Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Landslips 

The coastal region near Lyme Regis is subject to large landslips. This means that Jurassic age fossils are regularly exposed and can be found on the beaches, but also causes devastation to the town.

One of the most spectacular landslips occurred on 24 December 1839,  west along the coast in Devon belonging to Bindon Manor and known as "The Dowlands Landslip".  About  of fields growing wheat and turnips were dislodged when a great chasm was formed more than  across,  deep and  long. The crops remained intact on the top of what became known as "Goat Island" among the newly formed gullies.  On 3 February 1840, five weeks later, there was a second landslip nearby but much smaller than the former.  This strange phenomenon attracted many visitors, and the canny farmers charged sixpence for entrance and held a grand reaping party when the wheat ripened. The area is now known as The Undercliff and is of great interest because of its diverse natural history.
In 2005, work began on a £16 million engineering project to stabilise the cliffs and protect the town from coastal erosion. The town's main beach was reconstructed and re-opened on 1 July 2006.
On the evening of 6 May 2008, a  section of land slipped onto the beach between Lyme Regis and Charmouth. Local Police described the landslip as the "worst for 100 years".

References 

Towns in Dorset
West Dorset
A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that is used up faster than it can be made by nature. It cannot be produced, grown or generated on a scale which can sustain how quickly it is being consumed. Once it is used up, there is no more available for the future. Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas), types of nuclear power (uranium) and certain examples. Resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) or metals (which can be recycled) are considered renewable resources. Non-renewable resources are also called exhaustible resources.

The renewable energy is the contrary notion.

References

Other websites
Non-Renewable Resources  at NASA.gov
Electricity from Non-Hydroelectric Renewable Energy Sources at EPA.gov
Non-renewable energy resource  at EPA.gov
Environmental impacts of nuclear power at EPA.gov

Ecology
Energy
Materials

Sustainable development
A personal name is the label which identifies an individual person. It is a proper name; and it is usually made up of a given name plus a surname. 

The Convention on the Rights of the Child specifies that a child has the right from birth to a name.

Related pages 
 Family name
 Posthumous name
 Regnal name

References 

Names
A regnal name, or reign name, is a formal name or label which refers to the years of the reign of a monarch or a pope. 

A monarch sometimes chooses a reign name which is different from his or her personal name.
Example: Edward VII of the United Kingdom, born Albert Edward of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

A pope chooses a regnal name when he is elected. It becomes his new personal name.
Example: Pope John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła,

The new name -- or sometimes the old one -- is followed by an ordinal number to create a unique name for the period in which the monarch is on the throne. 
Example: Elizabeth II was queen of the United Kingdom and many other Commonwealth Realms until her death in 2022Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603) was the 1st British queen named Elizabeth.  She ruled over "Elizabethan" England. Her time on the throne was called the "Elizabethan era" or the "Elizabethan age".

Related pages
 Family name
 Given name
 Posthumous name
 Surname
 Japanese era names

Names
Monarchy
Wolfsberger AC is a football club from the city of Wolfsberg, Carinthia, Austria. The club was founded in 1931. The colours are black and white. 

The club competed in twenty seasons on the second level of the Austrian football leagues. Between the 2007–08 and 2011–12 seasons, Wolfsberger AC united with SK St. Andrä to compete under the name WAC/St. Andrä. Both clubs stayed independent, but had a central administration and marketing. In 2010 they reached the Austrian football first league. In their first season they reached the 4th place. After 2011/12 season the club was promoted to Austrian Bundesliga  for the first time in their history.

Wolfsberg finished third in the 2018–19 Austrian Football Bundesliga. They were qualified for the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League group stage. They finished in fourth place in Group J of the UEFA Europa League in the 2019–20 season. 

The second squad of WAC is playing in the Regionalliga Mitte (3th division).

Current squad
Current squad

Coaching staff
 Robin Dutt Headcoach
 Hannes Jochum Assistant coach
 Matthias Urlesberger Assistant coach
 Mario Krassnitzer Goalkeeper coach

Coaching history (21st century)

International matches

References

Austrian football clubs
Carinthia (state)
1931 establishments in Europe
The Kimmeridge clay formation is a sedimentary deposit of fossiliferous marine clay and mudstones. It is of Upper Jurassic age, and occurs in Europe. It gives its name to a stage in the Upper Jurassic called the Kimmeridgian, lasting from 157.3–152.1 million years ago.

Kimmeridge clay is perhaps the most economically important unit of rocks in the whole of Europe, because it is the major source for oil fields in the North Sea.

The clay is named after the village of Kimmeridge on the Dorset coast of England, where it is well exposed and forms part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site. It exists across England, in a band stretching from Dorset in the south-west, north-east to East Anglia and Hull. The River Humber Bridge's foundations are in the Kimmeridge Clay deposits under the Humber estuary.

The fossil fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes a reptile fauna of turtles, crocodiles, dinosaurs, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs, as well as many invertebrate species such as Gryphaea.
Climate 
The Kimmeridge Clay was laid down in 
an environment which is not present on the Earth today. Much of Western Europe was covered by a high sea-level: this may be related to the opening of the Atlantic. As a consequence, the UK was covered by a shallow and largely anoxic sea, perhaps less than 100m deep, with occasional landmasses.

This was shallower water than the Blue Lias of the Lower Jurassic. It was often low in oxygen, which led to its organic material being only partially decomposed. The mudstones are organic-rich, and gave rise to most of the North Sea oil.

References 

Jurassic
Sedimentary rocks
Geological formations
Walker Lake is a salt lake in Nevada.

Other websites

Lakes of the United States
Geography of Nevada
Milton Wolff was an American commander in the Spanish Civil War. He was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1915. He died in 2008. He was friends with the author Ernest Hemingway.

1915 births
2008 deaths
Military people from New York (state)
People from New York City
Rachel Hunter (born 8 September 1969) is a fashion model and an actress from New Zealand. She worked in France, Australia, UK (London) and New Zealand. in She currently lives in the United States. She has been in the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition many times and has posed for other magazines. Hunter posed Playboy in 2004.

She was married to singer Rod Stewart from 1990 until 2006.

References 

New Zealand television actors
Models
1969 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
The Yamasee War was a war between the Yamasee Indians and the South Carolina settlers from 1715-1717.

Wars involving North America
18th century in South Carolina
1715
1716
1717
History of Native Americans
18th-century conflicts
Orbital forcing is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis and shape of the orbit (see Milankovitch cycles). 

These orbital changes alter the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth by up to 25% at mid-latitudes. That has a huge effect. The term "forcing" is a physical process which definitely affects the Earth's climate.

This mechanism is believed to be responsible for the timing of the ice age cycles. The timing of past glacial periods coincides very well with the predictions of the Milankovitch theory, and these effects can be calculated into the future.

Note in the graphic the strong 100,000 year periodicity of the cycles, and the striking asymmetry of the curves. Ice ages deepen by progressive steps, but the recovery to interglacial conditions occurs in one big step.

References 

Climate change
Earth
Mendel Berlinger, better known as Milton Berle, (July 12, 1908 – March 27, 2002) was an American actor and comedian.

Early life 
Berle was born Mendel Berlinger in Manhattan, New York City. He was raised Jewish. Berle studied at Professional Children's School. His career began in 1914, when he was 5 years old.

Career 
Berle first appeared in the serial The Perils of Pauline. During his career he starred in numerous movies, television programs and others. He was called Uncle Miltie during TV's golden age days. He was known for hosting Texaco Star Theater (1948–55).

In 1949, Berle hosted the first ever telethon.

Berle retired in 2000 because of poor health. His last appearance was in a 2000 episode of Kenan & Kel.
Berle was married to Joyce Mathews from 1941 until they divorced in 1947. They remarried in 1949 only to divorce once again in 1950. Then he married Ruth Cosgrove Rosenthal from 1953 until her death in 1989. Then he married Lorna Adams in 1991. Their marriage would last until his death in 2002. Berle had three children.

Berle died from colon cancer in Los Angeles, California on March 27, 2002 at age 93. He was buried at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery.

References

Other websites

 

20th-century American actors
Actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
20th-century American comedians
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
Television personalities from New York City
American television writers
American voice actors
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Writers from New York City
1908 births
2002 deaths
Karl Barth (1886-1968) was a Protestant theologian who started a movement in theology that is now called Neo-Orthodoxy. He wrote Church Dogmatics and the Gottingen Dogmatics, as well as a number of Biblical commentaries, most famously on the Book of Romans. He was heavily involved in the authorship of the anti-Nazi Barmen declaration in 1934.

Barth rejects Biblical inerrancy, and he also rejects stronger forms of predestination.

Other websites 
 Theopedia on Karl Barth and the Theology of Karl Barth

1886 births
1968 deaths
Swiss theologians
Writers from Basel
Janet Evans (born August 28, 1971 in Fullerton, California) is an American swimmer. Her career started at the 1988 Summer Olympics and ended at the 1996 Summer Olympics. She did not win a medal in 1996 but she added one more highlight to her career when she was given the honors of carrying the Olympic Torch at the 1996 Summer Olympics' opening ceremony. Evans retired after the 1996 Olympics. She later said she would return to swimming with the 2012 Summer Olympics' Trials.

1971 births
Living people
American Olympic gold medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
American swimmers
Sportspeople from California
Shame is a 2011 British erotic drama movie. The movie was written by Abi Morgan and Steve McQueen; he also directed. It was produced by Iain Canning and Emilie Sherman. It is distributed from Fox Searchlight Pictures in the United States. The movie stars Michael Fassbender as hypersexual thirty-something yuppie Brandon. He is an advertising executive who lives in New York City and is unable to manage his sex life and desires. Carey Mulligan plays his sister Sissy, who has borderline personality disorder and stays with him at his apartment. Shame is rated NC-17 (no children 17 and under admitted) for explicit sexuality.

Other websites 

2011 drama movies

American erotic movies
Borderline personality disorder in fiction
British drama movies
English-language movies
Manhattan in fiction
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about prostitution
Movies about siblings
Movies set in New York City
NC-17 rated movies
Sungai Lalang is a small town in Kedah, Malaysia. It is around 5 kilometers north of Sungai Petani. 

Settlements in Kedah
Towns in Asia
Sungai Petani  (abbreviated "Sg. Petani" or "SP") is a town in the state of Kedah, in the northern part of Peninsular Malaysia. Sungai Petani is the second largest town in Kedah after Alor Star. The name Sungai Petani has its roots from sungai meaning river and petani meaning farmer in the Malay language. Sungai Petani in full means "Farmer's River", as there are a lot of paddy fields and farmers in the state. The word "petani" may also refer to "Pattani", a city in present-day Thailand to which the river was once connected. Even the old spelling of Sungai Petani was "Sungei Patani", without any reference to farming.

Politics 

Sungai Petani is designated as a parliamentary area in its own right. A total of 983,851 people (2008) are able to vote. It is currently represented by Johari Abdul from Parti Keadilan Rakyat.

The parliamentary area of Merbok and part of the parliamentary area of Yan (Gurun) form part of Sungai Petani Municipal administrative area.

Economy
Economy 

Sungai Petani has a high and medium-sized business community. Small and medium industry also play a part in the local economy, producing many products, from semiconductors to television tubes and from textile to wood products. Sungai Petani is also a booming business center with many large malls, franchise stores and business enclaves.

Sungai Petani has many malls and shopping centers such as Central Square, Village Mall, Lagenda Height Tesco, Sungai Petani North Tesco, Sungai Petani South Tesco, Giant Hypermarket, Econsave, Billion, Sp Plaza and Parkson.

Transportation 

The town is accessible through the Federal Route 1 and also the North-South Expressway. Sungai Petani has two highway exits while the Federal Route I runs across the city. Apart from that, it also has a train station and a makeshift express bus hub that caters to any destination within Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore.
Sungai Petani also has a relatively below average local bus service called City Liner, with air-conditioned red coaches.The express bus station not far from Sungai Petani Railway Station. The railway station is managed by Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad.

The nearest airport is the Penang International Airport on Penang Island. Another alternative airport is the Sultan Abdul Halim Airport, Alor Star (the state capital of Kedah).
Bujang Valley 
The Bujang Valley or Lembah Bujang,  sometimes referred to as the Ancient Wonder of Kedah, is a rich historical site covering an area of about 400sq. km in Merbok (17 km from Sungai Petani), bounded by Bukit Coras (Choras Hill) and Gunung Jerai. This archaeological area was the site of an ancient Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that ruled the region from the 4th century AD. There is also an archaeological museum here which is known as The Lembah Bujang Archaeological Museum. This museum displays more than 2,500 artifacts from Malaysia's earliest civilization that have been unearthed from the surrounding excavation sites. Gold, gems, ceramics, Hindu gods and beautiful Buddha stone statues dating from the third to 14th centuries are all on display, though its main feature is Chandi Bukit Batu Pahat, a reconstructed temple built to worship the Hindu god Shiva.

Closest Cities

References 

Settlements in Kedah
Towns in Asia
Malaysia is a federation with 13 states (Negeri) (Wilayah Persekutuan). Eleven states and two federal territories are located on the Malay Peninsula. The other two states and one federal territory are on the island of Borneo.

The states and federal territories
Malaysian states are divided between the two regions of Malaysia, with 11 states and 2 federal territories on West Malaysia and the other 2 states and 1 federal territory in East Malaysia.
Governance
As Malaysia is a federation. The governance of the states is divided between the federal and the state governments, while the Federal government has direct control of the federal territories. The duties of the federal and the state governments are listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia. Theoretically, any matter not set out in the Ninth Schedule can be legislated on by the individual states. However, legal scholars generally view this as a "pauper's bequest" because of the large scope of the matters listed in the Ninth Schedule. The courts themselves have generally favoured a wide interpretation of the language of the Ninth Schedule, thus limiting the number of possible subjects not covered. The Ninth Schedule specifically lists the following matters as those that can only be legislated on by the states: land tenure, the Islamic religion, and local government.
The 13 states are based on historical Malay Kingdoms. 9 of the 13 states, known as the Malay States, retain their royal families. The Federal King (titled Yang di-Pertuan Agong) is elected (de facto rotated) among the nine rulers to serve a 5-year term. The nine Malay States have a hereditary Ruler as titular Head of state and an executive Chief Minister or Menteri Besar as politically responsible Head of government. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu are styled Sultans (typically Islamic). Only Negeri Sembilan's elective ruler holds the rare, autochthonous Malay title of Yang di-Pertuan Besar, whereas only the Ruler of Perlis is titled Raja. Former British settlements and crown colonies of Penang and Malacca (both peninsular) and Sabah and Sarawak (both on Borneo) each have a federally appointed titular Governor (styled Yang di-Pertua Negeri) and an executive Chief Minister or Ketua Menteri.
Sabah and Sarawak
Sabah and Sarawak have additional powers as part of the terms when they joined Malaysia, such as immigration controls. They have separate immigration policies and controls and a unique residency status. Passports are required even for Malaysians for travelling between these two states or between either state and Peninsular Malaysia, however Peninsular Malaysians who are on social/business visits up to three months are allowed to produce a MyKad or birth certificate and fill in a special form in lieu of a passport.
Legislature
Each state has a unicameral legislature called Dewan Undangan Negeri (DUN, State Assembly). Members of DUN are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on the population. The state leader of the majority party in DUN is usually appointed Chief Minister by the Ruler or Governor. The term of DUN members is five years unless the assembly is dissolved earlier by the Ruler or Governor on the advise of the Chief Minister. Usually, DUN of the states in Peninsular Malaysia are dissolved in conjunction with the dissolution of the federal parliament, in order to have state elections running concurrently with the parliamentary election. However, Rulers and Governors hold discretionary powers in dissolving the DUN.Each state sends two representatives to the Dewan Negara (Senate), the upper house of the federal parliament.
The Parliament of Malaysia can legislate on issues of land, Islamic religion and local government in order to provide for a uniform law between different states, or on the request of the state assembly concerned. The law in question must also be passed by the state assembly as well, except in the case of certain land law-related subjects. Non-Islamic issues that fall under the purview of the state may also be legislated on at the federal level for conforming with Malaysian treaty obligations. Each state is further divided into districts, which are then divided into mukim. In Sabah and Sarawak districts are grouped into "Divisions".

Singapore and Brunei
 was a Malaysian state from the formation of Malaysia on  16 September 1963 until it was expelled from the Federation on 9 August 1965.
was invited to join the Federation but decided not to at the end due to several issues, such as the status of the Sultan within Malaysia, division of Bruneian oil royalties, and pressure from opposition groups which amounted to the Brunei Revolt.

Related pages
State emblem of Malaysia
State flags in Malaysia
Districts of Malaysia

Notes
  The code MY10 is not used in FIPS 10-4 but was used for FIPS 10-3 (for Sabah)
  Territories named in official language for both FIPS 10-4 and ISO 3166-2:MY code lists
  Wilayah Persekutuan defined as the territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Used by FIPS only

References

Other websites
 Local government in Malaysia
Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya (better-known as Jagadguru Rambhadracharya or Swami Rambhadracharya) is a Hindu guru, Sanskrit scholar, writer, poet, play writer, composer, singer, philosopher and Katha artist. He is living in Chitrakoot, India. His works includes poems, plays, lectures, commentaries, religious speeches, and musical works of his works. He has written more than 90 works, including published books and unpublished hand written books, and four epic poems, a Hindi commentary on Tulsidas' Ramcharitmanas, a rhythmic Sanskrit commentary on the Ashtadhyayi, and Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi sacred books. Many of his audio and video recordings have been released. He writes in Sanskrit, Hindi, Awadhi, Maithili, and many other languages. He is blind.

Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam is his most famous work. He won many awards for it, like the Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit. He has also been given many other honors and titles as a writer and poet, like Mahakavi and Kavikularatna.
His important literature works and musical works, grouped by their type, are listed below.

Poems

Mahākāvyas (Epic poems)
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Khaṇḍakāvyas (Minor poems)
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Patrakāvya (Letter poem)
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Gītakāvyas (Rhythmic poems)
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Rītikāvya (Procedure–era Hindi poem)
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Śatakakāvyas (Poems of one hundred verses)

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Stotrakāvyas (Praises)
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Suprabhatam kāvya (Workships sung at morning)
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Bhāṣyakāvya (Commentary poem)
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Plays

Nāṭakakāvya (Play poem)
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Nāṭaka (Play)

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Text

Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthānatrayī
Rambhadracharya made Sanskrit commentaries named Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam on the Prasthanatrayi – Brahma Sutra, the Bhagavad Gita, and eleven Upanishads. These commentaries were released on 10 April 1998 by the then Prime Minister of India, Atal Behari Vajpayee. He made Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam on Narada Bhakti Sutra in 1991. Rambhadracharya then renewed—after five hundred years—the tradition of Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi. His commentary was also the second Sanskrit commentary on Prasthanatrayi of Ramananda Sampradaya, an the first was made by Ramananda himself and it was named Ānandabhāṣyam. Rambhadracharya's commentary in Sanskrit on the Prasthanatrayi was the first written in almost 600 years.

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Other Sanskrit commentaries
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Hindi commentaries
Hindi commentaries

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Reviews

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Speeches
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Critical edition of Ramcharitmanas
Rambhadracharya's most controversial work was the critical edition of the Ramcharitmanas. It was published as the Tulsi Peeth edition. It was said that he changed the epic, but the dispute ended when Rambhadracharya said sorry for any problem caused by the publication. A writ was also filed against him but it was not accepted. This edition was published in 2005 by Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas.

Audio and video
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Timeline of Works

Footnotes

References

Notes

Works cited

Other websites

 
 

Indian literature
Popes Clement may mean:

Pope Clement I saint, (88–98)
Pope Clement II (1046–1047)
Pope Clement III (1187–1191)
 Antipope Clement III
Pope Clement IV (1265–1268)
Pope Clement V (1305–1314) 
Pope Clement VI (1342–1352) 
Pope Clement VII (1523–1534) 
 Antipope Clement VII 
Pope Clement VIII (1592–1605)
Pope Clement IX (1667–1669)
Pope Clement X (1670–1676)
Pope Clement XI (1700–1721)
Pope Clement XII (1730–1740)
Pope Clement XIII (1758–1769)
Pope Clement XIV (1769–1774)

Clement
Boboli's Garden is a historical park in Florence, Italy near Porta Romana, joined with Pitti Palace and Forte di Belvedere. The garden is visited every year by 800.000 tourists. It is really famous for the beauty flowers and for the very old sculptures.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

Botanical gardens in Europe
Buildings and structures in Florence
Artyom Alexandrovich Anoufriev (born in October 4, 1992) and Nikita Vakhtangovich Lytkin (born in March 24, 1993 – died in November 30, 2021) () are two serial killers from Irkutsk, Russia.
Murder victims 
December 1, 2010 - Danil Semyonov (age 12)
December 16, 2010 - Olga Pirog (age 69)
January 1, 2011 - unknown homeless man
February 21, 2011 - Alexander Maximov
March 11, 2011 - Roman Faizullin
April 3, 2011 - unknown homeless woman (born in 1948)

Sources 
 Detainees in the case of serial murders in Irkutsk were neo-Nazis
 Kids find and a dead body and………… 
 Interview with Anoufriev
  

2010 crimes
Murder in 2011
Russian criminals
Serial killers
Enrico Fermi's paradox wonders why, with the age and size of the universe and billions of stars and planets that have existed for billions of years, we have not detected any other alien civilizations. There have been attempts to resolve the Fermi paradox by finding evidence of alien civilizations, along with thoughts that such life could exist without humans knowing.

The physicist Enrico Fermi first asked the question in an informal discussion in 1950. A paper by Michael H. Hart in 1975 made scientists more curious and they began to study the question in more detail. This is why some people call it the Fermi–Hart paradox. Other common names for the same phenomenon are Fermi's question ("Where are they?"), the Fermi Problem, the Great Silence, and silentium universi (Latin for "the silence of the universe"; the misspelling silencium universi is also common).

Why interstellar communication is difficult
Space is deep 
Extraterrestrial life might exist, but humans may not know about it. To send signals across long distances in our galaxy, and the universe, is difficult. This is because the power output needed to project the signal would be very large. Coherent (laser-like) signals travel at the speed of light, but our own galaxy is 100,000 light years across. Alien civilizations may not be able to detect the signal, or they may not understand the communication or the method used to communicate.

Space is dusty 
Space is full of dust clouds and magnetic fields, which would disturb or eliminate even a coherent (laser-like) beam of electromagnetic radiation. Thousands of tons of cosmic dust  are thought to reach the Earth's surface every year. A signal would face much interference in any long-distance travel across space.

If it is difficult or impossible for us, it may also be difficult for other forms of life. As for other galaxies, the Andromeda galaxy is 2.5 million light years away.
Time 
In our Galaxy, the time it takes for signals to travel is very large. Vast eras of time would pass before a reply could be received. There are theories about "worm-holes" in space in which communication could be sent through space more quickly, but these are just theories now. There is still a desire for space travel. Locally in the Solar System, the main goal is to get minerals which are scarce on Earth.

Related pages 
 Carl Sagan
 Drake equation

References

Extraterrestrial life
Paradoxes
In 1961, Frank Drake wrote down an equation for the chance of a contactable alien civilization from another planet in the Milky Way Galaxy. This is known as the Drake Equation (sometimes called the Green Bank equation or the Green Bank Formula). Carl Sagan mentioned the Drake equation so often that it has been mistaken for the 'Sagan equation'.

The equation
The Drake equation states that:

where:

N = the number of civilizations in our galaxy with which communication might be possible;

and
and

R* = the average rate of star formation per year in our galaxy
fp = the fraction of those stars that have planets
ne = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that has planets
fℓ = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life at some point
fi = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop intelligent life
fc = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space
L = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into space.
Solving it 
We don't know the solution to the equation. 
Although written as an equation, Drake's formulation is not particularly useful for getting a value of .  The last four parameters,  and  are not known. They are very hard to guess, with values ranging over many orders of magnitude. Therefore, the SETI League says the importance of the Drake equation is not in solving it, but in thinking about it. It may be more useful to think of it as a series of questions framed as a numbers game.

Related pages
Fermi paradox

References 

Equations 
Extraterrestrial life
The Voyager Golden Records are records that contain sounds and images chosen to show the life and culture on Earth. They show photographs of life on earth, including nature, cities, people and animals. They also have greetings recorded in 55 languages, songs from around the world, and non-musical sounds. The record gives specific instructions and distance measurements that can be used to pinpoint Earth's location as well. The record was designed by a team headed by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life.

These records which were sent in the Voyager spacecraft in 1977, are for alien life forms to see. The outside of the record is designed so that aliens could understand, with instructions about how to play the record next to images. However, the records can be seen as a symbol rather than a serious attempt to contact alien life forms.

Related pages
Carl Sagan
Fermi paradox
Contents of the Voyage Golden Records

Voyager program
Extraterrestrial life
Parga was an ancient city of Greece. Ibrahim Pasha came from Parga. Ibrahim Pasha was the biggest vizier of the Ottoman Empire. 

Ancient Greek cities
Pope Urban IV (; c. 1195  – October 2, 1264), born Jacques Pantaléon, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the 183rd Pope from 1261 to 1264.

Early life
Pantaléon was the son of a cobbler of Troyes in France.  He studied theology and common law in Paris. He served the church as a canon, as a deacon and as an archdeacon.

Bishop
Pope Innocent IV made Pantaléon the Bishop of Verdun in 1253.

In 1255, Pope Alexander IV made him Patriarch of Jerusalem.

Cardinal
He was not a cardinal. There were several Popes who were not Cardinals. Some of these were Pope Urban V and Pope Urban VI.

Pope
Patriarch Pantaléon was on August 29, 1261. He chose to be called Urban IV.

As pope, he was deeply involved in the conflict between Guelphs and Ghibelines in Italy.

After his death
He was buried in the cathedral at Perugia.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Popes in sequence
 GCatholic, Pope Urban IV
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Anchero Cardinal Pantaléon, nephew of Urban IV
 

French popes
1190s births
1264 deaths
People from Troyes
A midget is a word that is used to describe people who are quite short. A midget is not somebody with dwarfism; a midget is a person that has the same proportions of body parts as an averaged-sized human being. The word midget can also sometimes be used as an insult. Sometimes, the word is used for people a foot below the normal height of a person.[source?]

References

Growth disorders
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a fictional reindeer character with a bright red nose who first appeared in 1939 in booklets. In the story, Rudolph gets teased by other reindeer until one foggy Christmas Eve Santa Claus comes around, asking him to guide Santa's sleigh. A Christmas song based on the story has been covered by such artists as Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Barry Manilow and The Supremes over the decades. Gene Autry was the singer of the original version.

Fictional animals
Christmas
Pain disorder is a condition where a patient experiences chronic pain in different places in the body; this pain seems to be caused by psychological stress. Treatment of the condition can be done with either therapy or drugs.

Pain
Ginger Rogers (born Virginia Katherine McMath, July 16, 1911 - April 25, 1995) was an American actress, dancer and singer. She was born in Independence, Missouri.  

During her long career, she made a total of 73 films, collaborating with Fred Astaire as a romantic lead actress and dancing partner in a series of ten Hollywood musical films that revolutionized the genre. 

She achieved great success on her own in a variety of film roles and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Kitty Foyle (1940). She ranks #14 on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars list of actress screen legends. She also appeared on numerous television programs. She died of a heart attack in Rancho Mirage, California.
1933–1939: Astaire and Rogers 
Rogers was most famous for her partnership with Fred Astaire. Together, from 1933 to 1939, they made nine musical films at RKO and one at MGM. They revolutionized the Hollywood musical, introducing dance routines of unprecedented elegance and virtuosity, set to songs specially composed for them by the greatest popular song composers of the day.

Films with Astaire 
Flying Down to Rio (1933) 
The Gay Divorcee (1934)
Roberta (1935) 
Top Hat (1935) 
Follow the Fleet (1936) 
Swing Time (1936) 
Shall We Dance (1937) 
Carefree (1938)
The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939)
The Barkleys of Broadway (1949)

Other websites 
 
Ginger Rogers at 92 dances salsa with her grandson. 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Missouri
American dancers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Independence, Missouri
Singers from Missouri
1911 births
1995 deaths
Independence is a city in the northwest part of the US state of Missouri, not far from Kansas City. In 2010, about 116,830 people lived there.

History
Independence was created on March 28, 1827. It was an important place for the Oregon Trail. This is because the trail started here.

Independence had two battles in the American Civil War. One is the  on August 11, 1862. The other is the  on October 21-22, 1864.

President Harry S. Truman lived in Independence for a long time. The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum is in Independence.

Geography

Climate

People

2010 Census
In 2010, there were 116,830 people, 48,742 households, and 30,165 families living in Independence. The people were 85.7% White, 5.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.7% Pacific Islander, 3.2% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 7.7% of the people were Hispanic or Latino.
23% of the people were under 18 years old; 8.6% of the people were between 18 and 24 years old; 24.9% of the people were between 25 and 44 years old; 27.4% of the people were between 45 and 64 years old; 16.1% were 65 years old or older. 52% of the people were women, and 48% of the people were men.

References

Cities in Missouri
County seats in Missouri
Oregon Trail
10,000 Maniacs is an alternative rock group from Jamestown, New York. They have had different musicians and various lineups since they were created near 1981.

Discography

Albums

Studio albums

Extended plays
 Human Conflict Number Five (1982)
 You Happy Puppet (1989)
 Candy Everybody Wants (1993)
 Few & Far Between (1993)
 Triangles (2011)
 For Crying Out Loud (2016)

Live

Compilations

Singles

Other releases

References 

American rock bands
Musical groups from New York (state)
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Alternative rock bands
Musical groups established in 1981
Musical quartets
Lucius Annaeus Seneca was a Roman philosopher, poet and politician. He was born about 4 BC in Córdoba in Hispania (which is now  in Spain). Seneca's father was a writer known as Seneca the Elder. Seneca's mother was called Helvia. Seneca often lived in the city of Rome. He died by suicide in year 65.

During the reign of Roman emperor Claudius, Seneca was sent in exile to the island of Corsica for nine years. This act was caused by Messalina who was the wife of Claudius. In 49 AD Claudius married his own niece Agrippina, and she called Seneca back to Rome to be a tutor for her son Nero. Nero became emperor in 54 AD, and Seneca helped him to rule the Roman Empire for the next five years. After 59 AD, Nero became like a tyrant, and Seneca lost control over him. In 65 AD Nero accused Seneca of helping the people in the Pisonian conspiracy who wanted to kill Nero. Seneca was probably innocent, but Nero forced Seneca to kill himself.
Writings
Seneca was a very famous writer. He wrote books on philosophy, and he also wrote plays. Most of his books still exist.

His philosophy books were about Stoicism. These books include his Letters to Lucilius and his Essays (or "Dialogues"). Seneca wanted to find the right way for people to be happy, so he wrote about ethics. He believed that some emotions, including anger and grief, are bad and should be avoided. He wrote about the shortness of life, and he wrote about favours, mercy, friendship, and the need to help other people.

His plays are tragedies. They are based on Greek mythology, and have titles such as: Hercules, Trojan Women, Phoenician Women, Phaedra, and Oedipus.

0s BC births
65 deaths
Ancient Roman poets
Roman politicians
Ancient Roman philosophers
Ancient Roman playwrights
People from Córdoba, Andalusia‎
Meredith Baxter (born June 21, 1947), or Meredith Baxter-Birney, is an American actress. She was born in South Pasadena, California. She has been in numerous sitcoms and television movies. She is openly lesbian. She is an alcoholic and is a breast cancer survivor.

References

Other websites

Actors from Pasadena, California
LGBT people from California
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Lesbians
LGBT actors
1947 births
Living people
Meredith Brooks (born June 12, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. She was born in Oregon City, Oregon. She is best known for her 1997 single "Bitch" which reached No.6 in the UK and No.2 in the United States.

References

Musicians from Oregon
Singers from Oregon
Living people
1958 births
Rohtas Fort (,Qila Rohtas) is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri. This fort is about 4 km in circumference and the first example of the successful combination of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the Indian subcontinent.

References

 Ihsan H Nadiem, Rohtas: Formidable Fort of Sher Shah. Lahore:  Sang-e-Meel Publications, .
 Basheer Ahmad Khan Matta, Sher Shah Suri: A Fresh Perspective. Karachi: Oxford University Press, .
Institute of Architects, Pakistan Rawalpindi-Islamabad Chapter Arch Vision 2002”.
”Rohtas Fort” article by Major General Mian Hayauddin

Other websites

UNESCO World Heritage Centre Web page. It has a panograph of the Qila Rohtas.
Rohtas Conservation page on the Himalayan Wildlife Foundation website 
Rohtas fort latest pictures

World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
Buildings and structures in Pakistan
Forts in Asia
16th-century buildings and structures
FatRat is an open source extensible download manager for Linux. It is built on top of the Trolltech Qt 4 library in C++. Developing of this program was started in November 2006. FatRat provides few advanced features such as speed limiting, segmented downloads.

It supports a lot of download and file exchange protocols, such as HTTP, Proxy/SOCKS5, FTP, BitTorrent (through libtorrent). Internationalization of interface is carried out with the help of Qt Linguist. FatRat also has RSS feed and podcasts support, and it can work with RapidShare web-storage service and with Dropbox and OpenSubtitles.

Available as a package of the most popular Linux repositories, such as Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora.

Main features 

Features and characteristics:
HTTP(S)/FTP downloads
 FTP uploads
 BitTorrent support
 Torrent search
 Support for SOCKS5 and HTTP proxies
 RapidShare.com FREE downloads
 RapidShare.com uploads
 RapidShare.com link verification and folder extraction
 RapidSafe link decoding
 Subtitle search
 Scheduler
 Remote control via Jabber
 Remote control via a web interface
 RSS feed and podcasts support

References 

Free software
Pope Urban VIII (; 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 236th Pope from 1623 to 1644.

Early life 
Maffeo Barberini was born in 1568 into the Barberini family of Florence in Italy. His studies led to a doctorate of law from the University of Pisa in 1589.

Bishop
In 1604, Pope Clement VIII appointed Barberini Archbishop of Nazareth.  He was transferred by Pope Paul V who made him the Bishop of Spoleto in 1608.

Cardinal
In 1606, Paul V raising Barberini to be Cardinal of S. Pietro in Montorio.

Pope
Cardinal Barberini was elected pope on August 6, 1623; and took the name Urban VIII.

Pope Urban was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

During his reign, the papal palace at Castel Gandolfo was built.

Pope Urban caused the baldachin to be built over the central alter in St. Peter's Basilica.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Urban VIII
 GCatholic, Pope Urban VIII
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Barberini

Italian popes
People from Florence
1568 births
1644 deaths
was a Japanese samurai and diplomat.  He was the first diplomat from Japan to visit Spain, France, Italy and the Vatican.

The Roman Senate made Hasekura a citizen and a patrician of Rome.

Early life
Hasekura was a retainer of Date Masamune.  Date was the daimyo of Sendai.

Keichō Embassy
Hasekura headed a diplomatic mission from Japan to the Vatican. The trip lasted seven years from 1613-1620,  This historic journey is called the . Hasekura was the first Japanese ambassador in the Americas and in Europe. 
  

Hasekura traveled with a group across the Pacific Ocean to Mexico. They sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe.

Hasekura returned to Japan by crossing Mexico from east to west in 1618.  The Japanese sailed from Acapulco for the Philippines.  From Manila, they sailed north to Japan in 1620.

The story of Hasekura was unknown in Japan until the 19th century. This early diplomacy not included in official histories written in Japan in the 17th and 18th centuries.  Information about this embassy
Hasekura was a subject of interest in Europe.  In 1615, Scipione Amati published a book about Haskeura's journey.  In 1616, a book about the Japanese diplomats was published in French in Paris.

Legacy
In 1873, Japanese diplomats traveled to Europe.  They were surprised to learn about Hasekura.  The diplomacy of Hasekura was forgotten because of the Sakoku policy of isolation.

There are statues of Hasekura in Japan, Cuba, Spain, and Italy.

Many people in Coria del Río, Spain have the surname "Japón". These are descendants of the Japanese travelers.

Comet
A minor comet   11514 Tsunenaga was named after Hasekura in 1991.

Memory of the World Programme
Spanish and Japanese archives have documents from the Hasekura mission.  The letter carried by Hasekura to the King of Spain is in Seville, Spain.  The paper proof of Haskura's Roman citizenship is in Sendai, Japan.  These bits of history are proposed for UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme.

Related pages
Edo period

References

Other websites
Other websites

The Epic journey of Hasekura Tsunenaga

1571 births
1622 deaths
People from Sendai
Japanese diplomats
Maria Owings Shriver, (born May 6, 1955) is an American author and journalist.

Early life
Shriver was born on May 6, 1955 in Chicago, Illinois. Her parents were Sargent Shriver and Eunice Kennedy. Her uncles were John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Ted Kennedy. Her cousins are Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Caroline Bouvier Kennedy and John F. Kennedy Jr.

Journalism career
She was co-anchor of NBC News and covered 1988 Summer Olympics. She has won many Emmy Awards.

Personal life
In addition, she is former First Lady of California and wife of former Governor and actor Arnold Schwarzenegger, from whom she is currently separated.

1955 births
Living people
Journalists from Chicago
Kennedy family
Writers from Chicago
Emmy Award winners
The Mexican Revolution was brought on by a major armed struggle in Mexico that started in 1911 by an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against the long dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz.

Under his rule, power was concentrated in the hands of a select few, and the people had no power to express their opinions or to select their public officials.  Wealth was likewise concentrated in the hands of the few, and injustice was everywhere in the cities and the countryside alike

The revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarian movements. Over time, it changed from a simple revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war.

There was less fighting after 1920, when Álvaro Obregón, the most important revolutionary leader who was still alive, became the president of Mexico.

References 

20th century in Mexico
20th-century rebellions
Civil wars
Revolutions
1910s conflicts
1920s conflicts
Wars involving North America
Estée Lauder Companies are an organization that manufactures, markets and sells perfume, skin care, hair care and cosmetics. This company was named after a person called Estée Lauder.

Overview 
It was established in 1946 in New York City. 

In 1960, the office in London was opened.

In 1964, Aramis fragrance for men was presented.

In 2010, the company bought Smashbox Beauty Cosmetics, Inc.

References 

1946 establishments in the United States
1940s establishments in New York (state)
Companies based in New York City
Perfumery
Cosmetics companies
A tanning bed is a device that emits ultraviolet radiation to give people a tan (make their skin darker).  Like the sun, a tanning bed can also cause a sunburn if the person stays in too long.  There are many kinds of tanning beds, but most look like the one in the photo.

History
Tanning beds became popular in Europe and America because of the work of Friedrich Wolff around 1979.  He patented his design and charged others to use his ideas. His company, "Wolff Systems" does not build the tanning beds, they research and design for the tanning lamp. Some of the early adopters of the Wolff technology include ETS, Inc., SCA, Sun Industries, Inc., Montego Bay, Sunal. Later, Friedrich sold Wolff Systems to his brother Jorg Wolff, who was the founder of Cosmedico, Ltd., another pioneer in the tanning industry.