Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Binomial expansion uses an expression to make a series. It uses a bracket expression like . There are three binomial expansions.

The formulas 
There are basically three binomial expansion formulas:
{|
|-
| 
|   
| 1st (Plus)
|-
| 
|
|2nd (Minus)
|-
| 
|
|3rd (Plus-Minus)
|}

We can explain why there are such 3 formulas with a simple expansion of the product:

Using Pascal's triangle 

If  is an integer (), we use Pascal's triangle.

To expand :

 find row 2 of Pascal's triangle (1, 2, 1)
 expand  and  so the  power goes down by 1 each time from  to 0 and the  power goes up by 1 each time from 0 up to 
 times the numbers from Pascal's triangle with the right terms.

So 

For example:

So as a rule:

where  is the number at row  and position  in Pascal's triangle.

Examples 

Mathematics
Pashto (Pushto or Pakhto) is the official language of Afghanistan. It is spoken by the Pashtuns living in Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is the provincial language in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.  

Pashto belongs to the Indo-European languages family. It has two main dialects, western dialect and eastern dialect. The small difference between these two dialects is in the use of sounds.

Related pages
Languages of Afghanistan
Languages of Pakistan

References

Further reading

Morgenstierne, Georg. "The Place of Pashto among the Iranic Languages and the Problem of the Constitution of Pashtun Linguistic and Ethnic Unity." Paṣto Quarterly 1.4 (1978): 43-55.
Cheung, Johnny. "Pashto Problems III Ancient Loanwords from Early New Persian and Indo-Aryan and the Historical Contacts of Pashto & its Speakers."

Iranian languages
Pashto
Languages of Afghanistan
Languages of Balochistan (Pakistan)
Shina (also known as Tshina) is a Dardic language spoken by a some people in Gilgit Baltistan of Pakistan.

Alphabet

References

Dardic languages
Languages of Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Languages of Gilgit-Baltistan
Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Languages of India
Boudry is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Boudry.

Departments of Burkina Faso
Boudry is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Kogho.

Departments of Burkina Faso
Méguet is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Méguet. 

Departments of Burkina Faso
Mogtédo is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Méguet.

Departments of Burkina Faso
Salogo is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Salogo. According 2006 estimates, it has a population of 21,405.

References

Departments of Burkina Faso
Leh is a city in the Leh District of Ladakh. It was the capital of the Himalayan kingdom of Ladakh. Leh is at an altitude of , at a distance from the right bank of the Indus River.

The town is still dominated by the now ruined Leh Palace, former home of the royal family of Ladakh. The palace resembles a mini version of the Potala Palace in Tibet. Leh and other places of Ladakh are renowned for Buddhist culture and monasteries. The wonders of this land include golden statue of Buddha, high class paintings, ancient manuscripts and the monasteries. The famous moasteries include Hemis, Aalchi, Chuglamsar, Mulbekh, Shey, Spitak, and Thiksey. The mosque of Leh was built by prince Namgyal Singe in 1594. The mosque is a fine model of Turkish and Iranian architecture.
A Mughal chieftain Haider Douglat attempted to invade Kashmir for the first time in 1542 through Ladakh. In June 1715, two Italian priests Epo Lito and Emanuel Khariray reached Leh from Rome via Srinagar. There is a small community of Christians in Leh now. In the past, Leh has been an important centre for trade between India and the states of Turkestan. A road leads to Central Asian countries from here through the Karakoram Pass.

Jammu and Kashmir
Zam is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Zam.

Departments of Burkina Faso
Zorgho is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Zorgho.

Departments of Burkina Faso
Srinagar (, ) is a city in Indian occupied Kashmir. It is on the banks of the Jhelum River, in Northern Indian occupied Kashmir. It is the largest city and the summer capital of the Indian occupied Kashmir region. Majority of the population are ethnic Kashmiris who speak the Kashmiri language (Koshur). The main religions are Islam, Hinduism and Sikhism.

 
Capital cities in India
Zoungou is a department or commune of Ganzourgou Province in Burkina Faso. Its capital is the town of Zoungou. 

Departments of Burkina Faso
Ganzourgou is a province of Burkina Faso. The province is divided into 8 departments:

References

Provinces of Burkina Faso
Anantnag (Kashmiri: اننتناگ /Anaṁtnāg/, meaning abode of springs and lakes), is a city and a municipality located in the Anantnag District in the union territory  of Jammu and Kashmir, India. About 180,000 people live in Anantnag.

Anantnag is the third largest city of the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir by population and largest according to area. It is also regarded as the commercial and financial capital of the Valley of Kashmir. It is the largest business and trading center of the valley.

References

Cities in Jammu and Kashmir
Pakistan's official national religion is Islam, and about 97% of the people in Pakistan follow Islam.  But there are people of many other religions living in Pakistan.

Christianity 
Christians are the largest minority group in Pakistan. They live all over the country.  Pakistani Christians belong to many ethnic groups and speak many languages.  There are many different churches, and many different types of churches, in most cities in Pakistan. 

Although Pakistani Christians do not only do one type of job, they have often done a lot of work in areas like health care, education, railways and the police force. They are also starting to do a lot of work in the civil and defence services.

Hinduism 
Hindus are the second biggest minority in Pakistan. 

These are people (and children of people) who followed the Hindu religion during the days when Pakistan and India were together. In those days, they were part of the lowest caste. They were called "untouchable," and had to do work that no one else would do.
In a "caste system," there are different groups of people who are thought of as more or less important than each other.  People would become a member of their caste when they were born, because their parents were part of that group. The lowest caste was thought of as the least important of all.

In Pakistan today, the law says that people are not allowed to treat this group badly. But people still do treat them badly, and make them do jobs that do not pay much money.  Now some of these low-caste people are going to school and getting better jobs. 

The Hindus of Pakistan are mostly found in Sindh, where they do a lot of farming. In the larger cities (like the city of Karachi), Hindus do a lot of buying and selling. They celebrate the Hindu holy days with all their traditional colour.
Ahmadiyya 
The Ahmadis follow the things Mirza Ghulam Ahmad taught at the end of the 1800s. Their doctrine (religious beliefs) is very close to Islam on most points. However, the Ahmadis do not believe that Mohammad was God's last Prophet.  

The Ahmadis do not call themselves non-Muslim. Only in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan written by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto after the secession of East Pakistan they were declared non-Muslim.  

Ahmadis are mainly of Punjabi origin (from the Punjab area of India and Pakistan). They do all kinds of Humanitarian work not only in Pakistan, but all over the world.

Zoroastrianism 
The Parsis or (Zoroastrians) are a very small minority who live mostly in Pakistan's larger cities. Almost all of them work in business. Some of Pakistan's most successful shipping businessmen are Parsis. The richer members of this community are well-known for their philanthropic activities (giving money to people or organizations, with the goal of helping them or doing good).
Buddhism 
There are very few Buddhists in Pakistan.  However, their ancestors' culture made a difference in Pakistan. Many ancient Buddhist temples, schools, and cities have been found by archaeologists in Pakistan.
Creston is a city in and the county seat of Union County, Iowa, United States. The population was 7,597 at the 2000 census.

Population

References

Other websites 
City website
County website 

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Fate (in Czech: Osud), is an opera by the Czech composer Leoš Janáček. 

Janáček wrote this opera between 1903 and 1905. His daughter Olga had died shortly before he began to compose it. He had also just finished his opera Jenůfa which has a tragic ending for the young girl in the story.

The young lady who wrote the libretto (words) for Janáček had been one of his daughter’s close friends. She wrote using the name Tálská. Janáček thought the opera had autobiographical ideas. He also wanted a change from writing about simple, country people as he had done in Jenůfa, so the people in the story of Fate belong to the upper classes, the rich people of society.
The story of the opera is quite strange and unbelievable. It has often been criticized for not being logical. The story consists of lots of little scenes which make the story jump about. The language of the libretto is very deliberately old-fashioned. Czech people who have worked with this opera have often felt that this formal language has made it hard for audiences to understand. Some people have felt that when the opera is sung in other languages it is sometimes better because the language sounds more real.

Nevertheless, although the opera has had these criticisms, the music is some of the best music that Janáček wrote.

Story of the opera 
The story takes place at the beginning of the 20th century, which was the time in which Janáček was composing it.
In Act I Gentlemen, students and young girls are walking about in a health resort. The men are interested in a girl called Míla. Míla sees a young man called Živný in the crowd. Živný is a composer. He and Míla used to be lovers. They had a child. She tells Živný that it was her mother who made them split up so that she could marry someone rich. Her mother had made her move away from Prague to give birth to the child in the country. The two lovers now want to forget their unhappy past and live together with their little son Doubek.

Act II takes place several years later. They have been living together happily. Míla’s mother lives with them but has gone mad. While the lovers read the story of an opera which seems to tell of their own lives, the mother screams and Živný tears up the music of the opera. The mother grabs her daughter and throws herself and Míla down the steep staircase.
Act III takes place in a music conservatory eleven years later. Živný’s students, one of whom is their son Doubek, are singing music from an opera that Živný has composed. Živný himself is like the hero of his opera. The last part of the opera has not yet been composed. The students act out a scene from Doubek’s childhood and make fun of it. Živný talks about his opera. A storm comes up and he is killed by lightning. His opera will never be finished. 

Compositions by Leoš Janáček
A social network is a website or service where people talk to or connect with other people. A Social Network Service can connect people with the same interests (like football, schools, dogs) and friends. 

Social Networking was first proposed in the early development of the World Wide Web.

The most popular websites like Facebook and Twitter are helping to speed up the process of communication. Phone and mail services are slowly becoming less popular thanks to a quick and easy way of sharing messages through such networks.

A social network is used for people to get to know each other more and create new friends/connections. 

Many social networks are available on phones and smartphones. 

A 2011 survey found that 47% of American adults use a social networking service.

List of popular social networks 
Facebook
Flickr
Google+ 
Instagram 
Kik 
LinkedIn
MySpace
Twitter
Pinterest
Reddit
Snapchat
Tumblr
WhatsApp
Yahoo! Groups
YouTube
TikTok

References

Social networking
Technology
A spa town, or simply spa, is a town that many people go to for health reasons.  There is usually a spring there, or several springs.  The water that comes from these springs is good for curing many illnesses.  When people go to a spa town to get better we say that they go to "take the waters".

The word "spa" comes from the Belgian town Spa. In continental Europe a spa was called a ville d'eau (town of water). The term spa is used for towns or resorts which offer hydrotherapy (making people better with water).  This can include cold water or mineral water treatments and hot spring baths.
This is a list of Major League Baseball players by last name.

A 
David Aardsma
Hank Aaron

B 
Josh Beckett
Barry Bonds
Ron Brand
George Brett

C 
Roger Clemens
Ty Cobb
Billy Cox

D 
Joe DiMaggio
Adam Dunn

G 
Eddie Gaedel
Lou Gehrig

H 
Josh Hamilton

J 
Derek Jeter

L 
Denny Lemaster

M 
Mark McGwire
Manny Ramirez

O 
Magglio Ordóñez
David Ortiz

R 
J. R. Richard
Cal Ripken, Jr.
Jackie Robinson
Alex Rodriguez
Babe Ruth

S 
Johan Santana
Curt Schilling
Grady Sizemore
Alfonso Soriano
Casey Stengel
Billy Sunday

T 
Frank Thomas

W 
Walt Walsh
Ted Williams

Y 
Cy Young
Pete Young

Lists of baseball players
Vallon-Pont-d'Arc is a commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France.

Communes in Ardèche
Ain is a department in the east of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It is named after the river Ain. Its prefecture is Bourg-en-Bresse.

History
Ain is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Bourg-en-Bresse as is capital. It was formed with four former provinces: Bresse, Bugey, Dombes, Pays de Gex and part of the province of Franc-Lyonnais.

It was divided in nine districts: Pont-de-Vaux, Bourg, Nantua, Gex, Belley, Saint-Rambert, Montluel, Trévoux and Châtillon-les-Dombes.

The department was called départment of Bresse but in 1791 was changed to its present name: départment de l'Ain.

In 1798, Gex was separated from Ain for the creation of the old department of Léman.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the nine districts were changed into four arrondissements: Bourg, Belley, Nantua and Trévoux.
The department of Léman was eliminated in 1814 and Gex was again part of the department of Ain. In 1815, some communes of Gex are passed to Switzerland and the arrondissement of Gex is created.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Gex and Trévoux were eliminated but in 1933 Gex was made again an arrondissement.

Geography

Ain is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It has an area of .

The department borders with Switzerland and 6 other departments in 2 regions:
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Haute-Savoie (east)
 Savoie (southeast)
 Isère (south)
 Rhône (southwest)
 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region
 Jura (north)
 Saône-et-Loire (northwest)
The territory of the Ain department is formed by five regions:
 Bresse, a plain between the Saône river to the east and the Jura mountains to the west.
 Bugey-Valromey, surrounded by the Rhône and the Ain rivers, in the southern end of the Jura mountains.
 Dombes-Plain of the Ain, in the southeast of the department, surrounded by the Rhône and the Saône rivers. Here there are many ponds and small lakes where fishes are commercially grown.
 Pays de Gex. It has the Swiss border to the east, the mountains of Bugey to the west and the Jura mountains to the north. Here is the highest point of the Jura mountains and of the Ain department: Crêt de la Neige (),  high.
 Revermont. Here there are two ranges of low mountains that go from north to south with a valley between them: the valley of the Suran river. This region is between the Bresse and Bugey-Valromey regions.

The lowest point of the department is on the Rhône river,  high.
Several rivers flow through the department; the main rivers are the Rhône, the Ain and the Saône. The largest natural lake is the Nantua lake, with an area of .

Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Château-Gaillard (Ain) is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype Cfb.

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Château-Gaillard is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Château-Gaillard is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administration
Ain is managed by the Departmental Council of Ain in Bourg-en-Bresse. The department is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
Administrative divisions
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 23 cantons and 410 communes (municipalities) in Ain.

The following is a list of the 23 cantons of the Ain department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:

 Ambérieu-en-Bugey (0101)
 Attignat (0102)
 Bellegarde-sur-Valserine (0103)
 Belley (0104)
 Bourg-en-Bresse-1 (0105)
 Bourg-en-Bresse-2 (0106)
 Ceyzériat (0107)
 Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne (0108)
 Gex (0109)
 Hauteville-Lompnes (0110)
 Lagnieu (0111)
 Meximieux (0112)
 Miribel (0113)
 Nantua (0114)
 Oyonnax (0115)
 Pont-d'Ain (0116)
 Replonges (0117)
 Saint-Étienne-du-Bois (0118)
 Saint-Genis-Pouilly (0119)
 Thoiry (0120)
 Trévoux (0121)
 Villars-les-Dombes (0122)
 Vonnas (0123)

Demographics
There is not an official demonym for the inhabitants of the Ain department; people are named after the regions:
 Bresse - Bressans
 Bugey - Bugistes
 Revermont - Revermontois
 Dombes - Dombistes
 Pays de Gex - Gessiens
Ain had a population, in 2014, of 626,127, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse, with 354,177 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.

The communes in the department with more than 8,000 inhabitants are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ain department
 Communes of the Ain department

References

Other websites

 Prefecture website 
 General Council website 
  Tourism site

Ain
Aisne is a department in the north of France, in the Hauts-de-France region. It is named after the Aisne river, a tributary of the Oise. Its prefecture is Laon.

History
Aisne is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Laon as its capital. It was formed from parts of the former provinces of Île-de-France (Laon, Soissons, Noyon,and Valois), Picardy (Thiérache Vermandois), and Champagne (Brie and Omois).

It was divided into six districts: Château-Thierry, Chauny, Laon, Saint-Quentin, Soissons and Vervins.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into five arrondissements: Château-Thierry, Laon, Saint-Quentin, Soissons and Vervins.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Château-Thierry was eliminated but in 1942 it was again made an arrondissement.

Geography
Aisne is part of the Hauts-de-France region. It has an area of .
The department borders with Belgium and 6 other departments in 3 regions:
 Hauts-de-France region
 Nord (north)
 Somme (northwest)
 Oise (west)
 Grand Est region
 Ardennes (east)
 Marne (southeast)
 Île-de-France region
 Seine-et-Marne (south)

The territory of the Aisne department is formed by low plateaus and small hills. The highest point in the department, and in the Hauts-de-France region, is Le Chêne Nain () in the Ardennes forest on the border with the Ardennes department and near the border with Belgium; it is  high.

The southern part of the department is the geographical region known as la Brie poilleuse, a drier plateau known for its dairy products and Brie cheese.

Several rivers flow through the department; the main rivers are the Scheldt/Escaut, the Aisne, the Marne, the Ourcq, the Vesle, the Somme, the Oise, and the Serre.

Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Laon is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Laon is . The month with the most precipitation on average is July with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is March with an average of .

In Laon, there is an average of  of snow. The month with the most snow is February, with  of snow.

The average temperature for the year in Laon is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administration
Aisne is managed by the Departmental Council of Aisne in Laon. The department is part of the Hauts-de-France region.

Administrative divisions
There are 5 arrondissements (districts), 21 cantons and 804 communes (municipalities) in Aisne.

The following is a list of the 21 cantons of the Aisne department, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Bohain-en-Vermandois (0201)
 Château-Thierry (0202)
 Chauny (0203)
 Essômes-sur-Marne (0204)
 Fère-en-Tardenois (0205)
 Guignicourt (0206)
 Guise (0207)
 Hirson (0208)
 Laon-1 (0209)
 Laon-2 (0210)
 Marle (0211)
 Ribemont (0212)
 Saint-Quentin-1 (0213)
 Saint-Quentin-2 (0214)
 Saint-Quentin-3 (0215)
 Soissons-1 (0216)
 Soissons-2 (0217)
 Tergnier (0218)
 Vervins (0219)
 Vic-sur-Aisne (0220)
 Villers-Cotterêts (0221)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Aisne are known, in French, as Axonais (women: Axonaises), from the Celtic name of the Aisne river, Axona.

Aisne had a population, in 2014, of 539,783, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Laon, with 165,489 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with the most inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Aisne

The 10 communes in the department with more inhabitants are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Aisne department
 Communes of the Aisne department

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Departmental Council website 
 Prefecture website 

Aisne
Allier is a department in the centre of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It is named after the river Allier, a tributary of the Loire. Its prefecture is Moulins.

History

Allier is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Moulins as its capital. It was formed from most of all the former province of Bourbonnais (the Duchy of Bourbonnais); Saint-Amand-Montrond, in the Cher department, was the only part of the old province that was not made part of Allier.

It was divided in seven districts: Cérilly, Moulins, Le Donjon, Cusset, Gannat, Montmarault and Montluçon.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the seven districts were changed into four arrondissements: Moulins, Gannat, Lapalisse and Montluçon.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Gannat was eliminated and in 1941 Vichy became the capital of one arrondissement of the department instead of Lapalisse.
In 1940, during World War II, the city of Vichy was the capital of Vichy France.

Geography
Allier is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It has an area of .

It is  long from east to west and  wide from north to south.

The department borders with 6 other departments in 4 regions:
 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region
 Nièvre (north)
 Saône-et-Loire (east)
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Loire (southeast)
 Puy-de-Dôme (south)
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Creuse (west)
 Centre-Val de Loire region
 Cher (northwest)
There are four main geographical zones in the department:
 The Bourbonnais Bocage covers about one third of the departement, covering most of the western and central parts of the department. 
 The Bourbonnais Sologne is to the east of the department, between the valley of the river Allier and the borders of Nièvre and Saône-et-Loire departments in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.
 The Bourbonnais Mountains are in the southeast of the department. In these mountains, where the departments Allier, Puy-de-Dome and Loire meet, is the highest point of the department, Puy de Montoncel (); it is  high.
 The Bourbonnais Limagne, commonly called as Val d'Allier ("Valley of the Allier"), found on both sides of the river between Vichy and Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule.

The main rivers in the department are:
 Cher in the western part of the department.
 Allier and its tributary the Sioule, in the centre.
 Loire and its tributary the Besbre, in the east.
Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Nevers is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".

There are two periods of maximum precipitation in June and October and a minimum in January and February with average of  Montluçon (altitude: 207 m),  in Moulins (245 m)  in Vichy (251 m); and  in Lapalisse (285 m).

Administration
Allier is managed by the Departmental Council of Allier in Moulins. The department is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

Administrative divisions
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 19 cantons and 317 communes (municipalities) in Allier.

The following is a list of the 19 cantons of the Allier department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Bellerive-sur-Allier (0301)
 Bourbon-l'Archambault (0302)
 Commentry (0303)
 Cusset (0304)
 Dompierre-sur-Besbre (0305)
 Gannat (0306)
 Huriel (0307)
 Lapalisse (0308)
 Montluçon-1 (0309)
 Montluçon-2 (0310)
 Montluçon-3 (0311)
 Montluçon-4 (0312)
 Moulins-1 (0313)
 Moulins-2 (0314)
 Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule (0315)
 Souvigny (0316)
 Vichy-1 (0317)
 Vichy-2 (0318)
 Yzeure (0319)

Demographics
There is not a traditional demonym to name the inhabitants of the Allier department. Some names used are Alliérins, Bourbonnais, Elavérins, or simply habitants de l'Allier ("inhabitants of Allier").

Of these names, the most used is Bourbonnais followed by habitants de l'Allier.

Allier had a population, in 2014, of 343,062, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Vichy, with 122,267 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Allier

The 10 communes in the department with more inhabitants are:

Gallery
Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Allier department
 Communes of the Allier department

References

Other websites

 General Council website 
 Prefecture website 
 Allier tourism 

Allier
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence () is a department in the south of France, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its prefecture is Digne-les-Bains.

Until 1970, the department was named as Basses-Alpes.

History

The department of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, with the name of Nord-de-Provence was one of the 83 original departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 but soon its name was changed to Haute-Provence and then to  Basses-Alpes.

It was divided in five districts: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron. with Digne as its capital.

On 12 August 1793, the department of Vaucluse was created from parts of the departments of Bouches-du-Rhône, Drôme, and Basses-Alpes. Basses-Alpes lost the canton of Sault of Vaucluse. Seventeen years later, in 1810, the canton of Barcillonnette was transferred over to Hautes-Alpes.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the five districts were changed into five arrondissements: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Castellane and Sisteron were eliminated and in 1942 Castellane was made again an arrondissement of the department.

During World War II, the department was occupied by the fascist Italy.
 
The name of the capital, Digne, was changed to Digne-les-Bains in 1988 and on 13 April 1970 the department of Basses-Alpes was renamed Alpes-de-Haute-Provence.

Geography
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It has an area of .

The department is surrounded by Italy and five departments in two regions:
 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region
 Hautes-Alpes (north)
 Alpes-Maritimes (east)
 Var (south)
 Vaucluse (west)
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Drôme (northwest)
The highest point is  Aiguille de Chambeyron (), in the "commune" of Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye, to the northeast of the Ubaye valley; it is  . Other high mountains in the department are Brec de Chambeyron (), Pics de la Font Sancte (), Grand Bérard, () and Tête de Siguret ().

The main river in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is the Durance, a tributary of the Rhône river and that flows through the west of the department. Its main tributaries are the Bléone and Verdon.

The Var river flows through the eastern part of the department.

Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at the Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban airport is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administration
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence is managed by the Departamental Council of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in Digne-les-Bains. The department is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

Administrative divisions
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 15 cantons and 198 communes (municipalities) in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence.

The following is a list of the 15 cantons of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Barcelonnette (0401)
 Castellane (0402)
 Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban (0403)
 Digne-les-Bains-1 (0404)
 Digne-les-Bains-2 (0405)
 Forcalquier (0406)
 Manosque-1 (0407)
 Manosque-2 (0408)
 Manosque-3 (0409)
 Oraison (0410)
 Reillanne (0411)
 Riez (0412)
 Seyne (0413)
 Sisteron (0414)
 Valensole (0415)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence are known, in French, as Bas-Alpins (women: Bas-Alpines), referring to the department of Basses-Alpes which was the former name of the department until 13 April 1970.

Alpes-de-Haute-Provence had a population, in 2014, of 161,588, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Forcalquier, with 88,333 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

The 10 communes in the department with more inhabitants are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department
 Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Departmental Council website 
 Prefecture website 
 Alpes-de-Haute-Provence tourism 
 Provenceweb tourist guide

Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Hautes-Alpes () is a department in southeastern France, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It is named after the Alps mountain range and its prefecture (capital) is Gap.

History

The department of the Hautes-Alpes was one of the 83 original departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with the southeastern part of the old province of the Dauphiné.

It was divided in four districts: Briançon, Embrun, Gap and Serres, with Chorges as its capital but during that same year the capital was moved to Gap.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the four districts were changed into three arrondissements: Gap, Briançon and Embrun.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Embrun was eliminated.

After the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the department was occupied by troops from Austria and of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

During World War II, the department was occupied by the fascist Italy.
Geography
Hautes-Alpes is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It has an area of .

The department is surrounded by the Piedmont region (Italy) and four departments in two regions:
 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region
 Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (south)
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Isère (north)
 Savoie (northeast)
 Drôme (west)

Hautes-Alpes is in the Alps mountain range. The average elevation is over . The third highest commune in all of Europe is the village of Saint-Véran. Gap and Briançon are the highest prefecture and subprefecture in France.

The highest point is  Barre des Écrins (), in the commune of Pelvoux; it is  high. The lowest point is in the valley of the Buëch river, with an altitude of .

The main rivers in Hautes-Alpes are the Durance, a tributary of the Rhône river, Buëch and Drac.

Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Embrun is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype "Cfc".
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Embrun is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Embrun is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administration
Hautes-Alpes is managed by the Departmental Council of Hautes-Alpes in Gap. The department is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.

Administrative divisions
There are 2 arrondissements (districts), 15 cantons and 167 communes (municipalities) in Hautes-Alpes.

The following is a list of the 15 cantons of the Hautes-Alpes department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
L'Argentière-la-Bessée (0501)
 Briançon-1 (0502)
 Briançon-2 (0503)
 Chorges (0504)
 Embrun (0505)
 Gap-1 (0506)
 Gap-2 (0507)
 Gap-3 (0508)
 Gap-4 (0509)
 Guillestre (0510)
 Laragne-Montéglin (0511)
 Saint-Bonnet-en-Champsaur (0512)
 Serres (0513)
 Tallard (0514)
 Veynes (0515)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Hautes-Alpes are known, in French, as Haut-Alpins (women: Haut-Alpines).

Hautes-Alpes had a population, in 2013, of 139,883, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Gap, with 104,131 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Hautes-Alpes

The communes in the department with more inhabitants are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Hautes-Alpes department
 Communes of the Hautes-Alpes department

References

Other websites

 Departmental Council website 
 Prefecture website 
 Hautes-Alpes tourism 

Hautes-Alpes
Ardennes  is a department in the Grand Est region of northeastern France named after the Ardennes forest. Its prefecture is the city of Charleville-Mézières.

History
Ardennes is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Mézières as is capital. It was formed with the former province of Champagne, the principalities of Sedan and Argonne and other territories.

It was divided in six districts: Charleville, Grandpré, Rethel, Rocroi, Sedan and Vouziers.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into five arrondissements: Mézières, Rethel, Rocroi, Sedan  and Vouziers.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Rocroi and Sedan were eliminated but in 1942 Sedan was made again an arrondissement.

The communes of Charleville and Mézières are joined to form the new commune of Charleville-Mézières; it was named the capital of the department.

Geography
Ardennes is part of the Grand Est region. It has an area of .
The department borders with Belgium (Namur and Luxembourg provinces) and 3 other departments in 2 regions:
 Hauts-de-France region
 Aisne (west)
 Grand Est region
 Marne (south)
 Meuse (east)

The highest point of the department is Croix-Scaille () with an altitude of  high.; it is found between the French commune of Hautes-Rivières and the Belgian commune of Gedinne.

The lowest point is on the Aisne river in Brienne-sur-Aisne,  high.

Several rivers flow through the department; the main rivers are the Meuse, in the north, and the Aisne, in the south.

Climate
The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Charleville-Mézières is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Marine West Coast Climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Charleville-Mézières is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is June with an average of .
The average temperature for the year in Charleville-Mézières is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administration
Ardennes is managed by the Departmental Council of Ardennes in Charleville-Mézières. The department is part of the Grand Est region.

Administrative divisions
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 19 cantons and 452 communes (municipalities) in Ardennes.

The following is a list of the 19 cantons of the Ardennes department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Attigny (0801)
 Bogny-sur-Meuse (0802)
 Carignan (0803)
 Charleville-Mézières-1 (0804)
 Charleville-Mézières-2 (0805)
 Charleville-Mézières-3 (0806)
 Charleville-Mézières-4 (0807)
 Château-Porcien (0808)
 Givet (0809)
 Nouvion-sur-Meuse (0810)
 Rethel (0811)
 Revin (0812)
 Rocroi (0813)
 Sedan-1 (0814)
 Sedan-2 (0815)
 Sedan-3 (0816)
 Signy-l'Abbaye (0817)
 Villers-Semeuse (0818)
 Vouziers (0819)

Demographics
The inhabitants of the Ardennes department are known, in French, as Ardennais (women: Ardennaises),

Ardennes had a population, in 2014, of 279,715, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières, with 160,939 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in the Ardennes

The main communes in the department are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ardennes department
 Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Other websites

 General Council website 
 Prefecture website 
 Voie verte Trans-Ardennes
Gap or The Gap may refer to: Heath has a gap that is as big as a cave. You can walk in and explore.

General 
 Gap (clothing retailer), a chain of clothing stores
 Gap (ecology), a spacing between large trees in a forest
 Gap (landform), a mountain pass, often carved by a river
 Gap year, a prolonged period between a life stage
 Gäp, the Tatar-based cant language
 Gaap, a mighty Prince and Great President of Hell in demonology
 Gap coverage, a type of vehicle insurance
 Band gap or energy gap, the energy interval in which particles cannot propagate
Places 
 Gap, Hautes-Alpes, France
 Gap, Pennsylvania, United States
 The Gap, Brecon Beacons, an ancient mountain trail in the Brecon Beacons, Wales
 The Gap, Queensland, a suburb in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
 The Gap, New South Wales, an ocean cliff at Watsons Bay, New South Wales, Australia
 Darién Gap, a large swath of undeveloped swampland and forest separating Panama and Colombia
 Loughborough Gap, a disused section of the Great Central Railway in England
 Fulda Gap, an area in Germany of strategic importance during the cold war
 Mid-Atlantic Gap, in World War II, an area in the Atlantic Ocean with no air coverage

Entertainment 
 The Gap Band, an American music group
 Gap Mangione, jazz pianist and bandleader
 The Gap (album), a 2000 album by Joan of Arc
 The Gap Cycle, a science fiction novel series by Stephen Donaldson
 El Boquete (The Gap), a 2006 Argentine film
 Gap FC, a French football club
Acronym 
 .45 GAP, the "Glock Automatic Pistol" cartridge
 GAAP, Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, standard guidelines for financial accounting
 GAP, Good Agricultural Practices, any collection of value-based agricultural practices
 GAP, Generic access profile, an interoperability protocol used in wireless telephony
 GAP, Genocide Awareness Project, a movable pro-life display
 GAP, Government Accountability Project, a nonprofit organization
 GAP, Great Ape Project, an international organization advocating legal rights for great apes
 GAP computer algebra system (Groups, Algorithms and Programming), a software package
 GAP, Güneydoğu Anadolu Projesi (Southeastern Anatolia Project), a land reform project in Turkey
 GAP, the license plate code for Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
 GAP, Gruppi di Azione Partigiana (Partisan Action Group), an Italian terrorist group founded by Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
 Graph automorphism problem
 Air Philippines (ICAO designator)
Chemistry 
 GaP, Gallium(III) phosphide, a semiconductor material
 GAPs, GTPase activating proteins, a biochemical compound
 GAP, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a 3-carbon molecule metabolite important in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle
Ariège (; ) is a department in the region of Occitanie in southern France; it is named after the Ariège river that flows through the department.

Its capital is the city of Foix but the city with the largest population is Pamiers.

History
The department was inhabited in prehistoric times, as evidenced by the presence of caves with cave paintings and dolmens. In historical times it was inhabited by Basque people; they settled on the northern side of the Pyrenees and in the valleys below. In 415 it became part of the kingdom of the Visigoths, until their defeat at the hands of the king of the Franks in 507.

Ariège was created in 1790 during the French Revolution, when the whole of France was divided into departments, replacing the old provinces. Ariège was created combining the counties of Foix (Languedoc) and Couserans (Gascogne).

Geography
Ariège is part of the Occitanie region and has an area of .
The department is surrounded by the French departments of Haute-Garonne to the west and north, Aude to the east, and Pyrénées-Orientales in the southeast, as well as Spain (Lleida) and Andorra in the south.

Natural regions
There are three main natural regions in the department:
 The Ariège plain. The north of the department consists of plains, small hills and low valleys where agriculture is an important activity. Two major rivers, the Ariège and the Lèze, flow through the plain from south to north.
 The Pyrenean foothills. This area includes the small mountains and hills below .
 The Ariége high country. The geography is dominated by the Pyrenees mountains exceeding  above sea level which form the border between France and Spain.

The highest mountain in the department is the Pica d'Estats () that is  high and is on the Spain-France border. Other high mountains are the peak of Montcalm (3,077 m) and the Pic de Sotllo (3,072 m).
The main river is the Ariège river, a tributary of the Garonne river. Another important river is the Lèze, a tributary of the Ariège.

Climate
Two main types of climate are found in Ariège:

Mediterranean – particularly visible in the vegetation of the foothills and of the valley of the Ariège river towards Tarascon, and in the Sault country
Continental – in the Pyrenean valleys, with many storms and big differences of temperature between day and night

Temperatures are mild in the foothills, e.g. at the city of Foix (400 metres) the average is 5 °C in January and 19 °C in July. However, they decline rapidly with elevation, e.g. at l'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre (1,430 m) it is 0 °C in January and 14 °C in July.

Administration
The department is managed by the Departamental Council of the Ariège in Foix. Ariège is part of the region of Occitanie.

Administrative divisions
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 13 cantons and 332 communes (municipalities) in Ariège.
The following is a list of the 13 cantons of the Ariège department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:

 Haute-Ariège (0901)
 Arize-Lèze (0902)
 Couserans Est (0903)
 Couserans Ouest (0904)
 Foix (0905)
 Mirepoix (0906)
 Pamiers-1 (0907)
 Pamiers-2 (0908)
 Pays d'Olmes (0909)
 Portes d'Ariège (0910)
 Portes du Couserans (0911)
 Sabarthès (0912)
 Val d'Ariège (0913)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Ariège are known, in French, as ariègeois (women: ariègeoises).

Ariège has a population, in 2014, of 152,574, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Pamiers, with 73,702 inhabitants, is by far the one with more inhabitants. The other two, Foix and Saint-Girons, have respectively 51,473 and 27,399 inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Ariège

About 25% of the population lives in the four communes with 6,000 or more inhabitants.

The 10 most important cities in the department are:
Economy 
Agriculture is an important activity in Ariege. Only a small part of its territory is used by farmers; only , 27% of its total area, are used for agriculture in the Ariege.

The Ariège plain is the most fertile area of the department; here farmers grow maize, wheat, sunflower and other crops. The other natural regions are not good for agriculture and are covered with forests or are used for pastures for sheep, cattle and horses.
 
In the Ax valleys, the mining of talc is the most typical activity. This industry is supplemented by tourism for winter sports.

Hydroelectric production is about one-fifth of the production in the Pyrenees. The hydroelectric plant at Aston has the largest annual production capacity in the Pyrenees.

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ariège department
 Communes of the Ariège department

Notes

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Departamental Council of the Ariège 
 Ariège 2020 - agenda 21  
 Prefecture website 
 The Ariège Pyrenees 
 Ariege Pyrenees Tourism 
 Pays des Portes d'Ariège-Pyrénées 
 Histariège - Histoire et Patrimoine de l'Ariège  

Ariège (department)
Aube is a department in northeast France named after the Aube river. The prefecture (capital) of Aube is Troyes.

History
Aube is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Troyes as its capital. It was divided in six districts: Nogent-sur-Seine, Arcis-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Seine, Ervy, and Troyes.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into five arrondissements: Arcis-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Aube, Bar-sur-Seine, Nogent-sur-Seine and Troyes.

After the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815), the department was occupied by the Russian army from June 1815 to November 1818.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Arcis-sur-Aube et Bar-sur-Seine were eliminated.
Geography
The Aube department is in the southwest of the Grand Est region. It is surrounded by 5 departments in 3 regions:
 Grand Est region
 Marne (north)
 Haute-Marne (east)
 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region
 Côte-d'Or (south)
 Yonne (west)
 Île-de-France region
 Seine-et-Marne (northwest)

The area of Aube is . Its highest point is in the Bois du Mont in the commune Champignol-lez-Mondeville in the southeast of the department. It is  high (),. The lowest point is  high in the commune La Motte-Tilly in the west of the department.

The main rivers in the department are the Seine, the Aube (tributary of the Seine), the Amance (tributary of the Armançon), and the Vanne (a tributary of the Yonne).

Climate
The area around Troyes, at an altitude of about , has few extremes of temperature. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Troyes is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".