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Actors from California
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Deaths from myocardial infarction
Golden Globe Award winning actors
is a Japanese  city in Kanagawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

It has been recognized as a special city since 2001.

History

In the Edo period, Hiratsuka-juku was 7th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

Geography
Hiratsuka is located on the western Kantō region midway between Tokyo and Mount Fuji.  The city is on the coastline in the Sagami Bay.

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō
 Shonan Bellmare

References

Other websites 

 http://www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp/index-e.htm ; http://www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp/index.htm 

Cities in Kanagawa Prefecture
Austronesian peoples is a term referring to people that live in Southeast Asia, Oceania and Madagascar, who are speakers of the Austronesian languages.  They are thought to have originally come from the indigenous peoples of Taiwan.
Peter Lawrence Boyle, Jr. (October 18, 1935 – December 12, 2006) was an American actor. He is best known for his acting on Everybody Loves Raymond.

Awards and nominations
 Emmy Award
Nomination (1977)  — Lead Actor in a Drama or Comedy Special: Tail Gunner Joe
 Nomination (1989) — Guest Actor in a Drama Series: J.J. Killian in Midnight Caller episode "Fathers and Sins"
Win  (1996) — Guest Actor in a Drama Series: Clyde Bruckman in  The X-Files episode "Clyde Bruckman's Final Repose"
(7) Nominations (1999–2005)  — Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series: Everybody Loves Raymond

 Screen Actors Guild (SAG) Award
The cast of Everybody Loves Raymond was nominated for Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series each year from 1999–2000 and 2002–2006. Boyle was additionally nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2002.

Filmography
The Group (1966)
 The Virgin President (1968)
 Medium Cool (1969)
 The Monitors (1969)
 Joe (1970)
 Diary of a Mad Housewife (1970)
 T.R. Baskin (1971)
 The Candidate (1972)
 F.T.A. (1972)
 Ghost in the Noonday Sun (1973)
 Steelyard Blues (1973)
 Slither (1973)
 The Friends of Eddie Coyle (1973)
 Kid Blue (1973)
 Crazy Joe (1974)
 Young Frankenstein (1974)
 Taxi Driver (1976)
 Swashbuckler (1976)
 Tail Gunner Joe (1977)
 F.I.S.T. (1978)
 The Brink's Job (1978)
 Hardcore (1979)
 Beyond the Poseidon Adventure (1979)
 Where the Buffalo Roam (1980)
 In God We Tru$t (1980)
 Outland (1981)
 Hammett (1982)
 Yellowbeard (1983)
 Johnny Dangerously (1984)
 Turk 182 (1985)
 Surrender (1987)
 Walker (1987)
 The In Crowd (1988)
 Superman 50th Anniversary TV Special as James "Jimmy" Malone (1988)
 Red Heat (1988)
 The Dream Team (1989)
 Speed Zone! (1989)
 Funny (1989)
 The Tragedy of Flight 103: The Inside Story (1990)
 Challenger (1990)
 Solar Crisis (1990)
 Men of Respect (1991)
 Kickboxer 2: The Road Back (1991)
Nervous Ticks (1992)
 Death and the Compass (1992)
 Honeymoon in Vegas (1992)
 Malcolm X (1992)
 The Shadow (1994)
 Killer (1994)
 The Santa Clause (1994)
 Exquisite Tenderness (1995)
 Born to Be Wild (1995)
 While You Were Sleeping (1995)
 Final Vendetta (1996)
 Milk & Money (1996)
 That Darn Cat (1997)
 Species II (1998)
 Dr. Dolittle (1998)
 Monster's Ball (2001)
 The Cat Returns (2002)
 The Adventures of Pluto Nash (2002)
 The Santa Clause 2 (2002)
 Bitter Jester (2003)
 Imagine New York (2003)
 Scooby Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed (2004)
 The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause (2006)
 All Roads Lead Home (2008)
Other websites

References

Actors from Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from multiple myeloma
Emmy Award winning actors
1935 births
2006 deaths
is a Japanese town in Kanagawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

History

In the Edo period, Ōiso-juku was 8th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

Geography
Ōiso is on the coastline of Sagami Bay.

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites 

 Town of Oiso website ;   

Towns in Japan
Settlements in Kanagawa Prefecture
is a Japanese city in Kanagawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

It has been recognized as a special city since 2000.

History

In the Edo period, Odawara-juku was 9th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

During the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923, most Odawara buildings collapsed immediately, and fires burned anything left standing.

Geography
The borders of Odawara are the Hakone Mountains to the north and west, the Sakawa River to the east, and Sagami Bay to the south.

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites

 Odawara City website 
 http://www.kanagawa-kankou.or.jp/english/area/odawara.html ,

Cities in Kanagawa Prefecture
is a Japanese city in Kanagawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

History

In the Edo period, Hakone-juku was 10th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites 

 http://www.kanagawa-kankou.or.jp/english/area/hakone.html , http://www.kanagawa-kankou.or.jp/index.html 

Cities in Kanagawa Prefecture
Shailene Woodley (born November 15, 1991) is an American actress. She has starred in television sitcoms. She and George Clooney starred in The Descendants. She starred in the Divergent movie trilogy adaptations based on Veronica Roth's novels. Woodley was raised in Simi Valley, California.

1991 births
Living people
Actors from San Bernardino, California
American movie actors
American television actors
Simi Valley, California
The BFG 9000 is a fictional futuristic weapon. It is found in the Doom video game series. The BFG 9000 is a very large, solid metal gun. It shoot balls of green plasma. It is the most powerful weapon in the games. The BFG 9000 can destroy almost any player or enemy in one hit. Quake II and Quake III Arena pay homage to the BFG 9000 with weapons called the BFG10K. The Quake III Arena version works differently than the BFG 9000. It shoots many small plasma beams very quickly instead of one large ball. This means the BFG 9000 causes much more damage in a single hit than the Arena BFG10K.

Names

The abbreviation "BFG" stands for "Big Fucking Gun". This is the name is was given in Tom Hall's first Doom design document. In the Doom II user manual, BFG is said to stand for "Big Fuckin Gun". In the Doom movie, it is named the "Bio Force Gun" but "Big Fucking Gun" is said when the gun is first seen).
The Quake II manual says BFG stands for "Big, uh, freakin’ gun".
Critical reception
UGO.com list the BFG 9000 at number two on their Top 50 Video Game Weapons of All Time. They say the weapon is "marvelous and complex, and we should not hesitate to put this weapon down in history as one of the best." X-Play listed it as number one on their Top 10 Badass Weapons list. They said that the BFG 9000 was "not as fancy as the gravity gun" but it was the first weapon that "really made us swoon". IGN editor Tom McNamara listed the BFG as one of the ten best weapons in video games. He placed it at number ten on his list. Machinima.com listed it as number one on their list of Top Ten Video Game Weapons. They said "Do you really need a reason why this tops the list?"

References

Other websites
 The BFG 9000 FAQ
 Information on the BFG 9000

Science fiction technology
Fictional weapons
"Sleeping Beauty" () is a fairy tale. There are several versions of it, including "The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood" by Charles Perrault and "Briar Rose" or "Little Briar Rose" () by the Brothers Grimm. The story is about a princess who falls into a deep sleep for one hundred years, and is awoken by a heroic prince.

Perrault's version first appeared in 1695 in a hand-written and illustrated manuscript called Tales of Mother Goose () along with "Little Red Riding Hood", "Bluebeard", "Puss in Boots", and "Diamonds and Toads". It was next published in the newspaper Mercure galant in 1696. It was revised, and published in Paris in 1697 by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault. It has been adapted to various media including a pantomime by James Robinson Planché, a ballet, and a Disney animated movie.

The Grimms published their version in Children's and Household Tales () in 1812.
Versions 
Tales similar to Perrault's include "Troylus and Zelladine" from the 14th-century French work Perceforest, the Catalan collection Frayre de Joy e Sor de Placer, the story of Brynhild from the Saga of the Volsungs, and "Sun, Moon, and Talia" from Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone (1636). Tchaikovsky's Ballet Sleeping Beauty is roughly based on Perrault's version; and Disney published 1959 their animatic Sleeping Beauty Version - a Mixture out of the former versions and mostly Tchaikovsky's Ballet.

There are slight differences between the Grimms's version of the sleeping princess tale and that of Perrault. The Grimms's Briar Rose is released from her sleep by a kiss from the prince while Perrault's princess wakes when the prince simply kneels beside her.
Maria Tatar writes, "The Grimms' "Sleeping Beauty" has a narrative integrity that has made it more appealing than [Basile and Perrault], at least in the United States." She explains that the version of the Grimms discards the post-marital conflicts of Basile and Perrault that were probably separate narratives at one time. Tatar believes Briar Rose is the stereotypical passive fairy tale heroine who simply waits for a man to come along to free her from a near catatonic state.

Story
Story 

A king and queen long for a child. A frog in the queen's bath foretells the future birth of a baby. The queen gives birth to a daughter. The king and queen host a celebration (a christening in the Perrault version). In the Perrault version, they invite seven good fairies; in the Grimms' version, they invite twelve "wise women". Another, evil woman (or fairy) appears who puts a curse on the infant princess. She says that the princess will one day prick her finger on a spindle and die. One of the good women softens the curse. Instead of dying, the princess will sleep for one hundred years.

The king orders all spindles to be burnt to protect his daughter. When she is about fifteen or sixteen, however, the princess finds an old woman spinning in a tower room. The princess handles the spindle and pricks her finger. She falls into a deep sleep. The good fairy puts everyone in the castle to sleep. A thorny forest or a hedge of roses springs up and surrounds the castle to protect the sleeping princess.
One hundred years pass. A prince has heard fabulous tales of the place and wants to find the princess. He arrives at the castle and finds the sleeping princess in the tower room. In the Grimms' version, he wakes her with a kiss; Perrault's princess wakes when the prince simply kneels beside her. The prince and the princess get married.

The Perrault version continues further. The prince and princess have two children. The prince goes off to war. His wife and children stay with his mother. She is an ogress. She wants to eat her guests. A servant saves them. The ogress is furious. She decides to put the princess and her children into a cauldron filled with toads and snakes. The prince arrives. His wife and children are saved. The ogress jumps head first into the cauldron and dies.
References 
 Barchilon, Jacques and Henry Pettit. 1960. The Authentic Mother Goose Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes. Denver: Alan Swallow. pp. 12–3.
 Betts, Christopher. 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. xiv-xv, 191.
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 81–3.
 Tatar, Maria. 2002. The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales. Norton. pp. 95–96.
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 467, 476.

Other websites 
  Sleeping Beauty (Perrault's version), audio version 

 
French literature
Works by Charles Perrault
Grimms' Fairy Tales
Children's and Household Tales (), commonly known as Grimms' Fairy Tales (), is a collection of German fairy tales published by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, the Brothers Grimm.

On December 20, 1812, the Grimms published the first volume of the first edition. It contained 86 stories. The second volume of 70 stories was published in 1814. For the second edition, two volumes were issued in 1819 and a third in 1822, totalling 170 tales. The third edition appeared in 1837; fourth edition, 1840; fifth edition, 1843; sixth edition, 1850; seventh edition, 1857. Stories were added, and also deleted, from one edition to the next, until the seventh held 211 tales. All editions were extensively illustrated, first by Philipp Grot Johann and, after his death in 1892, by Robert Leinweber.
The first volumes were much criticized because they were considered unsuitable for children, both for the scholarly information included and the subject matter.  Many changes through the editions – such as turning the wicked mother of the first edition in Snow White and Hansel and Gretel to a stepmother, were probably made with an eye to such criticism. They removed sexual references—such as Rapunzel's innocently asking why her dress was getting tight around her belly, and thus naïvely revealing her pregnancy and the prince's visits to her stepmother—but, in many respects, violence, particularly when punishing villains, was increased. In 1825, the Grimms published their Kleine Ausgabe or "small edition," a selection of 50 tales designed for child readers. This children's version went through ten editions between 1825 and 1858.
The work of the Brothers Grimm influenced other collectors, both inspiring them to collect tales and leading them to similarly believe, in a spirit of romantic nationalism, that the fairy tales of a country were particularly representative of it, to the neglect of cross-cultural influence. Among those influenced were the Russian Alexander Afanasyev, the Norwegians Peter Christen Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe, the English Joseph Jacobs, and Jeremiah Curtin, an American who collected Irish tales.

References
Rosa Maria "Rosie" Perez (b. September 6, 1964) is a Hispanic American movie and television actress. She was born in New York City. Her career in acting was begun around 1988.

Filmography

References

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
1964 births
Living people
Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales is an American animated short television series by Pixar, featuring the characters Mater and Lightning McQueen from the movie Cars. The series' first broadcast was on October 27, 2008, on Toon Disney, Disney Channel and ABC Family. The show was then moved to Disney Junior in 14 February 2011.

Cast
 Larry the Cable Guy as Mater
 Keith Ferguson as Lightning McQueen
 George Carlin as Fillmore
 Tony Shalhoub as Luigi
 Guido Quaroni as Guido
 Michael Wallis as Sheriff
 Katherine Helmond as Lizzie
 Lindsey Collins as Mia
 Elissa Knight as Tia
 Jerome Ranft as Red

Episodes

Video game
A video game based on the show was released on 19 October 2010 for the Wii.

References

Other websites
 
 Official website  at Pixar
 
 

2000s American television series
American animated television series
Pixar
Television series by Disney
English-language television programs
Marius Petipa (1818-1910) was a French dancer and the principal Ballet Master for the Imperial Ballet in St. Petersburg from 1869 until 1903. His works include La Bayadere (1877), a revised Giselle (1884), The Sleeping Beauty (1890), a revised Swan Lake (1895), and Raymonda (1898). Dance historian Lynn Garafola believes Petipa "had an incalculable effect on Russian ballet." She points out that he supervised the transition from Romanticism to Classicism in Russian ballet, and fused the Italian bravura and French lyrical techniques. Garafola writes, "[Petipa] helped transform an art dominated by foreigners and identified with the West into a Russian national expression."

References

French ballet dancers
French choreographers
1818 births
1910 deaths
is a Japanese city in Kanagawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Kawasaki is one of three ordinance-designated cities in Kanagawa.

History

In the Edo period, Kawasaki-juku was 2nd of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

Geography
Kawasaki occupies a belt of land stretching about 30 km along the south bank of the Tama River. The river forms its boundary with Tokyo.

Wards 
In Kawasaki, there are seven wards:
Kawasaki
Saiwai
Nakahara
Takatsu
Tama
Miyamae
Aso

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō
 Kawasaki Frontale

References

Other websites

 http://www.city.kawasaki.jp/index_e.htm ,  

Cities in Kanagawa Prefecture
Richard Andrew, better known by his stage name Outasight, is an American singer and rapper. He is from Yonkers, New York. He is currently signed to Warner Bros. Records. Though he is considered a hip hop artist, he also draws influences from other genres such as classic rock and soul.  He is perhaps best known for the song "Tonight Is the Night" released in 2011.

Discography

Studio albums
 Nights Like These (2012)
 Big Trouble (2015)
 Richie (2017)
 Future Vintage Soul (2018)
Jamz (2021)

EPs
2010: Further EP (Asylum)

2019: No Vacancy EP

Mixtapes
2007: Employee of the Year EP
2008: Radio New York
2009: From There to Here
2009: Further
2010: Never Say Never
2011: Figure 8 EP
2011: Get It Together
2013: Stay Gold

Singles

References

Living people
Rappers from New York (state)
1983 births
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American singers
American hip hop singers
People from Yonkers, New York
Singers from New York City
Catch Me If You Can may refer to:
 Catch Me If You Can Book (book), a 1980 book
 Catch Me If You Can, a 2002 movie
 "Catch Me If You Can", a 2010 song by Outasight on Warner Bros. Records taken from his album Further
is a series of ukiyo-e woodblock prints created by Hiroshige.   
This was a popular subject. Hiroshige created many versions of this subject.

Tōkaidō images
In 1832, Hiroshige traveled the length of the Tōkaidō from Edo to Kyoto.  He was part of an official delegation from the court of the Tokugawa Shogunate to the court of the Emperor of Japan. 

In addition to the 53 stations, Hiroshige's series of images includes one print showing the departure from Edo.  The series also includes a print showing the journey's end in the Imperial capital city.

Related pages
 List of the 53 Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites 

 Digital museum:different editions of the series

Japanese art
East Malaysia or Malaysian Borneo, is a term used to refer to the Malaysian section of Borneo. One of Southeast Asia's major islands. Major provinces in the region are the Malaysian provinces of Sabah and Sarawak. It is located north of Indonesian Borneo or "Kalimantan", and southwest of the Philippines. Also, the tiny country of Brunei is nearly landlocked by Malaysia.

References 

Geography of Malaysia
is a Japanese city in Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

History

In the Edo period, Kuwana-juku was 42nd of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

Gallery

Related pages
 The Fifty-three Stations of the Tōkaidō

References

Other websites

 Kuwana City website 
 Hiroshige prints, Kuwana 

Cities in Mie Prefecture
Amount of substance (also called chemical amount) is a quantity defined by standards to measures the size a group of individual elementary entities, such as atoms, molecules and electrons, along with other particles. The International System of Units (SI) defines the amount of substance to be equal to the number of elementary entities present. The SI unit for amount of substance is the mole (mol). The mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains the same number of elementary entities as there are atoms in  of the isotope carbon-12. This number is called Avogadro's number and has the value . It is the numerical value of the Avogadro constant which has the unit  (or mol), and relates the molar mass of an amount of substance to its mass.

References

Chemistry
Physical quantity
Patiala was a Sikh princely state that lasted from 1714 to 1948. Its rulers were descended from Chaudhary Phul (1627-1689), a Sidhu Jat from Mehraj village in the Bathinda District of Punjab. The other Sikh states, such as Jind and Nabha, were also the descendants of Phul. Its capital was in the Malva region of Punjab, but its territory expanded from Bathinda to present-day Mohali. They were known as the Phulkian (Patiala) Dynasty.

The House of Phul, was a Jatt of Sidhu Clan, belonging to the Malva Region of Punjab. Their ancestors had converted to Sikhism in the early 1600s. They claim to be the descendants from the sidhu jats, who ruled in the 11th century. The migrated to the Malva region of Punjab, establishing themselves at present day Bathinda District of Punjab. 

The Sidhu Jatts and the Bhullar Jatts of the Bathinda district, never got along with each other, They were at war. But later Nanu Bhullar, got his daughter married in the house of these Sidhu Jatts, the ancestors of the Patiala State.
Rajasthani Paintings within Patiala 
Patiala State, was different from other Sikh States, as it did not support Sikh religion, and not following the Sikh rules. But still the State religion was Sikhism. The Later Patiala Maharajahs (Karam Singh) introduced Hindu Paintings of Hindu Gods within their Qila Mubarak palace in Patiala, it can still be seen, on the Palace Walls. Showing great respect to all religions. Rajput Hindu Paintings were very famous in Patiala from 1800s, The Maharajahs got them selves painted in Rajput Styles. And even had relations with the Royal Hindu States of Rajasthan.
Relations with other Royal Jat States 
They also had relationship with the Hindu Jat Rulers of Royal Bharatpur State in Rajasthan of Sinsinwar Clan. As Maharajah Narinder Singh, in 1859, married of his third daughter Maharani Bishan Kaur, to Rajah Jaswant Singh, (1851-1893), Jat ruler of Bharatpur State. Intermarriage between the Phulkian Jatts, and Rajasthani Royal Hindu Jatts, was very common, During the 19th Century.

List of maharajas

Maharaja Ala Singh (1691-1765)
Maharaja Amar Singh (1748-1782)
Maharaja Sahib Singh (1773-1813), A very weak ruler, who had imprisoned his won Sister Bibi Sahib kaur, but later escaped.
Maharaja Karam Singh (1798-1845)
Maharaja Narinder Singh (1823-1862)
Maharaja Mahendra Singh (1852-1876)
Maharaja Rajinder Singh (1872-1900)
Maharaja Bhupinder Singh (1891-1938)
Maharaja Yadavindra Singh (1913-1974)
Captain Amarinder Singh (1942-1948)
Signing their Union with India 
Maharajah Yadavindra Singh, signed his union with India in 1948, transferring his Kingdom, to the Government of India, Patiala State was united with the Punjab State of India, in 1948. The Maharajah also told other Royal Princely States to Unite with India.

References

http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/heritage/Maharajas%20of%20Punjab/Mah%20Punj%20States.htm
http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/m-phulkian.html 
http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/ala.html 

Indian princely states
1714 establishments
1948 disestablishments in India
1710s establishments in Asia
18th-century establishments in India
Artillery in Japan is recorded in the 13th century.  It was not used widely before the Sengoku period in the 16th century.

History
In the 1840s, the Tokugawa Shogunate began to anticipate that either British or French military might attack Japan.  Takashima Shuhan (1798-1866) submitted a petition to the shogun calling for the purchase of Western firearms.  In 1841, a demonstration of Western gunnery made a strong impression.  Powerful conservative factions in the shogunate resisted change.

During the 1864 Bombardment of Shimonoseki, European naval guns were shown to be superior to Japanese cannon on shore.

Following the Meiji Restoration, Japan would pursue a policy of "Rich country, strong army" (富国強兵), which led to a general rearmament.

Imperial Japanese Army 
The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) used artillery during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895).

Naval guns and field artillery were important in the Russo-Japanese War of 1905.
Before and during World War II, the Japanese Army deployed a variety of artillery pieces.

Imperial Japanese Navy

The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) developed large naval artillery pieces.

Japan Self Defense Force (JSDF)
The self-propelled artillery of the current Japanese military include
Type 75 155 mm self-propelled howitzer
M110 howitzer
M270 MLRS
Type 99 155 mm self-propelled howitzer

Related pages
 List of field guns
 List of heavy mortars
 List of howitzers

References

Further reading
 Evans, David C  and Mark Peattie. (1997). Kaigun: strategy, tactics, and technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941 Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland

Other websites

Military of Japan
Artillery
is a self-propelled howitzer of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JSDF).

Overview
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. was the primary contractor, developing the main gun and the turret. The vehicle is powered by a diesel engine.

Type 99s are supplementary to the Type 75 155 mm self-propelled howitzer.

In a period of planned force reduction, the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) planning calls for additional Type 99s.

Related pages 
 Artillery of Japan
 List of howitzers

References

Japanese weapons
Howitzers
Starstreak is a British short range surface-to-air missile  (also known as MANPADS). It is made by Thales Air Defence (first called Shorts Missile Systems), in Belfast.  It is also known as Starstreak High Velocity Missile, or Starstreak HVM.  After it is launched, the missile travels at about Mach 3 (3 times the speed of sound). Starstreak has been in service with the British Army since 1997.

Starstreak can be fired from a soldier's shoulder or from the Stormer armoured vehicle.

Starstreak can travel 1,500 metres minimum and 5,5000 metres maximum.

Development 
Starstreak began being developed in the early 1980s. This was after a study into a weapon that could add to the Rapier missile system. A General Staff Requirement (GSR 3979)  was made. This GSR showed what the missile system needed to have. One of the things it needed to have was three ways to launch the missile. These were:

 A self-propelled launcher.
 A three round light weight launcher.
 A launcher which can be moved around by people.
In 1984, the British Ministry of Defence gave contracts to British Aerospace (BAe) and Shorts Missile Systems to develop the missile. The BAe missile was called the Thunderbolt.  Shorts won the competition. They were awarded £356 million.  The weapon was developed more in November 1986. More contracts were also given out to make the missile. Starstreak was put into service officially in September 1997.  Starstreak is supposed to replace the Javelin surface-to-air missile in British service.

The light weight launcher and the launcher which can be moved around by people have been in use since 2000.

In the middle of 2007, Thales UK in Northern Ireland said that it had developed Starstreak II. Starstreak II is an improved version of Starstreak.  Some of these improvements were: a bigger range (7 km), a better system to find targets and the ability to find aircraft that are higher up in the air.
In 2011, when Thales won a contract for the Lightweight Multirole Missile, Thales said it agreed with the MOD to "re-role previously contracted budgets to facilitate the full-scale development, series production and introduction of the LMM." This means that Thales were going to focus all their money on the Lightweight Multirole Missile. The contract affected by this is said to have been Starstreak.

Description 

A soldier carries the Starstreak missile in a tube.  This tube is sealed closed. The tube is attached to the main part of Starstreak to be fired.  The gunner follows the target using Starstreak's special aiming system. When the gunner has locked on to the target, they press a button and the missile launches.
The missile then fires its first motor. This launches the missile from the tube. However, it stops burning before the missile leaves the tube. This is to protect the gunner.  When the missile is away from the gunner, another motor fires. It makes the missile go to Mach 3.5. It stops burning when it is about four hundred meters away from the gunner. The back of the missile has the systems that guide the missile by laser beams from the launcher. The Starstreak launches many small darts at its target. Each dart has around   of explosive in it.

When the darts hit the target, a fuze is triggered. This fuze delays the explosion. This gives time for the darts to get inside the target before the explosives go off.  The explosive is inside a shell of tungsten. This tungsten is designed to split up and make as much damage as possible inside the target.
In September 1999, the missile was shown attacking an armoured personnel carrier. This showed that Starstreak could also be useful in attacking targets on the ground as well as in the air. 

In 2012, the Ministry of Defence said that it was going to put a group of Starstreaks on top of an apartment complex in London. This was because of the 2012 London Olympics. The Ministry said that the area was the only place to put an anti-aircraft battery. Some people living there were not happy. They wondered why the battery was needed.
Different kinds of Starstreak 
 ATASK (Air To Air Starstreak): This kind of Starstreak is fired from a helicopter. It was designed to be used on the AH-64 Apache. It has not been put into service yet.
 LML: This type of Starstreak has three missiles which can be fired at any time. It can be used on vehicles like a Land Rover or HMMWV (Humvee).
 SP HVM: Carried on an Alvis Stormer. It has a launcher on the roof with eight missiles ready to fire. Another 12 missiles are inside the vehicle.
 THOR/Multi Mission System (MMS): A four-missile turret that is put on a Pinzgauer (6x6). Thales UK announced this in 2005.

How the Starstreak performs

Good things about Starstreak

 It cannot be jammed.
 It cannot be destroyed with anti-radar missiles.
 It travels at a high speed and so is more likely to be able to hit a faster aircraft.
Bad things about Starstreak
 The darts need to hit a target to damage it.
 Things like smoke can stop the gunner from being able to see their target. It can also mess around the guidance system.
 The amount of training the gunner has can change how useful the missile is. The gunner needs to follow the target exactly with Starstreak's sight.

Users 

 
 Britain uses the SP HVM. It has around 150 Starstreaks.
 
 South Africa uses the LML. It has 120 Starstreaks.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Thales page on Starstreak 
 Starstreak – British Army website 

Missiles
British Army equipment
is an armored artillery vehicle used by the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF).

Overview
The Type 75s were accepted for service in October 1975.

Type 99 155 mm self-propelled howitzer is supplementary to the Type 75s.

Related pages 
 Artillery of Japan
 List of howitzers

References

Other websites 

 Military-today.com, Type 75
 GlobalSecurity.org, Type 75
 OnWar.com, Type 75 
 

Japanese weapons
Howitzers
The AS-90 (Artillery System for the 1990s) is a lightly armoured self-propelled artillery gun. It is used by the British Army. It was first used in 1993.  The AS-90's official name is Gun Equipment 155 mm L131.

The AS-90 is used by five regiments of the Royal Horse Artillery and Royal Artillery. 

AS-90 was designed and built by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (VSEL, owned by BAE Systems since 1999). They made 179 AS-90s from 1992 to 1995. This cost £300 million. 

In 2002 BAE Systems were asked to give 96 British Army AS-90s a 52 calibre gun. This would make the range 30 km. With special shells, it would be able to reach 60 to 80 km. However, this project ended up being ended.

Development
AS-90 started in the mid-1980s. It was made on a "gamble" that the SP70 would fail. When this happened, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) asked for a new vehiicle. Four designs were handed in, and AS-90 was the only one that the MoD liked.
The MoD has tried to get the Royal Navy's main ship gun to be able to use the barrel and breech from the AS-90. This would make the gun calibre of the British Army and Royal Navy the same. This would help with ammunition logistics. This would also make it possible for the Army and Navy to help each other develop weapons.

Design

The AS-90 has a special power unit. This is used so that the engine does not have to keep running. This is done to keep the batteries charged while the AS-90 is not moving.

The gun can be started up when it is fully closed down in less than one minute.

The AS-90 has a special computer called the Turret Control Computer (TCC). The TCC controls all main functions of the turret.

Features 

 Crew: 5
 Length: 9.07 m
 Width: 3.5 m
 Height: 2.49 m
 Weight: 45 tons
 Ammunition carried: 48 shells.

Different kinds of AS-90
 
AS-90D - Changed for use in the desert. This model has more cooling for the engine and other machines.
AS-90 "Braveheart" - The AS-90 with the 52 calibre length gun. This project was cancelled.

Haubicoarmata "Krab" - (eng. Howitzer-cannon Crab) A "Braveheart" turret on a Polish chassis. Designed in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola and WB Electronics. , two Krab ("Crab") prototypes have been built.

References

Other websites 

 British Army information page on the AS-90 

Artillery
British Army equipment
Train is an American pop rock band. The band consists of Patrick Monahan, Scott Underwood and Jimmy Stafford. The band has released 5 albums and is set to release their 7th album, California 37 sometime in 2012. Train won 2 Grammy Awards in 2002 for their song "Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)" and a Grammy in 2011 for "Hey, Soul Sister" (Live).

Discography
Train has released 11 studio albums:

References

Other websites
Official website

American rock bands
Musical groups from San Francisco
"Tonight Is the Night" is the debut single by the rapper and singer Outasight. It was released by Warner Bros. in 2011. The song was played on the FOX network program The X Factor. It was played during the week 2 "results" episode on  November 3, 2011.  A music video of the song was released. It was directed by Dori Oskowitz.

Use in Pepsi advertisement
The song has been used in Pepsi's "Who's Next" ad campaign. The ad shows an young singer drinking from a Pepsi can while getting ready for his performance. While "Tonight Is the Night" is being played, very well known singers appear. 

These include Michael Jackson, Alfonso Ribeiro, Ray Charles, Britney Spears, Kanye West, and Mariah Carey. The last shot of the ad goes back to the young singer while the slogan "who's next?" is put on the screen. The ad ends with the catch phrase: "Where there's Pepsi, there's music".

Charts

References

2011 songs
Daniel Lawrence "Larry" Whitney (born February 17, 1963) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, producer, musician. He is best known by his stage name and character Larry the Cable Guy.

He is one of the members of the Blue Collar Comedy Tour. This is a group of comedians. The other members of the Tour are Bill Engvall, Ron White, and Jeff Foxworthy.

Whitney has made seven comedy albums. Three of these have been listed as gold albums by the RIAA. He has been in three Blue Collar Comedy Tour movies. Whitney has also been in the movies Larry the Cable Guy: Health Inspector, Delta Farce, and Witless Protection. He is well known as the voice of Mater in the Cars movies. Whitney's catchphrase "Git-R-Done!" is also the name of his book.
On January 26, 2010, the television channel History said that it wanted to make a series with Whitney. It is called Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy. In this series, Whitney would explore the United States. He would learn about different ways people lived. He would also learn about their jobs and hobbies. The first episode of the series aired on February 8, 2011.

Early life
A CMT bio says that Whitney grew up on a pig farm in Pawnee City, Nebraska. He went to college at the Baptist University of America. He says his roommates from Texas and Georgia helped him create his imitation Southern accent. He left college after his third year to be a comedian.

Career
Career

Radio career
Whitney started his career in radio. He was a disc jockey in Blue Springs, Missouri. He became known in the early 1990s when he made regular radio appearances by telephone on many radio programs. These included programs in Omaha, Nebraska, Baltimore, Maryland, Kansas City, Missouri, Orlando, Florida, Portsmouth, New Hampshire and Manchester, New Hampshire
Stand-up career
He became famous for creating the "Larry" character. It is a personality that he now uses for his entire stage act. The Larry character has a stereotypical redneck appearance and a thick Southern accent. He tells stories about his fictional "family".  He is well known for his catchphrase "Git-R-Done!" A large part of Whitney's act is his accent. He says in interviews and in his autobiographical book GIT-R-DONE that he uses the accent both on and off stage. He does this because he may forget it if he kept his normal accent. He uses catchphrase humor, including "Git-R-Done," "Lord, I apologize, and me with the starvin' Pygmies down there in New Guinea. Amen." and "I don't care who ya are, that's funny right there" after certain jokes.

His first two comedy albums, Lord, I Apologize (2001), and The Right To Bare Arms (2005), have both been certified gold by the RIAA. A third album, Morning Constitutions was released in 2007.
Other work
In 2006, Comedy Central asked Whitney to be the voice of character for an animated series they wanted to create. The series would use his character as one of two owners of a small cable channel. A half-hour pilot was made but not broadcast.

Whitney was roasted in a Comedy Central special on March 15, 2009. During the roast he can be heard talking to people using his normal voice. On Tuesday, February 8, 2011 his series, "Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy", began being broadcast on the History Channel. You Know you're a redneck when you're drinkin sasparilla out of ya cowboy hat!!!! YEEHAWW!!!!

Personal life
Whitney lives in Lincoln, Nebraska. He married his wife Cara in 2005. They have two children together. They have a son, Wyatt (born August 2006), and a daughter, Reagan (born October 2007). In 2010, Whitney and his wife said that their son Wyatt has hip dysplasia.
In the town where he grew up, Pawnee City, Nebraska, there is a street named after him. Whitney also gave money to buy new theatrical equipment for the high school.

Discography

Movies and television
 Larry the Cable Guy: Git-R-Done (2003)
 Blue Collar Comedy Tour: The Movie (2003)
 Blue Collar Comedy Tour: Rides Again (2004)
 Blue Collar TV (2004–2006)
 Larry the Cable Guy: Health Inspector (2006)
 Cars (2006)
 Blue Collar Comedy Tour: One For the Road (2006)
 Delta Farce (2007)
 Witless Protection (2008)
 Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales (2008–2011)
 Comedy Central Roast (2009)
 Larry the Cable Guy: Tailgate Party (2010)
 Cars 2 (2011)
 Tooth Fairy 2 (2012)
 Cars 3 (2017)

References

Other websites

 
 
 Interview with Larry the Cable Guy about 'Cars 2' 

American stand-up comedians
American movie actors
American voice actors
Singers from Nebraska
Musicians from Nebraska
Actors from Nebraska
1963 births
Living people
Comedians from Nebraska
A field gun is an artillery piece. The term was first used to describe smaller guns that could be taken with an army while marching. In battle the field gun could be quickly moved about the battlefield as needed. Guns installed in a fort, siege cannon and mortars were too large to be moved quickly, and would be used only in a long siege.

Napoleon used field guns with very large wheels that allowed them to be moved quickly even during a battle. By moving the guns from place to place during the battle, formations of enemy soldiers could be broken up to be handled by the infantry wherever they were massing, dramatically increasing the overall effectiveness of the infantry.

World War I
World War I

As artillery developed technically, almost all guns of any size could be moved at some speed. Even the largest siege weapons could be moved by road or rail by the start of World War I. Development then turned towards smaller weapons with increased mobility. Even the World War II German super-heavy guns could be moved by rail or by caterpillar-track vehicles.

In British use, a field gun was anything up to 4.5 inches in calibre. Larger guns were called medium and the largest of all heavy. Their largest gun (as opposed to howitzer) was the 5.5 inch (140 mm) Medium, which could fire a shell about 15,000\16,000 yards.
World War II
Since the start of World War II, the term field gun has been used for long-range artillery pieces that fire at a relatively low angle, as opposed to howitzers which can fire at higher angles. By the end of World War II most artillery in use were howitzers of 105 mm to 155 mm. The only common field guns still used were the British 5.5 inch and the US 155 mm Long Tom. The Long Tom had been developed from a French World War I weapon.

The 1960s
The US Army used long-range guns again in the 1960s with the M107 175 mm gun. The M107 was used in the Vietnam War and proved effective in artillery battles with the North Vietnamese forces. This gun needed a lot of repairs, and after the barrels began to crack it was removed from service. Production of the M107 continued through the 1980s, and the gun is still used by the Israeli military forces.
Modern times
Today there is no longer a use for the field gun. The role for small and highly mobile artillery has been taken over by the mortar which can be carried by a soldier. These have replaced almost every artillery piece smaller than 105 mm. Gun-howitzers fill the middle ground, mostly the 155 mm NATO or 152 mm former USSR models. The need for a long-range weapon is filled by rocket artillery, or aircraft. Modern gun-artillery such as the L118 105mm light gun is used to provide fire support for infantry and armour at ranges where mortars are impractical. Soldier carried mortars lack the range or hitting power of gun-artillery. In between is the rifled towed mortar. This weapon (usually in 120mm calibre) is light enough to be towed by a Land Rover, has a range of over 6,000m and fires a bomb with the power of an artillery shell.

Related pages
 List of field guns
Other websites
 Field Gun Image Gallery - Royal Naval Museum's Sea Your History website 
 Pictures of Vickers field guns 
 Portsmouth Action Field Gun Photos and Videos
 COMMAND100 - Centenary of Inter Command Field Gun 

Artillery
The  L118 Light Gun is a howitzer. It was first made for the British Army in the 1970s. It has been moved around the globe a lot since then. The United States use a changed version of the L118 called the M119A1. The proper name for it is "Gun, 105mm, Field, L118" but it is usually just called "the Light Gun".

The L118 can be towed by a medium-weight vehicle. It can also be moved around by a Chinook helicopter.

History

Development
From 1961 until the 1970s, the British Army used the 105 mm Pack Howitzer L5 as its light howitzer. This howitzer was used a lot. It was first designed in Italy for the Alpini. It was light enough to be lifted by Westland Wessex helicopters or towed by Land Rovers. However, it could not fire very far (had a short range), had bad sights and was not very popular.

In 1965 the British Army asked for a new 105 mm howitzer because the pack howitzer "lacked range and lethality" (had a short range and was not very lethal).
The new gun was soon called the 'Light Gun'. It was designed by the government Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment (RARDE). Prototypes were tested in 1968. However, it was noticed that more weight was needed for a gun to be as sturdy and strong as was needed. Several guns were redesigned because of this.

The first guns were made by Royal Ordnance Factory, ROF Nottingham. This has now been merged into BAE Systems Land and Armaments.

In British service
The L118 was first used by the British Army in 1976. The new weapon was heavier than the Pack Howitzer. However, new, better helicopters like the Puma and Westland Sea King, which could carry the L118, were also beginning to be used at the same time.

Since the end of the 1990s, the British Army has used Pinzgauer ATVs as the vehicles that move the guns around. In Arctic service (and some other places) the L118 is moved around by the Hägglunds Bv 206. It has skis put on it if it is moving on snow.
In 1982, the L118 was used a lot during the Falklands War. 30 guns were moved to the Falkland Islands. Since then, British forces have used the L118 in the Balkans, Sierra Leone, Iraq and Afghanistan.

On 30 November 2001, an L118 Light Gun became the One O'Clock Gun in Edinburgh Castle. This fires every day at one o'clock except on Sundays, Good Friday and Christmas Day.

Design
The Light Gun took many features from the QF 25 pounder. However, the L118 is light compared to the QD 25 pounder.

The L118 has a special system called the Automatic Pointing System. This allows the gun to be unpacked and in action in 30 seconds.

Ammunition
The L118 fires 105 mm Fd Mk 2 ammunition. It has two proper cartridges for combat and a blank one for ceremonies etc.
Some ammunition types in British service are:
L31 High Explosive (HE). This round is filled with  of RDX/TNT. Its range is .
L45 Smoke Base Ejection. This is a special shell, as it makes white smoke when it hits the ground. This smoke stays for 60 seconds.
Target Marker. These make orange (L38) or red (L37) cloud. These can be made in the air or when the shell hits the ground. They are used to show where targets are for things like airstrikes.
L43 Illuminating. This round is an illumination shell. It lights up an area. It burns for 30 seconds.

WP (white phosphorus) smoke shell has never been used by the UK for the L118.

New ammunition for the L118 is being developed. It will be even more damaging and have more range.

Design changes
During the early 1990s, all UK L118s had a radar and its supply of power.

A program that started making improvements to UK guns in 2007 tried to make the gun lighter and some features better.  To make the gun weigh less, some steel parts were replaced with titanium.
Different types of L118

L119
The L119 has a different barrel. It is a bit shorter. It fires different ammunition, giving the gun a range of . In British service, the L119 was only used for training. The last British L119s were retired in 2005.

M119A1
The L119 was changed more and made under a license for the United States Army.

References

Other websites 

 British armed forces web site
 FAS L118 web page
 The 105mm Light Gun

Howitzers
British Army equipment
The color chocolate is a tone of dark brown that resembles chocolate.  The color chocolate is shown on the right of the screen. 

The first written use of chocolate as a color name in English was in 1737.

Meaning of chocolate 

The color chocolate represents African Americans.  For example, in African American slang, the city Washington, D.C. is called Chocolate City because of its overwhelmingly African American population.

Tones of chocolate color comparison chart

References

Related pages 
List of colors
Field guns are one of two main types of field artillery. Field guns fire a heavy shell on a relatively level trajectory from a longer barrel. This gives very high muzzle velocity and good range performance. Field guns are best for giving long range fire support and counter-battery fire. This list has two categories; field guns that were moved (towed) by horses or vehicles, and guns that could move themselves (self propelled) guns.

Towed field guns

Self-propelled field guns

Related pages
 List of heavy mortars
 List of howitzers

Notes and references

Artillery
Lists of weapons