Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Lenihan denied he had pressured the President but then a tape was produced of an 'on the record' interview he had given to a postgraduate student the previous May where he talked about trying to apply pressure. Lenihan claimed that "on mature recollection" he had not pressured the President and had been confused in his interview with the student. But the government threatened to fall over the issue.

Lenihan was dismissed as Tánaiste and Minister for Defence.

Lenihan still managed to win the first count. In the Single Transferable Vote system Austin Currie was eliminated and his second choice votes were counted. Most were for Robinson. Lenihan became the first Fianna Fáil presidential candidate in the history of the office to lose a presidential election. Robinson now became President.
Presidency
Robinson was a popular president, before he died in 2002 Brian Lenihan said that she was a better president than he ever could have been. She often visited Britain, and became the first Irish president to visit Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. She welcomed visits by senior British royals, most notably the Prince of Wales to Áras an Uachtaráin. On one trip to Belfast she met with the local MP, Gerry Adams, the President of Sinn Féin. Foreign Minister Dick Spring, who was leader of the Labour Party, privately advised her not to meet Adams. However the Government did not formally advise her not to meet with him, so she felt it would be wrong,not to meet the local member of parliament during her visit, and was photographed publicly shaking his hand. During her various visits to Northern Ireland, she in fact regularly met politicians of all parties, including David Trimble of the Ulster Unionist Party and John Hume of the Social Democratic and Labour Party.
Charles Haughey died not like her, even stopping her from delivering the important BBC Dimbleby Lecture. Haughey's successors as Taoiseach, Albert Reynolds (Fianna Fáil: 1992-94), John Bruton (Fine Gael: 1994-97) and Bertie Ahern (Fianna Fáil:1997- ) never hid their admiration of her work. Bruton and Ahern both tried to get her the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

High Commissioner for Human Rights
Robinson became the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on 12 September 1997, resigning the Presidency a few weeks early with the approval of Irish political parties in order to take up the post. Newspaper reports say that she had been asked by Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Annan to become a public campaigner
Robinson was the first High Commissioner for Human Rights to visit Tibet, making her trip in 1998. During her tenure she criticised the Irish system of permits for non-EU immigrants, and criticised the United States' use of capital punishment. Though she had initially announced her intention to serve a single four-year period, she extended the term by a year following an appeal from Annan, allowing her to preside over the 2001 World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance in Durban, South Africa, as Secretary-General. Robinson's posting as High Commissioner ended in 2002.

Trinity College
Mrs Robinson is the twenty fourth, and first female, Chancellor of University of Dublin.
The Elders
On 18 July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, his wife Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders to contribute their wisdom, independent leadership and honesty to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. Nelson Mandela announced the formation of this new group, The Elders, in a speech he delivered on his 89th birthday.

Archbishop Tutu will serve as the Chair of The Elders. The founding members of this group also include Graça Machel, Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, Mary Robinson and Muhammad Yunus.

The Elders will be independently funded by a group of Founders, including Richard Branson, Peter Gabriel, Ray Chambers; Michael Chambers; Bridgeway Foundation; Pam Omidyar, Humanity United; Amy Robbins; Shashi Ruia, Dick Tarlow; andThe United Nations Foundation.
As president she signed two very important Bills that she had fought for throughout her political career
 A Bill to fully liberalise the law on the availability of contraceptives,
 A law fully decriminalising homosexuality and unlike Britain and much of the world at the time, providing for a fully equal age of consent, treating heterosexuals and homosexuals alike. And from 6 to 9 November 2006 she took part in the international meeting for the Yogyakarta Principles in Indonesia.

Footnotes
Additional reading
 Stephen Collins, Spring and the Labour Party (O'Brien Press, 1993) 
 Eamon Delaney, An Accidental Diplomat: My Years in the Irish Foreign Service (1987-1995) (New Island Books, 2001) 
 Garret FitzGerald, All in a Life (Gill and Macmillan, 1991) 
 Fergus Finlay, Mary Robinson: A President with a Purpose (O'Brien Press, 1991) 
 Fergus Finlay. Snakes & Ladders (New Island Books, 1998) 
 Jack Jones, In Your Opinion: Political and Social Trends in Ireland through the Eyes of the Electorate (Townhouse, 2001) 
 Ray Kavanagh, The Rise and Fall of the Labour Party:1986-1999 (Blackwater Press 2001) 
 Gabriel Kiely, Anne o'Donnell, Patricia Kennedy, Suzanne Quin (eds) Irish Social Policy in Context (University College Dublin Press, 1999) 
 Brian Lenihan, For the Record (Blackwater Press, 1991) 
 Mary McQuillan, Mary Robinson: A President in Progress (Gill and Macmillan, 1994) 
 Olivia O'Leary & Helen Burke, Mary Robinson: The Authorised Biography (Lir/Hodder & Stoughton, 1998)
Michael O'Sullivan, Mary Robinson: The Life and Times of an Irish Liberal (Blackwater Press, 1993) 
 Lorna Siggins, The Woman Who Took Power in the Park: Mary Robinson, President of Ireland, 1990-1997 (Mainstream Publishing, 1997)
Other source material
Media coverage in The Irish Times, The Irish Independent, The Examiner (now renamed the Irish Examiner), The Star, The Irish Mirror, The Irish Sun, Sunday Tribune, The Sunday Independent, The Sunday Times, The Times, The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian. Also briefing notes issued on various occasions (notably state, official or personal visits by Robinson abroad) supplied by the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs, The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Buckingham Palace, Áras an Uachtaráin, the Holy See and the press offices of the United Nations (including  the text of her Romanes Lecture in November 1997). Some background came via an interview with Mrs. Robinson.

The Korea Liberator:   Criticism of Robinson's failure to speak out while North Korea deliberately starved two million of its people to death, largely during her tenure (warning: graphic image).

Other websites
 Carnegie Council resources by Mary Robinson 
 Realizing Rights was founded in October 2002 by Mary Robinson
1944 births
Living people
Members of Seanad Éireann
Presidents of Ireland
United Nations officials
MotorStorm is a racing video game. It is only available for the PlayStation 3. The goal of the game is to win a series of races and to be the winner of the MotorStorm Festival. Players can control seven different types of vehicles throughout the game including rally cars, big rigs, dirt bikes, ATVs, racing trucks, buggies and mudpluggers. MotorStorm has a sequel called MotorStorm: Pacific Rift.

2006 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Tipton may refer to:

Towns or Cities 
Tipton, town in the West Midlands, England

Tipton, Indiana, city in Indiana, USA
Tipton, Iowa, city in Iowa, USA
Tipton, Kansas, city in Kansas, USA
Tipton, Oklahoma, city in Oklahoma, USA

People 
Analeigh Tipton, the American figure skater, actress, and fashion model.
Billy Tipton, the American jazz musician and bandleader.
Zurlon Tipton, the American football player.

In Fiction 
The Tipton Hotel or fictional character London Tipton from the television series, The Suite Life of Zack and Cody
An athletic shoe is a name for a shoe designed for sporting and physical activities, and is different in style and build than a dress shoe. Originally used mainly during sports, today they are worn as casual footwear. They are often very comfortable and usually have lots of padding.

Athletic shoes, depending on the location and the actual type of footwear, can also go by the name trainers (British English), sandshoes (Australian English) running shoes or runners (Canadian English, Australian English, Hiberno-English), sneakers (American English, Australian English), sport shoes, gym shoes, tennis shoes, tennies, sneaks, kicks (American English), takkies (South African English).
They are made of flexible kinds of material featuring soles made from rubber and an upper part made with leather or canvas. Sneakers were originally for sporting use, although today they are used as casual footwear. They are worn in school for their versatility and comfort. They are almost silent; somebody wearing sneakers can sneak up on another person. They are worn for many different types of sports.

Images

Other websites

Footwear
Sports clothing
Achtung Baby is the seventh studio album by Irish rock band U2. It was put in stores on 19 November 1991. The album came almost two years after the lead singer, Bono, said that the band would "have to go away and dream it all up again," after their 1988 album, Rattle and Hum was criticized.

Achtung Baby shows a very big change in U2's sound because they began to use alternative rock and electronic sounds in the rhythm, more production, and more guitar effects, also including darker and more personal song words. The results were much more adventurous and less traditionally rock-based than their previous albums, and Achtung Baby is one of U2's best-selling and most-liked albums.

Track listing

20th anniversary reissue

Notes

U2 albums
1991 albums
The Trail of Tears was a forced movement of Native Americans in the United States between 1836 and 1839.  The United States government forced Native Americans to leave their lands and move outside the United States.  The U.S. then took over the Native Americans' lands and made the United States bigger. Many Cherokee died from the harsh weather, disease, or lack of food and water. 

Because thousands of Native Americans died  this forced move, it is called the "Trail of Tears."

Reasons 
In 1827, gold was found near Dahlonega in Georgia.  This resulted in a gold rush.  But at that time, a Native American nation called the Cherokees lived in Georgia. Many Cherokee children went to American schools.  The Cherokees had their own newspaper and built three-story houses. Some even owned slaves.
Even so, President Andrew Jackson wanted this land to belong to the United States.   The land was worth over $7,000,000 (about $179.5 million in 2015 U.S. dollars).  Jackson signed a law that forced the Cherokees to move. This was called the Indian Removal Act. However, at that time, the Cherokees had their own nation and their own government. They did not have to follow laws made by the United States. Therefore, Jackson signed laws that let him take nearly all the Cherokees' rights.

The Cherokee nation did not want to accept those laws or the Indian Removal Act, so the Cherokees' Chief John Ross decided to try to defend the Cherokee rights through the United States courts.  In 1832, the Supreme Court of the United States said that the Cherokee were living in their own country, "in which the laws of Georgia can have no force."  The Court said Georgia had no right to make the Cherokee do anything.
Nevertheless, the U.S. government used a treaty, called the Treaty of New Echota, to remove the Cherokee nation by force. The treaty was signed by the leader of a small group of Cherokees who had different opinions than the rest of the Nation.  Since the treaty was not signed by an official Cherokee leader, it was not legal under Cherokee law.  About 15,000 Cherokees signed a petition against the treaty.  Newspapers and people around the United States (including John Quincy Adams) protested the treaty.pp. 36, 41  The United States Senate approved the treaty by just one vote.  President Jackson signed the treaty into law on May 23, 1836.  The treaty gave the Cherokees two years to leave their lands.p. 36

Forced removal
Forced removal 

The deadline for Cherokees to leave their land voluntarily was on May 23, 1838.p. 36  President Martin Van Buren sent General Winfield Scott to lead the soldiers who would force the Cherokee to leave.p. 41 Scott ordered his soldiers to "show every possible kindness to the Cherokee and to arrest any soldier who [gave] a [cruel] injury or insult [to] any Cherokee man, woman, or child."

On May 26th, the operation began. 7,000 soldiers forced about 15,000 Cherokees and 2,000 of their slaves to leave their land. All Cherokees had to leave their homes right away.  Within three weeks, the Cherokees were all forced into internment camps.  They were forced to stay in these camps for the summer of 1838.pp. 41–42  353 Cherokee died from dysentery and other diseases.
Finally Chief Ross got General Scott to agree to a deal.  Chief Ross promised that he and other Cherokee leaders would bring the Cherokee people to their new lands on their own.  General Scott agreed and even got the U.S. Army to pay the costs for the trip.

The Cherokee travelled in groups of 1000 to 3000 people on three main routes.  Different groups started in Chattanooga, Tennessee; Guntersville, Alabama; and Charleston, Tennessee.  Most Cherokees had to walk; others, if they were wealthy men, could use wagons. The United States government also gave the Cherokee about 660 wagons.
The trip was about 1,200 miles long. During the trip, the Cherokees had to deal with winter weather, blizzards, and diseases. Not everybody agrees on how many people died on the trip. Some say 2,000 and others say 6,000, but most say about 4,000 people died.  This was one out of every four people in the Cherokee population.  They died from diseases like pneumonia, from freezing to death, from drinking bad water, and from other causes.  About half of them died in camps, and the other half during the trip.

It is said that many Cherokees sang a Cherokee version of the song Amazing Grace, which became a kind of anthem for the Cherokee nation.

Finally the Cherokee who were still alive arrived in what is now Oklahoma.

Routes 

There were different routes the Cherokees took. Some were by land and others by water. Some boats were destroyed, which was a danger on water routes. On the ground, people had to walk through mud and cold weather and it was harder walking on land.
Water route 
This route was taken by three groups, in total 2,800 Cherokees. The first group left on June 6 and reached the territory after 13 days. All groups started at Ross's Landing at the Tennessee River. They used boats to travel to the Ohio River. They then took this river southward, which took them to the Mississippi River. From there they moved through the Arkansas River westwards. They arrived near Fort Coffee, Oklahoma. The second and third group had a lot of problems with diseases, so their trip took longer.
Land routes 
All others took land routes. They traveled in groups with a size of 700-1,600 people, all led by conductors chosen by John Ross, except for those, who signed the Treaty of New Enchota. They were led by United States soldiers. They usually took the southern route, and John Ross' groups the northern route. Both sides used already existing "roads". Most Cherokees took the northern route. The route lead through central Tennessee, southwestern Kentucky, and southern Illinois. The groups crossed the Mississippi north of Cape Girardeau, Missouri,  then traveled through southern Missouri and west of Arkansas. Many died because of diseases, lack of water and bad road conditions. All land routes usually ended near Westville, Oklahoma. There were many more different land routes only taken by few people.   These routes cover more than 2,200 miles in 9 states.
Related pages
 Native Americans in the United States
 Manifest Destiny (the idea that the U.S. had the God-given right to take the lands they wanted)
 Forced migration

References

Other websites 
 Videos about the Trail of Tears (free online) from the National Park Service
 Trail of Tears video  from PBS
 Cherokee Removal - The Trail Where They Cried 

1830s in the United States
Cherokee Nation
Crimes against humanity
History of Native Americans
Forced migration
19th century in Oklahoma
19th century in Georgia (U.S. state)
Tropical cyclogenesis is a meteorological word used to describe tropical cyclone formation, and its strengthening over the atmosphere.  Tropical cyclogenesis happens when the development of a warm-core cyclone, is associated with a lot of convection in a favorable atmospheric environment. Usually, about 86 tropical cyclones of tropical storm strength form worldwide every year, with 47 reaching hurricane/typhoon strength, and 20 becoming strong tropical cyclones (at least Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale).

Related pages
 Tropical cyclone
 Tropical wave

References

Other websites
Current AO conditions
Current ENSO conditions
Current MJO conditions
Current NAO conditions
Current PNA conditions
Maximum Potential Intensity
Maximum Potential Intensity Maps Worldwide
Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential

Tropical cyclones
In Christianity, an archbishop is an important bishop. The jurisdiction or area governed of an archbishop; an archdiocese; is called an archbishopric. In the Catholic Church, when a bishop becomes an archbishop, he is not given any more Holy Orders or any other sacrament. The word comes from the Greek αρχι, which means "first" or "chief", and επισκοπος, which means "over-seer" or "supervisor".

Christian religious occupations
Devolution is when a central government  transfers powers to a local government.  It is sometimes called Home Rule or decentralisation.

In the United Kingdom devolution has happened in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.  Each of these three countries now has an elected legislature which can pass some laws and a government to administer those laws and propose new ones.

These bodies are called

The Welsh Parliament, and the Welsh Government;
The Northern Ireland Assembly, and the Northern Ireland Executive; and
The Scottish Parliament, and the Scottish Government 

England does not currently have its own parliament, but there have been increasing calls today for one.

Devolved assemblies depend on the parent body.  The British government could change its mind and abolish the devolved assemblies.  This happened in 1972 to the government and parliament of Northern Ireland.  It had been set up in 1920, with the parliament of Southern Ireland.
This is different from a federal country. In a federal country like Germany the states, and their powers, exist because of the constitution, not because of the national parliament.

Related pages
Decentralization
Federal republic
Limited government

References 

Forms of government
5566 is a Taiwanese boy-band. The name of the band comes from the fact that there were originally five members, who worked in six areas of media and entertainment. These six areas are singing, acting, television hosting, modeling, CMs and dancing. They are signed under the record labels Jungiery Star. and Avex

Members
5566 is made up of Tony Sun (lead singer), Jason Hsu, Sam Wang, Zax Wang and formerly, Rio Peng.

5566's members not only work together as one, but they also work separately. For example, Sam Wang is also a member of 183 Club. Tony Sun and Zax Wang are actors in many television programmes, while Jason Hsu has been in many promotional campaigns.

History of 5566

Before They Were a Band
Each of 5566's members has had some success before joining to make one band.

Tony Sun had released some solo albums in Taiwan dialect in the 1990s. They were quite well received. He was even called the "Taiwanese little champion." However, his lost a bit of popularity when he had to do military service.
Zax Wang was a member of POSTM3N.

Sam Wang was a national soccer player  and a model. He is a member of another Taiwanese boyband, 183 Club.

Jason Hsu was at first "obese and unpopular in high school". However, he started appearing in several CMs when he lost weight.

Debut
In 2002, 5566's first appearance and sudden rise to popularity has been a controversial topic. They showcased their multiple talents in their first interview, yet their hard work was not respected, drawing lots of criticism and earning them a negative nickname, "Turkey." Their first TV series My MVP Valentine aired on local television, starring the band as the lead roles. The show exceeded expectations by having a higher viewership rating than several drama shows at the time. Not only did this drama help skyrocket 5566 to fame, it was also the driving force behind the careers of Angela Zhang and Johnny Yan.
Due to a serious injury while filming a variety show, Rio Peng temporary pulled out from group activities to recover. Although the remaining 5566 members confirmed that Peng was still part of the group, Peng eventually left, forming his own management company, Wingman Entertainment.

In December of the same year, 5566 released their first album, which sold 240,000 copies in Taiwan. Because the album was re-released in two additional versions, 5566 became infamous for regularly repackaging their albums. This holds true till today; Westside Story OST and Top of the Forbidden City OST are the only two albums that remain unrepackaged.

Controversy
The members of the band are said to have disrespectful behaviour. The band has also been accused of having "most of their songs" as cover versions, "showing no originality and no talent in their song-writing." On the Internet, many debates have been created surrounding the band.

Some believe that the controversy was created to increase media attention and fame.
Discography
5566 have released the following Mandarin-language albums:

References

Other websites
Tony's Blog  (Chinese)
Zax's Blog  (Chinese)
Sam's Blog  (Chinese)
Jason's Blog  (Chinese)
5566's Album Lists and Lyrics 

C-pop
2000s music groups
Pop music groups
Taiwanese musical groups
Fahrenheit (Traditional Chinese: 飛輪海; Pinyin: Fēi Lún Hǎi) is a Taiwanese boy band. Fahrenheit has been a great success around Asia, particularly in Taiwan, China and Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Japan. The group has four members: Calvin Chen, Jiro Wang, Wu Zun and Aaron Yan. They record albums with HIM International Music record label.

History

Background and Members
The name Fahrenheit comes from each of the members representing a season or temperature matching their different personalities. Calvin Chen represents spring, warmth; Jiro Wang represents summer, hot; Wu Zun represents autumn, cool; and Aaron Yan represents winter, cold. Each of the four members also has a temperature symbolising them on the Fahrenheit scale: Calvin is at 77 degrees, Jiro is at 95 degrees, Wu is at 59 degrees and Aaron is at 41 degrees.
Wu was born and raised in Brunei for most of his life, later graduating at RMIT in Melbourne, Australia. He was entered the entertainment business while on a trip to Taiwan, when a television producer discovered him during this trip and recommended him to play the lead male role of Tokyo Juliet, which he accepted.

Aaron moved to New York, United States at a young age but later returned to Taiwan for high school and college at Chinese Culture University. Around early 2005, Comic producers had been searching for good bloggers on the Internet. They discovered him, who at that time, was popular online, and thus recommended him to go casting for a role in a TV show.
After Calvin finished high school in Taiwan, he studied in university in Canada, where he completed his master's degree in Economics at University of Victoria. He then further continued his life in Vancouver by joining the pageant-like competition Sunshine Boyz, where he won first place with a free ticket to Taiwan and a contract with a music company, as well as a role in a TV drama.

Jiro graduated in Taiwan's Fu-Shin College. He was first asked to join the entertainment industry from a singing competition. But he failed to release an album because of company difficulties, so he decided to continue his career in the industry by working backstage, mainly in fashion designing and modeling. He was approached again around 2004, when his acting career began.
Although unsure at first, Fahrenheit first gained great fame around 2005 when all of the members first starred in the series KO One on television in Taiwan. Because it felt awkward to have only three members in a boyband, Wu Zun joined the group later in late 2005. On 28 December 2005, Fahrenheit officially became a quartet boy band.

Discography

Studio Albums

Soundtracks

Other websites

Official
 Fahrenheit @ HIM Taiwan 
 Fahrenheit: Official Japanese Site 
 Fahrenheit's Official Blog

Unofficial
Lyrics.Robby.Haryan.to  (Lyrics in Pinyin)

2000s establishments in Taiwan
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Boy bands
C-pop
Musical groups established in 2005
Pop music groups
Taiwanese musical groups
2005 establishments in Asia
Laborschule Bielefeld (Laboratory school Bielefeld) is school in Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The school was created in 1974. It is based on the ideas of Hartmut von Hentig. Laborschule Bielefeld tries new ways of teaching. The University of Bielefeld runs the school.

Laborschule Bielefeld has students from grade 0 through grade 10. Each grade has 60 students in it with a total of 660 students in the school.  Laborschule Bielefeld does not group children by age. It groups them by level of learning. In that way, there are groups of children of different ages that are together to learn. Only students in grades nine and ten get written marks for their work.

The school was rated with a PISA-Test. The test showed that students at the school were generally better at reading and in sciences than students of the same age who went to other schools.

Education in North Rhine-Westphalia
Bielefeld
Jody David Scheckter (born January 29, 1950) is a South African former auto racing driver. He won the Formula One drivers' title in 1979 driving for Ferrari.

He is only South African to win the Formula One Championship. He is of Jewish descent.

1950 births
Living people
Formula One drivers
Jewish sportspeople
South African Jews
South African racecar drivers
The Programme for International Student Assessment is a test done by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). It is done every 3 years. In the test, 15-year-old schoolchildren are tested in different subjects. Their grades can then be compared. It is used to say that a certain school (or schooling system) does better or worse than a different one, on a certain subject.

Other websites
PISA website

OECD
Examinations
Doris Lessing (Doris May Tayler, 22 October 1919 – 17 November 2013) was a British writer. In 2007, she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Reporters told Doris that she had won the Nobel prize and they asked her "Are you not surprised?". She said she had already "won every other European literature prize" so winning prizes was normal.

Early life
Lessing was born in Iran on 22 October 1919. Her parents were both English. They met at the Royal Free Hospital. Her father, Captain Alfred Tayler, was a patient because he had lost his leg in World War I. Her mother, Emily Maude Tayler (maiden name McVeagh), was a nurse.

Alfred Tayler and his wife moved to Kermanshah, Iran. He started a job there as a clerk for the Imperial Bank of Persia. Doris was born here in 1919. Later, the family moved to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia (now called Zimbabwe) in 1925 to farm maize.
Lessing studied at the Dominican Convent High School in Salisbury (now Harare). It was a Roman Catholic convent school for girls. She left school aged 14, and taught herself after that. She left home at 15 and worked as a nursemaid.  She started reading about politics and sociology and began writing around this time. In 1937, Lessing moved to Salisbury to work as a telephone operator. She soon married her first husband, Frank Wisdom. They had two children (John and Jean), before the marriage ended in 1943. She took care of future author Jenny Diski after her parents abused her. Diski lived with Lessing for four years in London.
After her divorce, Lessing became more involved with members of the Left Book Club. She had joined this communist book club the year before. She met her second husband, Gottfried Lessing there. They married soon after she joined the group, and had a child named Peter. This marriage ended in divorce in 1949. Gottfried Lessing later became the East German ambassador to Uganda. He was murdered in the 1979 rebellion against Idi Amin Dada.

She went to London to pursue her writing career and communist ideals. Lessing left two young children with their father in South Africa. Peter, from her second marriage, went with her. She later said that she thought she had no choice at that time. She felt she had done the best she could and that she was not the best person to raise the children. She would have been very frustrated like her mother had been because it was diificult for an intelligent woman to spend all of her time with young children.
Archive
The largest collection of Lessing's writing is at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, at the University of Texas at Austin. There are 45 boxes of Lessing's materials at the Ransom Center that contain nearly all of her available manuscripts and typescripts up to 1999. Lessing kept none of the originals of her early manuscripts. Other institutions, including the McFarlin Library at the University of Tulsa, hold smaller collections.

Death
During the late 1990s, Lessing suffered a stroke which stopped her from travelling during her later years and focused her mind on death. Lessing died on 17 November 2013 at her home in London, aged 94.
Awards
 Somerset Maugham Award (1954)
 Prix Médicis étranger (1976)
 Austrian State Prize for European Literature (1981)
 Alfred Toepfer Stiftung F. V. S., Hamburg (1982)
 W. H. Smith Literary Award (1986)
 Palermo Prize (1987)
 Premio Internazionale Mondello (1987)
 Premio Grinzane Cavour (1989)
 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography (1995)
 Los Angeles Times Book Prize (1995)
 Premi Internacional Catalunya (1999)
 Order of the Companions of Honour (1999)
 Companion of Literature of the Royal Society of Literature (2000)
 David Cohen Prize (2001)
 Premio Príncipe de Asturias (2001)
 S.T. Dupont Golden PEN Award (2002)
 Nobel Prize in Literature (2007)

Works
Novels
 The Grass is Singing (1950)
 Retreat to Innocence (1956)
 The Golden Notebook (1962)
 Briefing for a Descent into Hell (1971)
 The Summer Before the Dark (1973)
 Memoirs of a Survivor (1974)
 The Diary of a Good Neighbour (as Jane Somers, 1983)
 If the Old Could... (as Jane Somers, 1984)
 The Good Terrorist (1985)
 The Fifth Child (1988)
 Love, Again (1996)
 Mara and Dann (1999)
 Ben, in the World (2000) – sequel to The Fifth Child
 The Sweetest Dream (2001)
 The Story of General Dann and Mara's Daughter, Griot and the Snow Dog (2005) – sequel to Mara and Dann
 The Cleft (2007)
 Alfred and Emily (2008)
The Children of Violence series
 Martha Quest (1952)
 A Proper Marriage (1954)
 A Ripple from the Storm (1958)
 Landlocked (1965)
 The Four-Gated City (1969)
Canopus in Argos: Archives series
 Shikasta (1979)
 The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (1980)
 The Sirian Experiments (1980)
 The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (1982)
 The Sentimental Agents in the Volyen Empire (1983)
Opera libretti
 The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (opera)|The Making of the Representative for Planet 8 (music by Philip Glass, 1986)
 The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five (music by Philip Glass, 1997)
Comics
 Playing the Game (graphic novel illustrated by Charlie Adlard, 1995)
Drama
 Each His Own Wilderness (three plays, 1959)
 Play with a Tiger (1962)
Poetry
 Fourteen Poems (1959)
 The Wolf People - INPOPA Anthology 2002 (poems by Lessing, Robert Twigger and T.H. Benson, 2002)
Short story collections
 Five Short Novels (1953)
 The Habit of Loving (1957)
 A Man and Two Women (1963)
 African Stories (1964)
 Winter in July (1966)
 The Black Madonna (1966)
 The Story of a Non-Marrying Man (1972)
 This Was the Old Chief's Country: Collected African Stories, Vol. 1 (1973)
 The Sun Between Their Feet: Collected African Stories, Vol. 2 (1973)
 To Room Nineteen: Collected Stories, Vol. 1 (1978)
 The Temptation of Jack Orkney: Collected Stories, Vol. 2 (1978)
 Through the Tunnel (1990)
 London Observed: Stories and Sketches (1992)
 The Real Thing: Stories and Sketches (1992)
 Spies I Have Known (1995)
 The Pit (1996)
 The Grandmothers: Four Short Novels (2003)
 Cat Tales
 Particularly Cats (stories and nonfiction, 1967)
 Particularly Cats and Rufus the Survivor (stories and nonfiction, 1993)
 The Old Age of El Magnifico (stories and nonfiction, 2000)
 On Cats (2002) – omnibus edition containing the above three books
Autobiography and memoirs
 Going Home (memoir, 1957)
African Laughter: Four Visits to Zimbabwe (memoir, 1992)
 Under My Skin: Volume One of My Autobiography, to 1949 (1994)
 Walking in the Shade: Volume Two of My Autobiography, 1949 to 1962 (1997)
Other nonfiction
 In Pursuit of the English (1960)
 Prisons We Choose to Live Inside (essays, 1987)
 The Wind Blows Away Our Words (1987)
 A Small Personal Voice (essays, 1994)
 Conversations (interviews, edited by Earl G. Ingersoll, 1994)
 Putting the Questions Differently (interviews, edited by Earl G. Ingersoll, 1996)
 Time Bites (essays, 2004)
 On Not Winning the Nobel Prize (Nobel Lecture, 2007, published 2008)
References 

1919 births
2013 deaths
English autobiographers
Companions of Honour
Royal Society of Literature
Booker Prize winners
British Nobel Prize winners
British communists
British feminists
English novelists
English playwrights
English poets
English science fiction writers
British socialists
Nobel Prize in Literature winners
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Writers from London
Najaf (; Transliterated: An Najaf; ) is a city in Iraq. It is about 160 km south of Baghdad. In 2008, about  900.583 people lived there. The city is the capital of Najaf province. It is one of the seven holy cities of Shi'a Islam. It is the center of Shia political power in Iraq.

The city is home to the Imam Ali Mosque, where Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib, the fourth caliph is buried. Shia Muslims consider the mosque to be the third holiest Islamic site.

Hārūn ar-Rashīd founded the city  on the site of Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib's grave in the 8th century.

Najaf was badly damaged during the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War. In 1991, there was a Shiite uprising in Najaf, which was suppressed by Saddam Hussein. This conflict caused many deaths, there are mass graves around the city. In 2003, a suicide bombing caused widespread damage. 120 people died, including the moderate imam Muhammad Baqir al-Hakim.
In April 2004, forces of Muqtada as-Sadr captured the city, as well as the city of Kut. Before the 2004 elections, a part of the occupying forces left the city.

Mosque and seminary
This mosque is the most important Shi'a mosque in Iraq. The city is now a great center of pilgrimage from throughout the Shi'a Islamic world. It is estimated that only Mecca and Medina receive more Muslim pilgrims. Shia Islam's second most important figure is buried in Najaf. the Imam Ali Mosque is considered by Shias as the third holiest Islamic site.
The Imam Ali Mosque is housed in a grand structure with a gold gilded dome and many precious objects in the walls. Nearby is the Wadi-us-Salaam cemetery, reputed to be the largest in the world. It contains the tombs of several prophets and many of the devout from around the world aspire to be buried there, to be raised from the dead with Imām Alī on Judgement Day. Over the centuries, numerous hospices, schools, libraries and Sufi convents were built around the shrine to make the city the centre of Shīʻa learning and theology.

The Najaf seminary is one of the most important teaching centres in the Islamic world. Ayatollah Khomeini lectured there from 1964 to1978.
Many of the leading figures of the new Islamic movement that emerged in Iraq, Iran and Lebanon in the 1970s studied at Najaf.

Climate

References

Cities in Iraq
8th-century establishments in Iraq
Karbala (Arabic:كربلاء; Transliterated:Al Karbala; also known as Karbala al-Muqaddasah, in the West, sometimes spelled Kerbela) is a city in Iraq. It is about 100 km southwest of Baghdad. It is the capital of Karbala Province. For Shi'a Muslims the city is one of the holiest cities, after Mekka,Medina, Jerusalem, and An Najaf.

Cities in Iraq
Are You Smarter Than A Fifth Grader? is a television game show based on asking grade-school level questions to adults. The format started with the United States version, which first aired on FOX in February 2007. The show was created by Mark Burnett, the same person behind the hit show Survivor. The show has since been made in many other countries; some use the same title, and some use different titles. 

In Australia, the show is on the Ten Network. The top prize is AU$500,000.

A syndicated version of the show aired in the United States from September 2009 to March 2011. Contestants answer eight questions (ten in Season 1), and can answer a 5th grade bonus question for ten times the amount they earned from those questions. Unlike other versions of the show, the game does not end after a wrong answer. Instead, the contestant loses their earnings up to that point.

References

2007 television series debuts
Fox television series
First run syndicated television programs
Television game shows
Washington State University is a university in the U.S. state of Washington. It is a land-grant university in Pullman. It is also the original and largest land-grant university in the state. The university was founded on March 28, 1890. Their team is the Washington State Cougars.

Colleges and universities in Washington (state)
Pac-12 Conference
1890 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
A land-grant university is a college or university first built on land the United States government owned. They were made so that more people could go to college, and to do research that helps farmers. Every state has at least one.

Colleges and universities
Pullman is a city in Whitman County, on the eastern border of Washington. The town's population was measured in 2000 as 24,675.

The main campus of Washington State University is located in Pullman, along with primary and secondary schools.

Cities in Washington (state)
The F-8 Crusader was an American fighter plane made by Vought. It first flew in 1955, and went into the Navy and Marine corps in 1957. It was the only fighter plane in the Vietnam War to have both guns and missiles on it. It was slowly replaced by the F-4 Phantom II and was retired in 1999. There was also a different type of it called the RF-8 Crusader, meant for spying. It also took the pictures of Soviet missiles during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Related pages
 A-7 Corsair II

United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
French military aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
The A-7 Corsair II was an attack plane like the F-8 Crusader. It was made by Ling-Temco-Vought. It first flew in 1965, and went into militaries in 1967. It can take off from aircraft carriers, and can carry bombs meant to destroy enemies on the ground.Later the Corsair ll was replaced by the F/A-18 Hornet.

Note that it is called the "Corsair II" because there was an airplane called the F4U Corsair.

Related pages
F-8 Crusader

United States Air Force aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
The F-4 Phantom II is an American fighter-bomber. It was mainly used during the Vietnam War. It was first flown in 1958 and was shown in 1960. The plane could carry four AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles and four long range AIM-7 Sparrow missiles, but it did not have a gun. Later, the E model had a cannon mounted on it. After the F-15 Eagle replaced it, it was used as a bomber and the G model was used as a Wild Weasel. It is currently used by countries such as Turkey and Iran.

Related pages
F-8 Crusader
F-15 Eagle

United States Air Force aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
United States Marine Corps aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
The Kappa (also called Kawatarou, Kawako, Kawaranbe, Gatarō) is a character in Japanese folklore. It is water spirit (yōkai) that is responsible for mischief. The Kappa is said to be the size of a 6 to 10-year-old boy. It has the body of a tortoise and an ape-like head. The most notable thing about its body is a hole in its head that holds the kappa's strength giving water. They are said to live off of blood and to drain the life out of people. They are known for innocent pranks such as theft, but it is also said that they will rape women and eat children. The only things kappas enjoy more than children are cucumbers. To write a name on a cucumber and to throw it into a river is said to save that person from being eaten by the kappa.

Bowser (known as "Kuppa" in Japan), the main antagonist of the popular Nintendo's Mario videogame series, was based on the creature.

References 
 Mark Schumacher (2004). Kappa -- River Imp or Sprite.

Japanese folklore
An Oni is a creature from Japanese folklore. They are described as large monsters who resemble ogres, trolls and demons.  Sometimes they are described with horns usually wearing a jaguar skin loincloth and are very masculine.

Yōkai
Tengu are a group of creatures from Japanese folklore. They are recognized for either a bird-like appearance or occasionally a human with a large nose or beak.

Yōkai
John Sidney McCain III (born August 29, 1936) was an American politician. He was a United States Senator from Arizona. McCain was the Republican Party's candidate in the 2008 United States presidential election. McCain married businesswoman Cindy McCain in 1980.

McCain's father and grandfather had been Admirals in the United States Navy. His great-great-grandfather was a slave owner in Mississippi. He served as a naval aviator during the Vietnam War. When his plane was shot down, he was captured by the North Vietnamese military. He was a prisoner of war with Colonel and future Washington State Senator Leo K. Thorsness for more than five years. During that time, he was tortured.
Politics 
In 1982, McCain was elected to the United States House of Representatives. He represented Arizona. In 1987, he became a U.S. Senator for Arizona. In 2000, McCain tried to be the Republican Party candidate for President of the United States, but George W. Bush was chosen. In 2008, he was chosen as the Republican candidate.  His running mate was Sarah Palin. He opposed several foreign policies of the Obama administration.  On November 4, 2008, he lost to Barack Obama.

McCain was popular for his support of the Arab Spring, protests and uprisings inside the Arab World, and protests outside those regions like many Russian protests. He said that the recent protests were worldwide and he encouraged intervention in the Syrian civil war.
Health
In July 2017, McCain under went surgery to remove a blood clot, causing Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell to delay a vote on the Better Care Reconciliation act to replace Obamacare. On July 19, 2017, it was announced McCain had glioblastoma, an aggressive brain cancer.

On April 15, 2018, he underwent surgery for an infection complicated by diverticulitis and the following day was reported to be in stable condition.

On August 24, 2018, McCain's family announced that he was stopping treatment for his brain cancer. McCain died the next day at his home in Cornville, Arizona, four days before his 82nd birthday.

Legacy 
After McCain's death, Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-NY) announced that he would introduce a resolution to rename the Russell Senate Office Building after McCain.

References
References

1936 births
2018 deaths
American aviators
American Baptists
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
Arizona Republicans
Cancer deaths in Arizona
Deaths from glioblastoma
Prisoners of war
Purple Heart recipients
2000 United States presidential candidates
2008 United States presidential candidates
Torture victims
United States representatives from Arizona
United States senators from Arizona
Republican Party (United States) politicians
wikiHow is a wiki-based website with a collection of articles which tell people how to do things. The site uses  version 1.12.0 of MediaWiki. As of August 2017, wikiHow contains more than 190,000 free how-to articles and over 1.6 million registered users. wikiHow's mission is to create the world's largest collection of how-to information. In May 2011, wikiHow had 36 million unique readers.

History 
In January 2005, Jack Herrick and Josh Hannah started wikiHow. On April 28, 2006, wikiHow was launched on its own www.wikihow.com domain.

Censorship 
wikiHow's censorship policy usually does not allow articles about things that:
Are "sexually charged"
Are inaccurate
Contain potty humor
Are joke pages, or pages that rely on backwards logic
Are spam pages, or pages advertising a product or service
Violate copyright
Are not a step-by-step how-to guide
Are illegal
Contain drug use; especially information about illegal drugs
Or are potentially destructive or dangerous.
Some people complain that this does not support the idea behind an educational resource.

References

Other websites 
 wikiHow.com
 wikiHow to Open Content
 "How to do absolutely everything" , Macleans, October 16, 2006

Wikis
MediaWiki websites
Cebu City is a metropolis. It is one of the largest cities in the Philippines. It is the capital of Cebu Province.

It is often called the "Queen City of the South". Cebu is the main center of Christianity in the Philippines. The city has a lot of interesting history. Cebu was a fishing village and busy trading port in 1521 when the famous explorer Ferdinand Magellan visited it and died there. The center of the city has become modern and is well developed. There are also 44 smaller towns. Cebu has recently become the favorite tourist spot of the country.

Cities in the Philippines
City
Oregano (Origanum vulgare), also known as pot marjoram, is a species of Origanum. It is native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia. It is a perennial herb. It can grow to 20–80 cm tall. Its leaves are opposite each other. They are 1–4 cm long. The flowers are purple. They can grow 3–4 mm long.  The name of the plant comes from the Greek origanon [ὀρίγανον]: oros [ὄρος] “mountain” and the verb ganousthai [γανοῦσθαι] “delight in”.

Growing oregano for cooking 

The subspecies of oregano Origanum vulgare hirtum is an important herb. It is used for cooking, especially in  Turkish cuisine and Italian cuisines. The leaves are used for cooking.

Oregano is often used for tomato sauces, fried vegetables and grilled meat. Together with basil, it adds much to the special character of many Italian dishes.
Oregano is an ingredient needed for Turkish cuisine. It adds flavour to the Turkish choban salad. It can be used separately. It can also be added to the lemon-olive oil sauce that goes with almost every fish or meat barbecues and some casseroles.

Oregano has an aromatic, warm and slightly bitter taste. The taste varies in intensity; good quality is so strong that it almost numbs the tongue, but the cultivars adapted to colder climates have often unsatisfactory flavour. The influence of climate, season and soil on the composition of the essential oil is bigger than the difference between the various species.
The related species Origanum onites (Turkey, Asia Minor) and O. heracleoticum (Italy, Balkan peninsula, West Asia) have similar flavours. A closely related plant is marjoram from Asia Minor. That plant has a completely different taste. This is  because phenolic compounds are missing in its essential oil. Some breeds show a flavour intermediate between oregano and marjoram. The Oregano plant is also commonly found in the mediterranean region, and the black sea.

Other websites
Flora Europaea: Origanum vulgare
Germplasm Resources Information Network: Origanum vulgare 
Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages: Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) 

Herbs
Lamiaceae
Origanum is a genus of herbs. They are native to the Mediterranean and Asia. well-known members include Oregano and Marjoram.  Some of the species are used by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species.

Herbs
Lamiaceae