Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
There is also a Max Weber, German political economist and sociologist.

Maximilian "Max" Emil Weber (27 August 1824 in Achern – 15 June 1901 in Brooklyn) was a military officer in the armies of Germany and later the United States, most known for serving as a brigadier general in the Union army during the American Civil War.

Other websites 
Max Weber 

1824 births
1901 deaths
American Civil War generals
German military people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Baden-Württemberg
Oconto County is a county  in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  There were 35,634 people living in Oconto county as of the year 2000.  The county seat is Oconto.

Geography
The county has an area of 1,149 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

Counties nearby 
Marinette County - northeast
Brown County - south
Shawano County - southwest
Menominee County - west
Langlade County - west
Forest County - northwest

Cities and towns 
Abrams
Bagley
Brazeau
Breed
Chase
Doty
Gillett (town)
Gillett
How
Lakewood
Lena (town)
Lena
Little River
Little Suamico
Maple Valley
Morgan
Mountain
Oconto Falls (town)
Oconto Falls
Oconto (town)
Oconto
Pensaukee
Pulaski (partial)
Riverview
Spruce
Stiles
Suring
Townsend
Underhill

Other websites
Oconto County
Oconto County Tourism & Development

1854 establishments in Wisconsin
Niedergösgen is a municipality in the district Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Gösgen District
Niederwil was a municipality in the district of Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. In 2011, Niederwil merged into Riedholz.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Solothurn
Nunningen is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Thierstein District
Oberbuchsiten is a municipality in the district of Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Gäu District
Oberdorf is a municipality in the district of Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Lebern District
Obergerlafingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Wasseramt District
Isengard was the side project of Darkthrone's drummer and poet Fenriz.

Albums 
 Vinterskugge (1994)
 Høstmørke (1995)
 Traditional Doom Cult (2016)
 Vårjevndøgn (2020)

Norwegian heavy metal bands
Black metal bands
Folk metal bands
Oslo
Musical groups established in 1989
1989 establishments in Europe
1980s establishments in Norway
Musical groups disestablished in 1995
1995 disestablishments in Europe

pl:Isengard (grupa muzyczna)
A bunker is a defensive military building.

Bunker can also mean:
 Bunker (golf), a sand trap on a golf course.
 A paintball bunker
 Bunker Tragedy
 Bunker fuel, the fuel carried by a ship for propulsion

Media
 The Bunker, a 1978 book about the last days of Hitler
 The Bunker (movie) could mean two moviess:
 The Bunker (1981 movie), a movie based on the 1978 book
 The Bunker (2001 movie), with Jason Flemying
 Bunker Bean, a 1936 movie
 Bunker 13, a 2003 novel by Aniruddha Bahal 

Places:
 Bunker Hill
 Bunker, Missouri

People:
 Berkeley L. Bunker, an American Senator and Representative
 Bunker Roy, an Indian social activist
 Edward Bunker, the writer
 Edward Bunker (Mormon pioneer)
 Ellsworth Bunker, an American diplomat
 Mark Bunker, a television producer
 Wally Bunker (born 1945), a former Major League Baseball pitcher
Thomas Matthew DeLonge, Jr. (born December 13, 1975) is an American musician. He was the guitarist of Pop-punk band blink-182, until their break up in 2005. He also took a part in a project called Box Car Racer. He plays and records with Angels & Airwaves, his new band that he started after blink-182's break up. In 2009, blink-182 reunited, and they released a new album in September 2011, titled Neighborhoods. In 2012, blink-182 toured Australia for the first time since 2004. 
 

1975 births
Living people
American guitarists
Musicians from California
American punk musicians
American rock musicians
Blink-182 members
The United States Geological Survey (USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. The agency is a part of the United States Department of the Interior. 

The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and the natural hazards that threaten it. The organization has four major science disciplines: biology, geography, geology, and hydrology. The USGS is a fact-finding research organization. It has no power to regulate.

The USGS science focus is on seven "Mission Areas", (1) Climate and land use change, (2) Core science systems, (3) Ecosystems, (4) Energy and minerals, (5) Environmental health, (6) Natural hazards, and (7) Water.  

Administratively, it is divided into a Headquarters unit and six Regional Units.  Other specific programs include:
Earthquakes 
The USGS Earthquake Hazards Program monitors earthquake activity worldwide. Its National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) in Golden, Colorado detects the location and magnitude of global earthquakes. The USGS also runs or supports several regional monitoring networks in the U.S. under the umbrella of the Advanced National Seismic System  (ANSS). The USGS informs authorities, emergency responders, the media, and the public, both domestic and worldwide, about significant earthquakes. It also maintains long-term archives of earthquake data for scientific and engineering research. It also conducts and supports research on long-term seismic hazards.

The USGS operates the streamgaging network for the United States, with over 7400 streamgages. Real-time streamflow data are available online.
The motto of the USGS is "Science for a changing world."

Other websites

References
References

1879 establishments in the United States
United States government agencies
National mapping agencies
Geology of the United States
United States Department of the Interior
A pyroclastic flow, pronounced pie-roh-class-tick, (also known as a pyroclastic density current) is a flow of "lava", as commonly associated with volcanic eruptions. The flows are currents of hot gas, or tephra, during an eruption that sometimes causes rock falls. A cloud forms over the river of hot rock. This boiling column of superheated gas, sand, tephra, obsidian, and pumice can reach soaring temperatures of 1,000ºC and is from 450 to 700 miles per hour.

They are extremely dangerous and can be deadly.

Volcanology
A mudflow or mudslide occurs when mud travels down a slope very quickly. Mudflows, which are like giant moving mud pies, happen when lots of water mixes with soil and rock. The water makes the slippery mass of mud flow quickly down. Mudflows happen most in mountainous places where a long dry season is followed by heavy rains. 

Mudflows of volcanic eruptions are the most dangerous, and are called lahars. A lahar is a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. Lahars can move as quickly as 80km/h and are as thick as liquid concrete.
Lahars have several possible causes:
 Snow and glaciers can be melted by lava or pyroclastic flows during an eruption
 A flood caused by a glacier, lake breakout, or heavy rainfall can release a lahar, also called glacier run
 Water from a crater lake, combined with volcanic material in an eruption
Lahars can occur without volcanic activity, if conditions are right for the collapse and movement of mud from existing volcanic ash deposits.
 Snow and glaciers can melt during periods of mild weather
 Earthquakes underneath or close to the volcano can shake material loose and cause it to collapse triggering a lahar avalanche.
Rainfall or typhoons can cause slabs of solidified mud to come rushing down the slopes, with devastating results.

References 

Volcanoes
Natural disasters
Stuart Duncan (born April 14, 1964) is an American fiddle, banjo, mandolin, and guitar player. In his career, Duncan has recorded with artists such as Dolly Parton, Barbra Streisand, George Strait, Reba McEntire, Bela Fleck, Jerry Douglas, and Chris Thile.

Other websites
http://www.mikecompton.net/Photos/Promo/NBB.Bio_TwentyYearBlues.doc 

American country guitarists
American banjo players
American fiddlers
American bluegrass musicians
Country musicians from Virginia
1964 births
Living people
American mandolinists
Class and object are basic building blocks in object-oriented programming languages. A class is written by a programmer in a defined structure to create an object (computer science) in an object oriented programming language. It defines a set of properties and methods that are common to all objects of one type.  

For example, a class could be a car, which could have a color field, four tire fields, and a drive method.
Another related class could be a truck, which would have similar fields, but not be exactly the same as a car. Both a car and a truck could be a kind of a third class which could be called a vehicle class. In this way, the programmer could create the parts of the program that are the same for both the car and the truck in programming the vehicle class, yet the programmer would be free to program how a car is different from a truck without duplicating all of the programming.
Inside of classes are two kinds of things: methods and fields (or properties). Methods can store the code for doing actions; in this example you could have a drive method and a brake method, and maybe a turnRight and turnLeft method. Fields store data; you could have a color field, a speed field and a size field. You can call methods by first making an object of the Car or Truck class, and call it for example ferrari, and doing ferrari.methodName(). In this case, if we wanted to make the vehicle move, we could do ferrari.drive().

Example 
Here is an example realized with Java. Please notice that all unnecessary aspects are left out.

public class vehicle { // base class for all vehicles
  String color; // field color
  int position; // field position
  
  public void drive(int distance) { // method drive
    this.position += distance;
  }
}
public class car extends vehicle {
  int persons; // a new field called persons
  
  public void getIn() { // method to get into the car
    this.persons++;
  }
  
  public void getOut() { // method to get out of the car
    this.persons--;
  }
}

public class truck extends vehicle {
  String load; // a new field called load
  
  public void load(String load) { // method to load the truck
    this.load = load;
  }
  
  public String unload() { // method to unload the truck
    String oldLoad = this.load;
    this.load = null;
    return oldLoad;
  }
}

Computer programming
The loggerhead sea turtle or loggerhead, (Caretta caretta), is a type of turtle that lives in the sea. It is from the family Cheloniidae.    

Loggerheads live in the seas around the world. Most of the beaches where loggerheads lay eggs are found on the coasts of the United States in North America (mostly in Florida), Oman in Asia, and Australia in the Pacific Ocean. Some loggerheads also live near other countries like Chile, Greece, and Indonesia.

How they live 
Loggerheads eat fish, squid, jellyfish, crabs, and other small sea animals. Loggerheads mate while they are moving in the seas mostly from March to June every 2 or 3 years. When they are ready to lay eggs female loggerheads always come back to the same beach where they came out of their eggs as babies. Most loggerheads lay eggs in June and July. Most lay between 100 and 126 eggs. The eggs look much like ping-pong balls.
When they come out of the eggs baby loggerheads are called hatchlings. They usually come out at night so that other animals, like birds and crabs, do not eat them. The hatchlings follow light from the morning sun to the sea. They swim out to parts of the ocean that have seaweed (plants that grow in the sea) to hide from other animals while they grow.

Most loggerheads move to warm waters during months that are colder but some hibernate, or sleep for long times, when it is cold. When they are hibernating they can stay under the water for up to seven hours before coming up for air.

Loggerheads live 30 to 50 years or more.

Protecting them from people 
In the past loggerhead sea turtles were hunted by people for meat and for their eggs. Also their fat and shells were used to make medicines, combs, and other things. The number of loggerheads today is small and so governments in many countries have laws that do not allow them to be hunted anymore.
The main danger for loggerheads now is the nets used by fishermen which can accidentally kill the turtles. They are also killed by boats, fishing hooks, and other dangers from people.

Civilization is harming the loggerhead reproduction cycle, due to beach construction.

Related pages 

Sea turtle
Hawksbill turtle

Further reading 
  Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is endangered and the criteria used
 Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection - Endangered, Threatened & Special Concern Reptiles

Other websites 

 International: 
 U.S.: Loggerhead Turtle- by NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources
 Florida: Loggerhead Sea Turtle - by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service's North Florida Field Office
 Caribbean: Caribbean Conservation Corporation & Sea Turtle Survival League
 Africa: Marine Turtles-Africa- Convention on Migratory Species

Turtles
Marine reptiles
The Islamic Golden Age, also sometimes known as the 
Islamic Renaissance, is traditionally said to have lasted from the 8th century AD to the 13th century. However, some place the beginning of the Islamic Golden Age as early as the Umayyad Caliphate (founded by Mu'awiya I), and place its end as late as the end of the 15th-16th centuries, including the rise of the Islamic gunpowder empires, referring to the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire and the Mughal Empire.
The Islamic Golden Age is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom, which saw scholars from all over the Muslim world flock to Baghdad, the world's largest city by then, to translate the known world's classical knowledge into Arabic and Persian.  Under the Umayyads, Al-Andalus also became a centre of science, medicine, philosophy and invention during the Islamic Golden Age. 
 
This period was called the Golden Age, because engineers, scholars and traders in the Islamic world did much for the arts, agriculture, economics, industry, law, literature, navigation, philosophy, sciences, and technology in this time. They built upon earlier traditions and added inventions and innovations of their own. Howard R. Turner writes: "Muslim artists and scientists, princes and laborers together created a unique culture that has directly and indirectly influenced societies on every continent."
Other websites 
 Golden age of Arab and Islamic Culture 
 The Influence of Islamic Philosophy and Ethics on The Development of Medicine During the Islamic Renaissance - By Dr. Sharif Kaf Al-Ghazal

Notes 

History of Islam
Periods and ages in history
Gian Lorenzo (or Gianlorenzo) Bernini (, , ; Italian Giovanni Lorenzo; 7 December 159828 November 1680) was one of the greatest artists of the Italian Baroque period. He was famous both for his sculpture and his architecture. From 1627, he worked for Pope Urban XIII and then for Pope Alexander VII at St. Peter's Basilica where he designed the famous piazza (place) in front of the basilica and many of the most splendid things that are inside.

Early life
Bernini was born in Naples, Italy. He was the son of Pietro Bernini (1562-1629) who was a well known sculptor. When he was about 7 years old, his father took him to Rome.
Inspiration 
As a boy and as a young man living in Rome, he saw the works of many famous artists. He saw the famous fresco paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo, one of the most famous artists of the 1500s. The paintings told the Bible story of Creation. He saw the huge dome of St. Peter's Basilica which Michelangelo designed and the new extension to the building that was being built by Carlo Maderna.

Works 
One artist who Bernini knew well was Annibale Carracci who painted scenes on the ceilings of rooms for the pope. The scenes told stories, often Ancient Roman legends. Carracci took Bernini into St. Peter's Basilica. Bernini fell on his knees and decided at that moment that he wanted to make something beautiful and splendid to honour Saint Peter.
By the time he was 20, Bernini was a sculptor, carving statues out of marble. He had learnt a lot, not just how to carve marble, which he learnt from his father, but how to make figures that told stories like Carracci's and Michelangelo's and seemed to be alive, like Caravaggio's.  An important man in the Roman Catholic Church, Cardinal Scipione Borghese, saw his work and became his patron, paying Bernini to make many beautiful sculptures for him and his family. Soon the cardinal's uncle got to hear about Bernini. He was Pope Urban VIII, the most powerful man in Italy. He asked Bernini to work for him at St. Peter's Basilica. Bernini spent 40 years of his life there, all the time except for a trip to France and shorter visits to other cities.
Bernini's sculpture
 
Most sculptures of that time were just of one figure. But Bernini had seen Michelangelo's famous sculpture of the "Pieta" which showed the Virgin Mary grieving over the body of her dead son, Jesus. Bernini made figures that were in groups and told stories. One of his famous groups comes from Roman Mythology. It shows the god, Apollo chasing a beautiful wood nymph (a sort of fairy) that he had fallen in love with. But her father had magic powers and suddenly turned his daughter into a tree. Bernini sculptured the very moment when her toes are turning into roots, her legs are becoming the trunk, and leaves are sprouting out of her hands and long hair. She has her mouth open and a look of horror on her face. No-one had ever tried to carve anything like that in marble before. The thing that is so amazing about Bernini's sculpture is that he has made the flesh, the wood, the leaves and the hair all look so real, even though they are all carved in white stone.
Bernini's most famous sculpture is St. Theresa in Ecstasy. It tells the story of a saint who had a vision of an angel. Her vision was so beautiful that she fainted. Bernini has sculptured the vision, with St. Theresa lying on a cloud with the laughing angel in front of her. Their robes are blowing around, and it is hard to believe that the whole scene, which is set against a wall, is not really floating. Bernini did not just design the statues. He also designed the walls of the chapel around it, which is like a stage-set, made of beautifully patterned marble.  Against another wall, he carved a balcony and several white marble people looking at the scene. They are members of the family that paid for the chapel.
The city of Rome has lots of squares with fountains in them. Pope Alexander wanted to make the city more beautiful, so during his time, more fountains were made. One of the biggest squares in Rome was the Piazza Navona. On one side of the piazza was the church of St. Agnes, built by Borromini. Bernini thought it was an ugly building. He was asked to make the "Fountain of the Rivers" in the square, right outside the church. It has four figures who are symbols of four rivers. Bernini carved one of river-figures looking up at the church and throwing his hands in the air in shock at its ugliness. Borromini was very upset with Bernini's joke, which has been there now for more than 300 years.

Bernini at St. Peter's
Baldacchino and niches
Bernini's first work at St. Peter's was to design the "baldacchino" which is like a tent or "pavilion" above the High Altar. This amazing thing is 30 metres (98 ft) tall and is probably the largest piece of bronze in the world. It stands underneath Michelangelo's dome and has four huge bronze twisted columns decorated with olive leaves and bees, because bees were the symbol of Pope Urban. Pope Urban had a niece that he loved very much and he got Bernini to put her face and the face of her new-born baby boy on the columns as well.

Holding up the dome of the Basilica were four enormous stone pillars (piers). Bernini had a great idea for the big piers. He had four hollow "niches" carved into them where four huge statues could stand. This sent some people into a panic because they thought the dome would fall down, but it did not.
The chair of St. Peter
Bernini's next job was to make a special throne out of bronze, to hold an ancient wood and ivory throne that had been at the basilica for more than 500 years. It is called the Cattedra Petri or "throne of St. Peter". The bronze throne, with the old wooden throne inside it, is held up high at the end of the basilica, by four important saints who are called "Doctors of the Church" because they were all great writers and teachers. The statues are made of bronze. They are Saints Ambrose and Augustine for the Church of Rome and Saints Athanasius and John Chrysostum for the Orthodox Church. Above the chair is a window which is made not from glass but thin translucent stone called alabaster. The Dove of the Holy Spirit is in the middle of the window with rays of light spreading out into the basilica through a sculpture of golden clouds and angels. Bernini designed this to look like a window into Heaven. There was a great celebration when the chair was put in place on January 16, 1666.
To the west of the basilica is the Piazza di San Pietro (St. Peter's Place).  The piazza was designed by Bernini and built between 1656 and 1667. It was not an easy job because the designer had lots of things to think about. Firstly, many people complained that Maderna's facade on St. Peter's looked too wide, so Bernini wanted to make it look narrower, not wider. Secondly, in the old square left over from the Old St. Peter's, Pope Sixtus V had a monument set up. This monument was a precious Ancient Egyptian obelisk (which is like a tall column, but with four flat sides). From its base to the top of the cross (that the pope had put on top) it was 40 metres (131 ft) high, and had been brought to Roman in ancient times. The obelisk really should be at the centre of the new square, but it was not in quite the right place, and was very difficult to move without breaking
Bernini solved the problem by making two areas, instead of one huge one. The first area is an almost-square area right in front of the facade. It is cleverly designed with sloping sides that make the building look taller and not so wide. The second part of the piazza is oval. It has the obelisk at the centre with two fountains on either side at the widest part. The two parts of the piazza are surrounded by a colonnade (covered walk-way) which is carried on tall columns. All around are large statues of saints which seem to look down on the thousands of visitors that come to the square every day. The colonnade is in two great arcs that seem to stretch out like loving arms, welcoming people to the Basilica. In recent times some buildings were demolished, making another square, to match the one near the piazza. It is a good place for vans to park and can be seen in the photo.
The famous architectural historian, Sir Banister Fletcher, said that no other city in the world had given such a wonderful view to people visiting their main church. He said that no other architect except Bernini could have imagined such a noble design. He said it is the greatest entrance to the greatest Christian church in the whole world.

The Chapel of the Sacrament
Bernini's last work for St. Peter's, 1676, was to decorate of the Chapel of the Sacrament. He designed a miniature temple just like the one that was built over the place where St. Peter died. He made it bronze covered with fine gold. On either side is an angel, one gazing in adoration and the other looking towards the viewer in welcome. Bernini died in 1680 aged 81, after working for St. Peter's for 40 years of his life.

Gallery

Notes
Gallery

Notes

References
 Hintzen-Bohlen, Brigitte and Sorges, Jurgen. Rome and the Vatican City, Konemann, 
 Fletcher, Banister.  A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method, first published 1896, current edition 2001, Elsevier Science & Technology 
 Hartt, Frederick. A History of Italian Renaissance Art. Thames and Hudson (1970) 
 Lees-Milne, James. Saint Peter's, Hamish Hamilton (1967). ISBN
 Gardner, Helen. Art through the Ages, 5th edition, Harcourt, Brace and World, inc., 
 Pevsner, Nikolaus An Outline of European Architecture, Pelican, 1964, ISBN  9780140201093
 Pinto, Pio V. The Pilgrim's Guide to Rome, Harper and Row, (1974), 

1598 births
1680 deaths
Italian sculptors
Italian architects
Artists from Naples
Auguste Honoré Charlois (26 November 1864 – 26 March 1910) was a French astronomer who discovered 99 asteroids while working in Nice.

He first discovered the asteroid 267 Tirza in 1887.

1864 births
1910 deaths

French astronomers
hCard, short for HTML vCard, is a format for publishing the contact information of people, companies, organizations, and places, in XHTML, Atom, RSS, or raw XML.

Internet
Ellen Louise Axson Wilson (May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914), first wife of Woodrow Wilson was First Lady of the United States from 1913 until her death.

Early life
Ellen spent her childhood in  Rome, Georgia. Her father’s name was Reverend S.E. Axson. Her father was a Presbyterian minister. Thomas Woodrow Wilson first saw Ellen when he was about six and she only a baby. In 1883, as a young lawyer from Atlanta, "Tommy" visited Rome (Georgia) and met "Miss Ellie Lou" again. She was looking after her father’s household. He wanted to marry her. The marriage took place in 1885, as she did not immediately wanted to leave her father alone. 

In the same year, her husband got a teaching job at Bryn Mawr College.  They lived near the campus. She kept her younger brother with them. The Wilson couple had three children. Margaret was born in 1886; Jessie was born in 1887. A third child named Eleanor was born in Connecticut, while Wilson was teaching at Wesleyan University.
Beginning in 1890, her husband had a well-known career at Princeton University. This brought much social responsibility to Ellen.  She spent most of her time painting.  She had a studio in the White House where she painted.

First Lady
The Wilson couple began their administration without any party. As the First Lady, Ellen’s entertainments were also simple. But her charms and warmness made the people happy. Her parties became successes. 

As the First Lady, Ellen Wilson tried for improving the housing for the "Negroes" living in Washington D.C. She visited the slums where Negro families lived. This brought their bad living condition to the attention of the Congressmen.
Death
She had Bright's disease. She died on 6 August 1914 after an operation on her appendix. At the time of her death, she quietly said to the physician: "…take good care of my husband." She also told her physician to tell her husband to marry again after her death. Wilson was very sad at her death. He took her to Rome, Georgia for burial. He would later marry Edith Wilson in 1915.

References
Original text based on White House biography 

1860 births
1914 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Woodrow Wilson
First Ladies of the United States
People from Savannah, Georgia
People from Rome, Georgia
The Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI, World Canine Organisation) is an association of kennel clubs. It is based in Thuin, Belgium.

It has 84 members and contract partners (one member per country) that each issue their own pedigrees (rules about how each type of dog should look) and train their own judges. The FCI makes sure that the pedigrees and judges are of one FCI member are recognised by all other FCI members.

Other websites 
World Canine Organisation, in English 

Dogs
1911 establishments in Europe

Organizations based in Belgium
Animal organizations
Robertstown is a village in County Kildare, Ireland.  It is near to many famous villages such as Allenwood.

People 
Robertstown has a population of 707 people.

Villages in Ireland
County Kildare
Hermanas Mirabal (known previously as Salcedo province) is a Dominican province, in the north-central part of the country. Its capital city is Salcedo.

It was created on 1952 with the name Province Salcedo. In November 2007, its name was changed to Hermanas Mirabal. It was a municipality of the Espaillat province before being elevated to the category of province.

Location
The Hermanas Mirabal province is bordered to the north and the west by the province of Espaillat, to the east by the Duarte province and to the south by La Vega.

Origin of name
Hermanas Mirabal ("Mirabal Sisters") were three sisters (Patria, Minerva and María Teresa Mirabal) that lived in Ojo de Agua, a small town in this province, and that were killed on 25 November 1960 by people of the dictator Rafael Trujillo. That day, 25 November, is now known as the International Day of Non Violence Against Women.
History
The province was created in 1952 with the name of Salcedo province, with the municipalities of Salcedo and Tenares, that were parts of the Espaillat province; Salcedo was named as capital of the province.

In 1959, Villa Tapia became a municipal district of the province but was made a municipality in 1968. Blanco was made a municipal district in 1968 and Jamao Afuera in 2003.

Population 
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the Hermanas Mirabal province, and 26,649 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km², one of the highest in the country

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 24th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 92,353 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is Salcedo, its head municipality or capital, with a population (in ) of 35,306 inhabitants.

Geography
Geography

The Hermanas Mirabal province has a total area of . It has   of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 31st (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province; only the Distrito Nacional is smaller.

There are two geographic regions in the province. The northern half of the province is in the southern side of the Cordillera Septentrional (Northern mountain range); the mountains here are not very high. The southern half is in the Cibao valley.

The altitude of Salcedo, provincial capital, is .

The only protected area in the province is the Reserva Científica La Salcedoa ("Scientific Reserve La Salcedoa"), created to protect the habitat of an endemic plant: the Salcedoa mirabaliarum. The area is in a karstic region and includes part of the Espaillat province.

Climate
The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year.
Municipalities
There are 3 municipalities and 2 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. The municipalities and its municipal districts (M.D.) are:

Economy
The main economic activity of the province is agriculture and the main products are plantain, cassava, coffee and cacao.

Related pages
 Provinces of the Dominican Republic
 Development regions of the Dominican Republic

References

Provinces of the Dominican Republic
1952 establishments in the Dominican Republic
Breckerfeld is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, (Germany). It is in the southeastern part of the Ruhr area in northern Sauerland.

References

Other websites

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis
Paul Raud (October 22, 1865 - November 22, 1930) was an Estonian painter. He had twin brother, Kristijan Raud, who was also painter. Paul Raud studied in Düsseldorfi art academy.

Related pages

Düsseldorf school of painting

Estonian people
Painters from Europe
Twin people
1865 births
1930 deaths
Alhazen or Alhacen or ibn al-Haytham (965–1039) was a pioneer of modern optics. Some have also described him as a "pioneer of the modern scientific method" and "first scientist", but others think this overstates his contribution. Alhazen's Risala fi’l-makan (Treatise on Place) discussed theories on the motion of a body. He maintained that a body moves perpetually unless an external force stops it or changes its direction of motion. He laid foundations for telescopic astronomy.

He was an Arab Muslim polymath who made contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, Muslim theology, visual perception. He is sometimes called al-Basri (Arabic: البصري), after his birthplace in the city of Basra in Iraq (Mesopotamia).
Alhazen lived mainly in Cairo, Egypt, dying there at age 74. Over-confident about practical application of his mathematical knowledge, he thought he could regulate the floods of the Nile. When he was ordered by Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the sixth ruler of the Fatimid caliphate, to carry out this operation, he realized he could not do it, and retired from engineering. Fearing for his life, he pretended to be mad, and was placed under house arrest. For the rest of his life he devoted himself entirely to his scientific work.

Related pages
 Islamic Golden Age
 Book of Optics
 Scientific method

References

Other websites 
 
 
 Ibn al-Haitham on two Iraqi banknotes
 The Miracle of Light – a UNESCO article on Ibn Haitham
 Roshdi Rashed, A Polymath in the 10th century, Science 297 (2002): 773
 A.I. Sabra, "Ibn al-Haytham: brief life of an Arab mathematician" 

935 births
1039 deaths
Astronomers
Mathematicians
11th-century philosophers
Physicians
Egyptian engineers
People from Cairo
Optics
A weather or sounding balloon is a balloon (specifically a type of high altitude balloon) which carries instruments in the sky to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, and humidity by means of a small measuring tool called a radiosonde. To get wind data, they can be tracked by radar, radio direction finding, or navigation systems (such as the satellite based Global Positioning System). 

The invention of the weather balloon started the age of remote sensing, the ability to collect information where there are no people.  Weather balloons are a major tool of atmospheric research. High altitude balloons have also been used by astronomers and cosmologists to take readings of certain particle frequencies or gather light readings free of excessive disturbance from Earth's lower atmosphere (troposphere).
Many agencies use weather balloon flights to model the atmosphere and to make more accurate weather predictions.  They collect such atmospheric information as temperature , pressure, and humidity that can then be plotted on weather maps. Three-dimensional atmospheric modeling is also possible using weather balloons because the instruments they carry are able to provide data collected from several different altitude points.  Since they started, the long bags of helium have been carrying aloft increasingly sophisticated observation devices.  The take the science of weather observation literally to the edges of outer space .

Weather
The Einsatzgruppen were a paramilitary group in Nazi Germany created by the notorious Nazi SS-Gestapo Officer Reinhard Heydrich . They were part of the Schutzstaffel (SS).  They helped make The Holocaust happen by murdering about 12 million people throughout Europe.  Almost all of the people they killed were civilians.

Sometimes, the Einsatzgruppen would kill only a few people at once.  Other times, they would kill thousands of people in a few days.  For example, at Babi Yar, the Einsatzgruppen killed 33,771 Jewish people in two days.

Most of the people the Einsatzgruppen killed were Jews.  They killed between 5 and 6 million Jews.p. 257   However, they also killed hundreds of thousands of Polish people, Soviets, and Roma people in Eastern Europe.
After Nazi Germany lost World War II, 24 leaders of the Einsatzgruppen were put on trial for war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg Trials.  Sixteen were convicted.  Fourteen were sentenced to death, and two were sentenced to life in prison.  Other countries later tried four other Einsatzgruppen leaders, convicted them, and sentenced them to death.pp=274–275

Creation and Action T4
SS leader Reinhard Heydrich created the Einsatzgruppen around 1938.

At first, in October 1938, Heydrich sent the Einsatzgruppen to the Sudetenland.  Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, wanted to take over the Sudetenland.  He was ready to use the Nazi military to invade the area.  However, in the Munich Agreement, world powers agreed that Hitler could have the Sudetenland.  The Einsatzgruppen helped take over government buildings, and took all the government papers they could find.  They also arrested about 10,000 Czech communists and German citizens.pp. 405, 412
From September to December 1939, the Einsatzgruppen took part in the Nazis' Action T4 program.  The Nazis believed that people with physical, intellectual, and mental disabilities did not deserve to live.  Action T4 was a plan to kill them all.  At first, the Einsatzgruppen and other Nazis shot these people.  However, by spring of 1940, the Nazis started using gas chambers so they could kill people with disabilities more quickly.pp. 138–141

Invasion of Poland
Invasion of Poland

In 1939, Hitler decided to invade Poland.  Heydrich decided the Einsatzgruppen would follow the regular German Army.p. 425  Their job would be to kill the most important people in Polish society, like clergy, teachers, and members of the academia.  They would also kill anyone who refused to agree with Nazi ideas or rules.p. 144 Adolf Hitler said: "...there must be no Polish leaders; where Polish leaders exist they must be killed[.]"p. 143  The Einzatsgruppen followed this plan by killing about 65,000 civilians by the end of 1939.  These people included Polish leaders, Jews, prostitutes, Roma people, and people with mental illnesses.pp. 430–432
Finally, the Einsatzgruppen forced the surviving Jews in Poland to move to ghettos in big Polish citiies. The Nazis planned to get rid of all the Jews in Poland, but they had not yet decided where to send them.pp. 227–228, 242-245  With the help of the German Army, the Einsatzgruppen also forced tens of thousands of Jews eastward into the part of Poland that the Soviet Union had taken over.p. 429

Operation Barbarossa

In 1941, Hitler decided to invade the Soviet Union.  He called this plan Operation Barbarossa.  Hitler hated communism.  He wanted to take over the communist Soviet Union, and kill communism for good.pp. 95–96

In May 1941, Heydrich gave the Einsatzgruppen an order to kill the Jews in the Soviet Union.pp. 94–95
In June 1941, Heinrich Himmler, the leader of the SS, told other SS leaders that the Nazis planned to kill up to 30 million people in the Soviet Union.  The Einsatzgruppen would play an important part in this by murdering people who the Nazis thought were inferior.  However, the Nazis would also use other strategies, like starvation, to kill other Soviets.p. 181

The Einsatzgruppen were divided into seven battalions.p. 225  Hitler's army invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941.  A few weeks later, the Einsatzgruppen started working in eastern Poland, which was controlled by the Soviet Union.p. 185  Heydrich gave them three main jobs:p. 177
 To take control of all of the offices and papers that belonged to the Soviet Union and the Communist Party;
 To kill all of the top leaders of the Soviet Union; and
 To start and encourage pogroms (riots and murders) against Jews
The Einsatzgruppen did these jobs in many ways.  Sometimes, they would make lists of people who they thought were enemies, and would then murder them.  Other times, they would perform massacres of thousands of people over a few days.  For example, at Babi Yar, one Einsatzgruppen battalion killed 33,771 Jews in two days; in the Rumbula massacre, another killed about 25,000 people in two days.
More Einsatzgruppen are created
As the Nazis took over more and more countries, they created more Einsatzgruppen.  They also created smaller groups called Einsatzkommando and Sonderkommando.  These included:
 Einsatzgruppe E, which worked in the Independent State of Croatia
 Einsatzgruppe G, in Romania, Hungary, and Ukraine
 Einsatzgruppe H, in Slovakiap. 419
 Einsatzgruppe Iltis, on the border between Slovenia and Austria
 Einsatzgruppen Jugoslawien and Serbien, in Yugoslavia
 Einsatzkommando Luxemburg, in Luxembourg
 Einsatzgruppe Norwegen, in Norway
 Einsatzkommando Tilsit, in Lithuania and Polandp. 197
 Einsatzgruppe Tunis, in Tunis

Killings in the Soviet Union

Orders to kill
After the Nazis invaded the Soviet Union, the Einsatzgruppens main job was still to kill civilians, like they did in Poland.  However, this time, Heydrich ordered the Einsatzgruppen to kill:
Commissars (officers in the Soviet government)
 All top and middle-ranking members of Comintern, a group that supported world communism
 All top and middle-ranking members of the Communist Party
 All extremist Communist Party members
 All Jews that held jobs in the government or the Community Party

Between July 8 and July 17, Heydrich also ordered the Einsatzgruppen to kill:
 All male Jews between the ages of 15 and 45p. 198
 All Jewish prisoners of war from the Soviet Red Army
 All Red Army prisoners of war from Georgia and Central Asia, since they might be Jews toop. 97
 All of the Roma people they could find, and all people with mental illnesses

Killings
Killings

The Red Army retreated.  However, Heydrich thought there were Soviet guerrilla fighters still in the area and thought local Jews were helping them.  He ordered the Einsatzgruppen to encourage anti-Jewish pogroms in the newly occupied territories.  Pogroms (some of which the Einsatzgruppen started) broke out in Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukraine.p. 526 Within the first few weeks of Operation Barbarossa, 10,000 Jews were killed in 40 different pogroms.  By the end of 1941, about 60 pogroms had happened, killing up to 24,000 people.p. 526
All of the main Einsatzgruppen took part in mass shootings from the beginning of the war.pp. 196–202  At first, they shot only adult Jewish men.  However, by August, they were shooting all Jews, including women, children, infants, and the elderly.  At first, they killed people in firing squads.  When this became too slow, the Einsatzkommandos began to shoot larger groups next to, or even inside, mass graves.p. 207  As news about these killings spread, many Jewish people ran away.

The Nazis began to send people to concentration camps and ghettos.  Rural areas were mostly Judenfrei (free of Jews).pp. 211–212  The Nazis created forced labour gangs so they could make use of the Jews as slaves until the Nazis had killed them all.  The Nazis had put off that goal until 1942.pp. 212–213
Killings in the Baltic States
Einsatzgruppe A worked in the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.  These countries had been occupied by the Soviet Union before the Nazis took them over.  Einsatzgruppe A killed about 140,000 people between June and November 1941.p. 98

When Einsatzgruppe A entered Kaunas, Lithuania, a pogrom was happening.  They let all of the criminals out of jail and encouraged them to join the pogrom.  In four days, 4,000 Jews were killed in the pogrom.p. 41

The head of Einsatzgruppe A let a violent anti-Semitic man named Viktors Arājs start a smaller Einsatzgruppe called the Arājs Kommando.  Together, the two groups killed 2,300 Jews in Riga, Lithuania.  Within six months, the Arājs Kommando killed about half of the Jews in Latvia.

Groups like the Arājs Kommando were created in Lithuania and Estonia too.  With their help, Einsatzgruppe A was able to kill almost every Jew in its area.p. 182
Rumbula massacre
In November 1941, Himmler decided that Latvians were not being killed fast enough.  He wanted to move Jews from Germany into Latvia.  He ordered that everyone living in the ghetto in Riga, Latvia, be murdered.pp. 206–209

The Nazis told the people in the ghetto they were being sent to another place to live.  They told them to bring their things and valuables.pp. 208–210

The Nazis moved people towards a nearby forest a thousand at a time.  They shot people who tried to run away or could not walk fast enough.  They took the things the Jews had brought with them, and made them take off their clothes.  Then, fifty at a time, they made the victims lie down in a mass grave and shot them.pp. 208–210

In two days, about 25,000 people were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen.pp. 210–214

Killing with poison gas
After a while, Himmler realized that the Einsatzgruppens methods were not the best way to kill people as quickly and cheaply as possible.p. 197  He also found that many Einsatzgruppen had trouble killing so many people.  Some had physical and mental health problems, and others became alcoholics.pp. 52, 124, 168  Himmler made a final decision after watching a mass execution in August 1941.  He decided that shooting Jews was too stressful for his men.pp. 547–548

Himmler decided that the answer to this problem was to kill Jews (and others) with poison gas.p. 167  Starting in 1942, all of the main Einsatzgruppen began killing people using gas vans, which had been used to kill people with disabilities early on in Action T4.  In these vans, carbon monoxide exhaust fumes from the vans' engines were pumped into the back of the truck, killing the victims inside.  However, by September 1941, Nazis at Auschwitz concentration camp had begun experimenting with Zyklon B, a cyanide-like pesticide.pp. 280–281
At the Wannsee Conference on January 20, 1942, the Nazis officially decided to kill all of the Jews in Europe (11 million people).  Some would be worked to death.  Others would be killed in extermination camps (death camps).().p. 555-556  The Nazis created death camps like Auschwitz-Birkenau and Bełżec extermination camps with the goal of killing as many people as possible, as quickly as possible.  These death camps replaced the Einsatzgruppen as the Nazis' main strategy of mass murder and genocide.pp. 279–280

At first, the Einsatzgruppen were sent to fight partisans  people in Nazi-occupied territories who continued to fight back against the Nazis.p. 248  However, by 1944, most Einsatzgruppen had become part of Waffen-SS fighting units or sent to guard death camps.

Jäger Report
Jäger Report

The Einsatzgruppen kept careful records of their mass murders so they could write reports to their supervisors.  The Commander of Einsatzgruppe A filed the Jäger Report on December 1, 1941.  it talks about Einsatzgruppen As actions in Lithuania.

The report says that Einsatzgruppen A killed 137,346 people.p. 215  Most were Jews, but others were communists, criminals, and other Nazi "enemies."p. 126  Starting in mid-August, when 3,207 people were murdered, the victims included children.p. 126

In February 1942, Jäger changed his estimates of how many people the Einsatzgruppen killed. He said there were 138,272 victims, including:p. 126
 48,252 men (35%)
 55,556 women (40%)
 34,464 children (25%)

Jäger also said that only 1,851 of the victims (1.3%) were not Jewish.p. 126
Other reports
Many other papers and reports written by the Einsatzgruppen talk about how many people the different units killed.  For example, one researcher looked at over 200 Operational Situation Reports (reports from the Einsatzgruppen to their bosses about what they were doing).  He also looked at letters and reports written by Einsatzgruppen bosses.  He found that as of 1942, Einsatzgruppen A, B, C, and D had killed almost a million people:

Related pages

References 

1930s in Germany
1940s in Germany
History of Lithuania
History of the Soviet Union
20th century in Ukraine
Reichssicherheitshauptamt
The Holocaust
1930s in Poland
1940s in Poland