Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The 2016-17 UEFA Champions League is the 62st season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA. It is the 25th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League.

The 2017 UEFA Champions League Final was  played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales. Real Madrid are the defending champions.

Qualifying

First round 

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Second round 

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Third round 

The losing teams in both the champions and league route go on to the 2016–17 UEFA Europa League play-off round.

Champions route:

The champions route is only for teams that won their country's league.

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League route:

The league route is only for teams who did not win their country's league.

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Play-off round 

The draw for the play-off round was held on 5 August 2016. The first legs will be played on 16 and 17 August, and the second legs will be played on 23 and 24 August 2016.

Champions route

The champions route is only for teams that won their country's league.

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League route
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League route

The league route is only for teams who did not win their country's league.

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Group stage 

The draw for the group stage will be held on 25 August 2016, at the Grimaldi Forum in Monaco.

These teams already qualified for the group stage (the clubs are listed by their UEFA ranking):

These teams qualified from the play-off round:

  Borussia Mönchengladbach
  Celtic
  Copenhagen
  Dinamo Zagreb
  Legia Warsaw
  Ludogorets Razgrad
  Manchester City
  Monaco
  Porto
  Rostov

Knockout stage 

The best two teams from each of the groups in the group stage will move on to the knockout stages. The draw for the round of 16 will be held on 12 December 2016.

Bracket

Final 

The final was played on 3 June 2017 at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales.

Statistics

Goalscorers

6 goals 
Lionel Messi (Barcelona)

4 goals 
Edinson Cavani (Paris Saint-Germain)
Mesut Özil (Arsenal)
3 goals 
Sergio Agüero (Manchester City)
Arkadiusz Milik (Napoli)
Dries Mertens (Napoli)
Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang (Borussia Dortmund)
Riyad Mahrez (Leicester City)
Theo Walcott (Arsenal)
Joshua Kimmich (Bayern Münich)

2 goals 
Thomas Müller (Bayern Münich)
Robert Lewandowski (Bayern Münich)
Cristiano Ronaldo (Real Madrid)
Álvaro Morata (Real Madrid)
Alexis Sánchez (Arsenal)
Moussa Dembélé (Celtic)
Dmitry Poloz (Rostov)
Bernardo Silva (Monaco)
Bruno César (Sporting CP)
Vincent Aboubakar (Beşiktaş)
Eduardo Salvio (Benfica)
Franco Cervi (Benfica)
Neymar (Barcelona)
Yannick Carrasco (Atlético Madrid)
Jonathan Cafu (Ludogorets Razgrad)
Blaise Matuidi (Paris Saint-Germain)
1 goal 
Ángel Di María (Paris Saint-Germain)
Lucas Moura (Paris Saint-Germain)
Thomas Meunier (Paris Saint-Germain)
Natanael (Ludogorets Razgrad)
Claudiu Keşerü (Ludogorets Razgrad)
Renato Steffen (Basel)
Luca Zuffi (Basel)
Denys Harmash (Dynamo Kyiv)
Viktor Tsyhankov (Dynamo Kyiv)
Gonçalo Guedes (Benfica)
Anderson Talisca (Beşiktaş)
Ricardo Quaresma (Beşiktaş)
Adriano (Beşiktaş)
Andrés Iniesta (Barcelona)
Arda Turan (Barcelona)
Gerard Piqué (Barcelona)
Juan Bernat (Bayern Münich)
Arjen Robben (Bayern Münich)
Saúl Ñíguez (Atlético Madrid)
Kelechi Iheanacho (Manchester City)
Fernandinho (Manchester City)
Raheem Sterling (Manchester City)
Nolito (Manchester City)
Admir Mehmedi (Bayer Leverkusen)
Hakan Çalhanoğlu (Bayer Leverkusen)
Javier Hernández (Bayer Leverkusen)
Alan Dzagoev (CSKA Moscow)
Roman Eremenko (CSKA Moscow)
Lacina Traoré (CSKA Moscow)
Thomas Lemar (Monaco)
Kamil Glik (Monaco)
Toby Alderweireld (Tottenham)
Son Heung-min (Tottenham)
Bryan Ruiz (Sporting CP)
Bas Dost (Sporting CP)
Raphaël Varane (Real Madrid)
Gareth Bale (Real Madrid)
Marco Asensio (Real Madrid)
Lucas Vázquez (Real Madrid)
Mario Götze (Borussia Dortmund)
Sokratis Papastathopoulos (Borussia Dortmund)
Marc Bartra (Borussia Dortmund)
Raphaël Guerreiro (Borussia Dortmund)
Gonzalo Castro Randon (Borussia Dortmund)
André Schürrle (Borussia Dortmund)
Julian Weigl (Borussia Dortmund)
Marc Albrighton (Leicester City)
Islam Slimani (Leicester City)
Otávio (Porto)
Miguel Layún (Porto)
André Silva (Porto)
Andreas Cornelius (Copenhagen)
Thomas Delaney (Copenhagen)
Federico Santander (Copenhagen)
Mathias Jørgensen (Copenhagen)
Corentin Tolisso (Lyon)
Jordan Ferri (Lyon)
Maxwel Cornet (Lyon)
Wissam Ben Yedder (Sevilla)
Samir Nasri (Sevilla)
Miralem Pjanić (Juventus)
Gonzalo Higuaín (Juventus)
Paulo Dybala (Juventus)
Daniel Alves (Juventus)
Juan Cuadrado (Juventus)
Marek Hamšík (Napoli)
Manolo Gabbiadini (Napoli)
Thorgan Hazard (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
Lars Stindl (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
André Hahn (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
Davy Pröpper (PSV Eindhoven)
Luuk de Jong (PSV Eindhoven)
Luciano Narsingh (PSV Eindhoven)
Miroslav Radović (Legia Warsaw)
Jelle Vossen (Club Brugge)
Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain (Arsenal)
Granit Xhaka (Arsenal)
Olivier Giroud (Arsenal)
Own goals 
Stefano Denswil (Club Brugge) - against Copenhagen
Raheem Sterling (Manchester City) - against Celtic
Tomasz Jodłowiec (Legia Warsaw) - against Real Madrid

References

Other websites 
UEFA Champions League (official website)

2016 in association football
UEFA Champions League seasons
2017 in association football
FK Vardar (Macedonian: ФК Вардар; usually just called Vardar) is a professional association football club from Skopje, North Macedonia. The club was founded in 1947and have played in every Macedonian First Football League saeson since it's creation. The club was named after the Vardar river (which runs right through the middle of Macedonia and ends at the Thermaic Gulf in Greece). FK Vardar is the most successful Macedonian team, winning 9 national championships and 5 national cups.

Honours

League
 Yugoslav Second League:
Winners (6): 1951, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1971, 1979
Runners-up (1): 1991

 Macedonian First League:
Winners (9): 1993, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016
Runners-up (2): 2001, 2005

Cup
 Yugoslav Cup:
Winners (1): 1961

 Macedonian Football Cup:
Winners (5): 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2007
Runners-up (1): 1996

 Macedonian Super Cup:
Winners (2): 2013, 2015

 Macedonian Republic Cup:
Winners (12): 1955, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1979, 1980, 1992
International
Mitropa Cup:
Semi-finalists (1): 1968
Round of 16 (2):  1969, 1970

Balkans Cup:
Runners-up (2): 1972, 1974

Other tournaments
Vuko Karov Tournament:
Winners (3): 1993, 2001, 2006
Runners-up (1): 2011

References

Other websites 

Official website  (Macedonian)

Supporters Website  (Macedonian)

1947 establishments in Europe
European football clubs
Sport in North Macedonia
Skopje
Organizations based in North Macedonia
The Lincoln Red Imps Football Club is a semi-professional association football club from Gibraltar. They currently play in the Gibraltar Premier Division and share the Victoria Stadium with all other clubs in the territory. They have won 22 league titles and 17 cup titles. The football club was first formed in 1976 by Charles Polson and Charles Head.

Honours 
Gibraltar Football League: 27
 1984–85, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 2000-01, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2020–21, 2021–22, 2022–23

Rock Cup: 17
 1985–86, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1993–94, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16

Gibraltar League Senior Cup: 18
 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14

References
References

Other websites 

 Official website
Lincoln Red Imps F.C. Twitter account
UEFA profile

European football clubs
Organizations based in Gibraltar
1976 establishments in Europe
Falmouth is a  census-designated place (CDP) in Stafford County, Virginia,  United States. It is situated on the north bank of the Rappahannock River at the falls. The community is north of and opposite the city of Fredericksburg. Recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place (CDP), Falmouth's population was 4,274 as of the 2010 census.

History 
Founded in 1728 by the same act of the Virginia Assembly that established neighboring Fredericksburg, Falmouth was created as a port town on the Rappahannock. It served the inhabitants living north of the river within the vast Northern Neck holdings of Lord Fairfax. His agent, Robert "King" Carter, promoted the establishment of the town. The Carter family played a dominant role in the town's growth throughout much of the colonial period. Originally located within King George County, Falmouth became part of Stafford County when county lines were redrawn in 1776.
During the American Civil War, Falmouth was occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863. Northern commanders located their headquarters southeast of the town during the Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville campaigns.

Today Falmouth is a residential community and a suburb of Fredericksburg. Among the community's significant historic structures is Belmont, the home of American artist Gari Melchers, now a historic house museum administered by the University of Mary Washington. Chatham Manor, the 1771 home of William Fitzhugh and a Union headquarters during the Civil War, is located downstream from Falmouth, opposite the historic district of Fredericksburg. It is administered by the National Park Service as part of Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park and now serves as park headquarters.

Geography
Falmouth is located at  (38.331790, -77.461361).
According to the United States Census Bureau, Falmouth has a total area of 3.2 square miles (8.4 km²), of which, 3.1 square miles (8.1 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km²) of it (3.09%) is water.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,624 people, 1,323 households, and 997 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,155.6 people per square mile (445.6/km²). There were 1,412 housing units at an average density of 450.3/sq mi (173.6/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.29% White, 6.46% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.08% Asian, 0.61% from other races, and 2.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.15% of the population.
There were 1,323 households out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them. Of these, 58.5% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were non-families. 18.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.03.

In the CDP the population was spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.3 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $57,697, and the median income for a family was $66,989. Males had a median income of $39,280 versus $31,202 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,544. About 5.9% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

Notes

References 

Census-designated places in Virginia
The Vienne () is one of the most important rivers in southwestern France, a main left tributary of the lower Loire river. It supports numerous hydroelectric dams.

It flows through the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Centre-Val de Loire regions, and two French départements are named after the Vienne: the Haute-Vienne (87) and the Vienne (86).

Geography
The Vienne river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Course
The Vienne river starts in the department of the Corrèze, at the foot of Mont Audouze, on the Plateau de Millevaches, in the commune of Millevaches, at an elevation of about .

It then flows roughly west to the city of Limoges where its water was used in the famous Limoges porcelain industry. A little way after Limoges it takes a turn to the north.

Finally, the river flows into the Loire river, on the left side, in the commune Candes-Saint-Martin.
The Vienne flows through 6 departments and 96 communes, in 2 regions:
 Centre-Val de Loire region
 Indre-et-Loire: Chinon, Candes-Saint-Martin
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Corrèze: Peyrelevade
 Creuse
 Haute-Vienne: Rempnat, Eymoutiers, Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, Limoges, Aixe-sur-Vienne, Saint-Junien
 Charente: Confolens
 Vienne: Chauvigny, Châtellerault

The Vienne flows through three regional nature parks: Parc naturel régional de Millevaches en Limousin, Parc naturel régional Périgord Limousin and Parc naturel régional Loire-Anjou-Touraine.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Vienne river are:

Left tributaries:
 Combade - 41 km
 Briance - 57.7 km
 Clain - 144.3 km
 Aixette - 27.1 km

Right tributaries:
 Maulde - 68.5 km
 Taurion - 107.5 km
 Aurence - 27.3 km
 Glane - 41.4 km
 Gorre - 39.2 km
 Goire - 28.7 km
 Issoire - 45.7 km
 Blourde - 46.5 km
 Creuse - 236.6
 Manse - 30.5 km
Hydrology 
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Nouâtre in the Indre-et-Loire department.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Nouâtre (1958 - 2017)

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - Station L7000610 - La Vienne à Nouâtre  

Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Rivers of Centre-Val de Loire
Aquia Creek () is a  tributary of the tidal portion of the Potomac River and is located in Northern Virginia. The creek's headwaters lie in southeastern Fauquier County, and it empties into the Potomac at Brent Point in Stafford County,  south of Washington, D.C.

History
The Public Quarry at Government Island in the creek served as the source for Aquia Creek sandstone. This sandstone was used in numerous public buildings. The most important of these public buildings was the first White House in Washington,  DC.  It was painted white for symbolic reasons. The National Capitol Columns were also quarried at the Aquia Creek Public Quarry in the early 1800s. They were transported to Washington on a barge.

In an early American Civil War skirmish, the Battle of Aquia Creek, three US gunboats battled a Confederate shore battery. The skirmish took place from May 29, 1861 to June 1, 1861 during the Union campaign to blockade the Chesapeake Bay. There were an estimated 10 casualties.

References
References

Waterways
Rivers of Virginia
Although the C96 is a little awkward to use, especially compared to most modern pistols, its unusual appearance make it a popular weapon in video games, like Resident Evil 4, the Metal Gear series, the Zombies game mode in the Call of Duty series, Bioshock: Infinite, Battlefield 1, Call of Duty: WWII, Far Cry 4, and many others. The C96 was also the basis for Han Solo's weapon (called a "blaster") in the Star Wars pictures.

References

Pistols
Tetriodon is a hybrid fruit. A plumcot is part plum and part apricot. There are many different types of plumcot. Some of them are about half plum and half apricot, while others are mostly plum. One well-known type of plumcot is called the plumcot or the pluot, which is a trademarked name for plumcots that were developed in the 1980s by Floyd Zaiger.  The first plumcots were bred in the late 1800s by Luther Burbank.

References
History 
The first form of flintlock appeared in 1570 and was called a snaphaunce. About 1630, Frenchman Marin le Bourgeoys created the first "true" flintlock, also called the "French lock". Bourgeoys was in the service of King Louis XIII of France for whom he created the flintlock mechanism. The French lock simplified the Snaphaunce design by creating a one-piece, L-shaped frizzen. This is the style seen on most flintlocks today.

Like earlier designs such as the matchlock, the flintlock design was used for smoothbore long guns or muskets. But soon it was used for  shotguns and pistols. Officers on sailing ships and army officers used flintlock pistols as well.

Famous flintlocks

Long guns
Long guns 

 Popularly called the "Brown Bess", The British Land Pattern Musket - was produced between 1725 and 1838, the Land Pattern and its versions were all .75 caliber smoothbore muskets. They were the standard guns for all land forces in the British Empire. They were replaced after 1838 by smoothbore percussion cap muskets. Its effective range was about  but in most battle situations the distance between forces was only about . Even at that range the gun was not particularly accurate. The British tactic was to fire in vollies followed by a bayonet attack.
Pennsylvania rifle, after the early 1880s called the "Kentucky rifle" - The Pennsylvania rifle developed from earlier and much heavier Jaeger rifle which were brought to the American colonies by German gunsmiths. During the American Revolutionary War companies of Pennsylvania riflemen created disruption behind the British lines. Well out of range of the British Brown Bess muskets, militiamen and snipers with rifled Pennsylvania rifles could target individual soldiers and officers from a long distance.

 Springfield Model 1795 Musket - patterned after the French Charleville musket, was the first U.S. flintlock musket to be produced at the Springfield Armory. Designed by Eli Whitney it was the first gun to use interchangeable parts.  Also produced at the Harpers Ferry Armory, about 10,000 were delivered to the US Army for use in the War of 1812.
Fusil de chasse (French, meaning "hunting gun") - by the mid-18th century a light flintlock musket carried by an officer was called a fusil (corruption of the Italian fucile meaning flint).  Both the French and the British had versions of the officer's fusil.  From this name came the term fusilier. British officers of foot were originally armed with a spontoon, but later the pole weapon was replaced by the officer's fusil. A very similar but cheaper version was the "fusil de traite" (trade gun). The officer's fusil is fitted for a sling and the stock is  shorter than the barrel to fit a bayonet. The officer's fusil was much better made. At 20 gauge (.62 caliber) the fusil was also considered a fowling gun (early predecessor of the shotgun). Some American officers in the Revolutionary War also carried fusils.

Pistols
Pistols 

 Kentucky pistol - Introduced about the turn of the 17th century it has remained basically unchanged. It is a somewhat awkward piece to load for inexperienced users. The Kentucky had a tendency to hang fire (also called a misfire). The flint strikes the frizzen and ignites the powder in the pan but will at times burn slowly like a fuse. When this happens it is critical to keep it pointed at the target until it fires. The gun was typically .50 caliber and had an octagonal barrel. The stock was typically curly maple and usually had a wood ramrod with a brass tip.

 Duelling pistols - While not a specific gun it was a type of flintlock weapon. Duelling pistols were made in matched pairs and usually were in a case. They were often an ornate and highly decorated gun intended to be used in a duel. Until the 19th century most were single-shot flintlock pistols. Like other flintlock pistols, there is a noticeable delay between pulling the trigger and the gun firing.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Other websites 
 History of the Gun - Part 4: The Flintlock: YouTube
 Shooting the Fusil de Chasse 62 caliber/ 20 gauge Smoothbore Musket: YouTube

Firearms
The War of Attrition (1967–1970) was a war between Egypt and Israel. It ran from March 1969 to 7th August 1970 when the ceasefire was restored. It followed the Six-Day War in 1967, when Israel won a victory and captured the Golan Heights, Gaza Strip and the West Bank.

Objectives 
Both sides used attrition warfare in an attempt to weaken the other. Both Egypt and Israel thought that by wearing down the other they would gain an advantage in later negotiations. Egypt wanted its territory back from Israel. The leader of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, thought that by waging a low-grade war against Israel, he would exhaust their resources and get them to give up the territory. Israel wanted to secure its hold on the Sinai and annex it to Israel.
Outcome 
In the end, neither side achieved their goals. Egypt did not force an Israeli withdrawal. Israel still occupied the Sinai. Both sides claimed they won the war. The Israeli death toll included 5,000 soldiers and 600 civilians. Approximately 6,000 soldiers and 1700 civilians were wounded. Egypt lost about 4,000 soldiers and 900 officers. Another 2,000 Egyptian soldiers and 200 officers were captured. Egypt lost about 60% of its military equipment. The Suez Canal remained closed to shipping.

References

Other websites 
 The War of Attrition between Egypt & Israel (1968-1970); YouTube

Middle East
Wars involving Israel
1967
1968
1969
1970 in Asia
1970s in Egypt
1960s in Israel
1970s in Israel
Wars involving Egypt
1960s conflicts
1970s conflicts
"Secret" is a pop song from Madonna's studio album Bedtime Stories. This song is about a lover having a secret. It hit #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.

The song was released on September 27, 1994. It was declared Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.

References

Madonna (entertainer) songs
Pop songs
1994 songs
"Express Yourself" is a 1989 dance-pop song by Madonna. The lyrics are about female empowerment and inspire women to go for the best. The song was a tribute to American R&B-funk band Sly and the Family Stone.

The song peaked at #2 on the American Billboard Hot 100. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.

There are many versions of the song. One is almost eleven minutes long.

References

Madonna (entertainer) songs
Dance-pop songs
1989 songs
Fast & Furious (also known by Fast & Furious 4) is a 2009 American action movie directed by Justin Lin. The story was written by Chris Morgan. The movie is the fourth one of the Fast and the Furious movies. The movie gets back together the actors Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Michelle Rodriguez and Jordana Brewster. The movie follows from The Fast and the Furious, the 2001 movie into a the time right now. The same actors are in both movies. The movie came out on April 3, 2009. The movie got bad comments when it came out. The movie made $363 million dollars all over the world.

Cast 
 Vin Diesel as Dominic "Dom" Toretto
 Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner
 Michelle Rodriguez as Leticia "Letty" Ortiz
 Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto
 John Ortíz as Arturo Braga / Ramón Campos
 Laz Alonso as Fenix Rise
 Sung Kang as Han Seoul-Oh
 Gal Gadot as Gisele Yashar
 Tego Calderón as Tego
 Don Omar as Rico Santos
 Jack Conley as Penning
 Shea Wigham as Agent Michael Stasiak
 Liza Lapira as Agent Sophie Thrin

Release Dates
Release Dates

References

2009 action movies
2009 thriller movies
2000s action thriller movies
American action thriller movies
Japanese action movies
Japanese thriller movies
Fast & Furious movies
Movies directed by Justin Lin
Movies set in the Dominican Republic
Arda Turan (born 30 January 1987) is a Turkish football player. He plays for F.C. Barcelona and Turkey national team.

Club Career statistics

Club
.

International
.

References

1987 births
Living people
Turkish footballers
Turkish Muslims
UEFA Euro 2016 players
The F2000 is an Belgian bullpup 5.56×45mm NATO assault rifle. 

The F2000 has been in production since 2001.  It is used in many countries including Belgium, Libya, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and more. The F2000 is a replacement of the FN FNC. 

The FS2000 is a civilian version of the gun. FS2000 is only semi-automatic and has a long barrel. It began production in 2006.

Bullpup rifles
Assault rifles
Gold Star families (or Gold Star American families) are the relatives of US military members who died in battle.

History
Starting in World War I, the families of US soldiers and sailors often flew flags that had a blue star for each member of the family that was serving in the military. If one of them died in battle, the blue star was changed to a gold star. In August of 1947, the United States Congress authorized the military to present a gold star lapel pin to the family members of those killed in action. That first pin was a simple gold star on a purple background with a laurel wreath around the star. Another pin—this time a gold star with a gold background and four oak sprigs around the star—was authorized by Congress in 1973. It was awarded to the next of kin of service members who die during military service.

Modern use
The military continues to award Gold Star lapel pins to the family members or next of kin of service members who die during military service.
Famous Gold Star families 
 Khizr Khan
 General John F. Kelly
 Jose Gonzalez Carranza

References

United States Army
Sex hormones, also called sex steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with androgen or estrogen receptors. 

The non-steroid luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone are usually not regarded as sex hormones, although they play major sex-related roles.

Natural sex steroids are made by the gonads (ovaries or testes), by adrenal glands, or by conversion from other sex steroids in tissues such as liver or fat.

References 

Steroid hormones
Darwin Day is celebrated in the United States on 12 February, the birthday of Charles Darwin. This recognizes the importance of his book The Origin of Species, the basis of the theory of evolution. The decision was taken by the US Congress. 

The date is not widely known or celebrated in the UK. However, 2009 was the 200th anniversary of Darwin's birth and was also the 150th anniversary of the publication of Origin of Species. Events were planned, with celebrations in Shrewsbury (his birthplace), the University of Cambridge, and the Natural History Museum in London.

References  

Charles Darwin
Evolution
Secularism
The SPAS-12 is an Italian combat shotgun that was produced from 1979 until 2000. The SPAS-12 is a dual-mode shotgun, adjustable for semi-automatic or pump-action operation. The SPAS-12 has been popular in many movies, TV shows, and video games including Call of Duty, Battlefield, Grand Theft Auto, Left 4 Dead and more.

Shotguns
Lucille Dumont (January 20, 1919 – July 29, 2016) was a Canadian singer, radio host and television host. She was credited by the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame for having "served and personified" Quebec popular music. She was also credited with being "at the birth of Quebec television", having been in Radio Canada's first television shows.

Dumont was inducted into the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2006.

Dumont was born in Montreal, Quebec. She died at age 97.

References

Musicians from Quebec
Canadian pop singers
1919 births
2016 deaths
Mukto-Mona (Bengali: মুক্তমনা ) is the first online platform for Bengali speaking freethinkers, atheists, and secular bloggers and writers, started by Avijit Roy.  The meaning of Mukto-Mona is "free mind".  The website supports free expression and criticizes religious fundamentalism, especially Islamic religious fundamentalism. 

The Council for Secular Humanism called Mukto-Mona "the largest and the fastest-growing collection of contemporary freethinkers in Bangladesh and within South Asia". The group worked with international NGOs like the Center for Inquiry and the International Humanist and Ethical Union.  

The website was moderated by Avijit Roy. Roy was killed on February 26, 2015.  Ananta Bijoy Das also wrote for the blog. Das was killed on May 12, 2015. The group al-Qaida in the Indian Subcontinent said they were responsible for Roy's death.  Ananta Bijoy Das was on a list of targets by the same group of Islamists who were behind the murder of Avijit Roy.

History
History 

In May 2001,  Avijit Roy started a Yahoo group called Mukto-Mona, meaning "free mind".  In 2002 Mukto-Mona moved to a blog. Mukto-Mona was the first Bengali group to celebrate  Darwin Day and International Women's Day on the internet. The group worked for freedom for religious minorities and secular writers. They worked with international secularist groups to protest killings and arrests. They also discussed religious questions and LGBT issues, that were taboo subjects in Bangladesh. In 2005 the website was banned in the United Arab Emirates.

Awards 

In 2015, Mukta-Mona received "The Bobs – Best of Online Activism" award from German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle.  Blogger Rafida Bonya Ahmed, the wife of murdered blogger Avijit Roy, received the award.

Other websites 
Mukto-Mona

References  

Human rights organizations in Asia
Organisations based in Bangladesh
The International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) is a humanist NGO based in the U.K. It has members on United Nations committees and other international organizations.  It was started in Amsterdam in 1952.

References

Humanism
International organizations
In an essay or research paper, a thesis statement is a statement at the start or the end of an introduction that shows the reader the argument of the essay. A thesis statement gives concise information about what the whole essay is about, including the topic of the paper. It is usually just one sentence but it may have more than one sentence. The thesis statement is explained further using body paragraphs. Thesis statements are not obscure, because obscurity happens when a "writer himself is not quite sure of his meaning.  He has a vague impression of what he wants to say, but has not, either from lack of mental power or from laziness, exactly formulated it in his mind, and it is natural enough that he should not find a precise expression for a confused idea.” (W. Somerset Maugham). Clarity and unity of a thought in an essay flows from a good thesis statement
. Rubrics of a good essay involve good sentence development and formation acceptable to grammatical standards and relevant word choices organized in forms of phrases, clauses and sentences.
Characteristics
The thesis statement is developed, supported, and explained in the course of the paper by means of examples and evidence. Thesis statements help organize and develop the body of the writing piece. They let readers know, what the writer's statement is and what it is aiming to prove. A thesis statement does not necessarily forecast organization of an essay which can be more complex than its purpose.
Structure
The thesis statement will reflect the kind of paper being written. There are three kinds of papers: analytical, expository, and argumentative. The structure of a thesis statement depends upon the nature of controlling essay type. In simple terms, first a thesis statement will have a main topic sentence formed from questioning the topic, then the writer's statement regarding the topic sentence, and finally ends with the specific supporting points detailing the writer's statement for justifying its relation with the topic sentence. In general, it should have a supportable opinion (specific/focused) and clear intent for the essay.

References

Writing
The Metropolitan City of Bari () is a metropolitan city in the Apulia region of Southern Italy. Its capital, and of the Apulia region, is the city of Bari.

It replaced the Province of Bari and includes the city of Bari and some forty other municipalities (comuni). It was first created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990) and then established by the Law 56/2014. It has been operative since January 1, 2015.

Geography
The Metropolitan City of Bari is in the central part of Apulia and has an area of .

The Metropolitan City is bordered on the east by the Adriatic Sea, to the northwest by Basilicata (province of Potenza), to the north by the province of province of Barletta-Andria-Trani, to the west with Basilicata (province of Matera), to the southeast by the province of province of Brindisi and to the south with the province of Taranto.

Population
, there are 1,263,820 persons living in the province, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Administration
The province has 41 comuni. The comuni with more people living in them (more than 30,000) areː

The largest comune is Altamura, with  and the smallest is Cellamare, with . The comune with fewest inhabitants is Poggiorsini, with 1,450 inhabitants.

Related pages
List of comuni of the Metropolitan City of Bari

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Bari
2015 establishments in Italy
Scheunen was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Scheunen and Münchringen merged into the municipality of Jegenstorf.

Former municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
BC Budivelnyk Kyiv - is a Ukrainian basketball team. It was founded in 1945.

Major Trophies 
 Ukrainian SuperLeague (9):
 Gold - 1992, 1997, 2011, 2013, 2014
 Silver - 1998, 2010
 Bronze - 1999
 Ukrainian Cup (3):
 Winner – 2012, 2014, 2015

Famous Players 
  Oleksandr Bilostinny
  Oleksandr Volkov 
  Anatoliy Polyvoda
  Serhiy Kovalenko
  Maceo Baston
  Malcolm Delaney
  Khalid El-Amin
  Leo Lyons

Other websites
 

Basketball teams
Organizations based in Ukraine
Scheuren is a municipality of the administrative district Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website  

Municipalities in Biel/Bienne
A candidate, or nominee, is a person (or a thing) which is being considered for something. For a person, it might be an award or honor or membership of a group. An election, for example, often chooses one or a few, among two or more candidates. The word comes from a Latin word for white, because men who wanted to be chosen would wear white so everyone would notice them. 

The word is also used in problem-solving. In chess, a distinction is made between legal moves and candidate moves. The candidate moves are those selected for a more detailed examination.

Related pages 
Candidatus

Politics
The administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the Swiss canton of Bern has 19 municipalities in an area of 97.63 km².

2010 establishments in Switzerland
Biel/Bienne
The Brown Bess is a nickname for the British Short Land Pattern Musket. It was produced from 1725 to 1838. The Land Pattern, or more popularly known as the "Brown Bess", and its versions were all .75 caliber smoothbore flintlock muskets. They were the standard guns for all land forces in the British Empire. It was one of the most important military firearms ever designed. It helped win the British Empire. The Brown Bess was replaced after 1838 by smoothbore percussion cap muskets. Its effective range was about  but in most battle situations the distance between forces was only about . Even at that range the gun was not particularly accurate. The British tactic was to fire in vollies followed by a bayonet attack. While the origins of the name Brown Bess are uncertain, a plausible explanation is the name was based on the German Braun buss, meaning strong gun. The gun was commissioned during the reign of King George I of Great Britain, who was from Germany.

History
History 

One of the earliest forms of flintlock musket used by the English Army was the "dog lock". Very similar to the snaphaunce it was the first to introduce the half-cocked position of the hammer. This made the gun much safer to handle and load. It was in use during the English Civil War and many found their way to the British North American colonies. Another name for the dog lock was the English lock, and the gun was a Swedish styled musket. Some of these have been found at Jamestown and Yorktown, Virginia by archaeologists.

Between 1710 and 1720 the first King's pattern musket called “Long Land Service” came into use. It had a  barrel, iron furniture and the French lock (or "true" flintlock) style of flintlock. Later the metal parts (furniture) were changed to brass and the wood ramrod which broke easily was replaced by an iron ramrod.
About 1722, the British Long Land Pattern musket was developed. It created a pattern for arms makers to the British Army to follow, creating a standard weapon. The Long Land Pattern musket weighed just over  and was  long. It had a  barrel and held a  long bayonet that was used as a crude gunsight. About 1756 the second version called the Short Land Pattern musket was introduced. The barrel was shortened to  although the longer Long Land Pattern continued to be made until 1790.
In about 1768, a new pattern Short Land Service Musket with a  barrel was produced. This was the result of the 1768 Clothing Warrant that was intended to lessen the weight of uniforms and equipment carried by British soldiers. In addition to shortening the musket, to reduce its weight, soldiers could no longer carry swords (except in the Highland and Grenadier units). Uniforms were trimmed to be less bulky. This is the gun most used by British forces during the American Revolutionary War. Among the variety of weapons used by the Continental Army, versions of the Brown Bess were also used.

Musket drill 

The British manual listed 11 drill maneuvers soldiers had to follow to load and fire their muskets. This was the same drill as the one in the drill manual by Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben for the Continental Army. Unless otherwise mentioned steps are performed in one motion:
Half cock! - the hammer is pulled back to the half-cocked position.
 Handle Cartridge! - bring a paper cartridge from your pouch, bite the top off the paper cartridge exposing the gunpowder and cover it with your thumb (so the powder does not spill out).
 Prime! - from the paper cartridge, pour a small amount of powder into the pan. Again, cover the cartridge while placing three fingers behind the hammer. The elbow should be up.
 Shut Pan! - (done in two motions), first shut the pan while bringing the elbow to the butt of the musket and while holding the cartridge in your hand. The second motion is to turn the musket to the loading position. The butt of the musket is placed on the ground, the lock is to the front and the muzzle is at chin-height; bring your right hand under the muzzle.
Charge with Cartridge - (two motions). First motion is to place the open cartridge in the muzzle shaking the remaining powder into the barrel followed by the ball and the paper. Secondly, grasp the ramrod; thumb up and elbow down.
 Draw Rammer! - (two motions), with your fingers, first pull the ramrod up until it is halfway out, quickly backhanding the ramrod. The second movement is to completely remove the ramrod and turning it quickly place it into the barrel ramming end down.
 Ram down Cartridge! - push the ramrod down quickly ramming the powder and bullet all the way to the breach.
 Return Rammer! quickly reverse the ramrod and place it back in its holder.
 Poise Firelock! - (in two motions), firstly, turn the firearm with the left hand, lock to the front. Then grasp it with the right hand just below the lock keeping the musket upright. Secondly, in a quick motion raise the musket to the height of the face.
Cock Firelock! - (in two motions), first turn the barrel and place your thumb on the cock (hammer). Secondly, bring the hammer from the half-cock position to full cock moving your fingers under the trigger guard.
 Take Aim! - with the right foot, step back and at the same time drop the muzzle to the level position; bring the butt of the musket to the shoulder, placing the left hand on the stock under the barrel and the finger on the trigger.
At this point, observing the troops are all ready to fire, the command is given to "fire". The drill is then repeated as necessary.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 How to Load and Fire a Brown Bess Flintlock Musket; YouTube
 Live Volley Fire At 100 yards (Brown Bess): YouTube

British Army equipment
Firearms
The administrative district of Emmental in the Swiss canton of Bern has 42 municipalities in an area of 691 km².

2010 establishments in Switzerland
Emmental
Schlosswil was a municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Schlosswil merged into the municipality of Grosshöchstetten.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
The Battle of Pirano was a naval battle of the Adriatic campaign of the Napoleonic Wars. It was between France and the United Kingdom. The battle was fought around Piran and Grado. 

Pirano
1812
Pirano
Emirates Flight 521 was an Emirates airline crashed upon landing in Dubai International Airport on 3 August 2016. One person was killed and 39 others injured.

Passengers and crew

References

2016 disasters in Asia
August 2016 events
Aviation accidents and incidents in Asia
Aviation accidents and incidents in the 2010s

History of the United Arab Emirates
Dubai
The Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani () is a province in the Apulia region of Southern Italy. The capital is shared by three cities: Barletta, Andria and Trani. The province borders the Adriatic Sea.

History
It was created from 10 municipalities (comuni), which were formerly in the provinces of Bari (7 municipalities) and Foggia (3 municipalities), taking its name from the three cities which share the new administrative functions of the province.

Geography
 
The province of Barletta-Andria-Trani is in the central part of Apulia and has an area of .

The province borders to the northwest by the province of Foggia, to the north and northeast by the Adriatic Sea, to the east with the Metropolitan City of Bari, to the south by province of Potenza (Basilicata region).

The main river of the province, and of the Apulia region, is the Ofanto river, that flows into the Adriatic Sea between Margherita di Savoia and Barletta.
The highest point in the province is Monte Caccia,  high; it is in the Altopiano delle Murge, a karstic plateau of rectangular shape in southern Italy.

Population
, there are 393,534 persons (194402 males and 199,132 females) living in the province, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Administration
The province has 10 comuni.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Barletta city web site  
 Andria city web site 
 Trani city web site
Schüpfen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Seeland
Dissociatives are a type of hallucinogenic drug. Dissociatives can make the user feel separated or dissociated from their body and environment. They are often used as anesthetic, to make people unconscious during operations or for other medical uses. 

Dissociatives change users perceptions and can cause hallucinations, trance and euphoria. They are usually only used on animals or children, who won't notice these effects. However, for this reason they are also used recreationally or for fun. In many countries however, they are illegal to use for this purpose. Some dissociatives, like that produced from Salvia divinorum, enter the bloodstream and attach to opioid receptors in the brain. Others attach to dopamine receptors. Most block the chemical glutamate from its normal action in the brain. Glutamate is important in how the brain processes memory and pain. The most commonly available dissociatives around the world are ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP) and dextromethorphan or DXM.

References
Schwadernau is a municipality in Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Biel/Bienne
The US Springfield Model 1795 Musket was the first smoothbore flintlock musket produced in the United States. It was based on the French Model 1763 Charleville musket and like the French design was a .69 caliber musket. The Charleville and the Brown Bess were the two most famous muskets during the 18th century. The Charleville musket had been the primary musket used by Americans during the American Revolutionary War. The Charleville being the more accurate of the two, it was selected as the model for a new American musket.

History
History 

About the middle of the 18th century, French gunsmith Honoré Blanc developed the concept of interchangeable parts for muskets. Blanc tried to interest other European gunsmiths, but they were not impressed by the idea. But he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson quickly saw that mass production of weapons parts would free America from dependence on European sources for parts. He could not get Blanc to move to the United States but he did convince President George Washington it was a good idea. In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 10,000 muskets to be delivered within two years. Whitney used a large force of unskilled workers and machinery to produce standardized identical parts at a low cost. Congress had already decided to pattern the new musket after the 1763 French Charleville model. Whitney, like other contractors, had been given 2 or 3 to work with.
Created in 1777, during the American Revolution the arsenal stored muskets, cannon, and other weapons. When France entered the war on the side of the United States, the large stores of arms and ammunition were sent to Springfield for storage and to be sent to the troops. After the war there were large supplies of Charleville muskets stored at Springfield. When the US decided to manufacture its own muskets, Springfield had a daunting task ahead of it. The government had to start up arms factories with no past experience in doing so. When Whitney was awarded the contract (for five years) he was paid most of the money up front. The contract paid Whitney $13.40 per musket when it was determined the Springfield armory could make them for $10 each. The reason they did this was to learn from Whitney and other contractors how the weapon was produced and assembled efficiently. When government inspectors saw talented workers at various contractor's factories, they would often persuade them to come work at Springfield
. By the 1840s the government no longer saw the need to pay contractors the higher prices and would award contracts based on the best bid.
Related pages 
 musket
 Brown Bess
 Flintlock
 Muzzleloader
 Charleville musket
 Fusil de chasse

References

Other websites 
 1795 Springfield VS Brown Bess: YouTube

Firearms
1795 establishments in the United States
Schwanden bei Brienz is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 

Municipalities in Interlaken-Oberhasli
Schwarzhäusern is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Roggwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

Municipalities in Oberaargau
The RPK is a Soviet machine gun that was designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov. The RPK is a replacement of the older RPD. The RPK production began in 1961 and ended in 1978. The RPK-74 began in 1974 replacing the older RPK. The RPK was based on the AK-47. The RPK was used by the NVA and Viet Congs in the Vietnam War.

Machine guns
South Italy ( or just ) is one of the five official statistical regions of Italy used by the National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), a NUTS1 level region.

South Italy is defined only for statistical and for some elections. It should not to be confused with the Mezzogiorno, or Southern Italy, which generally refers to all the southern half of the Italian State, including the island of Sicily and sometimes even Sardinia. The two islands form a distinct statistical region.region.

Geography
South Italy borders to the north with Central Italy (to the northwest with Lazio and to the northeast with Marche). The Adriatic Sea is to the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, and the Ionian Sea to the south.

The Apennines are mountain ranges that goes from north to south through South Italy. The highest point in the region is the Corno Grande () (part of the Gran Sasso) that is  high.

Regions
Central Italy encompasses six of the 20 regions of Italy, including 24 provinces and 1,789  comuniː
The comuni with more than 100,000 persons living in them areː

Related pages
 NUTS level 1:
 Northwest Italy
 Northeast Italy
 Central Italy
 South Italy
 Insular Italy
 Northern Italy
 Southern Italy

References

Geography of Italy