Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Graham John Yost (born September 5, 1959) is a Canadian movie and television screenwriter. His most famous works are the 1994 movie Speed, Broken Arrow, and Hard Rain. Yost did not write the dialog for Speed. The dialog was written by Joss Whedon.

He has also written for the television series Herman's Head, Band of Brothers, and Boomtown. More recently, he is the creator of the NBC drama Raines starring Jeff Goldblum that premiered on March 15, 2007.

Yost won an Emmy award for his part in the mini-series From the Earth to the Moon and for his involvement in The Pacific. Graham also won a Golden Globe for his work on HBO miniseries, Band of Brothers. Graham was one of the writers for the show.

References

Other websites

1959 births
Living people
Canadian screenwriters
Emmy Award winners
A longboat was an open boat used on-board ships during the age of the sailing ships. The original name was 'Shallop' but was changed to longboat in the 18th century. A ship or vessel would carry several ship's boats  for various uses. The most important would be a longboat, an open boat to be rowed by up to eight or ten oarsmen. The longboat had rowing benches designed for up to two men to an oar. A longboat was designed for use in rough water and could be rigged for sails. 

One of its main uses was as a pulling boat. Another was to weigh anchor. When a ship was at anchor, longboats carried people and supplies between ship and shore.

References 

Boats
Jarrow is a town in England. It has 27,000 people.

History 
Romans had set up a fort near Jarrow in the 1st century. Later in the 5th century, Anglo-Saxons occupied the location. It is not well known when Jarrow was first built. The name of "Jarrow" has been used from 750.  The monastery of St Paul is the sister monastery of Monkwearmouth in Sunderland.

Today 
Jarrow is part of the Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside.

Towns in Tyne and Wear
The 1952 Winter Olympics, officially known as the VI Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1952 in Oslo, Norway.

Participating nations 
A total of 30 nations sent athletes to compete at these Games, which was the highest number to that date. This was the first time New Zealand and Portugal participated in the Winter Olympic Games. Australia, Germany, and Japan returned, after having missed the 1948 Winter Olympics. Korea, Liechtenstein, and Turkey did not participate in 1952, after having competed in 1948.

Other websites 
 IOC page for the 1952 Winter Olympics

1952 Winter Olympics
1952 in sports
1952 in Europe
20th century in Norway
History of Oslo
The 1940 Summer Olympics, officially known as Games of the XII Olympiad, were not held.

The games were planned for Tokyo in Japan, but the Japanese organizers withdrew in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

In 1938, the International Olympic Committee decided to hold the games at Helsinki in Finland.

The games were cancelled because of World War II.

Related pages
Sports in Japan
1916 Summer Olympics
1940 Winter Olympics
1944 Summer Olympics
1944 Winter Olympics

References

Other websites 

Olympics
1940s in Japan
Cancelled Olympic Games
Summer Olympic Games
The 1936 Winter Olympics, officially known as the IV Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1936 in the town of Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Bavaria, Germany. Germany also hosted the Summer Olympics the same year in Berlin.

Participating nations 
28 nations sent athletes to compete in Germany, to date the largest number at a Winter Games. Australia, Bulgaria, Greece, Liechtenstein, Spain, and Turkey all made their Winter Olympic debut in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, and Estonia, Latvia, the Netherlands, and Yugoslavia all returned to the Games after having missed the 1932 Winter Olympics.

Other websites 
 IOC page for the 1936 Winter Olympics

Olympics, Winter
Winter Olympics
History of Bavaria
Olympic Games in Germany
Sport in Bavaria
Winter Olympics in Europe
In anatomy, the atlas is the top cervical vertebra (neck bones) of the spine. In anatomy, the atlas is written (C1) for short.

It is named for the Atlas of mythology, because it supports the head in the same way as Atlas held the world on his shoulders. 

The atlas connects to a vertebra called the axis. Together they form the joint connecting the skull to the rest of the spine. The atlas and axis are different in shape from all the other vertebrae. They have more movement. They allow the head to nod and to rotate (turn).

Notes 

Bones
Vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are the individual irregular bones that make up the spinal column (aka ischis) – a flexuous and flexible column.
There are normally thirty-three (33) vertebrae in humans, including the five that are fused to form the sacrum (the others are separated by intervertebral discs) and the four coccygeal bones which form the tailbone.
The upper three regions comprise the remaining 24, and are grouped under the names cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae) and lumbar (5 vertebrae), according to the regions they occupy.  Each vertebra has a hole through which the spinal cord passes.
References 
 Gray's Anatomy: The Vertebral column - The 1917 Gray's Anatomy is available via the Bartleby project. It is available with full colour diagrams, and provides an excellent starting point in anatomy, as well as a relatively complete source for gross anatomy. This article was copied and pasted from the 1917 Gray's Anatomy, which is in the public domain.
 Smart implant will help broken vertebra  - An article from IsraCast

Bones
The 1928 Winter Olympics, officially known as the II Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1928 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The 1928 Games were the first true Winter Olympics held on its own and not as a part of a Summer Olympics. The preceding 1924 Winter Olympics were later renamed as Winter Olympics. They were actually part of the 1924 Summer Olympics. All preceding Winter Events of the Olympic Games were the winter sports part of the schedule of the Summer Games, and not as a separate Winter Games.

Participating nations 
Athletes from 25 nations competed at these Games, up from 16 in 1924. This was the first time many countries attended the Winter Olympic Games, including Argentina, Estonia, Germany, Japan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Romania.

Other websites 
 IOC page for the 1928 Winter Olympics

Olympics
Winter Olympics in Europe
Sport in Switzerland
20th century in Switzerland
1928 in Europe
For the purposes of local government, England is divided into as many as four levels of administrative divisions. At some levels, various legislation has created alternative types of administrative division.

Regional level 

At the top level, England is divided into nine regions. Each one containing one or more county-level areas. The regions were created in 1994 and since the 1999 Euro-elections have been used as England's European Parliament constituencies. All have the same status. However London is the only region with any devolved power in the form of an elected mayor and the Greater London Authority. The regions also vary greatly in their areas and their populations.
County level 
England is divided by the Lieutenancies Act 1997 into areas for the appointment of Lord Lieutenants, who are historically the Crown's representative in a county. Although not actually defined as such, these areas have become known as ceremonial counties. These counties are sometimes used by people when describing where they live in England. However, many are not used as local government areas themselves, as many are too large or include large urban areas. They are taken into consideration though when drawing up Parliamentary constituency boundaries for example.

For administrative purposes, England is divided into four types of county-level subnational entities used for local governance.

Metropolitan county 

There are six metropolitan counties, divided into metropolitan boroughs, which cover large urban areas outside London. They were created in 1974. In 1986 their county councils were abolished.
Shire county 
The "shire counties" were also created in 1974 and are legally known as non-metropolitan counties. They are divided into non-metropolitan districts and cover much of the country, though mainly the rural areas.

Unitary authority 

Unitary authorities were created in the 1990s and are single-tier authorities which combine the functions of county and district councils. They are defined either as counties consisting of a single district or districts of a county such as Berkshire that has no county council. The Isle of Wight is the exception, being a county council with no districts.

Greater London 

Greater London was created in 1965 and is sometimes considered as a metropolitan county but it is not defined as such. It is divided into the City of London and London boroughs.

District level 
Districts in England may also have the status of borough, city or royal borough.

Metropolitan district
The metropolitan counties were divided into metropolitan districts which are usually called boroughs. When the county councils were abolished the metropolitan districts gained much of their powers and therefore function similar to other unitary authorities.

Non-metropolitan district 
Shire counties are divided into non-metropolitan districts. Power is shared with the county council, but shared differently to the metropolitan counties when first created.

Parish level 
The civil parish is the most local unit of government in England. Under the legislation that created Greater London, they are not permitted within its boundary. Not all of the rest of England is parished, though the number of parishes and total area parished is growing.

Exceptions 
The following are exceptions to the general arrangements for local government in England and as a consequence are separately listed in legislation from the above types of local authorities where functions are allocated to particular groups of local authorities.
London boroughs 
In Greater London, the 32 London borough councils have a status close to that of unitary authorities, but there is also a higher strategic tier, the Greater London Authority, which oversees some of the functions performed elsewhere by Counties including transport, policing, the fire brigade and also economic development.

City of London 
As well as the same general functions performed by the surrounding London boroughs, the City of London has others which make it distinct from most local authorities, including extraterritorial possessions (such as Hampstead Heath and Queens Park recreation ground in Kilburn) and services (including veterinary services at Heathrow Airport and domestic asbestos disposal) elsewhere in Greater London.

Inner and Middle Temples 
Inner Temple and Middle Temple are small liberties within the boundary of the City of London which function as their own local authorities.
Isles of Scilly 
The Isles of Scilly have a sui generis local authority, the Isles of Scilly Council, which is similar to a unitary authority found in the rest of England.

Changes proposed in 2004 

A referendum was held in North East England on November 4, 2004 to see whether people there wished to have an elected regional assembly. As part of the referendum, voters were to have been asked to choose which system of unitary authorities they would like to see in the existing county council areas if the regional assembly was approved. In the event, the vote in the North East was a decisive "no", making the proposed local government changes moot.

Similar referendums in North West England and Yorkshire and the Humber were postponed indefinitely: on 8 November 2004 the Deputy Prime Minister announced "I will not therefore be bringing forward orders for referendums in either the North West, or Yorkshire and the Humber". *Statement by Deputy Prime Minister
Changes under consideration in 2007 
On 27 March, 2007, Local Government Minister Phil Woolas announced  that sixteen councils bidding for unitary status had been short listed to go forward for public consultation. On 26 July, 2007 Wollas' successor John Healey announced that nine proposals would proceed, subject to the approval of Parliament in the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Bill (LGPIH). The Government expects those approved for implementation to be fully operational by April 2009. The short-listed proposals were those made by:

[*] - the Boundary Committee is asked to advise whether an alternative unitary proposal for Norwich based on revised council boundaries could deliver the required improvements.

[**] - if Bedford Borough Council’s proposals are implemented other authorities in Bedfordshire including Bedfordshire County Council will be invited to propose a unitary solution for the remaining area of Bedfordshire.

References
References

Other websites 
 Council review may mean end of counties  (The Guardian, 29 December 2005)
The 1928 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the IX Olympiad, were held at Amsterdam in the Netherlands.  
  
The games were thought to be a success. Half of the expense of the games was covered by the Dutch government.

Participating nations 
A total of 46 nations were represented at the Amsterdam Games. Malta, Panama, and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) competed at the Olympic Games for the first time. Germany returned after having been banned in 1920 and 1924.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 Amsterdam 1928 at Olympic.org

Olympics
Summer Olympics in Europe
Sport in the Netherlands
History of Amsterdam
20th century in the Netherlands
1928 in Europe
The 1924 Winter Olympics, officially known as the I Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1924 in Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, Europe (FRANCE) between 30 January and 2 February 1922. At first, the games were called Semaine Internationale des Sports d'Hiver ("International Winter Sports Week") and were held as part of the 1924 Summer Olympics. It was later decided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that the Games would be called the I Olympic Winter Games. Russia won the four man bobsled.

Participating nations 
Athletes from 16 nations competed in the first Winter Olympic Games.

References

Other websites 
 IOC page for the 1924 Winter Olympics

Olympics
1920s in France
Chamonix
Winter Olympics 1924
Winter Olympics in Europe
1924 in Europe
Realism is a way of portraying or thinking about reality. The word "realism" is used in many liberal arts in many different ways (such as in music, painting, and philosophy). It usually means trying to be true to reality. This is where the word "realistic" comes from. Realism is usually seen as an opposite of romanticism and idealism. It is also sometimes seen as an opposite of liberalism and classicism. It is used mainly to describe the way that some artists treat making art. These artists try to focus on the world as it really is, without unrealistic or supernatural ideas.

Realism began as an art movement and  in the 19th century. These realists wanted to give an accurate description of nature and of the way people lived. Realism can also apply to artists and artworks from before the 19th century though.

Origins
Origins 

The word "realism" first appeared in 1794, as the opposite of idealism in art and philosophy. The French magazine  () used the word in 1826. It said that realism was the art-style of being accurate to real life, rather than following art of the past. Around this same time, realism was thought to have been one of the styles of philosophy within scholasticism. Then in the 1840s, realism began as an art movement in France. It focused on realistic modern life without avoiding what was unpleasant. It also focused on the lower or middle classes.

Realism in liberal arts

In music 

In music there was a movement called Verismo which was the Italian word for "reality". Verismo was popular in Italian opera around the end of the 19th century and early 20th century.  Puccini was an opera composer whose style is typical of Verismo.

In painting and drawing

In politics and history 

In politics, realism focuses on conflict and the harsher parts of history.

In writing and philosophy
Realism as a literary movement began in Germany.  The poet and writer Heinrich Heine  tried in his books to accept the world as it is instead of trying to escape from it. Realistic writers tried to find good things about society. The interest in realism led to a movement called naturalism. This meant describing scenes in nature accurately. The novelist Emile Zola was a naturalist.
In philosophy, realism is also a way of thinking about knowledge and reality. It is usually the view that a particular thing is real whether or not it is known about. In fact, one person can be a realist about some things and a non-realist about other things. For example, some realists say that the past really happened no matter what we think about it. Other realist philosophers say that there are morals that really exist as facts. This is different from philosophers who say that things only exist because of people who are aware of them. For example, a non-realist philosopher might say beauty only exists because someone sees something that they think is beautiful. A realist philosopher might instead say that beauty is there whether anyone sees it or not.

Other styles
Other styles 

The term social realism describes an art form in America in the 1930s which expressed social protest in a naturalistic way.  This is different from what is usually called socialist realism which was a term used by Soviet politicians from 1932 to the mid 1980s to describe art which showed the workers' struggle, glorifying the Soviet Union.

In the early 20th century Realism led to other movements such as Dadaism and Surrealism.

References 

Philosophical movements and positions‎
Art movements
Literature
Music
A ridge is a stretched out area of high atmospheric pressure compared to normal recorded pressures. It is also the opposite of a trough.

Related pages
 Trough (meteorology)

Meteorology
Hurricane Hunters are special aircraft that fly into or around a tropical cyclone to gather information (or data). Hurricane Hunters are only used to study tropical cyclones in the northern Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean.

Other websites 
 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron homepage
 403rd Wing Homepage
 Air Weather Reconnaissance Association homepage
 NHC Reconnaissance data archive 
 The NOAA Aircraft Operations Center homepage 
 Navy Hurricane Hunters homepage 
 VW-1 All Hands Alumni Association homepage
St. Vincent Island, Florida is one of a group of islands that is located in the Floridan Gulf Coast.

Other websites
St. Vincent Island at Green Nature
Forgotten Florida 
Apalachee

Islands of Florida
Phencyclidine (a shortened version of the chemical name phenylcyclohexylpiperidine), usually called PCP, is an illegal drug. PCP is called a hallucinogenic drug: it causes people to hallucinate, and see, hear, and sense things that are not real. PCP is neurotoxic. It causes changes to the brain that can leave permanent damage. Before people started using PCP as an illegal drug, it was used as an anesthetic.

PCP is a white powder, made of tiny crystals. It dissolves easily in water or alcohol. PCP has many slang or 'street names'; the most common is "angel dust". Other slang names for PCP are angel hair, angel mist, aurora borealis, black whack, crystal, cyclones, devil dust, dummy dust, embalming fluid, hallucinogen, horse tranquilizer, jet fuel, magic dust, rocket fuel, or star dust. PCP is sometimes mixed with marijuana and called love boat or killer weed. PCP can also be mixed with crack; this is called "space basing". Cigarettes can also be dipped in PCP; this is called a sherm.
History 
PCP was created after World War II as a surgical anesthetic. It worked well, but there were serious side effects: hallucinations, jumbled speech, and delirium. Around the mid-to-late 1960s, the drug sprang up on the streets of San Francisco as a "Peace Pill." People soon realized that it was a very dangerous drug. In the San Francisco area, the use of PCP died out before the 1970s. At the same time, the drug was becoming more common in New York, and it spread quickly there. However, its use in this area died out, like in San Francisco. The United States made it illegal to use PCP for any reason, or to make the drug, because of its serious effects.

Effects 
People can have many different effects from using PCP. The drug can affect the central nervous system (the brain and major nerves).  This can cause many changes in the brain and body.
Changes in feeling and thinking 
 Euphoria (feeling very happy)
 Loss of inhibitions which normally keep people from doing things that are dangerous or inappropriate
 Anxiety or paranoia (feeling very worried or scared)
 Feeling disoriented: a person is confused and may not know who they are, where they are, or what is happening
 Thinking problems: the person is not able to think clearly, and when they talk they may not make sense
 Feeling dissociated: disconnected with the people and things going on around them

Changes in senses 
PCP often causes major changes in what a person senses (what he feels, sees, hears, smells, or tastes).  For example:
 Feeling weightless (the person feels like he weighs nothing and is floating)
 Auditory hallucinations (hearing things that are not there)
 Visual hallucinations (seeing things that are not there)
Changes in the body 
 Feeling restless
 Feeling tired
 Tachycardia (high heart rate)
 Hypertension (high blood pressure)
 Excess salivation (where the body makes more saliva, or spit, than usual)
 Sweating
 Numbness
 Staggering (not being able to walk straight)
 Being unable to speak clearly
 Fever
 Muscle rigidity (where the muscles become very stiff). 
PCP can also cause people to have a lot of energy, feel and act stronger than usual, and not feel pain.
How the drug is used 
PCP can be eaten, snorted, injected (shot into the body using a needle), or smoked. A person can take a low, medium, or high dose of PCP, and he will have different effects depending on which dose he takes. Low doses can cause a person to feel euphoric (very happy), relaxed, numb, detached from his own body, anxious, or confused. At low doses, people can also have sensory distortions (changes in how they hear, see, taste, smell, or feel things); amnesia (where the person cannot remember things normally); speech which does not make sense; blurred vision; or a blank stare. Medium doses can cause confusion, agitation, analgesia (not feeling pain), fever, excessive salivation, and "schizophrenic-type" behavior. High doses can cause seizures, respiratory failure (where the breathing systems in the body stop working), coma, fever, stroke, or death.
Addiction 
People who use PCP can get physically or psychologically (mentally) addicted to the drug. If an addicted person suddenly stops taking PCP, he will get withdrawal symptoms, like diarrhea, chills, and tremors (uncontrollable shaking in part of the body). In the brain, PCP affects multiple neurotransmitter systems. (Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers in the brain.) For example, it keeps the brain from getting rid of extra dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. These are all very important neurotransmitters in the brain. PCP can also affect some types of opioid receptors in the brain. It also inhibits (or blocks) the action of glutamate by blocking NMDA (N-methyl d-aspartate) receptors. Prescription drugs like diazepam (Valium), haloperidol (Haldol), and phentolamine may be used to help manage some of PCP's effects.

References 

Illegal drugs
Organonitrogen compounds
Antihistamines‎
Psychoactive drugs
Philodendron (tree lover) is a large genus of the Arum family, Araceae. Currently, about 900 different species are known. The plants are evergreen flowering plants. Some of them are vines, some can grow as epiphytes. Most of them grow like bushes. They can reach a height of about 6 meters.

Very often, Philodendron are grown as houseplants. They grow quickly, and are easy to care for. Sometimes Monstera are still called Philodendron. That plant is very similar.

Philodendron are sometime grown because they can neutralise some poisons commonly found indoors, most notably formaldehyde, carbon monoxide and benzene.

Vines
Araceae
Sagittarius could mean:
Sagittarius (constellation)
Sagittarius (astrology), an astrological sign
Sagittarius dwarf elliptical galaxy
Sagittarius (band), a 60's California recording project featuring Gary Usher and Curt Boettcher
Sagittarius (comics), a member of a fictional evil organization called Zodiac.
Sagittarii were Roman mounted archers.
Sagittarii (gladiators) were Roman mounted-archer gladiators.
Sagittarius is the astrological Zodiac sign that represents the constellation Sagittarius. Sagittarius is from November 22 to December 17. The opposite sign to Sagittarius is Gemini, which is from May 21 to June 20.

Mythology 
In mythology Sagittarius is related to Greek myth of a centaur.
myths also says that the constellation Sagittarius represents chiron because of his responsible actions unlike all the other sagittarians.

Astrology 
In astrology Sagittarius is ruled by the planet Jupiter.
Astrological signs
Shell Oil Company is the United States-based subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell. Its parent is a multinational oil company ("oil major") of Anglo Dutch origins. Royal Dutch Shell is one of the largest oil companies in the world. About  22,000 Shell employees are based in the United States The head office in the United States is in Houston, Texas. Shell Oil Company, including its related companies, is one of the US’s largest oil and natural gas producers, natural gas marketers, gasoline marketers and petrochemical manufacturers.
Shell has approximately 25,000 Shell-branded gas stations in the US. They are Shell's most visible public presence. Shell also owns the Jiffy Lube chain of auto oil change stores. Since 1998, Shell Oil Company is a 50/50 partner with the Saudi Arabian government-owned oil company Saudi Aramco in Motiva Enterprises. Motiva is refining and marketing joint venture which owns and operates three oil refineries on the Gulf Coast of the United States. Motiva also operates 8,000 Shell-branded gas stations in the eastern and southern United States. Shell also used to hold 80% of an exploration firm called Pecten that explores and drills in various offshore locations including the oil basin near Douala, Cameroon. It sold the 80% to Addax Petroleum on 31 October 2011.

References
References

Other websites
Shell in the United States website
Royal Dutch Shell  website
Motiva website
Saudi Aramco  website
Shell Invests in Hydrogen from Biomass Production 
Controversy Over Shell's Oil Exploration in Arctic Continues  September 17, 2013 PBS NewsHour

Companies based in Houston
American fuel companies
Noble Energy, Inc. () of Houston, Texas is the modern name of Noble Affiliates Inc., by which it was known through the 1990s, and it is now an oil and natural gas exploration and production company with almost US$3 billion in income at #660 on the 2007 Fortune 1000 list of the largest American companies.

In 1985, Noble Affiliates started its subsidiary Noble Drilling Corporation () to shareholders, and that company in turn went public by the early 1990s, and then became Noble Corporation, an S&P 500 company.

In South America, the company operates in Argentina and Ecuador. In Africa, Noble Energy operates in Equatorial Guinea. And in Eurasia, it operates in the Mediterranean Sea, the North Sea and China.

References

Companies based in Houston
In politics:
Partido Comunista del Peru, also known as Shining Path
Partido Comunista Paraguayo, Paraguayan Communist Party 
Partido Comunista Peruano, Peruvian Communist Party
Partido Comunista Português, Portuguese Communist Party
Partido Comunista Puertorriqueño, Puerto Rican Communist Party
Partit Català Proletari, Proletarian Catalan Party
In science:
Phencyclidine, a recreational drug known by a number of street names including angel dust, supergrass, killer weed, sherm, embalming fluid, and rocket fuel.
PCP theorem, an important proof in computational complexity theory
Probabilistically checkable proof, a notion in the theory of computational complexity
Pentachlorophenol, timber preservative
Pneumocystis pneumonia, (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)
Post correspondence problem, an important problem in computability theory
Priority ceiling protocol, a computer science concept
Other:
Post-coital pill, a form of emergency contraception
Primary care paramedic
Primary care physician, a doctor who acts as first point of consultation for patients
A song by Manic Street Preachers, from their 1994 album The Holy Bible
Purple City Productions, a Harlem-based rap group
Put-call parity
 Pre-charged Pneumatic, an air-gun technology
 Pharmaceuticals & Consumer Products
 Plumbing Code of Practice
 WikiProject Pokémon, formally known as the Pokémon Collaborative Project
The Pakenham Railway Line is a Railway in Melbourne, Victoria. It has 25 stations. It was run by M-Train until April 17, 2004, where Connex took over all Melbourne rail services.

List of stations

Bold stations are places where trains end their journeys, italic stations have staff there to help people.

Branches from Frankston line at Caulfield station.

Zone 1 & City Saver
Flinders Street (FSS)
Richmond (RMD)
Zone 1
South Yarra (SYR) – Sandringham line branches
Hawksburn (HKN)
Toorak (TOR)
Armadale (ARM)
Malvern (MAL)
Caulfield (CFD)  – Frankston line branches
Carnegie (CNE)
Murrumbeena (MRB)
Zones 1 & 2 overlap
Hughesdale (HUG)
Oakleigh (OAK)
Huntingdale (HUN)
Zone 2
Clayton (CLA)
Westall (WTL)
Springvale (SPG)
Sandown Park (SNP)
Noble Park (NPK)
Yarraman (YMN)
Dandenong (DNG) – Cranbourne line branches, express services to Pakenham, Cranbourne
 (General Motors, closed)
Hallam (HLM)
Narre Warren (NWA)
Berwick (BEW)
Beaconsfield (BFD)
Officer (OFC)
Pakenham (PKM)
The Traralgon regional line follows on from this line.

Australian railways
Transport in Melbourne
The Austrian Empire was an empire that lasted in Europe from 1804 to 1867. The empire was centered on present-day Austria and was a remnant of the Holy Roman Empire which collapsed on 1806. The last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, became Francis I of Austria and was succeeded by Ferdinand I of Austria and finally Franz Joseph I of Austria. 

In 1867 the Austrian Empire was succeeded by Austria-Hungary, which ended in 1918, defeated in World War I. Parts of it are now in Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic,Slovakia, Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, and Italy.

19th century in Austria

1804 establishments in Europe
1867 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in Europe
1860s disestablishments in Europe
Former empires
Former monarchies of Europe
The pilot fish (Naucrates ductor) is a fish that lives in many places of the world. They live in warm water. They eat parasites on larger fish. 

Pilot fish usually gather around sharks (also rays and sea turtles). They eat parasites on their host, and small pieces of food that their host does not eat (leftovers). When pilot fish are young, they gather around jellyfish and drifting seaweeds.

Pilot fish follow sharks because other animals which might eat them will not come near a shark. In return, sharks do not eat pilot fish because pilot fish eat their parasites. This is called a "mutualist" relationship. Small pilot fish are often seen swimming into the mouth of a shark to eat small pieces of food from the shark's teeth. Sailors even said that sharks and pilot fish act like close friends. When a ship captured "their" shark, the pilot fish followed the ship. Some people reported that the pilot fish would follow the ship for up to six weeks. And they do show signs of distress in the absence of their shark.
They are also known to follow ships, sometimes for long distances: many pilot fish have been sighted on the shores of England.

The pilot fish has a dark blue to blackish-silver colour, and are slightly lighter in colour underneath. They have between five and seven dark stripes going from top to bottom. When the fish is excited, these stripes disappear, and three large blue patches appear on its back. The pilot fish is usually about 30 cm long, but sometimes they can be as big as 70cm.

The pilot fish will not hurt people, and they are said to be good to eat. They are difficult to catch, though.

Related pages 

 List of fish common names

References

Further reading 
 
 
 

 NOAA Library Image: http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/historic/nmfs/figb0368.htm

Other websites 
Naucrates ductor at FishBase

Teleosts
Bălţi is the third-largest city in the country of Moldova. It is the major city in the northern part of the country. During the Russian Empire (1812-1917), and later the Soviet era (1940-1990) the name was also spelled Beltsy, from its form in Russian. The city is  north of the capital Chişinău, on the small river Răut, a branch of the Dniester (Nistru). It is located on a hilly landscape that, in the Middle Ages, was covered with forest. This forest has since been almost entirely cut down.

References 

Cities in Moldova
Floyd Landis (born October 14, 1975) is an American road racing cyclist, now best remembered because of the Tour de France 2006 doping scandal. He is a time-trial specialist and a strong climber.

Landis turned professional in 1999 with the Mercury Cycling Team. He joined the US Postal Service team in 2002, and moved to the Phonak Hearing Systems team in 2005.

Doping 
Landis was fired from the Phonak team on 5 August 2006. The doping test after stage 17 of the 2006 Tour de France showed he had a very high testosterone/epitestosterone ratio.  The rules say that for every one unit of one chemical he should have four unites of the other (a 4 to one (4:1) ratio).  Landis's test showed a ratio of 11:1.
Landis appealed to the USA Cycling and saying the tests were not done properly. USA Cycling asked three people from the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) to study Landis's claims.  On 20 September 2007 that group voted 2 to 1 against him.  Landis was stripped of his title as winner of the 2006 Tour de France by the UCI, and banned from professional racing for two years. 

Under UCI rules, the cyclist's national federation, in this case USA Cycling decides if the rules have been broken, but because of the science involved they asked the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) to help.

Biography 

Floyd Landis was born in  Farmersville, Lancaster County,   Pennsylvania.
Landis was brought up a Mennonite, and rode his first races wearing sweatpants because his religion forbade wearing shorts; he won anyway.   Landis' father, is a devout Mennonite, and tried to stop him from racing his bike by giving him extra chores. He had no time to train during the day, so he would sneak out of the house at night to train, sometimes at 1 or 2 a.m. and often in the freezing cold. His father, found that Floyd had been going out at night and often followed him at a distance to make sure he was not getting into trouble. Today, Floyd Landis's father is a supporter of his son and says he is one of Floyd's biggest fans.

2006 Tour de France 

Before the 2006 Tour de Francemost people thought the winner would be either Ivan Basso or Jan Ullrich, who finished second and third respectively in the 2005 tour. Days before the race, the Operación Puerto doping case forced Basso and Ullrich to withdraw, and Landis became one of the  favourites to win
Hip ailment 
Landis performance up to Stage 16 of the Tour de France and his comeback in Stage 17 is surprising because of his hip ailment, called osteonecrosis, which was revealed in an article in The New York Times during the 2006 Tour de France.  This means he was in constant pain.

Doping investigation

On July 27, 2006 the Phonak Cycling Team said Floyd Landis had a urine test come back positive, having an unusually high ratio of the hormone testosterone to the hormone epitestosterone (T/E ratio) after Stage 17. Landis denied having doped. Phonak stated that he would be dismissed should the backup sample also test positive. It did, and Landis was suspended from professional cycling and dismissed from his team. Landis's personal physician later disclosed that the test had found a T/E ratio of 11:1 in Landis, far above the maximum allowable ratio of 4:1.
The tests were done by French government's anti-doping clinical laboratory, the National Laboratory for Doping Detection (LNDD)which is part of the Ministry of Youth, Sport, and Social Life, and is  and is accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).)

Appeal 
On May 14, 2007 a meeting began between the USADA and Landis about the doping allegations. On September 20, 2007, the arbitrators found Landis guilty of doping.

As Landis forfeited his Tour title, the second place rider, Óscar Pereiro, became the race's official winner. Landis has also been banned from the sport for two years, dated retroactively to January 2007.

Landis's former team, Phonak has already been disbanded
The USADA had more B samples taken during the Tour de France 2006 examined. After Landis's attempts to prevent these tests had failed, traces of exogenous testosterone were found in several samples in a test of seven samples. These confirmation tests were done at the same French lab Landis's team was trying to discredit for the first positive results.

Landis did race in France in 2007 so that the appeal could be decided in the United States first.  If the raced in France  they may start their own investigation because doping is illegal in France.
Among Landis's lawyers are José Maria Buxeda of Spain and Howard L. Jacobs of the United States. Buxeda represented Spanish cyclist Roberto Heras when he was suspended for two years after testing positive for doping. Jacobs has also defended athletes accused of doping, such as cyclist Tyler Hamilton and sprinter Tim Montgomery. They are also representing Kazakh cyclist Alexandre Vinokourov who was accused of blood doping, kicked out of the 2007 Tour de France, and fired from his cycling team.

Verdict 
On September 20, 2007 Landis was found guilty of doping by a 2-1 vote of the hearing committee. The committee said that there were mistakes testing the sample so they will not say that there was a high amount of the natural chemical testosterone.  But the committee did say was proof of artificial testosterone  and that 

Landis does have the right to appeal the decision of the committee to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

Major results
Major results 

1999 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
 2nd overall and 1 stage win – Cascade Classic

2000 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
 Overall – Tour du Poitou-Charentes

2001 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
 Boulevard Road Race

2002 - U.S. Postal Service
 2nd overall – Dauphiné Libéré
 3rd stage, Tirreno-Adriatico
 61st overall – Tour de France

2003 - U.S. Postal Service
 77th overall – Tour de France

2004 - U.S. Postal Service
 Overall – Volta ao Algarve
 Stage 5 – Volta ao Algarve
 Team time trial – Tour de France
 Team time trial – Vuelta a España
 23rd overall – Tour de France

2005 - Phonak Hearing Systems
 3rd overall and Stage 3 win – Tour de Georgia
 9th overall – Tour de France
2006 - Phonak Hearing Systems
 1st, Profronde van Stiphout
 Disqualified - Tour de France
 Yellow jersey, General Classification leader during Stages 12, 13, 16 and 20.
 1st, Stage 17 (voted most combatative rider of the day)
 1st, USA Cycling National Racing Calendar series
 1st overall – Tour de Georgia
 1st, Stage 3 (ITT) – Tour de Georgia
 1st overall – Paris-Nice
 1st overall – Tour of California
 1st, Stage 3 (ITT) – Tour of California

References

Other websites 

 Floyd Landis' Website
 Sex, drugs and sports: Prostaglandins, epitestosterone and sexual development
 Floyd Landis profile
 Trust But Verify: News, Research and Commentary about the Floyd Landis doping allegations.

1975 births
Living people
American cyclists
Doping cases in cycling
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Tour de France cyclists
Óscar Pereiro is a cyclist from Spain.   He was born on 3 August 1977. He came second in the 2006 Tour de France.  On 20 September 2007 he was declared the winner because Floyd Landis was found guilty of doping.

Related pages
 List of Tour de France winners
 Tour de France

1977 births
Living people
Doping cases in cycling
Spanish cyclists
The hawksbill sea turtle or hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is an endangered species of turtle. 

It is mostly seen in shallow lagoons and coral reefs where its food is. It is smaller than the Australian flatback turtle: it is usually a little more than two feet long. It usually weighs about 150 pounds. It has the most pointed beak among sea turtles, which is how it gets its name. The hawksbill gets food from inside coral reefs, eating sponges, shrimp, squid, and other invertebrates. The hawksbill pointy beak helps the turtle get food out of the tiny cracks and holes in which it searches.

Though they are sometimes seen in American waters, hawksbill turtles almost always nest in the warmer climates that run along the equator. Because people use the shell to make jewelry and other things, the hawksbill turtle is endangered.

Turtles
Marine reptiles
Critically endangered species
National symbols of Antigua and Barbuda
The 1924 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the VIII Olympiad, were held at Paris in France.

The games were thought to be successful, but costly. The events were well attended.

Participating nations
A total of 44 nations sent athletes to compete at the Paris games.

 

 

Germany was not invited to participate.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 IOC page for the 1924 Summer Olympics

Summer Olympics
1920s in France
20th century in Paris
Summer Olympics in France
1924 in Europe
The 1906 Summer Olympics, also called the 1906 Intercalated Games, were held in Athens, Greece.

These games are not awarded the title of Olympiad because they were held between the III and IV Olympiads. Medals were given to the participants during these games, but the medals are not officially recognised by the International Olympic Committee.

Participants nations 
Athletes from 20 nations took part in the St. Louis games. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Finland
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Ottoman Empire

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

Olympics
Summer Olympics in Europe
Summer Olympic 1906
20th century in Greece
The 2012 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXX Olympiad, were held in London, United Kingdom from 27 July to 12 August 2012, followed by the 2012 Paralympic Games from 29 August to 9 September.

London became the first city to host the modern Olympic Games three times; London also hosted the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1948 Summer Olympics.

The bidding process 
By the bid submission deadline of 15 July 2003, nine cities had submitted bids to host the 2012 Olympics. These cities were Havana, Istanbul, Leipzig, London, Madrid, Moscow, New York, Paris, and Rio de Janeiro.

On 18 May 2004 the International Olympic Committee (IOC) reduced the number of cities to five: London, Madrid, Moscow, New York, and Paris.

The IOC inspection team visited the five candidate cities during February and March 2005.
On 6 June 2005, the International Olympic Committee released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. Although these reports did not contain any scores or rankings, the evaluation report for Paris was seen as the most positive, followed closely by London.

During the process, many thought Paris was most likely to win the nomination, largely because this was its third bid in recent years. In late August 2004, reports came out predicting a London and Paris tie in the 2012 bid.

On 6 July 2005, London was announced as the winner of the bid at the Raffles City Convention Centre in Singapore.

The Games
Athletes from 204 National Olympic Countries took part. In addition, four individual athletes competed under the Olympic flag—one from South Sudan and three from the region of the former Netherlands Antilles

Participating nations
Listed below are NOCs who have qualified at least one athlete. As of 7 June 2011, 101 nations have qualified at least one athlete.
Algeria
  Andorra
  Argentina
  Australia
  Austria
  Bahamas
  Belarus
  Belgium
  Bosnia and Herzegovina
  Brazil
  Bulgaria
  Canada
  Cayman Islands
  Chile
  China
  Colombia
  DR Congo
  Côte d'Ivoire
  Croatia
  Cuba
  Cyprus
  Czech Republic
  Denmark
  Dominican Republic
  Ecuador
  Egypt
  Eritrea
  Ethiopia
  Estonia
  Finland
  France
  Georgia
  Germany
  Ghana

  Great Britain (Host)
  Greece
  Grenada
  Guatemala
  Haiti
  Hong Kong 
  Hungary
  India
  Iran
  Ireland
  Israel
  Italy
  Jamaica
  Japan
  Kazakhstan
  Kenya
  North Korea
  South Korea
  Kuwait
  Latvia
  Libya
  Lithuania 
  Luxembourg
  Malta
  Mexico
  Moldova
  Mongolia
  Morocco
  Namibia
  Netherlands
  New Zealand
  Nigeria
  Norway
  Pakistan
Panama
  Peru
  Poland
  Portugal
  Puerto Rico
  Qatar
  Romania
  Russia
  Saint Kitts and Nevis
  San Marino
  Saudi Arabia
  Serbia
  Singapore
  Slovakia
  Slovenia
  South Africa
  Sri Lanka 
  Spain
  Sudan
  Sweden 
  Switzerland
  Chinese Taipei
  Tajikistan
  Tanzania
  Thailand
  Trinidad and Tobago
  Turkey
  Uganda
  Ukraine
  United States
  Uruguay 
  Uzbekistan
  Vietnam 
  Zambia
  Zimbabwe

Medal table

Sports
The 2012 Summer Olympics event has 26 sports. 
The International Olympic Committee executive board met on 13 August 2009 and approved the addition of women's boxing. The International Boxing Federation proposed that 40 athletes compete in five different weight classes.

 Aquatics
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Sprint (12)
 Slalom (4)
 
 BMX (2)
 Mountain biking (2)
 Road (4)
 Track (10)
 
 Dressage (2)
 Eventing (2)
 Jumping (2)

 
 
 
 
 Artistic (14)
 Rhythmic (2)
 Trampoline (2)
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 Volleyball (2)
 Beach volleyball (2)
 
 
 Freestyle (11)
 Greco-Roman (7)
Motto 
The official motto for the 2012 Summer Olympics is "Inspire a generation". It was chosen to highlight the organiser's commitment to inspire the world to get involved in sporting events through the olympic games' legacy.

Mascots 
The official mascots for the Olympics and Paralympic Games were revealed in May 2010. They were called Wenlock and Mandeville.

Sponsors 
The 2012 Olympics had many sponsors. Some of the most popular ones are McDonald's, Acer, Samsung, Coca-Cola, Adidas, and Panasonic.

References

Other websites 
 Official London 2012 Website
 London Olympics  All news and info about the Games

2012 Summer Olympics
The 1952 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XV Olympiad, were held at Helsinki in Finland.

Helsinki was chosen as the host city over Amsterdam, Athens, Lausanne, and Stockholm and five American cities: Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis and Philadelphia. Helsinki had been given the 1940 Summer Olympics, but they were cancelled because of World War II.

Participating nations 
A total of 69 nations sent athletes to compete at the Helsinki games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 IOC page on the 1952 Summer Olympics
The 1948 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XIV Olympiad, were held at London in the United Kingdom. 

These were the first Summer Olympics to be held since the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, because no Games were held during World War II.

In part, the games were thought to be a success because the Organizing Committee did not go into debt. The final financial report showed a ₤29,000 profit.

Participating nations 
A total of 59 nations sent athletes to compete at the London Games.

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites

 IOC page for the 1948 Summer Olympics

1948 Summer Olympics
1948 in sports
1940s in England
20th century in London