Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Stav Shaffir (; born 17 May 1985) is an Israeli politician. She is the leader of the Green Party, she was a member of the Knesset for the Democratic Union alliance. 

In December 2019, Shaffir announced that she would be renaming the Green Movement the Green Party, and would run independently in the 2020 elections.

References

1985 births
Living people
Members of the Knesset
HaAvoda politicians
Israeli political leaders
Jewish Israeli politicians
Jewish politicians
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a disease of the vagina caused by a large growth of bacteria. 

Common symptoms include increased vaginal discharge that often smells like fish. The discharge is usually white or gray in color. Burning with urination may occur

It also increases the risk of early delivery among pregnant women.

References

Diseases caused by bacteria
Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
The first impeachment trial of President Donald Trump in the United States Senate began on January 16, 2020, and ended on February 5, 2020.  

It took place following President Trump's impeachment by the U.S. House of Representatives on December 18, 2019, after a two-month inquiry stage which lasted from September to November 2019. The House passed two articles of impeachment which charged him with abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. If Trump had been found guilty, he would have been removed from the presidency. On February 5, the Senate voted to acquit President Donald Trump (decide that he was not guilty), for both charges.

January 2020
Speaker Nancy Pelosi refused to send the articles of impeachment to the Senate after the House approved it. Senator Lindsey Graham proposed that he and Senator Mitch McConnell "change the rules of the Senate so we could start the trial without [Pelosi], if necessary".
On January 9, 2020, Pelosi said she would deliver the articles soon, but continued to cite a need for Republican transparency in the Senate; the same day, McConnell informed members of his caucus that he expected the trial to begin next week, and Senator Josh Hawley announced that McConnell had signed on as a co-sponsor to his resolution to dismiss articles of impeachment not sent to the Senate within 25 days. 

On January 10, Pelosi announced that she had "asked Judiciary Committee Chairman Jerry Nadler to be prepared to bring to the Floor next week a resolution to appoint managers and transmit articles of impeachment to the Senate".
At the end of the January 21 session, the Senate voted along party lines to pass Mitch McConnell's proposed trial rules and reject 11 amendments proposed by Democrats. The prosecution's opening arguments and presentation of evidence took place between January 22–24. Trump's defense presentation began on January 25. The primary arguments were a lack of direct evidence of wrongdoing, and that Democrats were attempting to use the impeachment to steal the 2020 election. Under the U.S. Constitution, a two-thirds majority of the Senate is required to convict the president.

Officers of the trial

The presiding judge
The only mention of the chief justice in the entire constitution is that he is the presiding officer in the impeachment trial of the president. Under senate rules adopted in 1998, he also exercises this function in the trial of a vice president.

House managers
House managers

Attorneys for the defense
The White House has formally announced its Senate trial counsel as being led by White House Counsel Pat Cipollone and Jay Sekulow, alongside Ken Starr, Alan Dershowitz, Pam Bondi, Jane Raskin, Eric Herschmann, and Robert Ray. Additionally, Michael Purpura and Patrick Philbin will participate in the trial.

On January 20, the White House named eight House Republicans to serve on Trump's defense team: Doug Collins, Mike Johnson, Jim Jordan, Debbie Lesko, Mark Meadows, John Ratcliffe, Elise Stefanik, and Lee Zeldin.
Witness hearings 
There were many witnesses who wished to testify before the Senate. The Senate voted on whether or not to allow witnesses to testify. Fifty-one votes were required to allow witnesses. There were 47 Democrats* and 53 Republicans in the Senate. All the Democrats* voted to allow witnesses to testify. Of the Republicans, Mitt Romney from Utah and Susan Collins of Maine voted to allow witnesses. This did not meet the required number of votes, and so no witnesses were allowed to testify.

Senate verdict
On February 5, 2020 the Senate acquitted Trump on both charges.  The votes were 52-48 to acquit on the first count and 53-47 to acquit on the second count. All Democrats, both independents, and only one Republican, Mitt Romney, voted to convict. The remaining Republicans all voted to acquit.

References

January 2020 events
February 2020 events
Presidency of Donald Trump
Outagamie  is a county in the northeast region of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 176,695. Its county seat is Appleton.

References

Wisconsin counties
Grand Chute (French: great fall or "large rapids") is a town in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States. The unincorporated community of Apple Creek. With a population of 20,919, Grand Chute was the largest town by population in the state of Wisconsin as of the 2010 census. 

It was the birthplace of U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Henri "Hans" van den Broek (; born 11 December 1936) is a Dutch politician. From 1982 through 1993 as Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Ruud Lubbers cabinet.

From 1970 till 1974 he was a member of the municipal council of Rheden.

References

Other websites
  Mr. H. (Hans) van den Broek, Parlement.com

1936 births
Living people
Catholic People's Party politicians
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Deputy government ministers of the Netherlands
Dutch councillors
Dutch lawyers
Dutch lobbyists
Dutch Roman Catholics
European Commissioners
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Politicians from Paris
Bernard Rudolf "Ben" Bot (; born 21 November 1937) is a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).

He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 3 December 2003 until 22 February 2007, replacing Jaap de Hoop Scheffer who resigned to become Secretary General of NATO in 2003.

References

1937 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the Netherlands
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Dutch lobbyists
Dutch Roman Catholics
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Forsyth County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 350,670. It is the fourth-most populous county in North Carolina. Its county seat is Winston-Salem.

History 
The county was made in 1849 from Stokes County.  It was named after Colonel Benjamin Forsyth, who was killed in the War of 1812.

Bordering counties 
These counties are bordered to Forsyth County:
 Stokes County - north
 Rockingham County - northeast
 Guilford County - east
 Davidson County - south
 Davie County - southwest
 Yadkin County - west
 Surry County - northwest

Communities 
These communities are in Forsyth County:

Cities 
 Winston-Salem (county seat)
 High Point (mostly in Guilford County, also in Randolph County, Davidson County)
 King (mostly in Stokes County)

Towns 
 Bethania
 Kernersville (partially in Guilford County)
 Lewisville
 Rural Hall
 Walkertown

Villages 
 Clemmons
 Tobaccoville (also in Stokes County)

Census-designated place 
 Germanton
Unincorporated communities 

 Belews Creek
 Donnaha
 Dozier
 Pfafftown
 Seward
 Stanleyville
 Union Cross
 Vienna

References

Other websites 

 Forsyth County government official website

1840s establishments in North Carolina
1849 establishments in the United States
North Carolina counties
Hattians were an ancient people who inhabited the land of Hatti.

History 
"Land of the Hatti" is the oldest known name for central Anatolia, albeit as an exonym in extraneous sources, such as the Assyrian hatti matu, found on Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets from the period of Sargon the Great of Akkad c. 2350–2150 BC; on those tablets Assyrian-Akkadian traders implored King Sargon for help.

Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Extinct languages
Ancient Armenia
History of Turkey
Hittite Empire
Language isolates
Daniel Mytens, sometimes also called Daniel Mytens the elder, was an English painter, with Dutch roots. He was born in Delft in 1590, and died in 1647 in Den Haag.

 
1590 births
1647 deaths
The Adivasi people of India look very different from the Dravidians and Aryans. Adivasi people face discrimination and it's hard for them to get jobs in the city areas. These groups have survived in the forest and mountain regions in India for many years. They were the first to inhabit India.

Adivasi people are facing discrimination for their skin color, their beliefs and their ethnicity.

Ethnic groups in India
Mark Walter Harris (22 August 1947 – 15 January 2020) was an Australian professional rugby league player. He played as a centre. He played for the Eastern Suburbs (1970–79) and the North Sydney Bears (1980–81). He also played Canadian football for the Montreal Alouettes in the Canadian Football League. He was born in Brisbane, Queensland.

Harris died of throat cancer on 15 January 2020. He was 72.

References

Other websites

Mark Harris at Rugby League Project

2020 deaths
1947 births
Australian rugby league players
Deaths from throat cancer
Montreal Alouettes players
Sportspeople from Brisbane
Vita Kin (; 25 November 1969) is a Ukrainian fashion designer and photographer. Author of embroidered dresses, founder of the Vita Kin brand.

Biography 
Vita Kin was born in Kyiv, Ukraine.

She has been engaged in advertising and fashion photography since 2010. Her work has often been seen in  fashion magazines in Ukraine.

In 2008, Kin launched her own clothing brand Vita Kin for Kindom, which specialized in dresses for the 70s. This brand worked until 2013.
 
In 2013, the designer created the Vyshyvanka by Vita Kin brand, which is based on outfits inspired by the Ukrainian national costume, Vyshyvanka. The first collections were released under the motto "Chic Nationale".

During Paris Fashion Week 2015, Ukrainian fashion designer Vita Kin was featured in Vogue magazine and in Harper's Bazaar for introducing vyshyvankas as modern Bohemian style designs
In April 2015, a Vita Kin collection of embroidered dresses was noted by The Guardian, which quotes the designer as saying that "she can’t stand politics, and she doesn’t want her clothing in any way associated with it".

Also in 2015, The Wall Street Journal named embroidered shirts from Vita kin the most popular summer dresses of 2015. In September, Vita became "The Best Newscomer of 2015" of the Best Fashion Awards. In November 2015, Kin became “The Best Womenswear Designer in Ukraine” of the Elle Style Awards.

In February 2018, Vita Kin was included in the Top 20 Ukrainian innovators according to Focus magazine.

In the spring of 2018, Vita Kin presented a joint collection with the Eres brand. In 2019, Vita presented a new collection of dresses.

In December 2019, Vita Kin collaborated with Amanda Brooks to create a collection of table linens.
Recognition 
 2015 — Best Fashion Awards — The Best Newscomer
 2015 — Elle Style Awards — The Best Womenswear Designer in Ukraine
 2018 — Focus magazine — The Top 20 Ukrainian Innovators

Personal life 
Since 1999, Vita Kin is married to Roman Kindrachuk, co-owner of Radioaktive Film production.

References

Other websites

People from Kyiv
1969 births
Living people
The Lovely Bones is a 2009 supernatural thriller drama movie. It is directed by Peter Jackson. The movie stars Saoirse Ronan, Mark Wahlberg, Stanley Tucci, Rachel Weisz, Susan Sarandon, Rose McIver and Michael Imperioli. The screenplay of the movie was written by Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens and Jackson. The Lovely Bones is based on Alice Sebold's award-winning and bestselling 2002 book of the same name.

The movie follows a girl who is murdered and watches over her family from "the in-between." She is torn between getting revenge on her killer and allowing her family to heal.

The Lovely Bones was first released in November 2009, and internationally in January 2010. Tucci was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the movie.

References

Other websites
Other websites

2000s supernatural movies
2009 thriller movies
American thriller movies
British thriller movies
New Zealand thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in Pennsylvania
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies directed by Peter Jackson
Alice Sebold (born September 6, 1963) is an American writer. Her three published books are Lucky (1999), The Lovely Bones (2002) and The Almost Moon (2007). Lucky is a memoir and describes an experience of rape. The bestselling The Lovely Bones was made into a 2009 movie. The movie was directed by Peter Jackson.

Sebold was born in Madison, Wisconsin. She married writer Glen David Gold in 2001. The couple have since divorced. She lives in San Francisco, California.

Sebold says that she was raped when she was 18 during her college years, and it was believed without question until 2021, when Timothy Mucciante, the executive producer of the film adaptation of Lucky, felt that her story did not make sense and hired private investigators to look into it.
Anthony Broadwater, the man she accused of raping her, was cleared of the crime when the Supreme Court said the evidence against him made no sense and that he was innocent and wrongfully jailed. Broadwater is African-American, and controversy followed as people believed Sebold had lied on purpose to punish a black person for a crime they did not commit racist reasons. This has happened many times before to other black men falsely accused of raping white women and punished, and people saw this incident as another example of it. Whether or not she was actually raped has been called into question as a result.

References

Other websites

1963 births
Living people
American novelists
Writers from Madison, Wisconsin
Benjamín "Chamín" Correa (4 December 1929 – 14 January 2020) was a Mexican guitarist and record producer. He was born in Mexico City. He was known for recording romantic music. He was a member of the Los Tres Caballeros alongside Roberto Cantoral and Leonel Gálvez, beginning in 1954. In 1957, they earned four golden discs.

He also recorded with many famous artists, including Dave Brubeck, Joan Baez, Gloria Estefan, José José, Enrique Guzmán, Luis Miguel, Victor Yturbe El Piruli, and Marco Antonio Muñiz.

His most popular songs include 'El reloj', 'La barca', 'Donde estás', 'Poquita Fe', 'Regalame esta noche', 'Alma de Cristal' and 'Noche no te vayas'.

Correa died of a heart attack in Cuernavaca, Morelos on 14 January 2020, aged 90.

References

Other websites
 
 Romaproducciones 
 Chamin Correa Timeline

1933 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Mexican guitarists
Record producers
Musicians from Mexico City
Frances Rose McIver (born 10 October 1988) is a New Zealand actress. She is best known for starring as Olivia "Liv" Moore in The CW television series iZombie (2015–2019). She has also starred in movies such as The Piano (1993), The Lovely Bones (2009), A Christmas Prince (2017), A Christmas Prince: The Royal Wedding (2018), A Christmas Prince: The Royal Baby (2019) and Daffodils (2019). McIver's television appearances include Xena: Warrior Princess, Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Power Rangers RPM, Masters of Sex and Once Upon a Time.

McIver was born in Auckland. She grew up in Titirangi. Her older brother is actor and musician Paul McIver.

References

Other websites

1988 births
Living people
Entertainers from North Island
New Zealand movie actors
New Zealand stage actors
New Zealand television actors
People from Auckland
Fever Crumb is a novel written by Philip Reeve in 2009. It is a post-apocalyptic science fiction novel, aimed to young adults.

Awards and recognition
2010 Shortlist for the Carnegie Medal
2011 American Library Association Notable Children's Book for Older Readers

References

Other websites
Philip Reeve, Scholastic Ltd.
Book review, The Independent
Book Review, Fantastic Fiction
Fever Crumb Site 

2009 books
Predator Cities
British young adult novels
Science fiction books
Hakeem Sekou Jeffries (; born August 4, 1970) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative for New York's 8th congressional district since 2013. He is a member of the Democratic Party. In 2023, he became the House Minority Leader, the first African-American to hold this position or to be a congressional party leader.

Jeffries chaired the House Democratic Caucus from 2019 to 2023.

On November 30, 2022, Jeffries was elected to lead the Democratic Party caucus in the House of Representatives in 2023, replacing Nancy Pelosi.

References

1970 births
Living people
United States representatives from New York (state)
Politicians from New York City
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
African American politicians
Sylvia Rodriguez Garcia (born September 6, 1950) is an American politician. She has been the U.S. Representative for Texas's 29th congressional district since 2019. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

References

1950 births
Living people
United States representatives from Texas
Politicians from Houston
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Susan Ellen "Zoe" Lofgren (; born December 21, 1947) is an American politician. She has served as a U.S. Representative from California since 1995. She is a  member of the Democratic Party.

References

1947 births
Living people
United States representatives from California
Lawyers from California
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Jason A. Crow (born March 15, 1979) is an American lawyer, veteran, and politician. He is a member of the United States House of Representatives for  since 2019. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

References

1979 births
Living people
Lawyers from Colorado
United States representatives from Colorado
Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from Madison, Wisconsin
Peter Gordon MacKay  (born September 27, 1965) is a Canadian lawyer and politician. He was a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada from 1997 to 2015. He was Minister of Justice and Attorney General (2013–2015), Minister of National Defence (2007–2013), and Minister of Foreign Affairs (2006–2007) in the Cabinet of Canada under Prime Minister Stephen Harper.  MacKay was the last leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. He was the one that made the choice to combine the party with Harper's Canadian Alliance party in 2003 to create the Conservative Party of Canada.

Before becoming a politician, MacKay was a lawyer in Nova Scotia. He was one of the Crown Attorneys in the province. MacKay was the Member of Parliament for the electoral area of Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough from 1997 to 2004 and Central Nova from 2004 to 2015. For the 2015 election, he said that he would not try to be elected again.
In January 2020, MacKay announced his candidacy for Conservative Party leader in the 2020 leadership election. He lost the election to Erin O'Toole.

References

Other websites
 
 

1965 births
Living people
Canadian diplomats
Politicians from Nova Scotia
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Canadian King's Counsel
UKTV is a British free-to-air video channel launched by GOLD, Dave, W, Alibi, Yesterday, Drama and Eden. It was broadcast by the UK and Northern Ireland.

1992 establishments in the United Kingdom
BBC
British television channels
Mikhail Vladimirovich Mishustin (; born 3 March 1966) is a Russian economist politician. Mishustin has been the Prime Minister of Russia since 2020. He was the Head of the Federal Tax Service from 2010 to 2020.

On 15 January 2020, he was nominated for Prime Minister of Russia by President Vladimir Putin.

On 30 April 2020, Mishustin announced that he tested positive for COVID-19.

References

1966 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Russia
Current national leaders
Scientists from Moscow
Sergey Vladilenovich Kiriyenko (; born 26 July 1962) is a Russian politician. He has been the First Deputy Chief of Staff of the Presidential Administration of Russia since 5 October 2016. He was the 30th Prime Minister of Russia from 23 March to 23 August 1998 under President Boris Yeltsin.

References

Prime Ministers of Russia
1962 births
Living people
Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin (; born 2 March 1952) is a Russian politician. He was Prime Minister of Russia in 1999. He was Chairman of the Accounts Chamber of Russia from 2000 until 2013.

References

1952 births
Prime Ministers of Russia
Living people
Mikhail Mikhailovich Kasyanov ( – , born 8 December 1957) is a Russian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Russia from May 2000 to February 2004.

References

1957 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Russia
Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (; born 1 September 1950) is a Russian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Russia from March 2004 to September 2007. Fradkov was the head of Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service from 6 October 2007 to 5 October 2016. 

Since January 2017, Fradkov is the director of the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies.

References

1950 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Russia
Temptation of Wife may refer to:

 Temptation of Wife (2008 TV series), Korean television series
 Temptation of Wife (2012 TV series), Philippine television series
Rocinha is the biggest and most populous favela in Brazil. It is in Rio de Janeiro on a 'doggy-style' hill. Its population is about 69,000 people.

References

Settlements in Brazil
Rio de Janeiro
About a Girl may refer to:

"About a Girl" (Nirvana song)
"About a Girl" (Sugababes song)
"About a Girl" (The Academy Is song)
About a Girl (album), album by Winter Gloves
About a Girl (TV series), Canadian television series
About a Girl (2001 film), short film
About a Girl (2014 film), German film
The Prime Minister of North Macedonia, officially the President of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia (; ), is the head of government of North Macedonia. The first Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) was Nikola Kljusev from 27 January 1991 to 17 August 1992.

The current Prime Minister of North Macedonia is Dimitar Kovačevski.

List of prime ministers of Macedonia

Socialist Republic of Macedonia 
 Party

Republic of Macedonia / North Macedonia 
 Parties

 Status

References 

North Macedonia
Holby City (styled as HOLBY CI+Y) is a British medical drama television series shown weekly on BBC One. The series was created by Tony McHale and Mal Young as a spin-off from the BBC medical drama Casualty. It was first shown on 12 January 1999; the show ran until 29 March 2022. It is set in the same hospital as Casualty in the fictional city of Holby. Some episodes have characters and plots shared with Casualty. There have been episodes broadcast as Casualty@Holby City. Some episodes have characters and plots shared with the show's 2007 police procedural spin-off HolbyBlue.

Holby City is shown once a week, all year round. Each series now contains 52 episodes.

The show follows the lives of medical and ancillary staff at the fictional Holby City Hospital.

As of January 2020, twenty-one series of Holby City have been shown. It is made at the BBC Elstree Centre in Hertfordshire. It has featured episodes filmed on location abroad. From October 2010, Holby City moved to high definition broadcasting.
The series uses a team of researchers to ensure medical accuracy. Surgeons check the scripts. Cast members are taught to perform basic medical procedures. They spend time on hospital wards for research. 

Holby City has been nominated for over 100 television awards. It has won ten awards. The 2008 British Academy Television Award for Best Continuing Drama, one Black Entertainment Film Fashion Television and Arts (BEFFTA) award, two Ethnic Multicultural Media Awards, two Music Video and Screen Awards, and four Screen Nation awards. 

The first series averaged 9.27 million viewers. The eleventh series averaged 5.44 million viewers. Later series have had over 4 million viewers per week.
Production
The first series had eleven main characters. All have since left the show. New main characters have been written in and out of the series. There are fifteen main characters. Well known actors regularly appear. Cast members have included Patsy Kensit, Jane Asher, Robert Powell, Ade Edmondson, John Michie, Al Hunter Ashton, Alex Walkinshaw and Jemma Redgrave.

In September 2016 the BBC said the show would be put up for tender. 
The tender document said the contract would be open to independent producers and BBC Studios. It would be for three series of at least 50 episodes each. It would be delivered from December 2017 with no break in transmission. It would be produced at BBC Elstree Centre. 
BBC Studios was the winning bidder and will continue to produce the show to 2020.
Development
Holby City was created by Tony McHale and Mal Young as a spin-off from the BBC medical drama Casualty. It is set in the fictional Holby City Hospital. 
Young wanted to explore what happened to patients treated in Casualty once they were taken to the hospital's surgical wards. 
The stories on Casualty are limited to the "accident of the week". Holby City has stories about long-term care, rather than immediate life and death decisions. 

The series was commissioned by BBC One Controller Peter Salmon. It was first shown on BBC One on 12 January 1999.

Since its beginning, it has expanded to cover other wards. These include a gynaecology ward, an acute assessment unit and a maternity ward. 
Young explained that new wards are necessary to allow the crew to rotate sets.
Episodes of Holby City cost around £370,000 to produce. This is more than the BBC soap opera EastEnders which costs £130,000 per episode. Casualty costs £450,000 per episode. As Holby City is a high-volume, year-round production, it has relatively low production costs. Set-up costs can be spread over many years. Sets can be re-used. This is not the case for shorter series or one-off dramas.

Former Casualty producer Johnathan Young was an executive producer of Holby first series. 
Mal Young was executive producer of Holby City until 2004. 
Kathleen Hutchison worked with Mal Young as co-executive producer from 2003 to 2004. She left the series to become executive producer of EastEnders. 

In March 2011, Johnathan Young returned to the BBC as executive producer of both Casualty and Holby City.
Writing
Holby City storylines are planned eight months in advance. The series has a number of scriptwriters. They are found and scheduled by script development editor Simon Harper. 
Harper finds some writers through the BBC Writers Academy. This is a course which gives its graduates the chance to work on prime time television. McHale teaches at the academy, and graduate Abi Bown went on to become a regular writer for Holby City. 
Harper also recruits writers through the BBC's Continuing Drama Shadow Scheme. 

McHale wrote the series' first episode, and served as the show's lead writer. 
His 2006 promotion to executive producer was part Controller of BBC Drama Production John Yorke's plan to "put writers back at the heart of the process". Yorke said McHale's promotion was "fantastic. It means that for the first time you've got a writer running one of our big powerhouse BBC1 shows."
After McHale resigned the lead writer was Justin Young. He wants a more writer-led process from series 13 onwards. Writers will create more of the story of their episodes than before.

Medical accuracy
The serial employs a team of researchers to advise writers on nursing issues and health service politics. One medical advisor was given a cameo appearance in the series as an orthopaedic surgeon. Another advisor, recovery nurse Rachel Carter, appears in Holby City as a scrub nurse. 
The programme uses different types os surgeons to check scripts for accuracy. Carter believes this is important as viewers might copy what they see in the show, such as CPR.
Actor Amanda Mealing said: "We pride ourselves on being realistic. You need to know what you are doing and why. It is a complex and foreign thing to act out an operation. For training, I watched a number of real ones." 
Cast members are taught how to give injections, monitor blood pressure and check a pulse, and some watch procedures in hospitals. 
Original cast member George Irving observed coronary artery bypass surgery performed at Papworth and Middlesex Hospital in preparation for his role as Anton Meyer. Edward MacLiam observed laparoscopic surgery being performed before joining the cast as Greg Douglas in series twelve.

Filming and on-screen output
Holby City and Casualty are both set in Holby City Hospital. This is in the fictional county of Wyvern in the southwest of England close to the Welsh border. 
Bristol is used for city exteriors. Interior filming of Holby City is at BBC Elstree Centre in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire.
The Casualty set in Bristol was not large enough for the surgical ward and operating theatre needed for Holby City. So some scenes in the first episode had to be shot twice, first on the Casualty set and then again at Elstree, with cast members travelling between the two locations. 

In October 2007, The Daily Telegraph reported that the Elstree site would be sold, and Holby City moved to share a set with Casualty, possibly in Cardiff. 
In March 2009, the BBC said that Casualty would move to a new set in Cardiff. In April 2009, The Guardian said that the BBC would retain Elstree Studios for at least another four years.
Some episodes have been shot on location abroad. In 2004, the romance between nurse Jess Griffin (Verona Joseph) and anaesthetist Zubin Khan (Art Malik) had an episode set in Paris. 
In 2005, registrar Diane Lloyd (Patricia Potter) followed consultant Ric Griffin (Hugh Quarshie) to Ghana. This was part of the BBC's "Africa lives" series, a week of programmes bringing African culture to UK audiences. 
In 2006, an episode in Switzerland had consultant Elliot Hope's (Paul Bradley) wife Gina (Gillian Bevan) committing assisted suicide after her motor neurone disease worsened. 
A 2007 episode in Dubai focused on Holby registrar Joseph Byrne (Luke Roberts) meeting new nurse Faye Morton (Patsy Kensit).
In 2008, Joseph and consultant Linden Cullen (Duncan Pow) travelled to Cape Town. 
In November 2008, series producer Diana Kyle said that they would not be filming abroad again for the "foreseeable future".
Holby City is shot using the single-camera setup. 
Filming occurs from 8 am until 6 pm daily, 50 weeks a year. 
From July 2007 onwards, the show took on the filmising technique, giving the impression of having been shot on film. 
On 28 May 2010, the BBC announced that Holby City would move to HD by the end of the year. 
The series moved to HD broadcasting, with a BBC HD simulcast, from the start of series 13 in October 2010.
Music
From the eleventh series a musical montage segment was included in each episode. This was introduced by McHale to modernise the show. This use of songtages was first popularised by the US medical drama Grey's Anatomy. McHale stated he was unaware of this until after Holby City had used the technique. 
Music is selected by each episode's scriptwriter. Sometimes the producers and director would select the music in post-production. Actors have had some input: Hugh Quarshie selected the music he believed his character Ric Griffin would listen to in theatre. Asked in June 2010 whether she felt songtages were appropriate for a serious drama show, Kyle said: "they are an excellent way of telling stories visually".

Broadcast

Holby City was first shown on 12 January 1999 on BBC One. 
The show's first series ran for nine episodes.
In June 2000, then Director-General of the BBC Greg Dyke pledged extra funding for BBC One, some of which was used for extra episodes of Holby City. 
The second series ran for 16 episodes.
The third series ran for 30 episodes.
Episodes were shown weekly from the fourth series onwards. 
Series four to nine ran for 52 episodes. Series ten ran for 53 episodes, including the stand-alone finale episode "Mad World", set outside the hospital. Series eleven ran for 52 episodes. Series twelve had 55 episodes.
All series from then on had 52 episodes. The series reached its 500th episode on 13 April 2010.
In the first series episodes were 50 minutes long. From the second series episodes have been one hour. 
The first series was shown on Tuesday nights at 8.10 pm. The second series moved to Thursdays. Halfway through the third series in 2001, Holby moved back to Tuesday night at 8.05 pm. It then moved into the 8pm timeslot, where it has remained. The show is occasionally shown on a different day. 
In 2007, the show moved to Thursday nights to allow HolbyBlue to be shown in the 8pm Tuesday timeslot.  BBC One Scotland has often shown the series at a later time.

In February 2019, it was announced that repeats of Holby City would begin on the channel Drama. This would begin with the first series.

In Finland it is shown on the channel Yle TV2 and is called "Holby Cityn sairaala".

Series twenty-two started on 7 January 2020.

Characters and cast

Characters
Characters

Holby City follows the professional and personal lives of medical and ancillary staff at Holby General. It has an ensemble cast of main and recurring characters. The show has 10 to 20 main characters.

The original cast of 11 characters featured in the show's first episode was consultants Anton Meyer (George Irving) and Muriel McKendrick (Phyllis Logan), registrars Nick Jordan (Michael French) and Kirstie Collins (Dawn McDaniel), senior house officer Victoria Merrick (Lisa Faulkner), ward sister Karen Newburn (Sarah Preston), theatre sister Ellie Sharpe (Julie Saunders), senior staff nurse Ray Sykes (Ian Curtis), staff nurses Julie Bradford (Nicola Stephenson) and Jasmine Hopkins (Angela Griffin), and ward clerk Paul Ripley (Luke Mably).
Casting
For the first series, Young selected actors who were already established and had a soap opera background. Young had previously worked on the soap operas Brookside and Family Affairs 
French had starred in the BBC's EastEnders, while Stephenson and Faulkner had starred in Brookside. Griffin had also appeared in ITV's Coronation Street. Hiring of established actors continued as the soap progressed, with former Brookside actress Patricia Potter cast as registrar Diane Lloyd, Star Wars actor Denis Lawson cast as consultant Tom Campbell-Gore, and Family Affairs star Rocky Marshall cast as SHO Ed Keating. Later, roles were given to comedian Adrian Edmondson, film actress Patsy Kensit, and Jesus of Nazareth star Powell.
There is a casting department at Elstree Studios which casts actors for Holby City as well as Casualty, EastEnders and Doctors. The programme also has two casting directors who bring in actors for the producer and director to audition. Some cast members who play main characters have made previous appearances in minor Holby City roles.
Current characters include acting chief executive officer and consultant neurosurgeon Max McGerry (Jo Martin), consultant general surgeon and medical director Ric Griffin (Hugh Quarshie), consultant cardiothoracic surgeons lead Jac Naylor (Rosie Marcel) and Kian Madani (Ramin Karimloo), consultant general surgeons Ben Sherwood (Charlie Condou), Ange Godard (Dawn Steele), Sacha Levy (Bob Barrett), and Serena Campbell (Catherine Russell), speciality registrars Dominic Copeland (David Ames), Xavier Duval (Marcus Griffiths), and Chloe Godard (Amy Lennox), foundation training doctors Nicky McKendrick (Belinda Owusu) and Cameron Dunn (Nic Jackman), director of nursing Adrian "Fletch" Fletcher (Alex Walkinshaw), and senior staff nurses Donna Jackson (Jaye Jacobs) and Essie Harrison (Kaye Wragg).

Guest stars
Holby City has had a number of famous guest stars.

In the first few series:
Emma Samms
Ronald Pickup
Leslie Phillips 

In the fiftieth episode
Anita Dobson
Peter Bowles
Susannah York
Other notable guest stars include
Paul Blackthorne,
Suzanne Shaw,
Geoffrey Hutchings,
Richard Todd,
Johnny Briggs,
Terence Rigby,
Michael Obiora,
Lionel Jeffries.
Richard Briers appeared as patient George Woodman in the Christmas episode "Elliot's Wonderful Life". 
Eric Sykes played Roger Ludlow, a patient with Alzheimer's disease. 
Phill Jupitus starred as morbidly obese patient Andy Thompson. 
Kieron Dyer was in four episodes as an injury prone footballer. 
Denise Welch had a recurring role as risk manager Pam McGrath, mother of nurse Keri. 
Clarke Peters appeared for five episodes in 2009 as the father of nurse Donna Jackson. 
Graeme Garden had a recurring role from 2003 to 2007 as cardiothoracic consultant Edward Loftwood. 
Cascade Brown played Sophie Hindmarsh in 2004. 
Antonio Fargas appeared in 2003 as Victor Garrison, a patient with Parkinson's disease. 
Sheridan Smith appeared for six episodes in 2001 as teenage stalker Miranda Locke. 
David Soul made two appearances as Professor Alan Fletcher.
Walk-on roles
In 2003, the BBC reached an agreement with the actors' union Equity to cease offering walk-on drama series roles to members of the public as prizes. When an untrained person won such a role in Holby City in a competition, Equity complained to the broadcaster that such prizes were "demeaning" to actors, depriving them of paid employment. The competition winner was allowed to visit the Holby City set, but did not appear on-screen as a result of the policy change.

Adaptations and other appearances

Casualty@Holby City
The BBC has shown occasional crossover mini-dramas entitled Casualty@Holby City. It has a number of characters from each of the two casts. 
Before Casualty@Holby City, the two shows had occasionally crossed-over storylines and cast members before. For example developing a romance between Holby City Ben Saunders (David Paisley) and Casualty Tony Vincent (Lee Warburton). 
The first full crossover was made by Casualty executive producer Mervyn Watson, and Holby City McHale. Work on both shows had to be halted for two weeks to release cast members to appear in the special.

A second crossover was commissioned in 2005 as part of the BBC's DoNation season. This aimed to raise public awareness of organ donation and to decide to sign up to the Organ Donor Register. An interactive episode of Casualty@Holby City was one of the headlining shows of the season, allowing viewers to vote by phone to determine the outcome of a fictional organ donation.
The third Casualty@Holby City crossover aired in October 2005. The four-part storyline tackled the issue of youth violence, following the events of a turbulent A&E demonstration at an inner-city school. 

Another crossover was ordered for Christmas 2005. Rather than dividing the episodes between the two series' crews as had previously been standard, this crossover operated as an entirely separate production, with Kyle producing and Paul Harrison directing.

In February 2010, another crossover occurred when Casualty Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson) was operated on by Holby City Elliot Hope after suffering a heart attack. The storyline was shown as Casualty and Holby City episodes, rather than under the Casualty@Holby City title. 
Casualty series producer Oliver Kent commented that, while it is "fantastic" to be able to produce crossover episodes, they are logistically difficult, and it is unlikely that another Casualty@Holby City episode will be produced in the "foreseeable future".
In September 2010, Holby City nurse Donna Jackson (Jaye Jacobs) appeared in Casualty, and Kent hopes that characters from the two shows will begin to crossover two or three times a year.

HolbyBlue

On 27 April 2006, the BBC announced Holby Blue, a police procedural spin-off from Holby City. It was created by Tony Jordan.
 

Holby City was moved to Thursdays for the duration of HolbyBlue first series, with the spin-off broadcast on Tuesday nights at 8 pm. 
In 2008, a two-part crossover episode with Holby City was developed for the beginning of the show's second series. The episodes were written by McHale and Jordan. Holby City registrar Jac Naylor accused of murder. 
Yorke compared the crossover to the American CSI franchise, in that: "You really believe it's a world."
The second series attracted 5.6 million viewers to its opening episode. By the end of May 2008 viewer numbers had fallen to 2.5 million. 
In August 2008, the BBC announced that, due to lower ratings, Holby Blue would not be recommissioned for a third series.

Other appearances
In June 2002, cast members from Holby City and Casualty competed against the EastEnders cast for the first Sport Relief fundraiser, dubbed "Sport in the Square". The teams competed in events such as taxi pulling, melon tossing and a beer keg relay. 
The competition was shown on BBC One, and the event raised £10 million. 

In October 2003, BBC One aired a "Kenyon Confronts" documentary by Panorama reporter Paul Kenyon, investigating hospitals run by the Private Finance Initiative. He discovered many problems within the hospitals, which were dramatised by the Holby City cast in specially written scenes.
In March 2004, the documentary "Making It at Holby" was made as part of a BBC initiative to develop new acting talent. The documentary followed the casting process of Holby City and Casualty, from the audition stages to the filming of the selected actors' first scenes.

In November 2006, the Children in Need charity telethon included a segment featuring the Holby City cast performing a comical version of "Hung Up" by Madonna. 

In November 2007 Children in Need appeal again contained a musical performance from Holby City cast members. Sharon D Clarke, backed by Nadine Lewington, Rakie Ayola and Phoebe Thomas performed a soul version of Aretha Franklin's signature song, "Respect".

On 28 June 2008, Holby City stars competed against their Casualty counterparts in a special charity edition of BBC Two game-show The Weakest Link. 

In February 2010, Holby City and Casualty cast members performed a dance rendition of "Jai Ho" for Let's Dance for Sport Relief.

Reception
Reception

Critical response
Holby City has been compared to other medical dramas, often unfavourable. 

In November 2002, John Whiston, then head of drama at Granada Television, accused the BBC of producing inferior "parodies" of ITV drama. He commented "With Holby City cloned out of Casualty, the BBC has even ended up copying itself." 

Paul Hoggart of The Times says that the differences between the two shows are "mild", calling Holby City: "Casualty cute little sister". 

Kevin Lygo, director of television at Channel 4, referred to Holby City as "sudsy drama", deeming it, Casualty and HolbyBlue "all decent programmes, but strikingly similar in many aspects of their tone and construction." 

Holby City has been unfavourably compared with the American medical drama ER. Television producer Paul Abbott has commented that although he watches ER, he does not watch Holby City as: "it looks like you've crammed one hour's drama into 26 episodes."
In October 2009, former Holby City writer Peter Jukes wrote a critical piece for Prospect magazine, contrasting the show negatively with the standard of American television dramas. Jukes wrote that Holby City has become a soap opera, rather than a drama, and deemed the episodes he worked on "the most dispiriting experiences in [his] 25 years as a dramatist."
In August 2002, Paul Bolt, director of the Broadcasting Standards Commission criticised BBC programming as being "humdrum" and "formulaic", saying of Holby City and the police procedural Mersey Beat: "One begins to wonder what really is the point of the BBC bringing this to us. Let's have something a bit different." Then head of BBC drama Jane Tranter responded that Bolt's examples were "highly selective" as well as "hugely patronising to the millions of viewers who enjoy popular dramas like Holby City – week in, week out". Young, who at the time held the position of head of drama serials, told The Guardian: "Popular drama has always been singled out for criticism, but people are increasingly voting with their on-buttons."
At the 2003 Edinburgh International Television Festival, BSykB chief executive Tony Ball called for stricter restrictions on how the BBC spent licence payers' money, suggesting that Holby City be sold to the channel's commercial rivals, with the proceeds used to develop more original programming. The BBC refused Ball's suggestion, responding in a statement: "This speech clearly reflects BSkyB's view that programmes are merely a commodity to be bought and sold."

In 2003, former BBC host Sir Ludovic Kennedy complained that ethnic minorities were over-represented on television, prompting a BBC spokeswoman to explain that Holby City has more ethnic characters as it is set in an area where minorities account for up to 30% of the population. According to the 2001 census, the population of Bristol – which the city of Holby is loosely based upon – is 88% white and 12% ethnic minorities.
In October 2003, Holby City was praised by campaigners for the Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID), when an episode which coincided with "Learn To Sign Week" used deaf actors, and featured characters communicating through British Sign Language. RNID chief executive John Low stated: "Too often individuals have to rely on family members or friends to communicate complicated personal information to professionals. This is the reason the RNID is calling on the government to channel funding into the training of British Sign Language interpreters who could then be available to NHS staff treating deaf patients." Stokes commented: "The writer had a great story he wanted to tell – for us, that's what matters first and foremost."

In June 2004, Charles Allen, chief executive of ITV plc questioned the amount of funding spent on lengthened episodes of Holby City, 

A 2008 a Channel 4 report into ethnic diversity on television, cited Holby City as a positive example of "diverse British programm[ing]".
In January 2010, Janet Street-Porter in The Independent, said Holby City had "come to the end of [its] natural life" and should be cancelled.

Realism
The show has been criticised for its lack of realism. 

In February 2004, nurse Vici Hoban said that there were three nurse stereotypes. "Sex object, doctor's handmaiden, or angel". She felt that the media had increased these misconceptions. She said that with "the syringe-toting serial killer Kelly in Holby City, realism has never been top of TV's agenda." Hoban felt that the worst offender at the time was the Channel 4 medical drama No Angels. She described as: "so inaccurate that it makes Holby City look like a factual documentary." 

In November 2009, Antony Sumara, CEO of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Hospital Trust, wrote a column criticising Holby City for misrepresenting real hospital life.
In December 2009, Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent reviewed an episode, finding it "astonishing" that any patients leave Holby General alive, as the staff are "so busy looking stricken or lovelorn at each other".

Misuse of alcohol has been criticised.

In December 2003, The Times Libby Purves wrote a critical opinion piece, observing that Holby City medical staff are often depicted getting drunk in clubs, but afterwards are able to function properly at work, and that as a result, alcohol "is made to look innocent". 

In October 2004, Canon Kenyon Wright, chair of Alcohol Focus Scotland, criticised an episode of Holby City which saw doctors downing tequila slammers, stating that it glamorised irresponsible drinking.