Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Oregon commune collapsed in 1985 when Rajneesh revealed that the commune leadership had committed a number of serious crimes, including a 1984 bioterror attack (food contamination) on the citizens of The Dalles, Oregon. He was arrested shortly afterwards and charged with immigration violations, and was deported from the United States in accordance with a plea bargain.

Ma Anand Sheela was sentenced to three concurrent 20-year prison sentences, for assault, attempted murder, telephone tapping, immigration fraud and product tampering. She served 29 months before being released on parole. Upon release, she left immediately for Switzerland, where she now manages two nursing homes.
After the collapse 
Twenty-one countries denied him entry, causing Osho to travel the world before returning to Poona, where he died in 1990. His ashram is today known as the Osho International Meditation Resort. His teachings emphasised the importance of meditation, awareness, love, celebration, courage, creativity and humour—qualities that he viewed as being suppressed by adherence to static belief systems, religious tradition and socialisation. Osho's teachings have had an impact on Western New Age thought,p177 and their popularity has increased since his death.p182

One of his strong hopes was creating what he called "new man", who embodies characteristics of Gautama Buddha and Zorba the Greek  at the same time. Through this concept, Rajneesh tried to reject neither science nor spirituality, but embrace them both. According to him, “New man” is not subject to one’s sex and does not belong to institutions such as family, political ideologies, or religions.
Books by Rajneesh 
Many books of his teachings were published. They followed a pattern: he would give talks, they would be recorded. The tapes would be worked up into a typed manuscript by some of his followers. The manuscripts would be published, at first in India, and without ISBN numbers, so they were at first bought by his admirers. Later some of the best were reprinted in the West. His talks covered a wide range of religions and philosophies. The total number of books is not known, but it was certainly more than 30.
1974 The book of the secrets I: discourses on Vigyana Bhairava Tantra. The Rajneesh Foundation, Poona, India. Reprinted 1976 by Thames & Hudson, London. . This book is about meditation, and there were four more volumes.
1975. Roots and wings: talks on Zen. Rajneesh Foundation, Poona, India.
1975. And the flowers showered: talks on Zen. Rajneesh Foundation, Poona, India.  
1976. The hidden harmony: discourses on the fragments of Heraclitus. Rajneesh Foundation, Poona, India.
1976. When the shoe fits: talks on Chuang Tzu. Rajneesh Foundation, Poona, India.
1977. Ancient music in the pines: talks on Zen stories. Rajneesh Foundation, Poona, India.

listed without dates:
The ultimate alchemy, vols I & II.
Yoga: the alpha and the omega. vols I and II
Vedanta: seven steps to the Samadhi.
The way of the white cloud.
No water no moon: talks on Zen. (UK edition Sheldon Press)
The mustard seed: discourses on the sayings of Jesus.
Neither this nor that: discourses on SosanZen
Tantra: the supreme understanding. (U.S. edition: Only one sky)
Just like that: discourses on Sufi stories.
Until you die: discourses on Sufi stories.
I am the gate. Harper & Row, New York.
The inward revolution.
TAO: the three treasures: discourses on Lao Tzu, vols IIV.
Tantra, spirituality and sex. Published in the U.S.A.
Meditation: the art of ecstasy. Harper & Row, New York.
Come follow me: discourses on the life of Jesus.

References

Further reading 
 .

 .

Other websites 
 Osho International Foundation
 Excerpt of an Osho discourse on youtube
 Osho Bibliography at Sannyas Wiki 

Indian philosophers
Indian autobiographers
1931 births
1990 deaths
Indian religious leaders
Spiritual teachers
Ashkenazi Jews / Ashkenazic Jews / Ashkenazim are Jews who originally lived in northern and eastern Europe. They once lived in the area of Rhineland and France and after the crusades they moved to Poland, Lithuania and Russia. In the 17th century, avoiding persecution, many Jews moved to and settled in Western Europe.

Scientists believe that Ashkenazi Jews originally came from the Land of Israel and initially went to Italy, France, and Germany. Later, during pogroms in the middle ages, mainly in Germany, they fled to Poland and Lithuania, and from there they spread over the rest of Eastern Europe. They then adopted the Yiddish language.

After that, two terms, Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews, became commonly used: The former indicates the Jews who worshiped in the German way and spoke Yiddish, the latter indicates the Jews who worshiped in the Spanish way and spoke the Ladino language. They differ in language (pronunciation), cultural tradition and worship style.
During World War II, about 6 million Jews, 5 million of whom were Ashkenazi, were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust destroyed or greatly reduced the large Jewish communities and the Yiddish language in Europe. Many of the surviving Ashkenazi Jews emigrated to countries such as Israel, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and the United States after the war.

As of 2018, Ashkenazim are around 75% of the 14.6 million Jews of the world. They are also the mainstream of Israeli politics. Famous Ashkenazim are Albert Einstein, George Gershwin, Gustav Mahler, Franz Kafka.

Related pages 
 Maghrebi Jews
 Mizrahi Jews
 Sephardi Jews

References 

 

Jewish communities
Jewish ethnic groups

Yiddish language
Dilation and evacuation (or "D&E") is a medical procedure. It may be used as a method of abortion when a woman is in her second trimester (between 12–32 weeks pregnant). This procedure also may be used after a woman has a miscarriage, to make sure that the uterus is emptied out completely.  If tissue is left behind in a woman's uterus after a miscarriage, she can get an infection.

Process 
A dilation and evacuation involves two major steps. First, the cervix (the bottom part of the uterus) is dilated, or made bigger. This is often done about a day before the actual procedure. To dilate the cervix, a doctor may put special tools into the cervix. The cervix needs to be made larger so that medical tools, like forceps (surgical tongs) or a curette (a tool that is used to scrape away the lining of the uterus) can be put into the cervix.
The second step of the D&E procedure is to evacuate, or remove, everything inside of the uterus. The woman is given a local anesthetic to numb part of her body or a general anesthetic to put her to sleep. The doctor will then put a cannula (a medical tube) into the uterus, through the vagina. The cannula is attached to a bottle and a pump that create a vacuum. The cannula is used to vacuum (or suction) out everything that is in the uterus, including the fetus. 

The doctor may use forceps to take out any tissue that is still in the uterus. The doctor may also use a curette to scrape out the lining of the uterus. The vacuum can then be used again to make sure that the uterus is completely empty. This is to prevent infection from tissue left behind by accident.
If a woman is earlier on in her pregnancy, this procedure can sometimes be done without dilating the cervix first. This is called a "vacuum aspiration". It can be used for women who are in the first trimester (the first 12 weeks of pregnancy) or for women who are in the early stages of the second trimester. However, sometime during the second trimester, it becomes very difficult to do this procedure without dilating the cervix first. At this point, a full dilation and extraction is needed.

A complete D&E usually takes 10 to 20 minutes. Often, women are able to go home on the same day as the procedure, without staying overnight in a hospital.

Most abortions are done much earlier on in the pregnancy, so a full dilation and extraction is usually not needed.

Related pages
 Abortion
 Miscarriage

References

Methods of abortion
Visual kei (aka visual rock) is a Japanese musical style that started in the late 1980s. Visual kei was influenced by glam rock. Visual kei artists use striking fashion and theatrical performances to highlight their music.

Early visual kei bands were strongly influenced by glam rock and heavy metal. Over time, visual kei has changed to meet the consumers' taste for music. Today, visual kei music includes goth, industrial, J-pop, and hip hop. Sometimes it is called "neo-visual kei".

Visual kei influenced the Goth lolita fashion trend. Visual kei artists often have wild dress, androgynous looks, jewelry, dyed hair, and thick make-up. Goth lolita dressers say that they are inspired by their favorite visual kei bands.

X Japan is widely seen as the first visual kei band. Other well-known bands that helped to increase visual kei's popularity include Malice Mizer, Luna Sea, and Dir en grey.

References 

VisualKei.com

Rock music
Japanese music
The dwarf hamsters represent a group of small hamsters in the genus Phodopus. Although they do not belong to this genus, the Chinese hamster is often referred to as a dwarf hamster as well.

Although more limited in colour than the Syrian hamster, dwarf hamsters are an alternative to pet owners who enjoy a smaller, more sociable hamster. The dwarf hamster was discovered by W.C. Campbell in the early 1900's.

Hamsters
Damien Rice (born 7 December 1973) is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician and record producer. He plays guitar, piano, clarinet and percussion. Some call his music Brit-pop (British pop music) but he says his music is  alternative rock. He is known as a singer and song writer who wrote sad but beautiful songs for on popular movie and television programs. The Blower's Daughter is his representative song. It was used in the 2004 move Closer. His music is often used in ice skating. Recently, Rice was given "special thanks" in the end credits of the Academy Award winning 2007 Irish musical movie Once. The movie starred fellow Irish musician Glen Hansard.
He was born 7 December 1973 and raised in Celbridge, County Kildare Ireland. Before he started his own solo-career, he was a member of the rock band Jupiter which later became Bell X1. In this band, he released 2 singles and 1 album. However, Rice became disenchanted with the label and left the band to pursue a solo career. When he start his own career, he form a band with new members. For example, Lisa Hannigan is famous for featuring Damien Rice's songs like Cold water, 9 crimes and so on.

So far, he has released two studio albums: O in 2002, and 9 in 2006. And he also has released EPs B side in 2004. In 2002, his album was a strong commercial success and won the Shortlist Music Prize. After that, his second studio album 9 released not only in Ireland but also Europe and North America.
Rice is also known for his charity work. He helped the Burma Campaign to free Burmese democracy movement leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Rice and Hannigan recorded a charity song, campaigning for her release, called Unplayed Piano, which they performed at the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo. In 2008 he participated in a music album called Songs for Tibet which is an initiative to support Tibet and to underline the human rights situation in Tibet.

1973 births
Living people
Irish guitarists
Irish rock musicians
Irish singer-songwriters
Pianists
Record producers
Rock guitarists
Entrena is a municipality in the autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. The population of the town is 1.488 (2009). Entrena is located near Logroño.

Municipalities in La Rioja (Spain)
The Brahui people (Brahui: بروہی) are the only Dravidian ethnic group in Pakistan. Of the 2.2 million Brahuis, most live in  Baluchistan and Afghanistan, where they are native. They are closely linked to the Balochs with whom they have intermingled, and whose cultural traits they have absorbed. The Brahui people are believed to be a remnant of the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization. The Brahui language, also called Bravi, is a Dravidian language.

DNA studies suggest that the Brahui are most closely related to the ancient Dravidian people, which are descedants of neolithic farmers inhabiting the area between the Zagros mountains area in modern-day Iran and Indus Valley Plains in Pakistan

References 

Dravidian peoples
Ethnic groups in Balochistan (Pakistan)
The Chittagonian peoples are groups of tribes and native aborigines living in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, consisting of the Tripuris, the Chakmas and various others inhabiting SE Bangladesh. In their overall complexion and facial features these peoples are more closely related to Burma and other South East Asian nations of Indo-China, gives the country a strong candidate to become a future member of ASEAN.

Chittagongian people speak the Chittagongian language, which is an Indo-Aryan language of Assamese-Bengali group. It is considered a dialect of Bengali by the Bangladeshi government though they are not mutually intelligible.

They live in the Chittagong division of south-eastern Bangladesh. They are predominantly Theraveda Buddhist, but there are sizeable Hindus and due to influx of people from Bangladesh’s other parts Muslims are now consisting the largest minority of the region.
The Indian tricolour was hoisted in Rangamati for 3 days, but was put down by the Pakistani government( Then Bangladesh was under Pakistan as East Pakistan)

Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
Tripura
Chittagong Hill Tracts
Shan may refer to:

People
The Shan people, Southeast Asian ethnic group inhabiting Myanmar
The Shan language
Dai people, also known as Shan, ethnic group in China
Shanrong (山戎), term for "mountain barbarian" in Shanxi, Hubei in northern China
Shan (surname), or 单 in Chinese, a Chinese surname
Shan, a variant of the Welsh given name usually spelt Siân
Darren Shan, children's author
MC Shan, rapper

Places
Shan State of Myanmar
Shaanxi, abbreviated as Shan (陕), province of the People's Republic of China
Shan County, Shandong, county in Shandong, China
Shan County, Henan, in Sanmenxia, China
Shantou, or Shan (汕), a city in Guangdong, China
Shan (剡), river name in Zhejiang Province of PRC
Shan (鄯), name for a region in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 
Shan (鄯), the name of ancient Western Regions (西域)
山, shan, Chinese for "mountains" or "mountain range"
Mount Shani or Gora Shan, a mountain in the Caucasus
Other uses
Shan Foods, a brand of Pakistani cuisine spice mixes
Insect from Shaggai, or Shan, a fictional alien race in the writings of Ramsey Campbell
The year 2009 was named The International Year of Astronomy by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and UNESCO. It was a celebration of astronomy around the world with 141 countries taking part. "The Universe, Yours to Discover" was the official slogan. The idea was to promote astronomy worldwide and get young people interested in it. The year 2009 is special to astronomers, as it is the 400th anniversary since the first astronomical telescope by Galileo Galilei was used. 

Activities run during the year included observatory tours, shows, and photograph displays. People could get involved in many of these activities online with a computer.

Astronomy
The Shan peoples (Shan: ; IPA: [tɑ́ɪ], IPA: [ʃán lùmjóʊ]; Chinese: 掸族; pinyin: Shànzú；傣族) are a Tai ethnic group of South East Asia. The Shan live mostly in Shan State, Myanmar. These people have close religious ties and similarities with Bangladesh's Chittagonian peoples.

Ethnic groups in China
Myanmar
Thailand
The marketing mix is the combination of elements necessary to the planning and execution of the total marketing operation. The total marketing operation mainly consists of three 
processes : Analyzing the situation of companies, STP, and Marketing mix. Marketing 
managers first analyzes the situation of the company and then conduct STP : Segmentation, 
Targeting, Positioning. In STP, they segment the market, choose the target market in which 
the company can have competitive advantages and determine what is to be their products' 
position in the market, and then they design the marketing mix. In the process, marketing 
managers should design an internally consistent and mutually supportive marketing mix.

It was specifically divided into the 4Ps : Product, Placement, Price and 
Promotion by E.Jerome McCarthy in 1960, and from then it has been dealt with various 
variables. These variables include not only goods and services but usage, 
value, image and so on.
In devising the marketing strategy : the total marketing operation,  it is usually said that getting a competitive advantage should be considered importantly than any other factors. Thus, product and price is firstly determined because in the case they could be seen more related to the competitive advantage. In that case, decision-making about place and promotion is considered relatively later after determining the strategic position of the products by comparing rival products and then giving relative quality of products, price of products to the market. However, it is usual way of using marketing mix, and the relative importance of each mix can be different in many cases in terms of the situation of the market, the characteristic of the product, the characteristic of the company and so on. Thus, place or promotion can be the highest priority in any cases. In conclusion, marketing managers must pursue the most appropriate marketing mix with a bid to achieving competitive advantage using minimum effort.
References
 Kotler, Philip (2003) "Marketing Management", Prentice Hall, .
 Chae Seo Il (2007) "Marketing", B&M Books, 
 Silbiger, Steven (2005) "The Ten-day MBA", HarperCollins, 

Marketing
Willy Rohr developed successful in 1915 the Shock-Troops-Taktiks in the Western Front. They had been used in the Battle of Verdun. His Bataillon became independent and was first named as Sturmbataillon Rohr and became about one year later renamed by the Prussian Minister of War to Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 (Rohr).

Oskar von Hutier was another one of Germany's most successful and innovative generals of World War I. He did the same for the Eastern Front

After rising to army command early in 1917, Hutier began to apply the lessons learned from his three years of commanding troops, along with his study of tactics used by other armies. He devised a new strategy for the Germans to break the stalemate of trench warfare. These tactics were to prove so successful in 1917 and 1918 that the French dubbed them "Hutier tactics", although the more commonly used term today is "infiltration tactics".
In the Spring Offensive of 1918 the first of five parts was called Michael.  At the beginning on 21 March 1918, they took three armies, for a total of 42 divisions. The aim was to break through the salient at the junction point between the French forces (south) and the English (north), with operations between Bapaume and Saint Simon, intending to then create a wedge between the two contingents, pushing the British Expeditionary Force out towards the sea. On the first day the defensive lines were already smashed against both Allies, and the Germans completely succeeded in advancing 65 kilometers long into a salient of approximately 80 km. In their sweeping advance the German troops met greater resistance against the English than the French. But although the Germans were successful at first, after a few days the German offensive was suddenly exhausted, and beginning March 27, when the French began to engage their strategic reserve near Amiens, the Germans had no more substantial territorial gain
. So the Germans failed to achieve a strategically important victory, and indeed, it had lengthened the battle line and created a salient exposed to Allied counter-offensives.
The Clarity Act (known as Bill C-20 before it became law) was a law passed by Canadian Government in 1999.

Other websites 
 Text of the Clarity Act
 Full text of the Reference re Secession of Quebec
 1995 Act Respecting the Future of Quebec
 Open letter in support of the democratic right to self-determination for Quebec 
Debates - Issue 44 - April 6, 2000 (Senate's Second Reading debate about the passage of specific powers to the House of Commons; notable because the Senate is a co-equal body) 
 CBC report on introduction of Clarity Bill

Canadian legislation
1999 in Canada
1990s in law
Nell is a South Korean rock band. They formed in 1999. It consists of Kim Jong-wan, who sings and plays guitar and keyboard; Lee-Jae-kyung on guitar; Lee Jung-hun on bass; and Jung Jae-won on drums. The band's name comes from a 1994 movie of the same name. Nell is one of the few rock bands who gained mainstream popularity in South Korea. They also have been nominated for several musical awards.

History 
Nell was formed in 1999. They began playing at live clubs around Hongik University, and were spotted by Seo tai ji, who signed them to his private record company. In July 2006, Nell left Seo Tai Ji Company and joined Woolim Entertainment.

Nell is one of the few rock bands that have achieved mainstream success in the country. Their 2007 'Welcome Home' tour sold out in two minutes. Nell has also participated in the annual ETPFEST in 2002, and the Myspace Secret Show November 28th, 2008.
The band stopped performing after their nomination at the Golden Disk Awards on December 11th, 2008, because of the members' departure for the compulsory South Korean military service. The band got back together with "Slip Away" when their term was over.

Discography

Studio albums

Indie 
 Reflection of - (Jan 2001)
 Speechless - (Sept 2001)

Major 
 Let It Rain - (2003)
 Walk Through Me - (2004)
 Healing Process - (2006)
 Separation Anxiety - (2008)
 Slip Away - (2012)

EP 
 Let's Take a Walk - (2007)

Omnibus 
 The Trace - (2008)

References 

 biography on Naver.com
 biography on Woolliment.com

Other websites 
 Official Website(Korean) 
 Official Fansite(Korean)
 Official Myspace

South Korean musical groups
Rock bands
1999 establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in South Korea
South Korean rock bands
The Mongolian hamster (Allocricetulus curtatus) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found in China and Mongolia.

Hamsters
Mammals of Asia
The Tibetan dwarf hamster (Cricetulus alticola) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found in China, India, and Nepal.

Hamsters
Mammals of Asia
Lee Chang-dong (born July 4, 1954) is a South Korean movie director, screenwriter and novelist. He won the 2008 Special Director's Prize at the Asian Film Awards and has been nominated for the Golden Lion and Palme d'Or. Lee was South Korea's Minister of Culture and Tourism from 2003 to 2004.

He graduated in 1981 with a degree in Korean Literature from Kyungpook National University in Daegu. After a teaching Korean Language in high school using his major, he established himself as a renowned novelist. Later in his career, to the surprise of many, he turned to movie making.

Lee did not study movie making before starting movie making. He penned two screenplays, Park Kwang-su's To the Starry Island in 1993 and A Single Spark in 1995. Lee then directed Green Fish in 1997.
In 2000, Lee made Peppermint Candy. It is a story following a single man in reverse chronology through 20 years of South Korean history. All of his movies have received critical acclaim and awards. Oasis, a story involving a mentally ill man and a woman with cerebral palsy, won the prestigious Director's Award at the 2003 Venice Film Festival.

He is very good at expressing the plain life of ordinary people on the screen. He also maintains popularity even though sometimes he makes stories about serious social problems.

He served as the minister of Culture and Tourism in the South Korean Government from 2003 to 2004.

Filmography 
 To the Starry Island (1993) *screenplay
 A Single Spark (1995) *screenplay
 Green Fish (1997)
 Peppermint Candy (2000)
 Oasis (2002)
 Secret Sunshine (2007)
 Poetry (2010)

Awards 
 Legion d'Honneur – Jacques Chirac Administration in 2006

Poetry 
 2010 – Best Screenplay, Cannes Film Festival
Secret Sunshine 
 2008 – Best Film, Asian Film Awards
 2008 – Best Director, Asian Film Awards
 2007 – Best Actress (won by Jeon Do-yeon), Cannes Film Festival
 2007 – Best Feature Film, Asia Pacific Screen Awards
 2007 – Best Performance by an Actress, Asia Pacific Screen Awards
 2007 – Best Picture, Korean Film Awards
 2007 – Best Director, Korean Film Awards
 2007 – Special Award, Grand Bell Awards

Oasis 
 2003 – Best Director, Paeksang Arts Awards
 2003 – Three Castles Award, Castellinaria International Festival of Young Cinema
 2003 – Audience Award, Gardanne Film Festival
 2003 – Chief Dan George Humanitarian Award, Vancouver International Film Festival
 2003 – FIPRESCI Prize, Venice Film Festival
 2003 – SIGNIS Award, Venice Film Festival
 2003 – Special Director's Award, Venice Film Festival
 2003 – Golden Lion (Nominated), Venice Film Festival
 2005 – Best Foreign Film (Nominated), Independent Spirit Awards
Peppermint Candy 
 2000 – Special Jury Prize, Bratislava International Film Festival
 2000 – Best Film, Grand Bell Awards, South Korea
 2000 – Don Quijote Award, Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
 2000 – Netpac Award – Special Mention, Karlovy Vary International Film Festival
 2000 – Special Prize of the Jury, Karlovy Vary International Film Festival

Green Fish 
 1997 – Best Film, Blue Dragon Awards
 1997 – Dragons and Tigers Award, Vancouver International Film Festival
 1998 – Netpac Award – Special Mention, Rotterdam International Film Festival

A Single Spark 
 1995 – Best Film, Blue Dragon Awards

Other websites 
 Interview @ Firecracker #10 
 Nomination for the Gucci Group Award to be presented on September 3, 2007 at Venice's Palazzo Grassi during the 64th Venice Film Festival. 
Lee Chang Dong Retrospective Singapore 2011 

Living people
1954 births
South Korean movie directors
The Hallé is an orchestra based in Manchester, England. It is the UK's oldest symphony orchestra and the fourth oldest in the world.  Since 1996 its home is in the Bridgewater Hall, Manchester.

History
.

The orchestra gave its first concert on 30 January 1858.  It had been started by Hallé  the year before to play at an exhibition.  The orchestra gave its concerts in the Free Trade Hall.

One of the most famous conductors the orchestra had was Hans Richter who was music director from 1899 to 1911.  During this time the orchestra gave the first performance of  Symphony No. 1 by Sir Edward Elgar.

The orchestra suffered during the economic crisis of the 1930s and when World War II started.  At that time it was sharing many of its players with the BBC.  There were only 30 players left.  A new conductor was appointed in 1943: John Barbirolli.  He was the musical director for 27 years.  During this time the orchestra rose to international fame.
Kent Nagano was principal conductor of the orchestra from 1992 to 1999.  The orchestra moved from the Free Trade Hall to the Bridgewater Hall in 1996.  Nagano was criticized for putting on concerts that cost a lot of money, and charging high fees for himself.  The orchestra started to be in financial problems and nearly went bankrupt.  Then changes were made and the orchestra were more secure financially.

The Hallé today

In September 2000, Mark Elder took over as musical director.  He has made the orchestra into an excellent orchestra again.

In 2006 a new job of guest conductor was given to Cristian Mandeal.  From 2009 the guest conductor will be Markus Stenz.  The leader of the orchestra is Lyn Fletcher.
The Hallé also has a choir which was started in 1858 by Sir Charles Hallé.  They give about twenty concerts a year.  Their conductor is James Burton who also conducts the Hallé Youth Choir.   There is a Hallé Youth Orchestra which is conducted by Ewa Strusinska.  There is now also a Hallé Children’s Choir, conducted by Shirley Court.  The Hallé  also have their own CD label since 2008.

Principal conductors

1858–1895 Sir Charles Hallé
1895–1899 Sir Frederic Cowen
1899–1911 Hans Richter
1912–1914 Michael Balling
1915–1920 Sir Thomas Beecham (musical adviser)
1920–1934 Sir Hamilton Harty

1939–1942 Sir Malcolm Sargent (conductor-in-chief)
1943–1970 Sir John Barbirolli
1972–1983 James Loughran
1983–1992 Stanisław Skrowaczewski
1992–1999 Kent Nagano
2000–present Sir Mark Elder

Other websites
  The Hallé official website

British orchestras
1858 establishments in the United Kingdom
1850s establishments in England
Organisations based in Manchester
The Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti) is a species of hamster closely related to the Syrian hamster. It is used as a laboratory animal in scientific research, but is not widely available on the pet market.

References 

Hamsters
Mammals of Asia
The Romanian hamster (Mesocricetus newtoni) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found in Bulgaria and Romania.

Hamsters
Mammals of Europe
The Chinese striped hamster (Cricetulus barabensis), also known as the striped dwarf hamster, is a species of hamster. It is distributed across northern Asia, from southern Siberia through Mongolia and northeastern China to northern North Korea.
The Kam dwarf hamster (Cricetulus kamensis) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found only in China.

Other websites

Hamsters
Mammals of Asia
The Samaritans are a group of people who live in the Levant. Samaritans believe in the same one God of Judaism, but use only the Torah as text.

There are more than 800 Samaritans. Most of them live in Holon and Nablus.

Related pages 
 The Samaritan Museum

References 
Archived. https://web.archive.org/web/20080512075303/http://www.jtsa.edu/prebuilt/exhib/scrips/index.shtml

https://archive.today/20130626180151/http://www.jtsa.edu/prebuilt/exhib/scrips/index.shtml

Abrahamic religions
Ethnic groups in Israel
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Religion in Israel
Samaritans
Indian religions or Indic religions are religions those originated from the Indian subcontinent. Dharma is an idea common to many of these religions.

List of Indian religions

Dharmic religions 
The following religions are based on the ideology of Dharma:
Ayyavazhi - originated from Tamil Nadu
Buddhism 
Hinduism
Jainism
Sikhism - originated in the Punjab region

Ethnic/folk religions 
The following religions are not necessarily based on the concept of Dharma and have their own ideologies:
Sanamahism - originated from Manipur
Donyi Poloism - originated from Arunachal Pradesh
Bathouism - originated from Assam
The Red Queen is the name of an evolutionary theory of Leigh Van Valen and, later, a book by Matt Ridley.

The term is taken from  the Red Queen's race in Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass. The Red Queen said, "It takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place."  The Red Queen principle can be stated as follows:

For an evolutionary system, continuing development is needed just to maintain its fitness relative to the systems it is co-evolving with.

The hypothesis is used to explain two different phenomena: the advantage of sexual reproduction at the level of individuals, and the constant evolutionary arms race between competing species.

The book takes Van Valen's idea, which is about co-evolution, and extends it into a discussion about sexual selection in humans. It argues that few aspects of human nature can be understood apart from sex, since human nature is a product of evolution, and evolution in our case is driven by sexual selection.
The evolution of sex 
Sex is an evolutionary puzzle. In most sexual species, males make up half the population, yet they bear no offspring directly and generally contribute little to the survival of offspring. In birds and mammals that idea seems less true. They often help protect females, and help in some way after the young are born. Therefore these males definitely do help in the survival of their offspring. But sexual reproduction is very common in simpler forms of life, where the males have nothing to do with their offspring.
Ridley then argues that human intelligence is largely a result of sexual selection. He argues that human intelligence far outstrips any need for survival (this is not generally agreed). He says our intelligence is like the peacock's tail, a product of sexual selection. Human intelligence, he suggests, is used primarily to attract mates through prodigious displays of wit, charm, inventiveness, and individuality. This view of intelligence is also supported by Geoffrey Miller. The history of ideas on sexual selection and the evolution of sex is discussed by Helena Cronin.

References 

Biology books
Coevolution
Metaphors referring to nature
1993 books
Lembit Oll (23 April 1966 – Tallinn, 17 May 1999) was an Estonian chess grandmaster. He was already successful as a junior, becoming champion of Estonia in 1982 and junior champion of the Soviet Union in 1984. He also won multiple European and World junior championships. The FIDE awarded him the IM-title in 1983 and the GM-title in 1992. From that moment, he regularly played for Estonia during Chess Olympiads and European teamchampionships. Early 1998 he reached his highest rating on the FIDE rating list: 2655.
He played his last tournament in 1999 in Nova Gorica reaching a shared 2nd position.

Oll, who was married, fell into severe depressions after he divorced. He jumped out of the window of his house on the fifth floor and did not survive. Despite his personal problems, he still held the 42nd place on the world ranking list at that time. He was buried in Tallinn. His grave is not far from that of Paul Keres, another famous chess player.
List of victories
1989: Espoo, Tallinn (zonal tournament), Helsinki.
1990: Terrassa.
1991: Sydney, Helsinki.
1992: Sevilla.
1993: Vilnius, The Hague, Antwerp.
1994: New York Open (shared 1st with Jaan Ehlvest).
1995: Helsinki, Riga (zonal tournament).
1996: Saint Petersburg.
1997: Køge, Szeged (shared 1st), Hoogeveen (shared 1st).

1966 births
1999 deaths
Chess grandmasters
Estonian sportspeople
Suicides by jumping
Matryoshka (Russian: матрёшка) is a traditional Russian doll made of wood and painted with colorful ornaments. This doll is one of the most popular souvenirs in Russia. It is also widely distributed abroad under different names such as “Aunt Olga,” “Babushka” or “Mommy doll.”  Although Matryoshka is called a doll it is actually a set of dolls of different sizes placed one in another. The reason for that lies behind the name “Matryoshkг.” The name "Matryoshka" came from the traditional Russian name "Matryona". This name was associated with motherhood and fertility. The biggest doll symbolizes “mother” with her numerous “doll” family.

References 

Dolls
Russian culture
Novak Djokovic (born 22 May 1987) is a Serbian professional tennis player.

Djokovic has won a record 24 Grand Slam singles titles: the 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2023 Australian Open, the 2016, 2021 and 2023 French Open, the 2011, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2021 and 2022 Wimbledon Championships as well as the 2011, 2015, 2018, and 2023 US Open. He is the first player since Rod Laver in 1969 to hold all four Grand Slam tournaments at the same time. He is the third player after Roy Emerson and Rod Laver to win each Grand Slam tournament at least two times, and the first to win each at least three times.

Djokovic was ranked No. 1 in the world for the first time on 4 July 2011. His longest streak at No. 1 was 122 weeks, from 7 July 2014 until 6 November 2016. On 8 March 2021 he reached 311 total weeks at No. 1, which broke the ATP record by Roger Federer. As of 2023, his record is 390 weeks.
He won the ATP Tour Finals in 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2022, and helped Serbia win the Davis Cup in 2010. He won a bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics. He has won a record 39 Masters 1000 series titles, and a single season record six Masters 1000 titles in 2015.

Many tennis critics and former and current players consider Djokovic to be among the greatest tennis players of all time. Djokovic was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year in 2012, 2015, 2016 and 2019.

Grand slam record 
This table shows Djokovic's performance in each Grand Slam tournament in singles.

References

Other websites

 Djokovic's official site 
 Djokovic at ATP site

1987 births
Living people
Australian Open champions
Male tennis players
Serbian Olympic bronze medalists
Serbian tennis players
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
On the 6 is the debut studio album by American singer and entertainer Jennifer Lopez. The album's title refers to a time when Jennifer lived in the Bronx. The label released five singles to promote the album.

Track listing

Charts

Sales and shipments

Notes 

Jennifer Lopez albums
1999 albums
Debut albums
Pop albums
Latin music albums
R&B albums
Epic Records albums
J.Lo is the second studio album by American singer and entertainer Jennifer Lopez. It was released on January 22, 2001 by Epic Records and became her best-selling album. Epic Records released 4 singles to promote the album.

The album was re-released in July 2001. It contained three bonus tracks. Due to usage of slurs such as "nigga", "bitch" and "fuck" in "I'm Real (Murder Remix)", the re-edition has been released with 'Parental Advisory' sticker. Also the album has been released without label, despite strong language and sexual content.
Track listing 
 "Love Don't Cost a Thing" (Damon Sharpe, Greg Lawson, Georgette Franklin, Jeremy Monroe, Amille Harris) – 3:42
 "I'm Real" (Jennifer Lopez, Troy Oliver, Cory Rooney, L.E.S) – 4:57
 "Play" (Anders Bagge, Arnthor Birgisson, Christina Milian, Rooney) – 3:32
 "Walking on Sunshine" (Lopez, Sean "Puffy" Combs, Mario Winans, Jack Knight, Michael "Lo" Jones) – 3:46
 "Ain't It Funny" (Lopez, Rooney) – 4:06
 "Cariño" (Lopez, Rooney, Manny Benito, Neal Creque, Jose Sanchez, Frank Rodriguez, Guillermo Edghill, Jr.) – 4:15
 "Come Over" (Combs, Winans, Michelle Bell, Kip Collins) – 4:53
 "We Gotta Talk" (Lopez, Rooney, Oliver, Tina Morrison, Steve Estiverne, Joe Kelly) – 4:07
 "That's Not Me" (Combs, Winans, Kandice Love) – 4:33
 "Dance with Me" (Combs, Winans, Knight, Jones) – 3:54
 "Secretly" (Lopez, Rooney, Oliver, Khalilah Shakir) – 4:25
 "I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Lopez, Oliver, Rooney, Cheryl Lorraine Cook, Clifon Nathaniel Chase, O'Brien Anth, Sylvia Robinson) – 3:44
"That's the Way" (Rodney Jerkins, Fred Jerkins III, LaShawn Daniels, Nora Payne) – 3:53
 "Dame" (with Chayanne) (R. Jerkins, F. Jerkins, Daniels, Benito) – 4:25
 "Si Ya Se Acabó" (Benito, Greco, Contreras) – 3:37
Latin American edition 
 "Amor Se Paga con Amor" (Sharpe, Lawson, Franklin, Monroe, Harris, Benito) – 3:44
 "Cariño" (Spanish) (Lopez, Rooney, Benito, Creque, Sanchez, Rodriguez, Edghill) – 4:17
 "Que Ironia (Ain't It Funny)" (Lopez, Rooney, Benito, Tommy Mottola) – 4:07

Japanese edition 
Released January 24, 2001
  "I'm Waiting" – 3:11

Special edition 
Released July 24, 2001
 "I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule) (Lopez, Oliver, Rooney, L.E.S., Jeffrey Atkins, Irving Lorenzo, Rick James) – 4:22

UK, Australian, and Portuguese edition 
Released October 16, 2001 (AUS) / November 5, 2001 (UK)
 "Pleasure Is Mine" – 4:19
 "I'm Waiting" – 3:11
 "I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule) – 4:22

Charts

Sales and certifications

References 

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Jennifer Lopez albums
2001 albums
Dance-pop albums
Latin music albums
R&B albums
Epic Records albums
FIDE (Fédération Internationale des Échecs) is the world chess organisation. All national federations are members. It decides matters like World Championships and changes in rules of the game.

FIDE was founded on 20 July 1924 in Paris, France. However, it had little influence until the end of World War II. The reigning world champion at that time, Alexander Alekhine, did not want to have anything to do with it. He regarded the world title as his personal property. This only changed when he died with the title, in 1946 (no other champion has ever died while holding the title). It was obvious that some method was needed to find a new champion. FIDE stepped in and, with Russian backing, put forward a solution. The strong Soviet Chess Federation only joined FIDE in 1946. It had a great influence, with resources and many young strong players.
After WW II 
In 1948 a tournament was organized to determine which of the world top players was entitled to call himself World Champion. The death of Alekhine had left a vacuum. Two previous champions, Emanuel Lasker and José Raúl Capablanca had died in the late 1930s. It was clear that a new champion would come from the younger players.

The six players chosen by FIDE were:
 Mikhail Botvinnik, Paul Keres and Vassily Smyslov from the Soviet Union.
 Samuel Reshevsky and Reuben Fine from the United States.
 Max Euwe from the Netherlands.
In the end, Reuben Fine dropped out, and the other five contested the event. Mikhail Botvinnik won the tournament and became the new world champion.

In 1950 the FIDE awarded its first IM (International Master) and GM (International Grandmaster) titles. However it was not until 1957 that FIDE formulated clear criteria to award these titles. In 1970 a new ranking system, the Elo-rating, was introduced.
Later years 
With the collapse of the Soviet Union FIDE lost a powerful partner. This resulted in a long period of trouble. In 1993 worldchampion Gary Kasparov and his challenger Nigel Short left FIDE. They founded their own organisation for professional top players, the PCA (Professional Chess Association). So now there were two worldchampions: one from FIDE and one from the PCA. 

It was not until 2006 that the dust settled down and a re-unification match between Vladimir Kramnik and Veselin Topalov took place. In 1999 FIDE was recognised by the International Olympic Committee. In 2001 FIDE played by anti-doping rules, trying to make chess for like a candidate for the Olympic Games.

List of FIDE presidents 
 1924-1949 Alexander Rueb, Netherlands
 1949-1970 Folke Rogard, Sweden
 1970-1978 Max Euwe, Netherlands
 1978-1982 Friðrik Ólafsson, Iceland
 1982-1995 Florencio Campomanes, Philippines
 1995-.... Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, Kalmykia, Russia

1924 establishments in France
Chess
Organizations based in France
A Master in chess is a player who is awarded a master title by the world chess organisation FIDE, or by a national chess organisation. The term was used for a long time to describe someone who was accepted as an expert player, but it now has an official meaning.

Grandmaster is a chess title for even stronger players. The title comes from the word in Middle French: Grand maistre. It was the title given to the head of an Order of Knights, such as the Knights Templar or the Teutonic Knights. Its first use in chess is a comment in the periodical Bell's Life (18 February 1838) referring to William Lewis as "our past grandmaster".p156

FIDE titles 
FIDE titles were first awarded in 1950.p133 There are four levels of mastery.p132; 177 There are detailed rules as to the number of games played at a given level, and the full rules are quite lengthy. Some countries go with this system entirely, but others have their own system as well.

Once awarded a title, the player keeps it for life.
Titles open to all 
In order of merit, with official abbreviations, they are:
Grandmaster (GM) 2500+
International master (IM) 2400+
FIDE master (FM) 2300+ 
Candidate master (CM) 2200+

Titles open only to women 
There are also women-only titles:
Woman grandmaster (WGM) 2300+
Woman international master (WIM) 2200+
Woman FIDE master (WFM) 2100+
Woman candidate master (WCM) 2000+

It can be seen that a woman grandmaster is a lower standard than an international master. The purpose of women-only titles is to encourage female players, because there are few female players in the game.

Grandmaster 
A grandmaster is the highest title that a player can get, except becoming a world champion. It is given by the world chess organisation, FIDE.
Meeting the demands is not easy. To become a grandmaster, a player has to play at least 27 games with at least two grandmaster-results. In practice this means achieving at least three grandmaster-results or norms. The tournament rating must be 2600 at least. Besides this, a player's own FIDE rating must be at least 2500. Men and women can earn the GM-title by meeting the demands.

A chessplayer who is already an IM (international master) will simply become grandmaster, but it is not necessary to get the IM title first.
National titles 
As chess became more popular in the second half of the 19th century, the term began to be given out by organizations. For example, in Germany, there arose an annual sponsored tournament, the Hauptturnier, the winners of which were awarded the title of Meister. Emanuel Lasker, who later became World Champion, first earned a master title in one such tournament. The Soviet Union had a system of national candidate masters, masters and grandmasters before World War II, and its satellite countries in eastern Europe followed suit after the war. 
 
In the United States, the title of "National Master" is awarded for life, regardless of whether his rating goes below 2200 later. In August 2002, the USCF (United States Chess Federation) decided that "Any USCF member, who has had a normal post-tournament rating of 2200 or higher, has demonstrated a significant level of chess ability and thought, and is automatically awarded the lifetime title of National Master".
Related pages
 List of chess grandmasters

References

Other websites 
 Document describing USCF rating classes

Chess
Drumming is the most important element of Pungmul. Each group is led by a kkwaenggwari (small handheld gong) player, and includes at least one person playing janggu (hourglass drum), buk (barrel drum), and jing (gong). Wind instruments (t'aepyongso and nabal) are sometimes played along with the drummers. Following the drummers are dancers, who often play the sogo (a small drum that makes almost no sound) and tend to have more elaborate choreography. Finally, japsaek (actors) dressed as caricatures of traditional village roles wander around to engage spectators, blurring the boundary between performers and audience. Minyo (Korean traditional chants) are performed in Pungmul sometimes, and audience members enthusiastically sing and dance along. Most Minyo are set to drum beats in one of a few jangdan (rhythmic patterns) that are common to Pungmul, Sanjo, P'ansori, and other traditional Korean musical genres.

Korean music
The afro is a type of hairstyle that is noted for its large size. The hair is curled out, forming a ball shape. For some people, this is how their hair grows because it is naturally curly. Not all beauty salons can offer this hairstyle, though.

It is called the afro because most people who can grow an afro naturally have ancestors from Africa.  The afro became popular among Civil Rights activists in the 1960s in the United States.  They were tired of white people's hair and bodies being called beautiful and black people's hair and bodies being called ugly.  So they grew their hair into afros on purpose.  The afro became less popular in the middle of the 1970s through the late 1990s.  Then it came back with the natural hair movement.  In the 1960s, wearing an afro was seen as a political choice, but in the 21st century it can also be just a style choice.  Some people wear an afro only because they do not want to straighten their hair with hot tools or chemicals.
An afro can be any length, short or long, but it is different for everyone, especially depending on the person's race and ethnicity. Europeans and Asians will tend to have wavier, looser curls, so they usually cannot grow natural afros.  Some people say it is in poor taste or bad manners for a white person to call their hairstyle an "afro" because that cuts the afro off from its history as a way black people showed their hair could be beautiful even when white-majority cultures said it wasn't. Some Jewish people also can naturally grow afros, because of their curly hair. These hairstyles are often called "Jewfros."

The afro needs care. In a 2015 interview in Glamour, Dr. Rolanda Wilkerson of Pantene said people with afros should wash their hair once a week instead of every day, air-dry instead of using a hair dryer, and moisturize.

References

Hairstyles