Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
References

Further reading 
 
 
 
 
 Rowena Easton, The NeoFuturist Manifesto, 2008 http://www.neofuturist.org/manifesto.php 
 
 A History of Neo-Futurism, Erica Anne Milkovich, 2010 - Avant-garde (Aesthetics)
 Gunther Berghaus, From Futurism to Neo-Futurism, in Avant-garde/Neo-avant-garde, 2005, published by Dietrich Scheunemann, Rodopi BV http://www.rodopi.nl/senj.asp?BookId=Avant+17 

Art movements
Appeal to emotion is a logical fallacy. It happens when the argument is designed to trigger an emotional response instead of giving reasons. An example of this would be "we have to donate to charity X; think of the children!", where instead of giving a reason why we should donate to charity, an emotive trigger is used instead- "think of the children". It is also called argumentum ad passiones or appeal to feeling.

Aristotle recognized that if you triggered someone's emotions, they were easier to persuade. He said this in his book, Rhetoric.

References

	

Logical fallacies
Appeal to tradition (also known as argumentum ad antiquitatem, appeal to antiquity, or appeal to common practice) is a common fallacy.

In this fallacy, an idea is claimed to be right because it is the way it was often done in the past. The appeal takes the form of "this is right because we've always done it this way".

An example of appeal to tradition is, "drinking boiling hot water (and never cold water) is always healthy because Chinese people have done it for thousands of years."

An appeal to tradition essentially makes two mistakes:

 The tradition might be entirely based on incorrect grounds.
 The circumstances may have changed; so past justifications for the tradition may be invalid.
In the case of drinking boiling water, traditional Chinese medicine claims that the health benefits come from re-balancing one's own qi, rather than the fact than un-boiled or un-chilled water may have dangerous germs in it.
The opposite of an appeal to tradition is an appeal to novelty, claiming something is good because it is new.

References 

	

Logical fallacies
A red herring is something that misleads or distracts from an issue.

There are two ways in which it is used. One, it may be used as logical fallacy during an argument so that someone arguing does not have to answer a difficult question. For example, if a journalist asks a politician if the politician used any taxpayer money for his or her personal use, the politician may instead talk about the importance of increasing the pay of government officials without ever answering the question.

Two, it can be used as a literary device that tricks readers or audiences into thinking that something is true when it really is not. It is common in stories like detective mystery books. For example, a character may own or hold a weapon similar to the weapon used to kill a character, but then it turns out that character was not the killer. The weapon was only a red herring.
It has long been thought that the phrase came from kippers (a strong-smelling smoked fish) to train dogs to follow a scent, or to distract them from the correct route when hunting. However, most researchers today believe that the term was probably invented in 1807 by English polemicist William Cobbett. He may have have been talking about a time which he had used a kipper to distract dogs from chasing a hare, and that hunters never actually used kippers to train dogs. The phrase was later borrowed to give a formal name for the logical fallacy and literary device.

Related pages
Ad hominem
Divide and conquer
Hate speech
Identity politics
Pork barrel
Psychological warfare
Smear campaign

References

	

Logical fallacies
An appeal to popularity, also called argumentum ad populum (Latin for "appeal to the people"), is a logical fallacy. It happens when someone tries to argue that something is right because lots of people believe in it.

An example is saying "many people buy extended warranties, therefore we should buy one for our new computer".

Related pages
 Argumentum ad hominem

References

Logical fallacies
Twann-Tüscherz () is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010, the former municipalities of Twann and Tüscherz-Alfermée merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.

References

Other websites

  

2010 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities in Biel/Bienne
Utzenstorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is regionally famous for its medieva castle, Landshut Castle.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website of Utzenstorf 
 
 

Municipalities in Emmental
Inwil (Swiss German: Eibu) is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Hochdorf
Lieli is a village and former municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

Since 2007, it is part of the municipality of Hohenrain.

Villages in Lucerne
Former municipalities of Lucerne
A feigned retreat is a military tactic where a force will pretend to be defeated, fake a retreat, then while they are being pursued, turn and ambush the enemy. It can be used to cause confusion in the enemy ranks or to force some to leave and weaken their battle formations. Battlefield commanders have had to use this tactic carefully so the feigned retreat did not become a real retreat. It was a tactic used in ancient history and is still being used today. Sun Tzu wrote about it in his book The Art of War. He warned his readers: "When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure."
In history 
 At the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, the Ancient Greeks were fighting a sea battle with the more numerous Persian navy. Themistocles, the Greek leader, leaked information that was taken back to the Persians that the Greeks were ready to flee and that if the Persians acted right away, they could claim a huge victory. While not an actual feigned retreat but more a rumored one, it worked just as well, as the Persians were defeated.

 At the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, Hannibal weakened his center on purpose to get the Roman army to attack that point in his lines. As the center fell back slowly, the two stronger wings of the Carthaginian army folded onto the unsuspecting Romans. For the rest of the day, the Carthaginians slaughtered the trapped Romans.
William the Conqueror ordered two feigned retreats according to William of Poitiers. That was a difficult tactic to use once without causing a complete rout and so it is unlikely he did it twice. It is more likely that William's troops broke ranks and were rallied back into the fight by their leader.The cavalry scene in the Bayeux tapestry shows William with his helmet off with the Latin words Hic est dux Wilelmus (here is Duke Willliam). That supports the theory that the Normans retreated because they believed William had been killed. He pulled his helmet off to show his face and to rally his men back to the battle. Calling it a feigned retreat may have been a politically correct way of saying their army ran away and had to be called back. Nonetheless, many Anglo-Saxon soldiers were foolish enough to chase after William's retreating men but were then killed in the counterattack.
Related pages 
 Flanking maneuver
 Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
 Turning movement
 Ambush
 Envelopment
 Flanking maneuver
 Rearguard
 Attrition warfare
 Preemptive war
 Oblique order
 Shock tactics

References

Other websites 
 The Battle of Cannae 216 BC; YouTube

Military terminology
Military tactics
Magnicharters is a low cost, charter airline from Mexico. It's headquarters are in Monterrey, Mexico. It was founded in 1994 by the Mexican tourist agency, Magnitur.  The airline currently focuses on transporting Mexicans to domestic beach destinations. It also goes to a few destinations in the United States. It has a fleet of 9 Boeing 737 airplanes.

Gallery

References

Airlines of Mexico
In mathematics, a constructive proof is a method of proof that shows the existence of a mathematical object—by giving a method on how to create the object. The other type of proof is called non-constructive proof, or existence proof: It shows that an object must exist, but does not give a way how to construct it.

A non-constructive proof is rejected by the so-called constructivists, who choose to interpret existence in a stricter way.

Related pages 

 Proof by contradiction

References 

Mathematics
Vauffelin was a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Vauffelin and Plagne merged into the new municipality of Sauge.

Other websites

 Official website of Vauffelin 

Former municipalities in Jura bernois
Involuntary celibacy or inceldom means being unable to get sex or a romantic partner. An incel or incelibate is a person who is in this situation. Female incels are sometimes called femcels. Homosexual incels are sometimes called gaycels. Transgender people going through inceldom are called transcels.

Discussions on the incelosphere (incel websites) are mostly by heterosexual males. But female incels and gay incels also exist. Incels, especially male incels, are often misogynistic and seem to feel a sense of entitlement to sex, with some supporting arranged marriage. Some incels even support violence against women, such as rape, and violence against romantically successful men (some of which are often refered to as "Chads"), who are resented.The Southern Poverty Law Center has described the subculture as "part of the online male supremacist ecosystem", and says self-described incels have committed several mass murders in North America.
The word "incel" was invented in 1993 by a college student 'Alana' from Toronto, Ontario. She made a website to discuss her sexual inactivity with others.  The website, titled "Alana's Involuntary Celibacy Project", was used by people of all genders to share posts about the topic. During her college career and after, she realized she was queer, and became more comfortable with her identity. She later gave the site to a stranger. After reading about the 2014 Isla Vista killings, she wrote, "Like a scientist who invented something that ended up being a weapon of war, I can't uninvent this word, nor restrict it to the nicer people who need it". Another notable incel was Christine Chubbuck. She committed suicide on live tv in 1974. /r/incels on Reddit was one of the biggest Incel forums. On November 7, 2017, Reddit decided to get rid of it because of their new site rules.
There are many subgroups of incels. For example lesbocels are a subgroup of gaycels meaning lesbian involuntary celibates. Some femcelish lesbians call themselves incelbians. Or for example disabledcels and mentalcels are subsets of inceldom whose involuntary celibacy is caused by them being disabled. Femcels who believe that their inceldom condition is permanent call themselves trufemcel or truefemcel. They call the state of being unable to get romance or a partner as femceldom. The largest inceldom-related forum at the turn of the 2020s decade was the subreddit trufemcels, a platform for femcels.

Many incels take views from fields like evolutionary psychology. Some incels believe that male incels have no chance against more attractive males, and women have things easier because of feminism and cosmetics. Incels may believe their lack of success is because of being shy, poor body image, penis size, or their appearance, and believe that having lots of money is the only chance to find an attractive partner.
Words used by incels 
Chad: A sexually successful man.

Stacy: A sexually active woman who is considered attractive.

Roastie: A woman who had sex with many men.

Black pill: The real or perceived socially unspoken realizations that come from being a longtime incel.

References

Internet memes
Human sexuality
Sauge is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Plagne and Vauffelin merged into the new municipality of Sauge.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Sauge 

Municipalities in Jura bernois
2014 establishments in Switzerland
References

Other websites 
 Jailhouse Rock Official Trailer (1957); YouTube

Elvis Presley
1957 musical movies
1950s English-language movies
Movies set in prison
Vechigen is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Bern. In 2014, 5075 people lived there. It consists of the villages: Sinneringen, Boll, Dentenberg, Utzigen, Lindental, Berg, Littewil and Radelfingen.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Villeret is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois of the Swiss canton of Bern.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the municipality of Villeret 

Municipalities in Jura bernois
Vinelz () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Webpage of Vinelz 
 

Municipalities in Seeland
The administrative district of Thun in the Swiss canton of Bern has 35 municipalities in an area of 322 km².

2010 establishments in Switzerland
Thun (administrative district)
The Beginning is the sixth studio album by American hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas. The album was released on November 26, 2010 by Interscope. The album was titled to be a prequel to the groups fifth album The E.N.D. (2009). It is the groups last album to feature Fergie as she left in 2017 to focus on her solo career.

Track listings 

Notes
  signifies a co-producer
 "The Time (Dirty Bit)" interpolates "(I've Had) The Time of My Life," originally performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes in the 1987 film Dirty Dancing.
 "Light Up the Night" contains a sample of "Children's Story" by Slick Rick.
 "Fashion Beats" contains a sample of "My Forbidden Lover" by Chic.
 "Love You Long Time" contains a sample of "Give It Up" by KC and the Sunshine Band.

Personnel
Credits for The Beginning adapted from Allmusic.
Stacy Ferguson – vocals, composer
 William Adams – vocals, art direction, bass, composer, drum programming, engineer, executive producer, Fender Rhodes, logo design, Moog bass, producer, synthesizer
 DJ Ammo – drum programming, Moog bass, producer, synthesizer
 Michelle Bishop – violin
 Davis Barnett – viola
 Larry Gold – conductor, string arrangements
 Jaime Gomez (Taboo)– vocals, composer
 David Guetta – composer, drum programming, producer, synthesizer
 Keith Harris – composer, Fender Rhodes, grand piano, piano, synthesizer
 Alain Whyte – guitar
 Josh Lopez – guitar
 Caleb Speir – bass
 Giorgio Tuinfort – composer, drum programming, producer, synthesizer
 Ghislaine Fleischmann – violin
 Ruth Frazier – viola
 Olga Konopelsky – violin
 Tom Kraines – cello
 Emma Kummrow – violin
 Tamae Lee – violin
 Erica Miller – violin
 Charles Parker – violin
 Gregory Teperman – violin
 Jennie Lorenzo – cello
 Deborah Mannis - Gardner – sample clearance
 Allan Pineda – vocals, composer
 Joshua Alvarez – composer
Eddie Axley – logo design
 Jean Baptiste – composer
 Chris Bellman – mastering
 Jennifer Bowling – marketing coordinator
 John DeNicola – composer
 Dennis Dennehy – publicity
 William Derella – management
 Dylan Dresdow – mixing
 Bernard Edwards – composer
 Julie Frost – composer
 Free School – producer
 Sylvia Gordon – composer
 Julie Hovsepian – product manager
Tomoko Itoki – marketing
 Neil Jacobson – A&R
 Rodney Jerkins – composer
 Thomas Brown – composer
 Justin Franks (DJ Frank E) – producer
 Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins – producer
 Andy Kalyvas – mastering assistant
 Damien Leroy – composer
 Jonathan Levine – booking
 Donald Markowitz – composer
 Michael McHenry – composer
 Polo Molina – management
 Huan Nghiem – art direction
 Padraic 'Padlock' Kerin – engineer, production coordination
 Franke Previte – composer
 Brenda Reynoso – publicity
 Nile Rodgers – composer
 Dante Santiago – A&R
 Stephen Shadowen – composer
 James Durkin – recording assistant
 Pasha Shapiro – art direction
 Hillary Siskind – publicity
 David Sonenberg – management
 Anthony Taglianetti – mixing assistant
 Scott Thomas – booking
 Andrew Van Meter – producer
 Jorge Velasco – mixing assistant
 Ricky Walters – composer
 Ernst Weber – art direction
 Ianthe Zevos – creation

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Chart procession and succession
Release history

References 

2010 albums
Black Eyed Peas albums
Hip hop albums
Electronic dance music albums
Shock tactics are those military tactics designed to overwhelm an enemy with fear, causing panic and confusion. Shock tactics are as old as warfare itself. The Mongols got their reputation for being invincible by the use of shock tactics. Numbers of Medieval knights mounted on their warhorses made coordinated shock attacks into the ranks of enemy soldiers. Robert E. Lee saw the advantage of the shock attack as not so much killing enemy soldiers, but to "create a panic and virtually destroy the [enemy] army." The disadvantage of a shock attack is that the attacker may suffer heavy casualties. During World War I, for example, Germany suffered great losses with its use of the shock attack.

Historic examples 
 
Ancient armies often defeated their enemy through through the psychological impact of shock tactics.
The Hittites and Ancient Egyptians used the first mobile tool for shock tactics; the war Chariot. Charioteers were the elite branch of most armies of the time. But by the beginning of the classical period they were no longer effective. Armies had developed ways to defeat the chariots in battle. Even the infamous scythed chariots used by Darius I of Persia  could be easily defeated by the infantry. They changed to a wider spacing of their phalanx formation. This allowed the soldiers to avoid the blades and let the scythed chariots to go right through. They then ran directly into the long pike formations directly behind each phalanx which impaled the chariots and their riders.
Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great depended on their elite Companion cavalry for their shock tactics to help win nearly every one of their battles. While the Macedonian phalanx units would engage the enemy, the cavalry was held in reserve. Once the phalanx broke up the lines, the Companion cavalry would act as shock troops and scatter the enemy soldiers.
 
 The German Blitzkrieg (lightning war) of World War II was a shock tactic that was used to great effect against their enemies. The Blitzkrieg concentrated its forces behind offensive weapons such as tanks, artillery and airplanes to quickly push through enemy lines. The tanks would then be free to cause shock and confusion behind the enemy lines. They would interrupt supply lines, and prevent reinforcements from sealing the breach in their lines. The Germans would then envelop the enemy troops and force them to surrender (military).

Notes
Notes

Related pages 
 Flanking maneuver
 Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
 Turning movement
 Ambush
 Envelopment
 Pincer movement 
 Rearguard
 Attrition warfare
 Feigned retreat
 Preemptive war
 Oblique order

References

Other websites 
 Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics; YouTube

Military terminology
Military tactics
Renegotiations: The Remixes is a remix EP by American hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas. It was originally released on iTunes on March 21, 2006 by Interscope Records. All the songs were originally from the groups fourth studio album Monkey Business (2005).

Track listing

References

2006 albums
Remix albums
Black Eyed Peas albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Monkey Business is the fourth studio album by American hip hop group, the Black Eyed Peas. It was released on May 25, 2005, by the will.i.am Music Group and A&M Records. It was the groups second album to feature R&B singer Fergie as a member.

Track listings

Personnel
Credits adapted from Monkey Business liner notes:
William Adams – conceptual design, producer (tracks 1-2, 4-10, 12-15) (also executive), audio mixing (track 14), rap vocals, vocals sung by (All tracks), bass (tracks 1, 4-5, 7, 9-10, 12, 14), drum machine (1, 4-5, 7, 9, 12, 15), drums (15), synthesizer (1, 7, 12, 14), clavinet keyboard (5, 11), organ (5, 9), rhodes piano (8, 11), additional instruments (6)
 Stacy "Fergie" Ferguson - rap vocals, vocals sung by (tracks 1-8, 10-11, 13, 15)
 Allen "apl.de.ap" Pineda - rap vocals, vocals sung by (tracks 1-4, 6-8, 10-12, 14-15), Clavinet keyboard (8), drum machine (8), strings played by (8), producer (8)
 Jaime "Taboo" Gomez - rap vocals, vocals sung by (tracks 1-2, 4, 6-8, 11, 13, 15)
 Marcella Araica - assistant recording engineer, Pro-Tools music editing (track 3)
 Charlie Baccarat - electric violin (track 2)
Printz Board - Mellotron strings (tracks 2, 7-8), Mellotron keyboards (13), Moog synthesizer (7, 10), synthesizer (8, 13), bass (8, 10), drums (8), drum machine (13), trumpet (9-11, 13), keyboards (10), Rhodes piano (10), producer (8, 13)
 Ray Brady - guitar (tracks 4, 7)
 James Brown - additional lead vocals sung by (track 10)
 Venus Brown – DJ scratching (track 3), background vocals (10), A&R management
 Demo Castelleon - recording engineer (track 3)
 Mino Cinelu - sampled percussion (track 15)
 Fred Davis – legal representation
 Dylan "3-D" Dresdow - vocal recording engineer (track 8)
 Ron Fair – executive producer, additional music producer (track 4), string arrangements (2, 9), strings conducted by (9), harmonica (4)
 Shepard Fairey – album cover and logo designer
 Mike Fratantuono - bass (track 13)
 Seth Friedman – A&R management, cover art director, manager
 Brian Gardner – mastering
 Serban Ghenea – audio mixing (tracks 5, 10-12, 15)
 Dennis Gomez – booklet design
Cee-Lo Green - additional rap vocals (track 6)
 Keith Harris - live drums (track 7), drums (2, 7, 13-14), keyboards (7), Mellotron strings (7), percussion (8)
 Tal Herzberg - recording engineer (tracks 1-2, 4, 9), Pro-Tools music programming (2, 4)
 Julie Hovsepian – product manager
 Ted Howard - recording engineer (track 6)
 Tippa Irie - background vocals (track 7)
 Jack Johnson  - guitar played by, additional vocals sung by (track 9)
 Mike Jurkovac – cover art director
 Manu Katche - sampled drums (track 15)
 Kenny Kirkland - sampled keyboards (track 15)
 Talib Kweli - additional rap vocals (track 6)
 Sarah Larkin – business manager
 John Legend - additional vocals sung by (track 6)
 Melvin "Chaos" Lewis - recording engineer (track 11), bass, drum machine (11)
 Jimmy Limon - bass, Clavinet keyboard, organ, drum machine, percussion, guitar (track 12)
 Lor-e – stylist
 Branford Marsalis - sampled soprano saxophone (track 15)
 Edward Martinez – booklet art director and photographer
Tony Maserati - audio mixing (tracks 3, 7-8, 13)
 Michael Matthews - guitar (track 11)
 Polo Molina – manager
 Osinachi Nwaneri - recording engineer (track 6)
 Tim "Izo" Orindgreff - saxophone (tracks 9-11, 13), flute (13)
 George Pajon Jr. - guitar (tracks 1-4, 8, 10, 13)
 Jack Joseph Puig - audio mixing (track 9)
 Q-Tip - rap vocals (track 6)
 Kevin Rudolf - guitar (track 3)
 Dante Santiago – background vocals (tracks 8, 10-11, 13), additional lead vocals (7), A&R management coordination
 Justin Siegel – A&R management coordination
 Madeleine Smith – music clearance
 David Sonenberg – manager
 Mike "Spike" Stent - audio mixing (tracks 1-2, 4)
 Sting - additional vocals sung by (track 15), sampled bass (15)
 Robert "Mousey" Thompson - bass, Clavinet keyboard, drums, drum machine, organ (track 10)
 Justin Timberlake - additional vocals sung by (track 3)
 Timbaland - additional rap vocals (track 3), all other instruments (3)
 Neil Tucker - recording engineer (tracks 2, 8, 10-11, 13)
Andrew Van Meter – production manager
 Jason Villaroman - recording engineer (tracks 1, 3-5, 7, 12, 14-15)
 Jeff Watkins - saxophone (track 10)
 Albert Watson – photographer
 Ethan Willoughby - recording engineer, audio mixing (track 6)
 Damon Woods - guitar (track 10)
 Florencio Zavala – album cover and logo designer
 Mike Rotch – Fergie's graphic layout – director
Charts, certifications and sales

Release history

References

2005 albums
Black Eyed Peas albums
Hip hop albums
Funk albums
R&B albums
Elephunk is the third studio album by American hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas. It was released on June 24, 2003, by the will.i.am Music Group and A&M Records. Although the album is the group's third album it is also the groups first in many ways; it was the first album to feature R&B singer Fergie and was the first album of the group to be billed as "the Black Eyed Peas".

Critical reception

Track listings
Personnel
The Black Eyed Peas
 will.i.am – vocals on all tracks except 11; backing vocals on track 11; Moog synthesizers on tracks 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 13; drum programming on tracks 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10; clavinet on tracks 12 and 13; drums and piano on track 2; Wurlitzer electric piano on track 4; synthesizer on track 10; executive production; production; engineering on tracks 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 12 and 14; mixing on tracks 10 and 14
 apl.de.ap – vocals on tracks 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 11, 12 and 13; drum programming and production on track 11
 Fergie – vocals on all tracks except 6, 7 and 12
 Taboo – vocals on tracks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 13; guitar
Main session musicians
 George Pajon, Jr. – guitar on tracks 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13 and 15
 J. Curtis – guitar on tracks 5, 7, 11 and 13
 Mike Fratantuno – bass on tracks 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 14 and 15; guitarrón on track 7; double bass and acoustic guitar on track 13
 Dante Santiago – backing vocals on tracks 1, 3, 4, 6 and 10; vocals on track 7
Other contributors
Printz Board – horns on track 2; trumpet on track 7; Moog synthesizer and clavinet on track 13
 Tim Orindgreff – horns on track 2; saxophone and flute on track 7
 Terence Yoshiaki – drums on tracks 3 and 7
 Noelle Scaggs – backing vocals on tracks 3 and 6
 Tippa Irie – vocals on track 4

 Ray Brady – guitar on tracks 5 and 9
 Terry Dexter – backing vocals on track 6
 Travis Barker - drums on track 15
 Davey Chegwidden – percussion on track 7
 Chuck Prada – percussion on tracks 7 and 14
 Debi Nova – vocals on track 7
 Sérgio Mendes – piano on track 8

 John Legend – vocals on track 10
 Jacoby Shaddix – vocals on track 12
 Tobin Esperance – bass on track 12
 Jerry Horton – guitar on track 12
 David Buckner – drums on track 12
 Justin Timberlake – vocals on track 13
Main production personnel
 Ron Fair – executive production; production on track 13; additional vocal production on track 5; piano on track 7
 Dylan Dresdow – engineering on tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13 and 15; additional vocal engineering on track 3
 Christine Sirois – engineering assistance on tracks 1, 5, 6, 7 and 13
 Tony Maserati – mixing on all tracks except 10 and 12
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering

Additional production personnel
 Tal Herzberg – additional engineering on tracks 5 and 13
 Jun Ishizeki – engineering on track 10
 Jason Villaroman – engineering on track 11
 Chris Lord-Alge – mixing on track 12

The album is considered a victim of the Loudness war, with the worst possible ranking in the Hall of CD Clipping Shame, as 1 minute 19 seconds of the CD's audio has been destroyed by clipping.

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

Notes
References

Notes 

2003 albums
Black Eyed Peas albums
Hip hop albums
Funk albums
R&B albums
A&M Records albums
Azadliq () a daily political newspaper in Azerbaijan. It is one of the most popular newspapers in Azerbaijan.

References

Other websites

 www.azadliq.info 

Newspapers published in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani-language newspapers
1989 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Azerbaijan
Free Media Award winners
Behind the Front is the debut studio album by American hip hop group Black Eyed Peas, released on June 30, 1998 by Interscope, The original members of the group were rappers will.i.am, Taboo and apl.de.alp as well as R&B singer Kim Hill, although Hill was a member of the group her photo wasn't included on the album and she only appeared on a few of the songs on the album. Some of the songs were demos from will.i.am and apl.de.alp's group Atban Klann's scheduled debut album Grass Roots which was never released, with additional raps added by Taboo.

Track listing
Track listing

Sample credits
"Fallin' Up" contains a sample from "Comanche" by Jorge Ben.
"Clap Your Hands" contains a sample from "Handclapping Song" by The Meters and "Tenement Yard" by Jacob Miller.
"Joints & Jam" contains a sample from "Grease" by Frankie Valli and "Love Till the End of Time" by Paulinho da Costa.
"The Way U Make Me Feel" contains a sample from "Here We Go (Live at the Funhouse)" by Run-DMC and "Something in the Way (You Make Me Feel)" by Stephanie Mills.
"Karma" contains a sample from "El Raton" by Cheo Feliciano and The Joe Cuba Sextet and "One Way or Another" by Blondie.
"Be Free" contains a sample from "White Horse" by Laid Back.
"Say Goodbye" contains a sample from "Heaven and Hell Is on Earth" by 20th Century Steel Band.
"What It Is" contains a sample from "Funkin' for Jamaica (N.Y.)" by Tom Browne.
"A8" contains a sample from "O Homem Da Gravata Florida" by Jorge Ben.
"Positivity" contains a sample from "Cinco Minutos" by Jorge Ben.
Personnel
Black Eyed Peas
will.i.am - vocals on all tracks; m.p.c 3000 on tracks 1-3, 5, 6, 8-13, 14 and 16; rhodes on tracks 8 and 16; hammond b3 organ on tracks 2, 10 and 13; moog on track 9; theremin on track 12; marimbas on track 9; melody phone on track 16
apl.de.ap - vocals on all tracks except 4
Taboo - vocals on all tracks except 4, 7, 9 and 15
B.E.P. musicians
Kevin Feyen - guitar on tracks 1, 5, 6, and 8-16
Mike Fratantuno - bass on tracks 1-3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 13 and 16
Terrence Yoshiaka - drums on track 5; percusions on tracks 1 and 6
Brian Lapin - rhodes on tracks 1, 5, 9, 11, 12 and 15; hammond b3 organ on track 11; bass on track 9; moog on tracks 9, 11 and 16
Additional musicians
Ramy Antoun - congas on track 6
Darell Cross - drums on track 15
J. Curtis - guitar on track 4
DJ Drez - turntables on track 15
Carlos Guacio - rhodes and bass on track 4
Peter Kim - bass on track 15
DJ Motiv8 - turntables on tracks 3 and 8
Matt Nabours - violin on track 14
Tommy O. - flute on track 14
Paul Poli - turntables on track 3 and 7
Miles Tackett - bass on track 14 and cello on track 5
Guest Vocalists
Kim Hill - vocals on tracks 4, 7 and 11
Dawn Beckman - vocals on tracks 2 and 8
Einstien Brown - vocals on track 6
Ingrid Dupree - vocals on track 3
Redfoo - rap on track 9
Macy Gray - vocals on track 14
Sierra Swan & Planet Swan - vocals on track 1
References

1998 albums
Debut albums
Black Eyed Peas albums
Hip hop albums
Alternative hip hop albums
Bridging the Gap is the second studio album by American hip hop group Black Eyed Peas, released on September 26, 2000. This is their last album as Black Eyed Peas, before they changed their name to "The Black Eyed Peas" and the last album with Kim Hill as a member.

Track listing

Chart positions

Album

Singles

References

2000 albums
Black Eyed Peas albums
Hip hop albums
Alternative hip hop albums
Interscope Records albums
There are 3 arrondissements in the Haute-Vienne department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Haute-Vienne are:

History
Since its creation, the Charente department has had some changes:
 1790 : creation of the Haute-Vienne department with six districts: Limoges, Le Dorat, Bellac, Saint-Junien, Saint-Yrieix and Saint-Léonard. Limoges was the capital of the department.
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Bellac, Limoges, Rochechouart and Saint-Yrieix.
 1926 : the arrondissement of Saint-Yrieix was eliminated.

References
References

Related pages
Arrondissement of Limoges
Arrondissement of Bellac
Arrondissement of Rochechouart
List of arrondissements of France

Haute-Vienne
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit is a bookstore owner from Thailand. She also helped start Creating Awareness for Enhanced Democracy (CAFÉ Democracy), an organization for political ideas. In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

Wattanapanit graduated from Payap University in Chiang Mai, Thailand. She raised money for conservation of forests. She worked for Community Forest Support group, a non-governmental organization. When Wattanapanit received the award in 2016, she was 49 years old.

Work 
 
In October 2011, Wattanapanit started the bookstore Book Re:public with Pinkaew Luangaramsri, an anthropology scholar from Chiang Mai University. After the May 2014 coup, the government closed her bookshop.  They took her to military camps twice.  They wanted her to sign an agreement not to work for political activities.  The first time, they took her to Kawila Army Camp in Chiang Mai. The second time it was the Army Central Command.
After one year, she opened the bookshop again.  The shop is a place for neighbors to meet and talk about social and political problems.

Other websites 

 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References  

1967 births
Living people
Activists
Rodjaraeg Wattanapanit
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Vicky Ntetema or Vicky Alice Ntetema (born c. 1958) is a journalist from Tanzania. She hid her identity to find out about the deaths of albino people. She is the director of Under the Same Sun, an NGO for the rights of albino people.  In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Life 
Ntetema received a bachelor's degree in the former Soviet Union in 1985.  She studied journalism at Byelorussian State University in Minsk.  She received a Master of Science in Information Systems Development from the University of London.

Work 

Ntemtema started work at the BBC in 1991 as a Swahili translator.  In 2005, she returned to Tanzania, and became the head of the BBC World Service in Tanzania. She worked at the BBC from 1991 to 2009.
In November 2007, Ntetema wanted to know about a series of albino murders and their connection with witchdoctors.  More than 90 percent of Tanzanians believe in witchcraft, so witch doctors are important in traditional African life. According to Ntetmea, more than 50 albinos were killed since 2007.  Often, witchdoctors pay people to kill albinos. The police protect the killers.

In July 2008, Ntetema's story was on the BBC.  She received threats, so the BBC told her to get out.  She went to London. Later she went to Kenya.

In 2010 she received the Courage in Journalism Award.

Awards 

In 2010, Ntetema received the Courage in Journalism Award from the International Women’s Media Foundation.
In 2016, Ntetema received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. department of State.

Other websites 

Under the Same Sun
 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References
References 

Human rights activists
Living people
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Journalists
Tanzanian writers
1958 births
The arrondissement of Bellac is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Bellac.

History
When the Haute-Vienne department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Bellac was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Bellac is the most northern arrondissement of the Haute-Vienne department. It is bordered to the northwest and north by the Vienne department, to the east by the Creuse department, to the south by the arrondissement of  Limoges, to the southwest by the arrondissement of Rochechouart and to the west by the  Charente department.

The arrondissement of Bellac is the second arrondissement of the department, after the arrondissement of Limoges, in area, , and population (39,744 inhabitants). It has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Bellac, the canton of Bellac and the canton of Châteauponsac have all their communes. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of Bellac has 62 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Arnac-la-Poste (87003)
 Azat-le-Ris (87006)
 Balledent (87007)
 La Bazeuge (87008)
 Bellac (87011)
 Berneuil (87012)
 Bessines-sur-Gartempe (87014)
 Blanzac (87017)
 Blond (87018)
 Breuilaufa (87022)
 Le Buis (87023)
 Bussière-Poitevine (87028)
 Chamboret (87033)
 Châteauponsac (87041)
 Cieux (87045)
 Compreignac (87047)
 La Croix-sur-Gartempe (87052)
 Cromac (87053)
 Darnac (87055)
 Dinsac (87056)
 Dompierre-les-Églises (87057)
 Le Dorat (87059)
 Droux (87061)
 Folles (87067)
 Fromental (87068)
 Gajoubert (87069)
 Les Grands-Chézeaux (87074)
 Jouac (87080)
 Lussac-les-Églises (87087)
 Magnac-Laval (87089)
 Mailhac-sur-Benaize (87090)
 Montrol-Sénard (87100)
 Mortemart (87101)
 Nantiat (87103)
 Nouic (87108)
 Oradour-Saint-Genest (87109)
 Peyrat-de-Bellac (87116)
 Rancon (87121)
 Razès (87122)
 Roussac (87128)
 Saint-Amand-Magnazeix (87133)
 Saint-Barbant (87136)
 Saint-Bonnet-de-Bellac (87139)
 Saint-Georges-les-Landes (87145)
 Saint-Hilaire-la-Treille (87149)
 Saint-Junien-les-Combes (87155)
Saint-Léger-Magnazeix (87160)
 Saint-Martial-sur-Isop (87163)
 Saint-Martin-le-Mault (87165)
 Saint-Ouen-sur-Gartempe (87172)
 Saint-Pardoux (87173)
 Saint-Sornin-la-Marche (87179)
 Saint-Sornin-Leulac (87180)
 Saint-Sulpice-les-Feuilles (87182)
 Saint-Symphorien-sur-Couze (87184)
 Tersannes (87195)
 Thiat (87196)
 Thouron (87197)
 Val-d'Issoire (87097)
 Vaulry (87198)
 Verneuil-Moustiers (87200)
 Villefavard (87206)
The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Bellac
Awadeya Mahmoud or Awwadah Mahmoud Koko (Arabic: عوضية محمود كوكو ) is a tea seller and activist from Sudan.  She started the Women’s Food and Tea Sellers’ Cooperative and the Women’s Multi-Purpose Cooperative for Khartoum State.  In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

Work 
Mahmoud lived in southern Kordofan.  Because of war in south Sudan, she moved to Khartoum.   She started to sell tea by the side of the road. Every day, the local police harassed her and threatened her.  She could not go to the government, so she organized women.  She helped them talk to politicians and use the media to get attention for their problems. The police put her in jail for four years.  Finally the courts of Sudan said she was free. With the help of the Sudanese Development Association, an NGO, she started an organization to help the women who sell tea.
At first there were three cooperatives.  During 2015, the project increased to 36 cooperatives in seven areas of Khartoum region.  Now there are more than 7,500 women in the original three cooperatives.

Other websites 

 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References  

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Living people
Sudanese people
Women's rights activists
Forever Marilyn is a giant statue of Marilyn Monroe designed by Seward Johnson. The statue is made to look like one of the most famous images of Monroe, taken from the movie The Seven Year Itch. The statue was created in July 2011. It has been displayed in the United States and Australia.

Design and location 
The 26-foot-tall sculpture is a super-sized tribute to Marilyn Monroe's famous scene from Billy Wilder's 1955 comedy, The Seven-Year Itch. It shows the instant a blast of air from a New York City Subway grate raises her white dress.

The statue was displayed at Pioneer Court in Chicago, Illinois, before it was moved to Palm Springs, California in 2012.

It left Palm Springs on March 27, 2014. It was moved to the 42-acre Grounds for Sculpture in New Jersey in 2014 to honor Seward Johnson. Due to its popularity, the statue remained on display at the GFS through September 2015.

The statue was next displayed in 2016 in Australia in connection with the Bendigo Art Gallery's Marilyn Monroe exhibition.
Reception 
In 2011 the statue was vandalized three times, being splashed with red paint. According to the executive director of the Chicago Public Arts Group, this was because the statue is controversial.

The public, however, generally liked the statue: "Forever Marilyn journeyed back to Hamilton in April 2014, arriving at the Grounds for Sculpture on a truck as two dozen people cheered and took pictures. During the cross-country journey, people snapped photos of the sculpture in parking lots and along highways and posted them on social media."

There is at least one full size counterfeit. The discarded sculpture was photographed in a dump in China.

References

Statues
2011 works
The arrondissement of Limoges is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Limoges.

History
When the Haute-Vienne department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Limoges was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Limoges is the most southern arrondissement of the Haute-Vienne department. It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of  Bellac, to the east by the Creuse department, to the south by the Corrèze department, to the southwest by the Dordogne department and to the west by the arrondissement of  Rochechouart.

The arrondissement of Limoges is the largest arrondissement of the department, with area of , and it is the one with more people living in it with a population of 298,578 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Limoges, the canton of Ambazac is the only canton that has communes in more than one arrondissement as can be seen in the following table:

Communes
The arrondissement of Limoges has 108 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aixe-sur-Vienne (87001)
 Ambazac (87002)
 Augne (87004)
 Aureil (87005)
 Beaumont-du-Lac (87009)
 Bersac-sur-Rivalier (87013)
 Beynac (87015)
 Boisseuil (87019)
 Bonnac-la-Côte (87020)
 Bosmie-l'Aiguille (87021)
 Bujaleuf (87024)
 Burgnac (87025)
 Bussière-Galant (87027)
 Champnétery (87035)
 Chaptelat (87038)
 Cheissoux (87043)
 Châlus (87032)
 Château-Chervix (87039)
 Châteauneuf-la-Forêt (87040)
 Condat-sur-Vienne (87048)
 Coussac-Bonneval (87049)
 Couzeix (87050)
 Domps (87058)
 Eybouleuf (87062)
 Eyjeaux (87063)
 Eymoutiers (87064)
 Feytiat (87065)
 Flavignac (87066)
 Glandon (87071)
 Glanges (87072)
 Isle (87075)
 Jabreilles-les-Bordes (87076)
 Janailhac (87077)
 Jourgnac (87081)
 La Croisille-sur-Briance (87051)
 La Geneytouse (87070)
 La Jonchère-Saint-Maurice (87079)
 La Meyze (87096)
 La Porcherie (87120)
 La Roche-l'Abeille (87127)
 Ladignac-le-Long (87082)
 Laurière (87083)
 Lavignac (87084)
 Le Chalard (87031)
 Le Châtenet-en-Dognon (87042)
 Le Palais-sur-Vienne (87113)
 Le Vigen (87205)
Le Vigen (87205)
 Les Billanges (87016)
 Les Cars (87029)
 Limoges (87085)
 Linards (87086)
 Magnac-Bourg (87088)
 Masléon (87093)
 Meilhac (87094)
 Meuzac (87095)
  Moissannes (87099)
 Nedde (87104)
 Neuvic-Entier (87105)
 Nexon (87106)
 Nieul (87107)
 Pageas (87112)
 Panazol (87114)
 Peyrat-le-Château (87117)
 Peyrilhac (87118)
 Pierre-Buffière (87119)
 Rempnat (87123)
 Rilhac-Lastours (87124)
 Rilhac-Rancon (87125)
 Royères (87129)
 Roziers-Saint-Georges (87130)
 Saint-Amand-le-Petit (87132)
 Saint-Bonnet-Briance (87138)
 Saint-Denis-des-Murs (87142)
 Saint-Gence (87143)
 Saint-Genest-sur-Roselle (87144)
 Saint-Germain-les-Belles (87146)
 Saint-Gilles-les-Forêts (87147)
 Saint-Hilaire-Bonneval (87148)
 Saint-Hilaire-les-Places (87150)
 Saint-Jean-Ligoure (87151)
 Saint-Jouvent (87152)
 Saint-Julien-le-Petit (87153)
 Saint-Just-le-Martel (87156)
 Saint-Laurent-les-Églises (87157)
 Saint-Léger-la-Montagne (87159)
 Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat (87161)
 Saint-Martin-Terressus (87167)
Saint-Martin-le-Vieux (87166)
 Saint-Maurice-les-Brousses (87169)
 Saint-Méard (87170)
 Saint-Paul (87174)
 Saint-Priest-Ligoure (87176)
 Saint-Priest-Taurion (87178)
 Saint-Priest-sous-Aixe (87177)
 Saint-Sulpice-Laurière (87181)
 Saint-Sylvestre (87183)
 Saint-Vitte-sur-Briance (87186)
 Saint-Yrieix-la-Perche (87187)
 Saint-Yrieix-sous-Aixe (87188)
 Sainte-Anne-Saint-Priest (87134)
 Sauviat-sur-Vige (87190)
 Solignac (87192)
 Surdoux (87193)
 Sussac (87194)
 Séreilhac (87191)
 Verneuil-sur-Vienne (87201)
 Veyrac (87202)
 Vicq-sur-Breuilh (87203)
The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Limoges
Hysterical strength or superhuman strength is a display of extreme strength by humans beyond the normal. Hysterical strength usually occurs in life or death situations. The usual explanation is a sudden release of adrenaline (epinephrine). There have been numerous reports of people exhibiting hysterical strength while experiencing negative side effects of drugs like LSD, Phencyclidine and flakka and even fighting with the police.

In life or death situations 
In 1982, in Lawrenceville, Georgia, Tony Cavallo was repairing a 1964 Chevrolet Impala automobile from underneath. The vehicle was propped up with jacks, but it fell. Cavallo's mother, Mrs. Angela Cavallo, lifted the car high enough and long enough for two neighbours to replace the jacks and pull Tony from beneath the car.
In 2006, in Tucson, Arizona, Tom Boyle watched as a Chevrolet Camaro hit 18-year-old Kyle Holtrust. The car pinned Holtrust, still alive, underneath. Boyle lifted the Camaro off the teenager, while the driver of the car pulled the teen to safety.

In 2011, in Tampa, Florida, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m), 295 lb (134 kg; 21.1 st) University of South Florida college football player Danous Estenor lifted a 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) car off of a man who had been caught underneath. The man was a tow truck driver who had been pinned under the rear tire of a 1990 Cadillac Seville, which had lurched forward as he worked underneath it. The man suffered only minor injuries.

In 2015, in Vienna, Virginia, Charlotte Heffelmire was able to momentarily use incredible strength to free her dad from a GMC pick-up truck.
Under the influence of drugs 
In healthy people at oral therapeutic doses, amphetamine has been shown to increase physical strength, acceleration, stamina, and endurance, while reducing reaction time.  Like methylphenidate and bupropion, amphetamine increases stamina and endurance in humans mainly through  the release of dopamine, and other central nervous system effects.

References 

Physiology
India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य ) is a country in South Asia.

India may also refer to:

Geography and culture
 The entire Indian subcontinent, including all the India's neighboring countries
 The Indies, a former name used for all of south and southeast Asia
 The Indies or East Indies, the islands of Greater India
 The West Indies, the islands of the Caribbean

History
The term India has historically also been used to refer to:
Hindustan, a name used for medieval India and still sometimes used for modern India  
British Raj, officially known as the Indian Empire

Other uses
India (cat), the pet cat of U.S. President George W. Bush

Related pages 

Indian (disambiguation)