Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Historical articles
 "Encyclopaedia Britannica". In Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
 1768–2005:l'aventure Britannica . History of the Britannica, from the French Britannica site.
 Vintage Britannica or "Evolving Knowledge" . Excerpts on various topics drawn from various Britannica editions.

Earlier editions (in the public domain in the U.S.A.)
 Preface to the 1st edition of the Britannica, by William Smellie.
 The article "History" in the 3rd edition of the Britannica.
 Articles and illustrations from the 9th and 10th editions of the Britannica.
 Scanned version of the 11th edition of the Britannica.
 Text version of the 11th edition of the Britannica. (Partial)
 James Mill's essay on "Government" , from the Supplement to the 5th edition of the Britannica (1820).
Recent events
 Technical aspects of the Britannica's online and CD/DVD-ROM editions.
 Britannica disagrees with Wikipedia comparison study.
 To wire or not to wire? Encyclopædia Britannica vs. Microsoft Encarta
A comparison of the two encyclopedias by Panagiota Alevizou, published in the Educational Technology & Society journal.
 Encyclopaedia Britannica To Follow Modified Wikipedia Model | Epicenter from Wired.com

Business history
 "Dusting off the Britannica". Article from BusinessWeek magazine (1997).
 "Death of a salesforce" . Article from Salon (1996).
 "The Work of the Encyclopedia in the Age of Electronic Reproduction" . Article by Alex Soojung-Kim Pang in First Monday''.
 The Crisis at Encyclopædia Britannica  Kellogg School of Management.

 
Britannica
A pipeline is a long tube, that is used to transport liquids or gases over long distances. Pipelines are made of metal. While the transport of liquids and gases is common, some pipelines are used to transport coal or iron ore, which are mixed with mud. Such pipelines are sometimes called slurry pipelines. Even though a pipeline is very expensive to build, the low operating cost often makes it the cheapest transport. 

Many stadiums use a central tank for beer. Each bar is served by a pipeline from the central tank.

Even though mail and other goods can also be delivered that way, the system is generally not referred to as pipeline. In this case, capsules are used. These are propelled by air.
Technology
Pipeline networks are made of different components. These are:
The supply station is where the pipeline starts. Very often, there are  tanks that act as a buffer
There are several pumps and compressors, which move the product through the pipeline.
Partial delivery stations allow to deliver part of the product
Block valve stations use valves to isolate the pipeline into independent segments.
Regulator stations are used to release some of the pressure
The final delivery station is where the product is delivered to the consumer. Very often tanks are used as a buffer.

Images

Technology
The term avocado refers to a type of berry. It has medium dark green or dark green bumpy or smooth skin depending on the variety. The flesh of an avocado is deep chartreuse green in color near the skin and pale chartreuse green near the core. It has a creamy, rich texture. The word, Avocado came from an aztec word meaning testicle. Avocado trees come from Central America and Mexico. They can grow in many places, as long as it is not too cold.

Avocados have much more fat than most of the other fruits, but its fat is healthy to eat (monounsaturated fat). Avocados have lots of potassium, B vitamins, and vitamin E and K. The Mexican food called guacamole is made of avocados. Many other foods are also made from avocado. Avocado is poisonous to some animals. Many animals will get very sick or die if they eat avocado. Avocado grows there where the climate is a little windy.

References

Other websites 
 Avocado info
 Avocado health benefits

 
National symbols of Mexico
Ice hockey is a sport that is played by two teams on ice. The players wear ice skates on their feet and can skate across the ice at very high speeds.  They hold hockey sticks, which they use to push, shoot or pass a puck around the ice.  The players score by shooting the puck into a net; the goaltenders try to stop them.  Six players on each team play at once, but a whole team has over 20 players. Each team has 2 defenders, 3 forwards, and a goalie on the ice at a time. When a player breaks a rule, a referee calls a penalty, and the player has to sit in a penalty box for 2–4 minutes. While the player sits in the penalty box, their team has to play without them, and will have fewer players on the ice until the penalty is over.
Ice hockey is very well-known and well-liked in Canada, Russia, Sweden, Finland, the Czech Republic, the United States, Latvia and Slovakia.  Most of the best players in the world play in the National Hockey League (NHL), which has 32 teams in the United States and Canada. These teams are divided 2 conferences and 4 divisions. In the regular season, they play 82 games. Each team faces each other about 3 times. They try to win the Stanley Cup at the end of the year.  Another popular hockey league is the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), which has teams in Russia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Belarus, Slovakia, China and  Croatia. In North America, women play in the Canadian Women's Hockey League and the Western Women's Hockey League.  In North America and Europe, men's hockey is much more popular than women's hockey.  Hockey is played by both men and women at the Olympic games, and at world championships. Ice hockey began in Canada in the 19th century. There are two types of penalty: The major and the minor
. The minor is the main one the referee will call during a game and the players have to go in the penalty box for two minutes. The major is when players fight with each other or when someone did something very dangerous. Most of time players are kicked out of the games but in a fight they only get 5 minutes in the penalty box. In the National Hockey League (NHL) there are four referees. Two lineman and two head referee. Only head referees can call the penalty. They can be recognized by the orange armband on their arm. In the major league, the game is separated into three periods of 20 minutes.  For the minor league, the time can be different for each category. Each period starts after the face-off. A face-off is when two teams are in position around the face-off circle.  Then, the referee drops the puck between the players who play center. There are 6 different positions: center, right wing, left wing, right defense, left defense and goalie. The play is over after a whistle of any referee
.  After a whistle-blow, the time stops running. Each team can have a maximum of 20 players, including two goaltenders who have a zone to defend. Each team has one captain and two or three assistant captains. The ice is separated into three zones. Each zone is marked by lines. The center zone is between two blue lines and team zones are between one blue line and the end of the ice. The lineman can whistle for two reasons: icing and offside. An icing is when a player throws the puck into the zone before he crosses the red line (center line) and an offside is when a player enters the zone before the one who has the puck enters with it.
Other websites 

 International Olympic Committee
 http://www.nhl.com/ice/page.htm?id=27011}

Hockey
Ice hockey
Hockey
Skating
Team sports
Winter Olympic sports
Winter sports
The year 1492 was an important year in the history of the world. 

The most important events centred around Spain. Muslim forces were finally expelled (sent away) from Spain. This ended 780 years of Muslim control in Al-Andalus.

Jews were also expelled. With the backing of the King of Spain, Christopher Columbus set off on the voyage by which he would discover the "New World", by which was meant the Americas.

Fall of Granada: Muhammad XII, the last Emir of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of the Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) after a long siege.

These discoveries and changes made Spain a large empire, not just a country in Europe.

References
Virtues of Harmony was a sitcom that ran in Hong Kong from 2001 until February 2005. Virtues of Harmony One was set in ancient China during the Ming Dynasty. It follows the lives of the Kam family. The allure of the series was the humorous storylines and how the good always wins. The star of the show was Nancy Sit, a kind hearted matriarch with the best intentions.

Following the success of Virtues of Harmony One, Virtues of Harmony Two was set in modern Hong Kong with a similar cast.

Sitcoms
2001 television series debuts
2000s establishments in Asia
2005 television series endings
21st-century disestablishments in Asia
Ashford is a large town in Kent in England. Many villages in are nearby and Ashford attracts lots of locals for its shopping. The Ashford international railway station is connected by the Channel Tunnel to mainland Europe. Ashford is an established and populated area of Kent with lots of houses. The UK Government is going to build many more houses in the town and will double its population in a few years. About 120,000 people live there.

There's also an Ashford Designer Outlet Shopping Centre nearby.

Towns in Kent
A song is a piece of music which contains lyrics and words. Songs may be made by songwriters. Other songs are folk songs, which are songs created by people long ago that have been sung as tradition.

Some people form bands which write and record songs to make money from it. When two or three singers sing the song it is called a duet or trio. Some people also make parodies of songs, which is usually changing the words of the song but keeping the tune. Parodies are usually made to make fun of a song or its writer/singer (parody artist "Weird Al" Yankovic is an example of this).

The word "song" is often used to describe any piece of music, even one without words or lyrics. The proper word for a piece of music without words is "instrumental".

References

Basic English 850 words
 
Musical forms
Magnesium ( /mæɡˈniːziəm/ mag-NEE-zee-əm) is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12 and common oxidation state +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, where it constitutes about 2% by mass, and ninth in the known universe as a whole. This preponderance of magnesium is related to the fact that it is easily built up in supernova stars from a sequential addition of three helium nuclei to carbon (which in turn is made from three helium nuclei). Magnesium ion's high solubility in water helps ensure that it is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater.
Magnesium is the 11th most abundant element by mass in the human body. Its ions are essential to all living cells. The ions play a major role in manipulating important biological polyphosphate compounds like ATP, DNA, and RNA. Hundreds of enzymes thus require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium is also the metallic ion at the center of chlorophyll, and is thus a common additive to fertilizers.  Magnesium ions are sour to the taste, and in low concentrations help to impart a natural tartness to fresh mineral waters.

The free element (metal) is not found naturally on Earth, as it is highly reactive (though once produced, is coated in a thin layer of oxide (see passivation), which partly masks this reactivity). The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant white light, making it a useful ingredient in flares. The metal is now mainly obtained by electrolysis of magnesium salts obtained from brine.
Uses
Commercially, the chief use for the metal is as an alloying agent to make aluminium-magnesium alloys, sometimes called "magnalium" or "magnelium". Since magnesium is less dense than aluminium, these alloys are prized for their relative lightness and strength.

Magnesium is used in fireworks to make a brilliant bright light. Another use is to mix it with other metals to make it strong, lightweight alloys such as those used to make bicycle frames.

Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common laxatives, antacids (i.e., milk of magnesia), and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal nerve excitation and blood vessel spasm is required (that is, to treat eclampsia).

Magnesium is used in electronic devices, including: mobile phones, laptop computers, cameras, and other electronic components. Magnesium's low weight, good mechanical and electrical properties are good for these uses.
Magnesium reacted with an alkyl halide gives a Gringard reagent, which is a very useful tool for preparing alcohols.

Magnesium is also used in incendiary bombs, which are bombs that blow up and spread fire everywhere.

Related pages
 Periodic table
 List of common elements

References

Alkaline earth metals
Dan Brown (born June 22, 1964) is an American writer. His best-known book is The Da Vinci Code.

Dan Brown lives in the United States. His father was a math teacher and his mother was a church organist. Before Dan Brown wrote books, he was an English teacher. Dan Brown's wife, Blythe, is an artist. Sometimes she is known to help him with his books.

Dan Brown also likes to write about codes and secrets. Sometimes he writes about real secrets, but he mostly writes fiction. 

Hollywood director Ron Howard made a movie about one of Brown's books. Tom Hanks is the movie's star actor. It was released in theaters in May 2006.
Brown's next book was supposed to be called The Solomon Key, but then the name was changed to The Lost Symbol. When the book The Da Vinci Code came out in the United States, there were some puzzles hidden in the art of the book cover. Brown said that the answers to those puzzles give hints about what would be in his next book. Two of the puzzles are about a famous sculpture called Kryptos, which is in the middle of the CIA Headquarters building in Washington D.C.

This is a list of Dan Brown's books:

 Digital Fortress (1997)
 Angels and Demons (2000)
 Deception Point (2001)
 The Da Vinci Code (2003)
 The Lost Symbol (2009)
Inferno (2013)
Origin (2017)

References

Other websites 

 Official Dan Brown website

American novelists
Writers from New Hampshire
1964 births
Living people
Thurso is a town in north Scotland. The town has a population of 8,721 (2001 census)

Towns in Highland
Penzance () is a town and port in Cornwall, South West England. It is near Land's End and the most westerly major town in England. Many people live and work in Penzance. In 2001, there were 21,168 people living in Penzance. The main Cornish railway line ends at Penzance. The fishing port of Newlyn is close to Penzance.

References 

Towns in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall
The Tonight Show is a popular late night television talk and comedy show in the United States. It appears on the NBC television network. The show started in 1954 and was hosted by Steve Allen. In 1957, Jack Paar became the host, with Ernie Kovacs hosting on some nights.

In 1962, Johnny Carson took over and stayed until 1992, with announcer Ed McMahon as sidekick, and Doc Severinsen as bandleader. Carson, McMahon, and Severinsen retired from The Tonight Show in 1992, when Jay Leno became host. Leno left the show in 2009, and Conan O'Brien (of Late Night and Saturday Night Live fame) became host from June 2009 to January 2010 before leaving due to controversy with The Tonight Show'''s timeslot. Jay Leno became the host of the show again on March 1, 2010. Leno retired in 2014 when Jimmy Fallon took over.

2009 timeslot controversy
In late 2009, NBC said that they would be moving the Jay Leno Show to 11:35 PM, the time usually slotted for The Tonight Show. The Jay Leno Show would be 30 minutes long. The Tonight Show would be moved to 12:05 AM, but would still be a full hour long. NBC did this because Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien were not getting enough viewers, and they believed that moving The Jay Leno Show to late night would increase their prime time viewers.

After being told this, Conan O'Brien said that he would be leaving The Tonight Show. He said that he believed that moving the show to 12:05 would ruin it, and that it would be unfair to Late Night'', which would have been moved to 1:05 AM. The deal was made that O'Brien would receive $33 million and that his staff of almost 200 people would receive $12 million. Conan O'Brien's last show aired on January 22, 2010.
1954 television series debuts
1950s American television series
1960s American television series
1970s American television series
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2010s American television series
American television talk shows
NBC network shows
Up to 1900 
 395 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I dies in Milan. The Roman Empire is re-divided into West and East.
 1287 - King Alfonso III of Aragon invades the island of Menorca.
 1377 - Pope Gregory XI moves the Pope's residence (place where he lives) back to Rome from Avignon.
 1524 - Giovanni da Verrazzano sets sail westward from Madeira to find a sea route to the Pacific Ocean.
 1562 – France accepted the Huguenots under the Edict of St. Germain.
 1566 - On his 62nd birthday, Pope Pius V officially becomes Pope.
 1595 - Henry IV of France invades Spain.
 1648 – England's Long Parliament agrees with the Vote of No Address, stopping dealing with King Charles I which then started the second part of the English Civil War.
 1746 – Charles Edward Stuart, "Bonnie Prince Charlie", makes a Hanoverian army lose at Falkirk in his failing campaign to get back the throne for the Jacobite dynasty.
 1773 – Captain James Cook becomes the first person to cross the Antarctic Circle.
1781 – Continental troops of Brigadier General Daniel Morgan makes British forces under Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton lose at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina.
 1799 - Maltese patriot Dun Mikiel Xerri, along with some other patriots, is executed.
 1811 - Mexican War of Independence: Battle of Calderon Bridge - A heavily outnumbered Spanish force of 6,000 troops defeats 100,000 Mexican revolutionaries.
 1813 - Humphrey Davy creates the electric arc.
 1819 – Simón Bolívar creates the Republic of Colombia.
 1852 – United Kingdom accepts the freedom of the Boer places of the Transvaal.
 1873 – First Battle of the Stronghold in the United States Modoc War.
 1885 – A British force makes a large Dervish army lose at the Battle of Abu Klea in the Sudan.
 1893 – American sugar planters led by the Citizen's Committee of Public Safety remove the government of Queen Liliuokalani of the Kingdom of Hawaii.
 1899 – The United States gets Wake Island in the Pacific Ocean.
1901  1950 
 1904 - Anton Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard is performed for the first time, at Moscow Art Theatre.
 1912 – Robert Falcon Scott reaches the South Pole, one month after Roald Amundsen. The return journey will lead to the deaths of all members of Scott's expedition, including Scott himself.
 1913 - Raymond Poincaré becomes President of France.
 1916 – The Professional Golfers Association of America (PGA) starts.
 1917 – The United States pays Denmark $25 million for the Virgin Islands.
 1918 - Finnish Civil War: The first serious battles take place between the Red Guards and White Guards.
 1929 - Inayatullah Khan, King of Afghanistan, abdicates (resigns) the throne after only three days.
 1929 – Popeye the Sailor Man, a cartoon character made by Elzie Crisler Segar, first seen in a newspaper comic strip.
 1944 - World War II: Allied forces launch the first of four assaults on Monte Cassino, Italy, in an effort to reach Rome. It would take four months and would cost 105,000 Allied lives.
1945 – Soviet forces get the almost completely destroyed Polish city of Warsaw.
 1945 – The Nazis begin the process of people leaving the Auschwitz concentration camp as Soviet forces surround it.
 1945 – Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg disappears in Hungary while the Soviets were in charge of him.
 1946 – The United Nations Security Council has its first meeting.
 1949 – The Goldbergs, the first sitcom on American television, is seen.
 1950 – The Great Brinks Robbery – 11 people steal more than $2 million from an secure car in Boston, Massachusetts.
1951  2000 
 1955 - Nuclear submarine Nautilus starts its first mission.
 1961 - Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba is murdered, with the governments of both Belgium and the United States suspected of being involved.
 1966 – Simon and Garfunkel release their second album, Sounds of Silence, on Columbia Records.
 1966 – A B-52 bomber slams into a KC-135 jet tanker over Spain, dropping three 70-kiloton hydrogen bombs near the town of Palomares and another one into the sea.
 1966 – Carl Brashear, the first African American United States Navy diver, gets hurt in a way so his leg has to be chopped off.
 1972 - Bangladesh receives its current Flag.
 1973 – Ferdinand Marcos is declared "President for Life" of the Philippines.
 1975 – Bob Dylan puts out Blood on the Tracks, often said to be one of his best albums.
 1977 – Gary Gilmore is put to death by a firing squad in Utah, ending a ten-year delay on being put to death as punishment in the United States.
1982 –" Cold Sunday" in the United States sees temperatures fall to their lowest levels in over 100 years in many cities.
 1985 – British Telecom says that Britain's famous red telephone boxes will no longer exist.
 1989 - Cleveland school massacre in Stockton, California: Patrick Purdy kills 5 elementary school children with an assault rifle, as well as one teacher, before killing himself.
 1991 – Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins early in the morning. Iraq shoots 8 Scud bombs into Israel in a failed attempt to provoke Israel to fight back.
 1991 – Harald V becomes King of Norway because his father, Olav V, died.
 1992 – Punk rock band Green Day sends out their second full-length album, Kerplunk.
 1994 – A magnitude 6.7 earthquake happens in Northridge, California.
 1995 – A magnitude 7.3 earthquake called the "Great Hanshin earthquake" happens near Kobe, Japan, causing property to be damaged and killing 6,433 people.
 1996 – The Czech Republic asks the European Union if they can be a member.
From 2001 
 2002 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, making about 400,000 people homeless.
 2007 - The Doomsday Clock is set to five minutes before midnight in response to North Korea's nuclear testing.
 2008 - British Airways Flight 38 crash-lands at London Heathrow Airport. All people on board survive.
 2010 - Religious riots between Muslims and Christians erupt in Jos, Nigeria, killing more than 200 people.
 2018 - A car bomb attack in Bogota, Colombia, kills 21 people.

Births
Up to 1850 
 1463 – Frederick III of Saxony, Elector of Saxony (d. 1525)
 1501 - Leonhart Fuchs, German scientist (d. 1566)
 1504 – Pope Pius V (d. 1572)
 1574 - Robert Fludd, English physician, astrologer and mathematician (d. 1637)
 1600 – Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish playwright (d. 1681)
 1640 - Jonathan Singletary Dunham, American settler and ancestor of Barack Obama (d. 1724)
 1659 - Antonio Veracini, Italian composer and violinist (d. 1745)
 1706 – Benjamin Franklin, American writer, inventor and statesman (d. 1790)
 1712 - John Stanley, English composer (d. 1786)
 1732 – Stanislaw II August Poniatowski of Poland (d. 1798)
 1734 - François-Joseph Gossec, Belgian composer (d. 1829)
 1738 - James Anderson, Scottish botanist (d. 1809)
 1746 - Paul Brigham, Governor of Vermont (d. 1824)
 1749 – Vittorio Alfieri, Italian poet and dramatist (d. 1803)
 1761 - Sir James Hall, 4th Baronet, Scottish geologist and geophysicist (d. 1832)
 1789 – August Neander, German theologian (d. 1850)
1798 – Auguste Comte, French philosopher (d. 1857)
 1800 - Caleb Cushing, American diplomat (d. 1879)
 1811 – Emperor Norton, self-declared Emperor of the United States (d. 1880)
 1820 – Anne Brontë, English writer (d. 1849)
 1828 - Lewis A. Grant, American Civil War general (d. 1918)
 1829 - Catherine Booth, English wife of William Booth (d. 1890)
 1831 – Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria (d. 1903)
 1845 - Manuel Barillas, President of Guatemala (d. 1907)
 1847 - Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky, Russian mathematician and aviator (d. 1921)
 1850 - Aleksandr Yaneyev, Russian composer (d. 1918)
1851  1900 
 1856 - Jens Bratlie, Prime Minister of Norway (d. 1939)
 1860 – Douglas Hyde, 1st President of Ireland (d. 1949)
 1863 – David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1945)
 1863 - Constantin Stanislavski, Russian theatre practitioner (d. 1938)
 1865 - Charles Fergusson, Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 1951)
 1867 - Carl Laemmle, German-born American movie pioneer (d. 1939)
 1870 - Princess Marie Louise of Bourbon-Parma (d. 1899)
 1871 - Nicolae Iorga, 34th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1940)
 1878 - Oscar Apfel, American actor, director, screenwriter, producer (d. 1938)
 1879 - Burt McKinnie, American golfer (d. 1946)
 1881 - Antoni Lamnicki, Polish mathematician (d. 1941)
 1882 - Noah Beery, Jr., American actor (d. 1946)
 1883 – Compton Mackenzie, Scottish novelist (d. 1972)
 1886 - Glenn L. Martin, American aviation pioneer (d. 1955)
 1887 – Ola Raknes, Norwegian psychoanalyst and philologist (d. 1975)
 1889 - Ralph Howard Fowler, British astronomer and physicist (d. 1944)
1895 - John Duff, Canadian racing driver (d. 1958)
 1897 - Marcel Petiot, French physician and serial killer (d. 1946)
 1899 – Al Capone, American gangster (d. 1947)
 1899 – Nevil Shute, English writer (d. 1960)
1901  1925 
 1901 - Aron Gurwitsch, Lithuanian-born American philosopher (d. 1973)
 1902 - Nazim Hikmet, Turkish poet (d. 1963)
 1905 – Guillermo Stabile, Argentine footballer (d. 1966)
 1908 - Cus D'Amato, American boxing coach (d. 1985)
 1911 – George Stigler, American economist (d. 1991)
 1911 - John S. McCain, Jr., father of John McCain (d. 1981)
 1914 - Taizo Kawamoto, Japanese footballer (d. 1985)
 1914 - Fang Zhaoling, Chinese artist (d. 2006)
 1917 – M. G. Ramachandran, Indian politician and actor (d. 1987)
 1918 – George M. Leader, former Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 2013)
 1918 - Keith Joseph, British politician (d. 1994)
 1921 – Antonio Prohias, Cuban-born cartoonist (d. 1998)
 1921 - Asghar Khan, Pakistani politician and military officer (d. 2018)
 1922 – Luis Echeverria Alvarez, former President of Mexico (d. 2022)
 1922 – Betty White, American actress (d. 2021)
 1922 - Nicholas Katzenbach, 55th United States Attorney General (d. 2012)
 1925 – Robert Cormier, American writer (d. 2000)
1926  1950 
 1926 – Moira Shearer, Scottish actress (d. 2006)
 1926 - Nélida Romero, Argentine actress (d. 2015) 
 1927 – Eartha Kitt, American singer (d. 2008)
 1927 - Harlan Mathews, United States Senator from Tennessee (d. 2014)
 1928 – Vidal Sassoon, British hairdresser (d. 2012)
 1928 - Chu Shijian, Chinese businessman (d. 2019)
 1929 – Jacques Plante, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1986)
 1931 – James Earl Jones, American actor
 1931 – L. Douglas Wilder, American politician, former Governor of Virginia
 1931 - Don Zimmer, American baseball coach (d. 2014)
 1933 – Dalida, French singer (d. 1987)
 1934 - Cedar Walton, American pianist and composer (d. 2013)
 1935 – Ruth Ann Minner, American politician, former Governor of Delaware (d. 2021)
 1938 - Toini Gustafsson, Finnish-Swedish cross-country skier
 1939 – Christodoulos, Archbishop of Athens (d. 2008)
 1940 - Mircea Snegur, former President of Moldova
 1940 - Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni, Egyptian church leader (d. 2015)
1940 – Kipchoge Keino, Kenyan runner
 1940 – Tabaré Vazquez, President of Uruguay
 1942 – Muhammad Ali, American boxer (d. 2016)
 1942 - Forges, Spanish cartoonist (d. 2018)
 1943 – René Préval, former President of Haiti (d. 2017)
 1944 - Françoise Hardy, French singer
 1944 - Jan Guillou, Swedish writer and journalist
 1945 - Javed Akhtar, Indian composer, poet and scriptwriter
 1948 - Eddie Gray, Scottish footballer
 1948 – David Oddson, former Prime Minister of Iceland
 1949 – Andy Kaufman, American comedian (d. 1984)
 1949 – Mick Taylor, British musician
 1949 - Gyude Bryant, Liberian politician (d. 2014)
 1949 - Dick Nanninga, Dutch footballer (d. 2015)
 1949 - Anita Borg, American computer scientist and activist (d. 2003)
 1949 - Heini Hemmi, Swiss skier
 1950 - Richard L. Anderson, American sound editor
1951  1975 
 1954 – Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., American lawyer and activist
 1956 – Paul Young, English musician
 1956 - Damian Green, British politician
 1957 - Keith Chegwin, British television presenter (d. 2017)
 1957 - Steve Harvey, American comedian and actor
 1959 - Susanna Hoffs, American musician
 1959 - Momoe Yamaguchi, Japanese singer and actress
 1960 - John Crawford, American musician
 1960 - Chili Davis, Jamaican baseball player
 1961 - Maia Chiburdanidze, Georgian chess player
 1961 - Brian Helgeland, American screenwriter, director and movie producer
 1962 – Jim Carrey, Canadian actor and comedian
 1963 - Kai Hansen, German singer and guitarist
 1963 - Cyrus Chestnut, American jazz musician
 1964 – Michelle Obama, former First Lady of the United States
 1964 – Andy Rourke, English guitarist
 1965 - Sylvain Turgeon, Canadian ice hockey player
 1966 - Nobuyuki Kojima, Japanese footballer
 1966 - Joshua Malina, American actor
 1967 – Filippo Raciti, Italian police officer (d. 2007)
1968 - Svetlana Masterkova, Russian athlete
 1969 - Lukas Moodysson, Swedish writer and director
 1971 - Leslie Benzies, Scottish video game producer
 1971 - Leonardo Ciampi, Italian-American singer and musician
 1971 - Kid Rock, American singer
 1971 – Richard Burns, English rally driver (d. 2005)
 1971 - Sylvie Testud, French actress
 1972 - Ken Hirai, Japanese singer-songwriter, producer and actor
 1973 - Chris Bowen, Australian politician
 1973 – Cuauhtémoc Blanco, Mexican footballer
 1974 - Danny Bhoy, Scottish comedian
 1974 - Ladan and Laleh Bijani, Iranian conjoined twins (d. 2003)
 1975 - Freddy Rodriguez, American actor
From 1976 
 1976 - Tonique Williams-Darling, Bahamian athlete
 1978 – Ricky Wilson, English singer (Kaiser Chiefs)
 1979 – Ricardo Cabanas, Swiss footballer
 1980 – Zooey Deschanel, American actress
 1981 - Daniel Diges, Spanish singer
 1981 - Warren Feeney, Northern Irish footballer
 1981 - Ray J, American singer and actor
 1981 - Stefan Petzner, Austrian politician
 1982 - Hwanhee, South Korean actor and singer
 1982 - Dwyane Wade, American basketball player
 1983 - Alvaro Arbeloa, Spanish footballer
 1983 – Yelle, French singer and songwriter
 1984 – Calvin Harris, Scottish singer and musician
 1985 - Riyu Kosaka, Japanese singer
 1985 – Simone Simons, Dutch singer
 1985 – Pablo Barrientos, Argentine footballer
 1986 - Viktor Stalberg, Swedish ice hockey player
 1986 - Max Adler, American actor
 1988 - Earl Clark, American basketball player
 1988 - Héctor Moreno, Mexican footballer
 1989 - Björn Dreyer, German footballer
 1989 - Taylor Jordan, American baseball player
1991 - Lee Kiseop, South Korean actor and singer
 1992 - Nate Hartley, American actor
 1992 - Frankie Cocozza, English singer
Deaths

Up to 1900 
 395 – Theodosius I, Roman Emperor (a kind of leader)
 1229 – Albert of Buxhoeveden (b. 1165)
 1369 – Peter I of Cyprus (b. 1328)
 1468 – Skanderbeg, Albanian leader against the Ottoman Empire (b. 1405)
 1598 – Fyodor I of Russia (b. 1557)
 1617 – Faust Vrancic, Croatian inventor of the Parachute (b. 1551)
 1705 - John Ray, English naturalist (b. 1627)
 1738 - Jean-François Dandrieu, French organist and composer (b. 1682)
 1751 – Tomaso Albinoni, Italian song maker (b. 1671)
 1799 - Dun Mikiel Xerri, Maltese patriot (b. 1739)
 1834 - Giovanni Aldini, Italian physicist (b. 1762)
 1861 – Lola Montez, adventurer (b. 1821)
 1863 - Horace Vernet, French painter (b. 1789)
 1874 – Chang and Eng Bunker, Siamese twins (b. 1811)
 1884 - Hermann Schlegel, German ornithologist (b. 1804)
 1886 – Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian composer (b. 1834)
 1887 - William Giblin, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1840)
 1893 – Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President of the United States (b. 1822)
1901  2000 
 1908 – Ferdinand IV of Tuscany (b. 1835)
 1909 - Francis Smith, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1819)
 1911 – Francis Galton, English polymath, anthropologist (b. 1822)
 1927 - Juliette Gordon Low, founder of the Girl Scouts of the USA (b. 1860)
 1931 - Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1864)
 1933 – Louis Comfort Tiffany, American artist and designer (b. 1848)
 1947 - Pyotr Krasnov, Russian general (b. 1869)
 1947 - Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve, Canadian cardinal (b. 1883)
 1951 - Jyoti Prasad Agarwala, Assamese poet, playwright and movie maker (b. 1903)
 1956 - Blind Alfred Reed, American musician (b. 1880)
 1961 – Patrice Lumumba, Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1925)
 1963 - Henri Masson, French fencer (b. 1872)
 1964 – T.H. White, writer (b. 1906)
 1967 – Evelyn Nesbit, actress, also known as "The Girl In The Red Velvet Swing" (b. 1884)
 1972 - Betty Smith, American writer and singer (b. 1896)
 1975 - Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, President of Colombia (b. 1900)
1977 - Dougal Haston, Scottish mountaineer (b. 1940)
 1977 – Gary Gilmore, American murderer (executed by firing squad) (b. 1940)
 1991 – King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903)
 1993 – Albert Hourani, historian (b. 1915)
 1994 - Yevgeni Ivanov, Soviet spy (b. 1926)
 1996 – Amber Hagerman, American murder victim (b. 1986)
 1996 – Barbara Jordan, American politician (b. 1936)
 1997 – Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (b. 1906)
From 2001 
 2001 – Laurent-Désiré Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (b. 1939)
 2002 – Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature 1989 (b. 1916)
 2003 – Richard Crenna, American actor (b. 1926)
 2004 – Czeslaw Niemen, Polish musician (b. 1939)
 2004 – Rafael Churumba Cordero, mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico (b. 1942)
 2004 – Ray Stark, American movie producer, produced Funny Girl in 1968 (b. 1915)
 2005 – Charlie Bell, former chief executive officer of McDonald's (b. 1960)
 2005 – Virginia Mayo, American actress of the 1940s and 1950s (b. 1920)
 2005 – Albert Schatz, microbiologist, discoverer of streptomycin (b. 1920)
 2005 – Zhao Ziyang, Premier of the People's Republic of China and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (b. 1917)
 2008 – Bobby Fischer, American-born Icelandic chess player (b. 1943)
 2009 - Anders Isaksson, Swedish journalist, writer and historian (b. 1943)
 2010 – Jyoti Basu, Indian politician (b. 1914)
2010 – Erich Segal, American writer and screenwriter (b. 1937)
 2011 – Don Kirshner, American composer (b. 1934)
 2012 - Johnny Otis, American singer and musician (b. 1921)
 2013 - Jakob Arjouni, German writer (b. 1964)
 2013 - Sophiya Haque, British actress (b. 1971)
 2013 - John Nkomo, Vice President of Zimbabwe (b. 1934)
 2014 - Suchitra Sen, Indian actress (b. 1931)
 2014 - Mohammed Burhanuddin, Indian Islamic leader (b. 1915)
 2014 - Alistair McAlpine, Baron McAlpine of West Green, English politician (b. 1941)
 2015 - Faten Hamama, Egyptian actress (b. 1931)
 2015 - Bill Sykes, English chaplain and writer (b. 1939)
 2015 - Don Harron, Canadian comedian, actor and writer (b. 1924)
 2015 - Origa, Russian singer (b. 1970)
 2016 - Blowfly, American musician and producer (b. 1939)
 2016 - Bob Harkey, American racing driver (b. 1930)
 2016 - Gottfried Honegger, Swiss artist and graphic designer (b. 1917)
 2016 - V. Rama Rao, Indian politician, former Governor of Sikkim (b. 1935)
2017 - M. M. Ruhul Amin, Bangladeshi judge (b. 1942)
 2017 - Brenda C. Barnes, American businesswoman (b. 1953)
 2017 - Philip Bond, British actor (b. 1934)
 2017 - Colo, American-bred Western gorilla (b. 1956)
 2017 - Mario Fasino, Italian politician, President of Sicily (b. 1920)
 2017 - Heng Freylinger, Luxembourgish wrestler (b. 1926)
 2017 - Steven Plaut, American-Israeli economist and academic (b. 1951)
 2017 - Robert Timlin, American judge (b. 1932)
 2017 - Daniel Vischer, Swiss politician (b. 1950)
 2018 - Simon Shelton, English actor (b. 1966)
 2018 - Jessica Falkholt, Australian actress (b. 1988)
 2018 - Augusto Polo Campos, Peruvian composer (b. 1932)
 2019 - Babiker Awadalla, Prime minister of Sudan (b. 1917)
 2019 - Windsor Davies, British actor (b. 1930)
 2019 - Mary Oliver, American poet (b. 1935)
 2019 - Reggie Young, American guitarist (b. 1936)
 2019 - Horst Stern, German science journalist, filmmaker and writer (b. 1922)
Observances
 Ancient Latvia – Zirgu Diena observed
 Catholicism – Feast day of St. Anthony.
 Martin Luther King, Jr. Day in the United States when this day falls on a Monday.
 National Day of Menorca

Other websites
 BBC: On This Day

Days of the year
Antoni Grabowski was a Polish chemical engineer, and an early supporter of the Esperanto movement. The books and poems that he changed into Esperanto from other languages helped to make Esperanto more well-known and used.

Learning and work 

Grabowski was born on 11 June 1857 in Nowe Dobre, near Chełmno, in Poland. Soon after his birth, his family moved from Nowe Dobre to Toruń. Grabowski's parents did not have a lot of money, so Grabowski started to work before leaving high school. He wanted to learn a lot, though, so he got himself ready to take a test to get into grammar school. He passed the test.

He went to the Nicolaus Copernicus school in Toruń. At that place, he was shown to be smarter than other people that were as old as him. He was put in a higher class twice.
In 1879, his family got more money, so Grabowski started to learn philosophy and natural science at the University of Breslau in Wrocław.
After he was done with school, he started to work as a chemical engineer. After that job, he started to work as a manager of a factory.

At that time, he made many new ideas about chemicals and things that helped with those ideas. He became famous among people in Europe because of that. He also had the job of making new words in the Polish language for technical things. In 1906, he wrote a book, Słownik chemiczny. The book helped other people to learn the words he had made.

Esperanto and writing 

At his school, Grabowski started to want to know more about language. Because of that, he joined the Slavic Literary Society (Towarzystwo Literacko-Słowianskie), a group that wanted to learn about the Slavic language. Grabowski did not only want to learn about this language. He learned a lot of other languages.
In 1887, Grabowski read the book Lingvo internacia. Antaŭparolo kaj plena lernolibro.. This book was written by L.L. Zamenhof, a person who wanted to make an easy language that everyone could learn. This language was called "Esperanto." Grabowski liked this language a lot. He learned it, then went to Warsaw to see Zamenhof. They spoke to each other in Esperanto.

Grabowski thought that books and writing were important to languages. He thought that this was much more true with Esperanto. Esperanto was getting used more, so it needed this. So, in 1888, Grabowski started to rewrite books into Esperanto from other languages. (this is called "translation")

In the early 1890s, Grabowski thought that Esperanto was being used by fewer people than before. He thought that this was because Esperanto needed to be remade in a different way. In 1894, though, he said that Esperanto was good like it was at first. He said that all the time after that, too.
Grabowski was the leader of the Warsaw Esperanto Society and the Polish Esperanto society for a long time. In 1908, he became the director of the Grammar Section of the Esperanto Academy. He taught people a lot about Esperanto.

From that year until 1914, he made classes for schools about Esperanto. He wrote something showing that Esperanto was good for learning other languages. People did not know this at that time.

World War I made his family have to leave Poland. They went to Russia, and he was left in Warsaw. While he was there, he rewrote from Polish one of the most important things that have been changed into Esperanto. This was the Polish poem, Pan Tadeusz by Adam Mickiewicz.

Grabowski died of a heart attack in Warsaw on 4 July 1921.

1857 births
1921 deaths
Polish engineers
Esperantists
Chemical engineers
Vessel or vessels may refer to:

Blood vessel, a tube that carries blood around the body
Lymph vessel, a thin walled, valved structure that carries lymph
Vessel element, a narrow tube that carries water in plants (such as the xylem)
Bowl, a common open-top container
Drinking vessel, for holding drinkable liquids
Marine vessel, any kind of boat or ship
Fire is a chemical reaction that gives off light and heat. Fire happens when a material rapidly oxidizes, or loses electrons, and releases a great amount of energy. Flames are only the portion of the fire that gives off visible light. 

Fire is sometimes useful, but also very dangerous because it can cause houses, trees and other things to burn to ashes. Forest fires are very harmful. They can destroy a huge area in a matter of minutes. Every year people die by accident from fire.

Fire can be started by heating a material in many different ways. Once the material is heated past a temperature called the ignition point, it will start to burn, beginning a fire. Some common ways to start a fire include rubbing sticks together very rapidly, making sparks by hitting flint with steel, or using matches or a lighter. The Sun does not make fire. Instead, it crushes together hydrogen atoms to release energy through a process called nuclear fusion.
Uses  
Fire can be very useful if it is treated carefully. It has always been very important for people to be able to make fire. People need its heat to keep warm on cold days. It is also used to cook meats. Its light helped people see in dark places and scare away predators.

Most heat engines work by fire.

Danger 
If human skin touches fire, the skin may burn, which can take some time to heal and to remove the scar.  If a fire gives off a large amount of smoke, a person's mouth should be covered with a wet cloth, since people can faint when they breathe in too much smoke.  Even a spark, such as from a cigarette, should be kept away from any fuels that very easily catch and spread fire, like gasoline, or cause an explosion, like gunpowder.
If fire is not treated carefully, it can be very dangerous.  One wildfire sometimes burns thousands of square miles or kilometers.  Forests can burn down if fires are not controlled. Every year, large areas of forests are destroyed because of fire.  This usually happens in the summer.

Controlling 
In some camps, there is a camp fire; around the camp fire, there are usually some rocks to stop it from spreading. In buildings, fire shutters can be used. Fire shutters contain a fire. With the help of effective shutters, a fire cannot spread from room to room in a building.

Fire needs three things to burn: oxygen, fuel, and heat. Fuels can be wood, tinder, coal, oil, or any other substance that will easily oxidize. Once a fire is burning, it creates its own heat. This lets the fire keep burning on its own for some time.

Firefighters are people with special training to control and stop fires. They also rescue victims of fire related incidents.
A fire can be stopped in three different ways:
 The fuel can be removed.  If a fire burns through all of its fuel and extra nearby fuel is removed, the fire will stop burning.
 The oxygen can be removed.  This is called "smothering" a fire.  Fires cannot burn in a vacuum or if they are covered in carbon dioxide.
 The heat can be removed. The most common way to remove heat is to use water to absorb that heat, putting the fire out.

However, some fires cannot be smothered, such as magnesium flames. They can burn in carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and some other elemental compounds. However, they cannot burn in noble gases such as helium.
Reactions 
Fires are usually combustion reactions that take carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The products are commonly water and carbon dioxide, although there are other examples that avoid this generalization, such as burning magnesium in air, which makes magnesium oxide.
Fires can occur in many ways. There are many types of fire. There are wood fires, gas fires, metal fires, and more.

Wood fires can usually be put out with water because water absorbs heat, but metal fires are too hot for water to absorb enough heat to put out the fire. If water is used to extinguish ("put out") a metal fire, the water will simply evaporate. For metal fires, sand can be used to cover the fire and keep it from obtaining oxygen. A fire extinguisher can put out most fires.

Related pages 
Flame
Prometheus

References 

Basic English 850 words
In Europe in the 16th century, there was a big change in the Christian religion. During the Protestant Reformation, hundreds of thousands of people left the Catholic Church to form Protestant churches all over Europe.

"The Five solas" are an important part of reformed theology for the Protestant leaders:

 Sola scriptura (meaning "The Bible only"): Protestants believe that need only to read the Bible to find out what God wants, instead of listening to the Pope or the Catholic Church.

 Solus Christus  (meaning Christ only"): Protestants believe that the only way to heaven is by Jesus dying on the cross and so so they did not have to pray to Mary, saints, or angels.

 Sola Gratia (meaning "grace only:" Protestants believe that God lets people into heaven, but no one deserves it.

Sola fide (meaning "faith only"): Protestants believe that people must trust Jesus for him to let them into heaven.
Soli Deo Gloria (meaning "only glory to God"): Protestants believe that God alone should be worshipped, not the Pope or priests, and people should not trust the Church to get to heaven.

The words "Sola Scriptura", "Solus Christus", "Sola Gratia", "Sola Fide" and "Soli Deo Gloria" are in Latin.

Other websites 
Articles on the Five Solas—from a conservative Calvinistic perspective
FiveSolas.com—a Reformed page devoted to the Solas

Protestant theology
Protestant Reformation
Göran Persson (born January 20, 1949) was the Prime minister of Sweden between 1996 and 2006. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party, but quit in March 2007. He was replaced by Mona Sahlin as leader of the party, the party's first woman to do so.

References

Other websites 
Government Offices of Sweden - Göran Persson

1949 births
Living people
Government ministers of Sweden
Prime Ministers of Sweden
Personal life 
Fonda was born on December 21, 1937 in New York City. She is the daughter of actor Henry Fonda (1905–1982) and the Canadian-born socialite Frances Ford Seymour (1908–1950). According to her father, their surname comes from Italian ancestors who immigrated to the Netherlands. There they intermarried and began to use Dutch given names. She is also of English, Scottish, French-Canadian, German, and Norwegian ancestry. She was named after the third wife of English king Henry VIII, Jane Seymour. Her mother is distantly related to Jane Seymour. Her brother was actor Peter Fonda (1940–2019) and through him, her niece was his daughter Bridget. In 1950, her mother committed suicide when Jane was 13.

In the early 1950s, Fonda taught dance at Fire Island Pines, New York. She attended the Emma Willard School in Troy, New York, and Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, but dropped out to become a fashion model.
Health 
Fonda was diagnosed with breast cancer and osteoporosis in her later years. She had a lumpectomy in November 2010, and has recovered. In April 2019, Fonda revealed she had a cancerous growth removed from her lower lip in March 2018 and had pre-melanoma growths removed from her skin.

In September 2022, Fonda announced that she has been diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

References

Other websites 
 

1937 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
Models from New York City
Actors from New York City
American feminists
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American feminist writers
American political activists