Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Many species of large predatory fish also school, including many highly migratory fish, such as tuna and some ocean going sharks. Cetaceans such as dolphins, porpoises and whales, operate in organised social groups called pods.

Schooling behaviour is generally described as a trade-off between the anti-predator benefits and the costs of increased competition for food.

Schooling is a classic example of 'emergence', where there are properties that are possessed by the school but not by the individual fish. Emergent properties give an evolutionary advantage to members of the school which non-members do not receive.

Predator avoidance
Fish are in danger of being eaten if they are separated from the school. Several anti-predator functions of fish schools have been proposed.
 Confusion effect – One potential method by which fish schools may thwart predators is the ‘predator confusion effect’ proposed and demonstrated by Milinksi and Heller (1978). It becomes difficult for predators to pick out individual prey from groups: the moving targets create an overload of the predator's brain. "Shoaling fish are the same size and silvery, so it is difficult for a visually oriented predator to pick an individual out of a mass of twisting, flashing fish and then have enough time to grab its prey before it disappears into the shoal".
Many eyes effect – A second potential anti-predator effect of animal aggregations is the ‘many eyes’ hypothesis. This theory states that as the size of the group increases, the task of scanning the environment for predators can be spread out over many individuals. Not only does this effect provide the group with good warning, it may allow more time for individual feeding.
 Dilution effect – A third hypothesis for an anti-predatory effect of fish schools is the ‘encounter dilution’ effect. The dilution effect is an elaboration of safety in numbers, and interacts with the confusion effect. A given predator attack will eat a smaller proportion of a large shoal than a small shoal. Hamilton proposed that animals aggregate because of a “selfish” avoidance of a predator and was thus a form of cover-seeking. Another formulation of the theory was given by Turner and Pitcher and was viewed as a combination of detection and attack probabilities.
Schooling forage fish are subject to constant attacks by predators. An example is the attacks that take place during the African sardine run. The African sardine run is a spectacular migration by millions of silvery sardines along the southern coastline of Africa. In terms of biomass, the sardine run could rival East Africa's great wildebeest migration.

Sardines have a short life-cycle, living only two or three years. Adult sardines, about two years old, mass on the Agulhas Bank where they spawn during spring and summer, releasing tens of thousands of eggs into the water. The adult sardines then make their way in hundreds of shoals towards the sub-tropical waters of the Indian Ocean. A larger shoal might be 7 kilometres (4 mi) long, 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) wide and 30 meters (100 ft) deep. Huge numbers of sharks, dolphins, tuna, sailfish, Cape fur seals and even killer whales congregate and follow the shoals, creating a feeding frenzy along the coastline.
When threatened, sardines instinctively group together and create massive bait balls. Bait balls can be up to 20 meters (70 ft) in diameter. They are short lived, seldom lasting longer than 20 minutes.

The fish eggs, left behind at the Agulhas Banks, drift north west with the current into waters off the west coast, where the larvae develop into juvenile fish. When they are old enough, they aggregate into dense shoals and migrate southwards, returning to the Agulhas banks in order to restart the cycle.

References 

Fish
Ethology
U.S. Route 40 is a federal highway from Park City, Utah to Atlantic City, New Jersey.  It is 2,286 miles long and passes through twelve states.  It used to go from Park City to Reno, Nevada and San Francisco, California, but that route is now part of Interstate 80.  Much of the eastern part of U.S. Route 40, from Vandalia, Illinois to Cumberland, Maryland (or from St. Louis, Missouri to Baltimore) was part of the National Road.  This part has been around since 1839.  Part of U.S. Route 40 was also called the "Lincoln Highway".

U.S. Route 40 passes or passed through many cities.  Some of these are:

The current capitals are Denver, Topeka, Indianapolis, and Columbus. Vandalia was a former capital of Illinois, Zanesville was a former capital of Ohio, and Wheeling was a former capital of West Virginia.

Cities
Cities

Current
Park City, Utah
Vernal, Utah
Craig, Colorado
Denver, Colorado
Oakley, Kansas
Hays, Kansas
Salina, Kansas
Topeka, Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
Kansas City, Kansas
Kansas City, Missouri
Warrensburg, Missouri
Columbia, Missouri
St. Louis, Missouri
Vandalia, Illinois
Effingham, Illinois
Terre Haute, Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
Richmond, Indiana
Dayton, Ohio
Springfield, Ohio
Columbus, Ohio
Zanesville, Ohio
Wheeling, West Virginia
Washington, Pennsylvania
Cumberland, Maryland
Hagerstown, Maryland
Baltimore, Maryland
Wilmington, Delaware
Atlantic City, New Jersey

Former
San Francisco, California
Oakland, California
Sacramento, California
Reno, Nevada
Winnemucca, Nevada
Elko, Nevada
Salt Lake City, Utah

References

40
Physical chemistry uses physics to study chemical systems.  It studies them at macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate levels.  It looks at concepts like motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and dynamics.

Physical chemistry is not the same as chemical physics. Physical chemistry is mostly a macroscopic or supra-molecular science. The majority of physical chemistry concepts relate to bulk properties rather than to molecular/atomic structure alone. These include chemical equilibrium and colloids.

Some of the relationships that physical chemistry tries to resolve include the effects of:
Intermolecular forces on the physical properties of materials (for example, plasticity, tensile strength, surface tension in liquids).
Reaction kinetics on the rate of a reaction.
The identity of ions on the electrical conductivity of materials.
Surface chemistry and electrochemistry of membranes.

History
History 

The term "physical chemistry" was first used by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752. He presented a lecture course with the title "A Course in True Physical Chemistry" (Russian: «Курс истинной физической химии») to the students of Petersburg University. 

Modern physical chemistry was developed in the 1860s to 1880s with work on chemical thermodynamics, electrolytes in solutions, chemical kinetics and other subjects. In 1876, Josiah Willard Gibbs wrote an article called, On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances.  This paper introduced many of the main parts of physical chemistry, such as Gibbs energy, chemical potentials, Gibbs phase rule. Other important discoveries include Heike Kamerlingh Onnes' work on enthalpy and macromolecular processes.
The first scientific journal about physical chemistry was the German journal, Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie. It was founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff.   The two chemists and Svante August Arrhenius were the leading men in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century. All three were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Important discoveries were made in the 20th century. These include applying statistical mechanics to chemical systems and Irving Langmuir's work on colloids and surface chemistry. In the 1930's, Linus Pauling and others applied quantum mechanics to develop quantum chemistry. Chemical theories have grown with new experimental discoveries. New forms of spectroscopy started in the 20th century including: infrared spectroscopy, microwave spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy.
Physical chemistry also improved with discoveries in nuclear chemistry, especially in isotope separation. This happened around the time before and during World War II. Chemists discovered important facts in astrochemistry.

Journals
These journals cover physical chemistry:
Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (1887)
Journal of Physical Chemistry A (from 1896 as Journal of Physical Chemistry, renamed in 1997)
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (from 1999, formerly Faraday Transactions with a history dating back to 1905)
Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics (1947)
Annual Review of Physical Chemistry (1950)
Molecular Physics (journal)|Molecular Physics (1957)
Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry (1988)
Journal of Physical Chemistry B (1997)
ChemPhysChem (2000)
Journal of Physical Chemistry C (2007)
Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters (from 2010, combined letters previously published in the separate journals)
A historical journal that covered both chemistry and physics was Annales de chimie et de physique.  It started in 1789 and was published under the name given here from 1815–1914.

Branches and related topics

Thermochemistry
Chemical kinetics
Quantum chemistry
Electrochemistry
Photochemistry
Surface chemistry
Solid-state chemistry
Spectroscopy
Biophysical chemistry
Materials science
Physical organic chemistry
Micromeritics

References

Other websites

Physical Chemistry   (Keith J. Laidler, John H. Meiser and Bryan C. Sanctuary)
The World of Physical Chemistry (Keith J. Laidler, 1993)
Physical Chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling (John W. Servos, 1996)
100 Years of Physical Chemistry (Royal Society of Chemistry, 2004)
Physical Chemistry: neither Fish nor Fowl? (Joachim Schummer, The Autonomy of Chemistry, Würzburg, Königshausen & Neumann, 1998, pp. 135–148)
Cathedrals of Science  (Patrick Coffey, 2008)
The Cambridge History of Science: The modern physical and mathematical sciences (Mary Jo Nye, 2003)
The Mojo Blues Band is a blues band from Austria which was formed in 1977 by guitarist Eric Trauner and pianist Joachim Palden. The name of the band is derivated from "mojo", a talisman in the voodoo cult.

Band history
The founders of the band played before 1977 in clubs of Vienna. In 1977 Palden won a boogie woogie contest. The first prize was a record contract. They decided to form a band, which they named "Mojo Blues Band". The line up was:
 guitar, vocals Erik Trauner
 piano Joachim Palden
 bass Matthias Mitsch
 drums Bobby Sperling
Being the only blues band in Vienna they were often booked as backing band for blues artists who were touring in Austria. They played for example with Johnny Shines, J. B. Hutto, Charlie Musselwhite, Louisiana Red, Sunnyland Slim, Champion Jack Dupree, Homesick James, Honeyboy Edwards, Leon Thomas, Katie Webster, Hal Singer, Jan Harrington and Eddie Clearwater. They also played together with Axel Zwingenberger. This is documented on CDs.
In 1980 they teamed with Dana Gillespie and changed their style more to Rhythm ´n Blues. At the early 1990s their song Alligator Walk became a hit in the US Shag 8 a special dance) scene. Following this they toured North- and South Carolina. 1989 they visited Chicago and came back with 16 hours material they have recorded with musicians from Chicago. The CD "The Wild Taste of Chicago" was made out of this tapes. 1993 Christian Dozzler left the band to form his own group. So Eric Trauner had to learn playing the harp.

2001 the band played her last concert consisting of:
 Erik Trauner, (voc, guit, slideguit, harp)
 Daniel Gugolz (bass),
 Markus Toyfl (guit)
 Peter Müller (drums)
 Thomas Horneck (piano)
Peter Müller founded the label Styx Records. But soon Trauner formed the band again. Members are:
 Siggi Fassl (vocals, guit)
 Charlie Furthner (piano)
 Didi Mattersberger (drums)
 Herfried Knapp (bass)

List of blues musicians they have played with

Discograhie
Discograhie

Mojo Blues Band
 Shake That Boogie, 1978
 Hey Bartender, 1980
 ... And the Boogie Woogie Flu, 1982
 Hot Bricks, 1984
 Midnight in Swampland, 1987
 Champ's Housewarming, feat.: Champion Jack Dupree, Axel Zwingenberger, Thorsten Zwingenberger, 1988
 The Wild Taste of Chicago, feat.: A. C. Reed, Big Mojo Elem, Willie Kent, Taildragger, Tim Taylor, 1989
 Alligator Walk, 1991
 Super Blues News (3 CD-Box), 1992
 Blues Roll On, feat.: Johnnie Allan, Harry Siomoneaux, Taildragger, Big Mojo Elem, Big Wheeler, Steve Bell, Little Mac Simmons1994
 Rhythm & Blues Party feat. Red Holloway (sax), 1996
 20 Years in the Blues Jungle, 1997
 A Chicago Blues Night Live, feat.: Taildragger, 1999
 Southern Blues Cruise, 1999
 Blues-Parade 2000 Vol.1 und Vol.2 (DoppelCD-Box), feat.: Jimmy McCracklin, Nappy Brown, Jimmy Anderson, Bob Gaddy, Larry Dale, ua.,''1999
 Get Out Blues, 2004
 Thirty Year Blues Affair, 2007

Erik Trauner Solo
 Up Slide Down, 1995
 I'll Fly Away, 1998
 A Scarecrow´s Moan 2006
Singles 45rpm und CD-Singles 
 1982 Sea Cruise (45 rpm): Bellaphon 100-31-005
 1988 Rosa Lee (45 rpm): EMI Austria 12C006 1334337
 1988 Shim Sham Shimmy/Hungarian Stew Axel Zwingenberger/Champion Jack Dupree/MBB (45 rpm): Vagabond VRSGL 8.88014-7
 1991 Alligator Walk/ Mellow, Though & Easy (45 rpm): EMI Austria 1-33484-7
 1992 Wintertime Is Coming/ Sleepless (45 rpm): EMI Austria 12C 006-133492-7
 1992: All My Money´s Gone/ Better Of Dead (45 rpm): EMI Austria 863004-7
 1992: All My Money´s Gone/ Better Of Dead/Rollin´and Squezzing (CD - Maxi): EMI Austria 863004-2

Videos 
 The Wild Taste of Chicago, 1989

Other websites 
 Official website 

Blues bands
Ozone is a gas that is present in the ozone layer in the stratosphere of the Earth. There, it absorbs almost all ultraviolet light which is harmful to many organisms. The term Ozone depletion can refer to a number of distinct, but related phenomena:
 Since the 1970s, there has been a decrease in total volume of the Ozone in the ozone layer, of about 4%, per decade.
 There are seasonal variations in the ozone layers; in springtime, there is less ozone in the ozone layer over the polar regions, esp. the south pole. This is generally known as ozone hole.
 In addition to these well-known stratospheric phenomena, there are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events.
The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning, but the most important process in both is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic halogens. The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of man-made halocarbon refrigerants (CFCs, freons, halons.) These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface.
Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of Halocarbons increased.
CFCs and other substances contributing to this effect are referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths (280–315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere, observed and projected decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern. As a result, the Montreal Protocol  has been adopted. The treaty bans the production of CFCs, halons as and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane. The biological consequences  of this change in ozone levels may include an increases in skin cancer, cataracts, damage to plants, and the reduction of plankton populations in the ocean.
Estimates of how quickly the ozone layer will regenerate vary by about two decades. NASA estimated in 2006, that it will take to 2068 for the ozone layer in Antarctica to recover to the level before human-induced thinning.  According to the World Meteorological Organization, the state of the ozone layer over Antarctica will not change noticeably in the next twenty years. The state before 1980 will be reached between 2060 and 2075, 25 years later than predicted in 2002. Over the Arctic, there will be bigger losses in ozone over the next fifteen years, esp. in cold winters. For the Arctic regions, the state before 1980 will be reached around 2050.

References

Atmosphere
Photodissociation, photolysis, or photodecomposition is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. One or more photons interact with the target molecule.

Photodissociation is not limited to visible light.  Any photon with sufficient energy can affect the chemical bonds of a chemical compound.  Since a photon's energy is inversely proportional to its wavelength, electromagnetic waves with the energy of visible light or higher, such as ultraviolet light, x-rays and gamma rays are usually involved in such reactions.

One example where this is used is the Light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis. Far more enegetic photons of ultraviolet light (240 nm and shorter) can break the bonds of oxygen molecules. The newly independent oxygen atoms create ozone in the ozone layer.

Chemical reactions
The Audi Cup 2011 (the second edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Munich, Germany. The tournament featured four teams, AC Milan, S.C. Internacional, FC Bayern Munich and FC Barcelona. The winners of the tournament were FC Barcelona, defeating Bayern Munich 2-0. S.C. Internacional took third place, defeating AC Milan 2(2) - 2(0).

Matches

2011 in association football
2011 in Germany
Audi Cup
2010s in Munich
The 2008 UEFA European Football Championship (or the Euro 2008) was the 13th UEFA European Championships. It was hosted by Austria and Switzerland during June 7 and June 29, 2008. The winners were Spain, defeating Germany 1-0. Spain was also the first team since Germany in 1996, to win undefeated.

Greece, the UEFA Euro 2004 champions, recorded the worst finish in the UEFA Euro 2008. They got the least amount of money, and no points for the Group Stage.

Qualifying groups

Teams highlighted in green qualified for the finals.

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group E

Group G

Qualified Teams 

The teams that qualified were:

Austria
Switzerland
Poland
Portugal
Italy
France
Greece
Turkey
Czech Republic
Germany
Croatia
Russia
Spain
Sweden
Romania
Netherlands

Final

Final rankings 

Rankings are based on performance, not team skill. Also, these rankings are unofficial and are not based on head-to-head record.
Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez (born 9 August 1972), known as Juanes, is a one-time Grammy Award-winning and nineteen-time Latin Grammy Award-winning Colombian singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, record producer. He was a member of heavy metal band Ekhymosis and is now a solo artist. Juanes has sold more than 15 million albums worldwide.

Raised in Medellín, Colombia, Juanes began playing guitar at age seven.

Discography
Studio albums
 Fíjate Bien (2000)
 Un Día Normal (2002)
 Mi Sangre (2004)
 La Vida... Es un Ratico (2007)
 P.A.R.C.E. (2010)

Live albums
 Juanes MTV Unplugged (2012)

References

Other websites 

Official website 
English version
Juanes to Twitter in Cuba Despite Exiles By Alfredo Prieto, Havana Times, August 26, 2009
Official Universal Music Latino Website 
Mi Sangre Foundation website 

Juanes Interview
Juanes Interview on CorrienteLatina.com 
English version
Colombian singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
Colombian musicians
1972 births
Living people
Latin singers
Latin Grammy Award winners
Singers from Medellín
Writers from Medellín
Vector calculus is a branch of mathematics that investigates vector fields and how they change over time. Vector calculus usually studies two- or three-dimensional vector fields, but can be used in higher dimensions, too. It is a part of the study of multivariable calculus. Vector calculus is useful in physics and engineering because of how it can look at electromagnetic and gravitational fields.

Related pages 
Curl
Divergence
Gradient

Linear algebra
Vectors
A vector field is a function that assigns to every point in space a vector. It can be imagined as a collection of arrows, each one attached to a different point in space. For example, the wind (the velocity of air) can be represented by a vector field. This is because in every point one can write an arrow showing the direction of the wind and its strength. 

Vector calculus is the study of vector fields.

Physical examples 
In everyday life, gravity is the force that makes objects fall down. More generally, it is the force that pulls objects towards each other. If we describe for each point in space the direction and strength of the earth's pull, we will get a gravity vector field for the Earth.
The theory dealing with electricity and magnetism in physics is called electromagnetism. One of the basic assumptions is that there are two vector fields in all space which govern electric and magnetic forces. One is the electric field, which is often written as  and the second is the magnetic field, which is often written as .

Atmospheric circulation can be represented by a vector field. The more precisely the vector field describes the actual flow, the better the resulting weather forecast.

Linear algebra
Vectors
In calculus, multivariable calculus or multivariate calculus is the extension of regular, one-dimensional calculus to more than one dimension. Most of the concepts from calculus, such as continuity and chain rule, still work in more than one dimension, though sometimes with greater complexity and counter-intuitive result. 

Special multivariable uses include partial derivatives, or differentiation with only one dimension at a time, and multiple integration, or integrating over more than one dimension. The gradient operator , defined in terms of partial derivatives, is used to defined higher concepts such as Laplace operator, divergence and curl. By integrating a multivariable function over several variables, one can define an integral over an area, surface or volume as well.

Related pages 

 Vector calculus

References 

Calculus
Hockenheim is a German town in northwest Baden-Württemberg, about 20 km south of Mannheim. It is in the Upper Rhine valley on the tourist routes of the Baden Asparagus Route () and the Bertha Benz Memorial Route. The town is known for its motor racing circuit, the Hockenheimring.

Hockenheim is one of the six largest towns in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis district. Since 1999, the population has exceeded the 20,000, and Hockenheim received the status of a regional central town () in 2001.

Geography

Location and environment 
Hockenheim is in the Upper Rhine valley. It is on an old trade route that ran from Frankfurt to Basel. The river Kraichbach flows through the town, and divides Hockenheim in an eastern and a western area. Hockenheim covers 34.84 km². About 28.2 percent is used for settlement and transportation. About 47.5 percent is used for agriculture. About 2.3 percent of the area are waterways, and 21.1 percent are forests.
The town is divided into two large natural areas. The "Rheinaue" to the west and the "Niederterrasse" to the east. The "Hockenheimer Rheinbogen" is an area of the Rhine. 656 hectares of the area is a nature conservation.

Town structure 
The central urban area forms one unit. It is divided into five districts for statistical reasons.

History 
In 1984, an old brick kiln was found during an excavation in Hockenheim. The kiln had stamped bricks inside it from the Roman Empire. The Roman Legio XIV Gemina was near Mainz from 71 AD until 92 AD. The bricks indicate an early settlement in the Hockenheim area.

Hockenheim was first mentioned 769 as "Ochinheim" in a document of the Lorsch Codex (a list of early monastery gifts). The name "Hockenheim" was first used in official documents in 1238. During the Middle Ages, Hockenheim was owned by several local authorities.
In the 17th century, Hockenheim was severely destroyed twice by French troops. In 1644 during the Thirty Years' War, and in 1674 during the Franco-Dutch War. Tobacco was brought to the area by the French. During this time, the growing of hops started to be replaced with tobacco. In 1803 Hockenheim was merged into Baden. The tobacco crop grew well and prospered, and Hockenheim was awarded town rights on 22 July 1895.

At the beginning of the 20th century, asparagus growing replaced most of the remaining hops growing. On 29 May 1932 the Hockenheimring opened with a motorcycle race. In January 1973, Hockenheim was assigned to the new Rhein-Neckar-Kreis (district).

Politics 
The town is led by the Lord Mayor (). The Lord Mayer is elected every 8 years by the population. This office has been held by Dieter Gummer (SPD) since 2004. The local council of Hockenheim consists of 22 members, and the Lord Mayor presiding the council.
In 1975 the Hockenheim government agreed upon a municipal association () with the neighboring villages Altlußheim, Neulußheim and Reilingen.

Coat of arms 
Adopted in 1609, the coat of arms of Hockenheim has diagonally crossed silver hooks in a sign, below a crowned golden lion. The lion is the animal of the Electorate of the Palatinate, to which Hockenheim belonged; the hooks are probably derived from the place name. The form of the symbols was changed several times, but has been specified in its current form by municipal law since 1895.

Sport 

The Hockenheimring, a motor racing course built in 1932. It has become on of the two home circuits of the Formula One German Grand Prix (the other is the Nürburgring). It has hosted this F1 event over 30 times since 1970.

Places of interest
A museum for tobacco cultivation (growing) was founded in 1984. It was the first of its kind in Baden-Württemberg. The motorsport museum opened near the Hockenheimring in 1986 with over 200 historical motorcycles and engines. The  was created in 1991 to host the State Horticultural Show. With an area of 16 ha, Hockenheim's largest park.

The town's water tower was built in 1910 in Art Nouveau. It is the landmark of the town. Other historic buildings include the Protestant town church, a 1906 Neo-baroque building by architect Hermann Behaghel, and the 1910 Catholic church, done in Art Nouveau with a high tower, by Johannes Schroth. The old Catholic church (1817), with a late Gothic choir tower in classical hall construction, serves as a community center today.

International relations 

Hockenheim is twinned with:
  Commercy, France, since 1970
  Hohenstein-Ernstthal, Saxony, Germany, since 1990 (town in former East Germany before reunification)
   Mooresville, North Carolina, United States, since 2002.
References

Other website 
 Bertha Benz Memorial Route

Towns in Baden-Württemberg
PFC CSKA Moscow (Russian: Профессиональный футбольный клуб - ЦСКА, or English: Professional Football Club — Central Sports Club of Army [Moscow]) is a Russian football club from the capital city of Moscow. The team was more successful during the Soviet Union. Their biggest rival is Spartak Moscow. But PFC CSKA Moscow has the most fans. PFC CSKA Moscow was also the first Russian team to win the UEFA Cup (UEFA Europa League).

Past Names of the Club 
1911-1922 - Общество Любителей Лыжного Спорта (English: Amateur Society of Skiing Sports)

1923 - Russian: Опытно-Показательная Площадка Всеобуча) (English: Experimental & Demonstrational Playground of Military Education Association)

1924-1927 - Опытно-Показательная Площадка Военведа (English: Experimental & Demonstrational Playground of Military Administration)

1928-1950 - Спортивный Клуб Центрального Дома Красной Армии (English: Sports Club of Central House of the Red Army)
1951-1956 - Спортивный Клуб Центрального Дома Советской Армии (English: Sports Club of Central House of the Soviet Army)

1957-1959 - Центральный Спортивный Клуб Министерства Обороны (English: Central Sports Club of the Ministry of Defense)

1960–Present — Центральный Спортивный Клуб Армии (English: Central Sports Club of Army)

Titles

Related pages

2011–12 PFC CSKA Moscow season

Russian football clubs
PFC CSKA Moscow
1911 establishments
1910s establishments in the Soviet Union
The leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), also known as the sea leopard, is the second largest species of seal in the Antarctic (after the Southern Elephant Seal). It is most common in the southern hemisphere along the coast of Antarctica and on most sub-Antarctic islands, but can also be found on the coasts of southern Australia, Tasmania, South Africa, New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Tierra del Fuego, the Cook Islands, and the Atlantic coast of South America. It can live twenty-six years, possibly more. Killer whales, and large sharks are the only natural predators of leopard seals. They eat Crabeater seals, consuming 80% of their young. They are large and strong. They have a dark grey back and a light grey stomach. Its neck is a little bit white with black spots, which is the pattern of a leopard's coat. That is how it got its name. Leopard seals are carnivores. It eats penguins, seagulls, fish, squid, octopuses, krill, shrimps, crabs and even other seals
. They are the only species of seals who eat warm-blooded prey.
They are the most formidable hunters of all the seals and the only ones that feed on warm-blooded prey. Leopard seals hunt alone, and they are ferocious solitary animals. They do not do well with other leopard seals and usually end up in a fight. 

They are very aggressive, and their only predator is the killer whale. Their mouths can open 160° and clamp down with incredible force and can quickly emerge from the water to snatch prey, such as penguins on the ice's edge. Leopard seals can easily rip penguins and baby seals to shreds by jerking their heads from side to side. They have incredibly long teeth, up to one inch long. Also, they have spotted grey skin and are 10-12 feet long and have a slender bodies.
They can hold their breath for 15 minutes and are the second-largest type of seal in Antarctica and the third-largest worldwide. Leopard seals can even sing and smile underwater! They communicate by using clicking or trilling noises. When interacting with humans in the water, they are more curious than aggressive. They have a thick layer of fat called blubber under their skin to keep them warm under the icy freezing water. They weigh between 800 and 1,300 pounds which are heavier than a horse. They stay in Antarctica and sometimes come to New Zealand during the hot summer. Male seals are called bulls, females are called cows, and babies are called pups. 

Mammals of Australia
Pinnipeds
Loudoun County ( ) is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is part of the Washington Metropolitan Area. The 2010 U.S. Census said 312,311 people live there. The number of people grew 84 percent over the 2000 census of 169,599. Its county seat is Leesburg.

As of 2007, Loudoun County has the highest median household income of any county in the United States ($107,207). This is higher than nearby Fairfax County, Virginia ($105,241).

References

Virginia counties
FC Saturn Ramenskoye (, or English: State-Owned Enterprise of the Moscow Region Football Club Saturn Moscow Region) is a Russian football team near the Moscow area of Ramenskoye. It was also known as FC Saturn Moscow Region. In 2006, the club broke the record for the most draws in a Russian Premier League season, 16 draws. The club closed down in 2011, as there were bad financial problems. However, it was revived on the base of their former farm club FC Saturn-2 Moscow Region.

The club's past names were Krylya Sovetov (1946-1957), Trud (1958-1959) and Saturn Ren-Tv (2002-2004).

Titles 

Russian football clubs
1946 establishments in the Soviet Union
Moscow Oblast
FC Rubin Kazan (Russian: Футбольный клуб Рубин Казань, or English: "A Ruby") is a Russian football team from Kazan. Rubin only won the Russian Premier League in 2008 and 2009.

Rubin was previously called Iskra (1958 - 1964) and Rubin-TAN (1992 - 1993).

Rubin never played in the Soviet Top League, but went to the Russian First Division in 1992, and then went to Russian Second Division in 1994. The mayor of that time, purchased the team, and the on the same year Rubin won the Second Division in 1997. Rubin then went back to Russian First Division and the games went on until Rubin was promoted to the Russian Premier League in 2003.

Titles

References

Russian football clubs
1958 establishments in the Soviet Union
PFC CSKA Sofia (), commonly known as CSKA or CSKA Sofia, is a Bulgarian football team from Sofia, Bulgaria. Since CSKA Sofia was created, the club has won 31 A PFG titles, more than any team in Bulgaria, ever. Also, CSKA Sofia has reached two European Cup semi-finals, four European Cup quarter-finals and one Cup Winners' Cup semi-final, making the team the best in Bulgaria.

Titles 

Bulgarian football clubs
Sofia
The First Professional Football League (), known in short as Parva Liga (), is the top-level league of men's association football in Bulgaria. The league was founded in 1924 as the Bulgarian State Football Championship, and was later known by several other names, most recently Bulgarian A Professional Football Group from 2003 to 2016. The current name was adopted for the 2016–17 season.

The current champions are Ludogorets Razgred, who have won the last seven titles (2012 to 2018).

Results

Bulgarian State Football Championship

Bulgarian Republic Football Championship

A Group

First Professional Football League

Result table

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 League at UEFA
 Bulgaria – List of Champions, RSSSF.com

Football leagues in Europe
Football in Bulgaria

Organizations based in Bulgaria
The Grand Sports Arena of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex (, also known as the Luzhniki Stadium) is the biggest sports stadium in Russia. The stadium is in Moscow.

Buildings and structures in Moscow
Football stadiums in Europe
Sport in Russia
1956 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in the Soviet Union
Olympic venues
The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup, which is a men's football tournament that takes place every four years and is organized by FIFA. The tournament took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018, after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 2 December 2010. This was the first World Cup taking place in Eastern Europe.

The defending champions were Germany. France won the tournament after defeating Croatia 4–2. This was France's second World Cup title.

Qualified teams 

Russia is the host country, so the Russian team automatically qualified.

Draw
The draw was held in Moscow at 18:00 MSK, on Friday 1 December 2017
The teams were divided into 4 pots, 8 teams each. The number in parenthesis show positions in the FIFA World Rankings prior to the tournament.

Stadiums

Group stage
The top two teams of each group advance to the round of 16. Matches are played on a round-robin basis.

Tiebreakers
The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows (regulations Article 32.5):
If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria, their rankings are determined as follows:

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

Knockout stage

Bracket

Round of 16

cjk

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Third place play-off

Final

Statistics

Goalscorers

Discipline

A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences:
 Receiving a red card (red card suspensions may be extended for serious offences)
 Receiving two yellow cards in two different matches; yellow cards expire after the completion of the quarter-finals (yellow card suspensions are not carried forward to any other future international matches)

The following suspensions were served during the tournament:

Awards

Prize money
Prize money amounts were announced in October 2017.

References

Other websites 

FIFA.com 2018 website 
Welcome2018.com

 
2018 in Russia
Football in Russia
June 2018 events
FIFA World Cup tournaments
The Qatar 2022, FIFA World Cup was the 22nd FIFA World Cup. It was hosted in Qatar from 20 November to 18 December 2022. It was the first World Cup hosted in the Arab world, and the second to be hosted fully in Asia. This was the last World Cup played with a 32 team format. The tournament was played during the months of November and December to avoid the intense heat during the summer months in Qatar. The reigning champions were France.

There have been suspicions on whether Qatar earned hosting rights fairly. An investigation that was done by FIFA reported that Qatar earned hosting rights fairly. This investigation was criticized by Michael J. Garcia. Qatar was also criticized because of the treatment of the foreign workers preparing the World Cup stadiums.

Bidding

Qualification
Qualification 

FIFA's six continental confederations have their own qualifying tournaments. All 211 associations are able to enter qualification. Qatar, qualified automatically because they are the hosts. Qatar still plays in the first two rounds of AFC qualification because it is also qualification for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup. The previous World Cup champions France will participate in qualification as normal. Saint Lucia, North Korea, American Samoa, Samoa all withdrew because of safety reasons related to the COVID-19 pandemic, with North Korea withdrawing after already playing matches. Tonga withdrew because of the 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami. Russia was suspended by FIFA because of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Vanuatu and Cook Islands both withdrew because of COVID-19 cases in their squads, with  Cook Islands withdrawing after already playing matches.
The amount of available World Cup slots for each confederation was discussed by the FIFA Executive Committee on 30 May 2015 in Zürich. The committee decided that the slots would be the same as 2018.
 CAF (Africa): 5
 AFC (Asia): 4 or 5 (not including Qatar, the hosts)
 UEFA (Europe): 13
 CONCACAF (North and Central America and Caribbean): 3 or 4
 OFC (Oceania): 0 or 1
 CONMEBOL (South America): 4 or 5
 Hosts: 1

Qualified teams

Officiating
On 19 May 2022, FIFA announced the list of 36 referees, and 69 assistant referees and 24 video assistant referees for the tournament. Of the 36 referees, FIFA included two each from Argentina, Brazil, England and France. For the first time women referees will referee games at a major men's tournament.
Stéphanie Frappart from France, Rwandan Salima Mukansanga and Yoshimi Yamashita from Japan became the first female referees to be appointed to a men's World Cup. They will be joined by three female assistant referees, also a first. Frappart oversaw the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Final.

Venues

Final draw
The final draw was in the Doha Exhibition and Convention Center in Doha, Qatar, on 1 April 2022, 19:00 AST, before the qualifiers finished. The two winners of the inter-confederation play-offs and the winner of the Path A of the UEFA play-offs were not known at the time of the draw.
For the draw, the 32 teams were put into four pots based on their FIFA World Rankings of 31 March 2022. The teams in Pot 1 were the hosts, Qatar (who were automatically seeded as A1) and the best seven teams. The teams in Pot 2 were the next best eight teams, with the next best eight teams into Pot 3. The teams in Pot 4 were the five lowest-ranked teams, the two inter-confederation play-off winners and the UEFA Path A play-off winner. Teams from the same confederation could not be in the same group except UEFA, which allowed maximum two teams in the same group. The Pot 1 teams were automatically seeded as 1. The pots for the draw are shown below.

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Group E

Group F

Group G

Group H

Knockout stage

In the knockout stage, if a match is tied at the end of 90 minutes of normal playing time, extra time will be played (two halves that are 15 minutes each). If it is still tied after extra time, the match will be decided by a penalty shoot-out.

Bracket

Round of 16
Round of 16

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Third place play-off

Final

Marketing

Branding
The official emblem was shown on 3 September 2019 at the Doha Tower, Katara Cultural Village Amphitheatre, Msheireb Downtown Doha, and Zubarah. It is designed to show the tournament trophy, the infinity symbol, and the number "8", which represents the eight host stadiums. It also represents shawls to highlight the tournament's winter scheduling, and has waves showing the desert dunes. The make-up of the emblem's wordmark describes kashida—extending certain parts of characters in Arabic script to give emphasis.
Mascot
The tournament's official mascot was shown on 1 April 2022, during the group stage draw. Its name is La’eeb, which means "super-skilled player" in Arabic. The official website of FIFA says: "La’eeb will be known for his youthful spirit; spreading joy and confidence everywhere he goes", and the official backstory of the character, published there, says that it comes from a different world where tournament mascots live, "a world where ideas and creativity form the basis of characters that live in the minds of everyone".

Match ball
The official match ball, the "Al Rihla", was shown on 30 March 2022. It was inspired by the culture, architecture, iconic boats and flag of Qatar. In Arabic, the word Al Rihla means “the journey”. The ball was designed with stability as the main focus. It is the first ever official match ball created with water-based glues and inks.

As "the game is getting faster" and "speeds up", Adidas used some new traits, like more speed and improved accuracy of the ball.
Official song
The official song of the tournament is "Hayya Hayya (Better Together)", by Trinidad Cardona, Davido and AISHA, released on 1 April 2022 with the music video.

Sponsorship

Broadcasters

Notes

References

Other websites

 FIFA.com 2022 World Cup website 

 
2022
2022 in association football
November 2022 events
December 2022 events
Elze is a town in district of Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is next to the river Leine, approximately 15 km (9.3 miles) west of Hildesheim. Elze is also one oldest city in the area, and its name comes from Latin : aula caesaris

Notable people 
 Justus Gesenius (1601-1673), Lutheran theologian
 Johann Heinrich Louis Krüger (1857-1923), mathematician
 Philipp Furtwängler, (1800-1867), organ builder, 
 Philipp Furtwängler, (1869-1940), mathematician (number theorist)
 Günter Halm, (born 1922), bearer of the  Knight's Cross and Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Twin town 
 Écouché, France since 1972

References
FC Spartak Moscow (Russian: Футбольный клуб Спартак Москва) is a Russian football club from Moscow. The club is the most successful in Russia, winning 9 or 19 of the Russian Premier League championships. The team used to be part of the Spartak Moscow sports society, but left and declared to be an independent organization. Their biggest rival is PFC CSKA Moscow. Spartak won their last championship at 2017.

Titles 

Russian football clubs
1922 establishments in the Soviet Union
Ramenskoye is a city in Moscow Oblast, and was home to the football club Saturn Moscow Oblast. About 82,074 people lived there as of 2002.

Cities and towns in Moscow Oblast
Natassia Gail Zolot (born September 24, 1989 in San Francisco, California), known by her stage name, Kreayshawn, is an American rapper, editor and music video director. She has directed videos for rapper Lil B and is also a member of the group White Girl Mob. She is known for the song "Gucci Gucci" which gained three million YouTube views in just three weeks. She is currently signed to Columbia Records. She is set to direct the music video for "The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie" which is the first song by Red Hot Chili Peppers on their album, I'm with You. She is nominated for "Best New Artist" at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards.

Discography

Albums 
Kreayshawn has released 2 albums:

References

Other websites
 Kreayshawn's Tumblr

1989 births
Living people
Rappers from California
Musicians from San Francisco
Rostislav Olesz (born October 10, 1985 in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia) is a professional Czech ice hockey left winger and center. He currently plays for SC Bern of the National League A (NLA).

He was drafted by the Florida Panthers with the 7th overall pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the NHL for the Florida Panthers for 6 seasons. He was traded by the Florida Panthers to the Chicago Blackhawks for defenceman Brian Campbell on June 24, 2011.

He played 6 games with the Blackhawks and played a season with their AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs. On July 5, 2013, Olesz signed a 1-year deal with the New Jersey Devils. On November 21, 2013, he signed a contract with SC Bern of the NLA.

References

Other websites 
 

1985 births
Albany Devils players
American Hockey League players
Czech ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
New Jersey Devils players
Rochester Americans players
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
Jamal Mayers (born October 24, 1974 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a total of 15 seasons in the NHL. He currently works as an analyst for the NHL Network.

He was drafted with the 89th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut with the Blues during 1998-99 NHL season. He went on to play 10 seasons with the St. Louis Blues before he was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a 3rd round pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

He played 2 seasons with the Maple Leafs before being traded to the Calgary Flames along with Matt Stajan, Niklas Hagman and Ian White in exchange for Dion Phaneuf, Fredrik Sjöström and prospect Keith Aulie. At the end of the 2009-10 he signed a one-year contract with the San Jose Sharks.
He was not resigned by the Sharks for the 2011–2012 season and he signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks on July 1, 2011. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

On December 13, 2013, he announced that he was retiring from the National Hockey League.

References

Other websites

1974 births
American Hockey League players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Living people
San Jose Sharks players
Stanley Cup champions
St. Louis Blues players
Worcester IceCats players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Swedish Hockey League players
Ice hockey centres
The 27 club is the name given to a group of musicians, artists, actors and other celebrities who died at age 27.  The members or number of members of this group is not fixed.

Musicians often included in the 27 Club

References

Musicians
In Greek mythology, the Ophiotaurus was a creature that was part bull and part serpent. Ovid's poem, Fasti (3.793 ff) is the only work where it is mentioned. There, it is said that when the creature's entrails were burnt, the person to do so could defeat the gods.

The Ophiotaurus appears in the third book in the "Percy Jackson & the Olympians" series, The Titan's Curse. Percy Jackson first thinks it is a female and names it "Bessie". It reappears in Battle of the Labyrinth and The Last Olympian.

References
 Theoi Project - Tauros Ophis (Ophiotauros)

Greek legendary creatures
From First to Last (formerly named First Too Last) is an American post-hardcore band from Los Angeles, originally from Georgia and Florida.

History 
The band formed in 1999 under the name First too Last. In 2004, 15-year-old Sonny Moore joined the band. The first album, Dear Diary, My Teen Angst Has a Bodycount, was released on June 29, 2004. Heroine, the band's second album, was recorded in 2005 with Limp Bizkit guitarist Was Borland on the bass. Heroine was released on March 21, 2006. Moore left the band in early 2007 and guitarist Matt Good took over the lead vocals. In 2008, the band released their third album, named From First to Last, with Interscope Records.

Guitarist–screamer Travis Richter left the band in 2009, becoming lead vocalist in the metalcore band The Human Abstract in 2010. In March 16, 2010, the band released their fourth album, Throne to the Wolves, with guitarist Blake Steiner and label Rise.