Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
This article describes any leap year starting on Thursday. Examples include 1920, 1948, 1976, 2004, 2032, 2060 and 2088 in the Gregorian Calendar, which is used in most of the world. Similarly, the dominical letter is DC.

This leap year is one of three leap years that have two Friday the 13ths, the others being Leap year starting on Monday and Leap year starting on Wednesday. The Friday the 13ths in this leap year are in February and August.

In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 19, Valentine’s Day is on a Saturday, Presidents Day is on February 16, the leap day, February 29, is on a Sunday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Wednesday, Mother’s Day is on May 9, Memorial Day is on its latest possible date, May 31, Father’s Day is on June 20, Independence Day is on a Sunday, Labor Day is on September 6, Columbus Day is on October 11, Halloween is on a Sunday, Veterans Day is on a Thursday, Thanksgiving is on November 25, and Christmas is on a Saturday.

Calendar
Calendar

The ISO year has 53 weeks in this kind of year, and the ISO week 10 (which begins March 1) and all ISO weeks after are  earlier than in other years.

References

Leap years by day
This article describes any leap year starting on Saturday. Examples include 1916, 1944, 1972, 2000, 2028, 2056, and 2084 in the Gregorian calendar, which is used in most of the world. All end-of-century leap years (leap years divisible by 400) start on a Saturday. The most recent such year was 2000 and the next  will be 2400. The dominical letter BA is another one, and it is quite different. 

This leap year is one of three leap years with only one Friday the 13th, the others being Leap years starting on Tuesday and Leap year starting on Friday. The one Friday the 13th in this leap year is in October. This characteristic is shared with Common Years Starting on Sunday but also have another one in January.
In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 17, Valentine’s Day is on a Monday, Presidents Day is on its latest possible date, February 21, the leap day, February 29, is on a Tuesday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Friday, Mother’s Day is on its latest possible date, May 14, Memorial Day is on May 29, Father’s Day is on June 18, Independence Day is on a Tuesday, Labor Day is on September 4, Columbus Day is on October 9, Halloween is on a Tuesday, Veterans Day is on a Saturday, Thanksgiving is on November 23, and Christmas is on a Monday.

Calendar

Leap years by day
This article describes any leap year starting on Monday. Examples include 1912, 1940, 1968, 1996, 2024, 2052, and 2080 in the Gregorian calendar, which is used in most of the world.

This leap year is one of three leap years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Leap year starting on Wednesday and Leap year starting on Thursday. The Friday the 13ths in this leap year are in September and December. This characteristic is shared with a Common year starting on Tuesday.
In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on its earliest possible date, January 15, Valentine’s Day is on a Wednesday, Presidents Day is on February 19, the leap day, February 29, is on a Thursday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Sunday, Mother’s Day is on May 12, Memorial Day is on May 27, Father’s Day is on June 16, Independence Day is on a Thursday, Labor Day is on September 2, Columbus Day is on its latest possible date, October 14, Halloween is on a Thursday, Veterans Day is on a Monday, Thanksgiving is on its latest possible date, November 28, and Christmas is on a Wednesday.

Calendar

Leap years by day
This article describes any leap year starting on Wednesday.  Examples include 1908, 1936, 1964, 1992, 2020, 2048, and 2076 in the Gregorian calendar, which is used in most of the world. ED is the dominical letter of that type of year, along with others.

This leap year is one of three leap years that have two Friday the 13ths, the others being Leap year starting on Monday and Leap year starting on Thursday. The Friday the 13ths in this leap year are in March and November. This characteristic is shared with Common Years Starting on Thursday but also have another one in February.
In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 20, Valentine’s Day is on a Friday, Presidents Day is on February 17, the leap day, February 29, is on a Saturday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Tuesday, Mother’s Day is on May 10, Memorial Day is on its earliest possible date, May 25, Father’s Day is on its latest possible date, June 21, Independence Day is on a Saturday, Labor Day is on its latest possible date, September 7, Columbus Day is on October 12, Halloween is on a Saturday, Veterans Day is on a Wednesday, Thanksgiving is on November 26, and Christmas is on a Friday.

Calendar

Leap years by day
This article describes any leap year starting on Sunday. Examples include 1928, 1956, 1984, 2012, 2040, 2068, and 2096.

This is the only leap year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th, in January, April and July. The other type of year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th is a Common year starting on Thursday. Interestingly, with the exception of skipped leap years, leap years starting on Sunday falls exactly three years either side of two consecutive common years starting on Thursday; the most recent occurrence was 2012 between 2009 and 2015.
In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 16, Valentine’s Day is on a Tuesday, Presidents Day is on February 20, the leap day, February 29, is on a Wednesday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Saturday, Mother’s Day is on May 13, Memorial Day is on May 28, Father’s Day is on June 17, Independence Day is on a Wednesday, Labor Day is on September 3, Columbus Day is on it’s earliest possible date, October 8, Halloween is on a Wednesday, Veterans Day is on a Sunday, Thanksgiving is on its earliest possible date, November 22, and Christmas is on a Tuesday. A leap year starting on Sunday is any leap year (i.e. a year with 366 days) that begins on Sunday, 1 January, and ends on Monday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is AG.

Calendar

Leap years by day
A leap year starting on Friday is any year with 366 days (i.e. it includes 29 February) that begins on Friday 1 January and ends on Saturday 31 December. Examples include 1904, 1932, 1960, 1988, 2016, 2044, and 2072 in the Gregorian Calendar which is used in most of the world. That uses the dominical letter CB, and it is there.

This leap year is one of three leap years with only one Friday the 13th, the others being Leap year starting on Tuesday and Leap year starting on Saturday. The Friday the 13th in this leap year is in May. This characteristic is shared with a common year starting on Saturday.
In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 18, Valentine’s Day is on a Sunday, Presidents Day is on its earliest possible date, February 15, the leap day, February 29, is on a Monday, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Thursday, Mother’s Day is on its earliest possible date, May 8, Memorial Day is on May 30, Father’s Day is on June 19, Independence Day is on a Monday, Labor Day is on September 5, Columbus Day is on October 10, Halloween is on a Monday, Veterans Day is on a Friday, Thanksgiving is on November 24, and Christmas is on a Sunday.

Calendar

Leap years by day2601:205:4581:7570:BC53:2CC8:6C59:DA5B (talk)
Marcelo Sosa (born 6 February 1978) is an Uruguayan football player. He has played for Uruguay national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="8"|Danubio||rowspan="8"|Primera División||4||0
|-
|1997||14||0
|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1999||18||1
|-
|2000||26||5
|-
|2001||28||1
|-
|2002||35||6
|-
|2003||29||4

|-
|2004||Spartak Moscow||Premier League||8||0

|-
|2004/05||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||28||0
|-
|2005/06||Osasuna||La Liga||11||0

|-
|2006/07||River Plate||Primera División||2||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Nacional||rowspan="2"|Primera División||11||1
|-
|2007/08||11||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Estudiantes Tecos||rowspan="2"|Primera División||14||0
|-
|2008/09||21||0

|-
|2009/10||Peñarol||Primera División||||
177||18
8||0
39||0
2||0
35||0
261||18
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||12||1
|-
|2004||11||1
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
!Total||27||2
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Montevideo
Djalminha (born December 9, 1970) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1989||rowspan="4"|Flamengo||rowspan="4"|Série A||1||0
|-
|1990||10||1
|-
|1991||4||1
|-
|1992||7||0
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Guarani||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||6
|-
|1994||3||3

|-
|1994||Shimizu S-Pulse||J. League 1||11||4

|-
|1995||Guarani||Série A||11||6
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Palmeiras||rowspan="2"|Série A||22||12
|-
|1997||0||0

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="5"|Deportivo La Coruña||rowspan="5"|La Liga||26||8
|-
|1998/99||31||8
|-
|1999/00||31||10
|-
|2000/01||21||9
|-
|2001/02||18||1

|-
|2002/03||Austria Wien||Bundesliga||10||2

|-
|2003/04||Deportivo La Coruña||La Liga||11||2

|-
|2004/05||América||Primera División||5||1
77||29
11||4
138||38
10||2
5||1
241||74
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1996||3||1
|-
|1997||7||3
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||2||1
|-
!Total||14||5
|}
Other websites
Djalminha at National Football Teams.com

1970 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
The case of Ophélie Bretnacher's disappearance is a complex criminal and diplomatic case between France and Hungary, both members of the European Union.

Disappearance 

Ophélie Bretnacher was a French student, at the Reims Management School. With the European exchange programme, called Erasmus Programme, she spent some time at the Corvinius University of Budapest.  Ophélie Bretnacher disappeared in Budapest, Hungary on 4 December 2008. Coming out from a nightclub, the Portside of Cuba, she was tracked by the city video cameras part of her way. Her cellular phone and her bag were later found on the Lanchid bridge.

Diplomatic and political consequences 

In the French Government, Catherine Vautrin, the Vice-Président of the National Assembly recalls the disappearance of Ophélie and asks for a French intervention. and Ophélie appears on Nicolas Sarkozy's blog.
Ophélie Bretnacher disappeared 2 and a half months after Eva Rhodes, the Yoko Ono and John Lennon model, in Hungary. Their families are planning to send a claim from the European Union and make known the fact that 4500 foreign people disappear each year in Hungary.

Good police and judicial cooperation between countries, members of the European Union is specified in the Treaty of Lisbon, applicable on 1 December 2009 and in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.

Criminal case 

Her body was discovered in Csepel, in February 2009, in a backwater of the Danube. Homicide cannot be ruled out because of the finding of an hematoma on Ophelie's body as well as many gray areas during the search.

To date, no findings have been sent  by Hungary such as the  forensic analysis like  Diatoms  and the Danube search report, despite the intervention mission twice in 2009 of French investigators in Hungary and the local investigation seems not having progressed for one year.
In February 2010, her family filed a new claim for murder. The Bretnacher family lawyer is  William Bourdon, the secretary-general of the International Federation of Human Rights Leagues (1995-2000) and the lawyer of Transparency International.

In March 2010, a judicial inquiry is opened in Paris for kidnapping, sequestration, followed by murder.

Mobilization each year 

One year later her friends, who were successful in raising 60 000 people on Facebook groups, from many European nations, launched a request for the second consecutive year in order to obtain some answers.

At the end of 2010, two years after her disappearance, more than 45,000 people from different countries took part to another Facebook event for Ophélie and, on December 4th, her friends announced that they will organize a new Internet mobilization:

We will create an event for Ophélie, every year, until full light will be shed on her disappearance and death, until justice is done !

Improbabilities that persist in 2011
Two years after her disappearance, on 4 December 2010, Maitre William Bourdon, said that the investigation continues. The article also notes:

- The complete analysis of diatoms, which would have allowed knowing with certainty the location of drowning, has not been obtained yet.

- All required documents have not been sent.

- The telephone terminals on the path of Ophélie have not been exploited yet.

- Some evidences (such as the walker who heard screams of women at the time of the disappearance was close to where her bag was found) have not been investigated further

- The body of Ophélie was in a place against the current, and it is not possible that came from the Chain Bridge.

References

Other websites  
 11/01/2009 Manifestation Film To ask more collaboration between french and Hungarian police - AFP document 

2008 deaths
Budapest
2000s crimes
21st century in Hungary
"Homer Defined" is the seventh episode of The Simpsons third season, which first started on November 1st, 1991. The episode has the first appearance of "Milhouse's mother" and the first time his last name, "Van Houten", is used.

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
"Like Father, Like Clown" is the sixth episode of The Simpsons third season. It first started on the Fox network in the United States on October 24, 1991. In this episode, Krusty the Clown says to the Simpson family that he is of "Jewish heritage", and that his father, "Rabbi Hyman Krustofski", disowned him for keeping a job in comedy. Krusty is sad and Bart and Lisa decide to try to reunite Krusty with his long-estranged father.

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
"Treehouse of Horror II" is the sixth episode of The Simpsons third season, the second Simpsons Halloween episode, and the first Halloween episode where names in the closing credits were replaced by 'spooky name' parodies. The episode first started on October 31, 1991. The first part, "The Monkey's Paw", is a direct reference to W.W. Jacobs's short story The Monkey's Paw, in which the Simpsons's wishes all backfire on them after buying a cursed hand of a monkey. In the second part, "The Bart Zone", Bart has  powers, and turns Homer into a jack-in-the-box, resulting in the two spending more time together. The part was a parody of The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life". In the last part, "If I Only Had A Brain", Mr. Burns's head is grafted onto Homer's head after Mr. Burns tries to create a robot with Homer's brain.

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
Treehouse of Horror
"Lisa's Pony" is the eighth episode of the third season of The Simpsons. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 7, 1991. In this episode, Homer humiliates Lisa by forgetting to buy the right reed for her saxophone. desperate to win back his daughter's love, Homer gives Lisa the one thing she has always wanted, a pony named "Princess." Homer struggles with two jobs to cover the cost of sheltering and feeding the pony. Lisa, upon seeing what Homer must go through to pay for the pony, decides to give it away.

Other websites

"Lisa's Pony" at The Simpsons.com

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) is 9 to 10 centimetres (3.5 to 3.9 in) long. 

It has a bronze-green back, a light grey chest and belly, and green flanks. Its bill is long, straight and slender. The adult male has an iridescent crimson-red crown and throat, and a dark, slightly forked tail. Anna's is the only North American hummingbird species with a red crown. Females and young have a green crown, a grey throat with some red markings, a grey chest and belly, and a dark, rounded tail with white tips on the outer feathers.

These birds feed on nectar from flowers using a long tongue. They also eat small spiders and insects caught in flight. While collecting nectar, they also help in plant pollination. This species sometimes eats tree sap.

Birds of North America
Hummingbirds
The Hyundai Getz was a car produced by Hyundai since 2002. It was succeeded by the i20 in 2008.

Getz
2000s automobiles
The Hyundai i20 is a car produced by Hyundai. It is the successor of the Getz, and were based on the Kia Soul's platform.

I20
2000s automobiles
The Hyundai Sonata is a car produced by Hyundai since 1985. It is currently in its Fourth generation. It will be successed by the i45 in 2010.

Gallery

Sonata
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Hyundai i30 is a car produced by Hyundai since 2007. It is the successor of the Elantra, and is based on the Kia cee'd's platform.

I30
2000s automobiles
The Hyundai i10 is a car produced by Hyundai since 2008. It is the successor of the Atos, and were based on the Kia Picanto's platform. It entered its second generation in 2013 and it became popular in the UK during the scrappage scheme in 2009.

Engines 
 1.1 49 kW (66 hp)
 1.25 57 kW (78 hp)
 1.1 CRDi 55 kW (75 hp)

I10
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Hyundai Tucson is a compact luxury SUV that is produced by Hyundai Motor Company. In some markets it is sold as the ix35, but the ix35 name is expected to be dropped. It is based on the Kia Sportage's unibody platform.

Tucson
Sport utility vehicles
2000s automobiles
The North American Hyundai Accent was a car produced by Hyundai Motor Company from 1994 to 2022. It was the successor of the Pony, and it was in its third generation until recently. The car was also sold in Mexico as the Dodge Verna from 2001 to 2006, and as the Dodge Attitude until 2014, when Hyundai entered the Mexican market. Currently, the Hyundai Accent continues in production, except in North America.

Accent
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
TAM or Tam can be:
 TAM Airlines, an airline in Brazil
 TAM Air, a Georgian airline
 Tamworth Railway Station
 The Australian Museum

People 
 Reuben Tam (1916-1991), American/Hawaiian artist 
 Tam (name), version of "Tan", a common Chinese surname
 Thomas (name), a shortening of the name in Scots
The black-breasted puffleg (Eriocnemis nigrivestis) is a species of hummingbird that lives only in Ecuador. 

The average length of the black-breasted puffleg is 8.5 cm. It has a very restricted range, being found only on the northwestern parts of the Pichincha volcano. It is critically endangered.

References 

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
The Giant octopus is Enteroctopus, and one of its species is the largest octopus. There are four species: the North Pacific Giant Octopus (E. dofleini), the Southern Giant Octopus (Enteroctopus magnificus), E. megalocyathus, and E. zealandicus.

Overview 
The only member of this genus that deserves the common name "Giant octopus" is Enteroctopus dofleini. This holds the record of being the world's largest octopus: direct measurements were made of a live 71 kg (156.5 lb) individual. This octopus had a total length near to 4 m (13 ft). 

The remaining members of the genus are much smaller. E. megalocyathus has an average weight of 4 kg and a total length of 1 m. E. magnificus has a total length of around 1.5 m.

References 

Cephalopods
The Kia Joice was a car produced by Kia Motors between 1999-2003. It was based on the Hyundai Santamo's platform.

Joice
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Antacids (or indigestion tablets) are used to help stop indigestion. People may get indigestion if they eat too much or if they eat too fast. With indigestion, the liquid in the stomach will become more acidic. Antacids will neutralise the acids. The reaction that is happening is called neutralisation. This is because the tablets are alkaline and the liquids in the stomach are acidic.

This reaction between the stomach acids and the antacid will make the acid change into harmless substances such as water or salt.

An example of an antacid is milk of magnesia.

Side effects from taking antacids are rare, but can include both constipation and diarrhea. They are also high in sodium so people with a heart condition on a low salt diet should ask their doctor before taking them.

References

Drugs
Down and Out in Paris and London is a written exposé. It was written by George Orwell. 

Its target audience was the middle and upper class members of society. It exposes the poverty existing in two prosperous cities: Paris and London. 

The author talks about his time working as a pleunger (lowest possible position) in a Paris hotel and describes the hard life that is lived by thousands of Parisians. In London he is promised work, but the work is not there so he has to travel from homeless shelter to homeless shelter everyday with a group of homeless people.

References

English literature
Books by George Orwell
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus.  It causes an infectious disease called "West Nile virus disease" or just "West Nile virus."  WNV mainly infects birds, but it can also infect humans, horses, dogs, bats, cats, reptiles, and amphibians.

West Nile virus is spread by mosquitoes, who get the virus from birds.  If a mosquito bites a bird that has WNV, and then bites a human, that person can get West Nile Virus.
West Nile virus was first discovered in 1937, in the West Nile area of Uganda, in East Africa.  (This is how the virus got its name.)  However, before the 1990s, there were very few cases of WNV.  Then there was an outbreak in Algeria in 1994 and another in Romania in 1996.  By 2004, the virus had spread to North America, the Caribbean islands, and Latin America.  It continues to spread through Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, Canada, and the United States.  In 2012, one of the worst West Nile virus epidemics yet happened in the United States; 286 people died.

Signs and symptoms 
About 80% of people who get West Nile virus have no symptoms.

When a person does get symptoms, they usually do not appear until 2 to 15 days after the person got the virus.  (This is called the virus's incubation period.)
West Nile virus can cause many different types of illness.  The rarest, but most serious types affect the neurological system - the brain and the nerves.  The most common type of illness caused by WNV is West Nile fever, which does not affect the neurological system.

West Nile fever 
West Nile fever happens in about 20% of people with WNV.  It causes a high fever and flu-like symptoms.  Usually, the symptoms are not too bad, and get better after 3 to 6 days.  Symptoms may include:
 Headache
 Feeling weak and tired
 Pain in the joints
 Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
 Rash
West Nile neuroinvasive disease 
Neuroinvasive disease is when the West Nile virus infects the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord).  This happens in less than 1% of people who get West Nile virus.  However, in those people, it can cause very serious problems.  These problems include:
 West Nile encephalitis: Encephalitis is swelling in the brain.  This can cause confusion, muscle weakness, paralysis, and loss of reflexes.  This is the most common type of West Nile neuroinvasive disease.
 West Nile meningitis: Meningitis is inflammation of the meninges, the layers that protect the brain and spinal cord.  People with meningitis usually have a bad headache, a high fever, and a stiff neck.
 West Nile meningoencephalitis: This is inflammation of both the brain and the meninges (encephalitis and meningitis).
West Nile poliomyelitis: This causes the arms and legs on one side of the body to suddenly become weak or paralyzed.  The person may not have any other symptoms of WNV infection.  Sometimes, the breathing muscles can become paralyzed, and the person becomes unable to breathe.
 West Nile reversible paralysis: This also causes weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, but it almost always gets better.
Other complications 
WNV can cause some other complications that do not affect the neurological system.  These complications are very uncommon.  They include:
 Sudden hepatitis and liver damage
 Rhabdomyolysis (muscle death)
 Cardiac arrhythmia (when the heart does not beat normally)
 Hemorrhagic fever with coagulopathy (a high fever with severe bleeding, which the body is unable to stop by clotting the blood).  The bleeding can kill a person.
 Inflammation of the:
 Heart muscle (myocarditis)
 Pancreas (pancreatitis)
 Testes (orchitis)
 Kidneys (nephritis)
 Optic nerve (optic neuritis)

Diagnosis
At first, a medical professional usually makes a possible diagnosis of West Nile virus based on a person's symptoms, where they live, and when and where they have traveled.  The World Health Organization says that doctors should suspect West Nile virus if a patient:
 Has a fever that started suddenly; and
 Has neurological symptoms; and
 Was recently bitten by mosquitoes.
West Nile virus can be diagnosed for certain by:
 Doing blood tests that look for the antibodies that the body makes to fight the West Nile virus (like Immunoglobulin M, or IgM)
 Testing cerebrospinal fluid by doing a lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

Treatment
There is no known treatment or cure for WNV.  There are no known anti-viral medications (medicines which kill viruses) which will kill the West Nile virus.  Doctors can only provide "supportive care," which means they can only treat the symptoms of WNV.  For example, they can give fluids through a needle placed into a vein if a person is very dehydrated; help the person breathe if needed; and give medications to prevent them from getting any other infections.
Transmission
The West Nile virus stays alive in nature by getting spread back and forth between birds and mosquitoes.  Birds get WNV more often than any other living things.  When a mosquito bites a bird that has WNV, the mosquito gets the virus.  Then, if the mosquito bites a bird that does not have WNV, the mosquito can give that bird the virus.  In this way, birds and mosquitoes give the virus to each other and keep it alive.

Humans usually get West Nile virus by being bitten by mosquitoes who have gotten the virus from birds.  Humans can get the virus from many different species of mosquitoes.

Though this is not common, a person with West Nile virus can give another person the virus.  This can happen if:
 Blood infected with WNV gets into a person's body
 A person gets a blood transfusion or an organ transplant from someone with WNV
 A woman with WNV is pregnant (she can give the virus to her fetus)
 A woman with WNV breastfeeds her baby

Prevention
Prevention

In contrast to the 4 currently available West Nile Virus vaccines for horses, there is no human vaccine available to prevent West Nile virus infection.  Six vaccines have been trialled in humans with the most successful only proceeding to Phase II trials. The best way for people to protect themselves against West Nile virus is to protect themselves against mosquitoes.  There are many ways to do this.  For example:
 Using bug spray, especially the type that has DEET in it
 Wearing long sleeves, long pants, socks, and hats
 Using a mosquito net over the bed when sleeping
 Putting bug spray on clothes, shoes, mosquito nets, bed sheets, and other things
 Staying in places that are air-conditioned or have good window and door screens
 Emptying out standing water (water that does not move) from things like buckets, gutters, and flowerpots (mosquitoes like to lay eggs in standing water)
 Being extra careful between evening and morning, when the mosquitoes that spread West Nile virus are most active
Scientists can trap mosquitoes and birds, and test them for West Nile virus to see if the virus is spreading in a certain area.  If it is, they can do things like spray pesticides to kill mosquitoes.

Related pages
 Flavivirus
 Infectious disease

Other websites

About West Nile virus
 West Nile Information for Seniors (Simple English)
 West Nile Virus - U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) page
 Nature news article on West Nile paralysis

Prevention
 Mosquito Bite Prevention (United States) (Simple English)
 Recommendations for Protecting Outdoor Workers from West Nile Virus Exposure
 Recommendations for Protecting Laboratory, Field, and Clinical Workers from West Nile Virus Exposure
 West Nile Virus Resource Guide—National Pesticide Information Center
 Vaccine Research Center (VRC) —Information about WNV vaccine research studies

For medical professionals
Gene mutation turned West Nile virus into killer disease among crows 
 West Nile Virus Genomes  database search results from the  Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center

References

Diseases caused by viruses
Diseases spread by insects
Viruses
The 3rd millennium began on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 3000.

Events
By 2070, 1 to 3 billion people could be living in extreme heat because of climate change.
 2285: On March 22, Easter will occur on its earliest possible date for the first time since the year 1818.
 2400: The first century leap year since 2000.
 2800: The second century leap year since 2400.

Centuries and decades

References
In the Gregorian calendar, a century leap year is a year that is exactly divisible by 400. Like all other leap years, these years have February 29. If a year is divisible by 100 but not 400, it is a common year (not a leap year). For example, the years 1600 and 2000 were century leap years; the century years 1700, 1800, 1900 were common years, so will 2100, 2200, and 2300, despite being divisible by 4. The next century leap year will occur in the year 2400.  Century leap years always begin on a Saturday, and February 29 always falls on a Tuesday. 

The start days of exceptional common years (century years not evenly divisible by 400) also varies; the century year begins on a Friday if the remainder obtained by dividing it by 400 is 100, Wednesday if the remainder is 200, and Monday if the remainder is 300.
The Gregorian calendar more accurately tracks Earth's revolution around the Sun, more so than the older Julian calendar, in which every fourth year (including end-of-century years) is a leap year.  Because of this, the Julian calendar began to gradually drift with respect to the four seasons.  Each season has been occurring earlier and earlier over time.  Therefore when the Gregorian calendar was created in 1582, it eliminated this problem by specifying that end-of-century years are only leap years if divisible by 400. Therefore, 1700 was the first end-of-century year that was not a leap year.

References 

Years
Calendars

sv:Sekelskottår
Plywood is a manufactured wood which is made by gluing several thin sheets of wood together with the grain alternately running along the sheet then across it. 

The veneer is usually about 3 millimetres thick for each layer.  Interior layers of these boards are usually made from an inexpensive wood while the outer veneer layers are made from more expensive timber to give the board a nice wood grain appearance.  The glued layers are heated together to make the seal become better bonded. 

A common reason for using plywood instead of plain wood is its resistance to cracking, shrinking and changing shape.  It is cheaper and stronger than most plain woods.

It is used to make a range of things from sheds, to cladding to cabinets. It is graded on the quality, from class A to class D, A being the best quality and D being the worst quality.
Different kinds of plywood are made for different purposes. Marine plywood, for example, is especially resistant to water. There is a world-wide industry making plywood for structural purposes. IKEA is well-known for using mostly plywood and chipboard in their indoor and outdoor furniture products.
 

Wood
A plastid is a self-reproducing organelle of plants and algae. A plastome is the DNA genome of a plastid.p341 They are like tiny machines inside cells: each makes or stores important chemicals used by the plant. 

Examples of plastids are: 
 Chloroplasts: photosynthesis; other plastids may have developed from chloroplasts. Etioplasts are chloroplasts which have not been exposed to light.
 Chromoplasts: pigment synthesis and storage. 
 Leucoplasts: colourless, make terpenes such as resin. Sometimes they develop into more specialized types of plastid:
 Amyloplasts: starch storage
 Elaioplasts: fat storage.
 Proteinoplasts: store & modify protein.
 Statoliths: detect gravity.

Plastids in algae
Plastids in algae and hornworts  may differ from plant plastids. In algae, the term "leucoplast" is used for all unpigmented plastids and their function differs from the leucoplasts of plants.
Glaucocystophytic algae contain muroplasts, which are similar to chloroplasts except that they have a cell wall, similar to that of prokaryotes. Rhodophytic algae contain rhodoplasts, which are red chloroplasts which allow the algae to photosynthesise to a depth of up to 268 metres.

Genetics and evolution 
Plastids are one of the many different types of organelles in the cell. In endosymbiont theory, plastids originated as cyanobacteria. This was first suggested by Mereschkowsky in 1905. Schimper in 1883 had said chloroplasts closely resembled cyanobacteria.
Almost all chloroplasts are thought to derive directly or indirectly from a single endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria also derive from symbiosis, but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protista. The chloroplast is surrounded by a double-layered composite membrane with an intermembrane space; further, it has reticulations, or many infoldings, filling the inner spaces. The chloroplast has its own DNA, which codes for redox proteins involved in electron transport in photosynthesis.

References 

Botany
Organelles
DNA
The Medical Renaissance is a period of progress in European medical knowledge. It lasted from about 1400 to 1700 AD. During this period, there was a new interest in the ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Discoveries from the Medical Renaissance paved the way for modern medicine.

At the beginning of this period, around 1400, doctors did not understand anatomy and physiology. They had a lot of ideas that sound strange to modern people. Several things helped scientists make progress. Starting in the 1450s, the printing press made it possible for medical books to be mass-produced. This made it easy for medical knowledge to spread. Scientists published books sharing knowledge about anatomy and physiology. In 1543, Andreas Vesalius published De humani corporis fabrica (“On the fabric of the human body”), a detailed anatomy book. This was the first time in history that realistic diagrams of dissections were published. By studying anatomy, physicians learnt the positions of bones, muscles, and organs.
Much later, in 1628, the Englishman William Harvey discovered that the heart pumps blood, which travels through the body in blood vessels, and returns to the heart in the circulatory system. Thus physicians began to understand the basic facts of anatomy and physiology.

Beliefs

During the Renaissance, the theory of the four humours (or four temperaments) was very important. The ancient Greeks created this theory, and it influenced medical development until the 19th century. According to this theory, the body is filled with four different humours (liquids): black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. When a person is healthy, these substances are in balance. When there is an imbalance between the humours, the person will be sick. The sickness can be cured by bringing the four humours back to balance. The ancient Roman physician Galen had supported this theory, though he refined it in many ways. He said that body temperature is based on the balance between the humors.
During the Medical Renaissance, several important physicians helped to prove this theory wrong. The first was a Persian physician called Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī  (865-925; he was also called Rhazes). In his book Doubts about Galen, he described doing an experiment to test Galen’s theory about what controls body temperature. He inserted a liquid with a different temperature into the body. This would result in an increase or decrease of bodily heat, which resembled the temperature of that particular fluid. Rhazes noted that a warm drink would heat up the body to a degree much higher than its own natural temperature. The drink would therefore trigger a response from the body, rather than transferring only its own warmth or coldness to it.
Later, Avenzoar (1091–1161) did an experimental dissection and autopsy to prove that the skin disease scabies was caused by a parasite. This discovery upset the theory of humorism. Removing the parasite from the patient's body did not require purging, bloodletting, or any other traditional treatments associated with the four humors.

Finally, in the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288) discovered both pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation. This proved once and for all that the theory of the four humors was incorrect.

Medicine or myth?

Before the Medical Renaissance, there were only a few ways of studying the human body. Early doctors did not understand how the body works, how to treat sickness, or how disease spreads.

In the Middle Ages and the early Renaissance, people thought that "bad air" or "flying venom" caused illness. For that reason, they covered their mouths or burned good-smelling leaves, but did not wash their hands after seeing a sick friend or family member.
When William Harvey suggested that the heart pumps blood, most people thought he was a quack (a fake or bad doctor). At that time, most doctors focused on treating illness, not trying to find out how the body works.

In the 17th century, Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke developed the light microscope. In 1676, using this microscope, Leeuwenhoek was the first person to see bacteria. He called them "animalcules" and published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society. The name bacterium was introduced much later, by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1838.

Some cures prescribed by early doctors were both ineffective and dangerous. For instance, doctors would often attach leeches to sick patients. They thought that leeches could cure sickness by sucking bad blood out of a patient's body. In reality, taking blood from very sick patients just made them weaker. Some died from this "treatment."
Other cures really worked, though. To close large wounds, which modern doctors would stitch together, early doctors would use beetles that had pincers. They would get a beetle to pinch together the edges of the wound, then cut off the beetle's head. Early doctors also used spider webs to stop bleeding by making blood clot together.

Doctors are still studying other "cures" that were used in the Medical Renaissance to see if they can help today's medicine.

Related pages
Medicine
Renaissance
Renaissance music
Renaissance art

References

Other websites
Renaissance Medicine

Renaissance
History of medicine
A mixotroph is an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon. Usually this means that it may be either autotroph or heterotroph at different times in its life. Also possible are alternations between photo- and chemotrophy, or between litho- and organotrophy. Mixotrophs can be either eukaryotes or prokaryotes.

References 

Cell biology
The reddish hermit (Phaethornis ruber) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and in the Guianas. The reddish hermit is 7.5 cm in length, which makes it one of the smallest hermits. Its natural habitats are forest and woodland, mostly humid.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
The gray-tailed mountain-gem (Lampornis cinereicauda) is a species of hummingbird. It lives in the mountains of southern Costa Rica from the Cordillera de Talamanca southward to the border with Panama. 

Male gray-tailed mountain-gems have iridescent emerald green with a thouch of a bronzy brown mixed in. It has a gray tail, a bright blue-green forehead and top of the head, and a bright white throat next to iridescent blue-green on the upper belly. Both male and female have a straight, thin, black bill, a white stripe behind the eye, and blackish wings. 

The female gray-tailed mountain-gem are colored quite different then the male. They have an iridescent bronzy emerald green from the forehead, all the way to the tail, covering the whole backside. Their whole front side is a tan-orange color, all the way from the chin, to the lower belly; and a white-tipped, green tail, completes the coloring of the female.

Birds of Central America
Hummingbirds
"Saturdays of Thunder" is the ninth episode of The Simpsons third season. It first started on the Fox Network in the United States on November 14, 1991.

Story 
In this episode, Homer takes a fatherhood quiz and realizes that he knows nothing about Bart. He tries to be a better father and learns that Bart is entering in a "Soap Box Derby." Homer and Bart make a racer together, however it is not very good, and Bart decides to drive Martin's much nicer racer instead. Homer is at first sad, but decides that he must be a good father and support Bart.

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
"Flaming Moe's" is the tenth episode of The Simpsons third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on November 21, 1991. In this episode, Homer tells Moe Szyslak of a secret alcoholic cocktail that has cough syrup and fire that he calls "Flaming Homer". Moe steals the recipe from Homer, renames the drink the "Flaming Moe" and begins selling it at his tavern. The drink is a success and boosts business, but Homer is angry at Moe for his greediness and seeks revenge.

References

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
The rufous-crested coquette (Lophornis delattrei) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru. It lives in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.

Birds of Central America
Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
The black metaltail (Metallura phoebe) is a species of hummingbird. It can be found in Bolivia and Peru. It lives in subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.

References 
 BirdLife International 2004.  Metallura phoebe.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
A Jonagold is a kind of apple, a cross between a Golden Delicious and a Jonathan. They form a large sweet fruit with thin skin.

Apples
When humans first learned how to control fire, it was an important step in their culture. It allowed them to cook food and get warmth and protection. Making fire also allowed activity into the dark, and gave some protection from predators and insects.

The cooking of food was probably the most useful effect of fire. There are foods like nuts and fruits which do not need cooking, but others, such as root vegetables, mostly need cooking.

It is not known for sure when fire was first controlled by humans. Evidence for the use of fire by Homo erectus by about 400,000 years ago has wide scholarly support. Claims for the  earliest definitive evidence of control of fire by a member of Homo range from 0.2 to 1.7 million years ago (mya).

Evidence
Evidence

East Africa
The earliest evidence of humans using fire comes from many archaeological sites in East Africa, like Chesowanja near Lake Baringo, Koobi Fora, and Olorgesailie in Kenya. The evidence at Chesowanja is the discovery of red clay shards that scientists estimate are 1.42 million years old. Scientists reheated some of the shards at the site, and found that the clay must have been heated to 400 °C to harden.

At Koobi Fora, there are archaeological sites with evidence of control of fire by Homo erectus 1.5 million years ago, with the reddening of sediment that can only come from heating at 200—400 °C. There is a hearth-like depression at a site in Olorgesailie, Kenya. Some very tiny charcoal was found, but it could have come from a natural brush fire.
In Gadeb, Ethiopia, fragments of welded tuff that seemed to have been burned were found in Locality 8E, but re-firing of the rocks may have happened because of volcanoes erupting nearby. These have been found among  Herculean artifacts made by H. erectus.

In the Middle Awash River Valley, cone-shaped depressions of reddish clay were found that could be made by temperatures of 200 °C. These features are thought to be burned tree stumps such that they would have fire away from their habitation site. There are also burnt stones in the "Awash Valley", but volcanic welded tuff is also in the area.
Southern Africa
The earliest certain evidence of human control of fire was found at Swartkrans, South Africa. Many burnt bones were found among Acheulean tools, bone tools, and bones with cut marks that were made by hominids. This site also shows some of the earliest evidence of H. erectus eating meat. The Cave of Hearths in South Africa has burned deposits dated from 0.2 to 0.7 mya, as do many other places such as Montagu Cave (0.058 to 0.2 mya and at the Klasies River Mouth (0.12 to 0.13 mya.

The most powerful evidence comes from Kalambo Falls in Zambia where many things related to the use of fire by humans had been found, like charred wood, charcoal, reddened areas, carbonized grass stems and plants, and wooden implements which may have been hardened by fire. The place was dated through radiocarbon dating to be at 61,000 BP and 110,000 BP through amino acid racemization.
Fire was used to heat silcrete stones to increase their works before they were knapped into tools by Stillbay culture. This clue shows this not only with Stillbay sites that date back to 72,000 BP but sites that could be as old as 164,000 BP.

Changes to behavior

An important change in the behavior of humans happened because of their control of fire and the light that came from the fire. Activity was no longer restricted to the daylight hours. Some mammals and biting insects avoid fire and smoke. Fire also led to better nutrition through cooked proteins.

Richard Wrangham of Harvard University argues that cooking of plant foods may have caused the brain to get bigger, because it made complex carbohydrates in starchy foods easier to digest. This allowed humans to absorb more calories from their food.
Changes to diet
Stahl thought that because some parts of plants, like raw cellulose and starch are hard to digest in uncooked form, they would likely not be a part of the hominid diet before fire could be controlled. These parts include stems, mature leaves, enlarged roots, and tubers. Instead, the diet was made up of the parts of the plants that were made of simpler sugars and carbohydrates such as seeds, flowers, and fleshy fruits. Another problem was that some seeds and carbohydrate sources are poisonous. Cyanogenic glycosides, which are in linseed, cassava, and manioc, amongst others, are made non-poisonous through cooking. The teeth of H. erectus and the wear on the teeth reflect the consumption of foods such as tough meats and crisp root vegetables.
The cooking of meat, as can be seen from burned and blackened mammal bones, makes the meats easier to eat. It is also easier to get the nutrition from proteins because the meat itself is easier to digest. The amount of energy needed to digest cooked meat is less than that needed for raw meat, and cooking gelatinizes collagen and other connective tissues as well, it "opens up tightly woven carbohydrate molecules for easier absorption." Cooking also kills parasites and food poisoning bacteria.

References

Fire
Human skills
Gloss may be:

A shiny or polished surface
Lip gloss, a cosmetic
A commentary written on a manuscript work which helps the reader to understand it. By extension, any written or spoken comments which throw light on a printed work.
South Shields is a borough constituency that is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Boundaries
Currently, this constituency contains the areas of South Shields in South Tyneside in Tyne and wear. Changes to the boundary that are to be in place for the next election will bring Whitburn into the constituency from neighbouring Jarrow.

Election results

References

Westminster Parliamentary constituencies in England