Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Blush or rouge is a type of cosmetic put on the cheeks, usually in red or pink. It can be a powder or a cream. Blush is almost always used by girls and not often used by boys except for in acting.

Blush was first used by Egyptians in 3000 BC. In the 1800s, wearing cosmetics made people think a woman had bad character, so people from that time would pinch their cheeks to make them red.

Cosmetics
The  was an armed conflict in 1575.  The battle took place near Nagashino Castle (長篠城) on the plain of Shitaragahara (設楽原) in the Mikawa province (三河) of Japan.

Nagashino Castle
Forces under Takeda Katsuyori (武田勝頼) attacked the castle.  The Takeda attacked the castle, because it threatened supply lines.

Okudaira Sadamasa (奥平貞昌) commanded the 500 defenders of the castle.  The defenders had 200 matchlocks and at least once cannon.

Nagshino plain 
Both Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康) and Oda Nobunaga (織田信長) sent troops to break the siege and their combined forces defeated the Takeda attack.

Nobunaga's use of firearms to defeat Takeda's cavalry is considered as a turning point in Japanese warfare.  His tactical innovation was the wooden stockades and rotating volleys of fire which led to a decisive victory at Nagashino.

Popular culture
The Battle of Nagashino and the last years of the Takeda clan are dramatised in Akira Kurosawa's 1980 movie Kagemusha (Shadow Warrior).

References
References

Other websites 
Battle of Nagashino animated battle map  by Jonathan Webb

16th century in Japan
Battles involving Japan
1575
Drag racing is a competition between specially prepared automobiles or motorcycles. Racers compete, two at a time, to be the first to cross a finish line. Races are run from a standing start, in a straight line, over a measured distance, usually a ¼-mile straight track.

The race track, known as a dragstrip, usually uses an electronic timing system to decide the winner.

Basics of drag racing
Before each race, each driver is allowed to perform a burnout by spinning the driving tires. Burnouts heat the driving tires and lay rubber down at the beginning of the track to improve traction. The drivers then line up at the starting line.
Races are started electronically by a system known as a  Christmas tree.
Below the staging lights are three large amber lights, a green light, and a red light. When both drivers are staged, the tree is set to start the race causing the three large amber lights to illuminate, followed by the green light.  If the front tires leave the starting line before the green light illuminates, the red light for that driver's lane illuminates instead. This indicates disqualification (unless a more serious violation occurs). Once a driver commits a red-light foul (also known as redlighting), the other driver can also commit a foul start by leaving the line too early but still win, having left later. Should both drivers leave after the green light illuminates, the one leaving first is said to have a holeshot advantage.
The first vehicle to cross the finish line wins the race. The elapsed time is a measure of performance only; it does not determine the winner. Because elapsed time does not include reaction time and each lane is timed separately, a car with a slower elapsed time can actually win if that driver's holeshot advantage exceeds the elapsed time difference. This is known as a holeshot win.

Several measurements are taken for each race: reaction time, elapsed time, and speed. Reaction time is the period from the lighting of the green light to the vehicle leaving the starting line. Elapsed time is the time from the vehicle leaving the starting line to crossing the finish line. Speed is measured through a speed trap covering the final  to the finish line, indicating the approximate maximum speed of the vehicle during the run. 

In the standard racing format, the losing car and driver are removed from the contest and the winner goes on to race other winners. This continues until only one is left.

Racing organization
North America 
The National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) oversees most of drag racing events in North America. The next largest organization, Feld Entertainment's International Hot Rod Association (IHRA), is about one-third the size of NHRA. Nearly all drag strips are associated with one sanctioning body or the other. The NHRA is more popular with large, 1/4-mile, nationally recognized, tracks., The IHRA is a favorite of smaller 1/8-mile local tracks (and offers selected races on their national tour under the 1/8-mile format). One reason for this is the IHRA is less restrictive in its rules, such as rules on nitrous oxide (legal in Pro Modified) and oversized engines.

References

Robert C. Post, High Performance: The Culture and Technology of Drag Racing, 1950 - 2000 (Johns Hopkins University Press, revised edition 2001)

Other websites
Other websites 

 Australian National Drag Racing Association (ANDRA)
 European Championship Drag Racing (FIA/UEM)
 National Hot Rod Association (NHRA)
 International Hot Rod Association (IHRA)
 Pro Racing Association - Championship Volkswagen Drag Racing 
 Drag Racing News, Cars & Events from around the world

Motor sports
A dragstrip is a facility for conducting automobile and motorcycle acceleration events such as drag racing.  Although a quarter mile (402 m) is the best known measure for a drag track, many tracks are eighth mile (201 m) tracks. The race is begun from a standing start. Three factors decide the outcome of the race: reaction time, torque, and traction.

Features
A dragstrip is a straight racetrack, usually an eighth or a quarter of a mile long (660/1320 feet, 201/402 metres), followed by a shutdown area to allow automobiles room to stop after crossing the finish line. Common features also include a 'water box' where cars and motorcycles start their burn-outs to clean and heat up their tires to improve traction. There is a set of lights known as a 'Christmas Tree' that counts down to the start. There are also return lanes for the vehicles to return from the end of the track to the pit area.

Motor sports
Olympia  is an 1863 oil painting by Édouard Manet. When it was first exhibited in 1865, the subject of the painting was controversial.

History
Manet reworked Giorgione's The Sleeping Venus (c. 1510) and Titian's Venus of Urbino (c. 1538) in creating Olympia.  Olympia may also take inspiration from Francisco Goya's La maja desnuda (c. 1800). This is uncertain however. Victorine Meurent was Manet's model for Olympia. She posed as a bullfighter for him and also for the Dejeuner sur l'Herbe of 1862-63. Manet painted Olympia in the autumn of 1863.  The work was first seen by the public at the 1865 Salon in Paris.  Manet delayed showing the painting because he feared it might produce some negative reactions.
Olympia did produce negative reactions: people hated it. Some people thought the painting was immoral and vulgar. Critic Paul de Saint-Victor wrote in La Presse, "People throng in front of Manet's putrid Olympia as they would in front of a body in the Morgue. This is art fallen so low that it is not even worthy of censure". Nathaniel Harris writes, "In reviewing Olympia  Gautier wrote that the model was puny, the bed covered with cat's footprints, the general effect ugly: but then he made the point that "we would forgive the ugliness, were it only truthful ... The least beautiful woman has bones, muscles, skin, and some sort of colour", whereas on this woman the flesh colour was dirty and the modeling non-existent." Some liked the painting. Émile Zola said it was Manet's "masterpiece". He added, "When other artists correct nature by painting Venus they lie. Manet asked himself why he should lie. Why not tell the truth?" In 1866 Zola wrote with tongue-in-cheek, "If only Manet had borrowed a powder puff ..
... and had lightly powdered Olympia's cheeks and her breasts she would have been a bit more presentable".
Commentary
Modern art historian Nathaniel Harris writes, "...Olympia was an erotic shock ... Manet presented a young woman with erotic modern trappings ... that served to emphasize her nakedness ... To add to the puzzlement of the ordinary man, Olympia's gaze was not in the least inviting, or provocative, or even enigmatic ... it was simply neutral ... [N]eutrality ... was one more affront to the 19th-century male, whose picture-women were supposed to yield, to comply ... Here the girl is cool and confident, and it is the setting and properties that suggest sexualityperhaps a commercialized sexuality that is none too reassuring to the male ego."

Gallery

Further reading

References

Other websites

 Phylis A. Floyd, The Puzzle of Olympia
 Seibert, Margaret Mary Armbrust. A Biography of Victorine-Louise Meurent and Her Role in the Art of Édouard Manet. Diss. The Ohio State University, 1986.

1860s paintings
Paintings by Édouard Manet
Paintings in the Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Filipinos are a group of people from the Philippines, a country in Southeast Asia. They speak any of the Philippine languages. Most Filipinos also speak English as a second language in addition to other native Philippine languages. Most Filipinos are Christian, with a Muslim minority in Mindanao. Due to colonial influence, Filipino culture is a blend of Spanish, American, and indigenous cultures.

References

 
Ethnic groups in Asia
Little Dancer of Fourteen Years () (1881) is a statue by Edgar Degas. The work measures 81 inches in height. The subject is a young dance student named Marie van Goethem. The relationship between van Goethem and Degas is uncertain. It was not unusual for the young dancers of the Paris Opera to seek protectors from among the well-heeled visitors at the back door of the opera.

The statue was shown in Paris at the Sixth Impressionist Exhibition of 1881. It received mixed reviews. Most critics were shocked by the piece. They thought it was ugly. Degas exhibited it inside a glass case. Some thought it was a medical specimen. The head and face were thought grotesque and primitive.
The dancer is dressed in a cotton skirt and is wearing a hair ribbon. For a finishing touch Degas used a wig made of real hair. He covered it with wax. The only parts not covered with wax were the ribbon given to him by van Goethem and the tutu. Each museum that shows this figure gives it a different tutu. The original wax model was acquired by Paul Mellon in 1956.

The sculpture was originally made in wax before it was cast in bronze. Degas's wife and daughter made the decision to have 27 of them cast in bronze. The casting was undertaken at the Hébrard foundry in Paris from 1920 until the mid-20th century. These statues posthumous Degas bronzes can be seen in many museums. Sixty-nine original sculptures in wax and mixed-media survived the casting process.

Other websites
Other websites 

"Little Dancer of Fourteen Years" sculpture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
"Little Dancer Aged Fourteen"  in the Tate Collection, London
"Little Dancer of Fourteen Years"  in the Robert and Lisa Sainsbury Collection.
"The Little Dancer, Aged Fourteen"  at the Hay Hill Gallery in London.
History of La Danseuse  at the National Gallery of Art.

Statues
1880s works
Heavy mortars are large-calibre mortars which fire a heavy shell on a high angle trajectory.  These weapons have a short range, but are usually less complex than similar sized field artillery.

This category includes the "Trench Mortars" of World War I. These were all heavy and difficult to move.

Muzzle-loading

Breech-loading

Related pages
 List of field guns
 List of howitzers

References

Lists of weapons
[[File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir 094.jpg|thumb|300px|Mme. Charpentier and Her Children, 1878]]Madame Georges Charpentier and Her Children''''' (1878) is an oil on canvas by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. He displayed it at the Salon in 1879.  It drew much attention and admiration.  Publisher Georges Charpentier commissioned the painting. It is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. 

The Metropolitan Museum of Art describes the painting: "Wearing an elegant Worth gown, Marguérite Charpentier sits beside her three-year-old son, Paul. Following the fashion of the time, his hair has not yet been cut and his clothes match those of his sister, Georgette, who perches on the family dog. Pleased with the painting, Madame Charpentier used her influence to ensure that it was hung in a choice spot at the Salon and introduced Renoir to her friends, several of whom commissioned work from him."

References 

1870s paintings
French paintings
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Howitzers are one of two main types of field artillery, the other being the field gun. Howitzers fire a heavy shell in a high-trajectory from a short barrel. They have a short range, but they are slightly more mobile than similar size field guns. Since World War II howitzers have gained longer barrels and increased range to become gun-howitzers.

Towed howitzers

Self-propelled howitzers

Related pages
 List of field guns
 List of heavy mortars

References

Lists of weapons
Kim Jang-saeng (, July 8 1548 - August 3 1631) was a Korean scholar, writer, politician, and Neo-Confucian philosopher of the  Joseon period. His penname was Sagye (사계, 沙溪).

His courtesy names were Huiwon () and Huiji () .

Family 
 grandfather : Kim Ho (김호, 金鎬)
 father : Kim Gye-hui (김계휘, 金繼輝)
 mother : Lady Shin, Pyeongsan clan (평산 신씨, 平山申氏)
 wife : Lady Cho, Changnyeong clan (창녕조씨)
 Son : Kim Jip
 Son : Kim Ban, father of Kim Ikhun and grandfather of Kim Manjung

Works 
 Sagyejeonseo (사계전서, 沙溪全書) 
 Gyeongseopanui (경서판의) 
 Garyejimnam (가례집람, 家禮輯覽), Exposition of Family Rites
 Sangryebiyo (상례비요, 喪禮備要) 
 Geunsarokseokui (근사록석의, 近思錄釋疑) 
 Gyeongseobyeonui (경서변의, 經書辨疑) 
 Songganghaengrok (송강행록, 松江行錄) 
 Sagyeyugo (사계유고, 沙溪有故)

Related pages 
 Yi I
 Kim Jip
 Song Siyeol
 Ahn Bang-jun
 Kim Yuk
 Seong Hon
 Song Ik-phil

References

1548 births
1631 deaths
Korean writers
Korean politicians
Korean philosophers
Hermes and the Infant Dionysos is a statue possibly made by the ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles. The statue was discovered in 1877 in the ruins of the Temple of Hera at Olympia, Greece. It is now in the Archaeological Museum of Olympia. The statue was probably made in the 4th century BC. This date is based on a remark by the 2nd century Greek traveller Pausanias.

Hermes stands 2.15 meters (7 ft. ½ in.) tall. He is missing two fingers of his left hand, both forearms below the elbow, the left foot, and his penis. Dionysos is missing his arms (except the right hand on Hermes' shoulder). He is missing the end of his right foot. Much of the tree trunk and the plinth are also lost. However, an ancient base survives, made of a grey limestone block between two blocks of marble.
The group is sculpted from a block of Parian marble. Hermes measures 2.10/2.12 meters, 3.70 m with the base. The right foot of Hermes is integral with a section of the base. The face and torso of Hermes are striking for their highly polished, glowing surface. The back shows the marks of the rasp and chisel. The rest of the sculpture is not completely finished. At the time of its discovery, the hair had some slight traces of cinnabar, a form of mercury sulfate with a red color that may have been a preparation for gilding. Cinnabar tints are seen on the sandal straps of the original foot, with traces of gilding. The sandal also bears the motif of a Heraclean knot.

Gallery 

Ancient Greek marble sculptures
Olympia
4th-century BC works
Lilith is a female demon in Jewish legends, found first in the Dead Sea scrolls. The legend is related to a Hebrew language term lilith meaning night, and has also been linked to beliefs about demons called lili in ancient Mesopotamia. It is believed by some that during creation, Lilith was made before Eve was. This version states she was created from the same dirt as Adam. She later came to change the earth and make it peaceful. To make the blind see. To let man kind have power over themselves and not let a narcissist rule. To let love and joy rule. Just like magic. As Lilth did not follow Adam, she later fled Eden after the creation of Eve. Lilith is commonly known for being Lucifer's wife and Queen of Hell. In the modern era some people think of Lilith as a sign for feminism as she refused to be ruled by a man.

References

Demons
Judaism
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Wednesday, January 1 (dominical letter E).  Examples include 1975, 1986, 1997, 2003, 2014 and 2025 in the Gregorian calendar,
or 2015 and 2026 in the Julian calendar. This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 200 when divided by 400. The most recent such year was 1800 and the next one will be 2200 in the Gregorian calendar (see bottom tables).

This common year is one of three common years that has only one Friday the 13th, the others being Common year starting on Friday and Common year starting on Saturday. The Friday the 13th in this common year is in June. This characteristic is shared with a Leap year starting on Tuesday.
In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 20, Valentine’s Day is on a Friday, Presidents Day is on February 17, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Monday, Mother’s Day is on May 11, Memorial Day is on May 26, Father’s Day is on its earliest possible date, June 15, Independence Day is on a Friday, Labor Day is on its earliest possible date, September 1, Columbus Day is on October 13, Halloween is on a Friday, Veterans Day is on a Tuesday, Thanksgiving is on November 27, and Christmas is on a Thursday.

A common year is a year with 365 days—in other words, not a leap year, which has 366.

Previous year (common) | Next year (Common)
Previous year (leap) | Next year (leap)

References

Calendars
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Tuesday, January 1 (dominical letter F).  Examples include Gregorian years 1974, 1985, 1991, 2002, 2013, 2019, and 2030;
or 2014 and 2025 in the Julian calendar (see bottom tables). On these coming years 2030, 2041, and 2047, Enzo’s birthday falls on a Wednesday

This common year is one of three common years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Common year starting on Sunday and Common year starting on Monday. The Friday the 13ths in this common year are in September and December. This characteristic share it with a Leap year starting on Monday.
In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on its latest possible date, January 21, Valentine’s Day is on a Thursday, Presidents Day is on February 18, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Sunday, Mother’s Day is on May 12, Memorial Day is on May 27, Father’s Day is on June 16, Independence Day is on a Thursday, Labor Day is on September 2, Columbus Day is on its latest possible date, October 14, Halloween is on a Thursday, Veterans Day is on a Monday, Thanksgiving is on its latest possible date, November 28, and Christmas is on a Wednesday.

A common year is a year with 365 days—in other words, not a leap year, which has 366.

Notes

Calendars
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Monday, January 1 (dominical letter G). Examples incude Gregorian years 1973, 1979, 1990, 2001, 2007, 2018, and 2029;
or 2013 and 2019 in the Julian calendar. This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 300 when divided by 400. The most recent such year was 1900 and the next one will be 2300 in the Gregorian calendar (See tables at bottom.)

This common year is one of three common years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Common year starting on Sunday and Common year starting on Tuesday. The Friday the 13ths in this common year are in April and July. This characteristic is shared with Leap Years Starting on Sunday but they also have another one in January.
In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on its earliest possible date, January 15, Valentine’s Day is on a Wednesday, Presidents Day is on February 19, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Saturday, Mother’s Day is on May 13, Memorial Day is on May 28, Father’s Day is on June 17, Independence Day is on a Wednesday, Labor Day is on September 3, Columbus Day is on its earliest possible date, October 8, Halloween is on a Wednesday, Veterans Day is on a Sunday, Thanksgiving is on its earliest possible date, November 22, and Christmas is on a Tuesday.

A common year is a year with 365 days; in other words, not a leap year.

In this year, January and October start on Monday, February, March and November start on Thursday, April and July start on Sunday, May starts on Tuesday, June starts on Friday, August starts on Wednesday, and September and December start on Saturday.

References

Calendars
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Thursday, January 1 (dominical letter D). Examples include years 1970, 1981, 1987, 1998, 2009, 2015 and 2026 in the Gregorian calendar, 2037 and 2043 will also be this year type
or 2010, 2021 and 2027 in the Julian calendar (see bottom tables). 

This is the only common year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th, in February, March and November. The other type of year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th is a Leap year starting on Sunday which has three Friday the 13ths in January, April, and July. Also interestingly, with the exception of skipped leap years, leap years starting on Sunday falls exactly three years either side of two consecutive common years starting on Thursday; the most recent occurrence was 2012 between 2009 and 2015. From February until March in this type of year is also the shortest period (one month) that runs between two instances of Friday the 13th.
In this common year, February is rectangular in calendar where weeks start on a Sunday, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 19, Valentine’s Day is on a Saturday, President's Day is on February 17, Saint Patrick’s Day is on a Tuesday, Memorial Day is on its earliest possible date, May 25, U.S. Independence Day and Halloween are on a Saturday, Labor Day is on its latest possible date, September 7, Veterans Day is on a Wednesday, Thanksgiving is on November 26, and Christmas is on a Friday. This common year is also the only one where Memorial Day and Labor Day are not 14 weeks (98 days) apart: they are 15 weeks (105 days) apart in this common year. Leap years starting on Wednesday share this characteristic. Like leap years starting on Wednesday, this common year also has the shortest gap between Halloween (October 31) and the end of Daylight Saving Time in the US (November 1) by one day
. Prior to 2007, this common year had the longest gap between the end of Daylight Saving Time in the US (October 25) and Halloween by 6 days.
A common year is a year with 365 days, i.e. not a leap year.
This kind of year has 53 weeks in the ISO 8601 week - day format.

References

Calendars
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Friday, January 1 (dominical letter C).  Examples include 1971, 1982, 1993, 1999, 2010, 2021, and 2027 in the Gregorian calendar,
or 2011 and 2022 in the Julian calendar. This common year is one of the three possible common years in which a century year can begin on, and occurs in century years that yield a remainder of 100 when divided by 400. The most recent such year was 1700 and the next one will be 2100 in the Gregorian calendar (see bottom tables).
In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 18, Valentine’s Day is on a Sunday, Presidents Day is on its earliest possible date, February 15, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Wednesday, Mother’s Day is on May 9, Memorial Day is on its latest possible date, May 31, Father’s Day is on June 20, Independence Day is on a Sunday, Labor Day is on September 6, Columbus Day is on October 11, Halloween is on a Sunday, Veterans Day is on a Thursday, Thanksgiving is on November 25, and Christmas is on a Saturday.

This is one of three common years to have only one Friday the 13th, the other two being Common year starting on Wednesday and Common year starting on Saturday. The Friday the 13th in this common year is in August. This characteristic is shared with Leap Years Starting on Thursday but also have another one in February.

A common year is a year with 365 days, i.e., not a leap year.

 

This is the only year type where the nth "Doomsday" (this year Sunday) is not in ISO week  n; it is in ISO week n-1.
References

Calendars
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Saturday, January 1 (dominical letter B).  Examples include 1977, 1983, 1994, 2005, 2011, 2022, and 2033 in the Gregorian calendar. In addition, 2039 and 2050 will also be common years starting on Saturday according to the next two lists after the previous year preceding to these next two years. Skipping 2040, 2041, 2042, 2043, and 2044, this year type itself will immediately precede to the next common year type which will be in 6 years after the previous year with type of this.  

This common year is one of three common years that have only one Friday the 13th, the others being Common year starting on Wednesday and Common year starting on Friday. The Friday the 13th in this common year is in May. This characteristic is shared with a Leap year starting on Friday.
In 2022, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 17, Valentine’s Day is on a Monday, Presidents Day is on its latest possible date, February 21, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Thursday, Mother’s Day is on its earliest possible date, May 8, Memorial Day is on May 30, Father’s Day is on June 19, Independence Day is on a Monday, Labor Day is on September 5, Columbus Day is on October 10, Halloween is on a Monday, Veterans Day is on a Friday, Thanksgiving is on November 24, and Christmas is on a Sunday. 

A common year is a year with 365 days—in other words, not a leap year.

References

Calendars
This is the calendar for any common year starting on Sunday, January 1 (dominical letter A) or for any year in which “Doomsday” is Tuesday.  Examples include years 1978, 1989, 1995, 2006, 2017, 2023 (the current year), and 2034 in the Gregorian calendar. I.e. includes 2045 and 2051 which is immediately preceded from the previous common year type. After the first other year mentioned above and this year type will be preceded onto year starting on Monday but common. While after 2051, in other words will also be another year starting on Monday but it’s leap already. The “spank” date also occurs with year such as Saturday the 19th where the 19th day of any month falls on a Saturday. However, we have only one occurrence of this date, which only occurs in August. While the other thing, is “Wednesday the 19th” but occurs twice this year, in April and in July
. One more note about Saturday the 19th: occurs twice in common years starting on Saturday plus one more in February so the two occurrences are in March, and in November. As far as known, leap years starting on Friday shares this same thing.
In this common year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 16, Valentine’s Day is on a Tuesday, Presidents Day is on February 20, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Friday, Mother’s Day is on its latest possible date, May 14, Memorial Day is on May 29, Father’s Day is on June 18, Independence Day is on a Tuesday, Labor Day is on September 4, Columbus Day is on October 9, Halloween is on a Tuesday, Veterans Day is on a Saturday, Thanksgiving is on November 23, and Christmas is on a Monday.

This common year is one of three common years that have two Friday the 13th's, the other two being Common year starting on Monday and Common year starting on Tuesday. The Friday the 13ths in this common year are in January and October.

A common year is a year with 365 days, in other words, not a leap year.
In this year, January and October start on Sunday, February, March and November start on Wednesday, April and July start on Saturday, May starts on Monday, June starts on Thursday, August starts on Tuesday, and September and December start on Friday.

Notes

Calendars
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was an early packet switching network and was one of the first to use TCP/IP. It was made by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United States Department of Defense in 1969. It was the main network of a set that came to make up the global Internet.

Internet
Gung Ye (, 869?  24 July 918) was the king of the Hugoguryeo kingdom. He was a Silla noble. His family name was Kim (), but was changed to Gung ().

Life 
He was the illegitimate child of King Heonan of Silla or Gyeongmun of Silla. Later, around 880 he lost in the Silla royal family's war of succession. Gung Ye disappeared in the north. In 900, he started a country called Goryeo.

References 

 The Academy of Korean Studies, Korea through the Ages Vol. 1, The Editor Publishing Co., Seoul, 2005. 

918 deaths
Korean monarchs
Korean murder victims‎
Kings and queens
Religious people
860s births
A cantor is the chief singer in Jewish or Christian worship.  
The cantor's duties and qualifications have varied a lot in different times and places.  In Roman Catholic and Anglican worship the cantor is the person (usually a man) who sings the solo parts of a chant, while the choir sing the choral parts.  In the Middle Ages the cantor came to be the supervisor or director of the choir.  In Anglican cathedrals they are often known as the precentor.

References 
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie 1980 vol 3; 

Christian music
Singing
Crelle's Journal, or just Crelle, is a journal that was published monthly for mathematical articles.  It was founded by August Leopold Crelle in 1826 in Berlin.  The full German title is  Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (in English: Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics).

Crelle edited the journal until his death in 1855.  Lots of very important mathematical articles were published in it.  Some of these were articles which had a very big influence on the development of mathematics.  It published famous articles by mathematicians such as Niels Henrik Abel, Georg Cantor, and Gotthold Eisenstein. It was edited by Carl Wilhelm Borchardt from 1856–80, during which time it was known as Borchardt's Journal. The editor today is Rainer Weissauer (Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg).

Other websites 
 

journals
Mathematics journals
The Alvis Stormer, usually just called the Stormer, was a British armoured vehicle. It was in service with the British Army until mid-2009, when the Stormers were gradually retired.

It was made by the British company Alvis Vickers. Alvis Vickers is now called BAE Systems Global Combat Systems.

Different types of Stormer 
There are three different kinds of Stormer. These are:

Stormer HVM

The British Army use Stormers with the Starstreak missile for short range air defence.

Flat bed Stormer
A different kind of Stormer with a flat load bed is used to carry the Shielder minelaying system.

Stormer 30

Stormer 30 is a changed Stormer chassis which gives a tracked reconnaissance vehicle. This type has a turret.

The vehicle is still only a prototype. It is unknown when it will enter service. The vehicle will be able to be moved around by the C-130 Hercules used by the RAF aircraft as well as the CH-53, which is currently in service with NATO and other nations across the world.
Features 
 Weight: 13.5 tonnes
 Top speed: 80 kilometres per hour
Range: 650 km.

Related pages 
 Starstreak (missile)

References

Other websites 

Land vehicles
British Army equipment
Skip (written as $kip) is a singer-songwriter and pop artist. He is known for his single entitled "Skippin'" which is a part from his self-titled debut album. The song was a hit in the Philippines, certified gold.

Music career
At the age of 10, $kip performed for live audiences and clubs where people gave him credits for his act. People also rated him performances. One comment lead him to join a local competition and sang "Benny And The Jets", but didn't he win. Two days after the competition, a call from his old record label offered him to get signed. In 2011, he rejected his label and was forced to move to another one.

A week after releasing his first single, the song directly charted in the Philippines where it peaked in the top 8 for 2 straight weeks. The single was then a certified Gold. According to PARI (Philippine Association of the Record Industry), the single's certification was supposed to be higher, but all agreed that the single can only make it to Gold.
Skip has said that his debut album will be released some time in December 2012. In February 2012, he performed his second single from the album, titled "Clap! Clap! Clap!". The song directly debuted on the Philippine Charts and there it peaked on number 10.

Discography

Albums
 $kip (2012)

Singles

References

Living people
1998 births
Filipino singers
Kim Jip (1574 - 1656) was a Korean politician, scholar, teacher, and writer during the Joseon Dynasty. He was also known as Shindokjae () or Shindok (). His Chinese name was Sagang (). He was the son of Kim Jangsaeng, and the teacher of Song Siyeol and Yun Seongeo.

Works 
 Shindokjaejip (신독재집, 愼獨齋集)
 Uiryemunhaesok (의례문해속, 疑禮問解續)

Related pages
 Yi I
 Seong Hon
 Kim Jang-saeng
 Song Siyeol
 Song Ik-phil

1574 births
1656 deaths
Korean educators
South Korean politicians
Korean autobiographers
Korean writers
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The following is a series of lists of counties, towns, cities, villages, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York. The lists include information on the number and names of counties in which the places lie and their lower and upper ZIP code bounds, if applicable. 

Click a letter to find places in New York starting with that letter. For the links to individual pages of places (counties, towns, cities, villages, and census-designated places), please see the Administrative divisions of New York at the bottom.

Other websites 
USGS Fips55 database
This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

A
This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

G
This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

R
This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

S
This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

T
This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

U
This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

V
This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper ZIP Code bounds, if applicable.

W
This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

Y
This list of current cities, towns, unincorporated communities, counties, and other recognized places in the U.S. state of New York also includes information on the number and names of counties in which the place lies, and its lower and upper zip code bounds, if applicable.

Z
Works 
 HangangMunjip (한강문집 寒岡文集)
 Taegeukmunbyun (태극문변 太極問辨)
 GAryejipramboju (가례집람보주 家禮輯覽補註)
 Ohseonsaengyeseolbunryu (오선생예설분류 五先生禮說分類)
 Gangjangrok (갱장록 羹墻錄)
 Shimgyungbalhwe (심경발휘 心經發揮)
 Shimuijejobup (심의제조법 深衣製造法)
 Yefisangryubunryu (예기상례분류 禮記喪禮分類)
 Ohbokyunhyukdo (오복연혁도 五福沿革圖)
 Toegyesanjeryemundab (퇴계상제례문답 退溪喪祭禮問答)
 Gaejeongjujaseojeolyochongmok (개정주자서절요총목 改定朱子書節要總目)
 SEonghyunpung (성현풍 聖賢風)
 SEonghyunpungBeom (성현풍범 聖賢風範)
 Susaeuninrock (수사언인록 洙泗言仁錄)
 Yumjangarngjangrock (염락갱장록 濂洛羹墻錄)
 Gwanui (관의 冠儀)
 Honui (혼의 婚儀)
 Jangui (장의 葬儀)
 Gyeui (계의 稧儀)
 Yukdaeginyon (역대기년 歷代紀年)
 Gogeumchungmo (고금충모 古今忠謨)
 Chiranjeyo (치란제요 治亂提要)
 wharyongji (와룡지 臥龍誌)
 Uianjipbang (의안집방 醫眼集方)
 Gwangsasoljip (광사속집 廣嗣續集)
 Changshanji (창산지 昌山誌)
 Dongbokji (동복지 同福志)
 Kwandongji (관동지 關東志)
 Younggaji (영가지 永嘉志)
 Pyungyangji (평양지 平壤志)
 Hamjuji (함주지 咸州志)
 Jujashibunryu (주자시분류 朱子詩分類)
 Ghogeumhoisu (고금회수 古今會粹)

Related pages 

 Heo Mok
 Yun Hyu
 Yun Seondo
Other websites 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=135770
 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=3521 

1543 births
1620 deaths
Korean educators
South Korean politicians
Korean autobiographers
Korean poets
Nitrocellulose (also: cellulose nitrate, flash paper) catches fire quickly. It is formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. When used as a propellant or low-order explosive, it is also known as guncotton. Nitrocellulose can be plasticized by camphor. Kodak, and other suppliers, used placticized nitrocellulose as a film base in photograph, X-ray films and motion picture films. People call this nitrate film. After numerous fires caused by unstable nitrate films, safety film started to be used from the 1930s in the case of X-ray stock and from 1948 for motion picture film.

References

Organonitrogen compounds
Polymers
Explosives
Movie production
Big Bertha  is the name of a type of super-heavy howitzer made by the famous armaments manufacturer Krupp in Germany on the eve of World War I. Another huge gun,  42-cm Gamma-Device howitzer, was the forerunner of the Bertha.

Name 
Bertha's official name was the L/12 (the barrel was 12 calibre in length), or the M-Device.

Many sources say that Bertha is a reference to Bertha Krupp, heiress and owner of the Krupp industrial empire. However, not all accept this. During the war, the Germans gave numerous other nicknames to the M-Device. 'Dicke', meaning fat or big in German, is apparently not a reference to the physical aspect of Ms Krupp.

The name "Big Bertha" subsequently came to be applied generally by the Allies to any very large German gun. This included the railway guns which used mounted battleship guns known as "Langer Max" and the ultra-long range "Paris Gun". Strictly speaking, however, Dicke Bertha, or Big Bertha, is only applicable to the 42-cm M-Device howitzer.
Origin 
Bertha was the result of lessons learned by the Germans (and Austrians) from the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. During the war, the Japanese had dismounted a number of their coastal defence 28-cm howitzers and used them to help break their siege of the fortified Russian naval base at Port Arthur.

This was a complete novelty as, until that time, it had been assumed by military experts that the largest transportable siege guns were around 20-cm in calibre. Other Europeans completely failed to draw the lessons the Japanese had taught, and went forward without any huge siege guns.
In use 
Big Bertha gained a strong reputation on both sides of the lines due to its early impressive successes in smashing the forts at Liege, Belgium. The German press went wild with enthusiasm and declared the Bertha a 'wonder weapon'. When used later during the German assault upon Verdun in February 1916, however, it proved less effective, as the fort, made of concrete reinforced with steel, could mostly withstand the large semi-armour-piercing shells of the Berthas. Only Fort Vaux was severely damaged during this event, destroying the water storage and leading to the surrender of the fort.

A total of 12 complete M-Devices were built; besides the two available when the war started, ten more were built during the war. This figure does not include additional barrels.
As the war ground on several Berthas were destroyed when their barrels burst due to faulty ammunition. Later in the Great War, an L/30 30.5-cm barrel was developed and fitted to a number of Bertha carriages in order to provide longer-range, though not quite as heavy fire.

References 

German Empire
Howitzers
World War I
"Sun, Moon, and Talia" () is a fairy tale by Giambattista Basile. It was published in his Pentamerone (1636). It is similar to the "Sleeping Beauty" tales by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm.

Story 
A great lord consults several wise men about the future of his newborn daughter Talia. They predict she will be put in danger from a splinter of flax. To protect his daughter, the father commands that no flax be brought into his house. Years later, Talia sees an old woman spinning flax on a spindle. She asks if she may try it. As soon as she begins to spin, a splinter of flax goes under her fingernail. She drops to the ground, and appears dead. Her father puts Talia in one of his country houses and abandons her.
Some time later, a king, hunting in the nearby woods, follows his falcon into the house. He finds Talia, and tries unsuccessfully to wake her up. He rapes her and returns to his own city. 
Still deep in sleep, Talia gives birth to twins (a boy and a girl). They are tended by fairies. One day, the boy begins to suck on Talia's finger and draws out the flax splinter. Talia awakens immediately. She names them "Sun" and "Moon" and lives with them in the house. The king returns and finds Talia is the mother of twins. He tells her what happened and they form a bond.
However, the king is married. His wife is suspicious and learns the truth. She gains possession of the two children. She orders the cook to prepare them for consumption. The cook spares the children and sends the queen a dish of lamb. The queen taunts the king while he eats. The queen has Talia brought to court. She commands that a huge fire be lit in the courtyard, and that Talia be thrown into the flames. Talia undresses and screams with grief.  The king hears Talia's screams. He commands that his wife be thrown into the fire instead. The king and Talia marry.

References 
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 81-3.

Other websites 
Sun, Moon, and Talia 
Unexpurgated translation of Sun, Moon, and Talia 
Analysis of the Sleeping Beauty stories

Fairy tales 
Sleeping Beauty
Blackout is pop music singer Britney Spears' fifth studio album. It was released in late 2007 by Jive Records.
It had the singles "Gimme More", "Piece Of Me", and "Break The Ice".

2007 albums
Britney Spears albums
Pop albums
"Radar" is a song performed by the pop music singer Britney Spears. 
It was originally supposed to be the fourth single released off of her fifth studio album Blackout. 
It ultimately wasn't but despite that fact it did chart in some countries. 
It was later included as a bonus track on her sixth studio album Circus. 
It was released as the fourth single off of that album.

2007 songs 
Britney Spears songs
La Belle au bois dormant () is an opera in three acts by Michele Carafa to a French libretto by François-Antonine-Eugène de Planard after the fairy tale of the same name by Charles Perrault. It was first performed on March 2, 1825 at the Salle Le Peletier of Paris Opera. The famous tenor Adolphe Nourrit created the role of the Prince. The choreography was composed by Pierre Gabriel Gardel, and sets designed by Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri.

Main roles 
 Aurora, soprano
 The Queen, soprano
 The Prince, tenor
 Carabosse, baritone
 King Florestan, baritone

Other websites 
Amadeus Almanac

1820s operas
Sleeping Beauty
A mortar is an artillery weapon which fires explosive shells. The shells are known as (mortar) bombs. They are fired at targets which are close, as mortars do not have long range. It has a short barrel which fires the mortar bomb at a low speed high into the air to reach its target. They have been used since medieval times. Mortars are made in different sizes, from large and heavy mortars to infantry mortars which can be carried by just one soldier. They are called an indirect fire weapon because the bomb drops onto the target from above, rather than being aimed straight at it. Soldiers firing a mortar do not need to be able to see their target.

Use
Use 

A mortar is quite simple and easy to use. Most are muzzleloaders made up of a tube that a gunner drops a bomb into. The tube is usually set at between 45 and 90 degrees angle to the ground. The higher the angle, the shorter the range. When the bomb reaches the bottom of the tube it hits a firing pin. The mortar bomb's weight is enough to set off the firing pin which ignites the round and fires it. Some larger mortars have a firing pin that is set off by using a string instead of automatically.

From the 18th to the early 20th century, very heavy siege mortars were used. These were very difficult to move around. These had up to one metre calibre. They were often made of cast iron. Smaller designs that were easier to move around were brought in during the First World War. Mortars are still used today.

Light and medium mortars are easy to move around. They are usually used by infantry units. Mortars can fire from a trench or defilade.
Heavy mortars are usually between 120- and 300-mm calibre. These weapons are usually towed or put on to vehicles. They are sometimes loaded from the back (breech-loaded). They are usually used by infantry in battalions or divisions. Even mortars this large are simpler and cheaper than howitzers and field guns.

A mortar can be moved around by one or more people (bigger mortars can usually be broken down into parts) or moved around in a vehicle. An infantry mortar can usually be set up and fired from a mortar-carrier. A mortar-carrier is a modified armoured vehicle or one built especially to be a mortar-carrier. They have a big hatch on the roof. Mortars with two barrels—like the AMOS PT1—are the latest kinds of heavy mortar. They are put on carriers such as armoured personnel carriers, tank chassis and patrol boats.
Light versions of mortar are usually used by at least two men. Heavier mortars are fired by three to five men. Lighter mortars can be fired from anywhere that gives a good firing position. However, medium mortars are usually fired from prepared, well fortified positions.

Design 

Most mortars used today are made up of a barrel, a plate for the barrel to stand on, and a bipod.

Mortars are mainly medium calibre weapons. However, mortars both bigger and smaller than this have been made. An example of a smaller mortar is the British 51 mm Light Mortar. The 51 mm is carried by just one soldier. It is made up of only a tube and a base plate. A bigger example is the Soviet 2S4 M1975 Tyulpan (tulip flower) 240 mm self-propelled mortar.

Mortars are not very stable if they are used on snow or soft ground. This is because the recoil pushes them into the ground. The Raschen Bag can be used to avoid this problem.