Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
History 
Gullfoss and its environments were designed in 1979 as a nature reserve. This served to permanently protect the waterfall and allow the public to enjoy this unique area. The Environment Agency of Iceland is responsible for the management of this reserve.Tourism of this amazing waterfall has been dated to as far back as 1875.In the early days of the last century, Gullfoss was at the centre of much controversy regarding foreign investors and their desire to profit off Iceland’s nature. In the year 1907, an English businessman, Howell, sought to utilise the waterfall’s energy and harboured ambitions to use its energy to fuel a hydroelectric plant.

At the time, Gullfoss was owned by a farmer named Tómas Tómasson. Tómas declined Howell’s offer to purchase the land, stating famously “I will not sell my friend!” He would, however, go on to lease Howell the land without the knowledge of a loophole that would allow him to proceed with his plans.
It was Tómas’ daughter, Sigríður Tómasdóttir, who would lead the charge to stop Howell’s ambitions. Having grown up on her father’s sheep farm where she helped pave the first road to Gullfoss, she sought to get the contract nullified, hurriedly saving her own money to hire a lawyer.

The ensuing legal battle was an uphill struggle; the case continued for years, forcing Sigríður to travel many times by foot to Reykjavík, a distance of over 100 kilometres (62 miles). Circumstances became so difficult that Sigríður threatened to throw herself into the waterfall if any construction began.
Geography 
The gorge was formed by flash flood waters that forced their way through the cracks in the basalt lava layers. On average the water flow is around 110 m3/s. But when these floods happen it can go up to 2000 m3/s, this means that it can fill almost 50 Olympic pools in one minute or about one every second. The floods were so intense that they could fill up the gorge, which is an impressive 32 meters tall, up to the top.

Gullfoss is a tiered Cataract, its total height is 32 m. It has two falls, of which the longest drop is 21 meters tall. It is in the Hvitá River in the Southwestern part of Iceland.

Waterfalls
Bodies of water of Europe
Geography of Iceland
"Si Una Vez" () is a song by American singer Selena. It was released as the fifth single from Amor Prohibido (1994).

Charts

Manny Manuel version 
In 1994, Puerto Rican merengue musician Manny Manuel covered the song on his debut album, El Rey de Corazones. The track peaked at #18 on Hot Latin Tracks and #1 on the Latin Tropical Airplay.

References

1994 songs
Selena songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
"I Could Fall in Love" is a song by American Tejano singer Selena. It was written and produced by Keith Thomas. It was for Selena's fifth album Dreaming of You (1995). The song's lyrics are about a woman who loves a guy. She is scared of rejection so she decides not to tell him and keeps it to herself.

It was released in the United States on June 26, 1995 as a promotional recording and not as a CD single. Because of this, it was not eligible for the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song was released three months after Selena was killed by her friend and ex-employer of her clothing stores, Yolanda Saldivar. "I Could Fall in Love" reached number eight on the US Hot 100 Airplay chart. It reached number one in Canada and the US Latin Pop Airplay chart. "I Could Fall in Love" had also reached many other positions on other charts.
Helped by heavy rotation, "I Could Fall in Love" became Selena's most famous songs. It also helped her gain English speaking fans. Many American Idol contestants have covered the song. Puerto Rican singer and actress, Jennifer Lopez have covered the song as a tribute to Selena during one of her concerts. Cuban singer, Gloria Estefan have covered the song during the Selena ¡VIVE! concert held on April 9, 2005.
Recording and composition 
Selena, and her brother A.B. Quintanilla III, went to Nashville, Tennessee to see Keith Thomas. Thomas is a music producer and a songwriter who has worked with Amy Grant before. Thomas had introduced himself to both Selena and A.B. He explained to them that he did not add any vocals to the song called "I Could Fall in Love". The vocals in a song help singers learn the lyrics quicker. Thomas began singing the introduction of "I Could Fall in Love". At that moment, Selena and A.B. had wanted the song to be included in Selena's crossover album. Thomas had given Selena the lyrics so she can memorize it for her recording session. In December 1994, Selena went back to Nashville by herself on a plane. She recorded "I Could Fall in Love" that day. Thomas later told Biography, that "all eyes were on her". He also said that Selena had no "ego" problems and was "down to-Earth" (a person who keeps a positive attitude and always acts nice to everyone).
"I Could Fall in Love" is a contemporary R&B, soul and a power ballad. The song is about a women who loves a guy. She is scared to be rejected by him. Because of this, she decides not to tell him. It is composed in C minor with 157 beats per minute. The electronic keyboards, Spanish guitar, and the drums is the song's background music. Selena uses the soprano voice. She has a light-deep voice and uses her emotional voice when she sings the title of the song. Trey Lorenz is the backing vocalist. After Selena sings the chorus, she sings in Spanish during the down-tempo part of the song. She goes back to singing in English. At the end of the song, she uses the melisma technique and hits a high F note.

Release and reception
"I Could Fall in Love" was given positive reviews from music critics. Mario Tarrradell of The Dallas Morning News wrote that "I Could Fall in Love" reminded him of songs recorded by TLC and Brandy Norwood. A San Jose Mercury News writer believed "I Could Fall in Love" and "Dreaming of You" helped Selena to become the new "Gloria Estefan". Richard Torres of Newsday believed "I Could Fall in Love" and "Dreaming of You" became romantic anthems. According to James Hunter of Vibe magazine, "I Could Fall in Love" is a "masterpiece". On March 31, 2010, Teresa Jusino of Popmatters wrote that English-speaking music fans no longer knows Selena's name. She also said that if you played "Dreaming of You" or "I Could Fall in Love", they will most likely say "I remember that song!" or "I love that one!". "I Could Fall in Love" became a popular wedding song after its release. It also became one of Selena's most famous songs. It helped her gain English language speaking fans.
The music video for "I Could Fall in Love" was released in August 1995. It features pictures and videos of Selena. The music video reached number 11 on the Billboard Video Monitor VH1 Top Music Videos list. It also reached number six on The BOX Video List, number 10 on the MOR Music list, and number 3 on the California Music Channel (CMC).
Cover versions 
In 2001, Jennifer Lopez covered the song during her Lets Get Loud Tour in Puerto Rico. During the Selena ¡VIVE! (2005) concert, Cuban singer Gloria Estefan covered the song. Puerto Rican singer Ana recorded the song on her album Amor Latino. American Idol contestants have covered the song. They include, Lisa Leuschner (season 3) and Karen Rodriguez (season 10). Korean singer Im Tae Kyung have recorded the song on his album Sentimental Journey. Reggae singer Fiona had also recorded the song on her album Best of Sweet Love. American R&B singer Ali-Ollie Woodson recorded the song on his album Love At the Same Time. Filipino singer Ivy Violan recorded the song for her album Ivy Silver Series. American singer Blake Cardenas recorded the song on his debut album Born Ready.

American singer and actress Keke Palmer had done an acoustic version of the song on her YouTube account. Snooki, from the American reality television series Jersey Shore, lip sync the song on her YouTube account.
Chart performance 
"I Could Fall in Love" reached number eight on the US Hot 100 Airplay. It also reached to number two for five weeks on the Hot Latin Tracks. "I Could Fall in Love" became the highest ranking English language song on the Hot Latin Tracks for two years. The song "My Heart Will Go On" by Celine Dion surpassed it in 1998 when it peaked at number one. It reached number four on the Latin Tropical/Salsa Airplay and number five on both the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay. The song reached number one on the Latin Pop Airplay chart. "I Could Fall in Love" reached number 17 on the Adult Top 40 chart. The song peaked at number three on the Hot 100 Recurrent Airplay chart. It also peaked at number six on the Hot Adult Contemporary Recurrent chart. On the Rhythmic Top 40, it reached number six and on number 15 on the Top 40 Mainstream chart.
In New Zealand, "I Could Fall in Love" debuted at number 36 on the New Zealand Top 40 chart. On the fifth week while being on the chart, "I Could Fall in Love" reached number ten. Selena became the first and only Tejano singer to have one of her songs be played in that country. In Canada, "I Could Fall in Love" debuted at number 55 on the Adult Contemporary chart. It reached number one on November 6, 1995. The song debuted at number 94 on the Top Singles chart. On the eleventh week while being on the chart, it reached number ten. It remained there for two weeks at number ten. "I Could Fall in Love" peaked at number 37 on the Tokyo Hot 100.

Formats and track listings 

 Worldwide Promotional Recording
 "I Could Fall in Love (Album version)" – 4:40
 "I Could Fall in Love (Softer version)" – 4:41

 Japan maxi single
 "I Could Fall in Love" – 4:41
 "Dreaming of You" – 5:15
 "Sukiyaki" – 3:01
Mexican CD single
 "I Could Fall in Love (Album version)" – 4:40
 "I Could Fall in Love (Softer version)" – 4:41
 "Tú Sólo Tú" – 3:12

 Australian maxi single
 "I Could Fall in Love (Album version)" – 4:40
 "I Could Fall in Love (Softer version)" – 4:41
 "Tú Sólo Tú" – 3:45
 "Amor Prohibido" – 2:50

Credits and personnel 
Credits adapted from Dreaming of You album liner notes.

 Keith Thomas—producer, arranger, synthesizer, bass programming
 Selena—vocals
 Bill Whittington—vocals recorder, mixer
 Mike Corbett—assistant engineer
 Todd Moore—production coordinator

 Mark Hammond—drums
 Tommy Sims—bass guitar
 Dan Huff—backing guitarist
 Trey Lorenz—backing vocalist

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release and radio history

References

Books 
 
 

1995 songs
1990s ballads
Pop ballads
Rhythm and blues ballads
Selena songs
Soul ballads
William James Dennis (born November 1, 1966), known as Willie D, is an American rapper. He is best known as being a member of the rap group, Geto Boys. Willie D took up boxing at the age of 11 and in 1985, became the Golden Gloves Champion for the State of Texas. Instead of becoming a professional boxer, he became a well known MC. J Prince, the founder of Rap-A-Lot Records saw his talent and added him to the his label as well as the group which would become known as The Geto Boys.

Discography

Albums 
Willie D has released 6 studio albums:

Websites
 Official website 

1966 births
Living people
Rappers from Texas
Singers from Houston
CiCi's Pizza is an American buffet restaurant chain based in Coppell, Texas.

Sources

1985 establishments in the United States
American fast food restaurants
Companies based in Texas
"I'm Getting Used To You" is a song by American singer Selena. "I'm Getting Used To You" became the third single released from Dreaming of You (1995).

Charts

References 

Selena songs
1995 songs
"El Toro Relajo" () is a song by American singer Selena. It was the fourth single released from Dreaming of You (1995) in the United States. It became the second single released for Mexico. The song was originally recorded for the Don Juan DeMarco movie soundtrack. Selena played a mariachi singer in that movie.

Covers 
Linda Ronstadt

Charts

References 

Selena songs
1995 songs
Spanish-language songs
"Techno Cumbia" is a song by American singer Selena. The song was the fifth single released from Dreaming of You (1995). It was originally the last single from Amor Prohibido (1994). "Techno Cumbia" was made from Techno music and Cumbia music combined. A music video was released after Selena's murder.

Awards

Certifications

Charts

Track listing 

U.S. Promo Single (1994)
 "Techno Cumbia"  – 3:47

Mexico EP Single (1994)
 "Techno Cumbia"  – 3:47

Mexico Promo Cassette (1995)
 "Techno Cumbia"  – 3:47
 "Techno Cumbia (Radio Edit)"  – 2:27

U.S. 12" Vinyl (1994)
 "Techno Cumbia"  – 3:47
 "Techno Cumbia (Radio Edit)"  – 2:27

U.S. Promo Single (1995)
 "Techno Cumbia (Album Version)"  – 4:45
 "Techno Cumbia (Full Force Remix)"  – 5:17
 "Techno Cumbia (Brazilian Nut-Remix)"  – 6:02
 "Dreaming of You (Album Version)"  – 5:15
 "Dreaming of You (Radio Edit)"  – 4:12

Spain Promo Single (1995)
 "Dreaming of You (Radio Edit)"  – 4:12
 "Techno Cumbia (Album Version)"  – 4:45

Covers

References
References 

Selena songs
1994 songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
Spanish-language songs
"Tú Sólo Tú" () is a song by American singer Selena. "Tú Sólo Tú" became the last single released from Dreaming of You (1995).

Covers 
Pedro Infante

Charts

References 

Selena songs
1995 songs
Spanish-language songs
"Captive Heart" is a song by American singer Selena. It was released as a promotional single, however it managed to impact music charts in the United States. It also received mixed to negative reviews from music critics. The song was a electropop song.

Awards and nominations

Charts

Track listing 
U.S. Promo Single (1995)
 "Captive Heart"  – 4:23

U.S. Cassette Single (1995)
 "Captive Heart"  – 4:23

References

Other websites 
Official Selena Website

Selena songs
1995 songs
"Siempre Hace Frio" () is a song by American singer Selena. It was the lead single from Siempre Selena (1996). It was released after Selena's murder. A music video was released, starring Jennifer Lopez as "Selena". She later had the role as Selena in the 1997 movie about Selena's life.

Charts 

Selena songs
1996 songs
Spanish-language songs
A funeral home is a place that helps take care of people who have died. Usually people go there for funerals.

There are certain common types of services in North America. A traditional funeral service consists of a viewing (sometimes referred to as a visitation), a funeral service in a place of worship or the funeral home chapel and a graveside committal service.

References 

Death
Business
Isotope electrochemistry is a field within electrochemistry concerned with various topics like electrochemical separation of isotopes, electrochemical estimation of isotopic exchange equilibrium constants, electrochemical kinetic isotope effect, electrochemical isotope sensors, etc.

Chemists are actively working in this area. It overlaps with many other chemistry areas of both theoretical and practical importance like nuclear engineering, electrochemical technology, geochemistry, sensors and instrumentation.

Notes
Notes

Other websites
electrochemical investigation using isotopic effects 
http://hydrobor.com.tr/bilgi-bankasi/.../Ti%20Ni%20intermetallic%20phases.pdf
electrochemical isotope separation
electrochemical isotope cell 
electroplating isotope effects
JES electrochemical pumping isotope effects
electrochemical isotope fractionation
http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/aesj/publication/JNST2002/No.4/39_367-370.pdf 
http://www.springerlink.com/content/u0x0t427w1146146/
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.196707571/abstract

Physical chemistry
Isotopes
"Where Did The Feeling Go?" is a song by Australian soft rock duo Air Supply. In 1989, American singer Selena did a cover version of the song. The song was not released until after her murder. The single was released on the movie soundtrack in 1997. Selena's version peaked at number 88 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and number 26 on the Adult Top 40 chart.

Covers 
Selena

Tribute covers 
These artists had done a cover as a tribute to Selena:

Quamo (Tagalog)
Millie Corretjer (Spanish)

Air Supply songs
Selena songs
1997 songs
Latin pop songs
"Is It The Beat?" is a song by American singer Selena. The dance-pop song peaked at number four on the US Hot Dance Club Songs. It was also the English version of "Enamorada de Ti". Selena had recorded several versions for this song. She had performed the freestyle version at live concerts in 1989-1991. The single was not released until after Selena's murder. It was included in the movie soundtrack in 1997. It was released with dance-club remixes.

Selena songs
1997 songs
Songs written by A.B. Quintanilla
"Last Dance/The Hustle/On The Radio" (or the Disco Medley) is a medley by American singer Selena. The medley had sampled the songs the "Last Dance", "The Hustle" and "On The Radio" by Donna Summer. The Mexican release had "Viviras Selena" (a tribute/various artists song) which was written by Pete Astudillo.

Charts 

Selena songs
1997 songs
"A Boy Like That" is a popular Broadway song. "A Boy Like That" (originally "A Boy Like That/I Have A Love") was written by Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim for the musical play, The West Side Story (1957). The song was performed by Chita Rivera (Anita) and Carol Lawrence (Maria). In the 1960 movie version the roles were played by Rita Moreno and Natalie Wood, but the songs were dubbed by Betty Wand and Marni Nixon (as both Anita and Maria).

Covers

Selena's version 
In 1995, after attending the Grammy Awards, Selena was asked to participate in the AIDS Project Los Angeles. She accepted because she had loved to do charity work and give back to her community, for which she was famous for being "down-to-Earth". Selena recorded the song as a rhythm and blues, funk song. It was released after Selena was murdered for the various artists album in 1997.
Track listing 
 A Boy Like That (Original Full Version), 5:51
 A Boy Like That (Radio Edit 1), 4:06 	
 A Boy Like That (Radio Edit 2), 4:06 	
 A Boy Like That (Original Edit), 3:28
 A Boy Like That (Extended Remix), 8:14 	
 A Boy Like That (Guitar Mix), 4:54 	
 A Boy Like That (Dub Mix), 8:40
 A Boy Like That (Tribal Mix), 7:13

1957 songs
Selena songs
"Ue o Muite Arukō" () is a song by Japanese singer Kyu Sakamoto. It was dubbed "Sukiyaki" in popular culture. The song peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 charts in the United States in 1963, and was the only Japanese language song to do so. The song sold over 13 million copies internationally.
Covers 
 4 P.M. 
 A Taste of Honey 
 Ace Cannon
 Albert Au
 Amos Garrett, Doug Sahm and Gene Taylor
 Anita Mui
 Ann-Mette Elten
 Azman Mohamed
 B-DASH
 Bambi (cantante)
 Baron
 Big Daddy
 Big Mama Sue Trio
 Bill & Boyd
 Billy Vaughn
 Bleed For Freedom
 Blue Diamonds 
 BoA
 Bob Dylan featuring Tom Petty y los Heartbreakers
 Bobby Caldwell
 Bone Thugs-N-Harmony 
 Boukman Eksperyans 
 Brave Combo
 Breakaways
 Brita Koivunen 
 Bryan Adams
 Budak Pantai
 Carmen Cavallaro
 Cecilio y Kapono
 Charm 
 Chet Atkins
 Chris Moore y the Free Spirits
 Claude Valade
 Cornell Hangovers
 Cover Girls
 Crane
 Daniela Mercury
 David H. Yakobian
 David Whittaker
 Diana King
 Diana Yukawa and Nigel Clayton
 Dick Lee
 Die Rivieras
 Dixie Aces
 Doug E. Fresh and Slick Rick
 The Dreamlovers
 Eri Ii 
 Esko Sorsa
 Fair Warning
 Fernando Montenegro
 The Four Preps
 Friends of the Andes
 Fusa y the Place
 Gigi Leung
 Giovanni
 Go Jimmy Go
 Han Dae-Soo
 Hazel Payne 
 Hecoki Mushi
 Hiromi Uehara
 Hikaru Utada
 Hollyridge Strings
Hollyridge Strings
 The Hooters 
 Husky & the Sandmen
 Ian Sweetness
 Jennifer Lara & the Brentwood Rockers
 Jerry Cole & the Spacemen
 Jewel Akens
 Johan Dalgas Frisch
 John Kuek
 Kai
 Kai Winding
 Keisuke Kuwata
 Kenji Hino
 Kenny Ball & his Jazzmen
 Kim Hyung Joon (SS501)
 King Curtis
 KISS
 Khoo Cheng 
 Koko Montana
 Kong Ling
 Kyu Sakamoto & Maiko
 Laurindo Almeida
 Lenny Dee
 Lola Dutronic
 Lynda Trang Dai
 Little Singers of Tokyo
 Los Panchos
 Lucille Starr 
 Mack the Knife
 The Majestic Orchestra
 Marcel Amont 
 Margot Lefebvre
 Martin Denny
 Mary J. Blige 
 Masashi Sada
 Masashi Tashiro
 Melcochita 
 The Mermen
 Misora Hibari
 Nahki
 Nikki Monroe 
 Nippon Choir & Little Singers
 The Nits
 The Nor'easters
 Northwestern Asterik
 NRBQ
 Orange Appeal
 Otto Brandenburg 
 Pannida Sevatasai
 Pastel Vespa
 Pat Donohue 
 Paula Lisa
 The Peanuts
 The Picketts
 Quamo 
 Quique Roca 
 Raagapella
 Raphael Saadiq 
 Raquel Rastenni 
 Ray Davis y su Orquesta
 RC Succession 
 Richard Clayderman
 Rim D. Paul
Rim D. Paul
 Roger Wang
 Salt-N-Pepa 
 Sami Kaneda
 Sandi
 Sayoko feat. Beenie Man
 Seam feat. Yan Pan
 Selena 
 The Shi-Tones
 The Silhouettes
 Sister Carla
 Slick Rick 
 Snoop Doggy Dogg 
 Soeur Plus!
 Stanford Mendicants
 Stjepan Jimmy Stanic
 Styx
 Jack Straw 
 Suade
 Sugar Lunch
 The Sunday Girls
 The Busters
 Takeo Ischi
 Teresa Carpio & HKPO
 Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra 
 Tommy Emmanuel
 Tony Vos 
 Trio Esperança 
 Trish Thuy Trang
 Tsuyoshi Nagabuchi
 Tuck & Patti
 Two Hoots & A Holler
 The Ventures
 Utada Hikaru
 Voice of Love Posse
 Walnut River String Band
 Warkop 
 Wanda Aubrey 
 Werner Müller
 Will Smith, Biz Markie and Slick Rick 
 Yajuh Ohkoku
 Yamasaki Hako
 Yami Bolo
 Yasmin Gontijo
 The Ventures
References 

Pop songs
Selena songs
1961 songs
Japanese music
Biophysical chemistry is the study of biological systems. It looks for explanations of the various phenomena in biological systems in terms of either the molecules that make up the system or the supra-molecular structure of these systems. 

Biophysical chemists use various tools used in physical chemistry to probe the structure of biological systems. These tools include spectroscopic methods like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction. For example, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 was based on x-ray diffraction studies of ribosomes.
Biophysical chemists study protein structure and the functional structure  of cell membranes. For example, enzyme action can be explained in terms of the shape of a pocket in the protein molecule that matches the shape of the substrate molecule or its modification due to binding of a metal ion. Similarly, biophysical chemists study the structure and function of the biomembranes using model supramolecular structures. These include liposomes or phospholipid vesicles of different compositions and sizes.

The oldest well-known institute for biophysical chemistry is Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. The Biophysics Department of King's College London is where the X-ray crystallography studies of DNA was done in the early 1950s.

Related pages
 Biophysical techniques
 Biophysics

References 

Branches of biology
Branches of chemistry
Bioinorganic chemistry studies the role of metals in biology. It also studies  natural phenomena such as the behaviour of metalloproteins and artificially introduced metals in medicine and toxicology.  Many biological processes such as respiration depend on some inorganic molecules. Bioinorganic chemistry also includes the study of inorganic models or mimics that imitate the way metalloproteins work.

It is a mix of biochemistry and inorganic chemistry. Bioinorganic chemistry studies the implications for biology of electron-transfer proteins, substrate bindings and activation, atom and group chemistry as well as metal properties.
History
Paul Ehrlich used organoarsenic (“arsenicals”) for the treatment of syphilis. This demonstrated the relevance of metals, or at least metalloids, to medicine. Then Rosenberg discovered the anti-cancer activity of cisplatin (cis-PtCl2(NH3)2). The first protein ever crystallized  was urease. This has nickel at its active site.  Vitamin B12, the cure for pernicious anemia, was shown by crystallography by Dorothy Hodgkin to have a cobalt atom in a corrin macrocycle. The Watson-Crick structure for DNA demonstrated the key structural role played by phosphate-containing polymers.

Research areas
Some areas of interest in research are:
Metal ion transport and storage: this covers a diverse collection of ion channels, ion pumps (e.g. NaKATPase), vacuoles, siderophores, and other proteins and small molecules whose aim is to carefully control the concentration of metal ions in the cell (sometimes referred to as metallome).
 Hydrolase enzymes: these include a diverse collection of proteins that interact with water and substrates.  Examples of this class of metalloproteins are carbonic anhydrase, metallophosphatases, and metalloproteinases.
 Metal-containing electron transfer proteins:
 iron-sulfur proteins such as rubredoxins, ferredoxins, and Rieske proteins
 blue copper proteins
 cytochromes
cytochromes
 Oxygen transport and activation proteins: these make use of metals such as iron, copper, and manganese.  Heme is used by red blood cells in the form of hemoglobin for oxygen transport.  Other oxygen transport systems include myoglobin, hemocyanin, and hemerythrin.  Oxidases and oxygenases are metal systems found throughout nature that take advantage of oxygen to carry out important reactions such as energy generation.  Some metalloproteins are designed to protect a biological system from the potentially harmful effects of oxygen and other reactive oxygen-containing molecules such as hydrogen peroxide. A complementary metalloprotein to those that react with oxygen is chlorophyll, the basis of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is a carbon ring pigment, similar to other porphyrin pigments such as heme. At the center of the chlorin ring is a magnesium ion. This system is part of the complex protein machinery that produces oxygen as plants do photosynthesis.
Bioorganometallic systems such as hydrogenases and methylcobalamin are biological examples of organometallic compounds.  This area is more focused on the utilization of metals by unicellular organisms. Bioorganometallic compounds are significant in environmental chemistry.
 The nitrogen metabolism pathways: these make use of metals. Nitrogenase is one of the more famous metalloproteins associated with nitrogen metabolism.  More recently, the cardiovascular and neuronal importance of nitric oxide has been examined, including the enzyme nitric oxide synthase. (See also: nitrogen assimilation.)
 Metals in medicine: this is the study of the design and mechanism of action of metal-containing pharmaceuticals, and compounds that interact with endogenous metal ions in enzyme active sites. This diverse field includes the platinum and ruthenium anti-cancer drugs, chelating agents, gold drug chaperones, and gadolinium contrast agents.
In mental health: some inorganic compounds have been found to treat certain disorders. For example, lithium carbonate has been used to treat mania in bipolar disorder.
References

Other websites
The Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry (SBIC)'s home page
Dalton Transactions, a journal for bioinorganic chemistry
Glossary of Terms in Bioinorganic Chemistry
Metal Coordination Groups in Proteins by Marjorie Harding 
Bio, M. et al. home page
More reading
 Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz (editor), Nils Metzler-Nolte (editor), Concepts and Models in Bioinorganic Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, 2006, 
 Ivano Bertini, Harry B. Gray, Edward I. Stiefel, Joan Selverstone Valentine, Biological Inorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, 2007, 
 Wolfgang Kaim, Brigitte Schwederski "Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life." John Wiley and Sons, 1994, 
 Ivano Bertini, Harry B. Gray, Stephen J. Lippard, Joan Selverstone Valentine, "Bioinorganic Chemistry," University Science Books, 1994, 
 Stephen J. Lippard, Jeremy M. Berg, Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, 1994, 
 Rosette M. Roat-Malone, Bioinorganic Chemistry : A Short Course, John Wiley & Sons|Wiley-Interscience, 2002, 
 J.J.R. Fraústo da Silva and R.J.P. Williams, The biological chemistry of the elements: The inorganic chemistry of life, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2001,
Lawrence Que, Jr., ed., Physical Methods in Bioinorganic Chemistry, University Science Books, 2000,
Kōji (麹 or こうじ) is a fermented food.

A mold called Aspergillus oryzae is added to rice, barley, or soy beans. This mold turns starch into sugar. Kōji is an ingredient in making many Japanese foods and drinks such as: sake, mirin, miso, vinegar, pickles, soy sauce, shōchū, and awamori.

Japanese food
Koji or kōji means:
Kōji, the common name of the fungus Aspergillus oryzae which produces soy sauce, sake, etc.

 People
Koji Kondo (born 1960), composer of video game music

 Time period
In Japan, Kōji may mean:
Kōji (Heian period) (康治), Japanese era, 1142–1144
Kōji (Muromachi period) (弘治), Japanese era, 1555–1558
Mabel "Madea" Simmons is a fictional African American character. "Madea" is played by Tyler Perry in drag clothing.

History of Madea
Madea was born in New Orleans, Louisiana on April 26, 1935. "Big Mabel" Murfy was the name of her mother. Frederick Simmons was the name of her father. Madea grew up with a strict mother who was also nurturing to Madea's emotions. At age 9, Madea was charged for petty theft. When Madea was 16 years of age, her parents moved to Atlanta, Georgia. There, she attended Booker T. Washington High School. She had tried out for cheerleading and became a cheerleader. By the time Madea was 17, she began going out to night clubs and house parties. Her parents allowed Madea to party at this age. Around this time, Madea became a stripper and was given the name "Delicious". At 18, Madea was charged with illegal gambling, check fraud and identity theft. Around this time, Madea had at least two or three children. She supported herself and her children by pool dancing, stripping and professional wrestling. Madea graduated her high school in May 1959. That night, she had an affair with Thoedure Leroy Brown (also known as "Mr
. Brown"). Madea became pregnant and had given birth to Cora Jean Simmons Brown. However, in the movie Madea's Big Happy Family, Mr. Brown had a DNA test which confirmed that he was not the father. Madea was diagnosed with type one diabetes and depression in her early 20s. She had became a bitter women around this time.
Plays 
I Can Do Bad All By Myself (1999)
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2001)
Madea's Family Reunion (2002)
Madea's Class Reunion (2003)
Madea Goes to Jail (2006)
Madea's Big Happy Family (2010)
A Madea Christmas (2011)

Movies 
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)
Madea's Family Reunion (2006)
Meet The Browns (2008) (cameo)               
Madea Goes to Jail (2009)
I Can Do Bad All By Myself (2009)
Madea's Big Happy Family (2011)
Madea's Witness Protection (2012)
A Madea Christmas (2013)
Madea's Tough Love (2015) (animated movie)
Fictional African-American people
The Royal ghost frog (Heleophryne regis) is a species of frog in the Heleophrynidae family.
It is endemic to South Africa.

Its natural habitats are temperate forests, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, and rivers.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

References
 Minter, L., Channing, A. & Harrison, J. 2004.  Heleophryne regis .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 23 July 2007.

South Africa
Frogs of Africa
Joey Tribbiani is a fictional character on American sitcom Friends and Joey portrayed by Matt LeBlanc. In the series, Joey is an actor, and plays "Dr. Drake Ramoray" on Days Of Our Lives. 

He has 7 sisters but has little to no contact with them on ''Friends, except for one episode.

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1994
Friends characters
is a kind of sake. It is an alcoholic drink made in Japan. It is made with steamed rice, kōji, water, and yeast. Actual doburoku is only made with special permission. Something similar is often sold as nigori sake.

It is very easy to make at home with simple kitchen tools. However, this kind of sake is not legal to make at home in Japan.

Doburoku festivals in Japan
Nagakusaten Shrine
Aichi Prefecture, Oobu City
The last Sunday before February 25

Aizu Tajima Gion Festival
Fukushima Prefecture, Minamiaizu Town 
July 22–24

Oomori Shrine
Mie Prefecture, Kumano City
November 23

Mihara Doburoku, Agriculture, and Forestry Festival
Kochi Prefecture, Mihara Village
Early November

Fermented drinks
Japanese food
Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University (or in short JRHU) (, ), is a university in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is the first university in India and the world which is only for disabled people. It was started on September 27, 2001 by Jagadguru Rambhadracharya. It is run by a trust named as Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Viklang Shikshan Sansthan. The trust is responsible for all planned works of the university. It was created by a local law of the Uttar Pradesh Government, which was afterwards accepted as the Uttar Pradesh State Act 32 (2001) by the Uttar Pradesh legislature. This act assigned Jagadguru Rambhadracharya as the chancellor of this university for his entire life.
References

Colleges and universities in India
Buildings and structures in Uttar Pradesh
The pons is part of the hindbrain, the ancient rear part of the brain. It acts as a bridge, and has nerve fibres connecting the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata. In humans it is above the medulla and below the midbrain.

Mainly, its function is to carry white fibres ("wiring") which conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus.

Anatomy of the brain
It is used make synthetic rubbers (especially nitrile rubber and neoprene). It is also used as a lubricant (something that reduces friction between moving surfaces) in shaving lotions, and a flavoring additive in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, and baked goods. DBS works well with a range of plastic materials. It has good properties at low temperatures, and helps plastics from being dissolved by oil. Dibutyl sebacate is also used as a desensitizer in Otto fuel II, a torpedo monopropellant.

DBS is also called Morflex, Kodaflex, polycizer, Proviplast 1944 and PX 404.

References

Esters
A tombolo is a line of sand that connects an island to the main land or to another island. They are often shaped like a hammer as they have been created by a complex process, called longshore drift. The word 'tombolo' translates to mound. It is a shaped piece of sand that is attached to something called a spit or bar. 

Landforms
Habituation is a basic activity whereby an animal responds less to repeated stimuli. It is a primitive kind of learning.<ref> Carew T.J. 2000. Behavioral neurobiology: the cellular organization of natural behavior. Sinauer Associates.</ref>

The learning that underlies habituation is a basic process of biological systems. Animals do not need conscious motivation or awareness for it to occur. Habituation enables organisms to distinguish meaningful information from background stimuli.

Habituation occurs in all animals, as well as in the large protozoan Stentor coeruleus. The decrease in responding is specific to the habituated stimulus. For example, if one was habituated to the taste of lemon, their responding would increase significantly when presented with the taste of lime.  

Two factors that can influence habituation include the time between each stimulus, and the length of time the stimulus is presented. Shorter intervals and longer durations increase habituation, and vice versa''.
Human example 
Habituation need not be conscious. For example, a short time after a person dresses, the stimulus clothing creates disappears from our nervous systems and we become unaware of it. In this way, habituation is used to ignore any continual stimulus. This sort of habituation can occur through changes in sensory nerves themselves, and through negative feedback from the brain to peripheral sensory organs.

References 

Learning
Physiology
A nasal consonant is a type of consonant produced with a lowered velum in the mouth, allowing air to come out through the nose, while the air is not allowed to pass through the mouth because something (like the tongue or the lips) is stopping it. Examples of nasal consonants in English are  and , in words such as nose and mouth.

Definition 
Nearly all nasal consonants are nasal stops (or nasal continuants), where air comes out through the nose but not through the mouth, as it is blocked by the lips or tongue. 

Most nasals are voiced, and, in fact, the nasal sounds  and  are among the most common sounds used in languages of the world. Voiceless nasals are used in a few languages, such as Burmese and Welsh.
In terms of acoustics, nasal stops are sonorants, meaning that they do not significantly stop the flow of air (as it can  come out the nose). However, nasals are also stops in their articulation because the flow of air through the mouth is blocked completely. So nasal consonants sound both like sonorants and like obstruents.

Acoustically, nasal stops have bands of energy at around 200 and 2,000 Hz.

Examples of languages containing nasal consonants:

The voiced retroflex nasal is [ɳ] is a common sound in Indic languages.

The voiced palatal nasal [ɲ] is a common sound in European languages, such as: Spanish ñ; or French and Italian gn; or Catalan, Hungarian and Luganda ny; or Czech and Slovak ň; or Polish ń; or Occitan and Portuguese nh; or Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin nj.

English, German and Cantonese have ,   and . Tamil has its own different letters for the sounds , , , ,  and  (ம,ந,ன,ண,ஞ,ங).
Catalan, Occitan, Spanish, and Italian have , ,  as phonemes, and  and  as allophones. (In several American dialects of Spanish, there is no palatal nasal but only a palatalized nasal, , as in English canyon. In Brazilian Portuguese nh is frequently pronounced as a nasalized [ j ], that is, as a nasal glide. This vowel also exists in Guaraní.)

The term 'nasal stop' will often be abbreviated to just "nasal". However, there are also nasal fricatives, nasal flaps, nasal glides, and nasal vowels, as in French, Portuguese, Catalan (dialectal feature), Yoruba, Gbe, Polish, and Ljubljana Slovene. In the IPA, nasal vowels are indicated by placing a tilde (~) over the vowel. : French sang .

A few languages use voiceless nasal consonants. Some of these are Icelandic, Burmese, Jalapa Mazatec, Kildin Sami, Welsh, and Central Alaskan Yup'ik.

References
References

 Ferguson (1963) 'Assumptions about nasals', in Greenberg (ed.) Universals of Language, pp 50–60.
 Saout, J. le (1973) 'Languages sans consonnes nasales', Annales de l Université d'Abidjan, H, 6, 1, 179–205.
 Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Niger–Congo overview', in Bendor-Samuel & Hartell (eds.) The Niger–Congo Languages, 3–45.

Consonants
A term is a mathematical expression.

Definition
In elementary mathematics, a term is either a single number or variable, or the product of several numbers or variables. Terms are separated by a + or - sign in an overall expression. For example, in

3 + 4x + 5yzw

3, 4x, and 5yzw are three separate terms.

In the context of polynomials, term can mean a monomial with a coefficient. To combine like terms in a polynomial is to make it a linear combination of distinct monomials. For example,

3x + 2x2 + 5x + 1 = 2x2 + (3+5)x + 1 = 2x2 + 8x + 1, with like terms collected.

A series is often represented as the sum of a sequence of terms. 

In general mathematical use, however, term is not limited to additive expressions. Individual factors in an expression representing a product are multiplicative terms. Indeed, individual elements of any mathematical expression may be referred to as "terms".
In logic, a term is a collection of symbols used to represent a mathematical object (rather than a mathematical statement). A basic term is either a constant or a variable, while more complex terms can also be built using operators (such as the term ). To refer to a term, variables such as  and  are often used.

In informal logic, a term can also refer to the subject or predicate of a statement.

Specific names for terms
 Addition and Subtraction
 Addend
 Subtrahend and minuend the first and second terms, respectively, in subtraction
 Multiplication Factor. In a multiplication of two factors, the first is called the multiplicand and the second is called the multiplier.
 Divisions and Fractions The top of a division is called the numerator (or dividend), and the bottom is called the denominator (or divisor).
 Term Value The value of the term such as the term value of 8a, if a=1, is 8.

Related pages
 Formula

References

Citations

Sources 

Algebra
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (1475 ? - 1526) is usually reputed as the founder of Nicaragua, and in fact he founded two important Nicaraguan cities, Granada and León.

References

1470s births
1526 deaths
Nicaraguan people
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (died 1517) was a Spanish conquistador, known to history mainly for the ill-fated expedition he led in 1517, in the course of which the first European accounts of the Yucatán Peninsula were compiled.

English-language references
 ; online English edition

Other websites 
 Discovery of Yucatán , on the Mexican web site redescolar. 
 Discovery of Yucatán , on México desconocido. 

1517 deaths
History of Mesoamerica
Spanish explorers
Year of birth unknown
International Direct Dialing (IDD) is an international telephone call dialed by the caller rather than going via an operator. Since late in the twentieth century, most international calls are direct dialed.

International calls are made by dialing the international call prefix for the country one is in, followed by the country calling code for the country one wishes to call, then the phone number within that country. When phone numbers are published for use abroad, they include the country calling code, but replace the international call prefix with "+" to signify that the caller should use the prefix appropriate for their country.

References

Telephone
Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) is a term used to refer to satellite television signals intended for home use.

Television technology
Rage is an emotion. It is an outward expression of great anger. In Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions he showed that many emotions are shown the same way in many different societies. The expressions of these emotions is largely genetic, and inherited. Rage can be confused with Anger and have similar causes but Rage is more severe.

Emotions
The Wii U is Nintendo's sixth home video game console and their first to use 1080p high-definition graphics. The Wii U has a new controller with a touchscreen, which allows the player to continue playing a game by showing the game even when the television is off. Wii games work on the Wii U, and Wii U games can be played with Wii controllers and extras, such as the Wii Remote, Wii MotionPlus, Wii Balance Board, and the Classic Controller. It also has a controller shaped like the Xbox 360 controller, called the Wii U Pro Controller. Nintendo GameCube games and controllers will not work on the Wii U without the adapter used for Super Smash Bros. for Wii U. However, it only works for that game. Like on the Wii and Nintendo 3DS, players can create Miis. The best-selling games for the system included Mario Kart 8, New Super Mario Bros. U, and Nintendo Land. The Wii U received positive reviews, but did not sell well at all
. It had to deal with the confusion that the Gamepad was a Wii accessory, but it really is an advanced controller.
The Wii U sold 13.56 million units, which makes it the lowest-selling main Nintendo console.

Hardware
The main controller that was used by the Wii U was the Wii U Gamepad. The controller had a screen that was  wide. People can use the Gamepad in many different ways. For example, people can play games on a television like a normal controller, or play on the Gamepad without the television being on.

Related pages
Wii
Nintendo

References

Nintendo video game consoles
The FG 42 (German: Fallschirmjägergewehr 42 or "paratrooper rifle 42") was a battle rifle. It was made in Nazi Germany during World War II. The weapon was made for use by Fallschirmjäger airborne infantry in 1942. It was used in small amounts until the war ended.

The FG 42 had the power of a light machine gun. It was light and was no larger than the Kar 98k bolt-action rifle. The FG 42 is thought to be one of the most advanced weapons of World War II. It helped shape the modern assault rifle idea.

History
History

At the time of the Battle of Crete (Operation Mercury), German Fallschirmjäger had the same weapons as the regular army. When they jumped from aircraft, they only had pistols and hand grenades. Submachine guns, rifles and other heavier weapons were dropped in crates. The design of the German parachutes meant that it was not safe to carry heavier weapons like rifles on jumps. At Crete, Commonwealth defenders killed or injured many German soldiers. This is because the German paratroopers had to go and collect their weapons from containers. These could be all over the battlefield. This showed that the weapons the regular army used were not good for air operations.
Development
In 1941, the German Air Force (Luftwaffe), asked for a selective fire weapon for the paratroopers. Senior Staff Air Secretary Ossenbach at the Luftwaffe Weapons Development Branch (at Tarnewitz near Lübeck) was asked to develop this new weapon. The Reich Air Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium or RLM) wanted to develop an automatic rifle which would be fired from the shoulder. It would replace the bolt-action rifle, submachine gun and light machine gun for air assault. The weapon would also make logistics simpler and give more firepower to a normal paratrooper.
The RLM tried to start a formal development program using the Heereswaffenamt (the HWaA, or Army Ordnance Department). The HWaA was in charge of German small arms development. However, the HWaA and the Luftwaffe had different priorities. Also, there were some disagreements between the Luftwaffe and the Army (the HWaA said no to the program because they thought it was not realistic. They tried to give their G 41(W) semi-automatic rifle instead). This meant that the Luftwaffe had to develop the weapon by itself. The engineers who would develop the weapon were skilled at developing light automatic weapons (they managed to change the MG 15 aircraft machine gun so that it could also be used on the ground). However, the paratroopers had many casualties during Operation Mercury. Because of this, Hitler decided that air assaults were not important, and the plans for the weapon were cancelled. However, Hermann Göring, head of the Luftwaffe, secretly ordered the program to continue.
The RLM went straight to German companies with its plans. The first plan was the LC-6. It was given out on 14 December 1941. It said that the weapon should not be longer than , that it should not be longer than the Kar 98k rifle, fire single shots from a closed bolt, fire fully automatically from an open bolt, take its bullets from a 10 or 20-round magazine and be able to fire rifle grenades. Although the 7.9mm Kurz cartridge used by the Heer (the main army) (developed for the MP 43 assault rifle) was in service, the Luftwaffe decided to use the 7.92 x 57mm Mauser rifle round. This was because it had long range. This caliber was also mentioned in the plans for the design.
Prototypes
Six companies were asked to design prototypes. These were: Gustloff-Werke, Mauser, Johannes Großfuß Metall- und Lackierwarenfabrik, C.G. Hänel, Rheinmetall-Borsig and Heinrich Krieghoff Waffenfabrik. Several contracts were given out, but only a few prototypes are known to have been given. Mauser gave a version of the MG 81. However, it was turned down because it was too heavy and got its bullets from a belt. There was one design, made by Louis Stange at Rheinmetall-Borsig, that was accepted. It was tested at a test station at Tarnewitz in mid-1942. This prototype was called Gerät 450 ("device 450") or Ausführung "A" ("type A"). It was supposed to be a  sheet metal design. The type "A" was never made (except for some models). However, the basic design was kept for more development.