Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The user data is like the inside of the envelope. It is the actual information the computer is trying to send. This might be any kind of digital data, such as words, pictures, music, or computer programs. It's generally for people or computers to use, but not for the packet system to use. 

Different communication protocols put the control information and user information in different places, or make it look different. But they still do the same thing.

Problems 
Sometimes the computers make mistakes while transmitting data, or have trouble "hearing" each other. So many packets use a checksum or cyclic redundancy check to make sure they have the right information. This is usually one component of the control information. This helps to make sure the packets themselves have the right information. But then computers also need to get the right packets.
Designing computer networks can be difficult. Even though today's computers are very advanced, sometimes information doesn't arrive where it's supposed to. Sometimes computers try to fix this and end up sending it twice. And sometimes the information doesn't arrive in the right order. The Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP, was invented to fix these problems. But since it is complex, some computers use the User Datagram Protocol, or UDP, instead.

Computer terminology
Statistical errors and residuals occur because measurement is never exact.

It is not possible to do an exact measurement, but it is possible to say how accurate a measurement is. One can measure the same thing again and again, and collect all the data together. This allows us to do statistics on the data. What is meant by errors and residuals is the difference between the observed or measured value and the real value, which is unknown. 

If there is only one random variable, the difference between statistical errors and residuals is the difference between the mean of the population against the mean of the (observed) sample. In that case the residual is the difference between what the probability distribution says, and what was actually measured.

Suppose there is an experiment to measure the height of 21-year-old men from a certain area. The mean of the distribution is 1.75 m. If one man chosen at random is 1.80 m tall, the "(statistical) error" is 0.05 m (5 cm); if he is 1.70 tall, the error is −5 cm.
A residual (or fitting error), on the other hand, is an observable estimate of the unobservable statistical error.  The simplest case involves a random sample of n men whose heights are measured.  The sample mean is used as an estimate of the population mean.  Then we have:

The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the unobservable population mean is a statistical error, and
The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the observable sample mean is a residual.

The sum of the residuals within a random sample must be zero. The residuals are therefore not independent. The sum of the statistical errors within a random sample need not be zero; the statistical errors are independent random variables if the individuals are chosen from the population independently.

In sum:
Residuals are observable; statistical errors are not.
Statistical errors are often independent of each other; residuals are not (at least in the simple situation described above, and in most others).
Related pages
 Standard error
Generally speaking, a quartet is a group of four. In music, a quartet is a group of four people playing or singing four different parts to make a piece of music, such as a string quartet or a barbershop quartet.

References 

Musical groups by numbers
Bank and Monument are interlinked stations, officially one station known operationally as the "Bank-Monument complex". However, separate names are used on station entrances, platforms and the tube map. The complex spans the length of King William Street in the City of London. Together they form the eighth busiest station on the network, being served by five London Underground lines and the Docklands Light Railway (DLR). 
The two parts of the combined station take their names from the nearby Bank of England and the Monument to the Great Fire of London. The complex is in Travelcard Zone 1.

Bus connections 
London Buses routes  8, 11, 21, 23, 25, 26, 40, 43, 76, 133, 141, 242 and 388 and night bus routes N8, N11, N21, N26, N76, N133, N550 and N551 serve the station.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of London Underground stations

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 A diagram of the Bank/Monument station complex 
 Another diagram (in colour) 
 Bank Station  from the Open Guide to London
 History of Bank station, including a picture just after the 1941 bomb 
 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 More photographs of Bank station

Tube stations in the City of London
Central line stations
Northern line stations
Circle line stations
District line stations
Docklands Light Railway stations
Packet may refer to:
 Packet (information technology), a formatted block of data carried by a packet mode computer network
 Packet radio, a form of amateur radio data communications using the AX25 protocol
 Packet (sea transport), a packet service is a regular scheduled service, carrying valuable freight and first class passengers
 C-82 Packet, a U.S. military transport aircraft
Packet Newspapers - newspapers with the title including the word "Packet", after a place-name.
 A small parcel e.g. Cigarette packet, Sugar packet

Related pages
 Package
Barbican is a London Underground station serving the Barbican Centre in the City of London, England.  It is on the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. It is between Farringdon and Moorgate. It is in Travelcard Zone 1. First Capital Connect trains used to stop at this station on their way to Moorgate station, but this stopped in March 2009. The outbound service calling here was abandoned many years before.

Service patterns

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Babican tube station on "All in London"
 Map of the Tube

Circle line stations
Hammersmith & City line stations
Metropolitan line stations
Tube stations in the City of London
1865 establishments in the United Kingdom
Railway stations served by First Capital Connect
Barking station is a railway station served by National Rail, London Underground and London Overground services. It is in Barking in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham in East London. The station is in Zone 4 and is managed by c2c.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Station information from Transport for London
 Station information from National Rail
 Station information from c2c (broken link) 

Barking
District line stations
Hammersmith & City line stations
London Overground stations
Barking
Barkingside tube station is a London Underground station on the Central Line. It has been in Travelcard Zone 4 since 2 January 2007. It is on the eastern edge of Barkingside in the London Borough of Redbridge, at the end of a cul-de-sac called Station Road. The station is above ground and has two platforms - northbound and southbound.  The station is located at .

Gallery

References

Other websites

 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 
 
 

London Travelcard zone 4
Barons Court is a London Underground station on the District and Piccadilly lines. It is in West Kensington, Greater London. The station is located on Gliddon Road, a short distance from Talgarth Road (A4) in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. Barons Court is between West Kensington and Hammersmith on the District Line, and between Earl's Court and Hammersmith on the Piccadilly Line. It is in Travelcard Zone 2.

Related pages
List of London Underground stations

References

Other websites

 London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
  In the distance can be seen the Great Ferris wheel at Earl's Court exhibition ground.
 
 
 

District line stations
Piccadilly line stations
Grade II listed buildings in London
Grade II listed railway stations
Bayswater is a London Underground station. It is in Travelcard Zone 1. It is on the Circle and District lines.  It is between Notting Hill Gate and Paddington.

Gallery

References 

Circle line stations
District line stations
London Travelcard zone 1
Tube stations in the City of Westminster
Beckton DLR station is the eastern terminus of the Beckton branch of the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in the Docklands area of east London. The DLR branch from Poplar was opened on 28 March 1994.

Gallery

Other websites

Docklands Light Railway website - Beckton station page

Docklands Light Railway stations in the London Borough of Newham
London Travelcard zone 3
Beckton Park DLR station is a station on the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in the Docklands area of east London. The station is located by the north quay (wharf) of the Royal Albert Dock (though no foot access is possible). The station is opposite Beckton District South Park, which is open space leading to housing in South Beckton.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Docklands Light Railway website – Beckton Park station page

Docklands Light Railway stations in the London Borough of Newham
London Travelcard zone 3
Becontree Station is a London Underground station on the District Line, in Becontree. The station is in Zone 5.

References 

District line stations
London Travelcard zone 5
Transport in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Balham station is the name given to the London Underground and the National Rail stations in the Balham area of south London, England.  The station is on the A24 Balham High Road in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is in Travelcard Zone 3.

References

Other websites 

 London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive

Gallery 

Northern line stations
Transport in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Railway stations opened in 1863
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Methadone is a synthetic opioid. It is used as an analgesic. Besides relieving pain, it is also used to treat addiction to certain narcotics, and some illegal drugs. Methadone can also lead to: memory loss, shortness of breath, throat pains, stomach aches, and anxiety attacks.

References 

Opioids
Addiction
Organonitrogen compounds
Red Dragon FM was a radio station in South East Wales, broadcasting to Cardiff, Newport and the surrounding areas. Colleagues are The Wave 96.4 FM, 95.8 Capital FM and Gold. In 2010 the name of the company changed to Capital FM. Some of the competitions and other content w were removed as part of a clean-up process due to happen in other capitals in the United Kingdom.

Radio stations in the United Kingdom
Welsh culture
Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith II (November 2, 1860 - July 8, 1898) was an American confidence trickster and gangster. He was a major figure in organized crime in Colorado and Skagway, Alaska.

He was born in Coweta County, Georgia. He was killed in a shootout in Skagway when he was 37.

References

1860 births
1898 deaths
American gangsters
Deaths by firearm in the United States
People from Georgia (U.S. state)
Paul Hamilton Williams (born September 19, 1940 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American musician, songwriter and actor.

As a boy, Williams auditioned for a role in a television series, Circus Boy, which went to another boy, young Micky Dolenz. Ten years later, Williams auditioned for The Monkees, and was again beaten out for a role by Dolenz. There were no hard feelings between the two, and the Monkees later recorded "Someday Man", which Williams cowrote with Roger Nichols.

Williams's songs include hits for Three Dog Night ("An Old Fashioned Love Song", "Family of Man", "Out in the Country"), Helen Reddy ("You and Me Against the World"), and the Carpenters ("Rainy Days and Mondays," "I Won't Last a Day Without You," and "We've Only Just Begun"). He wrote many songs with Kenneth Ascher, including "The Rainbow Connection", featured in The Muppet Movie.
His acting credits include roles in Battle for the Planet of the Apes, Phantom of the Paradise (a retelling of Phantom of the Opera; Williams also wrote the music), Little Enos Burdette in Smokey and the Bandit, and Miguelito Loveless Jr. in The Wild Wild West Revisited.

He is also known for voicing The Penguin in Batman: The Animated Series.

In 2013, Paul Williams was revealed to be working with French electronic duo Daft Punk on their album Random Access Memories singing the song "Touch" and co-wrote "Beyond".

Other websites
 

1940 births
Living people
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
American folk musicians
American movie actors
American pop singers
American rock musicians
American songwriters
American television actors
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska
Singers from Omaha, Nebraska
An injection, known as a shot is putting liquid into the body, usually with a needle and a syringe. There are many different kinds of injections, such as:
 Intradermal (just under the top layer of the skin)
 Subcutaneous (into the fat layer under the skin)
 Intramuscular (into a muscle)
 Intravenous (into a vein) 
 Intraosseous (into a bone)
 Intraperitoneal (into the abdominal cavity)

Injections can be used to prevent illness or to give medicine.

Injections that prevent illness put a dead or weakened version of the virus they want to prevent into the body. The body then 'remembers' the virus to make future encounters of the virus easier to manage.

Medical procedures
The Western Desert cultural bloc or just Western Desert is a cultural region in Australia covering about 600 000 square kilometres, including the Gibson Desert, the Great Victoria Desert, the Great Sandy Desert and Little Sandy Deserts in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia. The Western Desert can be said to stretch from the Nullarbor in the south to the Kimberley region of Western Australia in the north, and from the Percival Lakes in the west through to the Pintupi lands in the Northern Territory.

This term is often used by anthropologists and linguists when discussing the 40 or so Aboriginal groups that live there, who speak dialects of one language, often called the Western Desert language.

Indigenous Australian culture
Regions of Australia
The Lonely Island is an American comedy trio including Andy Samberg, Jorma Taccone, and Akiva Schaffer. They are from Berkeley, California, but are now based in New York City. They work for Saturday Night Live. They are known for songs such as "I'm On A Boat", "Like a Boss", "Jizz in My Pants", "Dick in a Box", and "Lazy Sunday". They have three albums called Incredibad, Turtleneck and Chain and The Wack Album.

Background 
The three members of the Lonely Island (Andy Samberg, Akiva Schaffer, and Jorma Taccone) all grew up in Berkeley, California, and met in junior high school. The three friends moved to Los Angeles and rented an apartment, which they called the Lonely Island.

Saturday Night Live 
With increasing recognition, the trio was invited to write parts of the 2005 MTV Movie Awards, which Jimmy Fallon was hosting. Impressed with their material, he brought them to the attention of Lorne Michaels, the producer of Saturday Night Live, who agreed to see them.
Samberg auditioned for the show. He was the only member of TLI who had also been doing stand-up comedy in his free time He was called back for a second audition a few weeks later and was invited to be a cast member; Schaffer and Taccone were invited to join the writing staff based on their work in the trio. Since their arrival on SNL, the group has written some of the most popular bits in recent SNL history, most notably, the SNL Digital Shorts.

MacGruber 
The group also made the skit "MacGruber", in which Will Forte plays a MacGyver parody as the main character. In every episode, MacGruber is trapped with his helpers, played by Kristen Wiig (originally Maya Rudolph) and a third person, usually the episode's host and occasionally Richard Dean Anderson as MacGyver, in a room with a bomb that is about to explode.
MacGruber starts asking for simple objects to make something to stop the bomb, but he is later distracted by something (usually involving his personal life) that makes him run out of time. Every skit ends with the bomb and place where they are in exploding. All of the skits are directed by Taccone (except for 2 episodes which were directed by writer John Solomon).

Incredibad 

The Lonely Island released their first album, Incredibad, on February 10, 2009, on Universal Republic Records. Many of the songs on the album debuted on Saturday Night Live as SNL Digital Shorts. The album also includes a DVD featuring some of the digital shorts. 

Collaborators on the album include T-Pain, Norah Jones, Jack Black, E-40, Julian Casablancas of The Strokes, Sly & Robbie, DJ Nu-Mark, J-Zone, Natalie Portman, Chris Parnell, and Justin Timberlake.

Other websites 
Official Website

American comedy bands
Hip hop bands
Musicians from Berkeley, California
2011 establishments in the United States
Portal is a puzzle video game made by Valve Corporation set inside the Half-Life series. It was originally sold in The Orange Box, a game collection deal which came with the Valve-made games Portal, Half-Life 2, and Team Fortress 2. It is now sold by itself and is available for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Mac and PC.
Portal has many jokes in it that have become popular on the internet, for example, "the cake is a lie". Because the game was very popular, Valve made a sequel in 2011, called Portal 2.

Plot
The game starts with Chell waking up in a small glass room that has only a bed, a toilet, and a radio inside. She is told by GLaDOS that testing will start soon, and an orange portal opens on one of the walls. Once the player goes through, she enters the testing rooms and begins testing. There are 20 testing rooms, called Test Chambers, in all.
After Chell escapes, she faints, and a robot drags her back into the building. During the credits, GLaDOS sings a song called "Still Alive" written by Jonathan Coulton, that says even though Chell killed her, she is still alive.

Gameplay
Portal is a first-person shooter game, which means that it is played from the view of the player character, Chell. When players get the fully-powered portal gun, they can make two portals that are linked together on some white surfaces. Chell starts out with nothing, only able to do what GLaDOS lets her, such as entering portals created by GLaDOS and using cubes that GLaDOS gives her. Once Chell gets a half-powered portal gun, she can fire a blue portal that connects to orange portals that GLaDOS puts in the rooms. When Chell gets the fully-powered portal gun, she can put both portals anywhere.
The portals can be used in different ways, notably as a way to catapult Chell. If the player cannot put a portal on a high ledge but can put one on a wall across from the ledge and one on the floor below, these portals can be used to propel Chell forward far enough to reach the ledge. This is because portals do not affect forward momentum. When Chell enters the portal in the floor and exits the portal in the wall, she will fall, gaining speed. If she goes through the portal on the floor again while falling, she will be going fast enough that when she exits the wall portal again, she will be able to land on the ledge.

The different ways the portals work together mean there are multiple ways to solve the puzzles in the Test Chambers.

Related pages
Half-Life (video game)
Portal 2
Half-Life 2

References

Puzzle video games
Shooter video games
2007 video games
Platform games
Valve Corporation is an American video game developer and digital distributor company in Bellevue, Washington. It was started in 1996 by Gabe Newell and Mike Harrington, two Microsoft employees in the past. The company is widely known for Steam and its popular first-person shooter series, Half-Life, with the first being released in 1998. Also, the company develops the SteamOS, which their all-in-one handheld hardware, called Steam Deck, uses.

Games developed

References

Other websites 
 Valve Software - Official Website
 Steam - Official Website

American video game companies
1996 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Washington (state)
Sistān o Balūchestān  is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southeast of the country. It has borders with Pakistan and Afghanistan. Its capital is Zahedan. 

The province is the largest in Iran, with an area of 181,785 km² and a population of 2.4 million. The counties of the province are Iran Shahr, Chabahar, Khash, Zabol, Zahedan, Saravan, and Nik Shahr.

The region is also home to Iran's Baloch Sunni minority.

References

Other websites
Balochistan or Baluchistan is an arid region on the Iranian plateau. The plateau is in Southwest Asia and South-central Asia, between Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. The area is named after the numerous Baloch tribes.  The Baloch are of Aryan and other races who moved into the area from the west around A.D. 1000.  All natives are considered Baloch even if they do not speak the Balochi language; Pashto, Persian, Hazaragi language, and Brahui languages are also spoken in the region. The southern part of Balochistan is known as Makran. Now it is recognised by UNPO as an Unrepresented Nation.

Topography 
Baluchistan's landscape is made of barren, rugged mountains and fertile land. During the summer, some regions of Baluchistan are the hottest. Most of the land is barren, particularly the Iranian and Afghan side of the region. Relatively few people live there. In the south (Makran) is the desert through which Alexander the Great passed with great difficulty.
Other websites
 Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan is an old map, written in English, from 1897 of Baluchistan and two other areas.
Afghanistan, Beloochistan, etc. is another old map, published by the Methodist church, in 1893

Regions of Pakistan
The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber), (or sand puppy) is a burrowing rodent. The species is native to parts of East Africa. It is one of only two known eusocial mammals (the other is the Damaraland mole rat). Both species are similar in many respects. 

The animal has unusual features, adapted to its harsh underground environment. 
The animals do not feel pain in their skin. They also have a very low metabolism.

Physical description 
Typically, the animals are between eight and ten centimetres long, and weigh about 30 grams. Their eyes are quite small, and they do not see very well. Their legs are thin and short. Nevertheless, they are very good at moving underground and can move backward as fast as they can move forward. They have large, protruding teeth, which they use to dig. Their lips are sealed just behind the teeth to prevent soil from filling their mouths while digging. They have little hair and wrinkled pink or yellowish skin.
The naked mole rat is well adapted for the limited availability of oxygen within the tunnels that are its habitat: its lungs are very small and its blood has a very strong affinity for oxygen, increasing the efficiency of oxygen uptake.  It has a very low respiration and metabolic rate for an animal of its size, about two thirds that of a mouse of the same size. It only uses very little oxygen.  In long periods of hunger, such as a drought, its metabolic rate can reduce by up to twenty-five percent.

The naked mole rat can only regulate its body temperature in the typical mammalian fashion over a relatively narrow range of temperatures. Outside this range, it overheats or cools. It can overcome this by its behaviour. When cold, naked mole rats huddle together or bask in the shallow parts of their burrow systems. When they get too hot, they retreat to the deeper, cooler parts of their tunnel system.

Ecology and behavior
Distribution and habitat 
The naked mole rat is native to the drier parts of the tropical grasslands of East Africa, mainly South Ethiopia, Kenya, and Somalia.

Colonies averaging 75-80 individuals live together in complex systems of burrows in arid African deserts. The tunnel systems built by naked mole rats can stretch up to two or three miles in cumulative length.

Social structure and reproduction 
The naked mole rat is one of the two species of mammals that are eusocial. Only one female (the queen) and one to three males reproduce, while the rest of the members of the colony are workers. Workers do different things. Some are tunnellers, expanding the large network of tunnels within the burrow system, and some primarily as soldiers, protecting the group from outside predators.

This eusocial organisation social structure, similar to that found in ants, termites, and some bees and wasps, is very rare among mammals.
Males and females are able to breed at one year of age. Gestation is about 70 days. A litter is usually from three to twelve pups, but may be as large as 28. The average litter size is 11. In the wild, naked mole-rats usually breed once a year, if the litter survives. In captivity, they breed all year long and can produce a litter every 80 days.  The young are born blind and weigh about 2 gm. The queen nurses them for the first month; after which the other members of the colony feed them feces until they are old enough to eat solid food.
Diet 
Naked mole rats feed primarily on very large tubers (weighing as much as 1000 times the body weight of a typical mole rat) that they find deep underground through their mining operations, but also eat their own feces (coprophagia).  A single tuber can provide a colony with a long-term source of food—lasting for months, or even years, as they eat the inside but leave the outside, allowing the tuber to regenerate. Symbiotic bacteria in their intestines help them digest the fibres.

Longevity 
The naked mole rat is also of interest because it is extraordinarily long-lived for a rodent of its size (up to 28 years) and holds the record for the longest living rodent. The secret of their longevity is debated, but is thought to be related to the fact that they can shut down their metabolism during hard times, and so prevent oxidative damage. This has been summed up as "They're living their life in pulses".
Due to their extraordinary longevity for such a small rodent, an international effort was put into place to sequence the genome of the naked mole rat.  Results came in 2011 and 2014. Transcriptome sequencing showed that genes related to mitochondria and oxidation reduction processes have high expression levels in the naked mole-rat as compared to mice. This may contribute to their longevity.

The DNA repair transcriptomes of the liver of humans, naked mole rats and mice were compared.  The maximum lifespans of humans, naked mole rats, and mice are respectively ~120, 30 and 3 years.  The longer-lived species, humans and naked mole rats, expressed DNA repair genes at a higher level than did mice.  In addition, several DNA repair pathways in humans and naked mole rats were up-regulated compared with mice.  These findings suggest that increased DNA repair makes for greater longevity. The findings are consistent with the DNA damage theory of aging.
Conservation status 
Naked mole rats are not threatened. Despite their tough living conditions, naked mole rats are quite widespread and numerous in the drier regions of East Africa.

References

Other websites 

Page on the Animal Diversity Web
More photos 
Heterocephalus glaber images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu 
Naked mole-rat webcam

Mammals of Africa
Capsaicin is a chemical substance. It is responsible for the sense of spiciness or hotness found in chili peppers. In mammals, it causes a sensation of burning of the tissues it comes in contact with. Capsaicin, and other similar substances called capsaicinoids are produced by chili peppers and other plants, probably as a protection against being eaten. Pure capsaicin is a hydrophobic, colorless, odorless, crystalline to waxy compound.

Capsaicinoids are added to food to make it have a hot taste, but it can also be used as an analgesic, a painkiller. Such painkillers are often directly used on the skin. The burning of the capsaicin will mask the real pain. Capsaicin is also the main agent in pepper spray. 

Capsaicin is not soluble in water; it binds to oil and fat. Soap can be used to wash it off. If something too hot has been eaten, milk or yoghurt can be used.

References 

Organonitrogen compounds
Analgesics
A football team refers to a group of players who together play football. A football team may represent a football club, or their nation, group or other associations. In general, there may be 11-18 members in such a team.

Football
West Ham station is a London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and  National Rail station. It is on the District Line, Hammersmith & City Line, Jubilee Line and is served by c2c train services. It is in Travelcard Zone 3, and is managed by London Underground. All open platforms have step-free access to the street and each other.

References

Other websites

District line stations
Hammersmith & City line stations
Jubilee line stations
Docklands Light Railway stations in the London Borough of Newham
West Ham
Services 
The typical off-peak service frequency is:
South West Trains
 16tph (trains per hour) to Waterloo
 4tph to Guildford, of which
 2tph via Cobham
 2tph via Epsom
 2tph to Chessington South
 2tph to Dorking
 2tph to Hampton Court
 2tph to Shepperton
 2tph to Woking
 2tph to Waterloo via Kingston & Richmond
First Capital Connect
 2tph to Luton
 2tph to Sutton
London Underground
 6tph to Upminster via Tower Hill
 6tph to Edgware Road via High Street Kensington
Tramlink
 8tph to New Addington

Gallery

Related pages 
 Wimbledon Traincare depot – a little to the north of the station, on the west side of the main line tracks.

References

Bibliography

Other websites 

 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 . This entrance has been rebuilt as part of the Centre Court shopping centre development.
 Pictures of both entrances to station

Proposed

London Travelcard zone 3
The Tube Map, is a map that navigates passengers around London using the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway, and Emirates Air-line. To make the map easier to read, the lines of the tunnels are made straight instead of the shape they really follow.

The Tube Map was the first map to use these simplifying techniques that are now used in transport maps across the world. Transport for London (TfL) continue to expand the Tube map as more stations, lines and methods of transport are added.
The Tube Map helps navigate over a billion journeys a year in the biggest city in Europe.

Rail transport in London
The Waterloo & City line, also nicknamed The Drain, is a short underground railway line in London. It was opened on 11 July 1898. It has two stations, Waterloo and Bank.

References

London Underground lines
1898 establishments in England
Transport in the London Borough of Lambeth
Transport in the City of London
Tunnels underneath the River Thames
Background 
An order to buy 30½ 8-car trains of 1967 tube stock was made in March 1964. They were built by Metro-Cammell. Each train is made up of two 4-car units that are joined. The trains cost £2.25 million to build. Today this would buy just three trains. The first unit was delivered to West Ruislip depot on 27 September 1967, and the fleet was bought to run the Victoria Line. The units were then tested at the depot, before they were moved to Hainault depot and being tried out in passenger service on the Woodford-Hainault shuttle on the Central line. Once the tests were finished, the trains were moved from Hainault to Northumberland Park Depot using a battery locomotive. The trains were looked after at this depot until they were scrapped. It is the only part of the Victoria line that is not Underground, and it is unusual because, unlike the rest of the London Underground network, there is a staff rail link from Seven Sisters station.
The Trains 
The trains had Automatic Train Operation (ATO). The train operator controls when the doors open and close and also starts the train by pressing two buttons at the same time. These buttons start the automatic process of driving the train. The trains  were built with wrap-around windows in the driving cabs and were the first London Underground trains to have windows like this. The trains were delivered with a shiny grey coat, but this soon faded to a dull grey.

When the extension Victoria line to Brixton opened in July 1971, a further 72 cars of 1967 tube stock were ordered, which made up 9 trains. This brought the total number of 1967 tube stock trains to 39½.
Refurbishment 
In 1989, a refurbishment programme was started across the whole fleet of London Underground rolling stock, following the King's Cross fire in 1987. The Victoria line stock was chosen to be the first to be refurbished (repaired, changed and made to look newer). The refurbishment was carried out by Tickford Rail at Rosyth Dockyard. The refurbishment was due to take 5 years to complete, but the last train did not leave the works until 1997, because each train was slightly different to the next train. When the trains had completed the refurbishment the outside was painted in a white, blue and red colour scheme. The insides of the trains have fire-resistant materials and are finished in the Victoria line blue colours, though some have the Bakerloo line brown as they run on that line too.

Replacement 
The last 1967 stock in passenger service ran on 30th June 2011. It has been replaced by 2009 stock.

Numbers

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Tubeprune - 1967 Tube Stock
 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 
 

1967
Victoria is an informal area of inner city London. It is in the City of Westminster. It is named after Queen Victoria.

City of Westminster
Walthamstow is an area in the London Borough of Waltham Forest, North East London, England. It is  northeast of Charing Cross.

London Borough of Waltham Forest
Congestion may refer to:

 Network congestion, an occurrence in data networking
 Traffic congestion, an occurrence on roadways
 Nasal congestion, the blockage of nasal passages due to swollen membranes
Traffic congestion is when vehicles travel slower because there is too much traffic on roads. This makes trip times longer, and increases queueing. This is also known as a traffic jam.  Congestion may result from a decrease in capacity, for example accidents on the road or roads being closed.  Bad road layouts can also restrict capacity.  Increased traffic, for example by many cars leaving a sports stadium at the same time, can also cause congestion. 

Where congestion is common, for example because of commuting in big cities, several methods are used to relieve it. Cars may be banned in certain districts or certain times, or made to carry passengers or pay a fee, or people may use public transport, such as rapid transit, which travel independently of car traffic and are not affected by traffic jams. 

Traffic
A Private bill is a proposal for a law that would only make a change for a person or a group of people. This is the opposite of public law, which makes a change for everyone in its jurisdiction. 

Legislation
The British Transport Commission (BTC) was created by Clement Attlee's post-war Labour government. It was a part of its nationalisation programme. Its objective was to provide an efficient, adequate, economical and properly integrated system of public inland transport and port facilities within Great Britain for passengers and goods, excluding transport by air. The BTC came into operation on 1 January 1948. Its first chairman was Lord Hurcomb. Miles Beevor was the Chief Secretary.

Organisations based in the United Kingdom
Transport in the United Kingdom
The London Underground 2009 Stock is a type of London Underground train. It is built by Bombardier Transportation at their Litchurch Lane Works in Derby, England. The stock belongs to Bombardier's Movia type of train. Bombardier Transportation UK used to be known as ADtranz, and before that ABB Asea Brown Boveri. ABB Asea Brown Boveri built the 1992 tube stock which is currently used on the Central and Waterloo & City lines.

Forty-seven 8-car units will be built for use on the Victoria line. These replace the line's original 1967 tube stock. The trains are still being built. They were introduced by 2012, when all of the 1967 tube stock trains were completely replaced. The first 2009 tube stock train started running on the line with passengers on board on 21 July 2009. One new train will enter service every two weeks from early 2010.
Description 
The trains are part of a 3.4 billion pound contract that was awarded to Bombardier by Metronet. The contract was to supply new trains featuring Automatic Train Operation and signalling for the Victoria and sub-surface lines. When it is finished this upgrade should make the lines and trains more reliable. There should also be an 8% decrease in journey times between stations, and a 16% overall decrease in journey times. This decrease is partly because the new trains have better performance than the 1967 tube stock that they are replacing. The new trains have a higher top speed of , a faster maximum acceleration of 1.3 m/s2, a normal service deceleration of 1.14 m/s2, and an emergency brake deceleration of 1.4 m/s2. This is the same as the 1992 tube stock.
The new trains are being built  wider than the current 1967 tube stock. This is because the Victoria line has a larger than normal loading gauge compared to the other deep level tube lines. The larger size means that the new trains cannot leave the Victoria line except by road as they are too wide to travel on the other London Underground deep level tube lines. This means that to move the units, each car has to be uncoupled, loaded onto a lorry, and then re-coupled when they are delivered. The trains have been built using Bombardier's technology called FICAS, which gives them a thinner bodyshell. Along with the larger size this gives more space for passengers.

The stock is the first to be designed since the Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations came into force. Because of this they will have more facilities for people with impaired mobility, including multi-purpose areas with tip-up seats and space for wheelchairs and pushchairs and offset centre door poles for wheelchair access.
The design of the trains was finalised in September 2004, and manufacture of two pre-production trains began in January 2005. The first train was scheduled to be completed by mid-2006. Metronet announced on 3 February 2006 that the first of the pre-production cars had been completed to allow it to be tested without being moved. From 21 July until 4 August 2006, an example of the train was on show at Euston Square Gardens, near Euston Square tube station, for a Customer Acceptance Test followed by public display. From September 2006, the first of the two trains underwent testing at Bombardier's manufacturing and test site at their Litchurch Lane Works in Derby. It was due to be delivered to London Underground by the end of 2006 for testing on the Victoria line during engineering hours (times after the line stops carrying passengers and repair and testing work is carried out), but this did not occur until May 2007. It will also be used for driver and maintenance training and familiarisation
. The first of the trains was expected to begin passenger service for the Victoria line for evaluation purposes in July 2008, with the remainder of the fleet being delivered and entering passenger service in 2009. However, by October 2007 the date for the first train entering service had been moved to January 2009. The first train entered service on 21 July 2009, leaving Northumberland Park depot at 23:00 and forming train 277 leaving Seven Sisters at 23:55 to Brixton.
References

Other websites 

 Transport for London website on the Victoria line upgrade 
 Computer generated artist's impression of a 2009 Stock unit 
 An official photograph of a 2009 Stock unit undergoing testing at Bombardier's Litchurch Lane Works in Derby 
 A photograph gallery of 2009 tube stock in Northumberland Park Depot on 21 July 2007 and on its second day of passenger service on 22 July 2009
Victoria Line is the name of many things. They are often associated with Queen Victoria:

Military 
 The Victoria Lines are a series of defensive towers and walls in Malta.

Transport

Bus 
 Victoria Line, the name previously given to two bus routes passing Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.

Rail

Metro
 Victoria Line, one of several Underground lines in London (United Kingdom)
Uherské Hradiště is a town in the Czech Republic. About 26,280 people live there (2008). It is located in the South-East of the historical region Moravia in the Zlín region. It was founded on October 15 1257 by the Czech king Přemysl Otakar II.

Partner towns 
  Bridgwater, United Kingdom
  Mayen, Germany
  Trenčín, Slovakia

Other websites 

Uherské Hradiště webpage

Cities in the Czech Republic
Zlín Region
An ice skate is a boot with a blade in it that is used in recreation or sports to move across an ice rink.They are used for skating on ice for fun,exercise or competitive sport.The first ice skates are thought to have originated in Scandinavia  as early as 1000 Bc.         

Skating
Boing is an Italian TV channel marketed at children and teenagers, produced and broadcast in Italy by Time Warner on its DVB-T frequencies.

Cartoons/Anime 

The Smurfs (I Puffi) (USA/Belgium)
Police Academy (Scuola di polizia) (USA)
Tazmania (USA)
Ed, Edd n Eddy (Ed, Edd & Eddy) (USA)
Justice League (USA)
Dexter's Laboratory (Il laboratorio di Dexter) (USA)
Johnny Bravo (USA)
Camp Lazlo (USA)
Pokemon (USA)
Animaniacs (USA)
Tiny Toons (I favolosi Tiny) (USA)

Television channels in Italy
Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh (; born 29 September 1941) is an Iranian  politician, painter and architect. He belongs to the Iranian reform movement. 
He was the fifth Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1981 to 1989. After his term, the constitution was changed, and the post of prime minister was abolished. Mousavi is currently the president of the Iranian Academy of Arts. He also was a candidate for the 2009 presidential election.
Before his post as prime minister, he was the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He is also a member of the Expediency Discernment Council and the High Council of Cultural Revolution. He has not attended their meetings for years. Political analysts think that he does not like these councils.  In the early years of the revolution, Mousavi was the editor-in-chief of the official newspaper of the Islamic Republican Party, the Jomhouri-e Eslami (Islamic Republic) newspaper. In 2009 presidential election, Mousavi chose green as his campaign color, a color which has since become common in Iran.

References 

1941 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Iran
René Lévesque (August 24, 1922 – November 1, 1987) was a Minister of the Provincial Government of Quebec from 1960-1966. He was born in New Brunswick and raised in Quebec. He was the founder of the Parti Québécois. The Parti Québécois have twice tried to get Quebec to leave Canada and become a separate country.

Politics 
Lévesque was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1960 until 1967. He had the position of Minister of Natural Resources.
Parti Québécois 
The goal of the Parti was to give Quebec its own Sovereignty, or to make it a separate country outside of Canada. The Parti Québécois won the 1976 Quebec provincial election. Soon after coming to power, Bill 101 was made a law. This law says that French is the only official language of Quebec. At this time, Canada had two official languages; English and French. In 1980 a vote was held. This vote was a referendum where the citizens of Quebec were asked if they wish to leave Canada and become a new country. 60% of the voters wanted to stay in Canada.

Death 
For most of his life, René smoked cigarettes. On November 1, 1987 he started having chest pains. He died of a heart attack later that day while in hospital in Quebec.

References 

1922 births
1987 deaths
Politicians from Quebec
Dead Space is a third-person survival horror video game, made by Visceral Games for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. The player plays as an engineer named Isaac Clarke. He fights against an alien infestation which turns humans into monsters called "Necromorphs" on a mining ship in space named the USG Ishimura.

Characters
Issac Clarke

He is the main character. He has a job as an engineer. The Concordance Extraction Corporation sent him to the USG Ishimura to repair it. 

Kendra Daniels

She is an engineer, too. She is good at network technology such as hacking. Her opinion often clashes with Hammond's.

Zach Hammond

He is Issac and Kendra's colleague. He is a black man and a senior guard.

Nicole Brennan

She is Issac's former lover. She is a member of the USG Ishimura's crew. She sent the video asking for help to Issac.

Plot

Reception
Plot

Reception

Legacy and sequels 
Dead Space is part of 3 games. It has 2 sequels.
2008 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Science fiction video games
Tyrus Raymond "Ty" Cobb (December 18, 1886 – July 17, 1961), also known as "The Georgia Peach," was a Major League Baseball player. He is known as the best player of the dead-ball era (before 1920) and as one of the best baseball players of all time.

References

Other websites

 Official site 
 Ty Cobb Museum

1886 births
1961 deaths
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Detroit Tigers managers
Detroit Tigers players
Fulham Broadway is a London Underground station on the Wimbledon branch of the District Line. It is famous as the nearest station to Stamford Bridge stadium. The stadium is the home of Chelsea Football Club. The station was opened as Walham Green on 1 March 1880.

References 

Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Transport in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Tottenham () is an urban area of North London, England in the London Borough of Haringey. It is situated  north-east of Charing Cross.

References

Tottenham
Manor House is a district of North London. 

Areas of London
Barbara Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn PC, GCOT (6 October 1910 – 3 May 2002) was a British politician. She was born as Barbara Anne Betts in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. She grew up in Pontefract and Bradford, Yorkshire. She graduated from St Hugh's College, Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. She adopted her family's politics, which were left wing. Castle joined the Labour Party. She was Member for Blackburn from 1945 to 1979. She was Minister of Transport from 23 December 1965 – 6 April 1968. She died in Chiltern, Buckinghamshire.

References 

1910 births
2002 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Bradford
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
Secretaries of State for Health and Social Care‎
Richard William Marsh, Baron Marsh PC (14 March 1928 – 29 July 2011) was an English politician and business executive.

References

1928 births
2011 deaths
English politicians
British businesspeople
Weak interaction,  the weak force or weak nuclear force, is one of the four fundamental forces in the universe. 

It is carried by particles known as the W and Z bosons, which are gauge bosons. The weak force causes beta decay, a form of radioactivity. At extremely high energy levels, the force of weak interaction and electromagnetism begin to act the same, and this is called electroweak interaction.

Beta decay 
Beta decay is what scientists call a neutron breaking down, in contrast with alpha decay where an atom breaks down. These types of breaking down are more commonly known as radioactive decay. In a beta decay a neutron breaks into a proton,  an electron and a neutrino. However, this is not a complete picture, there is an intermediary step. Notice that this process preserves the total charge. Conservation laws are very important when calculating the possible outcomes of these interactions.