Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Saint-Martin-de-Blagny is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Martin-de-Mailloc is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Martin-de-Mieux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Martin-de-Sallen is a former commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Martin-de-la-Lieue is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Martin-des-Besaces is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Martin-des-Entrées is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Martin-du-Mesnil-Oury is a former commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Michel-de-Livet is a former commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Omer, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Ouen-des-Besaces is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Ouen-du-Mesnil-Oger is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Ouen-le-Houx is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Ouen-le-Pin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Pair is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Paul-du-Vernay is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Philbert-des-Champs is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Pierre-Azif is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Pierre-Canivet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Pierre-Tarentaine is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Pierre-de-Mailloc is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valorbiquet.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Pierre-des-Ifs, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Pierre-du-Bû is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Pierre-du-Fresne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Pierre-du-Jonquet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Pierre-du-Mont, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Pierre-la-Vieille is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Condé-en-Normandie.

Related pages 
 Communes of the Calvados department

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Rémy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Samson, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Sever-Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Sylvain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Vaast-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Vaast-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Vigor-des-Mézerets is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Terres de Druance.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Saint-Vigor-le-Grand is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Other websites 
 

Communes in Calvados
Saint-Étienne-la-Thillaye is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Sainte-Croix-Grand-Tonne is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Thue et Mue.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Sainte-Croix-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Val-de-Vie.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Sainte-Honorine-de-Ducy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Aure sur Mer.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Sainte-Honorine-du-Fay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Sainte-Marguerite-d'Elle is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Sainte-Marguerite-de-Viette is a former commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Sainte-Marguerite-des-Loges is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Sainte-Marie-Laumont is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Sainte-Marie-Outre-l'Eau is a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.

The name translates to Saint Mary beyond the Water.

History
The village is small today. Up to the early 20th century it was a group of farms. Until a few years ago, there was no road connecting the village to Pont-Farcy. So, it was very isolated.

Geography
The village is 1 kilometer from Pont-Farcy. It is along the D307 Road. The village is a collection of farm houses. It also has a church. The total population is just 81. However this probably includes the neighbouring farms as well. Other nearby settlements are Pont-Bellanger and Beaumesnil. The nearest large towns are Villedieu-les-Poeles and Vire.

The village is close to the Calvados tourist spot Grotte de Bion.

Communes in Calvados
Sallen is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Population

References

Communes in Calvados
Sallenelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Sannerville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saline, but this merger was undone on 31 December 2019.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Saon is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Saonnet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Sassy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Secqueville-en-Bessin is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Rots.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Sept-Frères is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Sept-Vents is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Val de Drôme.

Related pages 
 Communes of the Calvados department

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Soignolles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Soliers is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Sommervieu is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Soulangy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Soumont-Saint-Quentin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Subles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Sully is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Surrain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Surville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwestFrance.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Tessel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Thaon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Thiéville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

The growth of the population of this commune is shown here:

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Thury-Harcourt is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Tierceville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Ponts sur Seulles.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Tilly-la-Campagne is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Castine-en-Plaine.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Tilly-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Tordouet is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valorbiquet.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Torteval-Quesnay is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Aurseulles.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Tortisambert was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Touffréville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Touques, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Tour-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Tourgéville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Tournay-sur-Odon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Val d'Arry.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Tournebu is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Tournières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Tourville-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Tourville-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Tracy-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Tracy-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Troarn is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saline, but this merger was undone on 31 December 2019.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Trois-Monts is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Montillières-sur-Orne.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Trouville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Trungy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Truttemer-le-Grand is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Truttemer-le-Petit is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Tréprel is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Trévières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Urville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Ussy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Vacognes-Neuilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Valsemé is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Varaville is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Vassy, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.

Related pages
Communes of the Calvados department

References

Other websites

Former communes in Calvados
Vaubadon is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Balleroy-sur-Drôme.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Vaucelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Vaudeloges is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Vaudry was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Vauville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Vaux-sur-Aure is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Vaux-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Vendes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Vendeuvre is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Ver-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Versainville is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in northwest France.

Communes in Calvados
Verson is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Vicques, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Victot-Pontfol is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Vienne-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Vierville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Viessoix used to be a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new commune of Valdallière.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Vieux, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Vieux-Bourg is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Vieux-Fumé is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Vieux-Pont-en-Auge is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Vignats is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Villers-Bocage, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Villers-Canivet is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Villers-sur-Mer is a commune in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.

Communes in Calvados
Villerville is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Villiers-le-Sec is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Creully sur Seulles.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Villons-les-Buissons is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Villy-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Villy-lez-Falaise is a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.

Communes in Calvados
Vimont, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Vire is a former commune in Lower Normandy in the Calvados department in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it became a part of the new commune of Vire-Normandie.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Subprefectures in France
Vouilly  used to be a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it became part of the commune of Isigny-sur-Mer.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Écrammeville was a commune. It was in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Formigny La Bataille.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Émiéville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Épaney is a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.

Communes in Calvados
Épinay-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Épron is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Calvados department

Other websites

Official website

Communes in Calvados
Équemauville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Éterville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Calvados
Étouvy is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.

References 

Former communes in Calvados
Étréham is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

References 

Communes in Calvados
Évrecy is a commune in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.

References

Communes in Calvados
For other uses see Southern Railway

The Southern Railway (SR), was one of the Big Four British railway companies from 1923 to 1948. It was established under the Railways Act 1921. The railway was formed by the amalgamation of smaller companies. The largest of these were the London and South Western Railway, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, and the South Eastern and Chatham Railway. 

The SR contained notable examples of civil engineering, linking London with the Channel ports, South West England and Kent.  Construction of what was to become the Southern began in 1838 with the opening of the London and Southampton Railway, which was renamed the London and South Western Railway.

Related pages
 SR multiple unit numbering and classification

References 

Big Four (British railway companies)
1923 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in the United Kingdom
1948 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
An electric multiple unit or EMU for short, is a type multiple unit train consisting of many carriages using electricity as the motive power.  

EMU trains are generally used on rapid transit lines, such as the Singapore MRT and the Melbourne rail network. As a result of this, EMU's usually lack features such as toilets, on-board food and comfy seats.

Related pages
 Diesel multiple unit 
 Railway

 
Rolling stock
This page lists every locomotive allocated a TOPS classification and all modern traction (e.g. diesel, electric, gas turbine, petrol) stock used on the mainline network since 1948 (i.e. British Railways and post-privatisation).

Diesel locomotives 
The 1955 diesel locomotive classes are given in brackets where applicable.

A large number of different shunter types were purchased by British Rail and its predecessors, many of which were withdrawn prior to the introduction of TOPS. The tables below attempt to list the different types and the different classifications used to describe them as clearly as possible:

Small shunters: under 300 hp 
Shunter classes are listed by 1955 class, which puts TOPS classes in ascending order, and generally puts 1948 and 1962 classes in ascending order. Unclassed shunters are placed at the start of the table; TOPS class 07 has been placed so its 1962 class is in the logical place.

 Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers:
Large shunters: 300 - 799hp

 Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers:

Type 1 locomotives: 800 - 1000hp

 Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers (unless otherwsie given):

Type 2 locomotives: 1001 - 1499hp
Locomotive class are listed by TOPS class. Locomotives for TOPS classes 24 and 26 have their original sub-classes shown, as each wholly comprised locomotives from a distinct 1962 class.

 Relation between TOPS, 1948, 1955 and 1962 classes, and 1948, 1957 and TOPS numbers (unless otherwise given):

Type 3 locomotives: 1500 – 1999hp

 Relation between TOPS, 1955 and 1962 classes, and pre-TOPS and TOPS numbers (unless otherwise given):

Type 4 locomotives: 2000 – 2999hp

Type 5 locomotives: over 3000hp

Electric locomotives

DC electric locomotives

AC electric locomotives

Miscellaneous locomotives
Class 99
When British Rail implemented the TOPS system for managing their operating stock, part of their shipping fleet was incorporated into the system as Class 99, in order to circumvent some of the restrictions of the application software.

Builders' demonstrators
These were locomotives built and owned by private firms, but used by British Rail to test them.

Unbuilt locomotives 

A number of TOPS class numbers were allocated to proposed locomotives, both diesel and electric, which for many reasons were not proceeded with.

Related pages

 British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification
 Steam locomotives of British Railways
 British Rail coach designations

References

Other websites 
 The Railway Centre 
 departmentals.com

modern traction locomotive classes
British railway-related lists
This is a list of British Rail diesel multiple unit classes.

Pre-nationalisation designs

 GWR railcars
 LMS railcars

Early BR DMUs (79xxx series)

First generation "Heritage" DMUs

TOPS classes

Second generation DMUs

Lightweight Railcars

Pacers

Sprinters

Turbos

Networker

Turbostar

Coradias

Desiro

Diesel-electric multiple units (DEMUs)

Southern Region DEMUs

Voyager-style express DEMUs

High Speed Trains

Related pages
 British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification
 British Rail coach designations

References

Other websites
 The Railway Centre 
 departmentals.com

British Rail

British railway-related lists
This page lists every electric-powered multiple unit allocated a TOPS classification or used on the mainline network since 1948 (i.e. British Railways and post-privatisation). British Rail operated a wide variety of electric multiple units for use on electrified lines.
 AC units operate off 25 kV alternating current (AC) from overhead wires. Where clearances for the overhead wires on the Great Eastern Main Line and London, Tilbury and Southend railway routes were below standard, a reduced voltage of 6.25 kV AC was used. The Midland Railway units used 6.6 kV AC. Under the computer numbering, AC units (including mixed-voltage units that can also work off a DC supply) were given a class in the range 300-399.
DC units operate off 650-850 V direct current (DC) from a third rail on the Southern Region and North London, Merseyside and Tyneside networks. The Manchester-Bury Railway line used 1,200 V DC from a side-contact third rail. The Manchester South Junction & Altrincham and "Woodhead" and initially the Great Eastern Railway routes used 1,500 V DC from overhead wires. Under the computer numbering, DC units were given a class in the range 400-599.
AC EMUs and dual-voltage EMUs

First generation

Second generation

Modern Generation

These use electrical switching devices (thyristors and transistors) and have electronic power control.

High Speed Trains

DC EMUs

Southern Region units
The Southern Railway and its successor, the Southern Region of British Rail, used three letter codes to classify their DC EMU fleets, as shown after the TOPS class numbers.

Pre-Nationalisation

Mark 1 and 2 Bodyshell

Tube stock

Modern EMUs

Other DC units
The 500 series classes were reserved for DC (third/fourth rail) EMUs not from the Southern Region. This included the DC (third/fourth rail) lines in North London, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The DC electric network around Tyneside had been de-electrified by the time TOPS was introduced, and the stock withdrawn or transferred to the Southern Region.

TOPS classes

Pre-TOPS classes
 Ex-LNER Units (Tyneside stock)
 Ex-LNWR Units (North London stock)
 Ex-LYR Units (Manchester-Bury stock)
Battery electric multiple unit (BEMU)
This was a one-off unit, withdrawn before the introduction of TOPS.
 79998/79999

Related pages
 British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification
 SR multiple unit numbering and classification
 British Rail coach designations

References

Other websites
 The Railway Centre 
 departmentals.com

Classes
British railway-related lists
The 900 series classes were reserved for multiple units in departmental stock, most of which were converted from old passenger units. In broad terms, classes 930-935 were allocated to Southern Region multiple units (ex-200 and 400 series), 936 & 937 to other EMUs (ex-300 and 500 series) and 960 to other DMUs (ex-100 series). In recent years, this has been less rigidly adhered to.

Diesel multiple units
Class 901 (Test units, ex-Class 101)
Class 930 (Departmental SR DEMUs)
Class 950 (Purpose-built test unit, similar to Class 150)
Class 951 (Sandite/De-icer units, ex-Classes 201, 203, 205, and 207)
Class 960 (Departmental DMUs)

Multi-Purpose Vehicle (Purpose-built departmental vehicles)

Gas turbine multiple unit
 APT-E (Experimental Advanced Passenger Train unit)
Electric multiple units
The original use for the Southern Region (SR) classes are included in brackets; these designations have been less rigidly applied in recent years.
Class 910 (Test units, ex-Class 488)
Class 920 (3-Pep prototype unit)
Class 930 (SR Sandite and de-icing units)
Class 931 (SR route learning and stores units)
Class 932 (SR research and tractor units)
Class 933 (SR mobile instruction units)
Class 935 (4Pep Research units)
Class 936 (Sandite units, ex-classes 311 and 501)
Class 937 (Sandite units, ex-classes 302 and 308)
Class 960 (Test units, ex-classes 309 and 310)

Related pages
 British Rail locomotive and multiple unit numbering and classification
 SR multiple unit numbering and classification

References

Other websites
 The Railway Centre 
 departmentals.com

British Rail
UK British Rail multiple units
British Rail departmental multiple unit classes
British United Traction (BUT) was a joint company owned by the Associated Equipment Company and Leyland Motors which produced railway equipment and trolleybuses.

British Rail diesel multiple units
British rail vehicles manufacturers
The British Rail Derby Lightweight diesel multiple units, were the first such trains to be built en-masse for British Railways. The units were built at BR's Derby Works from 1954 to 1955. The units were built in various formations, including two single car units, 12 power-twin 2-car units, 84 power-trailer 2-car units, and four 4-car units. Contemporaneous with these units was the unique Battery Electric Multiple Unit.

Derby Lightweight
In 1955, Metropolitan Cammell produced its first lightweight Diesel multiple units, the prototypes of what were to become British Rail's most successful and longest-lived First Generation Dmu the Class 101.

Metro-Cammell
Metropolitan Cammell multiple units
British Rail produced a variety of Railbuses as a means both of building new rolling stock cheaply, and to provide services on lightly-used lines economically.

Railbuses
In 1933, the Great Western Railway introduced the first of what was to become a very successful series of railcars, which survived in regular use into the 1960s, when they were replaced with the new British Rail "first generation" type diesel multiple units.

Railcars GWR
The  London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) introduced a number of railcars to service between 1933 and 1939.  They were mainly single units but one was a three-car articulated set. 

Railcars LMS
 Railcars
At the start of 2020, 138 Pacer units were still being used or stored by three National Rail operators: Northern Trains, Great Western Railway and Transport for Wales. Northern Trains retired its last Pacer unit on 27 November 2020, and so did Great Western Railway in December 2020. Transport for Wales  kept using their Class 143s into the first part of 2021 until May 2021.

Features

The Pacer series were made to keep building and running costs low, so all of the Pacer units use:
 A lightweight modified bus body and other things from buses, such as the seats. The driver's cab area is reinforced to make it safer in case of a crash.
 An underframe with just four wheels for the entire unit, instead of the usual two four-wheeled bogies (making eight wheels) that you would expect on trains. Passengers complained that this made for a noisy and bumpy ride. It also causes more wear to the wheels and track on tight curves.

Background
Background

At the beginning of the 1980s British Rail (BR) needed to make new trains to replace its old first generation diesel multiple units (DMUs) which had been built between the mid-1950s and early-1960s. These old trains had helped replace steam and were popular with the public at the time. But BR did not get much money from the government, so could not get new trains that were just as good as the old ones. BR created two kinds of new second generation trains: the Sprinter series, for use on city and longer-distance services, and the Pacer series as cheap DMUs built using bus parts for short-distance countryside and branch line services. The Pacers were intended as a cheap stopgap solution to the shortage of trains, and were not supposed to be used for more than 20 years.  BR set a challenge to several companies to design a cheap, lightweight train similar to railbuses. Since then, 165 Pacer trains (with 340 carriages in total) have been built. By 2015, some of these were over 30 years old.
They also tried to sell Pacers by showing them in the USA, Northern Ireland, Belgium, Sweden, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, but no one bought any there. However, Iran bought leftover Class 141 units, for use on suburban lines around Tehran until 2005.

Class 140

The Pacer series was the outcome of an idea to try using bus parts to create a diesel multiple unit. The first prototype, known as LEV 1, was made by British Rail Research Division and Leyland Motors working together. It used a bus body that was mounted on a modified freight train underframe (HSFV1). In 1980 they also built a two-car prototype class 140 at British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL)'s Derby Litchurch Lane Works.

Class 141

Then they built 20 more two-car units, forming the Class 141 fleet that was used mostly for suburban services in Yorkshire. They could carry 94 passengers in each set of two cars. Their two Leyland TL11 engines gave a total of , making for a top speed of .
The 141s were built with Leyland National bus bodies that were so narrow that they could only be fitted with standard bus seats. The later Pacers had widened body panels to allow better seating.

The entire class got a technical upgrade in 1988 at the Hunslet-Barclay works in Kilmarnock. 

The units were withdrawn from British Rail in 1997. Many were sold to Islamic Republic of Iran Railways but have been withdrawn and are left in disused sidings in Iran. A few are preserved at museum sites.

Class 142

The next and largest Pacer class was the Class 142. This again was built by Leyland and BREL, in 1985. The body was based on a Leyland National bus, built at Workington in Cumbria. Many fixtures and fittings of the Leyland National could be found on the units. The new class could carry more passengers: 120 passengers per two-car set. The same engines were used.
The first sets were used on Devon and Cornwall branch lines and on commuter services in the north west. The units from Cornwall were eventually moved to Liverpool and the north east, so the Class 142s were often seen on services across the north of England. 

In the early 1990s, the 142s got more powerful Cummins engines, which gave a total power output of  per two-car set. Several units were then changed for use on the Merseyside PTE City Line on Merseyrail in the Liverpool region, giving them dot-matrix route signs, better seating and Merseyrail PTE paintwork.
When privatisation happened, the class 142s were taken over by Arriva Trains Northern and First North Western, and then by Northern Rail, Arriva Rail North, Northern Trains, Arriva Trains Wales and Transport for Wales. Eight Northern Rail units were withdrawn from service for a while and replaced by a series of British Rail Class 158s. First Great Western received 12 units on loan from Northern Rail from December 2007 to November 2011 (five units were returned to Northern in December 2008). This allowed most of its Class 158 fleet to be rebuilt as three-car sets.

Class 143 and Class 144
Around the same time that the Class 142 was developed, another class of Pacer railbus was designed by Kilmarnock-based Hunslet-Barclay. These used a Walter Alexander bus body. They were given the number Class 143 and started being used in 1985. Its two 205 bhp engines gave a total output of  and a top speed of . This class of Pacer originally had a capacity of 122 passengers. They were used in the North East before being transferred to Wales and the South West, and were moved over to Valley Lines and Wales & West control during privatisation. They then passed on to Arriva Trains Wales,  Wessex Trains, First Great Western and Transport for Wales. The interiors were completely changed in 2000, when the Valley Lines service was introduced, with full back, coach-type seating installed throughout, along with improved fittings. This reduced seating capacity to 106 seats per set.
Then came a similar Class 144 unit, a Walter Alexander body on BREL underframe, which was introduced in 1987. A unit was formed of either a two-car set with 122 seats or a three-car set with a total capacity of 195 passengers and , but its top speed was still . The units were used in the North East, passing to Northern Spirit at privatisation, then to Arriva Trains Northern, Northern Rail, Arriva Rail North and now Northern Trains.

Advantages and disadvantages
Disadvantages
It has often been said that the Pacers are of poor quality. Instead of the usual bogies, Pacers use a basic four-wheel two-axle underframe. This often makes for a ride that is noisier and less comfortable than other trains, especially over points, and a loud squealing noise is heard around tight curves. Not having bogies also makes for a worse suspension and a bumpier ride; Pacers have been nicknamed "nodding donkeys" because of the trains' up-and-down motion on uneven track. The basic bench seating can also be uncomfortable. The early units, especially the s, were also very unreliable.

Pacers have only been used in certain areas of the north and south west of England and the south of Wales, but not in the richer London or south east England areas. This has also created bad feelings.
Safety worries were raised after the 1999 Winsford crash. A Virgin Trains Class 87 express train ran into an empty First North Western Class 142 Pacer, after the Pacer had fouled the main line at Winsford, Cheshire on the West Coast Main Line. The wire straps that held the body of the Pacer to its frame broke, separating the body from the frame and causing severe damage. The unit was written off. Twenty-seven passengers and crew were wounded, four badly. But all passenger injuries were on the other train, as the Class 142 was running empty at the time.

Advantages
On the other hand, the Pacers were seen as a practical solution at a time when there was not a lot of money. They probably saved services on some rural lines that might not have been serviced by any trains at all if only more expensive trains had been available. They have also proved cheap to run, achieving a fuel economy of 10 miles to the gallon.

Replacements
Replacements

As of 2020, the oldest Pacers on the national network were nearly 35 years old. All were planned to be withdrawn and scrapped by December 2019 as they do not comply with Rail Vehicle Accessibility Regulations.

CAF Civity 
In July 2019, rollout of Northern's Class 195 CAF Civity units had begun on some routes. Because of this, refurbished Sprinters that no longer needed on those routes can be used to replace Pacers instead.

Vivarail D-Train
Vivarail D-Train 

These units are built out of upcycled London Underground D78 Stock, built between 1978 and 1981, which were in service on the District line until 2017. To convert the old stock for mainline railway use, it will be necessary to re-use the aluminium bodyshells, traction motors and bogies from the D78 units and fit them out with new diesel engines and interiors. The D-Train units underwent acceptance testing in 2015 and Vivarail pitched them to train operating companies (TOCs), especially those bidding for the Northern franchise. While no orders were received from Northern, Transport for Wales will replace its Pacers with a combination of five D-Trains and trains taken over from other train operators, and other TOCs have ordered D-trains to replace other outdated trains: South Western Railway for the Isle of Wight's Island Line, and West Midlands Trains for the Marston Vale line
"144e Evolution" 
Porterbrook, which owns the Class 143 and Class 144 fleets, refurbished 144012 in 2014 to comply with the new legislation, dubbed the "144e Evolution" unit. However, no other units have been refurbished to this standard.

Preservation
Several Pacers have been preserved for further use on heritage railways. The National Railway Museum has preserved 142001. 

In May 2019, the government asked the public how to re-use the trains after withdrawal from service. One of the suggestions was re-using them as public spaces, such as village halls or cafes.

References

Further reading

 

British Rail diesel multiple units
The Sprinter is a family of diesel multiple unit trains in use on the UK railway system. They were built in the 1980s and early 1990s by BREL, Metro Cammell and Leyland. All are based around a Cummins engine with Voith hydraulic transmission. Sprinters can be seen operating in almost every part of the UK, from rural branch lines to commuter expresses into major cities.

British Rail diesel multiple units
British Rail
Multiple units