Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Work force 
The company has grown from 160 workers in November 2005 to 1,100 in 2010, 3,800 workers and contractors by October 2013, nearly 5,000 by late 2015, and about 6,000 in April 2017.
, the company had grown to nearly 7,000.
In 2016, Musk gave a speech at the International Astronautical Congress, where he explained that the US government uses rocket technology as an "advanced weapon technology", making it difficult to hire non-Americans.

Launch vehicles, spacecraft, and rocket engines

Current rockets 

The Falcon 9 is a working, reusable two-part rocket that is launched using its nine Merlin engines in its first part and a special Merlin engine that was made for places where there is no air. It is powered by liquid oxygen and fuel made for rockets called RP-1. It can hold up to 22,800 kilograms (50,300 pounds), and can also support SpaceX's Dragon vehicle. It is the first rocket able to get into orbit that can get its first part back to earth.
Falcon Heavy is another working, reuseable rocket similar to Falcon 9. However, the Falcon Heavy has a three-core system for its first part instead of the single-core design of the Falcon 9. With the three cores, the rocket's 1st part has 27 Merlin engines. The second part still only has 1 Merlin(Vacuum Version) engine. Currently, Falcon Heavy is the world's most powerful operating rocket and the 4th most powerful rocket in the world. This added power allows the rocket to be able to put 63,800 kg (140,660 lb) into low earth orbit, and 26,700 kg (58,860 lb) into geosynchronous orbit.

On February 6, 2018, the Falcon Heavy took off for the first time at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, from Pad 39A.

Dragon 2
Dragon 2 

The Dragon spacecraft is a cargo capsule that has taken equipment and supplies for the astronauts on the ISS; On other flights it has taken astronauts to ISS. The capsule is put on the Falcon 9 rocket (because the Dragon does not have big enough rockets to fly to space on its own) and flown into orbit. From orbit it separates from the boosters, then the capsule uses its own smaller rockets to get to the ISS. Then the capsule is filled up with old equipment, the results of scientific experiments, and garbage. It then reenters the Earth's atmosphere and parachutes into the ocean. The first flight of Dragon was in June 2010. 

In May 2014, a prototype version of Dragon V2 was shown to the public. It could hold both cargo and astronauts. Another feature that this upgraded version of Dragon, to protect the life of crew in the event of a failure of Falcon 9, it was fitted with SuperDraco thrusters, which would push the capsule away from the rocket.
No longer in use 
The Falcon 1 was SpaceX's first launch vehicle. It launched a total of 5 times, however only the 4th and final flights were successful. Falcon 1, as the name implies, ran on 1 Kestrel engine and could take a maximum of 670 kilograms to orbit.

Another early vehicle was the canceled Falcon 5, which has 5 Merlin engines on its first stage, and 2 Kestrel on its second stage. It was canceled in 2007 when it was removed from the company's user guide.

The last flight of a Dragon 1 spacecraft, was on 6 March 2020.

Rocket engines
Rocket engines 

Since SpaceX started in 2002, the company has created three types of rocket engines — Merlin and the retired Kestrel for launch vehicle propulsion, and the Draco control thrusters. SpaceX is currently working on two further rocket engines: SuperDraco and Raptor. Merlin is a family of rocket engines made by SpaceX for use on their rockets. The Merlin engine was originally designed for sea recovery and reuse. Kestrel is a Liquid Oxygen/Rocket fuel pressure-fed rocket engine and was used as the Falcon 1 rocket's second stage main engine. Both names for the Merlin and Kestrel engines come from species of North American falcons: the kestrel and the merlin.
Draco are hypergolic liquid-propellant rocket engines that utilize monomethyl hydrazine fuel and nitrogen tetroxide oxidizer. Each Draco thruster creates  of thrust. They are used as reaction control system (RCS) thrusters on the Dragon spacecraft. SuperDraco engines are a much more powerful version of the Draco thrusters, which were initially meant to be used as landing and a way to get the capsule away in an emergency on the version 2 Dragon spacecraft, Dragon 2. The concept of using these SuperDraco engines for landing was canceled in 2017 when it was decided to perform a traditional parachute descent and landing in the sea.
Raptor is a new family of methane-fueled engines to be used in its future Starship rockets. Testing versions were test fired in late 2016. On April 3, 2019, SpaceX conducted a successful test in which the engine was started but the rocket was held down in Texas on its Starhopper vehicle, which ignited the engine while the vehicle remained attached to the ground. On July 24, 2019 SpaceX conducted a successful test flight of 20 meters up, with its Starhopper test vehicle. On the 28th August 2019 SpaceX's Starhopper prototype conducted a successful test flight of 150-meters.

Satellite internet 
In November 2022, the company had 3,236 Starlink satellites that were working while in orbit; The number of Starlink satellites in orbit, is 3,271. These satellites work together as a kind of satellite constellation: a Satellite internet constellation.
One goal is to build a network of 4,425 satellites capable of beaming the Internet to the entire globe, including remote regions which currently do not have Internet access. The Internet service would use 4,425 cross-linked communications satellites in 1,100 km orbits. It started to be made in 2015, and testing  satellites were launched on the SpaceX PAZ mission in 2017. Initial operation of the constellation could begin as early as 2020. SpaceX filed with the US regulatory authorities plans to field a constellation of an additional 7,518 satellites in non-geosynchronous orbits to provide communications services" in an Called the "V-band low-Earth-orbit (VLEO) constellation", it would consist of "7,518 satellites to follow the [earlier] proposed 4,425 satellites that would function in Ka-band and Ku-band". One goal is to create up to 1,000,000 fixed satellite earth stations that will communicate with its Starlink system
. In May 2019, SpaceX launched the first batch of 60 satellites aboard a Falcon 9 from Cape Canaveral, FL.
Research and development

Reusability 

SpaceX's secondary mission is to reuse rockets, similarly to a plane. It first began to test reusability with a prototype called Grasshopper in 2012, as well as controlled soft landings into the water during Falcon 9 launches. In 2014, Grasshopper was replaced by F9R, which was an upgraded version of grasshopper included retractable landing gear and 3 engines, compared to Grasshopper's single engine. Falcon 9 was landed in December on a ground pad, followed by a landing on a drone ship the next year. Currently, SpaceX has landed successfully 48 boosters. Dragon capsules, as well as farings, are also being reused. Reusing parts of rockets greatly reduce costs.

Starship and Super Heavy 

SpaceX has created a family of super-heavy lift rocket, Starship. The rockets have two parts that can be used over and over again. Starship does not have permission (from the U.S. government) for orbital launch (as of October 2022).
SpaceX initially envisioned a 12-meter-diameter Interplanetary Transport System (ITS) concept in 2016 which was only planned for Mars travel and other interplanetary uses. In 2017, SpaceX designed a smaller 9-meter-diameter "Big Falcon Rocket" to replace all of SpaceX launch  capabilities— Earth-orbit, lunar-orbit, interplanetary missions, and potentially, even earth transit—but do so on a fully reusable set of vehicles with a lower cost structure. A large portion of the components on Starship are made of 301 stainless steel. 

Musk's long term vision for the company is the creation of technology and means suitable for human colonization on Mars. According to Steve Jurvetson, Musk believes that by 2035 at the latest, there will be thousands of rockets flying a million people to Mars, in order to enable a self-sustaining human colony.

Contracts

Cargo to ISS
Cargo to ISS 

In 2006, SpaceX won a NASA Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) Phase 1 contract to show that the company can take cargo to the ISS; The contract had a possible option for crew flight.<ref>Dennis Stone, "NASA's Approach to Commercial cargo and Crew Transportation, Acta Astronautica 63, No. 1-4 (2008):192-97.</ref name="SpaceX presser 20060818"></ref> This contract, designed by NASA to provide "seed money" through Space Act Agreements for developing new space opportunities, NASA paid SpaceX $396 million to work on the cargo configuration of the Dragon spacecraft, while SpaceX spent more than $500 million to develop the Falcon 9 launch vehicle. These Space Act Agreements have been shown to have saved NASA millions of dollars in development costs, making rocket development ~4-10 times cheaper than if produced by NASA alone.
In December 2010, the launch of the COTS Demo Flight 1 mission, SpaceX became the first private company to successfully launch, orbit and recover a spacecraft. Dragon was successfully put into orbit, circled the Earth twice, and then made a controlled burn for a water landing in the Pacific Ocean. With Dragon's safe recovery, SpaceX became the first private company to launch, orbit, and recover a spacecraft; prior to this mission, only government agencies had been able to recover orbital spacecraft.

COTS Demo Flight 2 launched in May 2012, in which Dragon successfully connected with the ISS, marking the first time that a private spacecraft had accomplished this feat.
Commercial crew 

The Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program has made commercially operated spacecraft that has taken astronauts to the ISS. SpaceX did not win a Space Act Agreement in the first round (CCDev 1), but during the second round (CCDev 2), NASA awarded SpaceX with a contract worth $75 million to further develop their launch escape system, test a crew accommodations mock-up, and to further progress their Falcon/Dragon crew transportation design. The CCDev program later became Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap), and in August 2012, NASA announced that SpaceX had been awarded $440 million to continue development and testing of its Dragon 2 spacecraft.

In September 2014, NASA chose SpaceX and Boeing as the two companies that will be funded to develop systems to transport U.S. crews to and from the ISS. SpaceX won $2.6 billion to complete and certify Dragon 2 by 2017.
In early 2017, SpaceX was awarded four additional crewed missions to the ISS from NASA to shuttle astronauts back and forth. In early 2019, SpaceX successfully conducted a test flight of Crew Dragon, which it docked (instead of Dragon 1's method of berthing using Canadarm 2) and then splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean.

In January 2020, SpaceX conducted an In-Flight Abort Test, which demonstrated the ability to get away from a rocket in case of a problem. 

The first flight with crew took place on May 30, 2020. The flight launched astronauts Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken to the ISS.

Astronauts

 Nicole Aunapu Mann
 Josh Cassada
 Koichi Wakata
 Anna Kikina, the members on the mission, Crew-5, came back to Earth in March 2023.

References

Other websites 
 
 Starlink official website

2002 establishments in the United States
Companies based in California
Hawthorne, California
 
Space colonization
American internet service providers
Private spaceflight
Elon Musk
Insulin glargine (also known as Lantus) is a diabetic insulin medicine of long-lasting origin that is used to control high blood sugar. The medication is used during the evening or night hours by people having Type 1 diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults or, rarely, in Type 2 diabetes. The medication is used with other insulins, including mealtime insulin.

Anti-diabetic drugs
Insulin lispro, better known as Humalog, is a quick-acting diabetic insulin taken before meals. People having Type 1 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (or rarely, Type 2 diabetes) use the medication. It was first approved in 1996.

References 

Anti-diabetic drugs
Coon may refer to:
 Coon (cheese), an Australian brand of cheese being renamed to "Cheer"
 Coon (slur), a racial slur
 Raccoon
Dysthymia (also called dysthymic disorder or neurotic depression) is a type of mental illness called a mood disorder.  People with dysthymia have depression that is mild to moderate and lasts for years.

Dysthymia is a chronic (long-lasting) condition. A person must have symptoms for at least two years to qualify for a diagnosis of dysthymia.

The symptoms of dysthymia and major depressive disorder are similar. Both disorders can have serious effects on the body, mind, and emotions.  Physical symptoms can include changes in appetite, low energy, feeling tired, and trouble sleeping. Mental symptoms include difficulty making decisions or concentrating. Emotionally, people with either disorder often feel hopeless and have low self-esteem.  However, even though both disorders have similar symptoms, these symptoms are usually less severe with dysthymia.
In comparison to people with major depressive disorder, people with dysthymia may think about suicide and try to kill themselves. Dysthymia does not involve mania, hypomania (mild forms of mania), or mixed episodes (where a person has symptoms of both depression and mania).

Sometimes, people with dysthymia have "double depression."  This happens when a person with dysthymia has episodes of major depression (where their depression gets much worse) on top of their existing dysthymia.

Dysthymia usually affects adults, though it can affect teenagers. People who are diagnosed early (before age 22) usually have more severe relapses (where they return to being dysthymic after having been healthy), and are more likely to have other mental illnesses along with their dysthymia.

Mood disorders
Fibromyalgia is a condition with chronic pain. The exact causes are not known. However, symptoms are not totally restricted to the pain. There are also sleep disturbances, joint stiffness and severe fatigue. The problem sometimes exists along with depression, stress and anxiety. Fibromyalgia affects mostly women, though men can also be affected. Adults are usually the victims, although children may also be affected.

Pain
A Single Man is a 2009 American drama movie. It is set in Los Angeles, California on November 30, 1962 and stars Colin Firth as a depressed, English, gay, professor thinking about committing suicide. Julianne Moore plays his best friend. This movie got very positive reviews by the critics.

Other websites 

2009 drama movies
2000s LGBT movies
American drama movies
American LGBT movies
English-language movies
LGBT drama movies
Mental disorders in fiction
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in the 1960s
The University of Costa Rica () is a public university in the Republic of Costa Rica, in Central America.  Its main campus is Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio. It is located in San Pedro Montes de Oca, in the province of San José.  It is the oldest, largest, and most prestigious university in Costa Rica. It is also the most important research university in Central America. About 39,000 students attend UCR each year.

The University of Costa Rica is currently in the top 500 best universities worldwide, ranking at #1826 world-wide, and at #81 Latin America-wise.

References

Organizations based in Costa Rica
Colleges and universities in North America
1940 establishments
20th-century establishments in Costa Rica
The Boat Race is a rowing race that happens every year in London. It is a race between the boat clubs of Cambridge University and Oxford University. The crews are made up of students. These two universities have a strong tradition in rowing and a strong rivalry between them.

The course is 4 miles long, along the River Thames. The first boat race was in 1829, and it is usually held on the last Sunday of March or the first Sunday of April. During the World Wars, the Boat Race did not happen. It is a very important sporting event in the United Kingdom. Millions of people watch it on television. In 2009, more than 250,000 people watched it along the river.

As of 2013, Cambridge has won the race 81 times and Oxford 77.

2021 Boat Race 
The 166th Boat Race will take place on the  River Great Ouse on Sunday 4 April. It will start at  Ely in Cambridgeshire. The reason is that Hammersmith Bridge on the Thames is unsafe, and the coronavirus dangers are greater in London.

References
References 

Rowing competitions
Sport in England
University of Oxford
University of Cambridge
1829 establishments in Europe
1820s establishments in England
Carle Thulka, also known as Lake Maurice, is a salt lake in South Australia. It is the largest of many salt lakes in the eastern end of the Great Victoria Desert. It is normally dry, except during and after periods of heavy rainfall. When it is full, the lake covers an area of around . It is part of the geological basin known as the Officer Basin. The smaller Lake Dey Dey is to the north. Since 1985, Carle Thulka is part of the lands belonging to the Maralinga Tjarutja, a southern branch of the Pitjantjatjara. The community of Oak Valley is near the western shore of the lake.

The exposed surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt or sand, covered with a salty crust. The area around Carle Thulka is very dry. Two wells have been drilled to the southeast and northwest of Carle Thulka, to search for uranium and other minerals. Both wells yield very low levels of groundwater. The water contains high levels of salt. It has also been found to contain radium and sediments from the Cambrian era.
History
The lake is named after the explorer Richard Maurice. Maurice went on at least eight expeditions to the Great Victoria Desert between 1897 and 1903. He was not the first European to pass through this region: Ernest Giles and his team had explored the area almost 20 years before. Giles saw the lake in 1875, but he did not give it a name. He described the area as barren, and wrote that he and his team found no game between Carle Thulka and the Western Australian border. Maurice, in his own expeditions, recorded information and collected specimens on the plants, animals and geology of the area. In 1904, a mining surveyor named Frank George led a prospecting expedition through this region. He used Maurice's camels and equipment and travelled northwest of Lake Dey Dey and across the border to the salt lakes in Western Australia. George named Lake Maurice, and he reported that the area was not likely to contain anything suitable for mining.
The area around Carle Thulka was affected by the nuclear-weapon tests done during the 1950s. Dozens of Aboriginal families were removed from their ancestral lands and settled in towns far to the north (Ernabella), south (Yalata and Ooldea) and west (Cundeelee and Warburton). In the late 1940s, a single officer, Walter MacDougall, was sent to warn people in the area of the coming tests. The fallout from the hydrogen bombs was expected to harm or kill anyone within range. Officially, all were forced to leave their lands and were not allowed within 200 km of ground zero. Given that only one officer and an assistant were assigned to warn the people who lived across this huge area, many of the people were never informed, nor did they leave the area. Planes dropped information leaflets across the area, but the natives could not read the leaflets and were wary or afraid of the aircraft.

References

Other websites
Topographic map (1942)

Lakes of South Australia
The Serpentine Lakes is a chain of salt lakes in the Great Victoria Desert of Australia. It runs for almost  along the border between South Australia and Western Australia. When full, the lakes cover an area of . Most of it is located in the Mamungari Conservation Park. The Anne Beadell Highway crosses the northernmost arm of the lake.

The Serpentine Lakes are considered an important wetlands area. They form part of a major palaeo-drainage system, an ancient and inactive drainage system from the Palaeozoic era. The surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt and sand, and is covered with a salty crust. The sediment is mostly quartz arenite. The lakes form the main channel of the palaeo-drainage system. Other channels are covered by dunes and are not well defined.

Tektites high in magnesium have been found in these lakes.

References

Lakes of South Australia
Geography of Western Australia
''Google Translate'' is a machine translation website from Google that can translate text between different languages. It can translate words, sentences, documents and web pages between any combination of 133 supported languages as of 11th May, 2022. It was launched on April 28, 2006 and has always been free to use.

Google Translate can do more than just show the translation of words. It can also show how to pronounce (say) the word using text-to-speech, and show the definition (meaning) like a dictionary. More recently, it also lets the community make changes or suggestions, for example, if the computer made a wrong translation. This is very much like how one can contribute to websites like Google Maps and Wikipedia.

Supported languages 
As of  , the following 133 languages are supported by Google Translate.
Afrikaans
Albanian
Amharic
Arabic
Armenian
Azerbaijani
Basque
Belarusian
Bengali
Bosnian
Bulgarian
Catalan
Cebuano
Chewa
Chinese (Simplified)
Chinese (Traditional)
Chukchi
Corsican
Croatian
Czech
Danish
Dutch
English
Esperanto
Estonian
Filipino (Tagalog)
Finnish
French
Frisian
Galician
Georgian
German
Greek
Gujarati
Haitian Creole
Hausa
Hawaiian
Hebrew
Hindi
Hmong
Hungarian
Icelandic
Igbo
Indonesian
Irish
Italian
Japanese
Javanese
Kannada
Kazakh
Khmer
Kinyarwanda
Korean
Kurdish (Kurmanji)
Kyrgyz
Lao
Latin
Latvian
Lithuanian
Luxembourgish
Macedonian
Malagasy
Malay
Malayalam
Maltese
Maori
Marathi
Meitei (Manipuri) 
Mongolian
Myanmar (Burmese)
Nepali
Norwegian (Bokmål)
Odia
Pashto
Persian
Polish
Portuguese
Punjabi (Gurmukhi)
Romanian
Russian
Samoan
Scottish Gaelic
Serbian
Shona
Sindhi
Sinhala
Slovak
Slovenian
Somali
Sotho
Spanish
Sundanese
Swahili
Swedish
Tajik
Tamil
Tatar
Telugu
Thai
Turkish
Turkmen
Ukrainian
Urdu
Uyghur
Uzbek
Vietnamese
Welsh
Xhosa
Yiddish
Yoruba
Zulu
Languages in development and beta version 
The following languages are not yet supported by Google Translate, but are available in the Translate Community. As of  , there are 126 languages in development and 25 of them are in beta version.
Acehnese
Adyghe
Afar 
Ahirani
Aragonese
Assamese 
Avaric
Aymara 
Bagheli
Baluchi
Bambara 
Bangala
Baoulé
Bashkir
Batak Toba
Betawi
Bhojpuri 
Bodo 
Breton
Cantonese
Chechen
Cherokee
Chhattisgarhi
Chitonga (Tonga)
Chittagonian
Chuvash
Deccani
Dholuo
Divehi  
Dogri 
Dyula
Dzongkha
Edo
Efik
Esan
Ewe
Fon
Fulah  
Gagauz
Garhwali
Guarani 
Haryanvi
Hiligaynon
Inuktitut
Iloko
Isoko
Kalaallisut
Kamba
Kanuri
Kara-Kalpak
Karachay-Balkar
Kashmiri
Kedah Malay
Khakas
Khorasani Turkic
Kikuyu
Kokborok (Tripuri)
Krio
Kumyk
Kurdish (Sorani) 
Kʼicheʼ
Lakota
Lingala  
Luba-Katanga
Luganda 
Madurese
Magahi
Maithili
Marwari
Mazanderani
Minangkabau
Mizo
Montenegrin
Mossi
Navajo
Nepalbhasa 
Nigerian Pidgin
Northern Sami
Northern Sotho
Occitan
Oromo 
Pampanga (Kapampangan)
Pattani Malay
Qashqai
Quechua 
Rajasthani
Rangpuri (Kamtapuri)
Rohingya
Romansh
Sadri
Salar
Samogitian
Sango
Sanskrit 
Santali 
Saraiki 
Serrano
Setswana (Tswana)
Shor
Siberian Tatar
Sicilian
Southern Altai
Southern Ndebele
Surjapuri
Swahili Congo
Sylheti
Sylheti
Tamazight (Berber) 
Tibetan 
Tigrinya 
Tiv
Tok Pisin
Tshiluba (Luba-Kasai)
Tshivenda (Venda)
Tswa
Tuvinian
Twi 
Urhobo
Urum
Varhadi-Nagpuri
Wolof
Xitsonga (Tsonga) 
Yakut
Yucateco
Zaza
Zhuang
History of development 
On 11th of May, 2022, Google Translate adds 24 new languages from around the world. Out of the 24 languages, 8 are from India. The newly supported languages are: Assamese, Aymara, Bambara, Bhojpuri, Dhivehi, Dogri, Ewe, Guarani, Ilocano, Konkani, Krio, Kurdish (Sorani), Lingala, Luganda, Maithili, Meiteilon (Manipuri), Mizo, Oromo, Quechua, Sanskrit, Sepedi, Tigrinya, Tsonga, and Twi.

References

Other websites
 
 Google Translate Blog
 Translate Community
 Google Translate Help
 Inside Google Translate on Google's official channel at YouTube
 Teach You Backwards: An In-Depth Study of Google Translate for 172 Languages

Translate
Translation
Lake Dey Dey is a salt lake in South Australia. It is one of many salt lakes in the eastern end of the Great Victoria Desert. It is normally dry, except during and after periods of heavy rainfall. It is part of the geological basin known as the Officer Basin. The larger Lake Maurice is to the south. Since 1985, Lake Dey Dey is part of the lands belonging to the Maralinga Tjarutja, a southern branch of the Pitjantjatjara. The community of Oak Valley is located nearby to the southwest.

The surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt or sand, covered with a salty crust. The area around Lake Dey Dey is very dry. Groundwater contains high levels of salt.
The lake is culturally important to the Maralinga Tjarutja people. Both Dey Dey and Lake Maurice have  (Dreaming stories) associated with them, and some parts of Dey Dey are restricted so that only men who have been initiated have access. The major  associated with Lake Dey Dey relates to , an ancestral spirit represented by the eastern grey kangaroo.

References

Lakes of South Australia
Elizabeth Key "Bess" Armstrong (December 11, 1953) is an American actress. She got her start in acting on stage. Armstrong has done most of her acting on television but has been in some movies. She starred in the 1986 movie Nothing in Common with Tom Hanks and Jackie Gleason.

Armstrong was born in Baltimore, Maryland.

References

Other websites

American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
Actors from Baltimore
1953 births
Living people
Samuel Weiler "Sam" Witwer IV (born October 20, 1977) is an American actor and musician. He has appeared in individual episodes of many television shows as well as minor recurring characters in shows including Battlestar Galactica.

Filmography

Movies  
 Gamer (2009)
 Pathology (2008)
 The Mist (2007)

Television 
 2001: ER - Tommy (1 episode)
 2001–03: JAG - Beasley (3 episodes)
 2002: Dark Angel - Marrow (1 episode)
 2004: Cold Case - James Creighton (1 episode)
 2004-05: Battlestar Galactica - Lt. Crashdown (11 episodes)
 2006: Dexter - Neil Perry (3 episodes) 
 2007: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Muscular Man
 2007-08: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation - Officer Casella (3 episodes)
 2008-09: Smallville - Davis Bloome
 2010: The Walking Dead - Zombie soldier inside the tank
 2011-present: Being Human - Aidan McCollin
 2011-2013: Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Darth Maul
Video games 
 2008: Star Wars: The Force Unleashed - Galen Marek, Darth Sidious
 2010: Star Wars: The Forde Unleashed II - Galen Marek, Darth Sidious

References 

 
 
1977 births 
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Illinois
American voice actors
Highgate is a wealthy suburban area in north London. It is partly in the London Borough of Camden, partly in the London Borough of Islington and partly in the London Borough of Haringey.

Areas of London
London Borough of Camden
London Borough of Haringey
London Borough of Islington
Finchley is a suburban area of the London Borough of Barnet in north London.

Areas of London
London Borough of Barnet
The Boeing 720 is a jet airliner. It has two rows of seats, which means that it is a narrow-body airliner. It has four engines. The Boeing 720 was designed by Boeing in the 1950s. It was based on the Boeing 707, but the 720 is shorter and cannot fly as far. The 720 first took off in November 1959. Airlines began to use it in July 1960.

Two versions of the plane were made. The first one had Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojet engines and was first used in 1960. The second one is called the 720B, and it has Pratt & Whitney JT3D turbofan engines. It was first used in 1961. Some 720s were changed to 720Bs.

Only 154 Boeing 720s were built, but it still made Boeing a lot of money because it did not cost a lot to design.

The Boeing 720 was replaced by the Boeing 727.

Designing

Shorter range 707

Boeing said it would make a new type of Boeing 707 in July 1957.  At first, the new plane was called the 707-020, but it was changed to 720. The Boeing 720 is  shorter than the Boeing 707.
The 720 had a lot of changes made to the outside of the plane. These changes helped the 720 fly faster than the 707−120.  It had four Pratt & Whitney JT3C-7 turbojet engines. The engines made  of thrust each.

At one point while the plane was being designed, it was called the 717-020. However, Boeing used the name "717" for a military jet, but this was changed to the MD-95 after Boeing bought McDonnell Douglas in 1997.

Since the plane was so similar to the Boeing 707, no prototype Boeing 720 was needed. Any new systems were tested on the Boeing 367-80.  The first 720 took off on November 23, 1959.  It was first used by United Airlines, on July 5, 1960.  65 720s were made.
More changes
The 720B was a different type of 720. It had JT3D turbofan engines. These engines made  of thrust each.  The JT3D engines burned less fuel and could make more thrust. The first 720B took off on October 6, 1960. The first airline to use it was American Airlines in March 1961.  89 720Bs were made. American Airlines also changed some of their normal 720s to 720Bs.

Since the Boeing 720 was so similar to the Boeing 707, it did not cost much to design. This meant that it still earned Boeing money, even though not many planes were sold. Boeing made 154 Boeing 720s and 720Bs from 1959 until 1967.

Design

Although the Boeing 720 was similar to the Boeing 707-120, it was 9 ft (2.73 m) shorter. It was also lighter.

Body
The 707 had emergency exits over the wings. These are called over-wing emergency exits. The back over-wing exit was removed. Two extra over-wing exits could be put in so that the plane could hold more passengers.
Wings
The 720's wing was taken from the 707, but some changes were made to it. The 720 had the same wingspan as the 707-120.  For the 720, the wing had something called a wing root glove.  This glove helped the wing make less drag.

Engines
Although the 720 first had turbojet engines, the Pratt & Whitney JT3D was much more popular. The JT3D was a turbofan engine. 720s which had the JT3D were called 720Bs. American Airlines changed some of their normal 720s to 720Bs.

The 720 used the engines to make air to pressurize the cabin. However, the engines could not make enough air to do this, so some small holes were put in above the engines for more air.

Other equipment
The Boeing 720 did not have an APU, so it needed power from the ground to power the plane until the engines were started (the engines could make electricity for the plane).

History
History

The first Boeing 720 was for United Airlines. It first flew on November 23, 1959. United Airlines first used the plane on July 5, 1960. It flew from Los Angeles to Denver and then Chicago. American Airlines was the second airline to use the 720. The Boeing 720 was replaced by the Boeing 727 during the 1960s.

The first 720 had its name changed to  "The Starship". It was turned into a private plane used by rock bands. Led Zeppelin used it most, in the 1970s. A bar was put in, as well as beds, a shower, a lounge area, a TV and video cassette player.

Honeywell used the last Boeing 720 in the United States. It flew from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. Honeywell used it for testing. Honeywell got rid of this plane on June 21 and 22, 2008.  Honeywell replaced their Boeing 720 with a Boeing 757.
Pratt & Whitney Canada used the last 720 until 2010.  It was used to test new engines. Pratt & Whitney Canada it with a Boeing 747SP.  In May 2012, flown to the National Air Force Museum of Canada. It can now be seen there.

Different types of Boeing 720
720
This was the first type of 720. It had Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojet engines.

720B
This type had Pratt & Whitney JT3D turbofan engines.  American Airlines changed its ten 720s to 720Bs.

Users

These airlines got new Boeing 720/720Bs:

Avianca got three 720Bs. Two were delivered in 1961, one was delivered in 1965.

Ethiopian Airlines got three 720Bs. Two were delivered in 1962, one was delivered in 1965.

Lufthansa got eight 720Bs. They were delivered in 1961–1962.

Aer Lingus got three 720s. They were delivered in 1960–1961.

El Al got two 720Bs. They were delivered in 1962.

Pakistan International Airlines got four 720Bs. Three of them were delivered in 1961–1962, one was delivered in 1965.
American Airlines got ten 720s, which were delivered in 1960. It also got 15 720Bs, which were delivered in 1961. The ten 720s were changed to 720Bs in 1961.
Braniff International Airways got five 720s. They were delivered in 1961–1963. Another plane was sold to the Federal Aviation Agency before it was delivered.
Continental Airlines got eight 720Bs. They were delivered in 1962–1966.
Eastern Airlines got 15 720s, which were delivered in 1961–1962.
The Federal Aviation Agency got one 720 in 1961.
Northwest Airlines got 13 720Bs. They were delivered in 1961–1964.
Pacific Northern Airlines got two 720s, which were delivered in 1962.
United Airlines got 29 720s. They were delivered in 1960–1962.
Western Airlines got 27 720Bs. They were delivered in 1961–1967.

Accidents 
The Boeing 720 has had 23 hull-loss accidents. It has been hijacked nine times. One plane was destroyed by a bomb in 1976. People died in 12 of the hull-loss accidents. 256 people have died on Boeing 720s. The three worst accidents were:
Planes in museums
 720-047B 18351 a former Republic of China Air Force VIP aircraft on display at Kangshan, Taiwan.
 720-030B HK-749 on display at Museo de los Ninos, Bogota, Colombia in SAM Colombia livery.

Details

Sources: Boeing

Related pages

References
Notes

References

 Francillon, René. Boeing 707: Pioneer Jetliner.  Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Motor Books International, 1999.

Other websites

 Boeing 707 family on Boeing.com

 720
The King's Royal Hussars are a cavalry regiment in the British Army.

British Army
Pope Pius I (; died 154) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 10th Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome from 140 until his death in 154.

Early life
Pius was born at Aquileia, in Northern Italy.

Pope
Pius became pope in 140.  

He was the first sole Bishop of Rome during his reign.  Previously, the Bishop of Rome was a council of Bishops with the Pope being the head of the council.  His feast day is celebrated on July 11.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites 

 
  "Pius," Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence

1st-century births
150s deaths
Italian popes
The National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Costa Rica, or INEC) is the government institution in charge of censuses and official surveys in the country. The main office is located in San José.

History 
INEC was first called Oficina Central de Estadística in 1861. Later, in 1951, it was called Dirección General de Estadística y Censos, until 1998, when INEC was its legal name. INEC ran its first census in 1864, and the last one was the 10th population and the 6th dwellings census, held in June 2011.

Censuses in Costa Rica 
 1864. First Population Census.
 1883. Second Population Census.
 1892. Third Population Census.
 1927. Fourth Population Census.
 1950. Fifth Population Census.
 1963. Sixth Population Census.
 1973. Seventh Population Census. Available at CCP.
 1984. Eighth Population Census. Available at CCP.
 2000. Ninth Population Census. Available at CCP.
 2011. Tenth Population Census.
Other websites 
INEC website (in spanish only)
Central American Population Center website (in spanish only). Centro Centroamericano de Población (CCP), organization in charge of demographic studies, has information about the census that can be accessed online.

Organizations based in Costa Rica
Government agencies
1861 establishments
19th-century establishments in Costa Rica
1860s establishments in North America
Liberia is the capital and largest city of Guanacaste province in Costa Rica. The city is  northwest of the national capital, San José. Liberia is often called "la ciudad blanca" (the white city) by its residents because of the white gravel once used to make the city’s roads and the whitewashed colonial houses that once made up a large part of the city.

Climate

References

Guanacaste Province
Cities in Costa Rica
1836 establishments in North America
19th-century establishments in Costa Rica
Nicoya is a town in Costa Rica's Guanacaste Province. It is one of the most important tourist zones. It serves as a transport hub to Guanacaste's beaches and national parks. The town is also the capital of the cantón of the same name (Nicoya Canton).

The town was built in an old colonial style. It was built in the Cordillera Volcánica de Guanacaste. Agriculture and cattle are the town's main economic activity.

In early 2006, a group of researchers led by adventure writer Dan Buettner and supported by National Geographic Magazine, the National Institute for Aging, and Alliance Healthcare, designated Nicoya as a Blue Zone. This designation is granted to global regions that are characterized by the longest life expectancies.  Among the ideal Nicoyan lifestyle characteristics cited by the research were the water’s high calcium content, intense daily physical activity, year-long fruit consumption, and close inter-generational relationships.
While the town elected 61 year old Lorenzo Rosales Vargas as mayor on December 3, 2006 he was only able to serve for about a year before quitting due to health reasons. Since May 5, 2008 Eduardo Gutiérrez Rosales has been holding the office instead as Nicoya's first supply mayor. They are both members of the National Liberation Party (PLN).

References

Cities in Costa Rica
Guanacaste Province
1520s establishments in North America
Establishments in Costa Rica
A lens is a clear (transparent) object (like glass, plastic or even a drop of water) that changes the way things look by bending the light that goes through it. They may make things appear larger, smaller, or upside-down. Some places lenses are used include spectacles (eyeglasses), contact lenses, cameras, projectors, microscopes, telescopes, magnifying glasses, etc. Each eye also has a lens. 

They work by refraction, or the bending of light.

Lenses have three main shapes. Each different shape changes the image (making it bigger or smaller). The three types are:
 Convex: the center part is thicker
 Concave: the center part is thinner
 Planar: flat

The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length:
P = 1/focal length.

History 

The word "lens" comes from the Latin word for "lentil," because the earliest convex lenses in common use were shaped like the bean.
The oldest written record of lenses is in the ancient Greek play by Aristophanes called "Clouds", where lenses were used with sunlight to make fire.

Galileo Galilei is commonly believed to have used lenses to make the first known refracting telescope. However, he merely adapted and improved a design he learned from Dutch lensmakers such as Hans Lippershey. He was probably the first to use telescopes to make accurate astronomical observations, though.

Related pages
 Camera lens
 Focal length

Optics
Khuiratta () is a town of the Kotli District in Azad Kashmir. In has been the headquarters of the district subdivision since 2010.

References

Tehsils of Kotli District
Lauren Alaina Kristine Suddeth (born November 8, 1994) is an American country singer. She placed second on the 10th season of American Idol. Her album Wildflower was released in 2011. She is from Rossville, Georgia.

Discography
Singles
"Doin' Fine" (2017)

References

Country musicians from Georgia (U.S state)
1994 births
Living people
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
American Idol contestants
Banjo-Tooie is a platformer video game for the Nintendo 64 game console released in 2000. It was made by Rare and published by Nintendo. It is the sequel to Banjo-Kazooie.

The main characters are a bear named Banjo and an orange bird named Kazooie. The game takes place two years after Banjo-Kazooie. It follows Banjo and Kazooie as they try to stop the evil witch Gruntilda Winkybunion and her sisters, Mingella and Blobbelda, from bringing back Gruntilda's body to its original form.

The game was released on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service on April 29, 2009.

2000 video games
3D platform games
Nintendo 64 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Stockton-on-Tees is a medium-sized town in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in County Durham.

Towns in County Durham
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of England
When payment is made with credit card, sellers pay small percentage of the transaction to their bank or merchant. Many credit card companies, especially those in the United Kingdom and United States, share the commission with the owner of card by giving him money bonus, points that can be exchanged for prizes and discounts once some level of purchases is reached. A monetary benefit is known as cashback, sometimes pronounced as two separate words in the United States - (cash back). Usual cashback amount is between 0.5% and 2% of buyers net spending (purchases minus refunds and tax) as a yearly bonus, which is either added to the credit card account or paid by cheque, cash or wire to the participant.

Recently, major card issuers have increased cashback amount to 5% for purchases especially in grocery stores and petrol stations.

In most cases bonuses like cashback are offered to customers that pay off their credit debt on time every month.

References

Money
A canton is a type of administrative division of a country. Generally, cantons have fewer people and are smaller than other administrative divisions like counties, departments, or provinces. 

Cantons exist in many countries. The best-known cantons and the most politically important are those of Switzerland. The Swiss cantons are semi-sovereign.
Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (March 10, 1900 – June 9, 1970) was the president of Costa Rica from 1940 to 1944.

Early life
Calderón was born on 10 March 1900 in San José. In his youth, Calderón studied in Costa Rica, France and Belgium, where he married Yvonne Clays Spoelders, who was later the first female diplomat of Costa Rica. After finishing his studies, Calderón became a practicing surgeon, which he would remain for most of his early career.

Presidents of Costa Rica
1900 births
1970 deaths
People from San José, Costa Rica
Karen Black (July 1, 1939 – August 8, 2013) was an American actress, screenwriter, singer and songwriter. She has acted in many movies. These include The Great Gatsby, Airport 1975 and Easy Rider. Black has won 2 Golden Globe Awards for "Best Performance by an Actress In A Supporting Role in a Motion Picture".

Early life
She was born in Park Ridge, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois. She was the daughter of Elsie Mary (née Reif), a writer of several prize-winning children's novels, and Norman Arthur Ziegler. Her paternal grandfather was Arthur Charles Ziegler, a classical musician and first violinist for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Her sister is actress Gail Brown. Black was of German, Czech and Norwegian ancestry.

Personal life
Black was married four times. She had two children.

Death
Black died on August 8, 2013 in Santa Monica, California from ampullary cancer, aged 74.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Stuck! movie site 
 Podcast interview March 2007 
 Karen Black - The Terror Trap
People from Park Ridge, Illinois
Actors from Chicago
American composers
American movie actors
Screenwriters from Illinois
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Movie producers from Chicago
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Singers from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
1939 births
2013 deaths
Pit Corder (6 October 1918 - 27 January 1990) was a professor of linguistics at the University of Edinburgh. His important work was studying errors that language learners make. This is called error analysis. He was the first chairman of the British Association for Applied Linguistics, 1967-70.

Early life 
Pit Corder was born at 4 Bootham Terrace, York, into a Quaker family. His full name was Stephen Pit Corder. His father, Philip Corder (b. 1885), was a schoolteacher from an English family, and his mother, Johanna Adriana van der Mersch (b. 1887), was Dutch. Pit studied at Bootham School, a Quaker boarding school near York. His father was a master at the school. Corder studied modern languages at Merton College, Oxford University, from 1936 to 1939.
After Oxford, Corder began teaching at Great Ayton Friends' School. Then, during World War II, he was in the Friends' Ambulance Unit in Finland and Egypt. He did not have to be a soldier because he was a conscientious objector. In 1946 Corder married Nancy Proctor (b. 1916), his second cousin. They had two sons and a daughter.

Academic career 
After the war, Corder worked for the British Council in Austria, Turkey, Jamaica and Colombia. During this time he taught classes, worked on syllabus design, and prepared new language-teaching materials. In 1957 Corder joined the school of applied linguistics at the University of Edinburgh. However, he still worked for the British Council at the same time. The British Council needed specialists in applied linguistics because it was expanding language teaching programs around the world. Corder studied for the diploma in applied linguistics to help the Council. He taught at Edinburgh University for over twenty years until he retired in 1983.

References
References 

1918 births
1990 deaths
Bilingualism and second language acquisition researchers
British linguists
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Tracy Dale Terrell (June 23, 1943 – December 2, 1991) was an American professor, linguist and education theorist who wrote The Natural Approach along with Stephen Krashen. The Natural Approach is a way of teaching language, or methodology. In this methodology, learners should be exposed to a lot of language. The approach also says that lowering effective or emotional barriers to learning is important.
Career
Tracy D. Terrell graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a PhD in linguistics. He became an important American Hispanist and theoretical linguist. He taught at the University of California, Irvine from 1970 until 1985. Then, he took a job in the linguistics department at the at the University of California, San Diego.  He retired in 1989, and finally died of AIDS in 1991.  Along with Stephen Krashen, he developed the “Natural Approach” to second language learning. This was a popular way of teaching second languages. He was also well known and respected for his work in Hispanic linguistics. Dr. Terrell was fluent in Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Dutch.

Some books
The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom, Hayward, CA : Alemany Press, 1983.
Dos Mundos, Spanish language textbook, McGraw-Hill
Deux Mondes, French language textbook, McGraw-Hill
Kontakte, German language textbook, McGraw-HillBravo, Spanish language textbook, Glencoe (McGraw-Hill)
Journal articles
Terrell, T. D. (1980). A Natural Approach to the Teaching of Verb Forms and Function in Spanish. Foreign Language Annals, 13(2), 129-136.Krashen, S. D., Terrell, T. D., Ehrman, M. E., & Herzog, M. (1984). A Theoretical Basis for Teaching the Receptive Skills. Foreign Language Annals, 17(4), 261-275.
''Terrell, T. D. (1977). A Natural Approach to Second Language Acquisition and Learning1. The Modern Language Journal, 61(7), 325-337.

Bilingualism and second language acquisition researchers
American linguists
1991 deaths