Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Corporate history 
The company was founded as a British racing internal combustion engine maker in 1958 by Mike Costin and Keith Duckworth (1933-2005) The name Cosworth came by combining their last names. (COStin and duckWORTH). Even thought it was an independent company, it was supported by the Ford Motor Company for many years. Most of the Cosworth engines were named Ford engines.

The company went through a several ownership changes. The business was growing. Keith Duckworth did not want to run the day-to-day business.

Cosworth was sold to United Engineering Industries (UEI) in 1980. Duckworth remained as president for life, and technical involvement with Cosworth. He became a UEI board director. UEI was a group of small to medium-sized technology companies.

UEI was taken over by Carlton Communications in 1988. Carlton wanted some of the audio-visual companies that were part of UEI. Cosworth was a poor fit, so Carlton sold the Cosworth part off.
In 1990, Cosworth was sold to Vickers, a British engineering company.

In 1998, Cosworth was sold to Audi, which is a part of Volkswagen. Hours later, Audi sold the Cosworth Racing division to Ford.

In September, 2004 Ford announced that it was selling Cosworth, along with Cosworth Racing Ltd and its Jaguar Formula One team. On 15 November 2004, the sale of Cosworth was completed to Champ Car World Series owners Gerald Forsythe and Kevin Kalkhoven They are the current owners of the Cosworth Group.

The road car engine division of Cosworth was renamed Cosworth Technology. It was sold to MAHLE in 2005. Cosworth Technology was then renamed as MAHLE Powertrain on 1 July 2005.

Engines
Engines

Association with Ford 
Cosworth has had a long relationship with the Ford Motor Company. This started when Cosworth started building racing engines in 1959. These engines were modified versions of the  Inline-four Ford Kent engine for Formula Junior. Cosworth built a  engine for the Lotus 7.  and  engines were built use in Formula B, sports car racing, and the Lotus Cortina. The final version of the Cosworth-Kent, in 1965, was the MAE. It was used in Formula 3 when  engines were allowed. This was the dominate engine.

The FVA series 
The Cortina engine was also the basis for the FVA, a Formula Two engine introduced in 1966. This engine featured dual overhead camshafts with 16 valves. It produced at least  at 9000 rpm. This engine dominated the category until 1971. It was also used in sports car racing as the FVC. The FVA was part of the same Ford contract that gave rise to the DFV.

A larger engine was built for endurance racing in the mid 1970s. The FVC displaced .  The FVC produced only .
The DFV (Double Four Valve) 

In 1966, Colin Chapman of Lotus Cars was the founder and principal of Team Lotus. He got Ford to finance Keith Duckworth's design for a new lightweight 3.0 litre Formula One engine. Cosworth received the order along with £100,000 from Ford. The contract told Duckworth to build a four-cylinder Ford-based F2 engine to prove it would work (see the FVA above). After that, a pure Cosworth V8 would be built. The DFV design used a similar cylinder head to the one on the FVA engine with custom cylinder block and crankcase. This created the legendary DFV - literally meaning "Double Four Valve". This engine, and its version were used for a quarter of a century. It was the most successful engine in the history of Formula One / Grand Prix motor racing.  With 167 winning races it put Cosworth Engineering on the map. Although designed for Formula One, the engine has been modified for use in many other areas.
The DFV won on its first outing, at the 1967 Dutch Grand Prix. Jim Clark drove a Lotus 49 with the DFV engine. Starting in 1968, any F1 team could purchase the engine. During the 1970s, it was common for almost the entire field to use one of the DFV engines. Ferrari never used a Cosworth engine. Most teams just built a car around a Cosworth DFV and a Hewland gearbox. It won a record 155 World Championship races. The last was the Detroit Grand Prix in 1983 in a Tyrrell driven by Michele Alboreto.

The DFV with 410 horsepower did not produce as much power as some of its rival 12-cylinder engines. It was lighter, resulting in a better power to weight ratio. It was also a structural part of the car.
The DFY, introduced in 1982 was upgrade of the DFV for Formula One with 520 horsepower. While it produced more power, it no match for the turbocharged cars of the day. It was the advent of turbocharged engines which ended the use of the DFY. In 1986 Cosworth returned to the lower levels of racing. They modified the DFV for the newly created Formula 3000. The DFV remained in F3000 until 1992.

In Formula One, a new DFV-based design was introduced for the new rules in . 3.5 litre normally-aspirated (non-turbocharded) engines were allowed. In 1988 Cosworth built the DFR, which was used in F1 by the smaller teams until 1991. It scored its last points in 1990.

The DFV is still being used in Classic F1 racing. The FIA given them World Championship status in 2004.
DFV variants 
One of the most successful and longest-lived projects of Cosworth has been its CART / Champ Car engine program. In 1975, Cosworth developed the DFX engine. A turbocharged 2.65 litre engine, the DFX became the standard engine to run in IndyCar racing. It ending the reign of the Offenhauser, and maintaining that position until the late 1980s.

While designed as an F1 engine, the DFV was also used as in endurance racing. Its design led to vibrations putting stress on devices surrounding the engine. It was hard on the exhaust system. The first sports car to use a DFV failed to finish a single race because of repeated breakdowns. The DFV did win the 24 hours of Le Mans twice in its original 3.0 litre form. A special endurance version, the DFL, was then developed. The 3.3 litre was reliable. The 4.0 litre was largely remembered as a failure.
The GA V6 
A variant of the Ford Essex engine was developed for the Ford Capris. The Capris were raced in Group 2 in the early 1970s. This engine had a displacement of 3.4 L. The GA was also used in the last few years of Formula 5000 in Europe.

The FBA and FBC V6 

The FBA and FBC engines were found in the Ford Granada and Ford Scorpio Ultima. The FBA came first in 1991, and was also known as the 'BOA'. It was based on the Ford Cologne V6. It was a twin overhead camshaft with 24 valves, and produced 192 horsepower. In 1995, it was updated to produce 201 horsepower. This engine was known as the 'BOB'.

A racing version was also available for a short time. The FBE had individual throttle butterflies for each cylinder. The FBB and FBD engines were developed but never released.
The BDA series 
Cosworth increased its work with Ford in 1969. Cosworth developed a double overhead camshaft (DOHC) 16-valve inline four cylinder engine for road use in the European Ford Escort. Working from the Kent block, Cosworth created a 1.6 Litre engine for homologation (standarding) purposes. The camshafts were driven by a toothed timing belt. The name BDA, came from "Belt Drive, A type". Running in Group 2 and Group 4 on either rallying or touring car racing, this engine could be enlarged to 2.0 litres.  The standard 1.6 L engine could be used in cars competing overall wins, not just first in class.

In 1970, the BDC version received fuel injection. In 1972, the 1.8 L BDA series was being used in Formula 2. In 1973, it went to 1.98 L as the BDG engine. The BDG also had an aluminum engine block.
Other versions of the engine were made for Formula Atlantic in 1970, and SCCA club racing and sports car racing. A 1.7 L BDR version was built in the 1980s. A 1.8 L BDT was built for the Escort RS1700T and the Ford RS2000.

A 2.14 L version was developed by Brian Hart just as Group B was canceled by the FIA. The Hart 420R owes much to the BDA series. It is basically an aluminum block version with similar cylinder heads.

In 1970, Ford asked Weslake and Co to build the BDA Engine for them, and by the end of 1970 the production line had been installed at Rye and production was under way.

The YB series 

The YB series of 2.0 L engines are based on the older Pinto engine block. They were introduced in the road-going Ford Sierra RS Cosworth in 1986 with 201 horsepower. Racing versions could develop about 400 horsepower. A limited edition version was introduced in 1987. The RS500 could produce 550 horsepower in full racing setup.

The YB series engine was replace in 1997, with the Zetec engine design.
Other Formula One engines 
Cosworth tested turbocharged BD version. They finally built an all-new turbocharged 1.5 L V6 engine. This engine was badged (named) the Ford TEC. Inside Cosworth, it was known as the GB-series. This engine had a long development history. It only raced only for a short time. In was used by the Haas Lola team in  and the Benetton Formula team in .

The final replacement for the DFV/DFZ/DFR series was  the 3.5 L HB V8 engine. It was used by the Benetton team midway through 1989. It won the Japanese Grand Prix that year. This engine had a narrower v-angle than the DFV.
As the works (factory supported) team, Benetton was the only team to use this model through the rest of  and . In , customer units became available. The customer engines did not have all the updates the works engines did. In 1991, these engines were supplied to the new Jordan Grand Prix team. In 1992, they went to Team Lotus. 1993 saw McLaren added to the customer engine deal. McLaren won five Grands Prix with Ayrton Senna that year.  A new Cosworth unit, badged as a Ford Zetec-R was built in 1994. That year, Michael Schumacher won the Drivers World Championship with Benetton. This was the last Ford powered F1 title.

A Jaguar-badged version of the HB was used for a short time in sports car racing with the Jaguar XJR-14. Cosworth also developed a 72° V10 engine for the Sauber Formula One team. It was baged as a Ford engine.
Cosworth has made several 3.0 L V10 engines for other Formula One teams.  The Stewart Grand Prix team basically became the Ford works team. They used Cosworth CR-1 engines from their first season in 1997. Stewart became Jaguar Racing which became Red Bull Racing. They used Cosworth V10 engines until 2006. Minardi also used re-badged Cosworth engines until 2005.

Williams began using the new CA2006 Cosworth V8 engines for the 2006 season. In the same year, Scuderia Toro Rosso used detuned V10 engines based on the 2005 units.

In 2007, Williams and Scuderia Torro Rosso both switched to other engines. This left Cosworth out of Formula one for three years. Honda left F1 in December 2008. This led to Cosworth being selected to provide a standard engine to any interested team. Teams could purchase entire engines, or build their own from the Cosworth designs.
In 2010 Cosworth returned as the engine supplier for Williams. They also supplied three new teams; Hispania Racing, Lotus Racing and Virgin Racing. The CA2010 is the same 2.4 litre V8 base of the CA2006 used by Williams. It has been re-tuned from 20,000 rpm to the current 18,000 rpm limit required on all engines. The first engines were shipped to teams in mid-January, 2 weeks prior to first track testing for the year.

Other IndyCar and Champ Car engines 

Cosworth needed to replace the DFS engines used in IndyCar and Champ Car racing. Cosworth designed the X-series, beginning in 1992 with the XB.  The XF was built for the 2000 season to replace the XD. It was picked as the spec engine for the Champ Car World Series in 2003. The most recent version is the 2.65 litre XFE, used through 2007. The Champ Car World Series set a rev limit of 12,000 rpm. The 2004 model of the XFE was rated at 750 horsepower for normal running. It could produce 800 horsepower during the "Push-to-Pass" mode.
In mid 2003, Cosworth provided the 3.5L V8 XG badged as a Chevrolet Gen 4 engine to IRL IndyCar Series teams. The XG finished 2nd in its first race at Michigan on 27 July 2003. Sam Hornish, Jr. went on to win 3 races that season with the new XG. The XG was reduced in size to 3L for 2004 season. It won one race in 2005 during Chevrolet's final season in IRL.

In 2007, the Ford name was removed from the XFE engine. The Champ Car World Series merged into the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series prior to the 2008 season. Cosworth does not currently provide engines to any American open wheel racing series.

Formula Atlantic engines 
These are 300 horsepower 2.3 L inline-four engines based on the Mazda MZR engine. A detuned (reduced power) 250 horsepower version is sold to the consumer market. This version is intended for club racers. Both engines are built by Cosworth in Torrance, California.
Road engines 
Cosworth is best known in Europe for its relationship with Ford. Cosworth is in the vehicle name on the high performance Ford Sierra RS Cosworth and Ford Escort RS Cosworth.

In the United States, Cosworth has also appeared in the name of a road car, the Chevrolet Vega. Only 3,508 1975 and 1976 Cosworth Vegas were built. The engine featured the Vega sleeveless, aluminum-alloy block fitted with forged components. The twin-cam, 16 valve, aluminum cylinder head design was assisted by Cosworth. The engine featured electronic ignition, electronic fuel injection, and stainless steel headers. The final US version produced 110 bhp. Cosworth's EA racing version was not successful due to engine block structural failures. Projected sales of the Cosworth Vega had been 5,000. The 1500 unused hand-built Cosworth Vega engines were simply scrapped for lack of demand.
Cosworth became involved with Mercedes-Benz in the mid-1980s. Mercedes-Benz wanted to create a Group B rally car. They turned to Cosworth to development the engine.

Mercedes wanted a 320 bhp engine based on the 136 bhp Mercedes M102 2.3 litre 4-cylinder engine. The task was given to Mike Hall, who design the famed DFV and BDA engines. Designed around the existing M102 engine, its valves set a 45° angle, rather than the 40° of the BDA. The valves were the biggest that could be fitted into the combustion chamber. Flat top pistons gave a 10.5:1 compression ratio. The new Cosworth WAA engine also was Cosworth’s first one-piece head. The camshaft carrier was cast with the head itself.

Cosworth F1 car
Cosworth F1 car 

Cosworth tried to design a full Formula One Grand Prix car in 1969. The car was designed by Robin Herd. It used a new design of a 4WD transmission designed by Keith Duckworth. This transmission was different from the Ferguson transmission used by all other 4WD F1 cars of the 1960s. It was powered by a version of the DFV engine built out of magnesium. The plan was to drive the car at the  British Grand Prix. Cosworth withdrew the car without any explanation. Herd left Cosworth to form March Engineering. The F1 car project was canceled. The external design of the car was Herd's use of Mallite sheeting. Mallite is a product made from layers of wood and aluminum. The Mallite was for the main structural monocoque (car body) sections. This is a procedure he developed on the first McLaren single-seat race cars, including the McLaren M2B of 1966.

Summary of F1 engine use

References 

 List of F1 engines by year
Literature 
 Bernd Tuchen, Ford in der Formel 1 1965 bis 1994.  Die Geschichte des legendären Ford Cosworth DFV Motors.  Seine Entstehung, seine Rennställe, seine Siege und Weltmeister (Büchenbach 2006/Verlag Dr. Faustus) (www.Verlag-Dr-Faustus.de) 
 Graham Robson, Cosworth: The Search For Power, 4th ed, Haynes, 1999,

Other websites 
 Cosworth
 Cosworth Performance Parts 
 List of Cosworth engine types 

Ford
Formula One engine manufacturers
Formula One constructors
Formula One current
1958 establishments in the United Kingdom
Carbon tetrachloride, also known as carbon tet for short or tetrachloromethane, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CCl4. It contains carbon in its +4 oxidation state and chloride ions. It is a colourless heavy liquid.

Properties
It is a colorless liquid. It smells like chloroform. It evaporates quite quickly. It can dissolve fats and oils as well as other substances including iodine. It does not burn, but it does make phosgene when heated to a very high temperature.

Preparation
It is made by reacting methane with chlorine. This reaction is similar to the burning of methane (reaction of methane with oxygen). Hydrogen chloride, chloromethane, dichloromethane and chloroform are byproducts (left over substances). It used to be made by reacting carbon disulfide with chlorine. This reaction would produce sulfur(I) chloride.
Uses
The uses of carbon tetrachloride have diminished lately, because it is known to be damage people's health. People think it might damage the ozone layer. Today, it is rarely used for anything.
 
Previously, was used in fire extinguishers. It was also used to make freon, used in dry cleaning and as a refrigerant.

Safety
Carbon tetrachloride is very poisonous to the liver, the kidneys and the nervous system; it might also cause cancer. Carbon tetrachloride converts to phosgene (an extremely poisonous gas) at very high temperatures like fire conditions. In the days when it was used as a fire extinguisher, this problem was very common and caused deaths.
References in media
In the episode "Return From The Outer Space" (1965) of the science fiction TV series Lost In Space, a boy is seen buying carbon tetrachloride from a parallel universe.
Australian YouTuber Tom de Prinse of "Explosions&Fire" and "Extractions&Ire" made videos where he is taking out carbon tetrachloride from an old fire extinguisher and then using it in his videos in 2019, and the chemical has got a fan base on social media. Channel owner Tom later used carbon tetrachloride themed designs in his channel's merchandise.
In the Ramones song "Carbona Not Glue", the singer says that breathing the vapours of a stain remover containing carbon tetrachloride is better than breathing in glue vapours.

References

Related pages
Chloromethane - methane with 1 hydrogen replaced by chlorine
Dichloromethane - methane with 2 hydrogens replaced by chlorine
Chloroform - methane with 3 hydrogens replaced by chlorine

Carbon dioxide
Bromide
Fluoride

Chlorine compounds
Greenhouse gases
Carbon compounds
HVAC
Freon is a word for certain chemical compounds, often used as refrigerants. Thomas Midgley, Jr. invented using Freon as a refrigerant.  "Freon" is a registered trademark of DuPont. Freon was first used to describe chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants, but it is now used to describe many other kinds of chemicals used as refrigerant. Refrigerants may contain carbon, chlorine, fluorine and sometimes bromine. For example, Freon 10 is carbon tetrachloride. Many kinds of freon are not toxic to animals. They also are cheap and work well. However, most refrigerants can reduce the amount of ozone from the upper atmosphere. Reducing ozone lets more ultraviolet light to come through. Too much ultraviolet light can cause skin cancer and cataracts, and can kill off plankton in the oceans.
The chlorine part of CFC refrigerants can reduce ozone. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) can also damage ozone. Newer Hydrofulorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants do not have chlorine in them and do not reduce ozone in the atmosphere. Most refrigerants also increase global warming because they are powerful greenhouse gasses. These refrigerants increase global warming thousands of times more than carbon dioxide (CO2).

Related pages
Methyl
Methane
Organic chemistry

Chemicals
HVAC
In refrigeration equipment, a refrigerant vapor is compressed by a compressor. Compression makes it hot. It enters a condenser, where it condenses into a liquid.  The refrigerant then passes through a part called a metering device, or an expansion device (there are several types of this part) where the pressure is reduced to a point where the liquid begins to boil. At this point, the refrigerant is very cold and it enters an evaporator, where it absorbs heat from the air passing over it. By the time the refrigerant leaves the evaporator, it is all a vapor again, and it goes back to the compressor where the cycle begins again. This is called the refrigeration cycle. This is one example of the use of a refrigerant, in a residential air conditioning system.
Phase out of chlorine-based refrigerants
Older chlorine based refrigerants such as R22 have been phased out due to ozone depletion. The chlorine molecule in them was found to be depleting the ozone molecules in the atmosphere.   As a result, the Montreal Protocol  has been adopted. The treaty bans the production of CFCs, halons as and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane.

References

Related pages
Freon, an old class of refrigerants

Chemicals
HVAC
The 2010 Canterbury earthquake was a powerful 7.1 magnitude earthquake, which struck the South Island of New Zealand at 4:35 am September 4, 2010 local time (16:35 3 September UTC). 
It was centred 40 km west of Christchurch, near the town of Darfield, at a depth of 10 km. Strong aftershocks were reported, including ones of magnitude 5.3. 
The main quake was felt widely across the South Island, and in the North Island as far north as New Plymouth.

It caused a lot of damage and cut off power and water supply, mainly in the city of Christchurch. Two people were seriously injured. The quake caused damage to historic buildings in Lyttelton, near Christchurch, including a church and parts of a hotel.  Businesses in the city centre were closed the day of the quake. The total cost of damages may be as high as NZ$2 billion.

A state of emergency was declared by Civil Defence for Christchurch and the Selwyn District.
Geological background
New Zealand sits on the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates. In the South Island, these plates mainly slide past each other horizontally, producing earthquakes along fault lines such as the Alpine fault. The 2010 earthquake was centred about 80–90 km to the southeast of the plate boundary through the island, probably on one of a network of smaller faults linked to the main faults that mark the plate boundary itself.

References

2010s disasters in New Zealand
Earthquakes in New Zealand
2010 earthquakes
September 2010 events
William Langland (c. 1332 – c. 1386) was an English poet. He wrote a long and complicated poem called Piers Plowman. The poem is an allegory about the difficulty of leading a good Christian life when the institution of the Church is often corrupt.
We do not know for sure that this poem was written by Langland. The strongest evidence we have is one manuscript which says that the poem was written by 'Willielmi de Langlond', son of 'Stacy de Rokayle, who died in Shipton-under-Wichwood, a tenant of the Lord Spenser in the county of Oxfordshire'. Other manuscripts also name the author as 'Robert or William langland', or 'Wilhelmus W.' (probably an abbreviation for 'William of Wichwood', since Wychwood is the village he probably came from). Another piece of evidence is within the poem itself. At one stage the narrator says: 'I have lyved in londe...my name is longe wille'. Scholars agree that this is a code for the poet's name: Longe-Land, and Wille meaning Will, short for William. This may seem unlikely, but this method of hiding the poet's name within a poem was used in Roman times, and was quite common in late-medieval literature.

1330s births
1380s deaths
English poets
Alexandra David-Néel (full name Louise Eugénie Alexandrine Marie David) born in Saint-Mandé, Val-de-Marne on 24 October 1868, and died in Digne-les-Bains, on 8 September 1969. She was a Belgian-French explorer.

Career
1898 Pour la vie
1911 Le modernisme bouddhiste et le bouddhisme du Bouddha
1927 Voyage d'une Parisienne à Lhassa (1927, My Journey to Lhasa)
1929 Mystiques et Magiciens du Tibet (1929, Magic and Mystery in Tibet)
1930 Initiations Lamaïques (Initiations and Initiates in Tibet)
1931 La vie Surhumaine de Guésar de Ling le Héros Thibétain (The Superhuman Life of Gesar of Ling)
1933 Grand Tibet; Au pays des brigands-gentilshommes
1935 Le lama au cinq sagesses
1938 Magie d'amour et magic noire; Scènes du Tibet inconnu (Tibetan Tale of Love and Magic)
1939 Buddhism: Its Doctrines and Its Methods
1940 Sous des nuées d'orage; Recit de voyage
1949 Au coeur des Himalayas; Le Nepal
1951 Ashtavakra Gita; Discours sur le Vedanta Advaita
1951 Les Enseignements Secrets des Bouddhistes Tibétains (The Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects)
1951 L'Inde hier, aujourd'hui, demain
1952 Textes tibétains inédits
1953 Le vieux Tibet face à la Chine nouvelle
1954 La puissance de néant, by Lama Yongden (The Power of Nothingness)
Grammaire de la langue tibetaine parlée
1958 Avadhuta Gita
1958 La connaissance transcendente
1961 Immortalite et reincarnation: Doctrines et pratiques en Chine, au Tibet, dans l'Inde
L'Inde où j'ai vecu; Avant et après l'independence
1964 Quarante siècles d'expansion chinoise
1970 En Chine: L'amour universe! et l'individualisme integral: les maitres Mo Tse et Yang Tchou
1972 Le sortilège du mystère; Faits étranges et gens bizarre rencontrés au long de mes routes d'orient et d'occident
1975 Vivre au Tibet; Cuisine, traditions et images
1975 Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 11 août 1904 - 27 decembre 1917. Vol. 1. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet
1976 Journal de voyage; Lettres à son Mari, 14 janvier 1918 - 31 decembre 1940. Vol. 2. Ed. Marie-Madeleine Peyronnet
1979 Le Tibet d'Alexandra David-Neel
1981 Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects
1986 La lampe de sagesse
Books

The Secret Lives of Alexandra David-Neel - A Biography of the Explorer of Tibet and Its Forbidden Practices, Barbara and Michael Foster. ; American edition under the title Forbidden Journey -  The Life of Alexandra David-Neel, . This book is based on extensive interviews with David Neel's secretary at Digne and reading her letters to her husband, now published as "Journal de voyage: lettres a son mari."
Alexandra David-Neel, Ruth Middleton, Boston, Shambhala, 1989. .
 Norwick, Braham. (1976). "Alexandra David-Neel's Adventures in Tibet: Fact or Fiction?". The Tibet Journal. Vol. 1, Nos. 3 & 4. Autumn 1976, pp. 70–74.

Other websites
Official web site
A Mystic in Tibet - Alexandra David-Neel
Alexandra David Neel in Upasika (spanish)

1868 births
1969 deaths
Christ Church Cathedral is the cathedral of the diocese of Oxford, which includes the City of Oxford and the surrounding countryside as far north as Banbury. It is also, uniquely, the chapel of Christ Church, the largest college of the University of Oxford.

History
The cathedral was originally the church of St Frideswide's Priory. 
In 1522, the priory was surrendered to Cardinal Wolsey, who chose it as the site for his proposed college. However, in 1529 it was taken over by King Henry VIII. Work stopped, but in June 1532 the college was refounded by the King. In 1546, Henry VIII transferred to it from Osney Abbey to the see of Oxford. The cathedral has the name of Ecclesia Christi Cathedralis Oxoniensis, given to it by King Henry VIII's foundation charter.
Architecture 
The nave, choir, central tower, and transepts (as far as the roofs) are late Norman, and were probably erected during the lifetime of Canutus, the second prior, in the 12th century. As a whole the cathedral contains examples of the various styles from late Norman to Perpendicular.

Not the smallest 
Once this was the smallest cathedral in England. But according to their website, this has changed:
"It is true that at one time Christ Church Oxford would have been the smallest Cathedral in England... However, with the creation this century of new cathedrals which had previously been parish churches, Christ Church lost its distinction of being the smallest Cathedral in the country.

1546 Christ Church Oxford (present size - 16,413 sq ft)
1905 Birmingham Cathedral: 13,720 sq ft
1914 Chelmsford Cathedral: 11,270 sq ft
1927 Derby Cathedral: 10,950 sq ft
Newport Cathedral in Wales, is smaller still. A Cathedral since 1949, with an area of about 7,850 sq ft, it has a total seating capacity of only 600!
At present Christ Church is probably the fifth smallest English Cathedral after Derby, Chelmsford, Birmingham and Leicester".

Miscellany 
Cathedral (or Christ Church) Time is traditionally five minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time. This dates back to the days before the railways when each region of the country kept to its own local time. Hence what is now called Cathedral Time is a survival of old Oxford Time.

References

Other websites

Christ Church Cathedral website
Christ Church Cathedral Choir website
Oxford Cathedral information
A history of the choristers of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford 
Sacred destinations photo gallery

Anglican cathedrals in England
Buildings and structures in Oxford
16th-century buildings and structures‎
Tattva is a Sanskrit word that means 'thatness', 'principle', 'reality' or 'truth'. According to many Indian schools of philosophy, a tattva is an element or aspect of reality conceived as an aspect of deity.

References

Books
 Prasad, Ram (1997). Nature's Finer Forces: The Science of Breath and the Philosophy of the Tattvas. Kessinger. 
 Ramacharaka Yogi (1997). Science of Breath. Kessinger. 
 Singh, Jaideva (1979). Siva Sutras: The Yoga of Supreme Identity. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas.
 Tattvakosha - An Encyclopedia on Absolute Truth in a Vedic paradigm.
 Swami Satyananda Saraswati. Tattva Jnana. Devi Mandir. .

Other websites
 Uses of 'tattva' in Puranic and Gaudiya Vaishnava literature .
 Articles  on Absolute Truth in a Vedic paradigm.

Hinduism
Sanskrit
Reality
Mahābhūta is Sanskrit and Pāli for "great element." In Buddhism, the "four great elements" (Pali: cattāro mahābhūtāni) are earth, water, fire and air. Hinduism adds a fifth "great" or "gross" element: ether.

References

Books
Bodhi, Bhikkhu (trans.) (2000).  The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya.  Boston: Wisdom Publications. .
 Buddhaghosa, Bhadantācariya (trans. from Pāli by Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli) (1999). The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga. Seattle, WA: BPS Pariyatti Editions. .
 Hamilton, Sue (2001). Identity and Experience: The Constitution of the Human Being according to Early Buddhism. Oxford: Luzac Oriental. .
 Monier-Williams, Monier (1899, 1964). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary (London: Oxford University Press).
 , Bhikkhu (trans.) & Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (2001). The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom Publications. .
 Nyanaponika Thera (trans.) (1981). The Greater Discourse on the Elephant-Footprint Simile. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society.
 Olivelle, Patrick (1996). Upaniads. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921–5). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary [PED]. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available from the University of Chicago's "Digital Dictionaries of South Asia" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/ (retrieved 2007-06-14).
 Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1994). "SN 27.9: Dhatu Sutta – Properties" in Upakkilesa Samyutta: Defilements (SN 27.1–10). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn27/sn27.001-010.than.html#sn27.009.
 Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997a). Kayagata-sati Sutta: Mindfulness Immersed in the Body (MN 119). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.119.than.html.
 Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). Kevatta (Kevaddha) Sutta: To Kevatta (DN 11). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.11.0.than.html.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997c). Dhatu-vibhanga Sutta: An Analysis of the Properties (MN 140). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.140.than.html.
 Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1998). Kimsuka Sutta: The Riddle Tree (SN 35.204). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.204.than.html.
 Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2001). Bija Sutta: Means of Propagation (SN 22.54). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.054.than.html.
 Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2003a). Anathapindikovada Sutta: Instructions to Anathapindika (MN 143). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.143.than.html.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2003b). Maha-hatthipadopama Sutta: The Great Elephant Footprint Simile (MN 28).  Retrieved 2008-01-30 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.028.than.html.
 Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2004a). Asivisa Sutta: Vipers (SN 35.197). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.197.than.html.
 Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2004b). Dhatu Sutta: Properties (SN 25.9). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn25/sn25.009.than.html.
 Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2005). Saddhammapatirupaka Sutta: A Counterfeit of the True Dhamma (SN 16.13). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn16/sn16.013.than.html.
Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2006). Maha-Rahulovada Sutta: The Greater Exhortation to Rahula (MN 62). Retrieved 2008-03-17 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.062.than.html.
 Walshe, Maurice O'C. (trans.) (1995). The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Publications. .
Cyma Zarghami is an Iranian-American cable television executive and the current president of the TV channel Nickelodeon and the MTV Networks' Kids & Family Group.

References

Other websites
Cyma Zarghami corporate bio on Nick.com

1960s births
Living people
Nickelodeon
The coccyx is a set of bones that are fused together (joined up). It is found at the base of the vertebral column. This collection of bones is often called the tailbone. At birth, these bones are separate. These bones do not contain cartilage between them.

Bones
Småland is a historical province (landskap) in southern Sweden.

Småland borders the provinces Blekinge, Scania or Skåne, Halland, Västergötland, Östergötland and the island Öland in the Baltic Sea. The name Småland literally means Small lands. The latinized form Smolandia has been used in other languages. The highest summit in Småland is Tomtabacken with its 377 m.

Swedish writer Astrid Lindgren comes from Småland, and many of her stories are also set there. Famous Swedish expresseions are "Mörkaste Småland" ("Darkest Småland") and "För allt smör i Småland" ("For All Butter in Småland").

Other websites

Provinces of Sweden
Åryd is a locality in Växjö Municipality in Kronoberg County in Sweden. In 2010, 684 people lived there. Swedish singer and Melodifestivalen 1995 contestant Jessica G. Pilnäs was born in Åryd.

References 

Settlements in Kronoberg County
Throughout Okinawa, Kompasu brought strong winds and heavy rains, leaving an estimated 32,000 residences without power. The highest rainfall total was measured in Motobu at . Winds in excess of  felled a 300-year-old tree. The  Sion Pine Tree was the last of its kind on the island and was once the symbol of the northern Okinawa Region. The Okuma Recreation Facility sustained substantial damage and was closed to the public for at least a week. According to United States Air Force captain Adam Vaccarezza, concrete towers fell during the storm. Although Kompasu was a strong typhoon when it passed over Okinawa, no loss of life took place; however, five people were injured. Some homes sustained roof damage across the region, prompting a few evacuations. Additionally, Kompasu resulted in the cancellation of 432 flights to and from the island chain, stranding 57,126 people.

References
References

Pacific typhoons
2010 disasters in Asia
2010 in weather
2010s disasters in Japan
2010s in North Korea
2010 in South Korea
August 2010 events
Disasters in Japan

Natural disasters in Asia
September 2010 events
Yu Myung-hwan (born April 8, 1946) is a South Korean diplomat, he was  Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade from February 2008 to September.4 2010. His resigntation was caused when his daughter was givent a job in his department . He has previously held posts including Ambassador to Israel, Japan and the Philippines. Yu is a graduate of Seoul National University.

References

Other websites

Biography at Ministry of Foreign Affairs 

1946 births
Living people
South Korean politicians
Kosovo national football team is the national football team of Kosovo.

European national football teams
Kosovo
Greenland national football team is the national football team of Greenland.

Organizations based in Greenland
North American national football teams
Gibraltar national football team is the national football team of Gibraltar. The team joined UEFA in May of 2013 and played their first match against Slovakia on 19 November 2013. They were also accepted into FIFA on 13 May 2016. So far, they have not qualified for any major tournament.

Record

FIFA World Cup

UEFA European Football Championship

References 

European national football teams
Organizations based in Gibraltar
The Vicar of Dibley is a British sitcom that was shown on BBC One between 1994 and 2007. It starred Dawn French as Geraldine Granger, the new female vicar of Dibley, Oxfordshire.

Other websites 

1994 British television series debuts
2007 British television series endings
1990s British sitcoms
2000s British sitcoms
BBC television sitcoms
Oxfordshire
English-language television programs
Alphaville is a German synthpop group which gained popularity in the 1980s. The founding members were Marian Gold (real name Hartwig Schierbaum, born 26 May 1954 in Herford), Bernhard Lloyd (real name Bernhard Gößling, born 6 June 1960 in Enger, North Rhine-Westphalia), and Frank Mertens (real name Frank Sorgatz, born 26 October 1961 in Enger, North Rhine-Westphalia). 

The band was at first named Forever Young before changing to Alphaville. They are best known for their two biggest hits, "Big in Japan" and "Forever Young".

References 

New wave bands
Electronic music bands
German pop music groups
Münster
The Emerald Coast is an area in the US state of Florida on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, roughly bounded by Pensacola, Florida on the west and Port St. Joe, Florida on the east.

Geography of Florida
This List of people from Florida includes notable people who were born, raised or lived in the state of Florida for a significant part of their lives.

Explorers, pioneers, scientists and military

Government and politics

Movies and television

Literature

Music

Science and technology

Sports

Other

References

Florida
Florida-related lists
Latina may refer to:

Latina, Lazio, a city in Italy
Province of Latina, a province in Italy
A female from Latin America
Female Hispanic and Latino Americans
Female Latin American Canadians
The Iberian Cup was a football game between the champions teams of Spain and Portugal.

Finals 

Football competitions in Europe
Chula Vista (; , due to its scenic location between the San Diego Bay and coastal mountain foothills) is the second largest city in the San Diego metropolitan area as well as the 7th largest city in Southern California. In 2020, 275,487 people lived in Chula Vista.

Zones and Developments

Zones West of the 805

 Northwest
 West
 Southwest
 North Central
 Downtown CV
 Middle South
 South Central
 South
 Otay
 East
 Middle East

Developments/Areas East of the 805

 Sweetwater Canyon
 Terra Nova
 Telegraph Canyon
 Far East
 Sunbow
 Rancho Del Rey
 Otay Ranch
 Bonita Canyon
 College Estates
 Eastlake
 San Miguel Ranch
 Rolling Hills Ranch

Economy

According to the City's 2008 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

Transportation

Local area freeways

Local area freeways in within the city of Chula Vista include
 Interstate 5
 Interstate 805
 State Route 54
 State Route 125

Arterial streets
Arterial streets

East-West arterials
"C" Street
"E" Street-Bonita Rd(East of Flower Street)
"H/East H Street(East of Hilltop)-Proctor Vly Road(East of Mount Miguel)
"J/East J Street(East of Hilltop)
"L"/East L Street(East of Hilltop)-Telegraph Cyn Rd-Otay Lakes Rd
Naples/E.Naples(East of Hilltop)
Palomar/E. Palomar(East of Hilltop)
Orange/E. Orange(East of Hilltop)-Olympic(East of 805 Freeway)
Main/Auto Park Way(East of 805 Freeway)

North-South arterials
Broadway(Also known as "South Bay Strip")
Fourth/N. Fourth Ave(North of "C" Street)
Third
Hilltop
Crest-Oleander(South of T.C. Road)
Medical Center Dr-Brandywine(South of E.Palomar)
Paseo Del Rey
Paseo Ranchero-Heritage(South of T.C. Road)
Otay Lakes/La Media(South of T.C. Road)
Eastlake Dr-Eastlake Pkwy(At Miller)
Hunte Pkwy

Public Transport

Bayfront E Street Station
H Station
Palomar Station

MTS buses
MTS buses

701=H Station-Palomar Station:Via H,Hilltop,and Palomar
703=H Station-Town Center Mall(Sundays Only)
704=Bayfront,E Station-Palomar Station:Via E Street,Fourth,East Naples,and Medical Center
705=Bayfront,E Station-Plaza Bonita&SWC:Via E Street,Bonita Rd, and Otay Lakes
707=SWC-Town Center Mall:Via East H & Eastlake Parkway
708=E Street Trolley-Nature Center
709=H Station-Town Center Mall:Via H/East H,Otay Lakes,East Palomar
712=Palomar Station-SWC:Via Palomar/East Palomar,La Media/Otay Lakes
932=Iris Ave Station-8th St Ntl City:Via South Bay Strip,E and F Streets
929=Iris Ave Station-Downtown SD:Via Third,Fourth,and E Street
Denotes CV Transit Routs
Denotes San Diego MTS routes

Sister cities

  Cebu City, Philippines
  Odawara, Japan
  Tijuana, Mexico

References

Other websites

 Chula Vista Public Library website
 Official City of Chula Vista website
 Chula Vista Schools Location and Phone Directory

Cities in California
Settlements in San Diego County, California
Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious () is an English word, with 34 letters, that was a song with the same title in the Disney musical movie Mary Poppins. The song was written by the Sherman Brothers, and sung by Julie Andrews and Dick Van Dyke. It also appears in the stage show version of Mary Poppins.

The writers of the Oxford English Dictionary think that the word  "supercalifragilisticexpialidocious" was first used in the 1940s. The word is a compound word, and said by Richard Lederer in his book Crazy English to be made up of these words: super- "above", cali- "beauty", fragilistic- "delicate", expiali- "to atone", and -docious "educable", with all of these parts combined meaning "Atoning for educability through delicate beauty." According to the movie, in which the word became widely used, the word is "something to say when you have nothing to say". However, a lot of people think the word means "extraordinarily good" or "wonderful" because all mentions of the word in the movie can be thought of as good.
References

Other websites
 Video of the song from the original film on YouTube

1964 songs‎
Long words
Nogales is a city in Santa Cruz County, Arizona, United States. The population was 19,770 at the 2020 census.  The city is the county seat of Santa Cruz County.

Population

Famous people

Thomas Aranda, Jr.
Bob Baffert 
Andrew Leo Bettwy 
Louis Arana Serratrice
José Canchola
Movita Castaneda 
Gil Heredia 
John Frederick (Jack) Hannah 
Elena Mix Johnson 
Emilia Arana 
Christine McIntyre 
Charles Mingus 
Carlos Luis Nogales-Gonzales 
Alberto Alvaro Ríos 
Roger Smith 
Verita Bouvaire-Thompson 
J. (James) David Lowell 
J.P.S. (Joseph Paul Summers) Brown 
Jack (John Woolf) O'Conner

References

Other websites

 Nogales-Santa Cruz County Chamber of Commerce 
 Official government website 
 Nogales Unified School District
 Nogales International Newspaper
 Photo gallery of past mayors of Nogales, Arizona 
 Nogales Community Profile

Cities in Arizona
County seats in Arizona
Mount Olivet Cemetery is a Roman Catholic cemetery in Chicago, Illinois. The cemetery is at 2755 West 111th St.

There are over 142,200 people buried at the cemetery. The cemetery is 93 acres in size.  It became one of the first major area cemeteries to become full before more land was purchased on its east side.

Mount Olivet was the first burial place of Al Capone, who was put between the graves of his father and brother.  A few years after his mother's death, the remains of all three men were moved to Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois.

Famous burials
James M. Bell, Sgt. during Battle of Little Big Horn
Al Capone, gangster (remains moved)
Thomas A. Doyle, U.S. Congressman
Lawrence E. McGann, U.S. Congressman
M. Alfred Michaelson, U.S. Congressman
P. H. Moynihan, U.S. Congressman
Catherine O'Leary, owner of cow who allegedly started Great Chicago Fire

Related pages

Cemeteries in Chicago:
 Graceland Cemetery
 Oak Woods Cemetery
 Rosehill Cemetery
 Westlawn Cemetery
Other websites
Catholic Cemeteries of Chicago
Mount Olivet Cemetery 

Cemeteries in Chicago
Dominici is a progressive metal band that started in 2005 by former Dream Theater vocalist, Charlie Dominici. Their only published works are the three albums that make up the O3 Trilogy.

Dominici also opened for three Dream Theater concerts, during Dream Theater's "Chaos in Motion Tour."

Band members
 Charlie Dominici - vocals
 Brian Maillard - guitars
 Americo Rigoldi - keyboards
 Riccardo eRIK Atzeni - electric bass
 Yan Maillard - drums

Other websites
Official website

American heavy metal bands
Progressive rock bands
Musical groups from New York City
Pinball is a type of arcade game. In pinball, the player tries to score points by manipulating one or more metal balls on a playfield inside a glass-covered case called a pinball machine. The main objective of the game is to score as many points as the player can. Other objectives are to play as long as possible (by earning extra balls and keeping the ball in play as long as possible) and to earn free games (known as replays).

From the 1940s through the 1970s pinball was banned in many American cities because it was thought to be a game of chance and therefore was considered gambling. The ban stopped in New York City in 1976, when Roger Sharpe, a player renowned for his talent, played so well in front of the City Council that he convinced them that pinball was indeed a game of skill, not just of luck.

References

Other websites 
 Internet Pinball Database
 Clips from Pinball Basics DVD
 #pinball on AfterNET (IRC channel all about Pinball)

Arcade games
Avebury is the site of the largest ancient monument in Great Britain. It consists of a large henge, several stone circles, stone avenues and barrows. The main henge and stone circle surrounds the village of Avebury in the English county of Wiltshire.

Avebury is one of the finest and largest Neolithic monuments in Europe, about 5,000 years old. Although older than the megalithic stages of Stonehenge  to the south, the two monuments were made by people of the same culture.

At , Avebury is roughly midway between the towns of Marlborough and Calne, just off the main A4 road. Avebury is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, a World Heritage Site, and a National Trust property.

On the World Heritage list, Avebury and Stonehenge are listed together as 'Avebury, Stonehenge and Associated Sites'. However, Stonehenge is really a different site built at a different time.

Monument
Monument

Most of the surviving structure is composed of earthworks, known as the dykes, consisting of a massive ditch and external bank henge. Although the henge is not perfectly circular, it has a diameter of about . The only known comparable sites of similar date are only a quarter of the size of Avebury. The ditch alone was 21 metres (69 ft) wide and 11 metres (36 ft) deep, with a sample from its primary fill carbon dated to 3300 - 2630 BC (4300+/-90).

Within the henge is a great outer circle. This is one of Europe's largest stone circles, with a diameter of , Britain's largest stone circle. It was either contemporary with, or built around four or five centuries after the earthworks. There were originally 98 sarsen standing stones, some weighing over 40 tons. The stones varied in height from 3.6 to 4.2 m, as exemplified at the north and south entrances. The fill from two of the stoneholes has been carbon dated to between 2900 and 2600 BC (3870+/-90, 4130+/-90)