Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Surveyor-General
Mitchell was given a job as a surveyor in New South Wales in September 1827. His job was to map roads, and join existing small maps into one big map that showed all of New South Wales. After John Oxley died in 1828, Mitchell was made the Surveyor-General, in charge of all the survey work. He planned and improved the layout of roads, bridges, towns, and public reserves.

References

 Australian Encyclopaedia Vol. 6, pgs. 110-112, Angus and Roberston, 1958

Australian explorers
Exploration of Australia
1792 births
1855 deaths
Scottish explorers
People from Glasgow
Wagga Wagga is a small city on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales. The name Wagga Wagga is a Wiradjuri Indigenous Australian word. Wagga Wagga means place of many dances and celebrations.

Wagga Wagga has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification).

References

Other websites

Cities in New South Wales
The Low Countries is a term used to refer to a geographical region, especially during the Middle Ages. This region is around the deltas of the Rhine, the Scheldt and the Meuse (Maas). Today,  the Low Countries consists of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the parts of Lower-Saxony (in Germany) that are in the region. Sometimes, the French Netherlands (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) are included as well.

The Dutch name of the Netherlands is Nederland, which literally means low country. The region was usually referred to as de Nederlanden.

Regions of Europe
Founded as a result of the Israel–Palestine conflict, the PLO originally used violence and terrorism to try and defeat Israel and liberate the Palestinian territories. It was initially founded by Ahmad Shukeiri in 1964, but thrived under the leadership of Yasser Arafat from 1969 to 2004. Under Arafat, Fatah became the largest faction of the PLO. The group became involved in Black September, the Lebanese Civil War, the First Intifada, and the Second Intifada during the Arafat years. After the First Intifada, the PLO and Israel signed the Oslo Accords, creating the PNA and transitioning the PLO into a political party. Arafat died during the Second Intifada, causing Mahmoud Abbas to become the current leader.
Since the Second Intifada, Fatah has maintained control over the PLO and the group has largely avoided violent combat. The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) sometimes clash with the PLO during incursions into the West Bank, although no official war has been declared. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), minor factions of the PLO, went to war with Israel in 2023, but it does not represent the majority consensus of the group.

Notes

References 

Politics of Palestine
Nationalist organizations in Palestine
1964 establishments in Asia
Arab–Israeli conflict
The Dome of the Rock (, transliteration: Masjid Qubbat As-Sakhrah) is an Islamic mosque building in East Jerusalem.

It was built from 691 from 692 by Caliph Abd al-Malik. It is built on the spot where the Jewish Temple is believed to have been, and where Muslims believe Muhammad went up to heaven. The rock on which the building stands is believed by Jews, Christians, and Muslims to be the holiest place on Earth.

References 

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Holy places in Islam
Religion in Israel
Temple Mount
7th-century buildings and structures
An illegal prime is a special prime number.  Such prime numbers are called illegal, because there is a way to change them, so that they yield something illegal: a program to circumvent the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. One of the first people to find such a prime was Phil Carmody. In 2001, he found a prime that contains the gzip compressed source code for a program that can circumvent the Content Scrambling System.  The Content Scrambling System is used as a way to prevent DVDs from being copied. Later, other primes were found that resulted in directly runnable programs.

The United States and other countries made it illegal to publish or circulate computer programs that can circumvent copy protection. Since prime numbers are a concept from mathematics, their knowledge cannot be made illegal easily. 

Any information that can be represented in binary form can be represented as a number.

Prime numbers
IT law
The Temple Mount is a religious site in the Old City of Jerusalem. It is a holy place in Judaism and Islam.

In Judaism it is the location of the two Jewish Temples, and is believed to be the place where Adam was born, where Adam built an altar for God, where Cain and Abel offer their sacrifices, and where Abraham offered Isaac as a sacrifice. In Hebrew it is called  () or  ().

In Islam, the Temple Mount is believed to be the place where Muhammad ascended to Heaven. In Arabic it is known as the Haram (, al-Ḥaram al-Šarīf), which means "Noble Sanctuary".

It is also associated with Biblical prophets who are venerated in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

Gallery

Referenced

Other websites 

 Templemount.org
 New Evidence of the Royal Stoa and Roman Flames  Biblical Archaeology Review
 Virtual Walking Tour of Al-Haram Al-Sharif ("The Noble Sanctuary")
 Mount Sifting Project

 
Holy places in Islam
Judaism in Israel
The Content Scrambling System (or Content Scramble System) is a system to encrypt and copy-protect DVDs. Such systems are generally called Digital Rights Management (or DRM) systems. CSS uses symmetric cryptography. It was introduced in 1996; today, it is considered ineffective.

In October 1999, Jon Lech Johansen and two other people (who remained anonymous) broke the system. CSS uses 40-bit cryptographic keys; because of different design problems, the effective key length is only about 16 bits. A 450 MHz processor, current at the time could brute force crack this in less than a minute. A modern processor such as the Core i7 or Athlon 64 can crack it in a few seconds.

CSS requires special information in the lead-in (a special area) of the disc. Since the lead-in cannot be changed on recordable DVDs these cannot have CSS protection (with a few exceptions, some professional drives allow writing CSS keys to recordable discs).
Open source implementations 
Libdvdcss is an open-source implementation used by many DVD software players, including VLC Media Player. Libdvdcss is region-free; it can read foreign-region DVDs even when the keys can't be read from the drive, by using a brute-force attack.

Cryptography
DVD
The 1986–87 NHL season was the 70th season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. The Edmonton Oilers won the Stanley Cup by beating the Philadelphia Flyers four games to three in the Cup finals.

Regular season 
The Oilers won their second straight Presidents' Trophy as the top team and Wayne Gretzky won his eighth straight Hart Trophy and his seventh straight Art Ross Trophy.

Final standings 
Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes

Prince of Wales Conference

Clarence Campbell Conference

Scoring leaders 
Note: GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points

Stanley Cup playoffs 
Note: all dates in 1987

Playoff bracket

Finals 
Edmonton Oilers Vs. Philadelphia Flyers

Edmonton wins best-of-seven series 4–3

NHL awards

All-Star teams
All-Star teams

First games 
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1986–87 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
 Gary Roberts, Calgary Flames
 Joe Nieuwendyk, Calgary Flames
 Dave Manson, Chicago Blackhawks
 Joe Murphy, Detroit Red Wings
 Steve Chiasson, Detroit Red Wings
 Kelly Buchberger*, Edmonton Oilers
 Jimmy Carson, Los Angeles Kings
 Luc Robitaille, Los Angeles Kings
 Steve Duchesne, Los Angeles Kings
 Craig Berube, Philadelphia Flyers
 Ron Hextall, Philadelphia Flyers
 Vincent Damphousse, Toronto Maple Leafs
 Fredrik Olausson, Winnipeg Jets
Last games 
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1986–87 (listed with their last team):
 Thomas Gradin, Boston Bruins
 Mike Milbury, Boston Bruins
 Lee Fogolin, Buffalo Sabres
 Don Lever, Buffalo Sabres
 Gilbert Perreault, Buffalo Sabres
 Phil Russell, Buffalo Sabres
 Murray Bannerman, Chicago Blackhawks
 Darryl Sutter, Chicago Blackhawks
 Danny Gare, Edmonton Oilers
 Wayne Babych, Hartford Whalers
 Peter McNab, New Jersey Devils
 Mike Bossy, New York Islanders
 Chico Resch, Philadelphia Flyers

References 

 Hockey Database
 NHL.com

National Hockey League seasons
The 1985–86 NHL season was the 69th season of the National Hockey League. Twenty-one teams each played 80 games. This season saw the league's Board of Governors introduce the Presidents' Trophy, which would go to the team with the best overall record in the NHL regular season. The Edmonton Oilers would be the first winners of this award.

The Montreal Canadiens defeated the Calgary Flames four games to one in the final series to win the Stanley Cup.

Regular season

Final standings 
Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalty Minutes

Prince of Wales Conference

Clarence Campbell Conference

Scoring leaders

Leading Goaltenders

Stanley Cup playoffs 
Note: all dates in 1986

Adams Division Semi-Finals 
Hartford Whalers vs. Quebec Nordiques

Hartford wins best-of-five series 3–0

Boston Bruins vs. Montreal Canadiens

Montreal wins best-of-five series 3–0

Patrick Division Semi-Finals 
New York Rangers vs. Philadelphia Flyers
New York Rangers wins best-of-five series 3–2

New York Islanders vs. Washington Capitals

Washington wins best-of-five series 3–0

Norris Division Semi-Finals 
Toronto Maple Leafs vs. Chicago Black Hawks

Toronto wins best-of-five series 3–0

St. Louis Blues vs. Minnesota North Stars

St. Louis wins best-of-five series 3–2

Smythe Division Semi-Finals 
Vancouver Canucks vs. Edmonton Oilers

Edmonton wins best-of-five series 3–0

Winnipeg Jets vs. Calgary Flames

Calgary wins best-of-five series 3–0

Divisional Finals 
Hartford Whalers vs. Montreal Canadiens

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4–3

New York Rangers vs. Washington Capitals

New York Rangers wins best-of-seven series 4–2

Toronto Maple Leafs vs. St. Louis Blues

St. Louis wins best-of-seven series 4–3

Calgary Flames vs. Edmonton Oilers

Calgary wins best-of-seven series 4–3

Conference Finals 
New York Rangers vs. Montreal Canadiens

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4–1

St. Louis Blues vs. Calgary Flames
Calgary wins best-of-seven series 4–3

Finals 
Montreal Canadiens vs. Calgary Flames

Montreal wins best-of-seven series 4–1

NHL awards

All-Star teams

First games 
The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1985–86 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):
Bill Ranford, Boston Bruins
Daren Puppa, Buffalo Sabres
Brian Bradley, Calgary Flames
Gary Suter, Calgary Flames
Brett Hull*, Calgary Flames
Adam Oates, Detroit Red Wings
Petr Klima, Detroit Red Wings
Bob Probert, Detroit Red Wings
Shayne Corson, Montreal Canadiens
Kirk McLean, New Jersey Devils
Scott Mellanby, Philadelphia Flyers
Craig Simpson, Pittsburgh Penguins
Jeff Brown, Quebec Nordiques
Cliff Ronning*, St. Louis Blues
Wendel Clark, Toronto Maple Leafs
Dave Lowry, Vancouver Canucks
Jim Sandlak, Vancouver Canucks
Last games 
The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1985–86 (listed with their last team):
Tom Lysiak, Chicago Black Hawks
Mike Rogers, Edmonton Oilers
Mario Tremblay, Montreal Canadiens
Bob Nystrom, New York Islanders
Pelle Lindbergh, Philadelphia Flyers
Denis Herron, Pittsburgh Penguins
Don Edwards, Toronto Maple Leafs
Marian Stastny, Toronto Maple Leafs
Jiri Bubla, Vancouver Canucks
Dan Bouchard, Winnipeg Jets

References 

Hockey Database
NHL.com

National Hockey League seasons
1985 in sports
The Rangers Football Club are an association football team based in Glasgow, Scotland, who are the best team who play in the Scottish Professional Football League, in the Scottish Premiership. They have won many league titles , a world record, plus the glory days in Scottish Third Division, Scottish League One and Scottish Championship league titles and have won more major trophies than any football club in the world. The club are nicknamed The Gers, and fans are known to each other as “bears”.
Club colours and crest 
The club colours of Rangers F.C. are royal blue, white and red.
The team's home strip invariably features a royal blue shirt (often with white and/or red trim). Traditionally this is accompanied by white shorts (often with royal blue and/or red trim) and black socks with red turn-downs. However when wearing the 'home strip' Rangers will occasionally alter the shorts and socks, sometimes replacing the black socks with white ones; or replacing the white shorts and black socks combination with royal blue shorts and socks.

The basic design of Rangers away strips has changed far more than the traditional home strip. White and red have been the most common predominant colours for Rangers alternate strips, though dark and light blue have also featured highly.

In recent years, Rangers have also introduced a third kit. This is usually worn if both the home and away kits clash with their opponents. The colours used range from light blue to red to a tangerine.

First-team squad

On loan
On loan

Related pages 
 Scottish Premier League

Other websites 

 Rangers FC Official Site

References 

Scottish football clubs
1872 establishments in the United Kingdom
1870s establishments in Scotland
Sports organisations based in Glasgow
Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the third president of United Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. He has one son, Ali Yahya and one daughter, Yasmeen Khan.

Yahya served in World War II and escaped from a Prisoner of War camp in Italy on his 3rd attempt, returned to independent Pakistan and fought for Pakistan in 1965.
General Yahya became the Military Dictator of Pakistan in 1969, he was in charge of hosting free and fair general elections. The winner of the election was an East Pakistani Politician by the name of Mujibur Rahman, whose support was in East Pakistan, while the second biggest party headed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto had its support in West Pakistan. Zulfiqar pressured Yahya to not hand power. The unwillingness of handing over power and general frustration culminated in the March 25th Massacre or Operation Searchlight ordered by Yahya Khan, marking the beginning the Bangladesh Liberation war. 9 months later Pakistan's rival India joined the war with simultaneously resulted in an Indo-Pakistani war occurring during its own Civil War. The war ended with the Surrender of East Pakistani Forces and a ceasefire in West Pakistan. 

Following the war, Yahya Khan handed over the presidency to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, he was under house arrest till 1979. He lived a quiet life in Rawalpindi and eventually died in 1980.
Other websites

 Official profile at Pakistan Army website 

1917 births
1980 deaths
Politicians from Punjab, Pakistan
Presidents of Pakistan
The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP, )  is a centre-left Islamic Socialist political party in Pakistan affiliated to the Socialist International. To date, its leader has always been a member of the Bhutto family. The Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) is a party formed in 2002 by the PPP for the purpose of complying with electoral rules governing Pakistani parties.

The party was founded on November 30 1967 by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who was also its first chairman. The party creed is: "Islam is our faith; democracy is our politics; socialism is our economy; all power to the people."
 
Although its center lies in the southern province of Sindh, it also has considerable support in the more densely populated province of Punjab and even Azad Jammu and Kashmir as Azad Kashmir People's Party (Pakistan People's Party Jammu and Kashmir). It is currently in power and has been running the government since 2008; this is the 4th time the party has been in power since the Partition of Pakistan.

Further reading
Further reading

Socialist International
Social democratic parties in Asia
Political parties in Pakistan
Aksai Chin (, , Ākèsàiqīn) is a region  37,555 km² (16,481 sq mi) which lies at the juncture of China, Pakistan, and India. It consists of about one fifth of Kashmir and one of the driest place and true desert in the world that receive less rain than the Polar desert.
It is ruled by China but claimed by the Republic of India. Aksai Chin is one of the two main border disputes between India and China. The other is the dispute over Arunachal Pradesh. Aksai Chin (the name literally means "Chin's desert of white stones") is a very large high-altitude hot desert of salt with sand dunes and yareta (a type of cushioned plants)  that reaches heights up to 4,500 metres. It covers an area of 37,555 km² (16,481 sq mi) of the disputed territory. Geographically part of the Tibetan Plateau, Aksai Chin itself is a plateau and  it is often called the "Soda Plain". The region is almost uninhabited, has no permanent settlements, and receives no rain or snow as the Himalayan and other mountains block the rains from the Indian monsoon. Pakistan recognizes it as part of China, however India has objected to this and claims all the territory. In boundary talks in 1960 Chinese officials shown a map drawn by General Staff of the Chinese Army in 1918 shows the territory as part of China
. However the map was not published hence it's authenticity is doubtful although another document in 1943 created by Bureau of Survey of Chinese Ministry of National Defence shows all of the territory as part of China.
Related pages
 
 Line of Actual Control

Territorial disputes of India
Territorial disputes of China
Kashmir
Geography of the People's Republic of China
Bury St Edmunds is a town in the county of Suffolk, England.  It is the main town in the borough of St. Edmundsbury and known for the ruined abbey near the town centre. The town linked to the Magna Carta; in 1214 the barons of England are believed to have met in the Abbey Church and promised to force King John to accept the Charter of Liberties, the document which influenced the creation of the Magna Carta. It was also the setting for two witch trials. one of which was used as a reference in the Salem Witch Trials.  During the Second World War, the USAAF operated an airfield outside the town. It is also called 'Suffolk's Floral Town' due to the abbey gardens and amounts of rural land.
Town
Near the gardens stands Great Britain's first internally illuminated street sign called the Pillar of Salt. When built, it needed permission because it did not conform to regulations. Bury St Edmunds is where the A1101 road, Britain's lowest road, ends.  There is a network of tunnels which prove that chalk-workings took place nearby, though there is no evidence of a lot of tunnels under the town centre. Some buildings have cellars which lead into each other. Due to their unsafe nature the chalk-workings are not open to the public, although viewing is allowed to some people. Some tunnels have caused subsidence in living history.

Among interesting buildings is St Mary's Church.  The Tudor King Henry VIII's sister, Mary Tudor, was re-buried in Bury's St Mary's Church, after being moved from the Abbey after her brother's dissolution of the Church six year after her death.  Queen Victoria had a stained glass window fitted into the church to commemorate Mary's interment.
On 3 March, 1974 a Turkish Airlines DC-10 jet crashed near Paris in France killing all 346 people on board.  Among the victims were 17 members of Bury St Edmunds rugby club.

The town council election on 3 May 2007 was won by the "Abolish Bury Town Council" party. The party lost its majority following a by-election in June 2007 and, to date, the Town Council is still in existence.

Name
The name borough comes from of Bury, which has cognates in other Germanic languages such as the Old Norse "borg" meaning "wall, castle"; and Gothic "baurgs" meaning "city". They all derive from Proto-Germanic *burgs meaning "fortress".  This in turn derives from the Proto-Indo-European root *bhrgh meaning "fortified elevation", with cognates including Welsh "bera", "stack" and Sanskrit bhrant- "high, elevated building".
Abbey
In the centre of Bury St Edmunds there is the remains of an abbey, surrounded by the Abbey Gardens, a park. The abbey is a shrine to Saint Edmund, the Saxon King of the East Angles, who was killed by the Danes in 869AD. The town grew around Bury St Edmunds Abbey, a site of pilgrimage, and developed into a flourishing cloth-making town by the 14th century.

The abbey was largely destroyed during the 16th century with the dissolution of the monasteries but Bury remained prosperous throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. It fell into relative decline with the industrial revolution.
The Abbey Gardens which surround the ruins had an Internet bench installed in the late 1990s, which portable computers to connect to the Internet.  It was the first bench of its kind, though within the first week two teenagers discovered they could also make free telephone calls from the bench. They phoned the Borough Council (owner of the bench) to notify them, then attempted to contact Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, to tell him.

Cathedral
Cathedral

Bury St Edmunds Cathedral was created when the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich was formed in 1914. The cathedral was extended with an eastern end in the 1960s, commemorated by Benjamin Britten's Fanfare for St Edmundsbury, and a new Gothic revival cathedral tower was built as part of a millennium project running from 2000 to 2005. The opening for the tower took place in July 2005, and included a brass band concert and fireworks. Parts of the cathedral remain uncompleted, including the cloisters. Many areas remain inaccessible to the public due to building work. The tower makes St Edmundsbury the only recently completed Anglican cathedral in the UK, and only a handful of Gothic revival cathedrals are being built worldwide. The tower was constructed using original fabrication techniques by six masons who placed the machine pre-cut stone individually as they arrived.
Culture
The Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds was built by National Gallery architect William Wilkins in 1819. It is the sole surviving Regency Theatre in the country . The theatre, owned by the National Trust underwent restoration between 2005 and 2007. Appeal patron Dame Judi Dench: It presents a full programme of performances and is also open for public tours.

Moyse's Hall Museum is one of the oldest (c. 1180) domestic buildings in East Anglia open to the public. It has collections of fine art, for example Mary Beale, costume, e.g. Charles Frederick Worth, horology, local and social history; including Red Barn Murder and  Witchcraft.

The town holds a festival in May. This including concerts, plays, dance, and lecturers  culminating in fireworks. Bury St Edmunds is home to England's oldest Scout group, 1st Bury St Edmunds (Mayors Own).

The town's football club, Bury Town, are the fourth oldest non-league team in England. They are members of the Isthmian League Division One North.

Local economy
Local economy

Brewing
 
The Greene King brewery is in Bury. The other brewery is The Old Cannon Brewery and public house on Cannon Street near the railway station. The brewing vessels, made for an exhibition in Japan in 1997, can be seen in the front room. Just outside the town is Bartrums Brewery, on Rougham airfield but originally in Thurston.

Another beer-related landmark is Britain's smallest public house, The Nutshell, which is on The Traverse, just off the marketplace.
Sugar beet
Bury's largest landmark is the British Sugar factory near the A14, which processes sugar beet into refined crystal sugar. It was built in 1925 and processes beet from 1,300 growers. 660 lorry loads of beet can be accepted each day when beet is being harvested.  Not all the beet can be crystallised immediately, and some is kept in solution in holding tanks until late spring and early summer, when the plant has spare crystallising capacity. The sugar is sold under the Silver Spoon name (the other major British brand, Tate & Lyle, is made from imported sugar cane).  By-products include molassed sugar beet feed for cattle and LimeX70, a soil improver.

Notable residents
Notable residents

Notable people from Bury St Edmunds include artist and printer Sybil Andrews, actor Bob Hoskins, theatre director Sir Peter Hall, artist and water deviner Neil Stalley, author Maria Lousie de la Ramé (also known as Ouida),  World War II Canadian general Guy Simonds and the 18th century landscape architect Humphry Repton, as well as Thomas Clarkson fact-finder behind the abolition of the slave trade.

Notable bands from Bury St Edmunds include Jacob's Mouse, Miss Black America, The Dawn Parade and Kate Jackson (of The Long Blondes)

Although not from Bury St Edmunds, BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel lived nearby in Great Finborough and on 12 November 2004 his funeral took place at the cathedral. It was attended by a thousand people including many artists he had championed. During a peak of local musical activity in Bury St Edmunds in 2002, he referred (tongue-in-cheek) to the town as 'The New Seattle'.
Actor Ian McShane was given freedom of the borough in 1996 after he played the title role in the television series Lovejoy, filmed in and around Bury.

Bury St Edmunds is birthplace of James Moore winner of the world's first cycle race and of the first long-distance road race, from Paris to Rouen

Twin towns
 Compiegne, Oise, Picardie, France
 Kevelaer, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

References

Other websites 

 Bury St Edmunds cathedral website 
 Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds
 Local Museums and Galleries 
 Bury St Edmunds Art Gallery 
 Article on completing Bury St Edmund's cathedral 
 Bury St Edmunds Area Guide 
 Bury St Edmunds official development site 
 Turkish Airlines crash on BBC

Towns in Suffolk
Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi () was an Arab general of the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate who attacked  the Sindh and Punjab regions along the Indus River (now a part of Pakistan). The conquest of Sindh and Punjab began the Islamic era in South Asia and continues to lend the Sindh province of Pakistan the name Baab-e-Islam (The Gateway of Islam). Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir, the last Hindu king of Sindh and killed him at the banks of the Indus River in Sindh near modern day Nawabshah. Dahir's body was beheaded and his head was sent to Baghdad to be shown to the Umayyad governor of Baghdad, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. After defeating Raja Dahir, Muhammad bin Qasim conquered and annexed Sindh and the city of Multan in southern Punjab into the Umayyad Caliphate. Thus, he had captured the entire Sindh and also Multan. Sindh and South Punjab became the easternmost provinces of the Umayyad Caliphate and remained in Arab Muslim hands until the conquests of Mahmud of Ghazni.
695 births
715 deaths
Indian generals
Muslims
National symbols of Pakistan
Syrian military people
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. It was the direct precursor to the United States Air Force, established in 1947. At its peak strength in 1944, the USAAF had over 2.4 million men and women in service, nearly 80,000 aircraft and 783 permanent bases, and operated from more than 2,000 airfields worldwide.

History
The Air Corps became the Army Air Forces in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently, and to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force. Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of the army or navy (such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe), the USAAF remained a part of the United States Army.

United States Air Force
1941 establishments in the United States
1947 disestablishments in the United States
The Salem Witch Trials were a series of county court trials which accused people of being witches. The Salem Witch Trials involved two kinds of trials. First, court hearings were held before local magistrates; then trials were held in county court.  The witch trials were held in Essex, Suffolk and Middlesex  Counties of colonial Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693.

In February 1692, two young girls in Salem Village, Betty Parris and Abigail Williams, began twisting themselves into strange shapes and saying words that made no sense.  Betty’s father called a doctor, who said that witches had invaded Salem Village and were  bewitching the girls.  The girls accused people they didn’t like of being witches.
The trials were held in Salem. Accused witches from surrounding areas were brought to Salem to be tried for witchcraft. The best-known trials were held by the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town. All twenty-six people who went to trial before this court were convicted. In 1693, there were also four sessions of the Superior Court of Judicature in Salem. During these court sessions, thirty-one accused witches were tried for practicing witchcraft, but only three were convicted.

A much later Ipswich Witch Trial was held in 1878, and was called the second Salem witch trial.

References

 
17th century in Massachusetts
1692
1693
Baron is a title of honour in many European peerage systems. It is often a hereditary title that ranks as the one of the lower titles in a peerage. In the UK peerage system, the five peerage titles from highest to lowest are duke, marquess, earl, viscount and baron. Baronets and knights are not members of the peerage although a baron may also be a knight. In the feudalism of medieval England a baron was a tenant-in-chief who held his lands directly from the king. During the 13th century barons were summoned by royal writ to attend Parliament.

The word baron comes from Old French baron, itself from Frankish baro meaning "freeman, warrior". It later merged with Old English beorn meaning "nobleman." The lands of a baron are called a barony. The female title for a baron is baroness. The form of address for a baron is "Lord" and for a baroness "Lady".

List of English and Irish Barons

References 

Nobility
Peerages
A telephone box or phone booth is a public kiosk enclosing a payphone. It is usually an item of street furniture, though some may be inside a building.

United Kingdom telephone boxes were designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott and were common in the UK, Malta and Gibraltar. The colour red was chosen to make them easy to spot. Because of the growth of mobile phones, telephone boxes are steadily being removed.

Related pages
 Payphone

References

Other websites
 Gallery of UK telephone kiosks
 Picture guide to UK telephone boxes
 Telephone Box website
 Kiosk website
 Red telephone kiosks in Oxford, England 
 Red phone boxes in the Welsh landscape 
 Existing red phone boxes around the city of Liverpool

Street furniture
Telephone
A running gag is an humorous joke or reference that is used several times in a work or series of works. A famous example of a running gag is the Couch gag in the opening of The Simpsons.

Humor
Harran, also known as Carrhae, is a district of Şanlıurfa Province in the southeast of Turkey.

Harran is an ancient city which was a major Mesopotamian commercial, cultural, and religious center. It is a valuable archaeological site. It is often identified as the place in which Abraham lived before he reached Canaan.

The city was the chief home of the Mesopotamian moon-god Sin, under the Babylonians and even into Roman times.

Carrhae is an ancient town on the site that doesn't exist anymore. It gave its name to the Battle of Carrhae (53 BC), fought between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire.

Harran's ruins are from Roman, Sabian, and Islamic times. T. E. Lawrence surveyed the site, and an Anglo-Turkish excavation was begun in 1951.

References
References

 Chwolsohn, Daniil Abramovic, Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus, 2 vols. St. Petersburg, 1856. [Still a valuable reference and collection of sources]
 Green, Tamara, The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran. Leiden, 1992.
 Heidemann, Stefan, Die Renaissance der Städte in Nordsyrien und Nordmesopotamien: Städtische Entwicklung und wirtschaftliche Bedingungen in ar-Raqqa und Harran von der beduinischen Vorherrschaft bis zu den Seldschuken (Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts 40). Leiden, 2002 .
 Rice, David Storm, "Medieval Harran. Studies on Its Topography and Monuments I", Anatolian Studies 2, 1952, pp. 36–84.

Other websites 
 Pictures of the city
 More pictures 
 Harran Guide and Photo Album
 Livius.org: Harran (Carrhae) 

Cities in Turkey
Assyria
Phillip "Phil" O'Donnell (25 March 1972 – 29 December 2007) was a Scottish football player. O'Donnell played for Motherwell, Celtic and Sheffield Wednesday over the course of his career. He died from a cardiac arrest after collapsing on the pitch on 29 December 2007.

Death

On 29 December 2007, O'Donnell collapsed during a game against Dundee United just as he was about to be substituted. He was treated on the pitch for about five minutes by the Motherwell and Dundee United club doctors before being taken by ambulance to Wishaw General Hospital. However, he was pronounced dead at 17.18 hours. He was 35 years of age, married and had four children.

A postmortem examination was carried out on 1 January 2008 and it was revealed O'Donnell died of left ventricular failure. His funeral was on 4 January, at St Mary's church in Hamilton.
Tributes
Former Scottish First Minister Jack McConnell, MSP for Motherwell and Wishaw, was among those to pay tribute. He hailed the midfielder as a "great professional." He said, "as captain he helped transform Motherwell this season. Phil will be sadly missed by his family and by football fans but he will be mourned by the whole community."

The player was described as a "perfect gentleman" by former Scotland coach Craig Brown. He said: "It's very, very sad news, I just can't get over it. You would not get a more ideal role model for a young footballer than Phil O'Donnell. I think in his first spell at Motherwell he was probably the best box-to-box midfield player – maybe not just in Scotland but in the UK."
Motherwell announced the Main Stand at Fir Park will be renamed The Phil O'Donnell Stand as a permanent tribute and Phil's team-mates will pay their own personal tribute by having his signature embroidered on their strips for the remainder of the 2007/08 season.

On 25 May 2008, a benefit match was held at Celtic Park in memory of O'Donnell with the proceeds going to various charities.  The match was between a Celtic F.C. side drawn from their 1998 title winning squad and a Motherwell F.C. side drawn from their 1991 Scottish Cup win.  Other players such as David Clarkson and James McFadden played in the game. Henrik Larsson described the match as "a sad occasion but at the same time it's a kind of celebration for everything." The match finished 5-1, in front of 60,000.

References

Footballers from North Lanarkshire
1972 births
2007 deaths
The Blue Jays won the World Series twice, first in 1992 against the Atlanta Braves and again the next year, in 1993. They won their second World Series on Joe Carter's walk-off home run against the Philadelphia Phillies in the last inning of Game 6 on October 23, 1993, for a final score of 7-6. In both of those years, the team won American League East division titles (having the best win-loss record in their division). Others years in which the Jays won division titles were in 1985, 1989, 1991, and most recently in 2015. They also went to the playoffs as a wild card team in 2016.

Other websites
Official Website

1977 establishments in North America
 
1970s establishments in Canada
The Toronto Raptors are a Canadian professional basketball team in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They are based in Toronto. They were started in 1995. They play their home games at Scotiabank Arena. They are the only NBA team currently playing in Canada.

For the 2019 season, the Raptors won the Eastern Conference Dinals for the first time in the team's history. Because of this, they also got the chance to play in the NBA Finals for the first time in their history. They won the NBA Finals against the two-time defending champion Golden State Warriors in six games and became the first Canadian team to win an NBA Final. Kawhi Leonard was named the Finals MVP for the second time in his career.

References

Other websites

 
1995 establishments in Canada
The Toronto Argonauts are the Canadian Football League team in Toronto. The team was started in 1873 by the Argonaut Rowing Club.

References
Baute, Nicole (12 November 2008). "The colour of Toronto". Toronto Star

Other websites
Toronto Argonauts official website

Canadian football clubs
Sports teams in Toronto
1873 establishments in Canada
TD Canada Trust is the personal, small business and commercial banking operation of The Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD) in Canada. It was created when two banks merged, Toronto Dominion and Canada Trust in 2000.

Sources

Other websites 
TD Canada Trust
TD Canada Trust Deposit Registers
TD Canada Trust Locations

Banks of Canada
Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Companies based in Toronto‎
Pocoyo is a Spanish children's television series that aired for four series since 2005. Pocoyo does not talk very much. He has a few friends, including a bird named Baby Bird, an elephant named Elly, an octopus named Fred, a dog named Loula, a duck named Pato and a girl named Nina who also does not talk very much, but also speaks her own launguage.

Characters
Pocoyo is the main character of the series. He is a young boy full of curiosity who loves to play games and discover new things. He always wears a blue three-flap hat, a blue jacket with a yellow zipper, and a pair of blue pants and shoes. He is 4 years old; his "birthday" is October 14. His best friends are Baby Bird, Elly, Fred, Loula and Pato. He has a vehicle called the Vamoosh which he can use to travel under the water, in the air or through space. He is voiced by Montana Smedley in series 2, but occasionally, by Alex Marty in series 1.
 The Narrator (del Rio, Fry, or Hughes) speaks over the entire show and often communicates directly with the characters. Pocoyo has a good relationship with him and is always really delighted to see (hear) him. The narrator is also at times physically involved in the events of the episodes, making him more of a heard-but-not-seen character rather than a strict narrator.
Baby Bird is the small, active and loud baby son of his mother Sleepy Bird, who gets into tricky situations from which he is rescued by Pocoyo. Named "Pajarito" in Spanish version ('little bird').
 Elly is a pink elephant who always wears a blue back-pack. She loves making biscuits and tea, and she also has a doll that she loves very much. Despite her size, she is graceful and gentle, capable of ballet dancing. She usually rides around on her pink scooter.
 Fred (the Octopus) is a red octopus (although shown with only 4 legs instead of 8, as to make animation rendering simpler) who speaks in gibberish like Caterpillar, and is very fond of singing. He appears in random episodes, sometimes as a major character, sometimes in passing. As of Season Two, he is sometimes referred to as 'Fred'. He sounds similar to Pee-wee Herman.
Loula is Pocoyo's orange-yellow pet puppy and companion. Originally, the character's name was Lucas, in tribute to Creator and Director Guillermo García Carsi's dog, but for the series was lacking female characters so it was changed to Loula.
 Pato is a yellow duck who wears nothing but a small green hat. Pato means duck in Spanish, Portuguese, Tagalog, and Papiamento. A favourite amongst the young children due to his enjoyable dancing. Although friendly, Pato is the most fussy and impatient character (indicated by his beak that bends in an angle when disappointed or shocked); on occasion he completely loses his temper, jumping up and down and quacking furiously. He is used as a jackhammer or missile or a hat and can become a helicopter.
 The Children are a group of kids who, like The Narrator, speak over the show, answering questions asked by The Narrator in order to assist Pocoyo in solving a problem or to let Pocoyo in on what's going on.
Nina is another human character who is introduced in the 4th Season episode of the same name. She is a young girl similar to Pocoyo (likely younger than him) who has red hair, wears a lime green hoodie with two antennas, lime green shorts, and lime green shoes. Like Pato, She greatly loves plants and nature. She naturally speaks mostly a form of gibberish with Japanese or Spanish accent, but can also speak fluent English, though not as much as Pocoyo. She appears to be very fond of Pocoyo, always playing together like siblings. One image shows Nina kissing Pocoyo's cheeks, implying that they have a relationship. Her name resembles "niña", Spanish for "girl". Thanks to her robotic pet called Roberto (pronounced Roh-bear-toe), it has the ability to shrink where anyone can be shrunk as well. She replaces Loula's bit in the title sequence (except in her debut appearance and the episodes where she's absent). She is voiced by Noela Rodriguez.

Episodes
Episodes

Season 1
 Umbrella Umbrella
 Drum Roll Please
 Swept Away
 Who's on the Phone?
 Fetch Loula Fetch!
 A Little Cloud
 A Present for Elly
 Pocoyo Dance
 The Big Sneeze
 A Mystery Most Puzzling
 Hush
 Double Bubble
 Key to it All
 Keep going Pocoyo!
 Sleepy Bird's Surprise
 Where's Pocoyo?
 Drummer Boy
 The Great Race
 Don't Touch
 Mystery Footprints
 Magical Watering Can
 Table for Fun
 Twinkle Twinkle
 Hiccup
 Pato's Postal Service
 Puppy Love
 Bat and Ball
 Elly Spots
 Up Up and Away
 A Surprise for Pocoyo
 Having a Ball
 Super Pocoyo
 Let's Go Camping!
 Pocoyo, Pocoyo
 Elly's Big Chase
 Pocoyo Gets it Right
 Juggling Balls
 Fussy Duck
 A Dog's Life
 Pocoyolympics
 Picture This
 Whale's Birthday
 Pocoyo's Little Friend
 Colour My World
 Bedtime
 A Little Something Between Friends
 Giggle Bug
 What's in the Box?
 Musical Blocks
 Paint Me a Picture!
 Elly's Doll
 Wackily Ever After
Season 2
 Mr. Big Duck
 Guess What?
 All for One
 Band of Friends
 Upside Down
 Mad Mix Machine
 The Messy Guest
 New on the Planet
 Pocoyo's Present
 Elly's Ballet Class
 Pocoyo's Balloon
 Who's Calling Me Now?
 Big Scary Slide
 Elly's Shoes
 Duck Stuck
 Scary Noises
 Not in my Backyard!
 Vamoosh on the Loosh
 Detective Pocoyo
 Scooter Madness
 Lost in Space
 Boo!
 Party Pooper
 My Pato!
 Baby Bird Bother
 Dirty Dog
 The Seed
 Runaway Hat
 Invisible Pocoyo
 Noise To My Ears
 Baby Bird Sitting
 Everyone's Present
 Magic Act
 Picnic Puzzle
 Pocoyo's Puppet Show
 Pato's Egg
 Dance Off!
 Get Lost Loula
 Sneaky Shoes
 Shutterbug
 Angry Alien
 Pato Underwater
 Pato's Paintings
 Monster Mystery
 Poczilla
 Elly on Ice
 Farewell Friends
 Double Trouble
 Horse!
 Elly's Tea Party
 Talent Show
 Remember When…
Season 3: Let's Go Pocoyo
 Pocoyo's Band
 Picnic
 Pato's Shower
 The Garden
 Pato the Postman
 Colours
 Ready, Steady, Go!
 Camping
 Space Mission
 Travel with Pato
 Playtime
 Tennis Everyone
 Hide and Seek
 Party Time
 Wheels
 Elly's Bath
 The Amazing Tower
 Pocoyo's New Toys
 Bathing Loula
 Magic Fingers
 Cooking with Elly
 Elly's Market
 Pato's Bedtime
 A Hole in One
 Pocoyo's Camera
 Painting with Pocoyo
 Playing Dress Up
 Magic Box
 Pocoyo's Restaurant
 Wake Up, Pocoyo!
 Ahoy, Pocoyo!
 Elly's Computer
 Going to the Beach
 Big & Small
 Face Painting
 Supermarket
 Elly's Playhouse
 Pocoyo's Puppet Theatre
 Up & Down
 Pocoyo's Breakfast
 Traffic Jam
 Pato's Living Room
 Cinema
 Elly's New Doll
 Circus
 The Best Bedroom
 Pocoyo Goes To School
 Art
 Pocoyo Recycles
 Down on the Farm
 Nurse Elly
 Fishing with Pocoyo
Season 4
Part One
 Holidays
 Christmas Tree
 Chicks Dig Me
 Call Me
 Muck Struck
 Nina
 Hack Attack
 Hole Lotta Trouble
 Great Shot!
 Disco Fleaver
 House of Colours
 Summer Hike
 Bumbleberry Surprise
 Are We There Yet?
 Tourist Trapped
 Time After Time Before Time
 Tiny Fun Park
 Halloween Tales
 Rock is a Hard Place
 Angry Alien Strikes Back
 Magic Words
 Sleep Guard
 Insert Coin
 Space Postal Service
 An Alien Christmas Carol
 Dance Off! Part Two
Part Two
 The Grand Final
 Slippery Pato
 The Dino Box
 Pirates
 The Pink Perfume
 Robot Pocoyo
 Pato's Phone
 Fancy Dress Party
 Strike!
 Let's Tidy Up
 The Balloon
 The Silence Challenge
 Overprotective Roberto
 Pocoyo's Car
 Inventions
 My Hero
 The Rescue
 Pocoyo's Friend
 Elly's Picnic
 Nina Discovers the World
 The Remote Control
 The Tennis Racket
 Nina the Dog Trainer
 Prank Day
 I Don't Want to Go to Sleep
 Winter Games
 Dragon Island

References

Children's television series
Animated television series
In the 1790s, Thomas Jefferson brought thick french fries to the United States from France. However, a customer at a restaurant at the Moon Lake Lodge in Saratoga Springs, New York, was making the chef, George Crum, angry by saying that the fries were not thin enough. Finally, George Crum became so angry he decided to exaggerate. He sliced the potatoes so thinly they could not even be pierced with a fork. Then he put them in ice water for 30 minutes. After he fried and salted them, he gave them to the customer - who, to his surprise, loved them. First named "Saratoga Chips" in 1853, it later became well known as "potato chips". George Crum later opened his own restaurant that served his special potato chips.

Notes

References
Notes

References

 Choron, Sandra. The Big Book of Kids' Lists. New York: World Almanac Publications, 1985.
 Caney, Steven. Steven Caney's Kids' America. New York: Workman Publishing, 1978
 Flexner, Stuart Berg. Listening to America. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982.
 Sutton, Caroline. How Did They Do That? New York: William Morrow and Co., 1987

Other websites 

 Taquitos.net (more than 900 reviews of potato chips)
 A short documentary How Do They Make Potato Chips?

Snack foods
Potatoes
This article is about the Canadian university. For the British university, see University of York.

York University (French: Université York), is a Canadian university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. York University is Canada's third largest university. It first opened in 1959.

References
In teaching, the University of Toronto is known for its ideas about literature and communication. It is also the place where insulin and stem cells were first found. Its people built the first electron microscope, found the first black hole, and began a touchscreen technology called multi-touch. It is the university that has the most money and research work in Canada. The university's sports teams are called the Varsity Blues, and they have very long histories in American football and ice hockey. The University of Toronto has been ranked as one of the top universities in the world.

References 
 Friedland, Martin L. (2002). The University of Toronto: A History. The University of Toronto Press. .

Other websites 

University of Toronto

Association of American Universities
Brampton ( or ) is the third-largest city in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada. It is in the Peel Region. At the time of the 2006 Canadian census, Brampton's population was 433,806 people. Brampton is now the 11th largest city in Canada.

Brampton was made into a village in 1853. It took its name from the town of Brampton, England. Brampton was once known as The Flower Town of Canada. It was called this because of the city's large greenhouse industry. Today, the city is the home of the national headquarters of Loblaw Companies, HBC/Zellers, Brita, Clorox and other companies. The city is also home to Canadian Forces Army Reserve unit The Lorne Scots (Peel, Dufferin and Halton Regiment).

History
In 1834, a man named John Elliott divided land into lots and started to sell these lots. He called the area "Brampton", and others started to do the same.