Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun, officially called the “light 12-pounder gun” by the United States Army, was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the American Civil War. The cannon was named after French president and emperor, Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

History 
The French Canon obusier de campagne de 12 cm, modèle 1853, also known as the Canon de l’Empereur, was a type of canon-obusier (shell cannon) or gun-howitzer developed in 1853 by the French army. It could fire ball, shell, canister or grapeshot which allowed it to replace all the earlier French cannons. It was of a cast bronze smoothbore design and could double as a howitzer. It was light enough to be pulled by a team of horses. At the same time it had enough firepower to destroy fortifications at a distance of a half-mile (805 meters). When it entered the service of Emperor Napoléon III it was named after him.
U.S. M1857 
When first model 1857s were cast in Northern foundries they had two handles or "dolphins". After 1861 the dolphins were eliminated, the barrel was shortened from the French version, and it was made lighter. Like most cannons in use at the time, they were muzzleloading weapons. The Model 1857 12-pounder Napoleon with its bronze barrel made up 40% of the cannons on both sides. The U.S. version of the Napoleon could hit a target up to  away. However they were most accurate at closer ranges of about . It used a charge of  of black powder. The M1857 Napoleon fired a cannonball or canister shot at a speed of 1,440 feet per second (or 439 meters per second). The barrel had a bore of  in diameter and was  long. The barrel alone weighed . With its gun carriage it weighed  and was pulled by a team of six horses. The average gun crew was six men.

References

Other websites 
 

American Civil War
Artillery
Reutigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Thun
Riggisberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On January 1, 2009, the municipality of Rüti bei Riggisberg became part of the municipality of Riggisberg.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Ringgenberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Ringgenberg is on Lake Brienz.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
Roches is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Jura bernois
Rohrbach is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the Swiss canton of Bern.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Rohrbachgraben is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Villages
Glasbach, Liemberg, Ganzenberg, Flückigen, Kaltenegg, Matten, Wald and Wil.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Rohrbachgraben 

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Romont is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Jura bernois
The Loa is a U-shaped river in Chile's northern Antofagasta region. It is the longest river of the country and the main river in the Atacama Desert.

Geography
The Loa river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Course
The Loa river starts on the Andean mountain slopes at the base of the Miño volcano near the Bolivian border, at an elevation of about , in the comuna of Ollagüe, Calama, Antofagasta.

The river flows south, for about , to the oasis of San Francisco de Chiu Chiu or simply Chiu Chiu. Two left tributaries joints the Lao river in this part the riverː 
 San Pedro de Inacaliri, or simply San Pedro, river. It joints the Loa river before Chiu Chiu.
 Salado river. It joints the Loa river about  south of Chiu Chiu.

From Chiu Chiu, the Loa flows to the west, running through the city of Calama. The San Salvador river joints the Loa in this part of course as its only important right tributary.
Then the Loa flows north for about  to Quillagua, an oasis in the comuna of María Elena, Tocopilla province in the Antofagasta region of northern Chile. The Loa is crossed by the Pan-American Highway in this area.

From Quillagua, the river turns westward again and marks the border between the regions of Tarapacá and Antofagasta. Finally, the Loa flows in the Pacific Ocean.

Main tributaries 
Because the Loa river flows throug a very arid region, a desert, there are very few permanent tributaries; they areː

 Left tributaries
  San Pedro de Inacaliri -  long.
 Salado -  long.
 Right tributary
  San Salvador -  long.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of Chile

References

Other websites

 Cuenca Río Loa  

Rivers of Chile
Antofagasta Region
Rajesh Hamal (, born 9 June 1964 in Tansen, Palpa, Nepal) is a Nepali actor. He is known for his Nepali films.

Filmography

Reference

1964 births
Living people
Nepalese movie actors
Actors from Kathmandu
Nepalese movie producers
Sarlahi (), a part of Madhesh Province, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal.

Districts of Nepal
Nepal Standard Time (NPT) is the time zone for Nepal. With a time offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) of +5:45, all over Nepal Standard Time is one of only three time zones with a 45-minute offset from
UTC. (The others are Chatham Island Standard Time, with an offset of UTC+12:45, and the
unofficial Australian Central Western Time, with an offset of UTC+08:45.) NPT is an approximation of Kathmandu mean time, which is 5:41:16 ahead of
UTC.

References

Nepal
Nepal
The district of Erlach in the Swiss canton of Bern has 12 municipalities in an area of 84.7 km².

Former districts of Bern
The district of Fraubrunnen in the Swiss canton of Bern has 27 municipalities in an area of 123.5 km².

Former districts of Bern
Gamboma is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the center in the Plateaux departement. It has an military airport, a diocese and a stadium.

It is located 273 km from Brazzaville, the capital of the country and founded in 1909.

Towns in the Republic of the Congo
The district of Frutigen in the Swiss canton of Bern has 7 municipalities in an area of 489 km².

Former districts of Bern
Djambala is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the center in the Plateaux departement. It has an national airport, a diocese and a stadium.

Towns in the Republic of the Congo
Ewo is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the west in the Cuvette-Ouest departement. It has an national airport, a diocese and a stadium.

Towns in the Republic of the Congo
Impfondo is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the center in the Likouala Region. It has an national airport, a diocese and a stadium.

Towns in the Republic of the Congo
Freiin Johanna Bertha Julie Jenny von Westphalen or better known as Jenny von Westphalen or also Jenny Marx (born 12 February 1814 in Salzwedel, now Germany, and died 2 December 1881 in London) was the wife of philosopher Karl Marx, and daughter of Baron Ludwig von Westphalen, a professor at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin.

Bibliography 
 Luise Dornemann: Jenny Marx: Der Lebensweg einer Sozialistin. Dietz Verlag, Berlin, 1980.
 Françoise Giroud: Trio infernale oder das Leben der Jenny Marx. Beltz, Weinheim, 1994. .

Other websites 

 Jenny von Westphalen-Marx Correspondence Page at Marxists Internet Archive 

1814 births
1881 deaths
Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee was a municipality in Wangen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, Wanzwil and Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee became part of Heimenhausen.

Former municipalities of Bern
Röthenbach im Emmental is a municipality in the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Emmental
Rubigen is a municipality of the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Rüderswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Emmental
Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Emmental
A smoothbore weapon is one that has a barrel without rifling.  Smoothbores range from handheld firearms to powerful tank guns and large artillery mortars. The majority of shotguns are smoothbores and the terms "shotgun" and "smoothbore" can be synonymous.

History 
The earliest mention of a smoothbore weapon was about the year 1000 in Dunhuang. The weapon was called a fire lance. The basic parts that make up a gun are a barrel, a charge and a projectile. The gun must also have a way to ignite the black powder charge. The earliest guns were made of bamboo, later replaced with metal barrels. The first mass produced guns were the matchlocks.

Matchlock
Flintlock 

After about 200 years, the next major development was the flintlock. It used a flint striking mechanism. Another improvement replaced the flashpan with a smaller “priming pan” that held a smaller amount of black powder. It also contained an opening into the breach to ignite the main powder charge. A small piece of steel (called a “frizzen”) was mounted to the top of the priming pan. When the trigger was pulled the mechanism created a spark igniting the powder in barrel. When the powder and ball were loaded into the barrel, it was then tamped (pushed) down with the ramrod. The hammer was pulled back to the first click, called "half-cocked". To make the weapon ready to fire, the hammer was pulled back to the "full-cocked" position. When the trigger was pulled, a spring caused the hammer to fall igniting the charge. Flintlocks were the main firearm for the next 200 to 300 years before being replaced by percussion cap guns.

Percussion cap
Percussion cap 

The percussion cap mechanism was the next great improvement in firearms. It was also called a caplock. The percussion cap was based on the discovery of fulminate of mercury in about 1800. When struck with a sharp blow, mercury fulminate detonates. In 1816, Joshua Shaw, an artist living in Philadelphia, painted fulminate of mercury on the inside of copper caps. He fitted it over a small nipple on the firing hole over the bore. When the hammer struck the percussion cap, the gun fired.  By 1826 they were widely used and had replaced the flintlock.

The percussion cap eliminated the flash pan, flint and frizzen. It added the step of placing a cap on the nipple cone, but it was a real advantage to troops in battle. Percussion caps were quick to load and worked in nearly all weather conditions.

Smoothbore cannon
Smoothbore cannon 

Crude cannons existed in China from about the 12th century, possibly earlier. One of the first weapons used in Europe was the bombard. They were built in different diameter barrels to fire anything from a small rock to a  cast iron ball. By the 16th century cannons began to replace bombards. Casting had greatly improved in Europe after about 1570. In the early 1500s, French cannons were used to break up masses of men in their campaigns in Italy. The Germans had some of the best gunners in Europe and developed cannon that could hit targets at up to . Next, the Swedish under Gustavus Adolphus developed lightweight cannons that could easily move around the battlefield. He used a cast 4-pounder that weighed about  and could be pulled by just two horses.
In 1742, Englishman Benjamin Robins wrote New Principles of Gunnery where he added science to the field of ballistics. He developed carronades which were short, lightweight smoothbore cannons that could be used on the decks of ships. During the American Revolutionary War, the British had a number of different cannons as well as mortars. Many of the American weapons were captured British cannon.

In 1853 France introduced the Canon-obusier de 12, a 12-pounder capable of firing both shot and shell. The U.S. Army adopted the Napoleon 12-pounder in 1857 as the Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun. It became the most popular field gun on both sides during the American Civil War. They were ultimately replaced by rifled barrel cannons beginning after the Civil War.

References

Other websites 
 Gunsmithing: Versatility of Smoothbore Muskets (Gunworks)

Firearms
Weapons
Rüeggisberg is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

The municipality is on a plateau along the southern flank of the Längenberg.

References 

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Rüegsau is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Emmental
Rumendingen is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Emmental
Rumisberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Rümligen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
History 
Some of the earliest muzzleloaders were matchlocks. The matchlock, named for its firing mechanism, was the first invention that made it possible to keep both hands on the weapon and at the same time keep the shooter's eyes on the target. The design allowed a cloth or stick with a flame on the end—called a "match"—to be lowered into a "flashpan" filled with gunpowder which ignited the main charge, firing the gun. Matchlocks appeared in Europe in about 1400. The matchlock mechanism was used to produce muskets. The gun barrels were smooth inside and used round ball ammunition. Those who used muskets were called "musketeers". Very few pistols used this design but some shotguns from this period were matchlocks.
 
In about 1509 the wheellock was the next advance in muzzleloader technology. It did not have a match to keep lit and generated a spark mechanically with a wheel mechanism. But they were expensive to produce and cheaper (by half) so matchlocks remained in use.
It took another 200 years to improve on the matchlock. Marin le Bourgeoys, a Frenchman is credited with inventing the Flintlock mechanism sometime in the 1620s. He was variously an artist, a crossbow maker and a gunsmith (harquebuzier). From 1660 to 1840, flintlock muzzleloading rifles and pistols were used by every European and American army. It produced a spark by a flint striking steel producing a spark and igniting the priming powder. By covering the priming powder until the gun was fired, it would usually work even in windy or damp weather. In 1722, the British Army called for a standard pattern of muzzleloading flintlock musket. The resulting model and its variants were called the Brown Bess. It remained in service until the 1830s.
The percussion cap mechanism was the next great improvement in firearms. It was also called a caplock. The percussion cap was based on the discovery of fulminate of mercury in about 1800. When struck with a sharp blow, mercury fulminate detonates. In 1816, Joshua Shaw, an artist living in Philadelphia, painted fulminate of mercury on the inside of copper caps. He fitted it over a small nipple on the firing hole over the bore. When the hammer struck the percussion cap, the gun fired.  By 1826 they were widely used and had replaced the flintlock.

The percussion cap eliminated the flash pan, flint and frizzen. It added the step of placing a cap on the nipple cone, but it was a real advantage to troops in battle. Percussion caps were quick to load and worked in nearly all weather conditions.

In 1869, the centerfire cartridge was invented. It worked only in breech-loading weapons and together they quickly replaced the muzzleloader in common use.
Mortars 
Modern mortars use a shell with the propelling charge and primer attached at the base.  Unlike older muzzleloading mortars, which were loaded the same way as muzzleloading cannon, the modern mortar is fired by dropping the shell down the barrel. A pin at the bottom fires the primer, which then ignites the main propelling charge.  Both the modern mortar and the older mortar were used for high angle fire.  However, since the mortar is not loaded in separate steps makes its definition as a muzzleloader a matter of opinion. However, in the simplest terms it does load from the muzzle end.

Cannon
Cannon 

Crude muzzleloading cannons existed in China from about the 12th century, possibly earlier. One of the first weapons used in Europe was the bombard. They were muzzleloaders built in different diameter barrels to fire anything from a small rock to a  cast iron ball. By the 16th century muzzleloading cannons began to replace bombards. Casting had greatly improved in Europe after about 1570. In the early 1500s, French cannons were used to break up masses of men in their campaigns in Italy. The Germans had some of the best gunners in Europe and developed cannon that could hit targets at up to . Next, the Swedish under Gustavus Adolphus developed lightweight cannons that could easily move around the battlefield. He used a cast 4-pounder that weighed about  and could be pulled by just two horses.
In 1742, Englishman Benjamin Robins wrote New Principles of Gunnery where he added science to the field of ballistics. He developed carronades which were short, lightweight muzzleloading smoothbore cannons that could be used on the decks of ships. During the American Revolutionary War, the British had a number of different cannons as well as mortars. Many of the American weapons were captured British cannon.

In 1853 France introduced the Canon-obusier de 12, a 12-pounder capable of firing both shot and shell also called a "Napoleon". The U.S. Army adopted the Napoleon 12-pounder in 1857 as the Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun. It became the most popular field gun on both sides during the American Civil War. They were ultimately replaced by breach-loading cannons after the Civil War.

References

Other websites 
 Shooting traditional muzzleloaders; YouTube
 Live Fire With a Civil War (muzzleloader) Cannon: YouTube

Firearms
Weapons
"The Charge of the Light Brigade" is a poem written in 1854 by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. It is about a British brigade in the Battle of Balaclava in the Crimean War.

Other websites

 Manuscript in Tennyson's handwriting at Archive.org
 

British poems
Blowback is a system of operation for self-loading firearms that obtains energy from the motion of the cartridge case as it is pushed to the rear by expanding gases created by the ignition of the propellant charge.

Several blowback systems exist within this broad principle of operation, each distinguished by the methods used to control bolt movement. In most actions that use blowback operation, the breech is not locked mechanically at the time of firing: the inertia of the bolt and recoil spring(s), relative to the weight of the bullet, delays opening of the breech until the bullet has left the barrel. A few locked breech designs use a form of blowback (example: primer actuation) to perform the unlocking function.

Other operating principles for self-loading firearms include blow forward, gas operation, recoil operation, revolver, Gatling, and chain. The blowback principle may be considered a simplified form of gas operation, since the cartridge case behaves like a piston driven by the powder gases.
Simple Blowback
Simple blowback operation is where the recoil of the cartridge moves the bolt rearwards to reload the next round. This operation is found in automatic pistols and submachine guns and firearms chambered in lower pressure rounds. The likes of rifle rounds which have higher pressures is usually deemed unsuitable for simple blowback operation. However, there is Delayed Blowback where the chamber is locked until the pressures drop to a safe level to reload.

Delayed Blowback
Delayed blowback is similar to simple blowback but is capable of handling the pressures of rifle rounds. It uses an operation that delays the opening of the bolt when firing.

Lever delayed blowback
Lever delayed blowback is where the bolt has a lever that slows the opening of the bolt but accelerates the bolt carrier, the bolt then also accelerates with the bolt carrier. The AA52 machine gun and the FAMAS use this operation.
Roller delayed blowback
Roller delayed blowback is where the bolt has two rollers that pop out both sides of the bolt to lock the chamber. The Sturmgewehr 45 assault rifle, Heckler & Koch MP5 and Calico submachine gun uses this operation.

Primer actuated blowback
Primer actuated blowback is when the round is fired, the primer moves the firing pin rearwards to unlock the bolt. The Garand Model 1919 and Postnikov APT uses this operation.

References

 Primer actuated M16 bolt
 

Firearms
Llullaillaco is a  stratovolcano in the Andes range, in Argentina and Chile. It is the 7th highest mountain in the Andes.

It lies in the Puna de Atacama, a region of very high volcanic peaks on a high plateau within the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places in the world.

History 
The first recorded ascent was on 1 December 1952, by Bión González and Juan Harseim, from Chile. They found archaeological evidence that people were at the top of Llullaillaco in the pre-Columbian period.

During 1983–1985, American archaeologist Johan Reinhard directed three surveys of archaeological sites on the summit and slopes  of the mountain.

The summit is the highest archaeological site in the world. The mummies of three Inca children were found on it in 1999. These were found by Johan Reinhard and Constanza Ceruti and their expedition. Other artifacts were also found along with the mummies. It is believed that the children were part of a human sacrifice.
Geography 
The volcano is in the Chile-Argentina boder and is part, on the Chilean part, of the Llullaillaco National Park ().

The Llullaillaco is a stratovolcano. There were eruptions in 1854, 1866 and 1877. Since then, no volcanic activity has been recorded. It is the world´s second highest active volcano, second to Ojos del Salado.

It is an ultra-prominent peak, or Ultra for short, because it has as a summit with a topographic prominence of  or more.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of volcanoes

References

Other websites 

 Andeshandbook: A Complete Description, history, place names and routes of Llullaillaco
 Llullaillaco at SummitPost.org
 Instituto de Arqueología de Alta Montaña, Universidad Católica de Salta  

Volcanoes of Chile
Mountains of Argentina
Andes
Archaeological sites
Salta Province
Atacama Region
This is a list of Nepali actors.

A 
 Hari Bansha Acharya
 Keki Adhikari
 Nisha Adhikari

B 
 Anup Baral
 Nischal Basnet
 Biraj Bhatta
 Salon Basnet
 Shovit Basnet

G 
 Shrawan Ghimire
 Tulsi Ghimire

H 
 Rajesh Hamal

K 
Sitaram Kattel
Kalyan Ghimire
Priyanka Karki

L
Jiwan Luitel

M
Saugat Malla

N
Udit Narayan

R
Dayahang Rai
Wilson Bikram Rai
Dilip Rayamajhi
Nima Rumba

S  
Neer Shah
Shiva Shankar
Madan Krishna Shrestha
Namrata Shrestha
Shiv Shrestha
Shree Krishna Shrestha
Aryan Sigdel
Niruta Singh
Saurab Dhakal
 Barsha Siwakoti

T
Suraj Singh Thakuri
Bipana Thapa
Arpan Thapa
Rekha Thapa
Sunil Thapa

U
Nikhil Upreti

Nepalese actors
Actors
The Province of Antofagasta () is one of three provinces in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II).  The capital is the port city of Antofagasta.

Geography
The Antofagasta province has an area of .

The Antofagasta province is bordered on the north by the Tocopilla and El Loa provinces, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Atacama region (Chañaral province) and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Population
 (last national census), there were 318,779 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Antofagasta, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 285,255 inhabitants.

Administration
As a province, the Antofagasta province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four  communes (comunas). The city of Antofagasta serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

References
References

Other websites
 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Antofagasta 
 Province of Antofagasta website 

Antofagasta
Antofagasta Region
The Province of El Loa () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II). It is named after the longest river of Chile, the Loa. The provincial capital is Calama.

Geography
The El Loa province has an area of .

The province is bordered on the north by the Tarapacá region, on the east by Bolivia, on the south by Argentina and on the west by the Antofagasta and the Tocopilla provinces.

Population
 (last national census), there were 143,689 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Calama, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 126,135 inhabitants.

Administration
As a province, the El Loa province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of three communes (comunas). The city of Calama serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

References

Other websites
 Territorial division of Chile 
 Province of El Loa website 

El Loa
Antofagasta Region
William Frederick Burr (born June 10, 1968) is an American stand-up comedian, writer and actor. He is the host of the Monday Morning Podcast, and appeared in the AMC crime-drama show Breaking Bad. In 2013, The New York Times wrote that Burr "has been one of the funniest, most distinctive voices in the country for years. He has released six stand-up specials.

Burr was born in Canton, Massachusetts. His parents are of German and Irish ancestry. His father worked as a dentist. He married producer, director and screenwriter Nia Hill in 2013. Their daughter was born in 2017. As of May 2015, Burr is a licensed helicopter pilot and he has played the drums for a long time.

Rolling Stone magazine called Burr "the undisputed heavyweight champ of rage-fueled humor." Burr often makes himself look like "that loud guy in the bar" with "uninformed logic." In an interview with the The Boston Globe, Burr stated, "I'm the 'dude, bro' guy." He has also been known to not care about being politically correct."
Discography
 Emotionally Unavailable (2003) [CD]
 Emotionally Unavailable: Expanded Edition (2007) [CD]
 Why Do I Do This? (2008) [CD/DVD/Netflix]
 Let It Go (2010) [CD/DVD/Netflix]
 You People Are All The Same (2012) [Netflix and download]
 Live at Andrew's House (2014) [limited vinyl release]
 Bill Burr: I'm Sorry You Feel That Way (2014) [Netflix]

References

Other websites 

 
 
 

1968 births
comedians from Massachusetts
actors from Massachusetts
Living people
Asprovalta () is a town near Thessaloniki in northern Greece. It was the seat of the Agios Georgios municipality. Since January 2011, Asprovalta belongs to the Municipality of Volvi. The population is around 3,039 people.

History 

According to a book about Simonopetra, Asprovalta was built in the 16th century. Its first name was Aspra Valta. After the Greco-Turkish War, 54 families from western Turkey moved to Asprovalta.

References 

Towns in Greece
Elizabeth Lada (born 19??) is an American astronomer. 

The American Astronomical Society honored her work by awarding her the Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy Prize in 1992.  She also was named as a Hubble Fellow during her work at the University of Maryland. She was awarded a National Science Foundation's CAREER Award in 1999. In 1998 she received a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE).  Lada got her Bachelor of Science in Physics degree at Yale University in 1965. She did her Ph.D. in Astronomy at the University of Texas in 1990.  Lada is currently Professor of Astronomy at the University of Florida.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American astronomers
Yale University alumni
Academics from Florida
Meessen De Clercq is a contemporary art gallery in Brussels, Belgium. The gallery is in an old building with three floors.
In 2007, art historian Olivier Meessen and art lover Jan De Clercq began to work to start a contemporary art gallery in Brussels. In April 2008 the gallery opened, with a group show of works by seven artists. After this first show, the gallery closed to rebuild it. From September 2008 the gallery re-opened with group and solo shows by both older and new artists.

Artists 
Artists who show their work include: 
 Ignasi Aballì
 Susan Collis
 Jordi Colomer
 Hreinn Friðfinnsson
 Filip Gilissen
 Ellen Harvey
 Adam Henry
 Nicolas Lamas
 Benoît Maire
 Jorge Méndez Blake
 Claudio Parmiggiani
 Tania Pérez Cordova
 Evariste Richer
 Fabrice Samyn
 Kelly Schacht
 José María Sicilia
 Thu Van Tran
 Maarten Vanden Eynde
 Leon Vranken

References

Other readings

Other websites
Official website

Art
Belgian culture
Buildings and structures in Brussels
Ruppoldsried was a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Ruppoldsried merged into the municipality of Rapperswil.

Former municipalities in Seeland
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Rüschegg is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is also a Swiss Reformed Church parish.

References

Other websites

 Official website of the municipality of Rüschegg 

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Rüti bei Büren is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Seeland
Rüti bei Lyssach is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Emmental
Rüti bei Riggisberg was a municipality of the district Seftigen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipality of Rüti bei Riggisberg merged into the municipality of Riggisberg.

Former municipalities of Bern
Rütschelen is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Saanen () is a municipality and ski resort in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is the capital of the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Obersimmental-Saanen
Ignasi Aballí (born in 1958) is a Spanish artist. He is one of Spain's well known artists.

Artist's background
Aballí tried some ways to make his art. He has done art shows in Italy and Australia. In 2015, he showed his work in France. Aballí won an award called the Joan Miró prize in 2015.

Solo art shows
2016
 Secuencia infinita, Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona (Spain) 

2015
 sin principio / sin final, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid (Spain)
 Gabinet: Ignasi Aballí. Es Baluard Museu d'Art Modern, Palma de Mallorca (Spain)
 Presque visible, Cortex Athletico, Paris (France)

2014
 Double readings, Meessen De Clercq, Brussels (Belgium)
 Seeing visions, Galeria Estrany De La Mota, Barcelona (Spain)
 Something is wrong, Galeria Pedro Oliveira, Oporto (Portugal)

2013
 Three hours of light, Empty Cube, Lisboa (Portugal)
 Mirar (el otro lado), Galeria Elba Benitez, Madrid (Spain)
2012
 This is not the end, Lower East Gallery, Artium, Barcelona (Spain)
 Galeria Proyecto Paralelo, México DF (Mexico)

2011
 En el aire, Fundacion Roson Arte Contemporaneo (RAC), Pontevedra (Spain)
 CMYK Color System, Galeria Estrany De La Mota, Barcelona (Spain)
 Transparència, ACVIC, Centre d’arts contemporànies de Vic, Vic (Spain)

2010 
 Transparent States, Meessen De Clercq, Brussels (Belgium)
 Teoria, Pinacoteca do Estado, São Paulo (Brasil)
 Pòsit, Fundació Guinovart, Agramunt, Lleida (Spain) 
 Index, Sommergarten, Berlin (Germany)

2009
 Coming soon, Galerija Vartai, Vilnius (Lithuania) 
 Nothing or something, Suitcase Art Projects, Today Art Museum, Beijing (China
 Inside Job (with Karin Sander), curated by Maria de Corral and Dan Cameron, galerie Nächt St. Stephan, Wien (Austria)
 Posible/Probable. Galeria Elba Benitez, Madrid (Spain)
 Zona euro, Banco de España, Madrid (Spain)
2008
 52 words, Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona (Spain)
 To Show. Meessen De Clercq Brussels (Belgium)
 Sem Actividada. Museu de Portimao, Portimao (Portugal)
 Tempo morto. Galeria Pedro Oliveira, Porto (Portugal)
 Malas Hierbas. Real Jardín Botánico, Madrid (Spain)
 Classificar. Galería Estrany- De la Mota, Barcelona (Spain)

2007
 Les partes y el todo. Fundacio Foto Colectania, Barcelona (Spain)

2006
 0-24h, Museum of Contemporary Art  Serralves, Porto (Portugal)
 0-24h, Ikon Gallery Birmingham (UK)
 0-24h, Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie/ZKM, Karlsruhe (Germany)
 Inmigrants, Clockshop, Los Angeles, California (USA)

2005
 0-24h, MACBA, Museum of Contemporary Art, Barcelona (Spain)

2004
 Nada-para-ver, Museo de Bellas Artes de Santander, Santander (Spain) 
 Un año, Galería Elba Benítez, Madrid (Spain)

2003
 Desapariciones, Galería Estrany - De la Mota, Barcelona (Spain)
2002
 Desapariciones, Espacio Uno, Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid (Spain)
 Presencias, Galeria Pedro Oliveira, Porto (Portugal)
 Manipulaciones, Nouvelle Galerie, Grenoble (France)

2000
 A diario, H. Associació per a les Arts Contemporànies, Vic.Barcelona (Spain)
 Malgastar, Sala de Arte Josep Bages, El Prat de Llobregat, Barcelona (Spain)
 Libros, Glass Cabinet, Galería Estrany-de la Mota, Barcelona (Spain)

References

Sources
 
 
 
 

1958 births
Living people
Spanish artists
Gstaad is a village in the municipality of Saanen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

Other websites

 Official Website 

Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Villages in Bern
A chevron in geology is a sharply-folded rock formation. Chevron folds are regular folded beds with straight limbs and sharp hinges. Well developed, these folds produce a set of v-shaped beds.  

They develop in response to compressive stress. The angles of the folds are generally 60 degrees or less. Chevron  folding  is helped if the bedding alternates between beds of different make-up. Turbidites, with alternating sandstones and shales, are the typical geological setting for chevron folds to occurs.

Chevrons can also form in land deposits, especially where there are sand dunes.

References 

Landforms
A meteorite strewnfield is the area where meteorites and glassy tektites from a single meteor fall are found.

Formation
There are two ways for strewnfields to form:
 Mid-air fragmentation. When a large meteor enters the atmosphere it often fragments into many pieces. This showers the material over a large oval-shaped area. The shape of this oval is caused by the flight path of the meteor. When multiple-explosions occur, the material may be found in several overlapping ovals.
 Impact fragmentation: the fragmentation can occur on impact. In this case the strewnfield shape may be different, usually circular.

Example 
 The Australasian strewnfield is the youngest and largest of the tektite strewnfields. Recent estimates suggest it may cover 10%-30% of the Earth's surface.

References

Meteorites
Rifling consists of spiral grooves cut into the inside of a barrel of a gun. It causes the bullet or projectile to spin as it flies through the air. This greatly improves the accuracy of the bullet over longer distances. The first muskets to use this technology were called rifles. Barrels are rifled using a left or right twist. The number of turns per inch is called the "twist rate". These are expressed as a ratio. For example, a 1:7 twist means the bullet will turn once for each seven inches of barrel length. As a general rule, the heavier the bullet, the higher the twist rate.

History 
Gaspard Kollner, a 15th century gunmaker in Vienna, is thought by many to have invented rifling. Others think it was Augustus Kotter of Nuremberg who invented rifling in about 1520. At about that same time some crossbows fired a bolt (short heavy arrow) through a tube with spiral grooving. This gave the bolt more stability in flight. Whether these were used before rifling in gun barrels is not certain.
The "hand cannon" was first used in China in 1288. From this early beginning and a number of different guns, the smoothbore  Musket was in use in Europe by the 15th century. While it could not fire and reload as fast as an archer and could not be reloaded on horseback, it could penetrate armor. Its greatest advantage over the bow was that anyone could learn to fire a musket in a very short period of time. It took much longer to properly train an archer. The British army used the musket along with pikemen until about 1705 when the pikes were abandoned. In 1722 the army adopted a standard musket called the Brown Bess and continued to use it until about the 1830s. Muskets used a round cast ball that was smaller in diameter than the gun barrel. As a consequence, when the musket was fired, the ball bounced along the inside the barrel. When it exited the barrel it could take a variety of paths making the musket inaccurate. So soldiers were massed together very closely and fired in volly (all at the same time)
. This sent bullets flying generally in the direction of the enemy on the theory that at least some of the bullets would hit some of the soldiers. The smoke from repeated vollies prevented soldiers from seeing what they were shooting at. In the heat of battle, soldiers who wanted reload and fire faster sometimes omitted ramming the bullet and powder into the barrel with the ramrod. Instead, they would try to seat the ball by sharply hitting the butt of the musket on the ground. This reduced the effectiveness even more. Sometimes the bullet would do little more than dribble out of the barrel and travel only a short distance.
In 1849, a French army officer, Claude-Étienne Minié, invented a bullet with a hollow base named for him called the Minié ball. When fired, the bullet expanded to fit the rifling inside the gun barrel. This gave it even greater accuracy over a longer distance. The British used it in the Crimean War against Russian forces with tremendous success. At the time of the American Civil War, both the Union and the Confederate armies were using smoothbore muskets out of necessity. But soon rifled muskets using the Minié ball replaced the smoothbore muskets. The effects were to devastate the opposing army at much longer distances.

Rifling process 

Most firearms produced today use a rifled barrel. There are basically three machining processes used to produce rifled barrels.
 Broach rifling - Uses a hardened steel broach that has several cutting rings. Each cutting ring is slightly larger and cuts the grooves progressively deeper. The gun barrel material ridges that are left after rifling are called lands.
Button Rifling - (most commonly used) Pushes a hardened steel button into the unrifled barrel of a gun. The rifling grooves are cut by very high pressure that also polishes the inside of the barrel. 

 Hammer Forged Rifling - This is used to create a type of rifling called "polygonal rifling". A mandrel is inserted into the barrel blank. Then the outside of the barrel is hammered until it becomes smaller and forms the rifling around the mandrel. The mandrel is then removed leaving a rifled barrel. The final step is to finish the outside of the barrel removing any hammer marks.

References

Other websites 
 History of the Gun Part-7: Rifling; Ruger
 Rifling and twist rate explained; YouTube
 The First American Sharpshooters: YouTube

Firearms
The district of Interlaken in the Swiss canton of Bern has 23 municipalities in an area of 724 km².

 CH-3803 Beatenberg
 CH-3806 Bönigen
 CH-3855 Brienz
 CH-3856 Brienzwiler
 CH-3707 Därligen
 CH-3818 Grindelwald
 CH-3814 Gsteigwiler
 CH-3815 Gündlischwand
 CH-3804 Habkern
 CH-3858 Hofstetten bei Brienz
 CH-3800 Interlaken
 CH-3807 Iseltwald
 CH-3822 Lauterbrunnen
 CH-3706 Leissigen
 CH-3816 Lütschental
 CH-3800 Matten bei Interlaken
 CH-3853 Niederried bei Interlaken
 CH-3854 Oberried am Brienzersee
 CH-3852 Ringgenberg
 CH-3813 Saxeten
 CH-3855 Schwanden bei Brienz
 CH-3800 Unterseen
 CH-3812 Wilderswil

Interlaken
The Province of Tocopilla () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II). The provincial capital is Tocopilla.

Geography
The Tocopilla province has an area of .

The province is bordered on the north by the Tarapacá region, on the east by the El Loa province, on the south by the Antofagasta province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Population
 (last national census), there were 31,516 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Tocopilla, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 23,352 inhabitants.

Administration
As a province, the Tocopilla province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two communes (comunas). The city of Tocopilla serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

References

Other websites
 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Antofagasta 
 Province of Tocopilla website 

Tocopilla
Antofagasta Region
The district of Konolfingen in the Swiss canton of Bern has 29 municipalities in an area of 214 km².

 CH-3672 Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach
 CH-3112 Allmendingen bei Bern
 CH-3508 Arni
 CH-3507 Biglen
 CH-3674 Bleiken bei Oberdiessbach
 CH-3533 Bowil
 CH-3671 Brenzikofen
 CH-3510 Freimettigen
 CH-3506 Grosshöchstetten
 CH-3510 Häutligen
 CH-3671 Herbligen
 CH-3629 Kiesen
 CH-3510 Konolfingen
 CH-3434 Landiswil
 CH-3673 Linden
 CH-3532 Mirchel
 CH-3110 Münsingen
 CH-3504 Niederhünigen
 CH-3672 Oberdiessbach
 CH-3504 Oberhünigen
 CH-3531 Oberthal
 CH-3629 Oppligen
 CH-3113 Rubigen
 CH-3082 Schlosswil
 CH-3502 Tägertschi
 CH-3083 Trimstein
 CH-3512 Walkringen
 CH-3114 Wichtrach
 CH-3076 Worb
 CH-3532 Zäziwil

Konolfingen
The district of Laupen in the Swiss canton of Bern has 11 municipalities in an area of 88 km².

Laupen
The district of Moutier in the Swiss canton of Bern has 26 municipalities in an area of 216 km².

Moutier
The district of La Neuveville in the Swiss canton of Bern has 5 municipalities in an area of 59 km².

Neuveville
The district of Nidau in the Swiss canton of Bern has 25 municipalities in an area of 88 km².

Nidau
This is a list of television programs broadcast on Cartoon Network.

Current programming

Original programming

Cartoon Network Studios

Warner Bros. Animation

Hanna Barbera Studios Europe

Preschool

Repeats of ended programming

Cartoon Network Studios

Warner Bros. Animation

Repeats of Adult Swim series

Acquired programming

Canadian co-productions

Preschool

Upcoming programming

Original programming

Cartoon Network Studios

Warner Bros. Animation

Hanna Barbera Studios Europe

Preschool

Acquired programming

American co-productions

Canadian co-productions

European co-productions

Preschool

Former programming

Original programming

Cartoon Network Studios

Warner Bros. Animation

Hanna-Barbera Studios Europe

Live-action and live-action/animated series

Preschool

Miniseries

Short series

Programming from Warner Bros. Discovery 
An asterisk (*) indicates that the program initially aired as a Cartoon Network program.
(**) indicates that the program became a Boomerang program.
 (***) indicates that the program became an Adult Swim/Toonami program.
 (****) indicates that the program became an HBO Max program.

Acquired programming

European co-productions

Canadian co-productions

Other series

Live-action and live-action/animated series

Preschool

Adult Swim programming

Former specials

Programming blocks

Current programming blocks

Former programming blocks

Related pages
 List of programs broadcast by Cartoonito
 Cartoon Network Studios filmography

Notes

References
General

 
 
 
 
 

Specific
Frederick Albert McDonald (c. 1872? April 1926) was an Australian politician and possible murder victim.

McDonald studied at the University of Sydney. He became a teacher, and rose to become President of the Teachers Federation of New South Wales. In 1922 he stood for election to the Australian House of Representatives, and won the new seat of Barton for the Labor Party. His main opponent was Hector Lamond, who had been the Nationalist member for the abolished seat of Illawarra.

Disappearance

In the 1925 election, McDonald was narrowly defeated by Nationalist candidate Thomas Ley. McDonald took the result to court, claiming that Ley had tried to bribe him, asking him not to put in his nomination papers. However, on 15 April 1926 McDonald disappeared on his way to a meeting with New South Wales Premier Jack Lang. They were planning to have the election result declared void. Neither McDonald's body nor his brief case were ever found.
Thomas Ley was found guilty of murder in England, but it was decided he was insane. He was sent to Broadmoor Hospital, where he died.  It is believed that Ley was responsible for McDonald's disappearance. He is also suspected of being involved in the suspicious deaths of other of his political opponents.

Related pages

List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990

References

Missing people
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Year of death unknown
Aster Yohannes is the wife of an Eritrean political activist.  In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., named her one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign.

Yohannes' husband, Petros Solomon, is a member of the G-15, a group of politicians who called for reforms. He was arrested in 2001. Yohannes was arrested in 2003, when she returned from the United States.  She was never accused of a crime or tried in a court.  No one knows where she is.

Aster Yohannes and Petros Solomon fought for the Eritrean People's Liberation Front.  They helped Eritrea get independence from Ethiopia in 1993.  Solomon was the Minister of Marine Resources in the Eritrean government.
When her husband was arrested, Aster Yohannes was studying in the USA. After she graduated, she returned to Eritrea to be with her children. The Eritrean government told her she would not be arrested. When she arrived in Eritrea in December 2003, she was arrested at Asmara International Airport. They took her to Karchele security prison in Asmara.  She did not see her children.  They did not let her speak to her family.  Her health is not good.  She has asthma and a heart problem.

References

Year of birth missing
Living people
Eritrean people
Prisoners
Tocopilla is a city and commune in the Antofagasta region in the north of Chile. It is the capital of the province of Tocopilla.

Geography
The commune of Tocopilla has an area of .

The commune is bordered on the north by the Tarapacá region, on the east by the María Elena commune, on the south by the Antofagasta province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Population
 (last national census), there were 23,986 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The inhabitants of Tocopilla are known as Tocopillian; in Spanish, tocopillano for men andTocopillana for women.

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Antofagasta 
 Province of Tocopilla website 
 Municipalidad de Tocopilla website  

Cities in Chile
Antofagasta Region