Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Awards
1994: Mensa Select Award winner
1994: Origins Awards for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Board game of 1993 and Best Graphic Presentation of a Board game of 1993
1994: Origins Award for the Legends set as Best Game Accessory
1995: Deutscher Spiele Preis special award for new gameplay
1995: Italian Gaming Society Gioco dell'Anno award winner
1996: Super As d'Or award for "Best New Game Concept and Genre Introduced in France"
1997: InQuest Fan Award for Best CCG Expansion for the Weatherlight expansion
1998 Origins Award for the Urza's Saga set as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year
1999: Inducted alongside Richard Garfield into the Origins Hall of Fame
2003: Games Magazine selected Magic for its Games Hall of Fame
2005: Origins Award for the Ravnica: City of Guilds expansion as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year
2009: Origins Award for the Shards of Alara set as Collectible Card Game Expansion of the Year

Richard Garfield and Donato Giancola have also won personal awards for Magic.
References

Card games
1993 establishments
The giant salamanders are a family of large aquatic amphibia, the Cryptobranchidae. 

They are the largest living amphibians. The Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus), reaches up to , feeds on fish and crustaceans, and has been known to live for more than 50 years in captivity. The Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) can reach a length of .

They live in brooks and ponds in the eastern United States (the hellbender), and in China and Japan.

Anatomy 
Cryptobranchids are large, fat salamanders, with folds of skin along their flanks. These help increase the animal's surface area, allowing them to absorb more oxygen from the water. 

Their metamorphosis from the larval stage is incomplete, so that the adults retain gill slits (although they also have lungs), and lack eyelids. 

Chinese giant salamanders have lived as long as 75 years in captivity. It eats aquatic insects, fish, frogs and also crabs and shrimps.
Hunting habits 
They hunt mainly at night, and as they have poor eyesight, use sensory nodes on their head and body to detect tiny changes in water pressure, allowing them to find their prey.

Reproduction 
During mating season, these salamanders will travel upstream. After the fertilization of the eggs, the male will guard them for at least six months. At this point, the offspring will live off their noticeable stored fat until they are ready to hunt. Once ready they will hunt as a group rather than individually.

Scientists at Asa Zoo in Japan have recently discovered that the male salamander will spawn with more than one female in his den. Sometimes the male "den master" will also allow a second male into the den, but the reason for this is unclear.

Scientific names
Scientific names 

 Genus Cryptobranchus (hellbenders)
 Hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis )
 Genus Andrias (giant salamanders)
 Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)
 Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus)
Genus Aviturus (Aviturus exsecratus)
Genus Zaissanurus (Zaissanurus beliajevae)

References

Other websites 
Eastern Hellbender Fact Sheet 
 Japanese Giant Salamander 
 Cryptobranchid Interest Group
 

Salamanders
Manfred Albrecht Freiherr von Richthofen  (2 May 1892 - 21 April 1918) was a German fighter aircraft pilot in World War I. His nickname was the "Red Baron". He is considered the ace-of-aces of the war, being officially credited with 80 air combat victories. The "Red Baron" is one of the most famous aviators in history and the subject of numerous representations in music, film and other media. He already received numerous honors and award for his exploits.
Life
Richthofen was born in Breslau, Germany.
In August 1914, Richthofen became a cavalry officer in World War I. In May 1915, he joined the air service and became an observer. He did that because the training course was shorter and would get him to fighting faster. In October, he began training as a pilot. In March 1916, he entered combat. He had his first victory in April. In 1917, he was in command of a squadron nicknamed the "flying circus". He painted his airplane red so his fellow Germans could see him. Richthofen’s sixteenth victory flying a plane made him the best pilot in Germany in 1917.
On April 21, 1918, Richthofen was fatally shot, whilst flying low above the Somme Valley, near Amiens while fighting in France. He was 25 years old. He was chasing an enemy plane when a bullet passed through his chest, fatally wounding him. He then made a crash landing, in a field on a hill near the Bray-Corbie road, just north of Vaux-sur-Somme. His Fokker Dr.I was seriously damaged by the landing. One witness, Gunner George Ridgway, said that Richthofen was already dead when he and other Australian soldiers reached the plane.

Canadian fighter pilot Arthur Roy Brown was officially credited with killing Richthofen. However, it is now generally agreed that the bullet that killed Richthofen was fired by a soldier on the ground. The enemy buried Richthofen's body with full military honors.

References

Notes

Other websites
 

1892 births
1918 deaths
German aviators
German military personnel of World War I
Military people killed in World War I
People from former German territories
People from Wrocław
The Fokker Dr.I was a World War I fighter airplane. It was designed by Reinhold Platz and built by Fokker-Flugzeugwerke. 

The Dr.I was used only in small numbers and it had many problems. It is well known as the plane flown by the "Red Baron", Manfred von Richthofen.

World War I aircraft
Fokker aircraft
German military aircraft
Elmer Earl "Butch" Hartman IV (Born January 10, 1965, Highland Park, Michigan) is an American cartoonist and animator, creator of The Fairly OddParents, Danny Phantom, T.U.F.F. Puppy and Bunsen is a Beast.

Childhood
Hartman was born in Highland Park, Michigan to Elmer Earl Hartman III and Carol Davis. He got the nickname "Butch" as a kid and still calls himself Butch as an adult. Hartman spent his childhood in Roseville, Michigan and his teen years in New Baltimore, Michigan.

He graduated from Anchor Bay High School in New Baltimore in 1983. He then went to an art school called The California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, California.
Early career
While still attending the California Institute of the Arts, Hartman received the chance to intern as an in-between animator on the Don Bluth film, "An American Tail". Shortly after graduating from the California Institute of the Arts Hartman was hired as a character designer for the animated series "My Little Pony". Instead, they had him working on storyboards (which he had not done before) and as quickly as he was hired, he was fired.

Soon after Hartman found work with Ruby Slash, where he worked on "Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog", "Captain N: The Game Master" and "Gadget Boy & Heather".

He was also a video reference crew for the Disney movie Pocahontas. Later, he became a writer, television director and storyboard artist for several Hanna-Barbera shows, including Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, and Johnny Bravo. 

After his contract with Hanna-Barbera finished up he went to work with former co-worker Fred Seibert on Oh Yeah! Cartoons.
His biggest success came in 1997, when he created The Fairly OddParents. (The idea came to him during the drive from Hanna-Barbera to Nickelodeon to pitch an idea to Fred Seibert.) It was originally a series of made for TV shorts on the anthology show, Oh Yeah!Cartoons. In 2001, Nickelodeon picked it up as a full series. The Fairly OddParents became a huge hit, second only in the ratings to SpongeBob SquarePants. Due to the success of "OddParents", Hartman was asked to create another cartoon for Nickelodeon, (Hartman says the President of Nickelodeon asked him if he had an idea, and before he could say the title he was given a contract.) Hartman created Danny Phantom, in 2004. The Fairly OddParents ceased production in 2006, but it was announced on Hartman's website on February 2, 2007 that 20 more episodes will be produced. On July 11, 2007, The first new episode of Danny Phantom was aired on the Nicktoons Network. Danny Phantom ended production on August 24, 2007
. The 7th Season of The Fairly OddParents aired on February 18, 2008, starting with the 1-hour special Fairly Odd Baby.
Hartman was asked to serve as executive producer and screenwriter of Doogal, the Americanized dub of the British/French animated film The Magic Roundabout. Butch Hartman revealed in a 2017 interview during the Weinstein scandal that the film was originally supposed to include a live-action frame story similar to The Princess Bride but it was scrapped due to budget costs and therefore replaced with Judi Dench's narration. Hartman even revealed that the original U.S. movie poster had his name and his production company Billionfold Inc. on it, until they were removed in later posters in copyright favor of both Pathé and Action Synthese's credits
. He later expressed long-harbored remorse for his involvement where he revealed that most of his actual script was actually rewritten without his consent by producer Harvey Weinstein and his distribution and production company The Weinstein Company with a screenplay by Hoodwinked! co-director Cory Edwards; he also claimed that only 3% of his original script made it into the final film.
The film was then dubbed by The Weinstein Company, and was released on February 24, 2006. However, Doogal was poorly received by critics, and did poorly in the box-office, grossing only $7 million and getting 7% on Rotten Tomatoes.

Other and future works
Hartman is currently working on two new projects for Nickelodeon: one, a live-action series and the other, animated. It has also been stated that 20 more episodes of The Fairly OddParents are currently under production and if possible, he may decide to go ahead and work on a theatrical feature film The Fairly OddParents Movie as well. He also has a brand new cartoon series T.U.F.F. Puppy set to premiere on Nickelodeon in October, 2010. Hartman is the creator and it stars Jerry Trainor as the voice of the lead character, Dudley Puppy. The other shows that he created are Bunsen is a Beast, HobbyKids Adventures, and The Garden.

Hartman currently lives in Bell Canyon, California, with his wife, Julieann, and daughters, Carly and Sophia.
FOP looks of other Nicktoons and Shows
On an edition of Nick Magazine, Butch Hartman posted FOP looks of Nicktoons and other Nick Shows such as  Zoey 101, SpongeBob SquarePants, Rugrats, Drake & Josh, and Avatar: The Last Airbender.

Other websites

References

1965 births
Living people
American animators
American screenwriters
Writers from Michigan
Modes of limited transposition are a kind of musical scale.  They were used by the French composer Olivier Messiaen.

Major scales have twelve different transpositions.  This means that a major scale can start on any of the twelve notes (C, C#, D, D# etc.).  There are also twelve different transpositions of the minor scale.  Each transposition (“each scale”) is a different combination of notes (in this case: all of them).

A chromatic scale (one which uses every note, i.e. using all white and black notes of a keyboard) only has one transposition.  This means that a chromatic scale can start on any note: each time it is the same combination of notes.
Messiaen was fascinated by scales that only had a few (usually two or three) transpositions.  For example: the whole tone scale, which rises by a whole tone each time, has two transpositions.  It can start, for example, on a C, so that the notes are C, D, E, F#, G#, A#, C.  It can start on a C# so that the notes are C#, D#, F, G, A, B, C#.  Transposing this up another semitone, starting on D,  would give D, E, F#, G#, A#, C, D which is exactly the same combination of notes as the first one (the starting note is not important).  The whole-tone scale was used by many composers including Glinka, Liszt and, especially, Debussy.  Messiaen called it the  first mode of transposition.

Messiaen’s second mode, also called the “octatonic scale”,  rises by alternating semitone, tone, semitone, tone etc.  Messiaen used this scale a great deal, not just in his tunes but in the chords that he used (i.e. melodically and harmonically).
The third mode rises by a pattern of tone, semitone, semitone.  It has four transpositions.

The other four modes each have a total of six transpositions.

Messiaen liked these modes because there is no note which sounds like the starting note.  All the notes sound equal.  He described them as having "the charm of impossibilities."

Music theory
Olivier Messiaen (born Avignon, 10 December 1908; died Clichy, near Paris, 27 April 1992) was a French composer and organist. He is the most famous French composer of the mid-20th century and one of the most important and original composers of his time. He was a brilliant organist and played the organ at the church of La Trinité in Paris for over 60 years.  He wrote music for orchestra, piano and organ, most of which is very difficult to play. He was also a great music teacher who taught several young students who became well-known composers e.g. Pierre Boulez, Yvonne Loriod (who became his second wife), Karlheinz Stockhausen, George Benjamin and Iannis Xenakis.
Biography 
Messiaen started to compose when he was seven years old. When he was given the score of Debussy’s opera Pelléas et Mélisande he could imagine the music in his head and he knew he wanted to be a composer. He went to the Paris Conservatoire when he was 11.  His teachers included some famous composers such as Paul Dukas, Maurice Emmanuel, Charles-Marie Widor and Marcel Dupré. He was appointed organist at the church of La Trinité in Paris in 1930, a post he held until his death.
When World War II broke out Messiaen was made a prisoner of war in 1940.  While he was held in a Silesian camp he composed a work which was to become a very famous piece of chamber music: the Quatour pour la fin du temps ("Quartet for the end of time") for piano, violin, cello, and clarinet.  He composed for these instruments because they were the instruments available. The piece was first performed by Messiaen and fellow prisoners to an audience of 5000 inmates and prison guards. He played a poorly maintained upright piano in freezing conditions and the trio played third-hand unkempt instruments. The work is about the life at the prison camp. Today the work is seen as   one of 20th-century classical music's acknowledged masterpieces. The title's "end of time" alludes to the Apocalypse. It is also about the way that Messiaen, through rhythm and harmony, used time in a manner completely different from other people..
When he was free again in 1941 Messiaen became professor of harmony at the Paris Conservatoire.  He composed 20 pieces for piano which are called Vingt regards sur l’enfant Jésus (Twenty visions of the child Jesus).  He wrote a book about the way he composed, called Technique de mon langage musical (The Technique of my musical language).

Messiaen soon became famous for his teaching and was invited to teach in other countries such as Germany, Hungary and the United States.  He became interested in the rhythms of Greek and Hindu music.

In 1952, Messiaen was asked to provide a test piece for flautists  at the Paris Conservatoire. He composed the piece e  for flute and piano. He had long been fascianted by birdsong. Birds had also appeared in many of his earlier works, such as  ,  and . This flute piece, however, was  based entirely on the song of the blackbird.
He took this development to a new level with his 1953 orchestral work . Its material consists almost entirely of the birdsong one might hear between midnight and noon in the Jura. From this period onward, Messiaen incorporated birdsong into his compositions and composed several works for which birds provide both the title and subject matter (for example the collection of 13 piano pieces  completed in 1958, and  of 1971). Paul Griffiths observed that Messiaen was a more conscientious ornithologist than any previous composer, and a more musical observer of birdsong than any previous ornithologist.

His first wife died in 1959 and he remarried in 1961.  He also became very interested in birdsong and spent a lot of time with his wife in the country with a tape recorder recording birdsong.  He imitated the birdsong in his music, especially in piano pieces called Oiseaux exotiques (Exotic birds) and the Catalogue d’oiseaux (Catalogue of birds).
Messiaen wrote a lot of organ music which he performed himself.  One very popular work is called Transports de joie (Outburst of joy).  It is one of four pieces called L'Ascension (The Ascension).  A much longer work, consisting of nine movements, is the La Nativité du Seigneur (The Birth of our Lord).  The last movement of this piece is a toccata called Dieu parmi nous (God among us).  It has become a favourite piece for organists to play at recitals or after Christmas carol services.
Messiaen wrote a long piece for orchestra called the  Turangalîla  Symphony.  It was first performed in Boston in 1949 with Bernstein conducting.  The French government commissioned a piece called Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum (And we expect the rising of the dead) which was dedicated to people who had died in the two world wars.  It was performed in the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris and then in Chartres Cathedral in 1965 in the presence of General Charles de Gaulle.  In 1966 Messiaen became professor of composition at the Paris Conservatoire.

His visit to the Grand Canyon inspired him to write a ten-movement orchestral piece called Des Canyons aux étoiles (From the canyons to the stars), which was first performed in 1974 in New York.
Messiaen had been asked in 1971 to write an opera for the Paris Opéra. At first he did not want to start such a large work, but in 1975 he was persuaded to accept the commission and began work on his Saint-François d'Assise.  It took him several years to compose.  It was performed in 1983.  Messiaen said that he preferred to call it a “spectacle” instead of an “opera”.

Messiaen retired from teaching at the Conservatoire in 1978. In 1987 he was given the highest rank: the Grand-Croix of the Légion d'honneur.
Messiaen was in a lot of pain near the end of his life.  He needed operations on his back.  He still managed to finish a piece called  Éclairs sur l'au delà, which was first performed by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra six months after the composer's death. Messiaen had also been composing a concerto for four musicians he felt particularly grateful to: his wife Loriod, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, the oboist Heinz Holliger and the flautist Catherine Cantin. This was nearly finished when Messiaen died, and Yvonne Loriod orchestrated the last movement with advice from George Benjamin.

Music style
Music style

Messiaen said of himself that he was a “composer and rhythmician”.  He meant by this that rhythm was very important in his music.  He taught himself all about Greek metres although he did not speak the Greek language.  He liked rhythms which use odd numbers.  Very often a bar of his music may have one extra semiquaver so that there might be 17 semiquavers in a bar.  He studied Hindu rhythms and found ways of changing the rhythms during the music.  He was very influenced by the rhythms in  Stravinsky’s famous piece The Rite of Spring.

Messiaen’s harmonies are very individual.  He was fascinated by scales which can only be transposed in two or three different ways.  He called these scales “modes of limited transposition”.
Messiaen’s music is full of different sounds.  He wrote extremely well for large orchestras and for the organ, using different instruments or organ sounds in very original ways, e.g. in Chronochromie (1960) for large orchestra and Méditations sur le mystère de la Sainte Trinité.(1969), a work which uses styles from his earlier period together with birdsong. Messiaen had synesthesia which meant that music often made him think of particular colours.  In his orchestra Messiaen often used an instrument called the ondes Martenot which was a kind of electronic keyboard instrument. His sister-in-law Jeanne Loriod was a famous player of the ondes Martenot.  Messiaen was also influenced by Indonesian gamelan music.  For a short time he experimented with total serialism.
In some of his later works such as the La Transfiguration de notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ'', for choir of 100 voices, seven instrumental soloists and large orchestra, composed in the late 1960s, he used a simpler musical language which has helped it to become very popular.

Messiaen was a devout Roman Catholic all his life.  His religion was a very important influence on his life and music.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians; edited by Stanley Sadie 

1908 births
1992 deaths
People from Avignon
20th-century French composers
French military people
French organists
French Roman Catholics
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
World War II people
History 
When the People's Republic of China was formed in 1949, the Communist Party of China under Mao Zedong wanted to help the Chinese people read and write.  Before 1949, most Chinese people could not read.  The government hoped that by using fewer strokes to write characters, along with many other changes in the education system, the Chinese language would become more standardized like Japanese.  The Empire of Japan had brought changes to the Japanese writing system during the earlier Meiji Restoration to make literacy and education more widely available to all Japanese citizens.  Mao also hoped that simplifying Chinese characters would begin to shift Chinese people away from using the character system itself and that eventually Chinese-speakers would only use a phonetic alphabet to write.
The first set of simplified Chinese characters were first put to public use in 1956. Over time, more characters became "simplified", or existing ones changed, once in 1964 and again in 1978 and 1984. Many people did not like these changes because too many characters with different meanings were merged.

In hopes of promoting phonetic writing, the CCP was also working creating a standard romanization to accurately represent the pronunciation of Standard Chinese, pinyin. It was first taught in primary schools in 1958.

Roughly 2,000 Chinese characters have been simplified.

Current use
Today, simplified Chinese characters are used throughout Mainland China. It is also taught and used in some countries in Southeast Asia, including Singapore, and Malaysia.
Since the Republic of China fled to Taiwan and became separated from the rest of China, the government there did not choose to simplify its writing system, and so it still uses the older traditional Chinese characters. The territories of Hong Kong and Macau have also kept using traditional characters, even though they are politically part of the rest of China, which switched to simplified characters.

It could not be proven that Simplified Chinese characters were able to help people with reading and writing. As places using Traditional Chinese characters did not have literacy problems, in 2009 Pan Qing-Lin, a Chinese official, suggested to stop using Simplified Chinese characters. This did not happen.
In multi-racial societies, like Singapore, students have been learning a second language for many years. Because of this, Simplified Chinese characters are welcomed by students. People who learned the simplified set had little problem changing over to the traditional set. Even to this day, there are many reasons for the need to use traditional Chinese characters, such as working in places that did not adapt the simplified Chinese characters or reading older books that have not yet been translated to Simplified Chinese characters.

Most simplified characters have far fewer strokes. For example, the traditional character 馬 has 10 strokes, while its simplified version 马 only has 3 strokes. However, there are some  simplified characters with more strokes than their traditional versions. For example, the traditional character 強 has 11 strokes, while the simplified version 强 has 12 strokes.

Simplified vs. traditional characters 
Below is a list of simplified characters next to their traditional versions.
There are several ways to simplify characters.
 Write a character or one of its radicals in its cursive form. For example, 长 is a cursive form of 長, and 话, 银, 饮, and 狗 are cursive forms of 話, 銀, 飲, and 豿 in the same order.
 Replace a traditional character with an existing character for a word that has the same pronunciation.For example, the character 面 was and still is a traditional character that means "face" or "side", but it is now also the simplified version "noodles", since both words have the same pronunciation, miàn, and has replaced the traditional character 麵.
 Replace a radical in the character using has another radical with a similar or the same pronunciation. For example, the top part of 華, pronounced huá, is replaced with 化, pronounced huà, making the simplified character 华.
 Remove a radical from the traditional character. For example, the simplified character 杀 completely removes the right half of the traditional character 殺.
Use an ancient variant of the character that a traditional character replaced. For example, the simplified character 云 replaced the traditional character 雲, which had also replaced the simplified character 云 before the 1956 simplification.
References

Chinese characters
History
Court officials in the Han Dynasty believed that small seal script characters, which were standardized under Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi when he unified China, took too much time to write because Chinese characters at the time were written using curved lines instead of more angular lines. So Han officials decided to simplify writing Chinese characters by using multiple strokes, or lines, to form characters and radicals, rather than long curved lines. The changed small seal script characters are now commonly known as Hanzi (Simplified Chinese: 汉字 / Traditional Chinese: 漢字, meaning "Han characters"), because they were from the Han Dynasty. Hanzi became the standard writing system of Chinese and it even spread to other countries and languages. It was also used (with some differences) in the Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese languages.
Today, Japanese is the only non-Chinese language that still uses Chinese characters in daily life. They call them Kanji. After WWII, the Japanese simplified many of the characters. They called their simplified characters Shinjitai (which are not to be confused with simplified characters in Chinese), while traditional characters were called Kyujitai.

The older, "traditional" forms of Chinese characters remained more or less the same (although there were a few changes now and then) until the People's Republic of China (PRC) was formed in 1949. At that time, the Communist Party of China (CPC) started to create simplified Chinese characters, in which anywhere between 20-30% of all the Chinese characters used in daily life were replaced by ones that had fewer strokes and were easier to write. This move by the CPC, which took place in the 1950s throughout Mainland China, was made in order to make education more available to common people, especially farmers.
At the same time, the government of the Republic of China, which had fled to Taiwan, chose not to simplify its writing system. They continue to use traditional Chinese characters, believing that simplified characters were made to take away important details in traditional characters in order to limit thought. The Cantonese-speaking territories of Hong Kong and Macau have also kept using traditional characters, even though they are politically part of the PRC, which uses simplified characters. The Chinese taught as a second language in Southeast Asia uses simplified characters, and the government of Singapore and the Chinese community in Malaysia have adopted simplified characters as their standard script. Many immigrant communities of overseas Chinese also tend to use traditional rather than simplified characters.

Traditional vs. simplified characters 
Below is a list of simplified characters next to their traditional versions.

Related pages 
 Standard Chinese
 Mandarin Chinese

Chinese characters
Windows Server 2008 is an unsupported (by now, except for Azure customers) server operating system from Microsoft, the previous version of which was Windows Server 2003.

This operating system was codenamed named Windows Server "Longhorn", but on May 15, 2007,  Bill Gates announced its official name on Windows Hardware Engineering Conference 2007.

This operating system has several new features compared to its previous version. Many of these new features are present in Windows Vista.

Windows Server 2008 removed support for processors without ACPI. It is the first version of Windows Server that includes Hyper-V and is also the final version of Windows Server that supports x86-based processors (also know as IA-32-based or 32-bit processors). Its successor, Windows Server 2008 R2 requires a 64-bit processor in any supported architecture (x86-64 for x86 and Itanium).

References

Other websites

Microsoft
Microsoft

Microsoft TechCenter for Windows Server 2008
New Networking Features in Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista – lengthy article from Microsoft Technet covering new networking features in detail
Changes in Functionality from Windows Server 2003 with SP1 to Windows Server 2008
Windows Server 2008 Technical Overview

Others
Screenshots of Server Components from Latest Longhorn Builds 
ZDnet UK article
News.com
computerperformance.co.uk 
winsupersite.com Preview 
winsupersite.com Preview 2 

Microsoft operating systems
Windows Server 2003 is a server operating system produced by Microsoft. Introduced on April 24, 2003 as the next version to Windows 2000 Server, it was considered by Microsoft to be the cornerstone of their Windows Server System line of business server products.

According to Microsoft, Windows Server 2003 is more scalable and delivers better performance than Windows 2000 Server.

References 

Microsoft operating systems
Perry is an alcoholic beverage. It is made from fermented pears. It is made similar to the way cider is made from apples.  Peary has been common for centuries in England. It is mostly found in the English counties  of Gloucestershire, Herefordshire, and Worcestershire. Tt is also made in parts of South Wales and the Normandy and Anjou areas of France. 

In more recent years, perry has also been referred to as "pear cider". Some groups (such as CAMRA) do not accept this as a name for the drink. The National Association of Cider Makers says that the terms perry and pear cider are interchangeable.

References

Fermented drinks
Plate tectonics is a theory of geology. It explains movement of the Earth's lithosphere. The lithosphere is the Earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is divided into plates, some of which are very large and can be entire continents.

Heat from the mantle is the source of energy driving plate tectonics. Exactly how this works is still a matter of debate. This theory includes the idea of continental drift.

Earth's crust 
The outermost part of the structure of the Earth is made up of two layers. The lithosphere, above, is solid. It includes the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.
Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is like a solid or a hot viscous liquid. It can flow like a liquid on long time scales. Large convection currents in the asthenosphere transfer heat to the surface, where plumes of less dense magma break apart the plates at the spreading centers. The deeper mantle below the asthenosphere is more rigid again. This is caused by extremely high pressure.

Continental and oceanic plates 
There are two types of tectonic plates: oceanic and continental.

An oceanic plate is a tectonic plate at the bottom of the oceans. It is primarily made of mafic rocks, rich in iron and magnesium. It is thinner than the continental crust (generally less than 10 kilometers thick) and denser. It is also younger than continental crust. When they collide, the oceanic plate moves underneath the continental plate because of its density. As a result, it melts in the mantle and reforms. The oldest oceanic rocks are less than 200 million years old.
Continental plate is the thick part of the earth's crust which forms the large land masses. Continental rock has lower density than oceanic rock. They are mostly made of felsic rocks. These have granite, with its abundant silica, aluminum, sodium and potassium. Continental plates are rarely destroyed. Their oldest rocks seem to be 4 billion years old. Oceanic plates cover about 71 percent of Earth’s surface, while continental plates cover 29 percent.

Thickness of plates 
Ocean lithosphere varies in thickness. Because it is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward, it gets thicker as it moves further away from the mid-ocean ridge. Typically, the thickness varies from about  thick at mid-ocean ridges to greater than  at subduction zones.

Continental lithosphere is about  thick. It varies between basins, mountain ranges, and the stable cratonic interiors of continents. The two types of crust differ in thickness, with continental crust being much thicker than oceanic:  vs. .

Movement of plates
The lithosphere consists of tectonic plates. There are seven major and many minor plates. The lithospheric plates ride on the asthenosphere (aesthenosphere). The plate boundary is where two plates meet. When movement occurs, the plates may create mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes, mid-oceanic ridges and oceanic trenches, depending on which way the plates are moving.
 Convergent boundaries: two plates move toward each other. Sometimes one plate will move under the other. This is called subduction. When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the oceanic plate will move underneath the continental because it is denser. Convergent boundaries can create mountains and volcanoes. The Andes mountain range in South America and the Japanese island arc are examples, along with the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Divergent boundaries: two plates move apart. As shown in the diagram, the place where the boundary occurs is called a rift. Magma from the mantle pushes up and cools off forming new land. They create earthquakes and trenches. The Mid-ocean ridges and Africa's Great Rift Valley are examples.
 Transform fault boundaries: two plates move side to side. They make earthquakes. The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary. New Zealand is another, more complex, example.
Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along plate boundaries. The lateral movement of the plates varies from:
  per year (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). This is as fast as fingernails grow.
  per year (Nazca Plate). This is as fast as hair grows.

Major plates 
Depending on how they are defined, seven or eight major plates are usually listed:
 African plate
 Antarctic plate
 Indo-Australian plate, sometimes subdivided into:
 Indian plate
 Australian plate
 Eurasian plate
 North American plate
 South American plate
 Pacific plate

Related pages
 List of tectonic plates
 Tectonics
Alfred Wegener

References 

 McKnight, Tom 2004. Geographica: the complete illustrated atlas of the world, Barnes and Noble; New York. 
 Stanley, Steven M. 1999. Earth system history. Freeman, p211–228. 
 Thompson, Graham R. & Turk, Jonathan 1991. Modern physical geology. Saunders. 
 Turcotte D.L. & Schubert G. 2002. Geodynamics. 2nd ed, Wiley, New York.

Other websites
Other websites 

 Movie showing 750 million years of global tectonic activity.
 More movies over smaller regions and smaller time scales.
 Easy-to-draw illustrations for teaching plate tectonics
 Map of tectonic plates 
 Plate tectonics -Citizendium
The lithosphere is the solid shell of the planet Earth. This means the crust, plus the part of the upper mantle which behaves elastically over long time scales. 

Under the lithosphere is the asthenosphere, the weaker, hotter, and deeper part of the upper mantle. This part can flow.  

The lithosphere provides a conductive lid on top of the convecting mantle: it reduces heat transport through the Earth. A lithosphere (Ancient Greek: λίθος [lithos] for "rocky", and σφαίρα [sphaira] for "sphere") is the rigid,[1] outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet or natural satellite which is defined by its rigid mechanical properties. On Earth, it is composed of the crust and that portion of the upper mantle which behaves elastically on time scales of thousands of years or greater. The outermost shell of a rocky planet, the crust, is defined on the basis of its chemistry and mineralogy.
Types of lithosphere :- 
There are two types of lithosphere:-
Oceanic lithosphere,                                                                                                                                                                           which is associated with oceanic crust and exists in the ocean basins. Oceanic lithosphere is typically about 50–100 km thick 
Continental lithosphere,                                                                                                                                                                                         which is associated with continental crust. Continental lithosphere has a range in thickness from about 40 km to perhaps 200 km, of which about 40 km is crust.

The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates, which move gradually relative to one another.
Oceanic lithosphere thickens as it ages and moves away from the mid-ocean ridge. This thickening occurs by conductive cooling, which converts hot asthenosphere into lithospheric mantle, and causes the oceanic lithosphere to become increasingly dense with age. Oceanic lithosphere is less dense than asthenosphere for a few tens of millions of years, but after this becomes increasingly dense than asthenosphere. 

When a continental plate comes together with an oceanic plate, at a subduction zones, the oceanic lithosphere always sinks beneath the continental. 

New oceanic lithosphere is constantly being produced at mid-ocean ridges and is recycled back to the mantle at subduction zones. As a result, oceanic lithosphere is much younger than continental lithosphere: the oldest oceanic lithosphere is about 200 million years old, while parts of the continental lithosphere are billions of years old.
Another distinguishing characteristic of the lithosphere is its flow properties. Under the influence of the low-intensity, long-term stresses that drive tectonic motion, the lithosphere is like a rigid shell. It changes mainly by breaking ("brittle failure"). The asthenosphere (the layer of the mantle below the lithosphere) is heat-softened and adjusts by plastic changes ("deformation").

Oceanic lithosphere is made up of mostly basalt and gabbro. Continental lithosphere is made up of granite and gneiss.

Related pages 
Biosphere
Plate tectonics

References

Other sources
 Earth's crust, lithosphere and asthenosphere 
 Crust and Lithosphere
 Barrel J. 1914a,b&c. The strength of the Earth's crust. Journal of Geology. 22, 425-433; 441-468; 655-683. 
 Daly, R. 1940 Strength and structure of the Earth. New York: Prentice-Hall.
 Chernicof, Stanley and Whitney, Donna. 2007. Geology. an introduction to physical geology, 4th ed, Pearson 2007
Other websites 
Links for Middle School students on the Earth's composition

Structure of the Earth
The New Jersey Devils are an ice hockey team that is part of the NHL. They play in the state of New Jersey. They have won the Stanley Cup, awarded to the best team in the NHL, 3 times.

Year by year

Statistics above are correct as of April 28, 2010.

Franchise records

Scoring leaders

These are the top-ten point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season. 
Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game * = still active with the teamUpdated at completion of 2008–2009 season''

Franchise records
Franchise records

Regular season
Most goals in a season: Brian Gionta, 48 (2005–06)
Most assists in a season: Scott Stevens, 60 (1993–94)
Most points in a season: Patrik Elias, 96 (40 G, 56 A) (2000–01)
Most penalty minutes in a season: Krzysztof Oliwa, 295 (1997–98)
Most points in a season by a defenseman: Scott Stevens, 78 (1993–94)
Most points in a season by a rookie: Scott Gomez, 70 (1999–00)
Most wins in a season: Martin Brodeur, 48 (2006–07) (also the NHL record)
Most shutouts in a season: Martin Brodeur, 12 (2006–07)
Most power play goals in a season: Brian Gionta, 24 (2005–06)
Playoffs
Most goals in a playoff season: Claude Lemieux, 13 (1995)
Most goals by a defenseman in a playoff season: Brian Rafalski, 7 (2001)
Most assists in a playoff season: Scott Niedermayer, 16 (2003)
Most points in a playoff season: Patrik Elias, 23 (9 G,14 A) (2001)
Most points by a defenseman in a playoff season: Brian Rafalski and Scott Niedermayer, 18 (2001, 2003)
Most penalty minutes in a playoff season: Perry Anderson, 113 (1988)

Team
Most points in a season: 111 (2000–01)
Most wins in a season: 51 (2008–09)
Longest season-ending win streak: 11 (2005–06) (also the NHL record)

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1974 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in New Jersey
The Nashville Predators are a professional ice hockey team based in Nashville, Tennessee. They play in the National Hockey League (NHL).  Their name is sometimes shortened to the "Preds." They play in Bridgestone Arena (formerly named Nashville Arena, Gaylord Entertainment Center, and Sommet Center). Their logo is a reference to a partial Smilodon skeleton that was found beneath downtown Nashville in 1971, during the construction of the First American National Bank. The franchise held a vote with the fans to choose a team name. The three candidates that were chosen were: The "Ice Tigers", "Fury", and "Attack". Another choice, "Predators", was added to the vote. Predators won the vote, and the new franchise was named the Nashville Predators.

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Tennessee
Crookes is an area of the City of Sheffield, England, about 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) west of the center of the city. It borders Broomhill to the south, Walkley and Crookesmoor to the east and open countryside around the River Rivelin to the north. The area is  
thought to have got its name from the Old Norse word "Krkor" which means a corner of land.

References 

Sheffield
The Dallas Stars are a professional ice hockey team based in Dallas, Texas. They play in the National Hockey League (NHL). They have won 1 Stanley Cup, in 1999.

The team began in the autumn of 1967, as the Minnesota North Stars. After the 1992-1993 season, the team moved to Dallas. Texas is known as the "Lone Star State". The team changed its name from "North Stars" to just "Stars" when they moved.

References

Other websites
Official website

 
1990s establishments in Texas
Pharmaconomist means expert in pharmaceuticals (expert in medicine).

A pharmaconomist is a Danish person who works in a pharmacy. Just like pharmacists, pharmaconomists have to be trained to work there, and have lots of knowledge about the drugs and treatments that they give out.

Related pages
Pharmacist
Pharmacy

Sources and other links 
The Danish College of Pharmacy Practice 
The Danish Association of Pharmaconomists 
The Danish Pharmaceutical Association 
The Alabama Crossroads Pharmacy 

Information about pharmaconomists 

Healthcare occupations
Pharmacy
Broomhill which includes the areas of Sheffield of Broomhill, Crookesmoor, Endcliffe, and Tapton, is one of the 28 wards in City of Sheffield, in the country of England. It is in the western part of the city and covers an area of 2.7 km2. The population of this ward in 2001 was 16,800 people in 5,700 houses.

Districts of Broomhill ward

Broomhill
Broomhill is a suburb of western Sheffield, England.  Mostly created in the nineteenth century. The area is just west of the main building of the University of Sheffield, it is known for its large student population, and was identified in 2003 as the richest area apart from London for overall wealth.

Crookesmoor
Crookesmoor is north of the University of Sheffield's main building housing its law department and sports centre, east of Crookes and south of Walkley.  A residential area, it has a large but decreasing student population and is home to Crookes Valley Park.
Endcliffe
Endcliffe is southwest of Broomhill and is a rich residential area, housing Birkdale School (aprivate school) and three student buildings, which are part of the University of Sheffield.

Tapton
Tapton is west of Crookes.  It is home to Tapton School.

Sheffield
Owen Hargreaves (born 20 January 1981 in Calgary, Alberta) was a Canadian-born Welsh English football player. He played his club football for Bayern Munich, Manchester United and Manchester City. He is now retired, and works as a commentator.

His speciality was midfield defence, running interfenence in front of the back four.

Club career statistics

Statistics accurate as of match played 16 May 2012

References

1981 births
English footballers
Living people
Manchester United F.C. players
Sportspeople from Calgary
Premier League players
The asthenosphere is part of earth's mantle. It is about 100 km to 350 km under the surface. It is the lower part of the upper mantle, and behaves as a hot viscous liquid.

It consists of hot, weak material that can be deformed like silly putty. That means it is capable of gradual flow. It is under the lithosphere.

References 

Structure of the Earth
Carlo Airoldi (21 September 1869–18 June 1929) was an Italian marathon runner, famous for walking to the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.

Early life
Airoldi was born in Origgio, near Saronno. He competed in sporting contests in the Varese. Later, he competed at the national and international level. In 1892, he won the Lecco-Milano and the Milano-Torino. He became famous very quickly. He was one of the best marathon runners of his time. In September 1895, he won the Milano-Barcellona marathon. He won 2000 pesetas for his victory.

The Olympics
Airoldi wanted to participate in the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. But, he did not have many to get to Athens. He received some money from La Bicicleta, a popular magazine of the time. Airoldi decided to run his way to Athens. He would need to cover seventy kilometres a day to arrive on time. The magazine covered the stages of his journey. They also provided him with food and water.
Airoldi first went from Milan to Split, with no problems. In the next stage, Airoldi planned to run along the Croatian coast through Kotor and Corfu. However, he fell and hurt his hand during the journey. He had to spend two days resting himself. He was told not to cross Albania on foot. He decided to take an Austrian boat to Patras. Then, he would go to Athens on foot.  

Airoldi finished his 28-day journey to Athens. However, he was not allowed to compete in the marathon. The head of the Olympic committee said that he was a professional athlete, and could not compete. Officials in Italy sent telegrams to the official, but Airoldi was still not allowed to compete. Italians felt that Airoldi was not allowed to compete because Greeks wanted to win the marathon. Airoldi did not accept the final decision. He then challenged the marathon-winner Spiridon Louis to a race. However, Louis never accepted Airoldi's offer.
His later years
Back in Italy, Airoldi tried to beat Spiridon Louis's record. He did not succeed. He continued to race in Lombardy and Switzerland. After he finished racing, he moved to South America.

Other websites
 Recensione al testo di Sgarella 
 History of Carlo Airoldi and his journey to Athens 

Italian athletes
1869 births
1929 deaths