Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In order for a country to participate, it must be a part of the European Broadcasting Union. This includes all of Europe, some Asian and African countries as well as Australia. Each country has a television channel (called broadcasters) which broadcasts the Contest in that country. The only European countries which have never participated are Liechtenstein and the Vatican. The only African country to have ever participated was Morocco.

Entry selections 
There are three main types of selections which choose who will represent what country:
An internal selection is when the channel showing the Contest in a country chooses the contestant and song. For example, the BBC (which airs the Contest in the UK) has chosen the song and contestant without involving the public for several years.
 A national selection is where a country holds its own competition to decide who will represent them in Eurovision. For example, Sweden's national selection is Melodifestivalen, which is the most watched national selection.
 A combination of both selections is a rare method. It is often when the broadcaster chooses the contestant and lets the public vote on the song.

List of contests 
The first Contest was won by Swiss singer Lys Assia with the song "Refrain". The first man to win (André Claveau) won the third Contest. ABBA was the first group to win. The first person to win the Contest twice was Johnny Logan. The first woman to win twice was Loreen, whose second win is the most recent victory.
International versions 
There are some other versions of Eurovision including:

 Junior Eurovision Song Contest
 Eurovision Dance Contest
 Turkvision Song Contest
 American Song Contest
 Eurovision Young Musicians
 Eurovision Young Dancers
 OTI Festival
 AfriMusic Song Contest
 Bundevision Song Contest
 Asia Song Contest

Notes 
  In 1969 four countries were joint winners as there was no rule for a tie.
  Cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Replaced by a programme called Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light.

Other websites 
 Eurovision.tv - the official website of the Eurovision Song Contest
 ebu.ch - the official website of the European Broadcasting Union
 The Official Eurovision Shop - Selection of Eurovision items 
 The Eurovision History - National Finals & Eurovision Entries

 
1956 establishments in Europe
Malleability is a substance's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling. Malleable materials can be flattened into metal leaf. One well-known type of metal leaf is gold leaf. Many metals with high malleability also have high ductility.  Some do not; for example lead has low ductility but high malleability.

Malleability is a physical property of matter, usually metals. The property usually applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the modern periodic table of elements. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking.  Examples of malleable metals are gold, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead.

Gold and silver are highly malleable. When a piece of hot iron is hammered it takes the shape of a sheet. The property is not seen in non-metals. Non-malleable metals may break apart when struck by a hammer. Malleable metals usually bend and twist in various shapes.
Zinc is malleable at temperatures between 100 and 200 °C but is brittle at other temperatures.

How is malleability measured? 
There are two ways to measure it. The first is to measure the pressure or compressive stress that a material withstands before it breaks. The other test involves measuring the thickness of a metal sheet before it breaks.

Related pages 
 Ductility

References

Metals
Gay is a word used to describe someone who is homosexual. Today, the word usually means a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex. Often that person is also romantically interested in people of the same sex. A gay person can be a male who likes other males or a female who likes other females. 

A person that is attracted to people only of the opposite sex is heterosexual. While a person attracted to people of the same sex and the opposite sex is bisexual.

The word "gay" can mean any homosexual person, but sometimes it is used just for homosexual men. In that case, homosexual women are called "lesbian" instead. Sometimes, people use the word "queer" to mean the same thing as "gay" when talking about sexuality. 

In the early 20th century and before, "gay" used to mean 'happy' or 'carefree', but now people use it to define sexuality.

Related pages 
 Gay man
 Lesbian
Other websites 
 The International Lesbian and Gay Association
 The Human Rights Campaign
 The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation

LGBT variations
Potsdam (Low Sorbian: Podstupim) is a small German city which is right next to Berlin. In fact it touches the border of Berlin, and is about 26 km southwest of Berlin's centre. It is the capital of the state of Brandenburg. Potsdam has a small population: about 176,000 people lived in this city in 2017. 

On the other hand, it is the largest World Heritage site in Germany. Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918. It was planned in the Age of Enlightenment with a careful balance of architecture and landscape. Potsdam was intended as "a picturesque, pastoral dream" which would remind its people of their relationship with nature and reason. 

Around the city there are a series of lakes and cultural landmarks. The parks and palaces of Sanssouci are the centre of the  World Heritage Site. The Soviet Union did not return many of the Potsdam art treasures, and they remain to this day in Russia. The library of Frederick the Great was returned, but only 36 oil paintings.
The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at the palace Cecilienhof.

References
Bremen is a city in north Germany. It is the capital of the State of Bremen.

About 545,000 live in Bremen. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

The city's official name today includes the name Hansestadt (hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been important part in the hanseatic league. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period.

Other hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Lübeck, Greifswald and Demmin.

References

 
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
Imperial free cities
Wiesbaden (; Hessian: Wisbade, Latin: Aquae Mattiacae)  is a German city near Frankfurt am Main. It is the capital of the federal state of Hesse. Wiesbaden is on the right (north) bank of the Rhine (German: "Rhein"), near the city of Mainz (about  away from Wiesbaden centre) the opposite side of the river, and a short distance, about , from Frankfurt am Main, to the east. About 274,000 people live in the city (2005).

Wiesbaden has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification). 

Wiesbaden is the capital of the state Hesse, which is located in middle of Germany.

References 

German state capitals
Hanover () is a German city. It is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony. Hanover has 535,932 inhabitants (31 December 2021).

In Hanover there are some big industry companies like Volkswagen (Cars and Vans), Continental (tyres), Varta (batteries) and TUI (tourism).

Hanover has a very modern zoo and an international airport.

There are some very big fairs in Hanover like the CeBIT - Centre of Office, Information and Telecommunication (B is for Büro that means office) and the traditional Hanover fair that shows classical industrial products.

In the year 2000 the Expo-2000 was in Hanover.

Hanover has a large forest near the inner city, it is called the Eilenriede. There is also a lake (the Maschsee) of about three km length and 500 m width near the city centre. The famous gardens of Herrenhausen (Herrenhäuser Gärten) are also in Hanover. The gardens were heavily destroyed in WWII, but they are currently under reconstruction.
People in Hanover get around town by using the Hannover Hauptbahnhof, which has been around since 1843.

The mayor of the city is Belit Onay. He is a member of the party Alliance 90/The Greens. The city has been administered by social democratic city councils since the 1950s.

The (new) town hall is one of the famous buildings in the city, others are the Marktkirche (market church), the old (medieval) town hall, some castles like the Leineschloss and the Welfenschloss.

Hanover is located at the river Leine.

Some internationally famous inhabitants of the town are:

The classic rock band Scorpions, the former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder and the association football player Per Mertesacker.

Key employers in the region are Volkswagen, Continental, Talanx, Hannover Re, Nord LB and VHV.
Universities 
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover (Hanover University)
 Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (Hanover Medical University)
 Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover (Hanvover Veterinary School)
 Hochschule für Musik und Theatre Hannover (Hanover Music and Theater University)
 Fachhochschule Hannover (University of Applied Sciences)
 Evangelische Fachhochschule Hannover (a Christian University of Applied Sciences - for social science. Hanover is the 11th largest city in Germany by population within city limits. According to 2005. estimate Hanover urban area had 766,000 inhabitants and today that population counts around 777,000 inhabitants (by 2008. estimate). Hanover metropolitan area has 1,129,000 inhabitants.

Climate 

Hanover has an Oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification).

Sports
Sports 

Hanover has a famous football club, Hannover 96, since 2002 (again) a member of the first German football league, the Bundesliga. Its home stadium is the AWD-Arena (capacity: 49000). Hanover is also a center for ice hockey.

References

Other websites
Düsseldorf (, , ; Low Franconian and Ripuarian: Düsseldörp ; archaic , Latin: Dusseldorpium) is a German city. It is on the east bank of the river Rhine. It is the capital of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Düsseldorf has about 600,000 inhabitants. About 1.3 million people live in the city and surrounding areas. The city has one international airport, a university, and the headquarters of many international companies.

History 
In the 7th or 8th century there was a fishing or farming settlement at the place where the little river Dussel (which gave the name to the city) flows into the Rhine. Kaiserswerth is the first part of the city to be mentioned in writing. This was in 1135. Kaiserswerth became part of Düsseldorf in 1927.
In 1186 the Counts of Berg got to rule Düsseldorf and they made it their residence in 1280.
On 14th of August 1288 there was a great battle between the Archbishop of Cologne and the Duke of Limburg against the Duke of Brabant and the Count of Berg. The Duke of Brabant won and the Archbishop of Cologne became a prisoner of the Count of Berg. So he could not do anything against Düsseldorf getting the status of a city. So Düsseldorf became a city with full City Rights in 1288.

The Counts of Berg became more and more powerful and Düsseldorf became the capital of the Duchy of Berg-Mark-Kleve-Jülich in 1380.
in 1680 the Dukes of Berg-Kleve-Mark-Jülich died out and after some struggles the Earls of Palatine (they were Prince-Electors) became the new rulers of Düsseldorf. The most important duke of this line was Johann Wilhelm II. (1690-1716), called Jan Wellem. After Johann Wilhelm the Dukes moved to their new seat in Heidelberg, because they also got to rule the Duchy of Bavaria.
In the Napoleonic Wars the French won the Duchy and Düsseldorf. Napoleon gave the Duchy of Berg-Jülich to one of his generals, who married one of his nieces. This general became later King of Naples.

In the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century Düsseldorf grew a lot and had more than 100,000 inhabitants in 1882. This number had doubled by 1892.

Düsseldorf was almost completely destroyed in World War II. In 1946 Düsseldorf became capital of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Infrastructure 
Düsseldorf is one of the most important commercial centres in Germany. It has an International Airport, which is the 3rd largest in Germany (after Frankfurt and Munich) with more than 16,000,000 passengers per year. The airport offers 180 destinations on 4 continents, and is served by 70 airlines.
Düsseldorf has two stations in the German high speed train network (Intercity, ICE) - its Central Station and the Airport Station. The Main Station offers international trains to the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Switzerland, too.

North Rhine-Westphalia has the closest network of motorways in Europe. Düsseldorf is one of the crosspoints. Düsseldorf is joined to the interstate motorways A3, A44, A46, A52, A57, A59 and A524.
Economy 
Düsseldorf is one of the most important economical centres in Germany. It has a regional stock exchange.
More than 170 national financial institutions and 130 insurances work in Düsseldorf.
Two of the four leading mobile phone companies of Germany have their seat in Düsseldorf like 18 internet providers and more than 400 advertising agencies. Düsseldorf is one of the European centres of fashion industry and has one of the most important trading shows.
The TV channels CNN and NBC Giga have their German centres in Düsseldorf.
There is a lot of manufacturing industry too – like the chemical company Henkel.
Düsseldorf is the most important seat for Japanese companies in Europe.
Culture 
Düsseldorf is one of the cultural centres in Germany. The poet Heinrich Heine was born in Düsseldorf in 1797. The classical musicians and composers Clara and Robert Schumann lived most of their lifetime in Düsseldorf and the romantic composer Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy spent two years in the town in the mid-1830s.
The Arts Academy of Düsseldorf is very famous. The modern artist Paul Klee and the modern sculptor Joseph Beuys worked there.
Düsseldorf has a lot of museums, especially for Arts of the 20th and the 21st century. Most important is the Arts Collection of North Rhine-Westphalia. "Kraftwerk", the first techno band worldwide and the punk rock band Die Toten Hosen come from Düsseldorf, too.
Düsseldorf has a university, the Heinrich-Heine-University with nearly all subjects in mathematics, sciences, philosophy, history, languages, economy, law, and medicine. Düsseldorf has also a university of applied sciences, the Fachhochschule Düsseldorf. These two institutes have almost 30.000 students.
The Clara und Robert Schumann Musikschule is a well-known college for classical music education. There is one technical college and a lot of other colleges, too.
Düsseldorf has an opera, more than 30 cinemas, a well-known theatre, and a rich cultural scene.
Sports 
The traditional sport in Germany is football (soccer). For a long time Fortuna Düsseldorf 1895, the most traditional football team in Düsseldorf (est. 1895), was very successful and won, for example, the European Cup, after one year back in the Bundesliga Fortuna went down to the German 2nd division in 2013.
Most successful sports team in Düsseldorf is the icehockey team of the DEG Metro Stars, former DEG - Düsseldorfer Eislauf Gemeinschaft, the most successful icehockey team in Germany for a long time with famous players like John-Peter Lee, Chris Valentine or Helmut de Raaf.
Another very successful sports team from Düsseldorf was Rhine Fire, the American footballers of the city, who won the World Ball four times until the European Football League, called NFL Europa was closed down in 2007.
Education in Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf has one university, the Heinrich-Heine-University with subjects in sciences, arts, medicine, languages, history, laws, social sciences and economics, an colllege with subjects in engineering and social siences, the Fachhochschule Düsseldorf, an well-known academy of fine arts, the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, a musics college, the Robert-Schumann-Musikhochschule and a lot of other colleges in applied fields.

Famous people who lived in Düsseldorf 
 Heinrich Heine, poet
 Clara Schumann, composer and pianist
 Robert Schumann, composer and pianist
 Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, composer
 Konrad Henkel, founder of the Henkel Company
 Joseph Beuys, performance artist
 Jürgen Mittelstrass, philosopher
 Wim Wenders, movie maker
 Die Toten Hosen, punk rock band
Liú Yángyáng (Yang Yang), kpop artist

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Website of the City of Düsseldorf
 Website of the Technical College of Düsseldorf
Mainz ( or Meenz, () is a German city. It is the capital of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Mainz is on the left side of the river Rhine, on the right side is the city Wiesbaden. Mainz has about 203,000 people. Its main economic product is wine. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Education 
Mainz has some universities:

 University of Mainz
 Fachhochschule Mainz
 Catholic University of Applied Sciences Mainz

References

Other websites 

 Official Homepage of Mainz (in english)
Kiel () is a city in the north of Germany. It is the capital of the state of Schleswig-Holstein. It has a population of 239,526 people. It is a port on the sea and has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

References

Other websites

 
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
Frankfurt is the name of two cities in Germany:
 Frankfurt am Main in Hesse
 Frankfurt (Oder) in Brandenburg

Historical territories and entities, centered in Frankfurt am Main:
 Grand Duchy of Frankfurt, which existed from 1810 to 1813; its center was Aschaffenburg
 the Free City of Frankfurt, which was one of four city states in the German Confederation. It existed from 1816 to 1866.

Historical territories and entititie, centered in Frankfurt (Oder):
Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt (1815-1945)
Frankfurt (Bezirk), was one of forteen Administrative divisions of East Germany. It existed from 1952 to 1989.

There is a city with a similar spelling:
 Frankfort, Kentucky, the capital of Kentucky, USA

Franfurt is the family name of:
Harry Frankfurt, born 1929, US philiosopher
Suzie Frankfurt,1931-2005, US designer and artist
Fred McFeely Rogers (March 20, 1928 – February 27, 2003) was an American television personality, musician, puppeteer, writer, producer, and Presbyterian minister. He was the creator, producer, head writer, and host of the children's television show Mister Rogers' Neighborhood from 1968 until he left in 2001. He also wrote the music for the show.

In the 1950s, Rogers was not happy with the television shows that children were seeing. He began to write and perform shows for children near the city of Pittsburgh, USA. In 1968, a television company called Eastern Educational Television Network began distributing Rogers's new show, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, across the United States on the TV channel WQED. For thirty years, Rogers was a television icon of children's entertainment and education.
Rogers supported many public causes. In the Betamax case, the U.S. Supreme Court used what Rogers said before a lower court to support fair use television recording. Rogers also spoke before a U.S. Senate committee to support government money for children's television.

In August 2001, Rogers retired from recording Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. In October 2002, doctors told him he had stomach cancer. He died from the disease a few months later on February 27, 2003. He was 74 years old.

President George W. Bush honored Rogers with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Rogers was also given forty honorary degrees and a Peabody Award. He was added to the Television Hall of Fame. He was number 35 on the TV Guide's Fifty Greatest TV Stars of All Time. The Smithsonian Institution has one of his sweaters as a "Treasure of American History".

Rogers influenced many creators of children's television shows. His shows helped people understand sad and tragic events, even after he died.
Early life
Rogers was born in Latrobe, Pennsylvania to James Rogers and Nancy McFeely. His father was a businessman. His mother came from a rich Pittsburgh family and also was a hospital volunteer during and after World War II. His grandfather from his mother's side, Fred McFeely, was the president of McFeely Brick, one of Latrobe's largest businesses. Rogers grew up in a large brick house at 737 Weldon Street in Latrobe.

He had an adopted sister named Elaine. Rogers spent much of his free time with his grandfather McFeely, who loved music. Rogers began to play the piano when he was five and sang with his mother.

When growing up, Rogers was shy and overweight. He stayed home from school many times because of his asthma. Rogers had a hard time making friends. He was bullied many times as a little boy for his weight. He was often called "Fat Freddy".
During his high school years in Latrobe, Rogers became more confident and popular. Rogers was president of the student council, a member of the National Honor Society and was editor-in-chief of the yearbook. He graduated in 1946. He studied at Dartmouth College from 1946 until 1948 and then went on at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida to earn a BA in music composition in 1951.

While studying at Rollins, Rogers met Sara Joanne Byrd who was from Oakland, Florida. They were married on June 9, 1952. They had two sons: James, in 1959, and John, in 1961. Joanne Rogers died in January 2021, aged 92.

Rogers graduated from Pittsburgh Theological Seminary and became a minister of the United Presbyterian Church in 1963. Rogers returned to Pittsburgh in the 1960s.

Television career

Early career
Early career

Rogers entered seminary after college but wanted to work with television. In an interview with CNN, Rogers said he started working in television because he "hated it," but wanted to make it better. He wanted to use TV to help people and teach them about important things. He applied for a job at NBC in New York City in 1951. He worked as an assistant producer. Later, he worked as a network floor director on musical programs such as Your Hit Parade, The Kate Smith Hour, and The Voice of Firestone. He also worked on Gabby Hayes's children's show.

Rogers left NBC because he did not approve of the agency using children for advertisement. He began working as a puppeteer on the local children's show The Children's Corner for Pittsburgh public television station WQED in 1954. The show won a Sylvania Award for best children's show and was broadcast nationally on NBC.
Rogers studied theology at the nearby Pittsburgh Theological Seminary during his lunch breaks. However, he did not want to go into preaching and was told to continue making children's television after he became a minister. He worked with the University of Pittsburgh's child development and care program.

In 1963, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) hired Rogers to create the 15-minute children's program Misterogers. Rogers moved to Toronto and the series ran for three seasons. Three years later, Rogers moved back to the United States.

In 1966, Rogers got the rights to his program from the CBC and moved the show to WQED in Pittsburgh, where he had worked on The Children's Corner.

Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood began in 1968. The show had 895 episodes. It was shown on National Educational Television, which later became The Public Broadcasting Service. By 1985, eight percent of people living in the United States watched the show. The last shows were made in December 2000 and started to be shown on television in August 2001. 

The program always started with Rogers coming home, singing his theme song "Won't You Be My Neighbor?". He would then change into sneakers and a zippered cardigan sweater. The sweaters were all made by his mother. In his show, Rogers would always go on trips, teach new things and show short movies on "Picture, Picture". Each show included a trip to Rogers's "Neighborhood of Make-Believe" with a trolley, a castle, and the people who lived in the neighborhood, including King Friday XIII.
Rogers always fed his aquarium fish during the show. He would always tell his audience that he was feeding them. This was because he got a letter from a young blind girl who wanted to know each time he did this. The program would end with Rogers singing "It's Such a Good Feeling".
Rogers believed in acting normally, not differently when he was being filmed. He said that "One of the greatest gifts you can give anybody is the gift of your honest self." Rogers wrote almost all of the music on the program. He wanted to teach children to love themselves and others, and he talked about common childhood fears with comforting songs. He once took a trip to a children's hospital to show children that a hospital is not a place to fear.
Rogers talked about social issues on his program, such as the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, racism and divorce. In one famous episode, Rogers put his feet in water with Officer Clemmons (François Clemmons), who was African-American, in a kiddie pool on a hot day. The scene was a message of inclusion when racial segregation in the United States was common.

Rogers also had children with disabilities on his show. In 1981, Rogers met a young quadriplegic boy named Jeff Erlanger. Erlanger showed Rogers how his electric wheelchair worked and explained why he needed it. Erlanger and Rogers both sang the song "It's You I Like". Before being on the show, Erlanger was a fan of the program. His parents wrote a letter to Rogers asking if they could meet.

Rogers ended each program by telling his viewers,
"You've made this day a special day, by just your being you. There's no person in the whole world like you; and I like you just the way you are"
Rogers never talked about his religious beliefs on the show because he did not want any viewer to feel ignored from the show. During the Gulf War, he told his audience that all children in the neighborhood would be well cared for. Rogers asked parents to promise to take care of their children.

In 1990, members of the Ku Klux Klan in Missouri played racist versions of Rogers's songs, so Rogers filed a lawsuit against the White supremacy group. A district court judge in Missouri ordered the Ku Klux Klan to stop using Rogers's songs and to give any records they had to Rogers. The judge said the group had committed copyright infringement.

After the September 11 terrorist attacks, Rogers made public service announcements for parents about how to discuss tragic world news events with their children. He told viewers to "look for the helpers". Many people still share the quote online after tragic news events. Rogers said in the public service announcement,
"When I was a boy and I would see scary things in the news, my mother would say to me, 'Look for the helpers. You will always find people who are helping.' To this day, especially in times of "disaster," I remember my mother's words and I am always comforted by realizing that there are still so many helpers – so many caring people in this world"

Money for PBS 
In 1969, Rogers appeared before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Communications. His goal was to ask the Senate to support PBS with money and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, because of proposed budget cuts. In about six minutes of explanation, Rogers spoke of the need for social and emotional education that public television gave. He argued that other television programming like his Neighborhood helped teach children to become happy citizens.
The chairman of the subcommittee, John O. Pastore, did not know Rogers or his work and was sometimes said to be impatient. However, after Rogers, Pastore said that what Rogers said was very exciting, and said, "I think it's wonderful. Looks like you just earned the $20 million". The Senate increased money for PBS from $9 million to $22 million.

Role in Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. 

As the issues of households being able to record television programs with a VCR grew, Rogers was active in supporting VCR companies in court. In 1979, in the case Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., Rogers said he was not against home recordings of his television programs because families could watch them together at a later time.
When the case reached the Supreme Court in 1983, the majority decision used what Rogers had said. The court found that the Betamax video recorder did not commit copyright violations. The court said that his views were an important piece of evidence "that many [television] producers are willing to allow private time-shifting to continue".

Other works

In 1978, while taking a break from making new Neighborhood episodes, Rogers hosted an interview program for adults on PBS called Old Friends...New Friends. On the show, Rogers interviewed "actors, sports stars, politicians, and poets". The show lasted only 20 episodes. In 1988, he appeared on the Soviet children's television show Good Night, Little Ones! where he brought his puppet Daniel Striped Tiger with him.
The only time Rogers appeared on television as someone other than himself was in 1996 when he played a preacher on one episode of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. Rogers voiced himself on the "Arthur Meets Mister Rogers" episode of the PBS Kids series Arthur.

Personal life

Rogers had an apartment in New York City and a summer home on Nantucket Island in Massachusetts. Rogers was red-green color blind. He had a healthy lifestyle as he swam every morning and neither smoked nor drank. He was a vegetarian because he believed eating meat was wrong, saying "I don't want to eat anything that has a mother". Some people thought that Rogers was in the military as a Navy SEAL during the Vietnam War and had tattoos. This is not true.
In 1991, the Pittsburgh Penguins named Rogers as their celebrity captain, as part of a celebration of the National Hockey League's 75th anniversary. Card No. 297 from the 1992 NHL Platinum collection celebrated the event, making Rogers one of only twelve celebrity captains to be chosen for a sports card.

During his morning routine, Rogers responded to all of the mail sent to him by fans and returned them to the people that sent them.

Rogers was a Republican. However, Joanne Rogers said that her husband voted as an independent. She also said he did not talk about politics too much because he did not want to be political.

Rogers retired in 2001, but he kept busy studying religion and spirituality. He traveled and went out in public. He also worked on a children's media center named after him at Saint Vincent College in Latrobe with Archabbot Douglas Nowicki, chancellor of the college.
Death
By the summer of 2002, his constant stomach pain had become painful enough for him to see a doctor about it, and in October 2002 he learned he had stomach cancer. He had surgery on January 6, 2003, which was unsuccessful. A week earlier, he was grand marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade, with Art Linkletter and Bill Cosby.

Rogers died on the morning of February 27, 2003, at his home in Pittsburgh. His wife was by his side when he died. He died less than a month before he would have turned 75.
On March 1, 2003, a private funeral was held for Rogers in Unity Chapel. Rogers' father had restored the chapel at Unity Cemetery in Latrobe, where Rogers was buried.  About 80 relatives, co-workers, and close friends came to the service. Plans were secret, so that those closest to him could grieve privately. Reverend John McCall read from the Bible and talked about its meaning. He was pastor of the Rogers family's church, Sixth Presbyterian Church in Squirrel Hill. Reverend William Barker read Rogers's favorite Bible passages. Barker was a retired Presbyterian minister and a close friend of Rogers. Barker was the voice of Mr. Platypus on the show.
More than 2,700 people went to Rogers's public memorial service at Heinz Hall on May 3. Honored guests included former Good Morning America host David Hartman, Teresa Heinz Kerry, PBS President Pat Mitchell, Arthur creator Marc Brown, and The Very Hungry Caterpillar author-artist Eric Carle. Speakers remembered Rogers for his humor, and his love of children, his religion, and music.

Legacy and honors

In 1992, he was awarded the Peabody Award. He was added to the Television Hall of Fame in 1999.

President George W. Bush awarded Rogers the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2002 for his works to children's education. He said that Rogers "has a very special place in the heart of a lot of moms and dads all across America." In 2003, the United States Senate passed Resolution 16 to celebrate the life of Rogers. After Rogers's death, the U.S. House of Representatives passed Resolution 111 in 2003. This resolution honored Rogers for the work he did to help children in the United States.
On New Year's Day 2004, Michael Keaton, who worked on stage on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood before becoming an actor, hosted the PBS TV special Fred Rogers: America's Favorite Neighbor. His hometown of Latrobe and Pittsburgh host "Won't You Wear a Sweater Day" to honor Rogers. The event takes place every year on his birth date, March 20. In 2003, the International Astronomical Union named the asteroid 26858 Misterrogers after Rogers.

The Fred Rogers Memorial Statue in Pittsburgh was built in 2009. On June 25, 2016, the Fred Rogers Historical Marker was placed near Latrobe, Pennsylvania in his memory.
In June 2018, the documentary Won't You Be My Neighbor? was released. It was based on Rogers's life and the effect of his work. Reviews were good for it. The movie became the highest money making biography-documentary (biodoc) of all time. Tom Hanks played Rogers in a movie based on his later life titled A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019) directed by Marielle Heller. Hanks was later nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Rogers.

Rogers was honored on a special United States postage stamp in March 2018. On September 21, 2018, Google Doodle honored him with a stop-motion video of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. On October 23, 2018, during the first game of the 2018 World Series, Rogers's first television commercial was for Google's Pixel 3 smartphone. In the ad, Rogers sings "Did You Know" which was the first time his voice or images has been used in a commercial for a product on television.
The Smithsonian Institution bought one of Rogers's famous sweaters. The museum shows it in their "Treasure of American History" exhibit. At the 2020 Academy Awards, Janelle Monáe performed Rogers's "It's a Beautiful Day in This Neighborhood" during the opening ceremony while wearing a red cardigan sweater.

At the 2021 Grammy Awards, Rogers was posthumously awarded the Grammy Award for Best Historical Album for It's Such a Good Feeling: The Best of Mister Rogers.

Honorary degrees
Rogers received honorary degrees from more than 43 colleges and universities. After 1973, two of Rogers's friends made two special quilts to celebrate the degrees. They used cloth from his many graduation robes to make them. The quilts are at the Fred Rogers Center at St. Vincent College in Latrobe.

Programs

Children's books
Our Small World (with Josie Carey, illustrated by Norb Nathanson), 1954, Reed and Witting, 
 The Elves, the Shoemaker, & the Shoemaker's Wife (illustrated by Richard Hefter), 1973, Small World Enterprises, 
 The Matter of the Mittens, 1973, Small World Enterprises, 
 Speedy Delivery (illustrated by Richard Hefter), 1973, Hubbard, 
 Henrietta Meets Someone New (illustrated by Jason Art Studios), 1974, Golden Press, 
 Mister Rogers Talks About, 1974, Platt & Munk, 
 Time to Be Friends, 1974, Hallmark Cards, 
 Everyone is Special (illustrated by Jason Art Studios), 1975, Western Publishing, 
 Tell Me, Mister Rogers, 1975, Platt & Munk, 
 The Costume Party (illustrated by Jason Art Studios), 1976, Golden Press, 
 Planet Purple (illustrated by Dennis Hockerman), 1986, Texas Instruments, 
 If We Were All the Same (illustrated by Pat Sustendal), 1987, Random House, 
 A Trolley Visit to Make-Believe (illustrated by Pat Sustendal), 1987, Random House,
Wishes Don't Make Things Come True (illustrated Pat Sustendal), 1987, Random House, 
 No One Can Ever Take Your Place (illustrated by Pat Sustendal), 1988, Random House, 
 When Monsters Seem Real (illustrated by Pat Sustendal), 1988, Random House, 
 You Can Never Go Down the Drain (illustrated by Pat Sustendal), 1988, Random House, 
 The Giving Box (illustrated by Jennifer Herbert), 2000, Running Press, 
 Good Weather or Not (with Hedda Bluestone Sharapan, illustrated by James Mellet), 2005, Family Communications, 
 Josephine the Short Neck-Giraffe, 2006, Family Communications, 
 A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood: The Poetry of Mister Rogers Neighborhood (illustrated by Luke Flowers), 2009, Quirk Books,
References

Other websites

 
 The Fred M. Rogers Center
 The Music of Mister Rogers – Pittsburgh Music History

Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Peabody Award winners
Emmy Award winners
1928 births
2003 deaths

Vegetarians
American puppeteers
American Presbyterian ministers
American television actors
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People from Latrobe, Pennsylvania
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Sri Yukteswar Giri (May 10, 1855 - March 9, 1936) was an Indian guru and swami. His real name was Priya Nath Karar and was born in Serampore, West-Bengal, India.

He is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. 

He became known through "Autobiography of a Yogi" as the guru of the author Paramahansa Yogananda. 

George Harrison, the beatle, was initiated in kriya yoga in USA in Self-Realization Fellowship, an organization created by the known writer and great spiritual master in the west Paramahansa Yogananda.

Other websites 

 kriya yoga institute
 Kriya Yoga of Mahavatar Babaji website

1855 births
1936 deaths
People from West Bengal‎
Hindu gurus
Aleister Crowley (12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947) was a British mystic, occultist, writer, poet, mountain climber and nicknamed "The Wickedest Man In the World.".

He was an influential member in some occult organisations, such as the Golden Dawn, the A∴A∴, and Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.), and is better known today for his occult books and papers. He was bisexual.

Crowley also started a mystical philosophy known as Thelema, the Abbey of Thelema, and revived the term magick.

Early life 
Edward Alexander Crowley was born at 36 Clarendon Square in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England, between 11:00pm and 11:59 p.m. on 12 October 1875.

In 1895, he went to Trinity College, Cambridge after going to Malvern College and Tonbridge School. In his three years at Cambridge, his father died and left him a large sum of money.
In December 1896, Crowley took interest in occultism and by the next year, he began reading books on alchemy and mysticism. A year later, he published his first book of poetry (Aceldama), and left Cambridge, only to meet Julian L. Baker who introduced him to Samuel Mathers and the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

In November 1899, Crowley bought Boleskine House in Foyers on the shore of Loch Ness in Scotland.

The Golden Dawn 
Samuel Mathers, acting leader of the Golden Dawn organisation, acted as his early mentor in western magic. Crowley lost faith in his mentor's abilities in 1900 but did not officially break with Mathers until 1904.

Death 
Crowley died of a respiratory infection in a Hastings boarding house on 1 December 1947 at the age of 72. He had been addicted to heroin after being prescribed morphine for his asthma and bronchitis many years earlier.

Readings at the cremation service in Brighton included Hymn to Pan, and newspapers referred to the service as a black mass.
Popular culture 
 The mysterious occult character, Oliver Haddo, in William Somerset Maugham's novel The Magician (1908) is largely based on Crowley, whom Maugham met in Paris in 1906-1907.
 Crowley is the second image on the first row of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.
 Ozzy Osbourne released a song titled "Mr. Crowley" on his solo album Blizzard of Ozz.
 Iron Maiden recorded two tracks that relate to Crowley:  "Moonchild" from Seventh Son of a Seventh Son and "Revelations" from Piece of Mind.
 Ernest Hemingway references Crowley in his memoir "A Moveable Feast".  In it, Ford Maddox Ford claims to have "cut" a man he thinks was Hilaire Belloc, but which in fact turns out to be "Alestair Crowley, the diabolist".
 In the song Quicksand on his 1971 album Hunky Dory, David Bowie sings : “I'm closer to the Golden Dawn, Immersed in Crowley's uniform of imagery”.
Crowley and his beliefs were the subject of testimony in the 1994 murder trial of Damien Echols, as shown in the documentary film Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills.
 His motto of "Do What Thou Wilt" was written into the vinyl records of Led Zeppelin's album Led Zeppelin III made in 1970. Jimmy Page, the band's guitarist and songwriter bought Boleskine House the same year.   The land around the house is seen in the movie The Song Remains the Same, made in 1973.
Sources 
 The Magical Diaries of Aleister Crowley (Tunisia 1923) : Edited by Stephen Skinner
 Bull, John. "The Wickedest Man in the World". Sunday Express, 24 Mar. 1923. Unverified that this is the article: Verification that the Sunday Express did make article:
 Bogdan, Henrik; Starr, Martin P. (2012). "Introduction". In Bogdan, Henrik; Starr, Martin P. Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–14. .

References

Other websites 
 
 Aleister Crowley film project 

1875 births
1947 deaths
Bisexual people
British esotericists
English LGBT people
English LGBT writers
Mystics
Occultists
Writers from Warwickshire
Karlheinz Stockhausen (22 August 1928-5 December 2007) was a German composer. He was an important German composer in the years after World War II.  During this time composers were exploring many new ideas. Stockhausen used serialism in new ways, and he invented many ways of composing electronic music. His works include an opera cycle Licht which includes seven operas.

Life
Stockhausen was born near Cologne. His father was a village school teacher. His mother was put in a sanatarium in 1934 where she died in 1942. She was probably killed there because the Nazis thought people who were mentally ill should not be allowed to live.
Stockhausen was a young man during the war.  He trained to be a teacher and was sent to work in a military hospital near where the army was.  His father died fighting in the war.  After the war, with no parents, he went to work on a farm.  Then, in 1947, he went to study at the Cologne Musikhochschule.  He played the piano in bars and clubs and he improvised at the piano when playing for a magician’s magic shows.  He was thinking of becoming a writer.
At this time many of Germany’s important composers met every summer in Darmstadt.  The course was called Darmstadt Holiday Course for New Music.  Stockhausen went there in 1951.  There he performed some modern music and met important people such as the music critic and philosopher Theodor Adorno.  He heard the music of Messiaen and, soon after marrying, he went to Paris to study with Messiaen.  In Paris he met Pierre Boulez and Pierre Schaeffer who was working on musique concrète.  He experimented with different sounds that percussion instruments can make, and he started composing electronic music.  When he went back to Cologne he worked in a studio for electronic music where he studied communications theory. By this time Stockhausen, Boulez and Nono were the leading composers of avant garde or experimental music.
Stockhausen made Cologne an important centre for electronic music.  He also helped to make the Darmstadt Summer Courses a famous centre for modern music.  He did not invite John Cage to lecture there in 1958.  This led to disagreements with Boulez and Nono.  In California in 1967, Stockhausen married his second wife who was a painter. During the 1960s he bought land in the country near Cologne and had a house built there.  Stockhausen did not design the house himself, because he was not an architect.

Stockhausen was by now world famous.  He toured the United States and many other countries with a small group of musicians performing modern music.  His music was not only listened to by fans of classical music but was also becoming part of popular youth culture.  His picture was included on the front cover of the Beatles’s record Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.  The record company Deutsche Grammophon sold more copies of his music than of any other modern composer except Stravinsky.
During the 1970s Stockhausen became even more popular. This was partly because other music, like the other arts, had become political and very left-wing in the 1960s, which made people angry.  It was also partly because audiences wanted a change from music that was very complicated, and Stockhausen's music had become much simpler. His most popular compositions are Tierkreis (1974–75) and In Freundschaft (1977).  Stockhausen broke with his publisher and started to publish his music himself. From 1977 to 2003 Stockhausen composed Licht ("Light"), a set of seven operas named for the days of the week.

Stockhausen died of heart failure on 5 December 2007 in Kuerten.

His music
His music

In some student works Stockhausen used twelve tone composition.  He became interested in Messiaen and his composition Kreuzspiel shows  Messiaen’s influence.  In Kontra-Punkte (1953) the music starts with very small bits played by ten instruments.  Gradually these little bits come together and at the end the music concentrates on the piano.
From 1953 he worked seriously at electronic music.  He thought that electronic music was going to be the music of the future.  His Gesang der Jünglinge is a multi-track work, using 5 tracks (later reduced to 4).  Gruppen (Groups) is a work for three orchestras and three conductors.  They sit in different parts of the concert hall and play at different speeds at the same time.  His piano piece Klavierstück XI (Piano Piece eleven) shows no influence of John Cage at all.  The music is written on a huge sheet of paper and the pianist decides as he plays which part of the music to go to next and how to play it.  This means that each performance of the work is different.  This is not “chance” music, but "mobile" music.
He continued to experiment with new ideas.  Kontakte is a work for piano, percussion and electronic music (the tape has been prepared beforehand).  He composed “live electronic” music beginning in the 1960s.  This means using electronics to change the sound of normal instruments that are amplified.  His operatic cycle Licht was started in 1977 and took him 26 years to complete.  There are seven operas: one for each day of the week. Some of the music for this includes microtonal scales, in which the notes are tuned so that they are less than a semitone apart.

References

1928 births
2007 deaths
21st-century German composers
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in North Rhine-Westphalia
20th-century German composers
Musicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
William Claude Dukenfield (January 29, 1880 - December 25, 1946) was an American actor, comedian, juggler and writer.

Trivia 
He is one of the famous people on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

1880 births
1946 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from Pennsylvania