Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Fascination Records is a Polydor sub-label that launched in spring 2006. The record label is managed by former TOTP Magazine editor Peter Loraine.

As part of Polydor Records UK, the label will concentrate on a small number of pop acts and will complement the re-activated Fiction rock imprint.

Main artists
Girls Aloud
Sophie Ellis-Bextor
Tokio Hotel
Paul Steel
Connie Fisher
Lee Mead
Popjustice

Related pages
 List of record labels

Other websites
 Official site
 New artist search 
 UK Top Connie Fisher
 Pop Justice

British record labels
2006 establishments in the United Kingdom
Lists of record labels cover record labels, brands or trademarks associated with marketing of music recordings and music videos. The lists are organized alphabetically, by genre, by company and by location.

Alphabetical

List of record labels: 0–9
List of record labels: A–H 
List of record labels: I–Q
List of record labels: R–Z
Laura Marling (born 1 February 1990) is a British folk singer-songwriter. Marling won Best Female Solo Artist at the 2011 Brit Awards.

Early life
Marling was born in Hampshire. She went to Leighton Park School. When she was 16 she moved to London.

Career

Marling has toured with a number of well-known indie artists in the UK including Jamie T, who personally invited her on tour with him in 2010 after he attended her second-ever gig.

She performed at this summer's 02 Wireless Festival
  
and also performed at the first Underage Music Festival in August 2007 at Victoria Park, East London. She has also performed at Electric Gardens Music festival in Kent .

Her debut single came out on WayOutWest Records, with a new single coming out soon on Virgin Records. 

She appeared on Later with Jools Holland where she performed the song New Romantic. Marling's first album "Alas I Cannot Swim" was released on 4 February 2008. Her single Ghosts was out on 15 January 2008.
Marling's second album I Speak Because I Can was released in 2010.

In 2011 her third album A Creature I Don't Know was released.

In 2013 Marling's fourth album Once I Was An Eagle was released. It got good reviews. It reached number three in the UK Album Chart. Marling was nominated for Best British Female at the 2014 Brit Awards.

Singles
My Manic and I
New Romantic
Ghosts
Cross Your Fingers
Night Terror
Goodbye England (Covered in Snow)
Devil's Spoke
Rambling Man
Blues Run the Game
Sophia
The Beast
Master Hunter

EPs
London Town EP
My Manic and I EP
iTunes Live: London Sessions
Cross Your Fingers

Albums
Alas I Cannot Swim
I Speak Because I Can
A Creature I Don't Know
Once I Was An Eagle

Other websites
MySpace page
Official website
BBC London article
Later with Jools Holland: Watch Laura Marling perform My Manic and I 
Later with Jools Holland: Watch Laura Marling interview, Nov 2007

References
References

1990 births
Living people
Brit Award winners
British folk musicians
English guitarists
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Hampshire
This is a list of notable record labels starting with numbers.

Characters
+1 Records
-ismist Recordings

0–9

Other websites 
 AllRecordLabels.com  very extensive site with links to over 22,000 current record labels

Lists of record labels
Reproduction may mean:

Biological reproduction, how new individual organisms are produced
Asexual reproduction, where an organism creates a copy of itself; there is no genetic contribution from another organism
Sexual reproduction, where two organisms contribute genetic material in the creation of a new individual organism
Self-replication, mechanical, memetic and other form of self-replication
Reproduction (economics), in Marxian economics, recurrent (or cyclical) processes by which the initial conditions necessary for economic activity to occur are constantly re-created
Reproduction (album), a 1979 album by British electronic band The Human League
Reproductions (album) - a 2007 album by singer Charlotte Martin
Reproducibility

Related pages
Copy
Replication is a general word for making a copy. Self-replication is how a thing might make a copy of itself. Biological cells, in suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. The process is self-organising, given the basic machinery of a cell. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. 

Other kinds of replication occur. RNA viruses use the mechanism of a cell to replicate their own RNA strand and make its protein coat. Retroviruses are one of most important RNA viruses; there are a number of other types. Viruses can only reproduce by taking over the reproductive machinery of cells through infection. Computer viruses reproduce using the hardware and software already present on computers.

Memes reproduce using the human mind and culture as their reproductive machinery.

References
References

 von Neumann, J., 1966, The Theory of Self-reproducing Automata, A. Burks, ed., Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.
 
 Kenyon, R., Self-replicating tilings, in: Symbolic Dynamics and Applications (P. Walters, ed.) Contemporary Math. vol. 135 (1992), 239-264.
 http://www.cs.bgu.ac.il/~sipper/selfrep/  The Artificial Self-Replication Page

Biological reproduction
Technology
Josquin des Prez (born near St Quentin some time between 1450 and 1455; died St Condé-sur-l'Escaut, 27 August 1521 was a French composer. He was one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance. He changed music from the sound of medieval compositions and developed the style which led to the great compositions of the 16th century Renaissance composers such as Adrian Willaert, Palestrina, Lassus and Byrd.

Life

Early years 
Josquin was born ca. 1450-55 and died in 1521.
The name Josquin was a common name in Northern France and Flanders at that time. It was the name of a Breton saint who had lived in that area in the 7th century. The name Des Prez started off as a nickname in the family, and gradually it became the family name. The name Josquin des Prez is spelt in several different ways in old documents. He is often simply called "Josquin".
We know very little about his life. We know very little about what people thought about him during his life, although after his death many people admired his music. Even his birthplace is uncertain. We do not know where he got his musical training. He was described as a "pupil of Ockeghem", but that may just mean that he studied Ockeghem's music.

We know that he became a singer in the chapel of Aix-en-Provence, the chapel of the Duke of Anjou. After the duke's death in 1480 he worked for King Louis XI of France until he, too, died in 1483. We do not know where he worked after that, but he had some music published, including six chansons. He probably worked for some time in Milan.
Italy 
In 1489 Josquin went to Rome and worked in the pope's chapel. He stayed there at least until 1495, possibly later. There he wrote music for the chapel, including some motets. His music was becoming well known in some parts of northern Italy. It was a time of war in Italy. Several times the king of France invaded parts of Italy. Josquin seems to have written several pieces for the French royal court, including some funeral music on the death of King Louis XII in 1515.

For a year (1503-1504) he was maestro di cappella in Ferrara. He may have left that job because of an outbreak of the plague. A few months after he left the famous composer Jacob Obrecht took over the job. Obrecht was only paid half the salary that Josquin had been given. Very soon afterwards, Obrecht died of the plague.
Later years in Northern France 
From 1504 until his death in 1521 Josquin was back in Northern France, where had the job of provost in Condé-sur-l'Escaut, which may possibly have been his birthplace. The church was a very important one, and it had an excellent choir.

Before he died Josquin paid a lot of tax to make sure that after his death his property did not go to the local lord of the manor but would be given to his church. After his death his house was sold, and the money was used for special church services to remember him. There was a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary on the wall of his old house, and when church processions passed by they stopped in front of it and sang Josquin's motets Pater Noster and Ave Maria.
His Music 
His music is nearly all choir music. It consists mainly of church music: motets and masses, although he also wrote some secular (non-religious) music, including some chansons (French songs) and some instrumental music. One popular song is called El Grillo . It means "the cricket" and it describes the sound of a cricket singing in the grass.

Josquin was a master of polyphony. His name had become so famous that, after his death, many publishers printed music by other composers and pretended it was by Josquin so that more people would buy it. During recent years musicologists have studied many of these manuscripts very carefully and tried to decide which ones were really by Josquin.

References 

 Groves Online

1450s births
1521 deaths
Belgian composers
Franco-Flemish composers
Renaissance composers
Giuseppe Piero Grillo, better known as Beppe Grillo (born 21 July 1948), is an Italian comedian and actor. He has worked in theatres and television.

Life 
Grillo was born in Savignone, a small town in the Province of Genoa, Liguria. Grillo became a comedian improvising a monologue at an audition. Two weeks later he was discovered by Italian television presenter Pippo Baudo. He participated in the variety show Secondo Voi for two years (1977-78). Later, in 1979, he was in Luna Park and  Fantastico.

In 1984 he participated to Te la do io l'America (four episodes) and Te lo do io il Brasile (6 episodes). On these shows, he spoke about his visits to the United States and Brazil and talked about their culture and lifestyle.
His popularity grew more and more. He became the protagonist of another show called Grillometro (Grillometer). Soon after this, his performances started to have more and more political satire. He often insulted politicians. In 1987 during the Saturday night television programme Fantastico 7, he made comments about the Italian Socialist Party and its leader Bettino Craxi who had just taken a trip to China. Grillo said, "If the Chinese are all socialists, whom do they steal from?" The Italian Socialist Party did not like this because he was calling them thieves. After this episode, Grillo slowly was banned from the publicly owned television. Grillo not back on television until the political party was forced to disband several years later.

In 1993, Grillo was allowed on public television one more time. This show was watched by 16 million of Italians. This was the most viewers ever for Italian television.
His blog 
Grillo has a daily blog where he speaks about alternative energy, globalization, and technology. Versions of the blog are in English, Italian and Japanese. Posts in the Italian version will commonly get thousands of comments and replies from people. His blog is one of the 10 most viewed blogs. He often gets letters from important people who support his blog. These people include Antonio Di Pietro (Italian Minister Of Infrastructures), Fausto Bertinotti (President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies), Renzo Piano, and even Nobel Prize Winners like Dario Fo, Joseph E. Stiglitz, Dalai Lama, Muhammad Yunus.

Grillo commonly fights against corruption in his blog. He has used it to help create change in the Italian government. He wants any politician who have been found guilty of a crime to be removed from office.

M5S 
Grillo founded the politic party Five Star Movement in 2009.
Problems with justice 
In 1980, Grillo was found guilty of manslaughter for a car accident in which he was the driver. Three passengers lost their lives.

Grillo never hesitates to name firms and people he believes are corrupt. He always supports his views with data and documents. This has caused him to be sued several times for libel by many people and organizations which he had exposed, such as Telecom Italia.

Critics 
Grillo is often criticized for his lifestyle. They do not think it is correct for him to own a motor yacht and a Ferrari when these things are against his ecological statements. Beppe Grillo said that he did own them, but that he had sold them since then. It is also said that he is just saying what is wrong about politicians based on the popular opinions of the people and does not give any other ways things should be done.

Grillo's movies 
 Cercasi Gesù (1982)
Scemo di Guerra (1985)
Topo Galileo (1987)

Other websites 
Beppe Grillo's official blog 
Official blog 
Beppe Grillo's TV
1948 births
Living people
Italian comedians
Italian criminals
People convicted of manslaughter
Actors from Genoa
Tor is a part of land that is made of rock. It is created by weathering, which is a form of erosion. It is mostly found near hills.

Landforms
Tor may refer to:
Tor, a piece of land made of stone.
Tor (software), a computer software.
The four band members are Peter, Rufio, Fez and Rocky. They met each other during various tours on the session musician circuit.
They played their first gig together under the name, "The Peppernotes" at a Caribbean Restaurant dressed as Peter Pan in drag. Since then they have changed their name to Palladium and played alongside Amy Winehouse, Mika and The Thrills.
They were soon signed to Virgin Records. The deal being signed whilst they were on tour in Japan.
Through their live shows Palladium have gained many fans, including Amy Winehouse, Mystery Jets and Get Cape, Wear Cape, Fly.
Their debut single, "Happy Hour", was released on 23 July 2007.
They have recorded their debut album, The Way It's Not, with Tony Hoffer (The Kooks, Beck, The Fratellis).  It was announced that the album was due to be released on 28 January 2008. However, according to HMV and Amazon.co.uk it is now expected to be released on 17 March 2008.
They were announced as main support for Mika's late 2007 UK tour.

Musical Style
Musical Style

Palladium get ideas from a wide range of music. Pink Floyd, The Police, Toto, Fleetwood Mac, Stevie Wonder and Hall and Oates have all been mentioned by the band. They have also played at Godolphin and Latymer School in Hammersmith.

Discography

Singles

References

Video
PalladiumOfficial Video page 
Palldium - White Lady, Live
The Strange Musician, Part one - PalladiumOfficial Video Blog Story
Palladium - Get it Right, Live

Other websites
Official MySpace Page
Bandstand
Official Website 

English musical groups
A meme ( ) is an idea or belief which spreads because one person copies it from another.

One idea is that culture builds in a way similar to living things. An example would be how viruses spread to different organisms. Memes change as they go, creating controversy, and sculpting society. Just as a virus would, memes evolve from their state, being photoshopped, and exaggerated. Memes can be about anything. 

Biologist and evolutionary theorist Richard Dawkins invented the word meme in 1976. He said that tunes, catch-phrases, beliefs, clothing fashions, ways of making pots, and the technology of building arches were all examples of memes.
Examples of memes 
 Technology: cars, paper-clips, etc. The progress of technology is a bit like genetics, because it has spread by 'mutations' or changes to progress. For example, many paper-clip designs have been made. Some last longer than others, and some look better than others. In the end the ones that are copied are a memetic success.
 Jokes spread and change the more they are told.
 Proverbs
 Gossip
 Nursery rhymes: passed on from parent to child over many generations (thus keeping old words such as "tuffet" and "chamber" popular when they are not used today).
 Epic poems: once important memes for preserving oral history; writing has largely superseded their oral transmission.
 Conspiracy theories
 Recipes
 Fashions
 Religions: complex memes, including folk religious beliefs, such as The Prayer of Jabez.
 Popular concepts: these include Freedom, Justice, Ownership, Open Source, Egoism, or Altruism
 Group-based biases: everything from anti-semitism and racism to cargo cults.
Longstanding political memes such As "mob rule", national identity, Yes Minister and "republic, not a democracy".
 Programming paradigms: from structured programming and object-oriented programming to extreme programming.
 Internet phenomena: Internet slang. "Internet memes" propagate quickly among users using email, websites, blogs, discussion boards and other Internet communications as a medium.
 Moore's Law: this meme is particularly interesting. The original law was "semiconductor complexity doubles every 18 months".  It described growth in terms of the number of transistors on a chip.
 Metameme: The concept of memes itself is a meme.
 Anecdotes: Short jokes or other stories.
 Phrases; and common expressions. 
 Viral marketing: A type of marketing based on memes and using "word of mouth" to advertise (see the recent example of Snakes on a Plane).
 Chain-letters
Related pages
 Figure of speech
 Internet meme
 Propaganda
 Rhetoric
 Self-replication
 Semiotics

References
Literature 
 Aunger, Robert: The Electric Meme: A New Theory of How We Think. Free Press, 2002, hardcover 
 Aunger, Robert: Darwinizing culture: the status of memetics as a science. Oxford University Press, 2000, New-York 
 Blackmore, Susan: The Meme Machine. Oxford University Press, 1999, hardcover , trade paperback , May 2000, 
 Fog, Agner: Cultural Selection. Dordrecht: Kluwer 1999. .
 Henson, H. Keith: "Sex, Drugs, and Cults. An evolutionary psychology perspective on why and how cult memes get a drug-like hold on people, and what might be done to mitigate the effects", The Human Nature Review  2002 Volume 2: 343-355 
 Henson, H. Keith: "Evolutionary Psychology, Memes and the Origin of War."
 Lanier, Jaron: "The Ideology of Cybernetic Totalist Intellectuals", an essay which criticises "meme totalists" who assert memes over bodies.
 "Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission"  Journal of Memetics
Principia Cybernetica holds a lexicon of memetics concepts, comprising a list of different types of memes.
 A list of memetics publications on the web
MemesJoke.com  4chan.org and Reddit.com, where memes and are distributed, to users of the internet.
 The Meme Machine, Interview of Susan Blackmore by Denis Failly
 Journal of Memetics 
 The text of Dawkins' Selfish Gene, chapter 11, "Memes: the new replicators", in which Dawkins coined the word "meme"
 The Mocking Memes: A Basis for Automated Intelligence , a 2006 book on a memetic theory of mind.
 Cultural Software: A Theory of Ideology  by Jack Balkin which uses memes to explain the growth and spread of ideology.
 Why did the chicken cross the road? The story of a meme 
 A short piece by Mike Godwin on memes in Wired Magazine.
 The Invasion of the Memes  ─ memes as a useful metaphor, nothing more.
 What is a Meme? by Brent Silby ─ an introductory article pitched at a general audience.
 A discussion of memes  by Deepak Chopra
 "Life cycles of successful genes" , 2003, Robert Hoffmann
 Memes.org ─ Just relaunched as a forum for discussion about memes and memetics.
Dawkins's speech on the 30th anniversary of the publication of The Selfish Gene, Dawkins 2006
 ,Whitty 2005
 The Evolution of Technology by Brent Silby ─ memetics used to explain human creativity.
 "Evolution and Memes: The human brain as a selective imitation device": article by Susan Blackmore.
 Dan Dennett discusses Memes: Video from Ted Talks - February 2002.
Anthropology
Philosophy
An analogy is a comparison between two things that are similar in some way. When you draw an analogy between two different things, you are comparing them because you want to make a concept easier to understand.

"In general (but not always), such arguments belong in the category of inductive reasoning, since their conclusions do not follow with certainty but are only supported with varying degrees of strength".

There is a difference between superficial analogies and profound analogies. Two things might look alike, but work quite differently, or they might look different, but work in ways like each other. Most effort is put into finding profound analogies which teach us something worth knowing. As another philosopher puts is:

"The goal has been to find the formal criteria that distinguish good from bad analogical inference. These efforts have met with mixed success, at best".
Mario Bunge sees analogy as a main way of getting new hypotheses which can be tested. He points out that analogies may be based on similarities in behaviour, or in structure.

Famous examples 
The parables of Jesus are analogies. For instance, in the parable of the sower the analogy of the seed falling on good ground is to "such as hear the word, and receive it, and bring forth fruit".
Charles Darwin chose the term "natural selection" as an analogy with the selection of domesticated animals and plants. The artificial selection of  breeds of pigeons was one of his favourite studies.

References

Other websites and references
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Medieval Theories of Analogy.
 Chalmers, D.J. et al. (1991).  Chalmers, D.J., French, R.M., Hofstadter, D., High-Level Perception, Representation, and Analogy.
 Gentner, D., Holyoak, K.J., Kokinov, B. (Eds.) (2001). The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 
 Itkonen, E. (2005). Analogy as Structure and Process.  Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
 Juthe, A. (2005). "Argument by Analogy", in Argumentation (2005) 19: 1–27.
 Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1995). Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, .
 Holyoak, K.J., and Thagard, P. (1997). The Analogical Mind.
 Lamond, G. (2006). Precedent and Analogy in Legal Reasoning, in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Logic
Literary terms
The word legitimacy means something which is good and right. The thing may be right because it follows the law, a religion calls it right, or it may be naturally right. People may not agree about what is right and so they may not agree what legitimacy is and the things that are legitimate.

There are different uses of the word "legitimacy."

Political legitimacy
When a government is accepted by most people, it is considered to have "legitimacy". In the past, different reasons were used to make people accept a government. In the Zhou Dynasty in China, the rulers said that they were given the "Mandate of Heaven," which means that the ruler was chosen by God. That is similar to the divine right of kings doctrine in Europe, whose kings would say that they were chosen by God.
During the time of the Enlightenment, John Locke wrote that government legitimacy came from the agreement of the people who are governed. In Western thinking, that has become the accepted meaning. Not all people must agree. Only most people must agree that the government is the best way to make laws and rule if the government has legitimacy.

Max Weber said that there are three kinds of political legitimacy:
Chismatic legitimacy is people believing that a certain person is special and is most able to be a good leader. That may be because the person is very good at talking, or many people like the person. Sometimes, people will believe that the person is powerful because of a religion or because God chose the person.
 Traditional legitimacy is a government being accepted by the people because it has similarity to governments in the past. When the people are ruled in the same way for a long time, many may believe that the government is good and that changing it is bad.
 Rational-legal legitimacy is a government having laws that make the rulers listen to what the people say and do what is good for the people.
Children and families
In common law, legitimacy is the status of a child who is born to parents who are legally married to each another. In the opposite, illegitimacy describes someone whose parents were not married. Such a person was called "illegitimate", which literally means “not legal” (against the law). Virtually everyone alive today has ancestors who were born illegitimately. 

People’s attitude towards illegitimacy has varied in different parts of the world.  In the Western world, especially in countries that were very religious, it was thought to be very bad for parents to have a child if they were not married.  It was thought to be a sin. Illegitimate children were often called bastards. Historically, under English law, an illegitimate child was  (a child of no one) and so could not get an Inheritance from his or her parents. In older times, such children were often brought up by other people, sometimes by relatives.
Today, most people’s attitude has changed, and the laws have changed so that people born to unmarried parents are not discriminated against unfairly. In the United States, people are no longer described as “illegitimate” but as “born out of wedlock” (“wedlock” means “marriage”). In the United Kingdom, the idea of illegitimacy ended by a 1991 law. Fathers now have a responsibility to their children, even those born out of wedlock. Many religions still maintain that sex outside marriage is a sin, but they no longer say that the child lives in a state of sin.

References 

Civil rights
Law
Ainu might mean:

Ainu people, a Japanese ethnic group
Ainu language
The Wimbledon Championships is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Wimbledon, a suburb of London in England, Great Britain. The Championships are unique because they are the only Grand Slam played on a grass court. Wimbledon is the third tennis grand slam of the year and is widely seen as the biggest event on the sport's calendar.

Wimbledon was first competed in 1877. The women's single and the mens doubles events began seven years later in 1884. It has always been played during the summer. It is played over two weeks, from late June to the beginning of July. The tournament is played after the French Open and before the U.S. Open. In 1968, the championships were opened up to both professionals and amateurs for the first time, with Rod Laver and Billie Jean King winning their respective singles titles.

The winners in 2016 were Andy Murray and Serena Williams.

Traditions
Traditions

Seedings 
In every tennis competition, players are given a seed to help decide their place in the draw. At Wimbledon, they use a player's performances (whether bad or good) on grass to help decide the seed. At other tennis competitions, seeding are chosen based only on rankings.

Clothing 
The umpires (referees) and linesmen all have to wear special dark green and mauve clothing. The players have to wear all white.

Etiquette 
Female players used to have their names announced with "Miss" or "Mrs"; this was unlike any other Grand Slam tournament. However, this changed for the 2009 tournament. In this tournament, only the surnames were used. If The Queen is in the audience, it is normal for players to bow to her.

Records 
Men - William Renshaw, Pete Sampras and Roger Federer have won the singles 7 times each
Women - Martina Navratilova has won the singles 9 times

Gallery

1877 establishments in England
Sport in London
Tennis tournaments
The U.S. state of Alabama has sixty-seven counties. The oldest is Washington County (created June 4, 1800) and the youngest is Houston County (created February 9, 1903).

Alabama was claimed by Spain, as Spanish Florida, and by England, as the Province of Carolina. The first permanent colony was made by the French on the banks of the Mobile River in 1702.

After the American Revolutionary War, West Florida south of the 31st parallel became a part of Spain while most of the rest was put in the Mississippi Territory. The territorial assembly established some of the earliest county divisions which have survived to the present. In 1817 the western part of the territory became the State of Mississippi and the remainder the Alabama Territory. The Alabama territorial legislature made some more counties.
Alabama became the 22nd state of the United States in 1819. The Alabama state legislature made more counties from former Indian lands as the Indian Removal Act took effect and settlers populated different areas of Alabama.

In 1820, Alabama had 29 counties. By 1830 there were 36, with Indians still occupying land in northeast and far western Alabama. By 1840, 49 counties had been created; 52 by 1850; 65 by 1870; and the present 67 counties by 1903.

According to 2020 U.S. Census data, the average population of Alabama's sixty-seven counties was 74,989, while Jefferson County had the most people (674,721), and Greene County (7,730) had the least. The average land area is . The largest county is Baldwin (), and the smallest is Etowah ().
The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, which is used by the United States government to uniquely identify counties, is provided with each entry. (In this system, St. Clair County is alphabetized ahead of Shelby County.) The FIPS code links in the table point to U.S. Census "quick facts" pages for each county.

Counties

|}
Former counties and county names
 Baine County (for David W. Baine), changed to Etowah County in 1868
 Baker County (for Alfred Baker, a local landowner), changed to Chilton County in 1874
 Benton County, first named in 1832 for Thomas Hart Benton. In 1849, Benton renounced his support for slavery, alienating him from the Democratic Party. He lost his seat in 1851, and in 1858 the name of the county was changed to Calhoun County, honoring Benton's Senate rival, John C. Calhoun, who had died soon after presiding over the momentous Compromise of 1850.
 Cahawba County, for the former capital city of Cahawba, changed to Bibb County in 1820
 Cotaco County (for Cotaco Creek), changed to Morgan County in 1821
 Elk County (for the Elk River), originally part of another Houston County (for John Houstoun), changed to Lauderdale County and Limestone County in 1818
 Hancock County (for John Hancock), changed to Winston County in 1858
Jones County (for Josiah Jones, a local political leader), changed back to Covington County in 1868 after Jones refused the honor
 Jones County (for E. P. Jones), then Sanford County, before becoming Lamar County in 1877
 Sanford County (for H. C. Sanford), changed to Lamar County in 1877
Fictional counties of note

 Aurora County, the setting for several books by Deborah Wiles.
 Beechum County, the setting for the 1992 film, My Cousin Vinny.
 Greenbow County, the title character's birthplace in the 1986 Winston Groom novel Forrest Gump, which was adapted into a feature film in 1994.
 Hazzard County, the setting for the CBS TV show The Dukes of Hazzard, that ran from 1979-1985.
 Maycomb County, the setting for Harper Lee's 1960 novel To Kill a Mockingbird, which was adapted into a feature film in 1962.
 Pearl County, the setting for William March's 1943 novel Looking Glass and of several of his short stories.

References
  - official sites

Alabama
county
A legume is a type of dry fruit. It is usually produced by plants in the family Fabaceae. Legumes can be a variety of fruits: peas and beans are types of legumes.

Description 
Legumes grow from the carpel, the female reproductive part of a plant. The fruit of a legume is found inside a pod that can be split on both sides. However, there are some foods that grow inside pods that are not legumes.

Health 
Legumes contain many healthy nutrients, such as protein. They are a good source of protein for vegetarians and vegans, or people who do not eat meat and fish. They also contain fibre. This helps to have a healthy digestive system. However, they contain some nutrients which humans find difficult to digest. It is recommended that legumes are soaked (left in water) before cooking to help with nutrient absorption (taking in more nutrients). Some amino acids, such as methionine, are not found very much in some legumes. However, they are needed to help the body use protein.
Use 
India imports (buys from other countries) the most legumes. This may be because a lot of Indians follow the religion of Hinduism, which does not let people eat meat. Legumes are a cheap and plentiful source of food in a country where around 22% of the population are in poverty. The top four producers and exporters (selling to other countries) of legumes are:
Canada
Myanmar
Australia
USA
The USA uses legumes for a variety of reasons. It is the highest producer. It uses soybeans to feed cattle and make vegetable oil. Peanuts are a popular snack food in the USA and these are also a type of legume.

Related pages
 List of fruit

References

Legume
Vegetables
Fabaceae
Bifocals are eyeglasses with lenses that are split between two different strengths. Usually the lower half of each lens is made to help the wearer read, while the upper one is to help the wearer see at a distance.

Eyeglasses
A lightning rod or lightning conductor is an iron rod that is used to make lightning strike it, rather than strike something else. It is part of a lightning protection system. Such a system is made of many such rods. These rods are usually placed at high points of buildings and structures. In addition, paths are made the electricity can take from the rooftop to the ground, it was made in the year 1749 later improved in 1752.

History 
Lightning can damage structures made of most materials (masonry, wood, concrete and even steel). The huge currents involved can heat materials, and especially water to high temperatures. This will cause fire, loss of strength and explosions from super-heated steam and air.

Europe
Europe 

The church tower was usually the highest structure or building in medieval European towns and villages. It was also the building very often hit by lightning. Early on, Christian churches tried to prevent the damage of lightning by prayers. Priests prayed,
 "temper the destruction of hail and cyclones and the force of tempests and lightning; check hostile thunders and great winds; and cast down the spirits of storms and the powers of the air."
Peter Ahlwardts ("Reasonable and Theological Considerations about Thunder and Lightning", 1745) said people who sought to protect themselves from lightning should go anywhere except in or around a church.
In Europe, the lightning rod was invented by a theologian and natural scientist, Václav Prokop Diviš, between 1750 and 1754. He is the inventor of the first grounded lightning rod, which he erected on 15 July 1754 in the garden of his home in Přímětice u Znojma. It consisted of 400 sharp metal spikes attached at the top of a 42 m tall supporting pylon. The structure was fastened by three metal chains, conductively attached to the iron grounding cones buried in the packed down soil. He described his 'weather machine' in the treatise 'Descriptio machinae meteorologicae'. The original idea was to continually sap the electricity out of the clouds and so actually prevent the lightning and the storms, only in case this failed, the machine should have also been able to directly attract the lighting and channel it to the ground. He proposed his machine to be used on church towers and ships
. He was sending his observations regarding the machine operation to Jan Antonín Scrinci, the physics professor at the Charles University in Prague, who published them in 'Prager Postzeitungen', 'Brünner Intelligenz-Zettel' and in 'Stuttgartisches Journal'. The machine is also mentioned by Leonhard Euler in 'Lettres à une Princesse d' Allemagne'. In 1755 Diviš asked the Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria to let him build more machines on several places for the welfare of the people. The emperor let the mathematicians in Vienna judge the proposal, but they refused it. Abbé Marci, court mathematician and Diviš' friend commented: 'Blasphemant, quae ignorant' (condemning what they do not know). In 1756 the machine was damaged by wind and then rebuilt, and then on 10 March 1760, angry villagers of Přímětice tore down the structure, blaming Diviš for drought which struck the region that year
. Later in the year, after the summer during which the thunderstorms did a lot of damage to the fields and vineyards, the people besought him to rebuild the machine, which he did in the precinct of Loucky monastery, and built another one on the top of the church tower in Přímětice.
United States 
In the United States, the pointed lightning rod conductor, often incorrectly referred to as the "lightning attractor," was invented by Benjamin Franklin as part of his groundbreaking explorations of electricity. Franklin thought that, with an iron rod sharpened to a point at the end,

"The electrical fire would, I think, be drawn out of a cloud silently, before it could come near enough to strike [...]."
Franklin speculated about lightning rods for several years before his reported kite experiment. This experiment, in fact, took place because he was tired of waiting for Christ Church in Philadelphia to be completed so he could place a lightning rod on top of it. There was some resistance from churches who felt that it was defying divine will to install these rods. Franklin countered that there is no religious objection to roofs on buildings to resist precipitation, so lightning, which he proved to be simply a giant electrical spark, should be no different. As an act of philanthropy, Franklin decided against patenting the invention.

In the 19th century the lightning rod became a symbol of American ingenuity and a decorative motif. Lightning rods were often embellished with ornamental glass balls (now prized by collectors). The ornamental appeal of these glass balls has also been incorporated into weather vanes.
Nikola Tesla's  was an improvement in lightning protectors. The patent was granted due to a fault in Franklin's original theory of operation; the pointed lightning rod actually ionizes the air around itself. This makes the air conductive, which in turn raises the probability of a strike. Many years after receiving his patent, in 1919 Dr. Tesla wrote an article for The Electrical Experimenter entitled "Famous Scientific Illusions", in which he explains the logic of Franklin's pointed lightning rod and discloses his improved method and apparatus.

References 

 

Electricity
Ashland is an American city in the state of Alabama. It is the county seat of Clay County. The city has a population of about 2,000 people. Ashland is the hometown of Alabama's 52nd governor Bob Riley.  Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black is from Ashland.

Geography
Ashland has an area of 7.2 miles. The city is Alabama's highest elevated county seat at 1130 feet.

References

County seats in Alabama
Cities in Alabama
Robert Renfroe "Bob" Riley (born October 3, 1944) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican party. He was the 52nd Governor of Alabama from 2003 until 2011. He was first elected to office in 2002 and re-elected in 2006. Riley was born in Ashland.

Personal life
He has a wife, four children (one is dead), and seven grandchildren.

References

Other websites
 National Governors Association—Alabama Governor Bob Riley  biography
 Bob Riley for Governor  - Official campaign site
 Follow the Money—Bob Riley 2006 campaign contributions
 On the Issues—Bob Riley issue positions and quotes
 Project Vote Smart—Governor Robert R. 'Bob' Riley (AL) profile

1944 births
Living people
American Baptists
Governors of Alabama
Real estate developers
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Leon Czolgosz (May 5, 1873 – October 29, 1901) was an American assassin and an anarchist best known as the murderer of William McKinley. He was born in Alpena, Michigan to Polish Catholic immigrant parents. Czolgosz shot President William McKinley in Buffalo, New York on September 6, 1901. The President died from his injury on September 14, 1901, 8 days later. Czolgosz shot the president because he believed the President committed war crimes in the American Philippines war (1899–1913) and was an enemy of the people. He was influenced by Emma Goldman. Some people have questioned the sanity of Czolgosz.

Czolgosz was found guilty of murder in a very fast trial. He was executed by electric chair in Auburn prison, New York on October 29, 1901. 

1873 births
1901 deaths
American anarchists
American people executed for murder
Anarchists
Assassins
Criminals from Michigan
People executed by electric chair
William McKinley
The federal district is the area around the national capital in some federal countries that are organized as 
capital districts and territories.

A federal district is made so that no state in the country can claim to be more important than the others because the national capital is inside the state, or to stop one state trying to have control over the national capital.

Countries with a federal district include:

 , Washington is in the federal district of the District of Columbia
 , Canberra is in the Australian Capital Territory
 , Islamabad City is in the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT)

Belgium is a federal country, but its capital (Brussels) is not a federal district, but is its own language region. To show that the French language and the Flemish language are equal, Brussels is a special bilingual (two-languages) region. Similarly, Vienna is the capital of Austria and is also one of the states of Austria.

Political subdivisions

de:Hauptstadtdistrikt
fa:‫حوزه فدرال
Baldwin County is a county in the U.S. state of Alabama.

It is named in honor of Abraham Baldwin, a member of the United States Senate from Georgia who never actually lived in Alabama. In 2020, 231,767 people lived there. The county seat (capital city) is Bay Minette.

History 
Baldwin County was made on December 21, 1809 ten years before Alabama became a state. Before this, the county had been a part of the Mississippi Territory until 1817 when the area passed into the Alabama territory

The borders of the county has often changed, and many armies have invaded.
Baldwin County is close to the Gulf of Mexico. This is why it often has tropical weather systems which often are Hurricanes. Weather dameage can sometimes be very bad, and sometimes the county is made a disaster area. For example, in September 1979 due to damage from Hurricane Frederic, in July 1997 due to Hurricane Danny, in September 1998 from Hurricane Georges in September 2004 due to damage from Hurricane Ivan and again in August 2005 due to damage from Hurricane Katrina.

Geography 
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of .  of it is land and  is water. Baldwin County is the 12th largest county east of the Mississippi River.

Neighbouring counties 
 Monroe County, Alabama - northeast
 Escambia County, Florida - east
 Escambia County, Alabama - east
 Mobile County, Alabama - west
 Washington County, Alabama - northwest
 Clarke County, Alabama - northwest
Environment 
Two parts of Baldwin County have been called "Outstanding Alabama Water" by the Alabama Environmental Management Commission which oversees the Alabama Department of Environmental Management. As of April, 2007, only two other areas in Alabama have received what is the "highest environmental status" in the state. The areas are
 part of Wolf Bay and
  of the Tensaw River in northern Baldwin county.

Officials think that having very clean areas of water and sea will encourage tourists to vistit the county.

People 
The census in 2000, there were 200,100 people, 55,336 households, and 40,284 families living in the county. The population density was 88 people per square mile (34/km²).

The people in the county are 87.15% White, 10.29% Black or African American.
There were 55,336 households out of which 31.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.30% were married couples living together, 10.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.20% were non-families. 23.30% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.94.

Regions 
 North Baldwin
 Eastern Shore
 Central Baldwin
 South Baldwin
 Southwest Baldwin
 East Baldwin

Municipalities

Cities 
 Bay Minette
 Daphne
 Fairhope
 Foley
 Gulf Shores
 Magnolia Springs
 Orange Beach
 Robertsdale
 Spanish Fort

Towns 
 Elberta
 Loxley
 Silverhill
 Summerdale
Unincorporated areas 
 Barnwell
 Bayside
 Belforest
 Blackwater
 Blakeley
 Bon Secour
 Bromly
 Clay City
 Crossroads
 Elsanor
 Fort Morgan
 Houstonville
 Josephine
 Lillian
 Magnolia Beach
 Malbis
 Marlow
 Miflin
 Montrose
 Oak
 Oyster Bay
 Park City
 Perdido
 Perdido Beach
 Perdido Key
 Pine Grove
 Pine Haven
 Point Clear
 Rabun
 River Park
 Romar Beach
 Seacliff
 Seminole
 Stapleton
 Stockton
 Swift
 Tensaw
 Turkey Branch
 Weeks Bay
 Whitehouse Fork
 Yupon

Education 
All public schools in Baldwin County are operated by Baldwin County Public Schools.

References

Other websites 
 Baldwin County
 Baldwin County map of roads/towns (map © 2007 Univ. of Alabama).
 Baldwin County Economic Development

Alabama counties
1809 establishments in the United States
1800s establishments in Mississippi Territory
Wayne Mark Rooney (born 24 October 1985 in Liverpool) is an retired English footballer. He is currently the manager of D.C. United.

Early life 
Rooney was born in Croxteth, Liverpool, to Jeanette Marie Rooney and Thomas Wayne Rooney. He is of Irish descent, and was brought up as a Roman Catholic with his 2 younger brothers Graham and John. All three attended Our Lady and St Swithin's primary school, and De La Salle School.

Club career
Club career

Everton 
Wayne Rooney grew up in Liverpool, where there are two big football clubs; Liverpool and Everton. As a child, he supported Everton and began playing football for them at the age of just 15, when he became the youngest Premiership scorer, scoring a game-winning goal against Arsenal. Rooney was the youngest goalscorer at Euro 2004, an international tournament where he played for England. Soon, other clubs were very eager to buy him because of his great performances. Newcastle United and Manchester United both made offers to Everton for him. It was Manchester United who signed him eventually, for £23m in the summer of 2004. Rooney was only 18 at the time, and the £23m paid for him was the highest amount ever paid for a teenager in the world.
Manchester United 
Rooney is the top goal scorer for Manchester United. When he arrived to the team, they gave him the number 8 shirt, but then changed his shirt to number 10. On 12 February 2011, Rooney scored a stunning bicycle kick in the 78th minute of the Manchester derby, which ended up to be the winning goal in their 2–1 win over Manchester City. After the game, he said it was the best goal he had ever scored in his career. Rooney was made captain of the team by manager Louis van Gaal before the 2014–15 Premier League season began.

Personal life 
Rooney's wife is Coleen.

Rooney has appeared in advertisements for FIFA video games and Coca-Cola. He also has a sponsorship deal with Nike.

Rooney supports Manchester United, Everton and Celtic.

Club career statistics
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Everton||rowspan="2"|Premier League||33||6||1||0||3||2||colspan="2"|-||37||8
|-
|2003/04||34||9||3||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||40||9
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="9"|Manchester United||rowspan="9"|Premier League||29||11||6||3||2||0||6||3||43||17
|-
|2005/06||36||16||3||0||4||2||5||1||48||19
|-
|2006/07||35||14||7||5||1||0||12||4||55||23
|-
|2007/08||27||12||4||2||0||0||11||4||42||18
|-
|2008/09||30||12||2||1||1||0||13||4||46||17
|-
|2009/10||32||26||1||0||3||2||7||5||44||34
|-
|2010/11||28||11||2||1||0||0||9||4||40||16
|-
|2011/12||34||27||1||2||0||0||7||5||44||34
|-
|2012/13||26||12||3||3||1||0||6||1||36||16
344||156||33||17||18||6||77||31||477||214
344||156||33||17||18||6||77||31||477||214
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2003||9||3
|-
|2004||11||6
|-
|2005||8||2
|-
|2006||8||1
|-
|2007||4||2
|-
|2008||8||4
|-
|2009||9||6
|-
|2010||11||1
|-
|2011||5||2
|-
|2012||5||4
|-
|2013||10||6
|-
|2014||13||8
|-
|2015||8||5
|-
|2016||10||2
|-
|2018||1||0
|-
!Total||120||53
|}

References
References

Other websites 
 Wayne Rooney's official website

1985 births
Living people
FIFA World Cup players
English footballers
English football managers
English Roman Catholics
Manchester United F.C. players
Sportspeople from Liverpool
UEFA Euro 2004 players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Premier League players
England at UEFA Euro 2004
England at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
England at the 2010 FIFA World Cup
England at UEFA Euro 2012
England at the 2014 FIFA World Cup
England at UEFA Euro 2016