Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Judith Ann Kaye (née Smith; August 4, 1938 – January 7, 2016) was an American lawyer and jurist. She was the longtime Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, serving in that position from March 23, 1993 until December 31, 2008.  She was the first woman to serve as chief judge, the highest judicial office in the New York state, and the longest-serving chief judge in New York history.

Kaye died on January 7, 2016, at her home in Manhattan, New York from cancer, aged 77.

References

Other websites
 Biography: Judith Smith Kaye by Steven C. Crane, the Historical Society of the New York Courts (includes extensive list of writings in law journals and elsewhere)

1938 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York (state)
American judges
Lawyers from New York City
His views on Shi'ism 
In an effort bring together Sunnis and Shiites worldwide, Shaltut issued a fatwa (religious injunction). It recognized (Twelver) Shiite law as a fifth school alongside the four Sunni schools. He recognized the Ja'fari school of law (called Ithna Ashariyya, or the Twelvers, the largest group in Shia Islam) as one of the five mainstream schools of thought in Islam. This was an important achievement in attempting to unite Muslims around the world. 

The term "Ja'fari" relates to Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765). Ja'fari became increasingly used during the twentieth century in the efforts to add Shi'ism as a fifth school of law (madhhab) along with the four established Sunni schools. This led to an interview (and later a fatwa) given by the Shaikh al-Azhar Mahmud Shaltut in 1959. Shaltut went as far as declaring that Muslims are free to attach themselves to any of the five schools.
The fatwa of Mahmud Shaltut was published (in 1959) under the title Islam: the religion of unity. It was introduced by two arguments. The historical argument about mutual respect and tolerance between different legal schools of Sunnis as well as the Shi'i school. The other was an argument about the harmful effects of prejudice between Muslim schools of fiqh. It was argued that the spirit of ijtihad had turned into antagonism and they were no longer having discussions. Shaltut feels that all schools of fiqh should be ready to accept from one another. They should accept any idea which follows Islamic principles and that ensures the welfare of family and society. As a first step the Ja'fari school of fiqh was included in the curriculum of al-'Azhar.
His opinion on apostasy 
Shaltut is of the opinion that disbelief in Islam (kufr) is itself not a cause for killing the disbeliever. The apostate should not be killed, since the punishment for apostasy is hellfire and the apostate has no penalty in this world. Mahmud Shaltut believes this based on relevant Qur'anic evidence and concludes that apostasy carries no worldly penalty because it speaks only of punishment in the afterlife.

References

Other websites 
 The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (Oxford Quick Reference)

1893 births
1963 deaths
Egyptian Muslims
Islamic religious leaders
Troy Shondell (born Gary Wayne Schelton; May 14, 1939 – January 7, 2016) was an American singer. His career began in 1957 and he was most famous during the 1960s. He was best known for his 1961 rock and roll single "This Time (We're Really Breaking Up)". The song made the record charts in both the United States and the United Kingdom.

Shondell was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He was married to Trina Shondell.

Shondell had Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. He died from problems caused by the diseases on January 7, 2016 in Picayune, Mississippi. He was 76.

References

Other websites

 

1939 births
2016 deaths
American pop singers
American rock singers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Mississippi
Musicians from Indiana
People from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Jenean M. Hampton (born May 12, 1958) is an American politician. She is a graduate of Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan with a degree in Industrial Engineering. Hampton was a captain in the United States Air Force and a veteran of Operation Desert Storm. After her service in the Air Force she was a manufacturing plant manager for 19 years. She entered politics in 2014 with an unsuccessful run for state representative in Kentucky. Hampton became the Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky in 2015, under Governor Matt Bevin. She is a Republican and a tea party supporter. Hampton is the first African American Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky.

References

1958 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of Kentucky
African-American military personnel
African American politicians
Republican Party (United States) politicians
History 
Vehicles have had lights for well over a hundred years. Candles lit Horse-drawn carriages. The first cars, then called horseless-carriages were lit by gas lights. By 1908 electric lighting began to be used on motor vehicles. Red tail lights and yellow brake lights were in use by 1915. Sealed beam headlights were used starting in 1936. By 1940 turn signals were used. Before 1939, headlight design was not standardised. Between 1940 and 1956, all vehicles built in the U.S. were required to have 7’’ round headlights (sealed beams). As of 1956 and up, it became possible to install 4 headlights on 1 vehicle (2 lights per 1 side). In 1960 the first halogen lights were used on European cars and the technology came to the US by 1979. Replaceable car light bulbs were in use in the US beginning in 1983.
Lights 
Headlights are for lighting the space in front of the vehicle. Headlights are designed to see as far forward as possible, without "blinding" oncoming cars. Most drivers learn not to "overdrive their headlights". This means not going too fast so your stopping distance is farther than the area lit by the headlights.
Tail lights are red (only) and are lit when the headlights are lit. Modern vehicles are required to have two tail lights. Most tail light assemblies stop lights which warn other drivers that a vehicle is slowing or stopping. They also include the rear *Marker lights and often the turn signals.
Third brake light. Since 1986 in the US and Canada, 1990 in Australia and New Zealand, and in most of Europe since 1998 a third brake lamp mounted higher than the vehicle's two regular stop lights is required. In the United States and Canada since 1986, in Australia and New Zealand since 1990, and in Europe and other countries applying UN Regulation 48 since 1998, a central stop (brake) lamp mounted higher than the vehicle's left and right stop lamps is also required.
Fog lights are optional on many vehicles. Regular headlights reflect light and cause glare when the vehicle is operating in fog. Fog lights are aimed lower to better see the road. They also spread the light out in a wider pattern to aid the headlights in fog, rain, snow or dust.
Driving lights are auxiliary lights designed to help the headlights see farther. They project a narrow beam much farther than headlights usually do.
References

Other websites 
 Dashboard Warning Lights
 Emergency vehicle lighting explained

Auto parts
Automotive technologies
Light sources
Qui-Gon Jinn is a fictional character in the Star Wars saga. He is played by Liam Neeson in the 1999 movie Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace. Qui-Gon is an important  character in the first episode of the prequel trilogy. He is a wise and powerful Jedi Master and the mentor of Obi-Wan Kenobi. Jinn is killed by Darth Maul who pierced his body with his lightsaber.

References

Other websites
  at 

Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Star Wars characters
Boba Fett is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe.  In The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, he is a bounty hunter hired by Darth Vader. He was also added briefly to the earlier movie A New Hope when the movie was digitally remastered.

In Attack of the Clones, it tells his origin as an unaltered clone of the bounty hunter Jango Fett raised as his son. His aura of danger and mystery has created a cult following for the character.

Boba Fett is later seen on the Disney+ series, The Mandalorian. The spin off series, Boba  Fett is about his life on Tatooine after the events of Return of the Jedi. On the two Disney+ series, he is played by New Zealand actor, Temuera Morrison.

References

Other websites
  at StarWars.com
 Meet Boba Fett – screen-test footage of the prototype Boba Fett costume
 Boba Fett fan club

Fictional characters introduced in 1978
Star Wars characters
BB-8 is a robot character in the Star Wars franchise, first appearing in the 2015 movie Star Wars: The Force Awakens. It is a sphere-shaped robot with a free-moving domed head. BB-8 is portrayed by both a rod puppet and a remote-controlled robotic unit. It is similar to R2-D2. Its owner is Poe Dameron. It is voiced by Bill Hader.

References

Other websites
 BB-8 in the Official StarWars.com Encyclopedia

Fictional characters introduced in 2015
Star Wars characters
Rey Skywalker is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, played by Daisy Ridley. She is the main protagonist of the Star Wars sequel trilogy.

She first appeared as one of the lead characters in Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Rey is a scavenger who was left behind (for protection) on the planet Jakku when she was a child, and soon becomes involved with the Resistance's conflict with the First Order after meeting Finn, a former Stormtrooper, and BB-8, the droid of ace Resistance pilot Poe Dameron.

Although her background was unknown in the first two movies and her last name was not said as a decision by J. J. Abrams, it was revealed in The Rise of Skywalker that she is the granddaughter of Emperor Palpatine. This disproved fan theories,
saying that she is the daughter of Han Solo, Princess Leia or Luke Skywalker or even Obi-Wan Kenobi's granddaughter.

References
References

Other websites
 Rey in the official StarWars.com encyclopedia
 Celebrity Biography, Height, Weight, Age, Wiki, Salary, Family & More  | in the official Celebrityboss.com encyclopedia

Fictional characters introduced in 2015
Star Wars characters
Finn (originally called FN-2187) is one of the main characters in the 2015 movie Star Wars: The Force Awakens. In the movie, he is a Stormtrooper for the First Order who escapes after being shocked by their cruelty in his first combat mission before joining the fight against them. He is played by English actor John Boyega.

Finn became a member of the resistance after he became friends with resistance pilot Poe Dameron. He becomes romantically attached to Rey.

References

Other websites
 Finn in the official StarWars.com encyclopedia

Fictional characters introduced in 2015
Star Wars characters
Poe Dameron is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He was introduced in the 2015 movie Star Wars: The Force Awakens. He was played by Oscar Isaac.

Poe is an X-wing pilot for the Resistance who brings renegade stormtrooper Finn and Jakku scavenger Rey into the fight against—and eventually a victory over—the sinister First Order. He is the master of the loving android BB-8.

He is featured in The Force Awakens media and merchandising, and will appear in the movie's forthcoming sequel, Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Isaac and the character have received positive reviews, with Poe being compared to the characterization of Han Solo (Harrison Ford) in the original Star Wars movie trilogy.

References

Other websites
 Poe Dameron in the Official StarWars.com Encyclopedia

Fictional characters introduced in 2015
Star Wars characters
Bradley Scott Fittler (born 5 February 1972), sometimes nicknamed "Freddy", is an Australian professional rugby league coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the New South Wales State of Origin team. He played mostly as a five-eighth. His career lasted from 1989 to 2004. He played for the Penrith Panthers until 1995 and later for the Sydney Roosters. He also coached the Roosters from 2007 to 2009.

Fittler was born in Auburn, New South Wales. He is of German ancestry. He has three children; two of whom with his partner Marie Liarris.

References

Other websites 
 Brad Fittler stats at Rugby League Project

1972 births
Living people
Australian rugby league players
Sportspeople from Sydney
Rugby league coaches
Red Simpson (March 6, 1934 – January 8, 2016) was an American country singer-songwriter. He was best known for his trucker-themed songs such as the 1971 single "I'm a Truck". The song reached fourth on the U.S. and Canadian country charts. He began his career in 1966. 

Simpson was born in Higley, Arizona. He grew up in Bakersfield, California.

In December 2015, Simpson had a heart attack and was taken to hospital. He died from problems caused by the heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Bakersfield. He was 81.

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
2016 deaths
Country musicians from Arizona
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Bakersfield, California
Singers from Arizona
Singer-songwriters from California
Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska (3 December 1922 – 2 January 2016) was a Polish actress. She began her career in 1946. She appeared in movies such as Job, czyli ostatnia szara komórka (2006) and Aftermath (2012). Her television credits included Plebania and Ojciec Mateusz. She was a member of the National Theatre in Warsaw from 1969 to 1979. She was born in Garbów.

Garbowska-Kierczyńska died on 2 January 2016 in Konstancin-Jeziorna, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2016 deaths
Polish movie actors
Polish stage actors
Polish television actors
Achim Mentzel (15 July 1946 – 4 January 2016) was a German musician, television presenter and actor. He was best known for hosting his show Achims Hitparade from 1989 to 2006. He released 23 singles and seven albums between 1978 and 2010. He was a member of the cover band, Fritzens Dampferband (), together with Nina Hagen. He appeared in the films The Legend of Paul and Paula (1973) and Der Wixxer (2004). He also appeared in the television shows Das Amt and SOKO Leipzig.

Mentzel was born in Berlin. He was married four times and had eight children.

Mentzel died on 4 January 2016 in Cottbus, Brandenburg, aged 69. It is believed the cause was a heart attack or stroke.

References

Other websites

 

1946 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Berlin
Disease-related deaths in Germany
German movie actors
German television actors
German television presenters
Distribution is a concept from algebra: It tells how binary operations are to be handled. The most simple case is that of addition and multiplication of numbers. 
For example, in arithmetic:
 2 ⋅ (1 + 3) = (2 ⋅ 1) + (2 ⋅ 3), but 2 / (1 + 3) ≠ (2 / 1) + (2 / 3).

In the left-hand  side of the first equation, the 2 multiplies the sum of 1 and 3; on the right-hand side, it multiplies the 1 and the 3 individually, with the products added afterwards.
Because these give the same final answer (8), it is said that multiplication by 2 distributes over addition of 1 and 3.
Since one could have put any real numbers in place of 2, 1, and 3 above, and still have obtained a true equation, we say that multiplication of real numbers distributes over addition of real numbers.

Definition

Given a set  and two binary operators ∗ and + on , we say that the operation:

∗ is left-distributive over + if, given any elements , and  of ,
∗ is right-distributive over + if, given any elements , and  of ,
 and
∗ is distributive over + if it is left- and right-distributive.
Notice that when ∗ is commutative, the three conditions above are logically equivalent.

Applications 
The distributive property can also be applied to:
 Real numbers
 Complex numbers
 Matrices (special rules apply)
 Vectors (special rules apply)
 Sets
Propositional logic

References
 Ayres, Frank, Schaum's Outline of Modern Abstract Algebra, McGraw-Hill; 1st edition (June 1, 1965). .

Algebra
Rules of inference
Antônio Pompêo (23 February 1953 – 5 January 2016) was a Brazilian actor. He appeared in the television shows Balacobaco, Rebelde, A Casa das Sete Mulheres, O Rei do Gado, Mulheres de Areia and Pedra sobre Pedra. He also appeared in the movies Xica (1976), A Samba for Sherlock (2001) and Que sera, sera (2002). He was born in São José do Rio Preto or São José do Rio Pardo, São Paulo.

Pompêo was found dead on 5 January 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 62.

References

Other websites

 

1953 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
Actors from São Paulo
Unexplained deaths
Ioannis Petridis (; 18 August 1931 – 6 January 2016) was a Greek economist and politician. He was a member of the New Democracy party. He served as an MP for Pieria from 1985 to 1989. He was born in Katerini.

Petridis died on 6 January 2016 in Athens, aged 84.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
Greek economists
Greek scientists
Anton Srholec (12 June 1929 – 7 January 2016) was a Slovak Roman Catholic priest, Salesian and writer. He was ordained by Pope Paul VI in 1970 but was banned under communism rule in Czechoslovakia and was jailed for ten years. He was best known for his work charity work as head of the Resota Center for homeless people in Bratislava. He was born in Skalica.

Srholec died from lung cancer on 7 January 2016 in Bratislava. He was 86.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Humanitarians
Roman Catholic priests
Slovakian people
William Thomas Astbury FRS (Bill Astbury, 25 February 1898, Longton – 4 June 1961, Leeds) was an English physicist and molecular biologist.

Astbury made early X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules. His work on keratin helped Linus Pauling discover the alpha helix. He also studied the structure for DNA in 1937 and made the first step in working out its structure.

The road to DNA 
In 1937 Torbjörn Caspersson of Sweden sent him well-prepared samples of DNA from calf thymus. The fact that DNA produced a diffraction pattern showed it had a regular structure. Astbury reported that DNA's structure repeated every 2.7 nanometres and that the bases lay flat, stacked, 0.34 nanometres apart. At a symposium in 1938 at Cold Spring Harbor, Astbury pointed out that the 0.34 nanometre spacing was the same as amino acids in polypeptide chains. Actually, the spacing of the bases in the B-form of DNA is 0.332 nm.
In 1946 Astbury presented a paper at a symposium in Cambridge in which he said: "Biosynthesis is supremely a question of fitting molecules or parts of molecules against another... one of the great biological developments of our time is the realisation that probably the most fundamental interaction of all is that between the proteins and the nucleic acids". He also said that the spacing between the nucleotides and the spacing of amino acids in proteins "was not an arithmetical accident".

Astbury was unable to propose the correct structure of DNA from his data. However in 1952 Linus Pauling used Astbury's insufficient data to propose a structure for DNA, which was also incorrect. Nevertheless Astbury's work encouraged Maurice Wilkins, Raymond Gosling and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College, London. Their X-ray crystallography results were used by Francis Crick and James D. Watson to identify the structure of DNA in 1953.

References
References 

British biophysicists
English molecular biologists
1898 births
1961 deaths
People from Staffordshire
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Karan Brar (born January 18, 1999) is a teenage American actor. He is known from his role as "Chirag Gupta" in the movie series Diary of a Wimpy Kid. He is also known for co-starring role as "Ravi Ross" on the Disney Channel Original Series Jessie and its spinoff series Bunk'd.

Acting

Movies

TV Shows

Achievements

References 

American television actors
1999 births
Living people
Actors from Washington (state)
American child actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
American movie actors
Actors from Los Angeles
American voice actors
Former Governor Gary Johnson of New Mexico declared his candidacy for the Libertarian Party (LP) nomination for President of the United States on January 6, 2016.

Johnson ran as the Libertarian presidential nominee in the 2012 election. In that race, he finished with the third highest popular vote total, nearly 1.3 million votes, and garnered nearly 1% of the popular vote.

Campaign
Johnson formally announced his candidacy for the 2016 Libertarian presidential nomination in an interview with Neil Cavuto on the Fox Business Network program Coast to Coast on January 6, 2016.

A poll done by Monmouth University to show who people wanted to win the election showed that Johnson was at 11%.

Supporters

U.S. Representatives

Former
 Ron Paul, former Republican U.S. Representative from Texas, Libertarian presidential nominee in 1988, and Republican presidential candidate in 2008 and 2012
 Tom Campbell,  former Republican U.S. Representative from California, 2000 Republican candidate for U.S. Senate from California
State governors

Former
 Jesse Ventura, former Independence Party and Reform Party Governor of Minnesota

State legislators

Current
 Laura Ebke, Nebraska State Senator

Mayors and other municipal or county leaders

Current
 Danny Jones, mayor of Charleston, West Virginia
 Joel Davis, mayor of Paden City, West Virginia

Former
 Jeff Krauss, mayor of Bozeman, Montana

International political figures
 Daniel Hannan, Conservative Party member of the European Parliament, Secretary-General of the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists
Other politicians
 Austin Petersen, 2016 Libertarian presidential candidate
 Ed Clark, 1980 Libertarian presidential nominee 
 Judge Jim Gray, former judge, prosecutor, 2012 vice-presidential nominee of the Libertarian Party
 Mark Hinkle, former National Chairman of The Libertarian Party
 Robert Morrow, Chairman of the Republican Party in Travis County, Texas
 Geoff Neale, former National Chairman of The Libertarian Party
 Bill Redpath, former Nationa Chairman of The Libertarian Party

Businesspeople
 Steve Kerbel, businessman, entrepreneur and former 2016 Libertarian presidential candidate
 Robert Sarvis, attorney, businessman, politician and software developer
 Chris J. Rufer, Founder & CEO of The Morning Star Company

Media personalities

Actors and comedians
 Drew Carey, comedian
 Doug Stanhope, comedian, actor, 2008 presidential candidate 
 Randy Wayne, actor
 Josh Wolf, comedian, television host
 Penn Jillette, of Penn & Teller
 Teller, of Penn & Teller
 Tom Felton, British actor
Athletes and sports figures
 Rudy Carpenter, football quarterback
 Hal Gill, retired professional ice hockey player
 Sean Waltman, professional wrestler

Musicians and artists
 Krist Novoselić, musician, bassist and co-founder of Nirvana

Commentators, writers and columnists
 Josh Guckert, writer for The Libertarian Republic
 Matt Welch, editor-in-chief of Reason magazine
 Kmele Foster, co-host of The Independents, political pundit
 Arnold Kling, former writer for EconLog, economist
 Todd Seavey, writer for Splice Today and author

Media personalities
 Montel Williams talk show host
 John Stossel, media pundit
 Adam Kokesh, talk show host, activist

Radio hosts
 Adrian Wyllie, activist, radio show host, 2014 Libertarian candidate for Governor of Florida and former chairman of Libertarian Party of Florida
 Keith Larson, radio host and political commentator
Social and political activists
 Ed Lopez, Republican activist and Former National Vice Chairman of the Republican Liberty Caucus
 Scott Boman, Libertarian Party of Michigan activist and candidate 
 Richard Winger, publisher and editor of Ballot Access News, political activist and analyst
 Alan Gura, litigator, constitutional lawyer
 Michael Munger, economist

Groups
 Marijuana Policy Project

References

Other websites
 

Johnson, Gary
Libertarian Party (United States)
Otis Clay (February 11, 1942 – January 8, 2016) was an American R&B and soul singer, who started in gospel music. He was known for his songs "Tryin' to Live My Life Without You" and "The Only Way Is Up". He was born in Bolivar County, Mississippi, but raised in Muncie, Indiana.

In 2013, Clay was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame.

Clay died of a heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 73.

References

Other websites
 Official website
 An interview in May 2013 at Soul Express
 An Interview in June 2015 at Soul Express

1942 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Burials at Oak Woods Cemetery
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
Singers from Indiana
Musicians from Indiana
People from Muncie, Indiana
Maria Teresa de Filippis (11 November 1926 – 9 January 2016) was an Italian racing driver. She was known as being the first woman to race in Formula One. She was born in Naples. She participated in five World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1958, but scored no championship points. 

Though largely unsuccessful in her Formula One racing career, she won races in other series and is remembered as a pioneer in the sport.

De Filippis died in Scanzorosciate, Lombardy, in January 2016 at the age of 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Italian Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Naples
Ed "Stewpot" Stewart (23 April 1941 – 9 January 2016)  was a British broadcaster. He was known for his work as a DJ on BBC Radio 1 (particularly the Saturday morning Junior Choice) and BBC Radio 2 and as a presenter for Top of the Pops and Crackerjack on BBC Television.

Stewart died in Bournemouth, Dorset from a stroke at the age of 74.

References

Other websites
 Archive Ed Stewart images, bio and audio from Radio Rewind website

1941 births
2016 deaths
BBC radio presenters
BBC television presenters
Deaths from stroke
English radio personalities
English television presenters
People from Devon
Theodor Gilbert Morell (22 July 1886 – 26 May 1948) was Adolf Hitler's personal doctor.  For years, Morell treated Hitler with many different drugs.  He helped Hitler with almost everything Hitler did.  Morell escaped from Hitler's bunker just a few hours before Hitler killed himself there.

Life before Hitler
Morell was born in a small village called Trais-Münzenberg, in Upper Hesse, Germany.  His family was half Jewish. Morell studied medicine in France.  Then he trained in obstetrics and gynecology in Munich, Germany.  He became a doctor on 23 May 1913.

Morell worked as a ship's doctor for a year.  Then, in 1914, when Germany was fighting World War I, he volunteered to be a doctor for the German army.  He worked as a doctor in a German army battalion until 1917. By 1918, Morell had opened his own doctor's office in Berlin.  He became popular for treating his patients' illnesses in unusual ways.  Both the Shah of Persia and the King of Romania asked Morell to be their personal doctors, but Morell refused.
In 1920, Morell married Hannelore Moller, a rich actress.

Being Hitler's doctor
Morell joined the Nazi Party when Hitler became the Chancellor (leader) of Germany in 1933.  In 1935, Morell treated Hitler's personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann.  Hoffmann told Hitler that Morell had saved his life. In 1936, Hitler met Morell for the first time.  Hitler was having very bad stomach pain, and also had a rash on his leg.  Morell was able to cure both problems with medicines.  After this, Hitler asked Morell to be his personal doctor.  Soon, Hitler decided Morell was a medical genius.  Morell became one of Hitler's closest friends. Morell began to treat Hitler with a drug he called "Vitamultin" when Hitler felt tired in the morning.  Right after he got a shot of Vitamultin, Hitler would feel awake and have a lot of energy.  Ernst-Günther Schenck, a doctor in the SS, had some Vitamultin tested.  It had methamphetamine in it.
In 1938, Hitler demanded control of part of Czechoslovakia.  While Hitler was meeting with the Czechoslovak president, Emil Hacha, Hitler began yelling at Hacha.  Hacha became so scared of Hitler that he fainted.  Morell injected stimulant drugs into Hacha to wake him up.  Morell said these drugs were only vitamins, but they may have included methamphetamine.  Soon after Morell gave him the drugs, Hacha agreed to do what Hitler wanted.

Treating Hitler with drugs
Morell began treating Hitler with more and more drugs.  Most were medicines sold in stores, but some were Morell's own mixes.  Many of the things Morell gave Hitler are toxic (poisonous).  Because of this, some historians think Morell accidentally made Hitler's bad health even worse.
Morell kept a medical diary of the drugs, vitamins and other chemicals he gave Hitler.  The diary lists 74 different drugs, in 28 different mixtures.  These drugs include psychoactive drugs like heroin, and things sold as poisons.  Some of the other drugs Morell gave Hitler were:

Drugs that are now illegal in Germany 
 Amphetamines (called "Pervitin" and "Vitamultin")
 Methamphetamine
 Cocaine (in eyedrops)

Opioid painkillers 
 Oxycodone (called "Eukodol" or "Eukodal")
 Morphine

Toxins 
 Belladonna mixed with strychnine (called "Koster's Antigaspills")
 Atropine
 E. coli (a bacteria that Morell would take from human feces)

Other things 
 A barbiturate called Brom-Nervacit (almost every night, starting in August 1941)
 Sulfonamide, an antibiotic
 Testosterone
 Caffeine
 Vitamins
Reputation
Many of Hitler's other close friends did not like Morell.  For example, Herman Göring, the Vice-Chancellor of Germany, called Morell Der Reichsspritzenmeister ("Injection Master of the German Reich") and "The Master of the Imperial Needle."  Both nicknames meant the same thing: that Morell used injections (shots of medicine) to fix every problem.

Morell often argued with Dr. Karl Brandt, who had been Hitler's personal doctor since 1933.  Eva Braun, Hitler's girlfriend, called Morell's office a "pig sty" and refused to see him.

Prison and death
On 20 April 1945, during the Battle of Berlin, Hitler was hiding in his bunker in Berlin with Morell and some of his other personal workers.  Hitler told Morell and some other workers to fly from Berlin to the Obersalzberg (Hitler's home in the mountains).  Morell flew out of Berlin on 23 April.
Morell was soon caught by the Americans.  He was interrogated on 18 May 1945.  He was kept in jail in an American prison camp, in the same place that the Nazi concentration camp called Buchenwald used to be.  However, he was never charged with a crime.

Morell died on 26 May 1948, in a hospital in Bavaria, Germany.  He was very obese and had many health problems when he died.

Related pages
 Adolf Hitler
 Nazi Germany
 World War II

References

1886 births
1948 deaths
German doctors
Nazis
The Triple Nine Society (or just TNS) is a large and famous group for people with a high intelligence quotient. The non-profit organization only has members with high IQs. They must score at the 99.9th percentile or higher on a standard intelligence test. In many cases, people need an IQ of 146 or higher to join. There are now over 1,600 members in 50 countries.

TNS publishes a journal named Vidya. Members write articles and poetry. Vidya also has other official business of the society. TNS members communicate with one another online through email lists, a Facebook group two Yahoo! Groups, a LinkedIn group and a scheduled weekly IRC chat. European members have established a group in XING and a French language Members-only Yahoo! Group. TNS has meetings in the US every Fall ("ggg999") and meetings in Europe every Spring ("egg999").
The Triple Nine Society started in 1978. It has democratic principles. TNS wants members to freely speak about their views in keeping with the Society's commitment to friendship and intellectual growth.

Related pages 
 Intertel
 Mensa International

References

Other websites 
 

Intelligence
1978 establishments in the United States
Non-profit organizations of the United States
Lyudvig Alekseyevich Chibirov (Cybyrty Aleksejy fyrt Ljudvig, , ; born November 19, 1932) is a Ossetian politician. He was born in Tskhinvali. He was the first elected-President of South Ossetia serving from 1993 through 2001.

References

1932 births
Living people
Presidents of South Ossetia
Politicians from Georgia (country)
Merab Ilyich Chigoev (; 15 February 1950 – 9 January 2016) was a South Ossetian politician. He was the former Prime Minister serving from August 1998 until June 2001. He was also Minister of Justice in Yury Morozov's cabinet. He was born in Leningor district, South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union.

Chigoev was killed in a car crash in Tskhinvali, South Ossetia on 9 January 2016 at the age of 65.

References

1950 births
2016 deaths
Road accident deaths
Prime Ministers of South Ossetia
Politicians from Georgia (country)
Communists
Robert Ian "Bob" Oatley  (11 June 1928 – 10 January 2016) was an Australian businessman, winemaker and yachtsman. He was perhaps best known for owning the Sydney to Hobart-winning yacht Wild Oats XI. He bought Hamilton Island, Queensland in 2003 for $200 million. He was also responsible for the Rosemount winery, which he founded in 1969.

Oatley was born in Mosman, Sydney, New South Wales. He was married with three children. His granddaughter is equestrian Lyndal Oatley.

Oatley died after an illness on 10 January 2016 in Sydney, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 

1928 births
2016 deaths
Australian businesspeople
Australian billionaires
Disease-related deaths in New South Wales
Order of Australia
People from Sydney
Lawrence Rory Guy (August 19, 1926 – January 9, 2016), better known as Angus Scrimm, was an American actor and writer. He best known for playing the Tall Man in the horror movie Phantasm (1979) and its sequels, Phantasm II (1988), Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead (1994), Phantasm IV: Oblivion (1998), and his final movie Phantasm: Ravager (2016). He also appeared in the television series Alias. He wrote liner notes for musician such as Frank Sinatra to The Beatles. He won a Grammy Award for his liner notes. 

Scrimm was born in Kansas City, Kansas. He studied at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California.

Scrimm died on January 9, 2016 in Los Angeles, aged 89.

References

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1926 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Kansas
American journalists
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Grammy Award winners
Writers from Kansas
James "Jim" Ross (May 20, 1926 – January 1, 2016) was a Scottish-Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a defenceman from 1944 until 1955. He played 62 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers.

Ross was born in Edinburgh. He later moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His wife, Margaret, died in 2008. They had four children.

Ross died on January 1, 2016 in Woodstock, Ontario, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 

1926 births
2016 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
New York Rangers players
Ice hockey people from Toronto
José María Rivas (12 May 1958 – 9 January 2016) was a Salvadoran footballer. He played for Independiente, Atlético Marte, San Pedro, Huracán and Cojutepeque. He played for his national team 22 times. He was born in San Salvador.

Rivas died from leukemia on 9 January 2016, aged 57.

References

Other websites
 

1958 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Salvadoran footballers
The École de l'air et de l'Espace is a military school and grande école training line officers in the French Air Force.  It is located at Salon-de-Provence Air Base in Salon-de-Provence, France.

Degrees 
Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees:
 Ingénieur École de l'air (École de l'air Graduate engineer Masters level program) ;
 Mastères Spécialisés (In partnership with the French Civil Aviation University and the Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace.
 Massive Online Open Course in air defense.

It trains fighter pilots, military engineers and technicians.

Famous former students 
 Caroline Aigle, French fighter pilot.
 Michel Tognini, French test pilot, astronaut, educator, writer and administrator.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Technical colleges and universities in France
1933 establishments in France
Military schools
Grandes Ecoles
Peter Trevor Powell (c. 1932 – 3 January 2016) was an English kite maker. He developed a steerable kite in 1972, using dual lines. Powell's kites had spars made of Gonystylus which were later replaced with aluminium tubing and, later still, by glass fibre spars.

Powell's kites came with a long, hollow polyethylene tail that was inflated by the wind. The tail added stability as well as looking good when performing stunts. He was born in Gloucester, Gloucestershire.

Powell died from a stroke in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire at the age of 83.

References

1932 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from stroke

English inventors
People from Gloucestershire
Royal Pollokoff (April 8, 1929 – January 8, 2016), better known by the stage name Royal Parker, was an American television personality. He began his career in the 1940s and would last until his retirement during the 1990s. He appeared in many roles on television, becoming a staple on television screens. 

Parker was born in Baltimore, Maryland He studied at Baltimore City College. Parker began his career in radio. During his career he announced Dwight D. Eisenhower's victory in the U.S. presidential election, 1952, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon's resignation, the Iran hostage crisis and the near assassination of Ronald Reagan.

After leaving broadcasting, he ran for a seat in the Maryland House of Delegates in 1994, but lost in the primary election.

Parker died of congestive heart failure in Pikesville, Maryland at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
 The Royal Parker Photo Album
1929 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
American television personalities
American radio personalities
People from Baltimore
Dermot Mulroney (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, musician and director. He has been acting since 1986. He was born in Alexandria, Virginia.

He is known for his roles in the movies Young Guns, Where the Day Takes You, My Best Friend's Wedding, The Last Outlaw, About Schmidt, and August: Osage County. Mulroney played the main villain of NBC's Crisis, Francis Gibson.

Filmography

References

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1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American movie directors
Actors from Alexandria, Virginia
Musicians from Virginia
Sam Rockwell (born November 5, 1968) is an American actor. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2018.

He is known for his leading roles in Lawn Dogs (1997), Confessions of a Dangerous Mind (2002), Matchstick Men (2003), The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005), Choke (2008), Moon (2009) and Seven Psychopaths (2012), as well as for his supporting roles in The Green Mile (1999), Galaxy Quest (1999), The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007),  Frost/Nixon (2008), Conviction (2010), Iron Man 2 (2010), Cowboys & Aliens (2011), The Way, Way Back (2013) and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri (2017).

References

Other websites

 
Sam Rockwell Interview 

1968 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from San Mateo, California
Satellite Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
History 
At the start of World War II, the US Marine Corps was still using the World War I issue Trench knife.  Called the knuckle knife, it was a dagger with a studded steel hand guard.  The trench knife was suited for trench warfare but it did not meet the needs of the Marines in the Pacific war. The Marine Corps purchased different designs from different knife manufacturers. The Ka-Bar, however, quickly became the marine's favorite. They were made by the Union Cutlery Company (later changed to KA-BAR Cutlery Inc.). Soon other companies were under contract to produce the Ka-Bar. The main use for the Ka-Bar combat knife was hand-to-hand combat with an enemy. However, the number of enemy soldiers killed with a Ka-Bar is thought to be very small. The knife, weighing just over , had a solid pommel (the butt end of the knife) which could be used as a hammer.The knife was used to open food cans in c-rations or k-rations. It was used for cutting wires, opening crates of ammunition and other non-combat uses.
Modern Ka-Bars 

Although KA-BAR Knives, Inc. currently makes a wide variety of knives and cutlery, it is best known for the Ka-Bar Fighting/Utility knife. It has traditionally used a 7 inch (178 mm) long blade. It is made of 1095 carbon steel with a clip point blade and a stacked leather-washer handle.  Other, more modern versions of this knife feature single or dual-edge blades. Many have synthetic handles made of Kraton (a non-slip rubber substitute). For modern outdoor survival use the Ka-Bar knives are still a proven design.

References

Other websites 

 All About KA-BAR Knives
 KA-BAR Knife History
 KA-BAR Fighting Knife Review
 Things to Know About Ka-Bar Becker Fixed Blade Survival Knife
Blades
Jeanne Cordova (July 18, 1948 – January 10, 2016) was an American lesbian and gay rights activist and writer. She was a founder of the West Coast LGBTQ movement. She was a columnist for Lesbian Tide, Los Angeles Free Press and The Advocate. Her memoir, When We Were Outlaws: a Memoir of Love and Revolution, won a Lammy.

Cordova was born in Bremerhaven, Germany. She grew up in California. She was of Irish and Mexican ancestry.

Cordova died from brain cancer on January 10, 2016 in Los Angeles, aged 67.

References

1948 births
2016 deaths
American columnists
American LGBT rights activists
American LGBT writers
Journalists from California
Lesbians
LGBT journalists
LGBT people from Los Angeles
Ralph Hauenstein (March 20, 1912 – January 10, 2016) was an American philanthropist and businessman. His leadership has made the Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies at Grand Valley State University, the Hauenstein Parkinson's and Neuroscience Centers at Saint Mary's Hospital and the Grace Hauenstein Library at Aquinas College. He was also a colonel in the U.S. Army.

Hauenstein was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He fought for his country during World War II. He turned 100 in March 2012. His wife of 75 years, Grace Byrnes, died in 2007.

Hauenstein died from natural causes on January 10, 2016 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was 103.

References

Other websites

Related pages

 Irving Kahn

1912 births
2016 deaths
American centenarians
American military personnel of World War II
American philanthropists
People from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Businesspeople from Indiana
Businesspeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Military people from Indiana
Hernán Gamboa (18 June 1946 – 10 January 2016) was a Venezuelan musician, composer and singer. He began his career in 1956. He was a member of Serenata Guayanesa from 1971 to 1984. He was born in San Tomé, Anzoátegui.

Gamboa died from cancer on 10 January 2016 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was 69.

References

1946 births
2016 deaths
Anzoátegui
Venezuelan composers
Folk singers
Venezuelan musicians
Donn Alan "D. A." Pennebaker (/ˈpɛnibeɪkə/, July 15, 1925 – August 1, 2019) was an American documentary filmmaker. He was one of the pioneers of Direct Cinema. Performing arts and politics are his subjects. His subjects cover events of the 1960s.

In 2012, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized his body of work with an Academy Honorary Award or "lifetime Oscar".

Pennebaker died at his home in Sag Harbor, New York on August 1, 2019, aged 94.

References

Other websites 

 
 

1925 births
2019 deaths
Movie directors from Illinois
Writers from Illinois
María Lorenza Barreneche Iriarte (3 July 1926 – 5 January 2015) was an Argentine public figure. She was the wife of the late President Raúl Alfonsín from 1949 until his death in 2009. She was First Lady of Argentina from 1983 to 1989.

Barreneche was born in Chascomús, Buenos Aires. She was of Basque ancestry. She had six children with Alfonsín.

Barreneche died after years of poor health on 5 January 2016 in Buenos Aires. She was 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Argentina
People from Buenos Aires
Socialites
First Ladies and Gentlemen of Argentina
Daniel Patrick "Pat" Harrington, Sr. (February 6, 1901 – September 2, 1965) was a Canadian actor. His Broadway credits include Panama Hattie (1940), Star and Garter (1942), The Front Page (1946), Call Me Madam (1950) and Sunday in New York (1961). He also appeared in the early television series A Couple of Joes (1949) and The Wonderful John Acton (1953).

Harrington was born in Montreal, Quebec. He was the father of American actor Pat Harrington, Jr. (1929–2016).

Other websites
 
 
 

1901 births
1965 deaths
Actors from Montreal
Canadian movie actors
Canadian stage actors
Canadian television actors
Demmus Hentze (4 December 1923 – 3 January 2016) was a Faroese politician and lawyer. He was a member of the People's Party. He served as Finance Minister from 1975 to 1981. He was born in Sandur, Sandoy. He graduated from the University of Copenhagen.

Hentze died on 3 January 2016 in Tórshavn, aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Danish politicians
Faroese people
Lawyers
Edward John David "Eddie" Redmayne, OBE (born 6 January 1982) is an English actor. 

He is known for his roles in The Good Shepherd (2006), Savage Grace (2007), Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007), My Week with Marilyn (2011), Les Misérables (2012), The Theory of Everything (2014), Jupiter Ascending (2015), The Danish Girl (2015), Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure (2015), and Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016).

Redmayne received many awards for his role as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, the BAFTA Award, the Golden Globe Award, and the Screen Actors Guild Award. He has continued to perform in theatre, most notably in the play Red (2010), on Broadway, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play.

References

Other websites

 Eddie Redmayne at Yahoo! Movies
Academy Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Tony Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
1982 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
English stage actors
Actors from London
Teofil Codreanu (1 February 1941 – 10 January 2016) was a Romanian footballer. He played as an attacking midfielder. He played for Rapid Bucureşti and the Romania national football team.

References

Other websites
 

1941 births
2016 deaths
Sportspeople from Bucharest
Romanian footballers
Woman on top (also called cowgirl or riding position) is a group of sex positions in which the man lies back or sits. The woman straddles him facing either forward or backward. The man then inserts his erect penis into the woman's vagina or anus.

The cowgirl name comes from the image of the receiving partner "riding" the other partner the same way a cowboy rides a bucking horse. The position is often cited as one of the more popular sex positions, mostly by women.

Gallery

References

Sexual acts
The Walk is a 2015 American 3D biographical drama movie directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Christopher Browne and Zemeckis. 

It is based on the story of French high-wire artist Philippe Petit's walk between the World Trade Center on August 7, 1974. 

The movie stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Ben Kingsley, Charlotte Le Bon, James Badge Dale, Ben Schwartz, and Steve Valentine. The movie was released by TriStar Pictures on September 30, 2015, in the United States in IMAX 3D, and on October 9 in regular 2D and 3D. The film was dedicated to the victims of the September 11 attacks in 2001.

Release dates

Other websites

2015 drama movies
2010s biographical movies
2015 adventure movies
American drama movies
American biographical movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1970s
Movies directed by Robert Zemeckis
Movies composed by Alan Silvestri