Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Philadelphia Eagles are an American football team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

The Eagles joined the National Football League in the year 1933. They have appeared in three Super Bowls (XXXIX, XV and LII) and won the Super Bowl LII in 2018, winning the 2017 season. They have won three championships in 1948, 1949, and 1960, besides the one in 2017. Sixteen Eagles players have become Pro Football Hall of Famers. Donovan McNabb was the quarterback for the Eagles from 1999 to 2009. He was traded to the Washington Redskins on April 4, 2010. Michael Vick was also an Eagles quarterback. Jalen Hurts is the current starting quarterback for the Philadelphia Eagles, but Nick Foles guided the win in 2018.

The Eagles were named after the Bald Eagle, a symbol of the U.S.. The city of Philadelphia played a large part in the early history of the United States.

Other websites 
 Official Philadelphia Eagles website

1933 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Pennsylvania
YouTube is an American free, international, video sharing and social networking website and app on the internet. The website lets people upload, view, and share videos. YouTube was founded on February 14, 2005 by three former members of PayPal.  Google (a search engine company) has owned and operated YouTube since 2006. YouTube now carries paid advertisements on all pages.

YouTube's official logo is a white triangle pointing right in a rounded red box. People who commonly upload on YouTube are called YouTubers. YouTube awards people who reach milestones such as 100,000 subscribers with Play Buttons, a metal sheet with the YouTube logo and the channel name on it.
Videos can be rated with likes or dislikes (although the number of dislikes a video has cannot be seen by the public since a 2021 update), and viewers can subscribe to channels they like. Videos can be commented on if viewers log into their own accounts. The number of times a video has been watched, known as "views", are shown. YouTube has another app called YouTube Kids, aimed at children and with less functions, made to protect children.

Many different types of videos can be put onto the website, such as educational content, animations, and events.

There are very popular YouTubers such as MrBeast, PewDiePie and T-Series, which have the most subscribers for a YouTube Channel with over 200 million.

History
On February 14, 2005, three former workers of PayPal founded the site. In November 2006, Google bought YouTube. In 2012, an iOS app was created for YouTube. They changed their logo in 2017.
Videos 
YouTube needed the Adobe Flash Player plug-in to play videos in the past. However, in January 2010, YouTube started using the built-in features of web browsers (HTML5) they removed it early 2015 so people would not need to use Adobe Flash player  to watch videos.

All YouTube users can upload 15-minute long videos. Users who have used the site for enough time and follow the rules can upload videos that are 12 hours long. A user needs to verify the account to do this, however. Everyone could upload long videos when YouTube started, but in March 2006 a ten-minute video limit was put in. The limit was changed to 15 minutes in July 2010. Most video formats can be uploaded to YouTube, and videos can also be uploaded from mobile phones.
Banning 
YouTube is blocked in many schools because it allows children to search for videos that might distract them from their lessons. But at a higher level than schools (and in workplaces), some governments have blocked YouTube access to their country's public. Their reasons vary. Some countries have also banned it. These are listed below.

Iran 
On December 3, 2006, the government of Iran blocked YouTube and several other sites to stop films and music from other countries from being seen.
Turkey 
Turkey blocked YouTube on March 6, 2007 for letting videos that were mean or discriminating to Turks and Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey, to be shown. Because of a "virtual war" between Greeks, Armenians, Kurds and Turks on YouTube, people from each side posted videos to hurt the other. The video that caused the banning said that Turks and Atatürk were gay. The video was first mentioned on Turkish CNN and the Istanbul public prosecutor sued YouTube for being mean to Turkishness. The court suspended access to YouTube while waiting for the removal of the video. The ban was criticized a lot. YouTube lawyers sent proof of removal to court and users could access the website again on March 9, 2007.
Thailand 
During the week of March 8 2007, YouTube was blocked in Thailand. Many bloggers (people who have a "diary" online) believed the reason YouTube was blocked was because of a video of the former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's speech on CNN. However, the government did not confirm or give reasons for the ban. YouTube was unblocked on March 10.

On the night of April 3, YouTube was again blocked in Thailand. The government said it was because of a video on the site that it said was "insulting" to King Bhumibol Adulyadej. The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology claimed that it would unblock YouTube in a few days, after websites with references to this video are blocked instead of the entire website. Communications Minister Sitthichai Pookaiyaudom said, "When they decide to withdraw the clip, we will withdraw the ban." Soon after this incident the internet technology blog Mashable was banned from Thailand over the reporting of the YouTube clips in question.
Brazilian model lawsuit and banning that came after 
YouTube is being sued by Brazilian model and MTV VJ Daniela Cicarelli (better known as Ronaldo's ex-fiancée) because she says that the site is making available a video footage made by a paparazzi (or celebrity photographer) in which she and her boyfriend are having sex on a Spanish beach. The lawsuit says that YouTube has to be blocked in Brazil until all copies of the video are removed. On Saturday, January 6, 2007, a legal injunction (command) ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from going to the website.

The effectiveness of the measure has been questioned, since the video is not available only on YouTube, but rather has become an Internet phenomenon. On Tuesday, January 9, 2007, the same court overturned their earlier decision, ordering the filters to be taken down, even though the footage was still forbidden, but without technical support for its blockage.
Morocco 
On May 25, 2007 the state-owned company Maroc Telecom blocked all access to YouTube. There were no reasons given why YouTube was blocked. But the guesses are that it might have something to do with some pro-separatist group Polisario clips (Polisario is the Western Sahara independence movement) or because of some videos that criticized King Mohammed VI. This block did not concern the other two private internet-providers, Wana and Meditel. YouTube became accessible again on May 30, 2007 after Maroc Telecom unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was only a "technical glitch".

Pakistan 

YouTube was blocked in Pakistan following a decision taken by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority on 22 February 2008 because of the number of "non-Islamic objectionable videos."

Australia 
In Australia, some schools, including all secondary schools in Victoria, have YouTube blocked from student access, after fights have been posted on YouTube.
China 
Currently in China, the government has blocked YouTube. For several years, it has been unblocked but since March 24, 2009 it has been blocked.

Terms of service 
According the site's terms of service, users may upload videos only if they have the permission of the copyright holder and of the people in the video. Pornography, defamation, harassment, commercials, and videos that encourage criminal conduct may not be uploaded. The uploader gives YouTube permission to give out and change the uploaded video for any purpose, and they do not have permission anymore when the uploader deletes the video from the site. Users may view videos on the site but are not allowed to save them on their computers.

Localization
On June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system. The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 104 countries, and a worldwide version.
Testing language
The interface of the YouTube website is available in 76 language versions including Albanian, Amharic, Armenian, Burmese, Khmer, Kyrgyz, Laotian, Mongolian, Persian, and Uzbek, which do have local channel versions.

Criticism

YouTube has been criticized for how poorly they manage user-generated content and because of how a number of their policies are considered unfair to content creators. YouTube has been criticized for not properly handling copyrighted content that is added in uploaded videos. The video recommendation algorithms used in YouTube persistently promote conspiracy theories and false information, as noted by some critics. There is also criticism that there are violent or sexually suggestive content involving popular characters in certain videos falsely claiming to be targeted to children. YouTube has also been criticized for attracting pedophilic comments in videos of minors performing activities.
Because YouTube keeps changing policies on the types of content that is eligible to be monetized with advertising, many content creators are concerned about these frequent changes. YouTube policies restrict certain forms of content from being included in videos being monetized with advertising. This includes videos containing violence, strong language, sexual content, "controversial or sensitive subjects and events, including subjects related to war, political conflicts, natural disasters and tragedies, even if graphic imagery is not shown" (unless the content is "usually newsworthy or comedic and the creator's intent is to inform or entertain"), and videos whose user comments contain "inappropriate" content. However, it is not clear what is the boundaries for what YouTube's policies specifically accept and do not accept. Some content creators also say that YouTube's policies also change too often
. For example, on January 16, 2018, the requirement for a channel to be monetized is to get 4,000 hours of watchtime within the past 12 months and at least 1,000 subscribers. Although YouTube's intent was to avoid monetizing videos of channels seen as controversial, people criticize that this move greatly harms smaller YouTube channels.
After testing earlier in 2021, YouTube removed public display of dislike counts on videos in November 2021, citing its internal research that found users often used the dislike feature as a form of cyberbullying and brigading. While some users praised the move as a way to discourage trolls, others felt that hiding dislikes would make it harder for viewers to recognise clickbait or unhelpful videos, and that other features already existed for creators to limit bullying. Some theorised the removal of dislikes was influenced by YouTube Rewind 2018, which was universally panned and became the most-disliked video on the platform. YouTube co-founder Jawed Karim referred to the update as "a stupid idea", and that the reason behind the change was "not a good one, and not one that will be publicly disclosed." Karim felt that the ability for users on a social platform to identity bad content was essential, saying, "The process works, and there’s a name for it: the wisdom of the crowds
. The process breaks when the platform interferes with it. Then, the platform invariably declines."
References

Further reading

Other websites 

 YouTube.com
 YouTube mobile site
 YouTube Blog
 YouTube founders comment on the Google.com acquisition of YouTube

2005 establishments in the United States
Greenwich  is a district of London. It is the main part of the Borough of Greenwich, about 8.9 km east south-east of Charing Cross.

The Royal Greenwich Observatory is in Greenwich. It was originally built for the Astronomer Royal. The Oservatory created the Greenwich Meridian (0° longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

Greenwich is a town with a long history. It became the site of a royal palace, the Palace of Placentia, from the 15th century. This was the birthplace of many members of the Tudor dynasty, including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The palace became ruined during the English Civil War. It was rebuilt as a hospital by Sir Christopher Wren. These buildings became the a military college in 1873, which lasted until 1998. The town became a popular resort in the 17th century. Many rich houses were built there, such as Vanbrugh Castle (1717). Estates were built above the town centre.

Greenwich was part of Kent until 1889 when the County of London was created.

World heritage site
Maritime Greenwich is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is on the River Thames. The site includes buildings along the riverfront, and surrounding the 17th century Queen's House. The group include the complex of the Royal Hospital for Seamen, the Royal Observatory and the Royal Park.

The Royal Hospital was laid out to a master plan created by Christopher Wren.  The hospital complex was built over many decades. Other architects who added to this long-term project included Nicholas Hawksmoor.

The core of this group of buildings is the Queen's House which was designed by Inigo Jones.  This was the first Palladian building in Britain.

The Royal Observatory is now the baseline for the world's time zone system and for the measurement of longitude around the globe.

The Royal Park is a symmetrical design in an irregular landscape around the buildings of the World Heritage Site.  The park was created by André Le Nôtre.
The park and grounds behind the buildings on the river held the competitions for the horse-related events of the 2012 Summer Olympics.

Public transport
National Rail and Docklands Light Railway services call at Greenwich station.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Your Online Guide to Greenwich 
 Greenwich World Heritage Site — official website 
 Greenwich Tourist Information Centre 
 Greenwich Guide
 Map 

Royal Borough of Greenwich
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 American biographical crime drama movie. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks. The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the 1980 book by Frank Abagnale.

Catch Me if You Can is set in 1963. Frank Abagnale is played by Leonardo DiCaprio. Frank is sixteen years old. Carl Hanratty is played by Tom Hanks. Carl is an FBI investigator. When Frank's parents get divorced, Frank decides to leave his house and to change his name. He buys a pilot uniform and forges (makes a fake copy of) a pilot licence. He travels with PanAm airlines to many countries. He pays with forged cheques in the USA.
Then Frank decides to work as a doctor. He again forges the documents. In the hospital he meets a girl named Brenda Strong. He begins working as a lawyer, so that he can marry Brenda. Brenda's father, Roger Strong is also a lawyer. Now Frank has had 3 jobs, under 3 different names; Frank Abagnale Jr, Frank Taylor and Frank Connors. Carl Hanratty is at the engagement party. Carl reveals to the girls' father who Frank is. In the meantime, Frank tells his fiancé, Brenda the truth about his life and what he has done. Carl searches the house, but Frank has already left. Frank escapes and moves to Mont-de Marson, France where he tries to escape. Carl Hanratty finds him and convinces Frank to come quietly to face his crime. Frank goes quietly with Carl. When Frank leaves jail, he works with Carl Hanratty, helping Carl to catch criminals who forge cheques and other documents.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 An Interview with Leonardo DiCaprio - Movies Feature at IGN
2002 crime drama movies
2000s American biographical movies
American crime drama movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies based on books
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in Louisiana
Movies set in Atlanta
Movies set in Florida
Movies set in France
Movies set in hospitals
Movies set in a movie theatre
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies composed by John Williams
Movies directed by Steven Spielberg
Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany peninsula and the territory between the Seine and Loire rivers

Other websites 
 An Tour Tan- Dorioù Breizh – Breton culture and traditions 
 Gouelioù Breizh - Breton events 
 Sevenadur ha gizioù Breizh e saozneg - Breton culture and traditions in English
 Skol uhel ar vro – High Institute of Brittany - Ti Istor Breizh – The house for the History of Brittany 
 Personelezh Breizh e saozneg - Breton identity in English

Ancient history by country
History of France
Gaul () was the name given in ancient times to the area of Western Europe that included northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river. Many Celtic tribes lived in the region and were known by the Romans simply as "Gauls". 

In English, the word Gaul () may mean a Celtic inhabitant of that region or it may mean all ancient speakers of the Gaulish language.  In this way, "Gaul" and "Celt" are sometimes used in the same sense.

Gauls under Brennus attacked Rome with the Battle of the Allia (390 BC).

Trivia
In Greek, modern-day France is called Γαλλία (same as the Latin Gallia) and the term for a Gaulish person is  Γαλατία (Galatia).

Other websites 
The Gallic Wars
The Danelaw (from the Old English Dena lagu, Danish: Danelagen ) is an 11th-century name for an area of northern and eastern England. This area was under the administrative control of the Danish Viking empire (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century until the early 11th century.

As can be seen from the map, Danelaw at its height was about a third the territory of England. Textbooks say correctly that the history left us with place-names which reflect the old languages.

References 

9th century in England
History of Denmark
11th century in England
Jórvík was the Viking name for the English city of York and the kingdom centred there.

York had been founded as the Roman legionary fortress of Eboracum and revived as the Anglo-Saxon trading port of Eoforwic. It was first captured in November 866 by a large army of Danish Vikings.

Other websites 
 Brenda Ralph Lewis & David Nash Ford, "York: Viking Times" 
Timeline of Anglo-Saxon England 
 Jorvik Viking Centre 
 York Archaeological Trust
 Welcome to Jorvik : links on on-line resources

9th century in England‎
York
The terms lamb, mutton  or hoggett are used to describe the meat of a domestic sheep.  The meat of a sheep a year old or younger is generally known as lamb, whereas the meat of an older sheep is either hoggett or mutton depending on its age and characteristics.  In some countries all such meat is referred to as lamb.  All of these are known as sheepmeats.

The meat of a lamb is taken from the animal between one month and one year old, with a weight of between 5.5 and 30 kilograms.  This meat generally is more tender than that from older sheep and is often eaten more often in some western countries, most often on Easter.

Hoggett and mutton can taste more flavorful than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids; many therefore prefer the stronger flavour of older animals.

References

Meat
A prion (pronounced pree-on) is an infectious protein. The word is short for "proteinaceous infectious particles". 

All known prion diseases in mammals affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue. Right now, they cannot be treated and always end in death.

Prions cause many forms of encephalitis, or brain disease, such as scrapie, chronic wasting disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and kuru. Prions work by changing the shape of proteins in infected animals. While normal proteins have lots of alpha helices, or twisted parts, changed proteins have lots of beta sheets, or flat parts. It has also been suggested that Alzheimer's disease causes damage to the prions. 

Because prions are proteins, and proteins cannot reproduce themselves, it is a mystery how prions work. A lot of molecular biology research is going on to find out how they reproduce themselves, with no clear result so far.

Related pages
 Prion disease

References 

Proteins
Hashish is a sticky, thick, dark-colored resin (plant juice) which is made from the flower of the female cannabis plant, Cannabis sativa. The cannabis plant's leaves and flowers contain chemicals known as cannabinoids. One cannabinoid is THC, which gives a person who smokes or eats parts of the cannabis plant a feeling of euphoria (makes the user feel good or happy). Another cannabinoid is CBD, which gives the user a relaxing feeling, and another is CBG which gives the user red or droopy eyes. The name hashish comes from an Arabic word meaning dry weed.

The two main drugs made from the cannabis plant are marijuana and hashish. Hashish has much more of the chemical THC (which makes users feel good or happy) than marijuana. Hashish is an illegal drug in the United States, UK and many other countries. Some people think it should be legal, some think it should be legal only for medical reasons, and some think it should not be legal at all.
Production and use 
To make hashish, workers rub cannabis blossoms with their hands to get the resin to stick to their hands, and then the resin is collected. Another way to make hashish is to sift the ground-up, dried leaves through a screen and press the powder resin to make a "brick".

A more modern method of producing hashish is through alcohol extraction. In this method cannabis plants are ground up and covered in isopropyl alcohol or butane and left to sit. The mixture is then dried until the alcohol is gone, leaving the active terpenoid and terpene compounds which can be used immediately or cooked into bricks.

When a person wants to use hashish, they usually smoke it by putting a small piece of hashish in a joint with tobacco or marijuana. Then the person lights the paper roll with a flame and inhales the smoke that comes out, exhaling 1-3 seconds after holding in the smoke.
Another way that people use hashish is by putting a small piece of hashish in a pipe or bong (water pipe) then putting it on fire, and breathing the smoke. Some people also eat hashish, usually by mixing it into food or baked goods.

Legality
The legality of hashish use is different in different countries.

Australia
Cannabis and sometimes hashish is legal for strict medicinal use such as cancer patients, terminally ill, epileptics and insomniacs. In Canberra however, cannabis is now legal for adults 18+ since 2019. Before this, it was only decriminalised in Canberra.
America
In the US, there are state and federal laws that do not agree if cannabis is legal or not. Some states such as Colorado and California are completely legal for use of cannabis in all forms including flower, hashish, edibles, tinctures, hash oil and even flavoured or alcoholic drinks for adults 21 or over excluding some laws for the quantity you can possess, distribution and where you can smoke in these states. In other states, cannabis in all forms excluding perhaps Cannabis Ruderalis (hemp) is only legal for medicinal use but much less strict than Australia for example. In some other states cannabis is classed as a Schedule 1 drug meaning severe and unreasonable punishments for possession, use and distribution.
Netherlands
Hashish is not legal in the Netherlands, but there are no criminal laws against having a small amount of cannabis (marijuana or hashish). This is because the Netherlands decided that having cannabis should not be a crime. Some other countries are starting to "decriminalize" and even completely legalise cannabis as (make using it or having it no longer be a crime).

Effects

The effects of hashish are typically the same as cannabis although less is consumed to reach the same level of intoxication if it isn't "soapbar" hash.

Effects of hash and weed cause the following effects depending on how much is consumed. Although Sativa strains will normally cause a higher ratio of trippy and heart raising effects than Indica and Indica strains normally will have a higher ratio of sedating and narcotic effects than a Sativa strain, both cause relatively the same effects, just a higher ratio of "trip" effects from sativas than indicas and higher ratio of sedation and mood relief from indicas than sativas.
Repetitive lifestyle
Excluding smoking risks, smoking hashish and weed all the time can potentially help someone to be caught up in a repetitive loop of habits in life, some which may be unhealthy. Quitting, doing more productive things or tripping on a serotonin psychedelic can help reset these habits but that is another topic all together.
Cardiovascular risk
It is unknown whether hash or cannabis can be dangerous for people with a severely damaged or weak heart but the increase of heart rate and lower blood pressure caused by being stoned can certainly cause potential short-term problems especially if the person has a panic attack for whatever reason (thinking they're having a heart attack, wanting the effects to disappear or paranoid thoughts about specific things). This coupled with the already elevated heart rate seems like it can certainly cause problems for people with "bad" hearts, but it's still not proven as there's still been (of January 2020) absolutely no certain recorded deaths caused by only cannabis. There has been a couple reports of cardiac arrest, but most or all of these reports contain at least one other potential factor.
Potential overdosing
In general, THC smoked or orally consumed, upwards of 3 grams seems to be relatively safe even though 3 grams of pure THC is around 100 moderately strong edibles. However, smoking cannabis seems to be physically impossible to lethally overdose for someone relatively healthy. Many people smoke grams of hash oil at a time, wanting to achieve a state that "no man's gone before", with the absolutely worst thing happening is a pale face, vomiting, and inability to move as much as usual.
If a ridiculously high dose of cannabis is consumed such as in edibles in doses of a gram +/-, then the user can technically overdose, although it isn't lethal.
The "overdose" can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, hallucinations (unique compared to any other class of hallucinogens), disorientation, strong sedation, pale skin, sleeping (up to 12 hours), and in rare cases short comas (up to 2 days). The person experiencing the "overdose" generally ends up fine. In bad cases, they may end up in a hospital from thinking they're in danger, or for someone else mistaking their symptoms as dangerous.
Most other illegal drugs, such as heroin, crack, and cocaine, are very addictive. This means that someone with an addictive personality, or someone that has no worries or knowledge of side effects of the addictive drug they're about to do, starts regularly taking an addictive drug (heroin, meth, or cocaine), the person will want to keep taking more of the drug, even if it is making them sick with or without it. Legal drugs such as tobacco, caffeine and alcohol are also found to be addictive, tobacco the most. Tobacco can be just as bad, if not, worse of an addiction than methamphetamine. The tobacco user will typically go buy some more cigarettes or pick up used butts to smoke if they run out. If the meth user runs out, they have no easy legal source to get it, and if they have no money they can't just pick up a dirty second hand "meth butt" (no such thing) off anywhere on the ground
. The addiction is as strong as tobacco, that they "need" it, so many of them end up breaking into people's houses and cars to steal money and possessions to trade for more, which tobacco users do not tend to do. Tobacco users do tend to smoke much more often, however.
Hashish and cannabis are not physically addictive like heroin, cocaine and cigarettes; however, users may develop a psychological addiction.

Long-term side effects
 Reduced anadamide levels in the endocannabinoid system within the brain and body (temporary if cannabis use stops)
 Lung damage/throat damage (temporary or permanent)
 Weakened or strengthened immune system (usually temporary when cannabis use stops)
 More content with life, which may cause less motivation for things that are good for you that requires effort (usually temporary if cannabis use is seized, if experienced)
 Thick, shorter shooting male ejaculation (temporary until use stops)
 Drier vagina (usually when stoned)
 Sleep pattern issues (you may need to try to fix them or you may need help fixing your sleep cycle.)
 Less predictable menstrual cycle (temporary until use stops)
Slang terms
Hashish is often just called "hash". There are other variations of hashish such as temple balls, dry sift, kief, pressed hash, and bubble hash. If you hear any of these terms, the person is talking about a specific type of hash. Slang terms vary from country to country. There are many slang terms for hashish smoking, such as "getting faded", "getting stoned as fuck", "blown away", "baking up", "getting baked", "blazing" etc., all of them same terms are used interchangeably with smoking weed as they both get you to a very similar state of mind. Although most hash smokers if they have hash will more likely say something simple rather than slang like "let's smoke some hash" unless they're talking about how high they want to get.

Related pages
 Illegal drugs
 Cannabis
 Marijuana

References

Cannabis
William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1782 to 1783, 1783 to 1801 and 1804 to 1806. He was prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 1801, and again from 1804 until his death. He is known as "William Pitt the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, William Pitt the Elder, who also served as prime minister. He became the youngest prime minister in 1783 at the age of 24. During his time as prime minister, the kingdom of Ireland joined with Great Britain and both kingdoms became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801. Pitt continued to be prime minister in the new Parliament of the United Kingdom. Known as "William Pitt Jr.", unlike his father and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, William Pitt Sr.
The period of William Pitt Jr.'s presidency was during the reign of King George III and was accompanied by significant events in Europe, such as the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.

Pitt is often considered a Conservative party, but he considered himself non-partisan and generally opposed a strict party political system.
Value 
William Pitt was the youngest Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and died at the age of 46, leaving no children or wife. He was an influential and talented politician of the country, enjoyed the support of voters and especially the support of the monarch. In the then political system of Great Britain, the king still played a significant role in the political life of the country, and the king's commitment to Pitt allowed him to remain at the head of government for a long time. Pitt's main credit is his financial reforms, reduction of government debt after the war with the United States, and changes in the tax system. Despite some setbacks, especially with regard to parliamentary reform, William Pitt is considered one of the country's great prime ministers, primarily for his political acumen and ability to pursue his own policies despite opposition protests.

References

Notes

Other websites 
 1791 Caricature of William Pitt by James Gillray
1759 births
1806 deaths
Chancellors of the Exchequer
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Politicians from Kent
Prime Ministers of Great Britain
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, novelist, playwright, screenwriter,  and critic. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1964, but refused it, saying "a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution". He was a Marxist and an atheist.

Sartre's life 
Sartre was born in Paris, France. He studied philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure, an élite (high quality) education establishment. In 1929, Sartre graduated with a doctorate in philosophy. Sartre served in the French Army from 1929 to 1931.

In 1929 at the École Normale, he met Simone de Beauvoir, who studied at the Sorbonne. She went on to become a noted philosopher, writer, and feminist. The two became inseparable and lifelong companions. In 1938, Sartre wrote the novel called La Nausée (Nausea). This story explains the way of thinking of existentialism. Existentialism is a way of thinking about human freedom.
Draft to the army
In 1939 Sartre was drafted into the French army. France was at war with Germany, because Germany had invaded France (World War II) Sartre was captured by German troops in 1940, and Sartre spent nine months as a prisoner of war in a camp. Sartre was released from the prison camp (jail) in 1941. He then began working as a teacher again. He made friends with other writers and thinkers such as Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Toussaint and Dominique Desanti, and Jean Kanapa.

1940s
In 1943, Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called L'Être et le Néant, which means Being and Nothingness. In this book, Sartre said that when people tried too hard to conform to the rules of society (or of their country), then people did not really make their own decisions. And he concluded that life is useless disaster.
In 1945, Sartre started a newspaper called Les Temps Modernes (Modern Times), which had articles about politics, art and literature. He also began writing a group of novels (stories) called Les Chemins de la Liberté (The Roads to Freedom). In 1946 Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called Existentialism is a Humanism, which explains existentialism.

After 1950s
In the 1950s and 1960s, Sartre became involved in politics. Sartre said that France should leave Algeria, a country where France had many soldiers. In the 1960s, Sartre said that the Vietnam War was bad. In 1960, he wrote the Critique de la raison dialectique (Critique of Dialectical Reason). In the 1960s, Sartre had many arguments with Louis Althusser, a man who also believed in communism.

Death
Sartre died of oedema of the lung in 1980 in Paris. His body is buried in Cimetière du Montparnasse in Paris. His funeral was attended by 50,000 people.

References
References 

1905 births
1980 deaths
20th-century French philosophers
Continental philosophers
French atheists
French Nobel Prize winners
French novelists
French playwrights
Marxists
Writers from Paris
John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. (; February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an American writer. Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1962. Some of his most famous works are Of Mice and Men (1937) and The Grapes of Wrath (1940), which won a Pulitzer Prize. In these two books, Steinbeck writes about migrant workers during the Great Depression.

Steinbeck used naturalism in his books. His characters and stories came from real events from the early 20th century. His work shows his wide range of interests, such as politics, history, philosophy and mythology.

Seventeen of his works were made into Hollywood movies. Steinbeck also tried screen writing, which is writing for movies. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Writing in Alfred Hitchcock's 1945 movie, Lifeboat.
Early life 
Steinbeck was born to John Ernst Steinbeck Sr., a first-generation German American. He attended Stanford University until 1925 when he left the university in order to become a writer. His first work, Cup of Gold, came out four years later, but was not successful. He married Carol Henning the following year.

Steinbeck first gained success with the novel Tortilla Flat in 1935. The story was about two men living in Monterey, California during the Great Depression. The book won the California Commonwealth Club's gold medal. It was made into a movie seven years later, starring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr, and John Garfield.
Steinbeck continued to write on the subject of the Great Depression. Two years later, Steinbeck wrote Of Mice and Men, considered as one of the best works of American literature in the twentieth century. His story dealt with the lives of two migrant laborers with big dreams in California. It was turned into a Hollywood movie in 1939, starring Lon Chaney Jr. as "Lennie" and Burgess Meredith as "George". That year, Steinbeck followed up with another book, The Grapes of Wrath. The book is about the Joad family and their travels from Oklahoma to California during the Dust Bowl in search of work. The novel won the Pulitzer Prize and movie adaptation won two Academy Awards, and is ranked #7 on the American Film Institute's list, 100 Years...100 Cheers: America's Most Inspiring Movies. There was controversy with the book, though. Many people felt that Steinbeck's liberal opinions misrepresented the truth of Dust Bowl migrations
. He had this student that his name was Oscar Perez and they would both do the job together.
Later life 
Steinbeck continued to write from 1940s to 1960s. He wrote such works as The Moon is Down, The Pearl, Cannery Row, East of Eden and The Winter of Our Discontent. In 1962, Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize in Literature for "his realistic and imaginative writing, combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception."

Two years later, he was awarded the United States Medal of Freedom by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Steinbeck died on December 20, 1968 in New York at the age of 66, of a heart disease.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 National Steinbeck Center in Salinas, CA
 John Steinbeck Collection - Ball State University Archives and Special Collections Research Center 
 
 Nobel Laureate page
 1989 Audio Interview with Robert Demott talking to Don Swaim about John Steinbeck, RealAudio 
 1989 Audio Interview with Elaine Steinbeck talking to Don Swaim about John Steinbeck, RealAudio 
 FBI file at The Smoking Gun
 A Tour of John Steinbeck's "Valley of the World" 
 Biography of John Steinbeck 

American Nobel Prize winners
American novelists
American screenwriters
Pulitzer Prize winners
Writers from California
People from Monterey County, California
1902 births
1968 deaths
Akira Kurosawa (March 23, 1910 – September 6, 1998) was a Japanese movie director. Kurosawa's movies are liked in Japan. Kurosawa's movies are also liked by people in other countries. He made 30 movies in 50 years. He is thought to be one of the most important movie directors.

In many of his famous movies, including Rashomon and The Seven Samurai, he worked with the actor Toshiro Mifune.

Kurosawa started in the Japanese movie industry in 1936.  Before he worked a little bit as a painter. After years of working on many movies as an assistant director and scriptwriter, he became a director in 1943.  This was during World War II with the popular action movie Sanshiro Sugata (a.k.a. Judo Saga).
Rashomon, was first shown in Tokyo in August 1950.  On September 10, 1951 it was the surprise winner of the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival.  It then was shown in Europe and North America. Because the movie was so well liked, it made people in the western world want to see more Japanese movies.  This helped make other Japanese movie makers become successful. In the 1950s and early 1960s, Kurosawa directed about one movie each year.

In 1990, he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement. After he died, he was named "Asian of the Century" in the "Arts, Literature, and Culture" category by AsianWeek magazine and CNN.

Akira Kurosawa known for influential, character-rich films exploring morality, often collaborating with Toshiro Mifune. His work blends Japanese tradition with dynamic visuals, symbolism, and humanism.

Related pages 
 Mikio Naruse

References

Other websites 

 Akira Kurosawa's grave
1910 births
1998 deaths
Japanese screenwriters
Movie directors from Tokyo
Movie editors
Japanese movie producers
Science fiction movies are movies which tell stories about the future, outer space, robots, or aliens. Science fiction movies often use special effects to show images of alien worlds or other planets far away.

Science fiction movies are related to science fiction books. Some science fiction movies tell stories about strange or different ways of thinking or ways of living. Other science fiction movies tell stories about the survival.
Important science fiction novels and films 
All written as books, most later filmed.
 The Time Machine (1895), a book by H.G. Wells
 A Trip to the Moon (French: Le Voyage dans la lune) was made by Georges Méliès in 1902. It was one of the first SF films.
 The Lost World by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1912. Dinosaurs still alive on large plateau in South America.
 Metropolis is a silent film about a society in the future. That society has two groups: rich thinkers and poor workers. Fritz Lang made the film in 1927.
 I, Robot by Isaac Asimov. 1950.
 The Foundation series: 1951 to 1986.
 Jurassic Park was originally a novel by Michael Crichton in 1990.
 2001: A Space Odyssey is a film by Stanley Kubrick. The film shows ideas about human evolution and artificial intelligence. It was released in 1968.
 Star Wars movies are amongst the highest grossing science fantasy movies of all time.
 Many works in print by Isaac Asimov are science fiction rather than fantasy.
Science fiction movies and other genres
Some SF movies can also be another kind of movie, too.
 Alien is also a horror movie.
 The Road Warrior is both a science fiction movie and an action movie.
 Men in Black is comedy and science fiction.

References

 

nl:Sciencefiction#Film en televisie
Reading is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania. It is the fifth largest city in Pennsylvania with 95,112 at the 2020 count. It is located in Berks County.  There were more jobs when it was more populated.  Yuengling is available as well.

References

Cities in Pennsylvania
County seats in Pennsylvania
Swanage is a seaside town on the east-south coast of England. The town in Dorset that has a population of around 10,001 people. The town has a wide range of tourist attractions: a steam Railway, Durlston Country Park (Nature reserve), Victorian Pier, two public swimming pools, tennis courts, Indoor & Outdoor bowling greens, and Corfe Castle.

Towns in Dorset
The Old English language, often called Anglo-Saxon, was spoken in Anglo-Saxon England from 450 AD to 1100 AD. It was spoken by the Anglo-Saxons, who came to Great Britain from what is now Germany and Denmark. Different Anglo-Saxon kingdoms spoke different dialects, but a western dialect became the main literary version. Both modern languages of England and Scotland (English and Scots) came from the language of the Anglo-Saxons.

Old English is very different from Modern English and has many more Germanic words. In early centuries, it was rarely written down and even then was in runes. After the 9th century, the Latin alphabet was used more often. Old English grammar is difficult, with complex inflections, and close to Old German. Latin was used by churchmen like the venerable Bede. Old English gradually turned into Middle English after the Norman Conquest of 1066.

Beowulf is written in Old English in an alphabetic script.

Other websites 

 Old English -Citizendium

English language
West Germanic languages
Scottish people or Scots are people native to Scotland or who are descended from a native of Scotland.  They almost all speak Scottish English, but some of those living in the Highlands and the islands may speak the Scottish Gaelic (a Gaelic language) as well.

Robert Burns is the national poet of Scotland.

References 

Celtic peoples
Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom
Hungen is a town in the district of Gießen, in the state of Hesse, Germany. It is  southeast of Gießen. It is  northeast of Friedberg. Other towns near Hungen are Laubach Nidda, Wölfersheim and Münzenberg.

The first documented mention of Hungen is in the year 782. In 1806 it became part of the Grand Duchy of Hessen.

Interesting buildings in Hungen are the Hungen Castle, the Evangelical Church, and the Hauptbahnhof, (the main railroad station). Also in Hungen can be seen parts of the town's medieval boundary wall.

Hungen in the media
My Opposition: The Diaries of Friedrich Kellner: The railroad station of Hungen can be seen in this 2007 Canadian documentary. Robert Scott Kellner came to Hungen in 1960 to search for his grandfather, Friedrich Kellner. Friedrich Kellner was the chief justice inspector of Laubach. He wrote the Friedrich Kellner Diary. Robert Scott Kellner is the English translator of the diary.

References

Other websites

Giessen (district)
Towns in Hesse
Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof is the central railway station in the German city of Bremerhaven, Bremen.

The station lies on the line from Bremen to Cuxhaven. The line from Bremen was built in 1862, and a station for that was built in Geestemünde. At the time, Geestemünde did not belong to Bremerhaven, but was a separate town. The line from Geestemünde to Cuxhaven was then built in 1896. 

Because there were too many trains in the old station and it is connected only with single-track, it was decided to knock down the old station. The new station, which is now Bremerhaven Central railway station, was opened in 1914. Because it still was in Geestemünde, but not as far away as the old station, it was called Geestemünde-Bremerhaven. 
In 1924, some other towns joined Bremerhaven, and the city got a new name, Wesermünde. The station got a new name, Wesermünde-Bremerhaven, because of that.
In 1944, in the middle of World War II, the hall over the railway tracks was destroyed by a bomb that was thrown from an American plane. The hall was not built again after the war.

Wesermünde received another name and was called Bremerhaven from 1947, and the station received the new name too and was now called Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof. That means "Bremerhaven Central railway station", and it was called that way because it was now in the middle of the new, large city.
Electric cables were put in the station in 1966, so that electric trains could run. Trains that were carrying soldiers of the US Army often ran to Bremerhaven in the 1970s, because the US Army had large barracks in the city.

1914 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Germany
Bremen (state)
Railway stations in Germany
A duchy is a territory or domain ruled by a duke or duchess.  Historically, some duchies in Continental Europe were sovereign, while others (especially in France and Britain) were subordinate districts of a kingdom. 

Traditionally, a grand duchy, such as Luxembourg, was generally independent and sovereign. Sovereign duchies were common in the Holy Roman Empire and German-speaking areas. In France, a number of duchies existed in the medieval period. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom still holds the medieval French title of Duke of Normandy; the only lands still attached to the Duchy of Normandy are the Channel Islands. 

In medieval England, the territories of Lancashire and Cornwall were made duchies, with certain powers given to their Dukes. 

Today, duchies aren't very common in Europe, primarily because a lot of former monarchies such as France and Russia had their revolutions. However, duchies will always be remembered - in our history textbooks.
Other websites 
The Duchy of Cornwall - On the Prince of Wales' official web-site
Tyr Gwyr Gweryn  The Duchy charters, Cornish foreshore case and much more in full

Forms of government