Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
On 22 April 2006, he released his first album without The Frames, The swell season, on Overcoat Recordings in collaboration with Czech singer and multi-instrumentalist Markéta Irglová, Marja Tuhkanen from Finland on violin and viola, and Bertrand Galen from France on cello.  Hansard also spent part of 2006 in front of the cameras for a music-infused Irish movie Once, in which Hansard plays a Dublin busker, and Irglová an immigrant street vendor.  The movie had its American premiere at the Sundance Film Festival in 2007 and received the Festival's World Cinema Audience Award.  During the promotional tour, he and Irglová began dating.  Said Hansard about his relationship with Irglova: "I had been falling in love with her for a long time, but I kept telling myself she's just a kid". One of the songs they wrote together for the movie ("Falling Slowly") won an Oscar for Best Song in February 2008. Hansard became the first Irish-born person to win in that category
. Hansard and Irglová also recorded a version of Bob Dylan's "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere" for the movie I'm Not There in 2007. In 2009, Hansard said that he and Irglova were no longer romantically linked, and that they are now "good friends."
Aside from his projects with The Frames and Irglová, Hansard also appeared as part of the band on the 2006 Oxfam charity album, The Cake Sale.  In addition, Hansard has recorded a few cover songs, both alone and with band member Colm Mac Con Iomaire, for the Today FM discs Even Better than the Real Thing. Songs that he has recorded include Justin Timberlake's "Cry Me a River" on Vol. 1 and Britney Spears' "Everytime" on Vol. 2.

Outside music, he appeared on a Simpsons episode as a street musician in Ireland.

Influences
Hansard has remarked about his musical influences:  "In my house, when I was a kid, there was the holy trinity, which was Leonard Cohen, Van Morrison and Bob Dylan with Bob sitting center."
Hansard and The Frames toured as the support act for Bob Dylan in Australia and New Zealand in August 2007 and Hansard  often performs Van Morrison's songs in concert.   "Into the Mystic" and "And the Healing Has Begun" were included on the collector's edition of the soundtrack for the movie Once.
References 

Irish guitarists
Irish singer-songwriters
1970 births
Living people
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
The Ciscaucasian hamster (Mesocricetus raddei) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found only in Russia and some areas of Devon.

Hamsters
Mammals of Europe
A MacBook Pro is a type of laptop computer made by Apple Inc. It replaced the PowerBook G4 and was the second Intel model to be released. It runs macOS and comes with a built in webcam and microphone and a power adapter that is attached by magnets. MacBook Pros are housed in aluminum metal and are currently available in 13", 14" and 16" models.

History 

The MacBook Pro was first introduced on January 2006 at the Macworld Expo. In June 2020, at the WWDC, Apple announced that Macs will be transitioning from Intel processsors to Apple silicon.
Models 
The first MacBook Pro was the 15" model, but a 17" model was released later that year. New models were released in late 2006, late 2007, early 2008, late 2008, and early 2009. In June 2009, a 13" model was added and the other sizes were also updated. The next updates happened in April 2010 and February 2011. Another update was released in June 2012, in which a new 15" model was introduced with a much higher display resolution (dubbed the Retina Display, meaning that it can display more pixels, creating a smoother image). However, Apple stopped making the 17" model.

In September 2016, Apple released the MacBook Pro with Touch Bar, a strip that replaces function keys. It came in 13" and 15" models. Updates followed in mid 2017, mid 2018 and mid 2019. The 16-inch MacBook Pro, featuring Intel Core i7 or i9 processors, was released in November 2019. It replaced 15-inch MacBook Pro. In early 2020, 13-inch model had been updated with new 10th gen Intel Core and Intel Iris Plus graphics.
In November 2020, Apple made a move from Intel processors to Apple Silicon with 13-inch MacBook Pro. It features an 8-core CPU, 8-core graphics and 16-core Neural Engine. The battery life has been extended to 20 hours. However, Apple continued selling Intel-based MacBook Pro until October 2021, when the new 14- and 16-inch MacBook Pro with either M1 Pro or M1 Max processor has been released.

Features 
The new MacBook Pro has several features:

Aluminum unibody
The aluminum unibody case makes the MacBook Pro lighter, polished, and stronger. On the left side of the computer, there is a button next to many indicator lights. This button will turn on the lights. They say how much battery power the computer has left. More lights on means more battery.

Battery
Battery

A built-in battery gives around 10 to 11 hours of power to Intel-based models and around 17 to 21 hours of power to Apple silicon models of the computer. This battery can be recharged up to 1,000 times, whereas typical notebooks can only be recharged 200 to 300 times.

Keyboard

The keyboard has curved and backlit keys.

Glass trackpad

The trackpad is the part of the laptop that is touch-sensitive. It allows the use to move the cursor on the screen by using their finger. The entire trackpad is also the trackpad button, adding more space to the trackpad. Right-click can be done with two fingers or using a right-click area. Some gestures (involving 2 or more fingers at once) are:

 Use two fingers to scroll up and down a page.
 Pinching with two fingers to zoom in and out.
 Rotate an image by turning two fingers.
 Swipe with four fingers to show your desktop, view all open windows or switch applications.
Storage
The 13-inch models have 256 GB SSD, all the way up to 2 TB. The 14-inch and 16-inch models have 512 GB SSD, all the way up to 8 TB.

Processors
The CPUs in the computers are either Apple M1, Apple M1 Pro or Apple M1 Max. Previously, The MacBook Pro used Intel Core chips.

An SD card slot in the early 13" and 15" MacBook Pros, as well as the new 14" and 16" MacBook Pros, can be used to import photos from a camera or camcorder.

Graphics
The GPU is intergrated into either Apple M1, Apple M1 Pro or Apple M1 Max chips. Previously, the MacBook Pro used Intel UHD Graphics, Intel Iris Plus or AMD Radeon Pro graphics.

Ports
The 13" MacBook Pro have 2 Thunderbolt 4 ports. The 14" and 16" MacBook Pro have three Thunderbolt 4 ports, Magsafe 3 and HDMI 2.0 ports, and a SD card reader and a 3.5 mm headphone jack.

Environmental impact
Features to reduce environmental impact 
The MacBook Pros have the following environmentally-friendly features:
 They have arsenic-free display glass.
 They are BFR-free.
 They have a mercury-free LED-backlit display glass.
 They have PVC-free internal cables.
 Their enclosure is made from highly recyclable aluminum and glass.
 Their packaging has been reduced.
 They meet Energy Star 5.0 requirements.
 They are rated EPEAT Gold.

Related pages
MacBook

References

Other websites 
MacBook Pro website

MacBook
Joan Geraldine Bennett (February 27, 1910 – December 7, 1990) was an Emmy-nominated American movie actress who appeared in more than 70 Hollywood movies from the silent era to talkies, from color to the advent of television and epic movies. She may be best known and loved for her film noir movies femme fatale roles in movies by director Fritz Lang.

Biography
Joan Bennett had three distinct phases to her long and successful career, first as a winsome blonde ingenue, then as a brunette femme fatale and, finally, as a warm-hearted wife/mother figure.
Early life
Born in Palisades, N.J., she was part of a famous theatrical family with a lineage dating back to traveling minstrels in 18th century England. Her father was actor Richard Bennett, her mother, actress Adrienne Morrison, and her sisters, actress Constance Bennett and dancer, Barbara Bennett. Joan first acted onstage with her father at age 18 and by 19 had become a movie star courtesy of her roles in such movies as Bulldog Drummond (1929) and Disraeli (1929). She moved quickly from movie to movie throughout the 1930s, appearing with John Barrymore in his version of Moby Dick (1930) and playing Amy to Katharine Hepburn's Jo in Little Women (1933). Of the three Bennett sisters, Joan would achieve the greatest fame.

Career
Career

Contracted to 20th Century Fox, Joan Bennett appeared as a blonde ingenue in several movies including Puttin' on the Ritz in 1930 and Me and My Gal in 1932, before leaving this studio to appear in Little Women (1933). The latter movie brought Bennett to the attention of producer Walter Wanger, who signed her to a contract and eventually (in 1940) married her.
Wanger managed Bennett's career, and with director Tay Garnett convinced her to change her hair from blonde (her natural color) to brunette. With this change her screen persona evolved into that of a glamorous seductive, femme fatale and she began to attract attention in a series of highly acclaimed movie noirs by director Fritz Lang. During the search to find an actress to play Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind, Bennett was tested and impressed producer David O. Selznick. She was briefly considered to be a front runner for this part but Selznick eventually turned his attention to Paulette Goddard, who was then rejected in favour of Vivien Leigh.
In the 1940s Bennett appeared in four movies directed by Fritz Lang with whom she and Wanger had formed their own movie company. Three of these movies, Man Hunt (1941), The Woman in the Window (1945), and Scarlet Street (1945) established her as a movie noir femme fatale and leading Hollywood actress. She also worked with noted directors Jean Renoir in The Woman on the Beach (1947) and Max Ophüls in The Reckless Moment. Other highlights of the more mature phase of her career include the role of Spencer Tracy's wife and Elizabeth Taylor's mother in both Father of the Bride (1950) and Father's Little Dividend (1951).

Scandal & later years
In 1950, Bennett changed agents. In 1951 Wanger shot and injured Bennett's new MCA agent, Jennings Lang (1915-1996), with whom she had allegedly begun an affair. The resulting scandal hurt her career much more than Wanger's, according to the double standards toward women of the time. Wanger's attorney, Jerry Giesler, mounted a "temporary insanity" defense and Wanger served a four-month sentence at the Castaic Honor Farm two hours' drive north of Los Angeles, quickly returning to his movie career to make a string of intelligent hit movies. Bennett, meanwhile was forced to flee to Chicago to appear in theater, and later in television because the scandal was too great a stain on her movie career and the movie studios were already floundering in the 1950s as it was. Though Humphrey Bogart, a longtime friend of Bennett's, pleaded with the studios on her behalf to keep her role in We're No Angels following the shooting scandal, that movie proved to be one of Bennett's last
. Wanger and Bennett remained married until 1965.
Bennett continued to work steadily in theatre and television and was a cast member of the television series Dark Shadows for its entire five year run, from 1966 until 1971, receiving an Emmy Award nomination for her performance therein.  Bennett also appeared in a few more movies, most notably the cult horror thriller from Italian director Dario Argento's Suspiria. In the last decades of her life, she was married to David Wilde, a Yale graduate and movie critic. Bennett died from a heart attack in Scarsdale, New York at the age of 80, and was buried in Pleasant View Cemetery, Lyme, Connecticut.

Joan Bennett was survived by 4 daughters (Diana Fox, Melinda Markey, and Shelley and Stephanie Wanger) and 13 grandchildren.

Bennett has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for services to Motion Pictures, at 6310 Hollywood Boulevard.

Filmography
Filmography

The Valley of Decision (1916)
The Eternal City (1923)
Power (1928)
The Divine Lady (1929)
Bulldog Drummond (1929)
Three Live Ghosts (1929)
Disraeli (1929)
The Mississippi Gambler (1929)
Puttin' on the Ritz (1930)
Crazy That Way (1930)
Moby Dick (1930)
Maybe It's Love (1930)
Scotland Yard (1930)
Many a Slip (1931)
Doctors' Wives (1931)
Hush Money (1931)
She Wanted a Millionaire (1932)
Careless Lady (1932)
The Trial of Vivienne Ware (1932)
Week Ends Only (1932)
Wild Girl (1932)
Me and My Gal (1932)
Arizona to Broadway (1933)
Little Women (1933)
The Pursuit of Happiness (1934)
The Man Who Reclaimed His Head (1934)
Private Worlds (1935)
Mississippi (1935)
Two for Tonight (1935)
She Couldn't Take It (1935)
The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo (1935)
Big Brown Eyes (1936)
Thirteen Hours by Air (1936)
Two in a Crowd (1936)
Wedding Present (1936)
Vogues of 1938 (1937)
I Met My Love Again (1938)
The Texans (1938)
Artists and Models Abroads (1938)
Trade Winds (1938)
The Man in the Iron Mask (1939)
The Housekeeper's Daughter (1939)
Green Hell (1940)
The House Across the Bay (1940)
The Man I Married (1940)
The Son of Monte Cristo (1940)
She Knew All the Answers (1941)
Man Hunt (1941)
Wild Geese Calling (1941)
Confirm or Deny (1941)
The Wife Takes a Flyer (1942)
Twin Beds (1942)
Girl Trouble (1942)
Margin of Error (1943)
The Woman in the Window (1944)
Nob Hill (1945)
Scarlet Street (1945)
Colonel Effingham's Raid (1946)
The Macomber Affair (1947)
The Woman on the Beach (1947)
Secret Beyond the Door.. (1948)
Hollow Triumph (1948)
The Reckless Moment (1949)
Father of the Bride (1950)
For Heaven's Sake (1950)
Father's Little Dividend (1951)
The Guy Who Came Back (1951)
Highway Dragnet (1954)
We're No Angels (1955)
There's Always Tomorrow (1956)
Navy Wife (1956)
Desire in the Dust (1960)
House of Dark Shadows (1970)
Suspiria (1977)
Short subjects
Screen Snapshots (1932)
The Fashion Side of Hollywood (1935)
Hollywood Party (1937)
Hedda Hopper's Hollywood No. 6 (1942)

Other websites

 Profile @ Turner Classic Movies
Joan Geraldine Bennett 
Photographs of Joan Bennett
Article on Walter Wanger shooting Jennings Lang

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New Jersey
1910 births
1990 deaths
American silent movie actors
The  were riots where many of the citizens of Japan became upset and rebelled against the government. This happened between July 1918 to September 1918. They caused the ending of the Terauchi Masatake government.
Causes 
A very large rise in the price of rice caused very bad economic (money) problems, especially in rural areas (outside of cities) where rice was the main food of daily life for the people. Farmers, became angry at the government (who set the amount of money made by the farmers) and the rice merchants when they learned that they were making much less money for growing the rice than it was being sold for to the public. They blamed the government and the merchants for letting the price of rice rise so high. The rise in the price of rice happened just at the worst point in the rapid rise in prices in many things such as food and rents that was happening just after World War I. This caused problems for the people of Japan. The Siberian Intervention made things worse because the government themselves bought lots of rice to feed their soldiers who were outside of Japan. This made the price of rice rise even more. The government did not do anything to stop it, and it spread to the towns and cities.
The riots 
The Rice Riots were the biggest, most violent and widespread in modern Japanese history. The first protest happened in the small fishing town of Uozu in Toyama Prefecture, on 23 July 1918. Starting with peaceful petitioning, the protest quickly grew into riots, strikes, looting, incendiary bombings of police stations and government offices and into armed fights. By mid-September 1918, over 623 protests and or riots had happened in 38 cities, 153 towns and 177 villages, with over 2 million people taking part in them. 25,000 people were arrested, and 8200 were convicted of crimes. Punishments were given including minor fines and up to the death penalty.

Prime Minister Terauchi said he and his cabinet were to blame for the riots, and they all ended their jobs on 29 September 1918.
People studying this part of Japanese history think that the riots and so the need for rice in some way may have caused the Japanese to grow their occupation of other countries. Evidence of this is thought to be the increase in rice production in Taiwan and Korea.

References

Notes 

1918
20th century in Japan
20th-century riots
Judith Chapman (born Judith Shepard on November 15, 1952) is an actress well known to fans of daytime television in the United States.  She has appeared on many daytime dramas since the mid-1970s.  Her first daytime role was that of "Natalie Bannon Hughes" on As the World Turns from 1975 to 1978.  Her character became known as "Nasty Natalie." Her present role started in January 2005, when she joined the cast of The Young and the Restless replacing Joan Van Ark in the role of Gloria Fisher.

In addition to her many daytime television roles, Chapman has had a long career in both stage and movies. Her most recent movie role was that of the mother of Judy (Parker Posey) in the 2002 romantic comedy, The Sweetest Thing.

Personal life
Chapman was born in Greenville, South Carolina on November 15, 1952. She is the daughter of United States Air Force general Leland Shepard.
In her spare time, Chapman enjoys yoga and directing local theater in the Palm Springs, California area. She has a home in that area as well as one in Los Angeles where her show is made. Until recently, she was part-owner of St. James at The Vineyard, a fancy restaurant in Palm Springs.

She received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Desert Theatre League (DTL) on Sunday, November 20, 2005, at the DTL's 18th "Desert Stars Awards" Ceremony held at the Riviera Resort in Palm Springs.

Filmography

Television
Chapman was also a guest actress on two episodes of Magnum, P.I. - "The Black Orchid" from season 1, and "The Woman on the Beach" from season 2. two of the most popular episodes of that series.

Starring roles
 As the World Turns - Natalie Bannon Hughes (1975-1978)
 General Hospital - Ginny Blake Webber (1984-1986)
 Days of Our Lives - Anjelica Deveraux Curtis (1989-1990, 1991)
 The Young and the Restless - Gloria Abbott Bardwell (2005-present)
Guest roles
 Kojak - Gretchen Hodges (1976)
 False Face - Heather/Jane (1977)
 Barnaby Jones - Rita Lockwood (1978)
 Fantasy Island Evelyn Wallace (1978)
 The Paper Chase - Amelia Hutton (1979)
 Beyond Westworld - Laura Garvey (1980)
 Family - Jo Hamlin (1980)
 The Incredible Hulk - Nancy (1980)
 Buck Rogers in the 25th Century - Lara Teasian (1980)
 B.J. and the Bear - Pamela Gerard (1980)
 Fitz and Bones - Clementine (1981)
 The Five of Me - Sally (1981)
 The Love Boat - Nancy Atwell (1981)
 Farrell for the People - Victoria Walton-Mason (1982)
 Ryan's Hope - Charlotte Greer (1983)
 Simon & Simon - Denise Carroll (1983)
 Trapper John, MD (1983)
 One Life to Live - Sandra Montaign (1987)
 Stingray - Carla (1987)
 One Life to Live - Sandra Montaigne (1987)
 Murder She Wrote (three episodes, 1987-92)
 MacGyver - Dr. Sandra Millhouse (1988)
 Chameleons - Lainie Roberts (1989)
 In the Heat of the Night - Charlotte Sinclaire (1989)
 Mortal Fear (1994)
Movies
 Desire - Julie Seaver (1983)
 And God Created Woman - Alexandra (1988)
 Dead Space - Stote (1991)
 Night of the Running Man - Roz Chambers (1994)
 Scorpio One - Gibson (1997)
 28 Days - Deirdre, Soap Opera Cast (2000)
 The Sweetest Thing - Judy's Mother (2002)

References

Other websites
 

1952 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from South Carolina
People from Greenville, South Carolina
Hinduism is the second largest religious affiliation in Bangladesh, covering over at least 8.5% of the population. In terms of population, the independent nation-state of Bangladesh is the third-largest Hindu state of the world after the Republic of India and Nepali states, and hosts the world's largest minority population of Hindus of Bengali ethnic origin.

In nature, Bangladeshi Hinduism closely resembles the forms and customs of Hinduism practiced in the neighboring Indian state of West Bengal, with which Bangladesh (at one time known as East Bengal) was united with that country until the Partition of India in 1947. The river Ganges is a sacred holy river that flows into the country from Bharat.

Demography
Bangladesh population is 149,772,364 of which, hindu population according to 2011 census of Bangladesh is 12,730,651 constituting 8.54% of the country's population.
However, at certain times different leaders and the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics have given different numbers estimation based on their research.

 Note: This was just their claim based on their estimation research and is not related to any government census authority.

References
Further reading
Blood, Archer K. (2005). The cruel birth of Bangladesh: Memoirs of an American diplomat. Dhaka: University Press.
Benkin, Richard L. (2014). A quiet case of ethnic cleansing: The murder of Bangladesh's Hindus. New Delhi: Akshaya Prakashan.
Dastidar, S. G. (2008). Empire's last casualty: Indian subcontinent's vanishing Hindu and other minorities. Kolkata: Firma KLM.
Kamra, A. J. (2000). The prolonged partition and its pogroms: Testimonies on violence against Hindus in East Bengal 1946-64.
Taslima Nasrin (2014). Lajja. Gurgaon, Haryana, India: Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd, 2014.
Rosser, Yvette Claire. (2004) Indoctrinating Minds: Politics of Education in Bangladesh, New Delhi: Rupa & Co. .
Mukherji, S. (2000). Subjects, citizens, and refugees: Tragedy in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, 1947-1998. New Delhi: Indian Centre for the Study of Forced Migration.
Sarkar, Bidyut (1993). Bangladesh 1992: This is our home: Sample Document of the Plight of our Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, and Tribal Minorities in our Islamized Homeland: Pogroms 1987-1992. Bangladesh Minority Hindu, Buddhist, Christian, (and Tribal) Unity Council of North America.
Bangladeshi culture
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
The bilateral relations between the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan and the Republic of India have been traditionally close. With independence in 1947, India inherited the suzerainty over Bhutan enjoyed by the British Raj. Although modified and modernised since, India remains influential over Bhutan's foreign policy, defence and commerce.

Foreign relations of India
Bhutan
Indo-Irish relations between the Republic of Ireland and the Republic of India picked up steam during the freedom struggles of the respective countries against a common imperial empire in the United Kingdom. Political relations between the two states have largely been based on socio-cultural ties, although political and economic ties have also helped build relations. Indians recognise Northern Ireland as part of its country.

Republic of Ireland
Foreign relations of India
Cornish people (Cornish: Kernowyon) are often regarded as a distinct ethnic group or national identity of the United Kingdom, originating in Cornwall. They are described as a Celtic people.

In the 19th century, many Cornish people moved abroad to find jobs in mining. Today, descendents of Cornish people can be found all over the world, including Australia, Canada, America, Mexico and South Africa.

Other websites
 www.cornwall.gov.uk, the website of Cornwall Council
 www.cornishculture.co.uk, an online guide to Cornish Celtic culture

Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
Celtic peoples
Argentine-Indian relations are foreign relations between Argentina and India.  Diplomatic relations were established on February 3rd, 1949.  India has an embassy in Buenos Aires and Argentina has an embassy in New Delhi. Indians have expressed its desires to agree with the Argentinian claims on British colonies in Southern Atlantic Ocean and other territorial border disputes with Chile.

Government of Argentina
Foreign relations of India
The Yaqui River (Río Yaqui in Spanish) (Hiak Vatwe in Yaqui) is a river in the state of Sonora in northwest Mexico. It is the largest river system in the state of Sonora. The Yaqui river is used for irrigation.

It is about 320km (200mi) in length, the Yaqui flows south and southwest to empty into the Gulf of California. 
The Yaqui river starts in the Sierra Madre Occidental and flows into the Gulf of California near the port of Guaymas.

Its course is broken up by several reservoirs like Plutarco Elías Calles (El Novillo), Lázaro Cárdenas (Angostura), or Álvaro Obregón (El Oviáchic, Lake Ouiachic), which provides the water for the heavily farmed region of Ciudad Obregón.

Rivers of Mexico
Sonora
Kacchu is a Japanese traditional armor. Japanese swords and scabbards are higher quality than swords from other countries. Therefore, Kacchu also needed to develop to protect the body from attack. Kacchu was also made to be worn by horses. It was made of leather, bronze and iron.
Among the samurai it was used only for protection. Kacchu is now often used in feasts, entertainment and festivals. It has become colorful, simple and luxurious. Because Japanese people are becoming interested in the samurai, kacchu is becoming more popular. Kacchu has a high popularity among couples on the birth of the boy. In marriage, a bridegroom wears a tuxedo or hakama but, recently there have been more men wearing Kacchu. Kanetsugu Naoe’s (直江 兼続) Kacchu is especially popular. He was a strategist in the Warring State Period in Japan. He is also called the general Kanetsugu Naoe of Uesugi. Kanetsugu Naoe only loved one woman, Osen(お船) and did not have another wife in time of polygamy. Therefore, couples think they swear to love forever by wearing his Kacchu. In fact, the Kanji for "love"(愛)　sticks out from his helmet. This Kanji has four different meanings: “personal grace of love”(仁徳愛), “people of love”(民衆愛), “Aizenmyouou”(愛染明王), and “Atagoshinkou”(愛宕信仰)
. “Aizenmyouou” means the hero who realizes sexual desires and “Atagoshinkou” means the religion of gods from Atago temple.
When a boy is born, Kacchu is decorated on “Tango no sekku”(端午の節句), called “Children’s day”, is the festival which celebrates boy’s growing and children’s health. As charms, Kacchu and Katana(刀) are decorated on the inside with symbols which are meant to protect a boy’s body and soul.

References
 Naoe-kanetsugu.com(直江兼続.com).　Yonezawa city. Retrieved on 3 May 2009
 General Kanetsugu Naoe of Uesugi(上杉の智将　直江兼続). Yonezawa city. Retrieved on 1 June 2009
 Kyoto National Museum (1987).

Armour
History of Japan
Japanese clothing
Samurai
Calligraphy is the art of writing. The word is from the Greek language and means "beautiful writing". In the west, this was an interest in decorating words on the page. Calligraphy in the Western world was always considered a minor art.

East Asian calligraphy was a "high art" form before the Tang Dynasty. It continues to have a high status among the arts. It is practiced today by many people including school children.

References 

Calligraphy
Mad cow disease is the common name of Bovine spongiform encephalopathy. It's a disease that affects a cow's nervous system and their physical state. It comes from the chemistry structure of prion protein. When cattle get this disease, they have holes forming in their brains. The brain becomes spongy and begins to waste away. The cattle become very violent and show signs of mental disorder and have trouble when they move. It has a long incubation period, about 4 to 5 years. Cattle that are 4 to 5 years old can get the disease very easily.

It was not a common disease, but in 1996 the Minister of Health and Welfare in England said that it could be contracted by humans. Mad cow disease has damaged the cattle industry. Some food was made from cattle that had the disease. In England, the nation that was worst affected, more than 179,000 cattle were infected and 4.4 million were killed in an attempt to get rid of the disease.
Korea 
In 2012, Korean President Lee's negotiations about the import of beef from the USA made the public angry. Many people went to the square in front of city hall and protested. It caused a lot of trouble, and the approval rating of the president sharply decreased.

India 

Only Indian (Desi Cow) cows were able to survive from the disease. Researchers are still trying to figure out why only the Desi Cows can resist succumbing to the disorder. Other countries have started importing Indian cow breeds to their countries.

Related pages
 Prion disease
 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ("mad cow disease" in humans)
 Chronic wasting disease (Similar disease in deer)

References 

Infectious diseases
Animal diseases
Galen of Pergamum (129–199/217 AD) was a prominent Greek physician and philosopher from Pergamon, a Greek city in western Asia Minor. He was an important medical researcher in the Roman Empire and his theories influenced Western medical science for over a thousand years.

Biography
Galen was the son of Aelius Nicon, a Greek architect and builder. Galen invented the 'Theory of Opposites' based on Hippocrates' Four Humours' theory, which helped develop medicine in the Roman age and again in the Middle Ages to include more natural-based medicine (rather than just religious medicine).

Some of the observations he made in his books were wrong as he could only dissect animals (mostly pigs and apes) and compare them to humans due to the Roman ban on dissecting human corpses.
Later in the Renaissance period, people such as Andreas Vesalius wrote books showing that some of what Galen said was wrong. He was most famous for his discovery that proved that arteries carry blood and his dissection of a pig proved that the larynx nerves control the voice. He also proved that the brain controls the body and not the heart.

Galen was vital in the beginnings of natural medicine and is called the "Father of Anatomy". He is also called the "Father of Medicine" second to Hippocrates.

Gallery

References

Citations

Sources

Other websites
Galen - A Biographical Sketch (Medicina Antiqua)
Galen (Encyclopædia Britannica)
Galen (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Works by Galen (Corpus Medicorum Graecorum)
Works by Galen (Perseus Digital Library)

Greek physicians
Ancient Greek philosophers
Ancient Roman philosophers
Anatomists
120s births
190s deaths
Ibn Battuta (1304 – 1368 or 1369) was a Moroccan explorer. He is known for the account of his journeys called the Rihla ("Voyage"). He travelled for nearly 30 years and covered most of the Islamic world. He also explored West Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China. This distance was more than Marco Polo travelled; about . Ibn Battuta was considered the greatest traveller of the medieval period.
Battuta also made  maps that were used by cartographers. He also met Mohammad Bin Tughlaq and wrote a book called "The Travels Of Ibn Battutta".
Ibn Battuta met a Syrian Arab Damascene girl who was a slave of a black African governor in Mali. Ibn Battuta engaged in a conversation with her in Arabic.
 The black man was a scholar of Islam and his name was Farba Sulayman. He was openly violating the rule in Islam against enslaving Arabs.

Christians became part of harems as slaves in the Balkans and Asia Minor when the Turks invaded. Muslim qadis owned Christian slave girls. Greek girls who were pretty were forced into prostitution after being enslaved to Turks who took all their earnings in the 14th century according to Ibn Battuta.

Notes

1360s deaths
1304 births
Explorers
Moroccan people
The Kyshtym disaster was a radiation contamination disaster on 29 September 1957, in Mayak, a nuclear plant in Russia (then a part of the Soviet Union).  It measured as a Level 6 disaster on the International Nuclear Event Scale (the Chernobyl disaster and the Fukushima disaster are the only accidents listed as more serious than this one).

Mayak is the name for a number of nuclear facilities, which are about  from Ekaterinburg, in Russia. The facilities were also known as Chelyabinsk-65, or Chelyabinsk-40. Mayak was built between 1945 and 1948. It was the first plant that could produce nuclear material in the Soviet Union. At times, up to 25.000 people worked at Mayak. They produced the plutonium fuel that was used for the first Soviet atomic bomb, amongst other things.

Between 1948 and 1987, a total of ten nuclear reactors were built. Until 1991, all but two were closed. The two remaining produce radioactive isotopes for health care and for research purposes.
During different accidents, a large amount of radioactivity was released into the environment. The biggest of these accidents happened in 1957, and is known as Kyshtym Disaster today. It happened in a plant near Kishtim (Кыштым). There were many accidents in this secret plant.  The most serious of them happened on September 29, 1957. The cooling system of the plant failed to work. A (non-nuclear) explosion occurred. This explosion had the force of between 75 and 100 tons of TNT. It threw the lid of the container, which weighted 160 tons, into the air. The accident released about 20 MegaPCi (about 740 Petabecquerel) of radioactivity. At least 200 people died from radiation sickness. About 10,000 people were evacuated from their homes. More than 470,000 people were affected by the radiation, without knowing it.
During the next ten to eleven hours, the radioactive cloud moved towards the northeast, reaching between 300 and 350 kilometers from the accident.  The fallout of the cloud resulted in a long-term contamination of an area of more than 800 square kilometers, mostly with caesium-137 and strontium-90.  Today, the area is known as the East-Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT).

The existence of Mayak was a secret. Only very few people knew it was there. For this reason, the people living in the areas affected by the accident were not told about the accident. On 6 October, a week after the accident, the authorities started to evacuate about 10,000 people, but they did not tell about the reason for the evacuation. People grew hysterical with fear because unknown 'mysterious' diseases were breaking out. Victims were seen with skin 'sloughing off' their faces, hands and other exposed parts of their bodies." It was Zhores Medvedev who revealed the nature and extent of the disaster to the world.
Even though the Soviet government hid information about the figures, it is known that the direct exposure to radiation caused at least 200 cases of death from cancer.

To reduce the spread of radioactive contamination after the accident, contaminated soil was removed and kept in fenced enclosures that were called "graveyards of the earth".

In 1968, the Soviet government disguised the EURT area by creating the East-Ural Nature Reserve, which prohibited any unauthorised access to the affected area.

Rumours of a nuclear mishap somewhere near Chelyabinsk had long been circulating in the West. That there had been a serious nuclear accident west of the Urals was eventually inferred from research on the effects of radioactivity on plants, animals, and ecosystems, published by Professor Leo Tumerman, former head of the Biophysics Laboratory at the Institute of Molecular Biology in Moscow, and associates.
According to Gyorgy, who invoked the Freedom of Information Act to gain access to the relevant Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) files, the CIA knew of the 1957 Mayak accident all along. They kept it secret to prevent adverse consequences for the fledgling American nuclear industry.  Only in 1990 did the Soviet government declassify documents pertaining to the disaster.

According to different sources, the amount of radioactivity produced by this disaster is between twice and six times that of Chernobyl disaster of 1986. Because the leakage was more limited, this is classified as a Level 6 (of 7) disaster on the International Nuclear Event Scale. Chernobyl is rated at Level 7.

In 2003, Russian authorities closed down the Mayak plant. Lake Karachay, which is close to the plant is seen as one of the most contaminated spots on the planet.
In the past 45 years, about 500,000 people in the region have been irradiated in one or more of the incidents. Some  of them were exposed to more than 20 times the radiation suffered by the Chernobyl disaster effects victims.

Related pages
Nuclear accidents
Nuclear disasters

References

Other websites 
 Techa. The Radioactive River (in Russian Wikipedia) 
 A report on the 1957 accident and on endemic radioactive pollution at Mayak.
 Material prepared for the Nuclear Threat Initiative by the Monterey Institute's Center for Nonproliferation Studies. 
 Chelyabinsk-65 / Ozersk Combine 817 / Production Association Mayak. From GlobalSecurity.org.
 On Ozersk and Mayak, from the Ural Press. 
 Eyewitness accounts of unsafe working conditions at Mayak. 
 Campaign to clean up Mayak. From Greenpeace web site. 
 More from Greenpeace 
 Article from the Russian press 
 URAL CHERNOBIL: TRAGEDY of TATARS
 The book F.Bajramova "The nuclear archipelago or atomic genocide against Tatars" (1st chapter)
1957
1950s in the Soviet Union
Disasters in the Soviet Union
Nuclear accidents
September events
Oldboy is a 2003 movie by Park chan-wook. This movie is based on the 1997 Japanese comic book. It is a mystery action movie about the contest of Oh Dae-su who was confined in private jail for 15 years (even he does not know why he was caged) and Lee woo-jin who confined Oh because of revenge. This movie deals especially and in detail with human hatred and revenge, and uses nice visual techniques to deal with sensational material.

The movie was nominated for many international movie festivals. It won 31 awards including Best Director at the Cannes Film Festival in 2004.

References

2003 movies
Korean-language movies
Cheese on toast is a type of food sometimes called grilled cheese. It is often eaten as a light snack. It is popular because it is easy to make quickly, and uses few ingredients. It is made by grilling cheese on toast but can also be made using a toaster oven.

Cheese on toast is often made with cheddar cheese. Other items (such as grilled tomatoes and butter) may be added to the dish.

Ingredients 
Bread
Cheese
Toast

Related pages 
Sandwich
Cheese
Butter
Bread
Toast

References 

Cheese dishes
Deoksugung, also known as Gyeongun-gung, Deoksugung Palace, or Deoksu Palace, (Deoksugung ; 덕수궁, 德壽宮), is one of the five grand palaces of the Korean Joseon Dynasty.

When the Japanese invaded Joseon in 1592, King Seonjo escaped from Hanyang (present-day Seoul) and fled to Uiju. When the war finished, he returned to Seoul.
But there was no place for him to stay, because all of the palaces (such as Gyeongbok Palace, Changdeok Palace, Changgyeong Palace) had burned down during the war.

So, he lived in this place, which was originally the home of Prince Wolsandaegun who was King Seongjong's elder brother.

King Gwanghaegun who succeeded King Seonjo renamed this palace Gyeongun Palace (Gyeongungung ; 경운궁).
The palace became a secondary royal residence after the king moved to Changdeok Palace.
Queen Dowager Inmok was confined to the palace, and it was renamed West Palace(Seogung ; 서궁).
After he was overthrown by King Injo, it was returned to itsoriginal owners.
After two years, King Gojong returned to power and he chose to live in this palace.
He renamed this palace Gyeongun Palace again.
An electrical system and fencing were installed at the palace, and the name of the palace was changed to Deoksugung Palace: meaning the palace of virtuous longevity.
He remained at the palace even after he had relinquished the throne to his son, Emperor Yunghui (or Emperor Sunjong ; 융희제, 순종)

From 1910 until 1945, when Korea was under the colonial rule of Japan, the palaces's buildings were destroyed and made into a public park.

Buildings and structures in South Korea
Palaces in Asia
Infinite Challenge is a famous Korean TV show. Its Korean name is Muhan Dojeon. It started in 2005 as Mu(mo)han Dojeon and titled Muhan Dojeon in 2006. 

There are seven people on the show now; Yoo Jae-suk, the MC, Park Myeong-su always seated second, Jeong Jun-ha whose nickname is 'eating god' because he eats a lot and fast, Roh Hong-cheol who can speak quickly and has swindler character, Jeong Hyeong-don who is called "MiJon gae-oh" that means remarkable in everywhere, HaHa who is called "little baby", Jun Jin was a member for about 2 years and went military service. Instead of him, Gil who is singer of South Korea's Hip-hop group Leessang appears in this show.
This show is the first real variety show in Korea. The seven members of the team try new challenges for each episode. For example, they held an end of year concert to raise money for unfortunate neighbors, made a drama, met and played games with world famous stars like Thierry Henry and Paris Hilton. These were all produced by Kim Tae-ho, the producer of Infinite Challenge. He wants to keep the program new and exciting so he has recently tried to add a new member of the team.

Reality television series
South Korean comedy television  series
2005 television series debuts
2005 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in South Korea
Bean Pole International is the name of a South Korean clothes brand. It was started by Cheil-Mogic, one of the Samsung Company group, in 1989.

The brand name "Bean Pole" signifies happiness and hope, by symbolizing a man riding a bicycle in the novel Daddy Long-Legs. The picture of a man riding a bicycle is the logo of Bean Pole. In addition, it also signifies the tradition of the Boston Ivy League universities.

In the 21st century Bean Pole became a nationally famous brand in South Korea. It has six sub-brands including Bean Pole, Bean Pole Ladies, and Bean Pole Golf. They have become an international company selling clothes to China, the United States and Europe. They hired Gwyneth Paltrow and Daniel Henny to appear in advertising to promote the brand name.

Companies of South Korea
Clothing companies
1989 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in South Korea
Nakseongdae is a park in Gwanak, Seoul. It is the birthplace of the famous Goryeo-Era general, Gang Gam-chan (강감찬, 姜邯贊 ; 948-1031). Legend says that when Gang Gam-chan was born, a star fell from Heaven.  Because of this, his birthplace was named "Site of the Falling Star" (Nakseongdae).

The people of the Goryeo Kingdom (918-1392) built a three-story pagoda at the house of Gang Gam-chan's birth to praise him for his great deeds.  He defeated 400,000 invading Khitan soldiers. Damaged parts of this pagoda were rebuilt by the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 1964, and the pagoda was named Seoul Tangible Cultural Property No. 4 in 1972. Two years later, a shrine was built for Gang Gam-chan. The pagoda, which was originally at 218 Bongcheon-dong, was moved to be with the shrine.

Related pages 
 Nakseongdae Station
 Nakseongdae Park

Buildings and structures in Seoul
Hwaseong Fortress () is the wall that surrounds the centre of Suwon.  Suwon is the capital city of Gyeonggi-do, a province in South Korea. The fortress was built by Jeongjo, the 22nd king of the Joseon Dynasty.

The wall is about 6 km long and it has four gates.

Jeongjo wanted to show loyalty to his family.  He wanted to protect his father's burial place.  He wanted to strengthen his power and protect the southern area of Suwon.  He also wanted to reduce conflict between different political parties.

Construction started near Mount Paldalsan in January 1794. Construction was finished in September 1796.  Chae Jae-gong supervised the building process. Chae Jae-gong was a former minister in the government and the magistrate of Yeongjungchubu County.  Engineers made new tools to help build the fortress.  The Geojunggi was one of these new tools.  It is a traditional Korean crane. They also made potter's wheels were created.  They were used to move and put together large stones for the wall.
After the original fortress was finished in 1801, a construction archive called the Hwaseong Seongyeokuigwe was published.  This archive recorded what the fortress was like when it was first built.  This helped construction workers know how to rebuild the fortress after it was damaged, so it would look like the original wall.

The fortress was partly damaged twice.  First, it was damaged when Japan controlled Korea in the early 20th century.  The fortress was also damaged during the Korean War.  Today, most of its original features have been restored.  

The fortress is on both flat and hilly lands.  This is uncommon in neighbouring China and Japan.

The fortress is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

References

Buildings and structures in South Korea
Fortification
World Heritage Sites in South Korea
18th-century buildings and structures
Yi Sang-jae (, 26 October 1850 – 29 March 1927; also written as Lee Sang-jae) was a religious leader and independence fighter at the end of the Korean Empire.

He was born in Jongji-ri, Chungcheongnam-do. His courtesy name is Gye-ho. He was the president of the Independence Association and published the first Korean private newspaper, Independence Newspaper. When Korea was a colony of Japan, he was active in the movement to establish the Korean Private University. Also, he was the first president of Singanhoe, one of the biggest independence groups in Korea.

References

Other websites
Yi Sang-jae on Open Library
Profile on the Encyclopaedia of Korean Culture

1850 births
1927 deaths
History of Korea
Religious leaders
Korean people
YB, formed in 1994, is a Korean rock band. They have made seven studio albums, three live albums, digital single albums, and DVDs.  They sold more than 2 million albums and held more than one hundred live concerts in a year. The members are:
 Dee (Yoon Do-Hyun), singer
 Taehee (Park Tae-hee), bass
 Jin (Kim Jin-won), drums 
 Baby J (Heo Jun), guitar. 

YB use traditional Korean musical instruments including the gayageum, a stringed instrument, and the daegeum, an instrument like the clarinet, in their recordings.

World Cup 2002
At the 2002 World Cup, YB played songs such as ‘Oh, Pil Seung Korea (Oh, Victory to Korea)’ to millions of fans. South Korea's entry into the semi finals meant that YB's music was heard all over Korea. They won the best music award from Korea’s three main broadcast stations KBS, MBC and SBS. They were given the first WPMA (World Peace Music Award) in 2003 for helping with human rights issues in Korea.
European tour
YB went on tour in Europe in 2005, the first Korean rock music group to do so. They have released a single in the UK.

References

South Korean musical groups
Rock bands
1990s establishments in South Korea
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in Asia
South Korean rock bands
Brown Eyed Soul is a Korean musical singing group. The 4 men in the band are Naul, Jung-Yeop, Sung-Hun, & Young-Jun. Their genre is soul pop and R&B. Brown Eyed Soul made their debut in 2003 with their 1st album Soul Free. Their 2nd album, The Wind, The Sea, The Rain was released in 2007. They took four years to release their 2nd album. Although 4 years was a long time, they still had many fans. Their 2nd album sold about 100,000 copies. It helped them win the R&B award at the 5th Korean Music awards in 2008.
 
Brown Eyed Soul have not appeared on television which is very unusual in Korea where most groups appear regularly. Brown Eyed Soul`s popularity is not their looks or their dancing, but their music.

Albums
 Soul Free, 2003. 09. 17
 The Wind, The Sea, The Rain,  2007. 11. 02
 Brown Eyed Soul Christmas Concert Live 2007, 2008. 12. 04
 BROWNEYED SOUL, 2010. 11. 25

South Korean musical groups
K-pop music groups
R&B bands
2003 establishments in South Korea
Tteokguk is a traditional food of Korea. It is eaten on January 1 to celebrate Seollal, the Korean New Year.

Tteokguk is a soup made from tteok ( a sweet Korean rice cake), sliced cooked eggs, ground meat, mandu, leek, and onion.

References

Other websites 
 Migi's Kitchen with a recipe for tteokguk 

Korean food
Soups
Nail art is a creative activity that draws pictures or designs fingernails. It a type of art. These days fingernails and toenails are seen by some as important points of beauty. In some cultures, nail art is linked to femininity.

Also, it is a type of fashion activity, related to manicuring. There are commercial shops ('nail bars') where nails are worked on to make them attractive. The main product is acrylic nails with ready-made designs which can be stuck on top of natural nails.