Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Marriage

There were plans for him to marry his cousin, Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois. But the plans never materialised. There were also negotiations for the young prince to marry an Austrian Archduchess as well as a Russian grand duchess. But the plans again never materialised as the new monarchy in France was seen as fragile and not expected to survive. Instead the choice came in the form of Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She was a member of a minor ducal family native to Germany. The couple eventually married on 30 May 1837. This gave her the style of Royal Highness and made her one of the first princesses of Orléans by marriage. The couple eventually had two sons and had a very happy marriage.

Children

Prince Philippe of Orléans, Count of Paris (1838–1894). He married Princess Marie Isabelle of Orléans, Infanta of Spain (1848–1919). They had children. 
Prince Robert of Orléans, Duke of Chartres (1840–1910). He married Princess Françoise of Orléans (1844–1925) and had children.

Ancestry
Ancestry

Titles and styles

3 September 1810 - 21 September 1824 His Serene Highness The Duke of Chartres.
21 September 1824 – 3 August 1830 His Royal Highness The Duke of Chartres.
3 August 1830 – 9 August 1830 His Royal Highness The Prince Royal, Prince of Orléans.
9 August 1830 – 13 July 1842 His Royal Highness The Duke of Orléans, Prince Royal, Prince of Orléans.

1810 births
1842 deaths
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Ferdinand-Philippe d'Orleans

Dukes and Duchesses of Chartres
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
People from Palermo
In physics, the superposition principle states that if there are two or more stimuli at a given point in time, the response will be the result of adding all the responses. This only applies to linear systems. Since many systems can be modelled as linear systems, the principle has many applications in physics and engineering.

Physics
Superposition principle: The principle states that the total force on a given charge is the vector of the individual forces exerted on the given charge by all other charges. Each individual force between any two charges is calculated from Coulomb's law tattoos and is not affected by the presence of other charges
Angel Fabian Di Maria Hernandez (born 14 February 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer. He plays for French Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Argentina national team. He can play as either a winger or attacking midfielder.

Career 
After beginning his career with Rosario Central, Di María moved to Europe in 2007 to play for Benfica of the Portuguese Primeira Liga. He made a €25 million move to Real Madrid three years later, in 2010. After winning the UEFA Champions League with Real Madrid in 2014, he signed for Manchester United in summer 2014 for a national record £59.7 million. 
In summer 2015, he signed a 4 year contract with Paris Saint-Germain for €63 million.

A full international for Argentina since 2008, Di María has earned over 50 caps for his country. He scored the goal that gave Argentina first place at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, and has also represented them at two World Cups and the 2011 Copa América, 2015 Copa América, and the 2016 Copa América Centenario.

References
References

1988 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Manchester United F.C. players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2022 FIFA World Cup players
Argentine Olympic gold medalists
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
People from Rosario, Argentina
Interdisciplinarity is when two or more subjects (academic disciplines) join up. This happens when a problem overlaps traditional academic boundaries. Other terms which mean almost the same thing are multidisciplinarity and crossdisciplinarity.

An examples makes clear what is meant:

In order to investigate living cells, these subjects joined together: genetics, physics, chemistry, cytology.

When they joined up, the field they formed was called cell biology at the level of cells, or molecular biology at the level of macromolecules.

Other examples include artificial intelligence, cultural studies,  cybernetics, computational linguistics, biomedical engineering, and so on. Physical chemistry, biochemistry and astrophysics  must have been some of the first.
In many universities, traditional departments (e.g. botany, zoology) were scrapped, and new broader departments like 'School of biological sciences' were formed. Inside this umbrella, research and teaching teams were based on interdisciplinary problems, such as ecology or cell division or Earth history. There are some necessary specialities which do not fit easily into the new system. Examples are taxonomy (you still need people to identify animals) and areas like parasitology and agricultural botany. 

A system which works in some universities is to appoint staff to the Schools (usually Humanities, Science. Social sciences and Technology) and let the staff join those groups which best fit their expertise.

References

Related pages 
Holism

Academic disciplines
Watertown is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the greater Boston area. The population was 31,915 at the 2010 census. Watertown is one of fourteen Massachusetts municipalities that have been granted city forms of government but kept the name town.

History 
The area of Watertown was inhabited for thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from England. The tribes of the Pequossette and the Nonantum, had settlements on what is now called the Charles River. The Pequossette built a fishing weir to trap herring. This was at the site of the current Watertown Dam. Every year the alewife and blueback herring swim upstream from their adult home in the sea. this is to spawn in the fresh water where they came from.
The first settlement of Watertown  was at the Saltonstall Plantation in 1630. This was one of the earliest of the Massachusetts Bay settlements. It was begun by a group of settlers led by Richard Saltonstall and the Rev. George Phillips. It was officially incorporated that same year. The alternate spelling "Waterton" is seen in some early documents.

The first buildings were on land that is now in the city of Cambridge. It was known as Gerry's Landing. For its first quarter century Watertown ranked next to Boston in population and area. Since then its city limits have been greatly reduced.

The Stanley Brothers built the first of their steam-powered cars, called Stanley Steamers, in Watertown in 1897.

References

Other websites
 Watertown official website
 Armenian Library and Museum of America 
 Watertown Community Foundation

Cities in Massachusetts
1630 establishments in Massachusetts
Czechoslovak Television (ČST) was a television network. It was the main broadcaster of Czechoslovakia. It closed in 1993 because Czechoslovakia became two new countries, Czech Republic and Slovakia.

In the Czech language, it was called Československá televize.

In the Slovak language, it was called Československá televízia until 1990. In 1990, they changed the Slovak name to Česko-slovenská televízia.

History 
Czechoslovak Television started on 1st May 1953. It was just one television programme, which was a few hours long.

Czechoslovak Television was heavily censored by the communist government. In 1968, the government allowed Czechoslovak Television to mention the Prague Spring protests for a few days. However, in 1969, the government started to censor ČST heavily again.

Launch of a second channel
On May 10, 1970, Czechoslovak Television made a second television channel, ČST TV2.
Colour Television
On May 9, 1973, Czechoslovak Television started to show television programmes in colour on ČST TV2. Two years later, they started colour television programmes on the first channel too.

In 1979, a studio was opened in the Kavci mountains, which became the home of Czechoslovak Television's news department.

ČST TV2 is split into two separate channels
In November 1989, Czechoslovak Television renamed the first channel F1, with the 'F' meaning the federal district of Czechoslovakia. The second channel was replaced by two new channels: ČTV, which was in the Czech language and S1, which was in the Slovak language.

They also created a new third channel in Czech on 14 May 1990, called OK3, using technology which used to broadcast Soviet television. Another new third channel was created in Slovak and called TA 3, on 6 June 1991.
Velvet Revolution
During the Velvet Revolution, when protests occurred in Czechoslovakia, the people who worked at Czechoslovak Television helped the protesters to spread their messages.

Velvet divorce ends Czechoslovak Television 
Czechoslovakia became two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia on the 31st December 1992. This split is known as the 'Velvet Divorce'. Because of it, Czechoslovak Television was no longer needed. In the Czech Republic, a new television network called Czech television took over, and in Slovakia Slovenská televízia was created.

Directors of Czechoslovak Television 
 1953 – 1958 Karel Kohout
 1958 – 1959 Milan Krejčí
 1959 – 1963 Adolf Hradecký
 1963 – 1968 Jiří Pelikán
 1968 Bohumil Švec
 1968 – 1969 Josef Šmídmajer
 1969 – 1989 Jan Zelenka
 1989 Libor Bátrla
 1989 – 1990 Miroslav Pavel
 1990 Jindřich Fairaizl
 1990 – 1992 Jiří Kantůrek

References

Czechoslovakia
Television networks
1992 disestablishments in Europe
1953 establishments in Europe
is a Japanese semi-retired professional wrestler. He first gained international fame during his time in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). He is best known for his time in New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) where he competed under the ring name The Great Muta in the 1990s. Mutoh is a former owner and president of All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) and was a full-time wrestler for them from 2002 to 2013. Mutoh has also served military service in Japan and was able to reach the rank of master sergeant.
He is credited as one of the first Japanese wrestlers to gain a fan base outside of his native Japan in the United States. His Great Muta gimmick is one of the most influential gimmicks in puroresu. He is one of three wrestlers to hold the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, the AJPW Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Mutoh is an eight-time World Champion, having held the NWA World Title once, the IWGP Title four times, and AJPW's Triple Crown three times. He also has held a dozen World Tag Team Championships in the U.S. and Japan. Between NJPW, AJPW, and World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Mutoh has held 21 total championships.

Mutoh is also known for competing in what is generally considered to be the bloodiest professional wrestling match of all time against Hiroshi Hase, which lead to the creation of the "Muta Scale".
In wrestling 
 Finishing moves
 Figure-four leglock
 Moonsault
 Muta Lock – Innovated
 Shining Wizard / Senkou Youjutsu – 2001–present; Innovated
 Signature moves
 Asian mist
 Cradle piledriver
 Cross armbreaker
 Dragon screw
 Dragon suplex
 Dropkick, sometimes from the top rope or to an opponent's knees
 Flashing Elbow (Running twisting elbow drop)
 Frankensteiner
 Handspring back elbow
 Leaping clothesline
 Nenbutsu Powerbomb (Sitout powerbomb with theatrics) – adopted from Hakushi
 Rib breaker
 Rope hung snap swinging neckbreaker
 Rolling savate kick
 Space Rolling Elbow (Cartwheel back elbow to a cornered opponent)
 Triangle choke
 Managers
 Gary Hart
 Oliver Humperdink
 Megu Fujiura
 Entrance themes
 New Japan Pro Wrestling (1984–2002)
 "Champion At Heart" by Hong Kong Explosion (1984–1986)
 "The Final Countdown" by Europe (1986–1988)
 "Hold Out" by Osamu Suzuki (1990–1995, also used in WAR and Pro Wrestling ZERO1)
 "MUTA" by Osamu Suzuki (1990–1995, also used in WAR)
"Triumph" by Andre Andersen (1995–1997, also used in Catch Wrestling Association, WAR and UWF International)
 "Great Muta Concerto" by New Japan Pro Wrestling (1996–1999)
 "nWo Triumph" (1998–2000)
 "Muta Materno" (2000)
 "Outbreak" (2000–2002, also used in All Japan Pro Wrestling)
 "Kokushi Muso" (2001, also used in Michinoku Pro Wrestling)
 International excursions (1986–present)
 "Friday The 13th, Part III Theme" by Black Ice (World Wrestling Council and World Class Championship Wrestling, 1988–1989)
 "Luminous Forces I" (World Championship Wrestling, 1989–1990)
 "Kimi Ga Yo" (WCW, Starrcade '90: Collision Course, December 16, 1990)
 "War Lords" (WCW, Clash Of The Champions XV: Knocksville USA, June 12, 1991)
 "Tokyo Takeaway" (WCW, 1992–1995, 1997, 2000)
 "Tear It Up" (WCW, 1997–1998)
 "Take It" by Insane Clown Posse (WCW, 2000)
 All Japan Pro Wrestling (2001–2013)
 "Outbreak" (2001–2002, also used in New Japan Pro Wrestling)
"Trans Magic" by All Japan Pro Wrestling (2002–2009, also used in NJPW and Pro Wrestling NOAH)
 "Kokushi Gikyoku" (2002–2005, also used in Pro Wrestling ZERO1)
 "Muta Sanbika" by All Japan Pro Wrestling (2002–2006, also used in Ring Of Honor, Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre, and Toryumon Mexico)
 "Kingly" by Wu Bai and China Blue (2005–2013)
 "Muta Inden" (2006–2010, also used in NJPW, WWC, HUSTLE, Real Quality Wrestling, and Juggalo Championship Wrestling)
 "Symbol" by Osamu Suzuki (2009–2013, also used in NOAH)
 "Muta Galaxy" (2010–2013, also used in Pro Wrestling Guerrilla and Pro Wrestling Syndicate)
 Wrestle-1 (2013–present)
 "Hold Out" (2013–present)
Championships
 All Japan Pro Wrestling
 Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
 World Tag Team Championship (5 times) (with Taiyō Kea (1), Arashi (1), Joe Doering (1), Masakatsu Funaki (1) and KENSO (1))
 F–1 Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Kannazaki1
 Akiho Yoshizawa Cup (2010) – with Masakatsu Funaki and S1 Mask
 Champion Carnival (2002, 2004, 2007)
 Giant Baba Six Man Cup (2002) (with George Hines and Kaz Hayashi)
 January 2 Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (2011)
 January 3 Korakuen Hall Junior Heavyweight Battle Royal (2011)
 World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2001) (with Taiyō Kea)
 World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2007) (with Joe Doering)
 World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2009) (with Masakatsu Funaki)
 Championship Wrestling from Florida
 NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Continental Wrestling Federation
 NWA Southeastern United States Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)2
 Jim Crockett Promotions/World Championship Wrestling
NWA World Television Championship (1 time)
 WCW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) (with Vampiro)
 BattleBowl (1992)
 New Japan Pro Wrestling
 IWGP Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
 IWGP Tag Team Championship (6 times) (with Hiroshi Hase (2), Masahiro Chono (2), Shiro Koshinaka (1) and Taiyō Kea (1))
 NWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Greatest 18 Championship (1 time)
 G1 Climax (1995)
 Super Grade Tag League/G1 Tag League (1993, 1994) (with Hiroshi Hase)
 G1 Tag League (1997) (with Masahiro Chono)
 G1 Tag League (1998) (with Satoshi Kojima)
 G1 Tag League (1999) (with Scott Norton)
 MVP Award (2001)
 Singles Best Bout (2001) (vs. Yuji Nagata on August 12)
 Tag Team Best Bout (2001) (with Hiroshi Hase vs. Jun Akiyama and Yuji Nagata on October 8)
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 He was ranked #3 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the "PWI 500" in 2002.
 He was ranked #25 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003.
 Tokyo Sports
Tokyo Sports
 Match of the Year (1999) (with Genichiro Tenryu on May 3, 1999)
 Match of the Year (2011) (with Kenta Kobashi vs. Takashi Iizuka and Toru Yano, All Together, August 27)
 Performance Award (1998)
 Rookie of the Year (1986)
 Special Award (1989)
 Tag Team of the Year (1990) (with Masahiro Chono)
 Tag Team of the Year (2005) (with Akebono)
 Wrestler of the Year (1995, 1999, 2001, 2008)
 World Wrestling Council
 WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 WWC World Television Championship (1 time)
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
 Best Wrestling Maneuver (2001) (Shining Wizard)
 Match of the Year (2001) (vs. Genichiro Tenryu on June 8, Tokyo, Japan)
 Most Improved Wrestler (2001)
 Wrestler of the Year (2001)
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1999)
1Championship not officially recognized by All Japan Pro Wrestling.
2Championship reign not officially recognized due to outside interference.

References

Other websites

Wrestle-1 profile (Keiji Mutoh)
Wrestle-1 profile  (The Great Muta)
New Japan Pro Wrestling profile
WWE profile

1962 births
Japanese professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Yamanashi Prefecture
Antônio Ermírio de Moraes (June 4, 1928 – August 24, 2014) was a Brazilian businessman. He was the chairman of the Votorantim Group; one of the country's largest companies, specialized in metals, paper, cement and frozen orange juice. He was the grandfather of IndyCar Series driver Mario Moraes. He ran for governor of São Paulo State in 1986, but lost the elections.

De Moraes died in São Paulo, Brazil from heart failure, aged 86.

1928 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Brazilian politicians
Businesspeople from São Paulo
Larry Kramer (June 25, 1935 – May 27, 2020) was an American playwright, author, public health and LGBT rights activist. He began his career rewriting scripts while working for Columbia Picture. There he wrote the screenplay for the 1969 movie Women in Love. He earned an Academy Award nomination for his work.

Kramer was openly gay. In 1988, he was diagnosed with hepatitis B and HIV. He had a liver transplant in 2001.

His brother was lawyer Arthur Kramer (1927–2008).

Kramer died of pneumonia in New York City on May 27, 2020. He was 84.

References

Other websites

 

1935 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in New York City
American LGBT rights activists
American playwrights
American screenwriters
Gay men
LGBT novelists
LGBT people from Connecticut
LGBT playwrights
LGBT screenwriters
Organ transplant recipients
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
People with HIV/AIDS
Writers from Connecticut
Yale University alumni
Gandhi is a 1982 British and Indian biographical movie based on the life of Indian activist Mohandas Gandhi. It is directed and produced by Richard Attenborough. It was written by John Briley and some of it by Steven Spielberg. The music was composed by Ravi Shankar. The cinematography was by Billy Williams.

It stars Ben Kingsley as Gandhi. Other cast members include John Mills, John Gielgud, Trevor Howard, Daniel Day-Lewis, Richard Griffiths, Martin Sheen, Nigel Hawthorne, Shane Rimmer, Athol Fugard, John Ratzenberger, Bernard Hill, Shriram Lagoo, Terrence Hardiman, Tom Alter and Om Puri with Alyque Padamsee. 

It was released on 30 November 1982 in India, on 2 December 1982 in the United Kingdom, and on 6 December 1982 in the United States. It raised $52,767,889 at the box office. It had a budget of $13 million.
The movie was nominated for eleven Academy Award, winning eight. It won Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Director. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture and the BAFTA Award for Best Picture.

Attenborough said that the movie was his dream project.

Other websites

 
 
 
 The Gandhi nobody knows Gandhism.net
 How accurate is the movie Gandhi? Biography.com

Academy Award winning movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
BAFTA Award winning movies 
1982 drama movies
1980s biographical movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
Indian movies
Movies directed by Richard Attenborough
Movies set in India
Movies set in South Africa
Movies set in the United Kingdom
Movies set in the 1890s
Movies set in the 1910s
Movies set in the 1920s
Movies set in the 1930s
Movies set in the 1940s
Sheila Beryl Grant Attenborough, Lady Attenborough (5 June 1922 – 19 January 2016), known professionally by her maiden name Sheila Sim, was an English movie and stage actress. She was known for being the widow of the actor and director Richard Attenborough. She was a long-time funder of the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts. She was born in Liverpool, Lancashire.

Sim died after a two-year battle with dementia at a retirement home in London, England on 19 January 2016 at the age of 93.

Some movies she was in
 A Canterbury Tale (1944)
 Great Day (1945)
 Dancing with Crime (1947)
 The Guinea Pig (1948)
 Dear Mr. Prohack (1949)
 Pandora and the Flying Dutchman (1951)
 The Magic Box (1951)
 West of Zanzibar (1954)
 The Night My Number Came Up (1955)

References

Other websites

Related pages

 Richard Attenborough

1922 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from dementia
English movie actors
English stage actors
Actors from Liverpool
Columbus is a city in Columbia and Dodge counties in Wisconsin. It is in the south-central part of Wisconsin. The population was 4,991 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Wisconsin
Columbia County, Wisconsin
Dodge County, Wisconsin
Leonid Stepanovych Stadnyk (; 5 August 1970 – 24 August 2014) was a Ukrainian farmer. He stood at 8 feet 5 inches or 2.57 meters. He was born in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR. Stadnyk was listed as the world's tallest living man according to Guinness World Records. 

Stadnyk died at the age of 44 on August 24, 2014 from a brain hemorrhage.

References

Other websites
 The Tallest Man: Leonid Stadnyk 

1970 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Disease-related deaths in Ukraine
Ukrainian people
World record holders
A battering ram is a siege engine used in the past. It was used to break open the stone walls of castles or splinter their wooden gates.

In its simplest form, a battering ram is just a large, heavy log carried by several people and banged against an obstacle. The ram  damages the target if the big log hit the target again and again. Later rams were covered in the log with an arrow-proof, fire-resistant canopy mounted on wheels. Inside the canopy, the log was swung from chains or ropes.
 
Rams were great weapons of war against old fashioned wall-building materials such as stone and brick. These walls were weak in tension: they cracked when struck with sufficient force. With many blows, the cracks would grow steadily until a hole was created. Eventually, a breach would appear in the fabric of the wall. It would cause armed attackers to force their way through the gap.
The introduction in the later Middle Ages of siege cannons causes the end of battering rams and other traditional siege weapons. Much smaller, hand-held versions of battering rams are still used today, however, by law enforcement officers and military personnel to bash open locked doors.

Weapons
Barry Dickins (born 1949) is an Australian artist and writer of books and plays.

He was born in Reservoir, which is part of Melbourne. He left school early and worked in a factory. Later he painted sets and backgrounds for television programs. His first play, Ghosts, was performed in 1974 at La Mama Theatre. He has written many more plays. His play Remember Ronald Ryan won the 1995 Victorian Premier's Literary Award. He has also written short stories, biography, other non-fiction and children's books. Barry is known to use many 'half rhymes' in his work.

Dickins' books and plays 

Drama
 The Banana Bender and The death of Minnie. (Currency, 1981) 
 Lennie Lower. (Yackandandah, 1982) 
 One woman shoe. (Yackandandah, 1984) 
 The Bridal Suite and Mag and Bag: Two plays. (Yackandandah, 1985)  
 Beautland. (Currency, 1985) 
 The Golden Goldenbergs. (1986)
 The Fool’s Shoe Hotel. (Yackandandah, 1987) 
 Royboys. (Currency, 1987) 
 Remember Ronald Ryan. (Currency, 1994)
Stories
 Post Office Restaurant and Other Stories. (Pascoe, 1992) 

Non fiction
 The Gift of the Gab: Stories from the life of Barry Dickins. (1981; Penguin, 1987) 
 What the Dickins! A symposium of pieces from the low life. (Penguin, 1985) 
 You’ll Only Go In for Your Mates. (Allen & Unwin, 1991) 
 Guts and Pity: The Hanging that ended Capital Punishment in Australia. (Currency Press, 1996) 
 Ordinary Heroes: Personal Recollections of Australians at War. (Hardie Grant Books, 1999) 
 Articles of Light: Reflections on lowlifes, ratbags and angels. (Penguin, 2000) 
 Black and Whiteley: Barry Dickins in search of Brett. (Hardie Grant Books, 2002)  Review 

Children's books
 My grandmother. (Penguin, 1989) 
 My grandfather: Years of hope and vigour. (Penguin, 1993) 
 Joey: A dog for all seasons. (Puffin, 1995)

References

Other websites 
 Interview from The Age
 Drawings
 Saint Dymphna's Bells  Poem
1949 births
Living people
Writers from Victoria (Australia)
Australian playwrights
People from Melbourne
Australian painters
Australian children's writers
Artists from Victoria (Australia)
Hashim Khan (  – 18 August 2014) was a Pakistani squash player. He won the British Open Squash Championships (BOSC) a total of seven times, from 1951 to 1956, and then again in 1958. During the 1950s, the BOSC was the de facto squash world championship. The movie based on Khan's life Keep Eye on Ball: The Hashim Khan Story was released in 2009 and was directed by Josh Easdon.

Khan was born in Nawakille, a small village near Peshawar, British Raj (now Pakistan). He family were Pashtuns. During the 1960s, he moved to the United States and lived in Denver, Colorado. He had twelve children.

Khan died from congestive heart failure on 18 August 2014 in Aurora, Colorado. There are many disputes of his exact age but he is believed to have been at least 100.

References

Other websites
 Hashim Khan  at Squash Films 
 

1910s births
2014 deaths
Centenarians
Pakistani sportspeople
Pashtun people
People from Peshawar
World champions
Squash players
Zugzwang is a chess term. It  means a situation where any move by a player will weaken the player's position.  The fact that the player is compelled to move means that their position will become significantly weaker.

For example...

Black to play
1. ...  Kd7 and White cannot win:

2. c6+  Kc7

3. Kc5  Kc8

4. Kd6  Kd8 (opposing the king)

5. c7+  Kc86. Kc6 is stalemate

White to play

But if it is White to play in the original position, he can win by zugzwang:1. Kc6! and now Black must move his king, for example1.....  Kd83. Kb7'''  and queens the pawn.

Mutual zugzwang 

There are positions where either player to move will lose.

On the following diagram, Whichever king moves, he loses his pawn and the opponent will win the game.

History 
The concept of zugzwang was known in the old forms of chess, like shatranj. We know this because there are some Arabic chess problems which use the idea.
The term itself comes from the 19th century in a German chess magazine. Its first use in English was in the early 20th century.

References 

Chess
In chess, zwischenzug (German for "intermediate move") is a common tactic that occurs in almost every game: instead of countering a direct threat, which the opponent expects, a move is played which poses an even more devastating threat, often an attack against the queen or the king. The opponent has to counter that threat first, and this will ideally change the situation to his disadvantage.

Borisenkov-Mezenev (diagram, Black to play), went 1... f2, threatening to queen, which White countered with 2. Rg8, intending 3. Rf8+. But White resigned after the zwischenzug 2... Bb1! which allows Black to queen (3. Kb1 f1Q+ or 3. Rf8+ Bf5).

Chess
Alfredo Martini (18 February 1921 – 25 August 2014) was an Italian cyclist and coach. He won a stage in the 1950 Giro d'Italia. He was a professional cyclist from 1941 until 1957. He was later the coach of the Italian national cycling team from 1975 until 1997.

Martini was born in Florence. He retired from coaching in 1997.

Martini died from natural causes on 25 August 2014 in Sesto Fiorentino, aged 93.

References

Other websites

 Alfredo Martini at ProCyclingStats

1921 births
2014 deaths
Cycling coaches
Italian cyclists
Sportspeople from Florence
Inga Juuso (5 October 1945 – 23 August 2014) was a Sami singer and actress from Norway. She appeared and performed in the movie The Kautokeino Rebellion (2008). She was known from her own band performances in the genres of jazz and joik. She did recordings and collabs with many Norwegian musicians like Håkon Mjåset Johansen and Jørn Øien.

Juuso was born in Mosjøen. She was a Sámi woman, an ethnic group indigenous to Scandinavia. She was awarded the title of Spellemannprisen in 2011.

Juuso died after a long illness on 23 August 2014, aged 69.

References

Other websites
 

1945 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Norway
Norwegian jazz musicians
Jazz singers
Norwegian singers
Norwegian movie actors
Thomas "Tom" Pevsner (2 October 1926 – 19 August 2014) was a British assistant movie director and producer. His career lasted from 1953 until 1995. His best known movies were The Ladykillers (1955), The Longest Day (1962) and The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970) and Dracula (1979). He also worked on a 
number of James Bond movies between 1981 and 1995.

Pevsner was born in Dresden, Saxony. His father was the scholar Nikolaus Pevsner. Because they were of Jewish descent the Pevsner family fled to the United Kingdom in 1933.

Pevsner died on 19 August 2014 in London, aged 87.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2014 deaths
British Jews
Disease-related deaths in England
German Jews
Jewish businesspeople
Movie directors from London
Movie producers from London
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Dresden
Refugees from Nazism
Tumbleweed is an Australian rock group formed in 1990 in Tarrawanna. Three of their studio albums appeared on the ARIA Albums Chart: Tumbleweed (No. 48, 13 December 1992), Galactaphonic (No. 6, May 1995), and Return to Earth (No. 11, 1 September 1996). Three releases reached the top 50 on the related ARIA Singles Chart: "Sundial (Maryjane)" (1993), "Gyroscope" (1994), and "Hang Around" (1995). 

They supported United States grunge group, Nirvana, on their January 1992 tour of Australia, and reached the mainstream with their crunchy-psychedelia style. They also supported tours by Rollins Band (June 1994) and  Monster Magnet (February to March 1996).

Other websites
 
 Tumbleweed - Sounds From The Other Side 
 "Tumbleweed" on International Music Concepts website, archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Accessed on 19 October 2013.
 "Tumbleweed : July 2000 Australian tour" profile at National Library of Australia

Musical groups from New South Wales
1990 establishments in Australia
Ramón Echarren Istúriz (November 13, 1929 – August 25, 2014) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop.

Istúriz ordained to the priesthood in 1958. Istúriz was appointed titular bishop of 'Diano' and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid, Spain, in 1969. 

In 1978, he was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias and retired in 2005.

References

1929 births
2014 deaths
Spanish Roman Catholic bishops
Canary Islands
Quentin Crisp (born Denis Charles Pratt, 25 December 1908 – 21 November 1999) was an English writer and actor.

Denis Charles Pratt was born in Sutton, Surrey. He was an openly gay man who was very camp. He changed his name to Quentin Crisp after leaving home to move to London when he was 21. He was a male prostitute for about six months. In 1942, he started doing life modelling for art students. He wrote about his life, including The Naked Civil Servant. In 1981 he moved to Manhattan. Crisp died of a heart attack in Manchester, where he was due to give a speech.

References

Other websites 

1908 births
1999 deaths
Actors from Surrey
British sex industry people
English autobiographers
English LGBT writers
English movie actors
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT sex industry people
Prostitutes
Socialites
Writers from Surrey
Tak () is one of the northern provinces (changwat) of Thailand. As of 2013, 532,353 people live there, and it has an area of 16,406.6 km². The Governor is Charoenrit Sa-nguansat.

Tak's neighbouring provinces are (clockwise from north) Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Sukhothai, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani and Kanchanaburi. The western edge of Tak borders Kayin State of Myanmar.

The highest temperature in Thailand, happened in April 2023: 45.7 degrees Celsius.

Administrative divisions

Tak has 9 districts (amphoe), 63 subdistricts (tambon) and 493 villages (muban).

References 

Provinces of Thailand
Ukraine Today is a satellite television channel from Ukraine. It broadcasts in English. In the future it will broadcast in Russian. It is owned by 1+1 Media Group. The channel's headquarters is in Kyiv.

Beginning 
Ukraine Today began on the 14th August 2014, live on YouTube and the Eutelsat Hotbird satellite. It showed a testcard and words telling people how to receive the channel. On Independence Day in Ukraine, the 24th August, the channel launch officially, and began to show news.

Format 
Ukraine Today says that it focuses on Ukrainian current affairs, EU expansion, Russia's relations with Europe and America, and the difficulties of building a country in the 21st century.

Ukraine Today started broadcasting with a Euronews-style, with no presenters or studio, just videos of the news. Once more staff are employed, Ukraine Today will become a more traditional channel with a studio and presenters.

References

Other websites

1+1 Media Group page
 
 
 
 Ukraine Today on VKontakte
Entertainment in Ukraine
Television channels in Europe
Christian Bourquin (; 7 October 1954 – 26 August 2014) was a French politician. He was a member of the Socialist Party. He has been the president of the Regional Council of Languedoc-Roussillon from 2010 until his death in 2014. He served as Mayor of Millas from 1995 through 2001. He was born at Saint-Féliu-d'Amont, Pyrenees-Orientales.

Bourquin died in Montpellier, Hérault, France, aged 59.

References

Other websites
 Christian Bourquin official blog

1954 births
2014 deaths
French mayors
Socialist Party (France) politicians
People from Pyrénées-Orientales
Politicians from Occitanie‎
Jason Wingreen (October 9, 1920 – December 25, 2015) was an American actor. Wingreen is best known for his role as Harry Snowden on the television sitcom All in the Family and its continuation series, Archie Bunker's Place. He was also known for making the voice of Boba Fett in the 1997 Star Wars movie The Empire Strikes Back.

Wingreen died on December 25, 2015 in Los Angeles, aged 95.

References

Other websites

1920 births
2015 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Carl Vinson (November 18, 1883 – June 1, 1981) was an American politician. He served as a Representative from Georgia. He was a Democrat. He was the first person to serve for more than 50 years in the United States House of Representatives. He was known as "The Father of the Two-Ocean Navy".

Other websites
 University of Georgia brief biography 
 University of Georgia Profile of Carl Vinson 
 Congressional Biography
 entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia 
  United States Navy website:  USS CARL VINSON 
 Mercer University Press, "Carl Vinson Patriarch of the Armed Forces," 2004 
 Vinson Institute Press, "Carl Vinson:  A Legacy of Public Service," 2002 

1883 births
1981 deaths
Deans of the United States House of Representatives
United States representatives from Georgia
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
20th-century American politicians
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec is a Catholic archdiocese in the province of Quebec, Canada. It was started in 1658 as an Apostolic vicariate. Pope Clement X made it a diocese in 1674. At the time, the diocese covered all of New France. Starting in 1817, parts of the diocese were split off into new dioceses. In 1819, it became an archdiocese.

The Archdiocese of Quebec is the ecclesiastical provincial for three other dioceses in Quebec: Chicoutimi, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, and Trois-Rivières.

The current archbishop of Quebec is Gérald Lacroix, who was appointed in 2011.

Religion in Canada
1819 establishments in North America
19th-century establishments in Canada
The SouthWest Cyclops is a professional indoor lacrosse team that plays in Hagersville, Ontario. It is part of the Canadian Lacrosse League. It plays its home games in the Iroquois Lacrosse Arena.

The team was started in 2011 in Bampton as the Inferno. In 2014, it moved to Hagersville and renamed itself the Southwest Cyclops.

Canadian Lacrosse League
Sport in Ontario
The Dean of the United States House of Representatives is the representative that has been in office the longest. The current Dean is Hal Rogers, a Republican from Kentucky. He has served in the House since March 6th, 1973. The Dean is a symbolic job whose only customary duty is to swear in a Speaker of the House when he or she is elected. The Dean comes forward on the House Floor to administer (give) the oath to the Speaker-elect. The new Speaker then administers the oath to the other members. The Dean does not preside over the election of the Speaker, unlike the Father of the House in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and the Dean of the Canadian House of Commons.

Because of other privileges associated with seniority, the Dean is usually given some of the most desirable office space. The Dean is generally either chair or ranking minority member of an influential committee. Unlike the office of President pro tem, the Dean of the House of Representatives is not an official position.
List of Deans of the House
Years as Dean are followed by name, party, state, and start of service in Congress.

All the members of the First Congress had equal seniority (as defined for the purpose of this article). But Muhlenberg as the Speaker was the first member to be sworn in. Muhlenberg, Hartley and Thatcher were among the 13 members who attended the initial meeting of the House on March 4, 1789.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries some state delegations to the House were often not elected until after the term had begun. To avoid confusion, this fact is ignored in the list below.

 Hartley, Stanford, Williams, Kelley, Randall, Bingham, Payne, Jones, Cooper, Butler, Pou, Sabath, Rayburn, Patman and Young died in office.
 Vinson, Whitten, and Dingell entered the House to fill unexpired terms.
 Dingell served as Dean for longer than any other person—exactly 20 years.

References
Jamie Lloyd Whitten (April 18, 1910September 9, 1995) was an American politician. He served as a United States Representative from Mississippi. He was the second-longest serving U.S. Representative ever and the fifth longest serving U.S. member of Congress ever.

Other websites
NNDB profile

1910 births
1995 deaths
Deans of the United States House of Representatives
Deaths from heart failure
United States representatives from Mississippi
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
20th-century American politicians
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Calgary is a Catholic diocese in the province of Alberta, Canada. It covers the Calgary Region, southern Alberta, and part of the Alberta's Rockies region. It is a suffragan diocese of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Edmonton.

There are 82 parishes and missions in the diocese. The diocese's cathedral is St. Mary's Cathedral, in Calgary. The current bishop is Frederick Henry, who was appointed in 1998.

Calgary
Religion in Canada
Roman Catholicism
The Calgary Region is a region of Canada that includes the area around the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It includes the city of Calgary, Rocky View County, and Municipal District of Foothills No. 31.

The region is a major transportation hub for southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, eastern British Columbia, and parts of the northern United States. The Calgary International Airport is in the Calgary region.

In 1999, fifteen municipalities in the region formed the Calgary Regional Partnership to coordinate regional growth and planning issues.

Geography of Alberta
The Regina Cyclone is another name for the tornado that hit Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada on the 30th of June, 1912. It killed 28 people, making it the deadliest Canadian tornado and left about 2,500 people homeless. Starting around 4:50pm, forming 18 kilometres south of the city. The tornado moved 12 kilometres north before vanishing. The Regina Cyclone was rumored to be 150 metres wide. The tornado was estimated to have been an F4 on the Fujita scale, and it was strong enough to cause 4.5 million dollars in damage to the area.

Related pages
 List of Canadian tornadoes and tornado outbreaks

Tornadoes in Canada
Saskatchewan
In mathematics and systems theory, a linear system is one that can be described with linear mappings alone. Most systems found in nature don't have this property, they are called non-linear.

Systems theory
An orchard is where trees or shrubs that produce food are grown.  Fruit, nuts, and vegetables are grown in orchards.  They are grown to be sold. Orchards are sometimes a part of large gardens. They are put there to look nice and to produce food.

References

Agriculture
Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare is a first person shooter video game. It was developed by Sledgehammer Games. It is published by Activision and Square Enix for Japan. Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare was released on November 3, 2014, for people who pre-ordered the game and wish to have "Day Zero Access". It was released on November 4, 2014, for others. The game was released on the Xbox One, PS4, PC, Xbox 360 and PS3. This is the first Call of Duty game that wasn't released on Nintendo systems since Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2.

Gameplay
Call of Duty Advanced Warfare will have changes in gameplay. One change is the Exo-Skeleton suit. It gives powers such as Boost Sliding, Dodging, Jumping, and so on. Weapons in multiplayer can be earned through supply drops or by ranking up. The gameplay is very similar to Black Ops 2.
The campaign will have an upgradable Exo-Skeleton suit. It can be upgraded with upgrade points. Whenever you complete an exo challenge (getting 500 kills, headshots, etc.), you earn one upgrade point.

Story 
In 2054, a terrorist group named the KVA makes a worldwide attack. It destroys nuclear reactors of countries, like the United States. Many countries' military and governments including electricity and technology were broken. That keeps the countries from being able to fight the attack made by the KVA. Private militaries have become the new attackers on the enemy. Jack Mitchell (Troy Baker) is a former U.S. Marine. He lost his left arm during a battle in South Korea. He joins Atlas, the world's most powerful private military with the biggest technologies on the planet.

Making 
Shortly after Sledgehammer Games stopped helping Infinity Ward to finish Modern Warfare 3, Sledgehammer Games started working on Advanced Warfare.

Call of Duty series
A grow light or plant light is an artificial light source, generally an electric light. It is designed to make plant growth faster by creating an electromagnetic spectrum. It is like photosynthesis.  Grow lights are used in areas where there is either no naturally occurring light.  

Light
John Daniel Ehrlichman (March 20, 1925 – February 14, 1999) was an American civil servant and criminal. He worked as counsel and Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs under President Richard Nixon.

He was an important person in events leading to the Watergate scandal. He was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice and perjury. He served a year and a half in prison for his crimes.

Ehrlichman died in Atlanta, Georgia from diabetes after refusing to receive any more dialysis treatments. He was 73 years old.

Other websites

John Ehrlichman's Secret White House Tapes  at the Miller Center's Presidential Recordings Program
John Ehrlichman Believed Henry Kissinger was Deep Throat , an article from Editor & Publisher
 The Testimony of John Ehrlichman & H. R. Haldeman  at Smithsonian Folkways
 Descriptive inventory of Eye of the Storm collection held at Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies 
FBI file on John Ehrlichman
1925 births
1999 deaths
American criminals
Lawyers from Washington (state)
American military personnel of World War II
American prisoners
American civil servants
Christian Scientists
Deaths from diabetes
Disease-related deaths in Atlanta
Politicians from Washington (state)
Stanford University alumni
Republican Party (United States) politicians
was a Japanese movie director. He was known for his stylish and popular Pink movie Angel Guts movie series. 

Sone died on August 26, 2014 in Usuki, Ōita from pneumonia, aged 76.

References

Other websites
 

1937 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Japan
Japanese movie directors
Japanese movie producers
Japanese screenwriters
People from Gunma Prefecture
James Morris Lawson, Jr. (born September 22, 1928) is an American activist and university professor. He was a leading peaceful activist within the Civil Rights Movement. During the 1960s, he served as a mentor to the Nashville Student Movement and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.

References

Other websites
 “The Rev. James Lawson: An Advocate of Peaceful Change” - an interview on National Public Radio

1928 births
Living people
American civil rights activists
Educators from Pennsylvania
Writers from Pennsylvania
American human rights activists
American philanthropists
American Christian writers
Nonviolence advocates
The Last Poets is the name for several groups of poets and musicians who came out of the late 1960s African-American civil rights movement's black nationalist movement. The name is taken from a poem by the South African revolutionary poet Keorapetse Kgositsile. The Original Last Poets were formed on May 19, 1968 at Marcus Garvey Park in East Harlem. Their first album The Last Poets was released in 1970.

1968 establishments in New York (state)
20th-century American musicians
James Elmo Williams (April 30, 1913 – November 25, 2015) was an American movie editor, producer, director, and television executive. He is best known for his work on the movie High Noon (1952). For High Noon, he won the Academy Award for Film Editing. In 2006, he published the memoir Elmo Williams: A Hollywood Memoir. He has got many achievements for his movie editing work.

Williams was born in Lone Wolf, Oklahoma. In 1940, he married Lorraine Williams. She died in August 2004. They adopted two daughters and a son. He turned 100 in April 2013. He died on November 25, 2015 in Brookings, Oregon at the age of 102.

References

Other websites
 

1913 births
2015 deaths
Academy Award winning editors
American centenarians
American movie directors
American movie editors
American movie producers
Businesspeople from Oklahoma
Businesspeople from Oregon
Valeri Nisim Mevorah (; 22 April 1920 – 27 August 2014), better known as Valeri Petrov (), was a Bulgarian poet, screenwriter, playwright and translator. He was active between 1945 and the 1990s. He wrote the screenplay for a movie called Yo Ho Ho in 1981. It was made into a movie again in 2006, called The Fall .

Petrov was born in Sofia. His father was Jewish. During World War II, Bulgaria was (for a time) pro-Nazi so he used his non-Jewish mother's surname. He graduated in medicine from Sofia University in 1944. He was politically a leftist and socialist. Between 1947 and 1950, to continue his writing career he worked as a press and cultural attache and traveled to Rome, Italy. He also went to the United States, Switzerland and France.

He was a member of the Bulgarian parliament.

Death

Petrov died from a stroke on 27 August 2014 in Sofia, aged 94.

References

Other websites
1920 births
2014 deaths
Politicians from Sofia
Deaths from stroke
Writers from Sofia
Playwrights
Poets
Screenwriters
Socialists
Bulgarian translators
The Sunda Islands are part of the Malay archipelago. They are divided into the Greater Sunda Islands and the Lesser Sunda Islands.  Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Sulawesi make up the Greater Sunda Islands. The Lesser Sunda Islands consist of many smaller islands. Today, the Sunda Islands are divided between Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and East Timor. The Wallace Line also runs through the Sunda Islands. It is the biological division between the Australian fauna and flora, and that of Southeast Asia.

Geography of Asia
Francis Edgar Stanley (1849 – 1918), was an American inventor, photographer and manufacturer. He and his twin brother Freelan Oscar Stanley invented and manufactured the Stanley Steamer car. They were pioneers in the use of steam engines to power cars.

Early life