Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Applicability 
U.S. courts apply the strict scrutiny standard in two contexts: when a fundamental constitutional right is infringed, particularly those found in the Bill of Rights and those the court has deemed a fundamental right protected by the Due Process Clause or "liberty clause" of the 14th Amendment, or when a government action applies to a "suspect classification," such as race or national origin.

To pass strict scrutiny, the law or policy must satisfy three tests:

 Compelling governmental interest. While the Courts have never clearly defined how to determine if an interest is compelling, the concept generally refers to something necessary or crucial. Examples include national security, preserving the lives of multiple individuals, and not violating explicit constitutional protections.
Narrowly tailored refers to achieve that goal or interest. If the government action includes too much (overbroad) or fails to address important parts of the compelling interest, then the rule is not considered narrowly tailored.

 least restrictive means must be used for achieving that interest. That is, there cannot be a less restrictive way to effectively achieve the compelling government interest. The test will be met even if there is another method that is equally the least restrictive. Some legal scholars consider this "least restrictive means" requirement part of being narrowly tailored, though the Court generally evaluates it separately.

References 

United States law
"Cancer of unknown primary origin" (CUP, "occult cancer") is a term used to describe a cancer that is said to be at the metastatic stage at the time of diagnosis, but a primary tumor cannot be identified. A diagnosis of CUP requires a clinical picture  with metastatic disease and one or more biopsy results inconsistent with a primary tumor.

CUP is found in about 3 to 5% of all people diagnosed with invasive cancer, and carries a poor prognosis in most (80 to 85%) of those circumstances.  The other 15 to 20% of patients, however, have a relatively long survival with appropriate treatment.

References

Cancer
Joseph Henry Garagiola, Sr. (February 12, 1926 – March 23, 2016) was an American professional baseball catcher and later an announcer and television host. 

Garagiola played nine seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals, Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs and the New York Giants. He was also well known outside of baseball for having been one of the regular panelists on The Today Show for many years and for his many appearances on game shows both as a host and panelist.

Garagiola died on March 23, 2016 in Phoenix, Arizona at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

Baseball Hall of Fame - Frick Award recipient 

St. Louis Walk of Fame 
http://appelpr.com/ARTICLES/A-funny.htm 
Joe Garagiola hosting "Monitor" on the NBC Radio Network, Saturday, February 22, 1969, from 3 to 4 p.m. ET 
Joe Garagiola at the Internet Movie Database
1926 births
2016 deaths
St. Louis Cardinals players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Chicago Cubs players
New York Giants players
American television personalities
Sportspeople from St. Louis, Missouri
Malik Isaac Taylor (November 20, 1970 – March 22, 2016), better known by his stage name Phife Dawg (or simply Phife), was an American rapper.

Career 
He was a member of the group A Tribe Called Quest with high school classmates Q-Tip and Ali Shaheed Muhammad (and for a short time Jarobi White). He was also known as the "Five Foot Assassin" and "The Five Footer", because he stood at .

Death 
Taylor died on March 22, 2016 due to complications of diabetes at the age of 45.

References

Other websites

 

1970 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Rappers from New York (state)
Musicians from New York City
Peter Brown (October 5, 1935 – March 21, 2016) was an American television actor. He was known for his four-year role as young Deputy Johnny McKay in the 1958 to 1962 ABC/Warner Brothers western television series, Lawman and as Texas Ranger Chad Cooper on Laredo from 1965 to 1967.

Brown died on March 21, 2016 in Phoenix, Arizona from complications of Parkinson's disease, aged 80.

References

Other websites

1935 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
Glen Dawson (June 3, 1912 – March 22, 2016) was an American rock climber, mountaineer, antiquarian bookseller, publisher and environmentalist. He was born in California.

In 1929, Glen began serious mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada. On July 6, 1930, during the Sierra Club's annual High Trip, he first teamed up with Jules Eichorn to make the third ascent of Red-and-White Mountain in the Sierra.

Dawson died in Pasadena, California on March 22, 2016, aged 103.

References

1912 births
2016 deaths
American centenarians
People from California
Martin James Norman Riley (22 May 1954 – 23 March 2016), better known as Jimmy Riley, was a Jamaican singer. Along to recording solo, he was also a member of the Sensations and The Uniques. He was the father of Tarrus Riley. 

In September 2013 he released the album Contradiction, that featured guest appearances from his son Tarrus, Sizzla, and Fantan Mojah. 

Riley died on the morning of 23 March 2016 in New York City after suffering from cancer, aged 61.

References

1954 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York City
Jamaican singers
Carolyn M. Squires (September 25, 1940 – March 21, 2016) was an American politician. She was a member of the Democratic Party.

Squires was a member of the Montana House of Representatives for the 96th district from 2010 to 2015. From 2002 to 2010, she was a member of the Montana Senate, representing District 48, where she served as Majority Whip. Earlier she was a member of the Montana House of Representatives from 1987 through 2000.

Squires died in Missoula, Montana from colorectal cancer at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
Project Vote Smart - Senator Carolyn M. Squires (MT) profile
Follow the Money - Carolyn Squires
2008 2006 2002 Senate campaign contributions
1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 House campaign contributions

1940 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Montana
Deaths from colorectal cancer
People from Whitefish, Montana
Politicians from Montana
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Missoula is a city in the U.S. state of Montana and is the county seat of Missoula County. , the United States Census Bureau estimated the city's population at 69,821 and the population of the Missoula Metropolitan Area at 112,684. It is the second largest city in Montana. It is home of the University of Montana.

References

 
County seats in Montana
Santiago Jesus Erevia (December 15, 1946 – March 22, 2016) was an American U.S. Army-veteran. He was born in Nordheim, Texas. Erevia served in the Vietnam War starting at the age of 22. 

In 1970, Erevia left active service with a two-year reserve obligation. In 1972 he joined the Texas National Guard and went on to serve 17 years. Erevia worked as a mail carrier for the United States Postal Service, retiring in 2002 after thirty-two years of service. 

Erevia was awarded the Medal of Honor by President Barack Obama in a March 18, 2014 ceremony at the White House.

Erevia died on March 22, 2016 in San Antonio, Texas at the age of 70.

References

1946 births
2016 deaths
Military people from Texas
People from San Antonio, Texas
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the first electronic computers. Unlike the computer before it, the ENIAC, EDVAC operated in binary and was able to store programs.

Functionally, EDVAC was a binary serial computer with automatic addition, subtraction, multiplication, programmed division and automatic checking with a capacity of 1,000 44-bit words. EDVAC's average addition time was 864 microseconds and its average multiplication time was 2,900 microseconds.

By 1960, EDVAC was running over 20 hours a day with error-free run time averaging eight hours. EDVAC ran until 1961 when it was replaced by BRLESC. During its operational life it proved to be reliable and productive for its time.

Historical computers‎
In general relativity, a naked singularity is a gravitational singularity that is viewable from the outside. The event horizon is like a bubble which surrounds a black hole. Inside the event horizon, the pull of the light cannot escape, so we are unable to view objects inside the event horizon. This includes the event horizon itself. Naked singularities do not have an event horizon, hence the term 'naked'.

The existence of naked singularities is a very important topic in physics, because it would mean we could actually see phenomena made by black holes that we wouldn't be able to see otherwise. In addition, naked singularities would pose big problems for general relativity, since scientists still have not figured out a working idea for what happens to space-time in and around a black hole. Quantum mechanics, the main other scientific theory scientists turn to in physics, is also unable to explain how space-time would behave in such a situation.
Although the cosmic censorship hypothesis says that naked singularities cannot exist, some research says that if loop quantum gravity (a scientific theory that says the universe is made of small 'loops') is correct, naked singularities could exist in nature. Other calculations and arguments have been made to support this.

Possible formation

There are black holes known as Kerr black holes which have spin (they rotate). But, there is a maximum spin rate. If it spins faster than that maximum, its horizon disappears, leaving the singularity inside it wide open.

Mathematician Demetrios Christodoulou has shown that naked singularities also occur in nature. However, he then showed that such "naked singularities" are unstable.

References

Further reading 
 M. C. Werner and A. O. Peters, "Magnification relations for Kerr lensing and testing cosmic censorship", Physical Review D, Vol. 76, Issue 6 (2007).
 Marcus Chown, "Fast-spinning black holes might reveal all"  New Scientist, August 2009.
Pankaj S. Joshi, "Naked Singularities" Scientific American, May 2013.

Black holes
Relativity
The Civil Rights Cases , were a group of five similar cases consolidated into one issue for the United States Supreme Court to review. The Court held that Congress lacked the constitutional authority under the Fourteenth Amendment to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals and organizations, rather than state and local governments.

The Court held that the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which provided that "all persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall be entitled to the full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement; subject only to the conditions and limitations established by law, and applicable alike to citizens of every race and color, regardless of any previous condition of servitude" was unconstitutional.
Facts
The decision itself involved five consolidated cases (United States v. Stanley, United States v. Ryan, United States v. Nichols, United States v. Singleton, and Robinson v. Memphis & Charleston Railroad 109 U.S. 3, 3 S. Ct. 18, 27 L. Ed. 835.) coming from different lower courts in which Black Americans had sued theaters, hotels and transit companies that had refused them service or excluded them from "white only" facilities.
The Court, in an 8-1 decision by Justice Joseph P. Bradley, held that the language of the 14th Amendment, which prohibited denial of equal protection by a state, did not give Congress power to regulate these private acts. This was because it was the result of conduct by private individuals, not state law or action, that blacks were suffering. Section five empowers Congress only to enforce the prohibition on state action. Legislation by Congress on subjects which are within the domain of the state are not authorized by the 14th Amendment. Private acts of racial discrimination were simply private wrongs that the national government was powerless to correct. Bradley commented that "individual invasion of individual rights is not the subject-matter of the [14th] Amendment. It has a deeper and broader scope
. It nullifies and makes void all state legislation, and state action of every kind, which impairs the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, or which injures them in life, liberty or property without due process of law, or which denies to any of them the equal protection of the laws."
Reactions 
Many African-American leaders were outraged and disappointed that the Supreme Court declared the first two sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional. On October 20, 1883, T. Thomas Fortune, the editor of the New York Globe wrote: "The colored people of the United States feel to-day as if they had been baptized in ice water". Many felt it was the end of an era in which the Federal government would protect the rights of African-American citizens.

The Supreme Court decision severely restricted the power of the federal government to guarantee equal status under the law to blacks. State officials in the South took advantage of the decision and began to enact laws that legalized the treatment of blacks as second-class citizens for another seventy years. The court's decision thus ultimately led to the enactment of state laws, such as Jim Crow laws, which made racial segregation the law.

Notes

References 

United States Supreme Court cases
1883
1880s in the United States
The United States Statutes at Large, commonly referred to as the Statutes at Large and abbreviated Stat., is the official record of Acts of Congress and concurrent resolutions passed by the United States Congress. Each act and resolution of Congress is called a slip law, which is classified as either public law (abbreviated Pub.L.) or private law (Pvt.L.), and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a Congress session, slip laws (now commonly called session laws) are compiled into Statutes at Large, which are numbered and organised by Congress session. They are part of a three-part model for publication of federal statutes consisting of slip laws, session laws (Statutes at Large), and codification (United States Code).

References 

United States law
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (–337), sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction era to guarantee African Americans equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prevent being excluded from jury duty.  The bill was passed by the 43rd United States Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875.  Several years later, the Supreme Court ruled in Civil Rights Cases (1833) that sections of the act were unconstitutional.

History of Act
History of Act

Legislative History
The drafting of the bill was done in early 1870 by Senator Charles Sumner. It was with the assistance of John Mercer Langston, a prominent African-American who established the law department at Howard University. The bill was proposed by Senator Sumner and co-sponsored by Representative Benjamin F. Butler, both Republicans from Massachusetts, in the 41st United States Congress in 1870. The act was eventually passed by the 43rd Congress in February 1875 and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1, 1875.

Constitutional challenge
The Supreme Court, in an 8 to 1 decision, declared the act unconstitutional in the Civil Rights Cases on October 15, 1883. Justice John Marshall Harlan provided the lone dissent. The Court held the Equal Protection Clause within the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits discrimination by the state and local government, but it does not give the federal government the power to prohibit discrimination by private individuals and organizations. The Court also held that the Thirteenth Amendment was meant to eliminate "the badge of slavery," but not to prohibit racial discrimination in public accommodations. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the last civil rights bill to be signed into law in the United States until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.
Legacy of law
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 is notable as one of the major pieces of legislation related to Reconstruction that were passed by Congress after the American Civil War.  These include the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the four Reconstruction Acts of 1867 and 1868, the three Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871, and the three Constitutional Amendments adopted between 1865 and 1870.

Provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1875 were later adopted by Congress during the Civil Rights Movement as part of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968. This legislation relied on the Commerce Clause  in Article One of the Constitution of the United States.

References

1875
1870s in the United States 
United States federal legislation
Garner v. Louisiana, , was an important civil rights case argued by Thurgood Marshall before the Supreme Court. On December 11, 1961, the court unanimously ruled that Louisiana could not convict peaceful sit-in protesters who refused to leave dining establishments under the state's "disturbing the peace" laws.

Background
African-American students from Southern University sat at a "whites only" segregated lunch bar at Sitman's Drugstore in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The manager called the Police after the students quietly remained even though they were asked to move to another counter. After ordering the black patrons to leave, the Police arrested them and charged them with disturbing the peace. The claim was that their behavior could "foreseeably disturb or alarm the public," according to the state's "disturbing the peace" statute.
Opinion of the Court 
In a 9-0 decision, the court ruled in the African-American students' favor, arguing the state violated due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment and finding there was no evidence the students' behavior could have foreseeably disturbed the peace. In his written opinion, Justice John Marshall Harlan compared sit-in demonstrations to verbal expression as a form of free speech. 
Justice William O. Douglas in his concurring opinion said, “For the police are supposed to be on the side of the Constitution, not on the side of discrimination. Yet if all constitutional questions are to be put aside and the problem treated merely in terms of disturbing the peace, I would have difficulty in reversing these judgments. I think, however, the constitutional questions must be reached and that they make reversal necessary.”
Garner v. Louisiana was an important case for the Civil Rights Movement, and one of many civil rights cases argued before the Warren Court (1953-69). 
Eventually, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 "outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce."

References

1961 in the United States
1960s in Louisiana
United States Supreme Court cases
Courts
The federal courts are composed of three levels of courts. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court. It is generally an appellate court that operates under discretionary review, which means that the Court can choose which cases to hear, by granting of writs of certiorari. There is generally no right of appeal to the Supreme Court. In a few situations (like lawsuits between state governments or some cases between the federal government and a state) it sits as a court of original jurisdiction.

The United States courts of appeals are the intermediate federal appellate courts. There are 13 appellate courts that determine if the law was applied correctly in trial courts. In some cases, Congress has diverted appellate jurisdiction to specialized courts, such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review.
There are 94 United States district courts. These are general federal trial courts, although in many cases Congress has diverted original jurisdiction to specialized courts, such as the Court of International Trade, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, the Alien Terrorist Removal Court, or to Article I or Article IV tribunals. The district courts usually have jurisdiction to hear appeals from such tribunals (unless, for example, appeals are to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.)

References
Rob Paulsen (born March 11, 1956) is an American voice actor, singer and former movie and television actor. He has done many voice roles in various movies, television programs and video games. He is best known for his roles as Brain from Pinky and the Brain, P.J. in A Goofy Movie and Goof Troop, Carl Sneezer from The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron Boy Genius, Raphael (1987) and Donatello (2012) from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Plank from Ed, Edd n Eddy  and Yakko Warner and Dr. Otto Scratchansniff from Animaniacs.

Acting roles
Television
 ABC Weekend Special – Spike Funnybunny, Moe Weasel, Policeman
 The Mask: (TV series) Stanley Ipkiss/The Mask
 The Addams Family – Mr. Normanmeyer, Van Swash, Additional Voices
 Adventures from the Book of Virtues – Peter, Classmate
 The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius – Carl Wheezer, Ebenezer Wheezer, Martha Wheezer, Butch Pakovski, Principal Willoughby, Additional Voices
 Aladdin – Omar
 American Dragon: Jake Long – Groom, Additional Voices
 The Angry Beavers – Terrence
 Animaniacs – Yakko Warner, Brain, Dr. Otto von Scratchansniff, Additional Voices
 Attack of the Killer Tomatoes – Mummato, Tomato Worm
 The Batman – Kid
 Batman: The Animated Series – Jay ("I've Got Batman in My Basement")
 Back at the Barnyard – Peck, RoboPeck, Skunky, Joey, Badger, Pizza Twin #1
 Ben 10 – Ditto
 Ben 10: Alien Force – Baz-El, Rhomboid Vreedle
 Ben 10: Ultimate Alien – Baz-El, Rhomboid Vreedle, Magister Patelliday
Ben 10: Omniverse – Magister Patelliday, Rhomboid Vreedle, Ditto, Captain Kork, Tummy Head, Gorvan, Phil, Gutrot
 Big Time Rush - C.A.L. ("Big Time Jobs"), Sam Sellmart ("Big Time Merchandise")(uncredited)
 Biker Mice from Mars – Throttle, Fred the Mutant, Additional Voices
 Biker Mice from Mars (2006 TV series) – Throttle, Hairball, Additional Voices
 The Blues Brothers Animated Series – Benny Fingers, Doctor
 The Boondocks (TV series) – The Art Teacher, Additional Voices
 Bubsy: What Could Possibly Go Wrong? – Bubsy Bobcat
 Bump in the Night – Squishington
 Butt-Ugly Martians – 2-T Fru-T, Mike, Ronald
 Buzz Lightyear of Star Command – AP-06, Additional Voices
 Can You Teach My Alligator Manners? – Al
 Capitol Critters – Additional Voices
 The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper – Spooky the Tuff Little Ghost
 CatDog – Hotdog, Hamburger (Meat, Dog's Friends), Additional Voices
 Catscratch – Gordon Quid
 Cédric - Nicholas
 Centerville – Mitch & Brad
 Challenge of the GoBots – Additional Voices
Channel Umptee-3 – Ogden Ostrich
 ChalkZone – Vinnie Raton, Walrus, Craniac
 Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers – Captain Finn, Flash The Wonder Dog, Chief Marley, Shakabaka, Darby Spree
 Chowder – VG, Dom, Additional Voices
 Coconut Fred's Fruit Salad Island – Coconut Fred
 Codename: Kids Next Door – Rupert Puttkin/The Great Puttinsky, Shaunie Fulbright, Robin Food, Mr. Mogle, Additional Voices
 The Crow: Stairway to Heaven – James
 Curious George – Compass, Charkie, Mr. Glass, Mr. Reloj, Additional Voices
 Dan Dare: Pilot of The Future – The Mekon
 Danger Rangers – Squeaky
 Danny Phantom – Jack Fenton, Nicolai Technus, The Box Ghost 
 Darkwing Duck – Steelbeak
 Dave the Barbarian – Malsquando, Additional Voices
 Denver, the Last Dinosaur – Nick, Chet
 Detention – Uncle Kelly
 Dexter's Laboratory – Major Glory, Puppet Pal Mitch, Additional Voices
 Dino-Riders – Faze, Kameelian
 Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears – Gusto Gummi
 Disney's House of Mouse – José Carioca
Disney's Sheriff Callie's Wild West – Tricky Travis
 Doc McStuffins – Sir Kirby
 Duck Dodgers – Mac Gopher, Porko, Captain Peters, Axl Gator
 DuckTales – Gladstone Gander
 El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera – Additional Voices
 Elena of Avalor - Macoco
 Eloise: The Animated Series – Bill
 The Fairly OddParents –  Mark Chang, Happy Peppy Gary, King Gripullon, Bucky McBadbat, Mr. Ed Ledly, Additional Voices
 Fish Hooks – Magic Hamster Mirror, Additional Voices
 Fish Police – Richie
 The Flintstone Kids – Additional Voices
 Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends – Additional Voices
 Fraggle Rock: The Animated Series – Boober Fraggle, Sprocket, Marjory the Trash Heap, Henchy Fraggle, Rhinestone Doozer, Additional Voices
 Freakazoid! – Yakko Warner, Additional Voices
 Funniest Pets & People – Announcer
 Game of Thrones - ADR Loop Group
 Gargoyles – Helios
 Gary the Rat – Additional Voices
 Generator Rex – Providence Agent Jackson, Providence Tech, Additional Voices
G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1985 TV series)  – Snow Job, Tripwire, Flash (ARAH), World War I American Warrior, Cobra slavemaster
 Goof Troop – P.J. Pete, Additional Voices
 Gravity Falls – Additional Voices
 The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible – Moki
 Green Lantern: The Animated Series – Goggan, Bumpy
 The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy – Tooth Fairy, Additional Voices
 Hannibal - ADR Loop Group
 Half-Shell Heroes: Blast to the Past - Donatello, Additional Voices
 Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law – Baba Louie, Kids, Announcer
 Henry Hugglemonster – Denzel Dugglemonster
 Higglytown Heroes – Barber Hero
 Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi – Atchan, Additional Voices
 The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange – Broccoli Alien Overlord, Marshmallow Warriors, Dr. Sigmund Fruit, Dr. Fruitenstein, Thomas Jefferson, Rock, Apricot, President Dane, Junior
 Histeria! – Mr. Smartypants, Sammy Melman, Additional Voices
 I Am Weasel – Stevie, Admiral Algebra Doll
Jackie Chan Adventures – Magister #2, Punk Magister
 Jake and the Never Land Pirates – Bobble
 Jem – Prescott A. Wentworth III
 The Jetsons – Gus Guesser, Blinky "Boy Boy Nova" Sunspot, Hall Monitor
 Johnny Bravo – Green Swoosh
 Jungle Cubs – Hathi, Akela, Additional Voices
 Justice League – Lightray
 K10C: Kids' Ten Commandments – Zeek, Josephat, and Joshua
 Kim Possible - François, Prince Wally, Dallas, Hank Perkins, Vinnie Wheeler, Additional Voices
 Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness – Han Sr.
 The Land Before Time – Spike/Ruby's Father/Angry Apatosaurus #1/Hidden Runner/Mo/Milo/Stegosaurus Leader/Guido/Lambeosaurus
 The Legend of Prince Valiant – Robert Draconarius, Prince Edwin, Soldier
 The Legend of Tarzan – Radio Voice
 The Life and Times of Juniper Lee – 10th Level Warlock, Leonard the Goblin, Additional Voices
 Lilo & Stitch: The Series – Reuben, Squeak, Houdini 
 Loonatics Unleashed  – Rev Runner, Gorlop, Mr. Leghorn (2nd Time)
 The Looney Tunes Show – Mac Gopher, Chuck Berost
The Loud House – Lane Loud, Mrs. Coconuts, Senior Announcer, and Seymour
 Mad – Lex Luthor, Various
 The Magician – Cosmos, Sonny Boy
 The Mask: Animated Series – Stanley Ipkiss/The Mask
 Megas XLR – V'arsin
 Mickey Mouse – Referee
 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse – Toodles
 Mickey Mouse Works – José Carioca
 Midnight Patrol: Adventures in the Dream Zone – Nightmare Prince
 The Mighty B! – Additional Voices
 Mighty Ducks – Shecky 'The Comedian' Carter, Dr. Swindle
 Mighty Max – Mighty Max
 Mrs. Munger's Class – Rock and Lance
 My Friends Tigger & Pooh - Raccoon 
 The New Adventures of Jonny Quest – Hadji
 New Kids on the Block – Additional Voices
 The New Woody Woodpecker Show – Additional Voices
 The New Yogi Bear Show – La Bamba Bear
 Oh Yeah! Cartoons – Mother Goose, Home Owner
 Ozzy & Drix – Travis Lum, Backseat, Chief Maximus
 The Penguins of Madagascar – Various
 Pepper Ann – Larry, Danny
 Phantom 2040 – Sean One, Heisenberg, Additional Voices
 Phineas and Ferb – Additional Voices
 Pinky and the Brain – Brain
Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain – Brain
 Planet Sheen – Doppy Dopweiler
 The Plucky Duck Show – Mr. Bughari, Furrball, Additional Voices
 Poochini's Yard – Additional Voices
 Pound Puppies – King (AKA No-Name) (uncredited)
 Pound Puppies (2010) – Pet Delivery Guy, Suds, Yakov
 The Powerpuff Girls – Brick, Boomer, Additional Voices
 Power Eons: Super Legends – Demeon (Ninja Storm)
 ProStars – Additional Voices
 A Pup Named Scooby-Doo – Professor Digby/Were-Doo
 Quack Pack – Nigel Nightshade
 Random! Cartoons – Solomon Fix, Danny, Tickle Monster, Handycat, Drillbit, and Flavio
 Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja – Jacques
 The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest – Hadji, Additional Voices
 Recess – Additional Voices
 Regular Show – Additional Voices
 Rick and Morty – Snowball
 Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Foot Lieutenant
 Road Rovers – Gas Station Attendant
 Robot and Monster – Bob, Scale
 Rocko's Modern Life – Additional Voices
 Rude Dog and the Dweebs – Rude Dog, Additional Voices
Saber Rider and the Star Sheriffs – Saber Rider, Jesse Blue
 Sabrina: The Animated Series – Uncle Zamboni
 Samurai Jack – Rothchild
 Savage Dragon – Octopus
 Scooby-Doo! Ghastly Goals – Julio
 Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated – Winslow Fleach, Radio Newsman
 The Secret Saturdays – Baron Finster, Car Driver
 The Silence of the Lambs - ADR Loop Group
 Slimer and the Real Ghostbusters – Robby, Additional Voices
 The Smurfs – Marco Smurf (1985)
 Snorks – Corky
 Sonic the Hedgehog – Antoine D'Coolette
 Space Cats – Thomas 'Tom' Spacecat, Chelsie Pipshire
 Spider-Man – Morris Bench / Hydro-Man
 Squirrel Boy - Rodney J. Squirrel (pilot)
 Star vs. the Forces of Evil – Gustav, Charlie Booth
 Stripperella – Carl, Milton Gibbs
 SpongeBob SquarePants – "Escape from Beneath Glove World"
 The Super Hero Squad Show – Werewolf by Night, Baron Strucker
 Super Secret Secret Squirrel – Anteater, Snooper and Blabber
 SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron – Hard Drive, Al
 The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries – Mechanic
Tak and the Power of Juju – Party Juju, Judge Juju, Gillbert
 TaleSpin (Plunder & Lightning) – Ratchet and Dr. Debolt
 Tasty Time with ZeFronk – Frankie "ZeFronk"
 Taz-Mania – Digeri Dingo, Francis X. Bushlad, Axl Gator, Timothy Platypus, Marvin the Martian, Road Runner
 Teacher's Pet – Ian Wazselewski
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles – Raphael, Donatello
 1987 – Raphael, 2012 Donatello, Zach the Fifth Turtle, Wingnut, HiTech, The Grybyx, Mister Ogg, Professor Sopho, Tokka, Additional Voices
 2012 – Donatello, Speed Demon Donatello, Metalhead, 80's Raphael, Shopkeeper, Cat Owner, Other Guy, Sir Paul, Triceraton Pilot, Sumo Glen, Triceraton Commander, Additional Voices
 Teen Titans – The Source, Quiz Monkey Host, Stunt Show Host
 The Upside Down Show - Cactus
 ThunderCats – Shen, Rezard
 The Tick (1994 TV series) – Arthur (Season 2 and Season 3), Brainchild (1st Time), Crusading Chameleon, Captain Mucilage, The Forehead, The Terror
 Tigger & Pooh and a Musical, Too- Raccoon
The Transformers – Air Raid, Chase, Fastlane, Slingshot
 This Just In! – Jimmy Fallon
 Time Squad – Buck Tuddrussel
 Tiny Toon Adventures – Arnold the Pitbull, Banjo the Woodpile Possum, Blink Winkleman, Concord Condor, Cooper DeVille, Fowlmouth, Foxy, Sneezer's Dad, Peter Hastings, Vanilla Lice and Furrball
 Tom & Jerry Kids – Additional Voices
 Totally Spies – Diminutive Smalls (Season 1), Asian guard
 TripTank – John, Groom, Dad
 T.U.F.F. Puppy – Bird Brain
 Ultimate Smash Brawl – Yosemite Sam, BD Wong, Jack Sparrow, Mr. Potato Head, Injury Jumper, Construction Worker, Additional Voices
 Ultimate Spider-Man – Batroc the Leaper, Boomerang, Additional Voices
 Violet's Life - Max
 Wake, Rattle, and Roll – D.E.C.K.S
 The Weekenders – Cousin Phillip, Carl
 What's New, Scooby-Doo? – Avery Orenthal, Government Agent, Jamison Steven Ripley, Travis Knox
 Where's Wally?: The Animated Series – Additional Voices
 Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa – Cacklin' Kid
 Wildfire – Additional Voices
The Wizard of Oz – Additional Voices
 Yo Gabba Gabba! - Muno
 Yo Yogi! – Dick 'Dickie' Dastardly, Chuck Toupee, Super Snooper, Robin Hood, Waiter, Wee Willie the Gorilla, Additional Voices
 VeggieTales – Mr. Finnegan J. Beet
 VeggieTales in the House – Ichabeezer, Bacon Bill, Junior's Dad, Tom Celeriac, Additional Voices.
Movies
 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure – Danny
 A Bug's Life - Additional Voices
 A Goofy Movie – P.J.
 An Extremely Goofy Movie – P.J. Pete
 The Adventures of Renny the Fox - Additional Voices
 The Addams Family - ADR Loop Group
 Aladdin - Additional Voices
 Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman – Mr. Rochelle
 Antz - Additional Voices
 Anastasia - Additional Voices
 The Ant Bully – Beetle
 Astro Boy - ADR Group
 Atlantis: The Lost Empire - Additional Voices
 The Black Cauldron - Additional Voices
 Balto - Additional Voices
 Balto II: Wolf Quest – Muru (singing voice), Terrier, Sumac, Wolverine #2
 Balto III: Wings of Change – Terrier 
 Barnyard – Peck, a goofy chicken and one of Otis' friends / Pizza Twin #1
 Batman - ADR Loop Group
 Batman: Gotham Knight – Sal Maroni
 Batman and Harley Quinn - Harold Goldblum, Min & Max
 Bat Thumb – No Face, Commissioner
 Beauty and the Beast - Additional Voices
 Bee Movie - ADR Group
 Big Hero 6 - Additional Voices
 Cars 3 - Additional Voices
Cathy - Irving Hillman
 Cathy's Last Resort - Irving Hillman
 Cathy's Valentine - Irving Hillman
 Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie -  ADR Group
 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory - ADR Loop Group
Changeland - "Dad"
 Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure – Farley the Fox
 Coco - Additional Voices
 Comic Book: The Movie – Voice Actor
 Cranberry Christmas – Mr. Whiskers
 Curious George - Additional Voices
 The Dark Knight - ADR Loop Group
 Dinosaur - Additional Voices
 Dragon Hunters – Gwizdo
 Elvira's Haunted Hills – Adrian
 The Emperor's New Groove - Additional Voices
 Finding Dory - Additional Voices
 The Fox and the Hound 2 – Chief, Additional Voices
 Frozen 2 - Additional Voices
 The Great Mouse Detective - Additional Voices
 Goodfellas - ADR Loop Group
 Ghostbuster - ADR Loop Group
 The Godfather Part 3 - ADR Loop Group
 The GodThumb – Mickey, Toll Booth Guard
 Green Lantern - ADR Loop Group
 G.I. Joe: The Movie  – Snow Job
 Hamburger: The Motion Picture – Security Guard
Happily N'Ever After – Amigo 2
 Heat - ADR Loop Group
 The Happy Elf - Eubie
 The Haunted World of El Superbeasto – El Gato/Commandant Hess
 Hercules - Additional Voices
 Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil – Johann, Bad Shatner, Bad Kelley
 The Incredibles - Additional Voices
 Iron Man - ADR Loop Group
 I'm Mad – Yakko Warner, Dr. Scratchansniff
 Jetsons: The Movie – Additional Voices
 Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius – Carl Wheezer, Ebenezer Wheezer, Martha Wheezer, Kid in Classroom
 Jonny's Golden Quest – Hadji
 Jonny Quest vs. The Cyber Insects – Hadji Singh / 425
 Justice Leagus - ADR Loop Group
 Kung Fu Panda - ADR Group
 Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure – Otis
 The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour series – Carl Wheezer
 The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure – Spike / Strut / Chomper
 The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving – Spike / Kosh
 The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists – Spike
 The Land Before Time V: The Mysterious Island – Spike
The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire – Rinkus and Spike
 The Land Before Time VIII: The Big Freeze – Spike and Stegosaurus Leader
 The Land Before Time IX: Journey to Big Water – Spike
 The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration – Spike
 The Land Before Time XI: Invasion of the Tinysauruses – Spike/Kosh
 The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers – Spike/Mo/Guido/Kosh
 The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends – Spike/Beipiaosaurus #4
 The Land Before Time: Journey of the Brave – Spike
 The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring - ADR Loop Group
 The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers - ADR Loop Group
 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King - ADR Loop Group
 Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite – Riddler
 Lilo & Stitch - Additional Voices
 Leroy & Stitch – Reuben, Squeak, Additional Voices
 The Lion King - Additional Voices
 The Little Mermaid - Additional Voices
 The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea – Prince Eric
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning – Ink Spot the octopus and Swifty the shrimp
 Lone Wolf McQuade – Man at festival
 Luca - Additional Voices
 Madagascar - ADR Group
 Mannequin – Cop #4
 Men in Black - ADR Loop Group
 Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse – Jaq and additional voices
 Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers – Troubadour
 Mickey's House of Villains – Hades (singing only)
 Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas – Additional Voices
 Missing Link - Old Worlders
 Mulan - Additional Voices
 Mulan II – Prince Jeeki
 The Nightmare Before Christmas - Additional Voices
 Onward - Additional Voices
 Osmosis Jones - Additional Voices
 Otra Película de Huevos y un Pollo – Confi
 The Perfect Match – John Wainwright
 The Pirate Fairy – Bobble
 Pixie Hollow Games – Bobble, Buck
 Planes - Additional Voices
 Penguins of Madagascar - ADR Group
 Pocahontas - Additional Voices
 Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World – Additional Voices
 Porco Rosso – Additional Voices
The Powerpuff Girls Movie – Hota Wata, Killa Drilla, The Doot Da Doot Da Doo Doos , Blah-Blah Blah-Blah 
 The Prince of Egypt - Additional Voices
 Pulp Fiction - ADR Loop Group
 Quest for Camelot - Additional Voices
 Return to Never Land – Pirates Rusty
 The Road to El Dorado - Additional Voices
 Rockin' with Judy Jetson – Sky Rocker
 Star Wars: Episode 1 - The Phantom Menace - ADR Loop Group
 Star Wars: Episode 2 - Attack of the Clones - ADR Loop Group
 Star Wars Episode 3 - Revenge of the Sith - ADR Loop Group
 Star Wars: The Force Awakens - Additional Voices
 Star Wars: The Last Jedi - Additional Voices
 Solo: A Star Wars Story - Additional Voices
 Soul - Additional Voices
 Scream - ADR Loop Group
 Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf – Brunch
 Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights – Prince
 Scooby-Doo Meets the Boo Brothers – Shreako and Dispatcher
 Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire – Vampire Actor #2, the Sheriff, and Teen Vampire
 Step Brothers - ADR Loop Group
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse - Additional Voices
 The Simpsons Movie - ADR Group
 The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water – Seagull
 Stitch! The Movie – Reuben, Additional Voices
 Steel Magnolias – Delivery Guy
 Tarzan - Additional Voices
 Teacher's Pet – Ian Wazselewski
 Thor Ragnarok - ADR Loop Group
 Tinker Bell – Bobble
 Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure  – Bobble, Grimsley, Mr. Owl
 Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue – Bobble
 Secret of the Wings – Bobble
 Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation – Fowlmouth, Johnny Pew, Mr. Hitcher, Banjo Possum, Hotel Manager and the Bike Carrier
 Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars - Computer Voice, Worker #1, Worker #2
 Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry – Irving, Dave
 Tin Man
 Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz – Hickory/Tin Man
 Tomorrowland - ADR Loop Group
 Top Cat and the Beverly Hills Cats – James the Chauffeur, Lester Pester, Tour Bus Driver
 Tweety's High-Flying Adventure – Sphinx, Ship Crewman, Casino Cat, Additional Voices
Toy Story - Additional Voices
 Toy Story 4 - Additional Voices
 WALL-E - Additional VoicesWakko's Wish – Yakko Warner, Pinky, Dr. Otto Scratchansnniff
 Yogi Bear - Additional Voices
 Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears – Zor Two
 Yogi the Easter Bear – Easter Bunny, Male Ranger
 Zootopia - Additional Voices
Video games
 Animaniacs Game Pack – Yakko Warner, Brain
 Animaniacs: The Great Edgar Hunt – Yakko Warner, Brain
 Animaniacs: Ten Pin Alley – Yakko Warner, Brain
 102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue – Fluffy
 Armed and Dangerous – Captain 2, Grunt, Kato
 Armikrog – Beak-Beak, PresidANTs
 Baldur's Gate – Kivan, Volo, Prism, Telmen
 Baldur's Gate II – Shadows of Amn – Anomen Delryn,  Saerk Farrahd,  Biff the Understudy, Qadeel
 Barnyard – Peck
 Biker Mice from Mars – Throttle, Hairball, Claw Tooper
 Blazing Dragons – Mervin the Magician, Inventor of Baseball
 Bubsy 2 – Bubsy Bobcat
 Bubsy in Fractured Furry Tales – Bubsy
 Cedric's Basics In Education & Learning – Cedric
 Clay Fighter 63 1/3 – Bonkers
 Disney's PK: Out of the Shadows – PK
 Doom 3 - Research Director Larry Bullman
 The Fairly OddParents: Breakin' da Rules – King Gripploun, Dog Catcher, Fairy Judge, Guard, Anti-Fairies, Squirrelly Scouts, Arthur, Gilded Arches
The Fairly OddParents: Shadow Showdown – Mark Chang, Oberon, Quince, Ape King, Chamberlain, The Shadow
 Final Fantasy X-2 – Tobli, Additional Voices
 FusionFall – Major Glory
 Ghosthunter – Officer Lazarus Jones
 Giants: Citizen Kabuto – Timmy the Smartie
 God of War – Greek Soldier
 The Incredibles: Rise of the Underminer - The Crustodian
 Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius – Carl Wheezer, Yokian Fleet Commander, Yokian 1, Yokian 2, Yokian 3, Retroland Worker, Ultra-Lord (PC Version only)
 Jimmy Neutron vs. Jimmy Negatron – Carl Wheezer, The Herminator, Sporko's Employee, Sparko's Owner
 Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes – Riddler
 Lost Odyssey - Technician Amures
 Metal Arms: Glitch in the System – Mil Grunts
 Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes – Gray Fox
 Nickelodeon Toon Twister 3D – Carl Wheezer
 Nicktoons Unite – Carl Wheezer
 Orion Burger – Wilbur Wafflemeier
 Planescape: Torment – Mortimer 'Morte' Rictusgrin
 Sacrifice – Zyzyx
 The Secret of Monkey Island: Special Edition – Bob, The Lookout, Alfredo Fettucini
Skylanders: SuperChargers – Smash Hit
 Skylanders: Imaginators – Smash Hit
 The Sopranos: Road to Respect – Gil
 SpongeBob SquarePants featuring Nicktoons: Globs of Doom – Technus, Carl Wheezer, Traloc
 Super Smash Bros. Brawl – Gray Fox
 Super Smash Bros. Ultimate – Gray Fox
 Tak: The Great Juju Challenge –  Dead Juju, Head 2, Tlaloc
 Tak and the Power of Juju – Tlaloc, Head 2, Dead
 Tak 2: The Staff of Dreams – Tlaloc, Dead Juju, Giant Misunderstanding Juju
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games – Raphael, Donatello
 Nickelodeon's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles – Donatello
 Portal Power –Donatello, 80's Raphael
 Turtles in Time – Raphael
 Toonstruck'' – Lugnut, Mee, Barman
References

1956 births
Living people
Actors from Detroit
American video game actors
American voice actors
Capital punishment has existed in the United States before it became a country. As of 2021, capital punishment is legal in 27 out of 50 states. The federal government and the United States military have capital punishment.

The United States is the only Western country that has capital punishment.

History

Colonial America

Virginia
Before the United States became an independent country, it was a colony of the British Empire.  The first known death sentence in colonial America happened in 1608.  Captain George Kendall was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony after being accused of spying for the Spanish government.
In colonial America, people could be executed for many things.  In the Jamestown colony, the first set of rules and punishments the colony's Lieutenant Governor wrote was very strict.  There were 48 different capital crimes (crimes that were punishable by death).  They included:
 Picking flowers from a neighbor's garden
 Criticizing the British government (for the third time)
 Blasphemy (for the third time)
 Trading with Native Americans (for the first time)
 Leaving the colony (for the third time)
 Stealing food because of hunger (for the third time)

When some colonists decided they did not like these strict rules, they ran away from the colony to live with nearby Native Americans.  They were brought back to the colony, tortured, and executed.

The Thirteen Colonies
Each of the Thirteen Colonies came up with its own death penalty laws.  For example, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which was mostly Puritan, laws were harsh.  Under its first capital punishment laws, which were effective from 1636-1647, people were executed for sodomy, adultery, witchcraft, blasphemy, bestiality, assault, rape, statutory rape, perjury in a capital trial, and murder.  Later, the colony continued to execute people for witchcraft, including 20 people during the Salem Witch Trials.  They also executed people for being Quakers and pirates.

Under the New York colony's Duke's Laws of 1665, a person could be executed for "denial of the one true God" or for hitting their mother or father.

Some colonies were not as strict.  For example, the New Jersey colony had no death penalty, and in the Pennsylvania colony only murder and treason were capital crimes.

Revolutionary War era
By 1776, most of the colonies had similar laws about the death penalty.  In most colonies, the capital crimes were arson, piracy, treason, murder, sodomy, burglary, robbery, rape, stealing horses, slave rebellion, and counterfeiting (making fake money).  Usually, people sentenced to death were hanged.

During the American Revolutionary War, British Major John André was hanged by the Continental Army on October 2, 1780.  He was convicted of spying and helping Benedict Arnold.

Slaves
The first slaves were brought to the Jamestown colony in 1619.  Slavery was legal in the United States for the next 246 years, until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution made it illegal in 1865.  Until that time, slaves had no rights.

Slaves could be punished or tortured for any reason, or for no reason at all.  Slaves who tried to escape or rebel were often tortured and executed where other slaves could see, to warn them not to do the same thing.
For example, in 1755, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a slave named Mark was accused of poisoning his "master."  He was executed, then hung in chains at Boston Harbor so his body would rot.  This was supposed to remind other slaves not to rebel every time they passed Mark's body.  Twenty years later, when Paul Revere made his "Midnight Ride," Mark's skeleton was still hanging in chains at Boston Harbor.

During the 1700s, in the Southern colonies, an unknown number of slaves were executed, sometimes for things like hitting another slave, "fussing," or "sassing" a white person.  Laws in the Southern colonies were passed allowing cruel and unusual punishments as well as capital punishment for slaves.

Reforms
In the late 1700s, activists like Benjamin Rush began to argue that the death penalty should not be used.  Between 1794 and 1815, eight states passed laws that made fewer crimes punishable by death.  However, many southern states made more crimes punishable by death, especially for slaves.
Major reforms started to happen between 1833 and 1853.  At that time, many executions were public events.  By 1849, fifteen states had switched to private hangings.

Abolition

In 1846, Michigan became the first state to abolish the death penalty, just after it entered the United States.

In 1852, Massachusetts's state legislature voted to allow the death penalty only for first-degree murder.  The next year, Wisconsin outlawed capital punishment.  In 1887, Maine's state legislature banned the death penalty.

The focus on the death penalty slowed while the country was busy with the issue of slavery and the American Civil War.  However, in 1897, the United States Congress passed a law that made fewer federal crimes punishable by death.  In 1911, Minnesota abolished capital punishment.  Several other states also abolished the death penalty, but would start using it again later.
Between 1957 and 1973, six other states permanently abolished the death penalty:
 Alaska and Hawaii, in 1957, before they became states
 Iowa, Vermont, and West Virginia, in 1965
 North Dakota, in 1973

Furman v. Georgia
In 1972, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Furman v. Georgia that the way death penalty laws were written made them unconstitutional.  They ruled that sentencing rules were discriminatory, because black people got sentenced to death more often than whites for the same crimes.  Because of this, the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment, which violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.  This ruling stopped all executions in the country.  Between 1972 and 1976, there were no executions in the United States.