Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Albums
What Are You Waiting For?(July 22, 2003)Tooth & Nail Records
Critically Ashamed(August 1, 2006)Tooth & Nail Records
Dear Diary(April 7, 2009)Tooth & Nail Records
My Brain Says Stop, But My Heart Says Go!(April 5, 2011)Tooth & Nail Records

Singles
2003: Definitely Maybe
2003: Crazy Mary
2003: Something To Believe In
2006: Waste of Time
2006: Six Candles
2006: The Video Store
2006: Girl of the Year
2008: Nice Piece of Art

Music Videos
Definitely Maybe YouTube (Go)

References

Other websites
Official site 
Official Purevolume 
Official Myspace
Tooth & Nail Records 

Canadian punk bands
Pop punk bands
2000s in music
Musical groups established in 2003
2003 establishments in Canada
A Wadi is usually a valley, sometimes the bed of a river. The river that is part of the wadi only has water after heavy rain. Staying in a wadi can be a danger to life. This is because the water in a wadi can rise very quickly. Canyon is another name for it, used in other countries. 

Valleys
A noble gas compound is a chemical compound that has an element from Group 18 of the periodic table in it. Group 18 (previously called Group 0) contains all the noble gases.

History 
For a long time, scientists thought that noble gases could not form compounds because their valence electron shell had no space for more electrons. This means that they could not accept any more electrons, which made bonding impossible. However, in 1933, Linus Pauling said that heavy noble gases could react with fluorine or oxygen, as they are the most electronegative atoms. His prediction was correct, and xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) was later discovered. Many more noble gas compounds have been found since then.

Oxidizing Helium or Neon takes a lot of engergy. No chemical substance is known to have enough power to oxidize Helium or Neon. Two Helium comopounds have been predicted; they would hoever need a very high pressure to be stable.

Fullerene properties
Noble gases can also make endohedral fullerene compounds when the noble gas atom is pushed inside a fullerene molecule. In 1993, it was discovered that when C60 is put under pressure of about 3 bar of Helium or Neon, He@C60 and Ne@C60 are made. Only about one out of every 650,000 C60 were found with a helium atom. But with more pressures (about 3000 bar), it is possible to get as much as 0.1%. Endohedral molecules with argon, krypton and xenon have also been made, as well as other compounds of He@C60.

References
A vector graphics editor is a computer program that lets users make and change vector graphics images and save them in one of many popular vector graphics formats such as EPS, PDF, WMF, SVG or VML.

Related pages
Graphics
Editing digital images

Other websites 
Inkscape - Popular open source Vector graphics editor
Vector Magic - Precision Bitmap to Vector Conversion Online
Math Games: Vector vs Raster (maa.org)  - A list of 65 vector graphics editors.
Bitmap And Vector Graphics Explained

Graphics software
Perth, Scotland in Perth and Kinross council area, the original Perth
 Perth, Western Australia in Australia, the biggest Perth
 Perth, Tasmania in Australia
 Perth, Ontario in Canada
What Are You Waiting For? is the debut album from FM Static, a Canadian pop punk band. It was released in the summer of 2003 although there was a TFK record the same year.

Although not a bestseller or anything really great, What Are You Waiting For? did manage to sell around 60,000 copies in three and a half years. Remember, FM Static are only a side project.

 Three days later - 2:23
 Crazy mary - 2:51
 Something to believe in - 2:48
 Definitely maybe - 2:49
 Donna - 2:27
 All the days - 2:26
 Hold me twice - 2:44
 The notion - 2:11
 October - 2:50
 My first stereo -2:53
 Hey now (hidden song) -3:08

Pop punk albums
2003 albums
The Negev or Naqab is the southern region of Israel/Palestine. It is a desert that covers about 60% of the current state of Israel. Only about 10% of the people that live in Israel live there. The Negev has borders with Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the west, the Arabah in the Great Rift Valley in the east, and a line connecting Gaza city to Ein Gedi near the Dead Sea to the north. Beersheba and Eilat are the main cities of the Negev.

The Negev has a UNESCO World Heritage site. The Negev incense route was a trade route in the Negev. It connected Arabia to the Mediterranean in the Hellenistic-Roman period. The trade led to the development of ancient towns, forts and caravanserai en route, and agricultural development. It was proclaimed as of outstanding universal value by UNESCO in 2005.

References

Other websites 

Sde Boker archive of articles on the Negev 
Israel's Negev Information Site 
Photos of Negev 

Regions of Israel
Deserts of Asia
World Heritage Sites in Asia
Alfred Eisenstaedt (6 December 1898 – 24 August 1995) was a German photographer and photojournalist. He is renowned for his candid photographs, frequently made using a 35mm Leica M3 rangefinder camera. He is best remembered for his photograph capturing the celebration of V-J Day in Times Square.

References

1898 births
1995 deaths
German photojournalists
A petrochemical is a chemical product that is made from petroleum, natural gas or other hydrocarbons.

Some petrochemicals include alcohol, antiseptics, artificial rubber, detergents, drugs, explosives, food additives, insecticides, perfume, plastic, and textile fiber.

Related pages
Petroleum
Petroleum products
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Other websites 
 Petrochemistry in Europe
 Educational resource on petrochemistry
 Article showing some of the basics of a petchem facility 

Chemistry
Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that says how well an atom can attract electrons towards itself. The electronegativity of an atom is influenced by the atom's atomic number and the distance between the atom's valence electrons (the outermost electrons that take part in chemical bonding) and its nucleus. It was first theorised by Linus Pauling in 1932 as part of his valence bond theory, and is related to other chemical properties. Generally, electronegativity increases from the bottom-left to the upper-right of the periodic table; this is known as a periodic trend.

There are many ways to calculate the electronegativity of an atom. The most common way of calculation is the one suggested by Linus Pauling, and it gives the relative Pauling scale. This scale gives elements dimensionless quantities (values) between 0.7 and 3.98, with hydrogen being at 2.20.

The opposite of electronegativity is electropositivity; the measure of how well an atom gives away electrons.
Ways to calculate electronegativity

Pauling electronegativity 
Pauling suggested the idea of electronegativity in 1932 to explain why the strength of a covalent bond between two different atoms (A-B) is stronger than the average of the strengths of the covalent bonds A-A and B-B. His valence bond theory said that this stronger bond between different atoms is caused by the ionic effects to the bonding.

The difference between the electronegativity of atom A and atom B is

where the dissociation energies (that is, the energy needed to break the bond between the atoms), Ed, of A-B, A-A and B-B bonds are given in electronvolts, and the factor (eV)-½ is added to make sure the final answer has no unit. With the above formula, we can calculate the difference in elecronegativity between hydrogen and bromine to be 0.73. (dissociation energies: H-Br, 3.79 eV; H-H, 4.52 eV; Br-Br, 2.00 eV)
The above equation only calculates the difference in electronegativity between two elements. To make a scale from the equation, a reference point has to be chosen. Hydrogen was chosen as a reference point because it bonds covalently with many elements. Hydrogen's electronegativity was first fixed at 2.1, but was later changed to 2.20. Another thing that need to be known to make an electronegativity scale is which element is more electronegative than the reference point, which is hydrogen. This is often done with the so-called "chemical intuition": in the above example, hydrogen bromide (H-Br) dissolves in water and breaks into H+ cation and Br- anion. So, it can be assumed that bromine is more electronegative than hydrogen.
To calculate Pauling electronegativity for an element, the data on the dissociation energies of at least two types of covalent bonds created by the element is needed. In 1961, A. L. Allred improved Pauling's original data to include the thermodynamic data that is much more available. These "revised Pauling" electronegativity values are used more often.

Electropositivity 
Electropositivity is a measure of an element's ability to donate electrons, and form positive ions.

Mainly, this is an attribute of metals. The alkali metals have a single electron in their outer shell and it is easily lost. These metals have low ionization energies.

References 

Chemical bonding
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American scientist, peace activist, author and educator. He was one of the most important chemists in history.

Pauling was one of the first scientists to work in quantum chemistry, molecular biology and orthomolecular medicine. He is one of a small group of people to have been given more than one Nobel Prize. He is one of only two people to receive them in different fields (the other person was Marie Curie) and the only person in that group to have been awarded each of his prizes without having to share it with another winner.
Life and education 
Pauling was born and grew-up in Oregon, USA. He went to Oregon Agricultural College and graduated in 1922 with a degree in chemical engineering. Pauling then went to the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he received his Ph. D in physical chemistry and mathematical physics in 1925. Two years later, he became an assistant professor at Caltech, and he completed his academic career there after many decades on the faculty. He was a Unitarian.

Work and awards 
In 1932, Pauling came up with the idea of electronegativity and made a scale that would help predict the chemical bonding. Pauling kept doing this work while he also did work on the structure of the atomic nucleus. 

In 1954, Pauling was given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work that he did on the structure of DNA. This work led scientists in the UK to come up with the double helix of DNA.
Work as author and teacher 
Pauling was also an author and a teacher. His first book, The Nature of the Chemical Bond (1939), is still used today. his introductory textbook, General Chemistry (1949). Later in life, he became an advocate for greatly increased consumption of vitamin C and other nutrients. He generalized his ideas to define orthomolecular medicine, which is still regarded as unorthodox by conventional medicine. He popularized his concepts, analyses, research and insights in several successful but controversial books, such as How to Live Longer and Feel Better in 1986.

Death 
Pauling died of prostate cancer on August 19, 1994, at 7:20 PM at home in Big Sur, California. He was 93 years old. A grave marker for him is in Oswego Pioneer Cemetery in Lake Oswego, Oregon.
Honors and awards 
Pauling received numerous awards and honors during his career. Following are awards and honors he has received.
1931 Langmuir Prize, American Chemical Society
1941 Nichols Medal, New York Section, American Chemical Society
1947 Davy Medal, Royal Society
1948 United States Presidential Medal for Merit
1952 Pasteur Medal, Biochemical Society of France
1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1955 Addis Medal, National Nephrosis Foundation
1955 Phillips Memorial Award, American College of Physicians
1956 Avogadro Medal, Italian Academy of b,la
1957 Paul Sabatier Medal
1957 Pierre Fermat Medal in Mathematics
1957 International Grotius Medal
1961 Humanist of the Year, American Humanist Association
1962 Nobel Peace Prize
1965 Republic of Italy
1965 Medal, Academy of the Rumanian People's Republic
1966 Linus Pauling Medal
1966 Silver Medal, Institute of France
1966 Supreme Peace Sponsor, World Fellowship of Religion
1972 United States National Medal of Science
1972 International Lenin Peace Prize
1977 Lomonosov Gold Medal, USSR Academy of Science
1979 Medal for Chemical Sciences, National Academy of Science
1984 Priestley Medal, American Chemical Society
1984 Award for Chemistry, Arthur M. Sackler Foundation
1987 Award in Chemical Education, American Chemical Society
1989 Vannevar Bush Award, National Science Board
1990 Richard C. Tolman Medal, Southern California, Section, American Chemical Society
2008 "American Scientists" US stamp series, $0.41, for his sickle cell disease work
Notable Students 
Jerry Donohue
Martin Karplus
Matthew Meselson
Edgar Bright Wilson
William Lipscomb

Notes 

1901 births
1994 deaths
Unitarians
American biochemists
Time People of the Year
American activists
American Nobel Prize winners
Writers from Portland, Oregon
Scientists from Portland, Oregon
California Institute of Technology faculty
Strabo (; 63/64 BC – ca. AD 24) was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher.

Life 

Strabo was born in a rich family from Pontus which had become part of the Roman Empire a short time before. His mother was Georgian. He studied under several geographers and philosophers. Later he made long travels to Egypt and Kush, among others. It is not known when his Geography was written, though comments within the work itself place the finished version within the reign of Emperor Tiberius.

Strabo's History is nearly completely lost. Although Strabo quotes it himself, and other classical authors mention that it existed, the only surviving document is a fragment of papyrus now in possession of the University of Milan (renumbered [Papyrus] 46).

Several different dates have been proposed for Strabo's death, but most of them place it shortly after 23.

The Geography
The Geography 

Strabo is mostly famous for his 17-volume work Geographica, which presented a descriptive history of people and places from different regions of the world known to his era. It is an important source of information on the ancient world.

Notes

References 
  Strabo in Greek, Teubner Edition. Downloadable Google Books at .

Other websites 

 Biography of Strabo

60s BC births
24 deaths
Greek geographers
Ancient Greek historians
Chris Waddle is a former football player. He has played for England national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1980-81||rowspan="5"|Newcastle United||rowspan="4"|Second Division||13||1
|-
|1981-82||42||7
|-
|1982-83||37||7
|-
|1983-84||42||18
|-
|1984-85||First Division||36||13
|-
|1985-86||rowspan="4"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="4"|First Division||39||11
|-
|1986-87||39||6
|-
|1987-88||22||2
|-
|1988-89||38||14

|-
|1989-90||rowspan="3"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="3"|Division 1||37||9
|-
|1990-91||35||6
|-
|1991-92||35||7

|-
|1992-93||rowspan="4"|Sheffield Wednesday||rowspan="4"|Premier League||33||1
|-
|1993-94||19||3
|-
|1994-95||25||4
|-
|1995-96||32||2

|-
|1996-97||Falkirk||Division One||4||1

|-
|1996-97||Bradford City||First Division||26||5
|-
|1996-97||Sunderland||Premier League||7||1
|-
|1997-98||Burnley||Second Division||32||1
|-
|1998-99||Torquay United||Third Division||7||0
489||96
107||22
4||1
600||119
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1985||11||1
|-
|1986||12||2
|-
|1987||6||1
|-
|1988||9||0
|-
|1989||10||2
|-
|1990||13||0
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
!Total||62||6
|}

References 

1960 births
Living people
English footballers
Sportspeople from Tyne and Wear
Premier League players
Ray Ozzie (born November 20, 1955) is an American computer programmer. He was the "Chief Software Architect" (the person in charge of programming) at Microsoft.

American computer scientists
Scientists from Nebraska
Microsoft people
1955 births
Living people
Ian Ure (born 7 December 1939) is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1958-59||rowspan="5"|Dundee||rowspan="5"|Division One||2||0
|-
|1959-60||7||0
|-
|1960-61||32||0
|-
|1961-62||34||0
|-
|1962-63||32||0

|-
|1963-64||rowspan="7"|Arsenal||rowspan="7"|First Division||41||1
|-
|1964-65||22||1
|-
|1965-66||21||0
|-
|1966-67||37||0
|-
|1967-68||21||0
|-
|1968-69||23||0
|-
|1969-70||3||0
|-
|1969-70||rowspan="3"|Manchester United||rowspan="3"|First Division||34||1
|-
|1970-71||13||0
|-
|1971-72||0||0

|-
|1972-73||rowspan="2"|St. Mirren||rowspan="2"|Division Two||3||0
|-
|1973-74||0||0
110||0
215||3
325||3
|}

International career statistics

|-
!Total||11||0
|}

References

Footballers from Ayrshire
Scottish football managers
Living people
1939 births
Sportspeople from Ayr
A skating rink may refer to:
 an ice rink used for ice skating
 a roller rink used for roller skating
Five of The Most Common Types of identity theft:
 Financial Identity Theft: This is the most common type of identity theft because cyber crime is an illegal business. The financial motivation is high. Cyber criminals will impersonate you so they can gain access to your money – whether it’s stealing and using your credit or debit card information, opening credit lines under your name, or finding ways to get access to your bank account details to drain it.
 Medical Identity Theft: Cyber criminals use your personal information, such as your name, your social security number, and your health insurance information. Why? To either receive medical care in your name, get prescription drugs, buy medical devices, or even submit a claim to your medical insurance.
Criminal Identity Theft: Someone will commit a crime, posing as you when they get in trouble. They may use your name, data of birth, social security number and any other personal information during an investigation or arrest. Imagine if your data is added to the state criminal database or potentially the national database!
 Child Identity Theft: This type of identity theft happens when a Cyber criminal uses a child’s sensitive personal information to obtain services or benefits such as applying for government benefits, healthcare coverage or nutrition assistance. It also applies to committing fraud (such as applying for a credit card or loan, signing up for utility services, or renting a living space by using your name, social security number, address, or date of birth.)
Synthetic Identity Theft: This form of identity theft combines real and fake information. It’s using your social security number with fake name or address, therefore creating a new identity. This form of identity theft is more impactful to financial institutions, lenders, insurances, and government agencies; however, if a Cyber criminal is using your social security number, even when the rest of the information is not yours, it could affect your credit score or haunt you in many ways.
References

Related pages 
 Impersonator

Types of crime
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a 'signal' which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into the expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.  Video cameras and a digital cameras have an image sensor.

There are many different types of sensors. Some are used in everyday objects, and some are separate.

Thermal sensors 
A sensor that detects temperature. Thermal sensors are in many laptops and computers in order to sound an alarm when a certain temperature has been exceeded.
 temperature sensors: thermometers, thermostats
 heat sensors: bolometer, calorimeter
Electromagnetic sensors 
An electronic device used to measure a physical quantity such as pressure or loudness and convert it into an electronic signal of some kind (e.g. a voltage).
 electrical resistance sensors: ohmmeter
 electrical voltage sensors: voltmeter
 electrical power sensors: watt-hour meter
 magnetism sensors: magnetic compass
 metal detectors
 Radar

An electromagnetic sensor is anything that can detect things like photons, electrons, magnetic fields etc. It can be as simple as a white wall, a sheet of white paper, etc., or as new as a charge-coupled device. When a laser is aimed at a detection screen, a bright spot can be seen on the screen, or when an electron hits the phosphors on another kind of screen, it makes that screen glow.

Mechanical sensors 
 Pressure sensors: barometer
 Vibration and shock sensors

Motion sensors 
A motion sensor detects physical movement in a given area.
 Radar gun, tachometer
 Speedometer

Car sensors 
 reversing sensor
 curb feeler
Tools
Computer hardware
Data input
Victory is winning an argument, war or test. Many songs have been made called victory songs. Victory often comes with a lot of emotion. Victory is usually celebrated after winning, although there are many times not to, like after a war. The term comes from the culture of ancient Rome, when it meant winning a war.

Different types
In terms of human emotion, being victorious usually brings strong feelings of gladness, and in human behaviour often has movements and victory poses.
Victory dances and victory cries are quite similar to war dances and war cries that are done before the violence.

Related pages

War

War
Sports
Illegal immigration is the migration of people into a country in violation of the immigration laws of that country or the continued residence without the legal right to live in that country. An illegal immigrant is an immigrant who lives in a country without permission or in a way that is not allowed, or illegal. Millions of people around the world live in another country against the laws of that country. 

Many of these people migrate to a country in secret. Many others come to the country legally as a visitor, then stay in the country when they should legally  going home. Some work illegally and live in bad conditions. They usually move for similar reasons as other immigrants, but they do not legally have the right to be there.
In the United States 
Thousands of immigrants illegally enter the United States each year, many crossing the Mexican border. In general, they are opposed by the Republican Party, which generally wishes to deport them, while in general Democrats want to help give illegal immigrants legal status. In 2016, Donald Trump ran on a bid to build a wall on the Mexican-American border to prevent further illegal immigration. He became president in 2017, but the building of the border barrier was halted in 2021 when Joe Biden replaced Trump as president. 

Legal terms
Immigration
Francisco Castro is a football player. He plays for Aves.

Portuguese footballers
1979 births
Living people
Stuart Murdoch is a former football manager.

References

1954 births
Living people
English footballers
Chris Cornell (Christopher John Boyle; July 20, 1964 – May 17, 2017) was an American singer. He is best known as the singer in the grunge band Soundgarden.
He started the band in 1984 with lead guitarist Kim Thayil, and bassist Hiro Yamamoto.  Cornell is regarded as one of the greatest vocalists in rock history.

He released his debut album in September 1999,  Euphoria Morning. Later, in 2001, he began the supergroup Audioslave with the former members of Rage Against the Machine. Cornell recorded three albums as Audioslave's singer until the band's breakup in early 2007. His second solo album Carry On was released to mixed commercial success in June 2007.

Cornell was also a co-singer singer in a band, Temple of the Dog, with Eddie Vedder, that was formed as a tribute to a musician, Andrew Wood, who had died.

Cornell was found dead at his Detroit, Michigan hotel room shortly after performing at a concert on May 17, 2017 at the age of 52. The cause of death was determined to be suicide by hanging.
Personal life 
Cornell was born in Seattle to Ed Boyle and Karen Cornell. He is of English, French, German, Irish, Manx, Northern Irish, Norwegian, Scottish, Swiss, and Welsh. Cornell was first married to Susan Silver, the manager of Alice in Chains and Soundgarden. They had a daughter, Lillian Jean, in June 2000. He and Silver divorced in 2004. In December 2008, Cornell said that he had finally won back his collection of 15 guitars after a four-year court battle with Silver.

He then married Vicky Karayiannis. She is an American publicist of Greek heritage. She gave birth to his second daughter, Toni, in September 2004, and his third child, Christopher Nicholas, in December 2005.  Cornell converted to the Greek Orthodox Church because of her faith in the church.

References
References 

1964 births
2017 deaths
American Eastern Orthodox Christians
Musicians from Seattle
Musicians who committed suicide
Singers from Seattle
Soundgarden
Suicides by hanging in the United States
Former Roman Catholics
Interscope Records artists
A curse tablet or binding spell (defixio in Latin, κατάδεσμος katadesmos in Greek) is a type of curse. It could be found in all of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Curse tablets were used to influence other people, often the gods were asked to influence someone else, or to do harm to them. This would involve magic.

Usually, texts were scratched on very thin sheets of lead using a small writing. These sheets would then be rolled up, folded, or pierced with nails.They would then be moved under ground, placed in graves, or thrown into wells, pools or lakes. Sometimes they were put on temple walls. Like an analogy the treatment done to the material should also be done to the target of the spell. 

Some of the tablets contained love spells. If they were used this way, they had to be placed in the home of the desired person, so that the spell could work.  

About 1600 tablets have been found, distributed over all the known lands in Antiquity. About 600 of them were found in Greece.

Spells with figures
Some of the spells were discovered together with small figures, which have falsely been described as voodoo dolls. The dolls or figurines were sometimes also pierced with nails. The figurines looked like the target and often had both their feet and hands bound. Not all curse tablets were made with lead. Curses were also written on papyrus, wax, wood or other perishable materials, but these are less likely to show up in the archaeological record.

The texts on curse tablets are typically addressed to infernal or liminal gods such as Hermes, Charon, Hecate, and Persephone. Sometimes, a sometimes a dead person (probably the corpse in whose grave the tablet was placed) had to mediate. Some texts do not invoke the gods, but merely list the targets of the curse, the crimes or conditions when the curse is valid, and/or the intended ill to befall them. Some tablets are inscribed with nothing more than the names of the targets. Some people think that an oral spell may have accompanied the making of the curse.
Spells to help the dead
The text on the tablets were not always curses, sometimes tablets were used to help the dead.  Those whose grave sites these were placed at usually died at a very young age or in a violent manner, and the tablet was supposed to help lay their souls to rest in spite of their untimely deaths. The language of those texts that do give context is often concerned with justice, either listing the target's crimes in great detail, handing over responsibility for their punishment to the gods, using indefinite grammar ("whoever committed this crime"), or conditional ("if he is guilty"), or even future conditional ("if he ever breaks his word")..  Frequently, such curse tablets are also inscribed with additional, otherwise meaningless "curse" words such as Bazagra, Bescu, or Berebescu, seemingly in order to lend them a kind of supernatural efficacy.
Many of those discovered at Athens refer to court cases and curse the opposing litigant, asking ("May he...") that he botch his performance in court, forget his words, become dizzy and so forth. Others include erotic binding-spells, spells ranged against thieves, and business and sporting rivals. Those curse tablets targeted at thieves or other criminals may have been more public, more acceptable; some scholars even refuse to use the word "curse" of such "positive" texts, preferring expressions such as "judicial prayers".

About 130 curse tablets have been found at Aquae Sulis (now Bath in England), where many of the curses related to thefts of clothes whilst the victim was bathing. Over 80 more have similarly been discovered in and about the remains of a temple to Mercury nearby, at West Hill, Uley, making south-western Britain one of the major centres for finds of Latin defixiones.

Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt 

In Ancient Egypt, so-called "Execration Texts" appear around the time of the 12th Dynasty, listing the names of enemies written on clay figurines or pottery which were then smashed and buried beneath a building under construction (so that they were symbolically "smothered"), or in a cemetery.

References
Books
 Faraone, Christopher A. and Obbink Dirk (edd.), Magika Hiera: ancient Greek magic and religion, Oxford University Press, 1991.
 Faraone, Christopher A., 'The Agonistic Context of Early Greek Binding Spells', in Faraone & Obbink, Magika Hiera, (1991), pp. 3–32.
 Faraone, C.A. Ancient Greek Love MagicCambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1999.
 Gager, John G. (ed) 1992, Curse tablets and binding spells from the ancient world. New York : Oxford University Press.
 Ogden, Daniel. "Binding Spells: Curse Tablets and Voodoo Dolls in the Greek and Roman Worlds" In Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Ancient Greece and Rome, ed. Bengt Ankarloo and Stuart Clark, 3-90. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999.
 Ogden, Daniel. "Gendering Magic" The Classical Review 50 (2000): 476-478.
Ogden, Daniel 1999, 'Binding spells: Curse tablets and voodoo dolls in the Greek and Roman worlds'. In: Witchcraft and Magic in Europe, ed. Bengt Ankarloo and Stuart Clarke, 1-90. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Occult
Ancient Greece
Religion in ancient Rome
Kim Thayil (born September 4, 1960 in Seattle, Washington) best known as the lead guitarist in Soundgarden.

1960 births
Living people
American guitarists
Soundgarden
Musicians from Seattle
Matthew David Cameron (born November 28, 1962 in San Diego, California) is an American drummer best known as the drummer in Soundgarden and Pearl Jam.

In September 1986, Matt Cameron had become so popular in the local Seattle music scene that he was chosen to play for Soundgarden. He replaced drummer Scott Sundquist. Cornell said, "When I first met Matt, he was already the best drummer in town...He just seemed very confident and well-adjusted."

He also worked briefly with The Smashing Pumpkins. In 1998, he played drums for Pearl Jam's Yield Tour. Later he joined the band as a permanent member.

References 

American drummers
Soundgarden
Musicians from San Diego, California
American rock musicians
1962 births
Living people
Ben Shepherd (born Hunter Benedict Shepherd on September 20, 1968) is an American musician, best known as the bass player in the grunge band Soundgarden from 1990 until the band's 1997 break-up.

Ben Shepherd first auditioned for the role of bassist in Soundgarden in 1989, to replace Hiro Yamamoto, who had left the band. He was turned down because he could not play the songs well enough.  But after Jason Everman was let go, Shepherd was then hired.

Chris Cornell said that Shepherd brought a "fresh and creative" approach to the Badmotorfinger recording sessions, All the band members said that his knowledge of music and writing skills would be a help to the band.

Before joining, Soundgarden had been Shepherd's favorite band.

References 

1968 births
Living people
American guitarists
Bassists
Soundgarden
Musicians from Seattle
Track listing 
All songs written by Chris Cornell, except where noted:
"Nothing to Say" (Cornell, Kim Thayil) – 3:56
Originally from Screaming Life.
"Flower" (Cornell, Thayil) – 3:25
Originally from Ultramega OK.
"Loud Love" – 4:57
Originally from Louder Than Love.
"Hands All Over" (Cornell, Thayil) – 6:00
Originally from Louder Than Love.
"Get on the Snake" (Cornell, Thayil) – 3:44
Originally from Louder Than Love.
"Jesus Christ Pose" (Matt Cameron, Cornell, Ben Shepherd, Thayil) – 5:51
Originally from Badmotorfinger.
"Outshined" – 5:11
Originally from Badmotorfinger.
"Rusty Cage" – 4:26
Originally from Badmotorfinger.
"Spoonman" – 4:06
Originally from Superunknown.
"The Day I Tried to Live" – 5:19
Originally from Superunknown.
"Black Hole Sun" – 5:18
Originally from Superunknown.
"Fell on Black Days" – 4:42
Originally from Superunknown.
"Pretty Noose" – 4:12
Originally from Down on the Upside.
"Burden in My Hand" – 4:50
Originally from Down on the Upside.
"Blow Up the Outside World" – 5:46
Originally from Down on the Upside.
"Ty Cobb" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 3:05
Originally from Down on the Upside.
"Bleed Together" – 3:54
Originally from the "Burden in My Hand" single.
Soundgarden albums
1997 albums
A greatest hits album (sometimes referred to as a best of album) is a compilation album of successful, previously released songs by a particular music artist or band. To increase the appeal of the album – especially to people who already own the previously released material – it is common to include remixes or alternate takes of popular songs or new material, with new songs often being released as singles (and themselves sometimes becoming successful).
Down on the Upside is the fifth and final studio album by Soundgarden.

Track listing
"Pretty Noose" (Chris Cornell) – 4:12
"Rhinosaur" (Matt Cameron, Cornell) – 3:14
"Zero Chance" (Cornell, Ben Shepherd) – 4:18
"Dusty" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 4:34
"Ty Cobb" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 3:05
"Blow Up the Outside World" (Cornell) – 5:46
"Burden in My Hand" (Cornell) – 4:50
"Never Named" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 2:28
"Applebite" (Cameron, Cornell) – 5:10
"Never the Machine Forever" (Kim Thayil) – 3:36
"Tighter & Tighter" (Cornell) – 6:06
"No Attention" (Cornell) – 4:27
"Switch Opens" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 3:53
"Overfloater" (Cornell) – 5:09
"An Unkind" (Shepherd) – 2:08
"Boot Camp" (Cornell) – 2:59

Soundgarden albums
1996 albums
A&M Records albums
Alternative metal is a type of heavy metal in the alternative music genre. Alternative metal became popular during the 1990s.

Characteristics of alternative metal music are heavy guitar riffs, syncopation, uncommon time signatures, and unusual techniques. Alternative metal is like regular heavy music, but it can be more experimental. This is what makes it "alternative".

Popular alternative metal bands are Jane's Addiction, Faith No More, Primus, Helmet, Alice in Chains, Nine Inch Nails, Tool, Rage Against the Machine and System of a Down.

References

Heavy metal subgenres
The Halloween movie series are a series of horror movies created by Moustapha Akkad in 1978. The series is about Michael Myers, who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for killing of his older sister, Judith Myers. Fifteen years later, he escapes to continue his killing spree. Dr. Loomis is a psychiatrists who helps all of Michael's victims to escape death from Myers. Only Dr. Loomis and Michael Myers appear in all movies except Halloween III: Season of the Witch.

Some novels were written about each movies, many of them were written by Dennis Etchison.
Movies 
 Halloween: The Night He Came Home, directed by John Carpenter
 Halloween II, directed by Rick Rosenthal
 Halloween 3: Season of the Witch, directed by Tommy Lee Wallace
 Halloween 4, directed by Dwight H. Little
 Halloween 5, directed by Dominique Othenin-Girard
 Halloween 6, directed by Joe Chappelle
 Halloween: 20 Years Later (directed by Steve Minor)
 Halloween: Resurrection, directed by Rick Rosenthal
 Halloween, directed by Rob Zombie
 Halloween II, directed by Rob Zombie
 Halloween, directed by David Gordon Green.
 Halloween Kills, directed by David Gordon Green.
 Halloween Ends, directed by David Gordon Green.

 
Horror movies
The Turkish diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of Turkish people living outside of Turkey. There is an estimated 90 million Turkish people in total. There are 76 million Turkish people living in Turkey  and large Turkish communities which have been established in Europe (particularly in Germany, France, and the Netherlands), as well as North America, and Australia.

References
In Greek mythology, the Anemoi ( – "winds") are the gods of the four winds — Boreas (the north wind), Notus (the south), Eurus (the east), and Zephryus (the west). They were the sons of Eos, goddess of the dawn, and Astraeus. They were each associated with a particular season and its weather conditions. In the form of horses they drew the chariot of Zeus.

Mythology

Boreas
Boreas (, Boréas) was the god of the north wind and bringer of cold winter air. He was married to the Athenian princess Orithyia, with whom he had two sons, Zethes and Calaïs, and one daughter, Khione, the goddess of snow. His Roman equivalent is Aquilo.

Zephyrus
Zephyrus (, Zéphyros), sometimes known in English as just Zephyr, was the god of the west wind who brought rain and early summer breezes. He was the gentlest of the winds, and the one most prominently featured in Greek myth. Favonius is his Roman equivalent.
Notus
Notus (, Nótos) was the god of the south wind. He brought late summer and autumn storms and was feared as a destroyer of crops. His Roman equivalent is Auster.

Eurus
Eurus (, Euros) was the god of the east wind, and was believed to be a bringer of bad luck. Vulturnus is his Roman counterpart. 

Greek gods and goddesses
In baseball, a hit is when a player (called the batter or batsman) who is trying to hit the ball that is thrown (or pitched) by the thrower (called the pitcher) hits the ball in such a way as to let him move forward at least one base.

How a hit is made
The pitcher throws the ball towards the batter standing at home plate (or home base), who tries to hit the ball and score a run. After the batter hits the ball he runs as fast as he can around the bases and tries to get to a base before he is called out by an umpire. If he gets to a base before he is called out he is safe and the next batter comes forward and tries to hit a ball from the pitcher. The old batter who is on base becomes a runner.

Types of hit

single - a hit that moves the batter one base towards home plate.
double - a hit that moves the batter two bases towards home plate.
triple - a hit that moves the batter three bases towards home plate.
home run - a hit that moves the batter all four bases and back to home plate.
There are other kinds of hits, but these are the major ones. These hits can be made by many ways. For example; a single can come from a hit that travelled along the ground (called a grounder) or that travelled in the air (a fly ball). A grounder can often be harder for the other team to stop than a fly ball. This is because when it moves along the ground it has more chance of hitting bumps and the glove or foot of the other teams player than it does if it moves in the air. There are also more ways in which hits can happen but these are the two major ways.

A no-hitter

A no-hitter is a baseball game in which the other team does not get any hits during the whole game. The winning pitcher who has stopped the losing team from getting a hit is said to have "thrown a no-hitter".  Because of the skill of the players, a no-hitter does not happen very often.

Other websites
The Official Rules of Major League Baseball

Baseball
A shutout is a baseball game where at least one team does not score any runs. This is not always the same as a no-hitter in which the team does not get any hits.

Other websites
The Official Rules of Major League Baseball

Baseball
Fried rice is a popular kind of rice in Chinese cuisine.

Rice dishes
Chinese food
In American football, uniform numbers are special numbers added to jerseys or other types of clothing to tell players from each other. They are shown in more places on the uniform than in those of other sports.

American football
The national flag of Pakistan was designed by Syed Amir uddin Kedwaii and was based on the original flag of the Muslim League. It was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 11, 1947, just days before independence. The flag is referred to in the national anthem as  in Urdu (lit. Flag of the Crescent and Star). The flag comprises a dark green field, representing the Muslim majority of Pakistan, with a vertical white stripe in the hoist, that represents the Christians and other multi-faith communities of the country. In the centre is a white crescent moon, representing progress, and a white five-pointed star, representing light and knowledge.

Related pages
Coat of Arms of Pakistan
 Flag of Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Other websites 

 
Pakistan
Flags of Pakistan
The State Emblem of Pakistan was adopted in 1954. The emblem's green colour and the star and crescent at the top are symbols of Islam, the  most Pakistani citizens identify. In the center is a quartered shield, with each quarter containing a major crop of Pakistan at the time of its adoption: cotton, jute, tea, and wheat. The floral wreath around the shield is the Jasminum officinale (the National flower) represents the Mughal era cultural heritage of Pakistan. The scroll at the bottom contains the national motto in Urdu, coined by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, which reads from right to left: () Iman, Ittehad, Nazm translated as "Faith, Unity, Discipline". Pakistan is located in the Indus Valley region of Asia. The crescent moon is the same as the one on the flag of Pakistan, except the colours are inverted. It is also the religious sign or Symbol of the Muslim faith respectively.
Regional emblems
The state/province emblem of Azad Jammu and Kashmir carries the crescent and star, mountains, and the maple leaf, which is reflective of the abundance of this tree within the state.

Related pages
 Flag of Pakistan
 Jasminum officinale

References

 
Pakistan
Government of Pakistan
National emblems
The Qaumī Tarāna (, , "National Anthem") is the national anthem of Pakistan. At independence, on August 14, 1947, Pakistan did not have a national anthem. When the flag was hoisted at the independence ceremony it was accompanied by the song, "Pakistan Zindabad, Azadi Paendabad". The flag itself had only been approved by the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan three days earlier. The national anthem of Pakistan was written some time later by the Urdu poet Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez Jullundhri.

Lyrics

Urdu official

English translation

Punjabi translation

Pashto translation

Sindhi translation

Balochi translation

Timeline 
 1949 - Musical composition by  Ahmad G. Chagla (running time, 1 minute 20 seconds)
 1952 - Verses written by Hafeez Jullundhri, selected from 723 entries
 1954 - Released on Radio Pakistan on 13 August. Singers of the anthem were: Ahmad Rushdi, Shamim Bano, Kokab Jehan, Rasheeda Begum, Najam Ara, Naseema Shaheen, Zwar Hussain, Akhtar Abbas, Ghulam Dastgir, Anwar Zaheer and Akhtar Wassi.
{{Taxobox 
| name = Gloydius himalayanus
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Chordata
| subphylum = Vertebrata
| classis = Reptilia
| ordo = Squamata
| subordo = Serpentes
| familia = Viperidae
| genus = Gloydius
| species = G. himalayanus
| binomial = Gloydius himalayanus
| binomial_authority = (Günther, 1864)
| synonyms = * Trigonocephalus affinis – Günther, 1860 (part)
 Halys himalayanus Günther, 1864 Halys Himalayanus – Stoliczka, 1870
 Halys Hymalayanus  Stoliczka, 1870 (ex errore)
 Trigonocephalus himalayanus – Strauch, 1873
 Crotalus Halys Himalayanus – Higgins, 1873
 Ancistrodon himalayanus – Boulenger, 1890
 Agkistrodon himalayanus – Hatta, 1928
 A[gkistrodon]. himalayana – Underwood, 1979
 Gloydius himalayanus – Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981
}}Gloydius himalayanus (commonly known as the Himalayan Pit Viper) is a medium-sized gray-brown snake found in caverns and rocky crevices of forested hill sides, where it feeds on skinks and lizards. The scale pattern consists of medial dark brown blotches, alternating with lateral rows of spots.
It occurs along the southern slopes of the Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal as far as Sikkim between 1500–3000 m altitude.

The Himalayan Pit Viper is a habitually sluggish snake that basks in sunlight and hibernates in winter.

Sources

Reptiles of Pakistan
Vipers
Snakes of Asia
The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is a large sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in its genus. It is one of the seven marine turtles, which are all endangered.

Description 
Although it might have some green on its carapace (shell), the green turtle is not green. It gets its name from the fact that its body fat is green. It can grow up to  long and weigh up to . They are an endangered species, especially in Florida and the Pacific coast of Mexico. They can also be found in warm waters around the world and are found along the coast of 140 countries.

The female turtle lays eggs in nests she builds in the sand on the beaches. She uses the same beach that she was born on. During the nesting season in summer she can make up to five nests. She can lay as many as 135 eggs in a nest. The eggs take about two months to hatch. The baby turtles are about  in length.
Diet 
Green turtles are omnivorous when they are young, eating plants, algae, plankton and other small animals. As they get older, they become herbivorous, eating only plants such as sea grass. Their body fat is green from the chlorophyll of the plants they eat. The edges of their jaws have many points, like the edge of a saw. Their jaws can rip off pieces of plants and the turtles swallows the pieces whole.

Endangered 
The numbers of green turtles around the world has dropped by more than half over the last 150 years. The main reasons are hunting of turtles and the taking of their eggs. Many turtles are killed when they get caught in fishing nets. There is also a disease called fibropapillomatosis which is affecting them. This disease which causes tumors to grow on the turtle's face is probably caused by damage and pollution of their nesting beaches.

References

Turtles
The Brahminy River Turtle or Crowned River Turtle (Hardella thurjii) is a species of turtle found in northern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (in the watersheds of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus rivers).

Reptiles of Pakistan
Ornate Reef seasnake (Hydrophis ornatus) is a species of sea snake.

References

Reptiles of Pakistan
Elapidae
Snakes of Asia
The discography of Soundgarden, an American rock band, consists of six studio albums, one live album, four compilation albums, seven extended plays, twenty-four singles and eighteen music videos.

This list does not include material recorded by Soundgarden band members with Skin Yard, Temple of the Dog, Pearl Jam, Hater, Wellwater Conspiracy, or Audioslave.

Soundgarden was formed in 1984 by vocalist Chris Cornell, guitarist Kim Thayil, and bassist Hiro Yamamoto. The band signed with the independent label Sub Pop and released the Screaming Life EP in 1987 and the Fopp EP in 1988. In 1988, the band signed with legendary punk record label SST Records and released its debut full-length album Ultramega OK. The band subsequently signed with A&M Records, becoming the first grunge band to sign with a major label. In 1989, the band released its first album for a major label, Louder Than Love.
In 1990, the band was joined by a new bass player, Ben Shepherd. They released Badmotorfinger in 1991. The album brought the band to a new level of commercial success, and Soundgarden found itself amidst the sudden popularity and attention being paid to the Seattle music scene. The band's next album was to be its breakthrough. Superunknown, released in 1994, debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 and launched several successful singles, including "Spoonman" and "Black Hole Sun". In 1996, the band released its fifth studio album, Down on the Upside; while successful, the album could not emulate the precedent set by Superunknown.

In 1997, the band broke up because they could no longer agree on how their music sounded. The members worked on other projects for more than ten years. Soundgarden got back together in 2010. Two years later, they released their sixth studio album, King Animal.

Studio albums

Compilations

Extended plays

Singles

Videos

Music videos

Other appearances

References
References

Other websites
Discography on the Unofficial Soundgarden Homepage

Discographies of American artists
Discography