Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The alto trombone is a type of trombone that is somewhat higher sounding than a regular trombone. It is mostly used in orchestras where the highest part is sometimes easier to play on an alto trombone. However, it is not very common and most of the time, a tenor trombone  plays the alto trombone part if one exists.
The contrabass trombone is the lowest-sounding trombone used in music today. It sometimes has a double slide, meaning that the slide tube wraps twice instead of once like on a tenor trombone.
The soprano trombone is a type of trombone that plays in the same range as a Bb trumpet. 
The valve trombone is just a tenor trombone with a valve section. These valves work the same as those on a trumpet, euphonium, etc.
Famous trombonists
Some famous trombonists include:
 Edward ‘Kid’ Ory 
 Bill Watrous 
 Carl Fontana 
 Jim Robinson
 Jack Teagarden
 Al Grey
 Glenn Miller
 Tommy Dorsey
 Pete Ramberg
 Lawrence Brown
 Curtis Fuller
 Slide Hampton
 Fred Wesley
 Trombone Shorty
Martin Schippers
 Christian Lindberg
Joseph Alessi
Christopher Bill
Wycliffe Gordon

References

Other websites 

 International Trombone Association
 Trombone Page of the World
 TrombonesOnline   - Trombone Portal and Trombonist Directory
 British Trombone Society
 Finnish Trombone and Tuba Association 
 Online Trombone Journal
Cloth, textile or fabric are similar names for manufactured material. They are often made by weaving or knitting fibres together. It is often used to make clothing or cover furniture.

Cloth can be made from natural fibres or man-made ones. Examples of natural fibres are cotton, wool, and silk.  Examples of man-made fibres are nylon, rayon, and polyester.

History 
The first clothes, were worn at least 70,000 years ago and maybe much earlier. They were probably made of animal skins and helped to protect early humans from the weather. At some point, people learned to weave plant fibers into textiles.
Uses 
Textiles are commonly used for clothing. They are also containers such as bags and baskets. In the household, textiles are used in carpeting, upholstered furnishings, window shades, towels, coverings for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces. Textiles are also used in art. In the workplace, textiles can be used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. It can also be used in flags, backpacks, tents, nets, handkerchiefs, cleaning rags. It is used in transportation devices such as balloons, kites, sails, and parachutes. Textiles are also used make composite materials such as fibreglass and industrial geotextiles stronger. Textiles are used in many traditional crafts such as sewing, quilting and embroidery.
Types and sources of fibre 
Textiles are made from many materials. The fibre used in textiles are gotten from with four main sources. They are animal (wool, silk), plant (cotton, flax, jute, bamboo), mineral (asbestos, glass fibre), and synthetic (nylon, polyester, acrylic, rayon). The first three are natural.

Animal 
There are many sources of animal fibers. They include:
Wool refers to the hair of the domestic sheep or goat. It is different from other types of animal hair because each strand is coated with scales and lanolin. Wool is commonly used for thick clothing. Examples include:
 Alpaca wool, vicuña wool, llama wool, and camel hair. They are generally used to make coats, jackets, ponchos, blankets, and other warm coverings.
 Cashmere, the hair of the Indian cashmere goat, and mohair, the hair of the North African angora goat, are types of wool that are known for their softness.
 Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the angora rabbit.
 Qiviut is the fine inner wool of the muskox.
 Sea silk is an extremely fine, rare, and valuable fabric. It is made from the silky filaments or byssus secreted by a gland in the foot of pen shells.
 Silk is an animal textile made from the fibres of the cocoon of the Chinese silkworm. It is spun into a smooth fabric which is soft. Around four-fifths of the silk made is made up of cultivated silk.
Plant
There are many sources of plant fibers. They include:

 Coir (coconut fibre) is used in making twine. It is also used in making doormats, brushes, mattresses, floor tiles, and bags.
 Straw and bamboo are both used to make hats. Straw is a dried form of grass. It is also used for stuffing, as is kapok.
 Fibres from pulpwood trees, cotton, rice, hemp, and nettle are used in making paper.
 Cotton, flax, jute, hemp, modal and even bamboo fibre are all used in clothing. Piña (pineapple fibre) and ramie are also fibres used in clothing.
 Acetate is used to make certain fabrics such as silks, velvets, and taffetas shinier.
 Seaweed is used in making textiles.
 Rayon is a fabric gotten from plant pulp.

Mineral
There are three sources of mineral fibers. They include:
Asbestos and basalt fibre are mineral fibres used for vinyl tiles, sheeting and adhesives, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets.
 Glass fibre is used in making ironing board and mattress covers, ropes and cables, reinforcement fibre for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabric, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibres.
 Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have lots of uses including making cloth-of-gold and jewellery.

Synthetic
There are many sources synthetic fibres. They include
Polyester fibre is used in all types of clothing, either alone or used together with fibres such as cotton.
 Aramid fibre (e.g. Twaron) is used for flame-retardant clothing, cut-protection, and armour.
 Acrylic is a fibre used to mimic wools. It is often used to replace wool in some clothes.
 Nylon is a fibre used to mimic silk. It is used in making pantyhose. Thicker nylon fibres are used in rope.
 Spandex is a polyurethane product. It is used to make activewear, bras, and swimsuits.
 Olefin fibre is a fibre used in activewear, linings, and warm clothing. Olefins are hydrophobic, which allows them to dry quickly.
 Ingeo is a polylactide fibre mixed with other fibres such as cotton and used in clothing. It is hydrophilic.
 Lurex is a metallic fibre used in clothing embellishment.
 Milk proteins have also been used to make synthetic fabric. It is sold as a biodegradable, renewable synthetic fibre.
Carbon fibre is mostly used in composite materials, together with resin. The fibres are made from polymer fibres through carbonization.
Gallery

References

Basic English 850 words
The '''100s'span from 100 to 109.

Events 
 In the first century Dio Chrysostom writes that Lions are extinct in Europe.
 Trajan leads a military campaign against the Dacians, 101-106.
 Tacitus writes his work Historiae.
 In the more northern cities of the Roman Empire, rich people start to use central heating.

References
The 130s was the decade that started on January 1, 130 and ended on December 31, 139.

Events
130 - The Temple of Olympian Zeus is completed at Athens.
 131 - The Temple of Baalshamin is built in Palmyra.
132 - Chinese scientist Zhang Heng invents the first seismometer.
 136 - Pope Hyginus succeeds Pope Telesphorus as the ninth pope.
 138 February 25 – Emperor Hadrian makes Antoninus Pius his successor, if Pius adopts Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.
139 - Marcus Aurelius is named Caesar.

Important people 
 Hadrian, Roman Emperor

References
Willy Brandt (18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German chancellor from 1969 until 1974. He was born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm in Lübeck, Germany. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany 1964–1987 and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (1971). He died on 8 October 1992 in Unkel on the Rhine.

Biography 
He was born as son of Martha Frahm and John Möller in 1913 in Lübeck. He never met his father and grew up with his mother and his grandfather.

He fled to Norway when the Nazis took over government in Germany. He led a contact office for the resistance against the Nazi regime. After he lost his German citizenship, he became Norwegian. The Germans arrested him when they occupied Norway. He fled to Sweden. In 1945, Brandt returned to Germany as writer for Scandinavian newspapers.

He was married three times:
 Carlotta Thorkildsen - 1940 to 1948
 Rut (Hansen) Bergaust - 1948 to 1980
 Ruth Seebacher - 1983 to 1992
Political life 
His political career started in 1948. He became a representative for the SPD in the Bundestag for a district of Berlin. He was member of the state parliament of Berlin from 1950 until 1971.

He became president of the Parliament of Berlin (1955) and Mayor of Berlin (1957). Willy Brandt started to campaign for the position as Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) for the Social Democrats (SPD) in 1961. In 1966, he became Vice-Chancellor of the "Grand Coalition" of SPD and the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) under Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger. He started the social-liberal coalition between the SPD and the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP). Willy Brandt became Chancellor in 1969.
He made many changes in several political areas. For example:
Society politics
 New divorce laws
 Right of vote was made 18 instead of 21
 Easier to be declared a Conscientious objector
Education politics
 No study fees
 Financial aid for poor students
 Opened more universities
Foreign politics
 The New Eastern Politics of Western Germany.

He travelled to East Germany, Warsaw and Moscow to improve relationships. His acceptance the Oder-Neisse Line and many of controversies in the Parliament and society followed.

In 1971, he got the Nobel Peace Prize for his politics.

In 1972, Rainer Barzel of the CDU believed he could end the Brandt administration, but he failed to win the vote of no-confidence. Brandt was re-elected to a second term later that year. In 1974, Günther Guillaume who worked in Brandt's office was discovered to be a spy. Brandt resigned and Helmut Schmidt became chancellor.
Brandt stayed leader of the SPD, and later of the Socialist International too. He was member of the European Parliament from 1978 to 1983. He gave up the position as chief of the SPD in 1987. Willy Brandt died of colon cancer at his home in Unkel, a town on the River Rhine, on 8 October 1992, at the age of 78. He was given a state funeral and was buried at the cemetery at Zehlendorf in Berlin.

References

Other websites 
 Biography of Willy Brandt
 New Berlin Airport to be named after Willy Brandt

1913 births
1992 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Members of the German Bundestag
German Nobel Prize winners
Government ministers of Germany
MEPs for Germany
People from Lübeck
Politicians from Schleswig-Holstein
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Socialist International
Time People of the Year
Vice Chancellors of Germany
There are several saints named Margaret:
 Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque (see Marie Alacoque)
 Saint Margaret of Cortona
 Saint Margaret of England
 Saint Margaret of Scotland
 Saint Margaret the Virgin
 Saint Margaret the Widow
 Saint Margaret of Hungary (1242–1270)
Saint Thomas or St. Thomas may refer to:

People 
 Thomas the Apostle (died AD 72), Jewish-Christian Apostle and Saint of the 1st century
 Thomas Becket (died 1170), also called Saint Thomas of Canterbury and Saint Thomas the Martyr
 Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), Catholic philosopher and theologian
 Thomas More (1478–1535), English lawyer, philosopher, author, statesman

Places

France
 Saint-Thomas, Aisne, France
 Saint-Thomas, Haute-Garonne, France

United States
 St. Thomas, Minnesota
 St. Thomas, Missouri
 Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, an island in the Caribbean Sea

West Indies region
 Saint Thomas, Barbados
 Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica
 Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands

Africa
 São Tomé (St. Thomas), an island in São Tomé and Príncipe
Brother may refer to:

Monk, the male version of a nun
A fraternity member
A member of a peer group who is male
A male family member with the same parents (sibling). Also see the Wiktionary page
An African-American male
Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer (born 5 January 1876 in Cologne; died 19 April 1967 in Rhöndorf (part of Bad Honnef)). From 1949 to 1963 he was the first Bundeskanzler (chancellor) of the Federal Republic of Germany and from 1951 to 1955 was foreign secretary the same time.

Adenauer was the third of five children of a court secretary in Cologne. His family was Catholic. Konrad Adenauer started his political career in 1906 in the city assembly of Cologne. From 1917 to 1933 and again in 1945 he was mayor of Cologne.
Adenauer was a member of the Catholic Zentrum Party. When the Nazi Party took power he lost his job. At first he worked with the Nazis, but after the conspiracy to kill Hitler failed in 1944 he hid for his own safety.

After the war he became mayor of Cologne again, but lost the job after a few months.
In the Parlamentarischer Rat of West Germany, he was one of the top politicians and the President. He founded the CDU at the same time.
He was important in making Bonn the West German capital instead of Frankfurt am Main.

In 1949 he was elected as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.
He made sure West Germany joined the side of the western capitalist countries in the Cold War. He also helped West Germany join NATO. He was reelected three times.

In 1964 he stopped being chancellor. He was a member of the Bundestag until his death at 91 years old.

Other websites 

(

1876 births
1967 deaths
Anti-communists
Chancellors of Germany
Members of the German Bundestag
German mayors
German mayors (Weimar Republic)
German Roman Catholics
Government ministers of Germany
Nazi German politicians
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Cologne
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Prussian politicians
Time People of the Year
Miri Ben-Ari is a hip-hop violinist.  She was born in Israel in 1978 and was brought up in a small town near Tel Aviv. She was trained as a classical violinist.  She was a prodigy and was praised by famous violinists like Yehudi Menuhin and Isaac Stern.
At the age of 16 she took herself to the United States.  She spoke no English at the time. In New York City, she met several musicians such as the trumpeter Wynton Marsalis who supported her.  She became interested in contemporary R&B (Rhythm and Blues) and hip-hop. In January 2001 she appeared in the Carnegie Hall with the rapper Wyclef Jean.  Later that year her TV performances on Showtime at the Apollo added to her fame. Her second jazz album, entitled Song of The Promised Land features the dance single Peace in the Middle East as well as two tracks together with Wynton Marsalis.  She has now sold millions of records, and is known as “the hip-hop violinist”.  This was the title of a record released in 2005 by Universal which includes the single “Sunshine to the Rain” featuring Scarface and Anthony Hamilton.  In 2004 she toured world-wide with rapper Kanye West.   She has a very personal sound which is a mixture of Classical, jazz, hip-hop, R&B and world music
.  She won her first Grammy award in 2005 for co-writing “Jesus Walks” which received a trophy for the “Best Rap Song” in 2005.
1978 births
Living people
Jazz musicians
Jewish Israeli musicians
Israeli violinists
A furry is a person who is interested in or creates fictional anthropomorphic animal characters who have human traits. This group of people make up the furry fandom. Furry characters (called fursonas, especially when referring to someone's personal furry characters) can walk on two legs or talk. Another word for a "furry character" is an anthropomorphic character, which means a character which has some human features.

Many different stories have furry characters. Fairy tales and mythology often have animal characters who talk or do other human things. Books, comics, children's books, video games, and toys can have furry characters too. Some of the most popular cartoon characters are furries: Bugs Bunny, Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Disney's Robin Hood, and Scooby-Doo.

Sometimes, people draw porn of furry characters to fit their sexual interests. Quite a few people believe this represents a large part of the furry fandom, and it gains significant news attention.
Furry traits 
To be a furry character, an animal needs to look or act like a human in some way. Here are some of the ways:
 Talking
 Showing their feelings like humans do, by smiling and frowning
 Walking on two legs
 Wearing clothes
 Living in houses or working at jobs
It's also important to say here that there's also "feral" sections of the fandom. They focus more on the animal aspects of the character, and most feral furry characters don't talk or do many human activities.

Not all of these features have to be on a furry character for it to be a furry character. Some furry characters can be thought of as "fursonas" without walking on their hind legs or having jobs.

A character does not need to have fur to be a furry. A lizard or bird character that has these features could also be a furry, although they may also be called a "scalie" or an "avian".
Furry characters in art 
Humans are good at reading human body language, but less good at reading animal body language. Art showing animals smiling or frowning like humans makes it easier for humans to know how the character is feeling. 

Because humans have been around animals for a long time, humans expect certain animals to act certain ways. Art that gives humans animal traits tells people what to expect from those characters. For example, many cultures see foxes as clever, so many people will assume a fox furry character is clever.

Fairy tales and mythology 
For thousands of years, people have told stories and made art with furry characters. Egyptian mythology has many gods who are part animal and part human. Roman mythology has a story about a minotaur, which is part bull and part human. The werewolf of European mythology is part wolf and part human.

Cartoons and video games 
Many cartoons have furry characters. Examples include:
Looney Tunes, 
 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, 
 Kung Fu Panda, and 
 My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic.

Many video games also have furry characters. A few examples:

 Jak and Daxter, 
 Ratchet and Clank, 
 Crash Bandicoot,
 Sonic the Hedgehog, and 
 Star Fox.

Furry fandom 
In the modern day, people from all around the world make up the furry fandom. Many of them meet and talk to each other the Internet, but they also meet in real life. Furry websites like FurAffinity and DeviantArt let people share pictures, stories, music, games, and animations that have furry characters.
Fursonas and role-play 
Furries often make up a "fursona", or anthropomorphic animal character to represent themselves in the fandom. Often, but not always, the fursona's species is that person's favorite animal. These people sometimes talk to each other role playing as  their fursonas. Role-playing isn't exclusive to furries, but it is a big part of the community. These role-plays usually happen over instant messaging or forums, but sometimes happen in real life.

Furry conventions 
Furries sometimes meet at conventions to talk about their favorite characters, buy art, make friends, and show off their fursuits. These meetings may also have music, dancing, and parties. Conventions are usually held in large hotels, so there is enough room for hundreds or even thousands of people.

The largest furry conventions are Anthrocon, Midwest FurFest, Further Confusion, RainFurrest, Furry Weekend Atlanta, and Eurofurence. Many others happen all around the world each year.
Fursuits and other costumes 
Some furries dress up in "fursuits", which are cosplay costumes that look like ones fursona. Fake fur is used to make these costumes, so they can be many different colors. Some fursuits look very much like real animals; other fursuits look like cartoon characters or legendary creatures. 

A person who wears a fursuit is called a fursuiter. Fursuits may cover the person's whole body, or just part of it. A fursuit that covers the whole body is called a "full suit." A suit that covers only part of the body (usually the head, arms, and feet, plus a tail) is called a "partial suit" or "partial." With a partial suit, the rest of the body is covered with clothes to hide the person inside. 

Fursuits are almost always one-of-a-kind. This is because they are often based off of a person's fursona. Some are made by the person who will wear them, others are made by other people who make them for money.
People usually wear fursuits for fun. Sometimes people feel less shy in a fursuit because no one can see who they are. This can make them feel more comfortable dancing, playing, hugging, meeting people, or being silly. People may also wear fursuits to be a mascot for a charity or event, usually one related to animals.

Inside a fursuit, it can be difficult to see and hear. Fursuiters often have a friend help them cross traffic or use stairs. In hot weather, fursuiters must be careful not to overheat.
Like many groups, the furry fandom has its own slang. "Murr" is a word used to show you like something or find it attractive sexually. "Scritching" is gentle scratching; in the furry fandom, this is a way to show you like someone, like hugging. "Yiff" is a slang word for sex, and comes from the sound a fox makes during sex. A "fursuit" is a cosplay costume that looks like a furry character, or "fursona". A fursona is an anthropomorphic animal character someone makes up for themselves. The word “snoot” is slang for snout. Furries often "boop" snoots; this means gently pushing or tapping a fursuiter or furry's nose, usually done as part of roleplay, as a greeting, or for fun. The word "beans" refers to the paw pads of an animal, fursona, or fursuiter. "Poodling" is a word used to describe someone showing their skin during partial suiting. A lot of "graymuzzles", or older furries are against poodling because it "breaks the magic". Breaking the magic means to get out of character while fursuiting.
Sexuality 
Only around 20-30% of furries identify as heterosexual. 28.8% of furries identify as homosexual, 23.4% identify as bisexual, 16.5% identify as pansexual, and 10.5% identify as Asexual. The rest either don't know (5.8%) or identify as something else (4.9%).  Around 3.2% of people in furry fandom admit to being sexually attracted to animals, or zoophiles.

References

Art
Comics
Alderaan is a fictional planet found in the Star Wars series of movies created by George Lucas. It is the home of the characters Princess Leia Organa and Senator Bail Organa. The surface of Alderaan is only seen for a short time at the end of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005). The entire planet is destroyed in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977) when the Death Star fires a laser beam at the planet, which then explodes, killing everyone on it.

Star Wars planets
San Francisco Municipal Railway (or MUNI) is the public transit agency that runs buses, cable car, and subway service in the city of San Francisco, California. MUNI runs diesel and trolleybuses that run throughout San Francisco, three Cable Car lines that run through the Financial District and Chinatown (with service to Fisherman's Wharf) and the Market Street surface, seven light rail lines that run below Market Street and two Historic Streetcar lines.

Muni operates 365 days a year and connects with other transportation services, such as Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) and Caltrain commuter trains, along with AC Transit, Golden Gate Transit and SamTrans buses and ferries from Golden Gate Ferries and San Francisco Bay Ferry.

Services

Bus
Muni operates forty-four local bus routes; two are operated during weekday peak hours. A number of routes have different terminals during evenings and/or weekends. Some routes also operate short turn route services during peak hours to deal with crowding on buses.
Rapid lines have an R following their route number. Muni operates five Rapid bus routes. The Rapid routes largely follow the route of the local buses but have fewer stops on the corridor.

Express lines have an X, AX, or BX following their route number. Muni operates twelve express bus routes. Most of the express routes run on highways and on one-way traffic. These express routes also operate during peak hours.

Muni operates fourteen owl routes. Owl routes are operated at midnight. Some local daytime routes are shortened during owl service. And some owl routes also cover big or small parts of daytime bus routes.

Muni Metro

Muni operates seven light rail lines and has its own subway tunnel underneath Market Street. Each of these routes is named with a letter instead of a number.

Heritage streetcars

Muni operates two historic streetcar lines, these routes are operated by streetcars and are mostly treated as tourist attractions by tourists.

Cable Cars
Cable Cars

Muni operates three cable car lines, these routes are based out of the cable car barn at Mason and Washington streets.

Gallery

References

Other websites

NextBus for Muni, a GPS system that predicts vehicle arrival times.
Market Street Railway

 
Companies based in San Francisco
1912 establishments in California
Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many parts of the body. It can bend a bit, but resists stretching.

Its main function is to connect bones together. It is also found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the throat and between the bones of the back. Another function of cartilage is to create a place on which bones can form when they are first developed. It also helps to protect the places where bones work against each other: the joints. In some fish like sharks (Chondrichthyes), cartilage forms the whole of the skeleton.

Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. The cells are supplied by diffusion. So, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly. Cartilage also does not contain nerves, making the hard tissue painless if damage is caused. However, the breaking of a cartilage often results in damage to tendons and muscles, which certainly does cause pain.
There are many diseases caused by defects in cartilage. One of the most common is osteoarthritis, where the cartilage wears so thin that bone rubs against bone. Cartilage acts as a barrier, preventing the entry of lymphocytes or diffusion of immunoglobulins. This allows surgeons to transplant of cartilage from one person to another without fear of tissue rejection.

Parts 
Cartilage is made of special cells (called chondroblasts) that produce a large amount of matrix outside the cells. The matrix is composed of 
collagen fibres, 
a ground substance rich in proteoglycan. This is a protein linked to glycans. 
different types of  fibres. These are collagen , elastin and reticulate fibers.

Notes

Other websites 

 University of Kansas Medical Center Cartilage tutorial 
 Public domain text from Gray's anatomy dated 1918, so probably needs updating
 I've heard 'Ears and nose do not ever stop growing.' Is this false?

Skeletal system
Animal tissues
Dokkyo University is a university in Soka city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan.  This university is well known for its Foreign Language Department.

History 
Dokkyo University started in 1883.

Colleges and universities in Japan
Organizations based in Saitama Prefecture
Munich Airport (IATAcode MUC) is an airport 28 km north east of the city Munich, Germany. It is mainly used by Lufthansa and the Star-Alliance, which Lufthansa is in. In 2008, 34.53 million passengers used the airport. After Frankfurt am Main Munich is the second most important airport in Germany. It is the 8th largest in Europe.

History 
Munich Airport was opened in 1992. Before that the airport was in Riem. Building was started in 1980.

Because Frankfurt am Main was so busy, Lufthansa began to use Munich for international flights. The Airport was named after Franz-Josef Strauss, a politician who was very interested in aeroplanes. People in Munich usually just call it München Flughafen or der Flughafen.

In 2003 the second airport terminal was opened, for people travelling on Lufthansa and Star-Alliance only.

A third runway is planned, because there is much traffic on Munich Airport, but people who live near the airport do not want it.

Geography
Geography 

You can use the Munich S-Bahn lines S1 and S8 to go to the city. They both cost €8,80 and take about forty minutes. Taxis to Munich cost €50 and can get stuck because of traffic congestion.

The cities near the airport are Erding and Freising. They can be reached by Bus (~3-4 €) or Taxi (~€18).

The Munich Airport center (MAC) is between the two terminals but it is not so far. It has many shops and restaurants.

There is a Hilton Hotel near the airport and a second hotel is planned.

Terminals 
Munich Airport has two terminals. Terminal 2 is newer and larger.

Terminal 1 
Terminal 1 is used by the non-Star Alliance airlines. The halls or areas are numbered A-F. It was opened on 17th May 1992 20 million passengers can use it every year. At the moment the terminal is being renovated, giving more room for shops and other things. The first halls have already been finished.

68 Airlines use Terminal One.
Variable Halls 
 Air Transat (Calgary, Halifax, Toronto, Vancouver)
 Hapagfly (Antalya, Brindisi, Cairo, Catania, Dalaman, Djerba, Faro, Fuerteventura, Funchal, Hanover, Hurghada, Jerez de la Frontera, Lanzarote, Las Palmas, Luxor, Málaga, Marsa Alam, Menorca, Monastir, Palma de Mallorca, Patras, Rhodes, Santa Cruz de la Palma, Sharm el Sheikh, Tel Aviv, Tenerife)
 HLX.com (Cagliari, Dubrovnik, Leipzig [starts October 30, 2006], Naples, Olbia, Palermo, Rijeka, Venice)

Hall A 
 dba (Athens [ends October 28, 2006], Berlin-Tegel, Bremen, Cologne/Bonn, Dresden, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Moscow-Domodedovo, Münster/Osnabrück, Nice, Paris-Orly, Rome-Fiumcino [ends November 5, 2006], Thessaloniki [ends October 28, 2006])
 Hola Airlines
 Nordic Regional (Palma de Mallorca)

Hall B 
 British Airways (Bristol, Glasgow, London-Heathrow)
 Delta Air Lines (Atlanta)
 Royal Air Maroc (Casablanca) [ends November 23, 2006]
 Tunisair (Djerba, Monastir, Tunis)
Hall C 
 Aeroflot (Moscow-Sheremetyevo)
 African Safari Airways (Mombasa)
 airBaltic (Riga, Vilnius)
 Air Via (Bourgas, Varna)
 Atlasjet (Antalya, Istanbul-Atatürk)
 Atlas Blue (Agadir)
 Blue Wings
 Corendon Airlines (Antalya)
 Czech Airlines (Prague)
 Bulgarian Air Charter (Bourgas, Varna)
 EgyptAir (Cairo, Hurghada)
 Emirates (Dubai)
 Etihad Airways (Abu Dhabi)
 Eurocypria Airlines (Larnaca, Paphos)
 Inter Airlines (Antalya, Bodrum)
 Onur Air (Antalya)
 Polet Airlines (Voronezh)
 Pegasus Airlines (Antalya, Bodrum)
 Royal Jordanian (Amman)
 S7 Airlines (Moscow-Domodedovo)
 Sky Airline (Antalya)
 SunExpress (Antalya, Bodrum, Izmir)
 Syrian Arab Airlines (Aleppo, Damascus)
 TACV (Sal)
 Tajikistan Airlines (Istanbul-Atatürk, Dushanbe)
 Tarom (Bucharest-Otopeni, Cluj, Sibiu)
 Turkish Airlines (Ankara, Istanbul-Atatürk, Izmir)
 Ural Airlines (Ekaterinburg)
 UT Air (Tyumen)
Hall D 
 Aer Lingus (Dublin)
 Air France (Lyon, Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport)
 Alitalia
 Alitalia Express (Milan-Malpensa, Rome-Fiumicino)
 Blu-express (Rom-Fiumicino)
 easyJet (Edinburgh, London-Stansted)
 easyJet operated by easyJet Switzerland (Basel/Mulhouse)

 Finnair (Helsinki)
 FlyNordic (Stockholm-Arlanda)
 Iberia Airlines (Madrid)
 InterSky (Elba)
 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (Amsterdam)
 KLM Cityhopper (Amsterdam)
 Norwegian Air Shuttle (Oslo)
 Brussels Airlines (Brussels)

Hall E 
Arrivals only

Hall F 
Hall F is a secure terminal used by Israeli airlines only.
 Arkia (Tel Aviv)
 El Al (Tel Aviv)
 Israir (Tel Aviv)
 Sun D'Or (Tel Aviv)

Terminal 2 

Terminal 2 is used by all Star Alliance flights. It was opened on 29th June 2003 and nearly 20-25 million passengers can use it every year. Many passengers like the terminal because connections are easy and fast. The time needed for a connection inside the terminal is only 25 minutes, the airport and Lufthansa say.
26 Airlines use Terminal 2.
 Aegean Airlines (Athens, Thessaloniki)
 Adria Airways (Ljubljana)
 Air Canada (Toronto)
 Air China (Beijing)
 Austrian Airlines (Vienna)
 Carpatair (Timişoara)
 Cimber Air (Billund)
 Cirrus Airlines (Brno, Erfurt, Kiel [ends October 27, 2006], London-City)
 Condor (Agadir, Antalya, Bangkok, Barcelona, Bourgas, Cancun, Cayo Coco, Dalaman, Faro, Fuerteventura, Fuchal, Hurghada, Ibiza, Jerez de la Frontera, La Romana, Lanzarote, Larnaca, Las Palmas, Madrid, Mahe Island, Málaga, Male, Marsa Alam, Mauritius, Naples, Paphos, Palma de Mallorca, Phuket, Punta Cana, Sanat Cruz de la Palma, Sharm el Sheikh, Taba, Tenerife, Varadero, Venice)
 Croatia Airlines (Zagreb)
 Germanwings (Berlin-Schönefeld, Cologne/Bonn, Hamburg)
 LOT Polish Airlines (Gdansk, Warsaw)
 operated by Eurolot (Katowice [starts October 29, 2006], Poznan, Wroclaw)
Lufthansa CityLine (Amsterdam, Basel, Birmingham, Bologna, Bordeaux, Bratislava, Bremen, Bucharest-Otopeni, Budapest, Cologne/Bonn, Copenhagen, Donetsk, Dortmund, Düsseldorf, Florence, Gdansk, Geneva, Gothenburg, Hanover, Kraków, Leipzig/Halle, Manchester, Marseille, Milan-Malpensa, Münster/Osnabrück, Naples, Nice, Oslo, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Porto, Sarajevo, Sofia, Stockholm-Arlanda, Timişoara, Toulouse, Vienna, Warsaw, Westerland-Sylt, Zagreb, Zürich)
 Lufthansa Regional operated by Air Dolomiti (Ancona, Basel/Mulhouse, Berne, Bologna, Cagliari, Milan-Bergamo [ends October 27, 2006], Milan-Malpensa, Naples, Pisa, Prague, Rome-Fiumicino, Trieste, Turin, Venice)
 Lufthansa Regional operated by Augsburg Airways (Dortmund, Florence, Graz, Olbia, Paderborn, Poznan, Prague, Stuttgart, Wroclaw, Zagreb)
 Lufthansa Regional operated by Contact Air (Leipzig/Halle)
 Lufthansa Regional operated by Eurowings (Belgrade, Budapest, Münster/Osnabrück, Naples, Nice)
 Privatair (Newark)
 Luxair (Luxembourg, Saarbrücken)
Qatar Airways (Doha)
 Scandinavian Airlines System (Copenhagen)
 Swiss International Airlines (Zürich)
 TAP Portugal (Lisbon)
 Thai Airways International (Bangkok)
 United Airlines (Chicago-O'Hare, Washington-Dulles)
Central area 
The central area is a shopping-mall that is in between the two terminals; the older part which belongs to terminal 1 is an indoor area. The newer part which was built as the same time as the 2nd terminal is a big outside area.

Cargo Area 
The airport also has a cargo area. It is used by:
 Cathay Pacific Cargo
 Emirates Cargo
 Qatar Airways Cargo

Airports in Germany
Buildings and structures in Munich
Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt (23 December 1918 – 10 November 2015) was a German politician. He was Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1974 to 1982.

Helmut Schmidt was born in Hamburg in 1918. He finished school in 1937 with the Abitur. Afterwards he had to join the working service and later the army. At the end of World War II, he was a First Lieutenant. He became a prisoner of war in 1945.

After he was set free, he started to study macro economy. He finished his studies in 1949. Then he started to work for the administration of Hamburg.

Schmidt joined into the Social Democratic Party of Germany in 1949. In 1953, he became a member of the Bundestag first time. From 1961 to 1965, he was Senator in the state government of Hamburg.

From 1969 to 1972, he was Minister of Defence of West Germany. From 1972 to 1974 he was Minister of Finance.

After Willy Brandt gave up his job as Bundeskanzler, Helmut Schmidt was elected as new chancellor.
In July 2013, it was discovered that Schmidt bought 38,000 cigarettes due to a fear of them being banned in Europe.

Schmidt died in Hamburg on 10 November 2015 from complications of surgery he had to cure a blood clot in his left leg. He was 96 years old.

References

Other websites

 Biography at the German Historic Museum (German)
 Chancellor Site (German) 
 Helmut Schmidt University (English)
 Talks:
 Die Selbstbehauptung Europas im neuen Jahrhundert (German, 2000)
 Kröten und Paragrafenwahn (German, 2006)
 Schmidt's talk on the occasion of China's Prime Minister Wen Jiabao visiting Hamburg (English, 2006)
 Interview on nuclear strategy in Europe  for the WGBH series, War and Peace in the Nuclear Age
 Booknotes interview with Schmidt on Men and Powers, 15 April 1990. 
Men and Powers: A Political Retrospective on Google Books.
1918 births
2015 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
Deaths from surgical complications
Members of the German Bundestag
German military personnel of World War II
Government ministers of Germany
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Glinde is a town in the province of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, about 20 km away from Hamburg.

History 
The name Glinde is found in a document from March 25 1229 for the first time. In the document, Earl Adolf IV. of Schauenburg and Holstein gave the village to a Cistercian convent. (The convent moved to today's town of Reinbek.) The King of Denmark and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Frederick I of Denmark, got all the convent had during the Protestant Reformation. In 1544 his son Christian III gave a part of it to each of his brothers. The owner changed again several times.

In 1948, the town administration of Glinde, Oststeinbek, Havighorst and Schönningstedt were brought together to the Amt Glinde. Schönningstedt left that combination in 1949 and Havighorst left it in 1973. So Glinde und Oststeinbek became independent villages.

On June 24, 1979, (on the 750th anniversary of the village), Glinde became a town.

Politics
Politics

Partnerships with other towns 
 Saint-Sébastien-sur-Loire (near Nantes in the west French Département Loire-Atlantique)
 Kaposvár (Main town from the province of Somogy south of Lake Balaton in Hungary).

Population 
1803: 220
1933: 544
1939: 2.173
1948: 5.059
2002: 16.124

Literature 
 Wolfgang Bachhofer: Glinde. 1929 bis 1979. Eine junge Stadt stellt sich vor. Glinde 1979.

Other websites 
www.glinde.de

Towns in Schleswig-Holstein
Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov, (18 March 1844, Tikhvin – 21 June 1908) was a Russian composer. He was one of the most famous composers of his time and influenced a lot of other composers. Like so many Russian composers in the 19th century, he was an amateur composer. His main job was in the navy.

Rimsky-Korsakov was born near Novgorod, 18 March 1844, and died in Lybensk, near St Petersburg, 21 June 1908. He is best known for his operas, orchestral music and songs. He was brilliant at  writing music for orchestras and wrote an excellent book about orchestration.  He loved to write music about fairy-tale stories and legends. His best-known work is Scheherazade, an orchestral piece which describes in music the stories told by Scheherazade in the book of One Thousand and One Nights. He also completed or re-orchestrated several works by Modest Mussorgsky which had been left unfinished.

Life
Life

Early years
Rimsky-Korsakov was born in 1844. Several people from his family had careers in the Russian army and navy.  Both his grandmothers, however, were simple people who had lived in the country.  When he was young he showed a great interest in music. He sang every tune he heard and knew, without looking, the names of the notes that he heard being played on the piano.  When he was six he started piano lessons. The opera Life for the Tsar by Glinka made a big impression on him.  However, he wanted to join the navy, so in 1862 he entered the College of Naval Cadets, where his brother (who was 22 years older) was the director.
He continued to learn the piano while he was at Cadet school. He was never a brilliant pianist, but he enjoyed  playing tunes from operas on the piano. He got to know several young composers who were already becoming famous: Balakirev, Cui and Mussorgsky.  Balakirev gave him advice about his compositions. He started to write a symphony, but then he had to go to sea for two-and-a-half years. He sailed on a clipper called Almaz. The boat went to Gravesend, the Baltic Sea, New York, Rio de Janeiro and the Mediterranean  When he got back, Balakirev made him finish the symphony.
Career and musical work
Rimsky-Korsakov now worked about two or three hours a day for the navy. He spent the rest of the time composing or visiting friends.  He met more composers, including Borodin and Dargomïzhsky, and he composed songs and piano music, although he was not good enough to play the piano to audiences. However, his friends realized that he was very good at writing for orchestras and he was asked to orchestrate several pieces.  Dargomïzhsky, who was dying, had not yet orchestrated his opera The Stone Guest, so he asked Rimsky-Korsakov to do it.

Although he had not had any formal musical education he was offered a job as professor of composition at the Petersburg Conservatory. In 1872 he married a girl called Nadezhda. She was a beautiful woman and an excellent pianist, and she helped him a lot, especially in making piano arrangements of his orchestral music.
He wrote three symphonies and an opera The Maid of Pskov, but in 1897 he stopped composing for several years.  He spent his time inspecting naval bands and studied in great detail how musical instruments worked. Then, in 1880 he produced a new opera May Night. It was performed in the Mariinsky Theatre. One of the main parts was sung by Fyodor Stravinsky, who was the father of Igor Stravinsky.  Rimsky-Korsakov had by now become really interested in Russian folktunes and fairy tales.  His next opera was Snow Maiden. Then his friend Mussorgsky died, leaving lots of compositions unfinished.  Rimsky-Korsakov spent a lot of time preparing them for publication.  He made changes to some of Mussorgsky’s harmonies so that it suited his Romantic tastes.  Nowadays many people think that Mussorgsky’s versions are better and that Rimsky-Korsakov had not understood properly what Mussorgsky had been trying to do.  He also completed and orchestrated Borodin’s opera Prince Igor after Borodin died
.  He composed two very popular orchestral works: Spanish Capriccio (1887) and Sheherazade (1888).  After this he hardly ever wrote any music which was just for orchestra, he concentrated instead on writing operas, e.g. The Tsar's Bride (1899).
Later years
He became even more interested in opera after Karl Muck had conducted Richard Wagner’s Ring Cycle four times in St Petersburg, but Wagner’s music did not influence his own style.  However, he also had lots of worries, particularly about the health of some members of his family. He started to become depressed and worried about losing his ability to compose. He became more relaxed after he moved to a new home in the country. He composed the operas Christmas Eve and Sadko. He wrote many beautiful songs and made changes to some of his earlier music. He also wrote an autobiography.

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov died of heart trouble in 1908.
His music
Rimsky-Korsakov is best known in the west for a few orchestral works, especially: Scheherazade, Spanish Capriccio and Easter Festival overture. The way he arranges the music for the different instruments of the orchestra is brilliant (for example: in Scheherazade his use of the trombones for the evil Sultan, the violin for the beautiful Scheherazade, or the bassoon for the beggar. His operas are also full of wonderful effects and brilliant writing for the singers, but are often hard to translate well into other languages. One of his most famous piano works is "The Flight Of The Bumblebee".

References

The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980; 

1844 births
1908 deaths
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai
Russian autobiographers
Modest Petrovitch Mussorgsky (born Karevo, Pskov district, 21 March 1839; died St Petersburg, 28 March 1881) was a Russian composer.

Mussorgsky is famous for his operas and songs. He discovered new ways of writing for the voice which were very tuneful but which also suited the Russian language. His most famous opera is Boris Godunov. He wrote an overture called Night on a Bald Mountain. Another very famous piece is called Pictures at an Exhibition. He wrote it for the piano, but many years after his death another composer called Maurice Ravel orchestrated it and this is the version people usually hear today. Some of his works were re-orchestrated and "improved" by the composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. In recent years people have started to think that what Mussorgsky wrote originally was better.

Life
Life

Early years
Mussorgsky was born in Toropets, 250 miles south of Saint Petersburg.  His family were very rich and owned a lot of land and servants (known as “serfs” in Russia).  He probably got to know the serfs well.  Later, in his operas, we can see that he had a lot of sympathy for the ordinary, poor people.  When Mussorgsky was six he started to have piano lessons from his mother. He learned very quickly, and when he was nine he performed a concerto by John Field and works by Franz Liszt for the family.  When he was 10 he and his brother went to a private school: St Peter’s School.  When he was 12 he composed a polka.  His father paid for it to be published.
When he was 13 he was sent to the Cadet School of the Guards.  His parents wanted him to be in military service, like his ancestors had been.  It was a hard life at the school.  There was a lot of bullying.  He learned to drink alcohol and this eventually led to his alcoholism which was to kill him.  He played the piano for the cadets to dance to.  He was interested in history and German philosophy.
Adulthood
In October 1856, when he was 17 years old, he met the 22-year-old Alexander Borodin.  They were both working in a military hospital in Saint Petersburg. The two men were soon good friends. He also met Alexander Dargomyzhsky who was then the most important Russian composer after Mikhail Glinka. Dargomyzhsky liked Mussorgsky's piano playing, and Mussorgsky often went to musical parties at Dargomyzhsky’s home.  Here he met many other important Russian musicians: the critic Vladimir Stasov and the composers César Cui and Mily Balakirev. He had a very special relationship with Balakirev who was like a teacher to him and gave him a lot of advice and encouragement, introducing him to a lot of music he did not yet know.  In 1858 Mussorgsky decided to give up his job and spend all his time on music.
The following years were difficult for Mussorgsky.  He had a lot of depression. He composed some piano pieces and some songs. It was also a difficult time for his family who lost a lot of their wealth in 1861 when the new tsar of Russia ordered that the serfs could be free.  Mussorgsky became a member of a group of five composers who became known as the Mighty Handful.  The other four were Balakirev, Borodin, Cui and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.  The five were not together for very long.  The others became too busy with careers outside music, or their musical tastes became very different from Mussorgsky’s.  In 1863 he started to compose an opera Salammbô but he never finished it.

Mussorgsky was very upset when his mother died in 1865.  He started to drink heavily.  
In 1867 he finished the original orchestral version of his Night on Bald Mountain.  Balakirev did not like it and refused to conduct it, so it was never performed during Mussorgsky’s lifetime.
Fame 
Mussorgsky continued his career as a civil servant, but often he was not paid.  He was very impressed by Dargomïzhsky’s new opera The Stone Guest and composed eleven scenes for an opera called The Marriage.  This, too, remained unfinished.  However, he learned a lot from working at these unfinished works, and developed his own style which was later used in his greatest work: Boris Godunov.  He learned a way of setting words to music that would keep the words flowing in a natural way which heightened their meaning.  It was very different from the old-style operas where music was divided sharply into arias and recitatives with a few choruses.
When he was 29 he was encouraged to write an opera on the historical story of Boris Godunov.  He based his opera on a play by Alexander Pushkin, but he also read history books by Nikolay Karamzin.  He worked at the opera for a year while living with friends and working for the Forestry Department.  In 1871 he had finished it, but it was not performed in the theatre because it did not have an important part for a female.  Mussorgsky changed the opera, adding a whole new act with a love scene with a Polish princess. He made other changes as well.  The new version was accepted.  The first performance of the complete Godunov took place in February 1874.  Mussorgsky was then at the height of his fame.

Decline