Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
|-
|1989||2||1
|-
|1990||0||0
|-
|1991||6||0
|-
|1992||0||0
|-
|1993||10||1
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||7||1
|-
|1997||9||1
|-
|1998||10||0
|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||13||2
|-
|2001||7||2
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||2||0
|-
!Total||74||8
|}

References 

1965 births
Living people
Paraguayan footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Erik Nevland is a football player. He plays for Fulham and Norway national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Viking||rowspan="2"|Premier League||1||0
|-
|1997||13||5

|-
|1997-98||Manchester United||Premier League||0||0

|-
|1998||Viking||Premier League||8||3

|-
|1999||Göteborg||Allsvenskan||4||0

|-
|1999-00||Manchester United||Premier League||0||0

|-
|2000||rowspan="5"|Viking||rowspan="5"|Premier League||20||13
|-
|2001||25||14
|-
|2002||20||10
|-
|2003||25||11
|-
|2004||23||6

|-
|2004-05||rowspan="4"|Groningen||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||20||16
|-
|2005-06||29||8
|-
|2006-07||27||13
|-
|2007-08||12||6

|-
|2007-08||rowspan="2"|Fulham||rowspan="2"|Premier League||7||2
|-
|2008-09||||
135||62
8||2
4||0
88||43
235||107
|}

International career statistics

|-
!Total||4||0
|}

References

Norwegian footballers
1977 births
Living people
Bill Shankly (2 September 1913 – 29 September 1981) is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

He was brought up in the mining village of Glenbuck.   His dad was a miner, but Bill would not go down the mine so he went to football training instead.  Glenbuck Cherrypickers were the start of his playing job.  He then went to Scotland for a year (1938–1939).  After that he went to Preston North End.

Bill played for Preston until the Second World War started. During the war he served in the army and met his wife Ness. After the war he was manager of Carlisle, Workington and Grimsby. He became assistant manager of Huddersfield Town but left in 1959 to manage Liverpool. He won lots of cups at Anfield. He was much loved by the Liverpool fans. He left in 1974 but afterwards wished he hadn't.

1913 births
1981 deaths
Scottish football managers
Footballers from East Ayrshire
William McNeill  (2 March 1940 – 22 April 2019) was a Scottish football player and manager. He played as a defender.

Life and career

Club career
McNeill was born in Bellshill. He played for nearby club Blantyre Victoria before signing for Celtic in 1957. During his playing career at Celtic, McNeill was the captain of the clubs most successful sides of the 1960s and 1970s. In his 18 seasons at the club, Celtic won many honours. This totalled nine league titles, seven Scottish Cups, six Scottish League Cups and one European Cup. In the 1966–67 season, Celtic won the European Cup Final against Inter Milan, with McNeill as captain. This was the first European Cup won by a British side, and the only to date won by a Scottish side. Celtic again made the European Cup Final in 1970. However, McNeill's side lost to Feyenoord.

McNeill played all of his senior games for Celtic. This makes him the Celtic player with the most games played for the club at 822. He retired from playing in 1975.
International career
McNeill played for Scotland between 1961 and 1972. In the 29 games played for his country, he scored three goals.

Management
Soon after retirement from playing, McNeill became a football manager. For a short time, he managed Clyde. He left Clyde after a short time for Aberdeen. He finished as a runner-up in the league and Scottish Cup with Aberdeen. Celtic manager Jock Stein left the club in 1978. McNeill soon became Celtic's manager. As Celtic manager between 1978 and 1983, he won three league titles, a Scottish Cup and a Scottish League Cup. He would go on to manage English sides Manchester City (1983–86) and Aston Villa (1986–87).
McNeill returned to manage Celtic in 1987. In his first season in his second stint, Celtic won the league and Cup double. The next season, 1988–89, the side won another Scottish Cup. However, the next two seasons saw no trophies won at Celtic and McNeill was sacked in May 1991. He never returned to full management but was caretaker manager at Hibernian for a short time in 1998.

Personal life and death
McNeill was awarded an MBE in 1974. He also wrote three books, For Celtic and Scotland (1966), Back to Paradise (1988) and Hail Cesar (2004).

In February 2017, McNeill's family said that he had been living with dementia for many years. He died on 22 April 2019, at the age of 79.

Club career stats
Club career stats

|-
|1957–58||rowspan="18"|Celtic||rowspan="18"|Division One||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||0||0
|-
|1958–59||17||0||colspan="2"|–||6||0||colspan="2"|–||23||0
|-
|1959–60||19||0||7||0||6||0||colspan="2"|–||32||0
|-
|1960–61||31||1||8||0||4||0||colspan="2"|–||43||1
|-
|1961–62||29||1||6||0||6||0||colspan="2"|–||41||1
|-
|1962–63||28||1||7||0||6||0||1||0||42||1
|-
|1963–64||28||0||4||0||6||0||8||0||46||0
|-
|1964–65||22||0||6||1||6||0||2||0||36||1
|-
|1965–66||25||0||7||0||10||0||7||1||49||1
|-
|1966–67||33||0||6||0||10||2||9||1||58||3
|-
|1967–68||34||5||1||0||10||0||2||0||47||5
|-
|1968–69||34||3||7||3||9||0||6||0||56||6
|-
|1969–70||31||5||5||0||10||2||9||0||55||7
|-
|1970–71||31||1||8||1||10||0||5||1||54||3
|-
|1971-72||34||3||6||1||8||0||7||0||55||4
|-
|1972–73||30||1||7||1||10||0||4||0||51||2
|-
|1973–74||30||0||5||0||11||0||7||0||53||0
|-
|1974–75||30||1||4||0||9||0||2||0||45||1
486||22||94||7||137||4||69||3||786||36
486||22||94||7||137||4||69||3||786||36
|}
International career stats

|-
!Total||29||3
|}

Honours

Player
Celtic
 Scottish Football League: 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74
 Scottish Cup: 1964–65, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1973–74, 1974–75
 Scottish League Cup: 1965–66, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1974–75
 European Cup: 1966–67

Manager
Celtic
 Scottish Football League: 1978–79, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1987–88
 Scottish Cup: 1979–80, 1987–88, 1988–89
 Scottish League Cup: 1982–83

Manchester City
 Football League Second Division: promotion 1984–85

References

Other websites

 

1940 births
2019 deaths
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Scottish football managers
Scottish writers
Footballers from North Lanarkshire
Edmundo (born 2 April, 1971) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1991||rowspan="2"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1992||23||8||||||||||23||8
|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Palmeiras||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||11||||||||||19||11
|-
|1994||21||9||||||||||21||9
|-
|1995||Flamengo||Série A||14||2||||||||||14||2
|-
|1996||Corinthians||Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="2"|Série A||16||9||||||||||16||9
|-
|1997||28||29||||||||||28||29

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Fiorentina||rowspan="2"|Serie A||9||4||||||||||9||4
|-
|1998/99||28||8||||||||||28||8

|-
|1999||Vasco da Gama||Série A||16||13||||||||||16||13
|-
|2000||Santos||Série A||20||13||||||||||20||13

|-
|2000/01||Napoli||Serie A||17||4||||||||||17||4

|-
|2001||Cruzeiro||Série A||12||3||||||||||12||3
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Tokyo Verdy||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||5||2||3||2||0||0||8||4
|-
|2002||26||16||0||0||6||5||32||21
|-
|2003||Urawa Red Diamonds||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0

|-
|2003||Vasco da Gama||Série A||20||7||||||||||20||7
|-
|2004||Fluminense||Série A||19||7||||||||||19||7
|-
|2005||Nova Iguaçu||||2||1||||||||||2||1
|-
|2005||Figueirense||Série A||31||15||||||||||31||15
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Palmeiras||rowspan="2"|Série A||29||10||||||||||29||10
|-
|2007||20||4||||||||||20||4
|-
|2008||Vasco da Gama||Série A||26||13||||||||||26||13
316||154||||||||||316||154
54||16||||||||||54||16
31||18||3||2||8||5||42||25
401||188||3||2||8||5||412||195
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1992||4||1
|-
|1993||5||1
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||12||5
|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||5||2
|-
|1998||8||1
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
!Total||37||10
|}

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1971 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Adrian Mutu (born 8 January 1979) is a Romanian football manager and former player. He plays for Fiorentina and the Romania national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Argeş Piteşti||rowspan="3"|Divizia A||5||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|1997/98||21||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||4
|-
|1998/99||15||7||colspan="2"|-||6||3||21||10
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Dinamo Bucureşti||rowspan="2"|Divizia A||15||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||4
|-
|1999/00||18||18||colspan="2"|-||3||4||21||22

|-
|1999/00||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||10||0||4||2||colspan="2"|-||14||2
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Hellas Verona||rowspan="2"|Serie A||25||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||4
|-
|2001/02||32||12||0||0||colspan="2"|-||32||12
|-
|2002/03||Parma||Serie A||31||18||1||0||4||4||36||22

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Chelsea||rowspan="2"|Premier League||25||6||4||3||7||1||36||10
|-
|2004/05||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Juventus||rowspan="2"|Serie A||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2005/06||32||7||4||3||8||1||44||11
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="5"|Fiorentina||rowspan="5"|Serie A||33||16||0||0||colspan="2"|-||33||16
|-
|2007/08||29||17||1||0||8||6||38||23
|-
|2008/09||16||10||1||0||5||2||22||12
|-
|2009/10||14||7||2||4||6||3||22||14
|-
|2010/11||30||14||0||0||0||0||30||14
74||35||colspan="2"|-||9||7||83||42
209||86||10||3||25||13||244||102
27||6||4||3||7||1||38||10
310||125||14||6||42||22||366||153
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2000||11||1
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||6||1
|-
|2003||10||7
|-
|2004||5||5
|-
|2005||5||5
|-
|2006||6||3
|-
|2007||9||6
|-
|2008||7||2
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||67||30
|}

References 

1979 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Romanian football managers
David Moyes is a Scottish former footballer and is currently a manager. He is the manager of West Ham United. As a player, he played for Preston North End, Dunfermline Athletic, and Shrewsbury Town

References

Scottish football managers
Footballers from Glasgow
1963 births
Living people
Gérard Paul Francis Houllier OBE (3 September 1947 – 14 December 2020) was a French football manager and former player. He was the technical director of NSWL team OL Reign at the time of his death. Houllier is most known for his time at Liverpool, and is considered one of their best managers because of the trophies he won.

Houllier died on 14 December 2020 at a Paris hospital from heart surgery-related problems, aged 73.

Honours

Manager
Paris Saint-Germain
Division 1: 1985–86

Liverpool
FA Cup: 2000–01
Football League Cup: 2000–01, 2002–03
FA Charity Shield: 2001 
UEFA Cup: 2000–01 
UEFA Super Cup: 2001 

Lyon
Ligue 1: 2005–06, 2006–07
Trophée des Champions: 2005, 2006

France U18
UEFA European Under-18 Championship: 1996

Individual
UEFA Team of the Year: 2001
European Coach of the Year—Alf Ramsey Award: 2001
World Soccer Magazine World Manager of the Year: 2001
Onze d'Or Coach of the Year: 2001
Ligue 1 Manager of the Year: 2007
Premier League Manager of the Month: December 1999, March 2002, October 2002
Orders
Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur: 2002

References

Other websites

 Profile, stats and pictures of Gerard Houllier 
 LFC Online profile
 Manager profile at LFChistory.net
 Gérard Houllier – Nomination FFF Role

1947 births
2020 deaths
Association football midfielders
Footballers from Pas-de-Calais
French football managers
The waggle dance is a special 'figure-of-eight' dance that is done by the honey bee in its hive. By this, a worker tells the others where it has found nectar. This was shown by the Austrian ethologist Karl von Frisch.

The dance is a type of communication for bees. It is done to give other bees information about the direction and distance to flowers that have nectar or pollen, or both. It is also used to tell the bees where water can be found.

The dance is used for bees to get others to help them collect resources for the hive. It used to be thought that bees have two distinct "recruitment" dances. There were the "round dances" and waggle dances. Round dances were thought to be used for things that were close by and wiggle dances were for things farther away. It is now known that a round dance is only a waggle dance with a very short "waggle run" (see below).
Description
A waggle dance is made up of one to 100 or more circuits. Each circuit has two phases. These phases are the waggle phase and the return phase. When a bee returns to the hive after finding a good food source, it performs the dance.  The bee will run through a small wave-like pattern (a waggle run or waggle phase). After this, it will turn to the right and circle back to the starting point (the return phase). It will then do another waggle run and then turn to the left and circle back to the beginning. The waggle phase of the dance is the most notable and informative part of the dance.
The direction and duration of waggle runs show the direction and distance to flowers.  Flowers that are located directly in line with the sun are shown by waggle runs in an upward direction on the vertical combs. If the flowers are at an angle to the right or left of the sun, the waggle run is done at the same angle to the upward direction.  The distance between hive and flowers is shown in the duration of the waggle runs. The farther the flowers are from the hive, the longer the waggle phase. For every 100 meters the flowers are distant from the hive, the waggle phase lasts about 75 milliseconds.

Applications to operations research
People study the swarm intelligence of social insects and animals such as fish, birds, and ants. Recently, there has been research on using bee waggle dance behavior for fault-tolerant routing. From the abstract of Wedde, Farooq, and Zhang (2004)

Another technique based on bees is called bee colony optimization. It is used help Internet servers communicate better.
Other reading
Gould JL 1975. Honey bee recruitment: the dance-language controversy. Science 189:685−693.
Riley JR, Greggers U, Smith AD, Reynolds DR, Menzel R 2005. The flight paths of honeybees recruited by the waggle dance". Nature 435:205-207.
Seeley TD 1995. The wisdom of the hive. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
von Frisch K 1967. The dance language and orientation of bees. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Other websites
Communication and Recruitment to Food Sources by Apis mellifera  – USDA-ARS (accessed 2005-03)
Honeybee Communication  – Kimball's Biology Pages (accessed 2005-09)

References

Animal communication
Bees
James Yuille McLean (2 August 1937 – 26 December 2020) was a Scottish football player and manager. He was best known for being the manager of Dundee United F.C. for 22 years between 1971 and 1993. While he was at Dundee United, the team won the 1982/83 Scottish Football League Championship and made it to many cup finals including the 1987 UEFA Cup Final against IFK Gothenburg.

McLean died at the age of 83 on 26 December 2020 from dementia-related problems.

References

1937 births
2020 deaths
Scottish football managers
Footballers from South Lanarkshire‎
Winners

Multiple winners (drivers) 

Active drivers are in bold.

Multiple winners (constructors) 
Embolded constructors are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

Active constructors are in bold.

By year

References 

Formula One Grands Prix
The Hockenheimring Baden-Württemberg is an automobile racing track near the town of Hockenheim in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Amongst other motor racing events, it holds the annual Formula One German Grand Prix in turns with the Nürburgring. Being in the Rhine valley, the circuit is almost completely flat, with very little change in height.

Formula One circuits
1932 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in Germany
The Singapore Grand Prix is a Formula One race staged in the Marina Bay area of Singapore, the race is Formula One's first night race. The first race was won by Spanish driver Fernando Alonso of the Renault F1 team on 28 September 2008.

Winners

Formula One

Multiple winners (drivers)

Multiple winners (constructors)

By year

Pre Formula One years

Multiple winners (drivers) 

Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

Multiple winners (constructors) 
No team has won the grand prix more than once.

By year 

Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Gallery

References

Further reading

Other websites 
 Singapore Grand Prix Official Website
 Singapore confirms 2008 night race
 Google Earth placemark of the circuit 
 1966 Singapore Grand Prix newsreel

Events in Singapore
Formula One Grands Prix
Sport in Singapore
Steven Patrick Morrissey (born 22 May 1959), known by the stage name of Morrissey from his surname, is an English musician, singer and songwriter. He helped form and sang lead for the English band The Smiths from 1982 to 1987. After the band's breakup, he went on to become a successful solo artist. Morrissey has had many Top 10 hits. In 2013 Morrissey released his autobiography. Morrissey is known for his support of animal rights.

Early life
Born at Park Hospital in Davyhulme, Morrissey grew up as a Catholic as his parents were Irish Catholic immigrants. His parents had emigrated to England just before Morrissey's birth and, along with his only sibling (elder sister Jackie) they created a new life for themselves within the Manchester district of Hulme.

The Smiths
The Smiths

The Smiths were formed in early 1982 by Steven Morrissey and John Maher, a guitarist and songwriter, Maher later changed his surname to Marr to avoid confusion with the Buzzcocks drummer. During the five years of The Smiths, Marr and Morrissey produced four studio albums, one live album as well as nineteen singles, along with the two other band members, bass player Andy Rourke and drummer Mike Joyce. 

Each of their four albums The Smiths, Meat Is Murder, The Queen Is Dead and Strangeways, Here We Come charted in the top two of the UK Albums Chart, with Meat Is Murder charting at number one. Their live album Rank also peaked at number two in the album charts. To date seven compilation albums have been produced with an eighth due for release in November of this year.
Solo career
Following the split of The Smiths, Morrissey has produced and released nine studio albums under five different music labels. His ninth album, Years of Refusal, was released on 16 February 2009. The album got good reviews from music critics.

Solo discography
Viva Hate (1988)
Bona Drag (1990)
Kill Uncle (1991)
Your Arsenal (1992)
Vauxhall and I (1994)
Southpaw Grammar (1995)
Maladjusted (1997)
You Are the Quarry (2004)
Ringleader of the Tormentors (2006)
Years of Refusal (2009)
"World Peace Is None of Your Business" (2014)
"Low In High School" (2017)

Personal life
Morrissey has been vegetarian since he was 11 years old.

Morrissey said in a statement posted on his website in October 2013, "Unfortunately, I am not homosexual. In technical fact, I am humasexual. I am attracted to humans. But, of course ... not many".
Health
In early 2013, Morrissey was diagnosed with a bleeding ulcer. In March 2013, he had double pneumonia. In June 2014, he had a respiratory infection. In October 2014, he said that he has had treatment for cancer.

References

1959 births
Living people
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Manchester
The Smiths members
Hernando de Soto Polar (born June 2, 1941 in Lima) is an economist and politician from Peru. He has become known for what he wrote and said on the Informal economy and property rights.

In 2020, he announced his candidacy for President of Peru for the 2021 general election. He ultimately placed fourth in an atomized race of 18 nominees.

Main ideas

Private ownership is needed

In his books, de Soto says that an economy cannot go past the stage of a subsistence economy if there is not a formal system of owning property (land or goods). Developing countries have informal ownership since no formal certificate says that land or goods really belong to a certain person.

De Soto thinks the capitalist economies of the United States developed because they had a clear system of owning property. For the United States, the formal system of owning property came from it being a colony of England. Japan's formal system came after the Second World War.
Because formal ownership systems do not exist in developing countries, the poor people in these nations cannot develop. They cannot use their land as a guarantee to the bank to get money to build something, for example. De Soto argues that this is the basis for enterpreneurship.  In much of the developing world,famers therefore  are left with subsistence agriculture. As such, he argues that this informal ownership should be made formal, for example by giving squatters in shanty towns land titles to the land they now live on.

Government bureaucracy is bad for the economy 

De Soto also argues that government bureaucracy greatly hinders the ability for people to hold private property, for example:
"In Haiti, one way an ordinary person can settle legally on government land is first to lease it from the government for five years and then buy it.  Working with associates in Haiti, our researchers found that to obtain such a lease took 65 bureaucratic steps requiring, on average, a little more than two years.  All for the privilege of merely leasing the land for five years."

"In Egypt, the person who wants to acquire and legally register a lot on state-owned desert land must wind his way through at least 77 bureaucratic procedures at 31 public and private agencies.  This can take anywhere from 5 to 14 years.  To build a legal dwelling on former agricultural land would require 6 to 11 years of bureaucratic wrangling."

Thus entrepreneurs are driven to form "underground" economies, but de Soto points out the serious disadvantages:
"Extra legal businesses are taxed by the lack of good property law and continually having to hide their operations from the authorities.  Because they are not incorporated, extralegal entrepreneurs cannot lure investors by selling shares; they cannot get low interest formal credit because they do not even have legal addresses.  They cannot reduce risks by declaring limited liability or obtaining insurance coverage.  In fact, the only 'insurance' available to them is that provided by their neighbors and the protection that local bullies or mafia are willing to sell them.  Moreover, because extralegal entrepreneurs live in constant fear of government detection and extortion from corrupt officials, they are forced to split and compartmentalize their production facilities between many locations, thereby rarely achieving important economies of scale
.  With one eye always on the lookout for police, underground entrepreneurs cannot openly advertise to build up their clientele or make less costly bulk deliveries to customers."
Thomas Sowell's review of his book

Thomas Sowell writes:

For the entire Third World and the former Communist countries, de Soto's calculation is that the total value of all the land held, but not legally owned, by the poor is more than 20 times all direct foreign investment in the Third World and more than 90 times all the foreign aid to all Third World countries over the past three decades.

The amount of wealth available within Third World countries themselves vastly exceeds anything that the prosperous countries have given them or are likely to give them.

Many American businesses were begun by someone who borrowed the money to get started, using his home as collateral.
The crucial theme of the book is that this vast amount of wealth cannot be used, as it is in the west, as investments to create still more wealth and rising standards of living.  That is because real estate, businesses and other assets in the underground economies of the Third World cannot be used as collateral to raise capital to finance the growth of industry and trade.

Bureaucracy and legal systems which are too complicated often cause people to use illegal or informal ways to invest and buy property. It is bad for the whole country to not let every person have legal property rights because without these rights there will not be as much investment, hurting the economy.

People, including law professors, who think that only the rich should have the property rights should read this book. The poor need these rights more than anyone else, because it can help them stop being poor.

Related pages
List of scientists from South America

References

1941 births
Living people
Politicians from Lima
Economists
The Belgian Grand Prix is an motor race, part of the Formula One World Championship.
The first national race of Belgium was held in 1925 at the Spa region's race course, an area of the country that had been associated with motor sport since the very early years of racing before the turn of the century. To accommodate Grand Prix racing, the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps race course was built in 1921 but it was only used for motorcycle racing until 1924. After the 1923 success of the new 24 hours of Le Mans in France, the Spa 24 Hours, a similar 24 hour endurance race, was run at the Spa track.

Winners

Repeat winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.

Repeat winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.
Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.

* Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

** Between 1999–2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

Year by year

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship.
''A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.

References

Other websites

 Official Website of the Belgian Formula One Grand Prix

Formula One Grands Prix
Hernando de Soto (Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Spain, c.1496/1497–May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador. He led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States.  He was trying to find gold and a way to China.  The expedition explored the southern United States.  De Soto was probably the first European to discover the Mississippi River.  He died in 1542 on the banks of the Mississippi River at present-day Lake Village, Arkansas.

Personal life

Hernando de Soto was born to parents who were hidalgos in Extremadura.  In this region, there was a lot of poverty and hardship.  For this reason, many young people looked for ways to seek their fortune elsewhere.
De Soto’s parents were poor.  Two towns, Badajoz and Jerez de los Caballeros, claim to be his birthplace.  All that is known with certainty is that he spent time as a child at both places.  In his will, he wanted to be buried at Jerez de los Caballeros, where other members of his family were also buried.

Exploration

The Age of the Conquerors began right after of the Spanish reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from Islamic forces.  After the Moors were defeated, Spain and Portugal were filled with young men begging for a chance to find military fame.  After explorers discovered new lands to the West (which they thought was far East Asia), many more young men became explorers with the goal of earning wealth and glory.
De Soto sailed to the New World in 1514 with the first Governor of Panama, Pedrarias Dávila.  During the conquest of Central America, de Soto became known for his leadership, his strong loyalty, and his extortion of native villages for their captured chiefs. He gained fame as an excellent horseman, fighter, and tactician.  However, he was also well known for his extreme brutality.

De Soto was influenced by Juan Ponce de León, who discovered Florida; Vasco Núñez de Balboa, who discovered the Pacific Ocean (which he called the "South Sea" below Panama); and Ferdinand Magellan, who first sailed the Pacific Ocean to the Orient.

References 

1490s births
1542 deaths
Spanish explorers
People from Extremadura
Circuit de Monaco is the name given to a motor racing circuit laid out on the city streets of Monte Carlo and La Condamine around the harbor of the principality of Monaco. It is commonly referred to as "Monte Carlo" because it is largely inside the Monte Carlo neighborhood of Monaco.

Deaths from crashes 
 1952 Luigi Fagioli
 1967 Lorenzo Bandini

Other websites 

 Monaco Grand Prix 
 Circuit de Monaco History and Statistics 
 Statistics from official F1 site

Monaco
Monte Carlo
The Dutch Grand Prix is a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort, from 1952 to 1985. It was brought back in 2021.

In 1985 the company that ran the circuit (CENAV) went out of business. This marked the end of Circuit Zandvoort. The municipality of Zandvoort took over ownership. Part of the grounds and track were sold in 1987 to Vendorado, a Bungalow park developer.

Winners of the Dutch Grand Prix

Repeat Winners (drivers) 

Events that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

Repeat winners (constructors) 

Events that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.
Active constructors are in bold.

By year

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

Events that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

Formula One Grands Prix
The United States Grand Prix is a motor race which has been run on and off since 1908, when it was known as the American Grand Prize. The race later became part of the Formula One World Championship. From 2000 to 2007, the race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course. the United States Grand Prix was dropped from the Formula One calendar starting in 2008.

In 2010, the FIA announced that the race would return to the United States at a new circuit near Austin, Texas. The new track, known as the Circuit of the Americas, hosted its first U.S. Grand Prix in .

History
History

Indianapolis Motor Speedway 
Formula One returned to the United States in . The race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. A road course was built for the Formula one race. Part of the oval track was used, including the main straightaway and turn 4. The remaining part of the road course was built in the infield portion of the track. Even thought most American races run counter-clockwise, including the Indianapolis 500, the Formula One course was built to run clockwise.

Circuit of the Americas 
A new race track is being built in the Austin area. This track is being designed and built for the use of Formula One racing and MotoGP, and will also host a round of V8 Supercars, an Australia-based touring car racing series. The track will be located southeast of Austin next to state highway 130. The track will be located on a 900 acre site. The location used to known as the Wandering Creek property.

Winners of the United States Grand Prix
Repeat winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season. A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

** Built by  Ilmor in 2001, funded by Mercedes

By year
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom
United Kingdom

Other websites 
 United States Grand Prix History 
 United States Grand Prix Statistics 
 Formula One Phoenix Circuit History
 Formula One Fair Park Circuit History
 Formula One United States Grand Prix in Austin

References 

Formula One Grands Prix
The Spanish Grand Prix () is a Formula One race currently held at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. The race is one of the oldest in Formula 1 racing.

Winners of the Spanish Grand Prix

Multiple winners (drivers) 
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season
A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Multiple winners (constructors) 
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event that was part of the pre-war European Championship.

Multiple winners (engine manufacturers) 
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event that was part of the pre-war European Championship.
* Designed and built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

** Between 1998-2005 designed and built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

By year

A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
A yellow background indicates an event that was part of the pre-war European Championship.
''A green background indicates an event that was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.

* Sports car race 
† Officialy named as RACE Grand Prix

References

Formula One Grands Prix
The Canadian Grand Prix (known in French as the Grand Prix du Canada) is an auto race held in Canada since 1961. It has been part of the Formula One World Championship since 1967.  It was first staged at Mosport Park in Bowmanville, Ontario as a sports car event before it alternated between Mosport and Circuit Mont-Tremblant, Quebec after Formula One took over the event.  After 1971 safety concerns led to the Grand Prix moving permanently to Mosport. In 1978 the Canadian Grand Prix moved to its current home on Circuit Île Notre-Dame in Montreal. In 1982, the track was renamed to Circuit Gilles Villeneuve. This was to honour Canadian Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve, following his death in 1982.

Winners of the Canadian Grand Prix

Repeat winners (drivers)
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.
Repeat winners (constructors)
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)
Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

* Built by  Cosworth, funded by Ford

** Between 1999-2005 built by  Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

Year by year

A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

Broadcasting

United Kingdom

 2006: Race started on ITV4 due to ITV showing coverage of the FIFA World Cup but simulcasted the race with ITV until the end of the race. 
 2011: Race started on BBC One, but finished on BBC Two and BBC HD due to rain delays.

Other websites 
  Official website 
  Official Website  
 Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame

Formula One Grands Prix
Anantnag () is a district in the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir in northwestern India. It is one of six districts which make up the Kashmir Valley. The district headquarters is Anantnag.

Tehsils
Kokernag Tehsil
Shangus Tehsil
Anantnag Tehsil
Bijbehara Tehsil
Doru Tehsil
Pahalgam Tehsil
Qazigund Tehsil
Kulgam Tehsil

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir
Achievements and recognitions 
 First airline from an Asian country to fly the Super Constellation.
 First Asian airline to operate a jet aircraft.
 First Asian airline to be granted maintenance approval by the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Air Registration Board, predecessor of the British Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).
 First non-communist airline to fly to the People's Republic of China, and operate a service between Asia and Europe via Moscow.
 First airline in Asia to induct the new technology Boeing 737-300 aircraft.
 First airline in the world to operate scheduled helicopter services.
 First airline to show in-flight movies on international routes.
 The first airline in South Asia to introduce auto-ticketing facility.
 The first airline in the world to fly to Tashkent, capital of the newly independent state of Uzbekistan.
 First airline in the world to start Air Safari with jet aircraft.
 First Asian airline to start flights to Oslo, the capital city of Norway.
First airline in the world to induct the Boeing 777-200LR, the world's longest range commercial airliner.
 First airline in the world to take delivery of the Boeing 777-200LR Worldliner (Longer Range Variant).
 Pakistan International Airlines Flight Services Department was awarded the ISO 9001:2000 certification award during May 2006.
 First airline in Pakistan to operate a flight with an all female crew at command and in the cabin.
 First airline in the world to operate the Boeing 777-200ER, 777-200LR and 777-300ER altogether - all the three variants currently available on the market.
 PIA Flight Kitchens in Karachi were awarded the HACCP Certification.
Crashes
Pakistan International Airlines Flight 740
Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303

References

Other websites
Official website 

Airlines of Asia
Karachi
National symbols of Pakistan
Transport in Pakistan

Companies of Pakistan
Islamabad International Airport is the main international airport serving the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area and surrounding suburbs. It is Pakistan's largest airport, after Jinnah International Airport in Karachi and is built 20 km away from the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi near the Kashmir Highway and Motorway Interchange.

The airport commenced full operations on 3 May 2018, replacing the defunct Benazir Bhutto International Airport which now forms part of the Pakistan Air Force Base Nur Khan.

References

Airports in Pakistan
The International Air Transport Association is an international industry trade group of airlines. It is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where the International Civil Aviation Organization also is. The main goal of the organization is to assist airline companies to achieve lawful competition and uniformity in prices.

References

Other websites 
 IATA official website
Aviation organizations
Organizations based in Montreal
Indian Sign Language (ISL) is possibly the predominant sign language variety in South Asia, used by at least several hundred thousand deaf signers (2003).

References

Sign languages
Languages of India
Languages of Pakistan
The 1935–36 NHL season was the 19th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Eight teams each played 48 games. The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one in the final series.

Regular season

Final standings
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold

Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Stanley Cup playoffs

Playoff bracket

NHL awards

All-Star teams

References

Hockey Database
NHL.com

1935 in North America
1936 in North America
Coppins is an English country house in the village of Iver in Buckinghamshire. It was changed for Princess Victoria, a daughter of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra. After her father's death, Princess Victoria stayed with Queen Alexandra at Sandringham House as her mother's companion. After Queen Alexandra's death in 1925, Princess Victoria moved into Coppins, which had a "relaxed air of a holiday villa". Victoria lived for another ten years, dying at Coppins on 2 December 1935, aged 67. She left the house to her nephew, Prince George, the Duke of Kent, and his wife Princess Marina. It was owned by the Kent family for two generations, and was sold in 1973 to Commander Eli Gottlieb.

Notes

Sources
Van der Kiste, John, Edward VII's Children (Sutton Publishing, Gloucestershire), 2004. 

Royal residences in the United Kingdom
Bagshot Park (Grid reference: ) is a royal residence. It is  south of Windsor. It is located in Bagshot, Surrey, and is the current home and official residence of Prince Edward, the Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. Bagshot Park is a few miles from Sunninghill Park, the former home of Prince Andrew, Duke of York. 

Royal residences in the United Kingdom
Balmoral Castle is a royal residence in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is located near the village of Crathie,  west of Ballater and  east of Braemar. It was purchased by Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, in 1848. Victoria and Albert paid £300,000 for full ownership of the house in 1852. Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone in 1853, signed a parchment recording the date, and placed it in the hole prepared for the stone. The area of Balmoral covers approximately . Today, Balmoral is owned privately by the British royal family, and was one of Queen Elizabeth II's favourite summer retreats. This is the place where Queen Elizabeth II died on 8 September 2022.

Other websites

Royal residences in the United Kingdom
Castles in Scotland
Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Aberdeenshire
The Beech is a large tree in the genus Fagus in the plant family Fagaceae. There are about 10 species, all native to Europe, Asia, and North America.

The flowers are small and single-sex (monoecious), the female flowers are carried in pairs, the male flowers are wind-pollinating catkins, produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. The bark is smooth and light grey. The fruit is a small, sharply three–anglend nut 10–15 mm long. The nuts are edible, though bitter (though not nearly as bitter as acorns). They have a high tannin content, and are called beechnuts or beechmast.

Beech grows on a wide range of soil types, acid or basic, provided they are not wet for long periods. The tree canopy casts a heavy shade, and the leaves, when dropped, cover the ground thickly. Few plant grow under beech trees.

In North America, they often form Beech-Maple forests by growing together with the Sugar Maple.
Uses of Beechwood
The beech has been used for its wood by man for thousands of years. The wood is white, or reddish if grown on acid soil, but fine grained, smooth and heavy when first cut. It may split as it dries. It is a good wood for making ornaments, tool handles, kitchen utensils, furniture and parts of buildings. Beechwood burns well and is used, among other woods, to smoke herrings in Scotland. It can also be made into charcoal.

Southern Beech
The southern beeches Nothofagus previously thought closely related to beeches, are now treated as members of a separate family, Nothofagaceae. They are found in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Argentina and Chile (mostly on the southern tip in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego).

Pests and Diseases
The beech blight aphid (Grylloprociphilus imbricator) is a common pest of beech trees. Beeches are also used as food plants by some species of butterflies and moths (see List of moths and butterflies that feed on beech trees).

References

Fagales
The Fagales are an order of flowering plants, including some of the best known trees. The order name is derived from genus Fagus, Beeches. They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledons. The families currently included are as follows:

 Betulaceae - Birch family
 Casuarinaceae - She-oak family
 Fagaceae - Beech family, oaks
 Juglandaceae - Walnut family
 Myricaceae - Bayberry family
 Nothofagaceae - Southern beech family
 Rhoipteleaceae - Rhoiptelea family
 Ticodendraceae - Ticodendron family
Bioethics is a field of ethics in philosophy that studies the ethical, legal and social issues in medicine and biology. It is often used to study how the new discoveries in science will affect humans, animals and nature.

Related pages 
Abortion
Biotechnology
Clone
Euthanasia
Medical ethics

Medicine
Ethics
Caricaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, found in tropical regions of Central and South America and Africa. They are short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small trees growing to 5–10 m tall; many bear edible fruit.

The family comprises six genera and about 34-35 species:
 Carica – one species Carica papaya (Papaya), Americas
 Cylicomorpha – two species, Africa
 Horovitzia – one species, Mexico
 Jacaratia – eight species, Americas
 Jarilla – three species, Americas
 Vasconcellea – 20-21 species, Americas

Plant families
Brassicales
Pollen is a powder made of pollen grains, which produce sperm cells (male cells used for reproduction) of seed plants. The pollen grains are actually haploid male gametophytes.

In flowering plants

Development of pollen grains 
The anther contains microsporangia. Each microsporangium contains pollen mother cells. These undergo meiosis, and produce pollen grains, which produce the male gametes (sperm).

The pollen is released by the opening of the anther. The pollen is carried by some agent (wind, or some animal) to the receptive surface of the carpel of the same or another flower. This process is known as pollination. After successful pollination, the pollen grain (immature microgametophyte) completes its development by growing a pollen tube and undergoing mitosis to produce two male gametes.

Pollination 

There are two main kinds of pollination. One kind happens when pollen from a stamen sticks to the pistil of the same plant. That is self-pollination.
The other kind of pollination takes place when pollen from one plant travels to the pistil of another plant. Most plants use this kind of pollination. Plants need help for this kind of pollination, because they cannot move. So, they need another way to move pollen from one plant to another plant.

The wind helps move pollen between plants. The pollen of some plants is very light. Wind blows it from the flowers on one plant to the flowers on another plant. The wind can move pollen a long way before the pollen hits the sticky top of a pistil.
Animals also help move pollen between plants. Many flowers are colourful and their scent attracts some animals. These flowers also make a sweet juice called nectar. Sometimes an animal, such as a bee, sees or smells a flower. Then, it lands on the flower to get nectar. As the bee drinks the nectar, the stamens brush pollen onto its body. Then, the bee flies to another flower that has a pistil. The pollen on the bee's body brushes onto the sticky top of the flower's pistil. The pollen is used as protein for the bee larvae.

The plants help feed the animal. In return, the animal helps the plants by moving pollen from flower to flower. The relationship has evolved together; it is a kind of co-evolution called mutualism or symbiosis.

References

Flowers
Plant anatomy

mzn:گرده (نمین)
We Ski, also known as Family Ski in Japan and Europe is a video game for the Wii. It is the first third-party game (and second game behind Wii Fit) released that makes use of the Wii Balance Board.

A sequel, We Ski & Snowboard, which adds snowboarding to the game, was released in Japan November 13, 2008.

References

Other websites 
Official Website
We Ski  at IGN

Wii games
Wii-only games
2008 video games