Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
This page contains a list of the first 120 prime numbers. It also contains lists of the first few prime numbers of different kinds.

First 120 prime numbers

List of twin primes 

(3, 5), (5,  7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31), (41, 43), (59, 61) (71, 73), (101, 103), (107, 109), (137, 139), (149, 151), (179, 181), (191, 193), (197, 199), (227, 229), (239, 241), (269, 271), (281,283), (311,313), (347,349), (431,433), (461,463), (569,571), (641,643)

List of Mersenne primes 

3, 7, 31, 127, 8191, 131071, 524287, 2147483647, 2305843009213693951

List of Fermat primes 

As of 2003, these are the only known Fermat primes.

3, 5, 17, 257, 65537

List of Sophie Germain primes 

2, 3, 5, 11, 23, 29, 41, 53, 83, 89, 113, 131, 173, 179, 191, 233, 239, 251, 281, 293, 359, 419, 431, 443, 491, 509, 593, 641, 653, 659, 683, 719, 743, 761, 809, 911, 953

List of Wilson primes 

As of 2003, these are the only known Wilson primes.

5, 13, 563

List of Wolstenholme primes
As of 2003, these are the only known Wolstenholme primes.

16843, 2124679

List of factorial primes 

2, 3, 5, 7, 23, 719, 5039, 39916801, 479001599, 87178291199

List of primorial primes 

5, 7, 29, 31, 211, 2309, 2311, 30029

List of palindromic primes (Up to 100,000)

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757, 787, 797, 919, 929, 10301, 10501, 10601, 11311, 11411, 12421, 12721, 12821, 13331, 13831, 13931, 14341, 14741, 15451, 15551, 16061, 16361, 16561, 16661, 17471, 17971, 18181, 18481, 19391, 19891, 19991, 30103, 30203, 30403, 30703, 30803, 31013, 31513, 32323, 32423, 33533, 34543, 34843, 35053, 35153, 35353, 35753, 36263, 36563, 37273, 37573, 38083, 38183, 38783, 39293, 70207, 70507, 70607, 71317, 71917, 72227, 72727, 73037, 73237, 73637, 74047, 74747, 75557, 76367, 76667, 77377, 77477, 77977, 78487, 78787, 78887, 79397, 79697, 79997, 90709, 91019, 93139, 93239, 93739, 94049, 94349, 94649, 94849, 94949, 95959, 96269, 96469, 96769, 97379, 97579, 97879, 98389, 98689.
List of cuban primes

Cuban primes of the form (x3 - y3) / (x - y), x is y + 1:

7, 19, 37, 61, 127, 271, 331, 397, 547, 631, 919, 1657, 1801, 1951, 2269, 2437, 2791, 3169, 3571, 4219, 4447, 5167, 5419, 6211, 7057, 7351, 8269, 9241, 10267, 11719, 12097, 13267, 13669, 16651, 19441, 19927, 22447, 23497, 24571, 25117, 26227

Cuban primes of the form (x3 - y3) / (x - y), x is y + 2:

13, 109, 193, 433, 769, 1201, 1453, 2029, 3469, 3889, 4801, 10093, 12289, 13873, 18253, 20173, 21169, 22189, 28813, 37633, 43201, 47629, 60493, 63949, 65713, 69313, 71538

List of lucky primes
3, 7, 13, 31, 37, 43, 67, 73, 79, 127, 151, 163, 193, 211, 223, 241, 283, 307, 331, 349, 367, 409, 421, 433, 463, 487, 541, 577, 601, 613, 619, 631, 643, 673, 727, 739, 769, 787, 823, 883, 937, 991, 997, 1009, 1021, 1039, 1087, 1093, 1117, 1123, 1201, 1231, 1249, 1291, 1303, 1459, 1471, 1543, 1567, 1579, 1597, 1663, 1693, 1723, 1777, 1801, 1831, 1879, 1933, 1987, 2053, 2083, 2113, 2221, 2239, 2251, 2281, 2311, 2467, 2473, 2557, 2593, 2647, 2671, 2689, 2797, 2851, 2887, 2953, 2971, 3037, 3049, 3109, 3121, 3163, 3187, 3229, 3259, 3301, 3307, 3313, 86743, 2137

Related pages
 List of numbers

Other websites 
 Lists of Primes  at the Prime Pages
 Interface to a list of the first 98 million primes (primes less than 2,000,000,000)
 List of primes up to 1,299,827

Mathematics lists
This is a list of publishers in English.

A 
Anvil Press Poetry
Arcade Publishing
Ardis Books Homepage
Athlone Books
Atlas Press

B 
Basic Books
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press
Bison Books
Black Sparrow Books
Bloodaxe Books
Bloomsbury.com - Home page
Borzoi Reader Classics

C 
Calder Publications
Cambridge University Press
Carcanet
Carroll and Graf
Catbird Press
Central European University Press
City Lights Publishers
Columbia University Press
CompanionGuides.com
Continuum - Athlone
Copper Canyon Press
Counterpoint Press
Creation Books

D 
Da Capo Press
Dalkey Archive Press
Dedalus Books
Detritus.com
Dover Publications
Duckworth Online

E 
Ediciones Altovolta
Exact Change

F 
Farrar

G 
Glas New Russian Writing
Godine Publishing
Grove Press / Atlantic Monthly Press

H 
Hackett
HarperCollins Publishers
Harvard University Press
Harvill Press at Random House
Hesperus press

I 
iBooks, Inc.
Indiana University Press
Inpress Books UK
Intellect 
Interlink Publishing Online
Ivan R. Dee
J 
Johns Hopkins University Press

K 
Kessinger Publishing
Kodansha

M 
Malton House Press
Marion Boyars Online
Methuen
MIT Press
Modern Library

N 
New Directions Publishing
Northwestern University Press
NYRB Classics

O 
Oomf, Inc.
Open Court
Open Court Book
Overlook Press
Oxford University Press - UK
Oxford University Press - US

P 
Pan Macmillan
Pantheon Books at Random House
Pathfinder Books
Paulist Press
Penguin Classics
Penguin Group (USA)
Penguin UK
Peter Owen Publishers
Phaidon Press
Phoenix Press history reprints
Picador UK
Picador USA
Pimlico Books at Random House
Princeton University Press
Prometheus Books

R 
Random House UK
randomhouse.com (US)
Routledge

S 
Schocken Books
Scholastic Inc.
Shambhala Publications
Shanti Sadan Publications
Smith and Kraus Publishers
Stanford University Press
Station Hill Press
Steerforth Press
Stone Bridge Press
Sun & Moon
SUNY Press

T 
TASCHEN Books
Thames & Hudson (UK)
Thames & Hudson (USA)
The New Press
Tuttle Publishing
Twisted Spoon Press
U 
University of California Press Books
University of Chicago Press
University of Minnesota Press
University of Nebraska Press
University of Toronto Medieval Texts

V 
Vedanta Press and Catalog
Verso Books
Vintage (US)
Vintage Books at Random House (UK)

W 
W.W. Norton & Company
Welcome to Random House
Wisdom Publications
Wordsworth Editions Website

Y 
Yale University Press

Z 
Zephyr Press

Lists of companies
Publishing
µCLinux  is an operating system for small computers inside integrated circuits (chips). The system is based on the Linux operating system in many ways. Apart from the rather big size of Linux, µCLinux is much smaller and not as packed with features as Linux. It finds uses in many places, mostly dealing with sensor and data-gathering of different sorts.

Thanks to its compact nature, it can easily be transferred over slow connections. Yet it is a stable and robust system distributed as an open source program.

µCLinux
UNIX is a computer operating system. It was first developed in 1969 at Bell Labs. Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and others created it. They used assembly language to write it. In 1972, the Unix code was rewritten with the new C programming language. The Unix operating system is a multiuser and multiprocessing system.  This means it can run several application programs at the same time, for more than one user at the same time.  It also is able to operate well in a network of computers.  Computer security is also important in Unix, because many people can have access to it, both by using a computer directly or over a network.
Many ideas in Unix were new. Other operating systems copied them. Today, there are many operating systems that have some of the ideas of Unix in them. For this reason, some people talk about a "Unix philosophy" of doing things. Linux is one of these systems with many of the Unix ideas in it. Linux does not use code from UNIX. Linux only shares some of the ideas and the names of commands. So, Linux is not a UNIX operating system. Instead it is called "Unix-like".

There can be many different users in a Unix and Unix-like operating system. Most of them have a personal area where they can put things. This is called a user account.

One way of using a Unix system is with the command line interface. Users run commands and programs by typing text characters. This takes time to learn, but it is a very powerful and flexible way of working. It is still used by most Unix administrators. These commands are run in a shell, which can change slightly between one system and another.
A graphical user interface (GUI) is the other method. The X Window System is a very common GUI for Unix systems. The X Window System is only a shell of a graphical interface. It has many protocols. The X Window System itself does not let the user to move and resize windows. Users need a window manager or desktop manager to do that.

Some of the popular desktop and window managers are:

 Gnome
 KDE
 Windowmaker
 Xfce

Like most other graphical user interfaces, they use windows, dialog boxes, support the use of a computer mouse, and are designed to be easy to use.

There are many thousands of programs available for the X Window System. Programs like word processors and spreadsheets are available including free and open-source software.

Two types of Unix
Today, there are two kinds of operating systems that are like UNIX.

The first group is all those that share some kernel code with the original from Bell Labs at AT&T. This includes the commercial UNIX types: Solaris or AIX.
The second group includes free operating systems that usually have BSD in their name, like FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and NetBSD. These are based on free BSD. Mac OS X is also based on BSD.

There are also free systems based on the Linux kernel. These do not share any code with the original UNIX. BSD systems share very little code with the original Unix because much of the code has been rewritten over many years. Many people use the terms Unix and Unix-like systems to be clear.

Most applications can run on any modern Unix or Unix-like system. KDE and GNOME were developed for Linux and later changed to run on commercial types of Unix.

Other websites 
 Manual Pages for FreeBSD - pages saying exactly what each command does

References 

Operating systems
A signature is a special way that people write their name to let others know that they understand or approve of something that was written. A signature is often used to sign a contract, a cheque, or a petition.

There are many ways to write a signature, and signatures may look different depending on your location. In the United States, many people have a signature which is made from writing their name in their own handwriting, often in cursive. Some signatures may be written in a different style than normal writing, which may make it difficult to read. Some people practice autographs, or fancy signatures that are hard to copy.

Hundreds of years ago some people used sealing wax to make a copy of their signet rings next to or instead of a signature. This was called their "seal. This is where the term "seal of approval" comes from. Some formal documents still use an official wax seal, such as a coat of arms.
Types of signatures 
Wet signature:- A wet signature, ink signature, or wet ink signature is the physical marking a person makes to sign their name on a physical document, usually with a pen.

Wet signatures are the most common kind of signatures and have been used for centuries as a unique marking to indicate agreement and prevent fraud. Physical signatures have been used since 3500 B.C. in the form of seals, but it was in the 1600s when signatures written on paper became widely used and legally valid.

Although wet signatures can be forged by skilled people, they were the norm until the beginning of the 21st century, when online signatures started to become legally binding.

Electronic signature or E-signature:- Software programmes allow an electronic representation of a signature to be used that's been created by the software.
Digital signature:- A digital signature is a signature created by the authoriser such as copying, pasting and embedding a copy of their signature or a signature created using a stylus pen.

References 

Writing
Authentication methods
Cocoa is the seed of the cacao tree. The seed contains a lot of fat and is used to produce cocoa butter. Cocoa butter is then used to produce chocolate. The cocoa which is used to make chocolate is a fine powder.

History

Chocolate and cocoa are made from the beans of the cacao tree. The tree might have first come from the foothills of the Andes Mountains near the Amazon River and the Orinoco River in South America. The tree was brought to Central America by the ancient Mayas, and was grown in Mexico by the Toltecs and later by the Aztecs.
Cocoa was an important product in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. People who told the story of the conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés said that when Moctezuma II, emperor of the Aztecs, ate dinner he took no other drink than chocolate, served in a golden goblet and eaten with a golden spoon. Flavored with vanilla and spices, his chocolate was whipped into a froth that dissolved in the mouth. No less than 50 pitchers of the drink were prepared for the emperor each day, and 2000 more for nobles of his court.

Chocolate was brought to Europe by the Spaniards and became a popular drink by 1700. They also brought the cacao tree to the West Indies and the Philippines. It was used in alchemical processes, where it was known as Black Bean.

The cacao plant was first given its name by Swedish natural scientist Carl von Linné (1707-1778), who called it "theobroma cacao" or "food of the gods".

Harvesting
Harvesting

A pod has a rough leathery rind about 3 cm (1¼ inch) thick. It is filled with slimy pinkish pulp, sweet but inedible, enclosing from 30 to 50 large almond-like seeds or "beans" that are fairly soft and pinkish or purplish in color. As soon as they ripen, the pods are removed with a curved knife on a long pole, opened with a machete, and left to dry until taken to fermentation.

Then the beans are removed and piled in heaps, bins, or on grates where, during several days of "sweating", the thick pulp ferments until it thins and trickles off. The quality of the beans, which originally have a strong bitter taste, depends upon this sweating. If it is overdone they may be ruined; if underdone they have a flavor like raw potatoes and are susceptible to mildew.
Then the beans are spread out, constantly raked over, and dried. On large plantations this is done on huge trays, either outdoors by sunshine or in sheds by artificial heat. However, thousands of tons from smaller producers are dried on small trays or on cowhides. Finally, the beans are trodden and shuffled about (often using bare human feet) and sometimes, during this process red clay mixed with water is sprinkled over the beans to obtain a finer color, polish, and protection against molds during shipment to factories in the United States, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and other countries. About 3,000,000 tonnes of cocoa are grown each year. The Netherlands is the leading cocoa processing country, followed by the U.S.

Use of cocoa
Uses of cocoa are numerous. It may be used in cakes, creams, drinks, toppings and cookies.
Besides its use as a food, by use of the scientific process it has been determined that cocoa is beneficial for health. Cocoa has nearly twice the anti-cancer antioxidants of red wine, and up to three times those found in green tea.

Problems with growth and sale
 Many cocoa farmers get a low price for their products. This has led to cocoa and chocolate being available as fair trade items in some countries, but this fair trade remains a minority percentage of total trade.
 Slavery has commonly been used in its production: see Cocoa Protocol for an effort to end this.
 Pollination is exclusively by midges, which may be affected by pesticides

References

Other websites 
 
 International Cocoa Organization
 The Food of the Gods - the nature, growth, cultivation, manufacture and history of Cocoa, by Brandon Head, from Project Gutenberg
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/cocoa - cocoa recipes

Chocolate
Condiments
Drinks
Edible nuts and seeds
Malvaceae
Medicinal plants
Mexican food
Tropical fruit
Ivory Coast or Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country in West Africa.

The capital of Côte d'Ivoire is Yamoussoukro but its biggest city is Abidjan. Other cities can be found at List of cities in Côte d'Ivoire.

Geography
It borders the Gulf of Guinea to the south and five other African nations. Liberia is to the southwest, Guinea to the northwest, Mali to the north-northwest, Burkina Faso to the north-northeast, and Ghana to the east.

Districts 

Ivory Coast is divided into 12 districts and 2 district-level cities. The districts were created in 2011.

Related pages
Côte d'Ivoire at the Olympics
Côte d'Ivoire national football team
List of rivers of Côte d'Ivoire

References 

Notes

 
French-speaking countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1960 establishments in Africa
Luke McCormick (b. 15 August 1983) is an English football player. He was born August 15, 1983 in Coventry, England. He is a goalkeeper. He plays for the English football team Swindon Town.

In the 2003/04 season, McCormick played when Romain Larrieu could not. Larrieu injured his knee. McCormick played instead. Plymouth Argyle beat Stockport County on 24 January 2004. The score was 2-0. In this match McCormick set a new club record of seven clean sheets in a row. A clean sheet is a game where the other side gets no goals.

McCormick was voted the most promising player of the 2003/04 season by Plymouth Argyle fans.

On 7 June 2008. McCormick was arrested on suspicion for killing two people by dangerous driving. Subsequently, he was released by Plymouth Arygle and was jailed for seven years on 6 October 2008 but could be out in three and a half years.

Club career statistics
|-
|2000-01||rowspan="5"|Plymouth Argyle||rowspan="2"|Third Division||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2001-02||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2002-03||rowspan="2"|Second Division||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2003-04||40||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||0
|-
|2004-05||League Championship||23||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||24||0
|-
|2004-05||Boston United||League Two||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2005-06||rowspan="3"|Plymouth Argyle||rowspan="3"|League Championship||1||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0||3||0
|-
|2006-07||40||0||5||0||1||0||46||0
|-
|2007-08||30||0||2||0||3||0||35||0
140||0||8||0||7||0||155||0
140||0||8||0||7||0||155||0
|}

References

British criminals
English association football goalkeepers
People from Coventry
1983 births
Living people
The God paradox is an idea in philosophy. This idea is explained here:
If God is able to do anything, may this mean He is able to make a mountain heavier than He is able to lift?

This is a paradox because:
 If God is able to make a mountain heavier than He is able to lift, then there may be something He is not able to do: He is not able to lift that mountain. Yes and no
 If God is not able to make such a mountain, then there is something He is not able to do: He is not able to make that mountain.

If either outcome were considered true, then it is argued that God Almighty is actually not almighty.

Answers to the God Paradox

The God paradox is a good example of a philosophical problem. This section has some answers to this paradox.
God cannot
This answer says God is able to do only things less than God.  If you say there exists a mountain that is "heavier than anybody is able to lift," then what you say is funny: it means nothing, because God is able to lift any mountain.  This is because saying a mountain is "too heavy to lift" means this mountain cannot be lifted by anybody.  This does not mean that God is too weak to lift very heavy mountains.  God cannot lift an "unliftable" mountain because that would not make sense.  He also cannot create an "unliftable" mountain because that also would not make sense, if God can lift everything.  God could still lift any mountain that is not defined as "cannot be lifted."  For example, God can make a mountain as heavy as he wants, but he cannot make a round square.

Logic
In logic, problems can often be solved by breaking them into smaller pieces. One solves each of the small problems.
Let us see how one can use this for the God Paradox. The paradox is:
If God can do anything, can He make a mountain which is too heavy for Him to lift?
If one changes this question to a sentence, it becomes:
God can do anything, which means that He can make a mountain which is too heavy for Him to lift.
We can make this even simpler. First we must see that because God can do anything: 
 He can make an unliftable mountain,
 He can lift anything.
Now we can write the sentence as these facts:
God can do anything.
God can make an unliftable mountain (because of fact 1).
God can lift anything (because of fact 1).
God cannot lift the mountain.
Facts 1, 2 and 3 must always be true. Now we must see if fact 4 is true or false:
 If 4 is true, then 3 must be false (fact 1 must also be false).
The conclusion is that the statement "God can do anything" needs to be qualified.  By this logic God cannot do both of two things that are mutually contradictory. C. S. Lewis says that logical contradictions are not a "thing".  Rather they are nonsense.  The question (and therefore the perceived paradox) is meaningless. Nonsense does not suddenly acquire sense and meaning with the addition of the two words, "God can" before it.

God can
Some people think, "Yes, God is able to do things that make Him not able." They think God is able to do things that are funny to think, "Because", they say, "there is nothing God is not able to do." (See Gospel of Matthew 19:26) However other Bible verses mention things that God cannot do. Hebrews 6:16 says that God cannot lie. Malachi 3:6 says that God cannot change. James 1:3 says that God cannot be tempted by sin.
Some have suggested that God can do things that defy conventional logic.  If He lives in other dimensions a different logic may apply.  Some say that God cannot make a square circle.  This is true in a two dimensional world.  However, a cylinder can be a square viewed from the side and a circle viewed from the top.  Likewise, a triangle can have three angles that add to more that 180 degrees. This is possible  only on a three dimensional surface like a sphere.  It can't be done on a two dimensional plane. (Plane geometry). Addition of an additional dimension changes the logic.

God is infinite
God is beyond limitation.  His strength is infinite.  If He chooses to create a mountain that is too heavy for Him to lift he would simultaneously become strong enough to lift it (which actually means he's not omnipotent, because if he can gradually become stronger, then he can't be all powerful).  To ask if the creation of such a mountain is possible is to attempt putting a limitation on the limitless.
Job
At the end of the Book of Job, God 'answered Job out of the whirlwind' and asks him:
'Who is this that darkens council by words without knowledge?..where were you when I laid the foundations of the Earth?' (Job chapter 38, 1-4)
In other words, God's powers are beyond human understanding, as human reason itself is part of God's creation in the Book of Genesis.

Notes

Further reading 
These references may not be simple to understand.
 Hoffman, Joshua, Rosenkrantz, Gary. "Omnipotence" The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2002 Edition). Edward N. Zalta (ed.) Available online. Accessed 19 April 2006.
 Mackie, J.L. "Evil and Omnipotence." Mind LXIV, No, 254 (1955).
 Wierenga, Edward.  "Omnipotence" The Nature of God: An Inquiry into Divine Attributes. Cornell University Press, 1989. Available online.  Accessed 19 April 2006.

Philosophy
Libertarianism is a kind of politics that says the government should have less control over people's lives. It is based on the idea of maximum liberty. Libertarians believe that it is usually better to give people more free choice. They also say that many things could be done better by normal people instead of the government.

Libertarianism can be a kind of centre politics. Many of its beliefs come from classical liberalism. This usually means supporting a capitalist economy but with far more liberal freedoms. This is different from left-wing libertarianism or more right-wing types. But many libertatians do not believe in left vs. right politics. Libertarianism also has roots in anarchism and the Austrian School of economics. Some libertarians are part of the sovereign citizen movement.
Individual rights 
Libertarians believe that no person can justly own or control the body of another person, what they call ‘self-ownership’ or ’individual sovereignty.’ In simple words, every person has a right to control their own body.

In the 19th century, United States libertarians like William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, and Lysander Spooner were all abolitionists. Abolitionists were people who wanted to end slavery right away.

Garrison based his opposition to slavery on the idea of self-ownership. Since you have a natural right to control your own body, no one else has any right to steal that control from you. Garrison and Douglass both called slave masters ‘man stealers.’

Stopping violence
If you have a right to control your own body, then no one has a right to start violence (or force) against you.
Some libertarians believe that all violence is unjust. These libertarians are often called "anarcho-pacifists". Robert LeFevre was a libertarian who rejected all violence. However, most libertarians believe that there are some ways violence can be justified.

The libertarian Murray N. Rothbard said that it would be wrong to kill someone for stealing a pack of gum. If you steal gum, this is an act of violence against the property owner. The owner has a right to use defensive violence to get the gum back, but killing the thief goes too far. That is too much force because it is not equal to the force used by the thief. Punishment must be equal to the crime. A student and colleague of his, Walter Block, said that a punishment should not be equal to the crime, but rather enough to make up for the damage the crime caused plus how much it cost to catch the criminal.
Some libertarians believe that it is your moral duty to defend yourself and your property if you can. This belief is usually held by Objectivists. These people believe that pacifism is immoral. Most libertarians disagree with this view.

All libertarians believe that it is wrong to start violence against any person or against what he or she owns. They call this the "non-aggression principle."

Property
Ownership is the right to control something. Property is the thing that you control.

Libertarians believe that property rights come from self-ownership. This means that because you have a right to control your own body, you also have a right to control what you make with it.

The English philosopher John Locke said that a person comes to own something by using it. So, if you turn an area that no-one else owns into a farm and use it, that area becomes your property. This is called the "homestead principle."
Libertarians also say that you can become a legitimate owner by receiving something as a gift or by trading it with someone for something they own. You do not become a legitimate owner by stealing. You also do not become a legitimate owner by simply saying you own something. If you have not "homesteaded" the thing or received it through trade or gift, you do not own it.

Government
Libertarians are opposed to states (or governments) creating any "laws" that tell people what they can and cannot do with their own bodies. The only legitimate laws are laws that say a person may not start violence against other people or their legitimate property. All "laws" stopping people from doing nonviolent things should be repealed, according to libertarians. (These "laws" are usually called "victimless crimes" because there is no victim if there is no harm.)
Many libertarians also believe that families and friends should look after people so that they will not use drugs, drive without seat belts, or do other things that are dangerous for them. But no one can force others to do things that they do not want to do, or to stop them from doing nonviolent things that they want to do.

Types of Libertarians
There are two broad basic types of libertarians.

Minarchism 
Minarchists are libertarians who believe that society should have a state with very limited power. They believe that free markets are the most moral and efficient way of providing goods and services. They typically believe that the only things the state should provide are police and judges to make sure that people obey the laws, and a military to make sure that no one attacks the country. Some minarchists believe in having a small amount of taxation and limited provision of public goods such as international diplomacy and public parks.
Two famous minarchist libertarians are Robert Nozick and Ayn Rand. Nozick believed that the only legitimate thing a state can do is have a police force. He called his legitimate state a "night-watchman state." Ayn Rand believed that the state should have a police force and a court system.

Anarchism
Libertarian anarchists usually call themselves anarcho-capitalists, free-market anarchists, individualist anarchists, or just anarchists.

Libertarian anarchists do not believe the state is needed. They believe that people can organise their own lives and businesses. They want to replace the state with voluntary organisations, including charities, private companies, voluntary unions, and mutual aid societies. They also want to end all forced taxation.

They say that state police can be replaced with "DROs" (Dispute Resolution Organisations) or "private protection agencies." They also say that state judges can be replaced with "private arbitration."
Other types
 Libertarian constitutionalists are libertarians who believe that the only legitimate things a state can do are those things that have been approved in a constitution. Libertarian constitutionalists include Ron Paul.
 Agorists are revolutionary libertarian anarchists who believe that we should fight the state through what they call "counter-economics." Agorists include Samuel Edward Konkin, III and Brad Spangler.
 Objectivists are libertarians who believe in atheism. They believe that humans are able to know things, as opposed to skepticism, which is the idea that people cannot know things with certainty. They believe reason is the only path to truth, and that a system of free capitalism is the only ethical system of government. The most prominent objectivist is Ayn Rand. (There are also some "anarcho-objectivists", such as Linda & Morris Tannehill and Roy A. Childs, Jr.)
Left-libertarians are libertarian leftists who believe that a free market system does not lead to more freedom and equality. They are often very open to ideas such as worker self-management and feminism.They also frequently fall into the category of civil libertarians, since they do not generally support economic freedom but usually support civil liberties. These beliefs often work well with anarcho-communism and anarcho-syndicalism. Left-libertarians include Benjamin R. Tucker and Roderick T. Long. 
 Anarcho-pacifists are libertarians who believe that no force is ever legitimate, not even in self-defence. Although Robert LeFevre did not call himself an "anarcho-pacifist" (or even an "anarchist"), he was one.
 Autarchism is a form of libertarian anarchism which supports individual freedom, self-reliance, and individualism. To put it simply, autarchists believe in the philosophy: "Control yourself". Robert LeFevre is a self-described autarchist.
Georgism is a form of libertarinism which supports a single tax on land. They seek to use this tax as a way to solve ecological and social problems.
 Voluntaryism is another term for libertarian anarchism. Voluntaryists believe that only voluntary actions are legitimate. This means that all government force is illegitimate, and thus immoral. The first libertarian to call himself a voluntaryist was Auberon Herbert.
 Civil libertarians are people who believe in the preservation of civil liberties, such as free speech. However civil libertarians do not necessarily support economical freedom.
An auction is a method by which goods or services can be sold and bought. In an auction, the price of an item is not fixed in advance. People wanting to buy the item say how much they are willing to pay for it. This is called their bid. In each round, the bids are evaluated. If certain criteria are met, the auction is stopped and one bidder will buy the item at the specified price. Alternatively, the auction can continue for another round. If certain conditions are met, the auction will stop, and the item will not be sold. There are different kinds of auctions, with different rules.

Auctions usually happen within a given timeframe. When the time expires, the bid that best matches will win, or the item will not be sold.

There are companies that specialize in doing auctions. These companies will charge fees for doing the auction; they may also get a commission that depends on the price the item is sold at.
Most common kinds of auction 
The most common kinds of auction are:
 English auction: the highest bidder wins. The auction starts at the lowest price the seller is willing to sell at, and the price goes up as long as someone is willing to pay a higher price.
 A Dutch auction goes the other way round: The auction starts at a high price, and goes down until someone is willing to buy. Before the auction, the seller sets the lowest price they'll sell the item for, and if the auction reaches that price without anyone buying, the auction is stopped without selling the item.
 Sealed first-bid auction: All the bids are submitted at the same time, without any of the bidders knowing each other's bids. The bidder with the highest bid wins.
 Vickrey auction (or sealed-bid second-price auction) : This kind of auction works the same as the sealed first-bid auction, but the bidder only pays the second-highest price. This kind of auction is very important in economic theory, but isn't used as much in real life.
The mechanisms why auctions work 
Auctions work because of information asymmetry: The seller wants to sell at the highest possible price, and the buyers want to pay as little as possible.But the seller does not know the prices the buyers are willing to pay: Setting a price that is too hight means that there will be no sale, setting a price that is too low means that there will be less profit. Each buyer knows how much he is willing to pay, but does not know the price the other buyers are willing to pay. So buyers influence each other. The theory that models these phenomena is called auction theory. It is based on game theory and microeconomics.

Commerce
Hong Kong (; ,  , literally "Fragrant Port"), officially The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of The People's Republic of China, is one of two Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of the People's Republic of China (the other is Macau). It is one of the richest and most highly developed parts in the world, and one where the cost of living is one of the highest. Hong Kong grew quickly in the decades after World War II, becoming a famous world-class financial centre. Hong Kong was one of the last territories of the British Empire until 1997, when United Kingdom handed it over to China. China then promised to grant it special status for 50 years.

The population of Hong Kong is over seven million. The economy has rapidly grown from a trading port to a very rich city. Hong Kong has the most skyscrapers in the world.

Hong Kong is divided into 3 main parts:
 Hong Kong Island
 Kowloon
 New Territories (including 235 outlying islands)
Hong Kong was a British colony from 1842 to 1997 as China surrendered the city after losing the Second Opium War. After the handover in 1997, Hong Kong became under Chinese control under special status.

Hong Kong has its own constitution that is different from that of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Climate 
Hong Kong is in a sub-tropical area, and has monsoon winds. It is cool and wet in winter (January-March), hot and rainy from spring through summer (April-September), and warm, sunny and dry in the autumn (October-December). The rainy season is from May until September. In summer and early autumn, there is a frequent threat of typhoons.

Population and language 
The population of Hong Kong reached 7 million (7,413,070) in 2021. Most of the people in Hong Kong are Chinese. Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. It has an overall population density of 6,300 people per square kilometre.
Hong Kong has one of the world’s lowest birth rates — 1.05 per woman at an age of being capable to give birth as of 2019. This is far below the rate needed to replace each person, 2.1.

People from Hong Kong mainly speak Cantonese. Students are required to learn English at school. Ever since Hong Kong became a part of China, the number of people who speak Mandarin has increased because Mandarin is the official language of China.

Public holidays 
In Hong Kong, 17 days of the year are public holidays:
 1 January - New Year's Day, the beginning of the year
 Chinese New Year (3 public holidays)
 Ching Ming Festival, also known as "Tomb Sweeping Day"
 Easter (3 public holidays)
 1 May - Labour Day
 The Buddha's birthday
 Dragon Boat Festival
 1 July - Hong Kong SAR Establishment Day
 The day after Mid-Autumn Festival
 1 Oct - Chinese National Day
 Chung Yeung Festival - a day when people honour their ancestors, similar to "Tomb Sweeping Day"
 25 December - Christmas
 26 December - Boxing Day
Currency 
There are coins from 10 cents to 10 Hong Kong Dollars and bank-notes (paper money bills) from $10 to $1000. One American dollar equals to  HK$7.80±0.05 Hong Kong Dollars, according to the official pegged exchange rate.
Public transport 
 Mass Transit Railway (MTR) which was established in 1979, owns seven lines (10 lines after KCR merger),
 Kwun Tong Line (running between Whampoa and Tiu Keng Leng)
 Tsuen Wan Line (running between Tsuen Wan and Central)
 Island Line (running between Kennedy Town and Chai Wan)
 South Island Line (running between Admiralty and South Horizons)
 Tseung Kwan O Line (running between North Point and Po Lam/LOHAS Park)
 Tung Chung Line (running between Tung Chung and Hong Kong)
 Airport Express (running between AsiaWorld-Expo and Hong Kong)
 Disneyland Resort Line (running between Sunny Bay and Disneyland Resort)
 East Rail Line (running between  Lo Wu/Lok Ma Chau and Admiralty)
 Tuen Ma Line (running between Tuen Mun and Wu Kai Sha)
Bus: there are four major bus companies in Hong Kong, namely KMB which mainly serves Kowloon and New Territories,  New World First Bus, which mainly serves Hong Kong Island, New Lantau Bus, which mainly serves Lantau Island, and Citybus, which mainly serves airport routes.
 Public Light Bus: in the 1960s, it was an illegal transportation, but later on, the government noticed that if there were only buses in Hong Kong, then some villages in N.T. will not have a public transport. Therefore, the Legislative Council made it legal and under government regulation.
 Tram (running between Kennedy Town, Happy Valley, and Shau Kei Wan)
 Peak Tram (running between Garden Road and Victoria Peak)
 Taxi [Red (Kowloon and Hong Kong Island), Green (New Territories), and Blue (Lantau Island)]
 Ferry (Lots of different companies, including the Star Ferry, First Ferry and Fortune Ferry)
 Hong Kong International Airport is the main airport. It is the busiest airport in the world in terms of cargo traffic.
Education
Hong Kong's education system is mostly based on the English system. Children are required to be in school from age 6 until completing secondary school (high school) at age 18.

Universities
Hong Kong has 11 Universities:
University of Hong Kong
Chinese University of Hong Kong 
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

Hong Kong Polytechnic University
City University of Hong Kong
Hong Kong Baptist University
Education University of Hong Kong
Lingnan University
Hong Kong Metropolitan University
Hong Kong Shue Yan University
Hang Seng University of Hong Kong

Housing in Hong Kong
According to the International Housing Affordability survey, Hong Kong has the most unaffordable housing market in the world since 2010.

Timeline of Hong Kong 
Here is a brief history of Hong Kong:
Around 4000 BC
 Sea levels rose above 100 meters
Around 3500 BC
 Ceramic forms decorated with a wide range of patterns
Around 2000 BC
 Bronze weapons, knives, arrowheads & tools.
 Metal worked locally
Around 500 BC
 Ancient Chinese writing developed
221 BC
 People from Mainland China came to Hong Kong
220 BC
 Coins from the Chinese Han period were used in Hong Kong
1555
 A Portuguese named Jorge Álvares was the first European to reach Hong Kong
1799
 China banned the drug trade in Hong Kong
1800
 Opium became a huge business
1839
 Lin Zexu was appointed Special Commissioner
 The First Opium war began
1841
 Hong Kong was given to the British and became a dependent territory of United Kingdom
 Lord Palmerston wrote that Hong Kong was a barren island with only a few houses on it
 January 26, 1841
 The British flag was raised at Possession Point, on Hong Kong Island
August 1841
 Sir Henry Pottinger became Hong Kong's first governor
 The Treaty of Nanjing was signed, ending the First Opium War
1860
 China was defeated in the Second Opium War. Boundary Street and Stonecutter's Island were leased to Britain
1888
 The Peak Tram started operating on Hong Kong Island
1898
 Lantau Island and the New Territories were leased to the British for 99 years
1900s
 Hong Kong became a refuge for exiles from China
1920s-1930s
 Western dress began to come in fashion for the locals
1933-1934
 Father Daniel Finn began excavations on Lamma Island
1941
 Refugees fleeing the Chinese Communist Party came to Hong Kong
December 8, 1941
 The Empire of Japan invaded Hong Kong
December 25, 1941
 The British authorities surrendered Hong Kong to the Japanese Army
August 1945
 Britain reclaimed its territory after Japan's surrender
1949
 Double-decker buses were introduced to Hong Kong
1950
 Hong Kong became a free port
1953
 The Shek Kip Mei Estate was built, establishing the program of public housing
1955
 A Han period tomb was discovered near Lei Cheng Uk
1983
 The Hong Kong dollar was tied to the US dollar
1984
 China and Britain signed the Sino-British Joint Declaration
1990
 The Hong Kong Basic Law was confirmed
1997
 Asia's financial crisis
 Archaeologists discovered 20 graves on the island of Ma Wa
 Tung Chee Wa elected as the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong. Voting was conducted by 400 committees of an electoral college whose members are appointed by the Chinese Government.
July 1, 1997
 Hong Kong became a Special Administrative Region of China for 50 years
1998
 Hong Kong International Airport opened, replacing Kai Tak Airport in Kowloon
June 2002
 Tung Chee Hwa was elected as Chief Executive for a second term.
2003
 Citizens wanted a more democratic and republican system
 The SARS epidemic began
March 10, 2005
 Tung Chee Hwa resigned as chief executive because of health problems.

June 16, 2005

 Donald Tsang Yam-kuen was elected unopposed as Chief Executive.

March 2012
Leung Chun Ying was elected as Chief Executive.
2014
 People occupied the Central region to demand universal suffrage for the next chief executive election, to take place in 2017.
2015
 The government voted against the universal suffrage demanded by the people.
2016
 There were more protests in Mong Kok because the government voted against universal suffrage. Police had to use pepper spray and Tear gas on the protesters to get them to leave.
2019
 Protestors in Hong Kong demonstrated against a new extradition law proposed by the central government of China.It was the largest protest in Hong Kong's history. This law would allow China to extradite people living or visiting Hong Kong. People opposed this because of the poor reputation of China due to allegations of torture, forced confessions and arbitrary detentions. The bill would just bring Hong Kong closer under China's control, even though Hong Kong have their own judicial system.
2020
2020
 The Hong Kong National Security Law is created. This law will give Beijing, more power to control Hong Kong. Beijing also put a security office in Hong Kong. The law was created at 11 P.M. on 30 June 2020, Hong Kong Time.
Media 
Hong Kong has a few media companies, notably Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB), HK Television Entertainment (HKTVE),  and Fantastic Television. Access to television is not affected by Chinese regulations, such as the Great Firewall, which filters and blocks certain programs.

Places in Hong Kong 
 Hong Kong Disneyland
 Victoria Peak
 Victoria Park
 Ocean Park
 Man Mo Temple
 Repulse Bay
 Hong Kong Park
 Yuen Po Street Bird Garden
 Hong Kong Museum of History
 Hong Kong Space Museum
 Hong Kong Museum of Science & Technology
 Wong Tai Sin Temple
 Fung Ying Sin Koon
 Kowloon Walled City
 Kowloon Mosque and Islamic Centre
 Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong
 Sham Tung Uk
 Po Lin Monastery and the Big Buddha on Lantau Island (currently the largest bronze Buddha in world)
 Cheung Chau (Long Island)
 Chek Lap Kok
 Clock Tower, Hong Kong

Notes

References

Other websites
Blitzkrieg is a German word, which means "lightning war" and refers to the high speed of a lightning bolt.

In blitzkrieg, the attacking motorized infantry armies move quickly, and are helped by tanks and aircraft. Slower-moving enemy units are overrun or surrounded and are often captured with little fighting. The slower units often become disorganized and are not yet ready to fight when they are captured.

The strategy of was developed in the 1930s, but the Wehrmacht seldom called it blitzkrieg.

This method worked well early in World War II during the invasions of Poland and France. It was mostly successful in Operation Barbarossa. Later in the war, the Allies learned to defeat German blitzkrieg attacks by defence in depth and by attacking the flanks of the attackers with reserve forces.
The Blitz refers to the German bombing of Britain, particularly London, during World War II, which destroyed over a million homes and killed over 40,000 people. It was supposed to quickly destroy industry and morale to make the British pressure the government to end the war. The Blitz was in response to the British bombing of German cities by the Royal Air Force. The Blitz began in September 1940 and continued until May 1941.

References

Military of Germany
World War II
A tank is an armored fighting vehicle, typically armed with a large cannon mounted on a turret and a few machine guns.

A tank is covered in thick armour to protect it from enemy weapons. Tanks have tracks that wrap around its wheels to spread out its weight and let it cross rough terrain. Most tanks have a powerful gun and one or more machine guns. 

A tank normally has 3-5 crew members with at least a driver, commander and gunner.  There may also be a loader, who handles the ammunition for the main gun (so the gunner doesn't have to take eyes off the target).  Some WWII tanks also had a separate soldier responsible for the radio.  Since then, tank crews have evolved to have each person do one of these things, but in their early stages, the commander was often the loader and radio operator, and in a few tanks was also the driver.

Using
Using 

The first tanks were made by the British Royal Navy and French car manufacturers during World War I as a way of attacking enemy trenches. They were called tanks to trick the Germans into thinking they were water carriers for the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. Their use in a surprise attack in the Battle of the Somme caused fear among the German soldiers but their small numbers and poor reliability prevented them from making much difference.
Tanks became a main weapon during World War II, when the German Army introduced a way of using them called Blitzkrieg.  Battles between great numbers of tanks were fought, especially between the Germans and the Soviet Union. The Battle of Kursk was the biggest. Well-known World War II tanks were the German Panzer IV, Panther and Tiger I, Soviet T-34 (made in the largest numbers of any tank of the war and second most ever), the British Matilda, Churchill and Cromwell, and the American M4 sherman (second most produced tank of the war) and Stuart tanks.  There were plans for much larger and more heavily armoured tanks such as the Maus but they were determined to be of little use.  Their huge weight would have made moving them very difficult, and their huge size would have made them easy targets for heavy artillery.

Old tanks are often modified for other uses like carrying soldiers or equipment. Combat engineers use special tank-based vehicles, for example minesweeper tanks or bridge-layer tanks.