Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The great Aryavartha shall never go on the path of progress if it has evils in this society who discriminate worthy men and who are arrogant in their nature. Ravana too was arrogant through his deeds and his name vanished away from history forever. The त्रिसदुष्टम- Arjuna, his arrogant preceptor Drona and his evil father Indra are an allegory of discrimination and Kshatriya arrogance of the society. There will always be domination-discrimination, arrogance and the त्रिदुष्टम in every society, consider it a rule of the nature but for every त्रिदुष्टम, there will be a heroic Karna to shatter this arrogance and dominance, and shall attain great fame and name in world.

In his youth he visited the ramakrishna Samaj and later he came in contact with Sri Ramakrishna. Sri Ramakrishna initiated him, and after his death Narendranath left his house and went on to found the Ramkrishna movement.
Vivekananda's mission
Born into an aristocratic Bengali Kayastha family of Calcutta, Vivekananda was inclined towards spirituality. He was influenced by his guru, Ramakrishna, from whom he learnt that all living beings were an embodiment of the divine self; therefore, service to God could be rendered by service to humankind. After Ramakrishna's death, Vivekananda toured the Indian subcontinent extensively and acquired first-hand knowledge of the conditions prevailing in British India. He later travelled to the United States, representing India at the Parliament of the World's Religions in 1893.

Related pages
 Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School

References 

1863 births
1902 deaths
Indian Hindus
Ashford Black Marble is a kind of dark limestone, which was mined from Ashford-in-the-Water, in Derbyshire, England. Once cut, turned and polished, its shiny black surface becomes very beautiful. 

Strictly speaking, Ashford Black Marble is not a true marble formed by heat, but a smooth sedimentary rock, a hard mass of dark minerals. True marble is a metamorphic rock formed by heat and pressure.

To make art objects, Ashford Black Marble can be cut as materials of them and put together with other fine stones. Derby Museum has a diagram of Ecton Hill made from Ashford Black Marble and other minerals.

History
Ashford Black Marble were used for decorative purpose since prehistory. Bess of Hardwick was known to use Ashford Black Marble.

Henry Watson played important roles in the development of the local industry of inlaying Ashford Black Marble in the 1750s. He was the uncle of Derbyshire geologist White Watson, and had a water-powered mill at Ashford in the Water.
Pots, obelisks, and other decorative items of AMB were frequently traded during the late 18th and early 19th century. John Mawe had a museum in Matlock Bath that dealt in black marble. Ann Rayner carved Black Marble into pictures using a diamond. Many art objects of Ashford Black Marble are collected in local institutions, including those of Derby Museum, Buxton Museum, and Chatsworth House. In 2009, huge blocks of Ashford Black Marble were found underground in Derby. The auction of these was planed because these blocks are valuable. The rocks might have been abandoned when an Ashford Black Marble manufacturer moved in the 1880s.

Geology
Ashford Black Marble is a kind of limestone which contains some carbon, and its particles are very small. Its dark color is from bitumen, and once cut and polished, the surface shines.
At first the rock was mined from Arrock Mine, and later in 1832 from nearby Rookery Plantation, near Ashford-in-the-Water.

Manufacturing techniques
Ashford Black Marble can be manufactured into pots, candlesticks and other similar objects, or sawn to make smooth, flat items such as obelisks and paper weights. 

Derby Museum and Art Gallery has collections of worked and part-worked items of Ashford Black Marble, got from an inlaying workshop owned by the Tomlinson family. This collection includes pieces of stones which were cut and ready to put into the black marble background. Forget-me-not and lily of the valley were typically designed. Various stones were used with Ashford Black Marble: Greys, blues and purples stones are from Monyash. "Rosewood" from Nettler Dale in Sheldon is a kind of barytes and has red and white layers. Castleton Blue John from Crich is a kind of flourspar and has purple and yellow colors. "Birds-Eye" rock has a design made from the fossils in it. "Duke's Red" is so valuable that it was stored at Chatsworth House. The tabletop design illustrated shows some of the combinations described here.
In the late 1780s, Derbyshire geologist White Watson made geological picture boards using Ashford Black Marble into which other local rocks were inlaid. These boards show layers of rock in different parts of the county. Derby Museum has a diagram of Ecton Hill made from Ashford Black Marble and other minerals.

William Martin was once a partner with Watson, and wrote the first scientific study of fossils. His Petrifacta Derbiensia says that Watson's uncle and workers at the Black Marble mine called some of the fossils "crocodile tails"

In 2006, Buxton Museum bought the Black Marble collection that had been left by John Michael Tomlinson. He had spent over 50 years to collect them after finding that his ancestors had been involved in Ashford Black Marble manufacturing.

Related material 
 Noir Belge

References

Sources
 
 The Gem of the Peak, William Adam, 1843

Other websites

 

Collections of Derby Museum and Art Gallery
Sedimentary rocks
The Tasmanian Wilderness is a term that is used for a range of areas in Tasmania, Australia.

The World Heritage Areas in South West Tasmania, Western Tasmania and Central Highlands are the most well known.

However, there are also other wilderness areas in Tasmania, Tarkine and the Cradle mountain wilderness. There is also an organisation known as the Tasmanian Wilderness Society.

The World Heritage Area is one of the largest conservation areas in Australia, covering 13,800 km², or almost 20% of Tasmania. The area constitutes one of the last expanses of temperate wilderness in the world, including the renowned South West Wilderness. The area became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982, and it was extended in 1989. It is important for both its natural value but also its cultural values as well.

Remains found in limestone caves show that humans have lived in the area for well over 20,000 years.
The Tasmanian Tiger was the largest Dasyuromorphia and the last living specimen of the family Thylacinidae. The last known specimen died in captivity in 1936.p77 The world's largest surviving carnivorous marsupial is the Tasmanian Devil; it is the size of a small dog and can hunt, although it is mainly a scavenger.p46 It became extinct on the mainland some 600 years ago, and is now found only in Tasmania.p69

World Heritage area
The following National Parks and reserves make up the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area:
 Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park
 Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
 Hartz Mountains National Park
 Mole Creek Karst National Park
 Southwest National Park
 Walls of Jerusalem National Park
 Central Plateau Conservation Area
 Devils Gullet State Reserve
 South East Mutton Bird Islet

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 World heritage listing for Tasmanian Wilderness
 Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife Service site 
 Position of World Heritage Area 
 UNESCO site
Valeri Mikhailovich Zelepukin (born September 17, 1968 in Voskresensk, URS) is a Russian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played a total of 11 seasons in the NHL; 7 with the New Jersey Devils, 1 with the Edmonton Oilers, 2 with the Philadelphia Flyers and 1 with the Chicago Blackhawks. He moved back to Russia in 2002 and retired. He won the Stanley Cup with the New Jersey Devils in 1995.

Other websites

1968 births
Living people
Russian ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Edmonton Oilers players
New Jersey Devils players
Norfolk Admirals players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Utica Devils players
American Hockey League players
Mikhail Yakubov (born February 16, 1982 in Barnaul, Russian SFSR) is a retired Russian professional ice hockey centre. He played for the Severstal Cherepovets of the Kontinental Hockey League. Yakubov also played in the NHL for a total of 3 seasons; 2 with the Chicago Blackhawks and 1 with the Florida Panthers. He was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks with the 10th overall pick in the 2000 NHL Draft.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Other websites

1982 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Norfolk Admirals players
Red Deer Rebels players
Russian ice hockey centres
The Queen's Indian defence is an important defence to 1.d4. It features a fianchetto of Black's QB.

It starts as follows:
1.d4 Nf6
2.c4 e6
3.Nf3 b6
and now 4e3, 4Nc3 and 4g3 are all possible. So is 4.a3, which prepares 5.Nc3 by preventing Black's 5...Bb4. This is the most usual line:

4.g3 Bb7 (4...Ba6 is also played here)
5.Bg2 Be7
6.0-0 0-0
7.Nc3 Ne4
8.Qc2 Nxc3
9.Qxc3

Chess openings
The bronchioles or bronchioli are a part of the lung. They are the first airway branches that no longer have cartilage. They are branches of the bronchi. The bronchioles end by entering the circular sacs called alveoli.

Anatomy of the respiratory system
A full twisting layout is a gymnastics tumble. The move is essentially a somersault but involves a full twist in the air. It can be performed tucked, piked or straight.

Gymnastics
Master of Public Administration (usually abbreviated MPA) is a postgraduate academic master's degree given by universities. Usually, it is awarded for studies toward Administration in the Public sector and Non-profit organizations. Usually, Public policy is part of the study. Additionally, there may be studies of comparisons between countries.

It is usually required to start a doctorate in Public Administration.

Academic degrees
Tanzanite is a blue-purple gemstone found in Tanzania, in the Mererani Hills near the city of Arusha and Mount Kilimanjaro. It is named after the country of Tanzania, where it is found. It is a kind of a mineral called zoisite. When it is first mined, tanzanite is usually a red-brown colour. It needs to be heated to 600 degrees Celsius in a special oven to bring out its purple colour.

Gemstones
The elephant shrew, also called sengi, are any of 16 species of rat-sized African mammals named for their long, tapered, and flexible snout (proboscis).  All have slim bodies, slender limbs, and very long hind legs and feet. Although they resemble shrews, they are not insectivores but constitute the mammalian order Macroscelidea.  Long thought to be related to shrews, they are actually more closely related to elephants than to shrews although this was not known or even widely believed until the 1990s.
Description 
Elephant shrews are terrestrial and are active during the day. Their ears and eyes are large, and, when alarmed, they run on their toes swiftly along paths they construct and maintain, sometimes leaping over obstacles. When foraging, they move along the pathways, using their paws and the constantly moving proboscis to turn over leaf litter and soil in search of prey, which consists of small insects (especially ants and termites), other arthropods, and earthworms. Gestation lasts two months, and litters contain one or two well-developed young.

Mammals of Africa
Mammals
Hyrax also called dassie is any of four species of thick, herbivorous mammals in the order Hyracoidea, any of six species of small hoofed mammal (ungulates) native to Africa and extreme southwestern Asia.

Hyraxes are well-furred rotund creatures with a short tail. Most measure between 30–70 cm long and weigh between 2–5 kg.  Hyraxes are mentioned in the Old Testament of the Bible and it is possible that the Hebrew word for hyrax (shafan) is the source of the name of present-day Spain.  Even though hyraxes are not native to Spain, rabbits are, and the theory states that early Hebrew explorers considered the rabbits to be a variety of hyrax.

Mammals of Africa
Mammals
Transposition means to change places. It is a technical term in several disciplines:

Transposition (music)
Transposition (chess)
Transposition (genetics), a term sometimes used for the action of a transposon

Related words
Transpose, the transpose of a matrix in mathematics
Reto von Arx (born 13 September, 1976 in Egerkingen, Switzerland) is a Swiss professional ice hockey left winger that currently plays for the HC Davos of the Swiss National League A. von Arx also played in the NHL for 1 season with the Chicago Blackhawks and also for their farm team at the time, the Norfolk Admirals. He was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks with the 271st overall pick in the 2000 NHL Draft.

Other websites

1976 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Norfolk Admirals players
Swiss ice hockey players
People from Biel/Bienne
René Gary Wayne Bourque (born December 10, 1981 in Lac La Biche, Alberta) is a former Canadian ice hockey left winger. He played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks, Calgary Flames, Montreal Canadiens, and Columbus Blue Jackets.

Awards 
He was named to the AJHL All-Rookie Team in the 1999–00 AJHL season.
He won the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award in the 2004–05 AHL season.
He was named to the AHL All-Rookie Team in the 2004–05 AHL season.

References

Other websites 

1981 births
Living people
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
First Nations people
Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players
Ice hockey people from Alberta
Montreal Canadiens players
Norfolk Admirals players
American Hockey League players
Absorption is when something takes in another substance. It is a physical or chemical phenomenon or  process. Atoms, molecules, or ions enter in the inner part (called "bulk") of a gas, liquid, or solid material. 

This is different from adsorption. Molecules undergoing absorption are going deep into the volume of the material, instead in the case of adsorption molecules stop at the surface of the material. A more general term is sorption, which covers absorption, adsorption, and ion exchange.

Other meanings of "absorption" are:
 Biology: entry of substances through the skin or other boundaries such as the intestine or cell membrane.
 Pharmacology: release of drugs into the blood.
 Physics: receiving of electromagnetic radiation by a material.

Notes 

Physical chemistry
Hillion is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister city
Hillion is twinned with:
 Ballabio, Italy, since 2003

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Plouha is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister cities
Plouha is twinned with:
 Killorglin, Ireland, since 1999
 Palas de Rei, Spain, since 2003.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Saint-Cast-le-Guildo is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Tréguier is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Sister city
Tréguier is twinned with:
 Mondoñedo, Spain

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Fréhel is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Twin towns
Fréhel is twinned with:
   Mafra, Portugal

Sport
Cap Fréhel (8,5 km from Fréhel and on the commune of Plévenon) is the end of the 5th stage of the 2011 Tour de France.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Lézardrieux is a commune. It is found in the Bretagne region in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
Noyal is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

Communes in Côtes-d'Armor
The San Antonio Rampage are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2002. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Phoenix Coyotes of the NHL. They play their home games in San Antonio, Texas at the AT&T Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Las Vegas Wranglers.

Other websites
San Antonio Rampage's Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Arizona Coyotes
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Sports in San Antonio, Texas
2002 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Texas
The Worcester Sharks are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2006. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the San Jose Sharks of the NHL. They play their home games in Worcester, Massachusetts at the DCU Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Stockton Thunder.

Other websites
Worcester Sharks' Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
San Jose Sharks
Worcester, Massachusetts
2006 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Massachusetts
The Syracuse Crunch are an American professional Ice hockey team that began playing in 1994. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Anaheim Ducks of the NHL. They play their home games in Syracuse, New York at the War Memorial at Oncenter. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Elmira Jackals.

Other websites
Syracuse Crunch's Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Anaheim Ducks
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Syracuse, New York
1994 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in New York (state)
The Toronto Marlies are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2005. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the NHL. They play their home games in Toronto, Ontario at the Ricoh Coliseum. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Reading Royals.

Other websites
Toronto Marlies' Official Site 

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Ontario
Toronto Maple Leafs
2005 establishments in Canada
The Portland Pirates were an American professional ice hockey team that played from 1993 to 2016. Throughout this time, they played in the American Hockey League (AHL) and were the farm team of the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL. They played their home games in Portland, Maine at the Cumberland County Civic Center, and won one Calder Cup which was in 1993.

The team left Portland after the 2015–16 season when it was bought by a group from Springfield, Massachusetts. That city had lost its AHL team, the Springfield Falcons, when the team was bought by the owners of the NHL's Arizona Coyotes and moved to Tucson, Arizona, where it now plays as the Tucson Roadrunners. The former Pirates team now plays as the Springfield Thunderbirds.

Other websites
Portland Pirates' Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Portland, Maine
1993 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Maine
2016 disestablishments in the United States
The Houston Aeros were an American professional ice hockey team that played from 1994 to 2013 in the American Hockey League. They played in Houston, Texas at the Toyota Center.

On April 19, 2013, it was announced that the team would move to Des Moines, Iowa at the beginning of the 2013–14 AHL season and would be known as the Iowa Wild.

References

Other websites
Houston Aeros' Official Site 

Defunct American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Minnesota Wild
Sports in Houston
1994 establishments in Texas
2013 disestablishments in the United States
21st-century disestablishments in Texas
Boxing gloves are giant gloves that boxers wear when fighting. These gloves are used to protect a boxer's hand. Boxing gloves are normally eight to ten ounces in weight. Boxing gloves are used in most forms of boxing. "Bare knuckle boxing" means fighting without wearing gloves.

Boxing
Sports gloves
Mamata Banerjee () (born 5 January 1955), popularly known as "Didi", is the current Chief Minister of the Indian state of West Bengal. She is the first woman Chief Minister of the state. She is also the founder and chairperson of the Trinamool Congress. Mamata Banerjee is also the Minister for Home, Health and Family Welfare, Land and Land Reforms, Information and Cultural Affairs, Hill Affairs, Minority Affairs and Madrassah Education, Agriculture, Power and Personnel and Administrative Reforms departments. She is a good orator. Her followers call her "Didi" (meaning the elder sister).

Mamata Banerjee has defeated the 34-year-old the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Front government in West Bengal. That government was the world's longest-serving democratically-elected communist government.
In the past, she was the Minister of Railways twice, Minister of Coal once, and Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Department of Youth Affairs and Sports and Women and Child Development once in the cabinet of the Government of India.

References

Other websites 

 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website 
 Official Party website 
 Profile: by BBC News dated 13 May 2011

|-

1955 births
Living people
Politicians from West Bengal
SK Admira Wien is a former football club from Vienna, Austria. It was founded in 1905 by a fusion of the  two clubs „Burschenschaft Einigkeit“ and„Sportklub Vindobona“ which also played in the Jedelsee area of Vienna. The club existed till 1971 when he was merged with  Sportclub Wacker Wien to FC Admira/Wacker.

The most successful aera of the club was in the years between 1926 and 1939 when the club reached seven Austrian national titles and  three Cups. During Nazi occupation of Austria they played in the Gauliga Ostmark. After the Anschluss in 1938 Admira played in the Gauliga Ostmark. Their win of the 1938–39 Gauliga Ostmark qualified them for the 1939 German football championship. They reached the final versus Schalke 04. They lost by a score of 0–9. After the Second World War they only reached one title in 1966 and three cup victories. In 1971 the club merged with Wacker Wien and was renamed Admira/Wacker. After financial problems  1997 VFB Mödling and Admira Wacker merges.
Admira players in Austrias team

|-
| 
    Josef Bican
    Michael Breibert
    Fritz Cejka
    Karl Durspekt
    Leopold Facco
    Friedrich Franzl
    Gustav Gerhart
    Erich Habitzl
    Wilhelm Hahnemann
    Josef Hamerl
    Franz Hanreiter
    Anton Janda
    Günter Kaltenbrunner
    Johann Klima
    Anton Koch
    Ferdinand Kolarik
    Gerhard Fleischmann
   Giuseppe Koschier
    Wilhelm Kreuz
    Robert Pavlicek
    Hans Pirkner
|
    Peter Platzer
    Franz Runge
    Anton Schall
   Johann Schierl
    Karl Schott
    Ignaz Sigl
    Karl Skerlan
    Walter Scholz
    Walter Stamm
    Karl Stoiber
    Heinrich Strasser
    Johann Szauer
    Karl Szoldatics
    Johann Urbanek
    Leopold Vogl
    Adolf Vogl
    Josef Wahl
    Rudolf Zöhrer
    Stefan Frühwirth
Josef Molzer

Admira Wien, SK
Maria Amalia of Saxony (24 November 1724 – 27 September 1760) was a Duchess of Saxony of the House of Wettin and wife of Charles III of Spain. Married to the then King of Naples, at the death of her brother in law Ferdinand VI of Spain, she became the queen of Spain. A cultured woman, she left a considerable architectural legacy in her adopted countries. She was also one of the shortest reigning queen consorts in Spanish history.

Biography

She was born at Dresden Castle in Dresden and was the eldest surviving the daughter of Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony and Maria Josepha of Austria. She was one of 15 children and was baptised with the names Maria Amalia Christina Franziska Xaveria Flora Walburga.

Marriage
Marriage

In 1737 Maria Amalia became engaged to the King of Naples and Sicily, the future Charles III of Spain. The marriage was confirmed on 31 October 1737. The following year, 1738, at the age of 14, Maria Amalia married King Charles, on 19 June at Gaeta, a proxy wedding having taken place in May the same year with her brother, Frederick Christian of Saxony representing Charles.

Queen of Naples
Queen of Naples

The couple resided in Naples and were very content. This marriage was looked upon favourably by the Holy See and effectively meant the conclusion of the diplomatic disagreement Charles and the See had had. Festivities lasted till 3 July. Maria Amalia was a very cultivated woman and played an important role in the construction of the Caserta Palace as well as the Palace of Portici, Teatro di San Carlo, Palace of Capodimonte as well as the Royal Palace of Naples. She also popularised Neapolitan porcelain at the "Capodimonte Porcelain Manufactory"  in 1743. Maria Amalia was also a patron of the composer Gian Francesco Fortunati who was a favourite at the Neapolitan court. She ans Charles eventually had 13 children.

Queen of Spain
Queen of Spain

At the end of 1758, Charles' half brother Ferdinand VI was displaying the same symptoms of depression that his their father used to suffer from. Ferdinand lost his devoted wife, Barbara of Portugal in August 1758 and would fall into deep morning for her. He named Charles his heir on 10 December 1758 before leaving Madrid to stay at Villaviciosa de Odón where he died on 10 August 1759. Charles was thus proclaimed the King of Spain under the name of Charles III and adicated as King of Naples as he could not join the three kingdoms of Spain, Naples and Sicily. 

That same year they left Naples for Madrid, leaving two of their children behind in Caserta. Her third son became Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, while his elder brother Infante Charles was groomed in Spain to inherit the Spanish crown. Her oldest son the Duke of Calabria was mentally retarded and was thus could not inherit the thrones.
Charles and his wife arrived in Barcelona on 7 October 1759. Residing in Spain, Maria Amalia once again did much to improve the royal residences having them redecorated and founded another porcelain factory at "Buen Retiro". A popular queen, she died of tuberculosis at the Buen Retiro Palace outside the capital having been a heavy smoker. She was buried at the Royal Crypt in El Escorial.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

24 November 1724 – 17 January 1734 Her Serene Highness Duchess Maria Amalia of Saxony
17 January 1734 – 19 June 1738 Her Royal Highness Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony, Duchess in Saxony
19 June 1738 – 10 August 1759 Her Majesty The Queen of Naples and Sicily
10 August 1759 – 27 September 1760 Her Majesty The Queen of Spain

House of Wettin
1724 births
1760 deaths
Deaths from tuberculosis
Spanish House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
Maria Luísa of Spain (24 November 1745 – 15 May 1792) was Holy Roman Empress, German Queen, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary as the spouse of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor.

Background

Maria Luisa was born in Portici, in Campania, the site of the summer palace (Reggia di Portici) of her parents, King Charles, King of Naples and Sicily and Maria Amalia of Saxony. She was the fifth daughter, and second surviving child, of her parents. Her father became King of Spain as Charles III in 1759, and she moved with her family to Spain. Her first cousins included Louis XVI, Maria I of Portugal and Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia.

Grand Duchess of Tuscany
On 16 February 1764 she was married by proxy at Madrid to Archduke Peter Leopold, the second son of Emperor Francis I and Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, and the heir apparent to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. The next year, on 5 August, she married him in person at Innsbruck. Only a few days later, the death of Emperor Francis made Maria Luisa's husband the new Grand Duke of Tuscany, and the newly married couple moved to Florence, where they would live for the next twenty-five years.

Holy Roman Empress
In 1790, on the death of Peter Leopold's childless brother, Joseph II, Maria Luisa's husband inherited the Habsburg lands in Central Europe, and was shortly thereafter elected Holy Roman Emperor.  Taking the name of Leopold II, the new Emperor moved his family to Vienna, where Maria Luisa took on the role of imperial consort.  Leopold died scarcely two years later, dying on 1 March 1792.  Maria Luisa followed her husband to the grave in less than three months, not living long enough to see her eldest son Francis elected as the last Holy Roman Emperor.
Mozart's opera La clemenza di Tito was commissioned by the Estates of Bohemia as part of the festivities that accompanied the coronation of Maria Luisa and her husband Leopold as king and queen of Bohemia in Prague on  6 September 1791.  In musical circles, Maria Luisa is famous for her putative denigration of Mozart's opera as "German rubbish" ("una porcheria tedesca"), however no claim that she made this remark pre-dates the publication in 1871 of Alfred Meissner's Rococo-Bilder: nach Aufzeichnungen meines Grossvaters, a collection of stories about cultural and political life in Prague in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

Issue
Maria Theresa of Austria (14 January 1767 - 7 November 1827) marrried Anton of Saxony and had issue.
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (12 February 1768 - 2 March 1835) married Elisabeth of Württemberg and had issue; married Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily and had issue; married Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este no issue; married Caroline Augusta of Bavaria no issue.
Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany (6 May 1769 - 18 June 1824) married Luisa of Naples and Sicily and had issue; married Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony no issue.
Maria Anna of Austria (22 April 1770 - 1 October 1809) died unmarried.
Charles of Austria (5 September 1771 - 30 April 1847) married Henrietta of Nassau-Weilburg and had issue.
Alexander Leopold of Austria (14 August 1772 - 12 July 1795) died unmarried.
Albrecht Johann Joseph of Austria (19 September 1773 - 22 July 1774) died in infancy.
Maximilian of Austria (23 December 1774- 10 March 1778)  died in infancy.
Joseph of Austria (9 March 1776 - 13 January 1847) married Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia and had issue; married  Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym and had issue; married Maria Dorothea of Württemberg and had issue.
Maria Clementina of Austria (1777 - 1801) married Prince Francesco, Duke of Calabria and had issue.
Anton of Austria (1779 - 1835) died unmarried unmarried, Grand Master of Teutonic Knights
Johann of Austria (1782 - 1859) married morganatically.
Rainer of Austria (30 September 1783 - 16 January 1853) married Elisabeth of Savoy and had issue.
Louis of Austria (13 December 1784 - 21 December 1864) died unmarried.
Rudolph of Austria (8 January 1788 - 24 July 1831) died unmarried.
Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

24 November 1745 – 16 February 1764 Her Royal Highness The Infanta Dona Maria Luisa
16 February 1764 – 20 February 1790 Her Royal Highness The Grand Duchess of Tuscany
20 February 1790 – 1 March 1792 Her Imperial Majesty The Holy Roman Empress
1 March 1792 - 15 May 1792 Her Imperial Majesty The Dowager Holy Roman Empress

Other websites 

Holy Roman Empresses consort
Spanish House of Bourbon
1745 births
1792 deaths
Spanish infantes and infantas
Grand Duchesses of Tuscany
Habsburg Dynasty
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
Counts and countesses of Flanders
People from Campania
Bourbons of Naples and Sicily
The Seafarers is a short movie directed by Stanley Kubrick. It was released in 1953.

Other websites 

1953 movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Stanley Kubrick
English-language movies
Spartacus is a 1960 American epic historical drama movie directed by Stanley Kubrick and based on the novel of the same name by Howard Fast. The life story of the historical figure Spartacus and the events of the Third Servile War were adapted by Dalton Trumbo as a screenplay.

The movie stars Kirk Douglas as rebellious slave Spartacus and Laurence Olivier as his foe, the Roman general and politician Marcus Licinius Crassus. Co-starring are Peter Ustinov (who won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as slave trader Lentulus Batiatus), John Gavin (as Julius Caesar), Jean Simmons, Charles Laughton, John Ireland, Herbert Lom, Woody Strode, Tony Curtis, John Dall and Charles McGraw. The movie won four Oscars in all.

The titles were designed by Saul Bass.

Anthony Mann, the film's original director, was replaced by Douglas with Kubrick after the first week of shooting.

Release dates

Other websites
Other websites 

1960 drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
American epic movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
1960s historical movies
Movies set in Italy
Movies set in Ancient Rome
Movies set in the 1st century BC
Movies directed by Stanley Kubrick
Movies about slavery
Movies based on books
English-language movies
Universal Pictures movies
1960s LGBT movies
American LGBT movies
Movies featuring a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award-winning performance
Maria Clementina of Austria (24 April 1777 – 15 November 1801) was an Austrian archduchess and the tenth child and third daughter of Leopold I, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Maria Luisa of Spain. She was the mother of the famous duchesse de Berry.

Infancy

Archduchess Maria Clementina was born at the Villa del Poggio Imperiale, Poggio Imperiale then located in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany which was then ruled by her father Leopold I (later Holy Roman Emperor) since 1765. She was named after Prince Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony, her mothers uncle and brother of Maria Amalia of Saxony, Maria Clementina's maternal grandmother.

Marriage
Marriage

She was married by proxy to Prince Francis, Duke of Calabria, her first cousin, on 19 September 1790. On 26 June 1797 in Foggia, Maria Clementina married the Duke of Calabria, eldest surviving son of Ferdinand IV of Naples and, Maria Carolina of Austria. Prince Francis was the Heir apparent to both the Neapolitan and Sicilian throne's. This marriage was the last of three between the Austrian and Neapolitan royal families, the previous two being between Archduke Francis, her oldest brother and Maria Teresa of Naples and Sicily in 1790 after Archduke Ferdinand and Luisa of Naples and Sicily. They were double first cousins as they shared all their grandparents in common. They had two children. She died in Naples after giving birth to a son the previous year which undermined her health. She is thought to have died from lung disease or tuberculosis. She was buried in Basilica of Santa Chiara, Naples with her son.
After her death, her husband married Infanta Maria Isabella of Spain, again his first cousin, the youngest surviving daughter of Charles IV of Spain (brother of Maria Clementina's mother) and Maria Luisa of Parma. 

Her only daughter Carolina, married Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry in April 1816. He was the son of Charles X of France and Maria Teresa of Savoy. They were the parents of the French pretender Henri d'Artois, Count of Chambord and the Duchess of Parma making Maria Clementina an ancestress of the present Duke of Calabria and his rival the Duke of Castro.

Issue

 Princess Carolina of Naples and Sicily (5 November 1798 – 17 April 1870) married Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry and had issue;
 Prince Ferdinando Francesco d'Assisi of Naples and Sicily  (27 August 1800 – 1 July 1801) died in infancy.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
Titles and styles

24 April 1777 – 26 June 1797 Her Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Clementina of Austria, Princess of Tuscany
26 June 1797 – 15 November 1801 Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Calabria

References

Other websites 

1777 births
1801 deaths
Deaths from lung disease
People from Florence
House of Habsburg-Lorraine
House of Bourbon
Tuscan princes and princesses
"Paparazzi" is a song by American pop singer Lady Gaga from her first album, The Fame (2008). It was released May 15, 2009

The song managed to reach number one in Germany; the top five in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the UK; and the top ten in the US.  It became Gaga's fourth consecutive number-one song on Billboard's Pop Songs airplay chart. On February 29, 2016, the Recording Industry Association of America certified "Paparazzi" 4× Platinum for sales and streams equal to four million copies in the United States.

Charts

Year-end charts

References 

2009 songs
Lady Gaga songs
Dance-pop songs
Chaudière-Appalaches is region of Quebec, Canada. It is named for the Chaudière River and the Appalachian Mountains.

According to the Canadian 2006 census 393,669 people live in Chaudière-Appalaches. It also has an area of . Its main cities are Lévis, Saint-Georges, Thetford Mines, Sainte-Marie and Montmagny.

Subdivisions 
Regional County Municipalities
 Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality
 Bellechasse Regional County Municipality
 La Nouvelle-Beauce Regional County Municipality
 Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality
 Les Etchemins Regional County Municipality
 L'Islet Regional County Municipality
 Lotbinière Regional County Municipality
 Montmagny Regional County Municipality
 Robert-Cliche Regional County Municipality

Independent City
 Lévis
 Borough of Desjardins
 Borough of Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière-Est
 Borough of Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière-Ouest
Major communities
Beauceville
Disraeli
Laurier-Station
Lévis
Montmagny
Saint-Apollinaire
Saint-Georges
Saint-Joseph-de-Beauce
Sainte-Marie
Saint-Pamphile
Thetford Mines

Other websites
Portail régional de la Chaudière-Appalaches  Official website
Tourisme Chaudière-Appalaches

Regions of Quebec
The Providence Bruins are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1992. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Boston Bruins of the NHL. They play their home games in Providence, Rhode Island at the Dunkin' Donuts Center. They have won 1 Calder Cup which was in 1998.

Other websites
Providence Bruins' Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Boston Bruins
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Providence, Rhode Island
1992 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Rhode Island
The Springfield Falcons are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1994. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Columbus Blue Jackets of the NHL. They play their home games in Springfield, Massachusetts at the MassMutual Center. Their CHL affiliate team is the Fort Wayne Komets.

Other websites
Springfield Falcons' Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Columbus Blue Jackets
Ice hockey teams in the United States
The Binghamton Senators are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2002. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Ottawa Senators of the NHL. They play their home games in Binghamton, New York at the Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Elmira Jackals.

Other websites
Binghamton Senators Official Site 

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Ottawa Senators
The Rochester Americans are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1956. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL. They play their home games in Rochester, New York at the Blue Cross Arena at the War Memorial. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Cincinnati Cyclones. The team is sometimes called the "Amerks" for short. The team has won 6 Calder Cups.

Other websites
Rochester Americans Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Rochester, New York
1956 establishments in the United States
1950s establishments in New York (state)
The Texas Stars are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2009. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Dallas Stars of the NHL. They play their home games in Cedar Park, Texas at the Cedar Park Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Idaho Steelheads and their CHL affiliate team is the Allen Americans.

Other websites
Texas Stars Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Dallas Stars
Ice hockey teams in the United States
2009 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Texas
The Peoria Rivermen were an American professional ice hockey team that played in the American Hockey League from 2005 to 2013. They play in Peoria, Illinois at the Carver Arena.

The AHL announced that on June 14, 2013, the Rivermen franchise would relocate to Utica, New York and be known as the Utica Comets for the 2013-14 AHL season.

References

Other websites
 Peoria Rivermen Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Defunct American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
St. Louis Blues
2005 establishments in Illinois
2013 disestablishments in the United States
21st-century disestablishments in Illinois
The Cleveland Monsters, known before the 2016–17 season as the Lake Erie Monsters, are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2007. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Columbus Blue Jackets of the NHL. They play their home games in Cleveland, Ohio at the Quicken Loans Arena.

Other websites
Cleveland Monsters Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Columbus Blue Jackets
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Sports in Cleveland
2007 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Ohio
In statistics, the interquartile range (IQR) is a number that indicates how spread out the data are, and tells us what the range is in the middle of a set of scores. 

The interquartile range IQR is defined as:

That is, it is calculated as the range of the middle half of the scores. The scores are divided into four equal parts, separated by the quartiles  and , after the scores have been arranged in ascending order (becoming bigger as one goes further). The second quartile  is also known as the median.

The interquartile range is not sensitive to outliers (scores that are much higher or much lower than the other scores). In fact, it eliminates them.

Example
Given the following 20 scores arranged from the smallest to the largest: 
1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 11, 11, 14, 14, 15, 15, 29
We can put them into four different groups of five numbers each:

1, 2, 2, 2, 3 | 4, 6, 8, 8, 8 | 8, 8, 9, 11, 11 | 14, 14, 15, 15, 29

The groups are thus separated by:

Hence the interquartile range is:
If the observation 29 has accidentally been written down as 92 instead, then this number is an outlier. Notice that the interquartile range is not affected in that case.

Related pages 

 Range (statistics)
 Standard deviation

References 

Statistics
The Amami Rabbit (Pentalagus furnessi; Amami: ʔosagi) also known as the Ryukyu Rabbit, is a primitive dark-furred rabbit which is only found in Amami Ōshima and Toku-no-Shima, two small islands in between southern Kyūshū and Okinawa in Kagoshima Prefecture in Japan. Often called a living fossil, the Amami Rabbit is a living remnant of ancient rabbits that once lived on the Asian mainland, where they died out, remaining only on the two small islands where they survive today.

Lagomorphs
Mammals of Japan
The Binghamton Devils were an American professional ice hockey team. They were in the American Hockey League (AHL). The team was in Binghamton, New York. It was the farm team for the New Jersey Devils of the NHL. The team moved to Binghamton from Albany in 2017.Their ECHL affiliate team was the Trenton Devils. The team ended operation in 2021 and became the Utica Comets.

Albany Devils 
The Binghamton Devils played as the Albany Devils starting in 2010. In 2017, they moved to Binghamton. When they were located in Albany, they would play their home games in Albany, New York at the Times Union Center and sometimes at the Boardwalk Hall.

Other websites
Albany Devils Official Site 

Ice hockey teams in the United States
American Hockey League teams
New Jersey Devils
Albany, New York
2010s establishments in New York (state)
2010 establishments in the United States
2021 disestablishments in the United States
The Abbotsford Heat were a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2009 and stopped in 2014. They played for 5 seasons in the American Hockey League and were the farm team of the Calgary Flames of the NHL. They played their home games in Abbotsford, British Columbia at the Abbotsford Entertainment & Sports Centre. 

The team struggled with financial problems and had low attendance near the end. The city of Abbotsford terminated their contract with the Heat on April 15, 2014. On May 5, 2014, The AHL's Board of Governors said at their spring meeting in Chicago that they had approved the relocation of the team to Glens Falls, New York for the 2014-15 AHL season.

References

Other websites
Official website 

2014 disestablishments in North America
American Hockey League teams
Calgary Flames
Defunct American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in British Columbia
2009 establishments in the United States
The ECHL (formerly East Coast Hockey League) is a professional ice hockey league based in the United States and is considered a lower tier than the American Hockey League.

Overview 
The ECHL and the American Hockey League are the only ice hockey leagues that receive recognition by the collective bargaining agreement between the National Hockey League and the National Hockey League Players' Association which means that any player that is signed to an entry-level NHL contract and is designated for assignment must report to a club either in the AHL or the ECHL. 

The major championship in the ECHL that the two winning team of their conferences play for is the Kelly Cup. There are currently 27 teams in the ECHL.

Teams in the ECHL 

 Notes

 A star (*) denotes a franchise move. See the respective team articles for more information.

Other websites 
 Official ECHL website

National Hockey League
Ice hockey leagues in Canada
Ice hockey leagues in the United States
1988 establishments in the United States
The Grand Rapids Griffins are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1996 in the IHL. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Detroit Red Wings of the NHL. They play their home games in Grand Rapids, Michigan at the Van Andel Arena. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Toledo Walleye.

Other websites
Grand Rapids Griffins Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Detroit Red Wings
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Grand Rapids, Michigan
1996 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Michigan
The Hamilton Bulldogs are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1996. They play in the Onatrio Hockey League.
They formerly played in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Montreal Canadiens of the NHL. 
They play their home games in Hamilton, Ontario at the Copps Coliseum which is nicknamed "The Dog Pound".

Other websites
Hamilton Bulldogs Official Site 

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in Ontario
Montreal Canadiens
Sport in Hamilton
The Chicago Wolves are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1994. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Vegas Golden Knights of the NHL. They play their home games in Rosemont, Illinois at the Allstate Arena. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Gwinnett Gladiators.

Other websites
Chicago Wolves Official Site

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Vegas Golden Knights
1994 establishments in Illinois
The Oklahoma City Barons are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2010. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Edmonton Oilers of the NHL. They play their home games in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma at the Cox Convention Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Stockton Thunder.

Other websites
Oklahoma City Barons Official Site 

American Hockey League teams
Ice hockey teams in the United States
Oklahoma City
2010 establishments in the United States
21st-century establishments in Oklahoma