Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ideally, a database schema should have the following properties:
It should be complete: all information in the source should be included.
It should be minimal: it should not be possible to leave out a relation, without losing information
It should be normalized: A certain piece of information should be in the schema only once.

Database modeling
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel (16 February 1834 – 9 August 1919) was an influential German zoologist, naturalist, and artist. He was also a philosopher and physician, but in those fields he is not regarded as particularly notable. He was an atheist. He left the Lutheran church in 1910. He is regarded as a pioneer of eugenics and Nazi eugenics in Germany.

Works
Haekel was professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Jena, where he worked for 47 years, from 1862 to 1909. Haekel discovered, described and named thousands of new species, mapped a tree of life relating all life forms. He coined many terms in biology, including ecology, phylum, phylogeny,  stem cell, and the kingdom Protista. Haeckel promoted and popularised Charles Darwin's work in Germany and developed the controversial recapitulation theory ("ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"). This claimed that an individual organism's biological development, or ontogeny, parallels and summarises its species' evolutionary development.
The published artwork of Haeckel includes over 100 detailed, multi-colour illustrations of animals and sea creatures. As a philosopher, Ernst Haeckel wrote Die Welträtsel (1895–1899, The Riddle of the Universe, 1901), and Freedom in Science and Teaching to support teaching evolution.

Haeckel was a member of the nationalist and antisemitic Pan-German League (German: Altdeutscher Verband) and of the peace organization Verband für internationale Verständigung.

Books 
Haekel wrote many books, some of them in multi-volumes. Among the most notable are:
Die Radiolarien, four parts in five volumes. 18621888. (Rhizopoda Radiaria) Eine Monographie. Georg Reimer, Berlin.
Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. 1866. Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie. Georg Reimer, Berlin.
Das Protistenreich. 1878. Eine populäre Uebersicht über das Formengebiet der niedersten Lebewesen. Mit einem wissenschaftlichen Anhange: System der Protisten. Mit zahlreichen Holzschnitten. Ernst Günther’s Verlag, Leipzig.
Monographie der Medusen. Six parts, some in two volumes. Gustav Fischer, Jena 1879–1881.
The history of creation (1868) 1993, translated by E. Ray Lankester, Kegan Paul, Trench, London, 3rd edition, volume 1. His best-known work, translated into English.
Art forms from the ocean: the Radiolarian atlas of 1862. Prestel Verlag, 2005. A reprint of his artwork for the Radiolaria.

Related pages
List of ecologists

References
References 

1834 births
1919 deaths
19th-century German philosophers
20th-century German philosophers
German anatomists
Ecologists
Former Christians
German academics
German artists
German atheists
German doctors
German evolutionary biologists
Nationalists
German naturalists
People from Potsdam
People from Prussia
German zoologists
A lunar eclipse is an astronomical phenomenon. It happens when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth.. when the shadow of earth falls on to the moon is called full moon phase....  Lunar eclipses happen about twice a year, unlike total solar eclipses that are sometimes more than a year apart. They can be seen from a much larger portion of the Earth compared to solar eclipses. Lunar eclipses can last for a few hours, but total solar eclipses last only a few minutes. 

During a lunar eclipse, the Moon looks red-brown. It may be thought that the Moon is completely black because of the Earth's shadow, but no. The reddish-brown colour is because some of the Sun's light bends through the Earth's atmosphere and shines on the Moon. Refraction is greater for red light rays than for others, so red is what strikes the Moon.
Like solar eclipses, there are different types of lunar eclipses. There are total eclipses, where the moon passes completely through Earth's shadow and all of the moon appears reddish-brown. A partial eclipse occurs when only part of the moon passes through Earth's shadow and so only part of the moon appears reddish.

Lunar eclipses are safe to view with your naked eyes and also with telescopes.

Although it is safe to see the lunar eclipse with your naked eyes one should never see a solar eclipse with the naked eyes as the rays damage the retina of the eye.

Astronomical phenomena
Eclipses
Moon
Earth
Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (pronounced: maks ˈveːbɐ) (21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German political economist and sociologist who was considered one of the founders of the modern study of sociology and public administration.

Works
He began his career at the University of Berlin, and later worked at Freiburg University, University of Heidelberg, University of Vienna and University of Munich. He had influence on German politics of his time, because he was an advisor to Germany's negotiators at the Treaty of Versailles and to the commission that drafted the Weimar Constitution.

Weber is known for his work in the sociology of religion. His most famous work is his essay The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.

He disagreed with Karl Marx's view that class structure was the way to view how society worked. He believed that human values affected how people acted throughout history.

Related pages
List of sociologists from Europe

Other websites
Other websites 

Texts of Weber works
 Large collection of the German original texts
 Large collection of the German original texts 
 Large collection of English translations 
 Another collection of English translations 
 A comprehensive collection of English translations and secondary literature 
 English translations of many of Weber's works, merged into one very long unformatted file 
 Max Weber Reference Archive

 About Weber
 Biography entry and link section 
 Weber on Ideal Types 
 Max Weber – The person 
 More of Weber on Ideal Types 
 An essay on Max Weber's View of Objectivity in Social Science
 Max Weber: On Capitalism As above, but on capitalism 
 Some of Weber concepts in the form of a list 
 Max Weber's HomePage "A site for undergraduates"
 Mises versus Weber on Bureaucracy and Sociological Method by William P. Anderson
 Weber My Premium Essay by William P. Anderson
1864 births
1920 deaths
19th-century German philosophers
20th-century German philosophers
German academics
German economists
German sociologists
People from Erfurt
The Constitution of the German Reich (German: Die Verfassung des Deutschen Reiches), usually known as the Weimar Constitution (Weimarer Verfassung) was the constitution that governed the Weimar Republic (1919-1933).  The constitution technically remained in effect during the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945.

The German state's official name was Deutsches Reich until the adoption of the 1949 constitution.

Origin 
Following the end of World War I, a German National Assembly gathered in the town of Weimar, in the state of Thuringia, in January 1919 to write a constitution for the Reich. The nation was to be a democratic federal republic, governed by a president and parliament.

The constitution was drafted by the lawyer and liberal politician Hugo Preuss, who was then state secretary in the Ministry of the Interior and later became Minister of the Interior.

Other websites
Other websites

 Selected Articles: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob13.html 
 Entire Constitution: http://www.zum.de/psm/weimar/weimar_vve.php
 The Constitution of the German Reich (Weimar constitution) of 11th August 1919, in full text 
 The portion of a series of lecture on German history pertaining to the Weimar Republic 
 Additional info is here: http://www.johndclare.net/Weimar2.htm

Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic
Guitar Hero III Mobile is a music video game for mobile phones. It was made by MachineWorks Northwest LLC and sold by Hands-On Mobile. It is the newest game in the Guitar Hero series, and was released on December 20, 2007, in North America for people using Verizon Wireless.

Making the game
Guitar Hero III Mobile was programmed by Robinson Technologies (shortened to RTSoft), with help from MachineWorks Northwest LLC. The graphics for the game were made by Anthem Game Group.
Gameplay 
Playing Guitar Hero III Mobile is similar to playing other games in the Guitar Hero series. Mobile uses 3 frets instead of 5. Each column of numbered keys on a phone's keypad is a fret. The numbered keys used are "1", "4", and "7" for green notes, "2", "5", and "8" for red notes, and "3", "6", and "9" for yellow notes. Once the note(s) reach the bottom, the player must play the note(s) by pressing or holding down the number key(s) in order to score points. Players can turn on Star Power to get more points by the "*" (star) button on the keypad or the "OK" button in the center of the directional pad.

Soundtrack 
Guitar Hero III Mobile has 15 songs to play from Guitar Hero II and Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock. Every month, more songs can be downloaded.

References

Other websites
 Hands-On Mobile 
 Guitar Hero III Mobile product detail page 
 MachineWorks Northwest LLC

2007 video games
Guitar Hero
Ibn Sina (Persian: ابن سینا; 980 – June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna, was a Persian Muslim polymath and the most important doctor and Islamic philosopher of his time.

He wrote about 450 works on a wide range of subjects, and about 240 have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine.

His most famous works are The Book of Healing – a philosophical and scientific encyclopedia, and The Canon of Medicine – a medical encyclopedia.

He is also known as Pour Sina (), which means "Son of Sina" in English. His full name in Arabic is  (). In English, he is usually called Avicenna (), his Latinized name. Among his followers, he was/is known as al-Sheikh al-Ra'is.
Early life 
Avicenna was born near Bukhara, which at the time was ruled by Samanid dynasty. His father was a government official and his home served as a meeting place for men of learning. Avicenna had educated teachers while growing up. By age 14, he had mastered many subjects and had already memorized the Quran. From the age of 14 to 18, he taught himself because he could not find a tutor to provide more information than he already knew. He began to practice and learn about medicine at 16. He also learned about law and natural sciences. He was good at all subjects but decided medicine was easier for him than mathematics or metaphysics. Sometime before he turned 18 years old, he cured a Samanid emir. Because of his he was allowed into the royal libraries of the Samanid dynasty. By the age of 18, he had become a master of the most important works of science in his time. Also, his reputation as a doctor had grown. At 20, he was regarded as one of the wisest people of his time.
Writings 
Besides philosophy and medicine, Avicenna's works includes writings on astronomy, alchemy, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics and poetry.

Later life 
From 1015 to 1022, Avicenna was a high official and doctor to the ruler of Hamedan in western Iran. After the ruler of Hamedan died Avicenna was put in prison. He was released four months later when Hamadan was captured by Alā al-Dawla, the ruler of Isfahan. Alā al-Dawla only captured Hamadan for a short period of time.  Avicenna escaped, disguised as a dervish, to Isfahan to work for Alā al-Dawla as a doctor.  In 1030, the Ghaznavids attacked Isfahan and some of Avicenna's work was lost and possibly stolen. He died during an attack on the city of Hamedan.

References

More reading 
 Avicenna by Lenn E. Goodman (Cornell University Press: 1992, updated edition 2006) – A good introduction to his life and philosophical thought.

Other websites
Other websites 

 Avicenna an article by Seyyed Hossein Nasr on Encyclopedia Britannica Online
 Philosophy Bites podcast interview with Peter Adamson on Avicenna .
 Avicenna An article by encyclopedia Iranica
 Biography & Works from Routledge
 Ibn Sina (Islamic Philosophy Online)
 Ibn Sina from the Encyclopedia of Islam
 Avicenna/Ibn Sina at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 Physician's Day in Iran: A Reference Article on Pur Sina (Avicenna) by Manouchehr Saadat Noury 
 Biography of Avicenna (in English) 
 Biography of Avicenna 
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Avicenna

980 births
1037 deaths
Persian mathematicians
Iranian philosophers
Iranian physicians
Polymaths
History of medicine
Hafith or Hafiz (Arabic: حافظ قرآن or حافظ, plural huffaz), literally meaning 'guardian', is a term used by Muslims for people who have learnt completely the Qur'an by heart.

Overview 

The Islamic prophet Muhammad lived in the 7th century CE, in Arabia. In those times, many people were not literate. The Arabs preserved their histories, genealogies, and poetry by memory alone. When Muhammad proclaimed the verses later collected as the Qur'an, his followers naturally learnt the words by heart.

Related pages
 Qur'an

Other websites 
 Qur'an and Hafiz Number on islam101.com 
 Qur'an recitation on YouTube
 Qur'an recitation by a Muslim child on YouTube
 Recitation by Sh. Abu Bakr ash-Shatry 

Quran
Alina Kabaeva (, born May 12, 1983, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR) is a Russian former-rhythmic gymnast. She started competing since she was 12, and stopped when she was 24. She won several medals at World Championships, two Olympic medals (one bronze, one gold) and she came up with some of the flexibility-required moves in the sport. She was trained by Irina Viner. Now she works for State Duma.

Kabayeva is rumored to be Russian President Vladimir Putin's girlfriend.

References

1983 births
Living people
Russian gymnasts
Russian Olympic gold medalists
The Seikan Tunnel（Ja:青函トンネル）is a railway tunnel in Japan. It connects Hokkaido to Aomori Prefecture. This tunnel is the second longest transport tunnel in the world. The tunnel is 53.85 km (33.49 miles) long. 23.3 km (14.5 mile) of the tunnel is underwater.  There are two stations in the tunnel.

History
The means of transportation from Hokkaido to Honshu was the Seikan ship until Seikan tunnel was completed. It took about 3 hours. However, it had some troubles. For example, the sea route was not safe. The Toyamaru accident in 1954 had 1155 dead and some missing people, caused by Typhoon Number 15 Roke. because of that reason, the plan that constructing Seikan Tunnel from Hokkaido to Honshu was becoming a reality. At first, the east route and west route was considered. In the west route, the deepest depth of water was 140 meters and the nature of the soil was easy to drill rocks, so west route was then chosen.
Techniques
The tunnel can be entered by the Shinkansen (bullet train). The inner structure of the tunnel was planned to have three bullet train's rails. Because half of this tunnel is under the bottom of the sea, the workers who built this tunnel were worried about seawater. So, they used new construction techniques. For example, laser measurement, 2150m horizontal drilling, pouring water glass and cement into soft bedrock. These techniques were paid attention to by all of the world at that time. There is still much water, so the seawater that is collected is placed in the tunnel and is pumped out of the tunnel.
Stations
There are two stations in Seikan tunnel. Tappikaitei Station opened in Aza-Minmayatatsuhama, Sotogahama-machi, Higashitsugaru-gun, Aomori on March 13, 1988.  And Yoshiokakaitei Station opened in Tatesaki, Fukushima-cho, Matsumae-gun, Hokkaido on March 13, 1988. If passengers have a special ticket, they can get off the train at the stations to look around. These are located in 149.5 meters under the seabed and there are 2247 steps of stairs to the surface. Also, these stations have shelters for train fires and blackouts. Tappikaitei Station and Yoshiokakaitei Station became the service stop each on November 10, 2013 and August 27, 2013. However, these stations were closed on March 15, 2014, because the number of passengers who used these stations, was not a lot.

References

Other websites 
Tunnel Website

Tunnels
Buildings and structures in Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
Aomori Prefecture
Transport in Japan
Punch Brothers is an American bluegrass band. Its members include Chris Thile (mandolin), Gabe Witcher (fiddle), Chris Eldridge (guitar), Greg Garrison (bass), and Noam Pikelny (banjo). They have made one album, Punch, which was released on February 26, 2008 on Nonesuch Records.

References

Other websites
Official website

Bluegrass bands
Musical groups from California
Mike Marshall (born 1957) is an American mandolinist. Over the years, he has worked with artists such as Chris Thile and David Grisman.

Other websites
Official website

References

1960 births
Living people
Musicians from Pennsylvania
American guitarists
Bluegrass musicians
American classical musicians
American jazz musicians
Edgar Meyer is an American Grammy Award-winning double bassist. Over the years, he has worked with classical and bluegrass artists such as Joshua Bell, Yo-Yo Ma, Béla Fleck, Sam Bush, James Taylor, Jerry Douglas, Mike Marshall, Mark O'Connor, Alison Krauss, the members of Nickel Creek, and Mary Chapin Carpenter.

Other websites
Official website

Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Tennessee
American classical musicians
Bluegrass musicians
American jazz musicians
1960 births
Living people
Classical double bassists
Jerry Douglas (born May 28, 1956) is an American Grammy Award-winning dobro player. He was born in Warren, Ohio. Over the years, he has worked with musicians including Ray Charles, Peter Rowan, Béla Fleck, Emmylou Harris, Phish, Chris Thile, Dolly Parton, Paul Simon, Ricky Skaggs, Bill Frisell, John Fogerty, Nanci Griffith, Tony Rice, and James Taylor.

Other websites

Official website

1956 births
Living people
Musicians from Ohio
Bluegrass musicians
Country musicians
American jazz musicians
Grammy Award winners
2-1-1 is a special telephone number in the United States and Canada. It was made to be easy to remember. Calling the number lets people get information quickly about health organizations. It can also be called in an emergency.

History
New York Telephone (now part of Verizon) used the 2-1-1 number for many years. It was an automatic, meaning it worked by itself, number for phone numbers that were dialed wrongly. 2-1-1 was used this way from the 1970s through the early 2000s. 

The city of Atlanta started a new way of using 2-1-1 in 1997. This new way of using it was similar to how it is used now. After Atlanta, many other cities and states started to use it as a special number to call in an emergency. 5-1-1 is also used for this.
Other websites
Canada
211Canada.ca
211 Canada Information Weblog
211 Halton Region (Ontario, Canada)
211 Niagara Region (Ontario, Canada) 
211 Simcoe County (Ontario, Canada) 
211 Toronto (Ontario, Canada)
211 Calgary (Alberta, Canada)
Windsor and Essex County (Ontario, Canada) 
CRTC Decision 2001-475 establishing use of 2-1-1 in Canada 
InformCanada National Association
InformOntario Provincial Association
2-1-1 Edmonton 
United States
211 status in the U.S. 
Alliance of Information & Referral Systems
Atlanta United Way page on 2-1-1 
FCC fact sheet on 2-1-1 
National 211.org site homepage
2-1-1 Virginia
211 Palm Beach/Treasure Coast
2-1-1 Big Bend Inc.
2-1-1 Los Angeles County
2-1-1 San Luis Obispo County 
2-1-1 NW Oregon & SW Washington
2-1-1 Missouri

Emergency phone numbers
Telephone numbers in Canada
Telephone numbers in the United States
N11 codes
3-1-1 is a special telephone number used for non-emergency call to municipal services. It is used in several cities in Canada and the United States. 3-1-1 was created to receive many of the calls which commonly were made to 9-1-1 which were common questions and not emergencies.

Availability

United States 
3-1-1 is available in several major American cities, including: Akron, Albuquerque, Austin,  Baltimore, Charlotte, Chattanooga, Chicago, Columbus, Dallas, Denver, Detroit, Hartford, Houston, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Miami, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Mobile, Nashville, New York City, Rochester, Orlando, Pittsburgh, San Antonio, San Francisco, San Jose, Somerville, and Washington, D.C..

Canada 
The service is available in the following communities (with starting date):
Calgary, Alberta (18 May 2005)
 Gatineau, Quebec (22 June 2005)
 Windsor, Ontario (22 August 2005)
 Ottawa, Ontario (19 September 2005)
 St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador (27 June 2006)
 Fort St. John, British Columbia (14 November 2006)
 Greater Sudbury, Ontario (12 February 2007)
 Laval, Quebec (3 October 2007)
 Montreal, Quebec (mid-December 2007)

Other Canadian municipalities are expected to use 3-1-1 in the near future. These include Edmonton, Winnipeg and Toronto.

Telephone numbers in Canada
Telephone numbers in the United States
N11 codes
Oleander, Nerium oleander, is a poisonous shrub. It is commonly used in gardens because of its pink colored flowers. Nerium oleander is native to northern Africa, the eastern Mediterranean basin and southeast Asia. Oleander prefers dry, warm climates and may naturalize in such areas. Recently, scientific studies on cardenolide oleandrin show that it may be used to prevent mutagenesis.

References 

Apocynaceae
Shrubs
Aon Center is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 346 meters (1,136 feet) tall and has 83 floors.  It was built in 1973 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world and the third tallest in Chicago.

At first it was named the Standard Oil Building, but when the name of the company changed in 1985 it became the Amoco Building.  The building was sold and became the Aon Center in 1999.

Photo Gallery

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites 

 Emporis.com - Aon Center
 SkycraperPage.com – Aon Center

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1973 establishments in Illinois
The Aon Center is the name of two buildings.

 Aon Center (Chicago)
 Aon Center (Los Angeles)
875 North Michigan Avenue is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States. It was formerly known as the John Hancock Center. It is 344 meters (1,127 feet) tall and has 100 floors, including an observation deck on the 94th floor (1,000 ft). It was built in 1969 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Name change
On February 12, 2018, John Hancock Insurance requested that its name and logos throughout the building's interior be removed immediately; John Hancock had not had a naming-rights deal with the skyscraper's owners since 2013. Until a new naming-rights deal is finalized, the skyscraper will be known as "875 North Michigan Avenue".

Photo Gallery

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

References

Other websites 

 The Hancock Observatory 
 Emporis.com - Aon Center
 SkycraperPage.com – Aon Center

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1969 establishments in Illinois
Franklin Center is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 307 meters (1,007 feet) tall and has 60 floors.  It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites 
 Emporis.com - AT&T Corporate Center
 SkycraperPage.com – AT&T Corporate Center

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1989 establishments in Illinois
Two Prudential Plaza is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 303 meters (995 feet) tall and has 64 floors.  It was built in 1990 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites
 Emporis.com - Two Prudential Plaza
 SkycraperPage.com – Two Prudential Plaza

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1990 establishments in Illinois
Noam Pikelny is a United States banjo player and singer-songwriter, famous as a member of Leftover Salmon and Punch Brothers. Pikelny lives in Brooklyn, New York.

Other websites
Official website
Official MySpace site
Punch Brothers official website
Leftover Salmon official website

References

Musicians from Chicago
1981 births
Living people
Gabe Witcher is a United States fiddle player and singer-songwriter, famous as a member of Punch Brothers. Witcher has also toured with artists such as Jerry Douglas.

Other websites
 Punch Brothers official website

American bluegrass musicians
Musicians from California
American fiddlers
Living people
1978 births
American record producers
311 South Wacker Drive is a skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois.  It is 293 meters (961 feet) tall and has 65 floors. It was built in 1990 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites
 Emporis.com - 311 South Wacker
SkycraperPage.com – 311 South Wacker Drive

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1990 establishments in Illinois
900 North Michigan is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 265 meters (871 feet) tall and has 66 floors.  It was built in 1989 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites
 Emporis.com - 900 North Michigan
SkycraperPage.com – 311 South Wacker900 North Michigan

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1989 establishments in Illinois
Bryan Sutton is a United States guitarist. He also plays many other instruments including mandolin, banjo, and electric guitar. He has performed or recorded with artists such as Ricky Skaggs, Dixie Chicks, Jerry Douglas, Sam Bush, Béla Fleck, Hot Rize, Chris Thile, and Tony Rice.

Discography

Solo albums

Musicians from North Carolina
People from Asheville, North Carolina
American guitarists
Living people
1973 births
Water Tower Place is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 262 meters (859 feet) tall and has 74 floors.  It was built in 1976 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites 
 Emporis.com - Water Tower Place
 SkycraperPage.com – Water Tower Place

Skyscrapers in Chicago
1976 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Illinois
Malls
Chase Tower is the name of two buildings.

 Chase Tower (Chicago)
 Chase Tower (Indianapolis)
Park Tower is a skyscraper in Chicago, United States.  It is 257 meters (844 feet) tall and has 67 floors.  It was built in 2000 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Chicago
 List of tallest buildings in the world

Other websites 
 Emporis.com - Park Tower
 SkycraperPage.com – Park Tower

Skyscrapers in Chicago
2000 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Illinois
Toltec is used by historians in different ways. It is either used to refer to certain people that lived in what is Mexico today, before Christopher Columbus came there. Some scholars also use the word to refer to the people that later developed into the Aztec civilisation. These people are only known from Aztec stories. It is not known if they actually formed one people or not.

References

History of Mexico
Native Americans
Abi Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923 أبي جعفر محمد بن جرير الطبري) was one of the earliest, most important and famous Persian historians and explainers of the Qur'an, most famous for his Tarikh al-Tabari (History of the Prophets and Kings) and Tafsir al-Tabari.

Name 
Tabari (Persian: طبری), Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir at-Tabari, His name means "father of Jafar, named after the Prophet Muhammad, son of Jarir, from the province of Tabaristan".

Biography 
He was born in Amol, Tabaristan, some twenty kilometres south of the Caspian Sea, in the winter of 838-9. He was precocious. He left home to study in A.H. 236  (850-1) when he was twelve. He retained close ties to his home town. He did return at least twice, the last time in A.H. 290 (903) when his outspokenness caused some uneasiness and led to his quick departure.

Related pages
List of historians by continent

References
References

Bibliography 
 Bosworth, C.E., Encyclopedia of Islam, "Al-Tabari, Abu Djafar Muhammad b. Djarir b. Yazid"
 Rosenthal, Franz, "The Life and Works of al-Tabari" pp. 5–134 of volume one of the English translation of the History.

Other websites 
 http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=114 
 http://www.answering-ansar.org/biographies/abu_jaffar_muhammad_tabari/ 

838 births
923 deaths
Tabari
Muslim scholars
Iranian historians
Quran
Tabari might mean:

Something from the region of Tabaristan
Mazandarani language, also called Tabari
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari
A basilica is a large, important church. The word can also be used for an Ancient Roman building that was used for law and meetings. The word "basilica" is Latin which was taken from the Greek "Basiliké Stoà".

Nowadays the word is used in three ways:
 A Roman Catholic church that has been given the right to use that name, by the Pope. Only some large important churches have this right.
 An Ancient Roman basilica
 People who write about architecture often use the word "basilica" to mean a building that is shaped like an Ancient Roman basilica.

History

Ancient Rome

A Roman basilica was a large hall built for meetings, business and law. A Roman basilica usually had the doors at the long sides of the building. At each end was a semi-circular part where the judges sat. The building usually had two rows of columns, which made a high central part and a lower aisle on either side. The light came in from windows above the columns. As the Roman Empire spread, every city had a basilica.
Early Christian basilicas
Early in the 4th century (312 AD), the Roman Emperor Constantine made Christianity the legal religion of the Roman Empire. The Christians who had been worshipping secretly in private houses now wanted to build churches. They did not want the churches to look the same as Roman Temples. They built them to look more like Roman Basilicas. A basilica was a good plan for a Christian church because lots of people could fit inside, and the aisles were useful for people to move around. The semi-circular part at one end, the apse, was just right to put the altar. Christian basilicas usually have the door at one end, rather than at the side. In front of the door there was often a courtyard called an atrium. Most of these atriums have gone, but churches often have a town square or a market place in front of them.
Some of the oldest Early Christian basilicas were four that were begun in Rome by the Emperor Constantine. Three of them are still standing, but they have had many changes in the last 1,700 years. These are the basilicas of Santa Maria Maggiore, St. John Lateran and St. Paul's outside the Walls. The fourth basilica was 'Old St. Peter's which was replaced in the 16th and 17th centuries by the present St. Peter's Basilica. Other Early Christian Basilicas were built in Greece and the Holy Land.
Present-day basilicas
Some basilicas are called "Ancient Basilicas". These have been called basilicas since Early Christian or Medieval times. It is their traditional name. Ancient Basilicas include the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna and the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Rome. The four other ancient basilicas of Rome are called the "Major Basilicas". Each Major Basilica has a throne for the pope and an altar that is specially for the pope to celebrate mass. No-one else can use that altar without the pope's permission. All the other basilicas are called "Minor Basilicas".

Nowadays, for a church to be called a Minor Basilica, it has to be given some special privileges or rights by the pope in a document called a "Papal Brief". When a church has been made a basilica, the clergy then carry some special symbols when they are in procession. In 2008 there were more than 1,600 basilicas in the world.

Why do churches become basilicas?
Ancient basilicas
Many churches are given the name "basilica" to show that they are special in some way. There are very few ancient basilicas that were built on ground associated with Jesus. They are thought of as some of the holiest Christian sites in the world. These include the Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth, the Basilica of All Nations where Jesus prayed on the Mount of Olives and the Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre is very unusual because the church is shared by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches.
Martyrs
Other ancient basilicas are places where a saint was martyred (put to death). One of these is the Basilica of Saint Stephen, the first Christian Martyr, which is also in Jerusalem. There are many ancient basilicas which were built on the place where a saint was buried. In Rome there are many basilicas like this, because Rome was a very big city, with many Christian people. The Emperors thought Christianity was dangerous to them, because Christians put the rules of Jesus before the law of the Emperor. Many Christians were martyred. When Christianity became legal, churches were built over the graves of martyrs. These churches often became known as basilicas, because they were in the shape of a Roman basilica. Basilicas built over tombs of martyrs include Sant'Agnese outside the Walls, San Lorenzo outside the Walls, and St. Paul's outside the Walls. The words "outside the walls" mean that the burial place of the saint was outside the walls of the city.
Relics
Some basilicas are famous because they have "relics" (or bones or perhaps a body part) of a saint. It could also be the case that the relics were reinterred from the original place.  If a church housed the body of an important saint, then many people would come on pilgrimage and would dedicate themselves to prayer and the use of the sacraments. Basilicas that have bodies include St. Mark's, Venice, St. Nicholas of Bari, also in Italy, and the Basilica of St. Mary Magdalene in Vezelay, France. Not all relics are bodies. Basilicas may also hold a famous object like a piece of the True Cross, or the belt worn by the Virgin Mary. People often ask whether all these precious relics are authentic. The Roman Catholic Church does not get into arguments about trying to prove whether the pieces of the Cross, the body parts and other things are real. Sometimes the relic is known to be real. Sometimes there is no way to prove it, either way.
Saints
Other basilicas are churches that were built by a famous saint, were used by a famous saint, or were built to honour the saint, who did not die as a martyr but lived a very holy life. Two of the most famous basilicas of this sort are the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi and the Basilica of St. Anthony of Padua. Many thousands of pilgrims go to these churches every day to remember two saints who were gentle, humble and taught people to live better lives.
Signs and Miracles 
Some basilicas are built because a miracle or special sign took place. The sign might be a vision and might give a plan to build.  The Basilica of Lourdes in France is built at the place where Bernadette Soubirous had a vision of the Virgin Mary. It is an important pilgrimage place.  Sometimes the sign is not so strange as a vision. In the Philippines, the Basilica del Santo Niño was built at the place where a partly burnt box was found in 1565. It contained a little statue of the Christ Child and had been left behind by some Spanish or Portuguese explorers many years earlier. "Santo Niño" means "Holy Child" in Spanish.

Well-known basilicas
Major basilicas 
The four great Basilicas of Rome, as well as having a seat and an altar for the pope, have a Holy Door which is only opened for special occasions such as a Jubilee Year.
 The Basilica of St. John Lateran, is also called the Lateran Basilica. It is the cathedral of the Bishop of Rome, the Pope.
 St. Peter's Basilica, also called the Vatican Basilica, is a major pilgrimage site, being built over the burial place of Saint Peter. It is used for most of the main religious ceremonies in which the Pope takes part.
 The Basilica of St. Paul outside the Walls, is also known as the Ostian Basilica, because it is on the road that led to Ostia. It is built over the burial place of Saint Paul.
 The Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore, (St. Mary Major) is also called the Liberian basilica, because the building was thought to have been built by Pope Liberius. It is the largest church in Rome dedicated to the Virgin Mary.

Other well-known basilicas
The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, Israel
 The Basilica of St. Nicholas of Bari in Bari, Italy
 The Basilica of St. Anthony of Padua in Padua, Italy
 The Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi in Italy
 The Basilica of St. Mark in Venice, Italy
 The Basilica of St. Denis, near Paris, France
 The Basilica of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri USA
 The Basilica of Our Lady of Fátima, Portugal
 The Cathedral Basilica of San Thome, Chennai, India
 St. Stephen's Basilica, Budapest, Hungary
 The Cathedral Basilica of St. Chad, Birmingham England(1941)
 The Cathedral Basilica Shrine of Our Lady of the Rosary, Argentina
 The Cathedral Basilica of St. Mary, Help of Christians Sydney, Australia
 The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro, in Côte d'Ivoire West Africa
 The Cathedral Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec in Quebec City was the first basilica in North America. (1874).
 The Cathedral Basilica of Our Lord Jesus Christ King of the Universe, Reykjavík, Iceland
The Basilica of St. Adalbert in Buffalo, New York United States of America, (1907)
 The Cathedral Basilica of Las Lajas, in Colombia
 Berchem Basilica, Antwerp, Belgium (1878)
 San Francisco de la Habana Basilica in Havana, Cuba
 The Basilica of St. Gereon, Cologne, Germany (1920)
 The Basilica of Our Lady of Lanka, Tewatte, Sri Lanka
 The Basilica of San Isidoro , León, Spain
 The Basilica of the Black Nazarene, Philippines
 The Basilica of Emmaus Nicopolis, Israel
 The Basilica of la Sagrada Familia, Spain, has been under construction since 1882, and although it is still unfinished, it was consecrated and proclaimed a minor basilica by Pope Benedict XVI in November 2010
Gallery

Related pages
 Church
 Cathedral
 Chapel
 Christianity
 Roman Catholicism

References

 Architecture of the basilica, well illustrated.
 Basilica Porcia
 W. Thayer, "Basilicas of Ancient Rome": from Samuel Ball Platner (as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby), 1929. A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (London: Oxford University Press)
 Paul Veyne, ed. A History of Private Life I: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, 1987
 List of All Major, Patriarchal and Minor Basilicas by Giga-Catholic Information
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Basilica & minor parts in other articles
 Richard Krautheimer, Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture
 Domus ecclesiae: Privileges and obligations pertaining to minor basilicas 
Church architecture
Roman buildings and structures
This article is about the fictional from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe. It includes major regions of the world, geographical features such as rivers, mountains  and mountain ranges. The article also included selection of various notable places which were created by Tolkien and used as setting in his many books.
Regions of Middle-earth 
Beleriand: Beleriand was a large region in northwestern Middle-earth until the end of the First Age. It is between the sea in the west and south and the Blue Mountains in the east. At the end of the First Age, Beleriand was destroyed and covered by the sea.
Eriador: Eriador is a large region in Middle-earth. It is between the Blue Mountains in the west, the Misty Mountains in the east and the Ice-bay of Forochel in the north. The rivers Glanduin and Greyflood form the southern edge of Erindor. In the earlier part of the Third Age much of Eriador was part of the kingdom of Arnor. Apart from Arnor, other settlements in Eriador of the Third Age were Rivendell, Bree-land and the Shire.
Rhovanion: Rhovanion is a large region in Middle-earth. It is also called Wilderland. The region is east of the Misty Mountains and south of the Grey Mountains and the Iron Hills. The river Anduin flows through it from the Grey Mountains to the Emyn Muil. A big part of Rhovanion is covered by the forest of Mirkwood.
Rhûn: Rhûn is a large region in Middle-earth. It is east of Rhovanion. The regions is near Sea of Rhûn.
Harad: Harad or Haradwaith is the lands south of Gondor and Mordor. The coasts of Harad were settled by the Black Númenóreans. These people live in Harad. The were often influenced by Sauron and fought with the western realms. In the Fourth Age, the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor made peace with Harad. The elephant-like mûmakil (or oliphaunts) also live in Harad.
Middle-earth mountains
Amon Hen: Amon Hen (Sindarin: Hill of the Eye) is a hill on the west side of the river Anduin. It is at the southern end of the long lake Nen Hithoel near the Falls of Rauros. On the eastern side of the lake is the hill Amon Lhaw. On Amon Hen, the Fellowship of the Ring was seperated and they went in different directions.
Ered Luin: Ered Luin (Sindarin: Blue Mountains), also known as Ered Lindon are a mountain range in the far west of Eriador. Until the end of the First Age, the Ered Luin separated Beleriand and Eriador. In the middle of the mountain range is a gap. It formed the Gulf of Lhûn/Lune. The Grey Havens are located there.
Ered Mithrin: The Ered Mithrin (Sindarin: Grey Mountains) is a range of mountains to the north of Rhovanion. At the western end of the Grey Mountains is Mount Gundabad. It is a part of the Misty Mountains. The Iron Hills are east of this area.
Ered Nimrais: The Ered Nimrais (Sindarin: Whitehorn Mountains) or White Mountains are a mountain range between Gondor in the south and Rohan in the north. The western part the White Mountains are separated from the Misty Mountains by the Gap of Rohan. The gap is near the valley of Helm's Deep. The Path of the Dead run through the range. The mountain Mindolluin  is at the eastern edge of the range. The city of Minas Tirith is in this mountain.
 Misty Mountain: The Misty Mountains (or Sindarin Hithaeglir) are a great mountain range, between Eriador in the west and Rhovanion in the east. At the southern end of the Misty Mountains is Isengard, at the northern end is Mount Gundabad. Under the Misty Mountains is the old dwarven city Khazad-dûm.
Mount Doom: Mount Doom (Sindarin: Amon Amarth) is a volcano in northeastern Mordor. It is also known as Orodruin (Sindarin: fiery mountain)  Inside the volcano are the Sammath Naur (or Cracks of Doom). This is where Sauron made the One Ring. It is also the only place where the Ring can be destroyed.
Weathertop: Weathertop (Sindarin Amon Sûl, Hill of Wind) is a hill in Eriador. It is the most southern peak of the Weather Hills. It is also the highest peak of the Weather Hills.  The Weather Hills are next to the Great East Road. They are about halfway between the Shire and Rivendell.  The Tower of Amon Sûl was on Weathertop. It was a watch-tower built by the kingdom of Arnor. THe tower was destroying in year 1409 of the Third Age.  There are only ruins left of the tower.  In T.A. 3018, Aragorn and the hobbits camped on Weathertop. While they were camped there, they were attacked by the Ringwraiths. Frodo Baggins was wounded by a Morgul-blade.
Middle-earth rivers
Anduin: The Anduin is the largest river in Middle-earth. It begins in the Grey Mountains and flows through Rhovanion and the Emyn Muil. From there, it goes through the rapids of Sarn Gebir and into the lake Nen Hithoel. After it leaves the lake, it falls down the Falls of Rauros. Once it is past the falls, the river flows between the White Mountains and the Mountains of Shadow. It then flows into the sea in a broad river delta. This delta is called the Mouths of Anduin or the Ethir Anduin.
Bruinen: Bruinen or Loudwater was a river in Eriador. It began in the Misty Mountains. It flowed south from the mountains through the valley of Rivendell. From there it flowed into the river Mitheithel.
Baranduin: The Baranduin or Brandywine River is a river in Eriador. It begins at  Lake Evendim in northern Eriador and flows south. The river flows through the Shire and into the sea.

Other Middle-earth locations
Arnor 
Arnor was a human realm in Eriador. It was founded by Elendil and his people, who survived the Fall of Númenor near the end of the Second Age. The peoples living in Arnor were the descendants of the Númenorean survivors, and the indigenous human peoples who had lived there before. The capital of Arnor was the city Annúminas. It was on the shores of Lake Evendim in northern Eriador. Elendil was the first King of Arnor. After his death, his older son Isildur became king.

After the death of Eärendur, the tenth king, in T.A. 861, his three sons split Arnor into three new lands. Each land a country ruled by one of the sons. These countries were: Arthedain in the west, Cardolan in the south, and Rhudaur in the north. Over time, all three of countries were destroyed in wars against the northern land Angmar. After the War of the Ring, the land again became part of the Reunited Kingdom of Arnor and Gondor. It as ruled by King Elessar Telcontar and his descendants.
Bree-land
Bree-land is a small region in Eriador, It  surrounded the Breehill. The region  has four villages. They are : Bree , Archet, Combe and Staddle. The peoples living in the villages of Bree-land are humans  and hobbits; This  is the only place where these two people live together. The only other place where hobbits live  is the Shire. Bree is at the meeting point of two large roads, the Great East Road and the North-South Road. It is an important center of trade and travel.

Erebor
The Lonely Mountain (Sindarin: Erebor) is a mountain in the northeast of Rhovanion. When the dwarves had to leave their ancient home Khazad-dûm, it became the new home of Durin's folk. They were led by Thráin I, who became King under the Mountain. Later Erebor was attacked by the dragon Smaug, and the dwarves had to flee again. In the story told in The Hobbit, the dragon Smaug is killed and the dwarves again return to the Lonely Mountain. Dáin II Ironfoot becomes new King under the Mountain.
Esgaroth
Esgaroth is a town in the northeast of Rhovanion. It is also known as Lake-town  It is built at the Long Lake. the town is south of the Lonely Mountain and east of Mirkwood. It was destroyed by the dragon Smaug during the events of The Hobbit but was rebuilt.

Fangorn
Fangorn or Fangorn Forest is a large forest on the eastern side of the southern end of the Misty Mountains. Fangorn is the home of the Ents. They are  a people of giant tree-like beings. The Sindarin word "Fangorn" translates to "Beardtree", Fangoen is also the Sindarin name of the Ent Treebeard.
Gondor
Gondor is a human realm in southeastern Middle-earth. It was founded by the brothers Isildur and Anárion and their people, who had survived the Fall of Númenor near the end of the Second Age. During the Third Age, Gondor included the lands beween the sea in the south, the Mountains of Shadow in the east, and the White Mountains  in the north. In earlier times, The lands of Gondor reached farther north. The city Osgiliath was the capital of Gondor. It was built over the river Anduin.  Isildur also founded the city Minas Ithil. His brother Anárion founded the city Minas Anor west of the Anduin on the mountain Mindolluin.
Gondor has several regions. Ithilien is in the east, It is between the river Anduin in the west and the Mountains of Shadow in the east. Anórien was a small land north of the White Mountains. It is between the river Anduin in the east and Rohan in the west. Calenardhon is the land north of the White Mountains. It became Rohan in the 26th century T.A. Enedwaith was northwest of the White Mountains. This region was mostly abandoned in the later part of the Third Age. Between the coast and the White Mountains were several smaller regions. Near the seashore in the south were the regions Anfalas, Belfalas, Dor-en-Ernil, Lebennin, and Lossarnach. Along the Mountains in the north were the Morthond Vale,  Lamedon, and the Ringló Vale. Southeast of the Anduin was the region South Gondor.