Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Axle, a central shaft for a rotating wheel or gear
 An architectural column's long cylindrical section
 the height of a boot
Elevator shaft
Shaft (1971 movie) or the 1971 novel on which it was based
Shaft (album), the soundtrack for the movie of the same name, recorded by Isaac Hayes
Shaft (2000 movie)
Shaft (television)
John Shaft, the title character of the above movies.
 Shaft (comics), a Marvel Comics ninja character
Shaft (band), a dance music act who scored a 1999 hit with a cover/remix of (Mucho Mambo) Sway
Shafting, illicit travelling through shafts
Shaft mining
 Pitch (vertical space), a significant underground vertical space in caving terminology
 Driveshaft, a mechanical device for transferring power from the engine or motor to the point where useful work is applied
 The part of a golf club between its head and its grip
 Penis (slang)
 a weapon in the Quake video game series
 Drive Shaft, the fictional rock band led by Charlie Pace in the TV series Lost
 Ventilation shaft
 Part of a loom
Part of a loom
 Shaft (Castlevania), the dark priest from the Castlevania videogame series
Shaft (company), a Japanese animation company
Shaft (club), a Blues and Jazz Club in Istanbul, Turkey.
The polar second moment of area (also referred to as "polar moment of inertia") is a measure of an object's ability to resist torsion as a function of its shape.  It is one aspect of the second moment of area linked through the perpendicular axis theorem where the planar second moment of area uses a beam's cross-sectional shape to describe its resistance to deformation (bending) when subjected to a force applied in a plane parallel to its neutral axis, the polar second moment of area uses a beam's cross-sectional shape to describe its resistance to deformation (torsion) when a moment (torque) is applied in a plane perpendicular to the beam's neutral axis.  While the planar second moment of area is most often denoted by the letter, , the polar second moment of area is most often denoted by either, , or the letter, , in engineering textbooks.
The calculated values for the polar second moment of area are most often used describe a solid or hollow cylindrical shaft's resistance to torsion, as in a vehicle's axle or drive shaft.  When applied to non-cylindrical beams or shafts, the calculations for the polar second moment of area becomes erroneous due to warping of the shaft/beam. In these instances, a torsional constant should be used, where a correctional constant is added to the value's calculation.  

The polar second moment of area carries the units of length to the fourth power (); meters to the fourth power () in the metric unit system, and inches to the fourth power () in the imperial unit system.  The mathematical formula for direct calculation is given as a multiple integral over a shape's area, , at a distance  from an arbitrary axis . 

.
. 

In the most simple form, the polar second moment of area is a summation of the two planar second moments of area,  and .  Using the Pythagorean theorem, the distance from axis , , can be broken into its  and  components, and the change in area, , broken into its  and  components,  and .

Given the two formulas for the planar second moments of area:

, and 

The relation to the polar second moment of area can be shown as:
In essence, as the magnitude of the polar second moment of area increases (i.e. large object cross-sectional shape), more torque will be required to cause a torsional deflection of the object.  However, it must be noted that this does not have any bearing on the torsional rigidity provided to an object by its constituent materials; the polar second moment of area is simply rigidity provided to an object by its shape alone.  Torsional rigidity provided by material characteristics is known as the shear modulus, .  Linking these two components of rigidity, one can calculate the angle of twist of a beam, , using:

Where  is the applied moment (torque) and  is the length of the beam.  As shown, higher torques and beam lengths lead to higher angular deflections, where higher values for the polar second moment of area, , and material shear modulus, , reduces the potential for angular deflections.
Related pages 
 Moment (physics)
 Second moment of area
 List of second moments of area for standard shapes
 Shear modulus

Other websites 
Torsion of Shafts - engineeringtoolbox.com
Elastic Properties and Young Modulus for some Materials - engineeringtoolbox.com
Material Properties Database - matweb.com

Mechanics
Burial is the act of placing an object or dead body into the ground, specifically a grave.

Human bodies are usually buried in a cemetery. It is common practice in many places to put bodies into a coffin and place the coffin into the grave. The grave is then usually marked with a headstone so that people know who has died and can visit them.

In the past, often during times of war, many bodies have been placed into the same grave without coffins. This is called a mass burial or a mass grave.

Related pages
 Death
 Funeral
 Cremation

Death customs
The Gila monster () is a venomous desert lizard.  The Gila monster’s name comes from the Gila River in Arizona, USA.

The Gila monster is heavy and slow for a lizard.  It can grow up to 2 feet(60 cm) long.  Its skin looks like beads and is black, pink, orange, and yellow. It looks a lot like the Mexican beaded lizard, which is its closest relative.

The Gila monster can bite quickly and hold on tightly, but it does not kill humans.  It usually eats small rodents, young birds and eggs.  The lizard chews its prey, injecting its venom (poison) into the animal through teeth in its lower jaw.   The Gila monster can also store food in its tail.

In 2005 a medicine to treat diabetes was made from the Gila monster’s saliva.  Some people who take it call it "lizard spit" as a joke.

Reptiles of North America
Lizards
Elizabeth Ann Smart (born November 3, 1987) is an American woman who was kidnapped when she was 14 from her home in Salt Lake City, Utah on June 5, 2002. She was found alive on March 12, 2003 about 20 miles from her home. She was found with two homeless adults, Brian David Michell and Wanda Barzee. Barzee was Mitchell's legal wife. Police believe that Elizabeth was taken to be Mitchell's second wife.

Smart has put the kidnapping behind her. She is now studying harp at Brigham Young University. She would like to play harp in an orchestra or teach the harp to others. She has appeared on television in support of laws that would give child sex offenders a harsher punishment. She has said very little publicly about her kidnapping. She has also made it clear that she does not want to publicly comment very much about her ordeal.

References 

1987 births
Living people
American crime victims
Kidnapped American people
People from Salt Lake City, Utah
Bury is a town in the north of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester in North West England. 

Bury is between Rochdale and Salford; the town is a dormitory town in a northern suburb of Manchester. It is just west of the M66 motorway, and is the largest settlement of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury. It has a population of 60,718.

It has a flourishing market which won Britain’s Favourite Market Award in 2019. It is famous for Bury Black Puddings.

References
Salma Hayek Jiménez (born September 2, 1966) is an Academy Award-nominated Mexican actress, Emmy-winning director, movie producer and television producer.  She is the most successful Latin-American actress in Hollywood since Carmen Miranda. Hayek has appeared in more than thirty movies and worked as an actress outside of Hollywood in Mexico and Spain.

Hayek's charitable work includes increasing awareness on violence against women and discrimination against immigrants.

Early life
Salma Hayek was born in Coatzacoalcos, Mexico. Her father, Sami Hayek is Lebanese and was a politician. Her mother, Diana  Jiménez is a Mexican and was an opera singer. Salma left the town with 12 years and went to a catholic boarding school in Louisiana. She had a bad manners and had to leave the school. She moved to her aunt in Texas and stayed until she was 17 years old. After the graduation, she went back to her hometown and studied international relations and drama in Mexico City.
Career
Hayek longed to be an actress and ended the study. She had her first appearance in the Mexican telenovela Teresa. There, she played a main role. Using this role, she was known in Mexico. Later, she left the Show.

In 1991, she went to Los Angeles and started a career there, but she had little knowledge of English. There, she did drama and elocution lessons. In January 1993, she got a supporting role in Mi Vida Loca. In 1995, she played in Desperado with Antonio Banderas. She got an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award nomination for her role in Frida as best actress in 2003.

Personal life
On 9 March 2007, she confirmed her engagement with the French businessman François-Henri Pinault and her pregnancy. In September 2007, she got a daughter, Valentina Paloma Pinault on the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. In July 2008, they separated. They reconciled and married in February 2009. They married for the second time in April 2009.
She speaks Spanish, Arabic, Portuguese and English.

References

Other websites 
 

1966 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican movie directors
Mexican movie producers
Television producers
People from Veracruz
People with dyslexia
Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of niacin (vitamin B3). Niacin is found in most foods. A person can die from pellagra if it is not treated. The main results of pellagra can be remembered as "the four D's": diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.Some symptoms of pellagra according to a few sources are abdominal cramping,depression,diarrhea,headache,loss of appetite,mucus membrane inflammation,dilated cardiomyopathy. It is also caused due to cellular deficiency of niacin, chronic alcoholism or gastro-intestinal malabsorption. It can be prevented by adequate intake of niacin or foods rich in vitamin B3 and dietary advice to vulnerable groups.

Vitamin deficiencies
Dermatitis means "inflammation of the skin." It looks like a red rash in most cases. It most often refers to eczema.

Skin problems
Chester John "Chet" Culver (born January 25, 1966) is the former Governor of Iowa.

Culver was born in Washington, D.C.. His father, John Culver, was a United States Senator. Before entering politics, Culver was a teacher.

In 1998, Culver won election to be the Iowa Secretary of State. He was reelected in 2002. After Governor Tom Vilsack said he would not run for Governor in 2006, Culver became a Democratic candidate for Governor. In November 2006, he defeated his Republican opponent, Jim Nussle, and in January he became Governor of Iowa. He lost to Terry Branstad in the 2010 election.

Other websites 
 Office of the Governor website

Governors of Iowa
1966 births
Living people
A duel is a fight of the two people who have similar deadly weapons and have agreed to a set of rules before the fight takes place. The fight is usually about a matter of honor. The goal of a duel is not usually to kill the opponent but to restore the honor of the man who declared the duel. Duels are not official laws, they are carried out by individuals.

Duels were practiced from the 15th to 20th century in Western societies. For example, in 1804 in the United States the politicians Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton had a duel. Since the American Civil War, all U.S. states have criminalized dueling, with punishments for dueling ranging from not being allowed to run for public office to the death penalty. Dueling was outlawed because groups against dueling formed and were successful. The dueling with the guns would usually only last 3 shots.

Rules
Duels could be fought with swords or pistols.
The person who felt offended or dishonored had to "challenge" his opponent to a duel. This was usually done by throwing his glove down in front of the opponent or by hitting him in the face with a glove. Each person had to then find a person to be his "second". The job of the seconds was to choose a place to duel and to decide whether or not the weapons were equal.

The person who declared the duel got to choose when the duel would be finished. Common endings to duels were:
until one person was injured, even if the injury was minor
until one person could no longer fight because he was too hurt
until one person was killed or injured so badly that he would soon die
duels with pistols could be ended after the first shot, even if no one was hit. Most pistol duels did not go longer than 3 shots

References
References

Scholarly Studies: US and Canada
 Clayton Cramer. Concealed Weapon Laws of the Early Republic: Dueling, Southern Violence, and Moral Reform
 Joanne B. Freeman. Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (2002)
 James Kelly. That Damn'd Thing Called Honour: Duelling in Ireland 1570-1860" (1995)
 Kevin McAleer. Dueling: The Cult of Honor in Fin-de-Siècle Germany (1994)
 Cecilia Morgan. "'In Search of the Phantom Misnamed Honour': Duelling in Upper Canada."  Canadian Historical Review1995 76(4): 529-562.
 Dick Steward, Duels and the Roots of Violence in Missouri (2000),
 Jack K. Williams. Dueling in the Old South: Vignettes of Social History (1980) (1999)
 Bertram Wyatt-Brown. Honor and Violence in the Old South (1986)
 Bertram Wyatt-Brown  Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (1982)
Popular works
 The Code of Honor; or, Rules for the Government of Principals and Seconds in Duelling (1838)
 Robert Baldick. The Duel: A History (1965, 1996)
 Thomas Gamble.  Savannah Duels & Duellists (1923)
 Harnett C. Kane. Gentlemen, Swords and Pistols (1951)
 Paul Kirchner. Dueling With the Sword and Pistol: 400 Years of One-on-One Combat (2004)
 William Oliver Stevens. Pistols at Ten Paces: The Story of the Code of Honor in America (1940)
 Ben Truman.The Field of Honor (1884); reissued as Duelling in America (1993)

 Other websites 
 The dishonor of dueling.
 Allen, Douglas, W., and Reed, Clyde, G., 2006, "The Duel of Honor: Screening for Unobservable Social Capital," American Law and Economics Review'': 1-35.

Human behavior
Dispute resolution
Violence
The Castle is a 1997 Australian movie. The Castle starred Michael Caton and Anne Tenney and was filmed in Melbourne, Australia.

The Castle was made in 11 days for about AUD$750,000. Some people have said that The Castle is a very simple movie because it was filmed cheaply and quickly. However, fans of the movie generally appreciate it because it is a good movie that was made on a low budget. The movie was popular in Australia. Some people outside Australia did not understand some of the humor.

Plot
Plot

The story is about the Kerrigan family, who have been living in their home—their "castle"—for years. Their house is next to the local airport.  The airport wants the Kerrigans to move so that they can build a new building on the Kerrigans' land. Darryl Kerrigan is the father. He does not want to leave his house, so he fights the airport in court.  At first he loses in court because his lawyer is not very good. Then he meets a very good lawyer (a Queen's Counsel). The Queen's Counsel argues very well and the Kerrigans can keep their house.
The Castle is funny to Australians because the movie is about ordinary people. They are not rich or stylish, but they are good people.  Australians like the idea of "the little Aussie battler", someone who is hard-working even when life is tough. The movie title is named for the English saying, which is said many time during the movie, "A man's home is his castle." The movie also talks about the land rights movement of the Australian Aborigines. Darryl Kerrigan compares his problem to the Aboriginals problems about land. The movie talks about  famous Australian Constitutional Law Cases, like Mabo and the Tasmanian Dams Case.

Cast
 Michael Caton as Darryl Kerrigan
 Anne Tenney as Sal Kerrigan
 Stephen Curry as Dale Kerrigan
 Anthony Simcoe as Steve Kerrigan
 Sophie Lee as Tracey Kerrigan
 Wayne Hope as Wayne Kerrigan
 Tiriel Mora as Dennis Denuto
 Eric Bana as Con Petropoulous
 Charles 'Bud' Tingwell as Lawrence Hammill
 John Flaus as Sgt. Kennedy
Quotes
It is common in Australia to humorously quote lines from "The Castle". Some of the most popular of these are:
What do you call this? (in reference to obvious items)
Tell 'em they're dreaming!
A man's home is his castle.
It's not a house, it's a home.
Dale dug a hole.
That is going straight to the Pool Room.
How's the serenity? So much serenity!
It's what you do with it.
It's the vibe.

Related pages
Australian Constitutional Law

Other websites

References

1997 comedy movies
Australian comedy movies
Movies set in Australia
documenta is one of the most important exhibitions of modern art in the world. Since 1955, it takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. 

The exhibition documenta was held as late as 2022; The next exhibition is scheduled five years after that. Art Cologne and Transmediale are held every year.
More than 1.2 million people visited the exhibition documenta 14, which was held in 2017.

Related pages

German art

Art exhibitions
Hesse
Alfredo James "Al"  Pacino (born April 25, 1940) is an American actor. He has won an Academy Award for Best Actor an Emmy Award, and two Tony Awards. He is known for movie roles in Scarface and The Godfather. Pacino is the co-president, along with Ellen Burstyn and Harvey Keitel, of the Actors Studio.

Personal life 
Pacino has three children. The eldest, Julie Marie (born 1989), is his daughter with acting coach Jan Tarrant. He also has twins, son Anton James and daughter Olivia Rose (born 2001), with actress Beverly D'Angelo. They had a relationship from 1996 to 2003. Pacino had a relationship with Diane Keaton, his co-star in the Godfather Trilogy. Other women he has had relationships with include Tuesday Weld, Marthe Keller, Kathleen Quinlan and Lyndall Hobbs. Pacino has never married.

Filmography

Video game
Video game

Awards and nominations 
Pacino has been nominated and has won many awards during his acting career.  These include eight Oscar nominations (winning one), 15 Golden Globe nominations (winning four), five BAFTA nominations (winning two), two Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on television, and two Tony Awards for his work on the stage.  In 2007, the American Film Institute awarded Pacino with a lifetime achievement award. In 2003 British television viewers voted Pacino as the greatest movie star of all time in a poll for Channel 4.

References 

1940 births
Living people
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
The Balfour Declaration was a letter from British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to banker and prominent Jewish leader (Zionist) Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, dated 2 November 1917.

The Balfour Declaration of 1917 consisted of a public statement by the government of the United Kingdom during the First World War. In this letter, The declaration, Arthur Balfour declared on behalf of His Majesty's Government, that Britain supported plans for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

The issuance of the Declaration had many long lasting consequences, and was a key moment in the lead-up to the Arab–Israeli conflict, often referred to as the world's "most intractable conflict".

20th century in Israel
1917 in the United Kingdom
Jewish history
Mandatory Palestine
Zionism
November 1917 events
In geometry, the radius of a circle or sphere, written as , is the shortest connection between the center and the boundary. It is either the distance from the center to the perimeter (in the case of a circle), or the distance from the center to the surface (in the case of a sphere). It is half of the diameter. That is, when r is the radius and d is the diameter:

r = d ÷ 2

d = 2 x r = r + r

The relationship between the radius  and the circumference  of a circle is 

The area  of a circle of radius 
 is

Related pages
 Area
 Covalent radius
 Diameter
 Radian

References

Other websites 
 Definition and properties of the radius of a circle with interactive applet

Geometry
Morality  is the concept of doing the right thing. Morals are basic guidelines for living.

Many people have written about ways of choosing what the right thing is. Some believe that there is an objective (true even if you do not agree with it) morality, often thinking it was set by God or another similar being; others think that morality is subjective (that what is good or bad is a community choice).

People can learn morals from religion, parents, friends, school, books, or from ethical traditions. People that teach or follow morals are called moralists.

It can also be a lesson that someone learns in a book or story. It is usually one line at the end of the story ("The moral of this story is....."). Fables are stories with a moral. 

The opposite of "moral" is "immoral", meaning the wrong thing to do. "Amoral" means something that is not related to morality, or has no morally good or bad aspect to it. It is the same as "morally neutral". Morality means that you can tell between a right and a wrong thing.
Some morally correct things to do are

•Eat healthy

•Sleep well

•be polite

•use your brain

•use common sense

•Don't smoke

•Don't drink alcohol

•Don't murder

Related pages
Ethics
Moral equivalence
Moral hazard

Ethics
Psychology
Philosophy
Saliva is the watery substance made in the mouths of humans and many animals.  Saliva begins digesting food in the mouth, and moistens food to make swallowing easier. Saliva consists of 99.5% water.

The mouth is obviously the point of entry to the whole alimentary canal. It follows from this that saliva must both help digestion, and protect against infections.

The digestion part is by three enzymes, one each for carbohydrates, fats and proteins. The digestion started here carries on in the stomach. There are some other 'minor' enzymes as well, and we do not know the full story about them yet. Also there is a pain-killing opiorphin, and a wrap-around haptocorrin which keeps vitamin B12 safe from stomach acids. Finally, there are a set of anti-bacterial proteins which make life difficult for any bacteria which get in with the food.
Saliva is filtered blood, "These observations are consistent with the fact that saliva is a filtrate of blood, meaning that the contents of blood—water, salts and macromolecules—pass through capillary walls into the salivary glands."  Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2741028/#:~:text=These%20observations%20are%20consistent%20with,walls%20into%20the%20salivary%20glands.

References 

Mouth
Digestive system
Villarosa is a town in the province of Enna, in the region of Sicily in southern Italy.

Sister cities
 Morlanwelz, Belgium (2002)
 Le Quesnoy, France (11/08/2006)

Other websites 
 Villarosani.it - The Community of Villarosa citizens

Settlements in Enna
Maria Sharapova (born 19 April 1987) is a retired Russian tennis player. She was born in Nyagan, Western Siberia, RSFSR.

Early life 
Her parents had moved from Belarus to protect themselves from the Chernobyl nuclear accident. The Sharapov1 family moved again in 1989, when Maria became interested in tennis, when watching her father play, and played tennis with a second-hand racquet. She would practice tennis by hitting the tennis ball against the wall every day, and her dad soon noticed that she was very good at the sport.
Maria's tennis coaches told the Sharapovs that they should move to Moscow, Russia, to get better training. The Sharapova moved again, from Moscow, to follow Maria's coach, Martina Navratilova's advice, to move to the United States.
There was a problem, though. Sharapova's mother, Yelena, could not get a visa to go to the United States. Meanwhile, Maria and her father tried to get Maria to go to a famous sports school, and they also had to learn English. Maria had already learned a lesson in her life  that tennis excellence would only come at a price.

“I used to be so lonely,” Maria Sharapova recalls. “I missed my mother terribly. My father was working as mush as he could to keep my tennis-training going. So, he couldn't see me either “Because I was so young, I used to go to bed at 8 p.m. The other tennis pupils would come in 11 p.m. and wake me up and order me to tidy up the room and clean it.
“Instead of letting that depress me, I became more quietly determined and mentally tough. I learnt how to take care of myself. I never thought of quitting because I knew what I wanted. When you come from nothing and you have nothing, then it makes you very hungry and determine.... I would have put up with much more humiliation and insults that to steadfastly purse my dream." That toughness runs through Maria even today.

Career 
She began to win tournaments and many people started to notice her. Her games improved, and Maria Sharapova gained more fans.

She has won 35 singles titles in her career, including five Grand Slam championships: Wimbledon in 2004, the US Open in 2006, the Australian Open in 2008 and the French Open in 2012 and 2014. She won an Olympic silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She is the world number 3 women's tennis player as of September 2015. In 2005, she was ranked world number 1 for the first time, and in 2012 for the last time.
In March 2016, Maria Sharapova revealed she had failed a drug test at the 2016 Australian Open, admitting to testing positive for meldonium, a substance banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) at the start of 2016. On June 8, 2016, she was suspended from playing tennis for two years by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).

Foot 
1In Russia, female surnames are changed so that their gender can be identified, so Sharapov becomes Sharapova.

References 

1987 births
Living people
Australian Open champions
Doping cases in sport
Russian tennis players
French Open champions
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Russian Olympic silver medalists
Russian models
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
The true bugs are an order of insects. Biologists call true bugs the Hemiptera. There are around 80,000 species of true bugs. The word bug by itself can have other meanings.

There are many different kinds of true bugs, some of which are aphids, cicadas, planthoppers, shield bugs, and others. All of these are true bugs. Their size is from 1 mm to over 10 cm. All true bugs have similar mouthparts, which they use to suck up plant sap.

Features of true bugs 
Bugs have piercing, sucking mouthparts: this defines the Hemiptera. They pierce plants with their long, tube-like mouth, called a proboscis or a beak. They cannot chew. The true bug pumps saliva through this mouth, to partly digest their food. It then sucks up the food, which is usually plant sap.
The name "Hemiptera" is from the Greek: it means hemi (half) and pteron (wing). Most true bugs have half of their front wings hardened and have the other half soft. These wings are called hemelytra (singular hemelytron), because they halfway look like the hard wings (elytra) of beetles. The hind wings are totally soft and are shorter than the front wings.

The antennae of bugs usually have five segments. The tarsi (foot parts) of their legs have three or fewer segments.

References
Bug can mean many different things:

Biology
True bug, a group of insects
Bug, a slang word for a pathogen that makes organisms ill
Bug, a slang word for an insect, such as an ant or a beetle

Technology
Software bug, a problem with the code in a computer program
Bug, a device for telephone tapping
Bug, a nickname for a Volkswagen Beetle because of its shape

Other
Western Bug and Southern Bug, two rivers in Poland and Ukraine
Something that irritates somebody, such as "My loud neighbour really bugs me!"
Dayton is a large city in the American state of Ohio. It is where Orville and Wilbur Wright grew up. The Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, also near Dayton, gets part of its name from the Wright brothers. The National Museum of the United States Air Force is inside the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

Dayton has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Ten people were killed in a mass shooting in Dayton on 4 August 2019.

References

Other websites 

 

1796 establishments in the United States
1790s establishments in the Northwest Territory
County seats in Ohio
Native Esperanto speakers are people who learned Esperanto as one of their first languages. Esperanto is not spoken in any countries as an official language, so they must become bilingual, trilingual, or multilingual. Native Esperanto speakers can use this language completely and more fluently than non-native Esperanto speakers. There are not very many native Esperanto speakers. It is thought that no more than one or two thousand people speak Esperanto as their first language.

Children who learned Esperanto as one of their first languages speak with grammar like the other languages they learned.

Related pages
Constructed language

Esperanto
A soldering iron is a device used for attaching wires and electronic components together with solder (usually a mixture of tin and lead). This action is called soldering. They can also be used for other tasks such as fixing jewelry. There are several different kinds of soldering irons, such as ones that make use of transformers, or ones that heat up to higher temperatures than others. Some even use natural gas.

A soldering iron stand can be used to hold the iron. It is usually a flat metal stand with a coil that holds the iron.

Electronics
tools
Hungarian Vizsla is a dog breed. Vizslas are known for being affectionate and not aggressive. They originated in Hungary and are an excellent hunting dogs.

History 
The breed was developed from dogs used by Hungarian tribes. Vizslas were owned by sporting nobility of Hungary who use to hunt with them. They were used to hunt deer, wild boar and wolf. The breed  almost disappeared during the First World War and Second. Dogs were smuggled out of Hungary during the Second World War. These dogs were used later to breed in other countries.

Appearance and personality 
Hungarian Vizsla's have a dark gold coat. Some dogs may also have small white marks on their feet and/or chest.
They are active, enthusiastic, friendly. Vizslas need human company to stay happy. They do not make good kennel dogs.
Exercise needs 
Daily exercise and mental tasks are necessary. Outside they are very active. Indoors, Vizslas can be quite inactive. The dogs prefer to rest beside their owners. Some are quite demanding of attention. If Vizslas do not receive enough  exercise, they will become bored. If bored, they may choose to do to amuse themselves with digging or chewing on things.

Dog breeds originating in Hungary
Drawing is a manufacturing process for producing a wire, bar or tube by pulling on a material until it increases in length. This is typically accompanied by a thinning out of the material, usually through a reduction in the girth.

This technique has long been used to produce flexible metal wire by drawing the material through a series of holes of decreasing size. More recently drawing has been used with molten glass to produce high quality optical fibers.

Tools
Manufacturing is producing goods out of raw materials. It is a branch of industry. It includes making big, complicated things that need many steps to finish, and small, simple things. Often machines are involved in manufacturing.

In the past, products were made by handicraft workers using tools and manual labor. In modern times, most manufacturing jobs were replaced by automated machines, which made the products much faster and in turn - cheaper than humans could.

Other websites 
 How Everyday Things Are Made 
 Engineers Edge
 Manufacturers Alliance
 Logistics Quarterly 
 National Association of Manufacturers

Related pages
 Flexible manufacturing system

References 

Economics
Finished goods are goods that have completed required manufacturing process and are ready to be fitted/mixed/processed with final product.  The final product itself could also be called finished goods. 
Examples: cars, clothing, food, furniture etc.

Manufacturing
In manufacturing there are three different sorts of stuff:

Raw material
Work in process
Finished goods

Something bought as a "raw material" is used to manufacture a product.  A thing that is not completed during the manufacturing process is called "work in process".  When the manufacturing of the thing is completed but it is not yet sold or distributed to the end-user, it is called a "finished good".

"Finished good" is a relative term. Finished goods of a supplier can be the raw material of the buyer. For example, a paper mill sells paper to a book publisher who uses it as raw material.

Reference

Factors of production
A good in economics is any object or product (factors of production) that is useful. A commodity is one kind of good. 

A good that cannot be used by consumers directly, such as an office building or  capital equipment, can be called a good because it can be useful if it is sold. A 'good' in economic usage does not necessarily mean that the object is good in a moral sense. 

If an object or service is sold for a positive price, then it is a good since the purchaser considers the utility of the object or service more valuable than the money. Some things are useful but not scarce such as air and are referred to as free goods and common goods.
In macroeconomics and accounting, a good is contrasted with a service. A good here is defined as a physical product that one can deliver to a buyer. The service is not an object, but an action that benefits someone. A more general term that preserves the distinction between goods and services is 'commodities'. In microeconomics 'good' is often used in this more inclusive sense of a commodity.

Reference
Business Dictionary

Goods
Ruslana Stepanivna Lyzhychko (May 24, 1973) is a popular Ukrainian pop singer, composer, producer, conductor and dancer. She was born in the city of Lviv in Ukraine. She won the Eurovision Song Contest in Istanbul in 2004.  She is also a former Member of Parliament serving as deputy in the Ukrainian parliament (Verkhovna Rada) for the Our Ukraine Party.

Human rights 

In 2014, Ruslana became a leader in the Maidan movement for human rights and democratic reform in Ukraine.   During the demonstrations, Ruslana stayed on the streets.  At night she slept in a cold tent.  Every night she sang the Ukrainian national anthem for the protestors. When the government police came, she stayed on the stage.  She told the protesters to stay calm.  She told the police to respect human rights.

Ruslana was also in the 2004 Orange Revolution.  She was UNICEF National Ambassador in Ukraine in 2005. In 2008 she spoke for green energy.

Awards
Awards 

In 2014 Ruslana received the International Women of Courage Award form the U.S. Department of State.

Discography

Albums 
 Myt Vesny - Dzvinkiy viter (Moments of Spring - Sonorous wind) (1998)
 Ostanne Risdvo x-90 (Last Christmas of the 90ies) (1999)
 Najkrashche (The Best) (2001)
 Dobriy vechir, tobi... (Good evening to you...) (2002)
 Dyki Tantsi (Wild Dances) (2003)
 Dyki Tantsi (Eurobonus) (2004)
 Wild Dances (2004)
 Wild Dances (New Year Edition) (2005)
 Club'in (2006)

Singles 
 Wild Dances (2004)
 Dance with the Wolves (2004)
 The Same Star (2005)
 Dyka Energyia (Wild Energy) (2006)

References

Other websites

Official website of Ruslana
Official Fan Club of Ruslana
RuslanaTV
RuslanaTube on YouTube
 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
1973 births
Living people
Ukrainian singers
Pop musicians
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
The word mustard is used to refer to several species of plants. These plants belong to the genera Brassica or Sinapis. They have tiny seeds. These seeds can be used as a condiment. When they are first ground, and then mixed with water, vinegar and other ingredients, a condiment called mustard can be made. The seeds can also be pressed, to give a kind of oil called mustard oil. Some kinds of mustard plants have edible leaves. These leaves are known as mustard greens.

Mild white mustard (Sinapis hirta) grows wild in North Africa, the Middle East and Mediterranean Europe and has spread farther by long cultivation; brown or Indian mustard (B. juncea), originally from the foothills of the Himalaya, is grown commercially in the UK, Canada and the US; black mustard (B. nigra) in Argentina, Chile, the US and some European countries. 

In addition to the mustards, the genus Brassica also includes cabbages, cauliflower, rapeseed and turnips.
There has been recent research into varieties of mustards that have a high oil content for use in the production of biodiesel, a renewable liquid fuel similar to diesel fuel. The biodiesel made from mustard oil has good cold flow properties and cetane ratings. The leftover meal after pressing out the oil has also been found to be an effective pesticide.

An interesting genetic relationship between many species of mustard have been observed.

The mustard plant is in no way related to mustard gas, an agent for chemical warfare.

Gallery

References 

Leaf vegetables
Brassicaceae
Mustard gas or sulfur mustard is a chemical compound which has been used as a chemical weapon. It was used in World War I by the German Army against British and Canadian soldiers near Ypres, Belgium, in 1917. Later it was also used against the French Second Army.

Most sulfur mustards are squishy liquids with no color and no smell when they are at room temperature. When used in warfare, they have a color yellowish to brown. Some of them smell like culinary mustard (the type used for food), horseradish or garlic. They got their name from the smell, but are completely unrelated to culinary mustard.

Sulfur mustard (in its form mustard gas) was synthesized by Frederick Guthrie in 1860. It may have been discovered as early as the 1820s, by M.Depretz.
Its use during warfare was prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925. This protocol outlawed the use of poison gas (which was widely used in the First World War). An additional agreement, the Chemical Weapons Convention, was ratified in 1993. It also outlaws the production and stockpiling of such agents.  Despite these prohibitions it has been used in several wars. 

Sulfur mustard is the organic compound with formula (ClCH2CH2)2S. 
It is a viscous liquid at normal temperatures. The pure compound has a melting point of 14 °C (57 °F) and decomposes before boiling at 218 °C (424 °F).

Chemical warfare
Organosulfur compounds
Amelia Mary Earhart (born July 24, 1897 – disappeared July 2, 1937, declared dead January 5, 1939) was an American aviator, one of the first women to fly a plane long distances. She was the first woman to fly a plane by herself across the Atlantic Ocean. She broke many records and showed how air travel had moved forward. She also wrote books, most of them were about her flights. Earhart vanished over the South Pacific Ocean on July 2, 1937 while trying to fly around the world. She was declared dead on July 3, 1937.

Many theories stand in place about Amelia's end. Some believe she was a spy for the U.S. government and was captured by the Japanese on Gardner Island, others say she faked her death. The most plausible though is many researchers believe, which is that the Electra ran out of fuel and that Earhart and Noonan ditched at sea. The "crash and sink" theory is often the most widely accepted explanation of Earhart’s and Noonan’s fate.
However, there is a range of documented, archaeological, and anecdotal evidence supporting the hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan found Gardner Island, uninhabited at the time, landed the Electra on a flat reef near the wreck of a freighter, and sent sporadic radio messages from there. It has been surmised that Earhart and Noonan might have survived on Nikumaroro for several weeks before succumbing.

References

Other websites 
 Official Amelia Earhart Website 
 Amelia Earhart at Find a Grave
 

1897 births
1937 deaths
American aviators
Aviation deaths
Missing American people
Writers from Kansas
People declared dead in absentia
People from Atchison, Kansas
A situation comedy, usually called a sitcom, is a type of comedy program. Sitcoms were first on radio, before television was invented, but are now on television and are a large part of the programs shown. Sitcoms usually have the same characters in the same places (for example; a home, a workplace, a bar, a city or town) on every episode.

Comedy
 
Television genres
Francis Albert "Frank" Sinatra   (December 12, 1915 – May 14, 1998) was an American singer and actor. His singing career was 60 years long, and more than 250 million records of his have been sold worldwide. Extremely regarded as one of the best and most admired popular singers in history of America standards.

He is also well known by the nickname "Old Blue Eyes". The New York Times said he was "the first modern pop superstar". At first, he was mostly known as a crooner, a singer of love songs. By the 1950s and 1960s, he was singing swing and jazz songs as well.
Sinatra was also part of the Rat Pack, a group of entertainers (musicians and actors), in the 1950s and 1960s. The name was informal, and the group was not an official organization of any sort, but a group of friends. Members of the Rat Pack included Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr., Peter Lawford, and Joey Bishop, as well as (more loosely) Humphrey Bogart, Judy Garland, Lauren Bacall, Sidney Luft, and Shirley MacLaine.
Early life
He was born in Hoboken, New Jersey to Italian immigrants.

The only child of Sicilian immigrants, a teenaged Sinatra decided to become a singer after watching Bing Crosby perform in the mid-1930s. He'd already been a member of the glee club in his high school and began to sing at local nightclubs

Acting career
Sinatra was also an actor. He was in movies such as The Manchurian Candidate, From Here to Eternity, and The Man With The Golden Arm. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in From Here To Eternity.

Personal life
Sinatra was married 4 times. He was married to Nancy Barbato from 1939 to 1951, to Ava Gardner from 1951 to 1957, to Mia Farrow from 1966 to 1968, and to Barbara Marx from 1976 until his death on May 14, 1998.
Death
Sinatra died on May 14, 1998 at 10:50 pm  at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, after suffering a heart attack. His wife Barbara was at his side. The words "The best is yet to come" are written on his gravestone.

References

Bibliography
• Gildo De Stefano, The Voice - Vita e italianità di Frank Sinatra, Coniglio Press, Roma 2011

Other websites
Album "Songs for Young Lovers" at YouTube
Hear Frank Sinatra on the Pop Chronicles

Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Hoboken, New Jersey
American musicians
American pop singers
Kennedy Center honorees
Singers from New Jersey
1915 births
1998 deaths
Harry Lillis "Bing" Crosby Jr. (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American singer and actor. His singing career was around fifty years long and more than 1 billion records of his have been sold worldwide. Crosby is known for creating the style of music that Perry Como, Frank Sinatra,  Dean Martin , Elvis Presley,  John Lennon  would later copy. Crosby said that he was inspired by Al Jolson.
 
He sang "White Christmas" and it became "the best-selling record of all time." Irving Berlin wrote this song. In 1962, Crosby became the first person ever to receive the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

Crosby won the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for his role in Going My Way.

Crosby was a Roman Catholic. He died of a heart attack in Madrid, Spain.

References
References 

1903 births
1977 deaths
Actors from Washington (state)
American movie actors
American Roman Catholics
American television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Grammy Award winners
National Radio Hall of Fame inductees
Singers from Washington (state)
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Felt is a type of cloth or textile. It is a complex network of threads or yarns. They are pressed together usually when wet. This is matting wool fibers, with water and soap. It may also be made by poking the fibers with barbed needles. Felt can be made by hand, or by machine.

People have been making felt longer than any other kind of fabric. Felt can be of any color, and made into any shape or size. Felt is used to make many things like clothing, hats, and rugs. Nomadic people in many countries live in tents made of felt.

Felt is used for many different things. Today  people use felt for hat-making, insulating (making warm), sound-proofing, and cushioning.

Felt versus fabric

The difference between felt and most fabrics, like denim, is that most fabrics have a regular criss-cross, in-and-out weaving pattern, but felt is a messy jumble of fibers.
Most fabrics are woven for strength and smoothness: they need carding to straighten the fibers, spinning to turn fibers into long threads and weaving to make fabric. 

Felt only needs a carding comb. Because of this, felt was often used by nomadic people.

References 

Cloth
Dean Martin (born Dino Crocetti June 7, 1917 - December 25, 1995) was an American singer, actor and comedian.

Early life
Martin was born in Steubenville, Ohio. His mother was Italian American; his father was Italian.

Career
Martin's career as a singer really began when he met comedian Jerry Lewis at a club and they decided to team up as a comedy-music pair. They became successful at clubs. They then acted in the movie My Friend Irma, which made them famous. They worked together for ten years. They had a popular radio show. They made more movies. Martin became a huge success on his own when he sang "That's Amore". His partnership with Lewis ended on July 26, 1956. Their last movie, Hollywood or Bust, was released that December in the United States.
Martin was part of the Rat Pack, a group of entertainers (musicians and actors), in the 1950s and 1960s. Their unofficial "leader" was Frank Sinatra. (Sinatra personally called the group "The Summit".) They made movies and performed live shows together, many in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Martin later had his own television show. He made recordings for Reprise Records, a record label started by Frank Sinatra. At the height of the rock and roll era, Martin still had hit records. His "Everybody Loves Somebody Sometime" even knocked The Beatles off the top of the Billboard sales charts.
Martin made movies on his own, which were mostly comedies. Four of them starred him as "Matt Helm", a spy like James Bond. Martin also appeared in dramatic movies, like Rio Bravo and Airport. When he sang onstage or on television, he always had a cocktail glass with him. Most people thought he was drinking whiskey as he performed. However, he actually drank apple juice the whole time. Offstage, Martin enjoyed Jack Daniels whiskey, and red wine.

His television show was cancelled in 1975, but he continued on television with The Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts, a series of specials that mocked celebrity testimonial dinners. Other comedians and actors would appear, and instead of praising the guest of honor, would make fun of them. None of the mocking was serious, though, and everyone usually had fun at the roasts. The specials ran until 1984.

Later life
Later life

Martin was more or less retired in the early 1990s. He did record a new collection of his best songs, which were sold through television commercials. In early 1987, his son Dean Paul ("Dino") Martin was in the United States Air Force, and his airplane crashed during a mission. His body was later recovered. Losing Dean Paul broke Martin's spirit. He never seemed happy after that.

Martin joined Sinatra and other Rat Packers for a reunion tour, but he quit after just a few shows. Sinatra was very angry. The two did not speak for years. They later made their peace, after members of the Rat Pack began to die off. Martin lived in retirement. He watched movies at home, and went to dinner at a nearby restaurant.