Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Van Halen was a hard rock group from Pasadena, California.  They were formed in 1972.  Guitarist Eddie Van Halen's style of playing changed the guitar world.  He used lots of new techniques such as shredding and tapping. They made history with their first self-titled debut album in 1978, producing 4 major hits. The band released twelve studio albums, which have sold 80 million records worldwide.

Eddie Van Halen died on October 6, 2020, from cancer. His son, bass guitarist Wolfgang Van Halen, confirmed that the band had broken up.

Influences
Van Halen's influences include Cream, Alice Cooper, Black Oak Arkansas, Deep Purple, Grand Funk Railroad, Jimi Hendrix, The Kinks, Vanilla Fudge, AC/DC, Frank Zappa, Kiss, Queen, Led Zeppelin, Bad Company, Black Sabbath, Eric Clapton, Jeff Beck, The Dave Clark Five, The Who, ZZ Top, Aerosmith, Golden Earring and Montrose.

References
References

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Grammy Award winners
American hard rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups from California
Pasadena, California
Musical groups established in 1972
1972 establishments in California
Warner Bros. Records artists
Interscope Records artists
Policies
The BZÖ describes itself as "ideologiefrei, aber zukunftsorientiert und wertebewusst" (free from ideology, but forward-looking and conscious of traditional values). Some of its policies, however, are quite different from those of the Freedom Party.
They include:
 An increase in direct democracy
 A Europe of nation states
 The establishment of a "Core Europe" within the EU, including Austria
 Support for the social market economy
 Minimum employment and environmental standards for businesses
 The introduction of the Tobin tax
 Support for small businesses
 Increased government spending on research and development
 A minimum wage
 Enhancing the status of vocational education (including an apprenticeship leading to the Matura)
 The introduction of a flat tax
 Tax breaks for childcare expenses
 An EU-wide Green tax shift
 Strict control of immigration
 A "fair and strict" law on asylum
 A referendum on Austrian neutrality
 Comprehensive schooling for children from six to fifteen
Compulsory pre-schooling
 Compulsory German lessons for the children of immigrants
 Support for organic farming
 The renationalisation of agriculture
 The abolition of inheritance tax
 The establishing of a Canadian like Green card model as part of the immigration process
 Bisection of National Council, Federal government, Landtage and federal state government
 Intermission of compulsory military service and replacement by voluntary army.
Differences and similarities to other parties 
Although the party was often designated as a far-right like the Freedom Party, the Alliance for the Future of Austria differs somewhat. Justic Minister Karin Gastinger a former party member of the Alliance for the Future of Austria, wanted gay and lesbian couples to be able to sign a registry and get rights to partners' estates and medical care as she told the Austrian Press Agency in 2005.

FPÖ and BZÖ are both Eurosceptic parties and in the 2006 general election, the Freedom Party as well as the Alliance for the Future of Austria both claimed they would decrease immigration and opposed Turkish membership in the European Union.
In the Austrian legislative election 2008 campaign, the ÖVP saw the lowering of brokerage commissions and the charges for arrears letters of debt collection agencies and winter fuel payments for lower-income households as appropriate economic recovery measures and the Greens sought to facilitate the changeover to renewable energy in order to reduce energy prices.

The SPÖ proposes a stricter controlling of prices in addition to the reduction of brokerage commissions.  Both the Alliance for the Future of Austria and the Freedom Party see the main problem in the rising fuel prices; the FPÖ demands a ceiling price for fuel, while the BZÖ in addition wants to reduce taxes on fuels.
However the Alliace for the Future of Austria even announced the people's initiative "Preisstop jetzt!" calling for a stop to rising prices to be held; however, due to the necessary timeframe, the period during which people will be able to sign for the initiative will only start after the election, thus limiting its potential impact.
SPÖ, ÖVP and the Greens ratified the Treaty of Lisbon in parliament without a referendum, and only FPÖ and the Alliance for the Future of Austria did not sign.  But afterwards the SPÖ stated that for future treaties of the European Union referendums should be held to let the people decide like in Ireland (where they had a referendum).  Due to SPÖ's position change on the EU not only the two opposition parties are using the possibility of EU-referendums before a ratification as subject now. The ÖVP and the Greens are against any referendums on the Lisbon Treaty, SPÖ demands there should be referendums on future treaties of the European Union, the FPÖ is for a referendum for the Lisbon Treaty, and even want a referendum for EU-Withdrawal.  However the BZÖ differs a bit in comparison to the Freedom Party, as they are for a referendum about the Lisbon Treaty but not, for an EU-Withdrawal.
Due to help of the former FPÖ and till then BZÖ party-leader and Carinthian LH (LH stands for "Landeshauptmann", simply like Gov. for Governor) Dr. Jörg Haider the party achieved 10.7% in the 2008 elections and gained 21 representatives, so that the BZÖ is currently the 4th strongest Party in the Austrian Parliament just after SPÖ,ÖVP and FPÖ
and before "Die Grünen" (the Greens).

It currently holds 16 seats.

On 2 May 2010 the party became a new programm, and the rectlange orange colored logo was first used on the annual hold new year's convention, which took place in Velden in Carinthia of the year 2011.

Trivia
In December 2009 the Carinthian BZÖ branch which was Haiders stronghold lost about 5000 members and the governor of Carinthia (although the party won the state election in 2009)to the split of party FPK (The Freedomites in Carinthia).
It now has 800 party members and 4 MPs (Members of parliament) in Carinthia.
Also a new website for the BZÖ Kärnten was set up and is available prior too March 2012.
However opinion polls (polling between 2 and 23 per cent) have shown good chances for a return of the Carinthian branch of the Alliance for the Future of Austria into Carinthian State Diet.

In 2011 the party began an autumn posting campaign and quoted the bible "Denn sie wissen nicht was sie tun.",
eng.: They know not what they do! (Lukas 23,34),
for criticising SPÖ, ÖVP and the EU "bosses".
This caused a little scandal whether politics and religion should be separated or not.

In total the party has 8000 members therefore having more than the Greens and less than the Freedom Party.

References

Political parties in Austria
2005 establishments
Eurosceptic parties
Idealism is the philosophy that believes the ultimate nature of reality is ideal, or based upon ideas, values, or essences. The external, or real world cannot be separated from consciousness, perception, mind, intellect and reason in the sense of science. The word comes from the Greek word ἰδέα. 

In some doctrines of idealistic thought the ideal relates to direct and immediate knowledge of subjective mental ideas, or images. 

 

Philosophical movements and positions
Reality
In philosophy, empiricism is a theory that states that all knowledge comes from experience. 

'Experience' is sometimes translated as 'sense data', i.e. we cannot know anything except by information which comes through our senses.

The British philosophers John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume, clarified some of its basic ideas in the 17th and 18th century, building on the ideas of classical philosopher Aristotle. 

Empiricism is one of several competing views about how we know things, part of the branch of philosophy called epistemology, or "study of knowledge". Materialism and physicalism share some of attitudes of empiricism.

Related pages 
 Blank slate
 Rationalism

Epistemology
Philosophical movements and positions
Stoicism was a school of Hellenistic philosophy. It was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC. It concerns the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom. This philosophy claims that it is virtuous to maintain a will (a determination, prohairesis) which is in accord with nature. 

Stoic doctrine was popular in Greece and the Roman Empire from its founding until all the schools of philosophy were ordered closed in 529 AD by the Emperor Justinian I, who thought their pagan character was at odds with his Christian faith.
Stoic philosophers 
 Antipater of Tarsus (210 BC129 BC)
 Cato the Younger (Uticensis 94 BC46 BC)
 Chrysippus (280 BC204 BC)
 Cleanthes (of Assos), (330 BC232 BC)
 Diodotus, (~120 BC59 BC), teacher of Cicero
 Diogenes of Babylon (230 BC150 BC)
 Epictetus (55 AD135 AD)
 Hierocles (2nd century AD)
 Marcus Aurelius (121 AD180 AD)
 Musonius Rufus (25 AD100AD)
 Panaetius of Rhodes (185 BC109 BC)
 Posidonius of Apameia (~135 BC51 BC)
 Seneca (4 BC65 AD)
 Contemporaries: Musonius Rufus, Rubellius Plautus, Thrasea Paetus
 Zeno of Citium (332 BC262 BC), founder of Stoicism
 Contemporaries: Aristo of Chios, pupil of Zeno; Herillus of Carthage

References 

Philosophical movements and positions
William Godwin (3 March 1756 – 7 April 1836) was an English journalist, political philosopher and novelist. He is considered one of the first exponents of utilitarianism, and one of the first modern proponents of philosophical anarchism. Godwin is famous for two books that he published within the space of a year: An Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, an attack on political institutions, and Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams, which attacks aristocratic privilege, but also is virtually the first mystery novel. He was also married to Mary Wollstonecraft, with whom he had two children.

Major works 
 Enquiry concerning Political Justice, and its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness (1793)
 Things as They Are or The Adventures of Caleb Williams (1794)
 The Enquirer (1797)
 Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1798)
 St. Leon (1799)
 Fleetwood (1805)
 Mandeville (1817)
 History of the Commonwealth (1824-28)
1756 births
1836 deaths
English philosophers
English journalists
Anarchists
A Rose garden or Rosarium is a garden or park, often open to the public, in which roses are grown. While some rose gardens have only a decorative purpose, most of them are used to present and grow various types of roses.

The first known rose garden was planted by French empress Joséphine de Beauharnais in Malmaison. When she died, in 1814, the garden had around 250 types of garden roses. Another old rose garden is the Rosenhöhe Park in Darmstadt, Germany created in 1810 by Princess Wilhelmine of Baden

Growing roses for commercial purposes started in the 19th century. The important rose gardens created for commercial rose breeding were:

 "Roseraie du Val-de-Marne" in L'Haÿ-les-Roses, France
 "Dolná Krupá rosarium in Austria-Hungary (now Slovakia
 "Europa-Rosarium in Sangerhausen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany

References
Jardins de roses, André Gayraud, éditions du Chêne, 
 Roseraies et jardins de roses, H. Fuchs in Le Bon jardinier, encyclopédie horticole, tome 1, La Maison rustique, Paris, 1964, .
Roses
Gardening
Prince Peter (Pyotr) Alexeyevich Kropotkin () (9 December 1842 - 8 February 1921) was a Russian anarchist, philosopher, revolutionary, scientist, geographer, and one of the first advocates of anarcho-communism.

Early life
Kropotkin was born on December 9, 1842 in Moscow, Russia.  His father, Aleksey Petrovich Kropotkin was a prince of the Rurik Dynasty. His father owned large amounts of land and over 1000 serfs.  His mother, Yekaterina Nikolaevna Sulima was the daughter of a Cossack general.  In 1846, Kropotkin's mother died of tuberculosis. Two years after, Kropotkin's father married a woman named Yelizaveta Mar'kovna Korandino.
Books 
  Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
 The Conquest of Bread Project Gutenberg e-text, Project LibriVox audiobook
 Fields, Factories and Workshops
 P.Kropotkin, In Russian and French Prisons, London: Ward and Downey; 1887.
 Memoirs of a Revolutionist, London : Smith, Elder; 1899. Kropotkin's own memoirs, which were also published in the United States in the same year and have appeared in a number of modern editions.
 The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, London, William Heinemann, 1909, translated from the French by N.F. Dryhurst. e-text (in French)
 Russian Literature: Ideals and Realities (New York: A. A. Knopf, 1915). Available online at the Anarchy Archives,
 Ethics (unfinished). Included as first part of  Origen y evolución de la moral (Spanish e-text) 
 In Russian and French Prisons. Online book. A criticism of the existence of prisons.
Articles 
 "Research on the Ice age", Notices of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, 1876.
 "The desiccation of Eur-Asia", Geographical Journal, 23 (1904), 722-741.
 Mr. Mackinder; Mr. Ravenstein; Dr. Herbertson; Prince Kropotkin; Mr. Andrews; Cobden Sanderson; Elisée Reclus, "On Spherical Maps and Reliefs: Discussion",  The Geographical Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3. (Sep., 1903), pp. 294–299, JSTOR
 "Baron Toll", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 23, No. 6. (Jun., 1904), pp. 770–772, JSTOR
 "The population of Russia", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2. (Aug., 1897), pp. 196–202, JSTOR
 "The old beds of the Amu-Daria", The Geographical Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3. (Sep., 1898), pp. 306–310, JSTOR
Pamphlets 
 Listen, Anarchist!
 An Appeal To The Young 
 War.
 Law and Authority.
 The Place of Anarchy in Socialist Evolution.
 Revolutionary Government.
 Are Prisons Necessary? Chapter X from "In Russian and French Prisons" (1887)
 Anarchism : Its Philosophy and Ideal (1896)
 The State : Its Historic Role (1897)
 On Economics Selected Passages from his Writings (1898-1913)

References

Other websites
"Map of the Southern Half of Eastern Siberia and Parts of Mongolia, Manchuria, and Sakhalin: For a General Sketch of the Orography of Eastern Siberia" is a map that was made by Peter Kropotkin

Anarchists
Russian writers
1842 births
1921 deaths
Anarcho-communism, also known as anarchist communism, is the belief that hierarchies, money, and social classes should not exist, and that the means of production should be held in common by society. Anarcho-communists support direct democracy and a network of voluntary associations, workers' councils, decentralized economic planning and a gift economy in which everyone will be free to satisfy their needs.

Some well-known anarcho-communist writers are Peter Kropotkin, Ricardo Flores Magón and Nestor Makhno. Anarcho-communism is opposed to the more authoritarian forms of communism advocated by Leninists and Maoists. These groups have violently clashed in Russia, Korea and Spain over their beliefs. Some examples of anarcho-communism in practice include the Free Territory of Ukraine, Shinmin Autonomous Region, and the  Revolutionary Spain.

References 

Communism
Anarchism
Johann Baptist Martinelli (February 8, 1701, Vienna - June 21, 1754, Vienna) was an Austrian architect and constructor of Italian descent.

Overview 
He was the son of architect Franz Martinelli. In cooperation with his brother Anton Erhard Martinelli, he designed the plans of several baroque church in the Habsburg empire, among which  the church in Grossweikersdorf and the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Blaj. He also designed several mansions among which the one in Dolná Krupá.

1701 births
1754 deaths
Austrian architects
People from Vienna
Agorism is a free-market anarchist political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that believes the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which all "relations between people are voluntary exchanges– a free market." The term comes from the Greek word "agora," referring to an open place for assembly and market in ancient Greek city-states. Agorist theory divides people into two classes: people who make their living through the market, and people who make their living by coercing others (called the "economic class" and "political class", respectively). They support a nonviolent overthrow of the second class by the first, through peaceful black market and grey market activity, known as counter-economics.

References

Anarcho-capitalism
Libertarianism
Anton Pius Riegel (1789-?) was an Austrian architect of the 19th century. He is known for his design of the György Károlyi palace in Budapest Hungary (now housing the Hungarian Museum of Literature) and the mansion of Dolná Krupá in Slovakia.

References
 Museum of Literature  
 Jana Šulcová - Drei Kapitel aus der Baugeschichte des Schlosses Dolná Krupá  

1789 births
19th-century deaths
Austrian architects
Year of death unknown
The Maui Hesperomannia (Hesperomannia arbuscula) is a species of flowering plant in the Asteraceae family.
It is found only in the United States.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical wet low lying land forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland (an area with mostly bushes and few trees).
It is in danger due to the loss of its natural area of habitat.

Source
 Bruegmann, M.M. & Caraway, V. 2003.  Hesperomannia arbuscula .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 20 July 2007.

Asteraceae
Eureka Tower is a 297.3 metre (975 foot) tall skyscraper in Melbourne, Australia and is the tallest building in Australia when measured to its roof. Q1, on the Gold Coast, Queensland is the tallest building in Australia because it has a spire that makes its total height 322.5 metres. Eureka Tower has 91 storeys and one floor underground.

Construction of the tower started in 2002 and opened on 11 October 2006. Grocon did the construction.

The top 10 floors of the building have windows coated in gold plating and golden toilets. The viewing deck on floor 88 is the tallest public observation deck in the Southern Hemisphere. It is 285 metres (935 feet) above the ground and people have a large view of the city of Melbourne.

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Emporis Page

Buildings and structures in Melbourne
Skyscrapers in Australia
2006 establishments in Australia
Adam Nyerere Bahner (born May 21, 1982), often called by the pseudonym Tay Zonday, is an American keyboardist. His song "Chocolate Rain", and its YouTube video, became a popular Internet meme in July 2007. He has won YouTube Awards and Webby Awards.

References

Other websites
 Tay Zonday's website
 

1982 births
Living people
Singers from Minneapolis
American Internet celebrities
Antoine Dufour is a French-Canadian guitarist. Dufour is famous for his fingerstyle guitar playing. Until now Dufour has made 3 studio albums, Naissance, Development and Existence. He has a strong fanbase because of his YouTube videos.

Biography
Dufour started playing guitar at the age of fifteen. Later he studied at the CEGEP, where he first listened to fingerstyle music. 2005 he became second and 2006 first place in the Canadian Guitar Festival's Fingerstyle Guitar Championship. Also he became third in the International Finger Style Guitar Championship in Winfield, Kansas.

Dufour also works as a guitar tutor, giving lessons through Skype.

Discography

Studio albums
 Naissance (2004)
 Development (2006)
 Existence (2008)

DVDs
 Antoine Dufour / Andy McKee Split DVD (2007)

Other websites
 
 Antoine Dufour at Candyrat Records
 Interview with Antoine Dufour at www.instrumentalcase.com

1979 births
Canadian guitarists
Folk musicians
Living people
Musicians from Quebec
Vheissu is an album by experimental band Thrice. It was released in 2005. The album introduced a new sound to the bands post-hardcore roots. It also used many new elements from music boxes to chain gangs and has much softer, dreamy songs such as "Atlantic"

The songs on Vheissu use many biblical themes but Thrice does not think of themselves as a Christian band. Some of the statements from the album which are clearly from the bible include:

There's no greater love, then that one shed his blood for his friends - from "For Miles"
We were all lost, and now we're found - from "Image of the Invisible"
Once again the bread and wine - from "From Moths to Flame"

The album artwork was created by author Dave Eggers and artist Brian McMullen. It includes pictures of various things and quotes lyrics from different Thrice songs found on the album.

Songs
Songs

 "Image of the Invisible"
 "Between the End and Where We Lie"
 "The Earth will Shake"
 "Atlantic"
 "For Miles"
 "Hold Fast Hope"
 "Music Box"
 "Like Moths to Flame"
 "Of Dust and Nations"
 "Stand and Feel Your Worth"
 "Red Sky"

2005 albums
The Artist in the Ambulance is the third album by the post-hardcore band Thrice. It was released on July 22 2003.

Like previous Thrice albums, some of the money made from selling The Artist in the Ambulance was given to a charity. The album's booklet features individual cards that have lyrics from Thrice songs, notes, photographs and comments from the band members and the producer.

"Stare at the Sun" is a main single from the album.

Songs 
 
 "Cold Cash and Colder Hearts" – 2:52
 "Under a Killing Moon" – 2:41
 "All That's Left" – 3:20 (also featured in Madden 2004)
 "Silhouette" – 3:06
 "Stare at the Sun" – 3:23 (also featured in SSX 3)
 "Paper Tigers" – 3:59
 "Hoods on Peregrine" – 3:31
 "The Melting Point of Wax" – 3:29
 "Blood Clots and Black Holes" – 2:49
 "The Artist in the Ambulance" – 3:39
 "The Abolition of Man" – 2:46 (The Abolition of Man is a 1943 book by C. S. Lewis)
 "Don't Tell and We Won't Ask" – 3:59
 "Eclipse" – 3:21
 "Motion Isn't Meaning" - 1:53

2003 albums
Charles Ronald "Chuck" Palumbo (born June 15, 1971) is an American professional wrestler, who is currently signed to World Wrestling Entertainment wrestling on its Raw brand.

References

Other websites 
ChuckPalumbo.com (Official Website)
WWE Profile

Online World of Wrestling Profile
Chuck Palumbo at WrestlingRevealed.com 

1971 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
People from West Warwick, Rhode Island
Sportspeople from Rhode Island
Vincent James McMahon (better known as Vince McMahon, Sr., (July 6, 1914 –May 24, 1984) was a U.S. professional wrestling promoter. He is best known for founding the American promotion, World Wrestling Entertainment, of which his son, Vincent Kennedy McMahon, is now the Chairman of the Board of Directors.

References 

1914 births
1984 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
WWE people
WWE Hall of Fame
People from Harlem
René Adler (born January 15, 1985 in Leipzig)  is a German footballer. He plays on the position of a goalkeeper for Bayer Leverkusen. Leverkusen is a city in Germany. The club Bayer Leverkusen plays in the Bundesliga, the first football league in Germany.

On October 11, 2008, Adler made his first match in the German national team against Russia (2-1).

References

1985 births
Living people
German association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Leipzig
Kreator is a German thrash metal band from Essen. They formed in 1982 as Tormentor and are counted to the big three German thrash metal bands together with Sodom and Destruction.

Discography 
 Endless Pain (1985)
 Pleasure to Kill (1986)
 Terrible Certainty (1987)
 Extreme Aggression (1989)
 Coma of Souls (1990)
 Renewal (1992)
 Cause for Conflict (1995)
 Outcast (1997)
 Endorama (1999)
 Violent Revolution (2001)
 Enemy of God (2005)
 Hordes of Chaos (2009)
 Phantom Antichrist (2012)
 Gods of Violence (2017)
 Hate Über Alles (2022)

Other websites 

 Official website
 Official MySpace page
 Artist page at Allmusic
 Sinister Online interview with Mille Petrozza

References 

1980s establishments in Germany
1980s German music groups
1990s German music groups
2000s German music groups
2010s German music groups
Essen
German heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 1982
Thrash metal bands
Gojira is a death metal/thrash metal band from Bayonne, France. They formed in 1996 and were called Godzilla until 2001. Gojira is known for its lyrics about the environment, which is very unusual for a death metal band.

Discography

Studio albums 
 2001: Terra Incognita
 2003: The Link
 2005: From Mars to Sirius
 2008: The Way of All Flesh
 2012: L'Enfant Sauvage
 2016: Magma
 2021: Fortitude

Demos 
 1996: Victim 
 1997: Possessed
 1999: Saturate 
 2000: Wisdom Comes

Live albums 
 2004: The Link Alive (CD/DVD)

Other websites 
 Official website
 Gojira at MySpace

References 

Death metal bands
Colin James Barnett (born 15 July 1950) was the 29th Premier of Western Australia. He was Premier from 23 September 2008 until 17 March 2017. He is from the Liberal Party.

References
 

1950 births
Living people
Barnett, Colin
Politicians from Perth, Western Australia
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Nathan Rees (born 12 February 1968) was the 41st Premier of New South Wales. He was premier from 5 September 2008 until 4 December 2009. He is from the Labor Party.

References

1968 births
Living people
Rees, Nathan
Politicians from Sydney
Australian Labor Party politicians
Early Life
Anna was born at Warwick, Queensland. She is a descendant of Captain William Bligh. She grew up on the Gold Coast in south east Queensland. She was educated at several Catholic primary schools. Her secondary schooling was at Miami State High School. She completed the last six months of her schooling at Nowra State High School. She studied for an Arts degree from the University of Queensland which she finished in 1980. Anna Bligh worked for many community organisations and the Queensland Public Service. She worked in the area of employment, training and industrial relations policy.  She was elected to the Queensland Parliament on 15 July 1995 and retired on 30 March 2012 following her defeat as Queensland Premier.
Parliament
She was made the Minister for Families, Youth and Community Care and Disability Services in the Beattie Labor Government in June 1998. Ann was Queensland's first female Education Minister. She later became minister for Finance, State Development, Trade and Innovation. In 1995 she was made Deputy Premier of Queensland, and also was the Treasurer and Minister of Infrastructure with a budget of $33 billion.

References

1960 births
Living people
Bligh, Anna
Australian Labor Party politicians
Michael David Rann (born 5 January 1953) was the 44th Premier of South Australia. He was premier from 5 March 2002 until 21 October 2011. He is from the Labor Party. He is how Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom.

References

1953 births
Living people
Rann, Mike
Politicians from Adelaide
Australian Labor Party politicians
David John Bartlett (born 19 January 1968) was the 43rd Premier of Tasmania. He became premier on 26 May 2008. He is from the Labor Party.

Bartlett resigned, for family reasons on 24 January 2011, and was replaced as premier by Lara Giddings. She is also the Treasurer and Minister of the Arts.

References

Premiers of Tasmania
Politicians from Hobart
1968 births
Living people
Australian Labor Party politicians
John Mansfield Brumby  (born 21 April 1953) was the 45th Premier of Victoria. He became Premier on 30 July 2007. He is from the Labor Party. After being defeated in the 2010 elections, Brumby was replaced as Premier by Ted Baillieu on 1 December 2010.

Early life
Brumby was born in Melbourne and educated at Ivanhoe Grammar School and Melbourne Grammar School.
Brumby went to the University of Melbourne in 1971 and completed a Bachelor of Commerce degree. He then got his Diploma of Education from the State College of Victoria, Rusden, in 1975. He worked at Eaglehawk, Victoria, as a teacher for three years and then became a union official.
Brumby was an elected to the Parliament of Australia in 1983 and represented the electorate of Bendigo. he lost the seat in the 1990 election. He was elected to the upper house, the Legislative Council, of the Parliament of Victoria in 1993. When the leader of the Labor Party, Jim Kennan, resigned from Parliament, Brumby was became the new leader. He had to resign from the upper house as leaders have to be members of the lower house, the Legislative Council. He won an election for Jim Kennan's seat of Broadmeadows, Victoria. He was the Leader of the Opposition in Victoria for six years. Julia Gillard, the current Prime Minister of Australia, worked as his Chief of Staff. The Labor Party did not win as many votes in the 1996 election and lost two seats. Over the next few years the party did not think Brumby would be able to lead them to a win in the next election. Brumby was replaced as leader by Steve Bracks in March, 1999. Bracks led the Labor Party and won an election in September 1999
. Brumby became the Minister for Finance in the new government, and a year later was made the Treasurer (in charge of all government spending).
Bracks resigned as Premier in July 2007, and the Labor Party elected Brumby as their new leader. This made him the Premier of Victoria. In November 2010 the Labor Party was defeated in the election with a 5.3% swing of votes to the Liberal and National Parties. Brumby resigned as the leader of the Labor Party.

References

1953 births
Living people
Premiers of Victoria
Politicians from Melbourne
Australian Labor Party politicians
Australian educators
Dame Quentin Alice Louise Bryce  (née Strachan; born 23 December 1942) was the 25th Governor-General of Australia, from September 2008 to March 2014. She was the first woman to be the Governor-General. Before this she was the Governor of Queensland and she used to be a lawyer.

For her community works she was created a Dame of Grace of the Order of St John in 2003. If she were not already a Dame, she would have become a Dame of Justice when she became Prior of the Australian Priory of the Order of St John.

References

1942 births
Living people
Australian lawyers
Governors of Queensland
Governors-General of Australia
Politicians from Brisbane
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
Order of Australia
Crich Tramway Village is an open-air museum of trams and tramways, in Crich, (), Derbyshire, England. It is the home of the National Tramway Museum. It is set up as an Edwardian village and has a street with shops which include a sweet shop, café and gift shop. Other buildings in the open-air museum are the Red Lion Pub from Stoke-on-Trent, Derby Assembly Rooms, Burnley Tramways Offices and the tram sheds and displays. There are tram lines which go out for about  from the village. There is also a collection of old street furniture from around the United Kingdom.

The trams that are in the museum used to run on tramlines along the streets of different towns and cities. Most of the trams at Crich were used in the United Kingdom before the 1960s. Some are from other countries. Many were saved and restored after the tram services in the cities stopped.

History of the museum
After the Tramway Museum Society's members visited the quarry, they bought part of the site and buildings. Since buying them, the society has gotten many trams, as well as getting track and power for the trams. Many of the tramcars were also repaired. In 1967, the society decided that they would start a village around the tramway, as trams did not run in limestone quarries. This was the start of Crich Tramway Village. The museum got lots of street furniture, and even some entire buildings. Many of these buildings have been changed to hold the museum's collections of books, pictures, and archives.

In 1962 the Tramway Museum Society became a company and a year later it was listed as an educational charity. Since then, the society has grown with the help of people all over the world. The Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport said that the museum has a very good collection. It was one of the first 26 museums that was told this in 1995.
Since the start of the 2000s, the work of the museum's volunteers and the income earned by visitors has been added to by grants from the Heritage Lottery Fund The museum is still an independent charity; this means that the government does not pay for it.

In the early 1990s, the government of the United Kingdom decided that trams were a way of stopping the traffic problems in the UK. New light rail systems, or "second generation tramways", opened in cities like Manchester, Sheffield and Nottingham. Twenty years later more systems are being built, like the one in Edinburgh.

Timeline
1948 - Southampton 45 is bought for £10, which starts British tramway preservation.
 1955 - The Tramway Museum Society (TMS) is formed.
 1959 - Crich is chosen as the place to house the National Tramway Museum.
 1960 - The museum's first tram shed opens on the site of the current Workshop Galleries.
 1963 - The first tram is run with "Bonny" the horse and Sheffield 15.
 1964 - The first electric tramcar service operates with Blackpool & Fleetwood 2, Glasgow 22, Blackpool 40, Blackpool & Fleetwood 40, Southampton 45, Blackpool 49, Blackpool 59, Sheffield 510 and Grimsby and Immingham 20 (now called Gateshead 5).
 1968 - The new tracks to Wakebridge open. The museum has its first "Grand Transport Extravaganza", a celebration. Prague 180 arrives during the celebration.
 1969 - The museum's purpose-built workshops open.
 1971 - The museum has its first full-time paid workers.
 1978 - Leicester 76 starts running at the museum. It is the first tramcar to be restored.
1975 - The Duke of Gloucester becomes patron of the society.
 1978 - The scenic tramway to Glory Mine is opened. The electrical substation at Wakebridge is also opened.
 1982 - The first part of the museum library is opened.
 1983 - London County Council Tramways 106 starts running.
 1985 - The museum loans trams to Blackpool for their electric tram centenary. Blackpool Corporation loans Blackpool Boat 607 and Blackpool Balloon 710 to the museum.
 1988 - The museum loans trams for the Glasgow Garden Festival.
 1989 - MET 331 starts running, but it is called Sunderland 100.
 1990 - The museum loans trams for the Gateshead Garden Festival. Leeds 399 enters service.
 1991 - The exhibition hall, a large room that is used to display trams, is opened.
 1992 - The Bowes-Lyon Bridge is opened by the Secretary of State for Transport. The Exhibition Hall is re-opened with newly completed 'Tram at Night' scene and other displays.
 1993 - Liverpool 869 started running. Leamington & Warwick 1 arrives at the museum.
1994 - Den Haag 1147 arrives (a Dutch tram).
 1995 - Sheffield 74 starts running. Oporto 273 and the Brill snow broom arrive. The President's Conference Committee (PCC) exhibition opens.
 1996 - Berlin 3006 arrives.
 1997 - The first specially converted "AccessTram", in the form of Berlin 3006, started running to let less able visitors have a ride on the line at the museum. Chesterfied 7 and London 1622 started running.
 1998 - The museum lends Blackpool & Fleetwood 2 and Blackpool 167 to Blackpool for the Fleetwood Tramroad centenary.
 2001 - Oporto 273 started running. It was restored with money from a Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) grant.
 2002 - The workshop viewing gallery, workshop extension and Red Lion pub open.
 2003 - The library reading room and Archives Store is opened by the Duke of Gloucester.
 2004 - The woodland walk and sculpture trail is opened by the Duchess of Devonshire.
2005 - The TMS is fifty years old, and there are several special events to celebrate it. Halle 902 arrives (a German tram).
 2008 - The museum receives a HLF grant for £900,000 to restore the Stone Workshop (pictured right) and turn it into an exhibition and education centre.
 2009 - Cardiff 131 started running. The Museum held three special events for their 50th Anniversary. They are known as "Crich50". The Museum's patron visits the museum and makes a speech from the platform of Cardiff 131.
 2010 - London Tramlink donated two old works vehicles to the museum. Blackpool Transport announced that it will donate six trams to the museum between 2010 and 2015. They are Balloon 712, Boat 607, Brush 630, Twin Set 672+682, Centenary 648 and Jubilee 762. The first to arrive was Balloon 712, on 27 March. The museum loaned three tramcars to the Blackpool tramway for its 125@th Anniversary Celebrations. These were Blackpool & Fleetwood 'Rack' 2, Blackpool Corporation 'Pantograph' 167 and Oporto 273.
2011 - The Museum announced that it had turned down the offer of Centenary 648 and Twin Set 672+682 from Blackpool due to a lack of space to store the trams. Jubilee 762 became the second Blackpool tram to arrive at the Museum on 7 November, and Brush 630 was the third to arrive on 22 December. The tram was repainted before it left Blackpool.
Tramcar fleet

The museum has over 60 tramcars from places such as Berlin, Blackpool, Chesterfield, Den Haag, Derby, Douglas, Dundee, Edinburgh, Gateshead, Glasgow, Grimsby, Halle, Howth, Johannesburg, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, London, New York, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Oporto, Paisley, Prague, Sheffield, Southampton and Sydney.

Most of these tramcars are double-deckers and some have open-tops.

The museum has about fifteen fully working tramcars. Every day that the museum is open, one to four of those trams are in service on the mile long line. There is also a 1969 Berlin tram that has been changed into an "Access Tram".

Many of the trams can be seen at the museum. Some, such as Blackpool Dreadnought 59 and Blackpool OMO 5, are stored in the Museum's depot at Clay Cross.

Methods of tramcar operation
The museum has trams using four different types of operation – horse, steam, diesel and electricity. Electricity is used for most of the service trams and works cars, but for one weekend each year a horse tram runs. The museum has five horse trams, Leamington & Warwick 1, Chesterfield 8, Oporto 9, Sheffield 15 and Cardiff 21, but only Sheffield 15 is used. The rest are on display. The museum also has a steam tram engine on display.

Most systems have their overhead wire system built to operate with just one form of current collector (the part that gives the tram electricity). The museum has been built to use any of them, including trolley poles, bow collectors and pantographs. Conduit current collection is another form of current collection. Blackpool 4 uses this, and it was also used in London.
Related pages
 Beamish Museum
 Blackpool tramway
 East Anglia Transport Museum
 Light Rail Transit Association
 Maley & Taunton
 Scottish Tramway and Transport Society
 Summerlee Heritage Park (Coatbridge)
 The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft

References

Other websites

 Official website
 Topical pictures of the Museum
 The London County Council Tramways Trust —- responsible for the restoration of London nos. 1, 106, 159, 1622 
 The Tram Centre —- all sorts of information can be found here on all types of trams 
 Photographs and Information from Strolling Guides
 Tram Travels: Crich Tramway Village

Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Open air museums
Museums in England
Buildings and structures in Derbyshire
Blue-baby syndrome, or blue baby is usually caused by a heart defect which laymen often call "a hole in the heart". Normally, oxygenated blood from the lungs is separated from deoxygenated blood from other tissues. Because of a defect in the heart ventricle walls, deoxygenated blood sometimes  mixes with the blood from the lungs. The resulting blood going through the aorta has less oxygen than usual. The baby then looks blue. An operation is usually done to fix this. 

There are several heart defects which produce this syndrome. There are also some causes which are not related to heart conditions.

On November 29, 1944, the first successful operation for the heart condition was done at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. In 1976, the university awarded the surgeon an honorary doctorate.

References 

3. http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=24529  

Syndromes
Birth defects
Kings of Leon are a rock band from Oklahoma, USA. Their members are all related, three brothers and their cousin. They have released 6 albums. Their sixth album, Mechanical Bull, was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards.

Discography 

 Youth & Young Manhood (2003)
 Aha Shake Heartbreak (2004)
 Because of the Times (2007)
 Only by the Night (2008)
 Come Around Sundown (2010)
 Mechanical Bull (2013)
 Walls (2016)
 When You See Yourself (2021)

American rock bands
Musical groups from Oklahoma
The name Saria can mean a number of things:
 Saria Island, an island in Greece
 Saria, a character from the video game The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
 Saria, Burkina Faso
Plaster is a material similar to mortar and cement.  Plaster of Paris is one kind, made from gypsum by heating it. It is used to make copies of footprints, fossils, skeletons, and to set fractured bones. Other kinds of plaster are used for buildings and other purposes. Decorative plaster is more usually called stucco.

Materials
A minaret is  a tower. Many mosques have minarets. Muezzins to call Muslims to prayers from minarets five times a day.

Towers
Islamic architecture
Omi was a very old Japanese title of both someone's rank and their political rank it was only allowed for use by the most powerful clans during the Yamato time of Japanese history. The title Omi, was given to a man's son when the father died.

History of Japan
Japanese language
A mining feasibility study is normally done before to a mining company buying land and is done to lower the risk of failure and reduce losing money for a mining company.

Mining
Although free markets are commonly associated with capitalism within a market economy in contemporary usage and popular culture, free markets have also been advocated by free-market anarchists, market socialists, and some proponents of cooperatives and advocates of profit sharing.[1] 

Economic markets
Libertarianism
Quba Mosque is a mosque in Medina. It is the oldest mosque in the world. When Muhammad and his friends were coming to Medina, they stopped over in Kuba. Muhammad started to build the mosque after his friend helped him.  Umar II added a minaret and enlarged the mosque. Suleiman the Magnificent destroyed the mosque and rebuilt it.

References 

Mosques in Saudi Arabia
7th-century buildings and structures‎
Alan John Carpenter (born 4 January 1957) was the 28th Premier of Western Australia from 26 January 2006 to 23 September 2008. He is from the Labor Party. He is still in the Western Australian parliament.

References
 

1957 births
Living people
Carpenter, Alan
Australian Labor Party politicians
Professor Geoffrey Ian Gallop (born 27 September 1951) was the 27th Premier of Western Australia from 16 February 2001 to 25 January 2006. He was from the Labor Party.

References
 

1951 births
Living people
Gallop, Geoff
Australian Labor Party politicians
Renton is a city in King County, Washington, United States.  It is 13 miles (21 km) southeast of Seattle, Washington. Renton is on the southeast shore of Lake Washington. At the 2000 census, 50,052 people lived there. As of April 1, 2008, there were about 78,780 people.  The number of people increased a lot because of the addition of the Benson Hill communities directly southeast of the city.  According to the data from the Office of Financial Management, Renton is the 11th largest city in Washington, and 5th largest in King County.

Based on per capita income, Renton ranks 100th of 522 areas ranked in the state of Washington.
Notable residents
Jimi Hendrix, famous musician, buried in the city's Greenwood cemetery since 1970.
Ann Rule, the true crime novelist currently resides in Renton.
Sean Kinney, drummer of Alice In Chains grew up in Renton.
Bonnie Guitar, singer in the 50's and 60's, gave singing lessons as Bonnie Tutmarc, in the early 50's.
Tim Lincecum, famous Major League Baseball pitcher for the San Francisco Giants grew up in Renton, and attended Liberty HS.
Brandon Roy, NBA basketball player for the Portland Trail Blazers, resides in Renton.
Jamal Crawford, NBA player for the Golden State Warriors, has a home in Renton and resides there during the off-season.
Kristina Horner, Eia Waltzer, Brittany Vahlberg, and Nick Horner, members of the wizard rock group The Parselmouths

References

Other websites
Renton city government webpage

Cities in Washington (state)
The Premier of Western Australia is the leader of the Western Australian government. He or she is the most powerful politician in the Australian state of Western Australia.

The current Premier is Roger Cook from the Labor Party.

List of Premiers of Western Australia

# There were no political parties in Western Australia until 1904.

References

Other websites
Christian Heinrich Nebbien, sometimes referred to as Heinrich Nebbien or Henrik Nebbien, (September 22, 1778 in Lübeck - December 2, 1841 in Glogau) was a German landscaping architect.

His most important project was the Városliget park at the end of Andrássy ut in Budapest (1817).

Other projects for which he is known are:

 the park of the Betliar mansion in Slovakia (1783-1795) 
 the park of the Dolná Krupá mansion in Slovakia (1813-1819);
 The park in Martonvásár, Hungary.

He also wrote a book on the methods of increasing agricultural output, published in Prague in 1835.

Works
 Wie vielmal wohlfeiler kann der Landwirth produziren? Und: Wie vielmal größer kann der Ertrag des Bodens werden? -  Prag, J. G. Calve, 1835.

References
References

 Rosengräfin Marie Henriette Gräfin Chotek (24.11.1863 - 13.2.1946) 
 Jana Šulcová - Drei Kapitel aus der Baugeschichte des Schlosses Dolná Krupá  
 Prírodný park kaštieľa Betliar 
 Örsi Károly - Történeti kertek A magyar kertépítészet legszebb alkotásai 
 Biographisches Lexikon für Schleswig-Holstein und Lübeck 
 Neue Deutsche Biographie. Band 19 
 A Városliget Színházai 
 Magyar Erzsébet - Kertek, parkok Buda-Pest társaséletében a 19. században  
 Mittel-Transdanubien  
 Magyar kertművészet az újkorban 
 Nebbien Henrik (19. sz.) - Magyar Életrajzi Lexikon 1000-1990 

1778 births
1841 deaths
German architects
People from Lübeck
Krompachy (German: Krompach, Hungarian: Korompa) is a town in Slovakia, located on the valley of the Hornád River. Until the end of the 20th century it was a centre of mining and metallurgy, particularly iron and copper. It is now an alpine resort, close to the Plejsy ski center.

Cities in Slovakia
Kingfishers are small birds of the order Coraciiformes. There are about 90 species, mostly in the Old World and Australasia, Most species are tropical in distribution.

Their feathers are often bright colours, such as blue or orange. They have large heads, long, sharp bills, short legs, and stubby tails.

Most species have bright plumage with little differences between the sexes. Most are found only in forests. They eat a wide range of prey, including fish. They usually catch prey by swooping down from a perch. Many live near rivers and eat fish, but most species live away from water and eat small invertebrates. Like other birds  of their order they nest in holes, usually tunnels dug into the natural or artificial banks in the ground. A quarter of all kingfishers nest in disused termite nests.

Classification 
Based on sequence analysis, the 90 or so species of kingfishers are now divided into three families:
River kingfishers (Alcedinidae)
Tree kingfishers (Halcyonidae )
Water kingfishers (Cerylidae)
Habitat 
Kingfishers are found all over the world. They often make their nests near rivers where the water flows slowly. They make their nests in tall river banks. They dig a hole in the side of the river bank. Most kingfishers lay 3–6 eggs each time.

Many kingfishers eat fish. They sit on branches hanging over the river's edge and wait for a fish to appear. They then dive into the water to catch the fish. Some kingfishers eat lizards or other reptiles. Kookaburras do this.

History 
Most species are in the Australasian region, but the family did not originate there. They evolved in the Northern Hemisphere and invaded the Australasian region a number of times. Fossil kingfishers have been described from Lower Eocene rocks in Wyoming 50 million years ago (mya) and in Germany, around 30-40 million years ago. More recent fossil kingfishers have been described in the Miocene/Pliocene rocks of Australia (5-25 mya).
Conservation 
Kingfishers are easily harmed if there is a lot of snow and cold weather in winter. They can also die if humans cause a lot of water pollution or if the places where Kingfishers live are destroyed. Some kingfishers are endangered species.

References 

Coraciiformes