Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
August 
 August 6 – In an official capacity, US officials attend the commemoration of the Hiroshima atomic bomb for the first time.
 August 10 – The WHO declares that the H1N1 Influenza Pandemic is over.
 August 14 – August 26 – The first ever Summer Youth Olympic Games are held in Singapore, with 3,531 participating athletes aged 14 to 18 from 204 National Olympic Committees.
 August 19 – The United States ends combat operations in Iraq, as its last combat brigade departs for Kuwait. Additional support troops are required to leave Iraq by 31 December 2011 under an agreement between the US and Iraqi governments.
 August 23 – Nine people, including the hostage taker are killed in a hostage crisis on board a bus in Manila, Philippines.
September 
 September 4 – 2010 Canterbury earthquake: A magnitude 7.1 earthquake strikes the South Island of New Zealand, including the city of Christchurch, causing widespread damage and power outages. No deaths are reported.
 September 28 – A landslide kills at least 7 people in Oaxaca, Mexico.
 September 28 – Kim Jong-un, son of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il is named Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission and the Central Commission of the Workers' Party, a possible step towards becoming his father's successor.
October 
 October 4 – Europe wins the Ryder Cup golf tournament over the United States.
 October 4 – Toxic sludge escapes from an alumina plant in western Hungary.
 October 5 – Former Société Générale employee Jerome Kerviel is sentenced by a court in France to a five-year suspended sentence for losses of up to 4.9 million Euros, one of the largest-ever frauds.
 October 8 – Chinese activist Liu Xiaobo wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
 October 10 – The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved and split up into a new constitutional status. Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius become special municipalities of the Netherlands, while Curaçao and Sint Maarten become constituent countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
 October 13 – Thirty-three miners are rescued from the San Jose mine near Copiapo in Chile, after surviving 700 metres underground for a record 69 days, after a mining accident.
 October 23 – The International Space Station takes the record for the longest continuous occupation in space from Mir.
October 23 – In preparation for the Seoul summit, G-20 finance ministers agree to reform the IMF and shift 6 per cent of the voting shares to developing nations and countries with emerging markets.
 October 25 – A magnitude 7.7 earthquake off the west coast of Sumatra, and the resulting tsunamis kill over 400 people, and leave hundreds missing.
 October 26 – Start of continuous eruptions of the volcano Mount Merapi on Java, killing hundreds of people, and leading to thousands being evacuated.
 October 31 – Dilma Rousseff is elected as the first female President of Brazil.
November 
 November 4 – Aero Caribbean flight 883 crashes in central Cuba, killing all 68 people on board.
 November 11 – The G-20 summit is held in Seoul. South Korea is the first non-G-8 country to host it.
 November 13 – Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi is released from house arrest.
 November 17 – Researchers at CERN trap 38 antihydrogen atoms for a sixth of a second, marking the first time in history that humans have trapped antimatter.
 November 19 – An explosion traps 29 miners at the Pike River Mine near Greymouth on New Zealand's South Island. They are confirmed dead after a second explosion five days later.
 November 21 – Eurozone countries agree to an economic rescue package for the Republic of Ireland from European Financial Stability Facility in response to its financial crisis.
 November 22 – A stampede at the Bon om Thook water festival in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, kills 347 people.
November 23 – In one of the most serious clashes since the Korean War, North Korea shells Yeonpyeong Island, prompting a military response from South Korea.
 November 28 – WikiLeaks releases a collection of more than 250,000 American diplomatic cables, including 100,000 that were marked as secret or confidential.
 November 29 – The Eropean Union agrees to an 85 billion Euro rescue deal for the Republic of Ireland from the European Financial Stability Facility, the IMF, and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden.
 November 29 – December 10 – 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Mexico, also referred to as the 16th Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 16) takes place; it serves too as the 6th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 6)
December 
 December 2 – NASA announces the discovery of arsenic-based life forms in California.
 December 2 – FIFA decides that Russia will host the 2018 FIFA World Cup and Qatar will host the 2022 FIFA World Cup.
 December 4 – A political crisis begins in the Ivory Coast. The international community recognises Alassane Ouattara as the winner of the election, but President Laurent Gbagbo refuses to step down. Many people are killed in post-election violence and the Civil War that lasts until April 2011.
 December 11 – Two bombs explode in central Stockholm, Sweden, killing the perpetrator.
 December 15 – A boat carrying asylum seekers crashes into cliffs on Christmas Island, killing at least 40 people.
 December 15 – The discovery of the head of King Henry IV of France, which was lost after the desecration of his grave in 1793, is announced.
December 17 – Tunisian fruit seller Mohamed Bouazizi sets himself on fire in an act of protest. He dies 18 days later. This leads to the overthrow of President Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali and to uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East.
 December 21 – For the first time since 1638, a lunar eclipse occurs on the day of the December solstice.
January 22 - Jean Simmons, American actress (b. 1929)
 February 20 - Alexander Haig, American politician (b. 1924)
 March 14 - Peter Graves, American actor (b. 1926)
 April 1 - John Forsythe, American actor (b. 1918)
 April 14 - Peter Steele, American musician (b. 1942)
 April 21 - Juan Antonio Samaranch, IOC president (b. 1920)
 May 2 - Lynn Redgrave, English actress (b. 1943)
 June 3 - Rue McClanahan, American actress (b. 1934)
 June 13 - Jimmy Dean, American singer (b. 1928)
 June 26 - Algirdas Brazauskas, Lithuanian politician (b. 1932)
 July 12 - Harvey Pekar, American comic book writer (b. 1939)
 August 8 - Patrica Neal, American stage and film actress (b. 1926)
 August 12 - Guido de Marco, Maltese politician (b. 1931)
 August 17 - Francesco Cossiga, 8th president of Italy (b. 1928)
 September 29 - Tony Curtis, American actor (b. 1925)
 October 10 - Tom Bosley, American actor (b. 1927)
 October 27 - Néstor Kirchner, President of Argentina (b. 1950)
November 28 - Leslie Nielsen, Canadian actor (b. 1926)
 December 21 - Richard Holbrooke, American diplomat (b. 1941)
Nobel Prizes 
 Physiology or Medicine – Robert G. Edwards
 Physics – Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov
 Chemistry – Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki
 Literature – Mario Vargas Llosa
 Peace – Liu Xiaobo
 Economics – Dale Mortensen, Peter A. Diamond and Christopher Pissarides
Major holidays 
 January 1 - New Year's Day
 January 7 - Orthodox Christmas
 February 1 – Imbolc, a Cross-quarter day (Celebrated on February 2 in some places)
 February 2 - Candlemas commemorating the Purification of the Virgin. It marks the liturgical end of the Christmas season.
 February 14 – Chinese New Year
 February 16 – Shrove Tuesday / Mardi Gras, end of Mardi Gras / Carnival season
 February 17 – Ash Wednesday (first day of Lent)
 March 1 – Holi, a religious festival in India
 March 20 (21 in the Far East) – Vernal Equinox, also known as Ostara
 April 4 – Easter
 May 1 – Beltane, a Cross-quarter day
 August 1 – Lammas, a Cross-quarter day
 August 11 – Ramadan begins
 September 8 – 10 – Rosh Hashanah, the "Jewish New Year"
 September 10 – Eid ul-Fitr
 September 17–18 – Yom Kippur
 September 23 – Autumnal Equinox, also known as Mabon
 November 5 – Diwali, a religious festival in Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism.
 November 16 – Eid al-Adha, a religious festival in Islam
 December 25 – Christmas
In fiction

Movies 

 2010 (1984)
 Tamala 2010: A Punk Cat in Space (2002)
 Absolon (2003)
 Banlieue 13 (2004)
 District 9 (2009)

Literature 

 Stand on Zanzibar (1968) by John Brunner
 2010: Odyssey Two (1982) by Arthur C. Clarke.
 Tracy Hickman, The Immortals (1996)
 The Mayflower Project (2001) by K.A. Applegate.
 In the Presence of Mine Enemies (2003) by Harry Turtledove.

Music 

 The Pearl Jam song "Do the Evolution" references the world in 2010: "I crawled the earth, but now I'm higher. 2010, watch it go to fire."
 The Bad Religion song "Ten in 2010" appears on their album The Gray Race.
 The Mint Chicks song "2010" is the b-side to the vinyl single "Walking Off a Cliff Again" and also appears on their album Screens.

Television
Television 

 Knight Rider 2010 (1994 TV movie)
 Maico 2010 (1998)
 The Simpsons episode "Lisa's Wedding", from the 6th season, takes place in 2010.
 A Stargate SG-1 episode called "2010" took place in that year. (2001)
 Code Geass The event of Britannia's invasion of Japan happens on August 10, 2010.

Video games 

 In the SimCity franchise the Scenarios Vol. I: Great Disasters, in SimCity 2000, there is a nuclear meltdown in Boston and Silicon Valley which is set in 2010.
 Street Fighter 2010: The Final Fight is a futuristic spinoff of the original Street Fighter released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1990
 Dino Crisis 2, the sequel to the 1999 game, released in 2000.

Other websites
Eris (symbol ) is a dwarf planet and a trans-Neptunian object (TNO). It is the second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System. Eris is slightly smaller than Pluto, but it has more mass) than Pluto. 

It is a "scattered disc object" in the Kuiper belt, further out than Pluto. It is also called a plutoid because the IAU decided to rename all trans-Neptunian dwarf planets as plutoids. Eris orbits the sun once every 557 Earth years. It has an elliptical orbit, inclined at an angle of 44° between the plane of the orbit of the planet and the ecliptic, the plane containing Earth's orbital path. 

Eris has one moon, called Dysnomia.

Discovery
Eris was discovered by Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz on January 5, 2005, when they were having a close look at some images of the outer Solar System taken in 2003.
Naming
Eris was originally called Xena, after the main character of the television series Xena: Warrior Princess.  Due to complications, it was officially named Eris on September 13, 2006. Eris is named after the goddess of strife, discord, ⁣ contention and rivalry in Greek mythology.

Moon of Eris
Eris has one moon called Dysnomia. It was discovered on September 10, 2005. Dysnomia was originally nicknamed Gabrielle, after a character from the television series Xena: Warrior Princess, like Eris. However, like Eris, it was renamed to Dysnomia due to complications. Dysnomia was named after the daughter of Eris, in Greek mythology. Dysnomia is the goddess (or spirit) of lawlessness and poor civil constitution.

Classification
Media reports have argued that Eris is the tenth planet, along with astronomers and NASA scientists.  However, the definition of a planet was changed in August 2006. Under the new specifications, Eris, along with Pluto, was lowered in status to a dwarf planet.
Future
Scientists continue to find out more about Eris and its moon, and look for more moons and possible rings. Because Eris is so far away, it would take 24.5 years to visit Eris with a space probe.

References and notes

Related pages
 Dwarf planet
 Pluto

Other websites 

Eris
Operation Overlord was the 1944 campaign for the invasion of continental Europe in World War II. It was fought by the Allied forces against German forces. The most critical part was the Normandy landings, which were to get the Allied armies onto the mainland of Europe. That might have failed, and heavy casualties were expected, even if it succeeded.

The Battle of Normandy raged until German forces retreated across the Seine on 30 August 1944, which marked the close of Operation Overlord.

The main Allied forces came from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Nine other nations also sent units: Australia, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Greece, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, and Poland.

Preparations were large and complex. Operation Overlord was the largest and deadliest amphibious assault in the history of warfare. Almost three million troops crossed the English Channel from England to Normandy, in German-occupied France.

Plans for D-Day
Plans for D-Day 

Allied troops made many practice landings to understand how to land correctly.

Maps of the beaches of Normandy were created. The planners knew that heavy tanks and transport could not travel on the beaches, which had soft peat underneath them. Detailed maps of the area were required. If peat had to be travelled on, the plan was to lay down matting.

On 7 April and 15 May, Bernard Montgomery presented his plan for the invasion. He planned a 90-day battle, ending when all the forces reached the Seine.

The goal for the first 40 days was to capture Caen and Cherbourg, the latter for its important deep-water port. Then, Brittany and its Atlantic ports would be captured. Railways and roads in northern France would be bombed to block reinforcements for the defenders. Next, the Allies would go 125 miles (190 km) to the southwest of Paris. The Allies would then control the land between the Loire River in the south and Seine River in the northeast.
Meanwhile, the Allies made great efforts to make the Germans think that the invasion would happen elsewhere.

Technology 
The Allies developed new technology for Overlord. The "mulberry", a mobile concrete harbor, allowed the Allies to supply their soldiers on the beach without capturing one of the heavily defended Channel ports. Major-General Percy Hobart, a military engineer, designed modified Sherman and Churchill tanks.

Deception
Deception 

In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies worked at military deception. German coastal defences were stretched thinly in 1944. Once Normandy had been chosen as the site of the invasion, it was decided to attempt to trick the Germans into thinking it was a fake invasion and that the true invasion was to be elsewhere. That was called Operation Bodyguard. In the weeks leading up to the invasion, the Allies tried to make the Germans think that the main invasion would take place at the Pas de Calais and in Norway. The deception was an industry in itself since it included dummy messages, dummy tanks in places near Dover and the southern coast of England, using double agents to spread false information, dummy radio messages, and so on.
The deception was highly successful. It led Hitler to delay sending reinforcements from the Pas de Calais region for nearly seven weeks (the original plan had specified 14 days). In his memoirs, General Omar Bradley called Bodyguard the "single biggest hoax of the war".

Rehearsals and security 
Allied forces rehearsed their roles for D-Day months before the invasion. On 28 April 1944, in south Devon on the British coast, 946 American soldiers and sailors were killed when German torpedo boats attacked one of these landing exercises, Exercise Tiger.

The security of D-Day was supported by stopping unplanned news from getting out of Britain. Travel to and from the Republic of Ireland was banned and movements near the coasts was not allowed. The German embassies and consulates in neutral countries were given false information.
All the same, there were several leaks before or on D-Day. An embassy spy in Istanbul gave the Germans documents containing references to Overlord, but these documents lacked detail. Another leak was General Charles de Gaulle's radio message after D-Day. He stated that this invasion was the real invasion. This had the potential to ruin the Allied tricks. Eisenhower referred to the landings as the initial invasion. The Germans did not believe de Gaulle and waited too long to move in extra troops against the Allies.

Allied invasion plan

The British did an airborne assault on the River Orne. The British goal was to capture the Orne River bridges to prevent German armor from using them and to prevent retreating Germans from blowing them up. This way, they could be used by Allied armor and vehicles.
The British sea attack units would attack through Sword and Gold Beaches. The United States had an airborne division and land units, which were to take Omaha Beach, the Pointe du Hoc and Utah Beach. The Canadians would work with British units to attack Sword Beach. The British and Canadians had separate beaches, Gold Beach and Juno Beach, respectively.

The Invasion Fleet was made upfrom eight navies made up of warships and submarines, split into the Western Naval Task Force (Rear-Admiral Alan G Kirk) and the Eastern Naval Task Force (Rear-Admiral Sir Philip Vian). The fleet was led by Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay.
Codenames
The Allies assigned codenames to the various operations involved in the invasion. Overlord was the name for the landing on the Continent (that is, western Europe). Getting a secure hold on the area was codenamed Neptune. It began on D-Day (6 June 1944) and ended on 30 June 1944. By this time, the Allies had control in Normandy. Operation Overlord also began on D-Day, and continued until Allied forces crossed the river Seine on 19 August 1944.

German preparations and defenses

Atlantic Wall 

Through most of 1942 and 1943, the Germans thought successful Allied invasion in the west would not happen. Preparations were limited to building fortifications at the major ports. The number of military forces in Nazi Germany reached its peak during 1944 with 59 divisions in France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was in charge of the wall. He improved the defences of the entire coastline. Steel obstacles were put on beaches, concrete bunkers and pillboxes constructed, and low-lying areas were flooded. Pointed stakes were set up on likely landing grounds to make it hard for the Allies to do airborne landings. The Germans fortified the foreshore area as part of their Atlantic Wall defences (including tank turrets and barbed wire).

These projects were not finished, especially in the Normandy sector. Allied bombing of the French railway system made it hard to move materials, and the Germans were convinced by the Allied tricks that the landings would take place in the Pas de Calais.
The sector which was attacked was guarded by four divisions, of which the 352nd and 91st were of high quality. The other defending troops included Germans who were not fit for active duty on the Eastern Front, conscripted Poles and former Soviet prisoners-of-war who had agreed to fight for the Germans. These units had German leaders.

Mobile reserves 
Rommel's defensive measures were made difficult by arguments over how to use armoured forces. Von Geyr and Rommel disagreed over the how to use Panzer divisions.

Rommel thought armoured formations be close to the coast, to attack while the invaders were weak. Von Geyr said they should instead be put around Paris and used in a big group when the Germans knew which beach was being invaded. Hitler made a compromise solution.
Rommel was given only three tank divisions, one of which was close enough to the Normandy beaches to fight on the first day. The other mechanized divisions were put under the control of the German Armed Forces HQ (OKW) and were placed across France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

Weather forecast
The opportunity for launching an invasion was limited to only a few days in each month, because a full moon was needed. This would provide light for the aircraft pilots and create a spring tide. Eisenhower had picked 5 June as the date for the assault. However, on 4 June, conditions were unsuitable for a landing. High winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft. Low clouds would prevent aircraft finding their targets.
Meteorologists predicted an improvement in the weather for 6 June. At a meeting on 5 June, Eisenhower and his senior commanders discussed the situation. Eisenhower decided to launch the invasion that night. Had Eisenhower delayed the invasion, the only option was to go two weeks later. This would have been during stormy weather.

Invasion

Inland airborne landings  
To make it hard for the Germans to launch attacks during the sea attack phase, airborne operations were used to capture bridges and road crossings. The airborne landings behind the beaches were also designed to help the soldiers landing on beaches by destroying German coastal defense artillery.

Beaches 

On Sword Beach, the regular British infantry came ashore with few casualties. They had advanced about  by the end of the day but did not get as far as Montgomery had wanted. Caen was still held by Germans by the end of D-Day and remained so until Operation Charnwood, on 9 July.
The Canadian forces that landed on Juno Beach had a difficult battle. Both German concrete fortifications and a sea wall twice as high as at Omaha Beach made Juno very difficult to attack. Juno was the most-heavily defended beach on D-Day after Omaha. The Canadians were off the beach within hours and advancing inland. They were the only units to reach their D-Day goals, but most units fell back a few kilometres to make stronger defensive positions.

At Gold Beach, there were many dead and wounded because the Germans had strongly fortified a village on the beach. The 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division advanced almost to Bayeux by the end of the day. When commando units captured the Port-en-Bessin, the Allies could use their underwater PLUTO pipeline to bring in fuel.
The Americans who landed on Omaha Beach faced the veteran German 352nd Infantry Division, one of the best trained groups on the beaches. Furthermore, Omaha was the most heavily fortified beach. Commanders considered abandoning the beach, but small units of infantry got past the coastal defences. By the end of the day, two areas had been captured. Control over the beach expanded over the following days and the D-Day goals were accomplished by the third day.

At Pointe du Hoc, the 2nd Ranger battalion had to climb the  cliffs. While they climbed, the enemy shot at them and dropped grenades. They used ropes and ladders to climb up and to destroy the guns.

The beach fortifications were important targets since a single artillery observer could have directed fire on the American beaches. The Rangers captured the fortifications. They then had to fight for two days to hold the location and lost more than 60 percent of their men.
The number of dead and wounded on Utah Beach, the westernmost landing zone, were the lightest of any beach. Only 197 out of the 23,000 troops that landed were killed or wounded. The 4th Infantry Division troops, who landed on the beach, moved inland by early afternoon and linked up with the 101st Airborne Division.

Once the beaches had been controlled, the Mulberry Harbours were set up around 9 June. One was constructed at Arromanches by British forces and the other at Omaha Beach by American forces. Severe storms on 19 June caused problems with the landing of supplies and destroyed the Omaha harbour. The Arromanches harbour supplied around 9,000 tons daily until the end of August 1944, when the port of Cherbourg had been captured by the Allies.

The German 21st Panzer division attacked between Sword and Juno beaches and nearly reached the Channel. Allied anti-tank gunners made them pull back before the end of 6 June.
The Allied invasion plans had called for the capture of Carentan, St. Lô, Caen and Bayeux on the first day. The plan was to link all the beaches except Utah and Sword (the last of which linked with paratroopers) and a front line  from the beaches. None of the goals had been achieved. The number of dead and wounded had not been as heavy as some had feared (around 10,000, compared to the 20,000 that Churchill had estimated), and the bridges had survived the German attacks.

Cherbourg 
In the western part of the invasion area, US troops were to occupy the Cotentin Peninsula, especially Cherbourg, to provide the Allies with a deep-water harbour. The land behind Utah and Omaha was banks and hedgerows and so tanks, gunfire and vision could not get through. That made the place an ideal defensive position.
The US infantry made slow progress and had many dead and wounded as it moved towards Cherbourg. The airborne troops were used to help with the advance. The far side of the peninsula was reached on 18 June. Hitler told German forces not to retreat to the strong Atlantic Wall fortifications in Cherbourg. The Cherbourg commander, Lieutenant-General Karl-Wilhelm von Schlieben, surrendered on 26 June. Before surrendering, he had most of the facilities destroyed and so made the harbour inoperable until mid-August. By then, the combat front had moved so far east that the harbour was less helpful.

Caen
Caen

While the Americans headed for Cherbourg, a unit of troops led by the British moved towards Caen. Montgomery made many attrition warfare attacks. The first was Operation Perch, which moved south from Bayeux to Villers-Bocage, where the armour could capture Caen. The attack was halted at the Battle of Villers-Bocage. Caen was bombed and then occupied north of the River Orne in Operation Charnwood from 7 to 9 July. An attack in the Caen area followed with all three British armoured divisions, codenamed Operation Goodwood, from 18 to 21 July. The attack captured the high ground south of Caen. The rest of the city was captured by Canadian forces during Operation Atlantic. A further operation, Operation Spring, from 25 to 28 July, by the Canadians secured limited land south of the city but with many dead and wounded.

Breakout from beachhead
Montgomery's plan included keeping the Germans in the eastern part of the invasion area and protecting Cobra's position. By the end of Goodwood, the Germans had used the last of their reserve divisions. There were six-and-a-half Panzer divisions against the Britishs and the Canadians, compared to the one-and-a-half facing the Americans.

Operation Cobra was launched on 25 July by the US First Army. It was successful, and the VIII Corps entered Coutances at the western end of the Cotentin Peninsula on 28 July, after it had broken through the German lines.
Falaise pocket
By early August, more German reserves became available. The German forces were being encircled, and the German High Command wanted those reserves to help with a retreat to the Seine. Hitler demanded an attack at Mortain on 7 August. The attack was pushed back by the Allies, who again had advance warning from the Ultra codebreakers. The original Allied plan was to encircle the Germans as far as the Loire valley. Bradley realized that many of the German forces in Normandy werecoukd no longer move. He got Montgomery's approval by telephone on 8 August to encircle German forces. The task was left to Patton, who moved nearly unopposed through Normandy. The Germans were left in near Chambois. Strong German defenses and the sending of American troops for an attack by Patton towards the Seine at Mantes prevented the Germans from being trapped until 21 August, when 50,000 German troops.

Whether that could have been done earlier and more prisoners taken has been debated.
The liberation of Paris followed shortly afterwards. The French Resistance in Paris rose attacked the Germans on 19 August. The French 2nd Armoured Division, under General Philippe Leclerc, along with the US 4th Infantry Division, accepted the surrender of the German forces there and liberated Paris on 25 August.

Withdrawal to Seine
Operations continued in the British and Canadian sector until the end of the month. On 25 August, the 2nd US Armored Division fought its way into Elbeuf and made contact with British and Canadian armoured divisions there. The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division advanced into the Forêt de la Londe on the morning of 27 August. The area was strongly held and the 4th and the 6th Canadian Brigades had large numbers of dead and wounded over three days as the Germans defended their position. The Germans pulled back on the 29th and withdrew over the Seine on the 30th.

On the 30th, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division crossed the Seine near Elbeuf and entered Rouen to a happy welcome.
Landings 
 Sword Beach was the easternmost beach on D-Day and was attacked by the British 3rd Infantry Division, supported by units of the 79th Armoured Division. It was successful.
 Juno Beach was the next beach to the west and was attacked by the Canadian 3rd Division. It was also successful.
 Gold Beach was the "middle" beach, lying between Sword, Juno, Omaha, and Utah Beaches. It was attacked by the British 50th (Northumbrian) Division.
 Omaha Beach was the second-westernmost beach. It was attacked by the American 1st Division. The bombardment before the assault was successful on every beach except Omaha and so German bunkers and artillery still remained. The battle was hard, but eventually, the Americans won after almost 2,500 of them had died there.
 Omaha Beach on D-Day 6.6.1944
 Utah Beach was the westernmost beach. It was attacked by the American 4th Division. It was mostly successful.

Success
Success

The campaign in Normandy is considered by historians to end at midnight on 24 July 1944 (the start of Operation Cobra on the American front), 25 August 1944 (the liberation of Paris), or 30 August 1944, the date the last German unit retreated across the River Seine.

The original Overlord plan was for a 90-day campaign in Normandy with the ultimate goal of reaching the Seine, a goal that was met early. American forces were fighting in Brittany as anticipated by General Montgomery during the latter weeks of the campaign. Historians consider the Normandy campaign to have ended with the massive breakout of Operation Cobra.
The official American history describes the fighting beginning on 25 July as the "Northern France" campaign, and includes the fighting to close the Falaise Gap, which the British/Canadians/Poles consider to be part of the Battle of Normandy. Volume I of the "Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War," by C.P. Stacey, published in 1955, as well as the Canadian Army's official "Historical Summary of the Second World War," published in 1948, define the Battle of Normandy as lasting from 6 June 1944 to 1 September 1944. The definition of the Battle of Normandy is also evident in another publication by the Army's Historical Section, Canada's Battle in Normandy.

There were reports of Eisenhower requesting Montgomery's replacement in July. The lack of forward progress was caused by the rough land. However, as at the Second Battle of El Alamein, Montgomery kept to his original attrition warfare strategy and reached the objectives within his original 90-day target.
Victory in Normandy was followed by a pursuit to the French border in short order. Germany was forced once again to reinforce the Western Front with manpower and resources from the Soviet and the Italian fronts.

By September, Allied forces of seven field armies, two of which came through southern France in Operation Dragoon, were approaching the German frontier. The Allied battle plan was good by drawing on the strengths of both Britain and America. German leadership was often faulty, despite good fighting by German units.

In a larger context, the Normandy landings helped the Soviets on the Eastern Front, where most of the German forces fought. They shortened of the conflict there.
Allied logistics, intelligence, morale, and air power
Victory in Normandy stemmed from several factors. The Allies had more weapons and equipment. They also had new inventions like the PLUTO pipelines and Mulberry harbours, which helped the flow of troops, equipment, fuel and ammunition. Movement of cargo over the open beaches went better than expected, even after the destruction of the American Mulberry in the Channel storm in mid-June.

By the end of July 1944, one million American, British, Canadian, French, and Polish troops; hundreds of thousands of vehicles; and a lot of supplies were ashore in Normandy. Artillery ammunition and other items were plentiful. That was impressive since they held no port until Cherbourg fell.

By the time of the Normany breakout, the Allies also had superiority in numbers of troops (approximately 3.5:1) and armored vehicles (approximately 4:1), which helped overcome that the natural advantages the rough land gave to the German defenders.
Allied intelligence and counterintelligence efforts were successful. Operation Fortitude before the invasion kept German attention focused on the Pas-de-Calais. High-quality German forces were kept in that area, away from Normandy, until July. Prior to the invasion, few German reconnaissance flights took place over Britain, and those that did saw only the fake camps. Ultra decoding of German Enigma (machine) communications had been helpful as well, which exposed German plans and showed that the Allies' trick was still believed.

German leadership 
Lack of an organized strategy hurt the German defence. Leadership was split between Field Marshals von Rundstedt and Rommel. Von Rundstedt wanted to keep the powerful units in reserve for a powerful counterattack once the Allied landing had started. Rommel wanted to stop the Allies at the beach and tried to locate units so that they could attack quickly.
Rommel's plan was good, but his reserve strategy was not good because units could not move during the day because of Allied air strikes. In the end, the mix of two strategies was a disaster. The beach defences were overcome, and the counterattacks were not strong enough.

German commanders at all levels failed to react to the attack quickly. Communication problems added to the problems caused by Allied air and naval firepower. Local commanders did not lead an aggressive defence on the beach. The German High Command focused on the Calais area, and von Rundstedt was not permitted to use the armored reserve.

When it was finally released late in the day, success was more difficult. Although the 21st Panzer Division had attacked earlier, it faced strong opposition, which had been allowed to build at the beaches. Overall, the Allied material superiority continued to grow, but the Germans slowed the Allies advance for nearly two months and were aided by the rough land.
Although there were several disputes among the Allied commanders, their plans were decided by the main commanders. By contrast, the senior German leaders always had interference by Hitler, who did not know local conditions.

Field Marshals von Rundstedt and Rommel repeatedly asked Hitler for more freedom to change plans but were refused. Von Rundstedt was removed from his command on 29 June after he had told Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, the Chief of Staff at OKW (German Armed Forces Headquarters), to make peace. Rommel was severely injured by Allied aircraft on 16 July.
Field Marshal Günther von Kluge, who took over the posts that had been held by both von Rundstedt and Rommel, was linked with some of the military plotters against Hitler and would not argue with Hitler for fear of arrest. As a result, the German armies in Normandy were pushed by Hitler to counterattack rather than retreat after the American breakthrough. Kluge was relieved of command on 15 August and killed himself. The more independent Field Marshal Walter Model then took command.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 WW2DB: Normandy Campaign

Operation
Operation
Battles involving Australia
Battles involving Canada
Battles involving France
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving New Zealand
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles involving the United States
European battles of World War II
Operation
Operation
Operation
Michael Gerard Tyson (June 30, 1966) is an American retired boxer. In 1986, he had his 28th professional match (or fight) as a professional boxer; Because he won that fight also, the World Boxing Council (WBC) gave him the title "World Champion". Tyson is regarded as one of the greatest boxers of all time due to his dominance and timing.

Mike Tyson became a professional boxer in 1985 and won a heavyweight title from Trevor Berbick in 1986. He was the youngest man to win a heavyweight title belt. He became recognized as the undisputed champion when he beat Tony Tuker in 1987. His 91-second obliteration of Michael Spinks in 1988 was the zenith of his boxing fame and ability. He lost his title to Buster Douglas in 1990. Tyson won his first 19 professional bouts by knockout, 12 of them in the first round.
In 1992, he was convicted of the rape of Desiree Washington, and served three years in prison. When he was released he started boxing again and won a few heavyweight titles. His first fight after jail was against Peter McNeeley which he won almost with ease. Evander Holyfield was the first fighter to beat him in his return. In the rematch he infamously bit a part off of Holyfields ear. Tyson also fought Lennox Lewis, who beat him, too. He retired from boxing in 2005.

Mike Tyson refereed one match at WrestleMania 14 and later on wrestled in a tag-team match on WWE Raw where he betrayed his partner, Chris Jericho. For these efforts, he was inducted in the WWE Hall of Fame in 2012. He has his a video game called Mike Tyson's Punch Out! named after him. Inducted to the International boxing hall of fame in 2011.

He converted to Islam and became a Muslim he adopted the name Malik Abdul Aziz; other sources reported this name as Malik Shabazz.

References

Other websites 
 Boxing Record
1966 births
African-American boxers
American rapists
Criminals from New York City
Living people
Sportspeople from New York City
WWE Hall of Fame
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Cleveland is a city in northern Eastern Ohio, United States. It is home to over 400,000 people. It was named for General Moses Cleaveland in 1796, but according to legend a mistake in a local newspaper left out the first "a" in its name, which is why it is spelt like it is today. Its metropolitan area makes it the largest urban division in the state. 

During the 19th century, Cleveland's location at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River and Great Lakes port helped make it an important industrial center of the central United States. During World War II, the city became a center of manufacturing and industry, but deindustrialization caused a decline after that. Cleveland had a major revival in the 1980s and 1990s: The Playhouse Square theaters were restored, new skyscrapers like the BP Building and the Key Tower were built, new stadiums were built, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame was opened on the lakefront. After a smaller decline in the 2000s, Cleveland has begun to make another comeback.
Cleveland is home to the Great Lakes Brewing Company and Cleveland Orchestra.

Many professional sports teams make their home in or near Cleveland. They include the Cleveland Indians, who play baseball; the Cleveland Browns, who play football; and the Cleveland Cavaliers, who play basketball. Both the Indians and the Cavaliers have their games at the Gateway District in Downtown while the Browns have a stadium on the shores of Lake Erie. The city's sports teams are known for having not won a major championship from the 1964 NFL Championship Game to the 2016 NBA Finals. The city also hosted the Cleveland Grand Prix IndyCar race until 2008.

Economy 
In the past, Cleveland's economy relied on steel mills and manufacturing. Both are still a major part of the city today, but heavy industry in the area is much smaller than it once was. The city is known today for being a big center for medicine and medical technology, and the Cleveland Clinic is one of the most important hospital systems in the country.
Some major large companies are headquartered in the city, including Sherwin Williams Paint, Cliffs Natural Resources, and Key Bank.

Culture 
Cleveland is a big center for the performing arts, and is the home of Playhouse Square, the second largest theater district in the United States (the largest is Lincoln Center). The complex was built in the 1920s, and after being closed down were restored and reopened in the 1980s.

The Cleveland Orchestra is considered one of the world's finest, and is one of the "Big Five" in the United States. It plays at Severance Hall, in the University Circle neighborhood. It has a major rock music scene, and is home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, which is located on the lake in a building designed by IM Pei, a famous architect.

A diverse city, it has vibrant Italian, Irish, African American, Polish, Hungarian, Slovak, Czech, Puerto Rican, Romanian, Jewish, Croatian, and Greek communities, among many others.

References
References

Other websites 
 City Of Cleveland Home Page 
 Greater Cleveland Convention and Visitors Bureau
 Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History 
 Cleveland, Ohio Citizendium

 
County seats in Ohio
Lexus is a luxury car line produced by the Toyota company. Its worldwide motto is "The Pursuit of Perfection '''' slogan in the United States is "The Passionate Pursuit of Perfection"''.

Vehicles 
 

Toyota
Automobile companies of Japan
Against can mean:
 in an opposite direction - walking against the wind
 in front, touching, or resting  - The man was standing against the tree.
 in opposition - against all odds
 in competition - The boy played chess against his father.
 touching with strong force - Ocean waves crash against the swimmer.
 as a protection from - She used an umbrella against the strong rain."

Other meanings
 Against'' was the seventh album by Brazilian thrash metal band Sepultura. It came out in 1998 from Roadrunner Records.

Basic English 850 words
VOA Special English words
Dentition is the development of teeth and where the teeth are in the mouth. Almost all mammals have up to four different types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. Animals that have different types of teeth are called "heterodont". If they do not, they are called "homodont".

In mammals, the young have a set of primary teeth (milk teeth) that fall out after a few years. When they fall out, adult teeth grow in. Animals that have milk teeth and adult teeth are called diphyodont.

Archaeology 
Dentition is important in archaeology. Dentition is used to study human migration. Tooth enamel contains trace elements which show where they grew.

Related pages 
Teeth
Dental formula

References 
Adovasion J. M. and David Pedler. 2005. The peopling of North America. North American Archaeology. Blackwell, Oxford. 35-36.

Other websites 
 Colorado State's dentition page 

Dentistry
Teeth
A plectrum or pick is a small object used to play certain types of string instruments. The plectrum is held in the hand and used to pluck a string. This makes a hard, metallic, "twangy" sound. The instruments most commonly plucked include the guitar, lute and mandolin. The strings of a harpsichord are also plucked, although the plectra in this instrument are called "jacks". They pluck the string when the player presses a key down.

Plucked string instruments
Danny Barker (January 13, 1909 – March 13, 1994) was a New Orleans jazz singer-songwriter and musician.

References

1909 births
1994 deaths
African-American singers
American guitarists
American jazz musicians
American singer-songwriters
Musicians from New Orleans
Singers from New Orleans
20th-century American guitarists
Charles Henry "Charlie" Christian (July 29, 1916 – March 2, 1942) was an American jazz guitarist. Christian is best known as one of the first famous guitarists to play the electric guitar. He is also remembered as one of the first musicians to help create the styles of jazz music known as "bebop" and "cool jazz."

Career 
Christian first gained fame as a member of the Benny Goodman Orchestra. He played with Goodman from August 1939 to June 1941. He was very good at playing many notes up and down on a sinle guitar string. By playing his guitar through an amplifier his guitar solos made the guitar very loud in the band.

Death 
Christian died in March 1942 when he was only 26 years old. He had been sick with tuberculosis for several years before he died.
Even though he was jazz guitarist who died before the music style rock and roll was started, he was still a large influence on rock and roll musicians. It was because of this that in 1990 Charlie Christian was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame even though he had never played rock and roll music.

Legacy 
Charles Henry Christian was raised in Oklahoma City in the American state of Oklahoma. In 2006 Oklahoma City renamed a street to "Charlie Christian Avenue." There is also a yearly jazz music festival in Oklahoma City which is named after Charlie Christian.

References 

1916 births
1942 deaths
American guitarists
American jazz musicians
Musicians from Oklahoma
Franco Cerri (January 29, 1926 – October 18, 2021) was an Italian jazz guitar player.

Cerri was seen as the most authoritative Italian guitarist in the jazz field, and his innate sympathy has meant that many viewers, seeing its shares on TV (especially in the 60s), come close to jazz, and studying guitar.
Much appreciated at the international level, has worked with notable musicians such as Django Reinhardt, Gorni Kramer, Chet Baker, Gerry Mulligan, Billie Holiday, Stéphane Grappelli, Lee Konitz, Dizzy Gillespie, Tullio De Piscopo, Pino Presti, Jean-Luc Ponty.

Cerri died on 18 October 2021 in Milan, Italy, at the age of 95.

Discography

Albums
1952 - The Franco Cerri Quintet, with Flavio Ambrosetti
 1958 - Jazzin' with Cerri
 1959 - Franco Cerri and his European Jazz Stars, with Lars Gullin, Flavio Ambrosetti, George Gruntz,  Karl Theodor Geier, Pierre Favre
 1960 - Franco Cerri Quartet
 1960 - Franco Cerri Quartet and Choristers
 1961 - Franco Cerri International Jazz Meeting
 1963 - Bossa nova (Columbia, QPX 8043)
 1964 - Chitarra, QPX 8059)
 1966 - 12 bacchette per una chitarra 1968 - La sera a casa con te (Compagnia Generale del Disco CGD, POP 73)
 1970 - Franco Cerri Jazz (Dire, FO 338)
 1973 - Metti una sera Cerri (Music, LPM 2012; with Nando De Luca, Pino Presti and Tullio De Piscopo)
 1974 - From Cathetus to Cicero, with Stefano Cerri and Gianluigi Trovesi
 1975 - A Limen 1975 - Querce platani e cerri 1976 - Nuages (Dischi Ricordi)
 1976 - Franco, Tony e Pompeo (Mallobia, LP 003; with Tony Scott and Bunny Foy)
 1977 - Un suo modo di dire (Dire, FO 347)
1978 - Noi duero 1979 - Demoiselle 1981 - Omaggio a Bill Evans (Dire, FO 361; with Enrico Intra and Lucio Terzano)
 1982 - Effetto Alfa 1984 - Franco Cerri Today! (Dire, FO 372)
 1985 - From Milan to Frankfurt 1990 - Jazz in Italy (with Enrico Intra quartet; Ariston Records, ARJ/701)
 1990 - Di jazz in jazz (Dire, FO386)
 1993 - Cerri & Cerri 1995 - A Django, en souvenir de Milan 1997 - From Milan to Brussels 1998 - Images 1999 - Di Jazz in Cerri...di Cerri in Jazz 2000 - In punta di Cerri 2003 - From Cathetus to Cicero (re-edit - CD)
 2004 - Ieri & oggi (re-edit of Metti Una sera Cerri + bonus tracks - CD)
 2006 - Just Smile (host)
 2011 - Bossa with Strings (Blue Serge)
 2012 - Cerrimedioatutto'' (M.A.P. Golden Jazz)
References 
 

Italian jazz musicians
Italian guitarists
1926 births
2021 deaths
Albert Edwin "Eddie" Condon (November 16, 1905 – August 4, 1973) was a Chicago jazz/big band rhythm guitarist.

American jazz musicians
Musicians from Indiana
1905 births
1973 deaths
Al Laurence Di Meola (born July 22, 1954) is a Jazz fusion guitarist. He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey.

American guitarists
American jazz musicians
Musicians from New Jersey
1954 births
Living people
People from Jersey City, New Jersey