Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Journalists in Pakistan asked Shahi,
"Many believe that you are the Mehdi, and God has revealed signs unto them which say that you are the Mehdi, but you do not officially announce that you are the Mehdi. Why?" Shahi gestured towards himself and answered, "Does Imam Mehdi not know the law of Pakistan? He knows that the law of Pakistan declares that 'whosoever claims to be the Mehdi, put him in jail'. I have given the signs of his [Mehdi's] characteristics, which the Mehdi knows and none other. Now, it is up to people to recognize him and believe him".

On 18 November 1997, after appearing in court before Justice Rasheed A. Razvi of Sindh High Court Hyderabad Circuit, Shahi said, "The only justification to be Hazrat Imam Mehdi is the mark on [one's] back which can prove his existence."
Of the groups following Shahi, Messiah Foundation International claims that Shahi is the awaited Mehdi, Messiah, and Kalki Avatar while Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam did not. According to MFI's website, Shahi is the Awaited Messiah, but they deny the notion that Shahi is another form of Jesus and claim that Jesus has also returned to support the Mehdi.

Bibliography 
Gohar Shahi has authored a number of books, including one based on Sufi poetry known as Taryāq-e-Qalb, roughly translating to the "'Cure of Hearts'". One of his most prominent books is Deen-e-Ilahi (The Religion of God), which is banned in Pakistan.

Works by Gohar Shahi include:

On May 17th, 2012, Messiah Foundation International republished The Religion of God with Hay House. As of July 1st, 2012, it was #5 on the publisher's Best Seller's List.
Messiah Foundation International considers Shahi to be the author of the "Goharian Philosophy of Divine Love", a set of principles upon which the organisation is founded. Shahi has also authored a monthly magazine, Hatif-e-Mehdi, which is banned in Pakistan for allegedly containing material offensive to the religious feelings of Muslims there.

References

Other websites

 Shahi's representative site

1941 births
Missing people
Pakistani writers
Asian Sufis
People from Rawalpindi
Islamic religious leaders
International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam (ASI) () is a Pakistan-based organisation. It was made in 1980 by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi. Its headquarters are in Kotri, Hyderabad, Sindh and Pakistan.

Purpose 
The purpose of this movement is to invite all man without any discrimination of caste, creed, nation or religion towards the divine love of God.

Organizational Structure 
International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam is divided into two branches one for men only and other is for women only. The ladies wing is led by Mrs. Gulzar. However, the president of men wing is Mr. Wasi Muhammad Qureshi, who was nominated by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi as President of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam. Gohar Shahi himself is the Patrorn-in-Chief of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam.
Founding Members 
In 1980, when Shahi formed the movement it had only five members, who are called founding members. Following are the names of the founding members of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam:
 Muhammad Arif Memon (Late)
 Wasi Muhammad Qureshi
 Dr. Abdul Qayoom Shaikh(Late)
 Muhammad Anwar Qadri
 Maulana Saeed Ahmed Qadri

Other websites 
 International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam 
 Web Portal of Gohar Shahi 
 Gohar Shahi web site 
Sarfrosh.org 

1980 establishments in Asia
Islamic organizations
The Roman Curia (Latin Curia Romanae) is usually called "The Curia". It is the cabinet of Vatican City and the Roman Catholic Church.

Parts of The Curia look after the independent country of the Vatican.  For example, The Curia includes the Vatican's courts.

Other parts of The Curia do jobs that are important for the Catholic Church.  For example, the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity is in charge of meeting other churches.

All of the parts of The Curia that are listed on the Vatican's website are explained in this table.

Related pages
 Vatican City
 The Holy See

References

Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
In God We Trust is one of the national mottos of the United States. The other is E Pluribus Unum. In God We Trust has been put on American money since 1864 when it was added to a two-cent coin. A law passed in 1956 made it a national motto. It is also the motto of Florida. 

State mottos of the United States
Florida
Mottos of the United States
An Apostolic Nunciature is the embassy of the Holy See in a foreign country.  The nunciature protects the affairs of the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Vatican City, and also liases between the Holy See and the Roman Catholic Church in that country.

The head of nunciature is called a Nuncio. The nuncio is the equivalent of an Ambassador, or a High Commissioner (Ambassador) in Commonwealth countries.

Some countries make the Nuncio Dean of the Diplomatic Corps (head of the group of ambassadors to its country).  This is allowed by the international agreement about diplomats.  Usually the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps is the longest serving ambassador in a country.

A pro-Nuncio was the name used for a Nuncio in countries which did not make a Nuncio Dean of the Diplomatic Corps automatically.  The Vatican stopped using the title in 1991.

An Apostolic Delegate represented the Holy See to the church, but not the government, in another country.

Notes 

Vatican City
Roman Catholicism
Software development is the process of creating a computer software. It includes the software release life cycle of preparing a design, coding the program, and fixing the bugs. The final goal is software release of a product that serves the wishes of users.

Software product is usually a result of research, new development, prototyping, modification, reuse, re-engineering, maintenance, or any other activities.

There are 3 main goals of software development:

 to meet specific needs of a specific client/business;
 to meet a need of some set of potential users;
 for personal use.

Process 
A software development process (model, methodology) is a system that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing information systems. Each model is defferent, more or less structured and is considered to be suitable to only some kinds of projects.

There are several stages of software development:
Analyzing the problem
 Market research
 Gathering requirements for the proposed software
 Devising a plan or design for the software
 Implementation (coding) of the software
 Testing the software
 Deployment
 Maintenance and bug fixing

Activities

Understanding the need 
There are different sources of ideas for software products like market research. The next step is market evaluation. It includes a check of cost and time assumptions, economic feasibility, fit with existing channels distribution, effects on existing product lines, required features, fit with the company's marketing objectives.

This process is also connected with non-technical activities like human resources, risk management, intellectual property, budgeting, crisis management, etc.

Planning 
An important task in creating a software program is understanding the requirements. The software engineers must accept the client's idea and adapt it to the working process.
Designing 
After establishing the requirements, the engineers start creating a software design document. Design of the software means the high-level design of the main modules with a full picture of how the parts fit together. The language, operating system, and hardware components should be clear at this stage.

Implementation, testing and documenting 
There are 3 next processes which are combined:

 implementation — programming the code for the project.
 testing — looking for defects
 documenting — making documents of the inner design of software, API can be also included

Deployment and maintenance 
The deployment includes installation, customization, testing, and possibly a longer period of evaluation.

Software training and support are important because software is only effective if it is used rightly.

Maintaining and improving software is the stage to cope with new faults or requirements, it usually takes a lot of time and effort.

References

Other websites
 Software Development Magazine

Software
Gag may mean:
 Gag, a tool which is used to prevent speaking.
 Gag reflex, a normal reflex in human's throat.
Gag reflex, also called pharyngeal reflex, is a reflex contraction of the throat in humans that prevents anything to pass through the throat, except during normal swallowing. It is also named as pharyngeal reflex.

Touching the soft palate results in a very strong gag reflex in most healthy people. The gag reflex can also be caused by touching the roof of the mouth, or the back part of the tongue. The gag reflex can be used to make someone vomit as well.

References 

Reflexes
A cookie, is a small cake.

Cookies could also mean:
 HTTP Cookie, a small amount of information saved on computers by websites.
 Cookie, a 1989 comedy movie.
A flame is the visible part of a fire. It gives light and heat. It is the result of an exothermic reaction. The color and temperature of a flame depend on the type of fuel that is used to make the fire. A blue or white flame is often very hot, while a red, orange, or yellow flame is less hot.

Related pages 
 Eternal flame
 Fire

Fire
Luna may refer to:
 The Moon, Earth's only natural satellite, known as "Luna" in Latin () and other languages
 Selene, the goddess of the moon in Greek and Roman mythology
 Luna (given name), a common given name
 Luna is the name of earth's moon in the famous "Star Trek" series.
Kaliningrad (; ; German: ; ; briefly Russified as  Kyonigsberg) is a seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea. Kaliningrad is the second-largest city in the Northwestern Federal District, after Saint Petersburg, the third-largest city in the Baltic region and the seventh-largest city on the Baltic Sea. It is the westernmost Oblast of Russia.

It is surrounded by NATO and European Union members Poland and Lithuania and is geographically separated from the main part of Russia itself. Borderless connection is only possible by sea or air.

In 2002, it had a population of 430,003 people. This was more than in 1989, when the last census was done. At that time, the city only had a population of 401,280. About 78% of the people there are Russians, 8% Belarusians, and 7.3% Ukrainians.

Until World War II the people were mostly Germans. Many fled during the war, and the rest were expelled between 1946 and 1949.
It was named Königsberg originally. The city had that name from 1254 to 1945.

History
It was the capital city of the German province of East Prussia, the earlier Duchy of Prussia, and before that of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights.

The Albertina University opened in 1544.

Famous people
One of the famous people from Königsberg was the philosopher Immanuel Kant.

References

Capitals of oblasts of Russia
Kaliningrad
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea‎
Roller derby is a sport played on roller skates. It used to be played by both men and women, but it was restarted by women. There are now a growing number of men's and mixed (or co-ed) teams around the world who are playing roller derby. 

For a long time, many people did not believe roller derby was a real sport. They thought it was like professional wrestling, because it had fake fighting and other things for TV. But in 2002, a group of women in Austin, Texas started playing it as a real game, with nothing fake. A TV show called Rollergirls was made about some of these women. By 2006, women in every big city in the USA and Canada were starting their own roller derby clubs. There were even clubs starting up in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.

How roller derby is played

Two teams of roller derby players skate around an oval track. The track can be flat or banked (raised around the outer edges).
There are 5 players on each team:
 1 jammer, who races around the track faster than the rest of the team
 1 pivot, who usually stays in front of the blockers and make them go faster or slower
 3 blockers, who try to keep the other team's jammer from passing them

The jammer is the only player that can score points. The jammer's team gets a point every time the jammer passes one of the other team's players. To score a point, the jammer has to play fair and stay on the track when they pass someone.

Jammers get a 2-minute time period, called a jam, when they can score points.

Before a jam starts the blockers of both teams line up side-by-side, with both jammers farther back behind their own starting line. The jam starts when a whistle blows. Then, everyone, including the jammers get to leave their designated areas. The jammers and blockers alike are fighting to get their guy/girl through the pack.
The first jammer to get through the pack without leaving the track gets to be the "lead jammer". The lead jammer can put her hands on her hips when she wants to stop the jam early. Stopping the jam early keeps the other team from having time to score points.

Blockers and pivots try to help their own team's jammer get through the pack, and they try to slow down the other team's jammer. When the jammers are near the pack, everyone is allowed to bump into each other. If someone is trying to push someone from the other team out of the way, then they have to be careful how they do it. They can only push from the side, and they have to use their shoulders, the top part of their arms, their hips, or the top part of their legs—so tripping, shoving, punching, or pushing the other team's players from behind is not allowed. Or you will get a penalty 

Players who break the rules are sent to the penalty box for thirty seconds, leaving their team stranded on the track without them.
Even with these rules and safety equipment, roller derby players can get knocked down and get badly hurt, so usually only adults play "full contact" roller derby. There are junior clubs for younger players. SOME play without trying to knock anyone down. Others, like the Quad City Orphan Brigade (located in the Quad Cities (Iowa, Illinois)) play FULL contact and TRY to knock others down.

A roller derby game is called a bout. There are two halves played, which last 30 minutes each. The teams skate as many jams(runs a maximum of 2 minutes per jam) as they can until time runs out. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins.

Skating
Sargon was one of the first people in recorded history to create an empire, or multi-ethnic state. His empire included the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and part of what is present-day Turkey. His capital was called  in the Akkadian language.

Sargon of Akkad may have been the same person as the first Sargon of Assyria (also known as Sharrukin or Sharru-kin). Sargon's empire would probably have included Assyria. He is listed in the Assyrian king list as the son of Ikunum and the founder of a dynasty. He became a prominent member of the royal court of Kish, ultimately overthrowing its king before embarking on the conquest of Mesopotamia.
The Empire 
Sargon's vast empire is known to have extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea, including Mesopotamia, parts of modern-day Iran and Syria, and possibly parts of Anatolia and the Arabian peninsula. He ruled from a new capital, Akkad, which the Sumerian king list claims he built on the left bank of the Euphrates. He is sometimes regarded as the first person in recorded history to create a multiethnic, centrally ruled empire, although the Sumerians Lugal-anne-mundu and Lugal-zage-si also have a claim. His dynasty controlled Mesopotamia for around a century and a half.

Sargon allowed the people of the lands he conquered to retain their local rulers and customs. They had to obey him, however, and pay a protection tax known as a tribute. Sargon's policy contributed to the preservation of peace and the loyalty of people throughout his empire.
Akkadian language 
The Akkadian language was made the official language of international discourse. During Sargon's reign, Akkadian was standardized and adapted for use with the cuneiform script, which was previously used for the Sumerian language. A style of calligraphy developed in which text on clay tablets and cylinder seals was arranged amidst scenes of mythology and ritual.

References 

Mesopotamian people
Judea or Judaea (, Yehudah) is the ancient name of the mountainous surrounding Jerusalem. Its location falls in present-day Israel and the Palestinian West Bank.

History

Ancient Judea 
Judea was the territory of the ancient Kingdom of Judah. Judea lost its Nationhood to the Romans in the 1st century BC, by becoming first a tributary kingdom, then a province, of the Roman Empire. 

The first interference of Rome in the region dates from 63 BC, following the end of the Third Mithridatic war. 

After the defeat of Mithridates VI of Pontus, general Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) stayed behind to make the area secure for Rome. Judea at the time was not a peaceful place. Queen Alexandra had recently died, and her sons were troubling the country with a civil war for power. They were Hyrcanus and Aristobulus.
After Caesar's death 
Around the same time Pompey was defeated by Julius Caesar, Hyrcanus was followed by a member of his court, Antipater. Caesar and Antipater were both killed in 44 BC, and Herod, Antipater's son, was appointed as governor (tetrarch) by Rome in 41 BC. He became the king (basileus) of Judea in 37 BC, and was known as King Herod the Great. During his reign, the great port of Caesarea Maritima was built. He died in 4 BC, and his kingdom was divided among his sons. One of these was Herod Archelaus, who ruled Judea so badly that he was made to quit in 6 AD by the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar, after his own people complained about him. 

The kingdom of Judea now became part of a larger Roman province of Ivdaea. This was one of the few governed by a knight, not a former consul or praetor of senatorial rank, because its income to the Roman treasury was small, and the region was peaceful. Pontius Pilate was one of these procurators.
Between 41 and 44, Judea won a little more independence again, when Herod Agrippa was made king by emperor Claudius. After Agrippa's died, the province again went to direct Roman control for a short time. Judea was returned little by little to Agrippa's son, Marcus Julius Agrippa, in 48. However, there was still a Roman procurator in the area, responsible for keeping peace and raising taxes. When he died, around the year 100, the area returned once again to direct Roman control.

Rebellions 
Judea was the stage of three major rebellions against the Romans. They were (see Judea rebellions for a full account):
66-70 - first rebellion, followed by the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple (see Great Jewish Revolt, Josephus)
115-117 - second rebellion, because of too much taxation
132-135 - third rebellion, led by Simon Bar Kokhba
After Bar Kokhba's revolt was stopped by the Roman forces, the emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina, and Jerusalem became Aelia Capitolina in order to embarrass the Jewish people by attempting to erase the nation's name from the region.

Timeline 
Until 63 BC - independent state
63 BC-6 AD - client kingdom of Rome
6-41 - Roman province
26-36 - procurator Pontius Pilatus 
41-44 - ruling of Herod Agrippa (client king)
44-48 - Roman province
48-100 - ruling of Herod Agrippa II (client king)
66-70 - First rebellion
100 onwards - Roman province
115-117 - second rebellion
132-135 - third rebellion: Simon Bar Kokhba
135 - Judea renamed Syria Palaestina by emperor Hadrian.

Major cities 
Major cities in this area are Hebron, Bethlehem, Efrat and Beitar Illit.
Other websites
The subjugation of Judea 
Judaea 6-66 AD 

History of the Middle East
Places of Ancient Rome
West Bank
An incubation period is the time it takes between the day a person is infected with a pathogen (something that causes a disease, like a virus), and the day that the person starts having symptoms of the disease.  For example, if a person is infected with the common cold, it usually takes about one to three days for the person to start having cold symptoms.  This means that the common cold's incubation period is one to three days.

With some diseases, like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV, the virus that causes AIDS), a person can still give other people HIV during the incubation period.  Even though the person with HIV has no symptoms, the virus is making copies of itself during the incubation period.
What affects incubation periods
Many different things affect the incubation period for a disease.  These things include:
 How much of the pathogen a person got
 Whether the person was vaccinated against this pathogen, and if they were, which vaccine was used
 How fast the pathogen makes copies of itself once it is in the body
 How strong the person's immune system is

Examples of incubation periods 
Incubation periods are not exactly the same for everyone, because every person is different.  Because of this, an incubation period is always written as a range (for example, "one to three days").

For many conditions, incubation periods are longer in adults than they are in children or infants.

Some diseases have very short incubation periods.  Other diseases have incubation periods of many years.  For example:

References

Diseases
The New Yorker is an American magazine that publishes articles, essays, stories, and cartoons about many topics. Though much of the magazine is about New York City, many readers are outside of the city. The magazine is known for its articles about politics, careful fact-checking, its cartoons, and short stories by many notable authors. It was founded by Harold Ross and the first issue was released on February 17, 1925. Though it was formerly a weekly magazine, it now publishes a new issue 47 times a year, with five longer two-week issues. In 2004, it had about 996,000 subscribers (people who paid to receive it).

The magazine has included short stories by J. D. Salinger,  Vladimir Nabokov, John Updike, E. B. White, John Hersey, whose essay Hiroshima filled an entire issue, and Shirley Jackson, whose story The Lottery drew more mail than any other story published in the magazine.

References

Other websites 
 The New Yorker
American weekly magazines
Magazines published in New York City
1925 establishments in the United States
Cataplexy is a medical condition where people become limp when they are exposed to spontaneous emotions such as laughter, fright, anger, or sadness. People who have cataplexy will sometimes see that some of their muscles suddenly fail them. Cataplexy  often affects people who have narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder. People with narcolepsy tend to suddenly fall asleep. They cannot control when they fall asleep. Cataplexy is sometimes confused with epilepsy, where a series of flashes or other stimuli cause superficially similar seizures.

The term Cataplexy originates from the Greek kata, meaning down, and plexis, meaning a stroke or seizure.

Diseases
Sustainability means that a process or state can be maintained at a certain level for as long as is wanted.

One definition of sustainability is the one created by the Brundtland Commission, led by the former Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. The Commission defined sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Sustainability relates to the connection of economic, social, institutional and environmental aspects of human society, as well as the non-human environment. Some overarching principles of sustainability include minimalism, efficiency, resilience and self-sufficiency. Sustainability is one of the four Core Concepts behind the 2007 Universal Forum of Cultures.

Related pages

 Environmentalism
Second law of thermodynamics
 Simple living

Notes and References

Footnotes

References
Bibliography
 
 AtKisson, A. 1999. Believing Cassandra, An Optimist looks at a Pessimist’s World, Chelsea Green Publishing., White River Junction, VT
 Bartlett, A. 1998. "Reflections on Sustainability, Population Growth, and the Environment—Revisited"  revised version (January 1998) of paper first published in Population & Environment, Vol. 16, No. 1, September 1994, pp. 5–35.
 Benyus, J. 1997. Biomimicry: Innovations Inspired by Nature, William Morrow, New York
 Brown, M.T. and Ulgiati, S 1999. Emergy Evaluation of Natural Capital and Biosphere Services, AMBIO, Vol.28, No.6, Sept. 1999.
 Brundtland, G.H. (ed.), (1987),  Our common future: The World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
 
 Dalal-Clayton, B. (1993) Modified Eia And Indicators Of Sustainability: First Steps Towards Sustainability Analysis , Environmental Planning Issues No.1, International Institute For Environment And Development, Environmental Planning Group.
Dean, J. W. (2006). Conservatives Without Conscience. New York: Viking Penguin.
 Ekins, P. (Ed.). (1986). The Living Economy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
 
 Hawken, Paul, Lovins, Amory and Lovins, L. H. 1999. Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution, Earthscan, London (Downloadable from www.natcap.org)
 International Institute for Sustainable Development (1996) Global Tomorrow Coalition Sustainable Development Tool Kit: A Sample Policy Framework, Chapter 4 .
 Jarzombek, Mark. "Sustainability—Architecture: between Fuzzy Systems and Wicked Problems," Blueprints 21/1 (Winter 2003), pp. 6–9; and LOG 8 (Summer 206) 7-13.
 Kriegman, O. 2006. Dawn of the Cosmopolitan: The Hope of a Global Citizens Movement. Boston: Tellus Institute.
 Lane, R. E. (1991). The Market Experience. New York: Cambridge University Press.
 Marks, N., Simms, A., Thompson, S., and Abdallah, S. (2006).The (Un)happy Planet Index. London: New Economics Foundation. Downloadable from www.neweconomics.org
McDonough, W. & Braungart, M. (2002). Cradle to Cradle. North Point Press
 Nelson, E. H. (1986). New Values and Attitudes Throughout Europe. Epsom, England: Taylor-Nelson.
 Rajan, C. 2006. Global Politics and Institutions. Boston: Tellus Institute.
 Raskin, P., Banuri, T., Gallopin, G., Gutman, P., Hammond, A., Kates, R., and Swart, R. 2002. Great Transition: The Promise and Lure of the Times Ahead. Boston: Tellus Institute.
 Raven, J. (1995). The New Wealth of Nations: A New Enquiry into the Nature and Origins of the Wealth of Nations and the Societal Learning Arrangements Needed for a Sustainable Society. Unionville, New York: Royal Fireworks Press; Sudbury, Suffolk: Bloomfield Books.
 Richardson, B.J. and Wood, S. (eds) (2006). Environmental Law for Sustainability: A Reader, Hart Publishing, Oxford.
 Robèrt, Karl-Henrik. (2002). The Natural Step Story: Seeding a Quiet Revolution. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.
Shah, H., & Marks, N. (2004). A Well-being Manifesto for a Flourishing Society. London: New Economics Foundation.
 Sinclair, Fiona, D. (2007). "What is Sustainability" 
 Steffen, Alex (2006). Worldchanging: A User's Guide to the 21st Century. Abrams, New York.
 Trainer, F. E. (Ed.). (1990). A rejection of the Bruntland Report. International Foundation for the Development of Alternatives Dossier, 77, May-June, 71-85.
 Unruh, G. (2000). Understanding Carbon Lock-in, Energy Policy, Volume 28, Issue 12, October, 817–830.
 Unruh, G. (2002). Escaping Carbon Lock-in, Energy Policy, Volume 30, Issue 4, March, 317-325.
 Yankelovitch, D., Zetterberg, H., Strumpel, B., Shanks, M., et al. (1983). Work and Human Values. New York: Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies.
Other websites 
 Sustainability | Definition of Sustainability at Dictionary.com
 Encyclopedia of Earth: Sustainability
 (ISC) The Institute for Sustainable Communication—Dedicated to raising awareness and capacity for the sustainable use of print and other communication media.
 Grant Thornton International Business Report Energy & Environment focus 
 SustainLane US City Rankings A flyover tour and comparative sustainability ranking of the 50 largest US cities.
 SustainLane Government Urban sustainability "best practices" database (public) and peer network (private; government practitioners).
 Appropedia, an active wiki on sustainability, appropriate technology and international development.
 SustainUS The U.S. Youth Network for Sustainable Development
 Green Progress—Green building and sustainable development news.
 WWW—Virtual Library—sustainable development—links.
 iNSnet—Portal site for sustainable development.
 Sustainable Living Foundation
 Sustainability news coverage—from American Public Media.
"The Next Green Revolution" (Wired Magazine)
 Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy—ejournal.nbii.org : a peer-reviewed, open access journal that provides a platform for the dissemination of new practices and for dialogue emerging out of the field of sustainability.
The Brundtland Commission was created  by the United Nations in 1983 to reflect about ways to save the human environment and natural resources and prevent deterioration of economic and social development. 

The UN General Assembly thought that environmental problems were global in nature and determined that it was in the common interest of all nations to establish policies for sustainable development.

Brundtland Report
The Report of the Brundtland Commission was published by Oxford University Press in 1987. The full text of the Brundtland Report  can be downloaded as a copy of the UN General Assembly document A/42/427 - a 25 Mbyte [pdf] file. Also available from Wikisource Brundtland Report.

The report deals with sustainable development and the change of politics needed for achieving that. The definition of this term in the report is quite well known and often cited:
"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Notes and references

History of the United Nations
Sustainable development
1983 establishments
Mosleh Zamani (also referred as Moslah Zamani) was a young Kurdish man from Sanandaj, who was executed for adultery in December 2009 (under Iranian law, every sexual contact outside marriage, even if both people are unmarried, is adulterous).

Mosleh, who was arrested at age of 17 and spend four years in prison, was sentenced to death by hanging.

His case raised strong controversies, because of both nature of his crime and fact he was 17 year old (Iran, because of international obligations, is not permitted to sentence anyone to death for crime he or she had committed under age of 18).

The only person who could have commuted the death sentence is Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi, the head of the judiciary.

Related pages
 Delara Darabi
 Reza Alinejad

Other websites 
 About Mosleh 

Iranian people
Climate change is the climate of Earth changing. The Earth's climate has been much hotter and colder than it is today. Climate change this century and last century is sometimes called global warming, because the average temperature on the surface has risen. The last decade (20112020) was the warmest on record, and each of the last four decades has been warmer than any previous decade since 1850. The climate is now changing much faster than it has in the recent past. This is because people are putting more greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, and they block some heat from escaping from the Earth into space. 

When people talk about climate change they are usually talking about the problem of human-caused  global warming, which is happening now (see global warming for more details). But the climate of the Earth has changed over not just thousands of years, but tens or hundreds of millions of years.
Sometimes, before there were people, the Earth's climate was much hotter than it is today. For example about 60 million years ago there were a lot of volcanoes, which burnt a lot of underground organic matter (squashed and fossilized dead plants and animals like coal, gas and oil). A lot of carbon dioxide and methane went up in the air. 

At times in the past, the temperature was much cooler, with the last glaciation ending about ten thousand years ago. Ice Ages are times when the Earth got colder, and more ice froze at the North and South Poles. Sometimes even the whole Earth has been covered in ice, and was much colder than today. 

There is no one reason why there are Ice Ages. Changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, and the Sun getting brighter or dimmer are events which do happen. Also how much the Earth is tilted compared to the Sun might make a difference. Another source of change is the activities of living things (see Great Oxygenation Event and Huronian glaciation).
Hot Earth 
Sometimes, before there were people, the Earth's climate was much hotter than it is today. For example about 60 million years ago there were a lot of volcanoes, which burnt a lot of underground organic matter (squashed and fossilized dead plants and animals like coal, gas and oil)  so a lot of carbon dioxide and methane went up in the air like nowadays. This made the Earth hot enough for giant tortoises and alligators to live in the Arctic.

Cold Earth

Glaciations 

At times in the past, the temperature was much cooler, with the last glaciation ending about ten thousand years ago.

Ice Ages
Ice Ages 

Ice Ages are long times (much much longer than glaciations) when the Earth got colder, and more ice froze at the North and South Poles. Sometimes even the whole Earth was covered in ice, and was much colder than today. There is no one reason why there are Ice Ages. Changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, and the Sun getting brighter or dimmer are events which do happen. Also how much the Earth is tilted compared to the Sun might make a difference. Another source of change is the activities of living things (see Great Oxygenation Event and Huronian glaciation).
History of climate change studies 
Joseph Fourier in 1824, Claude Pouillet in 1827 and 1838, Eunice Foote (18191888) in 1856, Irish physicist John Tyndall (1820–1893) in 1863 onwards, Svante Arrhenius in 1896, and Guy Stewart Callendar (1898–1964) discovered the importance of carbon dioxide (CO2) in climate change. Foote's work was not appreciated, and not widely known. Tyndall proved there were other greenhouse gases as well. Nils Gustaf Ekholm in 1901 invented the term.

The Sun 

The Sun gets a little bit hotter and colder every 11 years. This is called the 11-year sunspot cycle. The change is so small that scientists can barely measure how it affects the temperature of the Earth. If the Sun was causing the Earth to warm up, it would warm both the surface and high up in the air. But the air in the upper stratosphere is actually getting colder. Therefore the changes in the Sun are not causing the global warming which is happening now.
According to the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the current scientific consensus is that long and short-term variations in solar activity play only a very small role in Earth’s climate. Warming from increased levels of human-produced greenhouse gases is actually many times stronger than any effects due to recent variations in solar activity.

For more than 40 years, satellites have observed the Sun's energy output, which has gone up or down by less than 0.1 percent during that period. Since 1750, the warming driven by greenhouse gases coming from the human burning of fossil fuels is over 270 times greater than the slight extra warming coming from the Sun itself over that same time .

Sustainable energy and environment 
Renewable energy or sustainable energy includes any energy source that cannot be exhausted. It can remain viable for a long period of time without running out or lasts forever. Examples are solar, wind, hydropower (water), geothermal, tidal and biomass.
Sustainable energy choices play a crucial role in mitigating the impact of human activities on the environment. Here's an overview of some key sustainable energy options and their environmental impacts according to research:

Solar energy 
Sunlight from the Sun when converted produces solar energy. It is in abundance and freely available. The type of energy obtained is clean and easily renewable. It has low maintenance cost and can generate energy in any climate.

Wind energy 
Another clean form of energy is wind. This energy is a plentiful source of renewable energy source. However, it is only available sometimes.

Through history, the use of wind power has waxed and waned, from the use of windmills in centuries past to high tech wind turbines on wind farms today.

Related pages
Ecology
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

References.
(IPA: ) (born 20 April 1939) is a Norwegian politician, diplomat, and physician. She is an international leader in sustainable development and public health. She is a former Prime Minister of Norway. She was the Director General of the World Health Organization. In 2007, she became a Special Envoy for Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.

Education 
Brundtland has a degree from the University of Oslo. She also has a master's degree from Harvard University.

References

Other websites

Harvard University alumni
Norwegian diplomats
Politicians from Oslo
Prime Ministers of Norway
University of Oslo alumni
1939 births
Living people
Allentown is a city that is in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. After Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, it is Pennsylvania's third most populous city, with 125,845 residents as of the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Lehigh County.

The town is in east Pennsylvania about 45 minutes away from the Pocono Mountains.

Allentown history

Founding 

The city of Allentown was first home to people in 1735. It was then named a Northampton town (Northampton-Towne) in 1762 by William Allen, a rich shipping merchant, Chief Justice of the Province of Pennsylvania and mayor, or leader, of Philadelphia in the past. The town was made on a 5,000-acre area Allen got for money in 1735 from the sons of William Penn. Allen hoped that Northampton-Towne would become a commercial center because of it being on the Lehigh River and how it was near Philadelphia. Allen gave the area to his son, James, who built a summer home, Trout Hall, there in 1770.
On March 18 1811, the town became a borough. On March 6 1812, Lehigh County was made from the west part of Northampton County, and Northampton was made the county seat. The name of the town became "Allentown" on April 16 1833 because it was liked by people. Allentown was made a city on March 12 1867.

Liberty Bell
Liberty Bell 

The Liberty Bell was kept away from the British during the American Revolutionary War in Allentown. After George Washington lost the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia did not have defense, and got ready for the British to attack. The Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania said that eleven bells, like the State House bell and the bells from Philadelphia's Christ Church and St. Peter's Church, should be taken down and taken away from the city to stop the British, who would melt the bells down to and make into cannons, from taking the bells. The bells were moved north to Northampton-Towne, and put in the basement of the Old Zion Reformed Church, in what is now center of Allentown. Today, a shrine in the church's basement marks the same spot where the Liberty Bell was.
Birthplace of the American Industrial Revolution 
Before the 1830s, Allentown was a small town with only local markets. When the Lehigh Canal was made the economy got bigger. The town changed with industrialization and became one of the United States' biggest areas for big industry and manufacturing. While Allentown was not as big as Bethlehem, the city right next to it, the iron industry in the area still gave many jobs to the city. Railroads, like the Lehigh Valley Railroad, were very important to move raw materials and made goods, and made many new jobs.

Allentown also had a strong tradition in the making of beer and was home to many breweries people knew, like the Horlacher Brewery (founded 1897, closed 1978).

Early 20th century to present
Climate 
Allentown's climate is called humid continental. Summers are hot and muggy, fall and spring are mild, and winter is cold. Precipitation is almost spread throughout the year at the same rate. Allentown's weather is affected by the Blue Mountain, a mountain ridge from 1,000 to 1,600 feet high about 12 miles north of the city, and South Mountain, a mountain ridge of 500 to 1,000 feet high that is south of the city.

References 

County seats in Pennsylvania
 
1730s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1735 establishments
18th-century establishments in Pennsylvania
Mia Rose (aka Miaarose) is a YouTube artist who sings. She was born on January 26, 1988. She has signed a record deal with NextSelection. Her real name is Maria Antónia Teixeira Rosa. She says she is Portuguese. She is currently recording songs with groups. Rose also works with Prez Wszeborowski, a 17-year-old music composer that has written "You're Pitiful" for Weird Al Yankovic, and also made beats for celebrities like Sean Paul, Busta Rhymes, Silva Sisters, The Millionairs, and The Anarckists.

Other websites 

1988 births
Living people
British YouTubers
Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus.  Unlike the other common forms of hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), it does not cause chronic (long-term) liver disease.

How is hepatitis A spread?
When a person has hepatitis A, the virus stays in their feces.  Hepatitis A is usually spread by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with infected feces.  For example, hepatitis A can be spread by:
 Using ice that was made from contaminated water
 Eating fruits, vegetables, or other foods that are not cooked, which may have gotten contaminated when a person with hepatitis A prepared them 
 Foods that are not cooked are more likely to spread hepatitis A because cooking food will kill the virus
 Eating shellfish that lived in contaminated water, and were not cooked well enough to kill the virus

Hepatitis A can also be spread by having sex with someone who has hepatitis A.
Signs and symptoms
Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
Abdominal pain
Fever
Nausea and Vomiting
Fatigue
Anorexia (loss of the desire to eat)

Treatment and prognosis
There is no medication that can cure hepatitis A. In most cases, the infection resolves on its own. In most cases, symptoms last less than 2 months, although some people are sick for as long as six months.

Unfortunately, a small number of patients develop Fulminant hepatic failure, which is very serious.

Prevention
A vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A, and anti-hepatitis A immunoglobulin is also used.

References

Diseases caused by viruses
Liver disease
Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver. It is caused by a virus. The virus is not spread by food or casual contact. It can be spread by blood or body fluids from an infected person.  A baby can get it from its mother during childbirth. It can also be spread by sexual contact, reuse of needles, and transfusions of blood with the virus in it.

Infection with hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination, where an injection is given which makes the body immune to the virus. It is recommended that all people are given a series of three vaccines over a few months when they are babies to ensure good protection against this virus. However, vaccination only provides 90% protection, it does not completely remove the risk of infection.
Some people who are infected are able to beat the virus quickly. Many people are infected for life. Usually they have few or no symptoms. Sometimes the liver is damaged severely, causing liver failure. A common symptom of liver failure is jaundice, where the person's skin and eyes turn yellow due to a build-up of body products which would normally be filtered by the liver. Another problem with hepatitis B is that it can cause cancer of the liver.

Blood tests can find signs that the liver is being damaged. If people have those signs, treatment for hepatitis B can prevent the liver damage caused by the virus. Antiviral medications are given, which prevent the virus from making copies of itself. However, once the virus is in the liver, it is not possible to get rid of the virus completely.

References

Diseases caused by viruses
Sexually transmitted diseases
Liver disease
Mir was a space station created by the Soviet Union and later owned and operated by Russia. It existed from 1984 to 23 March 2001. When it was retired, it moved towards the Earth and burned up in its atmosphere. Mir is now replaced with the International Space Station. It was the first space station to be made out of multiple modules, unlike the previous Salyut series of space stations, which were only made out of one module.

Space stations
The May Queen or Queen of May is a word which has two different but related meanings. It can refer to either  a mythical figure or  to a holiday personification.

Mythology
The May Queen is also known as The Maiden, the goddess of spring, flower bride, queen of the faeries, and the lady of the flowers. The May Queen is a symbol of the stillness of nature around which everything revolves. She stands for purity, strength and the potential for growth, as the plants grow in May. She is one of many personifications of the energy of the earth.

She was once also known as Maid Marian in the medieval plays of Robin Hood and of the May Games - she is the young village girl, crowned with blossom, attended by children with garlands and white dresses. Some folklorists have drawn parallels between her and Maia, the Roman Goddess of Springtime, of Growth and Increase whose very name may be the root of "May".

Festivals
Festivals

The May Queen is a girl (usually a teenage girl from a specific school year) who is selected to ride or walk at the front of a parade for May Day celebrations. She wears a white gown to symbolise purity and usually a tiara or crown. Her duty is to begin the May Day celebrations. She is generally crowned by flowers and makes a speech before the dancing begins. Certain age groups dance round a May pole celebrating youth and the spring time.

An Elizabethan account
In 1557, a diarist called Henry Machyn wrote:

"The xxx day of May was a goly May-gam in Fanch-chyrchestrett with drumes and gunes and pykes, and ix wordes dyd ryd; and thay had speches evere man, and the morris dansse and the sauden, and a elevant with the castyll, and the sauden and yonge morens with targattes and darttes, and the lord and the lade of the Maye".
Translation: On the 30th May was a jolly May-game in Fenchurch Street (London) with drums and guns and pikes, The Nine Worthies did ride; and they all had speeches, and the morris dance and sultan and a elephant with a castle (saddle in the shape of a castle) and the sultan and young moors with shields and arrows, and the lord and lady of the May".

Maintaining the tradition
Many areas keep this tradition alive today, most notably the Brentham Garden Suburb, England which hosts it annually. This has the record of the oldest unbroken tradition although the May Queen of All London Festival at Hayes Common in Bromley is a close contender. A May queen is selected from a group of 13 upwards girls by the young dancers. She returns the next year to crown the new May Queen and stays in the procession.