Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The term Communion comes from Latin communio (sharing in common).  The corresponding term in Greek is κοινωνία, which is often translated as "fellowship".

In Christianity, the basic meaning of the term communion is an especially close relationship of Christians, as individuals or as a Church, with God and with other Christians.

Derived meanings in Christianity
But the term is also used of a group of Christian Churches that have this close relationship of communion with each other. An example is the Anglican Communion.

If the relationship between the Churches is complete, involving fulness of "those bonds of communion - faith, sacraments and pastoral governance - that permit the Faithful to receive the life of grace within the Church",  it is called full communion. But the term "full communion" is often used as well in that sense that these Christian Churches are not united, but have only an arrangement where members of each Church have certain rights within the other.
If a Church recognizes that another Church, with which it lacks bonds of pastoral governance, shares with it some of the beliefs and essential practices of Christianity, it may speak of "partial communion" between it and the other Church.

The communion of saints is the relationship that, according to the belief of Christians, exists between them as people made holy by their link with Christ. This relationship is generally understood to mean not only those still in earthly life, but also to those who have gone past death to be "at home with the Lord" (2 Corinthians 5:8).

In a special way the term communion is applied to sharing in the Eucharist.
Biblical usage
In the Bible, the Greek term κοινωνία is only used in the New Testament. It does not appear at all in the ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament known as the Septuagint. As a noun, or in its adjectival or verbal forms, it is found in 43 verses of the New Testament. In addition, the noun is found in some manuscripts (used for producing the English translation known as the King James Version, but not for more recent translations) in Ephesians 3:9.
The word is applied,  according to the context, to communion, sharing or fellowship with:
the divine nature (2 Pt 1:4), God (1 Jn 1:6), the Trinity (1 Jn 1:3), Jesus, Son of God (1 Co 1:9), his sufferings (Ph 3:10; 1 Pt 4:13), his future glory (1 Pt 5:1), the Holy Spirit (2 Co 13:14; Ph 2:1)
the blood and the body of Christ (1 Co 10:16), pagan sacrifices and gods (1 Co 10:18, 20)
fellow Christians, their sufferings and the faith (Ac 2:42; Ga 2:9; 1 Jn 1:3, 7; Heb 10:33; Rv 1:9; Phm 6, 17)
a source of spiritual favours (Rm 11:17), the gospel (1 Co 9:23), light and darkness (2 Co 6:14)
others' sufferings and consolation (2 Co 1:7; Ph 4:14), their evangelizing work (Ph 1:5), their graces or privileges (Rm 15:27; Ph 1:7), their material needs, to remedy which assistance is given (Rm 12:13, 15:26-27; 2 Co 8:4, 9:13; Ga 6:6; Ph 4:15; 1 Tm 6:18; Heb 13:16)
the evil deeds of others (Mt 23:30; Ep 5:11; 1 Tm 5:22; 2 Jn 11; Rv 18:4)
the bodily human nature all have in common (Heb 2:14)
Related pages
Communion of Saints
Full communion

Christian theology
A renewable resource is a resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally. Renewable energy almost never runs out, for example: solar energy is powered by heat from the sun and never runs out. Other examples include oxygen, geothermal power, fresh water, solar energy and biomass. 

Gasoline, coal, natural gas, diesel, plastics and other fossil fuels are not renewable. They take millions of years to be made, and cannot be renewed in a human’s, or even a nation's lifetime. Ways have been developed to make biodegradable plastic and bio diesel and other fuels from renewable resources such as corn, sugar cane, soybeans and canola.
Renewable resource harvesting and use typically do not produce pollution or contribute to global warming. The use of renewable resources and energy sources is increasing worldwide, with certain nations, such as Bhutan, and US states, such as California, beginning to rely entirely on renewable energy. From 2008 to 2012, the U.S. doubled renewable generation from wind, solar, and geothermal sources. America and Britain are now home to some of the largest wind and solar farms in the world. There are also things called human resource where human’s waste is turned into energy. There are many other resources such as water power. Renewable resources are basically the opposite of non-renewable resources.

Other websites 
 Alternative Fuels - Beginner's tutorial on using alternative fuels in a diesel engine

References 

Sustainable development
Fuel
Derek Taylor (7 May 1932 – 7 September 1997) was an English journalist and author. He spent most of his career covering popular music and celebrity news. He had a long association with rock band The Beatles, serving at different times as their . He was also a  to The Beatles manager Brian Epstein, and co-wrote a  with guitarist George Harrison.

In the mid-1960s, Taylor lived with his family in Los Angeles, California, and had his own  agency. His clients included The Byrds and The Beach Boys. He also gave Harry Nilsson's career a boost, when he sent copies of Nilsson's album Pandemonium Shadow Show to important members of the music industry, including the Beatles. Taylor died of cancer on 7 September 1997.

Sources

1932 births
1997 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
English journalists
The Beatles
Writers from Liverpool
Writers from Suffolk
Hot chocolate, also known as hot cocoa or drinking chocolate, is a hot drink. It is usually made by mixing chocolate or cocoa powder, sugar, and usually a sweetener. Hot chocolate may be topped with whipped cream or marshmallows. Hot chocolate is usually drunk to make the drinker feel happier or warmer. Some studies have shown that hot chocolate may be healthy because of antioxidants that are in cocoa. Until the 1800s, hot chocolate was also used by doctors as a medicinal drink.

It is believed that the hot chocolate drink was first made by the Mayan people about 2,000 years ago. Another cocoa drink was made by the Aztecs by 1400 . The drink became popular in Europe after being brought from Mexico, and has changed a lot since then. Today, hot chocolate is used around the world. It comes in many different types such as the very thick cioccolata densa in Italy, and the thinner hot cocoa that is usually drunk in the United States.

History
History 

Chocolate is made from cocoa, the dried and partly fermented seeds of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao). The cacao tree is a small (4–8 m (15–26 ft.) tall) pine tree found in the deep tropical areas of the Americas. New studies show that the most found type of the plant first came from the Amazon basin. It was slowly moved by humans to other places in South and Central America to farm. Early kinds of another type have also been found in what is now Venezuela. The scientific name, theobroma, means "food of the gods". The fruit, called a cacao pod, is shaped like an oval, 15–30 cm (6–12 in.) long and 8–10 cm (3–4 in.) wide. It gets ripe from yellow to orange, and weighs about 500 g (1 lb) when ripe.
The first known use of cacao is chocolate found in jars at the site of Puerto Escondido in Honduras. It was used there around 1100  An early Classic Period (460–480 ) Mayan grave from Río Azul, Guatemala, had cups with the Mayan words for cacao on them with traces of an old chocolate drink. The Maya are usually given credit for making the first chocolate drink over 2,000 years ago. The drink would be changed even more in Europe.

To make the drink, the Maya ground cocoa seeds into a paste and mixed it with water, cornmeal, chile peppers, and spices. They then poured the drink back and forth from a cup to a pot until a foam was created. The drink was served cold. Maya of all social classes could get the drink, but the rich drank chocolate from fancy vessels or cups.
By the 1400s, the Aztecs took over a large part of Mesoamerica, and took cacao into their culture. They thought of chocolate with Xochiquetzal, the goddess of pregnancy. They also used chocolate drinks as sacrifices to gods. The Aztec kind of the drink was bitter and spicy, and was called xocolatl. It was made a lot like the Mayan chocolate drinks. Vanilla, chile pepper, and achiote were added to the drink, and it was believed to fight tiredness, which is because of the theobromine content, a mood enhancer. Because cacao would not grow in central Mexico and had to be brought into the empire, chocolate was an important luxury good in the Aztec empire. Because of this, cocoa beans were used as money.
The first time Europeans saw chocolate was in the 16th century when Montezuma (who was ruler of the Aztec then) showed xocolatl to Hernán Cortés, a Spanish conquistador. What the Spanish then called "chocolatl" was said to be a drink made of a chocolate base with vanilla and other spices that was served cold. Montezuma's rulers have been said to drink about 2000 cups of xocolatl per day, 50 of which were drank by Montezuma himself.

Because sugar had not come to the Americas, xocolatl was said to be something that one did not like in the beginning. The drink tasted spicy and bitter, unlike today's hot chocolate. As to when xocolatl was first made warm, sources are not sure about when and by whom. However, Jose de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, described xocolatl as a drink with a bitter taste that the natives liked a lot.

European changes
European changes

After defeating Montezuma’s warriors and taking the Aztec's riches, Cortés went back to Spain in 1528. He brought cocoa beans and chocolate drink making equipment. At this time, chocolate still was only the bitter drink made by the Mayans. Sweet hot chocolate and bar chocolate were not made yet.

After coming to Europe, the drink slowly got popularity. The court of King Charles V soon began drinking it, and what was then only called "chocolate" became a popular drink with the Spanish upper class. Also, cocoa was given as a gift when the Spanish Royal Family married other royalty. Then, chocolate cost a lot in Europe because the cacao beans only grew in South America.
The first shipment of chocolate to Europe for sale purposes was a shipment from Veracruz to Sevilla in 1585. It was still a drink, but the Europeans added sugar to sweeten it, and took out the chili pepper. They also added vanilla, cinnamon, and other spices. Sweet hot chocolate was then made, making hot chocolate a luxury item with the European royalty in the 17th century. Even when the first Chocolate house (a store like a coffee shop now) opened in 1657, the drink still cost a lot. A pound cost 50 to 75 pence (between 50 and US$75 now).

In the late 1600s, Hans Sloane, president of the Royal College of Physicians, went to Jamaica. There, he tried chocolate and did not like it, but found it was better with milk. When he came back to England, he brought the recipe with him, bringing milk chocolate to Europe.
In 1828, Coenraad Johannes van Houten made the first cocoa powder making machine in the Netherlands. The press took apart the greasy cocoa butter from cacao seeds, leaving a chocolate powder behind. This powder—like the cocoa powder used now—was easier to stir into milk and water, and led to solid chocolate. By using cocoa powder and a little bit of cocoa butter, bar chocolate was then able to be made. The term "chocolate" then came to mean solid chocolate, instead of hot chocolate.

Use and types
Today, hot chocolate is used around the world. However, there are two main styles of the drink.

Name
Name

The words "hot chocolate" and "hot cocoa" are sometimes used instead of each other, but there is actually a difference between the two. "Hot cocoa" is made from a mix of cocoa, sugar and ingredients, all powdered, to make the drink thick without cocoa butter. "Hot chocolate" is made right from bars of chocolate, which has cocoa, sugar and cocoa butter in it. The biggest difference between the two is the cocoa butter, which makes hot cocoa have less fat than hot chocolate, so it is better for one's health.

Hot chocolate can be made with dark, semisweet, or bittersweet chocolate. It is cut into small pieces and stirred into milk with sugar. American hot cocoa powder can be made with powdered milk so it can be made without milk. In the United Kingdom, "hot chocolate" is a sweet chocolate drink made with hot milk or water, and powder with chocolate, sugar, and powdered milk. "Cocoa" usually means a similar drink made with just hot milk and cocoa powder, then made sweeter with sugar.
North America
In the United States, the drink is most popular in powdered or crushed form. It is made with hot water or milk. This is the thinner of the two main types. It is very sweet and often is served with marshmallows, whipped cream, or a piece of solid chocolate. European hot chocolate first came to the U.S. as early as the 1600s by the Dutch, but the first time colonists began selling hot chocolate was around 1755. Hot chocolate is usually drank in cold weather and winter in the United States. It is not taken with meals very often.

In Mexico, hot chocolate is still popular. Besides the instant powder form, Mexican hot chocolate uses semi-sweet chocolate, cinnamon, sugar and vanilla. Hot chocolate of this type is often sold in tablets or bars which can be put into hot milk, water or cream. It is then mixed until the drink gets a creamy foam. Mexican cinnamon hot chocolate is often served with a variety of Mexican breads or pastries called pan dulce ("sweet bread") and churros.
Europe
In Europe, most kinds of hot chocolate are very thick. This is because they are made from pure chocolate. In the United Kingdom, hot chocolate is usually thinner. As Europe was where hot chocolate was first made popular, there are many different types.

Among the thick types of hot chocolate served in Europe is the Italian cioccolata densa. German types are also known for being very thick and heavy. Hot chocolate and churros is the normal working-man's breakfast in Spain. This style of hot chocolate can be very thick, often being like warm chocolate pudding.

There are even more types of thick hot chocolate in Europe. Some cafes in Belgium and other areas in Europe serve a "warme chocolade" or "chocolat chaud". This is a cup of heated milk and a small bowl of bittersweet chocolate chips to put in the milk. In England, some kinds of powdered drinks are as thick as pure chocolate kinds.
Health
Even though hot chocolate is usually drunk for enjoyment, it can also be good for the health. Hot chocolate has a lot of antioxidants that may be good for the health. From the 16th to 19th centuries, hot chocolate was used as a medicine and a drink. Explorer Francisco Hernández wrote that chocolate drinks helped fever and diseases of the liver. Another explorer, Santiago de Valverde Turices, thought that large amounts of hot chocolate were good for fixing chest problems, and small amounts could help stomach problems. When chocolate first came to France in the 17th century, it was used "to fight against fits of anger and bad moods". This may be because of a chemical that makes a person's mood better in chocolate.

There are also some health effects which are not good. Hot chocolate has a lot of calories, saturated fat, and sugar. Caffeine from the cocoa in hot chocolate can cause bad effects.
There is evidence that the caffeine causes a mild addiction to the drink.

Related pages
Related pages

 Chocolate
 Cocoa
 Chocolate milk

References

Drinks
A diuretic is a chemical substance. This substance is either in a herb (such as dandelions), or it has been separated and made into a drug. Diuretics increase the amount of urine that is secreted from the body. Diuretics are used as a treatment for heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension and certain problems with the kidneys. Diuretics are often abused by people suffering form bulimia nervosa as a way to lose weight. 

Well-known substances that have diuretic properties are tea,coffee and alcohol.

Other websites 
 Diagram at mmi.mcgill.ca 
 Diagram at cvpharmacology.com

Drugs
The Byrds were a popular folk rock band, from California. Their members included Jim McGuinn (who later changed his name to Roger), David Crosby, Gene Clark, Chris Hillman and Michael Clarke. Later band members included Gram Parsons, Clarence White, and Gene Parsons.

The Byrds pioneered folk rock, a blend of folk music with rock and roll. Many of their songs were remakes of Bob Dylan's songs, such as "Mr. Tambourine Man", which was their first hit in 1965. They recorded a bright, uplifting version of "Turn, Turn, Turn", which had been adapted by Pete Seeger from Ecclesiastes in the Bible. Other songs were written by band members.
The Byrds recorded "So You Wanna Be a Rock'N'Roll Star?" about the Monkees, not liking the star-making machinery that made the Monkees famous overnight. McGuinn later said the song was about the pop music business, not the Monkees.  They softened their opinions, though, once they'd met the band and saw they had real talent. Members of the Byrds played on Monkees recording sessions, and the later band Crosby, Stills & Nash was formed partly from meetings at Peter Tork's house.

One Byrds song, "You Showed Me", became a hit for The Turtles late in 1968. The Byrds's lineup changed many times, and after the last new lineup disbanded in 1972, the original members reunited to record an album, titled Byrds.

Discography
Mr. Tambourine Man (1965)
Turn! Turn! Turn! (1965)
Fifth Dimension (1966)
Younger Than Yesterday (1967)
The Notorious Byrd Brothers (1968)
Sweetheart of the Rodeo (1968)
Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde (1969)
Ballad of Easy Rider (1969)
(Untitled) (1970)
Byrdmaniax (1971)
Farther Along (1971)
Byrds (1973)
References

Other websites
Hear the Byrds on the Pop Chronicles, 1969. 

1964 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1960s establishments in California
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2000 disestablishments in the United States
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Country bands
Folk music groups
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
Musical groups established in 1964
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Meningitis is an infection of certain membranes and tissues of the nervous system. Those are called meninges (singular: meninx). Their function is to protect the central nervous system. Most often, this infection is caused by microorganisms, like viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. The most common cause of meningitis are viruses, followed by bacteria. Meningitis is a life-threatening condition. It affects all age groups.

Some kinds of meningitis are very easy to spread. For this reason, in certain countries, like Germany, doctors have to tell the authorities that someone might have meningitis.

Signs of meningitis 
Some signs  of meningitis can be: high fever, sometimes with chills; very strong headache; nauseas and vomiting; drowsiness or confusion; twitching; sleepiness; sore throat; delirium (especially in children); seizures; and stiff neck (in less than 50% of the cases, but may be a telltale sign).
Types
The two main forms of meningitis are bacterial meningitis and viral meningitis. In bacterial meningitis, most patients die without treatment, whereas in viral meningitis most patients get better on their own. Herpes virus meningitis may respond to an antiviral drug.

Related pages
 Encephalitis, the inflammation (swelling) of the brain

References

Other websites 
 
 WHO: Meningococcal meningitis
 Merck Manual: Central nervous system infections
 Vaccination information from the NHS, UK 
 CDC: Meningococcal disease 
 CNN Health Library, Meningitis 
 Information on Meningitis UK and the charity's search for a vaccine 
 Information from the Meningitis Trust
 Information from the Meningitis Trust in New Zealand 

Infectious diseases
Mental confusion (often simply called confusion) is a symptom. People suffering from it have problems finding their way around in the world. They have troubles remembering who they are, where they are, or what time (or day of the week) it is. Additionally, they may have trouble remembering things or memorizing new things. This may be linked to problems focusing their attention. Confusion can also be a sign of someone being sick with various illnesses when it's coupled with things like fever, chills, or exhaustion.

Medical causes of confusion 
Confusion can be caused by many different medical problems.

There are both acute and chronic causes of confusion.

Acute causes of confusion 
Acute causes of confusion usually come on suddenly, and doctors may be able to fix some of them.
In medicine, the acronym AEIOU-TIPS is used to remember the most common causes of confusion that comes on suddenly (over hours or days, not years):
 Alcohol (being drunk) or Acidosis (having too much acid in the blood, which poisons the body)
 Environmental causes (like being very cold) or Epilepsy (being confused after a seizure)
 Infection (like meningitis, an infection of the brain's lining) 
 Overdose (taking too much medicine or too many illegal drugs)
 Uremia (poisons building up in the blood because of kidney problems) or Underdose (not taking enough prescribed medicine)
 Trauma (injury, especially to the head)
 Insulin (confusion because of a blood sugar emergency - blood sugar is either too low or much too high)
 Psychogenic (when mental illness causes confusion)
 Stroke (when not enough blood and oxygen gets part of the brain)
Confusion can also happen when the brain is not getting enough blood and oxygen.  For example, this can happen because of:
 Low blood pressure (when the heart is not pumping hard enough to get blood and oxygen to the brain)
 If the heart is beating too slow, or too fast, or not regularly (making the heart unable to get blood and oxygen up to the brain)
 A breathing problem that makes it impossible to get enough oxygen into the body (like a bad asthma attack, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD))

Chronic causes of confusion
Chronic causes of confusion usually come on less suddenly and last for a long time (months or years).  For example:
 Dementia or Alzheimer's disease can cause a person to be confused most of the time, or all of the time
 Traumatic brain injury, or any other kind of damage to the brain
 A brain tumor

References

Symptoms
Lick It Up is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1983.

Track listing 
Exciter
Not For The Innocent
Lick It Up
Young And Wasted
Gimme More
All Hell's Breakin' Loose
A Million To One
Fits Like A Glove
Dance All Over Your Face
And On The 8th Day

Kiss (band) albums
1983 albums
Heavy metal albums
Hard rock albums
Wesleyan University is a private liberal arts university in Middletown, Connecticut. It was founded by Methodist leaders and the people of Middletown in 1831. The university was the first college or university to be named after John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. Wesleyan is one of the three small New England colleges that make up the "Little Three" (or the "Little Ivies"): the others are Amherst and Williams Colleges.

History 
Wesleyan was founded as an all-male Methodist college in 1831. In 1872 it became one of the first American colleges to let female students attend. Some of Wesleyan's male alumni did not think that letting women go to the school was a good thing. They believed that it made Wesleyan look bad. Wesleyan stopped letting women got there and from 1912 to 1970 Wesleyan operated as an all-male college. Wesleyan began letting women attend again in 1970. At that time many females had gone to the all-female Connecticut College in nearby New London, Connecticut.
Other websites 
 Wesleyan University
 Virtual Wesleyan  - An award-winning, interactive guide to Wesleyan University
 The Wesleyan Connection  - Official newsletter of the university administration
 Wesleyan Student Assembly 

Methodism
Christianity in the United States
Colleges and universities in Connecticut
1831 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Connecticut
Seasons 
Season 01 (2005-2006)
Season 02 (2006-06)
Season 03 (2006-07)                                                                                                                            *
Season 04 (2007-08)
Season 05 (2008-08)
Season 06 (2008-09)
Season 07 (2009-2010)
Season 08 (2010-10)
Season 09 (2011-11)
Season 10 (2011-12)
Season 11 (2012-12)
Season 12 (2013-13)
Season 13 (2013-13)
Season 14 (2014-14)
Season 15 (2014-14)
Season 16 (2015-15)
Season 17 (2015-16)
Season 18 (2016)
Season 19 (2017-17)
Season 20 (2018-18)
Season 21 (2019-19)
Season 22 (2020)

References

Channel Links
Cartoon Network series
American science fiction television series
2000s American animated television series
2010s American animated television series
English-language television programs
2005 American television series debuts
Karol Maciej Szymanowski (6 October 1882 - 29 March 1937) was a Polish composer. Next to Frederic Chopin, Karol was Poland's most famous composer. He is thought to be one of the greatest Polish composers of the first half of the 20th century.

Early life 
Szymanowski was born on his family's estate in Tymoszówka in what is today Ukraine. He studied in Berlin and Warsaw.

Music 
His music can be divided into three phases.

Early works before World War I showed his repertoire for the works of Frederic Chopin, Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.

The second phase is influenced by the Orient and Mediterranean cultures. His music during this phase resulted in many of his best known compositions.

The third phase began in 1921. It has much what is similar to Polish folk themes. This work defined Polish themed music and is thought to include his greatest works. Initially, his music was not well accepted in Poland.
Works 
The works of Szymanowski include four symphonies, two violin concertos, the operas Hagith and King Roger, the ballet-pantomime Harnasie, the oratorio Stabat Mater, as well as many piano, violin, vocal and choral compositions. His most popular works was his ballet Harnasie and opera King Roger. "Harnasie" was first shown in Prague and later shown at the Paris Opera. It was received with acclamation and enthusiasm,  both by critics and the public. Health and financial problems brought his work to an end in 1934. Szymanowski died after a short stay in a sanatorium in Lausanne, Switzerland.

 Karol Szymanowski's "Stabat Mater". Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra. Thomas Dausgaard, conductor. Live concert.

Death 
He died of tuberculosis in Lausanne, Switzerland on 28 March 1937. He was buried on 7 April 1937 at the cemetery for the Polish nobles, in Pauline in Krakow.

References
References 

20th-century composers
Deaths from tuberculosis
Disease-related deaths in Switzerland
LGBT composers
Polish composers
1882 births
1937 deaths
Animalize is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 13, 1984.

Track listing 

1984 albums
Heavy metal albums
Hard rock albums
Kiss (band) albums
American jazz musicians
American composers
American pianists
Writers from Baltimore
Musicians from Baltimore
1887 births
1983 deaths
A television director directs the activities involved in making a television program. He or she is part of a television crew. A television director is different from a movie director. In television the producer usually has creative control. In movies, the director has creative control. Most television directors specialize in directing one type of television program.

Duties
A television director has a complex job that includes approving scripts, setting up camera shots, laying out scenes and deciding on lighting. The director is responsible for directing of live broadcasts, filming programs, post-production editing and mixing. A director also supervises the technical crew.
A director's duties can be very different depending on the type of program. For example a drama recorded in a studio is different from a live event outside the studio. In a dramatic arts production, the television director's job can be similar to that of a movie director. A director gives cues to actors and directs the camera placement and movement. Often, in a television series, different directors will work on different episodes.

Related pages 
Producer
Screenwriter
Television presenter
Television producer

References

Other websites 
 Television Director at The Museum of Broadcast Communications
Roseanne is an American television sitcom. It was shown on ABC from 1988 to 1997. It stars comedian Roseanne Barr. The series is about a working-class family living in fictional city of Lanford, Illinois. For many years, Roseanne was more truthful than other series of the time in how it showed family life. They dealt with tough subjects, for example poverty, alcoholism, narcotics, sex, first menstrual periods, masturbation, obesity, feminism, domestic violence, nudity and homosexuality. Another important thing in the series was Roseanne's control in raising her children. Her husband Dan (John Goodman) felt as though he had no say in their house. Roseanne was important for women because it was one of the first series to put an overweight, powerful, yet smart woman as the main character.
The series had very high viewing figures from its start. It spent its first six seasons in the top five of the Nielsen ratings. During the seventh season the series dropped some in ratings, but still stayed in the top 10 of the Nielsen ratings. However, during its ninth, and final season, the show's ratings dropped much and had fallen out of the top thirty.

Season 10 aired from March 27–May 22, 2018. On March 30, an eleventh season was ordered.

However, on May 29, 2018, the show was cancelled by ABC after Barr tweeted a message about Valerie Jarrett (an aide to President Barack Obama) that was viewed as racist.  Barr wrote:

Comedienne and actress Wanda Sykes, a consulting producer of the reboot, resigned before the show's cancellation due to the tweet.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1988 American television series debuts
2018 American television series endings
1980s American sitcoms
1990s American sitcoms
2010s American sitcoms
Illinois in fiction
Television series about dysfunctional families
Television series about marriage
Television series about siblings
English-language television programs
Veronica Mars is an American teen drama/mystery-neo-noir series set in Southern California. It was first shown on UPN on September 22, 2004. The series was shown for its first two seasons on the UPN before moving to The CW Television Network on October 3, 2006. The show stars Kristen Bell as Veronica Mars: a student who also works as a private investigator with the help of her detective father. The series is said to be "a little bit Buffy and a little bit Bogart",. The series has murder mystery, high school and college drama with sarcasm and strange humor.

The show starts with Veronica and her friends in high school. It follows them to college in later seasons of the series.

References

2004 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American teen drama television series
Mystery television series
Television series set in California
UPN network shows
English-language television programs
The  is a handheld video game system made by the Sega Corporation. It was released in Japan in 1990, and then released later in Europe, the United States and Australia.

The Game Gear has a colour screen, a speaker, and needs six AA batteries (for 4 hours of play-time) to run. It is bigger and costs more money than the Nintendo Game Boy. It also uses more electric power than the Game Boy, so the Game Gear's batteries must be replaced more often.

There are special add-ons for the Game Gear, such as a TV-Tuner that allows people to watch television on it.

References

Notes

Handheld video games
Sega video game consoles
God the Father is a title for God in the Christian religion; however, for believers of the Trinity, God the Father is only viewed as the first person of the Trinity, who along with the Son and the Holy Spirit are of the same essence, share the same qualities, and are each fully God.

God is known as the Father because of his unending care for humanity, just like a father would care for his dependent children, and as our father and creator, he responds to his children so he can have a relationship with us. Through prayer, you can grow a relationship with Him.

Even though the term "Father" itself is masculine, God is understood to have the form of a spirit without any human biological gender as he is a being beyond our understanding. Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 239 specifically states that "God is neither man nor woman: he is God". Even though God is never directly called "Mother" in the Bible, in the Book of Isaiah there are many verses where God is shown to have motherly attributes, such as: ,  or .
Views

Trinitarianism 
Christians who believe in the Trinity believe that God the Father is not a separate being or god from the other members of the Trinity; instead, they are distinct persons who are of the same essence and share the same qualities; because of this, the Son and Holy Spirit are no less "God" than the Father. According to Eastern Orthodox theology, God the Father is the arche or principium ("beginning"), the "source" or "origin" of both the Son and the Holy Spirit, and is considered the eternal source of the Godhead. The Father is the one who eternally begets the Son, and the Father, through the Son, eternally breathes the Holy Spirit.

Nontrinitarianism 
There are groups that do not believe in the Trinity and have different views.
Followers of Mormonism believe in the Godhead, which is a divine council of three distinct beings: Elohim (the Father), Jehovah (the Son, Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. Elohim and Jehovah have perfected physical bodies, while the Holy Spirit has a body of spirit. Mormons believe that instead of sharing the same essence, each person is their own being; Elohim created Jehovah and the Holy Spirit and is greater in authority and power than them, while they are united in purpose (this heresy is called Subordinationism). 

Mormons believe that God the Father has a spouse called the Heavenly Mother, and together they are the Heavenly Parents; that God the Father is one of the many gods out there in the universe, and there are gods greater than him; that he isn't the creator of the universe and created a few planets through Jehovah but created them with existing materials and not ex nihilo; and that he was once a human who was tested just like us, and because of his obedience to his god, he became one.
Related pages 
 God
 God the Son
 Holy Spirit in Christianity
 Jesus
 Trinity
 Subordinationism

References

Other websites 

 God the Father at Theopedia

Gods and goddesses
Christian theology
Kevin Patrick Smith  (born August 2, 1970) is an American screenwriter, movie director and the founder of View Askew Productions. He is also known as a comic book writer and actor. Smith's movies often take place in his home state of New Jersey. The movies are filled with pop culture references. Many of the references are about comic books and the Star Wars movies. They often take place in the View Askewniverse.

Early life
Smith was born in Red Bank, New Jersey to Grace and Donald Smith. He has an older sister, Virginia, and an older brother, Donald Jr. Smith was raised in the Catholic religion. He went to Henry Hudson Regional High School in Highlands, The New School for Social Research New York and the Vancouver movie School. Smith studied making movies but dropped out halfway through his studies.
Personal life
Smith is married to Jennifer Schwalbach Smith. They have a daughter, Harley Quinn Smith, born in 1999. He named his daughter after Harley Quinn, a comic-book character from Batman: The Animated Series.

On February 25, 2018 he suffered a non-fatal "massive heart attack" with 100% blockage of the left anterior descending artery.

Filmography

Writer
 Clerks (1994)
 Mallrats (1995)
 Chasing Amy (1997)
 Coyote Ugly
 Superman Lives
 The Six Million Dollar Man
 The Green Hornet
 Clerks: Sell Out
 Dogma (1999)
 Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)
 Jersey Girl (2004)
 Clerks II (2006)
 Daredevil, Vol. 1: Guardian Devil (2003)
 Roadside Attractions (2002)
 The Concert for New York City
 Hiatus
 Overnight Delivery 1997
 Mae Day: The Crumbling of a Documentary
 Ranger Danger and the Danger Rangers (2008) (unconfirmed)
 Hating Hal
The Flying Car (2002)
Clerks: The Lost Scene (2004)
The Magic Roundabout(2006)
Director
 Mae Day: The Crumbling of a Documentary (1992)
 Clerks (1994)
 Mallrats (1995)
 Chasing Amy (1997)
 Dogma (1999)
 Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)
 Jersey Girl (2004)
 Clerks II (2006)
 The Concert for New York City
 Ranger Danger and the Danger Rangers (2008) (unconfirmed)
The Flying Car (2002)
Clerks: The Lost Scene (2004)
Copout (2010)
Producer
Clerks
Mallrats (uncredited)
Drawing Flies
A Better Place
Chasing Amy (uncredited)
Good Will Hunting (co-producer)
Dogma (uncredited)
Vulgar
Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (uncredited)
Jersey Girl (uncredited)
Clerks II
Sucks Less with Kevin Smith (executive producer) (6 episodes, 2006)
Small Town Gay Bar (2006) (executive producer)
Reel Paradise (2005) (executive producer)
Clerks: The Animated Series (executive producer) (2 episodes, 2000-2001)
Judge Not: In Defense of Dogma (2001) (producer)
Tail Lights Fade (1999) (executive producer) (uncredited)
Big Helium Dog (1999) (executive producer)
A Better Place (1997) (executive producer)
Mae Day: The Crumbling of a Documentary (1992)
Hating Hal
The Flying Car (2002)
Clerks: The Lost Scene (2004)
Actor
Clerks
Mallrats
Drawing Flies
Chasing Amy
Dogma
Scream 3
Vulgar
Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back
Daredevil
Doogal
Now You Know
Clerks II
Southland Tales
Bottom's Up
Live Free or Die Hard
Catch and Release
Veronica Mars 1 Episode
Tail Lights Fade
Joey 1 Episode
Law & Order: "Black, White and Blue"
Clerks: The Animated Series 6 Episodes
Hardware: Uncensored Music Videos - Hip Hop Volume 1
Yes, Dear 1 Episode
Manchild Pilot (maybe more)
Duck Dodgers 1 Episode
Degrassi: The Next Generation 5 Episodes
TMNT
Live Free or Die Hard
Big Helium Dog
Electric Playground 1 Episode
Untitled Kevin Smith Horror Project 2008
Hating Hal 1 Episode

Editor
Clerks II (2006)
Jersey Girl (2004)
Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)
Dogma (1999)
Chasing Amy (1997)
Clerks (1994)
Mae Day: The Crumbling of a Documentary(1992)
Hating Hal
The Flying Car (2002)
Clerks: The Lost Scene (2004)
Music videos
Can't Even Tell by Soul Asylum As Silent Bob
Build Me Up Buttercup by The Goops As Silent Bob
Because I Got High by Afroman As Silent Bob
Kick Some Ass by Stroke 9 As Silent Bob

References

Other websites 

View Askew Productions
[
Smith's blog

1970 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
American movie actors
American screenwriters
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
American voice actors
Kevin Smith
Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie producers from New Jersey
Writers from New Jersey
American bloggers
The Nicene Creed,  Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed or Icon/Symbol of the Faith, is the most widespread or ecumenical Christian statement of faith.

Since its original formulation it continues to be used in the Roman Catholic, Syrian Orthodox (Jacobite), Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, Anglican, Lutheran, and most other Protestant Churches.

Comparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381 
The following table displays side by side the earlier (325) and later (381) forms of this Creed in the English translation given in Schaffs Creeds of Christendom, which indicates by brackets the portions of the 325 text that were omitted or moved in 381, but uses no typographical mark to indicate what phrases, absent in the 325 text, were added in 381.

The following table presents in the same way the texts of the two Councils, as given in the original Greek language on the Web site Symbolum Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum - Greek:
Problems
There were certain problems with the Nicene creed. In 529, the so-called filioque clause was added to the creed. This clause is one of the main differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Catholic Church has this clause, the Eastern Orthodox Church does not. The clause tells how the Son is connected to the Holy Spirit. Where the original Nicene Creed reads "We believe in the Holy Spirit ... who proceeds from the Father", the altered, Roman Catholic version reads "We believe in the Holy Spirit ... who proceeds from the Father and the Son". Roman Catholic Christians accept this change, but Eastern Orthodox Christians reject it. Many Eastern Catholic churches (Eastern in liturgy but in full communion with the pope) do not use the clause in their creed. They do think the doctrine it represents is true, though, as this is a dogma of the Roman Catholic faith. Many Protestant churches  who take a position in this matter, usually accept the filioque.
After the East-West Schism of 1054, the Eastern and Western churches attempted to reunite at two separate medieval councils, and the filioque was an issue at each. Despite Greek concessions, neither the Second Council of Lyon (1274) nor the Council of Ferrera-Florence (1438 - 1535) achieved the desired union.

The clause is most often referred to as "the filioque" or simply filioque.

Related pages
Apostles' Creed
Athanasian Creed
One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church

References

Bibliography 
 A E Burn, The Council of Nicaea (1925); 
 G Forell, Understanding the Nicene Creed (1965)
 J.N.D. Kelly, Early Christian Creeds, (1982),

Other websites 
 Extensive discussion of the texts of the First Council of Nicea
 Philip Schaff, Creeds of Christendom Volume I: Nicene Creed 
 Athanasius, De Decretis or Defence of the Nicene Definition
 Line-by-Line Roman Catholic Explanation of the Nicene Creed 
 Nicene Creed in languages of the world

Christian creeds
Ancient Christianity
The Apostles' Creed (Latin: Symbolum Apostolorum), sometimes titled Symbol of the Apostles, is an early statement of Christian belief, a creed or "symbol."

It is commonly used by many Christian denominations, during religious ceremonies and as a summary of Christian beliefs. It is most commonly used during ceremonies at churches of Western tradition, including the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheranism, the Anglican Communion, and Western Orthodoxy. It is also used by evangelical Protestant denominations such as Presbyterians, Methodists, Congregationalists, and many Baptists.

The Creed is named the Apostles' Creed because it is made of twelve articles. People believed that after Pentecost, God inspired each of Jesus' Twelve Apostles to write one article.

Origin of the Creed
Many hypotheses exist about when and how the Apostles' Creed was created.
Many suppose it comes from "the Old Roman Symbol" of the 1st or 2nd century, and was influenced later by the Nicene Creed (325/381).
This creed seems to have been made as an argument against Gnosticism. Gnosticism was a heresy in the early days of the Church. Gnostics believed things that were very different than what the Catholic Church taught. The Apostles' Creed, and other creeds, were made to be like examples of Catholic teachings, and to defend Catholic beliefs.This can be seen in almost every phrase. For example, the creed states that Christ was born, suffered, and died on the cross. This seems to be an argument against Gnostic beliefs, which said that Christ only seemed to become a man, and that he did not truly suffer and die, but only seemed like he did.

Because it was written very early in history, it does not talk about some issues that later Christian creeds, like the Nicene Creed, brought up. This makes it acceptable to many Arians and Unitarians.

For more information on the origin of the Apostles' Creed, see the detailed discussion in the Catholic Encyclopedia.

Text of the Creed
Text of the Creed

Latin text
Credo in Deum Patrem omnipotentem, Creatorem caeli et terrae. Et in Iesum Christum, Filium Eius unicum, Dominum nostrum, qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria Virgine, passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus, et sepultus, descendit ad ínferos, tertia die resurrexit a mortuis, ascendit ad caelos, sedet ad dexteram Dei Patris omnipotentis, inde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos. Credo in Spiritum Sanctum, sanctam Ecclesiam catholicam, sanctorum communionem, remissionem peccatorum, carnis resurrectionem, vitam aeternam. Amen.

Greek text
 (Triglot Concordia, St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1921, p. 12)

English translations

The Roman Catholic Church
The English version in the Catechism of the Catholic Church keeps the tradition of dividing the Creed into twelve articles:

I believe in God, the Father almighty,
creator of heaven and earth.

And in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord.

He was conceived by the Holy Spirit
Born of the Virgin Mary.
Suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried.

He descended into hell.
On the third day he rose again from the dead.

He ascended into heaven
and is seated at the right hand of the Father.

He will come again to judge the living and the dead.

I believe in the Holy Spirit,

the holy catholic Church,
the communion of saints,

the forgiveness of sins,

the resurrection of the body,

and the life everlasting.
Amen.

The Church of England
In the Church of England there are currently two authorized forms of the creed. One is in the Book of Common Prayer (1662). The other is in Common Worship (2000).

|-

Book of Common Prayer
I believe in God the Father Almighty
Maker of heaven and earth
And in Jesus Christ his only Son our Lord,
Who was conceived by the Holy Ghost,
Born of the Virgin Mary,
Suffered under Pontius Pilate,
Was crucified, dead, and buried,
He descended into hell;
The third day he rose again from the dead,
He ascended into heaven,
And sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty;
From thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.

I believe in the Holy Ghost;
The holy Catholick Church;
The Communion of Saints;
The Forgiveness of sins;
The Resurrection of the body,
And the life everlasting.
Amen.

Common Worship

I believe in God, the Father almighty,
creator of heaven and earth.

I believe in Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord,
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, died, and was buried;
he descended into hell.
On the third day he rose again;
he ascended into heaven,
he is seated at the right hand of the Father,
and he will come to judge the living and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Spirit,
the holy catholic Church,
the communion of saints,
the forgiveness of sins,
the resurrection of the body,
and the life everlasting.
Amen.

The United Methodist Church
The United Methodists commonly include the Apostles' Creed in their worship services. Their version of the Creed is special because it does not have the line "he descended into hell." Except for this, it is very similar to the version in the Book of Common Prayer.

I believe in God the Father Almighty,
maker of heaven and earth;

And in Jesus Christ his only Son our Lord:
who was conceived by the Holy Spirit,
born of the Virgin Mary,
suffered under Pontius Pilate,
was crucified, dead, and buried;
the third day he rose from the dead;
he ascended into heaven,
and sitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almighty;
from thence he shall come to judge the quick and the dead.