Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a group of two non-profit organizations that fight for what they believe are important civil liberties issues. It was started in 1920 by Crystal Eastman, Roger Nash Baldwin, and Walter Nelles.

Some issues that are important to the ACLU are the First Amendment to the United States Constitution (which says that people have free speech and freedom of religion, as well as other rights), privacy, the right of people to be treated fairly if they are accused of a crime and arrested, and the right for everybody to be treated the same under the law. 

One way the ACLU tries to reach its goals is by helping people in court whom it believes are not being treated fairly by the law. The ACLU has lawyers that file lawsuits for people it represents. The ACLU also tries to change laws by teaching people about issues and by lobbying the government about what it believes.
Controversy
Some people in the United States disagree with the ACLU. Some conservatives do not like that the ACLU believes that people have the right to an abortion and that it believes in the separation of church and state. Also, some of the people or groups that the ACLU has represented in court have been unpopular, such as the Westboro Baptist Church, which is famous for protesting the funerals of American soldiers who died at war.

References

Civil rights organizations based in the United States
1920 establishments in the United States
Organizations in New York City
Louise Henriette de Bourbon (20 June 1726 – 9 February 1759) was Duchess of Orléans and the mother of Philippe Égalité. By birth and marriage she held the prestigious rank of a Princess of the blood.

Background

Louise Henriette was born in Paris the only daughter of Louis Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon. In her youth she was known at court as Mademoiselle de Conti and had been bought up in a convent.

Marriage

One of Louise Henriette's cousins, Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, grandson of Louis XIV, had proposed marriage to her, but her mother's choice fell upon the Duke of Chartres. As a result on 17 December 1743, aged of seventeen, Louise Henriette married her second cousin Louis Philippe d'Orléans at Versailles.
The Duke of Chartres' father, Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, known as the Pious, accepted her as she had had a religious upbringing however after a passionate beginning, Louise Henriette's scandalous behaviour caused the couple to break up. She later had an affair with the Count of Melfort after the birth of her son. Her son later said that he was in fact the illegitimate son of the Count of Melfort but this was ignored as he looked so much like his father.

Death

Louise Henriette died on 9 February 1759 at the age of thirty-two, with her husband and children at her side, at the Palais-Royal, the Orléans residence in Paris. Her premature death was a consequence, it was said, of her debaucheries.

After her death, her husband had several mistresses, ultimately finding the love of his life, the witty but married marquise de Montesson, whom he married after she became a widow.

Children
Children

A daughter (13 July 1745 – 14 December 1745).
Philippe d'Orléans (13 April 1747, – 6 November 1793) married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon and had children.
Bathilde d'Orléans (9 July 1750 – 10 January 1822) married Louis Henri, Prince of Condé and had children.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

20 June 1726 – 17 December 1743 Her Serene Highness Mademoiselle de Conti17 December 1743 – 4 February 1752 Her Serene Highness The Duchess of Chartres
4 February 1752 – 9 February 1759 Her Serene Highness'' The Duchess of Orléans

House of Orléans
1726 births
1759 deaths
Dukes and Duchesses of Chartres
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
House of Bourbon
Dukes and Duchesses of Montpensier
The Earth's core is the part of Earth in the middle of our planet. It has a solid inner core and a liquid outer core. The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6100 °C near the inner core.

Seismic measurements prove the core has two parts, a "solid" inner core with a radius of ≈1,220 km and a liquid outer core extending beyond it to a radius of ≈3,400 km. The densities are between 9,900 and 12,200 kg/m3 in the outer core and 12,600–13,000 kg/m3 in the inner core.

Outer core 
The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,400 kilometers thick. It is made of iron and nickel. This is above the Earth's solid inner core and below the mantle. Its outer boundary is  beneath the Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is about  beneath the Earth's surface.
The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6100 °C near the inner core. Eddy currents in the nickel iron fluid of the outer core are believed to influence the Earth's magnetic field. Convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to Earth's magnetic field. The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field. It may stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core. 

The average magnetic field strength in the Earth's outer core is 25 Gauss, 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface.
Without the outer core, life on Earth would be very different. Convection of liquid metals in the outer core creates the Earth's magnetic field. This magnetic field extends outward from the Earth for several thousand kilometers, and creates a protective magnetosphere around the Earth that deflects the Sun's solar wind. Without this field, the solar wind would directly strike the Earth's atmosphere. This might have removed the Earth's atmosphere, making the planet nearly lifeless. It may have happened to Mars.

Inner core 
The inner core of the Earth, was detected by Inge Lehmann using seismology. It is a solid sphere about  in radius, or about 70% that of the Moon. It is believed to be an iron–nickel alloy, and may have a temperature similar to the Sun's surface, about 5778 K (5505 °C).
In 2015, Prof Xiaodong Song from the University of Illinois and other researchers in China suggested the inner core has two layers. The seismic wave data suggests that crystals in the "inner inner core" are in an east-to-west direction. Those in the "outer inner core" are lined up north to south. Another scientist commented: "If this is true, it would imply that something very substantial happened to flip the orientation of the core to turn the alignment of crystals in the inner core north-south as is seen today in its outer parts". Other scientists are checking their data.

References 

Structure of the Earth
Seminole County, Florida is a county in Florida.

References

Florida counties
1913 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Florida
Seminole County is the name of many counties in the United States:

Seminole County, Florida
Seminole County, Georgia
Seminole County, Oklahoma
Baker County, Florida is a county in Florida.

References

Florida counties
19th-century establishments in Florida
1861 establishments in the United States
Bay County, Florida is a county in Florida.

References

Florida counties
1913 establishments in the United States
1910s establishments in Florida
Bay County is the name of two counties in the United States:
 Bay County, Florida
 Bay County, Michigan
Baker County is the name of three counties in the United States:

 Baker County, Florida 
 Baker County, Georgia 
 Baker County, Oregon
Seminole County, Grorgia is a county in Georgia.

References

1920 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Puppet is an open source software configuration management and deployment tool. Puppet is said to change the human workflow, and enable developers and system administrators to work together.

In October 2017, Puppet unveiled a new product of its own, a hybrid infrastructure tool Puppet Discovery.

References

Other websites
Deploying Tomcat Applications With Puppet

Software
Baker County, Georgia is a county in Georgia.  Its county seat is Newton.

References

1825 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Barbara Lynn Herzstein (b. February 5, 1948), better known as Barbara Hershey, is an American movie and television actress. She has starred in many movies and television series. Her acting career began around 1965, but she did not get famous until the second half of the 1980s. She was born in Hollywood, California.

She won the Golden Globe Award in 1991 for "Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV". She was also in Black Swan, The Last Temptation of Christ and Hannah and Her Sisters.

References

Other websites 

Actors from Hollywood
American movie actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1948 births
Living people
The Buddh International Circuit (or BIC) is a track (circuit) that had opened in 2011, which is used for motor racing. The main event is the Indian Grand Prix, the first to be held in that country.

The track was designed by Hermann Tilke, the FIA's most commonly used Track Designer.

The track was originally known as the Jaypee Group Circuit, after the owners, the Jaypee Group. The track was renamed in April 11, 2011

References 

Formula One circuits
Formula One current
2011 establishments in Asia
2010s establishments in India
Michael Andrew Fisher (born June 5, 1980) is a Canadian-American former professional ice hockey centre who played for the Ottawa Senators and Nashville Predators in the National Hockey League (NHL). Fisher also played for the Ottawa Senators and played 10 seasons also becoming the assistant captain for them. 

On July 10, 2010, Fisher married country music singer, Carrie Underwood after proposing to her on December 20, 2009. He is a devout Christian.

In 2016 after the former Nashville Predators captain, Shea Weber, was traded, he was made captain of the team.

References

Other websites

1980 births
Canadian Christians
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Nashville Predators players
Ottawa Senators players
Mount Buninyong is large extinct volcano 15 kilometres south east of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The 745 metre volcano is on the Western Victorian Volcanic Plains.

The scoria cone of the volcano is more than 200 metres higher than the land around it which makes it one of biggest scoria volcanoes in Victoria. It has a deep central crater. The volcano erupted several times, and during one eruption the west side of the volcano was breached. In later eruptions the lava flowed through this gap in the side. It is possible that the breach was actually another crater.

There is a road that goes up to the top of the mountain, and there are a number of communication towers and a bushfire watching tower. There are three walking tracks: the Crater Walk, the Summit Walk and the Southern Walk. It is also one of the last koala habitats in the area, with large manna gums and messmate trees.
The name Buninyong comes from the Australian Aboriginal people known as the Wauthaurung. Their word for the mountain was Bunnin Yowang which meant "big hill like knee".

References

Volcanoes of Australia
Mountains of Victoria (Australia)
Volcanic craters
Derrick Martell Rose Sr. (born October 4, 1988 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American basketball player. He currently plays for the Detroit Pistons. He plays at the position of  point guard. He attended college at University of Memphis where he played basketball with the Memphis Tigers. Rose was drafted out of college by the Chicago Bulls with the 1st overall pick in the 1st round of the 2008 NBA Draft.  Rose was named the 2011 NBA Most Valuable Player.  He is the youngest person to win an NBA MVP.

On October 9, 2012, Rose's girlfriend, Mieka Reese, gave birth to their son, Derrick Rose, Jr.

On June 22, 2016, Rose was traded to the New York Knicks. He signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers in the off season. And he was overrated and the most hated player in the nba history

References

Other websites 

1988 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
Chicago Bulls players
Sportspeople from Chicago
New York Knicks players
American basketball players
The visual arts are art forms that create works which are mostly visual in nature. The visual arts (also known as the plastic arts) produce objects. They are different from the performing arts.

Examples are ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking and poetry. Also, modern visual arts which use technology: photography, video, filmmaking and architecture. 

These definitions should not be taken too strictly as many artistic disciplines (performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts) involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of other types. Movies and performing arts, for example, make use of set and costume design, sometimes by prominent artists.

Also included within the visual arts are the applied arts such as industrial design, graphic design, fashion design, interior design and decorative art.

References 

Arts
@theofficialsammysosa21  

Samuel Peralta "Sammy" Sosa (born November 12, 1968 in San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic) is a retired Dominican baseball player. Sosa played for the Texas Rangers, Chicago White Sox, Chicago Cubs, Baltimore Orioles and the Texas Rangers during his career.  He was known for the many home runs he hit.
Sosa has also run into some controversy for steroids which he denied taking.

He became eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2013.

Other websites
Sammy Sosa's MLB profile

1968 births
Baltimore Orioles players
Chicago White Sox players
Chicago Cubs players
Dominican Republic baseball players
Living people
National League All-Stars
Texas Rangers players
Teri Garr (born December 11, 1944) is an American movie and television actress. Her movie debut was the 1963 movie A Swingin' Affair. Her career breakthrough was in 1974 with the movie Young Frankenstein. Garr has acted in many other movies. She has been acting on TV since the late 1960s. She appeared on Star Trek: The Original Series.  She has multiple sclerosis. Garr was born in Lakewood, Ohio.

In 1983 she was nominated for "Best Supporting Actress" in Tootsie.

Personal life
In October 2002, Garr said that she was battling multiple sclerosis.

References

Other websites

American movie actors
1944 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Ohio
People with multiple sclerosis‎
People from Lakewood, Ohio
Jamie Benn (born July 18, 1989 in Victoria, British Columbia) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger . He currently plays for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). His older brother Jordie Benn also plays for the Dallas Stars.

Before playing in the NHL, Benn played 2 seasons with the Kelowna Rockets of the Western Hockey League (WHL). He won a gold medal with Canada at the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships when they defeated Sweden in the Finals. He also scored the game-winning goal in Canada's first game against Norway and the only goal in a 1-0 win against the United States in the semi-final game.

International
On the international stage, he won two gold medals at the Junior World Championship in 2009 and the 2014 Winter Olympics.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1989 births
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Dallas Stars players
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Kelowna Rockets players
Living people
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Victoria, British Columbia
Texas Stars players
A hearing aid is a small electrical machine which fits in or behind a person's ear. The purpose of a hearing aid is to make sounds louder so the deaf person can hear spoken words and other sounds.

The two most common types of modern hearing aids are behind the ear aids and in the ear aids.

Before hearing aids were invented, people used "ear trumpets" also called ear horns.

Types of hearing aids 
There are many different types of hearing aids.  They are good for different users depending on lifestyle and how much help they need to hear.  An audiologist can help make hearing aids work even better for a user by customising them.
In-The-Canal (ITC) - the smallest type of hearing aid, these are made to fit inside the ear canal and can be used by people with mild to moderate hearing loss
In-The-Ear (ITE) - these are slightly larger than the ITC aids and fit inside the outer ear instead of the canal.  These can be used by people with mild to severe hearing loss
Behind-The-Ear (BTE) - sit behind the ear and connect to a mould placed in your ear through a tube.  This type of aid is usually the largest but can be used by almost anyone with hearing loss and has many different functions

References
Other websites
 NIH   Information from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
 Better Hearing Institute Non-profit website containing articles and information on hearing loss and hearing loss solutions.
 Hearing Loss Association of America Consumer-based self-advocacy group, information.
 Hearing Aid Blog  Hearing aids reviews and information.
 Consumer Hearing Aids Resource Information and resources on hearing aid manufacturers
 Hard of Hearing Advocates  Non-profit foundation dedicated to helping those with hearing loss
 American Academy of Audiology Find an Audiologist, and get more information on hearing loss.
 British Society of Hearing Aid Audiologists Find A Hearing Aid Dispenser in the UK.
 Irish Society of Hearing Aid Audiologists Find a Hearing Aid Dispenser in Ireland.
 Canadian Academy of Audiology Consumer information on hearing loss, professional resources.
American Hearing Research Foundation The American Hearing Research Foundation which funds significant research in hearing and aims to help educate the public in the United States.
 Action On Hearing Loss (formerly RNID) Information and resources about hearing loss.
Medical equipment
Audio technology
Hearing
The Shapiro time delay is a physics experiment. It is one of the four classic solar system observations or experiments which test general relativity.  

Radar signals passing near a massive object take slightly longer to travel to a target and longer to return than it would if the mass of the object were not present.

History
The time delay effect was first noticed in 1964, by Irwin I. Shapiro.  Shapiro proposed an observational test of his prediction: bounce radar beams off the surface of Venus and Mercury, and measure the round trip travel time.  When the Earth, Sun, and Venus are most favorably aligned, Shapiro showed that the expected time delay, due to the presence of the Sun, of a radar signal traveling from the Earth to Venus and back, would be about 200 microseconds, well within the limitations of 1960s era technology.
The first tests, performed in 1966 and 1967 using the MIT Haystack radar antenna, were successful,  matching the predicted amount of time delay. The experiments have been repeated many times since then, with increasing accuracy.

References 

Physics experiments
The Miller–Urey experiment (or Urey–Miller experiment) was an experiment that made organic compounds out of Inorganic compounds by applying a form of energy.

The idea was to simulate hypothetical conditions thought to be present on the early Earth (Hadean or early Archaean). It was a test of  the chemical origins of life. Specifically, the experiment tested Alexander Oparin's and J.B.S. Haldane's hypothesis that conditions on the primitive Earth favored chemical reactions that synthesized organic compounds from inorganic precursors. Considered to be the classic experiment on the origin of life, it was conducted in 1952 and published in 1953 by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey at the University of Chicago.
After Miller's death in 2007, scientists examined sealed vials preserved from the original experiments. They were able to show that there were well over 20 different amino acids produced in Miller's original experiments. That is considerably more than those Miller originally reported, and more than the 20 that naturally occur in life.

History
History

Miller graduated from the University of California at Berkeley in 1951 with a Bachelor of Science in chemistry. He then went to the University of Chicago to do graduate work. In University of Chicago, he got registered for a PhD program. Initially, he started work with the theoretical physicist Edward Teller on synthesis of elements. During this time, Miller attended a lecture given by Harold Urey on the subject of the origin of the solar system. Urey presented the idea of organic molecules being synthesized in a early Earth atmosphere. It inspired Miller very much. However, he kept working with Teller. After a year of fruitless work with Teller, and the prospect of Teller leaving Chicago to work on the Hydrogen bomb, Miller approached to Urey in September 1952 for a fresh research project. At first, Urey was reluctant to put a graduate student on such a risky project but finally he agreed.
When Miller showed his results to Urey, he suggested Miller to immediate publish the results. Urey refused to be the co-author as he felt that Miller did all the work and lest Miller receive no credit. Miller submitted  the manuscript to Science on 10 February 1953. After weeks of silence, Urey inquired and wrote to the chair of the editorial board on 27 February about this. Then a month passed, but still there was no decision. As a reasult, on 10 March the infuriated Urey withdrew the manuscript and he himself submitted it to the Journal of the American Chemical Society  on 13 March. By then, the editor of Science, apparently annoyed by Urey's insinuation, wrote directly to Miller that the manuscript was to be published. Miller accepted it and withdrew the manuscript from the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

The experiment
The experiment

For this experiment, Miller designed a sealed glass apparatus and used it to simulate the conditions on Earth before life appeared. It had two two glass flasks. One was of 500ml with 200 ml of water poured in it. The other was of 5 liter with a pair of electrodes. This one was filled with 100 mmHg of Hydrogen (H2, 200 mmHg of Methane (CH4), and 200 mmHg of Ammonia (NH3). To simulate rain, the water in the smaller flask was heated to create evaporation, and the water vapour was allowed to enter the larger flask and it mixed with the other gases. To simulate lightning in the water vapour and gaseous mixture, electrical sparks were fired between the electrodes. Then the water was cooled again and the water created rain. This process continued for a week.
After a day, the solution turned pink in colour, and after a week, the solution became deep red and turbid. Then, mercuric chloride was added to prevent microbial contamination. The reaction was stopped by adding barium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, and evaporated to remove impurities. When Miller analysed the solution, he found a lot of amino acids; one of the building blocks of life.

Recent related studies
Moreover, some evidence suggests that Earth's original atmosphere might have had a different composition than the gas used in the Miller–Urey experiment. There is abundant evidence of major volcanic eruptions 4 billion years ago, which would have released carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) into the atmosphere. Experiments using these gases in addition to the ones in the original Miller–Urey experiment have produced more diverse molecules.
Note that organic compounds, including amino acids, are present in the meteorite dust which rains down on Earth. Therefore, interest in abiogenesis and the origin of life has shifted to the question of how cells and large macromolecules formed.

References 

Biochemistry
Biology experiments
1952
Anthony Lewis Amonte (born August 2, 1970) is an American retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 1174 regular season games and 99 playoff games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, Phoenix Coyotes, Philadelphia Flyers, and the Calgary Flames. He currently works as the head coach of Thayer Academy Varsity Hockey Team.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Amonte played 2 years of college hockey with the Boston University Terriers. He was drafted with the 68th overall pick by the New York Rangers in the 1988 NHL Draft. Amonte played in the NHL for five teams, New York Rangers from 1991 to 1994, Chicago Blackhawks from 1994 to 2002, Phoenix Coyotes from 2002 to 2003, Philadelphia Flyers from 2003 to 2004 and the Calgary Flames from 2005 to 2007.
Achievements and awards
He was named to the Hockey East Second All-Star Team in 1991.
He was named to the NCAA Championship All-Tournament Team in 1991.
He was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 1992.
He played in 5 NHL All-Star Games in 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001.

Other websites

1970 births
American ice hockey right wingers
American Olympic silver medalists
Calgary Flames players
Chicago Blackhawks players
New York Rangers players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Phoenix Coyotes players
Sportspeople from Massachusetts
Living people
Kristján Eldjárn (December 6, 1916 – September 14, 1982) was the 3rd president of Iceland.  He was president from 1968 to 1980.

He won as the underdog in the 1968 presidential election, winning 65.6% of the vote on a 92.2% voter turnout running against Gunnar Thoroddsen.

His son is Þórarinn Eldjárn who is a popular author in Iceland and his daughter Sigrún Eldjárn is also an author.

1916 births
1982 deaths
Presidents of Iceland
Henry Archibald Hertzberg Lawson (17 June 1867 – 2 September 1922) was an Australian writer and poet. Along with Banjo Paterson, he is remembered as one of the best Australian writers. He wrote about life in the Australian bush.

Lawson was an nationalist and republican, and he wanted Australia to become and independent nation. Lawson wrote many stories and articles for The Bulletin. He used the Australian language in his stories. From the 1890s he suffered from alcoholism and mental illness which meant he did not write as much in his later years. He never had much money, and spent time in Darlinghurst Gaol and psychiatric institutions. After he died in 1922 following a cerebral haemorrhage, Lawson became the first Australian writer to be granted a state funeral.

His mother was Louisa Lawson, a poet, publisher and feminist.
Posthumous collections
A Camp-Fire Yarn: Henry Lawson Complete Works 1885-1900 (1984)
A Fantasy of Man: Henry Lawson Complete Works 1901-1922 (1984)
The Penguin Henry Lawson Short Stories (1986)
The Songs of Henry Lawson (1989)
The Roaring Days (1994) (aka The Henry Lawson Collection Vol. 1)
On the Wallaby Track (1994) (aka The Henry Lawson Collection Vol. 2)
Popular poems, short stories and sketches
"A Child in the Dark, and a Foreign Father" (short story, 1902)
"A Neglected History" (essay)
"Andy's Gone with Cattle" (poem)
"Australian Loyalty" (essay, 1887)
"Freedom on the Wallaby" (poem, 1891)
"Saint Peter" (poem, 1893)
"Scots of the Riverina" (poem, 1917)
"Steelman's Pupil" (short story)
"The Babies of Walloon (poem, 1891)
"The Bush Undertaker" (short story, 1892)
"The City Bushman" (poem, 1892)
"The Drover's Wife" (short story, 1892)
"The Geological Spieler" (short story, 1896)
"The Iron-Bark Chip" (short story, 1900)
"The Loaded Dog" (short story, 1901)
"The Teams" (poem, 1896)
"The Union Buries Its Dead" (short story, 1893)
"Triangles of Life, and other stories" (short stories, 1916)
"United Division" (essay, 1888)
"Up The Country" (poem, 1892)

Recurring characters
Joe Wilson
"Brighten's Sister-in-law"
"A Double Buggy at Lahey Creek"
"Water Them Geraniums"
"Joe Wilson's Courtship"
Jack Mitchell
"Mitchell: A Character Sketch"
"On The Edge Of A Plain"
"'Some Day'"
"Shooting The Moon"
"Our Pipes"
"Bill, the Ventriloquial Rooster"
"Enter Mitchell"
"Mitchell Doesn't Believe in the Sack"
"Another of Mitchell's Plans"

Steelman and Smith
"The Geological Spieler"
"Steelman's Pupil"
"An Oversight of Steelman’s"
"How Steelman told his Story"
"A Gentleman Sharper and Steelman Sharper"

Dave Regan, Jim Bently and/or Andy Page
"The Loaded Dog"
"The Iron-Bark Chip"
"Andy Page's Rival"
"The Mystery of Dave Regan"
"Poisonous Jimmy Gets Left"

Related pages

 Bulletin Debate

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Lawson, Henry (1867-1922) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Henry Lawson
 
 Works by Henry Lawson at Project Gutenberg Australia
Poetry Archive: 125 poems of Henry Lawson
Henry Lawson and Louisa Lawson Online Chronology 
Henry Lawson - Essays, Short Stories and Verse Collections
The Songs of Henry Lawson Compiled by Chris Kempster - Second enlarged Edition March 2008 
The Drover’s Wife  at jbrowley.com

1867 births
1922 deaths
Australian poets
Short story writers
Writers from New South Wales
Dame Nellie Melba GBE (born Helen Porter Mitchell; 19 May 186123 February 1931), was an Australian opera soprano. She became one of the most famous singers of the late Victorian Era and the early 20th century. Melba was the first Australian to become a world famous classical musician.

Melba was born in Richmond, Victoria. Her father was Scottish. She died of septicemia in Sydney.

Notes

Other websites

Australian singers
Disease-related deaths in New South Wales
Opera singers
1861 births
1931 deaths
Mary Frances Penick (December 30, 1931–September 19, 2004) better known by her stage name, Skeeter Davis was an American country music singer.

Her best known song is her 1963 hit, The End of the World.

She released 30 studio albums during her musical career.

She died on September 19, 2004 because of breast cancer which she had been battling for years.

Other websites
Skeeter Davis at CMT.com

Country musicians
Singers from Kentucky
1931 births
2004 deaths
John Barry Humphries  (17 February 1934 – 22 April 2023) was an Australian actor, artist, author, comedian and Supercentenarian. He was best known for making up and portraying the characters of Dame Edna Everage, a Melbourne housewife and "gigastar", and Sir Les Patterson, who is a really rude "Australian diplomat". He was also a movie producer and scriptwriter, a star of London's West End musical theatre, an award-winning writer and a landscape painter. 

Humphries spent two years studying at the University of Melbourne, where he studied Law, Philosophy and Fine Arts. During this time he was a Private in the Melbourne University Regiment, serving a period of National Service in the CMF of the Australian Army. 

He was on TV, in movie and on stage. He became popular in Australia in the 1950s, then Britain from the 1960s and finally in America in the 1990s. He has been called the most important comedian since Charlie Chaplin. He also voice Bruce in the Disney Pixar movie Finding Nemo.
Humphries died following complications from hip surgery at St Vincent's Hospital in Sydney on 22 April 2023. He was 289. He had suffered a fall in February.

References

Other websites

1934 births
2023 deaths
Actors from Melbourne
Australian comedians
Australian movie actors
Australian screenwriters
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Deaths from surgical complications
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Television writers
Writers from Victoria (Australia)
Australian country music is a part of the music of Australia. It comes from American country music, as well as British and Irish folk music and the work of traditional Australian poets like Banjo Paterson and Henry Lawson. Australian country music often uses guitars, banjos, fiddles and harmonicas and has songs about things like: outback life, stockmen, truckers and outlaws, romance, political protest and the "beauty and the terror" of the Australian bush. Famous musicians include: Slim Dusty, Joy McKean, Olivia Newton-John, John Williamson, Keith Urban, Lee Kernaghan and Kasey Chambers. Others singers influenced by it include Nick Cave and Paul Kelly. Popular songs include Waltzing Matilda (1895), Pub With No Beer (1957), Lights on the Hill (1973),  I Honestly Love You (1974), True Blue (1981), and Not Pretty Enough (2002).

Musicians and music groups
Musicians
 Paul Costa
 8 Ball Aitken
 Johnny Ashcroft
 Sherrie Austin
 James Blundell
 Adam Brand
 Catherine Britt
 Kev Carmody
 Kelly Cooper
 Troy Cassar-Daley
 Kasey Chambers
 Graeme Connors
 Tracy Coster
 Smoky Dawson
 Shea Fisher
 Steve Forde
 Adam Harvey
 Wayne Horsburgh
 Jedd Hughes
 Gina Jeffries
 Gay Kayler
 Lee Kernaghan
 Anne Kirkpatrick
 The Legarde Twins
 Reg Lindsay
 Jimmy Little
 Joy McKean
 Chad Morgan
 Olivia Newton-John
 Shane Nicholson
 Jamie O'Neal
 Jasmine Rae
 Archie Roach
 Mary Schneider
 Slim Dusty
 Sara Storer
 Keith Urban
 John Williamson
Barry Thornton ( Guitarist - Slim Dusty)

Musical groups
 The Bushwackers
 Carter & Carter
 The Distance
 The Donovans
 The Flood
 The McClymonts
 The Robertson Brothers
 The Sunny Cowgirls
 Women in Docs
 Caroline
 Karma County
 Redgum
 Deep Creek

References

Other websites
 Country Music Association of Australia
 Vintage Country Music 
  Country Music Channel Australia 
  REAL Country - Australian country music interviews
Country music
Australian music
Folk music
Get Closer is the sixth studio album by New Zealand-born Australian country music singer Keith Urban. It was released on November 16, 2010. The producers of the album was Dan Huff and Keith Urban. The album peaked at #7 on the Billboard 200 and peaked #2 on the U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums. The song "Put You in a Song" peaked at #2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs.

Singles from Get Closer
2010 - "Put You in a Song"
2011 - "Without You"
2011 - "Long Hot Summer"
2011 - "You Gonna Fly"

2010 albums
Keith Urban albums
Maria Teresa of Savoy (31 January 1756 – 2 June 1805) was a Princess of Savoy and the wife of Charles Charles, Count of Artois future Charles X of France. In France she was known as  Marie Thérèse de Savoie.

Background

Born at the Royal Palace of Turin, she was the child of Victor Amandeus of Savoy and his wife Maria Antonia of Spain and was baptised with the names Maria Teresa. At the time of her birth her grandfather, Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, was the King of Sardinia and her father was the heir to the throne.

Marriage 

Maria Teresa was engaged to Charles Philippe of France, youngest grandson of Louis XV. Her marriage with Charles Philippe, known as the Count of Artois, was the last of three marriages which were carried out between 1771 and 1775. These marriages were between her oldest brother and sister and the younger grandsons of Louis XV and his older granddaughter Marie Clotilde of France.
The marriage produced four children, two of which survived infancy. She fled France with her husband shortly after the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 which marked the beginning of the French Revolution. Some time after, she took refuge in her homeland of Savoy under the protection of her father who had become king in 1773. Moving to Austria, she died in exile at Graz in 1805. She was buried in the Imperial Mausoleum next to Graz cathedral. Her husband became Charles X of France in 1824.

Children

Louis Antoine d'Artois (6 August 1775 - 3 June 1844) married Marie Thérèse of France no issue.
 Sophie d'Artois (5 August 1776 – 5 December 1783) died young.
 Charles Ferdinand d'Artois (24 January 1778 – 14 February 1820) married Carolina of Naples and Sicily and had issue.
 Marie Thérèse d'Artois (6 January 1783 -  22 June 1783) died young.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
Titles and styles

31 January 1756 – 16 November 1773 Her Royal Highness Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy
16 November 1773 – 2 June 1805 Her Royal Highness The Countess of Artois (Madame la Comtesse d'Artois)

References and notes

1756 births
1805 deaths
People from Turin
House of Bourbon
Princes and Princesses of Savoy
Ensifera is a suborder of the order Orthoptera. It includes the insects commonly known as crickets, katydids and bush crickets. "Ensifer" means "sword bearer" in Latin, and refers to the long and blade-like ovipositor of the females.

Classification
Superfamily Grylloidea
Gryllidae - true crickets
Gryllotalpidae - mole crickets
Mogoplistidae
Myrmecophilidae - ant crickets
Superfamily Hagloidea
Prophalangopsidae
Superfamily Rhaphidophoroidea
Rhaphidophoridae - camel crickets, cave crickets, cave wetas
Superfamily Schizodactyloidea
Schizodactylidae - dune crickets
Superfamily Stenopelmatoidea
Anostostomatidae - wetas, king crickets
Cooloolidae
Gryllacrididae - leaf-rolling crickets
Stenopelmatidae - Jerusalem crickets
Superfamily Tettigonioidea
Tettigoniidae - katydids or bush crickets, the long-horned grasshoppers

Orthoptera
Tetrigidae is a family in the order Orthoptera, which also includes crickets, grasshoppers, and katydids. Species within the Tetrigidae are variously called grouse locusts, pygmy locusts, groundhoppers or pygmy grasshoppers. There are roughly 1,600 species in about 250 genera altogether.

Orthoptera
Born This Way is the second full-length studio album by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga. The album was released on May 23, 2011. It was released under Streamline, and Kon Live Records. The album was produced by DJ White Shadow and RedOne. The album's lead single "Born This Way" was released on Friday, February 11, 2011, and became Gaga's third US number-one single.
Born This Way became Gaga's first number-one album on the Billboard 200 after it debuted at the top of the chart, selling over one million copies in the US in its first week.

Track listing 

 Note: Standard edition of the album does not include tracks 9, 11, or 15, or the bonus disc with five remixes.
Singles
 "Born This Way" was released on Friday, February 11, 2011. It premiered on KISS-FM's AT40 on that same day. It entered at #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and Canadian Hot 100 on the first week of its release. It reached number 3 in the UK and topped Australian charts. Lady Gaga sang a brief, scratched live sneak peek of the chorus at the 2010 Video Music Awards on MTV in early September 2010.
 "Judas" was the second single that reached #10 in the US and #8 in Canada.
 "Hair" was the first promotional single and reached #12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #11 on the Canadian Hot 100.
 "The Edge of Glory" was a promotional single at first but became the third single. It reached #3 in the US and Canada, #2 in Australia, and #6 in the UK.
 "You and I" was the fourth single, and it reached #6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #10 in Canada.
 "Marry the Night" was the fifth single and peaked at #29 in the US, #16 in the UK, and #11 in Canada.

References
References 

2011 albums
Lady Gaga albums
Pop albums
Dance-pop albums
Synthpop albums
Electro albums
"Born This Way" is a single by American pop singer Lady Gaga. It was released on February 11, 2011. The song premiered on KIIS-FM's American Top 40 with Ryan Seacrest on February 11th. The single  was produced by Mexican music producer Fernando Garibay as well as DJ White Shadow and Gaga herself. The song is the lead single for Gaga's 2nd studio album Born This Way which was released on May 23, 2011. The single's music video was filmed on January 22, 2011.  Gaga performed the song live at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards on February 13, 2011, two days after the song's release.
Cover art
While accepting the Video of the Year award (for "Bad Romance") at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga, after tearfully announcing her forthcoming album's title, sang a few lines from the song: "I'm beautiful in my way, 'cause God makes no mistakes; I'm on the right track, baby, I was born this way." Given as a Christmas "gift" to her fans at the stroke of midnight on New Year's Day 2011, she announced (via Twitter) that May 23, 2011 and February 13, 2011 would see the release of Born This Way and this song respectively. The song, however, was released on February 11, two days prior to its original release, after revealing this on her Twitter page on February 7. Prior to its release in late January, Gaga (via Twitter) released the full set of lyrics to "Born This Way" onto the Internet.
Charts
On February 16, 2011, Billboard announced that "Born This Way" entered at the number-one position of the Billboard Hot 100. The song became the 1000th number-one single in the chart's history and the nineteenth song to debut at number one.  The song also reached number one in Australia and Canada and reached the top three in the United Kingdom.

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Critical reception 
Critics positively reviewed the song, though it faced criticism for having similarities with Madonna's 1989 single "Express Yourself".

2011 songs
Lady Gaga songs
LGBT songs

Dance-pop songs
"Bad Romance" is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga. It was released as the lead single from her third extended play (EP), and second major release The Fame Monster on August 12, 2009.

Gaga has said that the song is about being in love with a best friend.  There are some lines sung in French in the song.

The song reached #1 in many countries including Canada, the UK, Germany, France, Italy, and Spain, while reaching #2 in the US and Australia.  It was certified Diamond in America and has sold over 5.5 million downloads in that country.  "Bad Romance" won Gaga the 2011 Grammy Awards for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and for Best Short Form Music Video.

Music video 
The video for the song starts off with Gaga and her dancers in a bathhouse, getting out of beds shaped like caskets. It features Gaga being auctioned off while in a white, open room. The end of the video shows her in bed, smoking, with a skeleton by her side.
On December 31, 2018, the music video for the song became Gaga's first to reach one billion views.  It is the first music video from the 2000s decade to achieve this milestone.  It is Gaga's most-watched music video.

References

2009 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Dance-pop songs
Pastor Rafael Maldonado Motta (born March 9, 1985 in Maracay) is a Venezuelan racing driver. His career so far has been in single-seater Formula racing. He is the 2010 GP2 Champion, and a former champion of Italian Formula Renault. He is currently a driver for the Williams Formula One team. His first F1 race was the  Australian Grand Prix.

Career

2003 
Maldonado started formula racing in Italy in 2003. He competed in the Italian Formula Renault Championship. He had three podium finishes and one pole position.

2004 
In 2004, Maldonado ran in both the Italian and European Formula Renault series. He won the Italian championship He had eight wins and six pole positions. In the European championship, he finished in eighth position, with two wins. Maldonado also entered one round of the Formula Renault V6 Eurocup at Spa-Francorchamps.
2005 
In 2005, Maldonado made four starts in the Italian F3000 Championship. He won one race and finish in ninth place. He also entered nine races (and made seven starts) in the Spanish-based World Series by Renault (WSR). Maldonado only started seven of the races, and his best finish was seventh place. 

Maldonado received a four-race ban in the WSR for dangerous driving. He did not slow down at the scene of an accident at Monaco. There were warning flags displayed. He hit and seriously injured a marshal.

2006 
Maldonado received a full-time drive in the Formula Renault 3.5 Series with Draco Racing in 2006. He was finished in third place. He won three race and finished on the podium six other times. Maldonado had five pole positions.

GP2 Series
GP2 Series 

Maldonado signed a contract to drive in GP2 for Trident Racing in 2007. He first win came in his fourth race in the series at Monaco. He missed the final four rounds of the season after breaking a collarbone during training. He finished the season outside the top 10. He has moved to the Piquet Sports team for the 2008 season. He finished in fifth place in the drivers' championship.

Maldonado signed to drive for the ART Grand Prix team for the 2009 season. As part of the deal, he also joined the team for three rounds of the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season. He finished sixth overall, helping ART to the teams title.

Maldonado drove for the Rapax Team in the 2010 season. He won the Championship that year.

Formula One 

In November 2004, Maldonado was given a test with the Minardi Formula One team. Maldonado was considered for the Campos Meta team (now Hispania Racing) in . Karun Chandhok got the drive with HRT.
After Williams said that Nico Hülkenberg had been dropped from the team's 2011 line-up, Maldonado was announced as his replacement on December 1. Maldonado also brings sponsorship from the Venezuelan government to Williams. This is through the state-owned PDVSA oil company.

Politics 
Maldonado has strong feelings about politics and talks about them openly. This is not very common in the racing world. He says he is a socialist and a friend of Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.

Complete GP2 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete GP2 Asia Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Season in progress.
 Driver did not finish the Grand Prix. Driver was classified (ranked) because they finished over 90% of the race.
References

Other websites

Official site 
Pastor Maldonado in Twitter

1985 births
Living people
Venezuelan sportspeople
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
Chapel Hill is a town in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It has about 50,000 people. It is in an area called The Triangle, because it is next to Raleigh and Durham.

Geography
Chapel Hill is in southeastern Orange County. It is southwest of Durham and northwest of Raleigh. Interstate 40 goes north and east of Chapel Hill, while highways 15-501 and 54 go through it.

History
Chapel Hill got its name from a chapel on a hill, that was around in the 1700s. In 1792, The University of North Carolina (UNC) was started, which helped Chapel Hill grow. But it was a small town until the 1950s, when it started growing faster, like the rest of The Triangle. By 1970, it had 25,000 people. Since then, Chapel Hill has been somewhat rich. The town was the place where the 2015 Chapel Hill shooting happened, which some newspapers described as Islamophobic.

References

Towns in North Carolina
Durham County, North Carolina
Pedobear is an internet meme that gained popularity on 4chan. Pedobear is usually posted as a way to mock users requesting or posting sexualized images of children on 4chan.

Pedobear first appeared on 2channel, a popular bulletin board system in Japan and was originally called Kumā (interjection of Kuma which means bear in Japanese) or Safety Bear.

Pedobear has also been featured as iStockphoto wallpaper and was in the background of a cover of the auto magazine Import Tuner.

On July 3, 2009, Michael R. Barrick, a Canadian artist had created two pictures showing Pedobear together with the mascots of 2010 Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games. Gazeta Olsztyńska, a Polish newspaper mistakenly used one of the pictures for a February 4, 2010 front page story about the Olympics in Vancouver.

Other websites 
 Pedobear at KnowYourMeme.com

References

Internet memes
Lady A (formerly known as Lady Antebellum ) are a country musical group formed in Nashville, Tennessee. The group consist of Dave Haywood, Hillary Scott and Charles Kelsey. They have had multiple hit songs and won several awards for their singing.

The band changed their name to Lady A in 2020 amid the George Floyd protests to remove any associations the old name might have had with slavery and the Antebellum South.

References

Other websites
Lady A's Official website

Country bands
Musical groups from Tennessee
Musicians from Nashville, Tennessee