Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
SMASS classification 
This is a more recent taxonomy introduced by Schelte J. Bus and Richard P. Binzel in 2002, based on the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey (SMASS) of 1447 asteroids [5]. This survey produced spectra of a far higher resolution than ECAS, and was able to resolve a variety of narrow spectral features. However, a somewhat smaller range of wavelengths (0.44μm to 0.92μm) was observed. Also, albedos were not considered. 
While attempting to keep to the Tholen taxonomy as much as possible given the differing data, asteroids were sorted into the 24 types given below. The majority of bodies fall again into the three broad C, S, and X categories, with a few unusual bodies categorized into several smaller types:
 C-group of carbonaceous objects including:
 B-type largely overlapping with the Tholen B and F types.
 C-type the most 'standard' of the non-B carbonaceous objects
 Cg Ch Cgh somewhat related to the Tholen G type
 Cb transition objects between plain C and B types.
S-group of silicaceous (stony) objects including:
 A-type
 Q-type
 R-type
 K-type a new category (181 Eucharis, 221 Eos)
 L-type a new category (83 Beatrix)
 S-type the most 'standard' of the S group
 Sa, Sq, Sr, Sk, and Sl transition objects between plain S and the other types in the group.
 X-group of mostly metallic objects including:
 X-type the most 'standard' of the X group including objects classified by Tholen as M, E, or P-type. 
 Xe, Xc, and Xk transition types between plain X and the appropriately lettered types.
 T-type
 D-type
 Ld-type: a new type with more extreme spectral features than the L-type
 O-type a small category (3628 Boznemcová) 
 V-type
A significant number of small asteroids were found to fall in the Q, R, and V types, which were represented by only a single body in the Tholen scheme.
In this Bus and Binzel SMASS scheme only a single type was assigned to any particular asteroid.

A few Near-Earth objects have spectra which differ strongly from any of the SMASS classes. This is presumably because these bodies are much smaller than those detected in the Main Belt, and as such may have younger less-altered surfaces or be composed of a less varied mix of minerals.
Appraisal 
These classification schemes are expected to be refined and/or replaced as further research progresses. However, for now, the spectral classification based on the two above coarse resolution spectroscopic surveys from the 1990s is still the standard. Scientists have been unable to agree on a better taxonomic system, largely due to the difficulty of obtaining detailed measurements consistently for a large sample of asteroids (e.g. finer resolution spectra, or non-spectral data such as densities would be very useful).

The three main groupings of asteroids are thought to be related to the three basic meteorite types:
 C-type - Carbonaceous chondrite meteorites
 S-type - Stony meteorites
 M-type - Iron meteorites
References 
 C. R. Chapman, D. Morrison, and B. Zellner Surface properties of asteroids: A synthesis of polarimetry, radiometry, and spectrophotometry, Icarus, Vol. 25, pp. 104 (1975).
 D. J. Tholen Asteroid taxonomic classifications in Asteroids II, pp. 1139-1150, University of Arizona Press (1989).
 S. J. Bus, F. Vilas, and M. A. Barucci Visible-wavelength spectroscopy of asteroids in Asteroids III, pp. 169, University of Arizona Press (2002).
 S. J. Bus and R. P. Binzel Phase II of the Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopy Survey: A feature-based taxonomy, Icarus, Vol. 158, pp. 146 (2002). 

Asteroids
The Gallic group is a dynamical grouping of the prograde irregular satellites of Saturn following similar orbits. Their semi-major axes range between 16 and 19 Gm, their inclinations between 35° and 40°, and their eccentricities around 0.53.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names taken from Gallic mythology for these moons.

Similar mean orbital elements led the discoverers to postulate a common origin for the group in a break up of a larger body.

The diagram illustrates the Gallic group in relation to other irregular satellites of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments (extending from the pericentre to the apocentre) with the inclination represented on Y axis.

The four members of the group are (in order of increasing distance from Saturn):
Albiorix
Bebhionn
Erriapo
Tarvos

The group was later found to be physically homogenous, all satellites displaying light-red colour (colour indices B − V = 0.91 and V − R = 0.48)
and similar infrared indices
Remarkably, recent observations revealed that the largest member of the group, Albiorix, displays actually two different colours: one compatible with Eriapo and Tarvos, and another less red. Instead of the common progenitor, it was postulated that Tarvos and Erriapus could be fragments of Albiorix, leaving a large, less red crater.
Such an impact would require a body with the diameter in excess of 1 km and relative velocity close to 5 km/s, resulting in a large crater with the radius of 12 km. Numerous, very large craters observed on Phoebe, prove the existence of such collisions in the Saturnian system's past.

Other websites
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

References

Ephemeris from IAU
Mean orbital parameters from JPL

Saturn's moons
Sulawesi (formerly known as Celebes) is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia, and is between Borneo and the Maluku Islands.

Geography 
Sulawesi is the world's eleventh-largest island, covering an area of 174,600 km2. The island is surrounded by Borneo to the west, by the Philippines to the north, by Maluku to the east, and by Flores and Timor to the south. It has a distinctive shape, dominated by four large peninsulas: the Semenanjung Minahassa; the East Peninsula; the South Peninsula; and the South-east Peninsula. The central part of the island is ruggedly mountainous, such that the island's peninsulas have traditionally been remote from each other, with better connections by sea than by road.

Major cities 
These are the ten largest cities in Sulawesi by population in 2010.

References
Flores is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, an island arc. Its area is about . It goes east from the island of Java. There are about 1.5 million people in Flores. The largest town is Maumere.

Flores is east of Sumbawa and Komodo. It is west of Lembata and the Alor Archipelago. To the southeast is Timor. To the south is the Sumba strait. The Flores Sea is to the north.

On December 12 1992, an earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale occurred. It killed 2,000 people in the town of Maumere.

References 

Islands of Indonesia
Lesser Sunda Islands
East Nusa Tenggara
Sumbawa is an Indonesian island in the middle of the Lesser Sunda Islands chain. It has Lombok to the west, Flores to the east, and Sumba farther to the southeast. It is in the province of West Nusa Tenggara. 
 
Sumbawa is 15,448 km² (three times the size of Lombok). About 1.5 million people live there. It marks the boundary between the islands to the west, which were influenced by religion and culture spreading from India, and the region to the east that was not so influenced.
Volcanoes 
Sumbawa is inside the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is a volcanic island, including Mount Tambora (8°14’41”S, 117°59’35”E) which exploded in 1815, the most destructive volcanic eruption in modern history (roughly four times larger than the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa, between Java and Sumatra, in terms of volume of magma ejected). The eruption killed as many as 92,000. It also apparently destroyed a small culture of Southeast Asian affinity, known to archaeologists as the Tamboran kingdom. It launched 100 cubic kilometers of ash into the upper atmosphere, which caused 1816 to be the "year without a summer." 

Islands of Indonesia
Lesser Sunda Islands
West Nusa Tenggara
Clothing in Ancient Rome is most commonly known by the toga and stola. 
The cloth was made from wool, linen or hemp. Cotton and silk were also used, more rarely. Leather was also used. The kind of clothing showed status.

Types 

 The toga was an important item and was worn by only Roman citizens, and after the second century BC, only by men. After that, the only females to wear togas were prostitutes.  The colors of togas had meaning.  A toga could be edged with purple (high rank), or be all dark for mourning.  Only emperors could wear entirely purple togas. In other words, clothing reflected status as well as practical needs.  A red lined Toga often showed shame and disgrace, often worn when banished or before an execution.

 The palla was a mantle or headcloth worn by women with the stola. It draped over the shoulders and round the body.
The Stola was a floor-length dress with long sleeves. It was worn over a tunic. The Stola was a symbol of marriage in ancient Rome times. Girls wore a simple tunic, except when going to an evening event, when ankle-length tunics were worn.

 Slaves wore simple woolen tunics. Tunics of cotton could by worn by any class as under-garments.

 The paludamentum was a cloak or cape fastened at one shoulder, worn by military commanders. The paludamentum was generally crimson, scarlet, or purple in colour.

Other websites

Ancient Rome
Ancient Rome
Tibia is a MMORPG video game released in 1997. Three German science students, Stephan Börzsönyi, Guido Lübke, Ulrich Schlott and Stephan Vogler, thought of the idea for the game. It was made by the German company CipSoft.

Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
Online games
1997 video games
The Royal Library of Turin is an important museum in Turin, Italy. It was started by King Charles Albert of Sardinia in 1839.  
Now it has 187,987 print volumes, 4,403 hand-written volumes (manuscripts), 3,000 drawings, 188 books made before 1501 (incunabula), 5,029 books from the 16th century, 20,987 pamphlets, and many engravings and maps. These works come mainly from collections from Savoy.
The most important antique is a self-portrait of Leonardo da Vinci. This self-portrait is in an underground vault that is resistant to fires, earthquakes, and even airplane crashes.

Buildings and structures in Italy
Turin
Libraries in Europe
Museums in Italy
1839 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Italy
The tibia, also known as the shinbone, or shankbone, is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates. It connects the knee with the ankle bones and is parallel to the fibula. Additionally it is the second largest bone in the body as its supports a significantly large portion of the human bodyweight. The tibia is essential to everyday movement such as standing and walking as well as jumping and running.The tibia or shinbone is usually of same size in both boys and girls prior to puberty. And in the adolescent ages tibia is longer in boys and men than in the girls and women.

 

Bones
Chauzon is a commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France.

Chauzon
Chazeaux is a commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France.

Chazeaux
Cheminas is a commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France.

Cheminas
Le Cheylard is a commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France.

Other websites
Official Web site 

Le Cheylard
Theory of Colours (original German title, Zur Farbenlehre) is a book by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe published in 1810. It contains some of the earliest and most accurate descriptions of phenomena such as coloured shadows, refraction, and chromatic aberration.

Its influence extends primarily to the art world, especially among the Pre-Raphaelites. Turner studied it comprehensively, and referred to it in the titles of several paintings. Wassily Kandinsky considered Goethe's theory "one of the most important works".

Although Goethe's work was never well received by physicists, a number of philosophers and physicists have been known to have concerned themselves with it, including Arthur Schopenhauer, Kurt Gödel, Werner Heisenberg, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Hermann von Helmholtz. Mitchell Feigenbaum even convinced himself that "Goethe had been right about colour!"
In his book, Goethe shows how colour is perceived in a variety of circumstances, and considers Isaac Newton's observations to be special cases. Goethe's concern was not so much with the measurement of colour phenomenon, but with how qualities of colour are perceived. Science has come to understand the distinction between the optical spectrum, as observed by Newton, and the phenomenon of human colour perception as presented by Goethe.

Goethe's theory 

For Goethe, "the highest is to understand that all fact is really theory. "The blue of the sky reveals to us the basic law of color. Search nothing beyond the phenomena, they themselves are the theory."
Goethe delivered in full measure what was promised by the title of his excellent work: Data for a Theory of Color. They are important, complete, and significant data, rich material for a future theory of color. He has not, however, undertaken to furnish the theory itself; hence, as he himself remarks and admits on page xxxix of the introduction, he has not furnished us with a real explanation of the essential nature of color, but really postulates it as a phenomenon, and merely tells us how it originates, not what it is. The physiological colors … he represents as a phenomenon, complete and existing by itself, without even attempting to show their relation to the physical colors, his principal theme. … it is really a systematic presentation of facts, but it stops short at this. (Schopenhauer, On Vision and Colors, Introduction)

Experiments with turbid media
Goethe's studies of colour began with subjective experiments which examined the effects of turbid media on the perception of light and dark. He observed that lights seen through a turbid medium would appear yellowish, and darkness seen through a turbid medium that had been lightened would appear blue.

"The highest degree of light, such as that of the sun... is for the most part colourless. This light, however, seen through a medium but  very slightly thickened, appears to us yellow. If the density of such a medium be increased, or if its volume become greater, we shall see the light gradually assume a yellow-red hue, which at last deepens to a ruby colour." (ToC, 150)
"If on the other hand darkness is seen through a semi-transparent medium, which is itself illumined by a light striking on it, a blue colour appears: this becomes lighter and paler as the density of the medium is increased, but on the contrary appears darker and deeper the more transparent the medium becomes: in the least degree of dimness short of absolute transparence, always supposing a perfectly colourless medium, this deep blue approaches the most beautiful violet." (ToC, 151)

Starting from these observations, he began numerous experiments, observing the effects of darkening and lightening on the perception of colour in many different circumstances.

Darkness and light 
For Goethe, light is "the simplest most undivided most homogenous being that we know. Confronting it is the darkness" (Letter to Jacobi). Unlike his contemporaries, Goethe did not see darkness as an absence of light, but rather as polar to and interacting with light.
Based on his experiments with turbid media, Goethe characterized colour as arising from the dynamic interplay of darkness and light. The editor of the Kurschner edition of Goethe's works gives the following analogy:

"Modern natural science sees darkness as a complete nothingness. According to this view, the light which streams into a dark space has no resistance from the darkness to overcome. Goethe pictures to himself that light and darkness relate to each other like the north and south pole of a magnet. The darkness can weaken the light in its working power. Conversely, the light can limit the energy of the darkness. In both cases color arises. " (Steiner, 1897 )

Goethe writes:

Yellow is a light which has been dampened by darkness;
Blue is a darkness weakened by the light. (Goethe, Theory of Colours )

Boundary conditions
When viewed through a prism, the orientation of a light-dark boundary with respect to the prism is significant. With white above a dark boundary, we observe the light extending a blue-violet edge into the dark area; whereas dark above a light boundary results in a red-yellow edge extending into the light area.

Goethe was intrigued by this difference. He felt that this arising of colour at light-dark boundaries was fundamental to the creation of the spectrum (which he considered to be a compound phenomenon).

Light and dark spectra 

Since the colour phenomenon relies on the adjacency of light and dark, there are two ways to produce a spectrum: with a light beam in a dark room, and with a dark beam (i.e. a shadow) in a light room.
Goethe recorded the sequence of colours projected at various distances from a prism for both cases (see Plate IV, Theory of Colours). In both cases, he found that the yellow and blue edges remain closest to the side which is light, and red and violet edges remain closest to the side which is dark. At a certain distance, these edges overlap. When these edges overlap in a light spectrum, green results; when they overlap in a dark spectrum, magenta results.

With a light spectrum, coming out of the prism, one sees a shaft of light surrounded by dark. We find yellow-red colours along the top edge, and blue-violet colours along the bottom edge. The spectrum with green in the middle arises only where the blue-violet edges overlap the yellow-red edges.

With a dark spectrum (i.e. a shadow surrounded by light), we find violet-blue along the top edge, and red-yellow along the bottom edge – where these edges overlap, we find magenta.

Newton and Goethe
Newton and Goethe 

Due to their different approaches to a common subject, many misunderstandings have arisen between Newton's mathematical understanding of optics, and Goethe's experiential approach.

Because Newton understands white light to be composed of individual colours, and Goethe sees colour arising from the interaction of light and dark, they come to different conclusions on the question: is the optical spectrum a primary or a compound phenomenon?

For Newton, all the colours already exist in white light, and the prism merely fans them out according to their refrangability. Goethe sought to show that, as a turbid medium, the prism was an integral factor in the arising of colour.
Whereas Newton narrowed the beam of light in order to isolate the phenomenon, Goethe observed that with a wider aperture, there was no spectrum. He saw only reddish-yellow edges and blue-cyan edges with white between them, and the spectrum arose only where these edges came close enough to overlap. For him, the spectrum could be explained by the simpler phenomena of colour arising from the interaction of light and dark edges. Goethe's reification of darkness has caused almost all of modern physics to reject Goethe's theory.

Newton explains the appearance of white with colored edges by saying that due to the differing overall amount of refraction, the rays mix together to create a full white towards the centre, whereas the edges do not benefit from this full mixture and appear with greater red or blue components.

Table of differences

Notes and references 

Color
Works of philosophy
1810s books
Science books
German literature
Orthodox is a word about beliefs. It is made from two Ancient Greek words, ὀρθός orthós „correct, straight“ and δόξα dóxa „teaching, worship".   Orthodoxy means a teaching that is supposed to be close to the original. 

In particular:

in Christianity:

 Eastern Orthodox Church (The split of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox happened in 1054, in what is known as the Great Schism)
 Oriental Orthodox Church (Split from the rest in the 5th century, at the Council of Chalcedon)
 Theologically traditional often in all lower case-- orthodox

in Judaism:
 Orthodox Judaism
 Modern Orthodox Judaism

Jewish organisations:
 Orthodox Union
William Penn Adair “Will” Rogers (November 4, 1879 – August 15, 1935) was a Cherokee-American cowboy, comedian, humorist, social commentator, vaudeville performer and actor.

Known as Oklahoma's favorite son, Rogers was born to a well off Indian Territory family and learned to ride horses and use a lariat so well that he was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for throwing three ropes at once—one around the neck of a horse, another around the horse's rider, and a third around all four legs of the horse. During his life he traveled around the world three times, made 71 movies (50 silent films and 21 "talkies"), wrote more than 4,000 nationally-syndicated newspaper columns, making him a world-famous figure.

By the mid-1930s, Rogers was loved by the American people, and was the highest-paid movie star in Hollywood at the time. During an around-the-world trip with pilot Wiley Post, Rogers died when their small airplane crashed near Barrow, Alaska Territory in 1935.

Citations
Citations 

1879 births
1935 deaths
Aviation deaths
American silent movie actors
American radio personalities
Comedians from Oklahoma
Actors from Oklahoma
Vaudeville performers
Tetris DX is a video game released in 1998 for the Game Boy Color console. It is a remake of the Game Boy game Tetris. The game can save high scores, has two new modes, and three profiles for three separate players.

1998 video games
Game Boy Color games

en:Tetris (Game Boy)#Tetris DX
is a 1992 video game for the Game Boy Nintendo device and the sequel to Super Mario Land.

In 1994, Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3 was released. It is the sequel to Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins.

Plot
Before Super Mario Land, Mario had went away. While he was away, Wario took over Mario's castle.  He takes the six golden coins from the castle and scatters them around to all the various worlds. When Mario comes back, he must travel to each world, get the coins back to open the door, and then face off against Wario.

Gameplay
This game features a save function and an easy mode. The game is a platforming game, with Mario running around six worlds (areas of the game) The game's power-ups are the Super Mushroom, (makes Mario big), Fire Flower, which lets Mario throw fire balls, the Super Star, and a new item called the Carrot, which turns Mario into a rabbit that can fly.

Reception

References

1992 video games
Game Boy games
Mario platform games
Nintendo Research & Development 1 games
Virtual Console games
In organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.  The simplest alkenes, with only one double bond, no rings, and no other functional groups, are hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n.

Aromatic compounds are often drawn as cyclic alkenes, but their structure and properties are different and they are not considered to be alkenes.

The double bond in the middle makes them more reactive because the molecule is not saturated. An alkene's unsaturation means that it will take the color out of bromine. The names of alkenes always end with -ene.

List of Alkenes 
The following is a list of the first 10 alkenes:

 Ethene (C2H4)

 Propene (C3H6)
 Butene (C4H8)
 Pentene (C5H10)
 Hexene (C6H12)
 Heptene (C7H14)
 Octene (C8H16)
 Nonene (C9H18)
 Decene (C10H20)
 Undecene (C11 H22)
Physical properties
The physical properties of alkenes are comparable with those of alkanes. The main differences between the two are that the acidity levels of alkenes are much higher than the ones in alkanes. The physical state depends on molecular mass (gases from ethene to butene - liquids from pentene onwards). The simplest alkenes, ethene, propene and butene are gases. Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids, and higher alkenes are waxy solids.

Fuel 
Alkenes are not used as fuels because:
 They are scarce in nature. They are made from other hydrocarbons to make plastics, anti–freeze and many other useful compounds.
 They burn with a smoky flame due to less efficient, and more polluting incomplete combustion, so the heat energy release is lower than for alkanes.

References

Functional groups
Afrodisiac is the fourth studio album by American R&B/pop singer Brandy Norwood, released by Atlantic Records on June 28, 2004 outside North America and on June 29, 2004 (see 2004 in music) in Canada and the United States. It was mostly produced by Timbaland, with more production from Warryn Campbell, Organized Noise, Walter Millsap, Ron Feemster, Big Chuck, and Kanye West. A lot of critics liked the album, but it did not sell many copies. It has sold fewer copies than any other album she has made so far.

2004 albums
Brandy Norwood albums
A boy is a young male, usually human, or may refer to a man regardless of age.

Boy, Boys, The Boy, or The Boys may also mean:

Music

Songs
 "Boy (I Need You)", by Mariah Carey
 "Boy" (Erasure song)
 "Boys" (Britney Spears song)
 "Boys" (The Shirelles song), notably covered by The Beatles
 "Boys" (Robots in Disguise song)
 "Boys (Summertime Love)", by Sabrina
 "Boyz" (song), by M.I.A.
 "Boy", by Book of Love
 "B.O.Y.", by Jessica Simpson from A Public Affair
 "Boys", by Bauhaus, the B-side of the single "Bela Lugosi's Dead"
 "Boys", by Band Ohne Namen
 "Boys", by Ashlee Simpson from Bittersweet World
 "The Boys" (song), a song by The Shadows, a number-one single in Australia in 1963

Albums
 Boy (album), by U2
 Boy (compilation album), by Lena Philipsson
Performers
 Boy (1980s band), a 1980s American rock group
 BOY, a Canadian indie pop group
 Boy'z, a Hong Kong Cantopop duo now known as Sun Boy'z
 The Boys (band), an American band
 The Boys (UK band), a punk rock band
 The Boys (60s band), an English band, later became The Action

Literature
 Boy (book), an autobiography by Roald Dahl
 The Boys (comic book), a comic book for mature readers by Garth Ennis and Darick Robertson
 Boyz (magazine), a British weekly LGBT magazine
 The Boy (US title: The Beautiful Boy), a 2003 book by Germaine Greer
 The Boys, a 1996 book by Martin Gilbert

People
 Werner Boy, German mathematician
 David Boys, Canadian Scrabble player
 Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, Polish poet
 Roy Brindley, nicknamed "The Boy", English professional poker player

Places
 Boy River, Minnesota, US
 Boys Hill, a village in Dorset, England
Film
 Boy (movie) (Japanese: Shōnen), a 1969 Japanese film
 Boys (movie), a 2003 Tamil film
 Boys (1996 movie), a movie starring Winona Ryder
 The Boys (movie), a 1998 Australian film
 The Boys (1991 movie), an American television movie starring John Lithgow
 The Boys (1962 movie), a British movie starring Richard Todd
 "Boy", the adopted son of Tarzan in the movies based on Edgar Rice Burroughs's character

Television
 The Boy (TV series), a Canadian animated television series
 The Boys (TV series), a 1993 American sitcom featuring Christopher Meloni

Theatre
 The Boy (musical), a 1917 London hit musical comedy

Other uses
 Boy Seaman, a rating in the British Royal Navy
 Boys anti-tank rifle, a British anti-tank weapon
 The Boys (Wild West Gang), a gang who participated in the late-1870s Lincoln County War
 The Boys Markets, a chain of Los Angeles-area supermarkets, sold to Ralphs in 1995
 The Boy, Eustace Boyce, a character in the webcomic Scary Go Round
Distinguish from
 buoy, a floating device or marker
 Boise, Idaho
 Theydon Bois

Related pages
List of all pages beginning with Boy
List of all pages beginning with The Boy
Boi
Bois
Boise
Speaker for the Dead (1986) is a science fiction book by Orson Scott Card.  It is a sequel to the novel Ender's Game, and takes place around the year 5135, some 3,000 years after the events in Ender's Game. Because of space travel, the main character Ender is only about 35 years old.

Like Ender's Game, the book won the Hugo Award (1987) and Nebula Award (1986) for outstanding science fiction novel, making Card the first writer to win both of these awards two times in a row. Speaker for the Dead was updated in 1991. It was followed by Xenocide and Children of the Mind.

Other websites
 About the book Speaker for the Dead from Card's website 

1986 books
Ender's Game (novel series)
Hugo Award winning books
Nebula Awards
Xenocide (1991) is a science fiction book that is third in the Ender's Game series.  It was written by Orson Scott Card and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1992.  It was followed by Children of the Mind.

Other websites
 About the novel Xenocide from Card's website 

1991 books
Ender's Game (novel series)
Children of the Mind (1996) is the fourth, and currently the last, book of Orson Scott Card's popular Ender's Game series, a series of science fiction novels that focus on the character Ender Wiggin. Although Card has written some additional novels that take place with in the Ender Saga, they take place in the middle of the storyline and therefore are not sequals to Children of The Mind.

Other websites
 About the book Children of the Mind from Card's website 

1996 books
Ender's Game (novel series)
Ender's Shadow (1999) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card.  It is a parallel novel, which means it has a story that has some of the events in Ender's Game from the point of view of another character named Bean. This book was first titled Urchin, but it was changed before release.  Ender's Shadow is the first of a series that includes Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets, and Shadow of the Giant.

Other websites
 About the novel Ender's Shadow from Card's website 

1999 books
Ender's Game (novel series)
Shadow of the Hegemon (2001) is the second book in the Ender's Shadow series (also called the Bean Quartet) by Orson Scott Card.  It is also the sixth book in the Ender's Game series. It is told mostly from the point of view of Bean, a mostly minor character in the first novel Ender's Game.

Other webs
 About the novel Shadow of the Hegemon from Card's website 

Ender's Game (novel series)
2001 books
Bernard Haitink  (4 March 1929 – 21 October 2021) was a Dutch conductor and violinist. He won two Grammy Awards in 2004 and 2009.

Early life
Haitink studied music at the conservatoire in Amsterdam, the town where he was born. He started his career playing the violin in orchestras. Then he learned to conduct.

Career
He became second conductor of the Netherlands Radio Union Orchestra in 1955. He then became chief conductor of the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic in 1957. On 7 November 1956 the famous conductor Carlo Maria Giulini was not able to conduct a concert of the Concertgebouw Orchestra so the young Bernard Haitink conducted instead. This helped him to become famous. Three years later he became a conductor of the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra and he stayed with them for a quarter of a century. In 1963 he became the main conductor of that orchestra, and in 1999 they gave him the title of honorary conductor.
Haitink has also had jobs outside the Netherlands. He was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1967 to 1979, music director at Glyndebourne Opera from 1978 to 1988 and at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden from 1987 to 2002. He also held posts with the Dresden Staatskapelle and Boston Symphony Orchestra, and conducted many other great orchestras of the world.

In 1977, he was given an honorary knighthood in the Order of the British Empire.

Haitink had conducted music by many composers from different periods. He has recorded many great works for Phillips, Decca and EMI. In 2004 his recording of Janáček’s opera Jenufa was given the Grammy Award for the best opera recording.

Personal life
Haitink had five children from his first marriage. He lived in Switzerland with his fourth wife, who used to be a viola player in the orchestra of the Royal Opera House.

Haitink died on 21 October 2021 in London at the age of 92.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 List of recordings from Dutch Divas website
 
 
 
 Askonas Holt agency page on Bernard Haitink

Interviews
 Bernard Haitink interview, 13 January 1997

1929 births
2021 deaths
Dutch conductors
Dutch musicians
Grammy Award winners
Honorary Companions of Honour
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Amsterdam
Violinists
Shadow Puppets (2002), by Orson Scott Card, is the sequel to Shadow of the Hegemon and the third book in the Ender's Shadow series (often called the Bean Quartet). It was first going to be called Shadow of Death.

References

2002 books
Ender's Game (novel series)
Libération (also called Libé) is a French daily newspaper founded in Paris in 1973 by Jean-Paul Sartre.

Other websites 
 www.liberation.fr

Companies based in Paris
French-language newspapers
Justice is a concept on ethics and law that means that people behave in a way that is fair, equal and balanced for everyone.

In law
Governments, and especially the police and courts, see that the laws are obeyed in most societies.  Because they can punish a person for not obeying the law, most people agree that laws should be fair and the same for everyone.  But governments sometimes  make laws that many people believe are not just.  If many people believe this, people may lose respect for the law and may even disobey it.  However, in democratic societies, the law itself has ways to change or get rid of these unjust laws.

Related pages
 Ethics
 International Court of Justice
 International Criminal Court
 Morality
 Napoleonic Code
 Rationality
 Social justice

References

Other websites

Law
Virtues
Ethics
Major derives from Latin maior, which means greater. It is used in many contexts:
Major, a military rank.
 An academic major, the primary focus of a Bachelor's degree, in the United States and some other countries.
 In music, major (in contrast to minor) is a type of scale, key, chord, or interval; see major and minor. Also:
 major scale
 major chord
 the names of various intervals, such as a major third or major sixth
 In British public school terminology, "major" means an older brother or sister (when two people have the same surname), as opposed to "minor".
 In American professional sports, various leagues are described as major (or "the majors") when they represent the highest level of competition in their geographic area, such as Major League Baseball or Major League Soccer.
In American college sports, "major" has multiple meanings. For a more comprehensive discussion of the different meanings of "major" in the college athletics context, see mid-major.
In golf, a "major championship" is one of an elite tier of annual tournaments (not more than five) recognised by the relevant authorities for a particular branch of the sport. See:
 Men's major golf championships
 Women's major golf championships
 Senior major golf championships
 In snooker, four of the main tournaments in the season are unnofficially known as Major titles
 In English Change Ringing, Major refers to a ringing method rung on eight church bells.
 Major (law) (as opposed to minor (law)), one with the full legal rights of an adult
 People named Major:
 John Major, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1990 – 1997.
 John C. Major, a Canadian judge
 Major Taylor, an American champion cyclist 1899–1901.
 Mark Major, a Canadian ice hockey player.
 William James Major, a Canadian politician and judge
 Major Applewhite, a former Texas Longhorn quarterback and current Alabama assistant coach
 Major Harris, a former college quarterback for the West Virginia Mountaineers
 Characters named Major:
Major Gowen, a character on the 1970s British TV series Fawlty Towers.
 The Major, a character on the 1970s American TV series Soap.
 The Major (or simply Major), a nickname for Motoko Kusanagi, a fictional character from the anime/manga series Ghost in the Shell.
 Major Major Major Major, a character in Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22
 The Major, the leader of Millennium, a Nazi group in Hellsing.
 Major (manga), a baseball-related manga/anime series in Japan.
 Major movie studios, film studios (mostly United States-based) that produce many films per year.
Major record labels, music production and distribution companies that produce most of the music recordings per year.
 Places named Major:
Major, Saskatchewan, small village in the Canadian province, Saskatchewan
Related pages
 Majority (disambiguation)
 Majorat
 Mayor
 Majors
Shadow of the Giant (2005) is the fourth book in Orson Scott Card's Ender's Shadow series (sometimes called the Bean Quartet).

Other websites
 About the novel Shadow of the Giant from Card's website 

2005 books
Ender's Game (novel series)
The Metropolitan Tabernacle is a large Reformed Baptist church in the Elephant and Castle in London. It was Charles Spurgeon's church for many years.

History
The tabernacle fellowship dates to 1650 when the English Crown banned Christian denominations other than Puritanism. Membership grew when freedom of religion came to England in 1688. The present London Tabernacle church building dates to 1898, albeit with extensive repairs of damage caused by the Blitzkrieg raids on London.

Other websites 
Metropolitan Tabernacle official site

Baptist churches
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Southwark
The Icemark Chronicles is a series of books consisting of The Cry of the Icemark, followed by Blade of Fire, and Last Battle of the Icemark.  The books were written by Stuart Hill from Leicester. Fox 2000 Pictures have bought the right to create a movie based on the books.  The first is planned for 2008.

Books
The Cry of the Icemark
Blade of Fire
Last Battle of the Icemark

References
Songmaster (1980) is a science fiction book by Orson Scott Card.  The story of the Songmaster occurs in a future human empire, and follows Ansset, a young boy whose singing voice has the power of making people's feelings stronger.  This makes him both a possible healer and destroyer. He is trained in the art of singing so perfectly that his songs can show ideas and feelings better than words.  This book was based on Card's short story "Mikal's Songbird".

Literary significance & criticism
One reviewer said that Songmaster was "Quite possibly Card's best published work, ever." The publisher described the story as "...a haunting story of power and love—the tale of the man who would destroy everything he loves to preserve humanity's peace, and the boy who might just sing the world away".
Awards and nominations
As with some other Card novels (Ender's Game, for example), this book started out as a shorter story "Mikal's Songbird", which was a Nebula Award finalist in 1978. Songmaster got the Hamilton-Brackett Memorial Award in 1981.

Translations
  ("Songmaster"), published by Meulenhoff.
  ("Master Singer"), published by Bastei Lübbe.
  ("Master Singer"), published by Nova Ciencia Ficcion.

References

Other websites
 About the novel Songmaster from Card's website

Books by Orson Scott Card
American science fiction books
1980 books
College football is American football played by teams of students from different American universities, colleges, and military academies. Play between colleges first made American football popular in the United States. College football is still popular today among students, alumni, and other fans of the sport.
American Football is variation of Rugby introduced by Walter Camp.
The very first match between two college teams using new "American" variation of Rugby was played between Princeton and Rutgers University in 1869. First season of college football had only two matches played. The game became popular quickly in coming years.
National championships 
College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS – The NCAA has never had an official championship for schools in the top-level Football Bowl Subdivision, or "FBS". Instead, several groups declare their own champions.
NCAA Division I Football Championship – The official championship for schools in the second-level Football Championship Subdivision, or "FCS".
NCAA Division I FCS Consensus Mid-Major football national championship
NCAA FCS Year-by-year playoff results 
NCAA Division II national football championship
NCAA Division III national football championship
NAIA national football championship
NJCAA National football championship

Other websites 
 

NCAA football official site
Bowl Championship Series 
College Football Hall of Fame
FCS College Football Weekly Preview 
Most Valuable College Football Programs, Forbes
An account of the first intercollegiate game
Statistics
NCAA football stats
Stassen College Football, comprehensive college football database
College Football Data Warehouse 
Collegio Football , Electronic Almanac & Media Guide to NCAA College Football (1869 - Present)

Rules
List of college football rule changes for 2006
NCAA Football Rule Changes for 2007 (that are meant to shorten the game)
NCAA Football: Major Rule Changes  (with rationales)
NCAA Football: 2007 Rules and Interpretations
Eye for Eye (1987) is a science fiction novella (or short book) by Orson Scott Card.  It first began in the March 1987 issue of Asimov's Science Fiction magazine.  In 1990 it appeared in Card’s short story collection Maps in a Mirror and also as a Tor double novel, with The Tunesmith by Lloyd Biggle, Jr.. It won the Hugo Award for Best Novella in 1988.

Other websites
 Publication information for Eye for Eye available from Card’s website

1987 books
Books by Orson Scott Card
Hugo Award winning books
American novellas
Seventh Son (1987) is an alternate history and fantasy book written by Orson Scott Card. It is the first book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son, who therefore has special powers. It was nominated for both the Hugo Award for Best Novel and the World Fantasy Award. The idea that the seventh son of a seventh son has special powers is common in folklore around the world.

Seventh sons have strong "knacks" (special powers), and seventh sons of seventh sons are both very rare and vert owerful. In fact, the young Alvin appears to be the only one to be currently in the world, and the only other one who known to have ever existed turned water into wine. Alvin's powers make him the target of the Unmaker, which recognizes Alvin's powers as those of a Maker, who can build and change things, and so the Unmaker tries to kill him.

References

Other websites
 About the novel Seventh Son from Card's website

1987 books
The Tales of Alvin Maker
The Locus Awards were started in 1971 and are given to winners of Locus Magazine's yearly readers' poll. Currently, the Locus Awards are given at a yearly banquet. Unusually, the publishers of winning works are given a certificate.

The first Locus Award was given in 1971 for works published in 1970.

Winners 

The following writers have won the most awards in the "fiction" sections as of July 2005:

10 or more awards 
 Ursula K. Le Guin (18), Harlan Ellison (15), Dan Simmons (12), George R. R. Martin (11), John Varley (10)

3 - 9 awards 
 Connie Willis (9)
 Orson Scott Card (8), Neil Gaiman (8), Lucius Shepard (8)
 Kim Stanley Robinson (6)
 Robert Silverberg (5), David Brin (5), Gene Wolfe (5)
 Isaac Asimov (4), Joe Haldeman (4), China Miéville (4), Larry Niven (4)
 Michael Bishop (3), Greg Egan (3), Stephen King (3), Kelly Link (3), Lois McMaster Bujold (3), Tim Powers (3), Neal Stephenson (3) Terry Pratchett (3)
Categories
Locus Award for Best Novel
Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel
Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel
Locus Award for Best First Novel
Locus Award for Best Short Story

References

Other websites
 Excerpts for Locus winning and nominated books

Literary awards
Science fiction awards
The Nebula Award is an award given each year by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA), for the best science fiction/fantasy fiction written in the United States.

Award categories 
The fiction Nebulas are awarded in the following categories:
 Novel
 Novella
 Novelette
 Short story
 Script

Important/notable winners 
 Joe Haldeman (5)
 Greg Bear (3)
 Lois McMaster Bujold (3)
 Harlan Ellison (3)
 Ursula K. Le Guin (3)
 Roger Zelazny (3)
 Orson Scott Card (2)
 Arthur C. Clarke (2)
 Samuel R. Delany (2)
 Neil Gaiman (2)
 Vonda McIntyre (2)
 Frederik Pohl (2)
 Kim Stanley Robinson (2)
 Isaac Asimov
 William Gibson
 Larry Niven
 Theodore Sturgeon
 Connie Willis (6)

References

Other websites 
 The Nebula Awards homepage
 List of past winners 
 List of the most-honored Nebula Award nominees
 Excerpts and synopses of Nebula winning and nominated novels
 2006 Nebula Awards Ballot
An allergen is something that causes allergies in humans.

Dust, pollen and pet dander are all common allergens. It is possible to be allergic to anything from chlorine to perfume. Food allergies are not as common, but some foods, like peanuts, nuts, seafood and shellfish cause serious allergies in lots of people.
Common allergens 
Some common allergens could be:
Animal products
Fel d 1 (cat allergy)
fur and dander
cockroach calyx
dust mite excretion
Drugs
penicillin
sulfonamides
salicylates (also found naturally in numerous fruits)
local anaesthetics
Foods
celery and celeriac 
corn or maize
eggs (typically albumen, the white)
fruit
pumpkin
legumes
beans
peas
peanuts
soybeans
milk
seafood
sesame
soy
tree nuts
pecans
almonds
wheat
Insect stings
bee sting venom
wasp sting venom
mosquito stings
Mold spores
Other
latex
metal
Plant pollens (hay fever)
grass — ryegrass, timothy-grass
weeds — ragweed, plantago, nettle, artemisia vulgaris, chenopodium album, sorrel
trees — birch, alder, hazel, hornbeam, aesculus, willow, poplar, platanus, tilia, olea, Ashe juniper

References 

Allergies
Physiology
The term Big Six could mean:

 "Big Six" (song), a 1972 UK Top 40 hit single by Judge Dread
 Big Six banks of Canada
 Big Six law firms of Australia
 Big Six Conference, colleges in the midwestern United States involved in athletics and associated conferences, the predecessor to today's Big 12 Conference
 Big Six (civil rights) movement in the United States
Big six in the romantic literature of England, authors of romantic literature of England
 The Big Six (Ghana), six Ghanaian nationalists jailed by the British colonial government in 1948
 What were the United States "big six auditing firms" (originally the "big eight"), now the big four
 The "Big six" major movie studios
 The "Big Six" Australian cricketers involved in a dispute with cricket authorities in 1912

The Big Six is the name of:
 The Big Six, a children's novel by Arthur Ransome
 Big Six wheel, a casino game
Bix Six is a nickname for:
Supreme War Council (Japan) during World War II
 Christy Mathewson, baseball pitcher 
 Jason Estrada,  professional boxer 
 Baltimore and Ohio Class S locomotive
 2-10-2 type locomotives

Related pages
 Big One
 Big Two
 Big Three
 Big Four
 Big Five
 Big Seven
 Big Eight
Kurt Masur (18 July 1927 – 19 December 2015) was a German conductor. He conducted many of the world’s leading orchestras. He especially likes conducting German Romantic music.

Early life
Masur was born in Brieg, which was then part of Germany but is now called Brzeg and lies in Poland. He studied piano, composition and conducting in Leipzig.

Career
His first important conducting job was with the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra, with whom he worked from 1955 to 1958 and again from 1967 to 1972. He also worked with the Komische Oper of East Berlin. From 1970 to 1996 he was the Kapellmeister (musical director) of the famous Gewandhausorchester Leipzig.

Dresden and Leipzig both lie in what used to be the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). For years Masur worked faithfully for the communist leaders of that country. When the political situation started to change in 1989, he helped to keep the demonstrations peaceful by talking to the politicians and the people and stopping them from fighting.