Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The law of large numbers, or LLN for short, is a theorem from statistics. It states that if a random process is repeatedly observed, then the average of the observed values will be stable in the long run. This means that as the number of observations increases, the average of the observed values will get closer and closer to the expected value.

For example, when rolling dice, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are possible outcomes. They are all equally likely.  The population mean (or "expected value") of the outcomes is:

 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6) / 6 = 3.5.

The following graph shows the results of an experiment of rolls of a die. In this experiment, it can be seen that the average of die rolls varies wildly at first, but as predicted by the LLN, the average stabilizes around the expected value of 3.5 as the number of observations become large.
History
Jacob Bernoulli first described the LLN. He says it was so simple that even the stupidest man instinctively knows it is true. Despite this, it took him over 20 years to develop a good mathematical proof. Once he had found it, he published the proof in Ars Conjectandi (The Art of Conjecturing) in 1713.  He named this his "golden theorem". It became generally known as "Bernoulli's theorem" (not to be confused with the law in physics with the same name). In 1835, S.D. Poisson further described it under the name "la loi des grands nombres" (the law of large numbers).  Thereafter, it was known under both names, but the "law of large numbers" is most frequently used.
Other mathematicians also contributed to make the law better. Some of them were Chebyshev (who proved a more general version of the law for averages), Markov, Borel, Cantelli and Kolmogorov.  After these studies, there are now two different forms of the law: One is called the "weak" law, and the other the "strong" law.  These forms do not describe different laws. They have different ways to describe the convergence of the observed or measured probability to the actual probability. The strong form of the law implies the weak one.

Related pages 

 Central limit theorem

References 

Statistics
H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB (H&M), is a Swedish clothing company. It sells fast fashion at cheaper prices. The company was created in Västerås, Sweden, in 1947 by Erling Persson. At first, the company only sold women's clothing. At that time, it was called Hennes, Swedish for "hers." In 1968, Persson got the building and inventory of a Stockholm hunting equipment store named Mauritz Widforss. A supply of men's clothing was part of the inventory. This caused Persson to decide to also sell men's clothing. He renamed the store Hennes & Mauritz, later shortened to H&M. 

H&M has more than 1500 stores in 28 different countries. It has more than 60,000 employees.

References

Other websites
 www.hm.com

1947 establishments in Sweden

Swedish clothing companies
Luchegorsk (Russian:Лучегорск, lit. Ray of mountains) is a urban-type settlement and administrative center of Pozharsky District (Primorsky Krai, Russia). It was founded in 1966. There are 22,365 people living there according to 2002 Census.

Geography 
Geographical coordinates are 46-27N,134-17E. Luchegorsk is the largest non-city settlement on Russian Far East.

Luchegorsk has more ecological problems for a large electric power station.

In December,1997, a large Amur tiger hunted down a poacher who had shot and wounded the tiger.The tiger killed the man in what appears to be the only (recorded) premeditated act of revenge by a tiger.

Urban-type settlements in Russia
"The Tell-Tale Heart" is an 1843 short story by Edgar Allan Poe. Detectives capture a man who admits to the killing of the old man with a strange eye. The murder is carefully planned, and the killer killed the old man's by pulling his bed on top of the man and hiding the body under the floor. The killer feels guilty about the murder, and the guilt makes him imagine that he can hear the dead man's heart still beating under the floor.

No one knows if the old man and the killer are related. Some people think that the old man is a father figure. Some people think that the man is strange, perhaps that his vulture eye represents some sort of veiled secret.

The story was first published in James Russell Lowell's The Pioneer in January 1843. "The Tell-Tale Heart" is one of Poe's most famous short stories, and it is widely considered a classic of the Gothic fiction genre. The story has been made into or inspired many different works in film, television, and other media.
Story 
"The Tell-Tale Heart" is a story told in the first-person; meaning that the storyteller talks about their own feelings and actions. The story does not say if the narrator is male or female.

The narrator is living with an old man with a clouded, vulture-like eye. The narrator has feelings of paranoia, and becomes afraid of the old man's strange eye. The narrator becomes so bothered by the eye that they plot to murder the old man. For more than a week, the narrator sneaks into the old man's room at night, watching and waiting for the right time to strike. However, the old man's eyes are shut, hiding the clouded eye, and the narrator loses the urge to kill.
The narrator, however, begins to hear a faint noise. As the noise grows louder, the narrator hallucinates that it is the heartbeat of the old man coming from under the floorboards. This paranoia increases as the officers seem to pay no attention to the sound, which is loud enough for the narrator to admit having heard. Shocked by the constant beating of the heart and a feeling that the officers must be aware of the heartbeats, the narrator loses control and confesses to killing the old man and tells them to tear up the floorboards to reveal the body.

Throughout the story the narrator insists on being sane, yet at the same time, giving the impression of serious hallucinations or paranoia, possibly caused by guilt from having murdered an elderly man.
Analysis 
"The Tell-Tale Heart" starts in medias res, in the middle of an event. The opening is an in-progress conversation between the narrator and another person who is not identified in any way. It is speculated that the narrator is confessing to a prison warden, judge, newspaper reporter, doctor or psychiatrist. Whoever it is, it sparks the narrator's need to explain himself in great detail. The first word of the story, "True!," is an admission of his guilt.
One of the driving forces in this opening and throughout the story is not the narrator's insistence upon his innocence but on his sanity. His drive to convince, however, is self-destructive because he fully admits he is guilty of murder. His denial of insanity is based on his systemic actions and precision - a rational explanation for irrational behavior (murder). This rationality, however, is undermined by his lack of motivation ("Object there was none. Passion there was none."). Despite this, however, he says the idea of murder, "haunted me day and night." The story's final scene, however, is a result of the narrator's feelings of guilt. Like many characters in the Gothic tradition, his nerves dictate his true nature. Despite his best efforts at defending himself, the narrator's "over acuteness of the senses," which help him hear the heart beating in the floorboards, is what convinces the reader that he is truly mad
. Readers during Poe's time would have been especially interested amidst the controversy over the insanity defense in the 1840s.
Former poet laureate Richard Wilbur has suggested that the tale is an allegorical representation of Poe's poem "To Science." The poem shows the struggle between imagination and science. In "The Tell-Tale Heart," the old man represents the scientific rational mind while the narrator is the imaginative.

Publication history 
"The Tell-Tale Heart" was first published in the Boston-based magazine The Pioneer in January 1843, edited by James Russell Lowell. Poe was likely paid only $10. It was slightly revised when republished in the August 23, 1845 edition of the Broadway Journal. It was reprinted multiple times during Poe's lifetime.
Adaptations 
As of 2007-09-01 the Internet Movie Database lists 21 adaptations.
 An animated film version by UPA, read by James Mason, The Tell-Tale Heart (1953), is included among the films preserved in the United States National Film Registry.
The Tell-Tale Heart, 1960 version.
 A reading of the story was performed by Winifred Phillips, with music composed by her, as part of the NPR "Tales by American Masters" series in 1998 and released on DH Audio.
 The Canadian radio program Nightfall presented an adaptation on August 1st, 1980.
Works inspired 
Music
 "The Tell-Tale Heart" is one of several songs inspired by Poe stories on the album Tales of Mystery and Imagination (original version 1976, CD remix 1987) by The Alan Parsons Project. It is sung by Arthur Brown.
 In 2003, Lou Reed released his concept album The Raven comprised of several works inspired by Poe, including the track "The Tell-Tale Heart."
 In Insane Clown Posse's 1995 album The Riddlebox, the track "Ol' Evil Eye" was inspired by this story.
 The song "Ride the Wings of Pestilence" by California-based post-hardcore band From First to Last shows similarities to "The Tell-Tale Heart". However, this has never been confirmed.
Television
 An episode of The Simpsons ("Lisa's Rival," September 11, 1994) featured a "Tell-Tale Heart"-inspired act of revenge between Lisa and a new student.  In the episode, Lisa hides the competing student's diorama of the story and replaces it with an actual animal heart.  As her guilt rises, she thinks she hears the diorama's heart beating beneath the floor boards.
 A season 1 episode of SpongeBob SquarePants, "Squeaky Boots", has Mr. Krabs burying a pair of squeaky boots underneath the floorboards, only to begin hearing the noise more and more before snapping and digging them up, saying, "It is the squeaking of the hideous boots!"

References

Other website 

19th-century American short stories
Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
Among the most known we have: 
 the American disciplines (American boxing) under three main forms: 
 full contact karate without kicks below the belt, 
 kickboxing with roundhouse kicks in the thighs or American kickboxing, 
 and semicontact or fights in the points (point fighting), a class of karate with gloves and slippers in foam, 
 French boxing (savate), today called "Savate-BF", 
 Japanese kickboxing: kickboxing with direct knee kicks, roundhouse kicks in the thighs (low kick), and with few wrestling catches,
 two kinds of boxing, where almost everything is permitted, Burmese boxing (lethwei) and Thai boxing (muay thai).

Other websites 
  French Page of boxe pieds-poings.

Martial arts
Vibrato is a series of very quick changes up and down to the pitch of a note. It is like a deliberate, controlled wobble. The word “vibrato” is related to the word “vibrate”.

Vibrato is used to make a melody sound more beautiful by making it more expressive. Singers use vibrato, especially when singing dramatic solo music such as opera. In Italy a singer’s vibrato is sometimes called “tremolo”.

Violinists and other players of string instruments produce vibrato by moving the finger backwards and forwards on the fingerboard. Vibrato has to be learned carefully, as the hand needs to be very relaxed. Many beginners who start to use vibrato will try to vibrate too fast and this makes an unpleasant sound. Vibrato can be produced on wind instruments by small changes of breath control.
Musicians sometimes disagree about how much vibrato was used in earlier times. People who play music from the Renaissance or Baroque on period instruments sometimes play without any vibrato. Other people think that players of those days did use some vibrato.

Musical performance techniques
The glockenspiel is a percussion instrument. It originated in Germany. It is in the same category as the xylophone and timpani. It usually has a range of 2 and a half octaves. It is set up in a keyboard instrument format. It is played by hitting it with mallets that have a plastic or felt tip. It has a soft sound, but very high pitch. If it is hit too hard, it makes a very bad sound. Its sound is often used to represent things such as fairies, birds, and butterflies.

Percussion instruments
Titan A.E. is a 2000 animated science fiction movie from Fox Animation Studios and Twentieth Century Fox. The name of the movie comes from the fictional spacecraft that is a main part of the plot. The A.E. meaning "After Earth." The movie was created using both hand-drawn animation and computer generated imagery.

Titan A.E. was a box office bomb, making only $9,376,845 during its opening weekend, and a total of $22,753,426 in theaters.

Plot 
In 3028 A.D., Earth is attacked by pure energy aliens called the Drej. Its spacecraft uses the energy beam to destroy Earth, while hundreds of space vehicles leave the planet with the last of mankind on them. The secret Titan ship with Professor Sam Tucker aboard leaves at the same time, but not with the other vessels. One of the others escape the planet, including Sam's son Cale, who keeps a ring from his father.
Fifteen years later, Cale works on a salvage station. Humans have become outer space drifters. They are constantly treated by other races. A human captain named Joseph Korso and his pilot Akima seek out Cale. They tell him that he must help them find the Titan. They say that the ship has machinery that will create a new Earth, in order to save humanity. The Drej want to find the Titan so that they can destroy it. With Korso's help, Cale learns that the ring his father gave to him can help him find the Titan. Before long, Cale and Akima find out that Korso is looking for the Titan in order to hand it over to the Drej.  They escape from him but become stranded on a drifter colony. Cale and Akima repair one of the wrecked spacecraft at the colony. They use it to go to where the Titan has been hidden.
Inside the Titan, Cale and Akima learn that Professor Tucker had been one of the main people who designed the craft. The designers felt that the destruction of Earth would happen. Because of this, they gave the Titan the ability to create a new planet. They loaded it with the DNA of every living Earth plant and animal so they could repopulate the new world. However, the ship lost the energy and cannot recreate the planet. Korso finds and boards the Titan. He attacks Cale and Akima, but one of his men attacks him. Korso kills the man by breaking his neck, then fights with Cale. During the fight, Korso falls over a railing. Cale trying to save him but Korso slips from Cale's grip and falls to his apparent death. Akima, Cale and others from Korso's ship work together to defend the Titan against the Drej attack. Cale thinks that the energy that makes up the Drej and their ships may be used to power up the Titans systems
. Korso shows up again, but sacrifices himself repair a circuit breaker just as the Drej ship shoots an energy beam at the Titan. Using the power of the beam, the Titan powers up and takes all the Drej energy. The Drej are destroyed while the ship creates a new planet. The movie ends with Akima and Cale standing on their new world. Akima wants to name the planet "New Earth," while Cale wants to name it "Bob" and all the human coming to the planet named "New Earth [Planet Bob]."
Prequels 
Two books were served as a prequel story before the movie. The other one follows Sam Tucker hiding the ship published by Dark Horse Comics.

 Cale's Story told about Cale, ending with the beginning of the movie.
 Akima's Story''' told about Akima, ending with the beginning of the movie.

 Cast 
 Matt Damon as Cale Tucker
 Alex D. Linz as Young Cale
 Drew Barrymore as Akima
 Bill Pullman as Joseph Korso
 John Leguizamo as Gune
 Nathan Lane as Preed
 Janeane Garofalo as Stith
 Ron Perlman as Sam Tucker
 Tone Loc as Tek
 Jim Breuer as The Cook

 Soundtrack 
 "Over My Head" — Lit
 "The End is Over" — Powerman 5000
 "Cosmic Castaway" — Electrasy
 "Everything Under the Stars" — Fun Lovin' Criminals
 "It's My Turn to Fly" — The Urge
 "Like Lovers (Holding On)" — Texas
 "Not Quite Paradise" — Bliss 66
 "Everybody's Going to the Moon" — Jamiroquai
 "Karma Slave" — Splashdown
 "Renegade Survivor" — The Wailing Souls
 "Down to Earth" — Luscious Jackson
Digital screening Titan A.E.'' became the first major movie using digital screen. On June 6, 2000, before it was shown in theaters, the movie was in Atlanta, Georgia and Los Angeles. It was sent to both screens from 20th Century Fox using a private internet LAN line. This was the first time a major movie had been created and distributed.

Other websites

References

2000 movies
2000 animated movies
2000 science fiction movies
American animated movies
American science fiction movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Don Bluth
Screenplays by Joss Whedon
Dystopian movies
Nigella Lucy Lawson (born 6 January 1960) is an English television chef, journalist, television presenter and food writer. She was born in Wandsworth, London and is of Jewish descent.

She presented the cooking show Nigella Bites on Channel 4 from 2000 to 2001. After that series, she went on to present two cookery series called Nigella's Christmas Kitchen and Nigella Express on BBC Two.

She is a judge on the American reality show The Taste.

She has written many cooking books which have been translated into many different languages and are popular in the United Kingdom and the United States. 

She is a daughter of politician Nigel Lawson.

References

Other websites 
Official website
Nigella Lawson at IMDb.com
Nigella Lawson at nndb.com
1960 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British chefs
English television presenters
Jewish British writers
Jewish entertainers
Journalists from London
People educated at Westminster School, London
People from Wandsworth
Television personalities from London
Writers from London
Pittsburg is a city in the American state of Texas. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 4,347.

References

Other websites 
Official City Web Site

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Level 42 is a Pop band from the United Kingdom. They were formed in 1979 on the Isle of Wight. Their songs include Something About You (1985) and "Lessons in Love" (1986). The current Level 42 is formation have Mark King, Mike Lindup, Pete Ray Biggin and Nathan King.

1970s British music groups
1979 establishments in the United Kingdom
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
British pop rock bands
English pop music groups
English rock bands
Isle of Wight
Musical groups established in 1979
New wave bands
Johann Heinrich Schmelzer (born in Austria some time between 1620 and 1623; died in Prague some time between 29 February and 20 March 1680) was a German composer. He was one of the most important composers of instrumental music in the mid-17th century. 

Nothing is known about his early life. He became a member of the imperial chapel in the mid 1630’s. His job there was probably a violinist. We know very little about his life, except that over the years he became a famous composer. The emperor must have liked him because he gave him presents of money and gold chains.
In 1671 he became deputy Kapellmeister at the imperial court. In 1673 the emperor gave him the honorary title “von Ehrenruef” which he put after his name. A few years later the court moved to Prague to try to escape the plague that was killing so many people in Vienna. At the end of 1679 the emperor’s Kapellmeister died and Schmelzer became Kapellmeister. It was the first time that the Kapellmeister at the Habsburg court had not been a foreigner but an Austrian. However, the following March Schmelzer died of the plague.

Schmelzer wrote a lot of music for small groups of instruments as well as a lot of ballet music. His dance suites are made up of several dances such as galliard, bourree, sarabande, gigue, gavotte and allemande as well as more unusual dances. He wrote several sonatas for two violins and continuo. They are full of fast scales and arpeggios. He also seems to have written church music, but it has all been lost.

References 

1623 births
1688 deaths

Baroque composers
Austrian composers
The Oireachtas is the national parliament of Ireland.

There are three parts of the Oireachtas:

The President of Ireland
Dáil Éireann - The lower house. It is similar to the House of Commons in the United Kingdom or the House of Representatives in the United States. 
Seanad Éireann - The upper house. It is similar to the House of Lords and the Senate

Only the Irish names are used, never the English

Politics of Ireland
Government of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland
Ireland
Quasars or quasi-stellar radio sources are the most energetic and distant active galactic nuclei (AGN). 

They are quite small in comparison with the energy they put out. Quasars are not much larger than the Solar System. The mechanism of brightness changes probably involves relativistic beaming of jets pointed nearly directly toward us. The highest redshift quasar known () has a redshift of 7.085, which means it is about 29 billion light-years from Earth. This estimate is made using the concept of comoving distance.

Scientists now agree that a quasar is a compact region in the center of a massive galaxy surrounding a central supermassive black hole. Its size is 10–10,000 times the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole. The energy emitted by a quasar is gravitational energy, created from mass falling onto the accretion disc around the black hole.
Quasars are extremely luminous. They were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves and visible light. The light (and other energy) appeared to be similar to stars, rather than large sources like galaxies. On the other hand, their spectra had very broad emission lines, unlike any known from stars, hence "quasi-stellar". Their luminosity can be 100 times greater than that of the Milky Way.

The accretion discs of central supermassive black holes can convert about 10% of the mass of an object into energy.
This mechanism explains why quasars were more common in the early universe, as this energy production ends when the supermassive black hole consumes all of the gas and dust near it. 

This means that most galaxies, including our own Milky Way, may have gone through an active stage as a quasar or some other class of active galaxy. They are now dormant because they lack a supply of matter to feed into their central black holes to generate radiation.
References

Related pages 
Astrophysics
Black Holes
Galaxies

Galaxies
Black holes
Dáil Éireann ( literally Assembly of Ireland) is the lower house of the parliament of Ireland. Its members are elected by all Irish citizens of voting age (which is now 18). Members of Dáil Éireann are called Teachta Dala (TD).

History

First Dáil 
The First Dáil was elected at the British General election of 1918. The Sinn Féin people who were elected did not go to the House of Commons. Instead they stayed in Dublin and set up the First Dáil.

The First Dáil passed the Declaration of Independence of the Irish Republic, a Constitution, and set up a government.

The first British woman MP was Countess Markiewicz. Because she was a Sinn Féiner, she went to the first Dáil Éireann instead. That is why many people think Lady Astor was Britain's first woman MP.

Second Dáil
Second Dáil 

In 1922, during the War of Independence, the British passed the Government of Ireland Act. The act set up two parliaments, one for Northern Ireland and one for Southern Ireland. There was no election in Southern Ireland because only Sinn Féin candidates stood. They did not meet as the House of Commons of Southern Ireland. Instead they, and the only Sinn Feiner elected only in Northern Ireland met as the Second Dáil.

On the first day of the Second Dáil Éamon de Valera, President of the Irish Republic, said there would be no need to fight or negotiate with Britain if the British prime minister remembered that he had said   De Valera said that if Poland had the right to its own government, so did Ireland.

The Second Dáil ratified (that is, confirmed) the Anglo-Irish Treaty, by a vote of 64 to 57.  After this the 64 pro-treaty members met as the House of Commons of Southern Ireland, with the four University MPs, and voted to accept the treaty again.
Third Dáil 
The Third Dáil was two things.
 The pro-independence Dáil, following on from the First and Second Dáils, and
 The Provisional Parliament, following on from the House of Commons of Southern Ireland

The Third Dáil passed the constitution of the Irish Free State, and after 6 December 1922, it was the lower house of the Oireachtas of the Irish Free State.

Dáil Debates 

The official record of everything said in the Dáil is called  or .  Volume (book) one starts on the day the Third Dáil met, so the record of the First Dáil is called Book F, and the Second Dáil starts with book S.

Election of the Dáil 

TDs are elected in multi-member constituencies, unlike the British House of Commons or the American House of Representatives, which are single-member constituencies.  There can be three, four, or five TDs in each constituency.  Voters can vote for as many candidates as they want, but they rank them in order of preference, 1,2,3...
Working out who has been elected can sometimes take two or even three days, because the votes are counted several times under the Single Transferable Vote system.

If the Chairman of Dáil Éireann, called the Ceann Comhairle, wants to stand for re-election he is  does not have to be elected.  The law and the constitution say that he is given a seat in his old constituency.

Powers of Dáil Éireann 

The Dail is the more powerful of the two Houses of the Oireachtas.

The Taoiseach, (Prime Minister), the Tánaiste (deputy prime minister)  and the Minister of Finance must be members of Dáil Éireann.

Bills to raise tax have to start in the Dáil, and cannot be vetoed by the Seanad.

The Dáil can pass a bill even if the Seanad objects, but the Supreme Court can decide that the act is not allowed by the Constitution.  The President can also ask the Supreme Court if the bill is not allowed by the constitution before he/she signs it.

Related pages
 Oireachtas
 Seanad Éireann

References
References 

Politics of Ireland
Government of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland
1918 establishments in Europe
1920s establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in the Republic of Ireland
The Taoiseach (), also referred to as An Taoiseach (), is the head of the government in Ireland.  The term prime minister is not used by the Irish media.

Appointment 

When a new Dáil Éireann meets after an election it nominates one of its members to be Taoiseach.  He then visits the President, and is appointed.  He then presents a list of ministers to the Dáil and when this is approved they are also appointed by the President.

If the Taoiseach resigns all members of the government are said to have resigned as well.  If a minister does not resign when asked by the Taoiseach, the Taoiseach can ask the President to sack the minister.  The President cannot refuse to do this.

Department of the Taoiseach 
The Department of the Taoiseach helps the Taoiseach to do his job.  The main duty of the Taoiseach is to start policy and coordinate policy of the rest of government.  Especially policies on Economic and Social Development, Northern Ireland, the European Union and Public Sector Change and Oireachtas Reform.
The Government Chief Whip, who has to make sure the government's policies and ideas are turned into law, is a part of the Taoiseach's department.

The current Taoiseach is Leo Varadkar since 14 June 2017.

List

Notes

References 

 
Government of the Republic of Ireland
Government occupations
Anton Webern (born Vienna 3 December 1883; died Mitterill 15 September 1945) was an Austrian composer. Webern and Alban Berg were the most famous pupils of Arnold Schoenberg, the composer who had invented the twelve tone system. This style of composition is often called the “Second Viennese School”. Webern was probably Schoenberg’s first pupil, and Berg joined them a few weeks later. Webern used the rules of the twelve tone system very strictly in his music. His compositions had a lot of influence on composers of the mid-20th century who were interested in serialism, especially Karlheinz Stockhausen and Pierre Boulez. Most of Webern’s compositions are very short.

Life
Life

Early years 
Anton was born Anton von Webern. Webern’s father was a mining engineer who later got an important government job. The family had belonged to the nobility which is why they had “von” before the family name. In 1918 a law was made in Austria to stop people from using “von” as part of their name, and so from then onwards he was always known as “Anton Webern”. Anton learned to play the cello and the piano. They had a country house where the family spent the summer, and the young boy spent a lot of time composing, especially songs to the poems of famous German poets such as Stefan George and Richard Dehmel. Together with his friend and cousin Ernst he read the philosophical books of Friedrich Nietzsche, studied modern paintings and listened to the music of Richard Wagner. His father took him to the Bayreuth Festival. 

He went to study at the University of Vienna where he continued to compose a lot of music. By 1906 he had been given a doctorate for writing about the composer Heinrich Isaac.
Influence of Schoenberg 
When Webern became a pupil of Schoenberg he was joining a small group of musicians who were to be lifelong friends. Alban Berg was a member of this group. The music these people were writing sounded very modern at the time and they had to face a lot of criticism. Berg and Webern were official pupils of Schoenberg only for two years, but they continued to work with him, often copying out music for him. They also helped him financially and, when Schoenberg moved to Berlin, Webern moved there to be near him.

Mid career 
Webern composed more twelve-tone music during these years. He also worked as a conductor to earn some money. He was only interested in music by German and Austrian composers. He tried to get several teaching jobs, but the only one he managed to get was at the Israel Institute for the Blind in Vienna, where he taught for six years.
Later years 
During the 1930s Webern faced many difficulties. He did not have much money, Schoenberg went to live in France and then the  United States because of the political situation in Europe. Alban Berg died in 1935 and his own conducting career came to an end. When the Nazis came to power in Austria they banned Webern’s music because they thought it was bad (they called it “degenerate art”). His son was killed fighting in World War II. Four months after the war had ended he was sitting on the veranda of his daughter’s house smoking a cigar after dinner when he was shot dead by one of the occupying troops. He should have been inside because there was a curfew on. His son-in-law had just been arrested for selling things on the black market.
His music 
Webern’s early music was in the style of expressionism. Later he wrote using the twelve tone system. He liked using very high and very low notes, as well as silences in his music. Although most of his pieces were very short, every note was carefully planned.  Officially he composed 31 works, and these fit onto 6 CDs. A lot of his music still sounds very modern to us today.

References 
Groves Dictionary of Music Online

1883 births
1945 deaths
20th-century composers
Austrian composers
People from Vienna
Seanad Éireann (; Senate of Ireland) is the second house of the Irish parliament, the Oireachtas.

Function 
Seanad Éireann's main business is the revising of legislation sent to it by Dáil Éireann.

It can initiate (start) and revise legislation, except bills for raising tax and spending money (Money Bills).  Financial legislation must start in Dáil Éireann, and the Seannad can only suggest changes, it cannot force the changes to be accepted.

Seanad Éireann slows Dáil Éireann.  All bills must be looked at by the Seannad, so it is a safeguard against laws being passed too quickly.

Seanad Éireann also debates important issues. Also, Seanad Éireann can debate these issues with more freedom because the fate of the Government will not be at stake.  If the government loses a vote in Seanad Éireann it could be embarrassing, but under the constitution if the Government loses a vote in Dáil Éireann they might have to call new elections.
Election day
Members of Dáil Éireann are members from the first meeting of Dáil Éireann after a general election until the Dáil is dissolved.  Members of Seanad Éireann are members from the first meeting until the day before the next general election of the Seanad.

Elections for Dáil Éireann must be within 30 days of being dissolved. Elections for the Seanad must be within 90 days of Dáil Éireann's dissolution.  The Seanad must be elected after the Dáil, because new TDs are allowed to vote in a Seanad election.

Members 
There are sixty Senators.

 11 are nominated to be members by the new Taoiseach after a general election
 49 are elected from panels of candidates
Elected Senators 
 Three senators are elected by the National University of Ireland;
 Three are elected by the University of Dublin;
 43 are elected from 5 panels of candidates:-
 National Language and Culture, Literature, Art, Education and other professions;
 Agriculture and allied interests, and Fisheries;
 Labour, (organised or unorganised);
 Industry and Commerce, including banking, finance, accountancy, engineering and architecture;
 Public Administration and social services, including voluntary social activities.

At least 5 senators must be elected from each panel, but no more than 11 from any one panel.

About 1.000 people can vote for the Seanad:

 Members of the newly elected Dáil Éireann
 Members of the old Seanad Éireann
 Members of city and county councils

The senators from the Universities are elected by any Irish citizen with a degree from that university.
The university seats shows how much Éamon de Valera, who wrote the Constitution of Ireland was influenced by the British Parliament.  At the time it was written the universities of Oxford and Cambridge had their own MPs in the House of Commons.  Graduates of those universities voted for these MPs as well as for the MP were they lived.

Related pages
 Dáil Éireann
 Oireachtas

References 

Politics of Ireland
Government of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland
Protein biosynthesis (synthesis) is when cells build proteins. The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process.

Amino acids are either synthesised or eaten in food. Then, after the transcription of polypeptide genes, the amino acids are put together. This is done by translation and RNA splicing which produces messenger RNAs. The splicing process produces the final proteins, which then fold up into their protein structure. Then they can function. The plural is used here because, with most genes, the splicing process produces more than one final working protein. One particular Drosophila gene (DSCAM) can be alternatively spliced into 38,000 different mRNA.

Protein biosynthesis differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, though parts of the process are the same in both.

References
References

Other websites 
 Science aid: protein synthesis For high school
 Protein synthesis
 Transcription 
 Translation 
 Protein synthesis animation  Wesleyan University Learning Objects animation of protein synthesis.
 Interactive Java simulation of transcription initiation.  From Center for Models of Life  at the Niels Bohr Institute.

Proteins
A California hurricane is a tropical cyclone that affects the state of California. Usually Pacific hurricanes weaken a lot before getting to land.
O
Normally, rainfall is the only effect that Pacific hurricanes have on California. Sometimes, this rainfall is strong enough to cause flooding and some damage. For example, floods from Hurricane Kathleen in 1976 created damages scattered across the southeastern California area and killed three people.

Why hurricanes do not normally hit California
The main reason why hurricanes do not hit California is because of cold sea surface temperatures off the California coastline and the California Current.
Tropical cyclones usually need sea surface temperatures above 26.5 °C (80 °F) with a depth of 50 meters (160 feet) to survive. But the waters off the California coast are too cold for tropical cyclones, even during the summer. Normally, the waters' temperatures do not get above 17 °C (70 °F), although El Nino effects may periodicly warm the pacific waters off of the California coastline.

Also the California Current moves down from the northwestern US coast to the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula, which is the opposite in which Northern Hemisphere tropical cyclones move. While a few tropical cyclones may hit the southern and central areas of the Baja California peninsula, they do not make landfall any farther north than that.

List of California hurricanes
1950s to 1990s
 August 27 - August 29, 1951: The remnants of a tropical cyclone brought enough rain to wash out some roads in southern California.
 September 10 - September 11, 1976 : Hurricane Kathleen crossed the peninsula of Baja California and moved into California as a tropical storm. Yuma, Arizona reported sustained winds of 91 km/h (57 mph). Rainfall from Kathleen created huge damages to southeastern California and killed at least three people.
 August 18 - August 19, 1977: Hurricane Doreen dissipated off the coast of California. The remnants moved inland and created flooding and crop damage as 7.01 inches (178 mm) of rain fell on Yuma Valley, Arizona.
 October 5 - October 12, 1987: Weather associated with Hurricane Ramon caused moderate to heavy rains in southern California. The highest amount noted was 2.14 inches (54 mm) at Camp Pendleton.
 September 13 - September 14, 1997: Hurricane Linda was at one point predicted to make landfall in California. Instead, it moved out to sea.
September 25 - September 26, 1997: After making landfall in Baja California, Hurricane Nora kept tropical storm strength into California and Arizona. Moderate to heavy rains fell across southeast California and Arizona, with a new 24-hour maximum for Arizona  305 mm (12 inches) falling in the Mogollon Rim. Damage totaled up to several hundred million, including US$40 million to lemon trees. The remnants of the hurricane knocked down trees in higher areas of Utah as the circulation aloft was slower to spin down than its remnant surface low. There were a few indirect deaths made by the hurricane.
2000s
 September 2000: The remnant low from Hurricane Lane made landfall in California with minimal effects.
 September 2001: The remnants of Hurricane Flossie dissipated over the deserts of the Southwest United States and caused minor damage.
 September 30, 2001: Thunderstorms from the remnants of Hurricane Juliette caused minor damage to California and brought rain of less than an inch (25 mm) to the area.
 September 2006: Remnants of Hurricane John triggered flash flood watches.
 August 26, 2007: Remnants of Hurricane Dean made landfall in Santa Barbara area, triggering heavy rains and minor flooding throughout the Southern California Area.
 August 25 2008: Tropical Storm Julio affects the state.

2010s
 August 6, 2015: Hurricane Guillermo results in a rare dry-season atmospheric river.

Preparations
Preparations

Because of a possible threat of California hurricanes in the future and from the damaging effects of a 1858 tropical storm, the National Weather Service created tropical cyclone warning stations across the southern California coast. But because of the fact that Pacific hurricanes rarely affected California, the idea of a warning station was later brought down.

The most serious damage from a California hurricane would be from heavy rainfall rather than hurricane force-winds or a storm surge, although distant hurricanes may still create heavy surf, maybe hurting or killing people.

Related pages
 Tropical cyclone

References

Other websites
 Tropical Cyclone Rainfall for the Western United States 
 NOAA Tropical Cyclone FAQ Subject G9
 The San Diego Hurricane of 2 October 1858
 NHC International Breakpoints list

Hurricanes in California

Hurricanes in California
The National Weather Service (also known as NWS) is one of the six scientific agencies that make up the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States government. Its job is to provide "weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy." This is done through a collection of national and regional centers, and more than 122 local weather forecast offices (WFOs). Since the NWS is a government agency, most of its products are in the public domain.

Related pages
 NOAA Weather Radio

References

Other websites
 National Weather Service
 NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards
 Hydrometeorological Prediction Center 
 Aviation Weather Center
 National Hurricane Center
 Storm Prediction Center
 Climate Prediction Center 
 Free National Weather Service Yahoo! Widget 
 NOAA weather streaming radio - using windows media player, etc.
United States government agencies
Weather services
Yuma is a city in and the county seat of Yuma County, Arizona, United States.  According to the 2020 Census, the population of the city is 95,548.

References

Other websites

City of Yuma Website 
Yuma Convention and Visitors Bureau Website
MCAS Yuma Official Website 
Yuma Stats

Cities in Arizona
County seats in Arizona
1914 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Arizona
A storm surge is a sudden rise of water hitting areas close to the coast. Storm surges are usually created by a hurricane or other tropical cyclone. The surge happens because a storm has fast winds and low atmospheric pressure. Water is pushed on shore, and the water level rises. Strong storm surges can flood coastal towns and destroy homes. A storm surge is considered the deadliest part of a hurricane. They kill many people each year.

Related pages 
 Tropical cyclone
 Tsunami

Other websites 
Data on Bangladesh disasters  from NIRAPAD disaster response organisation.
NOAA National Hurricane Center storm surge page 
"The 1953 English East Coast Floods" 
DeltaWorks.Org  North Sea Flood of 1953, includes images, video and animations.

Severe weather
The California Current is a Pacific Ocean current that starts along the northwestern United States coast and ends on the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula.

Other websites
Seattle Times: 2005 Warming Event

Pacific Ocean
Ocean currents
The Baja California Peninsula (or Lower California) is a peninsula of North America. It is west of Mexico. It extends some 1,250 km (775 miles) from Mexicali in the north to Cabo San Lucas in the south, separating the Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of California (or "Sea of Cortés").

Other websites
Google maps
Baja.net 
Baja California

Geography of Mexico
Peninsulas of North America
Sukkot (also known as Feast of Tabernacles) is a Jewish festival. In this event, people celebrate the gathering of the crops, and remember the time in the past when small shelters were made by the Jews when they were in the wilderness and had no homes. It happens 5 days after the Jewish festival Yom Kippur and lasts for 1 week.

Dates 
 2017: October 4-11 (October 12, outside Israel)
 2018: September 23-30 (October 1, outside Israel)
 2019: October 13-20 (October 21, outside Israel)
2020: October 2-9 (October 3, outside Israel)
2021: September 20-27 (September 21, outside Israel)
2022: October 9-16
2023:September 29-October 6

Other websites
Other websites 

Guide for Sukkot
JewFaq discussion on Sukkot
Sukkos and Simchas Torah - Torah.org 
an overview of the laws of Sukkot  from Torah.org, based on the Mishneh Torah 
Sukkot in Jerusalem
Free succah construction plans and instructions
sukkahsoftheworld.org devoted to pictures of Sukkahs from Sharon, Mass USA and throughout the world
Sukkot Concepts - Basic through Advanced - OU.org

Jewish festivals and holidays
Waterworld is a 1995 American science fiction action movie. The movie stars Kevin Costner who also produced it. Waterworld was released in the United States on July 28, 1995.

Problems during the making of the movie caused it to cost much more than expected. It was the most expensive movie ever made at the time. With a budget of $175 million, the movie earned $88 million at U.S. theaters. However, the movie was successful in other countries. It made more than a $100 million profit.

Plot

Some time in the future, after global warming, the polar icecaps have melted. The Earth is almost entirely covered with water. The humans that are still alive have forgotten the past. Most people believe the world was created in a flood. It is blasphemy to believe anything else. There is, however, a belief of many peoples that dry land exists.
The peoples can be classified into four groups:
 Drifters: People who sail alone in small boats. They collecting things and trade with one each other as well as with atolls;
 Atoll Dwellers: People who live in large floating constructs called atolls.
 Smokers: Pirates who live on old oil tankers. They are called smokers because of the smoke they make by using oil-powered equipment.
 Slavers were mentioned by the drifter the Mariner meets early in the movie but not shown.

The main character in the movie is a drifter (Kevin Costner). For most of the movie, he has no name. People call him "the Mariner." He is a genetic mutant, with webbed feet and gills. He also appears to have very good reflexes.
The Atollers offer a trade with the Mariner: if he will stay with them long enough to get one of their women pregnant they will give him all the supplies he needs. The Mariner does not accept their offer. He does not like being around many people. The Atoll's leaders are mad about this. They have him arrested. During the fight to capture him, they learn that he is a mutant. They fear him and plan to "recycle" (execute) him in the Atoll's old dump for domestic waste.

As they get ready to "recycle" the Mariner, the Smokers attack. Their leader is the Deacon. He is the "captain" of an old oil tanker, the Exxon Valdez ("the 'Deez"). They are looking for a young girl named Enola. She has a map to Dryland tattooed on her back. One of their spies told them that she was there. Enola lives with her guardian, Helen, a woman in her twenties or thirties. Helen and Enola plan to escape with Gregor (the Atoll's astrologer/engineer) in search of Dryland. Like the Mariner, they do not fit in with the other people.
Gregor soon appears in his flying machine. He tells them that it was "good thinking" to burn the boat. Gregor then takes them to where a new Atoll is being built. The Mariner tells everyone that he is going to rescue Enola. No one else will help him.

The Mariner goes after the Exxon Valdez on a stolen jetski. The Deacon and his crew are celebrating finding "the map to Dryland". Unfortunately, neither the Deacon nor his crew has any idea how to read the map. Based on the shape of the area of Dryland, the Deacon believes that the area must be Japan. The crew begins to row the large ship with huge oars, in the style of a Viking longship.
The Mariner walks out onto the empty deck of the ship and threatens to throw a flare down into the oil holds unless the Deacon returns Enola. The Deacon does not believe Enola's warning that the Mariner never bluffs. He refuses and tells the Mariner that he would be crazy to blow up the ship. The Mariner drops the flare into the oil hold. The flare causes the oil catch on fire. This destroys the 'Deez in a large explosion.

The Mariner frees Enola and escapes the ship which sinks. They float at sea for a while and then have one last battle with the Deacon (who survived the blast) before being rescued by Gregor. Gregor understands the map and leads them in the direction of what does, in fact, turn out to be Dryland: Mount Everest. Gregor, Enola, Helen and the others start to rebuild civilization on the island. The Mariner builds a boat and sails away, back to his old life.