Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Dressing Africans in European clothes to cover their nakedness was part of converting them to Christianity. In Christian countries today, European dress is normal in cities. Indigenous styles have been adapted for Western modesty, especially for women.

In rural areas, some tribes continue to be nude according to tradition. Some tribes are returning to pre-colonial dress for some events. In certain Togolese tribal areas, it is common for big families to not wear any clothes at all for certain festivities. Others do not wear any clothes below the waist. This makes it possible for young men to see women and girls whom they may marry. Stick-fighting tournaments are very popular places to do this. The Ugandan Kavirondo tribes are a mix of Bantu and Nilotic immigrants. Traditionally, they went mostly naked. Over time, the men began wearing clothing similar to men in western culture.
Asia
In much of Asia, traditional clothing covers as much of the body as in Europe. However, the emotion felt in being improperly dressed is social embarrassment, not shame about sex.

The mixed gender bathing culture of Japan is not thought of as public nudity, but private in the context of a communal culture. In world surveys of how likely people are to be nude on a beach, Japan is lowest at 4%. During the Meiji era (1868–1912) there had been attempts to eliminate Japan's normal states of undress due to leader's concerned with Japan's international reputation. Although often ignored, the law against public undress had the effect of sexualizing the body where it had not been erotic.

In India, some members of the Hindu and Jain religions reject all worldly possessions, including clothing.

Europe
Europe

European history
For a thousand years after the fall of the Roman Empire, proper behavior in Europe was defined by the Catholic Church. The church disapproved of sexual behavior outside of marriage, but was more tolerant of nudity than other Abrahamic religions. Sexual segregation was expected, but not required. Everyone other than the upper classes lived in close quarters and had more tolerance for functional nudity, sleeping and bathing without privacy. Until the Carolingian era Christians were baptized naked to show that they emerged without sin. Small groups of Christians held worship services in the nude, reclaiming the innocence of man before the fall.
The nude had been a subject of European art since the ancient Greeks, which continued in the Roman era. With the rise of Christianity, nudity almost disappeared from art during the Middle Ages except for Biblical stories such as Adam and Eve. Symbolic nudity in the fine arts increased in the Renaissance with paintings and sculpture based upon classical mythology and Biblical scenes. The rediscovery of ancient Greek culture had increased the conflicting views of nudity as good or bad.

It was leaders of the Protestant Reformation that thought nudity itself was sinful as a temptation for sexual behavior. Renaissance nude art was destroyed, or genitals were covered.

Modern Europe
Modern Europe

The cultural division between northern and southern Europe can be traced to the sauna. Various methods of cleaning the body by wet or dry heat (causing sweating) are found worldwide. In Finland, almost everyone has access to a sauna. Sharing a sauna with others of all sexes and ages widens the definition of private nudity. Communal bathing breaks the connection between nudity and sexual activity, which is assumed by other cultures. Instead, modesty is in behavior, such as not calling attention to one's own body, and not staring at others.

In the United Kingdom, nudity may be allowed if there is no sexual display intended to cause alarm to the viewer, or create a public disturbance.
Southern Europe views nudity differently than the north. Catholic attitudes did not eliminating classical Greek and Roman history. Mediterranean beaches were the first to adopt the bikini, and soon the topless fashion. Bathing suits for men are also minimal. Nude beaches also followed, but with a different attitude than the north. Sexuality is less suppressed, part of the enjoyment of being naked. Clothing optional recreation is less widespread than in Northern Europe.

In modern European art, the nude became a symbol that could be used to express all parts of the human condition. The images of nude women that had been created for hundreds of years by male artists are seen by many feminists as degrading to women.

North America
North America

Nudity in Canada
Officially public nudity is disorderly conduct without a "lawful excuse". However, there is another law that a charge of nudity can only be made with the approval of the attorney general. The result is nudity by itself is rarely charged, only when there is another violation involved. There is also the context; nudity at a festival for example is not the same as in ordinary conditions. A women's right to be top-free has been established in Ontario and British Columbia.

Nudity in Mexico
There is one clothing-optional beach in Mexico, Playa Zipolite in Oaxaca.

Nudity in the United States
America has the greatest disapproval of nudity among Western cultures, and resistance to seeing it as non-sexual. German immigrants brought naturism to the US in the 1930s, but it was limited to "nudist camps" and not widely accepted. Finnish immigrants brought the sauna and mixed nudity to some rural areas, but this became gender segregated.
Nudity was more acceptable during the "counter-culture" of the 1960s-70s. Public nudity became part of music events such as the Woodstock Festival and political events such as Vietnam War protests. There were many unofficially clothing-optional places to swim, but few legal as in Europe. In the more conservative 21st century, many swimming places are again banning nudity.

Oceania
Including Australia, New Zealand and all of the Pacific islands, Oceania has both European colonial culture and many indigenous peoples. Similar to other tropical climates, clothing was minimal and removed for both work and play. Colonialism changed this, but not always as expected. The Pacific islands were colonized later than Africa and South America, and the people and cultures more romanticized.
For centuries, clothing indigenous people was part of conversion to Christianity. Rarely, traditional clothing is allowed, as on Yap island where the Catholic Church includes in some celebrations women dancing in costumes that do not cover their breasts.

South America

The Awá people of the Amazon rainforest were isolated until recently, first contact being at the beginning of the 21st century. Although now wearing Western clothing at some times, men hunting in the jungle are naked except for a decoration of bird feathers tied to the end of their penises.

Related pages
 Body image
 Body positivity
 Streaking
 Topfreedom
 Toplessness

References 

Nudity
Culture
Evolutionary biology
A kingdom is the most common type of monarchy. This means that the ruler or head of state) of the country is a king. They get their position from inheritance. With some countries a female may become head of state as a queen. 

When the current king or queen dies, then their eldest child becomes the new monarch. 

For example, the United Kingdom has a king as head of state. His mother Queen Elizabeth II was, at the time of her father's death, his only child.

Not all countries have this system. Many countries today have no royal family. In their case, the head of state is a leading politician. 

Monarchy
Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice. It began in northern Europe in the early 16th century. At that time, they were against some parts of Roman Catholicism. Together with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, Protestantism became one of the three greatest forces in Christianity. Protestantism much influenced the culture, beliefs, and economy of the place in which it became important.

The word Protestantism had its origin when German princes and free cities at the Diet of Speyer (1529), petitioned or "protested" against the imperial ban adopted by the Diet against Martin Luther and its stance against the Reformation. Lutherans in Germany began using it. Swiss and French more often used Reformed. The Anglicans use Catholic, Reformed and Protestant, however the Anglican Church is not always regarded as part of Protestantism because it kept most of the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church from which it separated.
Protestant churches with a big following are:
 Lutheran Church
 Calvinist Church
 Baptists
 Pentecostals
Often but not always:
 Anglican Church: Henry VIII split from the Roman Catholic Church. He wanted to divorce from Catherine of Aragon, but the Pope refused to divorce him. King Henry started the Church of England. It is sometimes seen as being the middle way, between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and that is why is often excluded from Protestantism. This is because, in the English Reformation, the English Church kept the early Catholic ministry of bishops, priests, and deacons, as well as most of the doctrine and liturgy. The critical point which led to the Anglican Church was the outright rejection of the Pope, and so of the Roman Catholic Church as an organisation.

References

Other websites
Algiers is the capital city of Algeria, which is a country in northern Africa. It is on the northern coast of the country. The population of the city is 1,519,570. After Algeria beacme independent from France, Algiers became a very important city for anti-colonial activists and revolutionaries from around the world.

Names
The city's name is gotten from the Arabic name al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر), which means "The Islands". This name refers to the four former islands which were off the city's coast before becoming part of the mainland in 1525.

Twin towns 
Algiers has many twin towns all over the world:

References

Other websites

 
10th-century establishments in Africa
Establishments in Algeria
944 establishments
Arles is a city in the south of France. It was built in the 6th century BC by the Greeks. Today more than 50,000 people live there. In the 1880s, the famous painters, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin lived there. Vincent van Gogh painted his famous Sunflowers in Arles.

The city is at the heart of the Camargue. Not many people live in this region, so there is a lot of free land around Arles. Because of this, Arles is the city in France to have the largest area (nearly 760 square kilometres).

 
6th-century BC establishments
Many other kinds exist. A certificate of authenticity says a thing is real. For example, it can say that a painting was made at a particular time by a particular artist and is not a forgery. A certificate of occupancy says a building is fit for use. A certificate of deposit says someone has money in a bank. A birth certificate is one of the kinds of vital record.

References
The Daily Mail is a large, well-known newspaper. It started in 1896. It is published every weekday and Saturday from a factory in London, England. It is not printed on Sundays. Its sister paper, the Mail on Sunday, is printed instead.

It is the second-most sold newspaper in the United Kingdom. It sells more than a million copies a day. Its political opinion is right-wing, and it supports the Conservative Party in elections. The newspaper is available in many countries outside the United Kingdom, such as Egypt and the US. There is a different Scottish edition of the newspaper, which is sold in Scotland only and differs mainly in the Sport pages. There is also an Irish version of the newspaper, but the main international version is the English one.

It is the main publication of the Daily Mail and General Trust, but the company also prints the Evening Standard, London Lite and Metro newspapers in the UK.
People are often critical of The Daily Mail, because a lot of people think it's racist and sexist. Sources also state that it is unreliable  and that it publishes inaccurate scare stories about science and medical research.

Politically the Daily Mail is right-wing. It has endorsed the Conservative Party at every UK general election since 1945, apart from one election in 1974.

The Daily Mail was first published by Lord Northclife in 1896. It started as a broadsheet. It is now a tabloid.

References

Other websites 
 Official site

1896 establishments in the United Kingdom
Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Rhineland-Palatinate (, Rhine Franconian: Rhoilond-Palz) is one of 16 states () of Germany. It has an area of  and 4.073 million people living in it. The capital is Mainz.

History 
Rhineland-Palatinate was created on 30 August 1947. It was formed from the northern part of the French Occupation Zone (the Rhenish Palatinate or  which had been a part of Bavaria) as well as the southern parts of the Prussian Rhine Province, Birkenfeld which formerly belonged to Oldenburg, parts of the Prussian Province of Nassau (see Hesse-Nassau), and parts of Hesse-Darmstadt as well as Rheinhessen on the western banks of the Rhine. 

The people of the new state voted to accept the boundary changes in a referendum on 18 May 1947.

Geography 

Rhineland-Palatinate borders on (from the north and clockwise) North Rhine-Westphalia (another German state), Hesse (another German state), Baden-Württemberg (another German state), France, Saarland (another German state), Luxembourg, and Belgium.
The main axis of the state is the Rhine river, that forms the border with Baden-Württemberg and Hesse in the southeast before running across the northern part of Rhineland-Palatinate.
The Rhine Valley is bounded by mountains with some of the historically most significant places of Germany.

In the northwest there are the southern parts of the Eifel mountains. Farther south there is the Hunsrück mountain, which is continued by the Taunus mountains on the opposite side of the Rhine.
The hilly lands in the south of the state are called the Palatine Forest (Pfälzerwald).

These mountains are separated from each other by the tributaries of the Rhine: the Moselle (Mosel), the Lahn and the Nahe.

Government
Government 

Rhineland-Palatinate is a parliamentary democracy. Every five years, all Germans over the age of 18 elect the members of the Rhineland-Palatinate Parliament, . This regional parliament or legislature then elects the premier and confirms the cabinet members. Rhineland-Palatinate is the only German Bundesland (state) to have a cabinet minister for winegrowing.

Castles 

This is only some of the castles in Rhineland-Palatine:

Universities 

There are 7 universities and 13 "Fachhochschulen".

 Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
 Universität Koblenz-Landau – locations: Koblenz, Landau
 Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
 Universität Trier
Fachhochschule Bingen
 Fachhochschule Kaiserslautern – locations: Kaiserslautern I and II, Pirmasens and Zweibrücken
 Fachhochschule Koblenz – locations: Koblenz, Höhr-Grenzhausen, Remagen
 Fachhochschule Ludwigshafen
 Evangelische Fachhochschule Ludwigshafen
 Fachhochschule Mainz
 Fachhochschule Trier – locations: Trier, Idar-Oberstein, Birkenfeld
 Fachhochschule Worms
 Katholische Fachhochschule Mainz
 Fachhochschule für Finanzen Edenkoben
 Fachhochschule der Deutschen Bundesbank, Hachenburg
 Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung Mayen
 Wissenschaftliche Hochschule für Unternehmensführung Otto-Beisheim-Hochschule (private university)
 Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Vallendar (church university)

Politics 

The Ministers President since 1947:

 1947–1947: Wilhelm Boden, CDU
 1947–1969: Peter Altmeier, CDU
 1969–1976: Helmut Kohl, CDU
 1976–1988: Bernhard Vogel, CDU
 1988–1991: Carl-Ludwig Wagner, CDU
 1991–1994: Rudolf Scharping, SPD
 1994–2013: Kurt Beck, SPD
 2013–present: Malu Dreyer, SPD
Partnerships 

 , Bourgogne
 , in East Africa
 , Province of València
 's German-Speaking Community
 , Voivodeship of Oppeln
 , Middle Bohemia
 , Province of Fujian
 , State of South Carolina
 , Prefecture of Iwate

Administration 

Rhineland-Palatinate is divided into 24 districts, grouped into the three administrative regions: Koblenz, Trier and Rheinhessen-Pfalz.

Districts 

(with county code car plate)

Big cities 

 Mainz
 Koblenz
 Kaiserslautern
 Ludwigshafen
 Neuwied
 Landau
 Pirmasens
 Mayen
 Bad Kreuznach

Related pages
 List of coats of arms of the districts in Rhineland-Palatinate

 
Wine regions
The Rhine River (, , ) is  long. Its name comes from the Celtic word "renos", which means 'raging flow'.

The Rhine is an important waterway.  can be used by ships, and boats can go to the Black Sea using the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal. Many goods are transported over the Rhine, and the Rhine valley is also an important wine producing region. The river Rhine begins at Tomasee, a lake in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland, and runs through Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. It is the border between Switzerland and Liechtenstein and also the border between Germany and France. It is also the border between Switzerland and Austria. It is also the border between the Netherlands and Germany. It is the border between France and Switzerland. It runs through Basel, Bonn, Cologne and Duisburg. It also separates the cities of Mainz and Wiesbaden. The Rhine has 50 species of fish. The Rhine is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe.
Geography 
The river runs through only one lake on its way, Lake Constance, which is on the border of Switzerland, Germany and Austria.

The middle Rhine has many castles.  Robber barons used some of them during the 15th–18th centuries.  When the Industrial Revolution hit Europe, factories set up along its banks and emptied their waste into the River.  The Salmon left and other fish became rare.  After World War II, the Rhine Action Programme was set up to boost the Rhine's wildlife and reduce the pollution there.

Together with the Danube it formed most of the northern frontier of the Roman Empire.

List of features

Cities near the Rhine 
These are large cities that are found near the Rhine:

Switzerland:

 Basel

France:

 Strasbourg

Germany:

 Karlsruhe
 Mannheim
 Ludwigshafen
 Wiesbaden
 Mainz
 Koblenz
 Bonn
 Cologne
 Leverkusen
 Neuss
 Düsseldorf
 Krefeld (Uerdingen)
 Duisburg

Netherlands:

 Arnhem (Nederrijn)
 Nijmegen (Waal)
 Utrecht (Kromme Rijn)
 Rotterdam (Nieuwe Maas)
Smaller cities that are found near the Rhine:

Switzerland

 Chur
 Kreuzlingen
 Schaffhausen

Liechtenstein:

 Vaduz

Germany:

 Konstanz
 Breisach
 Speyer
 Worms
 Bingen am Rhein
 Rüdesheim am Rhein
 Neuwied
 Andernach
 Bad Honnef
 Königswinter
 Niederkassel
 Wesseling
 Dormagen
 Zons
 Monheim am Rhein
 Wesel
 Xanten
 Emmerich am Rhein

Netherlands:

 Zutphen (IJssel)
 Deventer (IJssel)
 Zwolle (IJssel)
 Kampen (IJssel)
 Leiden (Oude Rijn)
 Dordrecht (Merwede)
 Wageningen (Nederrijn)
 Woerden (Oude Rijn)
 Wijk bij Duurstede (Neder Rijn / Kromme Rijn / Lek)
 Alphen aan den Rijn (Oude Rijn)

References

Related pages 
Rhenium

Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Rivers of Austria
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Liechtenstein
Rivers of the Netherlands
Rivers of Switzerland
Vorarlberg
Rivers of Grand Est
Gelderland
South Holland
Utrecht (province)
The term robber baron was first used in the 12th and 13th centuries to describe rich men who lived in large castles along major transportation rivers, like the Rhine in Europe. They would send ships out onto these rivers to stop anybody who was traveling through who did not know better and collect a tax from them on any money or goods on these ships. They were not officially allowed to collect these taxes. It was only the Holy Roman Emperor who could decide what taxes to be charged, how much and who could charge it.

Second, it is a slang term used of certain rich and ruthless industrialists and bankers, especially in the late 19th and early 20th century U.S.A. 

History of Germany
People
A winery is a place or business that makes wine.

Related pages

 Vineyard

Wine
Sugar is the common name for several chemical substances, some of which taste sweet. Mostly, it refers to sucrose, lactose, or fructose. Sugar is in certain kinds of food, or it is added to make it sweeter.

Regular or pure sugar, or sucrose, is extracted from sugarcane or sugar beet. Brazil produces the most sugar per person and India's total consumption of sugar is the highest for a country. Fructose is the sugar that is in fruits.

Sucrose and fructose are both made by two smaller sugars. Glucose is the more common of these smaller sugars. The human body changes regular sugar into the smaller sugars.

Sugars are a kind of carbohydrate. That is, sugars are made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates can be simple carbohydrates or complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates are made of only one or a few of the smallest sugars. Complex carbohydrates are made of many of the smallest sugars.

Sugar can be different colors. For example, brown sugar has molasses in it, and is often used in baking.
There are 387 calories in 100 g of sugar.

Production

Sugarcane 

Global production of sugarcane in 2020 was 1.9 billion tonnes, with Brazil producing 40% of the world total and India 20% (table).

Sugar cane can be any of many species, or their hybrids, of giant grasses in the genus, or group Saccharum in the family Poaceae. They have been grown in tropical climates in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia over centuries for the sucrose found in their stems.
Sugar cane needs a climate with no frost, with enough rain in the growing season so that the plant grows. It is harvested by a machine or by hand, and cut into pieces and is moved to the processing plant where it is milled. The juice is extracted with water or it is extracted by diffusion. The juice is clarified with lime and heated to destroy enzymes. The thin syrup result is concentrated in evaporators, after then water is removed. The supersaturated solution is added with sugar crystals, making crystals and drying easier. Molasses, fiber from the stems, is burned to give energy for the sugar extraction process. The raw sugar crystals have a sticky brown coating and may be bleached by sulfur dioxide, or may be treated in a carbonation process to make it whiter. About  of water is needed for every  of sugar to be produced.

Sugar beet 

In 2020, global production of sugar beets was 253 million tonnes, led by Russia with 13% of the world total (table).
Sugar beet is harvested during cool seasons, and then a rotor beater cuts off the head of the beet, which then is then left in the field. A beet loader pulls the beets out of the earth and into a truck, where the beet is driven to a processing plant. The processor slices the beets into thin chips called cossettes. The extraction takes place in a diffuser where the beet is kept in contact with hot water for about an hour. The diffuser is a large agitated tank in which the cossettes slowly move from one end to the other as the water is moved in the opposite direction. This is called counter-current flow and as the water goes it becomes a stronger and stronger sugar juice.

History 
In around 8,000 BC, people in New Guinea and Polynesia had sugar cane where it had then came to Asia. With interest of the people who had discovered it, sugar cane and it's practices of planting sugar cane had gone to Southwest Asia, including China and India.
In 510 BC the Persia (Iran), Emperor Darius invaded India where he found cane sugar which was named "the reed which gives honey without bees". The growing was kept unknown and showing the sugar for a rich profit. The Arab invasion of Persia in 642 BC, sugar cane refining techniques had been added by Eastern Mediterranean people.

Records from the Ancient Greeks and Romans would suggest that sugar cane was used in medicine. In around 350 CE, Indian people discovered how to crystallize sugar. Around 650 CE, crystallized sugar became a culinary staple across India, China, and the Middle East.

Related pages 
 monosaccharide
 glucose
 fructose
 disaccharides
 sucrose
 lactose
 starch
 glycogen
 cellulose

Notes and References

Basic English 850 words
Carbohydrates
Sweeteners
Canterbury is a city in Kent, England. It is about  from London. It was made famous by a book called The Canterbury Tales. It is also famous for Canterbury Cathedral. Thomas Becket was assassinated by knights who came from Sandlings.

Transportation
There are two railway stations in the city; Canterbury East and Canterbury West. The A2 road passes near the city. It goes west to London and south-east to Dover.

Education
The city has an estimated 31,000 students. This is the highest student/permanent resident ratio in the UK. There are three universities, and several other higher education institutions and colleges. At the 2001 census, 22% of the population aged 16–74 were full-time students, compared with 7% throughout England. The three universities: the University of Kent, Canterbury Christ Church University, and the University for the Creative Arts.
Sports
The St Lawrence Ground is the home ground of Kent County Cricket Club. It has hosted several One Day Internationals, including one England match during the 1999 Cricket World Cup.

History 
The Canterbury area has been lived in since prehistoric times. Paleolithic stone axes, and Neolithic and Bronze Age pots have been found in the area. Canterbury was once the main settlement of the Celtic tribe of the Cantiaci, which lived in most of modern-day Kent. In the 1st century AD, the Romans captured the settlement and named it Durovernum Cantiacorum. The Romans rebuilt the city, with new streets in a grid pattern, a theatre, a temple, a forum, and public baths. Its position on Watling Street on route to the major Kentish ports of Rutupiae (now Richborough), Dubrae (now Dover), and Lemanae (now Lymne) made it important.

References
Huddersfield is a large town in the Metropolitan borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire, England. It was famous for its cloth industry, and where Rugby League football started.

Huddersfield was the birthplace for the Labour Party prime minister, Harold Wilson. It is also known for its football team, who were the first team to win the Football League first division title three years in a row (1924-26).

Huddersfield had 162,949 residents at the 2011 census. It sits close to the Pennines,  south-west of Leeds,  west of Wakefield,  north-west of Sheffield and  north-east of Manchester. 

The River Holme discharges into the River Colne. They were tapped for steam turbines and textile treatment in the large weaving sheds.

References
Anti-tank dogs were dogs with explosives placed on their backs. These dogs were trained to run under enemy tanks. The explosives were then remotely detonated in order to destroy the target tank. 

These dogs were trained by the Soviet Union during World War II to be used against German armored vehicles. They were trained on Russian tanks, which used diesel fuel. In battle, the dogs often ran toward the smell of diesel fuel from the Soviet tanks instead of the intended German targets. 

The German Army soon learned about the dogs, so all Russian dogs were shot on sight by the Germans. Very few dogs remained in the Eastern Front as a result of this.

After the war better weapons against tanks were made. Therefore, it is unlikely that anti-tank dogs will ever be used again.

Military animals
Dogs
Up to 1900 
 829  Theophilus becomes Byzantine Emperor.
 1187  Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule.
 1263  The Battle of Largs is fought between Scots and Norwegians.
 1535  Jacques Cartier discovers Montreal, Quebec.
 1552  Conquest of Kazan by Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
 1780  American Revolutionary War: British spy John Andre is hanged by American forces for his role in Benedict Arnold's plot to sell West Point to the British Army.
 1814  Battle of Rancagua: Spanish royalist troops under Mariano Osorio defeat rebel Chilean forces under Bernardo O'Higgins and Jose Miguel Carrera.
 1835  Texas Revolution begins: Battle of Gonzales – Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.
 1836  Naturalist Charles Darwin returns to Falmouth, England aboard the HMS Beagle after a 5-year journey collecting biological data he will later use to develop his theory of evolution.
1864  American Civil War: Battle of Saltville – Union forces attack Saltville, Virginia but are defeated by Confederate troops.
 1889  In Washington, DC, the first international Conference of American States begins.
 1889  In Colorado, Nicolas Creede strikes it rich in silver during the last great silver boom of the American Old West.
1901  2000 
 1919  US President Woodrow Wilson suffers a massive stroke, leaving him partially paralyzed.
 1924  The Geneva Protocol is adopted as a means to strengthen the League of Nations.
 1925  John Logie Baird performs the first test of a working television system.
 1928  The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known as Opus Dei, was founded by Saint Josemaría Escrivá.
 1935  Italy invades Abyssinia (Ethiopia).
 1937  Dominican Republic leader Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of the Haitian population living within the borderlands. Around 20,000 are killed in the following few days.
 1941  World War II: Operation Typhoon – Germany begins an all-out offensive against Moscow.
 1942  World War II: Ocean liner RMS Queen Mary accidentally hits and sinks her own escort ship HMS Curacoa off Ireland.
 1944  Holocaust: Nazi troops end the Warsaw Uprising.
 1950  The comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz is first published in seven US newspapers.
1955  The ENIAC computer is deactivated at 11:45 PM.
 1955  Alfred Hitchcock Presents debuts (last new episode aired on June 26, 1962).
 1958  Guinea declares itself independent from France.
 1959  The Twilight Zone pilot premieres.
 1962  Johnny Carson debuts as host of The Tonight Show.
 1967  Thurgood Marshall sworn in as the first African-American justice of United States Supreme Court.
 1968  A peaceful student demonstration in Mexico City ends in the Tlatelolco massacre.
 1970  A plane carrying the Wichita State University football team, administrators andsupporters crashes in Colorado, killing 31 people.
 1979  Pope John Paul II speaks at the UN.
 1984  Elisabeth Kopp becomes the first woman to be elected to the Swiss Federal Council. 
 1988  The 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul come to an end.
 1990  A Chinese airline Boeing 737-247 is hijacked; after landing at Guangzhou, crashes into an empty Boeing 707-3J6B and then a Boeing 757-21B on the ground killing 132
1992  Hero opens in theaters, starring Dustin Hoffman.
 1992  The Carandiru Massacre takes place after a riot in the Carandiru prison system in São Paulo, Brazil.
 1993  The 1993 Moscow riots by Hardline Communists occur.
 1996  The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
 1996  An Aeroperu Boeing 757 crashes in Pacific Ocean shortly after takeoff from Lima, Peru killing 70.
 1997  In the European Union the Amsterdam Treaty is signed.
From 2001 
 2001  Bankruptcy of Swissair.
 2002  The Beltway sniper attacks begin.
 2004  American Samoa joins the North American Numbering Plan.
 2005  The Ethan Allen tour boat capsizes on Lake George, Upstate New York, killing 20 people.
 2006  Five schoolgirls are killed in a shooting at an Amish school in Pennsylvania, before the gunman commits suicide.
 2007  President of South Korea Roh Moo-hyun walks across the Military Demarcation Line in North Korea, on his way to the inter-Korean summit meeting with Kim Jong-il.
 2009  Rio de Janeiro is chosen to host the 2016 Summer Olympics.
 2009  Voters in Ireland support the EU's Lisbon Treaty in a second referendum.
 2016  Dozens of people are killed in a protest in Ethiopia's Oromia region.
 2016  Voters in Colombia reject a peace deal between their government and FARC by a narrow margin.
2018  Nobel Prize in Physics: Donna Strickland becomes the 3rd woman to win the award for Physics, while Arthur Ashkin becomes the oldest-ever Nobel laureate, at age 96 (until John B. Goodenough wins the following year's Chemistry Prize at age 97); They share it with Gérard Mourou.
 2018  Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi is murdered in Saudi Arabia's consulate in Istanbul, Turkey.
Up to 1900 
 1452  King Richard III of England (d. 1485)
 1470  Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (d. 1498)
 1470  Isabella of Naples, Duchess of Milan (d. 1524)
 1538  Charles Borromeo, Italian Catholic Saint (d. 1584)
 1718  Elizabeth Montagu, English social reformer, patron of the arts, literary critic and writer (d. 1800)
 1722  Leopold Widhalm, Austrian instrument maker (d. 1776)
 1724  Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, French philosopher and statesman (d. 1840)
 1737  Francis Hopkinson, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1791)
 1768  William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, British general and politician (d. 1854)
 1781  William Wyatt Bibb, Governor of Missouri (d. 1820)
 1798  Charles Albert of Sardinia (d. 1849)
 1800  Nat Turner, American revolutionary (d. 1831)
 1815  James Agnew, Irish-Australian politician, 16th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1901)
 1821  Nino Bixio, Italian freedom fighter (d. 1873)
 1828  Charles Floquet, 55th Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)
1832  Edward Burnett Tylor, British anthropologist (d. 1917)
 1833  William Corby, American Catholic priest (d. 1897)
 1839  Hans Thoma, German painter (d. 1924)
 1847  Paul von Hindenburg, German politician and military officer (d. 1934)
 1851  Ferdinand Foch, French soldier (d. 1929)
 1852  William Ramsay, Scottish chemist (d. 1916)
 1854  Patrick Geddes, Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer and town planner (d. 1932)
 1864  Alfred Roller, Austrian painter (d. 1935)
 1867  Theodore F. Green, Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1966)
 1869  Mahatma Gandhi, Indian spiritual leader and advocate of non-violent resistance (d. 1948)
 1871  Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State (d. 1955)
 1871  Martha Brookes Hutcheson, American landscape architect (d. 1959)
 1879  Wallace Stevens, American poet (d. 1955)
 1882  Boris Shaposhnikov, Russian military commander (d. 1945)
 1890  Groucho Marx, American actor and comedian (d. 1977)
 1893  Leroy Shield, American movie score and radio composer (d. 1962)
1901  1950 
 1901  Alice Prin, French singer and artist (d. 1953)
 1902  Leopold Figl, Austrian politician (d. 1965)
 1904  Graham Greene, English writer (d. 1991)
 1904  Lal Bahadur Shastri, 2nd Prime Minister of India (d. 1966)
 1905  Enchi Fumiko, Japanese writer (d. 1986)
 1907  Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Bolivian politician (d. 2001)
 1907  Alexander Todd, Baron Todd, Scottish chemist (d. 1997)
 1909  Alex Raymond, American comic artist (d. 1956)
 1910  Aldo Olivieri, Italian footballer (d. 2001)
 1911  Tilly Fleischer, German javelin thrower (d. 2005)
 1913  Annette Rogers, American athlete (d. 2006)
 1914  Yuri Levitan, Soviet radio announcer (d. 1983)
 1914  John Whiteside Parsons, American rocket scientist, writer and occultist (d. 1952)
 1915  Chubby Wise, American bluegrass fiddler (d. 1996)
 1916  Angel Suquia Goicoechea, Spanish archbishop (d. 2006)
 1917  Christian de Duve, English-born Belgian biologist and Nobel Prize winner (d. 2013)
1919  John W. Duarte, British composer, guitarist and writer (d. 2004)
 1920  Stefan Kovacs, Romanian footballer (d. 1995)
 1921  Albert Scott Crossfield, American test pilot (d. 2006)
 1921  Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 2000)
 1924  Tex Coulter, American football player (d. 2007)
 1924  Gilbert Simondon, French philosopher (d. 1989)
 1926  Jan Morris, British historian and writer
 1927  Uta Ranke-Heinemann, German theologian and writer
 1928  Wolfhart Pannenberg, German theologian (d. 2014)
 1928  George "Spanky" McFarland, American actor (d. 1993)
 1929  Cesare Maestri, Italian mountaineer
 1930  Dave Barrett, Canadian politician (d. 2018)
 1933  John Gurdon, British scientist and Nobel Prize winner
 1933  Giuliano Sarti, Italian footballer (d. 2017)
 1933  Michel Blasson, French conductor
 1935  Peter Frankl, Hungarian-born pianist
 1935  Omar Sívori, Argentine footballer (d. 2005)
 1936  Feliciano Belmonte Jr., Filipino lawyer and politician
1938  Rex Reed, American movie critic and actor
 1940  Gheorghe Gruia, Romanian handball player
 1940  Pantelis Voulgaris, Greek actor, director, producer and screenwriter
 1943  Anna Ford, English journalist and newsreader
 1943  Paul Van Himst, Belgian footballer and coach
 1944  Ton Koopman, Dutch conductor, organist and harpsichordist.
 1945  Don McLean, American singer
 1946  Peter Kellner, English journalist, President of YouGov
 1946  Marie-Georges Pascal, French actress (d. 1985)
 1947  Dieter Pfaff, German actor (d. 2013)
 1948  Donna Karan, American fashion designer
 1948  Trevor Brooking, English footballer
 1948  Siim Kallas, Estonian politician, European Commissioner and former Prime Minister of Estonia
 1949  Annie Leibovitz, American photographer
 1949  Richard Hell, American singer-songwriter and bass player
 1950  Ian McNeice, British actor
 1950  Mike Rutherford, British musician
1951  1975 
 1951  Romina Power, American singer
 1951  Sting, English musician
 1953  Ernest Bai Koroma, former President of Sierra Leone
 1953  Muhammad Abdul Bari, Bangladeshi-English physicist
 1954  Lorraine Bracco, American actress
 1955  Philip Oakey, English singer (The Human League)
 1956  Viatcheslav Mukhanov, Russian-German cosmologist and physicist
 1957  Janry, Belgian comic artist
 1957  Dave Faulkner, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist
 1958  Robbie Nevil, American musician
 1960  Glenn Anderson, Canadian ice hockey player
 1960  Terence Winter, American screenwriter and producer
 1960  Tom Schweich, American politician (d. 2015)
 1960  Derek Whittenburg, American basketball player and coach
 1962  Sigtryggur Baldursson, Icelandic musician
 1962  Jeff Bennett, American actor
 1966  Rodney Adnoa'i, Samoan-American professional wrestler (d. 2000)
 1967  Frankie Fredericks, Namibian athlete
 1967  Keith Bradshaw, Australian cricketer
 1967  Thomas Muster, Austrian tennis player
1967  Dave Goldberg, American businessman (d. 2015)
 1968  Victoria Derbyshire, English journalist and radio presenter
 1968  Jana Novotna, Czech tennis player
 1969  Jun Akiyama, Japanese professional wrestler
 1970  Kelly Ripa, American actress
 1970  Eddie Guardado, American baseball player
 1971  Tiffany, American singer
 1971  James Root, American guitarist (Slipknot)
 1971  Xavier Naidoo, German singer
 1973  Lene Nystrom Rasted, Norwegian singer (Aqua)
 1973  Proof, American rapper (d. 2006)
 1973  Verka Serduchka, Ukrainian comedian and singer
 1973  Maria Wetterstrand, Swedish politician
 1974  Simon Gregson, British actor
From 1976 
 1977  Didier Défago, Swiss skier
 1978  Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese singer
 1978  Matt Hancock, English politician
 1979  Francisco Fonseca, Mexican footballer
 1979  Maja Ivarsson, Swedish singer
 1981  Luke Wilkshire, Australian footballer
 1982  Stephen Pearson, Scottish footballer
 1982  George Pettit, Canadian singer
 1982  Tyson Chandler, American basketball player
 1984  Marion Bartoli, French tennis player
 1985  Ciprian Marica, Romanian footballer
 1986  Camilla Belle, American actress
 1987  Ruan Lufei, Chinese chess player
 1987  Keith Earls, Irish rugby player
 1988  Kiko Casilla, Spanish footballer
 1989  Marta Gastini, Italian actress
 1990  Christopher Drazan, Austrian footballer
 1990  Samantha Barks, Manx actress and singer
 1991  Roberto Firmino, Brazilian footballer
 1993  Tara Lynne Barr, American actress
 1994  Brendan Meyer, Canadian actor

Deaths
Deaths

Up to 1900 
 534  Athalaric, King of the Ostrogoths (b. 516)
 939  Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine (b. 890)
 1264  Pope Urban IV
 1559  Jacquet of Mantua, French-Italian composer (b. 1483)
 1629  Antonio Cifra, Italian composer (b. 1584)
 1764  William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1720)
 1775  Chiyo-ni, Japanese poet (b. 1703)
 1782  Charles Lee, British and U.S. general (b. 1732)
 1786  Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, English admiral and politician (b. 1725)
 1803  Samuel Adams, American patriot, revolutionary and statesman (b. 1722)
 1817  Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov, Russian naval commander and admiral (b. 1744)
 1850  Sarah Biffen, English painter (b. 1784)
 1853  François Jean Dominique Arago, French mathematician (b. 1786)
 1892  Ernest Renan, French writer, historian, archaeologist and theologian (b. 1823)
 1895  Eugen Langen, German entrepreneur, engineer and inventor (b. 1833)
1901  2000 
 1920  Max Bruch, German composer and conductor (b. 1838)
 1927  Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)
 1931  Thomas Lipton, British trader and yacht owner (b. 1850)
 1938  Alexandru Averescu, Romanian soldier and politician (b. 1859)
 1943  John Evans, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1855)
 1947  P. D. Ouspensky, Russian philosopher (b. 1878)
 1950  John F. Fitzgerald, Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts and maternal grandfather of John F. Kennedy (b. 1863)
 1962  Boris Y. Bukreev, Soviet mathematician (b. 1859)
 1968  Marcel Duchamp, French artist (b. 1887)
 1973  Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (b. 1897)
 1973  Paul Hartman, American actor, singer and dancer (b. 1904)
 1974  Vasily Shukshin, Russian writer, actor, screenwriter  and director (b. 1929)
 1975  Kumaraswami Kamaraj, Indian political leader (b. 1903)
 1981  Hazel Scott, singer (b. 1920)
 1981  Harry Golden, American journalist (b. 1902)
 1985  Rock Hudson, American actor (b. 1925)
1987  Peter Medawar, British scientist, born in Brazil but registered as British (b. 1915)
 1987  Madeleine Carroll, British-born actress (b. 1906)
 1988  Alec Issigonis, British engineer (b. 1906)
 1991  Ecumenical Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople (b. 1914)
 1994  Harriet Nelson, American actress and singer (b. 1909)
 1996  Andrey Lukanov, Bulgarian politician (b. 1938)
 1996  Robert Bourassa, 22nd Premier of Quebec (b. 1933)
 1998  Gene Autry, American singer, actor, and entrepreneur (b. 1907)
From 2001 
 2001  Franz Biebl, German composer (b. 1906)
 2002  Heinz von Foerster, physicist and philosopher (b. 1911)
 2003  John T. Dunlop, U.S. Secretary of Labor (b. 1914)
 2006  Tamara Dobson, American actress (b. 1944)
 2006  Paul Halmos, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1916)
 2006  Charles Carl Roberts, American murderer (b. 1973)
 2007  Tex Coulter, American football player (b. 1924)
 2007  Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (b. 1913)
 2008  Choi Jin-sil, South Korean actress (b. 1968)
 2009  Marek Edelman, Polish social and political activist (b. 1919)
 2009  Rolf Rüssmann, German footballer (b. 1950)
 2013  Abraham Nemeth, American mathematician and inventor (b. 1919)
 2014  Vaughn O. Lang, American general (b. 1927)
 2014  Pedro Peña, Spanish actor (b. 1925)
 2014  Robert Flower, Australian Rules Football player (b. 1955)
 2015  Brian Friel, Irish dramatist (b. 1929)
 2015  Eric Arturo Delvalle, former President of Panama (b. 1937)
 2016  Neville Marriner, English conductor (b. 1924)
2017  Evangelina Elizondo, Mexican actress, singer and writer (b. 1929)
 2017  Robert Elsie, Canadian linguist and translator (b. 1950)
 2017  Solly Hemus, American baseball player (b. 1923)
 2017  Kim Un-yong, South Korean sports administrator (b. 1931)
 2017  Klaus Huber, Swiss composer and academic (b. 1924)
 2017  Paul Otellini, American businessman (b. 1950)
 2017  Tom Petty, American musician (b. 1950)
 2017  Robert Yates, American racing team owner (b. 1943)
 2018  Smilja Avramov, Serbian law academic (b. 1918)
 2018  Balabhaskar, Indian violinist, composer and record producer (b. 1978)
 2018  Geoff Emerick, English recording engineer (b. 1945)
 2018  Dorothy Hukill, American politician (b. 1946)
 2018  Roman Kartsev, Russian actor and comedian (b. 1939)
 2018  Jamal Khashoggi, Saudi journalist (b. 1958)
 2018  Hermenegildo Sábat, Uruguayan-Argentine political cartoonist and journalist (b. 1933)
 2019  Bill Bidwill, American businessman (b. 1931)
2019  Tiny Hill, New Zealand rugby union player (b. 1927)
 2019  Giya Kancheli, Georgian composer (b. 1935)
 2019  Jafar Kashani, Iranian footballer (b. 1944)
 2019  John Kirby, American lawyer (b. 1939)
 2019  Isaac Promise, Nigerian footballer (b. 1987)
 2019  Kim Shattuck, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1963)
 2019  Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi, Indian nephrologist (b. 1932)
Observances 
 Feast of the Saint Guardian Angels
 Gandhi Jayanti (India) and International Day of Non-Violence (birthday of Mahatma Gandhi)
 Independence Day (Guinea)

October 02
Up to 1900 
 366 – Many Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine, invading the Roman Empire.
 533 – Mercurius became Pope John II. He was the first pope to use a papal name.
 1492 – Reconquista: Granada, the last Moorish stronghold in Spain, surrenders.
 1757 – The United Kingdom captures Calcutta, India.
 1777 – American Revolutionary War: American forces under command of George Washington hold back a British attack at the Battle of Assunpink Creek near Trenton, New Jersey.
 1788 – Georgia becomes the 4th state to ratify the United States Constitution.
 1793 – Russia and Prussia partition Poland.
 1815 – Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke, Seaham, County Durham.
 1818 – British Institution of Civil Engineers formed.
 1859 – Erastus Beadle publishes The Dime Book of Practical Etiquette.
 1860 – The discovery of the planet Vulcan was announced at a meeting of the Académie des Sciences in Paris. People later realized that this planet does not exist.
1863 – American Civil War: The Battle of Stones River, which started on December 31, 1862, ends in a Union victory.
 1870 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins.
 1871 – Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
 1872 – Brigham Young is arrested for bigamy (25 wives).
 1879 – Fred Spofforth claims the first hat-trick in test cricket. It happens on the Sydney Cricket Ground against England.
 1882 – John D. Rockefeller unites his oil holdings into the Standard Oil trust.
 1890 – Alice Sanger becomes the first female staffer for the White House.
 1893 – Introduction by Webb C. Ball of the General Railroad Timepiece Standards in North America: Railroad chronometers.
 1900 – John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China.
 1900 – The Chicago Canal opens.
1901  1950 
 1905 – Russo-Japanese War: The Russian fleet surrenders at Port Arthur, China.
 1907 – France officially separates church and state.
 1911 – Two people are killed in a gunfight in East London.
 1917 – The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank.
 1920 – Under A. Mitchell Palmer, United States Attorney General, United States Department of Justice agents launch raids against people with leftist and anarchist views, in 30 cities across 23 US States.
 1921 – The Spanish steamship Santa Isabel sinks off the coast of Galicia, killing 213 people. 56 people are rescued.
 1921 – The first religious radio broadcast (KDKA AM in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) .
 1921 – The DeYoung Museum opens in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.
 1923 – United States Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall resigns due to the Teapot Dome scandal.
 1929 – Canada and the United States agree on a plan to preserve Niagara Falls.
1935 – Bruno Hauptmann goes on trial for the murder of Charles Lindbergh Jr., infant son of aviator Charles Lindbergh.
 1941 – World War II: German bombing severely damaged the Llandaff Cathedral, built in 1290 on the bank of the River Taff in Cardiff, Wales.
 1941 – The U.S. government announces its Liberty ship program. They plan to build 200 freighters. Over 2,700 ships were built by the end of the war.
 1942 – World War II: Manila is captured by Japanese forces.
 1942 – The United States Navy opens a blimp base at Lakehurst, New Jersey.
 1944 – World War II: US and Australian forces land on Papua New Guinea in an attempt to cut off a Japanese retreat.
 1945 – World War II: Nuremberg is severely bombed by the Allies.
 1946 – King Zog is unable to resume his rule over Albania after World War II. He abdicates but still claims to be King of Albania.
 1949 – Luis Muñoz Marín became the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.