Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Pinhais is a city and municipality of Greater Curitiba, in Paraná state, Southern Brazil. As of 2008 the city had 116,984 inhabitants, being the 12th most populous city in the state. In its territory lies the Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba.

Cities in Paraná State
Chlamydia trachomatis is a small bacterium, is one of three species in the genus Chlamydia. It cannot grow outside a living cell. In this respect it resembles a virus, but it is actually a very sophisticated organism.

Related pages
Chlamydia infection

Gram-negative bacteria
A baby hatch (also called foundling wheel) is a system where parents can leave infants for adoption anonymously. Such systems were in use since the Middle Ages. Baby hatches are usually installed at hospitals or social centers or churches. There, mothers or fathers can put their newborn baby into the hatch. The hatches consist of a door or flap in an outside wall which opens onto a soft bed, heated or at least insulated. Sensors in the bed alert carers when a baby has been put in the hatch so that they can come and take care of the child. It will be cared for by hospital staff. If it is not claimed within a given time period, it will be given up for adoption. Such hatches are popular in Germany and Pakistan.

One reason baby hatches are used is because some mothers can't take care of their babies.

History
Baby hatches started in medieval times. They started in 1198 in Italy. They became more popular after the 17th century. They became less popular during the 19th century.
Today only some countries have baby hatches. In others they are illegal.

Images

Related pages
Anonymous birth

Hospitals
Babies
Anonymous birth is a legal concept in certain countries. This allows women to give birth to their baby at the hospital anonymously, that is to say without giving their name. After giving birth, the mother leaves the hospital. The baby is put up for adoption after a certain time.

Usually, anonymous birth also means that the child later has no way to find out about his/her parents. Anonymous delivery law is present in France, Luxemburg, Italy, and Austria. In France, Vincent de Paul created towers, an early form of baby hatch, in 1638. During the French Revolution anonymous births were legalized in 1793, when Article 326 of the Code Civil introduced both the concepts of anonymous and confidential births. The decree provided for the creation of safe spaces for women to give birth safely.

References 

Babies

Family law
Medemblik is a city in the Netherlands. In 2007, Noorder-Koggenland and Wognum were added to Medemblik. In 2011, Andijk and Wervershoof became part of Medemblik.

References
Charles of Egmond (9 November 1467 – June 30 1538) was the Duke of Guelders. He was an influential Dutch nobleman of the late 15th and early 16th century.

1467 births
1538 deaths
Dukes and duchesses
House of Egmond
Maarten van Rossum (1478 - 1555) was a Dutch field marshal of the late 15th and early 16th century. He was an influential and powerful figure. He fought together with Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijerd Jelckama, leaders of the Arumer Black Heap.

Dutch military people
A warlord is a ruler whose status is based solely on power of violence without any legitimacy (that is: right by law). A warlord is a military commander, usually a militant leader, rebel or militia, who has a private army. The Condottieri of Middle Ages Italy are well known examples. Many warlords lived in China and Mongolia. Warlordism is also known in Afghanistan and Somalia. While feudal lords may have private armies and wage private wars, they are not considered as warlords as their status is based on legitimacy.

Warlords appear when a state collapses. For example feudal lords took over in Europe when the Roman Empire fell. Warlordism is the inevitable consequence of anarchy. Many warlords are former officers, clan leaders, mafia bosses or gang leaders. A warlord may attempt to build a state at the area where he is in power, or he may simply plunder and rob his subjects.
A state which has collapsed into warlordism is in continuous civil war. Such countries have few industries except agriculture, mining and contraband, such as drugs and weapons.

Military people
Righteous Among the Nations is an award given by Israel to people who risked their own lives to help Jewish people survive the Holocaust. It has been given to Oskar Schindler and Corrie ten Boom and many others for helping the innocent victims of the Holocaust. The Righteous Among the Nations Memorial Path is located in the Yad Vashem museum in Jerusalem.

Other websites 
 Righteous Among the Nations at Yad Vashem website
Eurostar is a high-speed train service in Western Europe connecting London and Kent in the United Kingdom with Paris and Lille in France, and Brussels in Belgium. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris (Gare de Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy) and seasonal destinations in France. All Eurostar trains cross the English Channel through the Channel Tunnel.

The service is operated by 18-carriage Class 373 trains at up to 300 km/h (186 mph) on a network of high-speed lines. Since Eurostar began in 1994, new lines have been built in Belgium (HSL 1) and Southern England (High Speed 1) to the same standard as the LGV Nord line originally used in France, reducing journey times. The two-stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007, when the London terminus of Eurostar transferred from Waterloo International to St Pancras International station.

High-speed rail
Rail transport in Europe
Fabrizio Poletti (born 13 July 1943) is a former Italian football player. He played for the Italian national football team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1961-62||Asti||Serie D||24||2
|-
|1962-63||rowspan="9"|Torino||rowspan="9"|Serie A||21||0
|-
|1963-64||25||1
|-
|1964-65||31||4
|-
|1965-66||33||4
|-
|1966-67||15||0
|-
|1967-68||27||5
|-
|1968-69||25||3
|-
|1969-70||25||1
|-
|1970-71||22||0
|-
|1971-72||rowspan="3"|Cagliari||rowspan="3"|Serie A||25||0
|-
|1972-73||20||0
|-
|1973-74||19||1
|-
|1974-75||Sampdoria||Serie A||6||0
318||21
318||21
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1965||3||0
|-
|1966||0||0
|-
|1967||0||0
|-
|1968||0||0
|-
|1969||1||0
|-
|1970||2||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}

References 

1943 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Pierluigi Cera (born 25 February, 1941) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1957-58||rowspan="7"|Hellas Verona||Serie A||1||0
|-
|1958-59||rowspan="6"|Serie B||1||0
|-
|1959-60||18||1
|-
|1960-61||35||1
|-
|1961-62||29||2
|-
|1962-63||33||2
|-
|1963-64||24||1
|-
|1964-65||rowspan="10"|Cagliari||rowspan="10"|Serie A||34||1
|-
|1965-66||23||0
|-
|1966-67||29||0
|-
|1967-68||25||1
|-
|1968-69||30||2
|-
|1969-70||27||0
|-
|1970-71||17||0
|-
|1971-72||26||0
|-
|1972-73||29||0
|-
|1973-74||29||0
|-
|1974-75||rowspan="5"|Cesena||rowspan="3"|Serie A||30||0
|-
|1975-76||29||0
|-
|1976-77||16||0
|-
|1977-78||rowspan="2"|Serie B||9||0
|-
|1978-79||1||0
495||11
495||11
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1969||1||0
|-
|1970||10||0
|-
|1971||4||0
|-
|1972||3||0
|-
!Total||18||0
|}

References

1941 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Ugo Ferrante (born 18 July, 1945) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1963-64||rowspan="9"|Fiorentina||rowspan="9"|Serie A||1||0
|-
|1964-65||3||0
|-
|1965-66||19||0
|-
|1966-67||33||1
|-
|1967-68||25||0
|-
|1968-69||30||1
|-
|1969-70||30||3
|-
|1970-71||30||1
|-
|1971-72||8||0
|-
|1972-73||rowspan="4"|Lanerossi Vicenza||rowspan="3"|Serie A||25||0
|-
|1973-74||24||0
|-
|1974-75||27||1
|-
|1975-76||Serie B||8||0
263||7
263||7
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1970||2||0
|-
|1971||1||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References

1945 births
2004 deaths
Italian footballers
Comunardo Niccolai (born 15 December, 1946) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy's national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1963–64||Polisportiva Sassari Torres||Serie C||22||0
|-
|1964–65||rowspan="12"|Cagliari||rowspan="12"|Serie A||0||0
|-
|1965–66||1||0
|-
|1966–67||5||0
|-
|1967–68||13||1
|-
|1968–69||27||0
|-
|1969–70||29||0
|-
|1970–71||28||1
|-
|1971–72||26||0
|-
|1972–73||30||0
|-
|1973–74||15||0
|-
|1974–75||25||2
|-
|1975–76||19||0
|-
|1976–77||Perugia||Serie A||7||0
247||4
247||4
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1970||3||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References

1946 births
Living people
Footballers from Tuscany
Roberto Rosato (18 August 1943 - 20 June 2010) was a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. He played as a defender. The Italy national football team wore black armbands in their game against New Zealand at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Club career statistics

|-
|1960-61||rowspan="6"|Torino||rowspan="6"|Serie A||1||0
|-
|1961-62||28||2
|-
|1962-63||12||0
|-
|1963-64||30||0
|-
|1664-65||31||1
|-
|1965-66||29||1
|-
|1966-67||rowspan="7"|Milan||rowspan="7"|Serie A||33||2
|-
|1967-68||28||0
|-
|1968-69||27||1
|-
|1969-70||24||0
|-
|1970-71||29||0
|-
|1971-72||21||0
|-
|1972-73||25||2
|-
|1973-74||rowspan="4"|Genoa||Serie A||30||1
|-
|1974-75||rowspan="2"|Serie B||35||0
|-
|1975-76||16||0
|-
|1976-77||Serie A||3||0
402||10
402||10
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1965||8||0
|-
|1966||6||0
|-
|1967||1||0
|-
|1968||2||0
|-
|1969||1||0
|-
|1970||8||0
|-
|1971||4||0
|-
|1972||7||0
|-
!Total||37||0
|}

References

1943 births
2010 deaths
Footballers from Piedmont
Giorgio Puia (born 8 March, 1938) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1958-59||rowspan="2"|Triestina||Serie A||2||0
|-
|1959-60||Serie B||30||7
|-
|1960-61||rowspan="3"|Lanerossi Vicenza||rowspan="3"|Serie A||27||6
|-
|1961-62||22||3
|-
|1962-63||32||10
|-
|1963-64||rowspan="9"|Torino||rowspan="9"|Serie A||32||2
|-
|1964-65||33||1
|-
|1965-66||34||1
|-
|1966-67||34||2
|-
|1967-68||26||0
|-
|1968-69||30||0
|-
|1969-70||29||3
|-
|1970-71||27||1
|-
|1971-72||5||0
363||36
363||36
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1962||1||0
|-
|1963||1||0
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||0||0
|-
|1966||0||0
|-
|1967||0||0
|-
|1968||0||0
|-
|1969||3||0
|-
|1970||2||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

References

1938 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Mario Bertini (born 7 January, 1944) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italy national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1962–63||Prato||Serie C||3||0
|-
|1963–64||Empoli||Serie C||31||7
|-
|1964–65||rowspan="4"|Fiorentina||rowspan="4"|Serie A||20||3
|-
|1965–66||20||1
|-
|1966–67||34||6
|-
|1967–68||23||3
|-
|1968–69||rowspan="9"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="9"|Serie A||28||11
|-
|1969–70||30||9
|-
|1970–71||26||1
|-
|1971–72||24||4
|-
|1972–73||24||0
|-
|1973–74||16||0
|-
|1974–75||19||2
|-
|1975–76||30||3
|-
|1976–77||14||1
342||51
342||51
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1966||1||0
|-
|1967||1||1
|-
|1968||1||0
|-
|1969||5||1
|-
|1970||9||0
|-
|1971||6||0
|-
|1972||2||0
|-
!Total||25||2
|}

References

1944 births
Living people
Italian footballers
Angelo Domenghini (born 25 August, 1941) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1960-61||rowspan="4"|Atalanta||rowspan="4"|Serie A||1||0
|-
|1961-62||3||0
|-
|1962-63||33||8
|-
|1963-64||32||9
|-
|1964-65||rowspan="5"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="5"|Serie A||26||9
|-
|1965-66||31||12
|-
|1966-67||29||9
|-
|1967-68||26||11
|-
|1968-69||22||9
|-
|1969-70||rowspan="4"|Cagliari||rowspan="4"|Serie A||30||8
|-
|1970-71||29||8
|-
|1971-72||23||2
|-
|1972-73||17||0
|-
|1973-74||Roma||Serie A||30||4
|-
|1974-75||rowspan="2"|Hellas Verona||Serie B||28||3
|-
|1975-76||Serie A||0||0
|-
|1976-77||Foggia||Serie A||17||4
|-
|1977-78||Olbia||Serie C||21||9
|-
|1978-79||Trento||Serie C||0||0
398||105
398||105
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1963||1||0
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||0||0
|-
|1966||4||0
|-
|1967||5||3
|-
|1968||6||2
|-
|1969||4||1
|-
|1970||11||1
|-
|1971||1||0
|-
|1972||1||0
|-
!Total||33||7
|}

References
References

1941 births
Living people
Footballers from Lombardy
Italian football managers
Giancarlo De Sisti (born 13 March, 1943) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1960-61||rowspan="5"|Roma||rowspan="5"|Serie A||2||0
|-
|1961-62||11||1
|-
|1962-63||18||2
|-
|1963-64||28||7
|-
|1964-65||28||3
|-
|1965-66||rowspan="9"|Fiorentina||rowspan="9"|Serie A||34||5
|-
|1966-67||30||6
|-
|1967-68||30||6
|-
|1968-69||30||2
|-
|1969-70||28||2
|-
|1970-71||29||3
|-
|1971-72||29||1
|-
|1972-73||27||1
|-
|1973-74||19||2
|-
|1974-75||rowspan="5"|Roma||rowspan="5"|Serie A||29||5
|-
|1975-76||28||2
|-
|1976-77||28||2
|-
|1977-78||25||0
|-
|1978-79||25||0
478||50
478||50
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1967||2||0
|-
|1968||2||0
|-
|1969||6||0
|-
|1970||11||2
|-
|1971||5||2
|-
|1972||3||0
|-
!Total||29||4
|}

References

1943 births
Living people
Footballers from Rome
Italian football managers
Lido Vieri (born 16 July, 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1957-58||Vigevano||Serie C||31||0
|-
|1958-59||rowspan="11"|Torino||Serie A||20||0
|-
|1959-60||Serie B||6||0
|-
|1960-61||rowspan="9"|Serie A||24||0
|-
|1961-62||13||0
|-
|1962-63||34||0
|-
|1963-64||25||0
|-
|1964-65||32||0
|-
|1965-66||34||0
|-
|1966-67||33||0
|-
|1967-68||30||0
|-
|1968-69||24||0
|-
|1969-70||rowspan="7"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="7"|Serie A||29||0
|-
|1970-71||24||0
|-
|1971-72||16||0
|-
|1972-73||24||0
|-
|1973-74||19||0
|-
|1974-75||7||0
|-
|1975-76||21||0
|-
|1976-77||rowspan="4"|Pistoiese||Serie C||35||0
|-
|1977-78||rowspan="3"|Serie B||28||0
|-
|1978-79||0||0
|-
|1979-80||0||0
509||0
509||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1963||3||0
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||0||0
|-
|1966||0||0
|-
|1967||0||0
|-
|1968||1||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

References
References

1939 births
Living people
Italian association football goalkeepers
Italian football managers
Footballers from Tuscany
Sergio Gori (24 February 1946 – 5 April 2023) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1964-65||rowspan="2"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="2"|Serie A||4||1
|-
|1965-66||6||1
|-
|1966-67||rowspan="2"|Lanerossi Vicenza||rowspan="2"|Serie A||26||8
|-
|1967-68||30||8
|-
|1968-69||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||14||1
|-
|1969-70||rowspan="6"|Cagliari||rowspan="6"|Serie A||30||6
|-
|1970-71||30||3
|-
|1971-72||20||4
|-
|1972-73||28||5
|-
|1973-74||29||5
|-
|1974-75||29||10
|-
|1975-76||rowspan="2"|Juventus||rowspan="2"|Serie A||22||6
|-
|1976-77||7||1
|-
|1977-78||Hellas Verona||Serie A||18||3
|-
|1978-79||Sant'Angelo Lodigiano||||26||5
319||67
319||67
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1970||3||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References

1946 births
2023 deaths
Footballers from Milan
Giuseppe Furino (born 5 July, 1946) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1966-67||rowspan="2"|Savona||Serie B||32||1
|-
|1967-68||Serie C||29||6
|-
|1968-69||Palermo||Serie A||27||1
|-
|1969-70||rowspan="15"|Juventus||rowspan="15"|Serie A||30||2
|-
|1970-71||27||1
|-
|1971-72||27||2
|-
|1972-73||27||0
|-
|1973-74||24||0
|-
|1974-75||28||0
|-
|1975-76||26||2
|-
|1976-77||26||1
|-
|1977-78||26||0
|-
|1978-79||22||0
|-
|1979-80||25||0
|-
|1980-81||24||0
|-
|1981-82||27||0
|-
|1982-83||21||0
|-
|1983-84||1||0
449||16
449||16
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1970||1||0
|-
|1971||0||0
|-
|1972||0||0
|-
|1973||1||0
|-
|1974||1||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References

1946 births
Living people
Footballers from Sicily
Sportspeople from Palermo
Pierino Prati (13 December 1946 – 22 June 2020) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy's national team.

Prati died of cancer in Catania, Italy on 22 June 2020, aged 73.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1965–66||Salernitana||Serie C||19||10
|-
|1966–67||Milan||Serie A||2||0
|-
|1966–67||Savona||Serie B||29||15
|-
|1967–68||rowspan="6"|Milan||rowspan="6"|Serie A||23||15
|-
|1968–69||30||14
|-
|1969–70||21||12
|-
|1970–71||29||19
|-
|1971–72||21||6
|-
|1972–73||17||6
|-
|1973–74||rowspan="4"|Roma||rowspan="4"|Serie A||23||8
|-
|1974–75||29||14
|-
|1975–76||10||2
|-
|1976–77||20||4
|-
|1977–78||Fiorentina||Serie A||8||0
|-
|1978–79||Savona||Serie C2||25||10

|-
|1979||Rochester Lancers||NASL||6||3

|-
|1979–80||rowspan="2"|Savona||rowspan="2"|Serie C2||27||12
|-
|1980–81||27||12
360||159
6||3
366||162
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1968||4||2
|-
|1969||2||0
|-
|1970||1||1
|-
|1971||4||2
|-
|1972||2||2
|-
|1973||0||0
|-
|1974||1||0
|-
!Total||14||7
|}

References
References 

1946 births
2020 deaths
Cancer deaths in Italy
Footballers from Lombardy
Puppy Linux is an operating system for computers. It is based on GNU/Linux and it is completely free and is open source software. Puppy Linux is sometimes called a mini distribution because of its size (approximately 100MB) when compared to other GNU/Linux operating systems such as Ubuntu.

Puppy Linux, which was started by Barry Kauler in June 2003, runs well on low-end personal computers (some of which have less than 32MB RAM.) Currently (May 2009) the latest version of this Linux distribution is Puppy Linux 4.2 "Deep Thought."

Sources 

Linux distributions
The narwhal or narwhale (Monodon monoceros) is a rarely seen Arctic whale. This social whale is known as the "unicorn of the sea" because the male has a very long tusk. Very little is known about this whale. Narwhal means "corpse whale" in Old Norse.

Description 
Large male narwhals can grow to a length of 15 feet, and weigh up to two tons. A female can give birth once every three years, after a pregnancy of 15 months. At birth, the baby narwhal is about five feet long and weighs about 180 pounds.
All narwhals have two teeth in their upper jaw and a tusk. After the first year of a male narwhal's life, its left tooth grows outward, spirally. There are some narwhals that are double-tusked, but they are not as common. This long, single or double tooth projects from its upper jaw and can grow to be 8.75 feet (2.7 meters) long. Tusks are usually twisted in a counterclockwise direction and are hollow inside. The tusk's function is uncertain, perhaps used as a formidable jousting weapon in courtship and dominance rivalry, in getting food, and/or for channeling and amplifying sonar pulses (which they emit). The tusk is not used in hunting. Long ago, narwhal sightings probably reinforced (or started) the unicorn legends. In fact, when people found the horn of a dead narwhal washed up on shore, they thought that they had found the horn of a unicorn.

Narwhal can dive deep into the sea to around 800 meters, but can also sometimes dive up to 1,500 meters. This makes them one of the deepest diving sea mammals.
Habitat 

Narwhals live in the icy waters of the Arctic seas. The Narwhal's thick skin, called blubber, keep them warm in the cold water. They do not go far away from ice. Narwhals live in groups of between 10 and 100. Narwhals are migrating animals who like to move from one place to live in another place for a while. In summer, groups of them move closer to land, where they can sometimes be seen in the estuaries, deep fjords, and bays of Greenland, Northern Canada and as far eastern Russia. In Winter they move back to the icy waters, where they breathe from small holes in the ice. 

Narwhals can hunt under ice and like to eat Arctic fish such as the flatfish Greenland halibut, the polar and Arctic cod, shrimp and squid. They suck in their prey when they get close.
Narwhals are both hunted by polar bears and killer whales. The native Inuit people, sometimes called the Eskimos, are still allowed to hunt the Narwhals for their meat and for the tusks. The tusks are sold with or without carving. The annual value received from Narwhal hunts in Hudson Bay is $530,000, of which $370,000 is for meat, $150,000 for tusks, bones and teeth of males, and $10,000 for teeth and bones of females.

References

Other websites

 Biology and ecology of narwhals, NOAA
 Narwhal FAQ
 Narwhal Whales Information and images
 Narwhal general information 
 Narwhal info

Pictures

 Paul Nicklen, Canada  National Geographic Magazine
 On National Geographic

Toothed whales
The Vailala Madness was a religious movement. It was active between 1919 and 1922. Many people think it was one of the first cargo cults, even though that term was first used in the 1940s. The Vailala Madness was active in the Papuan Gulf, which was a territory of Australia at the time, but now  belongs to Papua New Guinea.

The Vailala Madness got its name from the behaviour of people who took part in it. This behaviour included glossolalia (or "speaking in tongues"), shaking, and signs of mental or emotional disturbances . In the indigenous language, people who were taking part in the Vailala Madness called it iki haveve, or "belly-don't know," which was another way of saying "dizziness."
The people in the movement thought that a 'Ghost Steamer' would come. This ship would be piloted by dead people who were coming back. The dead people would bring with them cargo with tinned food and tools. In one version of the story, the dead people would bring guns to kick the white colonizers out, but not everybody agrees that this was what people in the Vailala Madness actually believed.

Related pages
Ghost Dance, a belief extended among North American Indians that, in its Sioux version, prophesied that their ancestors would come back by train.
John Frum, a later cargo cult.

Cults
Agranulocytosis is a medical condition where there are very few granulocytes (a kind of white blood cell) in the blood. It is a type of severe and dangerous leukopenia (a condition of very low number of white blood cells). If the agranulocytosis is because of a lack of neutrophils (called neutropenia), it is especially bad.

The word agranulocytosis comes from the Greek "a-", meaning "without", the word "granulocyte", referring to a type of blood cell with granules in the cytoplasm, and "-osis", meaning "abnormal condition".

References 

Blood disorders
Weilburg is an German town of the Limburg-Weilburg district in the west of Hesse.

References
Tegan and Sara () is a Canadian indie rock duo, made up of twin sisters Tegan and Sara Quin.  They are lesbians. They have released eight albums.

Career
At first they called themselves PLUNK. They released their first album, Under Feet Like Ours, in 1999 as Sara and Tegan. In 2000 they released The Business of Art, their second album. They were nominated for four prizes at the 2014 Juno Awards. They are feminists.

References 

1995 establishments in Canada
1990s Canadian music groups
2000s Canadian music groups
2010s Canadian music groups
Calgary
Canadian feminists
Canadian LGBT people
Canadian rock bands
Indie bands
Lesbian feminists
LGBT musical groups
Musical groups established in 1995
New wave bands
Twin people from Canada
The Bradshaw Trail, nicknamed the Gold Road at one time, is a historic trail which used to be a stagecoach route in Southern California.

This road used to connect San Bernardino, California to gold fields in La Paz, Arizona, known today as Ehrenberg.  It was the first road connecting Riverside County to the Colorado River.

The part which remains today is a graded dirt road which crosses southeastern Riverside County and a part of Imperial County, beginning roughly 12 miles/19km east of North Shore and ending about 14 miles/23km southwest of Blythe for a total of 70 miles/113km.

History
History 

The trail is named for trailblazer William David Bradshaw who first crossed the area in 1862.  A former forty-niner, Bradshaw knew that the northern gold mines were rapidly emptying and that miners and other people leaving the area would need a more direct trail from the south across the desert to the new gold strike at La Paz.  Without a direct trail, they would have to travel a great distance southeast to Yuma, then north up the river to La Paz. Bradshaw was a smart man; he knew there were lots of chances to make money in a gold boomtown.

Originally 180 miles/290km long, the western end of the trail began east of San Bernardino in the San Gorgonio Pass.  Bradshaw and his party travelled southeast to the northern tip of the Salton Sink, turning due east to the foothills of the Orocopia Mountains and an existing stage stop called "Dos Palmas."
Leaving Dos Palmas, the men continued eastward between the Orocopia and Chocolate mountain ranges, briefly passing by the southern end of the Chuckwalla range and ending at the Palo Verde Valley.  Once they crossed the Colorado River, the party rode upstream for about four miles to the gold fields.  Despite the fact that the trail crossed mostly barren desert, there was lots of water to be found at water holes found at roughly thirty-mile/48km intervals.

Between 1862 and 1877, the Bradshaw Trail was the main route between Southern California and the La Paz gold fields.

The trail today 

The remaining part of the Bradshaw Trail mostly crosses public land.  The extreme eastern end of the trail at Ripley does not.  Use of a four wheel drive vehicle is recommended to travel across the trail.  There are no services on the trail itself.
Another fact to consider is the Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range which borders a part of the Bradshaw Trail to the south.  This is a live bombing range and is clearly marked.

See also:  Wiley's Well

References

Other websites 

BLM page on the Bradshaw Trail outlining recreational activities and access information 
Bradshaw Trail history at desertusa.com

1862 establishments in the United States
Roads in California
Trails of the United States
1860s establishments in California
Wiley's Well is a remote, natural artesian well in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It is also the name of the area around it.

It is named after Palo Verde storekeeper and postmaster A.P. Wiley. In 1907, Mr. Wiley dug deep into a shallow well dug in 1876 by a stagecoach company which used the nearby Bradshaw Trail. Wiley made the well larger since he hoped that he could attract business to his remote desert store. The well was taken care of by local ranchers and cattlemen for years afterward. However, the rapidly falling level of the water meant a drop of the water's depth to 60'/18m within a dozen years. Today, the well's original depth is only about 20'/6m at best after wet weather. The water in the well is not good for drinking.
In 1985, the Bureau of Land Management drilled a new well 965'/294m deep to support the new Wiley's Well Campground, one of only two developed campgrounds in the Mule Mountains Long-Term Visitor Area. The water is both hot at 90 °F/32 °C and full of minerals. The water is pumped into a cistern to help cool it to drinking temperature.
 
Wiley's Well is popular with rockhounds. They have been coming to Wiley's Well since the 1930s with the discovery of geode beds. Even though Wiley's Well has been very popular with rockhounds over the decades, the area remains rich with such minerals as chalcedony, citrine, quartz crystals, rhyolite and jasper. Though winters are mild, making the campground popular with visitors who visit every year from colder areas, summer can be extremely hot with recorded temperatures as high as 130 °F/54 °C.
Wiley's Well is easy to reach. It is off the Wiley's Well Road exit from Interstate 10, sixteen miles/26km west of Blythe. The entrance to the campground is nine miles/14km south of the highway.

Other websites 
 Article about Wiley's Well by Delmer G. Ross of La Sierra University 
 Official campground page, California Department of Transportation
 GPS guide to rockhounding at Wiley's Well at Amazon.com

Geography of California
Riverside County, California
Alphonse of Poitiers or Alfonso or Alphonse (11 November 1220 – 21 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse (as Alfonso II) from 1247.

Alphonse was a son of Louis VIII, King of France and Blanche of Castile. He was a younger brother of Louis IX of France and an older brother of Charles I of Sicily.

The Treaty of Paris stipulated that a brother of King Louis was to marry Joan of Toulouse, daughter of Raymond VII of Toulouse, and so in 1237 Alphonse married her.

Rule 

Honest and moderate, protecting the middle classes against exactions of the nobles, he exercised a happy influence upon the south, in spite of his naturally despotic character and his continual and pressing need of money. He is noted for ordering the first recorded local expulsion of Jews, when he did so in Poitou in 1249.

Aside from the crusades, Alfonso stayed primarily in Paris, governing his estates by officials, inspectors who reviewed the officials work, and a constant stream of messages.
When Louis IX again engaged in a crusade (the Eighth Crusade), Alphonse again raised a large sum of money and accompanied his brother. This time, however, he did not return to France, dying while on his way back, probably at Savona in Italy, on 21 August 1271.

References 

French royalty
Crusaders
1220s births
1270s deaths
Willem-Alexander (Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand; born 27 April 1967), is the King of the Netherlands. He is the eldest child of Princess Beatrix and Prince Claus. He has been the head of the House of Amsberg since the death of his father in 2002. He served in the Dutch military. He studied history at Leiden University. King Willem-Alexander is interested in international water management issues and sports. He married Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti in 2002. They have three daughters: Princess Catharina-Amalia (born 2003), Princess Alexia (born 2005), and Princess Ariane (born 2007).

On 28 January 2013, the king's mother announced in a television broadcast that she would abdicate the throne. That made Willem-Alexander, King on 30 April 2013. He is the first king of the Netherlands since the death of his great-great-grandfather, William III, in 1890.
Titles and styles
 27 April 1967 – 30 April 1980: His Royal Highness Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau
 30 April 1980 – 30 April 2013: His Royal Highness The Prince of Orange, Prince of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau
 30 April 2013 – present: His Majesty The King

He was the first male heir apparent to the Dutch throne since Prince Alexander, son of King William III, who died in 1884. Prince Willem-Alexander had indicated that if he became king, he would take the name William IV, but it was announced on 28 January 2013 that his regnal name would be Willem-Alexander.

References

Other websites 

  (English)
 Official website (Dutch)
 

1967 births
Living people
Dutch Calvinists
Kings and Queens of the Netherlands
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
People from Utrecht (city)
Current national leaders
Karst Tates (March 6, 1971 – May 1, 2009) was a Dutch man who tried to harm the Dutch Royal Family (including Willem Alexander and Beatrix). He tried to do this by making his car collide with the Royal Bus. This event happened in Apeldoorn, Netherlands on 30 April, 2009, the Dutch national holiday of Queen's Day (Koninginnedag). He did not succeed, but killed seven people who were watching the festivities and himself.

According to a policeman who claimed having talked to Tates, Tates said immediately after the crash that he had wanted to hit the members of the Royal Family that had just passed there in an open bus, because Willem-Alexander was a racist and a fascist in his view. After having been brought to hospital, Tates died from his wounds.

1971 births
2009 deaths
Dutch people
Murderers who committed suicide
The United Kingdom has different sorts of counties.  Some are traditional areas and some are for local government or other government things.

Counties (Traditional)

These counties are sometimes called historic counties, traditional counties or ancient or geographical counties.  People argue about how much they exist in law.  They are useful for genealogical and historic matters.  Anyone may choose to use traditional counties or not.

The traditional counties have had nothing to do with government since 1889.  However until 1974 most local government counties were very like them.

The United Kingdom has 92 traditional counties.

Counties (Local Government) Districts & Principal Areas

See also
See also

Local government administrative areas have different functions and powers in each of the different countries in the United Kingdom (England and the devolved administrations of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales) This resulted from devolution of administrative, executive, or legislative authority to the new institutions operating. The areas administered by local government have different types of names in the different parts of the United Kingdom.

 Districts of England

There is a total of 326 English districts. As the structure of local government in England is not uniform, there are currently four principal types of district-level subdivision (numbers shown in brackets)

 Metropolitan borough (36)
 Non-Metropolitan district (Shire District)     (201) 
 Unitary authority (55)
 London boroughs (32)
As a result, in parts of England there are local government counties with districts in them.[1] In other parts there are counties with just one district, and in those parts there is only one council, which is the district council or the county council.[2] Greater London is not a county; it has City of London, London Borough Councils, and a Greater London Authority. The Council of the Isles of Scilly is unique but is in effect a county council operating as unitary authority.

 Scotland

In Scotland there are "local government areas"[3] but most people call them "council areas".

 Wales

In Wales there are "principal areas".[4] Some councils' areas in Wales are called "counties" and others "county boroughs".

 Northern Ireland

In 1972, administrative functions in the Counties of Northern Ireland were replaced by 26 unitary authorities.[5]

Ceremonial Counties & Lieutenancy Areas
The Queen appoints officers called "lord-lieutenants" and High Sheriff in ceremonial counties and lieutenancy areas.  The UK area in which their duties are carried out is usually called a  ceremonial county except in Scotland, where they are called "Lieutenancy Areas".  In Scotland only a lord-lieutenant is appointed to each lieutenancy area.

Ceremonial Counties (England, Northern Ireland and Wales)

A ceremonial county in England and Wales is a local government county or a group of local government counties.  In Northern Ireland it is a county or county borough.

Lieutenancy Areas (Scotland)

Notes

Other websites
 The Gazetteer of British Place Names
 Local Government directory – British Government

United Kingdom-related lists
In photosynthesis, a light-dependent reaction uses light energy from the sun to split water which has been taken in by the organism. Water, when split, gives oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons. These electrons move through structures in chloroplasts and, by chemiosmosis, make ATP.

The hydrogen is converted to NADPH, which is then used in the light-independent reactions. Oxygen gas diffuses out of the organism as a waste product. This all happens in the grana thylakoid of chloroplasts.
The movement of electrons 
Light hits the chloroplast. It absorbs light and traps it.
Chlorophyll channels the light down to a reaction center.
An electron at the reaction center is excited to a higher energy level, and is received by an electron acceptor. This electron is taken from the splitting of water: ( → ½ + 2H+ + 2e-)
The electron is passed along a series of electron carriers. It is moving down energy levels and losing energy. This energy causes the pumping of hydrogen from the cytoplasm of chlorophyll into thylakoid spaces inside the grana. The hydrogen diffuses and flows back into the cytoplasm through protein channels. As the hydrogen diffuses down a concentration gradient, ATP is made from ADP and inorganic phosphate. 
Eventually, the electron is used to reduce NADP to NADPH along with hydrogen from photolysis.
History
Colin Flannery first put forward the idea that photosynthesis needs light in 1779. He realised that sunlight falling on plants was needed. Joseph Priestley had noted the release of oxygen gas in 1772, but he did not see the link with light.
In 1931 Cornelius Van Niel proposed that photosynthesis is a case of a general mechanism where a photon of light is used to photodecompose a hydrogen donor, with the hydrogen being used to reduce .
In 1939 Robin Hill found that isolated chloroplasts would make oxygen but not fix , showing that the light and dark reactions occurred in different places. This led later to the discovery of photosystem 1 and 2.

Related pages 
Photosynthesis
Light-independent reactions

References

Metabolism
Cellular respiration
In photosynthesis, a light-independent reaction takes place in plant chloroplasts. In this process, sugars are made from carbon dioxide. 

The process, known as the Calvin cycle, uses products of the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) and various enzymes.  Therefore, the light-independent reaction cannot happen without the light-dependent reaction. 

Sugars made in the light-independent reactions are moved around the plant  (translocation). This takes place in the grana region of the chloroplast. It is anaerobic (does not use oxygen).
The Calvin cycle 
A sugar (Ribulose biphosphate or RuBP) made of 5 carbon atoms combines with carbon dioxide to form a 6-carbon sugar (phosphoglycerate). An enzyme called RuBisCO speeds this reaction up.
Phosphoglycerate is reduced with hydrogen atoms from the light-dependent reaction to form two molecules of triose phosphate (each has 3 carbon atoms). ATP is needed for this to occur.
Some triose phosphate is converted (using ATP) back into Ribulose Biphosphate (which is why this is called a cycle).
The rest left over is used to produce glucose.

The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following:
3  + 6 NADPH + 5  + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) + 2 H+ + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 8 Pi   (Pi = inorganic phosphate)

Other websites
The biochemistry of the Calvin cycle. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 
The Calvin cycle and the Pentose phosphate pathway from Berg J.M; Tymoczko J.L. & Stryer L. 2002. Biochemistry. 5th ed,  W.H. Freeman.

Metabolism
Cellular respiration
2008 (MMVIII) was .

2008 was the Chinese Year of Earth Rat based on the 12-year Chinese Zodiac cycle.

Events

January
January 1 – Cyprus and Malta adopt the euro.
 January 1 – A suicide bombing occurs in Zayouna, Baghdad, killing over 25 people during a funeral over the deaths from the preceding attack.
 January 2 – The price of petroleum hits $100 per barrel for the first time.
 January 3 – A car bomb detonates, killing at least 4 and injuring 68, in Diyarbakır, Turkey. Police blame Kurdish rebels.
 January 8 – An attempted assassination of Maldivian president Maumoon Abdul Gayoom is thwarted after a Boy Scout grabs the attacker's knife. The Boy Scout is injured, but after a scuffle police arrest the attacker.
 January 12 – A Macedonian Army Mil Mi-17 helicopter crashes in thick fog southeast of Skopje, killing all 11 military personnel on board.
 January 14 – At 19:04:39 UTC, the MESSENGER space probe is at its closest approach during its first flyby of the planet Mercury.
 January 15 – The Federal Court of Australia orders a Japanese whaling company to stop research whaling within their Exclusive Economic Zone.
January 21 – Stock markets around the world plunge amid growing fears of a U.S. recession, fueled by the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis.
 January 22 – Russia stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the Soviet Union in the Bay of Biscay. The Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practises strike tactics off the coast of France and Spain, and test-launches nuclear-capable missiles in foreign waters.
January 23 – Polish Air Force EADS CASA C-295 crashes on approach to the 12th Air Base near Mirosławiec. All 20 personnel on board die.
 January 23 – Thousands of Palestinians cross into Egypt, as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by militants.
 January 24 – A peace deal ends the Kivu war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
 January 25 – China's worst snowstorm since 1954 kills 133, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.
 January 29 – Iran's judiciary sentences to prison 54 Bahá'í Faith followers for 'anti-regime propaganda'.

February
February 2 – Rebels attack the capital of Chad, N'Djamena.
 February 4 – Iran opens its first space center and launches a rocket into space.
 February 4 – A Palestinian suicide bomber kills 1 and wounds 13 in a Dimona, Israel shopping center.
 February 5 – U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a report shows signs of economic recession in the service sector. The S&P 500 fall 3.2%, The Dow Jones Industrial Average 370 points.
 February 5–6 – A tornado outbreak, the deadliest in 23 years, kills 58 in the Southern United States.
 February 7 – STS-122: Space Shuttle Atlantis launches to deliver the European-built Columbus science laboratory to the International Space Station.
 February 10 – The 2008 Namdaemun fire severely damages Namdaemun, the first National Treasure of South Korea.
 February 11 – President of East Timor José Ramos-Horta is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel leader Alfredo Reinado is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.
February 12 – PDVSA, a state oil company in Venezuela, suspends sales of crude oil to ExxonMobil, in response to a legal challenge by them.
 February 12 – Bridgestone, under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at least 150 million Japanese yen to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.
 February 13 – Prime Minister Kevin Rudd of Australia delivers a formal apology to the Stolen Generations.
 February 17 – Kosovo formally declares independence from Serbia, with support from some countries but opposition from others.
 February 18 – The British government introduces emergency legislation temporarily to nationalize Northern Rock, the 5th largest mortgage bank in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.
February 18 – A general election is held in Pakistan, delayed from January 8 due to riots in the wake of the assassination of Benazir Bhutto. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the seats, while President Pervez Musharraf's party suffers a huge defeat.
 February 19 – Fidel Castro announces his resignation as President of Cuba, effective February 24.
 February 20 – The United States Navy destroys a spy satellite containing toxic fuel, by shooting it down with a missile launched from the USS Lake Erie in the Pacific Ocean.
 February 20 – A total lunar eclipse crosses North and South America, Europe, Africa, and Southwest Asia.
 February 22 – Former building society Northern Rock is the first bank in Europe to be taken into state control, due to the U.S. subprime mortgage financial crisis.
February 22 – No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of Santa Bárbara Airlines Flight 518 just northeast of Mérida, Venezuela. The commercial plane had 46 people on board, including crew.
 February 24 – Raúl Castro is unanimously elected as President of Cuba by the National Assembly.
 February 27 -- Microsoft release operating system Windows Server 2008 on worldwide
March–April – Rising food and fuel prices trigger riots and unrest in the Third World.
 March 1 – In Gaza Strip, at least 52 Palestinians and 2 Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005.
 March 2 – 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis: Venezuela and Ecuador move troops to the Colombian border, following a Colombian raid against FARC guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory, in which senior commander Raúl Reyes is killed.
 March 6 – Eight Israeli civilians are killed and 9 wounded when a Palestinian attacker opens fire at a Jewish seminary in Jerusalem.
 March 9 – The first European Space Agency Automated Transfer Vehicle, a cargo spacecraft for the International Space Station, launches from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana.
 March 14 – Demonstrations by Tibetan separatists turn violent as rioters target government and Han Chinese-owned buildings.
March 15 – A gun factory explosion in Gërdec, Albania kills more than 30. Over the following week, Albania, Kosovo, and some surrounding countries supply and support Gërdec's population with food, blood, etc.
 March 19 – An exploding star halfway across the visible universe becomes the farthest known object ever visible to the naked eye.
 March 24 – Bhutan holds its first-ever general elections.
 March 25 – A 414 square kilometer (160 sq. mi.2) chunk of Antarctica's Wilkins Ice Shelf disintegrates, leaving the entire shelf at risk.
 March 25 – African Union and Comoros forces invade the rebel-held island of Anjouan.
 March 29 – Presidential and parliamentary elections are held in Zimbabwe.
April 

 April 8 – Privy Council of Sark dismantles its feudal system to comply with the European Convention on Human Rights. and the first elections under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.
 April 15 – A Hewa Bora Airways DC-9 crashes into a residential area of Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
 April 17 – Raila Odinga becomes the new Prime Minister of Kenya after the formation of a coalition government, ending the political crisis in Kenya.
 April 22 – Surgeons at London's Moorfields Eye Hospital perform the first operations using bionic eyes, implanting them into 2 blind patients.
 April 27 – The Taliban attempts to assassinate Afghan President Hamid Karzai in a military parade in Kabul.
 April 28 – India sets a world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit in a single launch.
 April 28 – 71 die in a train crash in Shandong, China.

May
May 3 – Over 133,000 in Burma/Myanmar are killed by Cyclone Nargis, the deadliest natural disaster since the Boxing Day Tsunami in 2004.
 May 7 – Dmitry Medvedev takes office as President of Russia, replacing Vladimir Putin.
 May 8 – Start of armed clashes and fighting in Lebanon.
 May 11 – Burma/Myanmar holds a constitutional referendum.
 May 12 – Over 69,000 are killed in central south-west China by the Wenchuan quake, an earthquake measuring 7.9 Moment magnitude scale. The epicenter is 90 kilometers (55 miles) west-northwest of the provincial capital Chengdu, Sichuan province.
 May 13 – A series of bomb blasts kills at least 63 and injures 216 in Jaipur, India.
 May 14 – NASA announces the discovery of Supernova remnant G1.9+0.3.
 May 15 – An oil pipeline explosion in Ijegun, Nigeria kills 100.
 May 23 – The Union of South American Nations, a supranational union, is created by a union between the Andean Community and Mercosur.
May 23 – The International Court of Justice awards Middle Rocks to Malaysia and Pedra Branca to Singapore, ending a 29-year territorial dispute between the 2 countries.
 May 25 – NASA's Phoenix spacecraft becomes the first to land on the northern polar region of Mars.
 May 28 – The Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is established after the Assembly votes overwhelmingly in favor of abolishing the country's 240-year-old monarchy. Girija Prasad Koirala becomes temporary head of state.
 May 30 – The Convention on Cluster Munitions is adopted in Dublin.
June 1 – A fire at Universal Studios Hollywood destroys 118,000 to 175,000 copies of master tapes.
 June 2 – A car bomb explodes outside the Danish embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing at least five.
 June 8 – In the Akihabara area of Tokyo, Japan, a 25-year-old man stabs seven to death and wounds 10, before being arrested.
 June 10 – Fire engulfs Sudan Airways Flight 109 after it lands in Khartoum, killing 44.
 June 11 – The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope is launched.
 June 11 – Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologizes to Canada's First Nations for the Canadian residential school system.
 June 12 – Ireland votes to reject the Treaty of Lisbon, in the only referendum to be held by a European Union member state on the treaty.
 June 14 – A 6.9 magnitude earthquake in Iwate Prefecture, Japan, kills 12 and injures more than 400.
 June 14 – September 14 – Expo 2008 is held in Zaragoza, Spain, with the topic of "Water and sustainable development".