Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Dronne flows through 5 departments and 52 communes, all in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region; the main communes areː
 Haute-Vienne : Bussière-Galant
 Dordogne : Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière, Champagnac-de-Belair, Brantôme, Bourdeilles, Mialet, Tocane-Saint-Apre, Ribérac, Saint-Aulaye, La Roche-Chalais
 Charente : Aubeterre-sur-Dronne 
 Charente-Maritime : Saint-Aigulin
 Gironde : Les Églisottes-et-Chalaures, Coutras

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Charente river are:

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - Station P8462510 - La Dronne à Coutras  

Rivers of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Michael J. Elliott, OBE (31 May 1951 – 14 July 2016) was a British journalist and executive. He was the president and chief executive officer of the anti-poverty advocacy organization ONE. He was awarded an OBE in 2003 for services to journalism. 

Elliott previously held senior executive positions at Time magazine, Newsweek, and The Economist.

Elliott died on 14 July 2016 in Washington, D.C. from bladder cancer, aged 65.

References

1951 births
2016 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
Deaths from bladder cancer
English journalists
Writers from Liverpool
Gary Sanford Paxton (Larry Wayne Stevens; May 18, 1939 – July 16, 2016) was an American record producer, recording artist, and Grammy and Dove Award winning songwriter. 

Paxton was a member of the Skip & Flip and The Hollywood Argyles and was the producer of two number one Billboard Hot 100 singles: "Alley Oop for The Hollywood Argyles in 1960 and "Monster Mash" for Bobby "Boris" Pickett in 1962.

Paxton died on July 16, 2016 in Branson, Missouri from complications of hepatitis C, aged 77.

References

Grammy Award winners
1939 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from hepatitis
Infectious disease deaths in Missouri
American songwriters
Writers from Kansas
Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili (; 11 February 1986 – presumedly dead in July 2016), known by his nom de guerre Abu Omar al-Shishani (, Abū ‘Umar ash-Shīshānī, "Abu Omar the Chechen") or Omar al-Shishani, was a Georgian Kist jihadist. He served as a commander for the Islamic State in Syria, and previously as a sergeant in the Georgian Army. In 2013, Batirashvili joined the Islamic State and rapidly became a senior commander in the organization, directing a series of battles and ultimately earning a seat on ISIS's shura council.

U.S. officials reported that Batirashvili died from injuries several days after being the target of a 4 March 2016 U.S. airstrike, near the Al-Shaddadah district in Northern Syria, however, the Islamic State denied these claims and its Amaq News Agency confirmed that Shishani was killed in July 2016 during fighting in the Iraqi city of Shirqat, south of Mosul, Iraq.

References

1986 births
2016 deaths
Deaths by airstrike
Syrian military people
Georgian people
Islamic State people
Carolyn See (born Caroline Laws; January 13, 1934 – July 13, 2016) was an American educator and critic. She was the professor emerita of English at the University of California, Los Angeles.

See was the author of ten books, including the memoir, Dreaming: Hard Luck and Good Times in America, an advice book on writing, Making a Literary Life, and the novels There Will Never Be Another You, Golden Days, and The Handyman. She was also a book critic for the Washington Post for 27 years.

See died on July 13, 2016 in Santa Monica, California from cancer, aged 82.

References

1934 births
2016 deaths
Educators from Pasadena, California
American literary critics
Writers from Pasadena, California
University of California faculty
Hollis Loyd Harris (November 25, 1931 – July 14, 2016) was an American businessman. He served as President and COO of Delta Air Lines (1987-1990) and Chairman, President, and CEO of Continental Airlines (1990-1991), Air Canada (1992-1996), and World Airways (1999-2004).

In 1997, Harris and Steve Wolf signed a strategic agreement between Air Canada and United Airlines, producing what is now the Star Alliance, which grew to become the world's largest global airline alliance.

Harris died at the age of 84 on July 14, 2016 in Peachtree City, Georgia.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
Businesspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Héctor Eduardo Babenco (February 7, 1946 – July 13, 2016) was an Argentine-born Brazilian movie director, screenwriter, producer and actor. He worked in several countries including Argentina, Brazil and the United States. 

His best known movies are Pixote (1980), Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985), Ironweed (1987), At Play in the Fields of the Lord (1990) and Carandiru (2003).

Babenco died on July 13, 2016 from a heart attack in São Paulo, Brazil, aged 70.

References

Other websites

1946 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Argentine movie directors
Argentine movie producers
Argentine movie actors
Brazilian screenwriters
Brazilian movie producers
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian movie directors
Writers from Buenos Aires
Actors from Buenos Aires
Writers from São Paulo
Actors from São Paulo
Major Robert Ross (c.17409 June 1794) was the officer in charge of the marines sent with the First Fleet to start a convict settlement in Australia. He later became the Lieutenant-Governor of Norfolk Island.

Early life 
Ross was born in Scotland, and joined the marines in June 1756. He fought at the siege of Louisburg and the capture of Quebec during the Seven Years' War (1756–63). Promoted to captain, he saw action at Bunker Hill in June 1775 during the American War of Independence. He was on  in August 1779 when it was captured and he was taken prisoner by the French.

Australia
In 1786 he joined the new New South Wales Marine Corps. He was made its commander with the brevet rank of major. He sailed to New South Wales on , but changed to Scarborough during the voyage. His eight-year-old son went with him to Australia.
Phillip sent Ross to Norfolk Island in March 1790, probably to get him away from Sydney. The ship taking him to Norfolk Island, the Sirius, was wrecked, and its crew were stranded on the island, Ross proclaimed martial law for four months. He forced the convicts to work harder to clear more land so that they could grow most of their own food. They hated him because of the additional heavy work. He continued to argue with his officers, and Phillip was forced to remove him from the island. He came back to Sydney in December 1791.

Life in Sydney 

Back in Sydney Ross argued and then fought a duel with an officer of the newly arrived New South Wales Corps. On 18 December he, and most of the marines, went back to England on HMS Gorgon.
Ross did not like living in the colony and did not believe it would succeed. He said that “in the whole world there is not a worse country than what we have yet seen of this...it may with truth be said, here Nature is reversed."  He said that “every person … who came out with a desire for remaining … are now most earnestly wishing to get away from it.”

Back in England, Ross was not able to keep his rank of major. He was made a captain-lieutenant and removed from active command. From 1792 to 1794 he served as Marines recruitment officer at St Albans. He died on 9 June 1794.

Historian Mollie Gillen said Ross could be admired as a man who always did what he believed was right, but was also “narrow minded, censorious, self-important and almost totally humourless”.

Literary references 
Ross is a character in the Timberlake Wertenbaker play, Our Country's Good. He is the main villain, showing extremely cruel treatment of the convicts.
Ross is also a bad person in Jimmy McGovern's TV series Banished, played by Joseph Millson.

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 2.
 Gillen, Mollie, The Founders of Australia: a biographical dictionary of the First Fleet, Sydney, Library of Australian History, 1989.
 Hazzard, Margaret, Punishment Short of Death: a history of the penal settlement at Norfolk Island, Melbourne, Hyland, 1984.
 Hughes, Robert, The Fatal Shore, London, Pan, 1988.

Year of birth unknown
1794 deaths
First Fleet
Majors
Royal Navy officers
A quota is a number that says how much or how many of something or someone is allowed or required. It comes from a Latin language word meaning "How many?" Examples include: 
 Immigration quota
 Import quota
 Production quota
 Marketing quota

Latin words used in English
The Intern is a 2015 American comedy movie co-produced, written, and directed by Nancy Meyers. The movie stars Robert De Niro, Anne Hathaway, Rene Russo, Anders Holm, Andrew Rannells, Adam DeVine, Christina Scherer, and Zack Pearlman. The movie was released on September 25, 2015 by Warner Bros.

References

2015 comedy movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Brooklyn
Warner Bros. movies
Manuel Gilman Batshaw, (17 April 1915 – 18 July 2016) was a Canadian social worker. Batshaw was born in Montreal. He was best known for being the founder of Batshaw Youth and Family Centres. He spent more than 50 years in the field of social work in Quebec.  

In the 1970s, he was active in helping Vietnamese boat people refugees. In 1975, he was in charge of an inquiry into abuses at institutions housing troubled young people, and the Batshaw Committee submitted a report. In 1993, five institutions were merged and were named the Batshaw Youth and Family Centres in his honour.

He received an honorary degree from McGill University in 1998 and the National Order of Quebec in 2003, as well as the Order of Canada.

References

1915 births
2016 deaths
Canadian centenarians
People from Montreal
Social care
XOXO is the first studio album of the boy band Chinese-South Korean EXO, released on June 3, 2013 by the label S.M. Entertainment. The album is the follow-up to the EP debut of EXO, MAMA (2012). Like all the music from the group, the album was released in two versions - "Kiss" is the Korean edition and "Hug" is the Chinese edition.

Two main singles were released from XOXO: "Wolf" and "Growl", with the latter being the first single from the album of the repackaged version released on August 5, 2013. Both singles went to the list in the top 10 of Gaon Singles Chart, and "Growl" was at number three in Billboard Korea K-Pop Hot 100. The album won "Álbum of the Year" in 2013 Mnet Asian Music Awards and sold about a million copies, becoming the best-selling album in Korea since 2001.
Background 
The single main album "The Wolf and the Beauty" known in English as simply "Wolf", was composed by Will Simms, Nermin Harambasic by Dsign Music and composer of S.M. Entertainment Kenzie. Kenzie has of the letter for the version Korean of the song while Zhou Weijie wrote the letter for the version in Chinese mandarin, "狼与美女". Yoo Young-jin provides the vocals. The song dance was choreographed by Tony Testa. In various programs such as After School Club of Arirang, members explain that the dance has 3 elements: trees and forests, caves and the Wolf itself. The member Kris revealed that it took about 3 to 4 months to learn the choreography, because of their level of difficulty. A demo version of the song was leaked in February 2013, in response to producer Ryan Jhun later gave a warning to those who download illegally on May 29, 2013: "I'm going to inform of this to the FBI and the Department of service for all those links."
Several tracks in "development" were produced and recorded in 2011 before the official debut of EXO in the entertainment industry, but he never did in his first EP MAMA. Some of these tracks were included on album XOXO, including "Black Pearl" and "My Lady". In July 2013, a repackaged version of XOXO, was renowned as a 으르렁 (Growl) was developed with three tracks additional. Composed by Hyuk Shin (Joombas), DK, Jordan Kyle, John Major, and Jarah Gibson, "Growl" is dance-pop genre with R&B and funk. The single was leaked prematurely online July 27, when a video of the group practiced for the Korean version of the song was uploaded to several sites
Release and promotion 
On May 30, 2013, the Korean and Chinese versions of the music video of "Wolf" were released, EXO sings the song for the first time in M! Countdown of Mnet. Both versions of the song were released to their download on June 3, 2013 and on the same day, two physical formats of the album XOXO were also released in South Korea: "Kiss" Korean edition and "Hug" in Mandarin edition. After a performance in Inkigayo of SBS on June 3, 2013, EXO visited and thanked 2,000 fansho had been waiting in a nearby park to meet them. The premiere of the Mandarin version of the song was broadcast on a popular Chinese variety show Happy Camp in mid-June.
The album reached more than 300,000 collective order and reached number one on the Billboard Albums Chart a week after the release. From December 2013, the Korean and Chinese versions of the album as well as their respective versions of repackaging, have collectively sold more than 1,070,000 copies, making it the best-selling album of the year in the industry of K-pop. With over 1 million copies sold, XOXO  also the best selling album in twelve years Korea became.
Tracklist

XOXO (original edition)

Growl (repackaged edition)

Charts 
Chinese and Korean versions

Combined version

Sales and shipments

Album sales

XOXO

Growl (Repackage)

Release history

Awards and nominations

References 

2013 albums
Exo albums
Exology Chapter 1: The Lost Planet (stylized as EXOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE LOST PLANET) is the first live album by South Korean boy band EXO. It was released on December 22, 2014 by S.M. Entertainment. It has 2 CDs and a total of 36 songs (1 CD and 18 songs), including individual tracks from each of the members and studio versions of some of his songs remixed (remix Korean and Mandarin/ Mandarin and Korean). The album was released in two versions: a normal version and a special version.

Tracklist

References 

Exo albums
2014 albums
Ex'Act (stylized as EX'ACT) is the third studio album of the Chinese-South Korean boy band EXO. The album was released in Korean and Chinese by S.M. Entertainment on June 9, 2016.

Background and release 
On May 31, 2016, EXO announces it will release their third studio album. On June 2, it was revealed that the album title would be Ex'Act and EXO would be promoting two singles, "Lucky One" and "Monster" with different visual concepts that correspond to the two versions of physical packaging for the album.

On June 7, 2016, it was revealed that producers of notable music including Kenzie, The Stereotypes and Dem Jointz participated in the production of the album, and the member of EXO, Chanyeol, co-wrote the letter song "Heaven". Ex'Act and two music videos of "Lucky One" and "Monster" was released on June 9.

Promotion 
A promotional showcase for Ex'Act, was held at the Olympic Park in Seoul on June 8, 2016. EXO began performing the album's singles music programs in South Korea on June 9.
Commercial performance 
Before its release, Ex'Act received a record as the most pre-sold more than 660,000 physical copies album. Three days after its release, the album became the album fastest selling recorded by the sales list Hanteo more than 450,000 physical copies sold, breaking the record previously held by EXO himself as his fourth EP Sing for You. 
In YouTube, "Monster" became the second video of K-pop more seen for 24 hours, achieving 4.52 million views after "Gentleman" of PSY. He also became a music video of K-pop boyband most watched, beating "Loser" of Big Bang.

Tracklist

Sales

Awards and nominations

Music program awards

References 

2016 albums
Exo albums
This is a list of awards and nominations received by EXO, a Chinese-South Korean boy band formed in 2011 by S.M. Entertainment. The group was divided into two subgroups, EXO-K ("K" Korean in English) by South Korea and EXO-M ("M" Mandarin) by China. EXO has received a total of 142 awards and was nominated for 216 awards. They have also won 104 awards of Korean music programs and 2 Chinese, making them the Korean artist with the highest number of victories in programs. On June 14, 2013, one year after its official debut, the band received their first number-one in the Music Bank with the single "Wolf."

Asia Artist Awards

Golden Disc Awards

Korean Music Awards

Melon Music Awards

Melon Popularity Award

Mnet Asian Music Awards

Japan Gold Disc Award

Gaon Chart Music Awards

Seoul Music Awards

Soribada Best K-Music Awards

SBS Awards Festival

KBS Song Festival

World Music Awards

YinYueTai V Chart Awards

Other awards

Music program awards
The Show
The Show () is a South Korean music program aired by SBS MTV. EXO won twice on The Show with "Call Me Baby" and "Love Me Right".

Show Champion
Show Champion is a South Korean music program aired by MBC Music. EXO has won 17 times (one with EXO-K) as of 2017, including three songs achieving Triple Crown awards, "Growl", "Call Me Baby" and "Love Me Right".

M! Countdown
M! Countdown is a South Korean music program broadcast by Mnet. EXO has won 21 times (2 times with EXO-K) as of 2017, including five songs achieving Triple Crown awards; "Growl", "Miracles in December", "Call Me Baby", "Monster", and "Ko Ko Bop".

Music Bank

Show! Music Core

Inkigayo

Global Chinese Music
CCTV's Global Chinese Music is a Chinese music show.

References

Other websites
  

Exo
Lists of awards and nominations
A thrombus, or blood clot stops bleeding. It keeps blood inside a damaged blood vessel, and stops the hemorrhage.

A blood clot is the final product of the coagulation. There are  aggregated platelets and red blood cells. Together with fibrin they form a plug, and stop the bleeding.

The substance making up a thrombus is sometimes called cruor. 

A thrombus is a healthy response to injury to prevent bleeding, but can be harmful in thrombosis, when clots block blood flow through otherwise normal blood vessels.

References

Blood
On December 15, 1862, Burnside's Union army withdrew from the Battle of Fredericksburg back to Falmouth, Virginia. It was a defeat for Burnside and a win for Lee. Lee suffered 5,300 casualties defending Fredericksburg. Union losses were more than twice as many. In total Burnside lost about 12,600 Union soldiers; killed, wounded, or missing. Morale in the Union army was very low that winter. There was political pressure from Washington to continue the “On to Richmond” offensive that had failed up to that point in time. The Northern newspapers reported that 75,000 Confederate soldiers from Lee's army had been sent to reinforce the North Carolina coast. Burnside wanted to move against Lee while the Army of Northern Virginia was weakened. He personally scouted the area above Falmouth for the best place for his army to cross the Rappahannock. As late as January 15, he was still looking at places to cross. Confederate sharpshooters reported seeing Burnside near Banks ford and wondered what the General was up to
. Finally, Burnside decided on Banks ford and U.S. ford. He sent troops to Muddy ford to draw attention away from his planned crossing points. On the morning of January 20 the army began to move.
The march 
Burnside gave the order which read in part: "the great and auspicious moment has arrived to strike a great and mortal blow to the rebellion, and to gain that decisive victory which is due to the country." At dawn on January 21, the plan called for five pontoon bridges to be assembled at the river's edge allowing two "grand divisions" (two corps each) to cross the river in four hours. The night before, it began raining. By the morning of the 21st, the roads were rapidly becoming too muddy to use. The five pontoons and 150 supporting pieces of artillery that were supposed to be in place had not arrived. The pontoons that did manage to arrive were not enough to make even one bridge. Double and triple teams of horses were hitched to each pontoon wagon. In some cases 150 soldiers would try to help the horses move one boat. They could only move a few feet before horses and men were exhausted.
Aftermath 
Just before moving his army south in January, Burnside had offered his resignation to Lincoln. President Lincoln declined, and Burnside, apparently satisfied he had Lincoln's approval, went back to his command. After the failure of the Mud March, there was good deal of criticism by some of Burnside's highest officers. Burnside then had Order Number 8 drawn up along with his resignation. He then went to Washington. In a meeting on January 24, Burnside told Lincoln he either had to approve the order or accept his resignation. The President did not accept the order and instead of having Burnside resign, he had him take a leave of absence.

Burnside's Order No. 8 directed the dismissal of Generals Joseph Hooker, John Newton, William T. H. Brooks and John Cochrane. It also relieved Generals William B. Franklin, William Farrar Smith, Samuel D. Sturgis and others, from their duties.
On January 25, 1863, President Lincoln issued General Order No. 20. It relieved General Burnside of command of the Army of the Potomac. It relieved General Edwin Vose Sumner of his command; at his own request. It next relieved General Franklin of his command. Lastly, it assigned General Joseph Hooker to command the Army of the Potomac. In a White House gathering that evening, a friend of Burnside's, Henry J. Raymond, a New York politician, got Lincoln's attention and told the President that Joseph Hooker was unfit to command the Army. He told Lincoln there were many things going on in the Army of the Potomac that the President was not aware of. He then talked about General Hooker's near-treasonable comments. Lincoln leaned over and placing his hand on Raymond's shoulder said quietly: “This is all true, Hooker does talk badly; but the trouble is stronger with the country to-day than any other man.” Raymond then asked what the country would think of this if they knew
. Lincoln said “The country would not believe it; they would say it is all a lie.” The Army of the Potomac, now under Hooker, would meet the Army of Northern Virginia again in the spring at the Battle of Chancellorsville.
Notes

References

Other websites 
 Burnside's Fredericksburg Campaign Part 3: The Mud March; Essay 
 Erica Campbell, 'Did Weather Affect the Civil War?', WTNH Connecticut News 

 
Union Army
1863 in the United States
1860s in Virginia
A political prisoner is a person imprisoned for political activities, or because they oppose or criticize the government in their country.

PACE definition 

In October 2012, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) passed a resolution to define "political prisoner". A person in prison is a "political prisoner:
if they are in prison against the European Convention on Human Rights and its Protocols (ECHR), especially freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of expression and information, freedom of assembly and association;
if they are in prison for political reasons and not for a crime
if, because of political reasons, the length or conditions of imprisonment do not fit the reason given for why they are in prison
if, because of politics, they are in prison in a discriminatory way, compared to other people
if they are in prison because of an unfair trial connected with political reasons

References 

Human rights abuses
Freedom
is a Japanese singer and actor. He is signed under Japanese Dream Records. Yuya released his single "Foolish foolish" on November 26, 2008. He played Sebastian Michaelis in the Black Butler Musical.

References 

Japanese singers
1990 births
Living people
Matlyuba Kamilova or Matluba Kamilova is an Uzbeck human rights activist and school principal.  In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., named her one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign.

Kamilova spoke out about police corruption. In September 2010, she was arrested and charged with possession of drugs. She is still in prison.

Life and work 

Kamillova is a lawyer.  She was the director of a technical college in Angren, Tashkent province. Kamilova was born in 1960.

Kamilova worked against corruption and helped people work for their rights. Because of Kamilova, two corruption cases were started against local government officials.
On September 6, 2010, police stopped Kamilova in her car.  Kamilova’s 21-year-old son, Shohruhon, was also in the car.  The police told Shohruhon they found heroin in the car.  The police beat Kamilova and her son, and took them to jail. In jail, they made Kavilova listen to the screams of prisoners being beaten, because they wanted her to confess.  At the trial, the police did not agree about where they found the drugs. An activist at the trial said the police put drugs on Kamilova. Drug convictions and planting drugs on human rights activists are routine in Uzbekistan.

A court sentenced Kamilova to eleven years in prison.  Because it is a drug charge, she cannot get an appeal. No one knows where she is.

References 

1960 births
Living people
Uzbekistani people
Human rights activists
Political prisoners
People convicted of drug offenses
David Glasgow Farragut (July 5, 1801 in Knoxville, Tennessee - August 14, 1870 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire) was an American officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He was the first rear admiral, vice admiral, and admiral in the United States Navy. He commanded the naval forces of the Union Navy in the Battle of Mobile Bay.

David Farragut was the son of George Farragut, a naval officer during the American Revolutionary War.

References

1801 births
1870 deaths
American admirals
Military personnel of the American Civil War
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
American folklore
Freemasons
Military people from Tennessee
The Graeae, sometimes called the Grey Sisters, are characters from Greek mythology. They are a trio of hags, called Deino, Enyo and Pemphredo.  They are called the Grey Sisters because they were born with grey skin and hair. They also share one tooth and one eye. They take turns using the tooth and eye. The Graeae are affiliated with the gorgons. The hero Perseus made them say where Medusa was by taking their eye. Perseus said he would not give the eye back until the Grey Sisters told him where Medusa was. 

Greek mythology
Mymensingh Division is an administrative division of Bangladesh. The division has an area of 10,485 km², and a population of 11,370,000.

The division of Mymensingh is next to the Indian state of Meghalaya to the north, Dhaka Division on the south, Sylhet Division to the east, Rangpur  and Rajshahi Division to the west.
In military terminology, a demonstration is an attack or show of force on a battlefield designed to trick or mislead an enemy. Unlike a feint, a demonstration does not make contact with the enemy. It is usually used as a supporting attack intended to deceive an enemy into thinking the demonstration is the main attack.

An example of a demonstration in the American Civil War was at the Battle of Gettysburg.  On July 2, 1863, General Robert E. Lee ordered Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell to stage a demonstration against Culp's Hill on the Union right flank. This was in support of Lieutenant General James Longstreet's main attack against the Union left flank.
Advantages 
The advantages of a demonstration include:
 A demonstration does not make actual contact with an enemy and the demonstrating force may be used elsewhere on the battlefield. In April 1945, the amphibious attack on Okinawa involved landing craft that made a demonstration on the southeast coast of the island. Once they had drawn Japanese troops away from the actual landing site, they returned to serve as reserves in the actual landing.
 A full force is often not necessary to deceive the enemy. For example, in modern warfare, the noise of helicopters often gives away troop movements by air. However, in a demonstration, empty helicopters may land and take-off several times leading the enemy to believe there is a large scale attack coming.
 Simulation devices (when available) may be used to trick enemy reconnaissance. For example, during Operation Overlord in World War II inflatable tanks, fake radio chatter and dummy paratroopers which made the sounds of rifle fire when hitting the ground.
Disadvantages 
Disadvantages include:
 Without enemy contact, it is harder to convince an enemy the demonstration is a real attack. At Gettysburg, Lee's orders to Ewell on July 1 had been contradictory and confusing. If practicable, Ewell was to take the heights but not to bring on a general engagement. Ewell took that to mean a demonstration. On July 2, Lee made himself clearer. Ewell was to demonstrate against the Union right side to prevent General George G. Meade from transferring troops to the left side of the line, where the main Confederate attack was planned. Ewell's orders were to attack if the opportunity presented itself by the demonstration not getting results from the Union commander. Ewell apparently decided the demonstration had not worked and attacked.
A demonstration is often discovered earlier than a feint. A feint has to appear real to the enemy so contact is often necessary to continue the deception. A feint must be of great enough strength to convince the enemy it is a real attack. The key is to show the enemy what it expects to see. A demonstration may need be to be only long enough to get the enemy to hesitate.
References

Other websites 
 DCS: A-10C - Show of Force in Operation Bactria

Demonstration
Background 
By late 1862, Virginia was running out of food to feed its army. Lee's horses were dying of disease because they had little or no fodder. The cavalry and artillery units had to be widely scattered behind his lines in order to find food for the horses. In the winter of 1863, food trains from the south were becoming more and more scarce. His men were living on rations of one-quarter pound of salted meat per day. Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his Secretary of War James Seddon wanted to send detachments from Lee's army to other more successful war fronts. Lee was opposed to the idea. Because of increased activity by the Union Army of the Potomac recently, he could not afford to weaken his army any further.
In June 1863, Lee launched his most ambitious plan of the war. He and his Army of Northern Virginia invaded the North for a second time. His first invasion ended at the Battle of Antietam in September 1862. This time he wanted to take the war out of Virginia and bring it into the Northern states. Virginia had been ravaged by war and Lee's army could no longer find food and supplies. He also wanted to defeat the Army of the Potomac on its own soil.  This would demoralize the North and possibly bring an end to the war. However, his defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg ended heavy losses. The south lost 22,198 soldiers (killed, wounded, captured or missing). Lee took what supplies his army had taken from the Pennsylvania countryside and turned south for the safety of Virginia.

Retreat from Gettysburg
On July 4, 1863, following three days of battle at Gettysburg, the two armies watched each other from opposing ridges. The Union commander, General George G. Meade, sent out skirmishers to probe the Confederate lines. But no order was given to attack. Meade knew the Confederates would be hard to dislodge from a defensive position. The Confederate army would probably have welcomed an attack so as to repay their terrible losses they suffered the day before. But Lee's main concern was getting his army and their captured supplies back to Virginia. Lee knew it was extremely dangerous to retreat in front of an enemy army. Lee gave detailed instructions on how the retreat would be accomplished. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia was to hold its position on Seminary Ridge all day on July 4th. The more than 10,000 wounded men would be moved by wagon train  to Williamsport and cross the Potomac to Virginia.
Confederate General John D. Imboden's cavalry brigade arrived at Gettysburg on July 3, too late to take part in the battle. Because his cavalry unit was fresh, Lee assigned Imboden the task of escorting and protecting the wagon train of wounded soldiers back to Virginia. Under cover of a  heavy rainstorm, Imboden's 2,100 cavalrymen and 23 cannon left the battlefield the afternoon of July 4th. They escorted the  long train of wagons and ambulances with the wounded and foodstores over the muddy roads to Williamsport. During the trip the wagon train was attacked by small units of Union cavalry several times. When he arrived at Williamsport on the afternoon of the 5th, he found the Potomac was flooded and could not be crossed. The rest of Lee's army followed on the night of July 4-5, screened by J.E.B. Stuart's Confederate cavalry. The next day, on discovering the Confederates had left the battlefield, the Union army cautiously followed.
At Williamsport 
Imboden, learning that a 3,000 strong Union cavalry was approaching, formed a semicircle to defend the town. He managed to fend them off until nightfall when a brigade of Confederate cavalry arrived to drive them off. By July 11, most of Lee's infantry had reached Williamsport. He strengthened the defenses and waited for the Potomac river to go down so they could cross. Meade’s army reached Williamsport on the 12th and began probing the Confederate defenses. The Potomac finally was low enough to cross on July 13. A pontoon bridge had been constructed by Confederate engineers about  downstream at Falling Waters. At both locations the Confederate army began crossing the river that evening.
The last of Lee's forces to cross the Potomac was his rearguard. This was a force of about 3,000 men commanded by Major General Henry Heth. They took their positions on the ridge behind Falling Waters after marching all night. On the morning of July 14, Meade was surprised to learn Lee had withdrawn most of his army across the Potomac. He immediately ordered two companies of Michigan cavalry under the command of a newly promoted General George Armstrong Custer to attack. The cavalry charged up the ridge to attack Heth's Confederates but were cut to pieces. Custer dismounted his cavalry and proceeded to fight on foot. At first the Confederate casualties were light. But in heavy fighting Confederate General J. Johnston Pettigrew, who commanded a North Carolina brigade under Heth, was mortally wounded. Additional Union forces arrived and in over two hours of fighting, over 500 Confederates were captured. Heth's men, carrying the wounded Pettigrew, withdrew over the river ending the battle
. The Battle of Falling Waters was the last battle in the Gettysburg Campaign.
Aftermath 
Major General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick, Custer's commanding officer, sent only two companies of cavalry against the two brigades of Confederates at Falling Waters. It was a lost opportunity and he did not wait for more units to arrive. To cover up his mistake, he claimed that his division took more than 1,500 prisoners. In an unusual move, Lee refuted this claim in the Northern newspapers. A correspondent for the New York Times gave yet another account: "The charge made upon the earthworks was one of the most gallant on record -- a squadron of fifty-seven men charging upon three or four brigades behind earthworks, killing one Major-General, (Pettigrew,) capturing more than 1,000 prisoners, and strewing the field with the killed and wounded of the enemy."

Battlefield Preservation 

The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved four acres of the Falling Waters Battlefield.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Other websites 
 Retreat From Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics & The Pennsylvania Campaign

American Civil War battles
1863 in the United States
19th century in Maryland
July 1863 events
Rasha Sharbaji, also Shurbaji or Chorbaji, (Arabic: رشا شربجي) (born 1982 in  Darayya, Syria) is a Syrian mother.  When Sharbaji went to get a passport, she was arrested with her children, to put pressure on her husband. Sharbaji's husband died in 2014.

In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., named Sharbaji one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign.

Life 

Sharbaji was born in 1982. She is from the town of Darayya, a suburb of Damascus in Rif Dimashq governorate.

On May 22, 2014, Sharbaji went to the immigration and passport center in Damascus to get a passport. When she tried to get a passport, she was arrested with her children.  She was arrested because her husband was against the government during the revolution.
Sharbaji was pregnant with twins. They wanted to arrest her husband, Osama Abbar, so they put Sharbaji in prison.  They took Sharbaji's children and put them in SOS Village, an orphanage in Qodsaya. They did not let the family see the children. The Syrian police took Sharbaji to the political security branch in Damascus.  Then they took Sharbaji to the Air Force Intelligence prison at al-Mezze military airport in Damascus.

Sharbaji's husband Osama died in October 2014.  He drowned in the Mediterranean Sea while trying to migrate to Europe.

FreeThe20 campaign 

The Human Rights and Democracy Office in the US State Department asked Noor al-Khatib, from the Syrian Network for Human Rights for important cases of detention. The Syrian Network for Human Rights nominated Sharbaji, and also the cases of Dr. Rania Abbasi and Dr Faten Rajab for the FreeThe20 campaign.  The State Department chose Sharbaji.

Freedom
Freedom 

Sharbaji was freed in February 8, 2017, in an exchange of prisoners. The exchange took place outside of Hama, Syria. Forty-five pro-government prisoners made up of women and children were exchanged for 55 women and children that oppose the government. The opposition kidnapped the women as a bargaining chip to bring back their own women.

According to a February 2017 interview with Sharbaji in Syria Direct, Shabaji's husband worked with the opposition as a weapons trader, smuggling weapons to rebel areas. He was a member of the Darayya-based rebel group Liwaa Shuhadaa al-Islam, and helped the rebels move the injured to Lebanon and deliver humanitarian relief supplies.

References 

1982 births
Syrian people
Living people
The Elizabeth Morgan case was a local and international child custody contest between Elizabeth Morgan and Eric Foretich over their daughter, Hilary Antonia Foretich. It lasted from 1983 to 1997. The custody contest took place in Washington D.C. and later in Christchurch, New Zealand. It cost the parties over $4 million in legal fees. The trials created more than 4,000 pages of transcripts. Over 1,000 news, magazine and legal articles about the case were published.

Custody struggle
Hilary Antonia Foretich (born 1982), later known as Ellen Morgan, was at the center of this well-publicized international custody case. 

Elizabeth Morgan had alleged that Foretich had sexually abused their daughter, an accusation that he has denied and which has never been proven in court.
In 1987, Hilary's maternal grandparents took her to New Zealand, defying a court order that Hilary have unsupervised visitation with her father, Eric Foretich. Her mother, plastic surgeon Elizabeth Morgan, spent 25 months in detention from 1987 to 1989 for contempt of court in Washington, D.C., for refusing to reveal Hilary's whereabouts.

Morgan was Foretich's third wife. Foretich's second wife had also accused him of sexual abuse of their daughter, Heather (born 1980). Foretich denied those charges, and has repeatedly said the two women have acted in collusion.

Rep. Frank Wolf introduced the bill that became the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act in 1989. Elizabeth Morgan was freed after 759 days by an Act of Congress, the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act, in 1989 and joined her daughter and parents in New Zealand.
In 1992, the story of the case was made into a television film in 1992, and released as A Mother's Right: The Elizabeth Morgan Story; Foretich sued ABC, who paid Foretich a settlement related to how Foretich was portrayed in the film.

Foretich searched for and found "Ellen" in Christchurch, New Zealand. He traveled there and attempted to gain some custody of his daughter but the courts there maintained the status quo and Foretich claimed that he could financially no longer afford to pursue the matter.

Return to the United States
In 1996, Congress passed the other act, the Elizabeth Morgan Act, which permitted Hilary, who by then called herself Ellen Morgan, to decide whether or not to see her father. Wolf again involved himself in the case when he supported the bill that became the bill that became the Elizabeth Morgan Act.
The 14-year-old "Ellen" returned with her mother to the United States, but declined to see her father.  Foretich sued in 1997, and the law was overturned as a bill of attainder by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in 2003, but had no practical effect on Hilary, who was by then 21 and could choose for herself whether or not to see her father.  Hilary Foretich, who had gone by the assumed name Ellen Morgan while in New Zealand, started calling herself Elena Mitrano, the surname her maternal grandfather had before he changed it.

References

Cited texts

Trials in the United States
20th century in law
20th century in Washington, D.C.
20th century in New Zealand
The Frankfurt Galaxy were a professional American football team in the NFL Europa. They are based in Frankfurt, Germany. Frankfurt Universe is the successor of the Frankfurt Galaxy.

Head coaches 
  Jack Elway 0.500 (1991–1992)
  Ernie Stautner 0.533 (1995–1997)
  Dick Curl 0.567 (1998–2000)
  Doug Graber 0.500 (2001–2003)
  Mike Jones 0.600 (2004–2007)

Notable players 
 Mario Bailey - WR (1995-2000)
 Jake Delhomme - QB (1999)
 Mark Dixon - G (1998)
 Patrick Gerigk - WR (1999)
 Werner Hippler - TE (1995, 1997-2000)
 Damon Huard - QB (1998)
 Lewis Kelly - T (2002)
 Ralf Kleinmann - K (1995-2000, 2003-2004)
 Martin Latka - RB (2004-2007)
 Frank Messmer - DL (1995-1997)
 Andy McCullough - WR (1999, 2001)
 Craig Ochs - QB (2006)
 Steve Pelluer - QB (1996-1997)
 Mike Perez - QB (1991-1992)
 Akili Smith - QB (2005-2007)
 Ingo Siebert - RB (1995-1998)
 Paul Spicer - DE (2001)
 James Taylor - CB (2005-2007)
 Pat Barnes - QB (1998-1999)
 J.T. O'Sullivan - QB (2007)

References
References

Other websites 
 NFL Europa
 Frankfurt Galaxy web site
 The Football Database: Frankfurt Galaxy
The Colobinae are a subfamily of Old World monkeys. The family includes 61 species in 11 genera, including the Colobus monkeys, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the grey langurs.

Some classifications split the colobine monkeys into two tribes, while others split them into three groups. Both classifications put the three African genera Colobus, Piliocolobus, and Procolobus in one group; these genera are distinct because they have stub thumbs (Greek κολοβός kolobós = "docked").

The various Asian genera are placed into one or two groups. Analysis of mtDNA shows the Asian species form two distinct groups, one of langurs and the other of the "odd-nosed" species. The grey langurs are not closely related to either.

References 

Old World monkeys
The vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus), or simply vervet, is an Old World monkey of the family Cercopithecidae. It is native to Africa. The term "vervet" is also used to refer to all the members of the genus Chlorocebus. They are found mostly throughout Southern Africa, as well as some of the eastern countries.

Vervets were introduced to the Americas, where there were originally no Old World monkeys. They are now in Florida, Texas, Alabama, Louisiana, Arizona, California, Ascension Island, Cape Verde, Barbados, Saint Kitts, Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Nevis.

Vervets are mostly herbivorous monkeys. They have black faces and grey body hair color, ranging in length from about  for males to about  for females.
Vervet monkeys serve as a primate model for understanding genetic and social behaviors of humans. They have some human-like characteristics, such as hypertension, anxiety, and social and dependent alcohol use. Vervets live in social groups ranging from 10 to 70 individuals. Males change groups when they become sexually mature. The most significant studies done on vervet monkeys are on their their communication and alarm calls. Communication helps kin and group recognition, and alerting to predators.

References 

Old World monkeys
Mammals of Africa
A wagon train is a convoy or group of wagons who travel together for safety. A baggage train is a military wagon train used to carry the equipment and supplies needed by an army. They needed to carry enough supplies, including feed for the draft animals, for the entire journey. Wagon trains are most closely associated with American pioneers traveling west. As the population of the Thirteen Colonies grew, people migrated westward looking for inexpensive lands and new opportunities. The wagon had to carry all the supplies for the trip and all a family's personal belongings. While military use of wagon trains is ancient, the Romans built a network of roads for their armies and baggage trains to move throughout the empire.

References 

Land transport
D minor is a musical minor scale starting on D. Its key signature has one flat.

Its relative major is F major and its parallel major is D major.

Scales and keys

Musical keys
Minor scales
Stephen Manley may refer to:

 Stephen Michael Manley, born February 13, 1965, American movie and television actor
 Stephen V. Manley - California judge
The following is a list of the 33 communes of the Province of Terni, Umbria, in Italy.

References

Lists of settlements in Europe
Ballotpedia is a non-partisan online political encyclopedia. Founded in 2007, it covers American federal, state, and local politics, elections, and public policy. 

Ballotpedia is sponsored by the Lucy Burns Institute, a non-profit organization based in Middleton, Wisconsin. According to their website, the organization employed over 60 writers and researchers in 2016.

Other websites
 

Encyclopedia websites
Non-profit organizations of the United States
2007 establishments in the United States
Anne Bright Holton (born February 1, 1958) is an American politician and educator. She served as the Virginia Secretary of Education from 2014-2016. She is also the wife of United States Senator and former Governor Tim Kaine. She served as First Lady of Virginia from 2006 to 2010. Her father is former Virginia Governor Linwood Holton.

Other websites
 
 National Governors Association Biography 
 KidsCommonwealth Biography

References

1958 births
Living people
Educators from Virginia
Politicians from Virginia
American judges
Lawyers from Virginia
Karen Sue Pence (née Batten (born January 1, 1957) is an American educator who was the second lady of the United States from 2017 to 2021 as the wife of Vice President Mike Pence. Pence was also the first lady of Indiana from 2013 to 2017 when her husband was the governor of the state.

Biography

Early life and education 
Karen Sue Batten was born on January 1, 1957, at McConnell Air Force Base in Kansas to Lilian Hacker Batten and John M. Batten. She grew up in the Broad Ripple Village, Indianapolis until she graduated from high school. She attended schools such as, Bishop Chatard High School and Butler University.

Marriage and family 
Karen and Mike Pence officially got married on June 8, 1985 and the couple had three children together named Michael, Audrey, and Charlotte Pence.
Second Lady of the United States (2017–2021) 
Pence assumed the role and duties as the second lady of the United States succeeding Jill Biden, when her husband inaugurated as the 48th vice president of the United States on January 20, 2017.

As second lady, she helped raise awareness of art therapy, to which she was first exposed when visiting a Washington hospital during her husband's term as a congressman. Pence served as second lady from 2017 until her husband's term ended in 2021.

References

1958 births
Living people
American painters
Educators from Kansas
Second Ladies of the United States
Educators from Indianapolis