Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
." The British observed the Manchus killing their own children and wives and committing suicide as they lost : “As we marched along the walls, I saw, what as a novice in this description of warfare shocked me much, old men, women and children, cutting each other's throats, and drowning themselves by the dozen; and no one either attempting or apparently showing any inclination to save the poor wretches, nor in fact regarding them with more notice than they would a dead horse carried through the streets of London to the kennel." “ After we had forced our way over piles of furniture, placed to barricade the door, we entered an open court strewed with rich stuffs and covered with clotted blood; and upon the steps leading to the hall of ancestors,' there were two bodies of youthful Tartars cold and stiff, much alike, apparently brothers. Having gained the threshold of their abode, they had died where they had fallen, from the loss of blood
. Stepping over these bodies, we entered the hall, and met, face to face, three women seated, a mother and two daughters; and at their feet lay to bodies of elderly men, with their throats cut from ear to ear, their senseless heads resting upon the feet of their relations. To the right were two yonng girls, beautiful and delicate, crouching over, and endeavoring to conceal a living soldier."
Southern Han Chinese coolies helped the British and French destroy Qing Manchu Eight Banner armies at the Battle of Taku Forts (1860).

25,000 Manchus were slaughtered by Taiping forces in Nanjing.

At the Temple of Heaven all seven daughters of the Manchu official Yulu were gang raped on August 11 by Eight Nation Alliance soldiers after Yulu committed suicide.

Women's chastity was guarded by keeping them in the inner quarters of the house in Han culture and Manchus adopted this practice from Han after the Qing was founded.

The Manchu are still a separate ethnicity from the Han Chinese and are categorized as a separate ethnic minority by the government of China but the majority of Manchus no longer speak their own language much as the majority of the Irish people remain separate from English but speak English as their first language.

Other websites 
 http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/EthnicGroups/136932.htm
 Qiren.cn (Simplified Chinese)

Notes 

Ethnic groups in China
Kristanna Sommer Loken or Kristanna Sommer Løken (born October 8, 1979) is an American actress known for her work in both film and television, and a former fashion model. She is perhaps known as T-X from the movie Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) and Rayne from the movie Bloodrayne (2006).

All of Loken's four grandparents were immigrants to the United States from Norway. She is openly bisexual.

Filmography
 Mortal Kombat Conquest (1998) (as Taja)
 Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003) as T-X
 Ring of the Nibelungs (2004) as Brunhild
 BloodRayne (2006) as Rayne
 The L Word (2007) as Paige Sobel
 Painkiller Jane (2007) as Jane Vasco / Painkiller Jane
 In the Name of the King (2008) as Elora

References

Other websites
KristannaLoken.net (Official website) (requires Flash)
 (Official)

Kristana Loken Comes Out

Interviews
Manila Standard Today interview (January 27, 2006)
Curve interview  (January 2006)
JoBlo.com interview (December 29, 2005)
1979 births
Living people
Actors from New York (state)
LGBT people from New York (state)
Models from New York (state)
American movie actors
American television actors
Bisexual people
LGBT actors
LGBT models
Geneva (,  ,  ,  , ) is the second biggest city in Switzerland. Only Zürich is bigger. Geneva is the biggest city in Romandy (the French-speaking part of Switzerland).

Geneva is the capital of the Republic and Canton of Geneva. It is situated where the Rhône River leaves Lake Geneva (called in French Lac Léman).

Geneva is a very important financial and diplomatic center. There are many international organizations in Geneva, including the United Nations and the Red Cross. A 2009 survey states that Geneva has the third highest quality of living in the world (narrowly outranked by Zürich).

Internationally, Geneva is strongly associated with the Geneva Conventions.

History
History 

Geneva was first written about as a border town, set up to protect the Roman Empire against the Helvetii. The Romans took the city in 120 B.C. In A.D. 443 it was taken by Burgundy, and with the latter fell to the Franks in 534. In 888 the town was part of the new Kingdom of Burgundy, and with it was taken over in 1033 by the German Emperor.
 
From 1154 the bishops of Geneva had the status of prince of the Holy Roman Empire, but the counts of Geneva and later the counts of Savoy were "guardians", always ready to take over from the bishops. In 1290 the counts of Savoy got the right to appoint a deputy ruler (vice-dominus) of the diocese, the title of Vidame of Geneva was granted to the family of count François de Candie of Chambéry-Le-Vieux a Chatellaine of the Savoy. The vidominus or Curia Viscount of Geneva, had legal and financial powers over the town, under the control of the Bishop and the Duchy of Savoy.
In 1387 Bishop Adhémar Fabry granted the town its great charter, the basis of its communal self-government, which every bishop on his accession was expected to confirm. The last Count of Geneva died in 1394, and the House of Savoy took over their land. In 1416 the counts became dukes, and kept trying to bring the city of Geneva under their control, often by making members of their own family to Bishops of Geneva. The city protected itself by joining the Swiss Federation (Eidgenossenschaft), uniting itself in 1426 with Berne and Fribourg.
 
In the Protestant Reformation Bern favoured the new Protestant teaching and demanded liberty of preaching for the Reformers Guillaume Farel and Antoine Froment, but Catholic Fribourg renounced in its union with Geneva in 1511. Later the Protestant leader John Calvin was based in Geneva from 1536 to his death in 1564.
At the Congress of Vienna (1814-15) the territory of Geneva was enlarged to cover 15 Savoyard and 6 French parishes, with more than 16,000 Catholics; at the same time it became a part of the Swiss Confederation. The treaty said that Catholic religion was to be protected, and that no changes were to be made without agreement with the Holy See. Later, Pope Pius VII made the cities of Geneva and Lausanne a new diocese of and part of Geneva diocese that was in France part of the French diocese of Annecy.

The Protestant and Old Catholic churches got money from the city taxes, but the Roman Catholics did not. On 30 June 1907, most of the Catholics of Geneva voted for the separation of Church and State.

Geography 

Geneva is located at 46°12' North, 6°09' East, at the south-western end of Lake Geneva, where the lake meets the Rhône River. It is surrounded by two mountain chains, the Alps and the Jura.

The city of Geneva has an area of . The area of the Canton of Geneva is .
The altitude of Geneva is 373.6 m.  This is the altitude of the largest of the Pierres du Niton, two large rocks in the lake that are used as a reference point for surveying in Switzerland.
The second main river of Geneva is the Arve River which flows into the Rhône River just west of the city centre.
Geneva has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification). Winters are cool and generally a little cloudy. During the winter, it is possible to have several days without thawing, and a day or two with severe freezes where the thermometer displays -10 °C. There are several days each month when, if anticyclonic conditions are stable, the clouds may stay for several days. From March, with temperatures rising it feels like summer in late May. However, the rain intensifies and often has a stormy character during the month of May. These may be short but strong storms depositing several centimetres of rain within just a few minutes. Summers are often hot and rather humid, although some may be more changeable, the mornings remain relatively fresh. During the summer season, the rains are less frequent but more intense. This is the season where you most likely get thunderstorms with hail. If the weather in early September is still hot, it cools down quickly to become really cold in November
. The morning frosts are then reappearing. Autumn is also the season of mists, and the month of October is often the month with the most fog in the year. The fog can be very intense, restricting vision to less than 100 m in the areas outside the city.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Geneva was  on 7 July 2015.
Cityscape

Culture

Media 
The city's main newspaper is the Tribune de Genève, a daily newspaper founded on 1 February 1879 by James T. Bates, with a readership of about 187,000.
Le Courrier, founded in 1868, was originally supported by the Roman Catholic Church, but has been completely independent since 1996. Mainly focused on Geneva, Le Courrier is trying to expand into other cantons in Romandy. Both Le Temps (headquartered in Geneva) and Le Matin are widely read in Geneva, but both actually cover the whole of Romandy.
Geneva is covered by the various French language radio networks of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, in particular the Radio Suisse Romande. While these networks cover the whole of Romandy, special programs related to Geneva are sometimes broadcast on some of the local frequencies in the case of special events such as elections. Other local station broadcast from the city, including RadioLac (FM 91.8 MHz), Radio Cité (Non-commercial radio, FM 92.2 MHz), OneFM (FM 107.0 MHz, also broadcast in Vaud), and World Radio Geneva (FM 88.4 MHz), Switzerland's only English-language radio station.

The main television channel covering Geneva is the Radio Télévision Suisse (RTS); while its headquarters are in Geneva, the programmes cover the whole of French-speaking Switzerland. Léman Bleu is a local TV channel, founded in 1996 and distributed by cable. Because Geneva is nearly surrounded by France, many French television and radio channels can be picked up in Geneva.

Entertainment
Entertainment 

Theatre
Most theatre in Geneva is in French, however there are several companies that stage regular English productions.

Cinema
Movie going is a favorite activity in Geneva and there are plenty of theaters throughout the city. Most movies are dubbed into French.  Because of the number of English speakers in the city movies may also be subtitled.

Restaurants
In has over 1,000 restaurants, so it is the undisputed capital of cuisine in Switzerland. However eating out can be expensive, and many people drive the few kilometres over the border into France where prices are lower.
Traditions and customs 
Since 1818, a particular chestnut tree is used as the official "herald of the spring" in Geneva. The sautier (secretary of the Parliament of the Canton of Geneva) observes the tree and notes the day of arrival of the first bud. While this event has no practical impact, the sautier issues a formal press release and the local newspaper will usually mention the news. In 2007, the first bud appeared on 2 March.

Geneva celebrates Jeune genevois on the first Thursday following a Sunday in September.  By local tradition, this commemorates when the news of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of Huguenots reached Geneva.  The Genevois (people of Geneva) joke that the federal equivalent holiday, Jeune fédéral, is celebrated two weeks later on account of the rest of the country being a bit slow on the uptake.
Sports 
The main sport team in Geneva is Servette FC, a football club founded in 1890 and named after a borough on the right bank of the Rhône River. Servette was the only club to have remained in the top league in Switzerland since its creation in the 1930s; however, in 2005, management problems caused the bankruptcy of the club's parent company, causing the club to be demoted two divisions lower. It is now playing in second division. Geneva is also home of the Genève-Servette Hockey Club, who play in the Swiss Nationalliga A.

Local government 

The city of Geneva is divided into 8 "quartiers" or districts, often made up of several conglomerated neighborhoods. On the Left Bank (Rive Gauche) these include Jonction, Centre / Plainpalais / Acacias, Eaux-Vives and Champel while the Right Bank includes Saint-Jean / Charmilles, Servette / Petit-Saconnex, Grottes / Saint-Gervaise and Paquis / Nations.
Demographics 
As of 2005, the population of the Commune (city) of Geneva was 185,028, while 441,000 people lived in the Canton of Geneva; around 960,000 people live in the Geneva urban community, which extends into Vaud Canton and neighbouring France.

The population of the Canton is split between 148,500 people originally from Geneva (33.7%), 122,400 Swiss from other cantons (27.6%) and 170,500 foreigners (38.7%), from 180 different countries. Including people holding multiple citizenship, 54.4% of people living in Geneva hold a foreign passport.

While Geneva is usually considered a Protestant city, there are now more Roman Catholics (39.5%) than Protestants (17.4%) living in the Canton. 22% of the inhabitants claim not to be religious, the rest being shared between Islam (4.4%), Judaism (1.1%), other religions and people who did not respond.
Economy 
Geneva's economy is mainly services oriented. The city has an important and old finance sector, which is specialized in private banking (managing assets of about 1 trillion USD) and financing of international trade. It is also an important centre of commodity trade.

Geneva hosts the international headquarters of companies like JT International (JTI), Mediterranean Shipping Company, Serono, SITA, Société Générale de Surveillance and STMicroelectronics. Many other multinational companies like Caterpillar, DuPont, Electronic Arts, Hewlett-Packard, INVISTA, Procter & Gamble and Sun Microsystems have their European headquarters in the city too.

There is a long tradition of watchmaking (Baume et Mercier, Chopard, Franck Muller, Patek Philippe, Rolex, Raymond Weil, Omega, etc.). Two major international producers of flavours and fragrances, Firmenich and Givaudan, have their headquarters and main production facilities in Geneva.
Many people also work in the numerous offices of international organizations in Geneva (about 24,000 in 2001).

Geneva Motor Show is one of the most important international auto-shows. The show is held at Palexpo, a giant convention centre located next to the International Airport.  The show is so important that the Jet d'Eau is switched on for longer than usual because of all the visitors in the city during the show.

Infrastructure

Transport 
The city is served by the Geneva Cointrin International Airport. It is connected to both the Swiss railway network SBB-CFF-FFS, and the French SNCF network, including direct connections to Paris, Marseille and Montpellier by TGV. Geneva is also connected to the motorway systems of both Switzerland (A1 motorway) and France.
Public transport by bus, trolleybus or tram is provided by Transports Publics Genevois (TPG). In addition to an extensive coverage of the city centre, the network covers most of the municipalities of the Canton, with a few lines extending into France. Public transport by boat is provided by the Mouettes Genevoises, which link the two banks of the lake within the city, and by the Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman (CGN) which serves more distant destinations such as Nyon, Yvoire, Thonon, Evian, Lausanne and Montreux using both modern diesel vessels and vintage paddle steamers.
Trains operated by SBB connect the airport to the main station of Cornavin in six minutes, and carry on to towns such as Nyon, Lausanne, Fribourg, Montreux, Neuchâtel, Berne, Sion, Sierre, etc. Regional train services are being increasingly developed, towards Coppet and Bellegarde. At the city limits, two new stations have been created since 2002: Genève-Sécheron (close to the UN and the Botanical Gardens) and Lancy-Pont-Rouge.

In 2005, work started on the CEVA (Cornavin - Eaux-Vives - Annemasse) project, first planned in 1884, which will connect Cornavin with the Cantonal hospital, the Eaux-Vives station and Annemasse, in France. The link between the main station and the classification yard of La Praille already exists; from there, the line will go mostly underground to the Hospital and the Eaux-Vives, where it will link up to the existing line to France. Support for this project was obtained from all parties in the local parliament.
Taxis in Geneva can be difficult to find, and may need to be booked in advance especially in the early morning or at peak hours.  In addition, which may be surprising in a modern country like Switzerland, taxis often refuse to take babies and children.

Education 
The University of Geneva was founded by John Calvin in 1559. The International School of Geneva is the oldest international school in the world. It was founded in 1924 along with the League of Nations.

Geneva is also home to one of the most prestigious graduate schools of international relations, the Graduate Institute of International Studies. Other international schools include the International School of Geneva and Institut International de Lancy (founded in 1903).

The Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations is a private university located on the grounds of the Château de Penthes, an old castle with a park and view of Lac Leman.
The Canton of Geneva's public school system has "écoles primaires" (4-12), "cycles d'orientation" (12-15), and the post-obligatory "collèges" (15-19), the oldest of which is the Collège Calvin. It is housed in the ancient buildings of the University of Geneva, and could be considered one of the oldest public schools in the world.

Geneva also has a wide choice of reputed private schools.

Communities 

As the Geneva authorities say, the history of the city is closely related to that of the foreign communities. Ever since the migration of foreigners to Geneva, these communities have found refuge, bringing their know-how, their customs and hope of a new life. They have widely participated in the international influence of Geneva, to its economic prosperity, and also to the spreading of views and of science.
LGBT community 
Many other communities or minorities are also very well represented in Geneva, including sexual minorities, with no less than three organizations: Dialogai, a gay organization; Lestime, a lesbian organization; and association 360, an LGBT organization. The Gay International Group (Geneva, Switzerland) is a good resource for gay foreigners, tourists or expatriates. Also, a new LGBT group has debuted within the University of Geneva itself, called "Think Out". This group addresses students and professors linked directly or indirectly with the matter of sexual diversity.
Religious communities 
There are a lot of different communities in Geneva. Even if Geneva is supposed to be the Protestant Rome, many religions are represented in Geneva. The Plymouth Brethren have a thriving assembly there, established since the days of John Nelson Darby. Besides the Protestants, the Catholic religion becomes more influential thanks to immigration from Latin countries. The Jewish community is one of the oldest of Switzerland, and the more recent Muslim community is emerging in this tolerant city.

International organizations
Geneva is the seat of the European headquarters of the United Nations and of many other inter-governmental organizations, including:
 The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
 The International Civil Defence Organization (ICDO)
 The International Labour Organization (ILO)
 The International Organization for Migration (IOM)
 The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
 The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)
 The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR)
 The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
 The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
 The World Health Organization (WHO)
 The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
 The World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
 The World Trade Organization (WTO)
Geneva was the seat of the League of Nations between 1919 and the league's dissolution in 1946. It was first housed in the Palais Wilson, and then in the Palais des Nations, which now hosts the United Nations. Numerous international non-governmental organizations have also elected Geneva as their headquarters, including:
 The Aga Khan Foundation
 The Airports Council International
 The Conference of European Churches (CEC)
 The International AIDS Society
 The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
 The International Baccalaureate program
 The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)
 The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
 The International Road Transport Union (IRU)
 The International Union Against Cancer (UICC)
 Mandat International (MI)
 The International Committee of Committees (ICC)
 The UN Watch
 The World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
 The World Council of Churches (WCC)
 The World Heart Federation (WHF)
The World Economic Forum (WEF)
 the World Organization of the Scout Movement
 The World Wide Web Virtual Library
 The International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics (also known as The Geneva Association)
 CARE International 
 Youth With A Mission (YWAM)
 The international board of directors for Médecins Sans Frontières
Famous literature involving Geneva 
 Belle du Seigneur by Albert Cohen, 
 Eleven Minutes by Paulo Coelho
 Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
 Geneva Nights by Clint Borgen, 
 Politics and the Arts by Jean-Jacques Rousseau
 Angels and Demons by Dan Brown
Comic books
 Asterix in Switzerland by René Goscinny and Albert Uderzo
 The Calculus Affair by Hergé
Film and television
 The final part of Krzysztof Kieślowski's film trilogy, Three Colors called Three Colors: Red (1994), is set in Geneva
 The sequence The Ozerov Inheritance (1972) of the television series The Persuaders! is set in Geneva
 In  2005 Academy Award-winning Syriana (2005) Matt Damon plays an energy analyst based in Geneva.
 In the television series Babylon 5, the capital of the Earth Alliance is in Geneva.
 The final scene of the movie F/X takes place in Geneva as the characters played by Bryan Brown and Brian Dennehy go there to recover a fortune from a bank.
 In the television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, the original Red, Yellow, and Black Rangers (Jason, Trini, and Zack) were sent to a peace conference in Geneva when their actors left the show mid-season.
Scenes from Sean Connery's James Bond Film Goldfinger (1964) are set in Geneva. While 007 supposedly lands in Geneva, and the map device in his car indicates that he is driving north along the left side of the city, the actual footage of the car moving along what should be Rue de Lausanne is not taken in or around Geneva, but rather further north-east in the German speaking part of the country.
References 

 
 Jean de Senarclens, "Geneva: Historic Guide", Editions du Tricorne, 1995.

Other websites 

Official
 Geneva - Welcome to Networld
 Official website of the City of Geneva 
 Official website of the Canton of Geneva 
 The official Chestnut Tree , on the website of the Canton of Geneva 
 Geneva Palexpo, exhibitions and congresses  center, owned by the State of Geneva .
 International Geneva Motor-Show.
Tourism
 Geneva Tourism 
 Geneva public transport
 International Geneva Welcome Centre 
 Brief history of Geneva
 Geneva information
 Some pictures 
Study
 Student Blog Geneva 
 University of Geneva
Other
 RadioLac website
 Radio Cité website
 OneFM website
 Léman Bleu local Tv station

 
Municipalities of Geneva
Concubinage is the state of a woman in a relationship with a man of higher social status that gives her less rights than a marriage. In most of the cases the man has an official wife and one or more concubines. Concubines have only limited rights of support from the man, and their children have lower status than children born by the official wife or wives; these legal rights distinguish a concubine from a mistress.

Historically, the family of a girl were in favour of a concubinage with a mighty man, as it brought economic security.  But concubinage could also mean sexual slavery.

In the Western world there is no legal status of concubines, as only monogamous marriages are recognized. Any other relationship does not enjoy legal protection; the woman is necessarily a mistress.

References

 Rosales v. Battle (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 1178 (California court decision involving status of concubine. Link requires free registration.)

Marriage
A mistress is a man's long term female sexual partner and companion who is not married to him. This term is especially used when the man is married to another woman.  The relationship is generally stable; however, the couple do not live together openly.  Also, the relationship is usually but not always secret. Rather often the man is paying for some of the woman's living expenses. A mistress has no legal relationship to the man, that makes the difference to the status of a concubine.

The term can also be used to describe the "other" companion in a female same-sex marriage. Likewise, a woman may be married to a man and have a mistress of her own.
Definition
Historically, the term was used for women who could afford a comfortable lifestyle, because a wealthy man financed that so that she will be available for his sexual pleasure. Such a woman could move between the roles of a mistress and a courtesan. Today however, the word mistress is used primarily to refer to the female companion of a man who is married to another woman; in the case of an unmarried man it is usual to speak of a "girlfriend".

The historically best known and most researched mistresses are the royal mistresses of European monarchs, for example Madame de Pompadour. 
In the courts of Europe, particularly Versailles and Whitehall in the 17th and 18th centuries, a mistress often had great power and influence.  A king might hold numerous mistresses but have a single "favourite mistress" or "official mistress" (in French, "maîtresse en titre"), as with Louis XV and Madame de Pompadour.

Adultery
Eastern Front can be one of the following:

 Eastern Front (World War I)
 Eastern Front (World War II)
 Eastern Front (Sudan)
Italian Campaign can mean the following:

The Italian campaign of 1524-1525 fought during the Italian War of 1521.
The Italian Campaign fought by Napoleon Bonaparte between 1796 and 1797.
The Austro-Sardinian War fought by Napoleon III of France and Kingdom of Sardinia against Austria in 1859. 
The Italian Campaign (World War I) was fought primarily by Italy against Austria-Hungary in World War I.
The Italian Campaign (World War II) that began after the Allied invasion of Italy in World War II.
The following is a list of the counties of Wisconsin:

References

Wisconsin
The Eastern Front of World War I was the theatre in which Germany and Austria-Hungary fought against the Russian Empire. Planning places to concentrate forces was very important because there were few railways on the Eastern Front, and troops could not be moved and reinforced as quickly as on the Western Front. 

Russia lost many battles, but its overall situation improved as Russia improved its forces, and more and more allies entered the war. The Eastern Front ended when the Russian Civil War broke out in 1917. The communists signed a peace treaty with Germany so that they could focus on winning the civil war.

Other websites
 WWI Eastern Front Photo.
 WWI Eastern Front Part II
 With the Russian army, 1914-1917 by Alfred Knox

World War I
Gibbons belong to the group of lesser apes. They are known for their ability to swing from one tree to another with great agility and swiftness. 

There are four genera of gibbons. Gibbons live in dense tropical forests, for example, in Sumatra, Thailand, and Malaysia.

Extraordinary abilities
Gibbons are the best tree travelers in the animal kingdom. They almost seem to be flying as they swing themselves hand over hand through the trees. Like great apes, gibbons can also walk upright on the ground. When they walk on the ground, gibbons hold their long arms in the air to keep them from dragging.

Gibbons are "singers" too. Their powerful voices travel for kilometers through the forests of Southeast Asia. At times, a male, a female, and their young get together and "sing" in a chorus. These sounds help groups of gibbons stay in contact. They also tell unwelcome visitors to stay away.
Gibbons stay busy for most of the day. They swing through the trees, looking for leaves, flowers, fruit, and insects to eat. When night falls, small groups settle down in familiar trees for the night.

Male and female
Unlike most other primates, male and female gibbons are not very different in size and shape, although they may differ in color. The males are usually black, while the females tend to be ash blond. Female gibbons have one offspring per gestation period and live about 25 years.

Taxonomy 
The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: Hylobates (44), Hoolock (38), Nomascus (52), and Symphalangus (50).
Family Hylobatidae: gibbons
 Genus Hylobates
 Lar gibbon or White-handed gibbon, Hylobates lar
 Agile gibbon or Black-handed gibbon, Hylobates agilis
 Müller's Bornean gibbon, Hylobates muelleri
 Silvery gibbon, Hylobates moloch
 Pileated gibbon or Capped gibbon, Hylobates pileatus
 Kloss's gibbon or Mentawai gibbon or Bilou, Hylobates klossii
 Genus Hoolock
 Western Hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock
 Eastern Hoolock gibbon, Hoolock leuconedys
 Genus Symphalangus
 Siamang, Symphalangus syndactylus
 Genus Nomascus

References

Other websites 

Gibbon Conservation Center
Gibbon Network and Research Lab

Apes
Mammals of Asia
Same-sex marriage (also known as gay marriage) is a relationship in which two people of the same sex (same gender) live together as a family in a governmentally, socially, or religiously recognized marriage. Access to same-sex marriage is sometimes called marriage equality, especially by supporters.

Current status 
Marriage under civil law is presently available to same-sex couples in the following countries: Andorra Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Denmark (including Greenland and Faroe Islands), Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Netherlands (Netherlands proper; pending in Aruba and Curaçao), New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States and Uruguay. In Ecuador, Taiwan and some states in Mexico, same-sex married couples are not allowed to adopt children the way other married couples are.
The Netherlands was the first country in modern times to allow marriages of two people of the same sex, in 2001. Same-sex marriage became legal everywhere in the United States in 2015. The Supreme Court ruled that not allowing same-sex couples to marry was unconstitutional. There are various faiths that practise same-sex marriages, including Eckankar, Wicca, Unitarian Universalism, Raelism, and Native American religions with a two-spirit tradition.

* This state controls one or more territories where same-sex marriage is not legal.

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, a same-sex marriage law does not actually exist. Back in 2001, the existing (normal) marriage law was 'only' changed, so that it now includes marriage of same-sex partners. This means that same-sex marriage in the Netherlands is not different from a normal marriage; it's exactly the same. The Dutch law says the following:

—Dutch civil law, book 1, article 30
That is consistent with the first article of the Dutch civil law, and with the Dutch constitution:
 Dutch civil law, book 1, article 1

 Dutch constitution, article 1

Civil unions 

The first same-sex union in modern history was recognized by the government in Denmark in 1989. It provided many of the right of marriage, but not all. 

Civil unions, civil partnership, domestic partnership, unregistered partnership/unregistered co-habitation or registered partnerships that offer some of the benefits of marriage are available in the following countries and territories that do not provide same-sex marriage: Andorra, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary (unregistered co-habitation since 1996; registered partnership from 2009), Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, Veracruz in Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro, Aruba in the Netherlands, San Marino, Slovenia, and the UK possession of the Cayman Islands.

Adoption
Adoption 

Same-sex marriage does not always mean marriage equality. In many countries, adoption law and reproductive rights are independent of marriage law. For example, same-sex couples may be allowed to marry, and "married" couples may be allowed to adopt children, but same-sex married couples may not be allowed to adopt. This was the situation in Portugal for several years. Currently (2023), same-sex married couples are prevented from adopting children in Ecuador, Taiwan, and several states of Mexico. On the other hand, a few countries have allowed same-sex couples to adopt children, even while they do not allow them to marry. Usually these countries have civil unions. An example in 2022 is Croatia.

Controversy
Controversy 

The controversy over recognition of same-sex unions as marriages is a very important part of a larger debate about the definition of a family. Same-sex marriage is not considered as valid by many religions.  Many others, however, see same-sex marriage as important for all people to be equal.  They sometimes say that religions and law (Defense of Marriage Act, for example) who do not support same-sex marriage are intolerant (they do not show respect to other peoples' beliefs). Additionally, people married in civil unions usually do not enjoy all the benefits (lower taxes, health insurance etc.).

Organizations involved in same sex marriage
Various organizations exist in part to support the rights of homosexual or gay men and women to marry people of the same sex. One organization is the Human Rights Campaign or HRC.

Related pages
Same-sex couple
Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom
Same-sex marriage in the United States

Notes

References
Notes

References

Other websites 
LA Weekly  feature, "California Supreme Court Set to Consider Gay Marriage", Feb. 2008 by Matthew Fleischer 
Today is Freedom to Marry Day - Just Don't Say "Gay Marriage"!, Evan Wolfson, Huffington Post, February 12, 2008.
Chiron is the name given to a moon of Saturn claimed to be sighted by Hermann Goldschmidt in 1861. It has since been determined that it does not exist as it was never seen again.

Saturn's moons
Dual monarchy  is a union of two monarchies where the thrones of each monarchy are combined. A typical case is a personal union in which the crowns of the separate kingdoms are held by one person. The following are examples of dual monarchies, listed alphabetically with the dominant or co-dominant nation first:
Austria-Hungary, a dual monarchy that existed from 1867 to 1918.
Babylon and Nippur during the second half of the rule of the Kassite government in Babylonia, the 13th and 12th centuries BC; the governor of Nippur, the guennakku, ruled as a secondary administrative monarch.
Brandenburg-Prussia from 1618 until 1701, when King Frederick III became King in Prussia
Castile and Aragón from the union of 1469 resulting from the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile until the abolition of the Crown of Aragón by the Nueva Planta decrees in 1707. The Kingdom of Spain technically existed as a dual monarchy for 238 years and, for this reason, American history lessons about Spain at the time of the voyages of Christopher Columbus teach not simply about "King Ferdinand," but about "Ferdinand and Isabella."
Denmark and England from the conquest of England by Sweyn I of Denmark in 1013 until the death of Harthacanute in 1042 and the dissolution of the union.
Denmark-Norway, a dual monarchy that existed from 1536 to 1814.
Sweden-Norway, a dual monarchy that existed from 1814 to 1905
Various periods of personal unions between the monarchies on the British Isles:
England and Ireland from 1541 to 1707. (Including  Scotland between 1603 and 1707, although parts of Scotland held out until 1652.)
Great Britain and Ireland from 1707 to 1800.
United Kingdom and the Irish Free State from 1927 to 1936/1949. (See Monarchy in the Irish Free State.)
Kush and Egypt during the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt, with Kushite kings on a dual throne from circa 780 BC to 672 BC.
The Netherlands and Great Britain from 1689 to 1702 as a result of the British Glorious Revolution replacing James II of England with the stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau and his co-ruler and wife Mary II of England
Oman and Zanzibar as a dual sultanate from the death of Said bin Sultan in 1856 until the British conquest of Zanzibar in 1896.
Poland-Lithuania from the Union of Krewo in 1385 to its liquidation by the third and final of the Partitions of Poland in 1795. This was the personal union known as the Polish-Lithuanian Union from 1385 to 1569, when the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was founded. In 1401, Lithuania was granted vast internal autonomy by the Union of Vilnius and Radom.
Portugal and Brazil from the relocation of the Portuguese monarchy from Napoleonic-occupied Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro in 1808 until the independence of the Brazilian Empire in 1825.
Spain and Portugal during the Iberian Union from 1580 to 1640.  This was technically a triple monarchy of Castile, Aragón, and Portugal (see above).  The Kalmar Union between Denmark, Norway and Sweden was also a triple monarchy.
Related pages
Personal union 

Monarchy
Union generally means that two or more things are joined into one. That can be an organization of several people or organizations, several objects combined into one, and so on. The term may mean:

 Trades union: an organization of workers with a common goal.
In politics
 The Union, referring to the federation that is the United States
 The Union (American Civil War), the states that did not declare their secession
 The Union Army, the army of the United States in the Civil War
 National Union Party (United States), forerunner of the United States Republican Party during the 1864 election
 Act of Union, one of several acts by the English Parliament
 United Kingdom, the constitutional result of that legislation
 African Union, an inter-governmental organization in Africa
 European Union, a supranational and inter-governmental organization in Europe
 Government of India, known officially as the Union Government
 Personal union, a group of separate, independent states that share the same monarch
 Political union, a type of state composed of smaller states
 Real union, an intermediate step between personal and political union of states
 Soviet Union, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
 State of the Union Address annual speech by the President of the United States
The Union (political coalition) (l'Unione), a twenty-first century Italian political coalition
 Unionist Party (Canada), known when in power as the Union Government
 Trade union, labor union, employment
In sports and entertainment
 Unión de Santa Fe, Argentine professional football club
 R. Union Saint-Gilloise, Belgian professional football club
 Club Atlético Unión de Sunchales, lower league Argentine football club
 Unión Magdalena a Colombian professional football club
 The Union, a group of professional wrestlers in opposition to Vince McMahon in the World Wrestling Federation
 The supporters' club of the A-League football side Melbourne Victory
 Rugby Union
 Union (album), a 1991 album by the musical group Yes
 Union (band), an American heavy metal band
 Union (comic), set in the Star Wars universe
 Union (comics), a character published by Wildstorm
 "Union", a song by Avail from their 2000 album One Wrench
 "Union", a song by the Black Eyed Peas from their album Monkey Business
In education
The term student union can be used in either of two senses:
 Students' union, a student organization at many colleges and universities dedicated to student governance (not common in USA, see below)
 Student activity center, a building that typically hosts a "union" of student services (e.g., food service, health facilities, lounges) at such institutions (also known as a "student center" or "student commons")
In the United States, the phrase more commonly refers to the building. The phrase "student government" or "student senate" is usually used when referring to the subject of the "Students' union" article.
 Union College, a college for which the principal campus sits in Schenectady, New York
 Union College (Kentucky), a college in Kentucky
 Union Institute & University, a non-traditional educational institution
 Union Public Schools, a public school system in Tulsa, Oklahoma
 Union Theological College, a college in Northern Ireland
 Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York, an ecumenical Christian seminary in New York City, New York
 Union Theological Seminary & Presbyterian School of Christian Education, a Christian seminary in Richmond, Virginia
 Union University, a Baptist college in Tennessee

In transportation
 Union Railroad, any of several railroad companies
 Union (ship), a ship sunk in Fiji in 1804
In tradesmanship
 Union (electrical), a term sometimes used for a butt connector used to splice wires
 Union (hardware), a term sometimes used for a standoff that serves as an elongated nut
 Union (plumbing), a pipe fitting

In numismatics
 Union (coinage), a US gold coin that was worth $100 face value, it was never made because it would only be circulated among banks.

In mathematics and computer science
 Union (set theory)
 Union (SQL), an operator that combines the result of two SQL SELECT queries into a single result table
 Union (computer science), a data structure that stores several types of data in the same location.
 Union mount, a way to access separate file system directories as if they were but one.

As a surname
 Gabrielle Union, an American actress
Carl von Moers (9 December 1871 in Neuwied – 26 May 1957) was a German horse rider who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

He and his horse May-Queen won the silver medal as members of the German team at the 1912 Summer Olympics.  But he was 15th in the individual eventing competition.

He also participated in the individual dressage event at the 1912 Summer Olympics with his horse New Bank. They finished twelfth.

References

Other websites
Data for Moers at sports-reference.com 
list of German equestrians 

1871 births
1957 deaths
German equestrians
German Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Rhineland-Palatinate
Burnham Grammar School (BGS) is a grammar school in Burnham, Buckinghamshire. It was started in 1960. It is a community school. The school takes children from the age of 11 to the age of 18. The school has about 900 pupils. They are split into five houses.

The school has an all weather sports pitch which the Wycombe Wanderers first team sometimes train on.

In September 2004 the Department for Education and Skills (DfES) awarded the school status as a Science College.

The current head teacher is Dr Andrew Gillespie who took over from Cathy Long in January 2008.

Famous alumni
 Mike Ashley, entrepreneur and owner of Newcastle United F.
 Jimmy Carr, comedian
 David Connolly, professional footballer
 Ulrika Jonsson, television presenter

References

Other websites 
 School Website 
 Ofsted Reports 
 Department for Children, Schools and Families GCSE Performance Tables

1960 establishments in England
Grammar schools in England
Schools in Buckinghamshire
Avant-garde (pronounced ) in French means "front guard", "advance guard", or "vanguard". The term is commonly used in French, English, and German for people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly in the areas of art, culture, and politics. 

Avant-garde represents a going against what is accepted as the norm, especially in culture.

Avant-garde art movements 

 Avant-garde music
 Bauhaus
 Conceptual art
 Cubism
 Dadaism
 Expressionism
 Impressionism
 Modern art
 Pop art
 Social realism
 Surrealism

Related pages
 Bohemianism
 Modernism
 Post-modernism

References and notes 

Philosophy
Art
Avant-garde refers to experimental work in art, music, culture, or politics. It can also refer to:

 Avant Garde (magazine)
 ITC Avant Garde, a sans serif typeface designed by Herb Lubalin
 Avantgarde Acoustic, a high-end audio company

Music
 Avant-garde metal, a subgenre of heavy metal music
 The Avant-Garde, a 1960s American pop group
 Avant Garde (band), a 1980s American progressive metal band
 Avantgarde (band), a 2000s Spanish indie rock band
 Avantgarde Music, a record label
Dumb Luck is a 2001 movie written and directed by Craig Clyde and starring  Scott Baio, Tracy Nelson, Hal Linden and Eileen Brennan.

Cast

Scott Baio
Tracy Nelson
Richard Moll
Hal Linden
Bobby Edner
Joey Miyashima
Todd Bridges
Eileen Brennan

Other websites

2001 movies
American independent movies
Gil Fates (born Joseph Gilbert Fates on 29 September 1914 in Newark, New Jersey, United States; died 1 May 2000 in New York City, United States) was an American television producer. He produced many shows, like What's My Line?. Fates also hosted CBS Television Quiz, which was the first television game show to be shown often. Before World War 2, he was a stage actor.

References

Other websites
 

1914 births
2000 deaths
American television producers
American stage actors
American game show hosts
American television directors
American television writers
Businesspeople from Newark, New Jersey
Screenwriters from New Jersey
The classic definitions of innovation include: 
the introduction of something new. (Merriam-Webster Online) 
 a new idea, method or device. (Merriam-Webster Online)
 the successful exploitation of new ideas  (Department of Trade and Industry, UK). 
change that creates a new dimension of performance Peter Drucker (Hesselbein, 2002)

In economics, business and government policy,- something new - must be substantially different, not an unimportant change. In economics the change must increase value, customer value, or producer value. Innovations are intended to make someone better off, and the succession of many innovations grows the whole economy.

Related pages
 Creativity
 Entrepreneur
 History of science
 Ingenuity
 Invention
 Paradigm shift
 Patent
 Public domain
 Research
 Joseph Schumpeter
 Technological singularity

Other websites
Other websites

 Academic article on Being a Systems Innovator on SSRN
"Communication on Innovation policy: updating the Union’s approach in the context of the Lisbon strategy" - The European Commission.

 
Science
Innovation may refer to one of the following.
Innovation,  the process of making changes to something established by introducing something new
Innovation Comics, a Wheeling, West Virginia-based comic book company active in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Innovation Department Stores, former Belgian department store chain, well known for the disastrous 1967 fire.
The Santieh River is a river in Taiwan. It flows through Tainan County for .

Related pages
List of rivers of Taiwan

Rivers of Taiwan
Scott S. Sheppard is an astronomer in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington. He graduated from the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaii.

He discovered many small moons of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, the second known Neptune Trojan, 2004 UP10 as well as several Kuiper Belt Objects, Centaurs, and near Earth asteroids.

Living people
American astronomers
1976 births
Asteroid discoverers