Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Irish elk (Megaloceros giganteus) was one of the largest deer that ever lived. Its range extended across Eurasia, from Ireland to east of Lake Baikal and China.

The last known remains of the species have been carbon dated to about 7,700 years ago. Most skeletons have been found in Irish bogs. It was not closely related to either of the living species currently called elk  Alces alces (the European elk, or moose) or Cervus canadensis (the North American elk or wapiti). For this reason, the name "Giant Deer" is sometimes used.

Description
Megaloceros giganteus first appeared about 400,000 years ago. It stood about  tall at the shoulders, and had the largest antlers of any known deer (a maximum of  from tip to tip and weighing up to ).
In body size, the Irish Elk matched the living moose subspecies (Alces alces gigas) as the largest known deer. The Irish Elk got to a mass of  about , with large specimens having weighed  or more, roughly similar to the Alaskan Moose. A significant collection of M. giganteus skeletons can be found at the Natural History Museum in Dublin.
Evolution of antler size
The size of Irish Elk antlers is distinctive, and several theories have arisen as to their evolution. One theory was that their antlers, under constant and strong sexual selection, increased in size because males were using them in combat for access to females. It was also suggested that they eventually became so unwieldy that the Irish Elk could not carry on the normal business of life and so became extinct. This is simply nonsense, because no species survives that long if it is not effective in its habitat. Also, many other Pleistocene megafauna went extinct within a few thousand years of the end of the ice age. The Irish Elk is no different in that respect.
Larger deer species have antlers that are more than proportionately larger. This is due to allometry, or differential growth rate of body size and antler size during development. This suggests that the antlers of the species' ancestors were already large to begin with. Gould concluded that the large antler size and their position on the skull was very much maintained by sexual selection. Although they were ill-suited for combat between males, they were ideal to intimidate rivals or impress females. Unlike other deer, M. giganteus did not even have to turn its head to present the antlers to best effect, but could do this by simply looking straight ahead.

Extinction
Theories about the extinction of ice age megafauna are of two kinds. One is that climate change was primary; the other claims that hunting by man was primary. Probably both causes contributed.
High amounts of calcium and phosphate compounds are needed to form antlers, and therefore large quantities of these minerals are required for the massive structures of the Irish Elk. The males (and male deer in general) met this requirement partly from their bones, replenishing them from food plants after the antlers were grown or reclaiming the nutrients from discarded antlers (as has been observed in extant deer). Thus, in the antler growth phase, Giant Deer were suffering from a condition similar to osteoporosis.

When the climate changed at the end of the last glacial period, the vegetation in the animal's habitat also changed. However, the most recent specimen of M. giganteus in northern Siberia, dated to 8,000 years ago – well after the end of the last glacial period – shows no sign of nutrient stress. They come from a region with a continental climate where the proposed vegetation changes had not (yet) occurred.
The disappearance of the local populations of Irish Elk is not surprising, because as climate warmed they would be separated from each other by water. The situation is less clear for the Irish Elk in continental Eurasia east of the Urals. A combination of human presence along rivers and slow decrease in habitat quality in upland areas presented the last Irish Elk with the choice of either good habitat but considerable hunting pressure, or general absence of humans in a suboptimal habitat.

References

Other websites

Deer
Fossils
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of Asia
Megafauna
Many people have been killed for being a homosexual. Killings of homosexuals are only practice in the Middle East and North Africa, where homosexuals are believed to be the reason for famines and other disastrous events. In other parts of the world, homosexuals can be charged to life in prison to a warning from local police. In some countries, homosexuals are given the right to be who they are and are protected by law.

List 
 John Atherton (1598-1640), Bishop of Waterford and Lismore
 Jacopo Bonfadio (c1508-1550), Italian humanist and historian
 Francesco Calcagno (1528-1550), Venician Franciscan friar.
 Giovanni di Giovanni (1350-1365), 15 year old Italian boy charged with being "a public and notorious passive sodomite"
 Lisbetha Olsdotter (died 1679), Swedish cross-dresser and early female soldier (disguised as a man).
 Dominique Phinot (c1510-c1556), French composer of the Renaissance

References

Executed for homosexuality
1,112 and Counting is an essay that was written by novelist and playwright Larry Kramer in 1983. It was published in the New York Native. The newspaper is a gay daily newspaper for the LGBT community. It was believed to be one of the first major essays to be written about the AIDS crisis. The essay begins with the HIV death toll at the time. Many homosexuals did not like the essay. This was because the essay blamed them for the wide spread of the disease. Many others did not like it because Kramer was accused of being a 'self-hating gay man'. This was because of his novel Faggots which gave negative views on casual and anonymous sex.

The essay helped influence much of queer writing. It also helped Kramer's reputation as an gay rights advocate.

References

Other websites 
 The full text of "1,112 and Counting"

American essays
HIV/AIDS
1983 works
"Adam and Steve" is a phrase that was created from a conservative Christian slogan "God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve". It was created to summarize Judeo-Christian bible-based arguments against homosexual practices or homosexuality. The slogan also expresses that heterosexuality is the natural way of life for humanity. 

The phrase appeared on a protest sign as early as 1977. It was mentioned in a New York Times report about a November 19 rally in Houston, Texas that year. In 1979, Jerry Falwell helped the phrase to become popular. This happened after a press conference he held for Christianity Today. Many LGBT people have made movies and plays based on the phrase. Paul Rudnick wrote the play The Most Fabulous Story Ever Told, which has a gay couple named Adam and Steve. In 2005, a gay movie was released with the title Adam & Steve.

References

Books
 Katha Pollitt, Adam and Steve — Together at Last, The Nation, 15 December 2003.

Homophobia
Latin music is a form of popular music played by from Latin America. For practical purposes that includes the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. Much Latin music is accompanied by song (singing) in Spanish.

Latin music is a part of world music, which is the study of popular and traditional music in all countries. Part of the story is also the influence of Latin music in other parts of the world, especially North America.

In discussing Latin music these themes are important:
 Place: the country and sometimes the region of the music's origin.
 The former European colonial power and its heritage
 The culture of aboriginal inhabitants (the Indian tribes)
 The culture of slaves brought from Africa
 Musical style; for instance, church music will be different from art music, and different again from popular music. In this article we shall talk mostly about popular music.
For example, differences in the music of Peru from that of Brazil are influenced or caused by such differences:
 Peru had few African slaves. Its colonial power was Spain, and its Indian culture was and is quite strong. Most of the population is of mixed European and Indian descent.
 Brazil had many African slaves, especially in the Bahia province, and today has many people of mixed descent. Its colonial power was Portugal, and its people speak Portuguese, not Spanish. It is also geographically a vastly different country from Peru.
The influence of Europe 
The influence of Europe, and in particular Spain, to Latin music is as follows:
 Musical notation. Not only does this allow music to be played by any groups who wish to, it enables composers to make money. In turn, this encourages musicians to write down the music and get it published. When music is published, it can give us a record of music which is no longer played regularly or even forgotten.
 European musical instruments. In every single South American and most Caribbean islands, the Spanish guitar is the most common instrument. In addition, variations of the guitar such as the Cuban tres and the Puerto Rican quattro, are widespread. Other important instruments are the cornet (later, the trumpet), the piano, the double bass, the violin and other instruments.
Systematic teaching for composers, musicians and singers began with the first cathedral in Cuba (in Santiago de Cuba). The idea of formal instruction is used widely today to get a kind of uniformity, so that a band can replace a musician with another one who can perform to a similar standard.
The influence of Africa 
The influence of Africa comes mostly from slaves who originally belonged to the Yoruba, Dahomey and Congo peoples. Its importance in a Latin country varies according to whether many slaves were brought to that country hundreds of years ago. The freeing (liberation) of slaves took place at various times from the middle to the end of the 19th century. In Latin music its influence was:
 Percussion: most types of percussion, especially drums. In Cuba there were originally about 100 different types of drum. This has been simplified to only three in common use: the conga drums, the bongos, and the timbales. The first two are of African origin. Other examples of African percussion instruments are the clavés, and the shekeres.Percussion is very important in almost any Afro-Latin group or orchestra. It is common for a conjunto (musical group) of ten or 12 musicians to have half of them playing percussion, and for even the stringed instruments to be plucked rather than bowed.
Call and response in both music and song is common. A famous example is in the film Casablanca between the character Sam (Arthur "Dooley" Wilsonn) nd the band in the song Knock On Wood:CALL: Who's got trouble?RESPONSE: We've got trouble!CALL: How much trouble?RESPONSE: Too much trouble!
Just as the Spanish brought the Catholic church, so the slaves brought their African religions, which today go by various names. The word santería means the fusion of catholic saints and African spirits, so for example the African orisha (spirit) Babalú is the counterpart of the Catholic saint San Lazaro. The Yoruban religion in Cuba is usually called regla de ocha, while the Brazilian version of the same religion is called conbomblé.The ancient religions were not just a set of beliefs; they were the center of life in an uncertain world. The slaves brought their beliefs, their dances, their music, their instruments and their ceremonies with them in their minds. Where their masters allowed it, they reproduced the culture they had left behind. Since then, it has heavily influenced popular music in the Afro-Latin countries.
Influence of indigenous peoples
West of the Andes, the music is clearly influence by the indigenous Indian peoples. The panpipes and flutes of Peru are distinctive, as is their most popular rhythms. In Ecuador forms of the flute occur, but most of the music is influenced by the European waltz (as the pasillo) and by various Afro-Latin styles from the Caribbean. Chile has the cueca, introduced in 1824. It was the "most popular air of Chile". Despite this, the influence of the indigenous Indian peoples on Latin music is much less noticeable than the influence of European and African music. There are dozens of folk rhythms which survive, but usually they have had had little or no effect outside their particular locale, whereas the influence of the Spanish and African peoples is seen almost everywhere. In Argentina, the famous tango uses a rhythmical device known as the cinquillo. This is a syncopated rhythm similar to that in the Cuban habanera. Syncopation and polyrhythms are unmistakable signs of Africa
. Argentine music has a number of folk tunes and rhythms of Indian origin, but the tango is dominant and the other rhythms are not.
Latin Music in North America 
Lydia Mendoza (19162007), a singer of Mexican descent, became the first American-born Hispanic to record a song in Spanish (1928). Hispanics recording music was rare during the early 1900s. In 1960s, Tejano music (in Southern United States, Mexico), Spanish folk (in Spain), salsa (in Puerto Rico), cumbia (in South America), and bachata (in Dominican Republic) were the most popular forms of Latin music at the time.

Latin music became very popular in North America and the United States in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, especially mambo, cha-cha-cha, Boogaloo and Latin soul. The popular television program I Love Lucy (1951-57) featured the character Ricky Ricardo, who was the bandleader of a Cuban orchestra in New York.
In the 1970s, bolero became a popular music genre in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rican singer Hector Lavoe became one of its important musicians. In the United States, many Hispanics were discriminated against for speaking Spanish. Because of this, many children and young adults favored English music such as rock and roll and tried not to speak Spanish outside of their home. In the 1980s, Latin music started becoming popular again. American music magazine, Billboard added several Latin music-categories. These include Top Latin Albums, Regional Mexican Albums, Tropical Albums and the Latin Pop Albums chart. Because of this, younger generations became interested in recording Latin music. During the late 1980s, freestyle music became a popular Latin music genre. Freestyle music was rarely recorded in Spanish.
In the 1990s, artists including Selena, Gloria Estefan, Luis Miguel, and Thalía became popular in this decade. They helped Latin music and recording Latin music popular for young children and adults. Selena became the most popular Latin artist of the United States in 1995, when she was murdered at 23. She became the first and only Latin artist to peak an album that contained mostly Spanish music at number one on the Billboard 200 chart. At the time of her death, she was competing with Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson with her album Dreaming of You (1995) which sold 3,000,000 copies its first year. Enrique Iglesias, Shakira, Marc Anthony, Ricky Martin, and Jennifer Lopez became popular in the mid and late 1990s.
In the 2000s, Latin music began to see a decrease of music sales. Tejano music became less popular, although the "Queen of Tejano music", Selena became the "Top Latin Artist of the Decade" by Billboard magazine in 1999. Shakira, Ricky Martin, and Jennifer Lopez continued to become more popular and had number one singles and albums in the Billboard 200. Marc Anthony, Aventura, Don Omar, and Enrique Iglesias remained popular in the Latin scene. In the 2010s, Prince Royce, Pitbull, Romeo Santos, and Wisin & Yandel became popular during this decade. Jennifer Lopez, Ricky Martin, and Shakira crossover into English music with some Spanish releases. In the 2010s, bachata music became popular because of Prince Royce and Romeo Santos. As of 2012, Selena remains the best-selling Latin artist with 60,000,000 copies sold worldwide. Jennifer Lopez is second with 55,000,000 copies sold worldwide.

References
Usher is the debut album by American singer Usher. It was released on August 30, 1994 on LaFace Records.

History 
The album reached number 167 on the Billboard 200 chart. It was given positive reviews from music critics.

Track listing

Sample credits
"Think of You" is a sample of "Tidal Wave" recorded by Ronnie Laws.

References

Other websites 
 
 Usher at Discogs

1994 albums
Usher albums
R&B albums
My Way is the second studio album by American singer Usher. It was released by LaFace Records on September 16, 1997. The album had three singles "Nice & Slow", "My Way" and "You Make Me Wanna...".

History 
The album debuted at number 15 on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold 66,000 copies the first week. It also debuted at number four on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It reached number one for three weeks. My Way was then certified 6x Platinum for shipping 6,000,000 copies in the United States. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award. It also became his "breakthrough album". Many music critics gave positive reviews for the album.

Track listing

Sample credits
 "Come Back" has a sample of "Funky" by the Ultramagnetic MCs.
 "One Day You'll Be Mine" has a sample of "Footsteps in the Dark" by The Isley Brothers.

References

Other websites 
 mtv.com page on My Way

1997 albums
Usher albums
8701 is the third studio album by American singer Usher. It was released by Arista Records on August 7, 2001.

History 
Recording the album took place in 2000 and 2001. The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold 210,000 copies the first week. In 18 weeks it sold 1,940,000 copies.

It has sold 4,700,000 copies in the United States. The album has sold over 8,000,000 copies worldwide. It was certified 4x Platinum by the RIAA. It reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and the Canadian Albums Chart. In Australia, it was certified 2x Platinum and Platinum by the BPI.

The album was given positive reviews from music critics. Many liked Usher's "matured voice" and the instruments Usher used to record the songs.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits for 8701 from Allmusic.

 David Ashton – Assistant engineer
 Producer, Instrumentation – Bryan-Michael Cox
 Brian Garten – Engineer
 Kevin Guarnieri – Engineer, Assistant Engineer
 Performer – Puff Daddy
 David Rideau – Engineer
 Usher – Vocals
Charts

Chart positions

Certifications

Decade-end charts

Release history

References 

2001 albums
Usher albums
Confessions is the fourth studio album by American singer Usher. It was released on March 23, 2004 from Arista Records. The album was recorded between 2003 and 2004. It was produced by Jermaine Dupri, Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis, and Lil Jon. Confessions is an R&B album with some hip hop and crunk styles. The album's theme had controversy. This was because of Usher's personal relationship. Producer, Jermaine Dupri later said that the album is about Usher's personal story.

The album was a success in the United States. It sold 1,095,000 copies the first week. It continued to sell more copies because of its four singles. A special edition version was released. It had the hit single "My Boo". This was to try and help the album sell more records and to stop bootlegging. Some music critics gave a mixed review for the album's lyrics. However, the album was given positive reviews. The album also won several awards. It won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album.
Confessions has sold 10,000,000 copies in the US. It was certified diamond by the RIAA. This means that the album shipped 10,000,000 copies. Many music critics believe the album was Usher's "greatest works". According to Billboard the album is the second best-selling album of the 2000s in the US. The album debuted at number one on many music charts around the world. It became the first album by Usher to do this.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits for Confessions from Allmusic.
Darcy Aldridge – Vocals (background)
 Bobby Ross Avila – Guitar, Piano, Scratching, Strings, Keyboards, Vocals (bckgr), Producer, Drum Programming, Wurlitzer, Moog Bass
 Dante E. Barton – Engineer
 Jason Boyd – Vocal Producer
 Valdez Brantley – Producer
 Bryan-Michael Cox – Producer
 Larry Cox – Keyboards
 Ian Cross – Engineer
 Kevin "KD" Davis – Engineer
 Vidal Davis – Producer, Mixing
 Jermaine Dupri – Producer, Mixing
 E Bass – Guitar
 Brian Frye – Engineer
 John Frye – Mixing
 Richard Furch – Mixing
 Sandy Garrett – Vocals (bckgr), Vocal Producer
 Serban Ghenea – Mixing
 Andre Harris – Producer, Mixing
 Rich Harrison – Producer, Instrumentation
 Delicia Hassan – Production Coordination
 Eddie Holland – Composer
 John Horesco IV – Engineer, Assistant
 Iz – Bass, Guitar, Percussion, Scratching, Drums, Keyboards, Producer, Moog Bass
 Jimmy Jam – Producer, Fender Rhodes
 LaMarquis Mark Jefferson – Bass
 Darrale Jones – A&R
 Just Blaze – Producer
 L-Roc – Keyboards
 James Lackey – Producer
Ken Lewis – Guitar, Engineer, Mixing
 Terry Lewis – Producer
 Anthony Mandler – Photography
 Matt Marrin – Engineer
 Manny Marroquin – Mixing
 Tony Maserati – Mixing
 Tadd Mingo – Assistant
 Johnny "Natural" Najara – Producer
 Paula Patton – Vocals (bckgr)
 Mark Pitts – A&R
 Herb Powers – Mastering
 Usher Raymond – Vocals (bckgr), Producer, Executive Producer
 Tim Roberts – Assistant
 Donnie Scantz – Engineer
 Jon Smeltz – Mixing
 Jan Smith – Vocal Producer, Vocal Coach
 Jonathon "Lil' Jon" Smith – Vocals (bckgr), Producer, Mixing
 Aaron Spears – Producer
 Patrice "ButtaPhly" Stewart – Vocals (bckgr)
 Arthur "Buddy" Strong – Producer
 Phil Tan – Mixing
 Robin Thicke – Producer, Instrumentation
 Ryan Toby – Vocal Producer
 The Trak Starz – Engineer
 Mark Vinten – Engineer
 D.L. Warfield – Design, Layout Design
 Ryan West – Engineer
 Ghian Wright – Assistant
 James "Big Jim" Wright – Bass, Producer, Wurlitzer

Charts

Weekly charts

Decade-end charts

References
References

Other websites
 Confessions at Discogs
 Confessions at Metacritic

2004 albums
Usher albums
Raymond v. Raymond is the sixth studio album by American singer Usher. It was released on March 26, 2010. Recording the album happened between 2008 and 2010. It was produced by Jermaine Dupri, The Runners, Ester Dean, Polow da Don, RedOne, Jim Jonsin, Danja, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, Bangladesh, and Tricky Stewart.

The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold 329,000 copies the first week. It sold over 1,000,000 copies in the United States. It was then certified platinum by the RIAA. This means that the album shipped 1,000,000 copies in the United States. Raymond v. Raymond released five singles. These include the hit single "Hey Daddy (Daddy's Home)", "Lil Freak", "There Goes My Baby", "OMG", and "More".
After the album was released, it was given mixed reviews from music critics. Many music critics did not like the lyrics and the themes of the songs. Others liked it. The album won several awards. It won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance. Usher went on his OMG Tour in 2011 to promote the album worldwide.

Track listing

Personnel 
Credits for Raymond v. Raymond from Allmusic.
Kory Aaron – assistant
 Marcella Araica – engineer
 Alex Barajas – assistant
 Tom Coyne – mastering
 Ian Cross – engineer, mixing, vocal engineer
 Aubry "Big Juice" Delaine – engineer
 Dylan "3-D" Dresdow – mixing
 Jermaine Dupri – mixing
 Joe Gallagher – assistant
 Conor Gilligan – assistant
 Matty Green – assistant
 Blake Harden – assistant
 Kemal Harris – stylist
 Patrick Hewlett – assistant
 Gordon Hogan – assistant
 Sam Holland – assistant
 John Horesco IV – engineer
 Bob Horn – mixing
 Jaycen Joshua – mixing
 Damien Lewis – assistant
 Giancarlo Lino – assistant
 Erik Madrid – assistant
 Michael Makowski – assistant
 Anthony Mandler – photography
 Rob Marks – engineer
 Frank Romano – guitar
Matt Marrin – engineer, mixing
 Manny Marroquin – mixing
 Thurston McCrea – assistant
 Andrew Mezzi – assistant
 Brandon Middleton – assistant
 Vernon Mungo – engineer
 Brandon Parks – assistant
 Nicole Patterson – make-up
 Jonetta Patton – artist development
 Karl Peterson – assistant
 Mark Pitts – executive producer, A&R
 Shawn Porter – groomer
 Usher Raymond – executive producer
 Rob Skipworth – engineer
 Tim Sonnefeld – mixing
 Brian Stanley – mixing
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 Jay Stevenson – engineer
 Phil Tan – mixing
 Matt Taylor – art direction, design
 Miles Walker – engineer
 Jason Wilkie – assistant
 will.i.am – engineer
 Tre Williams – engineer
 James Wisner – engineer
 Lauren Evans - background vocals

Charts

Chart positions

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

Other websites 
 
 Raymond v. Raymond at Discogs
 Raymond v. Raymond at Metacritic

2010 albums
Usher albums
Versus EP is the first extended play by American singer Usher. It was released on August 24, 2010 on LaFace Records and Jive Records. It was produced by Polow da Don, Jim Jonsin, Rico Love, Drumma Boy, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, Tha Cornaboyz and Max Martin. Versus was the "last chapter of Raymond v. Raymond". The songs talked about Usher being a single father.

The EP debuted at number four on the Billboard 200. It sold 46,000 copies the first week. It became Usher's sixth top-ten album in the United States. The album released two singles. These include "Hot Tottie" and "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love". Versus reached the top-20 in Canada, top-30 in France, top-40 in Germany, Belgium, and on the Dutch Albums Chart. Many music critics did not like that album was a "pop" album. However, it was given most positive reviews.

Track listing

Personnel
Credits for Versus from Allmusic.
The Avila Brothers - Producer
 Bobby Ross Avila - Synthesizer, Bass, Guitar, Strings, Composer, Vocoder, Fender Rhodes
 Issiah J. Avila - Composer
 Walid Azami - Photography
 Marc Benno - Composer
 Charlie Bisharat - Strings
 Benny Blanco - Drums, Keyboards, Programming, Remix Producer, Remix Engineer
 Heather Bright - Composer
 Al Burna - Vocal Engineer
 Shawn Carter - Composer
 Dru Castro - Harp
 Lysa Cooper - Stylist
 Tom Coyne - Mastering
 Ian Cross - Engineer
 Lisa D. Dandlinger - Strings
 Paul Dawson - Composer
 Ester Dean - Composer
 Aubry "Big Juice" Delaine - Engineer
 Aubry Delaine - Composer
 Lamar Edwards - Keyboards
 Lauren Evans - Vocals (bckgr)
 Bernard Freeman - Composer
 Serban Ghenea - Mixing
 Christopher "Drumma Boy" Gholson - Composer, Programming, Producer
 Matty Green - Assistant
 John Hanes - Mixing
 James Harris III - Composer
 Jennifer L. Heilig - Strings
 Patrick Hewlett - Assistant
 Sam Holland - Engineer
 Bob Horn - Mixing
 Hot Sauce - Keyboards
 Jimmy Jam - Strings, Producer
Jaycen Joshua - Mixing
 Jamal Jones - Composer
 Jim Jonsin - Keyboards, Programming, Producer
 Josh Mosser - Engineer
 Savan Kotecha - Composer
 Songa Lee - Strings
 Jeremy "J Boogs" Levin - Remix Production Coordinator
 Terry Lewis - Composer, Producer
 Giancarlo Lino - Assistant
 Rico Love - Composer, Vocals, Producer
 Ryon Lovett - Composer
Marjan Malakpour - Stylist
 Rob Marks - Engineer, Mixing
 Matt Marrin - Engineer
 Max Martin - Composer, Producer, Instrumentation
 Thurston McCrea - Assistant
 Andrew Mezzi - Assistant
 Danny Morris - Composer, Keyboards
 Dwayne Nesmith - Composer, Keyboards, Programming, Producer
 Alec Newell - Engineer
 Anthony Palazole - Assistant
 Joel Pargman - Strings
 Alexander "Prettyboifresh" Parhm, Jr. - Composer, Producer
 Nicole Patterson - Make-Up
 Jonnetta Patton - Artist Development
 Armando C. Perez - Composer
 Mark Pitts - Executive Producer
 Polow da Don - Producer
 Shawn Porter - Groomer
 Usher Raymond - Composer, Executive Producer
 Jeremy Reeves - Composer
 Tim Roberts - Assistant Engineer, Mixing Assistant
 Frank Romano - Guitar, Composer
 Ray Romulus - Composer
 Leon Russell - Composer
 Lisa Rydell - Art Direction, Design
 James Scheffer - Composer
 Shellback - Composer, Producer, Instrumentation
 Rob Skipworth - Engineer
 Brian Stanley - Mixing
 Mark "Spike" Stent - Mixing
The Stereotypes - Vocal Producer
 Jay Stevenson - Composer, Engineer, Mixing
 Jeremy Stevenson - Engineer
 Keith Thomas - Composer
 Usher - Vocals (bckgr)
 Jason Wilkie - Assistant
 Tremaine Williams - Engineer
 Evan Wilson - Strings
 James Wisner - Engineer
 Emily Wright - Engineer
 Christine Wu - Strings
 Andrew Wuepper - Assistant
 Jonathan Yip - Composer
Charts

Year-end charts

Release history

References

Other websites 
 
 Versus at Metacritic

Usher albums
2010 albums
Sharon Marie Tate (January 23, 1943 – August 9, 1969) was an American actress. She was married to movie director Roman Polanski.

Early life
Sharon Marie Tate was born in Dallas, Texas on January 23, 1943. She was the eldest daughter of a career army officer. So, her family had to move through various parts of the United States and Europe. As a child, her parents placed her in a beauty contest and she won.

Movies
Tate made her movie debut in Eye of the Devil in 1965. The movie producer, Martin Ransohoff, made a ten-minute documentary promoting her, called All Eyes on Sharon Tate.

Tate met Polanski while acting in his movie, The Fearless Vampire Killers. That movie was a comedy mocking Hammer Horror movies. Polanski married her in 1968. She was also in the comedy Don't Make Waves in 1967. In 1967, she was also in the movie Valley of the Dolls. In 1969, she was in the spy comedy The Wrecking Crew. Her last movie was an Italian slapstick comedy called 12+1.
Murder
On August 9, 1969, Tate was stabbed 16 times and then hanged by the neck from a ceiling beam. This was done at the orders of cult leader Charles Manson. Her unborn son, Paul, also died. The acts (four people were murdered) were done by the members of Manson's group, known as The Family.

Related pages 
 Tate murders

References

1943 births
1969 deaths
Actors from Dallas
American movie actors
American murder victims
Extras
Murdered actors
Murders by blade weapons
People murdered in California
Nastassja Kinski (born January 24, 1961)is a German-born American movie actress who has been in more than 60 movies. She is the daughter of German actor Klaus Kinski. Her movie debut was in The Wrong Move in 1975 at the age of 13. She starred in 1976 in To the Devil a Daughter. She was also in a television episode of Tatort called Reifezeugnis in 1976. That show was about a teenage girl in love with her teacher. She was then in Boarding School in 1976. She was also in Così come sei, also called Stay as You Are in 1978. She won a Golden Globe Award for her role in Tess.  The most recent movie she was in was Inland Empire (2006).
Personal life
At one point she dated Polish movie director Roman Polanski, who she met on the set of Tess.  She had a son with actor Vincent Spano. In the mid-1980s, Kinski met Egyptian movie maker Ibrahim Moussa. They married on September 10, 1984. They had two children. The marriage ended in 1992. From 1992 until 1995, Kinski lived with musician Quincy Jones. In 1993, their daughter was born.

References

Other websites

 Kinski's French language website 
 

1959 births
Living people
German movie actors
The album released three singles. These includes "Climax", "Scream", and "Lemme See". The song "Climax" reached the top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. However, it reached number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for ten weeks. The song "Scream" reached the top 10 on the Hot 100. Usher promoted the album. He done this by performing in the off-broadway show Fuerza Bruta: Look Up. He also performed the songs on the album at other shows and events including on Saturday Night Live, Good Morning America, and Capital FM Summer Time Ball.

After its release, the album was given positive reviews. Most reviews liked that the album had different music genres. Others did not like it. However, the album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold 128,000 copies the first week. It then became Usher's fourth number one album. However, the sales of the first week were the lowest since Usher's My Way album (1997).

Track listing

Personnel 
Credits for Looking 4 Myself from Allmusic.

Managerial
Managerial

 Usher Raymond IV - Executive Producer
 Mark Pitts - Executive Producer, A&R
 Jen Bui - Management
 Mr. Morgan - Management
 Kory Aaron - Assistant
 Diego Avendaño - Assistant
 Liz Bauer - Assistant
 Delbert Bowers - Assistant
 Nathan Burgess - Assistant
 Thomas Cullison - Assistant
 Jacob Dennis - Assistant
 Alex Fremin - Assistant

 Chris Galland - Assistant
 Phil Joly - Assistant
 Jaime Martinez - Assistant
 Dana Richard - Assistant
 Ramon Rivas - Assistant
 Ed Sanders - Assistant
 Max Unruh - Assistant
 Jorge Velasco - Assistant
 Randy Warnken - Assistant
 Eric Weaver - Assistant
 Matt Huber - Assistant

Performance credits

 Usher Raymond IV - Primary Artist
 Rick Ross - Featured Artist
 Luke Steele - Featured Artist

 Rico Love - Vocals
 Mashanda Huskey - Vocals
 Max Martin - Vocals (Background)

Visuals and imagery

 Francesco Carrozzini - Photography
 Curtis Smith - Groomer
 Ron Croudy - Art Direction

 Frank Zuber - Art Direction
 David Royer - Stylist
 Nicole Patterson - Make-Up
Instruments

 Andre Bowman - Bass
 Jim Jonsin - Keyboards
 Stephen Coleman - String Arrangements
 Czech Film Orchestra - Strings
 Vincent Henry - Saxophone
 Pierre Medor - Keyboards
 Daniel Morris - Keyboards

 Nico Muhly - Piano, String Arrangements, Strings
 Ariel Rechtshaid - Keyboards
 Shellback - Keyboards
 Salaam Remi - Bass, Drums, Guitar, Keyboards
 Frank Romano - Guitar
 Aaron Spears - Drums, Percussion

Technical and production
Juan Najera - Composer
 Wesley Pentz - Composer
 Carl Thompson - Composer
 Christopher Wallace - Composer
 Pharrell Williams - Composer
 Lundon "Da Bridge" Knighten - Composer
 Savan Kotecha - Composer
 Terry Lewis - Composer
 Eric Bellinger - Composer
 Sidney Brown - Composer
 Sean Combs - Composer
 Reginald Ellis - Composer
 Sean Fenton - Composer
 William M. Joel - Composer
 Nathaniel Hills - Composer
 William Roberts - Composer
 James Scheffer - Composer
 Ryon Lovett - Composer
 Klas Åhlund - Composer, Instrumentation, Producer
 Axel Hedfors - Composer, Instrumentation, Producer
 Steve Angello - Composer, Instrumentation, Producer
 Keith Harris - Composer, Instrumentation, Producer
 Sebastian Ingrosso - Composer, Instrumentation, Producer
 Alessandro Lindblad - Composer, Instrumentation, Producer
 will.i.am - Composer, Instrumentation, Producer
 Marcella "Ms. Lago" Araica - Composer, Mixing
 Kevin Cossom - Composer, Vocal Producer
 Shellback - Composer, Producer, Programming
Eric Goudy II - Composer, Drum Programming
 Earl Hood - Composer, Drum Programming
 Frank Romano - Composer,  Producer
 Rico Love - Composer, Producer
 Max Martin - Composer, Producer
 Pierre Medor - Composer, Producer
 Nickolas Marzouca - Composer, Engineer, Mixing
 Daniel Morris - Composer, Programming
 Usher Raymond IV - Composer, Liner Notes
 Ariel Rechtshaid - Composer, Synthesizer
 Andrew Coleman - Arranger, Digital Editing, Engineer
 Tom Coyne - Mastering
 Diplo - Producer
 Swedish House Mafia - Producer
 Jim Jonsin - Producer, Programming
 Gleyder "Gee" Disla - Engineer
 Mark "Exit" Goodchild - Engineer
 John Hanes - Engineer
 Matt Huber - Engineer
 Sam Holland Såklart - Engineer
 Phil Seaford - Assistant Engineer
 Dylan Dresdow - Mixing
 Serban Ghenea - Mixing
 Robert Marks - Mixing
 Manny Marroquin - Mixing
 Noel "Gadget" Campbell - Mixing
 Salaam Remi - Arranger, Composer, Producer
 Noah Shebib - Arranger, Composer, Instrumentation, Producer

Chart performance

Release history

References
References

Other websites 
 
 Looking 4 Myself at Discogs
 Looking 4 Myself at Metacritic

2012 albums
Usher albums
Live is a live album by American singer Usher. It was recorded on October 15 and 16, 1998 in Chattanooga, Tennessee. It was released on March 23, 1999 on LaFace Records. The album was released in audio-only and video versions. It was released because Usher's last album My Way was released in 1997. Live was filling the gap between his albums.

Live was given mixed to negative reviews. Many critics did not like the "poor live sound" of Usher's voice. Live reached number 73 on the Billboard 200. It also reached number 30 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. On the Top Music Videos chart, Live reached number 3. The album has sold over 200,000 copies in the United States. Both the audio ans video versions were gold by the RIAA. This means that 500,000 copies of the album were shipped in the United States.

Track listing

Charts and certifications

Chart positions

Certifications

References

1999 albums
Usher albums
Chattanooga, Tennessee
"Can U Get wit It" is a song by American singer Usher. It was the lead single from his debut album Usher (1994). It reached at number 59 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also reached number 91 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was produced by Jodeci's DeVante Swing.

Track listings
US Vinyl, 12"
 Can U Get Wit It [Extended Edit] 6:58
 Can U Get Wit It [Album Version] 4:56
 Can U Get Wit It [Instrumental - Album Version] 4:58
 Can U Get Wit It [TV track] 5:00

UK Vinyl, 12", Promo
 "Can U Get Wit It" [Radio Edit] 4:15
 "Can U Get Wit It" [Alternate Radio Edit] 4:14
 "Can U Get Wit It" [Gangsta Lean Edit] 5:49
 "Can U Get Wit It" [Extended Edit]  6:58

Charts

1994 songs
Usher songs
"Think of You" is a song by American singer Usher. It was the second single from his debut album Usher (1994). Usher co-wrote the song along with Donell Jones and Faith Evans. It is a sample of jazz singer Ronnie Law's song "Tidal Wave".

The song did better than the single "Can U Get wit It". It reached number seven on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It also reached number 58 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. "Think of You" also got to number 70 on the UK Singles Chart. The music video features Taral Hicks, who Usher is singing to.

Track listing
US Vinyl, 12"
Think Of You [So So Def Extended Mix] 5:10
Think Of You [Album Instrumental] 3:48
Think Of You [Album Mix] 3:48
Think Of You [Bad Boy Remix] 4:16
Think Of You [Bad Boy Instrumental] 4:16
Think Of You [So So Def Acapella] 3:38

UK CD single
"Think of You" [Album Version]
"Think of You" [So So Def Remix]
"Think of You" [So So Def Extended Mix]
"Think of You" [Album Instrumental]
"Think of You" [Bad Boy Remix]

Charts

1995 songs
Usher songs
In mathematics, the complex plane is used to help visualize complex numbers. The vertical line is called the imaginary axis, and the horizontal line is called the real axis. Any complex number can be written as a+bi, where a and b are real numbers, and i is the principal square root of -1. In the complex plane, you go a spaces on the real axis, and b spaces on the imaginary axis. The complex plane can also be expressed in the form of polar coordinates, where the size of the line is equal to the square root of a squared plus b squared, and the direction is an angle.

The complex plane can be used to draw the graphs of some functions, called complex functions, that can be used to study all kinds of things, like cars, airplanes, atoms and electricity.

Complex conjugates 

Every complex number z=a+bi has a complex conjugate. It is written as  and is equal to a-bi. The complex number and its conjugate can be represented on the complex plane—as mirror opposites about the real axis.

Related pages 

 Riemann sphere
Riemann sphere

References 

Complex analysis
"The Many Ways" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released as the last single from his debut album Usher (1994).

The song did not do so well on the music charts. It reached at number 42 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart. It did not chart on the Hot 100.

Track listing
US Single
1. Many Ways [Album Version]
2. Many Ways [Radio Version]
3. Many Ways [Album Instrumental]

Charts

1995 songs
Usher songs
"You Make Me Wanna..." is a song by American singer Usher. It was released by LaFace Records and Arista Records on August 5, 1997. It became the lead single from Usher's second album My Way (1997). The song was written by Usher and Jermaine Dupri and Manuel Seal. Dupri and Seal produced the song. The song is written in the key of E major. It is an R&B, soul, and pop ballad song. The song's instruments are the acoustic guitar, hi-hat, and bells. 

The song is about a relationship between Usher, his girlfriend, and her best friend, who Usher really likes. Usher uses a pick-up line "You make me wanna leave the one I'm with and start a new relationship with you". The line is the song's hook. The song was given positive reviews. It won a Billboard Music Award, a Soul Train Music Award, a WQHT Hip Hop Award, and a nomination for a Grammy Award.
"You Make Me Wanna..." reached several music charts. It was number one on the UK Singles Chart and the US Hot R&B Singles chart. It also reached the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100, Pop Songs, Canadian Singles Chart, Dutch Top 40, and the ARIA Singles Chart. The music video was directed by Bille Woodruff. It shows Usher dancing in several colored rooms and backgrounds. It also uses an effect which created several clones of Usher.

Track listings

Maxi single
 "You Make Me Wanna..." - 3:39
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (JD remix) - 3:39
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Lil' Jon's Eastside Remix) - 4:26
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Timbaland Remix) - 3:58
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (instrumental) - 3:17
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Lil Jon's Eastside remix instrumental) - 3:57

CD single
 "You Make Me Wanna..."
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Tuff Jam Classic Garage Mix)
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Tuff Jam Classic Garage instrumental)
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Tuff Jam UVM Dub Mix)
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (instrumental Dub Mix)
12-inch vinyl
 "You Make Me Wanna..." - 3:39
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (JD's Remix) - 3:39
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Lil' Jon's Eastside Remix) - 3:58
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (Timbaland's Remix) - 4:26
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (a cappella) - 3:39
 "You Make Me Wanna..." (instrumental) -3:17

Certifications

References

1997 songs
Usher songs
"Nice & Slow" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released as the second single from his second album My Way (1997). It became his first number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It also reached number 24 on the UK Singles Chart. Because of this, "Nice & Slow" was not a success in that country since his single "You Make Me Wanna..." reached number one.

It also became the last single from Usher's My Way album. It was written by Brian & Brandon Casey of Jagged Edge, Manuel Seal, Jermaine Dupri, and Usher. The music video for the song featured Kimora Lee Simmons.

Track listings
UK CD: 1

 "Nice & Slow"
 "Nice & Slow" (CD-Rom Video Element)
 "You Make Me Wanna..." / "Just Like Me" / "My Way" (Snippets)

US CD:2
 "Nice & Slow" (Album Version)
 "Nice & Slow" (Album Instrumental)

UK CD: 2

 "Nice & Slow" (Radio Version)
 "Nice & Slow" (Live Version)
 "Nice & Slow" (B-Rock's Basement Mix)
 "Nice & Slow" (Suli & Stef's Club Class Mix - UK Mix)

Charts

End of decade charts

References
References

1997 songs
Usher songs
"My Way" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from the album of the name name in 1998. It features Jermaine Dupri as backing vocalist. The song reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song did not reach number one because of Brandy Norwood and Monica's single "The Boy Is Mine". It spent 13 weeks at number two. Because "Nice & Slow" was not successful in the UK, "My Way" was not released as a single there.

Track listing
US Vinyl, 12"
 My Way [Remix W/J.D.] 3:37 Rap [Featuring] - Jermaine Dupri
 My Way [Remix Instrumental] 3:37
 My Way [Remix Acappella] 3:37 Rap [Featuring] - Jermaine Dupri
 My Way [Album Version] 3:38
 My Way [Instrumental] 3:36
 My Way [Acapella]

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

References

1998 songs
Usher songs
"Bedtime" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from his album My Way (1997) in 1998. It became the fourth and last single to be released from that album. "Bedtime" was released as a promotional recording. It reached number 66 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

Track listing
"Bed Time" [Album Version] - 4:45
"Bed Time" [Live Version] - 7:06

Charts

References 

1998 songs
Usher songs
"Pop Ya Collar" is a song by American singer Usher. It became a lead single from 8701 (2001). The song was leaked on the Internet as part of All About U, an unreleased album by Usher.

The song reached number 60 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was more successful in the United Kingdom where it reached number two on the UK Singles Chart. The song was about an upturned collar. It then became a popular culture "buzzword" at the time.

The catchphrase (or slang) helped the song to be released by other artists. These include "Pop Yo Collar" by MC Hammer (2000) and "Poppin' My Collar" by Three 6 Mafia (2006). However, the word originally came from the Bay Area artist E-40. Hammer's version (featuring Wee Wee) helped make "The Phat Daddy Pop", "In Pop Nito", "River Pop", "Deliver The Pop" and "Pop'n It Up" dance moves.

Track listing
UK CD

 "Pop Ya Collar" [Radio Version] 3:34
 "Pop Ya Collar" [GForce Jazz Step Vocal Mix] 6:16
 "My Way" [Remix With JD]

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts
Year-end charts

Certifications

References 

2001 songs
Usher songs
"U Remind Me" is a song by American singer Usher. It is from the album 8701 (2001). The song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It reached the top five in the United Kingdom and Australia.

The song talks about a man who meets a woman. He really likes her, however, he does not want a relationship with her. This is because she looks just like an ex-girlfriend who he had a bad breakup with. The music video features Chilli from TLC. The song won a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2002. This was Usher's first Grammy win.

Track listings

Cassette and US and Europe CD
"U Remind Me" (radio edit)
"U Remind Me" (instrumental)
"I Don't Know" (featuring P Diddy)
"TTP"

UK CD
 "U Remind Me"
 "I Don't Know" (featuring P. Diddy)
 "TTP"
 "U Remind Me" (music video)

12" Vinyl
A-side
"U Remind Me" (Illicit Club Mix)
"U Remind Me" (Illicit Acappella)
B-side
"U Remind Me" (Pete & Vincent's Club Mix)
"U Remind Me" (Pete & Vincent's Dub Mix)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts
Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

References 

2001 songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Usher songs
"U Got It Bad" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from the album 8701 in (2001). It was the second single from the album. It reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It reached the top 5 in the United Kingdom and Australia.

The song was produced by Jermaine Dupri. It was co-produced by Bryan-Michael Cox. The Soulpower remix had more airplay in some countries than the original version. The song is ranked at number 99 on the Billboard All-Time Hot 100 Top Songs. It was named the 15th most successful song from 2000 to 2009 on the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade.

Track listings
UK CD: 1

 "U Got It Bad" (Radio Mix)
 "U Remind Me" (Remix - Featuring Method Man & Blu Cantrell)
 "U R the One" (Radio Mix)
 "U Got It Bad" (CD-Rom Video)

UK CD: 2

 "U Got It Bad" (Soulpower Remix)
 "U Got It Bad" (Tee's UK R&B Remix)
 "U Got It Bad" (Tee's Latin Radio Remix)
 "U Got It Bad" (Tee's Dub Remix)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time chart

References
References

2001 songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Usher songs
"U Don't Have to Call" is a song by American singer Usher. It was released from his album 8701 (2001). It was the third single. It reached number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It reached number four on the UK Singles Chart.

The song won a Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance in 2003. This became his second Grammy win. "U Don't Have to Call" became the last single from 8701. The song sold 4 million copies in the United States. The music video was filmed in Los Angeles at the Westin Bonaventure Hotel. Kelis is the backing vocalist.

Track listings
UK CD

 "I Need a Girl" (Part 1) (P. Diddy featuring Usher & Loon)
 "U Don't Have to Call" (Remix) (featuring Ludacris)
 "I Need a Girl" (Part 2) (P. Diddy featuring Ginuwine, Loon, Mario Winans & Tammy Ruggeri)
 "I Need a Girl" (Part 1)" (video)
 "U Don't Have to Call" (video)

Charts

"I Need a Girl (Part One)" / "U Don't Have to Call"

References 

2002 songs
Usher songs