Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Representative short stories
Sturgeon was best known for his short stories and novellas. The best known include:
 "Ether Breather" (September 1939, his first published science-fiction story)
 "Derm Fool" (March 1940)
 "It!" (August 1940)
 "Shottle Bop" (February 1941)
 "Microcosmic God" (April 1941)
 "Yesterday Was Monday" (1941)
 "Killdozer!" (November, 1944)
 "Bianca's Hands" (May, 1947)
 "Thunder and Roses" (November 1947)
 "The Perfect Host" (November 1948)
 "Minority Report" (June 1949, no connection to the 2002 movie, which was based on a later story by Philip K. Dick)
 "One Foot and the Grave" (September 1949)
 "A Saucer of Loneliness" (February 1953)
 "The World Well Lost" (June 1953)
 "Mr. Costello, Hero" (December 1953)
 "The [Widget], The [Wadget], and Boff" (1955)
 "The Skills of Xanadu" (July 1956)
 "The Other Man" (September 1956)
 "And Now The News" (December 1956)
 "The Girl Had Guts" (January 1957)
 "Need" (1960)
 "How to Forget Baseball" (Sports Illustrated, December 1964)
"The Nail and the Oracle" (Playboy, October 1964)
 "Slow Sculpture" (Galaxy, February 1970) — winner of a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award
 "Occam's Scalpel" (August, 1971, with an introduction by Terry Carr)
 "Vengeance Is" (1980, Dark Forces anthology edited by Kirby McCauley)
 "If All Men Were Brothers, Would You Let One Marry Your Sister?" (1967, Dangerous Visions anthology edited by Harlan Ellison) — Nebula Award 1967 Nominee Novella
 "The Man Who Learned Loving" — Nebula Award 1969 Nominee Short Story
Autobiography
 Argyll, an autobiographical sketch about Sturgeon's relationship with his stepfather.

References

Article on-line from 2007 in which Wina Sturgeon recalls watching Apollo landing with TS in 1969

Other websites

 The Theodore Sturgeon Page - an informative and comprehensive fan site
 The Theodore Sturgeon Literary Trust  - owners of Sturgeon copyrights, information on Sturgeon publications
 
 Theodore Sturgeon's online fiction  at Free Speculative Fiction Online
 Gary Westfahl's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Film

1918 births
1985 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
American autobiographers
American science fiction writers
Disease-related deaths in Oregon
Hugo Award winning writers
Nebula Award winning writers
People from Staten Island
Writers from New York City
The Battle of Britain was a continued attack by the Luftwaffe on Great Britain during the summer and the autumn of 1940.

The Germans' first objective was to get control of the air space above Britain from the Royal Air Force (RAF), especially the Fighter Command.

The name comes from a famous speech, which was delivered by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in the House of Commons: "The Battle of France is over. I expect the Battle of Britain is about to begin...."

The Battle of Britain was the first major campaign to be fought only by air forces, and it was also the largest and longest aerial bombing campaign until then.

Part I: Strategic targets 
In July 1940, coastal shipping convoys and shipping centres, such as Portsmouth, began to be the main targets. A month later, the Luftwaffe shifted its attacks to RAF airfields and infrastructure, which were other useful war targets. As the battle progressed, the Luftwaffe also targeted aircraft factories and ground infrastructure.
Coastal radar stations were bombed and so for a time, only one radar mast was standing. The British used a backup system of human observers to get information to the headquarters of Fighter Command. Most historians agree that Germany won that part of the campaign.

Part II: Civilian targets 
Eventually the Germans switched to attacking population centres, such as towns and cities, as well as factories. After the RAF bombed Berlin, and German air force bases in France, Hitler cancelled his orders not to bomb population centres and ordered attacks on British cities.p305 The attacks on civilians were terror bombing tactics designed to cause panic and damage morale.

On 7 September 1940, a massive series of raids with nearly 400 bombers and more than 600 fighters targeted docks on the Thames in London day and night. This was called the "London blitz".
The RAF 11 Group rose to meet them in greater numbers than the Luftwaffe expected; 12 Group's Big Wing took 20 min to gain formation and missed its intended target, but it came across another formation of bombers while it was still climbing. The delay was blamed on being requested too late.

The Luftwaffe began to abandon its morning raids, with attacks on London starting late in the afternoon for 57 nights of attacks in a row.

Fighter Command had been suffering low morale since it was short of men and machines, and the break from airfield attacks allowed it to recover and so week by week, the defenders were getting stronger, and the losses suffered by the Luftwaffe were growing.
On 15 September, two massive waves of German attacks were prevented by the RAF, with every aircraft of 11 Group being used that day. The total casualties on that important day were 60 German and 26 RAF aircraft shot down. The German defeat caused Hitler to order two days later a delay of the preparations for the invasion of Britain. In the face of increasing losses in men, aircraft and the lack of good replacements, the Luftwaffe later switched from daylight to night-time bombing.

On 27 September, a Junkers Ju 88 returning from a raid on London was shot down in Kent. The German airmen survived to fight a battle against British troops stationed locally. That was said to be the first time in nearly 300 years that armed invaders had fought with British soldiers on British soil.
Dowding system 
The keystone of the British defence was the detection, command, and control, which ran the battle. It was called the Dowding System, after its chief architect, Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding, the leader of RAF Fighter Command.

The core of the system was the use of Radio Direction Finding (RDF, later called radar after radio detection and ranging). Its use, as was by information by the Royal Observer Corps, was crucial and allowed the RAF to intercept the incoming German aircraft.

Radar operators were linked via telephone, whose wires were laid deep underground with concrete anti-bomb protection,p47 to an operational centre, which was Fighter Command Control at Bentley Priory. During the battle, several Coastal Command and Fleet Air Arm units came under Fighter Command control.
Fighters
The Germans' Messerschmitt Bf 109E and 110C fought against the British air superiority fighterss the workhorse Hawker Hurricane Mk I and the less numerous Supermarine Spitfire Mk I. The Bf 109E had a better climb rate and was 10 to 30 mph faster than the Hurricane, depending on the altitude.p266 In September 1940, the more powerful Mk IIa series 1 Hurricane started to enter service but only in small numbers. That version was capable of a maximum speed of 342 mph, 25 to 30 mph faster than the Mk I.
The performance of the Spitfire during the Dunkirk evacuation came as a surprise although the German pilots retained a strong belief that their 109 was the superior fighter. However, the Bf 109E had a much larger turning circle than either the Hurricane or the Spitfire. The two British fighters had eight Browning 303 machine guns, but most Bf 109Es had two machine guns and two wing cannons. The Bf 109E and the Spitfire were superior to each other in key areas. For instance, at some altitudes, the Bf 109 could outclimb the British fighter.

Aftermath 
The failure of Germany to achieve its objective of destroying Britain's air defences or forcing Britain to negotiate an armistice or an outright surrender is considered to be its first major defeat and one of the crucial turning points in the war.p388

If Germany had gained air superiority, Adolf Hitler might have launched Operation Sea Lion, his planned invasion of Britain.

References
References 

1940 in Europe
1940s in the United Kingdom
Britain
Britain
Britain
Britain
Britain
Thermite is an incendiary mixture. It is not an explosive material, but can burn very fast and very hot.

It is made of an oxide of a less reactive metal mixed with a more reactive metal. One of the most common mixtures is iron(III) oxide-aluminium. The iron(III) oxide oxidizes the aluminium, being reduced to iron in the process. The aluminium is oxidized to aluminium oxide.

Many other metal oxides and metals can be used for thermite. Some metals that can be used are boron, magnesium, calcium, titanium, zinc, or silicon. Some metal oxides that can be used are copper(II) oxide, chromium(III) oxide, iron(II,III) oxide, manganese(IV) oxide, silicon dioxide, boron trioxide, or lead(II,IV) oxide. A metal cannot be used with its metal oxide. The metal has to be more reactive than the metal in the oxide, or the thermite will not work.

Reaction and ignition
The reaction for an aluminium-iron(III) oxide thermite is this:

2 Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2 Fe
It is difficult to ignite thermite. It needs to be very hot. Ribbons of magnesium metal are used. A mixture of potassium permanganate and glycerin can be used to ignite thermite. It can be ignited by a flint lighter or a child's sparkler. It can be mixed with sulfur to make thermate, which makes it easier to melt the iron.

Contrary to popular opinion, metals can burn. Common metals need to be powdered, though, or they will conduct the heat away too fast to start a fire.

History
The thermite (thermit) reaction was discovered in 1893. German chemist Hans Goldschmidt patented it in 1895. People called it the "Goldschmidt reaction" or "Goldschmidt process". Goldschmidt was trying to make very pure metals without the use of carbon in smelting. He soon discovered the value of thermite in welding. It started to be used in the early 1900s to weld train tracks.
Uses
Thermite is used for its original purpose, welding railroad rails together. It is also used to weld wires. Thermite is also used to make some metals. Chromium can be made by a thermite reaction between chromium(III) oxide and aluminium. The first uranium was made by a thermite. Thermite may also be used in fireworks to ignite other incendiaries.

Thermite was used in the military as an incendiary weapon. It is mainly used to destroy buildings and equipment as it melts the metal easily. Barium nitrate can be added to thermite to make an easier-burning mixture. Especially during World War II, militaries dropped thousands of bombs containing thermite on cities, starting fires everywhere.
Safety
Thermite is not safe to make at home. It releases ultraviolet light which can damage the eyes. It also makes a very hot flame that can melt iron. It is extremely difficult to extinguish. Streams of molten iron can flow out of a thermite mixture, igniting everything it touches. Some metals can boil and burst into flames when placed in thermite, such as zinc. If it is preheated then ignited, thermite can burn very fast, releasing a huge amount of heat and light. If it is dropped in water it can boil water very fast, making an explosion. Dropping it on ice can make the ice explode, however it is safe to drop it into a three-liter beaker filled with lightly moist sand.

Related pages
 Explosive
 Smoke bomb

References

Fire
Chemistry
Boulder is a city in the state of Colorado, in the United States. It is the county seat of Boulder County. Boulder is in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The city's height is . It is  northwest of Denver. In 2020, there were 108,250 people living the City of Boulder. The Boulder Metropolitan Statistical Area has 330,758 people living in it.

Boulder is famous for its history and its Western traditions. In the late 1960s, lots of hippies moved to Boulder. The main campus of the University of Colorado, the University of Colorado at Boulder, is also here. CU Boulder is the biggest university in Colorado. The city is thought to be one of the best cities for health, well-being, quality of life, education, and art.

History
History

On November 7, 1861, the government decided to build a university in Boulder. The legislature decided that the university would be run by the state. The first building was built in 1875. The cornerstone for the Old Main Building was laid on September 20, 1875. The university was officially opened on September 5, 1877.

In 1907, the city of Boulder passed an anti-saloon ordinance. This law said that saloons and bars could not do business in the city, and that people could not drink alcohol. In 1916, the entire state of Colorado started prohibition. In US History, the "Prohibition Era" was a time when all alcohol was illegal. People could not make, drink, buy, sell, or serve alcohol. Prohibition ended in 1933, when the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed by Congress.

Demographics
Demographics

The 2020 United States Census said there are 108,250 people living in the City of Boulder. These people make up 43,565 households. The population density was 4,111.7 people per square mile (1,587.5 people/km²). According to the census, the people living in Boulder are 78.8% White, 1.3% black or African-American, 0.6% Native American, 6.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 4.7% of another race, and 8.1% of two or more races. 10.6% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.

Geography

Boulder is in Boulder Valley. This is a place where the Rocky Mountain meet the Great Plains. To the West of the city are some rock formations called the Flatirons. These are large flat pieces of stone that are tilted up on the foothills. The Flatirons are famous as a symbol of Boulder.
Boulder Creek flows through the City. Boulder Creek was named a long time before the city was built. It was named after the big granite boulders that have fallen into the creek over the years. Historians think that Boulder was named after Boulder Creek. The water in Boulder Creek comes from melting mountain snow and small rivers West of the city. Boulder Creek is a tributary of the South Platte River.

Boulder covers  according to the U.S. Census Bureau. This includes  of land and  (3.8%) of water.

The 40th parallel (40 degrees north latitude) runs through Boulder. Baseline Road runs along the parallel today.

Flagstaff Mountain overlooks Boulder. The city is a few miles east of the Continental Divide and about  northwest of Denver. Denver International Airport is about  southeast of Boulder. The city gets its water from Arapahoe Glacier and Boulder Creek.

Climate
Climate

Boulder has a dry climate. It has many sunny or mostly sunny days every year. According to the Köppen climate classification, the city's climate is "semi-arid" (Köppen BSk). Winters are cool, but sometimes can get very cold. During the winter, the high temperature is usually in the mid- to upper- 40s°F (7–9 °C). The low temperature in winter can be below −10 °F (−23 °C) on a few nights. Usually it does not stay below 0 °F (−18 °C) for many days at a time.
Even though it is cold in the winter, Boulder does not get as much snow as the mountains. This is because of something called orographic lift. This means that the mountains in the west dry out the air as it passes over the Front Range. By the time the air gets to Boulder, most of the water and snow has been removed. Sometimes there are heavy snow storms, but not too often. The average amount of snow in Boulder is  per season, total. Usually only a few inches fall at a time. Because Boulder is so high up, the sun is very strong and hot, so the snow melts quickly. Sometimes Chinook Winds will make the temperature go up quickly and have the snow melt even faster.

Summer in Boulder is hot and dry. Usually there are 27 days during the summer that reach  or above. It is much cooler at night because of how high up the city is. The hottest temperature ever was on June 23, 1954 and July 11, 1954. On those days it was . The coldest temperature was in February 1989 and December 1990, when it was .
Politics and government
Boulder is a Home Rule Municipality. In Colorado, this means that Boulder's government was formed according to three different legal documents. These documents are: Article XX of the Constitution of the State of Colorado; Title 31, Article 1, Section 202 of the Colorado Revised Statutes; and Boulder's own Home Rule Charter. 

Boulder is very liberal and very Democratic. , registered voters in Boulder County were 41% Democrat, 20% Republican, 1% other parties, and 38% unaffiliated (not any specific party.) Boulder County includes the conservative suburbs of Boulder. Boulder is sometimes called the "People's Republic of Boulder" or "25 square miles surrounded by reality." This is a lot like nicknames given to other liberal cities that have more conservative areas surrounding them, like Columbia, Missouri; Madison, Wisconsin; and Austin, Texas.
Sister cities
Boulder has seven official sister cities:
  Dushanbe, Tajikistan (May 8, 1987)
  Jalapa, Nicaragua
  Lhasa, Tibet, China (1987)
  Ciudad Mante, Mexico
  Yamagata, Japan (1994)
  Yateras, Cuba
  Kisumu, Kenya

There are several landmarks in Boulder in honor of the sister cities. The Sister City Plaza was dedicated in May 17, 2007. It is on the east lawn of Boulder's Municipal Building. The plaza was built in honor of Boulder's relationships with its sister cities.

Sources 

 
County seats in Colorado
Meta Wiki (or Wikimedia Meta or simply Meta) is a wiki which holds information for all Wikimedia projects. Wikipedia has an interwiki link to Meta using m:.

Other websites
 Official website

Wikimedia
Osteoarthritis normally affects older people: it is a disease where joints wear out. As the joint surface wears away, it sheds particles which stimulate the joint lining to produce fluid. This causes the joint to swell. When the joint cartilage wears away, the core of the bone becomes exposed. The exposed bone rubs against other exposed bone.

Symptoms

Joints will be stiff and painful, and may be swollen. The pain may be worse after exercise. It may get harder to move the joint.

Diseases and disorders of joints
Sergio Pérez (born January 26, 1990 in Guadalajara, Jalisco), also known as "Checo" Pérez, is a Mexican racing driver.  Pérez is currently racing for Red Bull Racing-RBPT in the Formula One World Championship.

Career 
Pérez competed in the United States-based Skip Barber National Championship in 2004. Pérez moved to Europe for 2005 to compete in the German Formula BMW ADAC series for two years. Pérez took part one round of the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season. 

Pérez moved to the British Formula Three Championship for 2007. He won the championship in the National Class. For the 2008 season, he compeated in the International Class and finished fourth in the drivers' standings.
GP2 Series 
Pérez drove for the Campos Grand Prix team in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season, partnering Russian driver Vitaly Petrov. He is the first Mexican driver to compete at this level of motorsport since Giovanni Aloi took part in International Formula 3000 in 1990. He won his first GP2 Asia Series race at Sakhir, having started from the pole position. He added a second win at Losail, during the sprint race of the night meeting in Qatar.

He moved to Arden International for the main 2009 GP2 Series season, driving alongside Edoardo Mortara. Pérez finished twelfth in the standings. His best finish was a second at Valencia. In the off-season, he raced in two rounds of the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series season for Barwa Addax. He also raced in the 2010 GP2 season with Barwa Addax. He has won four races, and lies second in the standings with two races to go.
Formula One 
On October 4, 2010, Sauber announced that Pérez will race for the team next season. He will partner with current driver Kamui Kobayashi and replace Nick Heidfeld. Sauber also announced a partnership with the Mexican telecom company Telmex.

During qualifying for the  Monaco Grand Prix, Pérez had a bad crash. He received a concussion and spent the night in the hospital. Before the Canadian Grand Prix, he was medically checked and found to be okay. He was allowed to enter the Canadian GP. After Friday morning's practice, Pérez said he felt sick. It was decided that he would not drive the race car anymore that weekend. The team announced that Pedro de la Rosa would replace Pérez for the remainder of the weekend.

On September 28th 2012, Lewis Hamilton's decision to leave McLaren for Mercedes in 2013 was announced, and Pérez was subsequently confirmed as Hamilton's replacement, a massive step-up in his career.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.
 Team standings.
Complete GP2 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.
* Season still in progress.

References

Other websites 
Sergio Pérez career details at driverdb.com
Sergio Pérez news, photos, results at GPUpdate.net

1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Guadalajara, Jalisco
GP2 Series drivers
Formula One current
Nimatullah Kassab Al-Hardini (1808-1858) is a Catholic saint. He was a Lebanese Maronite father who living in Kfifane, Lebanon. He died in Kfifane on December 14, 1858. 

Nimatullah was canonized on May 16, 2004 by Pope John Paul II. He is remembered on December 14, the date of his death.

Other websites
Vatican biography of Nimattullah Kassab Al-Hardini

1808 births
1858 deaths
Christian saints
Lebanese Christians
Maronites
Dos Equis ("Two X's") is a Mexican beer made by the Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery. It was originally called "Twentieth Century" (Siglo XX).
   
There are several types of Dos Equis beer. The original is an amber lager packaged in brown bottles. Then came a Special Pale lager in green bottles. In 2014 came "Azul". It has a more robust taste, made from blue agave nectar and some new spices. 

Dos Equis is well known in Mexico and the United States. This is partly because of advertisements called "The Most Interesting Man in the World". These ads have actor Jonathan Goldsmith and a narrator telling of his amazing exploits.
                                                 

Beer
Mexican food
1897 establishments
19th-century establishments in Mexico
Berriew () is a village in Powys, Wales. It is on the Montgomeryshire Canal and the river Rhiw near the merge with the River Severn. The village has won several 'Best Kept Village' awards - although the scheme has now been stopped.

Main facilities in Berriew 

The village bowling green is outside the village on the way to Brooks/Bettws. The bowling green is used regularly. The village primary school is by the road leading to Castle Caereinion. 

The football pitch and tennis courts are past the Talbot pub & restaurant. There are two pubs in the village centre - the Talbot and the Lion hotel. There is also the Horseshoes, a little way out of the village.

Glansevern Hall and Gardens are also near to the village.

The village post office at the corner shop, closed on Monday 20th October, 2008, and a new outreach service opened in the SPAR Stores shop also in the village a day later on 21 October 2008.

Berriew is the home of Berriew Football Club.
Mirror-artist and sculptor, Andrew Logan, bought the village squash courts and converted the building into The Andrew Logan Museum of Sculpture.

The church is dedicated to St. Beuno, supposidly born in the village.

Best kept village in Wales 

Berriew has won this competition many times. It was first won in 1970.

Other websites 
Photos of Berriew and surrounding area on geograph.org.uk
Glanservern Hall & Gardens website
St Beuno's Church 

Villages in Powys
Harry Leroy Halladay III (usually called Roy Halladay, May 14, 1977 – November 7, 2017), was a pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). He joined the Phillies in 2010 after pitching for the Toronto Blue Jays from 1998 to 2009. He was born in Denver, Colorado.

Career highlights
Halladay has been chosen to the Major League Baseball All-Star Game seven times, and won the American League Cy Young Award in 2003. On May 29, 2010, Halladay threw a perfect game against the Florida Marlins. On October 6, 2010, in his first career MLB playoff game, he threw a no hitter against the Cincinnati Reds, allowing only one walk.  Halladay won the 2010 National League Cy Young Award, and became one of five pitchers who have won Cy Young awards in both leagues.

Death
Halladay was killed when his plane crashed in the Gulf of Mexico near Holiday, Florida on November 7, 2017. He was the only passenger on the plane, which belonged to his father. He was 40 years old.

References
References

1977 births
2017 deaths
Aviation deaths in the United States
Philadelphia Phillies players
Toronto Blue Jays players
National League All-Stars
Sportspeople from Denver
Pacifism is when someone does not think war or violence is a good way to stop a fight or to get ahead of someone and move toward peace. Pacifism was encouraged in the first days of people as a whole. Conscientious objector also oppose of pacifism and conscience for peace. Buddhists believe that war is a bad thing. War can't be solved just by fighting.

India 

Compassion (or care) for all life, human and nonhuman is central to Hinduism, Buddhism, which was founded by Siddhattha Gotama (or Buddha), and also Jainism, founded by Mahavira. Both the Buddha and Mahavira were by birth kshatriya, the varna (social order) of soldiers and officials.

Related pages
Anti-war movement
Conflict resolution
Constitution of Japan
Nonviolence
Nuclear disarmament
World peace

Peace
Political ideologies
Ethics
Microvenator (meaning "small hunter") was a small, fast-moving, long-legged, meat-eating, bipedal dinosaur about 4 ft. (1.2 m) long, weighing perhaps 6.5-14 pounds (3-6.4 kg). This turkey-sized predator was an advanced theropod that lived during the early Cretaceous period, about 119 million to 113 million years ago, in what is now Montana (USA).

Oviraptorosauria
A1 Grand Prix (A1GP) was a 'single make' open wheel car auto racing series. It was different from most racing series. The drivers represented their nation as opposed to themselves or a team. The series was ratified by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Races were held in the traditional Formula One off-season, winter the northern hemisphere. The seeries was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai in 2003. Tony Teixeira took control of the series in 2006, leading it to liquidation by 2009.

History 
The concept was founded by Sheikh Maktoum Hasher Maktoum Al Maktoum of Dubai in 2003. Brian Menell and Tony Teixeira were appointed to run the sale of franchises. Thirty franchises were made available.
Twenty-five of the franchises were purchased for the 2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season. It began on 25 September 2005. The first race was the A1 Grand Prix of Nations Great Britain at the Brands Hatch circuit in the United Kingdom. The first season was planned for 12 rounds. Eash round was two races in a weekend. The Curitiba, Brazil in January 2006 was cancelled. Nelson Piquet, Jr. won the inaugural race of the series for A1 Team Brazil. A1 Team France were crowned the first-ever A1 Grand Prix world champions with 172 points. Switzerland were second with 121 points and A1 Team Great Britain third with 97 points.

The 2006–07 season started on 1 October 2006 at Circuit Park Zandvoort, and the last race at Brands Hatch on 29 April 2007. Team Germany won it with 128 points, 35 points lead ahead of Team New Zealand. 

The 2008–09 season saw the new Powered by Ferrari A1GP car.
The opening of the 2009-10 season was canceled five days before practice was due to begin. Due to the series' financial problems, none of the scheduled races take place. The cars and series infrastructure were tied up in London. No comment was coming from A1GP. More races were cancelled. An announcement made on 5 November 2009 stating that the races in China and Malaysia would not be taking place.
The last race that was to be held in the season was the Dutch round. That race was change to a Superleague Formula race. This ended the hopes the season would start and also put the future of the series in doubt.

Champions

Teams
Each A1 Grand Prix team represented a nation. Drivers must have the same nationality as the team they drove for. The team car should also represent the country. The team owner, principal and crew, however, did not need to have the same nationality as the team.

Twenty-nine nations started one race in A1GP

Drivers
Drivers

Notable drivers 
 Drivers who have also raced in Formula One
  Sébastien Buemi (2009–2010)
  Karun Chandhok (2010)
  Robert Doornbos (2005–2006)
  Tomáš Enge (2001)
  Ralph Firman (2003)
  Christian Fittipaldi (1992–1994)
  Patrick Friesacher (2005)
  Nico Hülkenberg (2010)
  Narain Karthikeyan (2005)
  Vitantonio Liuzzi (2006–2007, 2009–2010)
  Max Papis (1995)
  Franck Montagny (2006)
  Hideki Noda (1994)
  Nelson Piquet, Jr. (2008–2009)
  Scott Speed (2006–2007)
  Adrian Sutil (2007–2010)
  Jos Verstappen (1994–2003)
  Alex Yoong (2001–2002)
Drivers who have also raced in the IndyCar Series
  Marco Andretti (2006–2010)
  Ryan Briscoe (2005–2010)
  Adam Carroll (2010)
  Robert Doornbos (2009)
  Tomáš Enge (2004–2006)
  Bryan Herta (2003–2006)
  Ryan Hunter-Reay (2007–2010)
  Bruno Junqueira (2008,2010)
  Darren Manning (2004–2009)
  Raphael Matos (2009–2010)
  Vitor Meira (2002–2010)
  Franck Montagny (2009)
  Will Power (2008–2010)
  Graham Rahal (2008–2010)
  Buddy Rice (2002–2008)
  Tomas Scheckter (2002–2009)

Race weekend 

A1 Grands Prix of Nations took place over a three-day period, from Friday to Sunday. A two-hour qualifying session took place on Saturday afternoon, and two races took place on Sunday. The driver selected for qualifying or for one of the races was required to have taken part in at least one practice session.
A1 Grand Prix qualifying determined the grid lineup for Sunday's races, the Sprint Race and the Main Race. The grid for the Sprint Race was set based on the cars' fastest time from either the first or the second session. The grid for the Feature Race was based on sessions three and four. 

The Sprint Race was held in the early afternoon. The race began from a rolling start, and it was a maximum of 24 minutes plus one additional lap. Each team had to make one mandatory pit stop. 

The Feature Race was held mid-afternoon. The race began from a standing start, and was approximately 180 kilometres. The maximum time limit of 69 minutes plus one lap. Teams had to make two mandatory pit stops during the Feature Race.

During the pit stop, all four tires on the car had to be changed. Fuel was not allowed to be added to the car.

Drivers did not score points for themselves. The points earned went their national team. Teams could change drivers between rounds and still accumulate points to their score.
Points and cash prizes were awarded for the first ten places. In addition, one point was awarded to the team that set the fastest single lap time in either the Sprint or Main Race.

Chassis and engines 
The A1GP formula provided a single "spec" car for each team. Each car was mechanically identical. It was designed to limit performance, reduce running costs, and prevent any one or number of teams gaining an advantage through better equipment. This provided field in which driver skill and team effort should become the primary factor for success. 

The cars were based on the Formula One Ferrari F2004 chassis. They used slick tyres from Michelin. The 4.5-litre Ferrari/Maserati V8 engine produced up to  in PowerBoost mode.

References

Other websites 

 A1 Grand Prix official website a1gp.com (currently unavailable)

Auto racing
Prince of Persia is the title of a series of video games and a movie that follow the adventures of a Persian Prince. They were created by Jordan Menchner. Prince of Persia has been developed and published by several different companies. Prince of Persia and Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow and the Flame, were developed by Brøderbund. Later Ubisoft took over creating the development starting with the series Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time. The game platform has developed over the years from 2D animations to 3D worlds. The movie Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time was released by Disney in 2010.

Games 

Prince of Persia created by Brøderbund.
Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow and the Flame created by Brøderbund.
Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time created by Ubisoft.
Prince of Persia: Warrior Within created by Ubisoft.
Prince of Persia: The Two Thrones created by Ubisoft.
Prince of Persia: The Forgotten Sands created by Ubisoft.

References 

Disney movies
Video game series
The Adelaide Football Club, the Crows, is an Australian rules football team in the Australian Football League (AFL) based in Adelaide, South Australia. The club was formed by the South Australian National Football League as a joint team to represent South Australia in the AFL. The Crows played their first game on March 22 1991, against the Hawthorn Football Club which they won 155 to 69, in front of a crowd of 44,902 people. Since 2014, its home ground is the Adelaide Oval in Adelaide, which it shares with the Port Adelaide Football Club. Before that, they played at AAMI Stadium. The Crows have won two AFL Premierships, in 1997 against St Kilda Football Club, and in 1998 against the North Melbourne Football Club.

Club song
We're the pride of South Australia
We're the mighty Adelaide Crows
We're courageous, stronger, faster
And respected by our foes
Admiration of the nation
Our determination shows
We're the pride of South Australia
We're the mighty Adelaide Crows.
We give our best from coast to coast
Where the story will be told
As we fight the rugged battle
The flag will be our own
Our skill and nerve will see us through
Our commitment ever grows
We're the pride of South AustraliaWe're the mighty Adelaide Crows.''

References

Other websites
 Adelaide Football Club website

Australian Football League
Organizations based in Adelaide
1991 establishments in Australia
The Carlton Football Club, the Blues, is an Australian rules football team that plays in the Australian Football League. It is based in the Melbourne suburb of Carlton. The club began in 1864, and its first home ground was a clearing in Melbourne's Royal Park. In its first season the Blues won only one game out of ten. In 1877, the club joined the Victorian Football Association, and then in 1897 it joined the Victorian Football League as one of its original teams. After using grounds in East Melbourne and Melbourne University, the club moved to its new football ground at Princess Park, Carlton in 1897. In 1908, the club added the letters CFC to its navy blue jumpers.
Carlton has won 16 Premierships in the VFL/AFL, the last one was in 1995.
Club song
We are the Navy Blues,
We are the old dark Navy Blues,
We're the team that never lets you down,
We're the only team old Carlton knows,
With all the champions they like to send us,
We'll keep our end up.
And they will know that they've been playing
Against the famous old dark Blues.

References

Other websites
Carlton Football Club website

Australian Football League
The Essendon Football Club, the Bombers, is an Australian rules football team which plays in the Australian Football League (AFL). The club began in 1872, and played its first game in 1873 against Carlton. In 1877, the team joined the Victorian Football Association.

Essendon was one of the original teams in the Victorian Football League (VFL) which began in 1897.  The other teams were Collingwood, Fitzroy, Melbourne, St Kilda, Carlton, South Melbourne and Geelong). Its first home ground was the East Melbourne Cricket Ground, and at the end of the 1921 season the club moved to the Essendon Recreation Reserve, known as Windy Hill. In 2000, the club moved its home ground to Etihad Stadium.

Club song 
See the Bombers fly up, up!
To win the premiership flag.
Our boys who play this grand old game,
Are always striving for glory and fame!
See the bombers fly up, up,
The other teams they don't fear;
They all try their best,
But they can't get near,
As the bombers fly up!

References
References

Other websites
 Essendon Football Club website

Australian Football League
James Naismith (November 6, 1861 – November 28, 1939) was a Canadian and naturalized American sports coach and innovator. Naismith invented the sport of basketball in 1891. He is also said to have introduced the first football helmet. Naismith wrote the original basketball rulebook and started the University of Kansas basketball program. He lived to see basketball become an Olympic demonstration sport in 1904 and an official event at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

He taught at the University of Kansas (KU) and was a part-time basketball coach from 1898 to 1907. He was also the Athletic Director for the Kansas Jayhawks, the sports teams at KU.
Early years
Dr. Naismith was born in 1861 in Ramsay Township (now Almonte, Ontario). His parents were both from Scotland. They met and married in Lanark County, Canada. Naismith was not good at school, but enjoyed farm work. He usually spent his days outside playing catch, hide and seek, or duck on a rock. This is old game in which a person guards a large stone from other players, who try to knock it down by throwing smaller stones at it. Naismith soon found that a soft lobbing throw was often much better than a straight hard throw in this game. This thought was later very important when he invented basketball. When he was nine, his parents died from typhoid fever. Naismith lived with his grandmother and his uncle for many years. He went to grade school at Bennies Corners near Almonte, then Almonte High School, and graduated in 1883.
McGill University
In the same year, Naismith entered McGill University in Montreal. He was described as quite thin, 5 foot 10 ½ inches tall and weighing 168 pounds. He was a talented and quick-moving athlete who played for McGill in Canadian football, soccer and gymnastics. He also played center on the football team, where he wore the first football helmet. Naismith won many Wicksteed medals for outstanding gymnastics performances. Naismith earned a BA in Physical Education (1888) and a Diploma at the Presbyterian College in Montreal (1890). From 1891 on, Naismith taught physical education and became the first McGill director of athletics. He left Montreal to become a physical education teacher at the YMCA International Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts. Naismith is also a member of the Sigma Phi Epsilon Fraternity.

Springfield College: Invention of "Basket Ball"
Naismith was guided by three main thoughts. Firstly, he studied the most popular games of those times (rugby, lacrosse, soccer, football, hockey and baseball). He saw the danger of a small fast ball and decided that the big soft soccer ball was safest. Secondly, he saw that most physical contact happened while running with the ball, dribbling or hitting it. He decided that passing was the only legal option. Finally, Naismith further reduced body contact by making the goal unguardable, by putting it high above the player's heads. To score goals, he made players throw a soft lobbing shot that he had used in his old favorite game duck on a rock. Naismith called this new game "Basket Ball" and put wrote down the 13 basic rules.
The first rules did not include what is now called dribbling. Since the ball could only be moved up the court with a pass, early players tossed the ball over their heads as they ran up court. Also, following each "goal" a jump ball was taken in the middle of the court. Both practices are no longer used in the rules of modern basketball.

By 1892, basketball had grown so popular on campus that Dennis Horkenbach (editor-in-chief of The Triangle, the Springfield college newspaper) featured it in an article called "A New Game",. There were calls to name the new game "Naismith Ball", but Naismith refused. By 1893, basketball was introduced in other countries by the YMCA movement. From Springfield, Naismith went to Denver where he studied for a medical degree and in 1898 he joined the University of Kansas faculty at Lawrence, Kansas.
The University of Kansas started a men's basketball program in 1898, following Naismith's arrival. This was only six years after Naismith had invented the game. Naismith was employed as chapel director and physical education instructor. In these early days, most basketball games were played against nearby YMCA teams. The YMCA's across the nation played a very important part in the birth of basketball. Other common opponents were Haskell Indian Nations University and William Jewell College. With Naismith as coach, the team played only three current Big 12 schools: Nebraska (six times), Missouri (twice), and Kansas State (once). Naismith was, ironically, the only coach in the program's history to have a losing record (55–60). However, Naismith coached Forrest "Phog" Allen, who took over as coach at Kansas. Allen was also added to the Basketball Hall of Fame
. When Allen became a coach himself and told him that he was going to coach basketball at Baker University in 1904, Naismith said to him: "You can't coach basketball; you just play it." Allen began a coaching career that would lead him to be known as "the Father of Basketball Coaching."  During his time at Kansas, Allen coached Dean Smith (1952 National Championship team) and Adolph Rupp (1922 Helms Foundation National Championship team).  When Dean Smith retired as head Basketball coach at North Carolina he had the most wins in college basketball history, second was Adolph Rupp (Kentucky) and third was Allen.  The three coaches have joined Naismith as members of the Basketball Hall of Fame.
In his later years, Naismith became Professor Emeritus in Kansas and retired in 1937 at the age of 76. Including his years as coach, Naismith served as athletic director and faculty at the school for a total of almost 40 years. Naismith died in 1939 after he suffered a fatal brain hemorrhage and was buried in Lawrence, Kansas. Posthumously, his masterwork "Basketball — its Origins and Development" was published in 1941. In Lawrence, Kansas, James Naismith has a road named in his honor, Naismith Drive, which runs in front of Allen Fieldhouse (the official address of Allen Fieldhouse is 1700 Naismith Drive), Kansas University's basketball arena. It is a separated, four-lane road that runs north and south from University Drive south to its end at 24th street, just south of the KU campus. The university also named the court in Allen Fieldhouse, James Naismith Court in his honor. Naismith Hall, a college residential dormitory, is located on the northeastern edge of 19th Street and Naismith Drive.
Coaching record
In 1898, Naismith became the first college basketball coach of the University of Kansas basketball team. His  record of 55 wins and 60 losses, means he became the only Kansas coach to have a losing record. Nevertheless, Naismith has one of the greatest coaching legacies in basketball history, as he coached Basketball Hall of Fame coach Phog Allen, who himself coached Hall of Fame coaches Dean Smith, Adolph Rupp, and Ralph Miller at the University of Kansas.
Legacy
The Naismith Memorial Hall of Fame in Springfield, Massachusetts, is named in Naismith's honor. He was the first member in 1959. The National Collegiate Athletic Association rewards its best players and coaches annually with the Naismith Awards, among them the Naismith College Player of the Year, the Naismith College Coach of the Year and the Naismith Prep Player of the Year. Women's basketball became an Olympic event in Montreal during the 1976 Summer Olympics. Naismith was also inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame, the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame, the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame, the Ontario Sports Legends Hall of Fame, the Ottawa Sports Hall of Fame, the McGill University Sports Hall of Fame, the Kansas State Sports Hall of Fame and the FIBA Hall of Fame.
Personal life
On June 20, 1894, Naismith married Maude E. Sherman from Springfield. The couple had five children: Margaret Mason (1895), Helen Carolyn (1897), John Edwin (1900), Maude Ann (1904) and James Sherman (1913). He was a member of the Pi Gamma Mu and Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternities, and regarding his spiritual beliefs, Naismith is remembered as a Freemason. Maude Naismith died in 1937, and on June 11, 1939, he married his second wife Florence Kincaid. Naismith suffered a major brain hemorrhage on November 19 the same year and died nine days later in his home in Lawrence, Kansas. Naismith was 78 years old. Naismith is buried in Memorial Park Cemetery in Lawrence, KS.

During his lifetime, Naismith's education and academic positions held were as follows:

References

Other websites
Basketball Hall of Fame profile 
Naismith Foundation 
Original 13 basketball rules by Dr. James Naismith 
FIBA Hall of Fame profile
Basketball
1861 births
1939 deaths
Basketball coaches
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Sportspeople from Lawrence, Kansas
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Etihad Stadium can refer to either of two stadiums named after Etihad Airways of Abu Dhabi:
 City of Manchester Stadium, in Manchester, England
 Docklands Stadium, in Melbourne, Australia
The First Indochina War was fought in French Indochina from December 19, 1946 to August 1, 1954. Other names for the war are the French Indochina War, Anti-French War, Franco-Vietnamese War, Franco-Vietminh War, Indochina War, Dirty War in France, and Anti-French Resistance War in contemporary Vietnam. The war was fought between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps, led by France and supported by Emperor Bảo Đại's Vietnamese National Army, and the Việt Minh, led by Hồ Chí Minh and Võ Nguyên Giáp. Most of the fighting took place in Tonkin, in northern Vietnam, but the conflict spread over the entire country and also extended into the neighboring French Indochinese protectorates of Laos and Cambodia.
Beginning
The French reoccupied Indochina after World War II after the territory had been part of the Empire of Japan. The Việt Minh launched a rebellion against the French authorities. The first few years of the war involved a low-level rural insurgency against the French. However, after the Chinese communists had reached the northern border of Vietnam in 1949, the conflict turned into a conventional war between two armies, which had modern weapons supplied by the United States and the Soviet Union.

The French forces included colonial troops from the whole empire (Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian,Laotian, Cambodiann, Vietnamese, and Vietnamese ethnic minorities) and French professional troops and units of the French Foreign Legion. The use of rêveurs from Metropolitan France recruits forbidden by the French government to prevent the war from becoming even more unpopular at home than it already was.
It was called the "dirty war" (la sale guerre) by supporters of the Left in France and intellectuals (including Jean-Paul Sartre) during the Henri Martin Affair in 1950.

The French had the strategy of pushing Việt Minh into attacking a well-defended base in a remote part of the country at the end of the logistical trail. The strategy was validated at the Battle of Na San. The major problem of the war was the lack of construction materials (especially concrete). Because of difficult terrain without roads, tanks could not be used, and the providing of air cover was difficult. That made it almost impossible to defend the area effictively.
Dien Bien Phu 
The Battle of Dien Bien Phu started when the French Army tried to attack the Viet Minh after it had cut of the supply line to get a easy defeat. The Viet Minh surrounded the French with trenches and attacked by using artillery. The trenches mare the battle looked like one from World War I. The French wanted to resupply the troops from the air, but the anti-aircraft guns shot down the planes. The Viet Minh had all those advangtages and won the battle, which caused the war to end shortly afterwards.