Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Other websites

1966 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English Anglicans
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
People educated at Eton College
Politicians from Berkshire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
The House of Bourbon is an important royal house of Europe.  Kings from the House of Bourbon ruled France from 1589 to 1792 and again from 1815 to 1848.  This is a younger branch of the Capetian dynasty.  Members of the House of Bourbon also ruled Naples, Sicily, and Parma in the past.  Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and King Felipe VI of Spain are both part of the House of Bourbon.

Branches 

All of these branches descended from three legitimate grandsons of Louis XIV.

 Bourbons of France, such as King Louis XV.
 House of Bourbon–Anjou, Bourbons of Spain, such as the present King.
 Bourbons of Parma, Dukes of Parma
 Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, Kings of the Two Sicilies
In the legends of King Arthur, Camelot is Arthur's castle. In fiction about the Middle Ages, Arthur rules Scotland from Camelot and holds feasts at his round table. The round table, which has no legs or head, symbolized the idea of a good king because every knight who sat at it had an equal place. Since Camelot's original place is still uncertain, the truth about it, if it ever existed, is still unknown. Camelot once held many great things such as The Holy Grail, The Holy Sword Excalibur and The Round Table which brought Arthur's best knights together. 

The end of Camelot was caused by Sir Lancelot's and Queen Guinevere's love affair, which forced Camelot to plunge into civil-war.

Arthurian legend
The University of Hawaii is a group of public colleges and universities in Hawaii established in 1907. There are three universities, seven community colleges, an employment training center, four education centers and some research laboratories:

Universities
University of Hawaii at Hilo, doctoral university in Hilo
University of Hawaii at Manoa, doctoral university in Honolulu
University of Hawaii-West Oahu, baccalaureate university in Kapolei

Community Colleges
Hawaii Community College, Hilo
Honolulu Community College, Honolulu
Kapiolani Community College, Honolulu
Kauai Community College, Līhu'e
Leeward Community College, Pearl City
Windward Community College, Kāne'ohe
University of Hawaii Maui College, Kahului

References

Hawaii
Cowlitz River is a river in the state of Washington in the United States. The river is a tributary of the larger Columbia River. There are several mountains near the river including Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier, and Mount Adams.

Other websites
 USGS Cowlitz River Basin map
 Cowlitz Falls Project 
 http://www.energy-northwest.com/generation/packwood 

Rivers of Washington (state)
Alexandre Dumas can mean one of two people

Alexandre Dumas, père, a French author
Alexandre Dumas, fils, also a French author, the son of the one above
Leonidas I (; c. 530 BC–480 BC) was a king of the Greek city-state of Sparta from about 490 BC until his death in 480. The Spartans and associates defended the pass at Thermopylae against the Persian army. Although Leonidas lost the battle, his death at Thermopylae was seen as a heroic sacrifice. Leonidas sent most of his army away when he realized that the Persians had outmaneuvered him. Three hundred of his fellow Spartans stayed with him to fight and die. Almost everything that is known about Leonidas comes from the work of the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484–c. 425 BC)

Thermopylae

Invasion of Greece 
In 480 BC, the Persians with their king Xerxes attacked Greece. When the Greeks asked the Spartans to join their army against the Persians, the Spartans went to the Oracle at Delphi. The Oracle gave a prophecy. It said that either Sparta would fall or the Spartans would lose a king.
Fighting back 
In August 480 BC, Leonidas went to Thermopylae with 300 of his bodyguards. Other Greek forces joined him there and formed an army of 4,000 soldiers. This army would try to hold the pass of Thermopylae against the great army of Xerxes I, King of Persia.

Siege 
Leonidas and his men held Thermopylae for three days. On the third day, a Greek traitor named Ephialtes led the Persian army behind the Spartans. It was then that Leonidas sent away all the Greek troops except 700 Thespians, who refused to leave. The small Greek force was attacked from both sides. They fought hard but finally they were all killed. Xerxes told his men to remove Leonidas' head and put it on a stake. He also told them to crucify his body. Now, there is a monument near Leonidas’ death site. It has the following inscription:
After the battle 
Only two Spartans survived that battle. One was Kirtanian. He was injured and sent behind the rest of the soldiers. The other was Pantites. He was sent by Leonidas to get help in Thessaly. He did not get back to Thermopylae until after the battle was done. At the end, he hanged himself because he was harassed and often referred as a coward.

Year of birth unknown
5th-century BC deaths
Kings of Sparta
480s BC
Shrapnel is small chunks of broken objects, such as concrete and metal, that is around an explosive, usually as part of a container. When the explosive goes off, the shrapnel flies out in all directions with a similar effect to a bullet. Nail bombs work like this.

Related pages
Gunpowder
Weapon

Notes

Explosives
A nail bomb is a weapon that is made of a bag of nails with an bomb inside. When the bomb goes off, the nails fly out in all directions, like bullets. They are usually used by suicide bombers and the IRA.

Explosives
An introduced species is an living thing that is not native to a given place. It has been brought there by human activities.  People may have brought the living thing by accident or on purpose.  The introduced species can cause problems when it becomes a pest in the new place.  It may damage the ecosystem of the new place.  This damage can be to other animals, plants and also human activity.
One introduced species is the tilapia.  It is a fish that comes from warm freshwater areas of Africa, North and South America, India and Sri Lanka.  It has been taken to other areas because it is good for fish farming, and it also is a good pet for an aquarium.  When the fish is released into other parts of the world, it quickly takes over from the native fish.  It can do this because it breeds quickly, eats all the available food, and eats the eggs and babies of native fish.  This can cause the water to become so muddy, that the native fish cannot live.  Tilapia has been listed as one of the 100 worst introduced species.  A person owning or selling one in Australia could be fined up to AU$11,000.

An introduced species may have a great advantage over the native species.  They usually come in without the predators and parasites which they suffer in their old environment.  This allows them to have young quickly. Fire ants and Africanized honeybees became invasive insects in the 20th century.

Examples
People brought rabbits to Australia because they wanted to raise and eat them.  The rabbits got into the wild and became pests.  Australians built the rabbit-proof fence to try to stop them from covering the whole country.
People put mosquitofish in rivers and lakes in western North America because they thought the fish would eat mosquito young.  Instead, the mosquitofish killed the other fish that had been eating the mosquitoes.  There were more mosquitoes than ever.
People brought cats and stoats to islands.  When birds live on islands with no mammal predators, they sometimes do not build nests in trees.  Instead, they nest on the ground.  This makes it easy for the cats and stoats to eat the chicks and eggs.  Some birds, for example the kiwi and kakapo do not fly.  The animals that like to eat the kakapo were mostly birds of prey that flew high overhead.  They would find the kakapo by seeing it.  The kakapo would stand very still so the bird of prey would not find it.  But this does not work against a mammal predator that finds its prey by smelling it.  The kakapo would stand very still, and the introduced mammal would catch it.
Rats hid on human ships and got onto Easter Island.  Historians think the rats might have eaten palm tree seeds and could be what made the trees on the island die out.
Related pages 
 Invasive species
Feral

References 

Plants
Animals and humans
Ecology
A bunker is a military building for fortification. They are usually built below ground. Blockhouses are like bunkers, but are built above ground.  Bunkers were of big importance during World War I and World War II.  Bunkers were built during the Cold War for important political people and for the general public because of the scare of a nuclear war.

Types of bunkers
There are many different types of bunkers:

Trench 
A trench is long and narrow.  It may be part of a big system of trenches.  Soldiers often dig and use trenches.  When most of the front-line soldiers use trenches, it is called trench warfare.
Pillbox
A pillbox is a small building made of concrete that also has small windows that people can shoot guns out of.  The name came from the fact that they look like the boxes that pills came in.
Pillboxes were used a lot during World War I when defence in depth was being used.  Pillboxes are most often found camouflaged so that they are harder to spot.  They can also be part of a trench system, where the pillbox is a firing step that has been built to take grenade blasts and smaller mortar fire.  Pillboxes were also built to help protect strategic structures such as bridges or jetties.
Industrial
Industrial bunkers are built like regular bunkers and they can be mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials, data storage, and sometimes places that people live in.  They were built by nations during World War II to help protect the important industries from getting bombed.  Many mines in France and Germany were made into bunkers by both the Germans and the French in both World War I and World War II.

Bomb/fallout shelters 
A bomb shelter or fallout shelter is a type of bunker, usually civilian bunker, used for protection against nuclear weapons and the toxic radiation "fallout" they leave behind. These shelters run the gammit from modified storm shelters to vast underground cities

Famous bunkers
Famous bunkers include the World War II V-weapon buildings in Germany (e.g., Mittelwerk, La Coupole, and Éperlecques) and the Cold War buildings in the United States (Cheyenne Mountain, Site R, and The Greenbrier) and Canada (Diefenbunker).
Examples of bunkers
 Atlantic Wall, coasts of Western Europe, built by Nazi Germany during WWII
 Maginot Line, eastern France, built by France, pre-WWII
 Führerbunker, built by Nazi Germany before and during WWII

References

Other websites

 Europe WW2 bunkers in Europe  (reference website about museums and sites of WW2 pillboxes, bunkers and other defensive structures with maps and photos)
 Great Britain  (image collection of WW2 coastal defences)
 Great Britain Pillboxes UK (reference website about WW2 pillboxes and other defensive structures)
 Great Britain UK Heritage: Pillboxes  (short article about "Miniature modern castles")
 Great Britain Subterranea Britannica: Cold War  (information on Cold War-era underground structures in Britain)

Fortification
Over-harvesting means taking more from the land (or sea) than it can replace. It includes extreme farming, grazing, fishing, and using fresh water. 

Over-harvesting is harmful in the long term. Forests or wetlands are hard to replace. Damage to nature hurts animals and humans. Most wetlands are damaged by overuse as a source of drinking water, and are sometimes drained to make farmland or land for building. A thriving and diverse ecosystem is destroyed. 

Over-harvesting also applies to animals. Population numbers may drop as a result, and species may become extinct. Overfishing is a typical example. Nowadays, you can only fish, shoot deer or birds at certain times of the year. The season when they mate, reproduce and lay eggs or have the young are protected. Areas of especial natural beauty or scientific interest are also protected. Now, in the United Kingdom, it is illegal to take bird eggs.
One thing which acts against conservation is the overpopulation of the world. The greatest single reason why the world loses forests is that some people want the land for other purposes. A few people gain, but everyone shares the cost. This is called the tragedy of the commons.

References

Related pages 
Overfishing

Environmental issues
Ecology
Habitat fragmentation happens when large habitats are divided into smaller ones, separating all the species that lived there and depended on each other.

Causes 
Habitat fragmentation is not good because it involves some amount of habitat destruction. Plants and other organisms in these areas are destroyed and mobile animals escape from those places to find another habitat causing an excessive crowding and possible competitions among different animals.

Habitats
Cecil was a rock band from Liverpool, England.

History

Formation 
Cecil formed in Liverpool in 1993. The members were Ste Williams (vocals), Patrick Harrison (guitar), Ally Lambert (drums), Anthony Hughes (guitar and keyboards), and Jay Bennett (bass).

First concert 
The band took part in a "Battle of the Bands". It was sponsored by Liverpool Echo who later tried to stitch the band up by putting them on the front cover under the title "Bulger Band", a reference to their song No Excuses that they believed, incorrectly, to be about the murder of toddler James Bulger. The band never spoke to the Liverpool Echo again. The band signed a manangement contract with Raymond Coffer. They later signed with the record label Parlophone (EMI). They released their first single "No Excuses" with Parlophone in October 1995.
Tours 
The band spent the end of 1995 and most of 1996 playing concerts in much of the United Kingdom. They played with such bands as The Levellers, Skunk Anansie, and Paw. They also played in music festivals at Donnington and T in the Park. During this time, they released their second single "My Neck", which was backed with an acoustic track and a piano version of the single, giving a hint of the direction they were heading in for the recording of their 2nd record.

First album 
In 1996, their first album Bombar Diddlah was getting good reviews. It was produced by Barrett Jones of Foo Fighters.
Later history 
Cecil spent most of 1997 writing songs, touring with the band Mansun and making their music sound even better.  The changes could particularly be heard in the sound of Ste Williams' vocals. By the end of 1997, their new sound could be heard in their new release "Red Wine At Dead Time". They released a second album in 1998, "Subtitles". It did not sell as well as hoped. The band spent the next few years writing and touring sporadically, finally relocating to Seattle in 2001 to work on a third album with long time cohort Barrett Jones. After a productive 2-month stint, straight after the 9/11 bombings, the band went back home to write more songs and booked to go into Stone Gossard's (Pearl Jam) Studio Litho with Barrett to record the rest of the third record. This never happened after being dropped from their label.The band went their separate ways in March 2002 and remain firm friends, occasionally reuniting for off the cuff live shows in their native Liverpool.

Discography
Discography

Albums 
 Bombar Diddlah (1996)
 Subtitles (1998)

Singles 
 "No Excuses" (1995)
 "My Neck" (1996)
 "Measured" (1996)
 "Red Wine at Dead Time" (1997)
 "Hostage in a Frock" (1997)
 "The Most Tiring Day" (1998)

EPs 
 "Canyon EP" (2000)
 "Missile EP" (2001)

English rock bands
Musical groups from Liverpool
Christopher "Kit" Marlowe (1564–30 May 1593) was a major dramatist, poet, and translator of English Renaissance drama. Swinburne has written that: "Marlowe is a Father of English Tragedy and the creator of English blank verse and therefore also the teacher and guide of Shakespeare." He was born the same year as Shakespeare, or at least baptised, but lived only to the age of 29, when he was murdered in a brawl.

Marlowe was the son of a shoemaker in Canterbury. His intelligence won him scholarships, to King's School in Canterbury at age 15, and two years later to the University of Cambridge. Marlowe was well-educated; he earned a bachelor's degree in 1584 and a master's degree in 1587. 

Marlowe's plays were both popular and controversial, in his own era and later. His plays deal with disturbing subjects like devil worship (Doctor Faustus), homosexuality (Edward II), and anti-Semitism (The Jew of Malta). Marlowe is generally regarded as master of blank verse.
In addition to seven plays, Marlowe wrote one long poem, Hero and Leander, and one famous shorter poem, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love."

Marlowe's death was also highly controversial. He was killed in a tavern brawl, stabbed in the head.  Marlowe was, or sometimes claimed to be, an atheist, at a time when atheism was a crime that could be punished by death. Some people have wondered if his death were connected with these other issues.

Uncertainty about Marlowe's death has led some people to believe that Marlowe faked his death and continued to write plays using the name "William Shakespeare." This is called the "Marlovian theory." In modern times, the changes were attempted to rename the theory in  "Derogation of the king."

Plays 
 Dido Queen of Carthage
 Tamburlaine, Parts 1 and 2
 The Jew of Malta
 Doctor Faustus
 Edward II
 The Massacre at Paris
Other possible works 
 The Contention of York and Lancaster (or The First Part of the Contention betwixt the Two Famous Houses of York and Lancaster) is an annoymous work that some people think may have been written by Marlowe. It was the basis for Shakespeare's play Henry VI, Part 2.

References 

1564 births
1593 deaths
Canterbury
English murder victims
English playwrights
English poets
Murders by blade weapons
People murdered in England
Spies
Writers from Kent
English translators
Plays by Christopher Marlowe
Neuhof an der Zenn is a municipality in Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim in Bavaria in Germany.

References

Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim
The bass clarinet is a type of clarinet, and is a woodwind single-reed instrument. The earliest record of the bass clarinet is called a 'bass tube' invented in Paris in 1772 by G. Lott. It usually has a B-flat pitch. It plays one octave lower in pitch than the normal clarinet. This means that when a bass clarinet makes a note, the note that actually sounds is an octave and a whole tone lower. There are some bass clarinets that have an A or C pitch as well as E flat, but these are not common.

References

Other websites 
 

Woodwind instruments
The cornett is a brass instrument from the Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque times. It is also called a zink, cornetto, or by its Italian name, cornetto curvo. It is different from the modern cornet, also a brass instrument. It has only one feature shared with the cornett.

Other websites

 A page about the cornett 
 Christopher Monk Instruments , one of the more well-known modern makers of cornetts
 The English Cornett and Sackbut Ensemble, a performance group that makes use of the cornett
 A possibility to build your own curved cornett 

Brass instruments
Baoruco, also written Bahoruco (but the "h" is not pronounced), is a Dominican province, in the western part of the country, in the Hoya de Enriquillo valley. Its capital city is Neiba (or Neyba).

It was created on 1943. It was part of the Barahona province before being elevated to the category of province. It was called Baoruco because the northern side of the Sierra de Bahoruco was part of the province; with the creation of the Independecia province, that part went to the new province but the name was not changed.

Location
Baoruco is bordered to the north by the San Juan province, to the east by the Azua and Barahona provinces, and to the south and west by the Independencia province.
History
When the Baoruco province was created in 1943, it was formed with the municipalities Neiba, Duvergé, La Descubierta and Tamayo. With the creation of the Independencia province in 1948, Duvergé and La Descubierta became municipalities of the new province. Villa Jaragua became a municipality of the province in 1974, Galván in 1997 and Los Ríos in 2001.

The municipal districts of the province were created in:
 1978 : Uvilla
 2001 : El Palmar
 2004 : Santana, Montserrat and Las Clavellinas
 2005 : Cabeza de Toro
 2006 : El Salado, Mena and Santa Bárbara-El 6

Population
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Baoruco province, and 69,360 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km².

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 23th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 99,607 inhabitants.
The largest city of the province is Neiba, its head municipality or capital, with a population (in 2010) of 27,105 inhabitants.

Geography
The Baoruco province has a total area of . It has 2.6% of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 17th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

The altitude of Neiba, provincial capital, is .

The Baoruco province is in the Hoya de Enriquillo valley, a very dry valley with some parts below sea level; its capital, Neiba, has an elevation of only 10 m above sea level. In this valley is the Lake Enriquillo, and the northeastern part of the lake, about of third of its surface, belongs to the Baoruco province, including its small islands of Barbarita and Islita.

The Sierra de Neiba runs across the northern part of the province, on the border with the San Juan province.
The most important river in the province is the Yaque del Sur river, one of the longest in the country; it forms the eastern limit of the province and its water is used for irrigation. Other rivers are Las Marías and Panzo.

The climate of the province is a tropical climate, very hot and dry in the valley, but it is cooler on the mountains. In the valley, cacti and other plants of dry regions are common. There are some rainforests in the mountains.

The only important road in the province goes through the southern part of the province, along the valley, and the most important towns of the province are along this road.

Municipalities
There are five municipalities and nine municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. The municipalities and its municipal districts (M.D.) are:

Economy 
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture and the main products are plantains in Tamayo, grapes in Neiba and Los Ríos. On the Sierra de Neiba, coffee and beans are important products.

References
References

Provinces of the Dominican Republic
1943 establishments in North America
1940s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Snorri Sturluson (1179 – 23 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician. He was three-time elected lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He was the author of the Prose Edda or Younger Edda and the Heimskringla, a history of the Norwegian kings that begins with legendary material and moves through to early medieval Scandinavian history.

References

Snorri Sturluson, "Kringla leaf" (c. 1260), part of Heimskringla treasure 1  National Library of Iceland displayed via The European Library
. A reprint of the 1932 Cambridge edition by W. Heffer.
Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998). Runor : historia, tydning, tolkning. Historiska Media, Falun.

Notes

Other websites

Icelandic Medieval Manuscripts , site maintained by Unnur Valgeirsdóttir at the University of Iceland.
Snorri Sturluson , article by Jónas Kristjánsson at snorrastofa.is.
The Women in Snorri's Life .

1178 births
1241 deaths
Historians
Snorri Sturluson
13th-century books
Mythology
Icelandic poets
Heimskringla is the best known of the old Norse kings' sagas. It was written in Old Norse in Iceland by the poet and historian Snorri Sturluson (1179 – 1242) ca. 1230. The name Heimskringla was first used in the 17th century, it comes from the first two words of one of the manuscripts (kringla heimsins - the circle of the world).

Heimskringla is a collection of tales about the Norwegian kings, beginning with the legendary Swedish dynasty of the Ynglingas, followed by accounts of historical Norwegian rulers from Harald Fairhair of the 9th century up to 1177.

Bibliography
 . A reprint of the 1932 Cambridge edition by W. Heffer.

Other websites

 Heimskringla in Old Norse from "Kulturformidlingen norrøne tekster og kvad" Norway.
 Berkeley page on Snorri Sturluson's text 

13th-century works
Icelandic sagas
County Mayo is a county in the province of Connacht, in Ireland.  Castlebar and Ballina are the two towns with the most people living in them in the county.  The highest point in Mayo and Connacht is Mweelrea.

Towns and villages
The following is a list of the towns and villages in County Mayo:
Achill Island
Balla, Ballina, Ballinrobe, Ballintober, Ballycastle, Ballyhaunis, Ballyglass, Ballyvary, Bangor, Belmullet, Bohola
Castlebar, Charlestown, Claremorris, Cong, Crossmolina
Derrew
Foxford
Geesala
Keel, Kilkelly, Killala, Kiltimagh, Knock
Louisburgh
Mayo, Mulrany
Newport
Swinford
Tourmakeady
Westport

Other websites
Mayo County Council's website
Map of Mayo 

 
Gaeltacht
Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy is a platform game made by Naughty Dog and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the first video game in the Jak and Daxter series, and can only be bought for the Sony PlayStation 2. It was released in winter of 2001, and has two sequels, Jak II and Jak 3. It also has two spin-offs, Jak X: Combat Racing and Daxter. Many people think of Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy as the spiritual successor to Naughty Dog's Crash Bandicoot series.

2001 video games
3D platform games
Naughty Dog games
PlayStation 2 games
Jak and Daxter series
Crash Bandicoot is a series of platform video games developed by Radical Entertainment and published by Sierra Entertainment. The Crash Bandicoot games were first made by the video game company Naughty Dog. Since then, the series has been given to many different companies before it was kept at Radical Entertainment. The games happen in the fictional Wumpa Islands in the south of Australia. There were 15 Crash Bandicoot games in 2007, which have sold 40 million copies.

The main character in the Crash Bandicoot games, is also called Crash Bandicoot.

Games

Naughty Dog games 
Crash Bandicoot was created by Naughty Dog in 1996. It out in a platform game  called Crash Bandicoot, where Crash has to save his girlfriend Tawna from the evil doctor Neo Cortex.

After Crash Bandicoot, Naughty Dog made a sequel (another video game), Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back, where Crash saves the world from Cortex for a second time.
In the third game of the series, Crash Bandicoot 3: Warped, Crash again defeats Cortex and his friend Uka Uka, who tries to conquer the world with the help of Nefarious Tropy and his time machine. Released on playstation.

The fourth and last game made by Naughty Dog with Crash and company was Crash Team Racing, a racing game where Nitrous Oxide, an alien, challenged the Earth inhabitants to a cart race.

Games after Naughty Dog
After Naughty Dog, other companies made many more games in the Crash Bandicoot series, and not only for PlayStation.
List of Crash Bandicoot games from other companies:
Crash Bash (US - NTSC & EU - PAL) / Crash Bandicoot Carnival (Giappone) (PlayStation - 2000)
Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex (PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox - 2001)
Crash Bandicoot: The Huge Adventure (US - NTSC) / Crash Bandicoot XS (EU - PAL) (Game Boy Advance - 2002)
Crash Bandicoot 2: N-Tranced (US - NTSC & EU - PAL) (Game Boy Advance - 2003)
Crash Nitro Kart (PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance, N-Gage - 2003)
Crash Bandicoot Purple: Ripto's Rampage (US - NTSC) / Crash Bandicoot Fusion (EU - PAL) (Game Boy Advance, 2004)
Crash Twinsanity (PlayStation 2, Xbox - 2004)
Crash Tag Team Racing (PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, PlayStation Portable - 2005)
Crash Boom Bang! (Nintendo DS - 2006)
Crash of the Titans (PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, Game Boy Advance - 2007)
Crash Bandicoot: Mind Over Mutant (PlayStation 2, Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS - 2008)
Crash Bandicoot N. Sane Trilogy (PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch)
Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled
Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time (PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch)
References

Other websites
Available:
Vivendi Universal's Official Crash Bandicoot Site
No longer available:
Naughty Dog's Official Crash Bandicoot Site
Playstation One's Official Crash Bandicoot Site
Playstation One's Official Crash Bandicoot 2: Cortex Strikes Back Site
Playstation One's Official Crash Bandicoot 3: Warped Site
Playstation One's Official Crash Team Racing Site
Playstation One's Official Crash Bash Site
Sierra's Official Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex Site *
Vivendi Universal's Official Crash Twinsanity Site 
Sierra's Official Crash Tag Team Racing Site 
Sierra's Official Crash of the Titans Site 
*No longer under official ownership. Beware of possible malicious intentions.
3D platform games
History 
Tracing its root back to the introduction of Christianity into Alexandria in around 42 AD, according to the Church's tradition, by Saint Mark the Evangelist, Copts is one of the oldest and long lasting Christian communities in Egypt. Because Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great as his capital in Egypt, the city was destined to be a metropolis connecting Egypt with the rest of the Hellenic world. Connecting the Nile River, Red Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, Alexandria was, as still is, one of the largest port cities in Egypt where local produces such as grains were exported to other parts of the word. Founded in such a well-connected location, Christianity soon got spread into the heartlands of Egypt in the following centuries. Later in the Council of Nicaea organized by Emperor Constantine I in 325 C.E., the Church of Alexandria was elevated to the rank of Patriarchate alongside Rome and Jerusalem.
The Spread of Monastic Christianity 
Rooted in the crossroad between East and West, the Church of Alexandria consequently had a profound impact on spreading the faith to its surrounding areas. One greatest achievement of the Church of Alexandria was the spread of monasticism. The spread of monasticism can be traced back to Saint Anthony the Great. Having lived an ascetic life for twenty years in a cave in a dessert mountain called Mt. Pispir, only eating bread, salt, and water, Anthony’s action soon attracted followers who voluntarily vowed as his disciple. His disciples then carried his monastic style of teachings and approaches to all directions, including places like Palestine, Marseille, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor, Syria, Ethiopia, and even Ireland.

Era of the Martyrs—Religious Persecution Under the Romans

Schisms 
Despite the elevation of the Church of Alexandria, religious persecutions were still wide spread due to multiple theological controversies throughout the entire Christian world.
Arian Controversy 
Before the concept of Holy Trinity was publicly announced and accepted by most Christian schools in the council of Nicaea, most churches enjoyed freedom of interpretation to the Bible and religious doctrines. Consequently, as a hot topic among theologians, discussions over the essence of God and the Christ prevailed throughout the debates. In either year 318 or 320 AD, Arius, a former presbyter (priest who preaches) in Alexandria publicly announced that the Holy Father and the Christ are different by nature. Arius's idea, known as Nontrinitarianism, holds that the Christ is distinct from the Holy Father himself and is therefore God's creation. Arius's opponent Athanasius of Alexandria and Saint Alexander on the other hand, believed that God the Father, the Christ the Son, and the Holy Spirit are consubstantial, or same in their essences.
In the Council of Nicaea, Holy Trinity theory was publicly acclaimed; as a result, Arius was expelled from the council and condemned as heresy. Despite Arianism was denounced as heresy, a substantial group of followers in Egypt still believed in Arius's theory, and their influence in Alexandria was still prevalent. Therefore, dispute was inevitable. For instance, Athanasios of Alexandria, although being acclaimed as a great priest by later theologians, had a bad reputation for brutally suppressing his theological opponents in Alexandria while he was the Patriarch of Alexandria. Nevertheless, as Emperor Constantine, the main supporter of the Nicene Creed, died in 337, Arianist theologians in Alexandria led by Gregory of Cappadocia organized an uprising with the support of street mobs. They soon took over the city and charged Athanasios for being an outlawed priest. As a result, Athanasios was forced to expelled.

Chalcedonian Controversy

Copts Under Islamic Rule
Islamic Conquest of Egypt 639-646 AD 
The death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 AD marked the start of the Rashidun Caliphate era in the Middle East. The term Rashidun literally means rightly guided; it refers to the first four Islamic caliphs who were considered rightfully elected by the ummah. Under the rule of Caliph Uthman, Rashidun armies started to invade Syria, Mesopotamia, and Fars regions, the former territories of the Byzantine Empire, and the Sassanian Persia.
A drastic change happened to the Egyptian religious milieux when Egypt was taken over by Muslim general Amr ibn al-As in 639. Initially, Christianity was tolerated because they were redeemed as the Ahl al-Kitab, or the People of the Book. In return for tolerance, Christians had to pay the Gizya tax and were forbidden from entering the army. Although tolerated by the system in theory, in practice, Copts in Egypt suffered economically, and several uprisings against their Muslim overlords happened occasionally as well. Meanwhile to suppress the uprisings, the muslim governments from time to time also confiscated church properties and imprisoned some important members of the Church. As a result, a lot of them converted to Islam to avoid the heavy tax, and eventually by the Ninth century, Muslims gained the majority in Egypt.

Under the Abbasid, theTulunids, and the Ikhshidids

Under the Fatimids

Under the Ayyubids

Under the Mamluks

European Intervention, Enlightenment, and Nationalism
The French Invasion of Egypt 
When Napoleon Bonaparte launched his expedition to Egypt in 1798 starting with Alexandria, several local Copts sought this as an opportunity. A formal tax collector of the Upper Egypt under the Ottoman-mamluk rule Mu'allam Ya'qub Tadrus, for instance, became a joint commander alongside general Desiax during his conquest of Upper Egypt. After Napoleon's retreat, Ya'qub was even in charge of a Coptic legion under the French army system. Another former tax collector Mu'allim Girgis al-Gawhari served as the minister of finance under Napoleon's expedition. During his term, he donated some lands to the Coptic Church.
Under Muhammad Ali 
Since the departure of Napoleon from Egypt, the Ottoman forces soon regain control over Egypt. Many Christian Egyptians were accused of cooperating with the French army, and many of them got sentenced to death. As Muhammad Ali took control of Egypt however, Copts, alongside Armenians and Jew enjoyed an unprecedented freedom and promotion in Muhammad Ali's government. Contrary to the Millet system under the Ottomans, Muhammad Ali promoted officers based on their merit and connection to local communities. Consequently as a power broker between the government and the regional population, former tax collectors, religious figures, and military officers got promoted to Ali's government as bureaucrats. Under Ali's reform, Copts such as al-Mu'allim Ghali got promoted to Ali's financial advisor.
Coptic Church and its Community 
As a continuation of the Ottoman Millet System, Coptic clergy continued to hold a great influence on its community. They were not only in charge of religious services but was also in control of meddling day-to-day activities such as legal disputes. However, since Sharia court also coexisted alongside the Coptic Jurisdiction, and Copts often switched between different courts when the law serves their interests better. In a societal sense, this can be seen as a competition between Islam and Coptic Christianity. Although to individuals, they were only opportunists who tried to maximize their rights and profits. Similar trend continues when the Ottoman Tanzimat Reforms got adopted by the Egyptian government. In this case, Copts continued to switch between affirming Coptic laws and State Laws when the terms suits their interests.

References

Other websites
 Copts

Copts
Pectus excavatum is a congenital medical condition where the ribs and sternum grow abnormally, producing a sunken appearance to the chest. This makes the chest look  like it has caved in on itself.  It is also commonly referred to as "funnel chest" or "chest bowl". It is the most common form of pectus deformity, occurring in approximately 1 in 300-400 births, with a 3:1 male predominance ratio. While Pectus Excavatum occurs at birth, it often does not develop properly until early adolescence when growth is more rapid.

Causes
Doctors do not know why some people have the dent.  They think it might be caused by a bad gene from the parent.  It is also linked to syndromes (illnesses) that affect other parts of the body.

Numbers
Pectus excavatum happens in about 1 in every 300-400 children, with the 75% majority of cases being male.

Non-invasive treatment

Suction Cup
Suction Cup

A vacuum bell, also called a suction cup, can be used to fix pectus excavatum.  The cup is placed on the chest and all the air is removed: this pulls up the chest. This non-invasive procedure shows promise to be a permanent cure for pectus excavatum. Treatment must continue for two years after the appearance of correction is made.

Surgery
The dent can be fixed by a doctor.  The following are alternate surgical ways of fixing the chest:

Nuss Procedure

The Nuss Prodcedure was created by Doctor Nuss from Norfolk in Virginia.  A metal bar is put into the chest; the bar holds the chest up.

Ravitch
The Ravitch technique is from the 1950s.  It involves cutting out part of the chest, placing a bar in the chest, and having the bone grow back.  Most doctors do not use the Ravitch because it causes much blood loss.

References

Diseases and disorders of bones
Mark the Evangelist (מרקוס, ) was one of the followers of Jesus Christ. He is believed to be the writer of the Gospel of Mark. He is believed by some scholars to be the young man found in chapter 14, verses 51-52 of the gospel. The Copts think Mark brought Christianity to Egypt. It was his house where Jesus and his disciples ate the last supper.

מרקוס and Μάρκος are both pronounced as Markus which more consistent with Aramaic and Hebrew understanding of Roman names. Markus was a Roman who accepted Jesus Christ along with others.

New Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
The Analects was a book put together by the students of Confucius. It is about his thoughts on family, government and war. It was likely written by his followers.

Other websites
MIT text

Non-fiction books
Confucianism
3rd-century BC books
Central Park is a large public park in Manhattan in New York City. Central Park has about 35,000,000 visitors every year. It is the most visited city park in the United States. The park contains lakes, a castle, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Central Park Zoo. The park has been shown in many movies and television programs.

Size 
The Central Park covers , and is 2.5 miles (4 km) long between 59th Street (Central Park South) and 110th Street (Central Park North), and is 0.5 miles (0.8 km) wide between Fifth Avenue and Central Park West. It is similar in size to San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, Chicago's Lincoln Park, Vancouver's Stanley Park, or Munich's Englischer Garten. It lies between the New York Theater District, Harlem (north), Upper West Side, and the Upper East Side.
Central Park is bordered on the north by West 110th Street, on the south by West 59th Street, on the west by Eighth Avenue, and on the east by Fifth Avenue. Along the park's borders however, these are known as Central Park North, Central Park South, and Central Park West, respectively. Only Fifth Avenue retains its name as the eastern border of the park. Each of the twenty gates on these streets has a name.

The park is bigger than Monaco and Vatican City, though some other parks in the city are even larger.

History 
In 1855, New York City had four times as many people as in 1821. The city grew bigger, and there were fewer parks in Lower Manhattan. A park was being planned for Upper Manhattan. Two years before, in 1853, the New York state government gave over an  area, from 59th to 106th Streets, to build the Park. The land alone cost more than US$5 million.
The park first opened in 1857. In 1858, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux won a design competition to improve and expand the park with a plan they entitled the Greensward Plan. Construction began in the same year and was finished in 1873. Many rocks, soil, and plants were put in the park. People living in the park were forced to move out. Later, the park was made larger.

In the 1930s, because people had not taken care of the park, it was cleaned up and changed by Robert Moses. By the 1960s, the park became a bad place to go again, so in the 1980s and 1990s, the Central Park Conservancy was made. The Central Park Conservancy cleaned up Central Park from the 1980s through the 2000s.

The park was named a National Historic Landmark in 1963.

Central Park Conservancy 
The Central Park Conservancy runs the park. They operate it because of an agreement with the city government. 85% of Central Park's $25 million annual budget and 80% of the park's maintenance staff come from the Conservancy.
The conservancy cares for  of lawns, 21,500 trees,  of lakes and streams, and  of woodlands. Their staff plant hundreds of bulbs, shrubs, flowers, and trees every year. They make sure that 9,000 benches, 26 ballfields, and 21 playgrounds are clean and good to use. They also care for 55 sculptures and monuments, as well as 36 bridges. Conservancy crews remove graffiti from Central Park and collect more than 2,000 tons of trash a year.

The Conservancy has been led by four presidents. The first is Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, who helped to create the Conservancy in 1978. She was president until 1996. Karen H. Putnam, the Conservancy’s development director, was president from 1996 to 2000, after completing the projects slated under the Wonder of New York capital campaign. The third, Regina S. Peruggi, used to be president of Marymount Manhattan College. She led the Conservancy from 2000 to 2003. Since 2003, Douglas Blonsky, who used to look over construction for the Park, has been the president of the Conservancy.
In popular culture 
Central Park has been mentioned in thousands of books, movies, and TV shows. In the U.S. TV show Friends (1994-2004), the coffee shop where the characters often gathered was named "Central Perk" as a pun on the term "coffee percolator" (a type of pot used to brew coffee).

References 

Parks in the United States
Manhattan
1857 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in New York (state)
Mae Carol Jemison (born October 17, 1956) is an American physician and NASA astronaut. She became the first African-American woman to enter space when she served on the crew of the Space Shuttle Endeavour in September 1992. She has appeared on television several times, including as an actress in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation.

Early life 

Jemison was born in Decatur, Alabama. She moved to Chicago at age three. Her brother and sister are Ada and Charles Jemison. From early on, she was interested in science. Jemison’s parents supported her love for science and space. As a child, she spent lots of time in the library. She read books about space, and evolution.
Education 
Jemison graduated from high school at the age of 16. She studied at Stanford University on a scholarship. There she earned a Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering in 1977. During her education, Jemison involved herself in activities outside her classes. These included dance, theater, and volunteer work. She was also the head of the Black Student Union. While at Cornell, Jemison helped people who had left their country because it was not safe to live there. She helped run health studies in Kenya as well. She studied how complicated organisms can be influenced by gravity. In 1981 she earned a Doctorate of Medicine.
Training and space mission 
Jemison was in astronomy ever since she was a child. She dreamed of going to space one day. While attending UCLA, she applied for NASA. Soon after she applied, NASA had a terrible accident on January 28, 1986. Challenger was launched in Florida and it blew up soon after taking off. The astronauts were all killed. There would be no more astronauts going into space until the scientists figured out what had happened. Jemison became one of the 0.75% of people who were chosen for a special type of instruction at NASA a year after this accident had occurred.

The training incorporated physical demand and rigorous studying of science. She had to learn what to do in case if an emergency had happened. She soon became a certified mission specialist. Jemison’s mission was in September 1992. She is remembered as the member of the crew on Endeavour, an eight-day journey. This was a joint mission between the US and Japan. She fertilized frog eggs and observed their development into tadpoles.
Career 
Jemison worked at NASA from 1987 to 1993. She later started The Jemison Group, Inc., which created ALAFIYA, a satellite-based telecommunications system. This system was to be used to bring healthcare to developing nations. She also was a professor in the Environmental Studies Program at Dartmouth College. There she directed the Jemison Institute for Advancing Technology in Developing Countries. She has studied astronomy, zoology, archaeology, and many other things.

Jemison joined the Peace Corps, a volunteer organization. She worked as a medical officer there from 1983 to 1985 in Sierra Leone and Liberia.
Achievements 
Jemison has won many awards since her time in space. She was named as one of the 50 most influential women by Ebony magazine. She is in three different halls of fame: the National Medical Association Hall of Fame, Texas Science Hall of Fame, and National Women’s Hall of Fame. Jemison has also been on a few television programs, including the PBS program African American Lives. She also speaks in public about her life and influence. Mae C. Jemison Public School was named after her.

References

1956 births
Living people
African-American people
American astronauts
American physicians
Cornell University alumni
Scientists from Alabama
Scientists from Chicago
Stanford University alumni
Dartmouth College faculty
A club can be many things. 

 Club (weapon)
 A club is an apparatus of rhythmic gymnastics
 Social club, a place where people gather
 Club (biscuit)
 a sports team, such as a football club
Ethylene or ethene is a chemical compound with two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms in each molecule.  These molecules are put together with a double bond that makes it a hydrocarbon.  It is very important in industry and has even been used in biology as a hormone.  It is also the most made chemical. About 75 million tons of it have been made each year since 2005. Its biggest use is to make polyethylene.

History
Since 1795, ethylene was called an olefiant gas, or oil making gas.  This was because it came together with chlorine to make the oil of the Dutch chemists.

In 1866, the German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann came up with a system for naming hydrocarbons. The suffixes -ane, -ene, -ine, -one, and -une were used to call the hydrocarbons with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane it came from.  Because of this system, ethylene became ethene.

In 1979, the IUPAC decided that ethylene would stay ethylene.