Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1965, Joe Sutter was told to design this new plane. It was called the 747. Sutter asked Pan Am and other airlines what they would like from the plane. At the time, it was thought that supersonic aircraft would replace the 747. Because of this, Boeing made the 747 so that it could easily be turned into a cargo plane if the passenger version became less popular.

In April 1966, Pan Am bought 25 747-100 planes. The order cost US$525 million. Since Pan Am was the launch customer, Pan Am had a big say in the design and making of the 747. No other airline before then or since then has been able to have so much influence over a plane.
Designing
The design that Boeing made for the Air Force in 1963 was not used for the 747. However, Boeing made some new things for the Air Force which were used in the 747. The first design had two full decks. However, in 1966, this was changed to only one deck. The cockpit was put above the deck, which made a "bulge". There was a small space behind the cockpit which people could sit in. At first, it was a "lounge" area with no seats.

Planes as big as the 747 needed high-bypass turbofan engines. High-bypass turbofans can produce twice the power of turbojets, and also use a lot less fuel. General Electric made the first of these engines. However, it was making the engines for the C-5 Galaxy. It did not make engines for airliners until later. Pratt & Whitney was also working on this type of engine. In 1966, Boeing, Pan Am and Pratt & Whitney designed a new engine, the JT9D, for the 747.
Boeing used some special devices to make the plane make more lift. This was done so that the 747 could take off from shorter runways. The 747 has a lot of flaps on the wing. The flaps make the wings bigger by 21 percent. They also make 90 percent more lift when they are used.

Boeing tried to give the 747 to Pan Am by the end of 1969. This meant that Boeing only had 28 months to design the aircraft. The people who worked on the 747 had the nickname "The Incredibles".

Factory

Boeing did not have a factory big enough to make the new plane. Boeing thought about putting their factory in 50 different cities. They eventually decided to build their factory in Seattle, near Everett, Washington. Boeing bought the factory in June 1966.
Development and testing
Before the first 747 was put together, parts and systems were being tested. In one important test, 560 volunteers evacuated a replica of a 747 cabin using the emergency chutes. The first evacuation took two and a half minutes. However, the FAA says that the maximum time for an evacuation is 90 seconds. Many of the volunteers were hurt. More evacuations happened, and they eventually reached the 90 seconds. However, they also caused a lot of injuries. Evacuating from the top deck of the plane was difficult. Instead of using the usual slides, the volunteers had to leave the plane using a harness. The plane's taxiing also had to be tested. Boeing made "Waddell's Wagon" (named after a 747 test pilot, Jack Waddell) to train the pilots. "Waddell's Wagon" was a replica of a 747 cockpit which was put on the roof of a truck. This helped pilots to learn how to taxi the plane.
On September 30, 1968, the first 747 was finished. People from the 26 airlines that had ordered the 747 were also there. The 747 first flew on February 9, 1969. Its pilots were Jack Waddell and Brien Wygle. There was a small problem with the flaps, but the 747 handled well.

The testing was delayed because of some problems with the JT9D engines. For example, the engines stalled if the throttles were moved too quickly. This meant that 747s could not be delivered for many more months. 20 planes were stuck at the factory while they were waiting on engines. On December 13, 1969 the test plane was being taken to have some changes made to it. The pilot, Ralph C. Cokely landed too early and did not reach the runway. One of the landing gears was ripped off, and two of the engines were damaged. However, Boeing took the 747 to the 28th Paris Air Show in mid-1969. There, the public saw the 747 for the first time.
Designing the 747 and building the new factory cost a lot of money. This meant that Boeing had to borrow a lot of money from a bank. Just before the first aircraft was finished, Boeing had to keep asking for more money. If Boeing was not given this money, the company could have collapsed. Boeing was in over $2 billion in debt. Allen said, "It was really too large a project for us." However, the 747 program was a success. Boeing was the only company to make very big planes for many years.

Use by airlines
The very first time a 747 was used by an airline was on January 22, 1970. Pan Am used it to fly from New York to London. The flight was supposed to happen on the evening of January 21. However, the engines on the aircraft overheated. Pan Am had to find another plane, which took six hours.
The recession of 1969-1970 was very bad for Boeing. For over a year after September 1970, it only sold two 747s. None were sold to an American airline for over three years. Some airlines did not have enough passengers to fly the 747. Therefore, they replaced them with the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar. American Airlines eventually only used its 747s to carry cargo. In 1983, AA gave its 747s to Pan Am. Pan Am gave American Airlines some smaller planes. Delta Air Lines also stopped using its 747s after many years. Delta would later merge with Northwest Airlines, which operates 747s.

Flights which landed in smaller cities became quite usual in the 1980s. This was bad for the 747. However, many airlines still used the 747 to fly across the Pacific.
Upgrades made to the 747
The first type of 747 was called the 747–100. After this, Boeing made the , which has a higher MTOW (maximum takeoff weight), and the  (Short Range). The -100SR could carry more passengers. A higher MTOW means that the plane can carry more fuel and fly further. In 1971, Boeing made the . It had better engines and a higher MTOW. Airliner and cargo versions of the  were made. The 747SP (special performance) was also made. It began being used in 1976.

In 1980, Boeing made the 747–300. The first 747-300 was made in 1983. Its upper deck was longer, it flew faster and it could hold more passengers. The −300 was first called the 747SUD for "stretched upper deck". Then it was called the 747-200 SUD, then the 747EUD, and finally it was called the 747–300.
In 1985, Boeing began to design the 747-400. This type has a glass cockpit. This meant that only two people were needed in the cockpit. It also had new engines and a new cabin. The workers who made the 747-400 were not very experienced and Boeing wanted them to work for longer than they needed to. This meant that there were some problems with the first 747-400s. The −400 began being used by airlines in 1989.

In 1991, 1,087 passengers were taken to Israel on a 747. This was a part of Operation Solomon. The Antonov An-225 cargo transport is the world's biggest plane. The Hughes H-4 Hercules has the biggest wingspan, but it only flew once.

More developments
More developments

Since the 747-400 was made, many more types of 747 have been suggested. Boeing said that they would make the 747-500X and  in 1996. These new planes would have cost more than US$5 billion to design and make. Airlines did not like it enough, so Boeing decided not to make the planes. In 2000, Boeing said it would make a 747X to rival the Airbus A3XX. However, airlines did not like the 747X enough, so it was cancelled. A year later, Boeing began concentrating on the Sonic Cruiser. The Sonic Cruiser was stopped, so Boeing then focused on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. Some of the ideas that Boeing had for the 747X were used on the 747-400ER.

In 2004, Boeing said that it might work on the 747 Advanced. Boeing decided to go ahead with this. The 747 Advanced used some things from the 787 to make the 747's design more modern. The 747 was the world's biggest passenger plane until the Airbus A380 was finished in 2007.
On November 14, 2005, Boeing said it had changed the name of the 747 Advanced to the Boeing 747-8. The last 747-400s were made in 2009. On February 8, 2010, the 747-8 Freighter made its first flight. Cargolux got the first 747–8 in 2011. Eventually, the 747 will be replaced by "Y3".

Design

The Boeing 747 is a big, wide-body airliner. It has four engines on the wings, and the wings are swept at 37.5 degrees, so the 747 can fly very fast. The sweep also means that the 747 does not need any special hangars.

Since the cockpit is above the main deck, it makes a "hump", and because it is so high, the plane can have a cargo door installed at the front.

The 747-100 can fly for 5,300 nautical miles (6,100 mi, 9,800 km), and the 747-8i can fly for 8,000 nmi (9,200 mi, 14,815 km).

The 747 has special flaps, which allow the 747 to fly slowly and land on normal runways. A 747 can carry a fifth engine on the wing, but it cannot be used.
Types of Boeing 747
The 747-100 was the very first type of 747, which was made in 1966. The 747–200, the next version, was made in 1968. The 747-300 was made in 1980 and the 747-400 was made in 1985. The newest version, the 747–8, was announced in 2005. These types also have smaller sub-types. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) names these planes by combining the model number of the plane with its type number. For example, the 747-100 is "B741" and the 747-400 is "B744".

747-100

The first 747-100s had six windows on the upper deck. Later, airlines began to use the upper deck to hold more people instead of using it as a lounge. Boeing then made an upper deck with ten windows. Some −100s had the new ten-window upper deck installed after the plane was made (retrofitted). The −100 had Pratt & Whitney JT9D-3A engines. Boeing did not make a freighter version of the 747–100, but some airlines have turned some 747-100s into freighters. 167 747-100s were made.
747-100SR
After Japanese airlines requested an aircraft to fly routes between major cities in Japan, Boeing produced the -100SR. This model flies shorter distances, but is able to carry more passengers. The first -100SR started flying with Japan Air Lines (JAL) on October 7, 1973. The -100SR had four General Electric CF6-45A2 or Pratt & Whitney JT9D-7A engines. A total of 7 -100SR were produced.

Later, Boeing designed a type of -100SR with the ability of taking off with greater weight. This was the -100BSR. It was first delivered to All Nippon Airways (ANA) on December 21, 1978. 20 -100BSR were delivered to JAL and ANA.

In 1986, 2 -100BSR with stretched upper deck (SUD) from the -300 series were delivered to JAL. It was the last -100SR/BSR ever built. The last delivery was to JAL, in September 1986. There were a total of 29 -100SR/BSR made.

747SP
747SP

The 747SP (SP means special performance) is designed as Pan Am and Iran Air both wanted a wide-body plane that can fly long distances; from New York to the Middle East (for Pan Am) and Tehran to New York (for Iran Air). The first 747SP was produced on May 19, 1975. Its first flight was on July 4. On this flight, it flew at a top speed of Mach 0.92 (). It started flying people on April 25, 1976, after being delivered on March 5. Now, it is not often used. A total of 45 747SP were made and used by airlines like Qantas, China Airlines, Air China, and South African Airways.

747-200
After the -100 were made, Boeing started making -200. The -200 has a longer range, but still carries the same number of people. This is because airlines said the -100 could not fly long distances. The -200 is made in passenger type (-200B), freighter type (-200F), Combi type (A plane that carries both cargo and people; -200M) and convertible type (a plane that can be easily changed to carry cargo; -200C).
The first -200B was finished on September 10, 1970 before its first flight on October 11 and finally, it started being used by KLM. Boeing then started making the other types of -200. The -200F first flight was on November 30, 1971, 7 days after it was finished. It was then delivered to Lufthansa.

The -200C first flew on March 23, 1973 before being delivered to World Airways in May the same year. Finally, the -200M had its first flight on November 11, 1974 before being delivered to Air Canada.

There was a total of 393 -200 series ever made, which includes 225 -200B, 78 -200M, 73 -200F, 13 -200C and 4 military.

747-300 
The 747-300 is a stretched upper deck version of the 747–200. It was designed to fit more passengers on the upper deck. The 747-300 also has updated General Electric CF6-80C2 engines. Otherwise, there are not many differences between the 747-200 and 747–300. The 747-300 has a length of 231 feet 10 inches and a wingspan of 195 feet 8 inches.

747-400
747-400 

The 747-400 was the next-generation Boeing 747 introduced in 1989. It is the best-selling variant of the Boeing 747. It includes improvements over the 747-300 including new engines, and new winglets, which improve fuel efficiency. Its length is the same as the 747-300 but the wingspan has been increased to 211 feet 5 inches. The 747-400 retains the same longer upper deck as the 747-300 (excluding freighter versions), and came in six variants: the 747–400, 747-400F, 747-400M, 747-400D, 747-400ER, and the 747-400ERF.

747-8 

The last variant of the Boeing 747 was announced in 2005 and released in 2011. It includes a longer stretched upper deck, a new Boeing Sky Interior, an updated flight deck, new wings based on ones from the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, and new GEnx turbofan engines. It totals 250 feet in length, making it the longest commercial passenger jet ever built. The 747-8 comes in two variants: 747-8I and 747-8F (freighter).
Accidents and Problems 
 March 27, 1977 - the deadliest aviation accident in history occurred when KLM Flight 4805 collided on the runway with Pan Am 1736 in heavy fog at Tenerife Airport, resulting in 583 fatalities. Both aircraft were 747s. The 61 survivors were all from the Pan Am 747. The Pan Am aircraft was the first 747 to enter commercial service.
 September 1, 1983 - Korean Air Lines Flight 007 from New York City to Seoul via Anchorage, was shot down just west of Sakhalin Island by the Soviet Air Force, killing all 269 passengers and crew aboard.
 June 23, 1985 - Air India Flight 182 en route from Montreal to New Delhi, a bomb exploded. causing the aircraft to explode and crash off the southwest coast of Ireland, killing all 329 on board. Until the September 11 attacks of 2001, the Air India bombing was the single deadliest terrorist attack involving aircraft. It remains the "worst mass murder in Canadian history."
August 12, 1985 - Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashed when the rear pressure bulkhead of a 747SR flying from Tokyo to Osaka failed at cruising altitude, severing the aircraft's vertical stabilizer. The pilots kept it in the air for 32 minutes, but it eventually struck Mount Takamagahara and crashed. Of the 524 people on board, only four passengers survived, making it the deadliest-ever single-aircraft accident. The accident was caused by Boeing improperly repairing the tail strike suffered by the same aircraft seven years earlier.
 November 28, 1987 - South African Airways Flight 295 en route from Taipei to Johannesburg, crashed into the ocean off Mauritius after a fire broke out in the rear cargo hold, damaging vital control systems. All 159 people on board died.
December 21, 1988 - Pan Am Flight 103 disintegrated in midair after a bomb in the luggage hold exploded; the wings, with their tanks full of fuel, landed on Lockerbie, Scotland. All 259 people on board and 11 people in Lockerbie died. A Libyan national was eventually convicted at a Scottish court sitting in the Netherlands of murder in connection with the bombing.
 February 24, 1989 - United Airlines Flight 811 which suffered an explosive decompression in mid-flight. The Plane land safety. But of the 355 people on board 9 passengers died.
 October 4, 1992 - El Al Flight 1862 crashed shortly after takeoff from Amsterdam Schiphol Airport after the right-side engines both fell off, due to metal fatigue, and damaged the right wing, killing all three crew members and the single passenger on board, as well as 39 people on the ground.
July 17, 1996 - TWA flight 800 bound for Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris, exploded during its climb from JFK in New York, killing all 230 people aboard. A spark from a wire in the center fuel tank is believed to have caused the explosion. Changes in fuel tank management were adopted after the crash.
 November 12, 1996 - Saudi Arabian Alrlines Flight 763 collided with Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 in 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision. India, resulting in the deaths of all 349 occupants of both aircraft, It is a worst mid - air collision in aviation history.
 August 6, 1997 - Korean Air Flight 801 crashed into a hillside while on approach to Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport on the island of Guam thanks to pilot error. Of the 254 people on board, 26 survived.
 December 22, 1999 - Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509 from London Stansted Airport, crashed shortly after take-off, killing all four crew. The captain of the aircraft had mishandled it due to erroneous indications on his attitude indicator.
References 

747
1081 was a common year.

Events 
 Corfu taken from Byzantine Empire by Robert Guiscard, Norman King of Southern Italy
 Byzantine emperor Nicephorus III is overthrown by Alexius I Comnenus, ending the Middle Byzantine period and beginning the Comnenan dynasty
 Alexius I helps defend Albania from the Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated at the Battle of Dyrrhachium.
 Beginning of the construction of Saint Canute's Cathedral in Odense.
 May 8 – Alfonso VI of Castile marries Constance of Burgundy.

Births 
 December 1 – King Louis VI of France, French royal (died 1137)
Richard Trevithick (April 13,1771 - April 22, 1833) was a Cornish inventor and engineer. He is best known for making the first working steam locomotive. However, it was designed to be a road vehicle, not a railroad one.

Trevithick was from the heart of a big mining area in Cornwall, U.K. His parents were Richard Trevithick (1735-1797) and Ann Teague (d. 1810.) In 1797, Trevithick married Jane Harvey. He died of pneumonia in 1833.

1771 births
1833 deaths
English inventors
Wasilla is a small city in the U.S. state of Alaska, about 43 miles from Anchorage.  It is one of the ten largest cities in Alaska.  Sarah Palin was once mayor and owns a house with her family there.

The city's population was 9,054 at the 2020 census.

References

Other websites
Official City of Wasilla website

Cities in Alaska
Rantoul is a village in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. Almost 12,000 people were living in Rantoul as of 2020.  Rantoul has an area of 8.6 square miles.

References

Villages in Illinois
Winter Springs is a city in Florida. It is sometimes considered a suburb of Orlando.

Geography 
Winter Springs has a total area of 15 square miles.

Cities in Florida
Fredericton is the capital city of New Brunswick, Canada. It is filled with rich history. Fredericton is on the Saint John River. There is a playhouse. There are scenic walking trails. Frederiction is the capital of New Brunswick. The population of Fredericton was 1,886 at the 2011 census.

Fredericton is known as a cultural and artistic city in New Brunswick. The city hosts an annual Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival which attracts both regional as well as international jazz, blues, rock, and world musicians.

References

Other websites
City of Fredericton's official website

Cities in New Brunswick
Provincial and territorial capitals of Canada
Clearwater is a city in Florida, it is in the Tampa Bay area.  It is the county seat of Pinellas County.

The first Hooters restaurant opened here in 1984. The Church of Scientology's international headquarters is also in the city.

Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
Jordanhill railway station is in a suburb of Glasgow, Scotland. It is a station where passenger trains stop on the First ScotRail railway line. The station opened on August 1, 1887 as part of a different railway line.

On March 2, 2006, a new article on the Jordanhill railway station became English Wikipedia's one-millionth article.

Railway stations in Scotland
Buildings and structures in Glasgow
1887 establishments in Europe
1880s establishments in Scotland
A googolplex is the number 10googol, equivalent to 1010100  or 10Ten duotrigintillion or 1010,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000.

Like the number googol, googolplex was thought of by Milton Sirotta, the nephew of mathematician Edward Kasner.

The company Google named their headquarters, the Googleplex, after the number.

A googolplexplex or googolplexian is a 1 followed by a Googolplex amount of zeros which is 10Googolplex (101010100 ).

Related pages
 Exponent
 Graham's number 
 Googol

Integers
Flint, or flintstone, is a kind of sedimentary rock, made of silica.

Bands of flint are found embedded in chalk and other kinds  of soft limestone. 

When the chalk is eroded, the hard flint nodules survive as pebbles on a shingle beach. It may happen that the pebbles later get cemented into another rock, such as a puddingstone. In this way, they make up a sedimentary rock for the second time.

Technical description 
Flint is a cryptocrystalline (means you can't see the crystals) form of the mineral quartz. It is a variety of chert. It occurs as a line of knobbly masses in  chalk and some limestones. Inside the nodule, flint is usually translucent, and can be various colours. A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture.

Uses 
Flintstones often have a rough lumpy surface but when they are broken, they look like dark glass. It has been one of the most useful types of stone to humankind.
Flint was used by hominins for over three million years. Stone tools found at Lake Turkana in Kenya, are dated as 3.3 million years old. This predates the genus Homo by half a million years. The oldest known Homo fossil is 2.8 million years old compared to the 3.3 million year old stone tools.

When flintstones are broken, they have a sharp edge which could be used as a knife, or a scraper.  When flint and an iron-containing material such as pyrite or steel are hit together, they can make a spark. For many centuries, flint was one of the main ways for people in many countries to make fire. People would carry a little box called a "tinder box" which had some tinder along with flint and pyrite or steel. The tinder was used to catch the spark and start a fire. Tinder could be sawdust, cloth, grass or bark. Flints were later used to make a spark to fire a gun. A gun that used flint was called a "flintlock" gun.
Flintstones are used in some countries for building. In England the flintstones used for building were often "knapped" which means they were broken to show the inside, like the stones used for the tower of Long Melford Church (below). This gave a better finish to the building that the dull knobbly stones would have made.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Chalk 
 Palaeolithic

References 

Sedimentary rocks
Valley Center is a census-designated place in San Diego County, California. It has a population of 10,087 people.

References

Census-designated places in California
Settlements in San Diego County, California
Newbridge (Droichead Nua in Gaelic) is a town in County Kildare, Republic of Ireland. It is the second largest town in Kildare.

Towns in Ireland
County Kildare
Anaheim is a city in the United States. It was founded by German immigrants in 1857. It is the home of Disneyland, and two professional sports teams, The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (baseball) and the Anaheim Ducks (ice hockey). In 2012, there was a riot following a police officer shooting a man.

References

Anaheim, California
1857 establishments in California
A chair is a piece of furniture that is usually made out of wood or plastic. It can also be made out of fabric, metal, wool, and stone. There can be different variants of chairs like stools, rocking chairs, gaming chairs, folding chairs, and armchairs. There are also wide variety of chairs, those with fabric are often called sofas, or couches, while those many without fabric are often referred to as benches. There are also less conventional chairs such as bean bag chairs and swinging chairs.

Other websites 

Furniture
Events 
 Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales.
 Silesian duchies accept suzerainty of Holy Roman Empire.
 Law of Succession is introduced in Norway.
 Council of Tours is held, names and condemns Albigensians.
 Abbey of Lokkum in Hanover is founded as a Cistercian house by Cornwall
 Egyptian empire re– resurrected for 10 days

1163
Hercules is a hero in Roman mythology. He is a mortal son of Alcmene and Zeus. Hercules is known for his great strength. In Greek mythology he is named Herakles, but he has some different stories.

Etymology
The name Hercules (Latin Herculēs) comes from the Etruscan Hercle. He was an Etruscan hero who was the equivalent to the Greek hero Herakles.

The twelve
In one of the more well known stories of Hercules, he had to complete twelve tasks. These tasks were: 
Kill the Nemean Lion and bring back its fur. (Leo)
Kill the Lernaean Hydra. 
Capture the Ceryneian Hind.
Capture the Erymanthian Boar.
Clean the Augean stables in a single day.
Kill the Stymphalian Birds.
Capture the Cretan Bull.
Steal the Mares of Diomedes.
Get the Girdle of Hippolyte.
Get the Cows of Geryon.
Steal the Apples of the Hesperides.
Capture Cerberus, the guardian dog of The Underworld and bring him back.
Other versions of the title Hercules
Hercules is also a character in Marvel Comics. He was an ally of the mighty Thor. He is the leader and a founding member of the super team the Champions. He was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in 1962.

Hercules also appears in the 1997 Disney movie of the same name, in which he is voiced by Tate Donovan.

Other websites

Roman mythology
Navigation is the methods used to learn where someone is and how to go to another place. Since this is easy when landmarks are visible, the word is often limited to the methods ships or aircraft use. The word navigation was invented in the 15th century from the Latin word navis which means "ship" and is found in other Indo-European languages. Navigation is literally "art of ship mastery" but is also used for 'finding one's way'. The Global Positioning System is the main tool for it.

Simple navigation 
One type of navigation was made by the Polynesians and is called Polynesian navigation. Polynesians used different things found all around them to find their way across large areas of open ocean. Other early people also learned how to travel large distances using the natural world. For example:
A long time ago (and still used by some people today) people would watch the stars, the sun and the moon. From this they would know where north was.  With charts they could find how far from the equator they were. This is called celestial navigation. Until they had accurate clocks they didn't know their Longitude (how far east or west they were) without seeing landmarks.
Some types of clouds form over land, and waves can bounce off of a shore and travel out to sea. 
The time it took to get to a place. When traveling on land they knew it would take them, for example, two days to get from one place to another. This time would most likely stay the same. From this they could travel two days and know they were close to where they wanted to be.
The animals they found helped too. In different places the people would find different types of fish, whales or birds that only lived in one place, or near land. From that they could tell either they were near or far from where they needed to be.
An example of people who used the stars were the Vikings.  They knew that the star called Polaris (the North Star) does not change location and points to the north. They would then know the latitude (distance from the equator), by measuring the angle between Polaris and the horizon. They also used animals, especially birds, to know if land was nearby. They also knew that specific kind of clouds form near land and that waves are different near land than at high seas.

Medieval navigation

As time went by better methods of navigation were invented or discovered. Some of these methods are:

Dead reckoning. A ship could throw a log over the side.  Attached to the log was a rope with knots tied at regular distances.  By counting how many knots went over the side before they pulled the log back in, they knew how fast they were going.  They would write this down every day and figure out how much they traveled for the day.  This is why a ship's speed is measured in knots.
A compass. It was discovered that the Earth had two poles (North and South) and that these poles had different magnetic charges (positive and negative). Resting a strip of magnetic iron on the point of pin it was found that the strip would spin until it matched the magnetic field of Earth. From this a direction could be taken and paths could be followed. The compass was first invented in China. It was later invented in France in 12th century.

Accurate clocks.  With a clock, it was finally possible to know what a person's longitude was.  Longitude is the location east or west. Before this, only landmarks and dead reckoning could be used.

Pilotage is when ships look out for special beacons or man made markers, which tell them where they are or to watch out for certain obstacles such as reefs.
People divided the compass into 360 degrees. Then they could give an accurate number for the direction the ship had to follow (the "bearing") to arrive at a harbor. The first navigational sea maps, called "nautical charts", showed the bearings needed to get from one harbor to another.

Modern navigation

 Stellar navigation is an improvement on navigating by stars. It uses a sextant, a compass and a very accurate clock called a chronometer. By measuring the altitude of a star (how high it is above the horizon), and its direction on a compass at a known time, the navigator can determine where the ship is. GPS has pretty much replaced stellar navigation, but stellar navigation is still taught in all maritime schools because it does not need special electronics.
 Radio navigation was invented in the early 20th century. Hyperbolic navigation uses radio transmitters to find the location of a ship between two or three radio transmitters that do not move.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) replaced other radio methods in the late 20th century. It is a system of satellite transmitters. Travelers use a small receiver to find their location almost anywhere on Earth.

More reading

Related pages

 Sailing
 Surveying
Hercules is a 1997 American-Greek animated musical fantasy comedy movie based on the legendary Greek mythology hero Heracles (known in the movie by his Roman name, Hercules), the son of Zeus in Greek mythology. The movie was directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, and was produced by Curious Pictures.

"Go the Distance" was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. It lost both to Celine Dion's hit "My Heart Will Go On" from Titanic.
Cast
Tate Donovan as Hercules, based on the mythological deity Heracles
Josh Keaton provided the speaking voice of Hercules as a teenager. 
Roger Bart was his singing voice.
Danny DeVito as Philoctetes, Hercules' friend and mentor
Susan Egan as Megara, Hercules' love interest
James Woods as Hades, God of the Dead
Frank Welker as Pegasus, Hercules' companion
Rip Torn as Zeus, Hercules' father
Lillias White, Cheryl Freeman, LaChanze, Roz Ryan and Vanéese Y. Thomas as the Muses, the narrators of the movie's story.
Bobcat Goldthwait as Pain, Hades' demon
Matt Frewer as Panic, Hades' demon
Samantha Eggar as Hera, Hercules' mother
Patrick Pinney as the Cyclops.
Hal Holbrook and Barbara Barrie as Amphitryon and Alcmene, Hercules' adoptive parents.
Amanda Plummer, Carole Shelley and Paddi Edwards as the three Fates who predict Hades' attempt to conquer Olympus.
Paul Shaffer as Hermes.
Jim Cummings as Nessus.
Charlton Heston has a cameo appearance as the opening narrator.
Awards and nominations
 Academy Awards
 Academy Award for Best Original Song - "Go the Distance" (Nominated)
 Golden Globes
 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song - "Go the Distance" (Nominated)
 Saturn Award
 Best Fantasy Movie (Nominated)
 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
 Favorite Animated Family Movie (Nominated)
 Favorite Song from a Movie - "Go the Distance" (Nominated)
 Young Artist Award
 Best Performance in a Voice Over Role - Young Actor Josh Keaton for Young Hercules's voice (Nominated)
 Annie Awards

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 
 

1997 fantasy movies
1997 animated movies
Disney animated movies
1990s American fantasy movies
Movies based on Greek and Roman mythology
Movies composed by Alan Menken
Movies set in Greece
1990s comedy movies
American comedy movies
American animated movies
Hercules (Disney)
The Karate Kid is a 1984 American drama movie starring Ralph Macchio and Pat Morita. It tells the story of a boy named Daniel LaRusso who moves with his mother from New Jersey to Los Angeles, California. Daniel has trouble adjusting and is bullied by a teenager named Johnny Lawrence and his friends at his school. Mr. Miyagi (Morita), the mechanic from the apartment building Daniel lives in, teaches Daniel martial arts, so he can fight the bullies in a tournament. The movie was very successful and was compared to the boxing movie Rocky. It was followed by three sequels: The Karate Kid Part II, The Karate Kid Part III, The Next Karate Kid and a remake in 2010.

Cast 
 Ralph Macchio as Daniel LaRusso
 Noriyuki "Pat" Morita as Mr. Miyagi
 Elisabeth Shue as Ali Mills
 Billy Zabka as Johnny Lawrence
 Randee Heller as Lucille LaRusso

Release Dates

Other websites
Other websites

1984 drama movies
1980s sports movies
1980s teen drama movies
American sports drama movies
American teen drama movies
Columbia Pictures movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies about bullying
Movies set in Los Angeles
Teen sports movies
Karate movies
Movies directed by John G. Avildsen
533 was a common year.

Events 
January 2 – John II becomes Pope, succeeding Pope Boniface II, who had died in 532.
Belisarius, a general in the service of Justinian I, lands in North Africa and attacks the Vandals.
September 13 – Battle of Ad Decimium: Belisarius defeats the Vandals under Gelimer. Gelimer, forced to flee, leaves Carthage unprotected.
December 15 – The Battle of Ticameron begins.
December – Battle of Ticameron: Belisarius defeats a new Vandal force under Gelimer and Tzazo. Tzazo is killed in an all-cavalry fight, and Gelimer flees to the mountains of Numidia.
December 16 – The Digesta or Pandectae, a collection of jurist writings and other sources, is completed (see Corpus Juris Civilis).
Theodebert I becomes king of Austrasia.
Crazy Horse (born about 1838 – died September 5, 1877) was an Oglala Sioux Native American chief. There is a huge sculpture being carved of him in South Dakota, United States. 

When Crazy Horse was first born he was given the name 'Curly'. When he was young, he had a vision when he was not supposed to and his family did not know where he was. His father found him and was very unhappy at what young Curly had done.
As Crazy Horse grew into a man, he was given his father's name Crazy Horse. His father then changed his own name to Worm. 

Crazy Horse had good medicine, so he was never killed when he went into battle. He led his people to the Little Bighorn river in northern Montana to join forces with other Sioux bands like the Hunkpapa and Miniconjou, and with other tribes like the Cheyennes and Arapahos. There they fought General George Armstrong Custer, killing and defeating him and his many horsemen.
Eventually Crazy Horse made a tough decision to lead his people, the Oglalas, to a reservation because they were starving. Game was scarce and the bison (buffalo) were nearly gone. He had no choice but to leave the Black Hills. When he arrived at Fort Robinson, he was forced to give up his weapons and horses. This made him very unhappy. One day, even though he was granted time to go on a hunt, he was lied to and, trying to get away, he was stabbed in his liver and died later that night, thus ending the Great Sioux War.

"Once I moved about like the wind. Now I surrender to you and that is all"
Quote by Geronimo, Chief of the Apaches  .
According to Frederick Hoxie's 'Encyclopedia of North American Indians' Crazy Horse was the third in his male line of descent to bear the name of Crazy Horse, which in Oglala is Tasunke Witko. Tasunke Witko III was the son of Rattling Blanket Woman and Tasunke Witko II. He married three times: 1st to Black Buffalo Woman, 2nd to Black Shawl, and 3rd to Nellie Larrabee (Laravie). Only his second wife, Black Shawl, bore him any children: a daughter named They Are Afraid of Her, who died aged three.

Native American people
1838 births
1877 deaths
People from South Dakota
Events 
 April 25 – Genpei War – Naval battle of Dan-no-ura leads to Minamoto victory in Japan
 Templars settle in London and begin the building of New Temple Church
 End of the Heian Period and beginning of the Kamakura period in Japan.
 Founding of Katedralskolan in Lund, Sweden. The school is the oldest in northern Europe, and one of the oldest in Europe.
 Peter and Asen led a revolt of the Vlachs and Bulgars against the Byzantine Empire, eventually establishing the Second Bulgarian Kingdom.
 August 15 – The cave city of Vardzia was consecrated by Queen Tamar of Georgia

Births 
 April 23 – King Afonso II of Portugal (died 1223)
 Inge II of Norway (died 1217)
 Gertrude of Merania, queen of Andrew II of Hungary (died 1213)
Deaths 
 April 25 – Emperor Antoku, 81st emperor of Japan (b. 1178)
 June 16 – Richeza of Poland, daughter of Wladislaus II the Exile of Poland
 July 18 – Stefan, first Archbishop of Uppsala
 July 25 – King Afonso I of Portugal (born 1109)
 September 12 – Andronicus I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor
 November 25 – Pope Lucius III
 December 6 – King Afonso I of Portugal (born 1109)
 Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (born 1161)
 Taira no Munemori, Japanese soldier (born 1147)
 Taira no Noritsune, Japanese soldier (born 1160)
 Taira no Shigehira, Japanese soldier (born 1158)
 Taira no Tomomori, Japanese soldier (born 1152)
 Ibn Tufail, Arab philosopher, physician, and courtier

References 

1185
Events 
 January 17 – Gregory XI enters Rome.
 January 27 – The Bad Parliament begins sitting.
 February 23 – The Bad Parliament dissolved.
 May – Continuous riots in Rome induce Gregory XI to remove temporarily to Anagui.
 May 22 – Gregory XI issues five Bulls in which the opinions of John Wyclif are condemned.
 June 21 – Edward III dies at age 65.
 July 16 – Coronation of 10-year-old Richard II.
 October 13 – Richard II's first parliament meets.
 October 18 – Andronicus IV Palaeologus crowned emperor in Constantinople.
 Informed that khan Urus of the White Horde has died, Timur Lenk sends Tokhtamish to take the Horde throne, but the successor of Urus defeats him.
 Mamluk sultan Sha'ban II is succeeded by 'Ali II.
 Muhammad al-Mutawakkil I is briefly deposed this year as Abbasid puppet caliph of the Mamluks, Zakariyya' al-Mu'tasim taking the throne for that period.
A sermon by a German monk states "the game of cards has come to us this year" and prohibitions against cards are issued by John of Castile and the cities of Florence and Basel.
 Papal legate to northern Italy Robert of Geneva (the future Clement VII) pillages Cesena and 4,000 antipapal rebels are massacred.
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe is a cartoon series, that first came out in 1983 and ended in 1985. It aired in first run syndication. It was based on a popular toy line and was the first series in the Masters of the Universe franchise.

Story 
The series told the story of He-Man, a superhero wielding a magical sword, and his battle to protect the planet Eternia from the evil demon called Skeletor.

Cast 

 John Erwin as He-Man, Ram-Man, Beast Man and others
 Alan Oppenheimer as Skeletor, Cringer, Man-At-Arms and others
 Lou Scheimer as Orko, King Randor and others
 Linda Gary as Teela, Evil-Lyn, Queen Marlena, Sorceress and others

Other websitess
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe on YouTube

Masters of the Universe  on Hulu

Animated television series
First run syndicated television programs
English-language television programs
Fantasia Barrino (born June 30, 1984) is an American singer. She was the winner of the third season of American Idol.

References

1984 births
Living people
Singers from North Carolina
American Idol winners
Actors from North Carolina
Cabrillo Beach is a historic beach in San Pedro, California. 
Cabrillo has two separate beach areas.

Lifeguards 

Los Angeles City  and Los Angeles County Lifeguards are responsible for the beach and ocean safety in and around the Cabrillo Beach area.

Geography 
Cabrillo Beach is next to the Los Angeles Harbor and is only a short boat ride away from Catalina Island.

Water Sports  
Cabrillo Beach is a popular destination for those interested in water sports, such as windsurfing, kayaking and SCUBA diving. 
Cabrillo Beach is known by windsurfers as "Hurricane Gulch" because of its predictably strong winds.

Landmarks 

It is also home to a few famous landmarks, namely the 1.75 mile Los Angeles Breakwater which ends at the Angeles Gate Lighthouse, the recently restored Cabrillo Beach Bathhouse, and the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium. The Angels Gate Lighthouse is home to the annual Angel's Gate Lighthouse Swim competition, held by Lifeguards and San Pedro residents each summer.
Beaches of California
Geography of Los Angeles
Chulalongkorn University () is the oldest university in Thailand. It has been ranked as the number 1 university in Thailand. It is in Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand). It was founded in 1917. Currently, there are about 30,000 students. The name of the university comes from the name of one of the kings of Thailand, Chulalongkorn (Rama V).

Rankings
In the QS Asia University Rankings 2016. Chulalongkorn has been ranked as the top Thai university and ranked 45th in Asia
 In the QS World University Rankings 2018. Chulalongkorn was ranked the 1st in national rankings and ranked 245nd in the world
 In the Center for World University Ranking or CWUR, Chulalongkorn was ranked the 1st in national rankings and 320th in world rankings in 2016, considered by alumni, researches, quality of curriculums and instructors.
 In the Round University Ranking. Chulalongkorn was ranked the 1st in national rankings and ranked 398th in the world.
 In the CWTS Leiden Ranking 2016. Chulalongkorn was ranked the 1st in national rankings and ranked 432nd in the world.
 In the THE World University Rankings 2016. Chulalongkorn was ranked 601- 800 in the world.
 In the SCImago institutions Ranking, which ranks international researches of universities. Chulalongkorn was ranked 475th in World rankings in 2016, up six places from last year.
In the U.S. News. Chulalongkorn was ranked 579th in the world. considered by the university's reputation, medium, citations, international cooperation, quantity of PhD students, etc.
QS World University Ranking by Subject 2017
27 subjects that CU tops in the country's list includes:

Arts & Humanities
 Anthropology
 English Language & Literature
 History
 Modern Languages
 Linguistics
 Philosophy
Engineering & Technology
 Chemical Engineering
 Computer Science
 Electrical Engineering
 Mechanical, Aeronautical & Manufacturing Engineering
 Mineral & Mining Engineering
Life Sciences & Medicine
 Biological Sciences
 Dentistry
 Psychology
 Veterinary Science
Natural Sciences
 Physics & Astronomy
 Mathematics
 Environmental Sciences
 Earth & Marine Sciences
 Chemistry
 Materials Sciences
 Geography
Social Sciences & Management
 Accounting & Finance
 Communication & Media Studies
 Social Policy & Administration
 Economics & Econometrics
 Politics & International Studies
9 subjects that CU comes in second on the country's list includes:
Arts & Humanities
 Architecture / Built Environment
Engineering & Technology
 Engineering – Civil & Structural
Life Sciences & Medicine
 Medicine
 Nursing
 Pharmacy & Pharmacology
Social Sciences & Management
 Education
 Business & Management
 Sociology
 Statistics & Operational Research
3 subjects that CU ranks third in the country's list includes:
Arts & Humanities
 Performing Arts
Social Sciences & Management
 Development Studies
 Law
Other Rankings
 QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2017 indicates the impressive alumni outcomes or the strongest reputation among employers. Chulalongkorn University has been ranked as Number 1 in Thailand and 151-200 in the World.[22]
 In the Nature Index, the affiliations of high quality scientific articles. Chulalongkorn was ranked the 1st in Thailand in 2016.
 In the UI Green Metric, Chulalongkorn was ranked the 1st in national rankings and the 30th in world rankings. considered by Setting and Infrastructure, Energy and Climate Change, Waste, Water, Transportation and Education.
 The Webometric ranking  indicates quantity and quality is the university's medium, considered by being searched by search engines, online documents and citations in Google Scholar.  Chulalongkorn was ranked 407th in the world.

International Programs 
International Programs offered at Chulalongkorn University

Undergraduate

Graduate
Graduate

Scholarships

Research Scholarships 
 The 90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Scholarship
 CU.Graduate School Thesis Grant
 Overseas Research Experience Scholarship for Graduate Student
 Overseas Academic Presentation Scholarship for Graduate Students
 Overseas Academic Presentation Scholarship Option II  for Graduate Student's and Postdoctoral Fellow's Publication
 Domestic Academic Presentation Scholarship for  Graduate Student
 Postdoctoral Fellowship

Education Scholarships 
 The  100th Anniversary Chulalongkorn University for Doctoral Scholarship
 H.M. the King Bhumibhol Adulyadej's 72nd Birthday Anniversary Scholarship
 Thainess Study Schorlarship for Graduate Students
 60/40 Support for Tuition Fee
 Teaching  Assistant Scholarship
 Research Assistant Scholarship
 Tuition fees Scholarship for Master to Doctoral
 ASEAN Scholarship
 Scholarship for International Graduate Students
for more details see Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University.

Living in University
Normally, this university spends 4 years for studying the same as other universities but Faculty of Education, and Faculty of Architecture spends 5 years for studying. While Faculty of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Dentistry spends 6 years.

Related pages
 List of Bangkok universities

References 

Colleges and universities in Thailand
1917 establishments
Bangkok
20th-century establishments in Thailand
1910s establishments in Asia
Khartoum or Khartum ( ; ) is the capital city of Sudan. It is also Sudan's largest city. It is where the Blue Nile and main Nile come together. Its name means "elephant tusk". Two other cities nearby are Omdurman and Khartoum North.

Khartoum has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification).

Climate
Khartoum has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh). It is very dry in the winter. This is normal in the Saharo-Sahelian zone. The climate is very dry for most of the year. In eight months of the year, the average rainfall is less than  of rain.
In August, there is a little bit of rain. The most amount of rainfall in this month is about . The rainy season is usually windy. The average amount of rainfall is very low. There is only  of precipitation on average in a year. The highest temperatures usually are during two main parts of the year. The first is in the late dry season when the temperatures are usually above  from April to June. The second is in the early dry season. Here, the average highs are above  in September and October. Temperatures are usually colder in the night. The lowest average low temperature in the year in January is just above . Khartoum is one of the hottest major cities on Earth. It has an annual mean temperature of . In most months, the monthly average temperatures doesn't get below . This is usually not seen in any other majors cities with hot desert climates like Riyadh, Baghdad and Phoenix.

Demographics