Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Video games
 Toy Story 3: The Video Game (voice) (VG) (2010)

References

Other websites

 Official homepage 
 

1946 births
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Military people from Georgia (U.S. state)
Living people
People from Macon, Georgia
Actors from Georgia (U.S. state)
Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction movie released in 1968 and directed by Franklin J. Schaffner. It was based on the novel La planète des singes written by Pierre Boulle and released in 1963. The movie stars Charlton Heston and features Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans, James Whitmore, James Daly, and Linda Harrison. It was released by 20th Century Fox.
Plot
The film's story is about an astronaut crew who leave Earth on a deep space mission and crash land on a supposedly alien planet in the 40th century. Ony three out of the four crew members survive the crash and the survivors find the world to be home to a society of apes; including chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. These apes have the intelligence of human beings as well as the ability to speak and walk upright like humans. Humans in this society are treated like slaves and live in the wilderness without the ability to speak. At the end of the movie, one of the crew members finds the Statue of Liberty and realizes they were on Earth all along.
Reception and influence
Planet of the Apes was a box office success, meaning it earned a good amount of money and got highly favourable reviews from critics. The movie was given praise for exploring ideas such as class differences, religion, slavery, racism, and nuclear technology. It was followed by four sequels: Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970), Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971), Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972), and Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973). A live action television show was shown in 1974 and an animated television show called Return to the Planet of the Apes came out in 1975. The animated cartoon The Fairly Oddparents episode Abra-Catastrophe has a segment where humans are slave cavemen and the apes are their overlords.
In 2001, a remake of the movie was made directed by Tim Burton and starred Mark Wahlberg, Helena Bonham Carter and Tim Roth. In August 2011, the series was rebooted with Rise of the Planet of the Apes. This was followed in 2014 with Dawn of the Planet of the Apes with a 2017 sequel released War of the Planet of the Apes.

Other websites 

1968 science fiction movies
English-language movies
Planet of the Apes movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in New York City
Time travel movies
Movies composed by Jerry Goldsmith
Movies directed by Franklin J. Schaffner
Dystopian movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies about slavery
Movies about apes
Movies about nuclear war and weapons
A small business, sometimes called a mom and pop store by some in the United States, is a business that is privately owned and operated. They have a small number of employees and do not sell many things. Whether or not the law says that a business is "small" is different in different countries and industries.
 The Australian Fair Work Act 2009 says that a small business is a business with less than 15 employees.
 In the European Union, to be called "small", a business must have fewer than 50 employees.
 In the United States, a business must have fewer than 500 employees to qualify for some Small Business Administration programs.
 In India businesses with fewer than ten employees are in the "Unorganised sector".

Small businesses are common in many countries.  Some examples include: convenience stores, other small shops (such as a bakery), hairdressers, tradesmen, lawyers, accountants, restaurants, guest houses, photographers, small-scale manufacturing, and online business, such as web design and programming.
Good things about small business
A small business can be started at a very low cost. It also does not need to be open all the time.

Independence is another good thing about owning a small business.   Being able to operate by themselves is a good thing for small business owners. Small business owners can make their own decisions about what they want to do with their company.  However, entrepreneurs often must work very long hours and understand that their customers are their bosses.

Many organizations in the United States also give help to small businesses, such as the Internal Revenue Service's Small Business and Self-Employed One-Stop Resource.

Problems for small businesses
Small businesses often face a lot of problems because of their size.

In the United States, some of the largest concerns of small business owners are insurance costs, high energy costs and taxes.

Another problem for several small businesses is the fact that much larger businesses can influence their chances for success.
References 
Business
Hydration is the adding of water molecules to a chemical substance. The anhydrous (without water) form and the hydrated (with water) form can be quite different. The hydrated form is called a "hydrate". For example, anhydrous tin(IV) chloride is a liquid, while the pentahydrate (with 5 water molecules) is a solid. Anhydrous copper sulfate is white or light green, while the hydrated form is blue. Anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride is blue, while the hydrated form is red. Anhydrous copper(II) chloride is brown, while the dihydrate is green.

The number of water molecules for each atom is given by a prefix. Mono- means 1, di- means 2, tri- means 3, tetra- means 4, penta- means 5, hexa- means 6, hepta- means 7, octo- means 8, nona- means 9, deca- means 10.

Hydrogen compounds
Pocket Ref is a small book that contains various information including tips, tables, maps, science facts, weather information, and so on. It is in a small shape that is made to fit in a pocket. It is written by Thomas J. Glover and published by Sequoia Publishing, Inc.

Reference works
Rival Lovers is a dialogue that was thought to have been written by Plato. In Rival Lovers, Socrates is the main character who asks questions.

Works of philosophy

Classical Greek literature
4th-century BC books
An art movement, or ism, is a style in art. It may have a common philosophy, followed by a group of artists. It may be a label given by a critic to describe a type of artwork. It is typical of the post-photography era that art explores new directions.

Some art movements can be pinned down to a time and place, or to particular artists. Verbal explanation of movements may come from the artists themselves, sometimes in the form of an art manifesto (published statement). Quite often, a movement is labelled afterwards by some art historian or critic.

Art movements may be connected to similar ideas in architecture, literature, philosophy or even politics. In rough date order:

 classicism
 neoclassicism
 impressionism
 Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
 post-impressionism
 Art Nouveau
 modern art
 abstract art
 cubism
 fauvism
 futurism
 expressionism
 suprematism
 geometric abstraction
 constructivism
 dadaism
 Art Deco
 surrealism
 contemporary art
 abstract expressionism
 pop art
 op art
 conceptual art
Stratford is an inner-city area of east London which hosted the 2012 London Olympics. Stratford is in the London Borough of Newham.

London Borough of Newham
The name Leah [ lee-uh ] has biblical roots, and means wild cow in Hebrew. Leah is a timeless and exquisite moniker that has been in vogue for centuries, boasting a compelling past and profound significance. This name, derived from Hebrew roots, translates to "weary" or "tired," and has a prominent place in biblical literature, making it a beloved choice among Jewish lineages for countless generations. This name was ranked #46 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

In Genesis, the first book of the Bible, Leah is the older sister of Rachel. Leah marries Jacob and becomes the mother of six sons: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah (Biblical personage), Issachar, Zebulun, and a daughter, Dinah.

People 

 Leah Chase, American chef (1923-2019)
 Leah Bracknell, British actress and yoga instructor (1964-2019)
 Leah LaBelle, American singer (1986–2018)
 Leah Pipes, American actress

References
Conceptual art is art in which the concepts or ideas involved in the work are more important than traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Many of the works, sometimes called installations, may be constructed by anyone simply by following a set of written instructions. This method was fundamental to one of the first to appear in print:

"In conceptual art the idea or concept is the most important aspect of the work. When an artist uses a conceptual form of art, it means that all of the planning and decisions are made beforehand and the execution is a perfunctory affair. The idea becomes a machine that makes the art".

Conceptual art even questions the nature of art. Joseph Kosuth elevated this into a definition of art itself in his early manifesto of conceptual art.
The notion that art should examine its own nature was already part of art critic Clement Greenberg's vision of modern art during the 1950s. With the emergence of an exclusively language-based art in the 1960s, however, conceptual artists began a far more radical analysis of art than was previously done. One of the first things they questioned was the assumption that the role of the artist was to create special kinds of material objects.

Conceptual art has come to mean all contemporary art which does not use the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.

Related pages 

 Art & Language

References 

Conceptual art
Center of mass or barycenter of a system is the average position of all the mass in a system.

In a rigid body, the centre of mass is always in the same place. In a loose collection the center of mass may be in space, as it is in the Solar System. Also, as planets' orbits change slightly, so will the position of the barycenter.

A simple way to understand the concept of barycenter is to push a supermarket trolley. If you hold only one corner and push, it will only go in a straight line when you push through the centre of mass. Otherwise a turning force is created. This shows that the mass acts as if it were only in one place.

The center of gravity is a closely related term. It is the point where an object can be balanced perfectly by a sharp point holding it up under the object. It is the center of mass acting in a gravitational field.
History 
The concept of center of mass was first introduced by the ancient Greek physicist, mathematician, and engineer Archimedes of Syracuse.  Archimedes showed that the torque (turning force) exerted on a lever by weights resting at various points along the lever is the same as what it would be if all of the weights were moved to a single point — their center of mass.  

Archimedes was the first person to work out ways of finding the center of mass in various objects.

Relation between the two terms 
The center of mass is often called the center of gravity because any uniform gravitational field g acts on a system as if the mass M of the system were concentrated at the center of mass R.

Basic physics ideas
Mechanics
Implication may be one of these:
Implication (grammar): this is to suggest something is true, without actually saying it. Most uses of the term are of this type.
Implication (logic): what follows in syllogism. If all men are mortal, and Aristotle is a man, the implication is that Aristotle is mortal. Implication in logic is only used within formal logical systems.
Marcel Duchamp (28 July 1887 – 2 October 1968) was a French artist whose work is most often associated with the Dadaist and Surrealist movements. Duchamp's output influenced the development of post-World War I Western art. He advised modern art collectors, such as Peggy Guggenheim and other prominent figures, thereby helping to shape the tastes of Western art during this period.

A playful man, Duchamp challenged conventional thought about artistic processes and art marketing, not so much by writing, but through subversive actions such as dubbing a urinal art and naming it Fountain. This approach would 50 years later be called conceptual art, though he himself used the term 'ready-mades' for this idea. He produced relatively few artworks, while moving quickly through the avant-garde circles of his time.
The creative act is not performed by the artist alone; the spectator brings the work in contact with the external world by deciphering and interpreting its inner qualifications and thus adds his contribution to the creative act.

Duchamp and chess 
Upon his return to Paris in 1923, Duchamp was, in essence, no longer a practicing artist. Instead, he played chess, which he studied for the rest of his life to the exclusion of most other activities.

Duchamp can be seen, very briefly, playing chess with Man Ray in the short film Entr'acte (1924) by René Clair. During this period his fascination with chess so distressed his first wife that she glued his pieces to the board. Duchamp continued to play in the French Championships and also in the Chess Olympiads from 1928–1933, favoring hypermodern openings such as the Nimzo-Indian.

References 

French artists
French chess players
1887 births
1968 deaths
People from Seine-Maritime
The Gaslight Anthem is an American punk band from New Brunswick, New Jersey. The members are Brian Fallon (lead vocals, guitar), Alex Rosamilia (guitar, backing vocals), Alex Levine (bass guitar, backing vocals) and Benny Horowitz (drums, percussion, tambourine). They released their first album, Sink or Swim, on XOXO Records in May 2007, and their second album, The '59 Sound, on SideOneDummy Records in August 2008.  The band's third album, American Slang, was released on June 15, 2010.

2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Alternative rock bands
Folk music groups
American punk bands
Musical groups from New Jersey
New Brunswick, New Jersey
Musical groups established in 2005
2005 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in New Jersey
Jean-Marie Le Pen (born June 20, 1928) is a French politician. He was born in La Trinitié-sur-Mer, Brittany, France. He was the leader of the French National Front (FN) from 1972 until 2011, which is a far-right political party in France. He stands for immigration restrictions, the death penalty, raising incentives for homemakers, and is against the EU. He is strongly against same-sex marriage, euthanasia and abortion.

Le Pen served in the French Army from 1953 to 1957.

Jean-Marie Le Pen founded the FN in 1972 and has been its leader ever since. He became a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) in 1984 and has run for President of France five times; in 1974, 1988, 1995, 2002 and 2007. He came second in the 2002 election. Le Pen has often been considered to have xenophobic and antisemitic views and was accused of having practised torture when he fought in the Algerian War (1954-1962). He was suspended from the FN on 4 May 2015.
The youngest of his three daughters is FN leader Marine Le Pen. His granddaughter is FN MP Marion Maréchal-Le Pen.

References

1928 births
Living people
French military people
MEPs for France
National Front (France) politicians
People from Morbihan
Leaders of political parties
Conspiracy theorists
Fascists
French Roman Catholics
Politicians from Brittany
French lawyers
Holocaust deniers
People convicted of assault
People from Saint-Cloud
White supremacists
Ascanio Sobrero (12 October 1812 - 26 December 1888) was an Italian chemist, who discovered nitroglycerin in 1847. He was born in Casale, Monferrato and worked in Paris. He was made a professor of chemistry at Turino. His face was badly hurt during an experiment with nitroglycerin. He thought it was too dangerous to be of any practical use. He said that he was ashamed to have discovered something that killed people. He died in Turin, Italy.

References

1812 births
1888 deaths
Italian scientists
History
COBRA was formed by Karel Appel, Constant, Corneille, Christian Dotremont, Asger Jorn, and Joseph Noiret on the 8th November 1948 in the Café Notre-Dame, Paris, with the signing of a manifesto, "La Cause Était Entendue" (The Case Was Settled), drawn up by Dotremont. Formed with a unifying doctrine of complete freedom of colour and form, as well as antipathy towards surrealism, the artists also shared an interest in Marxism as well as modernism.
Their working method was based on spontaneity and experiment, and they drew their inspiration in particular from children’s drawings, from primitive art forms and from the work of Paul Klee and Joan Miró.
Coming together as an amalgamation of the Dutch group Reflex, the Danish group Høst and the Belgian Revolutionary Surrealist Group, the group only lasted a few years but managed to achieve a number of objectives in that time; the periodical Cobra, a series of collaborations between various members called Peintures-Mot and two large-scale exhibitions.
The first of these was held at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, November (1949), the other at the Palais des Beaux-Arts in Liège (1951).
  
In November 1949 the group officially changed its name to 'Internationale des Artistes Expérimentaux' with membership having spread across Europe and the USA, although this name has never stuck. The movement was officially disbanded in 1951, but many of its members remained close, with Dotremont in particular continuing collaborations with many of the leading members of the group.
The primary focus of the group consisted of semi-abstract paintings with brilliant color, violent brushwork, and distorted human figures inspired by primitive and folk art and similar to American action painting.  Cobra was a milestone in the development of Tachisme and European abstract expressionism.

Participants
Participants in COBRA included:

Karel Appel (1921-2006)
Corneille (1922-2010)
Pierre Alechinsky (born 1927)
Else Alfelt (1910-1974)
Jean-Michel Atlan (1913-1960)
Mogens Balle (1921-1988)
Ejler Bille (1910-2004)
Pol Bury (1922-2005)
Jacques Calonne (1930-2022)
Hugo Claus (1929-2008)
Christian Dotremont (1922-1979)
Lotti van der Gaag (1923-1999)
William Gear (1915-1997)
Stephen Gilbert (1910-2007)
Svavar Guðnason (1909-1988)
Reinhoud d'Haese (1928-2007)
Henry Heerup (1907-1993)
Egill Jacobsen (1910-1998)
Édouard Jaguer (1924-2006)
Asger Jorn (1914-1973)
Aart Kemink (1914-2006)
Lucebert (1924-1994)
Ernest Mancoba (1904-2002)
Sonja Ferlov Mancoba (1911-1984)
Jørgen Nash (1920-2004)
Jan Nieuwenhuys (1922-1986)
Erik Ortvad (1917-2008)
Pieter Ouborg (1893-1956)
Carl-Henning Pedersen (1913-2007)
Raoul Ubac (1910-1985)
Serge Vandercam (1924-2005)

References

Other websites
Huntfor.com/arthistory
Didrichsenmuseum.fi 
Galerie Birch, Danish gallery founded 1946 specializing in COBRA
Museum Jorn, Silkeborg

Art movements
Acronyms
March 0, although a nonexistent date, is often another name for the leap day February 29. People who were born on a leap day can celebrate their birthday on "March 0", but this date is technically either February  28 or March 1.  It can also be used in software programs.

Days of the year
This is a list of rulers of Tuscany. 

The rulers of Tuscany have varied over time, sometimes being margraves, the rulers of handfuls of border counties and sometimes the heads of the most important family of the region!

Margraves of Tuscany, 812–1197
House of Boniface
These were originally counts of Lucca who extended their power over the neighbouring counties
Boniface I, 812-813
Boniface II, 828-834
Aganus, 835-845
Adalbert I, 847-886
Adalbert II the Rich, 886-915
Guy, 915-929
Lambert, 929-931

House of Boso
These were the (mostly illegitimate) relatives of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, whom he appointed to their post after removing the dynasty of Boniface
Boso, 931-936
Humbert, 936-961
Hugh the Great, 961-1001

Various
Boniface (III), 1004-1011
Rainier, 1014-1027
House of Canossa
These were the descendants of the Counts of Canossa
Boniface III, 1027-1052
Frederick, 1052-1055
Matilda, 1052-1115
Beatrice of Bar, 1052-1055 (regent as mother of Frederick and Mathilda)
Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1053-1069 (regent as husband of Beatrice and step-father to Frederick and Matilda)
Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1069-1076 (regent as husband of Matilda)
Welf II, 1089-1095 (co-regent as husband of Matilda)

Various
Conrad von Scheiern, 1120-1127
Engelbert III of Sponheim, 1135-1137
Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria, 1137-1139
Ulrich of Attems, 1139-1152 (imperial vicar)
Welf VI, 1152-1160
Welf VII, 1160-1167
Rainald of Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne, 1160-1163 (imperial vicar)
Christian of Buch, Archbishop of Mainz 1163-1173 (imperial vicar)
Welf VI, 1167-1173
Philip, 1195-1197
After this, Tuscany was splintered between the competing republics of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Pistoia and Lucca. Since the 14th century, Florence gained dominance over Pistoia (1306, officially annexed 1530), Arezzo (1384), Pisa (1406), and Siena (1559). Lucca was an independent republic until the Napoleonic period in the 19th century

Rulers of Florence, 1434-1569

De facto rulers of the House of Medici, 1434-1531
Cosimo de' Medici 1434-1464
Piero I de' Medici 1464-1469 ("The Gouty")
Lorenzo I de' Medici 1469-1492 ("The Magnificent")
Giuliano de' Medici 1469-1478
Piero II de' Medici 1492-1494
Republic restored 1494-1512
Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici 1512-1513
Lorenzo II de' Medici 1513-1519
Cardinal Giulio de' Medici 1519-1523
Ippolito de' Medici 1523-1527
Alessandro de' Medici 1523-1527
Republic restored 1527-1530
Alessandro de' Medici 1530-1531

Dukes of Florence, 1531-1569

Alessandro 1532-1537
Cosimo I 1537-1569

Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1569-1737
Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1569-1574
Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1574-1587
Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1587-1609
Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1609-1621
Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1621-1670
Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1670-1723
Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1723-1737

Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1737-1801

Francesco II Stefano of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1737-1765
Pietro Leopoldo I of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1765-1790
Ferdinando III of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1790-1801

Bourbon Kings of Etruria, 1801-1807

Lodovico I of Parma, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1801-1803
Carlo Lodovico II of Parma, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1803-1807

Tuscany was given to France, 1807-1814. Napoleon's sister Elisa Bonaparte was given the honorary title of Grand Duchess of Tuscany, but did not actually rule over the region.

Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany, 1814-1860
Ferdinando III of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany (27 April 1814 - 18 June 1824)
Leopoldo II of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany (18 June 1824 - 21 July 1859) son of Ferdinando III.
Ferdinando IV of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany (21 July 1859 - 22 March 1860) son of Leopoldo II

Leopoldo II was driven from Tuscany by revolution from 21 February to 12 April 1849, and again on 27 April 1859. He abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinando IV, on 21 July 1859, but Ferdinando IV was never recognised in Tuscany, and was deposed by the government on 16 August. Tuscany was annexed by Kingdom of Sardinia, on 22 March 1860

Titular Grand Dukes, 1860-present
 Ferdinand IV of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1860-1908
 Joseph Ferdinand of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1908-1921
 Peter Ferdinand of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1921-1948
 Gottfried of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1948-1984
 Leopold Franz of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1984-1993
 Sigismund of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1993-Present
Related pages
 List of Tuscan consorts
 Grand Duchy of Tuscany
 History of Tuscany
 Line of succession to the Tuscan throne

Other websites
Interactive Medici Family Tree

History of Austria
Lists of heads of state
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (, ) was a monarchy in Tuscany, an area in the north-west of the Italian Peninsula. It existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1859. It replaced the Duchy of Florence. It was ruled by the Grand Duke of Tuscany. The capital of the grand duchy was Florence. Until the House of Lorraine took over from the Medici, Tuscany was a state of the Holy Roman Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Under the Medici the heir to the grand ducal throne was called the "Grand Prince of Tuscany" whereas the Lorrainers used various titles for the heir apparent. 

 
House of Medici
1569 establishments
1859 disestablishments
Former monarchies in Italy
1560s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Italy
19th-century disestablishments in Italy
1850s disestablishments in Europe
Cosimo II de' Medici (12 May 1590 – 28 February 1621) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1609 until 1621. He was the elder son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Christine of Lorraine. He married Maria Magdalena of Austria and had eight children. Galileo Galilei was his childhood tutor.

For the most of his eleven-year reign, he delegated the administration of Tuscany to his ministers. He is best remembered as the patron of Galileo Galilei, his childhood tutor.

He died of tuberculosis in 1621.

Family and children
Maria Magdalena and Cosimo had the following children:
Maria Cristina  de' Medici (24 August 1609 – 9 August 1632) died unmarried.
Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670), who married Vittoria della Rovere (7 February 1622 – 6 March 1694) and had children.
Gian Carlo de' Medici (24 July 1611 – 23 January 1663) made Cardinal in 1644.
Margherita de' Medici (31 May 1612 – 6 February 1679) married Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and had children.
Mattias de' Medici (9 May 1613 – 14 October, 1667) later made Governor of Siena.
Francesco de' Medici (16 October 1614 – 25 July 1634) died unmarried.
Anna de' Medici (21 July 1616 – 11 September 1676) who married Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria (1628-1662)
Leopoldo de' Medici (6 November 1617 – 10 November 1675) made Cardinal in 1667.

Titles and styles

12 May 1590 - 17 February 1609 His Highness The Grand Prince of Tuscany.
17 February 1609 - 28 February 1621 His Highness The Most Serene Grand Duke of Tuscany.
1590 births
1621 deaths
Grand Princes of Tuscany
People from Florence
Deaths from tuberculosis
Grand Dukes of Tuscany
Maria Magdalena of Austria or Maria Maddalena of Austria (7 October 1589 – 1 November 1631) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany from her husband's accession in 1609 until his death in 1621. With him, she had eight children, including a duchess of Parma, a grand duke of Tuscany, and an archduchess of Further Austria. She was the youngest daughter of Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria, and his wife Maria Anna of Bavaria. During the minority of her son, Grand Duke Ferdinando II, she and her mother-in-law Christina of Lorraine acted as regents. She died in Padua.

Family and children
Maria Cristina  de' Medici (24 August 1609 – 9 August 1632) died unmarried.
Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 July 1610 – 23 May 1670), who married Vittoria della Rovere (7 February 1622 – 6 March 1694) and had issue.
Gian Carlo de' Medici (24 July 1611 – 23 January 1663) made Cardinal in 1644.
Margherita de' Medici (31 May 1612 – 6 February 1679) married Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and had issue.
Mattias de' Medici (9 May 1613 – 14 October, 1667) Governor of Siena.
Francesco de' Medici (16 October 1614 – 25 July 1634) died unmarried.
Anna de' Medici (21 July 1616 – 11 September 1676) who married Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria (1628-1662)
Leopoldo de' Medici (6 November 1617 – 10 November 1675) made Cardinal in 1667.

1589 births
1631 deaths
Grand Princesses of Tuscany
Habsburg Dynasty
Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
The 1230s were a decade that lasted from January 1, 1230 to December 31, 1239.

Events 

 The Liverpool Castle started in 1232.
 Ducal state Brunswick-Luneburg was formed in 1235.
 St. Mark Basilica of Heraklion, Venitian Crete built in 1239
Margherita de' Medici (31 May 1612 – 6 February 1679) was Duchess of Parma and Piacenza by her marriage to Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma. Margherita was regent of Plaisance in 1635 and regent of the entire duchy in 1646 after the death of her husband.

Family 

She was the fourth of eight children and the second daughter born to Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and his wife Maria Magdalena of Austria. 

Margherita's siblings included Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cardinal Gian Carlo de' Medici, Cardinal Leopoldo de' Medici and Anna, wife of Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Further Austria. Margherita's other siblings died in childhood or eary adulthood. 

Margherita married Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma on 11 October 1628. On 11 September 1646 Odoardo died. Their eldest son, Ranuccio was not yet old enough to rule the Duchy alone so Margherita acted as regent until her son was old enough to govern alone. She died in Parma on February 6 1679.

Issue
Issue

Caterina Farnese (2 October 1629) died at birth.
Ranuccio Farnese, Duke of Parma (17 September 1630 – 11 December 1694) married (1) Margaret Yolande of Savoy, (2) Isabella d'Este, (3) Maria d'Este.
Alessandro Farnese (10 January 1635 - 18 February 1689), Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands died unmarried.
Onorato Farnese (24 January 1636 -2  November 1656) died unmarried.
Maria Caterina Farnese (3 September 1637 - 24 April 1648) a nun
Maria Maddalena Farnese (15 July 1638 - 11 March 1693) died unmarried.
Pietro Farnese (4 April 1639 - 4 March 1677) died unmarried.
Ottavio Farnese (5 January 1641 - 4 August 1641) died in infancy.

Tuscan princes and princesses
1612 births
1679 deaths
House of Medici
People from Florence
House of Farnese
Dukes and Duchesses of Parma
Vittoria della Rovere (7 February 1622–5 March 1694) was Grand Duchess of Tuscany as the wife of Grand Duke Ferdinando II. 

She gave her husband four children, two of which would survive infancy the future Cosimo III and Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro. She was the Duchess of Rovere and Montefeltro in her own right and these went to her youngest son when she died. She was later the guardian of her three grandchildren. Her marriage bought a lot of art treasures to the House of Medici which are today at the Palazzo Pitti Uffizi Gallery in Florence. She did not get on with her daughter in law Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. 

She was the daughter of Claudia de' Medici. She was distantly related to her husband.

Children
Children

Cosimo de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany (19 December 1639 - 21 December 1639) died in infancy.
Unnamed daughter (1640)
Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans and had issue. 
Francesco Maria de' Medici (12 November 1660 – 3 February 1711) married Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga, no issue.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

7 February 1622 – 6 April 1637 Her Highness Vittoria della Rovere, Princess of Urbino
6 April 1637 – 23 May 1670 Her Most Serene Highness The Grand Duchess of Tuscany
23 May 1670 –  5 March 1694 Her Most Serene Highness The Dowager Grand Duchess of Tuscany

1622 births
1694 deaths
Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
House of della Rovere
Eleanora Luisa Gonzaga (13 November 1686 – 16 March 1741) was the Duchess of Rovere and Montefeltro as the wife of Francesco Maria de' Medici. She was the only child of Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Guastalla and Sabbioneta and his second wife, Maria Vittoria Gonzaga. She did not bear any children and died mad. 

She married on 14 July 1709. 

1686 births
1741 deaths 
House of Medici
Tuscan princes and princesses
House of Gonzaga
The Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (French: la Ligue de hockey junior majeur du Québec, shortened as QMJHL in English, LHJMQ in French) is one of the three major junior ice hockey leagues which make up the Canadian Hockey League. Because the name of the league is so long, it is sometimes called the "Q".

There are 18 teams in the QMJHL that are in Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island in Canada. The winner of the QMJHL plays against the winners of the Western Hockey League and Ontario Hockey League for the Memorial Cup. Many good players go from the QMJHL to the National Hockey League, and nine players from the QMJHL are in the Hockey Hall of Fame.
History
The QMJHL was created in 1969 from two different junior leagues in Quebec, the Quebec Junior Hockey League and the Metropolitan Montreal Junior Hockey League. These two teams wanted to make a better junior league for the province, so combined teams from their leagues. Eight teams were from the QJHL and two from the MMJHL and another team came from a town in Ontario on the Ontario-Quebec border. Nearly every team was within a close distance of Montreal, the largest city in Quebec, though no team played in Montreal.

In 1972 the QMJHL finally wanted a team in Montreal, and tried to get the Montreal Junior Canadiens, who played in the Ontario Hockey Association, to join. The OHA made a deal with the QMJHL and gave them the Junior Canadiens while creating a new team in a different city to keep an OHA team with the same name.

Member teams

Other websites
Other websites

Quebec Major Junior Hockey League Official website 
Canadian Hockey League Official website
Internet Hockey Database Archive of standings and statistics

Canadian Hockey League
Sport in Quebec
1969 establishments in Canada
is a tower in Osaka, Japan. It is a well-known landmark and shows advertisements for Hitachi, Ltd.  The tower is 103 meters tall. The main observation deck is 91 meters above the ground. The three characters in the name mean "Reaching Heaven Tower". It is in Shinsekai, part of Naniwa Ward. Tsūtenkaku Kanko Co., Ltd. owns the tower.

History 
The current tower is the second tower on the site. The original tower was built in 1912. The design was based on the Eiffel Tower. The tower had an cable car that connected it to a nearby amusement park called Luna Park. The original was 64 meters tall. It was the second tallest building in Asia at that time. It quickly became one of the most popular locations in the city. Visitors came from all over. 

There was a fire in 1943 which severely damaged the tower. It was not repaired. The tower was taken apart and the steel was used to make things for World War II.
After the war, citizens wanted to rebuild the popular tower. A private company called Tsūtenkaku Kanko Co. Ltd. was set up for this purpose. They hired Tachu Naito to design it. He was nicknamed Japan's "Father of Towers". The new tower opened in 1956.

Signs
In 1957, Hitachi started putting neon sign advertisements on the tower. The advertisements have usually been changed every 5 or 6 years. Hitachi last changed the signs in 2006. New signs are scheduled for autumn 2011. The new signs will use LED lights, not neon. Other lights on the tower also show weather information.
Access
 JR West, Osaka Loop Line and Yamatoji Line, Shin-Imamiya Station, East Exit (10 minute walk)
 Nankai Railway, Nankai Main Line and Koya Line, Shin-Imamiya Station, East Exit (10 minute walk)
 Osaka Municipal Subway Sakaisuji Line (brown line), Ebisuchō Station, Exit 3 (3 minute walk)
 Osaka Municipal Subway Midosuji Line (red line), Dobutsuen-mae Station, Exit 5 (10 minute walk)
 Hankai Tramway, Hankai Line, Ebisucho Station (3 minute walk)

Photos of the tower today

Photos of the original tower

Related pages
Tokyo Tower

References

Towers in Japan
Osaka
Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century
Francesco Maria de' Medici (12 November 1660 – 3 February 1711) was an Italian political leader, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro.

Early life
Medici was born in Florence. He was the second son of Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.

In 1683 he was made governor of Siena.

Cardinal
In 1686, Pope Innocent XII made him a cardinal. In 1709, he was permitted to give up his role as cardinal on 14 July 1709 the same year.

Duke
In March 1694, he inherited to the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro.

In 1709, he married Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga.

Medici died at the Bagno a Ripoli in 1711.

Titles and styles
 12 November 1660 – 6 March 1694: His Highness Prince Francesco Maria de' Medici.
 6 March 1694 – 3 February 1711: His Highness The Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro.
 2 September 1686 – 19 June 1709: His Eminence Cardinal Francesco Maria de' Medici.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Medici, Francesco Maria de'
 Catholic-Hierarchy, (Layman) Francesco Maria de’ Medici 

1660 births
1711 deaths
Italian cardinals
House of Medici
People from Florence
Tuscan princes and princesses
This articles list major events that occurred in the United Kingdom in the year 2010.

Events
January 5 - Heavy snow falls all over Great Britain causing lots of transport disruption, school closures, power failures and 25 deaths. It is the worst 'cold spell' since the Winter of 1981-1982.
 January 9 - Daily Mirror journalist Rupert Hamer is killed in Afghanistan.
 January 26 - The UK is declared to be out of recession.
 January 29 - Former Prime Minister Tony Blair gives evidence at the Iraq inquiry.
 February 2 - Well-known Birmingham based confectionary giant Cadbury is taken over by American rival Kraft Foods in an £11.5billion deal.
 February 5 - After long negotiations, the leading political parties in Northern Ireland agree to devolve matters such as policing and justice to the Northern Ireland Executive.
 February 19 - Amy Williams wins Great Britain's only medal at the Winter Olympics.
 March 5 - Prime Minister Gordon Brown gives evidence to the Iraq inquiry.
 March 20 - A three-day strike by British Airways cabin crew begins.
April 6 - Prime Minister Gordon Brown asks for the Queen's permission to dissolve parliament, in order to have a general election.
 April 15 - A cloud of volcanic ash from the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland causes the closure of airspace over the United Kingdom and northern and western Europe.
 April 15 - The first of three televised debates between the leaders of the three main political parties in the UK is shown on ITV.
May 6 - 2010 General Election: The Conservative Party wins the most seats however does not have enough seats to form a majority government, thus resulting in a hung parliament, the first since 1974. Final results were: Conservatives (307 MP's), Labour (258 MP's), Liberal Democrats (57 MP's), DUP (8 MP's), SNP (6 MP's), Sinn Fein (5 MP's), SDLP (3 MP's), Plaid Cymru (3 MP's), Green Party (1 MP) and Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (1 MP). Notable results include the First Minister of Northern Ireland Peter Robinson losing his Belfast East seat and the election of the first ever Green Party MP.
 May 11 - David Cameron, leader of the Conservative Party becomes Prime Minister at the head of a Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition with Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg as Deputy Prime Minister. Gordon Brown resigns as Prime Minister and as leader of the Labour Party.
 May 24 - Three people are killed in a school bus crash near Keswick, Cumbria.
May 29 - The UK, represented by Josh Dubovie, finishes last in the Eurovision Song Contest.
 May 29 - Liberal Democrat MP David Laws resigns as Chief Secretary to the Treasury after just two weeks, due to expenses claims.
 June 2 - A taxi driver called Derrick Bird goes on a shooting spree in Cumbria and 12 people are killed and 25 injured.
 June 12 - The England national football team's World Cup campaign starts with a 1-1 draw the United States.
 June 15 - The Saville inquiry into the 'Bloody Sunday' shootings of 1972 finds the acts committed by the British Army were 'unjustified and unjustifiable' and Prime Minister David Cameron makes a formal apology on behalf of the government.
 June 18 - The England national football team only manages a 0-0 draw with the Algeria national football team.
June 22 - Chancellor George Osborne presents the coalition government's emergency budget statement to the House of Commons. The most notable changes include a 2.5% increase in VAT to 20% and a 25% reduction in public spending.
 June 25 - David Cameron announces that he wants all British troops out of Afghanistan by 2015.
 June 27 - England is eliminated from the World Cup after losing 4-1 to Germany.
 June - Beavers are bred in the wild, in Scotland, for the first time in 400 years.
 July 5 - Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg announces that a referendum on introducing the alternative vote system for Westminster elections will be held on 5 May 2011.
 July 10 - After a week-long manhunt by Northumbria police, fugitive gunman Raoul Moat commits suicide.
 July 11 - Englishman Howard Webb referees the FIFA World Cup final.
 July 23 - Jon Venables, who sadistically murdered toddler James Bulger in 1993 aged 11, is sentenced to two years in prison after admitting distributing child pornography.
July 28 - Home Secretary Theresa May announces plans to scrap the use of Anti-Social Behaviour Orders in England and Wales.
 August 3 - Pakistan's President Asif Ali Zardari arrives for a five-day visit, but is under pressure for being absent from his country during a major flooding disaster.
 September 1 - Former Prime Minister Tony Blair's memoirs entitled A Journey is released.
 September 10 - The government unveils plans to privatise Royal Mail.
 September 16 - Pope Benedict XVI begins a four-day state visit to Scotland and England. This is the first papal visit to the UK since 1982.
 September 25 - Ed Miliband is elected leader of the Labour Party, narrowly defeating his brother David Miliband.
 October - All four countries of the UK participate in the Commonwealth Games.
 October 8 - Scottish aid worker Linda Norgrove is killed in an attempt to rescue her after she was kidnapped in Afghanistan.
 November 5 - Nigel Farage is re-elected as leader of the UK Independence Party.
November 10 - First round of student protests against higher University tuition fees.
 November 11 - The Government unveils plans for the biggest shake up of the welfare system since the 1940s.
 November 16 - Prince William and Kate Middleton announce their engagement.
 November 19 - Two Scottish miners are amongst a group of 29 miners who are trapped after an explosion in the Pike River Mine in New Zealand. A second explosion five days later confirms their deaths.
 November 28 - Heavy snow falls across Britain, causing heacy disruption for weeks, leading, among others, to flight cancellations, and postponing of sports fixtures. It is the second prolonged cold spell within a year.
 December 2 - England's bid to host the 2018 FIFA World Cup fails.
 December 9 - MPs vote to increase University tuition fees. There are massive student demonstrations in response to it.
 December 17 - Joanna Yeates disappears in Bristol. She is found dead on Christmas Day.
December 21 - Stephen Griffiths, known as the 'Crossbow Cannibal' is sentenced for the murders of three women.
 December 23 - Scottish politician Tommy Sheridan is found guilty of perjury.
 December 28 - Police in Bristol announce that Joanna Yeates died of strangulation.
 December 29 - England's national cricket team retains The Ashes against Australia.
Births
 August 24 - Florence Cameron, daughter of Prime Minister David Cameron.
 December 29 - Savannah Phillips, first great-grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II.
Deaths
 January 9 - Rupert Hamer, 39, journalist
 January 19 - Bill McLaren, 86, rugby commentator
 January 22 - Jean Simmons, 81, actress
 February 6 - John Dankworth, 82, musician
 February 11 - Alexander McQueen, 40, fashion designer
 February 19 - Lionel Jeffries, 83, actor
 March 1 - Kristian Digby, 32, television presenter
 March 2 - Winston Spencer-Churchill, 69, politician
 March 3 - Keith Alexander, 53, football manager
 March 3 - Michael Foot, 96, former Labour Party leader
 March 5 - Philip Langridge, 70, tenor
 March 7 - Kenneth Dover, 89, classicist
 March 15 - Ashok Kumar, 53, politician
 March 20 - Harry Carpenter, 84, sports commentator
 March 22 - James W. Black, 85, Nobel Prize laureate
 April 4 - Alec Bedser, 91, cricketer
 April 6 - Corin Redgrave, 70, actor and political activist
 April 7 - Christopher Cazenove, 64, actor
 April 8 - Malcolm McLaren, 64, former Sex Pistols manager
 April 25 - Alan Sillitoe, 82, writer
 May 2 - Lynn Redgrave, 67, actress
May 8 - Florrie Baldwin, 114, supercentenarian
 May 23 - Simon Monjack, 39, screenwriter, producer and director
 June 7 - Stuart Cable, 40, musician
 June 16 - Ronald Neame, 99, cinematographer, producer and screenwriter
 June 21 - Stanley Lucas, 110, supercentenarian
 June 25 - Alan Plater, 75, writer
 July 1 - Geoffrey Hutchings, 71, actor
 July 2 - Beryl Bainbridge, 77, writer
 July 10 - Raoul Moat, 37, fugitive gunman
 July 21 - Anthony Rolfe Johnson, 69, tenor
 July 24 - Alex Higgins, 61, snooker player
 August 6 - Tony Judt, 62, historian
 August 10 - Jimmy Reid, 78, union leader
 August 17 - Edwin Morgan, 90, poet
 September 3 - Cyril Smith, 82, politician
 September 8 - Ian Cameron, 77, father of David Cameron
 October 3 - Philippa Foot, 90, philosopher
 October 4 - Norman Wisdom, 95, comedian and actor
 October 14 - Simon MacCorkindale, 58, actor
 October 18 - Elsie Steele, 111, supercentenarian
 October 28 - Gerard Kelly, 51, actor
 October 29 - Ronnie Clayton, 76, footballer
November 23 - Ingrid Pitt, 73, actress
 November 25 - Bernard Matthews, 80, turkey farmer
 November 29 - Maurice Wilkes, 97, computer scientist
 December 12 - Tom Walkinshaw, 64, motor racing team boss
 December 17 - Joanna Yeates, 25, landscape architect
 December 19 - Anthony Howard, 76, journalist
 December 20 - Brian Hanrahan, 61, journalist
 December 24 - Elisabeth Beresford, 84, author
Regurgitation is the process of a human or animal letting out the food it had been digesting. Sometimes, blood can come out as well.

Regurgitation can be very important to some animals, such as birds for example. It is used by a number of species to feed their young. This is especially when the young is in its nest or home and the parent hunts for food. Or some birds can occasionally regurgitate pellets of food that is not digestable, such as bones and feathers. Owls are known to do this.

Physiology
Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia (; 6 April 1875 – 20 April 1960) was a daughter of Tsar Alexander III of Russia and the elder of Tsar Nicholas II's two sisters. She married her cousin Grand Duke Alexander Mikailovich of Russia and had seven children. During her brother's reign, she lived a private life. However, when monarchy fell, she escaped Russia and lived in England.

Early life 
Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna was born on 6 April 1875 at Anichkov Palace in St. Petersburg. Her mother was Empress Maria Feodorovna of Russia.

After her grandfather died, her father became the Russian king. At this time, Xenia was six years old. It was difficult political time because of terrorist threats. Alexander III moved with his family from the Winter Palace to the Gatchina Palace to protect his family.
Xenia, like her brothers, was educated by private tutors. She studied foreign languages very much. Apart from her native Russian, Xenia studied English, French, and German. Xenia also learnt how to cook and make puppets and clothes. She liked to ride, fish, draw, play gymnastics, dance, and perform the piano.

Marriage 

Xenia and her first cousin once removed, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia, who would also be her husband, used to play together as friends in the 1880s. Alexander was also a friend of her brother Nicholas. In 1886, twenty year old Alexander was in the navy. Eleven year old Xenia sent him a card when his ship was in Brazil, "Best wishes and speedy return! Your sailor Xenia". In 1889, Alexander wrote of Xenia, "She is fourteen. I think she likes me."
At age 15, though Xenia and Alexander wanted to marry, her parents did not want to allow them because Xenia was too young. They were also unsure if Alexander was really very nice. The Tsarina Maria Feodorovna complained that Alexander was too proud and rude. It was not until January 1894 that Xenia's parents allowed them to engage. The couple finally wed on 6 August 1894 at Peterhof Palace. Xenia's younger sister, Olga, wrote about the joy of her the wedding, "The Emperor was so happy. It was the last time I ever saw him like that."

References 

1875 births
1960 deaths
Russian grand dukes and duchesses
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Exiled royalty