Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Cast
 Kevin Costner–Mariner/Trader/Ulysses
 Jeanne Tripplehorn–Helen
 Tina Majorino–Enola
 Dennis Hopper–Deacon
 Robert LaSardo–Smitty
 Michael Jeter–Old Gregor
 Jack Black–Floatplane pilot
 Jonathan Higley–Old Quicksilver

Related pages
List of maritime science fiction works

Other websites
 
 A detailed synopsis of the movie 
 Movie stills

1995 action movies
1990s American adventure movies
1995 science fiction movies
1990s American action movies
American science fiction movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies set in the future
Universal Pictures movies
Post-apocalyptic movies
Dystopian movies
Movies with underwater settings
Movies directed by Kevin Reynolds
Movies composed by James Newton Howard
1995 adventure movies
Cult movies
Kevin Michael Costner (born January 18, 1955) is an American movie actor, director, producer and musician. He is most known for his role in Dances with Wolves (1990), which won seven Academy Awards, Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991), and The Bodyguard (1992).

 Biography 
Kevin was born in Lynwood, California, on January 18, 1955. He was the third child of Bill Costner and Sharon Costner. He has two older brothers (Dan born 1950 and a middle brother who died at birth in 1953). He is of Cherokee Native American, English, German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and Welsh descent. When he finished high school, he was a basketball, football and baseball star. In 1978, he married his college friend Cindy Costner. (Cindy Costner later played a role in "Dances with Wolves"). Some time later, he met Richard Burton, and this made him go after acting. He has made or participated in the making of 47 movies.
Kevin has three children from his first wife, Cindy: Annie (1984), Lily (1986) and Joe (1988). Kevin and Cindy divorced on 1994. He had relations with Bridget Rooney, and his fourth child, Liam (1996) is from her. Kevin remained divorced for 10 years; he married Christine Baumgartner on September 25, 2004. His fifth child, Cayden, was born in 2006. A sixth child, another son, was born February 12, 2009. He was named Hayes Logan. In 2023, Baumgartner filed for divorce from Costner.

Costner is a Democrat.
Movies 
 Stacy's Knights (1982)
 Chasing Dreams (1982)
 Night Shift (1982)
 Frances (1982)
 Table for Five (1983)
 The Big Chill (1983) (scenes deleted)
 Testament (1983)
 The Gunrunner (1984)
 Fandango (1985)
 Silverado (1985)
 American Flyers (1985)
 Sizzle Beach, U.S.A. (1986) (originally filmed in 1974)
 Shadows Run Black (1986)
 The Untouchables (1987)
 No Way Out (1987)
 Bull Durham (1988)
 Field of Dreams (1989)
 Revenge (1990) (actor and executive producer)
 Dances with Wolves (1990) (actor, director and producer)
 Madonna: Truth or Dare (1991) (documentary)
 Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991) (actor, producer)
 JFK (1991)
 Oliver Stone (1992) (documentary)
 Beyond 'JFK': The Question of Conspiracy (1992) (documentary)
 The Bodyguard (1992) (actor, producer)
 Amazing Stories: Book One (1992), episode: The Mission, in which he plays the captain of the plane
 A Perfect World (1993)
 A Century of Cinema (1994) (documentary)
 Wyatt Earp (1994) (actor, producer)
 The War (1994)
The War (1994)
 Waterworld (1995) (actor, producer, and uncredited director)
 Tin Cup (1996)
 Sean Connery, An Intimate Portrait (1997) (documentary)
 The Postman (1997) (director, producer, and actor)
 Message in a Bottle (1999) (actor, producer)
 For Love of the Game (1999)
 Play It to the Bone (1999) (Cameo)
 Thirteen Days (2000) (actor, producer)
 3000 Miles to Graceland (2001)
 Dragonfly (2002)
 Open Range (2003) (actor, director, and producer)
 The Upside of Anger (2005)
 Rumor Has It (2005)
 The Guardian (2006)
 Mr. Brooks (2007)
 Swing Vote (2008)
 Man of Steel'' (2013)
References

Other websites 

KevinCostner.com
KevinCostnerModernWest.com 

1955 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Democrats (United States)
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
American Baptists
Musicians from Los Angeles County, California
Movie directors from Los Angeles County, California
Movie producers from Los Angeles County, California
Douglas Hyde (or Dubhghlas de hÍde, born January 17, 1860, died July 12, 1949) was the first President of Ireland from 1938 to 1945. He founded the Conradh na Gaeilge, one of the most influential cultural organisations in Ireland. He promoted use of the Irish language, using the Irish spelling of his name and the pseudonym "An Craoibhin Aoibhinn"

Background 

Hyde was born at Longford House in Castlerea in County Roscommon, while his mother was on a short visit there. His father, Arthur Hyde, was a Church of Ireland rector.  He became fascinated with hearing the old people in the locality speak the Irish language. At the time the Irish language was looked down on  seen as backward and old-fashioned.

He founded the Conradh na Gaeilge, or in English, Gaelic league, in the hope of saving it from extinction in 1893.

Conradh na Gaeilge
The league  was set up to encourage the Irish culture, music, dances, and language. Many of the new generation of Irish leaders who played a central role in the fight for Irish independence in the early twentieth century, including Patrick Pearse, Éamon de Valera (who married his Irish teacher Sinéad Flanagan), Michael Collins, and Ernest Blythe first became passionate about Irish independence through their involvement in Conradh na Gaeilge or Gaelic League.

Hyde himself was uncomfortable at the league becoming political instead of cultural and resigned as its president in 1915. He was replaced by the radical political activist and Irish-language teacher, Patrick Pearse (1879-1916). Pearse led the Easter Rising, and his election showed that the league had been infiltrated by the Irish Republican Brotherhood, just like the Irish Volunteers and the Gaelic Athletic Association

Senator
Senator 

Hyde had no association with Sinn Féin or the Independence movement. But he did accept an  appointment to the senate, part of the Irish Free State parliament.

In November 1925 he lost the election to the senate because of lies about his support for divorce (in fact he was anti-divorce) and his Protestantism.

He became Professor of Irish at University College Dublin, where one of his students was future Attorney-General and President of Ireland, Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh.

President of Ireland 

In April 1938 he was retired, but Taoiseach Éamon de Valera appointed him to Seanad Éireann. He was not a Senator for very long, because he was chosen to be first President of Ireland.
Both the Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera and the Leader of the Opposition, W. T. Cosgrave were admirers of his;
 Both wanted to apologise for the lies others told about him in 1925;
 Both wanted someone who would show that the new president would not be a dictator in Ireland. Many were afraid of this when the new constitution was being discussed in 1937;
 Both wanted to pay tribute to Hyde's Conradh na Gaeilge role in achieving Irish independence.
 Both wanted to choose a non-Catholic to show that the new Ireland was a not ruled by the Catholic church.

Hyde was inaugurated as the first President of Ireland in June 1938 and moved into the old "Vice Regal Lodge", the old home of the British Lords Lieutenant of Ireland. The lodge was also used by Governors General of the Irish Free State. Hyde renamed it  Áras an Uachtaráin (the House of the President in English).
Hyde said the Presidential oath of office in Irish. The recording of his Roscommon dialect is one of the few recordings of the dialect, which has now died out.

"Fine and scholarly old gentleman" says F.D.R. 

Hyde was a popular president. United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt called him a "fine and scholarly old gentleman". President Hyde and King George VI  corresponded about stamp collecting. (George VI was legally King of Ireland until 1 April 1949 )

However, in April 1940 he suffered a massive stroke. Plans were made for his lying-in-state and state funeral, but to the surprise of everyone he survived, albeit paralysed and having to use a wheelchair.

President Hyde twice asked the Supreme Court, if a bill was Constitutional (so that the Bill in question can be signed into law).

On the first occasion, the court held that the Bill referred - Offences Against the State (Amendment) Bill, 1940- was Constitutional.
The second reference, the Court decided that the particular provision referred - section 4 of the School Attendance Bill, 1942 - was "repugnant to the Constitution". and told the Dáil he was refusing to sign it.

Retirement and death 

Hyde left office on 25 June 1945. Due to his ill-health he did not return to his Roscommon home Ratra. Instead he was moved into the former Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant's residence in the grounds of Áras an Uachtaráin, which he renamed Little Ratra and where he lived out the remaining four years of his life. He died there at 10pm on 12 July 1949, aged 89.

State funeral
State funeral 

As a former President of Ireland he was given a state funeral. As an Anglican his funeral service took place in Dublin's Church of Ireland St. Patrick's Cathedral. But the Catholic Church did not let Roman Catholics attend services in Anglican churches. As a result, all but one member of the Catholic cabinet, Dr. Noel Browne, remained outside the cathedral while Hyde's funeral took place. They then joined the cortège when his coffin left the cathedral. Éamon de Valera, by now Leader of the Opposition, was represented by a senior Fianna Fáil figure who was a member of the Church of Ireland, Erskine Childers, a future President of Ireland himself. Hyde was buried in County Roscommon, where he had spent most of his childhood life.

Footnotes

Other websites 
 Oireachtas Members Database - Profile 

1860 births
1949 deaths
Presidents of Ireland
Politics of Ireland
Members of Seanad Éireann
Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh  (12 February 1911 – 21 March 1978, ) served as fifth President of Ireland, from 1974 to 1976.   He was elected after the death of President Childers, but he resigned in 1976 after a clash with the government. He also had a notable legal career, including serving as Chief Justice of Ireland.

Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh was born in Bray, County Wicklow.

Career

Ó Dálaigh trained as a lawyer.  He became Ireland's youngest Attorney-General in 1946 under Taoiseach Éamon de Valera. He was re-appointed as Attorney-General in 1951 and in 1953 he became the youngest member of the Supreme Court. Less than a decade later, he became the youngest Chief Justice of Ireland.

When Ireland joined the European Economic Community, Jack Lynch appointed Ó Dálaigh as Ireland's judge on the European Court of Justice. When President Childers died suddenly in 1974, all parties agreed to nominate Ó Dálaigh for the post.

President of Ireland
Ó Dálaigh proved to be a mixed success as president. While popular with Irish language enthusiasts and artists he had a strained relationship with the Coalition Government.

In 1976 he decided to refer a series of tough state security Bills to the Supreme Court to test their constitutionality. This worried and angered members of the Fine Gael-Labour national coalition government. Ó Dálaigh then announced that he would sign the bill at midnight of the 15th of October, which he made public. There was a historical precedent for the referral of this bill. Dubhghlas de hÍde referred the Offences Against the State (Amendment) Act of 1939 to the Supreme Court. Jim Duffy claims that, as a result of this, the PIRA arranged an attack in Mountmellick which resulted in the killing of Garda Clerkin. Others would dispute that the PIRA would have held the President's opinion in such high regard as their members at the time did not recognise the State of which Ó Dálaigh was then the Head.
Ó Dálaigh's actions were seen by government ministers to have contributed to the killing of this Garda and greatly angered them. The following day, following a minor car accident, Paddy Donegan, a controversial and outspoken Minister for Defence, described the incident as a "thundering disgrace". The president thought the minister meant that the President was a disgrace, not what  the President was doing was a disgrace. Donegan, a known alcoholic, was likely under the influence of alcohol at the time he spoke. He was speaking to members of the Irish Defence Forces, and was only at the barracks to open a new cookhouse.  Donegan insulted the President, who is Head of the Defence Forces in front of the defence forces.  created a major political incident.  Ó Dálaigh thought that the President and the Minister of Defence would be unable to work together.
The apologetic Donegan immediately offered his resignation. But Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave refused the offers, an offer he repeated subsequently. Cosgrave never met the President personally to apologise. That added to two years in which Cosgrave had failed to do his constitutional duty to regularly brief the President. The manner in which his government treated the President was the last straw for President Ó Dálaigh.

He became the first Irish president to resign.

The incident meant even more people saw the Government as arrogant and out of touch with public opinion and contributed to their defeat in the 1977 general election.

The opposition proposed outgoing EEC Commissioner Patrick Hillery for the presidency. Hillery served two unchallenged terms of office before retiring at the end of his second term in 1990.

Death and assessment

Ó Dálaigh died in 1978, less than two years after leaving office. He is buried in Sneem, County Kerry.
Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh was the most politically naïve president, but the Government he worked with was notable for its own inability to offer him the help to overcome the problem. The Taoiseach did not support Ó Dálaigh when Donegan attacked him.

Other websites
Official site

1911 births
1978 deaths
Presidents of Ireland
Irish judges
People from Dublin
Chief justices
Attorneys general
Translation is the second part of protein biosynthesis (the making of proteins). It is part of the process of gene expression.

Before translation comes: 
transcription, which produces a chain of introns and exons.
RNA splicing by spliceosomes which remove introns, and
formulation of the messenger RNA from exons.

In eukaryotes, translation happens on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and in the endoplasmic reticulum. In bacteria, translation happens in the cell cytoplasm: they have no nucleus.

Ribosomes are made of a small part and a large part which surround the mRNA (messenger RNA). In translation, mRNA has the base sequence to make a specific polypeptide. This sequence is originally specified by the DNA, and copied by the mRNA. The polypeptide can be a whole protein. Or, it can be just a part, waiting to be combined with other polypeptides so it can make a whole protein. The polypeptide also has to be folded before it works as a protein.
Amino acids are carried by specific tRNAs with anticodons to connect with mRNA's matching codons. Each tRNA has its own anticodon and carries an amino acid. An anticodon is always together with the same amino acid.

When the tRNA matches with the mRNA, the amino acid that is connected to the tRNA is unconnected from the tRNA and gets connected to the amino acid brought by the previous tRNA.

So, a ribosome works a lot like a stock ticker and ticker tape. Many ribosomes, together with mRNA, will attach themselves to the outer membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Any proteins that those ribosomes make go into the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum, where it will probably go into a vesicle later. The vesicles will then bring the proteins to other organelles or even the outside of the cell.

Four stages
Four stages 

Translation happens in four stages: activation (make ready), initiation (start), elongation (make longer) and termination (stop). These terms describe the growth of the amino acid chain (polypeptide). 
Amino acids are brought to ribosomes and assembled into proteins. In the activation stage, the correct amino acid is covalently bonded to the correct transfer RNA (tRNA). When the tRNA is connected to an amino acid, it is "charged". 
Initiation is when the small part of the ribosome connects to 5' end of the mRNA with the help of initiation factors (IF). 
Elongation is when the amino acids brought by the "charged" tRNAs are connected to each other to form a polypeptide.

Some antibiotics work by keeping translation from happening. Prokaryotic ribosomes are different from eukaryotic ribosomes. So antibiotics can kill bacteria without hurting the eukaryotic host. For example, antibiotics taken by a human might kill the bacteria that is making the human sick but wouldn't hurt the human.
References 
 Champe, Pamela C. Harvey, Richard A. and Ferrier, Denise R. 2005. Lippincott's illustrated reviews: Biochemistry 3rd ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. .
  Nelson, David L. Cox, Michael M. and Lehninger, Albert L. 2005. Lehninger principles of biochemistry 4th ed, Freeman. .

Molecular biology
Cell biology
Gene expression is how the information in a gene (the sequence of DNA base pairs) is made into a product (such as a protein or RNA). The basic idea is that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins. Proteins make many of the structures and all the enzymes in a cell or organism.

Several steps in gene expression may be tuned. This includes both the transcription and translation stages, and the final folded state of a protein. Gene regulation switches genes on and off, and so controls cell differentiation, and morphogenesis. Gene regulation may also serve as a basis for evolutionary change: control of the timing, location, and amount of gene expression can have a profound effect on the development of the organism.

The expression of a gene may vary a lot in different tissues. That is how the tissues become different from each other. This is called pleiotropism. This term is important in genetics.
Epigenetics 
In biology, epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in phenotype (appearance). Gene expression can be adjusted in ways other than the underlying DNA sequence. These changes may remain through cell divisions for the remainder of the individual's life, and may also last for more than one generation. 

However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism. Instead, non-genetic factors cause the organism's genes to behave (express themselves) differently.

The best example of epigenetic changes in eukaryote biology is the process of cellular differentiation. Embryos start with their cells totipotent: they could become any tissue. . As embryos develop, their cells become specialised. They develop a particular function, and are part of an organ of the body. This is called morphogenesis. Epigenetic changes are long-term.
During morphogenesis, totipotent stem cells become the various cell lines of the embryo, which in turn become fully differentiated cells. In other words, a single fertilized egg cell – the zygote – divides and develops. The daughter cells change into the many cell types of the mature embryo. These include neurones, muscle cells, epithelium, blood vessels and so on. 

This happens by activating some genes while inhibiting others.

Gene regulation

Up-regulation and down-regulation 
Up-regulation increases the expression of one or more genes and so the protein(s) coded by those genes. Down-regulation is a process resulting in decreased gene and protein expression.
Induction vs repression 
Gene regulation can be summarized as:
 Inducible systems: an inducible system is off unless there is the presence of some molecule (called an inducer) that allows for gene expression.
 Repressible systems: a repressible system is on except in the presence of some molecule (called a corepressor) that suppresses gene activity. The molecule is said to repress expression.

Regulatory RNAs 
There are a number of RNAs which regulate genes, that is, they regulate the rate at which genes are transcribed or translated. The following are two important examples

miRNA 
Micro RNAs (miRNA) act by joining an enzyme and blocking mRNA (messenger RNA), or speeding its breakdown. This is called RNA interference.

siRNA 
Small interfering RNAs (sometimes called silencing RNAs) interfere with the expression of a specific gene. They are quite small (20/25 nucleotides) double-stranded molecules. Their discovery has caused a surge in biomedical research and drug development.
Related pages 
Genetic engineering
RNA splicing
ENCODE
Zinc finger
Epigenetics
Imprinting (genetics)
CRISPR

References 

Genetics
Cell biology
Molecular biology
Epigenetics
Curtis is the third album by rapper 50 Cent. The album was released on September 11, 2007. The album features production from Dr. Dre, Eminem, and Timbaland, among others. Guest appearances include Akon, Justin Timberlake, Nicole Scherzinger, and other notable musicians. 50 Cent divides between "hard" songs and "soft" songs on the album.

Curtis was released and sold 691,000 copies in its first week on the Billboard 200. It sold the most copies in one week for an East Coast album since Jay-Z's Kingdom Come sold 680,000 copies sold. The album's sales competition with Kanye West's Graduation was considered to be a "great day for hip hop".

References

2007 albums

50 Cent
Hip hop albums
The Šarplaninac (pronounced shar-pla-NEE-natz) (also known as Sharplaninec) is a large-sized shepherd dog breed of the Balkan region, from the Šar mountains (Šar Planina in Serbian and Macedonian or Bjeshket e Sharrit in Albanian).

Dog breeds
FCI breeds
El Limón (in English, The Lemon) is a Municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná province, Dominican Republic. It is on the north coast of the Samaná Peninsula, on the Atlantic coast.

It was made a municipal district on July 20, 2001.

There are other two Municipal districts with the same name (El Limón) in the country: one in the Independencia province and the other in the Santiago province.

Théodore Chassériau, a French painter, was born in El Limón on 1819.

Population
In the last national census (2010), the district had a total population of 7,024: 3,622 men and 3,402 women. The urban population was 66.23% of the total population.

Economy

The most important economic activities of the province are agriculture, fishing and tourism. Tourism, above all nature tourism, is important here because many tourists visit El Limón Waterfall.

References

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
2001 establishments in the Dominican Republic
Théodore Chassériau (September 20, 1819 – October 8, 1856) was a French romantic painter noted for his portraits, historical and religious paintings, and images inspired by his travels to Algeria.

Life and work

Chassériau was born in El Limón, Samaná, in Saint Domingue (now the Dominican Republic). Her mother, Maria Magdalena Couret de la Blagniére, was born in Haiti but she moved with her parents to Santo Domingo when the Haitian revolution. At that time, the eastern part of Hispaniola was a French colony. There she met Bénoit Chassériau and soon they got married and moved to Samaná.

When the eastern part of the Hispaniola became again a colony of Spain, the family moved to Venezuela and Jamaica. Then, in 1821, the family went to live in Paris, France. Théodore was three years old at that time.

In 1830, at the age of eleven, he started to study with Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and soon he became the favorite pupil of the great classicist.
After Ingres left Paris in 1834 to become director of the French Academy in Rome, Chassériau fell under the influence of Eugène Delacroix, a well-known romantic painter. From that moment on, Chassériau tried to combine the two styles.

His works could be grouped in two periods:
The classical period, with works like
Portrait of Adéle Chassériau (1836)
Christ on the Mount of Olives (1839)
The Two Sisters (1843)
The romantic period, with works like
Arab Chiefs Visiting Their Vassals (1849)
Jewish Women on a Balcony (1849)
The Tepidarium (1853)

Chassériau died when he was 37 years old in Paris, on October 8, 1856.

Other websites
Théodore Chassériau exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art  Retrieved on 2007-10-03.

References

1819 births
1856 deaths
French painters
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
In physics, chemistry, and biology, intermolecular forces  are forces that act between stable molecules or between functional groups of macromolecules. 

These forces are generally much weaker than the  chemical bonding forces. Their bonding energies are less than a few kcal/mol. But they are responsible for many different physical, chemical, and biological phenomena. In general one distinguishes short and long range intermolecular forces.
(The molecule is a substance are held together by the forces acting between the molecules which are called inter-molecular forces)

Hydrogen bonding 

Hydrogen bonding is an intermolecular interaction with a hydrogen atom being present in the intermolecular bond.

Related pages 
 Chemical bond

Other websites

Software for calculation of intermolecular forces 
Quantum 3.2 
SAPT: An ab initio quantumchemical package.

Chemistry
SpineShank is a alernative metal band formed in Los Angeles in 1996. They released four albums under Roadrunner Records:
Strictly Diesel
The Height of Callousness
Self-Destructive Pattern
The Best of Spineshank

References

American heavy metal bands
Alternative metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Tanystropheus is a long necked reptile that lived in the Middle Triassic period.  The main feature that stands out about this animal is its very long neck. Fossils of this creature have been found in Europe and the Middle East. Habitat: probably aquatic.

reptiles
Yuryuzan () is a town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 13,700 ().

Yuryuzan is located on Yuryuzan River's bank.

Related pages 
List of cities and towns in Russia

References

Cities and towns in Chelyabinsk Oblast
Sim (, 54°59'N 57°41'E) is town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 15,900 (2005).

Sim is located on Sim River's bank. Town was founded in 1759 and named Simsky Zavod until 1942.

Igor Kurchatov is from Sim.

18th-century establishments in Russia
1759 establishments
Cities and towns in Chelyabinsk Oblast
Duff Beer is a fictional alcoholic drink shown in the animated television series The Simpsons. Duff Beer is known to be Homer Simpson's favorite drink and has a mascot known as Duffman.

The Simpsons
Beer
The Sassuntsi-Davit Tank Regiment (; previously the 119th Separate Rifle Tank (Mixed) Regiment) was a Soviet separate tank regiment during the Second World War. It had a lot of ethnic Armenians in it. Other ethnic groups that were in the regiment included Azeris, but they were largely relegated to logistics support and other non-combatant roles.

20th century in Armenia
History of Azerbaijan
1940s in the Soviet Union

Military of the Soviet Union
Sursk (, 53°05'N 45°42'E) is town in Penza Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 7,500 (2005). The town was founded in 1860.

Sursk is located on the Sura River's left bank. It is 92 km from Penza.

Other websites 
 Site about Sursk

1860 establishments
19th-century establishments in Russia
Cities and towns in Penza Oblast
Lipki (, 53°57'N 37°42'E) is a town in Tula Oblast, Russia. Its population is about 9,700 (2005).  Lipki is located 38 km south of Tula.  The village of Lipki has been known since the 17th century.

Cities and towns in Tula Oblast
Lage is a city in the Lippe district of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, approximately 8 km northwest of Detmold. It has about 36,000 inhabitants.

Twin Towns 
The town is twinned with
 , Horsham.

References

Other websites
 Official website 

Lippe Rural District
Venture capital is a type of private equity capital.

Typically it is provided by outside investors to new businesses that promise to grow fast. Venture capital investments are usually high risk, but offer the potential for above-average returns. 

A venture capitalist (VC) is a person who makes such investments. A venture capital fund is a pooled investment vehicle (often a limited partnership) that primarily invests the financial capital of third-party investors in enterprises that are too risky for the standard capital markets or bank loans. 

Venture capital can also include managerial and technical expertise. Most venture capital comes from a group of rich investors, investment banks and other financial institutions that pool such investments or partnerships. This form of raising capital is popular among new companies, or ventures.
Venture Capital firms can go public after they have reached a certain stage of growth. Given that Venture Capital firms are financial investors in portfolo companies, they are expected to add value by consistent value addition.

Other websites 

National Venture Capital Association
Venture Capital Glossary 
Ricafe2  - A Research programme sponsored by the European Commission analysing venture capital.
Venture Capital News & Blog:
Capitalism
Moment of inertia (), also called "angular mass" (kg·m2), is the inertia of a rotating body with respect to its rotation.

It is a rotating body's resistance to angular acceleration or deceleration, equal to the product of the mass and the square of its radius measured perpendicularly to the axis of rotation.

Moments of inertia for a few objects

Related pages
 Angular momentum
 Torque

References

Other websites 
 Angular momentum and rigid-body rotation in two and three dimensions 
 A table of moments of inertia 
 Parallels between rotation and translation HyperPhysics

Mechanics
Physical quantity
Multiple choice questions ask people to choose the answer from a list. Tests, elections, and surveys can use multiple choice questions. Frederick J. Kelly made the first multiple choice questions in 1914 at the University of Kansas. This testing method is popular in the United States.

Method 
Multiple choice questions have 2 parts. The first part is called the stem, which is a problem to be solved or a sentence needing completion. The question is usually straightforward (only a few options) and it needs review to get the right answer. The second part, the options, have 2 variations, or differences. The first is called the key, and is the correct answer. The other answers are called distractors. They are usually very close to the actual answer so they can confuse people. Multiple choice questions are used on standardized tests, and they aren't always questions. They may be math equations, incomplete sentences, or other things.

Examples

1.  
A) 0B)	22C) 4D) 2
2.  Where is the Eiffel Tower?A) LondonB) ParisC) SingaporeD) New York

Correct answers:1 C 2 B

References

Tests
In physics, the angular velocity specifies the angular speed at which an object is rotating along with the direction in which it is rotating.

It is a vector quantity. The SI unit of angular velocity is radians per second. But it may be measured in other units as well (such as degrees per second, degrees per hour, etc.). When it is measured in cycles or rotations per unit time (e.g. revolutions per minute), it is often called the rotational velocity and its magnitude the rotational speed. Angular velocity is usually represented by the symbol omega (Ω or ω). The direction of the angular velocity vector is perpendicular to the plane of rotation, in a direction which is usually specified by the right hand rule.

Related pages

 Angular momentum
 Angular frequency

References 

 
 

Physical quantity
Mechanics
Basic physics ideas
In physics, angular frequency, ω, (also called the angular speed, radial frequency, and radian frequency) is a measure of rotation rate. A high rate of angular frequency means something is turning very fast. The angular frequency is the magnitude of the vector quantity angular velocity which is also known as angular frequency vector . 

It is useful in many areas of maths and science as it allows understanding of many properties of physical objects in our world. In SI units, angular frequency is measured in radians per second, with dimensions t−1 since radians are dimensionless.

Theory 
Angular frequency is often given in radians per second ()  as it is easier to work with. In this way, the angular frequency is given by, 

  

where  is the time (period) of a single rotation (revolution) and  is the frequency.  This can be derived by considering  when  and .
 
If a wheel turns by an angle  in a time  then the angular frequency at any moment is given by,
If the rotation speed is constant, this becomes, 

  

and so it is similar to a speed.   

For objects which are going in circles, the angular frequency may also be given as (in radians), 

  

where  is the speed and  is the distance from the center of the circle.

This can be derived by considering  where  is the distance along the arc.

Thus 

   

where  is the velocity.

Examples 
The angular frequency is important in determining whether an object can stay above the ground against gravity, or whether a spinning top can stay standing. It also is important in creating the frequency of mains electricity supplies and reducing the heat due to friction in engines.

Satellites 
Objects are pulled towards the earth because of gravity. To oppose this, a satellite must go fast enough it misses the ground. For the forces to equal each other, 

  

where  is the mass of the larger body and  is the Gravitational constant. To make a circle, the angular frequency must be equal to,
which leads to one of Johannes Kepler's Laws.

Mains Supplies 
Generators in power stations rotate at some frequency. The speed at which these turn gives us the frequency that our electricity supplies are at. These can be slowed by large brakes or big heavy wheels which stop the generators from turning too quickly.

Units

Measurements

Related pages
Frequency
Radian
Angular velocity
Angular momentum

Physical quantity
Mechanics
Basic physics ideas
In physics and mathematics, a pseudovector (or axial vector) is a quantity that transforms like a vector under a proper rotation, but gains an additional sign flip under an improper rotation (a transformation that can be expressed as an inversion followed by a proper rotation).

Physical examples 
Physical examples of pseudovectors include the magnetic field, torque, vorticity, and the angular momentum.

References 

 George B. Arfken and Hans J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists (Harcourt: San Diego, 2001). ()
 John David Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley: New York, 1999). ()
 Susan M. Lea, "Mathematics for Physicists" (Thompson: Belmont, 2004) ()

Algebra
Mathematics
Twister is a 1996 American disaster movie directed by Jan de Bont, and based upon a screenplay by Michael Crichton and Anne-Marie Martin. It follows a group of storm chasers attempting to prevent all tornadoes from destroying everything in Oklahoma. The movie has a famous scene of a flying cattle. It is a scene that was the subject of many parodies. It was the first movie to be commercially released on DVD and the last movie released on HD DVD.

Cast

Home media 
Twister was released in VHS by Warner Home Video in October 1996. It was later released on DVD on March 26, 1997. It is considered to be the first home release of a movie to use this now widely-used optical media technology.

References

Other websites 
 Official site for the film 
 
 

1996 drama movies
1990s disaster movies
1990s American disaster movies
1990s American drama movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies set in Oklahoma
Warner Bros. movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies composed by Ennio Morricone
A spoke is one of several rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface. 

The term originally meant the portions of a log which one had split lengthwise into four or six sections.  The radial members of a wagon wheel were made by carving a spoke (from a log) into their finished shape.  Eventually, the term spoke was applied to the finished product of the wheelwright's work.

Other websites 
These pages are in German:
Hub dynamo assembly instructions with spoke length formula and a nice diagram 
Online spoke length calculator, uses slightly different measures than the above formula 

Engineering
An examination (exam) is a test. Many things may be examined, but the word is most often used for an assessment of a person. It measures a test-taker's knowledge, skill, aptitude, physical fitness or ability or standing in some other topic. It is a set of questions designed to measure those things. Examinations change and evolve. They have been used since ancient times.

In its widest sense, to examine is to look at something very carefully, perhaps to find the cause of a problem.  Someone who is ill may need to go to a doctor for a medical examination. A mechanic may examine a machine to find why it is not working properly.
In education an examination is a test to show the knowledge and ability of a student. A student who takes an examination is a candidate. The person who decides how well the student has performed is the examiner. An examination may be a written test, an on-screen test or a practical test.  Examples of a practical test may be: driving a car, speaking a language, playing a musical instrument and doing a scientific experiment. An on-screen test is a test which uses the computer.

If the candidate is successful he will have passed the examination. If he is unsuccessful he will have failed. In some cases it is possible for a student who has failed to take the exam again another time.

A student who passes an examination may get a certificate or diploma. Some certificates are professional qualifications, allowing the person to do a particular job, e.g. plumber, teacher, doctor, lawyer.

References 

Examinations
The Irish Republic (Irish: Saorstát Éireann ) was a declared independent state of the United Kingdom in the Easter Rising of 1916 and established in 1919 by the First Dáil.  It only existed during the Irish War of Independence of 1919-1922 between the Irish Republican Army and the forces of the United Kingdom.

It formally ceased to exist in 1922 with the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty that ended the war, when 26 of the country's 32 counties became the Irish Free State and the other six remained within the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland.  Sinn Féin refused to accept the treaty, said that the Irish Republic existed, even if it did not control any territory.  This is why elected Sinn Féin TDs never took their seats in the parliaments of the Irish Free State or the United Kingdom
Name
In English, the revolutionary state was known as the 'Irish Republic'. Two different Irish language names were used: 
Poblacht na hÉireann
'poblacht' was a new word, coined by the writers of the Easter Proclamation in 1916.
Saorstát Éireann
Saorstát is the two Irish words saor ("free") and stát ("state"). Its literal translation was "free state".  The Declaration of Independence and other documents adopted in 1919 used Saorstát Éireann.

Saorstát Éireann was also the official Irish title of the Irish Free State.

Government of the Irish Republic
Legislature
This was Dáil Éireann.  It was made up of the majority of Irish Members of Parliament elected in the 1918 general election. Two further general elections called by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the head of the British administration in Dublin Castle, were treated by nationalists as elections to the Dáil. The Second Dáil's members were elected in the 1921 elections for the Parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland; the Third Dáil was elected in 1922 as the provisional parliament of Southern Ireland, as provided for by the Anglo-Irish Treaty.

At its first meeting the Dáil adopted the Dáil Constitution. It also passed a Declaration of Independence.
Ministers
The Dáil Constitution gave executive authority in a cabinet called the "Aireacht" or "Ministry". The Aireacht' head was first known as the "Príomh Aire". He in turn appointed the ministers. According to the original version of the constitution enacted in January 1919, there were to be four ministers:
 Minister of Finance (Aire Airgid),
 Minister of Home Affairs (Aire Gnóthaí Duthchais),
 Minister of Foreign Affairs (Aire Gnóthaí Coigcríoch)
 Minister of Defence (Aire Cosanta).

In April 1919, the ministry was increased in size to not more than nine ministers. In August 1921 it underwent a final overhaul when the post of president was created. The six ministers were
 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
 Secretary of State for Home Affairs,
 Secretary of State for National Defence,
 Secretary of State for Finance,
 Secretary of State for Local Government,
 Secretary of State for Economic Affairs
A number of previous cabinet ministers, notably Constance Markiewicz, were demoted to under-secretary level.  Countess Markiewicz was the first women elected to the British House of Commons.  She never took her seat,  but instead she sat as a member of the first Dáil

The Aireacht met as often as secrecy and safety allowed.

The Anglo-Irish Treaty
The Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921.  Then it had to be confirmed three times:
 By United Kingdom, as a treaty between His Majesty's Government and His Majesty's subjects in Ireland;
 By the House of Commons of Southern Ireland because this home rule parliament represented His Majesty's subjects in Ireland;
 passed by Dáil Éireann because the Irish Republic's supporters say that it was an independent state and its parliament was sovereign;

House of Commons of Southern Ireland and Dáil Éireann were the same people, except for 4 pro-British members of the House of Commons.

Related pages
Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Irish Free State

Footnotes
Footnotes

References
 Tim Pat Coogan: Michael Collins: a biography London : Hutchinson, 1990., 
Tim Pat Coogan: De Valera: long fellow, long shadow London : Hutchinson, 1993., 
R.F. Foster, Modern Ireland 1600–1972
Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society
F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine
Lord Longford, Peace by Ordeal
Dorothy Macardle, The Irish Republic
Earl of Middleton, Ireland: Dupe or Heroine?
Arthur Mitchell & Pádraig Ó Snodaigh, Irish Political Documents 1916–1949
John A. Murphy, Ireland in the Twentieth Century

Other websites
Treaty Debates on-line the Republic defined 1921-22

History of Ireland
1919 establishments in Europe
1922 disestablishments in Europe
Super Smash Bros. Brawl (commonly known as SSBB or Brawl) is the third video game in the Super Smash Bros. series. It was made by Sora and published by Nintendo for the Wii video game console.

Gameplay

Characters

There are 39 characters in Brawl. 25 characters are unlocked at the start, and 14 characters are hidden and have to be unlocked by the player. Most of the characters from the second game in the series, Super Smash Bros. Melee, are also in Brawl. Some characters from Melee (Mewtwo, Roy, Dr. Mario, Pichu, and Young Link) are not in Brawl. Two new characters (Solid Snake and Sonic the Hedgehog) were in games that Nintendo did not own. The game is best known for the tripping mechanic (fighters will trip at random when running), introducing third-party characters, and the Smash Ball
Items
Like the other Super Smash Bros. games, items appear in the middle of the game that characters can use. However, Brawl adds many more items, such as the "Assist Trophy" (where a character appears to help players defeat opponents) and the "Smash Ball", an item that lets players use a powerful attack called a "Final Smash".

References

Other websites
Super Smash Bros. Wiki

Super Smash Bros.
2008 video games
Wii games
Final Fantasy Tactics Advance is a role-playing game made by Square Enix for the Nintendo Game Boy Advance. The story of the game is about four children who are pulled into their friends' dream by a magical book.  The player plays as the boy Marche, his friend Montblanc, and many other characters who can join your group.  

Final Fantasy games
X-Men is a 2000 superhero movie based upon the fictional characters the X-Men. The movie is about mutants who are the next evolutionary step of humanity. These mutants are feared and hated by most of humanity.

The movie was directed by Bryan Singer. It deals with the ideas of prejudice and discrimination in the United States. The screenplay was written by David Hayter. A sequel, X2, was released in 2003 and a third movie, X-Men: The Last Stand, was released in 2006. A fourth film, X-Men: Days of Future Past. A prequel trilogy has been made, the prequel series is currently formed by X-Men: First Class, X-Men: Apocalypse and Dark Phoenix.
Plot 
Professor Charles Xavier (the world's most powerful telepath) takes gifted children and teaches them to control their powers for good. He does this at Xavier's Academy for Gifted Youngsters, his school for mutants. This school is the home to the X-Men. The story is about the X-Men trying to stop Erik Lehnsherr (also known as Magneto), a mutant who blames humanity for the death of his family during the Holocaust. Magneto does not believe that humans and mutants can live together in peace. He builds a machine that turns humans into mutants.

Cast 

 Hugh Jackman as Logan / Wolverine
 Patrick Stewart as Professor Charles Xavier
 Anna Paquin as Marie D'Ancanto / Rogue
 Ian McKellen as Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto
 Bruce Davison as Senator Kelly
 James Marsden as Scott Summers / Cyclops
 Famke Janssen as Dr. Jean Grey
 Halle Berry as Ororo Munroe / Storm
 Rebecca Romijn-Stamos as Mystique
 Ray Park as Toad
 Tyler Mane as Sabretooth
 Shawn Ashmore as Bobby Drake / Iceman
Filming 
Filming took place from September 22, 1999 to March 3, 2000 in Toronto. Wolverine's claws required a full silicone cast of Hugh Jackman's arm, and 700 versions for Jackman and his stunt doubles.

Music 
Bryan Singer asked John Williams to compose the music for the movie, but Williams was too busy composing for Saving Private Ryan.

Reactions and box office 
The movie was one of the biggest hits of 2000. It earned more than $296 million worldwide and was the 8th highest grossing movie in the United States that year.

Crazy credits 
 When the 20th Century Fox logo disappears the "X" in "Fox" glows and remains on a black background than the other letters.

Release Dates

References

Other websites 
 TheXverse.com:  X-Men Movie News
 
 
 X-Men on Marvel.com
 X-Men Comics Message Board
2000 movies
2000s superhero movies
X-Men movies
Movies directed by Bryan Singer
Movies produced by Avi Arad
Movies produced by Lauren Shuler Donner
Movies composed by Michael Kamen
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1940s
20th Century Fox movies
Kingston upon Hull is usually called just  Hull. It is an English city.

It is the "unitary authority" for the region of Yorkshire and the Humber. The region is in the Ceremonial county of the East Riding of Yorkshire. 

The city is on the North side of the River Hull where it meets the Humber Estuary (see diagram),  from the North Sea.

Hull has been a market town, military supply port, trading centre, fishing and whaling port, and industrial giant. Hull was also an early battleground in the English Civil Wars, and was the backdrop to events leading to the abolition of the slave trade in Britain. Hull was heavily damaged during the Second World War, and after a period of decline, when many factories closed; the city has started to regenerate.
The Port of Hull is one of the UK's largest goods and passenger ports.

History 
Meaux Abbey was founded between 1150 and 1179. This is the earliest date people are known to have lived in the area.
Edward I used the port to help supply his troops when he was fighting the Scots. as a site from which to supply his troops as they engaged their northern foes

The king granted a royal charter, dated 1 April 1299, that renamed the settlement of Wyke to King's town upon Hull, or Kingston upon Hull. The charter remains preserved in the archives of the city's Guildhall.

In 1440, a new charter allowed the town to choose a mayor, a sheriff, and twelve aldermen to run its own affairs. The charter also said that the aldermen also be justices of the peace (that is, judges) for the town and its county.

Hull's port grew busier in the Middle Ages, sending wool, cloth, and leather to north Germany, towns on the Baltic Sea, and the Low Countries, bringing back timber, wine, furs, and dyes.

Sir William de la Pole was the town's first mayor.