Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The  New Year Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra is a concert of classical music that takes place each year on the morning of 1 January in Vienna, Austria. The concert hall where they are held is called the Wiener Musikverein. The music traditionally consists of waltzes, marches and polkas by the Strauss family. The concert is shown on television to about one billion people in 44 countries.

Music and setting 

The music always includes pieces from the Strauss family (Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss). The music consists mainly of waltzes, polkas, mazurkas and marches. Sometimes other Austrian composers are included. In 2009, for the first time, music by Joseph Haydn was played. It was the 4th movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 45, known as the "Farewell Symphony". It was performed because the year 2009 is the 200th anniversary of Haydn's death.
These concerts have been held in the "Großer Saal" (Large Hall) of the Wiener Musikverein since 1939. Since 1980 the flowers that decorate the concert hall are a gift each year from the city of Sanremo, Liguria, Italy. On television the viewers can also see ballet dancers who dance to the music. These dancers are often dancing in Schönbrunn Palace, Schloss Esterházy, the Vienna State Opera or in the Wiener Musikverein itself.

The concert always ends with three encores after the main programme. The first encore is a fast polka. The second encore is Johann Strauss II's Blue Danube Waltz. The audience start to clap as soon as the music for this famous waltz starts. The last encore is the Radetzky March. The audience like to clap along to the music.

The concert was first performed in 1939.
Conductors 
 Clemens Krauss, 1939, 1941–1945, 1948–1954
 Josef Krips, 1946–1947
 Willi Boskovsky, 1955–1979
 Lorin Maazel, 1980–1986, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2005
 Herbert von Karajan, 1987
 Claudio Abbado, 1988, 1991
 Carlos Kleiber, 1989, 1992
 Zubin Mehta, 1990, 1995, 1998, 2007
 Riccardo Muti, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004
 Nikolaus Harnoncourt, 2001, 2003
 Seiji Ozawa, 2002
 Mariss Jansons, 2006, 2012
 Georges Prêtre, 2008, 2010
 Daniel Barenboim, 2009
 Franz Welser-Möst, 2011

Concerts
January events
George Enescu (August 19, 1881, Liveni – May 4, 1955, Paris) was a Romanian composer. He was born in Liveni, Romania. He studied the violin at the Vienna Conservatory. He moved to Paris in 1895 to study composition at the Paris Conservatoire with Jules Massenet and then Gabriel Fauré. Other students at this time were Maurice Ravel and Charles Koechlin.

In 1927 he taught the violin to Yehudi Menuhin.

References

1881 births
1955 deaths
Romanian composers
The Cumans (also known as Kumans) were a travelling Turkic people who lived in the area along the Black Sea near the Volga River, Balkans and Hungary. The City Kumanovo is named after them.

References 

Nomadic people
The Osservatorio Astrometrico Santa Lucia Stroncone (Santa Lucia Stroncone Astronomical Observatory) is an observatory that studies stars in the sky.  It is in the town of Stroncone, Italy.  It has found lots of asteroids.

Astronomical observatories
German South West Africa (, DSWA) was a German colony in Africa from 1884 through 1915. It is now Namibia. From 1891, the capital was Windhoek, the same city as the capital of today's Namibia. It covered an area of . This is over one and half times the size of the German Empire at the time.

States and territories established in the 19th century
1884 establishments
1880s establishments in South Africa
1880s establishments in Germany
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
1915 disestablishments
1910s disestablishments in South Africa
20th-century disestablishments in Germany
History of Namibia
1910s disestablishments in Europe
Former colonies in Africa
715 was a common year starting on Tuesday.

Events 
 May 19 — Pope Gregory II becomes the 89th pope.

Deaths 
 April 9 — Pope Constantine
 July 18 — Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi
The year 695 (DCXCV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar.

Births 
 December 31 — Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi
The Ender's Game series (sometimes called Enderverse) is a series of books written by Orson Scott Card. There are 2 major series of the Ender's Game series: the Ender series and the Shadow series.

Ender series 

The Ender series includes the books Ender's Game, Speaker for the Dead, Xenocide, and Children of the Mind. "Ender's Game" used to be a short story, but the author expanded it to make the novel Ender's Game.

Shadow series
Shadow series 

The Shadow series (also called the "Bean Quartet") starts with Ender's Shadow, followed by 4 other books about the lives of the people Ender left behind. Ender's Shadow occurs at the same time and place (Battle School) as Ender's Game does, but instead in the view of Bean rather than Ender. Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets, and Shadow of the Giant are stories about world dominance on Earth after the Bugger War in which the children at Battle School and Ender's older brother, Peter Wiggin, are main characters. Shadows in Flight, a sequel to Shadow of the Giant, is planned to come out; however, it will start after Children of the Mind, not Shadow of the Giant, and will combine the two Ender's Game series: the Ender series and the Shadow series. Shadows in Flight has recently been renamed to Shadows Alive.
Stories in the series 
There are 11 stories in the Ender's Game series.  According to Orson Scott Card, the author, you do not have to read the books in any required order, except that Xenocide should be read right before Children of the Mind.

The books can be read in the order they were written/published in or by date times in the novels.

Publication date 

 Ender's Game
 Speaker for the Dead 
 Xenocide
 Children of the Mind
 Ender's Shadow
 Shadow of the Hegemon
 Shadow Puppets
 Shadow of the Giant
 "First Meetings" (short story)
 A War of Gifts: An Ender Story
 Ender in Exile
Shadows in Flight
The Last Shadow

Dates in series 

 "First Meetings" (short story)
 Ender's Game
 A War of Gifts: An Ender Story (the same time as Ender's Game is happening)
 Ender's Shadow (Ender's Game as seen by Bean)
 Ender in Exile (begins at the end of Ender's Game and ends after Giant leading into Speaker)
 Shadow of the Hegemon
 Shadow Puppets
 Shadow of the Giant
 Speaker for the Dead
 Xenocide
 Children of the Mind
References 
2. 
Ender's Game (novel series)
Series of books
Pula () is the biggest city in Istria County, Croatia. It has a population of about 62,000 people as of the year 2006. It has a long tradition of winemaking, fishing, shipbuilding, and tourism. Its most famous attraction is the well-preserved Roman ampitheatre. Pula is also an administrative center of Istria since Roman times.

Other websites

Cities in Croatia
Istria County
The 1938–39 NHL season was the 22nd season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Seven teams each played 48 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs four games to one in the final series.

The NHL created the icing rule on March 13, 1939.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1938 in the United States
1939
1938 in Canada
Berne is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. About 2,800 people lived there as of the year 2000.

Other websites 

  Town of Berne, official web page.

Towns in New York (state)
Brown University is an American private research university in Providence, Rhode Island. It is a member of the Ivy League. It was founded in 1764 as the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, early in the reign of King George III (1760–1820) and before American independence from the British Empire. It was founded by the Brown brothers, who were slave traders. Brown is the third oldest institution of higher education in New England and seventh oldest in the United States.

Brown is ranked as the 14th national university behind Princeton, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Stanford, University of Chicago, Duke, MIT, University of Pennsylvania, Caltech, Dartmouth, Johns Hopkins, and Northwestern. Brown was the first college in the country to accept students of any religion.

It is the second last ranked Ivy League University with Cornell being the last.

References
References

Association of American Universities
Ivy League
Brown University
Providence, Rhode Island
1764 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Rhode Island
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University), is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey. It was originally chartered as Queen's College in 1766 and is the eighth-oldest college in the United States.

Scooters 
Rental dockless e-scooters are available on Rutgers campus. Notably, Rutgers professor Juan A. Ayala is notable for doing wheelies on these scooters.
Ranking 
Rutgers was designated The State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956. The campuses of Rutgers are in New Brunswick, Piscataway, Newark and Camden. Rutgers is the largest university within New Jersey's state university system, and it was ranked 46th in the world academically in a 2006 survey conducted by the Institute of Higher Education at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The university offers more than 100 distinct bachelor, 100 master, and 80 doctoral and professional degree programs across 175 academic departments, 29 degree-granting schools and colleges, 16 of which offer graduate programs of study.

References

Association of American Universities
Big Ten Conference
Rutgers University
1766 establishments
The southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius), also known as double-wattled cassowary or two-wattled cassowary, is a large flightless black bird with hard and stiff plumage, two dangling red wattles and a big bony lump on its head called a casque. It lives in tropical rainforest and feeds mostly on fallen fruit, red nape and two red wattles hanging down its throat.

The big female lays up to five enormous glossy green eggs on the ground. She then leaves the male bird to sit on them and raise the stripey chicks. The cassowary is a very rare bird in Australia but also lives in New Guinea.

Birds of Australia
Struthioniformes
Birds of Oceania
The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) is the second largest provider of higher education in Pennsylvania after the Commonwealth system and a large public university system in the United States. It is the tenth-largest university system in the United States and 43rd largest in the world. The system is 14 state-owned schools, all of which are NCAA Division II members.

History

The Normal School Act of 1857 was passed on the last day of session on 20 May 1857. It created 12 school districts.  Afterward, the School Code of 1911 made Pennsylvania buy all the schools. The "normal" schools evolved from state normal schools, to state teacher's colleges, to state colleges.  Act 188, which was signed into law on November 12, 1982 and came into effect on July 1, 1983, established the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, and converted those state colleges into universities.

Universities and locations
The system is made up of the following 14 universities in Pennsylvania:
PASSHE universities also operate four branch campuses. The Office of the Chancellor is in the capital city of Harrisburg at the Dixon University Center.

References

Other websites
 Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education official website
 PASSHE Foundation, Inc.

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Colleges and universities in Pennsylvania
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Pennsylvania
The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is a parade that happens every Thanksgiving. It is held in New York City. It is presented by chain store business Macy's. It started in 1924. The parade often includes many balloons, floats, celebrities, songs and more. It ends with the arrival of Santa Claus, which marks the start of the Christmas and holiday season. The hosts of The Today Show also host this event by introducing new acts in the parade.

Other websites

 Official website

Events in the United States
New York City
1924 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in New York (state)
Indiana University of Pennsylvania (or IUP) is a public university in the borough of Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA,  northeast of Pittsburgh. It is the largest university in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PaSSHE) and is the state's fifth largest university. It is governed by a local Council of Trustees and the Board of Governors of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. IUP has branch campuses at Punxsutawney, Northpointe, and Monroeville.

References 

Colleges and universities in Pennsylvania
1875 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Pennsylvania
Rockville is the county seat of Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. According to the 2007 census update, the city had a total population of 58,706, making it the third largest city in Maryland.

References 

Cities in Montgomery County, Maryland
County seats in Maryland
1717 establishments
1710s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in Maryland
Montgomery County of the U.S. state of Maryland is north of Washington, D.C. and southwest of Baltimore. It is one of the richest counties in the United States, and has the highest percentage (29.2%) of residents over 25 years old who hold a post-graduate degree. The county seat and largest municipality is Rockville.

References

Maryland counties
 
1776 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Maryland
Of a Revolution, better known as O.A.R., is an American rock band consisting of Marc Roberge (vocals, guitar), Chris Culos (drums, percussion), Richard On (guitar, backing vocals), Benj Gershman (bass guitar), Jerry DePizzo (saxophone, guitar, backing vocals). The band has a lot of fans in college and many of the band's songs relate to the band members' lives at  Ohio State University (Columbus) and growing up in Rockville, Maryland.

American rock bands
Musical groups from Maryland
Musical groups established in 1996
1996 establishments in Maryland
The George Foreman Lean Mean Fat-Reducing Grilling Machine, commonly known as the George Foreman Grill, is an indoor, electrically-heated grill manufactured by Salton, Inc. George Foreman, a former champion boxer, is the main spokesperson for the grill.  Since its introduction in 1994, over 80 million Foreman grills have been sold.

Reception
Foreman has made over 150 million dollars from the sales of his grills, an amount that is more than he earned as a boxer.

The company has created many different sizes and designs for the grill since it was first made.  These include "The Champ" which was the first grill produced, a family size grill, and a "Super Large" grill that has 144 inches of grilling space.  There is also a deep fryer and roaster.

A website made an April Fools' Day joke by claiming to sell a USB version of the grill called the "iGrill."  The fake product was advertised as a grill that can be plugged into a computer and turned on by someone on the Internet.

References

Cooking appliances
Lava Records is an American record label that is owned by Warner Music Group.

References 

American record labels
Treacle (Also known as Molasses in the United States (Molasses in the UK refers to treacle not made for humans to eat)) is a type of syrup.  It is made when people are processing the plant sugarcane.  It is used in cooking to make things sweeter.  It is usually dark brown.

Uses for medicine 
Doctors used the word treacle to describe a medicine with many ingredients, or medicines that would treat snakebites.  Wells that were thought to have water that would cure people were called "treacle wells".

Syrup
Bulgarians are a South Slavic people from southeast Europe. There are around 7.3 million Bulgarian nationals. The Bulgarians speak the Bulgarian language and most of them live in Bulgaria. There is also a large diaspora of Bulgarians in Germany, Ukraine, Spain, UK and USA.

Culture

Language 

The Bulgarian language is a South Slavic language that is very similar to the Macedonian language. It is spoken by around 9 million people. There are some notable differences in the Bulgarian language that set it apart from other Slavic languages. For example, Bulgarian lost almost all of the noun cases. The language also developed a definite article.

The Bulgarian language is written with the Cyrillic script. The Cyrillic script was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire, and is now used in 12 other languages.

Religion 

Bulgarian Orthodoxy has been the prominent religion in Bulgaria since 870 AD. There are also a small amount of Bulgarians who converted to Islam during Ottoman rule.

References 

Slavic peoples
The leu is the money that is used in Romania. The smaller kind of money used is the ban, or bani(plural). 100 bani make up a leu. Because Romania joined the European Union, they will start using the euro in 2014.

Sources

Leu
In computer security, a mandatory access control (MAC) means a type of access control by which the operating system changes the way a subject (e.g. a user or a program) can access or do some sort of action on an object (e.g. a file or folder). Subjects and objects each have a set of security rules.  Whenever a subject tries to use an object, the operating system kernel looks at these security rules and decides whether the subject can use the object.

Computer security
Access control is the ability to allow or deny the use of a certain object by a certain person or entity. Access control machine can be used in managing physical objects (such as a movie theater, to which only people with tickets are allowed in) or digital objects (for example, a private text document on a computer, which only certain users should be able to read).

Because every person’s fingerprint, iris, voice, retina, face, hand, vein and signature are unique, a biometric time clock provides a quick, accurate, and reliable way to record who is accessing an object or place. That is why many companies now employ biometrics (systems that identify people based on a body part).
Most biometric systems do not keep an image of the fingerprint but a template. A template is basically a number that is calculated based on various characteristics of the fingerprint. This is done so that persons may not sneak unauthorised images of fingerprints into the database. When a fingerprint is to be matched, its "template number" is computed and compared with that stored in the database. Most systems allow for dry, greasy, chaffed and minor cuts on the fingers. The other biometric systems are based on retina of the eye, palm, photograph or voice pattern recognition. The palm-based systems take the image of the palm from various angles and compare them.

References 

Security
Linux Security Modules (LSM) is a framework that allows the Linux kernel to support a variety of computer security models while avoiding favoritism toward any single security implementation. The framework is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License and is standard part of the Linux kernel since Linux version 2.6.

Computer security
Linux
For the movie, see Black Swan (movie).

The black swan (Cygnus atratus) is a large waterbird that mostly breeds in the southeast and southwest areas of Australia. It is different from other swans because it is mostly black, though its flight feathers are white. 

Birds of Australia
Swans
The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) is a desktop environment for Unix. It is based on the Motif widget toolkit. HP uses CDE as the default desktop manager for OpenVMS which belongs to HP. This means it will be run without making any changes.

Other websites 

 AIX - 
 HP-UX - CDE
 Solaris - CDE
 Tutorial for the CDE
 Open Group - CDE
 CDE source code repository

Desktop Environments
Unix
The HMHS Britannic was a British passenger ship. The ship was also used as a war ship and a Royal Mail steamer. The Britannic was finished on 26 February 1914, for the White Star Line. It was a sister ship to the Olympic and the RMS Titanic. The building of the ship was held up when the Titanic sunk, and extra safety items were added to the Britannic.

World War I 
The start of World War I meant the ship was not used for passenger work. It was set up as a hospital ship with 3,300 beds. She sailed to Mudros on the 23 December 1915, to pick up wounded soldiers from Gallipoli. She continued as a hospital ship until 1916 when it was turned back into a Royal Mail and passenger ship. Before this latest change was carried out, the ship was called back into war service and went back to Mudros.

Sunk
Sunk 

On 21 November 1916 the Britannic hit a naval mine in the Kea Channel, off the Greek island of Kea. The mines had been put there by the German submarine U-73. A huge explosion tore a hole in the side of the ship which sunk one hour later. The ship was carrying 1,125 people, and nearly all were saved. Two lifeboats were struck by the ship's propellers and 30 people were killed.

The German newspapers claimed that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo because it might have been carrying soldiers. The captain of the U-73 said this was not true, he had only been laying the naval mines.

References 

Ships of the White Star Line
Prva HNL is a football league which is top division in Croatia.

Club 2009/10 
 Dinamo Zagreb
 Hajduk Split
 Rijeka
 Slaven Belupo Koprivnica
 Zagreb
 Šibenik
 Osijek
 Cibalia Vinkovci
 Inter Zaprešić
 Varteks Varaždin
 Zadar
 Croatia Sesvete
 Istra
 Karlovac
 Lokomotiva
 Međimurje

Champions

Former champions 
 1992 : Hajduk Split
 1992/93 : Croatia Zagreb
 1993/94 : Hajduk Split
 1994/95 : Hajduk Split
 1995/96 : Croatia Zagreb
 1996/97 : Croatia Zagreb
 1997/98 : Croatia Zagreb
 1998/99 : Croatia Zagreb
 1999/00 : Croatia Zagreb

References 

Football leagues in Europe
A-League Men, known before the 2021–22 season as the A-League, is a soccer league which is the top division in Australia and New Zealand. It was established in 2004 as a replacement to the National Soccer League and started in August 2005. Unlike professional soccer leagues in most of the rest of the world, A-League Men has what is called a "franchise" system—the same teams play in the league each year, unless a team drops out of the league on its own, or the league decides to add one or more new teams. This system is normal for pro sports leagues in Australia, as well as in the United States and Canada.

Since the beginning of the league in 2005, fourteen teams have competed in the league with Western United becoming the last club to join the league in the 2019–20 season. From those fourteen teams, six have taken the title while seven have taken the minor premiership. The current champion is Melbourne City FC, who defeated Sydney FC in the 2021 Grand Final.
The word "Men" was added to the league name after the 2020–21 season when the country's men's, women's, and youth leagues were brought under the "A-League" brand.

History
Before A-League Men was founded, the top division of Australian soccer was the National Soccer League which ran between 1977 and 2004.

2021–22 clubs 

 Adelaide United
 Brisbane Roar
 Central Coast Mariners
 Macarthur FC
 Melbourne City
 Melbourne Victory
 Newcastle Jets
 Perth Glory
 Sydney FC
 Wellington Phoenix
 Western Sydney Wanderers
 Western United

Former clubs 
 Gold Coast United (2009–2012)
 New Zealand Knights (2005–2007)
 North Queensland Fury (2009–2011)
Champions and premiers 
A-League Men, like other professional leagues in Australia, crowns its champion at the end of a knockout playoff series involving top teams on the regular-season table. The final match is called the Grand Final, a term used in several other Australian sports. The team that finishes on top of the regular-season table is called the "Premiers". Media sometimes incorrectly call the Premiers the "minor premiers", a term used in other football codes in the country.

References

 
Football leagues
Soccer in Australia
Football in New Zealand
Sports organisations of Australia
2005 establishments
2000s establishments in New Zealand
2000s establishments in Australia
The Eredivisie is a football league which is the top division in the Netherlands. It was created in 1956. Before 1956, the teams competed in the Netherlands Football League Championship.

The most successful team has been AFC Ajax, with 36 titles.

At the end of the 2014–15 season, the Eredivisie was ranked the 10th best league in the Europe.

Clubs 2014–15 
 ADO Den Haag
 Ajax
 AZ
 SC Cambuur
 FC Groningen
 FC Twente
 FC Utrecht
 Go Ahead Eagles
 PEC Zwolle
 Feyenoord
 Heracles Almelo
 NAC Breda
 Excelsior
 PSV Eindhoven
 FC Dordrecht
 Willem II
 SC Heerenveen
 Vitesse

Champions

Former champions

References

Football leagues in Europe
Football in the Netherlands
1956 establishments in the Netherlands
North American Soccer League (NASL) was a soccer league with teams from the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The league was founded in 2009 and began play in 2011. It is the second level of the soccer pyramid in both the U.S. and Canada, behind Major League Soccer. Puerto Rico has its own soccer league, but it plays at a level below the NASL.

Teams

2009 establishments
Soccer leagues in the United States
Propositional logic is a formal system in mathematics and logic. Other names for the system are propositional calculus and sentential calculus. The system is made of a set of propositions. Each proposition has a truth value, being either true or false. Propositions can be represented by capital roman letters such as ,  and , and joined together using logical connectives to make new propositions. Examples for logical connectives that are used often are logical and (), logical or (), logical if (), logical if and only if () and logical not ().

Propositional logic only looks at the propositions and how they are connected, and does not decompose them. That way, the proposition All cats are dogs and the earth is a disc is made of two propositions, All cats are dogs, and The Earth is a disc. These are joined together with the logical connective AND.
There are other logic systems that build on propositional logic. One of these is predicate logic, which defines logical predicates, and looks at how they can be applied to arguments. Another system is called modal logic. It introduces two new junctors: it is possible that and it is necessary that.

If-then statements
A simple logic statement is an implication (statement of the form "If P, then Q"). For example, "If it rains for an hour, then the ground will be wet". In this example, P ("if it rains for an hour") is the antecedent, and Q ("the ground will be wet") is the consequent. The consequent must necessarily follow if the antecedent is true. Therefore, an if-then statement is wholly false if the consequent does not actually follow the antecedent. An example of this would be, "If a dog ate a whole meal, then it would be starving." In this case if P were true, Q would be false and the whole statement is false. Here is a truth table for an if-then statement:
Note that there are two logic errors that people often make from this:

1) "If Q, then P". In our example, this would mean "If the ground is wet, then it has been raining for an hour". However, the ground could be wet for other reasons, like if snow has melted or a water main has broken.

2) "If not P, then not Q".  In our example, this would mean "If it has not been raining for an hour, then the ground is not wet".  However, the ground could still be wet for the reasons listed above.

The only correct inference that can be made is "If not Q, then not P". This means, in our example, "If the ground is not wet, then it has not been raining for an hour".

And/or statements 
Another simple logic statement is "P or Q". For example, "Either I am in Hong Kong or I am in London."

Related pages 

 First order logic
 Mathematical logic
 Rule of inference
 Tautology (logic)
 Truth in logic and philosophy

References

Other websites

Logic
Austrian Bundesliga is a football league which is top division in Austria. The Bundesliga was founded in 1911 under the name Erste Klasse. Till the season 1949/50 it was only played with teams from Vienna and Lower Austria. The official name is now Admiral Bundesliga  (after the league sponsor)

History
Football started in Austria around 1890. In 1924 a professional league started and the champion was called "Austrian Champion", although only teams of the metropolitan area of Vienna played here. It was the first professional league outside of the United Kingdom. An amateur league was founded in 1928. From 1938 till 1945 Austria was occupied by Nazi Germany and there was no Austrian league. After the Second World War an Austria-wide league was founded in 1948. The league had different numbers of members (10 to 18) and names.

Name history
Name history

Records
The player with the record of games is Robert Sara. He played 581 matches in the league. Top scorer is Robert Dienst He scored 323 goals in the league matches. The first champion outside Vienna was LASK Linz in 1964/65. The highest victory was an 18:0 of Vienna versus Ostbahn IX in the 1945/46 season.The match with the highest number of visitors was Austria Wien versus LASK with 73 826. The best average of visitors was 26 500 (Rapid Wien season 1948). Marc Ziegler, goalkeeper of FC Tirol, was 1085 minutes without goal. The longest serial victories is reached by Wiener Sportklub with 41 victories, in home matches. Vienna also reached 41 in a row.

Gallery

Club 2010/11

Red Bull Salzburg
Rapid Wien
Austria Wien
Sturm Graz
SV Ried
FC Wacker Innsbruck
LASK Linz
Kapfenberger SV
Mattersburg
Magna Wiener Neustadt

Club 2011/12
Club 2011/12

Red Bull Salzburg
Rapid Wien
Austria Wien
Sturm Graz (Champion)
SV Ried (Cup winner)
F.C. Wacker Innsbruck
FC Admira Wacker Mödling (promoted)
Kapfenberger SV
Mattersburg
Magna Wiener Neustadt

Club 2012/13

Red Bull Salzburg (Cup winner)
Rapid Wien
Austria Wien
Sturm Graz (Champion)
SV Ried 
F.C. Wacker Innsbruck
WAC (promoted)
Mattersburg
Magna Wiener Neustadt
FC Admira Wacker Mödling

Club 2013/14

Red Bull Salzburg 
Rapid Wien
Austria Wien (Champion)
Sturm Graz 
SV Ried 
F.C. Wacker Innsbruck
WAC 
SV Grödig (promoted)
Magna Wiener Neustadt
FC Admira Wacker Mödling

Club 2014/15
The 2014–15 Austrian Football Bundesliga was the 103rd season of top-tier football in Austria. FC Red Bull Salzburg won their 9th title, and second in succession.
Red Bull Salzburg (Champion) (Cup winner)
Rapid Wien
Austria Wien 
Sturm Graz 
SV Ried 
SCR Altach (promoted)
WAC 
SV Grödig 
Magna Wiener Neustadt
FC Admira Wacker Mödling

Club 2015/16
Club 2015/16

Red Bull Salzburg (Champion) (Cup winner)
Rapid Wien
Austria Wien 
Sturm Graz 
SV Ried 
SCR Altach 
WAC 
SV Grödig 
SV Mattersburg (promoted)
FC Admira Wacker Mödling

Club 2016/17

Red Bull Salzburg (Champion) (Cup winner)
Rapid Wien
Austria Wien 
Sturm Graz 
SV Ried 
SCR Altach 
WAC 
SV Grödig 
SKN St. Pölten (promoted)
FC Admira Wacker Mödling

Club 2017/18

Red Bull Salzburg (Champion) (Cup winner)
Rapid Wien
Austria Wien 
Sturm Graz 
WSG Tirol (promoted)
SCR Altach 
WAC 
SV Mattersburg 
SKN St. Pölten 
FC Admira Wacker Mödling

Club 2018/19

    FK Austria Wien
    SK Rapid Wien
    LASK
    SK Sturm Graz
    SKN St. Pölten
    TSV Hartberg (promoted)
    WSG Wattens
    FC Red Bull Salzburg (Champion) (Cup winner)
    SV Mattersburg
    Wolfsberger AC
    SC Rheindorf Altach
 Wacker Innsbruck (promoted)

Club 2019/20
Club 2019/20

FK Austria Wien
SK Rapid Wien
LASK
SK Sturm Graz
SKN St. Pölten
TSV Hartberg
WSG Wattens (promoted)
FC Red Bull Salzburg (Champion) (Cup winner)
SV Mattersburg
Wolfsberger AC
SC Rheindorf Altach

Club 2021/22

WSG Tirol
FK Austria Wien
FC Red Bull Salzburg (Champion) (Cup winner)
SK Rapid Wien
SK Sturm Graz
TSV Hartberg
SC Rheindorf Altach
SV Ried
Wolfsberger AC
SK Austria Klagenfurt  (promoted)
LASK
FC Admira Wacker Mödling

Club 2022/23

WSG Tirol
FK Austria Wien
FC Red Bull Salzburg (Champion) (Cup winner)
SK Rapid Wien
SK Sturm Graz
TSV Hartberg
SC Rheindorf Altach
SV Ried
Wolfsberger AC
SK Austria Klagenfurt  
LASK
SC Austria Lustenau (promoted)

Club 2023/24

WSG Tirol
FK Austria Wien
FC Red Bull Salzburg (Champion)  
SK Rapid Wien
SK Sturm Graz (Cup winner)
TSV Hartberg
SC Rheindorf Altach
Wolfsberger AC
SK Austria Klagenfurt  
LASK
SC Austria Lustenau
Blau-Weiß Linz (promoted)

Grounds
Grounds

Champions
SK Rapid Wien: 	32 (16 nationwide)	
FK Austria Wien: 	23 (21 nationwide)	
F.C. Red Bull Salzburg: 	17 (3 as SV Austria Salzburg)	
FC Tirol Innsbruck: 	10 	
VfB Admira Wacker Mödling: 	9 	
First Vienna FC 1894: 	6 	
Wiener Sportklub: 	3 	
SK Puntigamer Sturm Graz: 	3	
GAK :	1 	
WAC :	1 	
LASK Linz: 	1 	
WAF :	1 	
FAC :	1 			
SK Voest Linz :	1 			
Hakoah Wien :	1 (Hakoah won the first title of a professional league in Austria)	
Until the  1949–1950 season, only clubs from Vienna and Lower Austria played in the league.

Topscorer

References

1911 establishments
Football leagues in Austria
The BC Lions are a Canadian Football League team from Vancouver, BC. The Lions play their games at BC Place Stadium. The Lions play in the CFL West Division. The Lions were started in 1954 and used to play at Empire Stadium in East Vancouver. They also played at the Empire Stadium site in 2010 and 2011, in a temporary stadium called Empire Field. This was necessary because BC Place was closed in those seasons for major renovations.

The Lions have won the Grey Cup six times, most recently at BC Place in 2011.
About 
 Name: Named after "The Lions", which are mountain peaks in the Vancouver area.
 Started: 1954.
 Colours: Orange, Black, and White.
 Stadiums: Empire Stadium (1954-82), BC Place Stadium (1983-today), Empire Field (temporary stadium in 2010–11).
 Western normal season championships (12): 1963, 1964, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1999, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2011.
 Grey Cup Appearances (10): 1963, 1964, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1994, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2011.
 Grey Cup Wins (6): 1964, 1985, 1994, 2000, 2006, 2011.
 Rivals: Saskatchewan Roughriders.
 Theme song: "Roar, You Lions, Roar" by Dal Richards and his Orchestra

Sport in British Columbia
Canadian football clubs
1954 establishments in Canada
Importance of TCP 
TCP makes it easier for computer programs to communicate with each other, typically over a computer network. When a program wants to send a lot of data, TCP is in charge of dividing the data, sending it through the network, and putting it back together correctly on a different computer. In the process, IP chooses which wires and "intersections" get used to send all the data pieces in the fastest way. It does this using packets.
If there are a lot of people using the network, it can get overloaded. Also sometimes weather, power outages, and other problems can make communication hard. Routers on the Internet use something called load balancing to try to fix some of these problems. But still, information can be delivered out of order, get lost, or even duplicated. TCP is designed to notice all of these problems and try to fix them. This can take a while, which is why the Internet sometimes seems slow. Once the TCP receiver has finally reassembled a perfect copy of the data originally transmitted, it passes that data to the computer program that asked for it. In this way, the program does not have to know about the network, and TCP does not have to know about the program's data.
Further reading 
 W. Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. 
 W. Richard Stevens and Gary R. Wright. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 2: The Implementation. 
 W. Richard Stevens. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 3: TCP for Transactions, HTTP, NNTP, and the UNIX Domain Protocols.
Other websites 
 Dissertation about TCP improvements in wired and wireless networks  (Dissertation)
 IANA Port Assignments
 John Kristoff's Overview of TCP (Fundamental concepts behind TCP and how it is used to transport data between two endpoints)
 RFC 675 - Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program, December 1974 Version
 RFC 793 - TCP v4
 RFC 1122 - includes some error corrections for TCP
 RFC 1323 - TCP-Extensions
 RFC 1379 - Extending TCP for Transactions—Concepts
 RFC 1948 - Defending Against Sequence Number Attacks
 RFC 2018 - TCP Selective Acknowledgment Options
 RFC 2581 - TCP Congestion Control
 RFC 2988 - Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer
 RFC 4614 - A Roadmap for TCP Specification Documents
 TCP, Transmission Control Protocol 
 TCP EFSM diagram - A detailed description of TCP states. 
 The basics of Transmission Control Protocol 
 The Law of Leaky Abstractions by Joel Spolsky
 Checksum example

Computer protocols
A monologue is a long, uninterrupted speech or poem by one person. The person may be speaking his or her thoughts aloud or directly addressing other persons, e.g. an audience, a character, reader, or inanimate object.

The term 'dramatic monologue' is used both for monologues in plays and for the poetic genre.

Rant
A rant (also called harangue or declamation) is a monologue that does not present a well-researched and calm argument; rather, it is typically an attack on an idea, a person, or an institution, and very often lacks proven claims.  

Some rants are used not to attack something, but to defend an individual, idea or organization. Rants of this type generally occur after the subject has been attacked by another individual or group.

Rants are used often in situations requiring monologue. Comedians, such as Lewis Black, Adam Carolla, and Rick Mercer, use rants as a way to get their message or punch-line across to the listening audience.
For Example: When a politician gives a speech in a loud voice, he expresses his thoughts and feelings and the general public listens to it, the subject is monologue.

A rant can be used to flame members of an email group or electronic mailing list that are failing to reach a consensus on an issue.

Related pages
 Debate
 Rhetoric
 Dialectic
 Stream of consciousness writing

Literature
Drama
Comedy
Figures of speech
Movie terminology
Poetry
Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995), the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was an American anthropologist. She was later known as, Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, Ann Sutoro (after her second divorce) and finally as Ann Dunham. Dunham spent her childhood in California, Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas. Dunham spent her teenage years in Mercer Island, Washington. Much of her adult life was spent in Hawaii.

Early life
Dunham was born in Ascension Via Christi Hospital St. Francis in Wichita, Kansas. She is the only child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham. She was mostly of English ancestry, with some German, Swiss, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh ancestry. Wild Bill Hickok is her sixth cousin, five times removed.
Ancestry.com announced on July 30, 2012, after using a combination of old documents and yDNA analysis, that Dunham's mother may have been descended from African John Punch, who was an indentured servant/slave in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia.

Death
In 1995 in Hawaii, she died of uterine cancer which spread to her ovaries. Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific Ocean at Lanai Lookout on the south side of Oahu. Obama scattered the ashes of his grandmother (Madelyn Dunham) in the same spot on December 23, 2008, weeks after his election to the presidency.

Obama talked about Dunham's death in a 30-second campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing for health care reform. The ad featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama in her arms as Obama talks about her last days worrying about expensive medical bills. The topic also came up in a 2007 speech in Santa Barbara:
I remember my mother. She was 52 years old when she died of ovarian cancer, and you know what she was thinking about in the last months of her life? She wasn't thinking about getting well. She wasn't thinking about coming to terms with her own mortality. She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn't sure whether insurance was going to cover the medical expenses because they might consider this a preexisting condition. I remember just being heartbroken, seeing her struggle through the paperwork and the medical bills and the insurance forms. So, I have seen what it's like when somebody you love is suffering because of a broken health care system. And it's wrong. It's not who we are as a people.

References

American anthropologists
Cancer deaths in Hawaii
Deaths from uterine cancer
Obama family
Scientists from Wichita, Kansas
Scientists from Washington (state)
1942 births
1995 deaths
The Canadian Albums Chart is the official album sales chart in Canada.  It is compiled every Wednesday by U.S.-based music sales tracking company Nielsen Soundscan, and published every Thursday by Jam! Canoe, along with its sister charts the Canadian Singles Chart and the Canadian BDS Airplay Chart.

The chart has 200 positions, however, Jam! only publishes the top 100 for the public. Unlike the case with its CD single equivalent (the Canadian Singles Chart), album sales are not declining as rapidly in Canada as CD singles are, and the Canadian Albums Chart remains the most reliable source for the most popular albums in Canada.

References
Nielsen Soundscan 
Jam! Canoe

Other websites
Top 100 Albums In Canada

Record charts
Wendy's is an international chain of fast food restaurants. It was founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio. The company moved its headquarters to Dublin, Ohio, on January 29, 2006.

Places

Americas

 
 
 
  (since 1976)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  (since 1969)

Europe

  (Since 1991)
  (Re-opening in 2022)
 
  (re-opened in 2021)

Asia

 
 
 
  (since 1990; acquired by Trans Corp as of 2013)
  (since 1980; closed 2009–2011)
 
 
  (since 1982)

Oceania

Former locations

 
  (Operated in 1980s)
  (2016–2019; Closed in 2020)
  (2005–2015)
 
 
  (1989–2002)
  (1982–1986, 1992-2000)
  (1994–2002)
 
  (operated for a few years from 1987)
 
  (2008–2019)
 
 
 
  (2011–2014)
 
  (2009–2015)
 
  (1984–1998)
  (1980–2000), known from the 90s as Welcome.

Menu
Wendy's menu is mostly hamburgers, chicken sandwiches, French fries and beverages. For dessert, they serve Frostys, which are similar to Dairy Queen's "Blizzards".
Key Dates 
 1969: Wendy's founded 
 1970: Opens first commercial drive-thru
 1979: Introduces salad bar
 1984: Where's the Beef? slogan debuts
 1986: Near failure of 1/5 of Wendy's stores
 1989: Super Value Menu debuts
 1995: Acquires Tim Hortons
 2002: Dave Thomas dies
 2006: Wendy's divested itself of Tim Hortons
 2007: Original Wendy's Restaurant closes
 2008: Announces merger with Triarc

Slogans

US - Canada
1970 - present: Quality Is Our Recipe (This Slogan is still shown on the Wendy's logo today.)
 1978 - 1979: Juicy hamburgers
 1979 - 1980: Hot-N-Juicy
 1980 - 1981: Wendy's Has the Taste You Crave
 1981 - 1982: Ain't No Reason to Go Anyplace Else
 1982 - 1983: You're Wendy's Kind of People
 1983 - 1984: Parts is parts
 1984 - 1986: Where's the beef?
 1986 - 1987: Choose Fresh, choose Wendy's
 1987 - 1993: Give a little nibble
 1989 - 1998: The best burgers and a whole lot more (also was printed inside the hamburger wrappers during the 1990s)
 1997 - Present: You can eat great, even late
 2001 - 2005: It's hamburger bliss.
 2002 - 2005: It's better here
 2003 - 2007: It's Always Great, Even Late. (Canada)
 2005 - 2007: Do what tastes right. (primary slogan)
 2005 - Present: It's good to be square.
 January 2007 - October 2007: That's right.
 January 2007 - October 2007: Uh Huh.
 2007 - 2008: Hot Juicy Burgers
 February 2008: It's waaay better than fast food... It's Wendy's. (US)
February 2008: It's waaaaaaaaaay delicious. It's Wendy's. (Canada)
 Present: You know when it's real
International 
 1983: It's the best time for...Wendy's (Philippines)
 1991 (approx) - Present: Wendy's ! La recette est à nous ! (Wendy's! The Recipe is ours!) (France)
 2000 (approx) - Present: We don't cut corners (New Zealand)
 2000 (approx) - Present: Wendy's cuadra contigo (Wendy's fits with you). The word cuadra (fit) is a reference to the word cuadro that means square (Venezuela)
 2001 (approx) - Present: El Sabor de lo Recien Hecho (The Flavor of the Freshly Made) (Honduras)
 2005 (approx) - Present: É a hora certa para...Wendy's (It's the right time for...Wendy's) (Portugal)
 2007 (approx) - Present: Wendy's es Sensacional (Wendy's is Sensational) (El Salvador)
 2008 - Present: It's not just fast food; it's fresh food, made fast  (Malaysia)
 2008 - Present: Old Fashion Hamburgers (Dominican Republic)

References

Other websites

Official website

1969 establishments in the United States
American fast food restaurants
Columbus, Ohio
1960s establishments in Ohio
The megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios) is a large, slow-swimming, timid shark that was only discovered in 1976. It grows to 5.5 metres long. The megamouth is found in the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans.

Description
The megamouth shark has a sturdy body, and a fat, round and long head. The snout is very short and wide. The gill slits are quite long but can not reach the dorsal surface of the head. The mouth is wide, with the corners extending behind the eyes. The first dorsal fin is located more closely to the pectoral fins than to the pelvic fin, and the second dorsal fin is less than half the size of the first dorsal fin. Both dorsal fins are low. The pectoral fins of the adults are shorter than the head in length. 
The dorsal surface of the body, the pectoral and pelvic fins, the dorsal fins, the center of the anal fin, and the caudal fin are blackish-brown. The belly is white.
The shark has around fifty rows of very small teeth on each jaw, but only three rows are usable. Females seem to have fewer teeth rows than males. The upper and lower jaws have a symphyseal (where the two halves of the jaw meet) toothless space, but it is larger in the upper jaw. A difference between the upper and lower teeth was recognized on a female specimen: the first five upper teeth are smaller than the first five lower teeth.
The maximum length reported for the Megamouth shark is 5.5 metres (18 feet). Males mature when they are 4 metres (13 feet) long, and females mature when the are 5 metres (16 feet) long.
Distribution
Although there has only been a total of 53 confirmed sightings of the Megamouth shark, this species is now known to be found in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. As with the two other known filter-feeding sharks, the basking shark and the whale shark, this species has a widespread distribution. However, the megamouth shark is less active, and a poorer swimmer than the basking shark and the whale shark. Its slow movement is probably because of its fleshy body, soft fins, and asymmetrical tail.

Predators
The only confirmed register of a Megamouth shark predator is an event of when sperm whales where seen attacking a Megamouth shark. This occurred in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30th August 1998) near midday, while some researchers were observing the whales. The base of the dorsal fin and the gills of the shark showed signs of the whales' attack.