Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
"Silent Night" () is a very popular Christmas carol and song. It was first performed in 1818, by Franz Xaver Gruber and Joseph Mohr. Gruber was an organist and headmaster of a primary school. Mohr was a priest. Mohr had written the poem in 1816; Gruber wrote the melody for it before Christmas 1818. Little else is known on how the song came to be.

One of the theses is that at the time it was not possible to play the organ in the church. For this reason Gruber and Mohr created a song that could be accompanied by a guitar. There are many other stories about how the song came to be.

The audience liked the performance very much. Gruber sang, and Mohr played the guitar. It is because of an organ-maker called Mauracher that the song became known to a wider audience. Mauracher could capture the attention of the crowd at a performance in Leipzig in 1832. From there it spread, first to the German-speaking countries, then to the world. Today there are translations into more than 300 languages and dialects.
The song was first published on a leaflet in 1833, with other "authentic Tyrolean songs". Frederick William IV of Prussia wanted to know the authors of the song, and asked St. Peter's Archabbey, Salzburg, in 1854. The abbey found Gruber, who was still alive. In the meantime, the song had been attributed to Michael Haydn.

The author Hertha Pauli, who was born in Austria had to flee from the persecutions during the Second World War. In 1943, she found that many Americans thought that "Silent Night" was an American popular tune. She then wrote the children's book, "Silent Night. The Story of a Song", where she explained where the song was from.

References

Christmas carols
Mariah Carey songs
Sinéad O'Connor songs
Elvis Presley songs
Stevie Nicks songs
The Temptations songs
1810s songs
The Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) is the money used in Indonesia. Rupiah started to be used in 1946. 
The coins that are used now are 25 rupiah, 50 rupiah, 100 rupiah, 200 rupiah, 500 rupiah and 1000 rupiah.
The banknotes that are used are 1000 rupiah, 2000 rupiah, 5000 rupiah, 10 000 rupiah, 20 000 rupiah, 50 000 rupiah and 100 000 rupiah.

Currency of Asia
20th-century establishments in Indonesia
1946 establishments in Asia
Horseshoes is a game played outside. This game is played using four horseshoes and two stakes.

References
 

Games
Hans Spemann (27 June 1869 – 9 September 1941) was a German doctor. He won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for his discovery of the 'organizer effect' in embryonic development

References 

1869 births
1941 deaths
German doctors
German Nobel Prize winners
Sir Henry Hallett Dale, OM, GBE, PRS, (9 June 1875 - 23 July 1968) was an English pharmacologist. He won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Otto Loewi, for their discoveries about the chemical transmission of nerve impulses.

References

1875 births
1968 deaths
British pharmacologists
Order of Merit
Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Society
British Nobel Prize winners
Paul Abraham Dukas (October 1, 1865 – May 17, 1935) was a French composer and teacher of classical music.

Early life
Paul Dukas was born in Paris to a Jewish father and Catholic mother. He was taught music by Théodore Dubois and Ernest Guiraud at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he became friends with the composer Claude Debussy. He then worked as a music critic and orchestrator.

Early works
Although Dukas wrote a lot of music, he destroyed many of his pieces because he was unhappy with them. Only a few are left. His first important surviving work is the Symphony in C (1896). This is in the style of Beethoven and César Franck. Like Franck's only symphony, Dukas' is in three movements not the usual four: Allegro non troppo, ma con fuoco; Andante espressive e fuoco; Allegro spiritoso.
In 1897 Dukas wrote another work for orchestra, L'apprenti sorcier (English: The Sorcerer's Apprentice) based on Goethe's poem "Der Zauberlehrling". A short version of The Sorcerer's Apprentice was used in the Walt Disney film Fantasia. Dukas's use of rhythm and his skill in writing for orchestras can be seen in both the Symphony in C and The Sorcerer's Apprentice.

Piano works
For the piano, Dukas wrote two complex and difficult works, a Sonata in E-flat minor (1901) and Variations, interlude and finale on a theme of Rameau (1902), again in the style of Beethoven and Franck. The Sonata has not been performed very often, but lately pianists, such as Marc-André Hamelin, have started to add it to their concerts. There are also two smaller works for piano solo.
Opera
The opera Ariane et Barbe-Bleue ("Ariadne and Bluebeard"), which he wrote between 1899 and 1907, has often been compared to Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande. This is because it is similar in its musical style, and both operas are based on words by Maurice Maeterlinck. Dukas's last big work was the grand oriental ballet La Péri (1912). This is about a man who goes to the Ends of the Earth to find immortality, and finds a mythical Peri, holding The Flower of Immortality.

Because the opening of the ballet is very quiet, Dukas later added a short 'Fanfare pour preceder La Peri' which gave the usually noisy audiences time to settle in their seats before the main opera began.

Teacher
In later life, Dukas became well known as a music teacher, with many famous students including Joaquín Rodrigo, Manuel Ponce, Maurice Duruflé, Xian Xinghai, Olivier Messiaen, Jehan Alain, Carlos Chávez, and David Van Vactor. After Dukas died he was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris.

Music
Music

Piano
 Piano Sonata (1900)
 Variations, interlude et finale sur un thème de Rameau (1902)
 Prélude élégiaque sur le nom de Haydn (1906)
 La Plainte, au loin, du Faune (1920)

Orchestra
 Symphony in C Major (1896)
 The Sorcorer's Apprentice, a symphonic scherzo (1897)
 Villanelle for Horn & Orchestra (1906)
 Ariane et Barbe-bleue (1907)
 La Peri (1912)
 Sonnet de Ronsard, for Voice & Piano (1924)

References

1865 births
1935 deaths
20th-century French composers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
19th-century French composers
An extinction event is a relatively fast drop in the number of species living on Earth. It occurs when the rate of extinction increases more than the rate of speciation. This is a list of the largest. Major extinction events are important to both geology and evolution.

The Phanerozoic 

There are five major extinction events in the Phanerozoic eon, and many smaller events. In order of time, latest first:

1. K/T extinction event. The Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction event ended the Mesozoic era and started the Cainozoic era.

2. End–Triassic extinction event or events.

3. P/Tr extinction event. The Permian/Triassic extinction event ended the Palaeozoic era and started the Mesozoic era.

4. Late Devonian extinctions, at the Frasnian/Famennian junction.

5. End–Ordovician extinction event. After a series of lesser events, the end-Ordovician extinction resulted in an estimated 84% species loss.
Other extinction events in the Phanerozoic had significant impact on the evolution of the biota. Overall, it seems that climate changes caused some extinctions, and hits by asteroids sometimes caused extinctions. 

Before the Phanerozoic eon, there were even larger extinction events, which are often forgotten:

The formation of the moon by a planet-sized body striking the Earth would probably have eliminated any early forms of life.
Pre-Palaeozoic ice ages would have been extinction events. They were:
The Huronian 2.5 to 2.2 billion years ago.
The Cryogenian which lasted for the whole of the second period of the Neoproterozoic.

References 

Science-related lists
Blaise Compaoré (born February 3, 1951) is a former President of Burkina Faso. He served from 1987 until his resignation in 2014. He started a political party called the Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP). This is the ruling party of Burkina Faso. Compaoré became president in 1987 after a military coup and the assassination of Thomas Sankara, who was president then.

His attempt to change the constitution to extend his 27-year term caused the 2014 Burkinabé uprising. The uprising began due to attempts at changing the constitution to allow him to run again and extend his rule. He resigned on 31 October 2014 after ruling for 27 years.

In August 2021, the prosecutor of the High Court of Justice announced that the trial of members of the government suspected of having played a role in the suppression of the insurgency of 2014 will begin. Blaise Compaoré could again be summoned to answer the judges' questions.

References

People from Ouagadougou
Presidents of Burkina Faso
1951 births
Living people
The Mossi are an ethnic group of people who live mostly in Burkina Faso in Africa, and also in Ivory Coast and Ghana. They make up 40% of all the people in Burkina Faso. They speak a language called Mòoré or More.

History
The Mossi believe that they came from the marriage of a Dagomba princess called Yennenga (or Nyennega) and a Mandé hunter called Rialé. Yennenga was a warrior princess, daughter of a Dagomba king in Ghana. One day she lost her way and was rescued by Rialé. They got married and had a son called Ouedraogo. Ouedraogo is known as the father of the Mossi people.

References

Burkina Faso
Ethnic groups in Africa
Cassiopeia is a constellation in the northern sky. It was named after a queen in Greek mythology called Cassiopeia. It looks like a letter W or M, with five bright stars that make the W or the M shape. It has two very bright stars called ρ Cas and V509 Cas.

In 1572, a supernova called Tycho's Star, or SN 1572, was seen in Cassiopeia by many people. The best time to look for Cassiopeia is in late fall (September and early November.)

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Vikash Dhorasoo (born 10 October 1973) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="5"|Le Havre||rowspan="5"|Division 1||8||0
|-
|1994/95||30||2
|-
|1995/96||30||0
|-
|1996/97||36||0
|-
|1997/98||34||2
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||34||2
|-
|1999/00||32||0
|-
|2000/01||27||3
|-
|2001/02||Girondins Bordeaux||Division 1||28||1
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||37||2
|-
|2003/04||31||4

|-
|2004/05||Milan||Serie A||12||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Paris Saint-Germain||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||34||0
|-
|2006/07||3||0

|-
|2007/08||Livorno||Serie A||0||0
364||16
12||0
376||16
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||2||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||11||1
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
!Total||18||1
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Normandy
People from Seine-Maritime
Park Kun-Ha (born 25 July 1971) is a former South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an football player. He was a member of Korean national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="5"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="5"|K-League||34||14
|-
|1997||19||2
|-
|1998||22||2
|-
|1999||39||12
|-
|2000||19||6

|-
|2000||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||5||1

|-
|2001||rowspan="6"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="6"|K-League||30||4
|-
|2002||26||2
|-
|2003||31||0
|-
|2004||31||1
|-
|2005||26||1
|-
|2006||15||0
292||44
5||1
297||45
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1996||2||0
|-
|1997||15||5
|-
|1998||3||0
|-
!Total||20||5
|}

References

1971 births
Living people
South Korean footballers
South Korean football managers
Willy Sagnol (born 18 March 1977) is a former French football player and current manager. He has played for France national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Saint-Étienne||Division 1||10||0||||||||||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|1996/97||Division 2||36||1||||||||||colspan="2"|-||36||1
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Monaco||rowspan="3"|Division 1||25||0||||||||||8||0||33||0
|-
|1998/99||20||0||||||||||4||0||24||0
|-
|1999/00||26||0||||||||||6||0||32||0

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="9"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="9"|Bundesliga||27||0||1||0||1||0||14||0||43||0
|-
|2001/02||28||1||1||0||0||0||12||0||41||1
|-
|2002/03||23||2||5||1||1||0||4||0||33||3
|-
|2003/04||21||1||3||0||0||0||6||0||30||1
|-
|2004/05||22||1||4||0||0||0||7||0||33||1
|-
|2005/06||31||1||5||0||1||0||7||0||44||1
|-
|2006/07||23||1||3||0||2||0||9||0||37||1
|-
|2007/08||9||0||3||0||0||0||5||0||17||0
|-
|2008/09||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
117||1||||||||||18||0||135||1
184||7||25||1||5||0||64||0||278||8
301||8||25||1||5||0||82||0||413||9
|}
International career statistics

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
|2005||7||0
|-
|2006||17||0
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
|2008||5||0
|-
!Total||58||0
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
French football managers
People from Saint-Étienne
Ediacara can refer to several things:
 The Ediacara Hills are a small outlier of the Flinders Ranges in South Australia.
 The Ediacaran geological time period, named after the range.
 The Ediacaran biota, the oldest known complex multicellular life.
 The discoidal Ediacaran fossil genus Ediacaria.
A Jathera is a shrine constructed to commemorate common clan ancestors. Each village in the Punjab has a Jathera which can be visited by members of different surnames. Many villages have a Jathera for each clan/surname.

When members of a clan form a new village, they continue to visit the Jathera in the ancestral village. If this is not possible, a link is brought from the old Jathera to construct a new Jathera in the new village.

People visit the Jathera when getting married, on the 15th day of the Indian month, and sometimes on the first Sunday of an Indian month.

Religious buildings
Punjab, India
The Ediacaran period (about 635–541 million years BC), is named after the Ediacara Hills of South Australia. It is the last geological period of the Proterozoic eon. The Edicaran is followed by the Cambrian, the first period of the Palaeozoic. 

The period is famous for the first larger-bodied fossils, which are probably the first recorded metazoans. These were impressions or trace fossils, first found in England's Charnwood Forest, Leicestershire. Geologists did not know what they had found. It was over 60 years later before fossils from the same period were found in South Australia.

The status of the Ediacaran as an official geological period was confirmed in 2004 by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). This made it the first new geological period declared in 120 years.

The Vendian 
The Ediacaran period was previously called the Vendian period. The Vendian period was proposed in 1952 by Russian geologist/paleontologist Boris Sokolov. The term Vendian is still widely used.
The two terms are not the same. The Vendian was a longer period: it included the whole of the Marinoan glaciation, of Snowball Earth fame. In other words, the Vendian included the last part of the Cryogenian period.

Borders of the Ediacaran 

The Ediacaran lasted for about 90 million years. It began at the end of the Cryogenian Snowball Earth. It ended with the first appearance worldwide of some kinds of trace fossils (Treptichnus pedum) at the base of the Cambrian. The Ediacaran period's start is defined at the base of a carbonate layer, referred to as a "cap carbonate". This caps glacial deposits and shows a sudden climatic change at the end of the Marinoan ice age. The period ended with the mass extinction of almost all the Ediacaran fauna.

No exact dating has been possible at the type section of the Ediacaran period in South Australia.

Ediacaran biota
Ediacaran biota 

The Ediacaran biota include the oldest definite multicellular organisms. The fossils are traces or impressions of soft-bodies forms with segments, fronds, disks, or bags. Skeletons or shells are not found.

References
The Ediacaran biota are the fauna of the Ediacaran period. This geological period was from 635–542 million years ago, but the fossil biota was only from  575–542 million years ago. This was after a series of ice ages and just before the Cambrian period. The biota consists of soft-bodied multicellular organisms, probably animals, which left trace fossils in rocks of Ediacaran age.

The biota is quite unusual, and there is no sign of it in the earlier Marinoan glaciation. The biota appears to suffer a fairly severe extinction event at the boundary with the Cambrian. Some of the biota may have survived into the early Cambrian.

Interpretation 
There have been several different interpretations of the biota. The standard view is that the traces are fossils of well-known phyla (Cnidaria, annelids, early arthropods) with body plans that disappeared before the Cambrian.p27
Quite different ideas have been put forward. Seilacher thought few if any of the forms belonged to living phyla. Conway Morris opposed this idea. Rentallak suggested the biota might be lichens.

As Narbonne explains, the Ediacaran biota occupies a critical position in the fossil record. Before them, for a long period of the Archaean and most of the Protoerozoic, the only fossils were those of bacteria and bacterial mats, a form of life which continues to the present day. The Ediacaran biota is found worldwide, and the most typical forms disappeared just before the Cambrian radiation, which begins with the 'small shelly fossils'. That is probably enough to justify the description of the change as an extinction event, though what caused it is not clear. One suggestion is that the evolution of animals which grazed upon the soft-bodied forms would have been sufficient to cause a collapse of the biota.
The biota was extremely varied, having many different body forms, and hence species. The ecology was benthic (sea bottom), in both shallow and deeper water. Narbonne notes the absence of different life and different depths, the apparent absence of burrowing organisms, and the absence of animals capable of preying on the soft-bodied forms. If these conditions changed, the soft forms would be in peril.p6
Assemblages 
Ediacaran-type fossils are recognised globally in 25 localities, and a variety of depositional conditions, and are commonly grouped into three main types, named after typical localities. Each assemblage occupies its own habitat, and after a burst of diversification changes little for the rest of its existence.
 The Avalon-type assemblage is defined at Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve in Newfoundland, Canada, the oldest locality with a large quantity of Ediacaran fossils.
 Ediacara-type assemblage: the Ediacara-type assemblage consists of fossils preserved in areas near the mouths of rivers (prodeltaic). They are found in interbedded sandy and silty layers formed below the normal base of wave-related water motion, in waters shallow enough to be affected by wave motion during storms. Most fossils are preserved as imprints in microbial mats, but a few are preserved within sandy units.
Nama-type assemblage: the Nama assemblage is best represented in Namibia. Three-dimensional preservation is most common, with organisms preserved in sandy beds containing internal bedding.
Significance of assemblages 
In the White Sea region of Russia, all three assemblage types have been found close together. This, and the faunas' overlap in time, makes it unlikely that they represent evolutionary stages. Since they are found on all continents except Antarctica, geographical boundaries do not appear to be a factor. The same fossils are found at all palæolatitudes.

Probably the three assemblages mark organisms adapted to survival in different environments. An analysis of one of the White Sea fossil beds, where the layers cycle from continental seabed to inter-tidal to estuarine and back again a few times, found that a specific set of Ediacaran organisms was associated with each environment.
It is no surprise that not all environments are exploited. Of 92 possible modes of life — combinations of feeding style, tiering and motility — no more than a dozen are occupied by the end of the Ediacaran. Just four are represented in the Avalon assemblage. The lack of large-scale predation and vertical burrowing are perhaps the most significant factors limiting the ecological diversity; the emergence of these during the early Cambrian allowed the number of lifestyles occupied to rise to 30.

Related pages 
Lagerstätte
Fezouata formation
Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve

References 

Invertebrates
Lagerstätten
Ediacaran
Antonio de Trueba (24 December 1821-10 March 1889) was a Spanish poet, novelist, and folklorist born at Montellana, Biscay, in 1821 (some sources say 1819), where he was privately educated.

Other websites 

1821 births
1889 deaths
Spanish writers
An arrangement of a musical composition is a reworking of a piece of music so that it can be played by a different instrument or combination of instruments from the original.  For example, a song written for one voice with piano accompaniment might be arranged so that it can be sung in parts by a choir, or a piece for violin might be arranged so that it can be played on a clarinet instead.  The person who does the arrangement may be the composer themself, or it may be someone else.
In music history, composers often published their compositions, saying that the music could be played or sung by various instruments.  For example, when English composers published madrigals in the late 16th century they often stated that they could be sung by singers or played on viols (“apt for voices as for viols”).  In the Classical music period a composer might publish a sonata, stating that it could be played on the violin or flute or recorder.  This helped to sell more copies, because violinists, flautists and recorder players might all want to buy the music.  In a sense this is not really an arrangement, because no changes have been made to the music.

However, when violin or cello music is arranged so that it can be played on a viola, some changes may be necessary as the viola may be playing in a different key, or some chords may be more awkward the way they were originally written.  This is an arrangement.
A popular piece such as The Flight of the Bumble Bee by Rimsky-Korsakov can be played by almost any melodic instrument: violin, xylophone, tuba etc.  These are all arrangements.

When a piece for choir and orchestra is printed for choir members to use, the orchestral part is printed on two staves so that it can be played on a piano for rehearsals.  This is another kind of arrangement.

In music history, many composers have made arrangements of music composed by others.  They did this in order to learn about musical composition, as well as in order to be able to play it on another instrument.  For example, Johann Sebastian Bach made arrangements of four concertos by Vivaldi so that they could be played on the organ.

Arrangements are often made by people who play instruments that have not had much music written for them.  People who play the viola, guitar, tuba etc. often arrange other music so that they have a larger repertoire (more music to play).
Sometimes composers have made changes to the orchestration of works for orchestra written by others.  They may have done this because instruments had changed since the music was written, or simply because they thought they could do it better.  For example, Mozart made an arrangement of Handels  Messiah , adding instruments such as clarinets which Handel would not have known.  Rimsky-Korsakov made arrangements of the operas by Musorgsky thinking that he was improving them.

Arrangements are sometimes made because a player has some disability.  Cyril Smith, a pianist who only had one arm, played piano duets with his wife Phyllis Sellick.  They arranged piano duets so that they could be played by three hands.
Sometimes arrangements are made of well-known classical pieces in which the music is “jazzed up” or made to sound more popular for movie or theatre performances.  Sometimes  musicians think this is not a good thing.  Sometimes small vocal groups such as the Swingle Singers make lighthearted versions of works by Bach and others.

References
New Groves Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; London 1980; 

Musical terminology
Fernando Botero Angulo (19 April 1932 – 15 September 2023) was a Colombian painter and sculptor. Botero was one of the best-known artists of Latin America. Starting in 1976, he did figure-sculpting. His figures are special because they are all thick, which makes them look different from others. Botero was born in Medellín, Colombia.

Death
Botero died from problems caused by pneumonia on 15 September 2023, at the age of 91 in Monte Carlo, Monaco.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Botero's Cats
 Gallery of Botero's Artwork—
 Places to Go in Bogotá: Botero Museum Bogotá—Video and information
 Contini Art UK
 

1932 births
2023 deaths
Writers from Medellín
Painters from South America
Sculptors
Colombian artists
Deaths from pneumonia
In group theory, an abelian group is a group with operation that is commutative. Because of that, an abelian group is sometimes called a ‘commutative group’.

A group in which the group operation is not commutative is called a ‘non-abelian group’ or ‘non-commutative group’.

Definition 

An abelian group is a set, A, together with an operation "•". It combines any two elements a and b to form another element denoted . For the group to be abelian, the operation and the elements  must follow some requirements. These are known as the abelian group axioms:

Closure For all a, b in A, the result of the operation a • b is also in A.
Associativity For all a, b and c in A, the equation (a • b) • c = a • (b • c) is true.
Identity element There exists an element e in A, such that for all elements a in A, the equation  holds.
Inverse element For each a in A, there exists an element b in A such that a • b = b • a = e, where e is the identity element.
Commutativity For all a, b in A, a • b = b • a.
Examples 
One example of an abelian group is the set of the integers with the operation of addition. We often write this as , where  means the set of all integers. This is an abelian group because  is a group, and also for any integers  and , the equation  is true. For example, , because both sides are equal to .

Group theory
A Homing pigeon is a special breed of pigeons. These pigeons have been domesticated. They have been selectively bred to find their way home. They can do this over very long distances. The wild rock pigeon from which these birds are bred also has this homing ability. This means  that it will generally return to its own nest and its own mate. This made it relatively easy to breed from the birds that repeatedly found their way home over long distances. Flights as long as 1800 kilometers have been recorded by birds in competition pigeon racing. Speeds of up to 95 km/h (59 mph) have been observed.
Homing pigeons are called carrier pigeons when they are used to carry messages. This is possible where a message is written on thin light paper (such as cigarette paper) and rolled into a small tube attached to the bird's leg; this is called pigeon post. Pigeons can only go back to one "mentally marked" point that they have identified as their home. So "pigeon mail" can only work when the sender is actually holding the receiver's pigeons. White homing pigeons are used in Release Dove ceremonies at weddings, funerals, and some sporting events.

References

Domesticated animals
Roberto de Assis Moreira (born 10 January 1971) is a former Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||29||8||2||1||2||0||33||9
29||8||2||1||2||0||33||9
29||8||2||1||2||0||33||9
|}

1971 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Porto Alegre
Rafael Scheidt (born 10 February 1976) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||7||0
|-
|1996||0||0

|-
|1997||Kawasaki Frontale||Football League||26||5

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||23||2
|-
|1999||16||1

|-
|1999/00||Celtic||Premier League||3||0

|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="3"|Série A||11||0
|-
|2001||14||0
|-
|2002||10||1
|-
|2003||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||35||2
|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Botafogo||rowspan="3"|Série A||22||1
|-
|2005||36||0
|-
|2006||15||0

|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Shaanxi Chanba||rowspan="2"|Super League||15||0
|-
|2008||23||2
189||7
26||5
3||0
38||2
156||14
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||3||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References

1976 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Porto Alegre
Alex Sandro Santana de Oliveira (born 30 October 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Bahia.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 1||9||2||0||0||4||1||13||3
9||2||0||0||4||1||13||3
9||2||0||0||4||1||13||3

1973 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Salvador, Bahia
2022 FIFA World Cup players
David Soria Yoshinari (born 18 September 1977) is a Peruvian football player. He has played for Peru national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|Football League||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1997||6||0||2||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Deportivo AELU||||||||||||||||||
|-
|1999||||||||||||||||||
|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Sporting Cristal||rowspan="4"|Primera División||34||6||||||||||34||6
|-
|2001||35||6||||||||||35||6
|-
|2002||31||2||||||||||31||2
|-
|2003||20||5||||||||||20||5
|-
|2004||Coronel Bolognesi||Primera División||39||8||||||||||39||8
|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Sporting Cristal||rowspan="3"|Primera División||35||4||||||||||35||4
|-
|2006||36||1||||||||||36||1
|-
|2007||19||0||||||||||19||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Universidad César Vallejo||rowspan="2"|Primera División||39||5||||||||||39||5
|-
|2009||24||0||||||||||24||0
|-
|2010||José Gálvez FBC||Primera División||||||||||||||||
8||0||2||0||0||0||10||0
312||37||||||||||312||37
320||37||2||0||0||0||322||37
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||5||0
|-
!Total||5||0
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Lima
Mikaël Silvestre (born 9 August 1977) is a French football player. He plays for Arsenal.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Stade Rennais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||1||0||||||||||||||1||0
|-
|1996/97||16||0||||||||||||||16||0
|-
|1997/98||31||0||||||||||||||31||0

|-
|1998/99||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||18||1||||||||||||||18||1
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="9"|Manchester United||rowspan="9"|Premier League||31||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0||4||0||35||0
|-
|2000/01||30||1||2||0||0||0||14||0||46||1
|-
|2001/02||35||0||2||0||0||0||13||1||50||1
|-
|2002/03||34||1||2||0||5||0||13||0||54||1
|-
|2003/04||34||0||5||1||0||0||6||1||45||2
|-
|2004/05||35||2||4||0||2||0||8||0||49||2
|-
|2005/06||33||1||4||0||5||0||6||0||48||1
|-
|2006/07||14||1||2||0||2||0||3||0||21||1
|-
|2007/08||3||0||0||0||0||0||2||0||5||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Arsenal||rowspan="2"|Premier League||14||2||2||0||1||0||6||0||23||2
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
48||0||||||||||||||48||0
18||1||||||||||||||18||1
263||8||23||1||15||0||75||2||376||11
329||9||23||1||15||0||75||2||442||12
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||9||1
|-
|2002||7||1
|-
|2003||10||0
|-
|2004||10||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
!Total||40||2
|}

References 

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Centre-Val de Loire
People from Indre-et-Loire
Eric Sylvain Abidal (; born 11 September 1979) is a French former professional footballer who played as a left-back or centre-back.

Career statistics

Club

International

References

1979 births
Living people
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Footballers from Lyon
Association football forwards
Association football full-backs
Converts to Islam
Organ transplant recipients
UEFA Euro 2008 players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
Pavel Badea (born 10 June 1967) is a former Romanian football player. He has played for Romania national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1983/84||rowspan="9"|Universitatea Craiova||rowspan="9"|Divizia A||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|1984/85||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1985/86||24||1||||||||||24||1
|-
|1986/87||23||4||||||||||23||4
|-
|1987/88||34||9||||||||||34||9
|-
|1988/89||29||4||||||||||29||4
|-
|1989/90||31||8||||||||||31||8
|-
|1990/91||31||10||||||||||31||10
|-
|1991/92||29||7||||||||||29||7

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Lausanne Sports||rowspan="3"|Nationalliga A||35||4||||||||||35||4
|-
|1993/94||30||1||||||||||30||1
|-
|1994/95||35||7||||||||||35||7

|-
|1995/96||Universitatea Craiova||Divizia A||19||4||||||||||19||4

|-
|1996||rowspan="3"|Suwon Samsung Bluewings||rowspan="3"|K-League||||||||||||||||
|-
|1997||||||||||||||||
|-
|1998||||||||||||||||
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||8||0||1||1||0||0||9||1
|-
|1999||12||4||0||0||2||0||14||4
|-
|1999||Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||10||0||4||0||5||0||19||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||24||2||2||0||2||2||28||4
|-
|2001||28||4||1||1||2||0||31||5

|-
|2001/02||Extensiv Craiova||Divizia B||13||6||||||||||13||6
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Universitatea Craiova||rowspan="2"|Divizia A||26||4||||||||||26||4
|-
|2003/04||11||1||||||||||11||1
271||58||||||||||271||58
100||12||||||||||100||12
||||||||||||||
82||10||8||2||11||2||101||14
453||80||8||2||11||2||472||84
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1990||3||1
|-
|1991||4||0
|-
|1992||2||1
|-
!Total||9||2
|}

References

1967 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Romanian football managers
Julio Hernán Rossi (born 22 February 1977) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Neuchâtel Xamax.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|River Plate||rowspan="2"|Primera División||8||1
|-
|1996/97||0||0

|-
|1997||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||11||0

|-
|1997/98||River Plate||Primera División||3||0

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="4"|Lugano||rowspan="4"|Nationalliga A||22||15
|-
|1999/00||29||12
|-
|2000/01||24||11
|-
|2001/02||33||21
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Basel||Nationalliga A||32||19
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Super League||31||8
|-
|2004/05||31||6
|-
|2005/06||18||3

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Nantes Atlantique||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||12||1
|-
|2006/07||24||3

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Neuchâtel Xamax||rowspan="3"|Super League||||
|-
|2008/09||||
|-
|2009/10||||
11||1
11||0
220||95
36||4
278||100
|}

References 

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Regis Fernandes Silva (born 22 September 1976), also known by the nickname Regis or Regis Pitbull, is a Brazilian professional athlete.  He is best known as a football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||21||4||0||0||4||3||25||7
21||4||0||0||4||3||25||7
21||4||0||0||4||3||25||7
|}

References

Other websites 
 Sambafoot.com,  Regis Pitbull
 K-League, http://kleague.com/matchcenter/record_player.aspx?team_id=K10&player_id=2006139

1976 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Otto Loewi (June 3, 1873 - December 25, 1961) was a German doctor. He won the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Henry Hallett Dale, for their discoveries about chemical transmission of nerve impulses 

In his most famous experiment, Loewi took fluid from a frog heart with a slowed beat and applied it to another. That slowed the second heart. This showed that synaptic signalling used chemical messengers.

It is now known that there are two different kinds of nerve synapses. One kind releases chemicals, and is a neurotransmitter synapse. The other is an electrical synapse which transmits voltage charges over gap junctions between nerve cells.

References

1873 births
1961 deaths
Austrian scientists
German doctors
German neuroscientists
Heinrich Lübke (October 14, 1894 – April 6, 1972) was the second President of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was president from 1959 to 1969.

1894 births
1972 deaths
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Presidents of Germany
Elisha Levy (; born on 18 November 1957 in Jerusalem) is a former professional football player.

Player 
Levy played in Hapoel Hapoel Beit Sha'an youth team from 1968 to 1974.
After playing in Hapoel Beit Sha'an youth team, Elisha Levy was playing for Hapoel Beit Sha'an from 1974 to 1982. For 1 year, 1982-1983, Elisha Levy was played for Maccabi Haifa. In 1983-1987, Levy played in Maccabi Petah Tikva Elisha Levy was playing for Hapoel Beit Sha'an at 1987-1989.

Elisha Levy was retired from football after two years in Hapoel Beit Sha'an.

Manager
Levy managed teams for 20 years. Currently, Elisha Levy manages Maccabi Haifa.

1957 births
Living people
Israeli football managers
Israeli footballers
Jewish Israeli sportspeople
People from Jerusalem
The WWE Raw Guest Host was started on June 29, 2009 by WWE Chairman Vince McMahon, with the first host being injured WWE superstar Batista. The requirements for a guest host is a WWE Hall of Famer, a retired superstar, celebrity or injured wrestler. The guest host was responsible for the running of the show and had authority of a general manager for the evening. Below is the list of other WWE guest hosts.

Guest host history

References 

General
 

Guest hosts
Sports lists
Adaptation
Sometimes transcriptions are made for practical reasons. Mozart made transcriptions of some music from his own operas, arranging them for small groups of instruments so that they could play it for popular entertainment.  Stravinsky transcribed some of his ballet music for piano, e.g. The Rite of Spring for piano duet and some dances from Petrouchka for piano solo. These types of transcriptions are often referred to as a "reduction": the simplification of a large work to be performed by a smaller ensemble or a soloist.

Related pages
OrchestrationReferences

Musical notation
VY Canis Majoris (VY CMa) is a red hypergiant star in the constellation Canis Major.  It is about  distant from Earth. It is one of the biggest known stars in the universe, and one of the most luminous of its type. 

VY Canis Majoris is 1,420 times bigger than the Sun. If placed at the center of the Solar System (where the Sun is), VY Canis Majoris's surface would extend beyond Jupiter's orbit. However, there is some differences in the estimates of how big it is. Other estimates of the radius made it bigger than the orbit of Saturn or even as small as the asteroid belt, but these are highly unlikely.

VY CMa is a single star, a "semiregular" variable with a period of about 2,001 days. It has an average density of 5 to 10 mg/m3.

When it dies it is expected to explode to a Supernova and then turn into a Black hole.

Related pages 
VV Cephei
NML Cygni
Mu Cephei
List of largest stars

References 

Red giants
Variable stars
Hypergiants
Sydney can be any of the following:

Places
Sydney, New South Wales
City of Sydney, local government area of New South Wales
Electoral district of Sydney, electorate in state parliament of New South Wales
Division of Sydney, electorate in federal parliament of Australia
Sydney Cove
Sydney Heads
Sydney Island, Queensland, Australia
Sydney Parade Avenue, Ireland
Sydney, Nova Scotia

People
First name
Sydney Allard (1910-1966), British car company founder
Sydney Atkinson (1901-1977), South African athlete
Sydney Barnes (1873-1967), English cricketer
Sydney Brenner (born 1927), South African biologist
Sydney Camm, (1893-1966), English aeronautical engineer
Sydney Chaplin (1885-1965), English actor
Sydney Earle Chaplin (1926-2009), American actor
Sydney Dacres (1805-1884), English admiral
Sydney Fremantle (1867-1958), English admiral
Sydney Greenstreet (1879-1954), English actor
Sydney Grundy (1848-1914), English dramatist
Sydney Gun-Munro (1916-2007), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines politician
Sydney J. Harris (1917-1986), American journalist
Sydney Horler (1888-1954), British novelist
Sydney Jacobson (1908-1988), British journalist
Sydney Kentridge (born 1922), South African lawyer and judge
Sydney Lamb (born 1929), American linguist
Sydney Laurence (1865-1940), American painter
Sydney Mufamadi (born 1959), South African politician
Sydney Newman (1917-1997), Canadian film and television producer
Sydney Parkinson (1745-1771), Scottish illustrator
Sydney Penny (born 1971), American actress
Sydney Poitier (born 1973), American actress
Sydney Pollack (1934-2008), American film actor
Sydney Possuelo (born 1940), Brazilian explorer and ethnographer 
Sydney Ringer (1836-1910), British pharmacologist
Sydney Schanberg (born 1934), American journalist
Sydney Sekeramayi (born 1944), Zimbabwean politician
Sydney Shoemaker (born 1931), American philosopher
Sydney Skaife (1889-1976), South African entomologist 
Sydney Silverman (1895-1968), British politician
Sydney Smirke (1798-1877), English architect
Sydney Smith (1771-1845), English writer
Sydney Taylor (1904-1978), American author
Sydney J. Van Scyoc (born 1939), American science fiction writer
Surname
Algernon Sydney (1623-1683), English politician
Berenice Sydney (1944-1983), English artist 
Grahame Sydney (born 1948), New Zealand artist
Harry Sydney (born 1959), American football player 
Joan Sydney (born 1936), English actress
Robin Sydney (born 1984), American actress
Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney (1732-1800), British politician
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or Kungliga Vetenskapsakademin ("KVA") is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. The Academy is an independent, scientific, non-governmental organization, set up to support the sciences, mainly the natural sciences and mathematics.

The Academy was started on 2 June 1739 by naturalist Carl Linnaeus, economist Jonas Alströmer, mechanical engineer Mårten Triewald, civil servants Sten Carl Bielke and Carl Wilhelm Cederhielm, and politician Anders Johan von Höpken.

The academy was set up to find useful knowledge, and to write about it in Swedish. The academy was meant to be different from the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, which had been started in 1719 and published in Latin. It was built near the main business centre in Stockholm, (which unlike Uppsala did not have a university at this time). The Swedish scientists wanted it to be like the Royal Society in London and Academie Royale des Sciences in Paris, France.
Groups of the Academy meet to give out international prizes:
 Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry
 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (also known as the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics)
 Crafoord Prizes in astronomy and mathematics, geosciences, biosciences (with an emphasis on ecology), and polyarthritis (rheumatoid arthritis)
 Rolf Schock Prizes in logic and philosophy
 Gregori Aminoff Prize in crystallography
 Oskar Klein medal
and national prizes:
 Göran Gustafsson Prizes for research in the natural sciences and medicine
 Söderberg Prize in economics or jurisprudence
 Tage Erlander Prize in physics, chemistry, technology, and biology
 Ingvar Lindqvist Prizes for teachers in the fields of physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics.

References

Other websites 
 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

18th-century establishments in Sweden
1730s establishments in Europe
1739 establishments
Nobel Prize
Organizations based in Stockholm
Karolinska Institutet (in English Karolinska Institute), and before 1968, the Royal Caroline Institute is one of Europe's biggest medical universities.

It was started in 1810 on Kungsholmen island on the west side of Stockholm. It later moved to Solna, just outside Stockholm, and a second campus has been built in Flemingsberg/Huddinge, south of Stockholm.

A committee of the institute decides on the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

The Karolinska University Hospital, in Solna and Huddinge, is the university's research and teaching hospital. It is one of Sweden's largest centres for training and research, with 30 percent of the medical training and 40 percent of the medical academic research. While most of the medical programs are taught in Swedish, most of the Ph.D. programs are taught in English.
The institute is a member of the League of European Research Universities. In the 2009 Academic Ranking of World Universities, the institute is the best university for medicine and pharmacy  in Europe, 8th in the world. It is listed as the best university in Sweden.

History 
Karolinska Institutet was started between 1810 and 1811 to teach army surgeons. It was called the 'Medico-Chirurgiska Institutet'.

In 1817 the name 'Karolinska' was added as a reference to 'Karoliner' which was the name of soldiers under the Swedish king Karl XII. The full name became 'Kongl. Carolinska Medico Chirurgiska Institutet'.

In 1968 this name was changed to 'Karolinska Institutet'.

References

Other websites 
 Karolinska Institutet - Official site
 KI Community  - Interactive internal website for scientists at Karolinska Institutet

Colleges and universities in Sweden
Nobel Prize
Organizations based in Stockholm
Florent Malouda (born 13 June 1980) is a French football player. He plays for Chelsea and France national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Châteauroux||Division 2||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1997/98||Division 1||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Division 2||28||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||29||3
|-
|1999/00||28||2||3||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||4
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|En Avant Guingamp||rowspan="2"|Division 1||23||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||1
|-
|2001/02||32||4||2||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||5
|-
|2002/03||Ligue 1||37||10||2||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||39||12
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="4"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="4"|Ligue 1||35||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0||46||4
|-
|2004/05||37||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||3||47||8
|-
|2005/06||31||6||1||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0||41||6
|-
|2006/07||35||10||3||1||colspan="2"|-||7||2||45||13
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Chelsea||rowspan="3"|Premier League||21||2||2||0||3||0||11||1||37||3
|-
|2008/09||31||6||4||1||2||1||10||1||47||9
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
289||45||14||6||colspan="2"|-||36||5||339||56
52||8||6||1||5||1||21||2||84||12
341||53||20||7||5||1||57||7||423||68
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||8||1
|-
|2006||16||2
|-
|2007||9||0
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
|2009||6||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||50||3
|}

References 

1979 births
Living people
French footballers
People from French Guiana
Wim Jonk (born 12 October 1966) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="2"|Volendam||Eerste Divisie||36||23
|-
|1987/88||Eredivisie||23||5
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="5"|Ajax||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||17||6
|-
|1989/90||13||3
|-
|1990/91||17||1
|-
|1991/92||26||5
|-
|1992/93||23||3

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="2"|Serie A||25||6
|-
|1994/95||19||2

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||29||2
|-
|1996/97||32||9
|-
|1997/98||28||5

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="3"|Sheffield Wednesday||rowspan="2"|Premier League||38||2
|-
|1999/00||30||3
|-
|2000/01||First Division||2||0
244||62
44||8
70||5
358||75
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1992||6||1
|-
|1993||3||2
|-
|1994||15||4
|-
|1995||5||1
|-
|1996||4||2
|-
|1997||6||0
|-
|1998||9||1
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
!Total||49||11
|}

References

1966 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from North Holland
Ramon Menezes Hubner (born 30 June 1972) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1989||rowspan="4"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="4"|Série A||4||0
|-
|1990||19||4
|-
|1991||11||1
|-
|1992||8||1
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Bahia||rowspan="2"|Série A||10||1
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Vitória||rowspan="2"|Série A||18||7
|-
|1995||0||0

|-
|1995/96||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||15||1

|-
|1996||rowspan="4"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="4"|Série A||13||5
|-
|1997||30||7
|-
|1998||19||10
|-
|1999||18||4
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Atlético Mineiro||rowspan="2"|Série A||13||2
|-
|2001||25||6
|-
|2002||Vasco da Gama||Série A||17||15

|-
|2003||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 1||25||6

|-
|2004||Fluminense||Série A||25||11
|-
|2005||Botafogo||Série A||24||4
|-
|2006||Vasco da Gama||Série A||27||6
|-
|2007||Atlético Paranaense||Série A||12||2
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Vitória||rowspan="3"|Série A||30||7
|-
|2009||23||4
|-
|2010||||
346||97
15||1
25||6
386||104
|}
International career statistics

|-
|2001||5||1
|-
!Total||5||1
|}

References

1972 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers