Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Preparation
It is made by reacting iron with sulfuric acid. This reaction makes hydrogen gas and leaves behind iron(II) sulfate. It can also be made by oxidation of pyrite, an iron sulfide material. according to Pankaj law

Uses
It is used to get the necessary iron in foods. It can reduce chromate in cement to harmless chromium compounds like chromium(III) oxide. It was also used to make ink. It can be used to color concrete.

Related pages
Iron(II) chloride
Cobalt(II) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate

Sulfur compounds
Iron compounds
Iron(III) sulfate, also known as ferric sulfate, is a chemical compound. It has iron in its +3 oxidation state and sulfate ions.

Properties
It is a white to yellow to pale purple crystalline solid. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It dissolves in water to make an acidic solution.

Occurrence
It is found as a mixed iron(III) aluminium sulfate. This is the anhydrous form. Several hydrated forms are found, too. Much more iron(III) sulfate is found in Mars. One of the rovers that travel on Mars got stuck in a pit of iron(III) sulfate and could not get out.

Preparation
It is made by mixing sulfuric acid, iron(II) sulfate, and an oxidizing agent like nitric acid or hydrogen peroxide together. It is made when iron(III) oxide reacts with sulfuric acid. It is also made when iron(II) sulfate is oxidized by exposure to oxygen.
Uses
It is used as a mordant in dyeing. It is also used to coagulate waste to remove the toxic parts. It is also used in baths to clean metals. It can be used as a pigment. It is used as an astringent in medicine. It stops bleeding.

Related pages
Iron(III) chloride
Iron(II) chloride

jnk

Sulfur compounds
Iron compounds
Chromate is an ion that contains one chromium atom (in its +6 oxidation state) and four oxide atoms. Its formula is CrO4. Its overall charge is -2. Dichromate is similar, but it contains two chromium atoms and seven oxide atoms (therefore, Cr2O7).

Chromate and dichromate are strongly oxidizing in acidic conditions, but weakly oxidizing in basic conditions. Chromates are generally bright yellow, while dichromates are generally orange or red. They can be made by reaction of chromium(III) oxide and a metal oxide in a basic environment. They can be destroyed by reaction with reducing agents. The oxygen in the air boosts the chromium atom's oxidation state from +3 to +6. 

Chromates and dichromates are harmful when powdered because the dust is carcinogenic (it can cause cancer). This can be avoided by reducing chromate with something like iron(II) sulfate.

Examples
Chromates
Sodium chromate
Potassium chromate

Dichromates
Potassium dichromate
Ammonium dichromate

Related pages
Chromium
Chromium(III) oxide
Chromium compounds
Ions
Chromium(III) oxide is a dark green chemical that has a formula of Cr2O3. It is composed of chromium in its +3 oxidation state and oxide ions. It can react with other metal oxides in basic conditions to make chromates. It is made from chromium ore and is part of the process for making chromium metal. It was used as a pigment. It dissolves in acid to produce chromium(III) salts, such as chromium(III) chloride. Stainless steel's corrosion resistance is based on this compound. A thin layer of this compound forms on the surface of the stainless steel. It prevents the rest of the steel from oxidizing.

Related pages
Chromium
Chromium(III) chloride
Chromate
Dichromate

Chromium compounds
Oxides
Chromium(III) chloride is a chemical compound composed of chromium in its +3 oxidation state and chloride ions. It is green when hydrated (attached to water molecules) and purple when anhydrous (not attached to water molecules). It can be formed by dissolving chromium in hydrochloric acid or by dissolving chromium(III) oxide in hydrochloric acid. Chromium in its +3 oxidation state is much less toxic than chromium in its +6 oxidation state, such as chromates.

Related pages
Chromium(III) oxide
Chromates
Chromium

Chlorine compounds
Chromium compounds
Michael Richard Tomlak (born October 17, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a former professional ice hockey centre who played four seasons for the Hartford Whalers of the National Hockey League.

Tomlak was drafted 208th overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft. He played 141 career NHL games, scoring 15 goals and 22 assists for 37 points.

Other websites

1964 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Springfield Indians players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Ontario Hockey League players
Ralph Donald Stewart (born December 2, 1948 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 251 games in the National Hockey League.  He played with the Vancouver Canucks and New York Islanders.

Other websites 

1948 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Islanders players
Vancouver Canucks players
Potassium chromate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2CrO4. It has potassium and chromate ions.

Properties
It is a yellow crystalline solid. It is an oxidizing agent in an acidic condition. It is toxic though, because it contains chromium in its +6 oxidation state. It can be destroyed by reaction with reducing agents. It is very rarely found in the ground. It reacts with lead nitrate to make lead chromate, a yellow pigment.

Preparation
It is made by reacting chromium trioxide with potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by oxidation of potassium hydroxide and chromium(III) oxide.

Occurrence
Potassium chromate is found very rarely as a mineral. It dissolves easily in water. It is only found in very dry places.

Uses
It is used to test for chloride ions. It can also be used to make lead chromate for paint.

Safety
Potassium chromate is very toxic. It is a carcinogen. It reacts with reducing agents violently when in acid.

Related pages
Dichromate
Sodium chromate
Chromium(III) oxide
Potassium compounds
Chromium compounds
Sodium chromate is a chemical compound composed of sodium ions and chromate ions. It is a bright yellow crystal chemical. It is similar to potassium chromate. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is toxic because it contains chromium in the +6 oxidation state. It can be destroyed by reaction with a reducing agent, converting it to harmless chromium in the +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Na2CrO4.

Related pages
Dichromate
Chromate
Potassium chromate
Chromium(III) oxide

Sodium compounds
Chromium compounds
A windup radio is a device that uses the energy of a spring to generate electricity to power the radio. The spring receives its energy by someone winding it up from handle.

Related pages
Clockwork torch

Machines

en:Human-powered equipment#Windup radio
A mechanically powered torch is a torch that is powered by mechanical movement, such as winding a spring and using the stored energy to power it for a small amount of time. It has the advantage of not needing batteries to operate.

Related pages
Clockwork radio

Machines
Light sources
An alkaline battery is usually a primary cell (it cannot be recharged), but some are rechargeable. It is very common. Duracell, Rayovac, and Energizer are common brands of alkaline batteries. They were introduced in the 1960s and replaced the Leclanche battery as the "everyday battery" in the 1990s. They are marketed in many forms, such as AAA, AA, C, D, 9V, and small disc cells for watches and calculators. In the battery, zinc is oxidized by manganese dioxide in a potassium hydroxide electrolyte.

Related pages
Battery
Table of batteries

Batteries
A Leclanche battery or Leclanche cell is a primary cell (it cannot be recharged). It was invented by the French engineer George Leclanché around 1866. It used to be the "everyday battery", but it has been replaced by the alkaline battery. It has much lower power than the alkaline battery, but it is cheaper to make. It is lighter than the alkaline battery and can be easily found in general stores. It is normally marketed with the label "Extra Heavy Duty" or "Super Heavy Duty" on it, meaning that some of the electrolytes have been replaced to make it longer lasting. It works by the oxidation of zinc by manganese dioxide. It has a zinc chloride or ammonium chloride electrolyte.

Parts
 C = Carbon rod (positive terminal)
 MnO2 = Manganese dioxide (depolarizer)
 NH4Cl = Ammonium chloride (electrolyte)
 Zn = Zinc case (negative terminal)

Related pages
Battery
Table of batteries

Batteries
An electrolyte is a chemical that conducts electrical current. It is used in batteries to make the ions flow, producing current. Electrolytes ionize when dissolved in suitable solvents such as water. Most soluble salts, acids, and bases are electrolytes. 

An electrolyte used in "electrolytic cells" carries the ions between the electrodes of the cell.  Electrolytic cells may be used to extract constituent elements and compounds contained in the solution.

A correct concentration of electrolytes is important to physiology.

Related pages
Cathode, includes anode
Electrolysis

References 

Electricity
Chemistry
Manganese dioxide, also known as manganese(IV) oxide, is a chemical compound of manganese and oxygen. It contains manganese in the +4 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is MnO2. It is black and powdery. It is used as a depolarizer in alkaline batteries and Leclanche batteries. It is found naturally as the mineral pyrolusite.

Related pages
Manganese(II) oxide
Permanganate
Battery

References

Manganese compounds
Oxides
"Ironic" is a song written by Alanis Morissette and Glen Ballard.  It was produced by Glen Ballard for Morissette's third album, Jagged Little Pill.  It was released as the album's fourth single in 1996.  The song received a Grammy nomination in 1997 for Record of the Year.
Success 
"Ironic" became Morissette's second number-one hit on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart in the United States.  It stayed there for three weeks.  The song became Morissette's highest-charting hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it peaked at number four.  It is one of only two songs by Morissette to crack the top-ten on that chart, the other being "You Learn", backed with a live version of "You Oughta Know", which reached number six. Both songs were from Jagged Little Pill.  In other countries, "Ironic" wasn't as successful.  It was still a moderate Top 20 hit in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number 11.  It is considered to be one of Morissette's biggest hits.  The song also received critical praise at the time of its release.  Ironic is still popular today, mainly because there are still debates surrounding the lyrics of the song, and whether the examples mentioned in the song actually qualify as being ironic.
Covers
The pop-punk band Four Year Strong covered the song in their 90's cover album "Explains It All."

Charts

Chart procession and succession

References

1996 songs
Alanis Morissette songs
Rock songs
Francisco Pantoja Rueda (born on December 3, 1973 in Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico) is an Mexican professional wrestler who is best known for the time he spent the WWE under the ring name, Super Crazy.

Super Crazy has also worked for Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and it was there where he gained American attention.

Super Crazy is currently wrestling on the Independent circuit under the organization, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla.

1973 births
Living people
Mexican professional wrestlers
People from Hidalgo (state)
Permanganate is an ion that contains one manganese ion in an oxidation state of +7 and 4 oxide atoms. It is a strong oxidizing agent. Permanganates are purple-black. Permanganates stain because they are easily reduced to brown-black manganese dioxide.

Examples
Potassium permanganate

Related pages
Chromate, a similar ion
Manganese
Manganese dioxide

Sources

Manganese compounds
Ions
The Velvet Underground & Nico is the first album by American rock band The Velvet Underground. It is said to be one of the greatest albums ever made. Rolling Stone ranked it the 13th best album of all time. The album was produced by famous artist Andy Warhol. Some of the songs talked about drugs, prostitution and sex. They were very controversial back then that radio stations won't play any of their songs.

Songs from the album
All songs written by Lou Reed unless otherwise noted.

Side one
"Sunday Morning" (Reed, Cale) – 2:54
"I'm Waiting for the Man" – 4:39
"Femme Fatale" – 2:38
"Venus in Furs" – 5:12
"Run Run Run" – 4:22
"All Tomorrow's Parties" – 6:00

Side two
"Heroin" – 7:12
"There She Goes Again" – 2:41
"I'll Be Your Mirror" – 2:14
"The Black Angel's Death Song" (Reed, Cale) – 3:11
"European Son" (Reed, Cale, Morrison, Tucker) – 7:46

The Velvet Underground albums
Debut albums
1967 albums
Rock albums
A lithium battery is a long-life, lightweight, high-power battery used in watches, medical devices, camera flashes, electronic car keys, alarm systems, and many other devices. It is normally in the shape of a coin. As the name suggests, the battery has lithium in it. The lithium is oxidized, providing the power for the battery. They are not rechargeable; once they are dead they should be thrown out. A lithium battery is different from a lithium-ion battery. They are rechargeable and are used in phones, portable computers, and other items like that. Lithium batteries come in several sizes. The size is indicated by a code. CR1216 is a small battery, while CR2012 is medium-sized and CR2450 is large. They are normally more expensive than other batteries.

Related pages
Lithium-ion battery
Lithium
Dry cell
Battery
Table of batteries

Batteries
Safety issues 
Lithium-ion batteries can be very dangerous. They can catch fire or explode if they are punctured, overcharged, or short-circuited, or if there is a manufacturing defect. In a multi-cell battery pack, the fire can spread from one cell to another, consuming the entire pack. The fire cannot be put out with a fire extinguisher or water. Flaming electrolyte can be ejected from the battery, setting fire to nearby combustible material. Many products have been recalled due to defective lithium-ion batteries.

Related pages 
Lithium battery
Lithium
Rechargeable battery
Ion
Table of batteries

References 

Batteries
White Light/White Heat is the second studio album by the American rock band The Velvet Underground.

Songs from the album
All songs written by Lou Reed unless otherwise noted.
Side one
"White Light/White Heat" – 2:47
"The Gift" (Reed, Morrison, Cale, Tucker) – 8:18
"Lady Godiva's Operation" – 4:56
"Here She Comes Now" (Reed, Morrison, Cale) – 2:04

Side two
"I Heard Her Call My Name" – 4:38
"Sister Ray" (Reed, Morrison, Cale, Tucker) – 17:27

The Velvet Underground albums
1968 albums
Rock albums
"Sweetness" is a 2002  song recorded by the alternative rock band Jimmy Eat World. "Sweetness" was on their 2001 album Bleed American. It was also featured in the ice hockey video game, NHL 2003.

Charts

Sources

Other websites
 

2002 songs
"Glycerine" is the fourth single by the post-grunge band Bush.  "Glycerine" reached number one for two weeks in December of 1996.  It was Bush's biggest pop hit, peaking at number 28 on the Billboard Hot 100 on February 24, 1996 and the Hot 100 Airplay on January 27, 1996.  The song is notable for not featuring any drums.

Chart procession and succession

References
 http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/1996/mtvvmas.htm

1995 songs
The Velvet Underground is the third album by American rock group The Velvet Underground.

Songs from the album
All tracks written by Lou Reed.
Side one
"Candy Says" – 4:04
"What Goes On" – 4:55
"Some Kinda Love" – 4:03
"Pale Blue Eyes" – 5:41
"Jesus" – 3:24

Side two
"Beginning to See the Light" – 4:41
"I'm Set Free" – 4:08
"That's the Story of My Life" – 1:59
"The Murder Mystery" – 8:55
"After Hours" – 2:07

The Velvet Underground albums
1969 albums
Rock albums
Loaded is the fourth album by the Velvet Underground.

Songs from the album
All songs written by Lou Reed (except for a song on the 2-CD version, "Ride into the Sun", which was written by Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison and Maureen Tucker).

Side one
"Who Loves the Sun" – 2:50
"Sweet Jane" – 3:15
"Rock & Roll" – 4:47
"Cool It Down" – 3:05
"New Age" – 4:39

Side two
"Head Held High" – 2:52
"Lonesome Cowboy Bill" – 2:48
"I Found a Reason" – 4:15
"Train Round the Bend" – 3:20
"Oh! Sweet Nuthin'" – 7:23

The Velvet Underground albums
1970 albums
Rock albums
A V8 engine often just called a V8 is an internal combustion engine with 8 cylinders. The engine has four cylinders on each side called banks. The two banks form a "V" shaped angle. In most engines, the two banks are at a right angle (90°) to each other, but some engines use a narrower angle. All eight pistons turn a common crankshaft. It can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline, diesel, natural gas and alcohol.

Applications

Generally, V8s are only available on more powerful cars, pickup trucks, and SUVs. The traditional 90° large V8 engine is generally too wide and too long to fit easily in vehicles with a front-wheel drive layout, so its application is mostly limited to rear-wheel drive cars and trucks.
V8s are common in purpose-designed engines for racing cars. They are a common engine configuration in the highest levels of auto racing. The V8 engine is used in the United States where it is required in IRL and NASCAR. V8s engines are also used in Australian auto racing, most notably in the V8 Supercars. Formula One began the 2006 season using V8 engines, which replaced the V10. Formula One made this change to reduce costs and lower power. However Formula One replaced V8 with V6 Turbo in 2014

V8 engines are also used in large truck and industrial equipment. V8s were an early choice for airplane engines. Modern aircraft seldom used V8s because the heavy weight reduces performance.

References

Other websites 

V8 Engines  - The characteristics of V8 engines

Motors
Ammonium is an ion. It is an ammonia molecule, NH3, protonated  (with a hydrogen ion added) to make NH4+. It bonds with negative ions such as chloride to make salts such as ammonium chloride. Ammonium is slightly reducing so it can react with strong oxidizing agents.

References

Related pages
Ammonium chloride
Ammonia
Protonation
Hydrogen

Nitrogen compounds
Ions
Protonation is the addition of a hydrogen ion to a substance. A hydrogen atom normally contains 1 proton and 1 electron. When the hydrogen atom is oxidized, it loses its electron, leaving a H+. The H+ is the same as a proton. Substances are protonated when hydrogen ions are added to them. For example, when ammonia (NH3) is protonated, it forms ammonium ions, NH4+. A substance is protonated by a substance more acidic than it. The acidic substance is deprotonated.

Related pages
Deprotonation
Proton
Hydrogen

Chemical reactions
Deprotonation is the removal of a hydrogen ion from a substance. A hydrogen atom normally contains 1 proton and 1 electron. When it is oxidized, it loses the electron, turning it into a hydrogen ion. A hydrogen cation is the same as a proton. Substances are deprotonated by other substances more basic than themselves. The base itself is protonated.

Related pages
Proton
Hydrogen
Protonation

Chemical reactions
A stink bomb is a packet that, when pressed, releases bad odors. A common ingredient in stink bombs is ammonium sulfide. They are used for practical jokes on other people. Some use it to imitate farting, and some use them to embarrass other people, by placing them in the seat of their pants. When the targeted person sits, the stink bomb releases bad odors, similar to menthol. Stink bombs do expire, since the longer they are not used the less effective they are. Stink bombs do have guides. Stink bombs are also lightly regulated, since some can have toxic waste inside. it is similar to an instant cold pack.

Related pages
Prank
Hydrogen sulfide
Whoopee cushion

Pranks
Ammonium chloride is a chemical compound composed of ammonium and chloride ions. It is a colorless crystalline compound. It is used in soldering. It is also used as an electrolyte in the Leclanche cell, a type of primary cell. Ammonium chloride can be deprotonated by strong bases such as sodium hydroxide to produce ammonia gas.It is sublime compound.

Related pages
Ammonium sulfide
Ammonium
Ammonia

References 

Nitrogen compounds
Chlorine compounds
Ron Raphael Braunstein is an American rapper, producer, director, and Label CEO better known by his stage name, Necro. His stage name is derived from the Slayer song, Necrophobic. Necro invented the term "death rap" which he describes as ultraviolent hip hop. Necro is the younger brother of other local rapper, Ill Bill. He is a Jew of Israeli and Romanian ethnicity.

Discography

Studio albums
Necro has released 9 studio albums:

Controversy
He has also been involved in controversy which includes a riot that erupted at one of his shows when he didn't show up in Vancouver, British Columbia, Necro being fined $3000 for fracturing a man's jaw in Perth, Western Australia, being sued by Ani DiFranco after he sampled one of her songs and his music was connected to a murder in London, Ontario because the murderer was a fan of Necro and was inspired by his song "Garbage Bag".

References

Other websites
 Necro's Official website
 Necro's Myspace
1976 births
Living people
Rappers from New York (state)
Jewish American musicians
Movie directors from New York (state)
Singers from New York City
Zinc chloride is a chemical compound. It contains zinc and chloride ions. The zinc is in the +2 oxidation state, the only oxidation state zinc has. Its chemical formula is ZnCl2.

Properties
It is a colorless crystal compound. It dissolves in water. It reacts with bases to make zinc hydroxide.

Preparation
Zinc chloride can be made by reacting zinc with hydrochloric acid. In this reaction, hydrogen gas is also produced. It can also be made by reacting zinc with chlorine.

Uses
It is used in the making of chemicals, textile processing, and the electrolyte of the Leclanche cell. Cells containing this chemical are marketed as "Super Heavy Duty" or "Extra Heavy Duty".

Safety
Zinc chloride irritates skin and the respiratory tract.

Related pages
Chlorine
Zinc
Leclanche cell
Chloride

Chlorine compounds
Zinc compounds
A wet cell is a cell that contains a liquid electrolyte. Most batteries have a paste electrolyte. Car batteries have a liquid electrolyte. They are inconvenient because the electrolyte can be spilled. Most early batteries had liquid electrolytes. People still use wet cells where they need high power, such as in cars.

Related pages
Dry cell
Secondary cell
Primary cell
Table of batteries

Batteries

en:Battery (electricity)#Wet cell
A mercury battery is a primary cell. It has similar performance to, but is much cheaper than, silver oxide batteries. Its disadvantage is that it contains toxic mercury, which pollutes the environment. This battery uses the oxidation of zinc by mercury(II) oxide to generate electricity. It has either sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. Mercury batteries used to be common but have become increasingly restricted.

Some advantages of mercury batteries are their very long life and steady voltage.

Related pages
Battery
Primary cell
Table of batteries
Dry cell

Batteries
Silver oxide batteries are primary cells. They are generally found in small sizes. They are expensive because they contain silver, but do not have toxic mercury like the cheaper mercury battery. They generate electricity by oxidation of zinc with silver(I) oxide. It has a basic electrolyte, usually potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.

Chemical background 
Some chemical reactions happen during discharging:
 Reduction: 
 Oxidation: 
 Redox: 
 All:

Related pages 
Mercury battery
Dry cell
Primary cell
Table of batteries

Batteries
E.T. the Extra Terrestrial is a 1982 adventure video game that was developed, published and distributed by Atari, Inc. It is based on the movie of the same name. The game was for the Atari 2600 and was planned for the Atari 5200 but was cancelled. E.T. is often considered to be one of the worst video games of all time, and was claimed to be the reason for Atari's massive financial losses during 1983 and 1984. The unsold cartridges of the game were buried in a landfill in New Mexico and was cited as one of the reasons for the video game industry crash of 1983. In 2014, many of the cartridges were excavated from the landfill.

Related pages 
Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing, another game that has been considered the worst

Other websites 
E.T. the Extra Terrestrial at mobygames.com

1982 video games
Atari 2600 games
Video games based on movies
Mercury(II) oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgO. It has mercury and oxide ions. The mercury is in the +2 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a red or yellow solid. It is very toxic and corrosive. It reacts violently with some reducing agents, as it is an oxidizing agent. It reacts with acids to make other mercury(II) salts like mercury(II) chloride. It breaks down when heated to make mercury and oxygen.

Preparation
It can be made by heating mercury and oxygen at . It can also be made by heating mercury(II) nitrate. This makes the red form. The yellow form is made by reacting a mercury(II) salt with a strong base.

Uses
It can be used to make other mercury(II) salts. It is used in mercury batteries. It is much cheaper than the silver(I) oxide used in silver oxide batteries.

Related pages
Mercury(I) chloride
Mercury(I) nitrate

Mercury compounds
Oxides
Silver(I) oxide is a chemical compound with the formula Ag2O. It is a fine black or dark brown powder. It is composed of silver in the +1 oxidation state. It is used in silver oxide batteries to oxidize the zinc, providing the electrical current. It is more expensive than the mercury(II) oxide used in mercury batteries but much less toxic and less damaging to the environment. It can react violently with reducing agents.

Related pages
Silver
Oxygen
Silver oxide battery
Table of batteries

Silver compounds
Household ammonia is a marketed substance that consists of a dilute solution of ammonia in water. About 7% of the solution by weight is ammonia. It is used for cleaning. It can also be known as ammonium hydroxide, but it really exists in the form NH3 + H2O rather than NH4+ + OH-.

Related pages
Ammonium
Ammonia
Housecleaning

Cleaning tools
Nitrogen compounds
This article is about the peninsula in the Australian state of Queensland; not the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, or Cape York, Greenland.

Cape York Peninsula is a large remote peninsula in the far north of Queensland, Australia. It is the largest unspoilt wilderness in eastern Australia and one of the last remaining wilderness areas on Earth.  The area is mostly flat and about half is used for grazing cattle. Much of the wildlife is threatened by introduced species and weeds. However, the eucalyptus wooded savannah, tropical rainforests, and other types of habitat are now recognized as being globally important.

Geography and geology
The Cape York Peninsula region covers an area of about 137,000 km² north of 16°S latitude. From the tip of the peninsula, Cape York, it is about   to New Guinea across the island and coral reefs of Torres Strait.
The west coast is bordered by the Gulf of Carpentaria and the east coast by the Coral Sea. There is no clear border to the south, but the boundary in the Cape York Peninsula Heritage Act 2007 of Queensland follows the 16°S latitude.

At the peninsula’s widest point, it is 430 km from the Bloomfield River, on the east coast, to the Aboriginal community of Kowanyama on the west coast. It is some 660 km from the southern border, to the tip of Cape York. The largest islands in the Torres Strait include Prince of Wales Island, Horn Island, Moa, and Badu Island.

Cape York is the northernmost point on the Australian continent. It was named by Lieutenant James Cook on 21 August, 1770, after Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany. The Duke was a brother of King George III of the United Kingdom, and died from illness in 1767 when he was only 20 years old:
"The point of the Main, which forms one side of the Passage before mentioned, and which is the Northern Promontory of this Country, I have named York Cape, in honour of his late Royal Highness, the Duke of York."

The tropical landscapes are among the most stable in the world. There has been no tectonic activity for millions of years. The peninsula is an extremely eroded, almost level, low plain with mighty meandering rivers and vast floodplains. There are some very low hills, about 800m above sea level in the McIlwraith Range on the eastern side around Coen.
Part of Australia’s Great Dividing Range, the Peninsula Ridge, is like a backbone along the peninsula. This mountain range is made up of ancient (1,500 million year-old) Precambrian and Palaeozoic rocks. To the east and west of the Peninsula Ridge lie the Carpentaria and Laura Basins, themselves made up of ancient Mesozoic sediments. There are several important landforms on the peninsula: the large area of undisturbed sand dunes on the east coast around Shelburne Bay and Cape Bedford-Cape Flattery; the huge piles of black granite boulders at Black Mountain National Park and Cape Melville; and the limestone karsts around Palmerston in the south.

The soils are poor, even compared to other areas of Australia. They are ancient and weathered, not suitable for ploughing and do not respond to fertilizers. Because of the poor soil, the region is thinly settled. Attempts to grow commercial crops have usually failed.
The climate on Cape York Peninsula is tropical and monsoonal. The heavy monsoon season is from November to April, during which time the forest becomes almost inhabitable. The dry season is from May to October. The temperature is warm to hot, with a cooler climate in higher areas. The mean annual temperatures range from 18 °C at higher elevations to 27 °C on the lowlands in the drier southwest. Temperatures over 40 °C and below 5 °C are rare.

Annual rainfall is high, ranging from over 2000 mm. in the Iron Range and north of Weipa to about 700 mm. at the southern border. Most of this rain falls between November and April. Only on the eastern slopes of the Iron Range is the median rainfall between June and September above 5mm (0.2 inches). Between January and March, however, the median monthly rainfall ranges from about 170mm (6.5 inches) in the south to over 500mm (20 inches) in the north and on the Iron Range.
Rivers
The Peninsula Ridge forms the drainage divide between the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Coral Sea. To the west, large, winding river systems including the Mitchell, Coleman, Holroyd, Archer, Watson, Wenlock, Ducie and Jardine flow into the Gulf of Carpentaria. During the Dry season, those rivers become a series of waterholes and sandy beds. Yet, with the heavy rains in the Wet season, they become mighty waterways, spreading across huge floodplains and coastal wetlands and giving life to many freshwater and wetland species.

On the Eastern slopes, the shorter, faster-flowing Jacky Jacky Creek, Olive, Pascoe, Lockhart, Stewart, Jeannie and Endeavour Rivers flow towards the Coral Sea. These provide important freshwater and nutrients to the healthiest section of the Great Barrier Reef. Along their banks, those wild, undisturbed rivers are lined with dense rainforests, sand dunes or mangroves.
The floodplains of the Laura Basin are now protected in the Lakefield and Jack River National Parks. The plains are crossed by the Morehead, Hann, North Kennedy, Laura, Jack and Normanby Rivers.

The Peninsula’s rivers are famous for their hydrological integrity. This means that they are still in their natural state, with water flows and vegetation unchanged. Cape York Peninsula is one of the few places where tropical water cycles remain unchanged. Cape York Peninsula has as much as a quarter of Australia's surface runoff. With less than 3% of Australia's land area it produces more run-off than all of Australia south of the Tropic of Capricorn. The peninsula’s rivers are also important as they put water back into central Australia’s Great Artesian Basin. The Queensland Government is planning to protect 13 of Cape York Peninsula’s wild rivers under the Wild Rivers Act 2005.
Geological history
Around 40 million years ago, the Indo-Australian tectonic plate began to split apart from the ancient supercontinent Gondwana. As it crashed into the Pacific Plate on its northward journey, the high mountain ranges of central New Guinea were made around 5 million years ago. Protected from this collision zone, the ancient rocks  of what is now Cape York Peninsula were did not move.

During the Pleistocene epoch Australia and New Guinea have been land-linked and separated by water a number of times. During the ice ages with their low sea levels, Cape York Peninsula was a low-lying land bridge. Another link existed between Arnhem Land and New Guinea, at times making a big freshwater lake, Lake Carpentaria, in the centre of what is now the Gulf of Carpentaria. In this way, Australia and New Guinea were joined until the shallow Torres Strait was last flooded around 8,000 years ago.

Ecology

Plants
Ecology

Plants

Cape York Peninsula has a range of intact tropical rainforests, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannahs, and shrublands, tropical savannahs, heath lands, wetlands, wild rivers and mangrove swamps. These are home to about 3300 species of flowering plants. Almost all of the Cape York Peninsula (99.6%) still has its native vegetation. Cape York Peninsula also contains one of the highest rates of endemism in Australia, with more than 260 endemic plant species found so far. Because of this, parts of the Peninsula have been noted for their very high wilderness quality. The plants of the peninsula includes original Gondwanan species, plants that have developed since the breakup of Gondwana and species from Indo-Malaya and from across the Torres Strait in New Guinea. Most variety is in the rainforest areas. Most of the Cape York Peninsula is drier than New Guinea which stops the rainforest plants of that island from moving across to Australia.
Tropical rainforests cover an area of 748,000 ha, or 5.6 percent of the total land area of Cape York Peninsula. Rainforests need some rainfall during the long Dry season. These conditions are mostly on the eastern slopes of the Cape’s coastal ranges. These are old-growth forests and support a huge range of plants. These rainforests are of high conservation significance. The largest rainforest area on the Cape is in the McIllwraith Range-Iron Range area. The Gondwanan plants of this area includes Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae conifers and Arthrochilus, Corybas, and Calochilus orchids. This rainforest has at least 1000 different plants, including 100 rare or threatened species, and 16% of Australia's orchid species.

On poor, dry soils there are tropical heathlands. Northeast Cape York Peninsula has Australia’s largest areas of this highly diverse ecosystem.
The big wetlands on Cape York Peninsula are “among the largest, richest and most diverse in Australia”. 19 wetlands of national significance have been identified, mostly on the large floodplains and in coastal areas. Important wetlands include the Jardine River National Park, Lakefield National Park and the estuaries of the great rivers of the western plains. Many of these wetland only happen during the Wet season and have rare or uncommon plant types.

The Peninsula’s coastal areas and river estuaries are lined with mangrove forests of kwila and other trees. Australia’s largest mangrove forest is at Newcastle Bay.
Animals
The Cape has lots of animals, with more than 700 vertebrate land animal species . Of these, 40 live only here. Because of its geological history, the plants and animals "of Cape York Peninsula are a complex mixture of Gondwanan relics, Australian isolationists and Asian or New Guinean invaders” (p. 41). Birds include Buff-breasted Buttonquail (Turnix olivii), Golden-shouldered Parrot (Psephotus chrysopterygius), Lovely Fairywren (Malurus amabilis), White-streaked Honeyeater (Trichodere cockerelli), and Yellow-spotted Honeyeater (Meliphaga notata). Some, such as Pied Oystercatcher, live in other parts of Australia but have important populations on the peninsula. The Cape is also home to the Eastern brown snake, one of the world's most venomous snakes. Mammals include the endangered rodent Bramble Cay Melomys, which lives only on Bramble Cay in the Torres Strait.
The rainforests of the Iron Range have species that also live in New Guinea, including the Eclectus Parrot and Southern Common Cuscus. Other rainforest animals includes 200 species of butterfly including 11 endemic butterflies one of which is the huge Green Birdwing, the Green Tree Python and the Northern Quoll. Number of this forest marsupial have dropped because they have tried to eat the introduced poisonous cane toads.

The riverbanks of the lowlands are home to specific wildlife of their own. The rivers including the Jardine, Jackson, Olive, Holroyd and the Wenlock are rich in fish. The wetlands and coastal mangroves are noted for their importance as a fish nursery and crocodile habitat, providing important drought refuge. The Great Barrier Reef is off the east coast and is an important marine habitat.
Threats and preservation
Cattle farms use about 57% of the total area, mostly in central and eastern Cape York Peninsula. About 20% is indigenous land, with the entire West coast being held under Native title. The remainder is mostly National Park and managed by the Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. Land uses include broad acre pastoralism, bauxite and silica sand mining, nature reserves, tourism and fishing. There are big deposits of bauxite along the west or Gulf of Carpentaria coast. Weipa is the centre for mining. Much has been damaged by overgrazing, mining, fires, wild pigs, cane toads, weeds, and other introduced species. But Cape York Peninsula remains fairly unspoilt with intact and healthy river systems and no recorded plant or animal extinction since European settlement.
The "Cape York Peninsula Land Use Strategy" study, by the Australian government in 1990, created plans to protect the wilderness. A nomination for World Natural Heritage is currently being looked at by the Queensland and Australian Federal governments. Major national parks include the Jardine River National Park in the far north, Mungkan Kandju National Park near Aurukun, and Lakefield National Park in the southeast of the bioregion.

People and culture
The first known contact between Europeans and Aborigines took place on the west coast of the peninsula in 1606. It was not settled by Europeans until the 19th century when fishing communities, then cattle ranches and later mining towns were started. European settlement led to the displacement of Aboriginal communities and the arrival of Torres Strait Islanders on the mainland. Today the peninsula has about 18,000 people. About 60% of them are Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders.
The Peninsula is a popular with tourists in the Dry Season for camping, hiking, birdwatching and fishing. Many people make the adventurous, but rewarding, drive to the tip of Cape York, the northernmost point of mainland Australia.

Some of the world's most extensive and ancient Aboriginal rock painting galleries surround the town of Laura, some of which are available for public viewing. There is also a new Interpretive Centre from which information on the rock art and local culture is available and tours can be arranged.

References

Further references
Hough, Richard. 1994. Captain James Cook: a biography. Hodder and Stroughton, London. .
Pike, Glenville. 1979. Queen of the North: A Pictorial History of Cooktown and Cape York Peninsula. G. Pike. .
Moon, Ron & Viv. 2003. Cape York: An Adventurer's Guide. 9th edition. Moon Adventure Publications, Pearcedale, Victoria. 
Moore, David R. 1979. Islanders and Aborigines at Cape York: An ethnographic reconstruction based on the 1848-1850 'Rattlesnake' Journals of O. W. Brierly and information he obtained from Barbara Thompson. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. Canberra.  (hbk); 0-85575-082-0 (pbk). USA edition  (hbk); 0-391-00948-6 (pbk).
Pohlner, Peter. 1986. gangaurru. Hopevale Mission Board, Milton, Queensland. 
Trezise, P.J. 1969. Quinkan Country: Adventures in Search of Aboriginal Cave Paintings in Cape York. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Sydney.
Trezise, Percy. 1973. Last Days of a Wilderness. William Collins (Aust) Ltd., Brisbane. .
Trezise, P.J. 1993. Dream Road: A Journey of Discovery. Allen & Unwin, St. Leonards, Sydney.
Haviland, John B. with Hart, Roger. 1998. Old Man Fog and the Last Aborigines of Barrow Point. Crawford House Publishing, Bathurst.
Premier's Department (prepared by Connell Wagner). 1989. Cape York Peninsula Resource Analysis. Cairns. (1989). .
Roth, W.E. 1897. The Queensland Aborigines. 3 Vols. Reprint: Facsimile Edition, Hesperian Press, Victoria Park, W.A., 1984. 
Ryan, Michelle and Burwell, Colin, eds. 2000. Wildlife of Tropical North Queensland: Cooktown to Mackay. Queensland Museum, Brisbane.  (set of 3 vols).
Scarth-Johnson, Vera. 2000. National Treasures: Flowering plants of Cooktown and Northern Australia. Vera Scarth-Johnson Gallery Association, Cooktown.  (pbk);  Limited Edition - Leather Bound.
Sutton, Peter (ed). Languages of Cape York: Papers presented to a Symposium organised by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra. (1976).
Wallace, Lennie. 2000. Nomads of the 19th Century Queensland Goldfields. Central Queensland University Press, Rockhampton. 
Wallace, Lennie. 2003. Cape York Peninsula: A History of Unlauded Heroes 1845-2003. Central Queensland University Press, Rockhampton. 
Wynter, Jo and Hill, John. 1991. Cape York Peninsula: Pathways to Community Economic Development. The Final Report of The Community Economic Development Projects Cook Shire. Cook Shire Council.
Geography of Queensland
Peninsulas of Australia
The crankshaft, sometimes casually called the crank, is the part of an engine which changes the up and down motion of the pistons into rotation. To convert the motion, the crankshaft has one or more offset shafts. The pistons are connected to the crankshaft by these shafts. When the piston moves up and down, it pushes the offset shaft. This in turn rotates the crankshaft.

The pistons cause a pulsing affect in the rotation. A crankshaft usually connects to a flywheel. The flywheel smooths out the rotation. Sometimes there is a torsion or vibration damper on the other end of the crankshaft. This helps reduce vibrations of the crankshaft.
Large engines usually have several cylinders. This helps to reduce pulsations from individual firing strokes. For some engines it is necessary to provide counterweights. The counterweight is used to offset the piston and improve balance. While counterweights add a lot of weight to the crankshaft, it provides a smoother running engine. This allows higher RPMs to be reached and more power produced.

Other websites 
The FOUR-STROKE CYCLE / OTTO CYCLE 
Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL) - Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an e-book library of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.

Motors
A motorboat or speedboat is a boat which is powered by an engine (also commonly called a motor). Some motorboats, especially those used for water skiing, may have two engines. Some motorboats are made with inboard engines built in; others attach an outboard motor containing the internal combustion engine, the gearbox and the propeller in one portable unit.

An inboard/outboard contains a hybrid of a powerplant and an outboard, where the engine is installed inside the boat, and the gearbox and propeller are outside.

Boats
Thongchai "Bird" McIntyre, who was born as Albert Thongchai McIntyre on December 8, 1958, is a Thai pop singer and actor. He released his debut album in 1986. He is the most successful singer in Thailand, as he sold more than 20 million albums. He is also sometimes called the following names:
 Bird Thongchai
Thongchai McIntyre ()
Pe Bird (elder brother Bird)
 
or simply, Bird The Superstar No.1 of Thailand.

Biography
Thongchai McIntyre, or "Bird Thongchai", is best known for his string (Thai pop) and luk thung music. He is also known for acting in numerous films, on the television, musicals, and in commercials.
Thongchai McIntyre was born in Bangkok in 1958. His parents were James and Udom McIntyre. He lived in a family of musicians, and so, he enjoyed an upbringing in a musical environment. His father died when Bird was still a child. He started working in a bank as an officer. During that time, he had a chance to meet the famous Thai TV producer, "Kai Varayuth", who saw entertainment talent in Bird. Bird played his first TV series with Kai while still working in the bank.  This task showed his talent. His most memorable roles were those of Captain Kobori from Koo Kam, which was a tragic love story between a Japanese soldier (played by Bird) and a local Thai girl during the World War II. In both, he starred in a television series, and he reprised his role in the 1996 film adaptation, Sunset at Chaophraya.
He reached the top of his musical career in the early nineties. Some of Bird's best-known songs are Duay Rak Lae Pook Pan, Koo Gud, Sabai Sabai and Kob Jai Jing Jing. His popular singles released recently include luk thung singles Mah Tummai (with Jintara Poonlarp), Fan Ja (with Jintara and Jarin B. (Joey Boy), Nat Myria Benedetti and Katreeya English), Lao Su Kan Fang, and Yak Tham Kor Tob and Mai Kang Ying Pae from his album "Volume One". Westerners became aware of him in the mid nineties  as he became the first Thai artist to receive an International MTV Award, be featured in the most high budget Thai film at the time, "Sunset at Chaopraya" (which reached international acclaim in Japan as well as the United States). He was featured on CNN and Variety magazine. An award winning documentary on his life entitled "Crossing Borders" directed by Phanjanit Garnploog can be seen at St. John's University in New York which includes rare interviews with the director
.  In 2010, Bird made his first international tour in Los Angeles and the 50th Anniversary of Lincoln Center in New York.  It marks the first time in history a Thai pop artist has made an international tour.  His Grammy label mates have previously only performed at local venues.
In late 2007, he released another album entitled "Simply Bird", which features songs such as Chuay Rap Tee and Mee Tae Kid Tueng.

Discography
Albums and Singles

 Hard-Sai Sai-Lom Song-Rao (Beach, Wind, and two of us) (1986)
 Sabai-Sabai (Relax-Relax) (1987)
 Rub-Kwun-Wan-Mai (Blessing for a new day) (1987)
 Sor-Kor-Sor (Greeting Card) (1988)
 Thongchai 2501 (1988)
 Boomerang (1990)
 Boomerang Man (Live from Concert)
 Prik-Kee-Noo (Bird Chilli) (1991)
 Wan-Nee Tee Ror-Koy (TV drama Soundtrack)
 Tor-Thong (Flag) (1994)
 Tor-Thong Kab Tor-Ther Nan-Lae (Live form Concert)
Dream & Reality (Live from Concert)
 Kon-nok-kab-Dok-Mai (Feather & Flowers) (1995)
 Dream (Single)
 Dream (1996)
 Sunset at Chaophraya (Movie Soundtrack) (1996)
 Bird Unreleased (1997)
 Singing Bird (Live from Concert) (1997)
 Niramitr (,TV drama Soundtrack) (1998)
 Thongchai Service (1998)
 Thongchai Service Special (1998)
 Tu-Pleng Saman Prajam Barn (1999)
 100 Pleng Rak Mai Roo Job (100 everlasting love songs) (2000)
 Bird Love Beat 1 & 2 (Apr 4, 2001)
 Smile Club (Oct 2001)
 Smile Club Remix (Mar 29, 2002)
 Rab Khak (Nov 2002)
 Fan Ja...Sanid Kun Leaw Ja (Mar 17, 2003)
 Bird Sek (Jun 2004) with Sek Loso (Special Album with 20 Years G"MM" Grammy)
 Volume 1 (Jul 2005)
 Village (Sep 2006)
 Bird Perd Floor [3 Disc Set/Individual available]  [Ballroom Cha-Cha, Luktung, Disco] (Dec 2006)
 Simply Bird (Nov 2007)
 Singing Bird (2010)

Compilations

 Bird Dance Collection (Sep 2009)
 Bird Love Collection (Sep 2009)

Awards