Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Copa Sudamericana: 2 appearances
2003: Second Preliminary Round
2004: Preliminary Round

Recopa Sudamericana: 0 appearances
 :

Copa CONMEBOL: 1 appearances
1998: First Round

Copa Merconorte: 1 appearances
2001: First Round

Current squad

Former players
 Hugo Maradona
 Pablo Camacho
 Alejandro Valldeperas
 Daniel De Oliveira

References

Other websites
 Deportivo Petare website (in Spanish) 
 Original Deportivo Italia (in Spanish) 
 FVF (in Spanish)

Venezuelan football clubs
Caracas
1948 establishments in Venezuela
STS-2 was the second flight of the space shuttle. It flew in November 1981.

Space Shuttle flights
1981 in the United States
November events
The Planck units are physical units of measurement. The system of these units was first developed by Max Planck. The four basic Planck units are based only on four physical constants found in nature.  When Planck units are used to express any of these four physical constants, the value is 1.  This allows physicists to simplify many equations about physical law. Planck proposed these units in 1899. 

Planck units are unique: they are based only on properties of free space (a vacuum). Planck units are also called natural units because they come only from properties of nature and not from any human construct.  Planck units are only one system of natural units among other systems. The constants that Planck units define as 1 are these:

The speed of light in a vacuum, c;
The gravitational constant, G;
The reduced Planck constant, ħ;
The Boltzmann constant, kB (sometimes k).
Each of these constants has at least one fundamental physical theory: c with special relativity, G with general relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, ħ with quantum mechanics, ε0 with electrostatics, and kB with statistical mechanics and thermodynamics. 

Planck units are very important for theoretical physics, because they simplify several recurring algebraic expressions of physical law. They are particularly relevant in research on unified theories such as quantum gravity.

Planck units may sometimes be semi-humorously referred to by physicists as "God's units".  They eliminate human centered arbitrariness from the system of units: some physicists argue that communication with extraterrestrial intelligence would have to use such a system of units to make common reference to scale. Unlike the meter and second, which exist as fundamental units in the SI system for historical reasons, the Planck length and Planck time are linked at a fundamental physical level.
Natural units help physicists to reframe questions.  Frank Wilczek puts this succinctly:

The strength of gravity is simply what it is and the strength of the electromagnetic force is simply what it is.

References 

Basic physics ideas
Units of measurement
"Blah Blah Blah" is a song by American singer Kesha. It is from her first album, Animal. It was produced by Benny Blanco. Kesha, Blanco, Neon Hitch and Sean Foreman wrote the song. It was released as the album's second single on February 19, 2010. It features the alternative band 3OH!3. The song is an electropop song. The lyrics are about a woman who would rather have sex than listen to a man speak.

Critics have mixed opinions on the song. The single was successful commercially by reaching the top five in Australia and Canada. It reached the top ten in the United States and New Zealand. The song became Kesha's second top ten single in Australia, Canada and the United States. It has gone on to sell over two million copies in the United States. It has been certified two times platinum in Canada.

2010 songs
Kesha songs
Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin  (12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994), was a British chemist. She developed protein crystallography. Hodgkin received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.

Early life 
Hodgkin was born in Cairo, Egypt. She and her sisters were sent to live in England when World War l started. She spent the rest of her life there. 

Her mother was an expert on nature and Ancient Egyptian textiles. Hodgkin’s father was a British archeologist and scholar.

Career 
She studied crystals and became a tutor at Somerville College, Oxford. In 1969, Hodgkin used computer technology to analyse the structure of Insulin. Insulin is a protein which is used to treat diabetes. 

Hodgkin advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography. It is a method used to discover the three dimensional structures of biomolecules. 

Ernst Chain thought he had found the structure of penicillin, and Hodgkin proved he was right. She also found the structure of vitamin B12. For her work she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
In 1969, after 35 years of work and five years after winning the Nobel Prize, Hodgkin was able to find the structure of insulin. 

X-ray crystallography became a widely used tool and was used to find the structures of many biological molecules, such as DNA. The structure of molecules helps us understand how they work.

Honours 
Apart from the Nobel Prize, she was appointed to the Order of Merit, and given the Copley Medal, the top award of the Royal Society.

Later, she was Chancellor of Bristol University from 1970 to 1988, and President of Pugwash from 1976 to 1988. Pugwash is an organization which holds conferences on Science and World Affairs. 

Her best-known student was Margaret Thatcher, who consulted her when she (Thatcher) was in office.

Controversies 
Hodgkin was not allowed to enter the United States without special permission from the CIA. She protested and wanted world peace. She was also a friend of J.D. Bernal, who was also left-wing. She received the Lenin Peace Prize in 1987.
Hodgkin died of a stroke in 1994.

References 

Fellows of the Royal Society
Order of Merit
Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners
People from Warwickshire
British chemists
1910 births
1994 deaths
British biologists
British Nobel Prize winners
"Friday" is a song by American singer Rebecca Black. It was written and produced by Clarence Jey and Patrice Wilson. It was released as a single on February 10, 2011, and then, it premiered on iTunes on March 14, 2011 by Ark Music Factory as Black's debut single.

Background

A worker for Ark Music Factory told Rebecca Black's mother about the company's production services in late 2010; Black was 13 years old at the time. She was living in Anaheim Hills, California. Rebecca Black's mother, Georgina Kelly, paid Ark Music $4,000 for a song and a music video that included a choice of two songs written beforehand. Black chose "Friday", as "the other song was about adult love – I haven't experienced that yet. I felt like it was my personality in that song."
Reception
The music video for the song became a viral video. The song was criticized for the lyrics, the use of Auto-Tune and the video. On March 11, 2011, the video's view count on YouTube was still about 4,000. As of April 15, 2011, the video had over 102 million views, 2.1 million comments, 240 000 "likes" and 2 million "dislikes". Since the growth in popularity of the song and video, there have been numerous parody videos and remixes.  Forbes has said that the unpopularity of the song is another sign of the power of social media – specifically Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr. It also said these media could create "overnight sensations." Despite the very bad reviews, pop music celebrities Chris Brown, Miley Cyrus, and Simon Cowell have supported Black.

References

2011 songs
Pop songs
Aurora is a Home Rule Municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado. The city is in Arapahoe, Adams, and Douglas counties. It is the third biggest city by number of people in Colorado, and the 59th biggest city by number of people in the United States. The city's population was 386,261 during the 2020 United States Census.

Main cities 
Denver and Aurora are the main cities of the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, a United States metropolitan area (MSA). In 2020, the cities within the statistical area had 2,963,821 people, which makes it the MSA with the 19th most people. 

However, Denver and Aurora together make up less than half of the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield Metropolitan Statistical Area's people and Aurora has about half of the population of Denver. In 2020, the Denver–Aurora combined statistical area (CSA) had 3,623,560 people. That makes it the CSA with the 17th most people.
History
Aurora started in the 1880s, when it was known as Fletcher, the name of Denver businessman Donald Fletcher. Fletcher thought of Aurora as a chance for real estate. He and his companions went out four square miles east of Denver, but the town and Colorado were not doing well after the Silver Crash of 1893.

Shootings 
On July 20, 2012, a spree shooting took place at a during the midnight premiere of The Dark Knight Rises at a local movie theater - 12 people were shot dead.

References

 
1880s establishments in Colorado
SpongeBob SquigglePants is a video game based on the television series SpongeBob SquarePants. It is the fourth game in the uDraw Series. It was published by THQ and developed by WayForward Technologies. 

The game was released for Wii on April 12, 2011. It was released for Nintendo 3DS on May 17, 2011.

It contains over 100 mini-games that require using the uDraw GameTablet. It allows players to draw their own paintings or color in them.

2011 video games
Nintendo 3DS games
Wii games
THQ games
Video games based on television shows
SpongeBob SquarePants
Derby Museum and Art Gallery was started in 1879 in a new building given to Derby by a local brewer. The collection today includes paintings of Joseph Wright of Derby and porcelain from Derby and the surrounding area.

Wright of Derby
In 2011, Derby City Council announced that it was to use Joseph Wright of Derby to brand the city of Derby. At the same time, the Museum announced that it was "joining forces" with Wikipedia to improve the quality of its information. In February 2011 it was announced that Derby Museum had been given an award for its collection of paintings and drawings by Joseph Wright.

Related pages

 Derwent Valley Mills

References

Other websites
 Official site 

Derby Museum and Art Gallery
1879 establishments in England
All Killer, No Filler is the first studio album by Canadian rock band, Sum 41. It was released on May 8, 2001. The producer of the album was Jerry Finn. The album was ranked as the 9th greatest punk pop album of all time by Top40.com.

Songs

References

2001 albums
Sum 41 albums
Island Records albums
Joseph Wright (3 September 1734 – 29 August 1797), (Wright of Derby), was an English landscape and portrait painter. He painted the Industrial Revolution."

Wright showed the contrast of light and dark. His paintings of early science in the English Midlands, show the Age of Enlightenment.

Many of Wright's paintings and drawings are on display at the Derby Museum and Art Gallery.

Related pages
 Derby Museum and Art Gallery

References, notes and sources

Other websites 

English painters
1734 births
1797 deaths
Derby Museum and Art Gallery
People from Derbyshire
A rotary evaporator (or rotavap) is  commonly used in chemical laboratories to remove solvents by evaporation.

The liquid is put in a round-bottomed flask and placed in the device. The rotavap spins and heats the flask and reduces the pressure inside by creating a vacuum. The vacuum makes the liquid evaporate at a low temperature than normal. The liquid becomes a gas and is collected by cooling it so it condenses into another flask.

If there are substances dissolved in the liquid they will be left behind in when it evaporates. If water with salt dissolved in it is evaporated, then pure water and dry salt will be separated. Scientists use rotary evaporators to remove the liquid a solid is dissolved in.

Rotary evaporators are often quicker to use than evaporating basins. They can be used for distillations.

References

Laboratory equipment
ja:エバポレーター#ロータリーエバポレーター
Chemical processes
"Reptar on Ice" was the twenty-third episode of the Nickelodeon show Rugrats. It aired November 15, 1992.

Summary 
Tommy is disgruntled at a comment Angelica makes at a breakfast about the dinosaurs being extinct and expresses his concern to the other babies of the possibility of Reptar being extinct too. After an accidental suggestion by Chuckie's that he's "hiding," the babies look for him in the backyard and discover a lizard which looks exactly like him and come to assumption that it is Reptar's child. To keep him in a secret from the grown-ups, Tommy hides the lizard inside his diaper and the lizard crawls around inside Tommy’s diaper causing him to twitch and squirm a lot while the babies ponder what to do with Reptar's Baby. A commercial for "Reptar on Ice" suddenly plays, to the shock of the babies and Stu decides to take them all. The babies are now thrilled because they can now "return" the lizard to its "father".
As they arrive at the ice show, Leo, the actor portraying "Reptar", shows his outrage at the theme of the show manager, Harry, how he questions why he chose to the play the part due to his dislike of children, lizards, and his inability to the ice skate. The performance begins and as it continues, the adults fall asleep; the babies then take this time to give the lizard to "Reptar." They go onto the ice and rides on the props to catch up with him. They get caught in the midst of a scene and inadvertently interrupt the performance; Leo tries to continue performing, but freaks out and runs off when Tommy shows him the lizard. Stu gets on the ice and picks up the babies, to the audience's applause
. As Stu is holding Tommy up against him, the lizard crawls out of Tommy’s diaper looking around then notices another place to explore which is Stu’s jeans and jumps out of Tommy’s diaper and inside Stu’s jeans making Stu move abnormally causing him to strongly twitch and squirm as the lizard crawls around inside his jeans....
Cast 
 Tommy Pickles (voiced by E.G. Daily)
 Phil and Lil DeVille (voiced by Kath Soucie)
 Chuckie Finster (voiced by Christine Cavanaugh)
 Angelica Pickles (voiced by Cheryl Chase)
 Reptar (voiced by John Schuck)
 Stu Pickles (voiced by Jack Riley)
 Grandpa Lou (voiced by David Doyle)
 Didi Pickles (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)

Home releases 
"Reptar on Ice" was released on the VHS Rugrats: Return of Reptar, the DVD Rugrats: Decade in Diapers, Rugrats: Season 2 and will be released on Rugrats: The Complete Series.

Rugrats
1992 television episodes
Peter Connelly (1 March 2006 – 3 August 2007) (also known as "Baby P", "Child A" and "Baby Peter") was a 17-month-old British child. He died of child abuse on 3 August 2007 in London, England after suffering more than 50 injuries over an eight-month period. His mother, her partner and his brother were sent to prison for attacking him. The case resulted in several big investigations into how the social services department of Haringey Council carried out its job looking after children in danger. In a similar case, the same child welfare authorities had failed seven years earlier in the murder of Victoria Climbié.
There had been a public inquiry and measures had been put in place to prevent similar cases.

References

2007 crimes
2007 in the United Kingdom
2000s in London
August 2007 events
Crime in London
London Borough of Haringey
2000s crimes in the United Kingdom
Children victims of violence
Waikīkī is a neighborhood of Honolulu, on the south shore of Oahu, Hawaii. Waikiki Beach is the shoreline in front of Waikīkī.

The name  means "spouting fresh water" in the Hawaiian language. This because the area had springs and streams that fed wetlands.

References

Other websites

Beaches of the United States
Honolulu
Neighborhoods in the United States
An interchange a place where two freeways meet, or where a freeway and another road meet. An interchange has two levels so traffic going through does not meet. Different levels are connected by ramps. There are many different types of freeway interchanges. The two most common types of freeway interchanges are the diamond interchange and the cloverleaf interchange:

 A diamond interchange has four ramps that enter and leave the freeway at a small angle and meet the non-freeway at almost right angles. These ramps at the non-freeway can be controlled through stop signs or traffic signals. The name comes from the diamond-like shape.
 A cloverleaf interchange has eight ramps that handle all traffic without stop signs or traffic lights. To turn left, traffic goes in a 270° turn. The name comes from the four-leaf clover-like shape.

Roads
Bridge types
"A Rugrats Passover" (possibly known as "Passover" in the opening title) was the sixty-fifth episode of the Nickelodeon show Rugrats. It aired April 13, 1995.

Summary 
While attending a Passover seder at Didi's parents' house, Boris and the kids (and later, most of the adults), get locked in the attic because the door doesn't open from the inside. To pass the time, Boris tells the kids the story of why Jews celecrate Passover, and how Moses saved his people from slavery.

Cast 
 Tommy Pickles (voiced by E.G. Daily)
 Chuckie Finster (voiced by Christine Cavanaugh)
 Angelica Pickles (voiced by Cheryl Chase)
 Didi Pickles (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)
 Grandpa Boris (voiced by David Doyle)
 Grandma Minka (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)

Home releases 
"A Rugrats Passover" was released on the VHS Rugrats: A Rugrats Passover, and will be released on the DVD Rugrats: The Complete Series.

Rugrats
1995 television episodes
The Major Oak is the main Tree in Sherwood Forest. Legend said Robin Hood lived near here.

It weighs an estimated 23 tons, has a waistline of 33 feet (10m), and is about 800–1000 years old.  Because of its age, the tree is held up by props.

In June 2002, the Tree Council decided that The Major Oak was one of fifty "Great British Trees" in because of its place in the national heritage.

References

Nottinghamshire
Legends
Trees
Jar Jar Binks is a fictional character from the Star Wars movie Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace. He also appears in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith. He is a Gungan and was born on the planet Naboo. Jar Jar is treated like the "class clown" by the other Gungans, and is often yelled at for being clumsy. This changes when two Jedi named Obi-Wan Kenobi and Qui-Gon Jinn are stranded on Naboo and Jar Jar accidentally stumbles into them in a swamp. He shows them his home, an underwater city built by Gungans to stay away from humans. There, he gets in trouble for letting humans into their secret city. The Jedi use the Force to convince the Gungan leader, Boss Nass, to let them leave safely. He is hated by many fans, and critics have accused him of being a racist stereotype of black people.
Reception
Jar Jar is considered one of the worst characters in movie history since his debut. Because of this, his actor, Ahmed Best nearly killed himself due to the death threats toward his character.

Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Star Wars characters
The Gungans are a fictional race of creatures from the Star Wars universe. They are amphibious (frog-like) creatures that live on the planet Naboo. The most famous Gungan is a character named Jar Jar Binks from Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.

Fictional races
Star Wars species
Sonic & Knuckles is the fourth video game in the Sonic the Hedgehog series. It was made by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Mega Drive in 1994. In the game, you are able to play as Sonic the Hedgehog and Knuckles the Echidna. You can insert a Sonic the Hedgehog 2 or Sonic the Hedgehog 3 cartridge into it and you will get new modes for those games. This is called Lock-on Technology.

How to play the game 

This game is similar to Sonic the Hedgehog 3. The point of the game is to collect Rings, defeat robots and get to the end of a Zone.
In Sonic and Knuckles, there are eight Zones. But only Super Sonic can reach the last Zone of the game. Only Sonic or Tails can play the second to last Zone, the Death Egg. Most zones have two levels, which are named "acts" in the game. At the end of every act 1, you've got to fight one of Dr. Eggman's robots, and at the end of every act 2, you've got to fight Dr. Eggman himself. There are small robots called "Badniks" in the acts. Most of them can be destroyed if you jump on them. If the badnik is destroyed, a little animal jumps out of it. 

Rings are floating in the air and they are gold. If you collect 100 or 200 Rings, you get a life. If you have no Rings and something hits you (for example, a badnik, spike, or Dr. Eggman), you lose a life.
There are also Starposts in the acts. If you hit a Starpost, it will spin for a bit, and if you lose a life, you restart at the last Starpost you touched. Starposts can be used to go to the Bonus Stage, if you touch them if you have 20 or more Rings. Then, a ring made of stars will spin above the Starpost, and if you jump into it, you go to the Bonus Stage.

Notes 

Sonic the Hedgehog games
1994 video games
Platform games
Sega Genesis games
Video games developed in Japan
Video game sequels
Controller may refer to:

 Device controller, an object that lets someone control a device
 Controller (computing), a chip or expansion card that interfaces with a peripheral device
 Game controller, an device used for playing video games
 Air traffic controller, a person who directs aircraft
 Comptroller or financial controller, a senior accounting job

Related pages
 Control
 Control unit
Half-Life is a series of video games created by Valve Corporation. The player plays as a character named Gordon Freeman, who is a survivor of a terrible accident at the Black Mesa Science Research Company. A group of scientists make a portal to another dimension, and accidentally let in many alien monsters that start killing everyone.

In the first game, Half-Life, made in 1998, you play through this disaster and try to escape.

In 2004, the sequel, Half-Life 2, was released. Half-Life 2 was followed by two expansions, Half-Life 2: Episode One and Half-Life 2: Episode Two.

A related game, Portal, was released in 2007 and takes place in the same universe. Portal, Half-Life 2, Half-Life 2: Episode One, Half-Life 2: Episode Two, and Team Fortress (an unrelated game) were put together into one package for sale in 2007. This package is known as The Orange Box.

References
Frank Oz (born Frank Richard Oznowicz on May 25, 1944) is an American actor, filmmaker and puppeteer. He is known for his work on The Muppets, Star Wars, and Sesame Street. He also directed some popular films, such as Little Shop of Horrors and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels. His most popular puppets are Yoda and Cookie Monster. He played Cookie Monster, Bert and Grover on Sesame Street and he did Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, and Sam the Eagle on the Muppets.

References

1944 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Muppets
People from Hereford
Puppeteers
Gingerbread men are cookies made of gingerbread shaped like people. 

In America, they are most popular at Christmastime. Ingredients include ginger, molasses, spices, flour, butter, eggs, etc. The dough is rolled out on a flat surface, and the gingerbread man is made with a cookie cutter. The cookies can be frosted and decorated with various trims such as raisins and silver dragees.

These cookies can be made with different decorations such as chocolate chips, jelly beans, chocolate sauce etc. They can also be made in different sizes.

Cookies
Electron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

This method works in many cases where X-ray crystallography does not. The latter needs large 3-D crystals to work.

Protein structures are usually done from 2-dimensional crystals (sheets or helices), polyhedrons such as viral capsids, or dispersed proteins. Electrons can be used in these situations, whereas X-rays cannot, because electrons interact more strongly with atoms than X-rays do.

Electron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The method was invented by Aaron Klug, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this, and his studies on virus structures and transfer RNA, in 1982.
The first electron crystallographic protein structure to be solved was bacteriorhodopsin in 1990.
Since then, several other high-resolution structures have been done by electron crystallography, including the light-harvesting complex, and the bacterial flagellum.

Related pages
Crystallography
X-ray crystallography
Spectroscopy

References 

Technology
Chemistry
Molecular biology
Physics
Sir Paul Maxime Nurse OM CH PRS (Paul Maxime Nurse, born Norwich, 25 January 1949) is a British geneticist and cell biologist.

He was awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Leland Hartwell and Timothy Hunt, for their discoveries about cell division.

They discovered cycle of cell division is regulated by cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases.

Sir Paul is the current President of the Royal Society and Chief Executive and Director of the UK Centre for Medical Research and Innovation.

He is also Emeritus Professor and Head of the Laboratory for Yeast genetics and Cell Biology at the Rockefeller University, New York City.

Nurse was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 2005.

References
References 

1949 births
Living people
English biologists
English geneticists
Knights Bachelor
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
People from Norwich
Presidents of the Royal Society
British Nobel Prize winners
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Rockefeller University faculty
The term Dysnomia can refer to three different concepts:
A disorder affecting the mind, see Dysnomia (disorder)
A daughter of the goddess Eris (mythology), usually translated as lawlessness, see Dysnomia (mythology)
A moon of the dwarf planet Eris, see Dysnomia (moon)
Kevin Mark DuBrow (October 29, 1955 – November 19, 2007) was an American singer of rock music. He is best known as the lead singer of the heavy metal band Quiet Riot from 1975, when the band started, until 2007, when he died.

On December 10, 2007, media reported that DuBrow had been found dead on the afternoon of November 25, 2007. He died because he took an accidental overdose of cocaine.

1955 births
2007 deaths
Singers from Los Angeles
A fighting game is a video game in which two or more players battle for the winning spot, usually by fighting to the death or K.O.. Most fighting games have a selection of characters with different abilities. Some popular fighting games are Mortal Kombat, Street Fighter, and Soul Calibur.

 
Types of video games
Video game genres
A push-button is a switch in the shape of a small button or knob. When it is pushed it completes an electrical circuit that controls something. For example, a doorbell rings when a person pushes a button, or numbers are displayed on a calculator or even when you are playing a machine game at an arcade.

References

Electronic switches
Heavyweights is a 1995 Disney movie directed by Steven Brill. Heavyweights is about a fat camp for children that is taken over by fitness expert Tony Perkis (Ben Stiller).

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

Disney movies
1995 movies
English-language movies
1995 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Charlie Brown is the main character in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz.

Friends
 Sally: She is Charlie Brown's younger sister. Her character is argumentative.
 Linus: He is an intellectual. He always has his favorite blanket.
 Lucy: She is always bold. She doesn't like talking logically.
 Woodstock: He is a small, yellow bird. Only Snoopy can communicate with him and recognize him.
 Schroeder: He is a pianist and likes Beethoven. He usually plays the piano.
 Peppermint Patty: She is bold but dull. She is a good baseball player, but not good at studying.
 Marcie: She is a good friend of Peppermint Patty. She is earnest, but not good at baseball.
 Pigpen: He is optimistic. He can gather dust like a magnet.
 Franklin: He is thoughtful and calm. He played with Charlie Brown and made friends.
 bob the builder: bob the builder
 Ryan and his milk: Ryan is obsessed with Cheese Whiz and enjoys milk
 Brendon's forehead: loves Ryan, has a huge forehead

References
References

Animated human characters
Comics characters
Stan and Jan Berenstain were American authors and illustrators. They are best known for their books about the "Berenstain Bears" and "Blair Investigates". 

Stanley Melvin Berenstain (September 29, 1923 – November 26, 2005) was born in West Philadelphia. Janice Marian Berenstain (July 26, 1923 – February 24, 2012) was also born in Philadelphia. Both served in World War II. 

On November 26, 2005, Stanley Berenstain died of cancer. He was 82. Jan died February 24, 2012, from a stroke.

Books
The couple's first published a book in 1951. It was The Berenstains' Baby Book. They then published two more books on parenthood.

The first book with the Berenstain Bears was The Big Honey Hunt. It was published in 1962 and the first book with the Blair Investigates was A Investigate Star is Born. It was published in 1968 and only as the author and illustrations by Peyo. Theodor Geisel (best known as Dr. Seuss) was the editor for the early books in the series. Over 300 books have been published in 23 languages.
References

1923 births
2005 deaths
2012 deaths
Writers from Philadelphia
American illustrators
Cancer deaths in Pennsylvania
Deaths from stroke
Svante August Arrhenius (19 February 1859 – 2 October 1927) was a Nobel Prize-winning Swedish scientist who made discoveries in physics, chemistry and earth science.

Originally he was a physicist, but he won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and was a founder of physical chemistry.

Later in life, he turned to other scientific problems. He was the first person to predict that emissions of carbon dioxide, from the burning of fossil fuels, would cause global warming.

Early work 
His early work was on the conductivity of electrolytes. In 1884, based on this work, he submitted a 150-page essay on electrolytic conductivity to University of Uppsala for his doctorate. It did not impress the professors, and he received a low-class degree. Later, extensions of this work would earn him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

The most important idea in the thesis was his explanation that neither pure salts nor pure water is a conductor, but solutions of salts in water are.
Arrhenius' explanation was that in forming a solution, the salt splits up into charged particles (which Michael Faraday had given the name ions many years earlier). Faraday's belief had been that ions were produced in the process of electrolysis; Arrhenius' idea was that, even in the absence of an electric current, solutions of salts contained ions. He proposed that chemical reactions in solution were reactions between ions.

In an extension of his ionic scientific theory Arrhenius proposed definitions for acids and bases, in 1884. He believed that acids were substances which produce hydrogen ions in a solution and that bases were substances which produce hydroxide ions in a solution.

The Nobel Prize 
About 1900, Arrhenius became involved in setting up the Nobel Institutes and the Nobel Prizes. For the rest of his life, he would be a member of the Nobel Committee on Physics and a member of the Nobel Committee on Chemistry.
He used his positions to arrange prizes for his friends (Jacobus van't Hoff, Wilhelm Ostwald, Theodore Richards) and to attempt to deny them to his enemies (Paul Ehrlich, Walther Nernst). In 1903 he became the first Swedish persn to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Later work 
After he had made his name, he turned to other scientific questions.

Physiology 
In 1904 he delivered (at the University of California) several lectures, to try and show the application of the methods of physical chemistry to the study of the theory of toxins and antitoxins, and which were published in 1907 under the title Immunochemistry.

Earth and planetary sciences 
He also turned his attention to geology (the origin of ice ages), astronomy, physical cosmology, and astrophysics, accounting for the birth of the solar system by interstellar collision.
He considered radiation pressure as accounting for comets, the solar corona, the aurora borealis, and zodiacal light.
He thought life might have been carried from planet to planet by the transport of spores. This idea is now known as panspermia.

Greenhouse effect
Arrhenius thought of a theory to explain the ice ages, and in 1896 he was the first scientist to think that changes in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could make a big change to the surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. He was influenced by the work of others, including Joseph Fourier. Arrhenius used infrared observations of the moon to work out the absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric CO2 and water vapour.
In its original form, Arrhenius' greenhouse law reads as follows:
"If the quantity of carbonic acid increases in geometric progression, the augmentation of the temperature will increase nearly in arithmetic progression".
This simplified expression is still used today:
ΔF = α ln(C/)
His book Worlds in the making (1908) was directed at a general audience. He suggested that the human emission of CO2 would be strong enough to stop the world from entering a new ice age, and that a warmer Earth would be needed to feed the rapidly increasing population:
 "To a certain extent the temperature of the earth's surface... is [related to] the atmosphere surrounding it, and particularly by the permeability of the latter for the rays of heat". (p46)
 "[The] theory has been styled the hot-house theory, because they thought that the atmosphere acted after the manner of the glass panes of hot-houses." (p51)
"If the quantity of carbonic acid in the air should sink to one-half its present percentage, the temperature would fall by about 4°; a diminution to one-quarter would reduce the temperature by 8°. On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°". (p53)
 "Although the sea, by absorbing carbonic acid, acts as a regulator of huge capacity, which takes up about five-sixths of the produced carbonic acid, we yet recognize that the slight percentage of carbonic acid in the atmosphere may by the advances of industry be changed to a noticeable degree in the course of a few centuries". (p54)
"By the influence of the increasing carbonic acid in the atmosphere, we may hope to enjoy ages with more equable and better climates, especially as regards the colder regions of the earth, ages when the earth will bring forth much more abundant crops than at present, for the benefit of rapidly propagating mankind". (p63)
He was the first person to predict that emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels and other combustion processes would cause global warming. Arrhenius clearly believed that a warmer world would be a positive change. Nevertheless, until about 1960, most scientists dismissed the greenhouse effect because they thought it was very unlikely to happen. Milutin Milankovitch had presented a mechanism for ice ages: it used cyclical changes in the orbit of the Earth (Milankovitch cycles). Nowadays, the accepted explanation is that orbital forcing sets the timing for ice ages with CO2 acting as amplifying feedback.

Human affairs 
He thought of the idea of a universal language (one language that would be spoken by everybody), proposing a modification of the English language.
Arrhenius was one of several leading Swedish scientists who helped create The State Institute for Racial Biology in 1922. This was a eugenics-influenced idea. It had originally been proposed as a Nobel Institute. Arrhenius was a member of the institute's board, as he had been in The Swedish Society for Racial Hygiene (Eugenics), founded in 1909.

References 

Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners
Swedish Nobel Prize winners
Swedish physicists
Swedish chemists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
1859 births
1927 deaths
The Tivoli-Neu is a football stadium in Innsbruck, Austria. It is the homeground of FC Wacker Innsbruck and the Swarco Raiders Tirol, an American Football team. The stadium was one venue of the UEFA Euro 2008.

History
The Tivoli-Neu replaces the old Tivoli stadium which was closed down in 2004. Since the insolvency of FC Tirol in 2002 the stadium is used by FC Wacker Innsbruck, the follower of the old club. For the UEFA Euro 2008 the stadium was used for matches. It was temporarily expanded to a capacity of 30 000.

Matches
Matches

International matches
 25 April 2001 Austria– Liechtenstein 2:0 (1:0)
 11 June 2003 Austria-  Belarus  5:0 (1:0)
 28 April 2004 Austria- Luxemburg 4:1 (2:0)
 11 October 2006 Austria- Switzerland 2:1 (2:0)
 17 October 2007 Austria-  Ivory Coast 3:2 (1:0)
 11 June 2008 Spain- Russia 4:1 (2:0) UEFA Euro 2008
 14 June 2008 Sweden- Spain 1:2 (1:1)UEFA Euro 2008
 18 June 2008 Russia - Sweden 2:0 (1:0)UEFA Euro 2008
 10 October 2009 Austria-  Lithuania 2:1 (1:0)
 28 May 2010 Spain- Saudia Arabia 3:2

International matches of FC Tirol 
 14 September 2000 FC Tirol Innsbruck - AC Fiorentina 3:1 (2:0)
 26 October 2000 FC Tirol Innsbruck - VfB Stuttgart 1:0 (0:0)
 22 August 2001 FC Tirol Innsbruck - Lokomotiv Moskau 1:0 (0:0)
 11 September 2001 FC Tirol Innsbruck - Viktoria Zizkov 1:0 (0:0)
 1 November 2001 FC Tirol Innsbruck - AC Fiorentina, 2:2 (1:2)

Football stadiums in Austria
Innsbruck
2000 establishments in Europe
The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway was a union between the two kingdoms Denmark and Norway. They were previously in the Kalmar Union with Sweden. The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway lasted from 1536 to 1814. The capital of both countries was Copenhagen, and they shared the same military. The kingdom also possessed colonies in Greenland, Iceland, Africa, the Caribbean and India.

Monarchs 
1524–1533: Frederick I
1588–1648: Christian IV 
1648–1670: Frederick III 
1808–1814: Frederick VI

References

Nordic countries
1536 establishments
1814 disestablishments
History of Denmark
History of Norway
1530s establishments in Europe
1810s disestablishments in Europe
VEGAS Pro is a non-linear video editing software developed by MAGIX, previously by Sony Creative Software and Sonic Foundry. The Film Paranormal Activity was edited using the software and has won many awards.

The software is only for Windows computers and PCs only and cost 600 dollars.

Features
VEGAS Pro contains a lot of video and audio effects and transitions including the Mirror Effect and Chroma Key. VEGAS Pro also has tittles and other video generators.

VEGAS Pro also allows users crop video, Flip video horizontal or upside down, change the speed of video and audio with or without the pitch changing if going faster or slower and more.

Sony Vegas 8.0
The 8.0 version was released in late 2007. It contains features including ProType Titling technology, Multicamera editing tools, 32-bit floating point video processing, Customizable window layouts, Improved HDV/SDI/XDCAM support and Mixing console window.
Sony Vegas 9.0
The 9.0 version was released in 2009. The color of the program is now black rather than white. It contains features including support for 4K resolution and native support for pro camcorder formats like Red and XDCAM EX. 

The latest 9.0 version was released in May 2010 called "Vegas Pro 9.0e" which includes a new white balance video effect.

Sony Vegas 10.0
The 10.0 version was released in October 2010 and is the latest version of the software. It contains new features including Stereoscopic 3D Editing, Comprehensive Closed Captioning, GPU-Accelerated AVC Encoding (Using NVIDIA CUDA), Image Stabilization, Audio Event FX, Track Management, OpenFX plugins support.

Software
Sir William Henry Bragg  (2 July 1862 – 12 March 1942) was a British physicist, chemist, mathematician and active sportsman.

Bragg shared a Nobel Prize with his son William Lawrence Bragg – the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics.

Adelaide 
In 1885, at 23, Bragg was appointed Elder Professor of Mathematics and Experimental Physics at the University of Adelaide, and started work there early in 1886.

Bragg was an able and popular lecturer; he encouraged the formation of the student union, and the attendance, free of charge, of science teachers at his lectures.

Bragg was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1907.

Leeds 
Bragg returned to England at the end of 1908 and took the Cavendish Chair in Physics at the University of Leeds in 1909. He published an imporant early work on radioactivity, Studies in radioactivity, in 1912.
He invented the X-ray spectrometer, and began work with his son. Together they founded the new technique of X-ray crystallography, for which they won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1915. That year was also marked by their book X-rays and crystal structure, the standard text for many years.

From 1914, both father and son contributed to the war effort; W.H. Bragg was connected with submarine detection, at Aberdour on Forth and at Harwich, and returned to London in 1918 as a consultant to the Admiralty.

University College London 
Bragg was appointed Quain Professor of Physics at University College London in 1915, but did not take up his duties there until after World War I.

Royal Institution 
From 1923 he was Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution and director of the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory. This institution was practically rebuilt in 1929-30 and, under Bragg's directorship, many valuable papers were issued from the laboratory.

References
References 

1862 births
1942 deaths
English physicists
English mathematicians
Nobel Prize in Physics winners
Knights Bachelor
People from Cumbria
British Nobel Prize winners
Academics of the University of Leeds
Academics of the University of London
Christine of France (Christine Marie; 10 February 1606 – 27 December 1663) was the second daughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de Medici. A sister of Louis XIII, she was married to the future Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy in 1619 aged fourteen. She was said to be volatile and frivolous. Educated at the French court, she introduced French culture into Savoy. Her husband succeeded to the Savoyard throne in 1637 and thus Christine became Duchess of Savoy through marriage. At the death of Victor Amadeus I in 1637, Christine was created regent in the name of her son Francis Hyacinth. However, at the death of Francis Hyacinth in 1638, the throne went to her second surviving son who became Charles Emmanuel II. Officially regent till 1648, she maintained huge influence within the Savoyard government at the time which only ended at her death in 1663.

Daughter of France
Daughter of France

Christine was born in the Palais du Louvre in Paris and was the third child of King Henry IV of France and his second wife, Marie de' Medici. As a daughter of the king, she held the prestigious rank of Fille de France. Baptised with the names Christine Marie, she was known simply as Christine. She was a younger sister of Louis XIII of France and Élisabeth, a future queen of Spain. After the marriage of Princess Élisabeth in 1615 to the future Philip IV of Spain, Christine took on the honorary title of Madame Royale indicating her status as the eldest and most senior unmarried daughter at the court. She would be known as this till her own marriage.

Princess of Piedmont
She married Victor Amadeus of Savoy, on 10 February 1619 at the Louvre in Paris. Her husband was styled the Prince of Piedmont and as such she the Princess. Victor Amadeus was the eldest surviving son of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and Catherine Michelle of Austria the latter of which had died in 1597 as a result of childbirth. As such, Christine was the most senior female at the Savoyard court from the time of her arrival. Her husband was nineteen years older than she. Despite the age gap, the couple were happy and overall produced eight children, four of whom would survive childhood.

Duchess of Savoy

Victor Amadeus became Duke after the death of his father in July 1630. Her husband died in October 1637 having left Savoy with little money due to wars with Spain.

Regent of Savoy
Regent of Savoy

When her husband died in October 1637, she was created regent in the name of her son Francis Hyacinth who succeeded her husband. At the death of Francis Hyacinth in 1638, her second son succeeded as Charles Emmanuel II. As a result of Charles Emmanuel's age, Christine maintained her grip on power. Despite this, her brothers-in-law, Prince Maurice and his younger brother Prince Thomas Francis disputed Christine's power as she was a woman. They also had little trust in her French entourage. When Francis Hyacinth, the brothers started the Piedmontese Civil War, with Spanish support. There were two parties. The "principisti", supporters of the Princes, and the "madamisti", the supporters of Christine. During her regency, she styled herself Madama Reale, Italian form of the style Madame Royale which she was known as prior to her marriage.
After four years of fighting, Christine was victorious thanks to French military support of her brother Louis XIII. Not only did she keep the duchy for her son, she also prevented France getting too much power within her sons dominions thus preserving power for herself. When peace was concluded in 1642, Prince Maurice married Christines eldest daughter Luisa Cristina to cement the peace. Christine stayed in control of Savoy, until her son could follow in her footsteps. Even though her formal regency ended in 1648, she remained ruler of Savoy till her death.

Later life
Later life

Christine was notorious as much for her capricious rule as for her many lovers. She lived an uninhibited private life and had relationships with the French Ambassador, Marini, her brother-in-law, Maurice as well as Count Filippo d'Aglié, a handsome courtier who remained faithful to her all her life. It was under her influence that her son married her niece, Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans in a proxy wedding. Knowing that Françoise Madeleine was so young and timid,  it allowed Christine the opportunity to maintain her power over Savoy and her son. However, she died shortly after her sons wedding at the Palazzo Madama, her residence in Turin aged 57. She was buried at the Basilica of Sant'Andrea.

Legacy
Legacy

Françoise Madeleine died in 1664 childless. He remarried in 1666 to Marie Jeanne of Savoy. Marie Jeanne would give birth to Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia who would later marry another French Princess Anne Marie d'Orléans. 17 years after her death, in 1680, her granddaughter Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria married Louis XIII's grandson Louis, Grand Dauphin thus making Christine a direct ancestress of most royalty today. Revealed on NBC's 'Who Do You Think You Are?' that one of her descendants is model/actress Brooke Shields.

In her widowhood she lived at the Palazzo Madama which she had rebuilt. She was also organised the reconstruction of the Castello del Valentino as well as the additions to the Royal Palace of Turin. She would also later own Vigno di Madama Reale, later the private residence of Anne Marie d'Orléans.

Issue
Issue

Stillborn son (1621)
Prince Louis Amadeus of Savoy (1622 - 1628)
Luisa Cristina of Savoy (27 July 1629 - 14 May 1692) married  Prince Maurice of Savoy no issue.
Francis Hyacinth (14 September 1632 - 4 October 1638), Duke of Savoy
Charles Emmanuel II (20 June 1634 - 12 June 1675) married Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans and had no issue;  secondly married Marie Jeanne of Savoy and had issue.
Margaret Yolande of Savoy (15 November 1635 - 29 April 1663) married Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma and died in childbirth.
Henriette Adelaide of Savoy (6 November 1636 - 18 March  1676) married Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and had issue.
Catherine Beatrice of Savoy (6 November 1636 - 26 August 1637) died in infancy.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
Titles and styles

10 February 1606 – 25 November 1615 Her Highness Princess Christine of France
25 November 1615 – 10 February 1619 Her Highness Madame Royale
10 February 1619 – 26 July 1630 Her Highness The Princess of Piedmont
26 July 1630 – 7 October 1637 Her Highness The Duchess of Savoy
7 October 1637 – 27 December 1663 Her Highness The Dowager Duchess of Savoy

Other websites

References

1606 births
1663 deaths
Regents
House of Bourbon
House of Savoy
Dukes and Duchesses of Savoy
French princesses