Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
After 1600 the area was united under one ruler and began trading and making connection with Portuguese traders and members of the military through the Mozambican port which was occupied by Portuguese. By 1700 the empire had broken up into areas that were controlled by individual groups of people which was known by the Portuguese by collecting information. The Swahili-Arab slave trade had its highest amount in the middle of 1800s when about 20,000 people were forced to become slaves and were sold every year.

In 1859 British explorer David Livingstone found Lake Malawi (then it was called Lake Nyasa) and thought that Shire Highlands to the south of the lake was a good place for Europeans to make a colony. Many British missions were done in the area in the 1860s and 1870s. The African Lakes Company Limited was made in 1878 to set up a trade and transport that helped with the missions, and a small mission and trading area was made at Blantyre in 1876 and a British Consul started living there in 1883.
Malawi became an independent country on 6 July 1964. Hastings Banda became the first president. Constitution made Malawi become a republic and one-party state. Banda's Malawi Congress Party (MCP) was the only legal party in the country. In 1971, Banda became president for life. For almost 30 years, Banda ruled over a harsh government which kept Malawi out from war.

Banda showed how a poor country with no access to sea, big population and no minerals can develop farming and industries. Banda made a business empire that produced one-third of the country's GDP and used 10% of the workers who got paid. All money made by Banda was used to develop Malawi.

Under pressure for free politics, Banda held an referendum in 1993, where population voted for many party, democratic government. In late 1993 a presidential council was made, president for life was ended and new constitution was put in place, ending MCP rule. In 1994 the first many party elections were held in Malawi, and Banda was defeated by Bakili Muluzi.
Major cities

 Lilongwe
 Blantyre
 Mzuzu

Related pages
 Lake Malawi
 List of rivers of Malawi
 Malawi at the Olympics
 Malawi national football team

References

 
Least developed countries
1964 establishments in Africa
Commonwealth member states
Electromagnetic waves are waves that contain an electric field and a magnetic field and carry energy. They travel at the speed of light (299,792,458 meters per second).

Quantum mechanics developed from the study of electromagnetic waves. This field includes the study of both visible and invisible light. Visible light is the light one can see with normal eyesight in the colours of the rainbow. Invisible light is light one can't see with normal eyesight and includes more energetic and higher frequency waves, such as ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays. Waves with longer lengths, such as infrared, micro and radio waves, are also explored in the field of Quantum mechanics.

Some types of electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays, are ionizing radiation and can be harmful to your body. Ultraviolet rays are near the violet end of the light spectrum and infrared are near the red end. Infrared rays are used as heat rays and ultraviolet rays cause sunburn.
The various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum differ in wavelength, frequency and quantum energy.

Sound waves are not electromagnetic waves but waves of pressure in air, water or any other substance.

Mathematical formulation
In physics, it is well known that the wave equation for a typical wave is

The problem now is to prove that Maxwell's equations explicitly prove that the electric and magnetic fields create electromagnetic radiation. Recall that two of Maxwell's equations are given by

By  evaluating the curl of the above equations and vector calculus one can prove the following equations

Note: the proof involves making the substitution

The equations above are analogous to the wave equation, by replacing f with E and B. The above equations mean that propagations through the magnetic (B) and electric (E) fields will produce waves.

Related pages 
 Photon

References
References

Other websites
 Electromagnetic Waves from Maxwell's Equations   on Project PHYSNET.
Conversion of frequency to wavelength and back - electromagnetic, radio and sound waves 
eBooks on Electromagnetic radiation and RF
The Science of Spectroscopy  - supported by NASA. Spectroscopy education wiki and films - introduction to light, its uses in NASA, space science, astronomy, medicine & health, environmental research, and consumer products.

 
Electromagnetism
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. It is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States and CARICOM.

The country speaks English as its official language. The capital, and its main port, is Kingstown.

Its national bird is the Saint Vincent Amazon, an endemic bird of the Saint Vincent island.

Politics
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy with King Charles III as head of state. The King does not live in the islands but he is represented in the country by the Governor-General, currently Sir Frederick Ballantyne.

Control of the government rests with the elected prime minister and his or her cabinet. The current Prime Minister is Ralph Gonsalves.

The country has no formal armed forces, although the police has a Special Service Unit that has a supporting role on the island.
The Parliament is unicameral is formed only by the House of Assembly with 21 seats: 15 representatives elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms and 6 appointed senators. The last elections were held on 13 December 2010 and the next will be held in 2015.

History
The island now known as Saint Vincent was originally named Youloumain  by the native Caribs. The Caribs inhabited Saint Vincent before the Europeans arrived, and it is possible still to find Carib artifacts in the island.

Christopher Columbus explored in 1498 the main island on Saint Vincent's Day. The Caribs did not allowed Europeans to settle in Saint Vincent until 1719 when some French people came from Martinique and began to grow coffee, tobacco, indigo, cotton and sugar cane with the help of African slaves.

In 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, France gave control of Saint Vincent to Britain; France took the island again in 1779, but the British then regained Saint Vincent under the Treaty of Versailles (1783).
In 1834 slavery was abolished and people from the Portuguese island of Madeira and from India came to work as agricultural workers.

In 1871 the group of islands became part of the Windward Islands Colony and in 1956 a member of the Federation of the Windward Islands. In 1958 Saint Vincent joined the Federation of the West Indies and in 1969 it got full internal self-government. Finally in 1979 it became an Independent Sovereign State within the Commonwealt.

Population

Demographics
The estimated population in 2003 was 103,220. The population density is 265 persons per square kilometre.

The ethnic composition was 66% Black, 19% Mixed, 6.0% East Indian, 4.0% European (mainly Portuguese), 2.0% Carib Amerindian, 3.0% others.

Language
The official language of the islands is English but most people use the Vicentian Creole English.
Religion
The people of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was 75% Protestant (47% Anglicans, 28% Methodists), 13% Catholics, 12% other (Hindu, Seventh-Day Adventists, other Protestant).

Geography
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a group of islands of the Caribbean Sea. It lies to the west of Barbados, south of Saint Lucia and north of Grenada in the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles.

There are 32 islands and cays, including the main island of Saint Vincent () and the northern two-thirds of the Grenadines (), which are a chain of small islands stretching south from Saint Vincent to Grenada. The largest and most populated Grenadines islands are Bequia, Mustique, Canouan and Union Island.
The main island of Saint Vincent, at , is  long and  wide, and has an area of , or about 88% of the total country area, 19 times that of the country's second largest island Bequia. It is dominated by the highest mountain in the country and an active volcano, La Soufrière (), which erupted violently in 1812 and 1902. The most recent eruption was on April 13, 1979. The island has many mountains and forests. The island is tropical humid, with an average of between 18 and 31 °C depending on the altitude.

The Saint Vincent Passage is between the Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent islands, and the Bequia Channel is between the Grenadines and Saint Vincent islands.

The Grenadines islands lie between the islands of Saint Vincent in the north and Grenada in the south. Neither Saint Vincent nor Grenada are Grenadine islands. The islands north of the Martinique Channel belong to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and the islands south of the channel belong to Grenada.
Islands
These islands make up the Grenadines Parish
 Bequia, at , is the largest of the Grenadines. The capital of the Grenadines parish, Port Elizabeth , is here.
 Petit Nevis
 Isle à Quatre
 Bettowia
 Baliceaux
 Mustique
 Petit Mustique
 Savan
 Petit Canouan
 Canouan
 Mayreau
 Tobago Cays
 Union Island
 Petit Saint Vincent
 Palm Island

Administrative divisions
Administratively, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is divided into six parishes. Five parishes are on Saint Vincent, while the sixth is made up of the Grenadine islands. Kingstown is located in the Parish of Saint George and is the capital city and central administrative centre of the country.
5 parishes on Saint Vincent:
 Charlotte - 149 km² (capital: Georgetown)
 Saint George - 52 km² (capital: Kingstown)
 Saint Andrew - 29 km² (capital: Layou)
 Saint Patrick - 37 km² (capital: Barrouallie)
 Saint David - 80 km² (capital: Chateaubelair)
 1 parish made up of the Grenadine islands:
 Grenadines - 43 km² (capital: Port Elizabeth on the Bequia island)

Climate
Tropical rainforest climate is a type of tropical climate in which there is no dry season - all months have mean precipitation values of at least . Tropical rainforest climates have no pronounced summer or winter; it is typically hot and wet throughout the year and rainfall is both heavy and frequent.

The Köppen climate classification subtype for this climate is Af (Tropical Rainforest Climate).
The average yearly temperature is . The coolest months are between November and February. During the rainy season, May through October, rain is frequent in the mountains of St. Vincent with the annual average rainfall being  away from the coast and  on the coast.

Related pages
 List of rivers of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 List of Vincentian people
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Olympics
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines national football team

References

 
Current monarchies
Caribbean Community
English-speaking countries
Commonwealth realms
Adolph Frederick Rupp (September 2, 1901 – December 10, 1977) was an American college basketball coach. He coached the University of Kentucky's basketball team for 42 years from 1930 to 1972. He helped the team win 4 national NCAA championships. Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky is named after him.

American basketball players
Sportspeople from Kentucky
1901 births
1977 deaths
The Miami Dolphins is an American football club in the National Football League team based in Miami, Florida. The Dolphins began playing in 1966 and in 1972 they had the only perfect season in NFL history and won a Super Bowl, with Bob Griese leading the team as quarterback. The other Super Bowl win came a year later, in 1973. Another quarterback, Dan Marino, is a more recent famous player from this club.  The Miami Dolphins stadium is Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Fl. The hard rock stadium is also home to the chiefs vs 49ers Super Bowl

References

Other websites
Official Site

1966 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Florida
Oksana Vladimirovna Grishuk (born March 17, 1972 in Odessa, Ukraine) is a Russian retired ice dancer. She and her partner, Evgeny Platov, won two Olympic gold medals and four world championships.

Grishuk began training in skating at the age of four. She moved to Moscow in 1986, and studied at the Sport University from 1988 to 1992.

After they won the gold medal in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, Platov decided to skate as a professional with a different partner, Maya Usova, so Grishuk began skating professionally alone.

Amateur competitions
World Championships:  first in 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997
Olympics:  gold medal in 1994 and 1998
European Championships:  first place in 1996, 1997, and 1998

References

Other websites

 The largest fansite about Oksana Grishuk, AKA Pasha  
 Oksana Grishuk's official website 
 Platov and Usova site

1972 births
Living people
Russian Olympic gold medalists
Sportspeople from Odesa
Russian figure skaters
Evgeny Platov (born August 7, 1967, Odessa, Ukraine).

He was a Russian dancer, and began skating when he was nine years old.  He studied at the Physical Institute of Culture in Moscow.  

Platov won two Olympic gold medals and four world championships with his partner, Oksana Grishuk 

After the 1998 Olympics in Nagano, Japan, Platov started skating as a professional with a different partner, Maya Usova, until he retired from performing in 2002.  He is now a coach at Princeton Sports Center in Princeton, New Jersey.

Amateur competitions
World Championships:  first in 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997
Olympics:  gold medal in 1994 and 1998
European Championships:  first place in 1996, 1997, and 1998

References

Other websites

 Platov and Usova site

1972 births
Living people
Olympic gold medalists
Russian figure skaters
Sportspeople from Odesa
Tetris is a puzzle game, developed in the Soviet Union by Alexey Pajitnov in 1985. It has appeared on many video game systems.

Many companies have published Tetris games, such as Nintendo for the Game Boy and Nintendo Entertainment System. The Tetris Company, founded in 1996 by Pajitnov and Henk Rogers, manages and licenses the Tetris brand.

With over 500 million copies sold across all of its different versions, it is the best-selling video game of all time.

Gameplay

In a game of Tetris, shapes known as tetrominoes fall down into a playing field, which is usually ten squares wide and twenty squares tall. There are seven different tetrominoes.  The goal of the player is to move and turn the falling tetrominoes so they fill an entire row of the playing field. When a row is completely filled, it disappears and the lines above it move down to fill the space. This is called a line clear.
Clearing lines give points. A player gets more points if they clear more than one line with one tetromino. Clearing one line is called a "single", two lines a "double", three lines a "triple", and four lines a "Tetris". Clearing two Tetrises in a row is called a Back-to-Back Tetris. The player can also turn a T-shaped Tetrimino into a T-shaped hole before it finishes falling to get more points. This move is called a "T-Spin".

Levels have a set goal, or number of lines to clear. When the goal number reaches zero, the player moves to the next level. As the levels go up, tetrominoes fall faster.

Modern versions of Tetris follow a set of rules written by The Tetris Company. These rules, known as the "Tetris Guideline", make sure all Tetris games look and feel familiar. For example, these rules state what each button on a game controller must do, and what colour each tetromino should be.
In older versions of the game, the player loses when the tetrominos make it to the top of the playing field. In more modern versions of the game, they can lose in two ways. The first is when they place a piece completely above the playing field. The second way to lose is if a player places a piece that blocks the next piece from spawning in.

Music
On the Game Boy, there are several musical themes played. The theme for level 1 and used in the Game Boy version is often called the "Tetris Theme". It is actually a Russian dance called Korobeiniki, or "The Peddlers." Other themes include music by Johann Sebastian Bach and the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy.

References

1980s video games
Moldova is a country in Eastern Europe. Its full name is the Republic of Moldova (, .) It used to be called Moldavia. It borders Ukraine to the north and Romania to the south.

The official language in Moldova is the Romanian language. The capital of Moldova is Chișinău.

The Russian Empire took almost half of the Principality of Moldova in 1812 and called it Bessarabia. Between 19181940 and 19411944 it was part of the Kingdom of Romania. It became independent from the Soviet Union after the latter country's dissolution.

The average monthly salary/wages are still low, standing at only US$243.  Moldova is an associated country for future membership in the European Union.

Related pages
 List of rivers of Moldova
 Moldova at the Olympics
 Moldova national football team

References
Polish can mean:
When written with upper-case P:
Anything related to the country of Poland
Polish language, the language spoken in the country
Poles, the people of Poland

When written with lower-case p:
To polish something is to rub it so that it is smooth and shiny
A substance used to do that action is called polish

Basic English 850 words
Polish () is the official language of Poland. It is the most common Western Slavic language and the second Slavic language, after Russian.

Polish has been an important language in Central and Eastern Europe. Polish is now spoken by over 43.5 million people as their first language in Poland. It is also spoken as a Second language in western parts of Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine. Because of emigration during different times, millions of Polish-speakers can be found in Australia, Ireland, Brazil, Canada, United Kingdom, United States and elsewhere. There are over 50 million speakers around the world.

Letters 
There are 9 letters in Polish that English does not have. They look like English letters with marks above or below them.

In lower case, the 9 letters are: ą ć ę ł ń ś ó ź ż

In upper case, the 9 letters are: Ą Ć Ę Ł Ń Ś Ó Ź Ż

There are 3 English letters not used in Polish: q, v, x.
There are 7 combinations of 2 letters that are like a single letter sound (similar to "th" or "qu" in English). These include "ch", "cz", "dz", "dź", "dż", "rz", "sz".

Sounds 
Many letters have the same sound in Polish and English, such as "f" "m", and others, but other letters sound different: Polish "w" sounds like an English "v", and Polish "ł" sounds like an English "w". There are also some Polish sounds that do not exist in English and some English sounds that do not exist in Polish.

The vowels "ą" and "ę" are nasal and so they are pronounced by blowing air partly out of both the nose and the mouth.

Most words are pronounced with an accent on the second-last syllable: "student" (which means the same as the English word) is pronounced with the accent on "stu" ("STU-dent"), and "studenci" (the plural form of "student") is pronounced with the accent on "den" (stu-DEN-ci).
Dialects 
The Polish language has several dialects but they are more similar to one another than most other European languages. There are small differences, but all speakers can understand one another, and non-native speakers often cannot notice the differences.

Grammar 
Grammar is complex, and has features that are unlike English.

Like many other languages, Polish has grammatical gender. A table (stół) is masculine, a book (książka) is feminine, and a window (okno) is neuter.

Nouns and adjectives and verbs have many endings, depending on their role in a sentence. There are 7 cases that show the role of a noun in a Polish sentence. Each has its own ending, which also depends on the gender of the noun.

Word order is freer than in English, partly because the case and gender endings help to understand the role of the noun. In English, "The boy bites the dog" is quite different from "The dog bites the boy", but in Polish, both orders can be used without confusion.
Sample Phrases 
Dzień dobry (Dz'yehn DOH-brih) - Good morning or Good afternoon

Dobry wieczór (DOH-brih v-YETCH-oor) - Good evening'

Do widzenia (doh vee-DZEN-yah) - Good byeCześć! (tsheshch) - Hi, Hello! or ByeTak (tahk) - Yes (in Polish, long-short answers like Yes, I did are not needed, and Tak is enough)

Nie (nyeh) - No or Not (in Polish, long-short answers like No, I won't are not needed, and Nie is enough)
Jak się masz? (yahk shyeh mahsh) - How do you do?Co robisz? (tsoh robish) - What you doing?Jak się nazywasz? (YAHK shyeh nahZYvash) or Jak masz na imię? (YAHK mahsh nah EE-myeng/EE-myeh) - What's your name?Nazywam się... (nah-ZIH-vahm shyeh) - My (name and) surname is...Mam na imię... (mahm nah EE-myeng/EE-myeh) - My (given) name is...Nie mówię po Polsku (nyeh MOW-vyeng/MOW-vyeh poh POL-skoo) - I do not speak PolishLubię Cię (loo-bee-EH chyeh) - I like youKocham Cię (koh-hahm chyeh) - I love youNie mówię po Angielsku (nyeh MOW-vyeng/MOW-vyeh poh ahng-YEL-skoo) - I do not speak EnglishJak dojechać na lotnisko/dworzec (yak do-YEH-khatch nah lot-NEE-sco/dvo-ZHETS) - How do you get the airport/rail station?(where dworzec - station means rail station'' by default)

Jeden (ye-den) -One

Dwa (dva) -Two

Trzy (Trzhi) -Three

References

Other websites 

 Wikibooks:Basic Polish language course

Slavic languages
Languages of Europe
Georgia could mean either of two things:
Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of south-eastern Europe
Georgia (U.S. state), one of the states in the United States of America

Related pages
Georgian, a disambiguation page
Kryptos is the name of a sculpture (art that is like a statue) on the grounds of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Langley, Virginia, USA.  Kryptos is very famous.  It has codes (secret hidden messages) on it.  There are four messages.  People know what three of the messages say.  No one knows what the fourth message says yet.

A man named Jim Sanborn made Kryptos in 1990.  Kryptos is in a garden in the middle of a building called CIA Headquarters.  

Not very many people have seen Kryptos, because only a few people are allowed to go into the CIA building.  They do very important work at the CIA, and have to be very careful.

The word Kryptos comes from the Greek language.  It means "hidden".

The sculpture is about 12 feet high and 20 feet long.  It is made of metal and different kinds of rocks. It has thousands of letters and other things written in the metal.
The first person to find out what the first three messages say, was Jim Gillogly.  He learned the answers in 1999.  After he said what the answer was, the CIA said that a man who works at the CIA, David Stein, knew the answer too.  A few years later the NSA (another agency in Washington D.C.) said that they had people who had solved it too.

Before he made Kryptos, Jim Sanborn had not made any other sculptures with letters on them.  After Kryptos he made many other sculptures with letters on them.  Some of them have secret messages. One is called Antipodes.  There are two copies of Antipodes.  One belongs to a man in California.  The other is in a museum in Washington DC called the Hirshhorn Museum.  

Another sculpture that Sanborn made which has secret messages is called the Cyrillic Projector.  It has secret messages in Russian.  The Cyrillic Projector was independently cracked by Michael Bales and Frank Corr in 2003.
There are two famous books that talk about Kryptos, which were written by Dan Brown. He wrote a book in 2003 called The Da Vinci Code.  On the cover of the book is art.  In the art there are secret messages.  Two of the messages talk about Kryptos.  Dan Brown wrote another book in 2009 called The Lost Symbol, which also talks about Kryptos.

Other websites
The CIA website about Kryptos 
NY Times Library An article in the newspaper (The New York Times: CIA's Artistic Enigma Reveals All but Final Clues, – June 16, 1999)
Elonka Dunin's Kryptos page
Washington Post ("Cracking the Code of a CIA Sculpture" – July 19, 1999)
New York Times article and other articles  ("Gillogly Cracks CIA Art", & "The Kryptos Code Unmasked")
Wired News ("Solving the Enigma of Kryptos" – January 21, 2005)
CNN story, "Cracking the Code", June 19, 2005

Pictures of Kryptos from high up in the sky
Windows Live Local - Several images. (zoom in and click on aerial / bird's eye links at left)
Terraserver-USA
Google Maps
Sculptures
Buildings and structures in Virginia
Central Intelligence Agency
1990 works
Lech Walesa (Polish: Lech Wałęsa (pronounced [lɛx vaˈwɛ̃sa])) (born September 29, 1943) is a Polish shipyard worker, trade unionist and a politician who used to be the leader of Solidarity and the President of Poland between 1990 and 1995. Walesa won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983.

References

1943 births
Living people
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Nonviolence advocates
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Polish Nobel Prize winners
Polish Roman Catholics
Presidents of Poland
Time People of the Year
Trade unionists
Anti-communists
These are some Dutch football (soccer) teams.

Eredivisie (Honour Division)
Season 2018/19
 ADO Den Haag
 Ajax
 AZ Alkmaar
 Emmen
 SBV Excelsior
 Feyenoord Rotterdam
 Fortuna Sittard
 De Graafschap
 FC Groningen
 SC Heerenveen
 Heracles Almelo
 NAC Breda
 PEC Zwolle
 PSV Eindhoven
 FC Utrecht
 Vitesse
 VVV-Venlo
 Willem II

Eerste Divisie (First Division)
 Almere City FC
 Cambuur Leeuwarden
 FC Den Bosch
 FC Dordrecht
 FC Eindhoven
 Excelsior
 Fortuna Sittard
 Go Ahead Eagles
 De Graafschap
 Helmond Sport
 MVV
 FC Oss
 Sparta Rotterdam
 Telstar
 BV Veendam
 FC Volendam

Lists of football teams

football teams
General Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 - 9 November 1970) was a French military and political leader. He was president of France from 1959 to 1969. He was a founding member and leader of the French Resistance during the Second World War. 

De Gaulle chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to re-establish democracy in France.

In 1958, he came out of retirement: the Algerian War was happening. He rewrote the Constitution of France and founded the Fifth Republic after it was by a referendum. He was elected President of France later that year, a position to which he was re-elected in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969.

The National Assembly brought him back to power in May 1958. He granted independence to Algeria. 900,000 French people in Algeria (called les pieds-noire) left for France. The Organisation armée secrète (OAS) tried to kill him. Frederick Forsyth used this incident as a basis for his novel The Day of the Jackal.
After the Algerian conflict, de Gaulle wanted to improve the French economy, and have an independent foreign policy. This was called by foreign observers the "politics of grandeur" (politique de grandeur). See Gaullism.

The French economy recorded high growth rates. In 1964, for the first time in nearly 100 years, France's GDP overtook that of the United Kingdom. This period is still remembered in France with some nostalgia as the peak of the Trente Glorieuses ("Thirty Glorious Years" of economic growth between 1945 and 1974).

De Gaulle had many admirers, but he was also one of the most hated men in modern French history.

His most famous saying was: "L'etat? c'est moi!", roughly "The State? it's me!"

Death 
De Gaulle died in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises in 1970 while playing cards because of a brain aneurysm.

References 

1890 births
1970 deaths
French generals
French people of World War II
Prime Ministers of France
People from Lille
Presidents of France
Time People of the Year
People from Haute-Marne
Anti-communists
Politicians from Hauts-de-France
The Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) is the smallest living tiger subspecies. Only the extinct Bali tiger was smaller. It is listed as critically endangered. They are in danger due to hunting and the destruction of their habitat. It is estimated that there are only about 400-700 Sumatran tigers left in the wild.

The Sumatran tiger lives only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It can be found in low and highland areas, mountainous jungles, and peat swamp forests.

Description

Like other tiger subspecies, the Sumatran tiger has deep orange fur with black stripes. Every tiger has its own pattern of stripes, with none being the same. The Sumatran tiger has very long back legs, which allow it to jump great distances. Even though they are the smallest of the tiger subspecies, Sumatran tigers are still very large, reaching to the length of 9 feet (2.7 meters), and weighing up to 165-250 pounds (75–114 kg). Sumatran tigers have webbed feet. This allows them to swim easily.

Where they live
Where they live 

The Sumatran tiger is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, where the Sumatran tiger can be found from low and highland areas, to mountainous jungles and peat swamp forests.

Feeding
Sumatran tigers ambush their prey, using their long, powerful legs, jaws, and claws to catch and kill their prey. They have extremely good eyesight and hearing, which helps them to find their prey. Sumatran tigers feed mainly on wild boar and deer, and they can eat more than 40 pounds of meat at a time.
Reproduction
Female Sumatran tigers reach maturity at the age of around three to four years. Males turn mature at the age of around four to five years. Females are pregnant for about 95–110 days, and the females give birth in hidden and private areas and raise the cubs alone. They give birth to around 2-3 cubs at a time, but they can sometimes give birth to six cubs. The cubs’ eyes are closed at birth, and they don't open fully until the cub is one or two weeks old. Cubs feed on milk for three to six months and start hunting with their mother at the age of about five or six months. They will stay with their mother until they are fully able to hunt on their own, which doesn't happen until the cubs are at least 18 months to 2 years old. In the wild, Sumatran tigers live an average of 15 years.

References

Other websites

The Sumatran Tiger Trust 
Tiger Facts - Sumatran Tiger

Tigers
Indonesia
The American Film Institute (AFI) is an independent, organization that is designed not to make money created by the National Endowment for the Arts, which was started in 1967 when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act.

George Stevens, Jr. was the first CEO. Since 1980, Jean Picker Firstenberg has been CEO.

Older figures in AFI's Conservatory train newer people.

The institute also wants to keep old film, which could soon be destroyed.

Even though its name only mentions film, AFI also works on television and video.

In 1973, the AFI began handing out Life Achievement Awards.

In 1998, when American cinema had existed for 100 years, AFI began its 100 Years Series, which helped people become interested in the history of movies.

Recently, it built and started the AFI Silver theatre in Silver Spring, Maryland near Washington, D.C.
AFI 100 Years series
In honour of the hundredth birthday of American cinema, the AFI has made several lists of the best movie-related things:

 1998: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies
 1999: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars
 2000: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs
 2001: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills
 2002: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions
 2003: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains
 2004: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Songs
 2005: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes
 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores
 2006: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers

References

Other websites 
 Official Website
 History of AFI
 AFI Los Angeles Film Festival - History and Information 

 
1967 establishments in California
A fullback or full back is the name of a defensive position in a football (soccer) game. A fullback is also an offensive position in American football that usually blocks for the quarterback or a running back.

American football positions
Antonio Meucci (Florence, April 13, 1808 – October 18, 1889) was an Italian inventor. He invented the first type of telephone, also known as the first 'talking telegraph' 1857.  In 2002, the United States House of Representatives ruled that he invented the first working telephone, although Alexander Graham Bell was first to patent it.

References

Inventors
Italian people
1808 births
1889 deaths
8 Mile is a 2002 American drama movie starring rapper Eminem, Kim Basinger, Brittany Murphy and Mekhi Phifer. It is set in 1995 in Detroit, Michigan.

The film tells about a young white rapper living in inner city Detroit. He tries to make a rap career but most rappers are African Americans.

The film was a critical and financial success. Eminem won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Lose Yourself".

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References

2002 drama movies
2000s American drama movies
American musical movies
Eminem
2000s English-language movies
Movies set in Detroit
Movies set in the 1990s
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Curtis Hanson
The term is usually associated with black people. This is because of many African Americans' dark skin due to having Sub-Saharan African ancestors. Many Africans were brought to the United States in the slave trade. Many of the U.S. population (especially in many urban or city areas) are African American. Many others live in rural areas in the Southern United States. Detroit has the highest percent of blacks in the nation, and many live in other big cities. Cities with the highest percent of African Americans are Jackson, Mississippi; New Orleans; Memphis; Miami Gardens; and Savannah, Georgia. New York City and Chicago have the largest population of African Americans. Other cities with a high African American population are Baltimore, Houston, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Baton Rouge, Washington, D.C. and Dallas. States with the highest percentage of African Americans are Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, Maryland, South Carolina, Alabama, Delaware, North Carolina, Virginia and Tennessee
. African Americans are third largest ethnic group in the United States after White Americans and Hispanic and Latino Americans. African Americans are the second largest ancestral group in the United States after Germans. Many African Americans have European and Native American ancestry. The first African slaves were brought on a Dutch boat from Angola in 1619 to the British colony of Jamestown in Virginia. New York City has the largest African American population by city.
Ethnicity 
African-American refers to a specific range of diverse cultures with a common thread of ethnic connection to Africa. This term was created to describe an ethnic/cultural link to Africa for people who are American, somewhat like the case of Italian Americans, Irish Americans, or Polish Americans. However, a description based on language may be very different from one based on skin color.

The 'African' in African-American acknowledges the connection to a number of African cultures, not one in particular. The 'American' shows the nationality and culture of the United States. A person born in Nigeria is still Nigerian even if he or she comes to the United States and lives here for the rest of their life. If that person wants to say that they are an American citizen, they would simply say "I am an American citizen". His American-born children might call themselves Nigerian-American OR African-American.
Some Caribbeans such as Jamaicans do not identify as African American, even if they have African ancestry.

Black 
In America, and from an American point of view, the term 'Black' is often applied to other ethnic groups throughout the world who do not necessarily see themselves as Black, such as Australian Aborigines, for example. African American culture was born in the United States and is distinct from any single African culture.

African-American is a term that many Black people chose to call themselves because they found the term "Negro" offensive.

In America there are many immigrants of mixed race that includes African descent, like Cape Verdeans, Dominicans, Cubans, Brazilians and Puerto Ricans. These groups, by and large, do not think of themselves as Black or African American and object to these labels.

Many mixed race Americans also resist pressure to identify themselves as Black or White. Blasians (Black Asians) and Afro-Hispanics also resist this pressure.

Population statistics
Alabama has a large population of African Americans. African Americans were enslaved in the state.

African Americans constitute 15.4 percent of Arkansas’s population, according to the 2010 census, and they have been present in Arkansas since the earliest days of European settlement. Originally brought to Arkansas in large numbers as slaves, people of African ancestry drove the state’s plantation economy until long after the Civil War. African Americans have exerted a profound influence upon all aspects of the state’s history and culture.

Atlanta was the home of Martin Luther King Jr. and an important place in the Civil Rights Movement. It has been referred to as a "black mecca".

Delaware has a significant African American population. African Americans were enslaved in the state. In 1721, an estimated 2,000-5,000 black slaves lived in Pennsylvania and the three lower counties on the Delaware.

As of the 2010 U.S. Census, African Americans were 31.2% of Georgia's population.
The first black people to live in Texas were Afro-Mexicans when Texas was a Spanish colony. Texas has one of the largest African-American populations in the country. African Americans are concentrated in northern, eastern and east-central Texas as well as the Dallas, Houston and San Antonio metropolitan areas. African Americans form 24 percent of both the cities of Dallas and Houston, 19% of Fort Worth, 8.1 percent of Austin, and 7.5 percent of San Antonio.

Virginia is home to the longest continuous experience of African American life and culture in the United States spanning more than four centuries – beginning before the first English settlement at Jamestown and through the Revolutionary War, Civil War, Emancipation and the Civil Rights eras.
Outside of the United States, the history of African Americans in Ghana goes back to people such as American civil rights activist and writer W. E. B. Du Bois, who settled in Ghana in the last years of his life and is buried in the capital Accra. Since then, other African Americans who are descended from slaves imported from areas within the present-day jurisdiction of Ghana and neighboring states have applied for permanent resident status in Ghana. As of 2015, the number of African American residents has been estimated at 3,000 people, a large portion of whom live in Accra.

Texas has the largest African American population of any state in 2019. Followed by, Florida, Georgia and New York. The New York City metropolitan area has the largest African American metropolitan population. In 2019, the South had the largest black population by region.

New York City has had the largest number of African Americans by city, followed by Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia and Houston.
African Americans from north are moving back to the Southern United States and the suburbs. African Americans are moving to smaller cities especially in Fort Worth, Texas, Columbus, Ohio, Jacksonville, Florida and Charlotte, North Carolina.

There is an African American community in Arkansas. African Americans make up 15.4 percent of Arkansas's population.

1.2 million African Americans are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgendered.

Genetic studies 
Many African Americans have European ancestry and Native American along with African ancestry.

Recent surveys of African Americans using a genetic testing service have found varied ancestries. These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73.2–82.1% West African, 16.7%–24% European, and 0.8–1.2% Native American genetic ancestry, with large variation between individuals.
Genetics websites themselves have reported similar ranges, with some finding 1 or 2 percent Native American ancestry and Ancestry.com reporting an outlying percentage of European ancestry among African Americans of 29%. 38% of African Americans have Irish ancestry.

African American men have the second highest interracial marriage rate, behind Asian American women. Interracial marriage between African Americans and white people has rapidly increased.

History
History 

Most of the first African Americans were brought to North America as part of the Atlantic slave trade. African slaves were brought to North America from 1619 to 1808. After the United States became independent, slavery became illegal in most northern states. At the same time, slavery grew more important to the economy of the southern states. Many African American slaves worked on plantations (large farms) that grew cotton and tobacco. Plantation work was very difficult and slaves were often whipped and physically punished. It was illegal for slaves to learn how to read and write. White men often raped slave women, but were not punished.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement called for equality between African Americans and whites. The 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education banned racial segregation in schools. Many Southern schools still stopped black students from attending, until 1957, when federal troops forced a school in Little Rock, Arkansas to allow black students (called the Little Rock Nine). In 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus. This started the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which involved Martin Luther King. King and Malcolm X were two leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, but they were both killed in the 1960s. In 1964, the Civil Rights Act banned discrimination based on race.

Racism against African Americans is still prevalent in 2020. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, George Floyd was killed by a white police officer. Black Lives Matter is a movement which started in 2013.
Language and society 
With their American born children came the first generation of English speaking African Americans. But this development was not the same all over the country. For example; even today the Gullah of the Sea Islands off the Carolina and Georgia coasts still speak a language that is a blend of several African languages. They are the descendants of slaves from different countries in Africa.

In the United States when Americans say African-American or Black, they are referring to the same people. Both terms describe an ethnic group that came to exist in the United States. The Africans who were brought to America as slaves were from different nationalities and did not all speak the same language. They became a new blended ethnic group with a new language that was not their own: English.

Blacks used to be segregated in schools but since the 1960s were able to join major schools, colleges and universities. In the second half of the 20th century, reading-ability rates for blacks increased.
In Louisiana, Some blacks speak Louisiana Creole, a Creole language similar to French. In the 19th century, the majority of south Louisiana's blacks spoke Louisiana Creole.

Culture

Black culture in the United States is influenced by African, European and Native American cultures. African Americans have influenced various forms of music, including Hip hop, R&B, funk, rock and roll, soul, blues, and other contemporary American musical forms while older black forms of music included blues, doo-wop, barbershop, ragtime, bluegrass, jazz, and gospel music. Michael Jackson, an African-American pop singer, released an album called Thriller in 1982 which is the best-selling album of all time. In the nineties Beyonce Knowles became famous as the lead singer of the R&B girl band Destiny's Child. In the 2000s she started releasing music on her own. Her first album Dangerously in Love sold 11 million copies and won five Grammy Awards.
Black culture has been the subject of documentaries. For example, the award-winning Black Is, Black Ain't explores black identity. Good Hair discusses the significance of having 'good hair' for black women in American culture.

There is a National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington D.C.

Protestant Christianity is the most practised religion by African Americans.

Soul food is a cuisine eaten by African Americans in the South. Fried chicken, mac and cheese, cornbread, collard greens and candied yams is typical soul food. Soul food has West African, English, French, Caribbean, and Native American influences. African Americans have influenced American cuisine. Staples such as coffee, peanuts, millet, okra, sorghum, watermelon, and yams were brought to America from Africa during the slave trade. African slaves have influenced American dishes such as gumbo and jambalaya.

Kwanzaa and Juneteenth are popular African American holidays.

Racism and issues
Racism and issues

African Americans are more likely to experience racism. African American males are more likely to be killed by police, which resulted in the Black Lives Matter movement. African Americans are more likely to die from diseases like COVID-19, HIV, obesity and diabetes. African Americans still suffer from poverty and unemployment. African Americans are more likely to eat fast food. Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and homicide is the main causes of death for African Americans.

The suicide rate for African Americans increased due to racism, police brutality and the COVID-19 pandemic.

In 2022, a white gunman killed ten African Americans at a grocery store in Buffalo, New York. 32% of African Americans said they worry every day that they might be threatened or attacked because of their race.

African Americans have a harder time getting good jobs because of their race.

55% of African American adults have high blood pressure.
African Americans are more likely to become homeless than whites. African Americans make up 40 percent of the homeless population in the United States.

African Americans are more likely to get punished and arrested for drugs such as marijuana than whites.

African Americans are more likely to experience hunger and lack of access to food.

African Americans are more likely to catch monkeypox and less likely to receive vaccines for the disease.

Related pages
 African American Vernacular English
 Black people
 African immigration to the United States
 Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
 Black Canadians
 African-American culture
 White Americans
 Asian Americans
 Hispanic and Latino Americans
 Native Americans in the United States
 Black Southerners

References

Notes

Other websites
Other websites

 African Americans | History, Facts, & Culture - Encyclopedia Britannica
 U.S. Slavery: Timeline, Figures & Abolition - HISTORY
 African americans
 TSHA | African Americans - Texas State Historical Association
 African Americans - Encyclopedia of Chicago
 Black History Milestones: Timeline
 African Americans
 Encyclopedia of Arkansas
 African-American Migrations, 1600s to Present | The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross | PBS
Saloth Sar (better known as Pol Pot; January 25, 1925 – April 15, 1998) was the dictator of Cambodia between 1975 and 1979. He was widely regarded as one of the most brutal dictators in world history. He was the leader of a group called the Khmer Rouge. They were a group of peasant revolutionaries who turned Cambodia into a military dictatorship officially called Democratic Kampuchea. Between 1.7 and 2.2 million Cambodians were killed by his regime. Pol Pot was thrown out of power in January, 1979, when the Vietnamese communists liberated Kampuchea.

Before the war 
Pol Pot's family was a good family and connected with the royal family. His brother, Loth Suong, was a palace clerk, and his cousin was a wife to Prince Sisowat Monivong and had a son named Kossarak.  His connection helped him get a scholarship to France.