Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
History
The first known strike was in the 12th century B.C., in Egypt.  Workers under Ramses III stopped working on the Necropolis until they were treated better.  The word gets its name from modern times: in 1768, sailors in London "struck" or removed the sails of trade ships at port.  

In 1917, the Mexican Constitution was the first to make sure that workers had the right to strike.

Types of strikes

Wildcat strike
A wildcat strike is a strike that is not approved by the labor union.  Wildcat strikes are not always protected like union-approved strikes are.

Sympathy strike
A sympathy strike is a strike that is done to support another group of workers on strike.

Slowdown strike
A slowdown strike is when the workers are still working, but very slowly.  It is usually done when workers are not allowed to have a full strike.

Green ban
A green ban is a strike that is done to get the company to adopt more environmentally friendly practices.
Strikes in the law
Despite, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ensure the right to strike, many countries do not allow workers to strike at all, but some allow it under certain conditions.

United States
In the United States, people who work for the Federal Government are not allowed to strike.  Some states, like New York, do not allow people who work for the state government (including teachers) to strike.  Railroad and airline workers are not allowed to strike, except under certain conditions.

Strike breaking
When a strike is called, a government may try to stop it by calling in the police or the military.  The threat of force is sometimes enough to get the workers to stop.  This happened in the Seattle General Strike of 1919, when over three thousand marines, sailors, and police officers were called into the city by the mayor of Seattle and the Attorney General of Washington.
The owners of a company may also decide to hire new workers.  This may cost less than giving into the demands of the workers.  This is another way of breaking the strike.  These workers, called "scabs" by strikers, are often yelled at as they pass through the picket line.  Many unions say that workers who helped break a strike by crossing the picket line are not allowed to be in the union.  If the company is a union shop (meaning that only union workers can work there) this means that helping break a strike could get a worker fired from that company forever.

References 

Labor
Flight is a method of moving through the air.  To do this, birds use wings with light, hollow bones and feathers on them.  Birds have a streamlined body shape, so that they slip through air more easily.

Birds can move by flapping their wings, or they can stay in the same place. This is called hovering, with rapid wing beats, as with the kestrel. Birds that  soar use very little energy for it: they use columns of rising hot air to lift them. They glide from the top of a warm air current, and then move on to another warm air current. That way birds like buzzards can fly all day while using little energy.

Birds like hawks and gannets dive on their prey. They get to a height, them fold their wings and dive head-first.

Lift 
The fundamentals of bird flight are similar to those of aircraft. Lift force is produced by the action of air flow on the wing, which is an airfoil. The lift force occurs because the air has a lower pressure just above the wing and higher pressure below.

References
References 

Flight
Fluid mechanics
Animal locomotion
Super Mario Land is a platform video game made by Nintendo for the Game Boy game console. It is one of the only two Mario games designed by Gunpei Yokoi, and the first Mario game for a handheld console.

Plot
An evil alien monster called Tatanga comes to a kingdom called Sarasaland and kidnaps Princess Daisy. Mario comes to save her and has to go through four worlds and defeat Tatanga's four minions to rescue Daisy from Tatanga.

References

1989 video games
Game Boy games
Mario platform games
Nintendo Research & Development 1 games
Single-player video games
The  series is a series of popular platform games by Nintendo. They feature Nintendo's mascot Mario and, in most of the games, his brother Luigi. The Mario series has been running for more than 40 years. More than 200 video games have been released in the series. The series has been named the best-selling video game series in history, with over 262 million combined units sold.

The series started out in 1981 with the arcade video game, Donkey Kong, and has since then taken off into its own series. It was created by Shigeru Miyamoto. Mario, going under the name Jumpman when Donkey Kong was first released, is the main protagonist throughout most of the series. The main antagonist of the series is Bowser, the King of all Koopas. Most of the games have something to do with jumping and defeating enemies. The games usually feature simple storylines. The most common theme in the series is Bowser, the main villain, taking away Princess Peach, who the Mario brothers try to save during the games.
Related pages 
 List of video games featuring Mario

References 

Notes
Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island (called  in Japan) is a platform video game made by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console. A follow-up game called Yoshi's Story was released for the Nintendo 64, and a direct sequel was released for the Nintendo DS called Yoshi's Island DS.

Plot
Yoshi's Island takes place many years before Donkey Kong, the first Mario game. Baby Mario and Baby Luigi are being taken to their parents by the Stork, but a Magikoopa named Kamek attacks it, kidnapping Baby Luigi and causing Baby Mario to drop to Yoshi's Island. Baby Mario lands on the back of Yoshi, who, along with seven other Yoshis, helps Baby Mario defeat Baby Bowser and rescue Baby Luigi.

1995 video games
Mario platform games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
Nintendo Research & Development 2 games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Virtual Console games
Yoshi games
Single-player video games
A palindrome is a word, sentence, or number that reads the same from left to right as from right to left. Punctuation does not matter, but letters and digits do. All alphabetic languages have palindromes. The first palindrome was the Latin Sator Square, which reads:

You can read it horizontally, backwards, even vertically!

Examples of Palindromes

Words 
 Mum
 Dad
 Deed
 Level
 Radar
 Kayak
 Eye
 Madam
 Rotor
 Krape Park

Sentences 
 Was it a cat I saw?
 Do geese see God?
 Rats live on no evil star.
 Never odd or even.
 Madam, I'm Adam.
 Go Hang a salami I'm a lasagna hog
 Top spot
 Nurses run

Numbers 
 1881
 1991
 2002

References

Related pages 
Palindromic prime

Other websites 

Linguistics
Environmentalism is both a philosophy and a social movement that is about protecting nature. It advocates helping to preserve, protect, and restore the natural environment from damage.  Environmentalists often talk about threats to the earth from pollution, climate change and overpopulation.  Environmentalism is both personal and political.  In their own lives, environmentalists do things that are better for the earth, such as recycling, using natural products, and supporting businesses that try not to harm the environment.  Politically, they support laws that help the environment, like laws against pollution.

The word Environmentalism comes from 'environmental' and '-ism'.  'Environmental' is the chemical, physical, and biological components of the environment while '-ism' is a suffix used to create action nouns out of verbs.
Related pages 
Anti-capitalism
Car-free movement
Climate change
Conservation biology
Earth Day
Ecology
Greenwashing
Reforesting
Simple living
Sustainability
United Nations Environment Programme
Voluntary Human Extinction Movement

Further reading

Differing arguments

References

Environmental issues
Green politics
Samurai Champloo is a Japanese anime television show. Mugen is a fierce animal-like warrior with a unique Bboying (break-dance) inspired fighting style. Jin has a more traditional style. The two opposing samurai warriors are far from friends, yet their split paths seem to cross anyways. Mugen is wandering aimlessly through the city when he walks upon a teahouse where he meets Jin and Fuu. Fuu convinces them both to come with her in search of a mysterious samurai that smells like sunflowers and their journey begins. This modernized hip-hop tale breaks the barriers of the common, historical, samurai anime.

This anime contains 26 episodes and two seasons, documenting the journey of these three misfits.  The episodes are shown on Adult Swim from time to time, but never consistently.  Whenever on American television, only the first season is aired.

References

Other websites 
 Samurai Champloo Official Web Site  
 Geneon Samurai Champloo Web Site 

Anime
Manga
Chris Thile () (born February 20, 1981) is an American musician, best known as a member of acoustic band Nickel Creek. He has made six albums as a solo artist and with his band, Punch Brothers. His first, Leading Off, was released in 1994 when Thile was 13. Thile has also played and recorded with artists like Mike Marshall, Béla Fleck, Glen Phillips, and Edgar Meyer.

Thile's third album, Not All Who Wander Are Lost, was released in 2001. His fourth, Deceiver had all songs written and performed by Thile alone. His most recent solo work was 2006's How to Grow a Woman from the Ground, and Thile released Punch in 2008 with the band Punch Brothers.

History

1981–1999: Early life and career
Thile was born in Oceanside, California in 1981. When he was two, his family started going to That Pizza Place, where he listened to John Moore's band Bluegrass Etc. When Thile was four, his family moved to Idyllwild, California.
He started playing mandolin at the age of five. He took lessons from John Moore. When Thile was eight, Nickel Creek was formed. After playing many music festivals with Nickel Creek, he won the national mandolin contest at the Walnut Valley Festival in Winfield, Kansas at age twelve.

In 1993, Thile was signed to the bluegrass record label Sugar Hill. The next year, he released his first album, Leading Off, and most of the songs were written by Thile. In 1997, Thile released Stealing Second and Nickel Creek released Here to There.

2000–2005: Wander and Deceiver
After Nickel Creek sold 500,000 copies, Thile released Not All Who Wander Are Lost in 2001. The name of the album comes from a quote in J. R. R. Tolkien's book The Lord of the Rings. The album had guest appearances from his Nickel Creek bandmates as well as Stuart Duncan, Béla Fleck, Edgar Meyer, Jerry Douglas, and Bryan Sutton.
In 2003, Thile and mandolinist Mike Marshall made a duet album called Into the Cauldron, which had covers by artists from Charlie Parker to Bach. The next year, Thile released Deceiver, a pop album on which he played and wrote every song himself. He mainly played his mandolin on the album, but also played electric guitar, piano, drums, violin, viola, cello, and bass.

2006–present: Punch Brothers
In August 2006, Nickel Creek announced in Billboard and on their official website that they would take an indefinite hiatus, which means a break for an unknown amount of time.

Just before this, Thile formed the How to Grow a Band. He made How to Grow a Woman from the Ground, with them. This was Thile's fifth album. In an interview with the Nashville City Paper, Thile talked about the band's start:
The band's members are Thile (mandolin), Gabe Witcher (fiddle), Chris Eldridge (guitar), Greg Garrison (bass), and Noam Pikelny (banjo). Bryan Sutton also played guitar for the band when Chris Eldridge could not. In 2007, the band changed its name twice: first to "The Tensions Mountain Boys" and then "Punch Brothers."

Punch Brothers released their first album, Punch, on the Nonesuch Records on February 26, 2008. The album has Thile's four piece song "The Blind Leaving the Blind", along with other original songs.
Awards and nominations
 1996 – Nominated for Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance for "Scotland" from True Life Blues: The Songs of Bill Monroe
 1997 – IBMA award for Album of the Year for True Life Blues: The Songs of Bill Monroe
 2001 – IBMA award for Mandolinist of the Year
 2002 – Won Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album for This Side (with Nickel Creek)
 2005 – Nominated for Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical for Deceiver
 2006 – Nominated for Grammy Award for Best Country Instrumental Performance for "The Eleventh Reel"
 2007 – BBC's Folk Musician of the Year
 2007 – Nominated for IBMA Mandolinist of the Year
 2008 – Nominated for Americana Music Association Instrumentalist of the Year
 2012 – Nominated for Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album for Sleep with One Eye Open (with Michael Daves)
 2012 – MacArthur Fellowship ($500,000 'Genius Grant')
2013 – Won Grammy Award for Best Folk Album for The Goat Rodeo Sessions (with Yo-Yo Ma, Stuart Duncan, and Edgar Meyer)
 2014 – Won Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Instrumental Album for Bass & Mandolin (with Edgar Meyer)
 2015 – Awarded Honorary Doctorate from The New School.
 2019 – Won Grammy Award for Best Folk Album for All Ashore (with Punch Brothers)
Discography

Solo

Collaborations

Nickel Creek

Studio albums

1990s

2000s

2010s-2020s

Punch Brothers
 2008: Punch
 2010: Antifogmatic
 2012: Who's Feeling Young Now?
 2012: Ahoy! [EP]
 2015: The Phosphorescent Blues
 2015: The Wireless [EP]
 2018: All Ashore
 2022: Hell on Church Street

Mutual Admiration Society
 2004 Mutual Admiration Society (Nickel Creek and Glen Phillips)

References

Other websites
 www.christhile.com
 Nickel Creek's website
 Punch Brothers Unofficial Fansite 
 How to Grow A Woman from the Ground Review on JamBase.com
 Chris Thile Interview and Feature Article 
 10 Questions For Chris Thile Interview

1981 births
Living people
Musicians from California
Singers from California
People from Oceanside, California
Košice (,  IPA kɒʃɪtsə) is the second biggest city in Slovakia, and the biggest city in eastern Slovakia. About 235,000 people live in the city. Košice was founded in 1230.

Administrative division 
The town of Košice is divided into 4 districts and 22 city parts:

Sister cities 
  Budapest, Hungary
  Bursa, Turkey
  Cottbus, Germany
  Miskolc, Hungary
  Mobile, Alabama, USA
  Niš, Serbia
  Ostrava, Czech Republic
  Plovdiv, Bulgaria
  Raahe, Finland
  Rzeszów, Poland
  Saint Petersburg, Russia
  Uzhhorod, Ukraine
  Verona, Italy
  Wuppertal, Germany

References

Other websites 
Official site 
Article about Kosice in simple English 

Cities in Slovakia
The International Brotherhood of Teamsters (also just called the Teamsters) is an American labor union of truck drivers, airline workers, food processors, graphic designers, police officers, and other employees. With over 1.4 million members, it is one of the largest unions in the United States.

History
The Teamsters was founded in 1903, when most packages and other goods were delivered by a team of horses or oxen.

References 

Trade unions in the United States
1903 establishments in the United States
A boyfriend means a partner in a romantic relationship in which the two people are not married to each other.

Boyfriend or boyfriends can mean:

Boyfriend (fashion)
Boyfriend, a 1989 album by Boy George
"Boyfriend" (song), a song by Ashlee Simpson
"Boyfriend" (Fujimoto song)
The Boy Friend (1971) is an English movie directed by Ken Russell and starring Twiggy
Boyfriend (1961 movie) is an Indian Hindi movie starring Shammi Kapoor and Madhubala
Boyfriends (movie), a 1996 British film
The Boyfriends, a UK band
The Boy Friend, a 1954 musical
Boyfriend, a song  by Schoolyard Heroes from The Funeral Sciences
The Entente cordiale (French for 'friendly agreement') was a number of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom and France. Both countries were worried that their growing empires would cause a war between them. The agreement was the end of almost 1000 years of frequent wars.

The agreement led to the Triple Entente (including Russia), which fought the Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary) in the First World War and has lasted ever since. It was the start of the Triple Entente and the first step to stopping Germany from expanding. France had more chance with Britain of winning against Germany on the Western Front.

Further reading 
100th Anniversary commemorative website
Entente cordiale
First declaration of the entente cordiale including secret articles

1904
20th century in France
1900s in the United Kingdom
The Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) is the smallest of the macropus genus. It can grow up to 52 cm in length, with a tail about the same length. They weigh up to 5 kg. The Parma wallaby's fur is a grey-brown colour on the back with a dark stripe. It has a white stripe on its face, and a white belly.

In the late 1800s it was thought to be extinct. Parma wallabies had been introduced and established on Kauwau Island, New Zealand, where they were rediscovered in the 1960s. A lot of effort was made to capture and take the wallabies back to Australia. A small, wild group was found in Gosford, New South Wales in the 1970s by Eric Worrell from the Australian Reptile Park. Parma wallabies are officially listed as vulnerable because there are not many of them, they only live in small areas, and they are threatened by land clearing and other animals such as foxes.

References

Other websites
The Aussie Parma Wallaby Ark Conservation Project

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
The Triple Entente (English: Triple Agreement) was the name given to an alliance between the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire. The alliance was made after the Entente cordiale of 1904 and the Anglo-Russian Entente between Britain and Russia in 1907. The alliance was made stronger by agreements made with Japan, the United States and Spain. In this form, there was a balance of power, which meant that no group was much stronger than any other, with the "Triple Alliance" of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. If Italy was attacked by France she would have the help of the other two powers, and if France attacked Germany Italy would help Germany.
With the First World War, these ententes were not military agreements - but they later involved the military because of the problems between the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente.  The Triple Entente became a military alliance.  In 1915, Italy left the Triple Alliance, and from 1916 fought against Germany. The Russian revolution in October 1917 meant that Russia left the alliance, but the military alliance between France and the UK lasted until 1940, when Nazi Germany invaded France.
Later on, Italy joined the Entente in a battle against Austria–Hungary in May 1915 and Germany in August 1916. Dudley, Thomas Lloyd and Davey Murphy.   

During World War I, the alliance was expanded to create a multinational coalition, known as the "Allies".   

This included:  

 France
 Russia

 Serbia

 Monetenegro
 Japan
 Italy

 Romania

 Kingdom of Greece
 Siam

 China

 Asir
 Nejd and Hasa
 Hejaz
 Armenia
Military alliances
World War I
20th century in the United Kingdom
20th century in France
20th century in Russia
The Triple Alliance was a military alliance (agreement to fight together) between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, that lasted from 1880 until the start of World War I in 1914.  The three countries promised to help each other if another country attacked them.  Some Italian people were not happy about the agreement because Austria-Hungary was an old enemy.  In 1914, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente (France, Russia and the United Kingdom) started World War I. In 1915, Italy left the alliance and fought against Austria-Hungary and Germany from 1916.

The triple Alliance had many strong points but also negative ones. The positive ones were: the Alliance included two very powerful countries which were industrialized but the negatives were that if war were to be declared they would be encircled by the Triple Entente (France, Russia, and Britain). That would mean that they would have to divide their troops in two which would make the Germans much weaker
Bismark was the man behind the formation of the Triple Alliance. It was started as a dual alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary because Germany had defeated the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871. 

With the outbreak of war amongst all of Europe, the Ottoman Empire joined the Triple Alliance in a pursuit of protection and power. 

German Empire
History of Austria
Treaties of Hungary
Treaties of Italy
Military alliances
World War I
1882 establishments in Europe
1914 disestablishments in Europe
A campus novel, also called the academic novel, is a novel that's story is around or about a campus of a university. The genre is said to have started in the 1950s. The Groves of Academe by Mary McCarthy, written in 1952, is often called the first campus novel, but some have also said that novels such as C.P. Snow's The Masters, of the year before, were campus novels.

Fiction genres
Crime fiction is the genre of fiction that has to do with crimes, their solving, criminals, and their reasons for doing crime. Sometimes, crime fiction is also in the science fiction or historical fiction genres, but usually they are separate. It has several sub-genres, such as mystery fiction, legal thriller, (see John Grisham) and courtroom drama.

Related pages
Wilkie Collins
Charles Dickens
Dashiell Hammett
Raymond Chandler
Marco Pantani (13 January 1970 – 14 February 2004) was an Italian professional cyclist. He was born in Cesena, Emilia-Romagna. He was very good at climbing mountains in races. In 1998 he won both the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia. He was a popular cyclist, and his Italian fans gave him the nickname 'Il Pirata' (the pirate) because of his appearance (he often wore a bandana) and because of his aggressive riding style. He failed a test in the 1999 Giro d'Italia. He returned to cycling, but never won a major race again. In June of 2003 he went into hospital with depression. He died of a cocaine overdose in 2004 in Rimini, Emilia-Romagna. His last entry in his diary read:

Major results
Major results

Tour de France results
1994: 3rd overall; 2nd mountains classification; 1st young rider classification (Maillot blanc)
1995: 13th overall; 1st young rider classification (Maillot blanc); Stage 10 and 14 wins
1997: 3rd overall; Stage 13 and 15 wins
1998: 1st overall (maillot jaune); 7 days in maillot jaune; 2nd mountains classification; Stage 11 and 15 wins
2000: Did not finish; Stage 12 and 15 wins

Giro d'Italia results 
 1994: 2nd overall; 2nd young rider classification; 3rd mountains classification; Stage 14 and 15 wins
 1998: 1st overall (maglia rosa); 1st mountains classification (maglia verde); Stage 14 and 19 wins
 1999: Stage 8, 15, 19 and 20 wins
 2000: 28th overall
 2003: 14th overall
Other stage races and classics 
 UCI Road World Championships Road Race (1995): 3rd (Bronze Medal)
 Vuelta a Murcia (1999): 1st overall
 Tour de Suisse (1995): Stage 9 win
 Setmana Catalana (1999): Stage 2 win
 Vuelta a Murcia (1998): 3rd overall; Stage 4a win
 Summer Olympics Men's Road Race (2000): 69th place

Other websites
Italian Official website
Fansite 
Selection of videos of Marco Pantani in the alps

References

Further reading

1970 births
2004 deaths
2000 Summer Olympics
Drug-related deaths
Italian cyclists
Italian Olympians
Sportspeople from Emilia-Romagna
Tour de France winners
Conscience is something that tells people if what they are doing is right or wrong. Having it can make people sad about what they have done. It is the sense of the moral goodness or blameworthiness of one's own conduct, intentions, or character together with a feeling of obligation to do right or be good.

Origin
Middle English (also in the sense ‘inner thoughts or knowledge’): via Old French from Latin conscientia, from conscient- ‘being privy to’, from the verb conscire, from con- ‘with’ + scire ‘know’.

Related pages
 Conscientious objector
 Consciousness
 Guilt
 Ethics
 Freedom
 John Locke
 Morality
 Reason

Other websites 

 '' A chapter on Conscience  From Parenting For Everyone, by S.Soloveychik, 1986

Ethics
Human skills
Political philosophy
Personality
Thought
Clare can mean:

Places
 Australia:
 Clare, South Australia, a town in the Clare Valley
 Clare Valley, a wine region in Australia
 Canada:
 Clare (municipal district), a district municipality in Nova Scotia
 Clare (electoral district), an electoral district in Nova Scotia
 Ireland:
 County Clare, one of the 32 counties of Ireland
 Clare (constituency), any of several electoral constituencies
 Clare (river), a river in County Galway
 Clare Island, an island in County Mayo
 Clarecastle, a village in County Clare
 United Kingdom:
 Clare, Suffolk, a small town
 Clare College, Cambridge, a college of the University of Cambridge
 United States:
 Clare, Indiana
 Clare, Iowa
 Clare, New York
 Clare County, Michigan
 Mount Clare, Illinois

Schools
 Saint Clare School
People 
Are you looking for Claire?
 Saint Clare of Assisi, foundress of the Poor Clares and companion of Saint Francis
 Saint Clare of Montefalco, an Augustinian Catholic saint
 Blessed Clare of Rimini, a beatified Poor Clare nun
 Clare Balding, a sports presenter
 Clare Buckfield, an English actress
 Clare Martin, an Australian politician
 Clare Short, a British politician
 Dustin Clare, an Australian actor
 John Clare, a 19th-century poet
 de Clare family, an aristocratic English family in medieval times

Fictional people
 Clare (Power Rangers), fictional character on the series Power Rangers: Mystic Force
 Angel Clare, a character from Tess of the d'Urbervilles
 A character from the webcomic No Rest for the Wicked.
 Clare, the main character from the manga Claymore and anime Claymore TV Series.
 Clare Abshire, a character from the book The Time Traveler's Wife
 Clare Quilty, a character in Lolita.
 Clare, in the British comic strip Clare in the Community
Other
 CLARE (Contact lens acute red eye), an inflammatory condition of the cornea due to overwearing of contact lenses

Related pages
 Claire
 Clara (disambiguation)
Clare is a small town on the north bank of the River Stour in Suffolk, England. Clare is an amazing town with it containing ruins of an old railway station.It has an amazing market in the town center every week.

Other websites 

 The Official Website For Clare in Suffolk
 Clare Photo Gallery

Towns in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Bernard Hinault (born 14 November 1954) in Yffiniac is a French cyclist who won the Tour de France five times. He is also one of only seven cyclists to have won all three Grand Tours, the Tour de France, the Giro d'Italia, and the Vuelta a España. He is one of the two cyclists who has won each Grand Tour more than once. He won the Tour de France in 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982 and 1985. He was first in the Giro d'Italia in 1980, 1982 and 1985. He was first in the Vuelta a España in 1978 and 1983. Hinault had the nickname Le Blaireau (the Badger). Hinault says this was a local custom with cyclists when he was young. Professional cyclists used the nickname because badgers do not let go of their prey (animals they want to eat) easily. People know him as a very independent and strong man.

Professional highlights

Pro Team Sponsors 
Gitane-Campagnolo: 1977
Renault-Elf-Gitane: 1978-1983
La Vie Claire: 1984-1986

Main victories
1977
Liège-Bastogne-Liège
Gent-Wevelgem
Grand Prix des Nations
Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1978
Tour de France
 1st place overall classification
Winner stages 8, 15 and 20
3 days in yellow jersey
 Vuelta a España
Grand Prix des Nations
1979
Tour de France
 1st place overall classification
 1st place points classification
Winner stages 2, 3, 11, 15, 21, 23 and 24
17 days in yellow jersey
Giro di Lombardia
La Flèche Wallonne
Grand Prix des Nations
Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1980
Tour de France
Winner prologue, stages 4 and 5
2 days in yellow jersey
Giro d'Italia
 1st place overall classification
Winner stage 14
5 days in pink jersey
 World Road Cycling Championship
Liège-Bastogne-Liège
Tour de Romandie
1981
Tour de France
 1st place overall classification
Winner stages 7, 16, 20 and 22
18 days in yellow jersey
Winner Combativity award
Paris-Roubaix
Amstel Gold Race
Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1982
Tour de France
 1st place overall classification
Winner prologue, stages 15, 20 and 22
12 days in yellow jersey
Giro d'Italia
 1st place overall classification
Winner prologue, stages 3, 12, 18, 22
15 days in pink jersey
Grand Prix des Nations
1983
 Vuelta a España
La Flèche Wallonne
1984
Tour de France
Second place overall classification
Winner prologue
1 day in yellow jersey
Winner Combativity award
Giro di Lombardia
Grand Prix des Nations
Quatre Jours de Dunkerque
1985
Tour de France
 1st place overall classification
Winner prologue, stage 8
16 days in yellow jersey
Giro d'Italia
 1st place overall classification
Winner stage 12
10 days in pink jersey
1986
Tour de France
Second place overall classification
 1st place mountains classification
Winner stages 9, 18 and 20
5 days in yellow jersey
Winner Combativity award
Hinault also won the season-long Super Prestige Pernod International competition four times from 1979 to 1982, the same as Jacques Anquetil's total.

References 
 Memories of the peloton by Bernard Hinault, Vitesse Press, ©1989., 
 Hinault par Hinault by Bernard Hinault, Editions Jacob Duvernet, ©2005.
 

1954 births
Living people
French cyclists
People from Côtes-d'Armor
Tour de France winners
Vuelta a España winners
Sportspeople from Brittany
Muzaffarabad () is the capital city of Azad Kashmir. It is in Muzaffarabad District on the banks of the Jhelum and Neelum rivers. It is very hilly and mountainous. Majority of the population speak Hindko and are Muslim and follow Islam.

The district is bounded by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the west, by the Kupwara and Baramulla districts of the Indian Jammu and Kashmir in the east, and the Neelum District of Azad Kashmir in the north.

Other websites

Cities in Azad Kashmir‎
Capital cities in Pakistan
Hill stations in Pakistan
This is the results of America's Next Top Model, Cycle 1.

Judges
Tyra Banks
Janice Dickinson
Kimora Lee Simmons
Beau Quillian

Contestants

In order of elimination
(ages stated are at time of contest)
Tessa Carlson, 19, from Chicago, Illinois
Katie Cleary, 21, from Glenview, Illinois
Nicole Panattoni, 22, from Rancho Murrieta, California
Ebony Haith, 24, from Harlem, New York
Giselle Samson, 18, from Corona, California
Kesse Wallace, 21, from Little Rock, Arkansas
Robynne "Robin" Manning, 26, from Memphis, Tennessee
Elyse Sewell, 20, from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Shannon Stewart, 18, from Franklin, Ohio (runner-up) 
Adrianne Curry, 20, from Joliet, Illinois (winner)

Call-out order

 The contestant was eliminated
 The contestant won the competition
 The contestant won the reward challenge
 The contestant was scouted at a separate audition and later added into the cast
 The contestant refused to participate in the photoshoot
 The contestant refused to participate in the photoshoot and was eliminated

01
Post-traumatic stress disorder (sometimes also written Posttraumatic stress disorder, often shortened to PTSD) is an anxiety disorder.  It can develop when people are severely harmed, or experience something extremely upsetting.

PTSD is different from traumatic stress, which is less intense and shorter, and combat stress reaction, which happens to soldiers in wartime situations and usually goes away. PTSD has been recognized in the past by different names, like shell shock, traumatic war neurosis, or post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSS). Note that today, the term shell shock is mostly used for such conditions, in connection with World War I.
Throughout history, there have been many accounts of people experiencing symptoms of what is now called PTSD. One such account describes Samuel Pepys, who witnessed the Great Fire of London in 1666. "Six months after the event, he wrote in his diary that he was unable to sleep at night, because a great fear of fire took him; one night he was unable to fall asleep before two in the morning, because of that fear."

Prevalence
Between 50% and 90% of people in the United States will experience a trauma at least once in their life. However, not everyone who experiences a trauma will develop PTSD. In the US, the prevalence of PTSD - the percentage of people who have the condition - is about 8%. 

PTSD is more common among specific groups of people who are more likely to experience a trauma. These groups include physicians, firefighters, soldiers and people working in emergency medical services. Among these people, the prevalence of PTSD is much higher, reaching over 50%.
It is also possible to develop PTSD after experiencing abuse. In cases where the abuse is ongoing and experienced over a long period of time, the PTSD is aggravated and referred to as Complex PTSD or CPTSD.

Diagnosis

For PTSD to be diagnosed officially, a person has to meet specific criteria, or requirements, and show specific symptoms. These requirements are listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV-TR (usually called the DSM-IV-TR). Written by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the DSM-IV-TR (DSM, 4th Edition, Text Revision) lists all of the mental health conditions that are recognized by the APA, and sets out the official requirements that have to be met for each condition to be diagnosed.

According to the DSM-IV-TR, for PTSD to be diagnosed, a person has to meet the following requirements:
(A) Traumatic Exposure: The person has experienced a traumatic event. (Common traumatic events include being raped or sexually abused; being attacked or badly hurt; having a loved one die or be hurt; being a victim of a crime; and experiencing war or terrorism.) The traumatic event caused the person to be physically hurt or violated, or it put the person or others around them in danger of being hurt or killed. During the traumatic event, the person felt very scared, horrified, or helpless.

(B) Re-experiencing: Even after the trauma has ended, the person continues to re-experience the trauma in some way. For example, the person might have nightmares, or flashbacks (strong memories of the trauma, which are so vivid and intense that the person feels like they are experiencing the trauma all over again). The person might also have a strong physical or emotional reaction when something happens which reminds them of the trauma.
(C) Avoidance/Numbing: The person keeps trying to avoid things which remind them of the trauma, or things which bring up upsetting feelings about what happened. They might also forget parts of what happened to them, or might feel numb emotionally (have trouble feeling emotions as strongly as usual).

(D) Increased Arousal: The person's body shows signs of being on high alert, like it is always under attack. They might be jumpy, or have trouble with sleeping, concentrating, or feeling angry.

(E) The person's symptoms have lasted for at least a month. (If the person's symptoms have lasted for less than a month, Acute Stress Disorder is usually diagnosed instead of PTSD).

(F) The person's symptoms causes them to have trouble at work, in his relationships, or in some other important area of their life.
Other conditions like PTSD
Some experts have written that fabricated posttraumatic stress disorder should be considered when a patient's symptoms are suspicious or unusual. These experts (specifically, the "American Psychiatric Association" DSM IV manual; expert witnesses such as Eli S. Chesen, M.D.; and the textbook "Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry," by Freedman & Kaplan) have suggested that it should raise a "red flag" if a patient claims to be suffering from both PTSD and a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) as a result of the same accident. They suggest that TBI - a physical injury to the brain - causes amnesia, or memory loss, for the event that caused the brain injury. Without memory of the traumatic event, they reason, a patient probably could not experience certain symptoms of PTSD, like nightmares or flashbacks about the event, because they do not remember what happened. They conclude that in typical cases, Traumatic Brain Injury "trumps" the diagnosis of PTSD.

References

Anxiety disorders
Hugo Marie de Vries (Haarlem, 16 February 1848 – Lunteren, 21 May 1935) was a Dutch botanist and one of the first geneticists. He suggested the concept of genes, rediscovered Gregor Mendel's laws of heredity, and introduced the term mutation. He developed a mistaken mutation theory of evolution, mainly due to the peculiarities of his favourite organism, the Evening Primrose (Oenothera lamarckiana).

Carl Correns also – independently – rediscovered Gregor Mendel's work on genetics. Erich von Tschermak's status as a third rediscoverer is now less convincing.

References 

1848 births
1935 deaths
Cell biologists
Dutch biologists
Geneticists
People from Haarlem
Carl Erich Correns (10 September 1864 – 14 February 1933) was a German botanist and geneticist. His research into heredity led to his rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's earlier work. 

Hugo de Vries also – independently – rediscovered Gregor Mendel's work on genetics. Erich von Tschermak's status as a third rediscoverer is now less convincing.

Correns grew hybrids of peas, and of maize, and reached the same interpretation as Mendel, in 1899. 

The occurrence of cases in which the heterozygote is intermediate (the absence of dominance) was added in a footnote to his 1900 paper. That dominance was not always present had been seen and understood by Mendel, according to his letters to Nägeli. By a quirk of history Correns was a student of Nägeli, a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his work with peas. Nägeli failed to understand how significant Mendel's work was.

In 1913 Correns became the first director of the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin-Dahlem.
Later work 
Correns produced the first evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance, in his 1909 paper on variegated leaf colour in Mirabilis jalapa. The basis of this inheritance is that chloroplasts, the organelles which conduct photosynthesis, are inherited solely from the maternal parent.

References 

1964 births
1933 deaths

German botanists
German geneticists
Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg (15 November 1871 – October 11 1962) was an Austrian botanist.

Von Tschermak is one of three men – the others were Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns – who were credited with independently rediscovering Gregor Mendel's work on genetics. Von Tschermak published his findings in June 1900.

By a quirk of history, Correns had been a student of Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli. Nageli was a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his work with peas, but who failed to understand how significant Mendel's work was. Von Tschermak was a grandson of a man who taught Mendel botany during his student days in Vienna.

Reassessment 
Though von Tschermak was originally also credited with the rediscovery, this is no longer generally accepted, because he did not understand Mendel's laws.

References

Other websites 
 Article relating the work of Gregor Mendel 

1871 births
1962 deaths

Austrian botanists
Woodward's wallaroo (Macropus bernardus), also called the black wallaroo and Bernard's wallaroo, is the smallest of the wallaroos. The male is black or dark brown and the female is a grey colour. It is a shy nocturnal grazer and does not live in big groups. It uses the rocky cliffs where it lives to shelter and hide from danger.

It is only found in a small, mountainous area in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, between South Alligator River and Nabarlek. It classified as near threatened, because it is only found in this small area. The name wallaroo means a "rock kangaroo."

References

Other websites 

Department of Environment and Heritage Species Profile

Macropods
Marsupials of Australia
Alexander Emmanuel Rodriguez (born July 27, 1975 in New York City, New York). In the past, he played as shortstop for the Seattle Mariners and Texas Rangers.

He is currently first in runs scored and total bases; second in extra base hits and RBI, and 4th in hits among all players in baseball history since their 31st birthday. Also, Rodriguez has more HR, RBI, runs scored and more base hits than all-time leaders Hank Aaron (RBI), Barry Bonds (HR), Rickey Henderson (runs scored), and Pete Rose (hits) did before their 31st birthdays. He is the youngest player ever to hit 500 home runs, breaking the record Jimmie Foxx set in 1939.

He has been said to be one of the best all-around players currently in baseball.

In 2009, he admitted to using steroids from 2001-2003, during his time with the Texas Rangers, in order to become better at baseball.

His playing career ended in August of 2016.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Alex Rodríguez at The Internet Movie Database
 AROD.com  - Alex Rodriguez's official website
 A-Rod's Salary: Watching for Collusion  on Time.com
 ESPN E-Ticket article - Alex Rodriguez 2007, King of Gotham?
 Men's Vogue April 2008 feature article on A-Rod 

American baseball players
Sportspeople from New York City
Seattle Mariners players
Texas Rangers players
New York Yankees players
1975 births
Living people
American League All-Stars
American philanthropists
Doping cases in sport
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball shortstops
Alex is a given name. It can refer to a shortened version of Alexander, Alexandra, Alexis.

People

Multiple
Alex Brown (disambiguation), multiple people
Alex Forsyth (disambiguation), multiple people
Alex Gordon (disambiguation), multiple people
Alex Harris (disambiguation), multiple people
Alex Jones (disambiguation), multiple people
Alexander Johnson (disambiguation), multiple people
Alex Taylor (disambiguation), multiple people

Politicians
Alex Allan (born 1951), British diplomat
Alex Attwood (born 1959), Northern Irish politician
Alex Kushnir (born 1978), Israeli politician
Alex Salmond (born 1954), Scottish politician, former First Minister of Scotland
Baseball players
Alex Avila (born 1987), American baseball player
Alex Bregman (born 1994), American baseball player
Alex Gardner (baseball) (1861–1921), Canadian baseball player
Alex Katz (baseball) (born 1994), American baseball player
Alex Pompez (1890–1974), American executive in Negro league baseball and Major League Baseball scout
Alex Rodriguez (born 1975), American baseball player
American football
Alex Anzalone (born 1994), American football player
Alex Austin (born 2001), American football player
Alex Bachman (born 1996), American football player
Alex Barnes (American football), American football player
Alex Bars (born 1995), American football player
Alex Barrett, American football player
Alex Cappa, American football player
Alex Highsmith (born 1997), American football player
Alex Hornibrook (born 1997), American football player
Alex Karras (1935–2012), American football player and actor
Alex Leatherwood (born 1998), American football player
Alex Light (born 1996), American football player
Alex Mack, American football player
Alex McGough, American football player
Alex Redmond (American football), American football player
Alex Smith (born 1984), American football player
Association footballers
Alex (footballer, born 1976), Brazilian footballer
Alex (footballer, born 1977), full name Alexsandro de Souza, Brazilian footballer
Alex (footballer, born 1979), full name Domingos Alexandre Martins Costa, Portuguese footballer
Alex (footballer, born January 1982), fill name Alex Henrique da Silva, Armenian-Brazilian footballer
Alex (footballer, born June 1982), full name Alex Rodrigo Dias da Costa, Brazilian footballer
Alex (footballer, born 1989), full name Alex Costa dos Santos, Brazilian footballer
Alex (footballer, born 19 May 1990), full name Francisco Alex do Nascimento Moraes, Brazilian footballer
Alex (footballer, born August 1990), full name Alexssander Medeiros de Azeredo, Brazilian footballer
Alex (footballer, born 1999), full name Alex de Oliveira Nascimento, Brazilian footballer
Alex Cazumba (born 1988), Brazilian footballer
Alessandro Del Piero (born 1974), Italian footballer
Alex Ferguson (born 1941), Scottish football manager and player
Alex Freitas (footballer, born 1988), Brazilian footballer
Alex Freitas (footballer, born 1991), Portuguese footballer
Alex Gardner (footballer) (1877–1952), Scottish footballer
Alex Manninger (born 1977), Austrian footballer
Alex Raphael Meschini (born 1982), Brazilian footballer
Alex Monteiro de Lima (born 1988), Brazilian footballer
Alex Morgan (born 1989), American women's soccer player
Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain (born 1993), English footballer
Álex Pérez (born 1991), Spanish footballer
Alessandro Santos (born 1977), Brazilian-Japanese international footballer
Alex Silva (footballer, born 1985), Brazilian footballer
Alex Stepney (born 1942), English footballer
Alex Whittle (born 1993), English footballer
Basketball players
Alex King (basketball) (born 1985), German basketball player
Alex Len (born 1993), Ukrainian basketball player
Alex Poythress (born 1993), American-Ivorian basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv
Alex Tyus (born 1988), American-Israeli professional basketball player

Boxers
Alex Arthur (born 1978), British boxer
Alex Obeysekere (1918-2002), Sri Lankan boxer

Motorsports
Alex Albon (born 1996), Thai racing driver
Alex Labbé (born 1993), Canadian racing driver
Alex Zanardi (born 1966), Italian racing driver and paracyclist
Other sports
Alex Asensi (born 1984), Norwegian table tennis player
Alex Auld (born 1981), Canadian ice hockey player
Alex Breton (born 1997), Canadian ice hockey player
Alex Chu (born 1992), American professional gamer, usually known by his in-game name Xpecial
Alex Glenn (born 1988), New Zealand rugby league player
Alex Hall (born 1998), American freestyle skier
Alex Honnold (born 1985), American rock climber
Alex Koslov, ring name of Alex Sherman (born 1984), a Moldovan-born professional wrestler
Alex Ovechkin (born 1985), Russian ice hockey player and captain for the Washington Capitals
Alex Pierzchalski (born 1991), Canadian football player
Alex Pietrangelo (born 1990), Canadian ice hockey player
Alex Schlopy (born 1992), American skier
Alex Tripolski (born 1962), Israeli Olympic sport shooter, and President of the Israel Curling Federation
Arts and entertainment
Alex (actor) (1959–2011), Indian actor and magician
Alex (singer) (born 1978), Danish singer
Alex Borstein (born 1972), American actress
Alex Brooker (born 1984), British journalist and presenter of The Last Leg
Alex Bulmer, Canadian playwright and theatre artist
Alex Chilton  (1950–2010), American singer-songwriter, guitarist, the lead singer of the Box Tops
Alex Chu (born 1979), Korean-Canadian singer of Clazziquai
Alex Day (born 1989), English musician
Alex Gardner (born 1991), Scottish musician
Alex Gaskarth (born 1987), American lead singer of All Time Low
Alex Gonzaga (born 1988), Filipino actress, comedian, and YouTuber
Alex Harvey (musician) (1935–1982), British rock musician
Alex Hood (born 1935), Australian folk musician
Alex James (musician) (born 1968), British bass player for Blur
Alex Jolig (born 1963), German actor, singer and motorcycle racer
Alex Kingston (born 1963), English actress
Alex Koehler (born 1991), American vocalist for Chelsea Grin
Alex Lifeson, stage name for Canadian musician Alexandar Zivojinovich (born 1953), a guitarist for Rush
Alex O'Loughlin (born 1976), Australian actor
Alex Russell (actor) (born 1987), Australian actor
Alex Sharpe  (fl. 1991–present), Irish singer
Alex Trebek (1940–2020), Canadian-American host of the game show Jeopardy!
Alex Turner (musician)  (born 1986), British guitarist and lead singer of Arctic Monkeys
Alex Van Halen (born 1953), Dutch drummer for Van Halen
Alex Vargas (born 1988), Danish singer
Alex Winter (born 1965), British-American actor
Eliza Orne White (1856–1947), American author who wrote under the pen-name 'Alex'
Other
Alex Aïnouz (born 1982), French culinary YouTuber
Alex Azar (born 1967), American government official and lawyer
Alex Balfanz (born 1999), American video game developer
Alex Ferrer (born 1960), a Cuban-born judge currently residing in Miami, Florida
Alex Konanykhin (born 1966), Russian Entrepreneur, former banker
Alex McCool (1923–2020), American NASA manager
Alex Stokes (born 1996), American internet celebrity
Alex Wagner (born 1977), American journalist

Animals 
Alex (parrot) (1976–2007), an African Grey Parrot and the subject of language experiments