Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974), known as "Lucky Lindy" and "The Lone Eagle", was a pioneering United States airplane pilot. He became famous for making the first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927.

Early life 
Lindbergh was born in Detroit, Michigan. His parents were Swedish immigrants. He grew up in Little Falls, Minnesota. His father, Charles August Lindbergh, was a lawyer and later a U.S. congressman, who was against the United States entering into World War I. His mother was a teacher. While he was young, he was interested in machines. In 1922 he joined a pilot training program with Nebraska Aircraft, bought his own airplane, and became a stunt pilot. In 1924, he started training as a pilot with the United States Army Air Corps.

After finishing first in his class, Lindbergh took his first job as pilot of an airmail route in St. Louis. He flew the mail in an airplane.
In April 1923, while visiting friends in Lake Village, Arkansas, Lindbergh made his first ever flight over Lake Village and Lake Chicot.

First solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean 

Lindbergh gained fame around the world as the first pilot to fly solo (alone) and non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean. He flew from Roosevelt Airfield (Nassau County, Long Island), New York, USA to Paris, France on May 20-21, 1927 in his single-engine airplane The Spirit of St. Louis. He needed 33.5 hours for the trip. When he arrived back in the United States, many warships and aircraft escorted him to Washington, D.C. where President Calvin Coolidge gave him the Distinguished Flying Cross.

Lindbergh's act won him the Orteig Prize, which was 25,000 US dollars. A parade was held for him on 5th Avenue in New York City on June 13, 1927.  At the end of the year, he was named Time's first Man of the Year.
He served on a variety of national and international boards and committees, including the central committee of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in the United States.

Medal of Honor citation
Lindbergh's Medal of Honor recognized that he had done something unique. This is one of only two medals given for conduct during peacetime.

The words of Lindbergh's citation explain:.
For displaying heroic courage and skill as a navigator, at the risk of his life, by his nonstop flight in his airplane, the "Spirit of St. Louis," from New York City to Paris, France, 20-21 May 1927, by which Capt. Lindbergh not only achieved the greatest individual triumph of any American citizen but demonstrated that travel across the ocean by aircraft was possible.
Later life 
Lindbergh married Anne Morrow in 1929. In 1932 he made headlines again, when his baby son, Charles Lindbergh III, was kidnapped and murdered. Bruno Hauptmann was convicted of the crime and later put to death in the electric chair. The Lindberghs later moved to Europe. He died of lymphoma on August 26, 1974, in Hawaii.

Legacy
Lindbergh is honored in aviation for mapping out polar air-routes, flying at high altitudes, and decreasing fuel use.

Lindbergh's legacy is, in part, his unique solo flight which changed public opinion about the value and significance of aircraft and air travel. In greater part, his legacy developed from what he did with his status and fame. He used his celebrity to advance aviation across the world.

A developing Lindbergh legacy is in life sciences.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 

1902 births
1974 deaths
American aviators
American esotericists
American inventors
Cancer deaths in Hawaii
Deaths from lymphoma
Freemasons
Writers from Detroit
Pulitzer Prize winners
Time People of the Year
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from Michigan
Anti-communists
A pilot is a person that drives a vehicle (form of transportation) such as an airplane, spacecraft, or boat. All types of pilots must pass a number of tests and obtain a license before they can operate the vehicle. The pilot of a flying machine is usually in charge for the whole trip. A ship pilot usually only guides the ship through an especially difficult place such as a harbor. 

Occupations in aviation
Water transport
Charles August Lindbergh, Sr. (January 20, 1859 – May 24, 1924),  was a United States Congressman for 6th District of Minnesota  from 1907 to 1917. He was the father of Charles Lindbergh.

References
 Larson, Bruce L. Lindbergh of Minnesota: A Political Biography. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973. .

United States representatives from Minnesota
1859 births
1924 deaths
The Faroe Islands or Føroyar (that meaning "Sheep Islands") are a group of eighteen islands in the north Atlantic Ocean between Scotland, Norway, and Iceland.

They are a part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but have had local (autocratic) rule since 1948, and people in the Faroe Islands have had the right to do business with people from all countries since 1856. Most government matters are controlled by the Faroese government, except for military defense.
The Faroes have similarities to Iceland, Shetland, the Orkney Islands, the Outer Hebrides and Greenland. The island group, or archipelago, left Norway in 1815. The Faroes have their own representatives in the Nordic Council.

History 
The first recorded evidence of people living in the Faroe Islands was written in the 9th century. Irish monks had lived here.
Regions and municipalities 
Administratively, the islands are divided into 34 municipalities within which there are 120 or so cities and villages. Traditionally, there are also the six sýslur ("regions"; Norðoyar, Eysturoy, Streymoy, Vágar, Sandoy and Suðuroy).

Geography 

The Faroe Islands are eighteen islands off the coast of Northern Europe, between the Norwegian Sea and the north Atlantic Ocean. Its area is 1,399 square kilometres (540 sq. mi), and has no major lakes or rivers. There are 1,117 kilometres (694 mi) of coastline, and no land boundaries with any other country. The only island that does not have anybody living on it is Lítla Dímun.

Distances to nearest countries and islands 
 Sula Sgeir (uninhabited, Scotland): 240 km (149 mi)
 Shetland (Scotland): 280 km (174  mi)
 Scotland (British Mainland): 310 km (193 mi)
 Iceland: 450 km (280 miles)
 Norway: 675 km (419 miles)
 Ireland: 678 km (421 miles)
Economy 
Fish, raising sheep, and tourism are important parts of the economy of the Faroe Islands. The economy was in trouble around 1990. Unemployment decreased in the later 1990s. It was down to about 6% at the end of 1998. By June 2008 unemployment had declined to 1.1%, before rising to 3.4% in early 2009. However, since fishing is so important to the economy, if there are problems with fishing, the economy could be in trouble Since 2000, new business projects have been created in the Faroe Islands to attract new investment. The introduction of Burger King in Tórshavn was widely publicized but no one knows how things will go for this company. Trades on the islands are easy by the bridges or the tunnels that connect 80% of the population in the islands.

Population (1327-2004)

Culture

Ólavsøka 

The national holiday Ólavsøka, is on 29 July. It commemorates the death of Saint Olaf. The celebrations are held in Tórshavn. They start on the evening of the 28th, and go until 31 July.
The official part of the celebration starts on the 29th, with the opening of the Faroese Parliament. In the day there is a procession with many people from the churches in the islands.

The Nordic House in the Faroe Islands 
The Nordic House in the Faroe Islands () is the most important cultural institution in the Faroes. It supports Nordic and Faroese culture, locally and in the Nordic region. The House is managed by a director changed every four years.

Music 
In the islands there are many artists and musicians, with the most famous listed below:

Musicians:
 Eivør (Eivør Pálsdóttir)
 Lena (Lena Andersen)
 Teitur (Teitur Lassen)
 Høgni Lisberg
 Brandur Enni

Bands:
 Týr
 Gestir
 200
 Clickhaze.

In the Islands,there are music festivals,where international musicians participating, like
 Summartónar,each summers.
 G! Festival in Gøta in July.
 Summarfestivalurin in Klaksvík in August.

Food
Food 

Traditional Faroese food is mainly based on meat and potatoes and uses few fresh vegetables. A very important meat in the islands is lamb, the first ingredient of many dishes. Other typical dishes from the islands are fresh fish, blubber, whale, seabirds, and Faroese puffins and their eggs.

Climate 
The climate is defined as subarctic oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa), with cool summers, and with cold winters. Usually there is fog or a heavy wind that causes air traffic problems.
Animals and vegetation in the islands 
There are more sheep than people in the Faroe Islands. The islands have no native mammals, because the islands are far away from land. Many species of birds live sometimes in the islands, like eider, starling, wren, guillemot, and black guillemot. Only a few species of wild land seals live in the Faroe Islands today, the grey seals. Sometimes tourists can see whales in the waters near the islands.
Grey Seals are very common around the Faroese shores. The natural vegetation of the Faroe Islands is like in the Scottish islands or in Ireland. It is mostly wild flowers, grasses, moss and lichen.

References

Other websites 
 Official site 
 Flick photo set
 National Library of the Faroe Islands 
 Introduction to the Faroe Islands
 Photo-gallery of Faroe Islands 
 Official site of the Nordic House in the Faroe Islands
 Faroephotos 
 Pictures from the Faroe Islands 

 
1948 establishments in Europe
Archipelagos
Faroese is the Germanic language of the Faroe Islands spoken by about 70,000 people. The language came from Old Norse which was spoken in the Middle Ages. Faroese is the most similar to Icelandic. The alphabet has 29 letters that come from the Latin alphabet.

Faroese numbers

References
Laura Ingalls Wilder (February 7, 1867 - February 10, 1957) was an American writer. She was born in Wisconsin and spent her childhood in Missouri and Kansas. She became a teacher in South Dakota at age 16.

Wilder is best known as the author of the Little House on the Prairie series of books. A TV series, Little House On the Prairie, was inspired by the story of her life as told in her books. The series starred Melissa Gilbert as Laura and Michael Landon as Charles 'Pa' Ingalls.

Other websites 

Little House Wiki: Laura Ingalls Wilder

1867 births
1957 deaths
Writers from Wisconsin
Mestizo (meh-STEE-tzo) is a Spanish term for a person who is of mixed European (usually Spanish) and Amerindian ancestry.

Mestizos have existed since the time when Spain controlled much of what is now Latin America. A mestizo was usually the son of a Spanish father and a Native American mother. Mestizos form the largest part of the population in some Latin American nations, a large minority of mestizos makes up most of the population in Mexico, which is the Spanish-speaking nation with the largest population in the world.

During the colonial era, many Native Americans were converted to Roman Catholicism and began using the Spanish language instead of their traditional one. This was because of the concept that existed in the Spanish colonies which gave more "value" to European people over Native Americans and Africans. Because of this, many Native Americans gained better social status by calling themselves "mestizos" instead of "indios."
Indo-Mestizo 
Indo-Mestizo (also known as Cholo) is a Spanish term for a person who is around 3/4 Native American and 1/4 Caucasian ancestry and an unfortunate derogatory term used by the European cast system for racial discrimination against Original Native people https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casta

Indo-Mestizos term is a racial slur used  mostly to discriminate against Original Native people  in Eastern and Southern Mexico, much of Northern Central America,in South American West Pacific Side Ecuador, Peru, Chile Colombia and Bolivia

Indo-Mestizos usually have more Native American traits, but may have a light pigmentation with completely Native American features, or a dark pigmenation with some obvious Caucasian features.

Famous Indo-Mestizos include Maya Zapata, George Lopez, and Danny Trejo. They are so called because of their appearance, not because of known genetic background. 

Native Americans
 
Ethnic groups
The Royal Air Force (acronym: RAF) is the air force of the United Kingdom. The RAF began in 1918 when the Royal Flying Corps (pronounced core) and the Royal Naval Air Service joined together. It is the oldest air force in the world. The first man to lead the RAF was Hugh Trenchard. The RAF has many bases across the world, including the United Kingdom, Falkland Islands, Cyprus and Gibraltar. Some examples of the British bases are RAF Lossiemouth in Scotland, RAF Valley in Wales, RAF Aldergrove in Northern Ireland and RAF Linton-on Ouse in England. The RAF has new planes including the Eurofighter Typhoon, F35 Lightning II and the BAE Systems Hawk. The Hawk is used to train fast jet pilots. At the end of 2022 the UK had 30 F35 Lightning II.
World War II 
The RAF were very busy during World War II. Many important planes were built for the RAF. The Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane helped defend Britain during the Battle of Britain. The Avro Lancaster bomber attacked Germany with strategic bombing. The RAF lost great numbers of pilots and aircraft, fighting around the world and especially against the Luftwaffe, the German Air Force.

References

Other websites 
 241 Squadron RAF  1918 Great War Forum
 The RAF website
 pictures of RAF planes in action

 
1918 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in the United Kingdom
Tequila is a Latin American drink from Mexico that contains alcohol. It is made from a plant called agave. It contains about 40 percent alcohol, and is often used in bars and nightclubs to make mixed drinks such as the tequila sunrise or the Margarita. It is also muggish

Alcoholic spirits
One Thousand and One Nights is an old cycle (or group) of stories that mostly come from Arabia and Persia, and a few also from India, Central Asia and China. All these stories were later collected together. There are different layers of the stories:

 Uppermost is the story of Queen Scheherazade who needs to entertain her husband, the Sultan or King Sheheryar, or she would be put to death.
 The next layer is made up of the actual stories, such as Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves, Aladdin and the Magic Lamp, etc.
 In those stories, there is often also a narrator who tells the story.

It is similar to 101 Nights, also known as The Book with the Story of the 101 Nights, another Arabic story collection. The collections only have two stories in common - “The Ebony Horse” and “The King’s Son and the Seven Viziers,” popularly known as “The Book of Sinbad.”

Related pages
 Sinbad the Sailor

References
References

Other website links
 The Thousand Nights and a Night in several classic translations, including unexpurgated version by Sir Francis Burton, and John Payne translation, with additional material.
 Stories From One Thousand and One Nights, (Lane and Poole translation): Project Bartleby edition
 The Arabian Nights (includes Lang and (expurgated) Burton translations): Electronic Literature Foundation editions 
 The Medieval Arabic Nights  - a study
 Jonathan Scott translation of Arabian Nights
 Notes on the influences and context of the Thousand and One Nights 
 1001 Resources and Links for A Thousand and One Nights  University of Houston
 The Book of the Thousand and One Nights  by John Crocker
 (expurgated) Sir Burton's ~1885 translation, annotated for English study.
 Arabian Nights' Tales  Dedicated site with just the stories of 1001 nights listed in order.

Persian literature
Arabic literature
A coup d'état (pronounced []), or just coup ([]) for short, is the removal of a head of state and/or a head of government from power (overthrow). Unlike a revolution in which large numbers of people usually take over, a coup can be done by a small number of people. Even one person can cause a coup, such as Idi Amin for example, who controlled the Ugandan Army. Coups can also be organized by other countries, such as the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. One well-known failed coup was the Beer Hall Putsch in which Adolf Hitler tried to take over the government of Bavaria , a state in Germany.

The term comes from the French for "a (sudden) blow (or strike) to a state".

Informally, coup is sometimes used to refer to takeovers or wins, in places other than government such as in a company or corporation.
As an extraordinary animator and entrepreneur, Disney was well known as a movie producer and a showman, as well as an innovator in animation and theme park design. He and his staff created some of the world's most well-known fictional characters including Mickey Mouse. He provided the original voice for Mickey Mouse. He received four honorary Academy Awards and won 22 Academy Awards from a total of 59 nominations, including a record four in one year. It gave him more awards and nominations than any other person in history. Disney also won seven Emmy Awards. He gave his name to the Disneyland, and Walt Disney World Resort theme parks in the United States, as well as international resorts like Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland. 

He died on December 15, 1966 from lung cancer aged 65. A year later, construction of the Walt Disney World Resort began in Florida. His brother Roy Disney inaugurated the Magic Kingdom in 1971.
Early life
Walter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901 at 2156 North Tripp Avenue in Hermosa, Chicago, Illinois. His father, Elias Disney, had Irish-Canadian ancestry and his mother, Flora Call Disney, had German and English ancestry.
His great-grandfather, Arundel Elias Disney, had emigrated from Gowran, County Kilkenny, Ireland where he was born in 1801. Arundel Disney was a descendant of Robert d'Isigny, a Frenchman who had traveled to England with William the Conqueror in 1066. The d'Isigny name was anglicized as "Disney" and the family settled in a village now known as Norton Disney, south of the city of Lincoln, in the county of Lincolnshire.
Career
About the time Disney was entering high school, his family moved to the city of Chicago. Disney took classes at the Chicago Art Institute and drew for the school newspaper. When he was sixteen, Disney decided he wanted to help fight in World War I. Since he was still too young to join the army, he dropped out of school and joined the Red Cross. He spent the next year driving ambulances for the Red Cross in France.

Disney's best-known creation is the cartoon character, Mickey Mouse. Disney even provided the voice for Mickey Mouse for many years. Donald Duck is another famous creation. Minnie Mouse and Pluto are also his creations. Disney was once fired from a newspaper company in Kansas City, Missouri because of his lack of creativity.
Disney began as a cartoonist in the 1920s. He created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit but lost ownership of the character due to a contract problem. He then created Mickey Mouse. Disney started the Walt Disney Studios and created the first full-length animated movie when he created Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). The movie was a huge success. The money from the movie helped Disney create many more cartoons and movies such as Fantasia, Pinocchio (both 1940), Dumbo (1941), and Bambi (1942). New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella (1950), Peter Pan (1953), and Mary Poppins (1964), the latter of which received five Academy Awards. He earned 32 academy awards. Disney once refused an offer from Alfred Hitchcock to make a movie at Disney World after Hitchcock filmed Psycho. He also served as the host of The Wonderful World of Disney, a weekly variety show that had Disney cartoons and some live-action skits.
In the 1950s, Disney created Disneyland in Anaheim, California. Disneyland was the first modern theme park. Disney also bought the land for Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. Disney did not see Walt Disney World finished though because he died before it opened. Both Disneyland and Walt Disney World (and now other Disney theme parks) are famous for their design, level of detail, being very clean, and animatronics.

Death and legacy
On December 15, 1966, Disney died of lung cancer in Burbank, California at the age of 65. His movies and theme parks are still enjoyed by millions of people around the world. His company continues to produce very successful new theme parks, cartoons and films.

After Disney's death, many rumors were spreading that Disney's body was cryonically frozen, and that he was stored beneath the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at Disneyland. In reality, he was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park cemetery in Glendale, California.
Some people have accused Disney of being racist and antisemitic. This was because he made some insensitive comments and included ethnic stereotypes in his cartoons and films, even though he employed a lot of Jews and people of different backgrounds.

Related pages

 The Walt Disney Company
 Walt Disney Pictures
 Roy E. Disney
 Michael Eisner
 List of Disney animated movies

References

Other websites

 
 Walt Disney Family Museum
 Time Magazine profile
1901 births
1966 deaths
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
American billionaires
American movie editors
American television producers
American voice actors
Artists from Chicago
Businesspeople from Chicago
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
American chief executives
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
Disney actors
Disney animators
Disney people
Emmy Award winners
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie directors from Missouri
Movie producers from Chicago
Movie producers from Missouri
Screenwriters from Chicago
Screenwriters from Missouri
Philanthropists from Chicago
Anti-communists
In the Roman Catholic Church
According to the Roman Catholic Church, the Eucharist is the true presence of Jesus Christ, the Son of God. During a Mass, through the act of transubstantiation, the bread and wine offered change, and are no longer bread and wine.  They become the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ. The bread and wine do not change appearance, but they are the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ, which Catholics in good standing (not in the state of mortal sin) come and receive Christ—they consume Him.  This follows what was said by Christ "Eat my Body and Drink my Blood" (John ch.6). Most Protestant denominations believe that this was meant as a symbol, while the Catholic Church bases its beliefs on the tradition handed down through the church.
From the second century, St. Justin Martyr wrote:
"This food we call Eucharist, which no one is allowed to share except the one who believes that our teaching is true, and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and so lives as Christ has handed down. For we do not receive these as common bread and common drink; but just as Jesus Christ our Savior, having been made flesh by the word of God, had both flesh and blood for our salvation, so likewise we have learned that the food over which thanks has been given by the prayer of the word which comes from him, and by which our blood and flesh are nourished through a change, is the Flesh and Blood of the same incarnate Jesus" (The First Apology).

In other churches
In other churches

In most Protestant churches, not including Lutheranism, the sacrament of communion involves eating small wafers or Matzos and drinking wine or grape juice, and not believing that it is the actual body and blood of Jesus, but as a very important symbolic observance, and fulfillment of what Christ commanded. Some churches offer it daily, some weekly, some monthly, and some a few times a year.

Unlike the Catholic teaching, Lutherans teach that the bread and wine is Jesus' body and blood, but is bread and wine also (consubstantiation).

In the Latter Day Saints or "Mormon" Church, followers eat small pieces of bread and drink water. They believe that this is a symbol of the body and blood of Jesus, and they call it the Sacrament. They also believe that it helps them to make the promises of baptism all over again.

Related pages
Transubstantiation

Sacraments
Christian terminology
Stroke can mean one of the following:
Stroke, a cerebral accident, when blood supply to a part of the brain is suddenly interrupted
 A sunstroke
Stroke (Chinese character), in graphics of Chinese characters.
A single line without any break, see stroke order
A different name for the typographical character known as slash
Stroke (engine), a single action of some engines
stroke (software), a port scanning utility
Little House on the Prairie is a book written by Laura Ingalls Wilder in 1935. It is one part of series of books about Wilder's childhood in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Kansas during the late 19th century. The books have been made many times into movies and television series. Some other writers have also written books about Laura and her relatives.

The books became famous during the 20th century.  During the 21st century, scholars began to look at them closely as literature and as art.  Wilder has been criticized for the way she shows Native Americans and black Americans.

"Little House" books
Pioneer Girl was one of the first books Ingalls-Wilder wrote, but she could not find a publisher that wanted to print it.  Pioneer Girl is a nonfiction story of Wilder's life.  Her daughter told her to write fictional stories instead.  The Little House series is a different from the true story of Ingalls-Wilder's life.  She was trying to tell a happy story and to show manifest destiny as a good thing.  She wanted the story to make sense, so she left things out if they did not fit her ideas.  The fictional books do not talk about when her family moved east to Iowa or her little brother who died young.  She also invented fictional characters and made combination characters: Nellie Olson is one person in the fictional books but she was based on more than one person in real life.

In 2015, an edited version of Pioneer Girl was published. It has many footnotes explaining things for twenty-first-century readers.
Original books
 
 Little House in the Big Woods (1932)
 Farmer Boy (1933)
 Little House on the Prairie (1935)
 On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937)
 By the Shores of Silver Lake (1939)
 The Long Winter (1940)
 Little Town on the Prairie (1941)
 These Happy Golden Years (1943)
 On the Way Home (1962)
 The First Four Years (1971), 
 West From Home (1974)
 The Road Back (2006)

Nonfiction

 Pioneer Girl (2015)

Screenings

TV movies
 Little House on the Prairie (1974)
 Little House Years (1978)
 Little House: Look Back to Yesterday (1983)
 Little House: Bless All the dear Children (1984)
 Little House: The Last Farewell (1984)
 Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder (1997)
 Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder II (1998)
 Little House on the Prairie (2005) - miniseries
TV shows
 Jackanory - Little House in the Big Woods (1966)
 Jackanory - Farmer Boy (1968)
 Little House on the Prairie / Little House: A New Beginning (1974-1983) - live action
 Laura the Prairie Girl (1975) - animated

Native Americans in the books
In 2018, the Association for Library Service to Children changed the name of its Laura Ingalls Wilder Award to the Children’s Literature Legacy Award because people did not like the way Wilder wrote about Native Americans in Little House on the Prairie.  They said the book had "dated cultural attitudes toward Indigenous people and people of color that contradict modern acceptance, celebration, and understanding of diverse communities."  For example, in the book, one white character says "the only good Indian is a dead Indian." Some of the words Ingalls use to describe Native Americans makes them sound like non-human animals.  Other people disagreed, saying the book showed how complicated things between Native Americans and white settlers were.  For example, it shows that the Ingalls family is on Indian land illegally, which means they must leave.  It shows Laura asking her parents why they are in Indian territory if they don't want to be near Indians.
Other websites
Little House Wiki: Little House on the Prairie

References

1935 books
20th-century American novels
Fiction set in the past
Minnesota in fiction
Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano is an Italian choir of children. It was created in Bologna in 1963 by Mariele Ventre. The children had to help singing children at Zecchino d'Oro festival. In 1995, Mariele Ventre died and the choir has a new director - Sabrina Simoni - and a new name - Piccolo Coro "Mariele Ventre" dell'Antoniano.

Choirs
Italian musical groups
1963 establishments in Europe
People from Bologna
1960s establishments in Italy
Howard G. "Ward" Cunningham (born May 26, 1949) is an American computer programmer. He started the first wiki website on March 25, 1995, and is considered the inventor of that software. He currently lives in Beaverton, Oregon.

Ward Cunningham got a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and computer science from Purdue University, and then got his master's degree in computer science from there as well. he has worked for Tektronix Computer Research Laboratory, the Eclipse Foundation, and Microsoft, among other places. In 2009, he joined AboutUs, an editable guide to websites.

Other websites 
 WikiWikiWeb, the first wiki hosted at c2.com
 Ward's personal pages on c2.com

1949 births
Living people
American computer scientists
Scientists from Oregon
Scientists from Indiana
People from Michigan City, Indiana
A chain is like a rope, but made up of several elements called links.
 A chain (unit) is also a measure of length
 A human chain can be made by people standing next to one another and who hold hands or link arms. It is a chain that has people for its links. 
 Chain store, retail stores which share a brand and central management, usually with standardized business methods and practices. They may all have the same owners or may be franchised.

Basic English 850 words
A rope is made out of several threads. The material can be organic, like flax, or it can be small threads of steel (in case of a steel rope, wire or cable). A rope can be used to lift, or pull things, like pulling a ship into a harbor with another ship, or fixing the ship so it does not move away. The twisting of fibers in rope is what leads to its high tensile strength (meaning it's very difficult to pull apart) and this innovation allowed the rope to become a construction staple that has been used for millennia. Ropes have been used for thousands of years, from the Egyptians using them in 4000BCE and modern-day construction that relies heavily on the strength of this tool.

Gallery

Hardware (mechanical)
Ropework
The X-Files is an American science fiction television series set in Maryland. It ran from its creation in 1993 until 2002, lasting for nine seasons. On January 24, 2016, a new season began airing. The series is about two FBI agents, Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) and Fox Mulder (David Duchovny). Together, they work to find answers to strange cases. Many of these cases have to do with aliens and the paranormal.

The X-Files was a very popular show; it is the second longest running science fiction show behind Stargate SG-1. It also won awards like the Emmy Awards and the Golden Globe Awards.

Plot 
The plot of the show has to do with finding the answer to mysteries, or X-Files. Mulder believes that the answers to many of these mysteries have to do with aliens and the paranormal, while Scully believes that the answer can be found using science.  Sometimes, there are monsters that are introduced into the show.  Episodes with monsters in them are called "Monster-of-the-week" episodes.
There is a plot in the show about Mulder's sister, Samantha Mulder.  She was taken by aliens when she was little.  Mulder spends a lot of time looking for her.  In season seven, Mulder finds out that both the aliens and the government took his sister for experiments.  They wanted to make an alien-human hybrid and used Samantha as a test subject.

Mulder and Scully believe that there is a part of the government that is helping the aliens.  They find out this is true.  The part of the government that helps the aliens is called "The Syndicate."  The Syndicate helps the aliens to take over Earth.

Eventually, Mulder is taken by the aliens and is replaced in the series by John Doggett, another FBI agent.  Doggett and Scully then work together in season eight.  In season nine, Scully is replaced by Monica Reyes.
Cast and characters 
 Fox Mulder (played by David Duchovny) is an agent assigned to the X-Files.  He first worked in the Violent Crimes Unit, but he later opened the X-Files.
 Dana Scully (played by Gillian Anderson) is Mulder's partner.  She joins Mulder a year after he opens the X-Files.  She was told to join Mulder to make sure that the way they solved mysteries was scientific.
 Walter Skinner (played by Mitch Peleggi) is Scully, Mulder, Doggett and Reyes' supervisor at the X-Files.
 John Doggett (played by Robert Patrick) joins the show in season eight after Mulder is taken by aliens.  He becomes Scully's partner.
 Monica Reyes (played by Annabeth Gish) joins the show in season eight. She takes the place of Scully as Doggett's partner.

Movies 
In 1998, a movie called The X-Files: Fight The Future was made.  In the plot of the series, it is between seasons five and six.  It is mainly about government conspiracy involving aliens. It was directed by Rob Bowman.
Another movie, called The X-Files: I Want to Believe, was made in 2008, six years after the season ended. The movie is more like a horror story than a story about aliens. It was directed by Chris Carter.  It earned $20,982,478 in the US, earned $47,386,956 in countries outside the US, and in total earned $68,369,434.

References

Other websites
The X-Files retrospective on YouTube

1993 American television series debuts
1990s American drama television series

2000s American drama television series
2000s mystery television series
2010s American drama television series
2010s mystery television series
American mystery television series
American science fiction television series
FBI in fiction
Fox television series
Maryland
Emmy Award winning programs
English-language television programs
A patent gives an inventor the right to stop other people making or using their invention.  If someone makes or uses that invention without being allowed to, the inventor can sue that person in court to make them stop.  The inventor can sell the patent to another person or company.

A patent lasts for up to 20 years, depending on the country.  After that, anyone can copy the invention.  

Each country has its own patents.  China gives Chinese patents.  India gives Indian patents.  The United States gives United States patents.  An inventor can get a patent in any country the inventor wants.  An inventor can get patents in many different countries for the same invention.  Each patent in each country costs money to get.

The rules for patents are similar in most countries.
Getting a patent
To get a patent, the inventor must ask the government by describing the invention in writing.  This is called a patent application.  The inventor can write the patent application, but it is usually written by a person trained to write patent applications.  This person is called a patent agent or, if the person is a lawyer, a patent attorney.

The government does not usually just give the inventor a patent. Instead, the government tries to confirm whether the idea is actually new. This is called patent examination.  The government will try to find books, stories, or other patents that show that the idea was not new. The inventor, or his or her patent attorney, then tries to show how the inventor's idea is actually new and is different from anything that the government finds.
If the government finds that the inventor's idea is new, it will give the inventor a patent. The government will also send the inventor a copy of his or her patent application with a special seal. This copy is the patent.

The inventor must also pay the government a tax to get a patent.  Usually, an inventor pays money to ask for the patent, and the inventor pays money when they get a patent.  In some countries, the owner of a patent must also pay money to keep the patent. Some can be cheap and some can be expensive.

Using a patent 
The owner of a patent can stop other people from using their invention.  If someone other than the patent owner uses the patent, this is called infringing a patent.  If the owner knows that someone is infringing his or her patent, the patent owner can ask a court to stop them.  If the court agrees that the other person was using the patent, the court can make that person pay a fine to the patent owner.
The patent owner can give other people permission to use their patent.  This is called a patent license.  A person who wants to use another person's patent will usually pay money to the patent owner.

What can be patented
Patents most often cover products or processes that contain 'new' functional or technical ideas. They are concerned with how things work, how they are made, or what they are made of. Patents cover many different things such as electronics, medicines, agriculture and transport – anything in fact, from a small detail in an electric switch to an entire power station.

Usually, to get a patent there are three rules that the idea needs to follow:
It must be new, so that nobody else has made the same thing or something similar in the past
It must involve an inventive step: this means it is not something that anyone could have easily made
It must have an application to the real world: it must be useful.
Marking 
Often a product is marked with a text saying 'patent pending' or 'pat. pending', which means that a patent has been asked for (part of) the product. Then people are warned that they should not copy the invention.

Parts of a patent 
Patents are usually very long.  They include a number of smaller parts.  A patent usually includes a section that briefly describes the idea called the abstract.  It also may include a section that describes other people's inventions and how the inventor's idea is different called the "background of the invention."

The patent also includes a long description of the idea itself called a "detailed description."  In this section, the inventor tries to describe every detail of his or her invention.

The patent also has a number of pictures called the "figures." The figures are usually drawn by people called draftsman that are trained to draw in a special way.  The pictures are labeled with numbers to show different parts of the invention.
At the end of most patents is a section called the claims. These are usually numbered. They include a short statement that lists all of the things needed for the invention.  A court will use the claims to decide if another person is "infringing" the patent.

Related pages 
Intellectual property

Intellectual property law
Technology
The Wizard of Oz is an American musical movie. It was produced by MGM and released by RKO in 1939. The movie is based on the children's book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. This book was first published in May 1900. The book and movie are about a little girl's adventures in the land called Oz. This is still watched from 1939 to 2017.

The song "Over the Rainbow" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. The movie was first televised in 1956. It became an annual Thanksgiving television special for many years. The movie was named the most-watched motion picture in history by the Library of Congress.

In 1998, the movie was sixth on the American Film Institute's 100 Years... 100 Movies list. The movie has been chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

Story
Story 

Dorothy (Judy Garland) lives on a drab Kansas farm with her Auntie Em and Uncle Henry (Clara Blandick and Charlie Grapewin). A powerful storm sweeps her and her house away to the Land of Oz. Upon arriving, she arrives in a town of people called "munchkins". She soon realises that her house has crushed a witch and now the witch's magical ruby slippers belong to her. The good witch, Glinda (Billie Burke), tells her that only the Wizard of Oz (Frank Morgan) can send her back home. 

She must go to the Emerald City to see him. She sets off on the Yellow Brick Road wearing the witch's ruby slippers. She makes three friends on the road: a Scarecrow, a Tin Man, and a Cowardly Lion (Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, and Bert Lahr).
On the way to Emerald City, the friends are tormented by The Wicked Witch of the West (Margaret Hamilton). She is the sister of the witch Dorothy killed. She wants the ruby slippers. Dorothy won't give the slippers to the witch. The friends arrive in Emerald City. The Wizard refuses to help them unless they defeat the Wicked Witch. The friends go to the Witch's castle and are captured. The Witch tries to torture the scarecrow with fire so Dorothy throws a bucket of water over the Witch, causing her to melt.

In the Emerald City, the four friends are welcomed as heroes. It is revealed that the Wizard is not actually magic and is instead just an ordinary scientist. The Wizard prepares his hot air balloon to take Dorothy back to Kansas. But the balloon takes off without her. The good witch called Glinda (Billie Burke) tells Dorothy she can go home by just clicking the heels of the ruby slippers together and thinking about home. She does this. She wakes up in her bed. Her adventures have been a dream.
Main cast 

 Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale
 Ray Bolger as the Scarecrow
 Jack Haley as the Tin Man
 Bert Lahr as the Cowardly Lion
 Margaret Hamilton as the Wicked Witch
 Billie Burke as Glinda, the Good Witch
 Frank Morgan as the Wizard of Oz
 Clara Blandick as Aunt Em
 Charlie Grapewin as Uncle Henry

References

Other websites 
Official DVD Website

Greatest Films
RaveCentral 
The Wizard of Oz tornado - on the set
Moria.co.nz Review 

1939 movies
1930s family movies
1930s fantasy movies
American family movies
American fantasy movies
1930s American musical movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Kansas
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
MGM movies
Movies directed by Victor Fleming
Movies directed by King Vidor
Movies directed by Mervyn LeRoy
Movies about dreams
Movies about witchcraft‏‎
Movies about wizards
Assassination is the murder of an important or popular person, usually, a political leader, like the head of a country or of a political party. Assassinations are usually done for political reasons or for payment.  A person who assassinates someone is called an assassin.

Throughout history, assassinations have happened for many different reasons. Sometimes, assassinations have been used to take over governments. Other times, assassinations have been used to kill military leaders during wars, or for religious reasons. Some assassins want revenge, or just want to be famous.

In ancient to medieval times

Assassinations have happened ever since people started living in group societies.

The Old Testament of the Bible mentions assassinations in the Books of Judith, Kings, Samuel and Chronicles.
An ancient Indian writer, Chanakya, who lived from about 350 to 283 BC, wrote much about assassinations in a book called Arthashastra.  One of his students later assassinated some of his enemies, including two of Alexander the Great's generals.

Famous victims of assassinations include Philip II of Macedon (336 BC), who was Alexander's father, and Julius Caesar (44 BC). There is evidence that Alexander was assassinated by poisoning. Several emperors of the Roman Empire were assassinated so that a different leader could take their place.

In the Middle Ages, many emperors in the Byzntine Empire were murdered so that new emperors could take power.

In the 12th and the 13th centuries, the Shia Order of Assassins in Persia and Syria fought their Sunni and Christian enemies by killing their leaders. That is when the term "assassination" started.
During the Renaissance, assassinations happened in Western Europe.  Kings William the Silent of the Netherlands (1584), Henry III of France (1589), and Henry IV of France (1610) were all assassinated.

The first American use of state assassination, which is organized by the statem happened in 1620. It happened in Plymouth in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, where the Pilgrims had landed. Native Americans had lived there before the Pilgrims landed, but the Pilgrims wanted the land to themselves. Myles Standish invited a local Native American tribal chief, the chief's 18-year-old brother, and two other Native Americans to a feast. Then, they locked the door, killed the three older men and hanged the teenager in public as a warning to the other Native Americans to stay away.

In modern history
In modern history

Assassinations have been common in modern history. This section does not list every assassination that has happened in modern history. It lists some examples of world leaders who were assassinated, and explains some of the reasons why these assassinations happened.

In Imperial Russia, two emperors were assassinated within 80 years: Paul I (1801)pp. 16–17 and Alexander II (1881).p. 419

In the United States, four presidents were assassinated within 100 years. They were Presidents Abraham Lincoln (1865), James Garfield (1881), William McKinley (1901), and John F. Kennedy (1963).

After Abraham Lincoln was killed, Andrew Johnson became presiden  for four years.  During that time, 12 people who held important political jobs were assassinated. The next president, Ulysses S. Grant, led the United States from 1869 to 1877  During that time, 11 government leaders were assassinated; another 9 were attacked, but survived.
The World Wars
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in 1914.  Some historians say this assassination started World War I.

In the 1930s and 1940s, Joseph Stalin's NKVD assassinated some people outside of the Soviet Union, including Leon Trotsky. They were mostly people who Stalin thought were against him or could take power from him. Stalin wanted to make sure to keep the power he had and so he killed many of his opponents, mostly within the Soviet Union.

Between 1934 and 1944, different individuals and groups tried 27 different times to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany during the Holocaust and World War II. They wanted to stop Hitler from taking over so many countries and killing so many people.  However, he always survived.
During World War II, the Allies used assassinations to kill important Nazi and Japanese leaders:
 Czechoslovak soldiers assassinated Reinhard Heydrich, one of the most important people in the Nazi government (1942)
 The United States Army assassinated Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, an important military leader (1943)
 Polish rebels assassinated top Nazi leaders whenever they could

Activists

Some famous human rights activists were also assassinated in the next few decades.  They were assassinated by people who did not like the things they were doing to work for human rights.  The most famous activists who were assassinated include:
 Mohandas Gandhi (1948), a leader of non-violent protests against British control over India
 Malcolm X (1965), a civl rights leader
 Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968), one of the most important leaders of the Civil Rights Movement
Central Intelligence Agency (1960  1970) 
Between 1960 and 1965, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) tried at least eight times to assassinate Cuban leader Fidel Castro.p. 71  Around this time, the CIA also made plans to assassinate Patrice Lumumba, the only democratically-elected leader of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.pp. 19–24

Between 1960 and 1970, the CIA also encouraged and in some cases helped with assassinations of the following:p. 256
 Rafael Trujillo, the President of the Dominican Republic
 Ngo Dinh Diem, the President of South Vietnam
 General René Schneider, the head of the Chilean Army, who refused to let the Army overthrow the democratically elected president, Salvador Allende

The 1970s  1980s