Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Battle – players use race items to battle each other in a closed arena. Each player starts the battle with three balloons and loses a balloon with every hit sustained; the last player possessing at least one balloon wins the match. In later installments, other battles have been added including throwing Bob-ombs at opponents, collecting Shine Sprites (an object found in Super Mario Sunshine) and coins. In Mario Kart Wii and Mario Kart 7, the battles have a time limit. Since Mario Kart DS, battle mode is playable in both single and multiplayer.
List of Mario Kart games

Console games
Super Mario Kart (1992, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Virtual Console)
Mario Kart 64 (1996, Nintendo 64, Virtual Console)
Mario Kart: Super Circuit (2001, Game Boy Advance, Virtual Console)
Mario Kart: Double Dash!! (2003, Nintendo GameCube)
Mario Kart DS (2005, Nintendo DS, Virtual Console)
Mario Kart Wii (2008, Wii)
Mario Kart 7 (2011, Nintendo 3DS)
Mario Kart 8 (2014, Wii U
Mario Kart 8 Deluxe* (2017, Nintendo Switch)

Arcade games
Mario Kart Arcade GP (2005, Arcade) (Co-developed by Namco)
Mario Kart Arcade GP 2 (2007, Arcade) (Co-developed by Namco)
Mario Kart Arcade GP DX (2013, Arcade) (Co-developed by Namco)
Mario Kart Arcade GP VR (2017, Arcade) (Co-developed by Namco)

Mobile games
Mario Kart Tour (2019)
Other appearances
Several Mario Kart-related items appear in the Super Smash Bros. series, with Super Smash Bros. Brawl in particular featuring a stage based on one of Mario Kart DS's courses. Certain courses from the series have also appeared in F-Zero X, Itadaki Street DS, Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games, Fortune Street and Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games. Various items from the series can also be seen in games such as Nintendogs and Animal Crossing.

Characters

Notes
Merchandise
Mario Kart has had a range of merchandise released. This includes a Scalextric style Mario Kart DS Figure-8-Circuit. It comes with Mario and Donkey Kong figures, while a Wario and a Luigi are available separately. It also includes CD soundtracks. A line of remote-controlled karts are available in stores. Each kart has a Game Boy Advance-shaped controller. It features forward driving and rotates when put in reverse, instead of steering. The current line-up of karts is Mario, Donkey Kong and Yoshi. There are three large karts that depict the same trio. These karts are controlled by a GameCube controller shape. Japanese figurines of Mario, Luigi, Peach, Toad, Yoshi, Wario, Donkey Kong, and Bowser are also available for purchase as well as for Mario Kart 64, figures of Mario, Luigi, Wario, Bowser, Donkey Kong, and Yoshi were made by Toybiz. There is also a land-line telephone featuring Mario holding a lightning bolt while seated in his Kart,  as seen here.
K'Nex has released Mario Kart Wii sets, with Mario, Luigi, Yoshi, and Bowser in karts and bikes. Club Nintendo also released merchandise with a platinum soundtrack from Mario Kart Wii and three gold trophies from Mario Kart 7.
Reception
Nintendo Power listed the Mario Kart series as being one of the greatest multi-player experiences, citing the diversity in game modes as well as the entertainment value found.

Guinness World Records awarded the Mario Kart series with five world records in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008, including "First Console Kart Racing Game" and "Best Selling Handheld Racing Game."  Guinness World Records ranked the original Super Mario Kart number 1 on the list of top 50 console games of all time based on initial impact and lasting legacy.

References

Other websites 
Official Nintendo sites:
North American Mario Kart 7 site
UK Mario Kart DS site
Mario Kart Wiki
Mario Kart at the Super Mario Wiki
The Melbourne City Loop is where Melbourne, Victoria's railway lines meet. Most of the stations are under the ground. The stations in the loop are Flinders Street Station, Southern Cross Station, Parliament, Melbourne Central and Flagstaff.

Railway stations in Melbourne
Percy Bysshe Shelley (4 August 1792 – 8 July 1822) was an English poet  of the early nineteenth century. He is widely thought of as one of most important poets of the Romantic movement in English literature. Some of his poems, like Ozymandias and Ode to the West Wind, are among the most famous in English.

Shelley was born in Horsham, Sussex. He was the son of a member of Parliament. He attended the University of Oxford, for only one year; he was expelled for being an atheist. In his own time Shelley was very unpopular for his political and religious views and for his personal conduct. He married young, but left his wife to run away with Mary Godwin. After Shelley's first wife committed suicide, Shelley married Mary Godwin; she later became famous as Mary Shelley, the author of the novel Frankenstein.
Shelley left England and spent much of his life travelling in Europe, especially in Italy. He became a close friend of poet Lord Byron, who also left England and travelled in Europe because of sexual controversy at home. Shelley continued to write poetry throughout this time; he wrote several major works, like the verse drama The Cenci and long poems like Alastor and Adonais, as well as many shorter poems.

About a month before his 30th birthday, Shelley drowned in a boating accident off the coast of Italy. He was one of three important English Romantic poets of the same generation who died young; the other two were Lord Byron and John Keats.

References 

1792 births
1822 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
British atheists
English poets
Nonviolence advocates
Writers from Sussex
Romani or Romany (native name: ) is the language of the Roma. The Indo-Aryan Romani language should not be confused with either Romanian (spoken by Romanians), or Romansh (spoken in parts of southeastern Switzerland), both of which are Romance languages.

The language developed outside from India, in Roman province Egypt, by Indian traders from different areas of India, who settled at the red sea coast in Egypt. It is based by Sanskrit and Prakrit, but strongly influenced by Ancient Greek, and Persian language, Old Church Slavonic, some words from the Coptic language, like rōmi man.Loanwords from other languages in Romani make it possible to trace the pattern of their migration westwards. There are many different dialects.

Distribution 
The following table shows the distribution of Romani speakers in Europe according to Bakker et al. (2000) . The last column shows the percentage of Romani speakers in the Roma population in each country.

Notes and references
Bakker Peter et al. 2000. What is the Romani language? Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press.
 Hancock, Ian. 2001. Ame sam e rromane džene / We are the Romani People. The Open Society Institute, New York.
 Lee, Ronald. 2005. Learn Romani Das-dúma Rromanes Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press
 Masica, Colin. 1991. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Matras, Yaron. 2002. Romani: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Sarău, Gheorghe. 1997. Rromii, India şi limba rromani. Bucureşti.
 Sarău, Gheorghe. 2000. Dicţionar rrom-român / Dikcionaro rromano-rumunikano. Dacia, Cluj-Napoca. .

Other websites 

 Detailed discussion of the language
 Outline of Romani Grammar (Victor A. Friedman)
 Romani Origins - Veda encyclopedia

Indo-Aryan languages
Roma
Fudge is a kind of candy which is made by mixing sugar, butter, and milk. It is heated up to 240 degrees Fahrenheit (116 degrees Celsius) and beaten until it becomes smooth.

Many things can be added to fudge, like fruits, nuts, chocolate, and caramel.

It can be bought in many gift shops in places where there are a lot of tourists.

Related pages
 Toffee

Candy
Romani may refer to:
 (Romani people mistakenly), correctly Roma people, an ethnic group of Northern Indian origin, living in Europe, the Americas and Asia. Romani is used for the language.
 Romani genocide, under Nazi rule
 Romani language
 Romanichal, Romani subgroup in the British Isles
Sinti (Singular masc.=Sinto; sing. fem.=Sintisa) is the name of some communities of the nomadic people usually called "Gypsies" in English.  This includes communities known in German and Dutch as Zigeuner and in Italian as Zingari.  They are related to the Roma people.

While the Sinti were, until quite recently, chiefly nomadic, today only a small percentage of the group remains unsettled.  In earlier times, they frequently lived on the outskirts of communities.

Sinti's believe there Ancestors left Sindh arround 711–714 AD, about the Umayyad muslim Conquest of Sindh, by Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi. Sinti's languages is called Sintitikes.
The Sinti arrived in Germany and Austria in the Middle Ages, eventually splitting into two groups: Eftavagarja ("the Seven Caravans") and Estraxarja ("from Austria"). These two groups then expanded, the Eftavagarja into France, where they called locally as (Manouches), Spain and Portugal where they called Gitanos, Calo or Ciganos, and the Estraxarja into Italy and Slovenia, eventually taking various regional names.

References

Further reading
 Walter Winter, Struan Robertson (Translator) Winter Time: Memoirs of a German who Survived Auschwitz Hertfordshire Publications, (2004),  	
 Reviewed by Emma Brockes "We had the same pain" in The Guardian November 29, 2004
Open Society Intitute: The Situation of Roma in Germany (2002) 

Ethnic groups
Roma
Strapping Young Lad was a metal band from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They played extreme metal. These people played in the band: Devin Townsend (guitar, vocals), Jed Simon (guitar, vocals), Byron Stoud (bass, vocals), Gene Hoglan (drums). The band went on an extended break and disbanded in 2007.

Discography
Studio albums
 Heavy as a Really Heavy Thing (1995)
 City (1997)
 Strapping Young Lad (2003)
 Alien (2005)
 The New Black (2006)

Other websites
Official site 

1990s music groups
2000s music groups
Canadian heavy metal bands
Canadian thrash metal bands
progressive metal bands
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in Canada
Musical groups disestablished in 2007
2000s disestablishments in Canada
2007 disestablishments
Rock climbing is a sport where someone uses their hands and feet to climb up a rock or an artificial climbing wall. Rock climbing is a very difficult sport because you need to have a lot of strength. Rock climbers must know how to use ropes, carabiners and harnesses for their own safety.

Different ways of rock climbing 
Because of many different kinds of rocks around the world, many different kinds of climbing started.
Solo climbing is where the climber's own physical strength and skill are relied on to do the climb. Anchors, ropes and protection are used to back up the climber, but are only there in case of a fall and are not actively used to help the person do the climb.
 Bouldering is climbing on short, low routes. Because people do not climb very high, they do not need to use safety equipment. Sometimes there are used special pads to cushion a drop.
 Free solo climbing is when a climber climbs alone, without somebody belaying them. Free soloing is climbing alone without the use of any rope or protection system whatsoever.
 Lead climbing is used when the rope is not on top yet. The person must tie the rope to their harness and then climb up the wall. On the way the climber puts the rope through a carabiner every few metres. Here the person at the bottom must use a belay device, and feed rope up to the climber. This is unlike top roping, where the belayer instead takes up rope using a belay device.
Top roping is when the rope is already anchored at the top of the route. Safety equipment is needed here but many people say this kind is the safest. The belayer must only keep the rope tight by using a knot or a belay device, like a Grigri or Atc.
Douglas James Henning (May 3, 1947 – February 7, 2000) was a Canadian magician, illusionist and escape artist. He was born in Winnipeg. He helped make magic shows more popular in the 1970s.

Henning's approach to magic and performing was different from earlier magicians. While magicians usually performed in black formal wear, Henning wore colorful clothes. He also studied psychology in college, to know how the human mind works.

Henning is credited by many for the resurgence of the public's interest in magic, thanks to his breakthrough Broadway show, The Magic Show, which opened in 1974 and ran for almost five years. This was followed by eight television specials on NBC (the first of which remains the most watched magic television special in history, with over fifty million viewers). In 1982, he appeared in another Broadway show, Merlin, which ran for seven months. The magic in Merlin was met with accolades. However, critics did not like the show's book and music.
Henning was a spokesperson for Polaroid, TWA, Minolta and Chrysler.

He was a student of the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and used transcendental meditation to help him focus and to relax. He tried to help the Maharishi open a theme park, called Vedaland. Henning also ran for public office in Canada, but lost the election. 

Henning died in 2000 of liver cancer in Los Angeles. Instead of normal medical treatments, he tried to cure himself through natural remedies and diet, but this did not work. After his death, Henning's widow kept the Vedaland campaign going.

References 

1947 births
2000 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from liver cancer
Entertainers from Winnipeg
Magicians
Rancid are an influential ska-punk band formed in 1991 in Albany, California by Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman.

Current members 
 Tim Armstrong (vocals and guitarist)
 Lars Frederiksen (guitarist)
 Matt Freeman (bassist)
 Branden Steineckert (drummer)

History 
Rancid were formed in 1991 out of the ashes of out of the seminal ska punk band Operation Ivy, which had broken up two years earlier. Following Operation Ivy's breakup, Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman decided to form a new band, and started a hardcore punk group called Generator, which quickly broke up. They also started two other ska influenced bands, Downfall and Dance Hall Crashers, but moved on quickly from both. In 1991, after Armstrong and Freeman recruited drummer Brett Reed, Rancid officially became Rancid.
Frederiksen was present on Rancid's second album, Let's Go, which was released in 1994 and spawned the radio hit "Salvation". That year their label-mates, The Offspring, experienced a huge success with their album Smash. The Offspring took Rancid on tour with them, and helped Let's Go make it to #97 on Billboard's Heatseekers and Billboard 200 charts, respectively. With the success of the album Rancid were pursued by several major labels, including Madonna's Maverick Records, but the band eventually turned down the idea of signing to a different label and decided to just stay on Epitaph.
Rancid's popularity grew in 1995 with their third album, ...And Out Come the Wolves, which quickly surpassed Let's Go in terms of success. The critically-acclaimed album, also the band's most successful, produced three singles, "Roots Radicals", "Time Bomb", and "Ruby Soho", which all charted on the North American Billboard Modern Rock Tracks, and the band performed two of these songs on Saturday Night Live. ...And Out Come the Wolves was certified gold by the RIAA on January 22, 1996. It was also certified platinum on September 23, 2004.

Since the release of ...And Out Come the Wolves, Rancid would became one of the most important punk bands of the 1990s, along with ALL, Bad Religion, Face to Face, Green Day, Guttermouth, Lagwagon, NOFX, The Offspring, Pennywise, Social Distortion (the latter of which Freeman would eventually join and later leave), The Vandals, and many others.
Discography 
 Rancid (Gun Cover) (1993)
 Let's Go (1994)
 ...And Out Come the Wovles (1995)
 Life Won't Wait (1998)
 Rancid (Skull Cover) (2000)
 Indestructible (2003)
 Let the Dominoes Fall (2009)
 Honor Is All We Know (2014)

References

Other websites
The Official Rancid Website 
RANCID FRANCE: Roots Radicals 
The Official LJs Webpage 
Rancid on allmusic
Rancid Videoclips 
 

1991 establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American punk bands
Musical groups from California
Musical groups established in 1991
Glen Canyon Dam is a large dam on the Colorado River. It is in Page, Arizona. The dam is 583 feet high and it is 1,560 feet wide. It creates Lake Powell which is 186 miles long. The purpose of the dam is to create electricity and to prevent floods. The reservoir can store 27 million acre-feet of water (which is the amount of water that can cover one acre to 1 foot deep). Construction of the dam began in 1956. It was able to begin storing the flow of the river in 1963.

Other websites 
Glen Canyon National Recreation Area 
Glen Canyon Dam page from the Bureau of Reclamation 
Images of Glen Canyon before it was flooded 
Article by David Brower on restoring Glen Canyon 
The Glen Canyon Institute
1995 Glen Canyon EIS 
New Environmental Impact Assessment of the Glen Canyon Dam (2006) 

Dams in the United States
Buildings and structures in Arizona
1963 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Arizona
Superunknown is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Soundgarden. The album was released in 1994. The album is well known thanks to singles like "Black Hole Sun", "Spoonman" and "Fell on Black Days".

Track listing
"Let Me Drown" (Chris Cornell) – 3:51
"My Wave" (Cornell, Kim Thayil) – 5:12
"Fell on Black Days" (Cornell) – 4:42
"Mailman" (Matt Cameron, Cornell) – 4:25
"Superunknown" (Cornell, Thayil) – 5:06
"Head Down" (Ben Shepherd) – 6:08
"Black Hole Sun" (Cornell) – 5:18
"Spoonman" (Cornell) – 4:06
"Limo Wreck" (Cameron, Cornell, Thayil) – 5:47
"The Day I Tried to Live" (Cornell) – 5:19
"Kickstand" (Cornell, Thayil) – 1:34
"Fresh Tendrils" (Cameron, Cornell) – 4:16
"4th of July" (Cornell) – 5:08
"Half" (Shepherd) – 2:14
"Like Suicide" (Cornell) – 7:01
"She Likes Surprises" (Cornell) – 3:17

1994 albums
Soundgarden albums
A&M Records albums
Badmotorfinger is the third studio album by the American rock band Soundgarden. It is one of Soundgarden's best-selling albums. The album was released on October 8, 1991.

List of songs
"Rusty Cage" (Chris Cornell) – 4:26
"Outshined" (Cornell) – 5:11
"Slaves & Bulldozers" (Cornell, Ben Shepherd) – 6:56
"Jesus Christ Pose" (Matt Cameron, Cornell, Shepherd, Kim Thayil) – 5:51
"Face Pollution" (Cornell, Shepherd) – 2:24
"Somewhere" (Shepherd) – 4:21
"Searching with My Good Eye Closed" (Cornell) – 6:31
"Room a Thousand Years Wide" (Cameron, Thayil) – 4:06
"Mind Riot" (Cornell) – 4:49
"Drawing Flies" (Cameron, Cornell) – 2:25
"Holy Water" (Cornell) – 5:07
"New Damage" (Cornell, Thayil, Cameron) – 5:40

Satanoscillatemymetallicsonatas
Satanoscillatemymetallicsonatas was a bonus CD included with some editions of Badmotorfinger (like how Songs from the Superunknown was included with Superunknown). The title is a palindrome ("Satan, oscillate my metallic sonatas.")
List of songs
"Into the Void" (Black Sabbath cover) – 6:37
"Girl U Want" (Devo cover) – 3:29
"Stray Cat Blues" (The Rolling Stones cover) – 4:46
"She's a Politician" (Cornell) – 1:48
"Slaves & Bulldozers" (live) – 8:38

1991 albums
Soundgarden albums
A&M Records albums
Bernoulli's principle is an idea of fluid dynamics. It says that as speed of the fluid increases, pressure decreases. The photo on the right shows this happening. The air in the wide part of the tube has a higher static pressure than the thin part. For a steady flow, the amount of fluid entering the pipe must equal the amount leaving the pipe, so the fluid speed in the thin part must increase.  

When a force acts over an area, it is called "pressure". A higher pressure pushes (accelerates) fluid toward lower pressure.  So any change in a fluid's speed must be matched by a change in pressure (force).  Bernoulli saw that while the fluid moved more quickly in the smaller part of the tube, the pressure became less.  Please note that this refers to changes in speed and pressure along a single path of flow and does not apply to two different flows at different speeds.
The full version of Bernoulli's principle includes both the work by the pressure and by the changes in potential energy from changes in height. In this form, the principle says the total of the pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy is a constant. (Bernoulli does not consider viscosity or compressibility.)
 
Fluid mechanics
The Book of Proverbs is a book in both the Tanakh (Judaism), and the Old Testament (Christianity). The book contains some important teaching and instructions in each of these respective Religions.  While some verses teach duty to God, many can be seen as good advice.  Even nonreligious persons may find this advice to be useful.

Author

Most scholars believe that Solomon was the writer of at least part of the book. Other authors are mentioned as well, but these references are  missing in the Greek Septuagint. The Septuagint sees  King Solomon as the author of the whole Book of Proverbs. In the Middle Ages, scholars thought the Vulgate was a more faithful rendering of 30:1 and 31:1. In their eyes the words "Agur" and "Lamuel" were only other names for Solomon.
When it was Written
Dates for the writing of the book are unclear. Because of suggested authorship of Solomon, and the workings of Hezekiah's men, there are some dates that can be worked with. However, there are not enough to give specific timing to the completion of the book, though it could have been as late as third century BC

Content

The first part of the book (Chapters 1-10) is mainly praise for Wisdom. Wisdom is personified as a woman.  This does not mean that an actual person is spoken of.  Christians believe that Jesus is the person who most shows the wisdom of God. (Colossians 2:3).  Some of the attributes of Jesus are said to be found in the "Wisdom" of the Book of Proverbs. This first section also advises young men not to go to prostitutes.
The center part of the book (Chapters 10-29) contains many "stand alone" verses.  These are in the form of Hebrew Poetry.  Each verse has two parts.  The second part may give the opposite side of some advice, such as "Hard workers get rich, lazy people become poor".  In other cases the two halves repeat the same idea again, but in different words. 

The final chapter is a famous poem of praise to "a virtuous woman".  This chapter was from "King Lemuel", but was taught him by his mother.  It is one of the few parts of the Bible which has a female author.

References

Other websites 
The Book of Proverbs (King James Version)
The Book of Proverbs (New International Version)

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
8th-century BC books
Welwitschia or Welwitschia mirabilis is known as one of the oldest living plants. It can be called a "living fossil". The plant is mainly found in the deserts of Namibia. Some of these plants may be more than 5000 years old. This would make them the oldest living things on Earth.

It is named after the discoverer, Dr. Friedrich Welwitsch. The plant is locally called "long haired thing". Its structure consists of a short, woody, top-shaped stem, and never more than two leaves, which are enormously long, (two or three metres) and break up at the ends.

References

Gymnosperms
Petasites is a genus of herbs with leaves in the shape of a heart in the family Asteraceae. The common English name of petasites is Butterbur. Plants of this genus grow near rivers and other water places in Europe, Asia and North America.

In general, the leaves are very big. Its root is very long and grows very quickly. Flowers are white, yellow, white-yellow or white-red, they are small and in a great number.

Butterbur is used in medical purposes, but there is a poison in all parts of the plant.

Some species of Butterbur are cultivated as a garden plant.

Other websites

 Germplasm Resources Information Network: Petasites 
 ITIS: Petasites
 NCBI: Petasites
 eFloras
Species of Petasites

Asteraceae
Flowers
Death Angel is  a thrash metal band from Concord, California. They played from 1982 to 1991. In 2001 they started to play again. All of their members are from the Philippines. The members are: Mark Osegueda (vocals) Rob Cavestany (guitar, vocals), Ted Aguilar (guitar), Andy Galeon (drums), Dennis Pepa (bass, vocals)

Discography
Kill as One (1986) (demo)
The Ultra-Violence (1987)
Frolic Through the Park (1988)
Act III (1990)
Fall From Grace (1990) (live album)
The Art of Dying (2004)
Killing Season (2008)
Relentless Retribution (2010)
The Dream Calls for Blood (2013)
The Evil Divide (2016)
Humanicide (2019)
People from Concord, California
Musical groups established in 1982
1982 establishments in California
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
1991 disestablishments in the United States
1990s disestablishments in California
2000s American music groups
Musical groups established in 2001
2001 establishments in California
2010s American music groups
Thrash metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from California
Enigma Records artists
Arch Enemy is a death metal band from Sweden. They started in 1996. The members are: Alissa White-Gluz (vocals), Michael Amott (guitar, vocals), Jeff Loomis (guitar), Sharlee D'Angelo, (bass) Daniel Erlandsson (drums).

Discography

Studio albums 
 1996: Black Earth
 1998: Stigmata
 1999: Burning Bridges
 2001: Wages of Sin
 2003: Anthems of Rebellion
 2005: Doomsday Machine
 2007: Rise of the Tyrant
 2011: Khaos Legion
 2014: War Eternal
 2017: Will to Power
 2022: Deceivers

EPs 
 2002: Burning Angel
 2004: Dead Eyes See No Future
 2007: Revolution Begins

Live albums and DVDs 
 1999: Burning Japan Live
 2006: Live Apocalypse (Live DVD)
 2007: Revolution Begins (DVD)

Swedish heavy metal bands
Death metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Musical groups established in 1996
Trivium may mean:

 Trivium (band) - an American heavy metal band
 Trivium (cipher), a synchronous stream cipher
 Trivium (liberal arts), in medieval educational theory

he:בוגר אוניברסיטה#מקור השם
Living fossil refers to life forms which have survived with little change for a long time, and which are still around today. 

Horseshoe crabs are a typical case of living fossil. They have changed little in appearance since the Ordovician period, 450 million years ago. 

Crocodilians first appeared 220 million years ago, and are close relatives of the dinosaurs. However, modern crocodiles only date back to the Upper Cretaceous of 84 million years ago. 

Turtles are first known from 215 million years ago, but for some reason they are not often mentioned as living fossils.

The Tuatara, from New Zealand, is the sole survivor of a whole order of reptiles, the Sphenodontia. 200 million years ago the group (sister to the lizards and snakes) was quite common.
The Coelacanth is definitely a living fossil. It is the closest link between fish and the first amphibians (408362 million years ago). The Coelacanth was thought to have been extinct for 80 million years until one was caught alive off the east African coast in 1938. It is therefore also a Lazarus taxon.

The Ginkgo tree, Ginkgo biloba, is a good example from the world of plants. It is a gymnosperm. It was thought to be long extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow in at least two small areas in China. The first similar fossils date from the Permian period, 270 million years ago.

Lingula, a brachiopod, is a genus which has lasted since the Ordovician, 488 million years ago. The modern species are almost the same as the first fossils. 

Living fossils are not identical to their ancestors, of course. But they lived in the same or similar environments, and their adaptations suggest that their life-style was the same, or very similar.

 
Evolutionary biology
Metaphors referring to nature
Caliban is a metal band from Hattingen, Germany. They started in 1997. They play metalcore which is mixture of Hardcore and Heavy metal. The members are: Andreas Dörner (vocals),   Denis Schmidt (guitar, vocals), Marc Görtz (guitar), Marco Schaller (bass, vocals) and Patrick Grün (drums).

Discography
 Demo Tape (1997)
 Caliban (EP) (1998)
 A Small Boy and a Grey Heaven (1999)
 The Split Program with Heaven Shall Burn (2000)
 Vent (2001)
 Shadow Hearts (2003)
 The Opposite from Within (2004)
 The Split Program II with Heaven Shall Burn (2005)
 The Undying Darkness (2006)
 The Awakening (2007)
 Say Hello To Tragedy'' (2009)

Other websites
Official site
Caliban at MySpace
Caliban  at Roadrunner Records
Caliban  at Century Media Records

German heavy metal bands
Metalcore bands
Roadrunner Records
1997 establishments in Germany
NetBSD is an open source version of the Unix-derivative BSD computer operating system.

NetBSD is known for being very portable (able to work with a many kinds of computers), such as a small ARM or big amd64 Opteron computers. It is also seen as being fast (does things quickly), secure (hard for people to do bad things to) and stable (does not break often).

When people use NetBSD, like most software, they must agree to a license.  The BSD license, which NetBSD uses, allows everyone to use, change, give away or sell NetBSD, as long as they do not take away the copyright notice and license text. This means people can make new things from NetBSD without having to give people the source code (information for the computer to make the program run).

References

Related pages
FreeBSD
OpenBSD

Other websites 
NetBSD homepage

Free software
Operating systems
BSD
Soilwork is a melodic death metal band from Helsingborg, Sweden. They started in 1996. They have made 7 albums until now. The members are: Bjørn „Speed“ Strid (vocals), Daniel Antonsson (guitar), Ola Flink, (bass), Dirk Verbeuren (drums) and Sven Karlsson (Keyboard).

Swedish heavy metal bands
Death metal bands
Alternative metal bands
Helsingborg
Musical groups established in 1995
Lamb of God is an American metal band from Richmond, Virginia. They started in 1990. They play a style called groove metal with death metal influences. This style is similar to thrash metal but has more rhythm. Their music is very similar to Pantera's music. The members are Randy Blythe (vocals), Mark Morton (guitar), Willie Adler (guitar), John Campbell (bass) and Chris Adler (drums).

Discography 
Burn the Priest (1999)
New American Gospel (2000)
As the Palaces Burn (2003)
Ashes of the Wake (2004)
Killadelphia (2005)
Sacrament (2006)
Wrath (2009)
Resolution (2012)
 VII: Sturm und Drang (2015)
 Lamb of God (2020)
 Omens (2022)

Other websites

Official website

1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Thrash metal bands
American heavy metal bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from Virginia
People from Richmond, Virginia
A carabiner is a metal loop, which can be opened on one side. This side is called a gate. The other side is called spine. Carabiners are often used for rock climbing, sailing and canoeing. They also are used for construction of high buildings or window cleaning.  The word comes from the German word "Karabinerhaken", which means "hook for a carbine". 

Climbing carabiners are very strong. Many can hold loads greater than 20 kN. When belaying a climber, using a belay device (such as a Grigri or an ATC), a carabiner with a locking feature must be used to prevent the carabiner from opening accidentally.

Different types
Different types

HMS: A special kind of carabiner is often used in rock climbing. HMS = HeMi Spherical. i.e. offset, or curved to one side.  HMS is also considered short for the German word, "Halbmastwurfsicherung", a knot which is called the Munter Hitch in English. The special offset shape of the HMS carabiner allows a climber to use the Munter Hitch for belaying without the rope getting stuck or jammed.
D-shape: This type of carabiner sends most of the load to the spine side. This makes the carabiner stronger, but more expensive. Big D-shape carabiners are called Offset-D
Oval: This type is the cheapest. They are often used in aid climbing or for organizing (racking) gear. They are usually not as strong as the other types of carabiners.

The last two types exist with and without locking devices. HMS carabiners usually are not produced without locking device. Non-locking-carabiners are often used in quickdraws.

Sports equipment
Rock climbing
Mountain climbing
Cyclamen is a genus of 20 species of flowering plants. It is in the Myrsinaceae family. The genus is most widely known by its scientific name Cyclamen. It may also be called Persian violet (it is not related to the violets), or primrose (neither is it a primrose). This is because Cyclamen has been part of the Primulaceae families. 

Cyclamen come from the Mediterranean, from Spain to Iran. They are also found from northeast Africa to Somalia. They are perennial herbaceous aestivating plants, with a surface or underground tuber (derived from the hypocotyl) 4-12 cm diameter, which produces leaves in late winter, and flowers in the autumn; the leaves die down during the hottest part of the Mediterranean summer drought to save water. Each leaf or flower grows on its own stem, which shoots up from the hypocotyl. The variegation is thought by some botanists to be a form of natural disruptive camouflage to reduce grazing damage by animals.
The hypocotyl grows leaves and flowers on stems, either one flower or one leaf per stem. The stem for leaves and flowers appears identical except in height. The leaves grow on stems of around 6 cm height.

Species 
Here are the species of this genus:
Cyclamen africanum
Cyclamen alpinum
Cyclamen balearicum
Cyclamen cilicium
Cyclamen colchicum
Cyclamen coum
Cyclamen creticum
Cyclamen cyprium
Cyclamen elegans
Cyclamen graecum
Cyclamen hederifolium
Cyclamen intaminatum
Cyclamen libanoticum
Cyclamen mirabile
Cyclamen parviflorum
Cyclamen peloponnesiacumum
Cyclamen persicum
Cyclamen pseudibericum
Cyclamen purpurascens
Cyclamen repandum
Cyclamen rohlfsianum
Cyclamen somalense

Bibliography

Sundberg, M. D. 1982 Petal-stamen initiation in the genus Cyclamen (Primulaceae). American Journal of Botany 69: 1707–1709

Flowers
Primulaceae
Bambi is the main character in the story of destiny Bambi and Felix Salten's book Bambi, A Life in the Woods. He is a European Roe Deer. Bambi is also the main character in the Disney movies based on both the story of destiny and novel: Bambi,Bambi II And Bambi: The Reckoning. In the movies, Bambi was an American white-tailed deer.

References

Bambi characters
Kingdom Hearts characters
A Grigri is a securing device for rock climbing. Unlike many other securing devices, a Grigri is half-automatic. It works like a seat belt in a car. The rope can be slowly pulled through, but if there is lot of weight on the rope the Grigri locks the rope. "Grigri" is a trademark of the company Petzl, but because it was the first half-automatic securing device, many people call devices of other companies also Grigri.

Other websites

Rock climbing
Jacmel (Kréyòl: Jakmèl) is a city in southeast Haiti, on the Caribbean coast, at the mouth of the river Grande Rivière de Jacmel. It is the capital city of the Sud-Est Département.

The city is in the Baie de Jacmel ("Jacmel Bay") about 86 km south of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. It is also the chief town of an arrondissement (a part of a department) with the same name. The arrondissement has four communes (a commune is like a municipality): Jacmel, Cayes-Jacmel, La Vallée and Marigot.

Name
Jacci was the Taíno name for the region where is located Jacmel. It was changed to the Spanish word Yáquimo (sometimes written as Jáquimo) and then to the French word Jacmel.

History
Christopher Columbus gave the name Puerto de Brasil ("Brazil port") to the place where Jacmel is now because there were many trees called "Brasil" (English: Brazilwood) in the region that were cut and sent to Spain; the tree has a yellow substance (and wood) that was used to give that color to hair, cloths and other objects.
In 1504, Nicolás de Ovando, Spanish governor of the Hispaniola, founded the town of Villanueva de Yáquimo (or Villanova de Yáquimo). But people left the town and French people came to live here; in 1698, the new town of Jacmel was founded.

Jacmel today
There are many beautiful old houses in Jacmel, from the 1880s. Since 2004, the 'Festival Film Jakmèl' is celebrated in Jacmel and, since 2007, the international music festival 'Festival Mizik Jakmèl'.

Many visitors come to Jacmel for its carnival, the  Bassins Bleu waterfalls, and the white sand beaches near the city.

Radio
 Radio Ambiance FM
 Ambiance TV
 Radio Anacaona
 Radio TéléDiffusion Jacmelienne
 Radio Télé-Express Continental
 Radio Vibration Inter
 Radio Jacmel Inter
 Radio Détente
 Radio Négritude
 Radio SemencesFM de Marbial

Sister cities
Jacmel has sister relationships with:
  Palm Beach, Florida, USA
  Strasbourg,France

Gallery
Gallery

Other websites
 Festival Film Jakmèl 
 Festival Mizik Jakmèl 
 Bonzouti.com - Web portal for Jacmel and the Sud-Est Department of Haiti
 Official Chamber of Commerce Website
 Website for Cayes-Jacmel
 Bassin-Bleu website

References

Cities in Haiti
1698 establishments
1690s establishments in North America
Establishments in the French colonial empire
The Honda S2000 was a rear wheel drive roadster created by the car company Honda. The concept version of the S2000 was know as SSM and it was first shown in the Toyoko Motor Show in 2005. It was first on sale in April 1999. It was the successor (new model) of the S800. Production of the Honda S2000 ended in 2009.

Models 

AP1
The S2000 was introduced in 1999 as a 2000 model.

AP2
In 2004, the new S2000 was introduced.

References 

Honda automobiles
2000s automobiles
Caliban can mean:
 Caliban (character), a character from the play The Tempest
 Caliban (moon), a moon of Uranus
 Caliban (band), a metalcore band from Germany
 Caliban (comics), a mutant character in the Marvel Comics Universe
Narre Warren Railway Station is a railway station in Metcard Zone 2, located in Narre Warren, Victoria.

Premium Melbourne railway stations
A Premium station is a term used in the Melbourne train system for a station where there are better things than the other stations. There are currently 72 stations like this. All 5 City Loop stations are Premium stations, as well as the following stations -

References

Public transport in Melbourne
Gary the Snail is SpongeBob's pet snail who lives with him in their pineapple house. He meows and acts like a cat. He cannot talk but SpongeBob can understand him. Gary is usually shown to be very smart.

SpongeBob SquarePants characters
Anthromophic characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Walker Percy (May 28, 1916–May 10, 1990) was an American author.   He wrote a novel called The Moviegoer. 

1916 births
1990 deaths

writers from Alabama
Talcott Parsons (December 13 1902 – May 8 1979) was an American sociologist. He created a type of sociology called structural functionalism. Parsons worked at Harvard University from 1927 to 1973. 

1902 births
1979 deaths
American sociologists
Scientists from Colorado
Edward Hopper (July 22, 1882 – May 15, 1967) was an American painter.  He created paintings called The Nighthawks or Chop Suey.

Related pages 
List of American painters

American artists
People from New York (state)
1882 births
1967 deaths
Elias Canetti (July 25, 1905 – August 14, 1994) was an Bulgarian-Swiss Jewish author who wrote Crowds and Power. A mountain in Antarctica is named for him.

1905 births
1994 deaths
Austrian writers
Gao Xingjian (born January 4, 1940), is a Chinese-French  writer. He was awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Literature.

He is also a stage director and a painter.

Related pages
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country
List of Chinese writers
List of Chinese painters

References

Other websites

1940 births
Living people
Chinese Nobel Prize winners
Chinese novelists
Chinese painters
French critics
French Nobel Prize winners
French novelists
French painters
French playwrights
French screenwriters
Chinese translators
People who lost Chinese citizenship
English Renaissance drama is sometimes called Elizabethan drama, since its most significant developments started when Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 to 1603. But this name is not very accurate; the drama continued after Elizabeth's death, into the reigns of King James I (1603–1625) and his son King Charles I (1625–1649). Shakespeare, for example, started writing plays in the later years of Elizabeth's reign, but continued into the reign of James. When writing about plays from James's reign, scholars and critics sometimes use the term Jacobean drama; plays from Charles I's reign are called Caroline drama. (These names come from the Latin forms of the two kings' names, "Jacobus" for James and "Carolus" for Charles.) But for the subject as a whole, terms like English Renaissance drama or theatre are more accurate.
Playwrights worked in both the classic types of drama, tragedy and comedy. They also began their own type of history play, mainly about earlier English kings and the events of their reigns. Shakespeare's Richard III and Marlowe's Edward II are two examples of this type of English history play. Plays were often written in poetry; early plays were mainly in rhymed verse, though as time passed playwrights came to prefer unrhymed blank verse. Prose was also used in some plays, mostly for comedy.
English Renaissance drama grew and developed until 1642, when it suddenly stopped. In the early years of the English Civil War, the Puritans who were fighting King Charles gained control of London and the region around it. The Puritans were against play-acting; they thought it was sinful and immoral. On September 2, 1642, the Puritans forced the London theatres to close, and to stay closed for most of the time until 1660. Then the English Restoration brought a new king, Charles II, who let the theatres re-open. In the 18-year gap between 1642 and 1660, English society had changed a good deal, and a new style of drama rose up in the Restoration era; it is usually called Restoration drama or Restoration theatre.

Some important English Renaissance playwrights

 William Shakespeare
 Ben Jonson
 Christopher Marlowe
 John Lyly
 Robert Greene
 Thomas Dekker

 John Fletcher
 Thomas Middleton
 John Ford
 Philip Massinger
 James Shirley
 John Webster

English plays
The term Blank verse means poetry that does not use rhyme.

Blank verse relies on the meter of the lines in the poem to give structure, and to create the feeling of poetry as compared to prose. An example from William Wordsworth's poem Michael shows  the lack of rhyme and the strict meter in blank verse – each line sticks fairly closely to the pattern of iambic pentameter:

 Upon the forest-side of Grasmere Vale
 There dwelt a shepherd, Michael was his name;
 An old man, stout of heart, and strong of limb.
 His bodily frame had been from youth to age
 Of an unusual strength: his mind was keen,
 Intense, and frugal, apt for all affairs,
 And in his shepherd's calling he was prompt
 And watchful more than ordinary men.
Many critics judge blank verse to be better than rhyme for serious subjects, and many poets have used blank verse for their most important works. Shakespeare used rhyme in his early plays, but in his more mature works like Hamlet he preferred blank verse. John Milton wrote Paradise Lost in blank verse, including a note at the beginning of the poem saying that rhyming poetry was used to disguise badly written poems, Lord Tennyson used it for Idylles of the King, and Wordsworth used it for The Prelude and The Excursion. John Keats used rhyme in his Endymion, his first try at a major poem; for his second attempt, Hyperion, he switched to blank verse. The longest poems in English literature are written in blank verse, for example The Fall of Nineveh by Edwin Atherstone or King Alfred by John Fitchett. This last is about 130 000 lines long.

Many 20th century poets gave up both rhyme and the strict meter of blank verse to write free verse.

References

Related pages 
Free verse
Bibliography  
Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, Art of Versification. Revised edition. Springfield: 1920.

Poetry forms
Altamira (Spanish for 'high view') is a cave in Spain famous for its Upper Paleolithic cave paintings featuring drawings and coloured paintings of wild mammals and human hands. It is located near the town of Santillana del Mar in Cantabria, Spain, 30 km west of the city of Santander. The cave with its paintings has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

The cave is approximately 300 meters long

References

Further reading 
 Curtis, Gregory. 2006. The Cave Painters: probing the mysteries of the world's first artists. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 
 Guthrie, R. Dale. 2006. The nature of prehistoric art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 
 McNeill, William H. Secrets of the Cave Paintings, The New York Review of Books, Vol. 53, # 16, October 19, 2006.

Other websites 
 Altamira Cave National Museum In Spanish and English
 The story of Altamira
 The website of UNESCO - Cave of Altamira

Caves of Europe
World Heritage Sites in Spain
Cantabria
12 Treasures of Spain
Stone Age art
Altamira could mean any of the following:

Altamira (cave), a cave in Cantabria, Spain, famous for its cave paintings, and carving
Altamira, Tamaulipas,  a port city in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas
Altamira (Caracas) a neighborhood in Caracas, Venezuela
Altamira, Pará, a city in the Brazilian state of Pará 
Altamira do Maranhão, a city in the Brazilian state of Maranhão 
Altamira Software, a computer software developer acquired by Microsoft in 1994
Altamira, Dominican Republic, a municipality of the Puerto Plata province
"Alta Mira", a song by Edgar Winter on their LP They Only Come Out at Night, 1972
"The Caves of Altamira", a song by Steely Dan on their album The Royal Scam
Altamira Retreat, a holiday retreat in Gloucester, Australia
FC Kuban () is a Russian football club based in Krasnodar. In 2006 they won promotion to the Russian Premier League. Kuban have previously spent two seasons in Russian Premier League and three seasons in Soviet Top League.

History 
The club was founded as Dynamo in 1928, but was named Neftyanik in 1954, Kuban in 1958, and Spartak in 1960. In 1963 the club was renamed Kuban and has been known by this name ever since.

Kuban and their predecessors mainly played at the lower levels of Soviet football, winning the RSFSR championship four times. Kuban played in the Soviet Top League in 1980-1982, achieving their best result (13th position) in 1981.
In 1992, due to the dissolution of the USSR, Kuban were entitled to play at the top level instead of being relegated to the Second League. They finished 18th out of 20 teams and were relegated. After spending several seasons in First and Second divisions, they won promotion back to the Premier League for 2004, but were again relegated straight away. This happened again in 2006 when they won promotion for the 2006-2007 season and then finished second to bottom.

Honours 
 RSFSR Championship: 4
 Winners: 1948, 1962, 1973, 1987

Squad

Other websites 
 Official website 

Kuban
1928 establishments
1920s establishments in the Soviet Union
Liiga also known as SM-liiga from 1975 to 2013, is the top professional ice hockey league in Finland. It is generally thought of as one of the top leagues in Europe. It started in 1975. SM is a common abbreviation for Suomen mestaruus, "Finnish championship".

Ice hockey leagues
Sport in Finland
1975 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Finland
2013 disestablishments in Europe
Organizations based in Finland
The aurochs, or urus, (Bos primigenius) was a large species of cattle. The aurochs used to be common in Europe. It is extinct now. It was a wild animal, not a domesticated animal. The extinct aurochs/urus is a not the same species as the wisent (the European bison).

According to the Paleontologisk Museum, University of Oslo, aurochs developed in India some two million years ago, came into the Middle East and farther into Asia, and reached Europe about 250,000 years ago. People once thought that they were a different species from modern European cattle (Bos taurus). Today, people think that aurochs and modern cattle are the same species.

Modern cattle have become much smaller than their wild ancestors: the height of a large domesticated cow is about 1.5 meters (5 feet, 15 hands), while aurochs were about 1.75 meters (5.75 feet, 17 hands).