Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1960, Verwoerd announced that he planned to hold a referendum in South Africa on whether to remain a Commonwealth realm under the British monarch's rule or become a republic.  The South African Parliament (a kind of legislature) voted to present the referendum to the people, and it was held in October. Voters were asked if they wanted to remain under the British monarch's rule, or become a republic. 52% voted to change to a republic. South Africa became a republic on May 31, 1961.

The National Party government under Verowoerd continued to develop the military, and it successfully made new developments in arms production including aircraft, small arms, armed vehicles, and even nuclear weapons.
Three days before his death, Verwoerd held talks with the Prime Minister of the Lesotho, one of the native tribes in South Africa, Chief Leabua Jonathan, at the Union Buildings in Pretoria.  Following the meeting, a joint statement was issued by the two governments with special emphasis on "co-operation without interference in each others' internal affairs".

On 6 September 1966, Verwoerd was murdered in Cape Town, shortly after entering the House of Assembly at 2:15 pm. A parliamentary messenger named Dimitri Tsafendas stabbed Verwoerd in the neck and chest four times before other Assembly members restrained him. Members who were also trained as medical practitioners rushed to aid Verwoerd and started giving cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Verwoerd was rushed to Groote Schuur Hospital, but was declared dead upon arrival.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1901 births
1966 deaths
Afrikaner people
People associated with Apartheid
Murders by blade weapons
Politicians from Amsterdam
Prime Ministers of South Africa
Anti-communists
Richard Wayne "Dick" Van Dyke (born December 13, 1925) is an American actor, comedian, dancer, producer, singer and writer with his career that has lasted 60 years. He is the older brother of Jerry Van Dyke and father of Barry Van Dyke.

Van Dyke starred in many movies; Bye Bye Birdie, Mary Poppins, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and Night at the Museum and in television series The Dick Van Dyke Show and in Diagnosis: Murder. He has a star in the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Van Dyke was once offered the role as Ambassador Thorn in the 1976 movie The Omen, but turned it down because of the movie's violent gory content.

Early life
Van Dyke was born on December 13, 1925 in West Plains, Missouri. He was raised in Danville, Illinois. Van Dyke now lives in Malibu, California. During his early years, Van Dyke use to work as a weather man.
Marriages and family
Van Dyke has been married to Margie Willett in 1948 until they divorced in 1984. He was married to Arlene Silver since 2012. Van Dyke had been partners with Michelle Triola from 1976 until her death from lung cancer in 2009. Van Dyke has 4 children and one grandson.

Awards
He has won a Grammy Award, a Tony Award, and an Emmy Award. He has been honored a Disney Legend Award in 1999. He was given The Life Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild in 2013.

In 2021, Van Dyke was honored with the Kennedy Center Honors.

Personal life
Van Dyke was a heavy cigarette smoker for most of his life. He has been using Nicorette gum since 2003.

In April 2013, Van Dyke revealed that he has been displaying symptoms of a neurological disorder since 2006, but despite undergoing tests no diagnosis has been made. In 2013 the actor stated that his dental-related implants might be responsible.
On August 19, 2013, it was reported that Van Dyke, age 87, was rescued from inside his Jaguar by a passerby as the actor's car caught fire on a Los Angeles-area highway. He was not injured in the fire. The car burned down to its frame.

References

Other websites

 
 

1925 births
Living people
Actors from Missouri
Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
American movie producers
American musical theatre actors
American radio actors
American radio personalities
American stage actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Comedians from Illinois
Emmy Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Kennedy Center honorees
Movie producers from Illinois
People from Danville, Illinois
People from Malibu, California
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Singers from Illinois
Singers from Missouri
Television personalities from Illinois
Tony Award winning actors
Writers from Illinois
Writers from Missouri
Eli Herschel Wallach (December 7, 1915 – June 24, 2014) was an American movie, television, voice, and stage actor who gained fame during the late 1950s. For his performance as Silva Vacarro in Baby Doll, he won a BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer, an Honorary Academy Award, an Emmy Award, a Tony Award, and a Golden Globe Award nomination.

Early life
Wallach was born on December 7, 1915 in Red Hook, Brooklyn, New York and studied at the University of Texas at Austin, City College of New York, and at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of Theatre.

Career
Wallach's famous roles are Tuco in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Calvera in The Magnificent Seven, and as Mr. Freeze in Batman. Other roles includes; Don Altobello in The Godfather Part III, Cotton Weinberger in The Two Jakes, and Arthur Abbott in The Holiday. He is still an active actor even in his nineties and being in films as in Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps and in The Ghost Writer.
Personal life
Wallach was married to Anne Jackson since 1948. They had three children. His great nephew was movie critic A. O. Scott. Wallach lived in East Hampton, New York.

Wallach, during a set of a movie he was in, accidentally drank from a bottle of acid that a technician had carelessly placed next to his soda bottle. He spat it out quickly, but was angry because his vocal cords could have been damaged if he had swallowed any of it.

Death
Wallach died at his home in New York City, New York from natural causes on June 24, 2014, aged 98.

References

Other websites

 
 

Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Academy Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winners
1915 births
2014 deaths
In Australia, the outstation movement is the movement of Australian Aboriginal people from large towns to much smaller communities, called outstations. It is mostly seen in the Northern Territory and amongst the people of the Western Desert.

Before the 20th century, most Aboriginal families lived by themselves or in groups of 20–30 people. They were nomadic (moving from place to place), hunting and foraging across the deserts. As Euro-Australians started to build roads, towns and farms on Aboriginal lands, the native people were forced out. They had to move off their lands into towns or missions. There, the government would give them food, water and clothes.
This way of life did not suit them. In the towns, there were many conflicts between different ethnic groups, people became addicted to alcohol, and many of them died from foreign diseases. Many groups were also far away from their traditional homelands, which were important to them and their spirituality. From the 1970s, many families started to move away from the towns. They returned to the places they grew up, and set up smaller communities.

One of the main reasons behind the movement is for Aboriginal people to get back autonomy and self-sufficiency. The communities manage themselves, as nomadic groups (or "tribe") did many years before. Hunting and foraging – getting their own food, and food for everybody – is still important.

References

Indigenous Australian politics
Indigenous Australian history
Indigenous land rights
The Santa Catalina Rattlesnake (Crotalus catalinensis), also known as the "Santa Catalina Island Rattlesnake", is a species of venomous Pit viper found only on Santa Catalina Island in the Gulf of California. There are currently no subspecies recognized.

Description 
The Santa Catalina Rattlesnake is a small and slender species of rattlesnake. It can grow up to the length of 73.1 centimeters (28.8 in), and is known for being one of the few rattlesnakes which don't have a rattle on the end of their tail. Some Santa Catalina Rattlesnakes are light cream in color with reddish-brown blotches down their back, while some are ash gray with dark gray blotches on them.

Behavior
While other rattlesnakes of the genus "Crotalus" are mainly terrestrial (live on land), the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake's small size makes it very good climber. In July, the hottest month on Santa Catalina Island, the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake is found on branches of bushes and trees so they can escape the heat on the ground.
Feeding 
Since the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake lives mainly in trees, scientist first thought this rattlesnake eats birds, but scientist have now found out that around 70% of the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake's diet is made up of small mammals like the Santa Catalina Deer Mouse, and around 30% is made up of lizards like the Santa Catalina Desert Iguana and the Santa Catalina Side-blotched lizard.

References

Vipers
Snakes of North America
Claire Conner McCaskill (born July 24, 1953) is an American politician. She was the United States Senator from Missouri from 2007 to 2019. She is a member of the U.S. Democratic Party. She was the first woman from Missouri elected to the United States Senate. Before being elected to United States Senate McCaskill was the Missouri State Auditor from 1999 to 2007. She was born in Rolla, and she went to school at the University of Missouri.

McCaskill lost to Josh Hawley by nearly 9% in her re-election bid in 2018.

References

Other websites

Democratic Party (United States) politicians
United States senators from Missouri
1953 births
Living people
State legislators of the United States
Arlene Carol Dahl (August 11, 1925 – November 29, 2021) was an American actress. She was a former MGM contract star. Dahl became famous in the 1950s. She was born in Minneapolis and starred in many movies. She was the mother of actor Lorenzo Lamas.

Dahl died on November 29, 2021 at her home in New York City, aged 96.

References

Actors from Minneapolis
American television actors
American stage actors
American movie actors
1925 births
2021 deaths
The Didache (pronounced "did ah kay") or The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles is an early Christian hand book. It was written in the first or early second century AD.
It gives information about Christian ethics, rituals such as baptism and Eucharist, and Church organization.

References

Other websites 
Greek text
English translations

Christian texts
Ancient Christianity
1st-century books
Youth Riding a Rooster is a red-figure plate painted by Epiktetos about 520–510 BC. Its diameter measures 7 3/8 in. (18.7 cm). The plate is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. It shows a boy riding a rooster. It was a rare subject among ancient artists. It probably references homosexual relations between older men and youths. It also references the practice among Greek males of giving a rooster as a love gift.

The vase scholar Sir John Beazley wrote in 1918 in Attic Red-Figured Vases in American Museums (p. 18): "The best of [Epiktetos] is in his plates. You cannot draw better, you can only draw differently. Epiktetos' people are all lightness and fairy grace, as if they belonged to a world where passion and pain were unknown, to those 'woods of Athens' where Oberon reigned in the days before 'the middle summer's spring'".
The plate was discovered in Vulci in 1828. Twenty years later it became the possession of the second marquess of Northampton. On July 2, 1980, his great-great-grandson, the seventh marquess, sold it with other pottery at Christie's in London.

References

Other websites 
 

Paintings and pottery by Epiktetos
Footrace on a Panathenaic Amphora is a depiction of an ancient Greek footrace on a terracotta amphora dated about 530 BC. It is said to be by the Euphiletos Painter. The height of the amphora is  tall. 

The amphora would have been filled with olive oil from the sacred groves at Athens then given as a prize to the winner of a footrace in the Panathenaic Games at Athens. These games were held every four years. The amphora is held in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. 

These prize amphores were made to a standardized shape, held about 42 quarts, and were decorated in the black-figure technique. An armed Athena was depicted on the front of the amphora and a picture of the sport on the back. This amphora depicts five men and a youth.
The museum writes, "Notice the wealth of incised lines depicting musculature, a preoccupation of Greek artists for centuries to come ... An inscription on the front of the amphora gives not only the official designation of the vase as a prize, but also the signature of the potter, Nikias, a rare occurrence on pots of this shape."

References 
 

Ancient Greek paintings
Ancient Greek pottery
6th-century BC works
Greg Louganis (born January 29, 1960) is an American Olympic diver and author. He was born in El Cajon, California. He is of Samoan and Swedish descent and was adopted by a Greek-American couple. He received a James E. Sullivan Award from the Amateur Athletic Union. He won a silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.

Career 
Two years later, Louganis received his first world title in a tower event. He won many gold medals each at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.

Personal life 
Greg Louganis is openly gay. He was diagnosed with HIV in 1988. He wrote the book Breaking the Surface about his life.

References
References

American adoptees
American autobiographers
LGBT people from California
American Olympic gold medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
American divers
Gay men
LGBT Olympians
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
People with HIV/AIDS
Sportspeople from California
Writers from California
1960 births
Living people
Vicki Ann Axelrad (also called Vicki Lawrence; born March 26 1949) is an American comedienne, actress and a singer. She is best known for her acting on the Carol Burnett Show and as Thelma Harper on Mama's Family. She was often on game shows in the 1970s and 1980s.

References

Other websites

American television actors
Actors from Inglewood, California
Singers from Los Angeles County, California
1949 births
Living people
Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou ( , ; 5 July 19112 April 1974) was a French politician. He was the President of the French Republic from 20 June 1969 until 2 April 1974. He was born in Cantal. He fought in World War II. 

He also was Prime Minister of France from 14 April 1962 until 10 July 1968. In 1968, he was elected president. He died of lymphoma in Paris. He is the only French president of the French Fifth Republic to die in office.

Other websites

Cancer deaths in France
Deaths from lymphoma
French military people 
French people of World War II
Prime Ministers of France
People from Cantal
Presidents of France
1911 births
1974 deaths
Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
John Deszo Ratzenberger (born April 6, 1947 in Bridgeport, Connecticut) is an American actor, voice actor, and entrepreneur.

Career
He is best known for his role as Cliff Clavin in Cheers and for his role in all of the Pixar animated movies which includes; Hamm in Toy Story, Toy Story 2, Toy Story 3, Toy Story 4 and Woody's Roundup: The Movie, P.T. Flea in A Bug's Life, The Abominable Snowman in Monsters, Inc., the school of Moonfish in Finding Nemo, The Underminer in The Incredibles and in The Incredibles 2, Mack the Truck in Cars, Cars 2 and in Cars 3, Mustafa the waiter in Ratatouille, John in WALL-E, Tom the construction worker in Up, Gordon the Guard in Brave, The Abominable Snowman in Monsters University, Fritz in Inside Out, Earl in The Good Dinosaur, Bill the Crab in Finding Dory and as Juan Ortodoncia in Coco.
Personal life
Ratzenberger was married to Georgia Stiny from 1985 until they divorced in 2004. Ratzenberger has a son James John (b. 1987), and a daughter Nina Kathrine (b. 1989). Ratzenberger is a Republican.

References

Other websites

 

1947 births
American television actors
American movie actors
Republicans (United States)
Actors from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Pixar
Living people
American voice actors
Shaivism is a form of Hinduism, which sees Shiva as the most important deity. In practice, there are different branches of Shaivism. Shaivism is common in  India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. It can also be found in  Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia.
Shaivism are routed from southern part of India, mainly from present day Tamil Nadu, The oldest shiva temples in the state are living proof for that..Major Kings ruled Southern India also considered Lord Siva as their God

Hindu denominations
Arthur Christopher Orme Plummer  or simply Christopher Plummer (December 13, 1929 – February 5, 2021) was a Canadian actor. His career began in 1946. He first acted on Broadway in 1954. His first important stage roles were as Cyrano de Bergerac in Cyrano (1974) and Iago in Othello. He was also in Hamlet at Elsinore, Macbeth, King Lear, and Barrymore.

After being on stage, he acted in his first movie in Stage Struck (1958). He had his very first main role that same year in Wind Across the Everglades. He became well known for playing Captain Georg von Trapp in the musical movie The Sound of Music (1965). 

Plummer played many historical people in movies, including Commodus in The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964), Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington in Waterloo (1970), Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King (1975), Mike Wallace in The Insider (1999), Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station (2009), Kaiser Wilhelm II in The Exception (2016), and J. Paul Getty in All the Money in the World (2017).
Plummer narrated the animated series Madeline. He voiced Charles Muntz in the Disney Pixar movie Up (2009). His final roles before his death were as Harlan Thrombey in Knives Out (2019), Frank Pitsenbarger in The Last Full Measure (2020) and as Howard Lawson in the television drama Departure.

Plummer won many awards for his work. He won an Academy Award, two Primetime Emmy Awards, two Tony Awards, a Golden Globe Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a British Academy Film Award. He was one of the few actors and only Canadian to have won the Triple Crown of Acting. He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for Beginners (2010). At the time, at age 82 he was the oldest person to win an acting Oscar. He was nominated again for an Academy Award for All the Money in the World. This made him the oldest person to be nominated for an acting Oscar at age 88.

Early life
Early life

Plummer was born on December 13, 1929, in Toronto, Ontario. He was the only child of John Orme Plummer and Isabella Mary Abbott. His great-grandfather was Canadian Prime Minister Sir John Abbott. Plummer's parents divorced not long after he was born. He was raised by his mother in the Abbott family home in Senneville, Quebec. He spoke English and French very well.

At an early age, he loved acting and went to High School of Montreal. He wanted to become an actor after watching Laurence Olivier's movie Henry V (1944). He learned acting as an apprentice with the Montreal Repertory Theatre. Plummer never went to college or university, something he wished he did. Later in life, McGill University gave an honorary degree to Plummer.
In 1946, the Montreal Gazettes theatre critic Herbert Whittaker liked Plummer's role as Mr Darcy in a Montreal High School play of Pride and Prejudice. Whittaker was also a stage director and he hired Plummer at age 18 to play Oedipus in Jean Cocteau's La Machine infernale.

Career

Stage

Early roles

Plummer started acting in 1948 with Ottawa's Stage Society. In 1952, he was in many stage works with the Bermudiana Theatre in Bermuda. While working there, he was hired by an American producer. Edward Everett Horton hired Plummer to play Gerard in the 1953 play of André Roussin's Nina.
Plummer had his first Broadway role in January 1953 in The Starcross Story. His next Broadway role, Home is the Hero, lasted from September to October 1954. Plummer was Tyrone Power's understudy. After acting in Night of the Auk, Plummer was in Elia Kazan's Broadway play J.B.. He played Jason in Robinson Jeffers' version of Medea in Paris in 1955. Also in 1955, he played Mark Antony in Julius Caesar. He also played Ferdinand in The Tempest at the American Shakespeare Festival.

Plummer began acting at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in 1956. He played the main character in Henry V. He played the main role in Hamlet and Sir Andrew Aguecheek in Twelfth Night in 1957. The next year, he played Leontes in The Winter's Tale, Bardolph in Henry IV, Part 1, and Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing.
In April 1961, he played Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing with the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. He later played the main character of Richard III a month later. He played King Henry II in Jean Anouilh's Becket. For his role, Plummer won the Evening Standard Award for Best Actor.

At the Stratford Festival, he played Philip the Bastard in King John and Mercutio in Romeo and Juliet. In 1962, he played the main roles in both Cyrano de Bergerac and Macbeth. He returned in 1967 to play Mark Antony in Antony and Cleopatra.

Plummer played the main role in a 1963 play of Bertolt Brecht's The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui. He was also in Peter Shaffer's The Royal Hunt of the Sun, playing Francisco Pizarro. Many critics liked Plummer's roles as Ui and Pizarro.
Royal National Theatre and Broadway roles
From June 1971 to January 1972, he worked for the Royal National Theatre. He acted in Jean Giraudoux's Amphitryon 38 directed by Laurence Olivier; Georg Büchner's Danton's Death; Adrian Mitchell's Tyger; Luigi Pirandello's The Rules of the Game; and Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night at the New Theatre in London. From May to June 1973, he was on Broadway. He played the main character in Cyrano. It was a musical version of Edmond Rostand's 1897 play Cyrano de Bergerac. Plummer won a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for that role. Later that year, he played Anton Chekhov in Neil Simon's The Good Doctor. He played Quentin in Arthur Miller's 1974 version of After the Fall.

Plummer was in Lovers and Madmen at the Opera House at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. in 1973. He also appeared in Love and Master Will at the same place in 1975.
In 1982, he was in the Broadway play of the Shakespearean tragedy Othello, playing Iago. His role as the main villain had positive reviews from critics, such as The New York Times. For his role, he got a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play nomination losing to Roger Rees.

In 1988, he played the main role in Broadway's Macbeth. He also had positive reviews for his role as the main character. He worked with Jason Robards in the 1994 version of Harold Pinter's No Man's Land. For his role in No Man's Land, Plummer was nominated for a Tony Award.

Plummer became well known for playing actor John Barrymore in the 1997 Broadway play of William Luce's Barrymore. He had many positive reviews from critics. Vincent Canby of The New York Times called Plummer a great actor. His role as Barrymore, gave Plummer his second Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award.
Later stage career
In 2002, he appeared in King Lear, directed by Jonathan Miller. The play had strong positive reviews. He was nominated for a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his role in King Lear. He also got a Tony Award nomination for playing Henry Drummond in the 2007 version of Inherit the Wind. He played Julius Caesar in George Bernard Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra. The play was filmed and shown in Canadian movie theaters on January 31, 2009. In 2009 and 2010, Plummer was in two Stratford Festival plays of Shaw's Caesar and Cleopatra and William Shakespeare's The Tempest. Plummer returned to the Stratford Festival in the summer of 2010 in The Tempest where he played Prospero. In 2014, Plummer presented a stage play A Word or Two in Los Angeles.

Movies
Movies

Plummer's movie career began in 1958 when Sidney Lumet hired him as a young writer in Stage Struck. That same year, Plummer played the main character in Nicholas Ray's movie Wind Across the Everglades. Plummer did not appear in any other movie for six years after 1958. He returned to acting to play Roman emperor Commodus in Anthony Mann's The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964).

The Sound of Music and success
Plummer became well known for his role as Captain Von Trapp in Robert Wise's musical movie The Sound of Music (1965). Plummer however, said the movie was "so awful and sentimental and gooey". The movie made the most money than any other movie since Gone with the Wind. Plummer hated being on the movie, but liked working with Julie Andrews. During his career, he tried not to talk about the movie. He did not show up at the 40th Anniversary cast reunion. He did talk about the movie for the 2005 DVD release. He appeared for the 45th anniversary with the full cast on The Oprah Winfrey Show on October 28, 2010. In one interview he said that he had great memories of making the movie.
He was in Inside Daisy Clover (1965) and then played World War II agent Eddie Chapman in Triple Cross (1966). He had a role as Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in The Night of the Generals (1967). Plummer replaced Rex Harrison for the movie version of Doctor Dolittle. However, Harrison later came back for the movie. Plummer was paid $87,500 for signing the contract.
Plummer had the main role in Oedipus the King (1968) and The High Commissioner (1968). He was later in Battle of Britain (1969) and Lock Up Your Daughters (1969). That same year, he played Inca Emperor Atahualpa in The Royal Hunt of the Sun. Plummer played the Duke of Wellington in Waterloo (1970) with Rod Steiger as Napoleon Bonaparte. He played Rudyard Kipling in The Man Who Would Be King (1975). He was also in the comedy The Return of the Pink Panther (1975), with Peter Sellers and The Silent Partner (1978). He was in Aces High (1976), Starcrash (1978), and International Velvet (1978). He played Sherlock Holmes in Murder by Decree (1979).
 
Plummer was in the romantic drama Somewhere in Time (1980), the drama Eyewitness (1981), and the comedy Dragnet (1987). Plummer also did some voice work. He voiced Henri the pigeon in An American Tail (1986) and the Grand Duke of Owls in Rock-a-Doodle (1991).
Plummer was in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991). He was also in Spike Lee's drama biographical movie Malcolm X (1992), Mike Nichols' horror drama Wolf (1994), Taylor Hackford's psychological drama Dolores Claiborne (1995), and Terry Gilliam's science fiction drama 12 Monkeys (1995). One of Plummer's most well known roles was as journalist Mike Wallace in Michael Mann's The Insider (1999). Plummer later played Dr. Rosen in Ron Howard's Academy Award-winning movie A Beautiful Mind (2001). He played Uncle Ralph in the 2002 movie version of Charles Dickens novel Nicholas Nickleby. He also played the philosopher Aristotle in Alexander (2004). Plummer was wanted for the role of Gandalf for The Lord of the Rings movie series. He did not want the role.
In 2004, Plummer played John Adams Gates in the Disney adventure movie National Treasure. In 2005, he appeared in Stephen Gaghan's drama Syriana, the romantic comedy Must Love Dogs, and Terrence Malick's drama The New World. Plummer did not like working with Malick on The New World. He called Malick "boring" and told him to get a writer instead of Malick doing everything. He played Arthur Case in another Spike Lee's movie called Inside Man (2006). That same year, he was in the romantic drama The Lake House (2006). In 2009, Plummer voiced the main villain Charles Muntz in Pixar's animated movie Up. Muntz character design was inspired by Plummer. That same year he also had a voice role in 9 playing 1.

Beginners and final years
In January 2010, Plummer got his first Academy Award nomination for his role as author Leo Tolstoy in The Last Station (2009). In an interview about his Academy Award nomination, Plummer said: "Well, I said it's about time! I mean, I'm 80 years old, for God's sake. Have mercy". He lost the Academy Award to Christoph Waltz.
Plummer had a role in David Fincher's The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, playing businessman Henrik Vanger. Plummer got his second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Hal in Mike Mills' independent comedy drama movie Beginners (2011). In the role, Plummer played a dying 80-year old who recently came out as gay to his son. He won the Academy Award for his role in Beginners at age 82. At the time, this made Plummer the oldest actor to win an Academy Award. In 2021, Anthony Hopkins won an Academy Award at age 83, beating Plummer's record. His Academy Award also made Plummer one of the few actors and only Canadian to win the Triple Crown of Acting. In 2014, he appeared with Shirley MacLaine in the comedy-drama Elsa & Fred. In 2015, he was in Remember as a Holocaust survivor with dementia. Plummer played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Man Who Invented Christmas (2017).
In November 2017, Plummer was hired to replace Kevin Spacey as J. Paul Getty in All the Money in the World. He was director Ridley Scott's first choice for the role, but TriStar Pictures wanted a more well known actor for the role. Plummer was hired because Spacey had been accused of sexual harassment and sexual assault. All scenes that had Spacey were filmed again with Plummer. This happened a few weeks before the movie's release. For his role, Plummer earned Golden Globe, BAFTA, and Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor. Plummer, at age 89, became the oldest actor to be nominated for an Academy Award.

Plummer had a role in Rian Johnson's mystery thriller movie Knives Out (2019) as rich mystery writer Harlan Thrombey. Plummer also played Frank Pitsenbarger in the war drama The Last Full Measure (2020), in his final movie role. In 2021 before his death, Plummer was hired to play the main character for a movie version of Shakespeare's King Lear.

Television

Early roles
Early roles

Plummer had his first television role in 1953 for Canadian Broadcasting Corporation version of Othello. He was also in a 1953 Studio One episode "The Gathering Night". In the 1950s, he appeared in The Alcoa Hour, General Electric Theater, Kraft Television Theatre, and Omnibus. In 1956, he was in an episode of CBS's Appointment with Adventure.

He was in the live television drama Little Moon of Alban. He got his first Emmy Award nomination for this role. He played Torvald Helmer in a 1959 television movie version of Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House. Plummer had a role in the television version of Philip Barry's The Philadelphia Story (1959). In 1964, his role as Gloomy Dane in the BBC's Hamlet at Elsinore got him his second Emmy nomination. He played Hamlet in Hamlet at Elsinore.
Later work and success
He played Herod Antipas in the television miniseries Jesus of Nazareth (1977). Plummer played Herbert Kappler in the television movie The Scarlet and the Black. He had a role in the television series The Thorn Birds. From 1993 to 1995, he narrated the animated television series Madeline and won an Emmy Award for his voice work. He also narrated the animated television series The World of David the Gnome.

In 2000, Plummer played Sir David Maxwell Fyfe in the Emmy Award-winning Nuremberg (2000). That same year he was in American Tragedy as F. Lee Bailey. He was in Miracle Planet, and a documentary by Ric Burns about Eugene O'Neill. He got an Emmy Award nomination for his role in the television movie version of the play On Golden Pond. Plummer voiced Arngeir, speaker for the Greybeards, in the video game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim.
At the age of 89, he appeared in a main role in Departure. It was a Canadian-British television series. Plummer returned for season 2, but worked from home because of the COVID-19 pandemic. He finished filming for the second season before his death.

Personal life and death
Plummer married Tammy Grimes in 1956. Their marriage lasted four years. They had a daughter together, actress Amanda Plummer. Plummer was married to journalist Patricia Lewis from 1962, until their divorce in 1967. He later married actress Elaine Taylor in 1970. They lived together in Weston, Connecticut. He used to live in Darien, Connecticut before moving to Weston. Plummer had no children by his second or third marriages.

In 1968, Plummer was honored as a Companion of the Order of Canada. His memoir, In Spite of Myself, was published in November 2008. Plummer supported the Theatre Museum Canada and donated money to keep the museum open.
Plummer died at his home in Weston, Connecticut on February 5, 2021 at the age of 91. He died two and a half weeks after a fall where he hit his head. Plummer's wife Elaine said that he had died "peacefully" when she was at his side. Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau said that there is "no doubt [that] his work will continue to inspire and entertain us all for years to come". He called Plummer an "iconic actor".

The Sound of Music actress Julie Andrews said that "The world has lost a [great] actor today and I have lost a [good] friend".

Ana de Armas, Jamie Lee Curtis, Katherine Langford, Rian Johnson, Chris Evans, Don Johnson, William Shatner, Anne Hathaway, Elijah Wood, Vera Farmiga, Ed Asner, Ridley Scott, Spike Lee, Simon Pegg, Kate Beckinsale, Antonio Banderas, Leonard Maltin, Daniel Dae Kim, George Takei, Russell Crowe, Bruce Greenwood and Joseph Gordon-Levitt also reacted to his death.

Awards

Honors

Bibliography

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
 
 
 
 Christopher Plummer at the Canadian Film Encyclopedia 
 Christopher Plummer website 

1929 births
2021 deaths
Academy Award winning actors
Satellite Award winners
Actors from Toronto
BAFTA Award winning actors
Canadian movie actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian radio actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian voice actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Tony Award winning actors
Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Deaths from head injury
Jeffrey Michael Tambor (born July 8, 1944 in San Francisco, California) is an American actor and voice actor who is known for his role as Hank Knigsley on The Larry Sanders Show, King Atlantis in SpongeBob SquarePants, and as George Bluth, Sr. and Oscar Bluth on Arrested Development. He won a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award in 2015.

Tambor was married to Kathryn Mitchell from 1991 until they divorced in 1999. He is currently married to Kasia Ostlun since 2001 and have 4 children together.

Other websites

 

Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
1944 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from San Francisco
Wilbert "Bill" Cobbs (born June 16, 1934) is an American movie and television actor. He has starred in over 120 movies and television programs.

Personal life 
Cobbs was born on June 16, 1934 in Cleveland, Ohio. Cobbs is the second cousin of the late African American actor James Baskett.

Career 
Cobbs career began during 1973 in the movie Santa Buddies: The Legend of Santa Paws. He is known for his role in The Bodyguard. Cobbs latest appearance was in The Muppets (2011) and in Oz the Great and Powerful (2013). Cobbs is not married and lives in Los Angeles, California and in New York City, New York. Cobbs continues to act.

References

Other websites 

 

1934 births
American movie actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Living people
Actors from Cleveland
African American actors
American television actors
A world line is the unique path that an object has as it travels through both space and time, usually called spacetime. As we learn from special relativity, the faster an object goes, the more time slows down for that object.  As you can see in the illustration to the right, the slower object has a quicker passage of time than the very fast object, the one which time passes much more slowly for. When an object reaches the speed of light, it will be zero on the t axis, meaning that it will have made no progress in the time direction. Basically, the world lines show that when the speed of light is reached, time stops for the observer. World lines are very often used in theoretical physics and special relativity, as well as general relativity.
Usage 
The concept of world lines is used widely in theoretical physics, for it shows some interesting facts about high-speed motion. For example, the time dilation equation presented by Albert Einstein is algebraically undefined when an object's velocity is the speed of light, but using world lines one can find that when the speed is the speed of light, time will stop. Although Einstein's equation (for time dilation) does show that an object going faster than light goes backward in time, the same concept can be described using world lines.

Physics
Vase in the Form of a Phallus is an ancient Greek terracotta vase in the form of a flaccid, uncircumcised, penis. The scrotum and pubic hair are depicted. Its overall measurements are 4 ½ in. x 4 in. x 3 ½ in. (11.4 cm. x 10.2 cm. x 8.9 cm.). It dates back to the Archaic period, about  550 BC to 500 BC. Phallic vases are rare in Archaic Greek pottery, and this vase is thought to have held a perfumed oil, used for erotic or medicinal purposes. It is also believed to have been made in Rhodes. The museum writes that the vase displays a playfulness typical of Greek art.

References 
 

Ancient Greek paintings
Ancient Greek pottery
6th-century BC works
Noureddine Morceli (born February 28, 1970 in Ténès, Chlef Province) is a retired Algerian athlete.  He won the 1500 m run at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He won the silver medal in the 1500 m at the World Junior Championships in 1988. Morceli went to college in Riverside, California.

Morceli was coached by his brother Abderrahmane.  His brother ran for Algeria in the Moscow Olympics of 1980 and in Los Angeles in 1984.

References

1970 births
Living people
1992 Summer Olympics
1996 Summer Olympics
2000 Summer Olympics
Algerian Olympic gold medalists
Mohamed Bahari (born June 29, 1976 in Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria) is a boxer from Algeria.

Bahari won the bronze medal in the middleweight division (71–75 kg) at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Bahari became a professional boxer in 2003. His last fight was in 2004.  He retired with a record of 3-2-2.

References

1976 births
Living people
Algerian boxers
Algerian Olympic bronze medalists
George Homer Ryan, Sr. (born February 24 1934) is an American politician. He is a Republican. He was the former Governor of Illinois. He is a member for the United States Republican Party. His political career was tarnished due to scandals and corruption: Ryan was found guilty on almost all charges and sent to prison. He was released in 2013. Ryan was Illinois' Governor beginning 1999 until 2003. He is listed as Federal Inmate Number 16627-424, and was scheduled July 4, 2013. He was released in June 2013.

References

American criminals
Governors of Illinois
Politicians from Iowa
Lieutenant Governors of Illinois
Republican Party (United States) politicians
1934 births
Living people
Pharmacists
Nouria Mérah-Benida (born October 19, 1970 in Algiers) is an Algerian middle distance runner.

At the 1999 All-Africa Games in Johannesburg Mérah-Benida won silver medals in both 800 metres and 1500 metres. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney she won the gold medal. In 2000 she also won an 800 m silver medal and a 1500 m gold medal at the African Championships.

References

1970 births
Living people
Algerian Olympic gold medalists
Middle-distance runners
Sportspeople from Algiers
Ali Saidi-Sief (born March 15, 1978 in Constantine) is an Algerian Olympic runner.  His speciality is the 1500 m race.  He won a silver medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics for the 5000 m.

Saidi-Sief received a two-year suspension from the International Association of Athletics Federations.  He failed a urine test at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics in Edmonton, Canada.  He tested positive for nandrolone, a banned performance-enhancing steroid.

References

1978 births
Living people
Algerian Olympic medalists
Olympic silver medalists
Djabir Saïd-Guerni (born March 29, 1977 in Algiers) is an Algerian retired athlete. He ran in the 800 metres. He won a bronze medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics.

He announced his retirement on 6 May 2007, following injury problems. His personal best time was 1:43.09 minutes.  He got this in September 1999 in Brussels.
Achievements 
2005 World Championships in Athletics - fifth place
2004 Olympic Games - seventh place
2003 World Championships in Athletics - gold medal
2002 IAAF World Cup - silver medal
2002 African Championships in Athletics - gold medal
2000 Olympic Games - bronze medal
2000 African Championships in Athletics - gold medal
2000 African Championships in Athletics - gold medal (4 x 400 m relay)
1999 World Championships in Athletics - bronze medal
1999 Summer Universiade - fourth place
1999 Military World Games - gold medal
1999 All-Africa Games - silver medal
1998 African Championships in Athletics - bronze medal
1997 Pan Arab Games - 800 m gold medal, 1500 m bronze, 4x400 m relay gold
1997 Mediterranean Games - bronze medal
1997 Summer Universiade - fourth place

References
 
 IAAF Focus on Athletes

1977 births
Living people
Algerian Olympic bronze medalists
Sportspeople from Algiers
Abderrahmane Hammad Zaheer (born May 27, 1977 in Dellys) is a former Algerian track and field athlete.  He was in the high jump. He won the bronze medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics.  He was also in the 2004 Athens Olympics. His personal best of 2.34 m is the Algerian record for the event. He retired from the sport in 2010.

Hammad began his international career as a junior in 1994.  He won the high jump silver medals at the African Junior Athletics Championships and Pan Arab Junior Championships. He went on to win the African Junior gold medal the following year.  Then he won the Arab Junior title in 1996. He was at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics but did not make it into the final round.

Hammad had his first international success at senior level in 1997.  He won the silver at both the Pan Arab Championships and the 1997 Pan Arab Games.
The 2000 season was the top of his career.  He kept his title at the 2000 African Championships in Athletics in Algiers.  He made his areer best jump of 2.34 m. He then was in his first Olympicss at the 2000 Sydney Games. He won the bronze medal. He won the high jump at the 2001 Mediterranean Games.  He was ninth at the 2001 World Championships in Athletics. He won his third high jump title in a row at the 2002 African Championships in Athletics.  He took bronze at the 2002 IAAF Grand Prix Final.  He placed fourth for Africa at the 2002 IAAF World Cup.

He represented Algeria for a second time at the Olympics at the 2004 Games in Athens.  He failed to reach the final. He was at the 2004 Pan Arab Games and took the high jump title.
Achievements
2004 Pan Arab Games - gold medal
2002 IAAF Grand Prix Final - third place
2002 African Championships - gold medal
2001 Mediterranean Games - gold medal
2000 Summer Olympics - bronze medal
2000 African Championships - gold medal
1999 All-Africa Games - silver medal
1998 African Championships - gold medal
1997 Arab Championships - silver medal
1997 Pan Arab Games - silver medal

References

1977 births
Living people
Algerian Olympic bronze medalists
Mohamed Allalou (born September 28, 1973) is an Algerian boxer. He was in the Men's Light Welterweight division at the 2000 Summer Olympics.  He won the bronze medal. He was also in the 1996 Summer Olympics.

1996 Olympic results
Defeated Peter Bulinga (Kenya) 17-3
Defeated Jacek Bielski (Poland) 19-8
Lost to Fethi Missaoui (Tunisia) 15-16

2000 Olympic results
Defeated Lukáš Konečný (Czech Republic) 17-9
Defeated Ben Neequaye (Ghana) 15-6
Defeated Sven Paris (Italy) 22-8
Lost to Mahammatkodir Abdoollayev (Uzbekistan) RSC

References
sports-reference 

1973 births
Algerian boxers
Living people
Algerian Olympic bronze medalists
Epiktetos was an ancient Greek potter and vase painter. His name means "newly acquired". He may have been a slave, as were most potters and painters in ancient Greece. He worked mostly with cups and plates between 520 and 490 BC in the red-figure style. He signed more than half his works. He was an expert with the tondothe circular picture at the bottom of a cup. He painted mostly everyday scenes rather than mythological ones. His end is unknown.

Related pages 
 Youth Riding a Rooster (Epiktetos)

Other websites 
 

Ancient Greek painters
Ancient Greek potters
Soraya Haddad (born September 30, 1984 in El-Kseur) is an Algerian judoka. She won the bronze medal in the Women's 52 kg weight class at the 2008 Summer Olympics. She was African champion four times: 2004, 2005, 2008 and 2011.  She also won the bronze medal in the 48 kg category in the 2005 World Championships in Egypt.

References 

1984 births
Living people
Algerian Olympic bronze medalists
Algerian judoka
2008 Summer Olympics
Amar Benikhlef (born 11 January 1982) is an Algerian judoka.  He won the silver medal in the 90 kg group of Judo in 2008.

Achievements

References
 Factfile on JudoInside.com

1982 births
Living people
Algerian judoka
Algerian Olympic medalists
Olympic silver medalists
A kalos inscription is a marking on ancient Greek pottery. They were prevalent during the Classical period (550 to 450 BC). Kalos (καλός) means "beautiful", and in these inscriptions it had an erotic meaning. The word kalos was followed by the beloved's nameusually a youth, but sometimes a girl or woman working as a prostitute. These inscriptions are usually found on the drinking cups used during a drinking party. They were probably declarations of love. They are sometimes found as graffiti on walls.

Other websites 
 

Ancient Greek pottery
is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as a hammer thrower who took part in four Summer Olympic Games.

Early life
Murofushi was born in Numazu, Shizuoka Prefecture. His family were international sports competitors. His early interest in the hammer was encouarged by his father, Shigenobu Murofushi, who is an Olympic athlete and Asian Games champion.  He is the brother of Yuka Murofushi, who is also an Olympian.

Career
Murofushi won the gold medal in the hammer throw at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

He won the bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics

References

Other websites
   Koji Murofush at International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)

1974 births
Living people
Japanese athletes
Japanese Olympic gold medalists
Japanese Olympic bronze medalists
Hammer throwers
People from Shizuoka Prefecture
Lachesis, also known as the "bushmasters", is a genus of venomous Pit vipers found in forests of Central and South America. The name "Lachesis" is also the name of one of the Three Fates in Greek mythology. There are currently three species found.

Description
Adult bushmasters can grow up to the length of 2 meters (6.5 ft) to 2.5 meters (8.25 ft), but there have been some which have grown up to the length of 3 meters (10 ft). The largest one ever found was 3.65 meters (12 ft) long, making the bushmasters the longest venomous snakes in the Western Hemisphere and the longest vipers in the world. They are not the heaviest vipers in the world, but adults usually weigh up to 3 to 5 kg (6.6 to 11 Ib).

Where they live 
Bushmasters are found in forest areas of Central and South America. They are also found on the island Trinidad