Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
State symbols:
 State bird: Scissortail flycatcher
 State tree: Eastern Redbud
 State mammal: American Bison
 State beverage: Milk
 State game bird: Wild Turkey
 State fish: Sandbass
 State floral emblem: Mistletoe
 State flower: Oklahoma Rose
 State wildflower: Indian Blanket (Gaillardia pulchellum)
 State grass: Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans)
 State rock: Rose rock
 State insect: Honeybee
 State soil: Port Silt Loam
 State reptile: Collared Lizard
 State amphibian: Bullfrog
 State butterfly: Black Swallowtail
 State song: "Oklahoma!"
 State vegetable: watermelon

References

Other websites

 Oklahoma's official web site
 Oklahoma Department of Human Services
 Oklahoma Tourism Board 
 Oklahoma City Convention and Visitors Bureau
 Oklahoma City History 
 Oklahoma QuickFacts Geographic and Demographic information 
 2000 Census Oklahoma Demographics Information

 
1907 establishments in the United States
Terry Jacks (born March 29, 1944) is a Canadian musician. He was born and raised in Winnipeg. He now works as an environmental activist.

Jacks is most famous for his song "Seasons in the Sun". The song was ranked number one in multiple countries in 1974. It is one of the fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million copies worldwide.

Studio albums
 Seasons in the Sun (1974)
 Y' Don't Fight the Sea (1975)
 Pulse (1983)
 Just Like That (1987)
 Starfish on the Beach (2015)

References

1944 births
Living people
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian rock singers
Canadian environmentalists
Musicians from Winnipeg
Sark is one of the Channel Islands. About 600 people live on Sark. Sark also has its own language called "Sercquiais". Only 400 people speak it. No cars are allowed on Sark. People must either walk, go on a bicycle, or go by horse and cart.

Their parliament is called the Chief Pleas.  It started in 1579.  It manages its own health, education and transport.

In 1993, the Barclay brothers bought the lease of the island of Brecqhou off the coast. They went to law to challenge the way the island was run. In 2007 they bought  four of the island’s six hotels, one of the two pubs and one side of the main shopping street. They invested a lot of money.

References

Islands of the Channel Islands
Robert Crumb (born August 30, 1943) is a famous American cartoonist and musician. He founded the underground comics movement in the 1960s and early 1970s. He is most famous for the album cover for Big Brother and the Holding Company's Cheap Thrills, the catchphrase "Keep on Truckin'" and Fritz the Cat, which was made into a movie without his approval. He also collects 78 rpm phonograph records and plays the mandolin. He was the subject of an award-winning documentary movie made in 1994 called Crumb.

American animators
Musicians from Philadelphia
Writers from Philadelphia
American cartoonists
1943 births
Living people
Renée Kathleen Zellweger (born April 25, 1969) is an American actress, producer and voice artist. She won two Academy Awards for her role in the movie Cold Mountain and as Judy Garland in Judy. She has acted in many movies, including Jerry Maguire, Bridget Jones's Diary, Chicago and Cinderella Man.
Early life
Zellweger was born in Katy, Texas. Her father, Emil Erich Zellweger, is from a small town in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland, and is a mechanical and electrical engineer who worked in the oil refining business. Her mother, Kjellfrid Irene (née Andreassen), a native of Norway, is of Norwegian, Finnish, Swedish, and possible Sámi, ancestry. Kjellfrid grew up in Kirkenes and Ekkerøy, and is a nurse and midwife who moved to the United States to work as a governess for a Norwegian family in Texas. Zellweger has described herself as being raised in a family of "lazy Catholics and Episcopalians". 
Zellweger took acting classes because she wanted to make certain she graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a literature degree.

Acting career
Zellweger appeared in many television shows, for example A Taste for Killing and Shake, Rattle and Rock. Her first part in a movie was in Dazed and Confused followed by Ben Stiller’s Reality Bites.
Movies
 Cinderella Man (2005)
 Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004)
 Shark Tale (2004)
 Cold Mountain (2003)
 Down with Love (2003)
 Chicago (2002)
 White Oleander (2002)
 Bridget Jones's Diary (2001)
 Nurse Betty (2000)
 Me, Myself and Irene (2000)
 The Bachelor (1999)
 One True Thing (1998)
 Jerry Maguire (1996)
 Empire Records (1995)
 Shake, Rattle and Rock! (1994)

Awards 
 Academy Awards
 Best Supporting Actress: Cold Mountain (2004)

 Golden Globe Awards
 Best Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture: Cold Mountain (2004)
 Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: Chicago (2003)
 Best Performance by an Actress-Comedy/Musical: Nurse Betty (2001)

References

Other websites
 

1969 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Texas
American movie actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Singers from Texas
American movie producers
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Katy, Texas
Meryl Streep (born Mary Louise Streep; June 22, 1949) is an American actress. She has appeared in many movies, including Falling in Love, The Bridges of Madison County, and The House of Spirits. She was born in New Jersey. Streep is considered one of the best actresses of her time. She has won three Academy Awards and has been nominated for twenty-one in total. President Barack Obama awarded her the 2010 National Medal of Arts.
Streep was born in Summit, New Jersey. Her mother, Mary Wolf (née Wilkinson; 1915–2001), was a commercial artist and an art editor, and her father, Harry William Streep, Jr. (1910–2003), was a pharmaceutical executive. She has two brothers, Dana David and Harry William III. Her patrilineal ancestry traces back to Loffenau, Germany, from where her second great-grandfather, Gottfried Streep, emigrated to the United States, and where one of her ancestors served as mayor. Another line of her father's family was from Giswil in the canton of  Obwalden, a small town in Switzerland. Her mother had English, German, and Irish ancestry. Some of Streep's maternal ancestors lived in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island, and were descended from 17th century immigrants from England. Her eighth great-grandfather, Lawrence Wilkinson, was one of the first Europeans to settle Rhode Island
. Streep is also a distant relative of William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, and records show that her family is among the first purchasers of land in the state. One of Streep's maternal great-grandmothers, Grace Strain, was from Creeslough, County Donegal, Ireland.
Personal life
Streep is married to Don Gummer since September 30, 1978. They have four children, son Henry Wolf Gummer (born November 13, 1979) and daughters Mary Willa Gummer (born August 3, 1983), Grace Jane Gummer (born May 9, 1986), and Louisa Jacobson Gummer (born June 12, 1991).

References

Other websites

1949 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners 
Kennedy Center honorees
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Vassar College alumni
A bench is a kind of chair, a place where people can sit.  Benches are long and often found outside, and more than one person can sit on them.  Benches are usually made of wood, metal, stone, and other synthetic things.  Many benches have no back. 

Furniture
Street furniture
This is a list of national anthems.
This list shows the country on the left, the national anthem in the middle, and the meaning in English on the right. The names of states that do not exist anymore, or that are not independent nations, or the names of state organisations are italicized. There are many countries over the world who have a national anthem of their own.
A
 Acadia - Ave Maris Stella (Star of the Sea, We Hail Thee)
 Afghanistan - Mili Thirana
 Åland - Ålänningens sång (The Ålander's Song)
 African Union - African Union Anthem
 Alaskan Republic - The Star-Spangled Banner
 Albania - Hymni i Flamurit (Hymn to the Flag)
 Algeria - Kassaman (We Pledge)
 American Samoa - Amerika Samoa
 Andalusia - Himno Nacional de Andalucía, (Andalusian National Anthem)
 Andorra - El Gran Carlemany (The Great Charlemagne)
 Angola - Angola Avante (Forward Angola)
 Antigua and Barbuda - Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee
 Argentina - Himno Nacional Argentino (Argentine National Anthem)
 Armenia - Mer Hayrenik (Our Fatherland)
 Aruba - Aruba Dushi Tera (Aruba Precious Country)
 Australia - Advance Australia Fair
 Austria - Land der Berge, Land am Strome (Land of Mountains, Land on the River)
 Azerbaijan - National Anthem of the Republic of Azerbaijan
B
 The Bahamas - March On, Bahamaland
 Bahrain - Bahrainona (Our Bahrain)
 Bangladesh - Amar Sonar Bangla (My Golden Bengal)
 Barbados - In Plenty and In Time of Need
 Basque Country - Eusko Abendaren Ereserkia (Anthem of the Basque Homeland)
 Bavaria - Bayernhymne (Gott mit Dir Du Land der Bayern) (Hymn of Bavaria / God be with you, land of Bavarians)
 Belarus - My Belarusy (We, the Belarusians)
 Belarusian National Republic - Vajacki mars (Come, We Shall March in Joint Endeavor)
 Belgium - The Brabançonne (The Song of Brabant)
 Belize - Land of the Free
 Benin - L'Aube Nouvelle (The Dawn of a New Day)
 Bharata - Jana Gana Mana (Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People)
 Bhutan - Druk tsendhen (The Thunder Dragon Kingdom)
 Biafra - Land of the Rising Sun
 Bolivia - Bolivianos, el hado propicio (Bolivians, A Favourable Destiny)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina - Intermeco; Formerly: Jedna i Jedina (One and Only)
 Botswana - Fatshe leno la rona (Blessed Be This Noble Land)
Brazil - Hino Nacional Brasileiro (Brazilian National Anthem)
 Brittany - Bro Goz ma Zadoù (Land of My Fathers)
 Brunei - Allah Peliharakan Sultan (God Bless the Sultan)
 Bulgaria - Mila Rodino (Dear native land)
 Burkina Faso - Une Seule Nuit (One Single Night)
 Burundi - Burundi bwacu (Beloved Burundi)
C
 Cambodia - Nokoreach
 Cameroon - Chant de Ralliement (Rallying Song)
 Caminemos pisando las sendas de nuestra inmensa felicidad - Let Us Walk Treading the Paths of Our Immense Happiness
 Canada - O Canada; Royal Anthem: God Save the Queen
 Cape Verde - Cântico da Liberdade
 Catalonia - Els Segadors (The Reapers)
 Cayman Islands - Beloved Isles Cayman
 Central African Republic - La Renaissance (The Rebirth)
 Chad - La Tchadienne
 Chile - Himno Nacional de Chile (Chilean National Anthem)
 China, People's Republic of - The March of the Volunteers (official)
 China, Republic of (Taiwan) - National Anthem of the Republic of China, National Banner Song
 China (Qing Dynasty) - Gong Jin'ou (Cup of Solid Gold)
 Colombia - Oh Gloria inmarcesible (Oh Unfading Glory!)
 Comoros - Udzima wa ya Masiwa (The Union of the Great Islands)
 Congo, Democratic Republic of the - Debout Congolais (Arise Congolese)
 Congo, Republic of - La Congolaise
 Cook Islands - Te Atua Mou E
 Cornwall - Bro Goth Agan Tasow
Corsica - Dio vi Salve Regina (Hymn to the Virgin Mary)
 Costa Rica - Noble patria, tu hermosa bandera (Noble Fatherland, Your Beautiful Flag)
 Côte d'Ivoire - L'Abidjanaise (Song of Abidjan)
 Croatia -  Lijepa naša domovino (Our Beautiful Homeland)
 Cuba - La Bayamesa (The Bayamo Song)
 Cyprus - Hymn to Freedom
 Czech Republic - Kde domov můj? (Where is My Home?)
D-F
 Denmark - Civil: Der er et Yndigt Land (There is a Lovely Land); Royal: Kong Christian Stod Ved Højen Mast (King Christian stood by the lofty mast)
 Djibouti - National anthem of Djibouti
 Dominica - Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour
 Dominican Republic - Himno Nacional

 East Timor - Pátria (Fatherland)
 East Turkistan - Uygur March
 Ecuador - Salve, Oh Patria (We Salute You Our Homeland)
 Egypt - Bilady, Bilady, Bilady (My Homeland, My Homeland, My Homeland)
 El Salvador - Saludemos la Patria orgullosos (Proudly Salute the Fatherland)
 Equatorial Guinea - Caminemos pisando la senda (Let Us Tread the Path)
 Eritrea - Ertra, Ertra, Ertra (Eritrea, Eritrea, Eritrea)
 Esperantio - La Espero ((The) Hope)
 Estonia - Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm (My Native Land, My Pride and Joy)
 Ethiopia - March Forward, Dear Mother Ethiopia
 European Union - Ode "An die Freude" (Ode "to Joy")
Faroe Islands - Tú alfagra land mítt (O Faeroe Islands, My Dearest Treasure)
 Fiji - God Bless Fiji
 Finland - Maamme/Vårt land (Our Land)
 Flanders - De Vlaamse Leeuw (The Flemish Lion)
 France - La Marseillaise
 Frisia - De âlde Friezen (The Old Frisians)
G-H
 Galicia - Os Pinos (Galician Nathional Anthem)
 Gabon - La Concorde (Concord)
 The Gambia - For The Gambia Our Homeland
 Georgia - Tavisupleba (Freedom), former anthem Dideba zetsit kurtheuls (Praise Be To The Heavenly Bestower of Blessings)
 German Democratic Republic - Auferstanden aus Ruinen (Arisen from Ruins)
 Germany - Das Lied der Deutschen, 3rd stanza (Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit)
 Ghana - God Bless Our Homeland Ghana
 Gibraltar - Gibraltar Anthem
 Greece - Imnos eis tin Eleftherian (Hymn to Freedom)
 Greenland - Nunarput utoqqarsuanngoravit (You Our Ancient Land)
 Grenada - Hail Grenada
 Guam - Stand Ye Guamanians
 Guatemala - Guatemala Feliz (Guatemala, Be Praised!)
 Guernsey - Sarnia Cherie (Guernsey Dear)
 Guinea - Liberté (Freedom)
 Guinea-Bissau - Esta é a Nossa Pátrai Bem Amada (This Is Our Beloved Country)
 Guyana - Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains
Haiti - La Dessalinienne
 Hawaii - Hawai'i Pono'i (Hawaii's Own)
 Honduras - Tu bandera es un lampo de cielo (Your Flag Is A Heavenly Light)
 Hungary - Himnusz (Hymn)

I-J
 Iceland - Lofsöngur (Hymn)
 India See: Bharat
 Indonesia - Indonesia Raya (Great Indonesia)
 Iran - Sorud-e Melli-e Jomhuri-ye Eslami Iran — National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran
 Iraq - (Old anthem) Ardulfurataini Watan (Land of Two Rivers) — Royal Salute
 Ireland, Republic of -Amhrán na bhFiann (The Soldier's Song)
 Isle of Man - Arrane Ashoonagh dy Vannin (Isle of Man National Anthem)
 Israel - Hatikvah (The Hope)
 Italy - Il Canto degli Italiani (the Song of the Italians) – also known as Fratelli d'Italia and l'Inno di Mameli

 Jamaica - Jamaica, Land We Love
 Japan - Kimi Ga Yo (君が代 May 1,000 Years of Happy Reign Be Yours)
 Jersey - Ma Normandie (My Normandy)
 Jordan - As-salam al-malaki al-urdoni (Long Live the King!)
K-L
 Kashmir (Pakistan) - Watan Hamara Azad-Kashmir
 Kazakhstan - Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan
 Kenya - Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu (Oh God of All Creation)
 Kiribati - Teirake kaini Kiribati (Stand Kiribati)
 Korea - There are 2 different songs and 1 old song, which have same title.
 South- Aegukga (The Song of Love for the Country or The Patriotic Song)
 North - Aegukka (The Song of Love for the Country or The Patriotic Song) or Achimeun Bitnara (The morning will shine)
 Korean Empire (old) - Aegukga (The Song of Love for the Country or The Patriotic Song)

 Kuwait - Al-Nasheed Al-Watani
 Kyrgyzstan - National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic
Laos - Pheng Xat Lao (Hymn of the Lao People)
 Latvia - Dievs, svētī Latviju (God Bless Latvia)
 Lebanon - Koullouna Lilouataan Lil Oula Lil Alam (All Of Us! For Our Country, For Our Flag and Glory)
 Lesotho - Lesotho Fatse La Bontata Rona
 Liberia - All Hail, Liberia, Hail!
 Libya - Allahu Akbar (God Is Greatest!)
 Liechtenstein - Oben am jungen Rhein (High Above the Young Rhine)
 Lithuania - Tautiska Giesme (The National Song)
 Luxembourg - Ons Hémécht (Our Homeland)
M
 Republic of Macedonia - Today Over Macedonia
 Madagascar - Ry Tanindraza nay malala ô (Oh, Our Beloved Fatherland)
 Malawi - Mlungu dalitsani Malawi (Oh God Bless Our Land Of Malawi)
 Malaysia - Negara Ku (My Country)
 Maldives - Gavmii mi ekuverikan matii tibegen kuriime salaam (In National Unity Do We Salute Our Nation)
 Mali - Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali (For Africa and for You, Mali)
 Majorca - La Balanguera (The Balanguera)
 Malta - L-Innu Malti (The Maltese Hymn)
 Marshall Islands - Forever Marshall Islands
 Mauritius - Motherland
 Mexico - Himno Nacional Mexicano (Mexican National Anthem)
 Federated States of Micronesia - Patriots of Micronesia
 Moldova - Limba Noastra (Our Tongue)
 Monaco - Hymne Monégasque
 Mongolia - Bügd Nairamdakh Mongol
 Montenegro - Oj, svijetla majska zoro (O, bright dawn of May)
 Morocco - Hymne Cherifien
 Mozambique - Patria Amada, formerly Viva, Viva a FRELIMO
 Myanmar - Gba Majay Bma (We Shall Love Burma)
N
 Namibia - Namibia, Land of the Brave
 Nauru - Nauru Bwiema (Nauru Our Homeland)
 Nepal - Sayaun Thunga Phulka
 Netherlands (and Kingdom of the Netherlands) - Wilhelmus van Nassouwe (William of Nassau)
 Netherlands Antilles - "Anthem Without a Title"
 Newfoundland - Ode to Newfoundland
 New Zealand - God Defend New Zealand, God Save the Queen
 Nicaragua - Salve a ti, Nicaragua (Hail to You, Nicaragua)
 Niger - La Nigerienne
 Nigeria - Arise O Compatriots, Nigeria's Call Obey
 North Korea - Aegukka (애국가 The Patriotic Hymn – different song from that of South Korea)
 Norway - Ja, vi elsker dette landet (Yes, We Love This Country)

O-R
 Oman - Nashid as-Salaam as-Sultani
Pakistan - Pak sarzamin shad bad (Blessed Be The Sacred Land)
 State of Palestine - Fida'i
 Panama - Himno Istmeño (Isthmus Hymn)
 Papua New Guinea - O Arise, All You Sons
 Paraguay - Paraguayos, República o Muerte (Paraguayans, the Republic or Death)
 Peru - Somos libres, seámoslo siempre (We Are Free, Let Us Remain So Forever)
 Philippines - Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land)
 Poland - Mazurek Dąbrowskiego (Dąbrowski's Mazurka)
 Portugal - A Portuguesa (The Portuguese)
 Puerto Rico - La Borinqueña

 Qatar - As Salam al Amiri
 Quebec - Gens du Pays (People of the Country)

 Romania - Deşteaptă-te, române (Wake up, Romanian), former anthem Trei culori (Three Colours)
 Russia - National Anthem of Russia; formerly The Patriotic Song, Soviet Union Anthem and God Save the Tsar
 Rwanda - Rwanda nziza
S
 Saint Kitts and Nevis - O Land of Beauty!
 Saint Lucia - Sons and Daughters of Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - St Vincent Land So Beautiful
 Samoa - The Banner of Freedom
 São Tomé and Príncipe - Independência total (Total Independence)
 Saudi Arabia - Aash Al Maleek (Long Live the King)
 Senegal - Pincez Tous vos Koras, Frappez les Balafons (Pluck Your Koras, Strike the Balafons)
 Serbia - Boze Pravde (God the Righteous)
 Serbia and Montenegro - Hej Sloveni (Hey, Slavs)
 Seychelles - Koste Seselwa
 Sierra Leone - High We Exalt Thee, Realm of the Free
 Singapore - Majulah Singapura (Onward Singapore)
 Slovakia - Nad Tatrou sa blýska (Storm Over the Tatras)
 Slovenia - Zdravljica (A Toast) Naprej zastava slave (Go ahead, the Flag of Glory)
 Solomon Islands - God Save Our Solomon Islands
 Somalia - Qolobaa Calankeed
 South Africa - National anthem of South Africa (God Bless Africa & The Call of South Africa combined)
South Korea - Aegukga (애국가 The Patriotic Hymn – different song from that of North Korea)
 Spain - Marcha Real (Royal March)
 Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka Matha
 Sudan - Nahnu Djundulla Djundulwatan (We Are the Army of God and of Our Land)
 Swaziland - Nkulunkulu Mnikati wetibusiso temaSwati
 Sweden - Civil: Du gamla, Du fria (Thou ancient, Thou free, Thou mountainous North) — Royal: Kungssången (The Royal Anthem)
 Switzerland - Swiss Psalm (Schweizerpsalm, cantique suisse)
 Syria - Homat el Diyar (Guardians of the Homeland)
T
 Taiwan - See "China, Republic of"
 Tajikistan - Suudi mellii (Happiness of the Nation)
 Tanzania - Mungu ibariki Afrika (God Bless Africa)
 Tatarstan - Hymn of the Republic of Tatarstan
 Thailand - Civil: Phleng Chat; Royal: Phleng Sansasoen Phra Barami
 Togo - Salut à toi, pays de nos aïeux (Hail to thee, land of our forefathers)
 Tonga - Koe Fasi Oe Tui Oe Otu Tonga
 Trinidad and Tobago - Forged From The Love of Liberty
 Tunisia - Ala Khallidi (Oh Make Eternal) Himat Al Hima (Defender of the Homeland)
 Turkey - Istiklâl Marsi (The March of Independence)
 Turkmenistan - Turkmenistan State Anthem
 Turks and Caicos Islands - God Save the Queen
 Tuva - Tooruktug Dolgaï Tangdym (The Forest is Full of Pine Nuts)
 Tuvalu - Tuvalu mo te Atua (Tuvalu for the Almighty)
U
 Uganda - Oh Uganda, Land of Beauty
 Ukraine - Shche ne vmerla Ukraina (Ukraine Has Not Died Yet)
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - National Anthem of the Soviet Union, The Internationale
 United Arab Emirates - Ishy Bilady (Long Live my Homeland)
 United Kingdom - God Save the Queen
 United States - The Star-Spangled Banner
 Uruguay - Orientales, la Patria o la tumba (Uruguayans, the Fatherland or Death!)
 Uzbekistan - National Anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan

V-W
 Vanuatu - Yumi, Yumi, Yumi (We, We, We)
 Vatican City - Inno e Marcia Pontificale (Hymn and Pontifical March)
 Venezuela - Gloria al Bravo Pueblo (Glory to the Brave Nation)
 Vietnam - Tien Quan Ca (The March to the Front)
 Virgin Islands, U.S. - Virgin Islands March

 Wales - Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau (Land of My Fathers)
 Wallonia - Li Tchant des Walons (Song of the Walloons)

X-Z
 Yemen - United Republic
 Yugoslavia - Hej Sloveni (Hey, Slavs)
Zambia - Stand and Sing of Zambia, Proud and Free
 Zimbabwe - Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe (Blessed Be The Land of Zimbabwe); Formerly: Ishe Komborera Africa (God Bless Africa)

National
Celsius (more precisely, a degree Celsius), sometimes called centigrade, is a unit of measurement used in many countries to measure temperature. This unit was created by Anders Celsius (1701–1744), a Swedish astronomer.

0 degrees (°) Celsius is the melting point of pure water at sea level (normal pressure). 
100° Celsius is the boiling point of water at normal pressure.  (Water boils at a lower temperature at higher altitudes).

1 °C is therefore one hundredth (the 100th part) of that difference.

Since 1948, this unit has been called "Celsius". "Centigrade" was the name of the unit before the change; "centi" meaning 1/100, and "grade" being a scale.

The other much less used measurement of temperature is the Fahrenheit scale. The Celsius scale, based on multiples of ten, is used with SI, or metric measurements.
History 
In 1742, Anders Celsius made a "reversed" version of the modern Celsius temperature scale. In this scale, zero was the boiling point of water and 100 was the melting point of ice. In his paper Observations of two persistent degrees on a thermometer, he wrote about his experiments. He showed that the melting point of ice was basically unaffected by air pressure.  Ice would turn into water at the same temperature, whether it was at sea level or on a mountain.  This was not the case for the boiling point of water.  It would boil easier with less pressure (on a mountain). He decided that zero on his temperature scale (water's boiling point) would be set at the standard barometric pressure at  sea level.  This pressure is known as one atmosphere.  In 1954, Resolution 4 of the 10th CGPM  (the General Conference on Weights and Measures) set what exactly is one standard atmosphere ().
In 1744, the year Anders Celsius died, the famous Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) used a reversed version of Celsius's scale when he bought his first thermometer. This had a scale where zero represented the melting point of ice and 100 represented water's boiling point, similar to what we use it today.  His custom-made "Linnaeus thermometer", to use in his greenhouses, was made by Daniel Ekström, then Sweden's leading maker of scientific instruments. Ekstöm's workshop was in the basement of the Stockholm observatory. As often happened in this age before modern communications, many physicists, scientists, and instrument makers are given credit with independently making the same measurement scale; among them were Pehr Elvius, the secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (which had an instrument workshop), who Linnaeus had also talked to; Christin of Lyons; Daniel Ekström, the instrument maker; and Mårten Strömer (1707–1770) who had studied astronomy under Anders Celsius.
The first known document reporting temperatures in this modern "forward" Celsius scale is the paper Hortus Upsaliensis, dated 16 December 1745, that Linnaeus wrote to a student of his, Samuel Nauclér.  In it, Linnaeus reported the temperatures inside the orangery at the Botanical Garden of Uppsala University:

...since the caldarium (the hot part of the greenhouse) by the angle of the windows, merely from the rays of the sun, obtains such heat that the thermometer often reaches 30 degrees, although the keen gardener usually takes care not to let it rise to more than 20 to 25 degrees, and in winter not under 15 degrees...
There were three reasons for the decision in 1948 to use the word Celsius:
 All common temperature scales would have their units named after someone closely associated with them - Kelvin, Celsius, Fahrenheit, Réaumur and Rankine.
 The symbol °C that for centuries had been used in association with the name centigrade could continue to be used, but now meant Celsius.  (Linnaeus had an important part of the modern scale, but Celsius first developed it).
 The new name meant that centigrade could again mean only the French-language name for the unit of angular measurement.

It would take nearly two decades however, for school textbooks to change from centigrade to Celsius, and many people today still use the old name.

Examples 
 On the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°.
 Room temperature is about 20 °C.
 Absolute zero (the coldest possible temperature) is -273.15 °C.
 Winters in Antarctica can be between -80 and -90 °C.
 A human's body temperature is usually 36.6 °C.
Temperature conversions 
 To make a temperature in degrees Celsius into kelvins a person must add 273.15. For example, 0 degrees Celsius, which is the temperature at which water freezes, is 273.15 kelvins.
 To make a temperature in kelvins into degrees Celsius a person must subtract 273.15. For example, 310 K is the same temperature as 36.85 °C, which is about the temperature of a human body.
 To make a temperature in degrees Celsius into degrees Fahrenheit a person must multiply it by 9/5 and add 32: F = (9/5)C + 32.
 To make a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit into degrees Celsius a person must subtract 32 and multiply the result by 5/9: C = (F - 32) * 5/9.

References 

Units of temperature
Fahrenheit (more precisely, a degree Fahrenheit) is a unit of measurement used to measure temperature. The conversion rate to Celsius is C= 5/9 x (F − 32).  The degree Fahrenheit is abbreviated °F.

History
This temperature scale was made in 1724 by a German scientist named Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit.  In the twentieth century, the unit became less used, and the degree Celsius more used.  Fahrenheit is still often used in the United States. In the United Kingdom, Fahrenheit is used on some websites, and on weather forecasts. The main reason for this is that the older population is more familiar with Fahrenheit.

The degree Fahrenheit is considered by many to be old fashioned and outdated way of measuring temperature. The degree Celsius has largely replaced Fahrenheit's use.

Overall, the use of the degree Fahrenheit is in decline throughout most of the world, with the USA being the main exception.
Examples
 
On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at 32° and boils at 212°.
 Room temperature is about 70 °F.
 A human's body temperature is usually close to 98.6 °F.
 Absolute zero is –459.67 °F.

Related pages
Celsius
Kelvin
Rankine
Delisle
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An agent is a person who acts on behalf of another person, or a representative of an agency.

an FBI agent is an official representative of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
 literary agent, a person who represents a writer
 sports agent, a professional who represents an athlete
 talent agent, a person who finds jobs for actors, models, and other people in various entertainment businesses.
 travel agent, a person who helps plan a trip and buys airline tickets and makes hotel reservations.

Agent can also mean:

 a secret agent, a spy (espionage)
 a free agent, a sports player who is out of contract
 a realtor (US), or real estate agent (Brit.)

In science:

 Agent Orange, a herbicide
 biological agent, an infectious disease that can be used in biological warfare

In fiction:

 Agents, characters in The Matrix
 Secret Agent, a 1936 film
Anthrax, or splenic fever, is a disease. Both humans and other animals can get it. It is caused by the bacterium bacillus anthracis. It is common with even-toed ungulates (some hoofed creatures, like camels and giraffes). The spores of the bacteria can live for hundreds of years. Humans usually catch the disease from animals. It is usually not passed from one human to another.  Anthrax can be treated with antibiotics. There is also a vaccine against it. If not treated, anthrax often leads to death.

Types of anthrax 
There are 89 different strains (kinds) of anthrax. One of them, the Ames strain, was used against the United States in 2001 as a biological weapon.

History
History

Outbreaks 
On April 2, 1979, there was a leak at one of the plants just outside of Sverdlovsk that made anthrax during the Cold War. 94 people were infected and 64 of those people died. The USSR blamed the deaths on another strain of anthrax that the people caught by digesting infected meat. However, later it was revealed that the outbreak was caused by an accidental release of the bacteria from a nearby plant which developed biological weapons for the USSR. 

In September 2001, several letters containing anthrax were mailed to several USA media companies and senators. The attacks were linked to the September 11 attacks which occurred a few days before the start of the attack.

Hoaxes 
There were many cases of fake powder being found in envelopes.

References

Diseases caused by bacteria
Zoonoses
Bonaparte was born in Corsica into a noble family in 15th of August, 1769. He learned the Corsican language first before learning French. He moved to mainland France and trained to become an army officer. He became an important army leader during the First French Republic, helping to stop the countries that wanted to end the French Revolution. In 1799, he overthrew the government and took control of France for himself (a coup d'état). At first his title was Consul. Five years later, he was made Emperor of France. In the first ten years of the nineteenth century, the French Empire under Napoleon waged the Napoleonic Wars. Every European great power joined in these wars. After a number of victories, France became very important in continental Europe.  He increased his power by making many alliances. He also made other European countries into French client states by letting his friends and family members rule them.
Napoleon is remembered as a brilliant army leader, and his campaigns are studied at military schools all over the world. People have many different views on whether he was a good or bad ruler. He brought many ideas of liberalism and the French Revolution to the countries he conquered, such as the Napoleonic code, freedom of religion and making education and government more modern. His enemies remembered him as a tyrant and some historians criticise him for causing many wars.

Birth and education 
Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Casa Buonaparte in the town of Ajaccio, Corsica, on the 15th of August 1769. This was one year after the island was given to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was the second of eight children. He was named Napoleone di Buonaparte. He took his first name from an uncle who had been killed fighting the French. However, he later used the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.
The Corsican Buonapartes were from lower Italian nobility. They had come to Corsica in the 16th century. His father Nobile Carlo Buonaparte became Corsica's representative to the court of Louis XVI in 1777. 

The greatest influence of Napoleon's childhood was his mother, Maria Letizia Ramolino. Her firm education controlled a wild child. He had an older brother, Joseph. He also had younger siblings Lucien, Elisa, Louis, Pauline, Caroline and Jérôme. Napoleon was baptized as a Catholic just before his second birthday, on 21 July 1770 at Ajaccio Cathedral.

Although raised a Catholic, Napoleon was a deist.

Early military career
The French Revolution caused much fighting and disorder in France. At times, Napoleon was connected to those in power. Other times, he was in jail. In the French Revolutionary Wars he helped the Republic against royalists who supported the former king of France. In September 1793, he assumed command of an artillery brigade at the siege of Toulon, where royalist leaders had welcomed a British fleet and troops. The British were driven out on December 17, 1793, and Bonaparte was rewarded with promotion to brigadier general and assigned to the French army in Italy in February 1794.

13 Vendémiaire 
General Napoleon Bonaparte was later appointed by the republic to repel the royalists on October 5, 1795 (13 Vendémiaire Year IV in French Republican Calendar). More than a 1400 royalists died and the rest fled. He had cleared the streets with "a whiff of grapeshot" according to the 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle. He was then promoted to major general and marked his name on the French Revolution.
The defeat of the Royalist rebellions ended the threat to the Convention and earned Bonaparte sudden fame, wealth, and the patronage of the new Directory. On March 9, 1796, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais, a widow older than he was and a very unlikely wife to the future ruler.

Italian Campaign 
The campaign in Italy is the first time Napoleon led France to war. Late in March 1796, Bonaparte began a series of operations to divide and defeat the Austrian and Sardinian armies in Italy. He defeated the Sardinians in April 21, bringing Savoy and Nice into France. Then, in a series of brilliant battles, he won Lombardy from the Austrians. Mantua, the last Lombard stronghold fell in February 1797.
Egyptian Campaign 
In May 1798, General Napoleon left for a campaign in Egypt. The French needed to threaten British India and the French Directory was concerned that Napoleon would take control of France. The French Army under Napoleon won an overwhelming victory in the Battle of Pyramids. Barely 300 French soldiers died, while thousands of Mamluks (an old power in the Middle East) were killed. But his army was weakened by bubonic plague and poor supplies because the Navy was defeated at the Battle of the Nile. The Egyptian campaign was a military failure but a cultural success. The Rosetta Stone was found by French engineer Captain Pierre-François Bouchard, and French scholar Jean-François Champollion was able to read the words in the stone. Napoleon went back to France because of a change in the French government. Some believe that Napoleon should not have left his soldiers in Egypt. Napoleon helped lead the Brumaire coup d'état of November 1799.

Ruler of France
Ruler of France 

Bonaparte returned to Paris in October 1799. France's situation had been improved by a series of victories but the Republic was bankrupt, and the ineffective Directory was unpopular with the French population. He was approached by one of the Directors, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, for his support in a coup to overthrow the constitutional government. The leaders of the plot included his brother Lucien Bonaparte (the speaker of the Council of Five Hundred), Roger Ducos, another Director, Joseph Fouché, and Charles Maurice Talleyrand. Other deputies realised they faced an attempted coup. Faced with their protests, Bonaparte led troops to seize control and disperse them, which left a rump legislature to name Bonaparte, Sièyes, and Ducos as the three provisional Consuls to administer the government.
Sieyès expected to dominate the new regime, but he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte. Napoleon drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII, and secured his own election as First Consul. This made Bonaparte the most powerful person in France, and he took up residence at the Tuileries.

In 1800, Napoleon ensured his power by crossing the Alps and defeating the Austrians at Marengo. He then negotiated a general European peace that established the Rhine River as the eastern border of France. He also concluded an agreement with the pope (the Concordat of 1801), which contributed to French domestic tranquility by ending the quarrel with the Roman Catholic Church that had arisen during the French Revolution.
In France the administration was reorganized, the court system was simplified, and all schools were put under centralized control. French law was standardized in the Napoleonic Code, or civil code, and six other codes. They guaranteed the rights and liberties won in the Revolution, including equality before the law and freedom of religion.

Emperor of France
Emperor of France 

In February 1804, a British-financial plot against Bonaparte was uncovered by the former police minister Joseph Fouche. It gave Napoleon a reason to start a hereditary dynasty. On December 2, 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself "Emperor of the French". The people of France did not see him as the monarch of the old regime because of his holding a Roman Empire title. He invited Pope Pius VII to see his coronation at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. During the ceremony, Napoleon I took the crown from the pope's hand and placed it on his own head. This had been agreed on between Napoleon and the Pope. At Milan Cathedral on May 26 1805, Napoleon was crowned King of Italy with the Iron Crown of Lombardy.
Reforms 
To restore prosperity, Napoleon modernized finance. He regulated the economy to control prices, encouraged new industry, and built roads and canals. To ensure well-trained officials and military officers, he promoted a system of public schools under firm government control. He also repealed some social reforms of the revolution. He made peace with the Catholic Church in the Concordat of 1801. The Concordat kept the Church under state control but recognized religious freedom for Catholics.

Napoleon I won support across class lines. He encouraged the émigré population to return, provided they gave an oath of loyalty. Peasants were relieved when he recognized their right to lands they had bought during the revolution. Napoleon's chief opposition came from royalists and republicans.

Napoleonic Code
Napoleonic Code 

Among Napoleon's most lasting reforms was a new law code, popularly called the Napoleonic Code. It embodied Enlightenment principles such as equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and advancement based on virtue. But the Napoleonic Code undid some reforms of the French Revolution. Women, for example, lost most of their newly gained rights under the new code. The law considered women minors who could not exercise the rights of citizenship. Male heads of households regained full authority over their wives and children. Again, Napoleon valued order and authority over individual rights.

The Grand Empire
The Grand Empire 

Emperor Napoleon abandoned plans to invade England and turned his armies against the Austro-Russian forces, defeating them at the Battle of Austerlitz on December 2, 1805. In 1806 Napoleon destroyed the Prussian army at Jena and Auerstädt and the Russian army at Friedland. He crowned his elder brother Joseph Bonaparte as King of Naples and Sicily in 1806 and converted the Dutch Republic into the kingdom of Holland for his brother Louis. Napoleon also established the Confederation of the Rhine (most of the German states) of which he was protector.

To legitimize his rule, he divorced his wife Joséphine and married Marie Louise, duchess of Parma and daughter of the Emperor Francis I of Austria. Soon she delivered a son and heir to the Bonaparte Dynasty. He was named Napoléon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte or Napoleon II and crowned King of Rome from his birth.
At Tilsit in July 1807, Napoleon made an ally of Russian tsar Alexander Romanov and greatly reduced the size of Prussia. He also added new states to the empire: the kingdom of Westphalia, under his youngest brother Jerome, the duchy of Warsaw, and other states.

Defeat
Defeat 

The Congress of Erfurt sought to preserve the Russo-French alliance and the leaders had a friendly personal relationship after their first meeting at Tilsit in 1807. However, on June 23, 1812, Napoleon went to war with Russia. The French invasion of Russia defeated many Russian cities and villages, but by the time they reached Moscow it was winter. Due to the Russian army's scorched earth tactics, the French found little food for themselves and their horses. Napoleon's army was unable to defeat the Russians. The Russians began to attack. Napoleon and his army had to go back to France. The French suffered greatly in during Napoleon's retreat. Most of his soldiers never returned to France. His army was reduced to 70,000 soldiers and 40,000 stragglers, against more than three times as many Allied troops. Finally at the 1813 Battle of the Nations he was defeated by the Allies: Sweden, Russia, Austria, and Prussia.
Exile in Elba 
Napoleon had no choice but to abdicate in favor of his son. However, the Allies refused to accept this. Napoleon abdicated without conditions on April 11, 1814. Before his official abdication, Napoleon attempted suicide with a pill but it did not work. In the Treaty of Fontainebleau the victors exiled him to Elba, an island of 12,000 inhabitants in the Mediterranean. The Allies allowed Napoleon to keep an imperial title "Emperor of Elba" and an allowance of 2 million francs a year. Napoleon even requested a 21 gun salute as emperor of the island of Elba. Many delegates feared that Elba was too close to Europe to keep such a dangerous force.

The Hundred Days
The Hundred Days 

Separated from his son and wife, who had come under Austrian control, cut off from the allowance guaranteed to him by the Treaty of Fontainebleau, and aware of rumours he was about to be banished to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon escaped from Elba on February 26 1815. He made a surprise march on March 1, 1815 to Paris. His former troops joined him and Louis XVIII fled to exile. He again became ruler of France for a length of 100 days. Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by the British under Duke of Wellington and Prussians on June 18 1815, which was his last battle. Napoleon was again captured and taken to his second exile on the island of Saint Helena on the Atlantic Ocean.

Second exile and death
Napoleon was sent to the island of Saint Helena, off the coast of Africa. He died on May 5 1821 of stomach cancer. Napoleon kept himself up to date of the events through The Times and hoped for release in the event that Holland became Prime Minister. There were other plots to rescue Napoleon from captivity including one from Texas, where exiled soldiers from the Grande Armée wanted a resurrection of the Napoleonic Empire in America. There was even a plan to rescue him with a primitive submarine. For Lord Byron, Napoleon was the epitome of the Romantic hero, the persecuted, lonely and flawed genius. The news that Napoleon had taken up gardening at Longwood also appealed to more domestic British sensibilities.

Legacy
Legacy 

French people remain proud of Napoleon's glory days. The Napoleonic Code reflects the modern French Constitution. Weapons and other kinds of military technology remained largely static through the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, but 18th century operational mobility underwent significant change. Napoleon's biggest influence was in the conduct of warfare. His popularity would later help his nephew Louis-Napoléon to become ruler of France more than 30 years later.

On the world stage, Napoleon's conquest spread the ideas of the revolution. He failed to make Europe into a French Empire. Instead, he sparked nationalist feeling across Europe. He was also known as “The Leader Of France”.
Historians have many different views on Napoleon. Some historians say that he caused wars that killed many people in Europe, and therefore he was a bad ruler. Vincent Cronin disagrees with the view, saying that most of the Napoleonic Wars were started by Napoleon's enemies. Others argue that Napoleon made the mistake of trying to conquer too much land and that if he had stopped in 1808, his enemies might have left him alone. Other historians have said that he was a good ruler. They usually focus on the changes he brought to France and the countries he conquered. Andrew Roberts lists the greatest ideas that Napoleon brought to France and other countries as the Napoleonic code, freedom of religion, better civil services, better education, more equality, support for science and art and others.

Sources

Notes

Citations

Other websites
Other websites 

1769 births
1821 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Emperors and empresses
Former dictators
French deists
French generals
House of Bonaparte
People with foods named after them
Princes of Andorra
Wetzlar is a city at the river Lahn in Hesse in Germany. It is near Frankfurt. The number of people in the city is about 53,000.

Wetzlar is famous for the historic Oldtown and for Goethe.

The camera maker Leica is there.

Wetzlar has a connection to the Autobahn 45 with three junctions.

Twin towns

Wetzlar is twinned with:
 Avignon, France
 Colchester, United Kingdom
 Siena, Italy
 Schladming, Austria
 Ilmenau, Thuringia
 Berlin-Neukölln, Berlin
 Písek, Czech Republic

References

Other websites

1803 disestablishments
1800s disestablishments in Germany
In 1968, Warhol was shot by Valerie Solanas. He was known for his The Factory studio in New York City where most of his work was created.

In 1987, Warhol was in a hospital in New York City after an operation on his gallbladder. He died in his sleep from a sudden post-operative cardiac arrhythmia, aged 58. His family sued the hospital for inadequate care, saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water poisoning.

References

Other websites

 Andy Warhol Print at Adam's Auctioneers
 Warhol Foundation in New York City
 Andy Warhol Collection in Pittsburgh
 Time Capsules: the Andy Warhol Collection
 Documentation of recent exhibitions of work by Andy Warhol 
 The work of Andy Warhol  spoken about by David Cronenberg on UbuWeb
 
 Warhol in Paris—slideshow by The First Post
 Andy Warhol makes a digital painting of Debbie Harry at the Commodore Amiga product launch press conference in 1985
 Andy Warhol: A Documentary film by Ric Burns for PBS
American crime victims
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
American painters
Pop artists
Deaths from surgical complications
Deaths from cardiac arrhythmia
Gay men
LGBT artists
People from Pittsburgh
1928 births
1987 deaths
Romulus and Remus were the legendary founders of Rome. In Roman mythology they were twin brothers, children of Rhea Silvia and the god Mars.

Birth and youth 
Rhea Silvia was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of Alba Longa, a legendary town founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas, prince of Troy. When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced her and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. Rhea Silvia was punished, and her sons were thrown into the Tiber, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and married her. Romulus and Remus were found by a she-wolf who suckled them. A woodpecker fed them. The brothers were later found by a shepherd, Faustulus, who raised them.
The founding of Rome 
Once they were grown, Romulus and Remus founded the city of Rome. However, the twins had an argument about where to start Rome. Romulus favored the Palatine Hill, but Remus favored the Aventine Hill. They decided to settle the disagreement by asking the gods. Each brother stood on his respective hill. Remus saw six birds fly overhead, and Romulus saw twelve. However, Remus countered that he had seen the birds first. Nonetheless, Romulus started to build a wall around his city. Then, Remus jumped over the wall as an insult to his brother. Angered, Romulus killed Remus. He regretted it, and took Remus to Amulius's palace, and buried him there.

Other websites

Roman mythology
Twin people
Kings of Rome