Music
 "Alison", 1994 single by Slowdive
 "Alison" (song), song by Elvis Costello
 "Alison", song by French former child pop star Jordy Lemoine
 "Alison Hell", song by Annihilator
 "Alison's Starting To Happen", song by The Lemonheads from the album It's a Shame about Ray
 "Alison's the Bomb", song by The Huntingtons
 Alison, aka Excuse Me, a 1975 album by Australian singer Alison MacCallum

Other
 Sweet Alison, a flowering plant

References
Mind control (also known as brainwashing, coercive persuasion or thought control) refers to the way some people have tried to control the beliefs and behaviours of others.

It is a process where a group or individual uses methods to persuade other to change their basic beliefs and values. A group or individual may use unethical  methods to persuade others to believe and do what the manipulator(s) want. It often harms the person being manipulated. 

The term has been applied to any tactic, psychological or otherwise, which undermines (damages) an individual's control over their own thinking, behaviour, emotions or decision making.

Theories of brainwashing and of mind control were originally developed to explain how totalitarian regimes appeared to succeed systematically in indoctrinating prisoners of war through propaganda and torture techniques.

History 
Some authors have pointed out that the ideas of mind control can be found in all stages of human history.
Korean War 
The Oxford English Dictionary records the earliest known use of brainwashing in an article Edward Hunter in Miami News published on 7 October 1950. During the Korean War, Hunter, who worked at the time both as a journalist before becoming a U.S. intelligence agent, wrote a series of books and articles on the theme of Chinese brainwashing.

The Chinese term  (xǐ năo, literally "wash brain") was originally used to describe methodologies of coercive persuasion used under the Maoist regime in China. The methods aimed to change  people's mindset so they became "right-thinking" members of the new Chinese social system.
Cults and the shift of focus
After the Korean War, mind control theories shifted in focus from politics to religion. From the 1960s an increasing number of youths started to come into contact with new religious movements (NRM). Some who converted suddenly adopted beliefs and behaviors that differed greatly from those of their families and friends; in some cases they neglected or broke contact with their loved ones. Those against cults explained these sudden and seemingly dramatic religious conversions as due to mind control. The media was quick to follow suit, and social scientists sympathetic to the anti-cult movement, who were usually psychologists, developed more sophisticated models of brainwashing. While some psychologists were receptive to these theories, sociologists were for the most part skeptical of their ability to explain conversion to NRMs.

References 

Cults
Social issues
Psychology
Pseudoscience
Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology (ACCET-Karaikudi) is an autonomous (with effect from 2009) college of engineering in Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 1952. The college is under the control of the state government. It is a member institute under the Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme in India (11 colleges were selected from Tamil Nadu).

Other websites 
 

Engineering schools
Colleges and universities in India
Sivaganga district
1952 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in India
585 was a common year.

Deaths 
 Emperor Bidatsu of Japan

References
The Water Walk, Infants Walk, or Addison's Walk (Allée d'Eau ou Allée des Marmousets) is a group of 14 fountains at Versailles. These fountains depict children supporting small basins of water. The Water Walk gently slopes from the Parterre du Nord to the Dragon Fountain and the Neptune Fountain. The Water Walk comprises three paths separated by two great lawns. The fourteen fountains are set in each of the two lawns, seven apiece. Another eight were added to the semicircle near the Walk's end. The Walk was created in 1670. The concept was that of Claude Perrault. The children were sculpted by Buirette, Le Hongre, Lerambert, and Mazeline after drawings by Le Brun.  The children were originally cast in lead and painted realistically in natural colours. They supported baskets of fruit and flowers. These figures were replaced with gilded bronze copies and basins of marble in 1688.
References 
 Constans, Claire. 1995. Versailles. Éditions Mahé S.A. p. 86.
 Perouse de Montclos, Jean-Marie. 1991. Versailles. Abbeville Press. pages 158, 339, 399.

Fountains of Versailles
The Dragon Fountain is a fountain at the Palace of Versailles in France. at the Palace of Versailles was dedicated by Gaspard Marsy in 1667. The fountain lies at the end of the northern axis between the Water Walk and Neptune Fountain. The Dragon Fountain shoots a jet of water 90 feet into the air. The Dragon Fountain was only operated when it was known the King would be present. All of the other fountains were required to be turned off for this spectacle to be accomplished. At other times it was regulated to a 35-foot jet. Statues of children mounted upon swans bedevil the Dragon.

Gallery

Fountains of Versailles
Francis Alick Howard, known as Frankie Howerd OBE (6 March 1917 - 19 April 1992) was a British comedian and comedy actor. He was born in York, North Riding of Yorkshire. He starred in several movies, including Carry On Doctor and Carry On Up the Jungle. He starred in television series including Up Pompeii!. He was a promiscuous homosexual and lived with his manager-partner Dennis Heymer (1928-2009) from 1955 until his death. Howerd died of heart failure in Fulham, London.

References

Other websites 

Actors from York
British stand-up comedians
Comedians from Yorkshire
Deaths from heart failure
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English television actors
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
1917 births
1992 deaths
A waistcoat (known as a vest in the United States) is a sleeveless upper-body garment. It is worn over a dress shirt and necktie, and below a coat as a part of most men's formal wear. It is the third piece of the three-piece male suit.

The waistcoat has quite a long history, going back to King Charles II. It was derived from the Persian vests seen by English visitors to the court of Shah Abbas. 

As an item of clothing, the waistcoat has the advantage that if the jacket is taken off indoors, the outfit still keeps a degree of formality.

References 

Tops (clothing)
QNX is an Unix-like, real-time operating system that is embedded in cars, medical devices, machinery, and other devices. The QNX operating system contains a microkernel that handles basic core tasks and a group of servers / daemons outside of the kernel that handle most other tasks. This design gives end-users and developers greater control (i.e. freedom) over the operating system. BlackBerry (formerly RIM) devices such as the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet and the BlackBerry smartphone use modified versions of the QNX operating system.

Other articles
GNU Hurd, a multiserver, microkernel-based system
HelenOS, a multiserver, microkernel-based operating system
MINIX, a multiserver, microkernel-based operating system

References

Other websites
QNX.com

Operating systems
The Neptune Fountain or the Fountain of Neptune (Fr: Bassin de Neptune) is a fountain at the Palace of Versailles. It was built under the direction of landscape designer André Le Nôtre between 1679 and 1681. At that time, it was called the Pool Below the Dragon or the Fir Tree Pool. The Fountain is at the end of the long path that features the Water Walk and the Dragon Fountain. Jacques-Ange Gabriel reworked the pool area very slightly, and, in 1740, the lead sculptures were put in place. The new fountain was officially opened by King Louis XV of France.
The fountain has 99 jets of water. People admired the force and variety of the jets of water playing over the sculptural groups. The fountain is decorated with stone vases, sea cupids, and three central sculpted groups depicting Neptune and Amphitrite by L. A. Adam, Proteus by Bouchardin, and Ocean by Jean-Baptise Lemoyne. The Neptune Fountain is the largest of all the fountain pools in the gardens of Versailles. Fireworks during the summer months create spectacular displays that are reflected in the fountain's large pool.

Gallery

Notes

References 
 Constans, Claire. 1995. Versailles Éditions Mahé S.A. page 88.
 Viator: Bassin de Neptune
Fountains of Versailles
Dihya (Algerian Arabic: , Berber: , Dihya, or Damya), was a Berber queen and religious and military leader. She led the native people to resist Arab expansion in Northwest Africa. This happened in the region then known as Numidia, which is eastern Algeria today. She was born in the early 7th century and died around the end of the 7th century in what is now Algeria.

Kings and queens
7th-century births
7th-century deaths
Berber people
Giulia Farnese (1474 – 23 March 1524) was mistress to Pope Alexander VI.

Further reading 
Patrizia Rosini, Danilo Romei (2012). "Regesto dei documenti di Giulia Farnese". ed. Lulu. .
Bellonci, Maria. The Life and Times of Lucrezia Borgia.
del Vecchio, Edoardo (1972). I Farnese. Rome: Istituto di studi romani.
Spinosa, Antonio (1999). La saga dei Borgia. Milan: Mondadori. .

1474 births
1524 deaths
Italian people
Marozia, born Maria and also known as Mariuccia or Mariozza (c. 890 – 26 June c. 936), was a Roman noblewoman who was said to be the mistress of Pope Sergius III.

890s births
930s deaths
People from Rome
Edith Swan Neck, known as Edith the Fair (c. 1025 – c. 1086), was the wife of King Harold II of England.

1020s births
1080s deaths
Anglo-Saxon royalty
Agatha of Kiev ( 1030 — 25 July 1070) was the wife of Edward the Exile, an exiled English prince who was supposed to become the King of England but then died before he could ever become. She was the daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, the Grand Prince of Kiev, and Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden, the daughter of the Swedish king, Olof Skötkonung. She was said to have been a loyal wife to her husband and a loving mother to her children.

Marriage and Issue
Agatha and Edward had three children:
Margaret ( 1047 — 1093), later known as Saint Margaret of Scotland, queen of Scotland. She married King Malcolm III of Scotland. She was the mother of three Scottish kings: Edgar, Alexander I, and David I.
Cristina ( 1049 —  1100), became a nun at Romsay Abbey.
Edgar (26 March 1051 — 21 July 1125), later known as Edgar Atheling, became the disputed King of England for two months in 1066 until where he was forced submitted to William the Conqueror. Eventually became a great knight and would join rebellions against William.
1030s births
1070 deaths
People from Kyiv
English royalty
Saint Solomonia Yuryevna Saburova (c. 1490 – 18 December 1542) was the first wife of Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy. She was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Sofia of Suzdal.

1490 births
1542 deaths
Christian saints
Johan Galtung (born 24 October 1930 in Oslo) is a Norwegian sociologist and mathematician. He is the main founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies. He thinks that world peace is not only the absence of war but also freedom from poverty and discrimination. In 1987, he won the Right Livelihood Award.

References

1930 births
Living people
Norwegian mathematicians
Nonviolence advocates
Scientists from Oslo
European sociologists
A tree emblem is a tree or plant that is chosen by a country as a symbol or emblem for that country.

Examples

References 

Trees
Lists of plants
Trees
Lists of countries
Natore is a district of Rajshahi Division in northern Bangladesh. 
It borders the metropolitan city of Rajshahi, and used to be part of Rajshahi district.

Etymology
At first Natore was a beel (a large water body) whose name was Chaivhanga. In 1706 Raja Ramjibon Rai established his capital here by filling the beel. Up until 1821 Natore was the central office of Rajshahi district. In 1845 Natore Mahakuma was established. Natore Municipality was established in 1869. Natore became a fullfledged district in 1984. “Indigo resistance” movements took place in this district during 1859 and 1860.

History
Natore was the District Headquarters of Rajshahi since 1769-1825. Administrative Natore subdivision was established in 1825 under Rajshahi district, on the eve of the shifting of the HQ.
During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 a direct battle was fought between the Pakistani occupation army and the freedom fighters of Mukti Bahini on 29 March in which about 40 members of the Pakistani army including Major Aslam and Captain Ishaq were killed. On 5 May 1971 Pakistani Army killed 42 employees of North Bengal Sugar Mills (Lalpur) including the then General Manager of the mill, Lieutenant Anwarul Azim; they were killed near a pond in the mill campus. The pond is now known as "Shaheed Sagar" and there is a memorial beside the pond.

Marks of the War of Liberation: Mass grave 5, memorial 1.

Districts in Rajshahi Division
Sirajganj () is a district in northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rajshahi Division.

Districts in Rajshahi Division
Pabna () is a district in north-western Bangladesh. It is the southernmost district of Rajshahi Division.

Districts in Rajshahi Division
In Christianity, the Sign of the Dove was a prearranged sign by which John the Baptist would recognize the Messiah.

The four Gospels each record an account of the sign of the dove.
Matt. 3:16 (Mark 1:10; Luke 3:22; John 1:32)
And Jesus, when he was baptized, went up straightway out of the water: and, lo, the heavens were opened unto him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove, and lighting upon him.

The sign of the dove is also recorded in the Book of Mormon.

1 Ne. 11:2abide upon him in the form of a dove.

2 Ne. 31:8 (D&C 93:15) Holy Ghost descended upon him in the form of a dove.

Abr. Fac. 2, Fig. 7 sign of the Holy Ghost... in the form of a dove.
Joseph Smith taught: "The sign of the dove was instituted before the creation of the world, a witness for the Holy Ghost, and the devil cannot come in the sign of a dove. The Holy Ghost is a personage, and is in the form of a personage. It does not confine itself to the form of the dove, but in sign of the dove. The Holy Ghost cannot be transformed into a dove; but the sign of a dove was given to John who had baptized Jesus to signify the truth of the deed, as the dove is an emblem or token of truth and innocence."

In Hebrew, Jonah (יוֹנָה) means dove.  The "sign of Jonas" in Mat 16:1-4 is related to the "sign of the dove".
Additional symbolism of the Dove 
The Christian symbol of a dove with an olive branch in it’s beak represents love and peace and comes from Genesis 8:6 - 12 which reads:
"And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made:...Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground; But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, for the waters were on the face of the whole earth: then he put forth his hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark. And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark; And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth. And he stayed yet other seven days; and sent forth the dove; which returned not again unto him any more."
Doves were also used in ancient Israel as Korban, or religious sacrifice within the tabernacle and temples.  
"And if the burnt sacrifice for his offering to the Lord be of fowls, then he shall bring his offering of turtledoves, or of young pigeons."

In the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, doves were used as symbols for the Canaanite mother goddess Asherah, the Phoenician goddess Tanit, and the Roman goddesses Venus and Fortunata.

Additional Scriptural References
Psalms 55:6 And I said, Oh that I had wings like a dove!  for then would I fly away, and be at rest.

Psalms 68:13 yet shall ye be as the wings of a dove covered with silver, and her feathers with yellow gold.

Song of Solomon 2:14 O my dove, that art in the clefts of the rock

Song of Solomon 5:2 Open to me, my sister, my love, my dove, my undefiled: for my head is filled with dew, and my locks with the drops of the night.

Isaiah 38:14 I did mourn as a dove: mine eyes fail with looking upward: O LORD, I am oppressed; undertake for me.
Jeremiah 48:28 O ye that dwell in Moab, leave the cities, and dwell in the rock, and be like the dove that maketh her nest in the sides of the hole's mouth.

Hosea 7:11 Ephraim also is like a silly dove without heart

References

Mormonism
Saint Anna of Kashin (1280 – 2 October 1368) was a Russian princess from the Rurik Dynasty. She was given sainthood in 1650. Her feast day, October 2, was created in 1909.

References 

Christian saints
1280 births
1368 deaths
Russian royalty