Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Child pornography is pornography that exploits children. It is against the law in many countries. Child pornography is made by taking pictures or videos, or more rarely sound recordings, of children who are wearing less clothing than usual, wearing no clothing, or being raped. It can also be made using illustrations of children. Child pornography is sometimes called "child sexual abuse images" because it is images (pictures) of a child who is being sexually abused. Child pornography can be made by setting up a camera or other recording device and molesting a child.

Child pornography can also be drawn, written, or created by a computer. In that case, it is called "simulated child pornography", "virtual child pornography", "non-photographic child pornography", or "pseudo-photographic child pornography": the child in the pornography is simulated, virtual, or drawn, meaning the child is not real.
Laws about child pornography 
Between 2016 and 2018, many countries made their child pornography laws more similar, which let police from different countries work together more easily. In particular, the word "child" in the new child pornography laws is used as a synonym for legal minors under the age of 18. This can be confusing because "child" usually means a person who has not yet reached puberty. However, in 2007, the United States already had laws forbidding pornography with models under 18, and most people who were arrested for owning child pornography around that time had images of children who have not started puberty.
In England due to a 2009 act, basically all non-photographic child pornography is illegal, even if it is something unrealistic, such as an anime drawing. However, charges for unrealistic non-photographic child porn possession or creation which do not involve real children tend to get dismissed  by judges at trials and are not treated overly seriously.

The Internet is a common place for people to share child pornography, especially on the dark web. When police officers find child pornography on the Internet, it is difficult for them to track down the molester and the other people who have looked at the recording.
Abuse and harm caused to the child 
Child molestation is when an adult touches a child in the genital area (between the legs), buttocks, or breasts, or a child is made to touch an adult in those areas. An adult touching any part of a child's body without consent (permission) from the child is also sometimes called molestation. Molestation is very harmful to children and can traumatize them for years or for the rest of their lives. An adult recording an instance of molestation as child pornography also harms the child. This harm from the recording is added to the harm from the molestation itself. Knowing that the molestation was recorded can slow down the child's healing from the abuse. The adult who has the recording can sell the recording, or threaten to share it with other adults to scare the child in the recording and make them obey the adult.

Related pages 
 Child abuse
 Child prostitution
 Human trafficking

References

Other websites 

 Cyber Tipline
 Stop It Now
Child sexual abuse
Pornography
Obscenity
Felching is a human sexual practice in which one person sucks semen or other fluids out of the vagina or anus of a another person. The acts of sucking the semen and then passing it from the mouth of one person to a third person is called snowballing. However, snowballing usually relates to semen ejaculated in the mouth following fellatio.

Felching can also mean the licking or sucking of another person's anus, similar to the act of anilingus.

References

Sexual acts
Hawk Nelson is a Christian rock band from Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. The band was started in 2003. The band has released three albums and several EPs. Their latest album is Hawk Nelson Is My Friend. 

As a band Hawk Nelson have toured much. In the spring of 2008, they were the main band on the Green T-tour along with the bands Capital Lights and Run Kid Run.

Hawk Nelson played music without help when they first started. They later signed to the record label Tooth & Nail Records. The band became quite popular in their music scene and have some charted singles.

A good amount of their music was made with help from Trevor McNevan from Fm static

Albums

EPs

References

Canadian rock bands
Canadian punk bands
Pop punk bands
Christian music bands
Musical groups established in 2003
2003 establishments in Canada
The Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (Convention No 182) of the International Labour Organization (ILO) provides that the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution is one of the worst forms of child labor. This convention from 1999, provides that countries that have signed it must get rid of child prostitution s soon as possible. It has the fastest pace of ratifications in the ILO's history since 1919.

The prostitution of children is seen as part of the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), and is sometimes connected to the trafficking of children for sexual purposes, and to child pornography. Child sex tourism also falls within the category of the prostitution of children.

How many there are
In 1992, researcher and expert Ron O'Grady estimated the number of child prostitutes to be 1 million.
In 2001, Dr. Richard Estes and Dr. Neil Alan Weiner estimated that in the U.S., 162,000 U.S. homeless youth are victims of commercial sexual exploitation (CVE) and that 57,800 children in homes (including public housing) are estimated to be victims of CVE.  They also estimated that 30% of shelter youth and 70% of homeless youth are victims of CVE in the United States.

One third of street-level prostitutes in the U.S. are less 18 years old while fifty percent of off-street prostitutes are less than 18 years old.  Off-street prostitution includes massage parlors, strip clubs, and escort services.  According to Estes and Weiner, 12 to 14 is the average age of entry into prostitution for girls under 17 years old in the United States while the average age of entry into prostitution is between 11 and 13.
In Ukraine, a survey conducted by the group “La Strada-Ukraine” in 2001-2003, based on a sample of 106 women being 'trafficked' out of Ukraine found that 3% were under 18, and the US State Department reported in 2004 that incidents of minors being trafficked was increasing.

In Thailand, NGOs have estimated that up to a third of prostitutes are children under 18. A study by the International Labor Organization on child prostitution in Vietnam reported that incidence of children in
prostitution is steadily increasing and children under 18 make up between 5 percent and 20 percent of prostitution depending on the geographical area.

In the Philippines, UNICEF estimated that there are 60,000 child prostitutes and many of the 200 brothels in the notorious Angeles City offer children for sex.
ECPAT New Zealand and Stop Demand Foundation have cited in a report “The Nature and Extent of the Sex Industry in New Zealand,” a police survey of the New Zealand sex industry that 210 children under the age of 18 years were identified as selling sex, with three-quarters being concentrated in one Police District.

The 1996 report of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography estimates that about one million children in Asia alone are victims of the sex trade. According to the International Labor Organization, the problem is especially alarming in Korea, Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia and Nepal.
A 2006 report by World Vision Middle East/Eastern Europe funded by the Canadian government and supported by six United Nations agencies and the International Organization for Migration reported that the sexual exploitation of children, child trafficking and sexual violence towards minors is increasing and that Russia is becoming a new destination for child sex tourism. The report adds that some studies claim approximately 20 to 25 percent of Moscow's sex workers are minors.

In Africa and South Asia, many countries are faced with a rising child prostitution rate and the linkage with tourism is evident. Child prostitution and the trafficking of children for sexual exploitation is also increasing in Europe, North America, and Australia.
In Rio de Janeiro, the City Social Assistance Secretary estimates that there are 223 child prostitutes, both boys and girls. Some are transvestites. The transactions are intermediated by pimps. They charge from 2 reals (US$ 0,36 in 09/29/2020) to 30 reals (US$ %,34 in 09/29/2020). The children are between 10 and 17 years old. In some cases, the families are involved in the prostitution.

References

Related pages
 Child grooming

Debt bondage
Childhood
Poverty
Violence
Child prostitution
Hawk Nelson is my Friend is an album by Christian rock band Hawk Nelson. It was released on April 1, 2008.

The title was taken because they find it funny - some people still think of Hawk Nelson as a person instead of a band. It was also chosen because, Hawk Nelson like to connect with fans, and make friends with them.

Songs 
 "You Have What I Need" – 2:34
 "Friend Like That" – 2:49
 "Turn It On" – 3:09
 "One Little Miracle" – 2:58
 "Let's Dance" – 3:09
 "Ancient History" – 3:11
 "Somebody Else" – 3:18
 "Arms Around Me" – 3:31
 "Just Like Me" – 2:39
 "Not The Same" – 3:30
 "Words We Speak" – 2:54
 "I Still Miss You" – 3:51

It also includes a special edition CD/DVD with extra tracks and a paper board game. Also including a video showing how the music video for "Friend Like That" was made. It has four other videos from the band.
Singles 
"Friend Like That" was the only single from this album. It was first made available on music programmes such as Itunes. It was announced a while before, and was available on Christmas Eve 2007. However, it was taken early on websites such as YouTube.

2008 albums
Hawk Nelson albums
Child grooming is a term which describes the following situation. When an adult becomes friends with a child, this is sometimes done for a reason. The reason is to lower the inhibitions of the child and to prepare for sexual abuse. So, any action taken by an adult to form a trusting relationship with a child, with the intent of later having sexual contact, is 'child grooming'.

The act of grooming a child may include activities that are legal, but later lead to sexual contact. The grooming is done to gain the child's trust, and the trust of those responsible for the child. Children are less likely to report a crime if it involves someone the child knows, trusts, and cares about. Also, a relationship with the family means the child's parents will be less likely to believe any accusations.
Examples of  grooming 
 Taking interest in someone's child (having a "special" friend)
 Giving gifts or money to the child for no obvious reason
 Showing pornography to the child - this is illegal in many countries
 Talking about sexual topics that are not age-appropriate
 Invading the child's privacy (e.g. walking in on him/her in the bathroom)
 Hugging, kissing, or other physical contact if the child does not want this attention
 Allowing the child to get away with behavior that is not right.
 Talking to the child about problems that would normally be discussed with adults (e.g. marriage problems).

Child grooming on the internet 
Sexual grooming of children also occurs on the internet. Some abusers pose as children online and make arrangements to meet with them in person.
In 2003, MSN implemented restrictions in their chat rooms purportedly intended to help protect children from adults seeking sexual conversations with them. In 2005, Yahoo! chat rooms were investigated by the New York State attorney general's office for allowing users to create rooms whose names suggested that they were being used for this purpose. That October, Yahoo! agreed to "implement policies and procedures designed to ensure" that such rooms would not be allowed.

An organization called Perverted-Justice (known as PJ) uses PJ operatives posing as underage teens on the internet to identify potential child molesters and turn the information over to the police and the courts. The news program Dateline NBC features the recurring segment "To Catch a Predator", based on documenting such activities.
An organization called Crisp Thinking has created an expert service providing social platforms and apps with the risk protection they need to protect their users from sexual exploitation, child abuse images and trolls.

Another software company in the UK has developed a program that hold as competitor to Crisp, called Sentry Parental Controls . It was launched by television personality Coleen Nolan and is supported by Mark Williams-Thomas, a leading expert in child protection.

References 

Child sexual abuse
The Cynics (, ) were an important group of philosophers from the ancient school of Cynicism. Their philosophy taught that the purpose of life was to live a life of Virtue in agreement with Nature.  This meant rejecting all the usual desires for wealth, power, health, and fame, and by living a life free from all possessions. People are reasoning creatures. They could therefore gain happiness by rigorous training and by living in a way which was natural for humans. They believed that the world belonged equally to everyone, and that suffering was caused by false judgments of what was valuable and by the worthless customs and conventions which surrounded society. Many of these thoughts were later absorbed into Stoicism.
The first philosopher to outline these themes was Antisthenes, who had been a pupil of Socrates in the late 5th century BCE. He was followed by Diogenes of Sinope, who lived in a tub on the streets of Athens, took Cynicism to its logical extremes, and came to be seen as the archetypal Cynic philosopher. He was followed by Crates of Thebes who gave away a large fortune so he could live a life of Cynic poverty in Athens. Cynicism spread with the rise of Imperial Rome in the 1st century, and Cynics could be found begging and preaching throughout the cities of the Empire. It finally disappeared in the late 5th century, although many of its ascetic and rhetorical ideas were adopted by early Christians.

References 

Philosophical movements and positions
The Botanical Garden of Curitiba () - also known as the "Jardim Botânico Fanchette Rischbieter" - is in the Jardim Botânico district in the city of Curitiba, the capital of the state of Paraná, the biggest city of southern Brazil.

It is the major tourist attraction of the city. In 2007, it was the most voted place in an online election to choose the "Seven Wonders of Brazil". The botanical garden houses part of the campus of the Federal University of Paraná. It is the unofficial symbol of the city and of all South Brazil.
 
The international identification code is CURIT.

History

The first Botanical Garden in Curitiba was the Passeio Público (Public Promenade Park), in 19th century. Inaugurated by the President of Paraná Province Alfredo d’Escragnolle Taunay, was the first public park of the city.

Name

The official name - "Jardim Botânico Fanchette Rischbieter" - is a tribute to Francisca Maria (Fanchette) Garfunkel Rischbieter (1929-1989), pioneer planner in urban planning of Curitiba.

Current location
Current location

Opened in the administration of Jewish Mayor Jaime Lerner, on October 5, 1991 on an old dump, was created in the style of French gardens. The design of flowerbeds geometrical gardens was inspired by the flag of the city, which can be clearly seen in an aerial view of the place.  The greenhouses of iron and glass - the main one of them inspired in the Crystal Palace (a building that existed in London in 1851) were designed by the architect Abraão Assad, who also planned the Botanical Museum.

Description

The Botanical Garden of Curitiba is the most famous of Curitiba's landmarks and contains many Brazilian plants and from other countries, spread across boulevards and greenhouses of iron and glass - the main one of them, in an art nouveau style with a modern metallic structure, looks like the mid-19th century Crystal Palace in England.
The native forest have many paths for walk. Behind the greenhouse is the Museum of Franz Krajcberg , the Polish Brazilian artist who took up the cause of environmental conservation; with 1,320 square meters of area, divided into multimedia classrooms, an auditorium with 60 seats and lounge with several exhibitions of works donated by visual artist, represented by sculptures and reliefs, as well as photographs, videos, publications and educational materials.

In the other side is the Botanical Museum, a wooden building which entrance using a bridge made of wood also. Actually, the Botanical Museum of Curitiba has the fourth largest herbarium in the country. In front of the construction there is a pond with carp, turtles, teal, herons, etc., and offers a lake, an auditorium, a library, an expositions area and a theatre. The park also has tennis courts and a cycle track.

Plant collections
Plant collections

More than a postcard of the city, or a place for leisure and recreation, is a research center for the flora of Paraná, contributing to environmental education, preservation and conservation of nature.

Like all botanical gardens, the curitiban has a great variety of plants and also has the objective of cultivate them, protect them, study them and reproduce them. 

In 2008, another greenhouse was built to research, shelter and reproduction of Brazilian living plants - and in danger of extinction - and Brazilian native ornamental plants. In contrast to main greenhouse, this is not open to the public; it serves to scientific research and is home to rare plants to prevent disappearance of nature. It is made of polycarbonate and has internal system of irrigation and temperature control.

 Garden of Native Plants;
In order to appreciate the native plants, in 2007, the Garden of Native Plants of Curitiba was created; every plant in the garden is native, even the grass. Because it has no exotic plants, the garden attracts lots of butterflies and other pollinating insects

 Atlantic Forest Ecosystem;

In the past, the Atlantic Forest was the second largest forest in Brazil; currently there is less than 5% of forest in the country.

This is the native vegetation of Curitiba. The araucaria moist forests are a subtropical moist forest ecoregion of southern Brazil, and is now one of the most endangered biomas of the world; corresponds to approximately 40% of the vegetation of the Jardim Botânico de Curitiba. The park was created in order to protect this biodiversity.
Next to one of the lakes, 200 seedlings of trees and shrubs native of the Serra do Mar of Paraná were planted; the Mountain Range of the Sea () is a 1,500 km long system of mountain ranges and escarpments in Southeastern Brazil, which runs in parallel to the Atlantic Ocean coast. Some planted species were cultivated on the coast of Paraná and then transplanted into the garden of plants of the Serra do Mar.

 Cherry Blossom;

Every year, in July, the prunus serrulata blossoms; there are about 30 trees, planted in a path that connects the parking to the portal of entrance of the park.

In the capital city of Parana, the first seedlings were taken by Japanese immigrants in the first half of the 20th century, but began to be planted in large quantities from the 1990s, with the opening of the Botanical Garden. Now the seedlings are produced by the city and used in afforestation of streets and squares.

 Garden of Sensations;
Opened in 2008, the Jardim das Sensações is a track of 200 meters long where visitors walk blindfolded (without the vision) to know some plants and natural landscapes using the other senses. More than 70 plant species with smells, textures, shapes and sizes fill the course of the Garden. 

Occupies an area of 2381 meters square surrounded by trees that help to isolate external noise and, to guarantee the surprise, it is hidden by a fence of bamboo. All elements of the track are identified in Braille, the language made with points in high relief used by blind persons. The space is free and monitored, where small groups are organized to make the experience (that can walk the path with or without the blindfold). Receives approximately 5,000 visitors per week.

 Foreign plants;

 Plants of the Paraná River basin;

 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.

The Botanical Museum of Curitiba
The Museu Botânico de Curitiba (Botanical Museum of Curitiba) is inside the Botanical Garden of the city; has ample space for exhibitions, library and auditorium. Was founded in 1965, when the botanist Gerdt Günther Hatschbach donated his private collection to the municipality of Curitiba. Today, the collection is the fourth largest in Brazil, with more than 333,000 specimens.

The Museum has developed an exchange program for botanical material, and exchanges material with 207 institutions worldwide (53 in Brazil, 154 in other places). Due to this program, around 90% of the collection has been identified by specialists; it makes the Botanical Museum of Curitiba an international reference for botanical material - receives annually an average of 400 research scientist visitors, and includes specialists and graduate students.

Each year, the collection increases by approximately 15,000 specimens.

Culture and arts

Sculptures
Sculptures

Amor Materno (Maternal Love) - Sculpture of Polish artist João Zaco Paraná (stage name of Jan Żak) (1884-1961), cast in bronze and placed in a fountain. This sculpture was made in 1907 (in the same year, the Polish-Brazilian artist won the special prize of the Hall of Fine Arts in Brussels), and was donated by the Polish colony of Brazil to honor all paranaense mothers in the celebration of 300th anniversary of the city in 1993.

Zaco Paraná immigrated with his parents to Brazil in 1896; was the author of many monuments, statues, sculptures, etc. in several Brazilian states and around the world.
Torso do Trabalhador (Worker's Trunk) - Sculpture of paranaense artist Erbo Stenzel  (1911-1980), cast in bronze and placed inside the glasshouse, in a fountain. This sculpture was made in 1941 and was placed in 1994 to honor all the workers of the world, when Curitiba hosted the World Habitat Day in 1995 - an event celebrated by UN to make reflection on the situation of cities and the human right to adequate housing, as well remind the world of its collective responsibility for the habitat for future generations.

Erbo Stenzel was born in Parana State, descendant of Germans and Austrians; held many monuments and sculptures of political personalities of the state and about local culture.

Espaço Cultural Frans Krajcberg
The Frans Krajcberg Cultural Space is behind the main greenhouse. Originally opened to be a orchidary, received the artworks in 2003, including 110 large sculptures (all made from the remains of burned or illegally cut down trees), reliefs, photographs, videos and texts. The name "The Revolt" expresses the artist's feeling about the complete destruction caused by man in the Brazilian forests. There is also an exhibit of photos taken by the sculptor and selling books related to the artist. The main purpose of the space is, according to Krajcberg, environmental awareness. All works were donated by the artist.
Krajcberg was born in 1921, in Poland. Son of a Jewish family who disappeared in 1945 (in the Holocaust), left for Brazil in 1948 and became a naturalized Brazilian years later. Received many awards around the world, and other Frans Krajcberg Cultural Space - but in Paris. But in Curitiba Botanic Garden was the first place in the world that was specifically designed to house his works. The gallery receives about 60,000 visitors each year.

Iconic use

The new Botanical Garden was part of many other creations of Mayor Jaime Lerner, who at time had created the slogan for the city "The Ecological Capital of Brazil". It quickly became an icon of the city, and the image of the main greenhouse is the most landmark used in advertising about the city,  becoming the unofficial symbol of Curitiba and of all the South region of Brazil.
The city of Concórdia, in Santa Catarina state, built a mall inspired in the greenhouse  of the Botanical Garden; another construction evidently inspired is the Shopping Pátio Higienópolis, in São Paulo City. The logo for the candidacy of Curitiba  as the host city of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil was also inspired in the park's glasshouse.

Thematic lighting
Thematic lighting

As the best known place in the city, the image of greenhouse is used from many manifestations: since 2008, the park lights are turned off by one hour as a way to join the Earth Hour (an global event organized by World Wide Fund for Nature - WWF - held on the last Saturday of March annually); every year, in October, the greenhouse is illuminated with pink, to support the Breast Cancer Awareness Month; in December, an Christmas decoration is made, as part of the "Christmas of Light". And a thousand days to the World Cup in Brazil (2014), between 16 and 23 September 2011 was made an tribute with the light colors of the flags of each country that has won the championship: Brazil, Italy, Germany, Uruguay, Argentina, England, France and Spain. At the same year Curitiba became part of the cities engaged in the Decade of Action for Road Safety, by United Nations; the yellow color, that in traffic means "attention", lighted the greenhouse.

Sports and leisure
Sports and leisure

The park has Wi-Fi at many places. To access the network of free wireless internet is necessary first register on the site of Passport Curitiba .

The Curitiba Velodrome

The Irineu Marinho Velodrome (also known as Curitiba Velodrome) was opened in 1979 and is the first Brazilian velodrome to have a public cycling school. The measurements are Olympic, with 333,33 meters long and holds national and international competitions.

In 1982, it was refurbished and in 2002 and underwent a major renovation. Due to the work of their coaches, became an important way to formation of many of Brazil's best cyclists,  male or female, forming teams representing the state and the country to participate in national championships, international and Olympic.

The Velodrome Center for Sport and Leisure
The Center for Sport and Recreation has the velodrome cycling track, courts to beach football and sand volleyball, and three tennis courts. It offers activities guided by physical education teachers, like gymnastics, walking and cycling. In 2010, he was installed an "outdoor gym", and like the other things, is open to the public and completely free.

Address

On Eng. Ostoja Roguski Street, s/n°, Jardim Botânico Neighborhood, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Free open daily to visitors from 6 am till 9 pm during summertime and from 6 am till 8 pm during the rest of the year. Phone: +55 (41) 3362-5289.

Related pages
 List of botanical gardens

References

Other websites

 Official Page 
 Information Page

Botanical gardens
Curitiba
1991 establishments in South America
1990s establishments in Brazil
Samekh or Simketh is the fifteenth letter in many Semitic alphabets, including Phoenician, Hebrew, and Aramaic, representing .

The Phoenician letter is where the Greek Xi (Ξ, ξ) comes from.

Hebrew Samekh
Samekh represents , a voiceless alveolar fricative. Unlike most Semitic consonants, the pronunciation of  remains constant between vowels and before voiced consonants.

Samekh in gematria has the value 60.

Samekh and Mem form the abbreviation for the Angel of Death, whose name in Hebrew is Samael. It also stands for centimetre.

References

Hebrew alphabet
Aleph is the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Modern uses 
 In mathematics, Georg Cantor decided to use alephs to determine the cardinality of infinite sets. These are called aleph numbers, with some of the most notable ones being aleph null () and aleph one ().

Hebrew alphabet 
Aleph ("a" pronounced as "father") has a mute sound and is represented by the symbol "א".

Related pages 

 Bet (letter)
 Cardinal number

References 

Hebrew alphabet
Mem is the thirteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Hebrew alphabet
Nun is the fourteenth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.

Hebrew alphabet
Yodh (also spelled Yod, or Yud) is the tenth  letter from Masha and the Bear and of the Hebrew alphabet.

Hebrew alphabet
Thee Michelle Gun Elephant (or TMGE) was a Japanese punk band. The band was started in 1991 when the members were students at a university near Tokyo. They released their first big label album in 1995. TMGE has released a total of 16 singles and 8 albums. In October 2003, the band said they were breaking up.

Members
Yusuke Chiba, singer - July 10, 1968
Futoshi Abe, guitarist - December 16, 1966
Kouji Ueno, bassist - March 27, 1968
Kazuyuki Kuhara, drummer - April 3, 1969

Recordings
Singles 
 World's End (世界の終わり) 1 Feb. 1996, CODA-836
 Candy House (キャンディ・ハウス) 1 Aug. 1996, COCA-13546, COKA-5
 Lily (リリィ) 19 Oct. 1996, CODA-1042, COKA-6
 Culture (カルチャー) 1 May 1997, COCA-14100, COKA-7
 Get Up Lucy (ゲット・アップ・ルーシー) 1 Aug. 1997, COCA-14327, COJA-9189
 The Birdmen (バードメン) 21 Oct. 1997, CODA-1335, COKA-12
 VIBE ON/Anta no dorei no mama de ii (VIBE ON!/あんたのどれいのままでいい) 1 Jul. 1998, TERNG-008
 G.W.D 1 Aug. 1998, CODA-1632, COKA-14
 Out Blues (アウト・ブルーズ) 1 Sep. 1998, CODA-1633, COKA-15
 Smokin' Billy (スモーキン・ビリー) 3 Nov. 1998, CODA-1639, COKA-16
 GT400  2 Feb. 2000, CODA-50209, COKA-50237
 Stardust Baby (ベイビー・スターダスト) 27 Sept. 2000, COCA-50382, COJA-50386
 The Exposed World (暴かれた世界) 22 Mar. 2001, CODA-50472, COKA-50473
 Grabbed the Sun (太陽をつかんでしまった) CD: 25 Dec. 2002, UPCH-5150 Vinyl: 22 Jan. 2003, UPJH-1031
 Girl Friend （CLub pre-release: 7 April 2003, TERNG-043 / Regular: 21 June 2003, TERNG-043i, ITERNG-044
 Electric Circus (エレクトリック・サーカス) CD: 11 Oct. 2003, UPCH-5215 / Vinyl: 3 Dec. 2003, UPJH-1040
Other websites
 English language fan page
 Thee Michelle Gun Elephant Bio  on VH1.com

Punk bands
Japanese rock bands
This page is an incomplete list of awards and nominations of Shahrukh Khan, an Indian actor. He has won 14 Filmfare Awards, 9 Star Screen Awards, 3 IIFA Awards, 8 Zee Cine Awards, 3 Bollywood Movie Awards, 2 Global Indian Film Awards & many other awards. He also has won all the Best Actor Awards at Star's Sabsey Favourite Kaun Awards. He was also honoured Rajiv Gandhi Award for Excellence in the Field of Entertainment in 2002 & Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award from the Government of India in 2005.

Filmfare Awards
Filmfare Awards

 1993 - Filmfare Best Debut Award for Deewana 
 1994 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Baazigar
 1995 - Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance for Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa
 1995 - Filmfare Best Villain Award for Anjaam
 1996 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge
 1998 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Dil To Pagal Hai
 1999 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
 2001 - Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance for Mohabbatein
 2003 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Devdas
 2005 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Swades
 2008 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Chak De India
 2011 - Filmfare Best Actor Award forMy Name is Khan

Special Awards

 2002 - Filmfare Special Award Swiss Consulate Trophy
 2004 - Filmfare Power Award
 2005 - Filmfare Power Award
1994 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa
 1994 - Filmfare Best Villain Award for Darr 
 1998 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Yes Boss
 1999 - Filmfare Best Villain Award for Duplicate
 2000 - Filmfare Best Comedian Award for Baadshah
 2001 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Mohabbatein
 2002 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham
 2004 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Kal Ho Naa Ho
 2005 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Main Hoon Na
 2005 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Veer Zaara
 2007 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
 2007 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Don - The Chase Begins Again
 2008 - Filmfare Best Actor Award for Om Shanti Om
Shahrukh Khan has won 8 Filmfare Best Actor Awards in his 19 year career.
Star Screen Awards
Winner
1996: Star Screen Award Best Actor for Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge
2002: Star Screen Award Jodi No. 1 (along with Kajol) for Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham
2003: Star Screen Award Best Actor for Devdas
2003: Star Screen Award Jodi No. 1 (along with Aishwarya Rai) for Devdas
2005: Star Screen Award Best Actor for Veer-Zaara
2005: Star Screen Award Jodi No. 1 (along with Preity Zinta) for Veer-Zaara
2007: Star Screen Award Jodi No. 1 (along with Rani Mukerji) for Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
2008: Star Screen Award Best Actor for Chak De India
2008: Star Screen Award Jodi No. 1 (along with Deepika Padukone) for Om Shanti Om
Nominated
1998: Star Screen Award Best Actor for Dil To Pagal Hai
1999: Star Screen Award Best Actor for Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
2001: Star Screen Award Best Actor for Mohabbatein
2002: Star Screen Award Best Actor for Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham
2004: Star Screen Award Best Actor for Chalte Chalte
2006: Star Screen Award Best Actor for Paheli
2007: Star Screen Award Best Villain for Don - The Chase Begins Again

International Indian Film Academy Awards
Winner
2003: IIFA Best Actor Award for Devdas
2005: IIFA Best Actor Award for Veer-Zaara
2008: IIFA Best Actor Award for Chak De India
2011: IIFA Best Actor Award for My Name Is Khan

Nominated
2001: IIFA Best Actor Award for Mohabbatein
2002: IIFA Best Actor Award for Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham
2006: IIFA Best Actor Award for Paheli
2007: IIFA Best Actor Award for Don - The Chase Begins Again
Zee Cine Awards
Winner
1998: Zee Cine Award Best Actor- Male for Dil To Pagal Hai
1999: Zee Cine Award Best Actor- Male for Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
2003: Zee Cine Award Best Actor- Male for Devdas
2004: Zee Cine Award Superstar of the Year- Male for Kal Ho Naa Ho
2005: Zee Cine Award Best Actor- Male for Veer-Zaara
2007: Fun Cinema Entertainer of the year for Don - The Chase Begins Again
2008: Zee Cine Award Best Actor- Male for Chak De! India
2008: Zee Cine Award Icon Award
2011: Zee Cine Award Best Actor - Male for My Name Is Khan
2012: Zee Cine Award Best Actor - Male for Ra.One
2013:  Zee Cine Award Best Actor - Male for Jab Tak Hai Jaan
2014: Zee Cine Award Best Actor - Male for Chennai Express
Nominated
2005: Zee Cine Award Best Actor- Male for Main Hoon Na
2005: Zee Cine Award Best Actor- Male for Swades
2006: Zee Cine Award Best Actor- Male for Paheli
2007: Zee Cine Award Best Actor- Male for Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
2007: Zee Cine Award Best Actor- Male for Don - The Chase Begins Again
2008: Zee Cine Award Best Actor- Male for Om Shanti Om 
Special Award
 2014: Zee Cine Special Most Influential Bollywood Personality on Social Media

Bollywood Movie Awards
Winner
1999: Bollywood Movie Award - Most Sensational Actor for Dil Se
1999: Bollywood Faltu Movie Award - Best Actor for Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
2003: Bollywood Movie Award - Best Actor for Devdas
2005: Bollywood Movie Award - Best Actor for Veer-Zaara
2008: Bollywood Movie Award - Best Actor for Chak De! India

Global Indian Film Awards
Winner
2004: GIFA Best Actor Award for Veer-Zaara
2004: GIFA Most Searched Male Actor on Internet
Nominated
2006: GIFA Best Actor Award for Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards
Winner
2008: Apsara Best Actor Award for Chak De India
2010: Apsara Best Actor Award for Rab Ne Banaa Di Jodi
Nominated
2005: Apsara Best Actor Award for Swades

Other Awards
Ten Rupa Cinegoers Awards
Six Sansui Viewers Choice Movie Awards
Two AFJA Awards
One Aashirwad Award
One Disney Kids Channel Award
One MTV Immies Indian Music Excellence Awards
One Sports World movie Award
One Sahara One Sangeet Award - Best Actor Singer “Apun Bola” Josh - 2005
Star's Sabsey Favourite Kaun Awards:
2004: Sabsey Favourite actor
2005: Sabsey Favourite actor 
2006: Sabsey Favourite actor
2007: Sabsey Favourite actor
2008: Sabsey Favourite actor
2007: HT Café Film Awards Best Actor Award for Chak De India.
Sexiest Man in Asia (Jade Magazine, October 2001)
Sexiest Asian Man (Eastern Eye, October 2007)

National Honours
2002 - Rajiv Gandhi Award for Excellence in the Field of Entertainment 
2005 - Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian award from the Government India
Other recognitions
In 2004, Time magazine in their third annual special on Asia's heroes selected him along with 19 other Asians as the "20 Asian Heroes under the age of 40".

In 2005 he appeared on the cover of the Asian edition of National Geographic magazine dated February 2005. This was a rare honour extended by National Geographic since unlike many other magazines celebrities are not their natural choice for a cover image.

He is the only Indian to receive UNESCO Pyramide con Marni award for his charity work in 2011.

References

Shahrukh Khan's awards and nominations - IMDB
indiaFM.com

Lists of awards and nominations
Indian actors
Gauri Khan () (née Chibber, born 8 October 1970) is an Indian movie producer. A Hindu of Punjabi Mohyal origin, born in New Delhi, India.  She graduated from Modern School, New Delhi and has a degree in History from Lady Sriram College. She is married to Bollywood actor Shah Rukh Khan. She has produced some of the movies with her husband as the main actor, including Paheli (an unsuccessful  Indian submission to the Oscars in 2005), Main Hoon Na, and Om Shanti Om. She also made a short guest appearance in Om Shanti Om.
   
She used to host a weekly Hindi music countdown show, "Oye", for a music channel in the 1990s. She is the face of the fashion line, Aftershock.  She was on the January 2008 cover of the Indian edition of Vogue magazine.
Together with Shahrukh Khan, Gauri is part-owner and part-producer of the production company, Red Chillies Entertainment (RCE). Shah Rukh started the company for his friend and colleague, director-choreographer Farah Khan. With the backing of RCE, Farah launched her directorial career with the movie, Main Hoon Na (2004).

Gauri has three children: Aryan Khan born 12 November 1997, Suhana Khan born 23 May 2000 and AbRam Khan born in 2013.

She was also crowned the queen of Bollywood at the Zee Cine Awards in 2008.

References

Other websites

1970 births
Living people
Indian movie producers
People from New Delhi
Computer performance is the amount of useful work that a computer system can perform compared to the time it takes to perform this work. Less time and fast response time mean higher performance.

Related pages
 Computer architecture
 Network performance
 Optimization (computer science)

References 

Computer science
The Chittagong Hill Tracts (Bengali:পার্বত্য চট্টগ্রাম), (Parbotto Chôṭṭogram) comprise an area of 13,189 km2 in south-eastern Bangladesh. The area forms the border of Bangladesh with the Republic of India and Burma. It was a single district of East Pakistan till 1971. In that year it was divided into three separate districts: Khagrachari, Rangamati and Bandarban. Topographically, this is the only hill intensive area of the People's Republic. With a population of Around 800,000 Indigenous peoples (Native (non-Bengali). The Chittagong Hill Tracts is one of the most diverse regions in the country in terms of geography, ethnicity, culture and traditions of the people. The indigenous distinct Jumma people are distinct and different from the majority Bengali people of present-day Bangla-desh in respect of race, language, culture, heritage, religion, political history and economy.
When India was split into two separate countries in 1948, the Radcliffe Line gave this area to East Pakistan (Bangladesh), which was mostly Muslim, even though most people in the area were Buddhists. Today most people are Buddhist, some Christians and animists. The major ethnic groups among 13 peoples are the Chakma, Tipra, Murong and Magh, Marma, Tanchangya, Mro, Lushai, Khumi, Chak, Khiyang, Bawm, Pangkhua and with the Ten indigenous languages. Beside, a very small number of descendants of Ahamiya, Gorkha and Santal also live there. They collectively identify themselves as the Jumma people (High Landers), the first people of the CHT.but almost 50% of the present day's population are immigrated Bengali Muslim settlers. Since the Independence of Bangla-Desh the indigenous population was faced with increasing immigration of settlers from the mainland, fostered by the central nationalist government
. Among the tribal nations first political and civil, later (since the 1980s) armed resistance was organised, especially by the Shanti Bahini guerrilla movement. In reaction the whole region was heavily militarised and the police and army unleashed a wide spread repression with a serious human rights violations. The 5-points-manifesto of the Jana Samhati Samiti, released on 7 September 1987, was focused on a well entrenched Autonomy:
1. Autonomy for the CHT with legislative assembly and recognition of the right to Self-determination.

 2. Inclusion of this provision in the Constitution.

 3. Removal of all non-Tribals settled in CHT after 17 August 1947.

 4. Allocation of funds from the government to develop the region.

 5. Creation of favorable environment for a political solution of the crisis.

On 2 December 1997 a "Peace agreement" was signed by the government and Parvatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti, the political platform of the indigenous peoples, granting a limited level of autonomy to three districts of CHT. The Jana Samhati Samiti transformed into a party, but this treaty has never been implemented, as it was opposed by both the opposition parties of Bangla Desh and by the majority fraction of the Shanti Bahini. The previous nationalists Bangla Desh government of Khaleda Zia promised to re-launch the peace process, but until now did not accomplish with its promises.
Before the colonization, the indigenous Jumma people of CHT were independent. There had been no external interference by any outside power in the affairs of the CHT until 1787, when an agreement was signed with the British. British colonization actually started in 1860. From 1787 to 1860 the British government did not intervene in the internal administration of the CHT. After 1860 and until 1900 the British government administered CHT through a set of Rules promulgated from time to time. For the maintenance of discipline among the police personnel in the CHT, Frontier Police Regulation III of 1881 was promulgated on the 7 December 1881 and CHT Police Force was raised with indigenous Jumma people
. For the good government of the CHT, in 1900 the British government enacted the CHT Regulation 1 of 1900 and declared it as an Excluded Area, in order to protect the Jumma people from economic exploitation by non-indigenous Bengali people and to preserve their traditional socio-cultural and political institutions based on customary laws, community ownership of land and so on.
Through the Partition of India, CHT was ceded to the Dominion of Pakistan. The Pakistani government recognized CHT as an Excluded Area and even in the first Constitution of Pakistan, which was adopted in 1956, CHT was declared as an Excluded Area under the CHT Regulation of 1900. From the very outset, the Pakistani government looked upon the Jumma people with an eye of suspicion for being anti-Pakistani as well as anti-Islamic. There was discrimination against the Jumma people in employment, business and education. The government policy was clearly revealed by the repeal of the CHT Frontier Police Regulation of 1881, thus disbanding the Jumma police force in 1948. Even in 1950, in implementing its brazen designs violating the principles and spirit of the CHT Regulation of 1900, the Government of Pakistan started Bengali Muslim settlement program, which continued up to 1966. The government had enacted the CHT (Land Acquisition) Regulation in 1958 in order to grab Jumma people’s ancestral lands
. Moreover, the government snatched away the rights and privileges of the Jumma people by canceling the Excluded Area status of the CHT in 1963. In 1960, in order to carry out its plan and break down the economic backbone of the Jumma people of the CHT in the name of so-called industrial development, the Pakistani government built the Kaptai hydro-electric dam on the Karnaphuli river in the heartland of the indigenous Jumma people.
During the Separatists War of 1971, the then Chakma King sided with the Pakistanis, so when independence came, the Adivasis’ plea for special status fell on deaf ears. The Chakma king left for Pakistan and later became that country’s ambassador to Argentina.

Meanwhile, more and more Bengalis were migrating into the area, usurping the land. In 1973 the Adivasis initiated an insurgency. To counter it, the government, in 1979, started issuing permits to landless Bengalis to settle there, with title to tribal land. This practice continued for six years and resulted in a mass migration of approximately 400,000 people into the area – almost as many as all the tribal groups combined. Countless human-rights abuses occurred as the army tried to put down the revolt.
From 1973 until 1997 the Hill Tracts area was the scene of a guerrilla war between the Bangladeshi army and the Shanti Bahini rebels. The troubles stemmed from the cultural clash between the tribal groups and the plains people. After nine months of war of separatism against Pakistan, Bangladesh emerged as an independent state on 16 December 1971. The Jumma people then had hoped that the new rulers of Bangladesh would realize their hopes and aspirations. So the Jumma people demanded to the then government for regional autonomy in a democratic way. Unfortunately, the government of Bangladesh did not respect their fundamental rights and did not write even a single word in the Constitution regarding the entity and safeguard of the Jumma people. Rather, immediately following the independence of Bangladesh in early 1972 the CHT underwent militarization
. When the democratic movement to safeguard the national existence of the Jumma people was negotiated by the government with repressive measures through the civil and police administrations, including through militarization with the construction of three Army cantonments, it forced Manabendra Narayan Larma, the then MP and the hero of the CHT Jumma movement, to call for an armed struggle. An armed wing of PCJSS was formed with the name of Shanti Bahini (Peace Force). Since 1979 the Government of Bangladesh has undertaken a drastic program to settle the Bengali population from other Districts of Bangladesh to CHT, so that they would outnumber the Jumma people and use them as human shields for the protection of the Army personnel. At least four hundred thousands of Bengali Muslims were transferred into the CHT and settled on Jumma people’s lands.
The PCJSS has always kept the door open for dialogue for resolving the CHT problem through political and peaceful means. For this purpose, the PCJSS held 6 and 13 times formal dialogues with the governments of Ershad and Khaleda Zia respectively. During the last one, after holding 7 round of dialogues with Sheikh Hasina government, the 'CHT Accord' was signed between the National Committee on the CHT on behalf of the government of Bangladesh and the PCJSS on behalf of the permanent residents of the CHT in Dhaka on 2 December 1997.

Geography of Bangladesh
In cryptography, a trusted third party (TTP) is an entity which makes interactions between two parties easy. Both parties must trust the third party; they use this trust to secure their own interactions.

TTPs are commonly used by cryptosystems.

Cryptography
The term Needham-Schroeder protocol can refer to one of two communication protocols intended for use over an insecure network, both protocols designed by Roger Needham and Michael Schroeder. 

The two protocols are:
 The Needham-Schroeder Symmetric Key Protocol is based on a symmetric encryption algorithm. It forms the basis for the Kerberos protocol. This protocol aims to establish a session key between two parties on a network to protect their communication.
 The Needham-Schroeder Public-Key Protocol, based on public-key cryptography. This is intended to provide mutual authentication between two parties communicating on a network, but in its proposed form it is not secure.

Related pages
 Kerberos (protocol)

References

Other websites 
 http://www.lsv.ens-cachan.fr/spore/nspk.html - description of the Public-key protocol
 http://www.lsv.ens-cachan.fr/spore/nssk.html - the Symmetric-key protocol
 http://www.lsv.ens-cachan.fr/spore/nspkLowe.html - the public-key protocol amended by Lowe

Cryptography