Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Little Mermaid () is a statue in Copenhagen, Denmark. It sits on a rock in the harbor. It was inspired by a performance of a ballet based on the fairy tale The Little Mermaid by Hans Christian Andersen. It is  tall.  Sculptor Edvard Eriksen created the bronze statue. It was presented to the public on 23 August 1913.

The statue was the idea of Carl Jacobsen, son of the founder of Carlsberg. He asked ballerina, Ellen Price of Copenhagen's Royal Theatre, to pose for the statue. Only the statue's head was modelled on Price. She did not agree to pose in the nude, so the sculptor's wife, Eline Eriksen, posed for the body.

The Little Mermaid has been the victim of vandalism many times since the 1960s.  Her head has been cut off, and she has had paint poured over her several times. In September 2003, the statue was knocked off its base with explosives. The statue has always been repaired after such acts.

References

Other websites
 
 The Little Mermaid 360 degree QuickTime VR panorama from Copenhagen
Copenhagen
Statues
1910s works
Dean Kent Brooks (July 22, 1916 – May 30, 2013) or Dean R. Brooks was an American physician and actor.

Early life
Brooks was born on July 22, 1916 in Everett, Washington. He studied at University of Kansas Medical School.

Career
He was the head of the Oregon State Hospital in 1975 when the movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest was filmed there, which is why he appeared in the movie. He starred as Dr. John Spivey M.D.. Brooks was the superintendent of Oregon State Hospital for 27 years from 1955 to 1982. Brooks was first licensed in Oregon to practice psychiatry in 1950. He retired from the practice of Psychiatric Medicine in 1999.

Later life
He was married to Ulista Jean Moser until her death in 2006. They had two daughters.

Death
Brooks died on May 30, 2013 in Salem, Oregon from natural causes, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 

1916 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Oregon
Actors from Washington (state)
American movie actors
American physicians
Scientists from Washington (state)
My Cousin Vinny is a 1992 American criminal comedy movie. Joe Pesci and Marisa Tomei star. The subject of the movie is two young New Yorkers traveling across rural Alabama. They are put on trial for a murder they did not commit. Tomei plays Mona Lisa. Pesci plays Vincent ("Vinny" for short). This comedy movie was released in March 1992 in the United States. It received positive reviews from the critics.

1992 comedy movies
1992 crime movies
1990s criminal comedy movies
1990s legal movies
20th Century Fox movies
American criminal comedy movies
American legal movies
English-language movies
Movies about families
Movies set in Alabama
Murder in movies
Works about cousins
Movies directed by Jonathan Lynn
The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is a major Christian denomination in Bulgaria. It has around 8-10 million members worldwide. The head of the church is the Patriarch of All Bulgaria.

Eastern Orthodox Church
Religion in Bulgaria
Hangman is a paper-and-pencil guessing game played by two or more people. One player thinks of a word, phrase, or sentence, and the other players have to try and guess it. They do so by calling letters or numbers that they think are in the word. The word is shown as a row of dashes. If a guessing player gives a letter or number that is in the word, the other player writes the letter or number in the places that they are in the word. If the letter or number is not in the word, the other player draws a part of a hanged man stick figure as a tally mark (a form of numeral used for counting). The game ends when:

The guessing player completes the word, or correctly guesses the whole word.
The other player completes the diagram of the hanged man.

The television game show Wheel of Fortune is based off of Hangman. It uses a roulette-style wheel that players spin for cash and prizes.

Word games
The Battle of Majuba Hill was the main battle of the First Boer War.  It happened near Volksrust, South Africa on 27 February 1881.

While the battle was small it was important in history. It led to the signing of a peace treaty.  The treaty was between the British and the South African Republic.  It ended the First Boer War. Also the fire and movement tactics used by the Boers were years ahead of their time.  This battle and two before it convinced the British of the Boers strength.  During the Second Anglo-Boer War "Remember Majuba" became a rallying cry.

Some important British historians say that this defeat marked the beginning of the decline of the British Empire.

Boer Wars
Majuba Hill
1881
19th century in South Africa
February events
Thomas [ tom-uhs; taw-mah ] is a masculine given name. "Tom" or "Thom" are short versions of Thomas. "Tommy" is commonly used. The origin of the name Thomas can be traced back to the Aramaic name Ta'oma, which translates to "twin". The name gained popularity thanks to Saint Thomas, who was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ. Saint Thomas was recognized for his tendency to question and be uncertain, but he eventually became a firm believer and shared the teachings of Christianity worldwide. This name was ranked #46 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People 

 Thomas Carey, Big boy rowing man (1943-2222) 
 Thomas Edison, American inventor and businessman (1847–1931)

References

Given names
Thomas (and Tomas) is a common surname.  It is most often used by the British, French, German, Dutch, Danish, and South Indian.

Some notable people with this surname are:
Ambroise Thomas, French opera composer
Bert Thomas (1883–1966), British cartoonist
Clarence Thomas, United States Supreme Court justice
Dylan Thomas (1914–1953), Welsh poet
Gerald Thomas, English film director
Héctor Thomas, Venezuelan decathlete
Kristin Scott Thomas, English actress
Mansel Thomas Welsh composer and conductor
Petria Thomas (born 1975), Australian swimmer
Rufus Thomas, American R&B singer
Shavar Thomas (born 1981), Jamaican footballer

Surnames
Sondra Locke (May 28, 1944 – November 3, 2018) was an American actress who was known for starring mostly in movies. She starred as Laura Lee in The Outlaw Josey Wales in 1976. The following year, she played Augustina Mally in The Gauntlet (1977). Locke was born in Shelbyville, Tennessee. 

Locke was nominated for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Mick Kelly in The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1968).

Locke died in Los Angeles, California on November 3, 2018 from cardiac arrest complicated by breast and bone cancer, aged 74.

References

Actors from Tennessee
American television actors
American stage actors
American movie actors
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from breast cancer
Deaths from bone cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
1944 births
2018 deaths
The Gauntlet is a 1977 action movie. It was directed by and stars Clint Eastwood. Eastwood plays Detective Ben Shockley. Sondra Locke plays Augustina Mally. The movie is about an alcoholic police officer and a related prostitute who become caught up in ambushes by corrupt police officers. This movie was got mixed reviews from critics. It earned $36 million. The movie was released in December 1977.

1977 crime drama movies
1970s American crime movies
1970s English-language movies
Movies directed by Clint Eastwood
Su-17 Fitter is a Soviet attack aircraft. It first entered into the Soviet Air Forces in 1970. Its other names in other communist countries and in the Middle East are Su-20 and Su-22. It is not active in Russia any more, but it is still active in Vietnam, Syria, Yemen, Poland and Angola.

Soviet military aircraft
Edward Oakley Thorp (born 14 August 1932) is an American mathematics professor, author, hedge fund manager, and blackjack player. He is best known as the author of Beat the Dealer (1962). This was the first book to prove that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. As part of this work he collaborated with Claude Shannon in creating the first wearable computer in 1961.

Thorp also developed and applied effective hedge fund techniques in the financial markets. He was a pioneer in modern applications of probability theory, including the harnessing of very small correlations for reliable financial gain.
Thorp received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1958, and worked at M.I.T. from 1959 to 1961.  He was a professor of mathematics from 19611965 at New Mexico State University, and then joined the University of California, Irvine where he was a professor of mathematics from 1965 to 1977 and a professor of mathematics and finance from 1977 to 1982.

Stock market
Since the late 1960s, Thorp has used his knowledge of probability and statistics in the stock market by discovering and exploiting a number of pricing in the securities markets. Thorp is currently the President of Edward O. Thorp & Associates, based in Newport Beach, CA.  In May 1998, Thorp reported that his personal investments yielded an annualized 20 percent rate of return averaged over 28.5 years.

Books 
 
 Edward O. Thorp 1967. Beat the market: a scientific stock market system, 1967,  (online version )

References 

American mathematicians
1932 births
Living people
Scientists from Chicago
Maureen Patricia Duffy (born 21 October 1933 in Worthing, Sussex, England) is a British poet, novelist, and writer of plays.

Early life and education 
Duffy graduated from King's College London. Her degree was in English. She became a schoolteacher in 1956. She left that work in 1961. In 1961, she became a fulltime poet and writer of plays. Her first novel was That's How It Was. It was published in 1962. It was praised by critics.

Works 
She has published around thirty books. Her Collected Poems, 1949–84 appeared in 1985. Her work has often used Freudian ideas and Greek Myth as a framework.

She has been active in supporting the rights of homosexuals.  In 1977 she published "The Ballad of the Blasphemy Trial", a broadside against the trial of the Gay News newspaper for "blasphemous libel."
She has also been active in a variety of groups representing the interest of writers.  At one time, she was the President of the European Writers' Congress (renamed European Writers Council in 2008). She was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1985 and awarded their Benson Medal in 2004.  

She is also deeply interested in intellectual property law.

References

Further reading
 Yorke, L. (1999). "British lesbian poetics: a brief exploration". Feminist Review; (62) Summer 1999, pp. 78–90.

Other websites
 Official website
 Maureen Duffy on the GLBTQ Encyclopedia 
 A Duffy bibliography

1933 births
Humanists
English playwrights
English novelists
English poets
English screenwriters
British LGBT rights activists
Living people
Writers from Sussex
Beesha Darawiish or Si'iid Harti, also called Reer Darawiish, means the Dhulbahante tribe. The Dhulbahante were called Darwiishes during the colonial era. The Darwiish was the successor state to the Dhulbahante garaadship. The Dhulbahante Garaadship (, ) was a kingdom from 1530 until 1895. Dhulbahante is also a Somali clan known for being the backbone of Darwiish. It is part of the larger Harti Darod clan. They live mainly in Sool, Cayn and Sanaag. Current population estimated 1.23 million.

References

Dhulbahante clan tree
A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle of some anaerobic ciliates, trichomonads, fungi and a few metazoa. The hydrogenosomes of trichomonads (the best studied) produce ATP by a complex metabolic cycle. Unlike mitochondria, this cycle does not use oxygen. It is thought that hydrogenosomes evolved from mitochondria; their structure is rather similar.

In 2010, scientists reported their discovery of the first known anaerobic metazoans with hydrogenosome-like organelles. These organisms were Loricifera living in sediments under deep-water brine pools like the L'Atalante basin. These brine pools are completely without any oxygen (anoxic).

References 

Organelles
The New Zealand Cricket team played their first test match against England in 1930. As of October 2021, they are ranked first in the world by the International Cricket Council (ICC).

Other websites
Website

Cricket in New Zealand
National sports teams of New Zealand
1930 establishments
20th-century establishments in New Zealand
Marylebone Cricket Club was founded in 1787 by Thomas Lord. It was one of the most important cricket clubs in the world for much of the history of cricket.

See
MCC website

Cricket in England
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
1787 establishments
Sports buildings in the United Kingdom
1780s establishments in England
Sports organisations of England‎
Karjala may refer to

Karjala, beer
Karjala, Karelia, geographical area between Finland and Russia
Karjala, Finnish last name
Karjala, Finnish magazine
Marylebone (, , or ) is an area of central London in the City of Westminster.

See
Marylebone station
Oxford Street
Time Out

City of Westminster
Facta is an encyclopedia in Finnish. It was published as a series of 11 volumes between 1969 and 1974. It describes subjects from a Finnish point of view.

Other websites
Official website 

Finland
Encyclopedias
1969 books
Mäntsälä is a municipality in Finland. About 21,000 people lived there in 2015. The municipalities next to it are Askola, Hausjärvi, Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Tuusula, Kärkölä, Orimattila, Pornainen, Pukkila and Sipoo.

Mäntsälä was probably founded in 1585.

Population growth

References

Other websites

 Mäntsälä pages

Municipalities of Uusimaa
Joutsa is a municipality in Central Finland. It is part of Itä-Häme, along with Hartola, Sysmä, Pertunmaa, Heinola and Luhanka.

Almost 4,900 people lived in Joutsa as of February 2014. It covers an area of . Neighbouring municipalities are Hartola, Hirvensalmi, Jyväskylä, Kangasniemi, Luhanka, Pertunmaa and Toivakka.

The former municipality of Leivonmäki was merged with Joutsa in 2008.

Culture
The newspaper Joutsan Seutu is published in Joutsa and Luhanka.

A summer festival, Joutsan Joutopäivät, is held on the second weekend of July.

Sahti culture is strong in Joutsa. "Joutsan sahti" is a locally made traditional drink.

Villages
Angesselkä, Etu-Ikola, Hankaa, Havumäki, Joutsa, Kivisuo, Kälä, Laitjärvi, Lapinkylä, Leivonmäki, Marjotaipale, Martinkylä, Mieskonmäki, Niemistenkylä, Pajumäki, Pappinen, Pylsy, Pärnämäki, Ruokoranta, Ruorasmäki, Rutalahti, Savenaho, Selänpohja, Taka-Ikola, Tammilahti, Tolvasniemi, Uimaniemi, Vallaspelto, Vähä-Joutsa and Vehmaa.

Population grow

Other websites
Other websites

 Joutsa official website

References

Municipalities of Central Finland
Mäntyharju is a municipality in Finland. Almost 6,350 people lived there in August 2012. It covers an area of about .

Villages include Ahvenisto, Anettu, Enonlahti, Halmeniemi, Hietaniemi, Huopola, Hyyrylä, Hölttä, Jäniskylä, Karankamäki, Kinni, Kirkonkylä, Koirakivi, Korpilahti, Kousa, Kuhajärvi, Kukonkorpi, Kyttälä, Lahnaniemi, Leppäniemi, Luhtanen, Lyytikkälä, Mynttilä, Niinimäki, Nurmaa, Ollikkala, Outila, Paasola, Partsinmaa, Poitsiniemi, Pyhäkoski, Pärnämäki, Saviniemi, Särkemäki, Tiilikkala, Toivola, Valtola, Vanonen and Varpanen.

Other websites

 Community website

Municipalities of South Savo
Feldkirch is the second largest city in Vorarlberg. The largest hospital of Vorarlberg is there. About 33,000 people lived in Feldkirch, in 2019.

Feldkirch has seven districts named Feldkirch, Tisis, Tosters, Nofels, Levis, Gisingen and Altenstadt.

Settlements in Vorarlberg
Cities in Austria
Mikkeli is a town in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, the population was almost 54,700. In the Finnish point of view, Mikkeli is a city, not a town. Neighbouring municipalities are Hirvensalmi, Juva, Kangasniemi, Mäntyharju, Pieksämäki, Puumala and Savitaipale.

The former municipality of Haukivuori was merged with Mikkeli in 2007. The former municipalities of Ristiina and Suomenniemi was merged with Mikkeli in 2013.

Mikkeli was established in 1838.

Distances 
Ristiina 20 km
Hirvensalmi 34 km
Juva 44 km
Kangasniemi 52 km
Helsinki 230 km
Kuopio 163 km
Lappeenranta 106 km
Savonlinna 104 km

Other websites 
 
 The official page 

Municipalities of South Savo
19th-century establishments in Finland
1838 establishments in Europe
In botany, medullary rays (pith rays or wood rays) are sheets or ribbons of cells running from the inside of the plant to the outside. That is, they run at right angles to the xylem and phloem, which run vertically. While the plant is alive, these medullary cells are alive. They carry nutrients (sap) towards the surface of the tree.

In wood products the rays can be seen running perpendicular to the growth rings. If wood is cut into boards with the growth rings roughly perpendicular to the face of the board, the medullary rays often produce beautiful "figure" such as silver grain, medullary spots, pith flecks, etc.

The function of medullary rays is to carry chemicals which fight invasion by insects and fungi, and block any damaged areas. The cells deposit tannins and resins which block up the damaged area. This process is called tylosis.

References

Plant anatomy
Plant tissues
Savonlinna is a town in Finland. The population was almost 36,250 in January 2014. Neighbouring municipalities are Enonkoski, Heinävesi, Kitee, Liperi, Parikkala, Rantasalmi, Ruokolahti, Rääkkylä, Sulkava and Varkaus. Some parts of central Savonlinna has been built over islands. Over one-third of the area is water or islands.

The former municipalities of Kerimäki and Punkaharju were merged with Savonlinna in 2013.

Other websites 

 Community website

Municipalities of South Savo
Rovaniemi is a town in Lapland, in northern Finland. Rovaniemi is very close to the Arctic Circle. The population was over 61,000 in January 2014. The area is huge in typical European scale. Neigbouring municipalities are Kittilä, Sodankylä, Kolari, Pello, Ylitornio, Tervola, Ranua, Posio, Kemijärvi and Pelkosenniemi.

On 1 January 2006,  (Rural municipality of Rovaniemi) was merged into a single municipality.

Other websites 

 Community website

Municipalities of Lapland (Finland)
Quiet storm is a late-night radio format that plays slow soul music. It developed in the 1970s in Washington, D.C.

Soul music
Radio
Christopher Mathewson (August 12, 1880 - October 7, 1925) was an American Major League Baseball player. He was known as "Big Six", "The Christian Gentleman", and "Matty". He played for the New York Giants and the Cincinnati Reds, and also managed the Reds. He became a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936.

 

American baseball players
1880 births
1925 deaths
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Cincinnati Reds managers
Cincinnati Reds players
New York Giants (NL) players
National Baseball Hall of Fame members
Drying rack is a rack used for drying clothes after they have been washed. It is also called a clothes horse or a clothes rack. It is usually located inside a house, as a replacement to a washing line, which is located outside.

An automated drying rack (also known variously as a automated drying rack, automatic laundry airer or automated laundry system) is a ceiling-mounted mechanism to dry clothes and is automated. In Singapore, it is often know as automated laundry rack.

References 

Furniture
Altenstadt is a district of Feldkirch in Austria. The biggest and most important school in Feldkirch is there.

Settlements in Vorarlberg
A cytokine storm is an overreaction of the body's immune system. It can be deadly. It consists of a positive feedback loop between cytokines and immune cells.

It is believed that cytokine storms were responsible for many of the deaths during the 1918 influenza pandemic, which killed a disproportionate number of young adults.  In this case, a healthy immune system may have been a liability rather than an asset. Preliminary research results from Hong Kong also suggest this as the probable reason for many deaths during the SARS epidemic in 2003. Human deaths from the bird flu H5N1 usually involve cytokine storms as well.

Related pages 
Signal (biology)

References 

Immunology
Diseases
Mirage F1 is a French air superiority and attack aircraft. Its first flight was on 23 December 1966, but it first entered into the French Air Force in 1973. Dassault Aviation has built this turbojet aircraft. Its current important users are France, Iran and Morocco.

References 

French military aircraft
Mirage F1
Black Hole of Calcutta was a dungeon in old Fort William, Calcutta, India. It was 18 feet (5.5 metres) long and 14 feet (4 metres) wide, and had two small windows. 

The fort was built by the British to defend their trading interests in Calcutta. During hostilities in 1756, the fort was captured by the army of the Nawab of Bengal on 20 June. John Zephaniah Holwell, a British eyewitness, reported that those taken in the capture of the fort, numbering 146, were confined to the dungeon, and that only 23 survived. The story was told by John Zephaniah Holwell, a survivor. However, 146 people could not have fit in a room of 24 x 18 feet. Today most concede that Holwell greatly exaggerated the number of captives.

The British captured and killed the Nawab. An obelisk was later raised in memory of those who died in the Black Hole.  Holwell's account of the incident has been challenged by modern historians and scholars.

References
References

Further reading
 Holwell, John Zephaniah. A Genuine Narrative of the Deplorable Deaths of the English Gentlemen and others who were suffocated in the Black Hole. London, 1758.

Prisons in Asia
18th century in India‎
Kolkata
1756
Vellum is a high-quality form of parchment. Originally, it meant calf skin, but in English the term is used more widely.

Like parchment, the skin is prepared to take writing in ink. It was one of the standard writing surfaces used in Europe before paper became available. It continued to be used for high-status documents. The vellum was used for single pages, scrolls, codices or books.

To manufacture vellum, the skin is cleaned, then bleached, stretched on a frame called a "herse", and scraped with a knife. When vellum is scraped, it is by turns wet and dry to create tension. A final finish is got by rubbing the surface with pumice, and treating it with lime or chalk. Then it is ready to accept ink.

Modern "paper vellum" (sometimes called vegetable vellum) is made out of synthetic material instead of mammal skin, but is used for the same purpose as normal vellum.
Use in the past
In ancient Europe, vellum meant good quality prepared animal skin. Calves, sheep, goat and even camel are known to have been used to make vellum. The very best vellum was made from unborn animals. It can be hard to identify the animal used to make old vellum without using a science lab.

French sources defined velum (or velin in French) as made from calves only. This has remained true in modern times.

Usage 
Most of the best sort of medieval manuscripts were written on vellum. Some Buddhist texts were written on vellum, and all Sifrei Torah texts are written on vellum or something similar.

A quarter of the 180 copy edition of Johannes Gutenberg's first Bible printed in 1455 was also printed on vellum, presumably because his costumers expected this for a high-quality book. Paper was used for most book-printing at the time.
In art, vellum was used for paintings, especially if they needed to be sent long distances, before canvas became widely used in about 1500, and continued to be used for drawings, and watercolours. Old master prints were sometimes printed on vellum, especially for presentation copies, until at least the seventeenth century.

Limp vellum or limp-parchment bindings was used frequently in the 16th and 17th centuries, and were sometimes gilt. In later centuries vellum has been more commonly used like leather. Vellum can be stained virtually any color but mainly it is not, as many people like its faint grain and hair markings.

Many documents that needed to last long were written in vellum as it was able to last longer than paper. Some vellum-written documents are more than a thousand years old.
Modern usage
British Acts of Parliament are still printed on vellum for archival purposes, as are those of the Republic of Ireland. It is still used for Jewish scrolls, for luxury book covers, memorial books, and for various documents in calligraphy.

Today, because of low demand and complicated manufacturing process, animal vellum is expensive and hard to find. Only one UK company still supplies them. A modern vellum-like alternative is made out of cotton. Known as paper vellum, this material is cheaper than animal vellum and can be found in most art and crafting supply stores. Some brands of writing paper and other sorts of paper use the term "vellum" to suggest quality.

In the artistic crafts of writing, illuminating, lettering, and bookbinding, "vellum" is normally reserved for calfskin, while any other skin is called "parchment".
Paper vellum 
Paper vellum is made from cotton. Usually translucent, paper vellum in various sizes is often used in applications where tracing is required, such as architectural plans. Like natural vellum, the paper vellum is more stable than paper, which is frequently critical in the development of large drawings and plans such as blueprints.

Storage
Vellum is typically stored in a stable environment with a stable temperature. If vellum is stored in an environment with less than 11% relative humidity, it becomes fragile, brittle, and susceptible to mechanical stresses; if it is stored in an environment with greater than 40% relative humidity, it becomes vulnerable to mold or fungus growth. The best temperature for the preservation of vellum is 20 ± 1.5 °C (68 ± 3 °F)

References

Writing media
Natural materials
Mitchell is a city in and the county seat of Davison County, South Dakota. It is in the eastern part of the state, and 15,254 people lived there at the 2010 census. It became a city in 1883.

References

Other websites 
City of Mitchell website

County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1883 establishments in Dakota Territory
Porter Airlines is a Canadian regional airline. It was founded in 2006. It flies between cities in the United States and Canada.

Airlines of Canada
2006 establishments in Canada
Companies based in Toronto‎
Paul Villard (1860–1934) was a French scientist. He discovered gamma rays while studying radium.

French scientists
1860 births
1934 deaths
Canton is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Lincoln County, and 3,057 people lived there at the 2010 census. Canton became a city in 1881.

References

Other websites 
City of Canton website 

County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1881 establishments in Dakota Territory
Affliction is an American drama movie produced in 1997. It was written and directed by Paul Schrader. It is based on the novel by Russell Banks. It stars Nick Nolte, Sissy Spacek, James Coburn, and Willem Dafoe.

Plot
Affliction tells the story of Wade Whitehouse, a small-town policeman in New Hampshire. Disconnected from the people around him, including his father and his divorced wife, he becomes obsessed with the solving of a fatal hunting accident. This leads to a series of tragic events.

1997 drama movies
1990s mystery movies
American drama movies
American mystery movies
Canadian drama movies
Canadian mystery movies
Japanese movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Paul Schrader
Movies based on books
Movies set in New Hampshire
Movies about alcoholism
Movies about brothers
Movies about child abuse
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies about mental health
Movies about police officers
The Great Escape is a 1963 American movie. It is about an escape by Allied prisoners of war from a German POW camp during World War II. The movie stars Steve McQueen, James Garner, Donald Pleasence, Charles Bronson, James Coburn, and Richard Attenborough. It got positive reviews.

Other websites 

1963 adventure movies
1963 drama movies

1963 war movies
American adventure movies
1960s American drama movies
American prison movies
American war movies
1960s English-language movies
German-language movies
Movies based on real life events
Movies set in Germany
Movies set in the 1940s
Multilingual movies
Prison drama movies
World War II movies
Movies directed by John Sturges
The eighth season of SpongeBob SquarePants began on March 26, 2011 with the episodes "A Friendly Game" and "Oral Report." It ran through December 6, 2012, ending with "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!"

Overview

Related pages
SpongeBob SquarePants (season 7)
SpongeBob SquarePants (season 9)

SpongeBob SquarePants seasons
2011 television seasons
2012 television seasons
Tartar sauce (tartare in the United Kingdom and Australia) is a mayonnaise-based sauce. It is often served as a condiment with seafood dishes. It is like mayonnaise, but with a few more ingredients such as pickles, onions, and parsley.

The word Tartar is a Turkic word. It is believed to be named after the Tatar people.

References 

Condiments
Mary (; ), the mother of Isa (;) is venerated in Islam. Her parents are mentioned as Imran (عمران) and Hannah (حنا) and her sibling is Harun (هارون). She is one of the most important and righteous women in Islam. She is mentioned in the Quran more than in the New Testament (Bible). She is the only woman mentioned by name in the Quran. Many Muslim women look up to her as an example. According to the Quran, Allah (God) chose Mary above all women of all nations. The Quran states: 

Behold! the angels said: "O Mary! Allah hath chosen thee and purified thee- chosen thee above the women of all nations.
—Quran, sura 3 (Al Imran), ayah 42.

Mary in the Quran 
Mary is mentioned in the Quran frequently. Her life narrative occurs in the earliest chapters. The nineteenth chapter is named after her. The chapter is called Maryam.
Family 
In the Quran, Mary is believed to be a daughter of (Imran) Amram and (Hanna) Anne. While some confuse the parents of Moses. Aaron and their Sister Miriam to be the same of the Virgin Mary, this is not correct. While Moses and Harun did have a sister named Miriam (Mary,) and while their father was also named Amram (Imran), this does not mean that the parents of both Prophet Moses and The Virgin Mary were the same. However, the outcome of this result is still unknown for certain.

Maryam sister of Aaron and daughter of Imran 
the Hebrew name "Merriam" The original name for Mary. In the Qur’an, Mary is called the daughter of Imran, and sister of Aaron. This made some Jews and Christians claim that the Qur’an didn't make a difference between the time of Moses and Jesus but there is a hadith. To clarify this issue Al-Mughira reported:
"When I came to Najran, they (the Christians of Najran) asked me: You read " O sister of Aaron " in the Qur'an, whereas Moses was born much before Jesus. When I came back to the prophet I asked him about that, he said: The (people of the old age) used to give names (to their children) after the names of Apostles and pious persons who had gone before them" Meaning that Aaron here was not Moses' brother but another one. Al-Baghawi also cites a narration from Al-Kalbi that Aaron referred to here was a brother of Maryam through her father, and he was the most righteous man amongst children of Israel in that time.

The Quran states Jesus came after the Jewish prophets of Israel. So, according to the Quran, there is a long distance between Moses and Jesus. "Then in the footsteps of the prophets, We sent Jesus, son of Mary, confirming the Torah revealed before him." Surah Al-Ma'idah.
Birth 
The birth of Mary is mentioned in the Quran in various chapters. Her father Imran () is also mentioned in the Quran. The Quran says that Hannah and Imran were old and had no children for years. One day Anne saw a bird feeding her young. Seeing this made Anne want a child for herself. She prayed to Allah for a child. She promised that if her prayers were answered, her child's life would be dedicated to the service of Allah. Anne also prayed for her child to be protected from the "touch" of Satan (; ).
Early years 
The Quran says that Mary grew up in the temple of prayer and had a special place of her own in the temple. The Quran states that there was a cast of the dice to decide who would become the guardian of Mary. The person chosen through this process was the Prophet Zechariah. Often, when Zechariah would visit the chamber of Mary, he would find her with quantities of food. He always asked her where she had obtained the food, and Mary would always answer: "Allah provides to whom he will." As a prophet, Zechariah would not have questioned this response because he would have known that Allah is the provider of all things in life and, indeed, of life itself.
Annunciation 
The birth of Isa and the Annunciation of Mary are very important to Islam. They are considered to be some of the most important miracles of Allah. The first mention of the Annunciation following the Birth of Isa is in sura 19 (Maryam) ayah 20. The Quran tells us that the Angel Gabriel (, al-Ruḥ al-Quds, Jibra'il) came to the Virgin Mary and told her that she would soon be pregnant with a holy child. The Virgin Mary asked how it would be possible for her to become pregnant when no man had touched her. The Angel Gabriel replied that nothing is impossible for Allah, and that the Birth of Jesus would be a sign for all mankind. The birth is mentioned later at sura 66 (At-Tahrim) ayah 12, where the Quran says that the Virgin Mary remained pure while Allah created Isa inside her womb.

Virgin Birth of Jesus 

The Quran speaks of the virgin birth of Isa many times. The Quran also states that Jesus was created when Allah breathed on Mary while her body was chaste.
The Quran's narrative of the birth of Isa is different from that of Jesus as found in the New Testament. The Quran says that Mary was suffering childbirth pains, when she saw a nearby palm tree and held on to it. While she was holding on to the tree, she heard a voice that seemed to come from the earth beneath the tree. The voice said, "Grieve not! Thy Lord hath provided a rivulet beneath thy feet. Shake the trunk of the palm-tree towards thyself and It will drop  its fresh ripe dates upon thee." Mary then promised not to speak with any man that day. 

Later, after Isa's birth, Mary brought him to the temple. All of the men in the temple mocked her, except Zechariah, who believed in the virgin birth. The Israelites demanded to know how she could possibly have had a baby without a man, whereupon the Virgin Mary responded by pointing to Jesus who then spoke his first prophecy.
Arabic titles 
 Qānitah: Mary is called this name in sura 66:12. It refers to Mary spending her childhood in the Temple of Prayer.
 Siddiqah: Mary is called this twice in sura 5 (Al-Ma'ida), ayat 73-75. It means "She who confirms the truth or She who has faith".
 Sājidah: Mary is called this name in the Quran. It means "She who prostrates to God (Allah) in worship". The Quran states that Mary prostrated to Allah:
"O Mary! Worship your Lord devoutly: prostrate yourself".
 Rāki’ah: Mary is also called this name in the Quran. "It means She who bows down to God (Allah) in worship". The Quran states that Mary bowed down to Allah in worship:
"O Mary! Bow down in prayer with those men, who bow down." This is believed to be the command to Mary by the Angels.
 Tāhirah: This name for Mary means "She who was purified".
 Mustafia: This name for Mary means, "She who was chosen". The Quran states that Mary was chosen by Allah above every women of every nation:
"O Mary! God has chosen you and purified you and again he has chosen you above all women of all nations of the worlds"
 Sa’imah: This name for Mary means, "She who fasts".  This arises from the belief, in some Muslim traditions, that Mary had fasted, on one occasion, for one-half of a year.
Burial place 
Mary is believed to have been buried in a tomb at the foot of the Mount of Olives in the Kidron Valley. This tomb is known today as the Tomb of the Virgin Mary.

References

Mary, mother of Jesus
Islamic theology
Knockout, also known as the knockout game and knockout king, is a violent activity played by teenagers. The object of the game is to render unconscious (knockout) an innocent pedestrian with one punch. The game can result in serious injuries or death for its victims. Players face criminal charges.

In 1992, a teen stabbed an MIT student through the heart, killing him. In another case, a St. Louis, Missouri teenager allegedly attacked a pedestrian who hit his head on the ground and died in hospital. In May 2013, a 51 year-old man died from his injuries after he was attacked in Syracuse, New York, by two teenagers.

References

Crime
Violence
Carmine Crocco (June 5, 1830 – June 18, 1905) was an Italian outlaw. He is also known as Donatello and for his brilliant battle skills was nicknamed “Napoleon of the brigands”.

Born in Rionero in Vulture, a town in the Basilicata region, He began the criminal activity after killing a comrade in a brawl during the military service and joined the Garibaldi's expedition of the thousand in 1860 hoping for a pardon. However, his offence wasn't cleared and Crocco was arrested. He escaped from prison with the help of the Fortunato, a bourgeois family linked to the Bourbon dynasty and became the leader of the peasants rebellion in Basilicata, who didn't get any benefit with the political change.
He fought in the service of king Francis II, heading an army of almost 2.000 men and conquering various centers of Basilicata and Campania. In every conquered territory he overthrew the Savoy government and appointed a representative of the Bourbon crown, ordering the badges and ornaments of the fallen king to be once again displayed. 

A skillful guerrilla man,  was able to harass the national guards and the Piedmontese soldiers for almost four years but he lose the conflict after being betrayed by his lieutenant Giuseppe Caruso, who revealed his plans and hideouts to the Italian authorities. Thus he fled to the Papal States hoping for help from Pius IX but was arrested by his soldiers. Later was handed over to the Italian government and condemned to death but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. 

Crocco died in prison at Portoferraio, Tuscany.
A disputable personality, he is considered by some authors a fierce thief and murderer but many people of southern Italy regard him as a folk hero who represented the suffering of the lower class before and soon after the Italian unification.

References

Bibliography 
David Hilton Wheeler, Brigandage in south Italy, Volume 2, S. Low, son, and Marston, 1864.
Eric Hobsbawm, Bandits, Penguin, 1984
John Ellis, A short history of guerrilla warfare, Allan, 1975.
Denis Mack Smith, Italy:a modern history, University of Michigan Press, 1969.

 

1830 births
1905 deaths
Italian criminals
Italian military people
A nightstand, (could also be called a night table or bedside table) is a small type of table. It is usually placed next to a bed or somewhere else in a bedroom.  It is a coffee table which is used next to a person's bed at night time.

Before flushing toilets became common, nightstands usually had a chamber pot in them. Nightstands which were made a long time ago sometimes had a drawer, and they usually had a small cupboard at the bottom. 

Nightstands used today usually also have a drawer. Things like lamps, alarm clocks, mobile phones, water or medication, which could be useful during the night, are often put either on top of or inside nightstands.

French, Italian and Spanish antique nightstands usually have a drawer and a small cupboard with only one door. They can also have special finishes, like bronze.

History
It is thought that the word nightstand was first used in 1892.

Gallery.

References

Furniture
Robert Gregory Bourdon (born January 20, 1979) is the drummer and youngest member of the rock band Linkin Park. Bourdon was born in Calabasas, California and now lives in Los Angeles. He grew up in the same town as the members of Incubus and Hoobastank. Bourdon started to play drums after watching an Aerosmith concert. His mother, Patty, is friends with Joey Kramer, Aerosmith's drummer. They also dated when the were much younger. This friendship meant they were able to go backstage and see the entire production. Kramer also gave Bourdon a kick pedal.

In his early teen years, Bourdon played in a few bands with his friends. It was around that time that he met his current Linkin Park bandmate, Brad Delson. They played together for about a year in a band called Relative Degree. Their goal was to play at the Roxy Theatre. After achieving their goal with a sell-out show, Relative Degree eventually broke up.
Personal life 
Bourdon once dated actress Shiri Appleby. He dated actress Vanessa Lee Evigan, starting in 2001 but has been single since at least early 2008. His birthday was featured on an episode of iTunes' LPTV. On January 20, 2004, Linkin Park played a show in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the band can be seen joking around backstage and saying that it is Bourdon's twentieth. Bourdon's favorite songs to play are "In the End", "Tinfoil" and "The Little Things Give You Away". His hobbies include playing the piano (although he has never done so for a Linkin Park recording) and surfing.

Bourdon wears racing shoes to get a better feel for the drum pedals; he says it gives him better control of the pedals. He also said that the song "Easier to Run" was the most difficult to play because he had to approach the drums very differently in which he was able to record the song in a few takes.

References

1979 births
Living people
American drummers
Musicians from California
Linkin Park members
Jayne Mansfield (born Vera Jayne Palmer; April 19, 1933 – June 29, 1967) was an American movie, stage, and television actress. She was also a nightclub entertainer, a singer, and one of the early Playboy Playmates. Mansfield became a major Broadway star in 1955, a major movie star in 1956, and a major celebrity in 1957.

Early years
Mansfield was the only child of Herbert William Palmer (1904–1936) and Vera Jeffrey Palmer (1903–2000). She was born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Her father was of German descent and her mother was of English descent.

After her father's death in 1936, Jayne, her mother, and stepfather Harry Lawrence Peers moved to Dallas, Texas. After high school graduation, she studied acting at Southern Methodist University and the University of Texas at Austin.

While in college, she had a number of small jobs such as hat check girl and nightclub photographer. She won many beauty pageants. She performed in local theater productions around Austin.
Career
In 1955, Mansfield went to New York City. She appeared in the Broadway production of Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? The critics praised her performance. She appeared in 400 plus shows of the play between 1955 and 1956.

She went to Hollywood in 1956. 20th Century Fox signed her to a six-year contract in an effort to replace the troubled Marilyn Monroe. Her first starring movie role was Jerri Jordan in The Girl Can't Help It (1956).

During production, she still appeared on Broadway in Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? The movie studio finally bought out her contract, and shut the show down. In 1957, she appeared in a movie version of the play.

Mansfield's movies include The Wayward Bus (1957), Too Hot to Handle (1960), and Promises! Promises! (1963). She won the Golden Globe for Most Promising Newcomer - Female for The Wayward Bus. On television, she made guest appearances on drama series, game shows, variety shows, and many talk shows.
Mansfield was one of Hollywood's original blonde bombshells. When the demand for big-breasted blonde bombshells decreased in the early 1960s, she became a box-office has-been.

She remained a popular celebrity however. Her nightclub acts and summer theater appearances attracted crowds. She made cheap "indies" and European melodramas and comedies.

Mansfield became the first major American actress to have a nude starring role in a Hollywood movie. The movie was Promises! Promises!. Hugh Hefner published nude photographs of Mansfield on the movie set in the June 1963 issue of Playboy. He was tried in Chicago city court on obscenity charges, but was acquitted.

Personal
Mansfield married public relations professional Paul Mansfield in 1950. They had one daughter, Jayne Marie Mansfield. The couple divorced in 1956. Jayne kept "Mansfield" as her professional name.
She married actor-bodybuilder Mickey Hargitay in 1958. They had three children, Miklós Jeffrey Palmer Hargitay, Zoltán Anthony Hargitay, and Mariska Magdolna Hargitay. They divorced in 1963.

She married Italian-born movie director Matt Cimber (a.k.a. Matteo Ottaviano, né Thomas Vitale Ottaviano) in 1964. They had one son, Antonio Raphael Ottaviano (Tony Cimber). The couple separated in 1966. Their divorce was pending when Mansfield was killed in 1967.

Death
Mansfield was killed in a car crash in June 1967. She was going to New Orleans for a television interview when her car crashed into the back of a truck. Her lover Sam Brody and her driver Ronnie Harrison were also killed. Three of her children - Miklós, Zoltán and Mariska - escaped death with minor injuries. An urban legend about Mansfield being decapitated in the crash is untrue. She was buried on July 3 in Pennsylvania. Her gravestone is heart-shaped.

References
References

People from Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania
Actors from Austin, Texas
Actors from Dallas
Actors from Pennsylvania
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Road accident deaths in the United States
1933 births
1967 deaths
Edward Doty (c. 1599 – August 23, 1655 in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony).<ref name="plimoth.org">A genealogical profile of Edward Doty,  (a collaboration of Plimoth Plantation and New England Historic Genealogical Society accessed 2013) [http://www.plimoth.org/media/pdf/doty_edward.pdf] </ref>

Edward Doty was a passenger on the historic 1620 voyage of the Mayflower.  He was a servant to Stephen Hopkins.  Hopkins was making his second journey to the New World having travelled for ten years under Capt. John Smith at Jamestown in Virginia Colony.Eugene Aubrey Stratton. Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691, (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), pp. 84,283, 308

 Early life 
Doty was born in England.  It is thought he was from East Halton in Lincolnshire.  According to author Charles Banks, Doty lived in London at some point and traveled with another Londoner, Stephen Hopkins, as his servant.

 Mayflower Voyage
Mayflower Voyage 

Edward Doty left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower spotted land. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.George Ernest Bowman,  The Mayflower Compact and its signers,  (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1920). Photocopies of the 1622, 1646 and 1669 versions of the document pp. 7–19. The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land 21 November at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.Stratton, 20.Eugene Aubrey Stratton, Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620-1691, (Salt Lake City: Ancestry Publishing, 1986), pp. 411-413

Doty was one of two indentured servants of Stephen Hopkins.  The other servant was Edward Leister.  They travelled with Hopkins and his family.
When they landed the men went to find a place where they could live and grow crops.  One of the first exploration missions included William Bradford, John Carver, Myles Standish , Edward Winslow, John Howland, Richard Warren, Stephen Hopkins and Edward Doty.  According to William Bradford, they left in a small board in below freezing weather.  Many of the men were already ill.  Bradford wrote that when they set sail the salt spray froze on their coats, as if they had been glazed. Of this group Hopkins was the most experienced, having seen Native Americans during his time at Jamestown. During this trip the Mayflower men came upon some Native Americans who appeared to be cutting up a large whale.  The Natives ran when they saw the men.  The men camped while trying to protect themselves and stay warm. 

In late 1620, Doty went with Stephen Hopkins and others on other explorations of the Cape Cod area.

 In Plymouth Colony