Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
1801  1900 
1801 – Brigham Young, American Mormon leader (d. 1877)
1804 – Mikhail Glinka, Russian composer (d. 1857)
1814 - Charles Anderson, 27th Governor of Ohio (d. 1895)
1815 – King Otto of Greece (d. 1862)
1819 - Francis V, Duke of Modena (d. 1875)
1825 - John Hunt Morgan, American general (d. 1864)
1831 - John Bell Hood, American general (d. 1879)
1833 – John Marshall Harlan, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (d. 1911)
1843 – Henry Faulds, Scottish fingerprinting pioneer (d. 1930)
1844 - Vasily Polenov, Russian painter (d. 1921)
1850 - Sami Frashëri, Albanian writer (d. 1904)
1875 - Carl Severing, German politician (d. 1952)
1878 – John Masefield, English novelist and poet (d. 1967)
1879 - Max Emmerich, American athlete and gymnast (d. 1956)
1882 - Nicolae Bivol, Moldovan politician (d. 1940)
1889 - James Daugherty, American painter, illustrator and writer (d. 1974)
1889 – Charles Kay Ogden, book writer who created the idea of Basic English (d. 1957)
1890 – Frank Morgan, American actor (d. 1949)
1898 – Molly Picon, American actress (d. 1992)
1901  1950 
1901 – Hap Day, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1990)
1905 - Robert Newton, English stage and movie actor (d. 1956)
1907 – Frank Whittle, English aircraft engineer (d. 1996)
1912 – Herbert Tichy, Austrian mountaineer (d. 1987)
1917 – William Standish Knowles, American chemist (d. 2012)
1921 - Nelson Riddle, American arranger, composer and bandleader (d. 1985)
1922 – Povel Ramel, Swedish entertainer (d. 2007)
1922 – Joan Caulfield, American actress (d. 1991)
1922 - Joan Copeland, American actress
1926 – Andy Griffith, American actor (d. 2012)
1926 – Marilyn Monroe, American actress (d. 1962)
1926 - Richard Schweiker, American politician (d. 2015)
1928 – Bob Monkhouse, British comedian (d. 2003)
1928 - Steve Dodd, Australian actor (d. 2014)
1928 - Larry Zeidel, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2014)
1928 – Georgy Dobrovolsky, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 1971)
1929 - Nargis, Indian actress (d. 1981)
1930 - Kei Kumai, Japanese director (d. 2007)
1930 - Richard Levins, American scientist (d. 2016)
1930 – Edward Woodward, British actor (d. 2009)
1931 - Hal Smith, American baseball player (d. 2014)
1933 - Sandy D'Alemberte, American lawyer, professor and politician (d. 2019)
1933 – Haruo Remeliik, 1st President of Palau (d. 1985)
1933 – Charles Wilson, American politician (d. 2010)
1934 – Pat Boone, American singer
1935 – Norman Foster, British architect
1935 – Hazel Dickens, American singer, songwriter and musician
1937 - Colleen McCullough, Australian author (d. 2015)
1937 – Ezio Pascutti, Italian footballer (d. 2017)
1937 – Morgan Freeman, American actor
1938 – Carlo Caffarra, Italian Roman Catholic Archbishop of Bologna and cardinal (d. 2017)
1940 - Kip Thorne, American theoretical physicist
1941 - Toyo Ito, Japanese architect
1941 - Alexander V. Zakharov, Russian physicist and astronomer
1942 - Fernando Atzori, Italian boxer
1942 - Eric Nagler, Canadian children’s musician
1944 - Robert Powell, British actor
1945 - Frederica von Stade, American operatic mezzo-soprano
1946 – Brian Cox, Scottish actor
1947 - Jan Harvey, British actress
1947 – Jonathan Pryce, Welsh actor
1947 – Ronnie Wood, British musician (Rolling Stones)
1947 - Ron Dennis, British businessman
1948 - Powers Boothe, American actor (d. 2017)
1948 - Aruna Shanbaug, Indian nurse (d. 2015)
1950 - Tim Bishop, American politician
1950 - Gemma Craven, Irish actress and singer
1951  1975 
1952 - Senol Gunes, Turkish football manager
1953 - Ronnie Dunn, American country musician
1953 - Tim Bentinck, 12th Earl of Portland, English actor and peer
1953 – David Berkowitz, American serial killer (Son of Sam)
1955 - Chiyonofuji Mitsugu, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 2016)
1955 - Tony Snow, American journalist (d. 2008)
1956
 François Chérèque, French labor unionist (d. 2017)
 Lisa Hartman-Black, American Actress & singer
 Peter Tomka, Slovakian jurist & diplomat
1958 - Nambaryn Enkhbayar, 3rd President of Mongolia
1959 - Alan Wilder, English singer, musician, producer and composer
1959 – Martin Brundle, British racecar driver
1960 – Simon Gallup, British musician (The Cure)
1960 - Vladimir Krutov, Soviet-Russian ice hockey player (d. 2012)
1960 - Sergey Kuznetsov, Soviet-Russian footballer
1960 - Giorgos Lillikas, Cypriot politician
1960 - Einar Vilhjálmsson, Icelandic javelin thrower
1961 – Paul Coffey, Canadian ice hockey player
1961 - Peter Machajdik, Slovakian-German composer
1963 – Mike Joyce, British musician (The Smiths)
1965 – Larisa Lazutina, Russian cross-country skier
1965 – Nigel Short, British chess player
1965 - Olga Nazarova, Russian athlete
1966 - Abel Balbo, Argentine footballer
1967 - Roger Sanchez, American producer and DJ
1968 – Jason Donovan, Australian actor and singer
1968 - Karen Mulder, Dutch model and singer
1968 - Jeff Hackett, Canadian ice hockey player
1968 - Mathias Rust, German pilot
1970 – Alexi Lalas, American soccer player
1970 - Andrea Fay Friedman, American actress
1971 - Mario Cimarro, Cuban-American actor
1971 - Ghil'ad Zuckermann, linguist
1972 – Daniel Casey, English actor
1973 – Adam Garcia, Australian actor
1973 – Heidi Klum, German model
1973 - René Zagger, English actor
1974 – Alanis Morissette, Canadian singer
1974 – Michael Rasmussen, Danish cyclist
1974 - Sarah Teather, British politician
1975 - Kate Magowan, American actress
1975 - Frauke Petry, German chemist and politician
From 1976 
1976 - Marlon Devonish, British athlete
1977 - Sarah Wayne Callies, American actress
1977 - Danielle Harris, American actress
1977 - Brad Wilkerson, American baseball player
1980 - Oliver James, British musician and actor
1981 - Amy Schumer, American comedienne, writer and actress
1981 - Carlos Zambrano, Venezuelan-American baseball player
1982 – Justine Henin, Belgian tennis player
1983 - Hannah Bardell, Scottish politician
1984 – Naidangiin Tuvshinbayar, Mongolian athlete
1984 - Jean Beausejour, Chilean footballer
1984 - Stéphane Sessègnon, Beninese footballer
1985 – Mário Hipólito, Angolan footballer
1985 - José Fernando Cuadrado, Colombian footballer
1985 - Tirunesh Dibaba, Ethiopian runner
1986 - Dayana Mendoza, Venezuelan model
1986 - Chinedu Obasi, Nigerian footballer
1987 - Juan Hernández, Mexican footballer
1987 – Zoltán Harsányi, Slovakian footballer
1988 – Nami Tamaki, Japanese pop singer
1988 – Javier Hernández Balcázar, Mexican footballer
1989 - Samuel Inkoom, Ghanaian footballer
1990 - Bianca Perie, Romanian hammer thrower
1992 - Jenna McDougall, Australian singer-songwriter
1992 - Kira Plastinina, Russian fashion designer
1996 - Tom Holland, English actor
2000 - Willow Shields, American actress
2003 - Emjay Anthony, American actor and model
2004 - Krisia Todorova, Bulgarian singer
Up to 1900 
195 BC – Gaozu of Han of China (born 256 BC or 247 BC)
193 – Marcus Severus Didius Julianus, Roman Emperor (b. 133)
657 - Pope Eugene I
1432 - Dan II of Wallachia
1434 – Wladislaus II of Poland (b. 1362)
1571 - John Story, English martyr (b. 1504)
1616 – Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japanese shogun (b. 1543)
1660 – Mary Dyer, English-born Quaker (b. 1611)
1740 – Samuel Werenfels, Swiss theologian (b. 1657)
1769 - Edward Holyoke, American clergyman (b. 1689)
1795 - Pierre-Joseph Desault, French anatomist (b. 1744)
1823 - Louis-Nicolas Davout, French marshal (b. 1770)
1826 - Jean Frédéric Oberlin, Alsatian pastor (b. 1740)
1830 - Swaminarayan, Indian Hindu figure (b. 1751)
1841 – Nicolas Appert, French inventor (b. 1749)
1846 – Pope Gregory XVI (born 1765)
1864 - Hong Xiuquan, Chinese rebel (b. 1820)
1868 – James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States (born 1791)
1872 - James Gordon Bennett, American newspaper publisher (b. 1795)
1873 - Joseph Howe, 5th Premier of Nova Scotia (b. 1804)
1876 – Hristo Botev, Bulgarian revolutionary (born 1848)
1879 – Napoléon Eugène, Prince Imperial of France (b. 1856)
1899 - Klaus Groth, German poet and writer (b. 1819)
1901  2000 
1904 - George Frederic Watts, English painter (b. 1817)
1927 - Lizzie Borden, American suspected murderess (b. 1860)
1927 – J. B. Bury, Irish historian (born 1861)
1938 – Odon V. Horvath, Austro-Hungarian writer (b. 1901)
1941 - Hugh Walpole, New Zealand-English writer (b. 1884)
1943 – Leslie Howard, English actor (born 1893)
1946 – Ion Antonescu, Romanian prime minister and dictator (born 1882)
1948 – Sonny Boy Williamson, American blues musician (born 1914)
1952 – John Dewey, American philosopher (born 1859)
1955 - Kathleen, Duchess of Newcastle (b. 1872)
1959 – Sax Rohmer, English writer (born 1883)
1960 – Lester Patrick, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (born 1883)
1965 - Curly Lambeau, American football player and coach (b. 1898)
1966 – Papa Jack Laine, American jazz musician (born 1873)
1968 – Helen Keller, American humanitarian (born 1880)
1969 – Ivar Ballangrud, Norwegian ice skater (born 1904)
1971 – Reinhold Niebuhr, American theologian (born 1892)
1979 – Werner Forssmann, German physician (born 1904)
1980 – Rube Marquard, American Baseball Hall of Famer (born 1886)
1981 – Carl Vinson, United States Congressman (born 1883)
1983 – Prince Charles, Count of Flanders, Belgian royal (b. 1903)
1983 - Anna Seghers, German writer (b. 1900)
1985 - Gaston Rébuffat, French mountaineer (b. 1921)
1987 - Rashid Karami, 32nd Prime Minister of Lebanon (b. 1921)
1991 – David Ruffin, American singer (b. 1941)
1994 – Frances Heflin, American soap opera actress (born 1923)
1996 – Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, President of India (born 1913)
1998 - Gottfried Dienst, Swiss football referee (born 1919)
1999 – Christopher Cockerell, British engineer and inventor (born 1910)
2000 - Tito Puente, American musician and composer (born 1923)
From 2001 
2001 – Hank Ketcham, American cartoonist, creator of Dennis the Menace (b. 1920)
2001 – King Birendra of Nepal (b. 1945) (shot)
2001 – Queen Aiswarya of Nepal (b. 1949) (shot)
2002 – Hansie Cronje, South African cricketer (b. 1969)
2004 – William Manchester, American biographer and novelist (b. 1922)
2004 – Satomi Mitarai, Japanese student, murdered by a classmate
2005 – George Mikan, American basketball player (b. 1924)
2008 – Yves Saint Laurent, French fashion designer (b. 1936)
2008 – Tommy Lapid, Israeli journalist and politician (b. 1931)
2009 - Silvio Barbato, Italian-Brazilian opera conductor and composer (b. 1959) (Air France Flight 447)
2010 – Andrey Voznesensky, Russian poet (b. 1933)
2010 – Kazuo Ohno, Japanese dancer (b. 1906)
2011 – Haleh Sahabi, Iranian human rights activist (b. 1957)
2014 - Ann B. Davis, American actress (b. 1926)
2014 - Karlheinz Hackl, Austrian actor (b. 1949)
2014 - Jay Lake, American author (b. 1964)
2015 - Joan Kirner, Australian politician, Premier of Victoria (b. 1938)
2015 - Shone An, Taiwanese singer and actor (b. 1983)
2015 - Nobutaka Machimura, Japanese politician (b. 1944)
2015 - Charles Kennedy, Scottish politician, former leader of the Liberal Democrats (b. 1959)
2015 - Jacques Parizeau, Canadian politician, 26th Premier of Quebec (b. 1930)
2015 - Nicholas Liverpool, 6th President of Dominica (b. 1934)
2015 - Jean Ritchie, American folk singer (b. 1922)
2015 - Kirill Pokrovsky, Russian composer (b. 1962)
2016 - Razak Khan, Indian actor (b. 1954)
2016 - Roger Enrico, American businessman (b. 1944)
2016 - Boyce F. Martin, Jr., American judge (b. 1935)
2017 - Roy Barraclough, English actor (b. 1935)
2017 - Tankred Dorst, German playwright (b. 1925)
2017 - Alois Mock, Austrian politician (b. 1934)
2017 - Roberto De Vicenzo, Argentine golfer (b. 1923)
2017 - Jack McCloskey, American basketball player (b. 1925)
2017 - J. B. Dauda, Sierra Leonean politician (b. 1942)
2017 - Sonja Sutter, German actress (b. 1931)
2017 - José Greci, Italian actress (b. 1941)
2017 - Rosa Taikon, Swedish activist, silversmith and actress (b. 1926)
2018 - Poldy Bird, Argentine writer (b. 1941)
2018 - Jean-Claude Boulard, French politician (b. 1943)
2018 - Eddy Clearwater, American blues singer (b. 1935)
2018 - Jill Ker Conway, Australian-American author (b. 1934)
2018 - Hilmar Hoffmann, German film and culture academic (b. 1925)
2018 - John Julius Norwich, English historian (b. 1929)
2018 - William Edward Phipps, American actor (b. 1922)
2018 - Bob Clotworthy, American diver (b. 1931)
2018 - Rockin' Rebel, American professional wrestler (b. 1966)
2018 - Dhiraj Choudhury, Indian painter (b. 1936)
2018 - Razan al-Najjar, Pakistani nurse (b. 1996)
2019 - Leah Chase, American chef (b. 1923)
2019 - John Meyers, English radio executive (b. 1959)
2019 - José Antonio Reyes, Spanish footballer (b. 1983)
2019 - Michel Serres, French philosopher, theorist and writer (b. 1930)
2019 - Ani Yudhoyono, Indonesian First Lady (b. 1952)
2023 - Anna Shay, American socialite, businesswoman and television personality (Bling Empire) (b. 1961)
Observances 
 International Children's Day
 National Day Against Homophobia (Canada)
 Azores Day
 Independence Day (Samoa)
 President's Day (Palau)
 Victory Day (Tunisia)
 National Tree Planting Day (Cambodia)
 Marine's Day (Mexico)
 Madaraka Day (Kenya)
 Hari Gawai (Malaysia)

June 01
A junta is a Spanish word that is used for military dictatorships.

Often juntas got their power because of a coup d'état.

Greece, Chile, Mauritania, Guatemala, Brazil, South Vietnam, and El Salvador are examples of countries that were once ruled by juntas.

The most famous junta nowadays is that of Myanmar.

Some autonomous regional governments in Spain are also called junta.

Military
Dictatorship
Nezahualcoyotl (1402 - 1472) was king of Texcoco, a part of the Aztec empire. He was also a famous poet.

The name Nezahualcoyotl is Nahuatl, it means "hungry coyote".

1402 births
1472 deaths
Mexican people
Poets
Kings and queens
Aztec

tl:Nezahualcóyotl
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (8 May, 1753 – 30 July, 1811) was a Mexican priest. He started Mexico's war of independence against Spain.

Hidalgo made a speech in 1810 now called the Grito de Dolores. He called on the people to support the King of Spain against the rebellious Viceroy of Mexico. After a few months he was taken prisoner and executed by firing squad. After he died, several other people, such as Vicente Guerrero, kept fighting against the Spanish until 1821, when Mexico became an independent country. Hidalgo is remembered today as a great liberator in Mexico.

The Mexican state of Hidalgo is named after him.

References

Mexican poets
People executed by firearm
1753 births
1811 deaths
Hidalgo (state)
People of the Mexican War of Independence
[[File:Capital punishment in the world.svg|thumb|500px|

{{legend|#E0A040|Abolitionist-in-practice countries (have executed nobody during the last 10 years or more '  and   have an established practice of not carrying out executions): 28}}

]]

Death penalty, a form of capital punishment, is when a government or state executes (kills) someone, usually but not always because they have committed a serious crime. A crime that can be punished with the death penalty is called a capital crime or a capital offense.

Executions in most countries have become rarer in recent centuries. The death penalty is a disputed and controversial topic. Generally, right-wing parties are supportive of the death penalty: centrist and left-wing parties are opposed to it.
About one third of the countries in the world have laws that allow the death penalty. The United States, the People's Republic of China, Japan, Indonesia and Iran are examples of countries that have a death penalty. Canada, Australia, Mexico and all members of Council of Europe are examples of countries that have abolished the death penalty. 109 countries have gotten rid of the capital punishment for all crimes. Another 28 can be considered abolitionist in practice. Countries are considered abolitionist in practice if they retain the death penalty in law but have not carried out any executions for the past 10 years or more. 

Most of the countries that have a death penalty use it on murderers, and for other serious crimes such as rape or terrorism. Other countries especially ones with Authoritarian or Totalitarian governments, however, also use it for smaller crimes like theft, drugs, or for saying bad things about the government.
Which countries execute the most people? 
A study by Amnesty International found that the following countries did the most executions in 2012: 

 China (4000+) data not officially released.
 Iran (at least 314+)
 Iraq (at least 129+)
 Saudi Arabia (79+)
 United States (43)
 Yemen (28+)
 Oman (25+)
 Sudan (19+)
 Afghanistan (14)

Here's the list for 1998:
 China (1,067)
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (100)
 United States (68)
 Iran (66)
 Egypt (48)
 Belarus (33)
 Taiwan (32)
 Saudi Arabia (29)
 Singapore (28)
 Rwanda (24)
 Sierra Leone (24)
Although unconfirmed, Amnesty International also received reports of many hundreds of executions in Iraq.
A total of 557 people were executed in the United States between 1977, when the death penalty was reintroduced after a 10-year break, and 2000. During this period, 20 states did not carry out any executions. Here are the states with the most executions during this time:
 Texas (239)
 Virginia (81)
 Florida (50)
 Missouri (46)
 Oklahoma (30)
 Louisiana (26)
 South Carolina (25)
 Alabama (23)
 Arkansas (23)
 Georgia (23)

 First countries to abolish capital punishment 
*The Russian Soviet Socialist Republic, as part of the Soviet Union, reinstated capital punishment during the time of the Soviet Union.
Common reasons for execution 
It is common to have people executed for crimes including murder, manslaughter and attempted murder, but there are also other crimes that carry the death penalty. Some of these are:
 Bank robbery (Saudi Arabia)
 Kidnapping (India)
 Treason (North Korea, India)
 Trafficking with human beings (this is like slavery) (China)
 General robbery if at least one person dies (America)
 Rape (North Korea, China, Saudi Arabia)
 Trafficking or possessing certain illegal drugs in a certain quantity (Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, North Korea and others)
 Bribery and Corruption (China)
 Piracy (North Korea)
 Adultery (Saudi Arabia, Iran and Afghanistan)
 Homosexuality (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan and Mauritania)
 Prostitution (both prostituting oneself and forcing others to do the same) (Iraq until 2003, Saudi Arabia)
 Apostasy in Islam (Afghanistan, Iran, Yemen, Mauritania, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia and Sudan)
 Witchcraft (Saudi Arabia, Qatar)
During war time, the following crimes are punished by death:
 Treason (attempting to overthrow a government)
 Espionage (spying)
 Sabotage
 Desertion

 Who may not be executed 
According to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that became valid in 1976, people that were less than eighteen years old when they committed the crime may not be executed. According to the European Convention on Human Rights (which is effective in many European countries), specifically its 13th amendment (2002), no one can be executed. 

 Controversy
Controversy 

There is a lot of different opinions on the topic of capital punishment.  As it is an important topic, each country has very strong feelings. Many people say the death penalty is reasonable because it scares people away from doing things that are illegal. However, many others say there is a potential of executing an innocent person. Some people say the death penalty supports justice, retribution, and punishment. The other side says that execution is murder. Most people know the threat of crime to their lives, but the question lies in the methods and action that should be used to deal with it.
Throughout human history, governments and rulers have used many death penalty methods to execute people, such as crucifixion, flaying, and hanging. Some methods like crucifixion and flaying are no longer used by governments, because people think that these methods of killing are too cruel. The gas chamber was found unconstitutional in the United States (that is: against the United States constitution not allowing "cruel and unusual punishments") and is no longer used. 

The Council of Europe has abolished all death penalty by 13th amendment of the European Convention on Human Rights. Amnesty International oppose all death penalty on ground of the right to life and prohibition of all tortures or any cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment insisted by Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

 Forms of death
The following forms of execution are in use today:
 Electric chair: The prisoner is killed by a strong source of electricity attached to their head and leg.
 Lethal injection: The prisoner is poisoned with a mix of chemicals that are put into their body. Some countries use chemicals that are controversial. After the electric chair was abolished as a form of death penalty in the United States by be considered a too brutal punishment and be replaced by lethal injection, this method became the most widely used since then. China also use lethal injection.
Firing squad: Some people shoot the prisoner with rifles. Firing squads are often used for soldiers during wars. One or more of those firing may have false ammunition that does not kill so that no one knows which person fired the shot that killed. A firing squad is a traditional military execution. Deserters, traitors and spies are sometimes shot. The firing squad is still used in Cuba, Indonesia and Nigeria, and was used in Mexico, Chile and Philippines in the past.
 Hanging: The prisoner has a rope tied around their neck. They are then dropped from a height. The person can die from their neck being broken. They might die from choking (asphyxiation), if the drop is too small or knot was badly made. If the drop is too long or the prisoner too heavy, their head might be torn off. Japan, India and former British colonies use hanging.
Strangulation, by hand or by garrote. The garrote was the main type of capital punishment in Spain for hundreds of years. Originally, the convict was killed by hitting him with a club (garrote'' in Spanish). This later developed into putting a loop of rope placed around the neck.  A wooden stick was placed in the loop, and rotated to tighten the rope until the condemned person was strangled to death. 
 Stoning: Stones are thrown at the prisoner until they die. Stoning is still used in some Middle Eastern countries.
 Decapitation: The victim has his or her head cut off with a sharp blade, such as sword, axe or guillotine. This was the traditional means of execution in central Europe and many other places. Decapitation is also called beheading'''. Decapitation is still used in some Middle Eastern countries, but the only country to actively use it is Saudi Arabia.
Gallery

References

Further reading

Other websites
Ten anti-death penalty fallacies: the case against capital punishment relies on myth, misinformation, and misplaced emotionalism. (Crime and Punishment)- The Open Library
 

 
Punishments
Kofi Atta Annan (8 April 1938 – 18 August 2018) was a Ghanaian diplomat. He served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations. He did this from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006. Annan and the United Nations were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize. They were awarded the prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world".

Early life
Annan was born in Kumasi, Ghana, to an elite family. His parents, Henry Reginald and Madam Rose Eshun are from the two major ethnic groups that make up the Akan – one of the groups of indigenous people of Ghana.

His father was half Asante and half Fante; his mother was Fante. The Asante were gold merchants while the Fante tribe were the middlemen in the gold trade between the Asante and the British.

Annan, whose first name means "born on a Friday", also had a twin sister, who died in 1991 from a still yet unknown disease. In Ghanaian culture, twins are considered special and are adored.
Annan probably got his first lessons in politics and diplomacy early on from his family. Both of Annan's grandfathers and his uncle were tribal chiefs. Upon his retirement, Annan's father, who worked as an export manager for the cocoa exporter Lever Brothers, was elected governor of Ghana's Asante province.

Education
In 1954, Annan attended Mfantsipim School, an Methodist boarding school in central Ghana. The Secretary-General says that the school taught him "that suffering anywhere concerns people everywhere".

Annan went to Macalaster College in St. Paul, Minnesota and graduating in 1961. He was a Sloan Fellow at MIT in 1971–72, getting a master's degree in management.
His work at the United Nations
Annan became Secretary-General of the United Nations in January 1997, succeeding Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt. Annan was a U.N. veteran who took his first job with the organization in 1962 and worked his way up through various posts including deputy director to the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees (1980–83) and head of the U.N.'s peacekeeping efforts (1995–96). Annan was the first Secretary-General chosen from the ranks of the U.N.'s staff. He is also the first black man to hold the post and the second African (after Boutros-Ghali). His second term began in 2002 and ran through the end of 2006.

In 2001 he and the United Nations were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world".

Personal life 
Death

Annan died on 18 August 2018 in Bern, Switzerland after a short-illness, aged 80.

Related pages
List of African scientists by country

References
References

1938 births
2018 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Switzerland
Ghanaian politicians
Ghanaian diplomats
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
The United Nations General Assembly is made up of all United Nations member states. The Assembly meets once a year, which usually begins on the third Tuesday in September and ends in mid-December. The first meeting was held on 10 January 1946.

Voting in the General Assembly on important questions, for example suggestions on world peace, human rights and security, is by two-thirds of those present and voting. Other questions are decided by popular vote. Each member country has one vote.

At present, the Holy See (Vatican City) and Palestine are the only two observer states at the United Nations. Switzerland also had that status until it became a member state.

The current President of the United Nations General Assembly is Abdulla Shahid since 14 September 2021.

United nations general assembly observers have the right to speak in the assembly. The observers have no rights to vote in the assembly.

Related pages
 List of Members of the United Nations

General Assembly
1946 establishments
Explosives that explode when they are hit are also called mine; Two common types are Land mines and Naval mines.

Mining is the process of digging things out of the ground.  Any material that cannot be grown must be mined.  Mining things from the ground is called extraction.  Mining can include extraction of metals and minerals, like coal, diamond, gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin and iron.  Mining can also include other things like oil and natural gas.

Some mining is done by scraping away the soil (dirt) from the top of the ground.  This is called surface mining.  Some mining is done by going deep underground into a mine shaft. This is called underground mining.  Some mining, such as gold mining, is done in other ways.  Gold can be mined by searching in the bed of a river or other stream of water to remove the flakes of gold.  This is called panning or placer mining.
A worker in a mine is called a miner. Underground mining is a dangerous job.  Many mines have accidents. Hundreds of miners die every year from accidents, mostly in poor countries. Safety rules and special safety equipment is used to try and protect miners from accidents.  Underground coal mining is especially dangerous because coal can give off poisonous and explosive gases. 

Some towns are mining towns.  People live there because they can make money as miners or by doing things for miners.  When mining stops the town may become a ghost town.

Mining operations often make the environment worse, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most countries have passed regulations to decrease the effect of mining. Work safety has long been a concern, and has been improved in mines.
A bomber is a type of airplane that is used to attack ground targets, mainly by dropping bombs. The first bombers were made at the start of World War I.

Bombers often fly low to the ground to confuse enemy radar. Most cannot fly very fast. Because of this, bombers are not outfitted to fight other airplanes. To make up for this, bombers in the past had many machine guns for defense.

World War II 
Dive bombers were numerous in World War II. They attacked surface targets including tanks and ships.
Strategic bombing became important. Bombers had large crews, sometimes as many as 12 people. Usually a bomber had a pilot, a bombadier, a co-pilot/navigator, and many machine gunners all around to shoot at enemy fighter aircraft defending the target. Friendly fighters often came along to help fight the defenders.
Modern day 
Bombers now have one or two people in them. The other positions have been replaced by computers. Bombers have very few guns on them partly because they are much faster. In bombing missions now, the pilot drops a bomb and leaves as quickly as possible. During the Cold War, a few bombers were made that could travel supersonic, so a nuclear bomb could be dropped without killing the people in the airplane. They were never used that way, however.

Other websites 
 WW2-era Bombers
 Bomber aircraft -Citizendium
A bull is the male Bos Taurus. It is in the Bovidae family(Cows,goats and sheep.)they are muscular and aggressive. This is also classified as a pet or a farm animal. Bull is halal. 

A bull is an intact (i.e., not castrated) adult male of the species Bos taurus. They are more muscular and aggressive than the female of the species, the cow. The bull has long been an important symbol in many cultures, and plays a large role in beef ranching, dairy farming. They are also important in other cultural activities, including bull fighting and bull riding. The management of livestock animals in hot climates is a challenge. The physiological and behavioral changes induced in these animals compromise their welfare, breeding, health, and zootechnical performance, resulting in final products (eggs, milk, and meat) with unsatisfactory characteristics.

As with other animals, some bulls have been regarded as pets.
Life
The bull semen market is very lucrative. Animal agriculture forcefully breeds animals to have what it considers the best traits for food production. In 2011, the U.S. exported $124.7 million worth of bull semen to other nations, representing 32 percent of the global market. In February 2019, an Angus bull named SAV America 8018 sold for the record-breaking price of $1.5 million due to “superior genetics.”
A bull can live up to 18 - 22 years.

References

Cattle
Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS) are the largest animal testing company in Europe. They were founded in 1951 and are based in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom. They also have a laboratory in New Jersey, United States. Huntingdon Life Sciences is an international contract research organisation offering a comprehensive range of non-clinical development services. The UK lab carries out medical and product research for many organisations.

Many people feel strongly against HLS. The Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) campaign group are the main opposition group. SHAC were set up in 1999. The opposition to HLS has had many forms. While most animal rights people have used legal means of protest, some people have become extremists and done very bad things. Thus the opposition to HLS has become an example to many people of a good cause gone wrong.

1951 establishments in the United Kingdom
Cambridgeshire
Companies of the United Kingdom
Huntingdon is a town in Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. It stands on the River Ouse near the A1, a major road in England.

History
The town was chartered in 1205 and founded by Anglo-Saxons.

Huntingdon also has the largest meadow in England; Portholme Meadow. There are many small villages in Huntingdon, it has a high street and a main supermarket. The A14 runs through it.

People
Oliver Cromwell was born here in 1599.

Towns in Cambridgeshire
A condom is a thin cover that is put on a man's penis and used during sexual intercourse. It can also be used during oral sex, anal sex and masturbation. It is normally made of latex. Condoms are a form of birth control, they can prevent a pregnancy. They can also prevent the spread of certain  sexually transmitted infections, such as  gonorrhea, syphilis, or HIV.  Another name for a condom is prophylactic sheath, or simply a prophylactic.

In 2009, most condoms were made of latex. For people with latex allergy, plastic condoms are available.

The first condoms were made of tissue paper. Later models were made of the intestines of animals, such as sheep. Such condoms can still be found sometimes. Certain people prefer sheepskin condoms over latex ones, because sheepskin condoms can transfer body warmth better. However they do not prevent diseases as effectively as latex condoms.
Condoms are popular for several reasons. They are inexpensive and can be bought without a prescription by either a man or a woman. They can be bought at many locations, and they are easy to use (once the couple learns how.) They have no health-related side effects for either the man or the woman, and they are one of the few types of birth control that also reduce the spread of infections.  If the couple decides to have a baby, they can stop using condoms at any time and begin trying to get pregnant with no delay.
Overview 
Condoms are rolled up when they are packaged, and are meant to be rolled over an erect penis.  They are most commonly made of latex, but are available in other materials.  Condoms normally have an expiration date on them.  Condoms weaken after this date, and may not work properly. Condoms are also not designed to be used more than once.

It is important to know how to use a condom before using one. If a mistake is made, the condom may not work. This happens a lot. When using a condom for the first time, it could help to try using it alone to get familiar with condoms without any danger.

If a man using a condom has anal sex with a woman and then wants to have vaginal sex, he should remove the condom, sanitize his hands, and then put on a new condom. Otherwise, the woman could get an infection in her vagina.
Nowadays women also can use condoms. Like male condoms, they increase protection for partners from pregnancy and STD's. Female condoms look like a sheath with a flexible ring on both sides of this sheath. With these rings the condom is attached to the vagina. It covers the vagina and cervix to prevent sperm from getting inside the woman's uterus. It is necessary to know that female and male condoms should not be used at the same time. In this case, both condoms may rub against each other, and this will result in failure.

The oldest condoms ever found were from the 1640s. They were made from animal and fish intestines.
Condoms are sometimes used during masturbation. Males who are circumcised sometimes use lubricated condoms to create a feeling similar to what uncircumcised males experience when sliding their foreskin back and forth on their penis. Male-female sexual partners sometimes use condoms if they perform mutual masturbation as an alternative to sexual intercourse, or during foreplay, to avoid the risk of semen getting on fingers and then into the vagina where it could cause pregnancy. Condoms can also be used during oral and anal sex to reduce the risk of infections.

Effectiveness

In preventing pregnancy 

There are two ways to see how effective condoms are.  They are method effectiveness, where how many couples that use the condom every time they have sex do not get pregnant; and actual effectiveness, where the number of people that use condoms either correctly or incorrectly and do not get pregnant are looked at. Most studies show results of effectiveness over a year.
The method failure rate of condoms is 2% per year.  The actual failure rate is different in different places, and the rates can be anywhere between 10 and 18% per year.

In preventing sexually transmitted infections 

According to a 2001 study by the National Institutes of Health, correct and consistent condom use:
 Reduces the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission by approximately 85%.
 Reduces the risk of gonorrhea for men by approximately 71%.
Other sexually-transmitted infections may be affected as well, but they could not draw definite conclusions from the research they were working with.  In particular, these include STIs associated with ulcerative lesions that may be present on body surfaces where the condom does not cover, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), genital herpes simplex (HSV), chancroid, and syphilis.  If contact is made with uncovered lesions, transmission of these STIs may still occur despite appropriate condom use.  Additionally, the absence of visible lesions or symptoms cannot be used to decide whether caution is needed.

An article in The American Journal of Gynecologic Health showed that "all women who correctly and consistently used Reality® were protected from trichomonas vaginalis" (referring to a particular brand of female condom).
Causes of failure 
The most common reason for a condom failing is that the user has not put it on properly.  A condom can also fail because it has been damaged, because the latex has weakened, or because it has come off the penis during sexual intercourse.  Something else that can cause a condom to not work, as it should, is sabotage. This can be when one of the partners wants a baby, but the other one does not. Usually they pierce a condom with a sharp object, making the condom useless. Some people see it as not ethical, because one of the two sex partners does it without the other one's knowledge. There are websites that show how to do it, if the woman wants a baby, but the man does not.
One method of testing condoms for microscopic holes involves placing the condom being tested over one conducting form with another on the other side of the condom. If the condom does not prevent an electric current from flowing between the two conducting forms, it fails the test. Holes in condoms are unlikely if proper handling conditions (see below) are followed.

Body piercings, particularly genital piercings, can sometimes damage a condom. Still, use of a condom is recommended, especially when piercings are new and there is a greater chance of infection because the holes (wounds) are still healing.

Arguments against condom use
Arguments by religious communities 
Several religious communities (like Catholic Christians, Muslims, and some Protestant Christians) see problems if condoms are used:
 They say there is a difference in having sex for making babies, and having sex for fun (to make the relationship between the partners stronger).
 They say that using a condom to prevent a pregnancy is bad. Rather than using a condom, natural methods should be used to prevent pregnancy. Such methods include choosing the time of the month carefully. (This does not stop sexually transmitted diseases)
 Other communities are not as strict, and only look at the result. They leave it to those involved to choose the correct means.
 Some people say the use of condoms is against Nature (unnatural).
History 
In 16th-century Italy, anatomist and physician Gabriele Falloppio wrote a treatise on syphilis. The earliest documented strain of syphilis first appeared in Europe in a 1490s outbreak. It caused severe symptoms and many people died within a few months of contracting the disease. Falloppio's treatise is the earliest uncontested description of condom use: it describes linen sheaths soaked in a chemical solution which are allowed to dry before use. The cloths he described were sized to cover the glans of the penis, and were held on with a ribbon. Falloppio claimed that an experimental trial of the linen sheath demonstrated protection against syphilis.
After this, the use of penis coverings to protect from disease is described in many different kinds of  literature throughout Europe. The first hint that condoms were used for birth control, rather than disease prevention, is the 1605 theological publication De iustitia et iure (On justice and law) by Catholic theologian Leonardus Lessius, who condemned them as immoral. In 1666, the English Birth Rate Commission attributed a recent downward fertility rate to use of "condons". This is the first documented use of that word or any similar spelling. Other early spellings include "condam" and "quondam", from which the Italian derivation guantone has been suggested, from guanto, "a glove".

References
References 

 Boston Women's Health Book Collective, 2005. Our Bodies, Ourselves: A New Edition for a New Era. New York: Touchstone.
 MacPhail, Catherine and Campbell, Catherine (2001 Jun). "I think condoms are good but, aai, I hate those things: condom use among adolescents and young people in a Southern African township." Social Science and Medicine. 2001, 52(11): 1613-1627.
 Kulczycki, Andrzej. "The Sociocultural context of condom use within marriage in rural Lebanon". Studies in Family Planning 35.4 (Dec 2004): 246(15). 
 Crossley, Michele L. (2004). "Making sense of 'barebacking': Gay men's Narratives, unsafe sex and the 'resistance habitus'". British Journal of Social Psychology, 43: 225-244.
 Watt, Emily (2005 April 24). "Older Adults Shy Away from Safe Sex Advice". The Sunday Star-Times (Auckland, New Zealand).
 Semple, S.J., Patterson, T.L., & Grant, I. (2004). "Determinants of condom use stage of change among heterosexually-identified methamphetamine users". AIDS & Behavior, 8(4): 391-400.
Other websites 

 University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo  - Explains how to correctly use condoms along with information on the advantages, disadvantages, and effectiveness.
 Planned Parenthood of America — Provides information and training for all forms of birth control from their website and locations across the U.S.
 Condom Research from FHI - Family Health International's topic page on condoms.
 Fact sheet on condoms and sexually transmitted diseases - from the US Center for Disease Control in PDF form. Requires AdobeReader.

Contraception
is the capital city of Osaka Prefecture which faces Osaka Bay and the Seto Inland Sea. 

Osaka is in the Kansai region.  It is the economic and cultural center of the Kansai region. 

Since 1980 it had been the second largest city in Japan. 

It is a city designated by government ordinance in Japan and is separated to 24 wards.

Osaka is surrounded by Hyōgo Prefecture, Kyoto Prefecture, Nara Prefecture, Wakayama Prefecture.

History of Ōsaka
Sometimes it is called by its historical name Naniwa.
Because it is by the sea, it is good for transportation.  That is why an ancient emperor made Osaka the capital city.  In the early part of the 8th century Naniwa was one of capitals of Japan.  In the middle of the 16th century Toyotomi Hideyoshi founded Osaka castle and governed Japan in Osaka.  The basis of development of Osaka was prepared in those times.  Osaka castle was destroyed once by Tokugawa Ieyasu but Ieyasu choose Osaka as one of the political centers in the Western Japan.  He made Osaka a direct dominion of the shogun.  During the Edo period Osaka was a center of commerce, finance, pharmacy and other products.  It was a center for literature and theater.  Kabuki in Osaka is as famous as Kabuki in Edo and Kyoto.   It is also known for bunraku (a traditional puppet theater) and manzai (a kind of stand-up comedy).

Traditional Osaka food dishes include okonomiyaki (pan-fried batter cake) and takoyaki (octopus dumplings).
In this region, many people speak a dialect called Osaka-Ben (e.g. "ookini"="thank you").

After the Meiji restoration Osaka was modernized and industrialized.  It was a center of Japanese industry.  After the World War II its economical importance was relatively less because Tokyo grew as an international city and many companies moved their headquarters to Tokyo.  But Osaka is still a large, important city.

Sightseeing spots 
Universal Studios Japan – This is the most famous theme park in Osaka. There are shows, popular characters and musicals.  
Kaiyuukan – This is the most famous aquarium in Osaka.  They have animals including whale sharks and penguins.
Yoshimoto shinkigenki – It is a traditional comedy in Namba Grand Kagetsu.

Seasonal spots
In spring, good places to see cherry blossoms are the Mint and Banpakukinen Park.
In summer, there are displays of fireworks at the Tenzin festival, Yodo river festival and PL art of fireworks.
In winter, there are Christmas decorations at Nakanoshima and Midosuzi.
Sports

Football clubs in Osaka
 Cerezo Osaka
 Gamba Osaka

Baseball teams in Osaka
Hanshin Tigers (It is on Hyōgo Prefecture but popular in Osaka too.)
Orix Buffaloes

Mind sports in Osaka
 Kansai Ki-in (Non-profit organization to promote Go in Osaka)

References

Related pages
Settsu Province
Naniwa-kyō

Other websites
 
 

 
Former capitals of Japan
History 
The piano has been an extremely popular instrument in Western classical music since the late 18th century. The piano was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori of Padua, Italy.  He made his first piano in 1709. It developed from the clavichord which looks like a piano but the strings of a clavichord are hit by a small blade of metal called a “tangent”. In the piano the strings are hit by a block of wood called a hammer. The early keyboarded instruments, such as the clavichords, harpsichords and organs that were used at that time, had a much shorter keyboard than they do today. Gradually the keyboard became longer until it had the 88 notes (7 octaves plus three notes) of the modern piano.
Although the piano was invented at the beginning of the 18th century, it was not until 50 years later that it started to become popular. The first time the piano was played in a public concert in London was in 1768 when it was played by Johann Christian Bach.  The upright piano was invented in 1800 by John Isaac Hawkings. Seven years later T. Southwell invented “over-stringing”. This means that the strings for the low notes go diagonally across the soundboard so that they can be longer and make a much bigger sound.

The early pianos had strings that were fastened to a frame made of wood. They were not very heavy, but they were not very strong or loud, so they could not be heard very well in a big concert hall. In 1825 the cast-iron frame was invented in America. This made the piano much stronger so that it could make a bigger sound and the strings were not likely to break.
The production of this older type of instrument had stopped in the end of the 19th century. In the second half of the 20th century people started to be more interested in period instruments, including harpsichord and fortepiano. Some of the more known fortepiano builders included in this 20th-century fortepiano revival have been Philip Belt, Margaret F. Hood, Christopher Clark and Paul McNulty.

Piano parts
Piano parts 

A piano has a keyboard with white keys and black keys. When a key is pressed down, the damper comes off the string and a hammer hits the string. It hits it very quickly and bounces off so that the string is free to vibrate and make a sound.  Each key is a level that makes a hammer inside the piano hit a string inside, producing a sound. Each string has a different length and so produces-a different note. When the player takes their finger off the key the damper falls back onto the string and the sound stops.  The strings are stretched very tightly across the frame, passing over a bridge on the way.  The bridge touches the soundboard.  This means that the vibrations are sent to the soundboard.  The soundboard is a very important part of the piano.  If it is damaged the piano will not make a sound.