Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
1970  1979 
 1970 - Luis Leloir
 1971 - Gerhard Herzberg
 1972 - Christian Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William Stein
 1973 - Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson for sandwich compounds
 1974 - Paul Flory
 1975 - John Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog
 1976 - William Lipscomb
 1977 - Ilya Prigogine
 1978 - Peter Mitchell
 1979 - Herbert Brown, Georg Wittig

1980  1989 
 1980 - Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger
 1981 - Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann for Isolobal Principle
 1982 - Aaron Klug
 1983 - Henry Taube
 1984 - Bruce Merrifield
 1985 - Herbert Hauptman, Jerome Karle
 1986 - Dudley Herschbach, Yuan Lee, John Polanyi
 1987 - Donald Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles Pedersen
 1988 - Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel
 1989 - Sidney Altman, Thomas Cech
1990  1999 
 1990 - Elias James Corey
 1991 - Richard R. Ernst
 1992 - Rudolph A. Marcus
 1993 - Kary Mullis, Michael Smith
 1994 - George Olah
 1995 - Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland
 1996 - Robert Curl, Sir Harold Kroto, Richard Smalley
 1997 - Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou
 1998 - Walter Kohn, John Pople
 1999 - Ahmed Zewail
2000  2009 
 2000  Alan Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa for their discovery and development of conductive polymers.
 2001 – William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions., K. Barry Sharpless for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions.
 2002 – John B. Fenn and Koichi Tanaka for their work on mass spectrometry. Kurt Wüthrich for ways to study biological macromolecules with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
 2003 – Peter Agre for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels. Roderick MacKinnon for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of potassium ion channels.
 2004 – Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
 2005 – Yves Chauvin, Robert Grubbs, Richard Schrock for metal-catalyzed alkene metathesis.
 2006 – Roger Kornberg for studying eukaryote transcription.
2007 – Gerhard Ertl for surface science and for discovering how crystals react to experiments.
 2008 – Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Tsien for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP.
 2009 – Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas Steitz, Ada Yonath for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome.
2010  2019 
 2010 – Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki for their work in palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions in organic synthesis.
 2011 – Dan Shechtman for the discovery of quasicrystals.
 2012 – Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors.
 2013 – Michael Levitt, Martin Karplus and Arieh Warshel for the development of multi scale models for complex chemical systems.
 2014 – Eric Betzig, Stefan Hell and William E. Moerner for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy. 
 2015 – Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar for mechanistic studies of DNA repair.
 2016 – Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa for supramolecular chemistry.
 2017 - Jacques Dubochet/ Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson  for cryo-election microscopy
 2018 - Frances Arnold / George P. Smith / Greg Winter for directed evolution and bacteriophage.
 2019 - John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino for the development of lithium-ion battery
2020 
 2020 - Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna for the development of a method for genome editing.
 2021 - David MacMillan and Benjamin List for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis.
 2022 - Carolyn Bertozzi, Morten P. Meldal and Karl Barry Sharpless for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry.

Related pages 

 List of Nobel Prize winners by country
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine
 List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature
 List of Nobel Peace Prize winners

References 

Nobel Prize Chemistry
Chemistry
Baker Island is a small coral island, or atoll, in the North Pacific Ocean. It is just above the equator. It belongs to the United States. The United States Department of the Interior is in charge of the island. It is called the Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge. 

The island has no trees. The island is surrounded by a coral reef. This makes the atoll hard to approach in a boat.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of uninhabited regions

References

Other websites 

 Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge 

Atolls
United States Minor Outlying Islands
Pacific islands
Islands of Oceania
Uninhabited regions
Hermaphrodite is a term which comes from Hermaphroditus, the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. It is used as a scientific term in biology.

In zoology, an animal which can produce both sperm and ova is  a hermaphrodite. As an example, most earthworms are hermaphrodites. A simultaneous hermaphrodite has both sets of sex organs throughout life. A sequential hermaphrodite has ovaries at first, replaced by a testis later, or the other way round.

In botany, hermaphrodite is used for 'complete' flowers with both male and female parts, and for plants which have bisexual reproductive units. See flowering plant sexuality for details.

With people, the term hermaphrodite is not correct, because true functioning hermaphrodites are not possible in humans. What sometimes happens is errors in development which lead to intersex persons. A definition of intersex is :
"... individuals of a bisexual species that have characteristics intermediate between the male and female".
People who are intersex may have a very small penis and no testicles, or a very small and short vagina and a large clitoris that looks like a penis.

References 

Biology
Sexuality
The epididymis is the part of the human male reproductive system. It is the tube that holds the testicles in place. It stretches from the back of each testicle to the van deferens.

Parts 
The dinges is made up of three parts:
 The head (Caput)
 The body (Corpus) 
 The tail (Cauda)

Uses 
Sperm made in the testis go into the head (caput) of the epididymis, go through the body (corpus) and stop at the tail (cauda), where they are stored. When sperm are first made and travel to the head, they are not yet ready to be ejaculated. They cannot swim or fertilize an egg. By the time they reach the tail, the sperm can fertilize an egg. The sperm are transferred to the Seminal visicle through the vas deferens. The sperm can not swim yet, so muscle contractions push the sperm to the seminal vesicle where final development is finished. .  

When the sperm are ejaculated, they move through the tail of the epididymis. There are so many sperm that they cannot swim, but use peristalsis from muscles in the vas deferens.
Disease 
An injury or infection of the epididymis causes epididymitis, a painful condition that can take months to heal. Sometimes the testicle has to be removed. There does not seem to be any single cause, or treatment for this condition. Some doctors treat it with antibiotics, some take a "wait and see" attitude. At times just one testicle is affected and at others, both.

Removal 
Sometimes males get their epididymis removed either as a form of birth control or for other reasons (such as for post-vasectomy pain syndrome) in a surgery known as an epididymectomy.

Pictures

References 

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
The 1810s was the decade that began on January 1, 1810 and ended on December 31, 1819.

Events 

 The War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States.
 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo in Belgium. (1815)
 Denmark lets Norway go; Norway declares independence.
 Congress of Vienna changes Europe.
 Volcano Mount Tambora explodes in the Dutch East Indies (1815)
 Year without a Summer (1816)

Births 
 James Strang, Mormon. (1813)
 John A. Macdonald, first prime minister of Canada (1815)
 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American women's rights activist (1815)
 Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States
 Frederick Douglass, writer. (1818)
World leaders 
 Emperor Francis II (Austria)
 Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
 King Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
 Jiaqing Emperor (China)
 Emperor Napoleon I (First French Empire)
 King Louis XVIII (Restoration France)
 Pope Pius VII
 Emperor Alexander I (Russia)
 King Ferdinand VII (Spain)
 King George III (United Kingdom).
 President James Madison (United States)
 President James Monroe (United States)
 Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)

Deaths 
 Paul Revere, silversmith. (1818)
 Jemima Wilkinson, preacher. (1819)
Mammary glands are the part of the female body designed for the making milk for baby mammals to drink. In humans they are in the breasts. In cows and goats they are called udders.

Integumentary system
Glands
Breasts
Kurt Browning (born June 18, 1966 in Rocky Mountain House, Alberta) is a Canadian figure skater. He won four world championships and four Canadian championships.

Browning did the first ever quadruple jump (four turns) in competition. He is well known for his footwork. As a professional, he has skated for Stars on Ice and Tom Collins Tour of Champions, won several professional championships, and did some T.V. skating specials. He has also talked during skating events on T.V. He has helped the charity Muscular Dystrophy.

Browning was raised in Caroline, Alberta. He married a dancer with the National Ballet of Canada, Sonia Rodriguez, in 1996. They have a son Gabriel, born in 2003.

Amateur Competitions 
 World Championships: came first in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1993
 Winter Olympics: 1988 - 8th, 1992 - 6th, 1994 - 5th
 Canadian Championships: came first in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1993

1966 births
Living people
Canadian figure skaters
Airbus SE (, , , ) is a company which makes aircraft. It is owned by EADS, a European aerospace company. Airbus has its headquarters in Blagnac, France.
Airbus Office in Toulouse 1, Rond Point Maurice Bellonte 31707 Blagnac Cedex France"

Airbus began as a consortium (a group) of aircraft makers called Airbus Industrie. Later, in 2001, it became a joint-stock company. It was owned by EADS (80%) and BAE Systems (20%). BAE sold its part of the company to EADS on 13 October 2006, so EADS now completely owns the company.

Around 55,000 people work for Airbus in sixteen places in four European countries: France, Germany, the United Kingdom and Spain. The final part of Airbus aircraft making is done in Toulouse, France; Hamburg, Germany; Seville, Spain; and, since 2009, Tianjin, China.

Airbus makes and sells the first digital fly-by-wire airliner, the Airbus A320. Airbus also makes the biggest airliner in the world, the Airbus A380.
In 2015 Airbus launched an accelerator program to infuse startup and intrapreneurial innovations called Airbus BizLab.

History

Origins
Airbus Industrie started as a consortium (group) of European aircraft makers. The companies came together to compete with American companies like Boeing, McDonnell Douglas and Lockheed.

Even though a lot of European planes had a lot of new features, even the most successful planes were not made for long. In 1991, Jean Pierson, who was then the CEO and managing director of Airbus Industrie, gave some reasons why American plane makers were bigger: because the United States is so big, people preferred to fly; a 1942 agreement between the United Kingdom and the United States meant that the United States would make transport planes; and World War II had given the United States "a profitable, vigorous, powerful and structured aeronautical industry."
In the 1960s, some plane makers were thinking about coming together. Some aircraft companies had already thought that this would need to happen. In 1959, Hawker Siddeley thought about making an "Airbus" version of the Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy. This version would "be able to lift as many as 126 passengers on ultra short routes at a direct operating cost of 2d. per seat mile." However, European aircraft makers knew that making this plane would be dangerous. They knew that they would have to work together to make a plane like this. At the 1965 Paris Air Show, big European airlines began to think about the specifications for the "airbus". In that same year, Hawker Siddeley joined with Breguet and Nord to design the airbus. By 1966, Sud Aviation (became Aérospatiale) (France), Arbeitsgemeinschaft Airbus (became Deutsche Airbus) (Germany) and Hawker Siddeley (UK) were all working together. The partners asked for money from the French, German and British governments in October 1966
. On 25 July 1967, the three governments gave the money and decided to continue with the airbus.
In the two years after this, both the British and French governments thought the project would fail. 75 orders were needed before 31 July 1968. The French government thought about leaving the partnership, because it was worried about the costs of the Airbus A300, Concorde and the Dassault Mercure. The French government was persuaded to stay. The British government left the partnership on 10 April 1969. Hawker Siddeley was helping until the British government left, and France and Germany did not want to design the airbus' wing (which Hawker Siddeley was doing). Hawker Siddeley was allowed to keep helping, but it did not have any help from the British government.

Beginning of Airbus Industry
Airbus Industrie was officially started as a Groupement d'Interet Économique (Economic Interest Group or GIE) on 18 December 1970. The name "Airbus" was taken from a word used by airlines in the 1960s. It meant an aircraft with a certain size and range. Aérospatiale and Deutsche Airbus each owned 36.5% of the company, Hawker Siddeley owned 20% and Fokker-VFW owned 7%. Each company made its own parts of the plane, and they were completely ready when they were delivered. In October 1971, the Spanish company CASA took 4.2% of Airbus Industrie. Aérospatiale and Deutsche Airbus lowered their share to 47.9%. In January 1979, British Aerospace, which had taken over Hawker Siddeley in 1977, took 20% of Airbus Industrie. Aérospatiale and Deutsche Airbus lowered their share even more, to 37.9%. CASA kept its 4.2%.

Designing the Airbus A300
In 1972, the A300 made its first flight. The first type of A300, the A300B2, began being used by airlines in 1974. However, not much attention was paid to the A300 because of the launch of Concorde. At first, the A300 was not very successful. However, airlines began to order more and more. Part of this was because of the Airbus Industrie CEO Bernard Lathière, who tried to sell the plane to airlines in America and Asia. By 1979, Airbus Industrie had 256 orders for the A300. Airbus Industrie had also designed a more advanced aircraft, the Airbus A310, the year before. It was the A320 in 1981 which made Airbus Industrie a very big aircraft maker. More than 400 orders were made for the A320 before it even flew. Only 15 were made for the A300 before it first flew.

Change to Airbus
In the early 1990s, the Airbus CEO Jean Pierson said that the partnership should be closed, and Airbus Industrie should become its own company. However, the difficulties of integrating and valuing the assets of four companies, as well as legal issues, delayed the initiative. In December 1998, when British Aerospace and DASA were close to merging with each other, Aérospatiale stopped the negotiations. The French company thought that if BAe and DASA merged, that company would own 57.9% of Airbus. Aérospatiale insisted that each company own half of Airbus each. However, the problem was fixed in January 1999, when BAe merged with Marconi Electronic Systems instead. This company became BAE Systems. Then in 2000, three of the companies which made Airbus Industrie (DaimlerChrysler Aerospace, the new Deutsche Airbus; Aérospatiale-Matra, the new Sud-Aviation; and CASA) merged. This merger made EADS. EADS now owned Airbus France, Airbus Deutschland and Airbus España, which was 80% of Airbus Industrie
. BAE Systems and EADS created the new company, Airbus SAS. Both companies owned part of Airbus.
Designing the Airbus A380

Throughout 1988, some Airbus engineers, led by Jean Roeder, began secretly designing a very big plane. It was made to allow Airbus to rival Boeing, whose 747 had been the only very big plane since the 1970s. Airbus made the project public at the 1990 Farnborough Air Show. Airbus wanted to make this plane 15% cheaper to use than the Boeing 747-400. In June 1994, Airbus named the plane the A3XX.

Five A380s were made for testing, and also to demonstrate the plane to airlines and the public. The first A380 was shown to the public on 18 January 2005, and it first flew on 27 April 2005. The head test pilot said that flying the A380 was like "like handling a bicycle". On 1 December 2005, the A380 reached its maximum speed, Mach 0.96. On 10 January 2006, the A380 made its first flight across the Atlantic, to Medellín, in Colombia.
The first A380 was delivered to Singapore Airlines on 15 October 2007. It began to be used on 25 October 2007, when it flew between Singapore and Sydney. Two months later, Singapore Airlines' CEO Chew Choong Seng said that the A380 was better than both the airline and Airbus thought. It used 20% less fuel per passenger than the Boeing 747-400. Emirates was the second airline to get an A380 on 28 July 2008, and it used the A380 to fly between Dubai and New York on 1 August 2008. Qantas got the A380 on 19 September 2008, and its A380s flew between Melbourne and Los Angeles on 20 October 2008.

BAE sells its part of Airbus
On 6 April 2006, it was announced that BAE Systems would sell its 20% of Airbus. Its share was worth about €3.5 billion (US$4.17 billion). At first, BAE wanted to agree a price with EADS informally.
On 2 July 2006, BAE's part of the company was thought to be worth about £1.9 billion (€2.75 billion), which was much less than what BAE, analysts, and even EADS thought. In September 2006, BAE sold its part of Airbus for £1.87 billion (€2.75 billion, $3.53 billion). On 4 October, BAE's shareholders decided that the sale should go ahead, meaning that Airbus is now completely owned by EADS.

2007 restructuring
On 28 February 2007, CEO Louis Gallois said that Airbus was planning to make some changes. The programme was called Power8, and it got rid of 10,000 jobs over four years: 4,300 in France, 3,700 in Germany, 1,600 in the UK and 400 in Spain. Airbus factories in Saint Nazaire, Varel and Laupheim could be sold or closed, while Meaulte, Nordenham and Filton are "open to investors". Unions in France and Germany threatened to go on strike because of the job cuts.
2011 A320neo record orders
At the 2011 Paris Air Show, Airbus got 730 orders for Airbus A320neo family planes. These orders were worth $72.2 billion, and the number of orders is a new record in aviation. The A320neo was announced in December 2010, and it got 667 orders. Together with the orders before that time, there were 1029 orders made within six months after the plane was launched, which is also a new record.

Civilian planes

The first Airbus plane was the A300, the world's first twin-engined aircraft to have two aisles. A shorter version of the A300 is called the Airbus A310. Airbus launched the A320, which is special as it is the first commercial plane to use a digital fly-by-wire control system. The A320 has been, and still is, a very big success. The A318 and A319 are shorter versions, and the A321 is a longer version, of the A320. The A320's main rival is the Boeing 737 family.
The long-range wide-body planes, the Airbus A330 and the Airbus A340, have efficient wings, which also have winglets. The Airbus A340-500 can fly for , which is the second-longest range for any commercial plane, after the Boeing 777-200LR. All Airbus aircraft after the A320 have similar cockpits, which makes it easier to train pilots. Airbus stopped making A340s in 2011 because not enough planes were being sold compared to other planes like the Boeing 777.

Airbus is studying a replacement for the A320. This plane is called the Airbus NSR, for "New Short-Range aircraft". Those studies said that the NSR could burn 9–10% less fuel than the current A320. Instead of making a brand new plane, Airbus decided to make changes to the current A320 by adding winglets and other improvements. This updated type of A320 is called the "A320 Enhanced" and it should use 4–5% less fuel.

In July 2007, Airbus gave the last A300 to FedEx, which was when Airbus stopped making A300/A310s.
Airbus made parts and helped maintain Concorde until it was retired in 2003.

Airbus Executive and Private Aviation is the part of Airbus which makes private jets. After Boeing started the Boeing Business Jet, Airbus made the A319 Corporate Jet in 1997. As of December 2008, 121 corporate and private jets are being used and 164 aircraft have been ordered.

Military planes
In the late 1990s Airbus became interested in designing and selling aircraft to the military. Airbus made planes for aerial refuelling with the Airbus A310 MRTT and the Airbus A330 MRTT, and tactical airlift with the A400M.

In January 1999, Airbus started another company, Airbus Military SAS, to design and make a tactical transport aircraft, the Airbus Military A400M. The A400M was designed by several NATO members: Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Spain, Turkey, and the UK, so that these countries did not have to use foreign transport planes. The A400M has had many delays.

Orders and deliveries

* All models included.
Data as of 31 May 2013.

Rivalry with Boeing
Airbus is in a fierce rivalry with Boeing. Airbus won more plane orders in 2003 and 2004. In 2005, Airbus got 1111 orders, and Boeing got 1029. In 2006, Airbus had its second-best year ever, when it got 824 orders. The year before that was even better. In August 2010, Airbus said that it would be making more A320 airliners, so that 40 would be made every month by 2012, when Boeing was making more 737s, so that 35 would be made every month.

As of April 2013, 7,264 Airbus aircraft are being used. There are 21% more Boeing aircraft than Airbus, because Airbus has not existed as long as Boeing. However, Airbus is catching up, as older Boeings are being retired.

Recently, more Boeing 777s have been sold than Airbus planes like the A330-300. The A330-200 is the main rival of the 767, and the A330-200 has sold more than the 767.
Airbus has also made the Airbus A350 XWB to be a rival to the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. This was done because airlines were asking Airbus to make a plane to rival the 787.

Boeing has complained that Airbus gets unfair help from European governments. However, Airbus has said that Boeing gets money illegally from the United States government, as the U.S. government buys many of Boeing's military products.

The WTO said in August 2010 and in May 2011 that Airbus was given unfair help by governments of European countries. In February 2011, the WTO found that Boeing had been given help by U.S. governments which broke the WTO rules.

Factories around the world

Airbus has many different factories for different planes. These are:
 Toulouse, France (A320, A330, A350 and A380)
 Hamburg, Germany (A320 series)
 Seville, Spain (A400M)
 Tianjin, China (A320 series).
 Mobile, Alabama, (proposed for construction) (A320)
Airbus uses the "Beluga" to move different parts of Airbus planes from one factory to the other. Boeing also uses some Boeing 747s to do this to transport parts for the 787. However, some parts of the Airbus A380 are too large to be carried by the Beluga. These big A380 parts are brought to Bordeaux on a ship. They are then taken to Toulouse on the Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit.

Airbus opened a factory in Tianjin, People's Republic of China in 2009.

Airbus started making a $350 million factory in Harbin, China in July 2009. When it is finished, 1,000 people will work there.

Environment
Airbus has started "Flightpath", which will lower the amount of noise, CO2 and NOx made by Airbus planes.

Biofuel
Airbus has joined Honeywell and JetBlue Airways to lower the amount of pollution and how much oil planes need to use. They are trying to make a biofuel which could be used by 2030.
Airbus recently had the first flight using special fuel. It used 60% kerosene and 40% gas to liquids (GTL) fuel. It gave out the same amount of carbon, but less sulphur. The special fuel worked with Airbus' engine, so this type of fuel should not need new engines. This flight is thought to be a good advance towards environmentally-friendly planes.

Employees

Employees in different factories

(Data as of 31 December 2006)

Airbus plane numbering system
Airbus names its planes in a special way. The format is: the plane name, a dash, and a three-digit number.

The three-digit number after the plane name means the aircraft series, the company which makes the engines, and the version of the engines. For example, an A320-200 with version one International Aero Engines (IAE) V2500 engines would be called the A320-231.

Engine codes

Related pages 
 Boeing

References

Bibliography

Other websites

 Official Airbus website
 Airbus North America 
 Airbus on Twitter
1970 establishments in Europe
Aircraft companies of France
Rapid City is the second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is in the western part of the state on the eastern edge of the Black Hills. Rapid City is the county seat of Pennington County.

It is a good starting point for the area around it, which is a tourist area. Local tourist sites include Mount Rushmore, the Black Hills, the Badlands, and Custer State Park.

Other websites 
 Rapid City government website

County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
The Year without a Summer was 1816.  The year before that, in 1815, a volcano had erupted in the Dutch East Indies.  The volcano's name was Mount Tambora.  The volcanic ash from the eruption spread across the world.  It darkened the sky, and made the Earth's surface colder.  

In much of Europe and northern North America, summer never came. In New England and Germany, there were frozen lakes in the middle of June.  Flowers never bloomed, and every day was cold. These places and China suffered famine.

1816
Weather by year
A capitol building (or just capitol) is a building in a capital city.  People who control government work there to make laws.  The building may have many offices.  

Some offices are for legislators, the people who make the laws.  

Some offices are for people who enforce laws, for example a president or governor.  These people lead all people, and help them obey the laws.

Sometimes, there are offices for judges, people who help all people understand the laws. These judges are very powerful.  A group of these judges can be called a supreme court or superior court.

Buildings similar to capitols are in other places.  A smaller government like one in a county can be in a court house.  A city government can be in a city hall.

Government buildings
Administrative buildings

pl:Kapitol
The word dissolve can mean:

 In chemistry, it is the act of solvation, when a solid is mixed into a liquid, creating a  solution. Mixing salt into water is an example.  Upon evaporation, the dissolved parts usually come out of solution and reform the solid.
 In film and video editing, it is one way of changing the view. For example, a scene fades (changes slowly) from a bright day to all black.
Jersey City is a city in Hudson County in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is just across the Hudson River from New York City.

County seats in New Jersey
San Jose (officially San José) is a city in Santa Clara County, California in the United States. 

It is the third biggest city in California, after Los Angeles and San Diego. It is the 12th biggest city in the United States. It is south of San Francisco. The city has 1,000,000 people. It has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb in the Koeppen climate classification).

By the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for high tech and internet industries, making it California's fastest-growing economy. It has very high home prices and is one of the most expensive places to live in the United States.

San Jose is home to San José State University as well as the hockey team San Jose Sharks.

References

Other websites 

 City of San Jose Web site

 
County seats in California
Venus, Texas is a town in the United States. Around 4,361 people lived there (about 2,860 males and 1,500 females) in 2020.

References 

Cities in Texas
Evergreen, Colorado is a community in the United States, about 30 miles from Denver, Colorado.

Cities in Colorado
Queens is a borough of New York City and a county of New York State. It was named for Catherine of Braganza, the Queen of England and wife of King Charles II of England.

Queens is in western Long Island.  The East River separates it from Manhattan in the east and The Bronx in the north.  Queens' only land boundary with another New York City borough is with Brooklyn in the south and west.  Jamaica Bay separates most of Queens from its Rockaway Peninsula in the south.  Nassau County lies to the east. Until 1899, Nassau County was part of Queens County. 

About 2.4 million people live in Queens and it is the largest borough of New York City in size and second in population (after Brooklyn). According to the United States census, Queens is the most ethnically diverse county in the USA. That means that it has the most people from different kinds of places, religions, and ethnic groups of any place in the USA. Large parts of Queens are urban and an equal part is suburban.
Transportation 
Queens is home to both of New York City's airports, LaGuardia Airport (LGA) and John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). Queens is connected to the Bronx by three bridges: the Bronx Whitestone Bridge, the Throgs Neck Bridge and the Triborough Bridge. It is connected to Manhattan by two bridges and one tunnel: the Triborough Bridge, the Queensboro Bridge, and the Queens Midtown Tunnel.

Many controlled-access highways cross Queens, including I-495 (the Long Island Expressway), I-278 (the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), and I-678 (the Van Wyck Expressway, pronounced Van Wike). Important state highways in Queens include the Grand Central Parkway, which becomes the Northern State Parkway when it crosses the Queens border into Nassau County.
Many New York City Subway lines go through Queens.  The most famous is the Flushing Line, the 7 Train, which has the nickname "International Express" because it goes through many neighborhoods where many immigrants live.  Other subway lines in Queens include the A Train, C Train, E Train, F Train, G Train, J Train, M Train, N Train, R Train, V Train, W Train, and Z Train.

Queens has a very large bus system that goes to all parts of the borough. Some bus routes go to Brooklyn, Manhattan, or the Bronx.

The Long Island Rail Road also has many stations in Queens. The Port Washington Line crosses northern Queens. There are busy stations at Woodside, Queens, Forest Hills, and Flushing. The central depot and main station for the railroad is in the neighborhood of Jamaica.

Sport & Recreation
The New York Mets of the National League of Major League Baseball play in Citi Field in Queens. The U.S. Open, a famous and important tennis tournament, is played in Arthur Ashe Stadium in Flushing Meadows Park south of the baseball stadium.

Neighborhoods 

Queens has dozens of neighborhoods and named areas. These include:
Addisleigh Park
 Arverne
 Astoria
 Auburndale 
 Baisley Park
 Bay Terrace
 Bayside
 Bayswater
 Beechhurst
 Bellaire
 Belle Harbor
 Bellerose
 Blissville
 Breezy Point
 Briarwood
 Broad Channel
 Cambria Heights
 College Point
 Corona
 Ditmars / Steinway
 Douglaston
 Dutch Kills
 Edgemere
 Elmhurst
 Far Rockaway
 Floral Park
Flushing
 Forest Hills Gardens
 Forest Hills
 Fresh Meadows
 Glen Oaks
 Glendale
 Hamilton Beach
 Hillcrest
 Hollis Hills
 Hollis
 Holliswood 
 Howard Beach
 Howard Park
 Hunters Point
 Jackson Heights
 Jamaica
 Jamaica Estates
 Kew Gardens Hills
 Kew Gardens
 Laurelton
 Linden Hill
 Lindenwood
 Long Island City
 Little Neck
 Malba
 Maspeth
 Middle Village
 Morris Park
 Murray Hill
 Neponsit
 New Hyde Park
 Oakland Gardens
 Ozone Park
 Pomonok
 Queens Village
 Queensboro Hill
 Queensbridge
 Ravenswood
 Rego Park
 Richmond Hill
 Ridgewood
 Rochdale
 Rockaway Beach
 Rockaway Park
 Rockaway Point
 Rosedale
 Saint Albans
 Seaside
 South Jamaica
 South Ozone Park
 Springfield Gardens
Sunnyside
 Utopia
 Whitestone
 Willets Point
 Woodhaven
 Woodside
References

Other websites

 
County seats in New York (state)
Toller Cranston (April 20, 1949 – January 24, 2015) was a Canadian figure skater.

Early life and career 
Cranston was born in Hamilton, Ontario. He grew up in Kirkland Lake, Ontario.  He was Canadian champion six times, and, despite never coming higher than third at a world championship, he came first in the free skate four times. He was well-respected for his artistic ability, and is recognized as someone who brought a new level of artistry to men's figure skating.

Professional career 
He skated as a professional for many years, choreographed (designed movement patterns for) skating routines, and was a commentator (talked about events) on T.V. during skating events. Many people don't realize that Toller was also an extremely successful and talented fine art painter. He funded his career off the sale of his artworks, and continued to paint ferociously until the end of his days.
Retirement and death 
After his retirement, Cranston lived in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. He was found dead at his home in San Miguel de Allende on the morning of January 24, 2015. He was 65 years old. His cause of death was later said to be a heart attack.

Amateur competitions
World Championships:  third in 1974
Olympics:  bronze medal in 1976
Canadian Championships:  first in 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, and 1976

References

Other websites
Toller Cranston  official site

 

1949 births
2015 deaths
Bisexual people
Canadian figure skaters
Canadian LGBT people
Canadian Olympic bronze medalists
Canadian painters
Deaths from myocardial infarction
LGBT choreographers
LGBT Olympians
People from Hamilton
Sportspeople from Ontario
The Montreal Canadiens are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).  Their nickname is the "Habs" (short for the French "Habitants", early settlers in Quebec from France).  They have won the Stanley Cup championship 24 times, more than any other team.

History 
The Canadiens (who use the French spelling of "Canadian") were formed in 1909, as part of the National Hockey Association.

Early games 
They won their first Stanley Cup in 1916, with star players such as Edouard "Newsy" Lalonde and goaltender Georges Vezina.  The Canadiens joined the NHL in 1917; Canadien Joe Malone won the first NHL scoring title (Art Ross Trophy).  They won the Cup again in 1924, with players such as Billy Boucher. Howie Morenz was a big star in the early years of the NHL.  He was a great skater.  Morenz won the Hart Trophy, as the league's top player, three times.  Goalie George Hainsworth played at the same time, and along with others such as Aurel Joliat, they won the Stanley Cup in 1930 and 1931.
It took 13 years before they won the Cup again.  A young Maurice "The Rocket" Richard, star goalie Bill Durnan,Hector "Toe" Blake, and Elmer Lach led the Canadiens to the cup again in 1944, as well as 1946.  Richard scored 50 goals in a 50-game season in 1944-45.  No one did that again for 36 years.  He led the NHL in goals five times.

Later games 

The Canadiens became a very powerful team in the 1950s.  Led by legendary center Jean Beliveau, Doug Harvey (who won seven Norris Trophies as best defence, six on Montreal), Bernie "Boom Boom" Geoffrion, Dickie Moore, Jacques Plante (who won seven Vezina Trophies for goalies), and Richard (along with his younger brother, Henri, the "Pocket Rocket"), the team won the Cup in 1953, and five times in a row, 1956 through 1960.  They won again in 1965, 1966, 1968, and 1969.
New members 
New players led the team in the 1970s:  Guy Lafleur, Ken Dryden, Bob Gainey, Larry Robinson, and Yvon Cournoyer led them to the cup in 1971, 1973, and four times in a row, 1976 through 1979.  By 1979, they had won the Stanley Cup 16 times in 27 years.

Related pages
List of Montreal Canadiens players

References 

Notes

Other websites
Official website

1909 establishments in Canada
 
National Hockey League teams
Hockey is a type of sport in which players try to get points by hitting an object into the other team's goal with a stick. Others believe hockey came from the French word “hoquet” which means shepherd's stick. James Creighton, an engineer who learned how to play the game of hockey while living in Nova Scotia, is credited for bringing the game to a new level. He taught his friends at McGill University in Montreal how to play the game.

Types
There are three main ways that hockey is played.
Field hockey is played with a ball on grass or turf. there are eleven players in each team . Field hockey is usually played outdoors, but there is indoor field hockey. Field hockey is played in the Summer Olympic Games.
Ice hockey is played on ice. Players on each team wear ice skates. They try to hit a small rubber disc called a hockey puck into the other team's goal. There are up to 6 players on the ice at a time for each team. It can be played indoors or outdoors. Professionals play indoors in arenas. Ice hockey is one of the most popular sports in the world. It is played in the Winter Olympic GamesThe modern game was invented in the mid-1850´s by British soldiers based in Canada. Rules were set by students at McGill University in Montréal, Canada, in 1879, and many amateur clubs and leagues were organized in Canada by the late 1880s. The first game played in the USA is believed to have been in 1893.
Roller hockey is played on a roller hockey rink, usually inside. Players on each team wear roller skates. They try to hit a small plastic disk called a hockey puck into the other team's goal. There are 5 players on each team. There is no contact.
History
Evidence exists that shows ancient Aztecs, Greeks and Romans played similar forms of the game. The modern game of field hockey came to fruition in the mid-19th century in Great Britain. The British army brought the game to its colonies, and the first international competition took place in 1895.

Equipment you might need
A hockey glove,
A hockey stick,
A gum shield,
Shin pads,
Astro trainers[give more grip]
Tyresta National Park is a small national park in Sweden. It only has about 50 square kilometers (or 19 square miles) of land. It is located near the capital city of Stockholm. A large fire burned almost 10 percent of the park in 1999, but the animals and plants have come back and are now doing fine.

Other websites 
Tyresta National Park and Nature Reserve 

National parks in Europe
Geography of Sweden
St. Basil's Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral of Intercession, is a very famous cathedral in Moscow, Russia. It is officially known as the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat, or Pokrovsky Cathedral. It was commissioned by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), for Saint Basil the Blessed. It is in the area called Red Square. It was built in 1555-1561.

The cathedral is has eight distinctive onion-shaped towers. The building itself is made up of separate chapels. There is a ninth spire in the middle, forming an eight-point star.

The cathedral has been close to destruction many times. Napoleon Bonaparte decided to take it to Paris, but such an undertaking would have been impossible. Instead, he ordered it to be demolished. Explosives were lit, but torrential rain suddenly started, extinguishing the fuses.
Joseph Stalin also ordered it to be destroyed, since it interfered with parades.  Pyotr Baranovsky, who was the architect in charge, objected and was sent to the GULAG but the demolition was cancelled.  The city of Moscow also caught fire numerous times, and the cathedral wasn't spared. Even so, it still stands to this very day.

Cathedrals
Buildings and structures in Moscow
Newport is a city in the southeast of Wales, Great Britain.  It is in the county of Monmouthshire, and in the historic Welsh kingdom of Gwent. Its name in Welsh is Casnewydd. It is the third biggest city in Wales. Newport became a city in 2002. About 140,000 people live in Newport.

A few years ago, Newport had lots of people working in the steel factory and other heavy industries. This has changed, now many people work in electronics, such as making computers, phones and microchips.

Cities in Wales
Monmouthshire
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s establishments in Wales
Monmouthshire is a county in Wales in the west of Great Britain. From the end of the Middle Ages until the year 1974 Monmouthshire was a part of England for some things and a part of Wales for other things. Then in 1972 Parliament decided that it was going to be in Wales from 1974 onwards.

The chief town in the area is Newport. Other important towns are Cwmbran, where the county council meets, Monmouth, the county town and Abergavenny.
A death grunt is when a singer uses a scream which is very low and deep. It is used in many types of music, but usually death metal and black metal. In many people's opinions, it is hard to understand the death grunt. However, some people who listen to them a lot think they are not so hard to understand. Some people believe that death grunts in music sound "scary", so they do not like them.

Bands that use death growls include Necrophagist, Morbid Angel, Opeth, and many more.
Bands that use higher screams that come from the throat include Escape the Fate, Alesana and Greeley Estates.

Other terms for death grunts are death growls, harsh vocals, and unclean vocals.

References 

Singing
A clique is a small group of people who like the same things.  Sometimes, people use the word clique to talk about groups of young people.  The word is also used to talk about groups of adults, usually groups of politicians.

In a clique there are leaders and followers.  A clique may also have people they do not like. Such people are called outcasts. The outcasts were followers, then they were not liked.
 

Relationships
Social groups
Goth can also mean a member of a Germanic tribe

A goth is a word usually used to describe a person who listens to gothic music and/or dresses in a goth style clothes. Goths often wear black and unusual jewelry. Both goth men and goth women often wear make-up.

The goth subculture originated in the early 1980s among fans of the first gothic rock group, Bauhaus.

The word goth comes from the word Gothic which actually means gloomy or dark.  This meaning of the word comes from gothic fiction, a type of literature popular during the late 18th and early 19th century. 

People who call themselves a goth are those who live up the meaning of the name through wearing clothes or putting on makeup that is in colours that represent death, decay, or gloominess, such as the colour black, deathly white face makeup, dark bloody red colours, or the tones of the colour puce.

Goth people may also make and listen to Goth music.

Goths wear normal black clothes and mix them with other colours to make a new look.
Goth people are often mistaken to be emo or punk because of the everyday stereotypes. 

Subculture
The smoke also has other things that are bad for people's health. Many countries have laws saying who can smoke tobacco cigarettes and where they can smoke them. They can cause lung cancer, heart disease and many other diseases. Most packs of cigarettes have warning labels on them. Until the mid-1950s, cigarettes were advertised as being healthy or at least not harmful. Tobacco companies used images of doctors smoking in their advertisements to falsely convince the public that cigarettes were safe. Cigarettes were advertised as a remedy for throat irritation, the common cold, obesity, indigestion, and even asthma. Today, all of the major tobacco companies admit that cigarettes are harmful to health.

Dangers 
Smokers have symptoms such as frequent coughing, chest pain, and breathlessness. Doctors say that people should not smoke, as it can harm almost every organ in the body.
Cigarette smoke contains many harmful substances. Among them are nicotine, tar, carcinogens and carbon monoxide.
 Nicotine is a drug that is addictive. It damages brain tissue. 
 Tar is a sticky substance that kills cells and causes lung cancer.
 Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer.
 Carbon monoxide is a colourless and poisonous gas that stops hemoglobin from taking oxygen around the body.
 Filtered, light, ultra-light, menthol, natural, nicotine-free, and electronic cigarettes are just as harmful as regular cigarettes.
 Nicotine in cigarettes is as addictive as cocaine and heroin.
 Other tobacco products, such as cigars and chewing tobacco, are not a safe alternative to cigarettes.
 Improperly extinguished cigarettes are a common cause of house fires.
 Smoking near fuel or flammable chemicals can cause a fire or explosion.

Notable brands 
 Marlboro
 Camel
 Lucky Strike
 Kool
 Pall Mall

References

Smoking
Gdańsk is a city in the north of Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship, near the place where the Vistula river meets the Baltic Sea. It is Poland's 6th largest city (population of 500 000 people) and the largest and most important sea port.

It has existed since the 10th century and many times played a very important role in Poland's history. In the 19th century it was part of Prussia. This is where Solidarity, the movement which helped end Communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, came to life.

Gdansk has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Wikimania 
The sixth Wikimania was hosted in this city in 2010.

Related pages 
 Golden Gate in Gdańsk

References

Other websites 

 
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
10th-century establishments in Europe
Montserrat is a Caribbean island and a British Overseas Territory. Its governor is Deborah Barnes-Jones. Officially, the capital is Plymouth, but the government has moved to Brades after Chances Peak erupted, destroying Plymouth in 1995.

Before the island was called Montserrat, Kalinago and Taíno people had lived in the region for a long time. They knew it as Alliouagana.

Montserrat was colonised mostly by Irish Catholics. They brought many black slaves to the island and forced them to work on sugar plantations. The work the slaves made many plantations grow wealthy. When slavery was made illegal in the 1830s, the British Empire paid all the slave owners.

References 

 
Caribbean Community
Malawi (Republic of Malawi) is a country in south-east Africa. It has borders with the countries of Tanzania, Zambia, and Mozambique. The capital of Malawi is Lilongwe and the spoken languages are English and Chichewa. The official language of Malawi is English. The total size is about 118480 km² and there are about 100 people per km². The country is also called "The Warm Heart of Africa". Malawi is one of the smallest countries in Africa. Lake Malawi takes about a third of Malawi's area.
Malawi is one of the poorest countries in the world. Economy is based in farming. Most of the population live in field areas. Country gets aid from other countries. Government has a hard time building and expanding the economy and develop health care, education and environment safety. Since 2005 some programs have been developed to focus on these problems.

Malawi has a low life expectancy and high infant mortality. People become ill with AIDS. Africans, Asians and Europeans are living in the country and they speak in different languages.

History 
People have lived in the area of Malawi for thousands of years. At first they were hunter-gatherers. Bantu groups came to the area around the 10th century. Most of the Bantu groups went to south but some started living there and made ethnic groups based on familiar race.

By 1500 AD groups came together and made Maravi empire, which streched from north of what is now Nkhotakota to the Zambezi River and from Lake Malawi to the Luangwa River in what is now Zambia.