Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ports

Three of the islands have ports listed in the World Port Index, with World Port Number:

56325 JOHNSTON ATOLL: Johnston Atoll
56328 MIDWAY ISLAND: Midway Atoll
56330 WAKE ISLAND: Wake Island
not listed WEST LAGOON: Palmyra Atoll

Baker Island, Howland Island and Jarvis Island have a small boat landing place on each. Kingman Reef and Navassa Island have offshore anchorage only.

Islands

References

Other websites
WorldStatesmen- U.S.
Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges 
CIA World Factbook: United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges 
Historical Population figures 
dates of acquisition
Mitchell "Mitch" Ryan (January 11, 1934 – March 4, 2022) was an American actor. He was known for his roles as Burke Devlin in Dark Shadows, Edward Montgomery in Dharma & Greg and as Dr. Terence Wynn in Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. He also played the villain General Peter McAllister in Lethal Weapon.

Ryan was born on January 11, 1934 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was raised in Louisville, Kentucky. He was married to Lynda Morse from 1972 until they divorced. They had three children. 

Ryan died on March 4, 2022 at his home in Los Angeles, California from congestive heart failure, aged 88.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1934 births
2022 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American television personalities
Actors from Cincinnati
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Shamrocks are the young sprigs of clover or trefoil. The shamrock is a symbol of Ireland. According to a legend, Saint Patrick used it to illustrate the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. The name shamrock is  derived from Irish . This is the diminutive version of the Irish word for clover () meaning simply "little clover" or "young clover". Sometimes other three-leafed plants are called shamrocks. The shamrock can be used for its medicinal properties. It was used as a motif in Victorian days. Around March 17 (Saint Patrick's Day) small pots of shamrocks are sold. Some people wear sprigs of shamrock in a buttonhole on the holiday.

References

Faboideae
National symbols of the Republic of Ireland
John J. B. Wilson (born May 24, 1954) is an American copywriter and publicist. He is the founder of the Golden Raspberry Awards. He written many books about how he founded the "Razzie Awards".

Wilson was born on May 24, 1954 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Santa Monica, California and in Los Angeles, California. Wilson studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is married to Barbara Wilson. They have a son. He now lives in Cerritos, California.

References

Other websites

1954 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
American chief executives
Writers from Los Angeles
People from Santa Monica, California
A sulfoxide is a molecule that has a sulfur atom bonded to two carbons and one oxygen atom. It comes from oxidising thioethers, without going all the way to the sulfone. Like many molecules containing sulfur, sulfoxide can sometimes smell a lot.

Sulfoxides can be written with the general formula R–S(=O)–R'. Sulfur has a double bond with the oxygen, and single bonds with the carbons. That leaves a lone pair on the atom. This means that the shape at that atom is tetrahedral. It also means that the sulfur can be a chiral centre. Sulfoxides are used as good ligands for transition metals.

An important molecule of this kind is dimethyl sulfoxide. It is also called DMSO. It is used as a solvent for many reactions, especially in biochemistry.

Functional groups
Organosulfur compounds
Olly Murs (born 14 May 1984) is an English singer. He comes from Witham, Essex. He became famous after he finished second in The X Factor in 2009.

In August 2010, his first single "Please Don't Let Me Go" came top of the record charts in the UK. After that, he had another three songs that went to number one: "Heart Skips a Beat", "Dance With Me Tonight" and "Troublemaker" (with Flo Rida). He has also made three albums, which all did well in the UK charts. His label is Epic Records.

He is co-host of the X Factor along with Caroline Flack. They took over from Dermot o'Leary from 2015.

Note

Other websites 
Official website 

1984 births
Living people
English pop singers
English singer-songwriters
English television presenters
Singers from Essex
Television personalities from Essex
LaSalle Street is a major north-south street in Chicago named after Sieur de La Salle, an early explorer from Illinois. The section that runs through the Chicago Loop is thought to be Chicago's financial district. The Chicago Board of Trade Building is in the north part of the street. The street is a good spot for movies because of the location of the Trade Building. The street also has many tall buildings.

References

Roads in Chicago
Lake Shore Drive is a freeway-standard expressway in Chicago, Illinois. It runs along the shore of Lake Michigan. The highway passes Navy Pier all the through 875 North Michigan Avenue. The drive is a dangerous area during blizzards. The drive was named Leif Ericson Drive (after Leif Ericson) until it was renamed in 1946.

References

Other websites

 Lake Shore Drive Redux  from ForgottenChicago.com
 The Campaign to Depave Lake Shore Drive
 Historic, Current & Average Travel Times For Lake Shore Drive 

Roads in Chicago
Navy Pier is a pier on the Chicago shoreline of Lake Michigan. It is  long. It is in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area. The pier was built in 1916. It cost $4.5 million. It was a part of the Plan of Chicago developed by architect and city planner Daniel Burnham and his partners. The pier has a  tall Ferris wheel.

Other websites

 
 Chicago Children's Museum on Navy Pier
 Chicago Shakespeare Theater on Navy Pier
 IMAX Theater on Navy Pier 
 Photos of Navy Pier at Night 
 3D Google Earth Model 

Buildings and structures in Chicago
Daniel Hudson Burnham  (September 4, 1846 – June 1, 1912) was an American architect and urban designer. Burnham helped create buildings or streets in Washington, D.C., in New York City, and in his hometown of Chicago. He helped create Navy Pier.

Burnham was born on September 4, 1846 in Henderson, New York. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. He was rejected from Yale University and at Harvard University. Burnham was married to Margaret Sherman from 1876 until his death in 1912. They had two children. Burnham died on June 1, 1912 in Heidelberg, Germany from diabetes, aged 65. He was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Uptown, Chicago.

References

Other websites

Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at The Art Institute of Chicago 
Burnham, Beaux-Arts, Plan of Chicago, & Fairs 
 Booknotes interview with Erik Larson on The Devil in the White City, September 14, 2003. 

1846 births
1912 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Architects from Chicago
People from New York (state)
Barnett "Barney" Frank (born March 31, 1940) is an American politician who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1981 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as chairman of the House Financial Services Committee (2007–2011). He was a leading co-sponsor of the 2010 Dodd–Frank Act, a sweeping reform of the U.S. financial industry. Frank, a resident of Newton, Massachusetts, is considered the most prominent openly gay politician in the United States. 

Frank was born on March 31, 1940 in Bayonne, New Jersey. He studied at Harvard University. He has been married to Jim Ready since 2012.

Barney's latest book is "Frank Barney Frank," a review of his personal and political career and a strong argument for empowering government to help people.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 

 Congressman Frank defends trans-exclusive Employment Non-Discrimination Act , The Bilerico Project, September 28, 2007.
 The Republicans' Democracy Disorder , In These Times, 2006-02-04
 Congressman Barney Frank: A Buzzflash Interview , Buzzflash, July 22, 2003
 Monumentally Frank: Interview with Massachusetts Congressman Barney Frank Metro Weekly, March 20, 2003.
 Frank Discusses U.S. Policy, Attitude Regarding Gay Rights, The Hoya, October 19, 2001.

1940 births
Living people
Gay men
Harvard University alumni
People from Bayonne, New Jersey
People from Newton, Massachusetts
LGBT people from New Jersey
American LGBT politicians
Politicians from New Jersey
United States representatives from Massachusetts
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Miranda Katharine Hart-Dyke (born 14 December 1972) is a British actress, writer and comedienne. She was born in Torquay, Devon. Her parents are Diana Margaret Luce and David Hart Dyke. Miranda grew up in Petersfield, Hampshire. She writes, produces and stars in the television sitcom Miranda. Her other acting roles include: Hyperdrive, Not Going Out and Call the Midwife.

Other websites 

Actors from Devon
Actors from Hampshire
British stand-up comedians
British television producers
British television writers
Comedians from Hampshire
English movie actors
English television actors
English writers
Reality television participants
Writers from Hampshire
Writers from Devon
1972 births
Living people
Neil Abercrombie (born June 26, 1938) is an American politician. He  was the 7th Governor of Hawaii from December 2010 to December 2014. Previously he was the Democratic U.S. Representative of the First Congressional District of Hawaii, which comprises urban Honolulu.

He served in Congress from 1986 to 1987 and from 1991 to 2010, when he resigned to successfully run for governor. He has also served as a state legislator and member of the Honolulu City Council.

In August 2014, he was defeated in the Hawaii Democratic primary by state senator David Ige.

Abercrombie was born on June 26, 1938 in Buffalo, New York. He has Irish, English, and German ancestry. He studied at Union College and at the University of Hawaii, Manoa. He went to schools in Hawaii with the parents of Barack Obama. Abercrombie has been married to Nancie Caraway since 1981.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 State of Hawaii Office of the Governor official state website
 Neil Abercrombie For Governor  official campaign site
 Neil Abercrombie Campaign Material  by ArchivoElectoral.org

1938 births
Living people
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
United States representatives from Hawaii
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Governors of Hawaii
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American sociologists
American teachers
Politicians from Honolulu
Educators from Honolulu
Educators from New York (state)
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
Mario Party 9 is a party board video game for the Nintendo Wii console. It is the 12th game in the Mario Party series. It was developed by Nd Cube and published by Nintendo. It is the second and last game for the Wii (the first being Mario Party 8). It was released on March 2, 2012 in Europe, on March 8, 2012 in Australia, on March 11, 2012 in North America, on April 26, 2012 in Japan, on June 29, 2012 in Hong Kong, and on April 11 2013 in South Korea.

Gameplay
Gameplay

In Mario Party 9, players now move together on boards in a vehicle. The vehicle is themed around the board. Players no longer collect coins and stars. Instead, they collect Mini Stars. Mini Stars are collected by passing by a space with them. There are also spaces with Mini Ztars, which deduct a player's Mini Star amount. Mini-games are no longer played after the end of each turn. Instead, mini-games are played by landing on a mini-game space. At the end of a mini-game, players are ranked from first to last place. Players who earn high positions earn more Mini Stars.

Seven boards are available. One of the boards must be unlocked. Boards now take a straight path. A game ends when the players go around the board once. After a game ends, the players face off against a boss. Each board has a different boss.

Twelve characters are available to play as. Two of the characters must be unlocked in Solo Mode.

References

Other websites
Mario Party 9 North American official website
2012 video games
Mario Party games
Wii games
Wii-only games
Phillip Bruns (May 2, 1931 – February 8, 2012) was an American actor and writer who was known for his role as George Shumway in Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman.

Bruns was born on May 2, 1931 in Pipestone, Minnesota. He was married to Laurie Franks from until his death in 2012. Bruns died on February 8, 2012 in Los Angeles, California from natural causes, aged 80.

References

Other websites

Phil Bruns; findagrave.com

1931 births
2012 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Minnesota
Writers from Minnesota
Ron Leibman (October 11, 1937 – December 6, 2019) was an American actor and educator. He was known for his role as Dr. Leonard Green in the famous comedy sitcom Friends. He won a Drama Desk Award in 1993, an Emmy Award in 1979, and an Tony Award in 1993 for his role as Roy Cohn in Angels in America.

Leibman was born on October 11, 1937 in New York City, New York. He studied at Ohio Wesleyan University. Leibman was married to Linda Lavin from 1969 until they divorced in 1981. He was married to Jessica Walter from 1983 until 2019.

Leibman died from pneumonia-related problems in New York City on December 6, 2019, at age 82.

References

Other websites
 
 Ron Leibman at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 
The New School for Drama
1937 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Educators from New York City
Drama Desk Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Will Keith "W.K." Kellogg (April 7, 1860 – October 6, 1951) was an American industrialist in food manufacturing, best known as the founder of the Kellogg Company. His brother was John Harvey Kellogg.

Kellogg was born on April 7, 1860 in Battle Creek, Michigan. He was married to Ella Osborn Davis from 1880 until her death in 1912. They had five children. Then he was married to Carrie Staines from 1918 until her death in 1948. Kellogg died on October 6, 1951 in Battle Creek, Michigan from heart failure, aged 91.

References

Other websites
Genealogy wiki 

1860 births
1951 deaths
People with foods named after them
Businesspeople from Michigan
American chief executives
People from Battle Creek, Michigan
The history of mathematics is how mathematics has developed over time.

Early history
Early maths by Babylonians and Egyptians was built upon by Greeks such as Euclid, Archimedes, Pythagoras and Eratosthenes. Other important people are people such as Fibonacci, Descartes, Leonhard Euler, Blaise Pascal and Gauss.

20th century

Women in mathematics

Problems

Many mathematical problems have been proposed and solved. Andrew Wiles became famous by proving the Fermat's Last Theorem.

World War II
Some mathematical works had relation with the war. British mathematician Alan Turing created the Enigma machine to uncode Nazi codes. On the other hand, several mathematicians like John von Neumann worked on the Manhattan Project.

Related pages 
Principia Mathematica

Mathematics

as:গণিত#গণিতৰ ইতিহাস
John Harvey Kellogg (February 26, 1852 – December 14, 1943) was an American medical doctor. He and his brother, Will Keith Kellogg, invented corn flakes.

Kellogg was born on February 26, 1852 in Battle Creek, Michigan. He studied at New York University. Kellogg was married to Ella Ervilla Eaton from 1879 until her death in 1920. They adopted seven children. Kellogg died on December 14, 1943 in Battle Creek, Michigan from an illness, aged 91.

References

Other websites

Photo Gallery (1000+ images) related to Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and the Battle Creek Sanitarium 

Etext of Plain Facts For Old And Young 

Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and Battle Creek Foods: Work with Soy  from the Soy foods Center
 Dr. John Harvey Kellogg from the Battle Creek Historical Society

1852 births
1943 deaths
People with foods named after them
Businesspeople from Michigan
American chief executives
People from Battle Creek, Michigan
The Studebaker Corporation was an American company in South Bend, Indiana that built automobiles.  It started in 1852 making wagons, at that time it was named Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company.  Later they started making cars and then pickups.  In 1966 they went out of business.

History 

At first, Studebaker built horse wagons used by farmers, miners and the military.  In 1902 they started making electric vehicles and in 1904 they started making gasoline vehicles.  At first they worked with other companies to make the vehicles, but starting in 1912 they made the whole car by themselves.  For fifty years they made many cars that worked well and had interesting shapes.  But the cars cost a lot of money and after some years of troubles, the company shut down in 1966.

Models 

Cars
 Hawk
 Lark
 Avanti
 many others

Trucks
 Transtar
 Champ
 others
American automobile companies
Companies based in Indiana
1852 establishments in the United States
1966 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct companies of the United States
Mamie Van Doren (born Joan Lucille Olander; February 6, 1931) is an American actress and model. She acts primarily in movies. She is also a singer. Her many movies include Untamed Youth (1957). Many times, she would play a bad girl within her movies. Van Doren has been oftentimes compared against other blonde actresses, in particular, Marilyn Monroe. Mamie was born in Rowena, South Dakota.

Background 
In 1946, Doren began working at the Pantages Theatre as an usher in Hollywood. Where in the following year, she had a part on an early television series. She sang with Ted Fio Rito's band and entered several beauty contests. 

Doren was 17 years old when she got married to Jack Newman in Santa Barbara, California, but because of his abusive nature the marriage didn't last long. Doren won the titles Miss Eight Ball and Miss Palm Springs at the age of 18 years.

References

Biography 

 

American movie actors
American models
1931 births
Living people
American bloggers
Gene Barry (Eugene Klass; June 14, 1919 – December 9, 2009) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in The Atomic City (1952), The War of The Worlds (1953), and Bat Masterson (1958-1961).

Barry was born on June 14, 1919 in New York City, New York to a Jewish-Russian family. He studied at Chatham Square School of Music. Barry was married to Betty Claire Kalb from 1944 until her death in 2003. They had three children, one adopted. 

Barry died on the morning of December 9, 2009 from heart failure in his home in Woodland Hills, California, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Review of The War Of The Worlds
 Comprehensive Gene Barry Fan Page
 Gene Barry - Daily Telegraph obituary

1919 births
2009 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American musical theatre actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
Television personalities from New York City
American voice actors
Deaths from heart failure
Jewish American actors
Mehmet Cengiz Öz (born June 11, 1960, called Dr. Oz) is a Turkish-American doctor, writer, educator, and television personality. He has a television show, The Dr. Oz Show. He helps people with health and weight. He won two Emmy Awards, in 2010 and in 2011.

In November 2021, Oz announced that he was running in the 2022 U.S. Senate election in Pennsylvania as a Republican. He won the nomination in June 2022, becoming the first Muslim to be nominated by either major party for U.S. Senate. He was defeated in the general election by John Fetterman.

Öz was born on June 11, 1960 in Cleveland, Ohio to a Turkish family. He studied at Tower Hill School, at Harvard University, at Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, and at University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Öz married his wife Lisa Lemole in 1985. They have four children. He now lives in Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania.

References

Other websites

 
 Dr. Oz Show
Columbia University Department of Surgery profile
1960 births
Living people
American television personalities
Educators from Wilmington, Delaware
Writers from Wilmington, Delaware
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
Writers from Cleveland
Politicians from Cleveland
Writers from Pennsylvania
Politicians from Pennsylvania
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Emmy Award winners
Educators from Pennsylvania
Educators from Cleveland
Per Jimmie Åkesson (born May 17, 1979) is a Swedish politician and blogger.He has been the leader of the Sweden Democrats since 2005. In 2010 the Sweden Democrats made it into the Riksdag after the general elections.

References

1979 births
Living people
Swedish bloggers
Swedish politicians
The February 2013 nor'easter (called by The Weather Channel as Winter Storm Nemo) was a large winter storm that formed from two low pressure areas and affected the northeastern United States and eastern Canada from February 7–10, 2013. The areas affect by the storm were between Virginia and Maine. The storm had hurricane strength winds, lightning, thunder, heavy snows and blizzard conditions. Boston received almost  of snow due to this storm. New York City received almost one foot of new snow. It was Connecticut, however, that got the most. Hamden, Connecticut received almost , while nearby cities got at least . About 700,000 customers lost power.

Related pages 
 North American blizzard of 2003
 December 2009 North American blizzard
 December 2010 North American blizzard
 January 31 – February 2, 2011 North American winter storm

References
References

2013 in the United States
2013 in Canada
2013 in weather
Natural disasters in the United States
2010s disasters in Canada
Natural disasters in Canada
February 2013 events
2010s disasters in the United States
A Turing machine is an idea from computer science that tries to describe how some computers work. Deterministic Turing machines use a function. Given the current state of the Turing machine, it selects another state the Turing machine should have. In other words, from each state there is one other state the machine can have. A non-deterministic Turing machine uses a relation. This means that from some states there are several other states that are possible.

Computer science
The Black Star of Queensland is a large gem sapphire. It is the world's largest star sapphire. It is . It was discovered in Queensland in the 1930s. During the 1960s, the Black Star of Queensland was on display at the Smithsonian as part of an exhibition with the Hope Diamond. It was also on display at the Royal Ontario Museum from 2 June to 2 December 2007.

References

Gemstones
Queensland
Cheddar most often refers to one of these:
Cheddar cheese, named after the village below
Cheddar, Somerset

Cheddar may also refer to:

Places
 Cheddar, Ontario, Canada
 Cheddar Complex, a biological site of special scientific interest
 Cheddar Gorge, the largest gorge in the UK
 Cheddar Man, the 7150-year-old remains of a human male found in Cheddar Gorge
 Cheddar Reservoir, an artificial water reservoir
 Cheddar Wood, a site of special scientific interest
 Cheddar Yeo, a river which flows through Cheddar Gorge and the village of Cheddar

Food and service
 Cheddar's Casual Cafe, a Texas-based chain of dining restaurants
 Cheddaring, a process in the manufacturing of cheddar cheese
 Cheddars, a brand of biscuit

Other uses
Cheddar (TV channel), a live and on demand financial news network
"Cheddar" (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), a television episode
Cheddar Valley line, an old railway line in Somerset, England
Nearest neighbour algorithms is a the name given to a number of greedy algorithms to solve problems related to graph theory. This algorithm was made to find a solution to the travelling salesman problem. In general, these algorithms try to find a Hamlitonian cycle as follows:
Start at some vertex, and mark it as current.
From the current vertex, take the shortest edge that connects it to an unvisited vertex V.
Set the current vertex to V.
If there no unvisited vertices left, you are done.
Else, go to step 2.
Such algorithms are easy to implement, but they do  not always find the best solution. What is worse, the algorithm may not find a tour even if one exists. 

Greedy algorithms
Graph theory
Nubra may refer to:

 Nubra Valley, in the Jammu and Kashmir region
 Nubra River, in the Jammu and Kashmir region
 Nubra Pika (Ochotona nubrica), a mammal
Alexandrite is a gemstone. It is a type of chrysoberyl. Different kinds of light make the colors change. That is called the "alexandrite effect". 

A gemstone similar to alexandrite can be made in a laboratory. That kind of stone is called synthetic or simulated alexandrite. These are not made of chrysoberyl. People make these because alexandrite is expensive, and the synthetic alexandrite costs less.

One story says that alexandrite was named in honor of Alexander II of Russia. Alexander was not yet Tsar at the time.

Alexandrite has been found in Russia, Brazil, India, Madagascar and Sri Lanka.

Alexandrite is one of the birthstones for June.

References

Gemstones
Birthstones
Jandali is a Punjabi dialect spoken in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

Punjabi language
The golden pheasant (also known as the Chinese pheasant or rainbow pheasant) (Chrysolophus pictus) is a gamebird of the order Galliformes (gallinaceous birds) and the family Phasianidae. It is native to forests in mountainous areas of western China, but feral populations have been established in the United Kingdom and elsewhere.

Sources

Birds of China
Phasianidae
The grey peacock-pheasant (Polyplectron bicalcaratum), also known as the Burmese peacock-pheasant, is a large southeast Asian member of the order Galliformes. It is the national bird of Myanmar.

Birds of Asia
Phasianidae
This is a list of national fruits arranged alphabetically by country. Some national fruits are officially designated, some are unofficial.

National fruits

References

Fruits
Fruits
Food-related lists
Hamiltonian paths  and cycles and cycle paths are named after William Rowan Hamilton who invented the Icosian game. This game is also known as Hamilton's puzzle. It involves finding a Hamiltonian cycle in the edge graph of the dodecahedron.  Hamilton solved this problem using the Icosian Calculus, an algebraic structure based on roots of unity with many similarities to the quaternions (also invented by Hamilton).  This solution does not generalize to arbitrary graphs. However, despite being named after Hamilton, Hamiltonian cycles in polyhedra had also been studied a year earlier by Thomas Kirkman.

References

Computer science
Graph theory
Tracy Chapman (born March 30, 1964) is an American singer-songwriter. She was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She has won four Grammy Awards.

Her most famous songs are "Fast Car" and "Give Me One Reason." These songs went to the top of music charts in Canada. They also went high on the Billboard charts (United States). She has released 8 albums.

Chapman is a feminist. She has never said what her sexuality is, but she dated Alice Walker in the mid 1990s.

Career 
Chapman went to Tufts University. When she was a student there, she played music in public. In 1985, Chapman played music at a Linda Tillery concert. Another student from Tufts heard her playing music at the concert. The student's father was Charles Koppelman, a music producer. Koppelman thought that Chapman made good music. After Chapman graduated from the university, Koppelman helped her join Elektra Records.
She released her first album in 1988. It was named Tracy Chapman. Many critics liked the album, and it was very popular. She started playing more music at concerts. On June 11, 1968, she performed at a concert for Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday. Stevie Wonder was at the concert, but he did not play any music. This was because he had problems with his music equipment. Wonder was not able to play any music when it was time for him to. Because of this, Chapman played during Wonder's time. She played the song "Fast Car", and it became very popular. Her album sold many copies, and she won three Grammy Awards for it. "Fast Car" went on the Billboard Hot 100, an American music chart. Two other songs from the album, "Talkin' 'bout a Revolution" and "Baby Can I Hold You", also went on the chart.
Chapman made a second album. This album was named Crossroads. It was released in 1989. It did not sell as many copies as her first album did. However, it was certified platinum by the RIAA. After Crossroads, she made more albums. In 1992, she released Matters of the Heart. Her fourth album was named New Beginning. It was released in 1995. It was more successful than her second and third albums. Over 5 million copies of it were sold in the United States. The album had a song named "Give Me One Reason" on it. This song won a Grammy Award for Best Rock Song. The song was number three on the Billboard Hot 100.

Chapman did not make any music for four years. In 2000, she released her fifth album. It was named Telling Stories. Her sixth album was released in 2002. It was named Let it Rain. Both of these albums were certified gold. On November 2015, she released an album named Greatest Hits. This was a greatest hits album.
In 2018, Chapman sued Nicki Minaj for copyright infringement. Chapman said that Minaj sampled her song "Baby Can I Hold You" without Chapman saying that she could. Chapman also said she told Minaj she could not sample the song many different times. The lawsuit said that Minaj did copyright infringement because she used "Baby Can I Hold You" in her song, "Sorry". She also sold copies of "Sorry". In September 2020, a judge said that Minaj using the sample in the song was fair use. However, the judge also said that the lawsuit should go to court because Minaj sold copies of the song with the sample in it. In January 2021, Minaj paid Chapman $450,000. This ended the lawsuit.

Studio albums 

 Tracy Chapman (1988)
 Crossroads (1989)
 Matters of the Heart (1992)
 New Beginning (1995)
 Telling Stories (2000)
 Let It Rain (2002)
 Where You Live (2005)
 Our Bright Future (2008)

References

Other websites 

 Official website
African American musicians
American feminists
American guitarists
American singer-songwriters
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Cleveland
1964 births
Living people
Nathaniel Wallich FRS (28 January 1786 – 28 April 1854) was a medical doctor and botanist from Denmark. He worked in India; firstly in the Danish settlement near Calcutta and later for the East India Company. He was involved in the early development of the Calcutta Botanical Garden, describing many new plant species and developing a large collection with copies that he gave to collections in Europe. Several of the plants that he collected were named after him.

Biography

Early life and education
Nathaniel Wallich was born in a Jewish family in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1786 as Nathan ben Wulff. His father Wulff ben Wallich (or Wolff Wallich) was a rich merchant from Altona, a town near Hamburg, Germany, and then moved to Copenhagen late in the 18th century. Nathaniel changed his name to Nathan Wallich, later Nathaniel, as an adult.
Wallich got the diploma of the Royal Academy of Surgeons at Copenhagen in 1806. At the end of the year he was appointed as doctor in the Danish colony of Serampore, then known as Frederiksnagore in Bengal (now in West Bengal). He sailed for India in April 1807 and arrived at Serampore the following November.

He was an honorary doctor at the University of Copenhagen and member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters.

In India
Because of bad health, Wallich spent the years 1811-1813 in the more temperate climate of Mauritius, where he continued his studies. From August 1814, Wallich became an Assistant Surgeon in the East India Company's service. Wallich was later appointed assistant to William Roxburgh, the East India Company's botanist in Calcutta.
By 1813 he took great interest in the flora and natural vegetation of India. He also went on expeditions to Nepal, West Hindustan, and lower Burma. Wallich travelled to Nepal in 1821, one of the very first Englishmen to go there, and returned with many new plants. During 1837 and 1838, Nathaniel Wallich served as Professor of Botany in Calcutta Medical College.

He also published two important books, Tentamen Floræ Nepalensis Illustratæ (vols I-II, 1824–26) and Plantæ Asiaticæ Rariores (vols I-III, 1830–32).

Dr. Nathaniel Wallich took charge of the Oriental Museum of the Asiatic Society on 1 June 1814.<ref>Official website of Indian Museum ,Biography of Nathaniel Wallich</ref> Wallich joined the East India Company's Botanical Garden in 1817 and served there until 1846 when he retired from the service.
Death
Wallich retired to London in 1847, and stayed there until his death seven years later. He had a son, George Charles Wallich, and a daughter, Hannah Sarah. Part of his collections are held at Kew Gardens, and known as the 'Wallich Herbarium'.

Species named for Nathaniel Wallich

 Catreus wallichii (Cheer Pheasant or Wallich's Pheasant)
 Clerodendrum wallichii Convolvulus wallichianus Debregeasia wallichiana Diospyros wallichii Dombeya wallichii Dryopteris wallichiana Geranium wallichianum Hoya wallichii Ligusticum wallichii (Szechuan lovage)
 Meconopsis wallichii Memecylon wallichii Nageia wallichiana Pinus wallichiana (Blue Pine or Bhutan Pine)
 Pteris wallichiana Rotala wallichii Rubus wallichii Schima wallichii Schefflera wallichiana Taxus wallichiana (Himalayan Yew)
 Ulmus wallichiana (Himalayan Elm or Kashmir Elm)
 Valeriana wallichii''

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Nathaniel Wallich and Indian Natural History  (digital archive project by Kew Gardens, Natural History Museum, British Library, Indian Botanic Gardens and National Archives of India)
 Indian Museum
 Wallich Catalog
 Plantae Asiaticae rariores scan on Biodiversity Heritage Library

1786 births
1854 deaths
Botanists
Danish Jews
Danish biologists
Jewish scientists
Danish physicians
Roman dodecahedron is the name for dodecahedra which were found in Europe. In total, over hundred such objects were found in all European parts of the Roman Empire. They date from the second or third century CE, and were made of bronze or stone.  They are hollow, and each of the twelve pentangular faces has a hole in it. Most of these were found on the territories of modern-day France and Germany, but some were also found in Hungary and Great Britain. They are between  and  in size.
The function or use of the dodecahedra remains a mystery; no mention of them has been found in texts or pictures of the time. Speculated uses include candlestick holders (wax was found inside one example); dice; survey instruments; devices for determining the optimal  sowing date for winter grain; that they were used to calibrate water pipes; and army standard bases. It has also been suggested that they may have been religious artifacts of some kind. This speculation is based on the fact that most of the examples have been found in Gallo-Roman sites.

Notes

References

Other websites

 Roman Dodecahedra (also includes one Roman icosahedron)
 "History Mystery: Ancient Dodecahedron's Purpose Remains Secret" by Alexandria Hein, Fox News, June 10, 2011
Mysteries
Ancient Rome
In mathematics, the gamma function (Γ(z)) is a key topic in the field of special functions. Γ(z) is an extension of the factorial function to all complex numbers except negative integers. For positive integers, it is defined as 

The gamma function is defined for all complex numbers, but it is not defined for negative integers and zero. For a complex number whose real part is a positive integer, the function is defined by:

Properties

Particular values 
Some particular values of the gamma function are:

Pi function
Gauss introduced the Pi function. This is another way of denoting the gamma function. In terms of the gamma function, the Pi function is

so that

for every non-negative integer n.

Applications

Analytic number theory

The gamma function is used to study the Riemann zeta function. A property of the Riemann zeta function is its functional equation:
Bernhard Riemann found a relation between these two functions. This was published in his 1859 paper "Über die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen Grösse" ("On the Number of Prime Numbers less than a Given Quantity")

Related pages 

 Gamma distribution

Notes

References 
 Milton Abramowitz and Irene A. Stegun, eds. Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas, Graphs, and Mathematical Tables. New York: Dover, 1972. (See Chapter 6)
 
 Emil Artin, "The Gamma Function", in Rosen, Michael (ed.) Exposition by Emil Artin: a selection; History of Mathematics 30. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (2006).
 
 P. E. Böhmer, ´´Differenzengleichungen und bestimmte Integrale´´, Köhler Verlag, Leipzig, 1939.
 
 Philip J. Davis, "Leonhard Euler's Integral: A Historical Profile of the Gamma Function," American Mathematical Monthly 66, 849-869 (1959)
 
 O. R. Rocktaeschel, ´´Methoden zur Berechnung der Gammafunktion für komplexes Argument``, University of Dresden, Dresden, 1922.
Recursion
Functions and mappings
Necrotising arachnidism is a medical condition caused by a spider bite. The skin can blister, form ulcers, and in some cases be destroyed (called necrosis). It is very painful and could need skin grafts. Doctors are still unclear about the treatment of the condition. The only spider identified as being a causative agent for necrotising arachnidism is the Recluse spider (specifically, the Brown Recluse spider).  Whilst It is portrayed by the media to be caused by the bite of the white-tailed spider and the black house spider, no studies have definitively proven the causative link. There is no specific treatment for the condition.

References

Health problems
The farthing was a coin of the Kingdom of England. It was worth one quarter of a penny, or  of a pound sterling. The word 'farthing' is derived from the Anglo-Saxon feorthing. It means a fourthling or fourth part. The Anglo-Saxon word was probably derived from the Old Norse, fjorthungr meaning a "quarter". 

Such coins were first minted in England in silver in the 13th century. They were used until 1707, when the Kingdom of England was taken over by Scottish King, King James that united The British mainland United Kingdom of Great Britain. Early farthings were silver. The farthing was small (only 10 millimeters in diameter) and very light (slightly more than 0.4 gram). Surviving examples are rare. The first copper farthings were issued during the reign of King James I.  In the late 17th century the English farthing was also minted in tin.
In 1953, the British farthing's low value forced its last minting. A Londoner complained of abusive vendors when he tried to offer the coin for purchases. The coin ceased to be legal tender on 1 January 1961.

References

Former currencies of the United Kingdom
Adele Emeli Sandé MBE best known as Emeli Sandé (born 10 March 1987) is a British singer and songwriter. She was born in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear to an English mother and Zambian father. She was raised in Alford, Aberdeenshire. She became famous after writing many songs for artists like Rihanna, Leona Lewis and Susan Boyle. 

In 2010 she singed a contract with EMI. She then released two singles, "Read All About It" and "Beneath Your Beautiful", which went on top of the British charts. In 2012 she won the Brits Critics Choice award. Her first album, Our Version of Events, was very successful, selling more than 100,000 copies in the first week. It was the best-selling album in the UK of 2012. She performed at the opening ceremony of the London 2012 Olympics.

In 2013 she won two BRIT Awards, one for Best Female Artist and one for Best Album.

On 24 February 2014, she released her second EP, Who Needs The World? EP.
Her next album will be released in summer 2014.
Personal life 
Sandé married Adam Gouraguine in Montenegro in 2012. They later divorced in 2014.

References

Other websites 
Official website

1987 births
Living people
Brit Award winners
British singer-songwriters
Musicians from Tyne and Wear
People from Sunderland
SKU (often pronounced "skew") is an acronym for Stock-Keeping Unit.  This is the barcode found on things sold in stores. It is made in a way that laser scanners in the check-out lane can read the code.  The code is then used to find the price.

Design 

The bar code is made of vertical bars, some are thick, some are thin.  The scanner can see these bars and the pattern of the bars tells them what the numbers are.  The patterns are made in a way that the scanner can read it forwards or backwards, so it doesn't matter how the product is held, it can still read the number. The numbers are often also written underneath the bars, so that people can read the SKU.  There are two parts to the number.  The first part is who made the product, the second part is what the actual product is.

Commerce
Hermann Levi was a 19th-century orchestral conductor. He conducted the premiere of Parsifal.

German conductors
1839 births
1900 deaths
James "Jimmy" Perry OBE (9 September 1923 – 23 October 2016) was an English writer, scriptwriter, producer, author and actor who is known for creating the BBC sitcom Dad's Army.

Perry was born on September 9, 1923 in Barnes, Surrey, England. He studied at Colet Court and at St Paul's School. Perry lived in Algarve, Portugal. 

Perry died in London on 23 October 2016 at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

1923 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Surrey
English stage actors
English television actors
English television producers
English television writers
Writers from Surrey
Philips is a Dutch electronics company. It was founded by Gerard and Frederik Philips in 1891. It employs about 120,000 people in 60 countries.

References

Other websites 

 

1891 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in the Netherlands
Technology companies of the Netherlands
Eindhoven
David John Croft,  (born David John Andrew Sharland; 7 September 1922 – 27 September 2011) was an English writer, producer, and director. He created the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army.

Croft was born on 7 September 1922 in Sandbanks, Poole, Dorset, England. He studied at the Rugby School and at Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Croft was married to Ann Callender from 1952 until his death in 2011. They had seven children. Croft died on 27 September 2011 in his home in Tavira, Algarve, Portugal from natural causes, aged 89.

References

Other websites
Official homepage

List of works at the BBC Guide to Comedy 
David Croft's appearance on This Is Your Life
Biography at UKTV
Obituary of David Croft, The Daily Telegraph, 27 September 2011
Obituary of David Croft, The Guardian, 27 September 2011

1922 births
2011 deaths
English television directors
English television producers
English television writers
People from Poole
Writers from Dorset
Though conservative in his worldview, Tertullian originated new theological concepts and advanced the development of early Church doctrine. He is perhaps most famous for being the first writer in Latin known to use the term trinity (Latin: trinitas). According to The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Tertullian's trinity [is] not a triune God, but rather a triad or group of three, with God as the founding member".[13] A similar word had been used earlier in Greek,[a] though Tertullian gives the oldest extant use of the terminology as later incorporated into the Nicene Creed at the Second Ecumenical Council, the First Council of Constantinople in 381 AD, or as the Athanasian Creed, or both.[14] Other Latin formulations that first appear in his work are "One God, three persons, one substance" as the Latin "tres personae, una substantia", ('consubstantial', in English), itself from the Koine Greek "treis hypostases, homoousioi")
.[12] Influenced by Stoic philosophy, the "substance" of Tertullian, however, was a material substance that did not refer to a single God, but to the sharing of the divine substance of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.[13] He wrote his understanding of the three members of the trinity after becoming a Montanist.[12]
Other websites
Tertullian Project

Christian writers
160 births
225 deaths
Beautiful Creatures is a 2013 American romantic-fantasy drama. It is set in South Carolina. The movie stars Emmy Rossum, Viola Davis and Emma Thompson. Thompson plays Mrs. Lincoln and Sarafine. Beautiful Creatures was released on February 14, 2013 for the United States. Jeremy Irons also stars. The movie is based on the novel of the same name by Kami Garcia and Margaret Stohl.

2013 fantasy movies
2013 romantic drama movies
2010s teen drama movies
2010s teen romance movies
2010s American fantasy movies
American romantic drama movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
2010s English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in South Carolina
the Round city of Baghdad (Al-Mansur city) (also called: the city of peace) was an ancient city in Baghdad, Iraq that was built in 762–767 CE. Today there are only a few remains of the ancient city of Al Mansur.

Other websites 

 Al-Mansur's Round City of Baghdad  in "archnet" website
 Baghdad (Madinat al-Salam)  in "islamic art" website

Round cities
Buildings and structures in Baghdad
767 establishments
8th-century establishments in Iraq
760s establishments in Asia
Deborah Cox (July 13, 1974, Toronto) is a Canadian singer, songwriter and actress who has had eleven charting #1 singles. She has had some hit movies, such as Love Come Down. She began her music career around the mid 1990s. Her song "Nobody's Supposed to be Here" is her signature song.

Actors from Toronto
Singers from Toronto
Canadian television actors
1974 births
Living people
The National Governors Association (NGA) provides both state and national views regarding issues with usage of natural resources and management in the Progressive Era. It was founded in 1908 as the National Governors' Conference, at the Conference of Governors.  The NGA represents the governors of the fifty U.S. states and five U.S. territories (American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands).

The NGA serves as an important public policy liaison between the state governments and the federal government.

References

Other websites
 

State governors of the United States
Political organizations based in the United States
1908 establishments in the United States
"Faxing Berlin" is a progressive house song by Canadian electronic music producer deadmau5. The song is featured on deadmau5's third studio album Random Album Title. 

The song received some controversy in 2008 by an artist named DirtyCircuit. DirtyCircuit said that he was threatened with legal action after he used a sample called "LP_Faxing Berlin C_128bpm" that came bundled with the digital audio workstation FL Studio which deadmau5 claimed copyright. The sample was a direct clip of a full bar from the song. A "Demo Track" was provided by deadmau5 which came bundled with FL Studio, along with many loop samples. FL Studio users became were in discomfort because of the case and some of the users had pointed out possible inconsistencies in the EULA of the software.

The song reached #6 on the Billboard US Hot Dance Club Songs.

References

2007 songs
deadmau5 songs
Lingula is a genus of brachiopods in the class Lingulata. Lingula is known to have existed since the early Ordovician period. Lingula is a good example of a living fossil. Like all brachiopods, it is a filter feeder.

Brachiopods are superficially similar to bivalves, both having two shells. Brachiopods are easily distinguished from molluscs because they have (different) dorsal and ventral shells. Bivalves have mirrored right and left shells. Lingula and most brachiopods also have a stalk (or peduncle) that extends through a hole near the tip of one of its shells. Bivalves may be attached to a substrate with byssus filaments, that extend from between the shells.

The Lingulata brachiopods have existed from the Cambrian period to the present, a time span of over 500 million years! Modern species of Lingula are very similar from their fossil ancestors.

References 

Brachiopods
Living fossils