Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Behavior

The American robin is most active during the day. During the winter, it groups together in large flocks at night. They sleep together in thick vegetation. During the day, these large winter flocks break up into smaller flocks. They feed in these smaller flocks. During the summer, American robins are less social. This is because they are defending their breeding territories.

Juvenile robins spend their first four months of life near their nesting place. They then flock together with other American Robins before they migrate to their wintering places.

Diet

The American robin eats invertebrates. In the spring, they like to eat earthworms and snails. Some other invertebrates that American robins eat are beetles, grubs, and caterpillars. It will also eat fruits and berries. Some kinds of berries that they like to eat are chokecherries, hawthorn berries, dogwood berries, sumac fruits, and juniper berries.

Breeding
Breeding

The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to northern North America after spending the winter in the south. It is one of the first North American birds to lay eggs. It has two to three broods (a brood is a group of offspring) each breeding season. The breeding season starts in April and ends in July. It is one of the first birds to sing at dawn. Its song is made up of several small groups of sounds that are repeated.
Nest
The female chooses where to make the nest. She will usually make the nest on one or many branches that are hidden in leaves. In the west, the female will make the nest on the ground or in thickets. In Alaska, the female will make the nest on a cliff. The female makes the nest. She starts with the inside. She uses grass and sticks to make a cup-shaped center. Other things that the female will use are paper, feathers, rootlets, and moss. After the center is done, she uses mud on the outside of the nest to make it stronger. She then puts soft grass in the cup. The nest is usually 15.2 to 20.3 cm (6 to 8 in) long. It is 7.6 to 15.2 cm high (3 to 6 in).

Eggs and young
The female will lay 3 to 5 eggs in the nest. They are blue or blue-green. They are 2.8 to 3 cm (1.1 to 1.2 in) long. They are 2.1 cm (0.8 in) wide. Only the female incubates the eggs (incubate means that the adult will sit on the eggs and keep them warm and help the babies inside grow). It takes 12 to 14 days for the eggs to hatch.
For the first few days, the chicks have no feathers and their eyes are closed. The young live in the nest for about 13 days. As the chicks grow older, the female will protect them only at night and during bad weather. After the juveniles leave the nest, they will follow their parents around and beg them for food.

Both parents help feed and protect the fledged (fledged means a young bird that has just learned how to fly) juveniles until they can live on their own. The adults will give an alarm call to warn the juveniles that there is a predator near by. The parents will then attack the predator. Some of the predators they will attack are cats and dogs. They will even go after humans if the human gets close to their young. Fledged juveniles are only able to fly short distances. The coloring of the juveniles helps them hide better in bushes or trees. This kind of coloring is called camouflage.
Bird banders have found that only 25% of juvenile American robins live through their first year. The average life of an American Robin lasts about 2 years. The longest known lifespan of a wild American Robin is 14 years.

Threats

Predators
Eggs and juvenile robins that still live in the nest are eaten by squirrels and snakes. Some birds also eat eggs and juvenile robins. When feeding together in flocks, American robins will watch each other for signs of predators. If a predator is seen, they will make a warning call. Sometimes, the Brown-headed Cowbird lays its eggs in the robin's nest. This is called brood parasitism. The robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs. Because of this, brood parasitism by the cowbird is rare.
Disease
The American robin is known to carry a disease called the West Nile Virus. This disease comes from mosquitoes. Crows and jays are the first to die from this disease. The American robin is more responsible for the transmission of the disease to humans. This is because it lives longer with the disease than the crows and jays. This allows it to spread the disease to more mosquitoes which then spread the disease to humans and other animals.

In culture
The American robin is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It was also shown on a 1986 Canadian $2 note, but it is no longer on the bill.

There is color named after the American robin's eggs. It is called robin's egg blue.
The robin is considered a symbol of spring. A good example is a poem by Emily Dickinson. It is called I Dreaded That First Robin So. There are other poems about the first robin of spring. One of them is The First Robin by Dr. William H. Drummond. According to the author's wife, it is based on a Quebec false belief. The belief says that whoever sees the first robin of spring will have good luck.

References 

Birds of North America
Thrushes
New-age music is a type of music which is often related to New Age belief. It is usually soft and instrumental; it means, only few New Age music pieces have a singer. New Age music is good for resting, thinking and meditation.

One of the first people in this genre was Stephen Halpern. He created music to be used for meditation. He could not find a record company for his works, so he published them himself and sold them in New Age stores. His music is very relaxing and has a slow rhythm.

Some of the famous artists who work in this field are Yanni, Kitarō, Jean Ven Robert Hal, Loreena McKennitt, Vangelis, Enya and George Winston.

References

New Age music
Write Once Read Many (times) or WORM is a classification of computer storage media. It is used to describe media that can only be written once. After they are written, they can only be read.

There are two different kinds of such media:
In some, the hardware prevents multiple writes, examples of such media are the CD-R and DVD-R discs. There is also some kind of computer memory (called PROM) which can only be written once. 
Certain kind of media use a software solution to emulate this behaviour. Examples are  certain kinds of  backup tapes and harddisks that can also have this property.

Storage devices
Charles-Marie Widor (born Lyon, 21 February, 1844; died Paris, 12 March, 1937) was a French organist and composer. He was one of the greatest organists of his time and he had many pupils who learned a lot from him and became famous. Widor is best known for his organ works which he called “symphonies”. The Toccata from his Symphony no 5 is one of the best known of all organ pieces, often played at the end of wedding ceremonies.

1844 births
1937 deaths
20th-century French composers
French organists
Romantic composers
Musicians from Lyon
Marcel Dupré (born Rouen, Normandy, 3 May  1886; died Meudon, near Paris, 30 May  1971), was a leading French organist, composer, and teacher.

Biography
Marcel Dupré was born to a musical family in Rouen (Normandy, France). His father Albert Dupré was organist at the gothic abbey of St Ouen in Rouen.  The young Marcel was a child prodigy. He entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1904, where he studied the piano and organ.  He studied organ with Alexandre Guilmant and Louis Vierne, and Charles-Marie Widor. His studies with Widor also included composition. In 1914, Dupré won the Grand Prix de Rome for his cantata, Psyché.  Twelve years later, he became professor of organ at the Paris Conservatoire, serving until 1954.

Among his best-known work were more than 2,000 organ recitals in Europe, the United States, Canada and Australia.  In 1920 he played in a series of concerts at the Paris Conservatoire in which he played the complete organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach from memory.
In 1934 he succeeded Widor as organist at St. Sulpice in Paris, serving until his death.

From 1947 to 1954, he was director of the American Conservatory, which was in the Château de Fontainebleau near Paris. In 1954, Dupré succeeded Claude Delvincourt (who had been killed in a car crash) as director of the Paris Conservatoire, serving until 1956. He died at the age of 85.

His playing

Dupré's organ recitals often included his own work, as well as those of other composers, especially Bach. In the tradition of Widor and Vierne, his compositions included long works in several movements which he called “symphonies”.  When he played in church services he would start by playing composed music which was suitable for the time of year.  Then he would improvise, playing complicated fugues, trio sonatas and chorale improvisations.  He was so good at improvising that many people thought he had composed the music beforehand.
When playing in concerts he was often given a tune, and then he would immediately make up a large work from that tune.  In 1906, when he was still a student, he played for a wedding and two services when the famous Widor was going to be absent.  Dupré asked Widor what music he should play.  Widor told him to improvise something.  Dupré waited for Widor to go out of the church before he started practising, but Widor crept back in and listened to him.  He realized that Dupré would manage very well.

His teaching

Dupré  was famous as an organ teacher.  He taught two generations of well-known organists including Jehan Alain,  Marie-Claire Alain, Pierre Cochereau, Jeanne Demessieux,Jean Guillou, Jean Langlais, and  Olivier Messiaen.

His compositions
His compositions

Dupré composed a great deal of organ music. As a young child he got to know Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, the most famous organ builder in France.  Cavaillé-Coll had built the organ that Dupré’s father played, so he was used to the sound of modern French organs.   Most of Dupré's music for the organ is very difficult to play. It includes the  Three Preludes and Fugues, Op. 7 (1914).  Even Widor thought that the Prelude of the third piece was simply impossible to perform. However, Dupré could play it, and many organists after him learned to play it, too. Other notable works of Dupré's include  the Symphonie-Passion, the Esquisses and Évocation, and the Cortège et Litanie. 

As well as composing lots of music, Dupré prepared study editions of the organ works of Bach, Handel, Mozart, Liszt, Mendelssohn, Schumann, César Franck, and Alexander Glazunov. He also wrote music for people who were learning to play the organ, and books on how to improvise on the organ.
References 
Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed Stanley Sadie (5th edition, 1980)
“Marcel Dupré at Saint-Sulpice” – Gerard Brooks: Organist’s Review Aug 1986 p. 161-166

1886 births
1971 deaths
French organists
20th-century French composers
People from Rouen
Paul Hindemith (pronounce: powl HIN-deh-mitt; 16 November 1895 in Hanau - 28 December 1963 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German composer, violist, teacher, music theorist and conductor. He was one of the most important and influential German composers during the years between the two World Wars. His style was at first influenced by Schoenberg and Expressionism, but gradually it became more neo-classical, and he turned against Schoenberg's whole approach. He was also famous as a viola player and composed a concerto for viola and orchestra.

References 

1895 births
1963 deaths
20th-century German composers
Deaths from pancreatitis
Entertainers from Hesse
German academics
German conductors
People from Hanau
Violists
Louis Vierne (8 October 1870 – 2 June 1937) was a French organist and composer. He wrote a lot of music for the organ, including six large works called symphonies, 24 Fantasy Pieces (which includes his famous Carillon de Westminster), and 24 Pieces In Free Style. Some of these can be played on the harmonium as well as on the organ.

Life
Vierne was born in Poitiers. He was almost completely blind from birth. He faced a lifetime of professional frustration, sickness, blindness, loss of family and friends, and disappointments. This all influenced his music.

He died while giving an organ recital at Notre Dame.

Organ symphonies 

 Organ Symphony No. 1 in D minor, Op. 14 (1898–1899)
 Organ Symphony No. 2 in E minor, Op. 20 (1902–1903)
 Organ Symphony No. 3 in F♯ minor, Op. 28 (1911)
 Organ Symphony No. 4 in G minor, Op. 32 (1914)
 Organ Symphony No. 5 in A minor, Op. 47 (1923–1924)
 Organ Symphony No. 6 in B minor, Op. 59 (1930)
Symphony No. 6 exploits the full 12-tone chromatic scale. Vierne's pupil Maurice Duruflé played the Symphony's first performance at Notre Dame in 1935.

References 
 Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. All Music Guide, LLC. p. 1456.

1870 births
1937 deaths
20th-century French composers
Romantic composers
Poitiers
Jehan Alain (born Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Paris, 3 February, 1911; died near Saumur, 20 June 1940) was a French organist and composer.  He learned to play the organ at home on an organ that his father had built.  In his short life he composed many works.  His most famous organ pieces are Trois Danses (Three Dances) and a brilliant piece called Litanies.

Alain was killed fighting in World War II.

His youngest sister, Marie-Claire Alain, is an internationally-famous organist and has made several complete recordings of her brother's organ works.

1911 births
1940 deaths
20th-century French composers
Shame is an emotion. Shame is rooted in a social or cultural environment. Some people feel shame when some of the rules (that are accepted by the respective society) have been broken. A person can feel ashamed because he or she has thought or done something no one else knows about. Children are often told to be ashamed of something, because they sometimes have trouble telling cause and effect apart. When they grow up, they can better tell the two apart. At that stage, the feeling of guilt becomes stronger.

Emotions
Keynes could mean:

People with the surname Keynes

 John Keynes (Jesuit) (1624–1697), Jesuit and religious controversialist
 John Maynard Keynes, English economist
 John Neville Keynes, a British economist and father of John Maynard Keynes.
 Dr William Milo Keynes, English doctor and author
 Quentin Keynes, traveller and bibliophile
 Randal Keynes, English author
 Richard Keynes (actor) (born 1979), British actor
 Richard Darwin Keynes (born 1919), English physiologist
 Simon Keynes, Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon, University of Cambridge
 Skandar Keynes (born 1991), British actor
 Soumaya Keynes is a British actress

Places in England containing the name Keynes

Ashton Keynes, a village in Wiltshire
Coombe Keynes, a hamlet in Dorset
Horsted Keynes, a village in West Sussex
Milton Keynes, a city in Buckinghamshire
Somerford Keynes, a village in Gloucestershire

Other

Keynes College, Kent, a college of the University of Kent, named after John Maynard Keynes
Moulin Rouge (Red Windmill) is a traditional cabaret and nightclub which began in 1889. It is on Boulevard de Clichy in the 18th arrondissement (district of the city). This is near the French quarter of Montmartre in the red-light district of Paris called Pigalle. The theatre can be recognized by the large red windmill on its roof. 

The Moulin Rouge puts on cabaret shows every day. It is where the famous French dance, the Can-can, was first performed. It is also famous because many artists and writers have often gone there. Henri Toulouse-Lautrec designed many posters for the cabaret. Because of this, the management always set aside a table where he could have a meal and watch the show.
The ingredients for its success are said to be: 
 A revolutionary architecture for the auditorium that allowed rapid changes of décor and where everyone could mix;
 Festive champagne evenings where people danced and were entertained thanks to amusing acts that changed regularly, such as the Pétomane;
 A new dance inspired by the quadrille which becomes more and more popular: the Can-can, danced to a furious rhythm by dancers in titillating costumes;
 Famous dancers whom history still remembers: La Goulue, Jane Avril, la Môme Fromage, Grille d'Egout, Nini Pattes en l'Air, Yvette Guilbert ;
 A place loved by artists, of whom the most iconic was Toulouse-Lautrec. His posters and paintings secured rapid and international fame for the Moulin Rouge.

Several movies have been made about the Moulin Rouge. The latest is Moulin Rouge! directed by Baz Luhrmann. Jean Renoir made another film about the Moulin Rouge.

Related pages  
 Henri Toulouse-Lautrec 
 Paris 
 Bohemianism

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Moulin Rouge Paris - Official Website 

Theatres in Paris
Henri Matisse (Le Cateau-Cambrésis, Nord, 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French artist known for his use of colour and his original ideas.

He is mainly known as a painter, but he was also a draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. Matisse was one of the main artists who helped to create modern art early in the 20th century.

"Matisse created brilliantly coloured canvases structured by colour applied in a variety of brushwork, ranging from thick impasto [thick paint] to flat areas of pure pigment, sometimes accompanied by a sinuous, arabesque-like line. [This was] the first of the avant-garde movements (1905–7), named "Fauvism" by a contemporary art critic, referring to its use of arbitrary combinations of bright colors and energetic brushwork to structure the composition".
Although he was initially called a Fauve (wild beast), he painted many traditional themes. He painted from life, and his work includes many portraits and other figurative subjects.
His mastery of the expressive language of form and colour, in work spanning over a half-century, won him recognition as a leading figure in modern art.

Matisse died of a heart attack in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes.

References

Other websites 
 Matisse in Artchive Artchive
 500 hi-res images Henri Matisse: life and work

1869 births
1954 deaths
French painters
French printmakers
People from Nord
Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, AFI's 100 Years of Musicals is a list of the top American musical movies. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute at the Hollywood Bowl on September 3, 2006. Unlike most of the previous lists, it only includes 25 winners and was not presented in a televised program.

# Singin' in the Rain (1952)
# West Side Story (1961)
# The Wizard of Oz (1939)
# The Sound of Music (1965)
# Cabaret (1972)
# Mary Poppins (1964)
# A Star Is Born (1954)
# My Fair Lady (1964)
# An American in Paris (1951)
# Meet Me in St. Louis (1944)
# The King and I (1956)
# Chicago (2002)
# 42nd Street (1933)
# All That Jazz (1979)
# Top Hat (1935)
# Funny Girl (1968)
# The Band Wagon (1953)
# Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)
# On the Town (1949)
# Grease (1978)
# Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)
# Beauty and the Beast (1991)
# Guys and Dolls (1955)
# Show Boat (1936)
# Moulin Rouge! (2001)

Other websites 
American Film Institute 

American movies
American Film Institute
Abū Nuwās al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī al-Ḥakamī (variant: Al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī 'Abd al-Awal al-Ṣabāḥ, Abū 'Alī (), known as Abū Nuwās al-Salamī () or just Abū Nuwās ( Abū Novās); 756814) was a classical Arabic poet. He was born in Persia. He is in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights.

References 

750 births
810 deaths
Iranian poets
Pen names
Montmartre is a hill 130 metres high and is also the name of the district which surrounds the hill. It is in north Paris and famous for its nightlife.

Many artists had studios or worked around the community of Montmartre such as Salvador Dalí, Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso and Vincent van Gogh.

Name origin
Montmartre means 'mountain of the martyr.' The name comes from the martyrdom of Saint Denis, who was decapitated on the hill around 250 AD. Saint Denis was the Bishop of Paris and is the patron saint of France.

The hill's religious symbolism is thought to be even older. It may have been a druidic holy place because it is the highest point in the area.

Related pages 
 Bohemianism

References

Paris
Arnaut Daniel de Riberac (today Arnaut Danièl) wrote and performed music and poetry in the 12th century. He was Occitan.

References
 Eusebi, Mario (1995). L'aur'amara. Parma: Pratiche Editrice. .
 Pound, Ezra (1910). The Spirit of Romance. New Direction Books (1968 reprinting).

Troubadours
12th-century births
Cabaret is a form of entertainment having comedy, song, dance, and theatre. Cabarets are mostly performed in a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting at tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. The venue itself can also be called a "cabaret". Sometimes it is called a "Reviue".  

The term is a French word for the taprooms or cafés where this form of entertainment was born, as a more artistic form of café-chantant. It comes from Middle Dutch cabret, through Old North French camberette, from Late Latin camera. It essentially means "small room."
Cabaret also refers to a Mediterranean-style brothel – a bar with tables and women who talk, arouse, and entertain the clients. Traditionally these can also have some form of stage entertainment: often singers & dancers – the bawdiness of which varies with the quality of the place. It is the classier, more sophisticated cabaret that eventually engendered the form of place and art form that is the subject of the remainder of this article.

Performing arts
Disney Studios Australia is a major movie studio in Sydney, Australia. Since opening in May 1998, the studio has been involved in the production of a number of successful movies, including The Matrix, Moulin Rouge!, Mission Impossible II, Star Wars Episode II, Star Wars Episode III and Superman Returns.

Movies
The studio has been involved in a number of movies including:
Dark City - 1996-1997
Babe: Pig in the City - 1998
The Matrix - 1998
Farscape – Series 1 - 1999 (TV)
Mission: Impossible II - 1999
Holy Smoke - 1999
Moulin Rouge! - 1999-2000
La Spagnola - 2000
Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones - 2000
Kangaroo Jack - 2001
The Quiet American - 2001
The Matrix Reloaded - 2001-2002
The Matrix Revolutions - 2001-2002
The Night We Called It a Day - 2002
The Mystery of Natalie Wood aka (Looking for Natalie Wood) - 2003
Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith - 2003-2005
Son of the Mask - 2004
Stealth - 2004
Superman Returns - 2005
Australian Idol - 2007
Australia (2008 film) - 2007
Other websites
 Fox Studios Australia
 The Entertainment Quarter

Australian movie studios
1998 establishments in Australia
St. Thomas Aquinas, (1225 – 7 March 1274) was a Catholic Dominican priest from Italy, saint and philosopher. He was born in Roccasecca, as the son of Count Andulf of Aquino and Countess Theodora of Teano.

His early education was at the Benedictine monastery at Montecassino. He attended the University of Naples, where he got the nickname "dumb ox" for his slow demeanor, though he was an intelligent and talented student. He studied philosophy, Catholic theology, church history, liturgy, and canon law. 

Thomas de Aquinas is an essential character of Western philosophy and Christianity. We have access to his academic work, teachings, and writings approaching abstract thinking.
Thomas de Aquinas began his journey with the monastery (religious life) at five years old. Coming from a wealthy and influential family, Thomas de Aquinas was destined by his family to become the Abbot of Montecassino. He didn't want to follow the path his family had paved for him and decided to become a monk with the Dominicans. They were monks who lived by eliminating all material wealth. For his family, being a monk of the Dominicans was a dishonor. His family kidnapped him and kept him prisoner in the their castle for over a year in an attempt to change his mind. This was until he escaped and became a friar with the new Dominican Order against the wishes of his family. 

He was sent to Paris by the Dominicans to study theology and philosophy. He became one of the 33 Doctors of the Church and is known for his work with Natural Law.  Aquinas took an optimistic view of human nature, believing that it is human nature to do good and not evil.
He was the author of the cosmological argument. Catholics think Aquinas is the best teacher for one who wants to become a priest. His most famous book being Summa Theologica. Many schools are named after him including the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines.

References 

Doctors of the Church
1225 births
1274 deaths
People from Lazio
Craig Pearce is an Australian actor and screenwriter. He co-wrote the play Strictly Ballroom and the screenplay of the movie version with Baz Luhrmann. He also wrote the screenplay for the 1996 movie Romeo + Juliet and co-wrote the 2001 movie Moulin Rouge!, also with Baz Luhrmann.

Other websites 
 

Living people
Australian movie actors
Australian screenwriters
Donald McAlpine is an Australian cinematographer. He was born in 1934 in New South Wales, Australia. He has been involved in over fifty movies. His more recent work has been seen in Baz Luhrmann's hit musical Moulin Rouge! (2001), for which he earned an Academy Award nomination, Adam Sandler's Anger Management (2003), Universal Pictures' Peter Pan (2003) and the Walt Disney/Walden Media-produced The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005).

Other websites 

1934 births
Living people
Australian filmmakers
People from New South Wales
Cinematographers
Herbert Howells CBE, CH, was an English composer, organist, and teacher. He was born in Lydney, Gloucestershire on 17 October 1892 to Oliver and Elizabeth Howells. He died in London on 23 February 1983. He wrote a lot of church music for the Anglican Church, including several Service settings of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis. He taught for many years at the Royal College of Music.

One of his best known works is the Hymnus Paradisi, a large, sacred work for choir. His organ works include 2 sets of 3 Psalm-Preludes and a piece called Master Tallis’s Testament.

1892 births
1983 deaths
20th-century English composers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of Honour
English organists
Musicians from Gloucestershire
Jillian (Jill) Bilcock (born 1948, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) is a movie editor. She is a graduate of the Swinbourne College of Technology. Bilcock won the 2002 Eddie Award (best edited comedy or musical movie) for Moulin Rouge!. She also was nominated for the Academy Award for movie Editing for that movie. Bilcock has been nominated four times for the BAFTA Award for Best Editing . Three of these nominations were for the first three movies directed by Baz Luhrmann (Moulin Rouge! - 2002, Romeo + Juliet - 1996, and Strictly Ballroom - 1992). The fourth BAFTA nomination was for Elizabeth (1998).

References

Other websites 

1948 births
Living people
Australian filmmakers
People from Melbourne
Movie editors
James Broadbent (born 24 May 1949) is an English actor.

Broadbent was born in Lincolnshire; he lives in London.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 
 
 

Biography on the Broadbent Theatre website

1949 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Lincolnshire
BAFTA Award winning actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
John Leguizamo (born July 22, 1960) is an Emmy Award-winning and Golden Globe-nominated American comedian, actor and producer.

Movies

References

Other websites 

 
 
 John Leguizamo  at Internet Off-Broadway Database
 
 Q&A Sessions: John Leguizamo on The Happening at nocheLatina.com

1964 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American movie actors
American voice actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
Emmy Award winners
Puerto Rican movie actors
People from Bogotá
Actors from Los Angeles
Movie producers from Los Angeles
Puerto Rican voice actors
Puerto Rican comedians
A nut is a hard-shelled fruit of some plants. They are an important part of the diet. Many dried seeds and fruits are called 'nuts' in English, but only some are nuts to a botanist. 

Nuts are made of the seed and the fruit. Most seeds come from fruits, and the seeds are released from the fruit. But nuts have a stony fruit wall which keeps the seed inside.

Definition 
In common speaking, many so-called nuts, like pistachios and Brazil nuts, are not nuts in a biological sense. Everyday usage of the term often means any hard-walled, edible kernel.

A nut in botany is a simple dry fruit with one seed (rarely two). The ovary wall is hard (stony or woody) when it matures, and the seed is stuck to the ovary wall.

Types of nuts 
Types of nuts include the oak, hickory, chestnut, stone-oak, birch, hazelnut, and acorn. The peanut, coconut, almond, macadamia, pistachio, pecan, walnut and cashew are not true nuts, but are used like nuts in cooking.
Nutrition 
Nuts have nutrients that are important for growing a new plant. They have protein, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Nuts also give these nutrients to humans and wildlife that eat them. However, some people are allergic to nuts.

References

Other websites 
 Linus Pauling Micronutrient Information Centre Nuts

Botany
 
Plant anatomy
Richard Roxburgh (born January 1, 1962) is an Australian actor. He has starred in many Australian movies and has appeared in supporting roles in a number of Hollywood productions. Roxburgh normally plays the role of villains.

Filmography
 Romulus, My Father Director (2007)
 Like Minds (2006)
 Fragile (2005)
 Stealth (2005)
 Van Helsing (2004)
 League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003)
 The One and Only (2002)
 The Touch (2002)
 The Hound of the Baskervilles (2002) (TV)
 Moulin Rouge! (2001)
 Mission: Impossible II (2000)
 Passion: The Story of Percy Grainger (1999)
 In The Winter Dark (1998)
 Thank God He Met Lizzie (1997)
 Children of the Revolution'' (1996)

TV
 The Silence
 Frontier
 The Last of the Ryans
 Gluttony: Seven Deadly Sins
 Tracks of Glory
 Police Rescue
 The Saint: Fear in Fun Park
 Riddle of the Stinson
 The Ordinary Man
 One Way Ticket for Twisted Tale
 The Paper Man
 Blue Murder
Awards
Australian Film Institute
 2006 – nominated: The Silence (TV)
 2001 – nominated: Moulin Rouge!
 1999 – nominated: Passion
 1997 – won: Doing Time for Patsy Cline

Film Crities Circle of Australia Awards
 1998 – won: Doing Time for Patsy Cline

Other websites
 
 Richard Roxburgh CV at PFD 
 Romulus My Father website

Australian movie actors
Actors from New South Wales
1962 births
Living people
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
The speed of sound is  per hour or  per second in dry air in room temperature.  It travels at 1500 meters per second through water.  Sound moves faster through liquids and solids than air, since they have a larger specific modulus, meaning they are stiffer. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum, which is a space without any air or matter.  The speed of sound is affected by temperature. It travels slower at low temperatures, for example in the stratosphere.

You can calculate the speed of sound like this:

Where:
 is the ratio of specific heats (1.4 for air)
R is the gas constant ( for air)
T is temperature (in Kelvins)

The speed of sound is also known as Mach 1. Things that go faster are supersonic, and things that go five times that speed (Mach 5) are hypersonic.

Other websites 
 Calculate the speed of sound in air and the temperature
 Speed of sound - temperature matters, not air pressure

Sound
Wave physics
Notrium is a freeware video game for the PC. It is at version 1.341. Notrium was developed by independent Finnish programmer Ville Mönkkönen. It is the seventh game that Ville has made, but it is only the fifth game to be made in English. Released in 2003, it won second place in the 'Adventure Game of the Year' contest on GameTunnel.

Setting

Location

The game takes place on the invented planet Notrium. The game world is split up into squares, each of which has its own climate, land, and goals. The player can move between squares to reach the other areas, though some of the areas can only be reached by using vehicles or teleportation. There are climates such as jungle, desert, and tundra. All area squares can are changed by a day-night cycle, except for levels that are set indoors.
The game's graphics are all randomly generated (put together) at the start of the game, except in special game areas. This random generation changes where items and plants are, though most items and scenery will stay in their environment square. Environment squares do not change when the game is started. For example, a tree in the Jungle zone will be put in a different place each time a new game is begun, but the player character will still start in the same place as always.

Story

The plot of the game is that a team of four, an Alien, a Human, an Android (a robot), and a Psionic creature, have left Earth in a spacecraft, because Earth was going to be destroyed. After the player has chosen the character he/she wants to control, the game begins. The spacecraft is shot at by missiles from the planet Notrium, which is close by. The player's character gets into an escape pod and crashes on the planet's surface. From there, the player must find a way to survive, as well as a way to escape.
Journal entries, which are different for each character, appear every game day for two game weeks. These entries tell about what happened to the characters while they were on the spacecraft. For example, the journal of the Human tells that he was the captain of the ship; while the journal of the Android shows that he was the ship's mechanic. Other happenings can be discovered by going to special places in the game, or finishing a goal.

Notrium has more than one ending to the game. Different characters can get different endings. Some endings can only be won by one character, while other endings can be won by other characters as well.

Gameplay

A person plays Notrium looking from a top-down view. The player may move in all directions while facing in a different one, similar to the way a first-person shooter is controlled, and similar to the freeware PC shooter game Crimsonland.
During the game, the player can find items and objects, such as plants, weapons, and machines. Most important items, like a force field to protect the character, are not found in one piece. The player can build them out of two or three other parts. 

Gameplay is about collecting parts to build, defending from enemies, and then winning one of the game's endings. Depending on the character the player has picked, the game is played in a different way. The fast-moving Alien starts with a very strong attack and gets more attacks over time, but it cannot use any weapons. The Human starts with a very weak attack, but he can make many weapons and armor to get more powerful.

The game also has weather. If Notrium is played on a setting harder than 'easy', the character will be changed by the weather. Standing near a fire will make the player more hot, and standing under a tree will make the player less hot. In some areas of the game, there is dangerous weather, like sandstorms, blizzards, or acid rain.

Mods
Mods

Notrium was made to be easy to mod (change), and a guide about how to change is on Ville's website. 
When the player starts a new game after getting a new mod, he or she can choose what mod they want to play. 

Mods can make many changes, such as putting new items or goals into the game, changing or making new environment squares. Mods can even make a new character that the player can choose, such as in the 'Werivar' mod.

References

2003 video games
Freeware games
Sigfrid Karg-Elert (born Oberndorf am Neckar, 21 November 1877; died Leipzig, 9 April 1933) was a German composer.  He wrote in a late Romantic style.  He is mainly remembered for his music for organ and harmonium, his favourite instrument.  He wrote a set of 66 Chorale improvisations for organ, the best known of which is called Nun danket alle Gott (Now thank we all our God).

1877 births
1933 deaths
People from Saxony-Anhalt
20th-century German composers
Louis-Claude Daquin (born in Paris, 4 July 1694; died in Paris, 15 June 1772) was a French composer.  He was writing in the last part of the Baroque period and the early part of the Classical music period.  He was a virtuoso organist and harpsichordist.  He wrote a lot of excellent music for organ and for harpsichord. His most popular piece is called Le Coucou (The Cuckoo).

1694 births
1772 deaths
Baroque composers
18th-century French composers
French organists
Harpsichordists
John Bull (born 1562 or 1563; died March 15, 1628) was an English composer, musician, and organ builder. He was famous for playing the harpsichord and organ.  Most of his compositions were written for keyboard instruments. He became a Gentleman, and then organist, at the Chapel Royal.  He was also known for getting into trouble for adultery.  He went to Europe and may have worked as a spy.  He died in Antwerp.

Together with Sweelinck and William Byrd he was one of the great composers of keyboard music in the early 17th century.  Many of his works are in the collection called the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book.

1560s births
1628 deaths
Bull, John
Bull, John
Bull, John
Poliomyelitis, or polio, is a virus that causes a serious disease. It is spread from person to person.  

Most of the time, polio has no symptoms unless the polio virus gets into the blood. It is uncommon for the virus to enter the brain or spinal cord. If this does happen, it can cause muscles to become paralyzed. Some people get better from the paralysis. Others will be disabled. Depending on which muscles have been affected, these people may need a mobility aid or a wheelchair; they may have difficulty using their hands; or they may even have trouble breathing.  

About 15 out of every 10,000 adults who get polio die.  (This means an adult has a 0.015% chance of dying from polio.) 

Vaccination with polio vaccines could stop the disease all over the world. Organizations like the World Health Organization have been trying to vaccinate as many people as possible against polio. Vaccinations have eliminated polio from most countries in the world.
Worldwide, polio has become much less common in the past few decades.  In 1988, there were about 350,000 cases of polio in the world.  By 2007, the number of cases of polio in the world had decreased by over 99.9%, to just 1,652 cases.
The disease is preventable with the polio vaccine; however, multiple doses are required for it to be effective. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends polio vaccination boosters for travellers and those who live in countries where the disease is endemic.

The 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, had polio.  So far, he is the only President of the United States to have had this disease.

Prevention 
The way to prevent polio has been known for many years:

1. Vaccine given 6, 12 and 16 weeks old as part of a six-in-one vaccine.

2. Three years and four months old as part of a 4-in-one pre-school booster

3. 14 years old as a part of the 3-in-one teenage booster.
The child has to have ALL of these to be fully protected. 
This complicated list explains why polio is still around. In endemic areas, wild polioviruses can infect virtually the entire human population. Not all, however, develop paralysis or any other sign of the infection.

The vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk in the 1950s.

References 

Diseases caused by viruses
A dystopia is the opposite of a utopia, and can mean a utopia that has become corrupt. This can be seen in George Orwell's book 1984. and Aldous Huxley's book Brave New World. A dystopia often has many problems, such as poverty, pollution, or a cruel ruler. 

A frequent theme is a place that is supposed to be a beautiful and perfect utopia, but where something unforeseen ruins it.

References 

Society
Life
Centre is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. It is in the center of the country, along the border with the Dominican Republic. It is the only department of Haiti that does not border the sea.

Geography 
The Départment du Centre has an area of 3,675 km². It is bordered to the northeast by the Nord-Est Department, to the northwest by the Nord Department, to the west by the Artibonite Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.

The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the Montagnes Noires (in English, "Black Mountains"). There is also part of the Chaine du Trout d'Eau.

Lake Peligre, the second largest lake in Haiti, is in this department; it is an artificial lake created with the construction of the Peligre Dam on the Artibonite river.
The main rivers of the department are Boucan Carré, Fer-à-Cheval, Libon, Macacia, Thomonde and La Tombe, and all are tributaries of the Artibonite.

Population 
The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 581,505 persons: 289,028 men and 292,477 women, with only 94,619 (16.27%) living in cities and towns.

The main city is Hinche, the capital of the department.

Administrative division 
The department is divided into four arrondissements (like districts) and 12 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:

 Cerca la Source
 Cerca-la-Source
 Thomassique
 Hinche
 Hinche
 Cerca-Cavajal
 Maïssade
 Thomonde
 Lascahobas
 Lascahobas
 Belladère
 Savanette
 Mirebalais
 Mirebalais
 Saut-d'Eau
 Boucan-Carré

References 

Departments of Haiti
Burj Khalifa (, "Khalifa Tower") is an extremely tall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates named after Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and is the tallest building ever built, at . Before the building opened, it was called Burj Dubai. The building is 162 stories high. Construction of the tower was started on 6 January 2004, and the building was officially opened on 4 January 2010, almost 6 years later. It is the tallest structure made by humans in the world. The building is more than  taller than Taipei 101. Taipei 101 was the tallest building until 2010 before Burj Khalifa was built.

Adrian Smith designed the tower. He worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) until 2006. It was built by Samsung Engineering & Construction, Besix, and Arabtec. The tower cost US $1.5 billion to build.  The building is part of a  building project on Sheikh Zayed Road, Downtown Burj Khalifa. It is near Dubai's main business district.

The building and planning
The main contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea. They also built the Taipei 101 and Petronas Towers. Other contractors who helped with the building included Belgian group Besix and Arabtec from the UAE. The Turner Construction Company was chosen as the construction project manager.

The design architect, Adrian Smith, did not like the first design of the upper part of the building. He added 27 new floors and an aluminium spire to the top of the plans. The design of Burj Khalifa based on those used in Islamic architecture. Burj Khalifa has been said to have had several other planned height increases since it was first built. This has not been proven to be true yet. The TV/radio communications mast was added to the tower's plans in 2007. This was after building work had begun in 2006. There are pressurized, air-conditioned refuge floors about every 35 floors. These were put into the tower in case of an emergency or fire.
The unusual design and engineering problems of building Burj Khalifa have been shown in many television documentaries. These include the Big, Bigger, Biggest series on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the Mega Builders series on the Discovery Channel.

The most important building material of Burj Khalifa is reinforced concrete. A special concrete was needed because of the high pressures of the building's weight and the hot local climate of Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach . Any major cracks could have caused a large amount of damage to the building.

The foundation of the building is  deep. It was built with 192 columns being put into the ground. Each column was  in diameter and  long.  of steel rebar was used in the construction of the tower. It took 22 million man-hours to build. A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa. A cathodic protection system is used to lessen any bad effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water.
The Dubai Fountain 

A fountain system was built outside the tower. It was designed by WET Design of California. They built and planned out the fountains at the Bellagio Hotel Lake in Las Vegas. The fountain cost UAEd 800 million. It is lit by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors. The fountain is  long. It shoots water  into the air to the sounds of classical and modern Arabic and world music. On 26 October 2008, the fountain was named the Dubai Fountain.

Delays and late building work
Workers' disputes and strikes. 
Burj Khalifa was built mainly by people from South Asia. Press reports said in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned UK£4.34 a day, and labourers earned UK£2.84. According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers lived in very bad conditions. Often they were not paid for the work. Their passports were taken by their employers. It was said that they were working in dangerous conditions that caused high number of deaths and injuries. Companies not paying workers has been reported to the authorities several times.

On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers protested. They were mad about buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts. They damaged cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment. A Dubai Interior Ministry official said they caused almost UK£500,000 in damage. Most of the workers who were part of the riot returned the following day but refused to work.

Records set
Records set 

The building is not only the tallest building in the world, it also holds the following records-

 Tallest skyscraper to top of spire:  (previously Taipei 101 – )

 Tallest structure ever built:  (previously Warsaw radio mast – )
 Tallest freestanding structure:  (previously CN Tower – )
 Building with most floors: 160 (previously Willis Tower – 108)
 World's highest elevator installation
 Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building):  (previously Taipei 101 – )
 Highest vertical concrete pumping (for any construction):  (previously Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant – )
 The first world's tallest structure in history to include residential space
 Highest outdoor observation deck in the world (126th floor), at about 440 m (1,440 ft).
 World's highest installation of an aluminum and glass façade, at a height of .
 World's highest swimming pool (125th floor)
 Worlds highest restaurant (128th floor)

Gallery

Comparisons 

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References
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References

Other websites 
 Beautiful Places in Dubai
 http://www.widerview.ae/ 
 Official website
  Dubai Top Ten Hidden treasures 
 Burj Dubai Skyscraper.com 
 Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, architects
 Emporis page on Burj Khalifa
  (Irwin, Baker, June 2006) STRUCTURE magazine
  (Erwin, etal, November 2006) STRUCTURE magazine
 Otis Worldwide, Signature Projects , information on the project's elevators at the Otis Elevator Company
 Wind and Other Studies  performed by RWDI
 View from the top
 2daydubai.com , Burj Khalifa Project Review
 BBC report on Burj Khalifa opening with video and links
 A map of its location (Google Maps)

2010 establishments in Asia
Buildings and structures completed in the 21st century
Buildings and structures in Dubai
Hotels in the United Arab Emirates
Skyscrapers in the United Arab Emirates
Establishments in the United Arab Emirates