Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Artem Aleksandrovich Volvich (born 22 January 1990) is an Russian volleyball player. He is a member of the Russian National Volleyball Team. He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

Other websites
 FIVB profile

Russian volleyball players
1990 births
Living people
Competitors at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Lazarus is a given name and surname (family name). The pronunciation of the name is [ laz-er-uhs ]. It is derived from the Hebrew אלעזר, Elʿāzār (Eleazar) meaning "God has helped". This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

People with the given name Lazarus
 Lazarus (rapper), U. S. rapper, songwriter and physician from Detroit
 Lazarus of Bethany, a figure in the Gospel of John, which describes him being raised by Jesus from the dead
 Rich man and Lazarus, a parable of Jesus which is unrelated to the Lazarus raised from the dead
 Lazarus of Persia (died 326), Persian martyr
 Saint Lazarus of Aix (died 441), bishop and saint
 Saint Lazarus (bishop of Milan), reigned 438 to 449
 Lazarus Zographos (died 867), Christian saint
 Lazarus Chakwera (born  1955), Malawi religious figure and politician
 Lazarus Ekwueme, Nigerian musician
People with the surname Lazarus
 Abraham Lazarus (1911–1967), British politician
 Bob Lazarus (1956–2009), comedian from the USA
 Celestine Lazarus (born 1992), Nigerian footballer
 Charles Lazarus, businessman, founder of Toys "R" Us
 Edward Lazarus (born 1959), author and lawyer from the USA
 Emma Lazarus (1849–87), poet from the USA
 Fred Lazarus, Jr. (1884–1973), businessman from the USA
 Glenn Lazarus (born 1965), Australian politician and former rugby league footballer
 Henry Lazarus (1815–95), British clarinettist
 John Lazarus (born 1947), Canadian writer of dramas
 Joseph Lazarus (1903–43), U.S. Olympic boxer
 Leon Lazarus (1919–2008), comics writer
 M. E. Lazarus (1822–95), anarchist from the USA
 Mark Lazarus (born 1938), football player
 Mell Lazarus (1927-2016), cartoonist
 Moritz Lazarus (1824–1903), German philosopher
 Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), psychologist and creator of the coping theory
 Richard Lazarus, professor of law at the Harvard Law School
References 

Given names
Surnames
Cagiallo is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 15 October 2001 the former municipalities of Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca, Tesserete and Vaglio merged to form the new municipality Capriasca.

References 

Villages in Ticino
Former municipalities of Ticino
Sala Capriasca is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Tesserete and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

References 

Villages in Ticino
Former municipalities of Ticino
Tesserete is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

In 1976 the neighboring municipality Campestro was incorporated into Tesserete.

On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

References 

Villages in Ticino
Former municipalities of Ticino
Ardfern ( = "the head-land of alder-trees") is a village in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It is on the south coast of the Craignish peninsula, facing Loch Craignish.

Villages in Scotland
Argyll and Bute
Rosh Chodesh or Rosh Hodesh (; trans. Beginning of the Month; lit. Head of the Month) is the name for the first day of every month in the Hebrew calendar, marked by the birth of a new moon. It is considered a minor holiday, like the middle days of Passover and Sukkot.

When a Hebrew calendar month is 30 days long, day 30 is considered Rosh Chodesh of the next month. Then Rosh Chodesh is two days long: day 30 of the old month and day 1 of the new month.

References

Jewish festivals and holidays
The Sèvre Niortaise is a river in western France, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean.

It starts in the Deux-Sèvres department (named "Two Sèvres" after this and the Sèvre Nantaise) and flows through Niort (that is the origin of the second part of the river's name).

Geography
The Sèvre Niortaise river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Niort.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Niort

Course
The Sèvre Niortaise starts in the commune of Sepvret in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée and Charente-Maritime.

Finally, the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean to north of the city of La Rochelle.
The Sèvre Nantaise flows through 2 regions, 3 departments and 38 communes:
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Deux-Sèvres: Sepvret, Chey, Exoudun, La Mothe-Saint-Héray, Saint-Maixent-l'École, La Crèche, François, Chauray, Saint-Gelais, Échiré, Saint-Maxire, Sciecq, Niort, Magné, Coulon, Arçais
 Charente-Maritime: Marans, Charron
 Pays de la Loire region
 Vendée: Damvix, Maillé, L'Île-d'Elle.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the  Sèvre Niortaise river are:

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - Station N4300623 - La Sèvre Niortaise à Niort (La Tiffardière)  

Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Rivers of Pays de la Loire
Intersectionality or intersectional theory studies the relation between the many different ways that people are kept in a lower social position, controlled, and left out of important parts of society because of their differences. Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw gave the name "intersectionality" to this concept in 1989. 

Sometimes a society decides that a group of people are different from themselves. When they do this, they other that group, or marginalize them. Intersectionality points out that people are often othered for more than one reason.

These reasons might be

 gender
 race
 class
 ability
 sexual orientation
 religion
 caste
 age
 nationality
 language
 or other parts of identity.
Intersectionality began as a way to understand the ways that women of color in American society were othered. The women who developed the theory were challenging the feminism of their time. They saw it as being too focused on the issues of wealthy white women. They felt that this left behind the women who needed feminism the most, and only helped the women who already had the most power. They were also criticizing the Civil Rights Movement. They saw it as being too focused on men and leaving women of color behind. They believed they had a place in both of these movements, and that these parts of their lives could not be separated. Intersectional theory quickly grew to include the relation between all of the many other ways that people are othered and kept in a lower social position, such as sexuality, ability, and the gender binary.

Civil rights
Discrimination
Feminism
Sickles was born in New York City on October 20, 1819. He was the son of George Garrett Sickles and Susan Marsh Sickles. At a young age he kept running away from home. His parents sent him to boarding school when he was 15 years old but he had to leave after a fight with a teacher. He became a printer's helper for a year before returning to New York City. There he developed the habit of hanging out with prostitutes and others with poor reputations. His parents decided he needed a good education and arranged for him to live in the Da Ponte household. Sickles was to be tutored by the elderly Professor Lorenzo Da Ponte. He was already friends with the younger Professor Da Ponte, who was in his 30s at the time. Sickles' parents hoped the friendship would be a good influence on Sickles. Maria Cooke, a young American girl also lived in the household. She was about the same age as Sickles. She was thought to be the natural daughter of the elder Da Ponte who adopted her
. Her husband, Antonio Bagioli and their infant daughter, Maria, also lived with the Da Ponte family. At the time she was 3 years old, Sickles was 20. They would marry some 13 years later.
Politics 
Sickles then studied law at New York University. Afterwards he became involved in politics and was a key figure in the Tammany Hall political machine. He also served as their legal counsel. Through political influence he became the Corporate Council for New York City, Secretary of the United States Legation in London and later a US congressman from New York. In 1852 he married Teresa Bagioli. At the time he was 33 years old and she was 15. Both families were opposed to the marriage at the time. Only a few years later, living in Washington, D.C. as the wife of a congressman, she was described as "more like a schoolgirl than a polished woman of the world" with a "sweet, amicable manner".
Murder trial 
In 1859 Sickles was arrested for murder. His wife had turned to another man for attention. This was Francis Barton Key, son of Francis Scott Key. Sickles repeatedly shot Key in front of his home (which was also in front of the White House. Sickles had a team of lawyers represent him, led by Edwin M. Stanton (future Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln). Sickles was released on what was the first successful plea of "temporary insanity". Sickles already had a questionable reputation, but this incident made him a pariah. Sickles saw the outbreak of the civil war as an opportunity to save his reputation.

Civil War
In Congress, Sickles had aligned himself with Southern Democrats and was himself a pro-slavery Democrat. But after the outbreak of the war, Sickles suddenly became Pro-Union. His last session in Congress had ended in March so Sickles was back in New York City practicing law when the war started. In later versions of his motives for joining the Union Army he stated he thought he could best serve the Union by raising a regiment. Republican President Lincoln needed the support of Democrats and apparently saw Sickles as one he could use. After raising a regiment, then a brigade which he named the Excelsior Brigade, Sickles assumed he would be given the rank of brigadier general (a colonel commanded a regiment while a brigadier general commanded a brigade). But officially, he remained a colonel of the first regiment, even though he commanded the entire brigade. New York Governor Edwin D. Morgan decided there were too many regiments from New York City and ordered Sickles to disband some of the regiments
. As a result, Sickles would not get a brigadier general's commission. Going around the governor, Sickles went to Washington to meet with Lincoln. The President agreed to enlist the disbanded regiments as United States Volunteers. Finally on July 20, 1861 they received orders to report to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. In September, Sickles was nominated as a brigadier general of volunteers, but his confirmation was delayed for several months by the United States Senate. Sickles brigade spent most of 1861 in lower Maryland. Sickles frequently visited the Lincolns in Washington during this time. In March 1862, his command was attached to General Joseph Hooker in the Army of the Potomac. That same month, Sickles' brigadier general commission was turned down by the Senate. The Excelsiors saw their first combat that month. Sickles personally led a reconnaissance. Then on April 6, he left the Excelsiors for Washington to protest his not being commissioned a brigadier general
. While his unit fought in the Peninsula Campaign, Sickles remained in Washington. Lincoln again nominated him for general and on May 3, 1862 the Senate confirmed him.
On May 24, "brigadier general" Sickles was ordered to report back to Hooker. He was given command of Hooker's 2nd Brigade. Sickles saw his first major engagement at the Battle of Seven Pines. Sickles next saw action at the Seven Days Battles. Hooker's advance did not go well due in part to Sickles' brigade having difficulties moving through the swamps then meeting heavy Confederate resistance. When some of his men broke and ran to the rear, Sickles was only able to get a few to return. Nonetheless, Hooker's report noted Sickles gallantry in trying to rally his men. He did not stay long and missed the Second Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of Antietam, being in New York recruiting men for his brigade. When Ambrose Burnside replaced George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac, both Hooker and Sickles were moved up to command larger units. Sickles still had hardly any battlefield experience yet was now leading Hooker's old second division of III Corps
. Sickles was busy getting New York newspapers and Washington insiders to promote his image as a battle hardened fighting general.
When Burnside was replaced as commander of the Army of the Potomac, Hooker was moved up to replace him. In the new assignments resulting from the change, and even though he had little battlefield experience, Sickles was given temporary command of III Corps. But again, the Senate did not confirm his promotion to Major General. Finally, on March 9 (with his rank to date back to November 29), the Senate confirmed his promotion. By the end of March Sickles was officially a major general. Unlike earlier battles, at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Sickles saw action. As Sickles observed Confederate general Stonewall Jackson's flanking maneuver, without orders he pushed forward with two-thirds of his corps to go after the Confederates. This left XI Corps on his right completely isolated. Jackson's confederates then made a crushing attack on XI Corps. Sickles leaving his assigned position was a major factor in the Confederate victory
. This started a feud between Hooker and Sickles that continued into the Battle of Gettysburg. Hooker blamed Sickles for the defeat at Chancellorsville.
Gettysburg 
On June 27, Hooker resigned as commander of the Army of the Potomac. Among the corps commanders suggested to replace him, the New York Herald actually suggested Sickles as the best commander for the job. On June 28, three days before the battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln appointed general George G. Meade to replace Hooker. On July 1, the first day ended in Confederate victory. Meade worked to quickly put his forces in place for the next day's battle. Early on the morning of July 2, Meade sent a message to Sickles with instructions to place his 12,000-man corps on Cemetery Ridge. He was specifically ordered to connect to general Winfield Scott Hancock's II Corps on his right, and extend his line to Little Round Top on his left.
Sickles, not impressed with his new commander or his orders. He rode to Meade's headquarters about 11:00 a.m. and waited to see Meade. But the commander was busy at the time. Feeling ignored Sickles returned to his troops. He decided he did not like his orders. A mile to his front was Emmitsburg Road, which was higher ground than he was assigned to occupy. He also did not like the fact there were rocks and trees among his line. Sickles, without orders or without informing the other corps commanders moved his corps forward about one mile. This left Hancock's left flank completely open and a large break in the line where his corps was supposed to be. The new position he chose was wider than the one he abandoned and he did not have enough men to cover it completely. The middle of his line formed a salient (a right angle in the line that could be attacked from two directions). Brigadier general Henry Hunt, the artillery chief, inspected the new position with Sickles and pointed out the problems
. He said he had to check back with Meade to see if the orders he gave Sickles could be changed. Sickles made the move anyway. Within an hour, his entire III Corps was nearly wiped out by Confederate general James Longstreet's corps. Sickles himself was nicked by a cannonball which shattered his leg. He was carried off the field and his right leg was amputated a few hours later. His injury may have saved him from a court-martial for disobeying orders, but his days as a field commander were at an end.
After Gettysburg 
After Sickles lost his right leg, he gained fame for donating it to the Army Medical Museum in Washington, DC. He sent it with a card which read, "With the Compliments of Major General D.E.S.". The leg is on display today at the Army Medical Research and Materiel Command headquarters building at Fort Detrick, Maryland. After his recovery, Lincoln sent Sickles to the South where he was to look into the effect of slavery on African Americans. He was also to give suggestions for the future Reconstruction of the South.
After the Civil War he held a number of different positions. He was military governor of North and South Carolina but was removed by President Andrew Johnson in 1867. He retired from the army in 1869. From his retirement to 1872 he was appointed a U.S. minister to Spain by President Ulysses S. Grant. While there Sickles managed to engage in "undiplomatic relations" with the Spanish queen. He served one more term in Congress from 1893–1895 but was defeated for reelection in 1986. In 1897, after 34 years of lobbying, Sickles was able to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.

In New York he was a New York City sheriff and chairman of the New York State Monuments Commission. In 1912, he was removed from the commission for allegedly misusing funds. He also was an important part of establishing the Gettysburg National Battlefield Park. On May 3, 1914, Sickles died in New York City of a cerebral hemorrhage. Sickles was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Other websites 
 Gettysburg Day 2 (General Sickles, Rebel Yell, Peach Orchard, Devils Den, Little Round Top); YouTube
 Daniel Sickles: The Colorful and Controversial Commander of Gettysburg - Ranger Matt Atkinson: YouTube

1819 births
1914 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States
American Civil War generals
American police officers
Politicians from New York City
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States representatives from New York (state)
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Military people from New York (state)
The Thouet is a river in western France, flowing through the Deux-Sèvres and Maine-et-Loire departments, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Pays de la Loire regions.

It is one of the last left tributary of the Loire river.

Geography
The Thouet river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Course
The Thouet starts in the Gâtine plateau, west of the Deux-Sèvres department, in the commune of Le Beugnon, near Secondigny and close to the source of the Sèvre Nantaise river, at an elevation of about . From the source to Parthenay the river flows in a generally southwest-northwest direction. To the east of Parthenay, the river turns north and flows on a generally northward direction for the rest of its course.

Finally, the river flows into the Loire river in the city of Saumur.
The Thouet flows through 2 regions, 2 departments and 34 communes; some of them are:
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Deux-Sèvres: Le Beugnon, Secondigny, Parthenay, Saint-Loup-Lamairé, Airvault, Thouars, Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay.
 Pays de la Loire region
 Maine-et-Loire: Montreuil-Bellay, Chacé, Artannes-sur-Thouet, Saumur.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Thouet river are:

Left tributaries:
 Palais - 24 km
 Cébron - 29 km
 Thouaret - 52 km
 Argenton - 71 km

Right tributaries:
 Viette - 61 km
 Losse - 17 km
 Dive - 75

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - Station L8102120 - La Sèvre Niortaise à Tallud  
 Histoire & Patrimoine des Rivières & Canaux  

Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Rivers of Pays de la Loire
The Amambay department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Pedro Juan Caballero. Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-13.

The name comes from the name of a part of the Caaguazú Cordillera, the "Amambay Cordillera" (). Amambay (or amambái) means "fern" in Guaraní language; ferns are common in the forests of the region.

History
The town of Pedro Juan Caballero was found in 1893, and Bella Vista, in 1902. The department of Amambay was created in 1945 as the No. 10 department of the country.  After some reorganization it was declared as the No. 13 department.,

Pedro Juan Caballero, the capital of the department, is still known by its old name, Punta Porá, because is near the Punta Porá Hill; that name was used by the people that transported yerba mate from Mato Grosso to Concepción. The BrazilIan municipality across the border, Ponta Porã (Mato Grosso do Sul), keeps the name.
Geography
The Amambay department is in the north part of the Oriental region. It has an area of , with a population of 125,611 for a Population density of .

Amambay is the highest of the Paraguayan departments,  high, and the Punta Porá Hill,  high, is one the highest point in the country.

Limits
 To the north: Brazil, separated by the Apa river and the Amambay Cordillera.
 To the east: Brazil, separated by the Amambay Cordillera.
 To the south: Canindeyú department.
 To the west: Concepción and San Pedro departments.

Rivers
The main rivers in the department are the Apa in the north, and the Ypané and the Aquidabán rivers in the central part of the department.

Climate
, the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Pedro Juan Caballero was . The month with the most precipitation was February with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was May with .
The average temperature for the year 2012 in Pedro Juan Caballero was . The warmest month, on average, was December with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

Districts
The department is divided in 5 districts:

Related pages
 Departments of Paraguay
 ISO 3166-2:PY

References

Other websites

 Gobernación de Amambay website 
 Statoids - Departments of Paraguay

Departments of Paraguay
The Darwin–Wallace Medal is awarded by the Linnean Society of London for "major advances in evolutionary biology".

The medals have been awarded every 50 years, beginning in 1908. That year marked 50 years after the joint presentation of papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. These were On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and On the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection. The papers were both about natural selection as the main cause of evolution. The papers were presented to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858. 

Wallace was one of the first to get of the medal. In his case it was made of gold, rather than the silver versions given to the six other medallists. However, in 2008 the Linnean Society announced that due to the continuing importance of evolutionary research, the medal will be awarded on an annual basis beginning in 2010.

Awardees
Awardees

1908 
The first award was of a gold medal to Alfred Russel Wallace, and silver medals to six other distinguished scientists:

Joseph Dalton Hooker
August Weismann
Ernst Haeckel
Francis Galton
E. Ray Lankester
Eduard Strasburger

1958 
20 silver medals were awarded:

Edgar Anderson
Yevgeny Pavlovsky
Maurice Caullery
Bernhard Rensch
Ronald A. Fisher
G. Gaylord Simpson
Carl Rudolf Florin
Carl Skottsberg
Roger Heim
H. Hamshaw Thomas
J.B.S. Haldane
Erik Stensiö
John Hutchinson
Göte Turesson
Julian Huxley
Victor van Straelen
Ernst Mayr
D.M.S. Watson
H.J. Muller
John Christopher Willis (posthumously)

2008 
13 silver medals were awarded, including 2 posthumously:

 Nick Barton
 M.W. Chase
 Bryan Clarke 
 Joseph Felsenstein
 Stephen Jay Gould (posthumously)
 Peter R. Grant
 Rosemary Grant
 James Mallet
 Lynn Margulis
 John Maynard Smith (posthumously)
 Mohamed Noor
 H. Allen Orr 
 Linda Partridge
From 2010  
 Brian Charlesworth (2010)
 James A. Lake (2011)
 Loren H. Rieseberg (2012)
 Godfrey Hewitt (2013)
 Dolph Schluter (2014)
 Roger Butlin (2015)
 Pamela S. Soltis and Douglas E. Soltis (2016)

References 

Orders, decorations, and medals
Science awards
Khan Academy is a non-profit educational organization. It has been created by Sal Khan. Khan Academy is available on the internet for free. Khan Academy teaches by using YouTube videos of short lectures of certain topics, as well as by using practice exercises and tools that help with learning. It is available in many different languages, but mostly English.

Khan Academy teaches mostly about mathematics, but also teaches biology, chemistry, physics, history, astronomy, cosmology, American civics, art history, economics, music, computer programming and computer science, healthcare, medicine, and finance. In the YouTube videos that Khan Academy makes, they record diagrams being drawn from a tablet using the screen capture software called Camtasia Studio.

References

Other websites 

 

Educational organizations based in the United States
American websites
Untersteckholz was a municipality in Aarwangen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010 the Untersteckholz became part of Langenthal.

Former municipalities of Bern
Ursenbach is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Urtenen-Schönbühl is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Official website of Shoppyland Schönbühl

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Uttigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Kienersrüti merged into the municipality of Uttigen.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Uttigen 

Municipalities in Thun
Background 
In history, many great generals were also political leaders. Julius Caesar was a general who became the dictator of Rome in 44 BC. Genghis Khan was the son of a Mongol chieftain who became a general and then the leader of the Mongol Empire. As a general, Alexander the Great never lost a battle. He was a king who was also a general. In the British Army of the 17th and 18th centuries, the officers were often aristocrats and most obtained their rank by purchase.

In American history up to the Civil war, there had been a long line of amateur military leaders going back to the colonial militias. Before he led the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, George Washington had little military experience. Andrew Jackson only had experience in the American Indian Wars. But he successfully defeated a larger and more professional British army at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812.
During the American Civil War, two great armies were raised that were made up largely of citizen-soldiers. There simply were not enough trained generals to lead all these men. Both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis appointed political generals, some of whom later proved to be incompetent. Others proved to be good or even great generals. Many of these generals had very little or no military training before being commissioned a general. Confederate general Patrick Cleburne was such a leader. He earned his nickname as the "Stonewall Jackson of the West" by being a great general. One of the worst examples was Union general Daniel Sickles. He was a Tammany Hall politician who used his influence to rise to the rank of major general. Sickles nearly lost the Battle of Gettysburg for the North yet, after 34 years of lobbying, managed to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 The Civil War in Four Minutes: Political Generals; YouTube

Politicians
Sir E. Ray Lankester KCB, FRS (15 May 1847 – 13 August 1929) was a British zoologist, born in London.

Ray Lankester was an invertebrate zoologist and evolutionary biologist. He was Professor of Zoology at University College London and Oxford University. He was the third Director of the Natural History Museum, and was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society.

E. (Edwin: his first name was never used) Ray Lankester was the son of Edwin Lankester, a coroner and doctor-naturalist who helped abolish cholera in London. Ray Lankester was probably named after the naturalist John Ray.

References 

1847 births
1929 deaths
English biologists
British zoologists
The August 2016 Central Italy earthquake was a natural disaster that struck Central Italy on 24 August 2016 at 03:36 CEST. Its epicentre was close to Accumoli. It was followed by 40 strong aftershocks.

More than 250 people were killed by the earthquake.

References

2016 disasters in Europe
2016 earthquakes
2010s in Italy
Abruzzo
August 2016 events
Earthquakes in Italy
Lazio
Marche
Umbria
What to cite 
In general, different academic situations will have different rules for what to cite and how to cite it. Some use footnotes while others may require in-text (also called inline) source citations.(←This is an inline source citation) Some may require a bibliography which lists all works that were used. In some cases, it may only be necessary to provide a list of "works cited." It is important to know in advance what protocols must be used and what citation style (see below) is preferred.

 Quotations Anything taken word-for-word from a source must be shown in quotation marks (" "). The quotation must have a source citation showing where the quoted text came from.

For example: "Quality or junk? How do you want your research described by others?"
Paraphrase To paraphrase is to take someone's words or ideas and put them in the words of the person writing the paper. Anything paraphrased should be source cited. A paraphrase is usually about the same number of words as the original but does not use quotation marks.

Example (original text): "And there is only one fault so obvious, so fundamental, that it instantly brands a piece of work as the product of an amateur or careless researcher: poor source citations". Paraphrased: Poor quality source citations usually indicate that a piece of work is either careless research or the work of an amateur.

 Summarize A summary is a short version of another work in the writer's own words. A summary is usually shorter than the original. When summarizing someone else's work, a source citation is necessary.
Example (original text): "When you don’t know when to cite, you end up plagiarizing which is just a big word for stealing and that’s mean. And when you plagiarize, you also get an “F” and people think, “Dude, that kid is one dumb bunny.” Let’s avoid that, shall we?" Summarized: When you do not understand source citations, it is easy to plagiarize someone else's work. So you do not get an "F" for your work, the following are the basic rules.

 Facts and ideas Using facts and information to support an argument generally requires a source citation. Facts do not always need to be source cited, especially if they are commonly known (e.g. water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit). Ideas, however, should always be cited.
What is not necessary to cite 
You do not need to cite anything that is common knowledge. These are things that would be known by nearly everyone. Examples of common knowledge are:
 Facts that are widely available in many sources. For example: Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States.
 Things that are easy to observe or see. For example: Many people use cell phones today.
 Common sayings. For example: To make a long story short...

But when in doubt, cite it.
What a source citation includes 
A source citation typically includes several key pieces of information including:
 The name of the author or authors.
 The name of the book, article, or publication.
 The date the work was published.
 When it was accessed, if it was found online.
 The URL, if it is an online webpage.
 The place of publication.
 The name of the publisher.
 The page number or numbers. For example, p. 1, 21, 33 (means the information is on these pages) or pp. 55–60 (meaning the information is found on pages 55 through 60).

Citation styles 
The main citation styles that are used include:

 APA style (American Psychological Association) is the style is the most commonly used style in the social sciences. The guideline is found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition.

Example (bibliographic style): (Smith, 2004, p. 39) Here "Smith" is the author of a work fully listed in the bibliography. The page number is 39.
MLA Style (Modern Language Association) is the style used for writing and formatting research papers in the liberal arts and the humanities. One of the references for this style is the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Eighth Edition.

Example (author-date style): Smith, William. The Last of the Inupiat Eskimos. Alaska Northwest Books, 1997. p 39. Note the use of periods separating parts of the citation)

 Chicago Manual of Style is the style often used in printed and electronic journals, magazines, and newspapers. It offers two types of citation systems: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. The notes and bibliography style is used most often in literature, history and the arts. The author-date system is traditionally used in Physics, natural science, and social sciences.

Example (author-date style): William Smith, The Last of the Inupiat Eskimos (Portland, OR: Alaska Northwest Books, 1997), p. 39 (Chicago style allows author last name, first name or first name last name)
References 
(The following are inline source citations)

Other websites 
 When to Cite Your Sources; YouTube
 Citation Generator
 Citation Machine

Writing
Nihal Naj Ali Al-Awlaqi or Nihal Naji Ali Al Awlaki (Arabic: نهال ناجي علي العولقي  ) is a Yemeni lawyer. She is Yemen’s Minister of Legal Affairs.  In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

Al-Awalqi is from the Shabwah Governorate in Yemen. At the time of her appointment as Minister of Legal Affairs, on September 9, 2016, she was 39 years old. Al-Awalqi received a Doctor of Laws degree with honors from Mohammed V University in Morocco. She also received a Master of Law and a Bachelor of Legal Sciences from Mohammed V. University.   She speaks Arabic, English, and French.

Work 

Al-Awalqi was an assistant law professor at the University of Aden, where she worked on research and training on the status of women.
She was a member of the comprehensive national dialogue conference state-building team.  She was a member of the constitution drafting committee.  She was a member of the government negotiating team in Geneva.
On September 9, 2016, Yemen President Abd Rabbo Mansour Hadi appointed al-Awaqi as Minister of Legal Affairs ( وزيراً للشؤون القانونية  ).

Other websites 

 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References

Yemeni politicians
Living people
Lawyers
1977 births
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Elqui Province () is one of three provinces in the Chilean region of Coquimbo (IV). Its capital is the city of Coquimbo.

It is named after the main river of the province: the Elqui River river.

Geography
The Elqui province has an area of , the largest province in the Coquimbo region.

Elqui is bordered on the north by the Atacama region (Huasco province), on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Limarí province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

The main river of the province is the Elqui river that is  long. In the valley of the river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.

Population
 (last national census), there were 365,371 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km², the province of the region with more people living in it.

The largest city of the province is La Serena with a population, in 2002, of 160,148 inhabitants.
Administration
As a province, Elqui is a second-level administrative division, consisting of six communes (comunas). The city of Coquimbo serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

References

Other websites
 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo Official website 
 Province of Elqui website 

Provinces of Chile
Coquimbo Region
Limarí Province () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Coquimbo Region (IV). Its capital is the city of Ovalle.

It is named after the main river of the province: the Limarí River.

Geography
The Limarí province has an area of , the second largest province in the Coquimbo region.

Limarí is bordered on the north by the Elqui province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Choapa province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

The main river of the province is the Limarí river that is  long.

Population
 (last national census), there were 156,158 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Ovalle, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 66,405 inhabitants.

Administration
As a province, Limarí is a second-level administrative division, consisting of five communes (comunas). The city of Ovalle serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

References
References

Other websites
 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo Official website 
 Province of Limarí website 

Provinces of Chile
Coquimbo Region
Choapa Province () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Coquimbo Region (IV). Its capital is the city of Illapel

Geography
The Choapa province has an area of , the smallest province in the Coquimbo region.

Choapa is bordered on the north by the Limarí province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the  Valparaíso region and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Population
 (last national census), there were 81,681 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Illapel, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 30,355 inhabitants.

Administration
As a province, Limarí is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes (comunas). The city of Illapel serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

References

Other websites
 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo Official website 
 Province of Choapa website 

Provinces of Chile
Coquimbo Region
Tunisia tends to be socially conservative when it comes to such issues as homosexuality. There are a few led organised LGBT Human rights movement such as the movement named "Shams". Mostly Tunisians are generally Muslims with traditional values, and traditional Islamic attitudes and mores look down upon Homosexuality and cross-dressing as signs of decadence and Immorality. But Tunisian Cross-dressers are not expressly Illegal in the country. Male prostitution workers occur in some Tunisian tourist resorts. The so-called Minister for Human Rights Samir Dilou stated that "Freedom of Speech has its limits", Homosexuality is a "perversion", and gay people needed to be "treated medically" for this. His comments were condemned by many in Tunisian society who posted pro-LGBT pictures on social networking sites
. In June 2012, Dilou rejected the recommendation of the United Nations Human Rights Committee for Tunisia to decriminalise same-sex sexual acts, stating that the concept of "Sexual orientation is specific to the west" which is not true and is overridden by Tunisian Law, which "clearly describes Tunisia as an fellow Arab Muslim country".
In May of 2016, several LGBTI Associations organised a small, discreet Gay Pride reception in Tunis. Associations also organised events and public demonstrations to mark the International Day against Homophobia in May.

Public Tunisian Opinion:

Public opinion regarding its LGBT Human rights is complex. According to a 2014 Survey Poll by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, 18% of Tunisian people were in favour of legalising Same-sex marriages, with 62% being opposed to such legislation of legalisation.

Summary table

References

Tunisia
Tunisia
Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse (INSA Toulouse, National Institute of Applied Sciences of Toulouse) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Toulouse (Southern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur INSA Toulouse (INSA Toulouse Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Masters Recherche & Doctorat (PhD doctorate studies )
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at INSA Toulouse.
Research labs 
Research activities at INSA Toulouse relate to the following topics:
 Nano and Multifunctional Materials for Machines and Structures
 Extreme Measurements, Non-Destructive Testing
 Microbial Systems, Biotechnologies, Water and Processes
 Energy Conversion and Optimised Energy Management
 Modelling, Simulation and Statistics for Physics, Engineering and Biology
 Cyber-Physical Systems, Micro-NanoSystems for Health, Aeronautics and Space

References

Further reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in Toulouse
1963 establishments in Europe
1960s establishments in France
Background 
During the early 20th century, coal miners risked their lives every day. During the first decade of the 20th century, on average about six miners died every month in Northern Illinois coal mines. Between 1905 and 1930 in the U.S. it totaled about 2,000 deaths per year. The Cherry Mine was operated by the St. Paul Coal Company. It opened in 1905 and by 1909 was producing 300,000 tons of coal a year. The mine was a modern state of the art mine for its time. It had two vertical shafts, one of which blew blew air into the mine and was also used if miners needed to escape. The other shaft had elevators that lowered men and supplies, and brought out the coal. Most of the miners were from Europe and were new to America. Many lived in nearby towns such as Streator, Illinois or other towns on the Illinois River.

November 13th
November 13th 

There were three veins of coal, two of which were being worked that day. About 300 men worked the second vein while about 200 worked the third and deepest vein. In order to reach the third level, miners had to use the escape shaft and take a different elevator. On the morning of November 13, the electricity that lit the mine was not working. This was a common problem in the mine. When there was no electricity, miners used kerosene lamps to light the mine. A mine car full of hay to feed the mules that worked in the mine caught fire. The fire quickly spread and was out of control. Many of the miners burned to death while others died of suffocation from the toxic fumes.
About forty-five minutes after the fire started, men were told to abandon the mine. About 10 to 12 cages full of men reached the surface through the elevator shaft. Others scrambled up the escape shaft. About 2:00 p.m. someone decided to reverse the fans that supplied air into the mine. This spread the fire and made matters much worse. Rescue workers went into the mine to try to save lives. But after a cage full of rescuers was lost at about 4:00 p.m., the company decided to seal off the mine.

The next day, rescue workers went back into the mine. They wore diving helmets with oxygen tanks, as no special equipment yet existed for mine rescues. They brought out the bodies of the dead workers. Then there was a surprising development. A small group of 21 miners had been quick thinking enough to build a barricade against the fire. They were found alive eight days later.
Aftermath 
When a final count was made, 259 men and boys were killed in the mine fire. As a consequence, the USA reinforced many mining laws and regulations. The United Mine Workers Union gained hundreds of new members. In Illinois, the disaster led to the passage of the Illinois Workmen's Compensation Act. It also became a main reason for changes in the child labor laws in the United States. It was one of the mine disasters that caused the formation of the United States Bureau of Mines in 1910.

Additional reading 
 Karen Tintori, Trapped: The 1909 Cherry Mine Disaster (New York; London: Atria Books, 2002)
 Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report on the Cherry Mine Disaster (Springfield, IL:, Illinois State Journal Co., State Printers, 1910)
 Dean Cotton; Lorena Cotton, ''Oneness: the 1909 Cherry Mine Disaster (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2004)

References

Other websites 
 Cherry Mine Disaster Video by Ray Tutaj Jr.; YouTube
1909 in North America
1900s in the United States
Disasters in the United States
20th century in Illinois
Prosopis tamarugo, commonly known as tamarugo, is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is found only in the dry northern regions of Chile.

Description
Prosopis tamarugo are trees that could grow up to  tall but usually they are, on average,  tall and the trunk is  wide. The young branches have spines. Flowers grow together in inflorescences and their pollination is made by bees.

Where it grows
The plant grows only in the Pampa del Tamarugal, some  east of the city of Iquique.

The Pampa del Tamarugal is a plain between 19°33' S and 21°50' S, and an altitude from .

Even if the Pampa del Tamarugal is very dry, the Prosopis tamarugo can use the relatively shallow ground water.

Uses
The wood and dry leaves of Prosopis tamarugo are used as firewood; the wood is also used for lumber. Leaves and fruits are used as food to animals, mainly to ruminants as cattle, sheep and goats.

Fruits are sweet and people can eat them.

Gallery

References

Trees
Mimosoideae
Margaret Anstee (June 26, 1926 - August 25, 2016) was a British diplomat. She worked with the United Nations for over 40 years, and became the first woman to reach the post of Under-Secretary-General. She was the Director-General of the UN office in Vienna. She also worked as the Director-General's Special Representative to Angola. She wrote an autobiography called Never Learn to Type.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British diplomats
People from Essex
United Nations officials
Maria Eugénia Pinto do Amaral (April 1, 1927, Lisbon - August 25, 2016, Lisbon) was a Portuguese actress and singer. She became known as the Radio Girl when she starred in the movie of the same name directed by Arthur Duarte in 1944.

References

1927 births
2016 deaths
Portuguese movie actors
Portuguese television actors
Portuguese voice actors
Portuguese stage actors
Portuguese singers
Actors from Lisbon
Justin du Fresne (died August 25, 2016) was a New Zealand radio broadcaster, known as the Voice of Wellington. He began his career in 1960 working for the New Zealand Broadcasting Service. After a break, he returned to radio in 1984 as a morning talk show host, and retired in 2013. He died from cancer in 2016.

References

2016 deaths
New Zealand radio personalities
Warren Hinckle (October 28, 1938, San Francisco - August 25, 2016, San Francisco) was an American journalist. He became famous as the editor of Ramparts magazine in the 1960's. Hinckle was known for his no holds barred writing style (later called gonzo journalism), and as a supporter of the political left.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
American journalists
Neo-futurism is a 21st-century movement in the arts, design, and architecture with an attitude of post-modernism and represents an idealistic future and "a need to periodize the modern rapport with the technological".  Neo-futurism has absorbed sоme of the high-tech concept themes аnd ideas and incorporating elements of high-tech industry аnd technology.

Artists of Neo-futurism movement 
Neo-futurist artists include Erin Sparler, Marlow Rodale, Panayiotis Terzis, Miguel Ovalle, British Olivia Peake, Yuima Nakazato, and Simon Stålenhag.

Neo-futurism in the 21st century has been creatively inspired by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, the British architect Zaha Hadid,  and by Vito DiBari.

Related pages 
 Futurism

References