Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Portugal
Azores
Agua de Pau
Corvo
Fayal
Flores
Furnas
Graciosa
Pico
San Jorge
Sete Cidades
Terceira
Madeira Islands
Madeira

Russia
Kamchatka
Bezymianny
Klyuchevskaya Sopka
Kurile Islands
Atsonopuri
Baransky
Berutarube
Bogotayr Ridge
Chirip
Chirpoi
Demon
Golets-Tronyi Group
Golovnin
Grozny Group
Ivao Group
Kolokol Group
Lvinaya Past
Medvezhia
Mendeleev
Milne
Rudakov
Smirnov
Tiatia
Tri Sestry

Rwanda
Mount Karisimbi

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Mount Misery
Nevis Peak
The Quill

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Soufriere volcano (1,234 m, active)

Solomon Islands
Bagana
Balbi
Billy Mitchell
Kavachi
Loloru
Nonda
Savo
Simbo
Takuan Group
Tore

South Sandwich Islands
Bristol Island
Candlemas Island
Hodson
Leskov Island
Montagu Island
Zavodovski

Spain
Mainland Spain
Campo de Calatrava (dormant)
Croscat (dormant)
Montsacopa (dormant)
Olot (dormant)
Santa Margarida Volcano (dormant)
Canary Islands
Fuerteventura (dormant)
Gran Canaria (dormant)
Hierro (dormant)
La Palma (active)
Lanzarote (active)
Tenerife (dormant)
Tanzania
Kieyo
Mount Kilimanjaro
Meru
Ngozi
Ol Doinyo Lengai
Rungwe

Tristan da Cunha
Queen Mary's Peak

Turkey
Mount Ararat (dormant)

Uganda
Bufumbira
Bunyaruguru Field
Fort Portal Field
Katunga
Katwe-Kikorongo Field
Kyatwa Volcanic Field
Muhavura
USA
Alaska
Mount Adagdak
Mount Akutan
Mount Amak
Mount Amukta
Mount Aniakchak
Mount Atka
Mount Augustine
Black Peak
Mount Bobrof
Bogoslof
Mount Buldir
Buzzard Creek
Mount Carlisle
Mount Chagulak
Mount Chiginagak
Mount Churchill
Mount Cleveland
Mount Dana
Mount Davidof
Mount Denison
Devils Desk
Mount Douglas
Duncan Canal
Mount Dutton
Mount Edgecumbe
Emmons Lake
Mount Fisher
Mount Frosty
Fourpeaked
Mount Gareloi
Great Sitkin
Mount Gordon
Mount Griggs
Mount Hayes
Mount Herbert
Mount Iliamna
Imuruk Lake
Ingakslugwat Hills
Mount Isanotski
Mount Kagamil
Mount Kaguyak
Mount Kanaga
Mount Kasatochi
Mount Katmai
Mount Kialagvik
Mount Kiska
Mount Koniuji
Mount Kukak
Mount Kupreanof
Kookooligit Mountains
Little Sitkin
Mount Mageik
Mount Makushin
Mount Martin
Mount Moffett
Novarupta
Nunivak Island
Mount Okmok
Mount Redoubt
Mount Roundtop
Saint Michael
Saint Paul Island
Mount Pavlof
Pavlof Sister
Mount Recheschnoi
Mount Sanford
Mount Seguam
Mount Segula
Mount Semisopochnoi
Mount Sergief
Mount Shishaldin
Mount Steller
Mount Steller
Snowy Mountain
Mount Spurr
Mount Stepovak
Mount Takawangha
Mount Tanaga
Mount Trident
Ugashik-Peulik
Ukinrek Maars
Mount Uliaga
Mount Veniaminof
Mount Vsevidof
Mount Westdahl
Mount Wrangell
Mount Yantarni
Mount Yunaska
Arizona
Sunset Crater
Uinkaret Field
California
Amboy
Big Cave
Black Butte
Brushy Butte
Clear Lake
Coso Volcanic Field
Eagle Lake Field
Golden Trout Creek
Inyo Craters
Lassen Peak
Lavic Lake
Long Valley Caldera
Mammoth Mountain
Medicine Lake
Mono Craters
Red Cones
Mount Shasta
Tumble Buttes
Twin Buttes
Ubehebe Craters
Colorado
Dotsero
Hawaii
Haleakala or East Maui Volcano
Hualalai
Kahoolawe
Kilauea
Koolau
Loihi
Mauna Kea
Mauna Loa
Idaho
Craters of the Moon
Hell's Half Acre
Shoshone Lava Field
Wapi Lava Field
Nevada
Steamboat Springs
New Mexico
Capulin
Carrizozo
Valles Caldera
Zuni Bandera
Oregon
Mount Bachelor
Mount Bailey
Mount Belknap
Blue Lake Crater
Broken Top
Cinnamon Butte
Mount Mazama (Crater Lake)
Davis Lake
Devil's Garden
Diamond Craters
Four Craters Lava Field
Mount Hood
Jackie's Butte
Mount Jefferson
Jordan Craters
Mount McLoughlin
Newberry Caldera
Saddle Butte
Sand Mountain Field
Mount Thielsen
Three Sisters
Three-Fingered Jack
Squaw Ridge Lava Field
Mount Washington
Saipan
Mount Tapochau
Utah
Mount Tapochau
Utah
Bald Knoll
Black Rock Desert
Markagunt Plateau
Santa Clara
Washington
Mount Adams
Mount Baker
Glacier Peak
Indian Heaven
Mount Rainier
Mount St. Helens
West Crater
Wyoming
Yellowstone
Vanuatu
Mount Yasur

Elsewhere in the solar system

Mars
Olympus Mons
Arsia Mons
Pavonis Mons
Ascraeus Mons

Other planets and moons
Many on Io, a moon of the planet Jupiter, that are believed to eject sulfur or possibly sulfur dioxide.
Many on Triton, a moon of the planet Neptune, that are believed to eject liquid nitrogen, dust, or methane compounds.

In fictional literature
Mount Doom, or Orodruin, a fictional volcano in Mordor, from J. R. R. Tolkien's universe of Middle-earth.

Related pages
 Pacific Ring of Fire
 Seamount
 Guyot

References
Estonia  (), officially the Republic of Estonia () is a small country in the Baltic Region of Northern Europe. The capital city is Tallinn. Estonia's neighbors are Sweden, Finland, Russia and Latvia. Its population is 1,332,893.

The territory of Estonia has the mainland and 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea.

History
People have lived in Estonia since at least 9,000 BC. The oldest known settlement in Estonia is the Pulli settlement, which was on the banks of the Pärnu River.

Estonia became independent from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I. During World War II (1939–1945), Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany. It then became the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and lost its independence.

Estonia had its independence restored in 1991. It became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 29 March 2004. It joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.
In January 2021, Estonia became the only country in the world led by women by having a female president (Kersti Kaljulaid) and female prime minister (Kaja Kallas). A few months later, Alar Karis replaced Kaljulaid as president.

Geography
Estonia is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side, to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia (338.6 km).

Average elevation reaches only . The country's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at .

Estonia has many forests, almost 50% of the land is covered with forests. The most common tree species are pine, spruce and birch. Estonia has over 1,400 lakes and over 2,000 islands. The longest rivers are Võhandu (), Pärnu (), and Põltsamaa ().
Biodiversity
Mammals in Estonia include the grey wolf, lynx, brown bear, red fox, badger, wild boar, moose, red deer, roe deer, beaver, otter, grey seal, and ringed seal. The critically endangered European mink has been successfully reintroduced to the island of Hiiumaa. The rare Siberian flying squirrel is present in east Estonia.

Over 300 bird species have been found in Estonia. These include the white-tailed eagle, lesser spotted eagle, golden eagle, western capercaillie, black and white stork, many species of owls, waders, geese and many others. The Barn swallow is the national bird of Estonia.

Protected areas cover 18% of Estonian land and 26% of its sea territory. There are 5 national parks, 159 nature reserves, and many other protection areas.

Government
The Riigikogu is the name of the parliament in Estonia.

Administrative regions
Since administrative reform in 2017, there are in total 79 local governments. This includes 15 towns and 64 rural municipalities. All municipalities have equal legal status and form part of a county, which is a state administrative unit.

The counties are:
  Harju County
  Hiiu County
  Ida-Viru County
  Jõgeva County
  Järva County
  Lääne County
  Lääne-Viru County
  Põlva County
  Pärnu County
  Rapla County
  Saare County
  Tartu County
  Valga County
  Viljandi County
  Võru County

Culture

According to speedtest.net, Estonia has one of the fastest Internet download speeds in the world with an average download speed of 27.12 Mbit/s.

Estonia won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2001 with the song "Everybody" performed by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton. In 2002, Estonia hosted the event.
The Estonian National Day is the Independence Day celebrated on 24 February. This is the day the Estonian Declaration of Independence was issued. , there are 12 public holidays and 12 national holidays celebrated each year.

International rankings
The following are links to international rankings of Estonia.

Related pages
 Estonia at the Olympics
 Estonia national football team
 List of rivers of Estonia

References

Other websites 

 Official State Website

 
European Union member states
1991 establishments in Europe
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea and member state of the European Union. Cyprus is in Asia, but it is often associated with Europe because of the culture and history of the people. It is also closer to Africa than to Europe. The capital is Nicosia. A state called the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is located to the north. The official languages  are Greek and Turkish.

Cyprus is a popular tourist destination in Europe. In 2019, 4 million tourists visited the country. It is estimated, that Cyprus earned 2.7 billion euros in that year. Tourism is very important to the country, as tourism made up 23% of its economy in 2020;).

History
Cyprus, was conquered and became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1570.  Likewise, Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire for several centuries.  The British administered Cyprus from 1878 until 1960.
Cyprus became independent from the British Empire in 1960 following the London and Zürich Agreements of 19 February 1959.  Makarios III became its first president.  In 1960-1974 there was tensions between Greek and Turkish Cypriots and in 1974, Turkey sent troops to occupy northern Cyprus.  Greek Cypriots  moved south to get away from them, and Turkish Cypriots moved north to get away from the Greeks.  Negotiations for a unified island have been held several times without success.

In 2004, Cyprus joined the European Union.  On 1 January 2008 Cyprus adopted the Euro, the single European currency.  Although the official currency of Northern Cyprus is the Turkish Lira, many shops accept Euros and British pounds.

Geography 
Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia.
There are two mountain ranges, the Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range. The Pedieos River is the longest on the island.  The highest point on Cyprus is Mount Olympus at .

The Republic of Cyprus is only on the southern two-thirds of the island (59.74%). The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is the northern third (34.85%) and rest are Akrotiri and Dhekelia owned by the British.

Politics 
The Republic of Cyprus is a constitutional presidential republic. Each president is elected for a five-year term. The president has a lot of power. Cyprus is the only member of the European Union that is governed by a presidential system of government. It is one of few countries (along with San Marino) to have had a democratically elected communist government, in office from 2008 until 2013. Since 2013 governing party has been the Democratic Rally.
The European Union issued a warning in February 2019 that Cyprus, an EU member, was selling EU passports to Russian oligarchs. This would allow allow organised crime syndicates to get into the EU. In 2020 leaked documents revealed a range of former and current officials from Afghanistan, China, Dubai, Lebanon, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine and Vietnam who bought a Cypriot citizenship before a change of the law in July 2019. Cyprus and Turkey have been engaged in a dispute over the extent of their exclusive economic zones. It was apparently caused by the potential for oil and gas exploration in the area.

Districts
The Republic of Cyprus is divided into six districts: Nicosia, Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol and Paphos. These are not the same as those of Northern Cyprus.

Cities

Related pages 
 Cyprus at the Olympics
 Cyprus national football team
 List of rivers of Cyprus

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Cyprus Videos 
 Cyprus Pictures 
 Cyprus Map 
 CyprusLinks.com
 Cyprus Tourist Guide

Cyprus
 
Commonwealth member states
Latvia (Latvian: Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika), is a country in Northern Europe. The capital is Riga. It is one of the Baltic States, together with Estonia in the north and Lithuania in the south. Latvia's neighbours to the east are the countries Russia and Belarus. Latvia is split into four parts called Kurzeme, Vidzeme, Zemgale, and Latgale.

People from Latvia are called Latvians. They speak the Latvian language, which is a little like the Lithuanian language, though not close enough to be understood.

History 
Latvia was settled by the Baltic tribes thousands of years ago. They mainly fished, hunted, and traded.

German traders and crusaders came to Latvia at the end of the 12th century. Latvians lost control of their homeland. Over the next 800 years, Germans, Danes, Swedes, Poles, and Russians all invaded Latvia. Latvia finally became independent in 1918.

During the 13-15th centuries there was the Teutonic Order state occupied Latvian territory.
Before  World War I the aristocracy were mainly  German.

During the Great Northern war (1700-1721) modern-day Latvia became the part of the Russian empire. There were organized Courland and Livonia.

Latvian workers took part in the revolutionary struggle in 1905. 

In 1940 Latvia became the Soviet republic was incorporated in Soviet Union.
It was under Nazi occupation during World War II in 1941-1944. 

After the war a lot of factories were opened. Latvia became one of the successful Soviet republics.

In 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed and the independent Latvian republic was restored.

Politics  
In Copenhagen on 13 December 2002, Latvia and nine other countries were invited to join the European Union. On 20 September 2003, Latvians held an election to vote on joining. Two thirds of Latvians voted to join, and on 1 May 2004, Latvia became a member of the EU.

Latvia has been a NATO member since 29 March 2004.
There are 43 local government units, set up in 2020.  36 are municipalities (Latvian: novadi) and 7 state cities. Before 2020 there were 110 municipalities and nine republic cities.

International rankings

Related pages
 Latvia at the Olympics
 Latvia national football team
 List of rivers of Latvia

References

Other websites 

 Latvian Government official site

 
European Union member states
1991 establishments in Europe
Lithuania is a country in Europe. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland to the south and Russia to the southwest. It is one of the Baltic states. The country's area is 65,300 km² and there are about 2.8 million people who live in Lithuania. The national language is the Lithuanian language, which is spoken by around 3 million people. Vilnius is the capital and largest city. Lithuania is a member of the European Union, NATO, and several other organizations.

The colors of the Lithuanian flag are yellow (at the top), for the sun, green (in the middle), for the fields, and red (at the bottom), for the blood of Lithuanians fighting for its independence.
History 
Lithuania began to turn into a country in the 7th–9th centuries from Baltic nations group. The Balts, the ancestors of Lithuanians and Latvians, came to the area between Nemunas, Daugava rivers and the Baltic Sea, from a supposed original homeland of the Proto-Indo-European languages. Many scientists think they came there sometime in the 3rd millennium BC.

The traditional date of the beginning of the country is 1236 when the Lithuanians won the Battle of Šiauliai (Battle of Sun).
Lithuania (at that time - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania) made a Treaty with Poland in 1569. The country was taken over by the Russian Empire in 1795, ending the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It got back its independence on February 16, 1918. 
In 1940 the country became a Soviet republic and joined to the Soviet Union.
On June 22, 1941, after German invasion, the republic was occupied. It continued until 1944. 
Lithuania re-declared its independence on March 11, 1990. Currently, Lithuania is an independent, semi-presidential, democratic republic.

Politics 

Lithuania has been a member of NATO and the European Union since 2004.

Lithuania is a semi presidential republic, that restored its independence and democracy in 1990. Since then, very important reforms were made and Lithuania is now declared as a democratic state that grants the human rights.
The Constitution that was adopted in 1992 declares that the leader of the country is the President, who must be elected to take office. The elections are held every 5 years. If the President breaks their oath, they can be forced to resign by the Parliament. The President also represents Lithuania abroad and is the commander-in-chief.

The legislative power of Lithuania is called the Seimas, or Parliament. There are 141 members of Seimas who are elected for 4-year-terms. Seimas passes the laws that must be executed by the government, that is formed in Seimas, and it must be accepted by the President. The Prime Minister is set and fired by the President.

The justice is under the power of the courts. The supreme court in Lithuania is the Constitutional Court.

Administrative subdivisions
Lithuania is divided into 10 counties, 60 municipalities and 500 elderates. The counties are:
 Alytus County
 Kaunas County
 Klaipėda County
 Marijampolė County
 Panevėžys County
 Šiauliai County
 Tauragė County
 Telšiai County
 Utena County
 Vilnius County

The county governor rules the county. He or she must be appointed by the central government. Municipalities are governed by the Municipal Councils that are elected for 4 year terms. The head of a municipality is the mayor. The elderates are governed by the elders. The elders are appointed by the municipal councils.

Geography 

Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe. Its neighbours are Poland in the southwest, Russia (Kaliningrad) in west, Latvia in north and Belarus in the east. Lithuania borders the Baltic Sea and 99 kilometres of its coast belong to Lithuania. The highest hill is Aukštojas (294 metres high), the largest lake is Drūkšiai. 31% of the land is suitable for farms.
Lithuania is divided into 5 cultural regions according to their past and traditions:
 Aukštaitija
 Dzūkija
 Mažoji Lietuva (Lithuania Minor)
 Suvalkija
 Žemaitija (Samogitia)

Climate

Economy 
Lithuania has a fast growing economy. It grew up to 7% in the first quarter of 2008.

GDP per capita, based on purchasing power parity is estimated to be $19,730 in 2008. The nominal GDP per capita is estimated to be $14,213 at the same year. According to these numbers, Lithuanian per capita GDP reaches only 61% of EU average. However, it is impressive that only in 8 years, since 2000 it grew up from 30% of EU average.

Emigration still creates a problem. According to the official data, emigration in 2006 was 30% lower than the previous year, with 3,483 people leaving in four months.

Demographics
Demographics 

About 80% of people in Lithuania are Lithuanians. There are large national minorities:
 The Poles, (6.3%), mainly live in Vilnius County, which was taken over by Poland in 1920.
 The Russians, (5.1%), mainly live in Vilnius County and Utena County, as workers at the Ignalina nuclear plant.
 The Belorussians, (1.1%), most of them live in Vilnius County.

Lithuanian is spoken by 82% of the people and it is the only official language. Polish is used mostly in Vilnius County where Polish politicians are elected to represent the Polish minority. The documents and street names must be in Lithuanian.

The biggest cities are Vilnius, 542,287 people, Kaunas, 358,107 people, and Klaipėda, 185,899 people.

Largest cities

Education
Education 

The nursery schools and the kindergartens are the first-level education forms. However, they are not compulsory. The children start attending the primary school at age 7, where educational programs last for 4 years; then they must start attending secondary school (5th to 10th grades). After finishing 8th or 10th grade, the student can continue learning at the high school or choose courses at the vocational college. The students who finish the high school can join colleges and universities. Higher education is free for the students whose annual median of grades is 8 or higher. The others have to pay ~1300 Euros per semester at least.

The higher education schools are universities and colleges. The main universities are:
 Vilnius University (the oldest university in northeastern Europe, founded in 1579);
 University of Vytautas the Great, in Kaunas;
 The University of Technology of Gediminas, in Vilnius;
 The Klaipėda University.

Media
Media

Radio and Television 
Lithuanians can choose from many television and radio stations. The first radio station was started in 1926 in Kaunas. The first television station started in 1957. The main radio stations are:
 Public broadcaster: LRT Radijas (talk station), LRT Klasika (classical music), LRT Opus (alternative music)
 M-1 (TOP 40)
 Lietus (Lithuanian pop)
 Radiocentras (TOP 40)
 Power Hit Radio (dance)
 ZIP FM (TOP 40)
 M-1 Plius (adult contemporary)
 Žinių Radijas (talk station)

The most popular TV stations are:
 Public broadcaster: LRT Televizija (main programme), LRT Plius (culture, sports, movies)
 TV3 (national)
 LNK (national)
 BTV (national)
 Lrytas TV (national)
 TV1 (women-oriented)
 TV8 (women-oriented)
 TV6 (men-oriented)
 Info TV (news)
Printed Media and Internet 
The oldest legal newspaper in Lithuania is the Polish Kurier Wilenski. It was first published in the 18th century and is now only popular with the Polish community. The biggest selling newspapers are:
 Lietuvos Rytas (national)
 Verslo žinios (business)
 Kauno diena (regional)
 Vakaro žinios (tabloid)
 Vakarų ekspresas (regional)

Internet news portals are very popular in Lithuania. They have the latest information and also let people make comments. The most popular Internet sites with news and information are:
 Delfi.lt
 15min.lt
 lrytas.lt
 tv3.lt
 lrt.lt

Related pages
 Lithuania at the Olympics
 Lithuania national football team
 List of rivers of Lithuania

Notes and references

Other websites
Other websites 

 The site of the President's administration 
 The site of Lithuanian Parliament
 The site of Government of Lithuania 
 The Official site of Department of Statistics
 The official site of Vilnius Municipality
 The official site of Kaunas Municipality 
 The official site of klaipėda Municipality

 
European Union member states
Malta is a country in Southern Europe, and a member of the European Union. It is an island near the center of the Mediterranean Sea, south of Sicily. The capital of Malta is Valletta. Around 500,000 people live in Malta and it is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. Malta is 316 sq km, which makes it one of the smallest countries. Its many cities and towns grew close to each other over time.

Language 
Maltese is the national language of Malta and is influenced by Greek due to Magna Grecia settlements in Sicily.  Maltese and English are the official languages in line with the constitution of the country. A majority of the people of Malta can speak three languages; Maltese, English and Italian.
Money 
Malta had its own currency, called the Maltese Lira until 2008. The Maltese Lira was better known as the Maltese Pound because of the strong links to the United Kingdom. One Maltese Lira consisted of 100 cents. In 2008 Malta joined the Euro countries in adopting the Euro as the National Currency.

History 
People have lived in Malta since at least 5200 BC. The island has some key archaeological sites dating from early times.

Malta became well known as the base of the Knights Hospitaller. They moved to Malta after being forced to leave Palestine and then Rhodes, in Greece. In 1565 they survived a great attack by the Ottoman Empire. The history of the knights at Malta continued the strong Roman Catholic beliefs in the country that were started by the Norman and Spanish rulers.
In 1798, Napoleon took control of Malta. The French rule was not popular and in 1800 Maltese rebels invited the British Royal Navy to come to the island. This led to 200 years as a British colony and independent Commonwealth member.

During World War II, Malta was attacked this time by the Axis forces. The entire island was symbolically given the George Cross for heroism.

Malta became independent in 1964 and a republic in 1974. In 2004 Malta joined the European Union and in 2008 Malta joined the Euro.

Notes

Other websites 
 Maltese Relocation and Travel Guide
 Malta travel guide and information 
 Malta Wiki - Malta Popular Encyclopedia 
 Malta holidays and hotels
 Malta travel guide
 Malta 
 Malta Travel Guide 

 
Italian-speaking countries
European Union member states
Phoenician colonies
1974 establishments in Europe
Commonwealth member states
Lists of people 

List of Premiers of the Soviet Union
List of Russians

A 

 AK-47

B 
 
 Baltic states
 Bolshevik

C 
 Central Asia
 Cold War
 Constructivism
 Communism
 Communist Party of the Soviet Union
 Comrade
 Collective farming
 Collectivisation in the USSR

E 
 Eastern Front (World War II)

G 
 Glasnost
 Great Soviet Encyclopedia

H 
 Hero of the Soviet Union
 History of the Jews in  Russia and Soviet Union
 History of the Soviet Union (1985-1991)
 Holodomor

K 
 Kolkhoz

M 
 Marxism–Leninism
 Moscow Metro

O 
 October Revolution

P 
 Palace of Soviets

R 

 Red Army
 Republics of the Soviet Union
 Russian Civil War

S 
 Socialism
 Soviet
 Soviet (council)
 Soviet people
 Soviet Union
 Soviet Union national bandy team
 Soviet Union national football team
 Soviet Union national ice hockey team
 Sputnik programme
 State Anthem of the Soviet Union

V 
 Volga Germans

W 

  Warsaw Pact Organization
 White movement
 World War I
 World War II

Geography-related lists
In normal cosmology, 'comoving' distance or 'proper distance' is one of several distances measured by cosmologists to define distances between objects.

Method 
To talk about the shape of the Universe, scientists want to forget that the Universe is expanding. So they separate the shape from time and pretend that the Universe is not expanding. They remember that, really, the Universe is expanding, but they write this in a variable called the scale factor. Then, the distances they talk about, while putting the scale factor to the side, are called comoving distances. When they think about the Universe using comoving distance, they think of the Universe as not expanding. This way, some calculations are easier.
Purpose 
When the part of the Universe which we can see today started, it was very small. Everything in this part of the Universe was much closer together than today. It was also very hot and photons (particles of light) were moving in different directions. Light moves very fast, but the light speed is limited and the Universe was expanding very fast.
Comparison 
Think of two ants on the surface of an expanding balloon. One ant starts moving towards another, but the balloon itself is also expanding. After a long time the balloon starts expanding more slowly. Eventually one ant reaches another. That's like photons in our universe. Some of the light from the stars you see at night traveled for billions of years to reach your eye. Surprisingly, it started very close to where you were (or the atoms of which your body consists), but just could not keep up with the universe expansion. Of course, if something else started out very close to where you were, but was not traveling toward you, it would be very far away from you now because of the expansion. 

Cosmology
Physical quantity
Shaanxi (Chinese:陕西, also sometimes called Shenshi) is a province in east China. The word "Shaan" (viz Shanzhou) is a place in Henan Province. "Xi" means "west". So "Shaanxi" means "the place to the west of Shaan". 

Although in pinyin, "Shaanxi" is spelled exactly the same as "Shanxi", the only difference in how the two words are pronounced is that the first syllable in "Shanxi" is said using the first tone in Mandarin, while the first syllable in "Shaanxi" is said with the third tone. Since tone markers are not usually used to show how to pronounce the two different names, the first word in "Shaanxi" is spelled using the Gwoyeu Romatzyh method instead, which indicates tones by adding extra letters to a syllable.

The river Wei He runs across it. It has a large population of more than 30 million people. The capital of Shaanxi is Xi'an. It abbreviates as Shan (陕) or Qin (秦), also known as SanQin (三秦, meaning Three Qins).
History 
January 23, 1556 – A massive earthquake, measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale, strikes Shaanxi, killing over 850,000 people. This is the most devastating earthquake in recorded history.

Political divisions 

Shaanxi Province is divided into ten municipalities:

 Xi'an Municipality(西安市)
 Ankang Municipality(安康市)
 Baoji Municipality(宝鸡市)
 Hanzhong Municipality(汉中市)
 Shangluo Municipality(商洛市)
 Tongchuan Municipality(铜川市)
 Weinan Municipality(渭南市)
 Xianyang Municipality(咸阳市)
 Yan'an Municipality(延安市)
 Yulin Municipality(榆林市)

 
Provinces of China
Lisbon () is the capital city of Portugal. It is the largest city of Portugal. The city has a population of about half million people. In Lisbon's urban area live around 2.8 million people, being the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union. 
Lisbon is placed on the right bank (western) of the Tagus River, near the outfall. It has a pleasant climate and has about 220 days of sunshine each year. There are many beautiful beaches close to the city. There are also many seafood restaurants, historical sites and monuments, being one of the oldest cities in the world.

Geography

Civil parishes 
The municipality of Lisbon have 24 freguesias (civil parishes).

 Ajuda
 Alcântara
 Alvalade
 Areeiro
 Arroios
 Avenidas Novas
 Beato
 Belém
 Benfica
 Campo de Ourique
 Campolide
 Carnide
 Estrela
 Lumiar
 Marvila
 Misericórdia
 Olivais
 Parque das Nações
 Penha de França
 Santa Clara
 Santa Maria Maior
 Santo António
 São Domingos de Benfica
 São Vicente

Transportation

Metro
Metro 

The Lisbon Metro connects the city centre to different districts, it also reaches some suburbs around the Lisbon metropolitan area, like Amadora and Loures.

Trams 

Trams are a traditional public transport in Lisbon. It was first introduced in 1901, many of the electric trams were originally imported from the US, and were called americanos. Trams in Lisbon are coloured yellow and is one of the tourist icons of the city, and their size is great for steep hills and narrow streets of the central city.

References

Other websites 
 Official page of the city 
 Lisbon Photos a collection of Photos, showing Lisbon as it is to visitors.

Phoenician colonies
 
719 establishments
Establishments in Portugal
Surfing is a water sport done in the ocean or sea. The surfer uses their surfboard to catch a wave and ride in towards the shore.

Surfing was invented by the Polynesians at least 4000 years ago. Surfing made its Olympic debut at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. It has become a popular sport among both men and women of all ages. With lifestyles and regimens freer than those of most sports, surfers comprise a unique culture. Though surfing is practiced in many other Pacific nations, its center remains Hawaii, where many rounds of the international surfing championships (the ASP) are held annually. Surfing is popular in Australia, the US, and Northern Europe.

Related pages

Skimboarding
Windsurfing
Lyon (Arpitan: Liyon) is a city in the southeast of France. It is the third-largest city in the country (behind Paris and Marseille), with about 513,000 people living there in 2015. It is the second largest metropolis, or metro area, in France (behind only that of Paris), with about 2.3 million people in 2014. 

In ancient history, the name of Lyon was Lugdunum. Someone who lives in Lyon is called a Lyonnais (male) or a Lyonnaise (female) in French.

Lyon has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification). It is between the Rhône and the Saône. It is about  west of the Italian border. 

The central part of Lyon, located on the peninsula between the Rhône and the Saône, was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

Famous people from Lyon 
 The Lumière Brothers who created cinema
 Paul Bocuse, a world renowned chef

Sports 
Famous sports clubs from Lyon are:
Olympique Lyonnais: The local football team that plays in Ligue 1
 ASVEL: The local basketball team
 LOU: (Lyon Olympique Universitaire) The local rugby team

Education 
 École Centrale de Lyon
 École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies
 École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées
 École spéciale de mécanique et électricité
 EMLYON Business School
 E-Artsup
 Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées
 Institut supérieur européen de gestion group
 Institut supérieur européen de formation par l'action
 Sup'Biotech
 Web@cademie

References

 
World Heritage Sites in France
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman. He was the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He is the son of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush and former U.S. First Lady Barbara Bush. Before becoming president, he was the Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000. Bush is a member of the Republican Party.

He flew warplanes in the Texas and Alabama Air National Guard. After graduating from Yale College in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, he worked in the oil industry. In 1977, he married Laura Welch and ran for the U.S. House of Representatives, but lost. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team.
In 1994, he was elected Governor of Texas, defeating the incumbent governor, Democrat Ann Richards. As governor, Bush successfully backed legislation for tort reform, gave more money for education, set higher standards for schools, and changed the criminal justice system. Bush also helped make Texas the leading producer of wind powered electricity in the U.S.

In 2000, Bush was elected President of the United States when he defeated Democratic incumbent Vice President Al Gore in an extremely close election. He became the fourth person to be elected president without winning the popular vote. He is the second son of a former United States president to himself become president, the first being John Quincy Adams, the son of John Adams.
He was re-elected to a second term in 2004, against Democrat John Forbes Kerry. In his second term, Bush reached multiple free trade agreements and was able to put John Roberts and Samuel Alito to the Supreme Court. He wanted to make major changes to Social Security and immigration laws, but these changes did not pass in Congress. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq continued, and in 2007 he sent more troops to Iraq. Bush received criticism from both sides politically for his handling of Hurricane Katrina and for the midterm dismissal of U.S. attorneys. Around December 2007, the U.S. entered the Great Recession. This made the Bush administration create programs for protection of the country's financial system, such as the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP).
Bush left office in January 2009, succeeded by Democrat Barack Obama, after an election against Republican John McCain. He has a ranch in Crawford, Texas, which is near Waco. In 2010, he published a memoir called Decision Points. His presidential library opened in 2013. Though ranked a bit low in rankings of presidents by scholars and historians, public opinion on Bush has improved after his presidency ended. Bush received the highest recorded approval ratings right after the 9/11 attacks, but one of the lowest such ratings during the 2008 financial crisis.

Early life
Early life 

Bush was born at Yale-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut. Bush grew up in Midland, Texas. He went to a high school called Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and graduated in 1964. He went to school at Yale University from 1964 until he graduated in 1968, with a bachelor's degree in history. He joined the Texas Air National Guard in 1968 (part of the United States National Guard) during the Vietnam War and became a fighter pilot but did not fight in the war. He left the Texas Air National Guard in 1973. In 1975 Bush earned an MBA from Harvard University.
On November 5, 1977, Bush married Laura Welch. In 1978, Bush tried to get elected to Congress in West Texas, but lost. After that, he ran some oil companies and was one of the owners of the Texas Rangers baseball team. He thought about trying to become the commissioner of Major League Baseball, but went into politics instead. Bush is a Methodist. In 1994, he was elected to be Governor of Texas, defeating incumbent Democratic Governor Ann Richards.

Governor of Texas, 1995–2000 

Bush announced he was running for governor in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election. His campaign focused on four themes: changing welfare, changing torts, crime reduction, and making education better.
He easily won the Republican primary. His opponent was popular Democratic incumbent Governor Ann Richards. During the campaign, he said that if he was elected, he would sign a bill that would allow Texans to get permits to carry concealed weapons (this means a person can carry a weapon on them, as long as it cannot be seen). Bush won the general election with 53.5 percent against Richards' 45.9 percent.

Bush used a budget surplus (when the government makes more money than it spends) to pass a $2 billion tax-cut, which was Texas's largest. He used government money to fund organizations that teach people of the dangers of alcohol and drug use and abuse, and helping to reduce domestic violence.
In 1998, Bush won re-election with a record 69 percent of the vote. He became the first governor in Texas history to be elected to two consecutive four-year terms. In his second term, Bush promoted faith-based organizations and had high approval ratings. He proclaimed June 10, 2000, to be Jesus Day in Texas, a day on which he asked all Texans to "answer the call to serve those in need". In 1999, Bush signed a law that said electric retailers needed to buy a certain amount of energy from renewable sources. This helped Texas become the leading producer of wind powered electricity in the U.S.

Critics said that during his time as governor, Texas ranked near the bottom in environmental evaluations. Supporters pointed to his efforts to raise the pay of teachers and improve educational test scores.

During Bush's first term, he was seen as a future presidential candidate. After he was reelected in 1998, this belief grew. In 1999, he decided to seek the 2000 Republican presidential nomination.
2000 presidential election

Bush ran against then-Vice President Al Gore in the 2000 United States presidential election. More than 100 million people voted on November 7, 2000. But the election was very close. When they began counting the votes, it became clear that whoever got the most votes in the state of Florida would win the election. But there were many issues with the ballots in Florida. Gore sued to get Florida to count the votes again. For more than a month no one knew who won the election. The Supreme Court made a decision to stop recounting votes. Gore decided to accept his loss on December 13 and Bush was declared the winner.

Presidency (2001–2009)

First term, 2001–05 

While he was president, George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act into law. It was an education reform bill.

Bush was the second President of the United States to deliver a speech in both Spanish and in English.

He added Part D to Medicare, which gives older people free medicine if they can not afford it.
He also signed very large tax cuts (many of them were for the middle and lower class) during his presidency.

Bush did not approve of abortion. In 2004, he signed the Unborn Victims Of Violence Act which made it so that if a pregnant woman is murdered, her murderer can also be charged with killing the fetus that the woman was carrying.

His first foreign policy test came when an American spy plane crashed in China. Bush peacefully negotiated the release of the plane crew.

Eight months after Bush became president, the September 11 attacks occurred. Because of this, President Bush declared a War on Terrorism.
Bush tried to do many things to stop another terrorist attack from happening. He ordered an invasion of Afghanistan in 2002. He did this because the leaders of Afghanistan were helping Osama bin Laden, who was responsible for attacking America on September 11, 2001. Almost ten years later, on May 2, 2011 bin Laden was killed on orders of President Barack Obama. Bush asked Congress to do more to stop terrorism. As a result, Congress passed a law that created the Department Of Homeland Security, a government department which tries to prevent terrorist attacks from happening. It also responds to emergencies such as floods or diseases.

He signed the Patriot Act (which allowed the government to listen to people's phone calls so it can track down terrorists which try to communicate with each other).
After Saddam refused to cooperate with the United Nations weapons inspectors and the United States Congress authorized Bush to invade Iraq if its government did not cooperate with the weapons inspectors, Bush decided on the Gulf War in 2003 with several allies. Saddam Hussein was removed from power, and Iraq turned into a democracy. Over 100,000 people were killed in this war.

2004 presidential election

In the 2004 presidential election, Bush won again with a majority of votes. His opponent was Massachusetts Senator John Kerry, a Democrat.

Second term, 2005–09 

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina (the most destructive hurricane in American history) happened. It caused over 1800 deaths and caused billions of dollars of destruction. George W. Bush signed several acts into law which would help Hurricane Katrina victims.
In the Iraq War, no weapons of mass destruction were found, and the Bush Administration was criticized for being wrong about Iraq having weapons of mass destruction. Bush added more American troops to Iraq (which was called "the surge") to speed up the war. The surge was successful, and in result, Iraq had less violence.

Although the economy was doing very well during much of his presidency, in early 2008, the economy was slowing down. Bush signed a bill into law which would gave $600 to every American citizen, hoping that people would go out and spend the money so that it would prevent a recession (a bad economy) from happening.

Later in 2008 December, stock market crashed and the country fell into its worst recession since the Great Depression. Bush helped create a 700 billion dollar bailout, which would give money to corporations (large businesses) to prevent them from being bankrupt and to try to prevent the recession from getting worse.
Bush publicly supported Republican candidate John McCain during the 2008 presidential election, but Barack Obama won the election.
During the last few days he was president, Bush gave his farewell address. He was succeeded by Barack Obama on January 20, 2009.

Post-presidency (2009–present) 

After his presidency, Bush stayed away from the spotlight and did not want much attention. He said that he was not going to criticize President Obama. He began to build his presidential library in 2010. It was open to the public in 2013.

After over a year and a half of saying little in public, in November 2010, Bush appeared on several television interviews and released a book called Decision Points. The book focuses on fourteen big decisions he made in congress, including quitting drinking, running for president, Hurricane Katrina, invading Iraq, and his response to the financial meltdown in 2008.
On May 2, 2011, President Obama called Bush, who was at a restaurant with his wife, to inform him that Osama bin Laden had been killed. The Bushes joined the Obamas in New York City to mark the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. At the Ground Zero memorial, Bush read a letter that President Abraham Lincoln wrote to a widow who lost five sons during the Civil War.

On August 6, 2013, Bush was successfully treated for a coronary artery blockage with a stent. The blockage had been found during an annual medical examination.

References

Other websites

 Official Biography at the White House
1946 births
Living people
 
2000 United States presidential candidates
2004 United States presidential candidates
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American aviators
American Methodists
Bush family
Businesspeople from New Haven, Connecticut
Businesspeople from Texas
Children of Presidents of the United States
George H. W. Bush
Governors of Texas
People from Midland, Texas
Politicians from New Haven, Connecticut
Ranchers
Recipients of the Order pro merito Melitensi
Time People of the Year
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Writers from New Haven, Connecticut
Writers from Texas
Yale University alumni
People indicted for war crimes
Organic compounds are carbon-based compounds. Organic compounds contain carbon bonds in which at least one carbon atom is covalently linked to an atom of another type (usually hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen). Most polymers are organic compounds.

History 
The name "organic" is a historical name from the 19th century.

People believed that only living things could make organic compounds and "dead" things (such as minerals) could make inorganic compounds. However, Friedrich Wöhler proved this wrong by synthesizing urea, a well-known organic compound.

Kinds of organic compounds 
There are natural organic compounds, and synthetic ones. Their structure may be described by using names, and making diagrams.
One way of showing the molecule is by drawing its structural formula. Because molecules can have complicated structures, people have made ways to show them in simple language. One way is to use line diagrams. Each atom is shown by a letter, and connected by a line to each atom with which it is has a covalent bond. One line means a single bond, two lines means a double bond and so on. 

Because there is in an infinite number of possible organic compounds, language is needed to give a unique name to each one. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC, made a system for doing this. Although an IUPAC name makes every single possible molecule unique, the names are often long and complicated, so in everyday life, trivial names--unofficial but widely understood names--are used, such as the trivial names Paracetamol, Tylenol, and Acetaminophen, which are used for a compound whose IUPAC name is N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide. Some of these trivial names are trademarks.
Natural Compounds 
Natural compounds are compounds made by living beings. These could also be made in a lab, but many of these compounds are taken from nature because it is easier and less expensive to do it that way. For example, every year people grow and eat huge amounts of natural sugar and starch. Other common natural compounds are: amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, many antibiotics like Penicillin and Amoxicillin.

Synthetic compounds 
Synthetic compounds are those made by people. Sometimes, this is done by taking something natural and changing the molecule in a small way, such as making glycerin from vegetable oils. Other compounds are synthesized in long, complicated reactions with many steps. Plastics are sometimes mostly natural, and other kinds are manufactured.
Structure 
Since a compound is often first discovered in nature instead of being made on purpose in a lab, people may know the compound exists, and even know what it does sometimes, but not know exactly what atoms it is made of and how it is arranged. There are several ways of taking an unknown compound and finding out this structure:
 Mass spectrometry
 X-ray diffraction
 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
 Infrared spectroscopy

Related pages 
Acetone
Inorganic compound
Organic chemistry
Biochemistry

Other websites 
 Organic chemistry online