Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Style 
The narrator (person telling the story) is unnamed, and though he knows the coldness and darkness of the subjects he writes about, he writes warmly and inventively in a tone of serious comedy. Although the narrator is sometimes allowed to be , he also talks of himself as "I", says things that are not directly related to the plot, in a style that some people have criticized. It is possible that this writing style is because of the way Dostoevsky's books were written: in the day, he would hurriedly write down ideas in his notebook, and at night, his wife, Anna Snitkina Grigoryevna, who was a , would have them copied neatly out:

Influence and reception 

The critical reception of The Brothers Karamazov has been quite special and strong. Dostoevsky published his books in a series of journals, and every one made people argue about it and think very much about it. Sigmund Freud called it “the most magnificent novel ever written.” Franz Kafka was greatly influenced by Dostoevsky’s works.
Critic Robin Feuer Miller wrote that The Brothers Karamazov was Dostoevsky's "...last and arguably greatest novel."

Virginia Woolf said, "Alone among writers Dostoevsky has the power of reconstructing(making again) those most swift(quick) and complicated states of mind.... This is the exact opposite of the method(way) adopted(used), perforce(for instance), by most of our novelists. They reproduce all the external(outside) appearances-tricks of manner, landscape, dress, and the effect of the hero upon his friends-but very rarely, and only for an instant, penetrate to the  of thought which rages within his own mind. But the whole  of a book by Dostoevsky is made out of such material.... We have to get rid of the old tune which runs so persistently (continues) in our ears and to realize how little of our  is expressed in that old tune."
On 7 June, 1880, on the night before his famous "Pushkin speech", he wrote at midnight to his wife: "As I walked across the hall during intermission, a host of people, youths and graybeards and ladies, rushed toward me exclaiming, 'You're our prophet. We've become better people since we read The Karamazovs.' (In brief, I realized how tremendously important The Karamazovs is.)" The next evening, after the triumph of his speech, he wrote to her, "When I appeared on the stage, the auditorium thundered with applause.... I bowed and made signs, begging them to let me read-but to no avail(no use): elation(joy), enthusiasm (all because of The Karamazovs)!"
However, not everybody loved The Brothers Karamazov. Tchaikovsky, an important writer of music in Russia, was interested in The Brothers Karamazov, but finally decided that it was "" and that all the characters were "crazy". Some people, like Henry James, Vladimir Nabokov and D. H. Lawrence were very critical of it (did not like it). For example, Lawrence said that in The Brothers Karamazov, he did not like "these   Russians, morbidly wallowing (swimming) in adoration (love) of Jesus, then getting up and spitting in His beard.... It's all , half-baked, and one gets tired of it. One gets tired of being told that Dostoevsky's Legend of the Grand Inquisitor 'is the most profound (deepest) declaration which ever was made about man and life.' ... The more Dostoevsky gets worked up (excited) about the tragic (sad) nature of the human soul, the more I lose interest. I have read the Grand Inquisitor three times, and never can remember what it's really about
." He also said The Brothers Karamazov was too depressing "because, alas, more drearily true to life. At first it had been lurid romance. Now I read The Grand Inquisitor once more, and my heart sinks right through my shoes."
Reading more 
 Belknap, Robert L. The Genesis of The Brothers Karamazov : The Aesthetics, Ideology, and Psychology of Text-Making. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 1990.
 The Structure of The Brothers Karamazov. The Hague and Paris: Mouton, 1967.
 Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by David McDuff. New York: Penguin Classics, 1993.
 The Idiot. Translated by Alan Myers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
 Frank, Joseph. Dostoevsky. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1996.
 Mochulsky, Konstantin. Dostoevsky: His Life and Work. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1967.
 Sutherland, Stewart R. Atheism and the Rejection of God: Contemporary Philosophy and The Brothers Karamazov. Oxford: Blackwell, 1977.
 Terras, Victor (1981, 2002). A Karamazov Companion. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 The Brothers Karamazov, e-text of Garnett's translation (1.9 MB).
 
 The Brothers Karamazov  Free PDF  from PSU's Electronic Classics Series 
 The Brothers Karamazov, HTML version of Garnett's translation (as one file) at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library
 Full text in the original Russian

Books by Fyodor Dostoevsky
1879 books
Russian novels
1880 books
Crime fiction books
Fictional families
Suicide in fiction
Works about families
Georgetown is a community in Ontario, Canada. It is part of the town of Halton Hills, Ontario. A neighbouring community is Acton, Ontario.

Towns in Ontario
The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, was the throwing off of Charles X of France from power. His cousin Louis-Philippe, the Duc d'Orléans, became king. However, after 18 hard years on the throne, he would also be removed from the position of king. It showed the change from one kind of monarchy to another. This change was from the Bourbon Restoration to the July Monarchy. This also marked the change of power from the House of Bourbon to the House of Orléans. People who supported Bourbon would be called Legitimists, whereas supporters of Louis-Phillipe were called Orléanists. Louis-Philippe was king of the French (not King of France) until the French Revolution of 1848.

Background
Background 

On September 16, 1824, Charles X came to the throne of France. He was the younger brother of Louis XVIII. When Napoléon Bonaparte was defeated, he had become King of France. Both Louis and Charles ruled because of their birth, not because a great number of people wanted them to. This was the first of two things that began Les Trois Glorieuses, the "Three Glorious [Days]" of the July Revolution.

When Napoleon abdicated in 1814, Europe, and mostly France, was in great confusion. The Congress of Vienna met to draw the continent's political map again. Many European countries came to the congress. However, the four most important powers on the continent controlled the decisions. These powers were the United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, represented by King Frederick William III. Another very important person at the Congress was Charles Maurice de Talleyrand. He was a French diplomat under Napoleon. After the turmoil of the past two decades, France was considered an enemy state.
Talleyrand suggested that Europe go back to its first, "legitimate" government. He meant the government before Napoleon. This plan was largely accepted by members of the Congress. France went back to its 1789 borders and the House of Bourbon came back to the throne. In the eyes of the Congress, the political situation in France and Europe was now back to normal. However, the new king, Louis XVIII, felt that ideas of nationalism and democracy were still in his country. Because of this, they made and signed the Charte constitutionnelle française, the French Constitution. It is also known as La Charte. This was the second thing that began the July Revolution.

The Three Glorious Days

Monday, 26 July, 1830 

People quickly learned about the Saint-Cloud "ordonnances" from the Le Moniteur. Angrily, workers were fired, and business closed down. Unemployment, which had been growing through early summer, increased. "Large numbers of... workers therefore had nothing to do but protest."
Newspapers such as the Journal des débats, Le Moniteur Universel (Le Moniteur), and Le Constitutionnel had already stopped being put in print. This was because of the new law. Almost 50 journalists from 12 city newspapers met in the offices of the liberal Le National. There they signed a protest, and promised their newspapers would continue to run.

That evening, police came to a news press and took away newspapers that were against the law. An angry, unemployed mob shouted hotly, "A bas les Bourbons!"  "Vive la Charte!!" Armand Carrel, a Republican journalist, wrote in the Le National:

"France... falls back into revolution by the act of the government itself... the legal regime is now interrupted, that of force has begun... in the situation in which we are now placed obedience has ceased to be a duty... It is for France to judge how far its own resistance ought to extend."
As if living in a dream world, the Paris Préfet de Police wrote on the evening, " ...the most perfect tranquility (peace) continues to reign (rule) in all parts of the capital. No event ... of attention is recorded in the reports that have come through to me."

References

Further reading 

 

 Guy Antonetti, Louis-Philippe, Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 2002 
 

 

Revolutions
19th century in France
1830
A Baja Bug is an original Volkswagen Beetle changed so that it can operate in open desert, sand dunes and beaches.  Other kinds of air-cooled Volkswagens are sometimes changed this way.

History
Baja Bugs were first made in Southern California in the late 1960s as an inexpensive answer to the commercial-built, Volkswagen-based dune buggies of the mid-1960s, especially the Meyers Manx.

The first Baja Bug may have been built by Gary Emory of Parts Obsolete in or around 1968.  The first racing Baja Bug is credited to automotive cartoonist Dave Deal, whose car was raced in the Mexican 1000 of 1968.  The first fiberglass body kit was introduced in 1969 by the Miller-Havens company.

In the days before fiberglass body parts, builders simply changed a stock VW.  The car's metal body parts were partially cut away to allow more ground clearance and suspension travel. This came to be known as a "cut baja".  More engine power was had by using cylinder heads and sometimes even fuel injection systems from VW Type 3 cars.
Why the Beetle?
The Beetle was popular in places with few roads because of its rear-mounted air-cooled engine, flat floorpan, and torsion bar suspension.  In fact, magazine advertising of the time said that the Beetle was so watertight it floated.  These good things made the Beetle the perfect choice to make into an off-road car.  It was successful both then and now in the Baja 1000 off-road race.
Changes
Basic changes are simple. Lightweight fiberglass body panels are fitted after the metal body parts front and rear are removed.  The rear change leaves the engine totally open to aid in cooling.  Tubular steel bumpers are fitted to the body and floorpan to protect the engine and those riding in the car.  Shortened fiberglass fenders and sometimes more tubular steel parts are added to the car's sides.  The torsion bar front and rear suspensions made it easy to raise the body and to allow the use of large off-road tires and wheels as well as longer shock absorbers.  Some people even get rid of the torsion bar suspension and install coilover-type springs that mount to a roll cage.  This kind of car would have lots of suspension travel and a smooth ride.
The Baja Bug today
Though few Baja Bugs are built anymore since the creation of tube-framed, purpose-built buggies known as sand rails and the shrinking supply of early Volkswagens, they remain a popular choice in the desert since few beaches in the US are open to for use by cars or motorcycles.  Many are fitted with highly modified Volkswagen engines and a few have engines from such cars as the Ford Pinto, Chevrolet Corvair, Porsche, Mazda, Subaru or other four- to eight-cylinder water-cooled engines.  Fancy Baja Bugs for use only on roads remain popular as well.

Volkswagen itself created a concept car in 2000 called "Dune" and was meant to remind people of the Baja Bug.

Gallery

Other websites
Southern California's Baja Bug Club
VW Baja Bug owners and drivers at azbaja.com 
VW Offroad site Australia.
bajabeetle.co.uk. 
VW Baja site UK 
Baja Coalition Website 
The fastest growing online VW community
Project Baja Bug Build 

1960s automobiles
Volkswagen automobiles
Nuno Valente (born 12 September 1974) is a former Portuguese football player. He has played for Portugal national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993/94||Portimonense||Liga Honra||26||1
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||9||0
|-
|1995/96||9||0
|-
|1996/97||Marítimo||Portuguese Liga||30||0
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||6||0
|-
|1998/99||12||1
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Leiria||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||28||0
|-
|2000/01||31||2
|-
|2001/02||28||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Porto||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||21||0
|-
|2003/04||27||0
|-
|2004/05||8||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="4"|Everton||rowspan="4"|Premier League||20||0
|-
|2006/07||14||0
|-
|2007/08||9||0
|-
|2008/09||2||0
235||4
45||0
280||4
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
|2004||9||1
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
!Total||32||1
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
Sportspeople from Lisbon
Stefano Okaka Chuka (born 9 August 1989) is an Italian football player. He plays for Fulham.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Roma||rowspan="2"|Serie A||8||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||3||0||17||1
|-
|2006/07||6||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||11||1
|-
|2007/08||Modena||Serie B||33||7||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||7
|-
|2008/09||Roma||Serie A||9||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||11||0
|-
|2008/09||Brescia||Serie B||16||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||16||2
|-
|2009/10||Roma||Serie A||7||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||3||13||4

|-
|2009/10||Fulham||Premier League||||||||||||||||||||
79||11||10||1||colspan="2"|-||13||3||102||15
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
79||11||10||1||0||0||13||3||102||15
|}

References

1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Umbria
Chris James (born 4 July 1987) is a New Zealand football player. He plays for New Zealand national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Fulham||rowspan="2"|Premier League||0||0
|-
|2006/07||0||0

|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Tampere United||rowspan="2"|Veikkausliiga||17||3
|-
|2009||2||1
0||0
19||4
19||4
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||4||0
|-
|2008||2||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
!Total||12||0
|}

References

1987 births
Living people
New Zealand footballers
Sportspeople from Wellington
Junnosuke Schneider (born 22 May 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||Horikoshi||Prefectural Leagues||||||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="6"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="6"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||24||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||25||0
|-
|2003||10||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2004||26||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||28||0
|-
|2005||40||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||42||0
|-
|2006||31||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||18||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2009||Gainare Tottori||Football League||34||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||0
|-
|2010||Yokohama||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
183||0||9||0||0||0||192||0
183||0||9||0||0||0||192||0
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Japanese association football goalkeepers
Liam Rosenior (born 9 July 1984) is an English football player. He plays for Ipswich Town.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Bristol City||rowspan="2"|Second Division||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2002/03||22||2||1||0||0||0||23||2
|-
|2003/04||Fulham||Premier League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2003/04||Torquay United||Third Division||10||0||0||0||0||0||10||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Fulham||rowspan="3"|Premier League||17||0||4||0||2||0||23||0
|-
|2005/06||24||0||1||0||2||1||27||1
|-
|2006/07||38||0||3||0||1||0||42||0
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Reading||Premier League||17||1||2||0||0||0||19||1
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|League Championship||44||0||0||0||0||0||44||0
|-
|2009/10||5||0||0||0||1||0||6||0
|-
|2009/10||Ipswich Town||League Championship||||||||||||||||
178||3||11||0||6||1||195||4
178||3||11||0||6||1||195||4
|}

References

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from London
Premier League players
Biography
Ochiai was born in Saitama on 28 February 1946. After graduating from Saitama Urawa High School, he joined Toshiba in 1964. He played at offensive position. In 1966, he moved to his local club Mitsubishi Motors played in Japan Soccer League (JSL). He played in all 260 league matches in the league until 1981. In 1969, he became a top scorer and the club won the champions at JSL first time. In the 1970s he was converted to defensive position. In 1973, the club won JSL and Emperor's Cup. In 1978, the club won all three major title in Japan; JSL, JSL Cup, Emperor's Cup and he was selected "Japanese Footballer of the Year" awards. He retired in 1984. He played 267 games and scored 56 goals in the league. This 267 games is the second record in JSL after Yoshikazu Nagai (272 games). He was selected Best Eleven 10 times included for 9 years in a row (1973-1981). The club won the league champions 2 times, JSL Cup 2 times and Emperor's Cup 4 times.
In September 1974, Ochiai was selected the Japan national team for 1974 Asian Games. At this competition, on 7 September, he debuted against Israel. After his debut, he played in most games included 1976 Summer Olympics qualification, 1978 World Cup qualification and 1978 Asian Games. In 1980, 1980 Summer Olympics qualification was his last game for Japan. He played 63 games and scored 9 goals for Japan until 1980.

After retirement, in 1988, Ochiai became an assistant coach for Japan national team under manager Kenzo Yokoyama who was teammate at Mitsubishi Motors. In 1992, Ochiai became an assistant coach for Urawa Reds (former Mitsubishi Motors) under manager Takaji Mori.

In 2010, Ochiai was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame.

Statistics
Statistics

|-
|1966||rowspan="19"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="19"|JSL Division 1||14||6
|-
|1967||14||13
|-
|1968||14||5
|-
|1969||14||12
|-
|1970||14||2
|-
|1971||14||4
|-
|1972||14||1
|-
|1973||18||2
|-
|1974||18||2
|-
|1975||18||3
|-
|1976||18||1
|-
|1977||18||1
|-
|1978||18||1
|-
|1979||18||2
|-
|1980||18||1
|-
|1981||18||0
|-
|1982||5||0
|-
|1983||2||0
|-
|1984||0||0
267||56
267||56
|}

|-
|1974||2||0
|-
|1975||13||3
|-
|1976||15||2
|-
|1977||5||0
|-
|1978||14||3
|-
|1979||9||1
|-
|1980||5||0
|-
!Total||63||9
|}

References

Other websites

Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association

1946 births
Living people
Footballers from Saitama Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japan Soccer League players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Hiroaki Matsuyama is also former footballer.

Biography
Matsuyama was born in Kyoto on July 31, 1966. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Furukawa Electric in 1989. The club won the 2nd place at the 1990 JSL Cup. He moved to Matsushita Electric (later Gamba Osaka) in 1991. He played 120 matches and scored 15 goals for the club. In 1997, he moved to his local club Kyoto Purple Sanga. He retired end of 1997 season.

In April 1987, when Matsuyama was a Waseda University student, he was selected the Japan national team for 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. At this qualification, on April 8, he debuted against Indonesia. He played 10 games and scored 4 goals for Japan until 1989.

Statistics
Statistics

|-
|1989/90||rowspan="2"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||21||2||||||2||2||23||4
|-
|1990/91||21||4||||||0||0||21||4
|-
|1991/92||Matsushita Electric||JSL Division 1||19||5||||||0||0||19||5
|-
|1992||rowspan="5"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="5"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||1||2||7||2||8||4
|-
|1993||22||3||2||1||0||0||24||4
|-
|1994||29||1||2||1||2||0||33||2
|-
|1995||26||4||4||0||colspan="2"|-||30||4
|-
|1996||24||2||4||0||12||3||40||5
|-
|1997||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J1 League||19||0||2||0||5||2||26||2
181||21||15||4||28||9||224||34
181||21||15||4||28||9||224||34
|}

|-
|1987||9||4
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||1||0
|-
!Total||10||4
|}

References

Other websites

1966 births
Living people
Footballers from Kyoto Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Japan Soccer League players
JEF United Chiba players
Gamba Osaka players
Kyoto Sanga FC players
1988 AFC Asian Cup players
Quim (born 13 November 1975) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Benfica.

Club career statistics
|-
|1994/95||rowspan="10"|Braga||rowspan="10"|Benfica||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1995/96||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1996/97||3||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|1997/98||19||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|-
|1998/99||29||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||30||0
|-
|1999/00||34||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||35||0
|-
|2000/01||34||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|-
|2001/02||22||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|2002/03||33||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||35||0
|-
|2003/04||32||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||35||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Benfica||rowspan="6"|Benfica||19||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0||22||0
|-
|2005/06||7||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||12||0
|-
|2006/07||29||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0||45||0
|-
|2007/08||30||0||1||0||1||0||12||0||44||0
|-
|2008/09||16||0||2||0||2||0||5||0||25||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
309||0||32||0||3||0||34||0||378||0
309||0||32||0||3||0||34||0||378||0
|}
International career statistics

|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||5||0
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||7||0
|-
!Total||32||0
|}

References

1975 births
Living people
Portuguese association football goalkeepers
Fernando Meira (born 5 June 1978) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Zenit Saint Petersburg.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Vitória SC||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||1||0||||||||||1||0
|-
|1996/97||14||0||||||||||14||0
|-
|1997/98||8||0||||||||||8||0
|-
|1998/99||Felgueiras||Liga Honra||33||0||||||||||33||0
|-
|1999/00||Vitória SC||Portuguese Liga||30||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||34||2
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Benfica||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||31||0||3||0||2||0||36||0
|-
|2001/02||15||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||17||2

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="7"|Stuttgart||rowspan="7"|Bundesliga||14||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||2
|-
|2002/03||31||1||2||0||6||1||39||2
|-
|2003/04||32||1||3||0||8||0||43||1
|-
|2004/05||16||1||1||0||3||1||20||2
|-
|2005/06||32||0||2||0||6||0||40||0
|-
|2006/07||20||3||4||0||colspan="2"|-||24||3
|-
|2007/08||28||3||3||0||6||0||37||3

|-
|2008/09||Galatasaray||Süper Lig||21||0||6||0||10||0||37||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Zenit Saint Petersburg||rowspan="2"|Premier League||22||1||2||0||2||0||26||1
|-
|2009||||||||||||||||
132||4||9||0||2||0||143||4
173||11||15||0||29||2||217||13
21||0||6||0||10||0||37||0
22||1||2||0||2||0||26||1
348||16||32||0||43||2||423||18
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||5||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||7||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||7||2
|-
|2006||10||0
|-
|2007||8||0
|-
|2008||8||0
|-
!Total||52||2
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
Pedro Manuel Torres (born 18 March 1982) known as Mantorras is an Angolan football player. He plays for Benfica and Angola national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Alverca||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||5||0
|-
|2000/01||26||10
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="9"|Benfica||rowspan="9"|Portuguese Liga||30||13
|-
|2002/03||8||3
|-
|2003/04||0||0
|-
|2004/05||15||5
|-
|2005/06||17||3
|-
|2006/07||17||2
|-
|2007/08||9||1
|-
|2008/09||4||1
|-
|2009/10||||
131||38
131||38
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||3||1
|-
|2006||8||1
|-
|2007||2||1
|-
|2008||3||1
|-
|2009||7||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||27||4
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Angolan footballers
Nuno Gomes (born 5 July 1976) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Benfica and Portugal national team.

He started his career from Boavista in 1994. In 1997, he changed team and he went to Benfica. In 2000/01 season, he went to Fiorentina and in 2002/03 season he returned to Benfica.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="3"|Boavista||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||17||1||||||colspan="2"|-||||||17||1
|-
|1995/96||28||7||||||colspan="2"|-||||||28||7
|-
|1996/97||34||15||||||colspan="2"|-||||||34||15
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Benfica||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||33||18||5||4||colspan="2"|-||2||0||40||22
|-
|1998/99||34||24||2||3||colspan="2"|-||8||7||44||34
|-
|1999/00||34||18||3||1||colspan="2"|-||6||1||43||20

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Fiorentina||rowspan="2"|Serie A||30||9||4||3||colspan="2"|-||||||34||12
|-
|2001/02||23||5||||||colspan="2"|-||6||2||29||7
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Benfica||rowspan="8"|Portuguese Liga||27||9||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||5||32||14
|-
|2003/04||21||7||2||0||colspan="2"|-||4||5||27||12
|-
|2004/05||23||7||5||2||colspan="2"|-||6||3||34||12
|-
|2005/06||29||15||2||1||colspan="2"|-||8||0||39||16
|-
|2006/07||24||6||3||3||colspan="2"|-||12||4||39||13
|-
|2007/08||25||7||2||1||0||0||8||1||35||9
|-
|2008/09||22||7||1||0||1||1||6||1||30||9
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
351||141||25||15||1||1||65||27||442||184
53||14||4||3||colspan="2"|-||6||2||63||19
404||155||29||18||1||1||71||29||505||203
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||2||0
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||9||4
|-
|2001||9||9
|-
|2002||7||1
|-
|2003||3||3
|-
|2004||11||4
|-
|2005||5||2
|-
|2006||7||3
|-
|2007||7||1
|-
|2008||8||2
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||76||29
|}

References 

1976 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
Nino Bule (born 19 March 1976) is a Croatian football player. He has played for Croatia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="5"|Zagreb||rowspan="5"|Prva HNL||3||0
|-
|1996/97||16||3
|-
|1997/98||29||5
|-
|1998/99||29||13
|-
|1999/00||33||9

|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||13||6
|-
|2001||27||17

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Hajduk Split||rowspan="3"|Prva HNL||9||2
|-
|2002/03||29||6
|-
|2003/04||27||9

|-
|2004/05||Pasching||Bundesliga||16||0
|-
|2004/05||Austria Salzburg||Bundesliga||8||3
|-
|2005/06||Admira Wacker Mödling||Bundesliga||27||7

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Rijeka||rowspan="2"|Prva HNL||21||4
|-
|2007/08||28||3
|-
|2008/09||Inter Zaprešić||Prva HNL||14||7

|-
|2008/09||Panserraikos||League Greece||11||1

|-
|2009/10||Lokomotiva Zagreb||Prva HNL||||
238||61
40||23
51||10
11||1
340||95
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

References
References

1976 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
Vjekoslav Škrinjar (born 2 June 1969) is a former Croatian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||15||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||19||1
|-
|1996||15||2||0||0||11||2||26||4
30||3||4||0||11||2||45||5
30||3||4||0||11||2||45||5
|}

References

1969 births
Living people
Croatian footballers
José Carlos Garcia Leal (born 15 July 1980) is a Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Goiás||rowspan="3"|Série A||10||2||||||||||10||2
|-
|2001||16||2||||||||||16||2
|-
|2002||20||1||||||||||20||1
|-
|2003||São Caetano||Série A||36||5||||||||||36||5
|-
|2004||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||15||2||||||||||15||2

|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||29||6||2||0||6||2||37||8
|-
|2006||24||5||1||0||5||2||30||7
|-
|2007||J. League 2||35||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||37||5

|-
|2008||Botafogo||Série A||24||4||||||||||24||4
|-
|2009||Goiás||Série A||||||||||||||||
121||16||||||||||121||16
88||16||5||0||11||4||104||20
209||32||5||0||11||4||225||36
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Tiago Mendes (born 2 May 1981) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Atlético Madrid and Portugal national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Braga||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||18||1||||||||||||||18||1
|-
|2000/01||27||0||||||||||||||27||0
|-
|2001/02||17||3||||||||||||||17||3
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Benfica||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||15||1||||||||||||||15||1
|-
|2002/03||31||13||||||||||||||31||13
|-
|2003/04||29||5||||||||||||||29||5

|-
|2004/05||Chelsea||Premier League||34||4||2||0||4||0||11||0||51||4

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||29||5||3||0||0||0||8||2||40||7
|-
|2006/07||27||4||2||0||3||0||8||2||40||6

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Juventus||rowspan="3"|Serie A||20||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||23||0
|-
|2008/09||15||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||20||0
|-
|2009/10||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||10||0
|-
|2009/10||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||||||||||||||||||||
137||23||||||||||||||137||23
34||4||2||0||4||0||11||0||51||4
56||9||5||0||3||0||16||4||80||13
42||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0||53||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
269||36||12||0||7||0||33||4||321||40

International career statistics

|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
|2005||7||0
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||6||1
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||9||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||47||1
|}

References

1981 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
Portuguese football managers
Comparative anatomy is the scientific comparison of animal bodies. The purpose of comparative anatomy is to see their working structure, and to decide upon the phylogenetic relationships between different groups of animals. The separation of animals into phyla is done mainly by comparative anatomy: see List of animal phyla.

The main techniques used are dissection and microscopy. Dissection is an ancient method used to find out the inside structure of a living thing (usually done after it is dead). It is still used by medical students to learn about the details of the human body. Simple microscopes were first invented in the 17th century, and the compound microscope (still used today) became available in the 19th century. The purpose of microscopy is to let us see the small details of structure. Also, the careful comparison of large collections of animals (usually in museums) is often done.
The great era of comparative anatomy was from about 1800 to about 1950. It was used by those who did not believe in evolution, such as Georges Cuvier, and by those who did, such as Thomas Henry Huxley. Charles Darwin himself used comparative anatomy as the main tool in his work on barnacles. Nowadays, the main method used to find out relationships is molecular evolution, which uses DNA sequence analysis. However, for many research purposes, zoologists still dissect animals. To get a degree in biology, you need to know about the structure of animals (and plants).

Animal anatomy
Branches of zoology
Taxonomy
Dissection means  to cut open the animal in order to ascertain the structure of it parts. Dissection is a standard laboratory technique in biology and pathology. To dissect is to cut up a body so as to reveal its structure. The body could be that of a human, an animal, or a plant. Dissections are regularly done in autopsies to help determine the cause of death. They are done by zoologists to find out the internal structure of animal bodies. The comparative anatomy of animals, revealed by dissections, gives clues as to their evolutionary relationships.

Pathology
Zoology

de:Dissektion
Differences of opinion about evolutionary relationships have been reduced by the use of molecular evolution and molecular clock research. These make use of protein amino acid sequences, and whole genome DNA sequence analysis. These modern techniques have led to changes and renaming of many higher categories. Classification based on traditional comparative anatomy had errors which needed to be corrected. For example, the old phylum Coelenterata, which had stood for almost two hundred years, was split down into two separate phyla, the Cnidaria and the Ctenophora. 

The following list is based on evolutionary relationships:

Phyla 
Major groups in large text.
Ecdysozoa 
Nematoda: the round worms. For purists, the name Nemata has priority. Despite their rather limited body form, this is a major phylum, with huge numbers in every conceivable habitat. "More than 15,000 species have been described, of an estimated one million living species".p90 Nematodes include both free-living and parasitic species of plants and animals, including man. Of their large number of species most are likely to be parasites. Nematodes are one of the few life-forms in which each species has a defined number of cells.
Nematomorpha: small group of nematode-like parasites. They spend their larval stage in the body cavity of arthropods. The adult stage is free, but non-feeding, though it may live for several months. About 250+ species.p85
Priapulida or Priapula: small phylum of 18 species, with large front section which can be drawn back into the body cavity and extruded for feeding. The larger species are carnivores, seizing prey. The Burgess Shale fauna from the Cambrian shows that the living species are but a remnant of a once much larger group.p358
Kinorhyncha: another small phylum with an introvert that carries a mouth at the end when extended.p97 Two groups, described as classes in Sørensen. 270 species have been described and many more are expected.
Loricifera: a new phylum, discovered in the 1970s. They are microscopic, 100–485μm; ~100 species. They have an exoskeleton called a lorica, and an introvert which can be withdrawn into the trunk. They live at the bottom of the water column attached to gravel. Three species live completely without oxygen. Now 37 described species, in nine genera.
Onychophora: the velvet worms. Only 110 species from two families, they are relatives of the Arthropods.
Arthropoda: by far the largest phylum. A recent estimate of the number of arthropods on Earth today is 3.7 million species. It includes animals with jointed limbs and an exoskeleton made of chitin. There are many opinions about its classification. An arrangement found in several texts is: Superphylum Arthropoda: Phyla Chelicerata, Crustacea, Uniramia (Insects + Myriapoda).p61 If Arthropoda is ranked as a phylum, its subdivisions rank as Subphyla:
Trilobitomorpha: the trilobites, Cambrian to Permian.
Chelicerata. Classes Arachnida: the spiders, mites, scorpions. Xiphosura: horseshoe crab Limulus. Pycnogonida: sea spiders. Eurypterida: sea scorpions (extinct). 63,000 species described.p179 
Myriapoda. Classes: Chilopoda: centipedes. Diplopoda: millipedes. Symphyla and Pauropoda: minor groups. ~3000 species.p187
Hexapoda. Two classes of hugely different size. Insecta: the insects;p196 overwhelmingly the most common terrestrial animals, with an estimated 1.5 to 3 million species in about 30 orders. Apterygota are the wingless insects. Development of insects involves many kinds of larvae, both aquatic and terrestrial and, almost always, metamorphosis. The other class, the Entognatha consists of three small groups.
Crustacea. Classes: Branchiopoda: brine shrimps. Cephalocarida: horseshoe shrimps. Maxillopoda: barnacles, fish lice. Ostracoda: seed shrimps. Malacostraca: lobsters, crabs, shrimp. Remipedia: a group of blind underground crustacea, globally distributed but confined to coastal aquifers. First larva is usually a nauplius, which may be followed by other larval stages.
Tardigrada: 'Water bears'. 700 species of microscopic animals from damp or aquatic habitats. Structure is constant: head, four segments, each with two legs. Terrestrial species are adapted to survive extreme conditions.
Lophotrochozoa 
Sipuncula: 150 species, no certain fossil record. Small, tube-like marine animals with long tentacle-like front part which can be pulled in or out. The mouth is surrounded by a ring of cilia. Has pelagic larvae. 
Mollusca: a great phylum by number of species and by variety of body forms; largely aquatic. Hugely important fossil record from the Lower Cambrian. A major food source for mankind, second only to fish. United by their mantle, the muscular 'foot', the radula (teeth band), and (ancestrally) by the shell. Number of living species estimated as 50,000 to 150,000. Classes: lesser classes are the Aplacophora, Monoplacophora, and Polyplacophora. Major classes are the Gastropods, Cephalopods, Bivalves and Scaphopods. A familiarity with bivalve evolution is valuable for identifying strata, so common are their fossils. Larvae are trochophores; or veligers (many gastropods & bivalves); glochidium (some freshwater bivalves).
Annelida: important phylum of both aquatic and terrestrial segmented worms. At least 15,000 living species. Fossil record weak, evolutionary history not well known. Classes: Polychaeta (marine worms), Oligochaeta (earthworms), Hirudinea (leeches). Larvae are trochophores or nectochaeta.
Bryozoa, also known as the Ectoprocta: An aquatic phylum with a huge fossil record (one of the most common in the Palaeozoic). Still fairly common, though little known to the public. There are now 5000 species, most of which build calcareous skeletons. They are almost all colonial, and all their zooids are clones.
Phoronida: A very small phylum, with 12 species. Live on the sea floor (benthic), build chitinous tubes covered with mud or sand or bore into calcareous rock. Usually have horeshoe-shaped lophophores with ciliated tentacles.
Nemertea or Nemertini: flat, unsegmented ribbon worms, mostly aquatic. They have also been called Rhynchocoela or proboscis worms. About 1400 species. There have been reports of extremely long ribbon worms, unconfirmed. Larvae are pilidiums.
Platyhelminthes: the flatworms. Classes: Turbellaria: free-living and aquatic (4,500 species); Trematoda: parasitic flukes of molluscs and vertebrates (~1500 species); Cestoda: tapeworms, parasitic in the digestive tract of vertebrates (3400 species); Monogenea: ectoparasites on the gills and skin of fish (1100 species). Müller's larva is characteristic of the free-living species, but in the parasitic groups development may be direct.
Rotifera: the rotifers. The rotifers (2200 species) are everywhere in transient pools and in sea and fresh water. The ring of cilia circling the mouth and the protective lorica are distinctive. The phylum now includes the Acanthocephala, parasitic thorn-headed worms.
Brachiopoda: the lamp-shells, with a huge fossil record going back to the Cambrian. 12,000 species, of which 350 are still living (or 100 according to Clarkson).p158 They look rather like bivalves, and they do have an upper and lower part to the shell. However, their internal organisation is quite different.p395 They were the dominant inshore fauna (infauna) of the Palaeozoic, but were much reduced by the two main extinction events, the P/Tr and K/T. Bivalve molluscs took over their inshore habitats in the Mesozoic, and since then the brachiopods have been confined to deeper water, except for a handful of species.
Entoprocta: A small phylum (150 species) of sessile benthic marine animals. 
Gastrotricha: another phylum of small aquatic animals, with about 700 species. They are bilateral with a complete gut. They are covered with cilia, and have two terminal glands. One gland secretes cement, the other dissolves it. They have a short life span of a few days.
Deuterostomia 
Xenacoelomorpha: A group of marine benthic worms consisting of 3 main lineages defined by a blind gut, a net-like nervous system, and lack of nephridia. The position of this group on the tree of life is currently debated as either the sister group to all other Bilateria or as sister to all other Deuterostomia
Xenoturbellida: Benthic marine worms, often found in the deeps sea, sizes between 2–20cm.
Acoela: very small marine worms (usually under 2 millimeters in length) found in marine and brackish waters usually living in the benthos.
Nemertodermatida: small marine worms. ~11 described species. Closely related to Acoela, but differ in that unlike Acoela, they have a permanent intestinal cavity
Echinodermata: One of the most important marine phyla, with radial symmetry. 17,000 living species, which all live in the ocean, mostly on the sea bed. This is the largest phylum which is entirely marine. The main classes are quite well-known. The Crinoids are 'sea lilies', a remnant of a once great clade; the Asterozoa are the starfish, major predators of shell-fish, and the brittle stars. The Echinozoa are the sea urchins, sand dollars and the sea cucumbers. There are also some extinct groups. The echinoderm fossil record is extensive. Larvae are varied and planktonic: pluteus (echinoids); dipleurula, then bipinneria; then brachiolaria (starfish); ophiopluteus (brittle stars); doliolaris (sea cucumbers).
Hemichordata: The Chordates' closest relatives, three groups which are brought together in most modern taxonomies.
Enteropneusta: the acorn worms. A small, well-defined group with 70 marine species. Relatives of the chordates.
†Graptolites: fossil colonial animals.
Pterobranchia: a small sub-phylum of two or three marine groups which usually build tubes, and form small colonies on sea floor. They have a long fossil record. Zooids carry prominent ciliated tentacles. 
Chordata: the phylum which contains the vertebrates. As with the Arthropoda, some taxonomists regard this as a Superphylum, with three phyla. Here, the chordata has three sub-phyla:
Urochordata: the tunicates.
Cephalochordata: the lancelates, such as the former Amphioxus.
Craniata or Vertebrata: the vertebrates. About 60,000 species recognised. The term vertebrate usually now excludes the lamprey and hagfish, which are included in the broader term craniate.
Other Bilateria phyla 
Cycliophora: a recently discovered group of tiny animals which live on lobsters. One genus and three species so far.
Gnathostomulida: jaw worms, a small phylum of small marine animals (100 species). Hermaphrodite, live in muddy benthic habitat, scape food from particles with their jaw. 
Chaetognatha: arrow worms. Only about 120 species, but huge numbers in the plankton; some are benthic. They are predators, up to 12 cm long. They use a neurotoxin to subdue prey.
Orthonectida: a small phylum of parasites of marine invertebrates.

Non-Bilateria  

Cnidaria: a large phylum, with an extensive fossil record. 10,000 living species. Aquatic, mainly marine, five classes: 
Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals)
Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)
Cubozoa (box jellies)
Staurozoa (stalked jellyfish). 
Hydrozoa: the hydroids

Placozoa: Two described species: Trichoplax adhaerens, discovered in 1883 and ```Hoilungia hongkongensis```. Small, about 2mm, aquatic, eats bacteria and single-celled algae & protozoa.
Ctenophora: comb jellies. ~200 described species, Aquatic, all marine, usually transparent with eight comb rows of fused cilia. Mostly pelagic but several benthic species. 

Porifera: sponges. 5000 species, aquatic mainly marine but several fresh water species, Have collared cells with long cilia. Sessile, have cell differentiation. Skeleton are of spongin, or are calcareous CaCO3, or silicious SiO2.

Reflections 
At least 21 phyla are exclusively aquatic, with several others in quasi-aquatic habitats on land. None are entirely terrestrial. This is testimony to the importance of water for life, and to the sea in particular. It is fairly certain that all phyla originated in the sea or, at any rate, in water. Most made their first showing in the Cambrian, or in the Ediacaran. Most of the soft-bodied phyla have left few fossils.

Phyla may be grouped according to evidence about their evolutionary relationships. The list above puts similar groups together.
This kind of megataxonomy is becoming more convincing as DNA sequence analysis proceeds through the phyla. Some entirely fossil groups are still placed where they are on anatomy and commonsense rather than hard molecular evidence. The trilobites are a good example. Their position in the Arthropoda is based on not much more than their bilateral symmetry and an exoskeleton. These groupings are discussed further in the references to this page.

Sortable table 
This table has the advantage of being sortable. The terminology differs in places from the above descriptions. Also, by listing living species only for most phyla, those with huge fossil records (like Bryozoa and Brachiopods) are lower in the order despite being important aquatic forms in the Palaeozoic era.

Groups formerly ranked as phyla 
This list is to help when you read older literature which may use out-of-date terms.

References
References  

 Ruppert, Edward E; Fox, Richard  Barnes, Robert D. 2003. Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach. Revision of Barnes' standard textbook. 1008 pages. 

Invertebrates
Lists of animals

Groups of phyla
Glossaries
Orthoptera are an order of insects. The order contains grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets. "Ortho" means "straight", so "Orthoptera" means "straight wings".
This means the front wings, called tegmina, are stiff, straight, and not used for flying. The back wings are membranous and are folded like a fan under the front wings when the insect is not flying. Many species use their wings to make sounds, which we usually call "chirping" noises.

Life cycle 
Orthopteran insects start life in an egg case. After three weeks – or when spring comes – the tiny nymphs come out from the egg case. After four or five molts, they have wings. This shows that they are adults and are ready to reproduce.
Sound production 
Their sounds are produced by using file-like edges to their wings, or wing veins. In some groups the wing edges are rubbed together, in others the hind limb is rubbed against a wing edge. Each sound is unique to the species, and its function is identification for mating purposes. It is males which make the sound, and females move towards it.

Diet 
In the order Orthoptera, members chew their food, using their mandibles (jaws). Crickets are omnivores, which means they eat both plants and animals. Actually, they will eat almost anything: vegetables, cereal, and even their own mate if they are hungry enough. Katydids are mostly herbivores (plant eaters), though they will eat their own mate, too, if they are hungry enough. They also enjoy eating aphids and other small, slow-moving creatures. Grasshoppers almost always eat plants like grass, wheat bran, and lettuce, and they can be terrible crop pests.
Jumping 
It's quite hard to catch a member of Orthoptera because they jump so well. They have amazing legs - a grasshopper can jump 20 times farther than the length of its body. Their back legs are very large and long. These long, strong legs give these insects their great ability to jump.

Suborders 
Crickets, katydids, and grasshoppers are in the same order of Orthoptera because they are alike in many ways. However, there are several things that make them different from each other.
First, their colors are usually quite different. Since grasshoppers like to move during the daytime, their colors are similar to grass and bright flowers, making them usually green, light brown, or multicolored (lots of different colors at once). Crickets move at night, so they are dark. Katydids like to spend a lot of time on leaves, so they are often leaf-colored, and their wings can look like leaves. Their wings can have the same vein patterns as leaves, and they often have little brown spots just like the ones that might be found on a leaf.

Secondly, their behaviors are different. Grasshoppers like being active in the day; crickets, at night; katydids, in the late afternoon and evening.
Thirdly, their antennae is different. Katydids and crickets usually have long, thin antennae, while grasshoppers usually have short, thick ones. Of course, this rule does is not perfect – for instance, even though grasshoppers usually have short, thick antennae, the long-horned grasshopper has long, thin antennae like a cricket. Because of this, it is still sometimes hard to tell the members of this order apart.

Related pages
Grasshopper
Katydid
Cricket

References