Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Nicole "Nikki" Sinclaire (born 26 July 1968) is a British politician. In June 2012, she started We Demand a Referendum (WDAR), a political party. She was a member of the United Kingdom Independence Party until 2010.

She was born in Nicholas Sinclaire in London.

Personal life
She is openly gay.

In November 2013, Sinclaire released a book about her life, Never Give Up. In it she said that she was born male. When she was 23 she had sex reassignment surgery. The news made Sinclaire the United Kingdom's first transgender Member of Parliament.

Other websites
Official website

References

1968 births
Living people
English LGBT people
British LGBT politicians
MEPs for the United Kingdom
Politicians from London
Transgender people
Enterprise Center is a sports arena in St. Louis, Missouri. The arena opened on October 8, 1994, and is the current home to the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL). The arena was also home to Saint Louis University's men's basketball team from 1991 to 2008.

The arena was originally known as Kiel Center from 1994 to 2000 and Savvis Center from Aug 2000 to 2006. Scottrade acquired naming rights for the arena in September 2006.

The Scottrade Center has held many WWE events as well including: Badd Blood: In Your House, Survivor Series in 1998, the special live tribute episode of WWF Raw is War that aired after the night of Owen Hart's death, No Mercy in 2001, Judgment Day in 2007, Elimination Chamber in 2010, Royal Rumble in 2012 and Extreme Rules in 2013.
The arena was initially expected to be renamed as the TD Ameritrade Center by the end of 2017, once the purchase of Scottrade by TD Ameritrade closed. However, TD Ameritrade decided not to put its name on the arena. The team later reached a new deal with Enterprise Holdings, a company based in the St. Louis suburb of Clayton, Missouri that owns the Enterprise, National, and Alamo car rental companies. The deal was announced on May 21, 2018, with the name officially changing to Enterprise Center on July 1 of that year.

References

Other websites
Official website

Sports buildings in the United States
Sports in St. Louis, Missouri
Buildings and structures in Missouri
1994 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Missouri
St. Louis Blues
Capital One Arena is a sports arena in Washington D.C. The arena opened on December 2, 1997, and is the current home to the Washington Capitals on the National Hockey League (NHL), Washington Wizards of the National Basketball Association (NBA), Washington Mystics of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), the Washington Valor of the Arena Football League, and the Georgetown University men's basketball team. The arena was also home to the Washington Power of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) from 2001 to 2002.

The arena was originally known as MCI Center from 1997 to 2006. It became Verizon Center in January 2006 when Verizon Communications acquired the naming rights for the arena. The name changed again in August 2017 when Capital One acquired naming rights.
Capital One Arena has held many WWE events as well including: SummerSlam in 2005, Cyber Sunday in 2007, Survivor Series in 2009 and WWE Capitol Punishment in 2011. Aside from WWE, the arena also hosted World Championship Wrestling (WCW)'s Starrcade pay-per-view in 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000.

References

Other websites
Official website

Sports buildings in the United States
Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Washington, D.C.
Washington Capitals
Saʻadiah ben Yosef Gaon (882/892 – 942) was a Jewish religious scholar and philosopher.

He was born in al-Fayyūm, Egypt. When he was 28, he left Egypt and his wife and two sons, and traveled to Babylonia. There, he helped schools in many Jewish communities. After a while, he left Babylonia because he was not happy with the government.

As a religious scholar, he translated the Bible into Arabic and wrote many commentaries on it. He also wrote the first Hebrew dictionary and grammar dictionary, and many books on Talmudic law. One of his famous books is called Kitāb al-amānāt wa al-iʿtiqādāt ("Book of Beliefs and Convictions").

He died at the age of 63, in Baghdad.

Notes

880s births
942 deaths
Egyptian Jews
Jewish philosophers
Al-Battānī (other names include Albategnius, Albategni and Albatenius; born about 858 – died 929) was an Arab astronomer, astrologer and mathematician. He is considered an important astronomer and mathematician of the Islamic Golden Age. His discoveries about trigonometry were often quoted by medieval European astronomers; including by Copernicus. He was from Harran. His full name was Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al-Raqqī al-Ḥarrānī al-Ṣābiʾ al-Battānī.

Career 
Al-Battani helped to calculate the distance between the Earth and the Sun, before the telescopes. This allowed him to refine existing values for the length of the year.
Works 
He is most famous for his book the Kitāb az-Zīj (or the Zij). The Zij was a book with 57 chapters dedicated to astronomy. He influenced the works of Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe, who were famous astronomers of later times. The book was translated many times into many different languages. Inside the Zij, Al-Battani made a map of the stars, naming a few of them.

Al-Battani died of old age in the year 929. He had been protesting against the taxes in Baghdad, and died on the way home.

Related pages
List of scientists from the Middle East

References

Other websites
 

858 births
929 deaths
Arab people
Astrologers
Astronomers
Mathematicians
Iraqi Muslims
Kingsborough Community College is a community college in Brooklyn, New York. It is part of the City University of New York's university system. It is located in Manhattan Beach. It was built in 1963. It has around 38,000 students. It has a private beach which is open during the summer.

References

Other websites

Kingsborough Community College website

Colleges and universities in New York City
Brooklyn
1963 establishments in New York (state)
TD Garden is a sports arena in Boston, Massachusetts. The arena opened on September 30, 1995, and is the current home to the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

The arena was originally known as FleetCenter from 1995 to 2005. TD Banknorth acquired the naming rights for the arena on March 3, 2005. The name was changed to TD Banknorth Garden on July 1, 2005.

TD Garden has held many WWE events as well including: WrestleMania XIV in 1998, King of the Ring in 2000, Royal Rumble in 2003, SummerSlam in 2006, Survivor Series in 2008, Royal Rumble in 2011, Night of Champions in 2012, and Survivor Series in 2013.

References

Other websites
Official website

Sports buildings in the United States
Boston Celtics
Buildings and structures in Boston
1995 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Massachusetts
Boston Bruins
Gagra (Abkhaz and ; ) is a town in Abkhazia. It covers an area of about 5 kilometres. It is located on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea, at the base of the Caucasus Mountains. The moderate climate makes it a popular tourist resort.

Gagra is the centre of the Gagra District. It is located in the western part of Abkhazia. The river Psou serves as a border with Krasnodar Kray of Russia.

History 
Gagra was established as a Greek colony. During the rule of the Kingdom of Colchis, they called it Triglite.
In the time of the Roman Empire the town was renamed to Nitica. Because of its geographical and commercial importance, it was attacked repeatedly by the Goths. The Romans did not neglect it, however. They fortified it well. After the Romans, the Byzantine Empire took control of all of Colchis, including Nitica. It became a major trading center for merchants from Venice and Genoa. The name "Gagra" appeared for the first time on a map in 1308. This was on a map of the Caucasus made by the Italian Pietro Visconti. This map is now in the Library of Saint Mark in Venice.

Gagra within the Russian Empire 

In the 16th century, Gagra was a part of Georgia. It was invaded by the Ottoman Empire. Because of poverty and disease, most of its people had left. After Russia's victory over the Ottomans in 1878, Russia rebuilt the town.
Gagra under the Soviet Union 
In 1919, Vladimir Lenin established a "worker's resort" in Gagra. He nationalised the resort that had been built by Oldenburg. Then Gagra became a popular holiday resort for Soviet citizens. During World War II, it gained a new role as a site for the rehabilitation of wounded soldiers. After the war, various state-run sanatoriums were built there. The resort grew and was developed quickly as part of the "Soviet Riviera".

Gagra in post-soviet Abkhazia 

In the late 1980s, tensions grew between the Georgian and Abkhazian communities in the region. War started between 1992 and 1993. It ended in a defeat of the Georgian government's forces. Hundreds of thousands of ethnic Georgians were forced to leave their homes in Abkhazia. This was part of a mass ethnic cleansing, in which thousands of Georgian civilians were massacred. Gagra and the Abkhazian capital Sukhumi were at the centre of the fighting and suffered heavy damage.
After 1993, Gagra was under Russian occupation and under the control of separatist armed formations.

Monuments 

The most important landmarks of Gagra are:
 ruins of the Abaata fortress (4th–5th century AD, built by the Anchabadze dynasty, the ruling Georgian dynasty);
 6th-century church, said to be the oldest in Abkhazia, built by Anchabadze dynasty;
 Marlinsky defensive tower (1841);
 19th-century palace of the Prince of Oldenburg.

Twin towns
On 14 May 2012, Gagra signed a cooperation agreement with Vladimir.

References

Other websites 

 webcamera in Gagra 

Ancient Greek cities
Abkhazia
Settlements in Georgia (country)
Spa towns
The KeyBank Center is a sports arena in Buffalo, New York. The arena opened on September 21, 1996, and is the current home to the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Buffalo Bandits of the National Lacrosse League (NLL).

The arena was originally known as Marine Midland Arena from 1996 to 1999 and as HSBC Arena from 2000 to 2011. First Niagara Bank acquired the naming rights for the arena in 2011. The arena name next changed after KeyBank bought First Niagara Bank in 2016. Outside signs began to show the new name in August of that year, with the name change to "KeyBank Center" becoming official on September 19.

KeyBank Center has held many WWE events as well including: The Great American Bash in 2005, Armageddon in 2008, Night of Champions in 2011, and WWE Battleground in 2013.

References

Other websites
Official website 

Sports buildings in New York (state)
Buffalo Sabres
1996 establishments in New York (state)
John Michael Montgomery (born 1965) is a singer from the U.S. state of Kentucky. He sings and writes country music. He has been a singer since 1991.

Discography
Singles
"I Love the Way You Love Me" (1993)

Studio albums
 Life's a Dance (1992)
 Kickin' it Up (1994)
 John Michael Montgomery (1995)
 What I Do the Best (1996)
 Leave a Mark (1998)
 Home to You (1999)
 Brand New Me (2000)
 Pictures (2002)
 Letters from Home (2004)
 Time Flies (2008)

Related pages
List of country musicians from Kentucky

References

Other websites

The website of John Michael Montgomery

1965 births
Living people
Singers from Kentucky
Country musicians
American singer-songwriters
Warner Bros. Records artists
KatieJane Garside (born Katrina Jane Garside; 8 July 1968) is an English singer-songwriter. She first became known as the singer of the indie rock band Daisy Chainsaw. Garside is now the singer of Ruby Throat.

Career

Daisy Chainsaw
Garside joined the band in 1989. With the band Garside released two extended plays. The band then released one album, Eleventeen in 1992. Their single "Love Your Money" reached number 26 in the UK Singles Chart in February 1992. It is Garside's most successful song so far.

Garside sung on two songs on Creaming Jesus' 1992 album Guilt by Association. She was also in the music video for their single "Lilies".

In 1993, Garside left Daisy Chainsaw. She was replaced with Belinda Leith.

1994–1998
In 1994, Garside sung on the album The Greatest Show of Truth by The Sacred Sawdust Ring.

Garside sung on five songs on Test Dept.'s 1995 album Totality.
Queenadreena
In 1999, she started an alternative rock band called Queenadreena with Crispin Gray. Queenadreena released their first album, Taxidermy, in 2000. In 2002, they released their second album Drink Me. In 2005, their third album The Butcher and the Butterfly was released by One Little Indian. One single was released from the album, "Medicine Jar".

In 2007, the band released Ride a Cock Horse. The next year they released Djin. It was only released in Japan. In September 2009 it was released in the UK.

The band broke up in 2010.

Lalleshwari, Corps Electriques, and Ruby Throat
In 2005, she released an album of songs she made on her own called Lalleshwari/Lullabies in Glass Wilderness.
In 2006, Garside met Chris Wittingham on the London Underground. He was busking there. They started making music together. In 2007 they released an album together called The Ventriloquist under the name Ruby Throat. It has a folk sound. At first they released 500 copies of the cd inside red leather books. The album was released on Amazon in 2008.

In 2008, Garside released an album with Hector Zazou called Corps Electriques. Nils Petter Molvær played the trumpet on it.

In 2009, Ruby Throat released their second album, Out of a Black Cloud Came a Bird. The album has a cover of "Nothing" by Townes Van Zandt. Also that year, Jeff Zetner's album The Dying Days of Summer was released. Garside sung on the thirteenth song on the album, "Where We Fall We'll Lie". 

In 2012, they released a third album, O' Doubt O' Stars.

Family life
She has a sister called Melanie Garside. Melanie is also a musician. She was the bass player for Queenadreena.

Garside lives on a boat with Chris Wittingham and their children.
References

1968 births
British folk musicians
English singer-songwriters
Living people
Singers from London
British rock singers
Taiwan Power Company (Taipower; ) is a company owned by the government of the Republic of China. It provides electricity to Taiwan, including the islands of Penghu, Kinmen and Lienchiang. The company was established on May 1946.

Other website
 Taipower

Economy of Taiwan
Electric power companies
A steam turbine is a machine that gets thermal energy from pressurised steam. It uses the energy to do mechanical work by rotation. It is usually connected to a generator to produce electricity. The heat to produce steam comes from burning a fuel such as coal, from burning trash in an incinerator, from the waste heat of other industrial processes, from a nuclear reactor, or from a natural source such as sunlight or geothermal heat.

Sizes
There are many sizes of steam turbines, from small ones (less than 0.75 kW) for pumps and other devices, to larger ones (1,500,000 kW) for producing electricity.

Related pages
 Turbine
 Steam engine

Machines
A surface condenser is a device in a power station that changes the steam used by a steam turbine back into water. The steam is then used again to turn the turbine after being evaporated inside boiler. It can also be used in other applications and different types of industries.

Boilers
A pulverizer is a machine used to grind different types of material. This is done so that the material will be able to be used or can be easily transported. An example of a material that can be grinded is coal.

Types
There are different speeds used by pulverizers.
 Low speed
 Medium speed
 High speed

Machines
A battery charger is a device that makes a used battery able to be used again. It works by forcing electric current into it from the opposite polarity of the battery. However, only rechargeable batteries can be recharged with a battery charger.

Battery chargers can be found in many forms, such as for mobile phone batteries, an electric vehicle charger, and a laptop battery charger (adapter).

References

Batteries
Adobe Premiere Elements is an editing software that allows users to edit videos and make home-made movies, using the provided options.

Elements was made as a simpler and easier to learn version of Premiere Pro.

Compatibility
Upon release, the software was made compatible with Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X. The installation of the software is different for each device, providing step by step instructions. It can only be installed once per device, where it then needs to be uninstalled before installing again to a different device.

Adobe ID
An Adobe ID is a paid service that allows access to otherwise inaccessible content created by Adobe. The price of an Adobe ID has varied in the past five years. It currently costs around ten dollars a month, although the price may be different depending where you are located. Creating your Adobe ID also unlocks free benefits for Adobe Photoshop and an automatic online backup.
Free Trial
A free thirty day trial is available to those who are willing to download the often large amount of data required. The trial includes everything you would get from buying the product, attempting to get customers to buy the full version after the trial is over.

Awards
Adobe Premiere Elements has won over 180 editing awards and has been classified as number one award winning editing software for the past 10 years.

Sharing
Adobe has a built in sharing configuration, that allows users to share their videos to major websites such as YouTube and Facebook. It also allows easy transferring onto a DVD, or into AVCHD format.

References

Adobe software
A recloser is a circuit breaker which can be closed automatically after the breaker has been opened because of electric fault. Because many faults in power systems fix themselves after they happen, the installation of recloser ensures more continuity of power and higher availability for electricity supply to the load.

Electricity
A geotechnical investigation is a process to analyze and measure the quality of the rock and soil at the site where people plan to build any construction work. By knowing the soil and rock property below the planned construction site, the exact foundation material for the construction building can be properly designed to match with the character of the soil below it so that the building can stand strongly above the examined soil.

Geology
Ian Mathias Bavitz (born June 5, 1976), better known as Aesop Rock, is an American rapper who lives in San Francisco, California. He was born in New York.

References

1976 births
Rappers from New York (state)
Living people
Musicians from New York (state)
A down payment is the amount that being paid first at the beginning of any business transaction and settle the remaining payment through installments. This payment is made so that the buyer or customer can own the goods being sold or for the case of ordering in a factory (for highly-customized goods), the goods can be put into the production line and start to be produced first.

How much a customer needs to pay for the down payment is different in each country and each business type. The amount of down payment and the remaining payment are usually agreed upon at the time of making the purchase or order..

References

Business
A purchase order (PO) is a document stating the wish of a buyer to purchase something from a seller. It indicates all of the exact details of the goods the buyer intends to buy. When the seller accepts the purchase order, it forms a legal contract between both sides. This means that the seller is required to provide the goods in exchange for payment by the buyer.

References

Business
Documents
Trichromacy is a type of color vision. Animals with this kind of vision see colors with cone cells in their retina. The three types of cone cell are sensitive to different wavelengths of light. Color is constructed in the brain's visual cortex. Humans and many other primates have full color vision. Most mammals do not, because they have only one or two types of cone cells, which do not discriminate so many distinct wavelengths. Most other vertebrates such as lizards and birds have four types of cone cells, hence can discriminate more colors than humans can.

References 

Color
Vision
PPG Paints Arena is a sports arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The arena opened on August 18, 2010, and is the current home of the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). It was also home to Pittsburgh Power of the Arena Football League (AFL) from the team's 2011 entry into the league until its demise in 2014.

When it opened, the arena was known as Consol Energy Center, with the naming rights owned by Consol Energy. In October 2016, Consol Energy opted out of its naming rights contract, and PPG Industries took over the naming rights, choosing to promote its paint brand on the arena. The first Penguins game played in the arena was on October 7, 2010 in a 3–2 loss against their rivals, the Philadelphia Flyers.

The arena hosted the Frozen Four in 2013. The first event that happened in the arena was a concert by Paul McCartney. The arena hosted the WWE's Royal Rumble on January 26, 2014.

References

Other websites
Official website
Sports buildings in Pennsylvania
Sports in Pittsburgh
2010 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh Penguins
Take Me Home is the second album by British-Irish boy band One Direction. It was released or made available to the public on 9 November 2012.

Songs

References

2012 albums
One Direction albums
Pop albums
Bad Moon is a 1996 American horror and thriller movie. The movie is about strange events, full moons and werewolves. Mariel Hemingway plays attorney Janet Harrison. The movie was distributed by Warner Bros.. The movie was rated R for gore, horror, violence and some language. They had earlier given a higher rating based on graphic violence, which was then cut from the movie. When released, the movie received terrible reviews. Bad Moon was a huge box office flop.

1996 horror movies
1996 thriller movies
1990s horror thriller movies
American horror movies
American thriller movies
4.3.2.1 is a British 2010 crime-thriller movie. The movie is about four friends, all 19, during the late 2000s decade. One of them (Shannon) has one bad day after another. She gets mugged, assaulted and rejected. Another, Joanne (or simply Jo, played by Emma Roberts), works inside a 24-hour retail store. The reviews mixed. It was released in June 2010.

2010s crime thriller movies
2010 crime drama movies
2010 thriller movies
William A. "Bill" Allain (February 14, 1928 – December 2, 2013) was an American politician. He held office as the 58th Governor of Mississippi as a Democrat from 1984 to 1988.

Allain died December 2, 2013 in Jackson, Mississippi from unknown causes, aged 85.

References

1928 births
2013 deaths
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Governors of Mississippi
"Hail to the Chief" is the official presidential anthem of the United States. The song is played only when the president of the United States appears during public appearances. It is also played during funerals of former [residents such as during Ronald Reagan's funeral. This song is under the public domain.

History of the United States
 

19th-century American songs
1810s poems
Lincoln College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. Its full name is "The College of Blessed Mary and All Saints, Lincoln". The college was founded in 1427 by Richard Fleming, Bishop of Lincoln. It is the 9th oldest college at the University. 

Colleges of the University of Oxford
1427 establishments
1420s establishments in Europe
15th-century establishments in England
Cognitive neuropsychology is a subject in psychology. It is a combination of biology and cognitive psychology. These psychologists study human behavior and knowledge. This is a growing subject that is used more and more everyday. Unlike cognitive neuroscience, cognitive neuropsychology pays attention to the mind rather than the brain.

Many scientists have worked to make cognitive neuropsychology. Their findings have created an understanding of the brain and how humans learn and do things.  Most of these scientists were not psychologists, but are known for their contributions to psychology. The technology today also helps advance what is known.  With brain imaging and other methods the brain can now be visualized. Cognitive neuroscience can also be broken into different topics such as memory, attention, language, and emotion.
Beginnings 
The early history of cognitive neuropsychology begins with humans’ first acknowledgement of the mind/brain.  Beliefs in the importance of the mind/brain/head emerge as early as 4000BC with the Sumerians. Records of Sumerian intake of the poppy plant (which contains opium) include descriptions of the mind-altering affects upon ingestion. This suggests a reference to the brain. Another clue pointing towards acknowledgement of the brain is the discovery of skulls with holes drilled into them in 2000BC. Discovery of these skulls points to cultural acknowledgement of the brain as important to life. The motivation behind these drillings could vary from spiritual to medical.
The greatest contribution to early cognitive neuropsychology came from Egypt in 1700BC. This marks the development of the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. This document included the first written description of the human brain. These writings include descriptions of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. 
The next development emerged from ancient Greece from philosophers Aristotle, Plato and Almaceon. The ancient Greeks hypothesized the form and function of the mind, psyche and soul. Aristotle’s theory focused on the heart as the seat of the mind. He saw the heart containing all emotion and thinking. He also thought that the brain functioned to cool the heart down. Unlike Aristotle, Plato believed the brain to be the locale for mental processes. With Aristotle we see the emergence of the dualistic view of mind and body. The dualistic versus monistic approach to the mind and brain is a debate dominating much of the history of cognitive neuroscience.
The developments in cognitive neuropsychology following this time were few and far between due to Church credence against human dissection. This limited the uncovering of new information. At this time we see a noteworthy development by Galen. Galen was a Roman physician whose surgical descriptions of neurology helped describe the anatomy of the brain and neurological disorders. Many unskilled physicians attempted dissections in secret, but with no real, scientific discoveries occurring.
.
16th Century 
By the middle of the 16th century, there was an increase in cognitive neuropsychology development. This happened after the lull caused by the Church. During The Renaissance cognitive neuropsychology gains many noteworthy contributions. These contributions involve a deeper understanding of the brain and its subsections. We see Vesalius’ publication of the first neuroscience textbook in 1543 and his description of the hydrocephalus in 1550. We also see the first use of the term “hippocampus” in 1564. This is when the brain was starting to be seen as a complex organ responsible for many operations of the body.
18th Century 
During the 18th Century science began to be big in the history of cognitive neuropsychology. The first big advance was in human reflexes. These bodily reactions to stimuli or outside forces are observed and measured. This was found by studying axons and learning how signals travel in the human body. Before this, science and technology were not advanced enough, but the 17th Century changed this. In fact, the development of the microscope helped as well. The brain's nerve fibers could now be seen and described.  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was also found in the spaces of the brain and spinal cord. With that, the physiology of psychology began to take control of cognition. These findings are all still true today.
Another advance occurred with electroconvulsion therapy (ECT) or electric shock therapy. This was a method used to treat mental disorders. ECT causes electricity to shock a person's brain. This stimulates all of the brain causing mental disorders to go away and be cured. This was used to treat blindness, hysteria, depression, and many other disorders. It was thought to be the way of the future in treating disabilities.

History of cognitive neuropsychology
19th Century  
The 19th century started the argument of localism vs. holism in cognitive neuropsychology. People were starting to question holism and explore the idea of localism. Localism means that the brain has individual areas that are responsible for certain actions in the body. The study of Phrenology started these localization theories. Phrenology is looking at the human skull and finding strange bumps to be measured.  Any strange bumps or shapes in the skull were then paired with intelligence or self traits in a person. These traits could include language,  logic, and even love. If a part of the skull was pushed out it would mean that trait was better. This started localization theories
The next big thing in cognitive neuroscience has to do with ablation studies. This is when parts of the brain were removed so function could be measured without this brain area. For example, a neuropsychologist can remove the cerebellum. After it is removed, the animal's balance was not good. This links the cerebellum to balance.  As for brain damage, the most famous case is with Phineas Gage. This patient was working on the railroad when a piece of metal went through the front of his head. He did not die from this brain injury. However, his normal personality changed. This brought the idea that the frontal cortex, the part of the brain that was stabbed, controlled how a person acted.  Another study found the localization of language in the brain. Two separate scientists studied patients with language problems. They found that their patients all had lesions or damage in two certain areas of their brain.  One area known as Broca's area controlled talking
. The other area Wernicke's area was found to control understanding of language.
This way of looking at problems in the brain lead to studies of epileptic patients. An epileptic patient is a person that frequently suffers from seizures. These seizures were studied to learn more about how the brain sends electrical signals.  These electrical signals were then measured. It was found that each neuron can send a signal at certain speeds. These neurons were then dyed with a stain in order to be seen. At first it was thought that all nerves were connected like a web called a nerve net. However, with more complex stain it was found that each nerve is separate and can fire on their own.

20th Century
20th Century  

In the early part of the 20th century, there was a long time that cognitive neuropsychology was not studied. This was partly because of the influence of John B. Watson, who was a behaviorist in psychology. He argued that cognition could not be studied scientifically because it could not be observed. So for the first half of the 20th century, psychology as a field was dominated by behaviorism, which was mainly stimuli and a person’s response to it. John B. Watson was only one psychologist to criticize cognitive psychology. Pierre Marie in 1906 criticized Broca, who was one of the first to create the field of Cognitive Neuropsychology. Henry Head in 1926 also attacked the whole field of cognitive neuropsychology. Due to these criticisms, and the influence of behaviorism, cognitive neuropsychology was dormant for many years.
In the middle of the twentieth century there was a transition called the 'Cognitive Revolution' in psychology. This is when psychologists began to agree that there were scientific ways to study cognition. These new beliefs about cognitive psychology were brought on by John C. Marshall's and Nora Newcombe’s study of reading, and Shallice and Warrington’s study of memory in the early 1970s. In the mid 1980s the first undergraduate book was published by Ellis & Young named Human Cognitive Neuropsychology. There was also an emergence of new technology that made it easier to study the brain and the mind. The 1970s and 1980s was the time period that cognitive neuropsychology became visible, and many psychologists started studying it after.
The late 20th century was also when they began using computational models of cognition. The psychologists would make theories and install them into a computer, then virtually damage the fake brain where the patient had damage. By doing this, they can get a better look at how the mind works. This is one way that technology has helped in studying the human mind. This, along with the invention of the devices to scan the brain, has made a big difference in cognitive neuropsychology.

Cognitive neuropsychologists use the method of double dissociation when studying the modules of the mind. This is when they use many patients who have had brain damage and try to figure out which parts of the brain are responsible for different cognition. This concept of modularity was developed by Jerry Fodor in his 1983 book The Modularity of the Mind. Psychologists disagree as to how much and which parts of the mind is constructed modules.

21st Century
21st Century  

In this century, cognitive neuropsychologists use many methods to study the mind. They use machines that scan the brain to see where the damage is, and then study cognitive abilities of these patients. They still use double dissociation for studying the patients, case studies, computational models, and many other features that were invented in the late twentieth century. With new technology, there is likely to be a lot of improvement in this field.

Tools used in cognitive neuropsychology 
Cognitive neuropsychology uses of investigations of people with problems of cognition to learn more about normal cognitive processes. This is possible through the many technological advances such as:
Lesion and Behavior Approaches 
EEG
Computerized Tomography (CAT) scan
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan 
MRI
fMRI

References 

Cognition
Branches of psychology
Sulukta is a small town in Kyrgyzstan. Over 20 thousand people live in Sulukta.

References 

Towns in Asia
Settlements in Kyrgyzstan
Surface mining is a method which operates on the surface of the land. Machines remove the overburden to get at material, such as coal, below it. 

Surface mining  includes strip mining, open-pit mining (UK: open cast mining) and mountaintop removal mining. It is mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit are removed. It is the opposite of underground mining, in which the overlying rock is left in place, and the mineral removed through shafts or tunnels.  

Surface mining gained popularity throughout the 20th century, and became the main way of coal mining in places such as Appalachia and America's Midwest.

In most forms of surface mining, heavy equipment, such as earthmovers, first remove the overburden. Next, huge machines, such as dragline excavators or Bucket-wheel excavators, extract the mineral.

Mining
Control system is a device or system that gives commands to manage the behavior of other devices or systems. The commands can be set or programmed, and the output is determined by the input. A control system is represented by a logic diagram.

Classes
 Open loop control system-without feedback
 Closed loop control system-with feedback 
Control engineering
Cyclonic separation is a process to take out all of the unwanted particles from air, gas, or steam. The process uses a process called vortex separation and does not use filtering. It uses rotational and gravitational force to separate the unwanted particles. The process is done in a device called cyclone separator or "cyclone". The word "cyclone" in meteorology (weather) is a force in which the air's movement spirals inward.

Usage
 Cement industry
 Fossil fuel power stations
 Oil refinery
 Sawmill

Engineering
A boiler is a device used to heat water or other fluids until it boils or before boiling point. The heated or vaporized fluid is then used for various process applications, such as central heating, power generation, cooking, and sanitation. 

Hot water boilers heat water for the purpose of domestic or commercial heating and hot water supply.

Steam boilers generate steam in order to power turbines for power generation and various other industrial heating applications.

Fuel
The source of the heat for boiler can be from coal, oil, wood, rejected heat or natural gas.

Types
The different types of boilers find their use in different applications.
 Fire-tube boiler
 Flash boiler
 Flued boiler
 Water-tube boiler
 System boiler
 Combi boiler
Steam heating
Where steam is required for space heating, the boiler is often called a steam generator. A niche application was for heating railroad passenger cars while steam locomotives were being phased out. The steam generator would be oil-fired on diesel locomotives or electrically heated on electric locomotives.  Steam heating is now uncommon on trains. Modern trains are usually heated by electric heaters.

References

 
HVAC
Heat transfer
Bulk material handling is a field of engineering. It involves designing equipment to handle dry materials in their bulk form. It consists of stationary machinery, mobile equipment and storage facilities. The purpose of this process is to transport materials from one place to another place or places.

Engineering
The SAP Center at San Jose is a sports arena in San Jose, California. The arena opened on September 7, 1993, and is the current home to the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the San Jose Sabercats of the Arena Football League (AFL).

The arena was originally known as San Jose Arena from 1993 to 2001, the Compaq Center at San Jose from 2001 to 2002, and as HP Pavilion at San Jose from 2002 to 2013. SAP acquired the naming rights for the arena in June 2013 and renamed the arena SAP Center at San Jose.

The arena has held many WWE events as well including: the Royal Rumble in 1998, SummerSlam in 2001, and The Great American Bash in 2007.

References

Other websites
Official website

Stadiums in the San Francisco Bay Area
Sports buildings in California
Sports in San Jose, California
1993 establishments in California
San Jose Sharks
The Honda Center is a sports arena in Anaheim, California. The arena opened on June 19, 1993, and is the current home to the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL) and will be the home of the future Los Angeles Kiss of the Arena Football League (AFL) in 2014.

The arena was originally known as Pond of Anaheim in 1993 and as Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim from 1993 to 2006. Honda acquired the naming rights for the arena in October 2006.

The arena has held many WWE events as well including: WrestleMania XII in 1996, the Royal Rumble in 1999, and WrestleMania 2000 in 2000.

References

Other websites
Official website

Sports buildings in California
1993 establishments in California
Anaheim Ducks
Patrick "Pat" Tanaka (born August 5, 1961) is an American professional wrestler.

He is best known for working with American Wrestling Association where he was one half of Badd Company and the World Wrestling Federation where he was one half of The Orient Express.

While in AWA, he won the AWA World Tag Team Championship as a member of Badd Company on March 19, 1988 when they defeated the Midnight Rockers. The team held the championships for a year and the lost them to the Olympians (Brad Rheingans and Ken Patera) on March 25, 1989.

In mid-March 2006, he opened Fighting Spirit Dojo in Minster, Ohio along with shoot-fighter Jody Poff. He teaches judo to more than 50 students while Poff teaches a group of mixed-martial-artists.

Championships
Championships

American Wrestling Association
AWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Paul Diamond)
Continental Wrestling Association
AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Paul Diamond and Jeff Jarrett (one))
CWA/AWA International Tag Team Championship (five times) (with Paul Diamond (four) and Jeff Jarrett (one))
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #355 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the "PWI Years" in 2003.
He was ranked #99 of the 100 best tag teams of the "PWI Years" with Paul Diamond in 2003.
Universal Wrestling Association
UWA/UWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Bulldog K.T.)

References

1961 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
People from Honolulu
Sportspeople from Hawaii
Former WWE wrestlers
Cranes are a British dream pop band. Their most well known song is perhaps "Shining Road". They formed in 1985 in Portsmouth, England. The band's founding members were singer Alison Shaw, her brother Jim Shaw and guitarist Kevin Dunford. Dunford left the band in 1990. He was replaced by Mark Francombe who had such diverse musical influences as Velvet Underground, Can and Thobbing Gristle. He also liked building experimental electronic devices to alter his guitar-sound as well as wearing experimental hair. In 1989 their 6-track EP Self Non Self was released by Bite Back. A further guitarist, Matt Cope, was recruited. In 1990 they released an EP called Inescapable. It was their first release on the record label Dedicated. Later in 1990 they released another EP, Espero. 1991 saw the release of Tomorrows Tears followed by Adoration.
Their first album, Wings of Joy, was released in 1991. It reached number fifty-two in the UK Album Chart. In 1992 they opened 90 shows for The Cure on the U.S. and European legs of their "Wish" world tour. During a break from this tour their second album Forever was written and recorded and was released in 1993. It got to number forty in the UK. The single "Jewel" reached number twenty-nine in the UK Singles Chart. It was a collaboration with The Cure and became Cranes best-selling single.

Their third album Loved was released in 1994. Three singles were released from the album: "Lilies", "Shining Road", and "Beautiful Friend". In 1996 Cranes released 10,000 copies of La Tragédie d'Oreste et Électre. This album, based on a Jean-Paul Satre work, Shaw recites entirely in French. The next year Population 4 was released. It was their last album on Dedicated.
In 1997 the band broke up. In 2000 they reformed. They released Future Songs in 2001. In 2002 they performed before The Cure at Hyde Park. They released an EP called Submarine. Only 2000 copies of it were made. There were eight songs on it. All of them were remixes. In 2004 Particles and Waves was released. Cranes performed as the opening act for The Cure at the Move Festival. In 2007 Cherry Red Records released Wings of Joy again. Seven extra songs were on it. In 2008 they released an album called Cranes on their record label Dadaphonic. Pitchfork gave it a score of 7.2 out of 10. In 2009 Loved was released again by Cherry Red Records. There were seven extra songs on it.

References

Musical groups established in 1989
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
Nika Roza Danilova (born April 11, 1989), better known as Zola Jesus, is an American singer-songwriter. She has released three albums.

Early life
Danilova was born in Phoenix, Arizona to Russian parents. She was raised in Merrill, Wisconsin.

Career
In 2008 Danilova released Poor Sons.

In 2009, she made her first album, The Spoils, in her apartment. Sacred Bones Records released it in 2010. Pitchfork gave it a score of 7.6/10. 

In March 2010 Stridulum was released. It was an EP of six songs. 

Her second album Stridulum II was released in August 2010. It was her first album in the UK. In October 2010, she released an extended play called Valusia.

Her third album Conatus was released in October 2011. Danilova sang on "New France" on Orbital's 2012 album Wonky. 

In August 2013 Versions was released.

References

1989 births
American singer-songwriters
Living people
Singers from Phoenix, Arizona
Writers from Phoenix, Arizona
Writers from Wisconsin
Singers from Wisconsin
Bowser Jr. is a character from the Mario video game series. He is the son of Bowser and prince of the Koopas. He is known for inventing machines, painting graffiti, and doing what he can to make his father proud. He first appeared in Super Mario Sunshine. Since then, he has become a main character and appears in most of the Mario video game series.

Appearances
Bowser Jr. first appears in Super Mario Sunshine, where he disturbs Mario's vacation with Princess Peach on Delfino Isle by making the island dirty and kidnapping Peach. He makes himself look like Mario, so the people of the island put Mario in jail. He kidnapped Peach because Bowser made him think that Peach was his mother, and he had to keep her safe. He later finds out that Peach is not actually his mother, but he still wants to fight Mario again in the future to make his father proud.

He later appears in New Super Mario Bros., where he is the boss of the tower levels at the middle of each world.
Bowser Jr. appears in Super Mario Galaxy, where he helps his father in battling Mario. He also has three worlds of his own.

Bowser Jr. makes an appearance in New Super Mario Bros. Wii along with the Koopalings, where he appears on an airship (a type of flying ship).

Jr. appears in Super Mario Galaxy 2, where he helps his father in battling Mario like in Super Mario Galaxy.

He also appears in New Super Mario Bros. U, along with the Koopalings and his father. He does the same in 'New Super Luigi U.

Bowser Jr. appears Super Mario 3D World + Bowser’s Fury as an ally to Mario to help him defeat Bowser in an enraged form where he cannot control himself.
Bowser Jr. also appears a lot in the Mario spin-off games. He appears in Mario Kart: Double Dash!! and Mario Kart Wii. He also appears in some of the Mario sports games. He appears as a mini-boss in Mario Party 9. He has his own space on the boards where players have to play a minigame with him. He appears in Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games along with its sequel Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games, and Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games. He appears in Paper Mario: Sticker Star as a boss, and in Mario & Luigi: Dream Team'' as a boss in the Battle Ring. He has appeared in nearly every spin-off title since his introduction.

References

Other websites
Bowser Jr. on Super Mario Wiki

Fictional characters introduced in 2002
Mario series characters
Matthew Jason Bloom (born November 14, 1972) is an American former professional wrestler and professional football player. He is works for the WWE. Bloom is the head trainer at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida.

Bloom is best known for his work with WWE as Prince Albert, Albert and A-Train from 1999 to 2004, and as Lord Tensai and Tensai from 2012 to 2014. He also wrestled in Japan from 2005 to 2012 with All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and Pro Wrestling Noah (Noah) as . During his career,  Bloom has held the GHC Tag Team Championship, IWGP Tag Team Championship and WWF Intercontinental Championship.

Championships
Impact Zone Wrestling
IZW Heavyweight Championship (one time)

Elite Xtreme Wrestling
EXW Tag Team Championship (one time)1

New Japan Pro Wrestling
IWGP Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Travis Tomko (one) and Karl Anderson (one))
G1 Tag League (2007) (with Travis Tomko)
G1 Tag League (2009) (with Karl Anderson)
New Japan Cup (2006)
Power Pro Wrestling
PPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
PPW Young Guns Championship (one time)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #45 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2012.

Pro Wrestling Noah
GHC Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Karl Anderson)

World Wrestling Federation
WWF Intercontinental Championship (one time)

Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Tag Team of the Year (2011) (with Karl Anderson)

1After he won the championship, he held it by himself.

References

Other websites
WWE profile 

1972 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Jewish American sportspeople
Sportspeople from Massachusetts