Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
1694 was a common year.

Events 
 February 6 – The colony Quilombo dos Palmares is destroyed.
 July 27 – A Royal Charter is granted to the Bank of England.
 December 22 – The Triennial Bill became law.
 December 28 – Queen Mary II of England dies; King William III of England, Scotland and Ireland is now sole ruler after his co-ruler's death.
 Much of the town of Warwick, England destroyed by fire.
 The Lao empire of Lan Xang unofficially ends.
Events 
 March 1 – The University of Coimbra is founded in Lisbon, Portugal by King Denis of Portugal; it moves to Coimbra in 1308.
 July 18 – King Edward I of England banishes all Jews (numbering about 16,000) from Britain; Jews traditionally hold that this event occurs on Tisha B'Av, a sorrowful Jewish holiday.
 August 1 – The country of Wallachia is founded (traditional date).
 December – The twelve Eleanor crosses are erected between Lincolnshire and London in England as King Edward I mourns the death of his queen consort Eleanor of Castile.
 Construction of Llandaff Cathedral is completed in Cardiff, Wales, 170 years after it was begun.
 The Mongol Empire invades the Bessarabia region of Moldavia.
 The second of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed under king Edward I of England, which prevents land from passing into possession of the church. The statute Quia Emptores is also passed, reforming the feudal system of land leases and allowing the sale of fee simple estates.
King Denis of Portugal decrees that Portuguese be the official language of Portugal, replacing classical Latin in that capacity.
 Construction on the Akershus Fortress of Oslo, Norway is begun.
Fight Club is a 1999 American drama movie. It stars Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, and Helena Bonham Carter. The movie was directed by David Fincher. It is based on a novel of the same name by Chuck Palahniuk.

The story is about an unnamed character's path during a dark form of personal enlightenment (or eternal happiness) which is achieved primarily through fighting. The story is dark and, in both the book and the movie, contains strong depictions of violence. There are a large number of metaphors which are revealed in its complex and twisted storyline. Some would think that the morals and life guidelines taught in the story would be an extreme form of Buddhism, such as the idea of detachment from material possessions (things). The central character has dissociative identity disorder.

Cast 
 Brad Pitt as Tyler Durden
 Edward Norton as the Narrator
 Helena Bonham Carter as Marla Singer
 Meat Loaf as Robert Paulson
 Jared Leto as Angel Face

Other websites 

Fight club wallpapers
1999 drama movies
1990s satirical movies
American drama movies
American satirical movies
Cult movies
Dissociative identity disorder in movies
English-language movies
Movies about terrorism
Movies based on books
Movies directed by David Fincher
20th Century Fox movies
Top of the Pops is a British music show, which featured popular artists performing their songs. It started in 1964 and ended in 2006 because not enough people were watching it any more. It was hosted by many presenters over the years, most notably by Sir Jimmy Savile, who opened the very first show on New Year's Day 1964 on BBC1.

TOTP2 (Top of the Pops 2) is a variant of the show. However, it featured a collection of archive performances by artists spanning the past four decades.

The show was regularly hosted by Steve Wright, up until 2009, when Mark Radcliffe replaced him. A new episode of the programme is shown on 25 December each year.

Other websites

References 

1964 television series debuts
1960s British television series
1970s British television series
1980s British television series
1990s British television series
2000s British television series
BBC Television programmes
Music television series
1964 in music
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Trinidad and Tobago (officially called the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago) is a country in the south Caribbean Sea. It is 11 km (7 miles) away from Venezuela. The country has two bigger islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and many smaller islands.  The capital is Port-of-Spain.  The country has about 1,262,366 people in it.

Trinidad and Tobago received independence from the United Kingdom on August 31, 1962.  Before that, it was ruled by the U.K.  Right now, the head of state (person who is in charge of the country) is Ms Paula-Mae Weekes. The head of government (person who is in charge of the government) are Prime Minister Keith Rowley and President Paula-Mae Weekes.
Trinidad and Tobago is very diverse. It has people of many different races and religions. There are people who are children of Africans, Europeans, Arabs, Indians, and Chinese who moved to the islands a long time ago. The biggest religions in the country are Christianity and Hinduism. There are also Islam and African religions in the country. Trinidad and Tobago was home to the indigenous Caribs.

The country has some natural gas beneath the ground and underwater in the ocean. Natural gas is a liquid that makes machines work and heats houses.  Also, many people called tourists visit the islands. They take pictures and learn about the islands.

The people in the country are famous for their music and artists such as Nicki Minaj and Haddaway. They also play football and cricket.

Demographics
Demographics 

The population of Trinidad and Tobago is 1.17 million as of (2002). The ethnic groups of the population are: 
 40.3%: East Indian
 39.5%: West African descent
 18.4%: Mixed Race
 1.2%: Chinese and Other
 0.6%: European descent

Related pages
List of rivers of Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics
Trinidad and Tobago national football team

References

Other websites 

 Official Government Website
 Official Tourism Website
  National emblems of Trinidad and Tobago
 Central Statistical Office, Government of Trinidad and Tobago

 
Caribbean Community
1962 establishments in North America
Commonwealth member states
Mount St. Helens is a volcano in the U.S. state of Washington. It is 96 miles (154 km) south of Seattle and 53 miles (85 km) northeast of Portland, Oregon. The volcano is in Cascade Range of mountains. It is part of the Cascade Volcanic Arc in the Pacific Ring of Fire that includes over 160 active volcanos.  This is a deadly volcano.

Mount St. Helens was first called Louwala-Clough, which means "smoking" or "fire mountain" in the language of the Native American Klickitat people. This volcano is well known for its explosions and flows of lava. Its most famous volcanic eruption was on May 18, 1980. In 1982, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and the United States Congress made the Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument, a 110,000 acre (445 km²) area around the volcano that is also a part of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest.
The 1980 eruption was the deadliest and most economically destructive volcanic event in the history of the United States. 57 people were killed; 250 homes, 47 bridges, 15 miles of railways, and 185 miles of highway were destroyed. A massive debris avalanche was triggered by an earthquake measuring 5.1 on the Richter scale. This caused the eruption, which reduced the height of the mountain's summit from  to  and replacing it with a  wide horseshoe-shaped crater. The earthquake was caused by a sudden surge of magma from the Earth's mantle. The debris avalanche was up to 0.7 cubic miles (3.1 cubic kilometers) in volume.

History
History 

Before the eruption in 1980, Mount St. Helens was the fifth-highest peak in Washington State. The peak rose more than 5,000 feet (1,525 m) above its base, where it rises from the ridges that are around it. It stood out from the surrounding hills because of the symmetrical cone shape and the snow that covered the top. Because of its cone-shape, it was called the "Mount Fuji of America", after the famous Mount Fuji which is a symbol of Japan.

Modern eruptions 

In the months before the large eruption that took place on May 18, 1980, there were many signs of volcanic activity. On March 20, 1980, Mount St. Helens was the center of a magnitude 4.2 earthquake. Steam venting from the volcano started on March 27. By the end of April, the north side of the volcano started to grow larger.
On May 18, a second earthquake of magnitude 5.1 made a huge part of the north face of the volcano collapse. It was the largest known debris avalanche in recorded history. At 8:32 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time, the magma inside of St. Helens exploded. On the Volcanic Explosivity Index scale, the eruption was rated a five, which is the same rating of the famous Vesuvius eruption in 79 AD.

For more than nine hours, ash erupted from the volcano, rising into the air for 12 to 16 miles (20 to 27 km) above sea level in the air. This cloud rising from a volcano is called a "plume". The pyroclastic flow of heated rocks and gas that poured out of the Volcano spread over an area of over 230 square miles (600 km²), destroying plants and buildings. The ash spread east at about 60 miles per hour (95 km/h), with some ash reaching Idaho by about 12:00 pm, almost 3.5 hours after the eruption. By about 5:30 pm the plume of ash became smaller.  Through the night and for several days after, there were smaller eruptions.
As well as the effect of the fast-moving hot gasses and stones from the explosion, the collapse of the northern side of Mount St. Helens caused lahars, or volcanic mudflows. These were mixtures of volcanic ash with melted ice and snow. The lahars went many miles down the Toutle and Cowlitz rivers, destroying bridges and killing many trees. A total of 3.9 million cubic yards (3.0 million m³) of material was carried 17 miles (27 km) south into the Columbia River by the lahars.
The St. Helens May 18 eruption released 24 megatons of thermal energy. It released more than 0.67 cubic miles (2.8 cubic km) of ash and other material. The collapse of the north side of the volcano shortened St. Helens' height by about 1,300 feet (400 m) and left a volcanic crater one to two miles (1.6 to 3.2 km) wide and half of a mile (800 m) deep. The eruption 
killed 57 people, nearly 7,000 game animals (deer, elk, and bear), and about 12 million fish from a fish farm. It destroyed or damaged over 200 homes, 185 miles (300 km) of highway and  of railways.

1980-2004 
Between 1980 and 1986, more volcanic activity continued at Mount Saint Helens, with a new lava dome made in the crater. Several small explosions and eruptions took place, making more lava domes. From December 7, 1989 to January 6, 1990, and from November 5, 1990 to February 14, 1991, the volcano erupted with sometimes huge clouds of ash.

The ash reached a number of states, as far east as Montana and as south as Colorado.
2004 to present activity 

 
Magma bubbles came to the top of the volcano on about October 11, 2004, and a new lava dome was made on the first dome's south side. This new dome grew throughout 2005 and into 2006. Several new features were seen, such as the "whaleback," which is solid magma being pushed to the top of the volcano by magma under it. These features do not last long and break down soon after they are formed. On July 2, 2005, the tip of the whaleback broke off, and a rockfall sent ash several hundred meters into the air.

Mount St. Helens showed important new activity on March 8, 2005, when a 36,000-foot (11,000 m) plume of steam and ash came from the volcano. The plume was seen from as far away as Seattle, a city that is 96 miles away. This fairly small eruption took place because of a new lava dome being formed and a 2.5 magnitude earthquake.
Another feature that grew from the dome is a "fin" or "slab." About half the size of a football field, the large volcanic rock was being moved up as fast as 6 feet (2 m) per day. In mid-June 2006, the slab had rockfalls very often, but was still being pushed up from inside the volcano.

On October 22, 2006, at 3:13 p.m. PST, a magnitude 3.5 earthquake broke the lava dome. The resulting collapse and avalanche sent an ash plume 2,000 feet (610 m) over the crater, although it quickly disappeared.

On December 19, 2006, a large white plume of steam was seen, and some journalists from the media thought there had been a small eruption. However, the Cascades Volcano Observatory of the United States Geological Survey says that there was no large ash plume, so it could not have been an eruption. The volcano has been erupting on occasion since October 2004.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument website from the U.S. Forest Service.
 Mount St. Helens picture and current status from the United States Geological Survey website
 The VolcanoCam Live camera from the U.S. Forest Service

Volcanoes of Washington (state)
VEI-6 volcanoes
Events 
 Frankfort becomes capital of Kentucky.
The Oder-Neisse line (named after the Oder and Neisse rivers) is the border between Germany and Poland since the end of the Second World War. As a result of the defeat Germany lost a part of its territory to Poland. Previously, the German Empire had to cede the former Prussian provinces of Posen and Westpreußen, as well as parts of upper Silesia, to the newly founded Polish state after the First World War in 1919.  In earlier centuries these territories were part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.  They were annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia, as a result of the tripartite partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Kingdom Prussia, the Holy Roman Empire and the Russian Empire.
Most of the ethnically-German part of the population of these provinces, alongside most of the German minority population in what was Poland before the Second World War (741,000 people), either fled before the Red Army to central and western Germany or were forcibly resettled later. It should be noted here that German citizens of Polish descent and ethically-Polish residents of these regions and other parts of Germany faced systematic discrimination, internment in concentration camps, property-confiscations, forced-resettlement and expulsion under the Nazi administration.

Geography of Germany
1945 establishments in Germany
Geography of Poland
1940s establishments in Poland
World War II
Jimmy Donal "Jimbo" Wales (; born August 7, 1966) is an American-born British Internet entrepreneur. He is one of the people who started Wikipedia and Wikia. Wales was born in Huntsville, Alabama, United States. There, he went to Randolph School. He then earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in finance. In 1996, he and two partners started Bomis. Bomis was an Internet portal with entertainment and adult content. The company gave money for Nupedia (2000–2003) and, after that, Wikipedia.

Personal life
Personal life 

Wales has been married four times. He also has two children. When he was 20, Wales married Pam. Pam was a worker at a store in Alabama. He met his second wife, Christine Rohan, through a friend in Chicago. They had a daughter before their marriage ended. Wales moved to San Diego in 1998. In 2002, he moved again to Florida. In 2007, he still lived there. As of 2012 he lives in London, England. In 2012, Wales married Kate Garvey, a government worker for Tony Blair. Wales has three daughters: one with Rohan and two with Garvey.

Wales says that he follows the ideas of Objectivism. He also says that he is a libertarian to some extent, meaning that he thinks people should be allowed to do whatever they want so long as they do not hurt others.
Career 
On January 15, 2001, with Larry Sanger and others, Wales started  Wikipedia. Wikipedia is a free, open content encyclopedia. It grew and became popular very quickly. As Wikipedia became known to the public, he became the project’s promoter and spokesperson. He is often called a co-founder of Wikipedia, though he has argued against the "co-" part. He said he was the only founder. Wales is on the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation. In 2004, he co-founded Wikia, a wiki-hosting service which tries to make money. In 2015, Wales started the Jimmy Wales Foundation for freedom of expression, to try to help bloggers or internet activists who are in prison.

References 

1966 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Alabama
Writers from Huntsville, Alabama
Wikimedia Foundation
Wikipedia people
Libertarians
British bloggers
Exeter is a city in South West England on the River Exe, from which it takes its name. It is the county town of Devon. Just over 100,000 live there. In the city are a ruined castle, much of the old Roman city wall, and Exeter Cathedral.

History
Exeter was built by the Romans, who called it Isca Dumnoniorum (Isca of the Dumnonii, the local British tribe). After the Romans left and the Anglo-Saxons moved into the area in the seventh century, the name changed to Exeter. In the 1060s, Exeter was a centre of resistance to the Norman conquest.

In 1050, the Bishop of Crediton moved to Exeter; from then until 1876 the bishops were the heads of the church in the whole of Devon and Cornwall. Now, only Devon is within the Exeter diocese.

Today
Today it is home to the Meteorological Office, which forecasts the country's weather.
The United States Congress is the legislative, or law making, branch of the United States government. It meets in the United States Capitol.

It has two houses (parts): The United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. This two house system is known as a bicameral (bi is the Latin word for "two", and camera is Latin for "chamber" or "room") legislature. There are 435 Representatives in Congress, split between the states based on how many people live in the state. There are 100 Senators in Congress, with two coming from each state.
The primary duty of Congress is to write, debate, and pass bills (laws they want).   For Congress to pass a bill, both houses must pass exactly the same bill.  For each house to pass a bill, more than half of its members must vote in favor of passing the bill.  After both houses pass the same bill, this bill is then sent to the President.  If the President agrees the bill should be a law he or she signs the bill within 10 days.  If the president does not agree, then he or she can veto the bill and send it back to Congress.  If the bill is neither signed nor vetoed by the president within 10 days, the bill becomes law anyway if Congress does not adjourn (end its session) within that time.  If Congress adjourns within that time, the bill does not become a law.  Congress may override a president's veto of a bill by having more than two thirds of its members passing the bill.  In that case, the bill becomes law even though the president vetoed it.
Article 1 of the United States Constitution lists what subjects Congress can pass laws on.  

Members of Congress cannot be arrested, except for certain crimes, during a session of Congress or going to or returning from a session.  

Each house of Congress can decide to expel (throw out) one of its members if more than two thirds of them vote to expel him or her.  

The political party with the most members in a house of Congress usually decides which bills are voted on in their house.

Related page 

 Parliamentary procedure

References 

 
National legislatures
Bicameral legislatures
Lord Charles Cornwallis (31 December 1738  5 October 1805) was a British general and colonial governor. He is best known for leading the British forces in the American Revolution.

His parents were Elizabeth, and Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis.

Cornwallis moved to the 13 colonies in North America in 1776 to try to control the rebelling colonies. He fought at the Battle of Princeton. George Washington led the Americans in that battle. Later, Cornwallis led British forces through North Carolina and South Carolina, where he fought against American forces under Nathanael Greene. In October 1781, Cornwallis's forces surrendered to George Washington at the Battle of Yorktown, ending the American Revolution.

In 1786 Cornwallis was appointed Governor-General of the British colony of India.

From 1798 to 1801 Cornwallis was Lord Lieutenant and Commander in Chief of Ireland.

He died in 1805 because of a fever.
1738 births
1805 deaths
People from London
British in the American Revolutionary War
British Earls
British Marquesses
Governors-General of India
Lord-lieutenants
Events 
 November 13 – Treaty of Vienna

Births 
Ethan Allen – January 21
Lord Charles Cornwallis – December 31

Deaths 
Charles Townshend – June 21
The Battle of Princeton was a battle during the American Revolution. It was fought in January of 1777 near Princeton, New Jersey. The battle came a week after the Battle of Trenton, where General George Washington had led the Continental Army to a surprise victory over the British.

The Continental Army, led by Washington, advanced to Princeton after their victory at Trenton. The army defeated a small British force. A larger British force, led by Charles Cornwallis, was alerted and gave chase. However, the Continental Army burned the bridges behind them and sniped at the British army before escaping to Morristown, New Jersey.

The battle resulted in about 200 casualties (deaths) for the British along with another 300 injured or captured, while the Americans suffered minimal losses. The battle boosted American morale.

Princeton
1777 in the United States
18th century in New Jersey
January events
A fork is a tool for eating.  It has points called tines.  Most forks have three or four tines.  Some cooking-forks have two tines.  The tines help you pick up your food.  Forks are useful only for eating solid food.  For example, a fork would be useless for eating soup because all the soup would fall through the tines and into your lap.  Most forks are made of metal.  Some are made of plastic or wood.

The word "fork" is also used to describe a two choices of course. A fork in the road would be a split in the road leading in two (or more) directions. A forked tongue would have two parts or tips.

Forks are very common in Western culture. Many countries do not use forks, but instead have their own ways to eat food, such as chopsticks.

Related pages
 Garden fork

Basic English 850 words
Food utensils
Backgammon is a game played by two players. Each player moves pieces around a board. Players roll two dice to find out how far their pieces can move in one turn. The winner of one game is the first to get all pieces all the way around, and off, the board.

The game is laid-out asymmetrically. White's direction of travel is counter-clockwise, whereas black's direction of travel is clockwise. (There is no advantage  to either side due to this asymmetry.)

White moves from white's far right to white's home area on white's close right, in the shape of a right-hand "C" from white's point of view. Black moves along the same "C", beginning from black's far left and ending at black's home area on black's close left. (The "C" is the same for both sides - the "C" points to the right for white and points to the left for black.)
As shown in the image, some pieces (for each side) begin already in the home quadrant, and some pieces must make their way all the way around. Pieces can be sent backwards to their starting position during play.

The roll of two dice introduces a random component in the game, but Backgammon is basically a game of strategy. 
 
Usual playing time is around 15– 30 minutes, for a single game (which could be thought of as something like one particular long "hand" of a card game). An overall championship or round of backgammon involves a number of ongoing single games, with the involvement of points, a "doubling cube," and other complications.
The game has a long history. Games that resemble it have been played for thousands of years. Archaeologists doing excavations at a place called Burnt City in modern-day Iran have found parts of a game that resembled backgammon. They have found 60 pieces to play with, and two dice. They could show that the game utensils date from around 3000 BC. These pieces around 100–200 years older than another set, found in Ur, in Mesopotamia.

Other websites
http://www.backgammon-fr.com

References 

Dice games
Backgammon
A cell wall is the wall of a cell in plants,  bacteria, fungi, algae, and some archaea. Animal cells do not have cell walls, nor do protozoa. Cell walls protect the cells from damage. It is also there to make the cell strong, to keep its shape, and to control the growing of the cell and plant.

The cell wall is the tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It is outside the cell membrane and gives these cells support and protection, as well as acting as a filter. The cell wall also acts as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion when water enters the cell by osmosis. 

The material in the cell wall varies. In plants and algae, the cell wall is made of long molecules of cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose. The cell wall has channels which let some proteins in and keeps others out. Water and small molecules can go through the cell wall and the cell membrane.

Functions
Functions

Strength 
The cell wall has mechanical strength, and supports cell shape. This mechanical strength is its main function:
"Think of the cell wall as a wicker basket in which a balloon has been inflated so that it exerts pressure from the inside. Such a basket is very rigid and resistant to mechanical damage. Thus the [organisms] cell that have a cell wall) gain strength from a flexible plasma membrane pressing against a rigid cell wall".
Although the plant cell wall is strong, it is not rigid or stiff. The flexibility of the cell walls is seen when plants wilt, so that the stems and leaves begin to droop.
Some plants add stiffening material to some of their cell walls. A secondary cell wall is an additional layer of cellulose which increases wall rigidity. More layers may be added containing lignin in xylem cell walls, or containing suberin in cork cell walls.  These compounds are rigid and waterproof. They make the secondary wall stiff. Both wood and bark cells of trees have secondary walls. Other parts of plants such as the leaf stalk may get reinforcement to resist the strain of physical forces.

Permeability 
Small molecules, including small proteins, can easily get through the primary plant cell wall. Water and carbon dioxide are distributed throughout the plant. The pH is an important factor in the transport of molecules through cell walls.

Bacterial cell wall
Around the outside of the cell membrane is the bacterial cell wall. Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan, which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by unusual peptides containing D-amino acids. Bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi which are made of cellulose and chitin, respectively.

The cell wall of bacteria is also distinct from that of Archaea, which do not contain peptidoglycan. The cell wall is essential to the survival of many bacteria.  The antibiotic penicillin is able to kill bacteria by preventing the cross-linking of peptidoglycan and this causes the cell wall to weaken and lyse. The lysozyme enzyme can also damage bacterial cell walls.

Middle lamella
The middle lamella gives the cell shape, support, and strength. It is made of calcium and magnesium. Even though it is called middle lanella, it is the outer part of the cell. The middle lamella is the first wall of the cell to give protection.
Animal cell membrane 
Animal cells do not have cell walls. They have microfilaments (the thinnest filaments of the cytoskeleton).

References

Cell biology
Plant anatomy
Friction is a force that acts to stop the movement of two touching things. The energy lost to friction is turned into sound and heat. Two kinds of friction are static and kinetic. Static friction is when the friction is strong enough to stop movement between two objects. Kinetic friction is used when the frictional force is not strong enough to stop all motion. An effect of kinetic friction is heat production. 

Many everyday mechanisms that use friction include car brakes, suitcases, and shoes. Even a person sliding across the floor uses a form of friction.

Some facts about friction are:

Friction can be thought to be caused by bumps on two touching surfaces. These bumps are called asperities. As these two rough surfaces move against each other they get stuck and prevent motion until the asperities are broken or slid over. Even the smoothest materials have these asperities.
As the force that is pushing on an object increases, the static friction increases too. However, if the force gets bigger than the maximum static friction, it makes the object accelerate. The object will begin to accelerate as soon as the static friction is less than the force pushing on it. After that point kinetic friction will act on the object.

The coefficient of friction is the ratio between the force slowing something down and the force pushing them together. The larger it is the stronger friction is (and the more the object is slowed down). For example, a person's skates on ice have a small coefficient of friction, but rubber on concrete has a big one.

Internal friction in a fluid is called viscosity. Viscosity is how hard it is for the fluid to move or flow. For example, honey is more "viscous" than water.
Friction is caused by electromagnetism. When the atoms that make the objects come close they are drawn to each other and may connect. Effort is needed to break this connection in objects that are not moving and effort is needed to keep an object moving against this attraction. Things with high friction have many points of contact or have atoms that strongly attract others. There are 4 types of friction. Static, sliding, rolling,Fluid friction.

Related pages
Laminar flow
Force
Movement

Force
Mechanics
Lima is the capital city (where the government works), and is considered the most important and largest city of Peru. 75% of the Peruvian economy is handled in Lima. 
Lima is the industrial and financial center of Peru, and one of the most important financial centers in Latin America.

It is an important city of South America and the entrance to Peru. Lima is city in constant urban growth. It has a large population. Over 8 million people live in the metropolitan area, which includes Callao Seaport. Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro.

The city was founded by the Spanish conquistador (conqueror) Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535. He called it 'La Ciudad de los Reyes' (the City of the Kings). It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Perú. And after the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru.
In the 1940s, Lima started a period of rapid growth, with the migration from the Andean regions of Peru, as rural people. They wanted to find better opportunities for work and education. The population, estimated at 0.6 million in 1940, reached 1.9M by 1960 and 4.8M by 1980.

Lima has developed an important tourism industry, characterized by its historic center, archeological sites, nightlife, museums, art galleries, festivals, popular traditions, and gastronomy. Lima is considered Americas's gastronomical capital.

Lima is made up of mainly Spanish speaking inhabitants with over 90% of the population speaking the language.  Lima Province has 43 districts, including:

1 - Cercado de Lima

3 - Ate

4 - Barranco

5 - Brena

7 - Comas

9 - Chorrillos

10 - El Agustino

11 - Jesus Maria

12 - La Molina

13 - La Victoria

14 - Lince

17 - Magdalena del Mar

18 - Miraflores

21 - Pueblo Libre

22 - Puente Piedra

25 - Rimac

27 - San Isidro

28 - Independence

29 - San Juan de Miraflores

30 - San Luis
30 - San Luis

31 - San Martin de Porres

32 - San Miguel

33 - Santiago de Surco

34 - Surquillo

35 - Villa María del Triunfo

36 - San Juan de Lurigancho

38 - Santa Rosa

39 - Los Olivos

41 - San Borja

42 - Villa El Savador

43 - Santa Anita

References

 
1535 establishments
16th-century establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
1530s establishments in South America
A cleaner (or janitor) is someone who takes away garbage and cleans surfaces. Cleaners sometimes  repair things, and maintain their equipment in good working order, as well as dusting, washing, waxing and polishing.

Heavy duty cleaners often move furniture, large containers of recycled materials and waste, and other objects, and operate large buffers and other weighty equipment. "Light" duty cleaners clean chalk boards, windows, shelves, desks, light fixtures, and ledges. Some duties, like using a vacuum cleaner, can be done by either "light" or "heavy" duty cleaners. Cleaners can clean offices, staircases, kitchens, bathrooms, hallways, sidewalks, elevators, escalators, and other areas. Cleaners can specialize in washing windows, or in cleaning carpets, hospitals, food processing plants, or construction sites. Cleaners who discover seriously damaged surfaces and equipment on their sites can notify specialists, like plumbers and carpenters, about the need for professional repairs.
Cleaners are also alert for security problems, like vandalism, signs of theft (forced windows or doors, missing computers or stock), blocked fire escape routes, lights or fire alarms not working, or trespassers. When these occur, the cleaners promptly notify their sites' Security Officers and Site Supervisors. Janitors know how to keep themselves and their sites safe, by immediately removing hazards like broken class, spilled fluids, and waste from kitchens and bathrooms, and by checking hand rails, floor mats, stairs, automated doors, escalators, elevators, intercoms, and plumbing.

References

Domestic work
Bovinae is a subfamily of the even-toed ungulate family Bovidae. About 26 species of bovines belong to this subfamily.

Bovines are herbivores, and they mostly eat grass.
Taxonomy 
 Subfamily Bovinae
 Tribe Boselaphini
 Genus Tetracerus
 Four-horned Antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis)
 Genus Boselaphus
 Nilgai, Boselaphus tragocamelus
 Tribe Bovini
 Genus Bubalus
 Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
 Tamaraw (Bubalus mindorensis)
 Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis)
 Mountain Anoa (Bubalus quarlesi)
 Genus Syncerus
 African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
 Genus Bos
 Zebu Cattle (Bos indicus)
 Kouprey (Bos sauveli)
 Banteng (Bos javanicus)
 Gaur (Bos frontalis or Bos gaurus)
 Yak (Bos grunniens)
 Aurochs or urus (Bos primigenius) †
 Domestic Cattle (Bos taurus)
 Genus Pseudoryx
 Saola (Pseudoryx nghetinhensis)
 Genus Bison
 American Bison (Bison bison)
 Wisent (Bison bonasus)
 Tribe Strepsicerotini
 Genus Tragelaphus
 Sitatunga, Tragelaphus spekeii
 Nyala, Tragelaphus angasii
 Bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus
 Mountain Nyala, Tragelaphus buxtoni
 Lesser Kudu, Tragelaphus imberbis
 Greater Kudu, Tragelaphus strepsiceros
 Bongo (antelope), Tragelaphus eurycerus
 Genus Taurotragus
Genus Taurotragus
 Common Eland, Taurotragus oryx
 Giant Eland, Taurotragus derbianus
The four genera Tetracerus, Boselaphus, Tragelaphus and Taurotragus are sometimes put into their own subfamily Tragelaphinae, and sometimes with the bovines.

Images
Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia and Central Asia. It borders Russia to the north and the People's Republic of China to the south, east and west. Mongolia's political system is a parliamentary republic.

Until recently, most of the people there were Buddhists. Many of them are nomads (people who always move from place to place and do not stay in one home), but this is changing. The largest city, and capital city is Ulaanbaatar. It is where about 38% of the population live. This has been spelled Ulan Bator/ Ulaan Battor and other ways in the past. The north and east parts of the country have many mountains. Part of the south part is the Gobi Desert. There are 2,791,272 people living in Mongolia. The country is the 18th biggest country in the world, with an area of .

Mongolia is mainly rural with the lowest population density of all independent countries in the world.
History 
The area which is Mongolia has been ruled by various nomadic empires. This was until the great 'Mongol Empire' was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. After the Yuan Dynasty collapsed, the Mongols became nomads again. After the 16th century, Mongolia were influenced by Tibetan Buddhism. By the end of the 17th century, most of Mongolia was part of an area ruled by the Qing Dynasty. When the Qing Dynasty collapsed in 1911, Mongolia declared independence. But they had to fight against the Chinese. They were helped by the Soviet Union. In 1921, the world accepted its independence. Shortly after the death of Bogd Khaan, the last monarch of Mongolia the monarchy was replaced by a communist government in 1924, and the country was renamed the Mongolian People's Republic. Up until the fall of the Soviet Union, Mongolia was a satellite state for the Soviets. The Mongolian Red Cross Society was set up in 1939. It has its headquarters in Ulaanbaator.
Government 
Mongolia is a parliamentary republic. People vote for their government. The President of Mongolia is elected to a four-year term, and cannot be elected president more than twice. The current President is Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh. He was first elected as president on June 25, 2021.

Climate 
 Mongolia has a steppe climate. It has very cold winters and mild summers. Recently, winters have become very cold. This has killed many people and cattle. On June 2, 2008, 52 people and 200,000 head of cattle died in heavy blizzards in Mongolia.

On March 1–2, 2008, a heavy dust storm hit northeast China and parts of Mongolia. and ended over North Korea and South Korea on the March 4.

Twenty one people died in a rural Mongolian blizzard on May 8, 2008. Parts of the Chinese province of Inner Mongolia were also affected on the May 8, 2008.

On June 2, 2009, it was said that 15 people and 10,000 head of cattle had died by this date in Mongolia.
April 1–2, 2010 had temperatures plummet to -50 degrees in Mongolia’s Tuul valley, A nomad named Urna said she bought 400 bundles of grass to feed the animals in preparation for more bad weather. The Mongolian Red Cross has said that about 4,500,000 livestock died as a result of the bad weather this year [2010]. Tume, who lives in Ulan Bator, said that he had noticed that there were several really harsh winters in a row too. He blamed climate change, but experts said that overgrazing by cattle had also killed off most of the country’s grassland.

Mongolia known as the "Land of the Eternal Blue Sky" or "Country of Blue Sky" () because it has over 250 sunny days a year.

Geography 
Mongolia is the world's 19th-largest country (after Iran). It is significantly larger than the next-largest country, Peru. Mongolia does not share a border with Kazakhstan, but its westernmost point is only 38 kilometers (24 mi) away from Kazakhstan.
The geography of Mongolia is varied, with the Gobi Desert to the south and with cold and mountainous regions to the north and west. Most of Mongolia consists of steppes, with forested areas comprising 11.2% of the total land area.  The highest point in Mongolia is the Khüiten Peak in the Tavan bogd massif, at a height of 4,374 m (14,350 ft).

Provinces 

Mongolia is divided into 21 provinces called aimags.  The aimags are divided into 329 districts called sums.

 Arkhangai
 Bayan-Ölgii
 Bayankhongor
 Bulgan
 Darkhan-Uul
 Dornod
 Dornogovi
 Dundgovi
 Govi-Altai
 Govisümber
 Khentii
 Khovd
 Khövsgöl
 Ömnögovi
 Orkhon
 Övörkhangai
 Selenge
 Sükhbaatar
 Töv
 Uvs
 Zavkhan
Economy 
The country has a lot of copper, uranium and other minerals essential to the world’s fight against climate change.  The Oyu Tolgoi mine should produce about half a million tonnes of copper by 2030, the 4th biggest copper project in the world. It is run by Rio Tinto.  The Mongolian government owns 34% of it. The government plans to increase gross domestic product from $15 billion in 2022 to nearly $50 billion by 2030 and halve Mongolia’s poverty rate to 15%. In 2023 84%  of Mongolian exports went to China and 30% of its imports, including all its petroleum products came from Russia. There is a lot of interest from foreign investors.

Languages 
The official language of Mongolia is Mongolian, and is spoken by 95% of the population. A variety of dialects of Oirat and Buryatare are spoken across the country. Turkic languages, such as Kazakh and Tuvan, are also spoken in the western part of the country.
Today, Mongolian is written using the Cyrillic alphabet, although in the past it was written using the Mongolian script. The traditional alphabet is being slowly reintroduced through schools recently.

Russian is the commonest spoken foreign language in Mongolia due to their diplomatic ties as former communist states. English has been gradually replacing Russian as the second language in order to become part of the world economy. Korean is more common now as tens of thousands of Mongolians work and study in South Korea. Interest in Chinese has been growing because of the neighboring power.

National Holidays

Related pages
 List of rivers of Mongolia
 Mongolia at the Olympics
 Mongolia national football team

Sources

References

General sources
 Expedition trip to the North-West Mongolia, Tomsk State University and the University of Hovd, cooperation. Video.

Notes

Other websites
Other websites 

 Mongolia's UK embassy- Embassy of Mongolia.
 Mongolia’s American/USA embassy-  .
 MIAT (Mongolian airways)- Alternative Airlines. Safety concerns exist about some of the older and less reliable aircraft in its domestic fleet.
 
 Mongolian Open Government (by Mongolia's Prime Minister) (in Mongolian and English) (uses, but does not need Macromedia Flash)
 Mongolian Red Cross Society- Mongolian Red Cross Society Profile 
 Mongolian Red Cross Society- Official Red Cross Web Site
The Fourier transform is a mathematical function that can be used to find the base frequencies that a wave is made of. Imagine playing a chord on a piano. When played, the sounds of the notes of the chord mix together and form a sound wave. This works because each of the different note's waves interfere with each other by adding together or canceling out at different points in the wave. A Fourier transform takes this complex wave and is able to find the frequencies that made it, meaning it can find the notes that a chord is made from.

The output of a Fourier transform is sometimes called a frequency spectrum or distribution because it displays a distribution of possible frequencies of the input. This function has many uses in cryptography, oceanography, machine learning, radiology, quantum physics as well as sound design and visualization.

The Fourier transform of a function , sometimes written as , is given by

where:
where:

  is a frequency.
  is the Fourier transform function and returns a value representing how prevalent frequency  is in the original signal.
  represents wrapping the input wave function  around the origin of the complex plane at some frequency .

The inverse Fourier transform is given by

A Fourier transform shows what frequencies are in a signal. For example, consider a sound wave which contains three different musical notes: A, B, and C. Making a graph of the Fourier transform of this sound wave (with the frequency on the x-axis and the intensity on the y-axis) will show a peak at each frequency which corresponds with one of the musical notes.

Many signals can be created by adding cosines and sines together with varying amplitudes and frequencies. The Fourier transform plots the amplitudes and phases of these cosines and sines against their respective frequencies.
Fourier transforms are important, because many signals make more sense when their frequencies are separated. In the audio example above, looking at the signal with respect to time does not make it obvious that the notes A, B, and C are in the signal. Many systems do different things to different frequencies, so these kinds of systems can be described by what they do to each frequency. An example of this is a filter which blocks high frequencies.

Calculating a Fourier transform requires understanding of integration and imaginary numbers. Computers are usually used to calculate Fourier transforms of anything but the simplest signals.  The Fast Fourier Transform is a method computers use to quickly calculate a Fourier transform.

Related pages 
 Fourier analysis
 Fourier inversion theorem
 Fourier series
 Laplace transform

References

Other websites

Digital signal processing
Harmonic analysis
Events 
 April – Battle of Saraighat. The Ahom general Lachit Borphukan defeated the Mughal forces on the outskirts of present-day Guwahati of then sovereign Assam.
 May 9 –  Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London. He is immediately caught because he is too drunk to run with the loot. He would later be condemned to death and then mysteriously pardoned and exiled by King Charles II.
 June 22 – Ottoman Empire declares war on Poland

Births 
 April 21 - John Law, Scottish economist
 May 24 - Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Deaths
 June 11 - Yun Seon-do, Korean politician
1679 was a common year.

Events 
 January 24 – King Charles II of England disbands Parliament
 June 22 – the Duke of Monmouth subdues an insurrection of Scottish Covenanters at Birthwell Bridge
 August 7 – The brigantine Le Griffon, which was commissioned by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes.
 December 24 – Domenico Sarro, a composer from Italy, was born. 
 Battle of Bothwell Bridge
 Habeas Corpus Act 1679 passed in England.
 European explorers discover Niagara Falls.
Events 
 March 5 – French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons
 March 20 – Leisler's Rebellion – New governor arrives in New York – Jacob Leisler surrenders after standoff of several hours
 March 29 – Siege of Mons ends to the city’s surrender
 May 6 – Spanish inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 Jews in Palma Majorca. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake
 May 16 – Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason
 October 3 – Treaty of Limerick which guaranteed civil rights to Catholics was signed. (it was broken "before the ink was dry")
 Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Suleiman II (1687-1691) to Ahmed II (1691-1695).
 Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics.
 In New England the two separate Colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity by an act of the King and Queen of England.

Births 
 February 27 - Edward Cave, English publisher
Deaths
 January 13 - George Fox, one of the founders of the Quakers
 December 31 - Robert Boyle, Irish scientist
1719 is a year in the common era.

Events 
January 23 – The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire
 April 25 –  Daniel Defoe publishes Robinson Crusoe
 June 10 – Battle of Glen Shiel
 Prussia conducts Europe's first systematic census
 Miners in Falun, Sweden find an apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused part of the copper mine.
France declares war on Spain

Births

Deaths
Christoph Ludwig Agricola
Events 
 January 1 – Britain and its colonies adopt the idea that 1 January should be New Year's Day, following adoption of the Gregorian calendar in September 1752. The concept was first conceived in 1582, but suffered from slow public adoption.
 January 13 – Sentenced conspirators of the Tavora affair are executed
 January 29 – After a month's absence, Elizabeth Canning returns to her mother's home in London and claims that she was abducted. Following criminal trial causes uproar.
 April 5 – Founding charter of the British Museum

 Sweden adopts Gregorian calendar
 British parliament extends citizenship to Jews
 Publication of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus on 1 May, adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as the formal start date of the scientific classification of plants
 James Lind writes A Treatise of the Scurvy
 Tobias Smollett writes Ferdinand Count Fathom
 Robert Wallace writes On the Numbers of Man