Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Calvinism and Puritanism 
Calvinists believe that God chooses the humans who were going to go to Heaven and those who were not. Humans do not get a choice in "spiritual matters".

Puritans took this one step farther. Puritans said that humans could do nothing to be able to get to Heaven. They said that no matter how good a person was, if he had not been chosen by God at birth, he would not go to Heaven. However, one could lose the right to go to Heaven by being bad.

Protestants believe that when Jesus sacrificed himself, he made man free from sin forever. Other people believe that when Jesus sacrificed himself, man was free from sin but he was not certain that he would still get into Heaven.

Liberal Christianity
Some Christians say that the story of The Fall in Genesis 3 never happened but is just a myth or story that the Israelite people used to show that the relationship that man had with God is gone.
This view is quite neutral towards history. It says Bible stories that man failed in the Garden of Eden and needed to be saved are explanations of deeper spiritual truths. Some also say that Jesus Christ was God trying to start a new relationship with man.

Eastern Orthodox 
Eastern Orthodoxy believes that a son is not guilty of the sins of his father (so sin is not passed down from Adam). They believe that men and women are forced to sin because of the world around them and thy have to try and resist if they want to go to Heaven. But they still believe that Adam caused all humanity to have to work for this. The emphasis on free will is great: even the sinful people can be saved through synergy with God's grace.

Pelagianism 
Pelagianism says that humans are capable of freely choosing good or bad decisions without God's help and that humans are not born with Adam's sin.

Mormonism 
Mormonism believes that The Fall was part of a plan thought up by God so that His children could get into Heaven.
Before eating the fruit, Adam could never die. Because he could never die, he could never go to heaven. Eating the fruit made it so that Adam could die, so that later he could go to heaven. It also made it so that Adam and Eve could have children, so that everyone would have a chance to live, die, and go to heaven. Mormons say that if one follows the Plan of Salvation, that person can go to heaven. Mormons believe that:
 Men will be punished for their own sins, and not for Adam’s transgression.
 Through the Atonement of Christ, all mankind may be saved, by obedience to the laws and ordinances of the Gospel.
 The first principles and ordinances of the Gospel are:
 Faith in the Lord Jesus Christ
 Repentance
 Baptism by immersion for the remission of sins
 Laying on of hands for the gift of the Holy Ghost.
Unification Church 
Unification Church believe that Adam and Eve had sexual relations before they were married, and so they got thrown out of the Garden of Eden. They believe that a Blessing Ceremony can "wash" this sin away.

Unity Church 
The Unity church believes that "The Fall of Man" has an important meaning but that it is not a true historic event.

Unitarian Universalism 
Unitarian Universalists believe that people are inherently good, and that it is their most precious gift, free will, that allows people to sometimes act wrongly, rather than predestination or external temptation.  The Fall is story, metaphor, allegory, not a history.

The Fall in books
Philip Pullman wrote a series called His Dark Materials and he says in the book that The Fall was a good thing. It was when humans became free to learn. Pullman believes that it is not worth being innocent if the price is not knowing the truth.
C.S. Lewis wrote a book called Perelandra where Adam and Eve were on the planet Venus rather than the classic Garden of Eden.

Albert Camus wrote a book called The Fall where a man tells another man in a bar in Amsterdam called "Mexico City" why he did not want to rescue a man who was trying to kill himself by jumping off a bridge into a canal.

In the manga (or comic-book) Neon Genesis Evangelion, The Fall is often talked about, and at the end, an attempt to clean Adam's sin is performed and a new genesis is started.

Related pages
 Garden of Eden

References

Other websites 

 
 The Fall of Man Genesis 3:1
 
 The Genesis Pursuit: The Lost History of Jesus Christ - A textual and scriptural examination of the Fall of Man and its relationship to the gospels, the coming of Jesus Christ and why Christ had to die.
 

Old Testament
The Colorado River is a river in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is approximately 1,450 miles (2,330 km) long. It drains a part of the dry regions on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains. 

The natural course of the river flows into the Gulf of California. The heavy use of the river as an irrigation source for the Imperial Valley has desiccated the lower course of the river in Mexico. Now it no longer always reaches the sea.

On its way the Colorado River runs through Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California and Mexico. The Colorado River drains 242,900 sq mi (629,100 km²). Total flows of the river range from 4000 cubic feet per second (570 m³/s) in droughts to 1,000,000 ft³/s (28,000 m³/s) in severe floods. With the construction of massive power dams on the lower course of the river, floods of over 70,000 ft³/s (2000 m³/s) are rare. The mean flow of the total river before diversion is 22,000 ft³/s.
Historically, the flow was much higher before water usage began in the basin.

References 

Rivers of Mexico
Rivers of Arizona
Rivers of Colorado
Rivers of Utah
Geography of Nevada
Rivers of California
Imperial County, California
Riverside County, California
San Bernardino County, California
Cola is a type of carbonated drink that was made from the kola nut in the past, although other foods are often used now. Coca-Cola and Pepsi are types of cola. 120 years ago, only 9 glasses of cola were sold each day, but now, around 14 million cola drinks are drank in the world every day.

Cola is usually made cold in a fridge, so it can be more refreshing, and helps to retain its fizziness. Cola used to contain cocaine from the coca leaf, but that was removed.

Related pages
Cuba libre

Soft drinks
Events 
 Harald I becomes King of England.
 Harthacanute becomes king of Denmark.
 Magnus I becomes king of Norway.
 William II (the future William I of England) becomes duke of Normandy.
 Construction on the cathedral of Saint Sabino begins in Bari.
 Koper is awarded town rights.

Deaths 
 1 July–3 July — Robert I Duke of Normandy at Bythinian Nicaea while on pilgrimage
 October 18 — Sancho III of Navarre
 November 4 — Jaromír, duke of Bohemia
 November 12 — Canute the Great, King of England, of Denmark, of Norway, some of Sweden, and the territories near the legendary Jomsviking stronghold Jomsburg.
Slash can mean:
 Slash (musician) (born Saul Hudson in 1965), Velvet Revolver & Guns N' Roses  guitarist.
 Slash (punctuation), the "/" punctuation character also called virgule (=a solidus is a typographic variant).
 Slash chord, in popular music.
 Slash (fanzine), a punk rock fanzine founded in 1977.
 Slash fiction, a genre of fan fiction dealing with homosexual relationships or sexual encounters.
 Slash (logging), woody debris generated by timber harvesting
 Slash (wrestler), professional wrestler.
 Slash notation, a form of music notation.
 Slash Pine, a tree native to the southeast United States.
 Slash Records, a punk record label.
 Slash (TMNT), a character from the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles fictional universe.
 Slash (weblog system), the weblogging software which powers the Slashdot website.
 Slash and burn, an agricultural procedure.
 Slash'EM, a variant of the computer game NetHack
 Feynman slash notation, of quantum field theory.
Saul Hudson (born July 23, 1965), better known by his stage name Slash, is an English-American musician. Originally from Stoke-on-Trent, his family moved to Los Angeles, California when Hudson was a child. Slash is best known for being lead guitarist of hard rock band Guns N' Roses from 1985 to 1996. After leaving the band Slash first formed Slash's Snakepit and then later co-founded Velvet Revolver with his former Guns N' Roses bandmates Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum.

In August 2009, Time Magazine named him #2 on its list of the 10 Best Electric Guitar Players of All-Time.

References

1965 births
Living people
English guitarists
American rock guitarists
American heavy metal musicians
Guns N' Roses
Musicians from Los Angeles
Hurricane Beta was the twenty-third named storm, fourteenth hurricane, and seventh major hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed in the southwestern part of the Caribbean Sea on October 26 and made landfall on the eastern coast of Nicaragua on October 30 as a strong Category 2 hurricane. Although Beta did create a lot of damage, it was somehow less than originally expected.

Storm history
Storm history

Late on October 26, a broad area of low pressure in the southwestern part of the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Costa Rica developed and became Tropical Depression Twenty-Six. At the second full advisory six hours later, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Beta. Beta strengthened into a hurricane at 2 am EDT October 29, after spending a few hours on the border between tropical storm and hurricane strength. Beta reached maximum windspeeds of 115 mph (185 km/h) making it a Category 3 hurricane by 4 am EST October 30. The Colombian island of Providencia, about 140 miles off the coast of Nicaragua, was in danger to hurricane force winds for several hours as the center of the storm moved slowly very close to the island. Original reports stated major damages to homes and a temporary loss of communications with the islanders.
The remnants of Hurricane Beta poured heavy rain over parts of the Central America on Monday, making forecasters to warn of deadly landslides and flooding as the storm began to dissipate. There were numerous reports of damage but fortunately no deaths were reported, although there were several reports of injuries and people missing. The storm finally dissipated late in the evening of October 30. Although Beta had moved out to sea, several rain bands from the remnant continued to fall on Nicaragua and Honduras on October 31.

Nicaraguan government officials said that if the hurricane had hit larger coastal cities such as Puerto Cabezas or Bluefields as was first predicted, it would have been a disaster. Hurricane Beta was the first hurricane to be named after a letter in the Greek alphabet, because the first tropical system to be named with a Greek letter, Tropical Storm Alpha, did not reach hurricane strength.
Preparations
In Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua, local officials announced a curfew to help stop looting and worked to cut off electricity throughout the city to stop possible injuries. 60,000 people were moved into shelters. Thousands of residents striggled through heavy rain to reach shelters. Many experts, including national meteorology director Milagros Castro, warned of the threat of mudslides, especially since Beta was a slow-moving storm.

In Honduras, the government also kept a red alert for the storm and an emergency committee was working on moving 150,000 people from areas of the capital, Tegucigalpa, that would be in danger to flooding and mudslides. Evacuations were being readied in five of the country's eighteen departments. Civil defense officials have declared an alert in neighboring El Salvador, fearing the threat of mudslides after Hurricane Stan destroyed much of the area. The preparations eventually turned out to be very serious, since there was no deaths reported in spie of the large damages.
Impact

Providencia
On the island of Providencia, roofs were ripped off from dozens of wooden homes, the island's main communications tower was knocked over and a tourist footbridge was destroyed. But most of the 5,000 islanders stayed safe by climbing Providencia's many hills to ride out the storm in brick shelters. At least thirty people are reported to have been injured during Hurricane Beta's destruction upon the island.
Nicaragua
Beta wiped out most of the town of Sandy Bay as it made landfall. Local reports said the town's population of 3,000 had mostly evacuated in advance. Wooden huts made most of the housing in Sandy Bay, and about eighty percent of it was thought to be uninhabitable. Trees were knocked down and roofs were ripped off from houses during Hurricane Beta's attack on the country. At least one pier was damaged. Many herds of cattle were killed by the storm. 700 people were trapped in Tasbapauni, a town separated from the mainland by a lagoon. Eighty percent of homes in Tasbapauni are thought to be damaged very badly. Some 200 homes in Laguna de Perlas' seventeen lake-front villages are reported to have been damaged a lot.
Though the storm's remnants were expected to drop an additional four to eight inches on the already water logged ground, President Enrique Bolaños said his country had escaped a major disaster. He promised to quickly get aid to separated towns cut off by flooding and landslides. Nicaraguan Civil Defence Chief Col. Mario Perez Cassar said eighty per cent of the buildings on the central coast where the hurricane hit were heavily damaged or destroyed.

One person was reported to be injured and four people were reported missing in Nicaragua. The four missing men were later found alive on a boat that had been swept out into the Caribbean. A passing Panamanian-registered tanker ship found the four, all Miskito Indians, adrift about forty eight kilometres off the Nicaraguan coast after their gasoline ran out.
Honduras
In Honduras, Beta left fifty communities separated and broke bridges in the northeastern provinces of Gracias a Dios, Atlantida and Colon on the coast. Strong winds knocked down signs, fences, trees and electricity and telephone poles, cutting off power and communication in hundreds of communities and at least two highways were blocked.

Authorities evacuated more than 7,800 people from north of the Nicaraguan border after four rivers overflowed from rain caused by Beta. The national soccer league stopped all of its games. The airports at La Ceiba and Roatan on the coast were operating intermittenly because of poor visibility, strong winds and flooding. Flooding damaged rice, corn and bean fields. High waters also sent snakes out of the jungle into urban areas, although there were no reports of snakebites.

Related pages
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

Other websites
 NHC Beta Report (PDF file)
 The NHC's archive on Hurricane Beta.
 CNN: Hurricane Beta belts Nicaragua
β
β
October 2005 events
2005 in North America
21st century in Colombia
2000s in Nicaragua
2000s in Honduras
Billie Joe Armstrong (born 17 February 1972 in Oakland, California) is an American musician and the lead singer and guitarist for the punk band Green Day. He also has numerous side projects as a vocalist, lyricist and guitarist in Foxboro Hot Tubs, Pinhead Gunpowder and The Network.

Early life 
He was born in Oakland, California. He is of Cherokee, English, German, Irish, Italian, Mexican, Native American, Scottish, Spanish and Welsh descent.

Music career
Armstrong was given his first guitar "Blue", a Fernandes Stratocaster, at the age of 11 by his father, Andy, who died soon after. He and childhood friend Mike Dirnt started Sweet Children, their first band which eventually developed into Green Day in 1987. They added drummer John Kiffenmeyer (Al Sobrante). Sobrante left the band to go to college as they were making waves and gaining popularity. Frank Edwin Wright III (famously known as Tre Cool) replaced him as the permanent drummer making the official line up of Green Day in 1989.
The band gained a following in the punk scene in California, particularly in the Gilman Street Scene. They released three EPs (1000 hours, 39/Smooth and Slappy) before releasing two LPs, one being a compilation of the EPs (1039 Smoothed Out Slappy Hour) in 1991 and Kerplunk later in the same year.

With the release of their first major label album Dookie the band gained worldwide attention. Their intentions were not to sell out but just to make music. Unfortunately the popularity did not do well with the Gilman scene and they were exiled. However, despite those rough years the band became increasingly popular.

Personal life
Armstrong is openly bisexual. He is married and lives in Berkeley, California with his wife Adrienne Armstrong and two sons Jakob and Joseph.
Armstrong is a supporter of left-wing causes, and endorsed Barack Obama, Bernie Sanders, and Joe Biden. He described Donald Trump as a fascist and in an inflammatory statement compared him to Adolf Hitler, prior to describing him as a puppet of the Illuminati.

Related pages
List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

References 

LGBT people from California

American punk musicians
American rock musicians
American rock singers
Singers from Berkeley, California
Musicians from Berkeley, California
Writers from Berkeley, California
Singer-songwriters from California
Bisexual people
LGBT musicians
Green Day members
Writers from Oakland, California
Singers from Oakland, California
Musicians from Oakland, California
1972 births
Living people
Conspiracy theorists
The Importance of being Earnest, A Trivial Comedy for Serious People is a play by Oscar Wilde.  It was first performed on 14 February 1895 at St. James's Theatre in London. In the play, the protagonists make up people who are not real to try to make their lives easier. The play's most important themes are the light humourous way it treats serious things like marriages and the satire of Victorian ways. At the time the play came out, reviews all praised the play's humour. However, some people wanted better social messages, while others thought that it was the best play Wilde had ever written. It is Wilde's most popular play.
The plot is about two men who try to woo their respective lovers by convincing each that their name is Ernest.  The play includes many puns and plays on words. Even the title is a pun, because "Ernest" is a man's name and "earnest" is a word that means "serious, honest, and sincere." The play is about morality, style, and hypocrisy, among others, but it is noted for being humorous and lighthearted.
The successful opening night marked the climax of Wilde's career but also heralded his downfall. The Marquess of Queensberry, father of Lord Alfred Douglas, Wilde's lover, planned to present Wilde a bouquet of spoiling vegetables and disrupt the show. Wilde was tipped off, and Queensberry was refused admission. Soon afterwards the feud came to a climax in court, and Wilde's new notoriety caused the play, despite its success, to be closed after just 86 performances. After imprisonment, he wrote no further comic or dramatic work. The Importance of Being Earnest has been revived many times since its premiere and adapted for the cinema on three occasions, in 1952, 1992 and 2002.

Critical reception
Unlike many other plays at this time, The Importance of Being Earnest'''s light story was not about serious social or political issues. This was something that reviewers at that time were not sure what to think about. Though they were not sure of how serious Wilde was, they agreed that the play was clever, funny, and popular. George Bernard Shaw, for example, reviewed the play in the Saturday Review. He said that comedy plays should not only be funny but touching, saying, "I go to the theatre to be moved to laughter". Later in a letter he said that the play was "extremely funny" but "really heartless".

 Opera and radio 
In 1963, Erik Chisholm made an opera from the play.
BBC Radio 4 made a radio adaptation on 13 February 1995. It was directed by Glyn Dearman. Dame Judi Dench was "Lady Bracknell", Sir Michael Hordern was "Lane", Michael Sheen was "Jack Worthing", Martin Clunes was "Algernon Moncrieff", John Moffatt was "Rev. Canon Chasuble", Miriam Margolyes was "Miss Prism", Samantha Bond was "Gwendolen" and Amanda Root was "Cecily". The production came out on audio cassette by Hodder Headline Audiobooks with BBC Enterprises ().

On 13 December 2000, BBC Radio 3 broadcast a new radio adaptation directed by Howard Davies. In this radio adaption, Geraldine McEwan was "Lady Bracknell", Simon Russell Beale was "Jack Worthing", Julian Wadham was "Algernon Moncrieff", Geoffrey Palmer was "Rev. Canon Chasuble", Celia Imrie was "Miss Prism", Victoria Hamilton was "Gwendolen" and Emma Fielding was "Cecily". The music was written by Dominic Muldowney. The production was released on audio cassette by the BBC Radio Collection ().

 References
References 

Sources
Beckson, Karl E., ed. Oscar Wilde: the critical heritage, Volume 1970, Part 2 Routledge p. 434  
Beerbohm, Max Last Theatres 1904-1910 London:Rupert Hart-Davis 1970. 246 639989 
Dennis, Richard (2008). Cities in modernity: representations and productions of metropolitan space, 1840–1930. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 123. .

Mason, Stuart (1914; new ed. 1972)  Bibliography of Oscar Wilde.  Rota pub; Haskell House Pub  

Raby, Peter (1988) Oscar Wilde'' Cambridge University Press. Cambridge

Other websites 

 The Importance of Being Earnest on Project Gutenberg
 The Importance of Being Earnest  – full text and reviews.
 The Importance of Being Earnest – Audio Book on LibriVox
 The Importance of Being Earnest study guide and teaching guide – themes, quotes, analysis, multimedia

British plays
19th-century plays
1890s works
Puerto Cabezas is a city in Nicaragua. It is the capital of the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCN).

Cities in Nicaragua
Tegucigalpa is the capital and largest city of Honduras. With a total population of  1,526,660 people as of 2022.

Geography 

Tegucigalpa is located on a chain of mountains with elevations of  at its lowest points and  at its highest suburban areas. Like most of the interior highlands of Honduras, the majority of Tegucigalpa's current area was occupied by open woodland. The area surrounding the city continues to be open woodland supporting pine forest interspersed with some oak, scrub, and grassy clearings as well as needle leaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous forest.

Climate 

Tegucigalpa has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw); the west part of the city has a very slight monsoon humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) influence, milder due to the elevation and with two distinct seasons: the rainy season, and the dry season.

References

National capitals in North America
Cities in Central America
Settlements in Honduras
1578 establishments
1570s establishments in North America
Events 
 Founding of Marrakech by the Almoravid dynasty
 The Almoravids overrun Morocco and establish a kingdom from Spain to Senegal.
 Affligem Abbey, of the Order of St. Benedict founded in Affligem, Belgium.

Births 
 Nicephorus Bryennius, Byzantine statesman (d. 1137)

Deaths
The Zappanale is a music festival held every year in honour of the musician and composer Frank Zappa. It happens in the beginning of August at the town of Bad Doberan, Germany.

Other websites 
Zappanale homepage
Arf-Society

Music festivals
Festivals in Germany
Burlington Airpark  is an airport in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. It has two runways. The airport is privately owned by Vince Rossi.

History

The airport was created by Victor and Gwen Kovachik in 1962. It is a very popular airport for Toronto-area pilots.

Runways

The airport's first runway is  and is made of asphalt and turf. The second runway is  and is made of turf.

References

Other websites
 Burlington Airpark Website
 Kovachik Airport Services 

Transport in Ontario
Airports in Canada
1962 establishments in North America
1960s establishments in Canada
Pratibha Patil (born 19 December 1934) is an Indian politician. She was the first woman to become the President of India serving from 2007 through 2012.   Before becoming President, she was the Governor of Rajasthan and served as that from 2004 to 2007. One of her many achievements is Order of Aztec Eagle which she received in 2019. It is Mexico's highest civilian award.

References 

Presidents of India
Governors of Rajasthan
1934 births
Living people
Marathi people
The lily is a genus of flowering plant. There are many species of lilies, like trumpet lilies and tiger lilies. They are usually quite tall, and are perennials.

Most lilies grow from a bulb, which in some species develops into a rhizome, which carries small bulbs.  A highly efficient technique for multiple shoot and propagule formation in lilies through plant tissue culture technique was given by Yadav et al., in 2013 

Lilies grow in Europe, North America, and Asia. There are more than 100 species, and many cultivated varieties. They also come in various colours. It tends to grow wild in the forest and a grassy plain of a mountainous area, but several kinds grow wild on wet ground. A lily's petals come in multiples of three. The fleur de lys is a stylized depiction of the lily.
Toxicity 
Some Lilium species are toxic to cats, especially Lilium longiflorum.The mechanism is not exactly known but it involves damage to the kidneys, which can cause acute renal failure. Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat.

References

Other websites 
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118558

Flowers
Liliaceae
Tropical Storm Zeta was the twenty-eighth and last storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed very late during the year on December 30, after the official end of the season, and was a very rare tropical cyclone to live during two calendar years.

Tropical Storm Zeta formed on December 30 in the central Atlantic Ocean, where it stayed far away from land during its whole lifetime. While every forecast given to the storm predicted it to dissipate quickly, Zeta, like Hurricane Epsilon, denied those advisories. Zeta reached to its maximum strength on January 2 until finally dissipating on January 8, also bringing the close to the end of the 2005 season.

Storm history
Storm history

Late on December 29, 2005, a tropical depression developed in the east-central Atlantic Ocean from a frontal trough and strengthened into a tropical storm early the next day. As this was more than four weeks after the official end of the season, the National Hurricane Center did not actually classify the system until after it had already become a tropical storm. The new bound storm originally moved to the northwest but stopped for a few hous late on December 31 before moving west. As Tropical Storm Zeta slowly gained strength, it had many characteristics similar to Hurricane Epsilon, like when the National Hurricane Center constantly forecasted that Zeta would weaken because of the high wind shear; but Zeta still held onto its strength, like Epsilon had done.
Impact
Several of the people that were taking part in the 2005 Atlantic Rowing Race were affected with heavy seas and strong, unpleasant winds from Tropical Storm Zeta. The ship Liberty Star made several reports of strong winds from Tropical Storm Zeta, including one of 40 mph (65 km/h) winds early on December 31, when the ship was about 45 miles (75 km) north from the center of the storm. Because Tropical Storm Zeta never came close to land, no coastal watches or warnings were given out. There were no reports of damages or deaths from Zeta.
Naming and records
When Tropical Storm Zeta formed at 0600 UTC on December 31, it became the second latest-forming tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean, forming about six hours earlier than Hurricane Alice did in 1954. Zeta is only the second Atlantic tropical cyclone on record to have lived through two calendar years (after Alice). Tropical Storm Zeta also extended the record number of storms to form in the 2005 season to twenty-eight, seven more than the previous record held by a hurricane season from 1933. It was also the only Atlantic storm to have a name beginning with the letter "Z", since the list of names for Atlantic storms do not have a "Z" name.

Related pages
 2005 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites

 NHC Zeta Report
 NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Zeta

Atlantic tropical storms
Daniel Grayling "Dan" Fogelberg (August 13, 1951 – December 16, 2007) was an American singer, songwriter and multi-instrumentalist, whose music was inspired by sources as diverse as folk, pop, classical, jazz, and bluegrass music. He was most popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Singers from Illinois
1951 births
2007 deaths
Lettuce is a vegetable as well as an annual plant. Both the stems and the leaves can be eaten. It is of the Asteraceae family.

Growing lettuce
Lettuce can be grown in many parts of the world, including Europe, Asia, and North America, in temperate climates. It will turn more bitter tasting in hot weather. You can grow lettuce during winter in a greenhouse.

Eating lettuce
In some countries, it is often eaten cold and raw, in salads, hamburgers, tacos, sandwichs, and many other dishes.  In some places, including China, lettuce is eaten cooked. Lettuce contains very little energy or nutrients.

Kinds of lettuce
Most lettuce leaves are green, but some are red. Most lettuce leaves taste bitter. Some kinds of lettuce grow in a head shape like cabbage, while the leaves of some kinds grow more loosely.

The five main cultivars are: green leaf, red leaf, cos, crisphead, and stem lettuce. 

Common varieties are Romaine, iceberg, and butter lettuce.
The name of the plant in English, lettuce, and in Latin, lactuca, come from lactis, the Latin word for milk, because the juice of the plant looks like milk.

History of lettuce
Wild lettuce plants were eaten by the Romans and Egyptians. The ancient Greeks were among the first people to grow lettuce as a crop. It was one of the first plants brought to the New World by Christopher Columbus.

References 

Leaf vegetables
Asteraceae
Hadrosaurus was a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous period. Is the only species in its genus and is the official state dinosaur of New Jersey. The name is dubious because no skull has been found to distinguish it from near relatives.

Hadrosauridae
William Shatner  (born March 22, 1931) is a Canadian actor, author, director, producer, screenwriter, singer and space tourist. He became famous for playing James Tiberius Kirk of the USS Enterprise in the television show Star Trek from 1966 to 1969 and in seven more movies.  

Shatner has written a series of books telling his experiences playing James T. Kirk and being a part of Star Trek. He also played the role as veteran police sergeant T.J. Hooker, from 1982 to 1986. He has since worked as a musician, bestselling author, producer, director, and celebrity pitchman, most notably for Priceline.com. 

He played attorney Denny Crane on the television drama Boston Legal, for which he has won an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award.

Shatner is of Jewish descent.

On October 13, 2021 he was the oldest person to go into space, at age 90, on board the Blue Origin NS-18; He went beyond the Kármán line.
Early work
He trained as a Shakespearean actor and appeared in many plays. Before Star Trek, Shatner appeared in other TV shows such The Outlaws, 1960's The Outer Limits, The Twilight Zone, and movies. His first movie was in 1951. He starred in the movie Incubus that was filmed only in Esperanto.

References

Other websites

Shatner's daily vlogs on "ShatnerVision"
Shatner at Amazon Reviews
William Shatner Interview at Slashdot
Shatner at Fame Tracker 
NY Times story on Shatner's "Has Been" album with Ben Folds 

1931 births
Living people
Actors from Montreal
People from Montreal
Canadian Jews
Canadian movie actors
Canadian movie directors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian television directors
Canadian television producers
Canadian television writers
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Jewish actors
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish screenwriters
Space tourists
Writers from Montreal
WWE Hall of Fame
Martha Maria Yeardley Smith (born July 3, 1964) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress, comedian and writer. She is known for being the voice of Lisa Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons.

Television

Video games

Other websites

The Daily Targum's interview with Yeardley Smith in 1997  (from The Simpsons Archive)
Simpsons Illustrated's interview with Yeardley Smith in 1992  (from The Simpsons Archive)
Yeardley Smith's interview in Newsweek, discussing her one-woman show More and her struggles with bulimia
Yeardley Smith at Voice Chasers 

American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winners
The Simpsons
1964 births
Living people
Actors from Paris
Actors from Washington, D.C.
Denise Lee Richards (born February 17, 1971) is an American actress and former fashion model. She came to fame in the late 1990s, after many movies that showed her beauty, including Starship Troopers, Wild Things and The World Is Not Enough.

Other websites 
 
 
 
 DealMemo.com interview  (May 23, 2002)
 Cinema Confidential interview (February 2, 2001)
 Official website 

1971 births
Living people
Actors from Illinois
Models from Illinois
American movie actors
American television actors
American television personalities
Actresses who played Bond girls
Ashley Judd (born Ashley Tyler Ciminella on April 19, 1968) is an American actress. She is famous for her roles in a series of late 1990s and early 2000s thriller movies, including Kiss the Girls, Double Jeopardy and High Crimes.

References

Other websites 

"YouthAids Ambassador Ashley Judd launches U.S.-funded Newstart Voluntary Counseling and Testing Centre (VCT) for HIV/AIDS in Cape Town" , Diplomatic Mission of the United States of America, January 31, 2005.
"This is What a Feminist Looks Like" 
Marie Claire Interview on Feminism and Choice 

Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Democrats (United States)
1968 births
Living people
HIV/AIDS activists
American health activists
Barbara Stanwyck (July 16, 1907 – January 20, 1990) was an American actress of movie, stage, and television.

In 1999, the American Film Institute named her among the Greatest Female Stars of All Time, ranking at No. 11.

She was awarded the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award.

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 Time article 
 Photographs of Barbara Stanwyck

Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Actors from New York (state)
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from COPD
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1907 births
1990 deaths
Brooke Christa Camille Shields (born May 31, 1965) is an American actress and supermodel. She has been named one of People's most beautiful people in the world three times. Shields started being a model when she was 11 months old. Ford Models started their children's division for Shields.

Career 
She first acted in Alice, Sweet Alice, a 1976 slasher film. Her next film was Pretty Baby. In it she played a child prostitute called Violet. She was 12 when it was released and was naked in the film. Some people said this was child pornography and Shields got a lot of attention from this. In February 1980 she was the youngest model ever to be on the cover of Vogue (magazine). She was 14. Later that year she was in adverts for Calvin Klein jeans. In 1981, she starred in The Blue Lagoon.

In 1985 a book Shields wrote about her life, "On Your Own" was published.

In 1987 Shields got a degree from Princeton University in French literature.

From 1996 to 2000, Shields was the main character in the sitcom Suddenly Susan.
Personal life
On April 19, 1997, Shields married Andre Agassi. She later married Chris Henchy with whom she has two daughters.

Relationship with Michael Jackson
On July 7, 2009 Shields gave a speech at Michael Jackson's memorial service. Jackson and Shields met when she was 13. They became friends instantly. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Shields said, “There were times when he would ask me to marry him, and I would say, ‘You have me for the rest of your life, you don’t need to marry me, I’m going to go on and do my own life and have my own marriage and my own kids, and you’ll always have me’.”

In his 1993 interview with Oprah, Jackson said that he was dating Shields. However, in the 2009 Rolling Stone interview Shields said the last time she saw Jackson was 1990.

References

Other websites
 Brooke Shields' fansite 
 
 
 "Regarding Ardy": an online short film with Brooke Shields 
 The "Runaway Bunny" violin concerto, by Glen Roven and narrated by Brooke Shields
Actors from New York City
American child actors
Models from New York City
American movie actors
American musical theatre actors
American television actors
American voice actors
1965 births
Living people
The Fujita scale is a scale used for rating tornado strength, based on the damage tornadoes cause on human-built buildings and vegetation. The official Fujita scale category is determined by meteorologists (and engineers) after a ground and/or aerial damage inspection; also including analysis of available sources such as eyewitness accounts and damage images and/or videos. It was replaced with the Enhanced Fujita scale in the United States in February 2007 and in Canada in April 2013. 

Other F0 Rated Tornadoes:
Waterspout

Notes

References 

Tornadoes
Canton Ticino or Ticino ([]; French and German: Tessin [] and []) is the southernmost canton of Switzerland. The written language is Italian in almost the entire canton (except the Walser municipality of Bosco Gurin, where it is German). It surrounds the Italian exclave of Campione d'Italia. Together with areas of the canton of Graubünden it makes up the so-called Svizzera Italiana (Italian Switzerland). Lombard dialects (Ticinese) are still spoken, especially in the valleys, but they have no official status. It is named after the Ticino river.

Geography 

The canton of Ticino is located in the south of Switzerland. It is almost entirely surrounded by Italy which lies to its east, west and south. To the north lie the cantons of Valais and Uri, to the northeast the canton of Graubünden.
Its area is 2,812 km², of which about three quarters are considered productive. Forests cover about a third of the area, but also the lakes Maggiore and Lugano make up a considerable part of the total area. These lakes are known with the above listed names, but are officially named Lake Verbano and Lake Ceresio.

The canton is split geographically in two parts by the Monte Ceneri pass. The northern, more mountainous part, called Sopraceneri, is formed by the two major Swiss valleys around the lake Maggiore:  Ticino Valley and Maggia Valley. The southern part, called Sottoceneri, is the region around the Lake Lugano.
The River Ticino is the largest river in the canton. It drains most of the canton, flowing from the northwest through the Bedretto Valley and the Leventina valley to enter Lake Maggiore near Locarno. Its main tributaries are the Brenno in the Blenio Valley and the Moesa in the Mesolcina Valley in Graubünden. The lands of the canton are shaped by the river, which in its mid portion forms a wide valley, commonly known as the Riviera.

The western lands of the canton, however, are drained by the Maggia River. The Verzasca Valley is located between the Ticino river and the Maggia river. There is also a smaller area that drains directly into the Lake Lugano. Most of the land is considered within the Alps, but a small area is part of the plain of the River Po which drains the north of Italy.
History 
In ancient times the area of what is today Ticino was settled by the Lepontii, a Celtic tribe. Later, probably around the rule of Augustus, it became part of the Roman Empire. After the fall of the Western Empire, was ruled by the Ostrogoths, the Lombards and the Franks. Around 1100 CE it was the centre of struggle between the free communes of Milan and Como: in the 14th century it was definitively acquired by the Visconti, Dukes of Milan. In the 15th century the Swiss Confederates conquered the valleys south of the Alps in three separate conquests.
The Canton of Uri conquered the Leventina Valley in 1440. Between 1403 and 1422 some of these lands were already annexed by forces from Uri, but subsequently lost. In a second conquest Uri, Schwyz and Nidwalden gained the town of Bellinzona and the Riviera in 1500. Some of the land and the town Bellinzona itself were previously annexed by Uri in 1419 but lost again in 1422. The third conquest was fought by troops from the entire Confederation (at that time constituted by 12 cantons). In 1512 Locarno, the Maggia Valley, Lugano and Mendrisio were annexed. Subsequently, the upper valley of the Ticino River, from the St. Gotthard to the town of Biasca (Leventina Valley) was part of Canton Uri. The remaining territory (Baliaggi Ultramontani, Ennetbergische Vogteien, the Bailiwicks Beyond the Mountains) was administered by the Twelve Cantons.
The lands of the canton of Ticino are the last lands to be conquered by the Swiss Confederation. (After the battle of Marignano in 1515 the king of France Francis I defeated the Confederates, and they gave up any further conquests.) In February 1798 an attempt of annexation by the Cisalpine Republic was repelled by a volunteer militia in Lugano. Between 1798 and 1803, during the Helvetic Republic, the districts of Bellinzona and Lugano were separate cantons, but in 1803 the two were unified to form the canton of Ticino that joined the Swiss Confederation as a full member in the same year. During the Napoleonic Wars, many Ticinese (as was the case for other Swiss) served in Swiss military units allied with the French.

Until 1878 the three largest cities, Bellinzona, Lugano and Locarno, alternated as capital of the canton. In 1878, however, Bellinzona became the only and permanent capital.
The current constitution   dates from 1997. The previous constitution, heavily modified, dates from 1830, nearly 20 years before the constitution of actual Swiss Confederation.

Government 
The cantonal parliament is the Grand Council (Italian: Gran Consiglio), with 90 members and the government (Consiglio di Stato) has 5 members (Consiglieri di Stato). In the both councils the members are elected with the proportional electoral system. The canton sends two deputies to the Swiss Council of States (upper house), and eight deputies to the National Council (lower house).  It's regional capitol is Bellinzona.

Agriculture 
The main agricultural production is wine, mostly merlot, a type of red wine. It is followed by horticulture, milk and cheese production.
Economy 
The hilly slopes of the canton are used extensively for the production of hydroelectricity. The electricity produced is used at home and sold for export. There is cattle breeding in the northern areas. The production of wine is important in the canton and exported to mainly other areas in Switzerland. The vineyards are mostly concentrated in the southern half of the canton where the climate is warmer. Other agricultural produce includes corn (maize), potatoes, tobacco and vegetables.

The weather in the canton is often inverse to that north of the Alps. This, and a warmer climate in general, attracts many tourists from other Swiss cantons. The lakes together with the sunshine are considered attractive. Tourism is the single most important economic factor in the canton.

There is also light industry, mostly concentrated around the three largest towns of Lugano, Locarno and Bellinzona.
The canton is well connected to the rest of Switzerland. There are tunnels underneath the Gotthard massive, both for rail and road. The canton of Grisons (Graubünden) is connected with a direct coach link, whereas the canton of Valais is connected by rail through a tunnel at the Simplon Pass. There are good rail links to Milan and Rome in Italy as well as Germany via Basel and Zürich.

Because of the tourist trade there are a number of small railways in scenic areas in the mountains. Winter sports is important, despite being less developed.
There are two major centres of education and research located in the canton of Ticino. The University of Italian speaking Switzerland (USI, Università della Svizzera Italiana) is the only Swiss university teaching in Italian. The University of Applied Sciences of Italian speaking Switzerland (SUPSI, Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana) on the other hand is a professional training college focused on a practical method of teaching in the areas of applied art, economy, social work, technology and production science.

Three daily newspapers are published in Ticino: Corriere del Ticino, La Regione, and Giornale del Popolo. These represent the only Italian daily publications in Switzerland.
Language 
The official language, and the one used for most written communication, is Italian. In oral communication Western Lombard (Ticinese) varieties, although receding in favour of Italian (especially in the cities of Lugano, Ascona and Locarno and among the younger generations), are still well preserved.  These are further subdivided into local variations, with the northern valleys speaking a dialect more closely aligned with Romansch, Switzerland's fourth official language. There is a certain amount of popular literature (poems, comedies, etc.) in Ticinese, and the national radio and televisions trasmit regularly program in Ticinese (mainly comedies).

Religion 
The population is mostly Roman Catholic (75%) or Protestant (7%). About 2% each are Orthodox or Muslim.

Districts 
The Canton of Ticino is divided into 8 districts (distretti) and 38 circles (circoli):
Distretto di Mendrisio
 Distretto di Lugano
 Distretto di Locarno
 Distretto di Vallemaggia
 Distretto di Bellinzona
 Distretto di Riviera
 Distretto di Blenio
 Distretto di Leventina

Municipalities 
There are 195 municipalities in the canton (as of February 2006). These municipalities (comuni) are grouped in 38 circoli (circles or sub-districts) which are in turn grouped into districts (distretti). Since late 1990 there is an ongoing project of group some municipalities together (as they are small).

Other websites 

 Cantone Ticino  official site
 Official Statistics
 Tourism office, official tourism office of Ticino.
 official website for wine of Ticino. 
 Ethnologue report for Switzerland, Ethnologue language report.
 Virtual Tour of Canton Ticino, QuickTime VR virtual tour of Canton Ticino.
 Canton of Ticino maps
The Ticino river is a river that originates in the Alps, near Nufenen. It then flows through the Swiss canton of Ticino and northern Italy. It flows into the Po River, near Pavia. It is 270 km long. It gave its name to the canton. In Switzerland, it is dammed to make electricity. In Italy, it is mainly used for irrigation. The river flows through Lago Maggiore.

Rivers of Switzerland
Rivers of Italy
The Po (Latin: Padus, , ancient "Eridanus") is a river that flows 652 kilometers (405 miles) eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice. It has a drainage area of 71,000 km² and is the longest river in Italy. 

It goes through many important Italian towns, including Turin (Torino) and (indirectly) Milan (Milano), in Lombardy. It is connected to Milan through a net of channels called navigli, which Leonardo da Vinci helped design. Near the end of its course, it creates a wide delta (with hundreds of small channels and five main ones, called Po di Maestra, Po della Pila, Po delle Tolle, Po di Gnocca and Po di Goro) at the southern part of which is Comacchio, an area famous for eels. The Po valley corresponds to the Roman Cisalpine Gaul, divided in Cispadane Gaul (South of the Po) and Transpadane Gaul (North of the Po).
The vast valley around the Po is called Pianura Padana and is so efficiently connected by the river that the whole valley became the main industrial area of the country.  This river is subject to the authority of a special authority, the Magistrato delle Acque.

Roman poets sometimes referred to the Po river as Eridanus, which also has other meanings.

The main products of the farms around the river are cereals.

In 2005, water from the Po was found to contain "staggering" amounts of benzoylecgonine, which is excreted by cocaine users in urine.  Based on these figures, cocaine consumption was estimated to be about 4 kg daily, or 27 doses per day per thousand young adults in areas that feed into the river—a number nearly three times higher than previous estimates.