Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The carat is a unit of measurement for gold alloys. In that context, one carat gold means that the twenty-fourth part of an alloy is gold, the other parts are made of other metals, generally silver or copper. Pure gold would be soft,  which makes it unusable for many purposes. Alloyed gold is harder than pure gold and so more suitable for applications such as jewellery. An alloy that has 24 carat actually contains 99.9 percent gold, 18 carat gold contains 75 percent gold . Sometimes, a scale  up to 1000 is used; as an example, gold 585 mean there is 58.5 percent gold in the alloy. This means that "Gold 585" actually contains 14 carat.

Units of measurement
Grudge Match is a sports movie. It was released in December 2013. The movie is about major boxing fights. The fights happen after one of the participants is fired from the local shipyard. Robert De Niro plays Billy "The Kid" McDonnen, Sylvester Stallone plays Henry Sharp and Kim Basinger plays Sally.

The critics did not give good reviews for Grudge Match. Overall box office was not good.

Sports comedy movies
2013 movies
The Hunger Games is an adventure, drama, and science fiction movie. It is based on The Hunger Games, the first book in the Hunger Games trilogy by Suzanne Collins. The movie was directed by Gary Ross. It was released on March 12, 2012 in Los Angeles. In other places it was released on March 23, 2012.

The movie is set in the future in North America. It is about twenty-four teenagers fighting each other in the "Hunger Games". They fight until there is only one person left alive. It shows survival of the fittest in extreme conditions. The games are broadcast live on television in the whole country of Panem.

The movie is 142 minutes long. It is rated PG-13.

the hunger games "ballad of songbirds and snakes" will be released on November 13 2023 in cinemas and serves as a prequel to the hunger games

The reviews of the movie were mostly positive. Its box office performance was very good.
Overview 
The Hunger Games is a 2012 sci-fi adventure movie directed by Gary Ross made from Suzanne Collins’s book The Hunger Games. It is the first movie of many in the series. The story takes place in a distant future in the nation of Panem. Where a boy and girl is selected from each of the 12 districts to be in The Hunger Games. Katniss Everdeen (Jennifer Lawrence) [2] volunteers to take her younger sister Primrose Everdeen. Katniss competes in The Hunger Games with another tribute from her district Peeta Mallark (Josh Hutcherson).

Katniss Everdeen 
Katniss and her family live in District 12, a coal-mining district and the poorest and the least amount of people among the districts. Katniss volunteers to take her sister’s place in The Hunger Games. Katniss competes in The Hunger Games with Peeta Mallark [3]. Katniss uses her knowledge about hunting to win with her fellow tribute Peeta. This character from the Hunger Games is played by Jennifer Lawrence.
Peeta Mallark 
Peeta is a tribute from District 12 in the 74th hunger games. He fights in the Hunger Games with Katniss the female tribute. The two both win the Hunger Games by actively rebelling against the rules. Making a rebellion in Panem the nation they live in. This character from the Hunger Games is played by Josh Hutcherson.

Gale Hawthrone 
Gale Hawthrone is a resident in District 12. He was close to Katniss due to their love of hunting. He has similar features to Katniss. He is a minor character in the first movie but has a bigger role later on. He loved Katniss in the first movie but had to hide his love as Peeta and Katniss had to play as "star-crossed lovers" deeply upsetting him.

Cast
Jennifer Lawrence plays Katniss Everdeen
Josh Hutcherson plays Peeta Mellark
Elizabeth Banks plays Effie Trinket
Lenny Kravitz plays Cinna,
Donald Sutherland plays President Coriolanus Snow
Liam Hemsworth plays Gale Hawthorne
Woody Harrelson plays Haymitch Abernathy
Plot 
Katniss volunteers to enter the deadly hunger games when her sister is selected from the reaping. She is the first volunteer from district 12 and travels to the Capital to prepare herself. Along with her stylist Cenna, her mentor Haymitch and friend Effie, Katniss instantly becomes the darling of the capital as she acts out a love story with fellow district 12 member Peeta. Peeta doesn't see the love as an act though and really does believe Katniss might love him. Back at home, Katniss' best friend Gale has to fight jealousy as he watches Peeta and Katniss grow closer as a couple.
References 

2012 science fiction movies
2012 thriller movies
American science fiction movies
American thriller movies
Movies based on books
Lionsgate movies
Post-apocalyptic movies
Dystopian movies
Movies composed by James Newton Howard
Kaya Rose Scodelario (born Kaya Rose Humphrey; born 13 March 1992) is an English actress and former model. She plays Teresa in The Maze Runner in 2014. She also played Peshet in the 2010 movie Clash of the Titans.

Scodelario was born in London. She changed her surname to that of her Brazilian mother.

References

Other websites

Actors from London
English movie actors
English television actors
Models from London
1992 births
Living people
People with dyslexia
Laurel Hill Cemetery is a cemetery in the city of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania. It is a National Historic Landmark of the National Park Service. It is near the Schuylkill River. It is 3.5 miles north of Philadelphia.

A group of wealthy people from Philadelphia wanted a cemetery outside the city. They found a place for it in Laurel Hill. It used to be owned by a businessman named Joseph Sims. Building of the cemetery started in 1836. It was finished in 1839. The Scottish architect John Notman designed the cemetery. It was his first commission. There is a chapel. It is made in the Gothic architecture style.

Louis Antoine Godey, Sarah Josepha Hale, George G. Meade, John C. Pemberton, and many other famous people, are buried there.

References

Other websites

General View of Laurel Hill Cemetery, ca. 1847
Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, 1840

Cemeteries in the United States
Philadelphia
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
1839 establishments in Pennsylvania
Zoey Francis Thompson Deutch (born November 10, 1994) is an American actress. She plays Rose Hathaway in the 2014 movie Vampire Academy: Blood Sisters. She also played Juliet Martin in the television show Ringer. She recently appeared as Stephanie Fleming in Why Him? (2016). She also appeared in the Justin Bieber single Anyone.

Deutch was born in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of Lea Thompson.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
1994 births
Living people
The Great Central Fair was a fair that happened in June 1864. It took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was held to raise funds for the United States Sanitary Commission.

History

The Great Central Fair took place from June 7 until June 28, 1864. It happened in a park called Logan Circle in Philadelphia. Other sanitary fairs took place in Chicago, Cincinnati, and New York City. The people in Philadelphia thought they should do one to raise money for the United States Sanitary Commission.

Two architects named Samuel Honeyman Kneass and William Stickland designed the buildings for the fair. The biggest building was 200,000 square feet in size. Inside, visitors could visit different theme areas. The areas included information about New Jersey, Delaware, sewing, corn, weapons, art and children. There was also a restaurant.
Abraham Lincoln visited the fair on June 16. He donated 48 copies of his Emancipation Proclamation. They were sold for $10 each. He autographed all of them. The festival raised over $1 million.

References

1864 in the United States
American Civil War
Festivals in the United States
History of Philadelphia
1860s in Pennsylvania
June events
Dawson Creek is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Dawson Creek is in the northeastern part of British Columbia.

The population of Dawson Creek was 11,583 in 2011. The city is named after a creek that runs through. The creek itself is named after George Mercer Dawson by his land survey team when they passed through the area in August 1879.

References

Other websites
Official website

Cities in British Columbia
Daajing Giids (known as Queen Charlotte City from 1891 until 2022) is a village in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is located in the south end of Graham Island in the Haida Gwaii group of islands. It is on Skidegate Inlet.

The population of Daajing Giids was 944 in 2011. The town was first established 1908 when the first sawmill in the islands began operating. The villagers worked to help supply Allied war planes with lumber during World War II. Within the year, three general stores, a drug and clothing store, two hotels, a pool hall, a boarding house, a barbershop and the local newspaper started operating in the village. The town gained a stable economy from the quick growth in the timber industry during the Great Depression.

On May 16, 2022, the village Council had a vote and they decided to change the name of the village Queen Charlotte to the ancestral name of Daajing Giids. It became the first place in British Columbia to change its name back to the ancestral name.

References
References

Other websites
Official website

Settlements in British Columbia
Robert Joseph Vila (also Bob Vila; born 20 June 1946) is an American home improvement television host. He hosted This Old House (1979-89), Bob Vila's Home Again (1990 to 2005) and Bob Vila (2005 to 2007). Vila has written ten books.

Vila was born in Miami, Florida.

References

American television personalities
Writers from Florida
1946 births
Living people
Paz Vega (also Paz Campos Trigo; born January 2, 1976) is a Spanish actress. In the 2009 movie Triage, she played Elena. In the 2004 movie Spanglish she played Flor Moreno.

Paz Vega was born in Seville, Andalusia.

References

Spanish television actors
Spanish movie actors
1976 births
Living people
People from Seville
Janick Robert Gers (born 27 January 1957 in Hartlepool, England) is an English guitarist. He currently plays for the heavy metal band Iron Maiden where he is one of three guitarist along with Dave Murray and Adrian Smith.

He uses the Fender Stratocaster and the Marshall JMP-1 preamp through a Marshall 9200 power amp.

Career
He first started playing for the New Wave of British Heavy Metal band White Spirit. He then joined the band Gillan which was formed by Deep Purple singer Ian Gillan. When Gillan broke up, Gers joined Gogmagog in 1985. During the recording of the song "Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter", he was asked to join Iron Maiden in place of Adrian Smith. Since then, he has remained with the band even when Smith rejoined the band in 1999.

References

1957 births
Living people
English rock guitarists
Iron Maiden members
Rachel Elise Blanchard (born March 19, 1976) is a Canadian actress. She played Hannah in the 2001 movie Sugar & Spice. She also played Maureen in the 2005 erotic movie Where the Truth Lies.

Blanchard was born in Toronto, Ontario.

References

Other websites 

Actors from Toronto
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
1976 births
Living people
Emmanuelle Vaugier (born 23 June 1976) is a Canadian actress, musician and fashion model. She played Detective Jessica Angell on CSI: NY. She also played Mia on Two and a Half Men. She has also been in some movies.

The actress was born in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Reference

Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
1976 births
Living people
Actors from Vancouver
Kate Mara (born February 27, 1983) is an American actress. She played Alma Del Mar Jr. in the movie Brokeback Mountain. She also played Jessica Chandler for Random Hearts in 1999. She has also performed on stage. In 2017, she starred as Mary Jo Kopechne in Chappaquiddick. She played Zoe Barnes on House of Cards.

Mara was born in Bedford, New York.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
1983 births
Living people
Actors from New York (state)
Hop or hops can mean several things:

 Hop, a kind of small jump, usually using only one leg, but can also be on two
 Humulus, a genus of flowering plants
 Hops, the female flower clusters of a species of hop
 Hop, informal word for opium, a type of drug
 Hop (networking), next gateway along a path to a destination host
 Hop (movie), a movie from 2011

Related pages 
 Hip hop
The Battle of Wilson's Creek, also called the "Bull Run of the West", was a battle of the American Civil War. It was the first battle that took place west of the Mississippi River. Nathaniel Lyon, the Union general, was the first general killed in the Civil war.

Prelude to the battle 
During the summer of 1861, the Union and Confederate Armies were both trying to control Missouri. By the second week of July 1861, the Union Army of the West commanded by Brigadier general Nathaniel Lyon, camped at Springfield, Missouri. In total, he had about 5,400 soldiers in his command.
About 75 miles to the southwest of Springfield, the pro-Southern Missouri State Guard were camped. They were under the command of Major general Sterling Price. Price was joined by Confederate generals Benjamin McCulloch and Nicholas Bartlett Pearce. Combined their forces numbered about 12,000. In late July both forces started moving closer to together, each army trying to learn what they could about the other. There was a skirmish at Dug Springs, Missouri on August 2. This is near present-day Clever, Missouri. The Union forces won but this is when Lyon realized the Confederates had more than twice the forces he had. The Union forces retreated back to Springfield.

The battle 

On August 9, 1861, Lyon marched his troops from Springfield to where the Confederates were now camped at Wilson Creek. His plan called for Colonel Franz Sigel to do a flanking maneuver on the Confederates and attack them from their rear. The rest of Lyon's forces would attack from the north.
Medal of Honor recipients 
Five Union Soldiers received the Medal of Honor for their parts in the battle. They were:
 Nicholas Boquet, Private, awarded 16 February 1897
 Lorenzo D. Immell, Corporal, awarded 19 July 1890
 John Schofield, Major, awarded 2 July 1892
 William M. Wherry, First Lieutenant, awarded 30 October 1895
 Henry C. Wood, First Lieutenant, awarded 28 October 1893

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Missouri Legends - Wilson Creek and the Bloody Hill Ghosts
 

1861 in the United States
American Civil War battles
19th century in Missouri
The Philadelphia Brigade was a brigade in the Union Army during the American Civil War. It got its name because its soldiers came from the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was part of the Army of the Potomac.

Union Army
Philadelphia
Christina Victoria Grimmie (March 12, 1994 - June 10, 2016) was an American singer, actress and YouTuber. She has performed cover versions of songs by Christina Aguilera, Selena Gomez and Demi Lovato. She released an extended play, Find Me, in June 2011. Her studio album With Love was released in 2013. A second EP, Side A, was released in 2016.

Life
Christina Victoria Grimmie was born and raised in New Jersey.

Assassination
Grimmie was shot by 27-year-old Kevin James Loibl in Orlando, Florida at her concert. Her older brother, Marcus, tackles Loibl and shot himself after shooting Grimmie. She later died in a hospital on June 10, 2016, at age of 22.

References

1994 births
2016 deaths
21st-century American actors
21st-century American singers
American actors
American pop singers
Murdered musicians
American YouTubers
Murders by firearm in Florida
Singers from New Jersey
Bianca Taylor Ryan (born September 1, 1994) is an American singer. She was the winner of NBC's America's Got Talent in its first season. Her first album, Bianca Ryan, was released in autumn 2006. In 2012, Ryan joined the cast of the independent movie We Be Kings. She played a teenaged musician who is guided by an angel to an ancient blues musician frozen in a blizzard.

Ryan was born and raised in Philadelphia.

References

Musicians from Philadelphia
American television personalities
1994 births
Living people
Jodelle Micah Ferland (born October 9, 1994) is a Canadian actress. She played Sharon and Alessa in the thriller movie Silent Hill (2006). She also played Mary Jensen in the miniseries Kingdom Hospital (2004) and Bree Tanner in the movie The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010). She began acting at age two.

Ferland was born in Nanaimo, British Columbia.

References

Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
1994 births
Living people
Actors from British Columbia
Dean Spielmann (born 26 October 1962) is a lawyer from Luxembourg. He is the President of the European Court of Human Rights. He has been a Judge of the European Court of Human Rights from Luxembourg since 2004. He was made President of the Fifth Section of the Court in 2011. He was made vice-president and then later president in 2012.

References

1962 births
Living people
Judges of the European Court of Human Rights
Lawyers
People from Luxembourg City
Wamba is a small town in Kenya. It is in the Samburu district. The Wamba administrative division is there. The town has a big Catholic hospital. The hospital is considered important to the Samburu district. The town plays a role in the tourism industry in Kenya. It has strong ties with Prince William of Britain due to his efforts to promote conservation and ties with Samburu communities.

References 

Towns in Kenya
Hockley County is a county in the state of Texas in the United States. In 2020, 21,537 people lived there. The county seat is Levelland.  The county was named for George Washington Hockley, who was Secretary of War for the Republic of Texas.

References

Texas counties
Weld County is a county in the state of Colorado. The county seat is Greeley. As of the 2020 Census, 328,981 people lived there.

References

Colorado counties
Gunnison County is a county in the state of Colorado. The county seat is Gunnison. 

As of the 2020 Census, 16,918 people lived there.

References

Colorado counties
Claiborne Parish  is a parish of the state of Louisiana. The county seat is Homer. As of the 2020 Census, 14,170 people lived there.

References

 
1828 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Louisiana
Sergey Semenovich Kozlov (4 May 1960 – 4 January 2014) was a Russian football player and manager. Kozlov played as a midfielder and defender.

Kozlov died from problems after a heart attack on 4 January 2014. He was aged 53. He died in his hometown of Khabarovsk.

References

1960 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Russian footballers
Bernard M. Glasser (June 3, 1924 – January 2, 2014) was an American movie producer and director. He was known for producing many science-fiction movies such as Space Master X-7, The Return of the Fly, Run Like a Thief and Triangle.

Glasser was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Joan Glasser until his death. They had four children. Glasser died on January 2, 2014 from natural causes at his home in Los Angeles. He was aged 89.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2014 deaths
Movie producers from Chicago
Movie directors from Chicago
St. Cross College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It is a graduate college only. It does not have any undergraduate students. The College was founded in 1965. It was named after St. Cross Road, where the college's first buildings were located. In 1981 it moved to its current location on St. Giles Road.

References

1965 establishments in England
Colleges of the University of Oxford
Brad Renfro (July 25, 1982 — January 15, 2008) was an American actor. He played Mark Sway in The Client in 1994. He played Huckleberry Finn in the movie Tom and Huck in 1995 and also appeared in the family drama The Cure in the same year. He made many feature movies in his career. His career ended because of alcoholism and drugs.

Renfro was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. He died at age 25 due to heroin intoxication. For reasons unknown, Renfro, was not included in the annual Academy Awards tribute for Hollywood performers who had died during the past year.

Reference

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Knoxville, Tennessee
1982 births
2008 deaths
Tricia Janine Helfer (born April 11, 1974) is a Canadian model and actress. She is best known for playing the Cylon "Number 6" in Battlestar Galactica. In Supernatural, she played Molly McNamara. She also played Alex Rice in Dark Blue. She also played in other television series.

Helfer was born in Donalda, Alberta.

References

Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian models
1974 births
Living people
Actors from Alberta
Athelwald (also spelled Oethelwald or Œthelwald) was a King of Deira. He was the nephew of King Oswiu of Northumbria, his overlord, but he turned on his family to support the pagan Penda of Mercia. When Penda was killed, Athelwald lost his kingdom.

Early Career 

He was the son of King Oswald of Northumbria, who was killed by Penda of Mercia at the Battle of Maserfield in 642. At Oswald's death Northumbria was reduced back to the two kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira. Oswiu was the king of Bernicia and was acknowledge as overlord of Deira. 
Penda had placed Oswine of Deira on the throne of Deira. But Oswine did not get along with his overlord Oswiu. He raised an army against Oswiu but then realized his army wasn't large enough and he sent them home. He was betrayed by one of his nobleman to Oswiu and was murdered in 651.

King of Deira
King of Deira 

After Oswine's death, Athelwald became king. It is uncertain whether Oswiu (who was Athelwald's uncle) installed him as king or whether Athelwald took the kingship in opposition to Oswiu. At some point he allied himself with Oswiu's enemy, Penda of Mercia. He guided Penda during his invasion of Northumbria in 655. But, when the armies of Oswiu and Penda met on 15 November at the Battle of the Winwaed, Athelwald withdrew to safety. Penda was defeated and killed. perhaps in part because of this desertion, and afterward Athelwald was not heard of again.  

King Athelwald gave St. Cedd the lands of Lastingham to build a monastery.

Notes

References

Anglo-Saxon royalty
7th-century births
7th-century deaths
Department can mean several things:

 Departmentalisation, the division of a larger organisation into parts with specific tasks
Academic department, a division of a school's faculty devoted to a particular subject
Ministry (government department), a division of a government with a specific responsibility
Department (country subdivision), a type of administrative division within a country
Departments of France
Departments of Argentina
Departments of Haiti
Fire department, an organisation that provides firefighting services
Police department, a body empowered by the state to enforce the law

Other uses
Department store, a retail store that has several departments dedicated to different types of products, such as clothing or household items
The polar vortex (alternate names: Arctic cyclone or polar vortice) is a persistent large-scale cyclone located near geographical poles of a planet. On Earth, a polar vortex is usually in the middle and upper troposphere and stratosphere. The cyclone surrounds the polar highs. Polar storms lie in the wake of the polar front. They strengthen in the winter and weaken near summer. These vortexes span usually between 620 to 1,240 miles. They circulate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.

Similar to hurricanes, a Coriolis effect causes the rotation of a polar vortex. The Arctic vortex has two main centers: one is over the Baffin Island, the other is over northeastern Siberia.

Climate change may be increasing Arctic polar vortex stretching events. This would cause more extreme cold in the United States.

References

Atmosphere
The Department of Alto Adige (, ) was a department of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy. It was named after the river Adige (Etsch), which flowed through it. The capital of the department was Trento.

The department's territory was not the same as that of the modern Italian province of Alto Adige. Some of the territory is the same, such as the city of Bolzano, but most of the rest is now part of the province of Trento. These two provinces form the region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.

History
History 

The name "Alto Adige" was created in the late 18th century by Napoleon Bonaparte, when he occupied the territory of northern Italy near the Alps. This was the name of the French administrative division known as the "Department of Alto Adige" (Dipartimento dell'Alto Adige), created during Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy in 1810. It was officially named Haut Adige to get rid of relation to the historic "County of Tyrol" of Austria. The District of Alto Adige was created by Napoleon as part of the Dipartamento del Benaco in his Cisalpine Republic, and was near Verona. This Benaco department, created in 1797, was gotten rid of in 1798 as a result of administrative changes to the Cisalpine Republic.
Some years later, Napoleon created the Department of Alto Adige further north. This department was a part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1810 to 1814.  It was created with the division of the Austrian Tyrol between French Bavaria and the Kingdom of Italy, and included the southern part of Tyrol with the city of Bolzano with surroundings (along with the Trentino). The boundaries were made by Austrian and German commissioners, who said that a territory would belong to the Kingdom of Italy if it is inhabited by Italians.

The department was ended after the defeat of Napoleon in 1814. Its territory is now divided between the Italian provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol.

The name Alto Adige was reused. Today it is the Italian name of the part of Tyrol south of the Brenner Pass. Ettore Tolomei made it official in Italy after World War I.

References
References

More reading 
 Reinhard Stauber, Der Zentralstaat an seinen Grenzen. Administrative Integration, Herrschaftswechsel und politische Kultur im südlichen Alpenraum 1750–1820 (Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 64), Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2001.

Related pages
 Alto Adige
 District of Alto Adige
 Province of Bolzano-Bozen

19th century in Italy
1810 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Italy
1814 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Italy
1810s disestablishments in Europe
Josep Casadevall (born 10 September 1946) is a lawyer from Andorra. He was born in Spain and received his law degree in Madrid in 1978.  He is now a judge at the European Court of Human Rights. He represents Andorra.

References 

Judges of the European Court of Human Rights
1946 births
Living people
Andorran lawyers
Ineta Ziemele (born 12 February 1970) is a judge from Latvia. She has been a judge at the European Court of Human Rights since April 27, 2005. She is President of the Fourth Section since 2012.

References 

1970 births
Living people
Latvian politicians
Judges of the European Court of Human Rights
Judges
Suzanne Pleshette (January 31, 1937 – January 19, 2008) was an American actress. She played Jeanne Greene in Youngblood Hawke in 1964. She also played Annie Hayworth in The Birds one year earlier. She also voiced characters during certain movies. She then played Emily in the sitcom The Bob Newhart Show (1972-78).

Pleshette was born in Brooklyn, New York. She died from lung cancer, after an operation removed part of her lung. She was 70.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New York City
1937 births
2008 deaths
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from lung cancer
The Gleneagles Hotel is a hotel in Torquay, Devon, England. It is best known for being the inspiration for the British situation comedy, Fawlty Towers.

Sources

Hotels in the United Kingdom
Torquay

Buildings and structures in Devon
Organisations based in Devon
Patricia Hill Collins (born May 1, 1948) is a Distinguished University Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park. Her first book, Black Feminist Thought, was published in 1990. A book Collins wrote with Margaret Andersen called Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology was published in 1992. The sixth edition was published in 2007.

Early life and career
Collins was born in Philadelphia to working-class parents. She became a student at Brandeis University in 1965.
In 1982 Collins started work as an assistant professor at the University of Cincinnati.

References

1948 births
American feminists
Living people
"(You Drive Me) Crazy" is a popular romance song by Britney Spears. It was released in July 1999. The song charted at #10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #9 in the Rhythmic Top 40. It performed better in United Kingdom.

The original version on the album ...Baby One More Time is different from the single version usually heard.

References

1999 songs
Britney Spears songs
The Spectator is a British conservative magazine. It was first published on 6 July 1828. The editor was Robert Stephen Rintoul. In April 1858 he died. The magazine was then sold. David and Frederick Barclay own the magazine. Boris Johnson was the magazine's editor. Fraser Nelson has been the magazine's editor since 2009. The magazine supports the Conservative Party. A lot of famous people have written in The Spectator.

References

1828 establishments in Europe
British weekly magazines
1820s establishments in the United Kingdom
Rookie is an American online magazine for teenage girls. It was started by the fashion blogger Tavi Gevinson in September 2011 with Anaheed Alani as the editorial director. Gevinson was going to make the magazine with Jane Pratt. Pratt decided not to be part of the magazine. However, Gevinson said that she is  the magazine's "fairy godmother." Rookie has published interviews with famous people including Lorde, Emma Watson, and Kathleen Hanna. Rookie posts three times every weekday. Each month it has a theme. Rookie has released two yearbooks.

References

2011 establishments in the United States
American magazines
The TNA King of the Mountain Championship is a professional wrestling championship in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). The championship was debuted on the October 23, 2008 episode of TNA Impact! and was originally called the "TNA Legends Championship". It was considered the second highest-ranking title in TNA. It was declared defunct by the (storyline) TNA Executive Director Kurt Angle on July 3, 2014. The title was reactivated under the new name "TNA King of the Mountain Championship" on June 25, 2015.

History
Booker T revealed the championship after he took it out of a steel briefcase that he had been carrying around in the weeks leading up to the reveal. He named it the "TNA Legends Championship" and declared himself as the first champion. A.J. Styles defeated Booker T at Destination X on March 15, 2009 to win the championship.
Winning the title made Styles the first-ever TNA Grand Slam Champion after he had won the World Heavyweight (NWA or TNA), the World Tag Team (NWA or TNA), and the TNA X Division Championship along with the Legends Championship. The Management Director of TNA Jim Cornette announced that the Championship became an official TNA sanctioned championship because Styles defeated Booker T for it legally by the contract the two had signed to make the match official.

When Eric Young held the championship, he renamed it the "TNA Global Championship" on the October 29, 2009 episode of Impact! and said that he was not going to defend it against any American wrestlers or on American soil. Young was defeated by Rob Terry during a live event in Cardiff, Wales on January 27, 2010.

Terry lost the championship to A.J. Styles on the July 22 episode of Impact!. Styles renamed it the "TNA Television Championship" on the July 29 episode.
On July 3, 2014, the TNA Executive Director Kurt Angle declared that the Television Championship would become inactive.

On June 25, 2015, the championship was reactivated under the new name "TNA King of the Mountain Championship." It was announced by TNA that there would be a new champion crowned in a King of the Mountain match at Slammiversary. At Slammiversary, Jeff Jarrett defeated Matt Hardy, Eric Young, Drew Galloway, and Bobby Roode to win the championship. Since Jarrett was the founder and running GFW, there were suspicions of Jarrett defending the championship in GFW. The championship did appear at a GFW live event on July 9 where Young attacked Jarrett and stole the championship.

Reigns
The current champion is Bobby Roode. Roode is in his first reign as champion. He won the championship after defeating PJ Black during Impact Wrestling tapings on July 28, 2015.
The first champion was Booker T. He awarded himself the championship on the October 23, 2008 episode of Impact!. The longest reigns in the championship's history was Abyss' second reign which lasted 396 days. The shortest reign was PJ Black's first reign which lasted only 1 day.

References

Other websites
 TNA Television Championship History

Impact Wrestling
Amy Ryan (born May 3, 1968) is an American actress. In Gone Baby Gone she played Helene. She was nominated for several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She did not win; however, she received other awards for her performance. Ryan played Beadie Russell in The Wire.

Ryan was born in Queens, New York.

References

Actors from New York City
American television actors
American movie actors
1969 births
Living people
Escape Plan is an action, melodrama and thriller movie of 2013. The movie is about an engineer who is kept in a secret prison. The engineer is a former prosecutor. Sylvester Stallone plays Ray (the engineer), Arnold Schwarzenegger plays Emil Rottmayer and Victor Mannheim, and 50 Cent plays Hush. This movie was rated R by MPAA officials.

This movie was released in October 2013 with mixed critical reviews. The box office sales were somewhat low in the United States. Overseas, however, the movie performed quite well. It made over US$137 million.

References

2013 thriller movies
2010s action movies
American prison movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Morocco
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in Miami
New Orleans in fiction
Lionsgate movies
Long and Foster is the largest privately owned real estate company in the United States. The company currently has around 170 sales offices with over 10,000 agents, mainly in the Mid-Atlantic region.

History
In 1968, Long and Foster was founded by Henry Long and Wesley Foster. Eleven years later, the company transferred complete ownership to Wesley Foster. Since its creation, the company has set up offices in Virginia, Maryland, Washington, D.C., Pennsylvania, New Jersey, West Virginia, Delaware, and North Carolina.

Services
Long and Foster provides sales and purchases of homes, land, and commercial properties; mortgage, title, and insurance assistance; insurance offerings; and relocation and settlement services.

References

Other websites 
 Long & Foster
Companies of the United States
The fight-or-flight response (or acute stress response) is a set of physiological changes that occur when an animal is threatened. The changes include increased heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure.

This response was first described by W.B Cannon. He found that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. This leads to changes such as those mentioned above. The changes prepare the animal for fighting or fleeing. This response is the first stage of a general adaptation that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.

Evolutionary perspective 
The fight or flight response lets animals respond quickly to threats. This system is universal in vertebrates. That shows it is ancient in origin, and very important.
Humans have some problems with the system, because though they share the physiology with other animals, they rarely face a clear-cut fight or flight choice. Humans can try to talk their way through various problems and semi-threats, but they may suffer stress when the issues are not easily solved.

Other responses 
Animals respond in many ways to situations which threaten them. The fight/flight choice is just one alternative. At one extreme is the way mother cats with kittens will defend them to the death if necessary. Another situation is the way many animals keep still when a predator is nearby. Their camouflage is often effective.

References 

Ethology
Physiology
Ormoc is a city in the Philippines. It is in the Eastern Visayas region in the province of Leyte. It is the second largest city in the province. In 2010, 190,000 people lived in Ormoc.

In 1991, Ormoc was hit by Tropical Storm Thelma. On 8 November 2013, the city was affected by Super Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan).

Ormoc is one of a few cities in the Philippines where people use e-tricycles.

The city and nearby areas are sometimes attacked by the New People's Army (NPA).

The city got its name from ogmok, an old Visayan term for lowland.

References 

Cities in the Philippines
Gail Dines (July 29, 1958 in Manchester) is a British-American radical feminist and anti-pornography activist. Her book Pornland: How Porn Has Hijacked our Sexuality was published in 2010. She is Jewish.

She moved to the United States in 1986. She is Professor of Sociology and Women's Studies at Wheelock College in Boston.

Dines says that modern pornography is cruel and violent. She started a group called Stop Porn Culture.

References

1958 births
Living people
American activists
American feminist writers
American radical feminists
American sociologists
Anti-pornography activists
British activists
British feminists
British sociologists
Feminist writers
Jewish activists
Jewish American academics
Jewish American writers
Jewish British writers
Jewish feminists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Manchester
Radical feminists
Brown County is a county in Indiana. Its county seat is Nashville.

Cities 
There are no cities in Brown County

Towns 
Nashville

References 

Indiana counties
1836 establishments in Indiana
Larry D. Mann (18 December 1922 – 6 January 2014) was a Canadian actor.  He was known for his voice role as Rudolph on Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer.

Mann died on 6 January 2014 at his home in Los Angeles. He died from Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 91.

References

Other websites
 Larry D. Mann profile on northernstars.ca 
 

1922 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Toronto
Canadian movie actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Alma Muriel (20 October 1951 – 5 January 2014) was a Mexican actress. She was known for playing villain roles on telenovelas.

Muriel was born in Mexico City on 20 October 1951. She was partners with actor Joaquín Cordero.

Muriel died from a heart attack on 5 January 2014 at her apartment in Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo. She was aged 62.

References

Other websites

1951 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican stage actors
Actors from Mexico City
People from Quintana Roo
Cutthroat Kitchen is a reality cooking television show that airs on Food Network. It began on August 11, 2013. It is hosted by Alton Brown.

Format
Four chefs are given three cooking challenges. Each challenge has a type of dish that the chefs have to make in 30 minutes. Before then, the chefs have one minute to get ingredients out of a pantry. After 30 minutes, a judge tastes each dish, and the chef with the worst dish is eliminated.
At the start of the game, the chefs are each given $25,000. In the first two challenges, Brown shows items that are put up to auction for the chefs to buy using their money. The chefs can use these items on other chefs to change their ingredients, what cooking tools they can use, and other things. For example, an item may force a chef to cook using canned ingredients instead of fresh ones. The chef who is eliminated has to give back the money that they have. In the last challenge, no items are shown at first, but during the first minutes of the challenge, Brown will put items up for auction. This makes it so the person who gets the item has to change their dish based on what the item does. The chef that wins keeps the money that they have left.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 
 

2013 American television series debuts
Food Network
Reality television series
English-language television programs
Pescetarianism means having a diet that is vegetarianism but with fish and other seafoods.

References

Diets
Semi-vegetarianism means eating seafood or poultry, or both, but no red meat. People who eat red meat on rare occasion are flexitarians. Real or semi-vegetarians, though, usually resent flexitarian, looking down on this term and calling it cheating. 

A pescetarian is a person who eats fish, shrimp and seafood. They do not eat poultry.

A pollotarian is a person who eats chicken. They do not eat red meat, seafood or fish.

Pollo-pescetarians eat seafood, shrimp and poultry but no red meat.

People who have semi-vegetarian diets are usually doing so for health reasons, including avoiding heart disease, diabetes and strokes.

References

Diets
Ovo-lacto vegetarianism (alternate: lacto-ovo) is a diet in which people do not eat the flesh of animals. They do, though, eat eggs and dairy. Ovo-lacto vegetarians are the most prevalent types in the Western world. Such people are well served in restaurants, especially in certain parts of Europe and in North America.

Ovo-lacto vegetarians use this diet sometimes for religious reasons. Others use it for health.

References

Vegetarianism
Béla Károlyi (; born September 13, 1942) is a Romanian gymnastics coach. He was born in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca). At the time it was part of Hungary. He helped coach several gymnasts during the 1996 Summer Olympics.

References

Other websites
Béla Karolyi's bio at USA Gymnastics 
Image of Karolyi carrying Kerri Strug
"Bela Karolyi: World Renowned Gymnastics Coach" , Shade Global, New York, NY (PDF version)

1942 births
Living people
Romanian gymnasts
Coaches
Liam Cosgrave (13 April 1920 – 4 October 2017) was an Irish politician. Cosgrave served as Prime Minister of Ireland (1973–77) and as Leader of Fine Gael (1965–77). He was a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1943 to 1981.

Cosgrave died in Dublin on 4 October 2017 at the age of 97, after a long illness.

References

1920 births
Taoisigh of Ireland
People from Dublin
Members of Fine Gael
2017 deaths
Members of Dáil Éireann
Presidents of the European Council
General Prem Tinsulanonda (August 26, 1920 – May 26, 2019) was a Thai retired military officer. He was Prime Minister of Thailand from March 3, 1980 to August 4, 1988. He was the Regent of Thailand and the Head of the Privy Council.

Tinsulanonda died on May 26, 2019 from heart failure at a Bangkok hospital at the age of 98.

References

Other websites

General Prem Tinsulanonda Home Page
Prem Center for International Education
News article about his recent activity 

1920 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Prem Tinsulanonda
Prem Tinsulanonda
Thura U Tun Tin (, ; 2 October 1920 – 1 May 2020) was an Burmese politician. Tin served as the 9th Prime Minister of Burma for a few months in 1988.

He was born in Myitkyina on 2 October 1920. He studied at Mandalay College in 1941.

Tin died on 1 May 2020 in Yangon at the age of 99.

References

1920 births
2020 deaths
Prime Ministers of Myanmar
Lê Đức Anh (1 December 1920 – 22 April 2019) was an Vietnamese general and politician. He was President of Vietnam from 1992 until 1997. He became president after leading the Vietnamese forces in Cambodia throughout the 1980s. He was regarded as a conservative. He supported maintaining strict party control over local policies.

He was born in Phú Lộc District, Thừa Thiên–Huế Province on 1 December 1920. He died of stroke-related problems on 22 April 2019 in Hanoi, aged 98.

References

1920 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Vietnamese generals
Government ministers
Military personnel of the Vietnam War
Presidents of Vietnam
Year 40 (XL) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus without colleague.

Events

Roman Empire 
 The emperor Caligula is consul without colleague.
 Caligula starts a campaign to conquer Britain. It fails miserably. He names himself the winner.
 Noricum and Mauretania are added into the Roman Empire.
 Caligula reforms the principatus into a Hellenistic Autocracy. He distributes honors carelessly, declares himself a god and orders that all the heads of the Greek deity statues be replaced by his. According to legend, this is when he appointed his horse, Incitatus,  a senator.
 Approximate date of start of construction on the Pont du Gard aqueduct in Gallia Narbonensis.
 Philo teaches that all men are born free.
 An early Christian church is erected at Corinth (most probable date).

Europe 
 The Germanic Quadi tribe begin settling in present-day Moravia and Slovakia.
Asia 
 Vardanes I becomes king of Parthia.  He was opposed by his brother Gotarzes II.
 The Vietnamese Trung sisters rebel against the rule of the Chinese Emperor Guangwu of Han.

Africa 
 Christianity comes to Egypt.  Mark the Evangelist founds the Coptic Orthodox Church as the first pope.

Births 
 July 13 – Gnaeus Julius Agricola, Roman governor of Britain (d. 93 AD)
 Pedanius Dioscorides, Greek physician (approximate date) (d. 90 AD)
 Frontinus, Roman general and military author (approximate date) (d. 103)
 Dio Chrysostom, Greek philosopher and historian (approximate date d. c. 120)
 Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius and Messalina (d. 62)
 Empress Ma of the Han Dynasty (d. 79)

Deaths 
 January – Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, husband of Agrippina the younger, brother-in-law of Caligula (b. 17 BC)
 Ptolemy of Mauretania (b. 1 BC)

40
Antonio Imbert Barrera (December 3, 1920 – May 31, 2016) was a politician of the Dominican Republic. He served as President of the Dominican Republic from May 7, 1965 until August 30, 1965. The president before him was Pedro Bartolomé Benoit. The president after him was Héctor García Godoy.

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
North American military people
Presidents of the Dominican Republic
Pedro Richter Prada (January 4, 1921 – July 14, 2017) was a Peruvian politician. Prada was the Prime Minister of Peru from 31 January 1979 to 28 July 1980. On December 28, 2007, the Italian government arrested Prada for the disappearance of 25 Italian citizens in the 1970s.

In February 2015 a trial started in Italy related to Operation Condor, there were indictments against 32 people, including Richter Prada. He was charged with aggravated murder.

Prada died in Lima, Peru on July 14, 2017 at the age of 96.

References 

1921 births
2017 deaths
Prime Ministers of Peru
Peruvian criminals
Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg (5 January 1921 – 23 April 2019) ruled Luxembourg from 1964 to 2000. He was the father of the current ruler, Grand Duke Henri. He was the son of Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma.

Life
Jean was born at Berg Castle, in central Luxembourg. His name at birth was Jean Benoît Guillaume Robert Antoine Louis Marie Adolphe Marc d'Aviano.

He became Grand Duke when his mother, the Grand Duchess Charlotte, abdicated on 12 November 1964.

Grand Duke Jean abdicated on 7 October 2000. He was succeeded on the throne by his son Henri. Grand Duke Jean lived at Fischbach Castle.

Jean died at a hospital in Luxembourg City on 23 April 2019 from a lung infection at the age of 98.
Titles and styles
5 January 1921 – 12 November 1964: His Royal Highness The Hereditary Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Hereditary Prince of Nassau, Prince of Bourbon-Parma
12 November 1964 – 7 October 2000: His Royal Highness The Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Duke of Nassau
7 October 2000 – 23 April 2019: His Royal Highness Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg, Duke of Nassau

References

Other websites

Official biography (in French)
Cour Grand-Ducale de Luxembourg (in French)

1921 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
Grand Dukes of Luxembourg