Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Dwarf stars refers to several types of star. The term was originally used in 1906 by the Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung. He noticed that the reddest stars—classified as K and M in the Harvard scheme—could be divided into two distinct groups. They are either much brighter than the Sun, or much fainter. To distinguish these groups, he called them "giant" and "dwarf" stars.  The dwarf stars were fainter and the giants brighter than the sun.
However, the term "dwarf" was later expanded to include:
 Dwarf star: this usually refers to any main-sequence star, a star of luminosity class V.
 Red dwarfs are low-mass main-sequence stars. They have cool temperatures and spectral classes M and K.
 Yellow dwarfs are main-sequence (dwarf) stars with masses similar to the Sun. They have roughly the same temperature and are of spectral classes G.
 A white dwarf is a star composed of electron-degenerate matter. This may be the final stage in the evolution of stars not massive enough to collapse into a neutron star or undergo a Type II supernova—stars less massive than about 9 solar masses.
 A black dwarf is a white dwarf which has cooled enough that it no longer emits any visible light.
 A brown dwarf is a "substellar object". It is not massive enough to ever fuse hydrogen into helium, but still massive enough to fuse deuterium—less than about 0.08 solar masses and more than about 13 Jupiter masses.

References 

Types of stars
Chiwetelu Umeadi "Chiwetel" Ejiofor OBE (born 10 July 1977) is a British actor. He played Solomon Northup in the 2013 movie 12 Years a Slave. He was nominated for the award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture, Drama at the 2014 Golden Globe Awards for his acting in the movie. His first movie role was in the 1996 movie Voyage. In 2008, Ejiofor was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. Ejiofor played the band leader Louis Lester in the television series Dancing on the Edge. It had six episodes.

In 2019, he starred as Scar in the 2019 live-action remake The Lion King.

Early life
Ejiofor was born on 10 July 1977 in Forest Gate, London, to Nigerian parents. He started acting in school plays when he was 13.

Career
In 1996 Ejiofor acted in his first film, Deadly Voyage. In 2002, he played the main character in a movie for the first time in Dirty Pretty Things. He won the 2003 British Independent Film Award for best actor for the film. In 2005 Ejiofor played Lola in Kinky Boots.

References
References

1977 births
Living people
Actors from London
Black British actors
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Look Who's Talking is a 1989 romantic comedy movie. The main characters in the movie are played by John Travolta, Kirstie Alley, and Bruce Willis. The movie had two sequels: Look Who's Talking Too (1990) and Look Who's Talking Now (1993).

Release Dates 

1989 movies
Pregnancy movies
American independent movies
The Shangri-Las were an American pop girl group of the 1960s. They released their first album Leader of the Pack in 1965. Their 1964 single "Leader of the Pack" was number one in the United States.

The members of the group were sisters Betty and Mary Weiss, with twins, Margie and Mary-Ann Ganser.

Their first hit recording was "Remember (Walking In The Sand)" (1964) which reached number 5 in the US and number 14 in the UK.

References

1963 establishments in the United States
American girl groups
Musical groups established in 1963
The peppered corydoras (Corydoras paleatus) is a species of freshwater catfish in the genus Corydoras.

In the aquarium 
Peppered corydoras live at the bottom of the fish tank. They are peaceful community fish. They like to live in a temperature of around 25–28°C. They should be kept in groups of other corydoras. They grow to about 7 centimetres.

Diet 
Peppered corydoras are scavengers. They eat the fish food after it sinks to the bottom of the tank.

Other websites 
http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/fish/pepperedcory.php
http://www.seriouslyfish.com/species/corydoras-paleatus/

Catfish

Aquarium fish
Freshwater fish
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a freshwater fish native to India. It is often sold under the name zebra danio.

In the aquarium
The zebrafish is a peaceful fish and can be kept in a community tank. They can be kept in a temperature of 19–27°C. They grow to about 5 cm.

Diet
Zebrafish happily eat flake foods and bloodworm.

References

Cypriniformes
Freshwater fish
Aquarium fish
Chicken and waffles is a dish that has both chicken and waffles. It is popular in the United States, where it is served in many restaurants. There are two types of chicken and waffles dishes: the soul food version and the Pennsylvania Dutch version.

Types

Soul food version
The best-known version is the soul food version, which uses fried chicken. It uses a waffle that would be served during breakfast. It comes with condiments such as butter and syrup. It is very popular in Baltimore, Maryland.

Pennsylvania Dutch version
The Pennsylvania Dutch version has a plain waffle with pulled, stewed chicken on top. It is served with gravy. It is often found in the Northeastern United States.

References

Other websites

American food
Chicken as food
Sheryl Kara Sandberg (born August 28, 1969) is an American businesswoman. She is the chief operating officer of Facebook.

Early life and education
Sandberg was born in 1969, in Washington, D.C., in a Jewish family. In 1987 started a Bachelor's degree in economics at Harvard College. She graduated in 1991 with the highest honor, summa cum laude. In 1993 she started at Harvard Business School. In 1995 she earned her M.B.A. with highest distinction. After this Sandberg worked as a management consultant for McKinsey & Company for a year.

Career 
From 1996 to 2001 she was Chief of Staff to the then United States Secretary of the Treasury Larry Summers.

In 2001 Sandberg became the vice president of Global Online Sales & Operations for Google Inc.. In 2007 Sandberg met Mark Zuckerberg, the maker of Facebook, at a Christmas party.

Zuckerberg thought that Sandberg would be good at being Facebook's COO. In March 2008 Facebook hired Sandberg.
December 2010, she gave a TED speech titled "Why we have too few women leaders." In 2012 she became the eighth member (and the first female member) of Facebook's board of directors. Sheryl Sandberg's first book Lean In was published on March 11, 2013.

Personal life
Sandberg married to Dave Goldberg, the CEO of SurveyMonkey, from 2003 until his death in 2015. She is a feminist.

References

Other websites
Lean In

Related pages

 Marissa Mayer
 Susan Wojcicki
 Zhang Xin

1969 births
Living people
Businesspeople from California
American feminists
American Jews
Jewish feminists
People from Atherton, California
Businesspeople from Washington, D.C.
Egocentrism is a state of mind of putting oneself in the center of interest, of being interested more about oneself than about other people. While this is normal in young children, it becomes more and more of a problem, in older children, adolescents and adults. To egocentric people, self-relevant information is seen as more important in shaping one’s judgments than are thoughts about others and other-relevant information. The term egocentrism was mostly coined by Piaget, a psychologist. Egocentrism is different from both egoism and narcissism. Young children are egocentric: they see themselves as the "center" of the world. Developing self-conscience requires the perception that there are others, that there is socialisation with other people, and that there are differences between oneself and other people. Egocentric people are often unable to fully understand or to cope with other people's opinions. The fact that reality can be different from what they are ready to accept is difficult for them.

References
Jeremy Fritz (born December 15, 1979) is a Canadian professional wrestler. He currently works for Impact Wrestling under the ring name, Eric Young (2004-2016). He is a one-time TNA World Heavyweight Champion.

In TNA, Fritz is known for portraying many different comic relief gimmicks. During his time in TNA, he has won the X Division Championship once, Legends/Global/Television Championship twice, and the World Tag Team Championship five times. He also became the only man to co-hold the TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship when he won the title with ODB.

Outside of wrestling, Fritz hosts Off the Hook: Extreme Catches on Animal Planet.
Championships
Allied Powers Wrestling Federation
APWF Cruiserweight Championship (one time)
Assault Championship Wrestling
ACW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Family Wrestling Entertainment
FWE Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Future Stars of Pro Wrestling
FSPW Independent Championship (two times)
Memphis Wrestling
Memphis Southern Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Johnny Devine)
Neo Spirit Pro Wrestling
NSP Independent Championship (one time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #49 of the best 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010.
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
TNA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
TNA X Division Championship (one time)
TNA Legends/Global/Television Championship (two times)
TNA World Beer Drinking Championship (one time)2
NWA World Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Bobby Roode)
TNA World Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Kaz (one) and Kevin Nash and Scott Hall (one)1)
TNA Knockouts Tag Team Championship (one time) (with ODB)
TNA Turkey Bowl (2011, 2012)
Most Inspirational (2006)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) (TNA Reverse Battle Royal on TNA Impact!)
Xtreme Wrestling Coalition
XWC World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
1Young defended the championship with either Hall or Nash under the Freebird Rule.2Championship not officially recognized by TNA.

References

Other websites
TNA profile 

1979 births
Living people
Canadian professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Ontario
Impact Wrestling people
Former WWE wrestlers
Illmatic is the first studio album of American rapper Nas. It was released on April 19, 1994 by Columbia Records. Nas recorded the album during 1992 and 1993 in New York City. The producers were Nas, Large Professor, Pete Rock, Q-Tip, L.E.S., and DJ Premier.

Nas raps about his life in Queensbridge, New York. Nas's lyricism features multi-syllabic internal rhyme patterns.

Illmatic received very good reviews from most music critics  upon its release. It earnt praise for its lyrical content, production, and Nas's lyricism. Over time, music critics have recognized it as one of the greatest hip hop albums.

Illmatic did not sell very well at the beginning. On January 17, 1996, the album was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. In 2001, it earned platinum certification after shipments of one million copies in the United States.

Songs

References 

Hip hop albums
1994 albums
Armillaria solidipes is a species of fungus. It is also known as the honey mushroom. It grows in the United States. In the Malheur National Forest in Oregon there is one that is the world's biggest living organism.

References

Diseases and disorders of plants
Edible fungi
Reflektor is the fourth album by Arcade Fire. It was released on October 28, 2013. The album has two discs. The first disc has seven songs. The second disc has six songs. It got good reviews from music critics. Pitchfork gave it a score of 9.2 out of 10. The first single from the album, "Reflektor", was released on September 9, 2013. The album was number one in several countries including the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.

Track listing

Notes
  means there is an extra producer on the track
 "We Exist" is the second track of the album on CD and digital releases, but the fourth on the vinyl version (as the first song of Side B, or 1:4).
 On CD, "Joan of Arc" ends with 30 additional seconds of the room tone that also opens "Here Comes the Night Time II".
 "Reflektive Age" is a hidden track in the pregap of the CD release, consisting of sections of the other tracks on the album played in reverse.

References

2013 albums
Iona () is a small island in the Inner Hebrides off the western coast of Scotland. When Columba arrived with twelve monks in 563 he founded a great monastery. From that time Iona was known as a holy place. It was the center of Scottish Christianity for many centuries. Today it is a popular tourist attraction and a place for retreats. Its modern Gaelic name means "Iona of (Saint) Columba" (formerly anglicised "Icolmkill").

The village
The village 

The main settlement, located at St. Ronan's Bay on the eastern side of the island, is called Baile Mòr. It is known locally as "The Village". The primary school, post office, the island's two hotels, the Bishop's House and the ruins of the Iona nunnery are here. The abbey and MacLeod Centre are a short walk to the north. There are a number of offshore Islands nearby. Eilean Annraidh (island of storm) and Eilean Chalbha (calf island) are larger islands to the north. Rèidh Eilean and Stac MhicMhurchaidh Islands lay to the west of Iona. Eilean Mùsimul (mouse holm island) and Soa Island are to the south.

History
History

Dál Riata
  
At the start, Iona was a part of the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata.  The island was the site of a highly important monastery during the Early Middle Ages. According to tradition the monastery was founded in 563 by the monk Columba, also known as Colm Cille, who had been exiled from his native Ireland. Columba and twelve companions went into exile on Iona and founded a monastery there. The monastery was very successful, and played a large part in the conversion of the Picts to Christianity. It also had an influence on the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria. Many other monasteries were founded in Scotland and Iona became the center of a great monastic system. The scriptorium produced many very important documents.

Christian center
The monastery itself became the center of Celtic Christianity. Iona was a major supporter of the "Celtic" system for calculating the date of Easter. The missionaries and bishops who came to Britain from Rome used a Roman calculation for the date of Easter. This issue was settled when they adopted the Roman system at the Synod of Whitby in 664. Pictland adopted the Roman system in the early 8th century. Iona changed systems in 716, according to the Anglo-Saxon historian Bede. Iona's prominence was reduced over the next centuries as a result of Viking raids and the rise of other powerful monasteries in the system, such as the Abbey of Kells. The Book of Kells was created on Iona about the year 800. At about the same time the island's high crosses were erected. They had a ring around the top part that became the symbol called a "Celtic cross"
. The series of Viking raids on Iona began in 794 and, after its treasures had been plundered many times, Columba's relics were removed and divided two ways between Scotland and Ireland in 849 as the monastery was abandoned.
Kingdom of the Isles

As the Viking control of the west coast of Scotland advanced, Iona became part of the Kingdom of the Isles. Amlaíb Cuarán, King of Northumbria and Dublin, died in 981 while on Iona. Still, the island was sacked twice by his successors. On Christmas night 986 and again in 987. The ruling dynasty of Alba traced its origin to Iona, and the island thus became an important religious icon of the new kingdom. Many of its early kings are buried there. The kings of the Isles were at times vassals of the King of Norway, High King of Ireland, or the King of Scotland. By the 11th century they were nominally attached to the Kingdom of Norway, but in reality they were independent.

A convent for Benedictine nuns was established in about 1208, with Bethóc, daughter of Somerled, as first prioress. The present Benedictine abbey, Iona Abbey, was built in about 1203. The monastery itself flourished until the Reformation when buildings were demolished and all but three of the 360 carved crosses destroyed.
Kingdom of Scotland

According to tradition, the first "King of Scots" was Kenneth MacAlpin (Cináed mac Ailpín). He founded the beginnings of what we know as Scotland in 843. The Reilig Cemetery on Iona was from that time until the 11th century the place where Scottish kings were buried. In total there are about forty-eight Scottish kings buried at Iona. In addition, eight kings of Norway and four kings of Ireland are buried on Iona.

Following the 1266 Treaty of Perth the Isles (Hebrides) were restored to Scottish rule. An Augustine nunnery survives as a number of 13th century ruins, including a church and cloister. The nunnery continued to be active until the Reformation. By the 1760s little more of the nunnery remained standing than at present, though it is the most complete remnant of a medieval nunnery in Scotland.

In the 19th century green-streaked marble was commercially mined in the south-east of Iona; the quarry and machinery survive.

Gallery

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Isle of Iona, Scotland (A visitors guide to the Isle)
The Iona Community
 Computer-generated virtual panorama Summit of Iona Index
Photo Gallery of Iona by Enrico Martino
National Trust for Scotland property page

Islands of Scotland
The Division of New England is an Australian electoral division in New South Wales. It is in the north-east of the state, next to the border with Queensland. It was set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named after the New England region of northern New South Wales.

The includes the towns of Armidale, Ashford, Barraba, Bingara, Bundarra, Glen Innes, Gunnedah, Guyra, Inverell, Manilla, Quirindi,  Tamworth, Uralla, Werris Creek, Walcha and Tenterfield.

Members

Barnaby Joyce is a former Senator for the state of Queensland. In 2016 he became leader of the National Party and Deputy Prime Minister.

Election results

References

Other websites
 Division of New England - Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
New South Wales
1901 establishments in Australia
The Charlemagne Prize () is a famous prize awarded each year. The prize has been awarded since 1950 by the German city of Aachen. It is awarded to persons who have done outstanding work towards the unification of Europe. The award is named after Charlemagne, emperor of the Frankish Empire, and founder of what became the Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne lived and was buried in Aachen.

References

Other websites
Charlemagne Prize 

1950 establishments in Europe
Awards
Aachen
1950s establishments in Germany
Luke Baldwin (born 15 September 1990) is an English rugby union player. He was born in Royal Tunbridge Wells. He plays for Bristol Rugby in the RFU Championship.

Education 
Luke Baldwin was educated at The Judd School in Tonbridge. While he was there he also played rugby for them. In 2003, he represented Judd at Kent County Athletics Under-13 Championships at Canterbury High School. There he finished third place in the 75-metre hurdles and fourth in the 100-metres.

Career 
Baldwin started playing rugby for Tunbridge Wells RFC. In 2006 he signed with Saracens Academy. He trained there while he also played for Tunbridge Wells until 2009. After he left Tunbridge Wells, he was loaned to Blackheath F.C.. He made his debut for Saracens in 2010. He went on to make 5 first team appearances for Saracens.
In 2010, he was loaned to RFU Championship side, Bedford Blues. In 2012, he returned to Bedford Blues on a dual registration with Saracens. While at Bedford, he received praise for his playing performance. He also represented Saracens in the Premiership Rugby Sevens Series while also playing for Bedford Blues in the RFU Championship. In 2013, he left Saracens and Bedford Blues and signed for Bristol Rugby, playing his final game for Bedford against London Welsh.

References

Other websites 
 Luke Baldwin Career Statistics

English rugby union players
Sportspeople from Kent
1990 births
Living people
Westerlund 2  is a massive young super star cluster. It is about one or two million years old, and partly obscured with gas. It contains some of the hottest, brightest, and most massive stars known. The cluster is 20,000 light years away in the Milky Way galaxy.

The cluster contains a dozen of O-type main sequence stars, of which at least three are eclipsing binaries. There are many very young pre-main sequence stars and two Wolf–Rayet stars.

The core of the cluster contains several examples of rare very hot stars.  Just outside the cluster a massive eclipsing binary WR20a is found at 30 arcseconds (about 1.1 pc in projection), the bright yellow spot just on the lower right side of the cluster center.

As its name indicates, the Westerlund 2 cluster was discovered by Bengt Westerlund in the sixties, but its stellar content was assessed only in later years.

References 

Super star clusters
, also known as , was a Japanese actor, singer, movie producer and director, and martial artist. He was from Fukuoka, Kyūshū. He was possibly the most famous Japanese movie actor of all time.

Chiba died on 19 August 2021 at a hospital in Kimitsu, Japan from pneumonia caused by COVID-19, aged 82.

Filmography 
 The Street Fighter (1974) as Takuma Tsurugi
 Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2003) as Hattori Hanzō
 Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2004) as Hattori Hanzō
 The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift (2006) as Kamata
 Sushi Girl (2012) as Sushi chef

References

Other websites 

 Official Website
 Official Blog
 Facebook
 AllRovi Sonny Chiba 
 
 Sonny Chiba - HKMDB

1939 births
2021 deaths
Japanese movie actors
Japanese television actors
Japanese stage actors
Japanese voice actors
Singers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Actors from Fukuoka Prefecture
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan
Deaths from pneumonia
Eve Jihan Jeffers (born November 10, 1978), better known as Eve, is an American rapper, songwriter and actress. She was the first winner of the Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration in 2002 for the song "Let Me Blow Ya Mind", with Gwen Stefani. In 2002 her album Scorpion was also nominated for Best Rap Album.

Career

Eve released her first album Let There Be Eve...Ruff Ryders' First Lady in 1999. It went straight to number one in the American album chart. It was the third album by a female rap artist to reach number one in the United States.

In 2001 Eve's second album Scorpion was released. It entered the American album chart at number four. Eve won Best Female Hip-Hop Artist at the Black Entertainment Awards.

In 2002 Eve's third album, Eve-Olution, was released. Two singles were released from the album. The first single "Gangsta Lovin" is a song sung with Alicia Keys. It reached number two in the American singles chart.
Eve was on the remix of Michael Jackson's 2002 single "Butterflies".
 
In 2003 Eve started acting in a sitcom called Eve. The show was stopped in 2006. There were 66 episodes.

Eve rapped on Gwen Stefani's 2004 single "Rich Girl". It reached number seven in the Billboard 100. She rapped on "Never", Keyshia Cole's first single, in 2005.

In 2007 Eve released the single "Tambourine". She also rapped on Kelly Rowland's single "Like This". It reached number four in the UK Singles Chart. That year Eve started to make her fourth album.

Eve was in the 2009 documentary Good Hair. 

She presented the MTV Africa Music Awards 2010. She rapped on Guy Sebestian's single "Who's That Girl". It reached number one in Australia and New Zealand.

In 2013 Eve's fourth album, Lip Lock, was released. The album included appearances from fellow rappers Missy Elliott and Snoop Dogg. On August 23, 2013 Eve started The Lip Lock Tour.

Discography
Discography

Studio albums
 Let There Be Eve...Ruff Ryders' First Lady (1999)
 Scorpion (2001)
 Eve-Olution (2002)
 Lip Lock (2013)

References

1978 births
2023 deaths
Living people
African American actors
African American musicians
American rappers
Grammy Award winners
American songwriters
American hip hop singers
American hip hop musicians
American contemporary R&B singers
American R&B singers
American R&B musicians 
Rappers
Frederick McCubbin (25 February 1855 – 20 December 1917) was an Australian painter. He was a part of the Heidelberg School, which was an important period in the history of Australia's visual arts.

McCubbin was born in Melbourne. McCubbin was taught at William Willmett's West Melbourne Common School and St Paul's School, Swanston Street. He worked several jobs while studying art at the National Gallery of Victoria's School of Design. There he met Tom Roberts and studied under Eugene von Guerard. He also studied at the Victorian Academy of the Arts. He showed some of his early paintings there in 1876, and again from 1879 to 1882. He sold his first painting there in 1880.

By the early 1880s, McCubbin's work had become famous. His paintings won several prizes from the National Gallery. By the mid-1880s his painting became focused on the Australian bush. This is the work for which he is remembered.
In 1888, McCubbin became instructor and master of the School of Design at the National Gallery. He taught several students who themselves became notable Australian artists.

He married Annie Moriarty in March 1889. They had seven children. McCubbin lived most of his life in Melbourne, and rarely travelled. He and his family moved to Mount Macedon in 1901. McCubbin continued to paint through the first two decades of the 20th century. By the beginning of World War I, his health began to fail. He died in 1917 from a heart attack.

References

Other websites

 Australian government website on McCubbin, source of most of the material for this article
 Frederick McCubbin (1855-1917)  Gravesite at Brighton General Cemetery
 Frederick McCubbin at the National Library of Australia

1855 births
1917 deaths
Australian painters
Joan Miró (20 April 1893  25 December 1983) was a Spanish painter, sculptor and ceramicist. He was born in Barcelona. He died of heart disease in Palma, Majorca. A museum dedicated to his work, the Fundación Joan Miró, was opened in Barcelona in 1975.

Joan Miró started painting when he was fourteen he attended an art school. He then started to develop his own style to draw scenes of trees and landscapes. In around the 1930s Joan started to make rapid changes to his style of painting. Influenced by Pablo Picasso, Miro developed more surrealist works. 

Miró was a significant influence on late 20th-century art, in particular the American abstract expressionist artists.

References 

1893 births
1983 deaths
Deaths from heart disease
People from Barcelona
Spanish painters
Spanish sculptors
Dame Flora McKenzie Robson DBE (28 March 1902 – 7 July 1984) was an English stage and movie actress. She was known for her performances in plays demanding dramatic and emotional intensity. Her roles varied from queens to villainesses.

1902 births
1984 deaths
English stage actors
English movie actors
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
English television actors
Erskine Caldwell (17 December 1903 – 11 April 1987) was an American writer. He wrote about poverty, racism and social problems in the Southern United States. He did this in novels such as Tobacco Road and God's Little Acre. This work was praised by critics. It also made him controversial among fellow Southerners because they felt he was making them look bad.

1903 births
1987 deaths
Writers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Writers from Oregon
People from Ashland, Oregon
Neopilina is a mollusc, the only surviving genus of monoplacophora.
Some molecular results show that they fall within the polyplacophora clade, although these have been called into question.  Fossil and morphological data show that they are rather derived and bear very little resemblance to an 'ancestral mollusc'.

The monoplacophora were well-known as a fossil group from the Cambrian to the Devonian. They were thought to be long extinct. One species was dredged up from the Pacific Ocean off Mexico in 1952. It was found to be a Monoplacophoran, and given the genus of Neopilina.  This was one of the most remarkable modern discoveries of a 'living fossil', and a Lazarus taxon.

References 

Molluscs
The Showgrounds is a football ground in Newry, County Down, Northern Ireland. It is the home football ground of Newry City A.F.C.. The ground usually holds 7,949 people. However, it only holds 2,275 at the moment under health and safety law.

Sources

Football stadiums in Northern Ireland
County Down
Aethelthryth (sometimes called Æthelthryth, Æðelþryð, Æþelðryþe, or Etheldreda (about 636 AD – June 23, 679 AD) was an Anglo-Saxon saint.  She was also an  East Anglian princess and Abbess of Ely.

Life 
Aethelthryth was born in East Anglia (now Suffolk). She was one of the four daughters of Anna of East Anglia.  All of these women became nuns and founded abbeys.

She was a beautiful young girl who wanted to devote herself to the Church and took a vow to remain a virgin. When the princips Tondberht of the South Gyrwas. asked for her hand in marriage her parents said yes, but Aethelthryth refused. Though she was married she resolved to keep her solomn vow. Upon his death in 655, she retired to the Isle of Ely, which she had received from her husband as a gift.
Aethelthryth was then married to Ecgfrith of Northumbria in 660. Ecgfrith was a younger son of King Oswiu of Northumbria and his wife Enfleda. Shortly after Ecgfrith became king, Aethelthryth asked her husband if she could become a nun. She was encouraged by Bishop Wilfrid to remain celibate. This caused friction between Ecgfrith and Bishop Wilfrid.  One story tells that Ecgfrith first agreed that she should continue to remain a virgin but in about 672 he wished to have an heir.  He tried to bribe Wilfrid to convince the queen to give him an heir. This failed and the king tried to take his queen from her convent. She fled back to Ely with two nuns and managed to evade capture.  The legend says that she escaped due to the miraculous rising of the tide. Another version of the legend stated that she stopped on the journey at 'Stow' and hid under an ash tree which suddenly came from her staff after she planted it in the ground
. This came to be known as 'St Aethelthryth 's Stow', when a church was built to commemorate this event. Stow Minster contains a stained glass window that portrays the legend.  Ecgfrith later married Eormenburg and expelled Wilfrid from his kingdom in 678. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Aethelthryth founded a double monastery at Ely in 673, which was later destroyed in the Danish invasion of 870.  She lived at St. Ely for the remainder of her life in pious devotion.  She died of the plague.<ref>Alban Butler; Paul Burns, Lives of the Saints"", (Collegeville, Minnesota:  Liturgical Press 2003), p. 228</ref>  There is a hymn that was written in her honor.
Aethelthryth's niece and her great-niece, both of whom were royal princesses, succeeded her as abbess of Ely.

Bede and The Liber Eliensis describe how in 695, Aethelthryth's body was dug up by her sister Seaxburth, to be transferred from a common grave to the new church at Ely. She had been dead sixteen years.  When her body was exhumed it was said to have been just as it was when she was alive.  She was reburied in a white, marble coffin.Fairweather, Liber Eliensis, pp. 56-61. Aethelthryth's uncorrupted body and clothes were said to have miraculous powers. A burial chamber made of white marble was taken from the Roman ruins at Grantchester, which was found to be the right fit for Aethelthryth.  Seaxburh supervised the preparation of her sister's body, which was washed and wrapped in new robes before being reburied. Seaxburgh apparently oversaw the transference of her sister's remains without the supervision of her bishop, using her knowledge gained from her family's links.
St Etheldreda's Church is dedicated to the saint. It was originally part of the palace of the Bishops of Ely. In later years the palace was used by the Spanish Ambassadors, enabling Roman Catholic worship to continue in the church.  It is now a Roman Catholic parish church in Ely, Cambridgeshire. It is part of the Diocese of East Anglia within the Province of Westminster. The church contains the shrine and relics of Aethelthryth.

 Bibliography
Virginia Blanton (2007) Signs of Devotion: the cult of St Aethelthryth in medieval England, 695-1615. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press 
McCash, June Hall & Judith Clark Barban, ed. and trans. (2006) The Life of Saint Audrey; a text by Marie de France. Jefferson, NC: McFarland 
M. Dockray-Miller (2009) Saints Edith and Aethelthryth: Princesses, Miracle Workers, and their Late Medieval Audience; the Wilton Chronicle and the Wilton Life of St Aethelthryth, Turnhout: Brepols Publishers .
 Maccarron, Máirín, "The Adornment of Virgins: Æthelthryth and Her Necklaces," in Elizabeth Mullins and Diarmuid Scully (eds), Listen, O Isles, unto me: Studies in Medieval Word and Image in honour of Jennifer O’Reilly (Cork, 2011), 142-155.
 Major, Tristan, "Saint Etheldreda in the South English Legendary," Anglia 128.1 (2010), 83-101.
Wogan-Browne, Jocelyn, "Rerouting the Dower: The Anglo-Norman Life of St. Audrey by Marie (of Chatteris?)", in Power of the Weak: Studies on Medieval Women, ed. Jennifer Carpenter and Sally-Beth Maclean (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 27-56.
References 

Further reading

 Other websites 
Richard John King, 1862. Handbook of the Cathedrals of England'' (Oxford) ( On-line text)

The Life of St. Aethelthryth  by Aelfric of Eynsham

630s births
679 deaths
Christian saints
Princes and princesses
Anglo-Saxon royalty
NGC 1569 is a dwarf irregular galaxy in Camelopardalis.  This faint galaxy is well studied by professional astronomers, who are interested in the history of star formation in the galaxy. The galaxy is relatively nearby, so the Hubble Space Telescope can easily pick out its stars. In 2008 scientists studying images from Hubble calculated the galaxy's distance at nearly 11 million light-years away, making it a member of the IC 342 group of galaxies.

Starburst 
The most notable feature of NGC 1569 is its powerful starburst. It has formed stars at a rate 100 times greater than that of our galaxy during the last 100 million years. It contains two prominent super star clusters with different histories.

Super star cluster A, in the northwest of the galaxy is formed of two close clusters (NGC 1569 A1 and NGC 1569 A2). It contains young stars 
(including WolfRayet stars) which formed less than 5 million years ago (in NGC 1569 A1) as 
well as older red stars (in NGC 1569 A2).
Super star cluster B, near the center of the galaxy, has older  red giants and red supergiants.

Both of these star clusters have masses similar to the globular clusters in the Milky Way. Many smaller star clusters are relatively young (between 2 million years and 1 billion years. They are similar to small globular clusters or R136 in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
This shows, with the results from other dwarf galaxies such as the Large Magellanic Cloud and NGC 1705, that star formation in dwarf galaxies does not occur continuously but instead occurs in a series of short bursts.

The many supernovae produced in the galaxy as well as the strong stellar winds of its stars have produced filaments and bubbles of ionized hydrogen with respective sizes of up to 3,700 and 380 light years. These shine as the light of the young stars contained within them hits the gas.

NGC 1569's starburst may have been triggered by interactions with other galaxies of the IC 342 group, probably a nearby cloud of hydrogen.

References
References 

Dwarf galaxies
Frederick Joseph Ricketts (21 February 1881 – 15 May 1945) was a British composer of marches for band. He wrote music under the pen name Kenneth J. Alford. He was a Bandmaster in the British Army, and Royal Marines Director of Music. Conductor Sir Vivian Dunn called him "The British March King." Ricketts frequently used the saxophone in his music. This led to the instrument being used in all military bands.

Early life
Ricketts was born on 21 February 1881. He was the 4th child of Robert and Louisa (née Alford) Ricketts, who lived in London. Ricketts' father died when he was seven and his mother died when he was fourteen. His early musical training had been on playing the piano and organ and working as a church chorister. As a boy living in London’s East End he would often hear street musicians and bands. He decided that joining an army band would be best for his future.
Enlistment
Ricketts joined the Royal Irish Regiment in 1895. He was enlisted as a Band Boy. He was a good cornet player and was put into the regimental band. The band went with the regiment to Limerick in Ireland, and then to India. In his free time, Ricketts learned all the other band instruments. When he was 15 years old, he wrote his first piece, which was called "For Service Overseas". It has never been published. In 1903, he was recommended for entry into the Student Bandmaster Course at the Royal Military School of Music, in Twickenham, Middlesex. Musicians who were as young as Ricketts were not nominated very often, but Ricketts was very skilled.

Royal Military School of Music
Ricketts began a two-year course at Kneller Hall in the summer of 1904. This course was very difficult. He graduated in 1906.
Bandmaster
In 1908, Ricketts became Bandmaster to the Band of the 2nd Battalion of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. He went to the Orange River Colony (formerly the Orange Free State) to lead them. This colony is now the Republic of South Africa. The colonel asked him to write a new march for the Argylls, so Ricketts wrote "The Thin Red Line". It was not published until 1925.

Ricketts wanted to compose music. However, it was not accepted for officers of Ricketts's rank to be engaged in commercial activities in the civilian world. Because of this, Ricketts decided to compose and publish under the pen name Kenneth J. Alford. The first march written under the new pen name was "Holyrood".
First World War
A few weeks before the start of World War I, Ricketts composed his most famous march, called "Colonel Bogey". No one knows exactly how Ricketts began composing it. Ricketts's widow claims that it came from a game of golf. She says that during the game, Ricketts and another member of the Argylls started whistling the notes that would become the march's melody.

Shortly after World War I started, Ricketts and the Band Boys of the Argylls were sent to the 3rd Battalion (Reserve) in Edinburgh. They stayed there through the whole war. During the war Ricketts wrote several marches dedicated to the British military: "The Great Little Army" (1916), "On The Quarter Deck," "The Middy," "The Voice of the Guns" (1917), and "The Vanished Army (They Never Die)" (1919).
From Army to Navy
In 1921, Ricketts applied to become a bandmaster for the Band of the Plymouth Division, which was part of the Royal Marines. He was interviewed and was offered the position. However, the old bandmaster, P.S.G. O'Donnell, was trying to apply for a position with an Army band, but members of the Royal Marines were not allowed to become members of the British Army. Because of this, Ricketts could not take the position, since O'Donnell remained with the Band of the Plymouth Division.

In 1927, Ricketts applied again to become a bandmaster with the Royal Marines. This time, he was approved. He became a lieutenant in the Royal Marines Band Service on 4 July 1927. He was posted to the Band of the Marines' Depot at Deal in Kent. In 1930, Ricketts was posted to the Band of the Plymouth Division.
Personal life
On 5 September 1907, Frederick Joseph Ricketts was married to Miss Annie Louisa Holmes. This was while he was on staff at the Royal Military School of Music, Kneller Hall. Annie (Nan) Holmes came from a musical family. Her brother was a partner in the London music publishing house of Walsh, Holmes and Company. Nan often gave Ricketts ideas and helped him make decisions about compositions. They had six children, Kenneth (March 1909), Leo (April 1911), Sheila (May 1913), Paula (October 1916), Gordon (October 1918),and José (October 1922).

Death
Ricketts retired from the Royal Marines on 1 June 1944 because of ill health. He died at his home in Reigate, Surrey, on 15 May 1945, after an operation for cancer. He had given almost 50 years of service to the Crown.
List of marches
 The Thin Red Line (1908) - Not published or available to the public until 1925. Named after Alford's regiment's nickname. They acquired it in the Crimean War. W.H. Russell wrote that the "thin red streak tipped with a line of steel of the" 93rd Highlanders (Argylls) held back the Russian advance during the Battle of Balaclava.
 Holyrood (1912) - Named after the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh. It is about the visit of HM King George V and Queen Mary in 1910, the year they were coronated. This march is now the quick march of the RAF Regiment.
 The Vedette (1912) - A vedette is a mounted sentry placed in advance of the outposts. Ricketts probably knew this term from when he was in India, but the term is unfamiliar today.
 Colonel Bogey (1914) - The melody comes from notes that Ricketts heard whistled on a golf course, possibly by the colonel. This is his most famous march.
The Great Little Army (1916) - This piece is about the WWI British soldiers who bore the brunt of everything that was thrown at them. The enemy called them "The Contemptible Little Army".Recording by the John Horn High School Wind Symphony
 On the Quarter Deck (1917)
 The Middy (1917) - Both this and the previous march were written about the naval Battle of Jutland in 1916.
 The Voice of the Guns (1917) - At first, this piece was meant to honour British artillery in World War I. Later, it became widely adopted by the British army as a whole. It was in the film Lawrence of Arabia (1962). Not to be confused with the poem of the same name by Gilbert Frankau (1916).
 The Vanished Army (1918) - Dedicated to the memory of the first 100,000 soldiers who died in World War I. Subtitled "They Never Die".
 The Mad Major (1921) - Major Graham Seton Hutchinson was the Mad Major, had won the Military Cross and a DSO.
 Cavalry of the Clouds (1923) - Written to honour the new Royal Air Force.
Dunedin (1928) - Named for the Dunedin Exhibition of 1925/26 in New Zealand.
 Old Panama (1929) - Ricketts returned from Dunedin by going through the Panama Canal.
 HM Jollies (1929) - "HM Jollies" is a nickname for the Royal Marines. The march contains parts of "The Sailor’s Hornpipe", "A Life on the Ocean Wave," and "Rule Britannia."
 The Standard of St George (1930) - Inspired by watching Trooping the Colour, a British army ceremony, at Horse Guards Parade. This march was played by the Band of the Royal Marines Depot, Deal, before it was published. This march does not start with an introduction; it starts with a fanfare with a bass foundation of sustained power for 32 measures.
By Land and Sea (1941) - In 1934, there was a competition for an official slow march for the Royal Marines. This march was based on Alford's entry. The title is an English translation of the Royal Marines motto Per Mare Per Terram and was written for the Plymouth Division, R.M. It includes a part of the regimental quick march "A Life on the Ocean Wave" and the Royal Marines Bugle Calls.
 Army of the Nile (1941) - Dedicated to General Wavell, for stopping the advance of the Axis Powers in Egypt. Recording by the John Horn High School Wind Symphony
 Eagle Squadron (1942) - The Eagle squadron was made up of American pilots in the RAF, before the United States joined World War II. When the U.S. entered the war, the squadron was transferred to the USAAF. The march quotes The Star-Spangled Banner and Dixie.
Other Published Works
 Valse Riviera (1912)
 Thoughts - waltz (1917)
 A Musical Switch - humoresque (1921)
 The Two Imps - xylophone duet (1923)
 The Lightning Switch - fantasy (1924)
 Mac and Mac - xylophone duet (1928)
 Wedded Whimsies - humorous fantasy for piano solo (1932)
 The Smithy - pastoral fantasy 1933
 The Two Dons - xylophone duet (1933)
 Colonel Bogey on Parade - march fantasy (1939)
 The Hunt - rhapsody (1940)
Lillibullero (1942) - A march attributed to Henry Purcell, though it was probably actually written by Alford. Lillibullero is the official Regimental March of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (abbrev. REME). Ricketts' arrangement was often used in the BBC radio program about the Commandos, Into Battle. A Life on the Ocean Wave'' (1944) - "A Life on the Ocean Wave" is a ballad by Henry Russell. In 1882, Jacob Kappey wrote an arrangement of this piece as a new regimental march for the Royal Marines. It included an eight bar trio from "The Sea" by Sigismund Neukomm. It was re-arranged by Major Ricketts in 1944.
References

 The 93rd Sutherland Highlanders 1799 - 1927, Brigadier A E J Cavendish, CMG
 http://www.theargylls.co.uk/bandmasters.php 
 http://military-bands.co.uk/argyll.html 
 Trendell, John, Colonel Bogey to the Fore, a biography of Kenneth J. Alford (1991)

Other websites
 Free scores by Kenneth J. Alford
 MIDI sequences of piano transcriptions of Alford compositions

1881 births
1945 deaths
English composers
Yordy Reyna (born 17 September 1993) is a football player from Peru. He plays as a striker for Red Bull Salzburg, in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Career
Reyna started his career for Alianza Lima, where he played in the youth teams. In March 2011 he was promoted to the first team after scoring seven goals in the reserve team and in the 2011 Under-20 Copa Libertadores. In that season he won also the award for "breakthrough player" of the 2012 season.

In 2013, Yordy Reyna signed with the Austrian club Red Bull Salzburg for a fee of 2 million euros. Yordy Reyna played his first game for Red Bull Slazburg in a friendly match where he had a great performance and scored the game-winning goal.

International
Reyna played for the Peru Under-20 national team seven times in 2012 and 2013. On 22 March 2013, Reyna played his first senior match. It was to qualify for World Championships, and Peru won against Chile by scoring 1-0.

References

1993 births
Living people
Peruvian footballers
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Halton Christian "Chip" Arp  (March 21, 1927 – December 28, 2013) was an American astronomer. He was known for his Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, published in 1966. Arp was also known as a critic of the Big Bang theory and for helping a non-standard cosmology to create an intrinsic redshift.

Arp was born on March 21, 1927 in New York City. He studied at the California Institute of Technology. Arp was married three times. He had four daughters.

Arp died on December 28, 2013 in Munich. He died from a stroke, and he was aged 86.

Books
 
 Halton Arp, Seeing Red,  Aperion (August 1998) 
 Halton Arp, Catalogue of Discordant Redshift Associations, Aperion (September 1, 2003) 
 G. Burbidge, E.M. Burbidge, H.C. Arp, W.M. Napier: Ultraluminous X-ray Sources, High Redshift QSOs and Active Galaxies.
 J. Kanipe, D. Webb The Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, A Chronicle and Observer's Guide, Willmann-Bell Inc. (2006)

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Halton Arp's Website
 Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies
 Arp's Catalog of Peculiar Galaxies website
 Detailed review of Seeing Red by Tom Van Flandern 
 Electric Politics interview with Halton C. Arp (podcast) 

1927 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American astronomers
Scientists from New York City
Wojciech Kilar (17 July 1932 – 29 December 2013) was a Polish classical and movie composer. He was known for his composing in Bram Stoker's Dracula and The Pianist. He received many awards throughout his fifty years of composing.

Kilar was born on 17 July 1932 in Lwów, Poland (present-day Lviv, Ukraine). He studied at State Higher School of Music and at State Higher School of Music. 

Kilar married Barbara Pomianowska in April 1966. They had no children. Their marriage lasted for almost over forty years. Pomianowska died in November 2007. 

Kilar composed many movie compositions. He composed the trailer music for Schindler's List. He also composed the music for Promised Land and for Dracula. He composed his musical works during a festival for Pope John Paul II.

In 1991 Polish filmmaker Krzysztof Zanussi made a movie about his life titled Wojciech Kilar.

Kilar, who was suffering from brain cancer during his final years, from which he died on 29 December 2013 in Katowice, Poland at the age of 81.

References
References

Other websites

 

Composer's website
Kilar at the Polish Music Center 
Interview with Wojciech Kilar
Wojciech Kilar  at Culture.pl

1932 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Cancer deaths in Poland
Polish composers