Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The PlayStation 4 (also known by the abbreviated name PS4) is the fourth home video game console produced by Sony Computer Entertainment and is not compatible with the PlayStation 3. It was officially announced at a press conference on February 20, 2013 and launched on November 15, 2013.

History

Presentation
Sony invited press to a New York City event on 20 February 2013. The company announced the event on Thursday 31 January, inviting us to "see the future".

Add-ons
In 2016, Sony unveiled the PlayStation VR, a virtual reality headset add-on for the PlayStation 4. The PlayStation VR is not included in the pack if you buy a PS4 for yourself. If you buy a PlayStation 4, it comes with a Mono Headset. The PlayStation VR also has a PlayStation Camera to visualize what are you doing in the VR so it can program the PS4 to move the player or object in the game.

Models
There are three different models of the PS4:
PS4 (2013, first model): 1.84 TFLOPS, 8 GB GDDR5 RAM, 256 GB DDR3 RAM, 2 x USB 3.0, 500 GB storage, 399 €.
PS4 Slim (2016, replaced PS4): Same technical specifications, smaller housing, more quiet and more energy efficient in operation, 500 GB or 1 TB storage, 249 € (500 GB model), 299 (1 TB model).
PS4 Pro (2016, more powerful model): 4.198 TFLOPS, 8 GB GDDR5 RAM, 1 GB DDR3 RAM, more powerful GPU, higher clocked CPU, 3 x USB 3.1, 1 TB storage, 399 €.

Related pages
PlayStation
PlayStation 2
PlayStation 3
PlayStation 5
Sony
PlayStation Portable also known as PSP.
PlayStation Vita

References

Sony
PlayStation
Sony consoles
Also see Realism (art movement)

Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting. The Realist movement of the 19th century advocated naturalism in reaction to the stylized and idealized depictions of subjects in Romanticism, but many painters have used a similar approach over the centuries. One example of Naturalism is the artwork of American artist William Bliss Baker, whose landscape paintings are considered some of the best examples of the naturalist movement. Another example is the French Albert Charpin, from the Barbizon School, with his paintings of sheep in their natural settings.

Naturalism began in the early Renaissance, and developed itself further throughout the Renaissance, such as with the Florentine School.

Naturalism is a type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise details, and portrays things as they are.
Controversies about terms
Some writers restrict the terms "Naturalism" and "Realism" for use as labels for period styles of the middle and late nineteenth century in Europe and America, thus making available the terms "naturalism" and "realism," all lowercase, for tendencies of art of any period so long as the works strive for an accurate representation of the visible world. Thus, "Naturalism" is tied to a time and place, whereas "naturalism" is timeless. As well as a major turning point in art.

Sources
 
 “History of Art: Study Guide 14th Century to the Present”. 18th Century Naturalism and The Enlightenment Era Natural Painting. 22 April 2011.

References 

Art movements
Reg Presley (12 June 1941 – 4 February 2013) was a British singer-songwriter. He was born Reginald Maurice Ball in Andover, Hampshire, where he lived all his life. He was the lead singer of rock band The Troggs. In January 2012, Presley said he was retiring due to being diagnosed with lung cancer. Thirteen months later, he died at his house in Andover of lung cancer and strokes.

References 

1941 births
2013 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from stroke
Disease-related deaths in Hampshire
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Hampshire
Stheno is a gorgon in Greek mythology. She has 2 sisters. She and her sister Euryale was immortal, and the third sister Medusa was mortal.  Medusa is the queen who turns people to stone with her eyes. Euryale could jump high. Stheno was very strong. She had snake hair, metal arms, and wings. She was the daughter of Phorcys and Ceto.

Greek legendary creatures
Edwin John "Eddie" Fisher (August 10, 1928 – September 22, 2010) was an American singer, actor, writer, musician, and entertainer. Fisher had made hundreds of recording albums. 

Fisher was born on August 10, 1928 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to a Russian-Jewish family. He studied at Thomas Junior High School, South Philadelphia High School, and at Simon Gratz High School. It was during high school many people discovered that Fisher had a talent for singing. 

Fisher was married to Debbie Reynolds from 1955 until they divorced in 1959. They had two children; including actress Carrie Fisher. Then he was married to Elizabeth Taylor from 1959 until they divorced in 1964. Then he was married to Connie Stevens from 1967 until they divorced in 1969. They had two children. Then he was married to Terry Richard from 1975 until they divorced in 1976. Then he was last married to Betty Lin from 1993 until her death in 2001.
Fisher died on September 22, 2010 in Berkeley, California after going into surgery, aged 82. Fisher broke his hip thirteen days before. He had hearing and seeing problems. His remains were cremated and were later buried. He was buried at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park next to his wife Betty Lin.

References

Other websites

Thinking Of You: Eddie Fisher  on The Interlude Era site
New York Times Obituary
Eddie Fisher: Life and Times  – slideshow by Life magazine

1928 births
2010 deaths
Actors from Philadelphia
American movie actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American voice actors
Deaths from surgical complications
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish American writers
Musicians from Philadelphia
Singers from Philadelphia
Writers from Philadelphia
John William Warner, Jr. (February 18, 1927 – May 25, 2021) was an American Republican politician. He was the Secretary of the Navy from 1972 to 1974. He was a United States Senator from Virginia from January 2, 1979, to January 3, 2009. 

He did not run for office in 2008. He has rejoined the law firm of Hogan Lovells, where he worked before joining the United States Department of Defense. 

Warner was also the sixth husband to actress Elizabeth Taylor, whom he married before being elected to the Senate. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 2009.

Warner was born on February 18, 1927 in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Washington, D.C.. Warner studied at St. Albans School, at Woodrow Wilson High School, at Washington-Lee University, at University of Virginia Law School, and at George Washington University.
Warner was married to Catherine Mellon in 1957 until they divorced in 1973, they had three children. Then he was married to Elizabeth Taylor from 1976 until they divorced in 1982. In 2003, he married Jeanne Vander Myde.

A critic of President Donald Trump, he supported Democrats Hillary Clinton in 2016 and Joe Biden in 2020.

Warner died on May 25, 2021 at his home in Alexandria, Virginia from heart failure at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
Warner Backs Resolution Opposing Troop Increase Jonathan Weisman, Washington Post, January 23, 2007
Secretaries of the Navy  official list
A public servant returns to private life 

1927 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
United States senators from Virginia
Republican Party (United States) politicians
United States Secretaries of the Navy
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Daniel Kahikina Akaka (September 11, 1924 – April 6, 2018) was an American politician who was a United States Senator from Hawaii from 1990 to 2013. A member of the Democratic Party, Akaka is the first U.S. Senator of Native Hawaiian ancestry. He was the Senior Senator of Hawaii for a few weeks when Daniel Inouye died in December 2012.

He studied at the University of Hawaii. In 1969, he was hired by the Department of Education as a chief program planner. In the 1970s he served in various governmental positions. He was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1976 to represent Hawaii's Second Congressional District, and he served for 13 years.

Akaka died in Honolulu of multiple organ failure on April 6, 2018 at the age of 93.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1924 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
American Calvinists
Congregationalists
Politicians from Honolulu
United States senators from Hawaii
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
Percy LeBaron Spencer (July 9, 1894 – September 8, 1970) was an American engineer and inventor. He was the inventor the microwave oven. Spencer was born in Maine. He invented the microwave by accident when a chocolate bar his pocket melted when he was performing an experiment.

References

1894 births
1970 deaths
American inventors
liarr stickky liarr werbyuiwe uif ewg 88 666
John Betjeman (28 August 1906 – 19 May 1984) was a English poet. He was Poet Laureate known for his light humorous verse. One of his most famous poems was about Slough, a town in Berkshire. 
It begins with the rhyme:
'Come friendly bombs and fall on Slough
It isn't fit for humans now...'

Betjeman was born in Highgate, London. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford. In 1933 he married Penelope Chetwode; they separated in the late 1940s. The couple's son, Paul was born in 1937. Their daughter was Candida Lycett Green (1942–2014). Betjeman's partner from 1951 until his death was Lady Elizabeth Cavendish.

Betjeman died of Parkinson's disease in Trebetherick, Cornwall. He was replaced as Poet Laureate by Ted Hughes. Betjeman was also known as an architectural and cultural critic. He is buried at St Enodoc in Cornwall, near Trebetherick.
1906 births
1984 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British poets laureate
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in England
English Anglicans
English poets
Writers from London
Frank Raleigh Lautenberg (January 23, 1924 – June 3, 2013) was an American Senior Senator of the state of New Jersey. He first served in the United States Senate from 1982 to 2001; after a brief retirement, he was re-elected to the Senate and served from 2003 until his death in 2013. At age 89, Lautenberg was the oldest senator and the last serving veteran of World War II to remain a senator (after the death of Daniel Inouye and Ted Stevens,and Daniel Akaka left office). Lautenberg was the oldest serving Senator.
Early life
Lautenberg was born on January 23, 1924 in Paterson, New Jersey to Jewish-Polish-Russian parents. After graduating from Nutley High School in 1941, Lautenberg served overseas in the United States Army Signal Corps during World War II from 1942 to 1946. Then, financed by the GI Bill, he attended and graduated from Columbia Business School in 1949 with a degree in economics.
He was president and chairman of the board of Automatic Data Processing (ADP) for years after joining the company soon after it started.

Career
Lautenberg was elected as Senator from New Jersey in 1982 and 1988. Following his second election, Lautenberg became a member of the President's Commission on Aviation Security and Terrorism (PCAST), which was set up in September 1989 to review and report on aviation security policy in light of the sabotage of Pan Am Flight 103 on December 21, 1988.
Lautenberg was again re-elected in the United States Senate elections of 1994, beating Republican New Jersey State Assembly Speaker Chuck Haytaian by 50% to 47%. Lautenberg helped pass laws that allowed no smoking on airplanes and to raise the drinking age to 21.

Later career
He announced his retirement in 2000, but denied it was because he thought he would lose to Whitman or Kean, saying that he had been vulnerable in previous elections and "Mr. Vulnerable always wins". His fellow Democrat and businessman, Jon Corzine, was elected to replace him. In 2001, Lautenberg decided to run again for Senator in 2002. He won the election.

In February 2006, Lautenberg announced his intention to run for re-election in United States Senate elections, 2008, saying that deciding not to run for re-election in 2000 "was among the worst decisions of his life." Lautenberg formally announced his candidacy on March 31, 2008.He defeated Republican Dick Zimmer that November by 52% to 46%.
On February 14, 2013, Lautenberg announced he would not seek re-election. In the press conference, Lautenberg joked, "is it too late to change my mind?" and joked that he would pray "something goes wrong" so he could be called on to run again.

Personal life
Lautenberg was married to Lois Levenson until they divorced 31 years after their marriage. He was married to Bonnie Englebardt from 2004 until his death in 2013. He had four children with Levenson. In 2010, Lautenberg's wealth was estimated to be between $55 million and $116.1 million, making him the fifth-wealthiest Senator.

Health
In February 2010, Lautenberg was treated for stomach cancer. During that same week, Lautenberg suffered from non-serious injuries from a fall he had. June 2010, it was announced that Lautenberg had gone under chemotherapy for a curable case of lymphoma. Lautenberg later made a full recovery.
Death
Lautenberg died on June 3, 2013 in Manhattan, New York from pneumonia, aged 89. In the interim, the current governor, Chris Christie, appointed a Republican, which changed the party balance in the Senate by one. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia on June 7, 2013.

Succession
On June 4, 2013, Governor Chris Christie announced that a special election to fill the current Senate seat will be held on October 16, 2013. A special primary will be held on August 13, 2013. It has been estimated that the two additional elections will cost the state approximately $20 million. Christie also stated he would soon appoint a Republican to fill the seat until the elected replacement takes office. Republican politician Jeffrey Chiesa was chosen to be Lautenberg's acting successor. Chiesa was later chosen to be Lautenberg's official successor in October 2013.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 |date=2013-07-27   Archived former U.S. Senate site
 Oral history interview with Frank Lautenberg, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. Lautenberg helped co-found the early payroll services firm Automatic Data Processing, Inc. (ADP) and served as both chairman and CEO.

1924 births
2013 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Businesspeople from New Jersey
American chief executives
Columbia University alumni
Deaths from pneumonia
Jewish American politicians
Jewish businesspeople
People from Paterson, New Jersey
United States senators from New Jersey
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Military people from New Jersey
Mary Flannery O'Connor (March 25, 1925 – August 3, 1964) was an American writer. Her books, include Wise Blood and A Good Man is Hard to Find. Her writing style is sometimes known as Southern Gothic.

References

Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
1925 births
1964 deaths
People from Savannah, Georgia
American novelists
O. Henry Award winners
American literature is poetry, fiction, drama, or essays written by Americans. It also includes literature written by people living in the United States (who are not American citizens).

19th Century 
The 19th century was a fertile era for the American novel and American poetry. The most popular American novelists of the 19th Century were women. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin about slavery in America. Luisa May Alcott wrote the popular novel Little Women about the dreams and hardships of sisters growing up in rural America.
Herman Melville wrote the famous novel Moby Dick, about a whaling in America. Moby Dick is often called the greatest American novels.  Emily Dickinson is one of the greatest American poets. Dickinson wrote many lyrical, religious, philosophical poems.  Walt Whitman wrote the epic poem Leaves of Grass. Masterpieces of Gothic fiction  include Nathaniel Hawthorn's Fall of the House of Usher and The Scarlet Letter).  Charlotte Perkins Gilman's feminist classic "The Yellow Wallpaper" is also Gothic fiction.  Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau wrote philosophical essays. Their philosophical school of thought is called Transcendentalism.

20th Century 
The 20th Century is often called The American Century in art. Novelists of the modern era include William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, T.S. Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, and Pearl Buck.

Toni Morrison, Eugene O'Neill, Saul Bellow, Joseph Brodsky and Isaac Bashevis Singer won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
21st Century 
Contemporary fiction writers of include Don Delillo, Paul Auster, Jennifer Egan, Colson Whitehead, Giannina Braschi, David Foster Wallace, and Jonathan Frazen. These writers are often called Postmodern authors. 

There are many popular literary genres. Humorist David Sedaris writes funny short stories about his personal life and odd things about strangers.
Shel Silverstein and Dr.Seuss wrote rhyming poems for children’s books. Judy Bloom writes emotional stories about young girls for young readers. R.L.Stine writes scary stories (Goosebump Series) about monsters and ghosts for boys and girls. Stephen King writes horror novels for adults about murder, monsters, and kidnapping.

References
Saul Bellow (June 10, 1915 – April 5, 2005) was a Canadian-American writer. He was born Solomon Bellows in Lachine, Montreal to Russian parents. He moved to Chicago, Illinois, when he was nine. He became an American citizen in 1941. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976. He wrote the books Henderson the Rain King and Herzog. He died in Brookline, Massachusetts.

1915 births
2005 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
American novelists
Canadian Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Chicago
Writers from Montreal
O. Henry Award winners
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Averroës (also known as Ibn Rušd or Ibn Rushd; 14 April 1126 – 10 December 1198) was a Muslim polymath from Al-Andalus. He was a scholar of Greek and Islamic philosophy. He also studied Islamic theology, law, politics, classical music, and the sciences of medicine, psychology, physics, astronomy, geography and mathematics.

Averroes was born in Córdoba, Al-Andalus. He lived during a unique period in academic history. Interest in philosophy and theology was failing in the Muslim world but just beginning to become influential in Christian Europe. Averroes himself was influenced by the ideas of Aristotle. His philosophy was often criticised by fellow Muslims. He had a larger influence on Western European society. He has been described as the founder of secular thought in Western Europe.
Averroes is most famous for his commentaries of Aristotle's works. Aristotle had been mostly forgotten in the West since the 6th century. Averroes' interpretations of Aristotle's ideas revived Western scholarly interest in Aristotle and ancient Greek philosophy in general. They also led to the development of scholasticism in medieval Europe.

Averroes's life

Averroes was born as ʾSan sebastián De La Cruz ʾAḥmad bin Rušd. He was born in 1126 in Andalusia, which at the time was a Muslim country called Al-Andalus. At a young age Averroes had many teachers who helped him begin his study of Islam. He excelled in this and was also interested in law. He began studying medicine in Seville under a man named Abu Jafar al-Turjali.

Averroes began his career with the help of Ibn Tufail, a physician at the caliph's court in Marrakesh. He was able to go to Marrakesh and become a physician because of his knowledge of physics. Averroes was granted many honors and became a Qadi (judge) in Seville in 1169.
Two years later he became the Qadi of Córdoba. In his free time he studied and wrote. In 1195, Averroes wrote a paper about how he thought philosophy was less than useful for the discovery of religious truth. He was disgraced and many of his papers were burned. The Caliph imprisoned Averroes and exiled him from the country. He lived in Lucena for a short time, then he was brought back by the Caliph to be a judge. He died in 1198.

References

Other websites 

1126 births
1198 deaths
Arab people
Astronomers
Andalusian Muslims
12th-century philosophers
People from Córdoba, Andalusia
Polymaths
Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky (;  ; 24 May 1940 – 28 January 1996), better known as Joseph Brodsky, was a Russian-American writer. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1987. He wrote poetry in Russian.

Related pages
List of Russian language poets

References 

Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Russian writers
1940 births
1996 deaths
Writers from New York City
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Christine Gregoire (March 24, 1947) is an American politician. She was the 22nd Governor of Washington from  2005 until 2013. She was a member for United States Democratic Party and the second female Governor of Washington. She was born near Auburn, Washington.

Governors of Washington (state)
1947 births
Living people
Tongs are gripping and lifting tools. They are used in laboratories or in cooking are used to pick up hot objects.
There are also laboratory tongs, which are used to grip objects that are kind of, but not very poisonous. (Added by: Levern M.)

Laboratory equipment
Kitchenware
After Earth is a 2013 American action adventure science fiction movie that M. Night Shyamalan made with Will Smith. Columbia Pictures produced it.

Plot
1,000 years in the future, astronauts from another planet (played by Will Smith and his son Jaden Smith) go back to Earth for some reason. Their space ship wrecks and Will Smith gets hurt, so Jaden Smith then has to go signal for help. There are also really mean aliens that are trying to kill Jaden Smith. Will and Jaden hope to eventually escape and go back to their alien planet.

Cast
 Will Smith as Cypher Raige
 Jaden Smith as Kitai Raige
 Isabelle Fuhrman as Rayna
 Kristofer Hivju as Security Chief
 Gabriel Caste as Ranger
 Zoe Kravitz as Senshi Raige
 Sophie Okonedo as Faia Raige
 David Denman as McQuarrie
 Lincoln Lewis as Bo
Production
M. Night Shyamalan started filming After Earth in February 2012. Before that, Gary Whitta wrote the first script, then M. Night Shyamalan rewrote it, then Stephen Gaghan improved M. Night Shyamalan's script at the end of 2011. M. Night Shyamalan filmed most of the movie in Costa Rica, California, and Pennsylvania.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 

2013 action movies
2013 adventure movies
2013 science fiction movies
2010s American action movies
2010s American adventure movies
American science fiction movies
Movies about families
Movies composed by James Newton Howard
Movies directed by M. Night Shyamalan
Movies set in the future
Screenplays by M. Night Shyamalan
Post-apocalyptic movies
Zanskar () is a tehsil of the Kargil District of Ladakh, India.

Settlements in Ladakh
Decompression sickness is caused by bubbles which form in the blood and other body parts of people who have the pressure around them decrease too quickly. These bubbles may block the flow of blood and starve the body parts of oxygen, or the bubbles may cause damage by stretching, tearing, or pressing on the affected parts. Decompression sickness is also called the bends.

Who can get decompression sickness?
Decompression sickness can happen to underwater divers who spend a lot of time in deep water, and return to the surface too quickly for the breathing gases dissolved in their bodies to escape without forming bubbles.

People can also get decompression sickness if they are in a pressurised aeroplane or spacecraft and it is damaged and the air is lost.
How to prevent decompression sickness
Decompression sickness can be prevented by decreasing the pressure slowly. This allows the gases which have dissolved in the body to get out in the breathing air without forming bubbles. Divers do this by coming up to the surface slowly, as the pressure depends on the depth, and reducing the depth will reduce the pressure. For each ten metres change of depth the pressure will change by 1 bar, which is about the same as normal air pressure at sea level.

Divers find out how slowly to come up by using decompression tables or a dive computer. They may need to stop on the way up to wait for enough gas to get out before it is safe to go up further. This is called a decompression stop. The tables or computer will inform the divers what depths they must stop at and how long they must stay at each depth.
People flying high in aircraft avoid decompression by being in a pressurized cabin.  In military aircraft the crew may breathe oxygen before the flight for a few hours so most of the nitrogen that is dissolved in their bodies can escape.  This is called oxygen prebreathing.
Astronauts preparing for a spacewalk also prebreathe oxygen and decompress inside the spacecraft before getting into their suit and going outside.

What is actually happening?
When a person breathes, the air or other breathing gas dissolves into the blood from the lungs. This takes some time, and the amount of gas that can dissolve depends on the pressure around the person. If the pressure is greater, more gas can dissolve. After a while no more gas can dissolve at that pressure.

When a diver goes deeper, the pressure gets greater. This makes more gas dissolve in the diver. At the end of the dive the diver must return to the surface of the water where there is less pressure.
Treatment for decompression sickness
If a diver gets decompression sickness it can be treated by putting the diver in a decompression chamber, and increasing the pressure to squeeze the bubbles to a smaller size where they do less harm, and by giving the diver pure oxygen to breathe, which helps to get the bubbles to dissolve again. The oxygen also helps to stop more damage to the body by the bubbles which have blocked blood vessels, as there is more oxygen in the blood to keep the parts alive which have less blood supply because of the blockages.

Health problems
Diving
A buzzword is a word or phrase that is made to either summarize a complex idea or reconstruct another word or phrase to reflect a particular point of view. Corporations make up buzzwords so that they can advertise stuff better. In this way, a buzzword is a lot like a product name or a proper noun. People can remember buzzwords better than non-buzzwords, which is why its good for advertising.

Example:
Multimedia has been a buzzword in the computer industry for years.

References
 
 
 
 

Rhetoric
Figures of speech
Terminology
International trade is trade between different countries, also known as importing and exporting goods. Businesses in one country will then buy (import) or sell (export) goods to the businesses in other countries. Alternatively, the government of a country will sometimes directly buy from (or sell to) the government of another country.

Governments have sometimes forbidden or more often restricted international trade. When import of goods affects the prices of those same goods in the receiving country, that country's government may pass special laws to regulate the trading. They may then try to use protectionist methods such as high tariffs to discourage import. As a form of punishment or political pressure, some countries may impose economic sanctions, or embargoes that prevent trading altogether with a target country.
To promote relations, countries may agree to trade with each other without protectionism. This is called "free trade". Free trade reduces trade barriers in exporting items. Free trade is generally supported by fiscal conservatives; trade-protectionism is generally supported by economic nationalist and leftist parties.

Economics
Trade
Conservatism
Narew is a river in northeast Poland, and western Belarus. It is  long and empties into the Vistula.

Rivers of Poland
The Division of Higgins is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. 

It was created in 1949 and is named after Justice H. B. Higgins (1851–1929). Higgins was a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly (1894), president of the Carlton Football Club (1904), a member of the Australian House of Representatives (1901–1906), and a judge of the High Court of Australia (1906–1929).

The Division of Higgins covers the inner eastern suburbs of Melbourne, including Armadale, Ashburton, Malvern, Toorak and parts of Glen Iris, Camberwell, Carnegie, Murrumbeena, Prahran, and South Yarra.

Members 

Higgins has been important in Australian federal politics and for the Liberal Party of Australia. The seat's first two members, Harold Holt and Sir John Gorton, were the 17th and 19th Prime Ministers of Australia. Higgins is the only Division to have been held by two Prime Ministers.
Peter Costello the longest serving Treasurer of Australia and former Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party also held the seat from 1990–2009. He resigned in 2009 which meant a by-election had to be held. There had also been a by-election in 1967, after Harold Holt disappeared in the sea.

Election results

References

Division of Higgins – Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Kelly O'Dwyer's website

Higgins
1949 establishments in Australia
The Division of Murray was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. 

It was located in the north of the state, next to the Murray River, which forms Victoria's border with New South Wales. It included the towns of Shepparton, Echuca, Cobram, Yarrawonga, Boort and Bridgewater.

Murray was created in 1949. It was named after the Murray River, which itself was named after British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies Sir George Murray.  

The Division was abolished in 2019 and renamed Nicholls.

Members

It was first held by Rt Hon Sir John McEwen, who was the caretaker Prime Minister of Australia after the disappearance of Harold Holt.

Election results
 2010 election results
 2007 election results
 2004 election results
 2013 election results
 2016 election results

References
Division of Murray - Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Dr. Sharman Stone's website 

Murray
1949 establishments in Australia
Shepparton () is a city on the floodplain of the Goulburn River in the north east of Victoria, Australia. It is about  north-east of Melbourne. In 2006 there were 27,707 living in the city.

Shepparton began as a sheep station and river crossing. It later became an important railway town. Today it is an agricultural and manufacturing city. It is at the centre of the Goulburn Valley irrigation system, one of the largest centres of irrigation in Australia. It is a major regional service city and is the civic administration centre for the City of Greater Shepparton. The Greater Shepparton area includes the towns of Tatura, Merrigum, Mooroopna, Murchison, Dookie, and Grahamvale.

References

Cities in Victoria
Tatura is a town in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria, Australia, Australia. The town part of the City of Greater Shepparton local government area. It is  north of the state capital, Melbourne and  west of the regional centre of Shepparton. In 2011 there were 3,672 people living in the town.

There are several large companies based in Tatura. These include Tatura Milk Industries, Goulburn-Murray Water's corporate headquarters, Sinclair Knight Merz, and the Department of Primary Industries (Victoria). Several multinational corporations such as Unilever and Snow Brand Milk Products have processing factories in the town.

Attractions include the Cussen Park wetlands, the World War II Prisoner of War Camps, and the Irrigation Museum.

The name of the town is an Aboriginal word meaning "small lagoon".

References
Merrigum is a small town in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria, Australia. The town is part of City of Greater Shepparton local government area. It is  north of the state capital, Melbourne. In 2011 there were 672 people living in the town.

The name Merrigum is an Australian Aboriginal word meaning a small plain. Merrigum Post Office opened on 1 February 1875.

Golfers play at the course of the Merrigum Golf Club.

References
The Great Artesian Basin in Australia is the largest and deepest aquifer (artesian basin) in the world. It stretches over  , which is 22% of the surface area of Australia. This includes most of Queensland, the south-east corner of the Northern Territory, the north-east part of South Australia, and northern New South Wales. The basin is  deep in places. It may contain  of groundwater. Its temperature ranges from 30°C to 100°C. 

The basin is the only reliable source of freshwater through much of inland Australia. The Great Artesian Basin Coordinating Committee (GABCC) coordinates activity between the various levels of government and community organisations.
Geology
The water of the GAB is held in a sandstone layer laid down by continental erosion of higher ground during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Lower Cretaceous periods. At the time when much of what is now Australia was below sea level. The sandstone was then covered by a layer of marine sedimentary rock. This formed a confining layer, trapping water in the sandstone aquifer.  The eastern edge of the basin was uplifted when the Great Dividing Range formed. The other side was created from the landforms of the Central Eastern Lowlands and the Great Western Plateau to the west.
Most water enters the rock formations from the higher ground near the eastern edge of the basin (in Queensland and New South Wales). It very gradually flows towards the south and west. A much smaller amount enters along the western margin in arid central Australia, flowing to the south and east. Because the sandstones are permeable, water gradually makes its way through the pores between the sand grains, flowing at a rate of one to five metres per year. 

Discharge water eventually exits through a number of springs and seeps, mostly in the southern part of the basin. The age of the groundwater is got by measuring carbon-14 and chlorine-36. It ranges from several thousand years for the recharge areas in the north to nearly 2 million years in the south-western discharge zones.

References 

Aquifers
Drainage basins
Regions of Australia
Melancholia is a mental illness. A person with melancholia has intense or long-lasting feelings of sadness, for no clear reason. In the 20th century, the term "melancholia" was mostly replaced by "depression" (also called Major Depressive Disorder).

History

The first person to describe melancholia was Hippocrates, in the 4th century BC. In his Aphorisms, Hippocrates wrote that all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time", are symptoms of melancholia.

The name "melancholia" comes from the old medical belief that there are four basic liquids in the body (called humors). According to this belief, diseases happen when the humors are not balanced correctly in a person's body. Humors were also thought to determine personality types. According to Hippocrates, melancholia was caused by having too much black bile in the body.  The name "melancholia" means 'black bile'. It comes from the Ancient Greek words μέλας (melas), meaning "dark, black", and  χολή (kholé), meaning "bile".
Robert Burton, a16th century scholar, wrote in detail about the condition in The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621). It discussed melancholia from both literary and medical points of view. Burton wrote that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness, especially melancholia.

References

Related pages
Melancholic depression

Mood disorders
Refugee Boy is a book written by Benjamin Zephaniah.

Plot 
The whole story centers around the 14-year-old Alem Kelo. He is a boy born of an Ethiopian father and an Eritrean mother at a time when the two countries were at war with each other. His father takes him to London to be safe. There he has to fight for his status as a refugee. Alem and his father had to leave Ethiopia or die, so Alem's father (Mr Kelo) decides to leave Alem in England until there is peace. 

Soon after arriving in London, Officers from the council in charge of refugees told Alem that he was going to have a hearing in court. In the hearing, they took a photograph, fingerprints, and was questioned for hours.
Alem was sent to live in a care home for boys. He slept in a room with Stanley Burton. He also made a friend named Mustafa. Later, the caretakers decide to put Alem in a foster home with Mr and Mrs Fitzgerald and their daughter Ruth. At one point during his stay with the Fitzgeralds, he receives a letter from his father stating that Alem's mother was murdered.

Meanwhile, Alem had to appear in court several times to defend his application for refugee status. His father returned to England, because it had become very unsustainable in Ethiopia. He lived in a refugee center. Alem is sent to school, and is a studious boy who reads a lot. His school friends prepare a protest against the verdict of the court (which is to deport him back to Ethiopia). This made a big difference and Alem was even in the news. Immediately afterwards, though, his father is shot by an unknown person. This makes the court decide, finally, that Alem should stay in his foster home (the Fitzgerald family).
Characters 
Alem was told to leave Ethiopia and Eritrea and had to go to Britain and become an asylum seeker. Alem faced a lot of problems in Ethiopia and Eritrea. 
Mr Kelo Alem's father.
Mr and Mrs Fitzgerald are the people who took care of Alem and adopt Alem. 
Ruth is Mr and Mrs Fitzgerald's Daughter.
Sheila is a social worker who supports Alem and other people.
Mariam and Pamela they are from the refugee council: they helped Alem get a hearing to stay in England.
Robert (Roberto) Alem’s friend from school, he always smokes and he tried  to get Alem to smoke. His real name is Roberto Fernandez.
Sweeney is a bully from the care home; he started a fight over biscuits.
Stanley was a kid at the care home he shared a room with Alem; Stanley always talked when he was asleep about his mum and his family was separated.
Mr Hardwick: The hotel manager who looked after Alem when he first arrived.
Nicholas Morgan is a barrister for Alem; he is trying to get him refugee status.
Buck loves playing the drums and is a friend of Alem
Asher is a teenager that thinks in a way that Alem likes and he is very friendly.
Awards and other versions 
Refugee Boy was Benjamin Zephaniah's fifth book. It won the 2002 Portsmouth Book Award in the Longer Novel category. According to the opening to the book, the reason Zephaniah wrote the book is because he heard lots of different refugee stories and he combined the stories to create the book.

Refugee Boy has been adapted into a play that was directed by Gail McIntyre and designed by Emma Williams. The casting designer is Kay Magson and the playwright is Lemn Sissay. The play premiered in Leeds at the West Yorkshire Playhouse between 9 March 2013 and 30 March 2013.

2001 books
State Route 1 (SR 1) is a major north–south state highway that runs along most of the Pacific coastline of the U.S. state of California.

Highway 1 includes parts called Pacific Coast Highway (PCH), Cabrillo Highway, Shoreline Highway, or Coast Highway. Its southern end is at Interstate 5 (I-5) near Dana Point in Orange County. Its northern end is at U.S. Highway 101 (US 101) near Leggett in Mendocino County. Highway 1 also at times runs together with US 101, through a  stretch in Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties, and across the Golden Gate Bridge.

The highway is famous for running along some of the most beautiful coastlines in the USA. This is why people sometimes call it an 'All-American Road'. In addition to its scenic route to attractions along the coast, it is also a major thoroughfare in the Greater Los Angeles Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, and several other coastal urban areas.

References 

Roads in California
1934 establishments in the United States
left|thumb|Standing stone at Spittal of Glenshee
The Spittal of Glenshee lies at the head of Glenshee in the highlands of eastern Perth and Kinross, Scotland where the confluence of many small streams flowing south out of the Grampians form the Shee Water. For centuries, there has been a hostel or inn at the site and, in modern times, the small village has become a centre for travel, tourism and winter sports in the region, sited at a bend on the A93 trunk road which leads from Blairgowrie north past the Spittal to the Glenshee Ski Centre and on to Braemar.

Inhabitation in the Neolithic period is indicated by a Megalithic standing stone behind the old kirk, and the Four Poster stone circle on a nearby mound.
When interest in ski mountaineering revived after the First World War and the Scottish Ski Club was resuscitated in 1929, they restarted weekly snow reports with reporters appointed at Lix Toll near Killin, Dalwhinnie, Braemar and the Spittal of Glenshee. The Dundee Ski Club used the Spittal Hotel as its meeting place, and pioneered improvements, setting up the first ski tows in Britain at Glenshee in December 1950. The hotel burnt down in 1959, but Spittal of Glenshee has continued to provide accommodation near to the slopes.

The village also provides a stopping place on the Cateran Trail waymarked long distance footpath which provides a 64-mile (103 km) circuit in the glens of Perthshire and Angus.

References

Villages in Scotland
Perth and Kinross
The Ladies' Home Journal is an American women's magazine that is published through Meredith Corporation. The magazine first appeared in February 1883, and went on to eventually become one of the leading women's magazines in the United States during the 20th century. LHJ hit 1 million subscribers around 1907. It went quarterly in 2014.

American women's magazines
Monthly magazines
Fashion magazines
Super Bowl XLVI (Super Bowl 46) was an American football game between  the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2011 season. The Giants defeated the Patriots by the score of 21–17. The game was played on February 5, 2012, at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, the first time that the Super Bowl was played in the state of Indiana.

This Super Bowl is a rematch of Super Bowl XLII, which was also won by New York 17-14 and when they stopped the Patriots perfect season. This time, the Patriots entered the Super Bowl with a regular season 13-3 record, yet they were still the top seed and the New York Giants were the 4th seed.

Sources

2012 in sports
046
A carbene is a molecule with a carbon atom that has two bonds and two other electrons that do not make any bonds. Since the carbon has only 6 electrons around it, it is quite reactive. The general formula can be written as  R-(C:)-R'.

A carbene can be a singlet or a triplet. In the first type, the two electrons that do not make bonds are like a lone pair. They both stay in the same orbital. In a triplet carbene instead, the two electron stay in different orbitals. Here they both have the same spin.

Carbenes can do many reactions. They can be both electrophiles and nucleophiles. They like doing addition reactions on double bonds. They are also found in cheletropic reactions.

Most carbenes are very unstable. However, some can exist for a long time. A famous example is Grubbs' catalyst, which was developed by Robert Grubbs.

References

Functional groups
A thiol is a molecule that has a R–SH group. Thiols are like alcohols with an oxygen atom changed with a sulfur one. They have often a very strong and bad smell. Thiols are added to natural gas so that people can smell it. This is because methane does not have a smell but can explode very easily.

Thiols are very easy to oxidize. They are also quite acidic, more than alcohols. When the proton is taken away by a base, the thiol can become a nucleophile. It can do reactions like nucleophilic substitution.

One of the natural amino acids, cysteine, has a thiol in its structure.

Functional groups
Organosulfur compounds
Orbital means something related to an orbit. It might also mean:
Atomic orbital
Molecular orbital
Frontier orbital

Related pages
Orbital period
Orbital eccentricity
Orbital hybridization
Orbital speed
Orbital plane (astronomy)
Mario Party 2 is a party board video game for the Nintendo 64 console. It is the second game in the Mario Party series. It was published by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. It was released on December 17, 1999 in Japan, on January 24, 2000 in North America, and on November 6, 2000 in Europe. It was later re-released for the Nintendo Wii's Virtual Console in November and December 2010.

Gameplay
Mario Party 2 is played like the first Mario Party game. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player who wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game.  It introduces the item system. Players can buy items by going into an item shop. Items can also be gotten through an item mini-game. Item mini-games are done when a player lands on an Item Space. Players can hold one item at a time. Also introduced are battle mini-games. Battle mini-games are done when a player lands on a Battle Space. Before playing the mini-game, a certain number of coins are taken from all players. The first place player gets 70 percent of the total coins, while the second place player gets 30 percent. The other two players get nothing. Duel mini-games are introduced in this game
. A Duel mini-game is played when a player uses the Dueling Glove item. The player chooses an opponent to play against and the number of coins they want to wager. The wager is taken from both players' coin totals. Whichever player wins gets the total coin amount. The Koopa Bank is also introduced in this game. When a player passes by the Bank Space, they have to pay five coins. If a player lands on the Bank Space, they get the total that was in the bank at the time.
Six boards are in the game. In every board but the last one, the characters wear costumes. The costume is themed around the board.

References

1999 video games
Mario Party games
Nintendo 64 games
Virtual Console games
In Norse mythology, Váli is a son of the god Odin and giantess Rindr. Váli's brothers are Thor, Baldr and Víðarr. When Baldr was killed, Váli killed the person who killed him. He grew to full adulthood in one day.

We don't know whether Norse people worshipped Váli as a god or whether he was only a character in the Poetic Edda.

He is also the god of flight. Anything that passes through the sky, whether man made or of nature is under his control. To symbolize this his cloak is made of raven feathers that when he spreads his arms looks like wings. Váli is fated to survive Ragnarök.

References

Norse mythology
Norse gods and goddesses
The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition is a 2003 compilation video game for the Nintendo GameCube game console. It includes four games from the The Legend of Zelda series as well as some bonus content.

History 
In Japan, the Collector's Edition was available from the Club Nintendo catalog for 500 points. From March 18 to April 30, 2004, it was available for 150 points in combination with Four Swords Adventures.

In North America, it was bundled with the Nintendo GameCube. The collection could also be obtained by subscribing or renewing a subscription to Nintendo Power, or by registering a GameCube and two or more of a selection of four games (Mario Kart: Double Dash!!, Mario Party 5, Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga, and 1080° Avalanche).
In Europe, the game was initially part of the Nintendo GameCube Mario Kart: Double Dash!! Limited Edition Pak, a bundle which also included a GameCube, controller, and Mario Kart: Double Dash!!. The collection was also made available via Club Nintendo for 4,500 stars, but only 1,000 copies were distributed in this way.

In the United Kingdom, the Collector's Edition was available to GameCube owners who mailed Nintendo proof of purchase of one of several selected GameCube games, including The Wind Waker, F-Zero GX, Mario Kart: Double Dash!!, 1080° Avalanche, Mario Party 5, and Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem. Consumers could also send proof of purchase of two titles from the Player's Choice range to receive the game.

In the Netherlands the game was available as a gift for new subscribers to the now defunct Dutch gaming magazine [N]Gamer in mid to late 2004.