Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Filmography

Movies
All I Want for Christmas - Choir (1991)
Top Dog - Matthew Swanson (1995)
Toy Story - Sid Phillips (1995) (voice)
Amanda - Kelsey Farnsworth (1996)
Hercules (1997 movie) - Boy #1 (1997) (voice)
Leave It to Beaver - Wallace 'Wally' Cleaver (1997)
Mulan - China Boy (1998) (voice)
Brink! - Andy Brinker (1998)
Tarzan - Flynt (1999) (voice)
The Princess Diaries - Josh Bryant (2001)
Recess: School's Out - Erwin Lawson/Captain Brad (2001) (voice)
Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street - Erwin Lawson (2001) (voice)
Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (2001) (uncredited)
American Girl - Kenton (2002)
National Lampoon's Barely Legal - Deacon (2003)
Recess: All Growed Down - Erwin Lawson (2003)
Smile - Chris (2005)
Curious George - Boat Worker #1 (2006) (uncredited)
Over the Hedge - Sid Phillips (2006)
Toy Story 3 - Sid Phillips (2010) (voice, cameo)
Television
Days of Our Lives - Nicholas Alamain (1992-1993)
Night Sins - Nicholas Alamain (1993) (TV movie)
In the Best of Families: Marriage, Pride & Madness - Older John (1994) (TV movie)
Aaahh!!! Real Monsters - Vic (voice) (1994) 
A Season of Hope - Tyler Hackett (1995) (TV movie)
Kidnapped: In the Line of Duty - Sam Honeycutt (1995) (TV movie)
Escape to Witch Mountain - Danny (1995) (TV movie)
ER - Ben Larkin (1995)
A Stranger to Love - Justin (1996) (TV movie)
Life with Louie (1996) (voice)
Mr. Rhodes - Milo (1996)
7th Heaven - Randy (1996)
Christmas Every Day - Billy Jackson (1996) (TV movie)
Toy Story Treats - Sid (voice) (1997)
Things That Go Bump - Christian (1997) (TV movie)
Meego - Trip Parker (1997)
Recess - Erwin Lawson (voice) (1997-2001)
You Wish - Jeff Collins (1998)
Brink! - Andy 'Brink' Brinker (1998) (TV movie)
The Wild Thornberrys - Adolescent Jaguar (voice) (1998)
Replacing Dad - Drew (1999) (TV movie)
Odd Man Out - Andrew Whitney (1999-2000)
So Weird - Clu Bell (1999-2001)
As Told by Ginger - Kid #2 (voice) (2000)
Raising Dad - Brad Singer (2001)
The Legend of Tarzan - Flynt (voice) (2001)
Do Over - Gary Ross (2002)
Dinotopia - Karl Scott (2002-2003)
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit - Drew Lamerly (2003)
Charmed - Newspaper Reporter (2003) (uncredited)
8 Simple Rules - Erik (2004)
Complete Savages - Chris Savage (2004-2005)
Malcolm in the Middle - Brad (2005)
Brandy & Mr. Whiskers (2006) (voice)
Girl, Positive - Jason (2007) (TV movie)
Avatar: The Last Airbender - Chan (voice) (2007)
Bones - Ed Dekker (2008)
Family Guy (2009) (voice)
Other websites

1982 births
Actors from San Diego, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
American Protestants
Christian Audigier (; May 21, 1958 – July 9, 2015) was a French fashion designer and entrepreneur. He worked for Ed Hardy and Von Dutch. Audigier was born in Avignon, France.

Audigier died in Los Angeles, California from myelodysplastic syndrome, aged 57.

References

Other websites

1958 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
French businesspeople
French fashion designers
People from Avignon
Roger Rees (5 May 1944 – 11 July 2015) was a Welsh-American actor. He was known for his stage work. He won an Olivier Award and a Tony Award for his performance as the lead in The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby. 

He also received Obie Awards for his role in The End of the Day and as co-director of Peter and the Starcatcher.

He was widely known to American television audiences for playing the characters Robin Colcord in Cheers and Lord John Marbury in The West Wing.

Rees was born in Aberystwyth, Wales. Rees became a naturalised United States citizen in 1989. He converted to Judaism in the 1980s. Rees was married to his husband, writer/producer Rick Elice, from 2011 until Rees' death.

Rees died of brain cancer at his home in New York City, aged 71.

References

Other websites

Article on appointment to Williamstown Theater Festival
Roger Rees  – Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing.org
1944 births
2015 deaths
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in New York City
Converts to Judaism
Deaths from brain cancer
Gay Jews
Jewish American actors
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish British actors
LGBT actors
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Tony Award winning actors
Welsh LGBT people
Welsh movie actors
Welsh stage actors
Welsh television actors
Yoani María Sánchez Cordero (born September 4, 1975) is a Cuban blogger.  She writes criticism about the difficulties of life for people living in Cuba under its current government. Her blog, Generation Y, is in 17 languages.  She received many international awards for her blog. In November 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama, wrote that her blog "provides the world a unique window into the realities of daily life in Cuba" and applauded her efforts to "empower fellow Cubans to express themselves through the use of technology."  In 2011, she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Life 
Yoani Sánchez was born September 4, 1975, in Havana, Cuba.  Her father is William Sánchez. Her mother is Maria Eumelia Cordero. Her father worked for the railroad.  Later, when Cuba's national railroads had problems, he worked to fix bicycles. When Sanchez was in primary school, Cuba was rich, because it received money from the Soviet Union. Later, when Sanchez was in high school and university, the Soviet Union had problems, Cuba lost the money, and Cuba's culture changed.  

Sanchez went to high school in the countryside".  She wrote: "I left high school in the countryside feeling that nothing belonged to me, not even my body.  Living in shelters creates the sensation that your whole life, your privacy, your personal possessions and even your nakedness has become public property."  Sanchez decided she wanted privacy.
For two years, Sánchez went to the university at Instituto Pedagógico.  She studied Spanish literature. Then she went to the Faculty of Arts and Letters in 1995.  She got a degree in Hispanic philology and a specialty in contemporary Latin American literature.

Work 
In 2000, Sanchez worked for Editorial Gente Nueva, a publisher of children's books.  Then Sanchez worked as a Spanish teacher for German tourists in Havana." 

In 2002, Sánchez went to Switzerland.  Two years later, she went back to Cuba.  Back in Cuba, Sánchez started the magazine Consenso, later named Contodos.    Sánchez is also involved with the digital magazine Convivencia.

In 2007, Sánchez went to the "debate of the intellectuals", a conference at the House of The Americas.  It was a discussion among intellectuals about Cuba’s culture.  But Sanchez and others were not allowed inside, so they wrote emails. The emails became the digital magazine Contodos This was the reason Sánchez started her blog, Generation Y.
In November 2008, Sánchez was invited to write her blog entries on The Huffington Post.

Awards

2008 – Ortega y Gasset Prize for Journalism 
2008 – "100 Most Influential People in the World” – Time magazine   
2008 – "100 most notable Hispanoamericans" – El País newspaper  
2008 – "10 most influential people of 2008" – Gatopardo Magazine   
2008 – “10 Most Influential Latin American Intellectuals” of the year – Foreign Policy magazine  
2009 – "25 Best Blogs of 2009" – Time magazine 
2009 – "Young Global Leader Honoree" – World Economic Forum 
2009 – Maria Moors Cabot prize – Columbia University Prize 
2010 – World Press Freedom Hero – International Press Institute 
2010 – Prince Claus Award – Prince Claus Fund
2011 – International Women of Courage Award – U.S. Department of State
2012 – “10 Most Influential Ibero American Intellectuals” of the year – Foreign Policy magazine

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Generation Y website
 2011 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

1975 births
Living people
Human rights activists
Nonviolence advocates
People from Havana
HuffPost writers and columnists
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Cuban writers
Cuban activists
Nasta Palazhanka (Russian: Наста Палажанка) is an activist in Belarus. In 2011, she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U. S. State Department.

Life 

Palazhanka became part of the youth movement in Belarus at the age of 14.   In  2011 she became the Deputy Chairperson of the Malady Front (Young Front), an NGO in Belarus.  She worked for freedom and human rights in Belarus, in spite of threats, harassment, and imprisonment.

In September 2011, she was engaged to another Young Front activist, Zmitser Dashkevich. They got married in December 2012, when Palazhanka visited him in Hrodno prison.

In July 2022, Nasta and Zmitser Dashkevich were sentenced for participating in the 2020 protests.

Other websites 

 2011 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References
References 

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Living people
Belarusian activists
1990 births
Civil rights activists
Human rights activists
People from Minsk
Shukria Asil is an Afghan women's rights activist. In 2010 she received the International Women of Courage Award

Work 

In 2009, Asil saved the jobs of three women teachers in Baghlan.  They lost their jobs when the Ministry of Education wrote bad information about them. 

In 2010 Asil was one of four women in the Baghlan Provincial Council.  In 2012 she was the head of the Baghlan Provincial Culture and Information Department. 

Asil also helped a girl who was gang-raped.  The girl's family would not accept her.  Asil helped the family get together, although the governor of the province said it was not a good idea.  She also worked for women's rights, made groups for women, and worked for women's driving schools and education for young girls. She received threats of kidnapping and death for her work.  She also had to change her address because of the threats.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century births
Afghan women's rights activists
Baghlan Province
Daniel Quinn (August 19, 1956 – July 4, 2015) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles on The Young and the Restless, police series Hunter, and independent drama twentysixmiles.

References

1956 births
2015 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Milwaukee
Alan Walton (April 3, 1936 – July 4, 2015) was a British biochemist. He was Chairman of Oxford Bioscience Corporation. He served on numerous Boards of Directors. Walton was an important figure in the development and funding of the Human Genome Project.

References

1936 births
2015 deaths
British chemists
People from Birmingham
James R. "Jim" Bede (17 April 1933 – 9 July 2015) was an American aircraft designer. He designed well over a dozen aircraft since the 1960s, but a string of business failures have kept most of these designs out of widespread use.

Bede died of an aneurysm in Cleveland, Ohio, aged 82.

References

1933 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from aneurysm
People from Cleveland
Cheng Siwei (June 1935 – 12 July 2015) was a Chinese politician and economist. He was the Chairman of China Soft Science Research Association; President of the Chinese Society for Management Modernization; Director of the Research Center on Fictitious Economy and Data Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dean of the School of Management of the Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; and Honorary President of East China University of Science and Technology. 

Siwei died on the morning of 12 July 2015 at the age of 80.

References

1935 births
2015 deaths
Chinese politicians
Chinese economists
Giacomo Biffi (13 June 1928 – 11 July 2015) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop Emeritus of Bologna, having served as archbishop there from 1984 to 2003. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1985.

References

1928 births
2015 deaths
Italian cardinals
People from Milan
Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
Jonathan "Johnny" Kemp (2 August 1959 – 16 April 2015) was a Bahamian singer-songwriter and record producer. He began singing at nightclubs in the Bahamas at 13. In 1979, he moved to New York City, New York in the United States and later signed with Columbia Records. His best known song is "Just Got Paid", which he got a Grammy Award nomination.

Kemp was born in Nassau. He was married and had two sons.

Kemp was found dead on 16 April 2015 on a beach in Montego Bay, St. James, Jamaica. He was 55 and is believed to have fallen, hit his head on some rocks and drowned.

References

1966 births
2015 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
Accidental deaths from falls
Bahamian people
R&B musicians
Record producers
Singer-songwriters
Cubans are an ethnic group and nation native to Cuba. According to the official 2012 National Census, the majority of Cubans (64.1 per cent) are white, 26.6 per cent are mestizo (mixed race) or mulatto and 9.3 per cent are black.

References

Ethnic groups in North America
Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, GCB, GCMG (; 3 June 1933 – 6 March 1999) was the 1st emir of Bahrain from 1961 until his death. Born in Jasra, he became emir upon the death of his father, Salman ibn Hamad.

The emir died of a heart attack. He was succeeded by his son, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.

1933 births
1999 deaths
Arab people
Bahraini people
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Wheelspin is the practice of making wheels lose traction on a road surface. This can occur in manual transmission cars when the clutch is released too quickly while accelerating. This can happen when pulling away from stop. 

How to do a Wheelspin in a manual car
Press the clutch full down
Select 1st gear
Push down the gas pedal
Release the clutch pedal as fast as possible

This should result in a wheelspin

Vehicles
Aglaophyton is a genus of early Devonian fossil land plants. Its fossils have been found in the Rhynie chert. Only the sporophyte generation have been found as fossils. Only one species has been found, Aglaophyton major.

Relationship to other plants
Aglaophyton was at first thought to be a species of the vascular plant genus Rhynia which lived at the same time. Later it was discovered that it is not really a vascular plant. It had vascular tissue, but the cells had thin walls. It might therefore be a missing link between the Bryophytes and Horneophyton and the vascular plants like Rhynia.

In 2004, Crane et al. published a cladogram which has Aglaophyton as the sister group of the vascular plants.

References

Other websites
 Cladogram  from 

Fossil plants
Extinct plants
Amy Yang (born July 28, 1989) also known as Yang Hee-Young is a Korean professional golfer. She plays on the United States-based Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA) tour and on the Ladies European Tour (LET). Since turning professional at age 17, she has six professional wins.

Yang began playing golf at age 10. She moved to Australia with her family at age 15 to play golf. In 2005 she won the "Queensland Amateur Championship", the youngest winner ever of that championship. In 2006, while still an amateur she won the ANZ Ladies Masters on the Ladies European Tour. Yang was also the youngest winner ever on the LET at age 16 years, 6 months and 18 days. She was given an exception to join the LET at age 17. Yang qualified for the LGPA on her first attempt.

References 

Golfers
Church Saint-Paul-Saint-Lous (also known as Église Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis) is a church located in the 4th arrondissement in Paris. It was constructed from 1627 to 1641, by Jesuit architects Étienne Martellange and François Derand. It is also called Saint-Louis-des-Jésuites. Louis XIII commissioned it to be built.

17th-century buildings and structures‎
Churches in Paris
The 2016 presidential campaign of Scott Walker, the 45th Governor of Wisconsin, was announced at an event in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on July 13, 2015. The scheduling of an announcement event was made public on July 2, two weeks after the formation of a "testing the waters" fundraising committee.

Background
Two weeks before his announcement, he formed a "testing the waters" fundraising committee to see if running for President is a good idea.

Announcement
On July 2nd, Walker started a countdown by posting a slice of his presidential campaign logo on Instagram, with eight more pieces to come in the days ahead. He also tweeted an image of himself waving next to an American flag with the message "It begins."

On July 10, then-Governor Walker's official Twitter account tweeted a premature presidential announcement, which is being investigated by Twitter.

Suspension
On September 21, 2015, Walker suspended his campaign after low polling numbers.

References

Walker
Gamil Ratib (جميل راتب, November 28, 1926 – September 19, 2018) was an Egyptian actor. He was known for his roles in Lawrence of Arabia, Poussière de diamant, and in The Aquarium. 

Ratib was born in Cairo, Egypt. He died in Cairo on September 19, 2018 at the age of 91.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2018 deaths
Actors from Cairo
Peterson is a common English language surname. It means "Son of Peter". There are over 700 different spellings of the name. The form Peterson may have also come from the Danish form Petersen.

People 
Cassandra Peterson (1951 - ) is an American actress.
Oscar Peterson (1925 - 2007) was a Canadian jazz pianist.

Surnames
Rhopalostylis sapida, the nikau () is a palm tree endemic to New Zealand. It is the only palm tree to grow there. It also does not grow naturally anywhere else in the world.

Nīkau is a Māori word. In the languages of the Pacific tropics, it means the leaves of a coconut palm. 

The Maori had many uses for the nīkau palm. The bases of the inner leaves and the young flowers were eaten raw or cooked. Food was wrapped in the leaves for cooking.  The old tough leaves were used to make baskets, floor rugs and waterproof thatched roofs for buildings.

Natural location 

The nīkau palm lives along the coast and lowland forests on the North Island and on the South Island. It lives where there is humidity. It is the world's most southern palm at 44° 18'S latitude.
Description 
The nīkau grows tall with a wide, green trunk which has grey-green leaf scars. The trunk is topped by a smooth, bulging crown of fronds (leaves). The flowers are coloured lilac to pink. The fruit is circular or oblong and is red when ripe. The nīkau has flowers between November and April (summer). The fruit ripens from February to November and is a favourite food for the native wood pigeon.

Caring for the palm 
 
The nīkau makes an excellent potted plant, and is quite healthy. It is slow-growing. It grows easily from a seed if the fruit is soaked in water for a few days and then gently scrubbed to remove the skin. The seed will then germinate in sealed plastic bags in part shade. Later, they can be planted in deep pots. 

The nīkau lives well in cool temperatures. In New Zealand, it does not get exposed to freezing weather. It can survive a few degrees of frost. It is hurt most by a sudden large drop in temperature even above freezing. It does well in areas with a mild Mediterranean climate.
References

Other websites 

New Zealand native plant website: Rhopalostylis sapida 

Plants of New Zealand‎
Arecaceae
CNN Chile is the Chilean version of CNN international. It was founded on December 4, 2008. It broadcasts 24 hours a day nationwide in Chile.

Coverage
 News
 Sports
 Program reviews

Related pages 
 CNN en Español

Other websites 
 Official website

CNN
2008 establishments
21st-century establishments in Chile
Chilean television networks
The Great Stink was in central London in July and August 1858. During hot weather the smell of untreated faeces was overpowering.

It was caused by untreated human waste in the River Thames, and on its banks. An ageing and inadequate sewer system emptied directly into the Thames.

The bad air was thought to transmit contagious diseases. There were three outbreaks of cholera before the Great Stink was blamed on the problems with the river. A proposal from  the civil engineer Joseph Bazalgette for sewage treatment was finally accepted.

References 

1858
1850s in the United Kingdom
19th century in London
Infectious diseases
Cholera pandemics
Water pollution
Cracked Rear View is the major-label debut album by Hootie & the Blowfish. It was released on July 5, 1994 by Atlantic Records.

Reception

Cracked Rear View is Hootie & the Blowfish's most successful album. It was the highest-selling album of 1995, with 10.5 million shipments that year alone. It eventually shipped 16 million copies by March 31, 1999. Cracked Rear View reached number one on the Billboard 200 five times during 1995. The album also reached number one in Canada and New Zealand. Three million copies were sold through the Columbia House mail-order system.

Critical reviews of Cracked Rear View were mostly positive. The Allmusic review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave it four and a half stars out of five. He wrote that it was "the success story of 1994/1995." He also said, "Although Hootie & the Blowfish aren't innovative, they deliver the goods. They turned out an album of solid, rootsy folk-rock songs that have simple, powerful hooks."

References

1994 albums
Paddington is a location in the London borough of City of Westminster, in central London. It has a train station called Paddington station.

People from Paddington

Related pages 
 Paddington Bridge
 Paddington Green TV series
 Pretty Polly Perkins of Paddington Green

References

Other websites
Lithang Tulku Tenzin Delek Rinpoche or Tenzing Deleg (1950 – 12 July 2015) was a Tibetan Buddhist leader from Garze, Sichuan. He was born in Lithang, Tibet. He was arrested on April 7, 2002 during a raid on Jamyang Choekhorling in Garze, Sichuan, China. He was accused of being involved in a bomb attack on April 3, 2002 on the central square of Sichuan's provincial capital, Chengdu. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. He died in prison in Chengdu.

References

1950 births
2015 deaths
Buddhists
People who died in prison custody
Tibetan people
Philipp Mißfelder (August 25, 1979 – July 13, 2015) was a German politician and a member of the Bundestag.  From January through March 2014 he served in the German government as the Coordinator for Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Intersocietal Relations, Cultural and Information Policy.

References

1979 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Members of the German Bundestag
German historians
People from Gelsenkirchen
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
The 17th Pan American Games were held from July 10 to July 26, 2015 in Toronto, Canada.

Over 6,000 athletes from 41 countries. They competed in 36 sports.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

2015 in sports
2015 in Canada
Pan American Games
Sport in Toronto
2010s in Toronto
The 1st version of the Pan American Games was held in 1951 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Over 2,500 athletes from 21 countries competed in 20 sports.

References

Pan American Games
1951 in sports
Paddington is an area in the London borough of City of Westminster. It may also mean:

 Paddington station- the train station
 Paddington (movie)- the movie
 Paddington Bear, a character in children's fiction books
 Paddington (TV series), a 1970s television children's shows
Anderson [an-der-suhn] is both a first name and a family name. In Scotland, the name first appeared in records of the 14th century as "Fitz Andreu" (it means "son of Andrew"). Anderson is one of the most common family names(Ranked 328th in the nation for newborns in 2021). It is especially common in Scotland, United States, Canada and England. This name was ranked #328 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

People with Anderson as a family name include Rona Anderson, Pamela Anderson, Loni Anderson, Laurie Anderson and Lynn Anderson.

People with Anderson as a first name include Anderson Cooper, who is the son of Gloria Vanderbilt.
People with Anderson as a first name
 Anderson Dawson (1863-1910), Australian politician
 Anderson Hernández (born 1982), Dominican former Major League Baseball player, currently playing in the Mexican League
 Anderson Ribeiro (born 1981), Brazilian footballer
 Anderson Varejão (born 1982), Brazilian National Basketball Association player
 Anderson .Paak (born 1986),American singer, songwriter, rapper, musician
 Anderson Batatais, Brazilian association football player

People with Anderson as a last name
 Alf Anderson (1914-1985), American baseball player
 Ben Anderson (born 1975), British journalist
 Bibi Andersson (born 1935), Swedish actress
 Bud Anderson (born 1922), American aviator and flying ace
 Charles D. Anderson (1827–1901), Confederate general
 Daphne Anderson (1922–2013), British actress
 Martina Anderson (born 1962), Northern Irish politician
 Anthony Anderson(born 1970),American actor

References

Surnames
Given names
Carter is a family name. It originally meant to haul goods in a cart. The name comes from the Gaelic and Celtic word cairt (cart). It originated in Ireland and Scotland. It later migrated to England, where it was changed to its English form.

People who have the name Carter include Lynda Carter, June Carter Cash, actress Dixie Carter and former U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

Surnames
Wilberfoss Primary School is an outstanding school, according to the Ofsted report of 2012. The school has about 200 pupils. It is a Church of England school.

Wilberfoss is in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

Schools in England
Hybrid vigour (or hybrid vigor) is the improved  activity and survival of hybrid offspring. The technical term in genetics is heterosis.

Inbreeding in a normal population leads to the offspring getting worse, less fit, less fertile and usually not living as long as the parents. The opposite, outbreeding, leads to fit, healthy, fertile offspring. This effect has been known for a long time. Animal breeders have known it since the 18th century, and Darwin investigated it in detail with plants.

On the other hand, when two parents are from widely different populations, such as different subspecies, this usually does not apply. In that case it is more usual for the hybrids to have lower fitness. Mules are usually not fertile, and that automatically makes them of lower fitness, as that term is used in biology. They are very hardy animals, but they leave few offspring. The puzzle for scientists has been to explain these facts.
Genetic theories 
When a population is small or inbred, it tends to lose genetic diversity. The loss of fitness is due to loss of genetic diversity. Inbred strains tend to be homozygous for recessive alleles. Recessive alleles tend to be mildly harmful. Heterosis or hybrid vigor, on the other hand, is the tendency of outbred strains to exceed both inbred parents in fitness.

In the early 20th century, after Mendel's laws came to be understood and accepted, two explanations were proposed.

 Dominance hypothesis. Undesirable recessive alleles from one parent are suppressed by dominant alleles from the other. Inbred strains lose genetic diversity, because they become homozygous at many loci.
 Overdominance hypothesis. Certain combinations of alleles that can be obtained by crossing two inbred strains are advantageous in the heterozygote. Cases such as sickle-cell anaemia show this at one gene locus, and overdominance is explained by this happening at many loci.
Present status 
At present, the first idea seems to fit the facts best. "The current view ... is that the dominance hypothesis is the major explanation of inbreeding decline and the high yield of hybrids".

An epigenetic effect heterosis has been found in plants, and also in animals. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs which repress the translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) or degrade mRNAs. The miRNAs may also have an effect on hybrid vigour.

References 

Hybrids
India "Willie" Bush (July 13, 1990 – January 4, 2009)  was the pet cat of U.S. President George W. Bush and his family while he was in the White House.  She lived with the Bush family for almost two decades.


Biography 
The Bushes got India, an all black, female American Shorthair, as a kitten in late 1991 or 1992. Their twin daughters Barbara and Jenna Bush were nine years old. It is not known if the cat had registered to vote.  India stayed with George and Laura Bush after Jenna and Barbara left for college. When George W. Bush became President in early 2001, India moved with the family from the Governor's Mansion in Austin, Texas to the White House.
Even while living at the White House, India did not get as much attention from the media as the family's Scottish terriers, Barney and Miss Beazley.  She is shown in the "Barneycam" videos made by the White House staff at Christmas. She first starred in Where in the White House is Miss Beazley?, where she was called by her nickname, "Willie". The dogs were always more interesting to the White House press during the Bush presidency. They became more famous to the public.

India (as "Willie") was shown in the March 2008 Architectural Digest, in the East Sitting Hall of the White House.

Controversy 
There was controversy reported in the news in  India. Some people were upset with the cat's name. In July 2004, demonstrations were held in the southern Keralian city of Thiruvananthapuram.  The cat's name was criticised as an insult to the nation of India. An effigy of President Bush was burned in protest.
The Bushes did not change the cat's name because of the demonstrations. India had been named for a baseball player, Rubén Sierra. He was nicknamed "El Indio" while playing for the Texas Rangers, when Bush owned the baseball team. The name had been given to the family cat by Barbara, one of the Bush's daughters.

Death 
India died at the White House on January 4, 2009, at age 18. In a statement to the press about India's death, Sally McDonough, speaking for First Lady Laura Bush, said that the family was "deeply saddened" by their cat's death. Part of the statement said, "India was a beloved member of the Bush family for almost two decades. She will be greatly missed."

References

Other websites

 Official Biography at WhiteHouse.gov
 India at the Presidential Pet Museum 
George W. Bush
United States presidential cats
alayhi as-salām (AAS) is a phrase Muslims say whenever they refer to the name of any prophet, messenger, and chosen figure of God. "Peace be upon him" is the English-language translation of alayhi as-salām. The phrase is used in Islamic practice to show respect. Muslims say or write the phrase to get Allah's blessings for the prophet/messenger, and in turn, get blessings for themselves. The abbreviations PBUH and AAS are used in writing in the Muslim world in private and sometimes government documents. The Qur'an, the holy book of Islam, says this respect must be given.

See also 
 Wives of Muhammad
 Islamic honorifics
 Companions of the Prophet

References 

{{عليه السلام - Wiktionary. (n.d.). Wiktionary, the free dictionary. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85

Islamic terminology

External Links 
The article Peace Be Upon Him & Christian Polemics explains the usage of the honorific from a linguistic perspective.
Virgil Ivan "Gus" Grissom (April 3, 1926 – January 27, 1967) was an American test pilot and astronaut. He was one of the original seven astronauts selected for NASA's Project Mercury in April 1959.

On July 21, 1961, Grissom flew into space in the Liberty Bell 7 spacecraft. This was powered by a Redstone rocket. Grissom was the second American in space, following Alan Shepard.

He made another space flight as command pilot (pilot in charge) of Gemini 3. This was the first trip by astronauts in NASA's Project Gemini. The trip took place on March 23, 1965.

Grissom died along with fellow astronauts Ed White and Roger Chaffee during a test for the Apollo 1 mission at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (then known as Cape Kennedy), Florida. He was the first of the Mercury Seven to die.

References

Further reading

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NASA Biography
Spacefacts biography of Gus Grissom
NYTimes article

1926 births
1967 deaths
Accidental deaths in the United States
American astronauts
People from Indiana
José Manuel Figueroa Sr. (April 8, 1951 – July 13, 2015), better known as Joan Sebastian (), was a Mexican singer-songwriter. He has written over a thousand songs including compositions for Vicente Fernández, Lucero, Pepe Aguilar, and Rocío Dúrcal. His music is a mixture of Latin pop, ranchera and grupera music.

On July 13, 2015, Sebastian died at his ranch in Cruz de la Sierra, Teacalco, Guerrero, Mexico, from bone cancer, aged 64.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Biography at Musicamania 
 Starpulse.com  – Discography
 Biography at Chalino.com 

1951 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in Mexico
Deaths from bone cancer
Mexican singer-songwriters
Latin Grammy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
People from Guerrero (state)
Tukey's Bridge is a bridge in Portland, Maine. The bridge was built in 1960. It was named after Lemuel Tukey, who collected taxes and owned taverns.

Bridges in the United States
Buildings and structures in Maine
Portland, Maine
Transport in Maine
1960 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Maine
The Shadow is a collection of serialized dramas, originally in 1930s pulp novels, and then in a wide variety of media.  Details of the title character have varied across various media. But The Shadow is generally a crime-fighter who works alone instead of with the police. He usually has psychic powers. He poses as a "wealthy, young man about town". The Shadow is one of the most famous adventure heroes of the twentieth century.  He has been featured on the radio, in a long-running pulp magazine series, in comic books, comic strips, television, serials, video games, and at least five motion pictures. The radio drama is well-remembered for those episodes voiced by Orson Welles.

The Shadow first appeared on July 31, 1930, as the mysterious narrator of the Street and Smith radio program Detective Story Hour. After gaining popularity among the show's listeners, the narrator became the star of The Shadow Magazine on April 1, 1931, a pulp series created and primarily written by Gibson.
On September 26, 1937, The Shadow radio drama began with the story "The Deathhouse Rescue," in which The Shadow was characterized as having "the power to cloud men's minds so they cannot see him." As in the magazine stories, The Shadow was not given the literal ability to become invisible.

The introduction from The Shadow radio program "Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows!" was spoken by actor Frank Readick Jr.. American English speakers often have heard of this phrase, even if they have never listened to the radio show. These words were accompanied by an ominous laugh and a musical theme, Camille Saint-Saëns' Le Rouet d'Omphale ("Omphale's Spinning Wheel", composed in 1872). At the end of each episode The Shadow reminded listeners that, "The weed of crime bears bitter fruit. Crime does not pay... The Shadow knows!"

References

Other websites 
 The Shadow radio recordings by Orson Wells

Characters in written fiction
The geoid is a shape like the surface of the Earth. It is a 3-D geometrical shape like an orange. Shapes of this kind are called oblate spheroids, which is a kind of ellipsoid. 

The geoid, however, is a very special kind of oblate spheroid. It is defined as follows:

The geoid is the shape that the surface of the oceans would take under the influence of Earth's gravitation and rotation alone, in the absence of other influences such as winds and tides.

It was defined by Gauss, in 1828. It is often described as the true physical shape of the Earth. The study of Earth's measurements and shapes is called geodesy.

For many practical purposes, a simpler shape is used because that makes calculations easier. That shape is called a reference ellipsoid. In basic education, the shape of the Earth is described as being like an orange, a sphere but wider round the equator. This shape is produced by all celestial spinning spheres, such as stars and planets. The details differ somewhat in each individual case.
References 

Earth sciences
Three-dimensional shapes
Geodesy
Phil Gramm (born July 8, 1942) is an American economist and politician. He is a former United States Senator from Texas. He was a member of both the United States House of Representatives and the Senate. He unsuccessfully ran for President in 1996.

Gramm was born on July 8, 1942 in Fort Benning, Georgia. He graduated from the University of Georgia. He is married to Wendy Lee Gramm. They have two children.

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1942 births
1996 United States presidential candidates
Living people
Businesspeople from Texas
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Politicians from Georgia (U.S. state)
United States senators from Texas
United States representatives from Texas
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Lisa Murkowski (born May 22, 1957) is an American politician. She is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. On December 20, 2002, she became a United States Senator from Alaska. In 2009, she became the senior senator from Alaska. She was in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1999 to 2002.

Murkowski was born on May 22, 1957 in Ketchikan, Alaska. She studied at Georgetown University and at Willamette University. She is married to Verne Martell. They have two children.

On February 13, 2021 Murkowski voted that former Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. She and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.

References

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United States senators from Alaska
Lawyers from Alaska
1957 births
Republican Party (United States) politicians
George Victor Voinovich () (July 15, 1936 – June 12, 2016) was an American politician. He was the former United States Senator from the state of Ohio serving from 1999 to 2011. Voinovich was a member of the Republican Party. He lastly served as the 65th Governor of Ohio from 1991 to 1998. He was the 54th Mayor of Cleveland from 1980 to 1989.

Early life
Voinovich was born on July 15, 1936 in Cleveland, Ohio. His father was of Croatian Serb descent. His mother was of Slovenian descent. He was raised in Collinwood, Ohio; a suburb of Cleveland. He studied at Ohio University and at Ohio State University. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in government from Ohio University and a Juris Doctor from Ohio State.

Early career
Voinovich began his political career in 1963 as an Assistant Attorney General of Ohio. He then served as a member of the Ohio House of Representatives from 1967 to 1971. From 1971 to 1976, he served as County Auditor of Cuyahoga County, Ohio.
In 1971, he ran for the Republican nomination for Mayor of Cleveland. He lost to Ralph J. Perk. From 1977 to 1978, Voinovich served as a member of the Cuyahoga County Board of Commissioners. 

In 1978, Voinovich was elected lieutenant governor on the ticket with James A. Rhodes (the first Ohio lieutenant governor not to be elected separately from the governor).

Mayor of Cleveland; 1980–89

Campaign
In 1979, the mayoral elections in Cleveland had become nonpartisan. Then-Mayor Dennis J. Kucinich (D) was about to enter a tough re-election campaign. Voinovich began to think running for mayor again. Finally, on July 26, he made "one of the most difficult decisions in [his] life" by running for mayor. He held his office as lieutenant governor until he won the election.

On October 8, 1979, a few days after the primary, Voinovich's nine-year-old daughter Molly was struck by a van and killed. The event brought the Voinovich campaign to a virtual halt and made it difficult for Kucinich to attack his opponent.
Voinovich went on to be re-elected twice by landslides. In 1981 he defeated former State Representative Patrick Sweeney, 107,472 to 32,940, to win Cleveland's first four-year mayoral term. In 1985 he defeated former councilman Gary Kucinich (brother of Dennis Kucinich), 82,840 to 32,185.

Term

Voinovich was considered shy. Voinovich took an aggressive approach after many people thought Cleveland was a bad place to be in. He reversed a defensive attitude projected by the Cleveland media, going to "war...to save one of this country's greatest cities."

The New Cleveland Campaign, a promotion agency formed in 1978, began sending out news releases bragging about Cleveland's benefits. Many people thanked Voinovich for fixing the city. He even attracted presidential candidates Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan to debate in Cleveland. "Cleveland is making a comeback," Time Magazine declared at the close of 1980.
In order to accomplish more, Voinovich felt that the terms for mayor and Cleveland City Council to be extended. He offered a referendum to voters to extend them from two to four years and asked voters to approve cutting down the number of council members from 33 to 21 in order to help ease the city's bad  economy. They approved both requests.

As mayor, Voinovich was a member of the National League of Cities and was elected President in 1985. In addition, the National Civic League awarded Cleveland the All-America City Award three times in five years,(1982, 1984, 1986), in addition to its first, won in 1950.

In 1988, he ran for the office of senator. He lost the election to Howard Metzenbaum. After the election, Vionovich left office as mayor in 1989.

Governor; 1991–98
In 1990, Voinovich was nominated by the Republicans to replace Governor Richard F. Celeste, a Democrat who could not run for a third term. He defeated Anthony J. Celebrezze, Jr. easily in what was considered a close to faultless campaign.
During his first four years he pulled Ohio out of a $1.5 billion deficit and was a national leader in welfare reform and removing unfunded mandates. In 1991 Voinovich served as the Chairman of the Midwestern Governors Association. 

In 1994, Voinovich was re-elected to the governorship, defeating Democrat Robert L. Burch Jr. in a massive landslide.

Voinovich did many things in his second term. In 1995 he was named Public Official of the Year by the National Journal. He was thanked with giving leadership in creating a public voucher plan to improve student achievement by using public funds to pay tuition at church affiliated schools. When the state legislature wanted to close Central State University, Ohio's only historically black state supported college, Voinovich stepped in by appointing a new board and convincing John Garland to become president.
In 1996, Voinovich was the first governor to endorse U.S. Senator Robert J. Dole's bid for the Republican Presidential nomination.  Later, Voinovich was among nine candidates as a potential vice presidential running mates with Dole. Voinovich said no to the offer to focus on running for senator.

In 1998, he could not run for a third term as governor due to term limits, Voinovich set his eyes on the U.S. Senate seat being left by long-time incumbent Democrat John Glenn. He resigned as governor on December 31, 1998 to focus on his senate race.

United States Senator; 1999–2010
In the 1998 senate elections, Voinovich won the election with 56% to Democratic politician Mary Boyle's 44%. 

He joined Democrats on tax issues and in 2000 was the only Republican in Congress to vote against a bill providing for relief from the "marriage penalty."
In November 2004, in his bid for re-election, Voinovich defeated the Democratic nominee, Ohio state senator and former U.S. Representative Eric D. Fingerhut. Voinovich won all 88 Ohio counties and won the largest amount of votes ever in a U.S. Senate race in Ohio – 3.5 million.

Voinovich gained national attention when he gave a speech tearfully opposing the nomination of John R. Bolton, who was selected for U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations. Later, Voinovich has since changed his views and said that Bolton did a "good job" as U.N. Ambassador, praising him by saying "I spend a lot of time with John on the phone. I think he is really working very constructively to move forward."

In January 2007, Senator Voinovich expressed concern to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice that the President's plan to increase troop levels in Iraq would not be a good idea. During his entire senate career, he was against the War on Iraq.
On January 20, 2009, it was announced that Voinovich had been appointed to the Appropriations Committee.  His appointment marks the first time an Ohioan has served on the coveted Senate committee since Mike DeWine lost his 2006 re-election bid. Voinovich sat at what is traditionally known as the 'candy desk'.

Voinovich also voted in favor of the Matthew Shepard Act. On December 18, 2010, Voinovich voted in favor of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010. 

In a press conference in January 2009, Voinovich announced he would not be seeking a third term. He left office on January 3, 2011, with Rob Portman replacing him.

Personal life
He married his wife, Janet, in 1962. They had four children: George, Betsy, Peter, and Molly, as well as seven grandchildren. Molly, their youngest child, was killed at age 9 after being struck by a van as she walked home from school.
After his retirement, Voinovich lived in Cleveland with his wife. Voinovich has been named a Senior Fellow at Cleveland State University at the Maxine Goodman Levin College of Urban Affairs, and Ohio Visiting Professor of Leadership and Public Affairs at the George V. Voinovich School of Leadership and Public Affairs at Ohio University.

In the United States presidential election in 2016, Voinovich endorsed fellow Ohio Republican John Kasich, the state's current governor.

Death
Vionovich died unexpectedly in Cleveland, Ohio on June 12, 2016 at the age of 79.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Profile  at SourceWatch

United States senators from Ohio
Governors of Ohio
Mayors of Cleveland
State legislators of the United States
Lawyers from Cleveland
1936 births
2016 deaths
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Ohio University alumni
Lieutenant Governors of Ohio
Mike DeWine (born January 5, 1947) is an American lawyer and Republican Party politician. DeWine is the 70th Governor of Ohio since 2019. He is a former United States Senator from Ohio.

DeWine was born on January 5, 1947 in Springfield, Ohio. He studied at Miami University and at Ohio Northern University. He is married to Frances Struewing. A political veteran with a long career in Ohio politics, DeWine's first big office was a state senate seat, which he entered in 1981. After terms in the United States House of Representatives and a term as the Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, he won a United States Senate seat, replacing Howard Metzenbaum. However, in 2006, DeWine lost the seat in a landslide to Sherrod Brown.

DeWine made a political comeback in 2010, when he won an election to be the Attorney General of Ohio. On May 26, 2016, DeWine announced his candidacy for Governor of Ohio in the 2018 election. He defeated Richard Cordray in November 2018.

References

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Governors of Ohio
United States senators from Ohio
United States representatives from Ohio
Attorneys general
State legislators of the United States
Lawyers from Ohio
1947 births
Republican Party (United States) politicians
People from Springfield, Ohio
Lieutenant Governors of Ohio
Rzhev is a town in Tver Oblast, Russia. It is  southwest of Staritsa and  from Tver. It is on the highway and railway connecting Moscow and Riga. It is the uppermost town on the Volga River.

Cities and towns in Tver Oblast