Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Savio () is a river that starts in the Apennines mountain and flows to east into the Adriatic Sea. It is the longest river of the Romagna region.

Geography
The Savio river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) depends of the season: in the autumn could be as high as 1,000 cubic metres per second but is very low during summer. Most of the time, the discharge is about 6 cubic metres per second.

Course
The Savio river starts, with the name of Fosso Grosso, in the Mount Fumaiolo, a mountain in the Apennines, at an elevation of about , in the commune of Verghereto, in the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions. At its source there is monument with symbols that represent the Romagna region and the Verghereto commune.
In Montecoronaro, a frazione (an Italian subdivision of a municipality) of Verghereto, the river takes the name of Savio. The river flows through the communes of Bagno di Romagna and San Piero in Bagno and, after a few kilometres, it forms an artificial reservoir, the Lago di Quarto, where it is joined, on the right side, by its first important tributary, the stream Para.

It flows through the communes of Sarsina, Mercato Saraceno and Cesena, all in the province of Forlì-Cesena. In Botello (a frazione of Cesena), it is joined on the left side by its main tributary, the stream Botello. Then it goes into the province of Ravenna and flows through Castiglione di Cervia (commune of Cervia) and Castiglione di Ravenna (commune of Ravenna).

Finally, after 126 kilometres, it flows into the Adriatic Sea between Lido di Classe, a seaside resort, and Lido di Savio.

Main tributaries 
The tributaries of the Savio are all small streams; the main are the Botello, left tributary, and Para, coming from the right.
Related pages
 List of rivers of Italy

References

Other websites
 F.I.P.S.A.S. Sezione Provinciale di Forlì-Cesena: Fiume Savio  
 Weather statistics for Fiume Savio

Emilia-Romagna
Rivers of Italy
Alexander Dubček was a Slovak politician. He was briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969).

Dubček tried to change the communist government during the Prague Spring. He was made to quit after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. He became a politician again after the Velvet Revolution.

References

1921 births
1992 deaths
Czechoslovak communist politicians
Presidents of Czechoslovakia
Humanists
Military personnel of World War II
Road accident deaths
Slovakian politicians
Walter Hallstein (17 November 1901 – 29 March 1982) was a German academic, diplomat, and politician. He was the first president of the Commission of the European Economic Community. He was one of the founding fathers of the European Union.

Hallstein is also the person behind the Hallstein Doctrine, wich the former state of West Germany proclaimed in 1955. It meant that West Germany wouldn't have diplomatic relations with countries that recognized East Germany.

References

1901 births
1982 deaths
European Commissioners
Members of the German Bundestag
German academics
German diplomats
German military personnel of World War II
Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate
Jurists
People from Mainz

Politicians from Rhineland-Palatinate
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Prisoners of war
Todor Hristov Zhivkov ( ; 7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998) was the communist head of state of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from March 4, 1954 until November 10, 1989.

Zhivkov was the longest-serving leader of any Eastern Bloc nation. He is one of the longest ruling non-royal leaders in history.

References

1911 births
1998 deaths
Communist politicians
Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Former dictators
What makes a victory decisive 
In his book On War (Vom Kriege), Carl von Clausewitz stated a decisive victory “is to throw [an] opponent in order to make him incapable of further resistance. War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will.” He wrote that, to cripple an enemy, a general must find that enemy's "center of gravity". This is the core of what gives an enemy their power. It can be different for different wars and for different enemies, but it is often the enemy's army, people or economy. According to Clausewitz, a war can only end in a decisive victory or it will continue. Clausewitz also wrote: “There is only one decisive victory: the last.”
Sun Tzu (544 BC – 496 BC) also wrote about decisive victory. In his book The Art of War, he wrote: “Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy but does not allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him”. Later in the book he added: “And therefore those skilled in war bring the enemy to the field of battle, and are not brought by him”.

Historical examples 
The Battle of Marathon was a decisive victory for the ancient Greeks over the Persians. It marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece.

The Battle of Hastings (14 October 1066) was a pitched battle between the Anglo-Saxon English and an invading Norman army. In the battle, the English King Harold Godwinson was killed by an arrow through his eye. The victor, William Duke of Normandy, was crowned as King William I of England 10 weeks later. The Norman conquest was a major turning point in England's history.
Related pages 
 Strategic victory
 Tactical victory
 Pyrrhic victory
 Victory

References

Other websites 
 The Crimean War : Malakoff, the Decisive Victory; YouTube

Military terminology
Blek le Rat is Xavier Prou. He was one of the first graffiti artists in Paris, and has been described as the "Father of stencil graffiti".

Xavier Prou was born on 15 November 1951 in Boulogne-Billancourt in the western suburbs of Paris.

Early career and influence
Blek began his artwork in 1981, painting stencils of rats on the walls of Parisian streets. He described the rat as "the only free animal in the city", and one which "spreads the plague everywhere, just like street art". His name comes from the comic book Blek le Roc, using "rat" as an anagram for "art".

See also
Banksy

References 

Living people
1952 births
Artists from Paris
Graffiti artists
People from Boulogne-Billancourt
Murray Gell-Mann (September 15, 1929 – May 24, 2019) was an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles. He was the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at the California Institute of Technology, a Distinguished Fellow and co-founder of the Santa Fe Institute, Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico, and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California.

Gell-Mann has also worked at CERN, as a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow in 1972.
Works
He was known for his study of particle physics, the smallest parts that make up the universe. These small particles behaved in ways that did not appear to follow the known laws of physics, and Gell-Mann came up with the idea of giving them a strangeness number which could allow them to be compared and put into categories. He also came up with idea that parts of an atom, the proton ad the neutron were made up of even smaller particles. He called the quarks, a nonsense work from James Joyce's book, Finnigan's Wake.

Gell-Mann then developed the idea that quarks were held together inside the nucleus by a force he called "color", and this force could be given a quantum number. With Richard Feynman he discovered a weak interaction between sub-atomic particles. He researched string theory which could explain what makes up the smallest particles and forces.

Personal life
Gell-Mann was an agnostic. Gell-Mann supported Barack Obama for the United States presidency in October 2008.
Gell-Mann died on May 24, 2019 at his home in Santa Fe, New Mexico, aged 89.

References

Other websites

 Gell-Mann's Home Page at SFI 
 "Beauty, truth and ... physics?" (TED2007)
 "The ancestor of language" (TED2007)
 Murray Gell-Mann Video Interview with the Academy of Achievement in 1990
 Murray Gell-Mann talks quarks (Video)
 Membership at the Council on Foreign Relations

1929 births
2019 deaths
Nobel Prize in Physics winners
People from Manhattan
Scientists from New York City
American theoretical physicists
A limited war is a war carried out by a state that uses less than its total resources and has a goal of less than total defeat of the enemy. It is very often the high cost of war that makes limited war more practical than total war.

In a limited war, a state's total survival does not depend on the outcome of the war. For example, when Augustus sent his Roman legions to conquer Germania, the fate of the Roman Republic was not at stake. Since 1945, nuclear weapons have made limited war become the normal type of warfare.

The United States has a strategic position that has made since World War II find itself involved in a number of limited wars. The Korean, the Vietnam, the Gulf War, and the 2003 invasion of Iraq were all examples of limited wars.
The goal of at least one of the parties in a limited war is to maintain its freedom and to preserve itself. The strategy that is often used, especially against a much stronger enemy, is to draw out the fighting until the other side gets tired and finally decides to quit.

That worked for George Washington in the American Revolutionary War. Although the British Army was the strongest army in the world at the time, the war dragged out until the British got tired of the war draining its resources.

The Taliban and other Islamist groups today keep their wars going trying to wear out their enemies in the Western world.
Problems 
Limited wars are rarely successful. From the time of the Roman Republic to modern times, limited warfare has usually not had the desired results. It also runs contrary to what military leaders are taught, which is to win at all costs. Those who make policy often choose the middle ground of limited war when faced with decisions between total war or do nothing at all. The only problem with doing nothing is the example of Adolf Hitler. While the world powers did nothing, he continued to invade weaker countries until finally a world war was all that could stop him.

Historical examples 
The concept of limited war is not new. The military theorist Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) wrote about two kinds of war. One kind has its the goal being the total destruction of an enemy. When that is not possible, the other kind is limited war, often because one of the parties to the war does not have the capability of completely annihilating their enemy.
The Crimean War (1853–1856) was fought between Russia on one side and France, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire on the other side. It was a limited war, limited mainly by geography. From 1815 to 1854, Britain and Russia were the two main world powers. In September 1854, the allies invaded Crimea to protect the Ottomans from Russia. Britain used its shipssl to control the region. In 1855, the allies captured Sevastopol, but they did not have the manpower to capture all of Crimea. Russia was bankrupt and could not continue fighting. Emperor Alexander II of Russia finally agreed to the peace demands and signed the Treaty of Paris in 1856.
The Falklands War (1982) was an example of a limited war that was limited by geography, time, and means. After a long dispute over ownership with the United Kingdom, Argentina had its troops invaded the Falkland Islands on April 2, 1982. On June 14, 1982, the Argentine forces in the Falklands surrendered. On June 20, the British declared the war was ended. Despite the settlement, Argentina still maintains claims on the Falklands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
The Vietnam War (1955–1975) was fought between North Vietnam, supported by the Soviet Union, China and North Korea, and South Vietnam, supported by the United States, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines. The conflict between communist and capitalist countries was both part of the Cold War and a proxy war. American leaders did not recognize Vietnam as a limited war, which is clear from the Pentagon Papers in 1961 and 1962. Instead, they focused on how to engage in fighting a war guerilla forces and thought the solution lay in military operations and in political [eforms. At first, the Americans began to send military advisors to help train and support the South Vietnamese Army. After the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, the President of the United States was given the power to run large-scale military operations in Southeast Asia without declaring war. After 58,193 American deaths in Vietnam, US President Richard Nixon decided to get out of Vietnam
. Under the Paris Peace Accords, which were signed on January 27, 1973, American military forces withdrew from South Vietnam, and prisoners-of-war were exchanged. On April 30, 1975, Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese and the war ended.
References

Other websites 
 
 

War
Beatriz Montañez López (born 3 June 1977 in Almadén, Castile-La Mancha) is a Spanish journalist and radio speaker.

Biography

Early years 
She began working in the radio at Onda Mancha from Almadén (currently Cadena SER Almadén). Afterwards she went to the University of California where she got a degree in journalism. At same time, Montañez worked in several Spanish language radio stations in the U.S., Telemundo and Radio KLVE among others.

Back in Spain, she studied audiovisual communication and production at Instituto de RTVE and made a master via online at Harvard University.

LaSexta 
In 2006 began to work in LaSexta's El Intermedio as anchorwoman and El Gran Wyoming as host.

In 2011 she left the programme being replaced by Sandra Sabatés.

Tele 5 
In 2013 was hired by Tele 5 to present along Jordi González: El gran debate. In March, 2014 hosted Hable con ellas, an interview TV-magazine at the same channel until July.
Book 
On March 15, 2021, she publishes the book "Niadela", where she talks about how she decided to live a simple life alone in the mountains.

References

Other websites
 

1977 births
Living people
Spanish journalists
Gōjū-ryū is Japanese for "hard-soft style." It is one of the main traditional Okinawan styles of karate.  Gōjū-ryū uses a combination of hard and soft techniques. Both principles, hard and soft, come from the famous martial arts book used by Okinawan masters during the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bubishi ().  Gō, which means hard, refers to closed hand techniques or straight linear attacks. Jū, which means soft, refers to open hand techniques and circular movements. Gōjū-ryū uses both circular and linear movements. It combines hard striking attacks such as kicks. It also uses close hand punches with softer open hand circular techniques. These are used for attacking, blocking, and controlling the opponent. This includes locks, grappling, takedowns and throws.

References 

Martial art techniques
Karate
In Jainism, a tirthankara (Sanskrit tīrthaṅkara) is an all knowing Teaching God who teaches the path to liberation from the cycle of births and deaths, called saṃsāra. According to Jains, over time, Jain teachings are gradually forgotten. Then, a rare individual is born who at some point in his life renounces the world to conquer the saṃsāra, the cycle of death and rebirth, on his own. After Tirthankara attains Kevala Jnana (omniscience) he refounds Jainism. Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow him from saṃsāra (worldy existence) to moksha (liberation).

According to Jains, exactly twenty-four tirthankaras grace this part of the universe in each half of the Jain time cycle. The first tirthankara was Rishabhanatha, who is said to have taught men various arts and professions including agriculture. The 24th and last tirthankara of present half-cycle was Mahavira (599-527 BC). His predecessor, Parshvanatha, the twenty-third tirthankara was an important historical figure.
The teachings tirthankara are compiled as scriptures called Agamas. All tirthankaras teach same philosophy and ethics and their teachings do not contradict. While tirthankaras are worshiped by Jains, there grace is said to be available for all living beings, regardless of religious orientation.

Tirthankaras are called Jina (victor), which means one who has conquered inner enemies such as anger, attachment, pride and greed. They are entirely free of all passions, and personal likes and dislikes. After attaining omniscience, they are free from eighteen imperfections like hunger, thirst, sleep etc.

Meaning 

The word tirthankara signifies the founder of a tirtha which means a fordable passage across the sea of repeated births and deaths (called saṃsāra).
Tirthankaras are also called "Teaching Gods", "Ford-Makers", "Crossing Makers" and "Makers of the River-Crossing.
Tirthankara 
The tīrthaṅkara nama-karma, a special type of karma is mentioned in the Jain texts. Bondage of this karma raises a soul to the supreme status of a Tīrthaṅkara. Tattvartha Sutra, a major Jain text, list down sixteen observances which lead to the influx of this karma-

Panch Kalyanaka
Panch Kalyanaka 

Five auspicious events called, Pañca kalyāṇaka happen in the life of every tirthankara:
 Gārbha kalyāṇaka (conception): When soul of the tirthankara comes into his mother's womb.
 Janma kalyāṇaka (birth): Birth of a tirthankara. Indra, the head of celestial beings performs a ritual on tirthankara on Mount Meru.
 Dīkṣā kalyāṇaka (renunciation): When a tirthankara renounces all worldly possessions and become an ascetic.
 Jñāna kalyāṇaka: The event when a tirthankara attains omniscience and becomes all knowing. After this celestial beings erect a divine preaching hall called samavasarana from where he delivers sermons.
 Nirvāṇa kalyāṇaka (liberation): When a tirthankara leaves his mortal body, it is known as nirvana. It is followed by the final liberation, moksha. Their soul goes to Siddhashila (topmost part of the Universe as per Jains) forever where they enjoy everlating happiness.

Samavasarana
Samavasarana 

After attaining omniscience, a tirthankara preaches the path to liberation in the samavasarana. According to Jain texts, the heavenly pavilion is erected by devas (heavenly beings) where devas, humans and animals assemble to hear the tirthankara. A tirthankara's speech is listened by all humans and animals in their own language. It is believed that during this speech, there is no unhappiness for miles around the site.

Tīrthaṅkaras of present cosmic age 
Jainism teaches that time has no beginning or end. It moves like the wheel of a cart. Jains divide the time cycle in two halves, Utsarpiṇī or ascending time cycle and avasarpiṇī, the descending time cycle. 24 tirthankaras are born in each half of this cycle. In Jain tradition the tirthankaras were royal in their final lives, and Jain texts record details of their previous lives.
Twenty-one of the tirthankaras are said to have attained moksha in the kayotsarga (standing meditation posture), while Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Mahavira are said to have attained moksha in the Padmasana (lotus position).

List of the 24 tirthankaras

Present cosmic age 

In chronological order, the names, emblems and colours of the 24 tirthankaras of this age are mentioned below: Dhanuṣa means "bow" and hatha means "hands".

Gallery

Notes

References 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jainism
Palmiro Togliatti was an Italian politician. He was leader of the Italian Communist Party from 1927 until his death. 

Togliatti began his political life in the Italian Socialist Party. After World War I he created the Communist Party of Italy with others. In 1926 Benito Mussolini outlawed the party. Togliatti became the leader in exile. In 1943, the name was changed to the Italian Communist Party. In 1944 Togliatti returned to Italy. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Crimea.

References

1893 births
1964 deaths
Italian communist politicians

Politicians from Genoa
Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake,  (; 11 February 1904 – 8 December 1983) was the 26th Prime Minister of New Zealand. He served for a brief period in 1957 and then from 1960 to 1972. He was also the 13th Governor-General of New Zealand, serving from 1977 to 1980.

Holyoake was a Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. He used the following Post-nominal letters:
KG Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter
GCMG Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order Of Saint Michael And Saint George
CH Order of the Companions of Honour
QSO Companion of the Queen's Service Order
KStJ Knight of Justice of The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem

References

1904 births
1983 deaths
Governors General of New Zealand
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Anti-communists
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights of the Garter
Deputy Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry was the President of Sudan from 1969 to 1985. His name is also spelled Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or Ga'far Muhammad Numayri.

Nimeiry came to power after a military coup in 1969. In 1972 he signed the Addis Ababa Agreement, ending the First Sudanese Civil War. In 1983 he imposed Sharia law. This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War. He was removed from power in 1985. Nimeiry went into exile in Egypt.

References

1930 births
2009 deaths
Presidents of Sudan
Prime Ministers of Sudan
Alikovsky District (; , Elĕk rajonĕ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia. It is located in the northwestern central part of the republic and borders with Morgaushsky and Yadrinsky Districts in the north, Krasnoarmeysky District in the east, Vurnarsky and Shumerlinsky Districts in the south, and with Krasnochetaysky District in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Alikovo. Population:  The population of Alikovo accounts for 14.5% of the district's total population.

History
The district was formed on October 1, 1927.

Economy
There is a construction plant in Alikovo.

Transportation
The Cheboksary–Yadrin and the Cheboksary–Krasnye Chetay autoroute cross the territory of the district.

Demographics
As of the 2002 Census, 98% of the population was Chuvash.

Education
There is a middle school in Alikovo.
Culture
There is a museum, a people's theater, a folk band, a veteran's orchestra, a school's brass band, and a chorus. Regional Chuvash music festival "Vir'yal shevlisem" (lit. Viryal's pancakes) takes place in May of each year.

Notable people
 Alexander Artemiev, writer and poet
 Anatoly Serep, writer and poet
 Arcady Aris, writer
 Arkady Malov, poet and translator
 Boris Markov, actor, director
 Gerasim Pileš, writer and playwright
 Ille Toktash, writer and poet
 Nikita Larionov, writer and poet
 Nikolai Yut, writer, folklorist, and literature critic
 Stanislav Voronov, artist

Further reading
 L. A. Yefimov, "Alikovsky District" ("Элĕк Енĕ"), Alikovo, 1994.
 "Аликовская энциклопедия" (Alikovsky District's Encyclopedia), authors: Yefimov L.A., Yefimov E.L., Ananyev A.A., Terentyev G.K., Cheboksary, 2009, .

References

Notes

Sources
Thirunallar is a small town in the district of Karaikal, Puducherry Union territory, India. It is on the banks of Noolaaru River and Vanchiaaru River in the north and the banks of Arasalar River in the south.

Thirunallar is specially famous for the temple dedicated to Lord Shani, or Lord Saturn. The temple is named after him, Thirunallar Saniswaran temple. The main deity of the town is Lord Dharbharanyeshwarar, a form of Lord Shiva.

The temple of this town is the only temple dedicated to Lord Shani in the whole world. Whenever Lord Saturn passes from one zodiac sign to the other (Sani Peyarchi), millions of people comes to Thirunallar for worshiping the lord. The Nala theertham or Nalan kulam is the temple tank of this temple, which is said to be washing away all misfortunes caused by karma. That is why Lord Shani is renowned as "the dispenser of Karma".

Thirunallar is believed to be named for King Nala, the king of the country of Nishadha.

References

Other websites 
Official page
Towns in Karaikal District
Tirumalairayanpattinam is a census town in Karaikal district, Puducherry Union territory, India. This is also a religious town like the other main renowned towns in the Karaikal district. The town's name is often shortened to TR Pattinam. This town is on the banks of Thirumalairajanar River

TR Pattinam is named after a king like the town of Thirunallar. Tirumalairayanpattinam is named after King Thirumalai Raja, who ruled this town from 1453 to 1468. At his time both the river and the town was named after him. But later the name of the town changed to Tirumalairayan pattinam.

Famous things in the Tirumalairayan Pattinam
 A 160 year old bridge still stands in the Tirumalairajan River. 
 
 Aayiram Kaali Amman Temple is an ancient temple. The deity is made entirely of wood. 
 
 Maasi magam festival 

 Arulmigu Abhirami Amman Temple is also a famous temple.
Transportation
TR Pattinam has its own railway station under the control of the Indian Railways. It is also well connected with the port city and the district headquarters, Karaikal.

Reference

 
Towns in Karaikal District
Germania was a Roman name originally given to a tribe of people who lived along the Rhine River. They were a Teutonic people, who were first mentioned in the 4th century BC. The Gauls changed it from a name for a people to the name for the territory. This was a vast forested wilderness to the north that Rome knew very little about. It ran from the west on the River Rhenus (Rhine) to the east and the Carpathian Mountains and the River Vistula. On the north it was bounded by the North Sea and on the south by the River Hister (Danube).

Tribes
Tribes

Germania Inferior 
Germania was home to a very large number of Germanic and a few Celtic tribes. The northern provinces of Germania were called "Germania Inferior". Some of the tribes known to live here were the Menapii, Batavi, Condrusi, Atuataci and Eburones. Close to the Roman fortifications on the east side of the Rhine lived the Frisii, Chauci, Istavones, Sicambri, Marsii, Cattii, and Ubii tribes. The Ubii were friendly with the Romans and provided cavalry as well as guarded the border for the Romans.

Germania Superior  
"Germania Superior", or southern Germania was home to the Triboci, Rauraci (Celtic), Nemetes, Caeroesi, Sequani (Gallic) and Helvetii (Gallic) tribes. To the east of the Rhine and along the Danube lived the Marvingii, Varisci (also called Nariscii), Burgundians, Hermunduri, Suebi and the Cherusci tribes.
Roman conquest 
During the Gallic War, Julius Caesar ended the Germanic control of Alsace by defeating Ariovistus. He built a bridge across the Rhine in 55 BC and entered Germania. He convinced the Suebi and other tribes not to interfere in Gaul, which was Roman territory. Other than venturing into Germania a second time in 53 BC and warring against several tribes, he left Germania alone. This established the Rhine as the boundary between Germania and Roman Gaul. From 49–45 BC, Caesar was occupied by the Civil War. He was then assassinated in 44 BC.
The beginnings of the occupation of Germania by Rome was in 15 BC. The Foothills of the Alps were conquered during the reign of Augustus. This, together with the lands west of the Rhine conquered by Caesar became their foothold. The Romans attempted to bring under Roman rule the lands as far north as the River Elbe. In 7 AD Rome assumed Germania was under Roman rule when Publius Quinctilius Varus became governor of Roman occupied Germania. Since they were so powerful, the Romans did not count on any resistance from the German tribes.

Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
Arminius, the German leader, understood both the strengths and weaknesses of the Roman army. He knew not to attack Roman legions in open battle. In the Teutoburg Forest he lured the 17th, 18th and 19th legions into an ambush. The battle was fought in several places during the encounter. Those who were not killed were taken captive. When Emperor Augustus heard the news he supposedly cried out "Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!" The numbers XVII (17), XVIII (18) and XIX (19) were never again used as legion numbers.  

Germanicus was ordered to avenge the loss of the legions. In 14 AD he started the conquest of Germania again. However after two years he decided he had done enough to avenge Rome's great loss and returned to Rome. He left Germania to their own feuds. Arminius was murdered in 21 AD by relatives because of internal fighting.

References

Other websites 
 The Germanic Tribes Histoy
 Germania A Roman Province Too Far 1/2 [Documentary
 Cornelius Tacitus, Germany and its Tribes, complete text
The Paraguarí department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Paraguarí. Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-09.

History
The territory of this department is in a valley formerly called "Yarigua'a" that was part of the mission of Jesuit priests during the colonization.

At the end of the 16th century, the Franciscan missionaries founded the city of Yaguarón with Guarani people. More towns were founded on which today form part of this department:
 Carapeguá (1725)
 Quiindy (1733)
 Ybycuí (1766)
 Pirayú (1769)
 Paraguarí (1775), the present capital of the department
 Quyquyhó (1776)
 Ybytimí and Acahay (1783)
 Caapucú (1787)

The department was created in 1935. In 1945, the old department of Quyyndy was made part of Paraguarí.

Geography
The Paraguarí department is in the southwest of the Oriental region. It is one of the smallest of the departments of Paraguay, with an area of . It has a population of 239,633 for a population density of .
Limits
 To the north: Cordillera and Caaguazú departments.
 To the east: Guairá and Caazapá departments.
 To the south: Misiones department.
 To the west: Ñeembucú and Central departments.

Districts
The department is divided in 17 districts:

Related pages
 Departments of Paraguay
 ISO 3166-2:PY

References

Other websites

 Gobernación de Paraguarí website  
 Statoids - Departments of Paraguay
 Secretaria Nacional de Turismo

Departments of Paraguay
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit is the first animal-based character made by Disney productions.  In 1927, Universal Studios hired Disney studios to make him for Alice Comedies. Universal Studios owned the character by law.

According to Disney, Universal Studios named him "Oswald" by picking the name out of a hat.

Oswald was called the lucky rabbit because of the idea of rabbits' feet being lucky.  In his cartoons, Oswald would pull off his own foot, rub it for luck, and then put it back.

Oswald is drawn with big eyes, big ears and shorts like the ones Mickey Mouse wears Unlike Mickey, Oswald does not have buttons on his pants.

When Disney separated from Universal Studios, the artists there made a new character called Mickey Mouse. Meanwhile, Universal used Oswald the Lucky Rabbit in comics in 1935 and in animated programs until 1943.

Disney bought Oswald back in 2006. Disney put him in the video game Epic Mickey in 2010 for the Nintendo Wii

References
References

Anthromophic characters
Disney characters
Fictional hares and rabbits
Ataxia is trouble with balance that is not caused by a person's muscles being weak.  Instead, ataxia is caused by a neurological problem.

Ataxia is not a diagnosis.  It is a neurological sign.  It is a sign of damage to the parts of the nervous system that control balance.

There are three different types of ataxia.  Each type has many possible causes.

Types

Cerebellar ataxia
Cerebellar ataxia is ataxia that is caused by a problem with a person's cerebellum.  The cerebellum is the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination.  It makes the body move smoothly and controls movements like walking.

People with cerebellar ataxia may have trouble with actions like these:
 Controlling how hard their muscles contract, how fast, and in what direction
 Getting their muscles to work together (asynergy)
 Walking (gait abnormality)
 Moving their eyes
 Swallowing (dysphagia)
 Saying words (dysarthria)
 Judging how far away something is (dysmetria)
 Reacting quickly
Sensory ataxia
Sensory ataxia is caused by the loss of proprioception (knowing where parts of the body are).  It is usually caused by damage to the parts of the spinal cord that carry information about proprioception to the brain.  However, it can also be caused by damage to the parts of the brain that receive that information (the cerebellum, the thalamus, and the parietal lobes of the brain).

A person with sensory ataxia may have these symptoms:
 They may have trouble walking.  They may stomp their feet and hit their heels hard against the ground while they walk
 Trouble walking that gets worse when the person cannot see well
 For example, if the person stands with their feet together and their eyes closed, their balance problems will get much worse, and they may fall.  Doctors call this a "positive Romberg's test.

Vestibular ataxia
Vestibular ataxia is caused by problems with the vestibular system.  This is the body's main sensory system that controls balance and movement.  It includes the inner ear.
Along with balance problems, people with vestibular ataxia may have:
 Nausea and vomiting
 Dizziness

Causes 
There are many different causes of ataxia.  The National Ataxia Foundation breaks up these causes into three categories: acquired, genetic, and idiopathic.

Acquired ataxia 
A person is not born with acquired ataxia.  Acquired means that something happened during the person's life to cause the ataxia.
Causes of acquired ataxia can include:
 Stroke, brain tumor, or multiple sclerosis
 A person can acquire (get) any of the three types of ataxia from these problems in the brain, depending on where the problem happens.  For example, if a person has a brain tumor in their cerebellum, they may get cerebellar ataxia.  If the tumor is in the vestibular system, the person may get vestibular ataxia.
 Spinal cord injuries
 Problems that damage parts of the cerebellum.  These problems can include:
 Alcohol abuse, drug abuse, or use of certain medications which can cause ataxia
 Hypothyroidism
 Head injury
 Viral illnesses, like viral meningitis
 Celiac disease
 Mercury poisoning
 Radiation poisoning
 Vitamin B12 deficiency (not having enough vitamin B12 in the body)

Genetic (hereditary) ataxia 
Genetic ataxia is caused by hereditary disorders that damage the cerebellum or spine.  People are born with these disorders.  In most cases, they get worse over time.
Idiopathic ataxia 
Idiopathic means that doctors cannot find a cause for a person's ataxia.

Idiopathic ataxias often cause symptoms that come and go.  Many doctors and scientists think these ataxias are caused by a combination of things inside the body (like gene problems) and things outside the body (like the things happening in a person's life).  However, they are still researching the causes of idiopathic ataxias.

Treatment 
Ataxia can be treated.  However, treatment usually does not make ataxia go away completely.

Some treatments for ataxia include: A review of the management of degenerative ataxia was published in 2009.
 Medications
 Physical therapy
 Occupational therapy
 Using a cane or walker to help with balance

Some people with severe ataxia may need to use wheelchairs.

Related pages
 Balance
 Proprioception
 Cerebellum
 Spinal cord
 Vestibular system

References

Diseases and disorders of the nervous system
Fátima Bernardes (born September 17, 1962) is a Brazilian journalist and talk show host. She has worked at Rede Globo since 1987. In this television network she  started to work in TV newscasts and became very famous. In 2011, she trended worldwide on Twitter after announcing her new professional phase as show host. Forbes has said Bernardes could become as popular as Oprah''.

Filmography

References

1962 births
Living people
Brazilian television presenters
Brazilian journalists
San Felipe de Aconcagua Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V). The city of San Felipe is the capital of the province.

Geography
The San Felipe de Aconcagua province has an area of , the third largest province in the Valparaíso region; only the Petorca and Los Andes provinces are more large.

San Felipe de Aconcagua is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered on the north by the Petorca province, on the east by Argentina and the Los Andes province, to the south by the Santiago Metropolitan region, and to the west by the Quillota province.

The main rivers of the province are the Aconcagua river and its right tributary, the Putaendo river.

Population
 (last national census), there were 131,911 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².
The largest city of the province is San Felipe, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 57,760 inhabitants. Other cities are Llaillay (16,215), Santa María (8,126) and Putaendo (7,214).

Administration
As a province, San Felipe de Aconcagua is a second-level administrative division, consisting of six communes (comunas). The city of San Felipe serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

Related pages
 Provinces of Chile

References

Other websites
 Territorial division of Chile 
 Gobierno Regional de Valparaíso  Official website 
 Province of San Felipe de Aconcagua website 

Provinces of Chile
Valparaíso Region
The 1926 Miami Hurricane (or the Great Miami Hurricane) was a very large and violent tropical cyclone. The hurricane caused a lot of damage in the Miami metropolitan area of southern Florida and in the Bahamas.

The storm caused $78.5 million in damage to the United States. Estimates from 2010 put the damage at $165 billion, meaning the storm surpasses Katrina as the costliest U.S. hurricane.

Between 372 and 540 deaths happened because of the hurricane.

References

1926
Hurricanes in the United States
September events
20th century in the Bahamas
1920s in Florida
20th century in Alabama
20th century in Mississippi
20th century in Louisiana
The Miami metropolitan area is the metropolitan area including Miami and its nearby communities. As of 2020, there were more than six million inhabitants. This makes the Miami metropolitan area the most populous in Florida and the second-most populous in the Southeastern United States.

The Miami metropolitan area includes Miami-Dade County, Broward and Palm Beach counties in southeastern Florida. This area is also called the Gold Coast.

Cities in the Miami metropolitan area include Miami itself, Homestead, Hialeah and Miami Beach.

Miami
Metropolitan areas of the United States
Valparai is a town in the district of Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu. Valparai is 100 km away from the district headquarters Coimbatore. Areas in Valparai are mostly owned by private tea companies and large forest areas. It is a hill station, located 3500 feet(1100m) height above sea level on the Anaimalai Hills range of the Western Ghats.

Earliest records say that in 1846 Ramasamy Mudaliar started a coffee plantation here. Later in 1864, the Karnatic coffee company started a coffee plantation in this area. In 1890, W.Wintil and Nordan bought this area from the Madras State Government (present Tamil Nadu) under the British Raj. Mr.Wintil deforested the forest areas in Valparai to cultivate tea and coffee.

According to the 2011 census, Valparai has a population of 70,859 with sex ratio of 1013 per 1000 males and literacy rate 78.47%. 59.68% of the population consist of Scheduled Castes and 1.75% population of the Scheduled Tribes.

References

Coimbatore district
Towns in Tamil Nadu
Yanam district is one of the four districts of the Union Territory of Puducherry.

Yanam is a small territory of just 20 km2. It is in Andhra Pradesh. But Yanam district, Mahe district, Karaikal district and Puducherry district comes under Puducherry Union territory, as they were French colonies up to 1954.

Yanam is surrounded by the district of East Godavari of Andhra Pradesh. Yanam district consists of 7 revenue villages and a town. Yanam is a town as well as the district headquarters. The other villages are Agraharam, Darialatippa, Farampeta, Guerempeta, Kanakalapeta, Kurasampeta and Mettakur. The total population of the district is just 55,616, roughly equal to the population of Greenland.

References

Districts of Puducherry
Mahé district (Malayalam: മയ്യഴി ജില്ല,  is one of the four districts of the union territory of Puducherry, India. It consists of the whole of the Mahé region.[1] Mahé is the smallest district of India by size. The total area of Mahé district is surrounded on three sides by Kannur District and one side by Kozhikode District. Geographically Mahé district is part of North Malabar region.

Mahe is surrounded on three sides by Kannur district and a side by Kozhikode district, as it is located in Kerala state. Puducherry union territory consists of four unconnected districts.

Mahe district has a very small area of just 8.69 sq.kms. The total population of the district is 41,934, roughly equal to Liechtenstein. The literacy rate of the district is 98.35%. The population density of Mahe district is 4659 inhabitants/1 square km and 12070 inhabitants/1 square miles.

Reference

Puducherry
The Vice President of India is the second-highest constitutional official in India, after the President.

Jagdeep Dhankhar is the current Vice-President of India.He defeated opposing candidate Margaret Alva in 2022 Indian vice presidential election.

Article 63 of the Indian Constitution states that "there shall be a Vice-President". The person who holds the post of Vice-President acts as the President of India during the absence of the President due to resignation, death, impeachment and other reasons. The Vice President is also the Ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. The Vice-President is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both houses of the Parliament of India.

The salary for the Vice-President is 125,000 Rupees.

The present Vice President of India is Jagdeep Dhankhar since 2022.

Reference
The chalumeau is the oldest form of the clarinet.  It is the first true single reed instrument. The plural for chalumeau is chalumeaux. 

Woodwind instruments
Early musical instruments
The 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.  They were nicknamed the "Swamp Angels".

The regiment was one of the first official African-American units in the United States during the Civil War. Many African-Americans also had fought in the American Revolution and the War of 1812 on both sides.

History

Creation

In March 1863, after the Emancipation Proclamation, Massachusetts Governor John A. Andrew gave his approval for the creation of the 54th Riegiment.  The regiment was commanded (led) by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.

Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton had decided that white officers would be in charge of all "coloured" units. Andrew chose Robert Gould Shaw to be the regiment's colonel, and Norwood Penrose "Pen" Hallowell to be its lieutenant colonel. Many of the other officers in charge of the 54th Regiment were from abolitionist families.  Governor Andrew chose several of them himself.
White abolitionists (including Shaw's parents) recruited the soldiers for the unit.

Training

The 54th trained at Camp Meigs in Readville near Boston. While training, the unit got a lot of support from abolitionists in Massachusetts, including Ralph Waldo Emerson.  Supporters also donated things like warm clothing items, battle flags, and $500 for a regimental band to be set up and trained.

Soon, more people were volunteering for the 54th than the regiment needed.  Because of this, the medical exam that volunteers needed to pass to get into the 54th was very thorough.  This meant that those who were accepted into the 54th were very strong and healthy.  The Surgeon General of Massachusetts said about the 54th: "a more robust, strong and healthy set of men were never mustered into the service of the United States."
On December 23, 1862, Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America, gave an order.  This order said that if African-American soldiers or their white officers were captured while fighting for the Union, they would be put to death.  In January 1863, the Confederate Congress made this order a law.  This Confederate law said that if captured, both African-American soldiers and their white officers would be turned over to the states where the African-American soldiers had been slaves.

Entering battle

Even so, the 54th left Boston with high morale (they felt good about serving in the 54th).  After finishing their training, the regiment officially began serving in the United States military on May 13, 1863.  They left Boston on May 28, with many supporters cheering them on.  When they arrived in Beaufort, South Carolina, local blacks and Northern abolitionists greeted them and celebrated their arrival.
In Beaufort, the 54th joined with the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers, a unit of ex-slaves from South Carolina led by James Montgomery.  Montgomery led both units in a raid on the town of Darien, Georgia. The people who lived in the town had run away.  Montgomery ordered the soldiers to loot and burn the empty town. Shaw argued against doing this, and made official complaints about his soldiers being ordered to burn and loot.

Battles

The 54th fought in its first battle on July 16, on James Island, South Carolina. They were able to stop a Confederate attack.  45 members of the 54th were killed during this fight.

Fort Wagner
Fort Wagner

The 54th became famous on July 18, 1863, when it led an attack on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina. 272 of the 600 men who charged Fort Wagner were "killed, wounded or captured." At this battle, Colonel Shaw was killed, along with 29 of his men.  24 more later died of wounds; 15 were captured; 52 were missing in action and never found; and 149 were hurt.  In total, the 54th suffered 272 casualties during this battle.  This was the highest number of casualties the 54th would ever see in a single battle during the war.

Union forces were not able to take and hold control of Fort Wagner.  However, the 54th was widely celebrated for its courage during the battle.  This helped encourage more African-American people to join the Union Army, and encouraged Army commanders to use them in battles.  This was a very important step in the Civil War.  Later, President Abraham Lincoln said it helped the Union win the Civil War.

Other battles
Other battles

After Colonel Shaw died, Edward Hallowell became a Colonel and started leading the 54th.  Under his command, the 54th fought in the Battle of Olustee.  Then they were ordered to march to a train station.  A train carrying wounded Union soldiers had broken down, and the wounded soldiers were in danger of being captured. When the 54th arrived, the men attached ropes to the train pulled the train by hand about  to Camp Finnegan.  There, they picked up horses to help pull the train.  After that, the soldiers and horses pulled the train to Jacksonville, Florida.  In all, the 54th pulled the train for a total of . This took forty-two hours.

As part of an all-black brigade under Colonel Alfred S. Hartwell, the 54th unsuccessfully attacked entrenched Confederate militia at the November 1864 Battle of Honey Hill. In mid-April 1865, they fought at the Battle of Boykin's Mill, a small fight in South Carolina that was one of the last battles of the war.
Pay controversy
When they joined the 54th, soldiers were promised that they would be paid the same as white soldiers: $13 a month (plus food and supplies).  Instead, once they arrived in South Carolina, the 54th was told they would be paid only $7 a month ($10 with $3 taken out to pay for clothing. White soldiers did not pay for clothing at all.) Colonel Shaw and many others immediately began protesting this rule.  The state of Massachusetts offered to make up the difference in pay.  However, the entire regiment began to refuse to accept their pay on paydays as a form of protest.

Refusing their lower pay became a point of honor for the men of the 54th. In fact, at the Battle of Olustee, when they were ordered to move forward to protect the other Union forces while they were retreating, the men moved forward shouting, "Massachusetts and Seven Dollars a Month!"