Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
1901  2000 
 1901 - The Australian Labor Party is founded.
 1902 – The Volcano Mt. Pelée erupts on the Caribbean Island of Martinique, killing 30,000 people.
 1912 – Paramount Pictures is founded.
 1919 - Edward George Honey proposes the idea of a Moment of Silence to commemorate the World War I Armistice on November 11.
 1927 - Attempting to make the first Transatlantic flight from Paris to New York City, Frenchmen Charles Nungesser and Francois Coli disappear after taking off aboard the White Bird airplane.
 1933 – Mahatma Gandhi begins a 21-day fast against British colonial oppression.
 1941 - World War II: The German Luftwaffe launches a bombing raid on Nottingham and Derby.
 1942 – World War II: In the Battle of the Coral Sea, a Japanese Navy aircraft attacks the ship USS Lexington.
 1945 – End of World War II in Europe; this day is known as VE Day for "Victory in Europe".
 1945 – Thousands of Algerian civilians are massacred by French colonial troops.
 1945 – End of Prague uprising.
1963 - South Vietnamese soldiers of Catholic President Ngo Dinh Diem open fire on Buddhists who were defying a ban on the Buddhist flag, killing 9.
 1967 - The Philippines province of Davao is spilt into three, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, and Davao Oriental.
 1969 – The movie Easy Rider, starring Dennis Hopper, has its premiere in Cannes, France.
 1970 – The last Beatles album, Let it Be, is released.
 1973 – Members of the American Indian Movement leave the Pine Ridge Reservation at Wounded Knee, after a 71-day protest.
 1976 - The rollercoaster "Revolution", the first steel coaster with a vertical loop, opens at Six Flags Magic Mountain.
 1978 – Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler reach the top of Mt. Everest without Oxygen supplies, becoming the first people to do so.
 1980 – The WHO announces the eradication of Smallpox.
 1984 – The Soviet Union decides to boycott the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
 1984 – The Thames Barrier officially opens.
1988 - Francois Mitterrand is elected to a second term as President of France.
 1993 - Lennox Lewis wins his Heavyweight Boxing fight against Tony Tucker in Las Vegas.
 1995 – The 50th anniversary of VE Day is marked.
 1997 – A China Southeast Airlines Boeing 737 crashes at Shenzhen Bao'an Airport, killing 35 people.
From 2001 
 2003 - A train is sliced in two in a collision with a tourist bus in Siofok, Hungary, killing 30 German bus passengers and the driver.
 2007 – A new power-sharing deal takes effect in Northern Ireland. Ian Paisley becomes First Minister and Martin McGuinness becomes his Deputy.
 2007 - Archaeologists in Israel announce that they have discovered the grave of Herod the Great.
 2008 – Silvio Berlusconi becomes Prime Minister of Italy for a third time.
 2010 – Laura Chinchilla becomes President of Costa Rica.
 2013 - Manchester United football manager Alex Ferguson announces his upcoming retirement, which takes effect on May 19. He had been in charge of the team for over  years, making him one of the game's longest-serving managers. David Moyes replaces him, but is already sacked on April 22, 2014.
 2014 - The African National Congress wins elections in South Africa, allowing Jacob Zuma to serve a second full term as President.
2015 - 2015 Pakistan Army Mil Mi-17 crash: A helicopter carrying foreign diplomats crashes near Gilgit in the far north of Pakistan. The Norwegian and Filipino Ambassadors are among those killed in the accident.
 2015 - United Kingdom general election, 2015: As David Cameron starts his second term as Prime Minister, and the Scottish National Party adds 50 more MPs, three party leaders resign - Ed Miliband (Labour Party), Nick Clegg (Liberal Democrats) and Nigel Farage (UKIP). Farage later decides to stay on as UKIP leader.
 2018 - President Donald Trump decides to withdraw the United States from the Iran nuclear agreement.
 2019 - The African National Congress wins the most votes in the elections held in South Africa, but with a reduced number of votes.
Up to 1900 
 1326 – Joanna I of Auvergne, Queen of France (d. 1360)
 1460 - Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (d. 1536)
 1521 – Petrus Canisius, Dutch Jesuit (d. 1597)
 1587 – Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (d. 1637)
 1629 - Niels Juel, Danish admiral (d. 1697)
 1639 - Giovanni Battista Gaulli, Italian painter (d. 1709)
 1653 - Claude Louis Hector de Villars, French general (d. 1734)
 1668 - Alain-René Lesage, French writer and playwright (d. 1747)
 1720 – William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1764)
 1735 – Nathaniel Dance-Holland, English painter (d. 1811)
 1737 – Edward Gibbon, British historian (d. 1794)
 1738 – Mikhail Kamensky, Russian general (d. 1809)
 1744 - Nikolay Novikov, Russian writer (d. 1818)
 1753 – Miguel Hidalgo, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1811)
 1781 – Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmela, Portuguese politician (d. 1850)
 1786 – John Vianney, French priest and saint (d. 1859)
1818 - Samuel Leonard Tilley, Canadian politician, 3rd Premier of New Brunswick (d. 1896)
 1821 – William Henry Vanderbilt, American businessman (d. 1885)
 1824 - William Walker, American physician, lawyer, journalist and mercenary (d. 1860)
 1828 – Henry Dunant, Swiss co-founder of the Red Cross, co-winner of first Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1910)
 1828 - Charbel Makhluf, Lebanese monk and saint (d. 1898)
 1847 – Oscar Hammerstein I, American theatre producer and impresario (d. 1919)
 1856 – Pedro Lascuráin, Mexican politician, shortest-serving President (d. 1952)
 1859 – Johan Jensen, Danish mathematician (d. 1925)
 1867 - Albert, 8th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (d. 1952)
 1874 - E. W. Marland, Governor of Oklahoma (d. 1941)
 1884 – Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States (d. 1972)
 1889 – Song Jin-woo, Korean politician, educationist and journalist (d. 1945)
 1889 - Louis Van Hege, Belgian footballer (d. 1975)
 1895 – James H. Kindelberger, American aviation executive (d. 1962)
1895 – Fulton J. Sheen, American bishop (d. 1979)
 1895 – Edmund Wilson, American writer (d. 1972)
 1895 – Joselito, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1920)
 1898 - Aloysius Stepinac, Croatian cardinal (d. 1960)
 1899 – Friedrich Hayek, Austrian economist (d. 1992)
1901  1925 
 1902 – André Michel Lwoff, French microbiologist (d. 1994)
 1903 – Fernandel, French comedy actor and singer (d. 1971)
 1904 – John Snagge, British radio personality (d. 1996)
 1905 – Red Nichols, American musician (d. 1965)
 1906 – Roberto Rossellini, Italian movie director (d. 1977)
 1909 – Count Lennart Bernadotte, Swedish royal (d. 2004)
 1910 – Mary Lou Williams, American singer (d. 1981)
 1911 – Robert Johnson, American blues musician (d. 1938)
 1913 - Bob Clampett, American animator, producer and director (d. 1984)
 1913 - Sid James, English actor (d. 1976)
 1914 – Romain Gary, Polish writer (d. 1980)
 1916 – Chinmayananda Saraswati, Indian spiritualist (d. 1993)
 1916 – Joao Havelange, Brazilian sports official (d. 2016)
 1917 - John Anderson, Jr., American politician, 36th Governor of Kansas (d. 2014)
 1919 - Lex Barker, American actor (d. 1973)
 1920 – Saul Bass, American graphic designer and movie maker (d. 1996)
 1920 – Tom of Finland, Finnish fetish artist (d. 1991)
1923 - Cheikha Rimitti, Algerian singer (d. 2006)
 1924 - Tapan Raychaudhuri, Indian historian (d. 2014)
 1925 – Ali Hassan Mwinyi, former President of Tanzania
1926  1950 
 1926 – David Attenborough, British naturalist, TV presenter and writer
 1926 – Don Rickles, American actor (d. 2017)
 1927 - Laszlo Paskai, Hungarian cardinal (d. 2015)
 1928 – Manfred Gerlach, East German politician (d. 2011)
 1928 - Ted Sorensen, American lawyer and 8th White House counsel (d. 2010)
 1929 - Girija Devi, Indian singer (d. 2017)
 1929 - Miyoshi Umeki, Japanese actress (d. 2007)
 1930 - Doug Atkins, American baseball player (d. 2015)
 1930 - Heather Harper, Irish-English soprano (d. 2019)
 1930 - Gary Snyder, American poet
 1932 – Phyllida Law, Scottish actress
 1932 – Sonny Liston, American boxer (d. 1970)
 1935 – Jack Charlton, English footballer
 1935 – Princess Elisabeth of Denmark (d. 2018)
 1936 – Kazuo Koike, Japanese manga artist
 1937 – Thomas Pynchon, American writer
 1938 – Jean Giraud, French comic book artist and production designer (d. 2012)
 1939 - Paul Drayton, American sprinter (d. 2010)
 1940 – Peter Benchley, American writer (d. 2006)
1940 – Ricky Nelson, American singer and actor (d. 1985)
 1940 - Irwin Cotler, Canadian politician
 1940 - Toni Tennille, American singer (Captain & Tennille)
 1941 - James Traficant, American politician (d. 2014)
 1942 - Norman Lamont, British politician
 1943 - Pat Barker, British writer
 1944 – Bill Legend, British musician
 1944 – Gary Glitter, British musician
 1945 – Keith Jarrett, American musician
 1945 - Mike German, Baron German, Welsh politician
 1946 – Jonathan Dancy, British philosopher
 1947 – John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan, British politician
 1947 – H. Robert Horvitz, American biologist
 1947 – Felicity Lott, British singer
 1947 - Aram I, Armenian church leader
 1948 – Norbert Nigbur, German footballer
 1949 – Mohammed bin Hammam, Qatari FIFA official
1951  1975 
 1951 – Philip Bailey, American musician (Earth, Wind & Fire)
 1951 – Chris Frantz, rock musician
 1952 – Charles Camarda, American astronaut
 1953 – Alex Van Halen, Dutch-American musician
 1953 – Billy Burnette, American singer-songwriter
 1954 – Pam Arciero, American voice actress
 1954 – John Michael Talbot, American monk, singer and musician
 1954 - Clive Wood, English actor
 1955 – Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister and President of Ethiopia (d. 2012)
 1955 – Asgeir Sigurvinsson, Icelandic footballer
 1956 - David Provan, Scottish footballer
 1957 – Marie Myriam, French singer
 1958 – Roddy Doyle, Irish writer
 1958 – Kevin McCloud, English writer, designer and television presenter
 1958 – Lovie Smith, American football coach
 1958 – Simone Kleinsma, Dutch musical theatre actress
 1958 – Brooks Newmark, American-English politician
 1959 – Ronnie Lott, American football player
 1959 – David Pearce, British professional boxer (d. 2000)
 1960 – Franco Baresi, Italian footballer
1961 – Akira Taue, Japanese professional wrestler
 1961 – Bill de Blasio, Mayor of New York City
 1961 – Andrea Pollack, German swimmer (d. 2019)
 1962 – David Sole, Scottish rugby player
 1962 – Natalia Molchanova, Russian diver (d. 2015)
 1963 – Michel Gondry, French director and screenwriter
 1963 – Aleksandr Kovalenko, Soviet triple jumper
 1963 - Anthony Field, Australian musician (The Wiggles)
 1964 – Dave Rowntree, British musician (Blur)
 1964 – Melissa Gilbert, American actress
 1965 – Mario Frick, Liechtenstein politician
 1967 – Viviana Durante, Italian ballet dancer
 1968 – Chris Lighty, American music executive and talent agent (d. 2012)
 1968 – Nathalie Normandeau, Canadian politician
 1969 – Akebono Taro, American sumo wrestler
 1970 – Luis Enrique Martínez García, Spanish footballer
 1970 – Naomi Klein, Canadian writer and activist
 1971 – Shaolin, Brazilian cartoonist, comedian and presenter (d. 2016)
 1972 – Darren Hayes, Australian singer
 1973 – Hiromu Arakawa, Japanese manga artist
1973 – Jesús Arellano, Mexican footballer
 1973 – Marcus Brigstocke, English comedian
 1974 – Korey Stringer, American football player (d. 2001)
 1975 – Enrique Iglesias, Spanish singer
From 1976 
 1976 – Martha Wainwright, Canadian singer-songwriter
 1976 - Ian "H" Watkins, Welsh singer and actor
 1977 - Joe Bonamassa, American musician
 1977 – Bad News Brown, Canadian rapper (d. 2011)
 1978 – Matthew Davis, American actor
 1978 – Lúcio, Brazilian footballer
 1979 - Gennaro Sardo, Italian footballer
 1980 - Evgeny Lebedev, Russian businessman and newspaper owner
 1980 – Michelle McManus, Scottish singer
 1981 - Stephen Amell, Canadian actor
 1981 – Andrea Barzagli, Italian footballer
 1982 – Buakaw Banchamek, Thai Muay-Thai boxer
 1982 – Adrian Gonzalez, American baseball player
 1983 - Elyes Gabel, English actor
 1983 - Vicky McClure, English actress
 1983 – Matt Willis, English singer (Busted)
 1984 - Julia Whelan, American actress
 1985 – Sarah Vaillancourt, Canadian ice hockey player
 1986 - Galen Rupp, American long-distance runner
 1987 - Aneurin Barnard, Welsh actor
 1987 – Isabel Lestapier Winqvist, Miss Sweden winner
 1987 - Mark Noble, English footballer
1987 - Felix Jones, American football player
 1988 - Maicon Pereira de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer (d. 2014)
 1989 - Liam Bridcutt, English-Scottish footballer
 1989 - Nora Arnezeder, French actress
 1989 - Benoit Paire, French tennis player
 1990 - Kemba Walker, American basketball player
 1992 - Ana Mulvoy-Ten, English-Spanish actress
 1995 - Park Jung-hwa, South Korean singer and actress
 2003 - Moulay Hassan, Crown Prince of Morocco
Up to 1900 
 535 – Pope John II
 685 – Pope Benedict II
 840 – Emperor Junna of Japan (b. 786)
 1192 – Duke Ottokar IV of Syria (b. 1163)
 1278 – Emperor Duanzongof China (b. 1268)
 1319 – Haakon V of Norway (b. 1270)
 1782 – Marques de Pombal, Portuguese politician (b. 1699)
 1785 - Pietro Longhi, Venetian painter (b. 1701)
 1785 - Etienne François duc de Choiseul, French general and politician (b. 1719)
 1788 - Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian physician and naturalist (b. 1723)
 1794 – Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (executed) (b. 1743)
 1819 – Kamehameha I, King of Hawai'i (b. c. 1758)
 1828 – Mauro Giuliani, Italian composer (b. 1781)
 1837 - Alexander Balashov, Russian general and statesman (b. 1770)
 1842 – Jules Dumont d'Urville, French explorer (b. 1790)
 1853 - Jan Roothaan, Dutch priest (b. 1785)
 1873 – John Stuart Mill, English philosopher (b. 1806)
 1880 – Gustave Flaubert, French novelist (b. 1821)
 1884 - Judah P. Benjamin, American politician (b. 1811)
1887 - Lorenzo Batlle, President of Uruguay (b. 1810)
 1891 – Helena Blavatsky, Russian-born writer (b. 1831)
1901  2000 
 1903 – Paul Gauguin, French painter (b. 1846)
 1904 – Eadweard Muybridge, British photographer (b. 1830)
 1907 - Edmund G. Ross, Territorial Governor of New Mexico (b. 1826)
 1936 – Oswald Spengler, German historian and philosopher (b. 1880)
 1941 - Natalie of Serbia (b. 1859)
 1941 - Tore Svennberg, Swedish actor and director (b. 1858)
 1943 - Mordechai Anielewicz, Polish Resistance activist (b. 1919)
 1944 - Ethel Smyth, English composer, conductor and writer (b. 1858)
 1945 – Bernhard Rust, Nazi education minister (b. 1883)
 1945 – Josef Terboven, Nazi Reichskommissar in Norway (b. 1898)
 1945 - Paul Giesler, German politician, Prime minister of Bavaria (b. 1895)
 1947 – Harry Gordon Selfridge, department store founder (b. 1858)
 1948 – U Saw, Burmese politician (b. 1900)
 1950 - Vital Brazil, Brazilian physician and immunologist (b. 1865)
 1952 – William Fox, Austro-Hungarian-born American movie producer (b. 1879)
 1960 – J. H. C. Whitehead, British mathematician (b. 1904)
1965 - Wally Hardinge, English cricketer and footballer (b. 1886)
 1967 - LaVerne Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (b. 1911)
 1971 - Lars Pettersson, Swedish ice hockey player (b. 1925)
 1975 – Avery Brundage, President of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1887)
 1982 – Gilles Villeneuve, Canadian race car driver (b. 1950)
 1985 – Theodore Sturgeon, American science fiction writer (b. 1918)
 1988 – Robert A. Heinlein, American science fiction writer (b. 1907)
 1990 - Luigi Nono, Italian composer (b. 1924)
 1991 – Jean Langlais, French composer and pianist (b. 1907)
 1991 – Rudolf Serkin, Austrian pianist (b. 1903)
 1993 – Avram Davidson, American science fiction writer (b. 1923)
 1994 – George Peppard, American actor (b. 1928)
 1996 – Dominguin, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1926)
 1998 – Jennings Randolph, American politician (b. 1902)
 1999 – Dirk Bogarde, British actor (b. 1921)
 1999 – Dana Plato, American actress (b. 1964)
From 2001 
 2008 - Eddy Arnold, American singer (b. 1918)
 2008 - Luigi Malerba, Italian writer (b. 1927)
 2008 – François Sterchele, Belgian footballer (b. 1982)
 2009 – Dom DiMaggio, American baseball player (b. 1917)
 2010 – Andor Lilienthal, Hungarian chess player (b. 1911)
 2011 – Lionel Rose, Australian boxer (b. 1948)
 2011 – Cornell Dupree, American musician (b. 1942)
 2012 – Maurice Sendak, American writer (b. 1928)
 2012 – Roman Totenberg, Polish-American violinist (b. 1911)
 2012 - Nicholas Katzenbach, former United States Attorney General (b. 1922)
 2013 - Jeanne Cooper, American actress (b. 1928)
 2013 - Dallas Willard, American philosopher (b. 1935)
 2013 - Bryan Forbes, British movie director, screenwriter and producer (b. 1926)
 2013 - Taylor Mead, American actor (b. 1924)
 2014 - Yago Lamela, Spanish athlete (b. 1977)
 2014 - Joseph P. Teasdale, 48th Governor of Missouri (b. 1936)
 2014 - Jair Rodrigues, Brazilian musician and singer (b. 1939)
2014 - Mercedes Salisachs, Spanish writer (b. 1917)
 2014 - Nancy Malone, American producer, director and actress (b. 1935)
 2015 - Deaths in the 2015 Pakistan Army Mil Mi-17 crash:
 Domingo Lucenario, Jr., Ambassador of the Philippines to Pakistan (b. 1960)
 Leif Holger Larsen, Ambassador of Norway to Pakistan (b. 1954)
 2015 - Phil Skoglund, New Zealand lawn bowls player (b. 1937)
 2015 - Zeki Alasya, Turkish actor and director (b. 1943)
 2015 - Atanas Semerdzhiev, Vice President of Bulgaria (b. 1924)
 2015 - Menashe Kadishman, Israeli artist (b. 1932)
 2015 - Martin Nag, Norwegian writer (b. 1926)
 2016 - Philippe Beaussant, French writer and musicologist (b. 1930)
 2016 - Tonita Castro, American actress (b. 1953)
 2016 - Ken Gorgal, American football player (b. 1929)
 2016 - Nick Lashaway, American actor (b. 1988)
 2016 - Elisa Mainardi, Italian actress (b. 1927)
 2016 - William Schallert, American actor (b. 1922)
 2016 - John Bradshaw, American self-help writer (b. 1933)
2016 - John Young, American baseball player (b. 1949)
 2017 - Allan H. Meltzer, American economist (b. 1928)
 2017 - Lou Richards, Australian footballer (b. 1923)
 2017 - Cécile DeWitt-Morette, French mathematician and physicist (b. 1922)
 2017 - Curt Lowens, German-born American actor (b. 1925)
 2017 - Lawson Soulsby, Baron Soulsby of Swaffham Prior, British microbiologist and life peer (b. 1926)
 2017 - Juan Carlos Tedesco, Argentine politician (b. 1944)
 2017 - Mary Tsoni, Greek actress (b. 1987)
 2018 - Anne V. Coates, British film editor (b. 1925)
 2018 - George Deukmejian, American politician, former Governor of California (b. 1928)
 2018 - Lara Saint Paul, Italian-Eritrean singer (b. 1945)
 2018 - Big Bully Busick, American professional wrestler (b. 1954)
 2019 - Jens Beutel, German politician (b. 1946)
 2019 - Sprent Dabwido, President of Nauru (b. 1972)
 2019 - Yevgeny Krylatov, Russian composer (b. 1934)
 2019 - David Montgomery, American baseball player (b. 1946)
Observances 
 Victory in Europe Day, marking the end of World War II in Europe in 1945.
 International Red Cross and Red Crescent Day, birthday of Henry Dunant, co-founder of the International Red Cross.
 Parents' Day (South Korea).
 Truman Day (Missouri).
 Miguel Hidalgo's birthday (Mexico).

May 08
Up to 1900 
285  Diocletian appoints Maximian as his Roman co-ruler.
306  Constantine I is elected Emperor by his troops.
315  The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome.
864  The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings 
1261  The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.
1278  The Battle of Algeciras results in a victory for the Emirate of Granada.
1467  Battle of Molinella: First battle in Italy in which guns are used extensively.
1536  Sebastian de Belalcazar founds the city of Santiago de Cali in Colombia in his search for El Dorado.
1538  The city of Guayaquil in present-day Ecuador is founded.
1547  King Henry II of France is crowned.
1554  Mary I of England marries Philip II of Spain.
1567  Caracas is founded.
1593  Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.
1603  James VI of Scotland is crowned joint king of Scotland and England.
1668  The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake causes 43,000 to 50,000 deaths in Shandong during the Qing Dynasty, making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China.
1797  Horatio Nelson loses over 300 men  and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife.
1814  War of 1812: Battle of Lundy's Lane.
1824  Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua.
1868  Wyoming becomes a United States Territory.
1869  The daimyo begin returning their land holdings to the Emperor of Japan as part of the Meiji Restoration.
1893  The Corinth Canal in Greece is used for the first time.
1898  Spanish-American War: The US invades Puerto Rico.
1901  2000 
1909  Louis Blériot flies across the English Channel.
1917  Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada.
1920  France captures Damascus.
1925  The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.
1934  The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt.
1935  A flooding disaster in China kills around 200,000 people.
1940  World War II: General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.
1942  World War II: The Norwegian Manifesto calls for non-violent resistance against the Nazis.
1943  Benito Mussolini is removed from office by his own Italian Grand Council. He is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
1944  World War II: Operation Spring - Canada's military suffers its deadliest day of the war, as 500 soldiers are killed, with around 1,000 injured.
1951  The legacy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is protected under Turkish law.  
1952  Puerto Rico introduces a constitution.
1956  Near Nantucket Island, Italian Ocean liner Andrea Doria collides with the MS Stockholm in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51 people.
1957  Tunisia becomes a Republic, with Habib Bourguiba as President.
1961  John F. Kennedy says that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.
1965  Bob Dylan goes electric as he plugs in at the Newport Folk Festival.
1969  An earthquake in China kills around 3,000 people.
1973  Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched.
1976  The Viking 1 space probe takes the famous "Face on Mars" photograph.
1978  Louise Brown, the first test tube baby, is born in Oldham, England.
1984  Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to go on a space walk.
1992  The 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona begin.
1993  Saint James Church massacre in Kenilworth, Cape Town.
1994  Israel and Jordan end their state of war, which had existed since 1948.
1995  A gas bottle explodes at Saint Michel station of Line B on Paris' regional rail network, killing 8 people.
1996  In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.
1997  K. R. Narayanan becomes President of India.
1999  Lance Armstrong wins the first the seven consecutive Tour de France titles that have been struck from the record in 2012 following doping revelations.
2000  Air France Flight 4590, a concorde supersonic jet, crashes shortly after take-off near Paris, killing all 109 people on board, and 4 on the ground.
From 2001 
2002  A. P. J. Abdul Kalam becomes President of India.
2007  Pratibha Patil becomes the first female President of India.
2010  WikiLeaks releases 90,000 internal reports on the US involvement in the War in Afghanistan.
2012  Pranab Mukherjee becomes President of India.
2013  Tunisian opposition leader Mohamed Brahmi is shot dead, leading to many protests in the country.
2017  Ram Nath Kovind becomes President of India.
2018  A bomb attack occurs in the city of Quetta, Pakistan, killing 31 people, on the country's election day. Former cricketer Imran Khan's party declares victory in the vote.
2018  The discovery of a lake of liquid water under Mars' southern polar ice cap is announced.
2019  Beji Cad Essebsi, President of Tunisia, dies aged 92 while still in office; Mohamed Ennaceur becomes Interim President until elections can be held.
2019  Several Western European countries and cities record their hottest-ever temperatures.
2019  Over 150 people die when their boat sinks off Libya.

Births
Up to 1900 
975  Thietmar of Merseburg, bishop, historian and writer (d. 1018)
1016  Casimir I the Restorer, Duke of Poland (d. 1058)
1109  King Afonso I of Portugal (d. 1185)
1261  Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1312)
1336  Albert, Count of Holland (d. 1404)
1404  Philip I, Duke of Brabant (d. 1430)
1421  Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (d. 1461)
1562  Kato Kiyomasa, Japanese daimyo and samurai (d. 1611)
1654  Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (d. 1728)
1657  Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (d. 1714)
1658  Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll (d. 1703)
1683  Pieter Langendijk, Dutch dramatist and poet (d. 1756)
1704  August Gottlieb Spangenberg, theologian (d. 1792)
1711  Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German physician, mathematician and writer (d. 1778)
1746  Infanta Benedita of Portugal (d. 1829)
1750  Henry Knox, American general (d. 1806)
1753  Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires, 10th Spanish Viceroy of River Plate (d. 1810)
1775  Anna Harrison, shortest-serving First Lady of the United States (d. 1864)
1797  Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1889)
1799  David Douglas, botanist, plant collector, explorer (d. 1834)
1839  Francis Garnier, French captain and explorer (d. 1873)
1844  Thomas Eakins, artist (d. 1916)
1848  Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)
1848  Ottokar Kernstock, poet (d. 1928)
1860  Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught (d. 1917)
1867  Max Dauthendey, German writer (d. 1918)
1870  Maxfield Parrish, illustrator (d. 1966)
1876  Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium (d. 1965)
1878  Masaharu Anesaki, Japanese philosopher and specialist in religious studies (d. 1949)
1882  George S. Rentz, American captain (d. 1942)
1883  Alfredo Casella, Italian composer (d. 1947)
1884  Martin L. Davey, 53rd Governor of Ohio (d. 1946)
1884  Davidson Black, anthropologist (d. 1934)
1886  Bror von Blixen-Finecke, Swedish big-game hunter (d. 1946)
1886  Hans von Blixen-Finecke, Swedish horse rider (d. 1917)
1894  Walter Brennan, Academy Award-winning actor (d. 1974)
1894  Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (d. 1918)
1895  Yvonne Printemps, French actress and singer (d. 1977)
1896  Jack Perrin, American actor and stuntman (d. 1967)
1901  1950 
1902  Eric Hoffer, philosopher (d. 1983)
1905  Elias Canetti, Bulgarian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1994)
1905  Masazo Nonaka, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2019)
1906  Johnny Hodges, saxophonist (d. 1970)
1907  Karl Höller, composer (d. 1987)
1908  Bill Bowes, English cricketer (d. 1987)
1915  Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., older brother of John F. Kennedy (d. 1944)
1917  Fritz Honegger, Swiss politician (d. 1999)
1918  Nan Grey, American actress (d. 1993)
1920  Rosalind Franklin, British scientist (d. 1958)
1921  Paul Watzlawick, American psychologist (d. 2007)
1921  Adolph Herseth, American trumpeter (d. 2013)
1923  Maria Gripe, Swedish writer (d. 2007)
1923  Estelle Getty, American actress (d. 2008)
1924  Frank Church, American politician (d. 1984)
1925  Richard Kadison, American mathematician (d. 2018)
1926  Beatriz Segall, Brazilian actress (d. 2018)
1927  Jimmy Binning, Scottish footballer
1927  Daniel Ceccaldi, French actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2003)
1927  Sadiq Hussein Qureshi, Pakistani politician, 10th Governor of Punjab (d. 2000)
1929  Somnath Chatterjee, Indian politician (d. 2018)
1929  Eddie Mazur, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1995)
1929  Manuel Olivencia, Spanish lawyer and economist (d. 2018)
1930  Maureen Forrester, Canadian contralto (d. 2010)
1930  Herbert Scarf, American economist and academic (d. 2015)
1932  Paul J. Weitz, American astronaut (d. 2016)
1933  Jukka Virtanen, Finnish television presenter, film director, screenwriter and songwriter (d. 2019)
1934  Don Ellis, American trumpeter and composer (d. 1978)
1934  Claude Zidi, French director and screenwriter
1935  Barbara Harris, American actress (d. 2018)
1935  Adnan Khashoggi, Saudi businessman (d. 2017)
1935  Gilbert Parent, Canadian politician
1935  Lars Werner, Swedish politician (d. 2013)
1937  Colin Renfrew, archeology professor
1941  Marco Lucioni, Italian painter
1941  Raul Ruiz, Chilean movie director (d. 2011)
1941  Emmett Till, American teenager, murder victim (d. 1955)
1941  Nate Thurmond, American basketball player (d. 2016)
1941  Manny Charlton, Spanish-Scottish guitarist
1943  Erika Steinbach, German politician
1943  Jim McCarty, English singer and musician
1946  Nicole Farhi, French fashion designer and sculptor
1946  Rita Marley, Jamaican-Cuban singer
1947  Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, Argentine politician and former President
1948  Peggy Fleming, American figure skater
1951  1975 
1951  Verdine White, American bass player and producer (Earth, Wind & Fire)
1953  Robert Zoellick, former World Bank President
1954  Paul Hegarty, Scottish footballer and manager
1954  Jürgen Trittin, German politician
1954  Walter Payton, American football player (d. 1999)
1954  Sheena McDonald, Scottish broadcaster
1955  Iman Abdulmajid, Somali-born model
1957  Mark Hunter, English politician
1958  Thurston Moore, American musician (Sonic Youth)
1958  Alexei Filippenko, American astrophysicist
1959  Fyodor Cherenkov, Russian footballer (d. 2014)
1959  Anatoly Onoprienko, Ukrainian serial killer (d. 2013)
1960  Alain Robidoux, Canadian snooker player
1963  Denis Coderre, Canadian politician, 44th Mayor of Montreal
1963  Julian Hodgson, Welsh-English chess player
1964  Anne Applebaum, American writer and journalist
1964  Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, former President of Somalia
1965  Marty Brown, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1965  Ileana Douglas, American actress, director, screenwriter and producer
1967  Magdalena Forsberg, Swedish biathlete
1967  Matt LeBlanc, American actor
1967  Chuck Paugh, American record company owner
1969  Annastacia Palaszczuk, Australian politician, 39th Premier of Queensland
1970  Ernesto Alterio, Argentine-Spanish actor
1970  Eric Jacobson, American puppeteer
1973  Hu Jia, Chinese activist
1973  Dani Davey, American singer
1973  Kevin Phillips, English footballer
1975  Jean-Claude Darcheville, French footballer
1975  Jody Craddock, English footballer
From 1976 
1976  Tera Patrick, American pornographic actress
1977  Kenny Thomas, American basketball player
1978  Louise Brown, first baby conceived through IVF
1978  Gerard Warren, American football player
1979  Amy Adams, American singer, American Idol 3 contestant
1979  Ali Carter, English snooker player
1979  Ariane Hingst, German footballer
1979  Stefanie Hertel, German yodeler
1980  Cha Du-Ri, South Korean footballer
1981  Yuichi Komano, Japanese footballer
1982  Brad Renfro, American actor (d. 2008)
1983  Nenad Krstic, Serbian basketball player
1985  Nelson Piquet, Jr., Brazilian racing driver
1985  James Lafferty, American actor
1985  Hugo Rodallega, Colombian footballer
1986  Hulk, Brazilian footballer
1986  Barbara Meier, German model
1986  Robert Dietrich, German ice hockey player (d. 2011)
1987  Michael Welch, American actor
1988  Anthony Stokes, Irish footballer
1988  Paulinho, Brazilian footballer
1988  Heather Marks, Canadian model
1990  Wakaso Mubarak, Ghanaian footballer
1991  Toni Duggan, English footballer
2000  Preston Bailey, American actor
2000  Ellie Soutter, English snowboarder (d. 2018)
Up to 1900 
306  Constantius Chlorus, Roman Emperor (b. 250)
1034  Constance of Arles, Queen of France (b. 986)
1195  Herrad of Landsberg, German abbess and writer
1409  King Martin I of Sicily (b. 1374)
1471  Thomas a Kempis, choir master and mystic (b. 1380)
1492  Pope Innocent VIII (b. 1432)
1564  Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1503)
1572  Isaac Luria, Ottoman rabbi and mystic (b. 1534)
1608  Pomporio Nenna, Italian composer (b. 1556)
1790  Johann Bernhard Basedow, German theologian, writer and philanthropist (b. 1724)
1790  William Livingston, American politician, 1st Governor of New Jersey (b. 1723)
1794  André Chénier, Greek-French poet (b. 1762)
1794  Jean-Antoine Roucher, French poet (b. 1745)
1794  Friedrich von der Trenck, Prussian aristocrat and adventurer (b. 1726) 
1826  Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet and revolutionary (b. 1795)
1831  Maria Agati Szymanowska, Polish composer and pianist (b. 1789)
1834  Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet (b. 1772)
1843  Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor (b. 1766)
1846  Louis Bonaparte, King of the Netherlands (b. 1778)
1861  Jonas Furrer, Swiss politician (b. 1805)
1863  El Pipila, Mexican national hero (b. 1782)
1866  Floride Calhoun, 4th Second Lady of the United States (b. 1792)
1887  Henry Mayhew, English writer and journalist (b. 1812)
1899  Niklaus Riggenbach, Swiss engineer (b. 1817)
1901  2000 
1934  Engelbert Dollfuss, Chancellor of Austria (b. 1892)
1938  Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1853)
1942  Fred Englehart, American triple jumper (b. 1879)
1945  Malin Craig, American general (b. 1875)
1945  Kurt Gerstein, German military officer (b. 1905)
1962  Nelle Wilson Reagan, mother of Ronald Reagan (b. 1883)
1963  Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist (b. 1877)
1969  Otto Dix, German artist (b. 1891)
1973  Louis Stephen St. Laurent, Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1882)
1976  John C. Slater, American physicist and chemist (b. 1900)
1980  Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter (b. 1938)
1983  Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (b. 1916)
1984  Big Mama Thornton, American singer (b. 1926)
1986  Vincente Minnelli, American movie director (b. 1903)
1988  Judith Barsi, American child actress (b. 1978)
1991  Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician (b. 1893)
1992  Alfred Drake, American actor and singer (b. 1914)
1993  Nan Grey, American actress (b. 1918)
1995  Charlie Rich, American singer and musician (b. 1932)
1996  Howard Vernon, Swiss actor (b. 1914)
1997  Ben Hogan, American golfer (b. 1912)
2000  Rudi Fassnacht, German football manager (b. 1934)
From 2001 
2002  Abdur Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (b. 1917)
2002  Johannes Joachim Degenhardt, German cardinal (b. 1926)
2003  Erik Brann, American singer and guitarist (Iron Butterfly) (b. 1950)
2003  John Schlesinger, English-American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1926)
2005  Albert Mangelsdorff, German trombonist (b. 1928)
2007  Bernd Jakubowski, German footballer (b. 1952)
2008  Randy Pausch, American professor of Computer Science (b. 1960)
2009  Harry Patch, British supercentenarian and World War I veteran (b. 1898)
2011  Michael Cacoyannis, Cypriot movie director and producer (b. 1922)
2011  Jeret Peterson, American skier (b. 1981)
2013  Mohamed Brahmi, Tunisian political activist (b. 1955)
2013  Bernadette Lafont, French actress (b. 1938)
2013  Walter De Maria, American sculptor (b. 1935)
2014  Bel Kaufman, German-born American teacher and writer (b. 1911)
2014  Carlo Bergonzi, Italian tenor (b. 1924)
2015  R. S. Gavai, Indian politician, Governor of Bihar and Kerala (b. 1929)
2016  Tim LaHaye, American Christian minister and writer (b. 1926)
2016  Halil Inalcik, Turkish historian (b. 1916)
2016  Jerzy Bahr, Polish diplomat (b. 1944)
2016  Artur Correia, Portuguese footballer (b. 1950)
2016  Bülent Eken, Turkish footballer (b. 1923)
2016  Arundhati Ghose, Indian diplomat (b. 1939)
2016  Tom Peterson, American television personality (b. 1930)
2017  Gretel Bergmann, German-American high jumper (b. 1914)
2017  Michael Johnson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1944)
2017  Barbara Sinatra, American fashion model (b. 1927)
2017  Billy Joe Walker Jr., American musician, record producer and songwriter (b. 1952)
2017  Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, Australian musician (b. 1971)
2017  Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor (b. 1944)
2018  Vakhtang Balavadze, Georgian freestyle wrestler (b. 1927)
2018  Sergio Marchionne, Italian executive (b. 1952)
2018  Guy Molinari, American politician (b. 1928)
2018  György Szepesi, Hungarian radio presenter, journalist and sports executive (b. 1922)
2018  Ellie Soutter, English snowboarder (b. 2000)
2019  Beji Caid Essebsi, President of Tunisia (b. 1926)
2019  Jesper Juul, Danish writer and therapist (b. 1948)
2019  Jorma Kinnunen, Finnish javelin thrower (b. 1941)
2019  Pierre Péan, French journalist and writer (b. 1938)
Observances 
 Feast of Saint James (Christianity)
 National Day of Galicia, Spain
 Republic Day (Tunisia)
 Commonwealth Constitution Day (Puerto Rico)

Days of the year
Examples 
The government provides scholarship to people who do not have as much as most other people in terms of education. The state may also give homes to people who do not have them particularly who find it difficult to make ends meet due to lack of education. The state has a system in place to monitor the progress of above such aids. To make this happen there have to be economical reformation, and the state and organisations who believe that the future is now come together to achieve this. The state also will aid in tax audits initially to put such a measure in place. The taxes vary and the pyramid information will be available for such a complex socio-political structure.A Welfare State could also be paid for if the government borrows money from people, mainly by selling bonds. It is run by the government which helps the poor and the needy out.
Scholarship scheme at varying levels would be introduced to the school and university pupils so a healthy yet connected growth of youth happens. Thus a seamless transition happens in a way the future generations stand as self sustaining individuals and contribute back to the state welfare through sense of giving back and also giving forward to their next generation. Double profit in an investment made for the betterment.

Welfare states 
The most known welfare states are Nordic countries.  The United Kingdom, Canada, and France are some other examples of welfare states.

Related pages 
Constitutional economics
Economic, social and cultural rights
Social democracy
Big government

Welfare economics
Social care
Forms of government
Athlete are an English band from South London. Their second album is widely regarded as their breakthrough and they have released two singles so far from the album.

Discography

Albums 
 Vehicles and Animals – (April 7, 2003)  #19 UK
 Tourist – (January 31, 2005) #1 UK
 Beyond the Neighbourhood – (September 3, 2007) #5 UK

Singles

Compilations
Athlete tracks have appeared on the following compilation CDs:

Musical groups from London
History 
The term organic originates from Jons Jacob Berzelius, a 19th century Swedish scientist, who used the term to refer to substances present in living things. During Berzelius’ time, the vital force theory was popular. This theory stated that a life force was needed to produce the organic compounds found only in living things. The vital force theory began losing support after an 1828 experiment conducted by Friedrich Wöhler. His work showed that urea, an organic compound, could be created from ammonium cyanate, an inorganic compound.

Hydrocarbons 

The study of hydrocarbons is a very large part of organic chemistry.  Hydrocarbons are molecules containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen in the form of chains.  Hydrocarbons can be classified into two categories based on the presence of a benzene ring, a circular type of hydrocarbon.  Aliphatic hydrocarbons do not contain a benzene ring and aromatic hydrocarbons do.
Reactions
Organic chemistry reactions happen because electrons are not shared evenly in a chemical bond. Some atoms or molecules, like oxygen, nitrogen, and negatively charged anions, are nucleophilic because they have extra electrons and want to be around positive charges. Others, such as H+ and other positively charged cations, are electrophilic and want to be around negative charges. When an organic molecule has a positive charge, it is called a carbocation. It is also an electrophile. When nucleophiles and electrophiles mix, a reaction can occur.

Common reaction mechanisms 
A reaction mechanism is a series of smaller reactions that form an overall reaction. Two basic mechanism types are substitution and elimination reactions. They are very important in the study of organic chemistry mechanisms because many more complicated mechanisms use them.
Substitution Reactions (SN1 & SN2) 
Nucleophilic substitution occurs when an atom or group of atoms detaches from an organic molecule and is replaced by another. If the leaving and adding happens at the same time, it is called a SN2 reaction. If the leaving group breaks away from the organic molecule and forms a carbocation before substitution occurs, it is called an SN1 reaction.

Elimination Reactions (E1 & E2) 
Elimination occurs when two groups are broken off of an organic molecule by a strong acid and the resulting charges form a double bond. Usually one of the groups is a nucleophile and the other is a hydrogen atom.  If both groups are pulled off at the same time, it is called an E2 reaction. If one group is pulled off first and forms a carbocation before the second group is removed, it is called an E1 reaction.

Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry 

Stereochemistry is the study of molecules in space. It looks into the arrangement of atoms inside of molecules in space relative to one another and how they will interact. Molecules that have the same chemical make up but are arranged differently are called isomers. Famous chemist Louis Pasteur was an early researcher of stereochemistry.

A central part of the study of sterochemistry is chirality. Put simply, chirality looks at the symmetry in chemical molecules. If an object cannot be superimposed onto its mirror image, then it is a chiral object. If it can, it is called achiral.

Spectroscopy 

Spectroscopy is the study of the interactions between light energy and matter. We are able to see colors because of energy absorption by organic and inorganic compounds. When a plant undergoes photosynthesis, it traps energy from the sun, and this is an example of an interaction between energy and organic compounds.
Spectroscopy is used to identify organic molecules in unknown compounds. There are many types of spectroscopy, but most important to organic chemistry are infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

References

Other websites
Portal site on Organic Chemistry 
Organic Chemistry Help!
Organic Chemistry: An Introduction 
MIT.edu, OpenCourseWare: Organic Chemistry I
HaverFord.edu, Organic Chemistry Lectures, Videos and Text
Journal of Organic Chemistry (subscription required) (Table of Contents)
Organic Letters (Pubs.ACS.org, Table of Contents)
Thime-Connect.com , Synlett
Thieme-Connect.com , Synthesis
Organic-Chemistry.org, Organic Chemistry Portal - Recent Abstracts and (Name)Reactions
Orgsyn.org, Organic Chemistry synthesis journal
Ochem4free.info, Home of a full, online, peer-reviewed organic chemistry text
CEM.MSU.edu , Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Resources WorldWide - A collection of Links 
Organic.RogerFrost.com, Roger Frost's Organic Chemistry - mechanisms and animation for teaching and learning, typically for ages 15–19
ChemHelper.com, Organic chemistry help
Organic-Chemistry-Tutor.com, Organic Chemistry Tutor
ACDlabs.com , Chemical Freeware
Chemaxon.com , Chemical Freeware from ChemAxon.
AceOrganicChem.com ,
OrgChemInfo.8k.com , A collection of Organic chemistry Resources
Benzylene.com , Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms, and Problems
Beilstein-Journals.org, Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry (Open Access)
Study-Organic-Chemistry.com, Resources for Success in Organic Chemistry
Protons are made of quarks. A proton is believed to be made up of 3 quarks, two up quarks and one down quark. One down quark has a charge of -1/3, and two up quarks have a charge of +2/3 each. This adds to a charge of +1. A proton has a very small mass. The mass of the proton is about one atomic mass unit. The mass of the neutron is also about one atomic mass unit. The size of a proton is determined by the vibration of the quarks that are in it, and these quarks effectively form a cloud. This means that a proton is not so much a hard ball as an area that contains quarks.

Related pages
 Proton decay
 Neutron
 Electron
 Quarks

References 

Subatomic particles
Up to 1900 
 615  K'inich Janaab' Pakal I, aged 12, is crowned ruler of the Mayan city of Palenque.
 1309  Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor is recognised as King of the Romans by Pope Clement V.
 1469  Wars of the Roses: Forces of Edward IV of England defeat those of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick in the Battle of Edgecote Moor.
 1533  Atahualpa dies at the hands of Francisco Pizarro's Conquistadors, marking the end of the Inca Empire.
 1581  The northern Low Countries declare independence from King Philip II of Spain.
 1745  The first recorded women's cricket match takes place in Guildford, Surrey, England.
 1758  French and Indian War: The Siege of Louisbourg ends with British forces defeating the French and taking control of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.
 1775  Benjamin Franklin is named Postmaster-General by the United States Congress.
 1788  New York ratifies the United States Constitution, becoming the 11th State.
 1803  The Surrey Iron Railway opens in South London.
1805  An earthquake in central Italy kills an estimated 26,000 people.
 1822  José de San Martín arrives in Guayaquil, present-day Ecuador, to meet with Simon Bolivar.
 1822  First day of the three-day Battle of Dervenakia between the Ottoman Empire, led by Mahmud Dramali Pasha, and a Greek Revolutionary force led by Theodoros Kolokotronis.
 1847  Liberia becomes independent, with Joseph Jenkins Roberts being its first President.
 1861  American Civil War: George B. McClellan assumes control of the Army of the Potomac, following a disastrous Union defeat at the First Bull Run.
 1882  Boer settlers found the Republic of Stellaland in present-day South Africa.
 1882  Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal is first performed in Bayreuth, Bavaria.
 1887  Unua Libro, the 'First book of Esperanto', is published.
 1891  France takes control of Tahiti.
1901  1950 
 1908  The FBI is founded.
 1910  The Rail Tunnel under the Detroit River linking Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan is opened.
 1914  Serbia and Bulgaria interrupt their diplomatic relationship.
 1936  The Axis Powers decide to intervene in the Spanish Civil War.
 1936  Edward VIII of the United Kingdom unveils the Canadian Vimy Memorial.
 1937  Spanish Civil War: End of the Battle of Brunete.
 1944  World War II: The Soviet army enters German-occupied Lviv, in present-day Ukraine.
 1944  The first German V-2 rocket hits the United Kingdom.
 1945  The British Conservative Party under Winston Churchill loses the General Election to the Labour Party, led by Clement Attlee.
 1945  The Potsdam Declaration is signed.
 1946  Aloha Airlines begins service.
 1947  The National Security Act of 1947 is signed by US President Harry S. Truman.
 1948  Harry S. Truman signs Executive Order 9981, desegregating the United States Military.
1951  2000 
 1951  Walt Disney movie Alice in Wonderland has its first showing in London.
 1952  Argentina's First Lady Eva Perón dies aged 33.
 1953  Begin of the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro later helps to found the 26th July Movement.
 1956  The Suez Crisis begins, after Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalises the Suez Canal.
 1957  President Carlos Castillo Armas of Guatemala is assassinated.
 1958  The Explorer 4 space probe is launched.
 1963  A earthquake strikes Skopje in the present-day Republic of Macedonia, killing around 1,100 people.
 1965  The Maldives gain full independence from the United Kingdom.
 1971  Apollo 15 launches from the Kennedy Space Center, with David Scott, James Irwin and Alfred Worden on board, to the Moon.
 1974  Konstantinos Karamanlis forms the Greek Government.
 1977  The National Assembly of Quebec imposes the use of French as an official language of the Provincial Government.
1990  The Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 is signed into law by US President George H. W. Bush.
 1994  Boris Yeltsin orders the removal of Russian troops from Estonia.
 1994  A bomb explodes outside the Israeli Embassy in London.
 1998  Cambodia holds its first election since regaining full independence.