Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Design
Tanning beds use a special fluorescent lamps (16 to 32 per tanning bed) that creates visible light and ultraviolet light.  Like all fluorescent lights, they use a ballast system to limit the electricity going to each lamp, which is most often 100 watts per lamp.  The tanning beds use a special acrylic, or clear shield over the lamps.  Most clear plastics will block ultraviolet, but this special type of plastic lets most of the ultraviolet light pass through.  Most tanning beds also have a cooling fan system, to cool the electronics inside the tanning bed and keep it from getting too hot.  All tanning beds have a timer, a device to limit the amount of time the person is exposed to the ultraviolet light.  After a few minutes, the timer makes the bed turn off.
Benefits and risks
Unlike the sun, tanning beds do not help the body produce vitamin D as their bulbs emit mostly UVA light. The human body needs UVB light to produce vitamin D. Both the sun and tanning beds can damage your skin if you stay exposed for too long.  Getting too much UV, or many sunburns can cause skin cancer, including melanoma, which can be deadly.  There is a lot of controversy due to the risks.  Most countries have many laws and rules that regulate tanning beds.

References

Electromagnetic radiation
Skin
Herman Wouk (May 27, 1915 – May 17, 2019) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American writer. He was from New York City, New York.  Wouk had written many books including The Caine Mutiny. He won Pulitzer Prize award in 1952.

Wouk was Orthodox Jewish. He was known for his defence of religion, tradition, American patriotism and the Military.

Wouk died in his sleep at his home in Palm Springs, California on May 17, 2019, 10 days before his 104th birthday.

References

Other websites

"Books: The Wouk Mutiny", Time Magazine cover story, September 5, 1955 
 Columbia 250: Herman Wouk
Herman Wouk Papers

1915 births
2019 deaths
American centenarians
American novelists
Jewish American writers
Pulitzer Prize winners
Writers from New York City
The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply Quirinale) is a historical building in Rome, Italy.  It is the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic. 

The palace is on the Quirinal Hill, the tallest of the seven hills of Rome. It housed thirty popes, four kings and eleven presidents of the Italian Republic.

History 
The current site of the palace has been in use since Roman times. The Quirinal is the highest hill in Rome.

The palace, on the Via del Quirinale and facing onto the Piazza del Quirinale, was built beginning in 1573 by Pope Gregory XIII 

Pope Paul V commissioned the completion of the work on the main building of the palace.

The palace was a papal residence until 1870.

In 1871, the palace became the official royal residence of the Kings of Italy.
	
In 1946, the palace became the official residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Official site of the Presidency of Italy (Virtual tour of Quirinal Palace)
Satellite image of the palace and its garden

Buildings and structures in Rome
Palaces in Italy
1583 establishments
1580s establishments in Europe
16th-century buildings and structures
A Killie pie or Kilmarnock pie is a type of pie which was made famous as it is sold at Rugby Park, the home ground of association football team Kilmarnock F.C.. It can also be found in shops and chip shops. It is a steak pie.

History
It won the award for best pie in football two years running in 1998 and 1999, and attracted quite a reputation amongst away fans for its quality.

It is made by Brownings, The Bakers of Kilmarnock.

References 

Football in Scotland
Meat dishes
Seneca the Elder ( Lucius or Marcus Annaeus Seneca, born about 54BC, died about 39AD) was a Roman rhetorician and writer. His main work is Controversiae. Controversiea is a ten volume work. In it, he treats 74 cases that are commonly seen by rhetoricians. His other main work is Suasoriae  (Councils). In it, he shows seven examples of how to respond in common cases. 

He is the father of the philosopher, poet and politician, Seneca the Younger

50s BC births
30s deaths
Ancient Roman writers
Hearst is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Hearst was 5,620 in 2006. The mayor of Hearst is Roger Sigouin. Hearst was founded in 1913 because of the construction of the National Transcontinental Railway. It got its name from William Howard Hearst who was the then Ontario Minister of Forests and Mines and he later became Premier of Ontario. Around 85% of the population for Hearst speaks French.

References

Other websites
Official website

Cities in Ontario
Cornwall is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Cornwall was 45,965 in 2006. The mayor of Cornwall is Bob Kilger. The first European settlement in Cornwall was established in 1784 although Aboriginal peoples lived in and around the area for millennia. The name originally "New Johnstown" then the name was officially changed after and was named Cornwall  after the Duke of Cornwall, Prince George, in 1834.

Media
CJSS 1220

CJOH CTV

References

Other websites
Official website

Cities in Ontario
Barkly is a very small town in Victoria, Australia, about 180 kilometres northwest of Melbourne. It is located near the junction of the roads from Landsborough to Redbank, and from Frenchmans to St Arnaud. It is close to the western side of the St Arnaud Range National Park.

The area was first called the Navarre Diggings after gold was found in June 1859 by a group led by James Law (1827-1910). It was about six miles from the Navarre township. This caused a gold rush and there were soon about 700 people on the diggings. At the peak of the rush, there were over 6000 people in the area digging for gold.

James Law, who had come to Australia from Scotland, was given a reward of 150 pounds for being the first person to find gold. Other members of his group, John Fewster, W.R. Marshall and George Mill also were rewarded.
The name was changed to Barkly on 1 November 1861, after the Governor of Victoria, Sir Henry Barkly. The name was changed by the local gold warden, Mr. Warden Alley, a government official in charge of the diggings. A school was started, the Barkly Common School.

A cemetery, now called the Pioneer Cemetery, was begun close to the original diggings. The town of Barkly developed about two miles from this area, and a new cemetery was opened.

Barkly has a small Anglican church, a hall, and a few houses. The school has been closed and the buildings removed. There is a rose and lavender farm which is open to the public during the year. A headstone was placed on James Law's grave on 5 May, 1985. In 1996 a memorial stone was placed at the site of the first gold discovery.

References

Other websites 
 Culture Victoria website with photo of the Barkly goldfield
 Barkly Lavender and Rose Farm 

1859 establishments in Australia
"Time after Time" is a song first performed by American singer Cyndi Lauper. It is the second single from her album She's so Unusual. The song reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1984. It stayed there almost two weeks. The song has been covered by many other musicians.

Pop songs
1984 songs
1980s ballads
Cyndi Lauper songs
Rod Stewart songs
Ronan Keating songs
Peterborough is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Peterborough was 45,965 in 2006. The mayor of Peterborough is Bob Kilger. Adam Scott, a settler, began construction of a sawmill and gristmill on the west shore of the Otonabee River and established the area as Scott's Plains. In 1822, the British Parliament approved an experimental emigration plan which would transport poor Irish families to Upper Canada. The scheme was managed by Peter Robinson, who was at the time a politician in York (present-day Toronto). The area of Scott's Plains was renamed Peterborough in Robinson's honour. During 1850, Peterborough was incorporated as a town and grew to a population of 2,191. The town of Peterborough later grew into a city on July 1, 1905.

Media
CKRU 1430

CKWF 101.5

References

Other websites
Official website

Cities in Ontario
Danica Patrick (born March 25 1982) is an American auto racer and model. She is the first female to win an IndyCar Series race. She also has the highest finish by a woman in the Indianapolis 500 in third place. She is currently competing in the NASCAR Monster Energy Cup Series and the IndyCar Series. In the 2013 Daytona 500, Patrick became the first woman in the Sprint Cup to earn pole position, and led a few laps, also a first for female drivers. Patrick finished 8th, the highest by a female.  Patrick was born in Beloit, Wisconsin.

Sources 

NASCAR drivers
American models
American racecar drivers
1982 births
Living people
IndyCar Series drivers
Sledge hockey (known as sled hockey in the United States) is a sport that is designed to allow players who have a physical disability to play sport. 
Ice sledge hockey was invented in Sweden in the 1960s at a rehabilitation center.
Ice sledge hockey and ice hockey differences
Team is composed of 5 players and one goalkeeper. This is same as in normal hockey.
In each team could be maximum 5 healthy players. In one moment there could be maximum 2 of them.
The benches and penalty bench are in the ice
Ice rink is same too. Hockey rinks  follow the International Ice Hockey Federation specifications, which are given in metric units (the Imperial units given are approximations): 60 m × 30 m (197 ft × 98.5 ft) with a corner radius of 8.5 m (28 ft). The distance from the end boards to the nearest goal line is 4 m (13 ft). The distance from each goal line to the nearest blue line is 17⅔ m (58 ft). The distance between the two blue lines is also 17⅔ m (58 ft). There are two widths of lines painted on a hockey rink: thick lines – 12 in (30 cm) wide – and thin lines – 2 in (5 cm) wide.
Difference is in player´s equipment. Players have full-face cover. 
Normal hockey is played for 3 times 20 minutes. In sledge hockey it is from 12 to 20 minutes. 
In normal hockey there are 3 referees. There are 2 in sledge hockey.

Ice sledge hockey equipment
Sled - Each player has his own sled. This sled is designed on his body.

Stick - The sticks for ice sledge hockey players have a blade curved as in normal ice hockey.
On the other side it has six to eight metal teeth for maneuvering and propulsion. Movement is done by using the metal teeth. The metal teeth cannot be longer than 1 centimeter beyond the stick, to help stop damage to the ice or injure of other players.

Ice sledge hockey in Kolín  
People who live in Kolín see ice sledge hockey as a normal sport. Kolín's team are on the top of table. Kolín's ice hockey players won last season. Many of Kolín's players play in Czech republic's representation.

Other websites
Other websites

Leagues and Associations
 British Sledge Hockey Association 
 Czech Sledge Hockey League 
 Japan Ice Sledge Hockey Association 
 Northeast Sled Hockey League (USA)
 Ontario Sledge Hockey Association (Canada)
 Sledge Hockey of Eastern Ontario (Canada)
 Hockey Alberta - Sledge Hockey (Canada)

Equipment Manufacturers

 Canwinsportsm
 HandiNor AS
 Mobility Sports, LLC
 Passvilan
 Spokes n' Motion 
 Unique Inventions
 SWERD

National Teams
 Canada
 Czech Republic
 Estonia
 Germany
 Japan 
 Norway 
 Sweden
 United States 
 Italy 

Sports for the disabled
Ice hockey
Winter sports
1960s establishments in Sweden
Paleozoology is one of the branches of biology that deals with animal fossils and ancient animal life. The animal fossils are thoroughly studied and the process of evolution of animals is found out.

References

Branches of zoology
The country of Azerbaijan is a republic, with the President of Azerbaijan as the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan as head of government. The Constitution of Azerbaijan makes the President the Commander-in-Chief of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces and the President of Azerbaijan has more powers than the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan and the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.

The President is directly elected by the people for a five-year term and can be re-elected without any limit. The President cannot be put on trial or put in prison during his term.

The President can call a national referendum for important issues for the country, such as changing the articles of the Constitution, because a referendum is necessary for changing the Constitution. The Constitution also allows the President to be a member of a political party.
The current President of Azerbaijan is Ilham Aliyev. The list includes all the presidents that lead the country after it became independent in 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed the same year. This is a complete list of the Presidents of Azerbaijan.

Presidents of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1991-Present)
For leaders before independence, see List of leaders of Azerbaijan

Related pages
 Prime Minister of Azerbaijan

Other websites
The President of Azerbaijan 

Azerbaijan

Government of Azerbaijan
Bullet-proof glass, or bullet-resistant glass, is a type of strong, clear material that resists bullets. Complete protection against all weapons is not possible.

It is usually made from two or more types of material, one hard and one soft. The softer layer makes the glass more elastic, so it can flex (bend) instead of shatter. There must be a clear view through the glass. Bulletproof glass varies in thickness from three-quarters of an inch to three inches.

A popular method is stick a special plastic film to the inner surface of ordinary glass. This 'security laminate' bonds to the glass with an adhesive. This gives a protection similar to the multi-layered bullet-resistant glass. Transparency is better, tint-free; thickness and weight is reduced as much as 50-70%. The laminate can be stuck on to existing windows; this a called a 'retrofit'.

Methods
Methods

The concept 
The plastic provides little bullet-resistance. Glass, much harder than plastic, flattens the bullet. The plastic deforms, absorbing energy and (perhaps) stopping the bullet. The ability of the plastic layer to stop projectiles is directly proportional to its thickness. Bulletproof glass may be up to three inches thick.

The materials 
All the parts of the glass must be transparent. The essential components are these:
 A very hard substance
 A softer plastic that can bend under heat and pressure
 A bonding agent (an adhesive). Items 2 and 3 may or may not be the same substance.

The most usual method today requires three parts in layers:
 Glass outside, specially strengthened during production
 Acrylic, also known as 'Perspex' or 'Plexiglas', is another very hard, clear material which can be used as well as, or even instead of, glass
 Adhesive, often the resin polyvinyl butyal
 Plastic inside, a thermoplastic polycarbonate
Simpler version 
A simpler version is used for car windshields. It consists of two panels of toughened glass, bonded together with polyvinyl butyal (PVB). The PVB stops cracks in the outer glass from spreading.

Latest ideas

One-way 
The idea is for guards inside to be able to shoot out, while attackers can't shoot in. One-way bulletproof glass is usually made of only two layers, a brittle layer on the outside and a flexible one on the inside. A bullet fired from the outside hits the brittle layer first, shattering an area of it. This absorbs some of the bullet's kinetic energy, and spreads it on a larger area. When the slowed bullet hits the flexible layer, it is stopped.
However, when a bullet is fired from the inside, it hits the flexible layer first. The bullet penetrates the flexible layer because its energy is focused on a smaller area; the brittle layer then shatters outward due to the flexing of the inner layer and does not significantly hinder the bullet's progress. A problem with this idea is that a two-layer glass has limited stopping power.

Improvement on glass 
There is a new type of transparent armour with aluminium oxynitride instead of glass. As the outside 'strike plate' layer, it is much lighter and performs better than traditional glass/polymer laminates. Aluminum oxynitride 'glass' can defeat .50 caliber armour-piercing rounds. Various types of other materials which closely resemble glass are also being developed.
Ceramics 
Certain types of ceramic can also be used for transparent armour. They are denser and harder than traditional glass. These new types of transparent ceramic armours make thinner armour with equal stopping power to traditional laminated glass.

References 

Glass
Armour
Digital certificates are electronic 'credit cards' that establish your credentials when doing a business or other transactions on the Web. It is issued by a certification authority (CA). It contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holder's public key (used for encrypting messages and digital signatures), and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real. Some digital certificates conform to a standard, X.509. Digital certificates can be kept in registries so that authenticating users can look up other users' public keys.

Types of digital certificate
• Class 1 defines the certificate that does not hold any legal validity as the validation process is based only on a valid email ID and involves no direct verification.

• Class 2 category states that a person's identity is to be verified against a trusted,pre-verified database.
• Class 3 requires the person to present himself or herself in front of the registration authority and prove his or her identity.

Cryptography
was a Japanese daimyo in the Tōhoku region during the Azuchi-Momoyama period and Edo period. He was known as the  because he lost the use of an eye.

Date clan
In the Edo period, the Date clan were identified as one of the tozama or outsider clans, in contrast with the fudai or insider daimyō clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan.

Date sent troops which fought with the Tokugawa during the Battle of Sekigahara.

Sendai-kō
The feudal daimyō were sometimes identified with the suffix "-kō" (servant) combined with the name of a place or a castle.  

In 1601, Date built the Sendai castle; and the modern-day city of Sendai developed around it. Sendai-kō was one of the ways Date Masamune was described.

Keichō Embassy
In 1613-1620, Date send Hasekura Tsunenaga on a diplomatic mission to the courts of Philip III of Spain in Madrid and Pope Paul V in Rome.

This historic visit is called the .
Legacy
In 1991, a minor planet or main-belt asteroid  6859 Datemasamune was named after this Edo period historical figure.

References

Other websites 

 Aoba-jo (Sendai Castle) 

1567 births
1636 deaths
Daimyo
People from Yamagata Prefecture
Laura Feiersinger (born 5 April 1990 in Saalfelden, Austria) is an Austrian football player. She plays for FC Bayern München as a striker. Her father, Wolfgang Feiersinger, was a player for Borussia Dortmund and the Austrian women's national football team.

Career
She started playing football for the SV Oftering. From 2001 till 2008 she played for 1. SK Saalfelden and later vor FC Pinzgau Saalfelden, a club coming out of the fusion between 1. Saalfeldner SK und ESV Saalfelden, the second club in Saalfelden. 2008 she went to USK Hof, the champion of the 2nd league west and played in the play off matches versus  SV Groß-Schweinbarth. Together with Hof she was promoted to the ÖFB Frauenliga.

In 2010 she went to Germany and joined Herforder SV, which was, in this season, promoted to the Bundesliga. 2011/12 she went to FC Bayern München and debuted on 21 August 2011 versus Bayer Leverkusen. 2016 she went on to SC Sand. 2018 she went to 1. FFC/Eintracht Frankfurt.
Laura Feiersinger played for the Austrian U17 and U19 team and since 2010 in the Austrian women football national team.

References
The article uses information from de.wikipedia.org.

Austrian women's footballers
Players of the Austrian national football team
1990 births
Living people
Pope Alexander may mean:

Pope Alexander I (c. 106 – c. 115)
Pope Alexander II (1061–1073)
Pope Alexander III (1159–1181)
Pope Alexander IV (1254–1261)
Antipope Alexander V
Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503)
Pope Alexander VII (1655–1667)
Pope Alexander VIII (1689–1691)

Alexander
Patrick Murphy may mean
 Patrick Murphy (biker), Canadian Olympic Biker.
 Patrick Murphy (giant), Irish Giant.
 Patrick Murphy (Irish Politician), Irish Politician from Cork.
 Patrick Murphy (coach), Softball coach.
 Patrick Murphy (pilot) Irish pilot.
 Patrick Murphy (swimmer), Olympic swimmer from Australia.
 G. Patrick Murphy, U.S. Judge
 Patrick Charles Murphy, Canadian senator
 Patrick Henry Murphy, member of the Texas Seven, escaped prisoner.
 Patrick V. Murphy, New York Police Commissioner.
 Patrick Murphy, made-up character from the soap opera The Young and the Restless
Frank Donald Drake PhD (May 28, 1930 – September 2, 2022) was an American astronomer (a scientist who studies the universe and what is inside it) and astrophysicist (someone who studies the physics of astronomy). He is most famous for joining in the first new SETI (Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence) experiment in 1960 and for making the Drake equation.

Early Life
Born on the 28th of May 1930 in Chicago to Richard and Winifred Drake. As a young boy (in Chicago), Drake loved electronics and chemistry. He says that he thought of life on other planets but never said the idea with his family or teachers.

He enrolled at Cornell University on a Navy Reserve Officer Training Corps scholarship.  Once there, he began studying astronomy. A  lecture from astrophysist Otto Struve in 1951 strengthen Drake's ideas about the possibility of extraterrestrial life. After college, he served briefly as an electronics officer on the USS Albany. He then went on to graduate school at Harvard in radio astronomy.
Drake's hobbies include lapidary and orchid cultivation.

Career
Drake started his career undertaking radio astronomical research at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Green Bank, West Virginia, and for a short time in 1963 at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He conducted key measurements which revealed the presence of a Jovian ionosphere and magnetosphere.

In 1960, he started Project Ozma, which searches for extraterrestrial life. Drake is one of the pioneers of the modern field of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence with Giuseppe Cocconi, Philip Morrison, Iosif Shklovsky, and Carl Sagan.
Drake joined the Astronomy faculty of Cornell University in 1963. Drake lead the conversion of the Arecibo Observatory to a radio astronomical facility. He lead Arecibo's improvements in 1974 and 1996. As a researcher, Drake was involved in the early work on pulsars. In this period, Drake was a professor at Cornell University and Director of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) – the formal name for the Arecibo facility. In 1974 he wrote the Arecibo message.

Drake co-designed the Pioneer plaque with Carl Sagan in 1972, the first physical message sent into space.  The plaque was made to be read by clever alien life if they find it. He later helped the making of the Voyager Golden Record. He was elected to the AAAS in 1974.
Drake is a member of the National Academy of Sciences where he chaired the Board of Physics and Astronomy of the National Research Council (1989–92). He also served as President of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. He was a Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University (1964–84) and served as the Director of the Arecibo Observatory. He is currently involved in "The Carl Sagan Center for the Study of life in the universe".

He is Emeritus Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of California, Santa Cruz where he also served as Dean of Natural Sciences (1984–88).  He serves on the Board of Trustees of the SETI Institute.

Death
Drake died on September 2, 2022 at his home in Aptos, California from natural causes at the age of 92.

Honors
Drake Planetarium at Norwood High School in Norwood, Ohio is named for Dr. Drake and linked to NASA.

Related pages
Fermi paradox

References

Other websites

"Only a matter of time, says Frank Drake"
1930 births
2022 deaths
American astronomers
Scientists from Chicago
Cornell University alumni
American astrophysicists
Pope Alexander III (; c. 1100 – 30 August 1181), born Orlando Bandinelli, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the 171st Pope. He was Pope from 1159 to 1181.

Early life
He was born in Siena.  He was a member of the Bandinelli family.

Cardinal
In 1150, Pope Eugene III made Bandinelli a  Cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Bandinelli was elected pope on September 7, 1159; and he chose the name Alexander III.  His papacy was disputed by Antipope Victor IV, Antipope Paschal III, Antipope Calixtus III and Antipope Innocent III.

Pope Alexander was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Alexander's support for Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, did not resolve conflicts with the Henry II of England.  After Becket was murdered, Alexander canonized him.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
 GCatholic, Pope Alexander III
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Bandinelli

Italian popes
People from Siena
1100s births
1181 deaths
Clement VII (; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the 220th Pope from 1523 to 1534.

Early life
Giulio di Medici was born in Florence one month after his father's death. He was the nephew of Lorenzo de' Medici and he was a cousin of Pope Leo X.

Bishop
Leo X made Medici the Archbishop of Florence.

Cardinal
On 23 September 1513, Medici was made cardinal.

Pope
In 1523, Cardinal Medici was elected pope. He chose to be called Clement VII.

Pope Clement was involved in Italian and European political disputes.[3]

Clement ordered Michelangelo's painting of The Last Judgment in the Sistine Chapel.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Medici family

References

Other websites

 
 "Clement VII (Pope)," Encyclopedia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes Clement VII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Medici

Italian popes
House of Medici
People from Florence
1478 births
1534 deaths
Suzanne Somers (October 16, 1946 – October 15, 2023) was an American actress, singer and business woman. She was born in San Bruno, California.

In 1977, she married Canadian producer Alan Hamel.

She appeared in many television series. Somers is best known for playing the part of Chrissy Snow on the first five seasons of Three's Company. She was fired by ABC after she want to be paid the same as her male co-star John Ritter. She later made her comeback with the shows She's the Sheriff (which was syndicated) and Step by Step (which aired on ABC). She has written many bestselling books.

Somers was diagnosed with stage 1 breast cancer in 2000. She had a lumpectomy and recovered. She was criticized for her strong views about medical subjects. Her promotions of alternative cancer treatments had been subject to criticism from American Cancer Society.

Somers died at her home in Palm Springs, California on October 15, 2023 from breast cancer, one day before her 77th birthday.

References
References 

1946 births
2023 deaths
Actors from San Mateo County, California
Businesspeople from California
American television actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
Singers from California
Reality television competitions
Deaths from breast cancer
Cape Mendocino is a geographic feature of the northern Californian coastline.  It is the westernmost point of the coast of California in Humboldt County.

The cape was named in the 1540s.  The name honors Antonio de Mendoza. He was the Viceroy of New Spain.

History
This It has been known as a landmark since the 16th century. Spanish ships crossed the Pacific Ocean by following the Pacific trade winds. The North Equatorial Current brought them to the North American coastline.  After landfall, the Manila galleons would sail down the coast to Acapulco in Mexico.

Francis Drake sighted Cape Mendocino in 1576.

Hasekura Tsunenaga's sailed from Japan to Cape Mendocino in 1613.  Hasekura was on a diplomatic mission.  He was traveling to the courts of Philip II of Spain and Pope Paul V.

Geology
The Cape Mendocino region is an active earthquake zone. In April 1992, three big earthquakes were centered near the cape.
The Mendocino Triple Junction is to the west of Cape Mendocino under the Pacific Ocean. It is a geologic triple junction where three tectonic plates come together. The San Andreas Fault, a transform boundary, runs south from the junction, separating the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. To the north is the Cascadia subduction zone, where the Gorda Plate is being subducted under the edge of the North American plate.  Running west from the triple junction is the Mendocino Fracture Zone, the transform boundary between the Gorda Plate and the Pacific Plate.

References

Other websites
 United States Geological Survey (USGS), M7.2 – Cape Mendocino, 1992
 Bruke Museum, Cascadia tectonic history with map

Landforms of California
Capes of the United States
Humboldt County, California
The cavaquinho (pronounced [kavɐˈkiɲu] in Portuguese) is a small string instrument of the European guitar family with four wire or gut strings. Its standard tuning is D, G, B, D. Other tunings include D-A-B-E (Portuguese old tuning, made popular by Júlio Pereira) and G-G-B-D and A-A-C#-E. Guitarists often use D-G-B-E tuning to imitate the highest four strings of the guitar. The G-C-E-A tuning is sometimes used to imitate the soprano/tenor ukulele, an instrument developed from the cavaquinhos that the Portuguese took to Hawaii in the late 19th century.

Guitars
Gower is a peninsula in Wales. It is near Swansea. It has many scenic sights like caves.

Geography of Wales
Peninsulas of the United Kingdom
David William Heath (born February 16, 1969) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for competing with the World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring name, Gangrel.

As Gangrel, he was known for forming the professional wrestling stable, The Brood. He portrayed a vampire gimmick and would wear fangs, come down to the ring with a goblet of blood and drink from it and gave other wrestlers blood baths.
Championships
All Pro Wrestling
APW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Billy Blade)
All Star Wrestling
ASW Trans-Canada Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Atlantic Wrestling Council
AWC Heavyweight Championship (one time)
European Wrestling Promotion
EWP World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
EWP Ironman Title Hardcore Knockout Tournament (2003)
International Pro Wrestling Association
IPWA Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Rusty Brooks)
Legends Pro Wrestling
Inducted into the LPW Hall of Fame (January 23, 2010)
Maximum Pro Wrestling
MXPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
NWA Florida
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Tom Nash)
National Wrestling League
NWL Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was awarded the PWI Rookie of the Year award in 1993.
Pro Wrestling Revolution
PWR Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede International Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Tom Nash)
Tri-State Wrestling Alliance
TWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Blackheart Destruction)
United States Wrestling Association
USWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Other websites
Gangrel  on Online World of Wrestling

American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
1969 births
Living people
Raven's Nest (also known as Raven's Flock) was a professional wrestling stable that was active in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) from 1995 to 1997 which was led by Raven. The stable was also active in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

Championships
Extreme Championship Wrestling
ECW World Tag Team Championship (two times) (Raven and Stevie Richards)
ECW World Heavyweight Championship (two times) (Raven)

World Championship Wrestling
WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (one time) (Raven)
WCW World Television Championship (one time) (Saturn)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (Raven and Saturn)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (Vampiro and Muta)

Professional wrestlers
Impact Wrestling alumni
Circus is the 6th album by Britney Spears. It consists of electropop and dance pop. This hit record was released on November 28, 2008. The album debuted on Billboard 200 near the top; it sold half a million copies during its 1st week and received positive review from critics. The album's lead single was "Womanizer". Other singles released were the title track, "If U Seek Amy", and "Radar."

2008 albums
Britney Spears albums
Fingerpicking is a technique used on all plucked string instruments. Some plucked stringed instrument players may prefer using a pick, some may prefer fingerpicking.

Plucked string instruments
Duluth is a city in northeast Minnesota next to Lake Superior and next to Superior, Wisconsin. It is the westernmost U.S. city on the Great Lakes. While the lake has an average elevation of 602' above sea level, the adjacent hills rise and an additional 800' above it.

Duluth is the county seat of Saint Louis County. It is the fourth largest city in Minnesota. At the 2010 census, Duluth had 86,265 people. Duluth is the second largest city on Lake Superior after Thunder Bay, Ontario. It has the largest metropolitan area on Lake Superior.  The Duluth MSA had 279,771 people in 2010. Duluth forms a metropolitan area with Superior, Wisconsin called the "Twin Ports". 

The harbor at Duluth-Superior is accessible to ocean-going vessels from the Atlantic Ocean  away via the Great Lakes and  Saint Lawrence Seaway.   Together the two cities  are the Great Lakes' largest port transporting coal, iron ore (taconite),  and grain.
Scenic Lake Superior and rugged coastline with its interesting geologic features make the Duluth area an important tourist destination for the Midwest, with a variety of activities and points of interest available to visitors.  During summers,  many music festivals take place on the waterfront and the Canal Park area restaurants and shops attract hundreds of thousands visitors.

In the fall, visitors flock to Duluth and locations along the North Shore of Lake Superior to take in the colorful leaves and scenic vistas among the many waterfalls along Highway 61.  Each year, 16,000 people come to Duluth to run the "Grandma's Marathon", with thousands more in attendance to show their support.
In the winter, the same rugged geology that provides a scenic backdrop for the city provides many months of downhill skiing and other winter activities at Spirit Mountain.  Families also flock to Bentleyvilleto take in the holiday displays that light the night.  Each January, the 300 mile Johnbear Grease Sled Dog Marathonbegins in Duluth.

America's only all-freshwater aquarium, the Great Lakes Aquarium. Duluth is known for the Aerial Lift Bridge, which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor. People also visit Minnesota Point (known as Park Point locally), one of the world's longest freshwater sand spits, that is  long.  People come to the city to start vehicle trips along Minnesota's famous North Shore.  The 610' long William A Irvin is a museum ship that used to be the flagship of the United States Steel ore carrier fleet.
The city is named after Daniel Greysolon, Le Sieur du Luth, the first known European explorer of the areaand today is famously known as the birthplace of Bob Dylan.

References

Other websites

 
City of Duluth – Official Website
Vintage Pictures of Duluth

 
County seats in Minnesota
1857 establishments in the United States
The Partridge Family was an American situation comedy. It was about a widowed mother and five children who become involved in music. The series was shown from September 25, 1970 to August 31, 1974 on ABC Network. It was produced by Paul Junger Witt.

Cast
 Shirley Jones as Shirley Partridge
 David Cassidy as Keith Partridge
 Susan Dey as Laurie Partridge
 Danny Bonaduce as Danny Partridge
 Jeremy Gelbwaks as Chris Partridge (season 1)
 Brian Forster as Chris Partridge (seasons 2-4)
 Suzanne Crough as Tracy Partridge
 Dave Madden as Reuben Kincaid
 Ricky Segall as Ricky Stevens

1970 television series debuts
1974 American television series endings
1970s American sitcoms
Fictional families
Television series about families
English-language television programs
Notes
a.  That is, the State of Brunei Darussalam.
b.  See also List of historical capitals of China.
c.  Unrecognized, self-declared country.
d.  See Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
e.  The Spanish name is "México D.F." or just "D.F." (for "Distrito Federal").
f.  Plymouth was abandoned after the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano in 1997. Government offices since then have been moved to Brades Estate, which is in the northwestern part of Montserrat.
g.  Also known as "Kotte". Until the 1980s, the capital was Colombo, where many important governmental institutions still remain and which is still designated as the commercial capital of Sri Lanka.
h.  Also known as the "Holy See" for diplomatic and religious purposes.
i.  See Positions on Jerusalem.
j.   Kosovo proclaimed independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 by temporary governing institutions. That independence is against the current UNSC's resolution regarding Kosovo (1244).

References

Lists of settlements
Lists of cities
A testimonial is when a company uses a celebrity or famous person or a member of the public to endorse a product so the consumer wants it too. For example a professional football player recommends a particular brand of shirts. The idea behind this is for the consumer to think "Oh! That famous person likes that shirt, I think I'll get it too!".

Marketing
"Behind These Hazel Eyes" is a hit single from 2005 by singer Kelly Clarkson from her 2004 album Breakaway. The song is about a relationship in which a man breaks a girl's heart and doesn't care how much he hurts her.

Pop songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
2005 songs
Nightwing is a name that has been used by several fictional characters in the DC Comics Universe. The name was used early on with characters related to Superman. Superman was the first to use the name. The most well know use of the name for a character was the original Robin, Dick Grayson. The Comic book Nightwing, about this version of the character was printed from 1996 until 2009. A new volume of the comic has been published from 2011 and is still being published today.

Batman characters
DC Comics superheroes
In psychology, frustration is a common emotional way to act when things go wrong. It is a feeling of being angry and sad when something one wants or wishes for does not happen.  

In physics, frustration (or geometrical frustration) is a property of water molecules in ice when a freezing crystal is formed. The presence of random or conflicting atoms stop the ice from being completely frozen. It is called "water ice".

Psychology
Physics
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military conflict between India and Pakistan. Lasting just 13 days, it is considered one of the shortest wars in history.

During the war, Indian and Pakistani forces fought on the eastern and western fronts. The war effectively came to an end after the Eastern Command of the Pakistani Armed Forces signed the Instrument of Surrender (1971) on December 16, 1971. After the surrender, East Pakistan seceded as the independent state of Bangladesh. Around 97,368 West Pakistanis who were in East Pakistan at the time of its independence, including some 79,700 Pakistan Army soldiers and paramilitary personnel and 12,500 civilians, were taken as prisoners of war by India.

Western and Soviet involvement
The United States supported Pakistan politically and with supplies. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger feared Soviet expansion into South and Southeast Asia. Pakistan was a close ally of the People's Republic of China, with whom Nixon had been negotiating a rapprochement. Nixon was planning to visit China in February 1972. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of West Pakistan would give the Soviets control over the region. It would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China. In order to demonstrate to China the bona fides of the United States as an ally, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through Jordan and Iran, while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan. The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the "genocidal" activities of the Pakistani Army in East Pakistan, most notably the Blood telegram
. This prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by Congress and in the international press.
President Nixon requested Iran and Jordan to send their F-86, F-104 and F-5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan. 

When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier USS Enterprise into the Bay of Bengal. The Enterprise and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971. According to a Russian documentary, the United Kingdom deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier HMS Eagle to the Bay.

On 6 December and 13 December, the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers and a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok; they trailed U.S. Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by USS Enterprise task force in the Indian Ocean.

References

Wars involving India
1971 in Pakistan
Wars involving Pakistan
1971 in Bangladesh
1970s in India
1970s conflicts
Long Buckby is a village and civil parish in Northamptonshire, England, midway between Northampton and Rugby. In the 2001 census the parish of Long Buckby (which includes the hamlet of Long Buckby Wharf) had a population of exactly 4,000.
It is a part of the Daventry district. In the local elections of 2007 the Conservatives retained the seat but with a smaller majority than previous elections.

References

Villages in Northamptonshire
Malay Wikipedia (Malay: Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, Jawi script: ويکيڤيديا بهاس ملايو, abbreviation: mswiki) is the Malay version of Wikipedia. Started in October 2002, currently has over 126,168 articles as in November 2011.

It is the 29th largest edition.

References

Other websites 

 :wiktionary:en:Category:Malay language
 :oldwikisource:Category:Bahasa Melayu
  Mobile version of Malay Wikipedia

Wikipedias
The AVR microcontroller architecture was developed by Atmel in 1996. It is based on the Harvard microcontroller architecture. The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time.

Many people think that AVR stands for Alf (Egil Bogen) and Vegard (Wollan)'s Risc processor".

This architecture replaces older MCS-51 architecture. One machine cycle of MCS-51 takes 12 clock cycles and most of  instructions are executed in one machine cycle.

AVR microcontrollers (MCUs) can execute most of instructions in single machine cycle too, but one machine cycle takes only one clock cycle. Performance per clock cycle is 12 times higher with AVR.

The core has 32 general purpose registers directly connected to ALU. It allowing two independent
registers to be accessed and instruction with them executed in one machine cycle.
Basic families 
tinyAVR
0,5-8 kB program memory
up to 0,5 kB SRAM
up to 0,5 kB EEPROM
up to 20 MHz
6-32 pin package

megaAVR
4-256 kB program memory
0,5-16kB SRAM
0,5-4 kB EEPROM
up to 20 MHz
20-100 pin package

XMEGA
16-384kB program memory
2-32 kB SRAM
external Bus Interface for up to 16M bytes SRAM of SDRAM
1-4 kB EEPROM
up to 32 MHz
44-100 pin package

Features 
Every AVR has some input/output ports. The port has up to 8 physical pins on its package. Every pin can be configured as input or output. If a pin is used for input, it can turn on built-in pull-up resistors through register PORTx. If a pin is configured as output, it can handleup to 40mA of load per pin and max 100mA for all pins on the port.

A/D converter
10-bit (tinyAVR, megaAVR) with multiplex up to 8 channels
12-bit (XMEGA) with multiplex up to 16 channels
Timers/counters (8-bit or 16-bit)
Users can configure it asi PWM, counter or timer.
In simple PWM mode, the counting register runs without stopping and is compared to another register. If the counting register is higher than second register pin Ocx is set to „1“. In other time is pin Ocx set to „0“.
Counter have some external source like photo sensor and can count amount of people which pass photo sensor.
Timer gives pulses in exact time. It is used for programing clock applications.

TWI – Two Wire Interface
This uses the same protocol as I2C and can be used as I2C interface

UART/USART
The UART can be used for RS232/RS485 communication.

SPI - Serial Peripheral Interface
very fast serial bus which is used for data transfer of communication with devices
you can burn/read program into/from program memory or EEPROM through this bus

USI - Universal Serial Interface
used for two or three wire synchronous data transfer

JTAG
interface for online debugging
D/A converter
12-bit (only XMEGA) with multiplex up to 2 channels

Related pages
 Arduino

References

Other websites

Primary Sources
 Atmel AVR homepage 
 AVR Freaks community
 Atmel AVR Serial Port Programmer
 Atmel AVR USBasp USB Port Programmer
 Arduino community
 , numerous AVR links
 Why you need a clock source for the AVR?
 AVR Basics - AVR guide for beginners

Computers
The Vienna Circle (in German: der Wiener Kreis) was the name of a group of philosophers who began meeting around the University of Vienna in 1922.

Many famous philosophers were members. Some of its members were:

 Gustav Bergmann,
 Alex Robinson
 Rudolf Carnap, 
 Herbert Feigl, 
 Philipp Frank, 
 Kurt Gödel, 
 Hans Hahn, 
 Tscha Hung, 
 Victor Kraft, 
 Karl Menger,
 Richard von Mises, 
 Marcel Natkin, 
 Otto Neurath, 
 Olga Hahn-Neurath, 
 Theodor Radakovic, 
 Rose Rand, 
 Moritz Schlick (chairman),
 Friedrich Waismann
 Ludwig Wittgenstein. 

Most followed the philosophy that came to be known as logical positivism.

Ludwig Wittgenstein's, 1921 book Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus formed the basis for the group's ideas. Wittgenstein himself insisted that they did not understand him correctly and took to quietly reading poetry to himself during their meetings.
The Vienna Circle was broken up when the Nazi party came to power in Germany in 1933, many of its members moved to the USA, where they became teachers in several universities. 

The Vienna Circle's influence on 20th century philosophy was very large.

References

20th-century philosophers
The University of Vienna (German: Universität Wien) is a public university in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. It is the largest university in Austria and one of the largest in Europe.

Colleges and universities in Austria
Buildings and structures in Vienna
1365 establishments
14th-century buildings and structures
National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe (in Italian: "Giorno del Ricordo") is Italian celebration in memory of ethnic cleansing's victims in massacres of Foibe and exiles from Dalmatia, Istria and "Venezia Giulia".

Official comment
Italian president Giorgio Napolitano took an official speech in which he stated:

Cause of step
Step for this celebration was allowed by the end of communist totalitarian regimes in Balkan nations because culpability of these crimes is of old politicians. Celebration was instituted in 2004 and first Memorial Day was held in 2005.

Related pages
 Massacres of Foibe
 Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
 Dalmatian Italians
 Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
 List of Italian place names in Dalmatia
 Venice and Dalmatia
 Italian language in Croatia
 Italy
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

References

Italy
History of Italy