Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The City of Arts and Sciences (; ) is an entertainment-based cultural and architectural complex in the city of Valencia, Spain. It is the most important modern tourist place in the city of Valencia. It is one of the 12 Treasures of Spain.

References

Tzonis, Alexander. Santiago Calatrava: The Complete Works. New York: Rizzoli, 2004. Print.
Jodidio, Philip. Santiago Calatrava. Köln: Taschen, 1998. Print.
Sharp, Dennis. Santiago Calatrava. London: E & FN SPON, 1994. Print.

Other websites

Official website
Official tourism website of Valencia 
Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències at Google Maps
Architectural photo

12 Treasures of Spain
Buildings and structures in Valencia
Entertainment venues
The Basilica–Cathedral of Our Lady of the Pillar () is a Roman Catholic church in Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. The Basilica venerates Blessed Virgin Mary, under her title of “Our Lady of the Pillar”. This church is the first church dedicated to Mary.  

This building is one of the 12 Treasures of Spain.

References

Other websites 

 
 Famous churches of Mary 
 Sacred Destinations
 Spiritual Travels

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain
Marian shrines
Zaragoza
17th-century buildings and structures
The M60 Patton is a main battle tank (MBT) introduced in December 1960. The M60 became the Army's primary tank during the Cold War. When the Soviet Union got the T-54 tank, the United States decided to upgrade the M48 Patton tank. The armor was improved. It was fitted with the British L7 105 mm tank gun. The army also decided to switch from gasoline to diesel.

References

Other websites

United States Army
The 12 Treasures of Spain () was a project that selected the "Twelve Treasures of the Kingdom of Spain". The contest was done by two companies: Antena 3 and Cope. The final results were announced on 31 December 2007. Nine architectural monuments, two natural monuments and a monument pictorial were chosen.

Contest 
In 2007 there was an international competition to choose the New Seven Wonders of the World. Four months later, Antena 3 and Onda Cero started a contest to choose the 12 Treasures of Spain. The people voted in the contest. People voted via internet and mobile phones. They received over 9,000 applications. The candidates were drawn down to 20. They were going to choose 7 Treasures of Spain. Later that number was changed to 12.

Winners 
The twelve winners in order of votes were:

Other finalists

References

Other websites 
 http://www.touristeye.com/12-Treasures-in-Spain-g-146144  - 12 Treasures of Spain
The Cathedral of Santa María () is a cathedral in Calahorra, Spain.

The building is protected for its historic interest and has been since 1931. In Spanish it is called a Bien de Interés Cultural (property of cultural interest).

References

Other websites

Virtual Tour of the Cathedral of Santa María

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
La Rioja
15th-century buildings and structures
The Opel Karl was a small car from the German carmaker Opel produced from 2014 to 2021. It was rebadged by VinFast as the VinFast Fadil. It is sold in the UK as a Vauxhall Viva, a name last used on a medium-sized car sold for 3 generations between 1963 and 1979. 

Karl
Front wheel drive vehicles
2010s automobiles
Pamplona Cathedral is a famous Roman catholic cathedral in Spain. It is the seat of archdiocese of Pamplona, Spain. It is famous for its Gothic architecture.

Bibliography

Navallas, Arturo; Jusué, Carmen (eds.): La catedral de Pamplona (2 vols.), Pamplona: Caja de Ahorros de Navarra, 1994
Arraiza, Jesús: Catedral de Pamplona: la otra historia, Pamplona: Ediciones y Libros, 1994

Other websites

 Cathedral of Pamplona's web page

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Pamplona
14th-century buildings and structures
The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Holy Assumption (), better known as Valladolid Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Valladolid, Spain. It was designed by Juan de Herrera.

Images

Other websites

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Valladolid
16th-century buildings and structures
The Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist of Badajoz () is a Roman Catholic cathedral church in Badajoz, Extremadura, western Spain. It is the seat of the Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz.

Notes

References
.

Other websites
 Page with history and a video of the construction phases 
 Page at Ciudades Catedrals website  
 Detailed guide of the Catedral of Badajoz 

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Province of Badajoz
1276 establishments
13th-century buildings and structures
The Metropolitan Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Saviour or Cathedral of San Salvador (, ) is a Roman Catholic cathedral and minor basilica in the centre of Oviedo, in the Asturias region of northern  Spain.

Many styles of architectural styles were used in building the cathedral. They include Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance. It began as a large Pre-Romanesque basilica in the present location of the Gothic cathedral. That first building was built by order of King Alfonso II of Asturias.

History
The Cathedral was founded by King Fruela I of Asturias in 781 AD. In 802, his son Alfonso II of Asturias made it bigger. He made Oviedo the capital of the Kingdom of Asturias.

People buried at Oviedo Cathedral 
Saint Eulogius of Córdoba
Fruela I of Asturias
Munia Lopez de Gascogne, wife of Fruela I
Teresa de Leon, wife of Sancho I of León
Jimena De Pamplona, wife of Alfonso III of León
Saint Leocadia, relics later moved from Oviedo
Saint Pelagius (912-925)

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Página Oficial de la Catedral
 Mirabilia Ovetensia:Ficha, reconstrucciones infográficas y visita virtual al monumento 
 Campanas de la Catedral de Oviedo
 Catedral en Google Earth 

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Oviedo
9th-century buildings and structures
The Cathedral of the Savior () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Zaragoza, Spain. It is part of the World Heritage Site Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon.

References

Other websites

Page of the Cathedral Council 
Page about Zaragoza and Aragón
The shrine 
Herensuge the Basque dragon 

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Zaragoza
1318 establishments
14th-century buildings and structures
The Alcazaba of Almería is a fortified complex in Almería, southern Spain.  The word alcazaba, from the Arabic word Kasbah|al-qasbah, means a walled-fortification in a city.

The Alcazaba of Almería was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Images

References

Other websites

12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Almería
Castles in Spain
10th-century buildings and structures
Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park is a natural park in the southeastern corner of Spain in the Province of Almería, Andalusia. It is Andalusia's largest coastal protected area. It is a wild and isolated landscape with some of Europe's most original geological features. It is the only region in Europe with a desert climate.

Cabo de Gata-Níjar was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Related pages 
 Playa de Mónsul

References

Other websites

12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Province of Almería
Parks in Europe
1997 establishments in Europe
The Palacio de la Magdalena (Spanish for Magdalena Palace)  is an early 20th-century palace in Spain. It is on the Magdalena Peninsula of the city of Santander, Cantabria.

The Palacio de la Magdalena was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

History
Construction of the palace was started in 1908 by the local government of Santander. The palace was built to be a place where the royal family of Spain would live for part of the year.

References

Other websites

 Palacio de la Magdalena Official Web Site , with photographs, maps, and virtual tours

Buildings and structures in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Cantabria
Former royal residences
20th-century establishments in Spain
A defensin is a small cation protein found in animals and plants. They are host defence peptides. They work against bacteria, fungi and many viruses. 

Defensins have 18-45 amino acids including six to eight conserved cysteine residues. Cells of the immune system have these peptides to help kill phagocytosed bacteria. Those cells include neutrophil granulocytes and almost all epithelial cells. Most defensins work by binding to the microbial cell membrane. Once there, they make tiny holes in the membrane which allow vital ions and nutrients to leak out.

Related pages 
Host defence peptide
Lysozyme
innate immune system

Notes 

Proteins
Immunology
The Cathedral of Málaga is a Renaissance cathedral in the city of Málaga in Andalusia, Spain. It was constructed between 1528 and 1782.

Description
The cathedral, built on a rectangular floor plan, is composed of a nave and two aisles. The nave is wider but has the same height as the aisles. The choir stalls are the work of Pedro de Mena.

Gallery

References
EISMAN, E. L.: "Traducción de una bula de la catedral de Málaga", Jábega, nº 41, Diputación Provincial de Málaga, 1983, pp. 17–21.
 GONZÁLEZ SÁNCHEZ, V.: Catálogo general de la documentación del Archivo Histórico de la Iglesia Catedral de Málaga. Málaga: Edinford, 1994.
 RIESCO TERRERO, Á.: "El Archivo Catedral de Málaga: hacia una nueva reorganización y catalogación de fondos", Baetica: Estudios de arte, geografía e historia, nº 9, Universidad de Málaga, 1985, pp. 269–286.
 RIESCO TERRERO, Á.: "Colaboración del Obispo y Cabildo Catedral de Málaga a la empresa real de selección y edición de obras de San Isidoro de Sevilla (Edic. Regia 1597–99) y al enriquecimiento de dos grandes centros documentales: El Archivo General de Simancas y a la Biblioteca de El Escorial", Baetica, nº 11, Universidad de Málaga, 1988, pp. 301–322.
SÁNCHEZ MAIRENA, A.: "El Archivo de la Catedral de Málaga: su primera organización a partir del inventario de 1523", E-Spania: Revue électronique d'études hispaniques médiévales, ISSN 1951-6169, nº 4, 2007. 
 SÁNCHEZ MAIRENA, A.: "Notas sobre el Archivo de la Catedral de Málaga en el siglo XVI" en M.ª Val González de la Peña (ed.), Estudios en memoria del profesor Dr. Carlos Sáez: Homenaje. Madrid: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 2007; pp. 621–650.
 VEGA GARCÍA-FERRER, M.ª J.: "Los cantorales de gregoriano en la catedral de Málaga", F. J. Giménez Rodríguez et alii (coord.), El patrimonio musical de Andalucía y sus relaciones con el contexto ibérico. Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2008; pp. 111–126.
Other websites

History
Quick guide to visit: The Cathedral of Málaga 

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Málaga
16th-century buildings and structures
18th-century establishments in Spain
1780s establishments in Europe
Expecting Amish is a 2014 drama made for television movie. It was shown on the Lifetime channel.

Story 
A 18-year-old girl Hannah Yoder is about to join the church and get married. She decided she likes better the Hollywood life style even it means she will never see her family again.

Actors 
 Aj Michalka
 Alyson Stoner
 Cayden Boyd
 Aurelia Scheppers

Other websites 
 
 
 Expecting Amish  on Lifetime

2014 drama movies
Television movies
The Cathedral of Saint Mary of Girona is the  cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Girona, located in Girona, Catalonia, Spain.  Its interior includes the widest  Gothic nave in the world. It has a width of . In size it is second only to St. Peter's Basilica. By comparison, the width of the nave of Reims is , Saint-Étienne de Sens,  m and , in Notre Dame de Paris.

Images

References

Other websites
Official website  
The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this cathedral (see index) 

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Girona
11th-century buildings and structures
Garajonay National Park () is one of the national parks of Spain. It is in the center and north of the island of La Gomera which is one of the Canary Islands off the coast of Morocco.

It is named for Alto de Garajonay which is the highest peak on the island. The park is usually covered by clouds which helps preserve over 150 species of plants. Garajonay became a national park in 1981. It was declared as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986. It occupies 40 km2 (15 sq mi) and it extends into each of the six municipalities on the island.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

Garajonay National Park 
 Legend of Gara and Jonay 

National parks in Spain
World Heritage Sites in Spain
1981 establishments in Europe
Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife
1980s establishments in Spain
The church of St Mary at Mount Naranco () is a Roman Catholic church in Oviedo, northern Spain. It was built in 848 as a royal palace for King Ramiro I of Asturias. It was changed into a church during the 13th century. Santa María church is an example of Asturian pre-Romanesque architecture. In 1985 it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1885. The Church of St Mary at Mount Naranco was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Asturian art

References

Additional reading 
 James Fergusson, A history of architecture in all countries, Book VII: Spanish and Portugal 
 Lorenzo Arias Paramo, 'Geometría y proporción en la arquitectura prerrománica asturiana', Actas del III Congreso de Arqueología Medieval Española, Universidad de Oviedo, pp. 27–37

Other websites
 Official page of Santa María del Naranco and San Miguel de Lillo
 3D model on Google Earth 
 A photo essay about the Santa María del Naranco
World Heritage Sites in Spain
Churches in Spain
Oviedo
848 establishments
9th-century buildings and structures
The Royal Palace of Aranjuez () is one of the places the King of Spain lives. It is in the town of Aranjuez, Community of Madrid, Spain. The palace is open to the public as one of the Spanish royal sites.

It was originally the site of a medieval hunting lodge. Philip II built it as a modest summer palace. The palace was designed by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera who also designed El Escorial. Later kings kept adding to it. It was completed during the reign of Ferdinand VI in the mid-18th century. Charles III added two wings to it. By that time the palace had over 300 rooms.

The Royal Palace of Aranjuez was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 
Real Sitio de Aranjuez 
Jardin del Palacio de Aranjuez - a Gardens Guide review 
Pictures of Royal Palace in Aranjuez

Palaces in Spain
World Heritage Sites in Spain
Art museums in Spain
Community of Madrid
A Host defence peptide (or antimicrobial peptide)  is one of a part of the innate immune response. They are found among all classes of life.

They act against invading microorganisms. The peptides kill Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. This includes strains which are resistant to conventional antibiotics. The peptides also work against mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis), enveloped viruses, fungi and even transformed or cancerous cells.

These peptides are excellent candidates for medical use. They complement conventional antibiotic therapy. They have a broad range of activity, and are bactericidal as opposed to bacteriostatic. They need only a short contact time to kill bacteria.
There are big differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as targets for antimicrobial peptides. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antibiotics. Unlike most antibiotics it seems that antimicrobial peptides may also improve immunity by working as immunomodulators (beefing up the immune system).

Related pages 
Defensins
Lysozyme
Innate immune system

References 

Immunology
Proteins
Mar Menor (, "Minor sea") is a salty lagoon, in the southeast of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain. It separated from the Mediterranean sea by La Manga, a sandbar  in length and with a width ranging from  to .

Municipalities 
It belongs to four municipalities: Cartagena, Los Alcázares, San Javier and San Pedro del Pinatar. It has a surface area of . It has a perimeter of . The warm and clear water is no more than  in depth. It was called "the largest swimming pool in the world", by famous swimmer and Hollywood actress Esther Williams.

The water has a high salt content which aids in flotation. It is one of the most popular places in Europe for a wide variety of water sports.

First the Phoenicians and then the Moorish kings, chose this "small sea" as the site of their summer residences. Today, this area attracts all those who seek a quiet place to rest and relax. There are ideal weather conditions all year round.
Ecological importance of the Mar Menor
At the northern end there are salt marshes which include a wetland of international importance. This area is conserved as a natural park run by the local government.  Its Spanish name is "Salinas y Arenales de San Pedro del Pinatar". The microbes that live in this coastal lagoon have been recently described.

In 1994 the Mar Menor was on the Ramsar Convention list for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. The Mar Menor is also part of a Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance and is a Special Protection Area (ZEPA in Spanish) for bird life.

The Mar Menor was one of the top 100 finalists for 12 Treasures of Spain announced on 31 December 2007.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Mar Menor Tourism Site 
Un-official La Manga del Mar Menor Tourism guide 
Mar Menor Activities 

Region of Murcia
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Fury is a 2014 American war movie starring Brad Pitt. It is set in Germany in April 1945. The release date was October 17, 2014.

Cast 

 Brad Pitt as US Army S/Sgt. Don "Wardaddy" Collier
 Shia LaBeouf as T/5 Boyd "Bible" Swan
 Logan Lerman as Pvt. Norman "Machine" Ellison
 Michael Peña as Cpl. Trini "Gordo" Garcia
 Jon Bernthal as Pfc. Grady "Coon-Ass" Travis
 Jason Isaacs as Cpt. "Old Man" Waggoner
 Scott Eastwood as Sgt. Miles
 Xavier Samuel as 2nd Lt. Parker
 Brad William Henke as Sgt. Davis
 Anamaria Marinca as Irma
 Alicia von Rittberg as Emma
 Kevin Vance as Sgt. Peterson
 Branko Tomović as German Corporal
 Iain Garrett as Sgt. Foster
 Eugenia Kuzmina as Hilda Meier
 Stella Stocker as Edith

References

Other websites 

2014 movies
2010s war movies
American war movies
2010s English-language movies
Movies set in Germany
Movies set in the 1940s
World War II movies
Movies directed by David Ayer
Other websites
 Thorough report and extensive references on the early history of the palace, photos and map at the bottom, on Middle East Gardens.com  (retrieved on November 27, 2008)
Photos of the Palacio de Galiana  on Oronoz.com (retrieved on November 27, 2008)
Jésus Téllez Rubio,  "Dos Agrónomos Toledanos: Ibn Wâfid e Ibn Bassâl, y la Huerta del Rey" in: Tulaytula: Revista de la Asociación de Amigos del Toledo Islámico, ISSN 1575-653X, Nº. 4, 1999, pags. 49-58 (click on 'descargar' PDF). Retrieved on November 30, 2008. 
Julián Ramos Ramos, "Las almunias de la ciudad de Toledo". Tulaytula: Revista de la Asociación de Amigos del Toledo Islámico, ISSN 1575-653X, Nº. 3, 1998, pags. 51-76 (click on 'descargar' PDF) 
Palacio de Galiana on Wikimapia (retrieved on November 27, 2008)
Palaces in Spain
Toledo, Spain
The Royal Abbey of Santa Maria de Poblet () is a Cistercian monastery. The abbey is located at the feet of the Prades Mountains, in the comarca of Conca de Barberà, in Catalonia (Spain). It was founded in 1150 by Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona. It was the first of three monasteries that made up the "Cistercian triangle". The other two were Vallbona de les Monges and Santes Creus. The main architect was Arnau Bargués.

Burials
The following kings and queens of Aragon are buried at the Poblet Monastery:

Alfonso II (1196)
James I (1276)
Peter IV (1387), and his first three wives Maria of Navarre, Eleanor of Portugal, and Eleanor of Sicily
John I (1396), and his wives, Martha of Armagnac and Violant of Bar 
Martin (1410), and his first wife, Maria de Luna
Ferdinand I (1416), and his wife, Eleanor of Alburquerque
Alfonso V (1458)
John II (1479), and his second wife, Joana Enríquez

Images

References

Other websites
Other websites

Monestir de Poblet Official website
Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace Poblet Pages (photos) 
Monestirs de Catalunya. Poblet 
Poblet photos  

World Heritage Sites in Spain
Buildings and structures in Catalonia
Monasteries
12th-century buildings and structures
Cysteine (abbreviated as Cys or C) is an α-amino acid. It has the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH. 

Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid, which means that humans can make it. The codons UGU and UGC code for cysteine. The thiol side chain in cysteine often does enzyme reactions as a nucleophile. The thiol oxidises to give the disulfide derivative cystine, which is important in many protein structures. When used as a food additive, cysteine has the E number E920.

References 

Amino acids
Saint Mary's Cathedral (), better known as Lugo Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral and basilica. It is located in Lugo, Galicia (Spain). It was built starting from the early 12th century. It was started in the Romanesque style. During its construction the style changed to Gothic and Baroque architecture.

Structure
The cathedral has a Latin cross floor plan, with a length of . It has a nave, covered by a barrel vault, and two aisles, with an ambulatory and five apse chapels.

References

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Terrassa Cathedral, or the Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Spirit (, ), is a Roman Catholic cathedral on the plaça Vella of Terrassa. It is the seat of the Diocese of Terrassa.

Other websites 

  

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Terrassa
The Cathedral of Teruel is a church in Teruel, Aragon, Spain. It belongs to St. Mary. It is a notable example of Mudéjar architecture. Since 1986, it has been part of the UNESCO Heritage site Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon.

Overview
The bell tower is one of the best preserved Mudéjar towers in Spain. It is square. It has three floors. It is decorated with azulejos (painted tiles) and ceramic glaze. At the top is an octagonal lantern from the 18th century.

Images

Other websites 

Description and images of the cathedral 
Page with virtual visit and photos 

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Province of Teruel
12th-century buildings and structures
Monfragüe is a comarca (county, with no administrative role) of Extremadura, western Spain. It contains one of the country's fifteen National Parks, .

Since 1979, the area has been protected as a natural park.

Monfragüe was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites 

Magazine about Monfragüe

Province of Cáceres
National parks in Spain
2007 establishments in Europe
2000s establishments in Spain
The  Sierra Nevada National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada) is a national park in Spain. It is in the Granada and Almería provinces. Its area is .

Sierra Nevada was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Geography

There are more than 20 peaks over . The highest are Mulhacén (), Veleta () and Alcazaba ().

References

Other websites 
Sierra Nevada Natural Park 

National parks in Spain
Andalusia
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
The Cathedral of Baeza (), in full the Cathedral of the Nativity of Our Lady of Baeza () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Baeza, Andalusia, Spain. It was built in the styles of the Renaissance. It is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site with other monuments in Baeza and the nearby city of Úbeda. The cathedral was one of 100 nominees for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Province of Jaén (Spain)
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
16th-century buildings and structures
The Tower of Hercules (Galician and ) is an ancient Roman lighthouse in Spain. It is on a peninsula about  from the centre of A Coruña, Galicia.

The tower is a National Monument of Spain. Since June 27, 2009, it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  It is the second tallest lighthouse in Spain, after the Faro de Chipiona.

The Tower of Hercules was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References
Specific references

General references
"Documentos para estudiar la Torre de Hércules"  
Mareblucamogli.com
Tower of Hercules  from Spain.info
Torre de Hércules (in English) from the Universidade da Coruña website
Tower of Hercules Visitor Services and Interpretive Center

Other websites

 Torre foto 
 Official website
 Images of the Roman Tower of Hercules and futuristic visual legends
 Historical timeline of the Tower of Brigantia, from galicianflag.com

Lighthouses
World Heritage Sites in Spain
The monasteries of San Millán de Suso (6th century) and San Millán de Yuso (11th century) are two monasteries in the village of San Millán de la Cogolla, La Rioja, Spain.  They were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in December 1997.
The first written text in spanish and euskera was found there in the book called “glosas Emilianenses”.This treasure is the reason why this place is part of the human patrimony.

The monasteries were one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

 http://www.monasteriodeyuso.org 

La Rioja
Monasteries
World Heritage Sites in Spain
6th-century buildings and structures
11th-century buildings and structures
A Latin cross or Crux immissa is a type of Christian cross in which the vertical beam sticks above the crossbeam. This is the main representation of the cross by which Jesus Christ was crucified. The Latin cross began as a Roman Catholic emblem but later became a universal symbol of Christianity. If displayed upside down it is called St. Peter's Cross because he was reputedly executed on this type of cross. When displayed sideways it is called St. Philip's cross for the same reason.

A Latin cross plan is a floor plan found in many cathedrals and churches. When looked at from above or in plan view it takes the shape of a Latin cross (crux immissa). The Latin cross plans have a nave with aisles or chapels, or both and a transept that forms the arms of the cross. It also has at least one apse that traditionally faces east. Many also have a narthex at the entry.

Related pages 
 Christian symbolism
 Christian cross
 Greek cross
 Celtic cross

References 

Christian symbols
The ambulatory (Medieval Latin ambulatorium) is the covered passage around a cloister.  The term is sometimes applied to the procession way around the east end of a cathedral or large church. This is usually behind the high altar.

References

Architectural elements
Church architecture
A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is a type of ceiling. It is an architectural element formed by the extension of a simple arch. It forms the shape of a semicircle over parallel walls.

References 

Vault (architecture)
Hunter Andrew Pence (born April 13, 1983) is a retired American Major League Baseball player.  Pence plays for the San Francisco Giants.  He plays the position outfielder.  He previously played for the Houston Astros and Philadelphia Phillies. Pence is  tall. He weighs . He bats and throws right-handed. Pence was with the San Francisco Giants when they won the World Series in 2012.

Career
Houston Astros

Hunter Pence in 2008 with the Astros.
A college player from Texarkana, Texas, Hunter Pence was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 40th round in 20021 but turned down the offer to join the University of Texas at Arlington Mavericks. He later signed his first professional contract with the Houston Astros, who selected him in the second round of the 2004 amateur player draft.
Season 2007
He played his first major league game on April 28, 2007. In his rookie season, he maintained an impressive batting average of .322 and totaled 17 home runs and 69 runs batted in 108 games. He finished 3rd in the National League Rookie of the Year voting, behind Ryan Braun and Troy Tulowitzki.

Season 2008
Pence improved his statistics in his second year, hitting 160 hits, 13 more than his first season. He hit 25 home runs and drove in 83 runs. However, his batting average dropped to .269.

Season 2009
In 2009, the outfielder earned his first All-Star selection in Major League Baseball.

Season 2010
This section is empty, insufficiently detailed, or incomplete. Your assistance is welcome! How to help?

Season 2011
Pence was once again invited as the Astros' representative to the All-Star Game in 2011.

Philadelphia Phillies
Hunter Pence in June 2012 with the Philadelphia Phillies.
On July 29, 2011, just two days before the trade deadline in Major League Baseball, Pence was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies in exchange for four minor league players (first baseman Jonathan Singleton, right-handed pitchers Jarred Cosart and Josh Zeid, outfielder Domingo Santana)). Pence hit .324 with 35 runs batted in the last 54 games of the season with the Phillies. During this period, he hit 11 home runs, the same number he had in the previous 100 games of the 2011 season with Houston. He finished the year with a .314 batting average, 190 hits, 22 home runs, and 97 runs batted in (a new personal record). He had four hits, drove in four runs, and scored three in the five-game Division Series between the Phillies and the St. Louis Cardinals.
Pence had a somewhat disappointing first half of the 2012 season. In 101 games in Philadelphia, his batting average was .271. He had 17 home runs and 59 runs batted in but also slightly more strikeouts (85).

San Francisco Giants

Hunter Pence in 2013 with the San Francisco Giants.
On July 31, 2012, Hunter Pence was traded to the San Francisco Giants in a deal that sent outfielder Nate Schierholtz, minor league catcher Tommy Joseph, and minor league right-handed pitcher Seth Rosin to Philadelphia.

He batted only .219 in his last 59 games of the 2012 season with San Francisco but still hit 7 home runs and had 45 runs batted in. He finished the season with 24 home runs and a career-high 104 runs batted in. His batting average was .253 in 160 games played for Philadelphia and the Giants. His batting average was .209 in 16 playoff games with one home run and 4 runs batted in, and he enjoyed winning the 2012 World Series with San Francisco, his first title of that kind.
Season 2013
The mediocre performances of late 2012 gave way to an excellent 2013 season for Pence, who was one of the top hitters for the Giants. Playing all 162 games for his team, he set a new personal record for home runs (27), added 35 doubles, had a total of 178 hits, and drove in 99 runs. He scored 91 runs and stole a personal best of 22 bases in 25 attempts. He was named the National League Player of the Month for September 2013 with 11 home runs, the highest slugging percentage in the majors during that period (.667), 16 walks, 23 runs scored, and an on-base percentage of .393.

As the 2013 season ended, Pence, who was set to become a free agent in the following weeks, signed a $90 million contract for 5 seasons with San Francisco.

Season 2014
Pence received his 3rd career All-Star Game invitation in 2014, his first since joining the Giants.
Pence was not in the starting lineup for the Giants on September 27, 2014, ending a streak that began on September 25, 2012, of 331 consecutive starts, the longest active streak in the majors. However, a pinch-hit appearance extended his consecutive games played streak to 382, the longest active streak of its kind in the majors.

Pence won the World Series for the second time in his career when the Giants triumphed over the Kansas City Royals in the 2014 World Series. He batted .444 in the 7 games of the final, with 12 hits, a home run, 5 runs batted in, 7 runs scored, an on-base percentage of .500, and a slugging percentage of .667. He reached base 15 times in 30 plate appearances against the Royals. In total, in 17 playoff games in 2014, Pence maintained a batting average of .333 and an on-base percentage of .405.
Season 2015
On March 5, 2015, during spring training with the Giants, Pence fractured his left forearm when hit by a pitch from Corey Black of the Chicago Cubs, an injury that forced him into an expected 6 to 8-week period of inactivity. Indeed, he returned, following a tweet to Giants manager Bruce Bochy, on May 16. He made his season debut in Cincinnati, where he went 2 for 3 that day and hit a home run the next day.

References

Houston Astros players
Philadelphia Phillies players
San Francisco Giants players
1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Fort Worth, Texas
National League All-Stars
Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais, short PUC-MG) is an university of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. It was established in 1958. It is one of the five largest universities in Brazil. In 2010 it was nominated the best private university in Brazil by Best Universities.

Related pages
Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

References

Other websites
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais

Colleges and universities in Brazil
Minas Gerais
1958 establishments
1950s establishments in Brazil
The Walls of Ávila in central Spain were completed between the 11th and 12th centuries. They are the city's principal historic feature.

About 
The work was started in 1090 by Raymond of Burgundy. Most of the walls appear to have been rebuilt in the 12th century. The enclosed area is a rectangle of  with a perimeter of some , including 90 semicircular crenellated towers. The walls have an average width of . They have an average height of . The wall has nine fortified gates. The Puerta de San Vicente (Gate of St Vincent) and Puerta del Alcazar (Gate of the Fortress) are flanked by twin towers,  high, linked by a semicircular arch. The apse of the cathedral also forms one of the towers. The fortifications are the most complete in Spain.

It is possible to walk on the walls for about half their circumference. Some of the walls will never be able to be walked on because they are connected to other buildings. There is a large section of the walls that have not been made safe for people.
The site was registered as a National Monument in 1884. In 1985, the old city of Ávila and its extramural churches were declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO.

The walls were one of finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Gallery

References

Sources
The information in this article is based on that in its Spanish equivalent.

Other websites
 Walls of Ávila in Artegias.com 
http://muralladeavila.com/en/ - Muralla de

Buildings and structures in Spain
12th-century establishments in Spain
Intersection is a 1994 drama movie. The movie is about an architect who has flashbacks when his Mercedes crashes. Lolita Davidovich plays Olivia Marshak. Sharon Stone plays Sally Eastman. Jennifer Morrison also stars in the movie.

The reviews of the movie were negative. It did poorly in the box office.

References

1994 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Mark Rydell
Movies composed by James Newton Howard
The Casas Colgadas (Hanging Houses), also known as Casas Voladas, Casas del Rey is a complex of houses located in Cuenca, Spain. Houses of this kind were frequent along the eastern border of the ancient city in the past. They hang on the cliffs over the Huécar River gorge. Today there are only a few of the houses still there. The most well known is a group of three with wooden balconies. The houses date to the 14th century. Through the years they have been refurbished a few times. The most recent took place during the 1920s. They have been used as individual homes. They have also been used as council houses. Now they are the host to a mesón, a type of restaurant, and the Museo de Arte Abstracto Español (Spanish Abstract Art Museum), in Cuenca.

The Casas Colgadas were one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Gallery

References

Other websites
 Cuenca Spain: A Visit to the Hanging Houses 
 The Hanging Houses of Cuenca
Buildings and structures in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
14th-century buildings and structures
Blink is a 1994 American neo noir crime drama mystery movie. It is set in Chicago. The movie is about a young blind musician. She has surgery that makes her see again. Madeleine Stowe plays Emma Brody. Laurie Metcalf plays Candice.

This movie got mixed to positive reviews.

1994 crime drama movies
1994 mystery movies
American crime drama movies
American mystery movies
1990s English-language movies
Film noir
Movies about entertainers
Movies about murderers
Movies about stalking
Movies set in Chicago
Movies directed by Michael Apted
Prince David Chavchavadze (20 May 1924 – 5 October 2014) was an British-born American author and civil servant. He was a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer for the United States. He is of Georgian-Russian origin. He was born in London, England.

Chavchavadze died in his sleep on 5 October 2014 in Washington, D.C., after a long illness, aged 90.

Other websites

 Vladimir F. Wertsman, Georgian Americans. Multicultural America. Every Culture.
 “Chavchavadze, David”. NameBase. (Archive )

 Genealogy of David Prince Chavchavadze on Genealogics.org.

1924 births
2014 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Washington, D.C.
CIA people‎
Writers from London
Serhiy Volodymyrovych Zakarlyuka (17 August 1976 – 6 October 2014) was a Ukrainian footballer and football manager. 

Zakarlyuka has played for a number of clubs in Ukraine and played for the Ukraine national team on 9 occasions between 2002 and 2004.

On 6 October 2014, Zakarlyuka was killed in the traffic accident just outside of Poltava.

References

Other websites
 Information and foto by Serhiy Zakarlyuka at arsenal-kiev.com.ua 
 

1976 births
2014 deaths
Road accident deaths
Ukrainian footballers
The Cathedral of Santa Maria of Palma is a Gothic Roman Catholic cathedral located in Palma, Majorca, Spain. It was built on the site of a pre-existing Arab mosque. It is 121 metres long and 55 metres wide. Its nave is 44 metres tall. 

The cathedral was styled in the Catalan Gothic style. It has Northern European influences. The building was it was started by King James I of Aragon in 1229. It was finished building in 1601. It sits within the old city of Palma. It is on top of the former citadel of the Roman city. It is between the Royal Palace of La Almudaina and the episcopal palace. It overlooks the Parc de la Mar and the Mediterranean Sea.
Fifty years after a restoration of the cathedral had started in 1901 Antoni Gaudí was invited to take over the project. Some of his ideas were adopted. He moved the choir stalls from the middle nave to be closer to the altar. He also made a large canopy. Gaudí abandoned his work in 1914 after an argument with the contractor. The planned changes were cosmetic rather than structural. The project was cancelled soon after.

The Cathedral of Santa Maria of Palma was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites
 "Cathedral of Palma: La Seu", Video in english, 3:33 min., Mallorca TV Teleweb+ 
 La Seu Cathedral History 
 La Seu Cathedral in www.mallorcawebsite.com
 Almudaina Palace 

Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
13th-century buildings and structures
Palma de Mallorca
Zzyzx , formerly Camp Soda and Soda Springs, is an unincorporated community in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is within the boundaries of Mojave National Preserve.

References

Other websites

 Ecological sites along U.S. Interstate 15 Small photo of road sign
 Zzyzx photos and historical information
 Center for Land Use Interpretation site page with directions, details, photos, and map link

Unincorporated communities in California
Settlements in San Bernardino County, California
Anna Maria Gherardi (21 March 1939 – 5 October 2014) was an Italian actress and voice actress. She was known for her roles in Lost Love and in Petomaniac. She was born in Bologna, Italy.

Gherardi died in Rome, Italy, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 

1939 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Emilia-Romagna
Italian movie actors
Italian voice actors
People from Bologna
Peer Augustinski (June 25, 1940 – October 3, 2014) was a German actor and voice actor. He was born in Berlin. He was the official German dub-over artist of Robin Williams. Augustinski voice dubbed nearly all of Williams' work such as Awakenings, Toys, Good Will Hunting, Aladdin, and Dead Poets Society.

Augustinski died in Cologne, aged 84.

Other websites

1940 births
2014 deaths
German movie actors
German voice actors
Actors from Berlin
NY1 (also known as Time Warner Cable News NY1 and spoken as "New York One") is an American cable news television channel. It is owned by Time Warner Cable. The channel provides 24-hour news coverage, with a focus on the five boroughs of New York City. Its programming primarily features news and weather forecasts. NY1 also features specialty programs such as Inside City Hall (which is renamed Road to City Hall during New York City mayoral elections).

References 

American television channels
Time Warner subsidiaries
Entertainment in New York City
Winter Solstice is an American metalcore band formed in 2000. The group split up in 2006.

Discography
Studio albums
 The Fall of Rome (2005)

EPs
 The Pulse Is Overrate (2005)

Split albums
 Dwell Beneath / Winter Solstice (2003)

References

2000 establishments in the United States
2006 disestablishments in the United States
2000s American music groups
Metalcore bands
Musical groups established in 2000
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
Musical groups from Virginia
The Palmeral or Palm Grove of Elche (Spanish: Palmeral de Elche, Valencian: Palmerar d'Elx) is the generic name for the date palm orchards in the city of Elche (Spain).

In the urban area of Elche there are a total of 97 different orchards. They contain about 70,000 date palms. Most of them are in the east bank of the Vinalopó. This number does not include other large plantations located around the city. The total may be near 200,000 palms. The Palm Grove covers over , including  in the city of Elche.

It is the only palm grove of its type anywhere in Europe. It is the largest in the world. The Palm Grove of Elche was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

References

Other websites

Elche Spain - City overview with detailed map  
Information on the picudo rojo (red palm weevil)
 Palmeral of Elche from UNESCO
 El Palmeral de Elche - A Cultural Landscape Inherited from Al-Andalus

12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
Province of Alicante
World Heritage Sites in Spain
Rolling coal is a term used to describe the result of intentionally removing the pollution controls on diesel trucks or cars. This causes the vehicle to produce black, sooty exhaust. Participants often "roll coal" on pedestrians, bicyclists and drivers of hybrid vehicles.

Vehicle modifications 
Pollution controls such as exhaust filters are removed. Additionally, the vehicle may be modified to deliver more fuel to the engine than usual. The turbocharger may also be disabled, although this is uncommon because it can reduce performance and cause engine problems.

Legality
In most countries, rolling coal is prohibited by anti-pollution laws, for example, in the United States it is prohibited by the Clean Air Act.

References 

Air pollution
The Park Güell (Catalan: Parc Güell) is a public park system of gardens and architectonic elements. It is located on Carmelo Hill, in Barcelona (Spain). Carmelo Hill belongs to the mountain range of Sierra de Collserola — the Parque del Carmelo (Catalan: Parc del Carmel) is located on the northern face. Park Güell is located in La Salut, a neighborhood in the Gràcia district of Barcelona. With urbanization in mind, Eusebi Güell gave the design of the park to architect Antoni Gaudí. He designed the park in the Catalonian modernism style. The park was built between 1900 and 1914. It opened as a public park in 1926. 

In 1984, UNESCO declared the park a World Heritage Site under “Works of Antoni Gaudí”.
Park Güell was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

Gallery of Images

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Park Güell at Google Maps
 UNESCO World Heritage Sites Works of Antoni Gaudí
 Park Güell Barcelona - Gardens Guide 
 Park Güell Photo Gallery
 Park Güell at Great Buildings
 Interactive Panorama: Park Güell
 Photographic walk through the Gaudí Park 

Buildings and structures in Spain
World Heritage Sites in Spain
12 Treasures of Spain - Finalists
1914 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Spain
Edward Franklin Albee III ( ; March 12, 1928 – September 16, 2016) was an American playwright. He was known for works such as The Zoo Story (1958), The Sandbox (1959), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1962), and a rewrite of the book for the unsuccessful musical Breakfast at Tiffany's (1966), an adaptation of Truman Capote's 1958 novella of the same name.

In 1963, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? won the Tony Award for Best Play. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1967 for A Delicate Balance, in 1975 for Seascape, and in 1994 for Three Tall Women.

Albee was openly gay and stated that he first knew he was gay at age 12 and a half.

Albee died on September 16, 2016 at his home in Montauck, New York from complications of diabetes, aged 88.

Works

Plays 
Works written or adapted by Albee:

Adaptations

Opera libretti
 Bartleby (adapted from the short story by Herman Melville) (1961)
 The Ice Age (1963, uncompleted)

Essays 
Stretching My Mind: Essays 1960–2005 (2005).

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Edward F. Albee Foundation 
 The Edward Albee Society
 
 

Pulitzer Prize winners
1928 births
2016 deaths
American playwrights
Gay men
American LGBT writers
LGBT people from New York (state)
Writers from New York (state)
Writers from Virginia
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Why (O'odham: Ban Hi:nk) is a tiny unincorporated rural community in Pima County, Arizona, United States. 

Why is near the western border of the Tohono O'Odham Indian Reservation. It is due north of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in Southern Arizona. 

Why is about thirty miles north of the Mexican border where Lukeville, Arizona, and Sonoita, Sonora, Mexico, border each other. It is ten miles south of Ajo, Arizona.

Other websites
Mapquest Map
Google Maps
Aerial Photos Google Earth
www.wunderground.com Weather

Unincorporated communities in Arizona
Logic programming is using mathematical logic to write computer programs. There are specialized programming languages where the user can directly enter logical statements. Probably the best-known of these languages is called Prolog. Alonzo Church used a form of logic programming in what is known as lambda calculus today. Logic programming has also been used in LISP. 

Programs consist of a set of rules and facts. In most cases, logic programming uses what is called negation as failure or weak negation: This means that if it is not possible to derive some clause  from the facts and rules, the system will assume that its negation is true.
Logic
Besmilr Brigham (born Bess Miller Moore; September 28, 1913 – September 30, 2000) was an American poet.  She also wrote short stories.

Brigham was born Bess Miller Moore in Pace, Mississippi. She graduated from Mary Hardin-Baylor College (now University of Mary Hardin–Baylor) in Belton, Texas. After that, she studied at the New School for Social Research in New York. In New York she met Roy Brigham. Then she married him.

According to the Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, "She came to prominence during the women’s movement of the 1960s, and her work is noted for its innovative structure, sound, and rhythm."

Brigham is also known as Besmilr Moore Brigham.  The Besmilr Women Writers Award is named after her.

Works
 1969. Agony dance: death of the dancing dolls (poetry)
 2000. Run through rock: selected short poems of Besmilr Brigham (C. D. Wright, ed.)
 1971. Heaved from the earth. (poetry)

For further reading
 Kenyon Review

References
References

1913 births
2000 deaths
American poets
Writers from Mississippi
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease