Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Career
The winner of a Westinghouse scholarship, he attended the Carnegie Institute of Technology, where he received both his bachelor's degree and his master's degree in 1948. From Pittsburgh he went to Princeton University where he worked on his equilibrium theory. He received a Ph.D. in 1950 with a dissertation on non-cooperative games. The thesis, which was written under the supervision of Albert W. Tucker, contained the definition and properties of what would later be called the Nash equilibrium. His studies on this subject led to three articles:
 "Equilibrium Points in N-person Games", published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) (1950);
 "The Bargaining Problem" (April 1950) in Econometrica, and
 "Two-person Cooperative Games" (January 1953), also in Econometrica.
Nash also did important work in the area of manifolds (complex spatial structures):
 "Real algebraic manifolds", (1952) Ann. Math. 56 (1952), 405 – 421. (See also Proc. Internat. Congr. Math., 1950, (AMS, 1952), pp. 516 – 517.)

This work led to Nash embedding theorem: "Two real algebraic manifolds are equivalent if and only if they are analytically homeomorphic."

Personal life
He is best known in popular culture as the subject of the Hollywood movie, A Beautiful Mind, about his mathematical genius and his struggles with schizophrenia, with which he was diagnosed.

Nash married Alicia Lopez-Harrison de Lardé in 1957. They had one son. Nash had a first son out of wedlock to Elenor Stier.. In 1963, the couple divorced. They later remarried in 2001. Nash lived in West Windsor Township, New Jersey for a long time.
Death
On May 23, 2015, Nash and his wife Alicia were killed in a car accident near Monroe Township, New Jersey. A taxi that they were riding in was struck by another vehicle and the pair was ejected from the taxi. Nash was 86 years old.

References

Other websites 

 Autobiography at the Nobel Prize website
 Nash's home page at Princeton
 John Forbes Nash Jr Information 
 Nash FAQ  from Princeton's Mudd Library, including a copy of his dissertation in PDF format
 Beautiful mind, unconventional matter , a 2001 Daily Princetonian interview
 PBS documentary 
 John Nash speaks out about alleged bisexuality

Abel Prize winners
American geometers
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from West Virginia
People with schizophrenia
Road accident deaths in New Jersey
1928 births
2015 deaths
Differential geometers
John Nash may mean

John Forbes Nash, Jr. (1928 – 2015), American mathematician and economist. Was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics for his work in game theory in 1994.
John Nash (architect) (1752–1835) British architect.
Calisthenics is a  series of exercises used to develop strength, power and balance or a repeated rhythmical exercise that uses the weight of the body as resistance or the systematic exercises for attaining strength-gracefulness or the practice of calisthenic exercises.

The name calisthenics is Greek in origin, a combination of the words 'beauty' and 'strength'.

Calisthenics is recommended for general good health, light exercises designed to promote general physical fitness.

Related pages

 Equilibrioception
 Flexibility training
 Jogging
 Training
 Weight training

Fitness
Muteness means not being able to speak. A person that cannot speak is called a mute. A mute keeps the ability to hear the speech of others. If not, the person would be a deaf mute.

Muteness is a type of speech  disorder. A person who chooses not to speak is said to be silent rather than mute. Slang for this (British English) is "keeping mum".

Originally, the common word dumb or dumbness used to mean "unable to speak," though was taken over to mean "unwilling to speak" or "unintelligent". So, people now prefer the term "muteness". "Dumb" is a much more common word, and might be used if it would not be misunderstood.

Cause (eteliology)   
In general, someone who is mute may be mute for one of several different reasons: genetics, psychological, or trauma.

For children, a lack of speech may be developmental, neurological, psychological, or due to a physical disability or a communication disorder.
Adults who previously had speech and then became unable to speak: this may be due to disease, injury, damage or surgery affecting areas of the brain needed for speech. Loss of speech in adults may occur, but rarely, for psychological reasons. Damage (however caused) to the parts of the brain needed for speech is called aphasia.

Action 
Treatment or management of muteness depends on what has caused the absence of speech. A speech assessment may  decide cause and treatment. Treatment of absence of speech is possible in a variety of cases. If the absence of speech is a permanent condition, a range of communication devices are available to help communication.

Speech-generating devices help people with speech deficiencies.

Related pages
Deaf-mute
Aphasia
Aphonia
Autism
Deafness
Dysarthria

References 

Disability
Hearing
Sign languages
A wooden spoon is a spoon made from wood. Wooden spoons are used for mixing food.  Wooden spoon is also a  term for last place in a sporting contest.

Other websites
Stuart King's collection of carved wooden spoons 

Food utensils

sv:Slev
Table tennis, also known as Ping Pong (a trademarked name), is one of the most popular sports in the world, with players in many countries. It is played by two or four people on a table. To play this game, people use bats and small celluloid balls. You need also a net and a table. Table tennis was invented in England in 1880.

The  International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), a worldwide organization, was founded in 1926, precisely 46 years after its invention. Table tennis has been an Olympic sport since 1988, 108 years after its invention.
Many of the best players in the world today come from China.
 乒乓球 (Ping Pang Qiu) is the official name for the sport in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
 卓球 (Takkyu) is the official name for the sport in Japan.
History 
The sport comes from England during the Victorian era, where it was played by the upper class as a game to be played after meals. It has been suggested that simpler versions of the game should be developed by British military officers living in India during the 1860s or 1870s, who brought it back with them. A row of books stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf ball.
The next most important innovation was by James W. Gibb, a British addict of the sport, who discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the US in 1901 and found them to be ideal for the game. This was followed by E.C. Goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of rubber to the wooden blade. Table tennis became more popular by 1901, to the extent that tournaments were organised, books were written on the subject, and an unofficial world championship was held in 1902.

In 1921, the Table Tennis Association was founded, and in 1926 renamed the English Table Tennis Association. The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) followed in 1926. London hosted the first official World Championships in 1926. In 1933, the United States Table Tennis Association, now called USA Table Tennis, was formed.
In the 1930s, Edgar Snow commented in Red Star Over China that the Communist forces in the Chinese Civil War had a "passion for the English game of table tennis" which he found "bizarre". On the other hand, the popularity of the sport waned in the 1930s Soviet Union, partly because of the promotion of team and military sports, and partly because of a theory that the game had adverse health effects.

In the 1950s, paddles that used a rubber sheet combined with an underlying sponge layer changed the game dramatically, introducing greater spin and speed. These were introduced to Britain by sports goods manufacturer S.W. Hancock Ltd. The use of speed glue beginning in the mid-1980s increased the spin and speed even further, resulting in changes to the equipment to "slow the game down". Table tennis was introduced as an Olympic sport at the Olympics in 1988.

Related pages
 Tennis

Other websites 

 International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF)
 OOAK Table Tennis Forum

Summer Olympic sports
 
Indoor sports
Ping Pong may refer to:

 table tennis: A kind of exercise.
 Ping Pong (manga): a Japanese cartoon of table tennis.
Nayarit is a middle sized Mexican state. It is on the West coast of Mexico (on the Pacific Ocean shore).
Native people from Nayarit are called Nayaritas (singular: Nayarita).

The Nayarit capital is Tepic.
Filipino might mean:

Anything related to the Philippines
Filipino language, a form of the Tagalog language
Filipinos, a group of people from the Philippines
Mindanao is one of the three main island groups in the Philippines. It is the southernmost major island of the Philippines, and is the only island in the Philippines to have many Muslim people. Mindanao is northeast of Sabah. It may also refer to the main island in the group. 

Islands of the Philippines
A phylum (plural: phyla) is the third highest rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. The second rank is kingdom and the highest is domain. Usually biologists count about 32 phyla of animals, about 14 of plants, and about 8 phyla of fungus, but definitions vary.

With genome analysis, groups of phyla have been put together based on evolutionary relationships. These are informal, not part of the standard classification.

Botanists usually prefer the word division instead of phylum.

Related pages 
List of animal phyla

Taxonomy
Knuckles is also the name of a Sonic the Hedgehog-related video game character.
A knuckle, in anatomy, is where two bones join in the hands or feet. When talking about humans, knuckles most often refer to the joints in the fingers.

Animal knuckles, such as pig knuckles are sometimes sold as food.

Joints
Conduction in physics is about forms of energy, namely heat or electricity.

 Heat conduction takes place between two objects in contact with each other.  Heat energy moves from one to the other.  In heat conduction, the heat energy travels from the hot point to a cold point.  Eventually, the two materials will even out in temperature as the heat keeps on transferring until the temperatures are the same.  This is equilibrium.  For example, a pan of hot soup is taken off the oven and put on a table.  The area of the table under the pot gets hot.  Heat from the pot moved to the table top by conduction. 

 Electrical conduction is usually done through wires or cables. Something that electrons can easily move through is a good electrical conductor.  Metals are mostly  good conductors.  An insulator like rubber is a poor conductor.  Plastics are insulators.  Some materials, such as glass, are conductors for heat but not electricity.
Besides conduction, the other major ways of moving energy are by radiation and convection.

Related pages
 electrical conductor
 heat conduction
 fiber optics

Basic physics ideas
A royal family is the family of a monarch (king or queen of a country). Or, it is someone who is related to a queen, king or a monarch. A royal family may be called "House of" something, as in "House of Habsburg". Some royal families such as the British Royal Family participate in various ceremonies and royal duties. As of 2021, there are 26 royal families in the world.

Royalty
A general election is an election in which all or most members of a given political body are chosen. The term is usually used to mean the elections held for a nation's primary legislative body. This is different from primary elections, by-elections or local elections. In the United Kingdom when Parliament is dissolved every seat in the House of Commons becomes vacant and a general election is held.

References 

Types of elections
The 2005 United Kingdom General Election was an election held on May 5, 2005 to elect 646 members to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The three main candidates to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom are shown to the right. 

The election resulted in the Labour Party and it's leader Tony Blair winning a majority in the House of Commons for the third time in a row. The Labour Party did lose 47 of their seats in parliament and the amount of votes they got dropped by 5.5% from the 2001 General Election. Many people believe the Labour Party lost support because of Labour Prime Minister Tony Blair's unpopular decision to send troops to Iraq in 2003.
Results
 Labour Party (355 MP's, 35.2% of vote)
 Conservative Party (198 MP's, 32.4% of vote)
 Liberal Democrats (62 MP's, 22.0% of vote)
 UK Independence Party (0 MP's, 2.2% of vote)
 Scottish National Party (6 MP's, 1.5% of vote) - Scotland only
 Green Party (0 MP's, 1.0% of vote) - England and Wales only
 Democratic Unionist Party (9 MP's, 0.9% of vote) - Northern Ireland only  
 British National Party (0 MP's, 0.7% of vote)
 Plaid Cymru (3 MP's, 0.6% of vote) - Wales only
 Sinn Féin (5 MP's, 0.6% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 Ulster Unionist Party (1 MP, 0.5% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 Social Democratic and Labour Party (3 MP's, 0.5% of vote) - Northern Ireland only 
 Respect Party (1 MP, 0.3% of vote)
 Scottish Socialist Party (0 MP's, 0.2% of vote) - Scotland only
 Veritas (0 MP's, 0.1% of vote)
 Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (0 MP's, 0.1% of vote) - Northern Ireland only
 Scottish Green Party (0 MP's, 0.1% of vote) - Scotland only
 Socialist Labour Party (0 MP's, 0.1% of vote)
Liberal Party (0 MP's, 0.1% of vote)
 English Democrats (0 MP's, 0.1% of vote) - England only
The constituencies of Blaenau Gwent and Wyre Forest elected Independent candidates. The seat of Glasgow East was won by the Speaker of the House of Commons Michael Martin, who is not considered to be of any political party.

The next election was held on May 6, 2010. See United Kingdom general election, 2010

Related pages
MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005

2005 in the United Kingdom
2005 elections
United Kingdom general elections
May 2005 events
Dover can refer to:

 Dover, Delaware, the capital of Delaware
 Dover, Kent, a town in England
 Dover, Arkansas, a city in Arkansas
 Dover, Idaho, a city in Idaho
 Dover, Kentucky, a city in Kentucky
 Dover, New Hampshire, a city in New Hampshire
 Dover, New York, a city in New York
 Dover, Pennsylvania, a city in Pennsylvania
 Dover-Foxcroft, Maine, a city in Maine
Milenko Stefanović (February 19, 1930 – July 25, 2022) was the most famous Serbian  classical and jazz clarinet player –  soloist, former Principal Clarinetist of the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra and Professor at the Josip Slavenski School of Music, University of Pristina and University of the Arts in Belgrade.

Education
Stefanovic began his music study  at the age of five.  He graduated and completed his postgraduate studies from the Belgrade Conservatory. His major teacher was Professor Bruno Brun, the founder of modern Serbian school of clarinet playing. He also studied chamber music and orchestral playing in Salzburg, Austria, in the class of Igor Markevich, Erich Leinsdorf and Fernand Oubradous.

Awards

Contests
Stefanovic  was a top-prize winner or finalist in the major Yugoslavian and international competitions, including the competitions in Sarajevo (1952), Skopje (1954), Ljubljana (1956), Moscow (1957), Munich (1957), Geneva (1957) and Prague (1959).
He was also honored with the Award of the Yugoslavian Radio-Television (Ohrid, 1972), awards of the City of Belgrade for the best concert in the previous concert season (1976, 1981, 1986), as well as with 7th July Award (1962), the state’s highest award for the arts.

State awards
In 2007, upon recommendation of the Expert Committee of the  Ministry of Culture, he was awarded Special Acknowledgement for the Highest Contribution to the National Culture of the Republic of Serbia. In 2010 the Association of Musical Artists of Serbia awarded him with The Lifetime Achievement Award.

Performance career
During his long career, Stefanovic performed throughout  Europe, Africa and North America. Stefanovic recorded for the leading radio and television stations in the country and abroad: United Kingdom, Italy, France, USSR, Germany, etc. As a soloist, member of various chamber groups and orchestras, he worked with  distinguished Yugoslavian and international artists, including Anton Nanut and many others.
He was one of the few artists honored to perform  Copland’s Clarinet Concerto under the baton of Maestro Aaron Copland (1961). 

He was a long-time principal clarinetist of the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra (1954-1976). 

Stefanovic  also played jazz – as a soloist and member of  the Belgrade Jazz Trio and Markicevic Quintet.

He has a number of personally dedicated clarinet works by prominent Yugoslavian composers: Dejan Despic, Aleksandar Obradovic, Petar Bergamo, Dusan Radic, Petar Ozgijan, Miodrag Ilic. 

Stefanovic was the chair of the committee in numerous Yugoslavian and international competitions.

Compositions
Stefanovic wrote numerous jazz compositions and some film music.

Teaching career
Teaching career

He taught at the Josip Slavenski School of Music, University of Pristina and University of the Arts in Belgrade. His former students hold teaching positions in music schools and universities and play in orchestras in Europe, Asia, Australia and North America. Stefanovic wrote several textbooks for the clarinet students.

He served as the Vice-Chancellor and member of the Board of Trustees of the University of the Arts in Belgrade.

Affiliations
Stefanovic is an honorary member and former president of the Association of Musical Artists of Serbia.

Death
Stefanović died on 25 July 2022 in Belgrade, Serbia, aged 92.

References

Other websites 
Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra
Association of Musical Artists of Serbia 
The Faculty of Arts of Priština 
The Music Teacher's List
       Clarinet Teachers
Faculty of Music in Belgrade
School of Music Josip Slavenski

1930 births
2022 deaths
Serbian classical musicians
Serbian jazz musicians
Clarinetists
Yugoslavian musicians
Musicians from Belgrade
Flash memory is a memory storage device for computers and electronics. It is most often used in devices like digital cameras, USB flash drives, and video games. It was developed in the 1980s from the earlier and similar EEPROM.

Flash memory is different from RAM because RAM is volatile (not permanent). When power is turned off, RAM loses all its data. Flash can keep its data intact with no power at all. A hard drive is also permanent (non-volatile) storage, but it is bulky and fragile. Flash memory is one kind of Non-volatile random-access memory. It is slower than RAM but faster than hard drives. It is often used in small electronics because of its small size and lack of moving parts.
The main weakness of flash memory is that it is more expensive than hard drives for the same amount of storage.  Another weakness is the number of times that data can be written to it. Data can be read from flash as many times as desired, but after a certain number of "write" operations, "write cycles", it will stop working. Most flash devices are designed for about 100,000 - 1,000,000 write cycles.
EEPROM has the same limitation that flash does: ones made in the 20th century could only survive about 100,000 write cycles, later increased to about a million. It is more expensive than flash, so it is rarely used for storage greater than 128kB. The main difference between EEPROM and flash memory is that most EEPROM devices can erase any byte of memory at any time. Flash memory can only erase an entire chunk, or "sector", of memory at a time. Both EEPROM and flash are subject to the limitation that only bytes in an 'erased' state can be written, which means that if the user wants to change only one byte of flash, the entire sector must be erased and re-written. This means that flash memory can wear out faster than EEPROM.  Some flash memory can store hundreds of gigabytes, or even terabytes.  Many are in the form of a pen drive.  

Flash memory is used in USB Drives, solid-state drives, computer RAM (occasionally), hybrid drives (small SSD + hard drive), graphics cards, and memory cards.
Related pages
 USB flash drive

Computer memory
Bottrop is a city in west central Germany, on the Rhine-Herne Canal, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen). Bottrop is in the Ruhr industrial area, It is next to Essen, Oberhausen, Gladbeck and Dorsten. The city had been a coal-mining and rail center. There are factories producing coal-tar derivatives, chemicals, textiles, and machinery. The population is currently 119,655. Bottrop grew as a mining center beginning in the 1860s and was chartered as a city in 1921. In 1975 it was put together with the unification with the neighbor communities of Gladbeck and Kirchhellen, but Gladbeck left in 1976.

History 
The place is first heard of in 1150, as Borthorpe. This name means village on the hillside. In the year 1423, Bottrop is awarded the status of a market town. In 1786 the first cotton mill opens. Coal mining starts in 1856. The city gets town privileges in 1919. In 1953, the population passed 100.000 people for the first time.

Popular persons
Popular persons 

 Josef Albers
 August Everding
 Theo Jörgensmann

References

Other websites 

 Official city website

Urban districts in Regierungsbezirk Münster
Puducherry, which used to be called Pondicherry is a Union territory of India. Pondicherry is divided into four separate parts: Puducherry district, Karaikal district, Yanam district , and Mahe district. These four areas are under one name because they were all once ruled by the French. Chandranagore, the fifth former French colony 30 kilometers north of Kolkata, in West Bengal, India, is now outside this unconnected territory. 

When India took control of them, they took them in as one territory. Pondicherry is going through a name change to Puducherry, which means "new village" in the local language. It covers an area of 183 mi² or 474 km²; it is bigger than Andorra but smaller than Saint Lucia.
The word "Yankee" (slang for "American") and the "Uncle Sam" top hat, make up part of what they are all about. As with the more common use of the term "Yankee", the team name is more often called "the Yanks". Their most commonly used "unofficial" nickname is "the Bronx Bombers", or simply "the Bombers". This nickname was given to them by the press a long time ago. It refers to their ability to hit home runs a lot (a home run is sometimes called a "bomb"). A less used nickname is "the Pinstripers", for their well-known uniform style.

The Yankees currently don't have a team captain. Derek Jeter retired after the 2014 season

The Yankees' current team ace is Geritt Cole.

The New York Yankees' main rival is the Boston Red Sox.

The Yankees' current team manager is Aaron Boone.

The Yankees' current General Manager is Brian Cashman.

The official fight song for the Yankees is "Here Come the Yankees".

After the game, they play Frank Sinatra's "New York, New York".
They have 22 retired numbers, more than any other teams in MLB. The number 42 was retired not only in the Yankees but also throughout Major League Baseball in honor of Jackie Robinson who broke the color barrier.

The Yankees were also the last team to repeat as World Series champions. They won three straight titles from 1998 to 2000.

References

Other websites

 Official website of the New York Yankees
 New York Yankees Home Uniform - American League (AL) - Chris Creamer's Sports Logos Page - SportsLogos.Net

Further Reading
Pinstripe Pride by Marty Appel
Events 
 The city of Oslo is founded by King Harald Hardrada of Norway.
 Battle of Pasinler – Seljuks defeat a force of Byzantines and Georgians.
 Pope Benedict IX is driven out of Rome, ending his third and final pontificate.

Births 
 May 18 – Omar Khayyam, Persian poet and mathematician (died 1134)
 date unknown
 Michael IX Comneus, Byzantine emperor (died 1088)
 Pope Paschal II (died 1118)

Deaths 
 Pope Damasus II (born 1000)
Sir Terry Pratchett OBE (Terence David John Pratchett; 28 April 1948 – 12 March 2015) was an English author. He was known for his fantasy works, including the famous Discworld series. His first novel, The Carpet People, was published in 1971. He was the UK's best-selling author of the 1990s. He was born in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England.

Pratchett died at his home in Broad Chalke, Wiltshire, England on 12 March 2015 from a severe chest infection with final complications from his Alzheimers, aged 66.

References

Other websites 
TerryPratchettBooks.com Official US site
Transworld  Official UK, Europe and Canada site
TerryPratchettBooks.org Fan site

1948 births
2015 deaths
English science fiction writers
English novelists
Writers from Buckinghamshire
1218 was a common year.

Events 
 Damietta is besieged by the knights of the Fifth Crusade.
 Livonian Brothers of the Sword begin to conquer Estonia.
 Minamoto no Sanetomo becomes Minister of the Right (udaijin) of Japan.
 Alfonso IX of Castile founds a university in Salamanca.
1282 was a common year.

Events 
 March 30 – The Sicilian rebellion known as the Sicilian Vespers begins
 March – Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother to Prince of Wales Llywelyn the Last, attacks an English castle
 Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph I of Germany makes his sons Albert I of Germany and Rudolph II of Austria as rulers of the of Austria and Styria, thus founding the Habsburg dynasty in those territories.
 Floris V, Count of Holland defeats the Frisians at the battle of Vronen and retrieves the body of his father, who had been dead for 26 years.
A critic is a person who reviews things like movies, books, and food to see if they are any good and if other people would like them.  They write reviews about what they have seen or read. 

Critics may write about art, music, theatre, politics, movies, television, books, or anything in which good or bad is a matter of personal opinion.

Roger Ebert, Gene Siskel, Raymond Williams, Susan George, John Ruskin, Rene Ricard, John Amis, Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza, George Bernard Shaw, Robert Schumann and Pauline Kael are some famous critics of art, music, politics and movies.

Related pages
Art critic
Criticism
Movie criticism
Music critic

 
Writing occupations
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855), was a 19th-century Danish philosopher and theologian, and is usually thought of as the first existentialist philosopher.

He wrote many philosophical books about faith, existence, emotions, and feeling. He disliked people who tried to make Christianity political and people who tried to limit the single individual in favour of groups of many people. Many people have found his works interesting and have said that they were great works of philosophy. Ludwig Wittgenstein, a 20th-century philosopher, thought Kierkegaard was "by far, the most profound thinker of the nineteenth century".

Life
He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He attended Copenhagen University and earned his master's degree in 1841. During this time, he met and fell in love with Regine Olsen in 1837. Although they were engaged for a time, Kierkegaard ended the engagement in 1841.
After breaking up with Regine, he spent much of his time writing book after book, in a highly dramatic yet subtle way. He also wrote some of his works using pen names, or pseudonyms. He died in Copenhagen. Although his works were not very popular during his lifetime, after his death they became influential in the 20th century.

Works 
Books by Kierkegaard. Either/Or and Fear and Trembling, both published in 1843, are thought to be especially significant.
(1841) The Concept of Irony (Om Begrebet Ironi med stadigt Hensyn til Socrates)
 (1843) Either/Or (Enten - Eller)
 (1843) Fear and Trembling (Frygt og Bæven)
 (1843) Repetition (Gjentagelsen)
 (1844) Philosophical Fragments (Philosophiske Smuler)
 (1844) The Concept of Dread (Begrebet Angest)
 (1845) Stages on Life's Way (Stadier paa Livets Vei)
 (1846) Concluding Unscientific Postscript to The Philosophical Fragments (Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift)
 (1847) Edifying Discourses in Divers Spirits
 (1847) Works of Love (Kjerlighedens Gjerninger)
 (1848) Christian Discourses (Christelige Taler)
 (1849) The Sickness Unto Death  (Sygdommen til Døden)
 (1850) Training in Christianity (Indøvelse i Christendom)

Related pages
List of Danish writers

References 

1813 births
1855 deaths
19th-century philosophers
Danish writers
People from Copenhagen
Events 
 January 20 – Poland cedes Kyiv, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo that put a final end to the Deluge, and Poland lost its status as a Central European power.
 April 27 – The blind, impoverished John Milton sells the copyright of Paradise Lost for £10.
 June 12-17 – In the Raid on the Medway, a Dutch fleet under admiral Michiel de Ruyter burns Sheerness, sails up the River Medway, raids Chatham dockyards and escapes with the royal barge The Royal Charles.
 June 15 – The first human blood transfusion is administered by Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denys. He transfuses the blood of a sheep to a 15-year-old boy. (Though this operation is a success, a later patient dies from the procedure and Denys is accused of murder).
 June 20 – Dutch troops attack Royal Navy ships in London and Chatham and burn them.
 July 31 – Second Anglo-Dutch War ends: The Treaty of Breda ends the war. The treaty also recognizes Acadia as a French possession.
October 18 – Brooklyn is chartered under the name Brueckelen by Mathias Nicolls, Governor of New Netherland.
 November 25 – Devastating earthquake rocks Caucasia, killing 80,000 people.
 Suleiman I becomes Shah of Persia.
 The Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb buys off the bandit Shivaji by making him a Rajah and allowing him to collect taxes.
 Robert Hooke demonstrates that the alteration of the blood in the lungs is essential for respiration.
 The War of Devolution begins, France invades Flanders and Free County.
 Louis XIV of France abolishes the Livre Parisis (Paris Pound) in favor of the much more widely used Livre Tournois (Tours Pound). He also designates Gabriel-Nicolas de la Reynie as first chief of "police" of Paris.
 French army uses grenadiers.
 Yohannes succeeds his father Fasildos as Emperor of Ethiopia.
Births 
 August 11 - Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Tuscan princess
 November 30 - Jonathan Swift, Irish writer
Despotism is a form of government that is controlled by one person or a small group of people. The person who controls the state is called a despot. The despot has complete control of the state, like a dictator or tyrant. In history, the pharaohs of Egypt were despots. The word despot is thought to come from the Ancient Greek word despotes, which means "the master".

According to Montesquieu, the difference between absolute monarchy and despotism is as follows. In the case of the monarchy, a single person governs with absolute power by fixed and established laws, whereas a despot governs by his or her own will and caprice.

The importance of the idea of despotism is that today it is a very common type of dictatorship or direct rule. Ruling monarchies are today few in number.

Even when there are elections, as there are for the Russian presidency,  opposition candidates are at such a disadvantage that they are rarely, if ever, successful.
Despotism has always been associated with Eastern rather than Western states. Of the former Soviet Union, it is only the new states to the west which have attempted, with difficulties, to build genuine democracies (such as Moldova and Ukraine).

References 

Forms of government
Lakshdweep, formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy and Aminidivi Islands are a group of islands in the Arabian Sea. They belong to India. Their capital is Kavaratti. It covers an area of . Eleven of the 36 coral atoll islands of Lakshadweep are inhabited. Lakshadweep is known for its exotic and sun-kissed beaches and lush green landscape. The name Lakshadweep in Malayalam and Sanskrit means 'a hundred thousand islands'.

The islands are the only coral atolls in India. The people living there are Malayalam and Mahl people, who have been influenced by Arab traders. Lakshadweep is a Muslim region just like the neighbouring Maldives, where tourism is strictly regulated. Lakshadweep has the largest percentage of Muslims - 98%, even larger percentage than Jammu and Kashmir and is the only Muslim-majority Indian administrative division entirely within India. 

Apart from the emerging tourism, government jobs, fishing and coconut production are the mainstays of the Lakshadweep economy.
Territorial symbols of Lakshadweep

Other websites 

Commonwealth dependent states
Islands of India
Territories of India
Daman and Diu was a union territory in India. It covers an area of . The area is bigger than Saint Helena but smaller than Wallis and Futuna. It was made of two districts, Daman and Diu.

The territory used to belong to Portugal. In 1961, Indian soldiers and air fighters took control of the territory. In 2020, it merged with Dadra and Nagar Haveli to make a new union territory, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

References

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
A riding helmet, sometimes called a horse riding helmet, is a type of helmet made for people who ride horses. It is important to wear a riding helmet when riding. It is easy for a person to fall off a horse and hit his or her head.  Riding helmets keep the rider of a horse from being hurt. Horses can accidentally step on a person who has fallen to the ground.

Helmets should be worn by all riders, but are most often worn by English style riders.

Protective clothing
Horse riding
Helmets
Ketchup is a kind of thick, liquid sauce. It can be made from tomatoes, so it is sometimes called tomato sauce.  Usually it is used to add flavour to food. Some people like to eat sausages, burgers, hotdogs or fishsticks with ketchup. Ketchup tastes very unlike the real tomato.

History

Tomato ketchup 
Although today's ketchup is tomato based, it did not appear until about a century after other types. By 1801, a recipe for tomato ketchup was created by Sandy Addison.  It was later printed in an American cookbook, the Sugar House Book.<ref>Taken from "The Sugar House Book", 1801.
Get [the tomatoes] quite ripe on a dry day, squeeze them with your hands till reduced to a pulp, then put half a pound of fine salt to one hundred tomatoes, and boil them for two hours.
 Stir them to prevent burning.
 While hot press them through a fine sieve, with a silver spoon till nought but the skin remains, then add a little mace, 3 nutmegs, allspice, cloves, cinnamon, ginger, and pepper to taste.
 Boil over a slow fire till quite thick, stir all the time.
 Bottle when cold.
 One hundred tomatoes will make four or five bottles and keep good for two or three years."'''
The salt in this recipe, which served as a preservative, gives it a very salty taste. This recipe is important because tomato was not widely accepted by people in North America in the early 1800s. Many believed it was poisonous. </ref> James Mease published another recipe in 1812. In 1824, a ketchup recipe using tomatoes appeared in The Virginia Housewife. This was an important 19th-century cookbook written by Mary Randolph, Thomas Jefferson's cousin.

As the century went on, ketchup became more popular in the United States.  More Americans began to like tomatoes. Tomato ketchup was sold locally by farmers. A man named Jonas Yerks (or Yerkes) is believed to have been the first man to make tomato ketchup a national phenomenon. By 1837, he had produced and distributed the condiment nationally. Shortly after that, other companies did the same. F. & J. Heinz created their tomato ketchup in 1876. Heinz tomato ketchup was advertised: "Blessed relief for Mother and the other women in the household!"
The Webster's Dictionary of 1913 defined "catchup" as a "table sauce made from mushrooms, tomatoes, walnuts, etc. [Written also ketchup]."

Modern ketchup emerged in the early years of the 20th century. This came from a debate over the use of sodium benzoate as a preservative in condiments. Harvey W. Wiley challenged the safety of benzoate.  In response, business owners, particularly Henry J. Heinz, pursued a different recipe that did not use that preservative.

Prior to Heinz (and his fellow innovators), commercial tomato ketchups of that time were watery and thin.  This was due to the use of unripe tomatoes.  Those tomatoes were low in pectin. They were less vinegary than modern ketchups. By pickling ripe tomatoes, the need for benzoate was eliminated.  There was also no spoiled ketchup or loss in flavor. The changes also helped make it an important American condiment according to some experts.
Until Heinz, most commercial ketchups appealed to two of the basic tastes: bitterness and saltiness.  But the switch to ripe tomatoes and more tomato solids added a stronger umami'' taste. The major increase in the concentration of vinegar added sourness and pungency to the range of sensations experienced while eating it.  

In the past, ketchup was produced from fresh tomatoes after harvesting. Vacuum evaporation made it possible to turn tomatoes into a very thick tomato paste. This made it easy to store at room temperature. This allows a factory to produce ketchup throughout the year.

Later innovations 

In fast food chains, ketchup is often put in small packets that hold ketchup inside. Users tear the side or top of the packet.  They then squeeze the ketchup out of the ketchup packets. In 2010, Heinz is offering an alternate squeeze and dip cup.  This is meant to offer a cleaner method of dispensing the product.
In an earlier approach, some fast food outlets dispense ketchup from pumps into paper cups. Some restaurants still use this method.

In October 2000, Heinz introduced colored ketchup products called EZ Squirt. They included green, purple, pink, orange, teal, and blue colored ketchup. These products were made by adding food coloring to the traditional ketchup.   these products  have been discontinued.

Standards and Regulations

Regulations in Canada 
In Canadian markets, the manufacturing of ketchup is regulated by the Food and Drug Regulation. Ketchup, a heat processed product, must be made from the juice of red-ripe tomatoes or sound tomato trimmings where the skins and seeds have been removed. The ketchup must contain vinegar, salt, seasoning and a sweetening ingredient. They may also contain a class II preservative and food colouring, though not required.
Regulations in the United States 
In the United States, ketchup is regulated and standardized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Ketchup must be prepared from a tomato concentrate, juice from mature red Lycopersicum esculentum tomatoes or liquid residue from preparing tomatoes for canning or partial juice extractions. The tomato skins, seeds and other hard substances must be strained. Additionally, ketchup must contain any combination of vinegars, nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners, and/or spices, flavouring, onions or garlic.

References

Condiments
Finnish may mean:
Anything related to Finland
Finns, the people of Finland
The Finnish language
1718 was a common year.

Events 
 July 21 – Treaty of Passarowitz signed
 November 22 – Off the coast of Virginia, English pirate Edward Teach (best known as "Blackbeard") is killed in battle when a British boarding party cornered and then shot and stabbed him more than 25 times.
 November 30 – After the death of Charles XII, Ulrika Eleonora becomes Queen of Sweden.
 December 17 – Austria, Great Britain, and France declare war on Spain, launching the War of the Quadruple Alliance.
 The Funj warrior aristocracy deposes the reigning mek and places one of their own ranks on the throne of Sennar. (History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah))

Births 
 March 31  -  Mariana Victoria of Spain, queen regent of Portugal (d. 1781)
 November 3  -  John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, English statesman (d. 1792)
Deaths 
 May 7  -  Mary of Modena, queen of James II of England (b. 1658)
 July 30  -  William Penn, American settler, founder of Pennsylvania (b. 1644)
 November 22  -  Blackbeard, English pirate (b. c. 1680)
 November 30  -  King Charles XII of Sweden (b. 1682)
 December 10  -  Stede Bonnet, the "gentleman pirate"
Dadra and Nagar Haveli was a union territory in India. It covers an area of 188 mi² or 487 km², it is bigger than Andorra, but smaller than Saint Lucia.

In 2020, it merged with Daman and Diu to make a new union territory, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Dadra and Nagar Haveli is now a district of this territory.

References

Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
1323 was a common year.

Events 
 Canonization of Saint Thomas Aquinas
 Vilnius becomes capital of Lithuania
 The Treaty of Nöteborg between Sweden and Novgorod (Russia) is signed, deciding on the border for the first time
 Pharos of Alexandria Lighthouse (one of the Seven Wonders of the world) is destroyed by many earthquakes
Danish can mean:
Something of or about Denmark, a country in Europe
Danish language
Danish people, a group of people that is born in Denmark
Danish pastry, often called just Danish
A birthday is the day when a person was born. In many places, on a person's birthday, he or she celebrates with friends and family at a party, where they eat cake or other foods, and get gifts. It is a common use to offer gifts in packages decorated for the occasion and accompanied by greeting cards.

Customs 
Not everyone celebrates birthdays, including Jehovah's Witnesses.

In much of the English-speaking world people sing the song "Happy Birthday to You" to the person celebrating her or his birthday.  There are similar songs in other languages.

A birthday cake is usually decorated and covered with candles.  Usually the number of candles is the same as the age of the birthday person.

Coming of age 
Children usually reach their age of majority on a birthday.
In the United States of America and also in many other countries a person can vote and become a legal adult at age 18.
In Judaism, boys have a bar mitzvah around the time they become 13. Girls sometimes have a bat mitzvah around their 12th or 13th birthday.
In Latin America, a quinceañera party marks a girl's 15th birthday.

Astrology 
A person's astrological sign is based on his or her birthday.

Symbolism

Birthstones
A birthstone symbolizes the month of birth. In 1912, the Jewelers of America agreed on a list of birthstones:

References
1442 was a common year.

Events

Births 
 April 28 – Edward IV of England

Deaths
Yi I (1536 – 1584) was a Korean Confucian scholar. His mother was a famous calligraphist, Shin Saimdang. He was very intelligent as a child, learning to read at three and being very bright at his studies. He was also devoted to his parents: when his mother was sick, he prayed to his ancestors to heal her; and when his father was sick, he cut his own finger with a knife and let his father drink his blood (at that time, people thought human blood was very good medicine).

Works 

 Seonghakjipyo (성학집요 聖學輯要)
 Gyeokmongyogyeol (격몽요결 擊蒙要訣)
 Donghomundap (동호문답 東湖問答)
 Gijasilgi (기자실기 箕子實記)
 Gyeongyeonilgi (경연일기 經筵日記)
 Suneon (순언 醇言)

Korean people
Confucianism
1536 births
1584 deaths
Sunrise is a Japanese animation company. The staff uses the name Hajime Yatate in all their productions by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, but this is not a real person--it is a name that all the people who work for the studio use for themselves. 
Some cartoons made by the company are:
Argentosoma (also "Argento Soma, and "Argent Soma")
(The) Big O
Blue Comet SPT Layzner
Brain Powerd (also "Brain Powered")
Brave Raideen (勇者ライディーン; Yuusha Raidiin) (co-production with Tohoku Shinsha)
City Hunter
Cowboy Bebop (Co-production with Tokyo Movie Shinsha)
Cyborg 009 (1979 color series; co-production with Toei Animation)Crest of the Stars (星界の紋章; Seikai no Monshō)Dirty PairFuture GPX Cyber Formula (新世紀ＧＰＸサイバーフォーミュラ; Shin Seiki GPX Saibaa Fohmyura) (literally "New Century GPX Cyber Formula")Gasaraki Infinite Ryvius (無限のリヴァイアス; Mugen no Ryvius)
InuYasha (犬夜叉)
My-HiME (舞-HiME)
My-Otome
Mobile Suit Gundam (機動戦士ガンダム; Kidō Senshi Gandamu) co production with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 
Outlaw Star 
Overman King Gainer
Planetes
Scryed
Planetes
Scryed
The Ultraman (co-production with Tsuburaya Productions)
The Vision of Escaflowne (天空のエスカフローネ; Tenkuu no Esukaforohne) (literally "Escaflowne of the Heavens")
Witch Hunter Robin
Yakitate!! Japan (焼きたて!! ジャぱん)
Yoroiden Samurai Troopers (鎧伝サムライトールパー) (Ronin Warriors)
Japanese entertainment companies
1972 establishments in Japan
Animation studios in Asia
Companies based in Tokyo
Romanian could mean:
Anything related to the country of Romania
Romanians, the people of Romania
The Romanian language
X-radiation is a kind of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays are waves of X-radiation. They have a shorter wavelength, and therefore more energy, than ultraviolet radiation. X-rays have a much shorter wavelength than visible light (the light that we can see). Radiation with shorter wavelengths (more energy) than the X-ray is called Gamma radiation (γ-rays). These are all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The wavelength of X-rays covers a wide range. Most X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 0.01 to 10 nanometres. This corresponds with frequencies in the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (3×1016 Hz to 3×1019 Hz) and energies in the range 100 eV to 100 keV.

X-rays can go through many solid materials. For this reason, taking photograms with X-rays is used in medicine in order to see bones and other things inside the body. Sometimes the term "X-ray" means these pictures instead of the radiation that makes them.
What these images show will depend on three things: Rayleigh scattering,  Compton scattering and photoabsorption. The images show bone because it is dense enough that X-rays are not able to pass through it. Instead, the X-rays are either absorbed or scattered. The images do not show skin and muscle, however, because these tissues are transparent enough for the X-rays to pass through them without being absorbed too much. To detect tumors, other imaging devices are used; such as magnetic resonance imaging. A computed tomography scanner combines an X-ray machine and computer to construct a three dimensional (3D) picture. This has some ability to see other things besides bone.
X-rays are made by hitting metal with fast-moving electrons. They are photons, tiny packets of energy that can move atoms and change chemicals in the body. They are ionizing radiation but the things they do depend on the wavelength of the X-rays (or how much energy they have). X-rays with smaller energies ("soft" x-rays) cause the photoelectric effect. Mid-level energies cause Compton scattering. High-level energies ("hard" X-rays) cause pair production. X-rays used for making pictures of people have low to medium energy. Radiation therapy that treats cancer uses Compton scattering and sometimes Pair production.

There are small amounts of X-rays in the air. Like other energy in the air, X-rays can change living cells. Exposing the human body to high doses of X-rays for a long time is dangerous. It can cause cancer. However, cancer cells are hurt more easily, so X-rays are sometimes used to kill them.

Related pages
 X-ray crystallography
 Interventional Radiology

References
References

Medical procedures
Light
Electromagnetic radiation
Medical imaging
A computed tomography (CT) scanner is an X-ray machine that takes cross section images. They can help a doctor in diagnosis.

Medical equipment
Laboratory equipment
Medical imaging
Hanoi () is the capital of Vietnam. It is also the second most populated city in the country. In 2023, about 5,253,000 people lived in the city. It has been the capital of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) since 1945 and the capital of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (all of Vietnam) since 1976. Before that, it was the capital of the country now called Vietnam for most of the time from at least the 11th century until 1802. The city is on the right of the Red River, and the city's name translates to English as "inside the river". Things made there include machine tools, plywood, textiles, chemicals and handicrafts. Hanoi is at 21°2' North, 105°51' East, 1,760 km north of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). Popular tourist sites in the city include Ho Chi Minh's Mausoleum, Hoa Lo Prison, and the Palace of Literature. Nearby Hanoi is also where pho, Vietnamese beef noodle soup, was first created.

References

Cities in Vietnam