Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Amiga was a line of personal computers that Commodore International produced during the 1980s and early 1990s. The first Amiga computer, the Amiga 1000, possessed a HAM mode enabled the machine to display 4096 colors, a chip that enabled it to play back four channels of sound at once, an operating system with multitasking, and a graphical user interface at a time that these features were uncommon or not as developed as Amiga's. The Amiga is often said to have been ahead of its time. Although the Amiga did not sell well and Commodore went bankrupt, the Amiga developed a fandom and niche amongst video and graphics enthusiasts and gamers.

The Amiga was initially created by computer chip designer Jay Miner and Hi-Toro (later Amiga Corporation). In 1984, Commodore purchased Amiga Corporation. The first Amiga, the Amiga 1000, was released in 1985 after delays and marketing blunders. In 1994, Commodore declared bankruptcy.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Amiga, by Joe Cassara, at urbandictionary.com
A history of the Amiga, by Jeremy Reimer, at arstechnica.com

Commodore computers
The rate equation (or rate law) is an equation used to calculate the speed of a chemical reaction (or rate of reaction). For a general reaction , the rate equation is: 

Here, [A] and [B] are the concentrations of A and B. x and y depend on which step is rate-determining. If the reaction mechanism is a very simple one, where A and B hit each other and then go to products through one transition state, then x=a and y=b. k is the rate constant of the reaction. This changes with temperature, pressure and other conditions. 

The rate equation is a differential equation. If it is integrated, then an equation which tells how the concentration of reagents and products changes with time is found.

In special cases, it is very easy to solve the equation and find k. For example, in a first-order reaction the equation is:

Integrating gives:

So, a plot of   against time t gives a straight line with a slope of .
Sometimes, experiments can be made so that the reaction looks like a first-order one. If the concentration of one reagent is kept at the same high value then it can be thought of as a constant. The equation becomes  where k' is the pseudo-first order rate constant. Then the method above can be used to calculate k'.

Reference 

Chemical kinetics
Human resources is all the people working for a company or organization. Sometimes, human capital is used as well. This is because employees (the people that work) are a good thing for a business because they add value to it.

The economist John Commons used the term "human resource" in his 1893 book, The Distribution of Wealth, but did not develop it further. The concept of "human resources" was in use during the 1910s and 20s in the sense that workers were perceived as a type of capital asset. For the first time in the modern sense, the concept of "human resource" was used by economist Edward Bakke in his report in 1958.

Examples are teachers, etc.
It is important that human resources in a company are the best possible, because it is the workers that can make the difference. There are many factors to think about when talking of human resources:
Demographics, which is things like the age and sex of the people. It is important that there are both new young people starting and old people with lots of knowledge around a business.
Diversity, so that all type of people are represented equally.
Skills and qualifications: it is important that only people with the right skills do a job. Otherwise, it will be a loss of time and money.

Human resources management is the group of people within a company that takes care of human resources. They make sure every employee is happy with what they are doing. They also do recruitment (finding new people for a job).

References 

Business
Benjamin F. Stewart (born 1851) was a Private in the United States Army. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Indian Wars.

Biography
Benjamin Stewart was born in 1851 in Norfolk, Virginia. He served as a Private in Company E, 7th U.S. Infantry during the American Indian Wars. He received the Medal of Honor December 2, 1876 for his actions at Little Big Horn River Montana on July 9, 1876.

Medal of Honor
Rank and organization: Private, Company E, 7th U.S. Infantry. Place and date: At Big Horn River, Mont., 9 July 1876. Entered service at: ------. Birth: Norfolk, Va. Date of issue: 2 December 1876.

Citation:

Carried dispatches to Gen. Crook at imminent risk of his life.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars

References

Other websites

1851 births
Year of death unknown
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from Virginia
Recruitment is the process of finding new people to do a job. For a company or organization, it is important to choose the right people from the beginning. This is because human resources are often a very important part of a business.

Recruitment has many different steps. First, the company needs to advertise that it has a job available. People then send an application. This usually includes a curriculum vitae, which is a summary of what a person has done until now in their life. The best applicants are selected and they come for an interview. This might also include some further tests or exercises to do. The person chosen is then given an offer of a job. Finally, they can choose to take it or not.
There are many ways of doing recruitment. Some companies go to consultants, who know where and how to find the best people. Universities and schools often have a group of people that tells the students about getting a job. At other times, a company might really want a person that is very good at a job but works for another company. They can then ask directly to this person, maybe offering more money. Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn are also sometimes used by people looking for a job.

References 

Occupations
Juliana Couto Paes (born March 26, 1979) is a Brazilian actress and former model.

Born in Rio Bonito, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Paes is of Black, Portuguese, Bolivian, indigenous Brazilian and Spanish descent. She is the oldest child of Regina and Carlos Henrique Paes. She has three siblings: Mariana, Rosana, and Carlos Henrique Jr.

Career

Television 
 2012 - Gabriela....Gabriela
 2011 - O Astro ....Nina 
 2009 - Caminho das Índias ....Maya Meetha
 2008 - A Favorita ....Maíra Carvalho
 2007 - Duas Caras ....Herself
 2006 - Pé na Jaca ....Gui (Guinevere Ataliba dos Santos)
 2005 - América ....Creusa
 2003 - Celebridade ....Jaqueline Joy
 2001 - O Clone ....Karla
 2000 - Laços de Família ....Ritinha

References

Other websites 

1979 births
Living people
Brazilian movie actors
Actors from Rio de Janeiro
San Bernardino (born January 6, 1965) is an American actor who was known for his role as Willis Jackson in the hit comedy show Diff'rent Strokes. He is also known for his roles in Everybody Hates Chris and truTV Presents: World's Dumbest.... 

Bernardino was born on January 6, 1965 in San Francisco, California. He was first married to Santa Barbara from 1998-2012 and they divorced. In 2022 he married Santa Maria. He has two children. His son Davis (born 1998) is an actor and his daughter Hannah (born 1996).

References

Other websites

1965 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American child actors
Comedians from San Francisco
Television personalities from California
African American actors
African American comedians
Actors from San Francisco
Dana Michelle Plato (November 7, 1964 – May 8, 1999) was an American actress who was known for her role as Kimberly Drummond in the hit comedy show Diff'rent Strokes. After the show ended, her career went down and later posed for Playboy and committed robbery. 

Plato was born Dana Michelle Strain on November 7, 1964 in Maywood, California. She was adopted by Dean and Florine Plato and she legally changed her name from Strain to Plato. She was raised in Los Angeles, California. Plato was married to Lanny Lambert from 1984 until they divorced in 1990. They had one son, Tyler Lambert. Plato committed suicide when she had an overdose from pills in her home in Moore, Oklahoma, aged 34.

References

Other websites

Dana Plato at Find a Grave

1964 births
1999 deaths
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
American adoptees
American child actors
American movie actors
American robbers
American television actors
American voice actors
Drug-related suicides in the United States
The Secret Meeting is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It dates to 1771-1773.  Fragonard was hired to paint a series of panels for the chateau at Louveciennes, the home of Madame du Barry. His theme was "The Progress of Love". It is the companion piece to The Lover Crowned. It hangs in the Frick Museum, New York.

References 
 

1770s paintings
Paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard
The Lover  Crowned is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. In 1771, Fragonard was hired to paint a series of panels for the chateau at Louveciennes, the home of Madame du Barry. His theme was "The Progress of Love". The Lover  Crowned is the companion piece to The Secret Meeting. The picture hangs in the Frick Collection, New York.

References 
 

1770s paintings
Paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Sir John Vanbrugh (1664-1726) was an English writer, dramatist and architect.

His main literary works include The Relapse (1696), The Provok'd Wife (1697), The Country House (1703), The Confederacy (1705) and The Provok'd Husband (left incomplete and later completed by Colley Cibber in 1728).

As an architect, Vanbrugh designed some famous buildings like Castle Howard, Blenheim Palace and the original Haymarket Theatre.

English writers
English architects
1664 births
1726 deaths
Seto Inland Sea is a sea surrounded by the Japanese islands of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku.

Related pages
Inland sea

Bodies of water of Japan
Seas of the Pacific Ocean
A geophone is a device for measuring earthquakes. They function by converting movement into voltage to be recorded at a station.

Related pages
Seismometer

Earthquakes
Measuring tools
is a Japanese town in Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.

History
Ancient artifacts and agricultural tools have been found at Asakura.  These finds date to the Yayoi period and the Kofun period (300 BC-538 AD).

In 660-661, the town of Asakura was briefly the capital of Japan when Empress Saimei moved her court to Asakura no Tachibana no Hironiwa Palace or Asakure no Tachibana no Hironiwa-no-miya.

In 2006, the town merged with the former city of Amagi and the town of Haki. A new city named Asakura was formed.

References

Other websites

 http://www.kokudo.or.jp/marge/c_prefecture.html 

Towns in Fukuoka Prefecture
The schists are a group of metamorphic rocks which have lamellar (plate-like) minerals, such as micas, chlorite, talc, hornblende, graphite, and others. Quartz often occurs in drawn-out grains so that a form called quartz schist is produced. By definition, schist contains more than 50% platy and elongated minerals, often finely interleaved with quartz and feldspar. Schist often contains garnets.

The individual mineral grains in schist, drawn out into flaky scales by heat and pressure, can be seen by the naked eye. Schist is characteristically foliated, (~leaf-like) meaning the mineral grains split off easily into flakes or slabs. The word schist is derived from the Greek word σχίζειν schíxein meaning "to split". This refers to the ease with which schists can be split along the plane in which the platy minerals lie.
Most schists have been derived from clays and muds which have passed through a series of metamorphic processes involving the production of shales, slates and phyllites as intermediate steps. Certain schists have been derived from fine-grained igneous rocks such as basalts and tuffs. Most schists are mica schists, but graphite and chlorite schists are also common. 

Schists are named after their mineral constituents, such as garnet schist, tourmaline schist, glaucophane schist, etc. 

Schists are frequently used as dimension stone. Dimension stone is stone that has been selected and cut to specific shapes or sizes.

Metamorphic rocks
The "Ghost in the Machine" is a metaphor in philosophy. The philosopher Gilbert Ryle called mind the Ghost in the Machine, and the idea that it was separate from the brain was the mistaken "official doctrine".

Ryle was referring to René Descartes' mind-body dualism. In dualist systems like Descartes', mental activity carries on in parallel to physical action, but the means of interaction are unknown or speculative. Ryle thought this was absurd, and as a kind of error which he called a "category mistake". It is like saying something like "cars move by motive spirit".

References 

Philosophy
Metaphors
Helen Hull Jacobs (August 6, 1908 - June 2, 1997, Globe, Arizona) was an American tennis player. She was a former number 1 ranked player. Jacobs won the championship at Wimbledon in 1936. She won a total of 10 Grand Slam titles. Jacobs won the US National championship in singles (1932-1935), doubles (1932, 1934-35) and mixed doubles (1934). She is best known for her rivalry with Helen Wills Moody.

1908 births
1997 deaths
American tennis players
LGBT people from Arizona
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
Sportspeople from Arizona
William Troy (1848–March 8, 1907) entered Service in the US Navy from Massachusetts as a United States Navy sailor. For bravery in action during the 1871 Korean Expedition he received the Medal of Honor on June 11, 1871. He was part of the party that rescued the mortally wounded Hugh McKee at Citadel Korea and was himself wounded and specifically commended by the Lieutenant.

Troy is buried in the Stockton State Hospital Cemetery in Stockton, California. A monument in his honor stands at the San Joaquin National Cemetery in Gustine, California. According to the San Joaquin National Cemetery's Website he is buried there, not at the state hospital in Stockton, in Section M-1, Grave 53.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Ordinary Seaman, U.S. Navy. Born: 1848, Boston, Mass. Accredited to: Massachusetts. G.O. No.: 169, February 8, 1872.
Citation:
On board the U.S.S. Colorado during the capture of the Korean forts, 11 June 1871. Fighting at the side of Lt. McKee, by whom he was especially commended, Troy was badly wounded by the enemy.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from Massachusetts
1907 deaths
1848 births
The Royal Rumble 2000 was the 22nd Royal Rumble, which Dwayne Johnson (better known as "The Rock") won. At the end of the rumble, The Rock and The Big Show were left. Big Show was about to throw The Rock out, but then Rock reversed the move and threw the Big Show out to win. Big Show proved that The Rock hit the ground first however it could not be arranged again because WrestleMania was in one month, so the Rock remained as the winner. After that, Show hit The Rock because of frustration.

2000 in professional wrestling
Royal Rumble
Sports in New York City
2000s in New York City
2000 in the United States
January 2000 events
James F. Merton (born 1843) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Korean Expedition in 1871. Landsman Merton was severely wounded during the seizure of the forts.

Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Landsman, U.S. Navy. Birth: England. G.O. No.: 180, October 10, 1872.

Citation:

Landsman and member of Company D during the capture of the Korean forts, 9 and 10 June 1871, Merton was severely wounded in the arm while trying to force his way into the fort.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

Other websites

1843 births
Year of death unknown
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Joypurhat () is a district in northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rajshahi Division.

Districts in Rajshahi Division
Naogaon (, ) is a district in northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rajshahi Division.

Districts in Rajshahi Division
Nawabganj () is a district in northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rajshahi Division.

Districts in Rajshahi Division
Garum was a fermented fish sauce used in ancient Greece, Rome, and Byzantium. It was made from the intestines of small fishes by bacterial fermentation.

References 

Condiments
Ancient Greek culture
Ancient Rome
The House of Cards is an oil painting by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin. It was painted about 1737. It measures 60 cm x 72 cm (23.62 in x 28.35 in.). It hangs in the National Gallery, London. Chardin painted scenes that found favor with all classes of Parisian society.

References
 

1730s paintings
Paintings by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
1737
The See-Saw is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It was painted in 1755. It measures 46 x 36 in. It hangs in the Fundación Colección Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid. It is the companion piece to Blind Man's Bluff.

References

1750s paintings
Paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Blind Man's Bluff is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It was painted in 1755-1756. It measures 46 x 36 in. It hangs in the Toledo Museum of Art. It is the companion piece to The See-Saw.

References 
 

1750s paintings
Paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard
The Bathers is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It may have been painted in around 1765. It hangs in the Louvre.

References 
 

1760s paintings
Paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard
French paintings
1765 works
A Visit to the Nursery is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It was painted in 1775. It measures . It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. Fragonard is usually remembered for his mildly erotic works. After his marriage in 1769, he painted family life.

References 
   

1770s paintings
Paintings by Jean-Honoré Fragonard
Paintings in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC
A Mini CD is a Compact disc that is of smaller size, usually 8 cm, instead of 12 cm, for regular CDs. These CDs can hold less data, about 210 Megabytes, or 24 minutes of music. There is also a version which can only hold 155 MB of data, or 18 minutes of music. Mini Cds also come in the shape and size of a business card, these can hold between 10 and 100 MB of data.

Compact Disc
The Tollund Man is the name for a mummy which was found in Denmark, in the 1950s. The man lived in the 4th century BC, in what is known as the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The head and face were so wll-preserved that he was mistaken at the time of discovery for a recent murder victim. Twelve years before the discovery of Tollund Man, another bog body, was discovered in the same bog.

Below the body was a thin layer of moss. Scientists know that this moss was formed in Danish peat bogs in the early Iron Age, therefore, the body was suspected to have been placed in the bog more than 2,000 years ago during the early Iron Age. C14 radiocarbon dating was performed: It indicated that he died in approximately 375-210 BC. The acid in the peat, along with the lack of oxygen underneath the surface, had preserved the delicate soft tissues of his body.
Examinations and X-rays showed that the man's head was undamaged, and his heart, lungs and liver were well preserved. The Silkeborg Museum estimated that he must have been approximately 40 years  old, and about  tall, at the time of his death. This means he was  relatively small, even for the time. It is likely that the body had shrunk in the bog.

On the first autopsy report in 1950, doctors concluded that Tollund Man died by hanging rather than strangulation. The rope left visible marks in the skin beneath his chin and at the sides of his neck.  There was no mark, however, at the back of the neck where the knot of the noose would have been located. After a re-examination in 2002, forensic scientists found more evidence to support these findings. Although the cervical vertebrae were undamaged (as they often are in hanging victims), radiography showed that the tongue was distended—an indication of death by hanging.
The stomach and intestines were examined and tests carried out on their contents. The scientists discovered that the man's
last meal had been a kind of porridge made from vegetables and seeds, both cultivated and wild: barley, linseed, gold of pleasure (Camelina sativa), knotweed, bristlegrass, and chamomile.

There were no traces of meat in the man's digestive system, and from the stage of digestion it was apparent that the man had lived for 12 to 24 hours after this last meal. In other words, he may not have eaten for up to a day before his death. Although similar vegetable soups were not unusual for people of this time, two interesting things were noted:
The soup contained many different kinds of wild and cultivated seeds. Because these seeds were not readily available, it is likely that some of them were gathered deliberately for a special occasion.
The soup was made from seeds only available near the spring where he was found.
Bog bodies dry up and decompose rapidly, when they are taken out of the bog. Because of the facial expression, and the general state of the head, the decision was taken to expose the body. At the time, the head was preserved using Polyethylene glycol, the only material available. This method did not permit to preserve the body; it dried up and decayed. Today, the head is attached to a copy of the body. Both feet and the right thumb were also in a good state of preservation when the body was found in the 1950s. For this reason, they were kept in formaldehyde for analysis later.  In 1976, the Danish Police Force made a finger-print analysis, making Tollund Man's thumb print one of the oldest finger-prints on record. Tollund Man is exposed in the Silkeborg Museum.

It is likely that he was a sacrifice, as an iron neck ring was found around his neck, which was commonly used as an offering.

References

History of Denmark
Deaths by hanging
Archaeological sites in Europe
Bog bodies
4th-century BC people
Sergeant First Class Elmelindo Rodrigues Smith  (July 27, 1935 – February 16, 1967) was born in Wahiawa, Hawaii. He was a United States Army soldier of Hispanic-Asian descent, who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Vietnam War. Despite being severely wounded, Smith inspired his men to beat back an enemy assault.

Early years
Smith was an American of Hispanic/Asian-Pacific American descent (his Hispanic blood being precisely of Puerto Rican origin). He was born in the town of Wahiawā which is in the center of Oahu Island in the County of Honolulu. There he received his primary and secondary education. He joined the United States Army in 1953 and was stationed in various countries overseas, among them was Okinawa.

During his stay in Okinawa, he met a Hawaiian born WAC by the name of Jane and soon they were married. They established their home in a military post in Tacoma, Washington and had two daughters.
Vietnam War
On July 23, 1966, Smith was sent to the Republic of Vietnam and served as Platoon Sergeant of the 1st Platoon, Company C, 2d Battalion, 8th Infantry of the 4th Infantry Division. The division performed combat operations in the western Central Highlands along the border between Cambodia and Vietnam. The division experienced heavy combat against North Vietnamese Army (NVA) regular forces in the mountains surrounding an area called Kontum.

On February 16, 1967, Sergeant Rodrigues Smith was leading his platoon in a reconnaissance patrol, when suddenly it came under attack. NVA forces attacked the patrol with machinegun, mortar and rocket fire. Despite the fact that he was wounded, he coordinated a counterattack by positioning his men and distributing ammunition. He was struck by a rocket, but continued to expose himself in order to direct his men's fire upon the approaching enemy. Even though he died from his wounds, his actions resulted in the defeat of the enemy.
For his actions, he was recommended for the Medal of Honor. The family received the medal from the hands of Secretary of the Army Stanley R. Resor because President Lyndon B. Johnson was ill at the time. However, after the ceremony, which was held at the White House, the family which included his widow Jane and two daughters, Kathleen 10 and Pamela 6, were taken to President Johnson's bedroom.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. During a reconnaissance patrol. his platoon was suddenly engaged by intense machinegun fire hemming in the platoon on 3 sides. A defensive perimeter was hastily established, but the enemy added mortar and rocket fire to the deadly fusillade and assaulted the position from several directions. With complete disregard for his safety, P/Sgt. Smith moved through the deadly fire along the defensive line, positioning soldiers, distributing ammunition and encouraging his men to repeal the enemy attack. Struck to the ground by enemy fire which caused a severe shoulder wound, he regained his feet, killed the enemy soldier and continued to move about the perimeter. He was again wounded in the shoulder and stomach but continued moving on his knees to assist in the defense. Noting the enemy massing at a weakened point on the perimeter, he crawled into the open and poured deadly fire into the enemy ranks
. As he crawled on, he was struck by a rocket. Moments later, he regained consciousness, and drawing on his fast dwindling strength, continued to crawl from man to man. When he could move no farther, he chose to remain in the open where he could alert the perimeter to the approaching enemy. P/Sgt. Smith died, never relenting in his determined effort against the enemy. The valorous acts and heroic leadership of this outstanding soldier inspired those remaining members of his platoon to beat back the enemy assaults. P/Sgt. Smith's gallant actions were in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Army and they reflect great credit upon him and the Armed Forces of his country.
Postscript
Sergeant First Class Elmelindo Rodrigues Smith's remains were buried with full military honors in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu, Hawaii. His name is inscribed in the Vietnam War Memorial in Washington, D.C. in Panel 15E – Row 051.

Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War
List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
List of Hispanic Medal of Honor recipients

Notes

References

Other websites

1935 births
1967 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from Hawaii
Purple Heart recipients
Jeanne Bécu, Countess of Barry (19 August 1743 – 8 December 1793) was the last mistress of King Louis XV of France. She was one of the victims of the Reign of Terror.

Early life 
Jeanne Bécu was born in Lorraine, France. Her mother was Anne Bécu, who was a seamstress. Jeanne Bécu was an illegitimate child, and her father is not known. Some people say her father was Jean Jacques Gomard, a friar known as frère Ange.

Jeanne Bécu was educated at a convent called Couvent de Saint-Aure. When she was 15 years old, she left the convent. She and her mother moved to Paris, where Jeanne sold small items on the streets. Jeanne was a very beautiful, blonde-haired woman, and was later found by Jean-Baptiste du Barry, who owned a casino and trained women to be courtesans. Jean-Baptiste du Barry made Jeanne his mistress.
Official mistress of Louis XV 
As time passed, Jeanne became well-known with powerful people in the Kingdom of France. She had many clients in the king's court. The king soon noticed her and had her brought to his bedroom many times. Since she was a commoner and did not have a royal title, she could not be a maîtresse-en-titre (official mistress). The king was worried what people would think of him being with a commoner, so the king ordered that Jeanne be married to a man who had a noble title. 

On 1 September 1768, Jeanne was married to Jean-Baptiste du Barry's brother, Comte Guillaume du Barry. After the wedding, Jeanne was made Louis XV's official mistress. She lived in a small room above the king's room. Jeanne was very lonely since some people still considered her a commoner.

Death 
Jeanne died at the age of 50 due to execution made by supporters of the French Revolution, a time where the common people were against people of the royalty. She is buried at the Madeleine Cemetery.

Gallery

References
References

People from Meuse
1743 births
1793 deaths
French nobility
Executed French people
Linda Lovelace (January 10, 1949 – April 22, 2002) was an American pornographic actress best known for her starring role in 1972 movie Deep Throat. She was born Linda Susan Boreman in the Bronx, New York City. 

She was married to Chuck Traynor (1937-2002) from 1971 until 1973; he frequently used violence against her. In 1974 she married Larry Marchiano. She had two children with him. They divorced in 1996. In 1980 Ordeal was published. It was a book Lovelace wrote about being a porn actress. She moved to Colorado in 1990. She died in Denver on April 22, 2002 of injuries sustained in a road accident on April 3, 2002. The biopic Lovelace is about her.

References

Other websites 

1949 births
2002 deaths
Actors from the Bronx
American activists
American autobiographers
American crime victims
American feminists
American movie actors
American pornographic actors
Anti-pornography activists
Road accident deaths in the United States
Writers from the Bronx
The Division of Parramatta is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. The division was created in 1900 for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for the locality of Parramatta. The name Parramatta is an Aboriginal word for "the place where the eels lie down". 

The division is in the western suburbs of Sydney.  It includes Constitution Hill, Dundas Valley, Granville, Harris Park, Holroyd, Mays Hill, North Parramatta, Oatlands, Old Toongabbie, Parramatta, Rosehill, Rydalmere, Telopea, Wentworthville, Westmead and parts of Dundas, Ermington, Guildford, Merrylands, Merrylands West, Northmead, North Rocks, Pendle Hill, South Granville and South Wentworthville.
The division lies between Labor voting areas of western Sydney and the  Liberal areas on the North Shore.  Because of this, any change to the boundary can change the political balance in the seat.  For example, in the 2006 boundary change, Parramatta shifted from marginally Labor to marginally Liberal (as defined by the Australian Electoral Commission). Nevertheless, as was expected  Julie Owens held the seat for the ALP with an increased majority.

Members

From 1901 to 1921 the Division was represented by Sir Joseph Cook who was the Prime Minister of Australia from 1913-14. There have been several by-elections for Parramatta when the members have resigned. In 1921 Cook resigned to became Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, in 1958 Beale resigned to become Australian Ambassador to the United States, in 1964 Barwick resigned to become Chief Justice of the High Court, Bowen resigned in 1973 to become a judge in the NSW Court of Appeal.

Election results
Election results

|-
| bgcolor="#118080" |  
| style="text-align:left;"| Independent OLC
| style="text-align:left;"| Steve Christou
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,982
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.54
| style="text-align:right;"| +3.54
|-

References

Division of Parramatta - Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Julie Owens' website

Parramatta
New South Wales
1901 establishments in Australia
Harborne is an area of Birmingham in the West Midlands, England. It is west of the centre of Birmingham.

Settlements in the West Midlands (county)
History 
At the time of its founding in 1810, there was pressure to make the new university both practical and industrial. Von Humboldt wanted it to be a center for the pursuit of truth in learning. In the end he won out. The University was set up under his principles. In 1828 it was formally renamed the Frederick-William University. The university was named in honor of the reigning monarch, Frederick William III of Prussia.  The university offered the traditional faculties of law, medicine, theology and philosophy. Emperor William made several establishments at the University. One of these was the professorship of "American History". It is now called the "Theodore Roosevelt professorship". It required the position be filled by an American professor who must lecture in German. In an interview with then president Butler of Columbia University, a second professorship in Berlin was established with a lectures in English taught by a German professor.
From 1933 to 1945, under Nazism, the university lost many of its Jewish scholars and students. Some were killed. On May 10, 1933 many university books were burned. Before World War II Humboldt was still the major university in Berlin. After the war the university was greatly weakened. It reopened in  January 1946. It was in the Soviet sector of Berlin. Many students and faculty wanted to continue their education free of communist government control. With the help of the US Army and donations from the United States government, the Free University of Berlin was established in 1948 in West Berlin.  

In 1949 the university was given its present name, Humboldt-University of Berlin (), to honor the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt. The university underwent a number of changes by the government of East Berlin in the 1950s. But it regained its importance as a major center of learning.
The university today 
The university got its start reflecting the principles of the great educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt. It pioneered many new academic disciplines. In spite of its problems in the 20th century, the university has returned to its founding principles. There are 260 degree courses offered. The university has an academic staff of about 2,170 and 35,000 students. it is currently ranked 80th among the world's universities. It has been informally called "Berlin University" throughout its history. Also, informally, the "University of Linden" () after its location.

References

Other websites 
 Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Home page (in German)

1949 establishments in Germany
Colleges and universities in Berlin
Education in Berlin
The German Football Association () is the association that governs football in Germany. It was one of the founding members of both FIFA and UEFA. It is in charge of the men's and women's national teams. The association was started on 28 January 1900 in Leipzig. Its headquarters are now based in Frankfurt.

1900 establishments in Germany
Football in Germany
Frankfurt
Sport in Hesse
Association football governing bodies in Europe
The 2013 Football League Cup Final is a football match between Bradford City and Swansea City, which will take place on 24 February 2013 at Wembley Stadium, London. It is the final match of the 2012–13 Football League Cup, the 53rd season of the Football League Cup, a football competition for the 92 teams in the Premier League and the Football League. The winner of the Football League Cup will enter the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League in the third qualifying round.

References

Football League Cup
2013 in association football
2013 in London
2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years is a description of trends in global development of Jørgen Randers. It is a follow-up of The Limits to Growth which in 1972 was the first known worldwide report to the Club of Rome.

There are three differences to the previous report. First, it does not describe a disaster scenario, but shows only trends. Secondly, it is to be read in the light of experience since 1972, namely, that all of humanity has responded to the report, but with a delay  of 20  to 40 years. Thirdly, it offers not only future scenarios, it makes concrete proposals on how the individual should respond to emerging developments.

Global forecast

Randers's reflections are based on two central questions: "What will happen to the consumer over the next 40 years?" and "Under what conditions - in which social and natural environment - this future consumption will take place?" (P.78) He uses computer models to make sure feedback effects are not overlooked.
Forecast on population and consumption
The population will decline from about the 2040th.
The working population will peak around 2030.
Productivity will grow, but there will be obstacles.
The gross domestic product will grow, but more slowly.
Investments - forced and voluntary - will increase.
There will be new costs.
Costs for adaptation to the new climate and for repair of disasters will explode.
The state will become more involved.
Consumption will stagnate and decline in some places.

Forecast on energy and CO2
The energy efficiency will continue to increase. Energy demand is expected to rise, but not indefinitely. CO2 emissions from energy consumption will peak in 2030. The temperature will rise by more than two degrees, and that will cause serious problems.
Forecast on nutrition and ecological footprint
The race for natural resources will be hard, the biocapacity of the world will be used more and more. The cities become richer sources of raw materials for metal than the mineral deposits in nature (urban mining). In the same way that zoos have already become the last refuge for many endangered species, parks will take over this role for nature in general.

The non-physical future
Randers argues the global gross domestic product will fail to increase as it has in the past because of population decline, and general aging and declining productivity growth.
The Internet will give rise to a completely new understanding of private and public. Knowledge will not be a scarce resource any more, but that will not lead to more rational decisions in most of the cases, because the knowledge on its own is not sufficient to change behavior when strong interests are involved.  Therefore, probably there will be  needed a "green team" to enforce environmental behavior, like today, the  peacekeeping forces (blue berets).

References

Other websites
2052 - A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years

2012 books
Environment
Economics
An alkyne is a molecule that has a triple bond between two carbon atoms. They have general formula CnH2n-2. They are also called acetylenes. The smallest alkyne is acetylene, also called ethyne. Alkynes are hydrophobic: this means they dissolve well in organic solvents but not in water.

Alkynes are more reactive than usual hydrocarbons. For example, they are more reactive than alkenes in many reactions. If the alkyne is at the end of a molecule, it is easy to remove the proton with a strong base. Then, the alkyne can be used in addition reactions. For example, it can be added to a ketone. Alkynes are also easy to reduce to double bonds. They can be made into both trans and cis double bonds. Alkynes are also used a lot in pericyclic reactions.

Structure 
Alkynes have a 180 degrees angle between the two carbon atoms. For this reason, they do not like to be in a cyclic compound. Some examples of alkynes are shown below.

References 

Hydrocarbons
Functional groups
A carboxylic acid is any molecule that has a COOH group. This group contains a carbonyl (C=O double bond) together with an hydroxyl group (OH) on the same carbon atom. Because it is easy to remove the proton with even a weak base, these compounds are called acids. An example of a carboxylic acid is Acetic acid, which is also known as vinegar.

Carboxylic acids are found a lot in food. Many types of fat molecules are actually carboxylic acids. For example, chocolate and coconuts have these acids. They are also used a lot in soaps and detergents.

The smaller carboxylic acids dissolve in water. The bigger ones dissolve only in organic solvents.

List
This section lists the first few carboxylic acids.

Acids
Functional groups
In organic chemistry, an epoxide is a molecule that has a ring with at least three atoms in total, two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. These three atoms are bonded, or stuck together, in a small ring. The ring of atoms is shaped like a triangle, with all edges of the same length. Because of this small ring, an epoxide is very reactive. 

Epoxides can be made by oxidation of alkenes. There are many ways to do this. Usually, a peroxide is used. Some ways can even make only one enantiomer of the epoxide.

Epoxides like to react with nucleophiles. Usually, when an epoxide reacts with a nucleophile, the first thing it does is break one of its chemical bonds between the oxygen atom and the carbon atom. This makes the triangular ring pop open. With the ring open, the nucleophile gets stuck onto one of the carbon atoms. On the other carbon, the left over oxygen attaches to a hydrogen atom, turning into an alcohol. This is very useful, because it is easy to change an alcohol into many other functional groups.
Epoxides are useful because with them very complicated molecules can be made quickly. Epoxides are extremely useful for making many other compounds. That is because oxygen, which is in an epoxide, is such a great functional group. Once you have made an epoxide, you can make alcohols, ethers, and halohydrins, among other things.

Functional groups
Max Dugan Returns is a 1983 American comedy-drama movie. It stars Jason Robards as Max Dugan, Marsha Mason as his daughter Nora, Donald Sutherland, Kiefer Sutherland, and Matthew Broderick as grandson Michael. This was the first movie appearance for both Broderick and Kiefer Sutherland. This was the last Neil Simon movie directed by Herbert Ross. It was also the last Simon movie starring Mason (Simon's wife at the time).

Plot
Max Dugan (Robards), the long-lost father of Nora McPhee (Mason), visits her. She is having several problems. He brings some promises and the news that he is going to die soon. He also meets and makes friends with his grandson Michael (Broderick). Donald Sutherland plays the police officer who helps Nora after her car is stolen and becomes her boyfriend in the process.

Former professional baseball player Charley Lau appears as himself. His character is hired by Dugan to coach Michael to hit better for his little league team.
1983 comedy-drama movies
English-language movies
American comedy-drama movies
Movies directed by Herbert Ross
The 10th Ward is a division of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans.

The 10th Ward is one of the city's Uptown wards, formerly the old Faubourg Lafayette annexed by New Orleans in 1850s.

Boundaries 
The roughly wedge-shaped Ward stretches back from the Mississippi River. The lower boundary is Felicity Street, across which is the 1st Ward, then Martin Luther King Boulevard (formerly Melpomene Street), across which is the 2nd Ward. The upper boundary is First Street, across which lies the 11th Ward.

Cityscape and landmarks 
Near the river the Ward includes part of the Lower Garden District and the former location of America's first experiment with large-scale public housing, started here in 1937, when, as part of the New Deal, President Roosevelt signed the loan to commence construction of the St. Thomas Housing Project. In Central City it includes the Oretha Castle Haley commercial district.
The 10th Ward has been home to such notables as jazz musicians Buddy Bolden and George Brunies.

References 

10
Wards
The George Washington Cable House is a cottage at 1313 8th Street in the Garden District of New Orleans, Louisiana. It was the home of George Washington Cable (1844–1925), an American novelist who wrote of Creole life, during the period in which he rose to national prominence.

He lived in this home during 1874-1884. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1962.

References

National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Buildings and structures in New Orleans
Houses in the United States
1874 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Louisiana
Gallier House, also known as James Gallier, Jr., House was the home of American architect James Gallier, Jr. in New Orleans, Louisiana. Gallier designed the house himself. It is located on Royal Street in the French Quarter section of the city.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.

Gallier House now houses a museum, with the interior restored and furnished in the style of the 1850s.

References

Other websites

 Gallier House.

National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Buildings and structures in New Orleans
Houses in the United States
1857 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Louisiana
Gland is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Grandchamp is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Charny-Orée-de-Puisaye.

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INSEE

Former communes in Yonne
Grimault is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Gron is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Guerchy is a former commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valravillon.

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INSEE

Former communes in Yonne
Guillon is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Guillon-Terre-Plaine.

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INSEE

Former communes in Yonne
Gurgy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Gy-l'Évêque is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Hauterive is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Héry is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Irancy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Island is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
L'Isle-sur-Serein is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Jaulges is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Joigny is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Jouancy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Joux-la-Ville is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Jouy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Jully is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Junay is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Jussy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. The people who live in Jussy are called Jussiens.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Laduz is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valravillon.

References
INSEE

Former communes in Yonne
Lailly is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Lain is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Lainsecq is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Lalande is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Laroche-Saint-Cydroine is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Lasson is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Lavau is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

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INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Précy-sur-Vrin is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Yonne