Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Males grow up to  tall and weigh up to . Females are   tall and weigh up to . The tails is about  long.  There are often reports of larger red kangaroos, with some males reaching about  tall.

The red kangaroo is able to keep its body cool (36 °C, 96.8 °F) in a hot climate. Its fur acts to insulate the body and during the heat of the day the kangaroo will rest and stay in the shade. It also control its temperature by panting (breathing hard), sweating and licking its front legs.

The red kangaroo's range of vision is about 300° because of the position of its eyes. (A human's range of vision is about 180°).

Behaviour 

The red kangaroo is nocturnal and crepuscular, and spends the day sleeping or resting in the shade. It is active in the cool of the evening and at dawn. It lives alone or in small groups called 'mobs'. Membership of these groups often changes, and males  are not territorial. The largest males control most of the matings and chase off other males.

Feeding
Feeding 

The Red Kangaroo eats grasses and other vegetation. It can go without water, as they are able to get enough  moisture out of plants.

Breeding 
The red kangaroo breeds all year round. The gestation period is around 33 days. The females are also able to delay birth of their baby until their previous joey has left the pouch. The young joey leaves the pouch at around 235 days old, but will continue to suckle until it reaches 1 year of age.

Fighting 
When male kangaroos fight, they look like they are "boxing". They usually stand up on their back legs and attempt to push the other  off balance by jabbing him or locking front legs. Using their tail to support their weight, they can also kick with their powerful back legs.
Commercial use 
The red kangaroo is hunted in large numbers in Australia. In the year 2000, 1,173,242 animals were killed. In 2009 the government put a limit of 1,611,204 for the number of red kangaroos available for commercial use. The kangaroo industry is worth about AU$270 million each year, and employs over 4000 people.
The kangaroos provide meat for both humans and pet food. Kangaroo meat is very lean with only about 2% fat. Their skins are used for leather, and makes the lightest and strongest leather. Around the world, nearly all professional soccer players wear boots made from kangaroo leather.

References 

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
National symbols of Australia
The Christ myth theory (also called the Jesus myth theory) is the theory that Jesus of Nazareth, the central figure of Christianity and of the Bible's Gospels, is only a myth. 

The Christ myth theory is a fringe theory, supported by few Biblical historians nor Biblical scholars. It deviates from the main historical view, which is that a historical Jesus who was crucified in the 1st-century Roman province of Judea.

There are different meaning used for the word myth.  Because of this, there are many different views about how Jesus could be a myth.

Notes

References 

Jesus
Mythology
Pseudoscience
Urolagnia (also urophilia, undinism) is  when people gain sexual pleasure from urine and/or urination.  The term has origins in the Greek Language (from ouron, urine, and lagneia, lust). 

Those who enjoy urolagnia may enjoy urinating on other people, or being urinated on. The practice of drinking the urine is called urophagia. People who practice urolagnia may play in a domination and submission scene.  

These activities are often described with the slang terms golden showers, water sports, or piss play. Uncontrollable bladder desperation or panty wetting is socially a different matter.

In New Zealand, publishing anything promoting or supporting urolagnia, whether in print or online, is an offence punishable by up to ten years in prison. Probably that law is rarely used.

References

Other websites

Paraphilias
Sexual acts
BDSM is an initialism for bondage/discipline (BD) and sadism/masochism (SM). It means some kinds of sex play, sometimes these are called kink or fetish. They all have to do with trying to get sexual pleasure out of things that are often painful or upsetting. People try to do this in a safe way by agreeing on a "safe word". If someone says this word the whole play stops. This is to stop the play from going too far and causing real physical or emotional hurt.

BDSM and safety

Engaging in BDSM is riskier than practicing sex without the BDSM elements (often called "vanilla sex"). People doing BDSM follow a number of rules. People engaging in BDSM derive pleasure from either inflicting or receiving pain. They also do not want to give the impression that sex and violence are linked.
Before people engage in BDSM, they usually talk about each of the partner's wishes and fears. They also talk about the things that they are going to do, and the order in which they are done. Such detailed conversations are common. As people get to know each other better, these conversations become more informal. In addition, participants usually agree on a safe word; with this safe word, the action has to stop immediately. Safe words are used to make sure BDSM is safe. Sometimes one person thinks the play is OK, but the other person does not. The person who does not think the play is OK will use a safe word or gesture. This means that the play must stop so nobody gets hurt or injured.
What is also seen as a way of safety, is that after the session, the "top" is caring for the "bottom". The actions may have released hormones, and it may take minutes to hours for the bottom to return to a normal state. It is seen as a duty of the top to care for the bottom in this phase. This also applies when sessions are interrupted.

Bondage and discipline

Bondage is the use of items like handcuffs, ropes or chains to keep a willing person from moving. Bondage often has to do with sex, but not always. Bondage is done because some people like the feeling of being not able to move while having sex. In this case, bondage sometimes has to do with BDSM, as often in the case of rope bondage and bondage of the female breasts. The letter "B" in BDSM stands for "bondage". Bondage may also be done just because people may like the feelings it creates.
Some couples include bondage as foreplay in their otherwise traditional sex lives at some time during their relationship. These bedroom bondage games are often with one partner willingly being restrained with rope or cuffs. Sometimes they can also be blindfolded or gagged.

Dominance and submission

Domination and submission is a lifestyle. Often it is seen as a form of erotic play. Usually two people do this. With this lifestyle or context, one of the two people has the dominant role. He or she can tell the other (called submissive) to do things. The submissive has to obey. The roles are usually agreed on beforehand. The submission is voluntary. Sadomasochism may be seen as a variation of domination and submission. A person who might play either role is called a switch.

Hogtie bondage 

Hogtie bondage is a form of bondage in which the limbs of a person are tied together. This make the person unable to move and helpless.

References

Related pages

Sadism
Masochism
Şalom is a Jewish weekly newspaper published in Turkey. Its name is the Turkish spelling of the Hebrew word shalom meaning "Peace". It was established on 29 October 1947 by the Turkish Jewish journalist Avram Leyon. It is printed in Istanbul and is published every Wednesday. Apart from one Ladino page, it is published in Turkish. İvo Molinas is its publisher. Yakup Barokas is its editor-in-chief. Its circulation is about 5,000.

References

Other websites 
 Official Website 
 The Ladino page of Şalom 

Turkish-language newspapers
1947 establishments
Newspapers published in Turkey
Istanbul
The Talmud is a collection of texts which are important in Judaism. These texts are about discussions Rabbis had about Jewish law, ethics, customs and history. The Talmud has two parts, the Mishnah and the Gemara. The Mishnah was written down about 200 C.E. The Mishna is about the oral laws of Judaism. The Gemara was written down around the year 500. It discusses the Mishnah, writings of the Tannaim, and the Tanakh. The Talmud is taken very seriously. The Talmud is studied and used every day by Jewish people all over the world and is considered an extremely necessary part of the Jewish religion.

Jewish literature
Hibernation is a technology used in certain operating systems. It allows to save the contents of the system memory onto a hard disk or other permanent storage. The computer can then be powered off. When it is powered up again, this information can be read again. That way the system will start up much faster.

The amount of free space on the hard disk needs to be greater than the amount of RAM in order for hibernation to work.

Computing
Isospora belli is a species of internal parasites classified under Coccidia.
It is responsible for the condition isosporiasis.

Apicomplexa
Return to the Blue Lagoon is a 1991 American romantic adventure movie starring Milla Jovovich and Brian Krause, produced and directed by William A. Graham. The screenplay was by Leslie Steven. It tells the story of two young people growing up on a small, remote tropical island. It is the sequel to The Blue Lagoon.

Other websites 

1991 adventure movies
1990s coming-of-age movies
1991 romantic drama movies
1990s sequel movies
1990s teen drama movies
1990s teen romance movies
American adventure movies
American coming-of-age movies
American romantic drama movies
American sequel movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
Coming-of-age drama movies
Coming-of-age romance movies
Movies set in the 19th century
Movies set on beaches
Movies set on islands
Movies with underwater settings
1990s English-language movies
On computers using graphics for an interface, a tab is a way to switch between different controls (such as in a configuration screen), or documents (such as in a web browser or word processor). Only one tab can be active at a time.

Use in browsers 
More recently tabs have become a popular feature of most web browsers.  This allows you to have more than one website open in the same window.

Related pages
Tabbed Document Interface

Other websites 
 Navigation  and Module  tabs at the Yahoo! Design Pattern Library.
 Yahoo! UI Library  TabView
 ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit
 Scriptaculous AJAX tabs 

Computers
Mark David McGwire (born October 1, 1963 in Pomona, California) is a former right-handed First baseman in Major League Baseball who played for the Oakland Athletics (1986–1997) and the St. Louis Cardinals (1997–2001). He had a career .263 Batting average, and 583 Home Runs. 

Although McGwire has never admitted to or been convicted of any steroid use, many of his accomplishments, particularly his historic home run surge late in his career, have come into question due to his connection to the steroid scandal in Major League Baseball.

Other websites 
 

1963 births
American League All-Stars
American Olympic silver medalists
Baseball players from California
Living people
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
National League All-Stars
Oakland Athletics players
Sportspeople from Pomona, California
St. Louis Cardinals players
Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite which causes  outbreaks of diarrhea. 

A number of species of Cryptosporidium can infect mammals. The most common species to infect man is Cryptosporidium parvum. The diarrhea can become severe in children, and in people whose immune system is weakened. It is often found in HIV patients who have diarrhea. In healthy adults, the infection is usually brief.

It is difficult to identify in the laboratory. The oocytes can be seen under a microscope, but they may be confused. Most cryptosporidia are 3-6 μm in size, but some reports have described larger cells. New real-time monitoring can detect Cryptosporidium better than the older spot testing and batch testing methods.

If Cryptosporidium is suspected in the water, the safest option is to boil water used for drinking.

References 

Apicomplexa
A dodecahedron is a polyhedron (a three-dimensional shape) that has 12 faces. Each face is a pentagon (a polygon with five edges). It has 20 corners (also called vertices) and 30 edges altogether.

A regular dodecahedron, which looks exactly the same from all faces, is a Platonic solid. The dual of a dodecahedron is an icosahedron.

Surface area and volume

If a is the length of one of its edges, the surface area and volume of a regular dodecahedron are:

Platonic solids
Jorginho (born 17 August 1964) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1983||rowspan="2"|América||rowspan="2"|Série A||8||0||||||||||8||0
|-
|1984||12||0||||||||||12||0
|-
|1985||rowspan="5"|Flamengo||rowspan="5"|Série A||12||0||||||||||12||0
|-
|1986||21||1||||||||||21||1
|-
|1987||15||1||||||||||15||1
|-
|1988||7||0||||||||||7||0
|-
|1989||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||30||2||||||||||30||2
|-
|1990/91||30||2||||||||||30||2
|-
|1991/92||37||5||||||||||37||5
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||33||3||||||||||33||3
|-
|1993/94||24||2||||||||||24||2
|-
|1994/95||10||1||||||||||10||1

|-
|1995||rowspan="4"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||29||8||3||0||colspan="2"|-||32||8
|-
|1996||26||2||1||1||13||1||40||3
|-
|1997||31||5||5||4||12||7||48||16
|-
|1998||17||2||0||0||3||1||20||3
|-
|1999||São Paulo||Série A||18||1||||||||||18||1
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="2"|Série A||28||1||||||||||28||1
|-
|2001||6||1||||||||||6||1
127||5||||||||||127||5
164||15||||||||||164||15
103||17||9||5||28||9||140||31
394||37||9||5||28||9||431||51
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1987||1||1
|-
|1988||7||1
|-
|1989||10||0
|-
|1990||7||0
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||2||1
|-
|1993||13||0
|-
|1994||12||0
|-
|1995||11||0
|-
!Total||64||3
|}

References 

1964 births
Living people
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Brazilian football managers
Ricardo Roberto Barreto da Rocha (born 11 September 1962) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1982||Santo Amaro||||0||0
|-
|1983||rowspan="3"|Santa Cruz||Série B||0||0
|-
|1984||rowspan="2"|Série A||12||0
|-
|1985||0||0
|-
|1985||rowspan="4"|Guarani||rowspan="4"|Série A||25||1
|-
|1986||32||0
|-
|1987||6||0
|-
|1988||0||0

|-
|1988-89||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||10||1

|-
|1989||rowspan="3"|São Paulo||rowspan="3"|Série A||16||0
|-
|1990||9||0
|-
|1991||18||0

|-
|1991-92||rowspan="2"|Real Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||36||0
|-
|1992-93||31||0

|-
|1993||Santos||Série A||15||0
|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="2"|Série A||16||1
|-
|1995||16||1
|-
|1996||Fluminense||Série A||5||0

|-
|1996-97||rowspan="2"|Newell's Old Boys||rowspan="2"|Primera División||25||3
|-
|1997-98||11||2

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||15||0
|-
|1999||1||0
186||3
10||1
67||0
36||5
299||9
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1987||9||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||4||0
|-
|1990||3||0
|-
|1991||9||0
|-
|1992||1||0
|-
|1993||8||0
|-
|1994||3||0
|-
|1995||1||0
|-
!Total||38||0
|}

References

1962 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Sportspeople from Recife
Ronaldo Rodrigues de Jesus (born June 19, 1965) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1986||rowspan="8"|São Paulo||rowspan="8"|Série A||2||0
|-
|1987||7||0
|-
|1988||8||0
|-
|1989||0||0
|-
|1990||15||1
|-
|1991||17||1
|-
|1992||22||1
|-
|1993||4||0

|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||36||3
|-
|1995||10||0

|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||18||0
|-
|1996||19||1
|-
|1997||Santos||Série A||28||0
|-
|1998||Coritiba||Série A||0||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="5"|Ponte Preta||rowspan="5"|Série A||21||0
|-
|1999||18||0
|-
|2000||17||0
|-
|2001||10||0
|-
|2002||3||0
209||4
46||3
255||7
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||5||0
|-
|1993||1||0
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||7||1
|-
!Total||14||1
|}

Other websites

 National Football Teams

1965 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Cláudio Ibrahim Vaz Leal (born 4 April 1964 in Bagé, Brazil), better known as Branco, is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1982||rowspan="5"|Fluminense||rowspan="5"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1983||9||1
|-
|1984||21||0
|-
|1985||16||0
|-
|1986||0||0

|-
|1986-87||rowspan="2"|Brescia||Serie A||26||1
|-
|1987-88||Serie B||24||1

|-
|1988-89||rowspan="3"|Porto||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||26||1
|-
|1989-90||27||4
|-
|1990-91||7||2

|-
|1990-91||rowspan="3"|Genoa||rowspan="3"|Serie A||24||6
|-
|1991-92||23||1
|-
|1992-93||24||1

|-
|1993||Grêmio||Série A||6||1
|-
|1994||Flamengo||Série A||0||0
|-
|1994||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||19||4
|-
|1995||Flamengo||Série A||0||0
|-
|1995||Internacional||Série A||15||2

|-
|1995-96||rowspan="2"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="2"|Premier League||7||0
|-
|1996-97||2||0

|-
|1997||Mogi Mirim||Série B||0||0

|-
|1997||MetroStars||Major League Soccer||11||1
|-
|1998||Fluminense||Série B||2||1
88||9
121||10
60||7
9||0
11||1
289||27
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1985||5||0
|-
|1986||9||0
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||17||1
|-
|1990||7||0
|-
|1991||9||3
|-
|1992||3||0
|-
|1993||14||3
|-
|1994||7||2
|-
|1995||1||0
|-
!Total||72||9
|}

References

1964 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Zinho (born 17 June 1967) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1986||rowspan="7"|Flamengo||rowspan="7"|Série A||22||3||||||||||22||3
|-
|1987||19||2||||||||||19||2
|-
|1988||25||4||||||||||25||4
|-
|1989||17||0||||||||||17||0
|-
|1990||18||1||||||||||18||1
|-
|1991||7||0||||||||||7||0
|-
|1992||25||3||||||||||25||3
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Palmeiras||rowspan="2"|Série A||17||5||||||||||17||5
|-
|1994||27||6||||||||||27||6

|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||41||13||2||1||colspan="2"|-||43||14
|-
|1996||27||5||2||1||14||7||43||13
|-
|1997||15||3||0||0||6||1||21||4
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Palmeiras||rowspan="2"|Série A||21||1||||||||||21||1
|-
|1999||20||3||||||||||20||3
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||30||6||||||||||30||6
|-
|2001||21||4||||||||||21||4
|-
|2002||Palmeiras||Série A||16||2||||||||||16||2
|-
|2003||Cruzeiro||Série A||31||3||||||||||31||3
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||31||3||||||||||31||3
|-
|2005||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|2005||Nova Iguaçu||||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Miami||rowspan="2"|USL First Division||24||2||||||||||24||2
|-
|2007||25||5||||||||||25||5
347||46||||||||||347||46
83||21||4||2||20||8||107||31
49||7||||||||||49||7
479||74||4||2||20||8||503||84
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1989||4||0
|-
|1990||0||0
|-
|1991||0||0
|-
|1992||7||1
|-
|1993||14||0
|-
|1994||13||2
|-
|1995||10||3
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||2||1
|-
|1998||5||0
|-
!Total||55||7
|}

References

Other websites

1967 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Zetti (born 10 January, 1965) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1983||Toledo||||0||0
|-
|1984||Palmeiras||Série A||0||0
|-
|1985||Londrina||||0||0
|-
|1986||rowspan="4"|Palmeiras||rowspan="4"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1987||15||0
|-
|1988||14||0
|-
|1989||0||0
|-
|1990||rowspan="7"|São Paulo||rowspan="7"|Série A||23||0
|-
|1991||23||0
|-
|1992||25||0
|-
|1993||19||0
|-
|1994||22||0
|-
|1995||20||0
|-
|1996||23||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="3"|Santos||rowspan="3"|Série A||23||0
|-
|1998||28||0
|-
|1999||21||0
|-
|2000||Fluminense||Série A||0||0
|-
|2001||União Agrícola Barbarense||||0||0
256||0
256||0
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1993||4||0
|-
|1994||4||0
|-
|1995||4||0
|-
|1996||3||0
|-
|1997||1||0
|-
!Total||16||0
|}

References 

1965 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Márcio Roberto dos Santos (born 15 September 1969) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1988||rowspan="3"|Grêmio Esportivo Novorizontino||Série C||4||0
|-
|1989||Série B||20||1
|-
|1990||||29||2
|-
|1990||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||5||0
|-
|1991||18||2
|-
|1992||Botafogo||Série A||22||0

|-
|1992–93||rowspan="2"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="2"|Division 1||36||2
|-
|1993–94||20||2

|-
|1994–95||Fiorentina||Serie A||32||2

|-
|1995–96||rowspan="3"|Ajax||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||7||0
|-
|1996–97||14||1
|-
|1997–98||4||0

|-
|1997||rowspan="3"|São Paulo||rowspan="3"|Série A||1||0
|-
|1998||18||0
|-
|1999||18||1
|-
|2000||Santos||Série A||0||0
|-
|2001||Gama||Série A||0||0

|-
|2001||Shandong Luneng Taishan||Jia-A League||1||0

|-
|2002||Paulista||||0||0

|-
|2003||Bolívar||Liga de Fútbol Profesional||0||0
|-
|2003||Joinville||Série B||2||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Portuguesa Santista||rowspan="2"|Série C||0||0
|-
|2005||0||0
137||6
56||4
32||2
25||1
1||0
0||0
251||13
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1990||2||0
|-
|1991||7||1
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
|1993||11||2
|-
|1994||12||1
|-
|1995||4||1
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||2||0
|-
!Total||40||5
|}

References 

1969 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Mazinho (born 8 April, 1966) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1983||rowspan="3"|Santa Cruz||Série B||0||0
|-
|1984||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1985||0||0
|-
|1985||rowspan="6"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="6"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1986||26||2
|-
|1987||15||0
|-
|1988||20||4
|-
|1989||18||1
|-
|1990||0||0

|-
|1990-91||Lecce||Serie A||34||2
|-
|1991-92||Fiorentina||Serie A||21||0

|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Palmeiras||rowspan="3"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1993||20||0
|-
|1994||0||0

|-
|1994-95||rowspan="2"|Valencia||rowspan="2"|La Liga||31||0
|-
|1995-96||40||0
|-
|1996-97||rowspan="4"|Celta Vigo||rowspan="4"|La Liga||40||3
|-
|1997-98||37||1
|-
|1998-99||31||4
|-
|1999-00||6||0
|-
|2000-01||Elche||Segunda División||17||0

|-
|2001||Vitória||Série A||15||0
114||7
55||2
202||8
371||17
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1989||16||0
|-
|1990||1||0
|-
|1991||8||0
|-
|1992||0||0
|-
|1993||0||0
|-
|1994||10||0
|-
!Total||35||0
|}

References
References

1966 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Paulo Sérgio Silvestre do Nascimento (born, 19) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||7||0
|-
|1989||Rio Branco||Série B||0||0
|-
|1990||Grêmio Esportivo Novorizontino||||0||0
|-
|1990||rowspan="3"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="3"|Série A||19||2
|-
|1991||15||1
|-
|1992||23||2

|-
|1993-94||rowspan="4"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||34||17
|-
|1994-95||28||9
|-
|1995-96||26||4
|-
|1996-97||33||17

|-
|1997-98||rowspan="2"|Roma||rowspan="2"|Serie A||34||12
|-
|1998-99||23||10

|-
|1999-00||rowspan="3"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||28||13
|-
|2000-01||26||5
|-
|2001-02||23||3

|-
|2002-03||Al-Wahda||UAE Football League||0||0

|-
|2003||Bahia||Série A||8||0
72||5
198||68
57||22
0||0
327||95
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||5||2
|-
|1993||2||0
|-
|1994||4||0
|-
!Total||12||2
|}

References

1969 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Müller may refer to:

 Die schöne Müllerin (1823) (sometimes referred to as Müllerlieder; Müllerin is a female miller) is a song cycle with words by Wilhelm Müller and music by Franz Schubert
 Doctor Müller, fictional character in The Adventures of Tintin by Hergé
 Geiger–Müller tube, the sensing element of a Geiger counter instrument
 GMD Müller, Swiss aerial lift manufacturing company
 Müller (company), a German multinational dairy company
 Müller (footballer, born 1966), nickname of Luís Antônio Corrêa da Costa, Brazilian footballer
 Muller glia, a macroglial cell in the retina
 Müller Ltd. & Co. KG, a German pharmacy chain
 Müller (lunar crater), impact crater on the lunar surface
 Müller (Martian crater), impact crater on the Martian surface
 Müller (surname), a common German surname
 Müller-Thurgau, German wine grape
 Müller Brothers, 19th-century string quartet
 Müller Milk & Ingredients, a UK milk supplier and distributor
Career
Viola is famous for his strong personality on the pitch and great appearances in several teams he has played for throughout his long playing career. His first great appearance was in his second match, in the final game of 1988 Campeonato Paulista (1st Division Championship of São Paulo State) between Corinthians and Guarani, considered by the press as having a better team. Viola was called just because the main Corinthians forward, Edmar, was called by the Brazil national football team and then sold to Pescara – and because his main substitute, Marcos Roberto, was with a broken arm. Viola was not having a great offensive presentation, but could score the title goal in the extra time – by putting his leg in the way of a lopsided shot from Wilson Mano, turning it into an assist.
Viola then had an unsuccessful return to Santos in 2001. In he left Brazil again to join Turkish side Gaziantepspor, where he scored 18 goals in 46 Super Lig matches during a -season spell. His last coming back trial was in Taboão da Serra, in 2015.

Honours

Club

Corinthians 
São Paulo State League: 1988, 1995
Copa do Brasil: 1995

Santos 
Copa Conmebol: 1998

Vasco da Gama 
Brazilian League: 2000
Copa Mercosur: 2000

International
Brazil
FIFA World Cup: 1994

Individual
São Paulo state league's top scorer: 1993
Brazilian league's top scorer: 1998
Copa Conmebol's top scorer: 1998

References

Other websites

Guardian Article

1969 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Association football forwards
1994 FIFA World Cup players
Gilmar Rinaldi (born 13 January 1959) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1978||rowspan="8"|Internacional||rowspan="8"|Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1979||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1980||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1981||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1982||5||0||||||||||5||0
|-
|1983||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1984||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1985||20||0||||||||||20||0
|-
|1986||rowspan="5"|São Paulo||rowspan="5"|Série A||22||0||||||||||22||0
|-
|1987||6||0||||||||||6||0
|-
|1988||14||0||||||||||14||0
|-
|1989||17||0||||||||||17||0
|-
|1990||2||0||||||||||2||0
|-
|1991||rowspan="4"|Flamengo||rowspan="4"|Série A||11||0||||||||||11||0
|-
|1992||27||0||||||||||27||0
|-
|1993||18||0||||||||||18||0
|-
|1994||18||0||||||||||18||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||38||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0
|-
|1996||29||0||2||0||13||0||44||0
|-
|1997||17||0||0||0||6||0||23||0
160||0||||||||||160||0
84||0||4||0||19||0||107||0
244||0||4||0||19||0||267||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1986||2||0
|-
|1987||2||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||0||0
|-
|1990||0||0
|-
|1991||0||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
|1993||1||0
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
!Total||9||0
|}

References

1959 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Rio Grande do Sul
Ricardo Gomes Raymundo (born 13 December 1964) is a Brazilian retired professional footballer and manager.

Managerial stats

Honours

Player

Club
Fluminense
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1984
 Campeonato Carioca: 1983, 1984, 1985

Benfica
 Primeira Liga: 1989–89, 1990–91
 Taça de Portugal: 1995–96

Paris Saint-Germain
 Ligue 1: 1993–94
 Coupe de France: 1992–93, 1994–95
 Coupe de la Ligue: 1994–95

International
Brazil
 Pan American Games: 1987
 Olympic Silver Medal: 1988
 Copa América: 1989

Manager
Paris Saint-Germain
 Coupe de France: 1997–98
 Coupe de la Ligue: 1997–98

Vitória
 Copa do Nordeste: 1999
 Campeonato Baiano: 1999

Bordeaux
 Coupe de la Ligue: 2006–07

Vasco da Gama
 Copa do Brasil: 2011

Botafogo
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 2015

References

Other websites
1964 births
Living people
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Brazilian football managers
Association football defenders
1990 FIFA World Cup players
Brazilian Olympic silver medalists
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Ricardo Rogério de Brito, known as Alemão (born November 22, 1961) was a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1980||rowspan="7"|Botafogo||rowspan="7"|Série A||1||0
|-
|1981||0||0
|-
|1982||0||0
|-
|1983||15||1
|-
|1984||7||2
|-
|1985||18||1
|-
|1986||21||3

|-
|1986-87||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||4||1
|-
|1987-88||31||5

|-
|1988-89||rowspan="4"|Napoli||rowspan="4"|Serie A||16||3
|-
|1989-90||27||2
|-
|1990-91||21||1
|-
|1991-92||29||3
|-
|1992-93||rowspan="2"|Atalanta||rowspan="2"|Serie A||22||2
|-
|1993-94||18||0

|-
|1994||rowspan="3"|São Paulo||rowspan="3"|Série A||17||1
|-
|1995||14||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1996||Volta Redonda||Série B||0||0
93||8
35||6
133||11
261||25
|}

International career statistics 

|-
1983||1||0
|-
|1984||0||0
|-
|1985||8||3
|-
|1986||10||2
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||10||0
|-
|1990||7||1
|-
!Total||36||6
|}

References
References 

1961 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
1986 FIFA World Cup players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
Association football forwards
Association football midfielders
Valdo Filho (born 12 January 1964) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1984||rowspan="5"|Grêmio||rowspan="5"|Série A||5||0||||||||||5||0
|-
|1985||19||4||||||||||19||4
|-
|1986||27||6||||||||||27||6
|-
|1987||15||2||||||||||15||2
|-
|1988||30||6||||||||||30||6

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Benfica||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||28||3||||||||||28||3
|-
|1989/90||24||3||||||||||24||3
|-
|1990/91||26||5||||||||||26||5

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="4"|Paris Saint-Germain||rowspan="4"|Division 1||32||3||||||||||32||3
|-
|1992/93||28||3||||||||||28||3
|-
|1993/94||30||1||||||||||30||1
|-
|1994/95||25||3||||||||||25||3

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Benfica||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||30||4||||||||||30||4
|-
|1996/97||30||4||||||||||30||4

|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||16||2||1||0||4||0||21||2
|-
|1998||10||2||0||0||4||1||14||3
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="2"|Série A||30||6||||||||||30||6
|-
|1999||16||1||||||||||16||1
|-
|2000||Santos||Série A||19||1||||||||||19||1
|-
|2001||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||23||1||||||||||23||1
|-
|2002||Juventude||Série A||12||2||||||||||12||2
|-
|2003||São Caetano||Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|2004||Botafogo||Série A||44||2||||||||||44||2
240||31||||||||||240||31
138||19||||||||||138||19
115||10||||||||||115||10
26||4||1||0||8||1||35||5
519||64||1||0||8||1||528||65
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1987||11||4
|-
|1988||6||0
|-
|1989||17||0
|-
|1990||7||0
|-
|1991||0||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
|1993||2||0
|-
!Total||45||4
|}

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1964 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Paulo Silas (born 27 August 1965) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1985||rowspan="4"|São Paulo||rowspan="4"|Série A||11||3||||||||||11||3
|-
|1986||33||9||||||||||33||9
|-
|1987||13||5||||||||||13||5
|-
|1988||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||35||8||||||||||35||8
|-
|1989/90||12||3||||||||||12||3

|-
|1990||Central Español||Primera División||2||3||||||||||2||3

|-
|1990/91||Cesena||Serie A||26||3||||||||||26||3
|-
|1991/92||Sampdoria||Serie A||31||3||||||||||31||3

|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1993||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1993||Vasco da Gama||Série A||6||0||||||||||6||0

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="5"|San Lorenzo Almagro||rowspan="5"|Primera División||8||5||||||||||8||5
|-
|1994/95||35||7||||||||||35||7
|-
|1995/96||23||3||||||||||23||3
|-
|1996/97||25||9||||||||||25||9
|-
|1997/98||4||0||||||||||4||0
|-
|1997||São Paulo||Série A||5||0||||||||||5||0

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||30||5||2||1||2||0||34||6
|-
|1999||26||6||2||0||4||3||32||9

|-
|2000||Atlético Paranaense||Série A||20||0||||||||||20||0
|-
|2001||América-MG||Série A||6||0||||||||||6||0
94||17||||||||||94||17
47||11||||||||||47||11
2||3||||||||||2||3
57||6||||||||||57||6
95||24||||||||||95||24
56||11||4||1||6||3||66||15
351||72||4||1||6||3||361||76
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1986||5||0
|-
|1987||5||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||16||1
|-
|1990||6||0
|-
|1991||0||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
!Total||34||1
|}

References

1965 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Acácio Cordeiro Barreto (born 24 January, 1959) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1978||rowspan="2"|Americano||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1979||0||0
|-
|1980||rowspan="3"|Serrano||rowspan="2"|Série B||0||0
|-
|1981||0||0
|-
|1982||||0||0
|-
|1982||rowspan="10"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="10"|Série A||1||0
|-
|1983||17||0
|-
|1984||6||0
|-
|1985||20||0
|-
|1986||26||0
|-
|1987||14||0
|-
|1988||25||0
|-
|1989||19||0
|-
|1990||18||0
|-
|1991||16||0

|-
|1991-92||Tirsense||||0||0
|-
|1992-93||rowspan="3"|Beira-Mar||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||33||0
|-
|1993-94||32||0
|-
|1994-95||19||0

|-
|1995||Madureira||||0||0
162||0
84||0
246||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1989||6||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}

References

1959 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Carlos Mozer (born 19 September 1960) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1980||rowspan="7"|Flamengo||rowspan="7"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1981||3||0
|-
|1982||17||1
|-
|1983||10||1
|-
|1984||18||3
|-
|1985||17||1
|-
|1986||24||2

|-
|1987/88||rowspan="2"|Benfica||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||32||6
|-
|1988/89||29||2

|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="3"|Division 1||27||4
|-
|1990/91||31||0
|-
|1991/92||31||0

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Benfica||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||13||0
|-
|1993/94||29||3
|-
|1994/95||17||0

|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||15||0
|-
|1996||2||0
89||8
120||11
89||4
17||0
315||23
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1983||9||0
|-
|1984||3||0
|-
|1985||6||0
|-
|1986||5||0
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||2||0
|-
|1990||4||0
|-
|1991||0||0
|-
|1992||1||0
|-
|1993||1||0
|-
|1994||1||0
|-
!Total||32||0
|}

References
References 

1960 births
Living people
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Renato Gaúcho (born 9 September 1962) was a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1981||rowspan="6"|Grêmio||rowspan="6"|Série A||2||0
|-
|1982||3||0
|-
|1983||11||4
|-
|1984||20||5
|-
|1985||10||4
|-
|1986||19||2
|-
|1987||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||2
|-
|1988||0||0

|-
|1988–89||Roma||Serie A||23||0

|-
|1989||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||2||0
|-
|1990||16||7
|-
|1991||rowspan="2"|Botafogo||rowspan="2"|Série A||16||2
|-
|1992||21||6
|-
|1993||Flamengo||Série A||12||4
|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Atlético Mineiro||rowspan="2"|Série A||13||2
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Fluminense||rowspan="2"|Série A||15||4
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||12||5
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||Bangu||Série C||0||0
191||57
23||0
214||57

International career statistics
|-
|1983||6||1
|-
|1984||2||0
|-
|1985||5||0
|-
|1986||3||0
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||7||0
|-
|1990||1||0
|-
|1991||9||2
|-
|1992||7||2
|-
|1993||1||0
|-
!Total||41||5

References

1962 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Rio Grande do Sul
Tita (born 1 April 1958) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1977||rowspan="6"|Flamengo||rowspan="6"|Série A||8||1
|-
|1978||20||4
|-
|1979||3||0
|-
|1980||22||9
|-
|1981||7||2
|-
|1982||18||6
|-
|1983||Grêmio||Série A||18||12
|-
|1984||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||17||5
|-
|1985||6||2
|-
|1986||Internacional||Série A||17||7
|-
|1987||Vasco da Gama||Série A||0||0

|-
|1987/88||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||21||10

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="2"|Pescara||Serie A||25||9
|-
|1989/90||Serie B||2||0

|-
|1989||rowspan="2"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="2"|Série A||7||2
|-
|1990||0||0

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="4"|León||rowspan="4"|Primera División||24||7
|-
|1991/92||33||16
|-
|1992/93||29||19
|-
|1993/94||29||12
|-
|1994/95||Puebla||Primera División||21||8
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|León||rowspan="2"|Primera División||28||19
|-
|1996/97||14||8
143||50
21||10
27||9
178||89
369||158
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1979||4||2
|-
|1980||3||1
|-
|1981||7||2
|-
|1982||0||0
|-
|1983||8||1
|-
|1984||2||0
|-
|1985||0||0
|-
|1986||0||0
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||6||0
|-
|1990||1||0
|-
!Total||31||6
|}

References 

1958 births
Living people
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Brazilian football managers
Mauro Galvão (born 19 December, 1961) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1979||rowspan="7"|Internacional||rowspan="7"|Série A||22||0
|-
|1980||19||0
|-
|1981||16||0
|-
|1982||14||2
|-
|1983||14||0
|-
|1984||14||0
|-
|1985||25||3
|-
|1986||rowspan="2"|Bangu||rowspan="2"|Série A||22||0
|-
|1987||24||0
|-
|1988||rowspan="3"|Botafogo||rowspan="3"|Série A||23||0
|-
|1989||11||0
|-
|1990||0||0

|-
|1990-91||rowspan="6"|Lugano||rowspan="6"|Super League||33||2
|-
|1991-92||35||5
|-
|1992-93||33||6
|-
|1993-94||35||6
|-
|1994-95||34||2
|-
|1995-96||32||1

|-
|1996||Grêmio||Série A||23||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="4"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="4"|Série A||29||3
|-
|1998||16||2
|-
|1999||12||1
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||Grêmio||Série A||4||0
294||11
202||22
496||33
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1986||1||0
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||16||0
|-
|1990||7||0
|-
!Total||24||0
|}

References
References 

1961 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Brazilian football managers
Sportspeople from Porto Alegre
José Carlos da Costa Araújo (born 7 February 1962) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1982||Americano||Série B||0||0
|-
|1983||Flamengo||Série A||0||0
|-
|1984||Rio Branco||Série A||0||0
|-
|1984||rowspan="8"|Flamengo||rowspan="8"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1985||0||0
|-
|1986||27||0
|-
|1987||19||0
|-
|1988||18||0
|-
|1989||17||0
|-
|1990||18||0
|-
|1991||8||0
|-
|1992||Cruzeiro||Série A||4||0

|-
|1992-93||rowspan="2"|Farense||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||27||0
|-
|1993-94||30||0
|-
|1994-95||Vitória||Portuguese Liga||15||0
|-
|1995-96||Felgueiras||Portuguese Liga||26||0

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||17||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1997||Vitória||Série A||15||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|XV Novembro||rowspan="2"|Série B||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|1999||América||||0||0
|-
|2000||Tubarão||||0||0
143||0
98||0
241||0

International career statistics 

|-
|1988||1||0
|-
|1989||2||0
|-
!Total||3||0

References
References 

1962 births
Living people
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Brazilian association football goalkeepers
Sebastião Lazaroni (born 25 September, 1950) is a Brazilian football manager.

1950 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Fenerbahçe football managers
Custer's Revenge is a game for the Atari 2600, where the player must dodge arrows to rape a woman in each level. The game is based on US General George Custer. It is a pornographic adult game. There were many complaints when the game was released in the early 1980's.

References

Atari 2600 games
1982 video games
The Myelodysplastic syndrome is a group of diseases and conditions that affect how blood is made. These diseases were formerly known as preleukemia, mostly because sometimes they can lead to leukemia. Often, its name is shortened to MDS. 

Myelodysplastic syndromes affect the bone marrow stem cells. The production of blood does not rely on good stem cells, but ones that have been modified genetically. This means that the production of red blood cells, sometimes of white blood cells and blood platelets changed. The production becomes inefficient, or goes wrong altogether. Most of the time, this manifests in anemia - not having enough blood. Depending on the severity of the condition, it can also cause hemorrhages and infections with fever.
Most of the people who have these conditions are 60 years or older, but younger people can get it too, especially if they went through a form of chemotherapy. Most of the suffers die from the disease, usually after six to thirty months. The only known cure is a stem cell transplant. About a third of those suffering contract leukemia within a few months to a few years. 

Blood disorders
MDS or M.D.S. may refer to:

 MDS Inc., healthcare company
 MDS America, a global telecommunications company
 Mennonite Disaster Service, a disaster relief volunteer group
 Meridian Southern Railway
 Microwave Data Systems, a wireless modem company
 MDS Gateways, a telecommunications company, Ireland
 MDS 2400, a computer
 Myelodysplastic syndrome
 Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome, a rare genetic disease
 Miller-Dieker syndrome, a neurological disorder
 Master of Dental Surgery
 MDs (TV series)
Bone marrow is a type of tissue that can be found in hollow bones of many animals including humans. In adults, the bone marrow in large bones makes new blood cells. Bone marrow makes up about 4% of an adult human's weight (about 2.6 kilograms).

Marrow types

There are two types of bone marrow. Red marrow is made mostly of myeloid tissue (which makes new blood cells).  Red blood cells, platelets, and most white blood cells are created by red marrow. Yellow marrow is made mainly of fat cells. Both types of bone marrow contain many blood vessels and capillaries.

When a person is born, all of their bone marrow is red. As the person ages, more and more of the bone marrow changes to the yellow type. By adulthood, about half of a person's bone marrow is red.
Red marrow is found mainly in the flat bones - like the hip bone, breast bone, skull, ribs, vertebra (the bones that make up the spinal column), and shoulder blades - and in the cancellous ("spongy") material at the ends of the long bones like the femur (thigh bone) and humerus (upper forearm bone). Yellow marrow is found inside the hollow middle section, or medullary cavity of the long bones.

In cases of severe blood loss, the body can change yellow marrow back to red marrow so that more blood cells are made to replace the lost blood.

Bones
Cyclospora cayetanensis is a protozoan that causes disease in humans, and perhaps other primates. The cause of clinical disease in immunosuppressed hosts is related to prolonged severe and highly recurrent diarrheas.

Apicomplexa
Stem cells are cells of the body
(somatic cells) which can divide and become differentiated.

When an organism grows, stem cells specialize, and take specific functions. For instance, mature tissues like skin, muscle, blood, bone, liver, nerves, all have different types of cells. Because stem cells are not yet differentiated, they can change to become some kind of specialized cells. Organisms also use stem cells to replace damaged cells.

Stem cells are found in most, if not all, plants and animals. They divide and differentiate into a range of cell types.Research in the stem cell field grew out of findings in the 1960s.
The two broad types of mammalian stem cells are embryonic stem cells, and adult stem cells, which are found in adult tissues. In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all of the specialised embryonic tissues. In adult organisms, stem cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing specialized cells, but also maintain the normal turnover of blood, skin, and intestinal tissues.

Stem cells can be grown in tissue culture. In culture, they can be transformed into specialised cells, such as those of muscles or nerves. Highly plastic adult stem cells can be taken from a variety of sources, including umbilical cord blood and bone marrow. They are now used in medical therapies, and researchers expect that stem cells will be used in many future therapies.

Embryonic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are stem cells taken from the inner cell mass of the early stage embryo called a blastocyst. Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4–5 days after fertilization. At that time, they are made up of between 50 and 150 cells.

The stem cells' state, and what the daughter cells turn into, is influenced by signals from other cells in the embryo.

Adult stem cells 
Adult stem cells exist throughout body after embryonic development has completed. They are found inside different types of tissue and remain in a non-dividing state until disease or tissue injury. They have changed permanently into specialised cells and have lost the ability to divide and specialise further. An advantage of adult stem cells is that it provides a lesser probability of rejection. A disadvantage would be that there is a limited availability to get them.
Plant stem cells 
Plant stem cells are unspecialised, and can develop into any type of plant cell. They become specialised into cells of roots, leaves or flowers. The stem cells are found in meristem, at root and stem apices. They make it possible for growth to continue.

Cloning plants 
These are plants which have been grown from cuttings (therefore the same plant). They are dipped in hormone rooting powder to develop bigger root systems. They turn into tissues (e.g. xylem and phloem) and organs (e.g. roots, leaves and flowers), therefore becoming a completely new plant.

Cloning plants is a cheap way of producing a new plant.

Stem cells in medicine 
Some cancers may be treated by stem cells. Leukemia, a cancer of white blood cells (WBC) is an example.
There are two stages to this process:
 Chemotherapy and radiotherapy to kill cancerous white blood cells and stop the production of more. However, this may leave the patient with a severely compromised immune system with a risk of infection.
 A transplant of bone marrow containing healthy stem cells (to produce normal WBC).

Other websites 
 Stem cells at the National Academies 
 Adult stem cells and cloning 
 National Institutes of Health

References 

Developmental biology
Cells
The springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) is a medium sized brown and white gazelle that stands about  high. It is in the same family as antelope and goats. They are the national animal of South Africa and live in the Savannah Biome.

Sources

Mammals of Africa
Bovids
National symbols of South Africa
Lythraceae is a family of flowering plants. It includes 500-600 species of mostly herbs, with some shrubs and trees, in 32 genera.

Myrtales
Plant families
Textual criticism is the study of different copies of books or manuscripts. The purpose is to find the original, and see what changes were made to the later versions.

Textual criticism started with the study of the Bible, but now these techniques are used to study many texts.

Basic notions and objectives 
The basic problem, as described by Paul Maas, is as follows:
"We have no autograph manuscripts of the Greek and Roman classical writers and no copies which have been [compared] with the originals; the manuscripts we possess derive from the originals through an unknown number of intermediate copies, and are consequentially of questionable trustworthiness. The business of textual criticism is to produce a text as close as possible to the original". p1
The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the tradition. That exemplar is known as the archetype. "If we succeed in establishing the text of [the archetype], the reconstruction of the original is considerably advanced".pp22–23

The textual critic's ultimate objective is the production of a "critical edition". This contains a text most closely approximating the original, which is accompanied by a critical apparatus that presents:
the evidence that the editor considered (names of manuscripts),
the editor's analysis of that evidence and
a record of rejected variants (often in order of preference).pp22–23

Related pages 
Criticism
Philology

References 

Literature