Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The hoatzin eats the leaves and some fruits and flowers of plants which grow in the wet habitats where it lives. It clambers around clumsily among the branches. Once it was thought that the species only could eat the leaves of  arums and mangroves, but the species does eat the leaves of more than fifty species. One study undertaken in Venezuela found that the hoatzin diet was 82% leaves, 10% flowers, and 8% fruit.
 
One of this species' many peculiarities is that it has a digestive system unique amongst birds. Hoatzins use bacterial fermentation in the front part of the gut to break down the vegetable material, much as cattle and other ruminants do. Unlike ruminants, however, which have the rumen (a specialized stomach for bacterial fermentation), the hoatzin has an unusually large crop, folded in two chambers, and a large, multi-chambered lower oesophagus. Its stomach chamber and gizzard are much smaller than in other birds.
Relationships 
So far (2015) very few birds have had their total genome analysed. More recently, a start was made to sequence the entire genome of the hoatzin.  As of 2011, it was reported that more than 1.4 billion base pairs of hoatzin DNA had been sequenced, roughly equal to its entire haploid genome, but that only about 2.4% of its genome had yet been assembled. Of birds, the genomes of only four species have been sequenced. Much might be learned by coordinating these efforts with analysing the hoatzin foregut ruminant bacterial microflora. At present, the nearest relatives of the hoatzin are not known. There is a fossil record which suggests its lineage is fairly ancient.

References 

Birds of South America
National symbols of Guyana
Tasman Peninsula is 75 km by road south-east of Hobart, at the south east corner of Tasmania, Australia.

Location
Tasman Peninsula is south and west of Forestier Peninsula. It is connected by a very narrow piece of land (isthmus) called Eaglehawk Neck.  The Forestier Peninsula is joined to the rest of Tasmania by an isthmus called East Bay Neck, near the town of Dunalley about 60 km from Hobart.

There are a lot of things for visitors to see including the Conservation Park, on the main highway at Taranna, the Port Arthur Historic Site and a number of beaches.

Early history
The first people to live here were the Australian aborigines. They were part of a group known as the Ostyer Bay tribe. This large group lived on the east coast of Tasmania. The Tasman Peninsula is named after Dutch explorer Abel Tasman.
The first European settlement of the Peninsula was Port Arthur in the 1830s.  It was selected as a penal colony because it was isolated from the rest of Tasmania. It could be easily got to by sea. The other prison colony at Macquarie Harbour on the west coast was too difficult to get to by sea. The prisoners there were moved to a new prison at Port Arthur. The peninsula also had a lot of trees that could be used for ship building and building houses. It had a deep sheltered harbour where visiting British warships could be repaired.  Eaglehawk Neck was lined with guards and guard dogs, to prevent the escape of any convicts. Some did escape, including the bushranger Martin Cash.

The Saltwater River, Tasmania historic site (entry free) is near the north west tip of the peninsula. It was originally the site of a coal mine. Prisoners dug for coal during the day and lived in underground cells at night.
The prison at Port Arthur is now a tourist attraction. Tourism is a major business in most of Tasmania. Bushwalking is also popular in the remote parts of the peninsula. Popular places to walk to include Cape Raoul and Cape Pillar at the south west and south east ends of the Peninsula, on either side of the entrance to Port Arthur.

Tasmanian Devil
It is now the main area in the battle to save the Tasmanian Devil from extinction. The devils have been getting a new type of cancer called Devil Facial Tumour Disease (DFTD). It has spread quickly through the devil population. The disease has already killed more than half of the Tasmanian devils.

The peninsula's isolation from the Tasmanian mainland is ideal for keeping a healthy wild Tasmanian devil population. This project involves the local Tasmanian Devil Conservation Park at Taranna and government and university scientists.
Coastline
The rocky coastline has been the site of a number of shipwrecks.  Two large steam ships have sunk after hitting the Hyppolyte Rocks off the east coast - the Tasman in 1883 and the Nord in 1915.  Munroe Bight to the north of Cape Pillar is named after the American ship James Munroe wrecked there in 1850.

Local industry
In the years between convict settlement and the start of the modern tourist industry the area most people worked in the timber industry and fishing.  The area was not suitable for big farms. There are some fruit orchards and some small mixed farms. The area was isolated until a regular river steamer began sailing from Port Arthur to Hobart in the 1880s.  From 1900 to the 1930s the main shipping company was the Huon, Channel & Peninsula Steamship Company. They owned several ships including the M.V. Cartela.

Many smaller towns are also on the Tasman Peninsula. The largest are Nubeena and Koonya. Smaller villages are Premaydena, Highcroft and Stormlea.
The local government area is the Tasman Council. The major road to Hobart is called the Arthur Highway.  The current population is around 2000. In summer the area gets many visitors and the population rises to around 6000.

The Tasman Peninsula is well known for its rocky eastern coastline. Much of it is now in the Tasman National Park. At Eaglehawk Neck the rocks have made many strange shapes and patterns. These include Remarkable Caves, Tasman's Arch and the Tessellated Pavement. On the south of the peninsula are the highest sea cliffs in the southern hemisphere, rising 300 m above the Tasman Sea at Cape Hauy. The peninsula is claimed as one of Australias best surfing spots at Cape Roaul and Roaring Beach.

References
References

Broxam & Nash, Tasmanian Shipwrecks, Volumes I and II, Navarine Publishing, Canberra, 1998 & 2000.
Nicholson, Ian H., Shipping Arrivals & Departures, Tasmania, Volumes I and II, Roebuck Society, Canberra, 1983, 1985.
Historical Records of Australia.
George Cox, Ships in Tasmanian Waters, Fullers Bookshop, Hobart, 1971.

Further reading
Storey, Shirley and Peter.(1990) Tasman tracks- 25 walks on the Tasman and Forestier Peninsulas Koonya Press.

Geography of Tasmania
Peninsulas of Australia
A non-player character (or an NPC) is a character played by a computer in a video game. NPCs are in many video games and help the player learn how to play the game or guide the player through the game.

Video game characters
Role-playing games
Breaking Dawn is the fourth and last novel in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer. The novel is divided into three sections called 'books'. The story in Book One and Book Three is told from the perspective of Bella Swan. Book Two is from the perspective of Jacob Black, Bella's werewolf friend. Breaking Dawn was released on August 2, 2008 with a special midnight release in many bookstores.

Plot
As the book opens, Bella is driving a Mercedes Guardian that Edward has bought to protect her from getting into trouble. After informing Bella's parents of their engagement, Bella and Edward marry in a traditional wedding ceremony. The wedding has a minor disturbance during a confrontation between Jacob, Bella and Edward. Not wanting to spoil her wedding day, Bella puts aside her disappointment in Jacob's unpleasantness. Edward and Bella soon depart for their honeymoon off the coast of Brazil. Edward then fulfills Bella's wish and makes love to her. The next day they argue because Edward's passionate lovemaking leaves dark bruises all over Bella's body. He then refuses to make love to her while she is still human. Meanwhile, she has a recurrent dream of a small, green-eyed boy that she feels compelled to protect she also has dreams of her and Edward making love. Bella also finds herself constantly hungry and sick
. But soon after Bella awakes in the middle of a dream crying; Edward asks whats wrong and instead of telling him she decices to show him and kisses him very passionately and Edward gives in. They have made love multiple times and upon seeing a box of unused tampons in her suitcase, she realizes that her period is late and she is pregnant. Though Bella has longed for a child, she becomes immediately attached to her baby when she becomes aware of its existence. Edward, however, is only concerned for her health, and after hearing stories from a local woman (who suspects that Edward is a vampire) of similar situations that resulted in the mothers' deaths, Edward wants to get rid of the baby. Book one ends as Edward prepares to bring Bella home where he says that Carlisle will "take care of it," and as Bella secretly calls Rosalie for help.
Book II: Jacob 
The book is told from Jacob's perspective.  He receives news of Edward and Bella's return, and that Carlisle has told Charlie that Bella is quarantined because she has contracted a rare disease in South America. Jacob assumes that Bella has been bitten and transformed. He is upset when Sam Uley, acting Alpha of the pack, declares that the pack will not retaliate. Jacob, full of anger, decides that if the pack will not retaliate collectively, he will act alone. Formulating strategies of attack, he runs to the Cullen house. When he arrives, however, he discovers that things aren't as he expected. Bella, as opposed to being a newborn vampire, is already heavily pregnant with Edward's and her child. It is clear that the child's rapid growth is starving and hurting Bella.
Bella goes into labor approximately a month after the honeymoon. The hard placenta that surrounds the child cracks; Bella begins vomiting blood. The child breaks free and Bella is very near death. Edward delivers the baby, a girl, and begins CPR, then transforms Bella into a vampire. He injects his venom into her heart and bites her in several places. Believing that Bella is dead and that there is no hope she will be resuscitated, Jacob leaves the room and goes to kill the baby whom he holds responsible. He finds her in Rosalie's arms and looks into the baby's eyes.  They are exactly the same shade of brown as Bella's. Jacob imprints on her.
Book III: Bella 
The book returns to Bella's perspective. She has just given birth to her daughter, and is now experiencing the painful transformation from human to vampire. After two days, she opens her eyes. The Cullens are wary of Bella as newborn-vampires are volatile. Yet, Bella manages to exhibit some self-control unseen in normal newborns. She wishes to see her daughter, Renesmee, but since Renesmee is part-human, the family believes Bella will be unable to control her newborn thirst if she sees the child so soon without first hunting.
Edward takes Bella on her first hunt to ease her thirst. Before they leave, Alice shows Bella her reflection. She has transformed into a stunningly beautiful woman with flawless skin and newborn-vampire red eyes. Bella does not recognize her reflection at first due to her volatile-looking red eyes.
After leaving a note with Sam Uley from the copyright page of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Alice and Jasper suddenly leave the Cullens. Since the couple does not provide a warning or reason, the Cullen family does not know why the couple has fled, and assumes that Alice has foreseen there is no hope for the situation. Since it was her copy of the book, Bella perceives this as a sign from Alice. She returns to the cottage and she finds that Alice has written a name and address on another page of the book. When Bella goes to the address, she finds that it leads to the office of a lawyer who can forge documents. Bella requests documents for Jacob and Renesmee, should they need to escape if a fight ensues with the Volturi. Meanwhile, nomadic, vegetarian, and clans of vampires arrive at the Cullen estate after the family begins to seek their friends' assistance with the Volturi. Most of them are enthralled by Renesemee, and almost all agree to bear witness to the Volturi that she is not an immortal child
Bella also discovers that her power of mind-privacy has a shielding effect and she wonders if she can extend this protection to others. During the month of preparation for the Volturi, several of the vampires with quantifiable supernatural talents teach Bella how to expand the barrier. When the Volturi and Irina finally arrive, all of the vampires and the werewolves meet in a clearing in the forest. The Volturi discover that they have been misinformed and immediately execute Irina for her mistake. However, the Volturi are not satisfied to leave because the Volturi leaders want the exceptionally gifted vampires to join them. Those on Bella's side are protected when Bella's shield disables the Volturi's offensive fighters, Alec and Jane. Aro, Caius and Marcus decide to vote on whether or not Renesmee will be a danger to the vampire world when she attains maturity
. Just before Aro can cast his deciding vote, Alice and Jasper return with another half-human, half-vampire from South America who is about one hundred fifty years-old. He and his three half-sisters (who are also half-vampire, half-human) are the children of a vampire who is creating a "super race." They have never caused any danger to the vampire world. Facing no other choice, Aro chooses to give up the fight, and the Volturi flee.
After leaving the Cullen estate for their cottage, Bella and Edward tuck Renesmee into her bed and proceed to their bedroom arm-in-arm. Bella tells Edward she wants to try something with him. She has been secretly practicing for this moment. Bella places her hands on his cheeks and tries to push away her shield.  She conjures her special memories that she wants to share with Edward. He is finally able to see for the first time just how deeply she has always loved him. She wants to remove the barrier for Edward so he can access her mind. She says that they have only forever for her to perfect it. The Twilight series closes with "And then we continued blissfully into this small but perfect piece of our forever."

Cover 
The cover of Breaking Dawn is a metaphor for Bella's changes during the entire story. She began as the weakest (at least physically, when compared to vampires and werewolves) player on the board: the pawn. She ended as the strongest: the queen.
The title "Breaking Dawn" is a reference to the beginning of Bella's vampire life.

Marketing campaigns 
Entertainment Weekly magazine printed a small part of Breaking Dawn on Friday, May 30, 2008. Stephenie Meyer also gave a 'Quote of the Day' from Breaking Dawn for about 3 weeks before the book was released on August 2, 2008. The first quote was on Meyer's website on July 12, 2008.
The first part of Breaking Dawn, "Engaged", was released in the special edition of Eclipse.

Reception 
Some readers liked Breaking Dawn but others did not.

In an article on The Daily News Tribute Margaret Smith says of Breaking Dawn "You too might fall in love with its suspense and moving sensitivity -- and with the unlikely couple struggling to find light within their world’s heart of darkness."
Criticisms 
In an interview on EW.com, Meyer talked about the fans' reaction to the book. She said the "wild reaction" fans had the "Rob Effect". She said the fans need time to accept the ending of Breaking Dawn, just as they needed time to accept Robert Pattinson playing the role of Edward Cullen in the Twilight movie.

An article about Breaking Dawn on nymag.com asked: "Did 'Breaking Dawn' Ruin the Twilight Series?".
The article said: "The L.A. Times'  Denise Martin didn't like it and says that unlike J.K. Rowling in her series finale, 'Meyer's bunted.'"

The Washington Post also did not like the book. It used comments such as, "...Meyer has put a stake through the heart of her own beloved creation," and, "Breaking Dawn has a childbirth sequence that may promote lifelong abstinence in sensitive types."

References

Other websites 
 Breaking Dawn page at StephenieMeyer.com
 Twilight Saga Wiki

2008 books
Vampire novels
American young adult novels
Books by Stephenie Meyer
Shayne Ward (16 October 1984) is an English singer. He was born in Clayton, Greater Manchester. He won the 2005 UK series of television programme The X Factor. He has released three studio albums.

Other websites 

English pop musicians
English singers
Musicians from Manchester
The X Factor contestants
1984 births
Living people
The X Factor is a British television programme, in which ordinary people who want to be singers compete for a recording contract and a cash prize. It is shown from August-December each year on Saturdays and Sundays on the channel ITV. It replaced Pop Idol by Simon Cowell in 2004.

Hosts
The show started being presented by Kate Thornton, but she left in Series 3 (2006.) Ben Shephard was hoping to present, but his offer was turned down. Instead, Dermot O'Leary took over in Series 4 (2007) and presented for 8 series, until his departure from the show in Series 10. Olly Murs and Caroline Flack became the first duo to host the show, but only lasted one season, mainly because they were very unpopular with the public. Dermot O'Leary returned to present the 13th series and has continued to present the show since.

Winners

Judges

Spin-offs

Xtra Factor
The Xtra Factor was the spin-off show of the X Factor UK. It is broadcast on British Television channel ITV2. The hosts of the spin-off are well known for hosting for short periods of time. The first Xtra Factor host was Ben Shephard, and he quit in Series 3, because his offer of being the main presenter (after Kate Thornton's departure) was turned down by the show's producers. Fearne Cotton  then hosted for the fourth series. Holly Willoughby, Cotton's close friend, replaced her during the following two series, but was replaced by Blue Peter former presenter, Konnie Huq in 2010, however, Konnie lasted only one series. Olly Murs and Caroline Flack became the first duo to host the Xtra Factor in Series 8, and they presented together for two seasons. Olly then left in order to focus on his music career. He was replaced by Matt Richardson, but then Caroline and Matt announced their leave. Sarah-Jane Crawford hosted for only the 11th season
. The Saturdays singer Rochelle Humes teamed up with Melvin Odoom to present the Xtra Factor's twelfth season. Matt Edmondson and Rylan Clark-Neal presented the thirteenth and final series
On 18 January 2017, it was announced that The Xtra Factor would be axed after 13 years and would be replaced by an online show instead.

Celebrity version 
In 2006, there was a celebrity version titled The X Factor: Battle of the Stars. It saw nine celebrity acts perform over the course of 8 episodes. The winner (Lucy Benjamin) received money for her chosen charity as a prize. The judges were Simon, Sharon and Louis. In 2019, there was a similar version returned titled The X Factor: Celebrity. The judges were Simon, Louis and Nicole.

The X Factor: The Band 
The X Factor: The Band was a one-time special edition of the show. It was a version with the aim of creating a new popular band. The show had four episodes. The girl group Real Like You won the live final. The show was judged by Simon Cowell, Nicole Scherzinger and former winner Leona Lewis.

References
References

2000s British television series
2010s British television series
2004 British television series debuts
ITV reality television programmes
The X Factor
English-language television programs
Television series created by Simon Cowell
Cheryl Ann Tweedy (born 30 June 1983) is an English singer and dancer.

Career

Girls Aloud 
In 2002, Cole auditioned for music reality show Popstars: The Rivals. She and four other girls, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts, Kimberley Walsh, and Nadine Coyle won the competition. They formed a group called Girls Aloud on 30 November 2002, which has since been very successful. They have had 20 top ten singles in the United Kingdom, and have been nominated for four BRIT Awards, winning best single for 'The Promise."

The X Factor 
Cole was asked to become a judge on The X Factor in 2008. She won it in her first year with Alexandra Burke. Burke has had a number one single and a number one album in 2009. Cole won it again in 2009, mentoring the eventual winner Joe McElderry.
Solo work 
Cole released her first solo single, Fight for This Love, in October 2009 from her solo album "3 Words". It went straight to number one in the charts, becoming the best-selling song of 2009. Her new album 'Messy Little Raindrops' went straight to number one in the album charts, 'Promise This' is a hit single from the album. She has a new song called "Call My Name", which was released on 10 June 2012. Her autobiography was published in 2012.

Assault 
In January 2003, Cole punched a toilet attendant in a nightclub in Guildford, Surrey. In October that year, she was convicted of assault occasioning actual bodily harm. She was sentenced to 120 hours of community service.

Personal life 
Cole married Chelsea and England football player Ashley Cole in July 2006. In February 2010, they announced their separation after several newspapers claimed he had been unfaithful with other women.

References
References 

British autobiographers
British people convicted of assault
English dancers
English R&B singers
English pop singers
English dance musicians
English television personalities
Girls Aloud
Singers  from Newcastle upon Tyne
1983 births
Living people
Dannii Minogue (born 20 October 1971) is an Australian pop singer, actress, presenter and model. She was a judge on the British television programme The X Factor from 2007 to 2010. She was born Danielle Jane Minogue in Melbourne on 20 October 1971 to a Welsh immigrant mother and Irish-Australian father. Her sister is singer Kylie Minogue. Her most successful hit was "Who Do You Love Now".

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 

Actors from Melbourne
Australian child actors
Australian models
Australian movie actors
Australian pop singers
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian television actors
Musicians from Melbourne
1971 births
Living people
Australian composers
Australian television presenters
Mezzo-sopranos
The X Factor
Vegetarians
In music, a side project is a musical project by one or more people who are already famous for their work in another band. The term "side project" can also be used when a musician changes their style. Side projects usually happen so that a musician can do music that they would not normally do as part of the band.

An example of this is the Japanese band Poppin’Party.

Musical terminology
Martin Cash (baptised 10 October 1808 – 26 August 1877) was a famous Australian bushranger. He was one of the few people who escaped from the prison at Port Arthur, Tasmania. In 1870 he wrote a book (autobiography) about his life.

Early life
Cash was born at Enniscorthy, County Wexford, Ireland. As a boy he worked on a farm at Wexford. In March 1827, he was convicted of stealing from houses. In his book, Cash says he shot a man in the bottom (buttocks). The man had been kissing and hugging Cash's mistress. He was sentenced to seven years transportation to Australia.
Convict
Cash was sent as a convict to Sydney, sailing in the ship Marquis of Huntley. He was sent to work for George Bowman in the Hunter River area. After being set free, he continued to work for Bowman. He was suspected of stealing cattle so he left New South Wales and went to Van Diemen's Land with Bessie Clifford and arrived in February 1837. In 1839 he was again convicted of stealing and sent to prison for seven years. During the next three years he escaped three times. He nearly escaped from Port Arthur by swimming. He was given an extra four years in prison at Port Arthur.
Bushranger
On Boxing Day 1842 Martin Cash, with George Jones and Lawrence Kavenagh escaped from a work party. They hid in the thick bush and walked to Eaglehawk Neck. They swam across with their clothes tied up above their heads. They all lost their clothes and had to steal some. For nearly two years, they robbed mail coaches, houses and hotels. They almost never used violence and became known as 'gentlemen bushrangers'. They were called Cash and Company. On July 14, 1843, the government offered a reward of 100 sovereigns or 100 acres of land for help in capturing Cash.

Cash thought that Bessie Clifford was with another man. He went to Hobart in August 1843, but was captured. During his capture he shot and killed a policeman. Cash was sentenced to death by hanging. At the last minute, the lieutenant-governor changed the punishment to prison for life. Cash was sent to Norfolk Island for ten years. He became a well-behaved prisoner and given some important jobs, such as looking after the young boys.
Farmer and Author
In March 1854, he was able to marry Mary Bennett (1824–1914), a convict from County Clare. He was let out of prison and went back to Tasmania. He worked in the gardens in the government Domain, Hobart. In May 1856, he went to New Zealand, but came back to Tasmania four years later. He bought a hop farm at Glenorchy. Cash told the story of his life to James Lester Burke, an Irish ex-convict. Burke wrote down the story which was published in Hobart in 1870. It has been reprinted many times. Martin Cash died on August 27, 1877.

References

 F. Clune, Martin Cash (Syd, 1955); M. Cash, Martin Cash: The Bushranger of Van Diemen's Land in 1843-4: A Personal Narrative of His Exploits in the Bush and His Experiences at Port Arthur and Norfolk Island (Hob, 1961)
 L. L. Robson, Russel Ward, 'Cash, Martin (1808–1877)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, Melbourne University Press, 1966, pp 214–215.

1808 births
1877 deaths
Australian criminals
Bushrangers
Australian autobiographers
is a prefecture of Japan in the Kyūshū region of Japan on the island of Kyūshū. The capital city is Saga.

History
The area of Nagasaki Prefecture and Saga Prefecture was formerly called Hizen Province. The current name dates from the Meiji Restoration.

In the Edo period this area was called the .

Seven Wise Men of Saga
"The Seven Wise Men of Saga" is the name for seven men from Saga. Each of them was important to the development of modern of Japan. They began changing the country around the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate. They continued modernizing Japan during the Meiji Restoration.
Lord Naomasa Nabeshima was lord of the Nabeshima clan. He brought in European technology and culture.
 Sano Tsunetami started the Japanese Red Cross.
 Shima Yoshitake explored Hokkaidō.
 Soejima Taneomi was a Diet member, Foreign Minister, and Minister of Domestic Affairs. He was also a well-known writer and poet.
 Ōki Takatō was Minister of Civil Affairs, Education, and Legal Affairs. He was a Diet member.
 Eto Shimpei, also once a Minister of Legal Affairs He was a Diet member and started Japan's system of courts and judges.
 Ōkuma Shigenobu was Prime Minister of Japan. He also started Waseda University.

Timeline
 November 19, 1274 (Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month): Battle of Bun'ei
 August 15, 1281 (Kōan 4, 30th day of the 7th month): Battle of Kōan
 1716 Hagakure, a famous Bushido manual is compiled 
 1874 (Meiji 7): Saga Rebellion.
 1975 (Shōwa 50): Genkai Nuclear Power Plant begins operation
 2011 (Heisei 23):Kyūshū Shinkansen opens
Geography
Saga is the smallest prefecture on Kyūshū.  It is bordered by the Genkai Sea and the Tsushima Strait to the north and the Ariake Sea to the south. Nagasaki Prefecture is on its western border. Fukuoka Prefecture and Kumamoto Prefecture are east of Saga.

Cities

Towns

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Yodohime jinja and Chiriku Hachiman-gū are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Sagan Tosu
 Kyushu Ceramic Museum

References

Other websites

 http://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/web/saga-english.html ,  
 http://www.city.saga.lg.jp/en/ ,  
SagaJET website
What Is This? was a rock band from Los Angeles, California. The band started in 1977 with two friends from Fairfax High School, Hillel Slovak and Jack Irons, who formed a band called Anthym. Flea joined the band as bass player, before leaving to go to college. Flea and another school friend, Anthony Kiedis, asked Slovak and Irons to play with them in a one off group they called Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem. This group became the Red Hot Chili Peppers.  Hillel Slovak, Flea, and Jack Irons were members of both bands. Slovak and Irons left after Red Hot Chili Peppers' first album to keep playing with What Is This?M After Natasha Shneider joined the band, they changed their name to Walk The Moon and then to Eleven.

References

American rock bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
The Shanghai World Financial Center is a  high skyscraper in Shanghai, China. It has 101 storeys and is currently the third tallest building in the world, because Burj Khalifa is the tallest. Inside the building, there are offices, hotels and shopping malls.

This building's roof is actually higher than Taipei 101's roof, but Taipei 101 has a spire on top, making Taipei 101 taller than Shanghai World Financial Center.

References 

Skyscrapers in China
Buildings and structures in Shanghai
The black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) belongs to the Elapidae family of snakes. It is the second largest venomous snake in the world. An adult black mamba can grow up to  in length. The black mamba's skin is not actually black, it gets its name from the colour of the roof of its mouth. 

The black mamba lives in the south and the east of Africa. It is known around the world for its dangerous venom. It is very fast (it reaches speeds of 12 miles per hour) and can also climb very fast. The black mamba lives 10-11 years.

Habitat
Black mambas enjoy rock-covered hills, forested savannah, and woods with rocks and fallen trees to shelter them. They also can be found in hollow trees and in termite mounds. If the black mamba is not disturbed, it will come back to a certain home all its life. They are typically found in subsaharan places in parts of south and east Africa. They can be found as far north as Eritrea, and as far west as Namibia, and in South Africa.
Prey 
Black mambas eat small mammals like rodents, squirrels and bush babies. Sometimes they eat birds. They bite once or twice and then wait for their prey to become paralyzed and die. Then they eat them.

Predators 
There is not much information on the predators of the black mamba, but snakes have many predators. Some predators are birds of prey, crocodiles, big frogs, mongooses, monitor lizards, foxes, jackals, and even humans. We kill them because we are afraid of their dangerous venom. Also, snake eggs are sometimes eaten by scavengers. They are timid and do not strike unless threatened.
Behavior 
The black mamba is a shy animal. They like to avoid other animals, but if another animal confronts them, they become aggressive. When the black mamba is threatened, it will raise its head, open its mouth, expand its hood, and flick its tongue. It will also hiss. Its bites are fast and it bites many times. Its venom can be fatal to us. The black mamba likes to bask in the sun, and it remembers the spot it basks at. They are fast and can climb trees quickly.

They communicate in the same ways that most snakes do. They use their eyes to detect motion, and if it is sudden they will attack. They 'see' with their tongue by collecting air particles and then putting them on an organ in their mouth. The organ senses what is around them with the air particles. They do not have ears on the outside of their body, but they can sense vibrations in the ground. Like many other snakes, if they are threatened, they will show aggression and signals that warn the attacker.
Venom 
A black mamba's bite is easily enough to kill many adult men. The deadly poison takes between 30 minutes to 3 hours to kill, in most cases. Unlike most snakes it has enough venom to bite many times in a short period. A black mamba usually attacks the head of its prey if possible. This is so it can kill it's prey easily. For this reason a black mamba can raise itself to a height of almost four feet.
Reproduction 
When the males and females are done mating, they go back to their homes. In two to three months the females will lay 6-17 eggs, which will hatch in 2-3 months. Black mambas do not interact with each other besides mating. They do not try to raise their young. When the female lays her eggs, she will put them in a safe place and leave them. The babies have to defend themselves from birth. Young black mambas stay in the egg for 2-3 months, and then they break through the shell with an 'egg tooth.' They are almost fully developed when they hatch, and they already have venom glands and can defend themselves mere minutes after their birth.
Black mambas mate in the early springtime. The male snakes will find a female by following their scent. When the male black mamba finds the female, he will inspect her with his tongue. Male snakes will fight a lot during the mating season. They intertwine their bodies and raise their heads up to one meter off the ground. It looks like dancing.
Related species
The black mamba is related to all members of the elapidae family

References

Krysko, Kenneth L. Mamba. World Book Advanced. World Book, n.d.
Schott, Randy. Dendroaspis polylepis - black mamba. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan, 2005. 

Elapidae
Reptiles of Africa
The cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely grown plant in the family Cucurbitaceae. This family also includes squash. A cucumber looks similar to a zucchini (British English: courgette). 

To a botanist, cucumbers are biologically fruits even if they are commonly thought of as vegetables: that is their value as a food. They can be cooked, eaten raw, or pickled. Some people hollow out the cucumber and fill it with other food, like tomatoes or feta cheese.

References 

Fruits
Cucurbitaceae
Vegetables
Anne Wood CBE (born December 1, 1937) is a British children's television producer.  Her independent production company, "Ragdoll Productions", was founded in 1984 and specialises in making original programming for children 10 and under. Ragdoll is based in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK and has produced Pob, Brum, Rosie and Jim, Tots TV, Teletubbies, Boohbah and most recently In the Night Garden.
She has won a BAFTA.

Notable TV guest appearances 
Good Morning Australia playing "Herself" 10 February 2004

Other websites 
 

Teletubbies
Living people
1937 births
British television producers
This is a list of episodes of the children's television series with the Teletubbies.

Original Series (1997-2001)

Season 2 1998-1999

Season 3 1999-2000

Season 4 2000-2001

Season 5 (2001)

New Series

Season 6 2015-present

Season 7 2016-present

References 
 Teletubbies episode list  at TV.com
 Teletubbies episode list at IMDb.com

Teletubbies
Timothy Charles "Tim" Whitnall (born 27 June 1961 in Canvey Island, Essex) is an English playwright, screenwriter, and actor known for playing Angelo in the long-running CITV series Mike and Angelo and narrating the BBC children's TV programme Teletubbies (UK and Canada). In the USA, the USA narrator was Rolf Saxon.  He currently co-provides voices in Thomas & Friends.

Career
He has starred in many West End musicals including Elvis, Grease, The Rocky Horror Show, and Good Rockin' Tonight.

He worked extensively in film, TV, and radio and presented (and wrote for) the BBC School's series, "The Music Arcade" (with Lucie Skeaping), "Into Music", "Time and Tune", "Music Workshop", and "Let's Sing". He has provided many voice-overs and vocals for TV commercials, animations, and jingles.
Whitnall's theatre play The Sociable Plover, first performed at Old Red Lion Theatre in 2005, was made into a feature film by Poisson Rouge Pictures and Solution Films (re-titled as The Hide) and received its UK première on Film4 in February 2009. Following its screen release at the ICA Cinema, London, the film was released on DVD in January 2010. For this work, Whitnall was nominated for Best First Feature Length Screenplay category in the 2010 Writer's Guild of Great Britain Awards.

Whitnall's stage-play Morecambe – a tribute to the late comedian Eric Morecambe – won a Fringe First Award for 'innovation and excellence in new writing' at the 2009 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The show opened at London's Duchess Theatre the following December and toured the UK through 2010. The piece was nominated in two separate categories in the 2010 Laurence Olivier Awards and won the 'Best Entertainment' category.
In 2012, BBC Four screened Whitnall's 90-minute drama Best Possible Taste: The Kenny Everett Story, which examined and celebrated the life of Kenny Everett. It was directed by James Strong, produced by Paul Frift and starred Oliver Lansley and Katherine Kelly. For it, Whitnall won the Breakthrough Talent Award in the 2013 BAFTA Television Craft Awards.

During 2014, Whitnall joined the cast of the CGI version of the British TV series Thomas & Friends, and has provided the voices of the characters Timothy and Reg (in the UK/US), and since 2015-6, Mike, Jerome and Oliver the Excavator in the UK/US.

Personal life
He lives in Richmond, Surrey with his partner, Anna Murphy, with whom he has a production company, Feather Productions Ltd.

Filmography

Actor

Film

Video games

Screenwriter

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites
 

Actors from Essex
English television actors
English voice actors
Teletubbies
Living people
1961 births
The College Dropout is the debut album by rapper and producer Kanye West, released February 10, 2004. It was nominated for Grammy Award for Album of the Year and won Best Rap Album and Best Rap Song for "Jesus Walks" in 2005. The album has received great acclaim from critics and mainstream fans alike, for its balance of mainstream commercial appeal and its innovative subject matter. It has been called one of the greatest albums of all time by Time and Rolling Stone.

Background and production 
Kanye West had gotten attention for his production but was not well-known for his rapping. He was turned down by record labels because he didn't have the gangsta image that was popular at that time. He eventually signed with Roc-A-Fella Records. In 2002, West was in a bad car accident which gave him a shattered jaw, so his jaw had to be wired shut. He recorded a song called "Through the Wire" with his jaw still wired shut. This song helped him get a starting point for the album.
The album was recorded at The Record Plant in California. The beats used mainly had pitch shifted samples from gospel and soul records. Some of the beats used were gathered over a long period of time. When the album was finished, it was leaked. West used this as an opportunity to re-assess the album and improve it. He added strings and gospel choirs into his songs.

Lyrics 
The album was different from the gangsta rap that was popular at that time. The lyrics were on subjects that affected West's life such as family, religion, racism, materialism and more.

Commercial performance 
The College Dropout reached #1 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums Chart, and reached #2 on the Billboard 200. In the UK, it peaked at #12 on the album chart and spent several months in the top 20. The album went triple platinum in the United States.
The first single from the album, "Through the Wire", was recorded while West's mouth was wired shut after a near-fatal car accident in October 2002. It features a Chaka Khan sample, peaked at #15 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles chart while its successor "All Falls Down", which features R&B singer Syleena Johnson, peaked at #7. The third single, "Jesus Walks", peaked at #11 while a fourth extract, "The New Workout Plan", made a minor impression on the R&B/Hip-Hop charts (see list of US Billboard chart positions below). In the UK, "Through The Wire" peaked at #9 on the singles sales chart, "All Falls Down" peaked at #10, and "Jesus Walks" peaked at #11.

Track listing
Notes
"Intro", "School Spirit Skit 1", "School Spirit Skit 2", "Graduation Day", "I'll Fly Away", & "The Li'l Jimmy Skit" feature vocals by DeRay Davis.
"We Don't Care" features vocals by John Legend and Riccarda Watkins.
"Graduation Day", "Jesus Walks" and "Never Let Me Down" feature vocals by John Legend.
"I'll Fly Away", "School Spirit" and "Lil Jimmy Skit" feature vocals by DeRay Davis and Tony Williams.
"Spaceship" and "Last Call" feature vocals by John Legend and Famous Tony Williams.
"Get Em High" features vocals by Sumeke Rainey.
"Workout Plan" features vocals by Brandi Kuykenvall, Candis Brown and Tiera Singleton.
"The New Workout Plan" features vocals by John Legend and Sumeke Rainey.
"Slow Jamz" features vocals by Aisha Tyler.
Sample credits
"We Don't Care" contains samples of "I Just Wanna Stop", written by Ross Vannelli and performed by The Jimmy Castor Bunch.
"All Falls Down" contains interpolations of "Mystery of Iniquity", written and performed by Lauryn Hill.
"Spaceship" contains samples of "Distant Lover", written by Marvin Gaye, Gwen Gordy Fuqua and Sandra Greene, and performed by Marvin Gaye.
"Jesus Walks" contains samples of "Walk with Me", performed by The ARC Choir; and samples of "(Don't Worry) If There's a Hell Below, We're All Going to Go", written and performed by Curtis Mayfield.
"Never Let Me Down" contains samples of "Maybe It's the Power of Love", written by Michael Bolton and Bruce Kulick, and performed by Blackjack; and interpolations of "Hovi Baby" (remix), written by Shawn Carter, Justin Smith and Kenneth Edmonds, and performed by Jay-Z.
"Slow Jamz" contains samples of "A House Is Not a Home", written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David, and performed by Luther Vandross.
"Breathe In Breathe Out" contains samples of "Precious Precious", written and performed by Jackie Moore.
"School Spirit" contains samples of "Spirit in the Dark", written and performed by Aretha Franklin.
"Two Words" contains samples of "Peace & Love (Amani Na Mapenzi) – Movement IV (Encounter)", written by Lou Wilson, Ric Wilson and Carlos Wilson, and performed by Mandrill; and samples of "The Rainmaker", written by Harry Nilsson and Bill Martin, and performed by The 5th Dimension.
"Through the Wire" contains samples of "Through the Fire", written by *David Foster, Tom Keane and Cynthia Weil, and performed by Chaka Khan.
"Family Business" contains samples of "Fonky Thang", written by Terry Callier and Charles Stepney, and performed by The Dells; and interpolations of "Ambitionz az a Ridah", written by Tupac Shakur and Delmar Arnaud, and performed by 2Pac.
"Last Call" contains samples of "Mr. Rockefeller", written by Jerry Blatt and Bette Midler, and performed by Bette Midler; and samples of "She's Gone to Another", written by Kenneth Ruffin and performed by The Whatnauts.
Personnel 
Information taken from The College Dropout liner notes.
Jacob Andrew – engineer
Darrin Asemota	– A&R
Thomassina Atkins – vocals
Burt Bacharach – composer
Rich Balmer – engineer
Miri Ben-Ari – arranger, producer, piolin
Shalik Berry – A&R
The Boys Choir of Harlem – featured artist, guest artist, primary artist, vocals
Candis Brown – vocals
Albert E. Brumley – composer
Kareem "Biggs" Burke – executive producer
Jay-Z – executive producer, writer, primary artist
Common – featured Artist, guest artist, primary artist
Consequence – featured Artist, primary artist
Dave Dar – engineer
Damon Dash – executive producer
Andrew Dawson – engineer
Eric Duvauchelle – art direction, design
Michael Eleopoulos – engineer
Evidence – producer
Jamie Foxx – featured artist, guest artist, primary artist
Ramses Francois – A&R
Aretha Franklin – composer
Freeway – featured Artist, primary artist
Marcus Fuller – engineer
GLC – featured artist, performer, primary artist
Mike Godshall – art direction, design
Francis Graham – engineer
Terrence Hardy – vocals
L.D. Harris – composer
Lauryn Hill – composer
Diamond Alabi Isama – vocals
J. Ivy – featured artist
Eric Johnson – guitar
Syleena Johnson – featured artist, guest artist
Kyambo Joshua – A&R, executive producer
Tom Keane – composer
Anthony Kilhoffer – engineer
James Knight – vocals
Brent Kolatalo – engineer
Brandi Kuykenvall – vocals
Talib Kweli – featured artist, guest artist, primary artist
Darcell Lawrence – financial director
John Legend – vocals, backing vocals, piano
Ken Lewis – bass, guitar, instrumentation, keyboards, percussion, sampling
Ludacris – featured artist, guest artist, primary artist
Manny Marroquin – mixing
Beverly A. McCargo – vocals
Lavel Mena – vocals
B. Miller – composer
C.C. Mitchell – composer
Tim Morris – art direction, design
Mos Def – featured artist, guest artist, primary artist
Bobby Naugle – logo design
Jason Rauhoff – engineer
Patrick Reynolds – A&R
Lauri Rowe – art
Tatsuya Sato – engineer
Eddy Schreyer – mastering
Kevin Shannon – vocals
Tiera Singleton – vocals
Keith Slattery – engineer, keyboards
Dante Smith – composer
Tracie Spencer – backing vocals
Eugene Toale – vocals
Tarrey Torae – vocals
Twista – featured artist, primary artist
Aisha Tyler – vocals
Tony Vanias – recording coordinator
Cynthia Weil – composer
Kanye West – main composer, executive producer, primary artist,
Tony Williams – vocals
Cam Wilson – composer
R. Wilson – composer
Carlisle Young – engineer
Josh Zandman – piano
Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References 

2004 albums
Debut albums
Kanye West albums
Hip hop albums
Soul albums
R&B albums
73 (seventy-three) is a number. It comes after seventy-two, but before seventy-four. 73 is the 21st prime number. Its mirror, 37, is the 12th, and its mirror, 21, is the product of multiplying seven and three and in binary, 73 is a palindrome, 1001001, which backwards is 1001001.

Integers
Prime numbers
The Fowler Ridge Wind Farm is a wind farm in Benton  County, Indiana, near the city of Fowler, IN about  northwest of Indianapolis.  Fowler Ridge was constructed in two phases and has a generating capacity of 600 MW.

References

Wind farms
The Shepherds Flat Wind Farm is an 845 megawatt (MW) wind farm in the eastern part of U.S. state of Oregon, near Arlington, in both Gilliam and Morrow counties. Groundbreaking came in 2009, and it officially opened in September 2012.

Related pages
Fowler Ridge Wind Farm
Wind power

References

Wind farms
Buildings and structures in Oregon
T. Boone Pickens, a former Texas oilman, is planning to build the world's largest wind farm, called the Pampa Wind Project, as part of the Pickens Plan. It will be developed by Pickens' company, Mesa Power. The proposed 4,000 MW facility will be located near Pampa, Texas, which is on the Texas Panhandle, and will stretch to the east, spanning 400,000 acres in five counties. This will provide enough power for 1.5 million average homes.

When it was planned, it would have been the largest wind farm in the United States. As of May 2008, the largest U.S. wind plant is the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center with a capacity of 736 MW.
On March 2, 2009, Mesa Power announced that it was working on the first phase of the project. But had put off work on the later phases. It canceled 120 of 197 wind leases. 
In July 2009, Mesa Power delayed (but did not cancel) the project. Mesa Power said the project must wait because it did not have transmission capacity to the site and poor credit market. Mesa Power will restart the Pampa Wind Farm project in 2013, when transmission lines are due to be completed in the area.  In the meantime, Mesa Power will use the 667 turbines it purchased to build several smaller wind farms.

References

Wind farms
Buildings and structures in Texas