Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Advaita Vedanta is a school in Hinduism. People who thoroughly explore Advaita know that their soul is not different from Brahman. The most famous Hindu philosopher who taught about Advaita Vedanta was Adi Shankara who lived in India more than a thousand years ago.

History 
Adi Shankara learned the sacred texts of Hinduism, like Vedas and Upanishads under his teacher Govinda Bhagavadpada and later wrote extensive commentaries of Hindu sacred texts called Upanishads. In these commentaries, he proposed the theory of Advaita, saying that the Upanishad actually teach that the individual soul (called Atman) is not different from Ultimate Reality (called Brahman). He also taught that there is only one essential principle called Brahman and everything else is a kind of expression of that one Brahman. Because of this theory of one being, his teachings became popular as the "Advaita" (a = not, dvaita = two, means no-two or non-dual). The way he said this to people was "Atman is Brahman."
Adi Shankara was smart and knew that people would wonder how he could say such an odd thing. He realized that many people would ask him, "If a person's soul is really one with Ultimate all along, then what makes a person feel so separate from Ultimate?" His answer to this was that we are ignorant of our real self being Ultimate because we see through a kind of filter—like looking through a dirty piece of glass—and he called this filter we look through, maya, which means "illusion" in Sanskrit. 

Shankara said that our ignorance makes us feel very separate from Ultimate, and even from everything around us. Shankara suggested that the best way people can find the truth is for them to try to clear their thinking of all ignorant thoughts, be very good, and think very hard about who they really are. He said that if a person did all these things he would realize that Brahman was himself all along.
This is a very similar idea to other religions at their esoteric core. For instance within Islam there is an idea of annihilation within the divine, Fana and Waḥdat al-Wujūd (Unity of Existence)

References

Other websites 
 Advaita Vedanta of Shankaracharya Portal 

Hinduism
The Parthenon is a temple in the middle of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece (Europe). It was a temple to honor the goddess Athena for nearly 900 years from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD, and originally had a huge idol to her. It was a Christian church from the 5th century to the 15th when it became a mosque. The name Parthenon means the virgin's place in Greek. It was built between 447 BC and 432 BC during the reign of Pericles. It is considered one of ancient Greece's greatest architecture accomplishments. 

The building was constructed using limestone foundations and 22,000 tons of marble. The building was designed by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates. It has 46 Doric columns which support the roof, with 8 across the front and back, and 17 on each side. 

In 1687 a gunpowder explosion damaged the building. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin took some of the sculptures, now called the Elgin Marbles, from the Parthenon in 1759. They have been on display in the British Museum since 1816.
References

Buildings and structures in Athens
Ancient Greek and Roman temples and shrines
The word neutrality can have different meanings too:

 Neutrality (international relations), when a country does not side with any of the parties in a conflict 
 Neutral solution, a chemical solution that is neither acidic nor alkaline
 Neutralization
 Neutral particle, in physics, a particle that does not have an electric charge.
Physical anthropology deals mainly with looking at how the anatomy of the human body has changed over the course of time. It compares the human body to that of other primates. Studies of physical anthropology often include looking at the evolution of mankind.

Some areas of physical anthropology are paleoanthropology and primatology. When physical anthropology is joined to other branches of biology it becomes biological anthropology.   Biological anthropology puts together information from the fossil record, the human skeleton, genetics, our primate relatives, human adaptations and behaviour.

References
Jackals are canid species found in Africa, Asia and Europe. They are carnivorous of small and medium-sized prey. To hunt, they can run at speeds of 16 km/h (10 mph). This is not fast, but they have great endurance, so can run for a long time. 

They often chase prey as a pair or a group, usually not as individuals. Jackals are "opportunistic omnivores", which will take on larger animals if they need to. They are predators of small to medium-sized animals and scavengers.

Jackals are monogamous (each male lives with only one female). A pair defends its territory from other pairs: they mark the territory with urine and feces. The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults who live with their parents until they have their own territory. Sometimes, jackals join small packs, for example to hunt a big animal, but normally they hunt alone or as a pair.
Jackals are not a clade.  They have several times developed from canid ancestors. However, they are closely related. It could be put this way: jackals are dogs which have a certain similar appearance and behaviour. They all have 78 chromosomes.
There are three species of jackals:
Black-backed jackal (Lupulella mesomelas) - the common jackal, live in many African habitats;
Golden jackal (Canis aureus) - live in South and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe;
Side-striped jackal (Lupulella adusta) - live in central and Southern Africa;

A canid from Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), is sometimes called Simien jackal, but it is really a wolf. The Ethiopian wolf is one of the rarest and most endangered of all canids.

References 

Canids
Milwaukee is the largest city in the state of Wisconsin. Milwaukee is also the 31st largest city in the United States. The city is the county seat of Milwaukee County. It is on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, and is about 90 miles (145 kilometers) north of Chicago. As of 2009, about 604,133 people lived in Milwaukee. Part of Milwaukee is in Washington County. Cavalier Johnson has been the mayor since 2021.

The city got its name from the Indian word "millioke", which is thought to mean "the good land" or "gathering place by the water".

References

County seats in Wisconsin
Diogenes syndrome is a behavioral disorder. It is not a disease, it is a psychological condition. People who have it do not look after themselves enough any more, this is called self-neglect. They do not wash, perhaps do not shave, etc. So they develop a strong odor (scent). Since they neglect their hygiene, other diseases related to poor hygiene usually accompany the disorder.

Very often this disorder affects old people who live alone.

Diogenes Syndrome is named after the behavior (but not necessarily the ideals) of Diogenes of Sinope. It is thought to be the end stage of personality disorder.

References 
1975 Lancet article introducing Diogenes syndrome (via PubMed)

Syndromes
The Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a volunteer-based non-profit organization that has an Internet archive of Marxist writers and other similar authors, socialists, and others on their website.

The texts are available in many different languages.

References

Other websites 

Websites
Marxism
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (sometimes known as the North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance or the Western Alliance), also simply called NATO is a military alliance mostly in Europe and North America. It was established by the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949 and it was signed in Washington, DC, United States, on April 4, 1949. Its headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium. Its other official name means the same in French: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord (OTAN).

Languages 
NATO has two official languages, English and French, as defined in Article 14 of the North Atlantic Treaty.
History 
Its members in 1949 were the United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, the United Kingdom, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. On 18 February 1952, Greece and Turkey also joined.
 
When West Germany joined the organization on 9 May 1955 it was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Minister of Norway at the time., the result was the Warsaw Pact, signed on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union and its satellite states as response to NATO.

After the Cold War in 1999 three former communist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland joined NATO. On 29 March 2004 seven more Northern European and Eastern European countries joined NATO: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and also Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania.
Croatia and Albania received NATO membership invitation on 3 April 2008. The Republic of Macedonia received the only conditional invitation because it was vetoed by Greece because of its name dispute with Greece.

Montenegro joined on 5 June 2017.   Having changed its name to end the dispute,
North Macedonia joined NATO on 27 March 2020 and became its 30th member.
Ireland officially joined NATO on 8 September 2020 as an observer.

In April 2023, Finland joined NATO, following efforts to join since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Apart from this, Iceland also threatened to leave during the Cod Wars, which would put the UK at fault, and NATO would lose a key position in the North Atlantic. They did not leave as they won the Cod Wars.

Related pages
 United Nations
Further reading 
 Asmus, Ronald D. Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era Columbia U. Press, 2002. 372 pp.
 Bacevich, Andrew J. and Cohen, Eliot A. War over Kosovo: Politics and Strategy in a Global Age. Columbia U. Press, 2002. 223 pp. 
 Eisenhower, Dwight D. The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower. Vols. 12 and 13: NATO and the Campaign of 1952: Louis Galambos et al., ed. Johns Hopkins U. Press, 1989. 1707 pp. in 2 vol.
 Daclon, Corrado Maria Security through Science: Interview with Jean Fournet, Assistant Secretary-General of NATO, Analisi Difesa, 2004. no. 42
 Ganser, Daniele Natos Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe,  
 Gearson, John and Schake, Kori, ed. The Berlin Wall Crisis: Perspectives on Cold War Alliances Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. 209 pp. 
 Gheciu, Alexandra. NATO in the 'New Europe''' Stanford University Press, 2005. 345 pp.
Hendrickson, Ryan C. Diplomacy and War at NATO: The Secretary-General and Military Action After the Cold War Univ. of Missouri Press, 2006. 175 pp. 
 Hunter, Robert. "The European Security and Defense Policy: NATO's Companion - Or Competitor?" RAND National Security Research Division, 2002. 206 pp.
 Jordan, Robert S. Norstad: Cold War NATO Supreme Commander - Airman, Strategist, Diplomat St. Martin's Press, 2000. 350 pp. 
 Kaplan, Lawrence S. The Long Entanglement: NATO's First Fifty Years. Praeger, 1999. 262 pp. 
 Kaplan, Lawrence S. NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance. Praeger, 2004. 165 pp. 
 Kaplan, Lawrence S., ed. American Historians and the Atlantic Alliance. Kent State U. Press, 1991. 192 pp. 
 Lambeth, Benjamin S. NATO's Air War in Kosovo: A Strategic and Operational Assessment Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2001. 250 pp. 
 Létourneau, Paul. Le Canada et l'OTAN après 40 ans, 1949–1989 Quebec: Cen. Québécois de Relations Int., 1992. 217 pp.
Maloney, Sean M. Securing Command of the Sea: NATO Naval Planning, 1948–1954. Naval Institute Press, 1995. 276 pp. 
 John C. Milloy. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, 1948–1957: Community or Alliance? (2006), focus on non-military issues
 Powaski, Ronald E. The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security, 1950–1993. Greenwood, 1994. 261 pp. 
 Ruane, Kevin. The Rise and Fall of the European Defense Community: Anglo-American Relations and the Crisis of European Defense, 1950–55 Palgrave, 2000. 252 pp. 
 Sandler, Todd and Hartley, Keith. The Political Economy of NATO: Past, Present, and into the 21st Century. Cambridge U. Press, 1999. 292 pp. 
 Smith, Jean Edward, and Canby, Steven L.The Evolution of NATO with Four Plausible Threat Scenarios. Canada Department of Defense: Ottawa, 1987. 117 pp.
 Smith, Joseph, ed. The Origins of NATO Exeter, UK U. of Exeter Press, 1990. 173 pp. 
 Telo, António José. Portugal e a NATO: O Reencontro da Tradiçoa Atlântica  Lisbon: Cosmos, 1996. 374 pp.
Zorgbibe, Charles. Histoire de l'OTAN'' Brussels: Complexe, 2002. 283 pp.
References

Other websites 

 NATO Official Website
 Basic NATO Documents

1949 establishments
Felidae is a family of mammals, in the order Carnivora. Animals that belong to Felidae are called felids.

The family is of quite recent origin: the first fossils are from the Oligocene, 25 million years ago (mya). There are 41 living species, including the domestic cat, and they are monophyletic: all descended from the same ancestor.

Characteristics 
Felids tend to have lithe and flexible bodies with muscular limbs. In most species, the tail is a third or a half the length of the body, with some exceptions (the bobcat and margay). The limbs are digitigrade, meaning they walk on their toes. The paws have three soft toe pads and retractible claws (usually). The tongue of felids is covered with horny papillae, which rasp meat from prey and aid in grooming.

Classification 

The Felidae has three subfamilies:
 †Machairodontinae: sabre-toothed cats.
 Pantherinae: large cats tiger, lion, jaguar, leopard
 Felinae: cougar, cheetah and smaller cats
More examples of felines are the big cats – the lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar, snow leopard, clouded leopard, puma, and cheetah - and other wild cats, for example the lynx, caracal, and bobcat. All felines, also the small pet cat, are predators that can hunt many animals.

Evolution
The felids evolved in Asia and spread across continents by crossing land bridges. DNA sequence analysis shows that ancient cats evolved into eight main lines. There were at least 10 migrations (in both directions) from continent to continent via the Bering land bridge and Isthmus of Panama. The Panthera genus is the oldest and the Felis genus is the youngest. 60 percent of the modern species of cats developed within the last million years.

The felids' closest relatives are the linsangs, and at one remove the group of civets, hyenas, mongooses, and Madagascar carnivores, with whom they share the Suborder Feliformia. All felid species share a genetic anomaly that prevents them from tasting sweetness.
Genetic classification
Genetic research has provided a basis for a more concise classification for the living members of the cat family based on genotypical groupings.  Specifically, eight genetic lineages have been identified:
 Lineage 1: Panthera, Uncia, Neofelis
 Lineage 2: Pardofelis, Catopuma
 Lineage 3: Leptailurus, Caracal, Profelis
 Lineage 4: Leopardus
 Lineage 5: Lynx
 Lineage 6: Puma, Acinonyx
 Lineage 7: Prionailurus, Otocolobus
 Lineage 8: Felis

The last four lineages (5, 6, 7, 8) are more related to each other than to any of the first four (1, 2, 3, 4), and so form a clade within the Felinae subfamily of family Felidae.
Taxonomy
 Subfamily Felinae
 Genus Acinonyx
 Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus
 Genus Caracal
 Caracal, Caracal caracal
 Genus Catopuma
 Bay cat, Catopuma badia
 Asian golden cat, Catopuma temminckii
 Genus Felis
 Chinese mountain cat, Felis bieti
 Jungle cat, Felis chaus
 Pallas' cat / Manul, Felis manul
 Sand cat, Felis margarita
 Black-footed cat, Felis nigripes
 Wildcat, Felis silvestris
 Domestic cat, Felis silvestris catus
 Genus Leopardus
 Pantanal cat, Leopardus braccatus
 Colocolo, Leopardus colocolo
 Pampas cat, Leopardus pajeros
 Geoffroy's cat, Leopardus geoffroyi
 Kodkod, Leopardus guigna
 Andean mountain cat, Leopardus jacobitus
 Ocelot, Leopardus pardalis
 Oncilla, Leopardus tigrinus
 Margay, Leopardus wiedii
 Genus Leptailurus
 Serval, Leptailurus serval
 Genus Lynx
 Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis
 Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx
 Iberian lynx, Lynx pardinus
 Bobcat, Lynx rufus
 Genus Pardofelis
 Marbled cat, Pardofelis marmorata
 Genus Prionailurus
 Leopard cat, Prionailurus bengalensis
Iriomote cat, Prionailurus iriomotensis
 Flat-headed cat, Prionailurus planiceps
 Rusty-spotted cat, Prionailurus rubiginosus
 Fishing cat, Prionailurus viverrinus
 Genus Profelis
 African golden cat, Profelis aurata
 Genus Puma
 Puma, Puma concolor
 Subfamily Pantherinae
 Genus Neofelis
 Clouded leopard, Neofelis nebulosa
 Sunda clouded leopard, Neofelis diardi
 Genus Panthera
 Lion, Panthera leo
 Jaguar, Panthera onca
 Leopard, Panthera pardus
 Tiger, Panthera tigris
 Genus Uncia
 Snow leopard, Uncia uncia
Related pages
 Smilodon

References
Events 
 January – The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed.
 February 13 Lisbon – Peace Treaty between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England where it is recognized the legitimity of the Portuguese monarch. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.
The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution.
Bishop Issac Barrow founds a trust to establish a university on the Isle of Man. (King William's College)
July 25 – The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake causes 43,000 to 50,000 deaths in Shandong during the Qing Dynasty, making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China.
August 17 – The magnitude 8.0 North Anatolia earthquake causes 8,000 deaths in northern Anatolia, Ottoman Empire, and is the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.
First performance of Molière's comedy, Tartuffe
The British East India Company takes over Bombay
 Foundation of the First National Bank of Europe in Stockholm, Sweden "Riskbank"
Births 
 November 10 - François Couperin, French composer
Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (Russian: Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов, May 21 1921 – December 14 1989), was a Soviet nuclear physicist. He was also a well-known dissident and human rights activist. Sakharov was an advocate of nuclear disarmament and civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.

Life 
Sakharov was a very clever scientist. He graduated from college during World War II but was kept out of the Red Army to do scientific research for the government. Sakharov helped the Soviets develop the hydrogen bomb in the 1950s. But he also made many peaceful uses of nuclear power.

The bomb he had helped make started Sakharov to be a dissident. He argued with Nikita Khrushchev against unneeded nuclear tests.  He was afraid that these tests put people's lives and healths in danger without need. He began asking, too, for more freedom of speech.  The government removed him from his secret work and his special job as a scientist. Sakharov began to see what unhappy lives most Soviet citizens led.
Persecution only made him speak out more.  He asked for more freedom of religion and defended others who had spoken out and been put into jail. The secret police began to watch him and to make files of information against him. After Sakharov criticized activities of the USSR's Arab allies, Arab terrorists came to his apartment and held him, his wife, and his stepson hostage for an hour.  "Do you want to kill us?" cried Sakharov's wife. "We can do worse things than kill you," they replied. After the terrorists left without doing anything, Sakharov tried to tell the police about it. The police did not really care.
The only thing that protected Sakharov was many people knew about him outside the Soviet Union. The Communists were afraid that if something happened to him, it would give the world a bad image of the USSR. But when Sakharov criticized the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, they became very angry and took him to the city of Gorky. There he was watched by the police outside his apartment. He tried to go on a hunger strike, not eating anything. The Soviet Union was afraid he might die, so they force-fed him (forcing him to eat).

Sakharov kept on asking for glasnost (openness). In 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, who agreed with Sakharov and thought there should be glasnost, let the dissident scientist return home. Sakharov continued to call for reform, and in December 1989, he died of heart failure, at the age of 68. . But two years later his wish became true with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. .

References
References 

1921 births
1989 deaths
Soviet dissidents
Russian human rights activists
Nuclear physicists
Russian physicists
Year 1686 was a common year that started on a Tuesday when using the Gregorian calendar.

Events 

 May 4 – The Municipality of Ilagan was founded in the Philippines.
 July 17 – A meeting took place at Lüneburg between 'some evangelical Princes and Electors' and representatives of the King of Navarre, the King of Denmark and the Queen of England. The object of this meeting is the formation of an 'evangelical' league of defence against the Catholic League, called the 'Confederatio Militiae Evangelicae'.
 July 22 – New York City and Albany, New York are granted city charters by the colonial governor.
 September 2 – The forces of the Holy League of 1684 liberate Buda from the Ottoman Turkish rule that leads to the end of Turkish rule in Hungary during the subsequent years.
Undated 
 The League of Augsburg is founded.
 Russia, Saxony, Brandenburg and Bavaria join the Holy League against the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
 A group of conspirators met at Charborough House in Dorset to plan the overthrow of king James II of England by Parliamentarians and the Dutch William III of Orange-Nassau.
 A hurricane saves Charleston, South Carolina, from attack by Spanish vessels.

Births
Births 

 January 16 – Archibald Bower, Scottish historian (died 1766)
 January 31 – Hans Egede, Norwegian Lutheran missionary (died 1758)
 April 9 – James Craggs the Younger, English politician (died 1721)
 April 28 – Michael Brokoff, Czech sculptor (died 1721)
 April 29 – Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English statesman (died 1742)
 May 24 – Gabriel Fahrenheit, German physicist and inventor (died 1736)
 June 9 – Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (died 1747)
 July 6 – Antoine de Jussieu, French naturalist (died 1758)
 July 9 – Philip Livingston, American politician (died 1749)
 July 31 (or August 1) – Benedetto Marcello, Italian composer (died 1739)
 August 12 – John Balguy, English philosopher (died 1748)
 August 19 – Eustace Budgell, English writer (died 1737)
 August 19 – Nicola Porpora, Italian composer (died 1768)
 October 15 – Allan Ramsay, Scottish poet (died 1758)

Deaths
Deaths 

 January 31 – Jean Mairet, French dramatist (born 1604)
 February 10 – William Dugdale, English antiquarian (born 1605)
 April 6 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (born. 1614)
 April 19 – Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish writer (born 1610)
 June 23 – William Coventry, English statesman (born c.1628)
 July 10 – John Fell, English churchman (born 1625)
 July 16 – John Pearson, English theologian (born 1612)
 August 13 – Louis Maimbourg, French-born historian (born 1610)
 October 26 – John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, English politician (born 1623)
 November 11 – Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French general (born 1621)
 November 11 – Otto von Guericke, German physicist and inventor (born 1602)

References
1149 was a common year.

Events 
 Castle of Carimate destroyed.
 Nur ad-Din defeats the Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Inab.
The 1st century was the century that lasted from year 1 to 100.

During this period Europe, North Africa and the Near East fell under increasing domination by the Roman Empire. It continued expanding under the emperor Claudius (43). The reforms introduced by Augustus during his long reign stabilized the empire. Later in the century the Julio-Claudian Dynasty, which had been founded by Augustus came to an end with the death of Nero in 68. There followed the famous Year of Four Emperors, a brief period of civil war and instability, which was finally brought to an end by Vespasian, 9th Roman emperor, and founder of the Flavian Dynasty.

China continued to be dominated by the Han Dynasty, despite a 14-year interruption by the Xin dynasty under Wang Mang. Han rule was restored in 23. Wang Mang's rule represents the watershed between the Western/Former Han and the Eastern/Later Han. The capital was also moved from Chang'an to Luoyang.

Regional events and politics

 Western Europe: Controlled by Rome.
Southern Europe: Controlled by Rome.
 North Africa: Controlled by Rome.
 West Africa: Numerous tribal governments.
 Central Africa: Bantu tribes, collapsing Nok civilization.
 East Africa: Meroe, Blemmyes, Axum Empire.
 Southern Africa: Bantu tribes, Khoisan.
 Western Asia: Rome, Parthian empires, as well as many smaller tribes.
 Central Asia: Sarmatian tribes.
 South-central Asia: Kushan empire, Western Satraps, Satavahana, Tibetans.
 Southeast Asia: City states, Khmer, Mon kingdoms, Funan.
 East Asia: Eastern Han Dynasty of China, Three Kingdoms (Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla) of Korea.
Events
 Early 1st century  – Augustus of Primaporta (perhaps a copy of a bronze statue of ca. 20 BC) is made. It is now kept in Musei Vaticani, Braccio Nuovo, Rome.
 Early 1st century – Gemma Augustea is made. It is now kept at Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.
 Early 1st century – House of the Silver Wedding, Pompeii, is built. Excavated in 1893, the year of the silver wedding anniversary of Italy's King Humbert and his wife, Margherita of Savoy, who have supported archaeological fieldwork at Pompeii.
 Early 1st century – Inner shrine, Ise, Mie, Mie Prefecture, is built. Yayoi period.
 1: Lions became extinct in Western Europe.
 c. 6: Census of Quirinius
 8–23: Wang Mang temporarily overthrew the Han dynasty of China.
 9: Three Roman legions were destroyed at Teutoberg Forest by Germans under the leadership of Arminius.
 14: Augustus Caesar, first emperor of Rome, dies. His nephew Tiberius is his successor.
 28–75: Emperor Ming of Han, Buddhism reaches China.
Humans arrive on Pentecost Island and establish the Bunlap tribe, among others.
 26: According to the Bible, Jesus begins his ministry.
 30: Death of Jesus on the cross. Beginning of the Christian Church.
 34: Conversion of Saint Paul.
 44: Death of Herod Agrippa.
 41–54: Rachias, an Ambassador sent from Sri Lanka to the court of Claudius.
 Masoretes adds vowel pointings to the text of the Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible.
 Buddhist monks in Sri Lanka first write down Buddha's teachings, creating the Pali canon.
 The regions of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and North India come under the control of the Kushans, a nomadic people forced out of northwest China by the Han Dynasty.
 Tacitus mentions the Suiones, who will one day be called the Swedes.
 Kaundinya, an Indian Brahmin marries Soma and establishes the Pre-Angkor Cambodian Kingdom of Funan.
 The Goths settle in northern Poland, which they called Gothiscandza, and shape the Wielbark culture.
 c. 50: Christian Council of Jerusalem.
c. 52: Arrival of Apostle Thomas to Malabar, India. Beginning of Christianity in India.
 Mid-1st century – Wall niche, from garden in Pompeii, is made. It is now kept at Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, England.
 Mid-1st century – Detail of a wall painting in the House of M. Lucretius Fronto, Pompeii, is made.
 July 19, 64: Great Fire of Rome, first Roman mass Persecution of Christians, earliest significant recognition of Christians in Rome.
 66–73: First Jewish-Roman War.
 August 70: destruction of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus.
 August 79: Pompeii and Herculaneum destroyed by eruption of Mount Vesuvius.
 Jewish Council of Jamnia.
 Spread of the Roman Empire, reaches largest size under Trajan.
 Arena (colosseum) is constructed, origin of the name Arena.
 Late 1st century – Cityscape, detail of a Second Style wall painting from a bedroom in the House of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale, is made. It is now at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
The painting "Alexander the Great confronts Darius III at the Battle of Issos", detail of mosaic floor decoration from Pompeii, Italy is made. It is a Roman copy after a Greek painting of c. 310 BC, perhaps by Philoxenos or Helen of Egypt. It is now at Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy.
 Late 1st century – Bedroom, from the House of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale is made. It is reconstructed with later furnishings  at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
 Late 1st century – Seascape, detail of a wall painting from Villa Farnesina, Rome, is made.
 Late 1st century – Young Woman Writing, detail of a wall painting, from Pompeii, is made. It is now kept at Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples.
 Late 1st century – Mausoleum under Construction, relief from the tomb of the Haterius family, Via Labicana, Rome, is made. It is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Museo Gregoriano Profano, ex Lateranese, Rome.
Late 1st century – Middle-Aged Flavian Woman is made. It is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Museo Gregoriano Profano, ex Lateranese, Rome.
 c. Late 1st century – early 2nd century – Buddha and Attendants, from Katra Keshavdev, Mathura, Madhya Pradesh, India, is made. Kushan period. It is now kept at Mathura Museum.
 1st–2nd centuries – Tomb model of a house is made. Eastern Han dynasty. It is now kept at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
Important people

 Apollonius of Tyana
 Akiba
 Arminius
 Ban Chao
 Berenice of Cilicia
 Boudica, also known as Boadicea
 Augustus
 Caligula
 Claudius
 Clement I of Rome
 Decebalus
 Domitian
 Du Shi
 Elisha ben Abuyah
 Galba
 Germanicus
 Gan Ying
 Guangwu of Han
 Hero of Alexandria
 Hillel the Elder
 Ignatius of Antioch
 James the Just
 Jesus of Nazareth
 John the Baptist
 Josephus
 Liu Xin
 Livia
 Livy
 Ma Yuan
 Ming of Han
 Nero
 Nerva
 Otho
 Paul of Tarsus
 Philo
 Pliny the Elder
 Polycarp
 Pontius Pilate
 Sejanus
 Seneca the Younger
 Simon Peter
 Strabo
 Tacitus
 Thomas the Apostle
 Tiberius
 Titus
 Trajan
 Vespasian
 Vitellius
 Vitruvius
 Wang Chung
 Wang Mang
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
 Codex, the first form of the modern book, appears in the Roman Empire
 Year 78—the beginning of the Saka Era used by South Asian calendars.
 Bookbinding
 Various inventions by Hero of Alexandria, including the steam turbine (aeolipile), water organ, and various other water-powered machines.
 In 31, the Han Dynasty Chinese engineer and statesman Du Shi (d. 38) from Nanyang invented the first known hydraulic-powered bellows to heat the blast furnace in smelting cast iron. He used a complex mechanical device that was powered by the rushing current against a waterwheel, a practice that would continue in China.
Although Philo of Byzantium described the saqiya chain pump in the early 2nd century BC, the square-pallet chain pump was innovated in China during this century, mentioned first by the philosopher Wang Chong around 80 AD. Wang Chong also accurately described the water cycle in meteorology, and argued against the mainstream 'radiating influence' theory for solar eclipses, the latter of which was accepted by many, including Zhang Heng.
 The Chinese astronomer Liu Xin (d. 23) documented 1080 different stars, amongst other achievements.
 End of 1st century – codex replaces the scroll.
Christianity
According to the New Testament, during the reign of Tiberius, Jesus, a Jewish religious leader from Galilee, was crucified in Jerusalem on the charge of blasphemy for claiming to be the Son of God.  But "God raised him from the dead" three days later, see Resurrection of Jesus. Over the next few decades his followers, following the Great Commission, including the apostle Paul, carried his message throughout the Greek-speaking regions of Asia Minor, eventually introducing it to Rome itself. Roman rulers began to persecute the new sect almost immediately (the emperor Nero accused the Christians of starting the fires that destroyed much of Rome in 64 AD), and would continue to do so for centuries, sometimes vigorously, and other times passively.  Christian tradition records that all of Christ's apostles except John the Evangelist suffered martyrdom.
In the 4th century, Christianity was eventually taken up by the emperor Constantine. One of his successors Julian the Apostate renounced it for paganism and again persecuted the Church.  However, by the end of the 4th century, Emperor Theodosius I proclaimed Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire.

Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 1st century are in italics.

Related pages
 Kofun period

References
Equidae is a family of odd-toed ungulate that are only one surviving genus: Equus.  Horses, donkeys and zebras belong in this genus. Animals of the Equus genus can have hybrid offspring, but they are usually sterile. They can have many different colours.
The Lynx is a small cat. It is a genus with four species. The four species are in Eurasia, Spain, Canada and America, and do not overlap much.

Appearance 
Lynx have short tails, and usually some hair on the ears. They have large paws (feet) padded for walking on snow, and long whiskers on the face. The color of the body is from light brown to grey and is sometimes marked with dark brown spots, especially on the legs. They weigh about 5 kg or about 11 pounds (approximately the size of a large domestic cat) and can weigh up to about 30 kg (66 pounds). They are between 70 and 150 cm long, with a relative short tail - 5-25 cm. They live for about 20 years.

Lynx are similar to a regular house cat, but larger. They have a powerful body on short, furry legs attached to hefty feet, and a bobbed, black-tipped tail. The fur is spotted and yellowish-brown to grey. It has a collar of fur around the face, giving a triangular shape. They also have long black ear tufts.
Habitat 
Lynx live in the high altitude forests with many shrubs, reeds and grass. They hunt only on the ground, but can climb trees and swim.

They can be found in the some places in northern Scandinavia, in North America and also in the Himalayas. Since the 1990s people try to move part of the population of the Eurasian lynx to Germany. They can also be found in Białowieża Forest (northeastern Poland), and southern Spain.

The Colorado Division of Wildlife tried to move other wild Lynx populations from Canada back to the United States.

Behaviour 
Lynx are usually solitary, although a small group may travel and hunt together occasionally. Mating takes place in the late winter and once a year the female gives birth to between two and four kittens. The young stay with the mother for one more winter, a total of around nine months, before moving out to live on their own as young adults.
Lynx make their dens in crevices or under ledges. They feed on a wide range of animals from white-tailed deer, reindeer, roe deer, small red deer, and chamois, to smaller, more usual prey: snowshoe hares, fish, foxes, sheep, squirrels, mice, turkeys and other birds, and goats. They also eat ptarmigans, voles, and grouse.

The genus Lynx 
 Genus Lynx
 Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis
 Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx
 Iberian lynx or Spanish Lynx, Lynx pardinus
 Bobcat, Lynx rufus

Conservation 
The Iberian lynx is the most endangered feline in the world. There are only two populations (together, 300 animals), in the southern Spain.
Hunting lynxes is illegal in many countries.

References

Other websites 

 Canada Lynx in the Southern Rockies 
 The Iberian Lynx The natural history of the Iberian lynx
 Hopes raised by Spain lynx births

Felines
Mammals of North America
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of Asia

National symbols of Romania
National symbols of Serbia
Shania Twain  (born Eilleen Regina Edwards; August 28, 1965, in Timmins, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian singer-songwriter and record producer. She was married a long time to music producer Mutt Lange. She is very successful in the country and pop music genres. She had a residency show at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada, in late 2012.

Her 1995 album The Woman in Me brought her fame. Her 1997 album Come On Over became the bestselling album of all time by a female musician in any genre and the bestselling country album of all time. It has sold more than 40 million copies worldwide.

In 2017, she released the album Now, her first in 15 years.  She wrote and co-produced all of the songs.  It entered at the top of the charts in Australia, Canada, the UK, and the US, where it opened with 137,000 combined copies and streams.
Personal life
Twain married music producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange on December 28, 1993. They have a son, Eja (pronounced "Asia") D'Angelo, who was born on August 12, 2001. On May 15, 2008, a spokesperson for Mercury Nashville said that Twain and Lange were separating.  This was after Lange allegedly had an affair with Twain's best friend, Marie-Anne Thiébaud. Their divorce was finalized on June 9, 2010. On December 20, 2010, Twain's manager said that Twain was engaged to Swiss Frédéric Thiébaud (the ex-husband of her former best friend), an executive at Nestlé. They married on January 1, 2011, in Rincón, Puerto Rico.

Twain is a longtime vegetarian. In 2001 she was voted PETA's very first Sexiest Vegetarian Alive.

In September 2010, it was confirmed that Twain was to release her first biography, From This Moment On, on May 3, 2011. The cover work for the book was released on March 2, 2011.
Awards and honours
In addition to the awards for her singles and albums, Twain has a number of personal honours:
 She was named the 1999 Entertainer of the Year by both the Academy of Country Music and the Country Music Association. Twain was the first non-US citizen to win the CMA award.
 Twain was ranked No.7 in Country Music Television's 40 Greatest Women of Country Music in 2002.
 In 2003, Twain was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame.
 The city of Timmins (in Ontario, Canada) renamed a street for her, gave her the key to the city, and built the Shania Twain Centre in her honour.
 On November 18, 2005, Twain became an Officer of the Order of Canada.
 Twain was added to the Canadian Music Hall of Fame at the Juno Awards on March 27, 2011.
 On June 2, 2011, Twain received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Her star is the 2,442nd Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in the Category of Recording.
Discography
Twain has released thirty-five singles from six studio albums, one greatest hits album, and one soundtrack album.

Studio albums
 Shania Twain (1993)
 The Woman in Me (1995)
 Come On Over (1997)
 Up! (2002)
 Now (2017)
 Queen of Me (2023)

Singles
Singles

1993–99 
 1993 – What Made You Say That
 1993 – Dance with the One Who Brought You
 1993 – You Lay a Whole Lot of Love on Me
 1995 – Whose Bed Have Your Boots Been Under?
 1995 – Any Man of Mine – #1 US Country
 1995 – (If You're Not in It for Love) I'm Outta Here! – #1 US Country
 1995 – The Woman in Me (Needs the Man in You)
 1996 – You Win My Love – #1 US Country
 1996 – No One Needs to Know – #1 US Country
 1996 – Home Ain't Where His Heart Is Anymore
 1996 – God Bless the Child
 1997 – Love Gets Me Every Time – #1 US Country
 1997 – Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)
 1998 – When
 1998 – You're Still the One – #1 US Country
 1998 – From This Moment On
 1998 – Honey, I'm Home – #1 US Country
 1998 – That Don't Impress Me Much
 1999 – Man! I Feel Like a Woman!
 1999 – Come On Over
 1999 – You've Got A Way
2000–17 
 2000 – Rock This Country
 2000 – I'm Holding on to Love (To Save My Life)!
 2001 – It's Alright (Dance Mix)
 2002 – Up!
 2002 – I'm Gonna Getcha Good!
 2003 – Forever and for Always
 2003 – Ka-Ching!
 2003 – Thank You Baby! (For Makin' Someday Come So Soon)
 2003 – She's Not Just a Pretty Face
 2003 – When You Kiss Me
 2004 – It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing
 2004 – Party for Two
 2004 – Don't!
 2005 – I Ain't No Quitter
 2005 – Shoes
 2011 – Today Is Your Day
 2017 – Life's About to Get Good
 2017 – Swingin' with My Eyes Closed

References

1965 births
Living people
Canadian feminists
Canadian pop singers
Canadian singer-songwriters
Country singers
Singers from Ontario
The Grass Roots are an American rock music group. Their peak in popularity was in the 1960s and 1970s. They formed in Los Angeles, California in 1966. Their biggest hit was the song "Midnight Confessions" which charted in the US at #5 in 1968.  Their 1969 song "I'd Wait a Million Years" was #15 in the U.S..

Albums 
 Where Were You When I Needed You (1966)
 Let's Live for Today (1967)
 Feelings (1968)
 Leavin' It All Behind (1969)
 Lovin' Things (1969)
 Move Along (1972)
 Alotta Mileage (1973)
 Grass Roots (1975)
 The ABC Collection (1976)
 14 Greatest (1978)
 Powers of the Night (1982)
 Live at Last (2000)
 Symphonic Hits (2001)
 Live Gold (2008)
 The Complete Original Dunhill/ABC Hit Singles (2014)

Musical groups from Los Angeles
American pop music groups
Folk music groups
American rock bands
Dionne Warwick (born December 12, 1940) is an American R&B singer. She was born in East Orange, New Jersey.

Warwick sang many songs written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David.  Many of these songs were hits.

In 1990, Warwick hosted and executive produced a talk show, Dionne and Friends. She was a contestant in the 2011 season of The Apprentice.

Warwick's sister Dee Dee Warwick (1942-2008), their aunt Cissy Houston (born 1933) and cousin Whitney Houston (1963-2012) were singers.

Sources

Other websites 
 

1940 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
African American musicians
American movie actors
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
American television actors
American television presenters
People from East Orange, New Jersey
Participants in American reality television series
Singers from New Jersey
Television talk show hosts
Warner Bros. Records artists
Barenaked Ladies are a Canadian band. They formed in Toronto, Canada in 1988. The band is made up of four men. In 1991, the band was taken off the program for a New Year's Eve concert in Toronto because someone thought the name was bad. The band started as a duo with Ed Roberstson and Steven Page. Lead singer Page left the band in 2009 to begin a solo career. He was also arrested in 2008 for having the illegal drug cocaine.

Members
The current band members are:
 Ed Roberston - guitar and vocals
 Jim Creegan - vocals and bass
 Kevin Hearn - vocals, keyboard, accordion and guitar
 Tyler Stewart - vocals and drums

Television
Ed Robertson is also the host of a television programme, called Ed's Up. On the programme, he travels around Canada by airplane. A plane he was flying crashed into trees in 2008. Roberston and the other passengers were not hurt.

The theme song to the television series The Big Bang Theory is performed by Barenaked Ladies.
Recordings
The band have made 18 albums:
 Gordon (1992)
 Maybe You Should Drive (1994)
 Born on a Pirate Ship (1996)
 Rock Spectacle (1996)
 Stunt (1998)
 Maroon (2000)
 Disc One: All Their Greatest Hits (2001)
 Everything To Everyone (2003)
 Barenaked For The Holidays (2004)
 Barenaked Ladies Are Me (2006)
 Talk To The Hand: Live In Michigan DVD (2007)
 Barenaked Ladies Are Men (2007)
 Snacktime! (2008)
 All In Good Time (2010)
 Grinning Streak (2013)
 Silver Ball (2015)
 Fake Nudes (2017)
 Detour de Force (2021)

References

Other websites
 Ed's Up TV pages 

1980s Canadian music groups
1990s Canadian music groups
2000s Canadian music groups
2010s Canadian music groups
Canadian rock bands
Musical groups established in 1988
Organizations based in Ontario
1988 establishments in Canada
Paul Revere & the Raiders were an American pop group who were popular in the 1960s. They started in Portland, Oregon in 1960.

The band claimed to have 23 hits from 1961 to 1972, more hits for a long period of time than even the likes of The Beatles did not achieve. The Raiders most well known lineup consisted of: Mark Lindsay (lead vocals), Drake Levin (guitar), Jim Valley (guitar), Phil Volk (bass), Paul Revere (keyboards) and Mike Smith (drums).

American rock bands
Musical groups from Oregon
Musicians from Idaho
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
Singers from Idaho
Singers from Portland, Oregon
Musical groups established in 1958
1958 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Oregon
Musical groups disestablished in the 1970s
1976 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1978
1978 establishments in the United States
is a video game for the Nintendo DS. In Nintendogs, the player has dogs. At the start of the game one can choose a type of dog and give it a name. They give the dogs food and drinks. If a dog is good one might get to feed them a dog biscuit or a jerky treat. The dogs can be washed, taken for a walk, taught to do tricks and put into contests. The contests are: agility trial, disc competition and obedience trial. One can find out how to compete in these contests by looking at their care books, under Supplies.

There are four versions of the game each with different breeds.
They are: Dalmatian and Friends, Chihuahua and Friends, Labrador and Friends and Dachshund and Friends. All breeds are unlockable in every version and a player can unlock dogs by increasing his trainer points. However, the player can only have three dogs at home. To get more the player must drop off one at the Dog Hotel. Every player can only drop off five dogs at a time.
If the player does not play the game for a long period of time, the dog may run away, so players need to play with their dogs daily.

A sequel, Nintendogs + Cats, was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2011.

References

Other websites
 Official website

2005 video games
Cancelled Nintendo GameCube games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Luigi is a video game character made by Nintendo. The famous game designer, Shigeru Miyamoto, made him. Luigi is the younger but taller fraternal twin brother of the Nintendo mascot, Mario. He is in many games all over the Mario series, almost always as an assistant to his brother Mario.
The first game Luigi was in was Mario Bros. (Game and Watch) (1983) as a character seen working in a factory. He later appeared playable in the 1983 arcade game Mario Bros and was played by the second player. It was also done in Super Mario Bros., Super Mario Bros. 3, Super Mario World, and other games. The first game where he was present as the first character was Super Mario Bros. 2. In the Mario series, he is usually not the main character. However, he has his own games where is the main character, like Luigi's Mansion and Mario is Missing!. He also appears in many spin-offs, such as Mario Kart, Mario Party and the Super Smash Bros. series. Luigi has also been in every show of the three DiC TV series based on the Nintendo Entertainment System and Super Nintendo Entertainment System games.
At first he was made as a copy of Mario with a green color instead of red. Later in the series, he became his own character with his own personality and abilities. As his part in the Mario series progressed, Luigi became taller and thinner than his brother.

Nintendo called 2013 "The Year of Luigi" to mark the thirty years of the existence of the character. The games released in 2013 bring attention to Luigi, such as Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon, Mario & Luigi: Dream Team, Dr. Luigi, and the level pack New Super Luigi U for New Super Mario Bros. U. In Super Mario 3D World a Luigi version of Mario Bros. called Luigi Bros. can be unlocked.
Concept and creation
The events leading to the creation of Luigi began in 1982, during the making of Donkey Kong. The Nintendo designer Shigeru Miyamoto had created Mario (who used to be "Jumpman") hoping that he would be able to show the character in many different pars in future games. Miyamoto had been given ideas by the game Joust to create a game where two players can play at the same time. This was the cause of his development of the game Mario Bros. in 1983, with Luigi as the brother of Mario and the second playable character. The name Luigi is said to have been inspired by a pizza business near the head office of Nintendo of America in Redmond, Washington, called "Mario & Luigi's". Miyamoto noticed that the word ruiji means "similar" in the Japanese language, and that Luigi was designed to have the same size, shape and gameplay of Mario.