Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Vostok spacecraft weighed , was  long and  in diameter. The cosmonaut flew inside a spherical module. He sat on a seat which was also an ejection seat which allowed the cosmonaut to escape from the spacecraft in case of an emergency. The flight was simple, the cosmonaut was simply a passenger. There were controls for use in an emergency. The spacecraft had a food locker, radio, a cabinet with experiments inside, and two windows, one above the ejection seat and one to the right.. Gagarin ejected from the spacecraft after re-entry and landed by parachute.

There were six manned Vostok flights, the last one, Vostok 6, carried Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman to go into space on June 16, 1963.

References

Soviet spacecraft
1960s in spaceflight
Red Faction: Guerrilla is a third-person shooter video game made by Volition, Inc. and published by THQ, with the PC version being made by Reactor Zero. The game first came out on June 2, 2009 in North America for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. In the European countries it was released on June 5 2009 and the Microsoft Windows version will be released on August 25 2009. The game is the third game in the Red Faction series.

Gameplay
Red Faction: Guerrilla has a third person perspective, the first two games had a first-person perspective. This was changed because Volition though that the third-person view would be better because the player would be able to see more of the environment. In Red Faction: Guerrilla, the hero, Alec Mason, can run, jump, steal vehicles, and use weapons to explore the open world of Mars and fight the EDF (Earth Defense Force).
Reception
Red Faction: Guerrilla has gotten good reviews. The Metacritic score is 85/100. The GameSpot reviewer Randolph Ramsey gave the game a, 8.5/10. He said that the physics and the realism of the game were good, but also said that the game is repetitive and that the story was not good. IGN reviewer Charles Onyett gave the game an 8/10. He said that the game is fun, but that the storyline, graphics, and voice acting are weak.

References

2009 video games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
A glazed tile is a tile with glaze. It is made by putting chemical glazes on the tile, let it dry, and putting it into a kiln (an oven that heats up to high temperatures). The kiln heats to about 2000 degrees turning the chemical glaze to colors. It is often framed and sold. This is a popular form of art.

Glazed tiles were used to make the roof  on buildings in China.

Ceramics
The Enola Gay is a B-29 Superfortress Bomber. This plane is famous for dropping the first atomic bomb (named Little Boy) over the Japanese city of Hiroshima during World War II. The Bomber is named after its Pilot, Paul Tibbets' mother Enola Gay Tibbets. The plane was used from 18 May 1945 to 24 July 1946, after which it was stored at Suitland, Maryland.

References

World War II
Hiroshima
Paul Warfield Tibbets, Jr (23 February 1915 – 1 November 2007) was a Brigadier general for the United States Air Force from 1937 to 1966. Paul is famous for dropping the first Atomic bomb on Hiroshima in the B-29 Superfortress called Enola Gay. He was born in Quincy, Illinois.

Tibbets died of heart failure after suffering a small stroke in Columbus, Ohio, aged 92. His remains were cremated where his ashes were later scattered across the English Channel.

References

Other websites

509th Composite Group
Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima
BBC News item announcing Tibbets' death
In pictures: Paul Tibbets
Obituary, The Daily Telegraph, November 2, 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, November 2, 2007
Obituary, The Times, November 2, 2007
"Hiroshima; Enola Gay's Crew Recalls The Flight Into a New Era", New York Times, August 6, 1995

1915 births
2007 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from stroke
American aviators
American people of World War II
Military people from Illinois
Phil Jackson (born September 17, 1945) is a coach in the NBA. He has won eleven championships as coach in the NBA, six with the Chicago Bulls and five with the Los Angeles Lakers. With his 10th championship, Phil Jackson surpassed Red Auerbach, who won 9 championships before 1966. Jackson was named one of the 10 greatest coaches in league history. As of March 4, 2010, Phil Jackson has the highest winning percentage in regular season games of any coach in NBA history who coached at least 500 games.  Before he was a coach, Jackson was a player for the New York Knicks and the New Jersey Nets.  Jackson is from Montana. Jackson retired from coaching in 2011 and joined the Knicks as an executive in March 2014. He was dismissed as the Knicks' team president on June 28, 2017.

References

1945 births
Living people
Chicago Bulls head coaches
New Jersey Nets players
New York Knicks players
Sportspeople from Montana
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Kennel cough or tracheobronchitis is a very easily caught dog illness. The dogs have swelling and pain  of the upper breathing passages.  It can be caused by viral infections such as canine distemper, canine adenovirus, canine parainfluenza virus, or canine respiratory coronavirus, or bacterial infections such as Bordetella bronchiseptica.  It is called kennel cough because the infection can spread very quickly among dogs, who live together as in a kennel or an animal shelter.

Infection
Both viral and bacterial causes of kennel cough are spread through the air by infected dogs sneezing and coughing.  It can also be spread through contact with things that have the bacteria or virus on them.  It can still be spread days or weeks after symptoms disappear.  Symptoms  usually begin about 3 to 5 days after the dog is around the infected animal or object.  The disease can turn into pneumonia.
Symptoms
Symptoms can include a harsh, dry coughing, retching, sneezing, snorting (noise made with the nose), gagging or vomiting in response to light pressing of the trachea or after excitement or exercise.  The symptoms are caused by the inflammation of the airways.  It can increase after excitement or exercise because of the quick breathing that takes place which causes the nerves of airway to become more stimulated.  A fever is not always present.  The disease can last 10–20 days and can come back when the dog is put into a stressful situation which puts stress on the dog's immune system.  Medical diagnosis is made by seeing these symptoms, having a history of exposure is also helpful but not always found as kennel cough is easily spread through contact with the ground, toys, sidewalks, dog parks.
Treatment and prevention
Antibiotics are given to treat any bacterial infection present.  Cough suppressants are used if the cough is not productive (nothing is being coughed up).  The usual outcome is good.  Prevention is by vaccinating for canine adenovirus, distemper, parainfluenza, and Bordetella.  In kennels, the best prevention is to keep all the cages clean.  Most kennels will not board dogs without proof of vaccination.

Related pages
Bronchitis

References

Other websites
Kennel Cough Home Remedy 
Kennel Cough from The Pet Health Library
Merck Veterinary Manual Entry on Kennel Cough
Kennel Cough 

Dogs
Animal diseases
Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer (14 August 1910 – 19 August 1995) was a French musician and other things, like an inventor and engineer, and more. He was born in Nancy. He created a kind of music called musique concrète (which in the French speak means "concrete music"). This music was different from regular music, and had many sounds from things in the real world.

Schaeffer died of Alzheimer's disease in Aix-en-Provence.

1910 births
1995 deaths
French musicians
People from Nancy
Area 51 is a military base, and a remote detachment of Edwards Air Force Base. A lot of people think that aliens are here but it has never been confirmed. It is in the southern portion of Nevada in the western United States, 83 miles (133 km) north-northwest of downtown Las Vegas. At its center, on the southern shore of Groom Lake, is a large military airfield. The base's primary purpose is to support development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems: "DT." The base is in the United States Air Force's Nevada Test and Training Range NTTR, formerly called the Nellis Air Force Range NAFR. Although the facilities at the range are managed by the 99th Air Base Wing at Nellis Air Force Base, the Groom facility appears to be run as an adjunct of the Air Force Flight Test Center AFFTC at Edwards Air Force Base in the Mojave Desert, around 186 miles (300 km) southwest of Groom, and as such the base is known as Air Force Flight Test Center Detachment 3.
There was intense secrecy surrounding the base. The U.S. government did not acknowledge its existence until July 14, 2003. This secrecy made it the frequent subject of fiction and conspiracy theories and a central component to unidentified flying object (UFO) folklore. Testing the U-2 plane in the 1950s – at altitudes much higher than commercial aircraft then flew – provoked "a tremendous increase in reports of unidentified flying objects (UFOs)". 

The presidential candidate Hillary Clinton said she would release information about Area 51, as long as it did not threaten national security.

In July 2019, more than 1,700,000 people responded to a joke proposal to storm Area 51 which appeared in an anonymous Facebook post. A further 1,300,000 people said they were interested in the event, scheduled for 20 September 2019, and billed as "Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us", an attempt to "see them aliens."

References
References 

Buildings and structures in Nevada
United States Air Force
Conspiracy theories
1942 establishments in the United States
UFOs
20th-century establishments in Nevada
Ding Liren (born 1992) is a Chinese chess grandmaster. He won the Chinese Chess Championship in 2009. On 6 June 2009, at the age of 16, he became the youngest ever person to win the national title. In October 2009, he became China's 30th Grandmaster.
World champion since 2023.

In April 2011, Ding won the Chinese Championship for a second time.

References

Other websites

gallery of images
Sina.com.cn

Chinese chess players
1992 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
The novel may have been inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe, an orphan whose account of hardships as a child labourer in a cotton mill was widely read in the 1830s. It is likely that Dickens's own early youth as a child labourer contributed to the story's development. The book influenced American writer Horatio Alger, Jr. and his stories of poor boys living on the streets of nineteenth-century New York City.

The book has been adapted to a popular musical play called Oliver! and several movies, notably a 1948 production starring Alec Guiness as Fagin. A Disney animated feature about alley cats called Oliver & Company has also been released.
Plot Summary 
Oliver Twist is born into a life of poverty. He is raised in a workhouse in the fictional town of Mudfog. He is orphaned by his father's odd absence and his mother's death in childbirth. His mother was welcomed only in the workhouse and robbed of her gold name locket (a small case worn round someone's neck). Oliver is not well provided for under the Poor Law and spends nine years living in the "care" of a woman named Mrs Mann, who embezzles much of the money given to her to take care of the babies by the parish. Oliver is brought up with little food.
The board of well-fed gentlemen who manage the workhouse offer £5 to any person wishing to take on Oliver as an apprentice. Mr Gamfield, a brutal chimney sweep, almost claims Oliver. However, when Oliver begs not to be sent away with "that dreadful man", a kind magistrate lets Oliver not be taken away by Mr Gamfield. Later, Mr Sowerberry, an undertaker employed by the parish, takes Oliver into his service. He treats Oliver better and, because of Oliver's sad face, uses him as a mourner at children's funerals. Mr Sowerberry is in an unhappy marriage, and his wife looks down on Oliver and misses few opportunities to give him less food and treat him badly. He also suffers at the hands of Noah Claypole and Charlotte, the Sowerberrys' maidservant, who is in love with Noah.
Nearing London, Oliver sees Jack Dawkins, a pickpocket, known by the nickname the "Artful Dodger", and his sidekick, a funny boy named Charley Bates. Oliver's innocent and trusting nature fails to see any bad in their actions. The Dodger provides Oliver with a free meal and tells him of a gentleman in London who will "give him lodgings(a place to live) for nothing, and never ask for change". Grateful for the assistance, Oliver follows the Dodger to the "old gentleman's" house. In this way, Oliver falls in with an Jewish criminal known as Fagin. Not able to run away, Oliver lives with Fagin and his gang of juvenile pickpockets at Saffron Hill for some time, unaware of their criminal occupations. He believes they make wallets and handkerchiefs. He is also does not know about Fagin's lessons with the boys, whereupon he pretends to be an English gentleman browsing shops, and the boys must pick everything from his pockets while staying out of sight. Oliver considers this a strange game
. Fagin has Oliver in this training until he successfully picks everything off him. Fagin rewards Oliver with a shilling and orders him out on the street with Charley Bates and the Artful Dodger.
The mysterious man Monks plots with Fagin to destroy Oliver's reputation. The two of them agree on a plan to make sure he does not find out about his past. Monks is apparently related to Oliver in some way. Back in Oliver's hometown, Mr Bumble has married Mrs Corney, the matron of the workhouse where the story first began, only to find himself in an unhappy marriage, constantly arguing with his wife. After one such argument, Mr Bumble walks to a pub where he meets Monks, who questions him about Oliver. Bumble informs Monks that he knows someone who can give Monks more information for a price, and later Monks meets secretly with the Bumbles. After Mrs Bumble tells Monks all she knows for a price, Monks takes the locket and ring proving Oliver's parentage, and drops them into the river flowing under his place. Monks tells these events to Fagin, not knowing that Nancy is eavesdropping on their conversations and plans to inform Rose Maylie and Mrs Maylie
. Mr Brownlow returns to London, where Oliver sees him, and brings him to meet the Maylies.
While Sikes is running away the mob, Mr Brownlow forces Monks to listen to the story connecting him, once called Edward Leeford, and Oliver as half-brothers, or to face the police for his crimes. Their father, Edwin Leeford, was once friends with Brownlow. Edwin had been in a sad marriage that produced Monks, only to have Monks' mother separate. Edwin had associated with an older gentleman who was friends to him and Mr. Brownlow, who had had two daughters, one who was a girl of seventeen and the other a toddler. Edwin fell in love with the elder daughter, Agnes, but their relationship had been secretive. Edwin had to help a dying friend in Rome, and then died there himself, leaving Agnes, "his guilty love", in England, whereupon she died after giving birth to Oliver. Mr Brownlow has a picture of Agnes and had begun asking questions when he noticed a marked resemblance between her and Oliver. Monks had hunted his brother to destroy him, to gain all in their father's will
. Meeting with Monks and the Bumbles in Oliver's native town, Brownlow asks Oliver to give half his inheritance to Monks to give him a second chance; Oliver is more than happy to comply. Monks moves to "the new world", where he dies in prison.
On a happier note, Monks revealed that Rose was the younger sister of Agnes, and thus Oliver's aunt. She marries her sweetheart Harry Maylie, who gives up his political ambitions to become a parson, drawing all their friends to settle near them. Oliver lives happily with Mr Brownlow, who adopts him. Due to Noah's cooperation with the law during the pursuit of Fagin, he is granted immunity and becomes a paid, semi-professional police informer. The Bumbles lose their positions and are reduced to poverty, ending up in the workhouse themselves. All the members of Fagin's gang suffer unhappy endings, with one exception. Charley Bates, horrified by Sikes' murder of Nancy, becomes an honest citizen, moves to the country, and eventually becomes rich. The novel ends with the tombstone of Oliver's mother on which is written only one name: Agnes.
1830s books
Books by Charles Dickens
Books first published in serial form
English novels
Danish Prabha Shanker Kaneria (born 16 December 1980) is a Pakistani cricketer. He was born in Karachi and made his first cricket entrance in 2000 against England in Faisalabad. He is generally a leg spin bowler and is famous for his googlies. 

His best bowling figures are getting 7 wickets for 77 runs against Bangladesh. Kaneria was born into a Gujarati family of Marwari origin.

On June 22, 2012 Kaneria was banned for life from any involvement in the playing, organisation or administration of any cricket under the jurisdiction of the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB). Kaneria was found guilty of two charges of spot fixing.

References

Living people
1980 births
Cricketers from Karachi
Sachin Ramesh Tendulkar   (born 24 April 1973 in Mumbai) is a former Indian cricketer. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest batsman in the history of cricket. He has the highest number of runs in both Test cricket and One Day Internationals. He also has the highest number of centuries in both formats of the game. He always honoured better players than him like Garfield Sobers or Don Bradman. Sachin Tendulkar is one the richest cricketer of India.
100th international century
Tendulkar scored his much awaited 100th international hundred on 16 March 2012 against Bangladesh in the Asia Cup. He became the first person in history to achieve this feat. Incidentally, it was Tendulkar's first ODI hundred against Bangladesh. He said "It's been a tough phase for me ... I was not thinking about the milestone, the media started all this, wherever I went, the restaurant, room service, everyone was talking about the 100th hundred. Nobody talked about my 99 hundreds. It became mentally tough for me because nobody talked about my 99 hundreds."
National honours of sachin 
 1994 - Arjuna Award, by the Government of India in recognition of his outstanding achievement in sports.
 1997-98 - Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, India's highest honour given for achievement in sports.
 1999 - Padma Shri, India's 'fourth' highest civilian award.
 2001 - Maharashtra Bhushan Award, Maharashtra State's highest Civilian Award.
 2008 - Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian award.
 2014 - Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 Full Information about sachin in simple 

1973 births
Living people
Indian cricketers
Marathi people
Sportspeople from Mumbai
Ethelbert Woodbridge Nevin (born near Pittsburgh, November 25, 1862; died in New Haven, Connecticut, February 17, 1901) was an American pianist and composer.  He is remembered for a small number of romantic songs and piano pieces which became extremely popular in the early 20th century.

Life

Nevin was born  in 1862, at Vineacre, on the river Ohio, near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  He grew up there.  His father was a newspaper editor and he taught the young boy most subjects.  His mother played the piano.  The family bought a grand piano, which was the first grand piano ever to be taken across the Allegheny Mountains.

Ethelbert showed musical promise when he was very young.  His brother and cousins were also musical.  When he was four he was playing the piano with cushions on the floor so that he could reach the pedals.  His father took him to Dresden for two years to study music.  He also studied in Pittsburgh and in Boston.
He started his career giving piano lessons.  When he had earned enough money he went to Berlin where he had lessons from Karl Klindworth, who was a good teacher for him.  He showed Nevin how important it was to have a good general knowledge, and not just to spend hours and hours practising the piano.  This helped Nevin, who had good tastes in literature and he chose some good poems to make into songs.

In 1885 he was invited to join a group who had lessons from  Hans von Bülow.  He played works by of Brahms, Liszt, and Raff. Cosima Wagner and Joseph Joachim often came to the concerts given by this group.

In 1887 he went back to America and lived in Boston, where he taught and played in some concerts.  He asked Richard Strauss to teach him composition but Strauss did not accept him.
In 1892 he went to Paris, where he taught singing, and helped many American and French opera singers to learn their parts for singing in operas.   He worked very hard and his health got bad.  He spent his last years in several European places and then he went back to America.  He died in 1901.

His music

Nevin's music is romantic, and sometimes rather sentimental for modern tastes.  His best known piece is "Narcissus" from Water Scenes.  These pieces were used by the dancer Isadora Duncan to dance to.  He also wrote a famous song called "The Rosary" and "Mighty Lak' a Rose".
 
Nevin was pictured on a 1940 ten cent U.S. postage stamp.

Bibliography
New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980,

Other websites
  online book

1862 births
1901 deaths
American composers
American pianists
Eucalyptus regnans, also called Mountain Ash, Victorian Ash, Swamp Gum, Tasmanian Oak or Stringy Gum, is a species of Eucalyptus from Victoria and Tasmania. It can grow to more than  and is the tallest flowering plant in the world.

Description 
It is an evergreen tree, the tallest eucalyptus tree, growing 70–120 m (230–400 feet) tall. It has a straight, grey trunk with smooth bark. The leaves are narrow, curved, and end in a point, like a sickle. They grow up to  long and  wide. They are green to grey-green with a red stalk. The flowers are in groups of 9-15 together, each flower about 1 cm (0.5 in) diameter with a ring of many white stamens. The fruit is a hard nut, up to 9 mm (0.5 in) long and 7 mm (0.4 in) wide.
Habitat 
Mountain Ash are found in cool, deep soiled, mountain areas to  above sea level, with high rainfall of over  each year. They grow very quickly, at more than a metre (3 feet) a year, and can reach  in 50 years. They live for an average life-span of 400 years. The fallen logs continue supporting a rich variety of life for centuries more on the forest floor.
Unusually for a eucalypt, Mountain Ash does not regrow after fire. They grow only from seed which are released from their woody gumnuts by heat. The seedlings need a lot of light, much more than reaches the forest floor normally when there are mature trees blocking the sun. Severe fires can kill all the trees in a forest, which causes a massive release of seed to take advantage of the nutrients in the ash bed. Up to 2.5 million seedlings per  have been recorded after a major fire. Competition and natural thinning slowly reduces the number of mature trees to about 30 to 40 per hectare. Because it takes roughly 20 years for seedlings to reach become old enough to make seeds, repeated fires in the same area can cause local extinctions. If, however, there are no fires to release seeds, the trees die off after about 400 years and are replaced by other species.
Tall trees 
Eucalyptus regnans is the tallest of all flowering plants, and possibly the tallest of all plants, although no living trees can make that claim. The tallest tree, named "Centurion", stands 99.6 metres tall in Tasmania. There are 16 living trees in Tasmania that have been measured taller than 90 metres. The tallest tree ever found was the "Ferguson Tree", at 132.6 metres, found in the Watts River region of Victoria in 1872. It had fallen over and was measured by William Ferguson, the Inspector of State Forests. The top of the tree had broken off, but the trunk was still more than one metre in diameter. Ferguson guessed the tree would have been more than 152 metres in height.

Uses
Uses 

Eucalyptus regnans is valued for its timber, and large areas of trees have been cut down. The main uses are building timber and woodchipping. It also used for newsprint in the 20th century. Most of the woodchips are sent to Japan. While the area of natural stands with large old trees is rapidly decreasing, large areas of new trees exist. It is increasingly grown in plantations where the long, straight, fast growing trunks are more valuable than the old growth timber.

The timber is rather rough (stringy) in texture. It is easy to work and the grain is straight with long, clear sections without knots. The wood works reasonably well for steam-bending. It is used for furniture, flooring, woodpanelling, veneer, plywood, window frames and general building.

References 

Trees of Australia
Eucalyptus
Bahía Lomas is a protected wetland area in Chile. It was declared as a legal measure of protecting the site, which is expected to be nominated as a Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve under the RAMSAR Convention.

References

Other websites

Complete List Ramsar Wetlands
Gallery 
RAMSAR Chile

Conservation
Magallanes Region‎
Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon is the 4th Destroy All Humans! in the series first released December 1, 2008 in North America for the Xbox 360. The game is made by THQ's Sandblast Games studio for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.

Gameplay 
Destroy All Humans! Path of the Furon has around 30 story missions, 20 side quests, and multiplayer modes. As with previous games in the series, most story missions can be played in any order. Creative director Jon Knoles said that the side quests would have something to do with the story.
The player plays as Crypto, an alien. He can shoot humans, use the jet pack, and use Psychokinesis at the same time. There are now flying enemies, like helicopters and Nexo UFO's that can attack Crypto while he is in his UFO. Buildings can be destroyed and scarred in different ways when attacked with different weapons. The game has a new alert scheme with police, SWAT, military awareness, and Nexo alert. Electricity goes through power lines when damage is caused to them. The player can exit and enter some buildings during some missions.

Reception 

The game was given 34/100 by the site Metacritic.

Sources 

2008 video games
Destroy All Humans!
Xbox 360 games
PlayStation 3 games
THQ games
The Simpsons Hit & Run is an action-adventure video game based on the animated sitcom (comedy TV show) The Simpsons. It was released for the Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, PlayStation 2, and Windows in the United States on September 16, 2003 and in Europe on October 31, 2003. The game was developed or made by Radical Entertainment and published or was put out to be sold by Vivendi Universal. To make the game harder and more fun, the story and dialogue were written by the writers of the TV show. The voices were supplied by the cast of The Simpsons.
The game follows the Simpson family and the people who live in Springfield, who see many strange things that happen in their town. When the Simpsons themselves decide to find out what is going on, they find out that aliens Kang and Kodos are filming a reality television series about the city. To make the show more interesting, the aliens release Buzz Cola, a soda that makes people go crazy, into Springfield's water supply. With help from Professor Frink, Homer is able to  destroy the aliens' spaceship, and Springfield and its people are returned to normal.

The game received mostly positive, or good reviews from video game critics. Praise was given mostly on how much the game is was like the show and its funny take on the Grand Theft Auto III video game. The game received the award for Fave Video Game at the 2004 Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards. More than three million copies of the game were sold as of June 2007.
Gameplay
Hit & Run has seven levels, each with missions and a unique plot. The player can only move, or control one certain character in each level. The game's playable characters are Homer Simpson, Bart Simpson, Lisa Simpson, Marge Simpson, and Apu Nahasapeemapetilon. When walking, the playing character can walk, run, and perform many attacks: a normal kick, a jumping kick, and a smashing move. To drive, the player can either drive one of the many vehicles that are on the road, a feature taken from Grand Theft Auto 3, or use a phone booth to choose a car. The game's driving missions are also similar to those of Grand Theft Auto 3. In both games, the player races against other characters, gets items before a timer runs out, and wrecks other cars.

References

Notes

Other websites
 
 

2003 video games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
Windows games
Nintendo GameCube games
Video games based on television shows
The Simpsons
Brandy is a type of alcoholic beverage. It has about 36%-60% alcohol (60-120 proof). It is from a distillation of fermented fruit juices or fruit mash. The color is amber/brown. It has a sweet flavor. It is normally an after dinner drink.

Labelling of grades 
Brandy has a traditional age grading system, although its use is unregulated outside of Cognac and Armagnac. These indicators can usually be found on the label near the brand name:
V.S. ("very special") or ✯✯✯ (three stars) designates a blend in which the youngest brandy has been stored for at least two years in a cask.
 V.S.O.P. ("very superior old pale"), Reserve or ✯✯✯✯✯ (five stars) designates a blend in which the youngest brandy is stored for at least four years in a cask.
 XO ("extra old") or Napoléon designates a blend in which the youngest brandy is stored for at least six years.
 Hors d'âge ("beyond age") is a designation which is formally equal to XO for Cognac, but for Armagnac designates brandy that is at least ten years old. In practice the term is used by producers to market a high-quality product beyond the official age scale.

References

Related pages
Regency (brandy)

Alcoholic spirits
NASDAQ is a stock exchange in New York City. It stands for National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations. About 3,800 companies trade on it. It is owned by a company called Nasdaq, Inc.

NASDAQt was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD).

References 

1971 establishments in the United States
Companies based in New York City
 
Stock exchanges in the United States
The Internet Engineering Task Force, or IETF, is the main organization that researches and promotes new Internet standards. It is an open volunteer organization.

A Request for Comments, or RFC, is a document from the IETF. These are divided into several categories: Informational, Historical, and Standard-track. Only Standard-track are Internet Standards.

References

1986 establishments in the United States
Internet standards
Internet-related organizations
Arabic-speaking Iranians (ایرانیان عرب ) are the Arabic-speaking peoples of Iran. Most Iranian Arabs live in the coastal regions of southern Iran by the Persian Gulf. Iranian Arab communities are also found in Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates.

Arab people
Ethnic groups in Iran
The Tibetan Muslims, also known as the Kachee (Kache), are a small minority in Tibet. Despite being Muslim, they are classified as Tibetans. The Tibetan word Kachee literally means Kashmiri and Kashmir was known as Kachee Yul (Yul = Country).

The small number of Tibetan Muslims live throughout Tibet. ,Many of them can be found in Lhasa and Shigatse. Some live outside the Tibet Autonomous Region. These ethnic groups such as the Balti (indigenous people) and Burig are of Tibetan origin and consider themselves to be ethnically Tibetan, are Muslims as well. These other groups, however, are mainly found in the Occupied Kashmir's Ladakh area and the Pakistani-admnistered Baltistan.

 
Ethnic groups in China
Islam by country
Lure is a French city in the Haute-Saône department in eastern France. About  people live there.

Communes in Haute-Saône
Subprefectures in France
Burnout Paradise is the seventh video game of the Burnout series made by Criterion Games. It was released in January 2008 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and on February 5, 2009 on Microsoft Windows. It was also released on the PlayStation Store in September 2008. It has an open world set in the fictional Paradise City.

2008 video games
Xbox 360 games
PlayStation 3 games
Windows games
The Wave is a local radio station in South Wales. It is available on 96.4 FM, digital radio and on the Internet, in Swansea, Llanelli, Neath and Port Talbot. It plays a mix of popular music and news.

Radio stations in the United Kingdom
Welsh culture
1995 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in Wales
The Big Top 40 Show is a commercial record chart show broadcast on radio stations in the United Kingdom. It is powered by the download company iTunes.

British music
British record charts
Hurricane Boris was a deadly storm. It was the fourth cyclone of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season. It formed on June 27. During the night the depression became Tropical Storm Boris. Shortly after this, Boris rapidly became stronger. It became a hurricane. Just as an eye started to form, Boris made landfall in Mexico. It had the strongest winds of 85 mph (140 kn/h). It quickly became weaker. It ended on July 1. Boris caused heavy flooding in southern Mexico. Ten deaths were reported.

Meteorological history

Boris came from a tropical wave that moved off Africa on June 8. It passed near the Cape Verde Island with no convection. It went across Central America on June 23. The wave was very poorly defined on satellite images for many days. The first signs of a circulation on satellite imagery appeared on the 26th. It was about 250 miles south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. The system became a tropical depression on the 27th when convective banding increased around the center.
Preparations, impact, and aftermath
Hurricane Boris was, in general, a well-forecast storm. Due to the short time when the system was at or above tropical storm intensity, long-range forecasts were not verified. The average errors were  at one and a half days in the future. As Hurricane Boris was approaching Mexico, a tropical storm watch was issued for the coast between Manzanillo and Puerto Escondido on June 28. From Manzanillo to Puerto Maldonado, the tropical storm warning changed to a hurricane warning the same day.
Deaths and damage 
Boris caused ten deaths. Nearby, three other people drowned and five fishermen went missing. Rain was heavy throughout the impacted region. The highest totals were in Guerrero. A total of 12.16 inches was recorded in Coyuca de Benítez. The highest total was 14.98 in Paso de San Antonio, to the east of the point of landfall.  Those rains caused a flood of the San Jeronimo River, which left at least 5,000 people without a home. Tecpan was badly hit by the storm. It reported heavy damage.  This included many homes destroyed, at least one person was killed and the storm also flooded lobbies of hotels along the coast. In Acapulco a child was killed when a roof collapsed. Strong surf pushed fishing boats against a sea wall. The storm blew down trees and business signs. Streets were flooded to the level of hubcaps. A total of about 10,000 people were left homeless. At least 70 people were injured. Approximately 12 boats sunk offshore.

Related pages
1996 Pacific hurricane season

References
References

Boris
Boris
1996 in North America
1990s in Mexico
Henryk Szeryng (pronounce: SHERR-ing), (born Żelazowa Wola, Poland, 22 September 1918; died Kassel, 8 March 1988) was a Polish-born violinist who later became Mexican. He is thought to be one of the greatest violinists of his time.

Early Years 

Szeryng was born in a very small village called Żelazowa Wola in Poland. The famous composer Chopin had also been born in this village. Henryk started to learn the piano from his mother when he was five. When he was seven he changed to the violin. His violin teacher was Maurice Frenkel who had been an assistant to the famous violin teacher Leopold Auer. Four years later he went to Berlin to study with Carl Flesch who was a wonderful teacher for him. Szerynk later said: “Everything I know about the violin I learned from him. After three years he went to Paris to have lessons with Jacques Thibaud at the Paris Conservatory. He got the first prize in 1937. He also studied composition in Paris with Nadia Boulanger, and continued studying with her until 1939.

Career
Career 

He gave his first solo performance on 6 January 1933 playing the Brahms Violin Concerto with the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra. Szeryng spoke seven languages fluently, so when World War II broke out he became an official interpreter for the Polish government which was based in exile in London. He went with the prime minister to Mexico to find a home for refugees. During the war he gave more than 300 concerts for Allied troops all over the world. During one of these concerts in Mexico City he was given the job of being head of the string department of the university there.

In 1946, he became a naturalized citizen of Mexico.
Szeryng spent several years teaching the violin. Then the pianist Artur Rubinstein told him he ought to perform again, so in 1954 he started to give concerts once more. He spent the rest of his life touring all over the world playing the violin. He made many recordings, and also played many works by Mexican composers, helping them to make their music better known. He became Mexico’s special advisor at UNESCO in Paris. He continued to spend some time teaching, especially in Mexico. He owned several wonderful violins, some of which he gave away.

He died in Kassel.

His playing 
Szeryng is remembered for the beautiful tone that he made. He had an amazing technique. He always played very precisely in tune, even “bending” notes slightly to make his intonation very expressive. He could get different qualities of sound by turning the bow slightly or by changing the speed of his vibrato. He was able to play with great emotion in a very individual way.

References 
Legendary Violinists
Mexican musicians
Polish musicians
1918 births
1988 deaths
Elin Maria Pernilla Nordegren Woods (born January 1, 1980) was a Swedish model and former wife of Tiger Woods. Nordegren and Woods divorced in 2010.

References 

1980 births
Living people
Swedish models
Ivana Trump  (born Ivana Marie Zelníčková; (); February 20, 1949 – July 14, 2022) was a Czech-American businesswoman, former Olympic skiier and model. She was best known for her marriage to Donald Trump, which ended in divorce. They had three children together, Donald Trump Jr, Ivanka Trump, and Eric Trump.

In 2010, she was a contestant in the British version of Celebrity Big Brother.

Death 
Trump died on July 14, 2022 in her Manhattan, New York City home at the age of 73. The next day, it was revealed that Trump died of "blunt impact injuries to the torso" after falling on her staircase.

She was buried at the Trump National Golf Club Bedminster in Bedminster, New Jersey.

References
References

1949 births
2022 deaths
Czech businesspeople
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
Trump family
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
American Olympians
Businesspeople from New York City
Sportspeople from New York City
Television personalities from New York City
Czechoslovak Olympians
American skiers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Elasmotherium is an extinct giant rhinoceros.

It lived from 2.6 million years ago (mya) to about 50,000 years ago. Fossils have been found in Europe and Asia. This giant lived and grazed on the Eurasian steppes (grasslands).

Description 
Elasmotherium was a heavily-built quadruped that walked on four hoofed legs.  Its legs were longer than those of other rhinos and were adapted for galloping, giving it a horse-like gait.

It probably had a large horn on its forehead, but fossils of the horn have not been found. The teeth were tall-crowned and were covered with cement and wrinkled enamel. Its mouth at the front was a beak; there are no teeth in front of the molars.

Morphology
The specimens of E. sibiricum are up to  in body length with shoulder heights over . E. caucasicum was at least  in body length with an estimated mass of . This is based on isolated molars which are larger than those of the Siberian species.
Both species were among the largest in the family Rhinocerotidae, comparable in size to the woolly mammoth and larger than the woolly rhinoceros. The feet were unguligrade, the front larger than the rear, with 4 digits at the front and 3 at the rear.

References 

Rhinoceroses
Master of Science (usually abbreviated MSc) is a postgraduate degree. It is awarded by universities. Usually, it is awarded for studies in natural sciences or Engineering. A Master of Science is usually awarded after a Bachelor of Science, and after presenting an academic thesis work. It is required for many jobs especially in research. It is usually required to start a doctorate.

Academic degrees
There are some sciences that are used to study nature. According to these sciences, the things that can be observed in nature follow certain rules. These rules are often unknown, and natural sciences are about finding them. They often use what is called the scientific method to do this.

 Physics looks at how nature is made, and how different fields of nature relate to each other.
 Chemistry is about the elements, their combinations, and their reactions.
 Biology looks at living organisms, their development, and how they interact with each other.
 Geology looks at how the earth developed and what it looks like.

Some sciences, like Mathematics, can help in all of the above. They make it easier to talk about rules and models.

Other sciences that mainly look at how humans think and behave, and about their society are called social sciences.
Overview
The natural sciences are used to make new things (applied science). The natural sciences are guides to test new ideas. They are used to solve engineering problems and technology problems. Math helps the natural sciences to solve problems and make new things. Computers do this too. Computers and math are tools for the natural sciences.

The following sciences are natural sciences: 
 Astronomy 
 Biology 
 Chemistry 
 Earth science 
 Physics 
 Atmospheric science 
 Oceanography 
 Materials sciences
The Concentric zone model, or Burgess model is a model to explain how a settlement, such as a city, will grow. It was developed by Ernest W. Burgess between 1925 and 1929. Burgess looked at the growth of Chicago in the late 19th and early 20th century. Many people moved to Chicago at that time. 

The model was the first to explain why certain groups of people lived in certain areas of the city. Burgess said that there were circles around the center of the city. The circle a piece of land was in determined how it was used. Burgess saw different zones, starting at the center:
The Central Business District - the center of the city
A zone of mixed use with both commercial buildings and residential ones.
Low-class residential homes; these were later called inner suburbs - housing is cheap, standard of living is low.
Higher-class residential zone; later called outer suburbs. Better quality of life, more expensive to live there.
Commuter zone
Burgess saw that richer people tended to live farther away from the city center. When the city grew, the city center would grow; the rings would also shift outwards.

The model also has some problems, for example:
It assumes that the city can grow in every direction; physical features often limit city growth, though.
Commuter villages cannot be explained with the model; they are far from the city, but often have cheap housing.

Related pages 
 Grid plan
 Sector model
 Multiple nuclei model
 Linear city model

Urban planning
Urban geography
An equilibrium is a state of a system where all forces acting on the system is balanced. A system that is in equilibrium does not change. The word has been used for different concepts from different fields of study. 

 Hydrostatic equilibrium applies to liquids.
 Thermal equilibrium means as much heat is entering and leaving something.
 Homeostasis is a living thing keeping its internal balance.
 Equilibrioception is how an animal stands upright.

Chemical equilibrium 
Chemical equilibrium is an idea which describes the behavior of chemical reactions over time. In reactions that have finished reacting and have attained equlibrium, the concentrations of the reactant and product chemicals do not change. An example of an equilibrium reaction is as follows:
In the example above, the double arrow shows that the reaction is an equilibrium reaction. This means that the forward reaction and the backward reaction can happen, usually due to a small enthalpy change in each reaction. Hence, the amount of product chemicals to reactant chemicals remains a fixed value, and such a ratio is called the equilibrium constant (Kc).

Equilibrium constant 

The equilibrium constant is a ratio of the concentration of the products raised to the appropriate powers to the concentration of the reactants raised to the appropriate powers. In the above example, the equilibrium constant is as follows:   

For some reactions, the equilibrium constant is very large, in which case nearly all of the reactant chemical is turned into products, such as when paper is burned. For other reactions, it is very small, which results in very little products being formed. If the equilibrium constant is close to 1, a mixture of both products and reactants is expected at equilibrium.
When chemists talk about equilibrium constants, they call reactions with large K values favorable and reactions with small K values unfavorable. It is important to note, however, these terms are not judgements about the value or usefulness of a particular chemical reaction. In fact, some very important reactions are actually "unfavorable"; one such example is the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gas (Haber process), which has a rather small equilibrium constant.   

Understanding how chemical equilibriums work is important as it helps in understanding how a reaction happens. It allows chemists to calculate how much products will be formed from a reaction.
Le Chatelier's principle 
The concept of Le Chatelier's principle is important in predicting how an equilibrium will change when different factors are changed in a system. For example, using the Le Chatelier's principle, we are able to predict how the position of equilibrium will change when the concentration of a certain reactant/product has changed, as the system will try to counteract the change by favoring either the forward or the backward reaction

An exception to this rule is when an outside energy source forces the reaction to occur in the opposite direction, such as when a battery is recharged. Knowing the equilibrium constant of a reaction also helps you to understand the flow of energy that occurs during the reaction (thermodynamics).

Analytical chemistry
Physical chemistry
Physics
In Information technology, a packet is a collection of data that can be used by computers which need to communicate with each other, usually as part of a  network. Some computers and networks do not use packets to communicate. But most currently do, including nearly all computers on the Internet. Packets allow many computers on a  network to communicate more quickly and easily.

Structure 
A packet consists of two kinds of data: packet information and packet data (or payload). If you think of a packet like a letter in the mail, the control information is like the outside of the envelope. There's an address that says where to send the letter, and a stamp that says how to send it (fast or slow). Similarly, the computer uses the control information in the packet to decide where, and how, to send the data. People aren't usually interested in the control information.