Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Tail 
The tail of Staurikosaurus was relatively long (with more than 40 vertebrae) compared to the rest of its body and was held straight and off the ground as it ran.  The rear part of Staurikosaurus's tail is stiffened by features of the tail vertebrae.  Ostrom thought this was a dynamic stabilizer to help balance while leaping and running.

References

Other websites 
 Dinosaurs of Rio grande do Sul. 

Triassic dinosaurs
Dinosaurs of South America
Theropods
The Ostend Manifesto was an 1854 document describing the reasons for the United States to buy Cuba. Cuba was to be added as a slave state of the United States.

1854 in the United States
19th century in Belgium
19th century in Cuba
Slavery in the United States
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer. It was made by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England.  EDSAC was the first stored-program electronic computer. It was also the first to run a computer game.

Later the project was supported by J. Lyons & Co. Ltd., a British company. They were rewarded with the first commercial computer, LEO I. LEO I was based on the EDSAC design.  EDSAC ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, when it calculated a table of square numbers and a list of prime numbers.

References 

Historical computers‎
University of Cambridge
Voting age is the age when a person is allowed to vote in political elections by governments. 

Most countries set it at 18. Ages ranging from 16 to 21 exist. Iran is the only sovereignty to ever have a voting age below 16 in recent history. They set it at 15 until it was raised to 18 recently. 

When the voting age was first established it was usually set at 21. In the later twentieth century most countries, including the United States, lowered it to 18. A few jurisdictions today, such as Austria and the Isle of Man, have lowered it to 16. 

This topic connects up with various other age-related permissions, such as age limit on purchasing alcohol. and age of possible marriage. Use of terms such as "teenager" needs to be clear as to what the term covers.

Voting
Shrek the Halls is a television Christmas special. It was first shown on the American television network ABC on Wednesday, November 28, 2007. The special is based on the characters from the Shrek movies. It is thirty minutes long. The cast includes Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz and Antonio Banderas. The television special was released on iTunes on November 2, 2008. It was shown again on December 9, 2009, December 4, 2010, December 9, 2010, and November 28, 2011 on ABC.

Synopsis
The special is set shortly after the events of Shrek the Third and before the events of Shrek Forever After. It takes place when Shrek and Fiona's children are still infants.
Shrek (Mike Myers)  is quietly living in the swamp with his family when the Christmas season arrives.  Donkey (Eddie Murphy) convinces Shrek to tell Princess Fiona (Cameron Diaz) to expect a special Christmas surprise.  Shrek goes to the local bookstore in Far, Far Away to try to find a present for Fiona. Because he does not know what Christmas is all about, the shopkeeper (Marissa Jaret Winokur) gives Shrek a copy of the book Christmas For Village Idiots. It is a step-by-step guide to celebrating the holiday.

Shrek does what the book say to do by decorating the house and getting a tree. He plans to have a quiet Christmas Eve with his family. Donkey brings the entire "family" to the swamp. This ruins Shrek's plans.
Shrek tries to tell his own version of "A Visit from St. Nicholas (The Night Before Christmas)". Gingy, Donkey, and Puss in Boots (Antonio Banderas) interrupt and each tell their own version of a Christmas story. Donkey tells of floats coming to the swamp. At the end, Donkey tells of licking a very large Santa figure that is made out of waffles. Puss tells his version of the story of Santa Claus. He ends up playing with the with one of the baubles from the Christmas tree. Gingy's story is not happy. It is very scary. He tells about how his girlfriend Suzy got eaten by Santa Claus.

DOnkey finds Shrek's Christmas for Village Idiots book. In a fight over the book, all of Shrek's decorations, furniture and the tree are destroyed. Shrek gets angry and tells everyone to leave the house.

In a bad mood, Fiona and Shrek have a talk. After they talk, she takes the children and leaves the swamp to go and apologize to their friends. Shrek feels very bad that Christmas Eve did not go as he hoped it would.
Fiona finds their friends and explains to Donkey what Shrek had wanted for Christmas. Shrek joins them and tells them he is sorry for getting mad. Donkey is surprised to learn that this is Shrek's first Christmas, because "ogres don't celebrate anything." Donkey says he is sorry for being annoying. He says that Christmas never goes as planned and according to his mother, "'Christmas ain't Christmas until somebody cries', and that's usually me."

After a snowball fight, the friends return to the swamp. Shrek tells his story. It is about Ogre Claus, not Santa Claus. Soon they hear bells. They go outside to see Santa and his reindeer. Gingy runs back inside screaming in fear.
Cast
Mike Myers as Shrek and santa 
Eddie Murphy as Donkey
Cameron Diaz as Fiona
Antonio Banderas as Puss in Boots
Conrad Vernon as Gingy
Cody Cameron as Pinocchio and The Three Little Pigs
Aron Warner as Big Bad Wolf
Christopher Knights as Three Blind Mice
Marissa Jaret Winokur as Bookstore Clerk
Gary Trousdale as Santa Claus
Susan Fitzer as Susie Cookie

Production

Shrek the Halls was produced by DreamWorks Animation at the PDI/DreamWorks studio. Gary Trousdale directed the special at first, but he was later replaced by Mark Baldo. The movie was produced by Teresa Cheng, Gina Shay and Aron Warner. The screenplay was written by Bill Riling, Theresa Cullen, Gary Trousdale and Sean Bishop.

DVD release 

Shrek the Halls was released on DVD in the United States on November 4, 2008. It was first sold by itself, or combined with Shrek the Third.

Ratings

U.S. Nielsen ratings

References

Other websites

Christmas movies
2007 television movies
Shrek
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas is a television Christmas special that was first shown on the American television network ABC on Thursday, November 24, 2011. It is based on characters from the movie Ice Age. The entire cast from the movies all play the same characters; Ciara Bravo is the voice of Peaches, who is now a young kid. There are new characters voiced by Billy Gardell, T. J. Miller, and Judah Friedlander.

Premieres

Synopsis
In the middle of decorating for the holiday season, Sid (John Leguizamo) accidentally destroys Manny's (Ray Romano) favorite decoration, the traditional Christmas rock (predating the Christmas tree) by accident. Sid, convinced by Manny that he's now on Santa's naughty list, takes off with Crash (Seann William Scott), Eddie (Josh Peck), and Peaches (Ciara Bravo) — who's still a young child — for the North Pole to get him off the naughty list. On their journey, they befriend one of Santa's reindeer Prancer (T. J. Miller).
When they arrive at the North Pole, Sid and his crew accidentally destroy Santa's (Billy Gardell) workshop. When Manny, Ellie, and Diego (worried over Peaches' safety) arrive at the North Pole, they reunite to save Christmas. With the help of an army of mini-sloths (who had attacked Sid and his crew before), the Sub-Zero Heroes make enough new toys for every child on Earth. Santa is then able to distribute presents on a worldwide basis after Prancer and his whole family volunteer to pull his sleigh. Santa has also left Scrat (Chris Wedge) a present: A small acorn, which he then loses again.

Voice cast
 Ray Romano as Manny
 John Leguizamo as Sid
 Denis Leary as Diego
 Queen Latifah as Ellie
 Seann William Scott as Crash
 Josh Peck as Eddie
 Ciara Bravo as Peaches
 Chris Wedge as Scrat
 Billy Gardell as Santa Claus
 T. J. Miller as Prancer
 Judah Friedlander as Head Mini-Sloth
 Frank Welker as Animals' vocal effects (uncredited)

Welcoming
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas was positively welcomed from audience.
References

Other websites
 

2011 movies
Christmas movies
Ice Age (franchise)
Television movies
American animated movies
Michael "Mick" Wingert (born July 4, 1974) is an American stand-up comedian, voice actor, comedian, and actor. He is best known as the new voice of Master Po in Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness. He took over from Po's original voice actor Jack Black.

Early life
Wingert was born Michael Wingert in Lemoore, California.

Filmography

Video games

References

Other websites
 

American voice actors
American stand-up comedians
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from California
1974 births
Living people
Comedians from California
The , also known as the Shōwa era, was a  after Taishō and before Heisei.  This period started on December 25, 1926 and ended on January 7, 1989.  During this time, the emperor was , also known as 

The nengō Shōwa means "Brilliant Harmony"

This was the longest period or era in Japanese new history.

Events of the Shōwa period
The years in which Shōwa was the Japanese monarch comprise this period or era.

World War II was an important part of the era.
 1979 (Shōwa 54): 5th G7 summit in Tokyo
 1986 (Shōwa 61): 12th G7 summit in Tokyo
Politics
 1926 (Shōwa 1): Emperor Taishō died; and Wakatsuki Reijirō was the Prime Minister during the time of transition.
 1927 (Shōwa 2): Tanaka Giichi became 26th Prime Minister
 1929 (Shōwa 4): Osachi Hamaguchi became 27th Prime Minister
 1931 (Shōwa 6): Wakatsuki became 28th Prime Minister
 1931 (Shōwa 6): Inukai Tsuyoshi became 29th Prime Minister
 1932 (Shōwa 7): Saitō Makoto became 30th Prime Minister
 1934 (Shōwa 9): Keisuke Okada became 31st Prime Minister
 1936 (Shōwa 11): Koki Hirota became 32nd Prime Minister
 1937 (Shōwa 12): Senjuro Hayashi became 33rd Prime Minister
 1937 (Shōwa 12): Fumimaro Konoe became 34th Prime Minister
 1939 (Shōwa 14): Hiranuma Kiichirō became 35th Prime Minister
 1939 (Shōwa 14): Nobuyuki Abe became 36th Prime Minister
 1940 (Shōwa 15): Mitsumasa Yonai became 37th Prime Minister
 1940 (Shōwa 15): Konoe became 38th Prime Minister
 1941 (Shōwa 16): Konoe became 39th Prime Minister
 1941 (Shōwa 16): Hideki Tojo became 40th Prime Minister
1944 (Shōwa 19): Kuniaki Koiso became 41st Prime Minister
 1945 (Shōwa 20): Kantaro Suzuki became 42nd Prime Minister
 1945 (Shōwa 21): Naruhiko Higashikuni became 43rd Prime Minister
 1945 (Shōwa 21): Kijuro Shidehara became 44th Prime Minister
 1946 (Shōwa 22): Shigeru Yoshida became 45th Prime Minister
 1947 (Shōwa 23): Tetsu Katayama became 46th Prime Minister
 1948 (Shōwa 24): Hitoshi Ashida became 47th Prime Minister
 1948 (Shōwa 24): Yoshida became 48th Prime Minister
 1949 (Shōwa 25): Yoshida became 49th Prime Minister
 1952 (Shōwa 27): Yoshida became 50th Prime Minister
 1953 (Shōwa 28): Yoshida became 51st Prime Minister
 1954 (Shōwa 29): Ichiro Hatoyama became 52nd Prime Minister
 1955 (Shōwa 30): Hatoyama became 53rd Prime Minister
 1955 (Shōwa 30): Hatoyama became 54th Prime Minister
 1956 (Shōwa 31): Tanzan Ishibashi became 55th Prime Minister
 1957 (Shōwa 32): Nobusuke Kishi became 56th Prime Minister
 1958 (Shōwa 33): Kishi became 57th Prime Minister
1960 (Shōwa 35): Hayato Ikeda became 58th Prime Minister
 1960 (Shōwa 35): Ikeda became 59th Prime Minister
 1963 (Shōwa 38): Ikeda became 60th Prime Minister
 1964 (Shōwa 39): Eisaku Sato became 61st Prime Minister
 1967 (Shōwa 42): Sato became 62nd Prime Minister
 1970 (Shōwa 45): Sato became 63rd Prime Minister
 1972 (Shōwa 47): Kakuei Tanaka became 64th Prime Minister
 1972 (Shōwa 47): Tanaka became 65th Prime Minister
 1974 (Shōwa 49): Takeo Miki became 66th Prime Minister
 1976 (Shōwa 51): Takeo Fukuda became 67th Prime Minister
 1978 (Shōwa 53): Masayoshi Ohira became 68th Prime Minister
 1979 (Shōwa 54): Ohira became 69th Prime Minister
 1980 (Shōwa 55): Zenko Suzuki became 70th Prime Minister
 1982 (Shōwa 57): Yasuhiro Nakasone became 71st Prime Minister
 1983 (Shōwa 58): Nakasone became 72nd Prime Minister
 1986 (Shōwa 61): Nakasone became 73rd Prime Minister
 1987 (Shōwa 62): Noboru Takeshita became 74th Prime Minister
Gallery

Related pages
 100 Landscapes of Japan (Shōwa period)
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese era name

References

Other websites 

 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1926 establishments in Asia
1920s establishments in Japan
1989 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Japan
1980s disestablishments in Asia
The 2016 United States presidential election was the 58th presidential election that happened on November 8, 2016. Businessman Donald Trump and Indiana governor Mike Pence, defeated former secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Virginia senator Tim Kaine on the Republican Party ticket. 

Then-incumbent President Barack Obama was term limited by the Twenty-second amendment, which made him unable to serve a third presidential term. Former secretary of state Hillary Clinton won the Democratic nomination. Trump became his party's front-runner against many candidates in the Republican primary, defeating Senator Ted Cruz, Senator Marco Rubio, and Ohio Governor John Kasich among other candidates.  

Many third-party candidates ran, such as Gary Johnson. Trump chose Governor of Indiana Mike Pence as his running mate, and Clinton chose Senator Tim Kaine as her running mate.
Trump received 304 electoral votes, 34 more votes than what was needed to win, while Clinton received 227. Even though Trump lost the popular vote, the electoral votes decide the actual winner of the election. Trump took office on January 20, 2017.

Background 
Article Two of the United States Constitution says that for a person to be elected and serve as President of the United States, they must be a natural-born citizen of the United States, at least 35 years old, and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years.

Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the various political parties of the United States, in which case each party devises a method (such as a primary election) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf.
President Barack Obama was unable to seek re-election for a third term because of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states that a president may only serve up to two terms. His term as president ended at noon eastern standard time on January 20, 2017.

Democratic Party

Nominees

Withdrawn candidates

Republican Party

Withdrawn candidates

Major third parties

Libertarian Party 

Ballot access to all 538 electoral votes

Nominees
Nominees

Withdrawn candidates 
 Robert David Steele, activist and author from Virginia; candidate for the Reform Party's nomination in 2012. Suspended campaign on January 6, 2016
 Marc Allan Feldman, Anesthesiologist at The Cleveland Clinic (since 1998). Suspended after convention
 John McAfee, businessman and computer scientist, founder of McAfee. Suspended after convention
 Austin Petersen, businessman and founder and CEO of Stonegait, LLC. Suspended after convention. Endorsed Gary Johnson
 Vermin Supreme, performance artist and activist; candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination in 2012 and 2016. Suspended after convention.

Constitution Party
Ballot access to 207 electoral votes (451 with write-in): – 
 As write-in: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia
 No ballot access: California, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Oklahoma

Nominees

Green Party 

Ballot access to 493(451) electoral votes: Ballot access currently in process: North Dakota, Rhode Island, Wyoming

States currently under litigation for ballot access: Nevada, Oklahoma

States with no ballot access: South Dakota As write-in:  Georgia, Indiana, North Carolina.

Nominees
Nominees

Other active candidates 
 Darryl Cherney, Earth First! organizer and musician from California
 Sedinam Curry, 29th People's National Convention organizer from California
 William Kreml, Professor Emeritus of University of South Carolina from South Carolina. Endorsed Jill Stein
 Kent Mesplay, Inspector at the Air Pollution Control District of San Diego County (2001-2015) from California. Endorsed Jill Stein

Withdrawn candidates 
 Midge Potts, transgender peace activist from Missouri. Suspended campaign during primaries

American Delta Party and Reform Party
Ballot access to 147 electoral votes (305 with write-in)
 On the ballot: Alaska, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Wisconsin, Wyoming
 As write-in: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia
 No ballot access: California, District of Columbia, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming

Independents
Independents 

Ballot access to 84 electoral votes (451 with write-in):
 As write-in: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin
 No ballot access: District of Columbia, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wyoming

Other parties

American Freedom Party 
Ballot Access to 6 electoral votes: Mississippi
 Bob Whitaker, white nationalist and paleoconservative political activist from South Carolina. Vice-presidential nominee: Tom Bowie, from Maryland

Independent American Party 
Ballot Access to 18 Electoral Votes: New Mexico, Oregon, Utah
 Farley Anderson, activist from Utah. Vice Presidential nominee: Vacant
Party for Socialism and Liberation 
Ballot Access to 29 electoral votes: Florida
 Gloria La Riva, newspaper printer and activist from New Mexico; 2008 presidential nominee; vice-presidential nominee: Eugene Puryear

Prohibition Party 

Ballot Access to 21 electoral votes: Arkansas, Colorado, Mississippi
 James Hedges, Tax Assessor for Thompson Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania 2002–2007; vice-presidential nominee: Bill Bayes of Mississippi

Peace and Freedom Party & Party of Socialism and Liberation 
Ballot Access to 84 electoral votes: California, Florida
 Gloria La Riva, newspaper printer and activist, from New Mexico

Socialist Party USA 
Ballot Access to 0 electoral votes
 Mimi Soltysik, former National Co-chair of the Socialist Party USA from California;  vice-presidential nominee: Angela Walker of Wisconsin

Nutrition Party 
Ballot Access to 9 electoral votes: Colorado
 Rod Silva, restaurateur from New Jersey; Vice-presidential nominee: Vacant
Veterans Party of America 
Ballot Access to 6 electoral votes: Mississippi
 Chris Keniston, reliability engineer from Texas; vice-presidential nominee: Deacon Taylor of Nevada

Workers World Party 
Ballot Access to 0 electoral votes
 Monica Moorehead, perennial candidate and activist from New Jersey; vice-Presidential nominee: Lamont Lilly

Battleground states
Battleground states during the election were: Nevada, Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Florida, New Hampshire, Maine, Ohio and North Carolina. Trump won Georgia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina, Florida and a congressional district in Maine. Clinton won Nevada, New Hampshire and Maine. Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylvania were seen as likely 'Blue' states, but Trump won all three states in what was seen as a political upset.

Party conventions
 
 Democratic Party

 July 25–28, 2016: Democratic National Convention to be held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Republican Party
Republican Party

 July 18–21, 2016: Republican National Convention to be held in Cleveland, Ohio.

 Green Party

 August 4–7, 2016: Green National Convention was held in Houston, Texas.

Libertarian Party

 May 26–30, 2016: Libertarian National Convention to be held in Orlando, Florida.

 Constitution Party

 April 13–16, 2016: Constitution Party National Convention was held in Salt Lake City, Utah.

 Reform Party

 July 29–31, 2016: Reform Party National Convention was held in Bohemia, New York.
Debates
On April 1, 2015, the Commission on Presidential Debates a (CPD) announced that each of the following 16 locations are under consideration to host one of the three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate:
 Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee
 Birmingham, Alabama
 Dominican University of California in San Rafael, California
 Eastern Kentucky University in Richmond, Kentucky
 Georgia College & State University in Milledgeville, Georgia
 Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York
 Jacksonville University in Jacksonville, Florida
 Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia
 State University of New York Rockland Community College in Suffern, New York
 University of Nevada, Las Vegas
 Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
 West Virginia University and West Virginia State University in Charleston, West Virginia
 Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio
 Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas
 Houston Community College in Houston, Texas
 McAllen, Texas
The three locations which will host the presidential debates and the one location selected to host the vice presidential debate are to be announced by the CPD in the fall of 2015.

Results

Margin of victory 
 Blue shows Clinton's margin of victory over Trump, while red shows Trump's margin of victory over Clinton.

The following table shows the swing in each state compared to the 2012 election.

References

Other websites
 2016 Presidential Form 2 Filers  at the Federal Election Commission (FEC)

 
United States presidential election
Lucy Liu (born December 2, 1968) is an American actress, and movie producer. She was born in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City. Her parents are from Taiwan. Liu has been in many movies and many television programs.

Other websites 

1968 births
Living people
Actors from Queens
American artists
American movie actors
American television actors
Movie producers from New York City
New York University alumni
Christina Crawford (born October 17, 1988) is an American dancer and professional wrestler. She is best known for working for WWE where she wrestled in their developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling and NXT, under the ring name Caylee Turner.

Crawford first became well known on WWE's Tough Enough. It is a reality television series. The winner of Tough Enough would get WWE contract. She did not win, but did well enough that WWE gave her a job.

Professional wrestling career

World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE

Florida Championship Wrestling (2010–2011)
In June 2010, Crawford signed a contract with WWE. She was later sent to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW). She first appeared on July 8, 2010 in a bikini contest. On November 20 that she made her first wrestling appearance using the new ring name Caylee Turner. It was a 6 diva tag team match with Rosa Mendes and Aksana. Her team lost the match to AJ Lee, Kaitlyn and Naomi Knight. In February 2011, Crawford was let go from her WWE contract.
Tough Enough (2011)
In March 2011, Crawford was listed as one of the fourteen people on the new version of  Tough Enough. On the May 16th edition of Tough Enough, Christina was in a match with A.J. Kirsch where she hurt her ankle. She was taken to the emergency room. On the May 23rd edition of Tough Enough, Christina was cut from the competition as was with A.J. Kirsch.

Return to Florida Championship Wrestling and release (2011–2012)
After leaving Tough Enough, Crawford went back to work for FCW. On June 22, 2011, she teamed up with Leah West to face Audrey Marie and Sonia in a tag team match but lost. On the August 7, 2011 episode of FCW television, she teamed up with A.J. and Kaitlyn. They beat the team of Sonia, Audrey Marie, and Raquel Diaz. On August 14 edition of FCW, Caylee teamed up with Naomi to defeat the team of Kaitlyn & Audrey Marie. On August 14, 2012, WWE released Crawford from her contract.

Personal life
Personal life

Crawford is of  African American descent. She graduated from the University of Central Florida in 2011. She studied interpersonal communications. She has an older sister named Victoria, who is a professional wrestler for WWE, under the ring name Alicia Fox.

References

Other websites
FCW profile
Online World of Wrestling profile

1988 births
American dancers
African-American wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida
Christian symbolism gives objects or actions a meaning that shows Christian ideas. Religious symbolism has an effect when it affects both the intellect and the emotions. The choice of actions and objects for symbolism is very small. This makes it hard to chose a symbol that other religions and traditions do not use.

Early Christian symbols

Elemental symbols
Elemental symbols were often used by the early Church. Water is an important symbol to Christians. Water is symbolic in baptism. It may also mean cleansing or purity. Fire symbolizes both the Holy Spirit and light. It is often used in the form of a candle flame. The sources of these symbols comes from the Bible. Examples include the tongues of fire that symbolized the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, Jesus' description of his followers as the light of the world, and God is a consuming fire found in .

Ichthys
Ichthys

The fish was the most important symbol to early Christians. The symbolic fish was familiar to Christians from the earliest times. It can be seen in Roman monuments such as the Capella Greca and the Sacrament Chapels of the catacomb of St Callistus.  The fish was used as a Christian symbol in the first decades of the 2nd century. The symbol may come from the miracle Jesus is said to have performed by multiplying loaves of bread and fishes on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. Its popularity is thought to mainly come from an acrostic made of the first letters of five Greek words Iesous CHristos THeou Yios Soter. These form the Greek word Ichthys which means fish. Iesous Christos Theou Yios Soter translates as Jesus Christ, Son of God, Saviour.

Cross and crucifix

The cross is one of the most well known symbols in the world. It was used as a symbol from the earliest times.  This is shown in arguments against Christianity shown in the Octavius of Minucius Felix
In the early 3rd century, Clement of Alexandria, used the phrase  (the Lord's sign) to mean the cross. He used the phrase when discussing that the number 318 (in Greek numerals, ΤΙΗ) in  was a foreshadowing  of the cross and Jesus. T is the Greek number fore 300. ΙΗ, the first two letters of Jesus's name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ, means 18. Tertullian called the  Christian believers crucis religiosi, i.e. "devotees of the Cross". In his book De Corona, Tertullian tells how it was a tradition for Christians to trace the sign of the cross on their foreheads.

The crucifix was not used until the 5th century. French Medievalist historian M.-M. Davy has described in great details Romanesque Symbolism as it developed in the Middle Ages in Western Europe.
Peacock
Ancient people believed that the flesh of a peafowl did not decay after death. It became a symbol of immortality. This symbolism was used by early Christianity. Many early Christian paintings and mosaics show the peacock. The peacock is still used in the Easter season in the east.

Symbols of Christian Churches
Sacraments
Some of the oldest symbols in the Christian church are the sacraments. The number of sacraments is different in each denominations.  All denominations have Eucharist and baptism.  Others which may or may not be used are ordination, unction, confirmation, penance and marriage.  The rites are seen as a symbol of the spiritual change or event that takes place.  In the Eucharist, the bread and wine are symbolic of the body and blood of Jesus. In Roman Catholicism, they become the actual Body of Christ and Blood of Christ through Transubstantiation. This represent salvation brought by the death of Jesus. The rite of baptism is symbolic of the cleansing of the sinner by God. Where baptism is by immersion, it symbolizes spiritual death and resurrection. Different groups believe the sacraments mean different things. Some Protestant denominations think they are only symbolic. Roman Catholics, Orthodox, some Anglicans, and some Lutherans feel that, by the power of God, the sacraments have an actual effect."
Examples of other symbols

Alpha and omega
Anchor
Apple
Bestiaries
Borromean rings
Burning Bush
Candles
Christian flag
Chi Rho and Labarum
Cross and Crown
IHS (monogram)
Flaming sword
Ichthys
INRI
Lamb
Mitre
Pentagram
Pelican
Rose Cross
Shield of the Trinity (or Scutum Fidei)
Star of David
Trefoil
Triquetra
Vesica Piscis

Related pages
Christian art
Christian cross
The Wordless Book

References
References

Other websites
Symbols in Christian Art and Architecture Comprehensive general listing.
Christian Symbols Net Very comprehensive site, complete with search engine.
Christian Symbols and Glossary (keyword searchable, includes symbols of saints)
ReligionFacts.com: Christian Symbols Basic Christian symbols A to T, types of crosses, number symbolism and color symbolism.
Meaning of Colors for Flags Biblical meanings of color used for Christian worship flags.
Color Symbolism in The Bible An in depth study on  symbolic color occurrence in The Bible.
Christian Symbol Wood Carvings  Forty symbols at Kansas Wesleyan University
Old Christian Symbols from book by Rudolf Koch
Christian Symbols, Origins and Meanings 
Tree of Jesse Directory by Malcolm Low. 
Chrismon Templates Symbol outlines that can be use to create Christian themed projects
Kingdom of Bohemia, took part in some of the early modern Olympic Games.  It was an autonomous part of Austria-Hungary until 1918. The team began taking part in the Olympics at the 1900 Summer Olympics.  After World War I, Bohemia became part of Czechoslovakia. Bohemian athletes competed for Czechoslovakia at the Olympics.  After Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, Bohemian athletes competed for the Czech Republic at the Olympics.  Bohemian athletes have missed only three Olympics: the first in 1896, the 1904 Summer Olympics (the first not to take place in Europe)  and the boycotted 1984 Summer Olympics.

List of medalists

Hedwiga Rosenbaumová also won a bronze medal with Archibald Warden of Great Britain (GBR) in the mixed doubles event in tennis at the 1900 Summer Olympics.  This medal is listed as being won by a mixed team instead of split between Bohemia and Great Britain.

Medals by Games

References
 

Former nations at the Olympics
Olympics
In the series, the vampire population is made up of many different species. Most people do not know vampires exist. The series  shows how vampires evolve and deal with conflict between the species throughout history. The series is mostly about a new American species of vampires. This group was born American West in the late 1800s. The first of this new species is an outlaw named Skinner Sweet. After becoming a vampire, Sweet leans that he is a new kind of vampire. He is stronger and faster than other species. Sunlight does not hurt him. He has new strengths. He also has different weaknesses. The series shows his movements through several decades of American history. It also follows the only vampire he is known to have created, Pearl Jones. Jones is a young woman who was trying to work as an actress in the 1920s silent film industry. She was attacked by a group of European vampires who were hiding in Hollywood. Sweet saved her by giving her his blood. This turned her into an American vampire like him
. After this, tried to get revenge on the vampires who attacked her. The relationship between Jones and Sweet is an important part of the series.
The first five issues had two stories in each issue. One story was by Snyder and the other by Stephen King. Both stories were drawn by Rafael Albuquerque. As of the sixth issue, Scott Snyder became the only writer. In its second year of publication, a spin-off mini-series was created. It was titled American Vampire: Survival of the Fittest. This mini-series was drawn by Sean Murphy. It is about a vampire-hunting organization from the main series.

Publication history 
The series was first published on March 17, 2010.  This is the first comic using original Stephen King writing.
Characters 
 Skinner Sweet - An outlaw who lived in the Wild West. He was turned into a vampire when the blood from Percy, a vampire banker, fell into his eye during a fight while he was escaping from being hanged. In 1936, Sweet moved to Las Vegas. In Las Vegas,  he opened a brothel and called himself Jim Smoke.
 Pearl Jones - Wanted to be an actress in the 1920s. She was attacked by a group of vampires led by a vampire director named B.D. Bloch during one of his parties. The vampires though she was dead and put her body in a pit in the desert. She was saved by Sweet when he dropped his blood on her eye. This turned her into a vampire. She has moved to Arrowhead, California. She is using the surname of her husband, Henry Preston and hiding from the other vampires.
 Henry Preston - Pearl Jones' husband, he is a jazz singer who decided to help Pearl to get revenge against the vampires who attacked her.
James "Jim" Book - A detective who worked for Pinkerton Agency. He hunted and arrested Skinner Sweet. Sweet turned him into a vampire because of this. He made a deal with Abilena before the vampirism took full control of him. He would have a child with her if she would kill him.
 Abilena Camino/Book - Daughter of Felix Camino, her mother died at birth. She is James Book's god-daughter but she says she loves him romantically when she grows up. After Book's death, she takes his surname. With her daughter Felicia, she hunts Skinner Sweet for an organization called The Vassals of the Morning Star.
 Felicia Book - Fathered by James Book and his god-daughter Abilena on the night he dies. She is a member of The Vassals of the Morning Star. It is an organization that hunts vampires. She seems to have special abilities because her father was a vampire. These abilities are not fully known.
Notes 

American comic books
2010 books
Books by Stephen King
'Basal' is a term in biology for 'primitive' or 'ancestral'. Basal is preferred because it is neutral and non-judgmental. This terminology came into use with cladistics. The term is used in evolution and classification to mean the group which gave rise to later forms. It is a term which works at any level: a basal species gives rise to derived species, and a basal group gives rise to derived groups.

'Derived' is the correct term in biology for specialised or advanced. It is used for groups which have evolved from a more basal group. A derived trait is a trait that is present in an organism, but was not in the last common ancestor of the group being considered. Simplicity is often secondarily derived. For example, no mitochondria in the anaerobic protist Entamoeba histolytica is a result of their secondary loss.

General view –
Basal group
Derived group
Derived group
Derived group

Example –
Early primates
Monkeys
Apes
Homo
In the last example, note that apes are derived from monkeys but basal with respect to our own genus. The status of being basal or derived is relative, though living species can only be derived. In any basal-derived pair, the basal member must have evolved before the derived member, with evidence that some of its species gave rise to (evolved into) the derived member.

Other terms
See also Wiley et al. 1991.
Ancestral taxon = basal group
Characters or attributes:
Plesiomorphy = ancestral trait inherited from earlier forms.
Apomorphy =  trait or innovation derived from a plesiomorphic character. It may define a clade.
Synapomorphy = a trait or character of a whole clade.

References

Evolutionary biology
Taxonomy
History and origins
Being quite a generic term, EDM has a variety of 'origins' and derivations. EDM can be said to stem from a fusion between regular dance music and electronic music. One notable example can be Donna Summer's 1977 single "I Feel Love", which combined elements of disco with electronic music. The innovative blend helped trigger several major EDM genres, such as Hi-NRG, Eurodance and techno music. Giorgio Moroder, who co-wrote the song and was also one of its producers, additionally created some of the earliest forms of electronic dance music. Kraftwerk are also credited as influencing electronic music. Whilst a lot of electronic dance music originates from disco, this is not the case for all EDM.
The song which has been credited as bringing EDM into mainstream popular music is Madonna's 1998 single "Ray of Light". Whilst it is attributed as helping bring the genre mainstream, electronic dance music existed and had enjoyed popularity years before the single's release; house music, for instance, had been popular in the United States since the early 1990s (its popularity can also be attributed to another Madonna single, 1990's "Vogue").

Different forms of electronic dance music
There are different types of EDM, each varying in style, beats per minute and sound. This is a list of some of the major electronic dance music genres (each genre may additionally have further subgenres, which have not been looked at in too much detail for this section)
Italo disco - starting in the late 1970s, Italo disco is a form of EDM which came from disco music; whilst it kept a lot of disco's main characteristics, it made much stronger usage of synthesizers and drum machines in order to have a more futuristic sound.
 Hi-NRG - starting in the late 1970s, Hi-NRG is a form of EDM which bases itself on disco music, with the exception that it is generally faster. It uses staccato beats and octave bass lines.
 Garage house - starting in the late 1970s to early 1980s, garage house based itself on disco music, yet also incorporated synthesizers and drum machines. Garage house additionally had prominent piano riffs, a soulful style, and similarities to gospel music.
 Electro - starting in the early 1980s, electro is a form of EDM which makes strong usage of drum machines, and samples hip hop and funk rhythms.
 Freestyle - starting in the early 1980s, freestyle was a form of EDM with Latin and hip hop influences and up-tempo melodies.
Post-disco - starting in the early 1980s, post-disco is based on disco music, yet is more experimental and electronic, replacing disco's original orchestras with synthesizers and drum machines.
 Electronic body music (EBM) - starting in the early 1980s, EBM mixes elements of industrial music with EDM.
 House - starting in the early 1980s, house music is generally up-tempo music strongly influenced by disco. It makes usage of strong kick-beats and a big bass line, keeping the 4/4 rhythm which disco had. On the other hand, it is more beat-based and less melodic than disco.
 Techno - starting in the mid-1980s, techno is a form of EDM which is generally up-tempo, repetitive music which keeps a 4/4 rhythm. It is rhythmic music which places a strong emphasis on beats, and is usually instrumental in nature.
 Alternative - starting in the mid-1980s, alternative dance blends elements of EDM with alternative rock music and New Wave.
Europe - starting in the late 1980s to the early 1990s, Eurodance is a mainly European form of electronic dance music which generally includes the prominent usage of synthesizer, especially with regards to riffs, a strong bass, as well as a generally melodic sound.
 Trance - starting in the early 1990s, trance is a form of EDM which is generally up-tempo and includes repeated melodic phrases created by synthesizers.
 Intelligent dance music (IDM) - starting in the early 1990s, IDM music is a more experimental form of EDM.
 Hardcore techno - starting in the early 1990s, hardcore techno is fast music which makes common usage of distorted, often atonal, beats.
 Happy hardcore - starting in the early 1990s, happy hardcore is generally fast music with euphoric or happy-sounding melodies.
 Trip hop - starting in the early-1990s, trip hop is a slower form of electronic dance music which uses hip hop beats, and generally has an atmospheric, soulful sound.
Drum and bass - starting in the early 1990s, drum and bass is a form of EDM which has a strong bass and makes usage of breakbeats, and occasionally uses the amen break.
 Bubblegum - starting in the mid-1990s, bubblegum is a fusion between Eurodance and bubblegum pop music, keeping the dance-oriented electronic sound of the former and mixing it with the cheerful and simplistic characteristics of the latter.
 Hardstyle - starting in the late 1990s, hardstyle is a form of EDM which generally includes hard-hitting, strong beats.
 Electroclash - starting in the late 1990s, electroclash is a form of EDM which borrows elements from 1980s synthpop and New Wave, as well as soft rock and indie rock music, and places an emphasis on performance art, fashion and style.
 Dubstep - starting in the late 1990s to early 2000s, dubstep is a form of EDM which includes a strong bass line, a wobble bass, and common bass drops, usually abandoning the traditional 4/4 rhythm of a lot of electronic dance.
, also known as the Heisei era, is the  after Shōwa and before Reiwa. This period started in February 1989 and ended on April 30, 2019 with the emperor's abdication. During this time, the emperor was ,

Events of the Heisei period
The years in which Akihito has been the Japanese monarch comprise this period or era.
 1990 (Heisei 2): Expo 1990 in Hyōgo Prefecture
 1992 (Heisei 4): Emperor Akihito traveled to China, the first time a Japanese monarch to visit.
 1993 (Heisei 5): 19th G7 summit in Tokyo
 1998 (Heisei 10): 1998 Winter Olympics
 2000 (Heisei 12): 26th G8 summit in Okinawa 
 2008 (Heisei 20): 34th G8 summit in Hokkaido

Disasters

 January 17, 1995 (Heisei 7, 17th day of the 1st month): Kobe Earthquake.

 11 March 2011 (Heisei 23, 11th day of the 3rd month): A magnitude 9.0 earthquake caused a great tsunami, known as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and consequently created the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
15 March 2011 (Heisei 23, 15th day of the 3rd month): Emperor Akihito made his first national television address. He said, "I hope from the bottom of my heart that the people will, hand in hand, treat each other with compassion and overcome these difficult times."
Politics
 1989 (Heisei 1): Emperor Shōwa died; and Noboru Takeshita was the Prime Minister during the time of transition.
 1989 (Heisei 1): Sosuke Uno became 75th Prime Minister
 1989 (Heisei 1): Toshiki Kaifu became 76th Prime Minister
 1990 (Heisei 2): Kaifu became 77th Prime Minister
 1991 (Heisei 3): Kiichi Miyazawa became 78th Prime Minister
 1993 (Heisei 5): Morihiro Hosokawa became 79th Prime Minister
 1994 (Heisei 6): Tsutomu Hata became 80th Prime Minister
 1994 (Heisei 6): Tomiichi Murayama became 81st Prime Minister
 1996 (Heisei 8): Ryutaro Hashimoto became 82nd Prime Minister 
 1996 (Heisei 8): Hashimoto became 83rd Prime Minister 
 1998 (Heisei 10): Keizo Obuchi became 84th Prime Minister
 2000 (Heisei 12): Yoshiro Mori became 85th Prime Minister
 2000 (Heisei 12): Mori became 86th Prime Minister
 2001 (Heisei 13): Junichiro Koizumi became 87th Prime Minister
 2003 (Heisei 15): Koizumi became 88th Prime Minister
 2005 (Heisei 17): Koizumi became 89th Prime Minister
2006 (Heisei 18): Shinzo Abe became 90th Prime Minister
 2007 (Heisei 19): Yasuo Fukuda became 91st Prime Minister
 2008 (Heisei 20): Taro Aso became 92nd Prime Minister
 2009 (Heisei 21): Yukio Hatoyama became 93rd Prime Minister
 2010 (Heisei 22): Naoto Kan became 94th Prime Minister
 2011 (Heisei 23): Yoshihiko Noda became 95th Prime Minister
 2012 (Heisei 24): Shinzo Abe became 96th Prime Minister
 2013 (Heisei 25)
 2014 (Heisei 26)
 2015 (Heisei 27)
 2016 (Heisei 28)
 2017 (Heisei 29)
 2018 (Heisei 30)
 2019 (Heisei 31)
Gallery

Related pages 
 100 Landscapes of Japan (Heisei period)
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese era name

References

Other websites 

 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1989 establishments in Asia
1980s establishments in Japan
"E pluribus unum" is a traditional motto of the United States. It means "out of many, one" in Latin. It has been placed on the U.S. dollar bill, and other related items.

The motto was suggested by the first Great Seal committee in 1776. Consultant and artist Pierre Du Simitière chose the Latin motto, and his design expresses this theme.

This motto was well known to literate Americans of the 18th century. It had appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine, published monthly in London since 1731, with copies reaching the colonies. The legend "E pluribus unum" was used on the title pages of the magazine's annual complication volumes.

In Thomson's 1782 sketch, for the final design, Charles Thomson put this motto on a scroll held in the bald eagle's beak.
"E pluribus unum" is a clear reference to the Thirteen Colonies united into one nation – symbolized by the shield on the eagle's breast. As explained in the official description of the Great Seal, the thirteen vertical stripes "represent the several states all joined in one solid compact entire, supporting a Chief, which unites the whole & represents Congress. The Motto alludes to this union."

References 

Latin phrases
Mottos of the United States
An Outcast of the Islands is the second novel by Joseph Conrad. It was published in 1896. It was based on Conrad's experience working on a steamer (ship), the Vigar.

The novel tells about the fall of Peter Willems. He is a bad man, and has a bad reputation. On the run from a scandal in Makassar, he finds a place to hide in a hidden native village. However, he betrays the people who are helping him, because of lust for the tribal chief's daughter. The story features the character Tom Lingard, who Conrad uses lots, and also appears in Almayer's Folly (1895) and The Rescue (1920). It shares other characters with those novels.

This novel was made into a movie in 1952 by director Carol Reed, starring Trevor Howard as Willems, Ralph Richardson as Lingard, Robert Morley, and Wendy Hiller.

The work was quoted in T. S. Eliot's The Hollow Men: "Life is very long.".

1890s books
English novels
Works by Joseph Conrad
Scipionyx samniticus is one of the most important recent dinosaur finds. It is a tiny theropod (meat-eater) fossil found in Cretaceous limestone in southern Italy near Naples. Although it was unearthed thirty years ago in 1981, its true importance was not realized until 1994. It is a very important specimen in that it has fossilized remains of many of its internal organs and muscles. This type of detail is rare in fossils since the soft tissues from an animal do not usually fossilize; they almost always rot before mineral replacement can take place. This new fossil will yield a lot of information about dinosaurs' anatomy and physiology as it is studied.

The fossil is a theropod, perhaps a compsognathid (related to Compsognathus). It is a hatchling 9.5 inches (24 cm) long. It is from 113 million years ago (during the Cretaceous period) and has been named Scipionyx samniticus. During the Cretaceous period it lived near a shallow lagoon.

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Dinosaurs of Europe
Coelurosaurs