Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Griffith Park is a city park in Los Angeles, California. It is one of the largest parks in the city, covering  4,210 acres (17 km2) of land. Sometimes called the Central Park of Los Angeles, it is located where the Los Angeles River makes a southwest bend towards the Pacific Ocean. It is named for Griffith J. Griffith.

The Griffith Observatory is a well-known point of interest in the park.

Parks in the United States
Geography of Los Angeles
Lake Powell is a reservoir on the Colorado River. It is mainly in southeastern Utah, with a small part in northeastern Arizona in the United States. About  long, it is made by the Glen Canyon Dam, built in Glen Canyon in the 1960s. The lake is a popular area for boating and fishing, with over 2 million visitors each year; but it has flooded many important natural and archaeological sites. Other than the Colorado River, the Escalante River and San Juan River also flow into the reservoir.

In March 2023 it was only 23% full.

Marinas 
Lake Powell has five active marinas. The main role of the marinas at Lake Powell is to allow an entry point for boaters to launch and retrieve their watercraft. Each marina has rare services, such as boat refueling, short term docking, food services and boat rentals. 
 Antelope Point Marina
 Bullfrog Marina
 Dangling Rope Marina
 Halls Crossing Marina
 Wahweap Marina

Other websites

References

Lakes of the United States
The Alaska Range is a series of mountains in Alaska, in the United States. The mountain range stretches about  from northwest to southeast. The United States' highest mountain, Denali (20,320' or 6,194 m) is in the Alaska Range.

Many glaciers are in the Alaska Range, including the Canwell, Castner, Black Rapids, Susitna, Yanert, Muldrow, Eldridge, Ruth, Tokositna, and Kahiltna Glaciers.

Through the Alaska Range runs four major rivers, which are the Delta, Nenana, Nabesna, and Chisna Rivers. The Nenana River is a popular destination for whitewater rafting in Alaska.

Related pages
Brooks Range

Mountain ranges of Alaska
The Brooks Range is a mountain range in Alaska. The range runs from northern Alaska into Canada, east-west for about 700 miles (1,100 km). The tallest mountain is Mount Chamberlin, which is 9,020 feet (2,749 m) tall. The Kobuk River begins in this range and flows to the Bering Strait,  away.

Related pages
Alaska Range

Mountain ranges of Alaska
Prince Edward, Duke of York (Edward Augustus) lived from 1739 to 1767. He was the youngest brother of George III of the United Kingdom.  He was heir presumptive to the throne until his nephew George IV of the United Kingdom was born in 1762.

Ancestors 

1739 births
1767 deaths

House of Hanover
Royalty from London
People buried in Westminster Abbey
British Dukes and Duchesses
Union Vale is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.

Towns in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York
Wappinger is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.

Towns in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York
Washington is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.

Towns in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York
Fishkill is a village within the Town of Fishkill in Dutchess County, in the state of New York in the United States.

Villages in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York
Millbrook is a village in Dutchess County, New York, United States. Millbrook is located in the Hudson Valley, on the east side of the Hudson River,  north of New York City. Millbrook is near the center of the Town of Washington. As of the 2010 Census, Millbrook's population was 1,452. It is often referred to as a low-key version of the Hamptons and is one of the most affluent villages in New York.

Millbrook is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport Combined Statistical Area.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which  is land and  (2.60%) is water.

References

Other websites
 Millbrook information 
 city-data.com entry
 Millbrook Free Library
 Millbrook Fire Department 
The Millbrook Independent

Dutchess County, New York
Villages in New York (state)
1890s establishments in New York (state)
1895 establishments in the United States
Millerton is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The town borders Taconic State Park.

Local people of note
 Eddie Collins, Hall of Fame baseball player.
 Sandy Berger, United States National Security Advisor during the second term of Bill Clinton
 Don Hastings, Brooklyn born Actor residing in Millerton.
 Karl Moody, Actor/Entertainer raised in Millerton. Born in nearby Sharon, CT.

References

Villages in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York
The Village of Pawling is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.

Villages in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York
The Village of Red Hook is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.

Villages in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York
The Rhinebeck is a village in Dutchess County, New York, United States.

Villages in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York
Tivoli is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.

Villages in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York
Wappingers Falls is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.

Villages in New York (state)
Dutchess County, New York
A Grand Slam, in professional wrestling, is a person who has won a certain combination of championships.The four titles typically include three singles championships plus a tag team championship. The singles championships include a primary, secondary, and tertiary championship.

National Promotion

WWE

Guide

Original format

Modern format

Impact Wrestling

Ring of Honor 

In 2018, Ring of Honor (ROH) established their own grandslam champion.

Regional/independent promotions

Dragon Gate

Explosive Pro Wrestling

Florida Championship Wrestling 

In Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), WWE's former developmental territory, a Grand Slam winner was a wrestler who had won every championship that was available in FCW. All FCW titles were retired when FCW changed its name to NXT.

IWA Puerto Rico

References

Professional wrestling
Joseph Alois Schumpeter (8 February 1883 – 8 January 1950) was an Austrian-German-American researcher in economics and political science. He studied the theory of Marxism and capitalism. In his view, capitalism cannot work because of what he called creative destruction. This term was originally used by Karl Marx to describe the capitalist system, but Schumpeter used it differently: He says that each time innovation by entrepreneur occurs, it must (also) change what already exists. In this context, certain structures that already exist will also be destroyed. A current example of this is that digital photography has made the instant camera, such as Polaroid almost disappear. 

Schumpeter was finance minister of Austria in 1919.

1883 births
1950 deaths
Columbia University faculty
American economists
American political scientists
German academics
Government ministers of Austria
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Harvard University faculty
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (25 June 1936 – 11 September 2019) was an Indonesian engineer who was President of Indonesia from May 21, 1998 to October 20, 1999.

References

Related pages
List of scientists
List of Asian scientists by country

Indonesian Muslims
Presidents of Indonesia
Vice-Presidents of Indonesia
1936 births
2019 deaths
Vexillology is the study of flags.  The word comes from both the Latin word vexilla "little sail" for flag plus the Greek suffix-ology that means "study of".  The vexillum was a particular kind of flag used by the Roman legions.  Vexillology is a kind of study of symbols related to heraldry.  A person who studies flags is a vexillologist, and a person who designs flags is a vexillographer.

Because they are flown outside, where they move with the wind, flags are usually designed with bold images and bright, basic colors.  Flag design also follows a historical process, where later flag designs are based on earlier flag designs.  This means that many flags in an area may look similar because they are all based on one historical flag.  Examples include the Pan-African colors, Pan-Arab colors, and the Nordic Cross.

Flag Identification System (FIS)

The Flag Identification System was created by Whitney Smith and adopted by Fédération internationale des associations vexillologiques (FIAV).
The first row is for use on land and the second row is for use on water, each divided into private (civil), government (state), and military (war) use.

There are 63 symbols that can describe the flag, including:
 

Other symbols are used to describe other uses of the flag, such as official status and which side of the flag is shown. The symbols in common use are:
Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse (front) side
 Design proposed but not officially adopted
 Design is a reconstruction
 Reverse (back) side of flag
 Design is a variant (a different form of the same flag)
 Alternative (different) version of flag
 De facto (unofficial but in actual use) version of flag
 Flag has different designs on its front and back
 Obverse (front) side meant to be hoisted (raised) with pole on the right
 Design approved by the government to represent a nation
 Design used in the past, but now abandoned (This symbol was not part of Smith's original set.)
 Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side
 Reverse side is the obverse side flipped
 Information about the reverse side is not known
 Flag can be hung vertically by hoisting on a normal pole and then turning the pole 90°
 Flag can be hung vertically by rotating the design first
 Vertical hoist method is unknown
 Design has no element that can be rotated
 Flag can only be hoisted vertically

Heraldry
The Southern Tenant Farmers' Union (STFU) was founded as a trade union to help organize the farmers in the Southern United States. 

It was started in the Great Depression to improve money problems and work conditions for farmers in the United States.

At this time, landowners were being paid not to farm by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, but they were not all sharing the money with farmers.

Sources
Cobb, William H. "The Southern Tenant Farmers' Union". The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture.

Trade unions in the United States
Fjuckby is a village in Uppsala Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden.

It is known as a place for runestones, the village's unusual name has generated international interest.  Prior to the 1930s, the village was known as Fjukeby.  In the 1930s, the spelling of the name of this small historic town was changed to Fjuckby.

References

Other websites
 Maps, Weather, and Airports for Fjuckby, Sweden
 Uppsala County Administrative Board

Settlements in Uppsala County
The Copa del Rey is an annual football competition in Spain. The competition was founded in 1903, which makes it the oldest Spanish football competition.

Top goalscorers

Bold indicates an active player.

References

Football competitions in Europe
1903 establishments in Spain
Football in Spain
The Kobuk River (also Kooak, Kowak, Kubuk, Kuvuk, or Putnam)
 is a river in the Arctic region of Alaska, in the United States. The river is about  long, and receives water from about 12,300 square miles (31,850 km2) of land. It is among the largest rivers in Alaska. It flows from the southernmost part of the Brooks Range, a mountain range 700 miles (1,100 km) long.
 Its mouth is at the Kobuk River Delta, which is about  long.

Its watershed, ranging from 0 to 11,400 feet (0 to 3,475 m) above sea level, has a wide variety of landforms, including mountains, plateaus, and plains. The average elevation is . The river's name, in the native Inuit language, means "big river".

The river has been an important part of the lives of nearby people. Native people (the Inuit, Koyukans and others) have used the river as a source of food and transport for over 12,000 years.
 
In 1898, a gold rush called the "Kobuk River Stampede" happened. In 1980, 110 miles (177 km) of the river were deemed the Kobuk Wild and Scenic River.
References 

Rivers of Alaska
The Reichstag was the German parliament during the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich until 1945.  They met in the Reichstag building from 1894 to 1933.  The Reichstag is now called Bundestag. 

Parliaments
For the small fish, go to seahorse

The hippocampus is part of the mammalian brain, and belongs to the limbic system. Humans and other mammals have two, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus is under the cerebral cortex.
It is important in spatial memory and navigation, and helps turn short-term memory into long-term memory. The hippocampus is named after the seahorse because its shape is similar.

In Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. People with extensive, bilateral hippocampal damage may experience anterograde amnesia  the inability to form or retain new memories.

The different neuronal cell types are neatly organized into layers in the hippocampus. It has often been used as a model system for studying neurophysiology. Long-term potentiation (LTP), a neural mechanism for storing memory, was first discovered to occur in the hippocampus.
Hippocampus and memory 
The connection of hippocampus with memory was made by a famous report. This gave the results of the destruction of the hippocampi by surgery (an attempt to relieve epileptic seizures). The unexpected outcome of the surgery was severe anterograde and partial retrograde amnesia. The patient could not form new memories of events after his surgery, and could not remember any events that occurred just before his surgery. However, he did remember events from many years earlier, right back to his childhood.

This case attracted widespread professional interest. Later, other patients with similar damage and amnesia (caused by accident or disease) have also been studied. Thousands of experiments have studied the physiology of changes in synaptic connections in the hippocampus after activity. The hippocampi do play an important role in memory. However, the precise nature of this role remains unclear.
Recent reviews say how the hippocampus puts together our memories of past events, and helps us remember aspects of complex events.

Hippocampus and orientation 
Neurons in the rat hippocampus show activity related to the rat's position in its environment.  As with the memory theory, there is now almost universal agreement that spatial coding plays an important role in hippocampal function, but the details are widely debated.

Studies conducted on freely moving rats and mice have shown that many hippocampal neurons have "place fields", that is, they fire bursts of action potentials when a rat passes through a particular part of the environment. In humans, cells with location-specific firing patterns have been reported in a study. Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy had diagnostic electrodes put in their hippocampus. Then a computer was used to move them around in a virtual reality town.
The discovery of place cells in the 1970s led to a theory that the hippocampus might act as a cognitive map a neural representation of the layout of the environment. The "cognitive map hypothesis" has been further advanced by recent discoveries of direction cells in several parts of the rodent brain which are strongly connected to the hippocampus.

Evolution 

The hippocampus has a generally similar appearance across the mammals from monotremes such as the echidna to primates such as humans. The hippocampal size to body-size ratio increases: it is about twice as large for primates as for the echidna. It does not, however, increase at anywhere close to the rate of the neocortex to body-size ratio. Therefore, the hippocampus takes up a larger fraction of the cortex in rodents than in primates.
Other vertebrates have areas which may be homologous to the hippocampus of mammals. Some insects, and cephalopods such as the octopus, have strong spatial learning and navigation abilities. These appear to work differently from the mammalian spatial system, and have evolved independently of the mammalian system.

References 

Anatomy of the brain
Physiology
Superparamagnetism is a form of magnetism. A superparamagnetic material has many small clusters of magnetic things in its structure, but they are not all pointed the same way, so the material is not magnetic by itself. If a magnetic field is applied to the material, then the clusters change direction to match the magnetic field and the material becomes magnetic. Superparamagnetism is like paramagnetism, except it can happen at near room temperature. It happens when materials are made up of very small parts (1-10 nm).

Magnetism
Safety is a feeling that no bad things will happen. Security avoids things to happen that you don't want to. The police keep public safety, which helps stop crimes from happening. Safety hats protect the head from injury. Houses provide safety from the weather.

The opposite of safety is danger.

Measures 
Safety measures are activities and precautions taken to improve safety. Here are list of common safety measures include:

 Chemical analysis
 Geological surveys to determine whether land or water sources are polluted, how firm the ground is at a potential building site, etc.
 Destructive testing of samples
 Road safety measures

Related pages
Security

Safety
Heidi is a book written by Johanna Spyri, published between 1880 and 1881. It is about a young orphan girl who grows up in the Swiss Alps (mountains in Switzerland) with her grandfather.

Summary 
When her guardians die, Heidi must live in the mountains with her grandfather, Alm-Uncle, who does not like people. He slowly changes and becomes more caring because of Heidi. Then, Heidi must move to Frankfurt, Germany to be the friend of Clara, a girl who is sick and cannot walk. Clara’s grandmother encourages Heidi to learn to read, and she also learns about God. She becomes very homesick, and a kind doctor says that she must return home to her grandfather. Later, Clara visits Heidi in the Alps and becomes strong enough to walk.
Inspiration 
Johanna Spyri wrote this story for her son, Berhard Diethelm Spyri. People and places in the story come from Spyry's own life. Catherine Eayrs, a literary critic, thinks that the village of Dorfli may come from Jenins in Switzerland, a place that Spyri visited as a child, however Dorfli is an actual town in Switzerland. Also, the kindly doctor is similar to Spyri's own father, and Klara's grandmother is a good storyteller, just like Spyri's own mother.

Reception 
Immediately after the book was published, Heidi was popular, both with children and adults. It continues to be popular, and translations are available in more than fifty languages. About 50 million books have been sold. The story has also been told on movie and television. There is even a musical version.

Visitors to Switzerland can visit a tourist village called Heididorf in Maienfeld. The name means "Heidi's village" in German.
Criticism 
Some readers think that one problem of Heidi is that the book teaches the Christian religion. Malcolm Usrey, a literary critic, thinks that nature is as important as Christianity in helping people, because Klara’s paralysis and Heidi’s home sickness are both healed in the “clean air of the Swiss mountains”.

References

Related pages
 Johanna Spyri

Other websites 

 
  (illustrated)

1882 books
Children's books
Hans von Bülow (born Dresden, 8 January 1830 ; died Cairo, 12 February 1894) was a German conductor and pianist.  He was one of the most famous conductors of the 19th century as well as being a famous pianist.  He is especially remembered for his conducting of the operas of Richard Wagner.

Life
Bülow was born in Dresden.  His family belonged to the nobility: he had the title of “Freiherr” (similar to the English Baron).  When he was nine he had music lessons from Friedrich Wieck who was the father of Clara Schumann.   However, his parents said that he had to study law instead of music, and they sent him to Leipzig.
During this time he met Franz Liszt in Weimar and he heard him conduct the music of Wagner.  He decided to study music even though his parents did not want him to.  He went to Zürich where Wagner was living in exile.  Wagner thought he was very talented and got him some conducting jobs.  In 1851 he went to Weimar to study the piano with Liszt.  He worked very hard at his piano technique.  He also wrote articles about music.  Liszt also thought that von Bülow would become a great musician.

In 1853 Bülow made his first concert tour.  He played in Vienna, Pest, Dresden, Karlsruhe, Bremen, Hamburg and Berlin.  He taught the piano in Berlin and gave a lot of support to young composers who had new ideas about music.  He toured as pianist and conductor in Germany and Russia.  In 1857 he married Liszt’s daughter, Cosima.  They had two daughters.
In 1864 he became the Hofkapellmeister in Munich.  This was a very important conducting job and it made him extremely famous.  He conducted the first performances of two Wagner operas: Tristan und Isolde (1865) and Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1868).  These were extremely successful.  Meanwhile Cosima was having a love affair with Richard Wagner.  In 1868 she left her husband to live with Wagner, taking their daughters with her.  She divorced  Bülow, who went to Florence for a while to recover from the shock.  However, he always continued to show great respect for Wagner and continued to conduct his music.  When Wagner died in 1883 he was terribly sad.

In 1872 Bülow toured again.  He visited England and the USA where, as the solo pianist, he gave the first performance (world premiere) of  Tchaikovsky’s Piano Concerto No. 1 in  Boston in 1875.
From 1878 to 1880 he was conductor in Hanover, but had to leave after a quarrel with a tenor.  In 1880 he went to Meiningen where he conducted the orchestra, making it one of the best orchestras in Germany.  He made the players perform from memory.  He often conducted the music of Johannes Brahms.  He thought about every detail of the pieces he conducted.  He liked to have two pianos on the stage so that he could face the audience or have his back to them, whichever he wanted.
During this time he met Richard Strauss in Berlin.  He helped Strauss, who was a young man at the time, to make his music well known

He did new things with his orchestra, such as introducing a double bass with five strings (this is now normal in most European orchestras).  He also introduced timpani with pedals.  In the late 1880s he settled in Hamburg, but continued to tour, both conducting and performing on the piano.
Bülow had health problems which gave him very bad headaches.  He went to warmer countries to try to get better.  He died in a hotel in Cairo, Egypt,  ten months after his last concert performance.

Bülow was not only a conductor and pianist, but also a composer.  His piano compositions are influenced by Liszt.  They are very difficult to play.   He was also very good at writing about music.  He always wrote what he thought, even if it offended some people.

References
New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 

1830 births
1894 deaths
German conductors
German pianists
Musicians from Dresden
Sir Augustus Frederick d'Este, KCH (1794-1848) was the son of Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex and Lady Augusta Murray and the grandson of George III. His parents marriage was in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, which meant that Augustus d'Este was legally considered illegitimate.

1794 births
1848 deaths
British nobility
Michael Dennis Morgan (born December 19, 1946) is an Australian rower, who has competed in the Olympics. He attended Newington College (1957-1965).

References 

1946 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Sydney
Australian rowers
Australian Olympic silver medalists
Roberto Agustín "Rob" Trujillo (born October 23, 1964) is an American musician who is most famous as the bass player for Metallica. He joined the band in 2003. Before that Trujillo played bass for Suicidal Tendencies, Infectious Grooves, Black Label Society, Jerry Cantrell and was a member of Ozzy Osbourne's band.

Music

Black Label Society 
2002:

Jerry Cantrell 
2002: Degradation Trip
2002: Degradation Trip Volumes 1 & 2

Infectious Grooves 
1991: The Plague That Makes Your Booty Move...It's the Infectious Grooves
1993: Sarsippius' Ark
1994: Groove Family Cyco
2000: Mas Borracho

megadeth 
1989: Controlled By Hatred/Feel Like Shit...Déjà Vu
1990: Lights...Camera...Revolution!
1992: The Art of Rebellion
1993: Still Cyco After All These Years
1994: Suicidal for Life

Glenn Tipton 
1997: Baptizm of Fire

Ozzy Osbourne 
2001: Down to Earth
2002: Blizzard of Ozz-reissue
2002: Diary of a Madman-reissue
2002: Live at Budokan

Metallica 
2008: Death Magnetic
2016: Hardwired..
 to Self-Destruct
2023: 72 Seasons
Notes

American guitarists
1964 births
Living people
Musicians from Santa Monica, California
Metallica members
The President of the Indonesia Republic is the head of state of Indonesia. The current President is Joko Widodo.

List of presidents

References
Sergiu Celibidache (; 14 August 1996) was a Romanian conductor.  He was one of the great conductors of his time, living in Germany all his adult life.

His life
Celibidache was born in Romania.  He went to Berlin in 1936 and in 1939 studied there at the Hochschule für Musik.  He got a doctorate by writing about the Renaissance composer Josquin Desprez.  He was lucky very early in his career to be appointed as conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.  He stayed with them until 1952 when Wilhelm Furtwängler returned.  He later worked with radio orchestras in Stockholm, Stuttgart and Paris. He also worked for a time in Britain, as well as touring in Europe and South America.   From 1979 until his death he was music director of the Munich Philharmonic.  He taught at Mainz University in Germany and in 1984 taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  He liked teaching and often let students come to his lessons without having to pay.
Celibidache did not like making recordings, although there are a few recordings of his concerts which have survived.  He was well known for asking for lots of rehearsals, and he rehearsed his orchestras in great detail.  He often chose very slow speeds for the slow movements and very fast speeds for the fast movements.

In Munich he had a long argument with the trombone player Abbie Conant because he did not want her in the orchestra.  Conant thought it was because she was a woman that he did not want her.  The argument lasted for 12 years.

Celibidache died near Paris in 1996 at 84.

References 
New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 

1912 births
1996 deaths
Conductors
Ludwig von Brenner (born Leipzig, 19 September 1833; died 9 February 1902) was a German conductor and composer.

He studied at the Leipzig conservatory. He went to Saint Petersburg to play in the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1872 he returned to Germany and conducted an orchestra called the Berlin Symphony Orchestra.  He then started an orchestra called Neue Berliner Symphoniekapelle.   In 1882 he became the first conductor of a new orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, which was soon to become one of the world's best orchestras. 

1833 births
1902 deaths

19th-century German composers
German conductors
Claudio Abbado (26 June 1933 – 20 January 2014), was an Italian conductor. He conducted many of the world’s greatest orchestras.

Early life
Abbado was born in Milan, Italy. His father played the violin and composed. He started to learn the piano from his father.  He studied music at the Milan Conservatory and often had the opportunity to listen to famous conductors rehearsing, e.g. Arturo Toscanini, Bruno Walter and Wilhelm Furtwängler. He did not like the way that Toscanini shouted and yelled at the orchestra. He knew that he did not want to be like him.

Education
He studied conducting at the Vienna Academy of Music. In 1958, he won the international Koussevitsky competition for conductors. Soon he was invited to conduct in many parts of Italy. In 1963 he won the Dmitri Mitropoulos Competition for conductors. This allowed him to work for five months with the New York Philharmonic.

Career
Career

He first conducted at La Scala in Milan in 1960. He was music director there from 1968 to 1986. He conducted the Vienna Philharmonic for the first time in 1965 in a concert at the Salzburg Festival. He was music director for the Vienna State Opera from 1986 to 1991, where he conducted traditional operas as well as new, 20th-century operas.

He was principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra from 1979 to 1987. In the US, he was principal guest conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra from 1982 to 1986. With both orchestras, Abbado made a number of recordings for Deutsche Grammophon.

In 1989, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra chose Abbado to be their conductor, to succeed Herbert von Karajan. Abbado stayed with them until 2002 when he left because of his bad health, although he returned in 2004 to make several recordings with them.
Abbado has conducted a lot of Romantic music, especially the symphonies of Gustav Mahler. He has conducted many modern works such as Arnold Schoenberg, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Giacomo Manzoni, Luigi Nono, Bruno Maderna, Thomas Adler, Giovanni Sollima, Roberto Carnevale, Franco Donatoni and George Benjamin.

Later career
In 1988, he started the music festival Wien Modern (Vienna Modern). This festival is now not just for modern music but other forms of modern art as well.

Abbado is also well known for his work with young musicians. He started the European Union Youth Orchestra in 1978 and the Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester (Gustav Mahler Youth Orchestra) in 1986.

He often conducted the Chamber Orchestra of Europe and has recently worked with the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar of Venezuela. Abbado was found to have stomach cancer in 2000 and he had a major operation. After he got better he started the Lucerne Festival Orchestra in 2003. He is also music director of the Mozart Orchestra of Bologna, Italy.
Personal life
Abbado's son Daniele is an opera-director. From his relationship with the violinist Viktoria Mullova, he is the father of her oldest child, Misha. His nephew Roberto Abbado is also a conductor.

Death
Abbado died in Bologna on the morning of 20 January 2014 at the age of 80.

References

Other websites

 Claudio Abbado at Deutsche Grammophon
 Claudio Abbado  at Sony BMG Masterworks
 Claudio Abbado discography 

1933 births
2014 deaths
Italian conductors
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Musicians from Milan
A Vernier scale is a way to get a much better result when measuring how long something is or the size of an angle.

Sometimes when measuring things we need to get our measurement as accurate as possible. Accuracy is important in surveying the land, navigation of ships, making parts for machines like car engines, looking at stars and planets in astronomy and when doing experiments in science.

The working of Vernier scale
Length has been measured with a straight ruler for hundreds of years. It measures up to 0.01cm. If the object we are measuring is somewhere in between two of the marks on our ruler then we would have to estimate where between the two marks to take the measurement. A Vernier scale on our ruler does this last fine piece of measuring between the two marks for us.
So , for example if the measurement with our eye said it was between 1.5 and 1.6 centimeters, we would look at the Vernier and we would be able to say the measure is actually 1.57, something it would be vary hard to see with the eye alone.

When measuring angles the same problem occurs and a vernier may be part of a device to measure fine angles in between two of the marks on the scale.

We don't need to be sharp eyed to read the Vernier scale because its marks are almost as big as our main measuring scale. We just count how many marks there are to the next place where there is a mark on both the main and vernier scales that are exactly lined up. That number of marks tells us the size of the small extra measurement.

Tools
Project AWARE Foundation (or Project A.W.A.R.E.) is a nonprofit, worldwide, organization dedicated to "Conserving underwater environments through education, advocacy and action."

Other websites 
 Project AWARE Foundation website

International environmental organizations
1989 establishments in the United States
EarthEcho International is an environmental nonprofit organization founded in honor of Philippe Cousteau, by his children and widow. It is based in Washington, D.C..

Other websites 
"EarthEcho International"

International environmental organizations
Non-profit organizations of Washington, D.C.
William, Prince of Wales,  (William Arthur Philip Louis; 21 June 1982) is a member of the British royal family and the heir apparent to the British throne. He is the oldest son of Charles III and the late Diana, Princess of Wales. He is the second-oldest grandson of Queen Elizabeth II, and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He is first in line to the British throne. He married Catherine Middleton, now Catherine, Princess of Wales, on 29 April 2011. Before his wedding, Prince William was made Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus.

Early life 
Prince William was born at St Mary's Hospital in London. His father is Charles III. His mother was Diana, Princess of Wales. He is the third grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. His mother, Diana, tried to shield Prince William and his younger brother, Prince Harry, from the media.
William and Harry's parents, Diana and Charles, divorced in 1992. The divorce was very controversial and the media was very interested in the personal lives of the royal family. In 1997, Diana died in a car crash.

Education 
Prince William began learning at independent schools then Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory Wetherby School, both in London. Following this, he went to Ludgrove School, and, after passing the entrance exams, he went to Eton College, where he learnt geography, biology, and art history at A-Level.

At Eton, he took part in many sports including Football, basketball, and water polo. He then took a year away from education (a 'gap year') before going to the University of St Andrews. He graduated in 2004, with a degree in geography.
Military 
William graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 15 December 2006; the graduation parade was attended by the Queen and the Prince of Wales, along with other members of the Royal Family, and William officially received his commission as a lieutenant.

With his rank obtained, the Prince, using the name of William Wales, followed his younger brother into the Blues and Royals as a troop commander in an armoured reconnaissance unit, after which he spent four months in training for the post at Bovington Camp, Dorset. He also learned to fly, and became a RAF Search and Rescue pilot.
Marriage to Kate Middleton
On 16 November 2010, it was announced by Clarence House that William and Catherine Middleton were to marry. Catherine was a commoner (not royalty). The couple had met at University of St Andrews. Their engagement began on 16 November 2010. The wedding took place on 29 April 2011 in Westminster Abbey, London. That day was made a bank holiday in the UK. After the wedding, William and Catherine became known as the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.

Children 
On 22 July 2013, Catherine gave birth to a baby boy. On 24 July, it was announced that the baby would be called Prince George of Cambridge, with the full given name of George Alexander Louis.

A daughter, Princess Charlotte of Cambridge, was born on 2 May 2015. She was given the full name of Charlotte Elizabeth Diana.

On 23 April 2018, a second son was born. He was given the full name of Louis Arthur Charles.

Now that William is Prince of Wales his children are all known as Princes/ses "of Wales" rather than "of Cambridge".
In 2020, his brother, Prince Harry decided to leave the royal family with his wife, Meghan. Since then, it has been reported that the relationship between William and Harry has been very tense.

Royal duties 
Prince William has done many public duties for his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, and his father, King Charles III. William and Kate have visited many countries on behalf the royal family. In 2022, they took a tour of the Caribbean Commonwealth realms. The tour attracted a lot of criticism from protestors, who demanded that the royal family apologised for their involvement in slavery. William has also visited Pakistan, Japan, America and Canada.

Future 
As Duke of Cambridge he was second in line to the throne. When his grandmother died he became first in line (Duke of Cornwall) and the next day his father made him Prince of Wales.
Through his mother's line he is descended from numerous dukes. He is also a descendant of Charles II of England and James II of England. If he becomes King, he will be the first monarch descended from Charles I of England since Queen Anne. He is also related to King Henry IV of England. Sir Winston Churchill is also distantly related to William.

Titles 

 21 June 1982- 29 April 2011: His Royal Highness Prince William Arthur Philip Louis  of Wales
 29 April 2011 His Royal Highness The Duke of Cambridge
 8 September 2022 His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall
 In Scotland: His Royal Highness The Duke of Rothesay, His Royal Highness The Earl of Carrick, Lord of the Isles, Baron of Renfrew, His Royal Highness The Earl of Strathearn
 In Northern Ireland Baron of Carrickfergus
 9 September 2022: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales, His Royal Highness The Earl of Chester

Ancestors

Notes

References
Notes

References 

1982 births
Living people
British Army officers
English Anglicans
House of Windsor
People educated at Eton College
People from Paddington
Princes and Princesses of Wales
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Royalty from London
Royal Navy officers
United Kingdom Dukes
Charles III
Sir Simon Denis Rattle CBE,  (born Liverpool, 19 January 1955) is an English conductor. He became internationally famous as the conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra which he made into a world-class orchestra.  Since 1999 he has been the conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic.

Life

Early years 
Rattle was born in Liverpool and studied at Liverpool College.  He learned to play the  piano and the violin.  He started to play in orchestras, but as a percussionist. He went to study at the Royal Academy of Music in London in 1971.  Three years later he won the John Player Conductor Competition. He organised and conducted a performance of Mahler's Second Symphony whilst still at the Academy.  He spent a year studying English Language and literature at St Anne's College, Oxford.

Career in the UK 
In 1974, he was made assistant conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, and in 1977 assistant conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic.
He spent 18 years as conductor of the  City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO), from 1980 to 1998.  During this time he made the orchestra into one of the best European orchestras.  The orchestra used to give their concerts at the Town Hall in Birmingham, but a new concert hall, the Symphony Hall, was opened in 1991.  The BBC made a film about Rattle and the CBSO during his last year with the orchestra.  It was called: Simon Rattle — Moving On.

Rattle was given the award of CBE in 1987 and made a Knight Bachelor in 1994.  In 1992, Rattle was made Principal Guest Conductor of the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment (OAE), together with Frans Brüggen.  Rattle now has the title of Principal Artist with the OAE.  In 2001, Rattle conducted the OAE at Glyndebourne in their first production of Beethoven’s opera Fidelio with a period instrument orchestra.

In May 2006 he was made an Honorary Member of the Society of Arts.
Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra 
The first time Rattle conducted the Berlin Philharmonic (BPO) was in 1987 when he gave a performance of Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 6.  In 1999 Rattle was made chief conductor of the orchestra when Claudio Abbado left.  Before he agreed to take the job he insisted on making some changes to make sure that all the orchestral members were paid fairly and that the orchestra could make its own decisions instead of having to do what the Berlin Senate told them.

Before he left England he said some very critical things about the British attitude to culture, especially to music.  He thought that not enough money was being spent on the arts and that the politicians were not interested in music.
He gave his first concert as principal conductor of the BPO on 7 September 2002, leading performances of Thomas Adès' Asyla and Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 5.  He has done many new things since working in Berlin.  He has continued to conduct the music of many living British composers.  He has formed an educational programme so that young people in Berlin get used to hearing classical music.  Some people have criticised what Rattle has done in Berlin, but many people support him.

Rattle was originally going to stay with the BPO until 2012, but in April 2008 the players decided they want him to stay until 2020

Conducting in North America 
Rattle has toured to many countries during his career.  He has conducted in North America.  In 1979 he conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic (LAP) and was their Principal Guest Conductor from 1981–1994.  He also guest-conducted the Cleveland Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, and Boston Symphony Orchestra.
In 1993, Rattle conducted the Philadelphia Orchestra.  They wanted him to be their chief conductor, but Rattle could not take on the job.  Instead, he often performs as their guest conductor.

Musical styles and recordings 
Rattle has conducted lots of different music, sometimes old music with period instruments, sometimes music by living composers.  He is very well known for his performances of Mahler.   He has won many awards for his recordings.

Personal life 
Rattle has been married three times. He is a fan of Liverpool F.C.

Other websites 
Simon Rattle official website

1955 births
British conductors
Living people
Musicians from Liverpool
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
2020 (twenty twenty) (MMXX) was . The COVID-19 pandemic led to severe global economic and social disruption throughout 2020. The year was also nominated by Time magazine to be one of "the worst years to be alive" in modern history, although the cover article itself did not go as far, instead saying "There have been worse years in U.S. history, and certainly worse years in world history, but most of us alive today have seen nothing like this one."

Events

January
January 2 – The government of New South Wales, Australia, declares a state of emergency and the government of Victoria, Australia declares a state of disaster because of large bushfires that had killed up to 500 million animals.
 January 3 — A U.S. airstrike near Baghdad International Airport kills Iranian military general Qasem Soleimani, fueling the Persian Gulf crisis.
 January 5 – Second Libyan Civil War: Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan announces that Turkish troops will be deployed to Libya on behalf of the United Nations.
 January 7
 Persian Gulf crisis: 56 people are reported killed and over 200 are crushed on by others at the funeral of Qasem Soleimani in the city of Kerman, Iran.
 Sebastian Kurz becomes the Chancellor of Austria for a second time following a coalition agreement with the environmentalist faction of the Austrian Parliament.
January 8 — A plane bound for Ukraine crashes just after taking off from Tehran, Iran, killing all 176 on board. It was later announced that Iran accidentally shot down the plane.
 January 9 — ISIL militants assault a Nigerien military base at Chinagodrar, killing at least 89 Nigerien soldiers.
 January 10 — The Sultan of Oman, Qaboos bin Said, dies aged 79. He is replaced by Haitham bin Tariq.
 January 16 – The impeachment trial of the President of the United States, Donald Trump, starts in the U.S. Senate.
 January 18 – Yemeni Civil War: 111 Yemeni soldiers and five civilians are killed in a drone and missile attack on a military camp near Ma'rib.
 January 26 – Five-time NBA champion Kobe Bryant, his 13 year-old daughter Gianna and seven others are killed in a helicopter crash in Calabasas, California.
 January 28 — President Donald Trump and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announce the Trump peace plan.
January 30 — The World Health Organization declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak a public and national health emergency and concern.
 January 31 — The United Kingdom and Gibraltar leave the European Union.
February 5
 Academy Award-winning actor Kirk Douglas died in Los Angeles, aged 103.
 President Donald Trump is found innocent during his impeachment trial by the U.S. Senate.
 February 11 — 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak: The World Health Organization (WHO) names the disease COVID-19.
 February 13 — NASA publishes a detailed study of Arrokoth, the most distant body ever explored by a spacecraft, which New Horizons passed by on its journey through the Kuiper Belt.
 February 19 — Shootings in Hanau, Germany, leaves eleven people dead and five others wounded.
 February 27 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunges by 1,190.95 points, or 4.4%, to close at 25,766.64, its largest one-day points decline in history. This follows several days of large falls, marking the worst week for the index since 2008, triggered by fears of the spreading coronavirus. This would cause a massive global stock market crash.
February 28 – Ambassadors of all 29 NATO Allies meet in the North Atlantic Council expressing solidarity with Turkey after 33 Turkish soldiers were killed in an air strike by the Syrian government forces during the ongoing Syrian civil war.
 February 29
 A truce is signed between American troops, Afghan troops, and the Taliban.
 Luxembourg becomes the first country in the world to make all public transport free to use.
March 3
 Several tornadoes tear through Nashville, Tennessee, killing 25.
 Adisumarmo International Airport in Solo (Surakarta), Java, Indonesia, is closed after the eruption of Mount Merapi volcano.
 March 4 – Former Secretary-General of the United Nations and Prime Minister of Peru Javier Pérez de Cuéllar dies at the age of 100.
 March 5 – The I.C.C. approves the Afghanistan War Crimes Inquiry to begin, allowing for the first time for U.S. citizens to be investigated.
 March 8 – Italy places 16 million people in quarantine, more than a quarter of its population, trying to stop the spread of coronavirus.
 March 9 – Share prices fall sharply around the world due to an oil price war between Russia and Saudi Arabia, caused by the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell more than 2,000 points. Oil prices fell by as much as 30% in early trading.
 March 11 – 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic: The World Health Organization declares the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.
March 12 – Global stock markets crash three days after Black Monday due to continued concerns over COVID-19 and the U.S. travel ban on the Schengen Area. The Dow Jones Industrial Average went into free fall, closing at over -2,300 points.
 March 13 – The Government of Nepal announced that Mount Everest would closed off from the public and climbers for the rest of the season over concerns rising from the coronavirus pandemic.
 March 14 – Spain goes into lockdown after the country is hard-hit by the COVID-19 pandemic the day before declaring the Alarm Status.
 March 15 – New Zealand cancels the mass gathering marking the first anniversary of the 2019 Christchurch Mosque massacre due to 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.
 March 16 – Oil prices fall into the $20 range, down 10 percent from the previous day amid the coronavirus pandemic, as The Fed cuts interest rates to zero.
 March 17