Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
After marrying Waldorf, Nancy moved into Cliveden, a lavish estate in Buckinghamshire on the River Thames. It was a wedding gift from Astor's father, She became a prominent hostess for the social elite. The Astors also owned a grand London house, No. 4 St. James's Square, which is now the premises of the Naval & Military Club.

A blue plaque unveiled in 1987 commemorates Astor at St. James's Square. Through her many social connections, Lady Astor became involved in a political circle which advocated unity and equality among English-speaking people and support for British imperialism.

References 

1879 births
1964 deaths
British Christians
Christian Scientists
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Politicians from Virginia
Synopsis
Angeline and Heidi share a deep bond of friendship ever since Heidi was orphaned and was taken under the custody of Angeline's parents, Abner and Minda. Angeline grows up responsible and compassionate while Heidi, fueled by ambition and envy, secretly detests Angeline and always feels inferior next to her.
 
Many boys are attracted to Angeline but she falls in love with Marcel. It doesn't take long before Angeline becomes pregnant and gives up on her dreams of becoming a nurse in order to marry Marcel.
 
Although their marriage is void of happiness, Angeline tries to be an excellent wife to her husband, and takes good care of her in-laws, Romeo and Stella. However, she soon learns that the life she chose is full of lies and betrayals. Adding to her woes is her unexpected miscarriage. She soon discovers that Marcel is cheating on her and shocked to learn of Heidi’s treachery. Angeline is devastated by the thought of being betrayed by the two people closest to her heart.
Marcel decides to end his affair with Heidi but Heidi is already pregnant with his child. He chooses to live with her as Angeline is forced to go back and stay with her parents. But Angeline finds out that she, too, is pregnant with Marcel's child.
 
Heidi then tries to get rid of that child but ends up drowning Angeline herself by accident. But by a twist of fate, Angeline survives and is back for revenge. She assumes the identity of another woman and seeks out vengeance against Marcel and Heidi. Now, it's time for pay back and Angeline will do everything to taste the bittersweet part of her revenge.
References

2012 television series debuts
Philippine television series
2010s Philippine television series debuts
Gert Voss (10 October 1941 – 13 July 2014) was a German actor. He was known for his roles in Der Kopf des Mohren (1995), Doktor Knock (1996) and Ritter, Dene, Voss (1987). He was born in Shanghai, China.

Voss died in Vienna, Austria from leukemia, aged 72.

References

Other websites
 

1941 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Cancer deaths in Austria 
German movie actors
German television actors
Actors from Shanghai
Alfred de Grazia  (December 29, 1919 - July 12, 2014) was an American political scientist and author. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He developed techniques of computer-based social network analysis in the 1950s, developed new ideas about personal digital archives in the 1970s, and defended the catastrophism thesis of Immanuel Velikovsky.

On December 31, 2013, Alfred was awarded the highest French distinction, being made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by decree of President François Hollande.

References

Further reading
Quantavolution - Challenges to Conventional Science, Festschrift in honor of Alfred de Grazia's 90th birthday, compiled and edited by Ian Tresman, Knowledge Computing, UK (2010)

Other websites
The Grazian Archive: archived works of Alfred de Grazia
The American State of Canaan 

1919 births
2014 deaths
American historians
American political scientists
Scientists from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Alberto Cassano (23 January 1935 – 12 July 2014) was an Argentine engineer and academic. He was a professor at the Universidad Nacional del Litoral during most of his career. He founded the program CONICET. He founded INTEC and CERIDE.

Cassano died in Santa Fe Province from a long illness, aged 79.

References

1935 births
2014 deaths
Argentine academics
Disease-related deaths in Argentina
Argentine engineers
Scientists from Buenos Aires
James MacGregor Burns (August 3, 1918 – July 15, 2014) was an American historian and political scientist, presidential biographer, and authority on leadership studies. He was the Woodrow Wilson Professor of Government Emeritus at Williams College and Distinguished Leadership Scholar at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership of the School of Public Policy at the University of Maryland, College Park. He was notable for writing books about Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Burns was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was raised in Burlington, Massachusetts. Burns studied at Lexington High School in Lexington, Massachusetts and at Williams College.

In 1971, Burns received the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award in History and Biography for his work on America's 32nd president, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom.

Burns died in Williamstown, Massachusetts on July 15, 2014, aged 95.
Books
Government by the People (textbook, 21 editions) (Prentice-Hall, 1952–present). 
Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (Harcourt, Brace, 1956).
John Kennedy: A Political Profile (Harcourt, Brace, 1960).
The Deadlock of Democracy: Four-Party Politics in America (Prentice Hall, 1963).
Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970) ().
The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America, with Susan Dunn (Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001) ().
Packing the Court: The Rise of Judicial Power and the Coming Crisis of the Supreme Court (Penguin Press, 2009) ().
Fire and Light: How the Enlightenment Transformed Our World (St. Martin's Press, 2013) ().

References

Other websites
Academy of Leadership 
University of Maryland's James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership 

Pulitzer Prize winners
1918 births
2014 deaths
American historians
Educators from Boston
American political scientists
Writers from Boston
Scientists from Boston
Maria Evangelina "Vange" Leonel Gandolfo (May 4, 1963 – July 14, 2014) was a Brazilian singer-songwriter, journalist, novelist, playwright, feminist and LGBT activist. She was famous for her work with the now-defunct post-punk band Nau.

On July 14, 2014, Vange died after a long struggle with ovarian cancer. Her body was cremated one day later.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1963 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Brazilian singer-songwriters
Writers from São Paulo
Brazilian activists
Brazilian journalists
Singers from São Paulo
Robert A. "Bob" Roe (February 28, 1924 – July 15, 2014) was an American Democratic Party politician. He represented New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives for over twenty-three years. He served from November 4, 1969 to January 3, 1993. He was also Mayor of Wayne, New Jersey.

Roe died at the age of 90 on July 15, 2014.

References

1924 births
2014 deaths
American mayors
United States representatives from New Jersey
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset (October 19, 1916 – June 6, 2009) was a French immunologist.

Dausset won the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 1978. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1980 for his "discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions". He shared the prize with Baruj Benacerraf and George Davis Snell.
He was born on October 19, 1916 in Toulouse, France to Henri Dausset and Elisabeth Dausset (born Renard). Dausset was the youngest of four children. His father was a doctor from Pyrenees and his mother was a housewife from Lorraine. After World War I ended, the family moved to Biarritz where Jean would spend most of his childhood. His father worked at the Bayonne Hospital where he was a head doctor. Seeing this made a great impression on Jean. Jean was home schooled by his mother and a tutor who would come to the house. When Jean turned 11, his family moved to Paris and he began formal schooling at the Lycée Michel when he turned 15. After he was able to earn his baccalaureate in mathematics, he decided to study medicine at the University of Paris after being convinced by his father. Right after he became an extern at the Paris Hospitals when he turned 19, his parents both died. He was unable to pass his internship entrance exam at the Paris Hospitals on his first attempt
. He was about to prepare for a second attempt but then World War II started. Dausset was sent off to Northern Italy for a year after he was enlisted in the French Army. After he spent a year there, he returned to Paris, studied and passed his medical internship exam. Soon after passing his exams, Dausset joined the Free French Forces in North Africa as an ambulance worker. He was first stationed in Morocco but was then moved to be stationed in the more active Tunisia. He got his first taste of hematology when he had to perform multiple blood transfusions on the wounded soldiers. When the war was winding down in 1944, Dausset decided to return to Paris and work in the Regional Blood Transfusion Center at the Saint-Antoine Hospital.
References

1916 births
2009 deaths
French Nobel Prize winners
French physicians
French immunologists
People from Toulouse
Wolf Prize winners
Dutch filmmaker Theo van Gogh was murdered by Mohammed Bouyeri in Amsterdam East, Netherlands in broad daylight. The director's last words, according to eyewitnesses, were "Mercy mercy! We can talk about this!"

Attack
The murderer Mohammed Bouyeri an Islamic extremist killed van Gogh.  The reason for murdering Gogh was to oppose the controversial film which criticised Islam Submission. Bouyeri shot and stabbed van Gogh, then cut his throat. Finally the killer attached a 5 page letter to van Gogh's chest with a knife. Bouyeri was chased by Dutch police after shooting a bullet into Bouyeri's leg. Bouyeri was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. Bouyeri stated, he doesn't have any regret for killing van Gogh. He termed the assassination as Jihad.

Funeral
Van Gogh was buried in Amsterdam on 9 November, 2004. Van Gogh's son claimed that many assassination attempts were made but van Gogh refused to take police protection.
Hirsi's hiding
Sooner after van Gogh's assassination, Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Geert Wilders went into hiding. This is because Bouyeri made death threats against Hirsi as the writer of the film.

Memorial (The Scream)

On 18 March 2007, a sculpture honoring van Gogh, entitled De Schreeuw ("The Scream"), was unveiled in Amsterdam. It is located in the Oosterpark, a short distance from where van Gogh was murdered.

References

Other websites 
 Theo van Gogh memorial defaced with black marker 
 Full text of speech by Hans Teeuwen

2004 in Europe
2000s in the Netherlands
History of Amsterdam
Van Gogh, Theo
Islamic terrorist incidents in Europe
Murder in 2004
Murders by firearm in Europe
November events
Bernard Bailyn (9 September 1922 – 7 August 2020) was an American historian, author, and professor specializing in U.S. Colonial and Revolutionary-era History. He was a professor at Harvard University from 1953 until his death. Bailyn won the Pulitzer Prize for History twice (in 1968 and 1987). 

In 1998 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected him for the Jefferson Lecture. He was a recipient of the 2010 National Humanities Medal.

Bailyn died of heart failure at his home in Belmont, Massachusetts on August 7, 2020 at the age of 97.

References

Other websites
"To Begin the World Anew"-Politics and the Creative Imagination  Jefferson Lecture for the National Endowment for the Humanities
Bernard Bailyn: An Appreciation 
Considering the Slave Trade: History and Memory
History News Network 
Booknotes interview with Bailyn on To Begin the World Anew, March 23, 2003. 
"Into the Wilderness: ‘The Barbarous Years,’ by Bernard Bailyn", Charles C. Mann, The New York Times, 4 January 2013
Pulitzer Prize winners
1922 births
2020 deaths
American historians
Harvard University faculty
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Carl Neumann Degler (February 6, 1921 in Newark, New Jersey – December 27, 2014 in Palo Alto, California) is an American historian. Degler served as president of the Organization of American Historians, president of the American Historical Association and president of the Southern Historical Association. He is the Margaret Byrne Professor of American History Emeritus at Stanford University.

Degler was born in Orange, New Jersey.

References

Other websites
"In Pursuit of an American History" 1986 AHA Presidential Address
The Pulitzer Prizes

Pulitzer Prize winners
1921 births
2014 deaths
American historians
Educators from New Jersey
People from Orange, New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
The City of Orange is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 30,134.

References

Other websites
 City of Orange Township website
 Orange Board of Education
 Data for the Orange Board of Education, National Center for Education Statistics
 Citizens for Responsible Government website  

Townships in New Jersey
Essex County, New Jersey
The Shatsky Rise is an oceanic plateau southeast of Japan. It lies on the floor of the Pacific Ocean.  

It includes what may be the largest volcano yet discovered on Earth, the Tamu Massif. The Rise and its volcanics may have formed during the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous epochs. It is at the triple junction of three tectonic plates. These are the Pacific, the Farallon, and the Izanagi.

It was named after Nikolay Shatsky (1895-1960), a Soviet geologist. He was an expert in tectonics of ancient platforms.

References

Oceanography
Volcanoes of Asia
"Paul is dead" is an urban legend and conspiracy theory suggesting that Paul McCartney of the English rock band the Beatles died in 1966 and was secretly replaced by a look-alike.

In September 1969, American college students published articles claiming that clues to McCartney's supposed death could be found among the lyrics and artwork of the Beatles' recordings. Rumours declined after a contemporary interview with McCartney was published in Life magazine in November 1969.

Popular culture continues to make occasional reference to the legend, and McCartney poked fun at it with a 1993 live album titled Paul Is Live, whose cover parodied "clues" allegedly on the cover of the Beatles' Abbey Road album.
The evidence
The legend is based on a range of ideas. One theory says that facial recognition proves that a different person "became" Paul after 1966. The Abbey Road cover clues include:
 The Beatles walking across the road look like a funeral procession
 John Lennon dressed in white is the preacher
 Ringo Starr dressed in black is the undertaker
 George Harrison is dressed in work clothes is a grave digger.
 Paul is out of step with the others
 Paul is barefoot
 Paul is smoking a cigarette, sometimes called a "coffin nail"
 Paul is holding the cigarette in his right hand, even though he was left handed
 A car number plate "LMW 28IF" means that he would be 28 had he lived
 The LMW means Lady McCartney Weeps (not Linda McCartney Weeps, because if Paul died in 1966, the real Paul would have never met Linda)

References

Conspiracy theories
Paul McCartney
The City of La Junta is a city that is the county seat and the most populous city of Otero County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 7,322 at the 2020 U.S. Census.

References

Cities in Colorado
County seats in Colorado
Victoria Peak (, or previously Chinese: ) is a mountain in the western part of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It is also called Mount Austin and The Peak. Its altitude is . It is the highest mountain on the Hong Kong Island. 
In a broad sense Victoria Peak included Mount Austin, Victoria Gap, Mount Kellett and Mount Gough, Which are also apart of Peak District/The Peak.

(Tai Mo Shan is the highest mountain in Hong Kong).

Related pages 
 Hong Kong Island

References 

Geography of Hong Kong
Lammtarra (February 2, 1992 – July 6, 2014) was an unbeaten Thoroughbred racehorse. He won three Group One races in 1995. He was voted the Cartier Three-year-old European Champion Colt. He won the Epsom Derby in record time, the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. The only other horse to win these races was Mill Reef.

Lammtarra was bred in Kentucky, United States. He was trained in both the U.S. and the United Kingdom. 

Lammtarra was first retired to Japan's Arrow Stud. He was later moved to England's Dalham Hall Stud in Newmarket, Suffolk. He died on July 6, 2014, at age 22.

References

Other websites
 Lammtarra  at Godolphin

1992 births
2014 deaths
Thoroughbred racehorses
Vintage Crop (1 March 1987 – 14 July 2014) was a Thoroughbred racehorse. In 1993, he won the Melbourne Cup, becoming the first non-Australian bred/trained horse to do so.

Vintage Crop was bred in the United Kingdom but was trained in Ireland.

Vintage Crop was retired to the Irish National Stud in Kildare, County Kildare. He died on 14 July 2014, aged 27.

References

Other websites

1987 births
2014 deaths
Thoroughbred racehorses
William Holman Hunt OM (2 April 1827 – 7 September 1910) was an English painter, and one of the founders of the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood.

Hunt formed the Pre-Raphaelite movement in 1848, after meeting the poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. With John Everett Millais, they sought to revitalise art. They favoured the detailed observation of the natural world, in a spirit of devotion to thetruth. This almost religious approach was influenced by the spiritual qualities of mediaeval art. It was in opposition to the rationalism of the Renaissance, as in Raphael.
Hunt's works were not successful at first, and were widely attacked in the art press. They were thought clumsy and ugly. All the same, his was noticed for the naturalistic scenes of modern rural and urban life, such as The Hireling Shepherd and The Awakening Conscience. However, it was with his religious paintings that he became famous, initially The Light of the World (1851–1853), now in the chapel at Keble College, Oxford; a later version (1900) toured the world and now has its home in St Paul's Cathedral.

In the mid-1850s Hunt travelled to the Holy Land in search of material for more religious works, and to “use my powers to make more tangible Jesus Christ’s history and teaching”. there he painted The Scapegoat, The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple and The Shadow of Death, along with many landscapes of the region. Hunt also painted many works based on poems, such as Isabella, or the Pot of Basil and The Lady of Shalott. He eventually built his own house in Jerusalem.
His auction record is £1,700,000, set at Sotheby's, London on 11 February 1994, for reduced-size version his 1873 work The Shadow of Death.

Artistic style
His paintings were notable for their great attention to detail, vivid colour and elaborate symbolism. These features were influenced by the writings of John Ruskin and Thomas Carlyle, according to whom the world itself should be read as a system of visual signs. For Hunt it was the duty of the artist to reveal the correspondence between sign and fact.  Out of all the members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Hunt remained most true to their ideals throughout his career. He was always keen to maximise the popular appeal and public visibility of his works.

He eventually had to give up painting because failing eyesight meant that he could not get the level of quality that he wanted. His last major works, The Lady of Shalott and a large version of The Light of the World were completed with the help of his assistant, Edward Robert Hughes.

Gallery
Gallery

References 

1827 births
1910 deaths
Artists from London
English painters
Geoffroy's cat (Leopardus geoffroyi) is a wild cat native to southern and central South America. It is about the size of a domestic cat. The species is relatively common in many areas, but is considered to be "near threatened" by IUCN.

The cat was examined and described by the early 19th century French anatomist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. He collected it on an expedition to South America.

Ecology and distribution 
Geoffroy's cats live in the Andes, Pampas (scrubby forest parts), and Gran Chaco landscape. They are found from southern Bolivia to the Straits of Magellan, at heights from sea level to . They prefer open woodland or scrubland habitats with plenty of cover, but are also found in grasslands and marshy areas. Although they are able to climb trees, they rarely do so, except to leave faeces to scent mark their territory.
Geoffroy's cat is nocturnal. It eats rodents, hares, small lizards, insects, and occasionally frogs and fish. Like other small cats, it is a solitary hunter, and only comes together during the mating season. Females have territories ranging from , while males have larger ranges, reaching up to .

References 

Felines
Mammals of South America
Nicola Ann Morgan, Baroness Morgan of Cotes, PC (born 1 October 1972) is a British politician. She was the Secretary of State for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport from 2019 to 2020.

Morgan was born in Kingston upon Thames and grew up in Surbiton. She studied law at St Hugh's College, Oxford. She became a solicitor in 1996. Morgan is a member of the Conservative Party. She was the Secretary of State for Education and Minister for women from 2014-2016. She was removed from her job by the new Prime Minister Theresa May. She was removed from these positions on 14 July 2016.

References 

1972 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British lawyers
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Members of the House of Lords
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
United Kingdom Life Peers
The Alexandrine parakeet (binomial name Psittacula eupatria) is a parakeet, that lives in Asia: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam. There are small colonies in some parts of Europe: Wiesbaden, Mainz and Cologne.

References

Parakeets
Birds of Asia
iOS 4 is the fourth version of the mobile software iOS, made by Apple Inc.. It was released on June 21, 2010. It was the first big change that was only called iOS, instead of iPhone OS. Some devices could not use iOS 4. This was also the first change that iPod Touch owners could have for free.

The iPhone 3G and iPod Touch 2 cannot use many apps at the same time. They also cannot set a home screen wallpaper. The iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3 & 4 have them. The first iPhone and the first iPod Touch cannot run iOS 4 or newer.

iOS 4.2.1 was released on November 22, 2010. It added iPad support. It was the last to allow iPhone 3G and iPod Touch 2nd generation usage.
iOS 4.0 only supported the iPhone and iPod Touch. iOS 4.0 was said to have more than 1500 new APIs for app creators. It also supported the multitasking feature for the first time. The final iOS version for the 2nd generation iPod Touch, and iPhone 3G is iOS 4.2.1. iOS 4.2.1 was the first version to make iPhones and iPads use the same operating system.

Version history: Apple TV (2nd generation) onwards 
iOS 4.1 was the first version of iOS for the Apple TV 2. It also had Apple TV Software 4.0.

References 

4
Operating systems
Virginia Halas McCaskey (born January 5, 1923) is the principal owner of the Chicago Bears of the National Football League. She is the eldest child of legendary Bears coach and owner George Halas, who left the team to his daughter upon his death in 1983.

Along with her children and grandchildren, she controls 80% of the team. After the death of Ralph Wilson in March of 2014, she became the oldest owner in the NFL.

References

1923 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Chicago
Sportspeople from Chicago
Mrs. Parkington is a 1944 American drama movie. It stars Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon. It is about a woman's life, from being a hotel maid to being a society matron. The story is told in flashbacks.

This movie was released in the United States on October 12, 1944.

Other websites 

1944 drama movies
1940s romance movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Roberto Martínez Montoliú (born 13 July 1973) is a Spanish football manager and former footballer. He is currently the manager of the Portugal national team.

Career statistics

Club

Managerial statistics

Honours

Player
Real Zaragoza
Copa del Rey (1): 1993–94

Wigan Athletic
Football League Third Division (1): 1996–97
Football League Trophy (1): 1998–99

Swansea City
Football League Trophy (1): 2005–06

Manager
Swansea City
Football League One (1): 2007–08

Wigan Athletic
FA Cup (1): 2012–13

Individual
League One Manager of the Year (1): 2007–08
Wigan Athletic Player of the Year (1): 1995–96
PFA Third Division Team of the Year (2): 1995–96, 1996–97
Premier League Manager of the Month Award (1): April 2012
Football League One Manager of the Month Award (3): October 2007, December 2007, January 2008

References

1973 births
Living people
Spanish football managers
Spanish footballers
Sportspeople from Catalonia
Belgium at the 2018 FIFA World Cup
Belgium at the 2022 FIFA World Cup
Club de Futbol Balaguer is a Spanish football team from Balaguer, Catalonia. It currently plays in Tercera División – Group 5. Their stadium is Municipal de Balaguer, with a capacity of 2,000 seats.

Season to season

30 seasons in Tercera División

Notable players
 Roberto Martínez

Spanish football clubs
1945 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in Spain
Province of Lleida
Balaguer (, ) is the capital of the Noguera comarca. It is located in the Province of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain.

Towns in Spain
Municipalities in Catalonia
Province of Lleida
Club de Fútbol América S.A. de C.V., commonly known as Club América or América, is a Mexican professional football club from Mexico City. It competes in the Liga MX. The team's nickname is Las Águilas (The Eagles).

América is the most successful club in Mexico. They won a record twelve national titles. América also have eight FIFA recognized international club trophies. They have won five CONCACAF Champions' Cups, two Copa Interamericana cups, and one CONCACAF Giants Cup.

Honours

Domestic competitions
Amateur era
Primera División
Winners (4): 1924–25, 1925–26, 1926–27, 1927–28
Copa México
Winners (1): 1937–38
Copa Challenger
Winners (1): 1927

Professional era
Primera División 
Winners (11): 1965–66, 1970–71, 1975–76, 1983–84, 1984–85, Prode-1985, 1987–88, 1988–89, Verano 2002, Clausura 2005, Clausura 2013, Apertura 2014
Copa México
Winners (5): 1953–54, 1954–55, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1973–74
Campeón de Campeones
Winners (5): 1955, 1976, 1988, 1989, 2005
InterLiga
Winners (1): 2008
International
CONCACAF Champions' Cup / Champions League 
Winners (5): 1977, 1987, 1990, 1992, 2006
Copa Interamericana 
Winners (2): 1978, 1990
CONCACAF Giants Cup
Winners (1): 2001

Friendly
Liga Excélsior (1): 1920
Copa Vizcaya (1): 1920
Copa Baltamar (1): 1922
Junta Española Covadonga (1): 1927
Copa Presidente Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1): 1964–65
Copa Independencia (2): 1966–67, 1974–75
Copa Revolución Mexicana (1): 1980–81
Cuadrangular Ciudad de México (1): 1981
Trofeo Águila Azteca (1): 1982
Los Angeles Nations Cup (1): 1983
Trofeo de la Vendimia (1): 1983–84
Triangular Ciudad de México (1): 1987
Copa Cofraternidad (1): 1988
Copa Pachuca (1): 1997
Cuadrangular Los Angeles (1): 1999
Copa de Tejas (1): 2004
Copa San José (1): 2006
Copa "El Mexicano" (1): 2008
Copa Insurgentes (1): 2010
Copa Reto Águila (1): 2010
Copa Centenario del C.D. Olimpia (1): 2012

References

Mexican football clubs
Sport in Mexico City
1916 establishments in Mexico
Cruz Azul Fútbol Club, A.C., known simply as Cruz Azul (, "Blue Cross"), is a football club from Mexico City, Mexico. It was originally from Ciudad Cooperativa Cruz Azul, Hidalgo.

Cruz Azul is the most successful club in CONCACAF Champions League, The club has won six titles. They are also the third most popular team in Mexico (after Guadalajara and Club América).

Currently this team plays in Estadio Azul in Mexico City.

Honors

Domestic
Mexican Primera División: 8
1968-69, México 1970, 1971-72, 1972-73, 1973-74, 1978-79, 1979-80, Invierno 1997
Runners-up (10): 1969-70, 1980-81, 1986-87, 1988-89, 1994-95, Invierno 1999.

Segunda División de México: 1
1963-64

Copa México/Copa MX: 3
1968-69, 1996-97, Clausura 2013
Runners-up (2): 1973-74, 1987-88

Campeón de Campeones: 2
1968-69, 1973-74
Runners-up (1): 1972

International

CONCACAF Champions' Cup / CONCACAF Champions League: 6
1969, 1970, 1971, 1996, 1997, 2014
Runners-up (2): 2009, 2010

Copa Libertadores: 0
Runners-up (1): 2001
Copa Interamericana: 0
Runners-up (1): 1972

Minor trophies

Copa Pachuca: 5
1997, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007
Runners-up (2): 2000, 2005

400 Monterrey Tournament Champion: 1
1996

Friendly

Teresa Herrera Trophy: 0
Fourth place (1): 2000
Runners-up (1): 2002
Third place (1):2008

Copa 5 De Mayo: 1
2004

Copa Panamericana 2007 (friendly tournament)
Copa Cuauhtemoc: 1
2008

Copa Aztex: 1
2009

Foursquare Champion Azteca: 81
1981

Burgos Tournament Champion: 1
1980

Almeria Tournament Champion: 1
1979

References

Mexican football clubs
Sport in Mexico City
1927 establishments in North America
1920s establishments in Mexico
Club Deportivo Guadalajara is a Mexican professional football club from Guadalajara, Jalisco. Guadalajara plays in the Liga MX. They won 12 First Division titles, 7 Campeón de Campeones, 1 InterLiga, 1 Copa Challenger, 4 Copa Oros de Occidente, and 2 Copa México.

Honors

National
Amateur era:

Liga Occidental: (13)
1908–09, 1909–10, 1911–12, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1923–24, 1924–25, 1927–28, 1928–29, 1929–30, 1932–33, 1934–35 and 1937–38
Campeón de Campeones
1932–33
Torneo de una Tarde
1929–30

Professional era:

Primera División: (11)
1956–57, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1969–70, 1986–87, Verano 1997, and Apertura 2006
Copa México: (2)
1963, 1970
Campeón de Campeones: (7)
1956–1957, 1958–1959, 1959–1960, 1960–1961, 1963–1964, 1964–1965, and 1969–1970
Copa Challenger
1961
InterLiga
2009

International
Central American Champion: (2)
 Central American in 1959, North Central American and Caribbean in 1962

CONCACAF Champions' Cup
1962

Copa Libertadores de America
Runner-up: 2010
Friendly tournaments
I Mexico City International Pentagonal Tournament: 1958
III Mexico City International Pentagonal Tournament: 1958
II Jalisco International Pentagonal: 1962
"Fiestas de Octubre" Quadrangular: 1982
Copa Internacional Los Angeles: 1982
Jalisco International Quadrangular: 1994
"Copa Informador de Futbol" Los Angeles: 1999
Copa Coliseo: 1998
Copa Reforma: 1911
Torneo de Primavera: 1917
Medalla de la Junta de Festejos Patrios de la Villa de Zapopan: 1917
Medalla Colón: 1918
Medalla Caridad: 1918
Copa Militarización: 1918
Copa Deportivo Nacional de Torreón: 1919
Copa Eugenio Pinzón: 1921
Copa Francia: 1921–22
Copa Fábricas de Francia: 1924
Campeonato de Segunda Fuerza: 1924–25, 1928–29, 1934–35, 1937–38
Campeonato Categoría Juvenil: 1928–29
Trofeo Casino Español: 1928
Copa Presidencial: 1953
Copa de Oro: 1954–1956
Trofeo de Don Adolfo López Mateos (4):. 1959, 1960, 1961, 1963
Campeonato de Segunda Categoria de Occidente: 1939
Campeonato de Tercera Fuerza: 1928–29, 1937–38.Torneo de la Ciudad de Guadalajara: 1961Trofeo Campeonísimo: 1961–62Copa Presidente Gustavo Díaz OrdazCopa California: 1977Campeón 1a. División Amateur: 1983–84Copa Europa: 1985Trofeo al Equipo menos goleado: 1991–92Copa México de Segunda División: 1996Copa Estrella del Milenio: 1999Campeón Juvenil: 1998Copa Pachuca: 2000Copa Tecate (2): 1994, 2001Copa León: 2003Campeón de Filiales de Segunda División: Apertura 2004, Apertura 2006, Clausura 2008.Liga Premier de Ascenso: Torneo Revolución 2011Campeón de Filiales de Tercera División: Clausura 2005, Apertura 2005, Bicentenario 2010Torneo Nacional Sub-15: Invierno 2011, 2013
Torneo Nacional Sub-17: Apertura 2011, Clausura 2012, Apertura 2013
Torneo Nacional Sub-20: Clausura 2013
Copa Diario ESTO: 2006
Copa Marval: 2009
Copa 100 años de la UNAM: 2010
Copa Gol Marketing: 2011
Copa Jalisco: 2013
References

 
Mexican football clubs
Guadalajara
1906 establishments in North America
1900s establishments in Mexico
Michael Joseph Sandlock (October 17, 1915 – April 4, 2016) was a former utility player in Major League Baseball who played for three different teams from 1942 to 1953. Listed at , 180 lb., he was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed. 

He was born in Old Greenwich, Connecticut. With the death of Connie Marrero on April 23, 2014, Sandlock was the oldest living former major league player until his death in 2016. Sandlock died at his home on April 4, 2016 in Cos Cob, Connecticut. He was 100 years old.

References

Other websites
BR Bullpen
Retrosheet

1915 births
2016 deaths
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Sportspeople from Connecticut
People from Greenwich, Connecticut
Oribe Peralta Morones (born 12 January 1984) is a Mexican footballer. He currently plays as a striker for América of the Liga MX and the Mexico national team.

Career 
Peralta started his career with Monarcas Morelia in 2003. He then made moves to León and Monterrey in 2004 and 2006. Peralta was then sold to Santos Laguna, then loaned out to Chiapas in 2008. After his return from loan, Peralta was a mainstay with Santos Laguna for the next five years. There, he played in over 200 matches and scored over 70 goals. In May 2014 Peralta made a high profile move to Club América.

Peralta has also been a Mexico international. He scored two goals in the gold medal match at the 2012 Olympic football tournament against Brazil. It was the first Olympic gold medal for Mexico in football.

Career statistics

Club
As of 30 June 2014.

Personal life
He is married to Mónica Quintana. They have two children, Romina and Diego.

Honours
Honours

Club
León
 Primera División A (1): Clausura 2004
Santos Laguna
 Primera División (2): Clausura 2008, Clausura 2012

International
Mexico U23
Pan American Games (1): 2011
Summer Olympics (1): 2012

Individual
Top Scorer at the 2011 Pan American Games
Best Striker of the Tournament (2): Apertura 2011, Clausura 2012
Player of the Tournament (1): Clausura 2012
CONCACAF Champions League Player of the Tournament (1): 2012
CONCACAF Champions League Top Scorer (1): 2012
CONCACAF Best Player (1): 2013

References

Other websites
Transfermarkt profile

2014 FIFA World Cup Profile 

1984 births
Living people
Mexican footballers
People from Coahuila
2014 FIFA World Cup players
People from Chiapas
The term Cuban American refers to any Americans whose ancestors came from Cuba. Cuban Americans are the third largest Hispanic group in the United States. South Florida, the Tampa Bay area, Atlanta and certain parts of the New York metropolitan area have large Cuban communities. California, New Jersey, New York, Texas and Florida have many Cuban people.

Ethnic groups in the United States
Leonard Richard Merullo (May 5, 1917 – May 30, 2015) was an American professional baseball player. He played shortstop in the Major Leagues from 1941 to 1947. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

References

1917 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Chicago Cubs players
Sportspeople from Boston
John Michael "Johnny" Pesky (born John Michael Paveskovich; February 27, 1919 – August 13, 2012), nicknamed "The Needle" and "Mr. Red Sox", was an American professional baseball player, manager and coach. He was a shortstop and third baseman during a ten-year major league playing career, appearing in 1,270 games played in 1942 and from 1946 to 1954 for three different teams.

References

1919 births
2012 deaths
Boston Red Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
Minnesota Twins players
Sportspeople from Portland, Oregon
Robert Pershing "Bobby" Doerr (April 7, 1918 – November 13, 2017) was a former Major League Baseball second baseman and coach. He played his entire 14-year baseball career for the Boston Red Sox (1937–1951). 

Doerr achieved a batting average over .300 in several seasons. He set Red Sox team records in several statistical categories. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1986.

Doerr died at his home in Junction City, Oregon on November 13, 2017 of natural causes at the age of 99, five months short of his 100th birthday.

References

Other websites

1918 births
2017 deaths
Boston Red Sox players
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
David Halberstam (April 10, 1934 – April 23, 2007) was an American journalist and historian of Jewish descent. He was known for his early work on the Vietnam War, his work on politics, history, the Civil Rights Movement, business, media, American culture, and his later sports journalism. He won a Pulitzer Prize for journalism in 1964.

References

Other websites
 "The History Boys", Vanity Fair, August 2007 — Halberstam's final essay, "debunks the Bush administration's wild distortion of history"
 "Turning Journalism Into History" Audio and transcript of Halberstam's last public event 
 "Letter to My Daughter" by David Halberstam 
 The Economist: Obituary
 Blast Magazine: Obituary
 Writing on Air  Salon.com interview
  David Halberstam's Hit Streak Continues  Powells.com interview
 

Pulitzer Prize winners
1934 births
2007 deaths
Educators from New York City
American historians
American war correspondents
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American writers
Road accident deaths
Writers from New York City
The Civil Rights Movement was a social movement in the United States that tried to gain equal rights for African Americans that white people had. The movement is famous for using non-violent protests and civil disobedience (peacefully refusing to follow unfair laws). Activists used strategies like boycotts, sit-ins, and protest marches. Sometimes police or racist white people would attack them, but the activists never fought back.

However, the Civil Rights Movement was made up of many different people and groups. Not everyone believed the same things. For example, the Black Power movement believed black people should demand their civil rights and force white leaders to give them those rights.
The Civil Rights Movement was also made of people of different races and religions. The Movement's leaders and most of its activists were African-American. However, the Movement got political and financial support from labor unions, religious groups, and some white politicians, like Lyndon B. Johnson. Activists of all races came to join African-Americans in marches, sit-ins, and protests.

The Civil Rights Movement was very successful. It helped to get five federal laws and two amendments to the Constitution passed. These officially protected African Americans' rights. It also helped change many white people's attitudes about the way black people were treated and the rights they deserved.

Before the Civil Rights Movement

Before the American Civil War, there were almost four million black slaves in the United States. Only white men with property could vote, and only white people could be United States citizens.
After the Civil War, the United States government passed three Constitutional amendments:
 The 13th Amendment (1865) ended slavery
 The 14th Amendment (1868) gave African Americans citizenship
 The 15th Amendment (1870) gave African American males the right to vote (no women in the U.S. could vote at the time).

In the South

After the Civil War, the U.S. government tried to enforce the rights of ex-slaves in the South through a process called Reconstruction. However, in 1877, Reconstruction ended. By the 1890s, the Southern states' legislatures were all-white again. Southern Democrats, who did not support civil rights for blacks, completely ruled the South. This gave them a lot of power in the United States Congress. For example, Southern Democrats were able to make sure that laws against lynching did not pass.

Starting in 1890, Southern Democrats began to pass state laws that took away the rights African Americans had gained. These racist laws became known as Jim Crow laws. For example, they included:
Laws that made it impossible for blacks to vote (this is called disenfranchisement). Since they could not vote, blacks also could not be on juries.
 Laws that required racial segregation - separation of blacks and whites. For example, blacks could not:
 Go to the same schools, restaurants, or hospitals as whites
 Use the same bathrooms as whites or drink from the same water fountains
 Sit in front of whites on buses

In 1896, the United States Supreme Court ruled in a case called Plessy v. Ferguson that these laws were legal. They said that having things be "separate but equal" was fine. In the South, everything was separate. However, places like black schools and libraries got much less money and were not as good as places for whites. Things were separate, but not equal.

Violence against black people increased. Individuals, groups, police, and huge crowds of people could hurt or even kill African Americans, without the government trying to stop them or punishing them. Lynchings became more common.
Across the United States
Problems were worse in the South. However, social discrimination and tensions affected African Americans in other areas as well.

Segregation in housing was a problem across the United States. Many African Americans could not get mortgages to buy houses. Realtors would not sell black people houses in the suburbs, where white people lived. They also would not rent apartments in white areas. Until the 1950s, the federal government did nothing about this.

When he was elected in 1913, President Woodrow Wilson made government offices segregated. He believed that segregation was best for everyone.

Black people fought in both World War I and World War II. However, the military was segregated, and they were not given the same opportunities as white soldiers. After activism from black veterans, President Harry Truman de-segregated the military in 1948.
Early activism
African Americans tried to fight back against discrimination in many ways. They formed new groups and tried to form labor unions. They tried to use the courts to get justice. For example, in 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was created. It fought to end race discrimination through lawsuits, education, and lobbying.

However, eventually, many African Americans became frustrated and began to dislike the idea of using slow, legal strategies to achieve desegregation. Instead, African American activists decided to use a combination of protests, nonviolence, and civil disobedience. This is how the Civil Rights Movement of 1954-1968 began.

Photo gallery

Important events

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Schools in the South, and some other parts of the country, had been segregated since 1896. In that year, the Supreme Court had ruled in Plessy v. Ferguson that segregation was legal, as long as things were "separate but equal."
In 1951, thirteen black parents filed a class action lawsuit against the Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas. In the lawsuit, the parents argued that the black and white schools were not "separate but equal." They said the black school was much worse than the white one.

The lawsuit eventually went to the United States Supreme Court. After years of work, Thurgood Marshall and a team of other NAACP lawyers won the case. The Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were illegal. All nine Supreme Court judges agreed.

In their decision, the Court said:

We conclude that, in ... public education, the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. 

This was the Civil Rights Movement's first major victory. However, Brown did not reverse Plessy v. Ferguson. Brown made segregation in schools illegal. But segregation in all other places was still legal.

The Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)
Civil rights leaders focused on Montgomery, Alabama, because the segregation there was so extreme. On December 1, 1955, local black leader Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus to make room for a white passenger. Parks and was a civil rights activist and NAACP member; she had just returned from a training on nonviolent civil disobedience. She was arrested.

African-Americans gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott. They decided they would not ride on the buses again until they were treated the same as whites. Under segregation, blacks could not sit in front of whites - they had to sit in the back of the bus. Also, if a white person told a black person to move so they could sit down, the black person had to.
Most of Montgomery's 50,000 African Americans took part in the boycott. It lasted for 381 days and almost bankrupt the bus system. Meanwhile, the NAACP had been working on a lawsuit about segregation on buses. In 1956, they won the case, and the Supreme Court ordered Alabama to de-segregate its buses. The boycott ended with a victory.

De-segregating Little Rock Central High School (1957)

In 1957, the NAACP had signed up nine African American students (called the "Little Rock Nine") to go to Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Before this, only whites were allowed at the school. However, the Little Rock School Board had agreed to follow the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education and de-segregate its schools.
Then came the black students' first day of school. The Governor of Arkansas called out soldiers from the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the black students from even entering the school. This was against a Supreme Court ruling, so President Dwight D. Eisenhower got involved. He took control of the Arkansas National Guard and ordered them to leave the school. Then he sent soldiers from the United States Army to protect the students. This was an important civil rights victory. It meant the federal government was willing to get involved and force states to end segregation in schools.

Unfortunately, the Little Rock Nine were treated very badly by many of the white students at the school. At the end of the school year, Little Rock Central High School closed so it would not have to allow black students the next year. Other schools across the South did the same thing.
Sit-ins (1958-1960)
Between 1958 and 1960, activists used sit-ins to protest segregation at lunch counters (small restaurants inside stores). They would sit at the lunch counter and politely ask to buy some food. When they were told to leave, they would continue to sit quietly at the counter. Often they would stay until the lunch counter closed. Groups of activists would keep coming back to sit in at the same places until those places agreed to serve African Americans at their lunch counters.

In 1958, the NAACP organized the first sit-in in Wichita, Kansas. They sat in at a lunch counter in a store called Dockum's Drug Store. After three weeks, they got the store to de-segregate. Not long after, all of the Dockum Drug Stores in Kansas were de-segregated. Next, students in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma led a successful sit-in at another drug store.
In 1960, college students (including some white students) began to sit in at a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. After a while, they began to sit in at other lunch counters. In the stores that held these lunch counters, sales dropped by one-third. These stores de-segregated to avoid continuing to lose money. After five months of sit-ins, the Woolworth's in Greensboro also de-segregated its lunch counter. Newspapers all over the country wrote about the Greensboro sit-ins. Soon, people started sitting in across the South.

A few days after the Greensboro students started their sit-in, students in Nashville, Tennessee began their own sit-ins. They chose stores in the part of Nashville that had the most businesses. Before starting their sit-ins, they decided they would not be violent, no matter what. They wrote out rules, which activists in other cities began to use also. Their rules said: