Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
"Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk" is the eleventh episode of The Simpsons third season. The name is in a grammatically incorrect form; it should be called "Burns verkauft das Kraftwerk". The episode first started on December 5, 1991. In this episode, Mr. Burns, who is sad because he wishes to pursue many interests, decides to sell the power plant to two German investors for "100 million dollars." Homer's incompetence quickly gets him fired by the Germans. Meanwhile, Mr. Burns has lost all his respectability because he can no longer control anyone. As a result, he decides to buy back the plant. Because the power plant has been so costly to maintain, the Germans decide to sell the power plant back to Burns for 50 million dollars. Determined to keep his enemies close at hand, Burns rehires Homer, and all is back to normal.

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
In mathematics, an interval is a group of numbers that includes all numbers between the beginning and the end. Numbers that are larger than the beginning number and smaller than the end number are inside the interval, and numbers that are smaller than the beginning number or larger than the end number are not in the interval. The beginning number and end number may or may not be inside the interval. An example of an interval might be from 3.3 to 15. Here, numbers such as 4, 8, 9.5, 14, and even 14.999 are inside this interval. Numbers such as -4, 2, 3.2, 20, and 15.000001 are not inside this interval.

To write an interval, write either a square bracket ( [ ) or a parenthesis ( ( ), the beginning number, a comma ( , ), the end number, and either a closing square bracket ( ] ) or a closing parenthesis ( ) ).  Examples of intervals are (4, 9.6), [-100, 100], [-30, -4).

Different kinds of intervals 

Intervals can be separated by how they act at their ends.  Intervals can be closed, open, or mixed.
Closed Intervals 
An interval that is closed also includes the beginning and the end, and generally takes the form of . A closed interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5.4 as the end would include 3, 5.4, and every number between 3 and 5.4. To write a closed interval, use square brackets ( [ and ] ).  An example of an closed interval is [136, 450].

Open Intervals 
An interval that is open does not include the beginning or the end, and generally takes the form of . An open interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5 as the end would include every number between 3 and 5, but it would not include 3 or 5. To write an open interval, use parentheses ( ( and ) ). An example of an open interval is (2, 5).
Mixed Intervals 
A mixed interval is open at one end and closed at the other end, and generally takes the form of  (right-open interval) or  (left-open interval). This means that the interval may include the beginning but not the end, or it may include the end but not the beginning. For example, the interval [9, 23) would include 9, but it would not include 23.

Related pages
 Affine arithmetic
 Interval arithmetic

References 

Mathematics
The Actinobacteria, or Actinomycetota are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. They grow on land or in water. They include some of the most common life forms in soil, playing important roles in the decomposition of organic matter and humus formation. Fungi also play the same role, so some Actinobacteria like Streptomyces were originally classified as fungi. Actinobacteria colonies form branching threads called mycelia. This feature was another reason for the wrongful classification of the actinomycetes, for example, as fungi. 

Some species live in a mutual resource exchange with the roots of plants, such as Frankia, while other species can cause disease, such as the genus Mycobacterium and the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Actinobacteria contains one of the largest bacterial genera, Streptomyces, which contributes to maintaining the acidity and basicity levels of the soil. They are also important sources of antibiotics, as well as antifungals, antivirals, and numerous other medicines. They are also very useful in agriculture,  as they can be used in insecticides and herbicides, among various other substances. Other Actinobacteria species, such as the genus Bifidobacterium, are commonly found in the intestines of infants and are less common in adults.

Some Actinobacteria found in Siberia or Antarctica are considered the oldest on Earth, frozen around half a million years ago.

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
Oracle database is a relational database management system that is made by the Oracle Corporation.

Oracle Corporation
Golgi may mean:

Camillo Golgi (18431926), Italian anatomist and neurologist
Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic organelle, named after Camillo Golgi
Golgi method or Golgi stain: a way of staining nerve cells
Golgi (crater), a crater on the moon, commemorating Camillo Golgi
The African dormouse, Graphiurus,  is a genus of dormouse that lives throughout sub-Saharan Africa in different habitats.  They are good at climbing. They have bushy tails.  They eat invertebrates and small vertebrates.

Species
 Graphiurus angolensis - Angolan African dormouse
 Graphiurus christyi - Christy's dormouse
 Graphiurus crassicaudatus - Jentink's dormouse
 Graphiurus johnstoni - Jouhnston's African dormouse
 Graphiurus kelleni - Kellen's dormouse
 Graphiurus lorraineus - Lorrain dormouse
 Graphiurus microtis - Small-eared dormouse
 Graphiurus monardi - Monard's dormouse
 Graphiurus murinus - Woodland dormouse
 Graphiurus nagtglasii - Nagtglas's African dormouse
 Graphiurus ocularis - Spectacled dormouse
 Graphiurus platyops - Rock dormouse
 Graphiurus rupicola - Stone dormouse
 Graphiurus surdus - Silent dormouse
 Graphiurus walterverheyeni

Gallery

References
The Angolan African dormouse (Graphiurus angolensis) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to (lives only in) Angola. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.

References
 Coetzee, N., Griffin, M. & Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus angolensis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
Mammals of Africa
Christy's dormouse (Graphiurus christyi) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

References
 Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2008.  Graphiurus christyi .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 18 August 2009.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
The Linnean Society of London is the world's biggest society for the study and discussion of taxonomy and natural history. It publishes a Zoological Journal, as well as Botanical and Biological Journals. It also prints The Linnean, a review of the history of the society and of taxonomy.

The Linnean Society was started in 1788. It was named after the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus. The Society is based at Burlington House in Piccadilly, London. Members can be a Student member, an Associate member or a full Fellow. To become a member, a person needs to be nominated by two or more Fellows, and succeed in an election. Fellows of the society can use the letters FLS after their names to show their membership of the Society (for example, John Smith FLS).
Medals and prizes
The Linnean Society of London wants to promote the study of all areas of the biological sciences. They especially want to promote the study of evolution, taxonomy, biodiversity and sustainability.  The Society awards medals and grants to help with this.
The following medals and prizes are awarded by the Linnean Society:
The Linnean Medal was started in 1888. It was awarded (until 1958) to a botanist one year and to a zoologist the next year. Since 1958 it has been awarded to one of each in the same year.
The H. H. Bloomer Award was started in 1963. The money comes from a legacy from the amateur naturalist Harry Howard Bloomer. It is awarded to an amateur naturalist who has made an important contribution to biology.
The Bicentenary Award was started in 1978, on the 200th anniversary of the death of Linnaeus. It is given to someone who has done important work and who is under the age of 40 years.
The Jill Smythies Award was started in 1986. It is awarded for botanical illustrations.
The Irene Manton Prize was started in 1990. It is awarded for the best dissertation in botany during an academic year.
The Darwin-Wallace Medal is awarded for very important advances in evolutionary biology.
Collections
Linnaeus' botanical and zoological collections were bought in 1783 by Sir James Edward Smith, the first President of the society. They are held in London by the Society. The collections include 14,000 plants, 158 fish, 1,564 shells, 3,198 insects, 1,600 books and 3,000 letters and documents. If you want to see them, you need to make an appointment.

James Smith's own plant collection is also kept by the Society. It has been put into a database by the Smith Herbarium Project at the National Museums Liverpool. 6,000 plants have been cleaned and repaired.
Linnean Societies worldwide
Australia
 Linnean Society of New South Wales
Canada
 Société linnéenne du Québec
France
 La Société Linnéenne de la Seine maritime
 Société linnéenne de Lyon
 Société linnéenne de Provence
 Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux
 Société Linnéenne de Normandie
Sweden
 The Swedish Linnaeus Society
United Kingdom
 The Linnean Society of London
United States
 The Linnean Society of Lake Superior, Inc.
 The Linnaean Society of New York

Other websites
  Works related to  at the English Wikisource

Linnean Society of London
Medals and prizes of the Linnean Society
Linnean Societies Worldwide
The Linnaean Society of New York
Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom
Captain John Guy Dollman BA, FLS (1886-1942) (who was known as Guy Dollman) was a British zoologist and taxonomist. Dollman's Tree Mouse and Dollman's Vlei Rat are named after him.

Life and work

Guy Dollman was the eldest son of the artist John Charles Dollman. He was born on 4 September 1886 and went to St Paul's School. He later went to St John's College Cambridge. In February 1907, when he was still a student, he was employed by the Department of Zoology at the British Museum (Natural History). He spent most of his working life there as Assistant Keeper of Mammals.

In 1912, on an expedition to Vietnam, he discovered and named the Tonkin Snub-nosed Langur. He joined the British Army in 1915, and obtained a commission in the 19th London Regiment. He was injured in a bomb accident so he did not fight in the First World War.
In 1919, he returned to the museum. He was an adviser to the British group at the 1933 International Conference for the Preservation of the Flora and Fauna of Africa. This was the most important meeting about protecting nature before the Second World War. Dollman helped to decide which animal species needed protecting.

He travelled and wrote a lot with Walter Rothschild. Some of their writing included New mammals from Dutch New Guinea (which was published in 1932) and a book about tree kangaroos which was called The Genus Dendrolagus (which was published in 1936). He was also a very good artist, showing pictures at the Royal Academy. He also drew pictures for his own scientific writings.

Dollman died on 21 March 1942 when he was 65 years old.

Binomial authority

Dollman is the binomial authority (the first person to name a species) for the following animals:
In 1912, Dollman classified Elephantulus rufescens dundasi, a subspecies of the Rufous Elephant Shrew;
 In 1912, Dollman classified Rhynchocyon petersi adersi, a subspecies of the Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew;
 In 1915, Dollman classified Crocidura olivieri zuleika, a subspecies of the African Giant Shrew;
 In 1932, Rothschild and Dollman also classified Phascolosorex dorsalis brevicaudata, a subspecies of the Narrow-striped Marsupial Shrew.
Articles and Books written by Dollman
  A History of British Mammals; Gerald Edwin Hamilton Barrett-Hamilton, Guy Dollman, Martin Alister Campbell Hinton, and Edward Adrian Wilson (1910) ASIN: B0014IP87W
 A new Elephant Shrew from Zanzibar; The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8th Series, Vol. X, (1912)
 On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus Crocidura; The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8th series (1915 & 1916).
 Catalogue of the Selous Collection of Big Game in the British Museum (Natural History); Longmans, Green and Co., (1921) available online
 Guide to the Specimens of the Horse Family (Equidæ) Exhibited in the Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History), 2nd ed.; Lydekker, Richard & Dollman, Guy; published by order of the Trustees (1922)
 Records of Big Game: With Their Distribution, Characteristics, Dimensions, Weights, and Horn & Tusk Measurements by Rowland Ward, John Guy Dollman, J. B. Burlace; Rowland Ward Ltd, (1922)
Horn Measurements and Weights of the Great Game of the World, &c. by Rowland Ward, J B Burlace, John Guy Dollman (1922)
 The Game Animals of India, Burma, Malaya, and Tibet 2nd ed. by Richard Lydekker, revised by John Guy Dollman; published by Ward, (1924)
 The Game Animals of Africa by Richard Lydekker, John Guy Dollman published by R. Ward, (1926) 2nd ed. (revised by Dollman), London
 A new race of Arabian Gazelle. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1927)
 Game animals of the Empire (1932) ASIN: B001855K8S
 Mammals collected by Lord Cranbrook and Captain F. Kingdon Ward in Upper Burma. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London (1932)
 New mammals from Dutch New Guinea. Abstracts of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 353,13-16; Rothschild, Lord Walter & Dollman, G. (1932).
 On mammals collected in Dutch New Guinea by Mr. F. Shaw Mayer in 1930. Rothschild, Lord Walter & Dollman, G. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1932), 211-219. (1933).
Rowland Ward's Records of Big Game edited by J. B. Burlace, Guy Dollman; published by Rowland Ward, 10th ed. (1935) ASIN: B000Q61X36
 The Genus Dendrolagus (Tree Kangaroos); Rothschild, Walter and Dollman, Guy, Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 21, 477-551 (1936).
  African Antelopes; Supplement to the Journal of the Royal African Society Vol. XXXV, No. CXLI; Macmillan and co, (1936) ASIN: B000WXIB38
 The Basenji Dog. Journal of the Royal African Society. 36(CXLII): 148-149 (1937)
References

Other websites
 Obituary, the Times, 24 March 1942

British biologists
British zoologists
1886 births
1942 deaths
Jentink's dormouse (Graphiurus crassicaudatus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Togo. It is also sometimes found in Benin, Equatorial Guinea and Sierra Leone. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

References
 Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus crassicaudatus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
The Johnston's African dormouse (Graphiurus johnstoni) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is moist savanna.

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus johnstoni.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.

Graphiurus
Kellen's dormouse (Graphiurus kelleni) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is native to Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and moist and dry savanna.

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Schlitter, D. & Grubb, P. 2008.  Graphiurus kelleni .   2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   accessed on 18 August 2009.

Other websites

Graphiurus
The Lorrain Dormouse (Graphiurus lorraineus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist savanna, and plantations .

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Schlitter, D. & Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus lorraineus.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.

Graphiurus
Monard's dormouse (Graphiurus monardi) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and possibly Zambia. Its natural habitat is moist savanna.

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus monardi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.

Graphiurus
The woodland dormouse (Graphiurus murinus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to (lives only in) South Africa.  It is also known as the African dwarf dormouse, the African pygmy dormouse or the Micro squirrel. They are sometimes kept as pets, but they are harder to look after than other pet rodents.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.

References

 Baxter, R. 2004.  Graphiurus murinus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. pp. 819–841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1784 – 4 June 1838) was a French zoologist and author. He was the son of Nicolas Desmarest.

Desmarest published Histoire Naturelle des Tangaras, des Manakins et des Todiers (1805), Considérations générales sur la classe des crustacés (1825), Mammalogie ou description des espèces des Mammifères. Paris: Veuve Agasse(1820), and Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles (1816–30, with André Marie Constant Duméril). His son Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest (1816–1889) was also a zoologist.

French zoologists
1784 births
1838 deaths
Nicolas Desmarest (16 September 1725 – 20 September 1815) was a French geologist.

Desmarest was born at Soulaines in the department of Aube in France. He was educated at the college of the Oratorians of Troyes and Paris. While doing this, he earned money by teaching, to pay for his education. 

Buffon's Theory of the Earth interested him, and in 1753 he won a prize by writing an essay on the ancient connection between England and France. A lot of people were interested in this. He was given job studying and reporting on manufacturing in different countries. In 1788 he became inspector-general of the industries of France.

Demarest travelled around on foot to learn more about the Earth's structure. In 1763 he noticed that the basalt rocks in Auvergne were old lava streams. He noticed that they were similar to the columns of the Giant's Causeway in Ireland. He knew that they were evidence of the operations of old volcanoes which were no longer active.
In 1774 he published an essay on the subject (with a geological map) after visiting the area a few times. He then discussed the changes that the rocks had gone through because of weathering and erosion. This was the first time that anyone had talked about valleys being made because streams which flowed through them eroding the rocks.

He died in Paris in 1815. In 1823 his son Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest published a new and better edition of his map.

References 
 

French geologists
People from Aube
1725 births
1815 deaths
Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest (1816–1889) was a French zoologist and entomologist. He was the son of Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1734–1838).

Works
Partial list:
  In: Jean-Charles Chenu, . Marescq et Compagnie, Paris. v.18, p. 123– 181 (1860).
 . In: J–C. Chenu. v. 19, p. 1– 360 + 1– 62 (1874)

References

Other websites
BHL Encyclopédie d'histoire naturelle Scanned book

French zoologists
1816 births
1889 deaths
Entomologists
The Nagtglas's African dormouse (Graphiurus nagtglasii) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and sometimes in Gabon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

References
 Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus nagtglasii .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819–841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
A clergyman is an ordained minister of the Anglican Church, or of some other Protestant churches. 'Vicar' and 'pastor' are other possibilities. 'Rector' is used in some Scottish Presbyterian churches. 'The clergy' is often used as a group term. The word 'cleric', meaning a clerk, is the root term. It comes from the fact that all clerics could read and write, at a time when this was a rare skill.

By general use and convention, Anglican ministers are not called priests. This is because the unqualified term 'priest' or 'father' is widely used as referring to the Catholic Church. Of course, in modern times an Anglican minister may be female, in which case the term 'reverend' or 'minister' may be used.

Related pages 

 Clergy

Christian religious occupations
Endemism is an ecological word meaning that a plant or animal lives only in a particular location, such as a specific island, habitat type, nation or other defined zone. For example, many species of lemur are endemic to the island of Madagascar. 

There are two types of endemism - paleoendemism and neoendemism. Paleoendemism means that a species used to live in a large area but now lives only in a smaller area. Neoendemism means that a species has recently appeared which is closely related to the main species or one that has formed following hybridization and is now classified as a separate species. This is a common process in plants especially those which exhibit polyploidy.

The opposite of endemism is cosmopolitan distribution.
Endemic types are most likely to develop on islands because they are isolated. This includes remote island groups, like the Hawaiian Islands, the Galápagos Islands, and Socotra. Endemism can also occur in areas which are separated from other similar areas like the highlands of Ethiopia, or large bodies of water like Lake Baikal.

Endemics can easily become endangered or extinct because of only living in a small area. They are also vulnerable to the actions of man, including the introduction of new organisms. There were millions of both Bermuda petrels and "Bermuda cedars" (actually junipers) in Bermuda when it was settled at the start of the 17th century. By the end of the century, the petrels were thought to be extinct. Cedars, whose numbers were low as a result of centuries of shipbuilding, were nearly made extinct in the 20th Century by the introduction of a parasite. Both petrels and cedars are very rare today, as are other species endemic or native to Bermuda.
Endemic organisms are not the same as indigenous organisms — a species that is indigenous to somewhere may be native to other locations as well. An introduced species, also known as a naturalized or exotic species, is an organism that is not indigenous to a given place or area.

Ecoregions with high endemism 
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the following ecoregions have the highest percentage of endemic plants:

 Fynbos in the Cape flower region (South Africa)

 Hawaiian tropical dry forests (United States)
 Hawaiian tropical rainforests (United States)

 Kwongan heathlands (Australia)
 Madagascar dry deciduous forests (Madagascar)
 Madagascar lowland forests (Madagascar)
 New Caledonia dry forests (New Caledonia)
 New Caledonia rain forests (New Caledonia)

 Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests (Mexico)
 Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests (Guatemala)
Luzon montane rainforests (Philippines)
 Luzon rain forests (Philippines)
 Luzon tropical pine forests (Philippines)
 Mindanao montane rain forests (Philippines)
 Mindanao-Eastern Visayas rain forests (Philippines)
 Palawan rain forests (Philippines)

Threats to highly endemistic regions 

Some of the principal threats to these special ecosystems are:

 Large scale logging operations
 Slash-and-burn techniques (which are sometimes a part of shifting cultivation)
 Destruction of habital or vegetation leads to endangering of the endemic species

References

Related pages 
Biodiversity

Ecology
The namtap or spectacled dormouse (Graphiurus ocularis) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family, and one of the four Dormouse species which are endemic to South Africa.

The namtap has a bushy tale like a squirrel, a fairly short muzzle (the part of the Dormouse's head which includes the nose, mouth and jaws), small ears and soft fur.  Its face has white and grey marks, with dark rings (like spectacles) around its eyes. Its cheeks, underparts and the upper surfaces of its paws are white. Its tail is usually has a white tip.

It is only found in western South Africa. It can usually be found in rocky habitats, as well as in trees and outbuildings. It is nocturnal and it is good at climbing. It mainly eats seeds, other plant material and invertebrates.
References
 
 Coetzee, N., Griffin, M. & Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus ocularis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
 Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
"I Married Marge" is the twelfth episode of The Simpsons third season. It first started on the Fox network in the United States on December 26, 1991. In this episode, Marge worries that she may yet again be pregnant and drives to "Dr. Hibbert's" office. While anxiously waiting, Homer begins to tell Bart, Lisa, and Maggie the story of how he and Marge got married and how Bart was born.

Other websites 

1991 television episodes
The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
Television episodes about marriage
Arduino is a small popular electronic machine that makes it very easy for people to make electronic things. It has two parts: a circuit board and a program that lets people tell the circuit board what to do. As of 2011, more than 300,000 Arduinos had been sold.

The machine
The machine part is open source, which means that anybody can make their own version of an Arduino machine for free. An official Arduino costs around US$30. The original Arduino is made by a company in Italy called "Smart Projects" but other types of Arduino boards have been designed by SparkFun Electronics, an American company.

"Shields"
Sometimes, people will make other machines that go on top of an Arduino board and let the board do more things. These are called "Arduino shields". They can do different things, like let an Arduino machine connect to the internet, or add a touchscreen, or let an Arduino use GPS to figure out where it is. Shields can also combine and stack on top of each other.
Telling the Arduino what to do
Arduinos are programmed in C or C++, using a program also called Arduino. An example program to blink a light (LED) could look like this:
#define LED_PIN 13

void setup () {
  pinMode (LED_PIN, OUTPUT); // Enable pin 13 for digital output
}

void loop () {
  digitalWrite (LED_PIN, HIGH); // Turn on the LED
  delay (1000); // Wait one second (1000 milliseconds)
  digitalWrite (LED_PIN, LOW); // Turn off the LED
  delay (1000); // Wait one second
}

First, the code after "void setup() {" runs. This tells the Arduino that pin 13 is going to be sending data out. Most Arduino boards have an LED attached to pin 13. Then, the code after the "void loop () {" runs. When it reaches the bottom, the code after the "void loop" runs again, until the Arduino is turned off. This code makes the Arduino tell the LED to turn on, wait a second, then turn off and wait another second. Since it repeats, this code will turn the LED on and off again and again.

References
References

Computer hardware
2005 establishments
Free software
IDEs
The rock dormouse (Graphiurus platyops) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Eswatini, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

References
 Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus platyops .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Graphiurus
Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas (usually known as Oldfield Thomas) FRS (February 21, 1858 – June 16, 1929) was a British zoologist.

Thomas worked at the Natural History Museum in their mammals department. He described about 2,000 new species and sub-species for the first time. He was given a job in the Museum Secretary's office in 1876. In 1878 he moved to the Zoological Department. In 1891 Thomas married a woman who was an heiress to a large amount of money. Having this money allowed him to hire mammal collectors and to give their specimens to the museum. In 1896 when William Henry Flower took control of the Department he hired Richard Lydekker to rearrange the exhibitions. This gave Thomas the time to concentrate on these new specimens.  He committed suicide in 1929 when he was 71 years old. This was not long after the death of his wife.

References

1858 births
1929 deaths
British biologists
British zoologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
People who committed suicide
The stone dormouse (Graphiurus rupicola) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Namibia, South Africa, and sometimes in Angola. Its natural habitat is rocky areas.

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819–841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Schlitter, D. & Coetzee, N. 2004.  Graphiurus rupicola .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.

Graphiurus
The silent dormouse (Graphiurus surdus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus surdus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.

Graphiurus
Leithiinae is a subfamily of dormice.

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Dormice
The twin paradox in physics is a thought experiment in special relativity. It involves identical twins, one of whom makes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to find that the twin who remained on Earth has aged more. 

The paradox depends upon the unspoken idea that the passage of time is the same in all circumstances. But this is not correct. Time is relative and the speed of light through a vacuum is the only constant. And the universe is relativistic, not Newtonian. Every single test which has been made has shown this.

Related pages 
 Special relativity

References 

Relativity
The centriole is a cytoplasmic structure in most eukaryote cells. It is involved in cell division and in the formation of cilia and flagella. Centrioles are not found in vascular plants and in most fungi.

Most centrioles are nine sets of microtubule triplets, arranged in a cylinder. A pair of centrioles, arranged perpendicularly and surrounded by a mass of dense material makes up the centrosome.

References 

Organelles
In cell biology, the centrosome is an organelle that is the main place where cell microtubules are organized. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle, the stages which lead up to one cell dividing in two. 

The centrosome was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883, and was described and named in 1888 by Theodor Boveri. 

The centrosome has apparently only evolved in animal cells. Fungi and plants use other structures to organize their microtubules. Although the centrosome has a key role in efficient mitosis in animal cells, it is not necessary.

A centrosome is composed of two centrioles at right angles to each another. They are surrounded by a shapeless mass of protein.
Roles of the centrosome 
The centrosome is copied only once per cell cycle. Each daughter cell inherits one centrosome, containing two centrioles. The centrosome replicates during the interphase of the cell cycle. During the prophase of mitosis, the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The mitotic spindle then forms between the two centrosomes. Upon division, each daughter cell receives one centrosome. 

Centrosomes are not needed for the mitosis to happen. When the centrosomes are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds with a normal spindle. In the absence of the centrosome, the microtubules of the spindle are focused to form a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes. It also helps in cell division.
Although centrosomes are not needed for mitosis or the survival of the cell, they are needed for survival of the organism. Cells without centrosomes lack certain microtubules. With centrosomes the cell division is much more accurate and efficient. Some cell types arrest in the following cell cycle when centrosomes are absent, though this doesn't always happen.

References 

Organelles
A vesicle is a bubble of liquid in a cell. More technically, a vesicle is a small membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances in a cell. Vesicles form naturally because of the properties of lipid membranes. Vesicles can fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents outside the cell. Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell. 

A vesicle is sometimes formed when the cell is doing endocytosis. Endocytosis is how a cell's membrane takes in a particle from the outside and brings it inside the cell with a vesicle around it. Vesicles are also more commonly known as nuclear membranes, because they're very similar to the cell membrane. 

They can be found in animal cells.

Organelles
The forest dormouse (Dryomys nitedula) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family found throughout much of Eurasia.

References 

Dormice
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
The cytoskeleton is a kind of scaffolding present in all cells. It is made of protein.

It keeps cell shape, protects the cell and enables cells to move (using structures such as flagella and cilia). It helps transport inside the cytoplasm (the movement of vesicles and organelles, for example), and in cell division. The concept and the term (cytosquelette, in French) was introduced by French embryologist Paul Wintrebert in 1931.

Eukaryote cells contain three main kinds of cytoskeletal filaments, which are microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules. They give the cell structure and shape. Cytoskeletal elements interact closely and often with the cell membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum.

References 

Cell biology
The woolly dormouse (Dryomys laniger) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It is endemic to Turkey.

References 
 Baillie, J. 1996.  Dryomys laniger .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Dormice
Animals of Turkey
Mammals of Asia
The Chinese dormouse or Sichuan dormouse (Chaetocauda sichuanensis) is a species of dormouse that lives in subalpine mixed forests in northern Sichuan, China. 

Only two female specimens have even been caught. These were both caught in the Wanglang Natural Reserve and was first described by Wang Youzhi in 1985. Corbet and Hill (1991, 1992) relisted it under a new genus as Chaetocauda sichuanensis. It is  the only member of the genus Chaetocauda.

The two specimens had the following measurements:
 Specimen 1:
 head and body length: 
 tail length: 
 weight: 
 Specimen 2:
 head and body length: 
 tail length: 
 weight: 

Cjaetocauda is nocturnal (it is awake at night) and arboreal (lives in trees). It nests in trees about  above the ground and the two specimens were found at an altitude of more than  above sea level. It is classified as endangered by the IUCN as of the 2004 Red List due to its small isolated habitat.

References
References

 *Corbet, G.B. & Hill, J.E. 1991. A world list of mammalian species, 3rd ed. Natural History Museum Publications & Oxford University Press, London and Oxford.: v-viii, 1-243.
Wang, Youzhi. 1985. A new genus and species of Gliridae.  Acta Theriologica Sinica,  5 (1985), pp. 67-75.

Other websites
 The Dormouse Hollow
 An illustration of The Chinese Dormouse at the Animal Diversity Web 

Dormice
Mammals of Asia
The forest dormice, genus Dryomys, are a genus of dormouse found throughout much of Eurasia.  They are usually found in forests or thickets.  

The length of the head and body is , and the length of the tail is .  The animals weigh .

Natural history 
These dormice hibernate in tree hollows or in burrows. At night they nest in low branches or shrubs.  They spend most of their lives in trees. They are nocturnal animals.  

They are omnivorous feeding on seeds, acorns, buds, invertebrates, eggs, and baby birds.  

Forest dormice in southern areas breed from March to December. Forest dormice in northern areas breed from May to August. Gestation takes 21-30 days and 2-5 young are born at a time.

Species 
Woolly dormouse - Dryomys laniger
Niethammer's dormouse - Dryomys niethammeri
Forest dormouse - Dryomys nitedula
References 
Duff, A. and A. Lawson. 2004. Mammals of the World A Checklist. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London. 

Dormice
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Pakistan
Eliomys is a genus of rodent in the Gliridae family.
It contains the following species:
 Asian Garden Dormouse (Eliomys melanurus)
 Maghreb Garden Dormouse (Eliomys munbyanus)
 Garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus)

References
Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Dormice
The Asian garden dormouse (Eliomys melanurus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey.
Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, and rocky areas.

References
 Aulagnier S. 2004.  Eliomys melanurus.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae, 819-841 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Dormice
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Africa
Johann Andreas Wagner (21 March 1797 – 17 December 1861) was a German palaeontologist, zoologist and archaeologist.

Wagner was a professor at the University of Munich. He was also the  of the Zoologische Staatssammlung (the German State Zoology Collection). He was the author of Die Geographische Verbreitung der Säugethiere Dargestellt (1844-46).

Bibliography 
  1844-1846. Die Geographische Verbreitung der Säugethiere Dargestellt.
  Johann Andreas Wagner 1897. Monographie der gattung Pomatias Studer.

References
Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists:Chrono-Biographical Sketches

1797 births
1861 deaths
German archaeologists
German biologists

Paleontologists
German zoologists
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty
The garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus) is a rodent in the dormouse family.

Features 

Garden Dormice are usually  in length, with the tail adding another .  It weighs .  The coat is gray or brown and it is white underneath. The garden dormouse has black eye marks, large ears (for a rodent), short hair, and a white tassel at the end of the tail.

Range and habitat 

The garden dormouse's main habitat is the forest (and not usually gardens), though it can also be found in fruit-growing regions. It is very common in southern Europe, but its range (the area in can be found) goes up to the north of Europe. Garden dormice are often found in the Alps, in the Bavaria Forest, and in the Ore Mountains.
The species can also be found in northern Germany, but the population there is low. In the Netherlands, it is nearly extinct. In 2007 only nine animals were found in two woods in Limburg. It used to be very common in this area. Scientists
think that his is because the landscape has changed. They also think that climate change might be a reason, because it interrupts the Dormice's hibernation.

How the dormice live 

Garden dormice are  mostly nocturnal. They sleep in spherical nests in trees during the  day.  At night they look for food like larger insects (grasshoppers and beetle), snails, eggs, baby birds, small mice, and spiders. They also eat berries, fruit, and nuts (like acorns and beechnuts).  While omnivorous, the diet of dormice contains a bit more animal protein than vegetation.
The mating period is from April to June.  To show that she is ready for mating, the female squeaks loudly.  The babies are usually born in litters of three to seven, after a gestation period of 23 days.  The babies are blind and have no fur when they are born. They open their eyes after about eighteen days. They are nursed until they are one month old.  When they are two months old, they live on their own. They become ready to mate when they are a year old. They will normally live for about five years.

Male Garden dormice may eat a rival dormouse during the mating season. Cannibalism sometimes happens when the animal is coming out of hibernation.

Classification 

On the islands of the Mediterranean Sea there are a few subspecies of garden dormouse. They are all very hard to find. These subspecies are:
 the Sardinian garden dormouse (E. q. sardus)
 the Sicilian garden dormouse (E. q. dichrurus)
 the Liparian garden dormouse (E. q. liparensis).
The Garden dormice in western Asia and north Africa have been separated into their own species Eliomys melanurus.

References 
  Listed as Vulnerable (VU A1c v2.3)
ITIS report 

This article includes information from the English Wikipedia which was originally translated from the German and French Wikipedias.

Dormice
Mammals of Europe
Myomimus is a genus of dormouse in the Gliridae family. 
It contains the following species:
 Masked mouse-tailed dormouse (Myomimus personatus)
 Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse (Myomimus roachi)
 Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse (Myomimus setzeri)
The masked mouse-tailed dormouse (Myomimus personatus) is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is found in Iran and Turkmenistan.

Source 
 Tchabovsky, A. 1996.  Myomimus personatus.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.

Myomimus
Mammals of Asia
Sergej Ivanovich Ognew (1886–1951) was a Russian zoologist and naturalist, remembered for his work on mammalogy.  He graduated from Moscow University in 1910. In 1910 he also published his first book.  In 1928, he became a professor at the Pedagogical Institute.  He published many books for education about zoology and economy.  His most important work which was to be called Mammals of Russia and adjacent territories was never completed.

Other websites
Profile from the Moscow University Zoological Museum 

1886 births
1951 deaths
Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse (Myomimus roachi), also known as the ground dormouse or mouse-tailed dormouse, is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is found in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey.

Source 
 Amori G. 1996.  Myomimus roachi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.

Myomimus
Mammals of Europe
Animals of Turkey
Charles Spence Bate, or Spence Bate, FRS (March 16, 1819 – July 29, 1889) was a British zoologist and dentist, who lived in Swansea and Plymouth. He was an expert on the crustacea. He often wrote to Charles Darwin, mainly about their shared interest in barnacles. He wrote "A history of the British sessile-eyed Crustacea" with J. O. Westwood.

A number of species are named after him:
Pseudoparatanais batei (G. O. Sars, 1882)
Amphilochus spencebatei (Stebbing, 1876)
Scyllarus batei Holthuis, 1946
Costa batei (Brady, 1866)
Periclimenes batei Holthuis, 1959

1819 births
1889 deaths

British biologists
British zoologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
The national flag of Bangladesh (Bengali: বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় পতাকা) was adopted officially on 17 January 1972.  The red disc is for the sun rising over Bengal.  It also is for the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh. The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh. It also indicates the freshness of the youths and vitality of the nation.

Bangladesh
Bangladesh
The Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse (Myomimus setzeri) is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to Iran.

Source 
 Baillie J. 1996.  Myomimus setzeri.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.

Other websites 
 EDGE of Existence page on Setzer's Mouse-tailed Dormouse 

Myomimus
Mammals of Asia
The desert dormouse (Selevinia betpakdalaensis) is a species of rodent in the dormouse family Gliridae.
When it was first found, the species was placed in its own family, the Seleviniidae, but now it is considered to be a dormouse. It is the only species in the genus Selevinia.

It is endemic to Kazakhstan.

References
Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae, 819-841 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. D E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
 Tchabovsky, A. 1996.  Selevinia betpakdalaensis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 30 July 2007.

Dormice
Mammals of Asia
Glirinae is a subfamily of dormice (Gliridae).

It contains two genera, Glirulus and Glis. These genera have one species each: Glirulus japonicus (the Japanese dormouse) and Glis glis (the edible dormouse).

Dormice
The Japanese dormouse (Glirulus japonicus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is the only species in the genus Glirulus. It is endemic to Japan. 
Its natural habitat is temperate forests. In Japanese it is called Yamane (山鼠). It has the special ability of running at great speed upside down, underneath branches. Its main food is nectar or pollen, although nursing females will eat small insects.

References 
Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae. pp. 819–841 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Dormice
Endangered species
Mammals of Japan