Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Physically, the indigenous peoples of eastern India were long-headed, dark skinned, broad-nosed, and short in stature. Sometimes labeled as "Negritos" and "Negroids", their physical features are unchanged today among the lowest castes of Bengal, mainly the peasants, as well as 95% of population of West Bengal today who derive from these lower castes and tribes.Kol people  belonging too Darjelling(Phansidewa,Naxalbari,Matigara)
Naxalbari areas over all 500 hundred family belong.Naxalbari Kol leaders -Kalinath murmu kol,Lakhiram karmakar very excited of our custe.
This refers to our uninterrupted long efforts to include our community, the KOL in Scheduled Tribes List in state of West Bengal under the constitution of INDIA.
The facts and our efforts in past in this regard are as under:
1.The  KOL Community of Bengal (now West Bengal) originally hails from the Manbhum,singhbhum district of erstwhile Bihar state during the rule of British India and settled in Bengal in different districts such as Darjeeling,Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar,Cooch Bihar, Malda, Dinajpur (North & south),Hooghly,Bankura,Birbhum,Burdwan and Purulia.They were brought there to work mainly as laborers in tea plants and other work like paddy field and mine areas North Bengal and Assam Region under the British Raj.
2.That in spite of their being landless laborers or exceptionally marginal land holders in different parts of WB,the KOL Community people kept alive their ancient culture,faith,rituals and customary  Laws according to their tribal traditions.
3.The community still feels proud of the ancient sprit of freedom,self-reliant,religion,faith inherited from their fore fathers who fought against the British Rule; which is known as the KOL Rebellion in History.The rebellion particularly under the leadership of KOL RAJ of Singhbhum in the year 1831-1833.
4.The KOL Community has been recognized as STs under the constitution in other states of India in e.g MP;CG;JH;Bihar etc.But since the Kol Community is living in small numbers in different districts of WB,their claim claims have not been entertained since long.
5.We have been triying hard for the same since last two decades, details being attached in separate statement.
6.Since the Kols have not been given ST status in WB; our community ,the poorest of the poor is bound to live in a pigmy, marginalized state; deprived of proper food, education and roof.
7.Literacy –education among the Kols is very low especially among the females,hardly any Kol could attain graduate degree,exceptionally of them are in Govt servise.
8.Most of them are depended for their livelihood in agriculture labours,building pr other contruction work, mines of tea garden labours.
9.They are neither classified in SCs ,OBC or Minorities apart from ST s in WB.Result theryby they out the ambit of different welfare schmes of the state meant of the upliftment of the socially and economically wesker sections of the society.
10. Even the benefits under the Forest Rights Act, 2006 are being denied to
11. Our Gautras are similar to the Santhals, we are still folloing our own traditions, rituals, customary laws, way of worship – the Mother Nature, We too have Majhi-Than, Marang-Bonga(Bada Deb) +Sing-Bonga (the sun) and we have our own community institution of Headmen- Manjhi,Godat &Pranik etc similar to the Santhals. System of polygramy (Bahu-Vivah) thought not common, but still prevelling among our Kol Community.
12. We the Kol Community quality to be recognized and enlisted in the schedule for the Janjatis, the tribes at all parameters stipulated for purpose.
13.Our Community will have an opportunity in Governance our affairs at least at lower level and thereby participatory democracy apart from opportunity to get adequare education and jobs once we are brought under the protective priority umbrella of the STs category.
We are now suffering from acute sepression and disappointment for our genuie claims being constanly neglected since long.But our community know it for certain that our present popular government in the State in for Maa Mati and Manus- eager to uplift the condition of the poor, marginalized and downtrodden communities in their jurisdiction.
Madam , with this end in view and for getting the recorganization of the Kol Community living in different district of WB and consideration their claims for inclusion Kol community in the relevant Schedule pf the Constitution of India and also in other relevant documents of the Govt,and so that the WB Kol Community may get such benefit as mentioned above, we have approached you with high hopes;and for this act of kindness we shall remain ever grateful to you.
Ethnic groups in India
Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
The Sena dynasty (সেন,Shen) ruled Bengal through the 11th and 12th centuries. 
Sena / Sen Dynasty was founded by Samanta Sen. Adi Purush Veersen of this dynasty is considered. They trace their origins to the Brahmakshatra Kayastha tradition. After the fall of the Pala dynasty, the Sena dynasty was established in Bengal.
Vaidya Ballal Sen (1158-78 AD) -
He was also a follower of Shaivism. It assumed the title of Gaudeshwar of the Pala rulers. He himself was a patron of scholars and scholars. He composed a book called Dansagar.But could not complete it. Later Lakshmanasen completed it. This started the movement under the name of nobility. Its purpose was to maintain the superiority and purity of power of the elite castes. The superiority and purity of power was to be maintained. First of all, he called Brahmins from Kannauj and settled in Bengal. After his death, his son became the ruler.
Laxman Sen (1178-1205 AD) -
History of Bangladesh refer by Book ko Bangladesh historical society
Royal dynasties
The Pala Empire was a dynasty in control of the northern and eastern Indian subcontinent, mainly the  Bihar and Bengal regions, from the 8th to the 12th century. The name Pala (Modern পাল pal) means "protector" and was used as an ending to the names of all Pala monarchs.

List of rulers
Tranquillisers are drugs produced to treat anxiety, depression and insomnia. Prescribed by a doctor, they are designed to reduce anxiety, and promote calmness, relaxation and sleep. There are hundreds of different tranquillisers around, but most common are the benzodiazepines.
Rohypnol is one of the most strongly-acting tranquilisers.

Drugs used in psychiatry
Harsha or Harshavardhana () or "Harsha vardhan" (590–647) was an Indian Buddhist emperor. He ruled north-central and east India for fifty seven years. He was the son of Prabhakar Vardhan and younger brother of Rajyavardhan, a king of Thanesar. At the height of his power he ruled the Gujarat, Bengal, Orissa and the entire Gangetic plain North of the Narmada River. After the downfall of the Gupta Empire in the middle of the sixth century C.E., North India reverted back to small republics and small monarchical states.

590 births
647 deaths
Indian monarchs
Las Bela was princely state in British India (now Pakistan) which existed until 1955. Later it was merged with the Karachi-Bela Division.

Former subdivisions of Pakistan
Pakistani princely states
Maksim Mrvica (; born 3 May 1975) is a Croatian pianist. His notable works are Olympic Dream, Croatian Rhapsody, and Handel's Sarabande.

References

Pianists
Croatian musicians
Living people
1975 births
The Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) is a herbivorous browser that belongs to the order of the Perissodactyla and is one of the three species of rhino native to Asia. Scientists think about 60 are alive.

References

Mammals of Asia
Rhinoceroses
Wopke Eekhoff (March 2, 1809 – February 12, 1809) was a Dutch author. He was the Frisian author of, and head of, the archives of the Great Library of Leeuwarden.

1809 births
1880 deaths
People from Leeuwarden
Writers from Friesland
The current church dates from 1498. The sacristy on the south side is from the 16th century and is now used as a vestry. In 1681, the Romanesque west front collapsed, bringing with it the middle of the three towers; the other two towers were demolished. The heavily damaged church was rebuilt, but the towers were not. The places where these towers were located can be seen in the old cemetery. In 1925, the foundations of the pillars were renewed to prevent further subsidence of the church. The church also received electric lighting that year. The church was thoroughly restored in the 1970s and 1980s. During the last restoration, the plaster ceiling was removed from the church, and an oak barrel vault was installed in the church again. The church is located on a mound in the center of Sneek; it is a three-aisled hall church. The church is now used for the worship services of the Protestant congregation in Sneek. The church building can be visited in the summer in the afternoon and sometimes also in the evening
. In the summer, there are organized concerts on Monday evenings, except during the Sneekweek.
As a result of the Reformation, the church passed into Protestant hands in 1580. The interior was austere;  altars and statues disappeared, and  the organ was no longer allowed to be used. An organ as an accompaniment instrument did not come into vogue again until the end of the 17th century. Until then, the psalms were sung, supported by a cantor. In the 17th century, the church was also decorated with paintings and text plates.

In 1795 the Batavian Revolution took place, which was about "Liberty, equality ,and fraternity". The stained -lass windows were replaced by clear glass, tand he 'grand' mourning boards and family coats of arms on the benches were removed. The weapons were also chiseled out of the tombstones in many places. 

On four sides is a portal to enter the church:
On the east side is the oldest entrance with a gate from 1652. This is the main entrance and is located on the side of the town hall.
 On the south side is a small wooden entrance for the poor and orphans.
 A large entrance has been made on the north side, in classicist style.
 A toilet group has been built in under the balcony on the west side.

In the years 1710–1711, an organ was built on the division between the church and the choir by the famous organ builder Arp Schnitger on a new gallery. The organ had a main work, back work, chest work, and a free pedal. At that time, it was one of the largest and most modern organs in Friesland. Over the years, the disposition was slightly modified, and in 1870, the organ survived total construction. In 1898  he organ was rebuilt by the organ builders Van Dam.

The legendary freedom fighter Pier Gerlofs Donia is buried there.
Churches in Europe
Buildings and structures in the Netherlands
Protestantism in the Netherlands
Súdwest-Fryslân
14th-century buildings and structures‎
Middle East Broadcasting Center know more popularly by its acronym (taking only the first letters of many words) MBC  is a television channel in the arab world
 showing cartoons and TV programmes which children like.

Television networks
United Arab Emirates
The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks, released as  in Japan, is the fifteenth game of Nintendo's The Legend of Zelda series. Made by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS, it was released December 2009 after Nintendo president Satoru Iwata announced the game at the 2009 Game Developers Conference. It is a sequel to the 2002/2007 GameCube/DS games: The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker and The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass
Story
Spirit Tracks takes place 100 years after the events of Phantom Hourglass. Link is going to graduate to a train engineer. He travels to Hyrule Castle to receive his engineer's certificate from Princess Zelda. Zelda asks Link to bring her out of the castle so she can see the Tower of Spirits, where she thinks something has happened to make the Spirit Tracks fade away. On the way to the Tower of Spirits, the tracks fade from under Link's train and the tower breaks into pieces. The group is attacked by a horned demon named Cole, and a mercenary named Byrne. Cole uses dark magic to separate Zelda's spirit from her body and leaves, taking Zelda's body with him.
Gameplay
Spirit Tracks keeps its style of game play from The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass, in which players use the stylus to control Link and use his weapons, items, and vehicle. The game is divided into an overworld, which Link travels using the Spirit Tracks, and towns and dungeons which he travels by foot. The player moves about the towns and dungeons in order to complete the game's main story. They can also take part in side quests for more rewards. In both the towns and in dungeons, the player is able to make notes on their current map as an aid in puzzle solving.

Related pages
The Legend of Zelda

References

2009 video games
Spirit Tracks
Nintendo DS games
Virtual Console games
Bumblebees or bumble bees, or humble bees) are a group of social and semi-social bees, of the genus Bombus. The genus contains about 250 different species, mostly in the Northern Hemisphere. They can also be found in New Zealand and Tasmania. They occur practically everywhere on the Eurasian landmass.

Most bumblebees live in small groups, which generally last only for a year (though the queen lasts longer). They collect pollen as protein for their young, and themselves eat nectar. They are extremely hairy, with a covering of soft hairs called a pile. It is the female worker bee which one sees out collecting pollen. The pollen is packed into two "baskets" on its hind, very noticeable when full. The baskets are just hairs specially adapted for this function.

Most of them have the same social structure as honey bees do, there is a queen, and there are workers and drones. The usual size of a colony is under 50 members, though some tropical species live in larger colonies.
Bumblebees carry aposematic warning colours, usually some combination of black, red, yellow and white. This is the usual Müllerian mimicry found in bees and wasps. Bumblebees are extremely hairy, and that also is a defence against birds. Young birds, particularly, find them difficult to handle. Some birds are regular predators of bumblebees: the great grey shrike (Lanius excubitor) and the bee-eaters for example.

Life cycle 
Fertilised queens overwinter in a dormant state. They start a nest in the Spring. The nests are smaller, usually much smaller, than those of hive bees. The queen stores sperm from her mating, and can decide whether or not to fertilise an egg as it comes down the oviduct to the vagina. The females are diploid, the males are haploid. This is the common method of sex determination throughout the Hymenoptera.

Only fertilised eggs grow into females, unfertilised ones grow into males. To develop, the larvae are fed both nectar for carbohydrates and pollen for protein.
Queens suppress their female workers egg-laying by aggression and pheromones, until late in the season, when the workers do start to lay eggs. The eggs develop into males (drones) if they are not fertilised (haploid), and females if they are diploid.

Thus the queen will be the mother of all the first males. New queens (those fertilised eggs which are fed on nutritious food) and males leave the colony when they are mature. They mate and the new queens search for a place to overwinter. Then they are dormant over the winter period, starting a new nest in the Spring. That completes the cycle. The queens live a number of years. The workers (unfertilized females) live about a season. Drones live away from the hive(s). Queens do not mate with drones from their own hive.

Bumblebees can fly very high. In 2014, National Geographic said bumblebees can fly higher than Mount Everest.
Nest size 
Nest size according to the species is between 50 and 400 individuals. Colonies have been fiund as small as ~20 individuals and as large as 1700. These nests are small compared to honeybee hives, which hold about 50,000 bees.

Nest types 
Many species nest underground in old rodent burrows or sheltered places. They avoid direct sunlight, where nests might overheat. Other species make nests above ground, whether in thick grass or in holes in trees. Stone-boring bees are found in limestone walls and cliffs, and sand borers are found in compact sand cliffs.

A bumblebee nest is not organised into hexagonal combs like that of a honeybee; the cells are instead clustered together untidily. The workers remove dead bees or larvae from the nest and deposit them outside the nest entrance, helping to prevent disease. Nests in temperate regions last only for a single season and do not survive the winter.
Parasitic bees 
About ten species are called cuckoo bumblebees. These are nest parasites: they specialize in invading and taking over the nests of other bumblebees. In these species, there are no workers. Once such an animal has invaded a nest, it will force the workers to feed it and its offspring. Once the offspring are ready, they will leave the hive, to mate and take over other hives.

Sting 
All bumblebees have a sting, as hive bees do. However, the bumblebee sting does not damage it when used, and they can sting several times. However, they rarely do sting, unless really threatened.

They have an additional type of defence against birds, and that is their mechanical toughness. Birds usually do not swallow bees whole. If they eat bees at all, they manipulate them to eat the thorax alone, for its wing muscles. This is hard to do with a bumblebee, and time-consuming. Generally, they are left alone.
Bumblebees in England 
The BBC has made a number of field reports for its regular Naturewatch  and Spring watch programs. The short film clips have information on:
 Bumblebee flight
 How to tell a hoverfly from a bumblebee
 Bumblebee nests
 Film of animals preying on bumblebees (great tits, crows, mice, squirrels, badgers...)
 Cuckoo bumblebees, which are parasitic on their honey and/or grubs.

BB guide 
 Genus Bombus, the bumble bees. BugGuide.

References 

Bees
Italia 1 is an Italian commercial television station on the Mediaset network. 
It is oriented especially at young people.

Programs
North American TV series
 15/Love
 24 - from season 5 - the previous seasons aired on Rete 4.
 3rd Rock from the Sun (1999-2005)
 7th Heaven (Settimo Cielo)
 According to Jim (La vita secondo Jim)
 Angel
 Arrested Development (Ti presento i miei...)
 Automan
 Barney & Friends (Barney) (1994)
 Beverly Hills, 90210 (1992-2001)
 Bionic Woman
 Blue Water High
 Boston Public
 Buffy the Vampire Slayer (Buffy l'Ammazzavampiri) (2000-2005)
 Californication (2008-present)
 CHiPs (1982-1989)
 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (CSI: Scena del Crimine)
 CSI: Miami
 CSI: NY
 Dawson's Creek (2000-2003)
 Dexter (2008-present)
 Dharma & Greg
 Diff'rent Strokes (Arnold) (1984-1990)
 Drake & Josh (2009-present)
 Everwood
 Family Matters (8 sotto un tetto) (1992-2001)
 The Flash (Flash)
 Flipper (Le nuove avventure di Flipper)
 The Fresh Prince of Bel Air (Willy il principe di Bel Air) (1992-1999)
 Full House (Gli amici di papà) (1996-2002)
 Gilmore Girls (Una mamma per amica)
 Gossip Girl
 Grey's Anatomy
Grey's Anatomy
 Growing Pains (Genitori in blue jeans) (1989-1996)
 H2O: Just Add Water (2008-present)
 Hannah Montana (2007-present)
 Happy Days (1982-1991)
 Heroes (2007-present)
 House (Dr. House - Medical Division) - seasons 1-2 and first 15 episodes of season 3 - the remaining episodes aired on Canale 5.
 How I Met Your Mother (E Alla Fine Arriva Mamma)
 iCarly (2008-present)
 The Incredible Hulk (Hulk) (1982-1986)
 Instant Star
 The Invisible Man (2003-2006)
 The Jeffersons (I Jefferson) (1982-1990)
 Kyle XY
 Killer Instinct 
 Kingdom Hospital
 Knight Rider (Supercar) (1987-1992)
 Life (2008-present)
 Life Goes On (Una famiglia come tante)
 Living with Fran (A casa di Fran) (200?-200?)
 MacGyver (1988-1996)
 Magnum P.I. (1982-1990)
 Major Dad (Agli ordini papà)
 Malcolm in the Middle (Malcolm) (2004-2008)
 Manimal
 Melrose Place (1996-2003)
 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (Power Rangers) (1996-2000)
 Millennium (2000-2004)
 My Secret Identity (Il mio amico Ultraman) (1991-1995)
My Wife and Kids (Tutto in famiglia)
 The Nanny (La Tata) (1998-2000)
 Nash Bridges (1999-2003)
 Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide (Ned, scuola di sopravvivenza)
 Nip/Tuck (2006-present)
 The O.C. (OC) (2006-present)
 Oz
 Pacific Blue
 Pham Viet Dung
 Phil of the Future (Phil dal futuro) (2007)
 Power Rangers (1996-present)
 Prison Break (2007-present)
 The Prisoner (Il prigioniero) Roseanne (Pappa e Ciccia) Relic Hunter 
 Renegade (1995-2000)
 Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (Sabrina, vita da strega) (1998-2004)
 Saved by the Bell (Bayside School) (1992-1997)
 Six Feet Under The Six Million Dollar Man (L'Uomo da 6 milioni di Dollari) Smallville (2002-present)
 Small Wonder (Super Vicky) (1988-1992)
 Stacked (Una pupa in libreria) Step by Step (Una bionda per papà) (1994-2001)
 Street Hawk (Street Hawk - Il falco della strada) Summerland Sweet Valley High Taken 
 Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles That's So Raven (Raven) (2006-present)
The A-Team (A-Team) (1986-1991)* The Dukes of Hazzard (Hazzard) (1983-1990)
 The Inside The Shield The Sopranos (I Soprano) - only season 6. The previous seasons aired on Canale 5.
 Third Watch (Squadra emergenza) Thunder in Paradise Two T.J. Hooker (1985-1990)
 Tru Calling Ugly Betty Veronica Mars Walker, Texas Ranger Will & Grace Wizards of Waverly Place (I Maghi di Waverly) 
 Wonder Woman (1982-1993)
 The X-files (X-Files) (1995-2002)
 The Suite Life of Zack and Cody (Zack e Cody al Grand Hotel) (2007-present)
 Zoey 101 (2006-present)
Spanish TV series
 Paso adelanteItalian TV series
 La Figlia di Elisa Camera Café Love Bugs Schillerstraße (Buona la prima!) The Odd Couple (La strana coppia - Italian remake) Belli dentro Medici miei VIA Rebelle(Lá coppia Remake italian Rebelde Way)
Cartoons/Anime
 6teen Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (Ace Ventura) 
 Action Man(Action Man) Ah! My Goddess (Oh, Mia Dea!) Ai Shite Knight (Kiss me Licia) Alf (ALF) Attacker You! (Mila e Shiro) Attack No. 1 (Mimì e la nazionale di pallavolo) Batman (Batman) The New Batman Adventures (Batman, cavaliere della notte) Bakusou Kyoudai Let's & Go (Let's & Go - Sulle ali di un turbo) B-Daman Beethoven (Beethoven) Belle and Sebastian (Belle e Sebastien) Ben tornato Topo Gigio! Berserk Beyblade (Beyblade!) Beverly Hills Teens (Siamo quelli di Beverly Hills)
Candy Candy Captain Tsubasa (Holly & Benji) Cardcaptor Sakura (Pesca la tua carta Sakura) Case Closed (Detective Conan) Cat's Eye (Occhi di Gatto) Cattivik (Cattivik) Chaotic (Caotici) Crayon Shin-chan (Shin-chan) Creepy Crawlers (La fabbrica dei mostri) Princess Comet (Gira il mondo principessa stellare) Denver, the Last Dinosaur (Ti voglio bene Denver) Dexter's Laboratory (Il laboratorio di Dexter) Doraemon Dragon Ball Dragon Ball Z (What's my destiny, Dragon Ball?) Dragon Ball GT Fancy Lala Family Guy (2000-present)
 The Flintstones (I Flintstones) Foofur (Foofur superstar) Futurama (Futurama)
The Twins of Destiny (I Gemelli del Destino) Gokinjo Monogatari (Cortili del cuore) Lady Georgie! (Georgie) Hamtaro (Hamtaro Ham-Ham) Hime-chan's Ribbon (Un fiocco per Sognare, un fiocco per Cambiare) Hungry Heart: Wild Striker (Hungry Heart: La squadra del cuore) HunterXHunter Inspector Gadget (l'ispettore Gadget) Iznogoud (Iznogoud - Chi la fa l'aspetti) Kaibutsu-kun (Carletto il principe dei mostri) Keroro Gunso (Keroro) Kimagure Orange Road (È quasi magia Johnny) Kirby: Right Back at Ya
! (Kirby) Kodocha (Rossana) Lupin III Magical Angel Creamy Mami (L'incantevole Creamy) Magical DoReMi (Magica Doremì) Magical Princess Minky Momo (Benvenuta Gigì) Magical Star Magical Emi (Magica Magica Emi) Magic Knight Rayearth (Una porta socchiusa ai confini del sole) The Magic School Bus [Cartoon Version] (Allacciate le cinture - Viaggando si impara) Maison Ikkoku (Cara dolce Kyoko) Marmalade Boy (Piccoli problemi di cuore) Miracle Girls (Un po magia per Terry e Meggy) Mizuiro Jidai (Temi d'amore fra i banchi di scuola)
Mo~tto! Ojamajo Doremi (Magica Doremì)
 Mr. Magoo (Mr. Magoo)
 Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (Il mistero della pietra azzura)
 Nanako SOS (Nana Supergirl)
 Naruto
 Naruto: Shippūden
 Ned's Newt (Un tritone per amico)
 Ojamajo Doremi Sharp (Ma che magie Doremì)
 One Piece (One Piece - All'arrembaggio!)
 Police Academy (Scuola di polizia) Pokèmon (from season 1 to 9) Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl (Pokémon: Diamante e Perla) The Real Ghostbusters (The Real Ghostbusters) Robinson Sucroe (Robinson Bignè) Sailor Moon (anime)|Sailor Moon (Sailor Moon) Saint Seiya (I Cavallieri dello Zodiaco) Shaman King The Simpsons (I Simpson) (1998-present)
The Smurfs (I Puffi) The Snorks(Gli Snorky) Princess Sarah (Lovely Sara) Slayers (Un incantesimo dischiuso tra i petali del tempo per Rina) Sonic X South Park SpongeBob SquarePants (SpongeBob) Tazmania (Tazmania) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Tartarughe Ninja alla riscossa) Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation (Tartarughe Ninja - L'avventura continua) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (TMNT - Tartarughe Ninja) Tex Avery Show (Tex Avery Show) The Mask: The Animated Series (The Mask)
 Three Delivery (Tre Consegna)
 Tongari Boushi no Memore (Memole sono io)
 Total Drama Island (Totale Dramma Isola)
 Totally Spies (Che Magnifiche Spie)
 Versailles No Bara (Lady Oscar)
 Wedding Peach
 Widget the World Watcher (Widget, un alieno per amico)
 W.I.T.C.H (Le super Witch)
 Yu-Gi-Oh! (first series anime) (Yu-Gi-Oh!)
 Yu-Gi-Oh! (second series anime) (Yu-Gi-Oh!)
 Yu-Gi-Oh! GX 
 Zoids: Chaotic Century (Zoids)
 Zoids: Guardian Force (Zoids)
Shows
 Candid Camera
 Cronache Marziane (Crónicas Marcianas)
 Distraction
 Festivalbar
 Frankenstein (The Big Experiment)
 Le Iene (Caiga Quien Caiga)
 Mai Dire... (Never say...)
 Mercante in fiera (The Black Cat)
 Monster Jam
 Non è la Rai
 Sarabanda
 Top of the Pops
 Voglia!

Reality shows
 Saranno Famosi (2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008) from the 2nd season onwards the show's name was changed in '"Amici" di Maria de Filippi' (Fame)
 Survivor (2001) (Survivor)
 Popstars (2001, 2003) (Popstars)
 Operazione Trionfo (2002-2008) (Operación Triunfo)
 Campioni, il sogno (2004-2006)
 La Fattoria (2004-2005-2006-2009) (The Farm)
 La Talpa (2004-2005-2008) (The Mole)
 La Pupa e il Secchione (2006) (Beauty and the Geek)

Game shows
 La Ruota Della Fortuna (Wheel of Fortune) (1980s-2003, 2006-present)
 OK, il prezzo è giusto! (The Price Is Right) (1980s-2001)
Cancelled Reality shows
 Personality (2003, Never Started)
 Diario - Esperimento D'amore (2004, Only Four Episode)
 Comedy Club (2006, Only One Episode)

News
 Studio Aperto
 Lucignolo

Sports
 Controcampo
 Domenica stadio
 Grand Prix  
 Guida al Campionato  
 Studio sport
 Direttissima
 Internazionali di Tennis - Rome Tennis Master Series

References

Television networks
Italian television
John Henry Hoeven III (born March 13, 1957) is a politician from the U.S. state of North Dakota. On January 3, 2011, he became a United States Senator for that state.  A member of the North Dakota Republican Party, he previously served as the 31st Governor of North Dakota from December 2000 to December 2010. 

Hoeven was elected to the U.S. Senate in the November 2, 2010 general election. He replaced junior Senator Byron L. Dorgan, who chose not to seek re-election.

References

Other websites

 Official U.S. Senate Site

1957 births
Living people
American Roman Catholics
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Governors of North Dakota
United States senators from North Dakota
American bankers
People from Bismarck, North Dakota
In biology an organism is said to be cosmopolitan (or cosmopolite) if it can be found almost anywhere on the Earth.

Examples include:
humans
 House dust mite
 Vanessa cardui (Painted Lady butterfly)
 Many cetacean species, including the orca
 Brown Rat
 Peregrine Falcon

Related pages
Biogeography
endemic

Habitats
Ecology
The Bengali people are the main ethnic group in the region of Bengal (now divided between  Bangladesh and the Republic of India) in South Asia. They speak Bengali (বাংলা Bangla), a language of the eastern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages. 

They are natively concentrated in the nation of Bangladesh and in the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura.  Some of the most well established Bengali communities are in the Middle East, Japan, Malaysia, United Kingdom and United States.

Remnants of civilisation in the greater Bengal region date back 4,000 years, when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic peoples. The origin of the word Bangla ~ Bengal is unknown, but it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang that settled in the area around the year 1000 BC.
After the arrival of Indo-Aryans, the kingdoms around Bengal were first described in the Atharvaveda about 1000 BC. From the 6th century BC, Magadha expanded to include most of the Bihar and Bengal regions. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of Buddha. Magadha extended over nearly all of South Asia, including parts of Persia and Afghanistan, reaching its greatest extent under the Buddhist emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC. One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is the mention of a land ruled by the king Xandrammes named Gangaridai by the Greeks around 100 BC. The word is speculated to have come from Gangahrd (Land with the Ganges in its heart) in reference to an area in Bengal. Later from the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire.

References 

Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
Ethnic groups in India
The Baloch (بلوچ) are an Iranian ethnic group who live in the region of Balochistan which includes the regions of southeastern Iran, southern Afghanistan, and southwestern Pakistan.

The Baloch speak the Balochi language, an Iranian language. They mainly live in mountainous places of the Iranian plateau in Iran, Pakistan and parts of Afghanistan. Balochistan is an arid semi-desert mountainous region inhabited by the Baloch people.

References

Ethnic groups in Balochistan (Pakistan)
The Iranian plateau, also known as the Persian plateau is a geological formation in Southwest Asia, Southern Asia and the Caucasus region. As a historical region, it includes Parthia, Media and eastern Persia, the heartlands of Greater Persia (mainly Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan west of the River Indus).

References 

Landforms of Afghanistan
Landforms of Iran
Landforms of Pakistan
Plateaus
The Punjabi people (, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Panjābī people) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group native to the Punjab region in northwestern South Asia (Pakistan and India). They come from the Punjab region, which has been home to some of the oldest civilizations in the world including one of the world's first and oldest civilizations, the Indus Valley Civilization. The Punjabi identity is usually cultural and linguistic, with Punjabis being those whose first language is Punjabi, an Indo-European language.

Notes

References

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in India
Punjab
A treeshrew is a small mammal in the order Scandentia.

They live in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. They make up the families Tupaiidae and Ptilocercidae. There are 20 species in five genera.

Although called treeshrews, they are not true shrews, and are not all arboreal. Among other things, they eat Rafflesia fruit. They used to be classified in the Insectivora.

Mammals
Al-Nassr Football Club (; Naṣr meaning "Victory") is a Saudi football club that was formed in 1955. The club is in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. Al-Nassr is well-known through Asia and the Middle East. The club has a large base of supporters, possibly the most supported club in Saudi Arabia.

History 
The team Al-Nassr were formed in 1955 and have nine Saudi Premier League titles, six King's Cup crowns, a hat-trick of Crown Prince's Cup trophies, the Federation Cup three times, and the Saudi Super Cup twice.

Players
Many legendary footballers from Saudi Arabia have played for Al-Nassr. Among them are Majed Abdullah, Fahad Al-Herafy, Mohaisn Al-Jam'aan, Yousef Khamees and many other outstanding players. Portuguese player Cristiano Ronaldo also signed in 2023 to play for Al-Nassr. The current coach of Al-Nassr is Luis Castro. He was also a former player.
Insignia
Al-Nassr's kit colors are yellow and blue. The logo resembles the Arabian Peninsula with the same colors, symbolizing the sand of Saudi Arabia and the sea near it.

Other websites 
 Official site

Saudi Arabian football clubs
Riyadh
1955 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in Saudi Arabia
Grosvenor Bridge, also called Victoria Railway Bridge, is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London, between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge.

It is made up of two bridges that were both built in the mid-19th century. The eastern side was built by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway in 1858-60 to carry trains into Victoria Station. This was the first railway bridge across the Thames in central London. The western side was built by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway in 1865/66.

Both bridges were rebuilt in steel in 1963–67, the original piers now being wrapped in concrete. The designer for this work was Freeman Fox & Partners.

On the north bank is Pimlico to the north and east and Chelsea to the west. The Lister Hospital and the Royal Chelsea Hospital are immediately to the north west. On the south bank is Nine Elms to the east and Battersea to the west. Battersea Power Station is immediately to the south of the bridge, and Battersea Park to the south west.
Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

 

Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Transport in the City of Westminster
Steel bridges
Concrete bridges
Vauxhall Bridge is a steel and granite bridge in central London. It crosses the River Thames in a north-west south-east direction between Vauxhall on the south bank and Westminster on the north bank.

History
Vauzhall Bridge in 1906.  It replaced an earlier bridge as part of a program for redeveloping the south bank of the Thames. The original bridge was itself built on the site of a former ferry.

The building of both bridges was difficult, with both the first and second bridges needing multiple redesigns from multiple architects. The original bridge, the first iron bridge over the Thames, was built by a private company and was run as a toll bridge before being taken into public ownership in 1879. The second bridge, which took eight years to build, was the first in London to carry trams and later one of the first two roads in London to have a bus lane.

The present bridge is most significant for road traffic across the Thames.
In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Further reading

Other websites

Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Transport in the City of Westminster
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Lambeth
Transport in the London Borough of Lambeth
Steel bridges
Stone bridges
Ambrose Everett Burnside (May 23, 1824 – September 13, 1881) was an American soldier, railroad executive and politician. He served as governor of Rhode Island (1866-1869) and U.S. Senator from Rhode Island. As a Union Army general in the American Civil War, he fought successful campaigns in North Carolina and East Tennessee but was defeated in the disastrous Battle of Fredericksburg and Battle of the Crater. Burnside commanded the IX Corps, the Department of Ohio, and also the Army of the Potomac for a few months. His distinctive style of facial hair is now known as sideburns, derived from his last name.

References 

1824 births
1881 deaths
Businesspeople from Indiana
American Civil War generals
Republican Party (United States) politicians
United States senators from Rhode Island
Governors of Rhode Island
Military people from Indiana
This is a list of crossings of the River Thames including bridges, tunnels and ferries. There are almost 214 bridges, over 20 tunnels, six public ferries and one ford. The list starts at the downstream (Estuary) end and follows the river upstream towards the start of the river.

A few of the crossings listed are public pedestrian crossings making use of walkways across lock gates and bridges above or near-by weirs. Most of the other locks on the River Thames also have walkways across their lock gates and weirs, but these either do not fully cross the river, or are for the use of authorised people only, and are so are not listed.

Besides the ferry crossings listed, there are commuter boat services along the river in the city of London, and tourist boat services running both in London and upstream. Although the main purpose of these services is not to carry people across the river, it may be possible to use them to do so.

North Sea to London
proposed Lower Thames Crossing at or east of Dartford Crossing - three options announced in April 2009
Gravesend – Tilbury Ferry, a passenger ferry.
High Speed 1 rail tunnels from Swanscombe in Kent to West Thurrock in Essex. (Two 2.5 km tunnels, 7.15 m internal diameter.)
Dartford Crossing including two Dartford Tunnels (1963 and 1980) and the cable-stayed Queen Elizabeth II Bridge (1991)
Dartford Cable Tunnel (2003; tunnel carrying electrical cable; accessible by authorised personnel only)
380kV Thames Crossing (power line crossing at West Thurrock)

East London
proposed Thames Gateway Bridge, bridge between Beckton with Thamesmead, cancelled in November 2008.
 Docklands Light Railway tunnel (between King George V and Woolwich Arsenal stations)
Woolwich foot tunnel (1912)
Woolwich Ferry
Crossrail Tunnel (construction started 15 May 2009)
 Millennium Dome electricity cable tunnel
Thames Barrier (includes service tunnel accessible by authorised personnel only)
 proposed Silvertown tunnel (bridge or tunnel to relieve the Blackwall Tunnels)
Jubilee Line tunnels (between North Greenwich and Canning Town; 1999)
Blackwall Tunnel (Alexander Binnie, 1897; second bore 1967)
Jubilee Line tunnels (between Canary Wharf and North Greenwich; 1999) 
Docklands Light Railway tunnel (between Island Gardens and Cutty Sark; 1999)
Greenwich foot tunnel (Alexander Binnie, 1902)
Jubilee Line tunnels  (between Canada Water and Canary Wharf; 1999)
Canary Wharf – Rotherhithe Ferry
Rotherhithe Tunnel (Maurice Fitzmaurice, 1908)
Tower Bridge (1894)
Tower Subway (Peter W. Barlow and James Henry Greathead; 1870. The world's first underground tube railway, cable hauled - now used for water mains and telephone cables and not accessible)
Northern Line (City branch) tunnels (between London Bridge and Bank; 1900)
London Bridge (1973)
City & South London Railway tunnels (This railway's original crossing of the river between Borough and King William Street; 1890. Abandoned in 1900 when the Northern Line City branch tunnels were opened on a new alignment)
Cannon Street Bridge (1982)
Southwark Bridge (1921)
Millennium Bridge (footbridge, 2002)
Blackfriars Railway Bridge (1886)
Blackfriars Bridge (1869)
Waterloo & City Line tunnels (between Waterloo and Bank; 1898)
Waterloo Bridge (1945) 
Northern Line (Charing Cross branch) tunnels (between Waterloo and Embankment; 1926)
Hungerford Bridge 1864
Bakerloo Line tunnels (between Waterloo and Embankment; 1906)
Jubilee Line tunnels (between Waterloo and Westminster; 1999)
Westminster Bridge (1862)
Lambeth Bridge (1932)
Vauxhall Bridge (1906)
Victoria Line tunnels (between Vauxhall and Pimlico; 1971)
Grosvenor Bridge (Victoria Railway Bridge) (1859)
South West London 

Chelsea Bridge (1937)
Albert Bridge (1873)
Battersea Bridge (Sir Joseph Bazalgette, 1890) (Henry Holland, 1771)
Battersea Railway Bridge (1863)
Wandsworth Bridge (1938)
Fulham Bridge and Footbridge (1889)
Putney Bridge (Sir Joseph Bazalgette, 1886)  (Phillips & Ackworth, 1729)
Hammersmith Bridge (Sir Joseph Bazalgette, 1887)
Barnes Bridge and Footbridge (1849)
Chiswick Bridge (1933)
Kew Railway Bridge (1869)
Kew Bridge (John Wolfe-Barry, 1903)
Richmond Lock and Footbridge (1894)
Twickenham Bridge (1933)
Richmond Railway Bridge (1848)
Richmond Bridge (1777)
Hammerton's Ferry (F) (Marble Hill Twickenham to Ham House)
Teddington Lock Footbridge
Kingston Railway Bridge (1863)
Kingston Bridge (1828)
Hampton Court Bridge (1933)
Hampton Ferry (F) (to Hurst Park, East Molesey, 1519)

London to Windsor
London to Windsor 

Walton Bridge (1953 and 1999)
Shepperton to Weybridge Ferry (F)
Chertsey Bridge (1785)
M3 Motorway Bridge (1971)
Staines Railway Bridge (1856)
Staines Bridge (1832)
M25 Runnymede Bridge (Edwin Lutyens, 1961; widened 1983 and 2005)
Albert Bridge (1928)
Victoria Bridge (1967)
Black Potts Railway Bridge (1892)
Windsor Bridge (1824)
Windsor Railway Bridge (Isambard Kingdom Brunel, 1849)
Queen Elizabeth Bridge (1966)

Windsor to Reading
Summerleaze Footbridge (1992)
M4 Bridge (incorporates footbridge) (1961)
Maidenhead Railway Bridge (Isambard Kingdom Brunel, 1838)
Maidenhead Bridge (1777)
Cookham Bridge (1867)
Bourne End Railway Bridge (1895; incorporates footbridge)
Marlow By-pass Bridge (1972)
Marlow Bridge (William Tierney Clark, 1832)
Temple Footbridge (1989)
Hambleden Lock (incorporates public footbridge)
Henley Bridge (1786)
Shiplake Railway Bridge (1897)
Sonning Bridge (c.1775) & Sonning Backwater Bridges (1986)
Caversham Lock (incorporates public footbridge)
Reading Bridge (1923)
Caversham Bridge (1926)

Reading to Oxford
Reading to Oxford 

Reading Festival Bridge (2008, a temporary footbridge on permanent footings for the Reading Festival)
Whitchurch Bridge (1902, a toll bridge from Whitchurch-on-Thames to Pangbourne)
Gatehampton Railway Bridge (Isambard Kingdom Brunel, 1838) 
Goring and Streatley Bridge (1923)
Moulsford Railway Bridge (Isambard Kingdom Brunel, 1838)
Winterbrook Bridge	(1993)
Wallingford Bridge (1809)
Benson Lock (incorporates public footbridge)
Shillingford Bridge (1827)
Little Wittenham Bridge 
Day's Lock (incorporates public footbridge)
Clifton Hampden Bridge (George Gilbert Scott,1867)
Appleford Railway Bridge (1929)
Sutton Bridge
Culham Bridge (across Swift Ditch, a backwater and former main course of the river near Abingdon)
Abingdon Bridge (1416)
Abingdon Lock (incorporates public footbridge)
Nuneham Railway Bridge (1929)
Kennington Railway Bridge (1923)
Isis Bridge (1962)
Donnington Bridge (1962)
Folly Bridge (1827)
Oxford Footbridge
Osney Footbridge
Osney Rail Bridge
Osney Bridge (1885)
Oxford to Cricklade 

Medley Footbridge (1865)
Godstow Bridge (1792)
A34 Road Bridge
Swinford Toll Bridge (1777)
Pinkhill Lock (Incorporates public footbridge)
Hart's Weir Footbridge (1879)
Newbridge (13th century)
Tenfoot Bridge
Shifford Cut Footbridge and Duxford Ford 	
Tadpole Bridge	
Old Man's Bridge (1868)
Radcot Bridge (1787)
Eaton Footbridge (1936)
Bloomers Hole Footbridge (2000)
St. John's Bridge (1886)
Halfpenny Bridge (James Hollingworth, 1792) - the start of the navigable Thames
Hannington Bridge	
Castle Eaton Bridge	
Water Eaton House Bridge	
Eysey Footbridge	
A419 Road Bridge
Cricklade Town Bridge

Beyond Cricklade 

Waterhay Bridge
High Bridge, Ashton Keynes
Three Bridges, Ashton Keynes
unnamed road bridge at grid reference 020946 
Neigh Bridge
unnamed road bridge at grid reference 004972
Parker's Bridge, Ewen
A429 Road Bridge
A433 Road Bridge
Related pages
Tunnels underneath the River Thames
Locks and weirs on the River Thames
London River Services
Islands in the River Thames
Thames Path
River Thames

Other websites

Bridges in England
Bridges in London
 Crossings
Lists about England
Transport lists
Railway Gazette International is a monthly business journal about the railway, metro, light rail and tram industries worldwide. Available by yearly subscription, the magazine is read in over 140 countries by people involved in the railway industry. A mixture of technical, commercial and geographical articles, plus the regular monthly news pages, cover developments in all parts of the rail industry.

History 
Railway Gazette International traces its history to May 1835 as The Railway Magazine.  The Railway Gazette title dates from July 1905 and it was renamed Railway Gazette International in October 1970.

Railway Gazette International is part of the Railway Gazette Group, itself part of DVV Media UK, part of the Hamburg-based Deutsche Verkehrs Verlag group.  Railway Gazette was previously part of Reed Business Information until 1 April 2007.

The magazine is based in Sutton in Surrey in the UK.

Issue 
 November 2007 is Volume 163, Number 11.
Maps 
(This is a list of detailed maps)
  Brazil - agricultural line 
  Turkey - February 2009, p053 
  Iran - January 2009, p047 
  Qatar - January 2009, p021  
  Ukraine - April 2008, p240
  India - December 2007 Supplement p7.

Other websites 
 Official website
 History of Railway Gazette publications 
 Railway Directory online

References 

Rail transport
Monthly magazines
Hainault is a station on the Central Line of the London Underground in Hainault in the London Borough of Redbridge. Since 2 January 2007 the station is in Travelcard Zone 4.

Service

Usual off-peak service level is:

 3 trains per hours (tph) to Woodford 
 9 tph to Ealing Broadway via Newbury Park

Gallery

References

Other websites

 London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive 
 
 
 
 
 

Central line stations
Rail transport in London
London Travelcard zone 4
The Highland Football League (HFL) is a league of football clubs operating not just in the Scottish highlands, as the name may suggest, but also in the north-east lowlands (Moray and Aberdeenshire). It is one of the three 'senior' non-leagues (that is a league that is not the Scottish Football League (SFL), Scottish Premier League or one of the Scottish Junior Football Association's leagues) in Scotland. The HFL is a full member of the Scottish Football Association.

History

Formation 
The HFL was formed on 4 August 1893, at the Inverness Workman's Club. The original league consisted of seven teams: Inverness Thistle, Caledonian, Clachnacuddin, Forres Mechanics, Inverness Union, Inverness Citadel and Cameron Highlanders. Ross County were an eighth original member, but resigned membership in November 1893. Of the original teams, two are still playing in the league today (Clachnacuddin and Forres Mechanics), and two merged to become current Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle.
Recent History 
Many of the member clubs have performed well when competing against SFL clubs in the Scottish Cup. However, from the 1990s onwards, the HFL has been a victim of its own success, with various teams defecting to other leagues. Furthermore it has also had to contend with overexposure of large teams in the area, such as Aberdeen and Inverness Caledonian Thistle, as well as the Old Firm to the South, and to an extent English football. However, the lack of Premier League, and to a lesser extent First Division, teams in the area, has worked in its favour, with some football fans being less willing to travel long distances to games in southern Scotland.
In 2008, North Region Junior League sides Formartine United and Turriff United both submitted bids to join the Highland League, following in the footsteps of past Junior League side Inverurie Locos. If both teams were to join, the Highland League would have a total of 17 teams. An even team league is preferred, so only one club's application was likely to be successful. Whichever team is successful in their application was planned to join in the 2009–10 season. However Banks O' Dee and Strathspey Thistle also applied, giving the potential for an 18 team Highland league in 2009-10 if three of these four clubs were elected.
On February 25 2009, Formartine United, Turriff United and Strathspey Thistle were accepted into the league for the following season, with Banks O' Dee being the unsuccessful club.

Results from the HFL and the Highland League Cup have featured on the Press Association vidiprinter since the start of the 1997–98 season.
The Highland League is the subject of a song of the same name by the popular music ensemble I, Ludicrous.

HFL Members

Current members

Former Members now playing in the Scottish Football League 
 Elgin City
 Inverness Caledonian Thistle
 Peterhead
 Ross County

Linked Competitions 
The HFL also administer several other competitions contested by some or all of the clubs. These competitions are:
 Highland League Cup
 North of Scotland Challenge Cup
 Inverness Cup
 Aberdeenshire Shield

List of HFL championship winners

Notes

Other websites 
 Official Site
 League Champions and membership 
 Final Tables 1893–2007 
 Semi-official HFL news
 Highland league members 10 year records and general information 

Football in Scotland