Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1975 LaVey argued within the Church of Satan by stopping the Church's “Grotto” system(having Satanic rituals in caves) and removing people he thought were using the Church instead of doing things in the outside world. After that, LaVey hoped success in society would decide who did well in the Church of Satan. LaVey chose to do less interviews. People thought the Church might have ended, or even that LaVey might have died.

In the 1980s some Christians, therapists who believed in recovered memories, and the news were saying Satanists were a criminal group. Members of the Church of Satan, such as Peter H. Gilmore, Peggy Nadramia, Boyd Rice, Adam Parfrey, Diabolos Rex, and musician King Diamond, were active in the news to deny the Church of Satan were criminals. These stories became known as the Satanic panic. The FBI later made a report saying these conspiracy theories were untrue.
In the 1980s and 1990s the Church of Satan made many movies, music, films, and magazines about Satanism. Adam Parfrey’s Feral House publishing, the music of Boyd Rice, and the films of Nick Bougas, including his documentary Speak of the Devil: The Canon of Anton LaVey. They were also frequently in the newspapers.

After Anton Szandor LaVey's death, his partner Blanche Barton became head of the Church of Satan. Barton is still in the Church; however, in 2001 she gave her position to long-time members Peter H. Gilmore and Peggy Nadramia, the current High Priest and High Priestess and publishers of The Black Flame, the magazine of The Church of Satan. The Central Office of the Church of Satan has also moved from San Francisco to New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, where the couple live. The Church of Satan does not recognize any other organizations as being Satanist  though it does recognize that one does not need to be a member of the Church of Satan to be a Satanist.
Some public figures have been involved with the Church of Satan, including Kenneth Anger, King Diamond, Teresa Hidy, David Vincent, Marilyn Manson, Aaron Joehlin, Boyd Rice, Marc Almond, Alkaline Trio guitarist and singer Matt Skiba and drummer Derek Grant, professional wrestler Balls Mahoney, professional wrestler Sterling James Keenan, journalist Michael Moynihan, death metal guitarist Matthew McRaith, Sammy Davis Jr. and the artist Coop. As the Church of Satan does not let people see the membership records, it is not known how many members they have.

In October 2004 the Royal Navy officially recognised its first registered Satanist, twenty-four year old Chris Cranmer, as a technician on the HMS Cumberland.

On June 6, 2006 The Church of Satan held the first public ritual Satanic Mass in 40 years at the Steve Allen Theater in the Center for Inquiry in Los Angeles. The ritual, based on The Satanic Bible and The Satanic Rituals, was led by Reverend Bryan Moore and Priestess Heather Saenz.
In December 2007 the Associated Press reported that a teenager had sent an e-mail to the Church of Satan administration saying he wanted to "kill in the name of our unholy lord Satan." The Church told the Federal Bureau of Investigation about the message, which then told local police who arrested the teenager. 

Membership
The Church of Satan has two types of members: Registered Members and Active Members. Registered Members just have to pay $200 to the Church, and are given a red card to show they are a member. An Active Member has to be involved with the Church and local members. Active Membership is divided into five Degrees:
Active Members begin at the First Degree. They must be approved for an Active Membership, and this is based on their answers to a long list of questions. Members cannot apply for higher Degrees, and the requirements for each degree are not open to the public. Promotion to a higher degree is only by being invited. Members of the Third through Fifth degrees are the Priesthood and may be called "Reverend." Members of the Fifth degree are sometimes called "Doctor," although "The Doctor" usually means Lavey. Some Active Members are called Agents, qualified to explain the Church of Satan and the philosophy of Satanism to the media and others who are interested.

People seeking membership must be old enough to be seen as adults in the country where they live. The only exception made is for children of members who show they understand the Church philosophy and practices who wish to join. What they can do is limited until they reach adulthood.
Grottoes 
Over the years, the Church of Satan has stopped then restarted the use of Grottoes -small groups for people who live near each other to work on projects or do ritual together, or be friends. Now that most people have the internet, the Church of Satan has decided people do not need to join Grottoes to meet other Satanists. If a group of Church of Satan members now wish to form a “magic circle” for something more than simple friendship and ritual, and can keep it active for a year and a day, the leader of the group can apply to have it called a Grotto and the leader called a Grotto Master. A grotto is expected to be secret, and only those they think are worthy are supposed to know about it. If a Grotto stops being useful it will be closed, as the Church of Satan has always done. Grotto Masters and Grottos do not represent the Church of Satan unless they have other authority to do so.
Priesthood
Members of the Priesthood have the titles “Priest”/“Priestess,” “Magister”/“Magistra,” or “Magus”/“Maga.” The Council of Nine, which is the ruling body of the Church of Satan, and the Order of the Trapezoid who help in the administration of the Church of Satan are part of the priesthood. The High Priest and Priestess act as administrative chiefs and the two main public representatives. The current High Priest is Peter H. Gilmore, the current High Priestess Peggy Nadramia.

The Church of Satan say they judge whether Active Members can join the Priesthood by their accomplishment in society and recognition within a profession rather than knowledge of the occult. They are expected to be able to speak about the Satanic philosophy, but do not have to represent the Church of Satan publicly, and might choose to keep their membership secret so they can do what they want in the world, meet their own goals and those of the Church. Membership in the Priesthood is by invitation only.
Past & present Church of Satan High Priesthood 
 Anton LaVey - Founder & High Priest 1966 - 1997
 Diane Hegarty - Co-founder & High Priestess 1966 - 1984
 Blanche Barton - Anton's Assistant, High Priestess 1997 - 2002, now Magistra Templi Rex
 Peter H. Gilmore - High Priest 2001 - Present 5th Degree Magus
 Peggy Nadramia - High Priestess 2002 - Present

Zeena Lavey, Anton LaVey's daughter, was not a High Priestess of the Church and has left it.

The main texts of LaVeyan Satanism
Satanists within the Church of Satan follow these rules on how to live. But Satanists do not view the Satanic sins, statements, and rules of the earth as things that someone has to try to do. They think it's human nature, rather than a Jew or Christian who the Church of Satan think have to try hard to fit in with the rules of their religion.
The Nine Satanic Statements
The Nine Satanic Statements outline what "Satan" represents in the Church of Satan.
 Satan represents doing what you want, instead of stopping yourself doing it.
 Satan represents truly living instead of spiritual fantasies.
 Satan represents pure wisdom instead of lying to yourself and others.
 Satan represents kindness to those who deserve it instead of love wasted on ungrateful people.
 Satan represents revenge instead of loving your enemy, which Christians are told to do.
 Satan represents having responsibility for responsible people, instead of concern for those who live off other people's work.
 Satan represents man as just another animal.
 Satan represents all of the things Christianity has called sins, as they all lead to pleasure of some kind.
 Satan has been the best friend the Church has ever had, as he has kept it in business all these years.
The Nine Satanic Sins
 Stupidity
 Pretentiousness
 Solipsism
 Self-deceit
 Herd Conformity
 Lack of Perspective
 Forgetfulness of Past Orthodoxies
 Counterproductive Pride
 Lack of Aesthetics
The Eleven Satanic Rules of the Earth
 Do not give opinions or advice unless you are asked
 Do not tell your troubles to others unless you are sure they want to hear them
 When in another's lair, show him respect or else do not go there
 If a guest in your lair annoys you, treat him cruelly and without mercy
 Do not make sexual advances unless you are given the mating signal
 Do not take that which does not belong to you unless it is a burden to the other person and he cries out to be relieved
 Acknowledge the power of magic if you have employed it successfully to obtain your desires. If you deny the power of magic after having called upon it with success, you will lose all you have obtained
 Do not complain about anything to which you need not subject yourself
 Do not harm little children
 Do not kill non-human animals unless you are attacked or for your food
 When walking in open territory, bother no one. If someone bothers you, ask him to stop. If he does not stop, destroy him
Pentagonal Revisionism (Five-sided change)
Pentagonal Revisionism is a plan consisting of five major goals written in 1988 by founder Anton Szandor LaVey:
 Stratification - "No one should be protected from the effects of his own stupidity."
 Strict taxation of all churches - "The productive, the creative, the resourceful should be subsidized. So long as the useless and incompetent are getting paid, they should be heavily taxed."
No tolerance for religious beliefs secularized and incorporated into law and order issues - "Amnesty should be considered for anyone in prison because of his alleged “influence” upon the actual perpetrator of the crime. Everyone is influenced in what he or she does. Scapegoating has become a way of life, a means of survival for the unfit. As an extension of the Judeo-Christian cop-out of blaming the Devil for everything, criminals can gain leniency, even praise, by placing the blame on a convenient villain. Following the Satanic creed of “Responsibility to the responsible,” in a Satanic society, everyone must experience the consequences of his own actions—for good or ill."
 Development and production of artificial human companions - "An economic “godsend” which will allow everyone “power” over someone else. Polite, sophisticated, technologically feasible slavery. And the most profitable industry since TV and the computer."
The opportunity for anyone to live within a total environment of his or her choice, with mandatory adherence to the aesthetic and behavioral standards of same - "Privately owned, operated and controlled environments as an alternative to homogenized and polyglot ones. The freedom to insularize oneself within a social milieu of personal well-being. An opportunity to feel, see, and hear that which is most aesthetically pleasing, without interference from those who would pollute or detract from that option."
These goals have another purpose, as said by the author, to let non-Satanists see how much they agree with Satanic views. Pentagonal Revisionism is the application of Satanist beliefs to society and economics with five goals to encourage members. Other books, such as The Satanic Bible, say more about Satanic dogma.

Related pages
 Sigil of Baphomet
 Wolfsangel
 Leviathan

References
Further reading
 The Church of Satan: A History of the World's Most Notorious Religion by Blanche Barton (Hell's Kitchen Productions, 1990, ) - Out of print
 Satan Wants You: The Cult of Devil Worship in America by Arthur Lyons (Mysterious Press, 1988, ; Warner Books, 1989, ) - Out of print
 Lucifer Rising: A Book of Sin, Devil Worship and Rock 'n' Roll by Gavin Baddeley, Paul Woods (Plexus Publishing (UK), 2000, )
 The Church of Satan. Fifth Edition, 2002 by Michael A. Aquino. A documentary history of the 1966-1975 Church of Satan. [Note: This is a very large PDF file: 9.4mb.]
 Foertsch, Steven. "An Organizational Analysis of the Schismatic Church of Satan." Review of Religious Research 64: 55-76. https://philpapers.org/archive/FOEAOA.pdf
 Barton, Blanche. 2021. We Are Satanists: The History and Future of the Church of Satan. La Quinta, CA: Aperient Press.
 Dyrendal, Asbjørn, James R. Lewis, and L. Petersen. 2015. The Invention of Satanism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Petersen, J. 2009. "Satanists and Nuts: The Role of Schisms in Modern Satanism." In Sacred Schisms: How Religions Divide'', ed. J. Lewis and S. Lewis, 218–247. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Books by Anton LaVey

Books by Peter H. Gilmore

Interviews with Anton LaVey
 Interview with Anton LaVey by Michelle Carr and Elvia Lahman, originally published in the September 11, 1997 Velvet Hammer souvenir programme.

Critical websites
 John Allee's criticisms of the Church of Satan 

1966 establishments in the United States
San Francisco
Satanism
1960s establishments in California
1966 establishments in California
Abrahamic religions
Religious organizations based in the United States
Kung Fu Panda is a 2008 American-Indian-Chinese-French computer-animated action comedy movie made by DreamWorks. It was directed by John Stevenson and Mark Osborne. It tells the story of Po, a giant panda (Jack Black), a kung fu fan who becomes a kung fu master. It received critical acclaim and became a box office success. A successful sequel, Kung Fu Panda 2 was released in 2011. Another sequel, Kung Fu Panda 3 was released in 2016. There is also two short movies, a Christmas special, and a spinoff TV show.

Release dates
Release dates

Plot
A big, fat panda named Po the panda dreams of becoming a kung fu master, but he doesn't know kung fu. One day, kung fu teacher Master Shifu holds a contest to see who will become the Dragon Warrior, the most powerful kung fu master in the land. Everyone thinks one of Shifu's students, the Furious Five will become the Dragon Warrior, but Po is chosen instead and begins learning kung fu. Shifu and the Furious Five don't like Po the panda and try to make him quit, but he becomes friends with them. When Master Shifu learns that the evil Tai Lung the snow leopard is coming to the land, he quickly teaches Po kung fu so he can be given the Dragon Scroll that will help him beat Tai Lung. Nothing is written on the scroll, but Po finds out that he doesn't need the scroll to be the Dragon Warrior and beats Tai Lung without it. Po becomes a kung fu master and Dragon Warrior loved by everyone and peace returns to the land.
Characters 
 Po, a giant panda and the main protagonist. He is voiced by Jack Black.
 Master Shifu, a wise red panda. He is voiced by Dustin Hoffman.
 Master Tigress, a beautiful but short-tempered Southern China tiger and probably Po's love interest. She is voiced by Angelina Jolie.
 Tai Lung, a snow leopard and the main antagonist. He is voiced by Ian McShane.
 Master Monkey, a golden langur and the fun-loving one in the Furious Five. He is voiced by Jackie Chan.
 Master Mantis, a northern praying mantis and a member of the Furious Five. He is voiced by Seth Rogen.
 Master Viper, a green tree viper and a member of the Furious Five. She is voiced by Lucy Liu.
 Master Crane, a red crowned crane and a member of the Furious Five. He is voiced by David Cross.
 Master Oogway, a wise tortoise and the creator of Kung-Fu. He is voiced by Randall Duk Kim.
 Mr. Ping, a goose and Po's father. He is voiced by James Hong.
 Zeng, a goose. Voice by Dan Fogler.
Commander Vachir, a rhinoceros. Voice by Michael Clarke Duncan.
References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

2008 animated movies
English-language movies
American family movies
American musical movies
American romance movies
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Kung Fu Panda
Movies about bears
Movies about animals
Movies set in forests
Movies set in China
Forrest Gump is a 1986 novel by Winston Groom. The novel tells the story of Forrest Gump, a man with an IQ of 75, and his epic journey through life, meeting historical figures, influencing popular culture and experiencing first-hand historic events while largely unaware of their significance, due to his lower than average intelligence. The movie adaptation differs substantially from the book on which it was based.

Film adaptation 

Forrest Gump was made into a movie starring Tom Hanks. The movie, however, covers a slightly different version of the later chapters, which deal with Gump's shrimp business and his meeting of his son Forrest, Jr. Also, Gump marries Jenny in the movie. Gump and Forrest Jr. do not have the loving relationship that the end of the movie features - in the movie, they actively tell each other that they love one another in their last conversation.
In addition, the movie invented one of its most famous scenes, in which Forrest chooses to run across America repeatedly over a three year period, before his meeting of Forrest, Jr.

1986 books
20th-century American novels
Historical novels
Appendicitis is the inflammation of a person's appendix. The appendix is a pouch at the start of the large intestine. Symptoms usually include a sharp pain in the lower right abdomen. Also, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite are common. However, about 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms. If the appendix ruptures (splits) the result is painful peritonitis, and sepsis. Therefore immediate treatment in hospital is needed for appendicitis. Usually the infected appendix is taken out.

The function of the appendix in apes is the digestion of vegetable matter such as leaves. Humans do not digest leaves, but we inherited some of the apes' vegetarian apparatus. Our appendix is much smaller than that of present-day apes, and for some reason our immune system does not serve it well. An infection there is not eliminated as it might be elsewhere in the body.
The causes of appendicitis include blocking in the appendix, or bacterial infections. If it is not treated, it may lead to peritonitis and shock. Most serious appendicitis happens to younger children and elder adults. Appendicitis is common between the ages of ten and fourteen for males, and fifteen and nineteen for females. The most usual treatment is an appendectomy which means removing the appendix. Sometimes, it gets better without surgery. Some people think that eating vegetables will help, but no chances should be taken. Seek medical advice if in doubt.

Reginald Fitz first described acute appendicitis in 1886. It is one of the leading causes worldwide of "pain in the abdomen", a term used in medicine and surgery to cover a wide range of causes.

References

Inflammation
Medical emergencies
Chandpur (চাঁদপুর)is a district in east-central Bangladesh. It is at the mouth of the Meghna River. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. The town of Chandpur is at the end of a Bangladesh Railways line.

Geography
Chandpur district has a total area of 1704.06 square kilometres. It is bordered by Munshiganj District and Comilla District on the north, Noakhali District, Lakshmipur District and Barisal District on the south, Comilla District on the east, and Meghna River, Shariatpur District and Munshiganj District on the west.

Chandpur is where two of the biggest rivers of Bangladesh meet, the Padma River and the Meghna River.

Subdivisions
Chandpur has 6 municipalities, 60 wards, 195 mahallas, 8 upazilas, 1 thana, 87 union parishads and 1226 villages. The municipalities are Chandpur Sadar, Shahrasti, Matlab, Changer Char and Hajiganj. The administrative subdivisions called upazilas are:
Chandpur Sadar Upazila
Faridganj Upazila
Haimchar Upazila
Haziganj Upazila
Kachua Upazila
Matlab South Upazila
Matlab North Upazilla
Shahrasti Upazila

Religions
In 1991 the religions of the people of this district were recorded as being: 
Muslim - 92.55%, Hindu - 7.18%, Buddhist - 0.06%, Christian - 0.07% and Others - 0.14%.

Related pages
 Districts of Bangladesh
 Chittagong Division
 Railway stations in Bangladesh
 Fishing Hilsa During Rainy Season

References 

 FallingRain Map - elevation = 3m

Districts in Chittagong Division
Chittagong District () is a district in the south-eastern region of  Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. The port city of Chittagong, the second largest city in Bangladesh, is in this district.

History
Because of its harbour, Chittagong had been an important place for trade, bringing Arab traders as early as the 9th century CE. The region fell under the rule of kings from Arakan in the 16th and 17th centuries, but later, the Mughal army under Islam Khan conquered Chittagong. During the 17th century, the region also faced a lot of attacks by Portuguese pirates. The Mughals established Chittagong as a district in 1666. The Chittagong Hill Tracts were separated from Chittagong in 1860. Cox's Bazar was separated into a district in 1984.

People
According to the 1991 census, the religion of the people are:
Religious composition (1991): Muslim - 83.92%, Hindu - 13.76%; Buddhist - 2.01%, Christian - 0.11% and Others - 0.2%.
Thanas
Rangamati Thana
Chittagong Thana
Khagrachari Thana
Cox's Bazar Thana
Bandarban Thana

Related pages
Chittagong
Chittagong Division
Divisions of Bangladesh

References

Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Districts in Chittagong Division
Banglapedia, or the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, is the first Bangladeshi encyclopedia. It is available in print, CD-ROM format and online, in both Bangla and English. The print version comprises has 500-page volumes. The first edition was published in January 2003 by the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, with a plan to update it every two years. 

Banglapedia is not a general encyclopaedia but one that covers Bangladesh-related topics. Although Bangladesh is a new country, there is a lot of history going back many, Banglapedia uses the word Bangladesh to include the territory of ancient Eastern India, Suba Bangla, Shahi Bangalah, Mughal Suba Bangla, Bengal Presidency, Bengal Province, East Bengal, East Pakistan, and the independent Bangladesh.

References

Bangladesh
Encyclopedias
The Bengal Presidency was a colonial region of British India; it was made up of undivided Bengal. This area of Bengal is today split into  Bangladesh as well as following states of India:

 West Bengal
 Assam
 Bihar
 Meghalaya
 Orissa
 Tripura

However the Bengal Presidency also later included other areas that are now part of Pakistan and India. The areas of India that used to be part of the presidency include, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh as well as parts of Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. It also included the North-West Frontier and British Punjab provinces of Pakistan as well as Burma. Penang and Singapore were also considered to be part of the Presidency until they became part of the Crown Colony of the Straits Settlements in 1867.

References

Provinces of British India
To become a vet in North America, you must go to college for at least 2 or 3 years, and take several required classes, including many science classes. You then apply to veterinary school. If you are accepted, you are in veterinary school for 4 years, and then graduate with the degree Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. In the United States and Canada, you have to pass a test (called the NAVLE or North American Veterinary Licensing Exam) before you can practice as a veterinarian. In other countries such as Australia, veterinary schools are 5 years long and take students that have finished high school. In Iraq, veterinary schools are 5 years long and take students that have finished high schools.

References 

Veterinary medicine
Science occupations
General Sir James Abbott (12 March 1807 – 6 October 1896) was a British army officer in colonial India. He became famous in the northwest frontier region of India in the middle part of the 19th century (today this is the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan). He was one of Henry Lawrence's 'advisers' to the Sikhs, after the First Anglo-Sikh War (1846), and then became the first deputy commissioner of Hazara (1849 - 1853). 

As part of the Treaty of Lahore signed after the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo-Sikh War, Hazara and Kashmir were going to be transferred to Gulab Singh, Hazara however stayed under the Lahore government and governed by James Abbott. The Pakistani city of Abbottabad was founded by him in January 1853 and is named after him.
James Abbott was the brother of Augustus Abbott and Frederick Abbott, who also served as officers in the forces of the East India Company. His picture was created by the artist B. Baldwin, this picture is located in the National Portrait Gallery in London, though it is not currently on display.

References

Other websites 
www.nationalarchives.gov.uk

1807 births
1896 deaths
Colonial officials of British India
The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania () is a small republic in the north of the Caucasus which is part of Russia.

In the Middle Ages it was called “Alania”. Since 1804 it has been under Russian control. When the Soviet Union was breaking up in the early 1990s there was a lot of nationalistic feeling in the area. Some Ossetian people wanted to call the country Alania again. In November 1994 the name of Alania was added to the republican title (Republic of North Ossetia-Alania).

A lot of people have come to North Ossetia as refugees because of the wars in neighbouring countries of Chechnya and South Ossetia.

Related pages

 Ossetic language
 Music of Ossetia
 North Caucasus

Ossetia, North
Republics of Russia
Bernard Fanning (born 15 August 1969) is the singer, guitarist and writes songs for the Australian rock band Powderfinger.

Born in Brisbane, Fanning joined the band Powderfinger after finishing high school in 1989. He was asked to join by singer and guitar player Ian Haug. He had met Haug while studying journalism at the University of Queensland. He also appeared in the movie Ned Kelly which starred Heath Ledger. Fanning has a small role as a musician in the hotel. He also wrote several songs for the movie, including the title song, "Shelter for My Soul."

Powderfinger have released six albums. Fanning has made a solo album, Tea and Sympathy in 2005. His music has been described as a mixture of blues and acoustic folk. As well as singing, Fanning plays guitar, piano, keyboards and harmonica.
Tea and Sympathy
This album was recorded in 2005 while Powderfinger were having a break. Ten of the songs were recorded at Peter Gabriel's Real World studios at Bath, Somerset. The other four tracks where recorded in Brisbane. All the songs were written by Bernard Fanning. Other musicians on the album are John Bedggood, John Marotta, Keith Duffy, Duane Billing, Matt Englebrecht, Chris Bosely, Tchad Blake, Ben Quinn and Stu Miller.

Tracks
 "Thrill is Gone"
 "Wish You Well"
 "Not Finished Just Yet"
 "Songbird"
 "Believe"
 "Which Way Home"
 "Wash Me Clean"
 "Hope and Validation"
 "Sleeping Rough"
 "The Strangest Thing"
 "Further Down the Road" 
 "Down to the River"
 "Yesterday's Gone"
 "Watch Over Me"

References

Other websites

 The Bernard Fanning website

1969 births
Living people
Australian guitarists
Australian rock musicians
Australian singer-songwriters
Multi-instrumentalists
Musicians from Brisbane
Powderfinger
A SWAT team is a group of highly trained police officers who deal with very dangerous criminals. SWAT is an acronym that means Special Weapons And Tactics. SWAT officers carry weapons of higher caliber than most police officers do, such as machine guns, shotguns, and sniper rifles. Usually, police departments use SWAT teams to catch people who sell illegal drugs or try to hold people hostage. They also respond to serious crimes like bank robberies when normal police officers cannot control the criminals.

The SWAT teams are usually called to deal with hostage situations. They plan the entry into the building where the hostages are being held. They look closely at all building entrances to choose the best option. They make use of equipment such as rappelling ropes, night vision goggles, a tactical shield, flashbang and smoke grenades, snake cameras and small cameras that fit under doors and into very small holes, among others.
SWAT officers act as paramilitary units that tackle situations beyond the capability of conventional police forces. SWAT teams are called in when an incident presents significant risk to law enforcement officers or the public, as in:
Counterterrorism operations
Catching and arresting of armed and barricaded suspects
Suicide intervention
Warrant service under fire
Protection of visiting dignitaries
High-risk search and seizure
Covert and undercover operations
Crowd and riot control
Fugitive tracking in rural environments

While all SWAT officers are expert marksmen with in-depth training in close combat, most play a specialized role within the team. Some serve as negotiators or medics while others are experts in handling assault vehicles or weapons. Each team includes several tactical officers who coordinate and carry out assaults on barricaded positions and catch and arrest armed suspects.
When not responding to crises, SWAT officers perform more routine duties. Many spend a majority of their time in conventional policing activities such as patrol and traffic enforcement. In some areas, they use their specialized tactical knowledge to conduct crime suppression exercises that ferret out dangerous offenders.

References

Police
Military of the United States
A commando is a soldier who has been highly trained in combat.

A commando is a special forces soldier who is "trained and equipped to conduct" special operations, according to Australian authorities.

In many miliaries, they are used to rescue hostages and board enemy ships. In the United Kingdom, to become a commando, candidates must pass either Royal Marine Commando training or the All Arms Commando Course.

The military of the United States and some other countries, do not have (military) units with commandos. The United States does have special forces soldiers (and they are sometimes called special forces operators). United States Army Special Forces is one of the special forces of the U.S. military.

Related pages
Special forces

References 

Military occupations
The White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg, Russia is an international cultural festival which is held every year. There are classical ballet, opera and music events. Many famous Russian dancers, singers, musicians and actors, take part, as well as famous international guest stars. The Scarlet Sails celebration is the big climax of the White Nights season, the largest public event anywhere in Russia. About a million people visit the festival.

The middle of summer in St Petersburg is known as the "White Nights" because, as it is so far north, the sky does not get completely dark during the short night.

The festival begins in May with the "Stars of the White Nights" at Mariinsky Theatre and ends in July. However, there are some performances that take place before and after the official dates.

The "Stars of the White Nights" is a series of classical ballet, opera and orchestral performances at the Mariinsky Theatre and the Mariinsky Concert Hall. The artistic director of the festival is Valery Gergiev.
The "Stars of the White Nights" festival was originally started by the first mayor of St. Petersburg, Anatoly Sobchak, and has been held every year since 1993. Some of the stars who performed here include Plácido Domingo, Olga Borodina, Alfred Brendel, Anna Netrebko, Carlo Maria Giulini, Yuri Temirkanov, Gidon Kremer, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Alexander Toradze, Deborah Voigt, James Conlon and many other classical performers.

A series of carnivals take place during the White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg. In one of the carnivals the actors dress in period costumes from the times of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. Old carriages are ridden around the Peterhof park.
Every summer in St. Petersburg the Palace Square becomes a stage for international stars of popular music. This wide square has been used for official military parades and massive demonstrations, as well as for political events and large-scale shows and other entertainment. Recent performers have been Paul McCartney, the Rolling Stones, Scorpions and other stars.

Other websites
 White Nights Foundation: White Nights Foundation of America 
 Valery Gergiev Official website

Saint Petersburg
Festivals
Infantry is the branch of a country's army that fights on foot.  A member of the infantry is called an infantryman. Infantrymen are also called foot soldiers or footmen. Infantry is different than cavalry because infantry members fight on their own two feet, without vehicles or animals to ride on. Historically, infantrymen were trained to use spears, swords and shields. Modern infantrymen are trained to use many different kinds of weapons, including rifles, grenades, rocket launchers, pistols, sniper rifles, and machine guns. It is one of the most dangerous jobs in any country's military. Since the end of World War II, 81% of Americans killed in battle were infantrymen. This is despite the fact that the infantry made up only about 4% of the US military. The infantry is the backbone of the military and the most important branch of the army.

References 

Army
Bryan Ezra Tsumoru Clay (born January 3, 1980) is an American decathlete – the 2008 Olympic gold medalist and 2004 Olympic silver medalist.

Clay was born in Austin, Texas. He was raised in Hawaii.

References

Other websites

American Olympic gold medalists
American decathletes
1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Austin, Texas
Monarch Airlines was a budget airline which is based in the United Kingdom. It was created on 5 June 1967. Its first flight was on 5 April 1968 from Luton in England to Madrid in Spain. Monarch flew to many different places around the world, and usually to holiday resorts. The airline stopped flying on 2 October 2017.

Aeroplanes 
Monarch's fleet consisted of 35 aircraft: 9 Airbus A320 aircraft, 25 Airbus A321 aircraft and 1 Boeing 737-800 aircraft.

Monarch had ordered 45 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft which were due to be delivered in 2018.

Accidents 

Monarch Airlines has had 2 accidents. Nobody was killed. On 22 May 2002, one of Monarch's Boeing 757s suffered broken landing gear at Gibraltar Airport because the pilot pushed the front wheels down too hard on landing.
On 17 March 2006, the flightdeck crew of a Boeing 757-200 lost visual contact with the runway while attempting to land at Gibraltar Airport. During the subsequent go-around, the crew nearly crashed into the Rock of Gibraltar. The aircraft diverted to Malaga to prevent a similar problem.

1967 establishments in the United Kingdom
Airlines of the United Kingdom
Bedfordshire
2010s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (also called Madagascar 2: Escape to Africa) is a 2008 computer-animated adventure comedy movie and the sequel to the first movie about the same characters. It is directed by Eric Darnell and written by Thomas "Tom" McGrath. It stars the voices of Ben Stiller, Chris Rock, Jada Pinkett Smith, David Schwimmer, Sacha Baron Cohen, Cedric the Entertainer and Andy Richter. Also providing voices are Alec Baldwin, will.i.am, Bernie Mac and Sherri Shepherd. It was made by DreamWorks Animation and was released in 2008.

In the movie, the New York Zoo animals, Alex the Lion, Marty the Zebra, Melman the Giraffe and Gloria the Hippo, still stranded on Madagascar, started to leave the island. All of the sudden, they landed in the wilderness of Africa. There, Alex soon meet the rest of his family and starting to have trouble communicating with them after much of his time at the Central Park Zoo. It was followed by Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted.

Release Dates
Release Dates

Cast 
 Ben Stiller as Alex
 Chris Rock as Marty and other zebras
 David Schwimmer as Melman
 Jada Pinkett Smith as Gloria
 Sacha Baron Cohen as King Julien XIII
 Cedric the Entertainer as Maurice
 Andy Richter as Mort
 Elisa Gabrielli as Nana
 Bernie Mac as Zuba
 Alec Baldwin as Makunga
 Sherri Shepherd as Florrie (credited as "Mom")
 will.i.am as Moto Moto
 Tom McGrath as Skipper
 Chris Miller as Kowalski
 Christopher Knights as Private
 John DiMaggio as Rico
 Conrad Vernon as Mason

Video games
Same as previously movie, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa has also adaptaion into video games. Release in platforms PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Nintendo Wii, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS, and also Microsoft Windows.

Other websites

 Official website
 
 
 
 Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa  on the DreamWorks Animation website
 Official video game website 
 Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (PS3)  at IGN
2008 movies
2008 animated movies
2008 adventure movies
American adventure movies
American animated movies
American family movies
Canadian adventure movies
Canadian animated movies
Canadian family movies
American movies
Canadian movies
DreamWorks Animation movies
Madagascar (franchise)
Movies about animals
Movies about lions
Movies about penguins
Movies about primates
Movies directed by Eric Darnell
Movies directed by Tom McGrath
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies set in Africa
Paramount movies
Sequel movies
Wake Up Call could mean:
 Wake Up Call (CNBC) – business news television series on CNBC.
 The Wake Up Call (The West Wing) – The West Wing episode.
 Wake Up Call (The 4400 episode) – The 4400 episode.
 Wake Up Call (song) - a song from Maroon 5's second album, It Won't Be Soon Before Long.
 Wake Up Call (Hayden Panettiere song) - a song from Hayden Panettiere's debut album.
 Wake-Up Call (album) – the album from Christian rock band, Petra.
 Wake-up call (service) – original meaning, telephone type wake up calls.
 Wakeup Call – the WBAI radio program.
 Wake Up Call (band) - an alt/rock band based out of Omaha, Nebraska
The Convention People's Party (CPP) is a political party in Ghana. It was started by Kwame Nkrumah in 1949. It was formed as a split from the United Gold Coast Convention, which, before the forming of the CPP, Nkrumah became general secretary of in 1947. Nkrumah split from the UGCC because Nkrumah did not agree with the UGCC's beliefs and ways. The party continues to exist today.

References

Other websites
Information on the party

Political parties in Africa
Nationalist organizations in Africa
Resistance to the British Empire
1949 establishments
20th-century establishments in Africa
Organizations based in Ghana
Violet Baudelaire is a fictional character in the popular children's book series A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket. Violet is the oldest of the Baudelaire orphans. Her younger siblings are her brother Klaus and her sister Sunny. She is an inventor. She puts her hair up when she is inventing. Violet is 14 in the beginning of the series and turns 15 in The Grimm grotto.Violet has long, dark brown hair, and though her eye colour is never revealed in the books, it is suggested that her eyes are a different colour from Klaus's. In the 2004 movie she is played by Emily Browning. In the TV series made in 2017-2018 she is played by Malina Weismann.

References

A Series of Unfortunate Events
Characters in written fiction
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
The flat earth is a scientifically false hypothesis that the surface of the Earth is not roughly a sphere, but rather flat (a plane). Belief in a flat Earth is found in writings predating around 500 BC. Early Mesopotamian maps showed the world  as a flat disk floating in the ocean.

This was a common belief until the Classical Greeks began to discuss the Earth's shape about the 4th century BC. One of the "giveaways" is that ships' masts disappear as they move away from shore. 

Eratosthenes (276 BC–194 BC) calculated the circumference of the Earth quite well. From then on, few educated people ever believed in its being flat, though the idea of a flat earth was still common among the less educated. Aristotle knew the Earth was round, that is to say, roughly spherical. (330 BC).
The large-scale shape of the Earth only matters when considering large distances, as it is hard to see the Earth's curve from the ground. Therefore in the Ancient world only sailors, astronomers, philosophers, and theologians would have cared about the Earth's large-scale shape.

The following authors argued for a spherical or ball-shaped earth: King Alfred of the Anglo-Saxons, Hildegard von Bingen, Thomas Aquinas, Snorri Sturluson, Marco Polo, Dante Alighieri, Christopher Columbus

Portuguese people explored Africa and Asia, Columbus sailed to the Americas (1492) and Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated (sailed all round) the earth (1519-21). This proved finally, and in a practical way, that the Earth is a globe.

During the 19th century, the Romantic ideas about a European "Dark Age" made the Flat Earth model look more important than it ever had been in history.
The widely circulated woodcut is of a man poking his head through the firmament of a flat Earth to see the machines working the spheres.  It was made in 16th century style but cannot be traced to an earlier time than Camille Flammarion's L'Atmosphère: Météorologie Populaire (Paris, 1888, p. 163). The woodcut illustrates the statement in the text that a missionary in the middle Ages claimed that "he reached the horizon where the Earth and the heavens met".  That story may be traced back to Voltaire, but not to any known source in the Middle ages. The original woodcut had a decorative border that places it in the 19th century; in later publications, some claimed that the woodcut dated from the 16th century and the border was removed. According to an unproved story Flammarion ordered the woodcut himself; certainly no source of the image earlier than Flammarion's book is known.
An early mention in literature was Ludvig Holberg's comedy Erasmus Montanus (1723). A great many people disagree with Erasmus Montanus when he claims the Earth is round, since all the peasants believe it is flat. He is not allowed to marry his fiancée until he cries "The earth is flat as a pancake". In Rudyard Kipling's The Village that Voted the Earth was Flat, the main characters spread the rumor that a Parish Council meeting had voted in favor of a flat Earth.

Myth 
The myth of the flat Earth, or the flat earth error, is a modern wrong idea. It says that European scholars and educated people during the Middle Ages believed the Earth to be flat. They did not.

Fantasy fiction
Fantasy fiction 

Fantasy fiction often imagines a flat Earth. In C. S. Lewis' The Voyage of the Dawn Treader the fictional world of Narnia is "round like a table" (i.e., flat), not "round like a ball", and the characters sail toward the edge of this world. Terry Pratchett's Strata and Discworld novels (1983 onwards) are set on a flat, disc-shaped world resting on the backs of four huge elephants which are in turn standing on the back of an enormous turtle.

Related pages 
 Flat Earth Society
 Geoid

References 

Earth
John Gilbert (1842 – 1865) was a famous Australian bushranger.

He was born in Hamilton, Canada.  He came to Australia in 1852 when he was 10 years old.  His family came to dig gold in Victoria, Australia.  When he was 12 years old he got a job working with horses

When he was about 20 years old, Gilbert was living in New South Wales near Forbes.  He became a member of a gang which was led by Frank Gardiner.  Another member of the gang was Ben Hall.  With Gardiner and Hall, Gilbert was involved with the biggest gold robbery in Australia's history: in 1862 the gang robbed a coach carrying gold at Eugowra. After the robbery, Gardiner went to Queensland to hide from the police. John Gilbert went to New Zealand. When he came back in May 1863, he started a new gang with Ben Hall.
With Ben Hall
The Ben Hall gang robbed travelers on the roads, the mail coaches, the gold escorts, hotels, farm houses and even held up whole towns. The police seemed to be unable to stop the gang. At first people thought this was fun, the police being made to look like fools. Gilbert and John O'Meally did the first daylight bank robbery in Australia in July 1863. They rode into the town of Carcoar and tried to take money from the bank. The man working at the bank grabbed his gun and fired it twice. Gilbert and O'Meally ran out of the bank, quickly got on to their horses and rode away.

But as the number of robberies continued, people became scared and wanted the government to do something. In 1864, Gilbert killed a policeman, Sergeant Edmund Parry, during a robbery near Jugiong. The police search for Gilbert became urgent.
In 1865 another another policeman was killed by another member of the gang, John Dunn.  Members of the gang were declared outlaws.  This meant they could be killed by anyone at anytime. The police killed Ben Hall near Forbes on May 5, 1865. On May 13, 1865 Gilbert and Dunn went to hide at John Kelly's (Dunn's grandfather) house. Kelly told the police at Binalong where the two bushrangers were hiding so he could get the reward money. The police went to the house, but Gilbert and Dunn climbed out a window and ran down to Billabong Creek to escape into the bush. Constable King and Dunn were both shot. Gilbert was shot and killed when he stopped to shoot back at Constable John Bright. After an inquest to record how he died, he was buried at Binalong in the field where the police kept their horses. Gilbert was a bad criminal.  He had been in 630 robberies. Dunn escaped but was captured six months later. He was hanged in Sydney in March 1866.
Gilbert in poetry and song
The story of John Gilbert was told in a poem, How Gilbert Died , by Australian poet, Banjo Paterson. Paterson had lived in Binalong when he was a young boy.

Related pages
 Ben Hall
 Frank Gardiner
 John Dunn
 Jugiong, New South Wales

References

1842 births
1865 deaths
Bushrangers
People from Hamilton
Sunny Baudelaire is one of the main characters from Lemony Snicket's series of books, A Series of Unfortunate Events. In the film she is portrayed by Kara and Shelby Hoffman.

She is the youngest of the Baudelaire orphans. Her two elder siblings are Violet and Klaus Baudelaire. She is described as being an infant throughout much of the series, and as a young (albeit advanced) child toward the end. Sunny cannot talk quite as well as the others because she's only a baby, but the baby noises that she makes are often very well translated into common English words by her older siblings. As the series progresses, her speech begins to grow and by the end of the series she is speaking in full sentences. Sunny's favorite book is From Molars to Incisors: A Pictorial History of the Tooth, and she hates limp food. Her love of biting is not as common late in the series, though, when she develops a love of cooking.

A Series of Unfortunate Events
Characters in written fiction
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Klaus Baudelaire is a fictional character in the popular children's book series, A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket. His first name is possibly derived from Claus von Bülow.

Klaus is the middle child of the Baudelaire orphans; he has an older sister named Violet and a younger sister named Sunny. He is twelve years old at the beginning of the series, and turns thirteen in The Vile Village. He is fourteen by the end of the series.

A Series of Unfortunate Events
Characters in written fiction
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Christopher Emmanuel Paul (born May 6, 1985) is a professional basketball player who currently plays point guard for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also played for the New Orleans Hornets, Los Angeles Clippers, Houston Rockets, Oklahoma City Thunder, and Phoenix Suns. His nickname is CP3. In 2008, Paul won an Olympic gold medal as part of the United States basketball team.

Paul played college basketball at Wake Forest University.

References

Notes

Other websites

American Olympic gold medalists
Houston Rockets players
Los Angeles Clippers players
New Orleans Hornets players
Oklahoma City Thunder players
Phoenix Suns players
Sportspeople from North Carolina
1985 births
Living people