Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
It has also been translated into languages spoken by native Americans, such as Navajo. A fairly well-known Navajo version called "Dah Naatʼaʼí Sǫʼ bił Sinil" was translated by singer and former beauty pageant titleholder Radmilla Cody.

English original 
The full poem consists of four stanzas with a total of thirty-two lines. But usually, just the first stanza is sung and is the most well-known among Americans.

O say can you see, by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming,
Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming?
And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there;
O say does that star-spangled banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
On the shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep,
Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines in the stream:
'Tis the star-spangled banner, O long may it wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.

And where is that band who so vauntingly swore
That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion,
A home and a country, should leave us no more?
Their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution.
No refuge could save the hireling and slave
From the terror of flight, or the gloom of the grave:
And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave,
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave.
O thus be it ever, when freemen shall stand
Between their loved homes and the war's desolation.
Blest with vict'ry and peace, may the Heav'n rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation!
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: 'In God is our trust.'
And the star-spangled banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

Spanish version 
Three versions of "The Star-Spangled Banner" have been translated into the Spanish language. The first one was done by Francis Haffkine Snow for the United States Bureau of Education.

The second one was done by a Peruvian American musician named Clotilde Arias, for a competition held by then-president Franklin D. Roosevelt, as a part of his Good Neighbor policy in an effort to promote American ideals in Latin America. This musician was the winner of this contest and her Spanish version was accepted by the United States Department of State in 1946.
Another version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" in Spanish is a single by many recording artists and singer-songwriters. It is probably the most well-known version. This version is titled "Nuestro Himno" (meaning "Our Anthem"), written by Adam Kidron and Eduardo Reyes. Kidron started the whole idea because he wanted to show support for Hispanic immigrants in the U.S. In 2006, a change to U.S. immigration policy ticked off many people in the United States. "Nuestro Himno" was created in response to this change. The song was released on April 28, 2006 for their album Somos Americanos (meaning "We are Americans"). Many artists including Andy Andy, Autoridad de la Sierra, Aventura, Ivy Queen, Wyclef Jean, Kalimba, Kany, LDA, N Klabe, Patrulla 81, Pitbull, Ponce Carlos, Rayito, Reik, Frank Reyes, Tony Sunshine, Olga Tañón, Gloria Trevi, Voz a Voz and Yemọja were involved in the making of this song. It was recorded in many cities including New York City, Miami, Los Angeles, San Juan, Mexico City, and Madrid
. The first verse is based on the first verse of the version by Francis Haffkine Snow in 1909. Although it quickly gained popularity, there have been some people who disliked this idea. Such people included then-president George W. Bush, who did not approve of foreigners changing the national anthem into a language other than English, as well as by a relative of Francis Scott Key—the original author of the national anthem.
German version 
In 1861, a version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" was translated by German American poet and immigrant named Niclas Müller.

O, sagt, könnt ihr seh'n bei der Dämmerung Schein,
Was so stolz wir begrüßten in Abendroths Gluten?
Dess Streiffen und Sterne, durch Kämpfender Reih'n,
Auf dem Walle wir sahen so wenniglich fluten;
Die Raketen am Ort und die Bomben vom Fort,
Sie zeigten bei Nacht, daß die Flagge noch dort.
O sagt, ob das Banner mit Sternen besäet
Über'm Lande der Frei'n und der Tapfern noch weht?

Am Strand, kaum geseh'n durch den Nebel jetzt noch,
Wo des Feinds stolzer Haufen in Schweigsamkeit waltet;
Was ist's, daß der Wind, auf dem Thurme so hoch,
Wenn er günstig d'ran bläst, halb verdeckt, halb entfaltet?
Und jetzt faßt es den Strahl, wie er fällt in das Thal,
Und glanzet in Herrlichkeit jetzt auf dem Pfahl.
O das ist das Banner mit Sternen besäet,
Das noch über den Frei'n und den Tapferen weht!
Und wo ist der Schwarm, der vermaß sich so sehr,
Daß des Krieges Gewühl und Verwirrung der Schlachten,
Kein Land, keine Heimath gewähre uns mehr?
Ihr Blut hat verwischet ihr freventlich Trachten.
Und umsonst hat gesucht sklav und Miethling die Flucht
Beim Schrecken des Kampfs und der tödtlichen Wucht.
Und siegreich das Banner mit Sternen besäet,
Über'm Lande der Frei'n und der Tapfern noch weht!

Und so soll es sein stets, wo Männer die Hand
Sich reichen, entgegen des Aufruhrs Gewalten;
Mit Frieden und Sieg mag gesegnet das Land
Dann preisen die Macht, die uns einig erhalten;
Denn der Sieg muß uns sein, wo die Sache so rein;
Und das sei der Wahlspruch: "Auf Gott trau allein!"
Und siegreich das Banner mit Sternen besäet
Über'm Lande der Frei'n und der Tapfern noch weht!

French version 
A version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" was translated into French by a Cajun named David Émile Marcantel.
O dites, voyez-vous
Dans la lumière du jour
Le drapeau qu'on saluait
À la tombée de la nuit ?
Dont les trois couleurs vives
Pendant la dure bataille
Au-dessus des remparts
Inspiraient notre pays.
Et l'éclair des fusées,
Des bombes qui explosaient,
Démontraient toute la nuit
Que le drapeau demeurait.
Est-ce que la bannière étoilée
Continue toujours à flotter
Au-dessus d'une nation brave,
Terre de la liberté ?

Navajo version 
A Navajo version of "The Star-Spangled Banner" was performed by model and singer Radmilla Cody. It is titled "Dah Naatʼaʼí Sǫʼ bił Sinil" in the Navajo language, under her first album Within the Four Directions.

Yá shoo danółʼį́į́ʼ
Hayoołkááł biyiʼdę́ę́ʼ
Baa dahwiiʼniihgo átʼé
Dah naatʼaʼí éí yéigo nihił nilíinii.

Noodǫ́ǫ́z dóó bizǫʼ disxǫs
Naabaahii yitaayá
Bitsʼą́ą́ honiyéeʼgo deiníłʼį́
Nihichʼįʼ ínidída ndi baa ííníidlį́

Áh, hoolʼáágóó bineʼ neidą́
Báhádzid dahólǫ́ǫ ndi
Éí yeeʼ bee tʼáá sih hasin
Tʼóó nihá dah siłtzoos ndi
Tʼóó shį́į́ éí sǫʼ bił sinilgo
Dah naatʼá, áh hoolʼáa doo
Nihikéyah bikʼihígíí
Kʼad hózhǫ́ náhásdlį́į́ʼ

Yiddish version 
A Yiddish version titled "Di Shtern-Batsirte Fon" was translated by a Jewish American poet named Dr. Avrom Aisen, on the hundredth anniversary of Scott Key's death. It was published in 1943 by the Educational Alliance located New York City.

Samoan version 
Samoan is a language spoken in American Samoa, the American part of the Pacific island of Samoa.

Aue! Se'i e vaai, le malama o ataata mai
Na sisi a'e ma le mimita, i le sesega mai o le vaveao
O ai e ona tosi ma fetu, o alu a'e i taimi vevesi tu
I luga o 'Olo mata'utia, ma loto toa tausa'afia
O roketi mumu fa'aafi, o pomu ma fana ma aloi afi
E fa'amaonia i le po atoa, le fu'a o lo'o tu maninoa
Aue! ia tumau le fe'ilafi mai, ma agiagia pea
I eleele o sa'olotoga, ma nofoaga o le au totoa.

Media

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Library of Congress article
 National Museum of American History  article
 Maryland Online Encyclopedia article
 British Attack on Ft. McHenry Launched from Bermuda 
 Encyclopedia Smithsonian article on "The Star-Spangled Banner" 
 "Star-Mangled Banner: A look at some controversial, and botched, renditions of our national anthem"
 "The Star-Spangled Banner" by John A. Carpenter 
 Easybyte—free easy piano arrangement of "The Star-Spangled Banner / Anacreon in Heaven"
 "Stars and Stripes Forever"  City Pages, July 4, 2001
 "The Toughest 2 Minutes"

1814
19th-century American songs
Songs about the United States
Symbols of the United States
1810s songs
North American anthems
Abdou Diouf (born 7 September 1935) was president of Senegal from 1981 to 2000. He was the second president since the country became independent.

Diouf has been the Secretary General of La Francophonie since 2003.

References

Diouf, Abdou
Diouf, Abdou
Living people
Prime Ministers of Senegal
A needle is a small tool used to push or pull a thread through a small hole. It is most often used to make clothing and footwear.

The needle consists of a short stick with a sharp point and hole for the thread. Needles are now mostly made of steel, but in ancient or Stone Age times they would have been made of small bones or twigs.

Once the thread is put through the hole in the needle and "doubled-back" so that it cannot fall out, then the whole needle and its thread can be put through the material.

The term needle may also be used to refer to other sharp objects used for different purposes, such as the needles doctors use to give a shot.

Other websites

Tools
Events

Up to 1900 
 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona and Douce I, Countess of Provence marry, uniting the fortunes of the two states.
 1377 - Over 2,000 people in Cesena, Italy are killed by Papal troops.
 1488 - Bartolomeu Dias of Portugal lands at Mossel Bay in present-day South Africa, having become the first European to travel round the Cape of Good Hope.
 1690 – The colony of Massachusetts issues the first paper money in America.
 1781 - British forces seize the Dutch-owned Caribbean island of Sint Eustatius.
 1783 – American Revolutionary War: Spain recognizes United States independence.
 1809 – Illinois Territory is created.
 1815 – The first commercial cheese factory is founded (Switzerland).
 1830 - Greece's sovereignty is confirmed by the London Protocol.
 1870 – The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed.
 1900 - Governor of Kentucky William Goebel dies four days after being shot, and three days after being sworn in to office.
1901  2000 
 1908 - The Panathinaikos Sports Club is founded in Athens.
 1913 – The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified. It lets the Federal government create and collect income tax.
 1916 – Parliament buildings in Ottawa, Canada burn down.
 1917 – World War I: The United States breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany a day after Germany announces a new policy of submarine warfare.
 1918 - The Twin Peaks Tunnel in San Francisco begins service as the longest streetcar tunnel in the world, at 3,633 metres long.
 1930 - The Communist Party of Vietnam is founded in Kowloon, then-British Hong Kong.
 1931 - A magnitude 7.8 earthquake hits New Zealand's North Island, mainly the cities of Napier and Hastings.
 1943 - The USAT Dorchester is sunk by a German U-boat, killing 672 of the 902 men on board.
 1944 – United States troops capture the Marshall Islands.
 1945 – World War II: Soviet Union agrees to enter the Pacific Theatre fighting against Japan.
1947 - North America's lowest temperature is recorded in Snag, Yukon, Canada.
 1952 – The earliest known tropical storm makes landfall in South Florida.
 1955 - Czechoslovakia declares an end to hostilities with Germany.
 1958 - The Benelux Economic Union is formed.
 1959 – An airplane crash kills musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper. This date becomes known as "The Day The Music Died".
 1960 - Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan makes a speech in which he says that "winds of change" are blowing across the African continent.
 1961 - Start of the Angolan War of Independence.
 1966 - The unmanned Soviet Luna 9 spacecraft is launched.
 1967 - In Melbourne, Ronald Ryan becomes the last person to be executed in Australia.
 1969 – In Cairo, Yasser Arafat is appointed Palestinian Liberation Organization leader at the Palestinian National Congress.
 1972 – The first Winter Olympics to be held in Asia open in Sapporo, Japan.
1972 - Until February 9, a blizzard in Iran kills around 4,000 people.
 1976 - In Mozambique, the capital city changes its name from Lourenco Marques to Maputo.
 1981 - Gro Harlem Brundtland is elected Prime Minister of Norway.
 1988 – The United States House of Representatives rejects President Ronald Reagan's request for $36.25 million to aid Nicaraguan Contras.
 1989 - In Paraguay, a coup removes Alfredo Stroessner from power.
 1994 - Space Shuttle Discovery lifts off on mission STS-60.
 1995 - Astronaut Eileen Collins becomes the first woman to pilot a space shuttle.
 1996 - An earthquake of magnitude 7 hits Yunnan Province, China, killing over 300 people.
 1998 – In Northern Italy 20 people die in a cable car disaster caused by a low-flying United States Military plane.
 1998 - Karla Faye Tucker is executed in Texas, as the first woman to be executed in the US since 1984.
From 2001 
 2002 – Super Bowl XXXVI: The New England Patriots defeat the St. Louis Rams, 20–17, to win their first Super Bowl championship.
 2006 – The Egyptian al-Salam Boccaccio ferry sinks in the Red Sea, killing around 1,000 people.
 2007 - A bombing at a market in Baghdad kills 135 people.
 2008 – Super Bowl XLII: The New York Giants defeat the previously undefeated New England Patriots, 17–14, to win their third Super Bowl championship and prevent them from becoming the first 19-0 team.
 2010 - The sculpture L'homme qui marche by Alberto Giacometti is sold at an auction in London for £ 65 million.
 2011 - Tropical Cyclone Yasi hits Queensland, Australia.
 2013 - Super Bowl XLVII is interrupted by a power failure just after half time, with the Baltimore Ravens leading 28-6 over the San Francisco 49ers. After over half an hour, play gets back underway. The Baltimore Ravens later go on to win the game.
 2015 - Sergio Mattarella becomes President of Italy.
2015 - The House of Commons of the United Kingdom, by a majority, supports the introduction of "Three-person babies". After being passed by the House of Lords, the UK would be the first country to introduce this.
 2015 - It is announced that a second novel by Harper Lee, who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird, is to be published in July, called Go Set a Watchman.
Up to 1900 
 995 - William IV, Duke of Aquitaine (d. 1037)
 1338 – Jeanne de Bourbon, Queen of France (d. 1378)
 1654 - Pietro Antonio Fiocco, Italian composer (d. 1714)
 1677 - Jan Santini Aichel, Czech architect (d. 1723)
 1689 - Blas de Lozo, Spanish admiral (d. 1741)
 1721 - Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz, Prussian general (d. 1773)
 1736 – Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Austrian composer (d. 1809)
 1747 - Samuel Osgood, American patriot (d. 1813)
 1761 - Dorothea von Medem, German countess (d. 1821)
 1763 - Caroline von Wolzogen, German writer (d. 1847)
 1774 - Karl Mollweide, German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1825)
 1777 - John Cheyne, British physician, surgeon and writer (d. 1836)
 1790 - Gideon Mantell, British geologist and physician (d. 1852)
 1795 – Antonio José de Sucre, South American independence leader (d. 1830)
 1806 - Ansel Briggs, 1st Governor of Iowa (d. 1881)
 1807 - Joseph E. Johnston, American Confederate general (d. 1891)
1807 - Arthur Wellesley, 2nd Duke of Wellington, British general (d. 1884)
 1806 - Ansel Briggs, American politician, 6th Governor of Iowa (d. 1881)
 1808 – Princess Marie of Saxe-Weimar of Eisenach, Empress of Prussia (d. 1877)
 1809 – Felix Mendelssohn, German composer (d. 1847)
 1811 – Horace Greeley, American journalist, editor, and publisher (d. 1872)
 1817 - Achille Ernest Oscar Joseph Delesse, French geologist and mineralogist (d. 1881)
 1821 – Elizabeth Blackwell, British-American physician (d. 1910)
 1823 - Stephen Fullerton Baird, American naturalist (d. 1887)
 1824 - Ranald MacDonald, American explorer and educator (d. 1910)
 1826 - Walter Bagehot, British journalist and businessman (d. 1877)
 1830 – Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1903)
 1842 - Sidney Lanier, American poet and composer (d. 1881)
 1846 - Judson Harmon, Governor of Ohio and United States Attorney General (d. 1927)
 1854 - Sergei Korsahoff, Russian neuropsychiatrist (d. 1900)
1857 - Giuseppe Moretti, Italian sculptor (d. 1935)
 1859 – Hugo Junkers, German aircraft designer (d. 1935)
 1870 – Ada Negri, Italian actress (d. 1945)
 1874 – Gertrude Stein, American writer and publicist (d. 1946)
 1878 - Gordon Coates, 21st Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1943)
 1887 – Georg Trakl, Austrian writer (d. 1914)
 1889 - Risto Ryti, 5th President of Finland (d. 1956)
 1892 - Juan Negrin, Spanish politician (d. 1956)
 1894 – Norman Rockwell, American artist, illustrator (d. 1978)
 1898 – Alvar Aalto, Finnish architect (d. 1976)
 1898 - Lil Hardin Armstrong, American jazz musician (d. 1971)
 1899 - Lao She, Chinese writer and playwright (d. 1966)
 1899 - Joao Café Filho, President of Brazil (d. 1970)
1901  1950 
 1903 – Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, Scottish aviator (d. 1973)
 1907 – James A. Michener, American writer (d. 1997)
 1909 – Simone Weil, French philosopher (d. 1943)
 1911 – Jehan Alain, French composer (d. 1940)
 1911 - Robert Earl Jones, American actor (d. 2006)
 1912 - Jacques Soustelle, French anthropologist (d. 2006)
 1914 - Mary Carlisle, American actress
 1915 - Stuart Archer, British recipient of the George Cross (d. 2015)
 1915 – Boris Paichadze, Georgian footballer (d. 1990)
 1918 - Joey Bishop, American entertainer (d. 2007)
 1920 - Henry Heimlich, American physician (d. 2016)
 1924 - Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Hohenzollern, German aristocrat (d. 2010)
 1925 – Leon Schlumpf, Swiss Federal Councillor (d. 2012)
 1925 - Shelley Berman, American actor, comedian and writer (d. 2017)
 1926 – Hans-Jochen Vogel, German politician
 1927 – Val Doonican, Irish singer and entertainer (d. 2015)
 1927 - Blas Ople, Filipino politician (d. 2003)
 1927 - Kenneth Anger, American filmmaker and writer
1927 - Indra Bahadur Rai, Indian writer (d. 2018)
 1927 - Sarah Jiménez, Mexican artist (d. 2017)
 1928 - Ingemar Haraldsson, Swedish footballer (d. 2004)
 1932 – Michael Martin, American philosopher (d. 2015)
 1932 - Stuart Hall, Jamaican-British cultural theorist and sociologist (d. 2014)
 1933 - Paul Sarbanes, American politician (d. 2020)
 1935 - Johnny "Guitar" Watson, American musician (d. 1996)
 1937 - Jacques Barrot, French politician (d. 2014)
 1938 - Emile Griffith, American boxer (d. 2013)
 1939 - Michael Cimino, American movie director (d. 2016)
 1943 – Blythe Danner, American actress
 1943 – Dennis Edwards, American singer (The Temptations) (d. 2018)
 1943 - Shawn Philipps, American guitarist, singer and songwriter
 1947 – Dave Davies, English musician (The Kinks)
 1947 – Paul Auster, American writer
 1948 – Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, East Timorese bishop and Nobel Peace Prize winner
 1948 – Henning Mankell, Swedish writer (d. 2015)
 1950 – Morgan Fairchild, American actress
1951  1975 
 1951 - Eugenijus Riabovas, Lithuanian football manager
 1951 – Blaise Compaoré, former President of Burkina Faso
 1954 - Tiger Williams, Canadian ice hockey player
 1955 – Stephen Euin Cobb, American writer
 1955 – Bruno Pezzey, Austrian footballer (d. 1994)
 1955 – Kirsty Wark, Scottish broadcast journalist
 1956 - Nathan Lane, American actor
 1956 - Lee Ranaldo, American musician
 1958 - Joe F. Edwards, Jr., American basketball player
 1959 - Lol Tolhurst, English musician (The Cure)
 1959 - Fredric Lehne, American actor
 1960 – Joachim Löw, German football trainer
 1961 - Jay Adams, American skateboarder (d. 2014)
 1963 – Stefano Mei, Italian sportsperson (athletics)
 1964 – Michael Rummenigge, German footballer
 1965 - Maura Tierney, American actress
 1966 - Franco Coraci, American movie director
 1967 – Mixu Paatelainen, Finnish footballer and coach
 1969 - Beau Biden, American attorney and politician (d. 2015)
 1970 - Warwick Davis, British actor
1971 – Sarah Kane, British playwright (d. 1999)
 1972 – Mart Poom, Estonian footballer
 1975 - Brad Thorn, New Zealand rugby player
From 1976 
 1976 - Mathieu Dandenault, Canadian ice hockey player
 1976 – Isla Fisher, Australian actress
 1977 - Marek Zidlicky, Czech ice hockey player
 1977 – Daddy Yankee, Puerto Rican singer
 1978 – Joan Capdevila, Spanish footballer
 1978 - Amal Clooney, Lebanese-British lawyer and activist
 1978 - Eliza Schneider, American actress and singer
 1980 - Kim E-Z, Korean singer
 1981 - Alisa Reyes, American actress and singer
 1982 - Jessica Harp, American singer
 1982 - Bridget Regan, American actress
 1983 – Gabriel Sargissian, Armenian chess player
 1983 - Hillary Scott, American pornographic actress
 1984 - Sara Carbonero, Spanish journalist
 1985 - Sergei Kostitsyn, Belarussian ice hockey player
 1986 - Kanako Yanagihara, Japanese actress, comedian and entertainer
 1988 - Kyuhyun, South Korean singer
 1988 – Gregory van der Wiel, Dutch footballer
 1989 – Vania King, American tennis player
 1990 – Sean Kingston, American singer
 1990 - Sterling Moore, American football player
1991 - Glenn McCuen, American actor
 1993 - Getter Jaani, Estonian actress and singer
 1993 - Mark Bennett, Scottish rugby player
 1995 - Tao Tsuchiya, Japanese actress, model and dancer
Deaths

Up to 1900 
 619 - Laurence of Canterbury, 2nd Archbishop of Canterbury
 699 - Werburgh, English saint (b. 650)
 995 - William IV, Duke of Aquitaine (b. 937)
 1014 – King Sweyn I of Denmark
 1116 - King Coloman of Hungary (b. 1070)
 1399 – John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (b. 1340)
 1428 - Ashikaga Yoshimochi, Japanese shogun (b. 1386)
 1451 – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1404)
 1468 – Johannes Gutenberg, German publisher
 1737 - Tommaso Ceva, Italian mathematician (b. 1648)
 1820 – Emperor Gia Long of Vietnam (b. 1762)
 1832 – George Crabbe, English naturalist (b. 1754)
 1862 - Jean-Baptiste Biot, French physicist (b. 1774)
 1867 - Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied (b. 1782)
 1874 – William Charles Lunalilo, King of Hawaii (b. 1835)
 1889 – Belle Starr, American outlaw (b. 1848)
 1900 – William Goebel, 34th Governor of Kentucky (b. 1856)
1901  2000 
 1908 - Ferdinand Meldahl, Danish architect (b. 1827)
 1920 - Frank Brown, Governor of Maryland (b. 1846)
 1921 – Colin Archer, Norwegian shipbuilder (b. 1832)
 1922 - John Butler Yeats, Irish illustrator (b. 1839)
 1924 – Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States, Nobel Peace Prize winner (b. 1856)
 1929 - Agner Krarup Erlang, Danish scientist (b. 1878)
 1935 – Hugo Junkers, German aircraft designer (b. 1859)
 1937 - Marija Leiko, Latvian movie actress (b. 1887)
 1944 - Yvette Guilbert, French cabaret singer (b. 1865)
 1945 – Roland Freisler, Nazi official (b. 1893)
 1948 - Louis J. Brann, Governor of Maine (b. 1876)
 1951 - August Horch, German engineer (b. 1868)
 1952 - Harold L. Ickes, American politician (b. 1874)
 1955 - Vasili Blokhin, Soviet general chief executioner of almost 22 000 Poles in Katyn Forest (b. 1895) (suicide, February 3)
 1956 - Johnny Claes, Belgian racing driver (b. 1916)
 1959 - "Day the Music Died":
Buddy Holly, American singer (b. 1936)
Roger Peterson, American pilot (b. 1937)
Ritchie Valens, American musician (b. 1941)
The Big Bopper, American musician (b. 1930)
 1960 – Fred Buscaglione, Italian singer and actor (b. 1921)
 1961 – Anna May Wong, American actress (b. 1905)
 1961 - William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil, Governor-General of Australia (b. 1893)
 1967 - Joe Meek, English record producer (b. 1929)
 1969 – Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique independence founder (b. 1920)
 1969 - C. N. Annaduri, Indian politician, 7th Chief Minister of Madras State (b. 1909)
 1975 – Umm Kulthum, Egyptian singer (b. 1904)
 1975 - William D. Coolidge, American physicist and inventor (b. 1873)
 1985 - Frank Oppenheimer, American physicist (b. 1912)
 1989 – John Cassavetes, American actor (b. 1929)
 1989 - Lionel Newman, American movie music orchestra leader and composer (b. 1916)
 1991 - Harry Ackerman, American television producer (b. 1912)
 1997 - Bohumil Hrabal, Czech writer (b. 1914)
 1998 - Karla Faye Tucker, American murderer (b. 1959)
From 2001 
 2003 – Lana Clarkson, American actress (b. 1962)
 2004 - Jason Raize, American actor (b. 1975)
 2005 – Zurab Zhvania, Georgian politician (b. 1963)
 2005 – Ernst Mayr, German biologist (b. 1904)
 2006 - Al Lewis, American actor (b. 1923)
 2006 - Romano Mussolini, Italian pianist and artist (b. 1927)
 2011 – Edouard Glissant, French-Martinican poet (b. 1928)
 2011 – Maria Schneider, French actress (b. 1952)
 2012 – Ben Gazzara, American actor (b. 1930)
 2012 – Samuel Youd, British writer (b. 1922)
 2014 - Louise Brough, American tennis player (b. 1923)
 2014 - Richard Bull, American actor (b. 1924)
 2014 - Louan Gideon, American actress (b. 1955)
 2014 - Joan Mondale, former Second Lady of the United States (b. 1930)
 2014 - Bill Sinkin, American activist (b. 1913)
 2015 - Frank Borghi, American soccer player (b. 1925)
 2015 - Charlie Sifford, American golfer (b. 1922)
 2015 - Martin Gilbert, British historian (b. 1936)
 2015 - Mary Healy, American actress (b. 1918)
2016 - Mark Farren, Irish footballer (b. 1982)
 2016 - Balram Jakhar, Indian politician (b. 1923)
 2016 - Saulius Sondeckis, Lithuanian violinist and conductor (b. 1928)
 2016 - Joe Alaskey, American voice actor (b. 1952)
 2016 - Big Kap, American DJ (b. 1970)
 2017 - Robert Dahlqvist, Swedish rock musician (b. 1976)
 2017 - Yoshiro Hayashi, Japanese politician (b. 1927)
 2017 - Hassan Joharchi, Iranian actor (b. 1968)
 2017 - Lou Rowan, Australian cricket umpire (b. 1925)
 2017 - Benny Perrin, American football player (b. 1959)
 2017 - John M. Hayes, American scientist (b. 1940)
 2017 - Richard Lyon, American admiral and politician (b. 1923)
 2017 - Shumon Miura, Japanese writer (b. 1926)
 2018 - Michael Harner, American anthropologist and writer (b. 1929)
 2018 - Dirk Bernard Joseph Schouten, Dutch economist (b. 1923)
 2018 - Hukum Singh, Indian politician (b. 1938)
 2018 - Rolf Zacher, German actor (b. 1941)
Observances 
 Christian feast day: Saint Blaise (Roman Catholic Church)
 Heroes' Day (Mozambique)
 Veterans' Day (Thailand)
 Setsubun (Japan)

February 03
A province is a subdivision of a country. It is a kind of local government.

Some countries are divided into provinces. The word "province" comes from the Latin word provincia.

South Africa, Canada, the Netherlands, Pakistan, Spain, and Denmark are examples of countries that are divided into provinces.

In some countries, provinces have different names:

 Département: France
 Canton: Switzerland
 State: United States, Mexico, Brazil, Australia
 Bundesland: Germany and Austria
 Voivodeship: Poland
 District: Serbia (okrug), Belize, Bhutan 
 Prefectures (県): Japan 
 Estados: Venezuela
 County: United Kingdom
 Suba: Pakistan
 Pradesh: the Hindi word for states: Republic of India
 Fylke: Norway
 Parish: Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago
Departments usually have less power than provinces. States, Bundesländer and autonomous communities have more power than provinces.

Small countries like Singapore or Monaco are not divided.
Jade is a kind of stone. We use the name "jade" for two different sorts of mineral. The first sort is nephrite. This is a form of actinolite (asbestos is a sort of actinolite, too). The second sort is the mineral jadeite, and it is a pyroxene. The first sort (nephrite) is harder than the second sort (jadeite). The first sort (jadeite) has more colors that the second sort (nephrite).

Nephrite is Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2. 
Jadeite is NaAlSi2O6. 

The two sorts of jade look nearly the same. People only found that they were two different sorts in 1863. The nephrite form of jade is very hard. In the past, Chinese people and the Maori used it to make knives and weapons. Later, when people could use metals, they liked jade because it looked nice and they thought it had special powers. Today people also use jade for jewelry.
Jade was found about 7000 years ago. The Chinese later made jewelry out of it. Only the rich could have jade because it was so rare and expensive. It was said that jade had healing powers and it was regarded as very lucky.

Gemstones
Viktor Andriyovych Yushchenko () (born February 23, 1954) is a previous President of Ukraine. On November 26, 2004, he lost the Ukrainian presidential election. However, he and his followers argued that the election had been corrupted. They argued that the election results had been falsified by the Ukrainian government, in support of the opposing candidate Viktor Yanukovych. They organized political demonstrations in the autumn and winter of 2004 that gathered millions of people all over the country. They called the demonstrations The Orange Revolution. The Constitutional Court ordered a second round of elections, which Yuschenko won.

Yushchenko claimed to have been poisoned by political enemies. He was hospitalized and his appearance showed signs of a serious illness.

Yulia Tymoshenko and Yushchenko were once strong allies (during the Orange Revolution). Today there is a lot of political misunderstanding between Tymoshenko and Yushchenko.
In February 2010 Yushchenko lost the presidential election to Viktor Yanukovych. 

From December 1999 till May 2001 Yushchenko was the Ukrainian prime minister and from January 1993 till December 1999 head of the national bank of Ukraine.

References

1954 births
Living people
Presidents of Ukraine
Prime Ministers of Ukraine
Ukrainian economists
Bankers
Viktor Fedorovych Yanukovych (; born July 9, 1950, Yenakiieve, Stalin Region, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian politician who was the 4th President of Ukraine from 2010 to 2014; found guilty of treason. On January 12, 2015, he was declared wanted by Interpol

Political career
He was Prime Minister of Ukraine from November 2002 until December 2004 (he was forced to resign (leave office early) on 31 December 2004). He again was Prime Minister of Ukraine from 4 August 2006 until 18 December 2007. He is the former leader of the Party of Regions the biggest political party of Ukraine. The party was formerly part of the Ukrainian government.

In November 2004, he won the presidential election. Viktor Yushchenko, his opponent, said the result was false. Large daily demonstrations supporting Viktor Yushchenko followed. They were named The Orange Revolution. Ukrainian Judges decided that there would be new elections in December 2004. Victor Yuschenko won those elections and became president of Ukraine.
Yanukovych was supported by Vladimir Putin of Russia and by the former Ukrainian president Leonid Kuchma.

In February 2010, he won the presidential election; Yulia Tymoshenko, who lost the election with a 3.48% difference, said he won because of fraud.

Yanukovych was a victim of poverty in his childhood and was twice put in prison for violent crimes in his youth.

After mass protest in Ukraine during February 2014, Yanukovych was forced-out of office on 22 February 2014. Oleksandr Turchynov became acting president.

Convictions 
On December 15, 1967, at the age of 17, Viktor Yanukovych was first sentenced to 3 years in prison for participating in a robbery.

For the second time, Viktor Yanukovych was prosecuted for inflicting moderate bodily injuries under Art. 102 of the Criminal Code of the Ukrainian SSR and sentenced on June 8, 1970 to 2 years of imprisonment.
Criticism 
In connection with the events of Euromaidan, the phrase "Golden Toilet" became a symbol and synonym of the Yanukovych regime. In many informal speeches, the phrase is used as a euphemism for the rule of Viktor Fedorovich and his political entourage.

Oppression of freedom of speech in Ukraine 
During the two months of Yanukovych's presidency and the existence of the pro-presidential majority and the government in Ukraine, the pressure on the media and the curtailment of freedom of speech intensified. In particular, independent experts noted the politicization of the First National TV Channel. The facts of censorship on commercial TV channels have become more frequent: journalists of "1 + 1" and "STB" have stated the facts of censorship by their management, and journalists of STB state the existence of facts of censorship since 2008.
The enemy of the press 
Viktor Yanukovych, along with Prime Minister Mykola Azarov and Interior Minister Vitaliy Zakharchenko, became the biggest enemies of the Ukrainian press in 2012-2013, according to an annual survey by the Institute of Mass Media and the Independent Media Trade Union.

Investigation 
As of May 15, 2014, 6 criminal cases of abuse of power were being investigated against Yanukovych. The cases are included in the Unified Register of Pre-trial Investigations.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 CLAN of Yanukovich: YANUKOVICH

1950 births
Living people
Ukrainian criminals
Ukrainian engineers
Presidents of Ukraine
Prime Ministers of Ukraine
In chemistry, a salt is any neutral chemical compound made of cations (positive ions) attached to anions (negative ions). The main kind of salt is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. It is formed when hydrochloric acid is added in sodium hydroxide. The reaction is as follows
HCl+NaOH2 gives NaCl+H20+heat

Mixtures of salts in water are called electrolytes. Electricity is able to pass through electrolytes, as well as molten salts.

Salts can melt ice, because salts lower the temperature needed for liquid to freeze. Because of that, streets are sometimes treated with salt in winter, if the temperature is only a little below freezing.

A salt can also be explained as an ionic compound which dissociates, forming a positive ion other than hydrogen ion, and a negative ion other than hydroxyl ion.
History 
Because many germs cannot live in salt, it has been used to preserve food. Its use as a food preservative helped large amounts of food to be stored, sent a long way, and eaten all through the year. This helped populations to grow, cities to develop, and soldiers in wars to be fed. Salt was probably used in Egypt as long ago as 4000 BC. In ancient times, salt was more valuable than it is now, because it was hard to get in many places, and could be used not only to give foods flavor, but also to make them last longer. It allowed food to be kept past its season, and taken on long trips.
People often traded salt for other things. It was of high value in China, Turkey, the Middle East, and Africa. In the Mediterranean area, including Ancient Rome, salt was even used for money. The word salary comes from the Latin word for salt, because they paid people in salt. After people learned how to get salt from the ocean, salt became cheaper. The Phoenicians were some of the first to figure out how to do this, by pouring seawater on dry land. Then when it dried, they collected the salt and sold it.

Another use of salt was in war, as a way to punish a city by ruining its crops. This is called "salting the Earth". The Assyrians are said to have been one of the first to have done this to their neighbours.

Looks
Looks

Color 
Salts can be found in all different colours: yellow (sodium chromate), orange (potassium dichromate), red (mercury sulphide), mauve (cobalt chloride hexahydrate), blue (copper sulfate pentahydrate, ferric hexacyanoferrate), green (nickel oxide), colorless (magnesium sulphate), white (titanium dioxide), and black (manganese dioxide). Most minerals and inorganic pigments, as well as many synthetic organic dyes, are salts.

See also Table salt

References 

Basic English 850 words
Sodium compounds
Chemical compounds
A business is an organization where people work together. In a business, people work to make and sell products or services. Other people buy the products and services. The business owner is the person who hires people for work. A business can earn a profit for the products and services it offers. The word business comes from the word busy, and means doing things. It works on regular basis.

Originally, individual trades people were qualified, and they hired assistants. The invention of the joint-stock company meant a new era in business. By this means, some people put up the money as capital, and others used it to run the business. There is a law which says this kind of company is a "legal entity": it has a legal life separate from its owners or shareholders. In this way, a company can outlive the people who started it. This idea was invented in medieval times, but really flowered in the 19th century. It has spread around the world since then.
Most businesses are created for commerce. There are big and small businesses. For example, one person can open a small barber-shop. A big business, like Microsoft,  employs thousands of people all over the world.

Some businesses need fixed locations. Examples are an office, store, or farm. For some businesses the worker goes to different locations. Examples are carpenters or electricians. They usually bring everything they need for work in their truck.

Business can also mean the work or current state of a business. A business owner might say: "I am doing a lot of business" or "My business is good" or "Business is bad".

The term can also be used in a more general way. As a noun, it can be used, for example, to speak about a broad area of activity.

References 

Basic English 850 words
Winter is one of the four seasons and it is the coldest time of the year. The days are shorter, and the nights are longer. Winter comes after autumn and before spring.

Winter begins at the winter solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere the winter solstice is usually December 21 or December 22. In the Southern Hemisphere the winter solstice is usually June 21 or June 22.

Some animals hibernate during this season. In temperate climates there are no leaves on deciduous trees. People wear warm clothing, and eat food that was grown earlier. Many places have snow in winter, and some people use sleds or skis. Holidays in winter for many countries include Christmas and New Year's Day.

The name comes from an old Germanic word that means "time of water" and refers to the rain and snow of winter in middle and high latitudes.

Basic English 850 words
Climate
Environment
Meteorology
Seasons
Up to 1900 
70 BC – An earthquake in Shandong, China, kills 6,000 people.
193 –  Roman Emperor Marcus Didius is killed in his big house.
1204 - King Philip Augustus of France conquers Rouen.
1215 - Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under control of Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending in the Battle of Zhongdu.
1252 - Alfonso X of Castile is elected King of Castile and Leon.
1283 – Treaty of Rheinfelden – Duke Rudolph II of Austria has to waive his right to the Duchies of Austria and Styria.
1298 - Residents of Riga and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the Livonian order in the Battle of Turaida.
1485 – Matthias of Hungary took Vienna in his conquest of Austria (from Frederick III) and made the city his capital.
1495 – Friar John Cor records the first known batch of scotch whisky.
1533 – Henry VIII of England's new wife, Anne Boleyn, is crowned as queen.
1535 - Combined forces loyal to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor attack and expel the Ottomans from Tunis during the Conquest of Tunis.
1648 - Second English Civil War: The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone.
1660 – Mary Dyer is hanged in Boston, Massachusetts for defying a law banning Quakers from the colony. She is considered to be the last religious martyr in North America.
1679 - The Scottish Covenanters defeat John Graham of Claverhouse at the Battle of Drumlog.
1779 – American Revolutionary War: Benedict Arnold is court-martialed for malfeasance in his treatment of government property.
1792 – Kentucky becomes the 15th state in the United States, with Isaac Shelby as its first Governor.
1794 - "Battle of the Glorious First of June" is fought, as the first naval battle between Great Britain and France.
1796 – Tennessee becomes the 16th state in the United States.
1812 – War of 1812: U.S. President James Madison asks the United States Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom.
1813 – The United States Navy gained its motto as the mortally wounded commander of the frigate Chesapeake, Capt. James Lawrence, said, "Don't give up the ship".
1815 – Napoleon swears fidelity to the Constitution of France.
1831 – James Clark Ross discovers the position of the North Magnetic Pole on the Boothia Peninsula.
1847 – Zeta Psi Fraternity is founded.
1855 – American adventurer William Walker defeats Nicaragua and brings back slavery.
1861 - American Civil War: Battle of Fairfax Oaks Court House takes place, in which the first Confederate combat casualty occurs.
1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Fair Oaks ends – Both sides claim victory.
1868 - The Treaty of Bosque Redondo is signed, allowing Navajos to return to their lands in Arizona and New Mexico.
1869 – Thomas Edison of Boston, Massachusetts, received a patent for his electric voting machine.
1879 – Eugène Napoléon, Prince Imperial of France is killed in the Zulu Wars.
1890 – The United States Census Bureau begins using Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine to count census returns.
1898 – The Trans-Mississippi Exposition world's fair opens in Omaha, Nebraska.
1901  2000 
1907 –  Colin Blythe takes 17 wickets for 48 runs against Northamptonshire at Northampton in one day. It is the best analysis ever recorded either for a county cricket match or a single day's bowling, and not bettered in first-class cricket until 1956.
1909 – The Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition world's fair opens in Seattle, Washington.
1910 – Robert Falcon Scott's South Pole expedition leaves the United Kingdom.
1916 - Louis Brandeis becomes the first Jew to be appointed to the United States Supreme Court.
1918 – World War I: Battle for Belleau Wood begins –
1921 – Tulsa Race Riot: A race riot in Tulsa, Oklahoma kills at least 85 people.
1922 – Official founding of the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
1925 – Lou Gehrig of the New York Yankees played the first game in his record streak of 2,130 games in a row, an endurance record in Major League Baseball that stood until Cal Ripken, Jr. broke it in 1995.
1926 - In Poland, the National Assembly elects Ignacy Moscicki as President.
1932 - Franz von Papen becomes Chancellor of Germany.
1935 – First driving tests introduced in Britain.
1938 – Action Comics issues the first Superman comic.
1938 – Protective baseball helmets were worn by people with bats for the very first time.
1941 – World War II: Battle of Crete ends – Crete gives in to Germany.
1943 – A not soldier flight from Lisbon to London was shot down by the Germans during World War II, killing all on the plane, including actor Leslie Howard.
1954 –  The Peanuts comic strip character Linus van Pelt is shown with a security blanket for the first time.  
1958 – Charles de Gaulle is brought out of resting to lead France by order for six months.
1960 - New Zealand's first official television broadcast is transmitted.
1963 - Kenya gains internal self-rule.
1967  – The Beatles album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is released.
1971 – Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans for a Just Peace, claiming to represent the majority of U.S. veterans who served in Southeast Asia, speak against war protests.
1973 - The military proclaims Greece a republic.
1974 - The Heimlich maneuver for rescuing choking victims is published in the journal Emergency Medicine.
1974 – Flixborough disaster: An explosion at a chemical plant in Flixborough, UK kills 28 people.
1978 – The first international applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty are filed.
1978 - The 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina begins. The staging of the World Cup in Argentina is controversial, due to the military dictatorship in power at the time.
1979 –  The first black-led government of Rhodesia in 90 years takes power, ousting Ian Smith and changing its name to Zimbabwe
1980 – The Cable News Network (CNN) begins broadcasting.
1988 - A mining accident in Stolzenbach, Hesse, then-West Germany, kills 51 miners. 6 survive and are rescued on June 4.
1989 – Oba Chandler murders an Ohio family on their Florida vacation by drowning them in Tampa Bay.
1990 – U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production and start destroying each of their nation's stockpiles.
1990 - Karl-Marx-Stadt, in then-East Germany, changes its name back to Chemnitz.
1993 - Dobrinja mortar attack, west of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, kills 13 people and injures 133, as Serb mortar shells hit during a football game.
1994 – South Africa re-joins the Commonwealth of Nations.
1999 - American Airlines Flight 1420 slides and crashes at Little Rock National Airport in Arkansas, killing 11 people.
2000 – The Patent Law Treaty (PLT) is signed.
From 2001 
2001 - Several members of Nepal's royal family, including King Birendra of Nepal and Queen Aiswarya of Nepal, are killed in a massacre. Crown Prince, Dipendra of Nepal, is believed to have carried out the attack, and dies of his injuries on June 4.
2001 - A Hamas suicide bombing kills 21 people at a disco in Tel-Aviv, Israel.
2002 - The Germany national football team scores its highest FIFA World Cup win, defeating the Saudi Arabia national football team 8-0 in a group match.
2003 – The People's Republic of China begins filling the reservoir behind the massive Three Gorges Dam, raising the water level near the dam over 100 meters.
2005 – Voters in the Netherlands reject the proposed EU Constitution.
2008 – A fire at Universal Studios Hollywood destroys 118,000 to 175,000 copies of master tapes.
2009 – Air France Flight 447: An Air France plane crashes into the Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Brazil, killing all 228 people on board.
2009 – General Motors files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
2011 – Sepp Blatter is controversially re-elected as FIFA President.
2014 - FIFA, the governing body of world football, is embroiled in a corruption scandal after reports of irregularities when Qatar won the right to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup in 2010.
2015 - A ship carrying over 458 people sinks on the Yangtze River in Hubei province, China, killing 400 people.
2016 - The Gotthard Base Tunnel, the longest tunnel in the world, opens in Switzerland after around 20 years of building work.
2017 - President Donald Trump announces the United States' withdrawal from the Paris climate change agreement.
2018 - A coalition government consisting of the Five Star Movement and the League Party takes office in Italy, with Giuseppe Conte as Prime minister.
2018 - Mariano Rajoy is removed from office as Prime minister of Spain by a parliamentary vote of no confidence; Pedro Sánchez replaces him.
2019 - Nayib Bukele becomes President of El Salvador.
Births

Up to 1800 
719 – Yang Yuhuan, Chinese princess and consort (d. 756)
1076 – Mstislav I of Kiev (d. 1132)
1134 - Geoffrey, Count of Nantes (d. 1158)
1300 - Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Salisbury, son of King Edward I of England (d. 1338)
1455 - Anne of Savoy (d. 1480)
1480 - Tiedemann Giese, Polish bishop (d. 1550)
1503 – Wilhelm von Grumbach, German adventurer (d. 1567)
1563 – Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, English politician (d. 1612)
1633 – Geminiano Montanari, Italian astronomer (d. 1687)
1637 - Jacques Marquette, French missionary and explorer (d. 1675)
1754 - Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este (d. 1806)
1771 – Ferdinando Paer, Italian composer (d. 1839)
1790 – Ferdinand Raimund, Austrian playwright (d. 1836)
1796 - Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, French military engineer and physicist (d. 1832)