Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Water quality in the River Ozama has been severely affected by industrialisation, ships, and the large population that lives around its banks close to the mouth.

The river is not deep enough for big ships except close to the mouth. When the country was a Spanish colony, and some years after the Independence, flat boats were used to move around the region.

In history 
The city of Santo Domingo was founded in the 16th century on the left side of the mouth but soon it was moved to the right side and became the capital city of the Spanish colony.

Sugarcane was grown to produce sugar in lands around the River Ozama and its tributary Isabela. The river was used to take the sugar to the port of Santo Domingo.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, sugar cane was the most important crop grown close to the River Ozama. Cattle is also important in the region because grasses are abundant.
For the second half of the 20th century, Santo Domingo became the most important port of the country; the port was near the mouth of the River Ozama. But now the port is used mainly for tourist ships.

In art 
The River Ozama has been used in art, mainly in poetry, as a symbol of the country. Many poets wrote poems about the river when they were out of the country because of political reasons; they sang to the river to represent the return to their country. José Joaquín Puello, a Dominican poet of the 19th century, wrote several poems where the name is used to represent the country; two of them are Ecos del destierro ("Echoes of the exile") and La vuelta al hogar ("Back to home").

References 

Ozama
The nipple is a special structure. Female mammals (and women) use nipples for breastfeeding. The breast in male and female mammals is made the same way. The production of milk for breastfeeding is controlled by hormones. This means that men cannot use their breasts to produce milk (unless they have a problem with their hormones).

Related pages
 Breast
 Pasties
 Nipple piercing

Torso
American Airlines Flight 77 was American Airlines' transcontinental flight from Washington Dulles International Airport, in Dulles, Virginia to Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles, California. The flight flew every day in the morning on this route.  On September 11, 2001, the aircraft flying this route—a Boeing 757-223—was hijacked by five al-Qaeda terrorists.  The hijackers crashed the plane into the Pentagon on purpose.  The crash was part of the September 11 attacks.

The hijackers went into the cockpit and made the passengers move to the back of the plane less than 35 minutes into the flight. Hani Hanjour, one of the hijackers who was trained as a pilot, took over the flight. Passengers on the plane were able to make telephone calls to loved ones.  They also called people to tell them what was happening on the plane.  The hijackers did not know that passengers were doing this.

Barbara Olson, wife of U.S. Solicitor General Theodore Olson, was one of the passengers.
The aircraft crashed into the western side of the Pentagon at 09:37 EDT. All 64 people on board the aircraft, including the hijackers, died. 125 people in the building died as well. Dozens of people saw the crash. News sources began reporting on the incident within minutes. The impact damaged an area of the Pentagon and started a large fire. Part of the Pentagon collapsed. Firefighters spent days trying to stop the fire. The damaged areas of the Pentagon were rebuilt in 2002.  The fixed areas were able to be used again starting on August 15, 2002.

The 184 victims of the attack are honored in the Pentagon Memorial next to the Pentagon. The  park contains a bench for each of the victims.  The benches are put in order of the victim's years of birth.  These years range from 1930 (aged 71) to 1998 (aged 3).

Hijackers of American Airlines Flight 77 
 Hani Hanjour
 Nawaf al-Hazmi
 Salem al-Hazmi
 Majed Moqed
 Khalid al-Mihdhar
Other websites 
 American Airlines Flight 77  Brief summary, as well as complete victim list

September 11 attacks
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2001
Sonic the Hedgehog, often times called Sonic 1, is the first video game in the Sonic the Hedgehog series. It was made by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Mega Drive in 1991. It has many sequels and spin-offs. In the same year, Ancient made a 8 bit version the Master System and Game Gear.

Plot 
In order to steal six Chaos Emeralds, Dr. Ivo Robotnik traps the animals from South Island in robots. The player controls Sonic, whose goal is to free the animals and retrieve the emeralds. If the player collects them all, the game will have a good ending. If the player does not succeed, the bad ending will show Robotnik keeping the emeralds for himself.

Notes 

1991 video games
Sonic the Hedgehog games
Platform games
Sega Genesis games
Video games developed in Japan
Tekken is the first game for the Tekken series, released on December 9, 1994 for arcades. It was later released on the PlayStation in 1995. Tekken had two modes, Arcade mode and VS mode. Extra modes would be added in the next games.

Characters in Tekken

Also see 
 Tekken (series)

Tekken
1995 video games
Tekken 2 is a fighting video game made by Namco. It was released in arcades in 1995 and released worldwide on PlayStation in 1996.

Characters
The game contains twenty five characters. Most from the original game return in the game, except Jack.

Returning characters

|width=50% valign=top|
Heihachi Mishima
Marshall Law
Paul Phoenix
Michelle Chang
Nina Williams
King
Yoshimitsu
Kazuya Mishima (unlockable)
Kuma (unlockable)
|width=50% valign=top|
Ganryu (unlockable)
Anna Williams (unlockable)
Prototype Jack (unlockable)
Lee Chaolan (unlockable)
Devil Kazuya (unlockable)
Armor King (unlockable)
Wang Jinrei (unlockable)
Kunimitsu (unlockable)

New characters
Jun Kazama
Lei Wulong
Jack-2
Baek Doo San (unlockable)
Bruce Irvin (unlockable)
Roger (unlockable)
Alex (unlockable)
Angel (unlockable)

Tekken
1996 video games
Alicia Augello Cook (born January 25, 1981), known professionally as Alicia Keys, is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She has sold over forty-one million albums and singles worldwide as of 2007, and has won numerous awards, including fourteen Grammy Awards, eleven Billboard Music Awards, five American Music Awards, and fourteen NAACP Image Awards.

Early life
Keys was born on January 25, 1981, in Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan, New York City, New York. Her birth name is Alicia Augello Cook. She is the only child of Teresa Augello, a paralegal and part-time actress, and Craig Cook, a flight attendant. Her mother is of half Italian and half English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, and her father is of  African American ancestry. Keys has expressed that she was comfortable with her mixed race heritage because she felt she was able to "relate to different cultures".

Discography

 Songs in A Minor (2001)
 The Diary of Alicia Keys (2003)
Unplugged (2005)
 As I Am (2007)
 The Element of Freedom (2009)
 Girl on Fire (2012)
 Here (2016)
 Alicia (2020)
 Keys (2021)
 Santa Baby (2022)

Filmography
 Smokin' Aces (2006)
 The Nanny Diaries (2007)
 The Secret Life of Bees (2008)

Concert tours

Headlining tours
 Songs in A Minor Tour (2002)
 Diary Tour (2005)
 As I Am Tour (2008)
 Freedom Tour (2010)
 Set the World on Fire Tour (2013)
 Alicia + Keys World Tour  (2022–2023)
 Keys to the Summer Tour (2023)

Co-headlining tours
 The Verizon Ladies First Tour (2004)

Concerts
 Piano & I: A One Night Only Event with Alicia Keys (2011)

Bibliography
Books
 
 
 
 

Published articles
Keys, Alicia (2008): AIDS Not Killing Hope in Africa. CNN.
Keys, Alicia (2015): Don't Fail the Children in Africa. CNN.
Keys, Alicia (2016): Time to Uncover. Lenny Letter.
Other contributions
Keys, Alicia (2014): Introduction. in Spirit Rising: My Life, My Music by Angelique Kidjo and Rachel Wenrick. Harper Design. 
Keys, Alicia (2018): Foreword. in Blend: The Secret to Co-Parenting and Creating a Balanced Family by Mashonda Tifrere. TarcherPerigee. .

Filmography

References

Other websites

 
 
 Alicia Keys at Discogs
 Alicia Keys at Metacritic

Actors from New York City
African American musicians
 
American movie actors
Philanthropists from New York (state)
American pianists
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from New York City
Singers from New York City
HuffPost writers and columnists
1981 births
Living people
American Music Awards
BBC 100 Women
American contemporary R&B singers
American R&B singers
American R&B musicians
American soul singers
American soul musicians
American hip hop singers
American hip hop musicians
American blues singers
American blues musicians
Zlata's Diary was a diary  by Bosnia and Herzegovina's Zlata Filipovic. It was written between 1991 and 1993 about her life at the time. It was mostly about the Bosnian war that erupted near her  in Sarajevo. She starts the fifth grade in the beginning of 1991 and she reunites her friends and her family. 

Zlata's Diary is about a girl that  lived through the Bosnian war. She kept a diary that she called  Mimmy. Her entries were always, "Dear Mimmy" and she'd end with, "Your Zlata". 

Zlata was known as the Anne Frank of Bosnia. The book tells you about her difficult childhood that was stolen away from her as a child. She learned to handle deaths and tragedies throughout the young years of her life. This book is good for children as they can understand the hardships faced by children living in countries in war.

1992 books
Diaries
Bosnia and Herzegovina culture
Anna Bessonova (born 29 July 1984) is a Ukrainian 2 time Olympic Bronze medalist rhythmic gymnast. She was born in Kiev, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the daughter of Vladimir Bessonov and Viktoria Serkyh-Bessonova. She began training for rhythmic gymnastics at the age of three. She has won a gold medal in the 2007 Patras Rhythmic Gymnastics World Championships. She takes interest to modeling and may pursue a career in it. She is coached by Irina Deriugina and Albina Deriugina at Deriugin's School of Rhythmic Gymnastics.

1984 births
Living people
Gymnasts
Olympic bronze medalists
Sportspeople from Kyiv
Ukrainian Olympians
The U.S. state of North Carolina is divided up into 100 counties.

List of counties in North Carolina

Map of counties in North Carolina

References 

North Carolina
county
{{Infobox school
|name         = Emmanuel College: St. Paul's Campus
|image        =
|motto        = Life To The Full
|established  = 1965
|type         = Secondary, Single-sex, Day school
|denomination = Roman Catholic, Marianists
|slogan       =
|streetaddress= 423 Blackshaws Road
|city         = Altona North
|state        = Victoria
|postcode     = 3025
|country      = Australia
|coordinates  =
|enrolment    = ~850 (7-12)
|num_employ   = ~80
|revenue      =
|products     =
|colours      = Red, White & Sky Blue 
|homepage     = www.ec.melb.catholic.edu.au
}}

The Emmanuel College: St. Paul's Campus (formerly St. Paul's College) is a Roman Catholic, secondary day school for boys. It is in Altona North, a south-western suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It a branch of one of Emmanuel College's education facilities.

 History
History 

 Establishment 
St. Paul's Campus started as 'St. Paul's College' in 1965, under the guidance of the American Order of the Society of Marianists. The order had been asked to start this Catholic Secondary Boys' College by the then Archbishop of Melbourne, Dr. Daniel Mannix. The college's colours were then Red, White and Blue  and its motto was Ecce Mater Tua (Latin:"Behold Thy Mother").

 Building construction 
In the early 1960s, the local parish priests purchased a large, eight hectare, undeveloped block in Altona North. Through the work of the parents of the school's first students, the austere block was transformed into an attractive property. The College's primary edifice, the three-storey building called the "Jubilee Building", was completed in 1969. Following to be completed were:
 The Chaminade Library in 1971.
 The generous Art/Craft/Science Lab and the senior classrooms known as the "Winters Building" in 1979.
 The administrative complex and gymnasium in 1982.
The Jubilee Building was extensively renovated in 1998. In 2004, with the assistance of a Commonwealth Government grant, work commenced on enlarging the library complex and the building of two new computer labs. These developments were completed in 2005 and the College has not undergone any significant renovations since.

 Change to Emmanuel College 
In 2006, the plans for Emmanuel College and the future of the school initiated. 2008 saw the full change from 'St. Paul's College' to 'Emmanuel College' with the acquisition of a second co-educational campus. The school eventually incorporated a new emblem and changed its motto to Life To The Full, which comes from the Gospel according to John: "I have come that they may have life and have it to the full"'' (John 10:10).
Head Master and Current Staff 
Since 1997, the principal has been Mr. Christopher Stock (BSc DipEd MEd B.Theol) at the St. Paul's Campus. In 2008 when the change to Emmanuel College was complete, he became the principal of Emmanuel College, and thus being the principal of two schools; the St. Paul's Campus and the Notre Dame Campus.

House/Homeroom System 

Emmanuel College House System consists of 5 houses:
 McCoy (Navy)
 Cassidy (Red)
 McCluskey (Gold)
 Winters (Green)
 Chaminade (Sky Blue)

These houses are named after the Marianists who first served at the school. Each house has 10 homerooms, each with about 25 students ranged from years 7-12 per homeroom.

Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) 

Emmanuel College has offered the VCE program at the St. Paul's Campus since its began in 1990.
Notable students
 Daniel Giansiracusa (AFL player)
 Rohan Smith (Former AFL player)
 Gary Blackwood (Member of the Legislative Assembly, Victoria, Member for Narracan)
 Jesse Venables (2007 BBJ National 93 kg Gold Medalist (Melbourne. Australia)) 
 Jason Duff (Hockey player)
 Auskar Surbakti (Journalist for SBS; CNN correspondent)
 Bill Baarini (Former Mayor of Hobsons Bay)
 Michael Martyn (Former AFL player)
 Angelo Capuano (Law academic and Scholar to Oxford University)
 Steven Iosofidis (Soccer player, currently playing for Altona East)
 Trent Mckenzie (Recruited for Gold Coast AFL team)
 James Podsiadly (AFL player)
 James Cini (Chemical Engineer)

Related pages
 Emmanuel College: Notre Dame Campus

References

Other websites
 Emmanuel College Website 

Schools in Australia
Organizations based in Melbourne
1965 establishments in Oceania
1960s establishments in Australia
Basra (البصرة; Al Baṣrah) is the third largest city of Iraq with a population of about 2,600,000 (2003). It is  the country's main port. Baṣra played an important role in early Islamic history, and it was the first city built in Islam 14 A.H (after Hijra)

Overview 
The city lies at the Shatt al-Arab waterway near the Persian Gulf,  from the Persian Gulf and  from Baghdad, Iraq's capital and largest city.

Bibliography 
 Hawting, Gerald R. The First Dynasty of Islam. Routledge. 2nd ed, 2000
 Vincent, Stephen. Into The Red Zone:  A Journey Into the Soul of Iraq. .

Other websites 
 2003 Basra map (NIMA)
 Boomtown Basra 
 Muhammad and the Spread of Islam by Sanderson Beck
 Theological Themes 
 The Qadariyya, Mu'tazila, and Shi'a 
 The Textual History of the Qur'an, Arthur Jeffery, 1946
 Codex of Abu Musa al-Ashari, Arthur Jeffery, 1936

Cities in Iraq
7th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in Iraq
636 establishments
Hijra, as an Arabic word meaning migration (also romanised as hijrah, hejira and hegira) (cf. Hebrew הגירה hagirah for emigration) could mean:

The Hijra (Islam) (هجرة) is the emigration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622, marking the first year of the Islamic calendar, 1 AH (anno higirae).
Migration to Abyssinia, in 615 CE a number of Sahaba migrated to Ethiopia
Meccan boycott of Hashemites and Muhammad, the second migration due to the boycott in 617–619
Migration to Medina, the third and final emigration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina in 622
Hijri year, marks the start of the Hijri year of the Islamic calendar

Hijra may also mean:
Hijra (South Asia), a "third gender" in Bangladesh, Republic of India and Pakistan

Hejira may mean:
Hejira (album), a 1976 album by Joni Mitchell
"Hejira" (song), the fifth track on the album

Hegira may mean:
Hegira (novel), a 1979 science fiction novel by Greg Bear
The migration of humanity to the stars in Dan Simmons' Hyperion Cantos books
Hegira (Battletech), a term in the BattleTech universe

Hiigara may mean:
Hiigara, the homeworld of the Kushan, who were forced into exile after losing a war with the Taaidan. The plot of the computer game Homeworld details the return of the Kushan exiles to Hiigara. The name means "our home" in ancient Kushan language.
Hijra (هِجْرَة), or withdrawal, is the word that is used for the movement of Muhammad and most of his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622.  The Hijra marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.  Alternate spellings of this Arabic word in the Latin alphabet are Hijrah, or Hegira in Latin.
Chronology of the Hijra 
Day 1: Thursday 26 Safar AH 1, 9 September 622
Left home in Mecca. Stayed three days in the Cave of Thawr near Mecca.
Day 5: Monday 1 Rabi' I AH 1, 13 September 622  
Left the environs of Mecca. Traveled to the region of Yathrib.
Day 12: Monday 8 Rabi' I AH 1, 20 September 622
Arrived at Quba' near Medina.
Day 16: Friday 12 Rabi' I AH 1, 24 September 622
First visit to Medina for Friday prayers.
Day 26: Monday 22 Rabi' I AH 1, 4 October 622
Moved from Quba' to Medina.
The Muslim dates are in the Islamic calendar extended back in time. The Western dates are in the Julian calendar. The Hijra is celebrated annually on 8 Rabi' I, about 66 days after 1 Muharram, the first day of the Muslim year. Many writers confuse the first day of the year of the Hijra with the Hijra itself, erroneously stating that the Hijra occurred on 1 Muharram AH 1 or 16 July 622.

Related pages
Battle of Badr

References

 F. A. Shamsi, "The Date of Hijrah", Islamic Studies 23 (1984): 189-224, 289-323.
Other websites 
 IslamiCity.com article on the Hijrah 
 Articles, audios on the Hijrah

History of Islam
Mecca
Medina
Religion in Saudi Arabia
622
Events 
 July 16 — Year one of the Islamic calendar begins.
 September – Hijra (Islam) (Mohammad leave Mecca and go to Medina.)
 Xuanzang is fully ordained as a monk at the age of 20.
 The first Chinese Encyclopedia, Yiwen Leiju, is completed.

Births 
 Xue Yuanchao

Deaths 
 Prince Shotoku, Japanese prince, one of the first in that country to support Buddhism
 Andronicus, Coptic Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria
 Li Zitong
 Lin Shihong
 Liu Wuzhou
The Nanny was an American sitcom starring Fran Drescher. It first showed in 1993 and ended in 1999.

Starring 
 Fran Drescher
 Charles Shaughnessy
 Daniel Davis
 Lauren Lane
 Nicholle Tom
 Benjamin Salisbury
 Madeline Zima
 Renée Taylor
 Rachel Chagall
 Ann Morgan Guilbert

Characters 
 Fran Fine
 Maxwell Sheffield
 Niles
 C. C. Babcock
 Maggie Sheffield
 Brighton Sheffield
 Grace Sheffield
 Sylvia Fine
 Yetta Rosenberg
 Val Toriello
Story 
Fran Fine is a bridal consultant at Danny's Parisian Brides for Less. Thinking her boyfriend of three years will propose at any minute, she stays with him. But in the series premier, he dumps her for Heather Biblow. He fires her so Heather Biblow can take her job. Fran is forced to take a job as a door-to-door cosmetics saleswoman for Shades of the Orient cosmetics. When she knocks on the door of the Sheffield residence, the man at the door, who turns out to be the butler, mistakes her for an applicant for the nanny position. After meeting the man of the house, Maxwell Sheffield, he is none to thrilled with her unorthodox manners and lack of experience. Out of desperation, he takes her on as nanny on a trial basis.
The girls, Maggie, the oldest, and Gracie the youngest quickly warm up to her, but not Maxwell's son, the middle boy Brighton. He was the hardest to win over, and eventually she becomes an integral part of the Sheffield home, and she becomes best friends with the butler Niles. Maxwell's business partner C.C. Babcock, who wants Maxwell for herself, becomes jealous of Fran and sees her as a competitor.

The series showed many hints of the growing attraction between Miss Fine and Mr Sheffield, even so far as Mr Sheffield saying he loved her....then taking it back. Eventually they do get married after a lot of ups and downs. Near the end of the series, Fran gives birth to twins, a boy and a girl. The Sheffields (Maxwell, Fran, Grace, Jonah, Eve) move to California. Maggie and Brighton take a trip to Europe. The last scene of the show is of Fran finding her Shades of the Orient case from the series premiere, looking at the case and the house with loving memories and walking out the door for the last time.
Impact

Reception
The show performed poorly in its first year. When it was almost canceled, Sagansky stepped in. According to Jacobson: "At all those affiliate meetings, he used to say, 'Stick by The Nanny!' He knew it was something special." The sitcom was the first new show delivered to CBS for the 1993 season. It was the highest-tested pilot at the network in years. The series was also very successful internationally. In Australia, it was one of the highest-rated programs during the mid-to-late 1990s.

Ratings

Related pages
 List of The Nanny episodes

References

American sitcoms
English-language television programs
This is a list of the episodes of the CBS television sitcom The Nanny. There are 146 episodes in this series.

Season One (1993-1994)

Season Two (1994-1995)

Season Three (1995-1996)

Season Four (1996-1997)

Season Five (1997-1998)

Season Six (1998-1999)

Reunion Special: 2004
The Nanny Reunion: A Nosh to Remember 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanny episodes 
des}}
Lists of television series episodes
Wake County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of 2007, 823,345 people lived there. Wake County has more people than any other county in North Carolina except Mecklenburg County. The county seat is Raleigh, which is also the state capital.  Wake County is the 9th fastest growing county in the United States.

Cities and Towns 
These cities and towns are in Wake County:
Apex
Cary
Fuquay-Varina
Garner
Holly Springs
Knightdale
Morrisville
Raleigh
Brentwood
Wake Forest
Wendell
Zebulon

Connected Counties 
These counties are connected to Wake County:
Granville County, North Carolina - north
Franklin County, North Carolina - northeast
Nash County, North Carolina - east
Johnston County, North Carolina - southeast
Harnett County, North Carolina - southwest
Chatham County, North Carolina - west
Durham County, North Carolina - northwest

Education
Education

Colleges and Universities 
Wake County has seven colleges and universities. They are: Meredith College, North Carolina State University, Peace College, Saint Augustine's College, Shaw University, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary and Wake Technical Community College.

Public and Private Schools 
The Wake County Public School System runs the public schools in Wake County.  The school system has over 134,000 students. There are 20 high schools, 30 middle schools, 93 elementary schools and 8 specialized schools. There are also nine charter schools and 31 private schools in the county.

Transportation 
Raleigh-Durham International Airport is in Wake County.  Interstate 40 is a major interstate and part of it goes through the county.  Several local bus services have routes throughout Wake County.  Wake County also has two Amtrak stations, one in Raleigh and one in Cary.

Parks and Recreation
State parks
Wake County has three state parks: Falls Lake State Recreation Area, William B. Umstead State Park, and the Jordan Lake State Recreation Area. Falls Lake Park is in northern Wake County and contains the 12,000 acre Falls Lake and 26,000 acres of woods. Umstead Park is between Raleigh and Cary. It has 5,579 acres of woods. Part of Jordan Lake Park, is in Wake County near Apex, and it has the 13,940 acre Jordan Lake and 46,768 acres of woods. This park has bald eagles.

County parks and recreation centers
There are 152 city parks, public swimming pools and public tennis courts in Wake County.  There are 53 community centers.  Fifteen miles of the American Tobacco Trail is in the county.  People can use the trail to walk, jog, and ride bikes or horses.

Hospitals
Wake County has three main hospitals, Rex Hospital, WakeMed, and Duke Raleigh Hospital.  WakeMed also has many smaller hospitals throughout the county

References 

 
1771 establishments
1770s establishments in North Carolina
Alison Moyet (born Genevieve Alison Jane Moyet on 18 June 1961), is an English pop singer-songwriter noted for her bluesy voice  .

Early life and career
Alison Moyet was born in Billericay, Essex, England. Her father was French; her mother was English. She grew up in Basildon, where she attended school. She left school at 16 and trained as a piano tuner. She was involved in a number of punk rock, pub rock and blues bands in the South East Essex area during the late 1970s and early 1980s, including the Vandals, the Screamin' Ab Dabs, the Vicars and the Little Roosters.

Yazoo
Moyet's pop career began in 1981 when she formed the electropop group Yazoo with former Depeche Mode member Vince Clarke. Yazoo had several hits, including "Only You", "Don't Go", "Situation" and "Nobody's Diary", and recorded two albums, Upstairs at Eric's and You and Me Both.
In 1983 Moyet and Clarke decided to end Yazoo. Clarke formed The Assembly and later Erasure; Moyet started a solo career. Moyet reunited with Clarke as Yazoo for a live tour during 2008.

Other websites

Blues musicians
English pop singers
English singer-songwriters
Singers from Essex
1961 births
Living people
New wave singers
Durham County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.   Its county seat is Durham.

History 
The county was made on April 17, 1881, from parts of Orange County and Wake County.  In 1911 parts of Cedar Fork Township in Wake County were transferred to Durham County and became Carr Township.

Government 
Durham County is part of the regional Triangle J Council of Governments.

Cities and Towns 
The only incorporated city in Durham County is the City of Durham.  But, parts of the Town of Chapel Hill in Orange County are also in Durham County.

Connected Counties 
Person County, North Carolina - north
Granville County, North Carolina - northeast
Wake County, North Carolina - southeast
Chatham County, North Carolina - south-southwest
Orange County, North Carolina - west

Other websites
Durham County government official website 
Durham Convention and Visitors Bureau

 
1881 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in North Carolina
Nash County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  As of 2000, 87,420 people lived there. Its county seat is Nashville.

History 
The county was made in 1777 from Edgecombe County. It was named for Brigadier General Francis Nash, who had been wounded that year at the Battle of Germantown.

In 1855 parts of Nash County, Edgecombe County, Johnston County, and Wayne County were combined to make Wilson County.

Government 
Nash County is part of the regional Upper Coastal Plain Council of Governments.

Connected counties 
These counties are connected to Nash County:
Halifax County, North Carolina - north
Edgecombe County, North Carolina - east
Wilson County, North Carolina - south
Johnston County, North Carolina - southwest
Franklin County, North Carolina - west
Wake County, North Carolina - southwest

Cities and towns 
These are the cities and towns in Nash County:
Bailey
Battleboro
Castalia
Dortches
Middlesex
Momeyer
Nashville
Red Oak
Rocky Mount
Spring Hope
Whitakers
Other websites
Nash County government official website

North Carolina counties
1777 establishments in North Carolina
Granville County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  As of 2000, 48,498 people lived there.  Its county seat is Oxford.

History 
The county was made in 1746 from Edgecombe County.

In 1752 parts of Granville County, Bladen County, and Johnston County were combined to form Orange County.  In 1764 the eastern part of Granville County became Bute County.  And in 1881 parts of Granville County, Franklin County, and Warren County were combined to form Vance County.

Government 
Granville County is part of the Kerr-Tar Regional Council of Governments.

Bordoring Counties 
The counties border, or connect to, Granville County:
Mecklenburg County, Virginia - north
Vance County, North Carolina - east
Franklin County, North Carolina - southeast
Wake County, North Carolina - south
Durham County, North Carolina - southwest
Person County, North Carolina - west
Halifax County, Virginia - north-northwest

Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Granville County:
Butner
Creedmoor
Oxford
Stem
Stovall
Other websites 
Granville County government official website
Granville County Chamber of Commerce
Granville County Historical Society/Museums 

North Carolina counties
1746 establishments
1740s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
18th-century establishments in North Carolina
Franklin County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  As of 2000, 47,260 people lived there.  Its county seat is Louisburg.

History 
The county was made in 1779 from the southern half of Bute County.  It was named for Benjamin Franklin.

In 1881, parts of Franklin County, Granville County, and Warren County were combined to form Vance County.

Law and government 
Franklin County is a member of the Kerr-Tar Regional Council of Governments.

Education 
The Methodist Louisburg College and a campus of Vance-Granville Community College are in Franklin County.

Connected Counties 
These counties are connected to Franklin County:
Warren County, North Carolina - north-northeast
Nash County, North Carolina - east
Wake County, North Carolina - southwest
Granville County, North Carolina - west
Vance County, North Carolina - north-northwest
Johnston County, North Carolina - south
Halifax County, North Carolina - northeast
Cities and Towns 
These cities and towns are in Franklin County:
Bunn
Centerville
Franklinton
Louisburg
Youngsville

Other websites
Franklin County government official website
Greater Franklin County Chamber of Commerce
The Franklin Times

North Carolina counties
1779 establishments in North Carolina
The purpose of a shoulder rest is to help the player to be comfortable holding the violin, which is held between the chin and the shoulder. It is a relatively recent invention, and though it is quite commonly used among modern violinists and violists, it is not universally used. Depending on body type and style of clothes, some musicians prefer no more than a thin sponge, a cloth or sometimes nothing at all under the instrument. It is important that the player can shift his left hand easily and freely to play in the higher positions without being afraid that he will drop the instrument, and without feeling the need to squeeze the instrument between his chin and shoulder as this will make the muscles in his neck very tight.

The shoulder rest must not be confused with the chinrest, which is the bit on which the player rests his chin.

References

Related pages
Chinrest

String instrument construction
Johnston County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 121,965 people lived there. In 2006, population was 152,143. Its county seat is Smithfield.

History 
The county was made in 1746 from Craven County.  It was named for Gabriel Johnston, who used to be the governor of North Carolina.

In 1752 parts of Johnston County, Bladen County, and Granville County were combined to form Orange County.  In 1758 the eastern part of Johnston County became Dobbs County.  In 1770 parts of Johnston County, Cumberland County, and Orange County were combined to form Wake County.  And in 1855 parts of Johnston County, Edgecombe County, Nash County, and Wayne County were combined to form Wilson County.

Government 
Johnston County is a member of the regional Triangle J Council of Governments.
Connected Counties 
These counties are connected to Johnston County:
Nash County, North Carolina - north-northeast
Wilson County, North Carolina - northeast
Wayne County, North Carolina - southeast
Sampson County, North Carolina - south
Harnett County, North Carolina - southwest
Wake County, North Carolina - northwest

Major Roads
 Interstate 40
 Interstate 95
 U.S. Highway 70
 U.S. Highway 301
 U.S. Highway 701

Cities and towns 
These cities and towns are in Johnston County:
Benson
Clayton
Four Oaks
Kenly
Micro
Pine Level
Princeton
Selma
Smithfield
West Smithfield
Wilson's Mills
Zebulon

Newspapers in Johnston County 
Clayton News-Star
Kenly News
The Four Oaks-Benson News in Review
Princeton News Leader
The Selma News
The Smithfield Herald
The Cleveland Post
The News & Observer
The Goldsboro News-Argus

References

Other websites
Johnston County government official website
Johnston County Visitors Bureau, the official site for visitor information for Johnston County
North Carolina counties
18th-century establishments in North Carolina
1746 establishments
1740s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
The Felinae is a subfamily of the Felidae family. It includes small cats and a few medium-large cats, especially the cougar (Puma concolor) and the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).

Genetic classification
There is now a precise classification for the living members of the subfamily based on genetic research.  These genetic lineages have been identified:
Lineage 1A: Pardofelis (marbled cat) and Catopuma (Bornean bay cat, and Asian golden cat) 
Lineage 1B: Leptailurus (serval), Caracal, Profelis (African golden cat)
Lineage 2: Leopardus: small spotted cats of Central and South America. Best known is the ocelot; also the guigna, margay, and Andean mountain cat
Lineage 3: Lynx
Lineage 4: Puma, Acinonyx (the cheetah)
Lineage 5: Prionailurus (spotted Asian wildcats), Otocolobus (Pallas's cat), leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata), rusty-spotted cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus), fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps)
Lineage 6: Felis: the domestic cat and its nearest relatives. Widespread in Africa, Asia and Europe, notably the jungle cat, sand cat,  and the wildcat. African wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica), black-footed cat (Felis negripes), Chinese mountain cat (Felis bieti)

References
The Quibbler is a fictional magazine of the Harry Potter world. 
The Quibbler is written by Xenophilius Lovegood, father of Luna Lovegood. The magazine is meant to cause shock, and contains the strange opinions of Xenophilius. Luna believes in everything her father says and during the "Order of the Phoenix" she had lots of arguments with Hermione Granger about it.

The Quibbler often has articles about creatures that other characters believe to not exist. Because of Hermione, in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, it published an interview between Rita Skeeter and Harry Potter. In this interview, Harry said that he had seen Lord Voldemort.
For most of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, The Quibbler writes positive views on Harry, and tells people to support him. However, after Luna is taken by the "Death Eaters" (supporters of Voldemort), Xenophilius turns against Harry and begins posting wanted signs for him in The Quibbler. When Harry visits him for information on the Deathly Hallows, Xenophilius turns him in to the Death Eaters. Harry narrowly escapes.

Harry Potter
Magazines

en:Harry Potter universe#The Quibbler
A camera obscura (plural camerae obscurae or camera obscuras, from Latin , "dark chamber") is a darkened room with a small hole or lens at one side through which an image is projected onto a wall or table opposite the hole. Camera obscura is Latin for "dark chamber."

At its most basic, the camera obscura is a simple box (which may be room-sized) with a small hole in one side, (see pinhole camera for details on how to build one). Light from only one part of a scene will pass through the hole and strike a specific part of the back wall. (The projection can be made on paper on which an artist can copy the image.) As the pinhole is made smaller, the image gets sharper, but the light-sensitivity decreases. With this simple apparatus, the image is always upside-down. By using mirrors, as in the 18th century overhead version, it is also possible to project a "right-side-up" image.
Discovery and origins 
The first mention and discovery of the principles behind the pinhole camera, a precursor to the camera obscura, belong to Mozi (470 BC to 390 BC), a Chinese philosopher and founder of Mohism. Later, Aristotle (384 to 322 BC) understood the optical principle of the pinhole camera. He viewed the crescent shape of a partially eclipsed sun projected on the ground through the holes in a sieve, and the gaps between leaves of a plane tree.

The first camera obscura was later built by an Iraqi scientist named Abu Ali Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham, born in Basra (965-1039 AD), known in the West as Alhacen or Alhazen, who carried out practical experiments on optics in his Book of Optics.
In his various experiments, Ibn Al-Haitham used the term “al-Bayt al-Muẓlim”(), translated in English as dark room. In the experiment he undertook, in order to establish that light travels in time and with speed, he says: “If the hole was covered with a curtain and the curtain was taken off, the light traveling from the hole to the opposite wall will consume time.” He reiterated the same experience when he established that light travels in straight lines. The most revealing experiment which indeed introduced the camera obscura was in his studies of the half-moon shape of the sun’s image during eclipses which he observed on the wall opposite a small hole made in the window shutters. In his famous essay "On the form of the Eclipse" (Maqālah fī Sura al-Kosūf) () he commented on his observation "The image of the sun at the time of the eclipse, unless it is total, demonstrates that when its light passes through a narrow, round hole and is cast on a plane opposite to the hole it takes on the form of a moon-sickle”
In his experiment of the sun light he extended his observation of the penetration of light through the pinhole to conclude that when the sun light reaches and penetrates the hole it makes a conic shape at the points meeting at the pinhole, forming later another conic shape reverse to the first one on the opposite wall in the dark room.  This happens when sun light diverges from point “ﺍ” until it reaches an aperture “ﺏﺤ” and is projected through it onto a screen at the luminous spot “ﺩﻫ”.  Since the distance between the aperture and the screen is insignificant in comparison to the distance between the aperture and the sun, the divergence of sunlight after going through the aperture should be insignificant.  In other words, “ﺏﺤ” should be about equal to “ﺩﻫ”
.  However, it is observed to be much greater “ﻙﻁ” when the paths of the rays which form the extremities of “ﻙﻁ” are retraced in the reverse direction, it is found that they meet at a point outside the aperture and then diverge again toward the sun as illustrated in figure 1.   This was indeed the first accurate description of the Camera Obscura phenomenon.
In camera terms, the light converges into the room through the hole transmitting with it the object(s) facing it.   The object will appear in full colour but upside down on the projecting screen/wall opposite the hole inside the dark room.  The explanation is that light travels in a straight line and when some of the rays reflected from a bright subject pass through the small hole in thin material they do not scatter but cross and reform as an upside down image on a flat white surface held parallel to the hole. Ib Al-Haitham established that the smaller the hole is, the clearer the picture is.

Although both the pinhole camera and camera obscura is credited to Ibn al-Haytham, the camera obscura was first described by Aristotle, who was the first to describe how an image is formed on the eye, using the camera obscura as an analogy. Alhazen states (in the Latin translation), and with respect to the camera obscura, "Et nos non inventimus ita", we did not invent this.
Tourist attractions 
Some camera obscura have been built as tourist attractions, often taking the form of a large chamber within a high building that can be darkened so that a 'live' panorama of the world outside is projected onto a horizontal surface through a rotating lens. Although few now survive, examples can be found at the following locations:
 Edinburgh in Scotland - See the Camera Obscura site
 Johannesburg in South Africa
 Pretoria in South Africa
 Cape Town in South Africa
 Lisbon and Tavira in Portugal
 Santa Monica in California
 Los Angeles at the Griffith Observatory
 San Francisco at the Cliff House
 North Carolina's "Cloud Chamber for the Trees and Sky"
 Havana in Cuba
 Royal Observatory, Greenwich, London
 Marburg, Germany
 Kentwell Hall, Suffolk

There is also a portable example which Willett & Patteson tour around England and the world.

Related pages
 Optics
 Cameras

Notes
Notes

References 
 Hill, D.R. (1993), ‘Islamic and Jewish Science and Engineering’, Edinburgh University Press, page 70.
Other websites 
 An Appreciation of the Camera Obscura
 The Camera Obscura in San Francisco — The Giant Camera of San Francisco at Ocean Beach, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001
 Camera Obscura and World of Illusions, Edinburgh
 Dumfries Museum & Camera Obscura, Dumfries, Scotland 
 Vermeer and the Camera Obscura by Philip Steadman
 Paleo-camera  - The camera obscura and the origins of art
 Burns, Paul. The History of the Discovery of Cinematography  An Illustrated Chronology
 Sinden Optical Company  — Camera Obscura manufacturer.
 List of all known Camera Obscura 
 Re-opened camera obscura on Eastbourne Pier, UK 
 Willett & Patteson Camera Obscura hire and Creation.
 Camera Obscura and Outlook Tower, Edinburgh, Scotland
 Cameraobscuras.com George T Keene builds custom camera obscuras like the Griffith Observatory CO in Los Angeles.
 Camera obscura in Trondheim, Norway  Built by students of architecture and engineering from NTNU (The Norwegian University of Science and Technology)
Photo gallery and audio interview with Abelardo Morell, who creates room-size camera obscura images 
 The Magic Mirror of Life - An Appreciation of the Camera Obscura
 Abelardo Morell Photographs displaying room size Camera Obscura images, by Abelardo Morell
 Making a Camera Obscura - BBC video clip from The Genius of Photography series 2007
 camera obscura - Research group at the University of Barcelona.
 www.estenopeica.es - Gabriel Lacomba: pinhole photography.
 kinor.net - Roland Buehlmann's abstract pinhole photography.
Optics
Photography
Camera obscura means "darkened chamber" to describe early devices for projecting an image on a screen, by use of a lens or a pinhole.

Camera obscura can also mean
Camera Obscura, an attraction at the Cliff House in San Francisco.
Camera Obscura (band), an indie band from Glasgow
Camera Obscura (album), by Nico
Camera Obscura, one of the translated titles of a 1932 novel by Vladimir Nabokov
 The Camera Obscura (Fatal Frame) is also the name of a camera used to exorcise spirits by taking pictures, used in the game Fatal Frame
Camera Obscura (Doctor Who) a novel based on the Doctor Who series
Camera Obscura (German band), a German instrumental group, who had a minor hit in 1983 with the Destitution EP

Related pages
Pinhole camera
A pinhole camera is a camera without a conventional glass lens.  An extremely small hole in a thin material can create an image when all light rays from a scene go through a single point. In order to produce a reasonably clear image, the aperture has to be about 1/100th the distance to the screen, or less.  The shutter of a pinhole camera usually consists of a hand operated flap of some light-proof material to cover and uncover the pinhole.  

A common use of a pinhole camera is to capture the movement of sunlight over a long period of time. This type of photography is called Solargraphy. 
Pinhole cameras require much longer exposure times than conventional cameras because of the small aperture; typical exposure times can range from 5 seconds to hours or days.  

The image may be projected on a translucent screen for real-time viewing (popular for viewing solar eclipses; see also camera obscura).

Like other cameras, pinhole cameras make the picture upside-down.
Invention of pinhole camera  
Very early in history (as far back as 500 B.C.), Greeks such as Aristotle and Euclid wrote on naturally-occurring rudimentary pinhole cameras, for example light may travel through the slits of wicker baskets and the crossing of leaves  The ancient Greeks, however, believed that our eye emitted rays which enabled us to see. What enabled a much better understanding of the pinhole camera was the discovery that light enters the eye rather than leaving it. It was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haytham who published this idea.

Notes and references

Other websites

Worldwide Pinhole Photography Day website
Pinhole Photography and Camera Design Calculators
Illustrated history of cinematography 
History and Pinhole Photography Resources 

Cameras
Shutter could mean:

Windows:
Window shutter, a solid window covering used to block light and winds
Hurricane shutter, a reinforced window shutter for protection in strong winds

Optical:
Shutter (photography), a photographic device that administers the exposure by limiting the time over which light is admitted
Movie projector shutter, used to interrupt the emitted light during the time the film is advanced to the next frame
Stage lighting shutter, used to modify the light cast by a theatre light
A device used to manipulate pulses of light in a signal lamp

Acoustic:
Swell shutter, a flap used to control the flow of air through the pipes in a pipe organ

Movies:
Shutter (Thai movie), a 2004 horror movie from Thailand
Shutter (US movie), a 2004 movie from the United States
Shutter (Short movie), a 2001 short movie by Jannu Alain Goldschmidt
Shutter (2008 movie), a 2008 starring Joshua Jackson

Other
Shuttering is the permanent closure of a building or business.
In photography, a shutter is the part of a camera that opens for a controlled period of time to let light in during taking a picture.

A shutter can also be used to allow pulses of light to pass outwards, as in a movie projector or signal lamp.

Camera shutters
Camera shutters can be fitted in two positions:
Central shutters are mounted within a lens assembly, or more rarely behind or even in front of a lens and shut off the beam of light where it is narrow. A leaf mechanism is usually used.
Focal plane shutters are mounted near the focal plane and move to uncover the film or sensor.

Shutters immediately behind the lens were used in some cameras with limited lens interchangeability. Shutters in front of the lens were used in the early days of photography.

Related pages
 Photographic lens

Photography
A movie projector is a machine that shows moving pictures by projecting them on a projection screen. Most of the optical and mechanical elements, except for the illumination and sound devices, are present in movie cameras. Many movie projectors use film and are called "film projectors". They are similar to slide projectors but with additional parts to keep the film moving at the correct speed.

Other websites 

Collection of restored cinema projectors and lighting by Regal Group, UK. 
Film-Tech
American Wide Screen Museum
The story of the DP70 - The Todd-AO Projector
A Cinerama site 

Optics
Movie industry
The following lists all of the craters on Puck. Puck is a moon of Uranus. Craters on Puck are named after spirits from European mythology.

Astronomy lists
Puck
Puck
Indigofera is a big genus of about 700 species of flowering plants. They mostly grow in tropical areas of the world. They were used to make Indigo dye.

Faboideae