Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
|-
| rowspan=2|2007
| Sands of Oblivion| Cecil B. DeMille
| Television film
|-
| Entourage| Andrew Preston
| Episodes 4.2: "The First Cut Is the Deepest" and 4.7: "The Day Fuckers"
|-
| 2007–2011
| Greek| Dr. Milton Hastings
| Appeared in nine episodes
|-
| rowspan=3|2008
| Monk| Tiny Werner
| Episode 6.12: "Mr Monk Goes to the Bank"
|-
| Reno 911!| Commissioner Jerry Salerno
| Episode 5.11: "Junior Runs for Office"
|-
| Relative Stranger| Gary
| Television film
|-
| rowspan=5|2009
| Castle| Judge Markway
| Episode 1.1: "Pilot" and 1.8: "Ghosts"
|-
|Ghost Whisperer| Frank the Ghost
| Episode 4.12 "The Joint's Haunted"
|-
| How I Met Your Mother| Milt
| Episode 4.22: "Right Place Right Time"
|-
| Bones| Officer Novarro
| Episode 5.7: "The Dwarf in the Dirt"
|-
| Desperate Housewives| Jeff Bicks
| Episode 6.10: "Boom Crunch"
|-
| 2010, 2012
| Late Show with David Letterman| Homer Simpson
| Episodes "17.69" and "20.38"
|-
| rowspan=3|2010
| Tracey Ullman's State of the Union| Agent
| Episode 3.5
|-
| Episode 3.5
|-
| The Good Guys| Walter Diparko
| Episode 1.7: "Hunches & Heists"
|-
| The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!| HimselfHomer Simpson
| TV special
|-
| 2011
| Parks and Recreation| Derry Murbles
| Episodes 4.3: "Born & Raised", 5.8: "Pawnee Commons" and 6.14 "Anniversaries"
|-
| rowspan=2|2012
| FOX 25th Anniversary Special| Homer Simpson
| TV special
|-
| The Office| CEO of Prestige Direct Sale Solutions
| Episode 8.23: "Turf War"
|-
| 2012, 2014
| Family Guy| Homer Simpson
| Episode 11.2: "Ratings Guy" and Episode 13.1: "The Simpsons Guy"
|-
| rowspan=4|2013
| Major Crimes| Ray Winters
| Episode 27: "Year-End Blowout"
|-
| Dads| British Narrator
| Episode 1: "Pilot"
|-
| The Mindy Project| Marty
| Episode 18: "Danny's Friend"
|-
| Wendell & Vinnie| Mr. Lipshitz
| Episode 1: "Pilot"
|-
| rowspan=4|2014
| Last Week Tonight with John Oliver| Homer Simpson
| Episode 1.24: "Episode 24"
|-
| The League| Dr. Harvat
| Episode 67: "Taco Standard Time"
|-
| Quick Draw| Deacon Jim
| Episode 10: "Deacon Jim"
|-
| Hot in Cleveland| Dr. McNally
| Episode 99: "Straight Outta Cleveland"
|}
Video games
 The Simpsons (1991) - Homer Simpson
 The Simpsons Cartoon Studio (1996) - Various characters
 Toonstruck (1996) - Flux Wildly
 Virtual Springfield (1997) - Various characters
 Herc's Adventures (1997) - Hercules
 ClayFighter 63 1/3 (1997) - Earthworm Jim, Boogerman
 Driver (1998) - Answering machine callers
 Planescape: Torment (1999) - Nordom
 Y2K: The Game (1999) - Additional voices
 Earthworm Jim 3D (1999) - Earthworm Jim
 The Simpsons Bowling (1999) - Various characters
 Aladdin in Nasira's Revenge (2001) - Genie
 The Simpsons Wrestling (2001) - Various characters
 The Simpsons: Road Rage (2001) - Various characters
 Kingdom Hearts (2002) - Genie
 The Simpsons Skateboarding (2002) - Various characters
 The Simpsons: Hit & Run (2003) - Various characters
 Metal Arms: Glitch in the System (2003) - Krunk
 Kingdom Hearts II (2005) - Genie
 Cartoon Network Racing (2006) - Earl
 Happy Feet (2006) - Ramon, Elephant seal #1
 The Simpsons Game (2007) - Various characters
Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories (2008) - (archived voice acting)
 BioShock (2007) - Toasty splicer
 Bioshock 2 (2010) - Toasty splicer
 The Simpsons: Tapped Out (2012) - Various characters
 Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix (2013) - Genie
 Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix (2014) - Genie (Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix)
 Lego Dimensions (2015) - Homer Simpson, Krusty the Clown (archived voice acting)
 Kingdom Hearts III (???) - Genie
Theater
 American Splendor - Harvey Pekar

Theme park
 The Simpsons Ride'' (2008) - Homer Simpson, Various characters

References

American movie actors
Comedians from Chicago
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Chicago
1957 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Team Milram is an Italian-registered UCI ProTeam established in 2006. The team is often called a German team because its main sponsor is Milram, part of the Nordmilch company  from the German state of Bremen.

Milram took over the ProTeam licence of Domina Vacanze. Erik Zabel and Alessandro Petacchi are the team’s top cyclists. There are 25 other riders, mainly from Germany and Italy. Milram is the third team in the UCI ProTour with a German main sponsor.

The team manager is led by Italian Gianluigi Stanga, who has been a team manager in professional cycling since 1983. The directeurs sportifs (Sports Directors) are the Italians Vittorio Algeri, Antonio Bevilacqua and Oscar Pellicioli . Gerry van Gerwen from the Netherlands is the commercial manager.

Milram only joined the UCI ProTour in 2006.  Since then they have won 88 podium positions (that is, finished a race either first, second, or third) (24 first, 29 second, 35 third ).
Team MILRAM reorganised itself for its second season. Five new riders joined and eight riders left the team. The most prominent new rider is Igor Astarloa, 2003 World Champion from Spain. Additionally, the team added Brett Lancaster, the up-and-coming riders Marcel Sieberg and Niki Terpstra, as well as neo pro Sebastian Schwager. After breaking his kneecap in 2006, Alessandro Petacchi regained his top form and won some races.

There is a MILRAM Continental Circuit Team, and those young riders and those from other U23 teams are helped so they can develop their skills

2007 season

Results in the Continental Tour

2007 ProTeam
As of January 5, 2007.

References

Other websites
 Official page 

UCI ProTour teams
Sports teams in Italy‎
A Perrierbambus is a kind of bamboo that grows in Madagascar.

Bamboo
In probability theory and statistics, the chi-square distribution (also chi-squared or   distribution) is one of the most widely used theoretical probability distributions. Chi-square distribution with  degrees of freedom is written as . It is a special case of gamma distribution.

Chi-square distribution is primarily used in statistical significance tests and confidence intervals. It is useful, because it is relatively easy to show that certain probability distributions come close to it, under certain conditions. One of these conditions is that the null hypothesis must be true. Another one is that the different random variables (or observations) must be independent of each other.

Related pages 

 Chi-squared test

References

Other websites
Chi-Square Tutorial by Khan Academy

Probability distributions
In statistics, a null hypothesis, often written as , is a statement assumed to be true unless it can be shown to be incorrect beyond a reasonable doubt. The idea is that the null hypothesis generally assumes that there is nothing new or surprising in the population. The most common null hypothesis is the "no-change" or "no-difference" hypothesis (as in "there is no difference between a sample mean and a population mean"). When testing whether something works, one would start with the null hypothesis that it will not work. The term was first used by Ronald Fisher in his book The Design of Experiments.
Every experiment has a null hypothesis. For example: 
 When performing an experiment to see if a medicine works, the null hypothesis is that it does not work.
 When performing an experiment to see if people prefer chocolate or vanilla ice cream, the null hypothesis is that people like them equally.
 When performing an experiment to see if either boys or girls can play piano better, the null hypothesis is that boys and girls are equally good at playing the piano.

The opposite of a null hypothesis is an alternative hypothesis. Some examples of alternative hypotheses are:
 This medicine makes people healthier.
 People like chocolate ice cream better than vanilla.
 Boys are better at playing the piano than girls.

Related pages 

 Statistical hypothesis test
 Statistical significance

References 

Statistics
Timothy Francis Leary, (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American writer and psychologist from Springfield, Massachusetts. He is seen as a modern pioneer. He was in favor of  research on psychedelic drugs and their use. He was one of the first people whose remains have been sent into space. As an icon of the counterculture of the 1960s, he is most famous as a person who stood in for the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of using LSD. He coined and popularized the catch phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out."

Death 
Leary died of prostate cancer.

References

American psychologists
Deaths from prostate cancer
People from Springfield, Massachusetts
Writers from Massachusetts
1920 births
1996 deaths
Ralph Metzner (May 18, 1936 – March 14, 2019) was an American psychologist, and writer. He was born in 1936, in Germany. With Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert he was involved in a series of tests done at Harvard University, in the 1960s. These tests involved psychedelic drugs.

In the 1960s, professors Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert collaborated on a book titled The Psychedelic Experience, which adapted portions of the Tibetan Book of the Dead as a guide for use in LSD experiences. They hoped to give users of LSD a simulation of death and rebirth, to "liberate" them from past problems or mistakes in their lives.

References

American psychologists
1936 births
2019 deaths
Harvard University faculty
A rock band is a group (a band) of musicians who play rock music. The standard line up for a rock band is four musicians playing lead guitar, rhythm guitar, bass guitar and drums. One or more of the band can sing. This was the line up used by the Beatles.

Related pages
Rock and roll

Other websites

Rock Hall of Fame
Virtual Rock Band 
San Francisco Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The Book of the Dead is a name for an Egyptian text. It is also known as The Book of Coming [or Going]  Forth By Day, or as the papyrus of Ani. It contains a number of texts, and spells. These allow the dead person to safely get to the place of the afterlife.

The book of the dead was most commonly written on a papyrus scroll. It was placed in the coffin of the dead person, or their burial chamber. The book of the dead in its most familiar form was first used in the New Kingdom, but many of the spells had their origins in the funerary texts of the Old and Middle Kingdoms.

The name "Book of the Dead" was the invention of the German Egyptologist Karl Richard Lepsius, who published a selection of the texts in 1842.

Missing sections of the book were found in the Queensland Museum in 2012. Historians are hoping that the missing pieces will give them a copy of the complete book.

References 

Ancient Egyptian literature
Afterlife
Spiritual books
Team Gerolsteiner (UCI Team Code: GST) is a German road bicycle racing team in the UCI ProTour.  It is sponsored by the drinks company Gerolsteiner Brunnen and the bike company "Specialized".

The team was founded in 1998 with manager Hans-Michael Holczer and sports directors Rolf Gölz and Christian Henn.  The contract with Georg Totschnig in 2001 helped make the team enter Division I.  In 2003 the team participated in the Tour de France for the first time.  

The Leader is Georg Totschnig, who has finished in the top 10 in the Tour de France and is an excellent climber. In 2005, Totschnig won stage 14 of the Tour, showing his skill on the 15km long climb up the Port de Pailhères (2000m at 8.2%). He was the first Austrian to win a tour stage since Max Bulla in 1931. In 2007, Georg Totschnig retired and Levi Leipheimer moved to the Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team. The team used  youngsters Markus Fothen and Stefan Schumacher to captain the team in the 2007 Tour de France.
In September 2007 Gerolsteiner said it would not renew its sponsorship.

Team honours 
 1st, Team classification, Deutschland Tour 2006
 1st, 2005 Eindhoven Team Time Trial

2007 ProTeam 
As of January 1, 2007

References

Other websites

 Official website 

German cycling teams
The 2006-2007 UCI Oceania Tour is the third season of the UCI Oceania Tour of professional road bicycle racing held in various countries throughout the Oceania region. The season begins with the Jayco Herald Sun Tour stage race in October 2006 and runs until September 2007.

The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Oceania Tour cycling jersey. The final points leader is crowned the 2006-2007 UCI Oceania Tour champion. Gordon McCauley is the 2005-2006 champion of the UCI Oceania Tour.

Events 
The UCI Oceania Tour consists of the following one-day races and stage races:

October 2006

November 2006

January 2007

May 2007

June 2007

July 2007

September 2007

Point standings 

(As of : 25 June 2007)

Related pages 
Continental circuits

Other websites 
 UCI Oceania Tour 
Cycle races
Natural selection is a central concept of evolution. 

Natural selection is the process where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to reproduce. In doing so, they pass on these traits to the next generation. Over time this process allows organisms to adapt to their environment. This is because the frequency of genes for favourable traits increases in the population.

Some animals have traits (features) which help them survive. If animals with some traits live longer, it means they can reproduce more. The offspring of the animal has the same traits as them (heredity). 

The theory was proposed independently by the English biologists Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the middle of the 19th century (1858). It is sometimes called the survival of the fittest. Darwin chose the name as an analogy with artificial selection (selective breeding).
The process 
Natural selection explains why living organisms change over time to have the anatomy, the functions and behaviour that they have. It works like this:
 All living things have such fertility that their population size could increase rapidly forever. 
 Actually, the size of populations does not increase to this extent. Mostly, numbers remain about the same.
 Food and other resources are limited. So, there is competition for food and resources.
 No two individuals are alike. Therefore, they do not have the same chance to live and reproduce.
 Much of this variation is inherited. The parents pass the traits to the children through their genes. 
 The next generation comes from those that survive and reproduce. The elimination is caused by the relative fit between the individuals and the environment they live in. After many generations, the population has more helpful genetic differences, and fewer harmful ones. Natural selection is really a process of elimination.
Examples 
There are now quite a number of examples of natural selection in natural populations.

Antibiotic resistance 

A well-known example of natural selection in action is the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, antibiotics have been used to fight bacterial diseases. Natural populations of bacteria contain, among their vast numbers of individual members, considerable variation in their genetic material, as the result of mutations. When exposed to antibiotics, most bacteria die quickly, but some have mutations that make them slightly less susceptible. If the exposure to antibiotics is short, these individuals will survive the treatment. The  elimination of individuals which have no resistance is an example of natural selection.
Given enough time, and repeated exposure to the antibiotic, a population of antibiotic-resistant bacteria will emerge. This leads to what is known as an evolutionary arms race, or co-evolution, in which bacteria continue to develop strains that are less susceptible to antibiotics, while medical researchers continue to develop new antibiotics that can kill them. Response strategies typically include the use of different, stronger antibiotics; however, new strains of MRSA have recently emerged that are resistant even to these drugs. A similar situation occurs with pesticide resistance in plants and insects, and with malarial resistance to quinine.

Camouflage
Camouflage 

One famous case study is the study of peppered moth evolution, and there are many other examples. Most of these day-flying moths were light in colour, but just a few of the moths were dark. At first, the light coloured moths survived better because they were camouflaged against the light colour of the nearby trees. This made it hard for birds to see them.

When factories were built, the pollution made all the trees look black. Now the light coloured moths were obvious against the dark bark. The dark coloured moths had the advantage after the environment changed. The genes controlling dark colour spread through the population of moths. After the second world war, controls against pollution worked to make the environment cleaner. Then the lighter moths once again had the advantage, and are now much more common.
Mimicry is another example: Some harmless insects mimic other insects which are dangerous, or which taste foul. Mimicry evolves because the better mimics survive better.  They live to produce more offspring than the less good mimics. The genes of the better mimics become more common in the species.  Over time, mimic species get closer to their models.

Sexual selection 

Sexual selection is a special kind of natural selection. It is a theory of Charles Darwin that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by competition within a species. Darwin defined sexual selection as the effects of the "struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex". It is usually males who fight each other. Traits selected by male combat are called secondary sexual characteristics (including horns, antlers, etc.) and sometimes referred to as 'weapons'. Traits selected by mate choice are called 'ornaments'.
Females often prefer to mate with males with external ornaments—exaggerated features of morphology. Genes that enable males to develop impressive ornaments or fighting ability may simply show off greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism—features that also benefit females. This idea is known as the 'good genes' hypothesis. Sexual selection is still being researched and discussed today.

Ernst Mayr said:
"Since Darwin’s days it has become clear that this kind of selection includes a far wider realm of phenomena, and instead of sexual selection it is better referred to as selection for reproductive success... genuine selection, not elimination, is involved, unlike survival selection. Considering how many new kinds of selection for reproductive success are discovered year after year, I am beginning to wonder whether it is not even more important than survival selection, at least in certain higher organisms".

References 

Evolution
Metaphors referring to nature
Devanāgarī (देवनागरी) is an abugida and brahmic script used to write many North Indian languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Bihari, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Nepal Bhasa and Nepali from Nepal and sometimes Kashmiri or Sindhi. About a hundred smaller languages also use Devanāgarī.

Other websites 
 Unicode

Indo-Aryan languages
Writing systems
The UCI ProTour is the series of races for the top cycling teams.  The Continental circuits are for teams that are not so good.

Some teams, such as Team Milram, have one team on the ProTour, a team of younger riders on the continental circuit as well as being linked with U23 teams.  In this way teams can spot talented riders.

There are five circuits, one each for
Africa
America
Australasia
Europe
Oceania

Usually organisers of a ProTour event can invite one or two teams from the continental circuit to compete.  Also a ProTour team might decide to compete in a continental circuit race

Cycle races
Zachary David Alexander "Zac" Efron (18 October 1987) is an American actor and singer. He is most famous for his role in the High School Musical series. Other movies including 17 Again and Charlie St. Cloud.

Personal life

His mother, Starla Baskett, is a former secretary and his father, David is engineer. He is the older of two sons. He has a little brother, Dylan. He was dating Vanessa Hudgens.
Filmography
Melinda's World (2003) - Stuart Wasser
Miracle Run (2004) - Steven Morgan
The Derby Stallion (2005) - Patrick McCardle
High School Musical (2006) - Troy Bolton
Hairspray (2007) - Link Larkin
High School Musical 2 (2007) - Troy Bolton
High School Musical 3: Senior Year (2008) - Troy Bolton
17 Again (2009) - Mike O'Donnell (teen)
Me and Orson Welles (2010) - Richard Samuels
Charlie St. Cloud (2010) - Charlie St. Cloud
Dr. Seuss' The Lorax (2012) - Ted Wiggins
That Awkward Moment (2014) - Jason
Neighbours (2014) - Teddy SandersNeighbours 2: Soroity Rising (2016) - Teddy Sanders
Baywatch (2017) - Matt Brody
Scoob! (2020) - Fred Jones

Awards and nominations

References 

1987 births
Living people
High School Musical people
American movie actors
American television actors
Models from California
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
Singers from Los Angeles County, California
People from San Luis Obispo, California
The word fiddle refers to a violin when used in folk music. Many people also use it simply as a fun word for "violin". Someone who plays the fiddle is a "fiddler". The bow is sometimes called a "fiddling stick". Fiddle playing, or fiddling, is a style of folk music.

The word fiddle is also used for instruments of several hundred years ago which developed into the violin. These instruments varied a lot from one country to another and one time to another. They were of different shapes and sizes, and even had many different names. Often they were held against the chest instead of being tucked under the chin. In the Middle Ages a small, narrow violin called a kit was often used by dancing masters. It was small enough to be put in a pocket. In south eastern Europe there was even a fiddle with a belly (the front of the instrument) made of skin. Fiddle strings were usually made of gut.
Many fiddles have bridges which are flatter on top than those of classical violins. The flatter bridges makes it easier to play chords and to bow quickly from one string to another. The strings are tuned in a variety of ways. A player might even change the tuning for playing different pieces of music. Tunings other than the regular G-D-A-E tuning, such as G-D-G-D or A-E-A-E, are common. One, two or three of the strings may have been used for a drone (continuous note) while playing the tune on the top string(s).

Many fiddlers have not received classical training but have learned by listening to other fiddlers and copying them. The music they play is dance music. Classical violin playing developed out of country fiddle playing. Most fiddlers use bows which are the same as violin bows, but in some countries such as Hungary they use shorter, heavier bows with horse hair that is tied around the frog (the heel of the bow). With this type of bow the player tightens the hair by squeezing it while playing.
Fiddles were played by people from all areas of society: from noble people to simple peasants. Many of them were minstrels who entertained important people. Some of them may have been able to read music, but many would have learned by copying other players and memorizing the music. At important feasts the minstrels may have played music while walking up to the high table when the food was brought in. They played to accompany dancers and singers, and even acrobats. We can see from old paintings that they sometimes played with other instruments such as trumpets, drums or percussion. We do not know the music they played because it was never written down, but some tunes we still hear today may have come from those old tunes, since some people still learn tunes by ear, from people who learned them by ear, and so on. Some American "old-time" tunes, and some Breton tunes may have come to us in this way, for example.

Related pages
 Violin
 Rebec
 Hardanger fiddle

String instruments
Folk instruments
A Hardanger fiddle or hardingfele in Norwegian, is a traditional string instrument used mainly in the south west of Norway. It is similar to the violin, but it has eight or nine strings and the wood is thinner. Four of the strings are strung and played like a violin, while the other strings are sympathetic strings (they vibrate when the others are played).  

The Hardingfele is used for dancing.  The player stamps his foot loudly while playing.  It was the Norwegian tradition for a  bridal procession to be led to the church by a Hardanger fiddler.

The instrument has a lot of decoration, with a carved animal (usually the Lion of Norway) or a carved woman's head as part of the scroll at the top of the pegbox, mother of pearl in the tailpiece and fingerboard, and black ink decorations called 'rosing' on the body of the instrument.  Sometimes pieces of bone are used to decorate the pegs and the edges of the instrument.
The earliest known instrument is dated 1651 although we do not know whether this date is correct. By 1850 it had developed into the Hardanger fiddle known today. 

The Hardanger fiddle can be tuned in lot of different ways, depending on the music to be played.  The Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg liked Norwegian folk music.  When he wrote the famous tune “Morning” for the music for Peer Gynt he was thinking of the notes that would be played on the Hardanger fiddle.

In the 20th century the Hardanger fiddle has become very popular in Norway through competitions. The players have to play in the style of the area they come from.

Other websites 

 The Norwegian Collection of Folk Music  The Fiddle Volumes: Hardingfeleslåtter (University of Oslo, Department of Musicology)

String instruments
Folk instruments
Auguste Rodin (born François-Auguste-René Rodin; 12 November 1840 – 17 November 1917) was a French sculptor. Rodin was born in Paris. He made solid objects from stone or clay. His most famous works are 'The Thinker' and 'The Kiss'.

Although Rodin is generally considered the start of modern sculpture, he did not set out to rebel against the past. His training was old-school. He took a craftsman-like approach to his work, but he was rejected three times to Paris's foremost school of art.

Rodin had a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, deeply pocketed surface in clay. Many of his most notable sculptures were roundly criticized during his lifetime. They clashed with the sculpture tradition, in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic.
Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory. He modelled the human body with realism, with individual character and physicality. Rodin refused to change his style. Gradually there came increasing favour from the government and the artistic community.

His statue of writer Honoré de Balzac for the Société des Gens des Lettres was heavily criticised. Rather than try to convince skeptics of its merit, Rodin repaid the Société his commission and moved the figure to his own garden. After this experience, Rodin did not complete another public commission. Only in 1939 was Monument to Balzac cast in bronze. It is now thought to be a masterpiece.

Rodin's reputation grew, and he became the top French sculptor of his time. By 1900, he was a world-renowned artist. Rich private clients sought Rodin's work after his 1900 World's Fair exhibit. For example, a Japanese patron, Matsukata Kojiro, paid for some of Rodin's best castings, including "The Gates of Hell."
Rodin kept company with a variety of high-profile intellectuals and artists. He married his lifelong companion, Rose Beuret, in the last year of both their lives.

His sculpture suffered a decline in popularity after his death in 1917.

Gallery

Other websites 
 Musée Rodin, Paris
 Rodin Museum, Philadelphia
 Views of the Musée Rodin 
 Rodin-Web.org: Academic site on Rodin
 Biography resources dedicated to Auguste Rodin

References 

1840 births
1917 deaths
Artists from Paris
French sculptors
Joseph John "Joe" Cole (born 8 November 1981) is an English professional football player. Cole plays as a midfielder for 
Coventry City. At his peak he played for
Chelsea and Liverpool in the Premier League and for the England national team.

Cole was born in Paddington. He was adopted. He was raised in Somers Town, London.

Joe Cole trained at West Ham United at the start of his career. He moved to Chelsea in 2003 for a prize of £6,600,00 and scored 10 goals for Chelsea in the 2004/05 season.

Club career statistics
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="5"|West Ham United||rowspan="5"|Premier League||8||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|1999/00||22||1||1||0||4||1||5||0||32||2
|-
|2000/01||30||5||4||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||36||5
|-
|2001/02||30||0||3||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||33||1
|-
|2002/03||36||4||2||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||40||5
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="7"|Chelsea||rowspan="7"|Premier League||35||1||3||0||3||2||9||0||50||3
|-
|2004/05||28||8||3||0||6||0||9||1||46||9
|-
|2005/06||34||8||6||2||1||0||5||1||46||11
|-
|2006/07||10||0||2||0||2||1||7||1||21||2
|-
|2007/08||33||7||3||0||5||1||13||2||54||10
|-
|2008/09||14||2||2||0||0||0||4||1||20||3
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
280||36||29||4||25||5||52||6||386||51
280||36||29||4||25||5||52||6||386||51
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||7||0
|-
|2003||5||2
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||10||2
|-
|2006||9||2
|-
|2007||9||1
|-
|2008||6||3
|-
!Total||53||10
|}

References
References

1981 births
Living people
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Aston Villa F.C. players
British adoptees
Chelsea F.C. players
Footballers from London
Liverpool F.C. players
People from the London Borough of Camden
People from Paddington
West Ham United F.C. players
Premier League players
The rebec is a bowed string musical instrument that was played many hundreds of years ago. It was either held under the chin, like a violin, or held against the arm. The name “rebec” was spelt in a variety of ways.

Origins 
The rebec dates back to the Middle Ages and was particularly popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. The instrument is European, but probably developed from the Afghan instrument called the “rebab”. Instruments like the rebec were being played in the 10th century.

Tuning 
The rebec can have any number of strings from one to five, although three is the most common number. The strings are often tuned in fifths. The instrument played high notes like the violin, but in later years bigger rebecs were made that played lower notes.

Use of the rebec 
The rebec was mostly used for dance music. Dancing masters often used a kind of pocket-sized rebec called a “kit”.

The rebec was also used in folk music, especially in eastern Europe, Spain and North Africa.
In medieval and Renaissance times the rebec in Europe was played by minstrels. They dressed in special livery and played at important feasts and in processions. They were also played by cowherds. King Henry VIII has several rebec players at his court.

Today many Middle Ages re-enactors like to play rebec since it is an authentic Medieval instrument.

String instruments
early musical instruments
A resonator is something that resonates.  This may make a particular frequency of a sound or other vibration become bigger.

Electromagnetics

In electromagnetics a cavity resonator is a resonator composed of a space that is usually surrounded by a dielectric or metal which allows standing wave patterns at particular frequencies, eigenmodes, correlated to their size, shape, and material.

Music
Most musical instruments have resonators.  They are the parts which makes the sound louder.  A vibraphone, for example, has long tubes underneath the keys.  It also has a special effect: a mechanism which, when it is turned on, opens and shuts the resonators very quickly so that a trembling sound is heard.

The body of a violin is a resonator: without the body the sound of the string vibrating would hardly be heard, just as the sound of an elastic band stretched between two fingers can hardly be heard.

Musical instrument construction
Physics
Joshua David Bell (born 9 December 1967) is an American violinist.  He is considered one of the greatest violinists of today.

Childhood
Bell was born in Bloomington, Indiana, United States.  His father was a psychologist and therapist.  He began  violin lessons at the age of four after his mother found that Bell had taken rubber bands from around the house and stretched them across the handles of his dresser drawer to pluck out music he had heard her play on the piano. His parents got him a very small violin  and started giving him lessons.  He learned the violin very quickly, but also had time to enjoy things such as  video games and  sports.
Bell's first violin teacher suggested that he should learn with Josef Gingold.  Bell says that Gingold was a great teacher.  At the age of fourteen, Bell appeared as a soloist with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Riccardo Muti. He studied the violin at the Indiana University's Jacobs School of Music, while managing to graduate from Bloomington High School North in 1984.
Career
Joshua Bell first played in the Carnegie Hall, New York in 1985 with the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra. He has since performed with almost all of the world's major orchestras and conductors.  He has played all the well known concertos as well as new works.  In 1993 he gave the first performance of Nicholas Maw's violin concerto which was dedicated to him. The recording of this work won Bell a Grammy award. He performed the solo part on John Corigliano's Oscar-winning soundtrack for the movie The Red Violin and was also featured in Ladies in Lavender. Bell also made an appearance in the movie Music of the Heart, a story about the power of music, with other famous violinists.
Bell's violin is a 300-year-old Stradivarius violin called the Gibson ex Huberman, which was made in 1713, a time when Stradivarius was making his best instruments.   This violin had been stolen twice from the previous owner, Bronislaw Huberman; the last time the thief confessed as he was dying to having stolen it.  Bell had held and played the violin, and its owner at the time jokingly told Bell the violin could be his for four million dollars.  Shortly afterwards, by chance, Bell came across the violin again and discovered it was about to be sold to a wealthy German  to become part of a collection. According to the Joshua Bell website Bell "was practically in tears."  Bell then sold the Stradivarius violin that he had at the time for a little more than two million dollars and bought the Gibson ex Huberman for a little under the four million dollar asking price. His first recording made with the Gibson ex Huberman was Romance of the Violin
. It sold more than 5,000,000 copies and remained at the top of classical music charts for 54 weeks.  In September 2006 he made a CD called the Voice of the Violin and was released in September 2006. It has songs arranged for the violin.  He played the song Vocalise by Rachmaninoff in the Royal Albert Hall at the Last Night of the Proms in 2007.  He is a visiting professor at the Royal Academy of Music in London.
In an unusual experiment the Washington Post asked Bell to stand in the street and busk (play his violin) by the entrance to a Washington Metro station one cold morning in January 2007.  During the 45 minutes that he played more than 1000 people passed him but only a few people stopped to listen, most of whom were children.  Only one person recognized him and one other person realized he was a great violinist.

Personal life
Bell lives in Manhattan. He is keen on sports such as golf and tennis. He has three children born by a former girlfriend, however married another woman on 5th October 2019.

Other websites 
Official Website 
Recording  of Bell's performance in L'Enfant Plaza.

1967 births
Living people
People from Bloomington, Indiana
American violinists
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Indiana
An elastic modulus, or modulus of elasticity, is the mathematical description of an object or substance's tendency to be deformed elastically (i.e. non-permanently) when a force is applied to it.  

The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the slope of its stress-strain curve in the elastic deformation region:

where λ is the elastic modulus; stress is the force that causes the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied; and strain is the ratio of the change caused by the stress to the original state of the object. 
 
If one specifies how stress and strain are to be measured, that allows for many types of elastic moduli to be defined.

Related pages
 Elasticity (physics)
 Tensile strength

Elasticity (physics)
ISO 3166-1, is part of the ISO 3166 standard. It gives a code for the names of countries and dependent territories, and is published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes
 ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, a two-letter system, used in many applications, for example internet country code top-level domains (ccTLDs).
 ISO 3166-1 alpha-3, uses three letters, and makes it easier to work out the country name and code.
 ISO 3166-1 numeric, uses three digits. Using numbers is useful in countries that do not use the Latin alphabet. This is identical to codes defined by the United Nations Statistics Division.

ISO 3166-1 is not the only standard for country codes. Many international organizations use their own country codes, where some of them closely correspond to the ISO 3166-1 codes.
Rules for inclusion 
Currently, 244 countries and territories have official ISO 3166-1 codes. The only way to enter a new country name into ISO 3166-1 is to have it registered in one of the following two sources:
 United Nations Terminology Bulletin Country Names, or
 Country and Region Codes for Statistical Use of the UN Statistics Division.

To be listed in the bulletin Country Names, a country or territory must be any of the following:
 a member country of the United Nations,
 a member of one of its specialized agencies, or
 a party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice.

Once a country name or territory name appears in either of these two sources, it will be added to ISO 3166-1 by default.
Officially assigned code elements 
The following is a complete ISO 3166-1 encoding code list in alphabetical order by the English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA), which uses country names from United Nations sources.
The table includes officially assigned codes only.

Reserved and user-assigned code elements 
Besides the officially assigned codes, code elements may be expanded by using either reserved codes or user-assigned codes.
Reserved code elements are codes which, while not ISO 3166-1 codes, are in use for some applications in conjunction with the ISO 3166 codes. They are reserved to add flexibility to the coding system. Usually, obsolete codes may be kept as reserved, while some overseas territories, international organizations, and special nationality status have reserved codes of their own. See the corresponding sections in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 for their respective reserved codes (ISO 3166-1 numeric does not have reserved codes).

User-assigned code elements are codes at the disposal of users who need to add further names of countries, territories or other geographical entities to their in-house application of ISO 3166-1, and the ISO 3166/MA will never use them in the updating process of the standard. See the corresponding sections in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 and ISO 3166-1 numeric for their respective user-assigned codes.
Changes 
A country or territory may get new codes if it changes its name or its territorial boundaries. A country generally gets new alphabetical codes if its name changes, whereas a new numeric code is associated with a change of boundaries. Changes to ISO 3166-1 are announced in periodic newsletters, of which 12 have been released since the first edition of ISO 3166-1 was published in 1997:
 Newsletter V-1 – Published 1998-02-05: change of official name of Samoa
 Newsletter V-2  – Published 1999-10-01: new entries for Palestinian Territory, Occupied
 Newsletter V-3  – Published 2002-02-01: change of alpha-3 code element for Romania
 Newsletter V-4  – Published 2002-05-20: name changes for various countries
 Newsletter V-5  – Published 2002-05-20: change of names and alphabetical code elements for East Timor
 Newsletter V-6  – Published 2002-11-15: change of names for East Timor (to Timor-Leste)
 Newsletter V-7 – Published 2002-11-15: change of official name of Comoros
Newsletter V-8 – Published 2003-07-23: deletion of Yugoslavia, new entry for Serbia and Montenegro
 Newsletter V-9 – Published 2004-02-13: new entry for Åland Islands
 Newsletter V-10  – Published 2004-04-26: name changes for Afghanistan and Åland Islands
 Newsletter V-11  – Published 2006-03-29: new entries for Guernsey, Isle of Man and Jersey
 Newsletter V-12  – Published 2006-09-26: deletion of Serbia and Montenegro, new entries for Montenegro and Serbia
The second edition of ISO 3166-1 was published in 2007, which comprises a consolidation of all changes to the lists as published in the newsletters above.
Related pages
 ISO 3166-2
 List of IOC country codes, slightly different codes from ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, used by the International Olympic Committee
 List of FIFA country codes, slightly different codes from ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, used by FIFA
 Comparison of IOC, FIFA, and ISO 3166 country codes
 Federal Information Processing Standard

References 

Notes

Information on reserved codes taken from "Reserved code elements under ISO 3166-1" published by Secretariat of ISO/TC 46, ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency, 2001-02-13, available on request from ISO 3166/MA.
Other websites 
 ISO 3166/MA – ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency at the International Organization for Standardization – includes up-to-date lists of two-letter codes.
 United Nations Statistics Division – Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use – includes three-letter and numeric codes.
 CIA World Factbook – Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes  (public domain)
 a list of ISO 3166-1 codes (including three-letter and numeric codes), and includes information about changes that have been made over the years.
 an xml document  containing country codes and country names in 7 languages.
 A page detailing all the ISO 3166-1 "2 digit codes" from FlagsInformation.com. 

ISO 3166
Lists of countries
Country codes
Atlas, most commonly means a collection of maps, traditionally bound into book form.

Atlas can mean:

Greek mythology 
 Atlas (Titan), a Titan who bore the spheres of the heavens; inspiring the widely used image of a man carrying a great sphere on his back or shoulders
 Atlas, the first king of Atlantis
Science 
In astronomy:
 Atlas (moon), a moon of Saturn
 Atlas (crater), a prominent impact crater on the Moon
 Atlas (star), a triple star system in the Pleiades cluster
In biology:
 A book about flora and/or fauna of an area or region; for example, Atlases of the flora and fauna of Britain and Ireland
 Atlas (anatomy), the topmost cervical vertebra of the human spine
 Atlas Beetle, a rhinoceros beetle (Dynastinae) in the genus Chalcosoma
 Attacus atlas (or Atlas moth), a large saturniid moth
 Atlas Cedar, a large cedar tree native to the Atlas mountains of Algeria and Morocco
 Atlas Flycatcher, a bird in the an Old World Flycatcher family
 Atlas Bear, a species of bear native to Africa, now extinct
 Testudo atlas (or Atlas turtle), an extinct species of cryptodire turtle from the Pleistocene period
In physics:
 ATLAS experiment, a particle detector for the LHC at CERN
 Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator System, a particle accelerator at the Argonne National Laboratory
In mathematics:
 Atlas (topology), a collection of local coordinate charts in mathematics

Literature and press 
 Atlas Shrugged, a novel by Ayn Rand
 Atlas, a book of photography by German artist Gerhard Richter
 The Atlas (novel), by American author William T. Vollmann
 Atlas publishing house for collector series (mainly automobile, plane and train miniatures), active in Switzerland, France and Italy
 Atlas (magazine), Turkish monthly magazine on geography, environment, history and culture.
Computing 
 Atlas Computer (Manchester) (1962 - 1971), an early computer built at the University of Manchester
 Titan (computer) (also known as the Atlas 2), its successor
 Atlas Autocode, a programming language developed for the Atlas Computer
 UNIVAC 1101, also known as the Atlas
 UNIVAC 1103, also known as the Atlas II
 ATLAS Transformation Language, an OMG standard for performing model transformations
 ASP.NET AJAX (formerly codenamed "Atlas"), a set of ASP.NET extensions providing Ajax functionality
 Atlas Terrain Engine, developed by Garage Games for use in their Torque Shader Engine
 Automatically Tuned Linear Algebra Software more commonly known as ATLAS, an optimized BLAS implementation
 Atlas.ti, a qualitative analysis software
 Texture atlas

Geography 
 Atlas Mountains, a mountain range in northwest Africa
 Atlas (Neighborhood), in Northeast Washington, DC.
 Atlas Township, Michigan, USA
Entertainment 
 Atlas Games (company), a publisher of role-playing and card games
 ATLAS (StarCraft), a fictional artificial intelligence in the StarCraft universe
 Atlas (album), an album by Mexican electropop band Kinky
 Advanced Technology Leisure Application Simulator, a large hydraulic motion simulator for the theme park industry
 Atlas (band), a rock band from Christchurch, New Zealand.
 Atlas: Renaissance Voyager, the first in a series of videogames. (See also: Neo Atlas)
 Atlas (Bioshock Character), A Dublin northsider who talks you through the game.

Comics 
 Atlas Comics (1950s), the company that evolved into Marvel Comics
 Atlas (comics), a fictional character from Marvel Comics, best known as a member of the Thunderbolts
 Atlas (comic series), a comic book series by Dylan Horrocks
 Atlas/Seaboard Comics, a line of comics published by Seaboard Periodicals
 Agents of Atlas, a Marvel Comics mini-series by Jeff Parker
Companies 
 Atlas Aircraft Corporation, South African military aircraft manufacturer
 Atlas Telecom, a worldwide communications company
 Atlas Elektronik GmbH, a naval/marine electronics and systems business based in Bremen, Germany
 Atlas Van Lines, a moving van company
 Atlas Air, a cargo airline based in Purchase, New York
 Atlas Blue, a low-cost airline based in Marrakech, Morocco
 Atlas Copco, a Swedish rock drill manufacturer
 Polar Atlas historic Swedish diesel maker, later part of Atlas Copco
 Atlas-Imperial, a historic American diesel engine builder
 Atlas Model Railroad, maker of scale railroad models
 Atlas Condoms
 Atlas Venture, an international early-stage venture capital firm
 Atlas (light trucks), a Greek vehicle manufacturer
 Atlasjet, an airline of Turkey
Automobiles, trucks & related
 Atlas, name of several automobile & truck companies
 Gutbrod Atlas, a former German small commercial vehicle
 Nissan Atlas, a Japanese light truck
 GM Atlas engine, a family of modern inline piston engines for trucks from General Motors
 Atlas (light trucks)
 Atlas Car and Manufacturing Company, a manufacturer of small railroad locomotives

People 
 Meir Atlas (1848–1926), Rabbi of Shavel in Lithuania and one of the founders of the Telz Yeshiva
 Charles Atlas (1892–1972), a famous bodybuilder
 Tony Atlas (born 1944), a professional wrestler, bodybuilder, and powerlifter
 Teddy Atlas (born 1956), a well-known boxing trainer and fight commentator
 Natacha Atlas (born 1964), a Belgian female singer
 James Atlas, founding editor of the Lipper/Viking Penguin Lives Series
 Atllas, a rapper from Phoenix, Arizona
Military 
 Atlas Cheetah, a fighter aircraft of the South African Air Force
 Atlas Oryx, a medium-sized utility helicopter manufactured by the Atlas Aircraft Corporation of South Africa
 Abbreviated Test Language for All Systems, a programming language used for automated test equipment
 ATLAS (simulation), a system used to conduct military Command Post Exercises (CPX) within the Royal Thai Army
 Armstrong Whitworth Atlas, an Army Air Cooperation aeroplane of the 1920s