Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Cepheids are a type of very luminous variable stars. There is a strong direct relationship between a Cepheid's luminosity and its pulsation period. This makes Cepheids important standard candles for the galactic and extragalactic distance scales.

Cepheid variables are divided into several subclasses which have clearly different masses, ages, and evolutionary histories: 
Classical Cepheids
Type II Cepheids
Anomalous Cepheids
Dwarf Cepheids  

The first cepheid known was Delta Cephei in the constellation Cepheus, found by John Goodricke in 1784. Delta Cephei is of great importance because its distance is extremely well known, thanks in part to it being in a star cluster,<ref
name=dezeeuw1999>de Zeeuw P.T. et al 1999. A HIPPARCOS census of the nearby OB associations, AJ</ref> and the precise Hubble Space Telescope/Hipparcos parallaxes.

Cepheids are one of two ways in which the rate of expansion of the Universe can be measured.

Classes
Classes

Classical Cepheids
Classical Cepheids (also known as Population I Cepheids, Type I Cepheids, or Delta Cephei variables) pulsate with very regular periods of the order of days to months.  Classical Cepheids are population I young variable stars which are 4–20 times more massive than the Sun, and up to 100,000 times more luminous. Cepheids are yellow supergiants of spectral class F6 – K2. When they pulsate, their radii change by ~25%. For the longer-period I Carinae this means millions of kilometers for a pulsation cycle.

Type II Cepheids
Type II Cepheids (also termed Population II Cepheids) are population II variable stars which pulsate with periods between 1 and 50 days. Type II Cepheids are typically metal-poor, old (~10 giga years), low mass objects (~half the mass of the Sun). Type II Cepheids are divided into several subgroups by period.

Type II Cepheids are used to fix the distance to the galactic center of the Milky Way, globular clusters, and galaxies.
Anomalous Cepheids 
A group of pulsating stars on the instability strip have periods of less than two days, similar to RR Lyrae variables but with higher luminosities. Anomalous Cepheid variables have masses higher than type II Cepheids, RR Lyrae variables, and our Sun. It is unclear whether they are young stars on a "turned-back" horizontal branch, blue stragglers formed through mass transfer in binary systems, or a mix of both.

Double-mode Cepheids 
A small proportion of Cepheid variables have been observed to pulsate in two modes at the same time, usually the fundamental and first overtone, occasionally the second overtone. A very small number pulsate in three modes, or an unusual combination of modes including higher overtones.

References 

Variable stars
Glofish are fish which glow in the dark. They glow because scientists changed their DNA to make them fluorescent. The seahorse and the zebra fish are two types of fish that have been used to make GloFish.

Ray-finned fish
Genetic engineering
Lazarus Saturday is the day before Palm Sunday in the Orthodox Church. It celebrates the raising of Lazarus from the dead by Jesus (Gospel of John chapter 11). It is the start of Holy Week.

Other websites
Goarch.org

Christian holidays
Josef Edwin "Joe" Weider (November 29, 1919 – March 23, 2013) was a Canadian-American bodybuilder, trainer, businessman, and television personality. He was the founder of Mr. Olympia.

Weider was born on November 29, 1919 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada to a Polish-Jewish family. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. His brother was Ben Weider. Weider was married to Betty Brosmer from 1961 until his death in 2013. They had no children. Weider died on March 23, 2013 from heart failure in Los Angeles, California, aged 93.

References

Other websites

Joe Weider: His Fitness Legacy  Article on Weider at Homegymsonline.com
"Joe Weider True Story" by bodybuilding champion Leroy Colbert
Weider biographical sketch at IFBB website 

1919 births
2013 deaths
American television personalities
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
American bodybuilders
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Sportspeople from Montreal
George Mortimer Pullman (March 3, 1831 – October 19, 1897) was an American engineer and businessman. At the time of his death, he bequeathed 1.2 million dollars for a free school of manual training in the town of Pullman.

Pullman invented the Pullman sleeping car. He founded a company town, Pullman. He did all of his business in Chicago. He was supported by President Grover Cleveland during the Pullman Strike in Chicago.

Pullman was born on March 3, 1831 in Brocton, New York. He was raised in Albion, New York. Pullman was married to Hattie Amelia Sanger from 1867 until his death in 1897. They had four children. Pullman died on October 19, 1897 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 66. He was buried at Graceland Cemetery.

References

Other websites

George M. Pullman Educational Foundation
PBS: Chicago 
Pullman House in Colorado 
1910 Steel Pullman Business Car
Chicago Historical Society
1831 births
1897 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Engineers from New York (state)
American chief executives
Businesspeople from Chicago
Businesspeople from New York (state)
Engineers from Chicago
The term compound fruit is sometimes used when it is not clear which of several fruit types a fruit belongs to. A compound fruit is "composed of two or more similar parts".

A compound fruit may be:
 An aggregate fruit, in which one flower contains several separate ovaries, which grow together during development.
 A multiple fruit, in which several flowers, each with an ovary, develop into small fruits that grow together into a larger fruit.
 A simple fruit formed from a compound ovary.

Grapes grow in clusters, but are not compound fruits. Each grape is grown from one ovary in one flower, and they are not attached to one another.

References

Fruits
The Boeing 80, sometimes called the Boeing Model 80 or just the Model 80, was an American airliner. It was a biplane with three engines. The Boeing 80 was built by the Boeing Airplane Company. It could carry mail and passengers.

Development and design
Boeing Air Transport was started on February 17, 1927 by William Boeing. On July 1, 1927, planes from Boeing Air Transport started flying mail from San Francisco to Chicago. At first, the Boeing Model 40A was used for this.

Boeing decided to make a plane to carry passengers. In 1928 it designed the Model 80. The Boeing 80 could carry 12 people. The pilots sat in a cockpit in front of the passengers.

The first Boeing 80 took off on July 27, 1928. Three more Boeing 80s were made before Boeing started to make the Boeing 80A. The Boeing 80A was longer and it could carry 18 people. It also had better engines. It first took off on July 18, 1929.
History
The Boeing 80 first flew for Boeing Air Transport on September 20, 1928. It soon turned out to be successful. The Boeing 80A started being used in September 1929.

In May 1930, Boeing Air Transport hired eight female flight attendants. They first flew on May 15. The Boeing 80 and 80A were used until the Boeing 247 replaced them in 1934.

Different types of Boeing 80
 Model 80 - first type of Boeing 80 (four of these were made)
 Model 80A - more aerodynamic and had new engines (10 of these were made)

Users

Boeing Air Transport
Monterey Peninsula Airways
Morrison-Knudsen Company
Robert Campbell Reeve
Standard Oil, California
United Airlines

Boeing 80s which still exist
One Boeing 80A was found in a dump at Anchorage Airport in 1960. It was fixed up and it is now in the Museum of Flight in Seattle.

Details (Model 80A)

References
Notes

Bibliography
Bibliography

 Bowers, Peter M. Boeing Aircraft since 1916. London: Putnam, 1989. .
 Davies, Ed. "Boeing's Airline: The Life and Times of Boeing Air Transport, Part One". Air Enthusiast, No. 127, January/February 2007, pp. 64–74. Stamford, UK:Key Publishing.
 Davies, Ed. "Boeing's Airline: The Life and Times of Boeing Air Transport, Part Two". Air Enthusiast, No. 128, March/April 2007. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. pp. 62–73.
 Taylor, H.A. "When Boeing Flew the Mails". Air Enthusiast, Twenty-two, August–November 1983, pp. 64–74. Bromley, UK: Pilot Press.

Other websites
 "Night Flyers At 10,000 Feet Hurdle The Rockies", Popular Science, August 1931, about the Boeing 80
 "How Many Parts Has The Modern Airplane", Popular Mechanics, January 1932, article about making a Boeing 80

080, Boeing
The Boeing Model 200 Monomail was an American mail plane. It was built in the 1930s by Boeing. It flew for the first time on 6 May 1930.

The Boeing Monomail was a monoplane instead of a biplane. The wing was strong and did not need bracing. Its wheels could be retracted. Only one plane was made for the US Army to look at.  The plane eventually began to fly main from San Francisco to Chicago.

Another version was made, the Model 221. It was made longer by 8 inches. This meant it could carry passengers, but less cargo. This version first flew on 18 August 1930. 

There were no good engines for the Boeing Monomail to use. By the time good engines could be used, new planes had been made which were better than the Monomail. One of these was the Boeing 247.

Types of Boeing Monomail
Model 200
mailplane (one was built)
Model 221
mailplane which could carry six passengers (one was built)
Model 221A
Model 200 and 221 changed into airliners

Users

Boeing Air Transport
United Air Lines

Details (Model 221)
References
Boeing History - Boeing Monomail Transport Retrieved June 17, 2006.

Other websites
 Fiddlergreen.net: Monomail
 Colorado Wreck Chasing: Glendo Crash Site

Monomail
Giora Feidman (born March 26, 1936) is an Israeli clarinetist. He plays klezmer music.

Biography 
Giora Feidman was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. His Bessarabian Jewish parents immigrated there to escape persecution. Feidman's family are klezmer musicians. His father, grandfather and great-grandfather made music for weddings, Bar Mitzvahs, and holiday celebrations in the shtetls (villages) of Eastern Europe. Feidman married Ora Bat-Chaim in 1975. She was his personal manager.

Music career 

Feidman started his career in Buenos Aires, where he was a member of the Teatro Colón Symphony Orchestra. Two years later he immigrated to Israel. He became the youngest clarinetist ever to play with the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra. He was a member of the orchestra for over 20 years. In the early 1970s he started a solo career. He has performed with the Berliner Symphoniker, the Kronos Quartet, the Polish Chamber Philarmonic, the Munich Chamber Philarmonic Orchestra, and the Munich Radio Orchestra.
Discography 
 Jewish Soul Music (1973)
 The Singing Clarinet (1987)
 Clarinetango (1990)
 The Magic of the Klezmer (1990)
 Viva el Klezmer (1991)
 Gerschwin & The Klezmer (1991)
 The Dance of Joy (1992)
 Klassic Klezmer (1993)
 Concert for the Klezmer (1993)
 Der Rattenfanger (1993)
 Feidman in Jerusalem (1994)
 Klezmer Chamber Music (1995)
 The Soul Chai (1995)
 The Incredible Clarinet (1995)
 For You (1996)
 Schelomo/Barakashot (1996)
 Silence and Beyond — Feidman plays Ora Bat Chaim (1997)
 Feidman in Bayreuth — Lilith — Neun Gesänge der dunklen Liebe (1997)
 Soul Meditation, Harmony of Soul (1997)
 Der Golem — Feidman and the Arditti String Quartet (1997)
 Klezmer Celebration (1997)
 Feidman and Israel Camerata (1998)
 Feidman and Katja Beer — Schubert (1998)
 Journey (1999)
 And the Angels Sing (1999)
 Klezmer and More (2000)
 Rhapsody (2000)
 To Giora Feidman — Your Kletzmer Friends (2000)
 TangoKlezmer (2001)
 Dancing in the Field (2002)
 Feidman plays Piazzolla (2002)
Love — Feidman plays Ora Bat Chaim (2003)
 Feidman Plays Mozart and More (2003)
 Safad — Feidman and The Safed Chamber Orchestra (2004)
 Ewigkeit dringt in die Zeit (2004)
 Wenn du singst, wie kannst du hassen? (2005)
 Feidman and Eisenberg — Live at St. Severin (2005)
 Crossing Borders (2006)
 Klezmundo (2006)
 Klezmer in the Galilee (2007)
 The Spirit of Klezmer (2008)
 Klezmer & Strings (2009)
 Very Klezmer (2012)
Films 
 Jewish Soul Music: The Art of Giora Feidman (1980), directed by Uri Barbash.

Related pages
 Music of Israel

References

Other websites 
 Giora Feidman official site
 Biography at Buffet Crampon's website 
 Interview with Giora Feidman, 2008

1936 births
Living people
Argentine Jews
Clarinetists
Jewish Israeli musicians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Musicians from Buenos Aires
Louis Jourdan (Louis Robert Gendre, June 19, 1921 – February 14, 2015) was a French retired actor. He appeared in The Paradine Case (1947), Gigi (1958), The Best of Everything (1959) and Octopussy (1983). His final movie before his retirement was The Year Of The Comet in 1992.

Jourdan was born on June 19, 1921 in Marseille, France. He studied at the École Dramatique. Jourdan was married to Berthe Frédérique from 1946 until her death in 2014. They had a son, Louis Jourdan, Jr.. Jourdan, Jr. died of a drug overdose aged 29 in 1981. 

Jourdan died in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 93.

References

Other websites 

1921 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Marseille
Actors who played Bond villains
French movie actors
French musical entertainers 
French stage actors
French television actors
French voice actors
Norman Nathan Lloyd (November 8, 1914 – May 11, 2021) was an American actor, producer, and director. He is known for his television role as Dr. Daniel Auschlander in St. Elsewhere. His career lasted for more than ninety years. He made a guest appearance on Modern Family in 2010.

Early life
Lloyd was born on November 8, 1914 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He studied to become an actor at the Civic Repertory Theatre in New York City.

Career
Lloyd came to Hollywood to play a Nazi spy in Alfred Hitchcock's Saboteur (1942). Je started a long friendship and professional career with Hitchcock.

Later career
After a few more villainous movie roles, Lloyd also worked behind the camera as an assistant on Lewis Milestone's Arch of Triumph (1948). A friend of John Garfield, Lloyd appeared with him in He Ran All the Way. Garfield's last movie before the Hollywood blacklist ended his movie career.
Personal life
Lloyd was married to Peggy Craven from 1936 until her death in 2011. They had two children. Lloyd died on May 11, 2021 at his home in Los Angeles, California at the age of 106.

References

Other websites

BN bio 
The Man Who Fell Off The Statue of Liberty: An Interview with Norman Lloyd (TCM's Movie Morlocks) 

1914 births
2021 deaths
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American centenarians
Entertainers from Jersey City, New Jersey
Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie producers from New Jersey
Gill Pinnacle (or Gill's Pinnacle) is an inselberg in the far east of Western Australia, on the Ngaanyatjarra Lands. It is  part of the Petermann Ranges. It consists of a dome-shaped hill, surrounded by dense shrub; its top is bare rock. The hill has been useful as a landmark, because it marks the location of one of the area's most reliable freshwater rockholes, Gordon's Springs. This is a few hundred meters to the north of the rock. The area is called  (also spelled  or ) in Pitjantjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra.

The first Europeans to visit the area were the explorers Ernest Giles and W. H. Tietkens, in 1874. They saw the rock from Weld Pass, which is further to the west. Giles named the rock after his brother-in-law. He named the waterhole, Gordon's Springs, after his nephew.

The closest town to Gill's Pinnacle is Kaltukatjara, Northern Territory, which is about  to the east.

References

Other websites
Gill's Pinnacle on Bonzle Digital Atlas

Mountains of Australia
Geography of Western Australia
Peter John Sallis  (1 February 1921 – 2 June 2017) was a English actor, known for his roles as Norman Clegg in Last of the Summer Wine from its 1973 inception until its final episode in 2010, making him the only actor to appear in all 295 episodes. He also voiced Wallace in Wallace and Gromit. He won an Annie Award in 2005.

Sallis was born on 1 February 1921 in Twickenham, Middlesex, England. He studied at the Minchenden Grammar School in North London. Sallis married Elaine Usher in 1957. They had a son, Crispian. Sallis has had a disease called macular degeneration since 2005.

Sallis died at the Denville Hall nursing home in Northwood, London, on 2 June 2017, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 

1921 births
2017 deaths
Actors from Middlesex
Annie Award winners
Disease-related deaths in London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
George Clifton James (May 29, 1920 – April 15, 2017) was a retired American actor. He is best known for his role as Sheriff J.W. Pepper in the James Bond movies such as Live and Let Die (1973) and in The Man With The Golden Gun (1974).

James was born on May 29, 1920 in Spokane, Washington. He married Laurie Harper in 1951. Harper died in 2015. They had six children.

James died from complications of diabetes at his home in Gladstone, Oregon on April 15, 2017, age 96.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Clifton James at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection 
 Clips from Texas episodes

1921 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Disease-related deaths in Oregon
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors who played in James Bond movies
Actors from Spokane, Washington
William Joseph Schallert (July 6, 1922 – May 8, 2016) was an American actor. He played the father on The Patty Duke Show. He is also known for his guest-star roles in The Smurfs, Jefferson Drum, Gunsmoke, Star Trek, Get Smart, Lawman, Matlock, The Waltons, Bonanza, The Andy Griffith Show and in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.

Schallert was born on July 6, 1922 in Los Angeles, California. He married Rosemarie D. Waggner in 1949. Schallert was the president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1979 through 1981. He died at his home in Pacific Palisades, California from complications from peripheral neuropathy on May 8, 2016, aged 93.

References

Other websites

William Schallert Interview at Elvis2001.net 
Hollywood Everyman: A Conversation with William Schallert  2010 Interview with William Schallert

1922 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from peripheral neuropathy
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild
Actors from Los Angeles
The Lincoln Lawyer is a 2011 American crime drama movie. The story is about a Los Angeles lawyer doing business in his luxury car. Matthew McConaughey, Marisa Tomei and Frances Fisher act. The movie was released in March 2011. The reviews were very positive. The box office intake was almost $86 million.

2011 crime drama movies
2010s legal movies
2010s American crime drama movies
American legal movies
2010s English-language movies
Movies about murderers
Movies set in Los Angeles
Lionsgate movies
Peter Vaughan (Peter Ewart Ohm; 4 April 1923 – 6 December 2016) was an English actor. He was known for his role as Charles Johnson in Citizen Smith and recently as Maester Aemon in Game of Thrones.

Vaughan was born on 4 April 1923 in Wem, Shropshire, England. He was married to Billie Whitelaw from 1952 until they divorced in 1966. He was married to Lillias Walker until his death in 2016. Vaughan died in Mannings Heath, Sussex from epilepsy on 6 December 2016, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-magazine/features/313826/there-are-unfortunately-a-lot-of-us-old-guys-around.thtml 

1923 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from epilepsy
British military personnel of World War II
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Entertainers from Shropshire
James Karen (born James Karnofsky; November 28, 1923 – October 23, 2018) was an American actor. He was known for his roles as Martin Frohm in The Pursuit of Happyness and as Ben Hubbard in Superman Returns. He also starred in Poltergeist and The Return of the Living Dead.

Karen was born on November 28, 1923 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania to a Russian-Jewish family. He studied at Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre. Karen was married to Susan Reed from 1958 until they divorced in 1967. They had one child. He married Alba Francesca in 1986.  

Karen died on October 23, 2018 in Los Angeles at the age of 94. The cause was cardiopulmonary arrest.

References

Other websites
 
 Great Character Actors / James Karen 
Pathmark TV commercial with James Karen (YouTube)
1923 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Jewish American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Theodore Meir Bikel (May 2, 1924 – July 21, 2015) was an Austrian-American actor, singer, and musician. He was nominated for an Academy Award as Sheriff Max Muller in The Defiant Ones in 1958.

Early life
Bikel was born in Vienna, Austria on May 2, 1924. He studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. He moved to the United States in 1954. He became a U.S. citizen in 1961.

Personal life
Bikel was married to Ofra Ichilov from 1942 until they divorced in 1943. Then he was married to Rita Weinberg Call from 1967 until they divorced in 2008. He was married to Tamara Brooks from 2008 until her death in 2012. He had two children with Call.

Bikel died on July 21, 2015, at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles of natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Theodore Bikel Official website
 Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks 
 Theodore Bikel at the Internet Accuracy Project
1924 births
2015 deaths
Actors from Vienna
American folk musicians
American movie actors
American folk singers
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Austrian movie actors
Austrian singers
Austrian stage actors
Austrian television actors
Austrian voice actors
Folk singers
Musicians from Vienna
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Edward Charles James Gardner, DFM (August 24, 1924 – May 3, 2010) was an English actor. He played Ernie Prang in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004).

Gardner was born on August 24, 1924 in Newmarket, Suffolk, England. Gardner died on May 3, 2010 in London, England from pneumonia, aged 85.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2010 deaths
Actors from Suffolk
Deaths from pneumonia
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Infectious disease deaths in England
George Edward Cole, OBE (22 April 1925 - 5 August 2015) was an English actor. He is known for his roles as Arthur Daley in Minder and as Flash Harry in the early versions of the St Trinian's movies. He also played Peter Banks in the sitcom My Good Friend.

Cole was born on April 22, 1925 in Tooting, South London, England. He was adopted when he was a baby. He was married to Eileen Moore from 1954 until they divorced in 1962. He married Penny Morrell in 1964. Cole died of an illness at Royal Berkshire Hospital, in Reading, Berkshire on 5 August 2015.

Other websites
 
 www.britmovie.co.uk - George Cole 

1925 births
2015 deaths
Actors from London
British adoptees
Disease-related deaths in Berkshire
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Tooting
Sir Kazuo Ishiguro OBE (born 8 November 1954) is a British novelist of Japanese origin. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2017. He was born in Nagasaki, Japan; his family moved to England in 1960 when he was five.

His novels include An Artist of the Floating World (1986), When We Were Orphans (2000), and Never Let Me Go (2005). He won the Booker Prize for his 1989 novel The Remains of the Day. The Remains of the Day was later adapted as a movie. The movie came out in 1993. It starred Anthony Hopkins and Emma Thompson. It was nominated for eight Academy Awards. He was knighted in 2018.

Novels 
 A Pale View of Hills (1982)
 An Artist of the Floating World (1986)
 The Remains of the Day (1989)
 The Unconsoled (1995)
 When We Were Orphans (2000)
 Never Let Me Go (2005)
 Nocturnes: Five Stories of Music and Nightfall (2009)
 The Buried Giant (2015)
 Klara and the Sun (2021)

References
References 

1954 births
Living people
Booker Prize winners
British Nobel Prize winners
British novelists
Japanese novelists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Japanese Nobel Prize winners
Knights Bachelor
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
"Love Story" is a 2008 song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The song was produced by Nathan Chapman and Swift.The story of the single is about a boy who is in love with a girl, resulting in a Romeo and Juliet type romance. The song received positive reviews from the critics. It sold millions of digital downloads and compact discs. The single was released in Autumn of 2008 in the United States.

References

Other websites

2008 songs
Country pop songs
Pop songs
Taylor Swift songs
Toe rings are rings worn on toes, in particular the second toe. They are worn on either foot, often with barefoot sandals, bare feet or anklets. They are usually made for females, although males sometimes wear the rings.

Jewelry
Feet
A giant star is a star with much larger radius and luminosity than a main-sequence star of the same surface temperature.

Giant stars are up to a few hundred times the diameter of the Sun and between 10 and a few thousand times brighter than the Sun. They don't last as long as most main sequence stars. Stars still more luminous than giants are referred to as supergiants and hypergiants.

A hot, luminous main-sequence star may also be referred to as a giant.

There are a wide range of giant class stars, and sub-divisions are often used to identify particular types. Astronomers use such terms as: sub-giants, bright giants, red giants, yellow giants and blue giants. The giant luminosity class is given the Roman numeral III, for bright giants it is II.

Types of giants

Red giants 
These have spectral types K to M.
 Pollux
 Dubhe
 Arcturus
 Aldebaran
 Gacrux

Yellow giants 
These have spectral types F and G.
 Capella A and B
The Cepheid variables are yellow giants.
Blue giants 
These have spectral types A, B, and O.
 Alcyone in the Pleiades

Bright giants 
Giants nearly as bright as supergiants. They can have many spectral types.
 Canopus
 Aludra
 Alpha Herculis

References 

Types of stars
An aggregate fruit is a fruit that develops from a single flower, but the flower has more than one ovary, and the ovaries join together as the fruit grows.

A fruit that grows from just one flower that contains just one ovary, is not an aggregate fruit but a simple fruit.

Not all flowers with multiple ovaries grow into aggregate fruit; the ovaries of some flowers do not become tightly joined together to make a larger fruit.
 
Aggregate fruits may also be accessory fruits. In accessory fruits, parts of the flower that are not the ovary become juicy and form part of the fruit.

Aggregate fruits include:
 Raspberry 
 Blackberry
 Strawberry is an aggregate fruit and is also an accessory fruit. The small dark-coloured dots on a strawberry are the ovaries. The juicy part of the strawberry grows from the base of the flower.

Related pages
Multiple fruit

References

Fruits
Plant anatomy
is a series of anthropomorphic animal figures. They are made from plastic and fake animal fur. They were started in Japan in 1985 by Epoch, but they are now sold worldwide. Many books, DVDs and TV series have been based on the characters. The characters were originally woodland animals like bears, rabbits and hedgehogs, but now other animals such as penguins, meerkats and elephants have been added into the mix. The word sylvan means "forest" in Latin.

Setting 
Sylvanians were origanally set in Japan in the 1950's most of the families are rural middle-class with many luxuries and local businesses. They have many leisure activities such as horse riding, rowing and hosting garden parties. The simple caravan means that they can enjoy short stays on holiday. This means that they can be away from their house whether it is a small cottage or a multi-storey town house.
Growing  
In 1985 Sylvanian Families were launched in both Japan and North America. They were such a success that in 1987 they moved over the Atlantic to Western Europe and to the UK. By 1988 these small toys were a major success world wide, they went on to win London toy of the year award 3 times in a row this had never been achieved before or after. They were so popular that in the late 80's an animated TV series was made, this was greatly watched and spain and the UK. In the 90's it was aired on American TV.

Stopping and Starting
By the mid 1990's Sylvanian Families, despite their major success, had gone out of business in the UK. The production company Tomy lost the rights to Sylvanian Families and American Calico Critters. In the late 90's another company, Flair, took over Sylvanian Families and reintroduced them into the UK. It was in 2007 that they celebrated their 20th birthday a special edition dalmation family (that had not been sold since they went out of production) with red party hats saying 'happy birthday'. 2012 was the 25th birthday and they sold a celebration rabbit family in honour a birthday that they never have seen if it hadn't have been for Flair.

The London Shop 
The address for the Sylvanian Families Shop in London is 68 Mountgrove Road. The shop is quite small but stuffed from floor to ceiling with figures, displays and new box sets. People from all around the world to go to the Sylvanian shop to become one of the many people who have been inside the famous shop.
Japanese Musuem and Shop 
In Japan there is a giant life size Sylvanian Families village, including a bakery with real bread based on the bread in watermill bakery. You can meet life size Sylvanian characters and go in life size houses made from the models themselves. 

Toys
Manufacturing companies of Japan
1985 establishments in Japan
Four Weddings and a Funeral is a 1994 British romantic comedy-drama movie. It was written and co-produced by Richard Curtis. It was directed by Mike Newell. It stars Hugh Grant as Charles and Andie MacDowell as Carrie, an American whom he repeatedly meets at weddings and a funeral as they become attracted to each other.

Other websites 

1994 comedy-drama movies
1994 LGBT movies
1994 romantic comedy movies
1994 romantic drama movies
British comedy-drama movies
British LGBT movies
British romantic comedy movies
British romantic drama movies
1990s English-language movies
LGBT comedy-drama movies
Movies set in London
Movies set in Scotland
Movies directed by Mike Newell
The Boeing 247, sometimes called the Boeing Model 247 was an American airliner. It is thought to be the first airliner to fully use advanced things like retractable landing gear, an autopilot and deicing boots.

The Boeing 247 first flew on February 8, 1933. It started being used later that year. Later, planes became bigger and some had four engines. However, no big changes were made until Boeing made the Boeing 307 Stratoliner.

Design and development
The Boeing 247 was an advanced plane. The design was taken from the Boeing Monomail (Models 200, 221, 221A) and the B-9 bomber. The Boeing 247 was faster than the Boeing P-12, which was the main American fighter at the time. The P-12 was did not have a roof on the cockpit, and it was a biplane. The Boeing 247 landed at just 62 mph. This meant that flaps were not needed. At just 10 mph, the back wheel came off the ground, which made it easier to steer.
Also, the 247 was the first airliner with two engines which could fly on just one engine. The Boeing 247 had special propellers. It could fly at 11,500 ft at full weight. The Douglas DC-1 and some other airliners before World War II used parts of the Boeing 247's design.  The 247 was supposed to carry 14 passengers and have Pratt & Whitney R-1690 Hornet engines, but the plane was made smaller and got different engines.

The pilots did not think that the plane, which weighed eight tons, could land on any runway back then. They also did not like the Hornet engines. This was because most pilots were used to Wasps. It was thought that they would find Hornets too powerful. Pratt & Whitney's chief engineer, George Mead, knew that the pilots were wrong. P&W's head, Frederick Rentschler, decided to do what the pilots wanted. This made an argument between Mead and Rentschler.
Even though there were some arguments about the design and engines, the 247 was still a very good design. Boeing showed it at the 1933 Chicago World's Fair.

Boeing wanted to make the plane as safe as possible. They made the plane strong and put in things to make passengers more comfortable. For example, the cabin had air conditioning. It was also sound-proof. The plane had a pilot, co-pilot and a flight attendant. The wheels did not fully go into the plane. A part of the wheels hung down below the plane. This was done to make it safer for the plane to land if the landing gear could not be put down. The wheel at the back of the plane could not be moved.

History
History

In 1934, Boeing put a Boeing 247 into the MacRobertson Race. In the race, planes raced from England to Australia. The pilots of the Boeing plane were Col.Roscoe Turner and Clyde Pangborn. The 247 was basically a normal plane, but some parts were taken out to make space for more fuel tanks. Many different planes from all over the world took part. Turner and Pangborn came in second place. The Douglas DC-2 came first.

The Boeing 247 won the 1934 US Collier Trophy for "excellence in aviation design".

The 247 could go across the United States eight hours faster than any plane which came before it. The Boeing 247 started being used on May 22, 1933. One set a record of 19½ hours when it flew from San Francisco to New York City.
The first 60 247s were sold to Boeing Air Transport (part of the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation, UATC). They cost $65,000 each. TWA (Transcontinental & Western Air) also ordered the 247 but UATC said no. TWA President Jack Frye asked for a new airliner. He paid Don Douglas to design and build the Douglas DC-1 prototype. Douglas eventually made the DC-3 line.

The Boeing 247 was shown to have some serious problems with its design. Air carriers did not like the fact that it only carried 10 passengers. The DC-2 and later DC-3 could carry many more passengers. This meant that the Boeing 247 would not earn airlines as much money.

Seventy-five 247s were built. Douglas got 800 orders for DC-3s from airlines before the Pearl Harbor attack. Douglas made over 10,000 DC-3s.

Many of United's Boeing 247s were bought by Western Air Express. It was said that they were bought at a very low price.
The 247 was used until World War II. The Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) had seven 247s to move soldiers around. Some 247s were still flying in the late 1960s. These were either cargo planes or personal planes.

Accidents
October 10, 1933 – A United Air Lines 247 was blown up by a bomb.

November 9, 1933 - A United Air Lines 247 crashed after it took off. Four of the nine people on the plane died.

December 20, 1934 - United Air Lines Flight 6, a 247, crashed near Western Springs, Illinois. Nobody died. The plane was fixed and started flying again.

October 7, 1935 – United Air Lines Trip 4, a 247D, crashed 10 miles to the west of Cheyenne, Wyoming. It is not known why it crashed. Everybody on the plane died.

October 30, 1935 - A United Air Lines Boeing 247D crashed near Cheyenne. Everyone on board died.

December 15, 1936 – Seven people died when Western Air Express Flight 6, a 247D, crashed on Lone Peak in Utah.
December 27, 1936 - United Air Lines Trip 34, a 247D, crashed in Los Angeles County, California. All 12 people on board died.

January 12, 1937 – Western Air Express Flight 7, a 247, crashed into a mountain in Newhall, California. Five people died.

Different types of Boeing 247

 Model 247
First type made.
247A
Special order from Deutsche Luft Hansa.
247E
The very first Boeing 247 plane was called this.
247D
At first only meant for the MacRobertson Race. It had special propellers which made the plane 7 mph faster.
247Y
A version with guns on it.

Users

Airlines

Viação Aérea Bahiana used one plane.

Canadian Pacific Airlines
 Quebec Airways

Avianca used 10 aircraft.

Lufthansa had four aircraft.

Boeing Air Transport (later United Air Lines) used 60 aircraft.
 Empire Air Lines
National Parks Airways
Pennsylvania Central Airlines
United Aircraft Corporation used 10 aircraft.
Wien Air Alaska
Western Airlines
 Woodley Airways
 Wyoming Air Service

Military

Royal Canadian Air Force

Royal Air Force
Royal Air Force

United States Army Air Corps

Planes which still exist

c/n 1699, CF-JRQ
This plane is in the Canada Aviation Museum, Ottawa. It was given to the museum in 1967 by California Standard Oil.

c/n 1722, N18E
This plane is in the National Museum of Science and Industry, Wroughton, UK

c/n 1729, N13347
This plane can still fly. It is in the Museum of Flight Restoration Center, Paine Field, Snohomish County, Washington, USA.

c/n 1953, NC13369 / NR257Y
This plane is in the Hall of Air Transportation at the National Air and Space Museum, Washington, DC, USA. It has United Air Lines colours.

Details (Boeing 247D)

References
Notes

Bibliography
Bowers, Peter M. Boeing aircraft since 1916. London: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1989. .
 Bryan, C.D.B.  The National Air and Space Museum. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1979. .
 Fernandez, Ronald. Excess Profits: The Rise of United Technologies. Boston, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1983. .
 Gould, William. Boeing (Business in Action). Bath, Avon, UK: Cherrytree Books, 1995. .
 Mondey, David, The Concise Guide to American Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor, 1996. .
 Pearcy, Arthur. Douglas Propliners: DC-1–DC-7. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1995. .
 Pedigree of Champions: Boeing Since 1916, Third Edition. Seattle, Washington: The Boeing Company, 1969. No ISBN. WorldCat.
 Seely, Victor. "Boeing's Grand Old Lady." Air Classics, Vol. 4, No. 6, August 1968.
 Serling, Robert J. Legend & Legacy: The Story of Boeing and its People. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. .
van der Linden, F. Robert. The Boeing 247: The First Modern Airliner. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1991. . Retrieved: July 26, 2009.
 Yenne, Bill. Boeing: Planemaker to the World. New York:, Crescent Books, 1989. .
Other websites
 Gallery: Boeing 247 Images
 Boeing Model 247: First modern airliner 

247
George Edward Maxwell "Max" Wright (August 2, 1943 – June 26, 2019) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Willie Tanner on the television comedy series ALF.

Wright was born on August 2, 1943 in Detroit, Michigan. He was married to Linda Wright from 1965 until her death in 2017. They had two children, Ben and Daisy. 

In January 2000, Wright was arrested for drunken driving in Los Angeles, California. Wright had another DUI arrest in 2003.

In 1995, he was diagnosed with lymphoma. He was remission until the cancer returned in early 2019. Wright died on June 26, 2019 at his home in Englewood, New Jersey from the disease at the age of 75.

References

Other websites

1943 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
Cancer deaths in New Jersey
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Detroit
Richard Whalley Anthony Curtis (born 8 November 1956) is a New Zealand screenwriter and movie producer and director. He was born in Wellington. He lives in England. He gained a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Language and Literature from Christ Church, Oxford.

References

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1956 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
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Writers from Wellington
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Separation anxiety disorder is a psychological problem. It makes a person have very intense anxiety when they are away from other people or their homes, school or friends to whom the person carries a strong emotional connection. There is too much fear or worry which is not normal of the true mental age and level. This condition may sometimes create physical troubles. Those under 18 are at highest risk for the problem.

Anxiety disorders
Deborah Iona Raffin (March 13, 1953 – November 21, 2012) was an American actress, director, screenwriter, and audio book publisher. She was known for her role in Touched by Love (1981).

Early life
Raffin was born on March 13, 1953 in Los Angeles, California to executive Phillip J. Raffin and to actress Trudy Marshall, both from Brooklyn, New York. She was raised in Los Angeles, California. Raffin was Jewish.

Career
In 1985 she starred as Kathryn Davis in Death Wish 3. In 1988, she starred in James Clavell's Noble House with Pierce Brosnan. In 1991, she appeared as Julie Vale in Scanners II: The New Order. She later appeared as Aunt Julie on the television show 7th Heaven, and as Dr. Hightower in the ABC Family teenager series, The Secret Life of the American Teenager.

Awards
She was nominated for both a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama and a Razzie Award for Worst Actress for her performance in Touched by Love in 1981.
Personal life
Raffin was married to Michael Vinner from 1975 until they divorced in 2005. They had a daughter, Taylor Rose Vinner. In 2011, Raffin was diagnosed with leukemia (blood cancer).

Death
A year later, on November 21, 2012 Raffin died at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from the disease, aged 59. She was survived by her daughter Taylor Rose.

Movies
40 Carats (1973) as Trina Stanley 
The Dove (1974) as Patti Ratteree
Once Is Not Enough (1975) as January Wayne 
God Told Me To (1976) as Casey Forster
The Sentinel (1977) as Jennifer
Touched by Love (1980) as Lena Canada 
Dance of the Dwarfs (1983) as Dr. Evelyn Howard 
Claudia (1985) as Claudia
Lace II (1985) (miniseries) as Judy Hale
Death Wish 3 (1985) as Kathryn Davis
Grizzly II: The Concert (1987) as Samantha Owens
Morning Glory (movie) (1993) as Elly Dinsmore (also co-writer of screenplay)

References

Other websites
Other websites

1953 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American screenwriters
American publishers
Actors from Los Angeles
Movie directors from California
Writers from Los Angeles
William Horatio Powell (July 29, 1892 – March 5, 1984) was an American actor. He was known for his role in Thin Man (1934). He was nominated an Academy Award for Best Actor three times for his roles in The Thin Man (1934), My Man Godfrey (1936), and Life with Father (1947).

Early life 
Powell was born on July 29, 1892 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was raised in Kansas City, Missouri. Powell studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.

Personal life 
He was married to Eileen Wilson from 1915 until they divorced in 1930. Then he was married to Carole Lombard from 1931 until they divorced in 1933. Then he was married to Diana Lewis from 1940 until his death in 1984. He had a son with Wilson, William David (who committed suicide in 1968).  

Powell died on March 5, 1984 in his home in Palm Springs, California from heart failure, at the age of 91. He was buried at Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City, California.

References

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Other websites

 William Powell 
 
 
 
 Photographs of William Powell
 FBI file on William Powell

1892 births
1984 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American silent movie actors
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Mitchell Hooks (1923 – March 17, 2013) was an American artist and illustrator renowned for his artwork for paperback books and magazines. He was known for illustrating movie posters for Dr. No, The Sand Pebbles, and for El Dorado. 

Hooks was born in 1923 in Detroit, Michigan. He died on March 17, 2013 his home Los Angeles, California from natural causes, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 MItchell Hooks paperback covers
. Reprinted with permission. Part 2, Part 3, Part 4

1923 births
2013 deaths
American painters
People from Detroit
American illustrators
Virgil Oliver "Fire" Trucks (April 26, 1917 – March 23, 2013) was an American baseball player who was a starting pitcher in Major League Baseball.

From 1941 through 1958, Trucks played for the Detroit Tigers (1941–1943, 1945–1952, 1956), St. Louis Browns (1953), Chicago White Sox (1953–1955), Kansas City Athletics (1958) and New York Yankees (1958). He batted and threw right-handed. 

Trucks was born on April 26, 1917 in Birmingham, Alabama. He was married to Elizabeth Ann Newman until his death in 2013. Trucks died in his home in Calera, Alabama from natural causes, aged 95.

References

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Baseball Library 
Baseball Reference

1917 births
2013 deaths
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Birmingham, Alabama
Chicago White Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
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Kansas City Athletics players
St. Louis Browns
Rajpath (, meaning "King's Way") is the national boulevard of India. It is in New Delhi, the capital of India. The boulevard starts at the home of the President of India and ends at the National Stadium.

References

Other websites 

Image of Rashtrapati Bhavan and the Secretariat buildings lit up for the Beating the Retreat at Vijay Chowk

Roads in India
New Delhi
National squares
Town squares in Asia
The City of David (, Ir David), called in , Wadi Hilweh, is an archaeological site in Jerusalem. It is next to the south-eastern corner of the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem. The site is attributed to the palace of king David, and includes a water tunnel that was built by the king Hezekiah.

Near the site live Jewish and Arabs.

Other websites 

 City of David
 From Shiloah to Silwan project 
 City of David, Biblical Archaeology Review

Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
Archaeological sites in Israel
The Boeing Model 307 Stratoliner was an airliner which was made by Boeing. It was the first airliner to have a pressurized cabin. This meant that the Boeing 307 could fly at 20,000 ft (6,000 m), which is above most weather. If the plane was at 14,700 ft (4,480 m), it would be like 8,000 ft (2,440 m) inside the cabin. The Model 307 carried five crew and 33 passengers. The cabin was nearly 12 ft (3.6 m) across. It was the first plane which took off from land to have a flight engineer.

Development and design
In 1935 Boeing designed an airliner with four engines. It was based on the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress. This airliner was called the Model 307. It had the same wings, tail, rudder, landing gear and engines as the B-17C. However, the middle of the plane was a circle. Its diameter was . It was designed so that the plane could be pressurized.
The first order was made in 1937 by Pan American Airways. Pan Am then ordered more. Transcontinental & Western Air (TWA) ordered five. Boeing then started making the plane.

C-75
When the U.S. joined World War II in December 1941, it was thought to be a luxury to fly. The war meant that government and military officers needed to fly long distances. Planes like Pan Am's 14 flying boats and TWA's five Boeing 307s were used for this. More fuel tanks were added to allow it to fly further. Military Boeing 307s were called C-75s. Before World War II stopped them being made, 10 307s had been made for airlines. TWA flew between New York and Los Angeles for 18 months until the Army bought their planes. TWA changed their 307s to C-75s in January 1942. These were the only American planes which could cross the Atlantic with cargo until the Douglas C-54 Skymaster was made in November 1942.