Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Most computers today can boot from a USB drive. Special operating systems can run from a bootable flash drive. They are called Live USB versions.

Audio players 
Many companies make small digital audio players (usually called an mp3 player). These are actually flash drives that can make sound. Examples include the Creative MuVo and the iPod shuffle. Some of these players are real USB flash drives as well as music players; others just play music.

Many of the smallest players are powered by a permanently fitted rechargeable battery. The battery power can be charged from the USB port.

Music storage and marketing 
Digital audio files can be moved from one computer to another. The files can be played on a software media player. Many home and car music systems have a USB port. A USB flash drive can be connected to play music files.
Music artists have sold or given away USB flash drives. The first time this happened was in 2004—the German band WIZO released the "Stick EP", only as a USB drive. It contained five high quality MP3s; it also included a video, pictures, lyrics, and guitar tablature.

Since then, artists including Kanye West, Nine Inch Nails and Ayumi Hamasaki  have released music and promotional material on USB flash drives.

In arcades 
In the arcade game In the Groove and In The Groove 2, flash drives are used to transfer high scores, screenshots, dance edits, and combos throughout sessions. In later versions, players can also store custom songs and play them on any machine on which this feature is enabled. While use of flash drives is common, the drive must be Linux compatible, causing problems for some players.
In the arcade games Pump it Up NX2 and Pump it Up NX Absolute, a specially produced flash drive is used as a "save file" for unlocked songs, as well as progressing in the WorldMax and Brain Shower sections of the game.

In the arcade game Dance Dance Revolution X, a special USB flash drive was made by Konami, letting players link the Sony PlayStation 2 version.

Brand and product promotion 
Flash drives are very cheap to produce. So, they are sometimes used to promote a product. At most technical trade fairs, many exhibitors will promote their products by giving away free drives.

In other situations, they may be sold at less than wholesale price, or included as a bonus with another product.

Usually, such drives will be stamped with a company's logo, as a form of advertising .

The drive may be blank drive, or already have documents or software loaded on to it. These are called preloaded drives.

Some preloaded drives are read-only, but most can be used as a normal flash drive.
Backup 
The large memory size of newer flash drives means that they are increasingly being used for short term backup of data.
For example, one retail till system uses a Flash drive to record details of all of the sales for that day. The drive is used as a backup medium. At the close of business each night, the drive is inserted, and a database backup is saved to the drive. The drive is removed at night and taken offsite.
 This is simple for the end-user, and more likely to be done;
 The drive is small and convenient, and more likely to be carried off-site for safety;
 The drives are less fragile mechanically and magnetically than tapes;
 The capacity is often large enough for several backup images of critical data;
 Flash drives are cheaper than many other backup systems.
Comparison to other forms of data storage 
USB flash drives have replaced a number of other storage technologies, because they are easier to use. The replaced media include:
 Floppy disks
 Solutions such as Iomega ZIP, and similar high-capacity disks.

Parts 
This photograph shows both sides of the printed circuit board (PCB) inside a typical flash drive (circa 2004). The flash drive in this photograph is a 64 MB USB 2.0 device with its plastic case removed.

One end of the device is fitted with a single type-A USB connector. Inside the plastic casing is a small, highly cost-engineered, printed circuit board. Mounted on this board is some simple power circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits (ICs). Typically, one of these ICs provides an interface to the USB port, another drives the onboard memory, and the other is the flash memory.

Good points and bad points

Pros 
Most computers support USB.
Flash drives are quite . They are not damaged by scratches and dust. This makes them a good choice to move data from one place to another.

Some flash drives can keep the data, even if they are put in water. Some data may even survive the washing machine, but this is not a designed feature, and people should not rely on it. Leaving the flash drive out to dry completely before allowing current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future problems.

Channel Five's Gadget Show cooked a flash drive with propane; froze it with dry ice; submerged it in various acidic liquids; ran over it with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar. A company specializing in recovering lost data from computer drives then managed to recover all the data on the drive. All data on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed.
Flash drives are available in large sizes. Currently at the start of 2020, the largest size publicly available is 2 terabytes. This will increase as the technology gets better.

Flash drives use little power, compared to hard drives and have no moving parts. They are small and easy to carry.

Most modern operating systems can use a flash drive, without the need to install special software. To most operating systems, the flash drive looks like a hard drive. The operating system can use any file system. Some computers can start from a flash drive.

Cons 
Flash memory has a limited life. Data can only be written to and read from a device a few thousand times. People should keep this in mind when they use a flash drive to run application software or an operating system. To address this, as well as space limitations, some developers have produced special versions of operating systems (such as Linux in Live USB)  or commonplace applications (such as Mozilla Firefox) designed to run from flash drives.
Flash drives are small and are easily lost or left behind. This can cause problems of data security.

Security issues 
Flash drives can hold a large amount of information and they are used worldwide. Many users store information on them that is personal, or that should be protected. For this reason, more and more flash drives offer biometrics or encryption to control the access to this data. Users can install passwords on to their flash drives so that when a user tries to open it, the computer prompts the user, to enter a password before they can begin using the device. There are a number of free and open source programs which can be used to encrypt data including TrueCrypt, pgpdisk and FreeOTFE. These programs have proved useful in securing data on flash drives.
Most USB flash drives are dumb devices that hold data. However, like other storage devices, they can carry computer viruses. Bootable flash drives, like other boot devices, can easily spread them. Some such devices also have a controller chip comparable to an embedded system. In other words, the drive is a fully functional computer, which can transmit data as it wants. There have been cases where controller chips were manipulated, and spread malware.

Some drives with a controller chip encrypt the data, with a secure algorithm, such as AES. In many cases, it was easy to decrypt the data, even without knowing the decryption key, because the implementation was not done properly.

Because of the issues above, and because the use of USB devices is difficult to monitor, many companies no longer allow USB devices.

References 

Storage devices
USB
The ostrich (Struthio camelus) is a large flightless bird that lives in Africa. They are the largest living bird species, and have the biggest eggs of all living birds. Ostriches do not fly, but can run faster than any other bird.

They are ratites, a useful grouping of medium to large flightless birds. Ostriches have the biggest eyes of all land animals.

Appearance 
Ostriches have long legs and a long neck, but they have a small head. Male ostriches have black feathers and female ostriches have gray and brown feathers. Both males and females have white feathers on their wings and tails.
Male ostriches can be 1.8 - 2.7 meters / 6 – 9 feet tall, while female ostriches are 1.7 – 2 meters / 5.5 - 6.5 ft tall. They can run with a speed of about 65 kilometers per hour/40 miles per hour.
Habitat 
Ostriches now only live in Africa. They live in open grassland called savanna in the Sahel, and in parts of East Africa and south-west Africa. Some ostriches live in areas of the Sahara desert. There used to be ostriches in Middle East in the 20th century, but these went extinct in 1960 in Jordan.

Food 
Ostriches mainly eat plant matter, but they also eat insects. The plant matter consists of seeds, shrubs, grass, fruits and flowers while the insects they eat include locusts. Ostriches do not have teeth, and so cannot grind food as mammals do. Instead, they swallow pebbles. An adult ostrich carries about 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) of stones in its gizzard, a special sac just before the stomach. The pebbles grind the food, and help its digestion. When eating, their gullet is filled with food. After that, the food is passed down their esophagus in the form of a ball called a bolus. The bolus may be as much as 210 ml (7.1 US fl oz). Ostriches can live without drinking for several days.

Behaviour
Behaviour

Social behavior 

Ostriches normally spend the winter months in pairs or alone. During breeding season and sometimes during extreme rainless periods Ostriches live in nomadic groups of five to 50 birds (led by a top hen) that often travel together with other grazing animals, such as zebras or antelopes.

With their acute eyesight and hearing, Ostriches can sense predators such as lions from far away. When being pursued by a predator, they have been known to reach speeds in excess of , and can maintain a steady speed of , which makes the Ostrich the world's fastest two-legged animal. When lying down and hiding from predators, the birds lay their heads and necks flat on the ground, making them appear as a mound of earth from a distance. This even works for the males, as they hold their wings and tail low so that the heat haze of the hot, dry air that often occurs in their habitat aids in making them appear as a nondescript dark lump.
Ostriches can tolerate a wide range of temperatures. In much of their habitat, temperatures vary as much as  between night and day. Their temperature control mechanism relies on action by the bird, which uses its wings to cover the naked skin of the upper legs and flanks to conserve heat, or leaves these areas bare to release heat.

Reproduction 

Ostriches become sexually adults when they are 2 to 4 years old; females are adults about six months younger than males. The mating process differs in different places. Territorial males hiss and use other sounds to claim mating rights over a harem of two to seven hens.

Fights usually last just minutes, but the ostriches can kill each other by slamming their heads into opponents. The winning male will then mates with all the females in the area, but he will only form a pair bond with the dominant female.
The females lay their eggs in one shared nest, a pit dug into the ground,  deep and  wide. The male ostrich digs the pit. The dominant female lays her eggs first, and when it is time to cover them to keep them warm, she pushes the eggs from the weakest females out.  Most of the time, she leaves about 20 in most cases.

Ostrich eggs are the largest of all eggs (and the yolk is the largest single cell), but they are actually the smallest eggs relative to the size of the adult bird. — on average they are  long,  wide, and weigh , over 20 times the weight of a chicken egg. The eggs are incubated by the females by day and by the males by night. This uses the colouration of the two sexes to escape detection of the nest, as the drab female blends in with the sand, while the black male is nearly undetectable in the night. The incubation period is 35 to 45 days.
Males and females cooperate in rearing chicks. The male defends the hatchlings and teaches them to feed. The survival rate is low for the hatchlings, with an average of one per nest surviving to adulthood.

Predators 
When threatened, the ostrich will either hide itself by lying flat against the ground, or will run away. If cornered, it can attack with a kick from its powerful legs. Common predators of nests and young ostriches include jackals, various birds of prey, mongoose and vultures. Animals that prey on ostriches of all ages include cheetahs, lions, leopards, african dogs, and spotted hyena. Ostriches can often outrun their predators in a pursuit and can even outpace cheetahs over long distances. However, they may sometimes fight fiercely against predators, especially when chicks are being defended. They have sometimes killed lions in such fights.
Evolution 
There is no doubt that the ratites are not a monophyletic group, because they are not descended from a single ancestor. That means the taxonomy of the group is going to change, and they will not all be placed in the Order Struthioniformes as they have been. However, as ornothologists have not yet agreed on a new classification, for the time being the useful term 'ratites' is still used.
Unusual morphology 
Ostriches are likely to be placed alone in the order Struthioniformes. They have a number of peculiarities which suggest a separate evolution from the rest of the ratites. They lack a gallbladder. They have three stomachs, and the caecum is  long. Unlike all other living birds, the Ostrich secretes uric acid separately from faeces. Unlike all other birds, who store the uric acid and faeces together, and excrete them together, ostriches store the faeces at the end of their rectum. They also have unique pubic bones that are fused to hold their gut. Unlike most birds the males have a penis, which is retractable and  long. Their palate (bone on the roof of the mouth) differs from other ratites.

Ostriches and humans 
Ostriches are farmed in several countries. They used to be prized for their feathers, but are now farmed for their meat and eggs. Their skin can also be used to make leather.
In South Africa, hunters can get one group of feathers from one wild ostrich. When they are farmed, every seven or eight months farmers can take groups of feathers from the ostriches. They will grow back and can be collected again a in seven or eight more months.

When threatened, Ostriches run away, but they can cause serious injury and death with kicks from their powerful legs. Their legs can only kick forward.

Ostriches reared entirely by humans may not direct their courtship behaviour at other Ostriches, but toward their human keepers. Ostriches live 30 to 40 years on average.

It is sometimes said that ostriches will hide their heads in the ground when they are scared or threatened, but this is not true.

Racing 

In some countries, people race each other on the back of Ostriches. The practice is common in Africa and is relatively unusual elsewhere. The Ostriches are ridden in the same way as horses with special saddles, reins, and bits. However, they are harder to manage than horses.

Gallery
Gallery

References 

Ratites
Struthioniformes
Birds of Africa
Sharks are a superorder of fish. This superorder is also known by its scientific name Selachimorpha. Like other Chondrichthyes, they have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. Cartilage is tough, rubbery material which is less rigid than bone. Cartilaginous fish also include skates and rays. 

There are more than 350 different kinds of sharks, such as the great white and whale sharks. Fossils show that sharks have been around for 420 million years, since the early Silurian. 

Most sharks are predators: they hunt and eat fish, marine mammals, and other sea creatures. However, the largest shark eats krill, like whales. This is the whale shark, the largest fish in the world. It is widely believed that sharks are "silent killers". However, a recent study shows that sharks emit a low growl from their throats which resonates through their scales.
Some common kinds of shark are the hammerhead shark, the great white shark, the tiger shark, and the mako shark. Most sharks are cold-blooded but some, like the great white shark and the mako shark are partially warm-blooded. 

Just a few million years ago, a giant shark called Megalodon swam in the seas. It was 18 meters long, twice as long as the closely-related great white shark, and it ate whales. Megalodon died out 1.6 million years ago.

Much of what we understand about prehistoric sharks comes from the study of their fossils. While sharks have skeletons made of soft cartilage that can fall apart before fossilizing, their teeth are harder and easily fossilized. Prehistoric sharks, like their modern descendants, would grow and shed many thousands of teeth over their lifetime. For this reason shark teeth are one of the most common fossils.

Characteristics 
Sharks come in many different shapes and sizes, but most are long and thin (also called streamlined), with really strong jaws.
Their teeth are constantly replaced throughout their lives. Sharks eat so violently they often break a few teeth, so new teeth grow continuously in a groove just inside the mouth and move forward from inside the mouth on "conveyor belts" formed by the skin which they are attached to. In its lifetime, a shark can lose and regrow as many as 30,000 teeth.

Even with all those teeth, though, sharks can not chew. So they bite their prey and jerk it around so they can pull off a chunk to swallow. The chunks of food that a shark swallows end up in its stomach, where they are digested. This is pretty slow, however, so a meal might take several days to digest. This is why a shark does not eat every day.
Sharks have different-shaped teeth, depending on what they eat. For instance, some sharks have sharp, pointy teeth, while bottom dwelling sharks have cone-shaped teeth for crushing shells. Because there are so many different kinds of sharks, and because each kind has its own kind of special teeth, many people enjoy collecting shark teeth. Shark teeth collectors can guess how large a shark was by measuring the shark tooth. First, they measure the length of the tooth in inches. Every inch of tooth equals 10ft of shark length: so if a shark tooth is 2 inches long, the tooth came from a shark that was 20 ft long! Even more terrifying is that some of the Megalodon teeth are 6 inches long so that suggests a shark 60 feet long.

Sharks have skin covered in millions of tiny teeth-like scales that point to the tail. If you rub along a shark towards the tail, it feels smooth, but if you rub the other way, it is rough. Sharks' teeth can grow back if they are lost.
Fins 
The fins of sharks are used for stabilizing, steering, lift and swimming. Each fin is used in a different manner.  

There are one or two fins present along the dorsal midline called the first and second dorsal fin.  These fins help the shark from constantly rolling around. These two fins may, or may not have spines.  When spines are present, they are used for defensive purposes, and may also have skin glands with them that produce an irritating substance. 
	
The pectoral fins are behind the head and extend outwards. These fins are used for steering during swimming and help to provide the shark with lift. 

The pelvic fins are behind the pectoral fins, near the cloaca, and are also stabilizers.

Not all sharks have anal fins, but if they do have them, they are found between the pelvic and caudal fins.
The tail region itself consists of the caudal peduncle and the caudal fin. The caudal peduncle sometimes has notches known as "precaudal pits", which are found just ahead of the caudal fin. The peduncle may also be horizontally flattened into lateral keels. The caudal fin has both, an upper lobe, and a lower lobe, that can be of different sizes and the shape depends of which species the shark is. 

The primary use of the caudal fin is to provide a "push" while the shark swims. The upper lobe of the caudal fin produces the most amount of the push, and usually forces the shark downwards. The pectoral fins and the shape of the body (like an airfoil) work together to counter this force. The strong, non-lunate caudal fin in most benthic shark species allows the shark to swim close to the seabed (such as the nurse shark). However, the fastest swimming sharks (such as the mako sharks) tend to have lunate-shaped (crescent-shaped) caudal fins.

Senses

Smell
Senses

Smell

Sharks have keen olfactory sense organs in the short duct between the front and back nasal openings. They can detect blood from miles away: as little as one part per million of blood in sea water may be enough.

Sharks have the ability to determine the direction of a given scent based on the timing of scent detection in each nostril.<ref>Jayne M. Gardiner, Jelle Atema 2010. The function of bilateral odor arrival time differences in olfactory orientation of sharks. Current Biology 20 (13),<rc-c2d-number> 1187-1191 </rc-c2d-number> </ref> This is similar to the method mammals use to determine direction of sound.

They are more attracted to the chemicals found in the intestines of many species, and as a result often linger near or in sewage outfalls. Some species, such as nurse sharks, have external barbels that greatly increase their ability to sense prey.
Sight
Shark eyes are similar to the eyes of other vertebrates, including similar lenses, corneas and retinas. Their eyesight is well adapted to the marine environment. They can contract and dilate their pupils, like humans, something no teleost fish can do. A tissue behind the retina reflects light back, thereby increasing sight in darker waters.

Sensing electric current 

Sharks have tiny holes all over the shark's snout, especially between the eye and the tip of the snout. In them are nerve receptors which are called the ampullae of Lorenzini. p23 They can sense electricity in the water. Animals in the water give off electricity: every time an animal's heart beats or it moves, tiny currents of electricity are made. These tiny electric currents make signals that travel through water and get sensed. Sharks may use this sense when they catch their prey, even more than they use their sight.
Hearing 
Although it is hard to test sharks' hearing, they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey many miles away. A small opening on each side of their heads (not the spiracle) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel.

Lateral line 
The lateral line detects changes in water pressure. It is open to the environment by a line of pores. This and the sound-detecting organs are grouped together as the 'acoustico-lateralis system', because they have a common origin. In bony fish and tetrapods the external opening into the inner ear has been lost.

This system is found in other fish as well. It detects motion or vibrations in water. The shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 Hz.

Reproduction
About 70% of all known shark species give birth to live young, with the gestation period lasting from 6 to 22 months.
Pups are born with a full set of teeth, and are capable of taking care of themselves. Once born, they quickly swim away from their mothers, who sometimes feed on the pups. Litters vary from one or two pups (great white shark) to one hundred pups (blue shark and whale shark). 

Some sharks are oviparous, laying their eggs in the water. Shark eggs (sometimes called "mermaid's purses") are covered by a tough, leathery membrane.

Most sharks are ovoviviparous, meaning the eggs hatch inside the female's body, with the babies developing within the mother, but there is no placenta to nourish the pups. Instead the young feed on the egg's yolk. The pups eat any unfertilized eggs and sometimes each other. Very few pups in a litter survive until birth due to this form of sibling cannibalism. Great white sharks, mako sharks, nurse sharks, tiger sharks, and sand tiger sharks give birth this way.
Some sharks are viviparous, meaning that the females give live birth: the eggs hatch inside the female's body, and the babies are fed by a placenta. The placenta helps transfer nutrients and oxygen from the mother's bloodstream and transfers waste products from the baby to the mother for elimination. Examples of viviparous sharks include the bull sharks, the whitetip reef sharks, the lemon sharks, the blue sharks, the silvertip sharks, and the hammerhead sharks. Although long thought to be oviparous, whale sharks are viviparous, and pregnant females have been found containing hundreds of pups.

New shark discoveries 
New sharks are still being found. Dave Ebert found ten new species in a Taiwan market. Over the past three decades he has named 24 new species. They include sharks, rays, sawfish and ghost sharks  these cartilaginous fish are all related.
Fishing 
Some sharks are not endangered, but some are hunted for food (like shark fin soup) or sport fishing.  In 2013 five species of shark, along with two species of manta ray, received international protection as part of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.
It is thought that 100 million sharks are killed by commercial and recreational fishing.<ref>HowStuffWorks "How many sharks are killed recreationally each year - and why?". Animals.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved on<rc-c2d-number> 2010-09-16</rc-c2d-number>.</ref> Sharks are a common seafood in many places, including Japan and Australia. In the Australian state of Victoria, shark is the most commonly used fish in fish and chips, in which fillets are battered and deep-fried or crumbed and grilled. In fish and chip shops, shark is called "flake". In India, small sharks or baby sharks (called sora in Tamil and Telugu languages) are sold in local markets. Since the flesh is not matured (not adult), cooking the flesh breaks it into powder. The powder is then fried in oil and spices (called sora puttu/sora poratu). The soft bones can be easily chewed. They are considered a delicacy in coastal Tamil Nadu.

References

Other media 
BBC One: Blue Planet: The woman who dances with sharks.  
Sharks attack bait ball
Vultures are large birds of prey that usually feed on the carrion or (dead or dying animals and rocks). Vultures use their large wings to soar in the air for many miles without having to flap. Vultures are also called buzzards.

Vultures from the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) are not related to the vultures of the New World (North and South America). They look quite similar, though. Both have heads and necks with no feathers. 

Old World vultures are related to eagles and hawks and use sight to find their food. New World vultures use their sense of smell to find their food. Vultures symbolize death in literature.

King vultures use rocks to open eggs, they pick up a rock with their beak and simply drop or throw the rock onto the egg and breaks it.

New World vultures is a name which is used for a number of species in the Americas. The best known of these are probably the Andean condor and the black vulture.

References
Eagle is a general term for many large birds of prey. Over 60 species have been described, and they live in many parts of the world. Most species of eagle are found in Eurasia and in Africa. 

Eagles are not a natural monophyletic group. The name describes a bird of prey big enough to hunt larger vertebrates. Eagles hunt during the day and have very good eyesight. Eagles are generally put in the family Accipitridae. They belong to several groups of genera, some of which are closely related.

The largest eagle that has ever lived is Haast's eagle. It is the only eagle in the world ever to have been top predator of its ecosystem. Though it is now extinct, it lived in New Zealand. Before man got there, it preyed on moas.

Eagles are carnivores. This means that they eat meat from other animals. Eagles are birds of prey, and so are vultures, falcons and owls. Eagles use their strong talons to catch and grab their food, and they use their sharp beaks to help them tear into the meat of their prey.

References
References

Accipitriformes
National symbols of Serbia
National symbols of Nigeria
Falcons are small to medium-sized birds of prey related to hawks, eagles, and vultures. They usually have pointed wings and long tails. 

Most falcons eat small mammals. Some species hunt other birds, which they take in flight. Like hawks, most falcons have dark gray or brown backs and wings, with white undersides.

The peregrine falcon is found over most of the world and is famous for hunting birds by diving down on them at 320 km/h (200 mi/h). It was nearly wiped out in North America by the use of pesticides, but has since made a recovery. 

In some countries falcons are used in falconry. This means people catch the birds and make them hunt for them. Long ago this was a way for people to get more food but today it is a sport.

Winter larder
On the Moroccan island of Mogador, falcons seem to imprison small birds by trapping them in crevasses, presumably saving them to eat later.
Mogador has the ruins of a fortress, a mosque and a prison. Today the island is a nature reserve, where Eleonora’s falcons nest among the ruins. They hunt migrating warblers, hoopoes and other birds. 

Researchers came across small birds trapped in deep cavities, their flight and tail feathers removed. The birds were unable to move their wings or use their dangling legs. Eleonora’s falcons have been seen building up larders of up to 20 dead birds during migration season, when prey is plentiful. But "storing snacks that are still alive could be a unique behaviour" said an expert.

References

Falconiformes

kk:Сокол (Силистра облысы)
National symbols of the United Arab Emirates
Islington is a district in north London, in the United Kingdom. The area usually called Islington is only part of the London Borough of Islington. It is a fashionable area and has with large well-built houses and is close to the City of London.

References

Other websites 
 Islington Council
 Weather forecast for Islington 

London Borough of Islington
1976 (MCMLXXVI) was .

Events 
 January 18 – Bangladesh and Pakistan fully have foreign bilateral relations between Islamabad and Dacca Officials.
 July 2 – Vietnam is united.
 July 4 – The United States celebrates its 200th birthday (bicentennial)
 July 23 – Adolfo Suárez is elected Prime Minister of Spain.
 July 28 – Tangshan earthquake in China.
 October 18 – Bangladesh is recognized by China and established diplomatic ties with Dacca.
 November 2 – Jimmy Carter elected the 39th President of the United States. Carter defeated the incumbent Ford. 
 November 26 – The Last Waltz
 The Clash forms in London.
 A Soviet pilot defects and flies to Japan in a MiG-25 Foxbat.
Births 
 January 13 – Bic Runga, New Zealand singer
 March 8 – Freddie Prinze Jr.
 March 10 – Haifa Wehbe, Lebanese singer
 April 18 – Melissa Joan Hart, American actress
 August 8 – JC Chasez, American singer
 June 2 – Tim Rice-Oxley, English musician
 June 14 – Alan Carr, English television presenter
 July 1 – Ruud van Nistelrooy, Dutch footballer
 July 9 – Fred Savage, American actor
 July 16 – Bobby Lashley, American wrestler
 September 6 - Robin Atkin Downes, English voice actor
 September 24 – Stephanie McMahon, American business person and writer (WWE)
 September 26 – Michael Ballack, German footballer
 October 7 – Taylor Hicks, American singer
 October 19 – Paul Hartley, Scottish footballer
 November 3 – Tom Brosseau, American singer-songwriter
 November 8 – Brett Lee, Australian cricket player
 November 22 – Torsten Frings, German footballer
 November 22 – Ville Valo, Finnish singer
 November 24 – Lu Chen, Chinese figure skater
 November 27 – Jaleel White, American actor
November 29 - Chadwick Boseman, American actor
 December 8 – Dominic Monaghan, English actor
Deaths

January 

 January 5 – Mal Evans, English band manager (Beatles) (b. 1935)
 January 8 – Zhou Enlai, 1st Premier of the People's Republic of China (b. 1898)
 January 12 – Agatha Christie, English writer (b. 1890)
 January 23 – Paul Robeson, American singer, actor, and political activist (b. 1898)

February 

 February 1 – Werner Heisenberg, German physicist (b. 1901)
 February 12 – Sal Mineo, American actor (b. 1939)

March 

 March 11 – Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto, Finnish architect (b. 1898)
 March 24 – Bernard Montgomery, British field marshal (b. 1887)

April

May

June

July 

 July 6 – Zhu De, 2nd Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (b. 1886)
 July 7 – Gustav Heinemann, 3rd President of Germany (b. 1899)

August 

 August 2 – Fritz Lang, Austrian movie director (b. 1890)
 August 29 – Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi poet (b. 1899)

September 

 September 9 – Mao Zedong, 1st President of China (b. 1893)

October

November
October

November 

 November 28 – Rosalind Russell, American actress (b. 1907)

December 

 December 4 – Benjamin Britten, English composer (b. 1913)
 December 6 – João Goulart, 24th President of Brazil (b. 1918)

Movies released 
 A Star is Born
 All the President's Men (movie)
 Marathon Man 
 Rocky
 Silver Streak
 The Omen
 To Fly!
 Taxi Driver
Hit Songs 
 "(Don't Fear) The Reaper" – Blue Öyster Cult
 "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty" – KC & the Sunshine Band
 "(What A) Wonderful World" – Johnny Nash
 "Anarchy In The UK" – Sex Pistols
 "Dancing Queen" – ABBA (6)
 "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover" – Paul Simon
 "A Fifth of Beethoven" – Walter Murphy & the Big Apple Band
 "A Little Bit More" – Dr. Hook
 "Afternoon Delight" – Starland Vocal Band
 "All By Myself" – Eric Carmen
 "Arms Of Mary" – Sutherland Brothers and Quiver
 "Back In The USSR" – The Beatles
 "Beautiful Noise" – Neil Diamond
 "Bennie And The Jets" – Elton John
 "Besame Mucho" – Dalida
 "Better Use Your Head" – Little Anthony and the Imperials
 "Blinded By The Light" – Manfred Mann's Earth Band
 "Bohemian Rhapsody" – Queen
 "Boogie Fever" Sylvers
 "Born To Be With You" – Dion
 "Both Ends Burning" – Roxy Music
 "Candy Store Rock" – Led Zeppelin
 "Cherry Bomb" – The Runaways
 "Convoy" – C.W. McCall
 "Couldn't Get It Right" – Climax Blues Band
 "Dancing Queen" – ABBA
"December 1963 (Oh What A Night)" – The Four Seasons
 "Devil Woman"- Cliff Richard
 "Disco Duck (Part 1)" – Rick Dees & His Cast of Idiots
 "Disco Lady" – Johnnie Taylor (4)
 "Don't Cry For Me Argentina" – Julie Covington
 "Don't Give Up On Us" – David Soul
 "Don't Go Breaking My Heart" – Elton John & Kiki Dee
 "Don't Make Me Wait Too Long" – Barry White
 "Don't Stop It Now" – Hot Chocolate
 "Don't Take Away The Music" – Tavares
 "Dream Weaver" – Gary Wright
 "Extended Play(EP)" – Bryan Ferry
 "Fernando" – ABBA
 "Fly Like An Eagle" – Steve Miller Band
 "Foggy Notion-Inside Your Heart" – Velvet Underground
 "Fool to Cry" – The Rolling Stones
 "Forever And Ever" – Demis Roussos
 "Forever And Ever" – Slik
 "Freebird(EP)" – Lynyrd Skynyrd
 "Get Up and Boogie" – Silver Convention
 "Girls Girls Girls" – Sailor
 "Harvest For The World" – The Isley Brothers
 "Hasten Down The Wind" – Warren Zevon
 "Heart On My Sleeve" – Gallagher and Lyle
 "Heaven Must Be Missing An Angel" – Tavares
"Hello Old Friend" – Eric Clapton
 "Here Comes The Sun" – Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel
 "Here Comes The Weekend" – Dave Edmunds
 "Hey Baby" – J.J. Cale
 "Honey I" – George McCrae
 "Hot Stuff" – The Rolling Stones
 "Hot Valves(EP)" – Be Bop Deluxe
 "Howzat" – Sherbet
 "Hurricane" – Bob Dylan
 "Hurt" – The Manhattans
 "I Love Music" – The O'Jays
 "I Love To Boogie " – T. Rex
 "I Love to Love (But My Baby Just Loves to Dance)" – Tina Charles
 "I Want You" – Marvin Gaye
 "I Wish" – Stevie Wonder
 "I Write the Songs" – Barry Manilow
 "I'd Really Love to See You Tonight" – England Dan and John Ford Coley
 "If Not You" – Dr. Hook
 "If You Leave Me Now" – Chicago
 "If You Leave Me Now" – Chicago
 "I'm Mandy Fly Me" – 10cc
 "I'm Your Puppet" – James and Bobby Purify
 "In Dulce Jubilo/On Horseback" – Mike Oldfield
 "It Keeps You Running" – Carly Simon
 "It's Over" – Boz Scaggs
 "Jailbreak" – Thin Lizzy
 "J'Attendrai" – Dalida
 "Jump In My Car" – TMG
 "Kiss and Say Goodbye" – The Manhattans
"Landslide" – Fleetwood Mac
 "Last Child" – Aerosmith
 "Le petit bonheur" – Dalida
 "Let 'Em In" – Paul McCartney & Wings
 "Let Your Love Flow" – Bellamy Brothers
 "Let's Stick Together" – Bryan Ferry
 "Livin' Thing" – Electric Light Orchestra
 "Lost in France" – Bonnie Tyler
 "Love And Affection" – Joan Armatrading
 "Love Hangover" – Diana Ross
 "Love Is Alive" – Gary Wright
 "Love Machine" – The Miracles
 "Love Really Hurts Without You" – Billy Ocean
 "Love Rollercoaster" – Ohio Players
 "Love So Right" – Bee Gees
 "Love To Love You Baby – Donna Summer
 "Love's A Prima Donna" – Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel
 "Low Rider" – War
 "Mamma Mia" – ABBA
 "Man to Man" – Hot Chocolate
 "Midnight Train To Georgia" – Gladys Knight and the Pips
 "Mississippi" – Pussycat (4)
 "Misty Blue" – Dorothy Moore
 "Mohammed's Radio" – Warren Zevon
 "Money, Money, Money" – ABBA
 "Moonlight Feels Right" – Starbuck
 "More Than a Feeling" – Boston
 "Movin'" – Brass Construction
 "Mozambique" – Bob Dylan
 "Music" – John Miles
"My First Night Alone Without You" – Bonnie Raitt
 "Nadia's Theme (The Young & The Restless)" – Barry DeVorzon & Perry Botkin, Jr.
 "New Rose" – The Damned (debut)
 "No Charge" – J.J. Barrie
 "Pinball Wizard" – Elton John
 "Play That Funky Music" – Wild Cherry
 "Rhiannon (Will You Ever Win)" – Fleetwood Mac
 "Right Back Where We Started From" – Maxine Nightingale
 "Ring Out Solstice Bells(EP)" – Jethro Tull
 "Rock Me Gently" – Sherbet
 "Rock'n Me" – Steve Miller Band
 "Rodrigo's Guitar Concerto(Concerto De Aranjuez))" – Manuel and the Music of the Mountains
 "Sara Smile" – Daryl Hall & John Oates
 "Save Your Kisses for Me" – Brotherhood of Man (6), best seller of the year
 "Say You Love Me" – Fleetwood Mac
 "She's Gone" – Daryl Hall & John Oates
 "Ships In The Night" – Be Bop Deluxe
 "Show Me The Way" – Peter Frampton
 "Silly Love Songs" – Paul McCartney & Wings (5)
 "Sing Me An Old Fashioned Song" – Billie Jo Spears
 "So It Goes" – Nick Lowe
 "Somebody To Love" – Queen
"Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word"- Elton John
 "Still The One" – Orleans
 "Stop Me(If You've Heard It All Before)" – Billy Ocean
 "Suffragette City" – David Bowie
 "Sugar Mama" – Bonnie Raitt
 "Sunshine Day" – Osibisa
 "Take It To The Limit" – The Eagles
 "Take The Money And Run" – Steve Miller Band
 "Taking It To The Streets" – The Doobie Brothers
 "That'll Be The Day" – Linda Ronstadt
 "The Boston Tea Party" – The Sensational Alex Harvey Band
 "The Boys Are Back In Town" – Thin Lizzy
 "The Combine Harvester (Brand New Key)" – Wurzels
 "The Killing of Georgie, Pt. 1-2" – Rod Stewart
 "The Perfect Drug" – Roxy Music
 "The Rubberband Man" – The Detroit Spinners
 "Theme from Mahogany (Do You Know Where You're Going To)" – Diana Ross
 "Theme from S.W.A.T." – Rhythm Heritage
 "Things We Do For Love" – 10cc
 "This Is It" – Melba Moore
 "This Old Heart Of Mine" – Rod Stewart
 "TVC 15" – David Bowie
 "Under the Moon of Love" – Showaddywaddy
 "Uptown Uptempo Woman" – Randy Edelman
"Welcome Back" – John Sebastian
 "What I've Got In Mind" – Billie Jo Spears
 "When A Child Is Born (Soleado)" – Johnny Mathis
 "Why Can't We Be Friends" – War
 "World Turning" – Fleetwood Mac
 "Wreck Of The Edmund Fitzgerald" – Gordon Lightfoot
 "Yesterday" – The Beatles
 "You Don't Have To Go" – The Chi-Lites
 "You Make Me Feel Like Dancing" – Leo Sayer
 "You See The Trouble With Me" – Barry White
 "You Sexy Thing" – Hot Chocolate
 "You Should Be Dancing" – Bee Gees
 "You to Me Are Everything" – Real Thing
 "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine" – Lou Rawls
 "Young Hearts Run Free" – Candi Staton
 "You're My Best Friend" – Queen
 ”Saturday Night" – Bay City Rollers
 ”Tonight's the Night" – Rod Stewart
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT) () is an institute of technology in Thammasat University, Thailand. It was established in 1992.

SIIT offers education in science, technology, engineering, and management. Every education programs are "international program", all classes are in English language. Its graduates receive degrees from Thammasat University.

Although it is part of Thammasat University, its financial and administration system are separate from the central university system.

Academics
Academics

Schools
SIIT has five schools and one department for undergraduate and graduate students.
 School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology  hosts chemical engineering and environmental technology programs
 School of Civil Engineering and Technology  hosts civil engineering and infrastructure planning programs
 School of Information, Computer and Communication Technology  hosts information technology, computer science, and Electronics and communication engineering programs
 School of Management Technology hosts management technology and engineering management programs
 School of Manufacturing Systems and Mechanical Engineering  hosts mechanical engineering and industrial engineering programs
 Department of Common and Graduate Studies
Campuses
SIIT has two campuses (as of 2013), Rangsit and Bangkadi campus. Both are in Pathum Thani province.
The area is known for "Technology Clusters of North Bangkok".
 Rangsit campus is 42 kilometers north of Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand). It is near Thailand Science Park, national research centers, industrial estates, and universities. 
 Bangkadi campus is in Bangkadi industrial park. It is near Software Park Thailand.
 There is a plan to open a new campus in Lampang. Lampang is a province in northern part of Thailand.

Other websites 
 SIIT official website
 SIIT International Office 
 SIIT.NET  community
 List of SIIT websites  (Open Directory Project)

References

Colleges and universities in Thailand
1992 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Thailand
The Ainu people are the native population of northern Japan and the eastern part of Russia, mostly in the Amur river region, Sakhalin, the Kuril islands and on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The term is also used for their culture and language in the Ezo region (Hokkaido).

History 
The majority of their ancestors, the Jōmon people, arrived in Japan about 30,000 – 15,000 years ago from Central Asia and southern Siberia. They were largely replaced by the proto-Japanese which arrived from southeastern China about 2,000 years ago. The Ainu have strong similarities with Palaeolithic Europeans and people of the Middle East as well as with Native American groups of the northwestern coastal culture area in North America. Some scholars think they were related to the Emishi of northern Honshu.
During and after the Yayoi period they were attacked by the early Japanese people. The Ainu and relative tribes lost most of their land in Honshū, many were killed or ensalved by the Yayoi-Japanese. After the rise of the Yamato, few Ainu were left in Honshu. After the Meiji restoration in the late 1800s, the Japanese began to colonize Hokkaido, sending their own people to live there.  They forced the Ainu to leave the warm coast of Hokkaido and try to live in the mountains in the middle of the island.  The Ainu were not allowed to fish for salmon or hunt deer.  The Ainu were required to speak Japanese and use Japanese names.  Japanese scientists and treasure hunters would dig up Ainu graves and steal the bodies and artifacts.

The Ainu in Russia had more luck and lived their traditional life until the Second World War, when they were forced to act like other Russians.
In April 2019, the Ainu became recognized as native population of northern Japan, and the rest of Japan has started to think of their culture as good and valuable.  However, the Ainu still face discrimination in Japan. Most Japanese outside of Hokkaido mistake the Ainu for foreigners or tourists.

Culture 
Their culture is based on the ancient Jomon culture of northern Japan and eastern Russia. Their native folk religion has some similarities to early Shinto. Their gods are named kamuy, similar to the Japanese Kami. They practiced agriculture but were also hunter gatherers. The Ainu are famous for their wood work and art.

The Ainu lived in villages called kotan and were often built along rivers or lakes. Every villages consisted of at least four to seven families, sometimes more than ten. The traditional house was called cise or cisey.
Language 
They speak the Ainu language. The Ainu language is classificated as language isolate, although there exist several theories about a genetic relation. Some linguists suggest a relation to Altaic languages while others suggest a link to Indo-European languages. Some similarities also exist with northern native American languages.

References

Other websites 

 The Ainu Museum 
 Smithsonian Institute
 Nippon Utari Kyokai
 Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Ainu
 Ainu-North American cultural similarities 
 Spirit Cave Man May Rewrite Continent's History
 Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture 
 Ainu Lineage
 The Boone Collection 

Ethnic groups in Japan
The Iliad  is the oldest surviving work of Greek literature. It was an oral epic poem. People spoke it without reading it. It was written down in the 8th century BC. It is an epic (or very long) poem with 24 chapters written in hexameter. The poem includes early Greek myths and legends. It may have been based on a Bronze Age attack on the city Troy. People usually say that Homer wrote the Iliad. However, scholars are not sure if the poem was really written by just one person.

The story happens during the Trojan War, some time around 1200 BC. It talks about the confrontations of the warrior Achilles and King Agamemnon. The story is only about a few weeks at the end of the war, but it also talks about many of the Greek myths about the war. It tells the story from the wrath of Achilles, to the death and funeral of Hector and the siege of Troy.

Together with another of Homer's poems, the Odyssey, it is one of the two major Greek epic poems.
Some important characters in the Iliad are Achilles, Odysseus, Agamemnon, Menelaus, Priam, Hector, Paris, and Helen.

Plot 
The poem starts with the god Apollo sending a plague to the Greeks, because they captured the daughter of one of his Trojan priests. Agamemnon is forced to give the daughter back. So that he has a girl of his own, Agamemnon takes the captured Trojan girl Briseis from her owner Achilles. Achilles is angry and refuses to fight in the war. When Achilles' lover Patroclus is killed by Hector, Achilles starts to fight again and kills Hector in a duel. Later, Hector's father Priam comes in secret to Achilles to take back his favorite son's body to give it a proper funeral, which Achilles allows him to do. The poem ends with the funeral of Hector.

Related pages
 Trojan War
 Odyssey

References

Sources
Fagles, Robert (transl) 1990. The Iliad. Introduction and notes by Bernard Knox. Penguin. . Winner of the Academy of American Poets 1991 London translation award.

Other websites
Other websites

Iliad , online version of the work by Homer (English). Pope translation.
Iliad in Ancient Greek: from the Perseus Project (PP), with the Murray and Butler translations and hyperlinks to mythological and grammatical commentary; via the Chicago Homer , with the Lattimore translation and markup indicating formulaic repetitions

Greek mythology
Classical Greek literature
Epic poems
8th-century BC books