Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Laws of Form is a book by George Spencer-Brown published in 1969.  It is about logic, mathematics, and philosophy.  The mathematical systems that Spencer-Brown presented in the book are known by the names "calculus of indications", "distinction calculus", and often just "LOF".

Laws of Form grew out of the author's work in electronic engineering.  The book has been published in several editions and translations and has never gone out of print. A short book, its mathematical part is only 55 pages long.

Spencer-Brown's philosophy was influenced by Ludwig Wittgenstein, R.D. Laing, Charles Sanders Peirce, Bertrand Russell, and Alfred North Whitehead.

Reception
Reception

Laws of Form was listed in the Whole Earth Catalog in 1969 and quickly became a cult classic.  The calculus of indications and the primary algebra may be regarded as a way to think about a fundamental activity of the mind, namely, the ability to distinguish or to draw distinctions.  The book argues that this ability is the foundation of human cognition and consciousness.  According to Spencer-Brown, the primary arithemetic and primary algebra reveal new connections among logic, mathematics, the philosophy of language, and the philosophy of mind.

Mathematical ideas

Let 0 and 1 be the two basic primitive values of Boolean algebra. Let AB denote a binary operation of Boolean algebra. Let (X) stand for the Boolean complement of X. Then the calculus of indications is simply Boolean arithmetic reduced to the two equations 11=1 and (1)=0. These are the only "axioms" in LoF.
The primary algebra is mainly a simpler notation for Boolean algebra, except for one thing. In Boolean algebra, () is not defined. () is "empty" complementation (the complementation of "nothing"). On the other hand, in the primary algebra () is defined, and stands for one of 0 or 1. (()) stands for the other primitive value, and is the same thing as the blank page.

Let A and B be any two expressions of the primary algebra. The primary algebra is made up of equations of the form A=B, and these equations are treated in the same way as the equations of the number algebra taught in all schools. Standard methods of logic seldom use equations. LoF argues that doing elementary logic with the primary algebra is easier. In particular, if A is a tautology in logic, then one of A=() or A=(()) holds in the primary algebra.

Laws of Form proves the following fact about the primary algebra:

 Cannot prove both A=B and A/=B. Hence the primary algebra is free of contradiction (is consistent);
Can always prove whichever of  A=B and A/=B happens to be true. (The primary algebra is complete.)
Hence the primary algebra is a well-behaved piece of mathematics. It can be useful even if the philosophy and cognitive science of LoF are wrong or uninteresting.

Reference
 Spencer-Brown, George, 1997 (1969). Laws of Form. E. P. Dutton.

Other websites
Laws of Form Web Site
Spencer-Brown Form : MathWorld
Logical Graph  : PlanetMath
Logical Graph : Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms
Louis H. Kauffman, Box Algebra, Boundary Mathematics, Logic, and Laws of Form

Mathematics books
1969 books
The Marx Brothers were a popular team of sibling comedians who appeared in vaudeville, stage plays, movie, and television. 

The brothers were Chico, Harpo, Groucho, Gummo and Zeppo.

Early life 
Born in New York City, the Marx Brothers were the sons of Jewish immigrants from Germany. Their mother, Minnie Schönberg, was from Dornum in East Frisia, and their father Simon Marrix (whose name was changed to Sam Marx, and who was nicknamed "Frenchy") was a native of Alsace, now part of France, and worked as a tailor. The family lived in the then-poor Yorkville section of New York City's Upper East Side, between the Irish, German and Italian Quarters.
Careers 
The Marx Brothers began as a musical group, during the days of vaudeville theater. They would make jokes, play funny characters, and pretend to get into fights when they performed. In time their  got them more applause (and work) than their music, and they became a comedy group. Music stayed in their act, with the brothers performing in character, but their focus was on getting laughs. Makeup and costumes gave their characters their look. When the brothers were out of costume, they could blend into the audience.
Groucho kept working after his brothers retired. He hosted a television quiz show called You Bet Your Life, which was more liked for Groucho's way of hosting than for the game itself. He made a few movie and television appearances late in his life. He also appeared at Carnegie Hall, telling stories about his life and career, and singing songs from every part of his career. A recording of his Carnegie Hall show became a .

Filmography 
Films with the Four Marx Brothers:
 Humor Risk (1921), previewed once and never released; thought to be lost
 The Cocoanuts (1929), released by Paramount Pictures
 Animal Crackers (1930), released by Paramount
 The House That Shadows Built (1931), released by Paramount (short subject)
 Monkey Business (1931), released by Paramount
 Horse Feathers (1932), released by Paramount
 Duck Soup (1933), released by Paramount
Films with the three Marx Brothers (post-Zeppo):
 A Night at the Opera (1935), released by MGM
 A Day at the Races (1937), released by MGM
 Room Service (1938), released by RKO Radio Pictures
 At the Circus (1939), released by MGM
 Go West (1940), released by MGM
 The Big Store (1941), released by MGM
 A Night in Casablanca (1946), released by United Artists
 Love Happy (1949), released by United Artists
 The Story of Mankind (1957), released by Warner Brothers

Solo endeavors:
 Groucho:
 Copacabana (1947), released by United Artists
 Double Dynamite (1951), released by RKO
 A Girl in Every Port (1952), released by RKO
 Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter? (1957), released by 20th Century Fox (uncredited)
 The Mikado (1960), made for television
 Skidoo (1968), released by Paramount.
 Harpo:
 Too Many Kisses (1925), released by Paramount
 Stage Door Canteen (1943), released by United Artists (cameo)
 Chico:
 Papa Romani (1950), television pilot
 Zeppo:
 A Kiss in the Dark (1925), released by Paramount (cameo)
References 

American movie actors
Comedians from New York City
Actors from New York City
Vaudeville performers
American Jews
Maurits Cornelis Escher (17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972), usually referred to as M. C. Escher, was a Dutch graphic artist born in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. He is known for his often mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs and mezzotints. These feature impossible constructions, explorations of infinity, architecture and tessellations (tilings).

During his life, Escher made 448 lithographs, woodcuts and wood engravings. He did over 2000 drawings and sketches. He also illustrated books, designed tapestries, postage stamps and murals. Escher was interested in different ways of making art, he used tile-like repeated patterns in many of his paintings. Early in his career he drew inspirations of nature: he studied art, landscapes and insects. Some of Escher’s most famous drawings include: Drawing hands, Relativity and Flying Fish. Most of his works were related to mathematics.

References 

1898 births
1972 deaths
Dutch artists
People from Leeuwarden
Printmakers
An adit is a type of entrance to a mine which is horizontal or nearly horizontal. Adits are usually built into the side of a hill or mountain, and often occur when coal or ore is located inside the mountain but above the local valley floor or coastal plain. The use of adits is generally called drift mining.

Mining
The A5M Claude was a Japanese fighter aircraft made by Mitsubishi. It first flew in 1935 and was introduced in 1937. It was the first monoplane (fixed-wing aircraft with one set of wings) that could work from an aircraft carrier. It was similar to the P-26 Peashooter, an American monoplane fighter. It fought in the second Sino-Japanese War. After the Pearl Harbor attacks, it was not good enough to fight against American fighters like the Curtiss P-40 and the F4F Wildcat, so it was replaced by the A6M Zero.

Near the end of WW2, many A5M’s were pulled out of retirement to be used as suicidal kamikaze aircraft.

Related pages
A6M Zero

References 

Military aviation
Military of Japan
Mitsubishi
World War II Japanese aircraft
Birmingham is the third most populous city in the U.S. state of Alabama, with about 197,000 people living in it. It is the county seat of Jefferson County. Its metropolitan area is the biggest in Alabama with more than 1.1 million people living in it. The city has an area of about  and an elevation of  above sea level.

History 
Birmingham was founded in 1871. Three smaller towns came together to make one, which grew into a large town. It was named after Birmingham, England, a British industrial city. The Alabama city is famous for its iron ore, coal, and limestone, which were used in the town's steel mills.
Birmingham Sunday 
Birmingham became famous around the world when a bomb exploded in the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church on Sunday September 15, 1963. Four young black girls were killed. A member of the Ku Klux Klan was charged for the bombing many years later. Richard Farina wrote a sad song called "Birmingham Sunday" in 1964 to the tune of "I Love A Lass". It has been recorded by several singers, including Joan Baez.

References 

 
County seats in Alabama
1871 establishments in the United States
1870s establishments in Alabama
"Independent Women (Part I)" is an R&B song written by American singer-songwriter Beyoncé Knowles, Sam Barnes, Jen-Claude Olivier, and Cory Rooney for Destiny's Child's third studio album, Survivor (2001), only considered as a bonus track. It was produced by Knowles, Rooney, and Poke & Tone and first appeared on the soundtrack to the film Charlie's Angels. Released as both the soundtrack's and album's first single in fall 2000, the song held the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for eleven consecutive weeks from November 2000 to February 2001. Although, for the United Kingdom, it was released on the same day, with both Part I and Part II counting as the song release.

The music video was directed by Francis Lawrence. At the end, the women are greeted by the ever-mysterious "Charlie".
Credits and personnel 
 Lead vocals: Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland 
 Vocal production - Beyoncé Knowles
 Recorded by Manelich Sotolongo at Lobo Studios, Deer Park, New York
 Additional recording by Troy Gonzalez, Ramon Morales at TK Studios, Hawaii
 Audio mixing - Rich Travali
 Mastered by Tom Coyne
 Former Vocals by Farrah Franklin

Official versions 
"Independent Women Part I" (Liquid 360 Dark Angel Mix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Skratch Attack Mix)
"Independent Women Part I" (A Cappella)
"Independent Women Part I" (Joe's Smooth 200 2Step Mix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Joe's Smooth Jazz Carnival Mix) 
"Independent Women Part I" (Maurice's Independent Remix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Maurice's Radio Mix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Victor Calderone Club Remix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Victor Calderone Drum Dub Remix)
"Independent Women Part I" (Instrumental)
"Independent Women Part I" (Let It All Blow Remix)
"Independent Women Part II" (Instrumental)

Destiny's Child songs
2000 songs
Huntsville is a city in the north of the U.S. state of Alabama.  It is in Madison County. It extends west into Limestone county.  Huntsville is the county seat of Madison County.  The 2020 census showed that Huntsville has a population of 215,006. The Huntsville metropolitan area's population was 491,723 in 2020.

Huntsville is the largest city by population in Alabama, and also the largest city by area in Alabama.

John Hunt first settled in Huntsville in 1805. The town was named Twickenham after Alexander Pope's home town at the request of Leroy Pope. However, the town was renamed to "Huntsville" on November 25, 1811. It has grown across nearby hills and along the Tennessee River. It has textile mills and also munitions factories. Also in this city are NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center and the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command at the Redstone Arsenal. The National Trust for Historic Preservation named Huntsville to its "America's Dozen Distinctive Destinations for 2010" list.

History
History

First settlers
Huntsville is named after John Hunt. He was the first settler of the land around the Big Spring Park. However, Hunt did not correctly register his claim. The area was purchased by Leroy Pope, who named it Twickenham honour the home village of his kinsman Alexander Pope.

Twickenham was carefully planned. The streets were built from the northeast to southwest direction based on the Big Spring (see images below). However, due to anti-English feeling during the War of 1812, the town name was changed to Huntsville to honour John Hunt, who had been forced to move to other land south of the new city.

Both John Hunt and Leroy Pope were Freemasons and charter members of Helion Lodge.

Incorporation 1811
In 1811, Huntsville became the first official town in Alabama. However, the recognized "birth" year of the city is 1805. This was the year of John Hunt's arrival. The city's sesquicentennial anniversary was held in 1955 and the bicentennial was celebrated in 2005.
Emerging industries
Huntsville's quick growth was generated by the cotton and railroad industries. Many rich planters moved to the area from Virginia, Georgia and the Carolinas. The forty-four delegates who met in Huntsville wrote a constitution for the new state of Alabama. The new state constitution said that Huntsville is Alabama's first capital. This was temporary for one legislative session only. The capital was then moved to another temporary location, Cahawba, until the legislature selected Montgomery as the permanent location.

In 1855, the Memphis and Charleston Railroad was built through Huntsville. It became the first railway to link the Atlantic coast with the lower Mississippi River.

Civil War
Civil War

Huntsville firstly opposed secession from the Union in 1861, but provided many men for the state's defense. The 4th Alabama Infantry Regiment, led by Col. Egbert J. Jones of Huntsville, fought at the Battle of Manassas. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Fourth Alabama Infantry, which contained two Huntsville companies, were the first Alabama troops to fight in the war. Eight generals of the war were born in or near Huntsville.

After the Civil War
After the Civil War, Huntsville became a center for cotton textile mills, such as Lincoln, Dallas and Merrimack. Each mill had its own housing community. It included everything the mill workers needed (schools, churches, grocery stores, theatres, and hardware stores, all within walking distance of the mill).
Great Depression 1930s
During the 1930s, industry decreased in Huntsville because of the Great Depression. Huntsville became known as the Watercress Capital of the World because of its harvest in the area. Madison County produced most cotton in Alabama during this time.

World War II
By 1940, Huntsville was still a small quiet town with a population of only 13,150 inhabitants. This quickly changed with the beginning of World War II. Huntsville was chosen as the location of Huntsville Arsenal, with chemical and munitions manufacturing plants. The Arsenal was almost closed in 1949 when it was no longer needed, but it saw new life when Major General Holger Toftoy with support from Senator John Sparkman convinced the U.S. Army to choose Huntsville as the location for its missile research program. In 1950, General Toftoy brought German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun and his team to Redstone Arsenal to develop what would eventually become the United States' space program.

Space flight
Space flight

On September 8, 1960, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicated the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville.

The city's nickname is "The Rocket City" for its close history with U.S. space missions. Huntsville has been important in developing space technology. Since the 1950s, when the German scientists headed by Wernher von Braun, brought to the United States at the end of World War II through Operation Paperclip, managed to develop rockets for the U.S. Army. Their work included designing a rocket, that carried the first U.S. satellite and astronauts into space.

The Saturn V, used by the Apollo program manned Moon missions, was developed at Marshall Space Flight Center. Huntsville continues to play an important role in the United States' Space Shuttle and International Space Station programs.
Huntsville's economy was nearly crippled and growth came to a near standstill in the 1970s following the closure of the Apollo program. The emergence of the Space Shuttle and the ever-expanding field of missile defense in the 1980s helped give Huntsville a resurgence that has continued into the 21st century.

References 

 
Alabama
Burlington is a city in the American state of Vermont. It is the county seat of Chittenden County. Burlington was first settled in 1783. It became a city in 1865.

Population 
Burlington is Vermont's largest city. It has a population of about 40,000 people. It is the smallest American city that is also the largest in its state. Burlington has a metropolitan population of about 210,000.

Geography 
The city is located on the east bank of Lake Champlain. Burlington has an area of about 15.5 sq miles. It sits at an elevation of 200 feet. The suburb of Shelburne is 7 miles nearby Burlington.

Notable residents 
 Grace Coolidge, wife of Calvin Coolidge and First Lady of the U.S.
 Howard Dean, Former Chairman of the Democratic Party, former presidential candidate in 2004, and former Governor of Vermont.
 Bernie Sanders, current United States senator of Vermont, former Mayor of Burlington, and 2016 United States presidential election candidate.
Education
 Burlington College, private non-profit liberal arts college. Closed in May 2016.

Sister Cities
  , Moss Point,
  Puerto Cabezas,  1984
  Yaroslavl,  1988
  Bethlehem and  Arad 1991
  Nishinomiya, Hyōgo,  2008

Although there is no formal twinning agreement, Burlington takes part in the annual Burlington International Games with
   Burlington
  Burlington

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the City of Burlington 
 City of Burlington Sister Cities
 WikiBurlington 
 Elevation data: [ USGS—City of Burlington, VT]

County seats in Vermont
 
1783 establishments
1780s establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Vermont
Loretta Purdy Spencer was the mayor of Huntsville, Alabama.  Her first term began October 4, 1996. Her last term ended on November 3, 2008. Spencer is the first woman to be elected mayor of Huntsville. 

1937 births
Living people
Politicians from Alabama
American mayors
Tuscaloosa is a city and county seat of Tuscaloosa County, Alabama. Tuscaloosa has a population of about 100,000 people and a metro population of about 270,000 people. Tuscaloosa has an area of about . It sits at a height of .

References 

County seats in Alabama
Cities in Alabama
Alabama
Hoover is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama.

Hoover has a population of about 93,000 people.

Hoover has an area of about 43 miles and sits at a height of 577 feet.

References 

Cities in Alabama
Dothan is a city and county seat of Houston County, Alabama. The city has a population of about 70,000 people. Dothan has an area of about  and sits at a height of .

References

Other websites 
City of Dothan web site
Dothan Chamber of Commerce

County seats in Alabama
Cities in Alabama
is a Japanese singer and actress. She was born  on 5 August 1981 in Tokyo.

Actors from Tokyo
Singers from Tokyo
1981 births
Living people
Decatur is a city and county seat of Morgan County, Alabama. It has a population of about 58,000 people. Decatur has an area of about 60 miles and sits at a height of about 561 feet.

References

Other websites 

Official City Tourist Website

County seats in Alabama
Cities in Alabama
Auburn is a city in Lee County, Alabama, United States. It is the largest city in eastern Alabama. In 2020, it had a population of 76,143. It is a principal city of the Auburn-Opelika Metropolitan Area.

Auburn is a college town and is the home of Auburn University. Auburn is known for its fast growing during the last years. It is currently the fastest growing metropolitan area in Alabama. It is also the nineteenth-fastest growing metro area in the United States since 1990. Auburn is among the top ten list of best places to live in United States for the year 2009. The city's unofficial nickname is “The Loveliest Village On The Plains”. This comes from a line in the poem “The Deserted Village” by Oliver Goldsmith: “Sweet Auburn! loveliest village of the plain...”

History

The first settlers arrived in the winter of 1836 from Harris County, Georgia. The leader of these settlers was the judge John J. Harper. They wanted to build a town that would be the religious and educational center for this area.
Auburn was firstly official mentioned on February 2, 1839. At this time it covered an area of . By that time, Methodist and Baptist churches and also a school were built. In the mid-1840s, different academies for boys and girls were founded in addition to the primary school. By 1858, of the about 1,000 free residents of Auburn, some 500 were students.

In 1856, the state legislature allowed to build a Methodist college, the East Alabama Male College in Auburn. This college, now Auburn University, opened its doors in 1859. It offered a classical and liberal education.

With the Civil War in 1861, Auburn quickly emptied. All of the schools and most businesses closed. Auburn was the site of a hospital for Texan Confederate soldiers.

After the Civil War, Auburn went in a long depression. Public schools did not reopen until the mid-1870s. Most businesses remained closed. A series of fires in the 1860s and 1870s burned down the downtown area. East Alabama Male College was turned over to the state in 1872.
In 1892, the college became the first four-year college in Alabama where women are allowed to study. This, combined with new funding businesses, allowed the city to start expanding again. By 1910, Auburn's population had returned to its pre-war level. SIAA Conference championships won by the Auburn college’s football team brought attention and support to Auburn. It helped fill the city's coffers.

Money began to flow into Auburn again with America's entry into World War II. Auburn’s campus was turned into a training ground for technical specialists in the armed forces. After the war, Auburn was flooded by soldiers returning to school on the G.I. Bill.
Because of this increase of students, Auburn began a period of growth that lasted through the 1950s and 1960s. Auburn grew outside of the original boundaries of the city. Auburn grew to an area of nearly . In 1957, the construction of Interstate 85 began. This connected Auburn to the major cities of the state. It allowed for Auburn University to schedule more home football games in Auburn. It also pushed the tourism sector in Auburn.

Growth slowed somewhat in the 1970s. A series of budget cuts made it clear that Auburn's economic concentration on Auburn University put the city in a bad position.

A series of reports in the 1980s and 1990s made the Auburn public school system among the top in the state. Between 1980 and 2003, Auburn's population grew by 65%. Auburn's economy expanded by 220%. With growth came issues of urban sprawl. This has become the primary political issue in Auburn at the turn of the 21st century.
Geography
The city of Auburn is in western Lee County. It borders the city of Opelika to the northeast and by Chambers County to the north. The city borders in south to the Macon County line.

Auburn is located at  (32.597684, -85.480823). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of  in 2000, of which,  of it is land and  of it (1.11%) is water. The elevation of Auburn at City Hall is  above sea level. Although because of Auburn’s topography, elevation ranges from  above sea level to  above sea level.

Law and Government 
Auburn has a council-manager government led by an eight-member city council, a mayor, and an appointed city manager.
The city council acts as the legislative part of the city. It passes laws, regulates and appoints citizens to the city's various boards, including the Auburn City Board of Education. Each member of the city council is elected for a four-year term from one of eight geographic areas. Area one1 is designed to ensure African-American representation on the council.

The mayor of Auburn is elected to a four-year term. The mayor has no administrative duties, as the City Manager serves as the CEO. As such, the position of mayor in Auburn is primarily symbolic.

The day-to-day operations of Auburn are run by the City Manager. The City Manager is responsible for the appointment and dismissal of all department heads. He advises the council on policy matters, creates and administers the city budget.

Economy
Economy

Auburn's economy is centered around Auburn University and university-related services. Auburn University employs 4,300 people. This is about one-quarter of the city's total working population. In addition, 2,400 people are employed by the federal and state government. They are in positions which are generally connected with the university. Some 8,500 are employed in the local service sector.

Auburn's industrial base is built around mid-sized, high-tech manufacturing and research firms. Auburn has four technology parks. The main areas of industrial focus are on the manufacture of small engines and fuel cells. The  Auburn University Research Park is currently under construction. Overall, the manufacturing sector employs 5,000 people in Auburn.

References 

Cities in Alabama
Casper is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is in Natrona County. About 50,000 people live in Casper. Casper has an area of about 25 square miles and sits at an elevation of 5,150 feet.

Other websites

 
County seats in Wyoming
Natrona County, Wyoming
Wilmington is the largest city in the state of Delaware, United States, and the county seat of New Castle County. It had 70,898 people in 2020.

Wilmington has an area of about  and is  above sea level, at the place where the Christina River and Brandywine Creek meet.

U.S. President Joe Biden is from Wilmington and owns a home here.

Surrounding municipalities

References

County seats in Delaware
 
1638 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in Delaware
The Niña was one of the ships Christopher Columbus sailed to the new world.  The others were the Pinta and the Santa Maria.

15th century in Spain
Sailing ships
The Pinta is one of the ships Christopher Columbus sailed to the new world.  The others were the Niña and the Santa Maria.

15th century in Spain
Sailing ships
The Santa Maria was one of the ships Christopher Columbus sailed to the new world.  The others were the Pinta and the Nina. It is named after Saint Mary.

15th century in Spain
Sailing ships
52 Europa is an asteroid. It has a diameter of 289 km, and was found on February 4, 1858 by H. Goldschmidt. It is named after Europa, one of Zeus's conquests in Greek mythology. Europa is the seventh biggest asteroid by volume and the sixth biggest by mass (after Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, Hygiea, and Interamnia) and contains somewhat less than 2% of the mass of the entire main belt.

It is a very dark carbonaceous C-type, and the fourth-biggest of these. It orbits close to the Hygiea asteroid family, but is not a member. Spectroscopic studies have found evidence of olivines and pyroxenes on the surface.
Lightcurve data for Europa has been very hard to interpret, so much so for a long time its period of rotation was in dispute (5 and a half, or 11 hours?) despite many observations[8]. It has now been determined that Europa is a prograde rotator, but the exact direction in which its pole points remains unclear. The most detailed analysis indicates that it points either towards about ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (70°, 55°) or (40°, 255°) with a 10° uncertainty [2]. This gives an axial tilt of about 14° or 54°, respectively.

It has been found that the star CV Aquarii found in 1934, was actually an incorrect misidentification of 52 Europa .
References 
 Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey
 T. Michałowski et al. Photometry and models of selected main belt asteroids I. 52 Europa, 115 Thyra, and 382 Dodona, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 416, p. 353 (2004).
 G. Michalak Determination of asteroid masses II. (6) Hebe, (10) Hygiea, (15) Eunomia, (52) Europa, (88) Thisbe, (444) Gyptis, (511) Davida and (704) Interamnia , Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 374, p. 703 (2001) 
 PDS lightcurve data 
 E. Dotto et al. ISO results on bright Main Belt asteroids: PHT – S observations , Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 358, p. 1133 (2000).
 S.R. Sawyer A High-Resolution CCD Spectroscopic Survey of Low-Albedo Main Belt Asteroids, PhD thesis, The University of Texas (1991).
 P. Schmeer and M.L. Hazen CV Aquarii identified with (52) Europa , Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Vol. 28, p. 103 (2000).
V. Zappalà, M. di Martino and S. Cacciatori On the ambiguity of rotational periods of asteroids - The peculiar case of 52 Europa, Icarus, Vol. 56, p. 319 (1983).
Other websites 
 
 shape model deduced from lightcurve

Asteroids
The Three Jewels, also called the Three Treasures, the Three Refuges, or the Triple Gem, are the three things that Buddhists give themselves to, and in return look toward for guidance, in the process known as taking refuge.  

The Three Jewels are:

 Buddha, which means The Enlightened or Awakened One, who, depending on one's interpretation, can mean the Historical Buddha, Shakyamuni, or the Buddha nature or ideal within all beings;
 Dharma, which means The Teaching, which is the Teachings of the Buddha.
 Sangha, which means The Community, The Community of those great people who have attained Enlightenment, so that those people (Sangha) will help you to attain Enlightenment.

References 

Buddhism
Buddhist terminology
Dharma in Buddhism means the teachings of the Buddha which lead to enlightenment.

What is called Buddhism in western countries is called buddha-dharma in eastern countries. This term simply means "Path of Awakening" and is thus a form of dharma.

 "Dharma" usually refers not just to the sayings of the Buddha but to the later traditions of the various schools of Buddhism which expanded upon the Buddha's teachings.  Tradition says that the Buddha gave 84,000 different teachings to various types of people based on their needs.
 Alternately, "dharma"  
may be seen as the truth which is beyond worldly things, so the word may refer to the ultimate reality, "truth", "phenomena", or "the way things are".
The Dharma is one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism of which followers of Buddhism seek refuge in (what one relies on for his/her lasting happiness).  The three jewels of Buddhism are the Buddha (mind's perfection of enlightenment), the Dharma (teachings and methods), and the Sangha (awakened beings who provide guidance and support).

Buddhist terminology

de:Dharma#Dharma im Buddhismus
The Helvetic Republic was a state lasting for five years, from 1798 to 1803. Its name came from the Helvetii people.

Former countries in Europe
History of Switzerland
1798 establishments in Europe
1803 disestablishments
Puppet states
The Helvetii were a Celtic tribe and the main dwellers of the Swiss plateau in the 1st century BC. They are usually featured in Julius Caesar’s commentaries on the Gallic War.

Other websites 
 Celts in Switzerland (German)

Swiss people
Celtic peoples
Saas-Fee is the main village in the Saastal or the Saas Valley and is a municipality of the district of Visp in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

www.saas-fee.ch
Large panorama of Saas Fee 

Municipalities in Visp
Evolène is a municipality of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Official tourism website 

Municipalities in Hérens
Baden is a city and municipality of the district Swiss canton of Aargau.

References

Other websites 

 Official webpage of the city of Baden
 Schools in Baden

Municipalities in Baden District, Aargau
Cities in Switzerland
Baldingen is a municipality of the district Zurzach in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

  Official Website of Baldingen

Municipalities in Zurzach
Beinwil could mean:

 Beinwil (Freiamt) in Canton Aargau, Switzerland.
 Beinwil am See in Canton Aargau, Switzerland.
 Beinwil, Solothurn, Switzerland.
Beinwil (Freiamt) is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Muri
Ratification is the confirmation of a treaty.

Treaties are signed by members of the government of a country.  Many treaties make a country do something, or change the law of the countries which agree to it.  Therefore some countries can only ratify a treaty if it is confirmed by the legislature of the country, or by a referendum (a vote of the people).

The founders solved this issue by dropping the Amendment requirements. 

In the past treaties were signed by delegates chosen by the ruler of a country.  To make sure that the treaty was acceptable to the ruler the treaty would not take effect until it was ratified by the ruler.
The United States is only bound by a treaty if the Senate agrees.  So although President Woodrow Wilson signed the Treaty of Versailles which ended the First World War with Germany and set up the League of Nations the treaty never took effect for the USA because the US Senate never gave its "advice and consent" (agreed) to the treaty.  This is why there was a separate peace treaty between Germany and the USA

In the United Kingdom the government ratifies treaties, it does not need the agreement of the House of Commons.  However if the treaty is going to change the law then a separate act of parliament is needed.  For example before Britain entered the European Union in 1973 the European Communities Act had to be passed to  make the changes to the law that were needed.

Related pages 
Signature
International law
Beinwil am See is a municipality of the district Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Kulm
New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team. They play in New Orleans, Louisiana. They play their home games at the Smoothie King Center. The Pelicans are a part of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The team started playing in the NBA in 1988 as the Charlotte Hornets playing in Charlotte, North Carolina. They moved to New Orleans in 2002. During the 2005 - 2006 and 2006 - 2007 seasons, the team was moved to Oklahoma City because of the damage caused in New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina. During this time they were called the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets. The team returned to New Orleans for the 2007-2008 season.

After the 2012-2013 season, on April 18, 2013, the team changed its name to the "New Orleans Pelicans", and their team colors became red, blue, and gold. Michael Jordan, owner of the Charlotte Bobcats, brought the Hornets name back to Charlotte by renaming the Bobcats for the 2014-2015 season.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Sports in New Orleans
National Basketball Association teams
1988 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Louisiana
WWE is an American professional wrestling promotion based in Stamford, Connecticut. WWE personnel consists of professional wrestlers, managers, play-by-play and color commentators, ring announcers, interviewers, referees, trainers, producers, road agents, creative writers, and various other positions. Executives and board members are also listed.

WWE contracts typically range from developmental contracts to multi-year deals. WWE describes most personnel as independent contractors. Personnel on the main roster appear on specific brands such as Raw and SmackDown Live while they can also appear on WWE's primary weekly television programming such as Main Event, Superstars, Total Divas as well as pay-per-views, and at live events.

Personnel from the NXT division appear on the television series of the same name, which airs online in the U.S. and on TV in select countries, and at live events. Personnel on the main roster may wrestle in NXT and vice versa.
Personnel are organized below by their role in WWE. Their ring name is on the left and their real name is on the right. If someone is inactive for any reason, due to injury, suspension, not appearing in more than 30 days, or otherwise, that information is noted. WWE refers to its performers as superstars.

Overview
As of 2021, WWE employs over 800 full-time employees. It also has many vendors and service providers working for it. WWE calls the people who wrestly for it "independent contractors".  These people have contracts that range from short developmental to contracts that last many years.

Brands
Since the WWE's brand extension in 2016, performers work on one of two "main roster" brands – Raw and SmackDown.
A third brand, NXT, was created to be a developmental brand for the main roster. New people would go there to train to work for the main brands. In 2019 it was made into the third main roster brand. In 2021, the brand was changed to "NXT 2.0". The brand returned to being the developmental division for Raw and SmackDown. Some developmental performers work on NXT's United Kingdom-based brand NXT UK.

Main roster performers work on Monday Night Raw and Friday Night SmackDown. Developmental wrestlers work on NXT 2.0, NXT: Level Up and  NXT UK,. At times, some main roster performers are seen on NXT.

Personnel in WWE's developmental system usualy train at the Performance Center in Orlando, Florida. There is also a UK Performance Center in London, England.

Championships
Eaach brand has their own distinct championships. There are some titles which do not belong to either brand. Wrestlers from any brand can win these championships. They include the WWE 24/7 Championship and the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship.
McMahon family
The McMahon family are the main owners of WWE. In addition to their job for the company, they also appear on-air as authority figures and wrestlers on all of the brands.

Main roster

Raw

Male wrestlers

Female wrestlers

SmackDown

Male wrestlers

Female wrestlers

Other on-air personnel

Unassigned wrestlers
The following list features wrestlers – promoted as free agents – who make limited or part-time appearances (such as Hall of Famers or legends), and thus aren't bound to any one brand, as well as newly-signed and undrafted personnel who are awaiting brand assignment.

Authority figures

The following serve as on-air authority figures (under the title "WWE Official") on both Raw and SmackDown.

Developmental roster

NXT 2.0

Male wrestlers

Female wrestlers

Other on-air personnel

NXT UK
Note: NXT UK—while a distinct brand—is also considered part of NXT, thus wrestlers may appear on both brands.

Male wrestlers

Female wrestlers

Other on-air personnel

Performance Center trainees

US
US

Male wrestlers

Female wrestlers

UK

Male wrestlers

Referees

Broadcast team
The following section pertains to announcers who cover WWE broadcasts. This group includes presenters, ringside commentators, ring announcers, backstage interviewers, pre-show hosts, and analysts.

Ambassadors

Select former or retired WWE wrestlers not currently on the main roster (sometimes billed as "WWE Legends") and other celebrities and personalities have contracts to make periodic appearances—either on WWE TV or for promotional events—serving as "ambassadors" (public representatives/spokespeople) for the company.

Creative team

Medical team

Producers

Performance Center staff

Note: as NXT and 205 Live are based at the Performance Center, PC coaches and trainers also work as producers for the brands.

Corporate staff

Board of Directors

Executive officers

Senior management

References

Related pages
 List of current champions in WWE

Other websites
 WWE roster at WWE.com

WWE
Lists of professional wrestlers
The Queen Vic (full name The Queen Victoria) is a fictional pub in the British television show EastEnders. It has the fictional address of 46 Albert Square, Walford, London E20. It is known for being painted several times during the series. 

EastEnders
Charlotte Hornets is the name of several past and present sports teams in Charlotte, North Carolina:
 The Charlotte Hornets (NBA), an NBA (basketball) team that played as the Charlotte Bobcats from 2004 to 2014
 The Charlotte Hornets, another NBA team that played under that name from 1988 until moving to New Orleans in 2002; known since 2013 as the New Orleans Pelicans
 The Charlotte Hornets, a minor league baseball team that played from 1901 to 1973
 The Charlotte Hornets, an American football team that played in 1974 and 1975 in the now-defunct World Football League
Ian Beale is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Adam Woodyatt. He is the drama's longest-serving main character, and, following the departure of Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard) in 2006, was the only one to have appeared continuously from its inception. The character appeared in his 2,000th episode in the show on 26 March 2007, and his 3,000th on 27 May 2016. After 36 years on the show, Woodyatt departed EastEnders on 22 January 2021.

Ian is the son of Pete (Peter Dean) and Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth). He is the nephew of Pauline Fowler (Wendy Richard).

EastEnders characters
Television characters
Fictional British people
Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs is a 1970 album by Derek and the Dominos. It includes one of the best rock songs of all time, with the memorable guitar riff, "Layla".

Songs from the album
"I Looked Away" (Eric Clapton, Bobby Whitlock) – 3:05
"Bell Bottom Blues" (Clapton) – 5:02
"Keep on Growing" (Clapton, Whitlock) – 6:21
"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out" (Jimmie Cox) – 4:57
"I Am Yours" (Clapton, Nezami) – 3:34
"Anyday" (Clapton, Whitlock) – 6:35
"Key to the Highway" (Charles Segar, Willie Broonzy) – 9:40
"Tell the Truth" (Clapton, Whitlock) – 6:39
"Why Does Love Got to Be So Sad?" (Clapton, Whitlock) – 4:41
"Have You Ever Loved a Woman" (Billy Myles) – 6:52
"Little Wing" (Jimi Hendrix) – 5:33
"It's Too Late" (Chuck Willis) – 3:47
"Layla" (Clapton, Jim Gordon) – 7:04
"Thorn Tree in the Garden" (Whitlock) – 2:53

References

1970 albums
The National Rugby League (NRL) is a professional sports league in Australia. They play rugby league. The modern competition was formed in 1998, but its predecessor has run since 1908. There are 17 teams. Sixteen teams are from Australia and one is from New Zealand. The NRL is the most popular sporting league in Australia, mainly in the states of New South Wales and Queensland, whilst there is also one team in Victoria and the ACT. It is the biggest rugby league competition in the world.

Current clubs 
The current teams are: 

 Brisbane Broncos
 Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs
 Canberra Raiders
 Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks
 Dolphins
 Gold Coast Titans
 Manly Warringah Sea Eagles
 Melbourne Storm
 Newcastle Knights
 New Zealand Warriors
 North Queensland Cowboys
 Parramatta Eels
 Penrith Panthers
 South Sydney Rabbitohs
 St. George Illawarra Dragons
 Sydney Roosters
 Wests Tigers

Winners and runners-up for NRL Grand Finals since 1998 include:
2022 Penrith Panthers 28 defeated Parramatta Eels 12
 2021 Penrith Panthers 14 defeated South Sydney Rabbitohs 12
 2020 Melbourne Storm 26 defeated Penrith Panthers 20
 2019 Sydney Roosters 14 defeated Canberra Raiders 8
 2018 Sydney Roosters 21 defeated Melbourne Storm 6
 2017 Melbourne Storm 34 defeated North Queensland 6
 2016 Cronulla Sharks 14 defeated Melbourne Storm 12
 2015 North Queensland Cowboys 17 defeated Brisbane Broncos 16
 2014 South Sydney Rabbitohs 30 defeated Canterbury Bulldogs 6
 2013 Sydney Roosters 26 defeated Manly Sea Eagles 18
 2012 Melbourne Storm 14 defeated Canterbury Bulldogs 4
 2011 Manly Sea Eagles 24 defeated NZ Warriors 10
 2010 St George Illawarra Dragons 32 defeated Sydney Roosters 8
 2009 Melbourne 23 defeated Parramatta 16 (Title stripped due to salary cap breach)
 2008 Manly 40 defeated Melbourne 0
 2007 Melbourne 34 defeated Manly 8 (Title stripped due to salary cap breach)
 2006 Brisbane 15 defeated Melbourne 8
 2005 Wests Tigers 30 defeated North Queensland 16
2004 Canterbury 16 defeated Sydney 13
 2003 Penrith 18 defeated Sydney 6
 2002 Sydney 30 defeated Warriors 8
 2001 Newcastle 30 defeated Parramatta 24
 2000 Brisbane 14 defeated Sydney 6
 1999 Melbourne 20 defeated St George Illawarra 18
 1998 Brisbane 38 defeated Canterbury 12
References

Other websites 
NRL - Premiership Winners

 
Sports organisations of Australia
Alison Maria Krauss (born July 23, 1971) is an American bluegrass-country singer and fiddle player. She is famous for being the leader of the band Alison Krauss & Union Station, and has produced albums for artists like Nickel Creek, Reba McEntire, and Alan Jackson. She has 28 Grammy Awards, more than any other female artist in history.

References

1971 births
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Singers from Illinois
American Christians
American bluegrass musicians
Country musicians from Illinois
American country singers
American folk singers
American pop singers
American violinists
American fiddlers
American mandolinists
Lyle Pearce Lovett (born November 1, 1957) is an American country singer-songwriter and actor.

References

Other websites
 Official Lyle Lovett Website
 
 The Thinking Man's Cowboy, by Matt Dellinger, New Yorker, February 23, 2004.
 Homeboy, by Alec Wilkinson, New Yorker, February 1, 2004.
 Lovett charges ahead with his career - USA Today, May 10, 2002.
 Lyle Lovett Trampled by Bull, Hospitalized With Broken Leg  - FOX News, March 29, 2002.
 Official Lyle Lovett Lost Highway Artist Page 
 UnOfficial Website/Fan site 

Singer-songwriters from Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Texas
1957 births
Living people
Dolly Rebecca Parton (born January 19, 1946) is an American, Grammy Award-winning country music singer/songwriter, composer, author, creator of The Mercy and DJ show and actress. She has become one of the most successful female country artists in history, with 25 number-one singles (a record for a female country artist) and 41 top-10 country albums (a record for any country artist).  She is known for her top-three single "Here You Come Again" and the number-one hits "9 to 5" and "Islands in the Stream" (a duet with singer Kenny Rogers).

Her 1967 song "Dumb Blonde" was heard by country singer Porter Wagoner, and he asked Parton to be a part of his television show. Her single "Jolene" reached number one in 1974, becoming a solo artist, though still performed and recorded with Wagoner.

In the fifty-four years since her debut, Parton has become one of the most famous country artists in the world.
In December 2022, Parton announced that she will create the Nickelodeon show The Mercy and DJ show, which the show premiered on March 19, 2023.

Parton is the godmother of singer and actress Miley Cyrus.

Discography

Singles

"I Will Always Love You" (1974)
"Tennessee Homesick Blues" (1984)
"Yellow Roses" (1989)
"Why'd You Come in Here Lookin' Like That" (1998)

As featured artist

"Baby, It's Cold Outside"  (2004)

References

Other websites 

Dolly Parton Music (official music site) 

1946 births
Living people
Actors from Tennessee
American movie actors
American singer-songwriters
American country singers
Grammy Award winners
Singers from Tennessee
Vincent Grant "Vince" Gill (born April 12, 1957) is an American country music singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist.

Discography

Singles

"Don't Let Our Love Start Slippin' Away" (1992)
"What the Cowgirls Do" (1994)

On music charts

AReached #1 on U.S. Radio & Records country singles charts.
B"I Still Believe In You" also peaked at #30 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart.
CAlbum cut.
DFailed to chart.