Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
María Fernanda Morales (born in Mexico City, November 7, 1970) is a prolific Mexican voice actress. Morales is most known for the voice of Saori Kido in Saint Seiya, Kimi Finster in Rugrats and All Grown Up!, and Sailor Venus in Sailor Moon among other works she has worked on.

Roles

Television animation
 All Grown Up! (Kimi Finster (Dionne Quan))
 Captain N: The Game Master (Princess Lana (Venus Terzo))
 Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (Chip (Tress MacNeille))
 Corrector Yui (Yui Kasuga (Makiko Ōmoto))
 Talespin (Molly Cunningham (Janna Michaels), Princess Lotta L'Amour (Kath Soucie))
 DuckTales (Hugo, Paco and Luis (Russi Taylor))
 Ed, Edd y Eddy (Johnny (second voice) (David Paul Grove))
 Rugrats (Kimi Finster (Dionne Quan))
 The Powerpuff Girls (Brick, second voice) (Rob Paulsen))
 Sailor Moon (Sailor Venus (Rika Fukami))
 Saint Seiya (Athena (Saint Seiya) (Keiko Han, Fumiko Orikasa
 Zatch Bell! (Kido, Li-en))
 Invader Zim (Tak)
OVA
 Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (Hugo, Paco and Luis (Russi Taylor)
 FernGully: The Last Rainforest (Crysta (Samantha Mathis))
 FernGully 2: The Magical Rescue (Crysta (Laura Elrich))
 The Lion King 1½ (Adult Nala (Moira Kelly))
 The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (Nala (Moira Kelly))
 Once Upon a Forest (Abigail) (Ellen Blain)
 The Iron Giant (Annie Hughes) (Jennifer Aniston)
 Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (Chip and Hugo, Paco and Luis (Tress MacNeille and Tony Anselmo).

Theater animation
Kiki's Delivery Service (Ursula (Minami Takayama))
The Lion King (Adult Nala (Moira Kelly))
Los Caballeros del Zodíaco: La Película (Athena)
Space Jam (Lola Bunny (Kath Soucie))
Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (Aki Ross (Ming-Na))

Dubbing roles
Spider-Man 2 (Ursula Ditkovich (Mageina Tovah))
Spider-Man 3 (Ursula Ditkovitch (Mageina Tovah))

References

Living people
Mexican television actors
1975 births
Mexican voice actors
Actors from Mexico City
Katherine "Katie" Leigh (born on December 16, 1958 in Carmel, California) is an American voice actress best known for her role as Connie Kendall on the Focus on the Family radio program Adventures in Odyssey since 1987. She has voice acted in both television and movie roles.
Television roles
 Aladdin - Additional Voices
 All-New Dennis the Menace - Gina Gillotti, Joey MacDonald
 Animalia - Zoe, Fushia Fox, Snipsy Alligator and Echo Elephant
 As Told By Ginger - Jr. Harris and Jr. Harris Jr.
 Darkwing Duck - Honker Muddlefoot
 Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds  - Juliette
 Dumbo's Circus - Umbo
 Dungeons and Dragons - Sheila the Thief
 Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears - Sunni Gummi
 Jim Henson's Muppet Babies - Baby Rowlf
 My Little Pony - Sundance, Fizzy, Baby Shady, Additional voices
 Poppy Cat - Mo
 The Real Ghost Busters - Jason, Cindy
 Slimer! And the Real Ghostbusters - Jason
 Richie Rich (1996 TV series) - Richie
 Rugrats - Additional Voices
 The Adventures of the Little Prince - Little Prince (English Version)
 The Mr. Men Show - Little Miss Chatterbox, Little Miss Daredevil and Little Miss Helpful
 Totally Spies! - Alex (Seasons 1 and 2 only)
 Zatch Bell! - Pamoon
 Olivia - Lily, Additional voices
 Blue Dragon - Noe
 Pound Puppies - Additional voices
Hi Hi Puffy Ami Yumi - King Chad, Madame Blubbery, Pierre, and Parsephus
 Pandamonium - Peggy
Movie roles
 Babe: Pig in the City - Hungry Kitten
 Lorenzo's Oil - Lorenzo (ADR)
The Color Purple - Esther (ADR)
 My Little Pony: The Movie - Fizzy, Baby Sundance
 Surviving: A Family in Crisis - ADR for Heather O'Rourke

Radio roles
 Adventures in Odyssey - Connie Kendall

Video game roles
 Star Ocean: First Departure - Millie Chliette
 Grim Fandango - Bibi
 Silent Hill - Boy
 Nerf-n-Strike - Asian boy
 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom - Maharajah

Other websites 
 Official website
 

1958 births
Living people
Actors from Monterey County, California
American voice actors
American radio actors
Diana Santos (born June 9, 1950 in Mexico City), is a Mexican voice actress. She voiced the part of Takeshi in the Spanish dubbed version of the 1967–1968 Japanese television program Comet-San.
Filmography
Bo Peep in Lamp Life (short film) (2020)
Bo Peep in Toy Story 4 (2019)
Belle in Wreck-It Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018)
Mother in Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure (episode 27) (2018)
Miss Chicarelli in Kick Buttowski (2010-2013)
Minnie Mouse in Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)
Belle and Minnie Mouse in House of Mouse (2001-2003)
Belle and Minnie Mouse in Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001)
Minnie Mouse in Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
Minnie Mouse (1999-present)
Lucille Vinson in Crazy in Alabama (1999)
Bo Peep in Toy Story 2 (1999)
Belle (speaking voice) in Belle's Tales of Friendship (1999)
Boy in hospital in Babe: Pig in the City (1998)
Belle (speaking voice) in Belle's Magical World (1998)
Belle (speaking voice) in Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Felinet in The Adventures of Pinocchio (1996)
Baloo (cub) and Mowgli in Jungle Cubs (1996-1998)
Bo Peep in Toy Story (1995)
The Hoggetts' Daughter, The Singing Mice, Valda in Babe (1995)
Spanky McFarland in The Little Rascals (1994)
Sarah Sanderson in Hocus Pocus (1993) (Mexican re-dub)
Young Ebenezer Scrooge in The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992)
Belle (speaking voice) in Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Edmond in Rock-A-Doodle (1991)
Miss Bianca in The Rescuers Down Under (1990) 
Rebecca Cunningham in TaleSpin (1990) 
Webby in DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)
Miss Piggy in Muppet Babies (1984–1991) and Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue (1990)
Chip in Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers (1989)
Anne-Marie in All Dogs Go to Heaven (1st dub) (1989)
Young Babar / Young Celeste in Babar (Mexican dub, Seasons 1-5) (1989-1991)
Young Babar / Young Celeste in Babar: The Movie (Mexican dub) (1989)
Margaret Krusemark in Angel Heart (1987)
Jeanette Miller in The Chipmunk Adventure (1987)
Twinkle in Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night (1987)
Olivia Flaversham / Lady Mouse in The Great Mouse Detective (1986)
Alicia in He-Man & She-Ra: A Christmas Special (1985)
Sunni Gummi / Princess Calla in Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears (1985)
Princess Eilonwy / Fairfolk Little Girl in The Black Cauldron (1985)
Mrs. Brisby / Timothy Brisby  in The Secret of NIMH (1982)
Vixey in The Fox and the Hound (1981)
Madame du Barry in Lady Oscar (1979)
Boy (speaking voice) in The Small One (1978)
Pete (speaking voice) in Pete's Dragon (1977)
Elisa in The Wild Swans (1977)
Miss Bianca in The Rescuers (1977)
Fritz in Hans Christian Andersen's The Little Mermaid (1975)
Maid Marian (speaking voice) in Robin Hood (1973)
Paul Rawlins in Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971) (Mexican re-dub) (1986)
Mowgli in The Jungle Book (1967)
Christopher Robin in the Winnie the Pooh featurettes (1966–1974)
Liesl von Trapp (speaking voice) in The Sound of Music (1965) (Original Mexican dub)
Michael Banks and Jane Banks (singing voice) in Mary Poppins (1964) (Mexican re-dub) (1986)
Miles in The Innocents (1961)
Lucky and Penny in One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961)
Anne Frank in The Diary of Anne Frank (1959)
Singing Harp (speaking voice) in Mickey and the Beanstalk (1947) (Mexican re-dub) (1992)
Adult Faline (speaking voice) in Bambi (1942) (Mexican re-dub) (1969)
Honours and Awards
On November 28, 2020, during the 2nd Lavat Awards ceremony held in Mexico City, Diana Santos received an honorary award in recognition for her lifetime work as a dubbing actress spanning 64 years.  The ceremony was broadcast live on the Lavat Awards official website due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as opposed to the previous year.

References

Other websites 

1950 births
Living people
Mexican voice actors
People from Veracruz
This is a list of awards and nominations American singer Selena received. Awards and nominations for Tejano Music Awards were taken from their website.

Awards and nominations

References 

Selena
Selena
Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister  (23 March 1929 – 3 March 2018) was an English athlete, physician and educator. He is best known for being the first person to run the mile in less than four minutes. Many people thought this was impossible, a natural limit of the human body, until he did it in 1954. 

Bannister was born in Harrow, Middlesex. He was the first recipient of the Sports Illustrated "Sportsman of the Year" award in January 1955. He was a neurologist and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford. He retired in 2001. 

Bannister was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2011. He died of the disease on 3 March 2018 in Oxford, England at the age of 88.

Quotations
 "We run, not only because we think it is doing us good, but ... because it helps us to do other things better."

The man who can drive himself further once the effort gets painful is the man who will win.
"Every morning in Africa, a gazelle wakes up.  It knows it must outrun the fastest lion or it will be killed.  Every morning in Africa, a lion wakes up.  It knows it must run faster than the slowest gazelle, or it will starve. It doesn't matter whether you're a lion or a gazelle--when the sun comes up, you'd better be running."

References

Other websites 

1929 births
2018 deaths
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
British neurologists
Sportspeople from London
Kumbia Kings (or Los Kumbia Kings) are a reggaeton band formed by A.B. Quintanilla III in 1999. They won several Latin Grammy Awards for their albums. In 2007, Quintanilla III formed a new band called Kumbia All Starz because of conflicts from other band members. Frankie J became a successful R&B singer after he left to become a solo artist. Selena's widower Chris Perez joined both of the bands but left in 2010 to start his own band with Joe Ojeda, originally a keyboardist from Selena y Los Dinos.

Other websites 
Official Website
Kumbia All Starz Website 
Kumbia Kings Billboard 
www.KumbiaKingsBlog.com
Musical groups from Texas
Reggae bands
Hip hop bands
American R&B bands
Latin music
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
Mexican musical groups
Reggaeton
Latin Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in North America
1990s establishments in Mexico
Musical groups disestablished in 2006
2000s disestablishments in Mexico
Musical groups established in 2009
2000s establishments in Mexico
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
2010 disestablishments in Mexico
The Adult Contemporary is a weekly music chart that is published on the Billboard magazine. It lists the top 30 popular songs. It measures the top 30 songs depending on its airplay, digital download sales, and single sales. It is only based on 85 radio stations that play adult contemporary music. The chart first appeared on the July 17, 1961 issue of Billboard magazine.

Recurrents 
The Hot Adult Contemporary Recurrents lists the top 10 adult contemporary songs that are one year old but are still being played on radios.

Other charts 
The Adult Top 40 chart was released in 1996. This lists only lists the top 40 adult contemporary songs. The Top 40 Mainstream ranks both adult contemporary songs and dance-pop songs on 141 radio stations.

Related pages
Billboard charts

Record charts
The Billboard Latin Music Awards is an awards ceremony honoring artists who perform Latin music. The awards ceremony are held annually by Billboard magazine.

Music awards
was a  after Kashō and before Saikō.  This period started in April 851 and ended in November 854.  During this time, the emperor was  .

Events of the Ninju era

 852 (Ninju 2, 2nd month): A broom star was seen in the west.

 853 (Ninju 3, 2nd month): The emperor visited the home of  Fujiwara Yoshifusa, who was the grandfather of his designated heir.

 853 (Ninju 3, 5th month): Asama Shrine in Suruga province is given national ranking in the lists of shrines and temples.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
850s establishments in Japan
850s disestablishments in Japan
851 establishments
854 disestablishments
A bridge in popular music is a form of musical notes contrasting with one another.

References 

Musical terminology
Wind chimes are chimes that are made up of tubes, rods, bells or other objects that are made of wood or metal. Wind chimes are usually hung outside of someone's house near a garden. Wind chimes makes sounds when the wind blows the tubes, rods and bells. In popular music, wind chimes can be used for harmonic music.

References 

Musical instruments
Sound
Scat singing is used in jazz music. It is performed by using the voice to make sounds, but not using any recognisable words. A singer would improvise (make up) a solo using nonsense syllables which is like a musical instrument solo in a song. Scat singing probably started when singers like Louis Armstrong and Ella Fitzgerald began to use their voices copy the sounds of instruments.

References

Other websites
 

Jazz music
Singing
Triglav was an old Slavic god. The highest mountain in Slovenia is also called Triglav. Its name means " three-headed " in Slovene. An insurance company also uses the name Triglav.

Other myths are related to Triglav. These include Zlatorog. Zlatorog is an immortal mountain goat. It has gold horns. It is currently being used as a logo for a brand of beer.  On a mountain near Triglav, there is a formation in the rocks of the mountain that looks like the face of a Giant girl. This is said to be proof of the Giants.

References

Slavic gods and goddesses
The Federal Judicial Center is the education and research agency of the United States federal courts. An Act of Congress () started it in 1967. The idea for a center came from the Judicial Conference of the United States. 

The Center main activities are:

orientation and continuing education and training for federal judges, court employees, and others;
recommendations about the operation and study of the federal courts; and
research on federal judicial procedures, court operations, and history.
The law sets who serves on the Center's Board of Directors.  The Chief Justice of the United States is ex officio chair of the Center's board. The board also has the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts and seven judges elected by the Judicial Conference. The Board appoints the Center's director and deputy director; the director appoints the Center's staff. Since its founding in 1967, the Center has had ten directors. Judge Jeremy Fogel became director in 2011. He was appointed U.S. district judge for the Northern District of California in 1998 but has been resident in Washington, D.C., since becoming director. The deputy director is John S. Cooke.
History 
Chief Justice Earl Warren and other members of the judiciary wanted a separate agency that would conduct research and educational programs for the federal courts. They hoped that a separate agency would build the judiciary’s institutional independence. They recommended starting the Federal Judicial center to Congress. They hoped that regular programs of research and education would improve the efficiency of the federal courts and relieve the backlog of cases in the lower courts.

The Center is governed by its own board. The Federal Judicial Center offered the courts the benefits of independent social science research and educational programs designed to improve judicial administration.
In the 1950s and early 1960s, the Judicial Conference and the Administrative Office increasingly commissioned research projects to examine problems of judicial administration at the same time that they organized educational programs to help judges manage growing and complicated caseloads. These research and educational programs, however, received no permanent staff or funding. Support for an institutionalized program of judicial research and education increased after adding 60 new district judge positions in 1961 showed that the number of judges alone would not solve all of the problems of overworked courts. Many judges and lawyers asked for a way to bring improved research and education to the courts. 

The Center includes several offices and divisions.

Director's Office
Director's Office

The Director's Office is responsible for the Center's overall management and its relations with other organizations. Its Office of Systems Innovation and Development (OSID) provides technical support for Center education and research. Communications Policy and Design (CPD) edits, produces, and distributes all Center print and electronic publications, operates the Federal Judicial Television Network, and through the Information Services Office maintains a library of materials on judicial administration.

Research Division

The Research Division undertakes empirical and exploratory research on federal judicial processes, court management, and sentencing and its consequences, often at the request of the Judicial Conference and its committees, the courts themselves, or other groups in the federal system. James B. Eaglin is the current director of the research division.

Federal Judicial History Office
The Federal Judicial History Office develops programs relating to the history of the judicial branch and helps courts with their own judicial history programs.

Education Division

The Education Division holds educational sessions for federal judges and court staff. Bruce Clarke is the current director of the Education Division.

Interjudicial Affairs Office

The Interjudicial Affairs Office caries out the Center's statutory mission to provide information about federal courts to officials of foreign judicial systems and to acquire information about foreign judicial systems that will help the Center perform its other missions.

Board of the Center
The Center's board consists of:
John G. Roberts, Jr., Chief Justice of the United States, chair.
Judge Susan H. Black, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit
Judge David O. Carter, U.S. District Court for the Central District of California
Magistrate Judge Karen Klein, U.S. District Court for the District of North Dakota
Judge Loretta A. Preska, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York
Judge Philip Martin Pro, U.S. District Court for the District of Nevada
Judge Stephen Raslavich, U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Judge William B. Traxler Jr., U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, and
James C. Duff, Director of the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

A nonprofit organization, the Federal Judicial Center Foundation, solicits support for the Center.

Other websites 
Federal Judicial Center
Federal Judicial Center Foundation

1967 establishments in the United States

United States government agencies
Master Lock is one of the leading lock manufacturers. Master Lock's products include padlocks, door locks, and lock hasps. Master Lock was founded in 1921 by Harry Soref. Master Lock is famous for their television ad showing a Master Lock #15 surviving a shot from a .30 caliber rifle.

Locks
Companies based in Wisconsin
1921 establishments in the United States
Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space UniversitieS (PEGASUS) is the biggest network for aeronautical and space universities in Europe. It has been created in 1998 by the French National aeronautical universities (ENAC, ENSMA and ISAE).

The European manufacturers like Airbus have close contact with PEGASUS network.

Members 

The network consists of 24 universities in 9 countries:
In France : École de l'Air, École nationale de l'aviation civile, École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique de Poitiers and Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace.
 In United Kingdom : Cranfield University, University of Bristol and University of Glasgow.
 In Germany : Dresden University of Technology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, RWTH Aachen University, Berlin Institute of Technology, Braunschweig University of Technology, Technical University Munich and University of Stuttgart.
 In Italy : Politecnico di Milano, Polytechnic University of Turin, University of Naples Federico II, Sapienza University of Rome and University of Pisa.
 In Netherlands : Delft University of Technology.
 In Spain : Technical University of Madrid, University of Seville. 
 In Sweden : Royal Institute of Technology.
 In Czech Republic : Czech Technical University in Prague.
 In Portugal : Instituto Superior Técnico.

References

Other websites 
 Official webiste
Aerospace engineering
Aviation organizations
Technical colleges and universities in Europe
Kandahar is the second largest city in Afghanistan. Alexander the Great visited the town and named it after himself. Alexander the Great founded Kandahar in the 4th century BC. He called it "Alexandria Arachosia". About 500,000 people live there in 2015. It is in the central-south of Afghanistan. Kandahar is the capital of Kandahar Province.  It is an important trading centre for sheep, wool, cotton, silk, felt, food grains, fresh and dried fruit, and tobacco. Kandahar has an international airport.

References 

Cities in Afghanistan
Kandahar Province
4th-century BC establishments
River Song is a fictional character in the British science-fiction series Doctor Who. She is played mainly by Alex Kingston. River Song was first seen in the series as a future companion of the Doctor. The Doctor is an alien Time Lord who travels through time and space in his TARDIS. River Song is a time traveler herself. Because of this, her time spent with the Doctor does not happen in the same order his time with her does. The first time they met (in the series) is his first but her last time. In later episodes, River is a companion of the Doctor in his eleventh form (Matt Smith). River Song was created by Doctor Who writer Steven Moffat for the programme's fourth series in 2008. When moffat took over the job of executive producer from Russell T Davies, he started developing the character's background. He created adventures  earlier in River's timeline. Alex Kingston went from being from a guest star to a recurring actor in the series. Other actresses have also played younger versions of the character
. She has been an infant, a child and a young adult.
When the character was first seen, much about her was mystery. After the character's first time on the series, Davies said she was as "one of the most important characters" in the story. He said that she was "vital" to the Doctor's life. In series six (2011), Moffat's episodes showed more about the character.  Born Melody Pond, River is the daughter of the Eleventh Doctor's companions Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill). Kingston had appeared with these characters several times in series five (2010). Because she was conceived in the TARDIS as it travelled through the space-time vortex, Melody is born with genetic traits and abilities much like to the Doctor's own race, the Time Lords.

Appearances
River Song first appears in the Doctor Who 2008 series two-episode story "Silence in the Library"/"Forest of the Dead". This story was written by Steven Moffat. Here, she meets up with the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) in the 51st century. She tells him that she is someone he will come to trust completely. River, who wears a space suit, carries a diary that looks like the TARDIS. It is filled with her adventures. She is a professor of archaeology. The Doctor learns that he will trust her in the future when she whispers his real name into his ear. The adventure in the Library is River's last real-life meeting with the Doctor in her chronology. It is their first meeting in his. In the second of the two episodes she dies to save the people who were trapped in the Library's database, before the Doctor could do the same. The Doctor is then able to upload her consciousness into a computer. This allows her to live on in a virtual world created by the Library computer
. He does this by using a sonic screwdriver that she was given by himself in his future (her past).
After Moffat took over from Davies as executive producer, River Song was in the 2010 series. At an earlier point in her timeline, in the two-episode story "The Time of Angels"/"Flesh and Stone", River meets the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith). She is more familiar to him and he is more familiar to her. At this point in her life, River is a doctor. She is not yet a professor. She leaves coordinates for the Doctor to find so that he may save her in the 51st century. With him she goes to learn about the crash of the spaceship Byzantium. She shows herself to be better at flying the TARDIS than he is. She tells the Doctor that she is imprisoned in the Stormcage Containment Facility for killing, in her words, "the best man I've ever known." An even earlier version of River helps the Doctor in series finale "The Pandorica Opens"/"The Big Bang". After Winston Churchill (Ian McNeice) talks to her while she is in prison, she takes the Doctor to 102 A.D
.D. While River is travelling in the TARDIS on her own, it explodes with her inside. The Doctor, using an device that belonged River, is able to save her and teleport her out. She then helps him in closing the cracks in the universe.  After the Doctor removes himself from all of history to close the cracks in the universe, River helps Amy Pond to remember the Doctor. This brings him back. She gives Amy her now-blank diary.  At the end of the series finale, The Doctor asks her whether she is married. She says she is married, and answers yes to a question she pretends think is him asking her to marry him. She then tells to the Doctor that he will soon learn the truth about her, after which 'everything changes'.
In the first episodes of 2011 series, "The Impossible Astronaut"/"Day of the Moon", River, Rory and Amy (Karen Gillan are contacted by a future version of the Doctor. They are told to meet in the United States. This future version of the Doctor is killed by an person in a space suit. The Doctor's current version is there with them. In 1969, the present Doctor and company meet a little girl (Sydney Wade) who wears the space suit. River tells the Doctor it is a life support unit. The suit has been designed by the hypnotic alien race, Silence. The girl is later seen regenerating in New York City, 1970. In "A Good Man Goes to War," it is learned that River is Amy and Rory's daughter Melody. She was conceived in the TARDIS and has Time Lord DNA. Baby Melody is kidnaped by Madame Kovarian (Frances Barber) to become a weapon against the Doctor. "Let's Kill Hitler" shows that Melody was trained by the Silence to kill the Doctor
. After regenerating in New York, Melody became Rory and Amy's childhood friend Mels (Maya Glace-Green) and grew up alongside them. When adult Mels (Nina Toussaint-White) is shot, she regenerates into her next form (Kingston) and kills the Doctor. When she learns she will one day become River Song, someone the Doctor trust, Melody chooses to resurrect the Doctor with her energy. This causes her to lose the ability. The Doctor learns that she is the person who kills him in his future. The Doctor gives her a blank TARDIS-shaped diary, and Melody - now River - begins to study archaeology. At the end of "Closing Time", on the day she receives her doctorate, the Silence and Kovarian recapture River. They, then, put her in the space suit to kill the Doctor as history showed. In the series finale "The Wedding of River Song", River stops herself from killing the Doctor. This created an alternate reality. The Doctor marries River
. He gets her to return to the normal history by letting her know how he plans to fake his death. River goes to prison for his murder so no one knows he is not dead.
The series 6 DVD bonus episodes Night and the Doctor shows River in the episodes "First Night" and "Last Night". The Doctor tries to take River on a date shortly after she is put in prison. Their time in the TARDIS is interrupted by two future versions of River. All are wondering about the signs of "another woman" being aboard the TARDIS.. The Doctor is able get rid of the two future Rivers, but not before learning from his future self that one of them is shortly to die in the Library where he first met her.

Online media
At the same time as the 2010 series, Alex Kingston played River Song narrating the "Monster Files" on the BBC website. It is a documentary about Doctor Who monsters. This series had also (in 2008-9) been narrated by John Barrowman in character as Captain Jack Harkness.

Characterisation
Characterisation

Casting
For the role of River Song, they wanted to cast Kate Winslet. One of Winslet's first acting jobs was in the BBC1 teen drama Dark Season, written by Davies. The role of River Song went to Alex Kingston instead. She is known for starring in the popular US drama ER. On Kingston's casting, Davies said "I bloody love her!" Kingston had liked Doctor Who as a child. Kingston, when first cast, did not expect her role to be more than just the two episodes. She later learned that Moffat had always wanted for Song to come back for more episodes. Kingston likes getting to play an unusual action hero female role.
Talking about acting with Tennant and Catherine Tate (Donna Noble) in her 2008 episode, Kingston said, "We just clicked. I've done guest roles on other shows, but rarely have I felt such a warm bond."  About working with Kingston, Catherine Tate said, "I'm a huge ER fan. When you hold people in awe, it's almost a disappointment when they come in and they're utterly normal. But Alex isn't disappointing at all. She's such a lovely person." David Tennant said, "Alex is terrific. When she's telling you stories about hanging out with George Clooney, you know she's pretty cool."

When asked about the Doctor Who dialogue, she said, "I'd work with a medical consultant on ER, who'd explain what we were saying, so I'd say it with a purpose and a truth. On Doctor Who, I've no idea what some of my lines mean!"
Conception and development
The character was first created to help the plot of "Silence in the Library" to make more sense. Moffat knew that the team of archaeologists would have to trust the Doctor, but the Doctor could not get them to understand how he had gotten into the closed library. Because of this, Moffat wanted for the Doctor to know one of the archaeologists but he thought that the idea was "dull". He chose to have one of them know him. When Kingston returned to the show, Moffat told her some details about her character's back-story. This was information that Smith, Gillan and Darvill did not learn until later. Kingston knows her character cannot be killed off because her death was seen in her first episode. Each episode she is in after that is earlier in her personal history.

Reception
An article published in Metro, titled "Doctor Who fans love River Song...", said how good comments from fans on Twitter after the airing of "Day of the Moon" were mainly about Song.
Keith Phipps for The A.V. Club compared the Doctor and River's romantic storyline to The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.

Neela Debnath of The Independent liked Nina Toussaint-White as Mels. She said she was "every bit as sassy and vivacious as her later incarnation...it was shame that she regenerated so early on because she brought a different energy to the character". However, Neil McCormick in The Daily Telegraph felt that her being quickly added as Rory and Amy's childhood friend showed that Moffat was making it up as he went along.

References

Other websites
River Song on the BBC's Doctor Who Series 5 website 

Doctor Who characters
Oliver Heaviside (Camden, London 18 May 1850 – Torquay, Devon 3 February 1925) was a self-taught English electrical engineer, mathematician, and physicist.

Although he was well known in the scientific world during his life, it was not until after his death that people realized how much he had changed the study of mathematics and physics.  He used complex numbers to study electrical circuits and did a lot of work on electromagnetic wave theory which made it necessary to find new ways of working with differential equations.  He did work on  Maxwell's field equations and vector analysis. In fact, he was the inventor of Vector Calculus. Part of the ionosphere is co-named after him: the Kennelly-Heaviside layer.  His personality was very eccentric and he is a good example of what many people think of as a mad scientist.
Life
Heaviside was born in Camden Town, London. His father was a skilled wood engraver.  His uncle, Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875), co-invented the telegraph and made famous experiments in 1837 from Euston Station.
Heaviside was short and he had red-hair.  When he was young he suffered from scarlet fever which made him rather deaf, especially in his later years.  Heaviside studied at Camden House School until he was 16 and continued to study at home until he was 18.  He got a job as telegraph operator and spent some time working in Denmark. He noticed that operating speeds were 40% faster from England to Denmark than the other way round, and in 1871 he found a fault in the telegraph cable from England to Denmark.  In 1873 he got a copy of the first edition of Maxwell’s book A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism.  He was very influenced by this book and it helped him to produce many mathematical ideas.  At this time he was working in Newcastle.  In 1875 he went back to London to live with his parents.  There he spent a lot of time writing up his discoveries, but no one wanted to publish his papers because they were too difficult to understand
.  He analysed alternating currents 15 years before they started to be used commercially.
When his parents moved to Paignton he moved with them.  After their deaths he lived at Newton Abbott and then, from 1908 until death, in Torquay.  He was unmarried.

Eccentric behaviour 
In his old age Heaviside became more and more eccentric.  He was poor, and lived alone in a large house in Torquay that he could not afford to heat properly.  He liked it when friends visited, but many people were put off because he could often be rude.  He could not cook, and a friendly policeman regularly came to the house to bring him food. Because Heaviside was deaf and could not hear the knock on the door the policeman used to open the letterbox and blow his whistle loudly.  The house and garden was in a terrible mess.  He had lumps of granite in his house for furniture. He often put the letters W.O.R.M. after his name, just for a joke.  He took to painting his finger nails pink.  On at least one occasion he dyed his hair black and, while it was wet, he wore a teacosy on his head.
When, in 1925, he fell off a ladder and was taken by ambulance to a nursing home, it was the first time he had ever been in a motor vehicle.  He told the ambulance driver that he had enjoyed the ride.  He died at the nursing home in Torquay a month later and was buried in Paignton.

His work
His work 

Heaviside was like Sir Isaac Newton in that he worked alone and did not always publish the whole of his experiments.  He wrote a lot of ideas in his notebooks, but he did not think these ideas were ready for publication, yet they turned out to be very important.  For example, he suggested that there was an atmospheric conducting layer many kilometers above the earth’s surface which could be used for sending long-distance radio-waves around the curvature of the earth.  In 1923 it was indeed discovered that there were complex, ionized layers (called the ‘‘ionosphere”).  The Kennelly-Heaviside layer was later named after him.  By 1950, 25 years after his death, there were more than 50 stations worldwide experimenting with radio communication in the upper atmosphere.
Heaviside made studies on how to transmit speech clearly in telephone communication.  He studied reflection in telephone circuits (these produced disturbing echoes). From 1886 he spent most of his time on the propagation of electromagnetic waves through space which had been developed by Hertz and on the motion of atoms which had been discovered by J.J. Thomson.

Honours

Heaviside was not interested in receiving honours.  Indeed, he never made any money from his discoveries and often found it difficult to pay the bills.  He was probably very pleased to be made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1891.  He was awarded a £120 a year Civil List pension by the government.  In 1908 he was elected an Honorary Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and in 1918 Honorary Membership of the Americal Institute of Electrical Engineers.  In 1921 he was the first person to be honoured with the Faraday Medal.
A famous quotation of Heaviside is:
"Shall I refuse my dinner because I do not fully understand the process of digestion"?

Related pages
Heaviside function
Magnetic reluctance
Dirac delta function
Coaxial cable
Hughes Medal

References 

Searle G.F.C. 1987. Oliver Heaviside, the man.

Other websites

British electrical engineers
English mathematicians
English physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society
1850 births
1925 deaths
Mad scientists
Casper Platt (June 6, 1892 – September 16, 1965) was a United States federal judge.

Born in Danville, Illinois, Platt received a B.A. from the University of Illinois in 1914 and a J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School in 1916. He was in private practice in Danville, Illinois from 1916 to 1917. He was in the United States Army during World War I, from 1917 to 1918. After the war, he returned to private practice in Danville until 1933, also working as a city attorney for Danville from 1927 to 1928. He was a judge on the Fifth Circuit Court of Illinois from 1933 to 1949. 

On September 15, 1949, President Harry S Truman nominated Platt to be a judge on the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Illinois. Platt was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 12, 1949, and received his commission on October 13, 1949. He served as chief judge from 1956 until his death in 1965.
The University of Chicago Law School named the Casper Platt Award for the best student paper in his honor. Danville Area Community College also named a scholarship after him.

References

Sources
 

1892 births
1965 deaths
American judges
American people of World War II
People from Danville, Illinois
Rock en español is a Spanish language version of rock music. In English-speaking countries, people call Spanish rock "Rock en español", while in Spanish-speaking countries they call rock music "rock". Rock en español has music from the Caribbean such as ska, reggae and soca. Rock music began in 1956 when Gloria Ríos recorded "El relojito". Chicano rock are rock music sung by Mexican Americans, their version has R&B influences.

Rock music
Argentine rock is a type of rock music sung in Argentina. Locally, the Argentine's call their form of rock music "Rock Nacional". Argentine rock music has the tango and Argentine folk music. Argentine rock music began in the mid-1960s, after Richie Valens recorded "La Bamba", which became a popular folk song. 

Rock music
Argentine culture
Armenian rock is a type of rock music sung by Armenian people. In the Soviet era,rock music was forbidden because the CPSU believed it was a "Western anti-socialist" influence. However, in the 1980s popular rock bands in Armenia began to emerge. The Armenians blended folk music with their rock music. After Bolshevism, progressive rock music began to be popular among Armenian people. Since 2004, the Armenian Music Awards honors musicians who record rock music.

Rock music
Armenian culture
A beat is the basic unit of music . Beats can help measure tempos and are performed in grooves and rhythmic music. They measure the pulse and rhythm of a musical piece. They are usually divided into two kinds: stressed and unstressed beats. Stressed beats are the 'strong' beats and unstressed are the 'weak' beats. Time signatures and tempos are created by moving the beats into particular orders.

On-beat and off-beat
In music that is played in 4|4 time, (counted as "1 2 3 4, 1 2 3 4..."), the first beat of the bar (downbeat) is usually the strongest stressed in the melody and the likeliest place for a chord change. The third is the next strongest: these are the on beats. The second and fourth are weaker: these are the off-beats.
So "off-beat" is a musical term in syncopation that emphasizes the weak even beats of a bar, as opposed to the usual on-beat. This is a basic beat in African polyrhythm that was transferred over into popular western music. According to Grove Music, the "Offbeat is [often] where the downbeat is replaced by a rest or is carried over from the preceding bar". The downbeat (the first beat of a measure in music) can never be the off-beat because it is the strongest beat in 4/4 time. Certain genres tend to emphasize the off-beat; especially rock and roll and Ska music.

References 

Musical terminology
was a  after Ninju and before Ten'an.  This period started in November 854 and ended in February 857. During this time, the emperor was  .

Events of the Saikō era

 21 April 854 (Saikō 1, 13th day of the 6th month): Minamoto no Tokiwa, also known as Minamoto no Tsune, died at age 43.  He was a son of Emperor Saga and he was one of the editors of the Nihon kōki.

 855 (Saikō 2, 1st month): An Emishi uprising in the north was met with military force.

 855 (Saikō 2, 5th month): The head of the great statute of Buddha in the Tōdai-ji fell off. Donations were collected to pay for making another head for the Daibutsu.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
850s establishments in Japan
850s disestablishments in Japan
854 establishments
857 disestablishments
is an ancient history of Japan written in 843.

This work is the third of the Rikkokushi ("Six National Histories").   It was written after the Nihon Shoki and the Shoku Nihongi.

Fujiwara no Otsugu, Fujiwara no Yoshino, Fujiwara no Yoshifusa, Minamoto no Tokiwa, Asa no Katori and Yamada no Furutsugu were the main editors.  

Nihon Kōki is a primary historical source of information about Japan's Nara period and Heian period. 

The work covers the 135-year period from the beginning of Emperor Mommu's reign in 697 until the 9th year of Emperor Juna's reign in 832.   The text is an account of twelve imperial reigns.

Related pages 
 Nihon Odai Ichiran

References

Further reading
 Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). The Six National Histories of Japan (tr. John S. Brownlee). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.

Other websites 
 Waseda University Library, Nihon Kōki manuscript 

History of Japan
9th-century works
Orientation may refer to:
 Orientation (mental), a function of the mind
 Orientation (movie), a 1996 short movie produced by the Church of Scientology
 Orientation of churches is the custom of having the front of churches on their east side (Latin: oriens)
 Orientation (housing), the position of a building with respect to the sun, a concept in building design
 Student orientation, the first week of a university year in several countries
 Coin orientation and Medallic orientation, a description of the orientation of opposite faces of a coin with respect to one another
 Sexual orientation, the direction of an individual's sexuality relative to the sex of the persons the individual finds sexually attractive
 Map orientation, the relationship between directions on a map and compass directions
 Orientation (EP), a 2001 album by Sonata Arctica
 Page orientation, whether the long or short side of a rectangular page is the bottom for normal viewing
Television 
 "Orientation" (Lost), a 2005 episode of American television series Lost
 Orientación, an episode of the American television series Prison Break
 "Orientation" (Heroes), a 2009 episode of American television series Heroes

Mathematics 
 Orientation (computer vision), an image processing concept related to one-dimensional characterization of a local image
 Orientation (geometry), placement of an object in a rotational coordinate system with respect to a fixed point and a reference position
 Orientation (vector space), a concept in linear algebra
 Curve orientation, a property of a planar simple closed curve
 Orientability, a property of surfaces in Euclidean space measuring whether or not it is possible to make a consistent choice of surface normal vector at every point
 Orientation character, group homomorphism in surgery theory
Related pages
 Orientability, a concept in topology
 Orientation tensor, a tool in geology/earth science
 Orienteering, a sport involving map orientation
 Orientation and mobility
Apollo 1, initially designated AS-204, was the first crewed mission of the United States Apollo program, which had as its ultimate goal a crewed lunar landing. The low Earth orbital test of the Apollo Command/Service Module never made its target launch date of February 21, 1967. A cabin fire during a launch rehearsal test on January 27 at Cape Kennedy Air Force Station Launch Complex 34 killed all three crew members—Command Pilot Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom, Senior Pilot Ed White, and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee—and destroyed the Command Module (CM). The name Apollo 1, chosen by the crew, was officially retired by NASA in commemoration of them on April 24, 1967.
The Apollo Program
In 1959, NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration) began working on projects where people could fly into space on specially-designed rockets and come back to the Earth. They were doing this because another country, the Soviet Union, was working on doing the same thing, and at the time, the United States and Soviet Union were competitors – they did not get along. When the Soviet Union put a satellite into orbit around the Earth, and later a person named Yuri Gagarin, the United States felt that the Soviet Union was getting too far ahead of them when it came to space. This is usually called the space race.
In 1961, the earliest space program, Project Mercury, put an American named John Glenn into orbit around the Earth. Later, during another program, Project Gemini, an American astronaut was able to get out of his spaceship in outer space, an activity called a spacewalk, then get back in and come home. (The Soviet Union had already done that earlier in the same year.) While doing these things was amazing, since the Soviet Union had done them first, people still felt like the United States was losing the space race. Both the United States and Soviet Union had the same next goal in mind: to go to the Moon.

The NASA program to send people to the Moon was the Apollo program. Apollo 1 was going to be the first flight of an Apollo spaceship. It wasn't going to go to the Moon – it was going to orbit the Earth while the astronauts tested and checked the equipment and machines that would be used to go to the Moon on another flight.
The Crew
Three men were assigned to be the crew of the Apollo 1 mission: Virgil Grissom (usually called Gus Grissom), Ed White, and Roger Chaffee.

Gus Grissom had been in space before, on a mission called Mercury-Redstone 4. In a tiny spaceship called "Liberty Bell 7," he'd become the second American to go into space.

Ed White had also been to space before, on the Gemini 4 mission. He was the first American to take a "spacewalk," leaving the safety of his spaceship while in space and moving around outside in a spacesuit.

Roger Chaffee had not been in space yet, but he was a great pilot. He had worked with the space program on the ground, helping astronauts who were flying in space. He had been the person who talked to Gemini 4 during its mission, and NASA trusted him to fly special research jets to learn about how rockets worked.
Test and Fire
Before using any equipment in space, it has to be tested. During the test, the astronauts would do everything they would do during the actual mission except fire the rockets that would launch the spaceship. That meant making everything the same as it would be during the actual mission, so problems could be found and fixed before the mission started.

On January 27, 1967, the Apollo 1 spacecraft was being tested on its launch pad in Florida. All three men – Grissom, White, and Chaffee – were inside. The hatch was closed and the spacecraft was pressurized – meaning that there was more air inside than normal, which puts more pressure on everything inside. They needed to do this to make sure that the spacecraft was safe to fly in space. But rather than using normal air, the spacecraft was pressurized with pure oxygen.