Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Use of the term today
The name "Mare Nostrum" was chosen for a conference by the Society for Mediterranean Law and Culture. It was held in June 2012 at the University of Cagliari in Sardinia. What they meant by the term was the full diversity of Mediterranean cultures, especially for exchanges and cooperation among Mediterranean nations.

After a 2013 shipwreck near Lampedusa when many migrants from Africa had to be rescued. The Italian government increased its patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea. It called this "Operation Mare Nostrum", which was a military and humanitarian operation to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants.

References

Bibliography
 Lowe, C.J. (2002). Italian Foreign Policy 1870-1940. Routledge. 
 Tellegen-Couperus, Olga (1993). Short History of Roman Law. Routledge. 
 Talbert, R., M. E. Downs, M. Joann McDaniel, B. Z. Lund, T. Elliott, S. Gillies. Places: 1043 (Internum Mare). Pleiades. Retrieved 1 July 2015

Ancient Rome
Fascism
Mediterranean Sea
The rosy boa (Lichanura trivirgata) is a snake of the Boidae family. The rosy boa is native to southwest America, and Baja California and Sonora, Mexico. It is one of only two boas native to the territory claimed by the United States. The other is the rubber boa (Charina bottae).

References 

Boidae
Snakes of North America
Petar Bojović (, ; 16 July 1858 in Miševići, Nova Varoš – 19 January 1945 in Belgrade) was a Serbian military commander. He fought in the Serbo-Turkish War, the Serbo-Bulgarian War, the First Balkan War, the Second Balkan War, World War I and World War II. Following the breakthrough on the Thessaloniki Front he was promoted to fourth Serbian Field Marshal (Voivoda).

In World War I as commander of the First Army, he broke through the lines on the Salonika front. His army advanced deep into enemy territory. For this he was given the title of Duke. In 1945, after World War II ended, he was beaten severely by partisans. They decided to take his house for themselves. He died soon after of his injuries.

References 

 

1858 births
1945 deaths
Deaths by beating
Military personnel of World War I
Military personnel of World War II
Serbian military people
Scottish English, also known as Scottish Standard English or Standard Scottish English (SSE), is a dialect of English that is spoken in Scotland. People can tell Scottish English from British English by their accents, grammar, and vocabulary.

Scottish English should not be confused with Scots, a language which is very much like, but separate from English. The Scots language itself has affected Scottish English by means of contact with the Standard English after the 17th century. Still, many speakers of both Scots and Scottish English put them into different registers and smoothly switch between the two.

Scotland
British English
Language articles without language codes
La Siberia is a Spanish local administrative division located in Badajoz, Extremadura. 
To the southeast is Caceres province. Castile-La Mancha is to the east.

Geography

Topography 
This area is part from the Toledo Mountains range and reaches until the Las Villuercas mountains. About 90 percent of its terrain ranges from  above sea level. Its highest mountain ranges are: the Umbría, Castrejones, Cantonegros, Santana and Pico Montilla. The last is the highest, at  above sea level.

Climate 
Due its location between Castilian Plateau and the Atlantic Area, its climate is inside continental climate with warm summers and slightly cold winters. The average temperature is about . The coldest month is January with  depending on its zone (north or south). On the other hand, July is the warmest month, with  as minimum to  as maximum.

References

Other websites
 La Siberia  

Province of Badajoz
The United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs deals with most of the United States veterans issues. People who are members of the committee help fight for veterans. Members are also members of the United States senate. They help veterans find jobs and homes, and help with medical care. It was created in 1971 to help the Vietnam War veterans.

The Veterans' Affairs Committee had nine members when it was created. It now has 17 members.

Members, 116th Congress

According to committee members' official online biographies, three of the fourteen members are veterans: Richard Blumenthal, Dan Sullivan and Johnny Isakson.

Related pages
 List of current United States Senate committees
 United States Department of Veterans Affairs

References

Other websites
 United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs

1971 establishments in the United States
Committees of the United States Senate
Patricia Lynn "Patty" Murray (née Johns; October 11, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from Washington. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

Murray was first elected to the Senate in 1992, becoming Washington's first female senator. She was re-elected in 1998, 2004 and 2010.

With Patrick Leahy's retirement, Murray became the Senate President pro tempore in the 118th Congress, becoming the first female to hold the position in history.

References

Other websites
 
 Senator Patty Murray official U.S. Senate site
 Patty Murray for Senate
 
 

1950 births
Living people
United States senators from Washington (state)
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
John Hardy "Johnny" Isakson (December 28, 1944 – December 19, 2021) was an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Georgia from 2005 through 2019. He was a member of the Republican Party. Previously, he represented Georgia's 6th Congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.

In June 2015, Isakson was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and a kidney tumor.

On August 28, 2019, due his bad health, Isakson announced that he would resign from the Senate officially on December 31, 2019.

Isakson died on December 19, 2021 at his home in Atlanta, Georgia from Parkinson's disease-related problems at the age of 76.

References

Other websites

 

Senator Johnny Isakson  official U.S. Senate site
Johnny Isakson for Senate
1944 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
United States senators from Georgia
United States representatives from Georgia
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Atlanta
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Vermont has been represented in the United States House of Representatives by a single at-large congressional district since the 1930 census, when the state lost its second seat. 

There were once six districts in Vermont. Bernie Sanders (Independent) held the seat from 1991 until 2007, when he became a U.S. Senator. Democrat Peter Welch represented the state from 2007 to 2023. Becca Balint has represented this district since 2023.

Geography of Vermont
Verm
The Liberty Union Party of Vermont, founded in 1970 by former Congressman William H. Meyer, Peter Diamondstone, Dennis Morrisseau and others, originated in the anti-war and People's Party movements of the late 1960s and defines itself as a non-violent socialist party. Famous members include Bernie Sanders, John Parker, and Brain Moore.

References

Socialist organizations in the United States
1970 establishments in the United States
The Vermont Progressive Party is a political party in the United States.  It was founded in 1999 and is active only in the U.S. state of Vermont. 

The party is largely social democratic and progressive. The Progressives received 9,470 votes (2.96% of the vote) in the 2010 Vermont House of Representatives Elections, and five seats, compared to the Democrats' 55.11% and 96 seats, the Republicans' 38.04% of the vote, and 46 seats. 

Independents received 3.81% and three seats. As of 2012, the party controls 10% of the Vermont Senate seats, and 3.3% of the seats in the Vermont House of Representatives.

Organizations based in Vermont
1999 establishments in the United States
Political parties in the United States
20th-century establishments in Vermont
Peter Francis Welch (born May 2, 1947) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party. Welch is the junior U.S. Senator from Vermont since 2023. He was the U.S. Representative for Vermont's At-large congressional district from 2007 to 2023.

In 2016, Welch supported U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders for the Democratic nomination for President. He supported him again in 2020.

In November 2021, Welch announced his candidacy for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate in the 2022 election to replace retiring Senator Patrick Leahy. He won the general election in November 2022.

References

Other websites
 Congressman Peter Welch  official U.S. House site
 Peter Welch for Congress 

Profile and interviews at Politico
 Profile  at SourceWatch

1947 births
Living people
United States representatives from Vermont
United States senators from Vermont
Politicians from Massachusetts
People from Springfield, Massachusetts
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Peter Plympton Smith (born October 31, 1945) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives from the U.S. state of Vermont, the 74th Lieutenant Governor of Vermont, and an education administrator.

He served as the founding president of the Community College of Vermont, the founding president of California State University, Monterey Bay, and as assistant director general for education of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

Smith was one of thirty former Republican congressmen to sign a letter opposing Donald Trump's candidacy for president.

References

1945 births
Living people
United States representatives from Vermont
Educators from Vermont
Politicians from Boston
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Vermont
Educators from Boston
Seniority in the United States Senate is the value of a senator based on his/her service. There are two senators per state. The one senator that served more years is called the Senior senator. The one who served less is called the Junior senator.

Other websites
 
 http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/chronlist.pdf

United States Senate
In United States politics, a ranking member is the most senior member of a congressional or state legislative committee from the minority party. 

When party control of a legislative chamber changes, a committee's ranking minority member is likely, though not assured, to become the next chairman of the committee, and vice versa.

References

Politics of the United States
The United States Senate Committee on the Budget was created by the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974. It is responsible for drafting Congress's annual budget plan and creating an action on the budget for the Federal Government. 

The committee has power over the Congressional Budget Office. The committee briefly operated as a special committee from 1919 to 1920 during the 66th Congress, before being made a standing committee in 1974.

Members, 116th Congress

Related pages
 Committees of the United States Senate
 United States House Committee on the Budget

References

Other websites
Official website (Archive)
Senate Budget Committee. Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov.
Committee on the Budget, United States Senate, 1974-2006. Senate Document 109-24. 109th Congress, 2nd session, 2006.

Budget
1974 establishments in the United States
In the United States, a political action committee (PAC) is a type of organization that gives money to campaigns from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation.  
The legal term PAC has been created in pursuit of campaign finance reform in the United States.

References

Politics of the United States
The Central Vermont Railway was a railroad that operated in the U.S. states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as the Canadian province of Quebec.

Transport in Connecticut
Transport in Massachusetts
Transport in New York (state)
Transport in Canada
History of New Hampshire
History of Vermont
The Vermont Reds were a minor league baseball team. They played in the Eastern League at Centennial Field in Burlington, Vermont from 1984 to 1987.

Cincinnati Reds
Organizations based in Vermont
1984 establishments in the United States
1987 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Vermont
The John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University (also known as Harvard Kennedy School and HKS) is a public policy and public administration school, and one of Harvard's graduate and professional schools. It is named after Harvard graduate and 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy.

It offers master's degrees in public policy, public administration, and international development, grants several doctoral degrees, administers executive programs for senior government officials, and conducts research in subjects relating to politics, government, international affairs, and economics.

References

Harvard University
Oxford East is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament by Andrew Smith of the Labour Party.

Election results

Sources
Election Result 2015 http://www.oxford.gov.uk/PageRender/decCD/Election_results_occw.htm
Election result, 2015 (BBC)
Election result, 2010 (BBC)
Election result, 2005 (BBC)
Election results, 1997–2001 (BBC)
Election results, 1997–2001  (Election Demon)
Election results, 1983–1992  (Election Demon)

References

Westminster Parliamentary constituencies in England
The rubber boa is a snake in the family Boidae that is native to the western North America.

Boidae
Snakes of North America
The Nation is  the oldest continuously published weekly magazine in the United States. It was first founded in July 1895 in New York City. The Nation has offices in Washington, D.C., London, Chicago, Paris, and in South Africa. It covers architecture, art, corporations, defense, environment, films, legal affairs, music, peace and disarmament, poetry, and the United Nations.

Magazines published in New York City
Vermont Public Radio (VPR) is a network of public radio stations in the state of Vermont. 

In addition to locally produced shows, the network broadcasts programs from NPR, Public Radio International, and American Public Media. It is headquartered in Colchester, a suburb of Burlington. Other studios are in Montpelier, Manchester and Norwich.

Organizations based in Vermont
Radio stations in the United States
Colchester is a town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. The population was 17,067 at the 2010 census. It is the fourth-largest municipality and second-largest town in Vermont by population. Saint Michael's College is there.

References

Towns in Vermont
The Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) is a caucus in the Democratic congressional caucus in the United States Congress. The CPC is a left-leaning organization that works to advance progressive and liberal issues and positions. 

In the 116th United States Congress, the CPC has 98 members, making it the second largest caucus within the Democratic Party and the third largest caucus in Congress. The CPC is currently co-chaired by U.S. Representatives Mark Pocan (D-WI) and Pramila Jayapal (D-WA).
History 
The CPC was created in 1991 by six members of the United States House of Representatives: U.S. Representatives Ron Dellums (D-CA), Lane Evans (D-IL), Thomas Andrews (D-ME), Peter DeFazio (D-OR), Maxine Waters (D-CA) and Bernie Sanders (I-VT). More House Members joined shortly after, including Major Owens (D-NY), Nydia Velázquez (D-NY), David Bonior (D-MI), Bob Filner (D-CA), Barney Frank (D-MA), Maurice Hinchey (D-NY), Jim McDermott (D-WA), Jerry Nadler (D-NY), Patsy Mink (D-HI), George Miller (D-CA), Pete Stark (D-CA), John Olver (D-MA), Lynn Woolsey (D-CA) and Nancy Pelosi (D-CA). Sanders was the convener and first CPC Chairman. Bill Goold was Staff Coordinator for the Progressive Caucus in its early years until 1998.
Budget proposal for 2012 
In April 2011, the Congressional Progressive Caucus released a proposed "People's Budget" for fiscal year 2012. Two of its supporters said: "By having a fair tax code, by building a strong American economy, and by bringing our troops home, we achieve a budget surplus of over $30 billion by 2021 and we end up with a debt that is less than 65% of our GDP. This is what sustainability looks like".

Electoral results

Senate

House of Representatives

Membership 
All members are members of the Democratic Party or caucus with the Democratic Party. In the 116th Congress, there are 97 declared Progressives, including 95 voting Representatives, one non-voting Delegate and one Senator.

House members
Arizona
 Raúl Grijalva (AZ-3, Tucson)
 Ruben Gallego (AZ-7, Phoenix) – vice chair
California
 Jared Huffman (CA-2, San Rafael)
 Mark DeSaulnier (CA-11, Concord)
 Barbara Lee (CA-13, Oakland)
 Ro Khanna (CA-17, Fremont) – first vice chair
 Zoe Lofgren (CA-19, San Jose)
 Jimmy Panetta (CA-20, Carmel Valley)
 Judy Chu (CA-27, El Monte)
 Brad Sherman (CA-30, Sherman Oaks)
 Grace Napolitano (CA-32, Norwalk)
 Ted Lieu (CA-33, Los Angeles)
 Jimmy Gomez (CA-34, Los Angeles)
 Karen Bass (CA-37, Baldwin Hills)
 Linda Sanchez (CA-38, Lakewood)
 Gil Cisneros (CA-39, Yorba Linda)
 Lucille Roybal-Allard (CA-40, Los Angeles)
 Mark Takano (CA-41, Riverside) – vice chair
 Maxine Waters (CA-43, Inglewood)
 Nanette Barragán (CA-44, San Pedro)
 Katie Porter (CA-45, Irvine)
 Alan Lowenthal (CA-47, Long Beach)
 Mike Levin (CA-49, San Juan Capistrano)
Colorado
 Joe Neguse (CO-2, Boulder) – vice chair
Connecticut
 Rosa DeLauro (CT-3, New Haven)
Delaware
 Lisa Blunt Rochester (DE at-large)
Florida
 Darren Soto (FL-9, Orlando)
Val Demings (FL-10, Orlando)
 Lois Frankel (FL-21, West Palm Beach)
 Frederica Wilson (FL-24, Miami)
 Debbie Mucarsel-Powell (FL-26, Miami)
Georgia
 Hank Johnson (GA-4, Lithonia)
 John Lewis (GA-5, Atlanta)
Hawaii
 Tulsi Gabbard (HI-2, Honolulu)
Illinois
 Chuy Garcia (IL-4, Chicago)
 Danny Davis (IL-7, Chicago)
 Jan Schakowsky (IL-9, Chicago) – vice chair
Indiana
 André Carson (IN-7, Indianapolis)
Iowa
 Dave Loebsack (IA-2, Iowa City)
Kentucky
 John Yarmuth (KY-3, Louisville)
Louisiana
 Cedric Richmond (LA-2, New Orleans)
Maine
 Chellie Pingree (ME-1, North Haven)
Maryland
 Jamie Raskin (MD-8, Takoma Park)
Massachusetts
 Jim McGovern (MA-2, Worcester)
 Joseph P. Kennedy III (MA-4, Brookline)
 Katherine Clark (MA-5, Melrose)
 Ayanna Pressley (MA-7, Dorchester)
 Lori Trahan (MA-3, Westford)
Michigan
 Dan Kildee (MI-5, Flint Township)
 Andy Levin (MI-9, Bloomfield Township)
 Debbie Dingell (MI-12, Dearborn)
 Rashida Tlaib (MI-13, Detroit)
 Brenda Lawrence (MI-14, Southfield)
Minnesota
 Angie Craig (MN-2, Eagan)
 Ilhan Omar (MN-5, Minneapolis) – whip
Mississippi
 Bennie Thompson (MS-2, Bolton)
Missouri
 Lacy Clay (MO-1, St. Louis)
Nevada
 Steven Horsford (NV-4, Las Vegas)
New Jersey
 Donald Norcross (NJ-1, Camden) – vice chair
 Andy Kim (NJ-3, Bordentown)
 Frank Pallone (NJ-6, Long Branch)
 Bonnie Watson Coleman (NJ-12, Trenton)
New Mexico
 Deb Haaland (NM-1, Albuquerque)
New York
 Nydia Velázquez (NY-7, Brooklyn)
 Hakeem Jeffries (NY-8, Brooklyn)
 Yvette Clarke (NY-9, Brooklyn)
 Jerrold Nadler (NY-10, Manhattan)
 Carolyn Maloney (NY-12, Manhattan)
 Adriano Espaillat (NY-13, Manhattan)
 Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (NY-14, Bronx)
 José Serrano (NY-15, Bronx)
 Joe Morelle (NY-25, Rochester)
North Carolina
 Alma Adams (NC-12, Charlotte)
Ohio
 Marcia Fudge (OH-11, Cleveland)
Oregon
Oregon
 Suzanne Bonamici (OR-1, Beaverton)
 Earl Blumenauer (OR-3, Portland)
 Peter DeFazio (OR-4, Springfield)
Pennsylvania
 Brendan Boyle (PA-2, Philadelphia)
 Dwight Evans (PA-3, Philadelphia)
 Madeleine Dean (PA-4, Abington Township)
 Mary Gay Scanlon (PA-5, Swarthmore)
 Matt Cartwright (PA-8, Scranton)
Rhode Island
 David Cicilline (RI-1, Providence) – vice chair
Tennessee
 Steve Cohen (TN-9, Memphis)
Texas
 Veronica Escobar (TX-16, El Paso) – vice chair
 Sheila Jackson Lee (TX-18, Houston) – vice chair
 Sylvia Garcia (TX-29, Houston)
 Eddie Bernice Johnson (TX-30, Dallas)
 Lloyd Doggett (TX-35, Austin)
Vermont
 Peter Welch (VT at-Large)
Virginia
 Don Beyer  (VA-8, Alexandria)
Washington
 Pramila Jayapal (WA-7, Seattle) – co-chair
 Adam Smith (WA-9, Bellevue)
Wisconsin
 Mark Pocan (WI-2, Madison) – co-chair
 Gwen Moore (WI-4, Milwaukee)
Non-voting
 Eleanor Holmes Norton (District of Columbia)
Senate members 

 Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont)

Former members
Thomas Andrews (ME-1) – defeated in run for Senate in 1994
 Tammy Baldwin (WI-2) – elected to Senate in 2012
 Bob Brady (PA-1) – left caucus prior to 2018 retirement
 Sherrod Brown (OH-13) – elected to Senate in 2006
 Roland Burris (IL Senate) – retired from Congress
 Mike Capuano (MA-7) defeated for re-nomination by current caucus member Ayanna Pressley in 2018
 Julia Carson (IN-7) – died in December 2007
 Donna M. Christensen (Virgin Islands) – retired from Congress
 Hansen Clarke (MI-13) – defeated for re-nomination in 2012
 Emmanuel Cleaver (MO-5)
 John Conyers (MI-13) – resigned in December 2017 
 Donna Edwards (MD-4) – Defeated in run for Senate in 2016
 Keith Ellison (MN-5) - elected Attorney General of Minnesota
 Lane Evans (IL-17) – retired from Congress (deceased)
 Chaka Fattah (PA-02) – defeated for re-nomination in 2016 by current caucus member Dwight Evans
 Russ Feingold (WI Senate) – defeated for re-election in 2010
 Bob Filner (CA-51) – retired from Congress
Barney Frank (MA-4) – retired from Congress
 Alan Grayson (FL-8) (FL-9) – ran for senate in 2016 and was defeated by Patrick Murphy
 Luis Gutierrez (IL-4) - retired from Congress
 John Hall (NY-19) – defeated for re-election in 2010
 Phil Hare (IL-17) – defeated for re-election in 2010
 Maurice Hinchey (NY-22) – retired from Congress (deceased)
 Mazie Hirono (HI-2) – elected to Senate
 Mike Honda (CA-17) – defeated for re-election in 2016 by current caucus member Ro Khanna
 Rush Holt (NJ-12) – retired from Congress
 Jesse Jackson, Jr. (IL-2) – resigned his House seat on November 21, 2012
 Ruben Kihuen (NV-4) - retired from Congress in 2018
 Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick (MI-13) – defeated for re-nomination in 2010
 Dennis Kucinich (OH-10) – defeated for re-nomination in 2012
 Ed Markey (MA-5) – elected to Senate in 2013
 Eric Massa (NY-29) – resigned from congress in March 2010
 Cynthia McKinney (GA-4) – defeated for re-nomination in 2008 by current caucus member Hank Johnson
Brad Miller (NC-13) – retired from Congress
 George Miller (CA-11) – retired from Congress
 Jim Moran (VA-8) – retired from Congress
 Rick Nolan (MN-8) - retired from Congress in unsuccessful bid to become Minnesota Lt. Governor in 2018
 John Olver (MA-1) – retired from Congress
 Major Owens (NY-11) – retired from Congress (deceased)
 Ed Pastor (AZ-7) – retired from Congress (deceased)
 Nancy Pelosi (CA-8) – left caucus when elected House Minority Leader
 Jared Polis (CO-2) - elected Governor of Colorado in 2018
 Carol Shea-Porter (NH-1) - retired from Congress in 2018
 Laura Richardson (CA-37) – defeated for re-election in 2012
 Bobby Rush (IL-1)
 Louise Slaughter (NY-25) – died in 2018
 Hilda Solis (CA-32) – became Secretary of Labor in 2009
 Pete Stark (CA-13) – defeated for re-election in 2012
 John Tierney (MA-6) – lost renomination in 2014
 Stephanie Tubbs Jones (OH-11) – died in 2008
 Henry Waxman (CA-33) – retired from Congress
 Paul Wellstone (MN Senate) – died in plane crash in 2002
Robert Wexler (FL-19) – resigned in January 2010 to become President of the Center for Middle East Peace and Economic Cooperation
 Lynn Woolsey (CA-6) – retired from Congress
References

Democratic Party (United States)
The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) is an American nonprofit organization. It works for gun rights. It was founded in 1871. The current executive of the association is Wayne LaPierre of New York, who has served since 1991. Oliver North has been its President since 2018.  The movie star Charlton Heston was also president of the NRA, from 1998 to 2003.

In the United States, attitudes and thoughts about guns have changed over time, and the NRA changed too.

Origins

The NRA began after the American Civil War.  Leaders of the Union army were upset because the Union recruits could not shoot guns well.  They would fire and miss many times, and this wasted ammunition.  They started the NRA to teach men how to use guns.  For most of the 20th century, the NRA was mostly about teaching people how to use guns.  The NRA cooperated with the government.  For example, the State of New York helped the NRA buy a gun range.
At first, the NRA supported laws limiting gun ownership.  It agreed with the government that criminals and the mentally ill should not own guns.  When there were many handguns in the United States, the NRA supported laws saying people should need a permit to buy one.  When the first automatic weapons came out, the NRA supported laws requiring permits for them too.  The NRA helped Congress develop the National Firearms Act of 1934, the Gun Control Act of 1938, and other gun laws in the 1960s.

Political action
In the late 20th century, the NRA began to change.  There was civil unrest in the 1960s in America, and President John F. Kennedy was killed with a firearm.  Many people began to want guns to protect their own households.  In 1971, federal agents from the government's Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms killed an NRA member because he had illegal weapons.  In 1975, the NRA started its political lobbying group, the Institute for Legislative Action.  Lobbying is when an organization sends lawyers and other people to talk to politicians so they will write laws the organization wants and talk to voters so they will elect politicians who will do what the organization wants.  Around this time, the United States Supreme Court made it much easier for organizations to make campaign contributions.  Politicians use campaign contribution money to pay for TV ads and posters and other ways of talking to voters.  Politicians with lots of campaign contributions have an easier time winning elections
.  The NRA began fundraising so it could give money to politicians who promised to oppose gun control laws and let people own as many guns as they wanted to buy.  Slowly, the NRA became more about politics than about gun education.
By 2020, the NRA had become one of the most powerful lobbying organizations in America.  The NRA writes "report cards" on politicians and sends them to voters, giving the candidates "grades" based on how many times they voted for or against gun rights or gun control.  The NRA began endorsing, or recommending, presidential candidates with Ronald Reagan in the 1980 United States presidential election.

2020 lawsuit

In 2020, the United States Attorney General Letitia Jones moved to end the NRA.  Jones said NRA officials had taken donated money and used it on themselves and given special contracts to their family and friends.  American nonprofits are not allowed to do this.  If someone donates money to a nonprofit, the nonprofit must use the money the way it promises to use it.

References

Non-profit organizations of the United States
1871 establishments in the United States
Rifle associations
NRA may refer to:

National Recovery Administration, an agency in the Government of the United States in the 1930s
National Rifle Association of America, American non-profit organization that works for gun rights
National Rifle Association of Australia, governing body for fullbore rifle shooting in Australia, member of ICFRA
National Rifle Association of New Zealand, governing body for fullbore rifle shooting in New Zealand, member of ICFRA
National Rifle Association (United Kingdom), governing body for fullbore rifle shooting in the United Kingdom, member of ICFRA
 Narrandera Airport, has the IATA airport code "NRA"
Ronald Vernie "Ron" Dellums (November 24, 1935 – July 30, 2018) was an American politician. He was Oakland's forty-eighth mayor.  From 1971 to 1998, he was elected to thirteen terms as a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Northern California's 9th Congressional District.

When President Ronald Reagan vetoed Dellums' Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986, a Democratic-controlled House and a Republican-controlled Senate overrode Reagan's veto, the first override of a presidential foreign policy veto in the 20th century.

Dellums died on July 30, 2018 in Washington, D.C. from prostate cancer, aged 82.

References

Other websites
Profile at Citymayors.com

Dellums victory signifies a sea change in Oakland politics San Francisco Chronicle, June 19, 2006.
Ron Dellums's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project.
1935 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
Mayors of Oakland, California
United States representatives from California
Republican Party (United States) politicians
African American politicians
The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (), often referred to as the Brady Act and commonly called the Brady Bill, is an Act of the United States Congress that made background checks on firearm purchasers in the United States required and created a five-day waiting period on purchases.

The original legislation was introduced into the House of Representatives by Representative Charles E. Schumer  in March 1991, but was never brought to a vote. The bill was reintroduced by Rep. Schumer on February 22, 1993 and the final version was passed on November 11, 1993. 

It was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on November 30, 1993 and the law went into effect on February 28, 1994. The Act was named after James Brady, who was shot by John Hinckley, Jr. during an attempted assassination of President Ronald Reagan on March 30, 1981.

References

1993 in the United States
United States federal legislation
The Iraq Resolution or the Iraq War Resolution (formally the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002, is a joint resolution passed by the United States Congress in October 2002 as Public Law No: 107-243, authorizing military action against Iraq.

References

2002 in the United States
Iraq War
The Authorization for Use of Military Force allows the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on September 11, 2001.  

The authorization granted the President the authority to use all "necessary and appropriate force" against those whom he determined "planned, authorized, committed or aided" the September 11th attacks, or who harbored said persons or groups.  The AUMF was signed by President George W. Bush on September 18, 2001. 

September 11 attacks
United States Army
2001 in the United States
Public Policy Polling (PPP) is a U.S. polling firm based in Raleigh, North Carolina.  PPP was founded in 2001 by businessman Dean Debnam, the firm's current president and chief executive officer.

References

2001 establishments in the United States
Christopher Nicholas Parsons  (10 October 1923 – 28 January 2020) was an English radio and television presenter and actor. He was best known for hosting Just a Minute which ran from 22 December 1967 to 23 September 2019 and Sale of the Century which ran from 9 October 1971 to 6 November 1983.

Parsons was born on 10 October 1923 in Grantham, Lincolnshire. 

Parsons was Rector of the University of St Andrews from 1988 to 1991.

In August 2019, Parsons had suffered a fall and was hospitalized in Aylesbury. He died from problems caused by the fall on 28 January 2020 at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire (3 months ahead of the launch of the new unitary authority council, Buckinghamshire Council); he was 96, 9 months short of his 97th birthday.

He leaves behind a widow, Annie and 2 children.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Interview on the MusicalTalk Podcast
Talking about Just a Minute (RealPlayer video)
Nicholas Parsons, Patron of WTC : Interview for download – talks about Doctor Who, Just a Minute, The Rocky Horror Show and audio performance history

1923 births
2020 deaths
University of St Andrews
English television presenters
English television actors
Actors from Lincolnshire
British radio personalities
Income inequality in the United States has increased significantly since the 1970s after several decades of stability, meaning the share of the nation's income received by higher income households has increased. Sometimes this is called a "pay gap". Usually males are paid higher than females which has caused protest.

History of the United States
Income
Economic indicators
Campaign finance reform is the political effort in the United States to change the involvement of money in politics, primarily in political campaigns. It will prevent campaigns being sponsored by Super PACs.

Other websites
 California Clean Money Campaign
 Campaign Finance Institute
 Center for Competitive Politics 
  Democracy Matters
 Open Secrets
 PoliticalMoneyLine

Politics of the United States
Civil liberties are personal guarantees and freedoms that the government cannot have too much control of a single person's life, either by law or by judicial interpretation.

Civil liberties include the freedom from torture, freedom from forced disappearance, freedom of conscience, freedom of press, freedom of religion, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, the right to security and liberty, freedom of speech, the right to privacy, the right to equal treatment under the law and due process, the right to a fair trial, and the right to life.

Related pages
 Human rights
 Civil rights

Human rights
The practice of mass surveillance in the United States dates back to wartime monitoring and censorship of international communications from, to, or which passed through the United States. 

After the First World War and the Second World War, the surveillance continued, by programs such as the Black Chamber and Project SHAMROCK. The formation and growth of federal law-enforcement and intelligence agencies such as the FBI, CIA, and NSA helped surveillance, such as the COINTELPRO projects which currently exist in secret. 

A series of media reports in 2013 revealed more recent programs and techniques employed by the US intelligence community. Advances in computer and information technology allow the creation of huge national databases that facilitate mass surveillance in the United States.

References

History of the United States
Espionage
The Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 was passed by the United States Congress on December 16, 2010 and signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 17, 2010. It helped cut taxes and create more jobs for the United States.

References

2010 in the United States
United States federal legislation
Rudy Gobert (born June 26, 1992) is a French professional basketball player. He plays for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA). 

He also plays on the French national basketball team in the international competitions.

On March 11, 2020, it was discovered that Gobert tested positive for the Coronavirus disease 2019.

References

Utah Jazz players
Living people
French basketball players
1992 births
People from Aisne
Sportspeople from Hauts-de-France
Kratos, the "Ghost of Sparta", is a video game character from Sony Santa Monica Studio's God of War series, which is loosely based on Greek mythology. Kratos first appeared in the 2005 video game God of War, which led to the development of six additional games featuring the character as the protagonist. Kratos also appears as the protagonist of the God of War comic series and novels. He has been consistently voiced by Terrence C. Carson, and Antony Del Rio voiced the character as a child in God of War: Ghost of Sparta. Christopher Judge was Kratos' voice actor in God of War (2018) and God of War: Ragnarök. Kratos is depicted as a Spartan warrior in Ancient Greece and son of Zeus (thus making him a demigod) who, after being manipulated into killing his own family by the war god Ares, goes on a crusade in search of revenge.   

Fictional characters introduced in 2005
God of War (franchise)
Mortal Kombat guest characters
Soulcalibur series guest characters
Video game protagonists
Bnin [bnin] () is part of the town of Kórnik, southwest of the city of Poznań, in Greater Poland Voivodeship, Poland. It is between Lake Kórnickie and Lake Bnińskie. From 1395-1934, Bnin was a town in its own right. It became part of Kórnik in 1961.

Towns in Greater Poland Voivodeship
Chałupy (Kashubian: Chalëpë, German: Ceynowa) is a village and a popular Polish seaside resort, in Gmina Władysławowo. It has very good conditions for windsurfing and kitesurfing. It is between Władysławowo and Kuźnica on the Hel Peninsula on the southern Baltic Sea in Puck County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, northern Poland. It had 376 inhabitants as of 2009.

Prior to January 1, 2015, Chałupy was a part of the town Władysławowo.

Villages in Pomeranian Voivodeship
Christopher Robert Browning (born May 22, 1944) is an American historian of the Holocaust. Browning received his bachelor's degree from Oberlin College in 1968. He received his doctorate from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1975. He taught at Pacific Lutheran University from 1974 to 1999, eventually becoming a Distinguished Professor. In 1999, he moved to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill to accept an appointment as Frank Porter Graham Professor of History. Browning was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2006. Browning retired from teaching in the spring of 2014.

References 

1944 births
Living people
American historians
1. FFC Turbine Potsdam is a German women's association football club from Potsdam, Germany. The club plays in the Frauen-Bundesliga and is one of the most successful teams in Germany.

The club was made in 1971 in East Germany. The club was one of the most successful teams in East Germany. The club also is the only team from East Germany to have won the Frauen-Bundesliga. The team has also won the UEFA Women's Champions League twice.

Other websites 
Official website

References 

German football clubs
Potsdam
1971 establishments in Germany
The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest is an American animated action-adventure television series. It is produced by Hanna-Barbera. It was broadcast on Cartoon Network from August 26, 1996 to April 16, 1997. It was a continuation of the Jonny Quest (1964) series. It features teenage adventurers Jonny Quest, Hadji Singh, and Jessie Bannon. They, Dr. Benton Quest, and bodyguard Race Bannon investigate strange phenomena, legends, and mysteries. Action also takes place in the virtual realm of QuestWorld, a three-dimensional cyberspace domain rendered with computer animation.

Channel Links

Animated characters
English-language television programs
Laura is a hamlet in the Rural Municipality of Montrose No. 315, Saskatchewan, Canada. It previously held the status of village until December 31, 1954 and again at an unknown date but was restructured back to hamlet status on December 28, 1978. The town used to have a bank, a school and a grain elevator. Now, no businesses are left. Even the post office closed. The grain elevator was burned down by its owner. Except for a few people who still live there, it is a now ghost town.

References 

Settlements in Saskatchewan
Ghost towns in Canada
Hamlets
Chester is a town in Penobscot County, Maine,United States. The population was 546 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Bangor Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Towns in Maine
James C. Weaver (March 5, 1945 – July 2, 2015) was an American college athletics administrator and former American football player and coach. He most recently served as the athletics director at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, from 1997 to 2014.

Weaver was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He died of Parkinson's disease in Blacksburg, Virginia, aged 70.

References

1945 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Virginia
Sportspeople from Virginia
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
People from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Michael Valentine Doonican (3 February 1927 – 1 July 2015) was an Irish singer and television presenter. He sang traditional pop music and swing. Doonican was born in Waterford, Irish Free State.

He was well known for his novelty stylised songs. His career began in 1951.From 1965 to 1986 he was a regular fixture on the BBC Television's schedule with The Val Doonican Show, which featured his own singing performances and a variety of guest artists. He retired in 2009.

Doonican died at a nursing home in Buckinghamshire, England, at the age of 88.

References

Other websites
 
Val Doonican's appearance on This Is Your Life

1927 births
2015 deaths
Irish pop singers
Irish television presenters
Television writers
People from Waterford
The 2016 presidential campaign of Jim Webb was officially launched when Webb,  United States Senator from Virginia and former Secretary of the Navy, announced his candidacy for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016 on July 2, 2015. The headquarters of the campaign is in Burke, Virginia.

Background
On November 19, 2014, Webb announced the formation of an exploratory committee in preparation for a possible bid for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination. He reaffirmed his moderate stances as a strength to a potential candidacy, including some criticisms of the Affordable Care Act despite having voted for it, and emphasized his belief that the Democratic Party had been neglecting the "white, working-class" vote in favor of pandering to minorities.

Campaign
Webb formally announced his candidacy on July 2, 2015 via his campaign website.  He suspended his campaign and withdrew from the election on October 20, 2015.

References

Webb
Jacobo Zabludovsky Kraveski (May 24, 1928 – July 2, 2015) was a Mexican journalist. He was the first anchorman in Mexican television and his TV news program, 24 Horas (24 Hours) was for decades the most important in the country.

Zabludovsky died of a stroke in Mexico City, aged 87.

References

Other websites
Video of Jacobo Zabludovsky and Salvador Dalí (1971)

1928 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Mexican television presenters
Mexican journalists
Writers from Mexico City
How to Eat Fried Worms is an American comedy movie. It was based on the children's book of the same name written by Thomas Rockwell. Parents were warned the movie was "gross" but had a worthwhile moral. The movie was rated PG. They also hard to eat worms

Plot 
The movie centers around an 11-year-old male friends dare. Billy Forrester has to eat 15 worms in 15 days for $50.

Critical reception 
Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a mild 59%. They said only 47% of audiences liked the movie. Gregory Kirschling of Entertainment Weekly gave it a score of 75. He commented "Worms goes light (but not too light) on the gore and the goo." Joanne Kaufman of The Wall Street Journal said "After the first bit of fish bait is consumed, actually even before, this one-trick movie is a tough slog."

Cast
Cast

 Luke Benward as Billy "Wormboy" Forrester 
 Hallie Kate Eisenberg as Erika "Erk" Tansy
 Adam Hicks as Joe Guire
 Tom Cavanagh as Mitch Forrester
 Kimberly Williams-Paisley as Helen Forrester
 Austin Rogers as Adam
 Alexander Gould as Twitch
 Ryan Malgarini as Benjamin "Benjy" Renfro
 Philip Daniel Bolden as Bradley
 Clint Howard as Uncle Ed
 Ty Panitz as Woody Forrester
 James Rebhorn as Principal Nelson "Boilerhead" Burdock
 Andrew Gillingham as Techno Mouth
 Blake Garrett as Plug
 Alexander Agate as Donny
 Nick Krause as Nigel Guire
 Andrea Martin as Mrs. Bommley
 David Bewley as Rob Simon
 Karen Wacker as Mrs. Simon
 Simone White as Woody's teacher

Awards

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

2006 movies
American comedy movies
Poncarale is a city in northern Italy. Poncarale is in the Lombardy Region. It is in the Province of Brescia and has 5,330 people.

Cities in Brescia
Some of his works
A talk on the occasion of receiving an honorary degree. (Polish) Wiadom. Mat. 42 (2006), 55—58.
On the Ważewski equation. Proceedings of the Conference Topological Methods in Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems (Kraków-Przegorzaƚy, 1996). Univ. Iagel. Acta Math. No. 36 (1998), 55—64.
My contacts with Professor Kuratowski, 1970--1980. (Polish) X School of the history of mathematics (Międzyzdroje, 1996). Zesz. Nauk. Uniw. Opol. Mat. 30 (1997), 109—114.
with Janas, J. ; Szafraniec, F. H. Wƚodzimierz Mlak (1931--1994). Volume dedicated to the memory of Wƚodzimierz Mlak. Ann. Polon. Math. 66 (1997), 1--9.
with Meisters, Gary H. Global stability, injectivity, and the Jacobian conjecture. World Congress of Nonlinear Analysts '92, Vol. I--IV (Tampa, FL, 1992), 1059—1072, de Gruyter, Berlin, 1996.
 with Meisters, Gary H. Power-exact, nilpotent, homogeneous matrices. Linear and Multilinear Algebra 35 (1993), no. 3-4, 225—236.
Introduction. New directions in differential equations and dynamical systems, viii—x, Royal Soc. Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 1991.
with Meisters, Gary H. Strong nilpotence holds in dimensions up to five only. Linear and Multilinear Algebra 30 (1991), no. 4, 231—255.
with Parthasarathy, T. ; Ravindran, G. Almost N-matrices and linear complementarity . Linear Algebra Appl. 145 (1991), 107—125.
1931 births
2015 deaths
Polish mathematicians
Charles Alvin Sanders (August 25, 1946 – July 2, 2015) was an American football player. He played tight end for the Detroit Lions from 1968 to 1977. Sanders was voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2007. He was born in Richlands, North Carolina.

Sanders died on July 2, 2015 from cancer in Detroit, Michigan, aged 68.

References

1946 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in Michigan
Detroit Lions players
Sportspeople from North Carolina
African American players of American football
American football tight ends
Deaths from bone cancer
National Football League broadcasters
Phillip "Phil" Walsh (15 March 1960 – 3 July 2015) was an Australian rules footballer and coach. He played for Collingwood, Richmond and the Brisbane Bears in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1980s. He also had assistant coaching roles at Geelong, West Coast, and Port Adelaide. He was later the head coach of the Adelaide Football Club for the 2015 season. He was born in Hamilton, Victoria.

Walsh was stabbed to death on 3 July 2015 in Somerton Park, South Australia. He was 55. His son was arrested for the murder.

References

1960 births
2015 deaths
Australian rules footballers
Australian rules football coaches
Murders by blade weapons
Sportspeople from Victoria (Australia)
In anatomy and physiology, a duct is a tube leading from an exocrine gland or organ. It usually carries the gland's product to where it is used. An example is the vas deferens, which carries sperm to the ejaculatory ducts. Another example is tear ducts, which carry tears to the eye.

Ducts are lined by pavement-type endothelial cells. Outside the endothelium in blood and lymphatic vessels is a layer with no cells called the basement membrane. Outside that are the smooth muscle cells. The smooth muscle squeezes the contents along.

Glands
Smooth muscle is muscle inside the body and not attached to bones. It is not under conscious control. Its function is to help the inner workings of the body.

Smooth muscle is found in the walls of blood vessels, vessels of the lymphatic system, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, most ducts, and a number of other places such as the iris.

The smooth muscle looks different from the skeletal muscle, and works differently. It can squeeze slowly, and move in waves along a duct. Most types of smooth muscle squeeze gently for a long time, and use little energy. Some smooth muscle squeezes quickly and relaxes in phases.

References 

Muscle tissue