Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Personal life
Madoff was of Jewish descent. He was married to Ruth. The elder of their two sons committed suicide by hanging in 2010. The younger son died of lymphoma in 2014.

Health
In December 2013, Madoff suffered from a heart attack. In January 2014, he said he had stage 4 kidney cancer.

Death
Madoff died on April 14, 2021 at a prison medical center in Butner, North Carolina after suffering from kidney disease for many years, at the age of 82. His cause of death was hypertension caused by heart and kidney disease.

References

Other websites

Criminal complaint, transcripts of hearings and other documents from the United States Department of Justice
Archive of the Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities website
Madoff's current location within the Bureau of Prisons system 
The Independent: Madoff reveals his suffering
1938 births
2021 deaths
American fraudsters
American prisoners
Businesspeople from New York City
Criminals from New York City
Deaths from kidney disease
Jewish American criminals
Jewish businesspeople
People from Queens
People who died in prison custody in the United States
Stockbrokers
Deaths from hypertension
Duckboards are wooden walkways. They are usually put over muddy ground. Doing this means that people can walk on the dry duckboards instead of the muddy ground.

Hiking 
Duckboards are used to allow hikers to walk over wet and/or muddy ground, like a swamp or shores of a lake. Very wide duckboards are used sometimes so that wheelchair users can use them. Duckboards can be nailed into logs with wooden stakes.

World War I 
During World War I, duckboards were put along the ground of trenches on the Western Front. This is because the trenches usually flooded. Mud and water would stay in the trenches for months. The boards helped to keep the soldiers' feet dry. It also helped stop soldiers get a disease called trench foot. Trench foot is caused by standing on wet, muddy ground for a long time. They also helped soldiers move along the trenches faster. Sometimes, falling from duckboards could be deadly. Some unlucky soldiers drowned in mud because of their heavy equipment.

Other websites 

World War I
20Q is a game where somebody thinks of an object and the goal is to figure out what it is in 20 questions or fewer.  It is available as a handheld game, a website, and a game show.  It usually starts out by asking whether the object is an "animal, vegetable, mineral, or other".

Other websites 
20Q website

Games
English-language television programs
William Perry "Bill" Clements, Jr. (April 13, 1917 – May 29, 2011) was the 42nd and 44th Governor of Texas, serving from 1979 to 1983 and 1987 to 1991. Clements was the first Republican to have served as governor of the U.S. state of Texas since Reconstruction. Clements' eight years in office were the most served by any Texan governor prior to former Governor Rick Perry.

Early career 
Clements was born in Dallas and worked as an oil driller for many years. He studied at Southern Methodist University (SMU) but did not finish a degree. He founded SEDCO in 1947, which became the world's largest offshore drilling company. He entered politics as the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. From 1975-1977 he worked under Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld.

In 1975, he married political organizer Rita Crocker Clements.
Governor 
On January 16, 1979, Clements replaced Democrat Dolph Briscoe as governor of Texas. He defeated State Representative Ray Hutchison in the Republican primary by a vote of 115,345 to 38,268. Clements won the November 1978 general election defeating Democrat John Hill. Hill had been the Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court and had been the Texas Attorney General for six years. Clements got 49.96% of the votes. With help from the votes of several minor candidates he narrowly won the election. 
Clements ran for reelection in 1982 but was defeated by Democratic Attorney General Mark White. People think that he lost votes because the economy was bad.
The 1986 return 
After being defeated, Clements was chairman of the board of governors of SMU in Dallas. He ran again in 1986 and won a primary against U.S. Representative Thomas Loeffler of New Braunfels and former Democratic turned Republican Congressman Kent Hance of Lubbock. At the election Clements defeated Governor White getting 52.7% of the votes.

Clements as governor 

His first term was marked by SEDCO's involvement in the then largest oil blowout in history, the Ixtoc I oil spill, which caused extensive environmental damage. Charlie Brooks, Jr., became the first prisoner to be executed by lethal injection (December 1982). Clements faced heavily Democratic state legislatures. In 1980, Clements changed the death penalty for Randall Dale Adams to life in prison. Adams was the subject of The Thin Blue Line, an Errol Morris documentary movie. Adams was found to be innocent in 1989 after serving twelve years in prison.
During his second term, Clements worked to reduce crime, improve education,  and boost the Texas economy. He tried to improve relations with Mexico, especially on immigration and the War on Drugs.

Football scandal
Clements's second term was hurt by actions he took at SMU. On March 3, 1987, Clements admitted that he and the SMU board of governors had approved a secret plan to pay 13 college football players using money from an alumnus. The NCAA shut down the SMU football program for the 1987 season. They did not have a team in 1988 as well. The shutdown and other sanctions hurt the team for many years. The College of Bishops of the United Methodist Church investigated the scandal. The discovered Clements had met with athletic director Bob Hitch, and agreed that the payments had to continue.
In late 1985 then SMU President L. Donald Shields and board of trustees chairman Edwin L. Cox wanted to stop the payments completely. Clements told President Shields to "stay out of it" and to "go run the university".
A week later, Clements said he was sorry that he kept making the payments. He said the he had learned about the payments in 1984, and discovered that players had been paid since the mid-1970s. The board "reluctantly and uncomfortably" decided to continue paying players who had already been guaranteed payments. However, he now knows that they should have stopped the payments immediately.

Clements faced calls for his impeachment as a result of these statements. Two state legislators argued that he would have never been elected Governor had told the truth about his role in the scandal. Because of this, Clements did not run for a third term as governor. On January 15, 1991, Democratic state Treasurer Ann Richards replaced him.

Post-political life
After leaving the governorship, Clements worked hard to help Republican candidates seeking office in Texas. He lived in Dallas with his second wife, Rita Crocker. She was later appointed to the University of Texas Regents by Governor George W. Bush. Clements was known for his acerbic, energetic personality, which Democrats hated but Republicans loved. In 1993, he unsuccessfully supported the conservative Congressman Joe Barton in a special election for the U.S. Senate. 
 In 2006, Clements raised money for U.S. Senator John McCain to run for President.

In June 2009, Clements donated $100 million to UT Southwestern Medical Center, the largest civic donation in Dallas history. A high school in Sugar Land, Texas and a state office building in Austin, Texas are named in honor of Clements.

Death 
On Memorial Day weekend in 2011, Clements died at age 94 in a Dallas hospital from natural causes.

References
References

Further reading
 Bridges, Kenneth William. "The Twilight of the Texas Democrats: The 1978 Governor's Race," Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Texas, 2003, 281 pages; AAT 3117260 in Proquest

Other websites

 Papers of Governor William P. Clements at Texas A&M University 

'Bill Clements Dies at 94; Set Texas on G.O.P. Path', James C. McKinley, Jr., The New York Times, 30 May 2011

1917 births
2011 deaths
Governors of Texas
Politicians from Dallas
"Jingle Bells" is a popular American winter song about riding through the snow in a sleigh. It was written by James Lord Pierpont (1822–1893) of Medford, Massachusetts. It was published under the title "One Horse Open Sleigh" in the autumn of 1857. It was written to be sung for Thanksgiving. It is also sung at Christmas. It is sung at Christmas so much that most people believe it is a Christmas song, but it is not.

Song lyrics

Gallery

19th-century American songs
Christmas songs
1850s songs
Michael Bublé songs
Michael McDonald (musician) songs
The Andrews Sisters songs
"I'll Be Home for Christmas" is a holiday song written via Buck Ram, Walter Kent and Kim Gannon. It was first sung by Bing Crosby beginning in 1943. It's been covered by many other artists, such as The Carpenters, Johnny Mathis, Amy Grant and Jordin Sparks throughout the years.

Christmas songs
1940s songs
Bing Crosby songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
Amy Grant songs
Johnny Mathis songs
The Carpenters songs
Camila Cabello songs
The Killers songs
Elvis Presley songs
Carrie Underwood songs
Jordin Sparks songs
Sara Evans songs
Barbra Streisand songs
"Jingle Bell Rock" is a popular Christmas song. It was first sung by Bobby Helms in 1957. It is often played on the radio during the Christmas season. "Jingle Bell Rock" was composed (written) by Joseph Carleton Beal (1900–1967) and James Ross Boothe (1917–1976).

Since 1957, other singers have recorded their own versions of this song including, Jessica Simpson, Hilary Duff, Johnny Mathis, Hall & Oates and Brenda Lee.  Many others have done so as well.
In popular culture
 It is the opening song from the 1987 film Lethal Weapon.
 Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem performed the song in the 1987 Christmas television special A Muppet Family Christmas.
 Helms' original recording is featured in the film Cookie (1989).
 The song was featured in the 1992 film Home Alone 2: Lost in New York.
 Jingle Bell Rock is an animated (cartoon) Christmas special first seen in 1995 on ABC, which featured Milton Berle as one of the voice actors.
 In the 2004 teen comedy film Mean Girls, the song is performed by several characters in their annual Christmas talent show.

References

1957 songs
Christmas songs
Hall & Oates songs
Brenda Lee songs
Jessica Simpson songs
Johnny Mathis songs
Sermon Titles
Sam Chelladurai taught on many different topics, including the following:
 The Law of Faith (Continues)
 God's Kingdom
 Amazing Grace
 Who we are, What we have and What we can do 
 Authority of the Believer
 Abundant Life
 Establishing your heart on God's word
 The Book of Ephesians (A verse-by-verse Exposition) (Continues)
 Prayer
 The God-Kind of Faith 
 Living Under an Open Heaven
 Biblical Parenting
 Fatherhood
 God's laws of Increase
 God's laws of Success
 Divine Healing
 Faith To Change Your Circumstances
 Elijah
 The Glory Of The Cross
 Husbands and Fathers
 The Innerman
 Believer's Prosperity
 The Blessing of the Lord
 Sermon on the mount 
 Renewing of the Mind
 Righteousness
 Joy
 Knowing Jesus Christ
 Knowing the Heavenly Father
 Guidance of the Holy Spirit
 Life of Excellence
 Long Life
 Meditation
 Nature of Man
 Paul's Prayer
 Potential
 Importance of God's word
 Power of Purpose
 God's Will
 Family
 God Is Good
 Psalm 23
 Psalm 91
 Knowing the Holy Spirit
Principles from the Beginnings
 Rapture
 Revelation
 Spiritual Depression
 The blood of Jesus
 The Cross
 The Doctrine of Man
 Who we are in Christ
 The Winning Husband
 Word of God 
 The Book of Romans (A verse-by-verse Exposition)
 Prosperity: God's will for you
References

Other websites
Official Website  

Living people
1952 births
People from Chennai
Christian clergy
"Rockin' around the Christmas Tree" is an extremely popular Christmas song first performed by Brenda Lee. It was released in 1958 and 1959, although it was not until 1960 that the song became popular. Other musicians have covered the song through the years, including, however not limited to Justin Bieber, Amy Grant, Jessica Simpson, LeAnn Rimes and Miley Cyrus.

1958 songs
Christmas songs
Justin Bieber songs
Amy Grant songs
Kim Wilde songs
Brenda Lee songs
LeAnn Rimes songs
Camila Cabello songs
Kacey Musgraves songs
Alabama (band) songs
Seydou Keita (born 16 January 1980 in Bamako) is a Malian footballer who plays for FC Barcelona and the Malian national team. He also holds a French passport.

1980 births
Living people
Malian footballers
People from Bamako
Ibrahim Afellay (born 2 April 1986 in Utrecht, Netherlands) is a Moroccan-Dutch footballer. He plays for Stoke City and the Netherlands national team.

References

1986 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from Utrecht (city)
Pope Paul may mean:
Pope Paul I (757–767)
Pope Paul II (1464–1471)
Pope Paul III (1534–1549)
Pope Paul IV (1555–1559)
Pope Paul V (1605–1621)
Pope Paul VI (1963–1978)

See also:
 Pope John Paul I (1978)
 Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)

Paul
Pope Pius may mean:
Pope Pius I (c. 140–154, but Vatican lists 142/146 – 157/161)
Pope Pius II (1458–1464)
Pope Pius III (1503–1503)
Pope Pius IV (1559–1565)
Pope Pius V (1566–1572)
Pope Pius VI (1775–1799)
Pope Pius VII (1800–1823)
Pope Pius VIII (1829–1830)
Pope Pius IX (1846–1878)
Pope Pius X (1903–1914)
Pope Pius XI (1922–1939)
Pope Pius XII (1939–1958)

Pius
Pope Pius II (; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), born Enea Silvio Piccolomini ,  was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 211th Pope from August 19, 1458 until his death in 1464.

Early life
Pius II was born at Corsignano, which is near Siena.  He was the oldest of 18 children.

He studied at the University of Siena.

He was ordained in 1446.

Bishop
In 1447, Pope Nicholas V made Piccolomini Bishop of Trieste.  In 1450, he was made Bishop of Siena.

Cardinal
In 1456, Pope Calixtus III raised Bishop Piccolomini to the rank of cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Piccolomini was elected pope in 1458.  The pope chose to be called "Pius" because of the adjective pious which recurs in the phrase "pius Aeneas" in Virgil's  Aeneid.

Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

According to Niccolò Machiavelli, "Pius showed himself mindful above all of the welfare of Christendom and of the honour of the Church, independent of any private passion or interest of his own."
St. Catherine of Siena was canonized during his reign.

Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Pope Pius II, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 20+ works in 30+ publications in 5 languages and 120+ library holdings.
 De miseria curialium (1485)
 Epistolæ in pontificatu editæ (1487)
 Aeneas Siluius in Europam (1490)
 Eneas siluius de remedio amoris Somniu fortune eiusdem (1490)
 Epistolae familiares (1492)
 Lystoire de Eurialus et Lucresse, vrays amoureux (1493)
 Commentarii rerum memorabilium quae temporibus suis contigerunt (1584)

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
 Tomb of Pius II 
 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius II
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Piccolomini
  "The Piccolomini Library" 

1405 births
1464 deaths
Italian popes
Peanut milk is a type of plant milk. It is made by blending peanuts, water and optional flavours.

Peanuts
Plant milks
Pope Pius III (; 29 May 1439 – 18 October 1503), born Franchesco Todeschini and also known as Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 216th Pope  from 22 September to 18 October 1503.

Early life
Francesco Todeschini was born in Siena.  He was the nephew of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, who would become Pope Pius II.  He was allowed by uncle to take his mother's maiden name of Piccolomini.  His studies in law at the University of Perugia led to a doctorate degree.

Bishop
In 1460, Pius II appointed Todeschini to be Bishop of Siena.

Cardinal
Todeschini was named Cardinal of St. Eustachio in 1460.  He was sent on diplomatic missions by Pope Paul II, Pope Sixtus IV and Pope Alexander VI.

Pope
Cardinal Piccolomini was elected pope on September 22, 1503, His choice of name honors his uncle Pius II.

This pope's reign lasted less than a month.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius III
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Piccolomini
  "The Piccolomini Library" 

Italian popes
People from Siena
1439 births
1503 deaths
Tidal stream power is electricity made from the tidal movement of water.  A tidal stream generator is a machine that extracts energy from moving water in tides. Tidal stream generators draw energy from water currents in much the same way as wind turbines draw energy from air currents.

Tidal stream power is the cheapest and the least ecologically damaging among the three main forms of tidal power generation.

Tidal stream power is a relatively new technology. It was first conceived in the 1970s during the oil crisis.
The potential for power generation by an individual tidal turbine can be greater than that of similarly rated wind energy turbine. Water is about 800 times the density of air. So, water pushing against a turbine can provide much more power than air pushing against a similar turbine at the same speed. Also, the lowest water speeds needed for an economic power project is lower than the wind speed needed for a wind turbine project. In practice, the tide must move at speeds of at least 2 knots (1 m/s) even close to neap tides to be a source of power. 

As with wind power, selection of location is critical for the tidal turbine. Tidal stream systems need to be located in areas with fast currents where natural flows are concentrated between obstructions, for example at the entrances to bays and rivers, around rocky points, headlands, or between islands or other land masses.
Environmental impact
The main concern has been whether the turbines kill fish. Very little direct environmental research or observation of tidal stream systems exists. Most direct observations consist of releasing tagged fish upstream of the device(s) and direct observation of mortality or impact on the fish.

One study of the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE, Verdant Power) project in the East River (New York City), utilized 24 split beam hydroacoustic sensors (scientific echosounder) to detect and track the movement of fish both upstream and downstream of each of six turbines. The results suggested (1) very few fish using this portion of the river, (2) those fish which did use this area were not using the portion of the river which would subject them to blade strikes, and (3) no evidence of fish traveling through blade areas.
Work is currently being conducted by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) to explore and establish tools and protocols for assessment of physical and biological conditions and monitor environmental changes associated with tidal energy development.

References 

Hydropower
Cliff-dwllings are dwellings found by archaeologists formed by caves in high cliffs. They have been found in countries such as the United States, India, China, and Mexico.

Some dwellings are still used today in the United States by Native Americans in Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado. They are also used in Chihuahua, Mexico.

Accommodations
Caves
Patty Smyth (born June 26, 1957 in New York City) is an American rock and roll singer. She first had success as lead singer of the group Scandal. Her solo hit songs include "Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough".

Singers from New York City
1957 births
Living people
American composers
American pop musicians
American rock musicians
American rock singers
New wave singers
Ohio County is a county in West Virginia. It was created in 1776. It was named for the Ohio River which forms its western border.  West Liberty (formerly Black's Cabin) was the county seat from 1777 to 1797.  The city of Wheeling, West Virginia has been the county seat since then. As of 2010, 44,443 people lived there.

Ohio County is part of the Wheeling, West Virginia metropolitan area.

Bordering counties
Brooke County (north)
Washington County, Pennsylvania (east)
Marshall County (south)
Belmont County, Ohio (west)
Jefferson County, Ohio (northwest)

Ohio County is one of four US counties to border the state with whom it shares its name (the others are Nevada County, California, Texas County, Oklahoma, and Delaware County, Pennsylvania).

References

West Virginia counties
1776 establishments in the United States
U.S. Route 250 (US 250) is a route of the United States Numbered Highway System.  It is a spur of U.S. Route 50.  It runs for  from Sandusky, Ohio to Richmond, Virginia.  It passes through the states of Virginia, West Virginia, and Ohio.  The road goes through the cities of Richmond, Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Staunton, Virginia, and Wheeling, West Virginia. US 250 intersects and forms a short overlap with its parent US 50  west of Pruntytown, West Virginia. In West Virginia, the route is signed north–south. In Ohio and Virginia, the route is signed east–west.

50-2
Pope Pius IV (; 31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 225th Pope from 1559 to 1565.

Early life
Giovanni Angelo Medici was born in Milan. He was not closely related to the Medicis of Florence.

He studied at University of Pavia and the University of Bologna where he earned a law degree.

In 1527, Medici went to Rome where he joined the church bureaucracy.

Cardinal
In 1549, Pope Paul III made Medici a cardinal. Pope Leo III sent him on diplomatic missions to Germany and to Hungary.

During the reign of Pope Paul IV, Cardinal Medici was out of favor.

Pope
Cardinal Medici was elected Pope on 25 December 1559.

In the context of the Counter-Reformation, this pope moderated the Inquisition in Italy.

Council of Trent
Pope Paul III presided over the last session of the Council of Trent  which was the major event of his papacy.

In part, the Tridentine Creed reflects the thinking of church leaders at the Council of Trent.
After his death
After his death in 1565, the body of Pope Pius IV was entombed at the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Medici family

References

Other websites

 
  "Pius," Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius IV
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Medici

Italian popes
House of Medici
1499 births
1565 deaths
Functional programming is a programming paradigm where values are passed around into functions, and those functions are themselves values. Functional programmers often try to make large parts of their code referentially transparent.

References

Computer programming
Darlene Wright, better known as Darlene Love, (born July 26, 1941) is an American pop rock singer and actress. She was born in Los Angeles. She became well known in the 1960s with many hit songs. She has also acted in movies and many television programs.

References

Actors from Los Angeles
African American actors
African-American singers
American movie actors
American television actors
Singers from Los Angeles
1941 births
Living people
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a way of expressing information.  JSON is usually easy to understand.  It can express information like XML.  It is based on JavaScript's notation for object literals.  However, JSON is stricter.  

JSON and XML are both often used in AJAX. Even though JSON is named after JavaScript, it can be used in other programming languages, such as Python (PHP, etc.)

Example 
This is an example of JSON:
{
     "firstName": "John",
     "lastName" : "Smith",
     "age"      : 25,
     "address"  :
     {
         "streetAddress": "21 2nd Street",
         "city"         : "New York",
         "state"        : "NY",
         "postalCode"   : "10021"
     },
     "phoneNumber":
     [
         {
           "type"  : "",
           "number": "212 555-1234"
         },
         {
           "type"  : "fax",
           "number": "646 555-4567"
         }
     ]
 }

JSON Encoding and Decoding in Python

Encoding:
import json

sampleDict = {
  "firstName": "John",
  "lastName" : "Smith"
}
sampleJson = json.dumps(sampleDict, indent=4)

Decoding:
import json

# A JSON string or can be a JSON response
sampleJson = """{ "firstName": "John", "lastName" : "Smith"}"""

sampleDict = json.loads(sampleJson)
print(sampleDict['firstName'])
print(sampleDict['lastName'])

References

Other websites 
 JSON website

JavaScript
"Baby, It's Cold Outside" is a 1944 song. Frank Loesser wrote the words. This song was sold to MGM. The song does not mention any holiday, but it is regarded as a Christmas song because of the lyrics' depiction of a snowy backdrop. The song is often heard on radio at Christmas time. It has been recorded by multiple musicians, including Dean Martin, Ray Charles and Barry Manilow.

Christmas songs
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songs
1944 songs
Rod Stewart songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
Tom Jones (singer) songs
Ray Charles songs
Willie Nelson songs
Meghan Trainor songs
Michael Bublé songs
Barry Manilow songs
Mesa is a unincorporated town in Colorado. It has a cemetery.

References 

Unincorporated communities in Colorado
Mario Kart 7 (also called MK7 and originally called Mario Kart 3DS) is a Nintendo 3DS racing game released on December 1, 2011. It is the seventh main game in the series. The game as additions, including hang-gliding attachments on karts and driving underwater. The player is able to customize their karts. Metal Mario, Lakitu, Wiggler, and Honey Queen appeared as playable characters.

References

2011 video games
Mario Kart games
Nintendo 3DS games
Racing video games
Vehicular combat games
Video games developed in Japan
"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" is a Christmas song with words and music by British songwriter Tommie Connor. The original recording by 13-year-old Jimmy Boyd rose to #1 on the Billboard charts in December 1952. The words tell of a child who sees Mommy kissing Santa Claus underneath the mistletoe.

The Roman Catholic Church in Boston hated the song because it is a Christmas song that also mentions sex. Radio stations in several markets banned it. Boyd went to church leaders to talk about the words. The ban on the song was lifted.

The song has been performed by various musicians, including but not limited to the Ronettes, Jackson 5, Jessica Simpson, John Mellencamp, Amy Winehouse and other singers throughout the years.

References

Christmas songs
1952 songs
John Mellencamp songs
John Farnham songs
The Four Seasons (band) songs
Amy Winehouse songs
The Ronettes songs
The Jackson 5 songs
The Ronettes were an American girl group. They were based in New York City and were popular in the 1960s. The girls began singing as adolescents around Spanish Harlem in 1959.

They were originally a five-member group, Ronnie and the Relatives, who became a permanent act at the Peppermint Lounge, earning $10 a night per girl to dance The Twist and sing a song during the show. Later, Ronnie and the Relatives became 'The Ronettes'. They had eight songs on the Billboard Top 100. They were the only girl group to tour with the Beatles, in August 1966. The group broke up in 1967.
Influence of Phil Spector 
The trio worked with Phil Spector from 1963. Veronica Bennett was married to Phil Spector from 1968 to 1974, and took his name professionally. She claimed he abused her physically and mentally. Ronnie stated in her autobiography that she walked out of the house through the closed and locked rear sliding glass door, shoeless, shattering the glass as she left, and feet all cut up by the time she got to the gate. She never returned. Ronnie Spector filed for divorce in 1972. She wrote a book about her experiences, and said years later: "I can only say that when I left in the early 1970s, I knew that if I didn't leave at that time, I was going to die there". She and Spector separated in 1973 and divorced one year later. In August 2011, Spector admitted that she went to rehab in order to escape living with Phil.
Top hits 
The first top hit credited to the Ronettes was Be My Baby in 1963. They had already recorded several hits which were issued and credited to another group, the Crystals. Walking in the Rain (Ronette version) won a Grammy Award in 1965, and Be My Baby went into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. Other hits were Silhouettes, Baby, I Love You', (The Best Part of) Breakin' Up.

Albums

Studio albumsPresenting the Fabulous Ronettes featuring Veronica'' (1964)

References 

1959 establishments in the United States
1967 disestablishments
1950s American music groups
1960s American music groups
African-American musical groups
American pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1959
Musical groups from New York City
1950s establishments in New York (state)
1960s disestablishments in New York (state)
Yahoo! Search is an Internet search engine. It is owned by Yahoo! Inc. and was, as of December 2009, the 2nd largest search engine on the web by query volume, at 6.42%, after its competitor Google at 85.35% and before Baidu at 3.67%, according to Net Applications.

Originally, Yahoo! Search started as a web directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy, as opposed to a searchable index of pages. In the late 1990s, Yahoo! evolved into a full-fledged portal with a search interface and, by 2007, a limited version of selection-based search.

Yahoo! Search, originally referred to as Yahoo! provided Search interface, would send queries to a searchable index of pages supplemented with its directory of sites. The results were presented to the user under the Yahoo! brand. Originally, none of the actual web crawling and storage/retrieval of data was done by Yahoo! itself. In 2001 the searchable index was powered by Inktomi and later was powered by Google until 2004, when Yahoo! Search became independent.
On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that Bing would power Yahoo! Search. All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners will be shifted to Bing by early 2012.

Related pages
OceanHero

References

Other websites 
 Yahoo! Search
 Search Engines: costs vs. benefits
Search engines
Andretti Autosport is an American car racing team that races in the IZOD IndyCar Series. They have won many series titles, the last one with Ryan Hunter-Reay in 2007. They were called Andretti Green Racing until 2010. It is owned by Mario Andretti and his son Michael Andretti. Their 2011 drivers were 

Danica Patrick the first woman to win an IndyCar race. She is being replaced for 2012 and will move to NASCAR. she drove the #7 car sponsored by domain name provider GoDaddy.com. Patrick was supposed to be replaced by Dan Wheldon but he was killed in an accident before his first race with the team.

Marco Andretti the son of the team owner who won the 2011 Iowa Corn Indy 200. He drives the #26 car sponsored by Dr. Pepper and Venom Energy Drink.

Mike Conway is a British driver that joined the team for 2011. He won the Long Beach Grand Prix. Conway drives the #27 Buffalo Wild Wings car. The team replaced him with James Hinchcliffe for 2012.
Ryan Hunter Reay also drives for the team, which he joined in 2010. His car is No. 28 and is sponsored by Sun Drop and DHL. He won the 2012 IndyCar Series championship.

Currently, their drivers for 2014 are Marco Andretti, Kurt Busch, James Hinchcliffe, Ryan Hunter-Reay, and Carlos Muñoz.

References 

IndyCar Series
The Royal Irish Constabulary (Irish: Constáblacht Ríoga na hÉireann) was the police force of Ireland when it was part of the United Kingdom. It was made by legislation, which was sponsored by Sir Robert Peel in 1814. It was given its name by Queen Victoria for its loyalty during an Irish rebellion in 1867. It was made up mainly of Irish Roman Catholics. In 1870 the RIC took over the police forces of Londonderry and Belfast. The RIC worked together with the Dublin Metropolitan Police. It is headed by Enrique Peña Nieto since 2019.

It was shut down when Ireland left the UK in 1922. The Irish Free State Civic Guard has taken its place in Ireland, and in Northern Ireland it was replaced by the Royal Ulster Constabulary.

References

Law enforcement agencies of the United Kingdom
History of Ireland
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
1814 establishments
1810s establishments in the United Kingdom
1922 disestablishments in Europe
1920s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Sicel was an ancient language. It was spoken by the Sicels, a tribe that lived on Sicily. Sicel is an Indo-European language. Not much is known about Sicel because only few inscriptions have been found.

References

Indo-European languages
Sicily
"The Closer I Get to You" is an American song first performed by Donny Hathaway and Roberta Flack. The original version was released in February 1978. The song was a major crossover hit for Flack. It peaked near #2 on Billboard Hot 100. It has been covered by other musicians, including Luther Vandross and Beyoncé.

Beyoncé songs
Roberta Flack songs
Luther Vandross songs
Donny Hathaway songs
Rhythm and blues ballads
1978 songs
1970s ballads
Soul ballads
The Congo Free State () was a large area in Central Africa. It was privately owned by Leopold II, King of the Belgians. Leopold convinced the international community that he was involved in humanitarian work. He attracted scientific and humanitarian backing for the International African Association (), which he formed during a Brussels Geographic Conference of geographic societies, explorers, and leaders he hosted in 1876. Leopold used the Association and the defunct "Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo" () as a way to claim most of the Congo Basin. 

Leopold created the International Association of the Congo () as a new organization. The entity was officially recognized by the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 and various governments. On May 29, 1885, the king named his new colony the Congo Free State () and ruled it as a despot (even though he never visited his colony and Africa).
The Congo Free State under Leopold II used forced labor and mutilation of their hands, in order to get full control and force the natives to work at extracting natural resources, mainly rubber and ivory, for Leopold II's personal profit.

His harsh rule was responsible for the deaths of between five to 10 million Congolese people. The Congo became one of the most infamous international scandals of the early 20th century. As a result, Leopold II was forced to give control of it to the government of Belgium. The Belgian government took control in 1908 and created the Belgian Congo.

References

History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1885 establishments
1900s disestablishments in Africa
Former dictatorships
The national flag of the Republic of Ireland () is a tricolour vertical flag of green, white, and orange. It is also known as the Irish tricolour. The flag proportion is 1:2 (length twice the width). To unionists it is frequently seen as antagonistic to their history and culture.

Its meaning is not explained in the Irish Constitution, but the Irish government has stated that:
 the green represents the Gaelic (catholic) tradition of Ireland;
 the orange represents the followers of William of Orange in Ireland who were supporters of the Protestant Anglo-Irish loyalist tradition.
 and the white represents the hope of peace, or a truce, between them.

References

Ireland
National symbols of the Republic of Ireland
The Gallipoli peninsula (; ; ) is in Turkish East Thrace, the European part of Turkey.  To the west there is the Aegean Sea and to the east there are the Dardanelles straits.

History
After an earthquake in 1354, the Greek city of Gallipoli was abandoned, then occupied by Turks from Anatolia.  This made it the first Ottoman position in Europe.

The peninsula was part of the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Empire slowly conquered it from 13th century to the 15th century.  By the 19th century, thirty thousand people lived in the city: Greeks, Turks, Armenians, Jews and Xoraxane Roma.

It was a big military camp for the British and French forces during the Crimean War (1854).  It was also a stopping-off point on the way to Constantinople.

In World War I, Gallipoli was the site of the Gallipoli Campaign launched by British and French forces against the Ottoman Empire.

Etymology
The name is from Greek "Καλλίπολις" (Kallipolis), meaning "Beautiful City".
In antiquity, it was called the Thracian Chersonese (, ).
References

Çanakkale Province
God Save the Queen is a song by English punk rock band The Sex Pistols.  It was the band's second single, and featured on their only album, Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols.  The lyrics, as well as the cover, were controversial at the time.  The BBC banned the song.

It has been covered by various bands, including Motorhead.

References

1977 songs
Sex Pistols songs
Motörhead songs‎
Wessex Sound Studios was a recording studio in Highbury New Park, London, England.

Many renowned music artists recorded there, including The Sex Pistols, King Crimson, The Clash, Theatre of Hate, XTC, The Sinceros, Queen, Talk Talk and The Rolling Stones.  It was sold to a residential development company in 2003.

Recording studios
Dryosaurids were primitive iguanodonts from the Middle Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous. They are found in what is now Africa, Europe, and North America.

There are 11 genera, of which Dryosaurus is the best known.

References 

iguanodonts
Jurassic dinosaurs
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Pope Pius V (; 17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri and from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P., was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 226th Pope from 1566 to 1572.  He is a saint of the Catholic Church.

Early Life 
Antonio Ghislieri was born at Bosco in what is now the province of Alessandria, Piedmont), Italy. As a youth, he entered the Dominican Order, and he took the name Michele.

Priest
Ghislieri was ordained as a priest in 1528.

Bishop
Pope Paul IV made him Bishop of Sutri.

Cardinal
Paul IV raised Ghislieri to the rank of cardinal.

Pope Pius IV (1559–65) made Cardinal Ghislieri the Bishop of Mondovi in Piedmont.  When Bishop Ghislieri became a cardinal, he did not replace his white Dominican habit with the red robes which most cardinals wore.

Pope
Cardinal Ghislieri was elected pope on 7 January 1566; and he chose to be called Pius V.

Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.
In the context of the Counter-Reformation, this pope supported the Inquisition in Italy.

Pope Pius excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England.

Pius V is credited as the first pope to wear white robes; and since his papacy, white clothing has become traditional.

After his death
Pius V died on 1 May 1572.  His tomb is located in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore; and the pope's body was placed in it in 1698.

Saint
Pius V was beatified by Pope Clement X in the year 1672.

Pope Clement XI made Pius a saint on 24 May 1712.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius V
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Ghislieri 

Italian popes
1504 births
1572 deaths
Christian saints
Poynings' Law (official title 10 Henry 7.c22) was a law passed by the Irish Parliament in 1495 during the reign of Henry VII of England, King of England and Lord of Ireland sponsored by his Lord Deputy Sir Edward Poynings at a session in Drogheda. It limited the power of the Irish Parliament and gave the English Parliament and monarch veto power over its legislation. The overall points of the law were:
no Parliament in Ireland would convene until the King of England and the English Parliament had been informed of its reasons for meeting and its legislation and its laws would have to then be approved by both King and the English Parliament to become.
All previous English Parliament laws would also become law in Ireland, although new English Parliament laws would not
the Statute of Kilkenny was restored, except for the ban on using the Irish language
it was a felony to allow anti-government rebels on march lands
coyne and livery were outlawed
Irish war cries were now outlawed.
The primary reason for its passage was because the Wars of the Roses had weakened England's stance in Ireland and Sir Edward wanted to restore order and English control to Ireland. It was repealed in 1782.

References 

History of Ireland
1495
1490s in England
Zell Miller (born February 24, 1932 – March 23, 2018) was a former United States Senator from Georgia.  Miller was Lieutenant Governor from 1975 to 1991, 79th Governor of Georgia from 1991 to 1999, and as United States Senator from 2000 to 2005.

He wrote a book A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat.  The book spent nine weeks in the New York Times Best Seller list for hardback non-fiction.

Miller died on March 23, 2018, at his home in Young Harris, Georgia from Parkinson's disease, aged 86.
Books
By Zell Miller:
1975: Mountains Within Me
1983: Great Georgians
1985: They Heard Georgia Singing
1997: Corps Values: Everything You Need to Know I Learned In the Marines
1999: The First Battalion of the 28th Marines on Iwo Jima: A Day-By-Day History from Personal Accounts and Official Reports, With Complete Muster Rolls, also by Robert E. Allen
2003: A National Party No More: The Conscience of a Conservative Democrat
2003: foreword to What'll Ya Have: A History of the Varsity by Dick Parker
2005: A Deficit Of Decency
2005: foreword to "Indivisible: Uniting Values for a Divided America" by Martha Zoller
2007: "The Miracle of Brasstown Valley"
2009: "Purt Nigh Gone: The Old Mountain Ways"

About Zell Miller:
1998: "Listen to this Voice" Selected Speeches of Governor Zell Miller
1999: Zell, The Governor Who Gave Georgia HOPE by Richard Hyatt
1999: Signed, Sealed, and Delivered: The Miller Record

References
References

Miller, Zell (1997). Corps Values: Everything You Need to Know I Learned in the Marines. Atlanta, Georgia: Longstreet Press. .

1932 births
2018 deaths
Governors of Georgia (U.S. state)
United States senators from Georgia
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
John D. Rockefeller IV (born June 18, 1937) is a retired American  Democratic politician. He served as a United States senator of West Virginia from 1985 to 2015. Before becoming a U.S. Senator, he was Governor of West Virginia from 1977 to 1985.

In April 1992, he was the Democratic Party's finance chairman. He considered running for president, but decided not to after asking friends and advisors. He went on to strongly endorse Bill Clinton as the Democratic candidate.

He is the great-grandson of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. He is the only member of the Rockefeller family who was a government official to not be a Republican as the family dynasty are mostly left-wing Republicans.

He accused President Obama's critics of racism.

On January 11, 2013, Rockefeller announced that he would not seek reelection for the United States Senate in 2014.

References
References

Living people
1937 births
Governors of West Virginia
United States senators from West Virginia
Rockefeller family
People from New York City
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
David Rockefeller, Sr. (June 12, 1915 – March 20, 2017) was the patriarch of the Rockefeller family. He founded the Trilateral Commission. He was the only surviving grandchild of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, founder of Standard Oil. His five siblings were Abby, John D. III, Nelson, Laurance and Winthrop.

He was a member of the advisory board for the Bilderberg Group.

His net wealth was about 2.5 billion dollars. This ranked him among the 300 richest people in the world.
Wife and children 
He married Margaret "Peggy" McGrath on September 7, 1940; (September 28, 1915 – March 26, 1996), she was the daughter of a partner in a prominent Wall Street law firm. They had six children:
 David Rockefeller, Jr. (b. July 24, 1941) — Vice Chairman, Rockefeller Family & Associates (the family office, Room 5600); Chairman of Rockefeller Financial Services; Trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation; former Chairman of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and Rockefeller & Co., Inc., among many other family institutions.
 Abby Rockefeller (b. 1943) — The eldest and most rebellious daughter, she was drawn to Marxism and was an strong admirer of Fidel Castro and a late 1960s/early 1970s radical feminist who belonged to the organization Female Liberation, later forming a group called Cell 16. An environmentalist and ecologist, she was an active supporter of the women's liberation movement.
Neva Rockefeller Goodwin (b. 1944) — Economist and philanthropist. She is Director of the Global Development and Environment Institute; Trustee and Vice Chair of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund and Director of the Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors.
 Peggy Dulany (b. 1947) — Founder of the Synergos Institute in 1986; Board member of the Council on Foreign Relations; serves on the Advisory Committee of the David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University.
 Richard Rockefeller (1949 – 2014) — A physician and philanthropist; chairman of the United States advisory board of the international aid group Doctors Without Borders; Trustee and Chair of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund. He was killed in an airplane crash on June 13, 2014.
 Eileen Rockefeller Growald (b. 1952) — Venture philanthropist; Founding Chair of Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, established in New York City in 2002.
Margaret died in 1996. As of 2002, David had ten grandchildren: (by David) Ariana, Camilla; (by Neva) David, Miranda; (by Peggy) Michael; (by Richard) Clay, Rebecca; (by Abby) Christopher; (by Eileen) Danny and Adam.

Death
Rockefeller died on March 20, 2017 at his home in Pocantico Hills, New York from congestive heart failure at the age of 101.

References

Other websites

1915 births
2017 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
American billionaires
American centenarians
American philanthropists
Businesspeople from New York City
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Harvard University alumni
Rockefeller family
University of Chicago alumni
Pellegrino Ernetti (1925-1994) was a Roman Catholic priest; having joined the Benedictine order at the age of 16. He later became the most famous exorcist from Venice. He was also a musician and a physicist who wrote books on music theory. He claimed to have invented a time machine called the Chronovisor; however he would later go back on this. In 1994, he died at age 68.

Francois Brune, another priest, and journalist Peter Krassa argued Ernetti was pressured into refuting his claims about the Chronovisor.

References

References

1925 births
1994 deaths
Italian Roman Catholic priests
Benedictines
Wilhelm Fliess (, born 24 October 1858, Arnswalde, Province of Brandenburg–died 13 October 1928, Berlin) was a German Jewish otolaryngologist in Berlin. Fliess became friends with Sigmund Freud in 1887 after they attended a conference together. Fliess researched psychoanalysis with Freud.

1858 births
1928 deaths
German doctors
The British South Africa Company was founded by Cecil Rhodes and chartered by the UK government in 1889 to administer British colonies in southern Africa that later became Rhodesia.

References 

19th century in Africa
1880s in the United Kingdom
Companies of the United Kingdom
1889 establishments in the United Kingdom
Pope Pius VII (; 14 August 1742 – 20 August 1823), born Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 252nd Pope from 14 March 1800 to 20 August 1823.

Early life
Chiaramonti was born at Cesena, the son of Count Scipione Chiaramonti.  His mother, Giovanna was related to the Braschi family.

At the age of 16, he joined the Benedictine Order in 1756; and he was called Brother Gregory.

Priest
Chiaramonte was ordained on 21 September 1765.

Bishop
In 1782, Pius VI made Brother Gregory Bishop of Tivoli, which is near Rome.  Later, he became the Bishop of Imola.

Cardinal
Pius VI raised Bishop Chiaramonte to the rank of Cardinal in 1785.  The see (titular church) of Cardinal Chiaramonte was the Basilica of St. Callistus.

Pope
Cardinal Chiaramonti was elected pope on March 14 1800; and he chose to be called Pius VII.  He appointed Ercole Consalvi as his Secretary of State.

Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.