Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Its dual polyhedron is the regular dodecahedron {5, 3} which has three regular pentagonal faces around each vertex.

Great icosahedron

The great icosahedron is one of the four regular star Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra. Its Schläfli symbol is {3, }. Like the convex form, it also has 20 equilateral triangle faces, but its vertex figure is a pentagram rather than a pentagon, leading to geometrically intersecting faces. The intersections of the triangles do not represent new edges.

Its dual polyhedron is the great stellated dodecahedron (, 3), having three regular star pentagonal faces around each vertex.

Stellated icosahedra
Stellation is the process of extending the faces or edges of a polyhedron until they meet to form a new polyhedron. It is done symmetrically so that the resulting figure retains the overall symmetry of the parent figure.

In their book The Fifty-Nine Icosahedra, Coxeter et al. enumerated 58 such stellations of the regular icosahedron.
Of these, many have a single face in each of the 20 face planes and so are also icosahedra. The great icosahedron is among them.

Other stellations have more than one face in each plane or form compounds of simpler polyhedra. These are not strictly icosahedra, although they are often referred to as such.

Platonic solids
An octahedron is a polyhedron made of eight faces. In the case of the regular octahedron, these faces are triangles. The octahedron looks like two pyramids, which share the same base. 
In chemistry, octahedra are common: diamonds and fluorite are examples of crystals that are octahedra.

Regular octahedron

Dimensions
If the edge length of a regular octahedron is a, the radius of a circumscribed sphere (one that touches the octahedron at all vertices) is

and the radius of an inscribed sphere (tangent to each of the octahedron's faces) is

while the midradius, which touches the middle of each edge, is

Orthogonal projections
The octahedron has four special orthogonal projections, centered, on an edge, vertex, face, and normal to a face. The second and third correspond to the B2 and A2 Coxeter planes.
Spherical tiling
The octahedron can also be represented as a spherical tiling, and projected onto the plane via a stereographic projection. This projection is conformal, preserving angles but not areas or lengths. Straight lines on the sphere are projected as circular arcs on the plane.

Cartesian coordinates

An octahedron with edge length  can be placed with its center at the origin and its vertices on the coordinate axes; the Cartesian coordinates of the vertices are then
 ( ±1, 0, 0 );
 ( 0, ±1, 0 );
 ( 0, 0, ±1 ).

In an x–y–z Cartesian coordinate system, the octahedron with center coordinates (a, b, c) and radius r is the set of all points (x, y, z) such that

Area and volume
The surface area A and the volume V of a regular octahedron of edge length a are:

Thus the volume is four times that of a regular tetrahedron with the same edge length, while the surface area is twice (because we have 8 rather than 4 triangles).

If an octahedron has been stretched so that it obeys the equation
the formulas for the surface area and volume expand to become

Additionally the inertia tensor of the stretched octahedron is

These reduce to the equations for the regular octahedron when

Geometric relations
The interior of the compound of two dual tetrahedra is an octahedron, and this compound, called the stella octangula, is its first and only stellation. Correspondingly, a regular octahedron is the result of cutting off from a regular tetrahedron, four regular tetrahedra of half the linear size (i.e. rectifying the tetrahedron). The vertices of the octahedron lie at the midpoints of the edges of the tetrahedron, and in this sense it relates to the tetrahedron in the same way that the cuboctahedron and icosidodecahedron relate to the other Platonic solids. One can also divide the edges of an octahedron in the ratio of the golden mean to define the vertices of an icosahedron. This is done by first placing vectors along the octahedron's edges such that each face is bounded by a cycle, then similarly partitioning each edge into the golden mean along the direction of its vector. There are five octahedra that define any given icosahedron in this fashion, and together they define a regular compound.
Octahedra and tetrahedra can be alternated to form a vertex, edge, and face-uniform tessellation of space, called the octet truss by Buckminster Fuller. This is the only such tiling save the regular tessellation of cubes, and is one of the 28 convex uniform honeycombs. Another is a tessellation of octahedra and cuboctahedra.

The octahedron is unique among the Platonic solids in having an even number of faces meeting at each vertex. Consequently, it is the only member of that group to possess mirror planes that do not pass through any of the faces.

Using the standard nomenclature for Johnson solids, an octahedron would be called a square bipyramid. Truncation of two opposite vertices results in a square bifrustum.
The octahedron is 4-connected, meaning that it takes the removal of four vertices to disconnect the remaining vertices. It is one of only four 4-connected simplicial well-covered polyhedra, meaning that all of the maximal independent sets of its vertices have the same size. The other three polyhedra with this property are the pentagonal dipyramid, the snub disphenoid, and an irregular polyhedron with 12 vertices and 20 triangular faces.

Uniform colorings and symmetry
There are 3 uniform colorings of the octahedron, named by the triangular face colors going around each vertex: 1212, 1112, 1111.

The octahedron's symmetry group is Oh, of order 48, the three dimensional hyperoctahedral group.  This group's subgroups include D3d (order 12), the symmetry group of a triangular antiprism; D4h (order 16), the symmetry group of a square bipyramid; and Td (order 24), the symmetry group of a rectified tetrahedron. These symmetries can be emphasized by different colorings of the faces.
Nets
It has eleven arrangements of nets.

Dual
The octahedron is the dual polyhedron to the cube.

Faceting
The uniform tetrahemihexahedron is a tetrahedral symmetry faceting of the regular octahedron, sharing edge and vertex arrangement. It has four of the triangular faces, and 3 central squares.

Related pages
Truncated octahedron

References

Other websites

Editable printable net of an octahedron with interactive 3D view
Paper model of the octahedron
K.J.M. MacLean, A Geometric Analysis of the Five Platonic Solids and Other Semi-Regular Polyhedra
The Uniform Polyhedra
Virtual Reality Polyhedra The Encyclopedia of Polyhedra
Conway Notation for Polyhedra Try: dP4

Platonic solids
Rounder Records is an American record label that formed in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1970. Since then, it has moved to Burlington, Massachusetts. Over the years, some of the artists and bands that have been signed to the label include Alison Krauss, Ween, and Bela Fleck.

Independent record labels
Columbia Records is an American record label that formed in 1888. It is the oldest existing record company in the world.

Its parent company is now Sony Music Entertainment. Over the years, some of the artists and bands that have been signed to the label include Aretha Franklin, System of a Down, Johnny Cash, Bob Dylan, Bela Fleck, Janis Joplin, Paul McCartney, John Lennon, Prince, Willie Nelson, Dolly Parton,  and hundreds of other artists.

Related pages
List of Columbia Records artists

References

American record labels
1888 establishments in the United States
1938 establishments in the United States
1991 disestablishments in the United States
Sony
Columbia Broadcasting System
Viacom
A partial list of artists who have recorded for Columbia Records or EMI's Columbia label include:

0–9

 24kGoldn
 3rd Bass (Def Jam/Columbia)
 3rd Faze
 50 Cent

A
Gregory Abbott
 AC/DC
 Acceptance
 Yolanda Adams
 Addrisi Brothers
 Adele (USA/Canada/Latin America)
 Aerosmith
 The Afghan Whigs
 The Afters
 Todd Agnew
 Alabama 3
 Vidi Aldiano
 Alexandra Savior
 Alex & Sierra
 Jessi Alexander (Columbia Nashville)
 Ora Alexander
 Alice in Chains (selling to Capitol Records (UMG) by 2022)
 Tha Alkaholiks (Loud/Columbia)
 María Conchita Alonso
 Amerie (Rise/Columbia)
 Amil (Roc-A-Fella/Columbia)
 Trey Anastasio
 Anberlin 
 Angélique Kidjo
 Anggun
 Eric Andersen
 Jon Anderson
 Keith Anderson (Columbia Nashville)
 Lynn Anderson
 The Andrews Sisters
 Anjani
 Paul Anka
 Marc Anthony
 Anthrax
 Apoptygma Berzerk
 Fiona Apple (Work/Columbia)
 The Apex Theory
 Aqualung
 Tina Arena
 Arcade Fire
 Arizona Zervas
 Toni Arden
 Louis Armstrong
 Artful Dodger
 James Arthur
 The Association
 Astrid Sartiasari (Columbia Jogjakarta)
 Chet Atkins
 Nicole Atkins
 The Ataris
 Atlanta Rhythm Section
 Gene Autry
 Axis of Justice
 Au/Ra (Loudmouth/Columbia)
 The Automatic Automatic
 Aster Aweke
Aster Aweke
 Roy Ayers
 Ayo & Teo
 Ayushita (Columbia Jakarta)
 Azteca
Barefoot Bill From Alabama
 Burt Bacharach
 Tal Bachman
 The Bad Plus
 Bad Religion
 Mildred Bailey
 Philip Bailey
 Moe Bandy (Columbia Nashville)
 The Bangles
 R.C. Bannon (Columbia Nashville)
 Bobby Bare (Columbia Nashville)
 Keith Barrow
 John Barry (CBS)
 Karl Bartos
 Count Basie
 Batteaux
 Beady Eye (outside US)
 Beastie Boys (Def Jam/Columbia)
 BBB (Columbia Jakarta)
 Bix Beiderbecke
 Bedük
 Bel Canto
 Drake Bell (Nickelodeon/Columbia)
 Marcella Bella
 Regina Belle
 Tony Bennett (RPM/Columbia)
 George Benson
 Cheryl Bentyne (member of Manhattan Transfer)
 Polly Bergen
 Herschel Bernardi
 Leonard Bernstein (Columbia Masterworks)
 Beyoncé (Since 2011, has released her music through her label Parkwood Entertainment/Columbia)
 Big Audio Dynamite
 Big Brother and the Holding Company
 Big L
 Big Pun (Loud/Columbia)
 Big Time Rush (Nickelodeon/Columbia)
 E. Power Biggs (Columbia Masterworks)
 Tony Bird
 Bizarre Inc (Vinyl Solution/Columbia)
 Blackhawk (Columbia Nashville)
 Black Kids
 Art Blakey
Art Blakey
 Blaque (Track Masters/Columbia)
 Blink-182
 Blood, Sweat & Tears
 Bloodhound Gang
 Mike Bloomfield
 Blue Öyster Cult
 Arthur Blythe
 The Bob's Burgers Album
 Bobby & The Midnites
 Willie Bobo
 Tommy Bolin
 Claude Bolling (Columbia Masterworks)
 Michael Bolton
 Richard Bona
 Karla Bonoff
 The Boomtown Rats (US)
 Larry Boone (Columbia Nashville)
 Boss (DJ West/Chaos/Columbia)
 Chris Botti
 Pierre Boulez 
 Bow Wow
 Wade Bowen (Sea Gayle/Columbia Nashville)
 David Bowie (ISO Records, licensed to Columbia)
 Fiddlin' Charlie Bowman
 Jimmy Boyd
 Liona Boyd (Columbia Masterworks)
 Susan Boyle (Syco Music/Columbia) (US)
 Bravehearts
 Breathe Carolina
 Bring Me the Horizon
 Britny Fox
 Broken Bells
 Teresa Brewer
 David Bromberg
 The Brothers Four
 Dave Brubeck
 Anita Bryant
 Ray Bryant
 B.T. Express
 BTS
 Luke Bryan
 The Buckinghams
 Jeff Buckley
 Buckner & Garcia
 Buckshot LeFonque
 Bullet For My Valentine
 Hannibal Buress (Comedy Central/Columbia)
 Carol Burnett
 T-Bone Burnett
T-Bone Burnett
 Budapest String Quartet 
 Vernon Burch
 Billy Burnette
 Kate Bush (US)
 Busta Rhymes
 Ferruccio Busoni
 Carl Butler
 Pearl Butler
 Billy Butterfield
 Charlie Byrd
 The Byrds
 Peabo Bryson
C+C Music Factory
 Cha Cha 
 Francis Cabrel
 Cage Kennylz
 Susan Cagle
 Caitlin & Will (Columbia Nashville)
 Cake
 Calamity Jane (Columbia Nashville)
 Cab Calloway
 Court Yard Hounds
 Dove Cameron
 Paula Campbell
 Stacy Dean Campbell (Columbia Nashville)
 Eddie Cantor
 Jerry Cantrell
 Mariah Carey
 Matt Cardle
 Brandi Carlile
 Roberto Carlos
 Wendy Carlos (Columbia Masterworks)
 Mary Chapin Carpenter (Columbia Nashville)
 Vikki Carr
 Raffaella Carrà
 Jenny Lou Carson
 Mindy Carson
 Carter Family (Original group, 2nd and 3rd generations)
 The Carter Sisters also called "Carter Sisters & Mother Maybelle"
 Anita Carter
 Helen Carter (Okeh)
 James Carter
 June Carter
 Maybelle Carter
 Valerie Carter (transferred to ARC/Columbia for Wild Child)
 Pablo Casals 
 Johnny Cash (Columbia Nashville)
 June Carter Cash (Columbia Nashville)
 Ray Cash
 Rosanne Cash (Columbia Nashville)
 Cecilio & Kapono
 John Cena
 Chad & Jeremy
 The Chainsmokers
 Chairlift
 Chalk FarM
 The Chambers Brothers
 Champaign
 Carol Channing
Carol Channing
 Ray Charles
 Charlie (Fantasy Girls album, USA)
 Chayanne
 Cher
 Cherub
 Kenny Chesney (Blue Chair/Columbia Nashville)
 Mark Chesnutt (Columbia Nashville)
 Chevelle
 The Chieftains (outside of Ireland)
 Chicago
 The Chipettes
 Chipmunk
 Christie (CBS)
 Lou Christie
 Susan Christie
 Charlotte Church
 Christine McVie
 The Chuck Wagon Gang
 Circus of Power
 Clams Casino
 The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem
 Buddy Clark
 Petula Clark (UK, France and Canada)
 Anne Clark
 The Clash
 David Clayton-Thomas
 Buzz Clifford
 Rosemary Clooney
 Clutch
 The Coasters
 Bruce Cockburn
 David Allan Coe (Columbia Nashville)
 Amber Coffman
 Coheed and Cambria
 Adam Cohen
 Leonard Cohen
 Coin
 Ornette Coleman
 Collie Buddz
 Colosseum
 Arthur Collins
 Columbia Symphony Orchestra
 Shawn Colvin
 Luke Combs (River House/Columbia Nashville)
 Les Compagnons de la chanson (CBS Disques S.A.)
 Compost
 Jeff Conaway
 John Conlee (Columbia Nashville)
 Harry Connick Jr.
 Ray Conniff
 Consequence
 Aaron Copland 
 The Coral
The Coral
 Chick Corea
 Jill Corey
 Miranda Cosgrove (Nickelodeon/Columbia)
 Elvis Costello (US)
 Court Yard Hounds
 Billy "Crash" Craddock
 Robert Craft 
 Creed
 Rachel Crow
 Rodney Crowell (Columbia Nashville)
 The Cryan' Shames
 Cry of Love
 Crazy Town
 Darren Criss
 CRX
 Xavier Cugat
 Cypress Hill (Ruffhouse/Columbia)
 The Cyrkle
D Generation
 Da Brat (So So Def/Columbia)
 Daft Punk (Daft Life/Columbia)
 Lacy J. Dalton (Columbia Nashville)
 Vic Damone
 Dangerous Toys
 Danzig
 The Daou 
 Terence Trent D'Arby
 Bobby Darin
 Joe Dassin (CBS Disques S.A. and Columbia of Canada)
 Dave (CBS Disques S.A.)
 Dave Gahan (member of Depeche Mode)
 John Davidson
 Jimmie Davis
 Mac Davis
 Miles Davis
 Tyrone Davis
 Doris Day
 Stu Daye (Pilot/Columbia)
 Jimmy Dean
 Death
 Death Grips
 Dee Deee (Columbia Jakarta)
 Cole Deggs & the Lonesome (Columbia Nashville)
 Paco de Lucía
 Declan McKenna
 Dej Loaf
 Delaney & Bonnie
 Depeche Mode (Mute/Columbia)
 The Derek Trucks Band
 Destiny's Child (Music World/Columbia)
 Frank De Vol
 Barry De Vorzon
 Dillon Francis
 Al Di Meola
 Neil Diamond
 Dion
 Celine Dion
 Il Divo
 Die Ärzte (1984–1988)
 Dixie Chicks (Wide Open/Columbia Nashville)
 DJ Kayslay
 DMX (former)
 Dr. Dre (former)
 Dr. Feelgood (USA/Canada)
 Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show
 Deryl Dodd
 Tim Dog (Ruffhouse/Columbia)
 Ned Doheny
 Dokken
Ned Doheny
 Dokken
 Domo Genesis (Odd Future/Columbia)
 The Dorsey Brothers
 Downtown Science (Def Jam/Columbia)
 Sue Draheim
 Drowning Pool
 Duo Tal & Groethuysen 
 Jermaine Dupri (So So Def/Columbia)
 Bob Dylan
 Jakob Dylan
 Ronnie Dyson
E

 Earl Sweatshirt (Tan Cressida)
 Earth, Wind & Fire (ARC/Columbia)
 Walter Egan
 The Electric Flag
 Elaine
 Electric Light Orchestra
 Elkland
 Duke Ellington
 Don Ellis
 Emilio Navaira (Columbia Nashville)
 The Emotions
 Empire cast
 EPMD (Def Jam/RAL/Columbia)
 E.S.T.
 David Essex
 Evan and Jaron
 Jackie Evancho (Syco Music/Columbia)
 Evanescence
 Bill Evans
 Tiffany Evans
 George Ezra
 Fleur East
 EAZY-G

F
F

 Barbara Fairchild (Columbia Nashville)
 Shelly Fairchild (Columbia Nashville)
 Percy Faith
 Rose Falcon
 Fania All-Stars
 Tyler Farr (Columbia Nashville)
 Eileen Farrell (Columbia Masterworks)
 Dionne Farris
 Fastway
 Rebecca Ferguson (Syco Music/Columbia)
 Nino Ferrer (CBS Disques S.A.)
 Fertig, Los!
 Dominic Fike
 Fingertight
 Firehose
 The Firesign Theatre
 First Aid Kit
 Ella Fitzgerald
 Five for Fighting
 Five Finger Death Punch (Prospect Park)
 Béla Fleck (Columbia Nashville)
 Fleetwood Mac (Blue Horizon/CBS) (outside US/Canada)
 The Flying Burrito Brothers
 Dan Fogelberg
 Foggy Mountain Boys
 Ronnie Foster
 Foster the People
 The Four Lads 
 Zino Francescatti 
 Frankie J
 Aretha Franklin
 Franz Ferdinand
 Fraser & DeBolt
 Frenship
 Janie Fricke (Columbia Nashville)
 David Frizzell (Columbia Nashville)
 The Front
 Michel Fugain (CBS Disques S.A. France)
 Fugees (Ruffhosue/Columbia)
 Full Force
 Future

G
Jean Gabin (CBS Disques S.A.)
 André Gagnon (Columbia of Canada)
 Eric Gale
 Patsy Gallant (Columbia of Canada)
 Katy Garbi
 Sean Garrett (Roc Nation/Columbia)
 Art Garfunkel
 Judy Garland
 Bradley Gaskin (Columbia Nashville)
 Larry Gatlin (Columbia Nashville, first six albums leased from Monument)
 Marvin Gaye
 Crystal Gayle (Columbia Nashville)
 Stan Getz
 J Geils Band
 Teddy Geiger
 George Gershwin (Columbia Masterworks)
 Gentle Giant (US and Canada, leased from Vertigo and Chrysalis)
 Elizabeth Gillies (Nickelodeon/Columbia)
 Terry Gilkyson
 David Gilmour
 Glasvegas
 Glee cast
 Glowie
 The Go! Team
 Goapele (Skyblaze/Columbia)
 Arthur Godfrey
 Gogol Bordello
 Goldfinger
 Benny Golson
 GoodBooks
 Benny Goodman
 Delta Goodrem
 Dexter Gordon
 Eydie Gormé
 Vern Gosdin (Columbia Nashville)
 Gossip
 Glenn Gould (Columbia Masterworks)
 Robert Goulet
 Gowan (Anthem/Columbia)
 Alana Grace
 Jamie Grace
 Stéphane Grappelli
 Diva Gray
 Gregory Gray
 Mark Gray (Columbia Nashville)
 Great Plains (Columbia Nashville)
Partridge Green
 Vivian Green
 Gene Greene
 Ken Griffin
 Gumball
 A Guy Called Gerald
 Grace Vanderwaal
 EAZY-G
H

 Harry Styles
 Bruce Haack
 Haim
 Nina Hagen
 Adelaide Hall
 John Hall (Power released through ARC/Columbia)
 Paul Hampton
 Herbie Hancock
 Hanoi Rocks
 The Harden Trio
 Arlene Harden
 Tim Hardin
 The Harmonicats
 Jimmy Harnen
 Calvin Harris
 Darren Hayes
 Isaac Hayes
 Wade Hayes (Columbia Nashville)
 Roy Haynes
 Harlem World (So So Def/Columbia)
 Hawks
 Heart
 Heath Brothers
 Heaven's Edge
 Mitch Hedberg (Comedy Central/Columbia)
 Coleman Hell
 Hellyeah
 Ella Henderson (Syco Music/Columbia) (US)
 Fletcher Henderson
 Woody Herman
 Patrick Hernandez
 Ari Hest
 Hey Monday (Decaydance/Columbia)
 The Highwaymen (Columbia Nashville)
 Dan Hill
 Lauryn Hill
 Z.Z. Hill
 The Hi-Lo's
 Mattie Hite
 Hodgy
 Billie Holiday
 Jake Holmes
 The Hooters
 Linda Hopkins
 Dan Hornsby
 Vladimir Horowitz (Columbia Masterworks)
 Johnny Horton
 Cissy Houston
 Marques Houston
 Terrence Howard
 How to Destroy Angels
 Home Free
 Hozier (US)
 Freddie Hubbard
 Hundred Reasons

I
I

 Julio Iglesias
 Jack Ingram (Columbia Nashville)
 Inner City
 Insane Clown Posse (Psychopathic Records; distribution only)
 Irakere
 Iron Maiden (US/Canada)
 It's a Beautiful Day
 The Internet (Odd Future/Columbia)

J
J

 J. Cole (Roc Nation/Columbia)
 John Mayer
 The Jacksons
 Mahalia Jackson
 Michael Jackson
 Rebbie Jackson
 Stonewall Jackson
 Jaroslav Jakubovič
 Jagged Edge (So So Def/Columbia)
 Casey James (19/Columbia Nashville)
 Harry James
 Sonny James (Columbia Nashville)
 Tom Jans
 Lauren Jauregui
 Jay Z (Def Jam - until 2009)
 Wyclef Jean
 Lyfe Jennings
 Buddy Jewell (Columbia Nashville)
 J-Kwon
 Joan Jett and the Blackhearts (Blackheart Records)
 Kari Jobe (Integrity/Columbia)
 The Joe Perry Project
 Billy Joel
 J.J. Johnson
 Robert Johnson
 Jim Jones
 Oran "Juice" Jones (Def Jam/Columbia)
 Janis Joplin
 Alexis Jordan
 Josie and the Pussycats
 Journey
 Judas Priest
 Juicy J
 Juilliard String Quartet 
 Pauline Julien
 Junkie XL
 Juno Reactor
 Victoria Justice (Nickelodeon/Columbia)
Joseph rapper
 Jussie Smollett

K
K

 Patricia Kaas
 Brenda Kahn
 Roger Wolfe Kahn
 Ini Kamoze
 Christian Kane (Columbia Nashville)
 Madleen Kane
 Miles Kane
 Kasabian
 Katy B (Rinse FM/Columbia)
 Sammy Kaye
 Jorma Kaukonen
 Mat Kearney
 Kendrick Lamar
 Kenna
 Raymond Louis Kennedy (ARC/Columbia)
 Alicia Keys
 Kreayshawn
 Kid Capri (Track Masters/Columbia)
 Angélique Kidjo
 Killer Mike (Aquemini/Columbia)
 Killing Joke
 Killradio
 Killswitch Engage
 Carl King
 Peggy King
 King Princess
 Kings of Leon
 The Kinks
 John Kirby
 Gladys Knight
 Gladys Knight & the Pips
 Holly Knight (self-titled album)
 Reggie Knighton (transferred to ARC/Columbia for The Reggie Knighton Band)
 Kool Keith (Ruffhouse/Columbia)
 Al Kooper
 Korn (until 2009)
 Andre Kostelanetz
 Kraftwerk
 Chantal Kreviazuk
 Krewella
 Kris Kross (Ruffhouse/Columbia)
 Toshinobu Kubota
 Kula Shaker
 Leah Kunkel
 Kurious (Hoppoh/Columbia)
 Kay Kyser

L
Frankie Laine
 Labrinth (US)
 Lake
 Lamb of God
 Lambert, Hendricks & Ross
 Miranda Lambert (Columbia Nashville)
 George Lamond
 Catherine Lara
 The Lashes
 The Laughing Dogs
 Cinta Laura
 Steve Lawrence
 Hubert Laws
 LCD Soundsystem
 LSD
 Denis Leary (Comedy Central/Columbia)
 Lecrae
 Michele Lee
 Mylon LeFevre (Columbia and CBS Associated)
 Leftfield (Hard Hands/Columbia)
 John Legend
 Len
 Gérard Lenorman
 LÉON
 Lewis Del Mar
 Lauren Jauregui
 Ted Lewis
 Monique Leyrac
 Prudence Liew
 Lil' Flip (Loud/Columbia)
 Lil' Fizz
 Lil Nas X
 Lil' Peep
 Lil Tjay
 Lil' Xan
 Mark Lindsay
 Lindsey Buckingham
 Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam
 LL Cool J (Def Jam/Columbia)
 Lo Fidelity Allstars (Skint/Columbia)
 Kenny Loggins
 Loggins and Messina
 Little Mix (US)
 London String Quartet (Columbia Masterworks)
 Lone Star
 Brice Long (Columbia Nashville)
 Bobby Lord (Columbia Nashville)
 Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz
 Lostprophets
 Lous and the Yakuza
 Lovedrug
 The Love Affair (outside US)
 Love/Hate
 Loverboy
 Nick Lowe (US)
Nick Lowe (US)
 LeToya Luckett
 Lucky Ali
 LunchMoney Lewis (Kemosabe/Columbia)
 Jimmie Lunceford
 Cheryl Lynn
MN8
 M.I.A.
 Macklemore
 Macklemore and Ryan Lewis
 Magic Man
 Magnetic Man
 Mad Cobra
 Madeon
 Taj Mahal
 Mahavishnu Orchestra
 Mahogany Rush
 Natalie Maines
 Manic Street Preachers
 Barbara Mandrell (Columbia Nashville)
 Chuck Mangione
 The Manhattan Transfer (1991-92)
 The Manhattans
 Barry Manilow
 Frank Marino
 Marmalade
 Branford Marsalis
 Ellis Marsalis Jr.
 Wynton Marsalis
 Martika
 Ricky Martin (C2/Columbia)
 Mary Mary
 Ma$e (So So Def/Columbia)
 Mashmakhan
 Jackie Mason
 Nick Mason (outside Europe)
 Johnny Mathis
 Iain Matthews (1976-77)
 Matthews, Wright & King (Columbia Nashville)
 Maxwell
 John Mayer (Aware/Columbia)
 Rachael MacFarlane
 Seth MacFarlane
 Paul McCartney (US/Canada, after 1979)
 Roger McGuinn
 Joey McIntyre (C2/Columbia)
 Nellie McKay
 Scott McKenzie
 John McLaughlin
 Marshall McLuhan
 Katharine McPhee
 Carmen McRae
 MC Serch (Def Jam/Chaos/Columbia)
 Mecano
 Mark Medlock
 Megadeth
 John Mellencamp
 Memento
 Men at Work
 Maria Mena
 Tim Mensy (Columbia Nashville)
Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes (Philadelphia International/Columbia)
 Freddie Mercury
 Metallica (until 1991)
 MFSB (Philadelphia International/Columbia)
 MGMT
 George Michael (US/Canada)
 Lea Michele
 Midi Rain (Vinyl Solution/Columbia)
 Bette Midler
 Midtown
 Mile
 Mitch Miller
 T. Mills
 Nathan Milstein (Columbia Masterworks)
 Charles Mingus 
 Liza Minnelli 
 Misfits
 Guy Mitchell
 Dimitri Mitropoulos 
 MKTO
 Ms Mr
 Mr. T
 Mobb Deep (Loud/Columbia)
 Moby
 Moby Grape
 Don Moen (Integrity/Columbia)
 Katy Moffatt
 Eddie Money (Wolfgang/Columbia)
 Thelonious Monk
 Ashley Monroe (Columbia Nashville)
 Monsta X (Epic/Columbia) (UK)
 Montgomery Gentry (Columbia Nashville)
 Sara Montiel
 Jackie Moore
 M.O.P.
 Moxie Raia
 Alanis Morissette (Columbia SevenOne) (Europe)
 Mormon Tabernacle Choir
 Maren Morris (Columbia Nashville)
 Motion City Soundtrack
 Mudhoney
 Mudvayne
 Shawn Mullins
 Eddie Murphy
 Elliott Murphy
 Olly Murs
N

 Jim Nabors
 The Naked Brothers Band (Nickelodeon/Columbia)
 Natalie Maines
 Anna Nalick
 Nas
 Nature
 The Neighbourhood
 Willie Nelson (Columbia Nashville)
 Nena (CBS Schallplatten)
 N.E.R.D.
 Peter Nero
 The New Christy Minstrels
 New Kids on the Block
 Randy Newman
 Nice & Smooth (RAL/Columbia)
 Willie Nile
 Nine Inch Nails (Null Corp./Columbia) (US/Taiwan)
 NKOTBSB
 No Wyld
 Noemi
 Northern State

O

 OG Maco
 The O'Jays (Philadelphia International/Columbia)
 The O'Kanes (Columbia Nashville)
 The Oak Ridge Boys (Columbia Nashville)
 Oasis (Big Brother/Helter Skelter/Columbia) (US) 
 Frank Ocean 
 Odd Future
 The Offspring (1997–2013)
 Babatunde Olatunji
 Old Crow Medicine Show (Columbia Nashville)
 Ollabelle
 Joe "King" Oliver
 One Direction (Columbia) (US)
 OneRepublic*
 Onyx (JMJ/RAL/Chaos/Columbia)
 Oomph!
 Original Concept (Def Jam/Columbia)
 Eugene Ormandy (Columbia Masterworks)
 Our Lady Peace
 The Outfield
 OutKast
 Ozzy Osbourne

P
Papa Roach
 Passion Pit
 Patti Page
 Polo G
 Michel Pagliaro
 Johan Palm
 Dolly Parton (Columbia Nashville)
 Billy Paul (Philadelphia International/Columbia)
 Les Paul and Mary Ford
 Pavlov's Dog (debut album leased from ABC Records)
 Peace
 Peach Pit (band)
 Pearl Jam
 Gayla Peevey
 Christine Perfect (Blue Horizon/CBS) (outside US/Canada)
 Katy Perry
 Steve Perry
 Julian Perretta
 Persephone's Bees
 Joe Pesci
 Philadelphia Orchestra (Columbia Masterworks)
 Edith Piaf
 Kellie Pickler (19/Columbia Nashville)
 Pink Floyd (outside Europe)
 Joe Piscopo
 Mary Kay Place
 Manitas de Plata
 Rachel Platten
 Play
 P.O.D.
 Pamela Polland
 Jean-Luc Ponty
 Powerman 5000
 Prairie Madness
 Pras (Ruffhouse/Columbia)
 Andy Pratt
 The Presidents of the United States of America
 Pretty Maids
 PrettyMuch
 Ray Price (Columbia Nashville)
 Primal Scream
 Prince (NPG/Columbia)
 Charles A. Prince
 Project Pat (Hypnotize Minds/Columbia)
 The Psycho Realm (Ruffhouse/Columbia)
 Public Enemy (Def Jam/Columbia)
Gary Puckett & The Union Gap
 The Puppies (Chaos/Columbia)
 Ppcocaine (formerly known is trapbunnybubbles)
Q

 Carmel Quinn
 Quarashi
 Bill Quateman

R
Joshua Radin
 Radiopilot
 Genya Ravan
 Raekwon (Loud/Columbia)
 A. R. Rahman
 Ramones 
 Rancid
 Jean-Pierre Rampal (Columbia Masterworks)
 The Rascals
 Raury (LoveRenaissance/Columbia)
 Rag 'N' Bone Man
 Rage Against the Machine
 Raleigh Ritchie
 The Raveonettes
 Lou Rawls (Philadelphia International/Columbia)
 Johnnie Ray
 Raze
 Tony Rebel (Chaos/Columbia)
 Red Rockers (415/Columbia)
 Mike Reid (Columbia Nashville)
 The Remix Master
 Return to Forever
 Paul Revere & the Raiders
 Nóirín Ní Riain
 Kyle Riabko
 Chase Rice (Dack Janiels/Columbia Nashville)
 Rich Kidz
 Ricochet (Columbia Nashville)
 Rip Chords
 Rise Against
 Roachford
 Marty Robbins (Columbia Nashville)
 Emma Roberts (Nickelodeon/Columbia)
 Robinella and the CC String Band
 Eileen Rodgers
 David Rogers (Columbia Nashville)
 The Rolling Stones (Rolling Stones/Columbia)
 Ray Romano
 Romeo Void (415/Columbia)
 Mark Ronson
 Robi Dräco Rosa 
 Charles Rosen 
 Lucy Rose
 Tim Rose
 Rick Ross
 Isaac Russell
 Billy Joe Royal
Billy Joe Royal
 John Wesley Ryles (Columbia Nashville)
 Russ
 Ruth B
Sum 41 (Canada)
 Steve Angello
 Raphael Saadiq
 Bally Sagoo
 David Sanchez
 Roger Sanchez
 Felicia Sanders
 Arturo Sandoval
 Sandeé (Fever/RAL/Columbia)
 Santana
 Savage Garden (outside Australia/Japan)
 Save Ferris (Withyn/Columbia)
 Scandal
 Kristen Schaal (Comedy Central/Columbia)
 Janne Schaffer
 Patti Scialfa
 Raymond Scott
 Tom Scott
 Pete Seeger
 The Seekers
 Seiko
 Serart
 Rudolf Serkin 
 Serayah
 Shaggy
 Shakti
 Ravi Shankar
 Billy Joe Shaver (Columbia Nashville)
 Marlena Shaw
 Woody Shaw
 Dorothy Shay
 Shenandoah (Columbia Nashville)
 She & Him
 Ricky Van Shelton (Columbia Nashville)
 T.G. Sheppard (Columbia Nashville)
 The Shins (Aural Apothecary/Columbia)
 Dinah Shore
 Wayne Shorter
 Bobby Sichran
 The Silencers
 Silver Condor
 Simple Plan
 Simon & Garfunkel
 Paul Simon
 Carly Simon
 Jessica Simpson
 Frank Sinatra
 Red Skelton
 Slayer
 Sleeping with Sirens
 Bessie Smith
 Connie Smith
 Joanna Smith (Columbia Nashville)
 Kate Smith
 Lonnie Smith
 O. C. Smith
 Patti Smith
 Rex Smith
 Will Smith
Will Smith
 Jussie Smollett
 Phoebe Snow
 Social Distortion
 Solange
 Joanie Sommers
 Soul Asylum
 South Border (Philippines)
 South Central Cartel (GWK/DJ West/RAL/Chaos/Columbia)
 South Park (Comedy Central/Columbia/WMG)
 Spandau Ballet (CBS)
 Sparks (US)
 Lucy Spraggan
 Rick Springfield
 Bruce Springsteen
 Spiral Starecase
 Natasha St-Pier
 Stabbing Westward
 Jo Stafford
 Mary Stafford
 The Stanley Brothers
 Ralph Stanley
 The Statler Brothers (Columbia Nashville)
 Lennon Stella
 Chris Stapleton
 Stereo Skyline
 Stereomud 
 Isaac Stern 
 Cal Stewart
 Larry Stewart (Columbia Nashville)
 Doug Stone (Columbia Nashville) 
 Igor Strawinsky 
 Barbra Streisand
 The Stunners
 Harry Styles
 Selah Sue
 Sunscreem
 Super Cat
 Superchick
 Surface
 Sweathog
 The Sweet
 Sweethearts of the Rodeo (Columbia Nashville)
 Switchfoot
 Syd
 System of a Down (American Recordings/Columbia)
 George Szell
T

 T-Pain
 T-Square
 Gid Tanner & the Skillet Lickers
 Taproot
 Angel Taylor
 James Taylor (1977-2007)
 Johnnie Taylor
 Ten City
 Tenacious D
 Terminator X (P.R.O. Division/RAL/Columbia)
 Khleo Thomas
 Josh Thompson (Columbia Nashville)
 The Thorns
 Three Days Grace
 The Three Degrees (Columbia/Philadelphia International)
 Three 6 Mafia (Hypnotize Minds/Columbia)
 Charles Davis Tillman
 The Ting Tings
 Libby Titus
 Mia Doi Todd
 Satoshi Tomīe (C2/Columbia)
 Daniel Tosh (Comedy Central/Columbia)
 Toad The Wet Sprocket
 Tommy Tutone
 Mel Tormé
 Toto
 Trackmasters (Track Masters/Columbia)
 Train
 Meghan Trainor
 Trance Dance
 Translator (415/Columbia)
 The Tremeloes
 Rick Trevino (Columbia Nashville)
 Travis Tritt (Columbia Nashville)
 Richard Tucker
 Orrin Tucker
 Tanya Tucker (Columbia Nashville)
 Leah Turner (Columbia Nashville)
 Twisted Wheel
 Bonnie Tyler
 Steve Tyrell
 Tye Tribbett & G.A.
 Tyga
 Tyler, The Creator

U

 Magnus Uggla
 James Blood Ulmer
 The Used

V
V

 The Vaccines
 Jerry Vale
 Valencia
 Vampire Weekend
 Van Zant (Columbia Nashville)
 Sarah Vaughan
 The Vibrators
 Gilles Vigneault (Columbia of Canada)
 Andreas Vollenweider
 Grace VanderWaal

W
Walk Off the Earth (SlapDash/Columbia)
 Ron Wallace (Columbia Nashville)
 The Wallflowers
 Bruno Walter 
 Wanderléa
 Wardruna
 Warrant
 War Babies
 Dionne Warwick
 Muddy Waters
 Roger Waters
 Mike Watt
 André Watts (Columbia Masterworks)
 Jeff "Tain" Watts
 Jeff Wayne
 The Weather Girls
 Weather Report
 Joan Weber
 Weezer (Hurley only)
 Freddy Weller
 Wet (band)
 Kirk Whalum
 Wham! (US/Canada)
 Wheat
 Wheatus
 Whipping Boy
 Jack White (Third Man/Columbia)
 Maurice White
 Peter White
 White Denim
 Paul Whiteman
 Whitesnake (CBS, Japan)
 Whodini (So So Def/Columbia)
 Rusty Wier
 Wilderness Road
 Andy Williams
 Bert Williams
 James "D-Train" Williams
 Deniece Williams
 John Williams
 Michelle Williams
 Pharrell Williams
 Robbie Williams
 Trent Willmon (Columbia Nashville)
 Edith Wilson
 Gretchen Wilson (Columbia Nashville)
 Teddy Wilson
 Wilson Phillips
 Wings (US/Canada)
 Edgar Winter
 Johnny Winter
 Wire Train (415/Columbia)
 Michael Wolff
 Charles Wood (Columbia Masterworks)
 Ron Wood
Ron Wood
 Worl-A-Girl (Chaos/Columbia)
 Rick Wright (outside Europe)
 Wu-Tang Clan (Loud/Columbia)
X

 Xscape (So So Def/Columbia)
 Xzibit (Loud/Columbia)
 The X-Ecutioners (Loud/Columbia)

Y

 "Weird Al" Yankovic
 Billy Yates (Columbia Nashville)
 Lori Yates (Columbia Nashville)
 Yelawolf
 Yes
 Pete Yorn
 Paul Young
 Tata Young
 Yazz the Greatest

Z

 Hector Zazou
 Zebrahead
 Denny Zeitlin
 Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons (USA/Canada, Screaming Targets through Full Moon/Columbia)
 Zhavia
 ZHU
 ZZ Top

References

Lists of musicians
The origin of life on Earth is a scientific problem which is not yet solved. There are many ideas, but few clear facts.

Most experts agree that all life today evolved by common descent from a single primitive lifeform. It is not known how this early life form evolved, but scientists think it was a natural process which happened about 3,900 million years ago. This is in accord with the philosophy of naturalism: only natural causes are admitted.

It is not known if metabolism came first or genetics. The main hypothesis which supports genetics first is the RNA world hypothesis, and the one which supports metabolism first is the protein world hypothesis.
Another big problem is how cells developed. Melvin Calvin, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, wrote a book on the subject, and so did Alexander Oparin. What links most of the early work on the origin of life is the idea that before life began there must have been a process of chemical change. Another question which has been discussed by J.D. Bernal and others is the origin of the cell membrane. By concentrating the chemicals in one place, the cell membrane performs a vital function.

What we call life has only been verified in things that include RNA, mechanisms for encoding and decoding RNA, and mechanisms for building proteins from amino acids. The search for a verifiable theory of biogenesis is a separate field of research.

Fossil record

Earliest claimed life on Earth 
The earliest claimed lifeforms are fossilized microorganisms (or microfossils).  They were found in iron and silica-rich rocks which were once  hydrothermal vents in the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt of Quebec, Canada.
These rocks are as old as 4.28 billion years. The tubular forms they contain are shown in a report. If this is the oldest record of life on Earth, it suggests "an almost instantaneous emergence of life" after oceans formed 4.4 billion years ago. According to Stephen Blair Hedges, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth… then it could be common in the universe".

Previous earliest 
A scientific study from 2002 showed that geological formations of stromatolites 3.45 billion years old contain fossilized cyanobacteria. At the time it was widely agreed that stromatolites were the oldest known lifeforms on Earth which had left a record of its existence. Therefore, if life originated on Earth, this happened sometime between 4.4 billion years ago, when water vapor first liquefied, and 3.5 billion years ago. This is the background to the latest discovery discussed above.
The earliest evidence of life comes from the Isua supercrustal belt in Western Greenland, and from similar formations in the nearby Akilia Islands. This is because a high level of the lighter isotope of carbon is found there. Living things take up lighter isotopes because this takes less energy. Carbon entering into rock formations has a concentration of elemental δ13C of about −5.5. of 12C, biomass has a δ13C of between −20 and −30. These isotopic fingerprints are preserved in the rocks. With this evidence, Mojzis suggested that life existed on the planet already by 3.85 billion years ago. Against that view is the evidence that our Solar System is very unusual in several respects. For example, it is clear that most star systems have their largest planet close to their star.

A few scientists think life might have been carried from planet to planet by the transport of spores. This idea, now known as panspermia, was first put forward by Arrhenius.

History of studies into the origin of life
Spontaneous generation 
Until the early 19th century many people  believed in the regular spontaneous generation of life from non-living matter. This was called spontaneous generation, and was disproved by Louis Pasteur. He showed that without spores no bacteria or viruses grew on sterile material.

Darwin 
In a letter to Joseph Dalton Hooker on 11 February 1871, Charles Darwin proposed a natural process for the origin of life.

He suggested that the original spark of life may have begun in a "warm little pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts, lights, heat, electricity, etc. A protein compound was then chemically formed ready to undergo still more complex changes". He went on to explain that "at the present day such matter would be instantly devoured or absorbed, which would not have been the case before living creatures were formed".
Haldane and Oparin 
No real progress was made until 1924 when Alexander Oparin reasoned that atmospheric oxygen prevented the synthesis of the organic molecules. Organic molecules are the necessary building blocks for the evolution of life. In his The Origin of Life, Oparin argued that a "primordial soup" of organic molecules could be created in an oxygen-less atmosphere through the action of sunlight. These would combine in ever-more complex fashions until they formed droplets. These droplets would "grow" by fusion with other droplets, and "reproduce" through fission into daughter droplets, and so have a primitive metabolism in which those factors which promote "cell integrity" survive, those that do not become extinct. Many modern theories of the origin of life still take Oparin's ideas as a starting point.
Around the same time J.B.S. Haldane also suggested that the Earth's pre-biotic oceans, which were very different from what oceans are now, would have formed a "hot dilute soup". In this soup, organic compounds, the building blocks of life, could have formed. This idea was called biopoiesis, the process of living matter evolving from self-replicating but nonliving molecules.

Early conditions on Earth 
There is almost no geological record from before 3.8 billion years ago. The environment that existed in the Hadean era was hostile to life, but how much so is not known. There was a time, between 3.8 and 4.1 billion years ago, which is known as the Late Heavy Bombardment. It is so named because many lunar craters are thought to have formed then. The situation on other planets, such as Earth, Venus, Mercury and Mars must have been similar. These impacts would likely sterilize the Earth (kill all life), if it existed at that time.
Several people have suggested that the chemicals in the cell give clues as to what the early seas must have been like. In 1926, Macallum noted that the inorganic composition of the cell cytosol dramatically differs from that of modern sea water: "the cell… has endowments transmitted from a past almost as remote as the origin of life on earth". For example: "All cells contain much more potassium, phosphate, and transition metals than modern ... oceans, lakes, or rivers". "Under the anoxic, CO2-dominated primordial atmosphere, the chemistry of inland basins at geothermal fields would [be like the chemistry inside] modern cells".

Temperature 
If life evolved in the deep ocean, near a hydrothermal vent, it could have originated as early as 4 to 4.2 billion years ago. If, on the other hand, life originated at the surface of the planet, a common opinion is it could only have done so between 3.5 and 4 billion years ago.
Lazcano and Miller (1994) suggest that the pace of molecular evolution was dictated by the rate of recirculating water through mid-ocean submarine vents. Complete recirculation takes 10 million years, so any organic compounds produced by then would be altered or destroyed by temperatures exceeding 300 °C. They estimate that the development of a 100 kilobase genome of a DNA/protein primitive heterotroph into a 7000 gene filamentous cyanobacterium would have required only 7 million years.

History of Earth's atmosphere 
Originally, the atmosphere of Earth had almost no free oxygen. It gradually changed to what it is today, over a very long time (see Great Oxygenation Event). The process began with cyanobacteria. They were the first organisms to make free oxygen by photosynthesis. Most organisms today need oxygen for their metabolism; only a few can use other sources for respiration.
Current models 
There is no "standard model" on how life started. Most accepted models are built on molecular biology and cell biology:
 Because there are the right conditions, some basic small molecules are created. These are called monomers of life. Amino acids are one type of these molecules. This was proved by the Miller–Urey experiment by Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey in 1953, and we now know these basic building blocks are common throughout space. Early Earth would have had them all.
 Phospholipids, which can form lipid bilayers, a main component of the cell membrane.
 Nucleotides which might join up into random RNA molecules. This might have resulted in self-replicating ribozymes (RNA world hypothesis).
 Competition for substrates would select mini-proteins into enzymes. The ribosome is critical to protein synthesis in present-day cells, but we have no idea as to how it evolved.
 Early on, ribonucleic acids would have been catalysts, but later, nucleic acids are specialised for genomic use.
The origin of the basic biomolecules, while not settled, is less controversial than the significance and order of steps 2 and 3. The basic chemicals from which life is thought to have formed are:
 Methane (CH4),
 Ammonia (NH3),
 Water (H2O),
 Hydrogen sulfide (H2S),
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) or carbon monoxide (CO), and
 Phosphate (PO43-).
 Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
Molecular oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3) were either rare or absent.

Three stages 
 Stage 1: The origin of biological monomers
 Stage 2: The origin of biological polymers
 Stage 3: The evolution from molecules to cells

Bernal suggested that evolution may have started early, some time between Stage 1 and 2.

Origin of organic molecules 
There are three sources of organic molecules on the early Earth: 
 organic synthesis by energy sources (such as ultraviolet light or electrical discharges).
 delivery by extraterrestrial objects such as carbonaceous meteorites (chondrites);
 organic synthesis driven by impact shocks.
Estimates of these sources suggest that the heavy bombardment before 3.5 billion years ago made available quantities of organics comparable to those produced by other energy sources.

Miller's experiment and the primordial soup 

In 1953 a graduate student, Stanley Miller, and his professor, Harold Urey, performed an experiment that showed how organic molecules could have formed on early Earth from inorganic precursors.

The now-famous Miller–Urey experiment used a highly reduced mixture of gases – methane, ammonia and hydrogen – to form basic organic monomers, such as amino acids. We do know now that for more than the first half of the Earth's history its atmosphere had almost no oxygen.
Fox's experiments 
In the 1950s and 1960s, Sidney W. Fox studied the spontaneous formation of peptide structures under conditions that might have existed early in Earth's history. He demonstrated that amino acids could by itself form small peptides. These amino acids and small peptides could be encouraged to form closed spherical membranes, called microspheres.

Special conditions 
Some scientists have suggested special conditions which could make cell synthesis easier.

Clay world 
A clay model for the origin of life was suggested by A. Graham Cairns-Smith. Clay theory suggests complex organic molecules arose gradually on a pre-existing non-organic platform, namely, silicate crystals in solution.
Deep-hot biosphere model 
In the 1970s, Thomas Gold proposed the theory that life first developed not on the surface of the Earth, but several kilometers below the surface. The discovery in the late 1990s of nanobes (filamental structures that are smaller than bacteria, but that may contain DNA in deep rocks)  might support Gold's theory.

It is now reasonably well established that microbial life is plentiful at shallow depths in the Earth (up to five kilometers below the surface) in the form of extremophile archaea, rather than the better-known eubacteria (which live in more accessible conditions).

Gold asserted that a trickle of food from a deep, unreachable, source is needed for survival because life arising in a puddle of organic material is likely to consume all of its food and become extinct. Gold's theory was that the flow of food is due to out-gassing of primordial methane from the Earth's mantle.
Self-organization and replication 
Self-organization and self-replication are the hallmark of living systems. Non-living molecules sometimes show those features under proper conditions. For example, Martin and Russel showed that cell membranes separating contents from the environment and self-organization of self-contained redox reactions are the most conserved attributes of living things. They argue that inorganic matter like that would be life's most likely last common ancestor.

Theories

RNA world hypothesis 
In this hypothesis, RNA is said to work both as an enzyme and as a container of genes. Later, DNA took over its genetic role.

The RNA world hypothesis proposes that life based on ribonucleic acid (RNA) pre-dates the current world of life based on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), RNA and proteins. RNA is able both to store genetic information, like DNA, and to catalyze chemical reactions, like an enzyme. It may have supported pre-cellular life and been a major step towards cellular life.
There are some pieces of evidence which support this idea:
There are some RNAs which work as enzymes.
Some viruses use RNA for heredity.
Many of the most fundamental parts of the cell (those that evolve the slowest) require RNA.

Metabolism and proteins 
This idea suggests that proteins worked as enzymes first, producing metabolism. After that DNA and RNA began to work as containers of genes.

This idea also has some evidences which supports this.
Protein as enzyme is essential for today's lives.
Some amino acids are formed from more basic chemicals in the Miller-Urey experiment. Some deny this idea because Proteins cannot copy themselves.

Lipids 
In this scheme membranes made of lipid bilayers occur early on. Once organic chemicals are enclosed, more complex biochemistry is then possible.
Panspermia 
This is the idea suggested by Arrhenius, and developed by Fred Hoyle, that life developed elsewhere in the universe and arrived on Earth in the form of spores. This is not a theory of how life began, but a theory of how it might have spread. It may have spread, for example, by meteorites.

Some propose that early Mars was a better place to start life than was the early Earth.  The molecules which combined to form genetic material are more complex than the "primordial soup" of organic (carbon-based) chemicals that existed on Earth four billion years ago. If RNA was the first genetic material, then minerals containing boron and molybdenum could assist in its formation. These minerals were much more common on Mars than on Earth.
In religion 
In Christianity, some people reject the idea of evolution. They believe that the Earth is only a few thousand years old. This is known as Young Earth Creationism.  However, the Bible does not explicitly state the age of the Earth, only that 'In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth' (Genesis 1:1)

Related pages
 Astrobiology
 Earliest known life forms
 Common descent

References 

Biology
Earth sciences
Evolutionary biology
Molecular biology
Prokaryotes
Below is a timeline of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season, listing all the storm formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, as well as dissipation. The 2006 Atlantic hurricane season was a season in which an El Niño event stopped much tropical cyclone activity, especially later in the season. The season officially began on June 1, 2006, and lasted until November 30. For convenience and clarity, in the timeline below, all landfalls are bolded. The timeline also includes information which was not operationally released, meaning that information from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center, such as information on a storm that was not operationally warned on, have been included.

The graphical bar above gives a brief overview of storm activity during the season, and for convenience, the storm's maximum intensity is included as a color bar. Tropical Storm Zeta from 2005 persisted into 2006, therefore a January section has been included in the text timeline.
Timeline of storms

January
January 1
0000 UTC - The year 2006 begins with Tropical Storm Zeta still active from the previous season, making Zeta only the second cross-season North Atlantic storm ever recorded.
January 6
2 a.m. AST (0600 UTC) - Tropical Storm Zeta weakens into a tropical depression.
5 p.m. AST (2100 UTC) - The National Hurricane Center issues its last advisory on dissipating Tropical Depression Zeta, finally ending the 2005 season.
June
June 1 	 
The 2006 Atlantic hurricane season officially begins.
June 10
1 a.m. CDT (0600 UTC) - Tropical Depression One forms 120 nautical miles (140 miles, 220 km) south of the western tip of Cuba.
7 p.m. CDT (0000 UTC June 11) - Tropical Depression One strengthens into Tropical Storm Alberto.
June 13
12:30 p.m. EDT (1630 UTC) - Tropical Storm Alberto makes landfall near Adams Beach, Florida, with 45 mph winds.
June 14
2 a.m. EDT (0600 UTC) - Tropical Storm Alberto weakens into a tropical depression.
8 a.m. EDT (1200 UTC) - The remnants of Alberto become extratropical.
5 p.m. EDT (2100 UTC) - The HPC issues its first and only advisory on the remnants of Tropical Depression Alberto.