Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Pesse canoe is probably the world's oldest known boat. Carbon dating shows that the boat was made during the early mesolithic period between 8040 BCE and 7510 BCE. Right now the canoe is in the Drents Museum in Assen, Netherlands.

Description 
The boat is a dugout style canoe measuring  long and  wide. It was made from a single log of Scots pine wood. scratches are found on the walls of the canoe, these were probably made by flint or antler tools.

History 
The boat was found in 1955 during the creation of the Dutch A28 motorway. The motorway is south of the village of Pesse in Hoogeveen. To make the base of the motorway, the ground was dug up. During this digging a crane operator found what he believed to be a tree trunk  long. Local farmer Hendrik Wanders saw the log and took it for observation. He gave the canoe to the University of Groningen, where it was examined and freeze dried to stop decay. It was later moved to the Drents Museum, near the discovery site.
Controversy 
Many have wondered if the Pesse Canoe was actually a boat. Some Danish Historians questioned if a boat so small could sail. In 2011, a similar canoe was constructed by Archaeologist Jaap Beuker and successfully paddled by a canoeist. Others thought that the canoe could be something else, believing it was used as an animal feeder.  Beuker argued that animals were not kept by the people who lived in the region during the era the boat was made, so it could not have been an animal feeder. The boat is also like other prehistoric canoes.

References

Other websites 
 Link to image of the Pesse canoe
 Pesse Boat – The Replica
Boats
History of the Netherlands
Hoogeveen
Archaeological sites in Europe
8th millennium BC
Nicolas Lane Noxon (July 29, 1936 – May 3, 2016) was an American documentary filmmaker. He worked in television programs about history, science and the natural world. Noxon produced television specials and series with ABC, David Wolper, Columbia Pictures Television, Metromedia, MGM, Survival Anglia, Time-Life and National Geographic Television. He was born in London, England to American parents. He was known for producing the documentary Secrets of the Titanic.

Noxon died of pancreatic cancer on May 3, 2016 in Westlake Village, California, aged 79.

References

Other websites
 

1936 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in California
American television directors
American television producers
American historians
Movie directors from London
Bernardo Salim Ribeiro (9 October 1989 – 7 May 2016) was a Brazilian footballer. He played as an attacking midfielder. On February 2011, he completed  move to Skënderbeu Korçë. He officially became part of the club in July 2011. InAugust 2012 he signed for A-League club Newcastle Jets.

On 8 May 2016, Ribeiro died of a heart attack during a match in Brazil, aged 26.

References

1989 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Brazilian footballers
Alan Kooi Simpson (born September 2, 1931) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He served from 1979 to 1997 as a United States Senator from Wyoming. His dad, Milward L. Simpson, was also a senator (1962–1967), and served as a Wyoming governor (1955–1959).
 
In 2010, Simpson was appointed by President Obama to co-chair the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform with Democrat co-chair Erskine Bowles of North Carolina.

References

1931 births
Living people
United States senators from Wyoming
Politicians from Denver
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
Writers from Wyoming
Writers from Denver
Moscow International Business Center (; ММДЦ), also referred to as Moscow City () is a commercial district in central Moscow, Russia. It is located in Presnenskaya District. 

Moscow
Karl W. Butzer  (August 19, 1934 – May 4, 2016) was an German-born American geographer, cultural ecologist and environmental archaeologist. 

Butzer was born in Mülheim, Germany. He  studied at McGill University and at the University of Bonn.

From 1959 through 1966, he taught at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He taught at the University of Chicago until 1984.  After that, he went to University of Texas at Austin. 

Butzer died on May 4, 2016 in Austin, Texas at the age of 81.

References

Other websites

Karl W. Butzer , Raymond C. Dickson Centennial Professor of Liberal Arts

1934 births
2016 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American geographers
American ecologists
American archaeologists
Educators from Austin, Texas
Writers from Austin, Texas
Scientists from Austin, Texas
"One" is a rock ballad from the Irish rock group U2. The song is about breakups and wanting to stay together. It is the third song from their studio album Achtung Baby. It was released in March 1992 as the album's third single.

"One" was released as a charity benefit single. Profits from the song went to AIDS research. The song reached the top of the Irish Singles Charts, the U.S. Billboard Album Rock Tracks and Modern Rock Tracks. The song hit #10 on the Billboard Hot 100.

The song has been redone by many artists, like Adam Lambert, Damien Rice and Johnny Cash.

Track listings
The song has various track listings.

References

Rock ballads
1992 songs
1990s ballads
U2 songs
Johnny Cash songs
Adam Lambert songs
Mary J. Blige songs
Joe Cocker songs
Pearl Jam songs
R.E.M. songs
Mica Paris songs
Perihan Özkurt (born Perihan Benli; 18 March 1942 – 5 May 2016), best known as  Romalı Perihan, formerly Perihan, Princess of Esfandiari-Bakhtiari, was an internationally known Turkish soprano, socialite, painter, model, columnist, and actress. She married to the late Iranian nobleman Bijan, Prince of Esfandiari-Bakhtiari in Italy. She is mainly known for her role in La Dolce Vita.

Perihan died in Istanbul from a heart attack on 5 May 2016, aged 74.

References

Other websites

 

1942 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Turkish movie actors
Turkish singers
Turkish models
Turkish painters
Actors from Rome
Candye Kane, born Candace Hogan (November 13, 1961 – May 6, 2016), was an American singer-songwriter of Jewish descent. She was best known in the blues and jazz genre. She was included in the books Rolling Stone Guide to Jazz and Blues, Elwood's Blues by Dan Aykroyd. She also had a career as a pornographic actress during porn's golden age. She was born in Ventura, California. In 2014, Kane was nominated for a Blues Music Award in the 'Contemporary Blues Female Artist of the Year' category.

Kane was a bisexual. In 2008, she was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Kane died from the disease at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on May 6, 2016, aged 54.

References
References

1961 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Ventura County, California
American activists
American LGBT sex industry people
Philanthropists from California
American pornographic actors
American singer-songwriters
Bisexual Jews
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Jewish American musicians
Jewish philanthropists
Jewish sex industry people
LGBT people from California
LGBT pornographic actors
LGBT singers
Singers from California
People from Ventura, California
, often known simply as Tomita, was a Japanese music composer. He was born in Tokyo. He is called as one of the pioneers of electronic music and space music. He is one of the most famous producers of analog synthesizer arrangements. Many of his albums are electronic versions and adaptations of famous classical music pieces and he received four Grammy Award nominations for his 1974 album Snowflakes Are Dancing.

Isao died of heart failure in Tokyo on 5 May 2016, aged 84.

References

Other websites

Grammy Award winners
1932 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Japanese composers
Musicians from Tokyo
Christopher Philip Mitchell (21 July 1988 – 6 May 2016) was a Scottish professional footballer. Mitchell played for Falkirk, Ayr United, Bradford City, Queen of the South and Clyde. He was born in Stirling, Scotland. Mitchell won seven caps for the Scotland national under-21 football team.

Mitchell died on 6 May 2016, aged 27.

References

Other websites

Scotland stats at Scottish FA

1988 births
2016 deaths
Footballers from Stirling
The Jungle Book is a 2016 American fantasy adventure movie directed by Jon Favreau, written by Justin Marks and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is based on Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book and inspired by Walt Disney's 1967 animated movie of the same name.

It stars Neel Sethi as Mowgli with the voices of Bill Murray, Ben Kingsley, Idris Elba, Lupita Nyong'o, Scarlett Johansson, Giancarlo Esposito and Christopher Walken with Garry Shandling.

Favreau, Marks and producer Brigham Taylor developed the movie's story with a mixture between Disney's animated version and Kipling's original books. Filming began in 2014, with filming taking place in Los Angeles.

The Jungle Book was released to very positive reviews in North America on April 15, 2016. It has a 95% on Rotten Tomatoes.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 
 

2016 adventure movies
2016 fantasy movies
2010s American adventure movies
2010s American fantasy movies
Movies about snakes
Movies about tigers
Movies about bears
Movies about wolves
Movies about apes
Jungle movies
Movies set in India
Disney movie remakes
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Jon Favreau
The 2020 United States presidential election was the 59th presidential election and was held on November 3, 2020. Former vice president Joe Biden and California Senator Kamala Harris defeated incumbent Republican president Donald Trump and incumbent vice president Mike Pence, on the Democratic Party ticket.  

Voters selected presidential electors who then voted on December 14, 2020 to either elect a new president and vice president or re-elect the incumbents. On November 7, Biden won the election and became the president-elect of the United States. 

Donald Trump, the 45th president, started a campaign to be president for four more years in the Republican primaries. Several state Republican Party organizations cancelled their primaries in a show of support for his candidacy. He became the presumptive nominee in March 2020.
Twenty-seven major candidates started campaigns for the Democratic nomination. This was the largest number of candidates for any political party in modern-day American politics. In April 2020, former Vice President Joe Biden became the presumptive nominee after beating Senator Bernie Sanders. In August 2020, Biden picked U.S. Senator and former 2020 candidate Kamala Harris as his running mate.

Some issues of the election included the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which killed over 220,000 Americans at the time of the election, protests in reaction to the murder of George Floyd and other black Americans, the death of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and the nomination of Amy Coney Barrett, and the Affordable Care Act, with Biden wanting to protect and expand it and Trump pushing for ending it.
After the election, Donald Trump refused to accept that he lost and filed over 40 lawsuits against states and politicians trying to change the election results. The lawsuits said that the election was not fair. Almost all of the lawsuits failed in court because Trump could not prove what he said. In some states, the votes were counted again, which still showed that Biden won. After the electors voted for Biden on December 14, Trump tried other ways to overturn the election results. When the electoral votes were counted in Congress on January 6-7, some Republicans voted not to count votes from certain states.

Biden was inaugurated on January 20, 2021, at midday when he took the oath of office.

Background
The 2020 U.S. presidential election was the first time all members of the millennial generation were able to vote. The age group of people in the 18 to the 45-year-old area was 40 percent of those able to vote in 2020.
The United States House of Representatives voted to impeach President Donald Trump on December 18, 2019, making him the third president in American history to be impeached. He was acquitted by the United States Senate on February 5, 2020.

Mail voting
More people voted by mail in the United States, with 25% of voters nationwide mailing their ballots in 2016 and 2018. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 means there has been an increase in mail voting because of the possible danger of large groups at polling places. For the 2020 election, a state-by-state analysis found that 76% of Americans are eligible to vote by mail in 2020, a record number. The analysis predicted that 80 million ballots could be cast by mail in 2020—more than double the number in 2016. The Postal Service sent a letter to multiple states in July 2020, warning that the service would not be able to meet the state's deadlines for requesting and casting last-minute absentee ballots.
President Trump was critical of voting by mail saying that it would make it easier for voter fraud to happen. Many people dropped their votes in voting boxes in their voting places instead of going to the polls.

Republican Party

Nominees

Other candidates

Convention site

On July 20, 2018, the Republican National Convention chose Charlotte, North Carolina as the site for their 2020 national convention. The convention was held between August 24 to 27. In June 2020, the convention location was moved to Jacksonville, Florida over COVID-19 health measures.

National polling

Democratic Party

Nominees

Withdrawn candidates

Convention site

The 2020 Democratic National Convention happened in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on July 13–16, 2020.

National polling

General election polling

Trump vs. Biden

4-way race

Libertarian Party
Libertarian Party

Though Jacob Hornberger won the most primaries and received the most votes, Jo Jorgensen was chosen as the party's presidential nominee on the night of May 23, 2020, after four rounds of voting.

Nominees

Withdrawn candidates

Convention site
On December 10, 2017, the Libertarian National Committee chose Austin, Texas as the site of their 2020 national convention. The convention was going to be held there between May 22–25, 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was held through an online convention from May 22 to May 24.

Green Party

Nominee

Withdrawn candidates

Convention site
The 2020 Green National Convention was held in Detroit, Michigan from July 9-12. Greenville, South Carolina and Spartanburg, South Carolina were also considered to host the convention.

Minor third party candidates

Party for Socialism and Liberation

Alliance Party

Constitution Party

American Solidarity Party

Prohibition Party
Prohibition Party

Independent candidates
Various independent candidate campaigns were on the ballot in several states, among the most notable of these are billionaire and child actor Brock Pierce and rapper Kanye West.

Brock Pierce

Kanye West

Ballot access 

 Candidates in bold are on ballots representing ≥270 electoral votes, without needing write-in states.
 All other candidates do not have ballot access adding up to more than 270 electoral votes, but have write-in access to at least 270.

Debates 
Three presidential debates and one vice presidential debate were scheduled. The second presidential debate was cancelled, because Trump was ill with COVID-19. The presidential candidates still debated in the third debate.

Results

After the election
After the election, Trump, and many of his supporters, said that he only lost because of fraud or conspiracies. In early December, only a quarter of Republicans believed that Biden was the real winner of the election. Trump did not accept Biden's win until January 7.

Lawsuits 
Trump and his lawyers filed over 40 lawsuits after the election, in Arizona, Georgia, Michigan, Nevada, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. Biden won each of these states by a small number of votes. Some lawsuits said that states should not allow more time to collect ballots in the mail, and some said that voters should not be allowed to put ballots in drop boxes. Other lawsuits said that election workers did not make sure all signatures were correct. Judges rejected most of the lawsuits because they did not have evidence. The Trump campaign only won one lawsuit.
Many of the lawsuits asked states to remove thousands of votes, and others asked for the states to ignore the results of the election. In December, the Attorney General of Texas filed a lawsuit (Texas v. Pennsylvania) against Pennsylvania, Michigan, Georgia, and Wisconsin, in front of the Supreme Court. It asked the court to stop these states from certifying their votes. Over 100 Republicans in the House of Representatives supported it. However, the Supreme Court rejected it and said Texas did not have standing.

Trump campaign tries to overturn the election 
After lawsuits failed, Trump said many times that the election was "rigged". From November to January, Trump and his lawyers made phone calls to many election officials, and told them that they should not certify the votes for Biden. In the calls, they said many things which were false. On January 2, Trump called the Georgia Secretary of State and told him that Georgia (where Biden was the winner) should find more votes for Trump, so Trump could win.
Electoral college count 
On January 6-7, members of Congress counted the votes of the Electoral College. Some Republican members of Congress signed objections to the votes (they thought the votes should not be counted) from Arizona and Pennsylvania. By the end, seven Republican senators and 138 Republican representatives voted not to count these votes. Half of senators and half of the representatives must vote to throw out electoral votes. Congress has never thrown out electoral votes.

While Congress was counting the votes on January 6, Far-right terrorists broke into the US Capitol building in protest. Members of Congress hid for hours until police forced the protestors to leave.

Related pages 
 Learn more about the election process:
 United States presidential primary
 Caucus
 United States presidential election
 Electoral college

Notes

References

 
United States presidential election
2021 United States Capitol attack
Cory Anthony Booker (born April 27, 1969) is an American politician and the junior United States Senator from New Jersey. He is a member of the U.S. Democratic Party. He has been in office since 2013. Before being senator, he served as mayor of Newark from 2006 to 2013.

His first mayoral campaign in Newark, New Jersey, against incumbent Mayor Sharpe James in 2002, was documented in the 2005 feature movie Street Fight.

From February 2019 to January 2020, Booker unsuccessfully ran for the 2020 Democratic nomination for President of the United States.

2020 presidential campaign

Many news articles believe that Booker would be a popular Democratic candidate for the 2020 presidential election against Donald Trump.

On February 1, 2019, Booker launched his presidential campaign for the Democratic nomination. He ended his campaign on January 13, 2020.

Personal life
Personal life

His brother is Cary Booker II, named after their father Cary Booker. In 1969, his parents fought hard against racism by insisting to buy a house in an area where black people were not welcome.

He dated actress Rosario Dawson from 2019 until 2022.

In 2020, he learned that he and entertainer RuPaul are cousins; they discovered it by appearing on the TV show Finding Your Roots.

References

Other websites 

 Senator Cory Booker official U.S. Senate site
 Presidential campaign website

1969 births
Living people
African American politicians
2020 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from New Jersey
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Mayors of Newark, New Jersey
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from Newark, New Jersey
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Justin A. Amash (; born April 18, 1980) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the only Libertarian member of the United States Congress. He used to be a member of the Republican Party. In January 2011, he was elected as the U.S. Representative for . He left office in 2021.

Amash chaired the Liberty Caucus and is the first and only Libertarian to hold a seat in Congress. Amash received national attention when he became the first Republican congressman to call for the impeachment of Donald Trump, a position he maintained after leaving the party.

Although it was said that he would run for Libertarian nomination for the 2020 presidential election, he chose to run for reelection to the House as an independent. On April 28, 2020, he announced the formation of an exploratory committee to seek the Libertarian presidential nomination. However, he announced that he would not run for president on May 16.

Notes

References
Notes

References

1980 births
Living people
American Eastern Orthodox Christians
Lawyers from Michigan
Politicians from Grand Rapids, Michigan
United States representatives from Michigan
Libertarian Party (United States) politicians
Republican Party (United States) politicians
The Icelandic króna (ISK; plural krónur; króna means crown) is the currency used in Iceland. The name "Icelandic crown" is sometimes used instead.

There are currently only 5 banknotes (500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000 króna) and 5 coins (1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 króna) in circulation.

History 

The Danish krone was introduced to Iceland in 1874. It replaced the earlier Danish currency, the rigsdaler. Iceland began making its own currency in 1885. The Danish krone left Iceland after the collapse of the Scandinavian Monetary Union. Iceland gained it's independence over Denmark  in 1918, and the first coins were issued in 1922.

Iceland experienced hyperinflation in 1981. So the currency was revalued. This meant that the 100 old krónur (ISJ) became as valuable as 1 new króna (ISK). The new 500 krónur banknote was also put into circulation the same year. The largest banknote ever issued was a 10,000 krónur. This bill was made after the 2008–11 Icelandic financial crisis.
In 2009, the Althing voted to join the European Union. After the left-wing parties were voted out of office, the negotiation were stopped. Nowadays, most people predict that the króna will remain the Icelandic currency for a long time.

Financial crisis 

A major financial crisis hit Iceland from 2008 to 2011. It brought about a collapse of the Icelandic banking sector. The value of the Icelandic króna dropped, and it went down to around 185 ISK per 1 euro. After many of the issues were resolved, the krónur value went up to around 140 ISK per 1 euro. However, the value has not been as high as it was since before the crisis (it was at 82 ISK per 1 euro in mid-2007).

References 

Currency of Europe
Iceland
1885 establishments
Establishments in Iceland
The Independence Party (Icelandic: Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn) is a centre-right political party in Iceland. They are liberal conservatives who are eurosceptic (meaning they don't want Iceland to join the European Union). The party is the one of the largest in Iceland. It is currently tied with the most seats in the Althing. The chairman of the party is Bjarni Benediktsson and vice chairman is  Þórdís Kolbrún Reykfjörð Gylfadóttir.

The party was formed in 1929 as a result of two parties merging. The newly formed party wanted Iceland to be independent. This was later achieved in 1944. From 1929 to 2009, the Independence Party was the dominant party in the Althing.

The party is economically liberal, and is against getting involved with other countries' problems. The party is mainly supported by fishermen and high-earners, particularly in Reykjavík. The party also wants Iceland to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

References 

Political parties in Europe
Politics of Iceland
Organizations based in Iceland
Rare-earth magnets are strong permanent magnets made from alloys of rare earth elements.

Developed in the 1970s and '80s, rare-earth magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnets made. They have much stronger magnetic fields than other types such as ferrite or alnico magnets.

There are two types: neodymium magnets and samarium-cobalt magnets. Some rare-earth magnets such as Terfenol-D are magnetostrictive. They also have uses e.g. in speakers.

Rare earth magnets are extremely brittle and also vulnerable to corrosion, so they are usually plated or coated to protect them from breaking, chipping, or crumbling into powder.

References 

Alloys
Magnetism
Yahrzeit (Yiddish, from German, yahr, year, plus zeit, time) in Judaism is the yearly observancedef. 5 of the death of a close family member. There are a number of common customs for Jews observing a yahrzeit. These include remembering the relative, lighting memorial candles, saying special prayers, giving money to charity, and visiting the grave of the relative. 

The date of the yahrzeit is fixed by the Hebrew calendar.

Notes

Other websites
  (may not be Simple English)
Yahrzeit full article 
Judaism
Death customs
Arboys-en-Bugey is a commune in the Ain department of eastern France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It was incorporated on 1 January 2016 by the combination of the former communes of Arbignieu and Saint-Bois.

Related pages
Communes of the Ain department

References

2016 establishments in France
Groslée-Saint-Benoît is a commune in the Ain department of east France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. The municipality started on January 1, 2016 when two communes, Groslée and Saint-Benoît, joined together.

Related pages
Communes of the Ain department

References

2016 establishments in France
Walther Gottlieb Louis Leisler Kiep (5 January 1926 – 9 May 2016) was a German politician. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He was a member of the Bundestag between 1965 and 1976 and again from 1980 to 1982. 

After switching to state-level politics, he served as Minister of Economy (1976–77) and Minister of Finance (1976–80) in Lower Saxony under Ernst Albrecht. In 1982, Kiep was the leading candidate for the CDU in two state elections in Hamburg. From 1971 until 1992, he was treasurer of his party at the federal level. 

Kiep died on 9 May 2016 in his home in Kronberg im Taunus in Hesse of pneumonia, aged 90.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Germany
Members of the German Bundestag
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Haut-Valromey is a new commune in the Ain department of eastern France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. The municipality was incorporated on January 1, 2016 and consists of the former communes of Hotonnes, Le Grand-Abergement, Le Petit-Abergement and Songieu.

It is the largest commune of the Ain department.

Related pages
Communes of the Ain department

References

2016 establishments in France
Gareth Gwenlan OBE (26 April 1937 – 9 May 2016) was a British television producer and director. He was best known for his work on shows including The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin, To the Manor Born, Only Fools and Horses, and High Hopes. He was born in Brecon, Wales. Gwenlan was made Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013.

Gwenlan died on 9 May 2016 in Hertfordshire, England, aged 79.

References

Other websites

1937 births
2016 deaths
British television directors
British television producers
Parves-et-Nattages is a commune in the Ain department of east France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. The municipality started on January 1, 2016. The two old communes Parves and Nattages to make the new commune.

Related pages
Communes of the Ain department

References

2016 establishments in France
Henry Silva (September 23, 1926; September 14, 2022) is an American movie and television actor. He is known for his roles as Chunjin in The Manchurian Candidate (1962) and as the voice of Bane in Batman: The Animated Series.
Silva died on September 14, 2022, nine days before his 96th birthday, at the Motion Picture & Television Fund home in Los Angeles.

References

Other websites
 
 Henry Silva at the Internet Broadway Database
 

1926 births
2022 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte (born March 28, 1945), nicknamed Digong, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who was the President of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. Because of the urge of most Filipinos, he announced that he would run as a candidate for President of the Philippines on November 21, 2015. On May 9, 2016, Duterte was elected president.

He was among the longest-serving mayors in the Philippines. He had previously been a long-time mayor of Davao City from 1988 through 1998, from 2000 through 2010, and from 2013 through 2016. He was born in the city of Maasin, Leyte.

In August 2021, he announced his candidacy for Vice President of the Philippines.

In October 2021, Rodrigo Duterte announced that he was not running for vice-presidency in 2022 and would retire from political life. Instead, his daughter Sara Duterte ran and was elected vice president in a landslide victory in May 2022. His son, Sebastian Duterte, was elected as Davao City mayor.

References
References

1945 births
Living people
Deists
Filipino lawyers
Filipino mayors
Presidents of the Philippines
A homeowner association (HOA) is an American real estate term. It is a corporation formed by a real estate developer to market, manage, and sell homes and lots in a residential place. 

Later, after a neighborhood is settled, the term may describe a group of home owners which set rules for the neighborhood. The purpose of a home-owners association is to improve the neighborhood's image. The members of a home-owner's association hope that, by improving the image, the values of their homes will rise. If the rules are violated by home-owners, the home-owners association can force them to pay money. If they refuse, the home-owner's association can take away their houses.

The fastest growing form of housing in the United States today is common-interest development (CID), a category that includes various housing types. Since 1964, HOAs have become increasingly common in the United States. HOAs governed 24.8 million American homes and 62 million residents by 2010.

References 

Housing
Phillip "Phil" LaMarr (born January 24, 1967) is an American actor, voice actor, and comedian. He is best known for his voice roles in various animated series such Samurai Jack, Justice League, Justice League Unlimited, Futurama, Static Shock, and Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. He was also best known as one of the original cast members on the sketch comedy series MADtv.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

1967 births
Living people
African-American voice actors
Kohl is an ancient eye cosmetic, traditionally made by grinding stibnite (Sb2S3). It is widely used in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia as eye liner, to contour and/or darken the eyelids, and as mascara for the eyelashes. It is worn mostly by women, but also by some men and children.

Kohl is very ancient, and is seen in depictions of high status women and godesses in Ancient Egypt. It has also been used in India as a cosmetic for a long time. 

The content of kohl and the recipes to prepare it vary greatly. In North Africa and Middle East, homemade kohl is often made by grinding galena (lead sulfide). In the west, soot or organic charcoal may be used instead of lead. Plant oils and the soot from various nuts, seeds, and gum resins are often added to the carbon powder. Unfortunately, the non-lead products do not give such a good result as the older, traditional varieties. Handmade, lead-based kohl continues to be popular.

References 

Cosmetics
Antimony compounds
Lead compounds
Carbon
Gameplay
The gameplay for Papers, Please revolves around an immigrations inspector's life and job. The player can allow people to enter Arstotzka or refuse them. The player can use different tools to check if the immigration papers are out of date, real or fake. The player must try to keep unwanted people out of Arstotzka, like terrorists, criminals and those with incorrect papers. The player must correctly allow and not allow people in to the country within a set amount of time. Each mistake a player makes is 5 credits off their earned money at the end of the day. The money earned at the end of the day is based on how many people have been correctly finished. The player must pay for the officer's family, food and heating. The player can choose to not pay for any of them, which results in something happening to the family.

The game has 20 possible endings.
Development 
Lucas Pope created this game, He used to work for Naughty Dog. After working on the Uncharted games, he left to become an indie developer. He started work on it in November 2012, but it took longer than Pope thought, and was finished in nine months. It was put on green light on April 11, 2013 and was greenlit on May 1.

Reception 

Papers, Please has been thanked for its sense of immersion. CBC News' Jonathan Ore called Papers, Please a "nerve-racking sleuthing game with relentless pacing and dozens of compelling characters – all from a desk job".

Some critics however reacted badly to the paperwork gameplay. Stephanie Bendixsen from the ABC game review show Good Game found the game "tedious", commenting "while I found the issues that arose from the decisions you are forced to make quite interesting, I was just so bored that I just struggled to go from one day to the next. I was torn between wanting to find out more, and just wanting it all to stop."

References
References

2013 video games
Indie video games
MacOS games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in Japan
Windows games
ProSci is an American biotechnology company with offices located in Poway, California.

The Poway site focuses on manufacturing antibodies for use in research studies leading to diagnostics and therapy development. They specialize in producing a range of antibodies using polyclonal, monoclonal, and recombinant production techniques. ProSci has been a pioneer in the development of commercially available single domain antibodies (VHH – variable heavy chain) derived from camelid species, including llamas and alpacas.

History
ProSci Incorporated was co-founded in 1998 by Yu Geng, M.D. with the mission to develop neutralizing antibodies against emergent viruses. Their innovative approach using genetically engineered yeast strains and glycoproteins to mimic the HIV-1 glycan coat led to the development of neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1 glycans.
Early in 2020, ProSci was one of only a handful of companies that had antibodies available that recognized key proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Their reagents led to key discoveries on the mechanism of entry as well as neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.  

Today, ProSci continues to offer tens of thousands of antibodies and custom antibody services to help researchers advance discoveries in the life sciences.

References

Other websites
 

Companies based in California
San Diego, California
1998 establishments in California
Biotechnology companies of the United States
The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear living in much of northern Eurasia and North America. It is smaller than the polar bear, but is the largest carnivore which lives entirely on the land. 
There are several recognized subspecies.

The brown bear's range has shrunk, but it is still listed as a least concern species by the IUCN. Its total population is about 200,000. As of 2012, this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN. However, many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered. The smallest subspecies, the Himalayan brown bear, is critically endangered. It lives in just 2% of its former range, and poachers hunt it for its parts. The Marsican brown bear in central Italy is believed to have a population of just 30 to 40 bears.
The brown bear's main range includes parts of Russia, Central Asia, China, Canada, the United States (mostly Alaska), Scandinavia and the Carpathian region (especially Romania), Anatolia, and Caucasus. The brown bear is a national and state animal in several European countries. It is the most widely distributed of all bears. Brown bears are omnivores. Brown bears are apex predators. They eat berries, apples, honey, fish, insects, worms, nuts, grasses, leaves, carrion, rodents and rabbits. Brown bears even eat hoofed animals such as deer, moose, reindeer, bison and sheeps.

References 

Bears
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Mammals of North America
National symbols of Finland
The Chain of Generations Center (מרכז שרשרת הדורות - Merkaz Sharsheret HaDorot) is an "art museum" at the Western Wall Plaza in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem beside the Western Wall which dedicated to the Jewish people history in Glasses. the "Chain of Generations Center" special exhibitions is located in a tunnel that runs several underground spaces, including works sculpted glass, light games, smoke, sound, holograms and archeological finds are. the museum was opened in 2006.

Gallery

Other websites 

   The Chain of Generations Center 

Jewish history
Judaism in Israel
Museums in Jerusalem
The Western Wall Tunnel (, translit.: Minharat Hakotel) is a tunnel in Jerusalem. It expose part of the Western Wall where the prayer site ends and up to the northern end of the Wall. Most of the tunnel is located under buildings of the Muslim Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. The open-air portion of the Western Wall is about  long. Most of its original length of  is underground. The tunnel allows access to the morthern part of the Wall.

History
In 19 BCE, King Herod doubled the area of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. He did this by using part of the hill on the Northwest. To do this, four walls were built. The Temple Mount was expanded on top of these walls. These walls and the platform itself were still standing after the Temple was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE.

Since that time, much of the area next to the walls has been covered and built upon.
Part of the Western Wall was still exposed after the destruction of the Temple. It became a place of Jewish prayer for a very long time.

Excavation
Excavation

British researchers started excavating the Western Wall in the 19th century. Charles Wilson began the excavations in 1864. This was followed by Charles Warren in 1867 - 70. Wilson found an arch. This arch is now named for him, "Wilson's Arch". It was  wide. The arch is above present-day ground level. It is believed that the arch supported a bridge which connected the Temple Mount to the city during the Second Temple Period.
After the Six-Day War, excavations began to expose more of the Western Wall. The excavations lasted almost twenty years. They found many facts about the history and geography of the Temple Mount that had not been known. The excavations were difficult. Tunnels ran below neighborhoods that were built on top of structures from the Second Temple Period. The excavations were done with the supervision of scientific and rabbinic experts. This was to ensure both the stability of the structures and to prevent damaging the historic artifacts. In 1988, the Western Wall Heritage Foundation was formed. It took over the excavation, maintenance and renovations of the Western Wall and Western Wall Plaza.

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Information from the Kotel site in English 
 Jeremy Langford's glass sculptures in "The Chain of Generations Center" in the Western Wall Tunnels 
 Read the iTour Jerusalem review of the Western Wall Tunnel
Jerusalem
Archaeological sites in Israel
1st-century BC buildings and structures
Rezső Nyers (21 March 1923 – 22 June 2018) was a former Hungarian politician. He served as Minister of Finance of Hungary from 1960 to 1962. For a few months in 1989, he was the country's last Communist leader serving as President of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party. Nyers died on 22 June 2018 at the age of 95 after a short illness.

References

Other websites
MTI Ki Kicsoda 2006, Magyar Távirati Iroda, Budapest, 2005, 1273–1274. old.
Nyers 1996-os országgyűlési életrajza
Életrajz az MTI 1956-os emlékoldalán 

1923 births
2018 deaths
Hungarian communist politicians
Hungarian economists

Politicians from Budapest
Uday Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti () (June 1964 – 22 July 2003) was the oldest son of Saddam Hussein, the fifth President of Iraq.  He had one younger brother named Qusay Hussein.  For years, people thought that Uday would become the head of Iraq after his father died.  However, Uday lost this place to Qusay for several reasons: because Uday was badly injured in an assassination attempt; because his behavior was often out of control; and because his relations with his family became more and more troubled.

Uday has been accused of many crimes, including rape, murder, and torture. Uday was imprisoned several times, exiled, and received a token death sentence by his father's regime. After the United States-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, TaFk force 20 killed Uday, Qusay, and Qusay's son Mustapha during a four-hour gunfight in Mosul.

Biography

Early life and education 

Uday was born in Tikrit, Iraq, to Saddam Hussein and Sajida Talfah.  Saddam was in prison for the first three years of Uday's life.
Uday graduated from high school with very high marks. He started university at Baghdad University College of Medicine, but he only lasted three days there.  After that, he moved to the College of Engineering.  Uday got a degree in engineering and graduated summa cum laude from Baghdad University.  However, some of his professors later admitted that Uday barely managed to earn passing grades in many of his classes.  They said he was given the honor of summa cum laude, and the rank of valedictorian (ranking first out of 76 students) because he was the President's son.

Many sources say that Qusay was clearly Saddam's favorite son.  When Uday was in his early 20s, Saddam wrote him a letter on official presidential letterhead.  A classmate of Uday's and a bodyguard both said Saddam wrote something like, "Don't be like your [mother's] father], with no morals or principles."
Losing favor with Saddam 
In 1988, Uday became even more unpopular with his father.  In October 1988, Saddam had a party for Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak's wife, Suzanne.  At the party, in front of all the guests, Uday murdered his father's personal valet and food taster, Kamel Hana Gegeo. Uday beat Gegeo and, according to witnesses, stabbed him with an electric carving knife. Gegeo had recently introduced Saddam to a younger woman, Samira Shahbandar, who later became Saddam's second wife. Uday thought this was an insult to his mother. He may also have feared that Saddam would make Gegeo, not Uday, his heir.
As punishment for the murder, Saddam briefly imprisoned his son and sentenced him to death. However, Uday probably served only three months in a private prison. In response to personal intervention from King Hussein of Jordan, Saddam released Uday, banishing him to Switzerland as the assistant to the Iraqi ambassador there. He was expelled by the Swiss government in 1990 after he was repeatedly arrested for fighting.

Return to Iraq 

Saddam later put Uday in charge of the Iraqi Olympic Committee and the Iraq Football Association.  Uday tortured Olympic athletes who failed to win. He also became the editor of the Babel newspaper; the general secretary of the Iraqi Union of Students; and the head of the Fedayeen Saddam. Uday seemed proud of his reputation and called himself Abu Sarhan, an Arabic term for "wolf".
In December 1996, somebody tried to assassinate Uday.  Uday was driving at the time, and he was hit by many bullets.  He was permanently injured. At first, doctors thought he was paralyzed. He was evacuated to Ibn Sina Hospital. He had many surgeries, but a bullet was so close to his spinal cord that his doctors could not remove it. Eventually, he was able to walk, but not without a limp. Because of Uday's disabilities, Saddam gave Qusay more responsibility and authority, and named him as his heir apparent in 2000.
Personal life 
In a sign of loyalty to Saddam, Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, who was vice president of the Revolutionary Command Council, agreed to let Uday marry his daughter. But al-Douri had so much influence over Saddam that he could make Saddam promise the marriage would never be consummated.  (This means his daughter would never have to have sex with Uday.)  However, soon after the marriage, because of Uday's violent and out-of-control behavior, al-Douri quickly asked that his daughter be allowed to divorce Uday.

Uday loved luxury cars, especially European sports cars.  He collected hundreds of these cars.  According to witnesses, Uday had thousands of suits, and each suit had to match the color of the car he was driving that day.  When U.S.-led military forces were about to take over Baghdad, he ordered his bodyguards to burn the cars so the United States could not take them.
In 2002, Uday opened accounts with Yahoo! and MSN Messenger.  This created controversy.  At the time, the United States had trade sanctions against Iraq.  This meant Iraq was not allowed to use American products.  By using Yahoo! and MSN Messenger, Uday was violating these trade sanctions.

Uday also built up a large video collection, which was found in his palace in 2003.  Many of the videos showed him in both public and private situations.

Accusations of crimes
Crimes against athletes 
Uday was accused of imprisoning, torturing, and even murdering athletes  both men and women.  As head of the Iraqi Olympic Committee, when Uday thought players did not play well enough, he ordered them to be tortured or sent to prison.  According to many reports, torturers beat and caned the soles of the football players' feet.  This caused severe pain without leaving visible marks on the rest of their bodies.  Uday reportedly kept scorecards with written instructions on how many times each player should be beaten after a poor showing.  One defector reported that jailed football players were forced to kick a concrete ball after failing to reach the 1994 FIFA World Cup finals.
Uday would insult athletes who performed below his expectations by calling them dogs and monkeys to their faces.  The Iraqi national football team was seen with their heads shaved after failing to achieve a good result in a tournament in the 1980s.  It was widely said that Uday ordered the shaving to punish the players.

Another defector claimed that athletes were dragged through a gravel pit and then put in a sewage tank so their wounds would become infected. After Iraq lost 4-1 to Japan in the quarterfinals of the 2000 AFC Asian Cup in Lebanon, goalkeeper Hashim Hassan, defender Abdul Jaber, and forward Qahtan Chatir were labeled guilty of loss and eventually flogged for three days by Uday's security guards.

Kidnapping and rape 
Uday was well known for kidnapping young Iraqi girls and women from the streets in order to rape them. Uday was known to go into parties and pick out women whom he would later rape. Time published an article in 2003 detailing his sexual brutality.
For example, Time reported that in 1998, Uday kidnapped a 14-year-old girl, kept her for three days, and raped her.  The girl's father kept complaining, in public, that Uday had raped his daughter.  After three months, Uday sent two guards to threaten the girl's father.  He also ordered the father to bring both his 14-year-old and 12-year-old daughters to Uday's next party.  He told the girls' father: "Your daughters will be my girlfriends, or I'll wipe you off the face of the earth."  The man obeyed, and brought both girls to the next party.

Time also reported that twice Uday showed up at weddings and took away the bride to rape.  The first time, in the late 1990s, after Uday raped the bride, the groom shot himself in the head.  The second time, in October 2002, Uday raped the bride, burned her body with acid, and killed her.

Torture