Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Language 
Classical Tibetan is the main language for Tibetans. But texts have also been translated into Mongolian,  Manchu, and Chinese.

Monasteries (places of worship)

Monasticism was the foundation of Buddhism in Tibet. There were over 6,000 monasteries in Tibet, however nearly all of these were destroyed by  Chinese Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution. Most of the major monasteries have been at least partly restored while many others remain in ruins.

Today
Today, Tibetan Buddhism has spread throughout the Eastern world excluding Southeast Asia. It is practiced in the Tibetan Plateau, Nepal, Bhutan, Mongolia, Kalmykia, Siberia, Russian Far East, northeast China, Arunachal Pradesh. It is the state religion of Bhutan. The Indian regions of Sikkim, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal are also home to large Tibetan Buddhist populations. There are also communities in South India.
Tibetan Buddhism has expanded to the West and throughout the world. Celebrity practitioners include Brandon Boyd, Richard Gere, Adam Yauch, Jet Li, Jackie Chan, Sharon Stone, Allen Ginsberg, Philip Glass, Mike Barson and Steven Seagal.

Related pages
Dalai Lama

References

Notes

Sometimes called "Hinayana" or Fundamental Vehicle

Citations

Other websites 
 The Tibetan and Himalayan Digital Library 
 The Tibetan Buddhist Resource Center
 Famous Monasteries of Tibet 
 Tibetan Buddhism: History and the Four Traditions 
 Lotsawa House | Tibetan Buddhist Texts | Translations 
Tibetan Buddhism in the West by Dzongsar Khyentse Rinpoche 
Shambhala Sun - Tibetan Buddhism 
Documentary feature film about how to follow a Vajrayana Buddhist teacher
 LamRim.com - Tibetan Buddhist Internet Radio
 Tibetan buddhist temple in Japan 

Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism
The Berlinale, or Berlin International Film Festival,  is the world's leading film festival held in Berlin, Germany.

The Berlinale was first held in 1951, and since 1978 has been held every February. More than 200000 tickets are sold and around 400000 admissions it is the biggest publicly-attended film festival worldwide. Since 2001 the director of the festival has been Dieter Kosslick.

The European Film Market (EFM), a film trade fair, is held at the same time as the Berlinale. It is also one of the most important events for the international film industry.

Judging 
An international jury makes sure films from all over the world are chosen for the Berlinale.

Around twenty films competing for the awards called the Golden and Silver Bears.

The 61st Berlin International Film Festival will be held 10 to 20 February 2011.

Golden Bear 
 Golden Bear
 Lifetime Achievement ("Honorary Golden Bear")
Silver Bear 
 Best Director
 Best Actor
 Best Actress
 Best Music
 Extraordinary achievement by a single artist
 Grand Prize of the Jury (Short film award)

Others 
 Panorama Publikumspreis, the Audience Award
 Berlinale Camera, a special award for services to the Festival
 A Crystal Bear for the Best Film in the 14plus Competition
 Teddy Award

Silver Bear-Best Director

Silver Bear-Best Actor

Silver Bear-Best Actress

Related pages
 Academy Awards

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 
 Berlin Life: An introduction to the Berlin Film Festival
 Review of the 2006 Berlin Film Festival 
 Signandsight about the director Dieter Kosslick
 Lathrios Film Festival Database  - the Lathrios listing for the Berlin International Film Festival including a film list and analysis for the event.

Berlin
Movie festivals
Festivals in Germany
1951 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Germany
February events
Santa Fe can mean multiple things:
Santa Fe de Antioquia, a municipality in Colombia
Santa Fe, New Mexico, capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico
Santa Fe Province, in Argentina
Santa Fe, Argentina, capital of the province
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santa Fe, covering central and northeastern New Mexico
Tokio Hotel is a German pop-rock  band. The band began in 2001, and were first called Devilish. The people who are in the band all came from Magdeburg in Germany. The youngest, the Kaulitz twins, were born two months before the Berlin Wall was taken down.

History
Tokio Hotel was started by singer Bill Kaulitz and guitarist Tom Kaulitz, who are identical twin brothers. Their step father owns a music school named "Rock School". The drummer is Gustav Schäfer and bass-guitarist is Georg Listing. The four met in 2001 after a live show in a Magdeburg club, where Listing and Schäfer, who knew each other from music school, watched from the audience while Bill and Tom Kaulitz played on the stage. Using the name "Devilish", the band began playing in talent shows and small concerts. After Bill Kaulitz took part in a children's Star Search in 2003 at age thirteen (which he lost in the quarter-final), he was discovered by music producer Peter Hoffmann. Devilish changed their name to "Tokio Hotel": "Tokio", the German spelling of the Japanese city Tokyo, because they love the city, and "Hotel" because of their constant touring and living in hotels. Soon after Sony BMG took them under contract, Hoffmann hired David Jost and Pat Benzner into the team of creators and authors
. They guided the teens on songwriting and instrument playing; most of the songs of the first album were written by Hoffmann, Jost, Benzer, and Bill Kaulitz (including the singles "Scream" and "Rescue me" which were completely written by them). Only the single "Unendlichkeit" was written completely by Tokio Hotel themselves. However, shortly before release of their first album, Sony ended their contract. In 2005, Universal Music Group took Tokio Hotel under contract and developed a marketing plan. The band has now become one of the biggest acts from Germany.
Members 
 Bill Kaulitz (Vocals)
Bill Kaulitz (born September 1 1989, in Leipzig, Germany) is the lead singer of Tokio Hotel. He is the twin brother of Tom Kaulitz. Bill is ten minutes younger than Tom. They used to live in Magdeburg, Germany. Before making Tokio Hotel, the band was called Devilish. Bill was on the German star search but he lost in 2001. Because of Bill going on the Star Search he came to be known by Peter Hoffman. Tokio Hotel soon got a job with Sony but in 2005 Sony ended it. After the first European tour, Bill lost his voice and found out he had cyst on his vocal cords. He had surgery and it took three weeks to get better. He then went back to having concerts with the band.
Tom Kaulitz (Lead Guitar)
Tom Kaulitz was born on September 1 1989, in Leipzig ten minutes before his identical twin brother, Bill. He is from Magdeburg in Germany. Tom and Bill now live in Berlin, Germany. As of September 2007, Tom is using Gibson guitars. He has stated his musical influences to be Aerosmith and German hip-hop such as Samy Deluxe. 

 Georg Listing (Bass Guitar)
Georg Listing was born on March 31 1987. His hometown is Halle. He began playing bass when he was thirteen years old, as of September 2007, uses a Sandberg bass. He has said that his playing style was heavily influenced by Flea of Red Hot Chili Peppers, and other musical influences include Die Ärzte and Oasis.

 Gustav Schäfer (Drummer)
Gustav Schäfer was born on September 8 1988, in his hometown of Magdeburg, and has an older sister. Gustav has been playing the drums since he was five. His musical influences include Metallica, Joe Cocker and Rod Stewart.

Awards

2005
Awards

2005 

 Oct 2005: Comet Awards: Best Newcomer
 Oct 2005: Comet Awards: Super Comet
 Nov 2005: Eins Live Krone: Best Newcomer
 Dec 2005: Bambi Awards: Best Pop National
 2005: Golden Penguin: Best Single
 2005: Golden Penguin: Best Pop
 2005: Golden Penguin: Rock Band

2006 

 Feb 2006: Golden Penguin: Album of the year
 Feb 2006: Golden Penguin: Band of the year
 Feb 2006: Golden Penguin: Song of the year - ‘Der Letzte Tag’
 March 2006: Sold-out-Award of Königpilsen Arena: Ausverkaufte Tourhalle
 March 2006: ECHO Awards: Best Newcomer
 March 2006: Steiger Awards: Best Newcomer
 Nov 2006: Bambi Awards: Best Pop National Act

2007
2007 

 Jan 2007: European Border Breakers Award (for the album "Schrei")
 Jan 2007: BZ-Kulturpreis: (Rock)
 Mar 2007: Echo: Best Music Video
 Apr 2007: Bravo - Goldener Otto: Superrockband
 May 2007: Viva Comet: Supercomet
 May 2007: Viva Comet: Best Band
 May 2007: Viva Comet: Best Music Video
 Jul 2007: Jabra Music: Die Beste Band )(The Best Band)
 Sep 2007: Festivalbar Premio Digital
 Sep 2007: Goldene Stimmgabel: Best Rock International
 Oct 2007: Belgian TMF awards: Best Video
 Oct 2007: Belgian TMF awards: Best Album
 Oct 2007: Belgian TMF awards: Best Pop
 Oct 2007: Belgian TMF awards: Best New Artist
 Nov 2007: MTV Europe Music Awards (Munich): Inter Act
 Nov 2007: Nickelodeon Kid's Choice Awards (Milão) - Best Band
2008 
 Jan 2008: NRJ Music: Best International Band
 Feb 2008: Echo Awards: Best Music Video
 Feb 2008: Comet Awards: Best Band
 Feb 2008: Comet Awards: Best Video
 Feb 2008: Comet Awards: Best Live Act
 Feb 2008: Comet Awards: Super Comet
 Sep 2008: MTV VMA Music Awards: Best New Artist
 Oct 2008: TMF Awards: Best Male Artist International(Bill Kaulitz)
 Oct 2008: TMF Awards: Best Video International
 Oct 2008: MTV Latin America Awards: Song of the Year
 Oct 2008: MTV Latin America Awards: Best Fanclub-Venezuela
 Oct 2008: MTV Latin America Awards: Best New Artist-International
 Oct 2008: MTV Latin America Awards: Best Ringtone
 Nov 2008: MTV EMA Music Awards: Headliner

2010
April 2010: GEMA German Music Authors Award 
 October 2010: MTV best world stage performance

Discography

Singles
Singles 

 August 15, 2005: Durch Den Monsun
 November 25, 2005: Schrei
 March 10, 2006: Rette Mich
 August 28, 2006: Der Letzte Tag / Wir Schließen Uns Ein January 26, 2007: Übers Ende der Welt April 7, 2007: Spring Nicht May 12, 2007: Monsoon August 27, 2007: Ready, Set, Go!
 November 16, 2007: An Deiner Seite (Ich Bin Da) / 1000 Meere
 September 18, 2009: Automatic / Automatisch
 December 18, 2009: World behind my wall / Lass uns laufen

DVD's 

 December 2, 2005: Leb die Sekunde - Behind The Scenes
 April 7, 2006: Schrei Live
 April 7, 2007: Spring Nicht
 November 30, 2007: Zimmer 483 - Live In Europe
 December 5, 2008: Tokio Hotel TV - Caught on Camera

References

German rock bands
German pop music groups
Emo bands
Magdeburg
The Toy Fox Terrier (also known as American Toy Terrier, Amertoy) is a small terrier breed of dogs. They are related to the Fox Terrier, but are considered a separate breed.

Image gallery

Further reading 
 Davidson, John F., The Toy Fox Terrier - Wired for Action (a 2006 revision of The Toy Fox Terrier)
 Hopkins, Eliza and Flamholtz, Cathy The Toy Fox Terrier
 Bielsky-Braham, Tanya, Send in the Clowns. AKC Gazette, December, 2002

Other websites 
 American Toy Fox Terrier Club
 Visit the Official National Toy Fox Terrier Association web site for more information about TFTs. 

Terriers
Dog breeds originating in the United States
Rare dog breeds
The New York Mets are a professional baseball team based in New York City, New York in Citi Field. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as part of the National League (NL) east division. The team started in 1962. The Mets won the World Series in the years 1969 and 1986. They play in Corona, New York and play in their stadium Citi Field, completed in 2009. Their colors are blue and orange. Their retired numbers are 42 (Jackie Robinson), 41 (Tom Seaver), 14 (Gil Hodges), 37 (Casey Stengel), 31 (Mike Piazza), 36 (Mike Piazza), and 24 (Willie Mays).

The name "Mets" is short for "Metropolitans". There was an old team in the 1880s called the New York Metropolitans. The words "Metropolis" and "Metropolitan" are often used to describe very large cities. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Metropolitan Opera, and Metropolitan Transportation Authority are among the other New York users of that word.
The Mets first played their home games at the Polo Grounds. They opened Shea Stadium in 1964. After 45 seasons at Shea, they opened Citi Field in 2009, nextdoor to Shea. Shea was torn down during the 2009 season.
The Mets have won the World series two times, in 1969 and 1986. In 1973, 2000, and 2015, the Mets went to the World Series, but lost to the Oakland Athletics, New York Yankees, and Kansas City Royals, respectively.

Rivalries

Atlanta Braves
The Braves–Mets rivalry is a rivalry between two teams in the National League East, featuring the Atlanta Braves and the Mets.

Philadelphia Phillies
The rivalry between the Mets and the Philadelphia Phillies from 2006 to 2008 was said to be among the "hottest" rivalries in the National League.

New York Yankees
The first regular season non-exhibition game between the Mets and the New York Yankees took place in 1997. Three years later, the teams met in the 2000 World Series. A series of games between the two New York City teams is called a Subway Series.
New York Mets Foundation
A registered 501(c)(3) charity, the New York Mets Foundation is the philanthropic organization of the New York Mets. Founded in 1963, it funds and promotes charitable causes in the Mets community. One of these causes is Tuesday's Children, is a non-profit family service organization that "has made a long term commitment to meet the needs of every family who lost a loved one in the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001".

References

Other websites

 Official Website
 History of the New York Mets 
 New York Mets Team Index
 Ultimate Mets Database

 
1962 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in New York (state)
The bond market (also known as the debt, credit, or fixed income market) is a financial market where people buy and sell debt securities, usually in the form of bonds.  In 2006 the size of the international bond market was about $45 trillion. The size of the outstanding U.S. bond market debt was $25.2 trillion.

References

Other websites
Investing In Bonds Only:  Why This Investment Strategy Doesn't Work... and What Does
Investing in Bonds , an education site for bond investors  
SIFMA
ShibuiMarkets 
Bonds 101, bonds.yahoo.com
Fixed-Income Funds
USTreasuryMarket.com: Dealer misconduct, including front-running, in government bond market.
International Financing Review (IFR)

Finance
Security means to prevent dangers or losses. In general, security is similar to safety. The difference between the two is that security cares more than general safety about dangers from the outside.

Airports and banks usually have a lot of security measures. Prison security is used mainly to stop prisoners from escaping. It is also used to stop prisoners from harming prison employees or other prisoners.

Maximum security is found in or around prisons or other types of places where people need to be kept in or kept out. It is the highest security level for a building or area.

Related pages
 Law enforcement
 Insurance
 Hacking
 Police

References

Monahan, Torin, ed. (2006), Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life . New York: Routledge: 
Operations Security Professional's Association Website ''http://www.opsecprofessionals.org.
Other websites 
 ISO/IEC 15443-1: Overview and framework
 ISO/IEC 15443-2: Assurance methods
 ISO/IEC 15443-3: Analysis of assurance methods
 ISO/IEC 15408 refer also to Common Criteria
 ISO/IEC 17799:2005 Code of practice for information security management
Security is the sense of protection from hostile action.

Security could also mean:
Financial instrument, a security (finance)
Computer security
Energy security
Information security
Juridical security, also called legal security  ,  ,  ,  ,  .
Physical security
Security of person, a human right guaranteed by the United Nations in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Security (convergence)
Social Security
Security, a 1982 studio album by Peter Gabriel
Town in Colorado, see Security-Widefield, Colorado
Preonzo was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Bellinzona
Pura could mean:

Pura, Tarlac, a municipality in the province of Tarlac, Philippines 
Pura, Switzerland, an Italian-speaking municipality in the canton of Ticino 
Pura, Gedrosia, an ancient city in southwestern Pakistan 
Pura Foods Ltd, a British manufacturer of edible oils now owned by ADM
Pura is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Homepage Pura Official website 

Municipalities in Lugano
532 Herculina (herr'-kew-lye'-nə, ) is a very big asteroid, with a diameter of around 225 km.

Discovery 
It was found on April 20th, 1904, by Max Wolf in Heidelberg, and initially catalogued as 1904 NY. Where its name came from is not known; it may be named after the mythical Hercules, or after an unknown woman of that name. Most of the asteroids found by Wolf around this date were named for characters in operas, but if this name was also drawn from such a source, no explanation has been recorded.

Physical characteristics 
Herculina is one of the twenty or so biggest members of the main asteroid belt.
Recent (2002) modelling of photometric data shows that Herculina is not spherical, but a blocky shape not unlike a battered cuboid - or, as the analysis described it, it "resembles a toaster". This analysis indicates the presence of many big craters, similar to 253 Mathilde, but no major changes in albedo. The approximate ratios of the axes were suggested as 1:1.1:1.3, broadly consistent with earlier models if a bit more stretched.

Moons 
Following anomalous sightings during an occultation of the star SAO 1220774 in 1978, Herculina became the first asteroid to be "confirmed" to have an asteroid moon, with the parent asteroid estimated at a 216 km diameter and a moon of about 45 km orbiting at a distance of around 1,000 km. However, careful studying in 1993, using the Hubble Space Telescope, could not locate a moon.

References

Other websites 
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Asteroids
Duroplast is a resin plastic made up mixing formica and bakelite reinforced with fibres (either cotton or wool) or glass fibres.

Uses
Duroplast was used by Eastern European automobile manufacturer VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau to produce the body of the popular Trabant motor car, toilet seats, and parts for the BMW X3.

Duroplast was first used in the body of the IFA F8 and later also the AWZ P70 or Zwickau P70 and later used in the body of the Trabant. Apart from the use in cars duroplast was also used to make suitcases.

Properties
Duroplast is light, flexible, and strong. It was also made of recycled material, cotton waste from Russia and phenol resins from the East German dye industry making the Trabant the first car with a body made of recycled material . Because it can be made in a press similar to shaping steel, it's easy to produce.
Critics
Duroplast cannot be completely recycled, and burning it produces toxic fumes, so disposing of the bodies of old Trabants is a problem. There are stories of pigs, sheep or other domestic farm animals consuming duroplast.

A Berlin biotechnology company claims that it has developed a solution to the duroplast problem: a bacterium that will eat a Trabant in 20 days and leave only compost.
In the last years the Duroplast was smashed and put cement blocks for pavement construction.
East Germany

ja:合成樹脂#熱硬化性樹脂
Synthetic materials
Will & Grace is an Emmy winning American television sitcom. The show is set in New York City. It features four best friends, Will Truman (Eric McCormack), Grace Adler (Debra Messing), Jack McFarland (Sean Hayes) and Karen Walker (Megan Mullally). It was first aired in series beginning 1998 and series finale aired in 2006. It ran for 8 seasons for a total of 194 episodes.

Cast 
Eric McCormack as Will Truman
Debra Messing as Grace Adler
Sean Hayes as Jack McFarland
Megan Mullally as Karen Walker

References

Other websites 

1998 American television series debuts
1990s American sitcoms

2000s American sitcoms
2000s LGBT television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s LGBT television series
American LGBT television programs
Emmy Award winning programs
LGBT comedy television series
NBC network shows
Television series about friendship
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
is a Japanese manga writer and artist. After not passing the test to go to Tokyo University, Akamatsu choose to be an illustrator. He became well known as an illustrator at "Comiket". Comiket is the largest comic convention in Japan.  Akamatsu has created the illustred works A Kid's Game for One Summer, A.I. Love You and Always my Santa. In October 1998, his most famous work, Love Hina began being shown in Weekly Shonen Magazine. The series has been made into a book form that has sold over 6 million copies in Japan. Akamatsu received the Kodansha Manga Award for shōnen in 2001 for this series.

After finishing Love Hina in 2001, Akamatsu began to illustrate another manga, Negima!: Magister Negi Magi. Both Negima! and Love Hina have been made into anime series. Altogether there are about 25 episodes, and 14 volumes of Love Hina.

1968 births
Living people
Japanese manga artists
Manga
Illustrators
Artists from Tokyo
William "Will" Truman is a character in Will & Grace. He is a lawyer and is gay. He was played by Eric McCormack. Will lived in the hotel with his Jewish friend. Grace Adler lived next door with Jack McFarland.

Fictional gay males
Will & Grace characters

nl:Will & Grace#Will(iam) Truman
Grace Elizabeth Adler is a character from Will & Grace played by Debra Messing. She was married with doctor, Dr. Leo Markus and lived with Will and friends with Jack and Karen.

Will & Grace characters
Karen Delaney St. Croix Popeil Finster Walker or Karen Delaney was a character on the NBC television series Will & Grace. She was played by Megan Mullally. Karen was a friend with gay actor and dancer, Jack McFarland. She was in a relationship with Stanley Walker but ended it and married Beverley.  

Karen appears with Megan Mullally in The Megan Mullally Show.

Will & Grace characters
Jack McFarland is a character from the television show Will & Grace. He is a camp, openly gay man. The character was played by Sean Hayes.

Fictional gay males
Will & Grace characters
A Pacific hurricane is a tropical cyclone that forms in the northeastern part of the Pacific Ocean. For organizational purposes, the Pacific Ocean is divided into three parts: the eastern (North America to 140°W), central (140°W to the International Date Line), and western (west of the Date Line). A Pacific hurricane, then, is a tropical cyclone in the northern Pacific Ocean east of the Date Line. Tropical cyclones that form in the western north Pacific are called typhoons. This separation between the two basins is convenient, however, as tropical cyclones rarely form in the central north Pacific and few ever cross the dateline.

Related pages
Tropical cyclone
Atlantic hurricane

Pacific Ocean
 Pacific
In other words, the Plain English Campaign's "Foot in Mouth Award" is given to someone famous who speaks stupidly. The "Golden Bull Award" is given to someone famous who writes stupidly. Both awards are sarcastic. They are different from normal awards because they criticise, rather than honor, the people they are given to. Famous winners of the Foot in Mouth Award include George W. Bush and Donald Rumsfeld.

Plain English Campaign has worked for many organisations. Many UK forms and bills carry the Crystal Mark, including the British passport application form. Plain English Campaign is often described in the media as a "pressure group."
It regularly makes public comments about language-related news stories and about jargon. For example, in 2006 its supporters voted Bill Shankly the author of the greatest football quotation of all time. Plain English Campaign did a survey in 2004 and announced that ‘At the end of the day’ was considered the most irritating cliché. Chrissie Maher, who created Plain English Campaign, was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1994 for her services to plain communication. Famous supporters of PEC include Margaret Thatcher and broadcaster John Humphrys.

Other websites
 
 
 

Companies of the United Kingdom
Prose
Kilakarai (aka Keelakarai, Tamil - கீழக்கரை) is a panchayat town in Ramanathapuram district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Towns in Ramanathapuram district
Bart Simpson is a fictional character in The Simpsons. At the age of 10, he is the oldest child of three children to Marge and Homer Simpson. He is the brother of Lisa and Maggie. Bart is someone who does not like school. At the time when the Simpsons was launched T-shirts were released that had a picture of Bart saying "Underachiever. And proud of it". Nancy Cartwright is the voice of Bart. Bart had a 10 year old love interest named Niki/Nikki. He's a skateboarder.

He likes to ride on a skateboard and makes Prank phone calls to Moe's Tavern to annoy the owner, Moe Szyslak.

School 
Bart goes to Springfield School along with his 8-year-old sister Lisa.  Bart often gets grade Fs in school, whereas Lisa gets A grades. At Springfield Elementary, Bart's best friend is Milhouse Van Houten. Bart has received detention multiple times, and during the start of the show he is seen writing things repeatedly on a blackboard as a form of punishment. He is a good pranker.
Name  
The character of Bart is an anagram of brat. Matt Groening was going to name the character Matt, but he realized that would be a giveaway, so he decided to name him Bart.  

Fictional characters introduced in 1987
The Simpsons characters
Animated human characters
Vajrayana is a school of Buddhism first practiced in India. It is sometimes called esoteric Buddhism. From India it spread to Tibet, Mongolia and Bhutan. Since the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1959, the Tibetan form of Vajrayana has spread to many Western countries and has gained great popularity.

Vajrayana is a third and separate major school of Buddhism, the other two being Theravada and Mahayana. Vajrayana Buddhism comes from Mahayana Buddhism. Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism has its own texts in the Tibetan and Sanskrit languages. It also contains the older Mahayana texts in Sanskrit and Theravada texts in the Pali language.

Vajrayana is sometimes known as Tantric Buddhism in the west. Tantric practice is one kind of Vajrayana Buddhism, but there are also other forms. 

Vajrayana Buddhism is also known as "The Diamond Vehicle".
Features of Vajrayana 
The main features of Vajrayana are:
The use of mantras, a form of chanting
Strong focus on the guru, or teacher
The importance of meditation, including concentration techniques such as the visualization of bodhisattvas.

Followers are introduced to these practices through initiation which is also called empowerment.

Tibetan Vajrayana 
There are four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism: Nyingma, Sakya, Kagyu, and Geluk. All four schools identify themselves as belonging to the Mahayana or "Great Vehicle" tradition, which is the most popular form of Buddhism in China, Korea and Japan.

Levels of practice 
In the ancient or Nyingma school, the teachings are divided into six levels:
Outer Tantras
Kriyayoga
Charyayoga
Yogatantra
Inner Tantras (Anuttarayogatantra)
Mahayoga
Anuyoga
Atiyoga (also known as Dzogchen)
The new schools (Sakya, Kagyu, and Geluk) divide the teachings into only four levels. The first three are the same as in the Nyingma school. The last level is simply called Anuttarayogatantra ("Highest Yoga Tantra"). These Highest Yoga Tantras are divided into "mother", "father" and "non-dual" tantras. The new schools use a practice called Mahamudra in place of Dzogchen.

Other websites 
 The Berzin archive, Archive on texts and teachings of Vajrayana, Tibetan Buddhism, Islam and Bon
 Himalayan Art Resources, an online educational resource with over 30,000 images of Vajrayana art and ritual implements

Tibetan Buddhism
Buddhist denominations
Bart may refer to:

 Bay Area Rapid Transit a transportation organization for the San Francisco Bay Area
 Berkshire Arts & Technology Charter Public School (BArT), located in Adams, Massachusetts
 Bartholomew
Alpha (uppercase/lowercase Α α), is the first letter of the Greek alphabet, used to stand for the "a" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 1. Letters that came from it are the Roman A and Cyrillic А.

Alpha is often used in physics and chemistry as a symbol or in the names of things, for example alpha particles (which are two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle the same as a helium nucleus). The symbol is also used a lot in mathematics in algebra, for example in naming angles, and in statistics, to represent statistical significance level.

Related pages 
 Alpha male
 NATO phonetic alphabet

References 

Greek alphabet
Vowel letters
Beta (uppercase/lowercase Β β), is a letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "b" sound in Ancient Greek and "v" in Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 2. Letters that came from it include the Roman B and Cyrillic Б.

The sounds [b] and [v] resemble each other a lot. In Ancient Greek the "b" sound became "v" around 200 BC. Therefore, the letter B means the "v" sound in the Cyrillic alphabet, and a new letter, Б, was made for [b]. 

The letter beta is also used in finance, science and mathematics. For example. the beta function is named after the capital letter Β, and the probability of type II error in statistics is written with the lowercase β.

Related pages 

 Beta decay
 Beta particle

References 

Greek alphabet
Gamma (uppercase/lowercase Γ γ), is the third letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "g" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 3. Letters that came from it include the Roman C and Cyrillic Г.

In mathematics, the lowercase γ is used to represent Euler–Mascheroni constant, and the uppercase Γ is used to represent gamma function and gamma distribution. 

In physics, gamma rays (γ-rays) are a kind of radiation that result from nuclear decay. In the physics and engineering, gamma is used to represent many different things, depending on the subject.

Related pages 

 Digamma

References 

Greek alphabet
Epsilon (uppercase/lowercase Ε ε), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "e" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 5. Letters that came from it include the Roman E and Cyrillic Е. It is also used in calculus to represent a very small number (particularly in proofs involving limit). In set theory, a typographical variant of epsilon can be used to represent the statement "a is a member of set A" (symbolically ).

(A little fact: The Ypsilon is the only letter of the alphabet that you can divide into syllables: Y-psi-lon)

Related pages 

 Delta
 Limit of a sequence, where epsilon is used

References 

Greek alphabet
Vowel letters
Digamma or Wau (uppercase/lowercase Ϝ ϝ ς) was an old letter of the Greek alphabet. It was used before the alphabet converted its classical standard form. It looked like a Latin "F", but it was pronounced like "w". In the 5th century BC, people stopped using it because they could no longer pronounce the sound "w" in Greek. However, they kept it as a sign for the number "6" in the system of Greek numerals. It was originally called "Wau" because of its sound. Later, when the sound was lost, it was called "Digamma", which means "double Gamma", because it looks like a Gamma (Γ) with two hooks. The Latin letter F was also taken over from Wau.

In mathematics, the name "digamma" is used in digamma function, which is the derivative of the logarithm of gamma function (that is, ).

References

Other websites 
Perseus Project: lexicon search for words starting with or containing digamma

Greek alphabet
Tom Kaulitz ( September 1, 1989 in Leipzig) is a guitarist and songwriter in the German band Tokio Hotel. Also known because of his wife Heidi Klum. He has an identical twin brother Bill Kaulitz, who is also in the band and is the Lead singer. Tom dated German model Ria Sommerfeld from 2011 to 2016. They were married for a little over a year, until Tom filed for divorce citing irreconcilable differences in September 2016. Tom is now married to German supermodel Heidi Klum since 2019.
Tom’s and Bill’s parents, Simone Kaulitz and Jörg W., separated when the Kaulitz twins were seven years old. Their mother Simone, married Gordon Trümper, the guitarist from German rock band Fatun . Bill Kaulitz showed an early interest in singing, as did Tom in playing guitar. Trümper noticed the twins’ musical inclinations, and helped the twins to start their own band. According to Bill in several interviews, Tom and he started to writing music at the age of seven.Their friends Georg Listing(Bass guitar)  and Gustav Schäfer (Drummer).
They have been creating music since 2001 (under the band name ‘Devilish’, but later changed the band name to Tokio Hotel). They were very popular in the 2000s, they had many tours, many concerts, fans (‘Aliens’). They released albums together (‘Schrei’(2005), ‘Zimmer 483’(2007), ‘Scream’(2007), ‘Humanoid’(2009), ‘Kings of Suburbia’(2014), ‘Dream Machine’(2017) and ‘2001’(2022)). Tom has been using a Gibson guitar since 2007. Tom also plays piano, keyboards, backing vocals and percussion.

Personal life

Tom was known for his style and hairstyle. He wore baggy clothes, a cap, a lip piercing and dreadlocks or braids. He is 1.86cm tall. He speaks 3 languages: German, English and French. He got his first guitar from his stepfather when he was 9 years old. He owns 17 guitars and 50+ caps. Once when he was on tour he had an entire luggage just for his caps.
Tom and Bill used to live in Hamburg, but moved to Los Angeles in October 2010 in response to an incident involving stalkers and a robbery. They are currently living in Los Angeles making music.

Stalking incident       

In late 2008- early 2009, several female stalkers pursued the band relentlessly, even following Tom Kaulitz to his parent’s home in Germany and attacked the twins’ mother. The issue seemed to end after Tom allegedly hit one of the stalkers at a gas station in April 2009 and drove off. However, an article in Bild stated that the issue had resurfaced and that Tom Kaulitz may stand trial for assault. In late December 2009, the charges against himself - against the girl he allegedly hit - on grounds of stalking. Kaulitz cited a break - in their home in Germany as a deciding factor in  their move to the United States.

Other activity
Other activity 

On August 4, 2010, Tom Kaulitz got his own Reebok shoes commercial. Reebok signed the 20-years-old Tokio Hotel guitarist and sneakers addict to model shoes for the company. “At home, I created a little room, like a little storage room.”  he said of his sneakers. He also said that he gets 10 new pairs a week.  

Tom and Bill released an app named “BTK Twins” for Android on December 19, 2011 and on IOS on January 16, 2012, to keep in touch with their fans. On the app Tom and Bill  were posting photos, videos and text messages and fans can leave messages which the twins often respond to. In November 2013, app was removed from both the Android and IOS store, due to the imminent release of Tokio Hotel’s new album.  

Car make Audi hired the two frontman to star in their new advertising campaign to attract the younger generation. They were featured in an episode of ‘Tokio Hotel TV’ (on Tokio Hotel’s website) and also in a commercial.

References
References

1989 births
Living people
German musicians
Guitarists
Stigma (uppercase/lowercase Ϛ ϛ), is a sign that was used in the Greek alphabet for the combination of the two letters Sigma (σ) and Tau (τ). It is also used as a symbol for the number 6 in the system of Greek numerals.

Greek alphabet
Zeta (uppercase/lowercase Ζ ζ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "z" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 7. Letters that came from it include the Roman Z and Cyrillic З.

Greek alphabet
Eta (uppercase/lowercase Η η) is a letter of the Greek alphabet. In very early Greek writing it stood for the consonant sound "h", but in Classical Greek it stood for a long vowel "e". In Modern Greek, it is pronounced as "i". In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 8. Letters that came from it include the Roman H and Cyrillic И.

In mathematics, the lowercase η is used to represent Dirichlet eta function. The same letter is also used to represent conformal time in cosmology, efficiency in telecommunications and elasticity in economics.

Related pages 
 Heta

References 

Greek alphabet
Vowel letters
Heta (uppercase/lowercase ) is another name for the letter Eta (Η), a letter of the Greek alphabet, and also for some other variant forms of it. This name is used to show that this letter at first was pronounced as "h", just like in Latin. Later, in the Ionian dialect of Greek, people stopped pronouncing the sound "h", and therefore they gave the letter a new meaning and used it for a long "e" sound instead. Some other dialects then took over this new letter "Eta", and so they had to find a new form for the letter for "h". In some dialects they invented a new letter "" to stand for "h". Today, the name "Heta" is also used for this letter.

Greek alphabet
Theta (uppercase Θ / lowercase θ), is a letter in the Greek alphabet. It represents the "th" sound (as in "think") in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 9. The Cyrillic letter Ѳ came from theta.

In mathematics, the lowercase θ is used as a variable to represent an angle, and the uppercase Θ is used in big-theta notation (a variant of big-O notation). The lowercase θ is also used to represent the potential temperature in meteorology.

References 

Greek alphabet
Iota (uppercase/lowercase Ι ι), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "i" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 10. Letters that came from it include the Roman I and Cyrillic І.

In mathematics, the lowercase  is used to represent the inclusion function in set theory. The term "iota" is also used to refer to an infinitesimal amount or an insignificant quantity.

Related pages 

 I (letter)

References 

Greek alphabet
Vowel letters
Lambda (uppercase/lowercase Λ λ) is a letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "l" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 30. Letters that came from it include the Roman L and Cyrillic Л. 

In mathematics, the lowercase λ is used as a variable for eigenvalues in linear algebra, and as the parameter of both exponential distribution and Poisson distribution. In physics, the same symbol is used as a variable representing wavelength.

Related pages 
 Anonymous function, where the word "lambda" is used

References 

Greek alphabet
Mu (uppercase/lowercase Μ μ) is a letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "m" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 40. Letters that came from it include the Roman M and Cyrillic М.

In mathematics and statistics, the lowercase μ is used to represent population mean and the Möbius function. It is also used to represent coefficient of friction, micrometre and muon in physics.

Related pages 
 Mu (unit of area)

References 

Greek alphabet
The first coat of arms of Haiti was created in 1807, and has appeared in its current form since 1986.

It has a palm, with several flags at its sides, and two cannons on a green lawn. On the lawn there are several objects, such as musical instruments (a snare drum and bugles), guns, and ship anchors. Above the palm tree, there is a Phrygian cap placed as a symbol of freedom.  

The ribbon on the bottom displays the national motto: L'Union Fait La Force (French for "Union Makes Strength").

Haiti
National symbols of Haiti
Nu (uppercase/lowercase Ν ν) is a letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "n" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 50. Letters that came from it include the Roman N and Cyrillic Н.

In statistics, the lowercase  can be used to represent degrees of freedom. In physics, the same letter can also used to represent kinematic viscosity and the frequency of a wave.

When typesetting mathematics, sometimes the roman lowercase  is used in conjunction with , sometimes leading to problems with both letters being indistinguishable from each other in some fonts.

Related pages 

 Mu (letter)

References 

Greek alphabet
The flag of Haiti was adopted on February 25, 1986. The flag has two horizontal bands of equal height; the top stripe is blue and the bottom is red. In the center there is a white rectangle with the Coat of Arms of Haiti which consists of a palm tree with several flags at its sides. There are two cannons on either side of the palm tree. The civil flag and the ensign (the one used by commercial ships) do not have a coat of arms.

The Haitian flag was created by the revolutionary Jean-Jacques Dessalines in 1803 from the French flag (the Tricolore); he eliminated the white stripe and left only the blue and red stripes in the new flag.

From May 25 1964 to February 25 1986, during the dictatorship of Francois and Jean-Claude Duvalier, the country had a different flag, in red and black, and divided vertically, not horizontally.

Other websites 
 The Louverture Project: Flag of Haiti
Haiti, Flag of
National symbols of Haiti
Xi (uppercase/lowercase Ξ ξ) is the 14th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "x" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 60. The Roman letter X and Cyrillic letter Ѯ came from Xi.

In mathematics, both uppercase Ξ and lowercase ξ are used to refer to variants of Riemann Xi function (itself a variant of Riemann zeta function). In physics, the uppercase Ξ is used to represent the cascade particle and xi baryon.

References 

Greek alphabet
Omicron (uppercase/lowercase Ο ο) is a letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "o" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 70. Letters that came from it include the Roman O and Cyrillic О.

In mathematics and computer science, the uppercase Ο is used in big-O notation, while the lowercase ο is used in little-o notation (a variant of big-O notation).

Related pages 
 O (letter)

References 

Greek alphabet
Vowel letters
Pi (uppercase/lowercase Π π), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "p" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it had a value of 80. Letters that came from it include the Roman P and Cyrillic П.

In mathematics, the uppercase pi is used for the Pi product operator (for example. ), similar to the way summation is used. The lowercase pi is used as the mathematical constant pi, also known as Archimedes's constant.

Related pages 
 Phi
 Tau

References 

Greek alphabet
San (uppercase/lowercase Ϻ ϻ) was an old letter in the Greek alphabet that was used in some Greek cities before the alphabet got its classical standard form. It looked like the letter Mu (M), but was spoken like S. In the 6th century BC, people stopped using it and wrote Sigma (Σ) instead.

Greek alphabet
Sho (uppercase/lowercase Ϸ ϸ), was a letter added to the Greek alphabet in order to write the Bactrian language. It was used for the "sh" sound in Bactrian. 

Greek alphabet
Koppa or Qoppa (uppercase/lowercase ) was a letter of the Greek alphabet that was used in some Greek cities before the alphabet got its classic standard form. It is no longer used in normal writing today. It was pronounced as "k", just like Kappa (Κ). In the 5th century BC, people stopped using it and it fell out of use. Kappa then replaced it. In the order of the letters in the alphabet, it came between Pi and Rho, just like in the Latin alphabet the letter Q comes between P and R. However, they kept Koppa as a sign for the number "90" in the system of Greek numerals, but in a third numerical form. People still sometimes use it in this way, even though they do not use it as a letter to write words.

The letter Koppa at first looked like a circle with a small bar under it. Later it was written more like a pointed S.

The letter Q in the Latin alphabet and the letter Ҁ in the Cyrillic alphabet come from Koppa.

Other websites 

Koppa (alphabetic use)
Koppa (numeric use)

Greek alphabet
Rho (uppercase/lowercase Ρ ρ) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "r" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 100. Letters that came from it include the Roman R and Cyrillic Р.

In statistics, the lowercase Rho ("ρ") is used to represent population correlation. In physics, the same letter is used to represent density.

Related pages 
 Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, represented by ρ

References 

Greek alphabet
Sigma (uppercase/lowercase Σ σ ς) is the 18th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "s" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 200. Letters that came from it include the Roman S and Cyrillic С.

Mathematics 
The uppercase Σ is the shorthand symbol for summation (the symbol is also known as the summation operator). It is often used to condense Taylor series and to write out trigonometric functions such as sine, cosine, and tangent as series.

The lowercase σ is used to represent population standard deviation in statistics, and permutation function in abstract algebra.

Related pages 
 Stigma (letter)

References 

Greek alphabet
Tau (uppercase/lowercase Τ τ), is the letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "t" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it had a value of 300. Letters that came from it include the Roman T and Cyrillic Т.

Other Uses 

Some people want to use Tau in place of Pi, the special number that comes from circles. Tau would be equal to two times pi, or about 6.283.

These people want to use Tau because they think it would be easier for everyone to understand. There are many reasons in math why Tau could be useful or helpful. One of the simplest is that it would make learning about radians easier.

A radian is a way of measuring the angle of a circle. It says that the number of radians in an angle is equal to the length of the outside of the circle, or the 'arc length', that is covered by an angle, divided by the radius, or distance from the point in the center of a circle to anywhere on the outside (see the picture on the bottom right of the page).
If the distance covered around the outside of a circle is equal to the radius, than one radian is being covered. Around the whole outside of a circle, there are about 6.283 radians - or, Tau radians (Tau is just a number, like 0, or 7, or 100).

The advantage of this is that one quarter of a circle would simply become Tau / 4 radians, and one half of a circle Tau / 2 radians, which is more in line with our intuition on circles (see also the drawing below).

Not many people use Tau yet, but more and more are.

Related pages 

 Tau lepton

References 

Greek alphabet
Upsilon (uppercase/lowercase Υ υ) is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet. It is used to represent the "u" sound in Ancient Greek and "i" in Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 400. Letters that came from it include the Roman U, V and Y, and the Cyrillic У.

In mathematics, the uppercase  is used to represent the upsilon function (a variant of Riemann zeta function), while the lowercase  is used as a general variable. In physics, the uppercase  is used to represent an upsilon meson. In astrology, the same letter is used for the sign of Aries.

Related pages 
 U (Cyrillic)

References 

Greek alphabet
Vowel letters