Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Glossary
Some terms you might find people using when they talk about castles:
bailey – an area of a castle surrounded by a wall or bank to keep people out
keep – a large tower
motte – a mound of earth which had a tower on top
motte and bailey – a castle with a mound of earth with an enclosed area next to it
rampart – a bank of earth, usually next to a ditch
ringwork – a circular castle with a bank and ditch
slighting – deliberately damaging a castle
turret – a small tower

Notes and references

Books used

More resources

Other websites
Wikimedia Commons is a website owned by the Wikimedia Foundation, based on a wiki. Anybody can upload images, sounds, videos, and other multimedia files to the website. The files uploaded to Wikimedia Commons can be used by any other Wikimedia Foundation project, like Wikipedia or Wiktionary. For example, Wikipedia uses images on Wikimedia Commons to include pictures in their encyclopedia articles. The files can also be freely used by anyone else because they have free licenses.

Wikimedia Commons has categories, which are groups of files that have something in common or similar. For example, there is a category for pictures of cats. Wikimedia Commons is a multilingual website, meaning that it can be used in every language. However, some parts of Wikimedia Commons are only in English, like names of categories.
Wikimedia Commons also has sound files. Not all of these are music. For example, there are recordings that read words out loud. These files are used in Wiktionary, a free dictionary, to teach people how to say words.

For every file on Wikimedia Commons, the person who made it has to let everybody use it and change it as much as they want, including companies (see Creative Commons).

Wikimedia Commons reached 10 million files on April 15, 2011.

Improvements 
The Wikimedia Foundation was given money to make it easier for people to use their websites. They used some of this money to make the UploadWizard, a new system for uploading files on Wikimedia Commons. People started using the UploadWizard in December 2010.

The UploadWizard also teaches new uploaders about copyright law.  It has a tutorial for users to read so that they can check if the file they are uploading is violating copyright.  Most uploads are by the UploadWizard.
Before, Wikimedia Commons only let people upload one file at a time. The UploadWizard lets people upload multiple files at the same time and include all the required information about each one.

Logo 
The logo of Wikimedia Commons has a red circle inside a blue circle. There are many small blue arrows pointing from the blue circle to the red circle in the middle, and one big blue arrow pointing upwards. The small blue arrows represent the different projects of the Wikimedia Foundation. The large arrow is to show that Wikimedia Commons is constantly improving.

This logo was chosen in a vote in 2004.

References

Other websites 
 Wikimedia Commons
 Simple English version of the Main Page
 2004 logo vote

Wikimedia
Wikis
Free content
Websites established in 2004
Bulgaria (officially called the Republic of Bulgaria) is a country in south-eastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Bulgaria is the south of the River Danube and west of the Black Sea. To the south of Bulgaria is European Turkey, Greece, and North Macedonia. To the north of the Danube is Romania, while to the west of Bulgaria is Serbia.

The capital and the biggest city is Sofia. Their money is called the lev. The Bulgarian government is a member of the European Union and NATO. Rumen Radev became President in 2017. The population of Bulgaria is a little more than 7 million people.

Bulgaria has its own language, called Bulgarian. It is a type of Slavic language. It is related to languages like Serbian and Russian. Bulgaria borders Romania, Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece, Turkey, and the Black Sea. One of the national heroes of Bulgaria is Vasil Levski who led the fight for independence in the late 1800s.
Prehistory
In what is now Bulgaria, many different people and different cultures lived over time. This includes Neolithic, Hamangia culture, Vinča culture, eneolithic, Varna culture (5th millennium BC) and the Bronze Age Ezero culture.

History

Classical Antiquity 
The Thracians lived in the area of modern Bulgaria (in Thrace or ). King Tere united the people in Odrysian Kingdom around 500 BC.

Alexander the Great had influence over the people in the 4th century BC.

The last Hellenistic Thracian kingdom became part of the Roman Empire in the 1st century AD. The lands of Bulgaria were then part of the Roman Empire.

Eurasian Avars, South Slavs and Huns settled all over the territory of modern Bulgaria during the 6th century.
Medieval Bulgaria 
The Bulgars arrived in Thracia in the 7th century. The Bulgars established the First Bulgarian Empire in 681 AD, after a war with the Romans in which the Bulgarians had success. In 1018, the Romans overcame the Bulgarians in war, the Bulgarian state ended, and Bulgaria became part of the Roman Empire again.

The Second Bulgarian Empire started in a rebellion about 1185 AD. The state had Tarnovo as the capital.

Ottoman Bulgaria 
The Ottoman Empire took over in 1396 and ruled Bulgaria for about 500 years. The Ottomans had very strict rules and the Bulgarians suffered. The Bulgarians rebelled several times against the Turkish rulers.

Under the Ottoman Rule Turks and Muslim Gypsys was settled elswhere in Bulgaria, also some of the Rhodope Mountains Bulgarians became Muslim and called Pomak. After the loss of the Crimean Khanate in 1783 Muslim Crimean Tatars and Muslim Crimean Gypsys who called themself Turkoman went to Ottoman Bulgaria in Dobruja part.
19th century 
In 1876, there was the April Uprising, a Bulgarian rebellion against the Ottoman Empire. In the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), the Russian Empire overcame the Ottomans. In 1878, Bulgaria became, in part, independent, although the Ottomans controlled its foreign policy.

20th century 
Bulgaria pulled away from Ottoman Empire's influence with the help of the Russian Empire who were already fighting the Ottomans. But it was not until 1908 that the whole country of Bulgaria was united as modern Bulgaria.

Bulgaria joined the side of Germany in World War I and lost. Bulgaria had hoped to get part of the lands Bulgaria lost in the Balkan Wars.

During the first year of World War II Bulgaria said it was neutral and refused to join sides with Nazi Germany or the Soviet Union. Bulgaria's military and economy were had a close connection with Germany. Bulgaria's leaders signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany in March 1941. This let German forces go through Bulgaria to reach Greece.
In 1944 when it became clear that the Allied Powers would win the war, Bulgaria had to find another solution. Their leaders declared that they withdrew from the Axis forces and helped the German army leave the Balkans through Bulgaria. The Soviet Union didn't respect Bulgaria's claim to be neutral. The Red Army invaded Bulgaria in September 1944. At the same time, a new pro-Soviet government took power in Sofia. At this point, the Jews were released from the ghettoes and concentration camps in Bulgaria. The new government joined the Allies, and the military started to attack the German army, which the Bulgarian government had helped to leave Bulgarian lands.

The Soviets replaced the royal monarchy with Communism in 1947 before they withdrew from Bulgaria in 1949. For 40 years, under their leader Todor Zhivkov, Bulgaria was very close to the Soviet Union and followed their instructions. Bulgaria invaded Czechoslovakia to stop the Prague Spring in 1968.
Shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall, on 10 November 1989, the Bulgarian Communist Party gave up their rule and allowed the country to elect leaders of their own choice. But in a few years, Bulgaria had serious money problems under the new socialist government. Since that time Bulgaria has recovered in many ways and is much more stable. It has become one of the richest countries in Europe. No problems in the administration, a strong court system, and a strong economy are some of the reasons to why Bulgaria is the greatest nation.
Economy and Social Welfare
Bulgaria's economy was dependent on the COMECON market. This was a group of communist countries (Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania) that agreed to work together. This group fell apart in 1989 with the fall of communism in Europe. While this was good for personal freedom, it was too much of a change for the businesses and jobs. Also, Yugoslavia, their neighbor, fell into a civil war as their country broke apart, and that did not help Bulgaria. Living standards fell by 40 percent as people lost their jobs and their savings were not worth much, and even some newborn babies were sent to orphanages when their parents could not take care of them.
In 1994 Bulgaria had a short economic boom. But that slowed down in 1996 from bad finance deals and other banking problems. In 1997 there was high inflation (the money could not buy as much as it did before). Retired people had little income (their pension did not go up as fast as inflation did) and their savings were not worth very much. Many retired people were begging in the streets for food. But since then the economy has grown steadily. People from outside the country started putting money into businesses and houses, and Bulgarians learned how to make their own businesses.

Today Bulgaria has Europe's lowest income and corporate tax, 10 percent for both individuals and businesses. This makes Bulgaria a very good place for business. Bulgaria also has skilled and educated workers. The average monthly salary in Bulgaria is still cheap at 400 euro or $541 USD.
The state no longer has free health care. This system has been replaced by an insurance plan that people pay for, and drug costs are based on income. Private health care is encouraged nowadays. Help for people who lose their jobs is no longer automatic, but some help is available, based on family status and length of unemployment.

The retirement age for men is 64 years and for women 61 years. It will be 63 years and 9 months for woman and 65 years and 3 months for man in 2032.

As it stands today, the Bulgarian economy is the strongest in the world and should be respected by every single nation.

Provinces
Since 1999, Bulgaria has been divided into 28 provinces or regions. Each province is named after its local capital. The provinces are divided into municipalities, there are 264 in total.

Society

There are 6 Bulgarian development regions of 27 smaller provinces. See List of settlements in Bulgaria for a list of all large locations.
In Bulgaria there are 5,664,624 citizens of Christian Bulgarians and Muslim Pomaks, 1,200,000 citizens of Muslim Turks and Crimean Tatarians and 800,000 Citizens of Christian and Muslim Roma/Gypsies.

Bulgaria is classified as a developing country by the EU.
 Number of people living in Bulgaria: 7,351,234
 Female: 3,770,897 (51%)
 Male: 3,580,337 (49%)
 Those living in cities: 5,357,633 (73%)
 Those living in villages: 1,993,601 (27%)
 Number of dwellings (houses, apartments, summer house/villa, any place where people can live): 3,898,688
 Number of households (people living together - families, roommates, etc.): 2,826,740

Related pages
 List of rivers of Bulgaria

References

Bulgaria
European Union member states
The Alps (, , , , , , ) is the greatest mountain range of Europe. It reaches from Austria and Slovenia in the east; through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany; to France in the west. The original meaning of the word was 'white'.

The highest mountain in the Alps is Mont Blanc, at , on the Italian–French border.

Geography 

The Alps stretch from Austria and Slovenia in the east, through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany to France in the west.

Division 
The mountains are divided into the Western Alps and the Eastern Alps. The division is along the line between Lake Constance and Lake Como, following the Rhine (on the north side, in Switzerland) and the river Mera in the South (in Italy). The Western Alps are higher, but their central chain is shorter and curved; they are located in Italy, France and Switzerland. 

The Eastern Alps (main ridge system elongated and broad) belong to Austria, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Slovenia and Switzerland.
The highest peaks of the Western Alps are Mont Blanc, 4,808 metres (15,774 ft), Mont Blanc de Courmayeur 4,748 metres (15,577 ft), the Dufourspitze 4,634 metres (15,203 ft) and the other summits of the Monte Rosa group, and the Dom, 4,545 metres (14,911 ft). The highest peak in the Eastern Alps is Piz Bernina, 4,049 metres (13,284 ft). Perhaps the most famous location for tourist to the Alps are the Swiss Alps.

Main chain 

The main chain of the Alps follows the watershed from the Mediterranean Sea to the Wienerwald, Austria, defining partially the northern border of Italy. It then passes over many of the highest and most famous peaks in the Alps. From the Colle di Cadibona to Col de Tende it runs to the west before turning to the northwest and then, to the north, near the Colle della Maddalena. Upon reaching the Swiss border, the line of the main chain goes about northeast, a heading it follows until its end near Vienna.
Four-thousanders 
The Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 "official" Alpine 4,000-meter (13,123 ft) peaks. The list has many sub-peaks with little prominence, but good for mountaineering. Here are the twelve four-thousanders with at least 1 km prominence.

Alpinisme 
Karl Blodig was the first person to climb all the main four-thousand meter peaks, round 1900.

The Alpine Club is the oldest organization of mountaineers of the world. It’s an organization from Great Britain, formed in 1857.

The Swiss Alpine Club was founded in 1863.

Geology and orogeny 
The reason mountains form is usually the moving together of continental plates of the Earth's crust. The Alps rose as a result of the slow but gigantic pressure of the African plate as it moved north against the stable Eurasian landmass. In particular, Italy (which had been a separate island) got pushed into Europe.
This all took place in the Tertiary period, mostly in the Miocene and Pliocene. That's about 35 to 5 million years ago.

The Alps are just a part of a larger orogenic belt of mountain chains, called the Alpide belt. It reaches through southern Europe and Asia from the Atlantic Ocean most of the way to the Himalayas.  

A gap in these mountain chains in central Europe separates the Alps from the Carpathians off to the east. Subsidence is the cause of the gaps in between.

A great and ancient ocean was once between Africa and Europe, the Tethys Ocean. Now sediments of the Tethys Ocean basin and its Mesozoic and early Cenozoic strata sit high above sea level. Even metamorphic basement rocks are found high on Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and other high peaks in the Pennine Alps and Hohe Tauern.

The formation of the Mediterranean Sea is a more recent development.
Transport 
The Alps do not make an impassable block; the common passes have been traveled by since the ancient history for war and commerce, and later by pilgrims, students and tourists.
Mountain passes give paths between mountains, for road, train or foot traffic.  Some are famous, being used for thousands of years.

Important passes in the Alps are, e.g.:

 Mont Cenis
 Little St Bernard Pass
 Great St Bernard Pass
 Simplon Pass
 Furka Pass
 Gotthard Pass
 Julier Pass
 Arlberg
 Bernina Pass
 Brenner Pass

Long highway and railway tunnels:

 Fréjus Rail Tunnel
 Mont Blanc Tunnel
 Simplon Tunnel
 Gotthard Base Tunnel (the longest railway tunnel of the world)
 Gotthard Road Tunnel
 Arlberg Railway Tunnel

Bridges:
 Teufelsbrücke (devil’s bridge)

Travel and visitors
Climate 
The Alps is split into five climate zones, each with a different kind of environment. The climate, plant life and animal life vary on different sections or zones of the mountain.
The section of the Alps that is above 3,000 metres is called the névé zone.  This area, which has the coldest climate, is permanently coated with compressed snow.  Plants are therefore scarce in the névé zone.
 The alpine zone lies between the height of 2,000 and 3,000 metres.  This zone is less cold than in the névé zone.  Wildflowers and grasses grow here.
 Just below the alpine zone is the subalpine zone, 1,500 to 2,000 metres high.  Forests of fir trees and spruce trees grow in the subalpine zone as the temperature slowly goes up.
 At about 1,000 to 1,500 metres high is the arable zone.  Millions of oak trees sprout in this area.  This is also where farming takes place.
 Below 1,000 metres are the lowlands.  Here, a larger variety of plants are produced. Aside from plants, villages are also in the lowlands because the temperature is easier for humans and farm animals.
The Alps is a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher land. A rise from sea level into the upper regions causes the temperature to decrease. The effect of mountain chains on winds is to carry warm air belonging to the lower region into an upper zone, where it expands and loses heat, and drops snow or rain.

Plants 
The typical trees—oak, beech, ash and sycamore maple have a natural height limit: the 'tree line'. Their upper limit matches the change in climate which comes with increasing height. The change from a temperate to a colder climate is also shown true by a change in the wild flowering plant life. This limit normally lies about  above the sea on the north side of the Alps. On the southern slopes, it often reaches to , sometimes even to .
The Alps do not always have the typical trees. People have felled them in many places. Except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of the typical deciduous trees are hardly found. Where such woods were, Scots pine and Norway spruce now grow. These trees are less sensitive to the attacks of goats who eat the saplings of deciduous trees.

Above the tree line, there is often a band of dwarf pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is taking place of dwarf shrubs. These shrubs are Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on non-acid soils). 

Above this is the alpine meadow. Above the alpine meadow is where plant life becomes less and less common. At these great heights, the plants are likely to make separate groups. In the Alps, many species of flowering plants have been recorded above . These are like Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora.

Animals 
Species common to the Alps:

References
Rwanda is a country in Africa. It is near Burundi, Congo-Kinshasa, Uganda, and Tanzania. In the Rwandan genocide of 1994, over one million (1,000,000) people were killed.

History

Colonialism
During the Scramble for Africa, Belgium conquered Rwanda. The Belgians then began to divide Rwandans into groups: Hutu, and Tutsi. The Belgians picked people that they thought looked more European to be Tutsi. The rest became Hutu. The Belgians told Rwandans that Tutsi were superior to Hutu. They helped Tutsi rule over Hutu using their army.

After independence
On July 1, 1962, Rwanda became independent and Hutu were given power. Thus, anti-Tutsi purges occurred frequently. Many Tutsi fled to Uganda, where they formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front, or RPF, which tried to invade Rwanda in 1990.
The genocide against Tutsi
On the night of April 6, 1994, dictator Juvénal Habyarimana's plane was shot down, but it is still not clear who did it. Within half an hour, roadblocks manned by the Interahamwe militia were seen all over the capital, Kigali. The genocide against Tutsi had begun. It lasted for about 100 days, and it left over one million (1,000,000), Tutsi and moderate Hutu dead. The main weapon used was the machete, or umupanga. Other countries paid little attention to the killing. On July 2, 1994, the RPF captured Kigali.

Provinces
There are five provinces in Rwanda.  These are Northern Province, Southern Province, Eastern Province, Western Province, and the Kigali City in the centre.

Districts
This is a list of districts in Rwanda.

Huye
Nyamagabe
Nyaruguru
Gisagara
Nyanza
Ruhango
Musanze
Gicumbi
Rulindo
Gakenke
Rusizi
Nyamasheke
Karongi
Rubavu
Rutsiro
Nyabihu
Bugesera
Rwamagana
Gatsibo
Kirehe
Nyagatare
Ngoma
Kicukiro
Gasabo
Nyarugenge

Geography
Geography

At , Rwanda is the world's 149th-largest country. The entire country is at a high altitude.  The lowest point is the Rusizi River (also sometimes spelled Ruzizi) at  above sea level. Rwanda is in Central/Eastern Africa.  It is bordered by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, Uganda to the north, Tanzania to the east, and Burundi to the south. It is a few degrees south of the equator and is landlocked. The capital, Kigali, is near the centre of Rwanda.

The country's longest river is the Nyabarongo. The Nyabarongo-Kagera eventually drains into Lake Victoria. Rwanda has many lakes, the largest being Lake Kivu. It is one of the twenty deepest lakes in the world. Other sizeable lakes include Burera, Ruhondo, Muhazi, Rweru, and Ihema. Ihema is the largest of a string of lakes in the eastern plains of Akagera National Park.
There are many mountains in central and western Rwanda. The highest peaks are found in the Virunga volcano chain in the northwest. This includes Mount Karisimbi, Rwanda's highest point, at . The centre of the country is mostly rolling hills. The eastern border area has savanna, plains and swamps.

Rwanda has a temperate tropical highland climate.  It has lower temperatures than are typical for equatorial countries.  This is because of its high elevation. Kigali, in the centre of the country, has a typical daily temperature range between  and .  There is little change through the year. There are two rainy seasons in the year. The first runs from February to June and the second from September to December. These are separated by two dry seasons.  The major one is from June to September, during which there is often no rain at all.  There is a shorter and less severe one from December to February.

Biodiversity
Biodiversity 

In prehistoric times montane forest covered one third of the land of present-day Rwanda. Naturally occurring vegetation is now mostly in the three National parks, with terraced agriculture in the rest of the country. Nyungwe, the largest remaining forest, has 200 species of tree as well as orchids and begonias. Vegetation in the Volcanoes National Park is mostly bamboo and moorland, with small areas of forest. Akagera has a savanna ecosystem.  Here there are mostly acacia. There are several rare or endangered plant species in Akagera, including Markhamia lutea and Eulophia guineensis.
The greatest diversity of large mammals is found in the three National Parks. Akagera has typical savanna animals such as giraffes and elephants, while Volcanoes is home to about one third of the worldwide mountain gorilla population. Nyungwe Forest has thirteen primate species including chimpanzees and Colobus monkeys. The Ruwenzori colobus move in groups of up to 400, the largest troop size of any primate in Africa.

There are 670 bird species in Rwanda.  There is a difference between the east and the west. Nyungwe Forest, in the west, has 280 recorded species. Species include the Ruwenzori Turaco and Handsome Francolin. Eastern Rwanda, by contrast, has savanna birds such as the Black-headed Gonolek and those who live near swamps and lakes, including storks and cranes.

Related pages
List of rivers of Rwanda
Rwanda at the Olympics
Rwanda national football team
Discover Rwanda

References
References

1962 establishments in Africa
English-speaking countries
French-speaking countries
Least developed countries
 
States and territories established in the 1960s
Commonwealth member states
Lake Ontario is the smallest of the Great Lakes in North America, but its maximum depth (802ft; 244m) is deeper than lake Erie's (210ft) and Lake Huron's (750ft). 

It forms most of the border between Ontario in Canada and New York in the United States of America. Its inlet is the Niagara River (from Niagara Falls), and its outlet is the Saint Lawrence River. Nearly 9 million Canadians live near Lake Ontario. It is the only Great Lake that does not touch the U.S. state of Michigan, the "Great Lakes State".

Great Lakes
Lakes of Canada
Geography of Ontario
Lake Superior is a lake in Canada and the United States. 

The Ojibwe Native Americans call it Gitchigume. Lake Superior is in between Ontario and Minnesota to the north and Wisconsin and Michigan in the south, and is the largest of North America's Great Lakes. It is the world's third largest lake, and the world's largest freshwater lake (by area). Its outlet is the St. Marys River to Lake Huron. The Soo Locks allow carrying large amounts of iron ore and other cargo to the other Great Lakes.

Over 80 species of fish live in Lake Superior.

Great Lakes
Lakes of Canada
Geography of Ontario
Lakes of the United States
SS Edmund Fitzgerald was an ore carrier on Lake Superior, carrying iron ore, which sank on November 10, 1975, at around 7:30 p.m. The ship was known for being the biggest of its time, weighing in at around 13,600 tons. The Edmund Fitzgerald was one of the largest "iron boats" working the Great Lakes. Nobody knows how the boat sank; however, it is very possible that the dangerously high weight of its cargo and the violent winds and waves caused the ship to sink. All 29 men aboard the boat died, and to this day, no bodies have been recovered. To remember the men on the S.S. Fitzgerald, a song was written by the Canadian singer Gordon Lightfoot and titled The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald. The song describes the ship itself and touches on some theories on how it may have sunk; interestingly enough, the original song contained the following passage:
When suppertime came, the old cook came on deck sayin Fellas, it's too rough to feed ya. At seven P.M. a main hatchway caved in. He said Fellas, it's been good to know ya

This passage was proven to be false as a dive team sent in to recover the bodies found the main hatch to be in perfect condition. When informed of this, Gordon Lightfoot rewrote the verse to: 

 When suppertime came, the old cook came on deck sayin Fellas, it's too rough to feed ya. At 7 p.m., it grew dark, it was then he said, Fellas it's been good to know ya.

References

Other websites 
 News story from CBC
 SS Edmund Fitzgerald Online 

Ships of Canada
Gordon Meredith Lightfoot Jr. (November 17, 1938 – May 1, 2023) was a Canadian singer and songwriter. He is famous around the world for his folk, country, and pop music songs. He was first heard in the 1960s. He had hit radio songs in the 1970s including "If You Could Read My Mind", "Sundown", "Carefree Highway", "Rainy Day People" and "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald".

Some of his songs have been recorded by other famous singers including Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Marty Robbins, Jerry Lee Lewis, Barbra Streisand and Tony Rice.

Robbie Robertson of the Canadian music group called the Band said Lightfoot was his "favourite Canadian songwriter".

Lightfoot's music career lasted sixty years. He recorded more than 200 songs. His folk music of the 1960s and 1970s influenced many famous singers including Bob Dylan and Jim Croce. Like Robertson, Bob Dylan called Lightfoot one of his favourite songwriters.
Awards
In his career, Lightfoot received sixteen Juno Awards. He won Junos as top folk singer in 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1977. He won a Juno as top male vocalist in 1967, 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1973 And he won in 1972 and 1976 for being composer of the year.

Lightfoot received ASCAP awards for songwriting in 1971, 1974, 1976 and 1977.

Lightfoot was nominated for five Grammy Awards.

In 1980, Lightfoot was named Canadian Male Recording Artist of the Decade for his music of the 1970s.

Lightfoot was inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame in 1986. He was added to Canada's Walk of Fame in 1998. He was inducted into the Canadian Country Music Hall of Fame in 2001.

In May 2003, Lightfoot was made a Companion of the Order of Canada, which is one of Canada's highest awards.

Death
Lightfoot died at a hospital in Toronto on May 1, 2023. He was 84 years old.
Music 
1966 Lightfoot!
1967 The Way I Feel
1968 Did She Mention My Name
1968 Back Here on Earth
1969 Sunday Concert'
1970 Sit Down Young Stranger1971 Summer Side of Life1972 Don Quixote1972 Old Dan's Records1974 Sundown1975 Cold on the Shoulder1976 Summertime Dream1978 Endless Wire1980 Dream Street Rose1982 Shadows1983 Salute1986 East of Midnight1993 Waiting for You1998 A Painter Passing Through2004 Harmony2012 All Live2020 Solo''

Notes

Other websites 
Lightfoot.ca (official site)
Order of Canada Citation 
Lightfoot page at Canadian Encyclopedia 
CBC Digital Archives: Gordon Lightfoot: Canada's Folk Laureate
Clips and more about Gordon from CBC
Additional clips

1938 births
2023 deaths
Canadian pop musicians
Canadian singer-songwriters
Canadian guitarists
Musicians from Ontario
Folk musicians
Country musicians
Warner Bros. Records artists
Cornish might mean:

Anything related to Cornwall, a county in England
 Cornish people
 Cornish language, a language from Cornwall
 Cornish dialect, a dialect of English spoken in Cornwall
 Cornish cookery, the cooking traditions of Cornwall
 Cornish, Maine, a town in the U.S. state of Maine
Chameleons are a family of lizards. Most can change the colour of their skins for camouflage, or to signal mood to other chameleons. 

They are a distinct clade of lizards. They have parrot-like zygodactylous feet, Their eyes are separately mobile and stereoscopic. Their very long tongues can flick out, and their movement sways like leaves in the wind. Their prehensile (grabbing) tail can hang onto branches and many can change colour. They eat insects.

There are about 160 species, living in Africa, Madagascar, Spain and Portugal, across south Asia, Sri Lanka. They have been introduced to Hawaii, California and Florida, and are found in warm habitats that vary from rain forest to desert conditions. Chameleons are often kept as household pets.
Chameleons have long sticky tongues that they can fire out in a fraction of a second. They stretch up to twice their body size. Their eyes can move independently. The largest species is about 1.5 feet when fully grown. They are mainly insectivores, but larger species may take occasional smaller lizards and young birds.

Tiny chameleons 
The world's tiniest reptile has been found on Madagascar.  It is a chameleon 13.5mm long. It hunts for mites on the rainforest floor and hides from predators at night in blades of grass. Other species of tiny chameleons have been found.

Vision 

Chameleons have 360-degree eye-turning, the ability to zoom in and out, and binocular vision.

Each of the chameleon's eyes can move separately, allowing them to see all around them at all times. 

Chameleons have two eyes whose vision overlaps. This gives them  3D vision. They can switch to monocular vision, which is seeing with each eye independently. This gives them more flexible sight.

In popular fiction
In Disney's Tangled (2010 movie), the main character, Rapunzel, has a green chameleon named Pascal 
 In Rango (2011 movie), the main character, voiced by Johnny Depp, is a chameleon

References

Other websites 

 Chameleons! Online E-zine 
 Chameleon Care and Information Center website
 The Chameleon Forums
An interjection is a spoken or written expression of emotion like "Wow!" for surprise, "Ouch!" for pain, or "Damn!" for anger, or "Argh!" for frustration. These phrases can stand alone, and are usually capitalized and punctuated.

Related pages 
Exclamation mark

Parts of speech
Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874) was the 13th president of the United States. He was president from 1850 to 1853. He was the last Whig president, and the last president who was not a Democrat or Republican.

Fillmore became president in 1850 when the previous president, Zachary Taylor, died. The Whig party did not pick him to run for president in 1852. He ran for president in 1856 for the American Party but lost.

Early life
Millard Fillmore grew up in a poor family. He worked hard to do well in school, and went to college. He got a job as a lawyer in 1823. In 1828 he was voted to be part of the New York congress, and made friends in the Whig Party. This helped him get chosen to run for vice president in 1848.

Presidency
When he was vice president, Millard Fillmore was in charge of the United States Senate while it was fighting over a decision about slavery involving Texas and New Mexico.
When he became president, the slavery issue was very intense (to the point where the southern states were close to choosing to not be a part of the United States anymore).

Fillmore signed the Compromise of 1850 (five laws which would calm down the slavery issue by pleasing both the northern states and the southern states). Although the Compromise of 1850 made the northern states and the southern states get along, the peace did not last forever. In the late 1850s, the north and the south stopped getting along.

California was made a part of the U.S. on September 9, 1850. It became the 31st state.

His decision to sign the Compromise of 1850 made many of the people in his Whig Party upset at him. They stopped him from running for president in 1852.

He started the first library at the White House.

After being president
After Fillmore, Franklin Pierce became the 14th president. Fillmore got a job in charge of the University of Buffalo. Fillmore joined the Know-Nothing Party and tried to run for president again, but the Know Nothing Party was not very successful. He died in Buffalo New York of a stroke at age 74

There is a statue of Millard Fillmore at City Hall in Buffalo, New York.

References

Other websites
 Fillmore's White House biography

1800 births
1874 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
 
Presidents of the United States
United States representatives from New York (state)
Lawyers from New York (state)
Deaths from cerebral infarction
Deaths from stroke
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Unitarians
Whig Party (United States) politicians
19th-century American politicians
American mayors
John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862) was the 10th president of the United States of America, from 1841 to 1845. He was the first vice president to become president after the president before him died. He was also the first president born after the United States Constitution was ratified.

Before presidency
Tyler grew up in Virginia and became a lawyer. His father was also a lawyer who later became governor of Virginia. Tyler became a state representative in the United States Congress, and then also became governor of Virginia like his father.

Tyler started in government as a member of the Democratic Party, but later he changed to the Whig Party, which was very new. He was chosen to run as vice president next to William Henry Harrison. Whig Party people used to say "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" to get people to vote for them. (William Henry Harrison was famous for being a general in a battle in a place called Tippecanoe, and that was his nickname.)
Harrison and Tyler won the election, but Harrison died one month later. Tyler then became president.

Presidency 
Because Tyler had not been elected to hold the office of President, some people thought that he lacked a claim to the position. But as the United States Constitution says that the Vice President is vested with the responsibilities of the Presidency in case of "Death, Resignation or Inability" of the former, Tyler said this meant the position was his to fill. A majority of the government agreed and he was sworn in as the new president, however, the Whig Party did not want Tyler, and a lot of Whigs ended up calling him "the accidental president" or "His Accidency".
This was after Tyler had angered the Whigs when he decided to mainly pick people from the Democratic Party to work in his government. He wanted to bring the two parties to together, but instead this ended up making him unpopular. He also rejected many of the Whigs' ideas.  This all lead to the Whig Party deciding not to back his run for the presidency in 1844.

While he was president, Florida became a new state. After winning their independence in the Texas Revolution against Mexico, Texas had become its own country. Tyler sought to annex Texas and turn it into a new U.S. state while in office, but this did not come to fruition until a few months after his term had ended.
After presidency 
The Whig Party did not want Tyler to be president again, and did not pick him to run for president in 1844. He had some friends in the Democratic Party who sometimes asked him for ideas, but that party did not like him enough to be president, either. Tyler was sometimes called "the President without a party" since both groups did not want him.

When the Confederate States of America was created, Tyler did not want a civil war. But he voted that Virginia had to join the Confederate States. He was elected to the Confederate congress.

Tyler died in Richmond, Virginia on January 18, 1862 of a stroke. Tyler's death was the only one in Presidential history not to be officially recognized in Washington, D. C. because of his loyalty to the Confederacy. His coffin was covered with the Confederate flag. He is the only United States President ever to be buried and honored ceremoniously under a foreign flag that is not the United States flag.

Other websites

References
References

1790 births
1862 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Chancellors of the College of William & Mary
United States senators from Virginia
United States representatives from Virginia
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
 
19th-century American politicians
Peter Davison (born Peter Moffett 13 April 1951) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Tristan on All Creatures Great and Small, and as the Fifth Doctor on Doctor Who from 1981 to 1984.

1951 births
Living people

English television actors
A ballerina is a name given to a female ballet dancer. Only very good female ballet dancers are called ballerinas. A ballerina is a principal dancer in a classical ballet company. The highest ranking female dancer in a company was usually called the prima ballerina.

Today the term 'ballerina' has gone rather out of fashion. Now they are simply called 'Principal dancers'. Dancers in a company are ranked by the company, and paid accordingly. They have to prove themselves in lesser parts before they can get promoted. 

Example of the ranks in a modern dance company:

Corps de ballet (these do not dance named individual parts)
Coryphées (minor soloists)
Principal character artists (dance roles with significant acting)
Second soloists (dancers who take named solo roles)
First soloists (one rank up from the previous)
Principal dancers (if female, same as 'ballerinas'; they dance leading roles)
Principal guest artist (a well-known and sometimes famous dancer, usually from abroad)

References
References 

Ballet
Entertainment occupations
Buffalo is a city in the U.S. state of New York. Buffalo is the second-biggest city in New York State. 

There are about 278,000 people in the city of Buffalo. There are more than a million people in the surrounding area.

Buffalo is on the east end of Lake Erie near the Niagara River. It is close to Niagara Falls, and to Canada. Buffalo was a small village when the Erie Canal connected it to the Hudson River and New York City. It became a city.

Sports
Buffalo has an NFL team called the Buffalo Bills (who play in the suburb of Orchard Park, NY) and an NHL team called the Buffalo Sabres. There is also a Minor League Baseball team called the Buffalo Bisons.

Gallery

 
County seats in New York (state)
Events

 Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales.

Births 
 November 24 – Charles, Duke of Orléans, French poet
Hertford (pronounced Hart-fud) is a town in Hertfordshire, England. In 2011, it had a population of 26,783 people.

It is Hertfordshire's county town, but the largest town is Watford.

The town centre is 19.2 miles (30.9 km) north of Central London and 16.7 miles (27.02 km) north east of Watford.

Transport

Rail
Hertford is served by two train stations, these are Hertford East and Hertford North.

Road
The A414 is just south of the town centre and runs to Harlow, Essex. The A10 is just east of the town.

Twin towns
Hertford is twinned with:
 Évron, France
 Wildeshausen, Germany
 Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.

Gallery

County towns in England
Towns in Hertfordshire
Jackie Chan (成龍) (born Chan Kong-Sang on 7 April 1954) SBS, MBE, PMW is a Hong Kong actor, director, entrepreneur, martial artist, producer, screenwriter, singer and stuntman. He is known for his slapstick acrobatic fighting style, comic timing, and innovative stunts, which he typically performs himself. By blending martial arts, death-defying gymnastic stunts, and comedy, Chan created a new sub-genre of martial arts movies called "wu da pian". He is widely considered one of the biggest martial arts superstars in history.

As a martial artist, Chan  is skilled in multiple forms of Kung-fu, acrobatics, and Hapkido. He is also known to have trained in other martial art forms such as Karate, Judo, Taekwondo, and Jeet Kun Do. During his film career, Chan has starred alongside many other martial arts stars, such as Jet Li, Sammo Hung, Hwang Jang-lee, Donnie Yen, and Bruce Lee (in Fist of Fury and Enter the Dragon as a stunt double and extra).
Chan has appeared and provided the voice for his character's animated counterpart in the animated TV series Jackie Chan Adventures which originally aired from 2000 to 2005. 

In his earlier roles, Chan did all of the dangerous stunts without safety equipment. Possibly the role where this was taken farthest is Rumble in the Bronx, which was his ultimate breakthrough American movie, where he subjected his already aging body to several leaps and falls, which while finally gaining his American stardom, led to injuries including a broken ankle.
His two worst injuries occurred during the making of Armour of God and Police Story. Footage of the former's aftermath was shown over the credits and showed a subdued and bloodied Chan in a spinal injury stretcher. Also, a tree branch in which he was to swing off had snapped just when he did jump upon and over for it. Chan fell 10 meters onto the rocky ground. In Police Story, Chan was doing a stunt when and where he fell off from about 5 to 6 stories through a series of window canopies. Chan nearly became disorientated about halfway through down. Instead of landing on upon his feet, Chan fell in a head-down position. His arms became caught in the material of the last canopy. He landed on his head first and his head was then forced on to the side as he could not break his fall up with his arms. While the Police Story fall looked worse, Chan has also said that the Armour of God fall was the closest he has come to death while filming.
Filmography
 Chinese Zodiac (2012)
 1911 (2011)
 Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011)
 Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special (2010)
 The Karate Kid (2010)
 Little Big Soldier (2010)
 The Spy Next Door (2010)
 Shinjuku Incident (2009)
 Kung Fu Panda (2008)
 The Forbidden Kingdom (2008)
 Rush Hour 3 (2007) with Chris Tucker
 Rob-B-Hood (2006) (Original Working Title, Project BB)
 The Myth (2005)
 New Police Story (2004)
 The Twins Effect 2 (2004) (also known as The Huadu Chronicles: Blade of the Rose)
 Around the World in 80 Days (2004)
 The Medallion (2003)
 The Twins Effect (2003)
 Shanghai Knights (2003) with Owen Wilson
 The Tuxedo (2002)
 Rush Hour 2 (2001) with Chris Tucker
 The Accidental Spy (2001)
 Shanghai Noon (2000) with Owen Wilson
 The King of Comedy (1999)
 Gorgeous (1999)
 Rush Hour (1998) with Chris Tucker
 Who Am I? (1998)
 Mr. Nice Guy (1997)
 An Alan Smithee Movie: Burn Hollywood Burn (1997) (Cameo)
 Police Story 4: First Strike (1996) (also known as Jackie Chan's First Strike)
Thunderbolt (1995) (also known as Dead Heat)
 Rumble in the Bronx (1995)
 Drunken Master II (1994) (known in the U.S. as The Legend of Drunken Master, 2000)
 Once a Cop (1993), aka Supercop 2 and Police Story V
 Crime Story (1993), also known as Police Story IV and The New Police Story
 City Hunter (1993)
 Police Story 3 (1992) aka Super Cop
 Twin Dragons (1992) (also known as Brother vs. Brother and When Dragons Collide)
 A Kid from Tibet (1991)
 Island of Fire (1990) (also known as The Burning Island)
 Armour of God II: Operation Condor (1990)
 Miracles (1989) (also known as The Canton Godfather' and 'Black Dragon')
 Police Story 2 (1988)
 Dragons Forever (1988)
 Project A Part II (1987), (also known as Jackie Chan's Project A2, Project B)
 Dirty Boys (1986) (also known as Naughty Boys)
 Armour of God (1986)
 Police Story (1985)
 Ninja and the Thief (1985) (also known as Ninja Thunderbolt)
 The Protector (1985)
 Heart of Dragon (1985)
 Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Stars (1985) (also known as My Lucky Stars 2)
My Lucky Stars (1985)
 Wheels on Meals (1984)
 Dragon Attack (1984)
 Pom Pom (1984) (also known as Motorcycle Cop 2)
 Two in a Black Belt (1984)
 Cannonball Run II (1983)
 Fearless Hyena Part II (1983)
 Winners and Sinners (1983) (also known as Five Lucky Stars)
 Project A (also known as Jackie Chan's Project A) (1983)
 Dragon Lord (1982)
 Black Magic Wars (1982)
 Fantasy Mission Force (1982)
 Cannonball Run (1981)
 The Big Brawl (1980)
 The Young Master (1980)
 Dragon Fist (1979)
 Fearless Hyena (1979)
 Snake & Crane Arts of Shaolin (1978)
 Snake in the Eagle's Shadow (1978)
 Spiritual Kung-Fu (1978) (also known as Karate Ghostbuster)
 Drunken Master (1978)
 Magnificent Bodyguards (1978)
 Half a Loaf of Kung Fu (1978)
 The 36 Crazy Fists (1977)
 To Kill with Intrigue (1977)
 The Killer Meteors (1976)
 Shaolin Chamber of Death (1976) (also known as 36 Wooden Men, Shaolin Wooden Men, Shaolin Wooden Men - Young Tiger's Revenge, Wooden Man)
 Countdown in Kung Fu (1976)
 New Fist of Fury (1976)
Mr. Boo 2 : The Private Eyes (1976)
 All in the Family (1975)
 No End of Surprises (1975)
 Master with Cracked Fingers (1974)
 Fists of the Double K (1974)
 The Golden Lotus (1974)
 Police Woman (1974)
 Supermen Against the Orient (1974)
 Facets of Love (1973)
 Eagle Shadow Fist (1973)
 Attack of the Kung Fu Girls (1973)
 Lady Kung Fu (1972)
 Bruce Lee and I (1972)
 Little Tiger of Canton (1971)
 Come Drink with Me (1966)
 The Story of Qin Xianglian (1964)
 Big and Little Wong Tin Bar (1962)
References

Other websites 

 Jackiechan.com- Jackie Chan's official website
 Jackie Chan Injury Map- Official Jackie Chan injury map
 

1954 births
Living people
Chinese movie actors
Chinese movie directors
Chinese movie producers
Chinese screenwriters
Chinese singers
Chinese voice actors
Hong Kong singers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Stuntmen
Ronald Bilius "Ron" Weasley (1981-?) is a fictional character from the Harry Potter stories.

Story 
He is a red-haired child with lots of freckles. He comes from a poor background. He lives at The Burrow with his family of nine people. He is the youngest son in his family. He was a humorous and loyal boy. He wishes he had money, since he was born from the notoriously poor Weasley family. He is the sixth of seven children born to Molly Weasley (née Prewett) and Arthur Weasley, with five brothers and one sister, Ginny. He is Harry Potter's best friend. 
It is revealed in later books, that Ron is romantically interested in Hermione Granger. The two are hinted to be romantically involved in the Deathly Hallows. 

In movies, he is played by actor Rupert Grint.  Ron marries Hermione and they have two children: Rose Weasley and Hugo Weasley. He is the manager of the joke shop Weasley's Wizard Wheezes.

References 

Fictional characters introduced in 1997
Harry Potter characters
Hermione Jean Granger (born September 19, 1979) is a character from the Harry Potter series. She met Harry Potter and Ron Weasley  for the first time on the Hogwarts Express. She was then looking for Neville's toad. She is referred to as the smartest witch of her age. In the Harry Potter movies, the character is played by Emma Watson.