Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The English Premiership is a professional league competition for rugby union clubs in the top division of the English rugby union system. It is currently known as the Gallagher Premiership because of the league's sponsorship by Authur J. Gallagher & Co.

Champions 
Courage League
1987–88: Leicester Tigers
1988–89: Bath
1989–90: Wasps
1990–91: Bath
1991–92: Bath
1992–93: Bath
1993–94: Bath
1994–95: Leicester Tigers
1995–96: Bath
1996–97: Wasps
Allied Dunbar Premiership
1997–98: Newcastle Falcons
1998–99: Leicester Tigers
1999–2000: Leicester Tigers
Zurich Premiership
2000–01: Leicester Tigers
2001–02: Leicester Tigers
2002–03: London Wasps
2003–04: London Wasps
2004–05: London Wasps
Guinness Premiership
2005–06: Sale Sharks
2006–07: Leicester Tigers
2007–08: London Wasps
2008–09: Leicester Tigers
2009–10: Leicester Tigers
Aviva Premiership
2010–11: Saracens
2011–12: Harlequins
2012–13: Leicester Tigers
2013–14: Northampton Saints
2014–15: Saracens
2015–16: Saracens
Rugby union in Europe
Sports competitions
Sport in England
1987 establishments in England
David Julián Levecq Vives (born March 16, 1981 in Béziers, France) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is an S10 type swimmer.  In 2012, he lived in San Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 50 meter freestyle and the 100 meter freestyle.   He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 100 meter butterfly.  He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1981 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
2012 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S10
Sportspeople from Occitanie
People from Béziers
Gabriele Ferzetti (born  Pasquale Ferzetti; 17 March 1925 – 2 December 2015) was an Italian actor. He has appeared in over 160 movies and television programs. His career was at its peak in the 1950s and 1960s. He was known for his roles in Lo Zappatore, Puccini, Casa Ricordi, The Bible: In the Beginning, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, and in Once Upon a Time in the West. 

Ferzetti was born on 17 March 1925 in Rome, Italy. He died in Rome on 2 December 2015 at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

1925 births
2015 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian stage actors
Actors from Rome
Actors who played in James Bond movies
Bath Rugby are a rugby club based in Bath, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. The club were a major force in English rugby during the '80s and '90s where they regularly won both league and cup competitions. Their greatest achievement however came when they won the Heineken Cup in 1998.

Bath are also one of only four teams (along with Gloucester, Leicester and Wasps) never to have been relegated from the top flight.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
Rugby
1865 establishments in England
Exeter Chiefs are a rugby club based in Exeter, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
Exeter
1871 establishments in the United Kingdom
1870s establishments in England
Organisations based in Devon
Gloucester Rugby are a rugby union club based in Gloucester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. They are known as the 'Cherry and Whites' in reference to their traditional red and white hooped shirts.

Gloucester's fiercest rivals are Bath, Bristol and Worcester with matches between the three being referred to as west country derbies.

League position

Former position

Sports competitions
English rugby union teams
Gloucester
1873 establishments in England
Centralism is an idea on how to organize a state or government. The idea is to focus this organization under a single government instead of using many local government bodies. In many cases, this makes communication easier. An organization that is an example for centralism is the Roman Catholic Church.

Related pages
 Devolution, the opposite concept
 Democratic centralism, a concept of Vladimir Lenin; he used the idea of centalism to organise political parties.

Forms of government
Wasps are an English rugby club historically based in London, but playing home games in Coventry, who play in the Aviva Premiership.

Formed in 1867 at the now defunct Eton and Middlesex Tavern, Wasps had been, before their December 2014 move to Coventry, London's most successful club with six championships and two Heineken Cups.

The club have not played their home games in London proper since 2002. They first moved to Adams Park in High Wycombe, but were unable to expand the stadium to meet their needs. In late 2014, they bought Ricoh Arena in Coventry, and moved their home matches there in December 2014.

League position

Former position

References

English rugby union teams
Organisations based in Coventry
1867 establishments in England
Sale Sharks are a rugby club based in Manchester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

The club, originally based at Heywood Road in Sale, share the Salford City Stadium with the Salford City Reds.

The Sharks won the Aviva Premiership in 2006.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
1861 establishments in the United Kingdom
1860s establishments in England
Sport in Greater Manchester
Leicester Tigers are a rugby union club based in Leicester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. They are the most successful English club with a record 10 championships and are the current champions.

The 'Tigers' are one of only four teams (along with Gloucester, Bath and Wasps) never to have been relegated from the top flight and are also the most successful English side in Europe having made five Heineken Cup finals, winning back to back titles in 2001 and 2002.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
Organisations based in Leicester
1880 establishments in the United Kingdom
London Irish are a rugby club based in Sunbury, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
1898 establishments in England
Organisations based in Surrey
Saracens are a rugby club based in London, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
1876 establishments in England
Sport in London
Newcastle Falcons (formerly Gosforth/Newcastle Gosforth) are a rugby club based in Newcastle, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

The club was formed in 1877 as Gosforth Football Club and were well known for their successes in cup competition. The advent of League rugby saw their first name change to Newcastle Gosforth as well as a move to the Kingston Park stadium. At the start of the professional era the club adopted its current name of Newcastle Falcons and in 1998 they won the Premiership within a year of winning promotion from the second tier, a feat that has yet to be repeated.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
1877 establishments in England
Organisations based in Newcastle upon Tyne
Harlequins are a rugby club based in London, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

They are perhaps most well known for their distinctive multi-coloured shirts. The official colours are listed as: light blue, magenta, chocolate, French grey, light green and black.

Their ground is not far from Twickenham Stadium (The home of the RFU) which was also the venue where they became Aviva Premiership champions in 2012.

League position

Former position

English rugby union teams
1866 establishments in the United Kingdom
Sport in London
1860s establishments in England
Northampton Saints are a rugby club based in Northampton, England who play in the Aviva Premiership. They play at Franklin Gardens.

League position

Former position

Other websites 
 Official Site
 BBC page
 Fansite
 Northampton Chronicle and Echo 

English rugby union teams
1880 establishments in the United Kingdom
Worcester Warriors are a rugby club based in Worcester, England who play in the Aviva Premiership.

League position

Former position

Other websites 
 Official Site 
 Come On You Warriors, Unofficial Supporters site on Sportnetwork
 Independent Supporters Site
 Official club sponsor: Fragrance Mad
 BBC Rugby Union
 Guinness Premiership
 European Rugby 
 Worcester News

English rugby union teams
Worcester
1871 establishments in the United Kingdom
Welford Road is a rugby union stadium in Leicester, England and is the home ground for Leicester Tigers.

Buildings and structures in Leicester
Stadiums in the United Kingdom
The Recreation Ground (commonly the Rec) is a large open space in the centre of Bath, England used for recreational purposes by Bath residents and the public generally.

References

Other websites

The Recreation Ground Trust website 
History of The Recreation Ground 
The Real Friends Of The Rec 

Bath, Somerset
Sports buildings in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Somerset
Adams Park is a football stadium in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire.

Other websites 

 The Adams Park Website
 Wycombe Wanderers FC
 London Wasps
 Expansion 'key to Wasps future'

Football stadiums in England
Buildings and structures in Buckinghamshire
Kingston Park is a multi-purpose stadium in Kingston Park, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It is used mostly for rugby union and rugby league matches. It is the home stadium of Premiership Rugby side Newcastle Falcons and Betfred Championship Rugby League side Newcastle Thunder.

Other websites 

 Kingston Park  at Newcastle Falcons

Newcastle upon Tyne
Stadiums in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Tyne and Wear
A piano sonata is a sonata written for a solo piano. Piano sonatas are usually written in three or four movements, with the first usually in sonata form.

References
Julie ("Giulietta") Guicciardi (23 November 1782 – 22 March 1856) was an Austrian countess. For a short time, she was a piano student of Ludwig van Beethoven. He dedicated his Piano Sonata No. 14 to her, which is now commonly known as the Moonlight Sonata.

Julie Guicciardi, as she was called by her family, was born in Przemyśl, Galicia in 1782.

References 

1782 births
1856 deaths
Ludwig van Beethoven
Earls and countesses
Austrian nobility
Musical composition can mean an original piece of music, the structure of a musical piece, or the process of making a new piece of music.  A composition is a piece of music (the word "composition" means "putting together", so a composition is something where music notes have been put together).  When a composer writes a piece of music he or she is making a musical composition.

The word "composition" can also mean learning the skill of how to compose.  Music students may go to music college to study composition.  They will do this by looking at famous pieces of music to see how the composers of the past wrote music.  They will study musical form, harmony, orchestration, counterpoint and learn about all the instruments and how to write well for them so that it sounds nice.

Other websites
Other websites 

 How to Compose Music www.artofcomposing.com
 Composition Today News, competitions, interviews and other resources for composers.
 Internet Concert Project: Album for the Young Student New Music , an online performance and documentary feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (January 2010)
 A Beginner's Guide to Composing , an online feature from Bloomingdale School of Music (February 2008)
 Gems of compositional wisdom
 A Practical Guide to Musical Composition 
 ComposersNewPencil - Information, articles and music composition resources.
 How to compose music 
 How to compose Music (Wikihow)
 Répertoire International des Sources Musicales, online database to locations of musical manuscripts from around the world
 How to Compose for New Age Piano
 Music composer | Music Arranger | Music Idea | Minus One 
 best music composing software
H. Price McGrath (1813-July 1881) was a "sporting-man" who opened the first gambling house in the American South, and bred the race horse, Aristides, the winner of the first Kentucky Derby in 1875.

Life
McGrath was born in Versailles, Woodford County, Kentucky. His father was a tailor and taught his son the trade, but McGrath sought something more to his taste and became a card sharp.

He travelled about the American South and West. In 1852, he opened the first gambling house in the South, at New Orleans, Louisiana. He and his partners conducted pools, finally having to charge $10 a head to enter the house. With the wealth he accumulated, McGrath bought 500 acres near Lexington, Kentucky.
This land became one of the great stock farms in the United States and was called "McGrathiana". McGrath bred the race horse, Aristides, the winner of the first Kentucky Derby in 1875. McGrath lived like a lord, conducted his business honestly and openly, always backed his own horses, and died with an estate worth $200,000.

Notes

References
 Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia ... 1891. p. 686
 Coldstream Stud, Lexington, Kentucky

1813 births
1881 deaths
Businesspeople from Kentucky
Sportspeople from Kentucky
Piano Sonata No. 13 in E-flat major "", Op. 27, No. 1, is a sonata which was composed by Ludwig van Beethoven in 1800–1801.

References
Gordon, Steward (2005) Editorial matter to his edition of the Beethoven piano sonatas, Volume II. Alfred Music Publishing.
Jones, Timothy (1999) The "Moonlight" and other sonatas, Op. 27 and Op. 31. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lockwood, Lewis (1996) "Reshaping the genre: Beethoven's piano sonatas from Op. 22 to Op. 28 (1799–1801)". Israeli Studies in Musicology 6: 1–16.
Marson, Nicholas (2000) "The sense of an ending": goal directedness in Beethoven's music. In Glenn Stanley, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Beethoven. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rosen, Charles (2002) Beethoven's Piano Sonatas: A Short Companion. New Haven: Yale University press.
Sisman, Elaine (1998) After the heroic style: "fantasias" and the characteristic sonatas of 1809. In Stanley, Glenn (1998) Beethoven Forum VI. University of Nebraska Press.
Other websites
 , including the first edition.
 A lecture by András Schiff on Beethoven's piano sonata Op. 27, No. 1
 Piano Sonata No. 13 in E-flat major, Op. 27, No.1, Musopen
 European Archive Copyright free LP recording of the Sonata No. 13, Op. 27, No.1 in E-flat major by Hugo Steurer, piano at the European Archive (for non-American viewers only).

Piano Sonata 013
The Beethoven House (German: Beethoven-Haus) in Bonn, Germany, is a memorial site, museum and cultural institution serving various purposes. Founded in 1889 by the Beethoven-Haus association, it studies the life and work of composer Ludwig van Beethoven.

Other websites 

Official site 

Bonn
Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Ludwig van Beethoven
Museums in Germany
Saint Francis Xavier, S.J. (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta, 7 April 15063 December 1552) was a Spanish Jesuit. He was made a saint by the Catholic church. He is known for his travels to Asia, including Goa and Japan.

Other websites
St. Francis Xavier at the Catholic Encyclopedia

1506 births
1552 deaths
Christian saints
Jesuits
Spanish Roman Catholics
The Mutopia Project is a volunteer-run effort to create a library of free content sheet music, in a way similar to Project Gutenberg's library of public-domain books.

Related pages
 Open music
 Free content

Other wbesites 

Mutopia Project home page 
Mutopia Project mirror (USA)
Mutopia Project mirror (Portugal) 
Mutopia Project archive via ftp 

Databases
Music websites
Muirfield is a golf course in East Lothian, Scotland, near Edinburgh. It is often used for The Open Championship.

Other websites
Muirfield website

Golf
Sports buildings in the United Kingdom
Sport in Scotland
East Lothian
Northern Catalonia (, ) is a name that sometimes is used, mainly in Catalan writings, to refer to the territory given to France by Spain in 1659. The area corresponds approximately to the modern French département of the Pyrénées-Orientales.

The French name, Catalogne Nord, is used nowadays, although less often than the more politically neutral Roussillon (in reference to the pre-Revolutionary province). Sometimes French Catalonia is also used.

Geography 
Northern Catalonia forms a triangle between the Pyrenees to the south, the Corbières to the north-west and the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The Plain of Roussillon in the east, by far the area where more people live, is formed by the floodplains of the Tech, Têt and Agly rivers (). The districts of Vallespir and Conflent cover the upper valleys of the Tech and the Têt respectively. The mountain Le Canigou (), , dominates much of the territory.
The climate is of the Mediterranean type, with hot, dry summers and winters which are relatively mild, at least on the Roussillon plain where snow is rare.

More of a quarter of the population of Northern Catalonia is in the city of Perpignan (). Perpignan is the only important administrative and service centre. Roads and trains run north–south through Northern Catalonia between France and Spain.

Languages
French is the only official language in France as whole and in these municipalities. Catalan, in its Northern Catalan variety, is recognized as a regional language only by the region of Languedoc-Roussilon. It is estimated to be spoken by a quarter of the population, but understood by a higher percentage.

In 1700, the government of Louis XIV prohibited the use of the Catalan language in official documents.
In the 1950s, after centuries of being forbidden in education, the Catalan language was permitted to be studied for one hour per week in secondary school. In the 1970s, the Arrels Association and Bressola network of private schools started to offer complete bilingual French/Catalan classes from nursery up to secondary education.

On December 10, 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department, alongside French and Occitan (in Fenouillèdes), with the goal to further promote it in public life and education.

References

Other websites
"Catalunya del Nord"  from the Enciclopèdia catalana
Qui som els catalans del nord? (Who are we Northern Catalans?)

Pyrénées-Orientales
A coach is a carriage pulled by two or more horses as a team. It is driven by a coachman and/or one or more postilions. The carriage is usually closed (with a roof) and has four wheels.

Other websites 

Belgian coach museum in Bree
Coach - LoveToKnow 1911. 1911 Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
Coaches 1750 to 1900. History Learning Site.
Coaching History  by Anne Woodley

 

Animal-powered vehicles
WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$!, released in Japan as Made in Wario and in European regions as WarioWare, Inc.: Minigame Mania, is an action video game for the Game Boy Advance. It was developed and published by Nintendo. It was released in Japan on March 21, 2003, in Europe on May 23, 2003, in North America on May 26, 2003, and in Australia on June 6, 2003. It is the first game in the WarioWare series.

In this game, players play "microgames", small minigames that last for only a few seconds. In these games, the player has to figure out what to do to complete them. They are helped by a word or phrase that appears at the beginning of the game. Games can be things such as shooting targets, selecting a multiple choice answer, or surviving until the end. Players are given four lives. If the player runs out of lives, the game ends.

A remake, WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Game$!, was released for the Nintendo GameCube in 2003.
Story
 Wario (Introduction)
 Jimmy T. (Sports)
 Mona (Strange)
 Dribble & Spitz (Sci-fi)
 9-Volt (Nintendo)
 Yellow Jimmy (Remix)
 Dr. Crygor (Reality)
 Kat & Ana (Nature)
 Orbulon (IQ)
 Red Jimmy (Remix 2)
 Wario (Anything Goes)

References

2003 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Nintendo GameCube games
Virtual Console games
The Flaming Lips are an American rock band formed in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma in 1983.

Members 
 Wayne Coyne – lead vocals, backing vocals, guitar, keyboards (1983–present)
 Michael Ivins – bass, keyboards, backing vocals (1983–present)
 Steven Drozd – guitar, keyboards, bass, drums, backing vocals, lead vocals (1991–present)
 Kliph Scurlock – drums, percussion (2002–present)
 Derek Brown – keyboards, percussion, guitar, backing vocals (2009–present)
Discography 
 Hear It Is (1986)
 Oh My Gawd!!!...The Flaming Lips (1987)
 Telepathic Surgery (1989)
 In a Priest Driven Ambulance (with Silver Sunshine Stares, 1990)
 Hit to Death in the Future Head (1992)
 Transmissions from the Satellite Heart (1993)
 Clouds Taste Metallic (1995)
 Zaireeka (1997)
 The Soft Bulletin (1999)
 Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots (2002)
 At War with the Mystics (2006)
 Once Beyond Hopelessness (2008)
 Embryonic (2009)
 The Dark Side of the Moon (2010)
 The Flaming Lips and Heady Fwends (2012)
 The Terror (2013)
 Lipsha (upcoming collaboration album with Kesha)

Other websites 

 Official website

1980s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups from Oklahoma
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Daniel Llambrich Gabriel (born March 14, 1975 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he has vision problems and is an S12/B2 type swimmer.  His job in 2008 was working as a coupon seller.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished second in the 4 x 100 meter 49 points medley relay. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1975 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Barcelona
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S12
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Hector Lopéz Alonso (born August 19, 1979 in Reinosa, Cantabria) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is an S2 type swimmer.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 50 meter backstroke race.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1979 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
People from Cantabria
2000 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S2
Miguel Luque Avila (born September 21, 1976 in Granollers, Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is an S5 type swimmer.   He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  He finished first in the SB3 50 meter breaststroke.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished first in the SB3 50 meter breaststroke. He finished third in the 4 x 50 meter men's 20 point medley relay.  He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the SB3 50 meter breaststroke.   He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.  He finished second in the SB3 50 meter breaststroke.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1976 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from Barcelona
2012 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S5
Stacy (also Stacey) [ stey-see ] is a mostly female given name, but is used sometimes on males. Several celebrities use this name. They include Stacy Ferguson, Stacey Dash and Stacy London. Fictional people include Stacey Colbert, a character in the television show Ned & Stacey. The meanings of this name are disputed. For girls, Stacy means "princess" in Greek. Stacy is a moniker with an extensive lineage, boasting a deep-rooted history and significance. The appellation Stacy is derived from the Greek name Eustace, signifying "fruitful" or "productive." During the medieval era, it was a prevalent name and bestowed upon boys as a symbol of their valor and fortitude. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

People 

 Stacy Schiff, American female Author, Pulitzer Prize winner
 Stacy Keibler, American professional wrestler, dancer, and model (born 1979)
 Stacy Keach, American actor

References

Given names
Wilhelm Walter Friedrich Kempff (25 November 1895 – 23 May 1991) was a German pianist and composer. Although his repertory included Bach, Liszt, Chopin, Schumann, and Brahms, Kempff was often well known for his interpretations of the music of Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert, both of whose complete sonatas he also recorded.

Recordings   
 Beethoven: Piano Sonatas Nos. 1, 12, 19, and 20 (DG LP 138 935; released 1965; recipient of Grand Prix du Disque)
 Schubert: The Piano Sonatas (complete), (DG 463 766-2 (seven compact disks)) recordings made in 1965, '67, '68, '70.

Autobiography
Kempff, Wilhelm. Unter dem Zimbelstern: Jugenderinnerungen eines Pianisten ["Under the Cymbal Star: The Development of a Musician" (1951)]. Laaber: Laaber Verlag, 1978.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Obituary for Wilhelm Kempff, by B. John Zavrel
Wilhelm Kempff discography by Frank Forman 
Video recordings of Kempff performances, youtube.com
 Wilhelm Kempff playing the 3rd movement of Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata.
Wilhelm Kempff playing Sonate No. 14, "Moonlight" 1st Movement 

1895 births
1991 deaths
20th-century German composers
German pianists
José Antonio Mari Alcaraz (born October 23, 1988 in Valencia) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is an S10 type swimmer. In 2012, he lived in San Cugat del Vallés, Barcelona.  He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.   He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 50 meter S10 freestyle race.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1988 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from Valencia
2012 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S10
András Schiff (born 21 December 1953) is a Hungarian-born British classical pianist and conductor who has won a number of major awards. Since 2011, he has publically stated criticism of Hungarian government policies.

Other websites
Andras Schiff: Beethoven Lecture-recitals at Wigmore Hall, London
National Public Radio Article 
In Concert on National Public Radio

1953 births
Living people
Hungarian pianists
Classical pianists
Musicians from Budapest
British classical musicians
Courtney is a given name. It is mostly used for females, but is sometimes used for males. The name is of Norman and Old French origin. It came to England in the late 1060s. The name became a given name during the 17th century.The name Courtney signifies “short nose”. While it can be used for either gender, it is more frequently utilized for girls. The name Courtney is associated with the French courtier, or court attendant, and has been in use since the 1960s. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

It was at first for males. Females did not start getting the name Courtney until after the 1956 publication of "Chocolates for Breakfast". That book is about a woman named Courtney who wishes she had been born male. Courtney is a somewhat common name. People named Courtney include Courteney Cox, Courtney Love and Courtney Thorne-Smith. Fictional characters with the name include Courtney Matthews in the ABC soap opera series General Hospital.

People
People

Last name of Courtney
 Bryce Courtenay (1933–2012), Australian novelist
 Duane Courtney (born 1985), English footballer
 Ernie Courtney (1875–1920), American baseball player
 James Courtney (1888–1934), New Zealand Military Cross recipient
 Jan Niecisław Baudouin de Courtenay (1845–1929), Polish linguist, creator of the idea of the phoneme
 Joel Courtney (born 1996), American film actor
 John Edgar Courtney (born 1934), Australian ornithologist
 Mel Courtney, New Zealand Independent politician
 Nicholas Courtney (1929–2011), British television actor
 Roger Courtney, British military officer influential in the establishment of the Special Boat Service
 Tom Courtenay, English actor
First name of Courtney
 Courtney Alexander (born 1977), American basketball player
 Courtney Anderson (born 1980), American football player
 Courtney Babcock (born 1972), Canadian runner
 Courtney Hodges (1887–1966), United States Army general
 Courtney Kennedy (born 1979), American ice hockey player
 Courtney Lawes (born 1989), English rugby union player
 Courtney Lee (born 1985), American basketball player
 Courtney Paris (born 1987), American basketball player
 Courtney Solomon (born 1971), Canadian film director
 Courtney Vandersloot (born 1989), American basketball player
 Courtney Webb (born 1988), British actress and writer
 Courtney Whitney (1897–1969), American lawyer and Army commander
 Courtney Love  (born 1964) , American rock musician and actress
Places
 Courtenay, British Columbia, a city on the east coast of Vancouver Island
 Courtenay River, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia
 Courtenay, New Zealand, a locality in the Selwyn District
 Courtenay (New Zealand electorate), a former electorate in Canterbury, based on the locality of the same name
 Courtenay, Florida, an unincorporated community in Brevard County
 Courtney, North Carolina, an unincorporated community in Yadkin County
 Courtney, Pennsylvania, a neighborhood of the borough of New Eagle
 Courtney Peak, Ellsworth Land, Antarctica

Science
 Courtney (crater), a tiny lunar impact crater

References

Given names
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians.

Sources 
 Blom, Eric, editor (1954). Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians (fifth edition). New York: St. Martin's Press () and London: Macmillan ().
 Supplementary volume, associate editor Denis Stevens, 1961, New York (), London ().
 Fifth edition reprints: 1966: New York (, London (); 1968: New York (); 1970: New York (); 1973: New York (), London (); 1975: New York (), London (, ISBN 978-0-333-19174-3.).

Other websites

 Grove, George, ed.; A dictionary of music and musicians 1450-1889 (1900), 4 Volumes. Internet Archive.  Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Volume 4
Second edition:  Vol. 1 (1904) A–E, Vol. 2 (1906) F–L, Vol. 3 (1907) M–P, Vol. 4 (1908) Q–S, Vol. 5 (1910) T–Z, Appendix
 , San Francisco Symphony Orchestra
 'Oxford Music Online (contains Grove Music Online)', Rutgers University Libraries

1878 books
Encyclopedias
Music media
Classical music
Dictionaries
The fantasia (from ; also , , ) is a musical composition with its style in the art of improvisation. Because of this, it rarely follows any rules of strict musical form (as with the impromptu).

Related pages
 Canzona
 Capriccio
 Chorale fantasia
 Chromatic fantasia
 Ricercar
 Tiento
 Voluntary
Sources
 Brett, Philip, Jennifer Doctor, Judith LeGrove, and Paul Banks. 2001. "Britten, (Edward) Benjamin". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Field, Christopher D. S. 2001. "Fantasia." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
 Howes, Frank, and Christina Bashford. 2001. "Cobbett, Walter Willson". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Kennedy, Michael. 2006. The Oxford Dictionary of Music, second edition, revise, Joyce Bourne, associate editor. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
More reading
 Antcliffe, Herbert. 1920. "The Recent Rise of Chamber Music in England". Musical Quarterly 6, no. 1 (January): 12–23.
 Meyer, Ernst Hermann. 1946. English Chamber Music. London: Lawrence & Wishart. Reprinted, New York: Da Capo Press, 1971. . Reference on the early English fantasy (fantazy, fantasie, fantasia.).

Classical music
Musical forms
Heinrich Friedrich Ludwig Rellstab (13 April 1799 – 27 November 1860) was a German poet and music critic. He was born and died in Berlin. 

The first seven songs of Franz Schubert's Schwanengesang have words by Rellstab, who had left them in 1825 with Beethoven, whose assistant Anton Schindler passed them on to Schubert. His work was also set to music by Franz Liszt. 

He is also known to have given Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 27/2 its famous nickname Moonlight Sonata.

References

1799 births
1860 deaths
German poets
Music critics
Writers from Berlin
Rjukan is a city in Norway. It is in the county of Telemark. The town had 3,386 people living there in January 2007. 

Between September and March, Rjukan is in the shadow of the mountains and does not get sunlight.

Geology
The city lies in a narrow valley.

History
Rjukan became a city in 1996.

In 2013, large mirrors were placed on the mountainside to reflect the sun into the town square.

References

Other websites 

Video about the sun mirrors
Ice climbing in Rjukan
Postcard from Tinn

Cities in Norway
The AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat is a modernized variant of the British helicopter Westland Lynx. Its first flight was in November 2009. It is built by AgustaWestland in Yeovil, Somerset. South Korea will in 2016 be the first foreign country to use the helicopter. In the UK it will be used by British Army and Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm.

Helicopters
AgustaWestland
Fleet Air Arm is the generic name of the British naval aviation, part of the Royal Navy. It has both airplanes and helicopters.

It uses Merlin helicopters to hunt submarines and transport marines.
It uses Wildcat helicopters for piracy patrols.
It uses F-35 jets for maritime attack.

References
Royal Navy
Axis of Advance was a Canadian black and death metal band from Edmonton, Alberta. 

The band was formed in 1998 and was formerly known as Sacramentary Abolishment. The band changed their name to Axis of Advance after drummer Paulus Kressman left the band. Axis of Advance was originally suppose to be the title of Sacramentary Abolishment's third album. The band considered J. Read to be a session member because they could not imagine anyone else drumming for them even though his drumming position was apparently permanent.

The band released their first EP, Landline in April 1999.

The band split up in 2008. Vermin joined J. Read's band Revenge to play session guitars afterwards and also played for Weapon for a little while.

Band members 
Final line-up
Wör – Vocals, guitar (1998-2007)
Vermin – Vocals, bass (1998-2007)
J. Read – Drums (1998-2007)

Discography

Albums
 Landline (1999)
 Strike (2001)
 The List (2002)
 Obey (2004)
 Purify (2006)

References
References

Other websites 
Official website 
Axis of Advance on Discogs

1990s music groups
Musical groups established in 1998
2000s music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
Canadian black metal bands
Canadian death metal bands
Canadian heavy metal bands
People from Edmonton
2008 disestablishments in North America
Yakovlev Yak-42 (Russian: Яковлев Як-42; NATO reporting name: Clobber) is civilian aircraft designed and built in the USSR by Yakovlev. It was built between 1980 and 2003. It looks like the Boeing 727. It is a triple-turbojet airliner that can carry at least up to 120 passengers.

Users 
It was mainly used by the Soviets and civilian companies in countries of the Warsaw Pact. Some Yak-42 were used in Africa and Asia. Russia and Ukraine had got some military aircrafts of this model.

Civil aircraft
For the person practicing witchcraft, see witch

W.I.T.C.H. is a French-American-Australian animated television series. It is based on the Italian comic book series of the same name, which was created by Gary Tomlin and Elisabetta Gnone. It is a fantasy anime series about a girl that can use magic.

References  

Television series by Disney
2004 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
American fantasy television series
Juan Martínez Martin (born November 25, 1980 in Granada) is a track and field athlete from Spain.  He has a disability and is T46 type athlete. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia.  He finished second in the 4 X 400 meter T42-T46 relay.

References 

Spanish middle-distance runners
Living people
1980 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Granada
2000 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type T46
Some people say that some of the works attributed to William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon were not actually written by him. The scientific argument behind this claim is known as the Shakespeare authorship question. Anti-Stratfordians say Shakespeare of Stratford was a fake name to hide the identity of the real author or authors. These authors did not want their real names to become public, for various resons. Although the idea has attracted much public interest, all but a few Shakespeare scholars and literary historians consider it a conspiracy theory and for the most part acknowledge it only to rebut or disparage the claims, for example James Shapiro wrote a book arguing that Shakespeare was the person who wrote Shakespeare’s plays.
Shakespeare's authorship was first questioned in the middle of the 19th century.  At that time the idea that Shakespeare was the greatest writer of all time had become widespread. Shakespeare had a simple background, and many details of his life are unknown. Those that are known do not necessarily support his authorship. These facts seemed to be incompatible with his poetic eminence and his reputation for genius. Some people suspected that Shakespeare might not have written the works attributed to him. The controversy has since spawned a vast body of literature, and 80 authorship candidates have been proposed, including those most studied, Francis Bacon, the 6th Earl of Derby, Christopher Marlowe, and the 17th Earl of Oxford.
Despite the scholarly consensus, a relatively small but highly visible and diverse assortment of supporters, including prominent public figures, have questioned the conventional attribution. They work for acknowledgment of the authorship question as a legitimate field of scholarly inquiry and for acceptance of one or another of the various authorship candidates.

References

William Shakespeare
Controversies
Daniel Llambrich Gabriel (born December 8, 1978 in Inca, Balearic Islands) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is an S9 type swimmer.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 4 x 100 freestyle 34 points relay. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1978 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
Balearic Islands
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S9
Västra Götaland County () is a county in southern Sweden, with the seat in Gothenburg. It was established on 1 January 1998, as a merger out of former Gothenburg and Bohus County, Skaraborg County and Älvsborg County.

Municipalities

References

Other websites

1998 establishments in Europe
Västra Götaland County
1990s establishments in Sweden
The Counties of Sweden () are regional administrative level in Sweden. There are 21 counties in Sweden. The concept was created in 1634 on the initiative of Count Axel Oxenstierna. Each county has an own governor. Some people want to see the counties being replaced with regions.

Map 
With county codes, official until 1974.

AB: Stockholm County 
AC: Västerbotten County 
BD: Norrbotten County 
C: Uppsala County 
D: Södermanland County 
E: Östergötland County 
F: Jönköping County 
G: Kronoberg County 
H: Kalmar County 
I: Gotland County 
K: Blekinge County 
M: Skåne County 
N: Halland County 
O: Västra Götaland County 
S: Värmland County 
T: Örebro County 
U: Västmanland County 
W: Dalarna County 
X: Gävleborg County 
Y: Västernorrland County 
Z: Jämtland County

Other websites
The municipalities of Sweden () are the local government units of Sweden. There are 290 municipalities in Sweden. The municipalities are responsible for many social issues, like schools, kindergartens and the care for older and disabled people.

Since 1971, all of Sweden is divided into the same kind of local government units, municipalities. The old town concept was abolished, even if the word town is still in use in everyday language.

Other websites
Esther Morales Fernández (born August 9, 1985 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a physical disability: she is an S10 type swimmer.  In 2012, she lived in Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  She finished third in the 50 meter freestyle and the 100 meter backstroke.  She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the 100 meter backstroke. She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She, Sarai Gascón Moreno, Teresa Perales and Isabel Yingüa Hernández finished fourth in the 4x100 meter freestyle relay event.
At the 2009 IPC  European Swimming Championship in Reykjavik, Iceland, Sarai Gascón Moreno, Ana Rubio, Esther Morales and  Julia Castelló won a bronze medal in the 4x100 meter medley relay. In 2010, she competed at the Tenerife International Open.  Before the 2010 Adapted Swimming World Championship in the Netherlands, she went to a swimming camp with the national team that was part of the Paralympic High Performance Program (HARP Program).

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1985 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
Sportspeople from Barcelona
2012 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S10
Nitrogen narcosis is a problem for underwater divers. It affects the brain and nervous system a lot like alcohol, but goes away when the diver rises to a shallower depth. It does not have lasting effects after the depth is reduced.

Who can get it
Any underwater diver who goes deeper than 30 m (100 ft)while breathing air, or any time when the pressure of nitrogen in the breathing gas is more than about 3,2 bar.

How to prevent it
It only happens when the pressure of nitrogen is high. If the pressure is kept low by staying at a shallower depth it will not happen. If the breathing gas has less nitrogen it will only start at a deeper depth. Helium gas can be used in place of nitrogen in breathing gas for divers to make it less likely to have nitrogen narcosis.

What actually happens
The nitrogen gas dissolved in the diver affects the working of nerve cells. At higher pressures more nitrogen can be dissolved.
It starts off as a mild effect like being slightly drunk, but as the pressure increases it gets more serious, like getting more drunk. Eventually the diver may lose consciousness.

Why is it a problem
A diver who has nitrogen narcosis will have slower reactions and may not think clearly. If something goes wrong the diver may not be able to cope with the problem. This can be dangerous.

What to do about it
The diver can move to a shallower depth or change to a different breathing gas with less nitrogen. This will usually be a mixture containing helium.

Safety
Health problems
Nitrogen
Jordi Morales García (born November 17, 1985 in Esparreguera, Barcelona) is a table tennis athlete from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is class 7 player. He played table tennis at the 2000 Summer Paralympics, 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics.  In 2004, he finished third in the Class 7 singles table tennis game. In 2012, he finished second in the Team Class 6-8 game.

References 

Spanish table tennis players
Living people
1985 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from Barcelona
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type Class 7
Israel Oliver Peña (born December 16, 1987 in Madrid) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he has vision problems and is an S12/B2 type swimmer. In 2012, he lived in Carrizal de Wit, Las Palmas, Canary Islands. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished second in the 4 x 100 meters 49 points medley relay. He finished third in the 100 meter Butterfly race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.   He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1987 births
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
Sportspeople from Madrid
2012 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S12
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B2
Richard Oribe Lumbreras (born February 22, 1974 in San Sebastian, Guipúzcoa) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is an S4 type swimmer. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 50 meter freestyle race, the 100 meter freestyle race and in the 200 meter freestyle race.  He finished second in the 4 x 50 meter 20 points freestyle relay.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  He finished first in the 50 meter freestyle race, the 200 meter freestyle race and the 4 x 50 meter 20 points freestyle relay.   He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished second in the 200 meter freestyle race. He finished third in the 100 meter freestyle race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 200 meter freestyle race.  He finished second in the 50 meter freestyle race, the 100 meter freestyle race and the 4 x 50 meter 20 points freestyle relay. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics
. He finished second in the 100 meter freestyle race. He finished third in the 200 meter freestyle race.
Before the 2010 Adapted Swimming World Championship in the Netherlands, he went to a swimming camp with the national team that was part of the Paralympic High Performance Program (HARP Program).

References

Other websites 
 Richard Oribe Lumbreras

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1974 births
Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from San Sebastian
1996 Summer Paralympics
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S4
Manuel Jesus Panadero Falcon (born January 28, 1973 in Valencia) is a goalball athlete from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is a B1 type player. He played goalball at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team was third.

References 

Spanish goalball players
Living people
1973 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from Valencia
2000 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type B1
Tomas Piñas Bermudez (born July 8, 1982 in Granada) is a table tennis athlete from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is class 3 player and competes while using a wheelchair. In 2012, he lived in Ogijares, Granada. He played table tennis at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics.  In 2008, he finished third in the Class 3 singles table tennis game..

References 

Spanish table tennis players
Living people
1985 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
Sportspeople from Granada
2000 Summer Paralympics
2004 Summer Paralympics
2008 Summer Paralympics
2012 Summer Paralympics
José Ramos Castillo (born December 24, 1974 in Castellon De La Plana, Castellón) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is an S7 type swimmer. In 2004, he lived in Artesa-onda, Castellón. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 4 x 50 meter 20 points medley relay.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1974 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from the Valencian Community
2004 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S7
Begoña Reina López (born March 14, 1975 in Zaragoza) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a physical disability and is an S9 type swimmer. She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  She finished third in the 100 meter breaststroke and the 4 x 100 meter 34 points medley relay.

References 

Spanish swimmers
Living people
1975 births
Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
People from Zaragoza
1996 Summer Paralympics
Sportspeople with disabilities, type S9