Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Knossos is a Bronze Age archaeological site on the island of Crete. It is at modern Heraklion. It may be Europe's oldest city.

Many Roman coins found on the site had 'Knosion' or 'Knos' on one side, and an image of a Minotaur or Labyrinth on the reverse. These are symbols from the myth of King Minos, supposed to have reigned at Knossos.

The excavations at Knossos began in 1900 by the English archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans (1851–1941) and his team. They worked there for 35 years. The palace was excavated and partly restored. It was large. The team discovered two ancient scripts, called Linear A and Linear B. From the layering of the palace, Evans developed an idea of the civilization that used it, which he called Minoan. The palace was built over a previous Neolithic town. During the Bronze Age, the town surrounded the hill on which the palace was built.

The palace was abandoned at some unknown time at the end of the late Bronze Age, c. 1380–1100 BC, for reasons which are not known.

References
References 

Islands of Greece
Archaeological sites in Europe
Imre Nagy (7 June 1896 - 16 June 1958) was a Hungarian communist politician. He was born in Kaposvár. He was chairman on two occasions. He was executed by hanging in Budapest.

1896 births
1958 deaths
Hungarian communist politicians
People executed by hanging
Lee Buck Trevino (born September 1, 1939) is a retired American professional golfer who was born in Dallas, Texas.

1939 births
Living people
American golfers
Sportspeople from Dallas
The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is the national space agency of China, and is based in the Haidian District. It is in charge of the national space program and of managing different space-related activities.

Space agencies
Organizations based in the People's Republic of China
Betts v. Brady, , was a landmark case decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1942.  The case had to do with "indigent" (poor) people who were on trial for crimes, but did not have enough money to pay for a lawyer. The Court ruled that a person did not need a lawyer to get a fair trial.  They also ruled that the states did not have to pay for free lawyers for poor defendants.

In 1963, the Court reversed its decision in Betts when it decided Gideon v. Wainwright, .

History
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that "In all criminal [trials], the accused shall ... have the assistance of counsel for his defence."  ("Counsel" is another word for "lawyer.")

However, in the 1930s, the Supreme Court made a few decisions that decreased the number of United States citizens who had the right to a lawyer.
In 1932, the Court decided a case called Powell v. Alabama, .  They ruled that the states had to assign free lawyers to poor defendants, but only if they were being tried for capital crimes.  (Capital crimes are crimes that can be punished with the death penalty.)

Then, in 1938, the Supreme Court ruled in Johnson v. Herbst that in federal courts, any person who was charged with a crime and could not pay for a lawyer had to be assigned a lawyer for free.  However, the Court also ruled that the Sixth Amendment applied only to federal courts  not to state courts.

This meant that if a person was charged with a crime in a state court, and he could not afford a lawyer, he would have to defend himself in court.

Background of the case
In 1941, Betts was indicted (formally charged) with robbery by a court in Maryland.  Betts could not pay for a lawyer.  He asked the court to assign him a free lawyer.  The judge refused.  He said the court only appointed free lawyers to people charged with rape or murder.
Betts had to defend himself, without the help of a lawyer.  He argued that he had been in a different place at the time of the robbery.  He called witnesses who said this was true.  However, the judge did not believe Betts.  He sentenced Betts to eight years in prison.

Appeals
Betts filed a writ of habeas corpus with a Maryland appeals court.  A writ of habeas corpus asks to be set free from unfair imprisonment.  Betts argued that his imprisonment was unfair because he had not been given a lawyer.  His petition was denied.

Next Betts filed a writ of habeas corpus to the Court of Appeals of Maryland, the most powerful court in Maryland.  It also denied his petition.

Finally, Betts filed a request with the Supreme Court of the United States, asking them to hear his case.  The Court agreed.

Legal issues
The Betts case brought up some important legal issues for the Court to decide.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that "In all criminal [trials], the accused shall ... have the assistance of counsel for his defence."  

Also, the Fourteenth Amendment says that no state can take away any person's "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws."

The Court had already decided that the right to have a lawyer applied to all people in federal criminal trials; people being tried by the states for rape or murder; and anyone who could pay for a lawyer.  Now they needed to decide whether poor people had the right to have lawyers too, even if they could not pay for them.  

They also needed to decide these questions:
 If a poor person did not have a lawyer, could they get a fair trial?
 Without a lawyer, would a poor person be getting the "due process" that the Constitution required?
 If poor people could not get lawyers, would they be getting the "equal protection of the laws?"
Decision
On June 1, 1942, the Supreme Court voted 63 against Betts.  They ruled that his conviction was fair.

The Court ruled that having a lawyer was not a basic right.  Usually, a defendant did not need a lawyer to get a fair trial, the Court said.

In their decision, the Court did rule that there were special cases where a court should assign a lawyer.  In these special cases, not having a lawyer would make it difficult for a defendant to get a fair trial.  In each case, the judge was supposed to talk to the defendant to figure out whether any of these "special circumstances" existed.  For example, was the defendant mentally able to defend himself?  Did he have enough education?  Did he understand what happens during a trial?

Importance
For 21 years, Betts set a precedent that allowed individual courts and judges to decide whether poor people would be given lawyers or not.
Finally, in 1963, the Supreme Court decided a case called Gideon v. Wainwright, .  In the Gideon decision, the Court admitted that it made the wrong decision in Betts.  A lawyer is needed for a fair trial.

Related pages
 Gideon v. Wainwright
 The Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments

References

1942 in the United States
20th century in Maryland
United States Supreme Court cases
1940s in law
Magasa, Crete is a settlement on Crete.

Crete
Settlements in Greece
A mamba is a fast-moving venomous snakes of the genus Dendroaspis (means "tree asp"). It belongs to the Elapidae family.

They are native to Africa. The black mamba is one of the well-known species and is also the most feared. Other members include the eastern green mamba, western green mamba and Jameson's mamba.

Behavior 

Most mambas are arboreal, meaning they live in trees. The only exception is the black mamba, which lives on land. All mamba species hunt during the day. They prey on birds, lizards and small mammals.

There are many stories of mambas chasing humans, but these snakes usually prefer to avoid contact with humans. Humans are actually their main predators, rather than prey.

Because mambas and cobras are in the same family, they share some similarities. Like the cobra, a mamba might display a hood when threatened. However, a mamba's hood is more narrow and is longer. A mamba usually opens its mouth when threatened, so they lean forward unlike the cobra which usually stands erect.

Venom
Venom 

All mambas are very venomous. Their venom is mostly comprised of neurotoxins, which attack the nervous system. The venom can also contain cardiotoxins (which damage the heart muscle) and fasciculins (which cause muscle twitches).

The toxicity of the venom varies. Changes in the toxicity can even be caused by the weather or altitude.

All mamba species have similar venom, but the black mamba has the most toxic venom and is more aggressive. 

Untreated black mamba bites are fatal.

References 

Elapidae
Reptiles of Africa
Chanel is a French fashion company created by Coco Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971).

It designs clothing, perfumes, luxury goods and jewellery, usually of simple design. It is widely known for the "little black dress" and Chanel No. 5 perfume.

Chanel
1909 establishments in France
French fashion houses
The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) is an American organization that works to protect marine life. It was founded in 1977 by activist Paul Watson, a former member of  Greenpeace. One of the things they heavily campaign against is whaling.

Gallery

Other websites 
 Sea Shepherd Conservation Society website

Environmental organizations based in the United States
Organizations in Washington, D.C.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Canada are some of the most advanced in the world. During the British North America era, same-sex relationships were illegal. They were punishable with capital punishment. Homosexual activity became legal in 1969. Same-sex marriage became legal in 2005.

Legal summary

References 

Canada
Politics of Canada
Swinging is a human sexuality based on multi-partner relations. Both singles and partners engage with others for recreational purposes.

In contrast to an affair, both partners are consenting to sexual exchanges. These exchanges create a certain eroticism and even sexual arousal.

There are different types of swinging activities.

References 

Human sexuality
Neufchâtel-en-Bray is a commune of Seine-Maritime. It's famous as cheese production: the Neufchâtel.

Communes in Seine-Maritime
The Iris nebula is a reflection nebula in the constellation of Cepheus. It is about 1,300 light-years away from Earth.

Nebulae
Escobedo v. Illinois, , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case decided in 1964.  The Court ruled that suspects in crimes have the right to have a lawyer with them while they are being questioned by the police.  This case was decided just a year after the Court ruled in Gideon v. Wainwright, , that indigent (poor) criminal defendants had a right to be assigned free lawyers at trial.

Background

Crime and arrests
Danny Escobedo's brother-in-law, Manuel Valtierra, was shot and killed on the night of January 19, 1960. Escobedo was arrested without a warrant early the next morning and interrogated.  However, Escobedo did not admit anything to the police, and was let go that afternoon.  

Another man named Benedict DiGerlando had also arrested, and the police thought he was another suspect.  DiGerlando told the police that Escobedo's brother-in-law, Valtierra, treated Escobedo's sister badly.  Because of this, Escobedo had shot and killed Valtierra, said DiGerlando.
On January 30, 1960, the police again arrested Escobedo, as well as his sister, Grace. While driving them to the police station, the police explained that DiGerlando had told them Escobedo was guilty.  The police urged him and Grace to confess.  Escobedo again refused.

Interrogation

Escobedo asked to speak to his lawyer, but the police refused.  They said that although he was not formally charged with a crime yet, he was in police custody and could not leave.  Escobedo's lawyer went to the police station and asked many times to see Escobedo, but was not allowed to.
Police and prosecutors interrogated Escobedo for fifteen hours.  They made Escobedo stand, handcuffed, for the entire time.  Escobedo continued to ask to speak with his lawyer, and they continued to refuse.  Escobedo later said that the police promised him he could go free, and would not be charged with murder, if he just confessed to the crime.  Finally, after "becoming more emotional," Escobedo said something about being connected with the crime.  The police took this as an indirect confession.

Trial
At his murder trial, the prosecution used Escobedo's 'confession' as its most important evidence against him.  A jury convicted Escobedo of murder and sentenced him to 20 years in prison.
Appeals
Escobedo appealed his conviction to the Illinois Supreme Court.  His trial lawyer refused to help him, so Escobedo wrote the appeal himself.  However, after the Supreme Court got his appeal, he did receive a volunteer lawyer named Barry Kroll.  Together, they argued that Escobedo's right to a lawyer had been violated and that his confession had been coerced (made because of pressure, lies, and threats).

At first, the Illinois Supreme Court agreed, and decided to give Escobedo a whole new trial.  But later, it reversed its decision.  The members of the court had changed their minds and decided Escobedo was guilty after all.  They refused to reverse or change the original trial court's sentence.

Finally, Kroll and Escobedo appealed to the United States Supreme Court.  The Court agreed to hear the case.

Supreme Court
Supreme Court

Legal questions
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to ... the Assistance of Counsel for his defence."

The Court had already decided that people had the right to a lawyer during trials.  However, the Court had always thought that the Sixth Amendment's right to a lawyer applied to people only after they were "accused," once they were already "in... criminal prosecutions," as the Amendment itself says.

Now the Court had to decide:
 Did people have the right to a lawyer during police interrogations?  
 If the police refuse to let a suspect have a lawyer during an interrogation, are they violating the Sixth Amendment?
 If so, would that make anything the suspect said inadmissible?  (Inadmissible evidence is evidence which cannot be used in court to prove a person's guilt.)

Arguments
Arguments

For Escobedo
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) helped Kroll argue before the Court.  They argued that the police violated not only Escobedo's Sixth Amendment rights, but also his Fourteenth Amendment rights.

The Fourteenth Amendment says that no state can take away any person's "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws."  Escobedo's team argued that the police took away his freedom without due process or equal protection of the laws by:
 Not letting him have a lawyer
 This denied him the protection of the Sixth Amendment's right to a lawyer
 This also denied him his right to due process and a fair trial
 Not telling him about his rights, like his right not to say anything to the police
 This denied him the protection of those rights
Against Escobedo
Lawyers for Illinois argued that the police officers did the right thing when they refused to let Escobedo have a lawyer.  According to the law and past Supreme Court cases, the right to a lawyer was not guaranteed until a person had actually been charged with a crime.

Illinois also argued that if the Court ruled in favor of Escobedo, the results for law enforcement could be terrible.  If lawyers had to be at every interrogation, it would be almost impossible to get confessions.

Decision
The Escobedo case divided the Supreme Court.  By a vote of 5-4, the Court ruled in favor of Escobedo.  They threw out his conviction, and he went free.

The Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment does apply to police interrogations.  In other words, people have the right to a lawyer when they are being questioned by the police.

Specifically, the Court ruled that the right to a lawyer begins before a person is charged with a crime.  It begins when the police start treating a person like a suspect.
Justice Arthur J. Goldberg wrote the Court's majority opinion.  He rejected the state of Illinois' argument that having lawyers around would be terrible for law enforcement.  He wrote:

Importance
The Escobedo decision affected every police department, prosecutor, and court in the country:
 Police departments had to change their rules and their ways of getting confessions.  Now they have to make sure that if a suspect asks for a lawyer, he gets one
 Before using confessions in court, prosecutors now have to make sure that the suspect had a lawyer with him when he gave the confession
 Courts now had different rules about how to decide whether a confession is admissible (whether it can be used as evidence in court).  If police refuse to let a suspect talk to a lawyer, anything the suspect says after that is inadmissible.  It cannot be used as evidence that the suspect is guilty.
Escobedo also added extra protections for suspects.  It allows them to use their Sixth Amendment right to a lawyer as soon as they become a suspect, not just after they are charged with a crime.

Notes

Related pages
Gideon v. Wainwright
Miranda v. Arizona (requires police to tell suspects about their rights before questioning them)
 Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
 Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
 Due process

References

1964 in the United States
1960s in Illinois
United States law
United States Supreme Court cases
The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 objects. It includes star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. The list was compiled by English astronomer Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue.

The Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep-sky objects for observation. However, it was not compiled for that purpose. It does  not include many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects, such as the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253). The Messier catalogue was compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets. As Messier got his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae. 

So Moore compiled a list of 109 objects – to match the accepted number of Messier objects. The list was published in Sky & Telescope in December 1995.
References 

Astronomical catalogues
The Sunflower galaxy (Messier 63 or NGC 5055) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Canes Venatici. It is about 37 million light-years away from Earth.

Spiral galaxies
NGC 6334 is an emission nebula and star-forming region in the constellation of Scorpius. It is about 5,500 light-years away from Earth.

Nebulae
NGC 1291 is a ring galaxy in the constellation of Eridanus. It is about 33 million light-years away.

Ring galaxies
A ring galaxy is a kind of galaxy that has a ring shape. Hoag's Object and NGC 1291 are two examples. The ring is made up of many massive, young blue stars, which are extremely bright. The middle of the galaxy contains far less luminous matter. 

Some astronomers believe that ring galaxies are formed when a smaller galaxy passes through the center of a larger galaxy. Because galaxies are mostly made up of empty space, a collision rarely happens between stars. However, the gravitational disruptions could cause a wave of star formation to move through the larger galaxy. Other astronomers think that rings are formed around some galaxies when an accretion disc is formed. Star formation would then result from the shocks and compressions in the newly formed disc.

References
The United States district courts are the trial courts of the federal court system.

How they work
United States district courts hold trials, like state courts do.  However, the Constitution only gives federal courts the power to hear certain kinds of cases.  For example, federal courts can hear cases about:
 Whether a law is constitutional
 Disagreements between two or more states
 Crimes that happen at sea
 Bankruptcy
 United States Ambassadors' treaties

Each trial is heard by a judge and decided by a jury.

Organization
There are 94 U.S. district courts in the United States.  Every district court also includes a bankruptcy court.

Each state (and Washington, D.C.) has at least one district court.  So do four U.S. territories: Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.

Appeals
Appeals

The next-most powerful federal courts are the United States Courts of Appeals.  They are also called "appellate courts."  There are 13 Courts of Appeals.  The 94 district courts are organized into 12 larger areas, called "circuits."  Each Court of Appeals deals with appeals filed in their circuit.

For example, the Districts of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, and Puerto Rico are grouped together into the "First Circuit."  If, for example, somebody wanted to appeal a decision made by the District Court of Massachusetts, they would write an appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.

The last choice for appealing a court decision is to file an appeal asking the United States Supreme Court to hear the case.

Locations of District Courts
Here is a map that shows which circuit each United States District Court is in.  States that are the same color are in the same circuit.  Each circuit has a number on it  for example, Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi are in the 5th Circuit.

The dotted lines on the map also show the areas which the District Courts cover.  On the map, some states have no dotted lines in them.  This means there is only one District Court in that state.  For example, Alaska has only one District Court: the District Court of Alaska.  This court covers the entire state of Alaska.

Other states are divided into more than one district.  The dotted lines on the map show where one district ends and another begins.  For example, on the map, Washington is divided down the middle by a dotted line.  Washington has two District Courts: the District Court for the Western District of Washington, and the District Court for the Eastern District of Washington.

List of District Courts
Here is a list of information about all of the United States District Courts.  Just like with the map, districts that are in the same circuit are the same color.  The colors are the same as the map (for example, districts in the 8th Circuit are orange on the map and on the list).  To sort this table, click on the little triangle on the top row of the table, in the column you want to sort by.

Related pages
 Federal judiciary of the United States (the whole federal court system)
 United States courts of appeals

References

Federal judiciary of the United States
Swati (also known as Swazi) ( SiSwati) is part of the Nguni group of Bantu languages. It is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Eswatini and South Africa. It is the official language of Eswatini and one of the eleven official languages in South Africa. It is taught in the schools of Eswatini, and in some South African schools. Swati is closely related to Phuthi, a language spoken in Lesotho, and to Zulu, Ndebele and Xhosa.

Swati has four main varietes: Shiselweni, Hhohho, Manzini and Shiselweni. They correspond with the four administrative regions of Eswatini.

References

Bantu languages
Languages of South Africa
The trusty system was a system that Mississippi State Penitentiary and other prisons used to control prisoners.  In the trusty system, some prisoners were given more power than others.  These trusties guarded the other prisoners.

The trusty system worked out well for prison officials because they did not have to pay civilian (non-prisoner) guards to control the prisoners.  However, the trusties kept the other prisoners under control through physical abuse, torture, fear, and humiliation.  Finally, in 1974, a federal court ruled that the trusty system, and the whole prison, were violating the United States Constitution by giving out cruel and unusual punishments.  This ruling ordered the trusty system to be shut down.
Description
Mississippi State Penitentiary was built in 1901.  It was originally called Parchman Farm.  Mississippi law said that the prison had to pay for itself  and make a profit for the state.  In other words, the prison had to pay for everything it needed itself, and make money for the state.

Basically, this meant Parchman was like a business for the state of Mississippi.  It was like a business that used slave labor  the state made money without having to pay for anything, including workers' salaries.  In fact, one year, Parchman earned $180,000 for the state of Mississippi  not including what it had to spend on itself.  The Governor of Mississippi, James K. Vardaman, even said the prison was run “like an efficient slave plantation.”  This hurt other local businesses, which did have to pay their workers and other costs.
The prison warden controlled the prison completely.  Nobody from outside of the prison ever came in to see what was going on.  Because of this, nobody outside the prison knew what Parchman was really like.  For example, in 1911, the New York Times wrote an article congratulating the Mississippi prison system for figuring out how to keep people in prison and make money at the same time.  Also, because no outsiders ever came into Parchman, the conditions and abuse at the prison changed very little from the time it opened in 1903 until the Gates v. Collier case forced it to change.

The prison had  approximately  of good farmland.  Prisoners grew cash crops (crops which prison officials could sell to make money), like cotton.  They also bred livestock.
Trusties control the prison
As of 1973, there were about 1,900 inmates at Parchman.  Two-thirds were black.  Black and white inmates were kept apart.  However, Mississippi law said that the prison could hire 150 staff members at most, so the prison would not cost too much.  This meant there were about 13 inmates for every staff member.  There just were not enough staff members to guard the prisoners, make the prison work every day, take care of the farm, and do everything else they needed to do.

With so few staff members, the inmates did all the farm work.  Also, with so few guards, inmate trusties did most of the guardian and punishing other prisoners.  Trusties also did most of the paperwork, office work, and cleaning.  Basically, the trusties ran the prison system.
Abuse of prisoners
In the trusty system, some trusties had more power than others.  The most powerful were the "trusty shooters."  They were allowed to carry rifles and shoot at or around prisoners who made mistakes.  Sometimes they hit them with their shots.  They whipped prisoners who did not pick enough cotton in a day.  They were in charge of the inmates' barracks, fields, and the farms.  They could give punishment, and they could also suggest more punishment in the "special punishment area."

Very few people supervised what the trusty shooters did.  For example, the farm's camps of black inmates were supervised by one white sergeant.  Under him, black trusty shooters, who were serving sentences for murder, carried rifles and enforced discipline.

End of the system
End of the system

For years, there were protests over Parchman's abuse of prisoners' civil rights.  Eventually, a civil rights lawyer named Roy Haber began to collect evidence of the abuse.  With Haber as their lawyer, four prisoners filed a lawsuit in federal court, saying that conditions at the prison were cruel and unusual.  They said that prison trusties punished and tortured prisoners in ways that were painful and humiliating on purpose.

A United States District Court, and then the more powerful Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, strongly agreed with the prisoners.  Both courts ruled that Parchman was violating the prisoners' constitutional rights.  Both courts found that trusties gave prisoners all kinds of cruel and unusual punishments, including:
Beatings
 Shooting at or around prisoners, sometimes hitting them
 Taking away prisoners' clothes
 Turning fans on prisoners while they were naked and wet
 Not giving inmates food, mattresses, or items for hygiene
 Handcuffing prisoners to fences or bars
 Using a cattle prod on prisoners
 Forcing prisoners to stand for long periods of time
 Putting inmates in stress positions (positions that are painful)

The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered Parchman to end its trusty program; racial segregation at the prison; and all other cruel, unusual, and unconstitutional practices immediately.

After the court decision, other states that used the trusty system had to stop using it too.  These states included Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas.  However, some states, like Texas, continued to use trusty systems (renamed "building tenders") until the 1980s, when Federal Judge William Wayne Justice, in the case of Ruiz v. Estelle, 503 F. Supp. 1265 (S.D. Tex. 1980), ordered Texas to end the system.
Related pages
 Gates v. Collier

References

American civil rights
20th century in Mississippi
Human rights abuses in the United States
United States law
Ryan Drummond (born January 10, 1973) is an American actor, voice actor, mime and comedian. He is best known for voicing Sonic the Hedgehog in several installments of the Sonic the Hedgehog series from 1998 to 2004. He is also known for being the bass vocalist in the A.Y.U. Quartet since 1991. He has been starring in a musical comedy in San Diego called "Forever Plaid".

Personal life
Drummond married his wife, Lisa Drummond, on October 8, 2002. They live in San Francisco, California. He and his wife, Lisa Drummond, are divorced in 2019.

Filmography

Film
Filmography

Film

Television
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- 
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1997 || Baywatch || DJ Johnny Jam || Episode: "Baywatch at Sea World"
|-
| 1998 || Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place || Isaac Glickstein || Episode: "Two Guys, a Girl and an Elective"
|-
| 2001 || The Chronicle || Andy || Episode: "What Gobbles Beneath"
|-
| 2001 || The Invisible Man || Mime, Man || 2 Episodes: "Money for Nothing: Part 2", "Immaterial Girl"
|-
| 2003-06 || Sonic X || Sonic the Hedgehog/Super Sonic/Dark Sonic || Originally
|-
| 2004 || Veronica Mars || Associate || Episode: "You Think You Know Somebody"
|-
| 2005 || Point Pleasant || Booth Vendor || Episode: "Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Choked"
|-
| 2009 || Trauma || Fair Patron || Episode: "All's Fair"
|-
| 2011 || Dual Suspects || Robert Evans || Episode: "Fast Food Fatality"
|}

Video game roles
Video game roles

Albums
 S.C.R.A.M., 1994 studio album by the A.Y.U. Quartet - Harmony & Lead Vocals
 Atomic Young Ultrasonics, 1996 studio album by The A.Y.U. Quartet - Harmony & Lead Vocals
 Acappella Yuletide Uproar'', 2010 studio album by The A.Y.U. Quartet - Harmony & Lead Vocals

References

American voice actors
1973 births
Living people
People from Lima, Ohio
Actors from Ohio
Instruction(s) may refer to:
 Teaching
 Instruction (computer science)

Related pages
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit is one of the 13 appeals courts in the United States's federal court system.  In case citations, the Court's name is abbreviated "5th Cir."

The 5th Circuit
The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit is the appeals court that has jurisdiction, or legal power, to review cases decided by less powerful courts in the 5th Circuit.  These less powerful courts are called United States district courts.  They are federal trial courts.  If someone wants to appeal a decision that one of these courts made, they would have to appeal to the Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit.

These are the United States District Courts that are located in the 5th Circuit:

 Eastern District of Louisiana
 Middle District of Louisiana
 Western District of Louisiana
 Northern District of Mississippi
 Southern District of Mississippi
 Eastern District of Texas
 Northern District of Texas
 Southern District of Texas
 Western District of Texas
The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit handles appeals from every one of these District Courts.

The Court
The Court has 17 judges.  The main court building is located in the John Minor Wisdom United States Court of Appeals Building in New Orleans, Louisiana.  The court clerk's office is at the Felix Edward Hébert Federal Building in New Orleans.

The Court met for the first time on June 16, 1891, in the Customs House in New Orleans.

Famous decisions 
The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit decided a landmark case called Gates v. Collier, which stopped the severe physical abuse of prisoners by "trustys" at Mississippi State Penitentiary (then called Parchman).

Related pages
 Federal judiciary of the United States (the entire federal court system)
 United States Supreme Court
 United States courts of appeals
 United States district courts
 Gates v. Collier

References

United States courts of appeals
1891 establishments in the United States
Steven Browning Sample (November 29, 1940 – March 29, 2016) was the 10th president of the University of Southern California (USC). He became president in 1991 and was succeeded by C.L. Max Nikias on August 3, 2010.

Before he was president at USC, he held the same position at the University at Buffalo (UB) in the State University of New York (SUNY) system from 1982 to 1991.  He was succeeded by William R. Greiner.

Personal life and death 
In 2001, Sample was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, but said he still felt able to serve as president of USC.  On March 29, 2016, Sample died at the age of 75.  He had lived in San Marino, California.

References

Other websites
 Steven B. Sample University at Buffalo presidential biography 
 University of Southern California, President website
 

1940 births
2016 deaths
Engineers from Missouri
Scientists from St. Louis, Missouri
State University of New York faculty‎
The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (in case citations, 9th Cir.) is the largest of the 13 appeals courts in the United States's federal court system. It hears cases from federal trials courts in nine western states and two Pacific Island jurisdictions.

The 9th circuit 
It is a U.S. Federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:
 District of Alaska
 District of Arizona
 Central District of California
 Eastern District of California
 Northern District of California
 Southern District of California
 District of Hawaii
 District of Idaho
 District of Montana
 District of Nevada
 District of Oregon
 Eastern District of Washington
 Western District of Washington

It also has appellate jurisdiction over the following territorial courts:
 District of Guam
 District of the Northern Mariana Islands
Headquartered in San Francisco, California, the Ninth Circuit is by far the largest of the thirteen courts of appeals, with 29 active judgeships. The court's regular meeting places are in Seattle, Portland, San Francisco and Pasadena. Panels of the court occasionally travel to hear cases in other locations within the circuit. Although the judges travel around the circuit, the court arranges its hearings so that cases from the northern region of the circuit are heard in Seattle or Portland, cases from southern California are heard in Pasadena, and cases from northern California, Nevada, Arizona, and Hawaii are heard in San Francisco. For lawyers who must come and present their cases to the court in person, this administrative grouping of cases helps to reduce the time and cost of travel.

History and background
The large size of the current court is due to the fact that both the population of the western states and the geographic jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit have increased dramatically since the U.S. Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1891. The court was originally granted appellate jurisdiction over federal district courts in California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington. As new states and territories were added to the federal judicial hierarchy in the twentieth century, many of those in the West were placed in the Ninth Circuit: the newly acquired Territory of Hawaii in 1900, Arizona upon its admission to the Union in 1912, the Territory of Alaska in 1948, Guam in 1951, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in 1977.

The Ninth Circuit also had jurisdiction over certain American interests in China.
The Philippines were never under the Ninth Circuit's jurisdiction. Congress never created a federal district court in the Philippines from which the Ninth Circuit could hear appeals. Instead, appeals from the Supreme Court of the Philippines were taken directly to the Supreme Court of the United States.

In 1979, the Ninth Circuit became the first federal judicial circuit to set up a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel as authorized by the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978.
The cultural and political jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit is just as varied as the land within its geographical borders. In a dissenting opinion in a rights of publicity case involving the Wheel of Fortune star Vanna White,  Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski sardonically noted that "[f]or better or worse, we are the Court of Appeals for the Hollywood Circuit." Judges from more remote parts of the circuit note the contrast between legal issues confronted by populous states such as California and those confronted by rural states such as Alaska, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada.

Judge Andrew J. Kleinfeld, who maintains his judicial chambers in Fairbanks, Alaska, wrote in a letter in 1998: "Much federal law is not national in scope....It is easy to make a mistake construing these laws when unfamiliar with them, as we often are, or not interpreting them regularly, as we never do."

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Ninth Circuit home page
United States courts of appeals
Action Comics is an current comic book series. Superman first appeared in it. It is one of the longest comic series in America. It started in 1938.

American comic books
1938 establishments in the United States
Ricardo Goulart Pereira or simply Ricardo Goulart (; born 5 June 1991), is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao in the Chinese Super League as an attacking midfielder.

1991 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
When a person commits a capital crime, a mitigating factor is something that might help the person avoid getting the death penalty.  ("To mitigate" means "to decrease."  A "factor" is something that causes something else.  So, in law, a mitigating factor is something that can cause punishment to decrease.)

Mitigating factors do not automatically result in decreased punishment.  Judges and juries also think about aggravating factors  things that are likely to cause a more severe punishment.

Also, mitigating factors are not an excuse for committing a crime.  They may help explain what caused a person to commit a crime, but they do not mean the person did nothing wrong.

Africa
Sixteen countries in Africa have abolished the death penalty (made it illegal in the country).  Another 22 countries have not used the death penalty in over 10 years, or have a moratorium (a temporary stop) on the death penalty.
According to Cornell University's Law School, as of 2015, only one of the countries in Africa that still uses the death penalty has laws about mitigating factors.  That country is Botswana.

Botswana
In Botswana, a person convicted of murder is given the death penalty unless they can show mitigating factors.  However, the law in Botswana does not say what these mitigating factors could be, or give examples.  This means it is up to each individual judge to decide whether something is a mitigating factor.

For example, in the past, judges have decided that mitigating factors include:

The law in Botswana does not allow judges to consider mitigating factors from before the murder.  For example, if a person was abused as a child, or was abused by their victim, these could not count as extenuating circumstances.  Only things that happened right at the time of the murder are considered as mitigating factors.
Mandatory death penalty
Nine countries in Africa that use the death penalty have mandatory death sentences for certain crimes.  This means courts will not consider any mitigating factors, no matter what.

These countries are:

Americas
Only two countries in the Americas have executed a person in the past ten years: the United States and St. Kitts and Nevis.  The rest have abolished the death penalty or have a moratorium in place.

St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Kitts and Nevis's last execution was in 2008.

St. Kitts and Nevis allows the death penalty for murder or treason.  One of the country's Supreme Court decisions said that the death penalty must only be used with "the most exceptional and extreme cases of murder."  However, the law does not seem to define what makes a murder "exceptional" and what mitigating factors might prevent the death penalty.

St. Kitts and Nevis does have a law against executing people who were under age 18 when they committed their crime.

United States
United States

In the United States, mitigating factors are very important in death penalty cases.  Mitigating factors can help prosecutors decide whether to ask for the death penalty.  Also, the United States Supreme Court has ruled several times that judges and juries must think about mitigating factors before deciding on a sentence.

The United States Supreme Court has made the mandatory death penalty illegal.  To be fair, the Court ruled, each judge or jury has to think about whether an individual defendant deserves the death penalty.

Here are some examples of the most common mitigating factors in federal and state laws:
 The defendant was young when they committed the crime, though not younger than 18
 The defendant was not able to understand how wrong their crime was (they had "impaired capacity")
 The defendant committed the crime while they were badly mentally ill or having severe emotional problems
 The defendant was intoxicated with drugs or alcohol

Asia-Pacific region
Mandatory death sentences
Fourteen of the countries in the Asia-Pacific region that use the death penalty have the mandatory death penalty for certain crimes.

These countries are:

Japan
In 1968, a 19-year-old named Norio Nagayama murdered four people in Japan.  The Japanese Supreme Court sentenced him to death.  In the same ruling, the Supreme Court set out nine different things that Japanese courts needed to think about before sentencing a person to death:

However, these nine things are not all equal.  For example, a person could have five mitigating factors (they were young, they felt terrible about the crime, and so on).  However, if the victim's family very much wanted the killer to get the death penalty, the judge might order the death penalty anyway.  In this Japanese system, mitigating factors do not "outweigh" aggravating factors.
China
In the late 1990s, China started working on making punishments fit the crime, instead of requiring the death penalty automatically for many crimes.  For example, in 1999, China's Supreme People's Court ruled that the death penalty should not be used if there were mitigating circumstances  for example, if a murder victim did something to cause the crime or make the situation worse.

In 2012, China wrote new rules for sentencing criminals.  They include stricter rules for sentencing, so judges have a few specific choices for sentences.  Then they can think about mitigating factors (and aggravating factors) to decide which of these choices fits the crime the best.  Examples of mitigating factors under these new rules include surrendering and confessing to police.
In its own words, the Supreme People's Court said in a 2004 report that they had worked as hard as they could to make sure "that the death penalty shall only be applied to a very small number of criminals who have committed extremely serious crimes."

The Middle East
Political scholar Benjamin MacQueen writes that some Middle Eastern countries, like Algeria, give "mitigated sentences" to people who belong to terrorist groups or the insurgency (groups fighting against different governments in the Middle East.  These people get they death sentences cancelled, and their prison sentences cut by years or even decades, he says.  This way, the state and prison officials can look like they were doing nothing wrong; they were just letting people out early for behaving well in jail.  At the same time, the terrorists and insurgents could go back to fighting, and the states could support them without looking like they really were.
Europe and Central Asia
As of January 2016, Belarus is the only country in Europe or Central Asia that still uses the death penalty.  Some other countries still have death penalty laws, but they have not used the death penalty in over 10 years, or they have a moratorium (a temporary stop) on the death penalty.p. 41  Outside of Belarus, nobody has been executed in Europe since 1997.

The European Union is strongly against the death penalty, and fights for this punishment to be ended throughout Europe.  Any country that wants to be in the European Union must first end the death penalty in their country.

Belarus
The law in Belarus allows the death penalty for murder, terrorism that causes death, treason, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide.
The only mitigating factor listed in Belarus's laws is mental illness.  If a person becomes mentally ill after being sentenced, and they cannot understand or control their behavior, they are not given the death penalty.  However, if they recover, they are executed, no matter how long it has been.

The law in Belarus also lists some groups of people that cannot be executed, no matter what.  These groups include:
 People who were under age 18 when they committed their crimes
 Women
 People who are older than 65 when they are sentenced
International courts
Since the end of the Nuremberg Trials after World War II, the major international courts in the world have outlawed the death penalty in their courts.  For example, in 1993, the United Nations set up an International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (which is still prosecuting people as of 2016). In 1994, the United Nations Security Council set up the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, to look into and punish crimes committed during the Rwandan Genocide.  Neither of these courts were allowed to hand out death sentences.

In 1998, the International Criminal Court was created as a permanent international.  Its job is to look into and try war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, wherever in the world they happen.  However, no matter how bad these crimes are, the ICC is not allowed to use the death penalty as a punishment.

References

Capital punishment
Legal terms
Selkirk Transit is a public transit system based in Selkirk, Manitoba. The operators are Selkirk and District handi bus.

Fleet 
Grande west Vicinity+1   

New Flyer XE40 {Part of the rapid transit commuter line owned by Winnipeg}

Retired 
CHEVY/ARBOC? 

Vicinity B30A

History 
In 2011, Selkirk Transit started with a cutaway bus.

In 2016, they have a big 30-foot bus.

In 2020 they will get an XE40 from New flyer as part of the Rapid transit commuter line owned by Winnipeg

References 
http://mysta.ca/

 

Manitoba
Transport in Canada
Selkirk is a Town   in Manitoba. It is west of Winnipeg. It was named after the 5th Earl of selkirk. It was incorporated as a Town in 1882 and as a CITY    in 1998 and as a Town again in 2018

At the 2016 census, Selkirk's population was 10,278.

Transportation 
The Town of Selkirk has 2 taxi services: Wills Taxi and First Rate Taxi.

It also has Selkirk Transit and Selkirk Mobility.

Ecomony 
Selkirk has many businesses. These include McDonald's, Dairy Queen, and A&W. It also has Sterling Press and International Pipe.

Sports 
Andrew Murray lives in Selkirk.

Selkirk is home to The MJHL Selkirk Steelers and the KJHL Selkirk Fishermen.

Demographics

References

Cities in Manitoba