Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 2012 the band released their first studio album in over ten years, Push and Shove. Two singles were released from the album, "Settle Down" and "Looking Hot".

Influences 
No Doubt stated music artists like Blondie, Juanes, Red Hot Chili Peppers, David Bowie, Electronic Light Orchestra, Lene Lovich, Squeeze, The Cars, The Go-Go's, Violent Femmes, The Police, Billy Idol, Cyndi Lauper, Devo, Fishbone, Madonna, Prince, The Toasters, Madness, Talking Heads, The Beat, The Specials, Operation Ivy, Bad Manners, Bow Wow Wow, Desmond Dekker, Duran Duran, INXS, Patty Smyth, The Selecter and The Vandals as influences.

List of albums

Studio albums 
 1992 - No Doubt
 1995 - The Beacon Street Collection
 1995 - Tragic Kingdom
 2000 - Return of Saturn
 2001 - Rock Steady
 2012 - Push and Shove

Compilation albums 
 2003 - The Singles 1992-2003
 2003 - Boom Box
 2004 - Everything in Time
 2010 - Icon

Live videos 
 1997 - Live in the Tragic Kingdom
 2002 - Rock Steady Live
 2004 - The Videos 1992-2003

References
References 

1986 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American new wave bands
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Anaheim, California
Musical groups established in 1986
Musical groups from California
 
1980s establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2004
2004 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 2009
2009 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2015
2015 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in California
Matchbox Twenty (or MB20, MBT, matchbox twenty, originally spelled Matchbox 20) is an alternative rock band from Orlando, Florida, United States. The members of the band are Rob Thomas (vocals, piano), Kyle Cook (guitar), Brian Yale (bass), Paul Doucette (guitar) and Ryan MacMillian (drums). Matt Beck is a live member, playing several instruments in their shows. Adam Gaynor was formerly with the band. He left it in 2005. Their three studio albums have been popular worldwide, and they have sold more than 29 million copies. They are Yourself or Someone Like You, Mad Season and More Than You Think You Are. They released recently an album with new material and their biggest hits, called Exile on Mainstream.

History
History

Formation (1995)
Rob Thomas, Brian Yale, and Paul Doucette were part of the band Tabitha's Secret, which was based in Orlando, Florida, with fellow members Jay Stanley and John Goff, before splitting to start a new band (what was to become Matchbox Twenty). After recruiting Adam Gaynor from Criteria Recording Studios in Miami and Kyle Cook from the Atlanta Institute of Music, the band named themselves Matchbox 20 and won a recording contract with Atlantic Records.

Yourself or Someone Like You (1996–2000)
Matchbox Twenty released their debut album, Yourself or Someone Like You, in 1996. While their first single, "Long Day", was a rock radio-only success, the album soon spawned several Top 40 singles throughout 1997 and 1998, including "Push", "3 A.M.", "Real World", and "Back 2 Good". "Push" and "3 A.M." did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 chart due to the rule in effect prior to 1998 that required a song to be released as a single in order to appear on the Hot 100. "Real World" and "Back 2 Good" proved to be the band's first entries into the Billboard Hot 100, after the rule was terminated. The album eventually sold more than 12 million copies in the U.S. alone, achieving a diamond certification. In 1998, Matchbox Twenty recorded a live version of their single, "3 A.M." for release on the charity album Live in the X Lounge, benefiting United Cerebral Palsy research. The band was sued by New Yorker Frank Torres for using his image without his permission on the cover of Yourself or Someone Like You
. Torres had been walking down the street when he was asked by a photographer to pose for a picture.
Before recording their second album, Rob Thomas collaborated with Itaal Shur on a song called "Smooth" for Carlos Santana's comeback album, Supernatural.  Thomas was supposed to act only as a songwriter for "Smooth", but Carlos Santana had him sing for it after hearing the song's demo. "Smooth" was the album's lead single and became a hit in 1999. Thomas won three Grammy Awards for writing and performing on "Smooth": Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Popular Music Collaboration with Vocals.

Mad Season (2000–02)
During 2000, Matchbox 20 renamed themselves to Matchbox Twenty and released their second album, Mad Season. The album, on the strength of several successful singles, including "Bent" (which peaked No. 1 on the Hot 100 chart) and "If You're Gone", was certified 4x platinum in the United States. The video for "Bent" made fun of singer Thomas' increased fame from "Smooth" by showing the other band members assaulting him. The next two singles, "Mad Season" and "Last Beautiful Girl" were not as successful.

More Than You Think You Are (2002–03)

For their third album, More Than You Think You Are, the band revived more of a rock sound. Thomas shared the songwriting efforts with the other band members on several songs. The album again spawned successful singles "Disease" (written with Mick Jagger), "Unwell", and "Bright Lights".  The album was not as successful commercially as the previous two, and received mixed reviews from critics. However, the album had an enormous radio presence for well over a year.
During 2003, the band released EP, consisting of six songs. The EP had never before released live and acoustic versions of previously released songs like "Push" and "If You're Gone", as well as a new track, "Suffer Me".

In May 2004, the band released a live DVD, Show: A Night in the Life of Matchbox Twenty, filmed in Atlanta and featuring 20 songs, including all of their previous successful singles.

First hiatus and Gaynor's departure (2004–07)
In February 2005, rhythm guitarist Adam Gaynor officially left the group, which had been on hiatus to allow other members to pursue side projects. Rob Thomas released a solo album, …Something to Be, which debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200. The album featured four successful singles: "Lonely No More", "This Is How a Heart Breaks", "Ever the Same", and "Streetcorner Symphony".

In January 2007, Rob Thomas released a single, "Little Wonders", which he wrote for the Disney movie Meet the Robinsons.

Exile on Mainstream (2007–08)
The group reunited and began performing during 2007, with the release of their 'retrospective' album Exile on Mainstream, on October 2, 2007. "How Far We've Come" was the first single from the new album, which was followed by the second single, "These Hard Times". "Exile on Mainstream" included four other new songs and a complete collection of all eleven of their previously released singles. The album was also released in the new MVI (Music Video Interactive) format, which included two video interviews discussing the six new songs and eleven greatest hits, plus extras including a photo gallery, U-MYX (to remix "How Far We've Come"), buddy icons and  wallpapers. "How Far We've Come" was released on the band's MySpace page in July 2007, with the video released on September 6, 2007.
Matchbox Twenty toured during early 2008 with Alanis Morissette and opener Mutemath. The band began their US tour on January 25, 2008, in Hollywood, FL, and concluded in Las Vegas, NV, on March 18, 2008 before heading to Australia and New Zealand, where the Australian band Thirsty Merc was the supporting act. Following Australia, Matchbox Twenty visited the UK for the first time in five years to play six concerts in Cardiff, Wembley, Birmingham, Glasgow, and Manchester.  Matchbox Twenty performed at the 2008 NASCAR Sprint Cup award ceremony.
Second hiatus (2008–10)
When the band finished touring later during 2008, Rob Thomas began work on his second solo album, Cradlesong. He stated in an interview to Billboard that he expected that the other members of the band might begin work on Matchbox Twenty's next album without him. At the concert at Mohegan Sun Casino on December 18, 2009, Rob Thomas said that he was not frequently playing Matchbox Twenty songs at his 2009 tour stops because the band was planning to tour together in 2010.

Second return and North (2011–present)
At the Taste of Chicago on July 2, 2010, Thomas said that Matchbox Twenty would be recording in the fall for their fourth studio album. On September 4, 2010, while on VH1's Top 20 Music Video Countdown, Thomas stated that Matchbox Twenty was planning to start working on their next studio album in mid-September and that he was 80% sure that the album would be released sometime in 2011. Rob Thomas posted on Twitter that he was "heading out next week to start writing the new mb20 record" on September 13, 2010. It was stated on Matchbox Twenty's web site that the next show they will do together is on January 1, 2011 in Oklahoma. According to Paul Doucette, the new Matchbox Twenty album will likely be completed in the beginning of 2012. He explained, "That's the same question I was asking. We don't know -- the beginning of next year, we hope. It's a real important record for us. We haven't done anything in a long time
. The older we get, the more we realize and appreciate the good fortune we have to do what we do at this level. Realistically, how many more times do we get? So we're going to really make this record the one we want it to be."
Matchbox Twenty played a one-off live show in Temecula, California on July 9, 2011, but no new material was played.  During the show Rob Thomas stated the show was a "love letter to our fans."

North was released on September 4, 2012. The album's first single, "She's So Mean," was released on June 12, 2012.

In 2012, the band embarked on a worldwide tour, the North Tour, to promote the album. The tour continued as the 2013 Summer Tour, when they co-headlined with the Goo Goo Dolls.

Discography
Studio albums
 Yourself or Someone Like You (1996)
 Mad Season (2000)
 More Than You Think You Are (2002)
 North (2012)

References

American rock bands
Post-grunge bands
Musical groups from Orlando, Florida
Atlantic Records artists
Albany is a city on the south coast of Western Australia. In 2006, there were 25,196 people living in Albany. The city centre is in between two hills, Mount Melville and Mount Clarence.

Early history
Albany is built on King George Sound, named by Captain Vancouver in 1791. Major Edmund Lockyer started the first settlement here on 21 January 1827. The Governor of Western Australia, James Stirling, named the city Albany in 1832 after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, the second son of King George III.

References

Cities in Western Australia
Kalgoorlie is a city in Western Australia. It is 593.1 kilometres east of Perth. It is the largest urban centre in the Goldfield-Esperance region, with an population of 30,000. It was founded in the 1890s in response to the gold rush at the time. It has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh in the Koeppen climate classification).

Cities in Western Australia
1890s establishments in Australia
Joondalup is a suburb and regional city in Perth, Western Australia. It was established in the 1980s. In 2001, the suburb had a population of 6,927. The suburb was named after Lake Joondalup which is located on the eastern side of the suburb. In relation to the other establishments in Perth, Joondalup is a relatively new settlement, as it was undeveloped until the 1960s.

Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia
Mandurah is a city south of Perth, Western Australia. It has a population of 65,000. It is the fastest-growing regional city in Australia. Mandurah connected with the new Mandurah railway line late in 2007 strengthening the transport connection with Perth. The foreshore of the city is home to many marine animals.

Cities in Western Australia
Bunbury is the third largest city in Western Australia, behind Perth and Mandurah, with a population of 54,967. It is 175 kilometres south of the Perth CBD. It was founded in 1836. Bunbury is connected to Perth via transport by the Transwa Australind passenger train.

Cities in Western Australia
Rockingham is a coastal suburb in the city of Perth, Western Australia. It in 2006 it had a population of 13,000.
It was made a town in 1897.

Rockingham was connected with Perth by the Mandurah railway line in 2007.

References

Suburbs of Perth, Western Australia
Esperance is a town in Western Australia.  Around 10,421 people lived in Esperance in 2016. Started in 1896, Esperance is found near the south-east coast of the state. It is halfway between Albany, Western Australia and the South Australian border. Esperance's main industries are tourism, fishing, and agriculture.

References

Cities in Western Australia
The Mandurah railway line is a suburban railway line in Perth, Australia. It was opened around Christmas in 2007. The line is a major transport route in Perth, connecting with the four other main Transperth railway lines: Joondalup, Midland, Fremantle and Armadale.

Australian railways
Transperth is the brand of the public transport system in Perth, Western Australia. Transperth was launched in 1986. It supplies public bus, train and ferry services.

Train services run on five lines that spread over the Perth metropolitan area. The lines are named Joondalup, Midland, Fremantle, Armadale, and Mandurah. The Mandurah was opened late in 2007. All trains are operated using electricity. A new line to the Perth Airport via the Bayswater railway station is being constructed which is expected to be compeleted in mid-2021.

Bus services run throughout the metropolitan area. A circular bus route is the CircleRoute
which links major shopping centres, universities and railway stations.

Ferry services operate across the Swan River between the Perth CBD and South Perth. The ferry is popular for people to go to the zoo located in South Perth.

Passengers can take rides by buying cash tickets or using the ticket system known as SmartRider.

Australian railways
The Joondalup line is a major public transport railway line in Perth, Western Australia. It runs through Perth's northern suburbs. The line was established in 1992 where is extended north to Joondalup. In 1993, it was extended to Currambine and farther extended in 2004 to Clarkson. A new station was completed in 2005 at Greenwood. The line will be later connected with the new Mandurah railway line late in 2007, allowing passengers to ride in the same train to Mandurah without changing at Perth station to transfer between trains.

Australian railways
The Armadale railway line is a major public transport route in Perth. It runs through the metropolitan area's south-eastern suburbs, connecting between Perth and Armadale. A spur line connects the Armadale after Cannington to Thornlie.

Australian railways
Silverchair was a rock band from Newcastle, Australia. The band's members were Daniel Johns, Chris Joannou and Ben Gillies, and were only around 12 and 13 when they founded the band. Silverchair is the only artist to score five number-one albums in the Australian Charts. Their studio albums are Frogstomp, Freak Show, Neon Ballroom, Diorama and Young Modern. The band has released many singles, their number-one singles being "Tomorrow", "Freak" and "Straight Lines".

References 

1990s Australian music groups
2000s Australian music groups
2010s Australian music groups
Australian rock bands
Grunge bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2011
Musical groups established in 1992
Musical groups from New South Wales
Post-grunge bands
1992 establishments in Australia
2010s disestablishments in Australia
Avet Terterian (1929 - 1994) was a leading Armenian composer, awarded by Konrad Adenauer prize.
He composed eight (completed) symphonies, an opera and several chamber works.

Several of his symphonies are recorded (the date 1973 in the Musicweb review of the Melodiya recording of symphony 3 is probably a typographical error, since the publisher's listing also gives 1975 for the first performance of that work).

Yekaterinburg's annual music festival is named after him.

Other websites
Avet Terterian (from the Soviet Composers Web page) 
Description of Symphonies 3 and 6, Review of Melodiya CD

1929 births
1994 deaths

Armenian composers
20th-century composers
Armenian diaspora
"Colonel" Robert "Bob" Denard (April 7, 1929 in Bordeaux - October 14, 2007), also known as Gilbert Bourgeaud and Saïd Mustapha Mahdjoub, was a French mercenary. He was one of the most famous mercenaries after World War II. 

During his time in the French Navy Denard fought in Indochina and in Algeria, and spent some time in jail. He subsequently served as a policeman in French Morocco. Afterwards he became a mercenary and fought in African countries like Congo, Angola, Rhodesia, Gabon and especially in the Comoros.

He converted from Roman Catholicism to Judaism, from Judaism to Islam, and from Islam to Roman Catholicism.

He was married seven times and was the father of eight children. He practiced polygamy after his conversion to Islam.

Denard had Alzheimer's disease at the time of his death.
1929 births
2007 deaths
Anti-communists
Converts to Islam
Converts to Judaism
French military people
French prisoners
French Roman Catholics
Jewish military people
People from Bordeaux
French police officers
Mercenaries
Eutheria is the taxonomical name for the main group of living mammals.

This taxon contains the placental mammals, of which humans are one species.

Eutheria was introduced by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880. Members of Eutheria are now found on all continents and in all oceans.

The terms 'Eutheria and 'Placental' do not mean quite the same thing. A few early eutherians in the Lower Cretaceous were not placentals. Eomaia is the earliest example.

All living Eutherians are placental mammals. This means that a Eutherian fetus is fed during gestation by a placenta. The offspring of Eutherians are carried in the mother's uterus until fully developed.

Eutherians are different from other mammal groups such as monotremes and marsupials which (like the earliest eutherians) are not placental.
Monotremes, for example, lay eggs which protect the young until they are fully developed. Marsupials give birth to young who are not completely developed. Their young then move to a special pouch in the mother's body to continue their development.

The earliest known eutherian species is the extinct Eomaia scansoria from the Lower Cretaceous in China.

Related pages 
Mammal for classification.
Theria
Marsupial
Monotreme

References

Mammals
Tito Ernesto Beltrán (born July 1 1965) is a Chilean tenor. Tito Beltrán was born in Punta Arenas, Chile. Beltrán left Chile in 1986 to study in Sweden where he lived until he moved back to Chile in the early 2010s. He has performed at many opera houses around the world. He also performs at different scenes and TV-shows in Sweden. Since February 2007 he has been performing at the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm. This is where he sings in the operas La Traviata and Tosca.

In October 2008, Beltrán was sentenced to 2.5 years in prison for rape and sexual abuse. He got conditional liberty in February 2010.

Other websites 
 Tito Beltran Opera Singer  Official site
 Tito Beltran - Nessun Dorma  BBC Review

Tenors
Opera singers
1965 births
Living people
Chilean singers
Cetartiodactyla is the taxonomical superorder which includes whales (and dolphins) and even-toed ungulates.  The name was created by merging the name for the two orders, Cetacea and Artiodactyla, into a single word. 

Cetartiodactyla is used because it is thought that whales evolved from the artiodactyls.  Because of this, their closest living land relative may be the hippopotamus. 

Mammals
Leonardo is a male given name. Many people have this name. The name is Germanic in origin. It means "Strong as a lion." This name was ranked #87 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People 
Leonardo Araújo, Brazilian football player (b. 1969)
Leonardo Augusto Vieira Moreira, Brazilian football player (b. 1986)
Leonardo Cimino, American actor
Leonardo Da Vinci, Italian Renaissance painter, scientist, mathemetician, inventor and sculptor.
Leonardo DiCaprio, American actor
Leonardo Fibonacci, Italian mathemetician. Better known as Fibonacci. Also known as Leonardo Pisano and Leonardo of Pisa. 
Leonardo Ponzio, Argentine footballer 
Leonardo Santiago, Brazilian footballer (b. 1983). Commonly just referred to just as Leonardo.

References 

Given names
Tetrapods (Greek tetrapoda = four feet) are vertebrate four-legged land animals. This kind of locomotion is called quadrupedal. 

Amphibians, reptiles, dinosaurs (including their direct descendants, the birds), and mammals are all tetrapods. Even though snakes do not have limbs, they are tetrapods because they evolved from animals with four limbs.

The earliest tetrapods evolved from the Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) into air-breathing amphibians, perhaps in the Upper Devonian period. This means the transition took place in fish, before the land was the main habitat. This is typical of transitional fossils undergoing mosaic evolution.

Evolution
Evolution

Fishapods 
Clear fossil tetrapod tracks from the mid-Devonian predate previous tetrapod records by 18 million years. These tracks are from the Middle Devonian of Poland, nearly 400 million years ago. The footprints were made in the mud of a tropical lagoon, and no animal of that time could have made the tracks except a tetrapod. The find strongly suggests that the animals were fish, not amphibia, when the transition to limbs occurred. The term fishapod is sometimes used. They would have been derived from lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii), but of a genus whose body fossil has not yet been found. The Polish team suggest the fish to tetrapod transition might have taken place as early as the Lower Devonian.
The earliest tetrapods lived entirely in water. They could not live on land. Earlier, it was believed that fish had first moved onto land – either looking for food (like modern mudskippers) or to find water when the pond they lived in dried out. It was believed that they later evolved legs, lungs, and other body parts to live better on land.

Nine genera of Devonian tetrapods have been described. These earliest tetrapods were not terrestrial. They lived in swampy habitats like shallow wetlands, coastal lagoons, brackish river deltas, and even shallow marine sediments. There is much to suggest that these are the kind of environments in which the tetrapods evolved. Also, because fossils of early tetrapods are found widely in the Old Red Sandstone continent, they must have spread by following the coastal lines. This means they could not have lived only in freshwater.
Still, they may have spent brief periods out of water and would have used their legs to paw their way through the mud. The earliest confirmed terrestrial forms are known from the early Carboniferous deposits, some 20 million years later.

Tetrapods adapted to terrestrial environments over time and spent longer periods away from the water. They also spent more of their juvenile stage on land before returning to the water for the rest of their life. It is also possible that the adults started to spend some time on land  to bask in the sun, close to the water's edge. The first true tetrapods that were adapted to moving on land were small. Only later did they increase in size.
Romer's gap 
Between the lobe-finned fish tetrapods and the first amphibia and amniotes in the Middle Carboniferous lies a gap of 30 million years, with few satisfactory tetrapod fossils. This, noted in the early 1950s by Alfred Romer, is Romer's gap. Some new fossils were found in the 1990s, such as Pederpes, right in the middle of the Romer Gap. The gap still hides details of the transition from fish to tetrapod, but not so much as before.

So far, only two fossil sites from the Tournasian (earliest Carboniferous) are known. One is Horton Bluff Formation at Blue Beach, Nova Scotia. Much of this material has not yet been scientifically described.
The only other place a Tournasian tetrapod was found is near Dumbarton in the West of Scotland. The articulated (connected) skeleton of Pederpes was found there. Now comes news of new finds from this formation in five places in the Scottish Borders. The paper describes  five new Tournaisian tetrapods, with information about their habitat. 
"Our analysis shows that the Tournaisian included a rich and diverse assemblage of taxa, which included close relatives of some Devonian forms on the tetrapod stem and basal members of the amphibian stem".

The authors say 
"Although an extinction event at the end of the Devonian saw the demise of many archaic fish groups, our studies provide new perspectives on the recovery and diversification of surviving groups that went on to found the basis of modern vertebrate diversity".
Apparently, the split between the amphibians and the amniotes came soon after the extinction event as the tetrapods began to recover. "This accords with most molecular dates for the split, which place it at an average of 355  my ago, a date only 4 myr after the end-Devonian".

The cleidoic egg 
Whereas amphibia lay their eggs in water, all other tetrapods (the amniotes) lay cleidoic eggs. These eggs are like private little ponds, protecting and nourishing the embryo until it grows into a hatchling. This was a key evolutionary 'invention', which allowed the amniotes to invade the land. Once the amniotes were truly land animals, there followed a huge adaptive radiation. This was one of the most significant advances in vertebrate evolution.
Stem tetrapods 
Stem tetrapods are difficult to classify because they lack some or all of the key characteristics of the standard groups.
Land-dwelling stem tetrapods
Descendants of fishapods which at first lived an amphibious life-style. The amniotes and later amphibia are their descendants. Features: able to support their body on land for long periods; had five fingers and toes (pentadactyl limb) in contrast to their fishapod ancestors. Have not yet developed the characteristic features of the main tetrapod groups.
Stem tetrapods evolved into:
Amphibia > present-day Lissamphibia
Amniota
Sauropsida > present-day reptiles and birds
Synapsida > present-day mammals
Early fossils of stem tetraopds 
 Pederpes, an early Mississippian tetrapod, 359–345 million years ago (mya).
 Westlothiana, from 350mya, either an early amniote or a sister group to the amniotes
 Casineria, from 340 mya, a basal amniote.
 Protoclepsydrops, from the middle Pennsylvanian, 314 mya, probable earliest synapsid
 Hylonomus, from 312 mya, early anapsid sauropsid
 Paleothyris, 312–304 mya, another early anapsid sauropsid
 Archaeothyris, from 306 mya, an early synapsid
 Petrolacosaurus, from 302 mya, the first diapsid sauropsid

The tetrapod clade 
The tetrapod clade separated from fish in the Devonian. The amniotes were the earliest to lay cleidoic eggs. The Synapsids (> mammals) and the Sauropsids (> reptiles) are sister clades, and in particular, reptiles did not give rise to mammals.

Simple example cladogram.    Warm-bloodedness evolved somewhere in thesynapsid–mammal transition. ?  Warm-bloodedness must also have evolved at one of these points – an example of convergent evolution.
Living tetrapods 

There are three main groups of living ("crown group") tetrapods. Each group also includes many extinct groups:

Amphibia  frogs and toads, newts and salamanders, and caecilians
Sauropsida  birds and modern reptiles
Synapsida  mammals

Snakes and other legless reptiles are tetrapods because they are evolved from ancestors who had four limbs. This is also true for caecilians and aquatic mammals.

Classification 
[[Image:Pederpes22small.jpg|thumb|200px|Pederpes finneyae]]

A partial taxonomy of the tetrapods:
 Phylum Chordata
 Class Sarcopterygii
 Subclass Tetrapodomorpha
 Eusthenopteron
 Panderichthys
 Tiktaalik
 Superclass Tetrapoda
 Pederpes
 Whatcheeria
 Class Amphibia  
 (Subclass Labyrinthodontia)
 Subclass Lepospondyli
 Subclass Temnospondyli
 Subclass Lissamphibia  frogs, salamanders
 Class Amniota
 Class Sauropsida  Reptiles
 Class Aves  Birds
 Class Synapsida  Mammal-like reptiles
 Class Mammalia  Mammals

Related pages 
Tetrapodomorpha: a cladistic account of the group

References
References

Other websites 

"Tetrapod"? What is a tetrapod? 
Tetrapod cladograms  - similar to genealogical family trees
Tetrapod environments of the Upper Devonian
A voivodeship, also spelled voivodship, voivodina or vojvodina (Romanian: voievodat, Polish: województwo, Serbian: vojvodina (војводина), vojvodstvo (војводство) or vojvodovina (војводовина), Hungarian: vajdaság, Lithuanian: vaivadija, Latin Palatinatus in Poland), is a geographical administrative division dating to medieval Romania, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia and Serbia (see Vojvodina), ruled by a voivod (voivode, wojewoda). The voivod (literal translation: "the one who leads the warriors", is the same as to Dux Exercituum / Herzog) was originally the military commander next to the ruler.

References 

History of Ukraine
History of Poland
The President of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the president of Poland. The president directly elected by the people to serve a term of five years. He can be reelected only once. His rights and responsibilities are determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.
In agreement with the current Constitution, the President of the Republic of Poland is the head of state, the supreme representative of Poland and the guarantor of the continuity of government and is prevented from holding office for more than two consecutive terms. This means that the President heads the executive authority, is appointed to represent Polish interests on the international arena, ensures the observance of the Constitution, and is responsible for the security of the state. The President calls elections to the Sejm and the Polish Senate. He has a right to dissolve the parliament when it fails to form a Council of Ministers or pass the budget act. He can (with the Senate's consent) call a national referendum in matters important for the state, requiring the decision of all the citizens.

Living former Presidents
There are three living former Polish Presidents:

References
Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko (; 4 February 1746 – 15 October 1817) was a Polish national hero, general and a leader of the Kościuszko Uprising (which bears his name) against the Russian Empire. Tadeusz was born in February 1746 in Mereczowszczyzna, Polesie. (courrently located in Belarus) He fought in the American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army on the side of Washington. Because of his service he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General in 1783, and became a legitimate citizen of the United States that same year. He died in Solothurn, Switzerland on October 15, 1817 due to a stroke.

1746 births
1817 deaths
American generals
American revolutionaries
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Polish generals
Wesley "Wes" Archer (born November 26, 1961) is a television animation director. He was one of the original three animators (along with David Silverman and Bill Kopp) on The Simpsons' Tracey Ullman shorts and subsequently directed a number of Simpsons episodes before becoming supervising director at King of the Hill for many years. Archer's college animation movie, "Jac Mac and Rad Boy, Go!" has long been a cult classic after receiving repeated airplay on USA Network's Night Flight in the 1980s. He studied at the movie Graphics/Experimental Animation Program at CalArts.

Other websites 
 
 About Was Archer 

American animators
1961 births
Living people
David Silverman (born 15 March 1957 in New York City, New York) is an animator and writer. He is best known for directing many episodes of the animated television series The Simpsons, where he would go on to be the supervising director of animation for several years, as well as animating on all of the original Simpsons Tracey Ullman shorts.

Other websites
 David Silverman 2007 Video interview with InterviewingHollywood.com 
 
 An interview with David Silverman 
 APB Speaker page info 
 The Simpsons Archive interview 
 Video interview, Treehouse Of Horror XVII 

American movie directors
The Simpsons
American animators
American screenwriters
writers from New York City

1957 births
Living people
Bill Kopp (born April 17, 1962 in Rockford, Illinois) is an American animator and voice actor. He performed the "Whammy" on the 1980s game show Press Your Luck and the title character on Nelvana's Eek! The Cat. He was an animator for The Simpsons' shorts on the Tracey Ullman Show, but left after the first season. He created The Schnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show and Mad Jack the Pirate. He studied animation at the California Institute of the Arts.

Other websites

American animators
American voice actors
1962 births
Living people
Actors from Rockford, Illinois
Klasky-Csupo, Inc. (pronounced "Class-key Chew-po", although commonly mistaken as "Class-key Ka-zoo-po") is a multimedia entertainment production company. It was founded in 1981 by the artist/producer Arlene Klasky and the animator Gábor Csupó in Los Angeles, California, United States.

References

Other websites 
The Klasky Csupo Home Page
K-C's Cooltoons Home Page
Global Tantrum (K-C Mature Animation)
Nickelodeon Wiki article

American animation studios
Companies based in Los Angeles
Bergkamen is a town in the district of Unna, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is near the river Lippe, approx. 15 km north-east of Dortmund and 15 km south-west of Hamm.

Bergkamen, a German town in the East part of the Ruhrgebiet and south of the Münsterland, was founded in 1966 by the merging of at first five smaller communities.

Twin towns
  Hettstedt, since 1990
  Taşucu, since 1994
  Gennevilliers, since 1995
  Wieliczka, since 1995

References

Other websites 
 Official Website of the city of Bergkamen
 Website of the mayor of Bergkamen

Unna (district)
Australia's renewable energy industries cover many energy sources and stages of commercialisation. Renewable energy technologies make up about 6 per cent of Australia's total energy  supply and some 8 per cent of Australia's electricity supply, with hydro-electricity by far the largest single contributor.  
 
Government policies have opened up more opportunities for "new" renewable energies such as wind power, photovoltaics, and solar thermal technologies. The use of these technologies helps to reduce greenhouse gases.  

At the end of 2006, Australia had 817 MW of installed wind power capacity, mainly in South Australia.  Initiatives are also being taken with solar power, ethanol fuel and geothermal energy. 

Surveys show that there is much public support for the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Australia.

References

Renewable energy
Economy of Australia
The current status of renewable energy commercialization in the United States varies considerably between different renewable energy technologies, with some being commercialized at the present time.

Wind power is a growing industry in the United States.  Latest American Wind Energy Association figures show that installed U.S. wind power capacity now exceeds 11,600 MW which is enough to serve three million average households. Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development, followed by California. 

Several solar thermal power stations, including the new 64 MW Nevada Solar One, have also been built.  The largest of these solar thermal power stations is the SEGS group of plants in the Mojave Desert with a total generating capacity of 354 MW, making the system the largest solar plant of any kind in the world. The largest solar photovoltaic plant in the U.S. is the 4.6 MW Springerville Generating Station, located near Tucson, Arizona.
In terms of renewable fuels for transportation, most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol fuel, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends.

Solar Energy Industries Association and GTM Research found that the amount of new solar electric capacity increased in 2012 by 76 percent from 2011, raising the United States’ market share of the world’s installations above 10 percent, up from roughly 5 to 7 percent in the last seven years.

References

Energy in the United States
Renewable energy
Low kick is a leg technique used in certain boxes pieds-poings (Burmese boxing, kickboxing and Thai boxing Muay Thai) and certain martial arts. It consists in striking a blow with shinbone or a kick in the lower limb of the opponent (thigh or leg). According to the official rules concerning sport, it can be carried to the outer and to the inner part of the lower limb. 

In fights in full contact (so-called K.O. system), these kicks are allowed in order to make an opponent not stable, indeed to have an advantage. 

In the matter of hits in the legs, several kicks exist: circular or roundhouse kick, semicircular kick, balanced kicks (stick kick, crescent kick, axe kick...), kicks along the straight line (front kick and side kick), hooked-type kicks (hook kick), kicks that go down (hammer kick), etc. 

In American or Japanese kickboxing, this type of kick can be only circular or semicircular according to the official rules. 

Martial art techniques
Spider-Man is an American 2002 superhero movie. It was made from the story of the Marvel Comics superhero, Spider-Man. It was the first in the Spider-Man movie series. It was written by David Koepp and directed by Sam Raimi. Tobey Maguire starred as Peter Parker / Spider-Man. Kirsten Dunst played the girl Peter loves, Mary-Jane Watson, and Willem Dafoe played the bad guy, Norman Osborn.
At the start of the movie, Peter Parker is a very smart teenager, who lives with his Aunt May and Uncle Ben. He is friends with Harry Osborn and Mary Jane Watson. Peter has loved Mary Jane since he was young. Peter is bullied at school by the other teenagers. On a school trip Peter is accidentally bitten by a spider that had been mutated (or changed) in a science study. This allows him to climb up walls, make spider webs come from his wrists, jump high, move fast and become very strong. Peter uses his powers to fight the bully Flash Thompson and beats him up. When Ben finds out, he teaches Peter that "with great power comes great responsibility." Peter ignores Ben and uses his powers to win a wrestling competition, to win prize money to impress Mary Jane. However, the cashier does not pay Peter what he said he would. A criminal steals a lot of money from the cashier and runs off. Peter does not try to catch the criminal, as revenge for not getting paid as much as he wanted
. The criminal then steals Ben's car and shoots Ben. Peter returns to find Ben shot, and Ben dies in his arms. Peter angrily sets off to capture the killer. When he does, he is horrified to find that the man is the same criminal he refused to stop. From then on, Peter becomes Spider-Man and vows to fight crime, using Ben's words to their fullest. Peter takes a job as a photographer at the Daily Bugle selling photos to J. Jonah Jameson, who seems to be jealous of Spider-Man and makes Spider-Man look bad in the paper.
Meanwhile, Harry's father Norman Osborn is in trouble. Norman is the CEO (or head) of his own company name Oscorp. Oscorp does science studies and is working on a device that will allow someone to fly, as well as a new formula that will make a person stronger. Norman is ready to test the formula on humans, but his fellow scientists say the formula is still too dangerous. Norman decides to test the formula on himself. The formula does allow Norman to move fast and makes him very strong, but also drives him insane. Later the executive board of Oscorp kicks Norman off the board, angering him. Norman steals the flying device and becomes the Green Goblin. The Green Goblin attacks and kills the board members at a parade, causing a fight with Spider-Man. Later Green Goblin captures Spider-Man and offers to work together. During a fire at a building, the Green Goblin uses his voice and pretends to be someone trapped. When Spider-Man goes to rescue the person, he finds the Green Goblin
. Spider-Man refuses Green Goblin's offer to work together, causing another fight. During the fight, Spider-Man's arm is cut. Later Peter, Norman, Harry, Mary Jane and Aunt May meet at Peter's apartment for Thanksgiving. Norman notices Peter's cut on his arm and realizes that Peter Parker is Spider-Man.
The Green Goblin then grabs Spider-Man and they start to fight inside an abandoned building. The fight is very violent and Spider-Man starts to bleed. Finally, after Spider-Man knocks the Green Goblin down, the Green Goblin reveals that he is Norman Osborn. Spider-Man is very surprised. Norman then distracts Peter and talks to him as he tries to get his flying device to move and to kill Peter. Spider-Man jumps out of the way at the last second and the flying device impales Norman instead, killing him. Dying, Norman asks Peter not to tell Harry that he was the Green Goblin.

The last scene is at a cemetery for the funeral of Norman. During the ceremony, Harry tells Peter that he swears that Spider-Man will die because Spider-Man killed his father. Mary Jane tells Peter that she loves him, but Peter fears his enemies will attack her again, so he tells her that he can only be her friend.
Production 
A trailer containing original footage was shown for screenings of the 2001 movie Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within. The trailer shows a group of bank robbers flying in a helicopter and land on a giant web between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. The trailer was recalled following the September 11 attacks. As a response, a scene where New Yorkers throw food at the Green Goblin and wave their flags while yelling "You mess with one of us, you mess with all of us" was added for reshoots.

Reception 
After the movie was kept from being made for almost 25 years, it was shown in theaters on May 3, 2002. Critics liked it a lot and it broke many movie records. It made more money than any other movie in the year 2002. As of late 2007, Spider-Man is the seventh highest grossing movie in the United States and 17th highest world wide. It made enough money and two sequels have been made, Spider-Man 2 (2004) and Spider-Man 3 (2007).
Cast 
 Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker / Spider-Man
 Willem Dafoe as Norman Osborn / Green Goblin
 Kirsten Dunst as Mary Jane Watson
 James Franco as Harry Osborn
 Cliff Robertson as Uncle Ben Parker
 Rosemary Harris as Aunt May Parker
 J. K. Simmons as J. Jonah Jameson
 Gerry Becker as Maximilian Fargas
 Bill Nunn as Joseph "Robbie" Robertson
 Jack Betts as Henry Balkan
 Stanley Anderson as General Thomas Slocum
 Ron Perkins as Dr. Mendel Stromm
 Joe Manganiello as Flash Thompson

References

Other websites

2000s superhero movies
2002 movies
Columbia Pictures movies
English-language movies
Impact of the September 11 attacks
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
Movies directed by Sam Raimi
Spider-Man (2002 movie series)
John Bunyan (Harrowden, near Bedford, 28 November 1628 – London, 31 August 1688) was an English tinker, preacher and writer. He wrote a book called The Pilgrim's Progress which has been translated into more languages than any other book except the Bible. The book is a story about a man who is trying to lead a good life as a Christian. It is allegory. The characters in the story represent good things or bad things. Bunyan lived at a time when there was no religious freedom: everybody had to believe what the Church of England told them. Bunyan did not agree with some of the things the Church of England said. He started to preach about his ideas. He was arrested and put into prison because of his beliefs. He wrote The Pilgrim's Progress while he was in gaol (prison).

Life

Early years
Life

Early years 

Bunyan’s father was a tinker: a metal worker who mends pots and pans. The Bunyan family had been living in Bedfordshire at least since the 12th century. They had gradually lost more and more of their land and had become quite poor. John Bunyan’s father had inherited a small cottage and 9 acres of land. He could not read or write.

John Bunyan only went to school for two, three or four years. He learned how to be a tinker from his father.

Youth: religious conversion 

There was a lot of fighting in England at the time Bunyan was a child. Many people were against King Charles I so there was a Civil War and the king was executed. For several years England was a republic, ruled by Oliver Cromwell.
When Bunyan was 16 years old, he served in the parliamentary army at Newport Pagnell (1644 - 1647). After that, he started to work as a tinker, and in 1649, he married. His wife had two books, both of which were religious books. Bunyan started to be influenced by religion. He became very frightened because he realized he had done things which were wrong, and he wondered whether God would forgive him, so that he would go to heaven when he died, or whether he would be punished and go to hell. The kind of things he did which at that time were thought to be wrong (sins) were not things which would worry many people nowadays: ringing church bells, dancing, playing games on Sundays and, perhaps the worst of all, swearing. Other wrongs he had done in the past included disrespecting his parents, and very likely causing, or at least unremorsefully (unsorrowfully) helping along the early death of his mother and sister - which he did by refusing to take any of the burden or workload at home
. It was only for lack of money that he did not spend his time with prostitutes, though he longed to join the gambling and "painted women" who attended fairs and other public events.  In his book Grace Abounding Bunyan describes himself as the “Chief of Sinners”. He tells how one day he was walking along when he heard a group of women talking to one another about salvation. This made him think about these things.
Bunyan lived in Elstow, near Bedford, until 1655, when his wife died. He moved to Bedford to be nearer to Gifford’s church . He married again in 1659. In 1660, the Restoration of the Monarchy took place: England had a king once more: Charles II became king. It was bad for religious freedom, because all non-conformist meetings were forbidden. St John’s Church had to become part of the Church of England again. Bunyan refused to go to church. He started to preach to groups of people anywhere they could meet: in barns or in the streets. Because he did not have permission to preach, he was arrested and put in gaol. At first, he was sentenced to 3 months, but because he refused to promise to stop preaching, he spent 12 years in gaol.

Years in gaol
Years in gaol 

Bunyan spent the years 1660-1672 in gaol, and again he was in gaol for a short time in 1677. The gaol was at the top of Silver Street in the centre of Bedford, only 5 minutes walk from his house in St Cuthbert Street, which was then on the edge of the town. The gaol had 6 cells and 2 dungeons. He could probably have been free at any time if he had promised to give up preaching, but he did what he firmly believed to be right. He made some money in gaol by making shoelaces. His eldest daughter Mary, who was blind, brought him soup every day and also gave him books to read. Sometimes, he seems to have been let out of gaol for short periods of time. This was not really allowed, but often, the guards might let a prisoner out if they promised to come back. Bunyan even travelled as far as London once, and he must have gone home sometimes because he had two more children by his second wife during that time.
It was during this time in gaol that he wrote his allegorical novel: Pilgrim's Progress. We do not know whether he wrote it all while he was in gaol. The book is in two parts. The first part finishes with the words: “So I awoke, and behold it was a dream”. When the second part begins he says “..as I slept I dreamt again”. This might mean that he wrote the second part in 1677 when he was in gaol again. This is only a guess, we do not know.