Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The USS Arizona (BB-39) was an American battleship from the Pennsylvania Class. The building of the ship was started in 1913 and it was commissioned in 1916. It fought in World War I. The USS Arizona is best known for its sinking during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The attack was the event that caused the United States to join the fighting in World War II. The wreck is still at the floor of the harbor. It is the site of a memorial to those who died that day.

Other ships 
USS Arizona (BB-39) was one of three ships in the history of the United States Navy to be named USS Arizona. It was the only one of the three to be named that after Arizona became a U.S. state.
The first Arizona was built in 1858. It was made of iron. It served in the American Civil War. The ship was destroyed when it caught on fire in 1865.
The second USS Arizona was a 3850 ton frigate. It was built in 1865 and originally named the USS Neshamny. The ship was renamed twice. It used the name USS Arizona for less than three months during 1869 before becoming USS Nevada. The Navy stopped using the ship in 1874.

Arizona (BB-39)
A war crime is a crime that happens in a war.  There are international laws of war that say what people can do during wars and what they cannot do. A war crime breaks these rules.

Today, these rules are international laws called the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Convention.

Definition
To be a war criminal, a crime must be part of a plan or has to be committed against protected persons and must be committed during a war. 

In international armed conflicts, only prisoners of war, wounded and sick enemy fighters, shipwrecked survivors, and enemy civilians are protected persons. Nationals under their own authority as well as neutral civilians living in a belligerent state and allied citizens as long their states maintain diplomatic relations with a belligerent power are not protected persons under the law of war in the same conflicts.

In non-international armed conflicts, persons not taking part in hostilities are protected regardless of nationality.
The idea of what a "war crime" is has changed over time.  For example, during World War II, the strategic bombing during World War II was not a war crime. Now it is.

In 2002, the International Criminal Court (ICC) was created. Its goal is to look into and, if possible, punish people for war crimes.  When the ICC was created, it came up with a longer list of war crimes.  For example, its list was the first one to include types of sexual abuse like forcing women into sexual slavery.pp. 8–10

Types of war crimes

Here are some examples of crimes that the ICC lists as war crimes.

General war crimes
These are war crimes whether they are committed against enemy soldiers or protected civilians or neutral persons.
 Torture
 Causing "great suffering" (severe physical or mental pain) on purpose
 Doing medical experiments on a person that will hurt them
 Destroying or stealing property
 Taking hostages
 Using chemical weapons, biological weapons, or other weapons that are illegal under international law
 Keeping a person in jail, sentencing them, or executing them without a trial
 Willful attacks on neutral persons, property, or territory

Sexual war crimes 
These are war crimes whether they are committed against enemy soldiers or protected civilians or neutral persons.
 Rape
 Sexual slavery
 Forcing a person to be a prostitute
 Forcing a woman to get pregnant
 Forcing a person to get sterilized
 Sexual violence (which includes all other types of sexual abuse and sexual assault)
War crimes against protected civilians 
War crimes against protected civilians include:
 Attacking protected civilians, killing them, or destroying their property
 Making an attack that is obviously going to kill and injure many protected civilians
 Forcing protected civilians to leave their home countries
 Attacking places like religious buildings, schools, and hospitals, which have nothing to do with war
 Starving protected civilians on purpose, as a way of making war
 Forcing protected children to become soldiers
 Mutilating a protected civilian (for example, by cutting off an arm or hurting them in other ways that will show forever)
War crimes against enemy soldiers 
War crimes against enemy soldiers include:
 Hurting or killing a person who is unable to fight (for example, because they are injured or sick)
 Hurting or killing a person who has surrendered
 Hurting or killing a person who is clearly a military medic or a chaplain
 Tricking enemy soldiers by using a flag to signal a truce, then attacking
 Using flags, insignia, or uniforms worn by enemy soldiers or the United Nations as a disguise while attacking
 Killing prisoners of war

War crimes against neutral persons
War crimes against neutral persons include:
 Hurting or killing a person who is a peacekeeper
 Hurting or killing a person whose country is not participating in an armed conflict (for example, a neutral warship in belligerent waters)

Examples of war crimes

This table shows some examples of war crimes.

Photo gallery

Related pages
 Crimes against humanity
 Geneva Conventions
 Hague Convention
 Command responsibility

References
In a modern democracy, a senate is a group of people who are part of a legislature. A legislature passes or changes laws for their country, state, or other area. Members of a senate are called senators. Some legislatures are bicameral, meaning they have two groups of people (working in separate places) called houses. A senate can be called a House of Senators. 

The senate of some such legislatures is weaker than the other house. The other house is called a House of Representatives, House of Commons, or Assembly. In bicameral legislatures, both houses must pass the same bill to make it a law. Modern democratic systems having legislatures with senates include the United States of America (U. S.), Canada, Australia and many states in the United States.

The first ever senate was the Roman Senate. The name comes from their word for "elder".

Senate is also the name of the ruling body of some universities.
Senate chambers 
Sometimes, the senators are split into different groups, who then have different responsibilities. These groups  meet in different rooms; each group is called a chamber.
Kano is a city in Nigeria. It is the center of the Kano State. Kano is the third largest city in Nigeria, after Ibadan and Lagos. About 3,626,204 people live in Kano.

It has long been the economic centre of northern Nigeria, and a centre for the sale of groundnuts. Kano is known for the Bayero University and a railway station with trains to Lagos, moving through Kaduna, while Kano International Airport can be found nearby. Kano has long been a centre for Nigeria's Islamic culture; one of the country's finest mosques lies in the city.

It is also the site where the Kano river project was developed.  This is a large irrigation scheme.
History
The city of Kano was founded around A.D. 1000 as an Hausa city of its own. Kano remained a big emirate, or Muslim kingdom, until the making of the country, Nigeria, in 1903. Kano became known for its trade in gold, leather, ivory, salt and slaves within the area. This perhaps is the reason for the city's wealth and power in the 14th century, when Islam gained a growing following. By the 15th century, the first Central Mosque had been built in the city.

References

Other websites 
 Kano Online

Cities in Nigeria
10th-century establishments in Africa
Establishments in Nigeria
1000 establishments
Kano State
The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field was an important battle during the Wars of the Roses in 15th century England. It was fought on 22 August 1485 between the Yorkist King Richard III, the last of the Plantagenet dynasty, and the Lancastrian [[Henry VII of England|Henry Tudor], who wanted to become king. It ended in the defeat and death of Richard and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. Historically, the battle is thought to have marked the end of the Wars of the Roses, although smaller battles were fought in the years that followed as Yorkists unsuccessfully tried to become king again.

The place of the battle is not precisely known. Memorials have been built in some of the possible locations.

Shakespearian dramatization 

The Battle of Bosworth is an important part of William Shakespeare's play Richard III. The action of the play ends with this battle.

Notes
Notes

Further reading 
 Bosworth 1485: A Battlefield Rediscovered by Glenn Foard and Anne Curry (2013:  forthcoming) - The archaeology of the battle
 Bosworth: The Birth of the Tudors by Chris Skidmore (2013) - Overview of the battle in its historical context
 Battle Story: Bosworth 1485 by Mike Ingram (2011) - Analysis of the battle by a military expert

Other websites 
 Bosworth Battlefield visitor info
 Richard III Society, American Branch  with maps, photos, articles presenting several competing theories situating the battle
 The Battle of Bosworth 
 Bosworth Roll Call  Officers there on the day.

Bosworth
Bosworth
House of Tudor
1485
August events
1480s in England
Escherichia coli or E. coli is a bacterium that lives in the intestines of people and other warm-blooded animals. Scientists have studied E. coli a lot, and know more about how E. coli cells work than any other organism. E. coli is usually not harmful. In fact, the only known harmful strain is O156. E.coli is a prokaryotic organism.

E. coli normally grow in soil and in the large intestines of many mammals, including humans. Most strains of E. coli do not cause disease, but instead help animals get vitamins and digest food. Some strains of E. coli cause sickness in people. E. coli are not usually in food or water. When food has not been prepared with clean equipment, E. coli can grow in the food. When E. coli are found in water, this may mean that the water has touched sewage. 

It is named after Theodor Escherich, who discovered it in 1885. It was officially named after him in 1919.
Signs and symptoms of E. coli infection
The following signs and symptoms of an E. coli infection normally happen within three days; however, some people may carry the infection and show no signs at all.
 Pain in the abdomen
 Diarrhea
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Fever
 Fatigue

The best treatment for E. coli is plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.

References

Gram-negative bacteria
Model organisms
Defeating the Borg
Despite their ability to adapt to various attempts to destroy them, the Borg can be defeated several ways:
Commander Data linked with the assimilated "Loctus of Borg" (Jean-Luc Picard) and sends a command that starts the Borg regeneration sequence and effectively put them all to sleep;the command caused the Borg power net to feed back on itself and has triggered a self-destruct sequence in The Best of Both Worlds,
Data and La Forge came up with an invasive program designed as a geometric form that could not actually exist in physical space; the result of it in the Borg collective memory-which would continue to attempt to analyze the shape. Each step taken by the Borg to understand the program would spawn a series of anomalous solutions that would interact with each other, resulting in an endless, unsolvable puzzle. Eventually, the Borg neural network would collapse under the strain of attempting to solve the paradox, resulting in a total systems failure across the entire Collective in I Borg, 
A Borg experiences being an individual; this is so dangerous that the Borg Queen will destroy an entire Borg Square/or Sphere if even a hint of individualty is about to form in one Borg."I Borg" and "Endgame".
Species 6339 developed a synthetic pathogen so that when they were assimilated by the Borg, so that it would be spread to the Borg vinculum. From there, it caused all drones within range to experience the Borg equivalent of multiple personality disorder, eventually leading to their self-destruction. The process would be repeated when another Borg vessel retrieved the vinculum, and so on in "Infinate Regress",
Future Admiral Kathryn Janeway had herself injected with a neurolytic pathogen and allowed herself to be assimilated by the Borg Queen who in turn selfdestruted " along with The Borg transwarp complex and many Borg Spheres. "Endgame",
How many species assimiliated?
By the time of Voyager, the Borg have assimilated 10,026 species

Related pages 
 Seven of Nine
 Star Trek: First Contact

Star Trek
Fictional races

de:Völker und Gruppierungen im Star-Trek-Universum#Borg
sv:Lista över utomjordiska raser i Star Trek#Borgerna
The House of Plantagenet ruled England in some form or another from the reign of Henry II, beginning in 1154, until the House of Tudor came to power when Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.

It goes back to the Angevin counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou. Three dynasties belong to it: Angevins, House of Lancaster (Lancastrians) and House of York (Yorkists). Lancastrians and Yorkists fought against each other the Wars of the Roses to get the crown for their dynasty alone.

Plantagenets

Angevins
 Empress Matilda (1141)
 Henry II (1154-1189)
 Richard I, the Lionheart (1189-1199)
 John (1199-1216)
 Henry III (1216-1272)
 Edward I (1272-1307)
 Edward II (1307-1327) (deposed, died 1327)
 Edward III (1327-1377)
 Richard II (1377-1399) (deposed, died 1400)

Lancastrians
 Henry IV (1399-1413)
 Henry V (1413-1422)
 Henry VI (1422-1461 and 1470-1471)
Yorkists
 Edward IV (1461-1470 and 1471-1483)
 Edward V (uncrowned) (1483) (deposed 1483, most likely assassinated)
 Richard III (1483-1485)
Angevin is the name of the residents of Anjou, a former province of the Kingdom of France, as well as to the residents of Angers. It is also used for three different medieval dynasties which go back to counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou (of which angevin is the adjectival form), but later came to rule far greater areas including England, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Poland, Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, and Kingdom of Jerusalem (see Angevin Empire).  

The first of these Angevin dynasties, the House of Plantagenet, ruled England in some form or another from the reign of Henry II, beginning in 1154, until the House of Tudor came to power when Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. 

History of France
A count is a nobleman in most of European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is also still a "countess" (for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). The word count comes from French comte which in turn comes from the Latin comitas, "companion" (of the emperor). In feudalism the territory ruled by a count was a county.

A woman having this title or the wife of a count is called countess.

Other websites 

Heraldica.org - here the French peerage
Italian Titles of Nobility 
Webster's 1828 Dictionary 

Royalty and nobility
Titles
The budgerigar (nicknamed budgie, binomial name Melopsittacus undulatus) is a small parrot. It belongs to the family of Old World parakeets (Psittaculidae). Budgerigars are often called parakeets, especially in American English. The term Parakeet refers to many types of small parrots with long flat tails. The budgerigar is found in drier parts of Australia. It has lived there for over 5 million years. It is commonly kept as a pet. Budgies are intelligent birds and can be taught to mimic human speech.

Other websites 
 A True Ambassador: the Budgerigar  Referenced article on budgerigars
 List of Plants & Branches Hazardous to Birds Referenced list oriented toward pet birds
 Budgies Information about the budgerigar as a pet supplies

References

Other websites

Birds of Australia
Pets
Parakeets
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart. Endocarditis most often affects the heart valves. The heart valves are a part of the human body that does not get blood. This is odd because they are a part of the heart itself. Because of this, if one of the valves gets infected with bacteria or protozoa, the body can not defend itself against those bacteria. This can cause the valve to not work the way it should.

Heart disease
Tetracycline is a family of antibiotics discovered as natural products  in 1945. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic because it works against a range of bacteria.

Tetracyclines was first prescribed in 1948. It is produced naturally by the Streptomyces genus of Actinobacteria. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor.

In 1950, Harvard University professor Robert Burns Woodward worked out the chemical structure of the related  oxytetracycline (Terramycin). The patent protection for its production was also first issued in 1950.

Tetracycline is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. It is commonly used to treat acne and rosacea. Historically it was important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.

References 

Antibiotics
Organonitrogen compounds
Hemoglobin (or haemoglobin) is a protein in red blood cells which contains iron. It is used to transport oxygen around the human body. 

Hemoglobin is found in the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates. The exceptions are the fish family Channichthyidae, and the tissues of some invertebrates. It does occur in some invertebrates, but most invertebrates use other chemicals, such as hemocyanin.

Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases. It carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide (about 20-25% of the total).

Red blood cells get their colour from hemoglobin, which is red. There are millions of hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell and millions of red blood cells in the human body. When hemoglobin has oxygen attached, it is called oxyhemoglobin.
Structure
The most common type of hemoglobin in mammals contains four such subunits. Each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein (globin) with a heme group inside it. Each heme group has one iron atom. This binds one oxygen molecule. So the complete hemoglobin molecule has four globin chains, four heme molecules, and four iron atoms. When hemoglobin is in the lungs, it picks up oxygen in its hemes, and carries it to the rest of the body.

Its structure took years to work out. Max Perutz and John Kendrew worked out the structure of myoglobin first. That muscle globin is smaller, with only one heme group.

References

Proteins
Iron compounds
Blood
The cornea is the front part of the eye. It is the clear transparent section of the eye. The cornea covers the iris, pupil, and the eye chamber. It is a special form of tissue. The cornea is clear and has no blood vessels. It has nerves, but with no myelin sheaths on them.

The cornea, with the lens, refracts light. The cornea and the lens bend light so the image strikes the retina. The cornea does about two-thirds of this refraction.

Dua's layer is a newly discovered layer of the cornea. It was described in June 2013. It is the sixth layer of the cornea to be discovered. Despite its thinness, the layer is very strong, and air does not get through it.

References 

Eye anatomy
The West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) is a type of exam in West Africa. It is made by the West African Examinations Council (WAEC). It is only given to students who live in the five English-speaking West African countries: Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Liberia

The exams 
There are two different types of the exam:

The WASSCE (November/December): students from government and private schools are able to take this exam. Uniforms are not needed, but other rules must be obeyed by the students. This exam is only taken in the fall season(November/December), and the grades are available by December. Its old name is the G.C.E. (General Certificate Examinations).
The WASSCE (May/June): This exam is ideally made for students who go to government schools. Students from private schools, that are well known in the country, can only sit for this exam in any government schools. They must also wear a type of uniforms as the teachers want them to wear. This exam is only taken in the spring season, and the grades are usually  available on or before August of the same year. Its old name is the S.S.C.E. (Senior School Certificate Examinations).

The grades
The grades below are given on the WASSCE certificates for the students who finished their exams. They also depend on how well the students did in their exams.

 

Qualifications
Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev () (born Sontsovka, Ukraine 23 April 1891; died Moscow 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer and pianist who came from  Ukraine. During his lifetime, Ukraine was part of Russia.  Together with Dmitri Shostakovich he is one of the greatest Russian composers of the 20th century.  Children all over the world love to listen to his musical story Peter and the Wolf and the music for Lieutenant Kije, but he wrote many other great works including symphonies, concertos, piano sonatas, ballets and operas.

Early life
Early life 

Prokofiev was born into an educated family, and his mother recognized very early her son's musical gifts.  His father was a college-educated agronomist who managed the farm-site of his employer in the Ukrainian steppe.  His mother played the piano reasonably well in her son's opinion.  The young Sergei started composing at a very early age.  By the time he was eleven he had written two operas and a series of small piano pieces he would later call "little puppies".  Soon he was writing music with unusual time signatures and in unusual changes of key.
Prokofiev's formal musical education began when, as a young boy, he started taking lessons from Reinhold Glière.  In 1904 he went to study at the Conservatory in St Petersburg.  He was a brilliant student, but he often disagreed with the way the professors were teaching.  He was bored with the lessons in orchestration from Rimsky-Korsakov and the counterpoint lessons from Liadov although he could have learned more from these great men.  His main friends were the composers Nikolai Myaskovsky and Boris Asafiev.  He often showed them his latest piano compositions which sounded very modern.  Many of St. Petersburg's newspaper critics did not like his music, while others felt he showed great promise and was sure to be a "futurist".
Prokofiev spent the summer of 1909 back at home in the small Russian farming village of Sontsovka in what is now Ukraine where his father was an estate manager.  He worked in a way that was to be typical of him all his life: he carefully kept a diary until the middle 1930s, was an excellent chess player and writer, kept making changes to a number of his earlier works.  He often borrowed music from one composition and put it in another, or used unfinished works in new compositions.
When he returned to St Petersburg he took piano lessons from a teacher at the St. Petersburg Conservatory called Anna Esipova.  She worked hard to discipline him in his playing although he did not appreciate her efforts.  He also took conducting lessons from Nikolai Tcherepnin who taught him to like late-Romantic composers such as Scriabin and Debussy.  He wrote some music himself in this style, but most of the music he wrote at this time sounded very harsh and dissonant and, although he was becoming quite famous, many people hated it.  When he finished his studies at the Conservatoire he won its top prize (the Rubinstein Prize) with his First Piano Concerto, although the examiners had found it hard to agree and Rimsky-Korsakov said that Prokofiev was "gifted but immature".
Prokofiev travelled to London where he met many famous people including Diaghilev who had a very skilled ballet group called Ballets Russes.  The composer Igor Stravinsky had been writing ballet music for Diaghilev’s dancers.  Prokofiev particularly loved Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring and it influenced his music.  He wrote an opera The Gambler based on the novel by Brusilov but the singers and the orchestra did not understand his music and refused to perform it.  One of the first works of Prokofiev to become known all over the world was his First Symphony known as the Classical Symphony.  He made the music sound like that of composers from the Classical period such as Haydn.  This symphony is still very popular today.

America and Europe (1918-1936)
In 1917 the Russian Revolution took place.  The country was in a chaotic state so Prokofiev went to the United States.  After a journey which took four months via the Transsiberian railway, Tokyo and San Francisco, he arrived in New York.  His first real success came from his connections with Cyrus McCormik in Chicago.  His first major commission was the opera The Love for Three Oranges for the Chicago Lyric Opera. It was popular in Chicago but not in New York City where he really wanted to make his reputation. He soon traveled to Paris to see Diagalev again whom he had met earlier in London. His first ballet for him was Ala and Lolly which Diagalev did not like and would not perform. This ballet later became Prokofiev's Scythian Suite. His next ballet was more successful, The Tale of the Buffoon.  He also wrote his Third Piano Concerto which is his most popular concerto for piano.  Prokofiev lived off and on in Paris for fourteen years, but he often went on tour, performing his works on the piano
. In 1928 his Third Symphony was first performed, much of which was based on music from his opera  The Fiery Angel which was never performed completely in his lifetime.  In the late-1920s he was invited back to Russia.  Although many Soviet people tried to persuade him to stay there he decided to remain in the West where he was starting to have a very successful career. It was not until 1936 that he finally decided to move back to Russia.  Life was not easy in the Soviet Union for all types of creative people such as musicians, poets, writers and film makers.   Composers were expected to write music which would make ordinary people happy and make them feel proud of their country and of the communist revolution.  Any music that did not do this was called “decadent” or “formalist”. Many artists where punished for creating works that did not do what the socialist politicians expected of them
.  Prokofiev had never been interested in politics, and he thought the politicians would leave him in peace so that he could write the kind of music he liked.
Back in Russia Prokofiev settled in Moscow.  He wrote several children’s pieces including Peter and the Wolf.  He was asked to write music for two important jubilees: the 20th anniversary of the Revolution and the centenary of Pushkin’s death.  He took great care over this music.  Much of what he wrote was to be directed by Meyerhold, but Meyerhold was arrested, later tortured and murdered so the whole project never happened. Some of the music written for the Pushkin centenary was later used in his opera War and Peace, the Stone Flower ballet and Symphonic Waltzes. He also wrote a very large piece called Cantata for the Twentieth Anniversary of the October Revolution, using words by Marx, Lenin and Stalin for a total of 500 performers.  The music included realistic effects such as gun shots, machine-gun fire and sirens.  However, many critics said that the music was vulgar, and it was not performed until 1966, long after Prokofiev’s death
.  He tried to make the soviet authorities pleased by writing a "safe" opera called I am the Son of the Working People but the politicians stopped it during its early auditions.  The opera was going to be produced by Meyerhold, but again it never happened because Meyerhold was arrested and executed.
The World War II was a time of change for Prokofiev for several reasons.  In 1941 his marriage to Lina Llubera came to an end and his new companion Mira Mendelsohn, and later wife, saw him through his last years. Lina was a foreigner and marriage to foreigners was made illegal (forbidden) at that time.  In 1948 she was arrested, charged with being a spy, and sent to a labour camp. On the other hand, Mira had lived her entire life within the Soviet system and was much more aware of how to survive in the politacally-charged times. In 1945, shortly after the premier of his Fifth Symphony, he had a stroke which was the beginning of a period of bad health. He spent a lot of time away from Moscow where it was unsafe.  The first signs that his health was to be poor occurred in Alma-Ata in 1943 when he had a fainting spell. He was an workaholic and this, plus the pressures placed upon him by the Soviet system, forced him to withdraw from an active social life in Moscow
.      Prokofiev lived with Mira for the rest of his life.  Lina was freed from the labour camp after Stalin’s death.  Later she left the Soviet Union and she died in London in 1989.
During the war Prokofiev composed a lot of his best music.  He wrote his last piano sonatas as well as working on his operas Betrothal in a Monestary after Sherican, and War and Peace (based on the novel by Tolstoy) and writing his film music for both Eisenstein’s Alexander Nevsky and Ivan the Terrible and composing his Fifth Symphony.  The first performance of this symphony, given on 13 January 1945, was the last time he conducted in public.  He spent the rest of his life in a house in the country to the west of Moscow, although during his last winters he lived in Moscow close to his doctors.  Even in these last years he was not to find peace.  Stalin’s rule of terror had serious effects on all Soviet artists.  In 1948 a committee of the Communist Party spoke out against several Soviet composers including Prokofiev.  They said that his music was “formalist” and “alien” to the Soviet people.  His opera “War and Peace” was not allowed to be performed because it was neither lyrical nor patriotic enough
.  The works he wrote in his last years were mostly ones which the politicians officially approved.  His last great work of this period is the Symphony-Concerto for cello and orchestra which used a lot of music from the unsuccessful Cello Sonata, and greatly revised with the help of the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich.
Prokofiev died of a brain haemorrhage on 5 March 1953.  His death was hardly mentioned in the newspapers because the dictator Josef Stalin died on the same day.

References 

1891 births
1953 deaths
20th-century composers
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Russian composers
Russian pianists
Arab Christians are people who speak Arabic or of Arabic-speaking origin and have the religion of Christianity.

Most Christian Arabs live in the Middle East, where Islam is the biggest religion. The largest number of Arab Christians are in Egypt (around 8 millions). Many Arabs have emigrated from the Middle East in modern times. In some places such as the Americas, a big number of these Arabs are Christians. In Brazil, there are more than 12 million Arabs, and most of these people are Christian.
History 
Arab Christians faced significant persecution with the Muslim conquests of Christian countries after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. Conversion was often required for those who could not pay a substantial tax known as the 'jizya'. Furthermore, during various periods in the history of the Islamic world, Arab Christians were subject to at times brutal and humiliating persecution. Despite this, many Christians chose not to change their religion to Islam. Instead, they kept Christianity as their belief. Muslims call them the "People of the Book" (with Jews).
In the early 21st century, persecution of Christians area increased.  In most countries they are required to obey Islamic "Shari'ah" law.  In some countries, notably Egypt, political approval is required for the construction or renovation of a church - such restrictions are not present in the construction of Mosques. Countries in the Arabian Gulf, most notably Saudi Arabia, do not allow for the construction of churches or the public practice of Christianity - although that is slowly changing in progressive areas like the UAE. Coptic Christians in Egypt continue to face significant discrimination in the workplace and have a hard time reaching to the upper echelons in universities, corporations, and government offices.
Arab Christians have been around before Arab Muslims. This is because there were many Arab tribes that became Christians since the first century. They were the Nabateans (whose ancestors were Aramean) and the Ghassanids (who were of Qahtani origin and spoke Yemeni-Arabic and Greek). They protected the south-eastern parts of the Byzantine Empire in north Arabia.

Arab Christians made important contributions to the Arab world, and they still do. Some of the best poem writers at certain times were Arab Christians, and many Arab Christians were doctors, writers, government staff, and people who knew a lot about literature.

Notes 

Arab people
A musical synthesizer is an instrument that uses electricity to make musical sounds. They are the main instrument for making electronic music. Many synthesizers have a keyboard like that of a piano. When playing a piano keyboard, sounds are made by hitting soft hammers against strings pulled very tight. When playing a synthesizer keyboard, sounds are made by turning electrical oscillators on and off. Since "synthesizer" is such a big word, the word is usually shortened to "synth".

How synthesizers work 

An oscillator is something that "vibrates", or repeats the same pattern. The pendulum of a clock, for example, is a very slow oscillator. A piano string "oscillates" when struck by a hammer.

Electric oscillators might be made using transistors. They turn electricity into electrical patterns, or signals, that repeat over and over. When different keys are pressed, different notes are heard. This is done by making the signal from the oscillator repeat at different rates.
The signal can be boosted in strength and sent straight to a loudspeaker. But the sound of a simple signal can be boring after a while. Sounds can be made more interesting in many ways.

For example
 Signals are often shaped by changing how fast they get loud and then soft again. This method, called "ADSR", helps synthesizers to sound more like older instruments — pianos, trumpets, flutes, and so on.
 The signals from several different oscillators may be combined. This helps to make a richer sound.
 The signal can then be sent to one or more filters. Filters are used to take away parts of the signal. For example, they might make the signal sound "brighter" or "duller", "soft" or "harsh".
 Many synthesizers use special oscillators called "LFOs". For example, an LFO might control how loud and soft the signal is, or control the pitch of the signal. An LFO might even control the actions of the filters.
By combining many of these methods, synths can now sound very much like older instruments. For one example, special synths called "drum synths" are used just to make the sounds a drummer might make. Synths can also make many new sounds never heard before.

In the early 2000s, computers got fast enough so "software synths" could be made. These are computer programs designed to look and work like a synth. They tend to be less expensive, so more can be used. Most of these programs can be downloaded for free, however this may be illegal.

There are special tools available to play synths. For example, a thing called a "wind controller" lets players of wind instruments use their special skills. But there is still a need for more ways to control synths to make them more expressive.
Other websites 
 Sonic State describing 3000 models of Synthesizers
 Analog & Digital Synthesizers museum  - Synthesizers database, resources, user reviews, pictures
 Vintage Synth Explorer - facts and photos of hundreds of old and new synths
 The history of Electronic Music
 120 years of Electronic Music 

Electronic musical instruments
Audio technology
John Foxe (1516/1517 – 18 April 1587), is remembered as the author of Foxe's Book of Martyrs.

Education and Resignation from Oxford 
Foxe was born in Boston, Lincolnshire, England into a prominent family. In 1535 Foxe was admitted to Magdalen College School. He became a fellow in July 1539.
Foxe resigned from his college in 1545, after referring to it as "a prison." During his time at Oxford he became an evangelical, meaning that he converted to Protestant beliefs not accepted by the Church of England under Henry VIII. As he wanted to leave Oxford, Foxe looked to other evangelicals for help but received only advice and a little money. Foxe married Agnes Randall on February 3, 1547.

Life in London under Edward VI 
With the death of Henry VIII in January 1547 Foxe's prospects (and those of the evangelical cause generally) changed for the better. Foxe was ordained deacon by Nicholas Ridley on June 24, 1550.
Marian Exile 
In the fall of 1554 Foxe moved to Frankfurt, where he lived with Anthony Gilby in the English colony of Protestant refugees.
Foxe then removed to Basel where he lived and worked with John Bale and Lawrence Humphrey.

Return to England 
In 1559, when Mary I had died Foxe returned to England. He lived for some time at Aldgate, London, in the house of his former pupil, Thomas Howard. Foxe started publishing works of religious controversy and worked on a new martyrology, which would become the Foxe's Book of Martyrs.
Foxe was ordained priest by Edmund Grindal, now Bishop of London, on January 25, 1560, and he moved to Norwich to live with its bishop, John Parkhurst. On March 23 of the following year the first edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs was published.

Foxe was one of the earliest students of Anglo-Saxon, and he and Day published an edition of the Saxon gospels with the help of Archbishop Parker.

Foxe died on 8 April 1587 and was buried at St. Giles's, Cripplegate.

References
References

Other websites 

 Foxe's Book of Martyrs (Actes and Monuments) Variorum Edition Online , from the Humanities Research Institute of The University of Sheffield
 Thomas Freeman, John Foxe: A Biography 

1516 births
1587 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Boston, Lincolnshire
English historians
British Protestants
Christian ministers
Writers from Lincolnshire
The word evangelicalism refers to a type of Christian belief and practice in conservative Protestant Christianity, although some Catholic Christians would also call themselves evangelicals.

Evangelicals believe in spreading their faith, (evangelism), the need to be converted, also called being born again, believing what is in the Bible and the need to live a moral life both personally and in society.  In the past 200 years, people, churches and social movements have often been called evangelical.  This is different from Protestant liberalism although they may share some of the same goals.

Outside the United States, the word evangelical can mean different things. In Europe and Latin America the word evangelical is often used to simply mean Protestant, as different from Roman Catholic religion. Some Christian denominations have the word evangelical as part of their official name.  This may indicate that they are more conservative than other denominations with a similar name.
In 2016, there were thought to be about 619 million evangelicals in the world, meaning that one in four Christians would be an evangelical. The United States has many evangelicals. American evangelicals are about one fourth of the nation's population and its largest religious group. There are also many evangelicals in Latin America, Africa, China and Korea. Evangelicals make up most of the  Baptist churches, Pentecostals, a portion of Methodists, Presbyterians and other older denominations, and many independent Christian churches that do not belong to any larger group.

Billy Graham was probably the best known evangelical of the last 100 years. He preached all around the world.

References

Other websites 

 World Evangelical Alliance - list of evangelical organizations from various nations 
 Barna Research Group
Births 
 925: Ferdowsi حکیم ابوالقاسم فردوسی توسی (died 1020), Persian poet
Below are some of the important events that happened from 940 to 949.



940
 Saadia Gaon makes his siddur (Jewish prayer book) in Iraq.
 Narita-san Temple is founded in Chiba, Japan.
 The Liao Dynasty stops the rule that a younger sister replace an older sister who died in marriage.

Births 
 Abu'l-Wafa, Iranian mathematician
 Brian Boru, high king of Ireland

Deaths 
 July 20 – Ibn Muqla, Abbasid vizier and calligrapher
 December 25 – Makan ibn Kaki, Dailamite warlord
 Taira no Masakado, leader of the Taira Clan

941
 The Rus'-Byzantine War is fought.
 Oda the Severe becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.

Births 
 Charles d'Outremer, son of Louis IV of France
 Brian Bórumha mac Cennétig, High-King of Ireland

Deaths 
 April 21 – Bajkam, commander of commanders of the Abbasid Caliphate

942
 The Chavda Kingdom is overthrown in Gujarat, India.
 October 30 – Pope Marinus II succeeds Pope Stephen VIII as the 128th pope.

Births 
 Pampa, Kannada poet in India
 Genshin, Tendai scholar
Deaths 
 King Idwal Foel of Gwynedd
 December 17 – William I of Normandy
 Gaozu of Later Jin, founder of the Later Jin Dynasty in China 
 Liu Yan of the Southern Han Kingdom

943
 King Constantin II of Scotland retires and becomes a monk.  His cousin Malcolm I of Scotland becomes king.

Births 
Dayang Jingxuan, a Zen Buddhist monk

Deaths 
 Wang Kon, founder of the Koryo dynasty
 Emperor Liezu of Southern Tang

944
 The city of Algiers is (re)founded by the Zirid king Buluggin ibn Ziri.
 Abu Yazid starts a rebellion against the Fatimids in the Aures Mountains.
 The Al-Askari Mosque is built in Samarra.
 King Edmund I of England takes Northumbria from the Vikings.
 Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos is deposed as Byzantine emperor.  It was by his own sons, Stephen Lekapenos and Constantine Lekapenos.

Births 
 Otto, Duke of Burgundy
 Minamoto no Yorimitsu
 Fujiwara no Sukemasa
 Fujiwara no Akimitsu
Deaths 
 Flaithbertach mac Inmainén, abbot of Inis Cathaig, Ireland
 Wilgred of Lindisfarne, Bishop of Lindisfarne
 Abu Mansur Al Maturidi, Muslim theologian
 Ngo Quyen, Vietnamese prefect and general
 Wichmann the Elder, Saxon nobleman
 Donnchad Donn, King of Ireland

945
 The Buyid dynasty takes control of Baghdad.
 The Min Kingdom is taken over by the Southern Tang Kingdom.
 Edmund I of England conquers Strathclyde.  He makes an alliance with Malcolm I of Scotland and gives Cumberland and Westmorland to him.
 Lothair II of Italy takes control of Italy.
 Romanos I Lekapenos is overthrown. Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII rules alone.

Births 
 Abbo of Fleury, French monk

Deaths 
 Igor of Kiev
 King Krešimir I of Croatia

946
 Eadred I becomes king of England.
 Emperor Murakami becomes Emperor of Japan.
 May 10 – Pope Agapitus II succeeds Pope Marinus II as the 129th pope.

Deaths 
 May 17 – Al Qa'im, second Fatimid caliph.
 May 26 – King Edmund I of England
947
 The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty in China.

Births 
 Adelaide of Anjou, daughter of Fulk II of Anjou and Gerberg

Deaths 
 May 18 – Emperor Taizong of the Liao Dynasty
 Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl, Toltec ruler
 Wulfgar of Lichfield, Bishop of Lichfield
 Sexhelm of Lindisfarne, Bishop of Lindisfarne
 Shi Chonggui, last Emperor of China from the Later Jin Dynasty
 Uchtred of Lindisfarne, Bishop of Lindisfarne
 Zoltán of Hungary, Grand Prince of the Magyars

948
 The Nri Kingdom is started by Eri.  The kingdom was in what is now Nigeria.
 The Nallur Kandaswamy temple is built.

Births 
 Gang Gam-chan, Korean government official and military commander 
 Emperor Jingzong of Liao

Deaths 
 December 16 – Romanos I Lekapenos, Byzantine Emperor 
 Gao Conghui
 Gaozu of Later Han

949
 The Byzantine Empire starts another expedition against the Emirate of Crete.

Deaths 
 Emperor Yōzei, Emperor of Japan
 Yunmen Wenyan, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk
The 910s was a decade that began on 1 January 910 and ended on 31 December 919.

Events
 construction begins on the first church at the monastery of Cluny
Canopic jars were used to store the internal organs of a mummy in Ancient Egypt. The lid had the head of a baboon, human, falcon or a jackal—representing the sons of Horus. These jars were used to store organs which were removed from a dead person, these were the stomach, the intestine, the liver and the lungs, because they were thought to be use less in the afterlife.They only did the mummyfication process to important people. The jars were placed in the tombs with the bodies.

Names: imesty the (human), Duamutef (Jackal), Hapi (Baboon), Qebehsenuf (Falcon) .

Death customs
Ancient Egypt
Containers
A fellow is a member of a group of learned people who work together at university or other academic institutions.  However, there are no precise rules for how the title is used, and each academic institution grants the title as it sees fit.

Other websites 

 Nationally Coveted College Scholarships, Graduate Fellowships and Postdoctoral Awards

Colleges and universities
Millipedes are a very long type of arthropod. Millipedes are segmented. Most have between 20 and over 100 segments, and have flattened bodies. Except for the first few segments, each segment has 2 pairs of legs, as a result of each segment being the fusing (coming together) of two.

So far, about 12,000 different species of millipedes have been described. with 10,000 identified, and there is an estimated 80,000 total species of millipede on Earth. The animals are detrivores, they eat what is left over from plants.
Most of the time, their food is decaying leaves and other dead plant matter. Millipedes are not poisonous, but many species have glands capable of producing irritating fluids that may cause allergic reactions in some individuals. This protects them from being constantly eaten because of their slow movement. Generally, they are not a pest, although young seedlings in greenhouses can be sometimes eaten by these creatures. Xenobolus carnifex is known for its common infestation of thatched roofs in India. Several species swarm houses and farms, causing damage.

Some millipedes have fangs that allow them to directly prey on plants.

The primary defense mechanism of millipedes is to roll up into a spiral-shaped circle, protecting their more delicate organs from being hurt by an armor-like skin. Millipedes can secrete liquids that can burn their predators for protection.
Bristly millipedes lack armor-like skin, and instead have bristles (small spiky hairs) that protect them from insects, like detaching a bristle when it goes through the body of an ant.

They can easily be told apart from centipedes because centipedes move faster, have only have one pair of legs per segment, and eat animals instead of just plants, although a very small amount of millipede species are omnivores, feeding on insects, earthworms, or snails.

Scientists who study millipedes are called diplopodologists, and the scientific study (like astronomy or biology) of millipedes is known as diplopodology.

A millipede species, Pneumodesmus newmani, was the first animal species to live constantly on land that lived 428 million years ago.
Habitat 
Millipedes are the most common in temperate, wet deciduous forests, but are also often found in coniferous forests and high-altitude alpine environments, some species live in deserts, and even fewer in caves. Many live under stones, fallen leaves, and in woodpiles, plus other dark damp locations in forests.

Some species of bristly millipedes have been known to live in the common small cracks of tree bark.

Millipedes and People 
Millipedes, due to their herbivore (plant-eating) and, with some species, limited omnivore capabilities, do not bite humans, although some of the defensive liquids that they give out might cause minor irritation and burns on human skin. On the eyes, these can be much worse, and direct exposure can lead to very bad problems.

They also appear in various folklore, remedies, and traditional usages around the world.

References

Gallery

Other websites
 

Millipedes
Edwy All-Fair or Eadwig (940/941 – 1 October 959) was the King of England from 955 until his death. Edwy was the eldest son of King Edmund I and Saint Elgiva. Edwy was chosen in 955 to succeed his uncle Edred as King.

His short reign as King was marked by conflict. He had problems within his family, the Thanes, and the Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of  Saint Dunstan and Archbishop Odo. Edwy died at the age of eighteen or nineteen, and was succeeded by his rival brother, Edgar, who re-unified the kingdom.

941 births
959 deaths
House of Wessex
People buried in Winchester Cathedral