Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
NHL awards

First Games 
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1928–29 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
 Tiny Thompson, Boston Bruins
 Cooney Weiland, Boston Bruins
 George Owen, Boston Bruins
 Johnny Gottselig, Chicago Black Hawks
 Mush March, Chicago Black Hawks
 Herbie Lewis, Detroit Cougars
 Georges Mantha, Montreal Canadiens
 Armand Mondou, Montreal Canadiens
 Baldy Northcott, Montreal Maroons
 Dave Trottier, Montreal Maroons
 Earl Robinson, Montreal Maroons
 Red Horner, Toronto Maple Leafs
 Andy Blair, Toronto Maple Leafs

Last games 
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1928–29 (listed with their last team):
 Cy Denneny, Boston Bruins
 Duke Keats, Chicago Black Hawks
 Dick Irvin, Chicago Black Hawks
 Red Green, Detroit Cougars
 Herb Gardiner, Montreal Canadiens
 Punch Broadbent, New York Americans

Related pages
 List of Stanley Cup champions
 1928 in sports
 1929 in sports
References 
 Hockey Database
 NHL.com

1929 in North America
1928 in North America
Georgetown University is a Catholic university in Washington, D.C.  It was started in 1789 by the Jesuit priest John Carroll. It is the oldest Catholic university in the United States of America. In the 19th century, the university sold more than 300 slaves in order to pay for its expansion.

References

Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities
Big East Conference
Colleges and universities in Washington, D.C.
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
18th-century establishments in Washington, D.C.
1789 establishments in the United States
DC can mean many things:

DC Comics, who make comic books about Superman, Batman, and others
Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States of America
Dubai City, to distinguish it from the emirate
Direct current, a type of electricity
The Jack Adams Award is awarded annually to the National Hockey League coach "adjudged to have contributed the most to his team's success." It has been awarded 33 times to 28 different winners. The winner is selected by a poll of the National Hockey League Broadcasters Association at the end of the regular season. Many coaches have won the award numerous times. Pat Burns has won three times, the most of any coach.

Winners

References
General

Specific

Ice hockey coaches
National Hockey League trophies and awards
The bagpipes are a musical instrument. They are sometimes just called "pipes". They have a bag that holds air. The player keeps the bag full of air by blowing into it with a tube or pumping it with a bellows. To make music, the bag is pressed and the air comes out through a kind of flute or "chanter". There are usually one or more other tubes coming from the bag that make sounds whenever the bag is squeezed, called "drones". Each drone normally plays a different note, and stays on the same note the whole time it is playing, to play a harmony with the "chanter". The sounds are made by a single or, more commonly, double reed which vibrates when air is blown over it.

Scotland is traditionally linked to the bagpipes, and many pipe tunes come from there. Many, many other places, however, also have different types of bagpipes: over all of Europe, some of North Africa, and into the Middle East such as the Ottoman Empire.
The Scottish pipes, the Great Pipe, or piob-mohr, first had only one drone pipe. The second pipe was added in the mid 1500s and the third pipe was added in the 1700s.

Bagpipes have always been folk instruments, but after the 15th century some were used for court music, and others have survived as military instruments. For the chanter, two single-reed cane pipes are placed parallel, one pipe often sounding a drone or other accompaniment to the other pipe.Oct 6, 2023.

References
The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) is an organization that provides age ratings in video games. It was created in 1994, and it serves in the United States and Canada. Its primary goal is to inform parents and adults which video games are suitable for children.

Ratings

Controversy

The AO rating

Some critics come to believe that the ESRB only rates games AO if they have sex in them, regardless of how explicit the language, violence or even blood is. This also lead them to think the ESRB is not doing its job. Twenty-three games have received and kept adult ratings, but apparently twenty (almost all) games were given it for sexual themes and content. Two had violence, and the other one was given the "Adult" rating for real gambling.

"Tone Down" controversy
Some publishers of games decide to tone down the game's explicitness in order to qualify for an "M" rather than an "AO" rating. For example, the game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas had an original M rating, but the game that could be unlocked by bypassing the patch, called "Hot Coffee", seemed to spark major controversy  with the game, because it features sex and erotica. Thus, the ESRB decided to re-rate the game as an AO. Rockstar Games then chose to leave the game out of the release, then release an exploit fix that completely disallowed access to the game. However, other games have trouble being "toned down". Thrill Kill, for instance, was given an AO, and then Electronic Arts decided to purchase the publisher, Virgin Entertainment. The release of the game was then canceled, and the game never was toned down.

References

Other websites 
Official website

Video game ratings
The 2005–06 NHL season was the 88th season of the National Hockey League. The 2006 Stanley Cup playoffs began on April 21 2006 and ended on June 19. The Carolina Hurricanes defeated the Edmonton Oilers. This was the first Stanley Cup for the Hurricanes.

The 2004–05 season was cancelled due to a labour dispute with the NHL Players Association. The dispute was over the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) between the league and its players.

Regular season

Final standings 
Red-shaded team won the Presidents' Trophy and home-ice advantage throughout the playoffs.

Orange-shaded team won the other conference.

Yellow-shaded teams won the other four divisions.

Green-shaded teams won the remaining ten playoff berths.

Numbers in brackets means ranking in conference. Division leaders are automatically ranked 1–3. These three, plus the next five teams in the conference standings, earn playoff berths at the end of the season.
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Tiebreaking procedures 

If two or more clubs are tied in points during the regular season, the order of the clubs is determined in the following order: 

 The fewer number of games played (i.e., superior points percentage).
 The greater number of games won.
 The greater number of points earned in games between the tied clubs.
 The greater differential between goals for and against.

Scoring leaders 

Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes

Leading goaltenders 
Minimum 1,000 minutes played.

Note: GP = Games Played; TOI = Time On Ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

Conference Quarterfinals

Eastern Conference Quarterfinals
Western Conference Quarterfinals

Conference Semifinals

Eastern Conference Semifinals

Western Conference Semifinals

Conference Finals

Eastern Conference Finals

Western Conference Finals

Stanley Cup Finals

NHL awards

All-Star teams

First games 
The following are players of note who played their first NHL game in 2005-06:
 Jeff Carter, Philadelphia Flyers
 Sidney Crosby, Pittsburgh Penguins
 Ryan Getzlaf, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
 Henrik Lundqvist, New York Rangers
 Alexander Ovechkin, Washington Capitals
 Dustin Penner, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim
 Dion Phaneuf, Calgary Flames
 Cam Ward, Carolina Hurricanes
Last games 
The following is a list of players who played their last NHL game in 2005-06:
 Dave Andreychuk, Tampa Bay Lightning
 Andrew Cassels, Washington Capitals
 Eric Daze, Chicago Blackhawks
 Eric Desjardins, Philadelphia Flyers
 Tie Domi, Toronto Maple Leafs
 Jiri Fischer, Detroit Red Wings
 Tom Fitzgerald, Boston Bruins
 Brett Hull, Phoenix Coyotes
 Steve Konowalchuk, Colorado Avalanche
 Greg Johnson, Nashville Predators (statistical quirk showed he scored goal before start of a game)
 Brian Leetch, Boston Bruins
 Mario Lemieux, Pittsburgh Penguins
 Bryan Marchment, Calgary Flames
 Alexander Mogilny, New Jersey Devils
 Zigmund Palffy, Pittsburgh Penguins
 Keith Primeau, Philadelphia Flyers
 Luc Robitaille, Los Angeles Kings
 Eric Weinrich, Vancouver Canucks
 Scott Young, St. Louis Blues
 Steve Yzerman, Detroit Red Wings

References

Other websites 

 2005-06 Depth Charts and Salaries  from www.tsn.ca
 Hockey Database
 NHL.com

NHL season, 2005–06
NHL season, 2005–06
National Hockey League seasons
The 1929–30 NHL season was the thirteenth season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. The Montreal Canadiens upset the heavily favoured Boston Bruins two games to none for the Stanley Cup.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs
After defeating the Montreal Maroons and after losing more than one game in a row games all season, the Boston Bruins were defeated by the Montreal Canadiens two games to none in a best-of-three series. The Canadiens then won the Cup with a 4–3 victory in game two. The Canadiens went 5–0–1 in the playoffs, making them one of the few Cup winning teams in history to not lose a game in the playoffs.

Playoff bracket

NHL awards
NHL awards

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1929–30 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Tom Cook, Chicago Black Hawks
Ebbie Goodfellow, Detroit Cougars
Syd Howe, Ottawa Senators
Busher Jackson, Toronto Maple Leafs
Charlie Conacher, Toronto Maple Leafs

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1929–30 (listed with their last team):
Mickey MacKay, Boston Bruins
Jimmy Herberts, Detroit Cougars
Clint Benedict, Montreal Maroons
Frank Nighbor, Toronto Maple Leafs

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1929 in North America
1930s in North America
The 1930–31 NHL season was the fourteenth season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. The Montreal Canadiens beat the Chicago Black Hawks three games to two in a best-of-five Stanley Cup final for their second Cup win in a row.

Art Ross bitterly complained about the Stanley Cup final setup. His team had been beaten in two games in a row by the Montreal Canadiens in 1929–30. As a result, the Board of Governors decided to make the final a best of five series.

Regular season

Final standings
GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes
Stanley Cup playoffs
On 26 March, during the second game of the best-of-five series between the Bruins and Canadiens, Art Ross of Boston pulled his goaltender for an extra player while down 1–0 with 40 seconds left in the final period. This marked the first time in NHL history that a goalie was pulled for an extra attacker.
  
In the finals, the Chicago Black Hawks took an early two games to one lead in the newly expanded best-of-five Stanley Cup finals but the Montreal Canadiens came back and won the series three games to two for their second consecutive Stanley Cup win.

Playoff bracket

Finals
Montreal Canadiens vs. Chicago Blackhawks

Montreal wins best-of-five series 3–2.

NHL awards

All-Star teams
All-Star teams

First games
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1930–31 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Art Chapman, Boston Bruins
Doc Romnes, Chicago Black Hawks
John Sorrell, Detroit Falcons
Johnny Gagnon, Montreal Canadiens
Paul Haynes, Montreal Maroons
Dave Kerr, Montreal Maroons
Alex Levinsky, Toronto Maple Leafs
Bob Gracie, Toronto Maple Leafs

Last games
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1930–31 (listed with their last team):
Frank Fredrickson, Detroit Falcons
Bert McCaffrey, Montreal Canadiens
Joe Simpson, New York Americans
Babe Dye, Toronto Maple Leafs

References
Hockey Database
NHL.com

1931 in North America
1930
The National Hockey League presents lots of annual awards and trophies to recognize its teams and players.  The oldest, and most notable, is the Stanley Cup.  First awarded in 1893, the Stanley Cup is awarded to the NHL's playoff champion.  The Stanley Cup is the third trophy to be used as the league's championship, as for the first nine years of the NHL's existence, it remained a multiple league challenge cup.

History
The NHL's first championship trophy was the O'Brien Trophy, which was created by the National Hockey Association in 1910 and was acquired by the NHL in 1918, after which it was awarded to the playoff champion until 1923. The O'Brien Trophy was retired in favour of the Prince of Wales Trophy in 1924, which became the league's championship until the end of the Western Hockey League following the 1926 season, leaving the Stanley Cup exclusively in the hands of the National Hockey League.
The Prince of Wales Trophy remains an active award.  It is presently awarded to the playoff champion of the Eastern Conference, while the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl, created in 1967, is currently awarded to the Western Conference champion.  The youngest team trophy is the Presidents' Trophy, which has been awarded to the NHL's regular season champion since 1986.

The first individual trophy was the Hart Trophy, first awarded in 1924 to the league's most valuable player.  The Lady Byng Trophy followed a year later, awarded to the most gentlemanly player in the league.  Two years later, the Vezina Trophy was created for the NHL's top goaltender.  The Conn Smythe Trophy was first awarded to the NHL's playoff most valuable player in 1965.  Presently, the NHL has 17 annual individual trophies and awards, the most recently created being the Mark Messier Leadership Award, first awarded in 2007.

Team trophies

Individual trophies and awards
The league has also given some short-lived awards over the years, including:
NHL/Sheraton Road Performer Award – awarded to the player who accrued the most road points during the regular season.  It was awarded to Joe Sakic of the Colorado Avalanche in 2004 and not subsequently.
Scotiabank/NHL Fan Fav Award – awarded to a National Hockey League player based on fan voting.  It was awarded to Roberto Luongo of the Vancouver Canucks in 2010 and not subsequently.
NHL Lifetime Achievement Award – awarded to a National Hockey League veteran in recognition of their overall contributions to the league and sport. It has been awarded twice, first to Gordie Howe in 2008 and then to Jean Béliveau in 2009.

Related pages
Lester Patrick Trophy - presented, in part by the NHL, for contributions to hockey in the United States, but not considered an NHL award
Hockey Hall of Fame

References

Other websites
NHL trophies at nhl.com
NHL trophies at legendsofhockey.net
Pizmonim (, singular pizmon) are Jewish songs and melodies sung to praise God.

Judaism
Music genres
Luca Marenzio  (born Coccaglio, near Brescia, Italy, 18 October? 1553?;  died Rome, 22 August  1599) was an Italian composer who lived in the late Renaissance. He was one of the best known composers of madrigals.

Life
Marenzio may have been born in 1553.  We think this because his father once wrote down his son’s age.  The date may have been 18 October because that was his saint’s feast day.

He had his early education in Brescia possibly in Mantua.  Then he moved to Rome, where he worked as a singer for Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo.  After the cardinal's death he worked at the court of Cardinal Luigi d'Este.  Here he started to become known as a composer.  By 1581 his music had become extremely popular.  His books of madrigals were often reprinted.  His madrigals were often included in published collections.
In 1587 he moved to Florence where he worked for Ferdinando I de' Medici for two years; in 1589 he returned to Rome, where he spent most of his last years, except for a trip to Poland from 1596 to 1597, during which time he worked at the court of Sigismund III Vasa in Warsaw.  It seems from what some people wrote that his trip to Poland ruined his health, and he died in Rome in 1599, shortly after returning from Poland.

Music
Marenzio wrote some religious music: motets, and madrigals based on religious texts.  However, most of his famous music consists of secular (not religious) madrigals.  They were written during a period of twenty years, and they vary a lot in style.
Marenzio published at least fifteen collections of music, mostly madrigals but also canzonette and villanelle.  These were similar to madrigals but very light in character.  Some of his later works are very chromatic: they use harmony that was unusual for the time.  He often makes the music fit the meaning of the words.  This is called word-painting.  For example: the phrase "sinking in the sea" is sung to notes which go lower and lower.

Influence
Marenzio’s music had a lot of influence on composers in Italy, as well as in the rest of Europe.  There were several of his madrigals in Musica transalpina, a collection of madrigals published in 1588 by Nicholas Yonge  in England.

References
Article "Luca Marenzio", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  

1550s births
1599 deaths
16th-century Italian composers
Nicholas Yonge (born about 1560; buried October 23, 1619) was an English singer and publisher (his name is an old spelling of the word "Young" and pronounced the same way).  He is most famous for publishing a collection of music called Musica transalpina in (1588).

Music publishing was quite a new thing in those days. Musica transalpina was a collection of Italian madrigals.  The Italian words of the madrigals were also translated into English.  Musica transalpina had 57 separate pieces by 18 Italian composers, including Alfonso Ferrabosco and Luca Marenzio.  Ferrabosco was living in England at the time.

The publication of this book had a huge influence on music in England.  It made madrigals very popular in England and during the next twenty years composers such as Thomas Morley, John Wilbye and Thomas Weelkes composed a large number of English madrigals.

In 1597 Yonge published a second book of Musica transalpina which was also very influential.
The title Musica transalpina  means: "music from across the Alps" because the music came from Italy which was the other side of the Alps.

References
David Brown, "Nicholas Yonge".  The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  

1560s births
1619 deaths
English singers
"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" is the first episode of The Simpsons. It was first shown on television on December 17, 1989. It is the first time the Simpson family is seen on half-hour (30 minutes) television.

In the episode, Bart Simpson gets a tattoo without permission from his mother Marge. Marge uses all of the money for Christmas to get the tattoo off. Homer's boss will not give him a bonus for Christmas. Homer gets a job to be Santa Claus at a shopping mall, but he does not get enough money. He loses more money when he loses a bet at dog racing. Santa's Little Helper, the dog they betted on, did bad at the race and is abandoned by his owner. Homer and Bart keep him as a pet for the family.
Mimi Pond wrote the dialogue of the episode. David Silverman is the director of the episode. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" was nominated for two Emmy Awards in 1990. Critics of television gave good reviews for the episode. About 13.4 million people watched the episode when it was first shown on television. The Simpsons was first going to start with the episode "Some Enchanted Evening". The animation of that episode was not good enough at that time to be the first episode.

Story
Story 

The Simpson family go to the Christmas pageant at Springfield Elementary School. After that, Bart and Lisa write letters to Santa Claus. Lisa wants a pony and Bart wants a tattoo. Marge does not want Bart to get a tattoo. On the day after that, the family goes shopping at a mall. Bart gets a tattoo that says the word "Mother". He thinks that Marge will like it. Marge sees the tattoo and takes Bart to a dermatologist to get it removed. She has to use all of the money that would have been used for Christmas. She thinks that his husband Homer will get a bonus for Christmas.
Homer works at a power plant. His boss Mr. Burns says that there will be no bonuses for Christmas. Homer wants to get more money, so he gets a side job as being Santa Claus at the mall. Bart goes to the mall on Christmas Eve. He takes Santa's beard off and sees that he is Homer. Bart apologizes and is happy that Homer is trying to get more money for the family. Homer does not get a lot of money because of tax deductions. His friend Barney Gumble tells him to go to a greyhound racing track.

Homer bets all of his money on a dog named Santa's Little Helper. The dog does very bad at the race. His owner is angry and abandons him. Bart and Homer see Santa's Little Helper and keeps him as a pet. When they get home, Homer tries to tell the family that he did not get a bonus. The family is very happy to see Santa's Little Helper.

Production

Start of The Simpsons
The Simpsons was made by Matt Groening. He got the idea for the show in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office. Brooks was the producer of The Tracey Ullman Show. Brooks wanted to make short films with Groening during comedy sketches in the show. Groening wanted to make his comic strip Life in Hell as short films. If he did this, he would have to give up his publication rights for Life in Hell. He did not want to, so he made the Simpson family.
The family was first seen in the shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show. The first short they were in was on April 19, 1987. Groening gave the animators simple sketches. He thought that the animators would make them look better. The animators only made the sketches have color. This made the family look very rough in the shorts. In 1989, a few production companies wanted to make The Simpsons its own 30 minute television show. The episodes would be shown on the Fox Broadcasting Company. Brooks put a statement in a contract that said Fox can not make changes to the episodes. Groening said that he wanted to give the audience something that was not "mainstream trash" (bad things that many people know). The show started on December 17, 1989 with "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire".

How the episode was made
The Fox Broadcasting Company was worried about The Simpsons. They thought that their audience would get bored of the show. They said to the producers that one episode should have three stories that were 7 minutes, and that four episodes would be longer. They thought that this should happen until the audience liked the show. The producers got Fox to let them make 13 regular episodes. The show was going to start in Autumn of 1989 with the episode "Some Enchanted Evening". That episode had problems with its animation, so it could not be shown on television at the time. "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" did not have the opening sequence. It was first put on the second episode ("Bart the Genius"). "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" was the 8th episode made, but it was the first to be shown on television. This means that it has better animation than some of the episodes shown after this one.
Part of the Christmas pageant is similar to an event Groening had in second grade. He had to talk about Christmas in Russia. He also talks about it in his comic strip Life in Hell. In the comic, a boy's grandmother is in Russia. He learns that his grandmother can not celebrate Christmas because it is illegal in Russia. Groening said that people thought the episode made another form of the song "Jingle Bells". While Lisa is on the Christmas pageant, she is seen to be not wearing anything lower than the waist. David Silverman said that she is wearing clothing, but the animators made it the same color as Lisa (yellow).
This episode is the only one that was written by Mimi Pond. Al Jean made the name of the episode. It is an allusion to the song "The Christmas Song" (also named "Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire"). David Silverman is the director of the episode. Rich Moore made the storyboard and the design of Ned Flanders. Eric Stefani animated some parts of the episode. Barney Gumble is seen with blonde hair in the episode. His hair color was changed to brown because Groening wanted the Simpson family to only have yellow hair. These characters are first seen in the episode: Principal Skinner, Milhouse Van Houten, Sherri and Terri, Moe Szyslak, Mr. Burns, Barney Gumble, Patty and Selma, Ned Flanders, Todd Flanders, Santa's Little Helper, Snowball II, Dewey Largo, and Lewis. Waylon Smithers talks in a speaker, but he is not seen in the episode.

References

Books

Other websites 

1989 in American television
The Simpsons (season 1) episodes
Christmas television episodes
1980s television episodes
Treehouse of Horror is the third episode in season 2 of The Simpsons. It was first shown on October 25, 1990. It is the first-ever "Treehouse of Horror" episode and has since been followed by a yearly "Treehouse of Horror" episode.  This episode features three stories. The last one is the famous The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe.

Other websites 

1990 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 2) episodes
Treehouse of Horror
As a result of the WWE Brand Extension in 2002, the WWE Women's Championship was made exclusive to the Raw brand. Thereafter, only Divas on the Raw brand were able to compete for the WWE Women's Championship, while the Divas on the SmackDown brand were unable to compete for a women's-exclusive championship. The ruling was, however, ignored on rare occasions as Melina and Ashley have been the only divas who were on the SmackDown brand to challenge for the title. This led to the creation of the WWE Divas Championship, which was announced on June 6, 2008 during an episode of SmackDown by SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero. In order to determine the competitors for the new title, two 'Golden Dreams matches', the object of which was to retrieve a star that was hanging on a pole above one corner of the ring, were held. The first Golden Dreams match was won by Natalya, and the second by Michelle McCool
. The championship belt was officially unveiled on the July 4, 2008 episode of SmackDown prior to the second Golden Dreams match. Natalya and McCool competed against each other at The Great American Bash, which McCool won and became the inaugural champion.
At WrestleMania 32 on April 3, 2016, Lita announced that a new WWE Women's Championship would be created. In the process, the Divas Championship would be retired. Later in the night, the Divas Champion Charlotte beat Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks to win the new Women's Championship.

Reigns 

There were 26 reigns and 1 vacancy. The first champion was Michelle McCool. She beat Natalya to win the title at The Great American Bash on July 20, 2008. The last champion was Charlotte. She beat Nikki Bella at Night of Champions. At WrestleMania 32, Charlotte beat Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks to win the new WWE Women's Championship, retiring the WWE Divas Championship in the process.

Related pages
WWE
WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)
WWE Women's Championship

References

Other websites 

 Official WWE Divas Championship history

World Wrestling Entertainment championships
2008 establishments
2016 disestablishments
Alain Vigneault (b. May 14, 1961) formerly coached the Montreal Canadiens, Vancouver Canucks, and New York Rangers. He is currently coach of the Philadelphia Flyers.

1961 births
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Jack Adams Award winners
Living people
Lindy Ruff (born February 17, 1960) is the current head coach of the New Jersey Devils. He is currently the longest-serving coach in the NHL, being Buffalo's coach since 1997.

Other websites 

1960 births
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Jack Adams Award winners
Lethbridge Broncos players
Living people
New York Rangers players
Rochester Americans players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
John Robert Tortorella (born June 24, 1958 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American ice hockey coach currently with the Columbus Blue Jackets. 

He coached the Tampa Bay Lightning and won both the Jack Adams Award and the Stanley Cup, with the Lightning, in 2004. He coached the New York Rangers from February 23, 2009 to May 29, 2013. He was fired by the Rangers after a disappointing playoff run. He was hired to coach for the Vancouver Canucks for only one season before being relieved of duty after failing to qualify for the playoffs. He is currently with the Columbus Blue Jackets as their coach.

NHL coaching record

References

1958 births
Ice hockey coaches
Jack Adams Award winners
Living people
Sportspeople from Boston
Stanley Cup champions
Charity could mean:

 Charity (practice), the practice of benevolent givings
 Charitable organization, an association formed for charitable purposes
 501(c)(3) organization which is a USA specific category for a public charity or a private foundation
 Charity (virtue), in Christianity
 Charity (name), a given name
 Charity (racehorse)
 Charity (programming language)
 HMS Charity (R29), a Royal Navy destroyer
 Alms
 Altruism

Places:
 Charity, Guyana, a small town
 Charity Island, Saginaw Bay, Michigan

In entertainment:
 Charity (play), a play by W. S. Gilbert
 "Charity" (single), a single by Skunk Anansie
 Charity Shea, an actress in the upcoming TV series The Best Years

Related pages
 Charites, Graces of Roman mythology
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) is a perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family. The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia.  It grows up to 1.5 metres (5 feet) tall, and is usually grown for its large, white, tapered root.

The unbroken horseradish root has very little smell. When cut or grated, however, enzymes from the now-broken plant cells causes changes. The enzymes break down sinigrin to produce allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil). This irritates the mucous membranes of the sinuses and eyes. Once exposed to air (by grating) or heat, it needs to be mixed with vinegar. Otherwise it becomes unpleasantly bitter-tasting.
History 
Horseradish has been cultivated since ancient times. Supposedly, the Delphic Oracle told Apollo that the horseradish was worth its weight in gold.  Horseradish was known in Egypt in 1500 BC. Both root and leaves were used as a medicine during the Middle Ages. The root was used as a condiment on meats in Germany, Scandinavia, and Britain. It was brought to North America during Colonial times.

The word horseradish is known in English from the 1590's.  The root is similar in shape and size to a horse's genitalia.  Despite the name, this plant is poisonous to horses.
Cultivation
Horseradish is a perennial plant in hardiness zones 2–9. It can be grown as an annual in other zones. After the first frost in the autumn kills the leaves, the root is dug out and divided. The main root is harvested for use in the kitchen. One or more large offshoots of the main root are replanted to produce next year's crop. Horseradish left undisturbed in the garden spreads via underground shoots. The plant can become invasive. Older roots left in the ground become woody. They are then no longer useful for cooking. Older plants can be dug out and divided to start new plants.

Pests and diseases
Pests and diseases

The larvae of Pieris rapae are a common caterpillar pest in horseradish gardens. They are called cabbageworms. The adults are white butterflies with black spots on the forewings. They are seen flying around the plants during the day. The caterpillars are green with faint yellow stripes running lengthwise down the back and sides. Full grown caterpillars are about  in length. They move slowly when poked. They overwinter in green pupal cases. Adults start appearing in gardens after the last frost and are a problem through the remainder of the growing season. There are three to five overlapping generations a year. Mature caterpillars chew large, ragged holes in the leaves leaving the large veins intact. Handpicking is effective for control.

Culinary uses
Culinary uses

Cooks use the terms "horseradish" or "prepared horseradish" to refer to the grated root of the horseradish plant mixed with vinegar. Prepared horseradish is white to creamy-beige in colour. It will keep for months refrigerated but eventually will darken, indicating it is losing flavour and should be replaced. The leaves of the plant, while edible, are not commonly eaten, and are referred to as "horseradish greens".
Horseradish sauce
Horseradish sauce made from grated horseradish root and vinegar is a popular condiment. In the United Kingdom it is usually served with roast beef, often as part of a traditional Sunday roast. It can also be used in a number of other dishes, including sandwiches or salads. A variation of horseradish sauce, which in some cases may substitute the vinegar with other products like lemon juice or citric acid, is known in Germany as Tafelmeerrettich. Also popular in the UK is Tewkesbury mustard, a blend of mustard and grated horseradish originating in medieval times and mentioned by Shakespeare (Falstaff says: "his wit's as thick as Tewkesbury Mustard" in Henry IV Part II). A very similar mustard, called Krensenf or Meerrettichsenf, is popular in Austria and parts of Eastern Germany.
The distinctive pungent taste of horseradish is from the compound allyl isothiocyanate. Upon crushing the flesh of horseradish, the enzyme myrosinase is released and acts on the glucosinolates sinigrin and gluconasturtiin, which are precursors to the allyl isothiocyanate.  The allyl isothiocyanate serves the plant as a natural defense against herbivores. Since allyl isothiocyanate is harmful to the plant itself, it is stored in the harmless form of the glucosinolate, separate from the myrosinase enzyme.  When an animal chews the plant, the allyl isothiocyanate is released, repelling the animal.  Allyl isothiocyanate is an unstable compound, degrading over the course of days at 37 °C.  Because of this instability, horseradish sauces lack the pungency of the freshly crushed roots.
In Central and Eastern Europe horseradish is called khreyn (in various spellings like kren) in many Slavic languages, in Austria, in parts of Germany (where the other German name Meerrettich is not used), in North-East Italy, and in Yiddish (כריין translitered as khreyn). There are two varieties of khreyn. "Red" khreyn is mixed with red beet (beetroot) and "white" khreyn contains no beet. It is popular in Ukraine (under the name of , khrin), in Poland (under the name of ), in Lithuania (krienai) in the Czech Republic (), in Russia (, khren), in Hungary (), in Romania (), in Bulgaria (, khryan), in Slovenia (, hren) and in Slovakia (under the name of ). Having this on the table is a part of Christian Easter and Jewish Passover tradition in Eastern and Central Europe. A variety with red beet is called  or simply ćwikła in Poland. In Ashkenazi European Jewish cooking beet horseradish is commonly served with gefilte fish
. Red beet with horseradish is also used as a salad served with lamb dishes at Easter called sfecla cu hrean in Transylvania and other Romanian regions. Horseradish (often grated and mixed with cream, hard-boiled eggs, or apples) is also a traditional Easter dish in Slovenia and in the adjacent  Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia; it is used also in the other nearby Italian region of Veneto. In Croatia freshly grated horseradish(Croatian: Hren) is often eaten with boiled ham or beef. In Serbia ren is an essential condiment with cooked meat and freshly roasted suckling pig.
Horseradish is also used as a main ingredient for soups. In the Polish region of Silesia, horseradish soup is a common Easter Day dish.

Relation to wasabi
The Japanese condiment wasabi, although traditionally prepared from the wasabi plant, is now usually made with horseradish because the wasabi plant is rare. The Japanese plant name for horseradish is , or "Western wasabi". Both plants are in the family Brassicaceae.

Nutritional and biomedical uses
Horseradish has compounds that have health benefits. Horseradish contains volatile oils, notably mustard oil. This oil has antibacterial properties. The fresh plant also contains average 79.31 mg of vitamin C per 100 g of raw horseradish. The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), found in the plant, is used extensively in molecular biology and biochemistry.

Related pages
List of vegetables
Wasabi

References

Other websites

International Horseradish Festival
Horseradish Information Council
Herb Society of America Herb of the Year 2011
Root vegetables
Medicinal plants
Spices
Brassicaceae
Condiments
The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) contains name and location information about more than two million physical and cultural features in the United States of America and its Territories. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey and the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) to promote the standardization of feature names.

Other websites 
 U.S. Board on Geographic Names website
 Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

Geography of the United States
Geocodes
United States Department of the Interior
12 Rounds is a British rock band that was started by Atticus Ross and singer Claudia Sarne.

Albums 
 1996: Jitter Juice (Polydor)
 1998: My Big Hero (Nothing)
 1998:  My Big Hero (Interscope)

Other websites 
 Official site

English rock bands
Emigration is leaving one's country or area to go live in another. Emigration (leaving) from one country is usually followed by Immigration (coming into) into another. The difference between the two is the perspective (or point of view) of which country a person is leaving and which country they are going to. 

The urge to migrate is a part of human nature. People migrated well before we had written history. Emigrants from a place are its diaspora.

People who move around all the time are called nomads.
Reasons 
Emigration happens for different reasons:
 People think that they benefit from moving elsewhere, because they have a better job, or they have a better chance of economic success, or they are economically better off. This kind of migration is generally called economic migration.
 The climate, or climatic events force people to move. Climatic events include floods, droughts, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.  This kind of migration is generally known as environmental migration. As an example, people left Plymouth, on the Island of Montserrat, after a series of volcanic eruptions in 1995.
 People have disadvantages where they live, often because they have special views or opinions, or they disagree with the majority or those in power.  Often they face persecution, for example because of special religious views or because they belong to an ethnic group. Many people emigrated from Europe to what was the "New World" because they had religious beliefs that were different from the majority.
People who emigrate (or flee) from one country to another, for reasons including armed conflicts or wars are usually called refugees, once they arrive in another country.
 Very often people move to where the rest of their family lives.
International law handles the different groups of migrants differently.
Images

Related pages
Political asylum
Deportation
Diaspora
Immigration
Exile
Human migration
Refugee
Migrant worker

References 
 

Migration
The Brassicales are an order of flowering plants. They are in the eurosids II group of dicotyledons under the APG II system.

Classification
 Order Brassicales
 Family Akaniaceae
 Family Bataceae (salt-tolerant shrubs from America and Australasia)
 Family Brassicaceae (mustard and cabbage family)
 Family Capparaceae (caper family, sometimes included in Brassicaceae)
 Family Caricaceae (papaya family)
 Family Gyrostemonaceae
 Family Koeberliniaceae
 Family Limnanthaceae (meadowfoam family)
 Family Moringaceae (thirteen species of trees from Africa and India)
 Family Pentadiplandraceae
 Family Resedaceae (mignonette family)
 Family Salvadoraceae
 Family Setchellanthaceae
 Family Tovariaceae
 Family Tropaeolaceae (nasturtium family)
The World Economic Forum is a foundation based in Geneva, Switzerland. It is known for controling the world’s governments alongside the Peoples Republic of China and the World Health Organization in the mountains of Graubünden. Important leaders from politics (such as presidents) and the economy are given an opportunity to talk about subjects that concern everyone. Very often, these subjects concern globalization. Usually the Swiss army helps secure the area.
These meetings are often critizised because they are seen as a vehicle to further capitalism in the world by anti-capitalists and supporters of antiglobalization. There is an organisation called Public Eye On Davos that organizes public information during the meeting. During the meetings, which invole the G8, access to the village of Davos is heavily controlled. A small demonstration happens every year in Davos during these meetings. This is one of the rights given by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Bigger demonstrations are normally in the other cities in Switzerland during the World Economic Forum.

History 
The forum was established in 1971. WEF members are about 1,000 large companies and organizations from around the world, including Russia. The permanent executive body is the Board of Directors. The headquarters is located in the suburbs of Geneva - Cologny. The budget is formed from annual membership fees and funds contributed by the Forum participants. Membership is reviewed annually.
The founder and permanent leader of the WEF is Professor Klaus Schwab. On his initiative, the first symposium was held in 1971, bringing together about 450 leaders of leading European companies to discuss the prospects for the world economy and develop a common strategy. At the first meetings, which were held under the auspices of the Commission of the European Communities (now the European Commission), the issues of improving the position of Western Europe in the competitive struggle were discussed mainly. Over the years, the topics gradually expanded, the agenda included political and economic issues affecting other regions, problems of improving the mechanism of world trade, correct partnership. In the mid-1970s, influential people from all over the world (members of governments and business leaders) began to be invited to Davos, and in the next decade the forum acquired the status of one of the main events of the year.

References

Other websites 
Official homepage of the WEF
Economics organizations
1971 establishments in Europe
Organizations based in Geneva
The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, or in ; in Albanian: Krahina Autonome e Kosovës dhe Metohisë, commonly known as Kosovo and Metohija, or in ; in Albanian: Kosova dhe Metohija, or Kosovo, or in ; in Albanian: Kosova, for short, and abbreviated as KiM  or Kosmet from Kosovo and Metohija;  means the area of Kosovo as the Constitution of Serbia says. The land is disputed between Serbia and the self-declared Republic of Kosovo, which currently has actual control over the land. Before the Republic of Kosovo, the area was controlled by Serbia (while Serbia was part of Yugoslavia) between 1912 and 1999.
In 1990, when Kosovo was part of Yugoslavia, Slobodan Milošević's Anti-bureaucratic Revolution happened. This meant that Kosovo's government became less powerful and that Serbia had more control, like in 1971–74. That year, Kosovo's Albanian majority and also the Republic of Albania agreed with the declaration of independence of the Republic of Kosova. Because of the Kosovo War in 1999, the Serbian army was kicked out of Kosovo.

In February 2008, the Republic of Kosovo declared independence. Serbia does not agree, but in the Brussels agreement of 2013, it got rid of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija government.. Kosovo's independence is currently recognized by 95 UN member states. In 2013, the Serbian government said it was getting rid of the Serb minority councils it had made in northern Kosovo, in order to allow the Kosovo Serb minority to become more like the general population of Kosovo.

References
References

History of Kosovo
Autonomous areas
Former countries in Europe
Geography of Serbia
Territorial disputes
The Assembly of Kosovo (, Skupština Kosova) is an institution linked to governing the territory of Kosovo. The Assembly was created by the United Nations to provide for a democratic form of government.

Structure 
The assembly has 120 seats. 100 seats are filled with people directly elected into the assembly. The remaining 20 are always assigned as follows:
 10 seats for the representatives of the Serbs.
 4 seats for the representatives of the Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians.
 3 seats for the Bosniaks.
 2 seats for the Turks.
 1 seat for the Gorans.

Politics of Kosovo
Kosovo
Kosovo
The French Grand Prix (1906-1967: Grand Prix de l'ACF, 1968-2022: Grand Prix de France) was a race held as part of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA) annual Formula One (F1) automobile racing championships.

Grand Prix motor racing started in France. The French Grand Prix was open to international competition. It is the oldest Grand Prix race. It was first run on 26 June 1906,  under the Automobile Club de France in Sarthe. The first race had a starting field of 32 automobiles.

History 

The first World Championships were organized in 1925. It included the French Grand Prix, the Italian Grand Prix, the Belgian Grand Prix and the Indianapolis 500. The French Grand Prix was part of the Formula One championships from their start in 1950. The last F1 Grand Prix was held in 2008. It was called the European Grand Prix four times between 1924 and 1966. During this time, the title was an honorary name. It was given to one grand prix race held in Europe each year
The race has been held at several racetracks in France, such as the Autodrome de Montlhéry.  Since 1991 its permanent home was the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours (often called just Magny-Cours). The move to Magny-Cours was an attempt to stimulate the economy of the area, but many within Formula One complained about the remote nature of the circuit.

On 29 March 2007 it was announced by the FFSA, the race promoter, that the 2008 French Grand Prix was put on an indefinite "pause". This suspension was due to the financial problems of the circuit. Many in F1 did not like the circuit because of the remote location. On 31 May, Bernie Ecclestone confirmed that the 2007 French Grand Prix would be the last to be held at Magny-Cours.
After negotiations, the future of the race improved. Ecclestone himself stating "We're going to maybe resurrect it for a year, or something like that". On 24 July, Ecclestone and the Prime Minister of France met. They agreed to try to keep the race at Magny-Cours for 2008 and 2009. On 27 July, when the FIA published the  calendar with a French Grand Prix scheduled at Magny-Cours. The 2009 race, however, was again cancelled on 15 October 2008, with the official website citing "economic reasons".