Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A natural monopoly is a type of monopoly in which a subject is the only seller and producer of a good or service. It is impossible for a new firm to enter the market as there are very high barriers to entry and very high startup costs, similar to that of a normal monopoly. The natural monopoly term is usually used to describe markets with very high fixed costs compared to the marginal costs of selling the good or service, creating economies of scale that are large compared to the size of the market and hence resulting in very high barriers to entry. Examples of natural monopolies include public utilities such as water services and electricity.

A natural monopoly often keeps getting economies of scale as more of a good or service is produced.

References

Related pages 
Market failure
A Monopsony is a market form where there is only one buyer, but many sellers. Much like with the monopoly this single buyer has a complete influence on the price. In practice, this market form does not occur often. One example may be a healthcare system where there is only one  "buyer" of healthcare services; which is usually the state, or a state-run institution. Another example is defense industry, where the state is the often only buyer. Still another is that of public transport: Either the whole public transport is run by one (usually state-owned) company, or the state awards contracts to run a given line for a certain time period.
Koreapas (고파스) is an online homepage for Korea University students in South Korea. It provides information which is useful in school life. It is called  (). It was started in 2007 by person who named Park Jong Chan. There is news about school and lecture information. Students talk freely and share information. So, it is useful to register before the semester starts. You can find information about restaurants and flea markets too.

Park Jong Chan who made this online community was elected the student president in 2011. His well-known name because of making Ko-pas helped him to be elected. Many students are so familiar in this homepage and it makes students remember his name easily.
Ko-pas has been criticized because of its exclusivity. There is a anonymous board in Ko-pas page and some students use swear words and say unproper words as a student. The other problem is exclusive culture in Ko-pas. They only along with those members in that site and show disrespect to other groups especially less famous university in Korea. But, it could be a one of side effects and internet cultures as well

Other websites
 The Ko-pas homepage

Schools in South Korea
Websites established in 2007
The Mall is a major avenue or road in the city of Lahore, in Pakistan. It was made during the colonial times of the British Raj, in the 1850s and 1860s 

The Mall is still Lahore's main avenue or road, with many important sites and buildings on both sides of it. It is usually divided into two sections, the 'Lower Mall' near the Punjab Government Secretariat, the University of the Punjab, the Government College University, the Lahore Museum and other locations; and the 'Upper Mall' near the Lawrence Gardens (now renamed the Bagh i Jinnah), the Lahore Zoo, Aitchison College, the Government House and the Lahore Gymkhana Club. 

Smaller roads link up to the Mall on many sides, leading to various other parts of the city.

References 

Buildings and structures in Lahore
19th-century establishments in Pakistan
General Sir William Stephen Alexander Lockhart, commonly known as William Lockhart (1841-1900) was a well-known British Indian Army officer. He was born in Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, Scotland.

He served in the 1857-1858 Indian Mutiny (or Rebellion of 1857) and then in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, winning medals for his brave achievements. From 1880 to 1885 he remained Deputy Quartermaster-General of the Intelligence Branch of British India. In 1897 he commanded the famous Tirah expedition against the Afridi tribe of Pashtuns. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in India and died of malaria in Calcutta while still serving in this position. 

1841 births
1900 deaths
British Indian Army officers
People from Renfrewshire
Xeranthemum is a flower.  It is found in Southern Europe. It has silvery flower heads with purple tube-like flowers.

References

Asteraceae
The Afridi are a large Pashtun tribe mostly resident in Tirah, Jamrud and the Khyber Pass areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. 

Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Joséphine de Beauharnais (23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte.  This made her the first Empress of the French. Her first husband Alexandre de Beauharnais was guillotined during the Reign of Terror. 

She did not have any children with Napoleon, as a result, he divorced her in 1810. Then he married Marie Louise of Austria.

Other websites

1763 births
1814 deaths
French royalty
House of Bonaparte
Helichrysum is a type of flower.  It has about 600 species in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The name Helichrysum comes from two Greek words: helisso means to turn around and chrysos means gold.

It grows in Africa, Madagascar, Australasia and Eurasia.  There are many species in South Africa.

Asteraceae
Xerochrysum bicolor is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.  It grows in Tasmania, mainly near the coast.

It grows to about 40 cm in height and 50 cm wide. The flowerheads are on stalks.  They have a diameter of 3 to 4 cm.

Asteraceae
Tasmania
Abbotsford House near the town of Melrose in Roxburghshire in Scotland was the house of the writer Sir Walter Scott, where he lived from 1812 to 1832. He wrote a lot of historical adventure stories, many of which have been filmed for the cinema and television.

The house is now a museum dedicated to Scott's life and works. It is a category A listed building.

Buildings and structures in Scotland
Walter Savage Landor (1775-1864) also known as WS Landor, was an English poet and essayist.

Early life
He was the son of a doctor. He was sent to the famous Rugby School in 1784, but was removed in 1791, to avoid expulsion. He then went up to study at Trinity College, Oxford University but was also rusticated from there in 1794. After this, he developed some problems with his father, who was very angry at him, so Landor left his home.

Poetry and writings
In 1794-95, he prepared his first book of poems, published in 1795 as The Poems of Walter Savage Landor. This was followed by Gebir (1798), Poetry (1802), Imaginary Conversations (series, 1824-1829) and other works.
Later life and death
He was also for some time married to Julia Thuillier and settled in France for a short time, then moved to Italy. After fighting with his wife, he left her and returned to England in 1835. In 1853 he published his last book, Last Fruit off an Old Tree and then, in 1858, left England again and went and settled in Europe. He died in 1864.

1775 births
1864 deaths
English writers
English poets
Mihailo Živanović (born Belgrade ), known as  Mika-Žuti (Yellow), was one of the most inventive and best Serbian and Yugoslav clarinetist, saxophonist, a very prolific composer, conductor of RTB Light Music Orchestras and arranger.

Life 

Mihailo Mika Živanović - Žuti (Yellow) was born in Prota Mateja street in Belgrade in 1928.

Early life
His first contact with music, dating back to the 1936. It was when the father of an eight-year old Mika enrolled him in primary music school Stanković where he was first taught to play the piano. The year 1942 was crucial in his life because, upon hearing the sound of the clarinet through Radio London, he realized that this was what he wanted. And since then, fascinated by the beauty of jazz, he had regularly visited Concert Hall in Belgrade and listened to jazz concerts of then our masters (Elija Genić, Mladen Guteša, Vojin Popović and others), as well as of the foreign performers (Kari Burnett, German singer).
He attended the Third Male Grammar School and Secondary Music School "Stankovic", the  piano department. He then enrolled at the Faculty of Sciences in Belgrade, department of chemistry, and left it for the music before graduation.

After WW2 
After the war, in 1945, Mihailo continued to learn the piano in Secondary Music School „Stanković“.

The biggest turning point in his life happened in 1946. This was when he saw and bought his first clarinet in a consignment shop. Since he had knowledge of music, he began to practice day and night, this time – clarinet.

At the age of eighteen, inspired by the music of Glenn Miller and Woody Herman Orchestra, he made a firm decision to devote his life to the clarinet and music and graduated the clarinet from Secondary Music School “Slavenski” in the class of professor Franjo Partlić.

Early works

Work with the orchestra Fis-dur
Jazz was very appealing to Mihailo Živanović. Accomplishing himself in this field, in 1946 he formed a jazz orchestra Fis-dur which he named after his clarinet Fis-dur. The orchestra was led by Michael himself. Due to the quality, the orchestra had very soon become one of the most famous in Belgrade. The first members of the orchestra were: Milo Dimitrijević (guitar), Duško Radić (piano), Stanislav Sodermajer (drums) and Mihailo Živanović (clarinet).

He was anxious to learn and progress further in music in 1946. He continued to study clarinet at the Allmusic Academy where he met Eduard Sađil, also a student of clarinet.
Orchestra Fis-dur achieved success after success: performances, tours, great delight and standing ovations of the satisfied audience. In the year 1947, there was a large change in the orchestra with the new top musicians: Predrag Ivanović (trumpet), dr Aleksandar Pejić (accordion), Milovan Vukajlović-Genije (piano and accordion), Predrag Stefanović-Grof (-Count)(trombone) and Branko Pejaković (bass). Only Sodermajer and Živanović remained of the old members.

Important meeting with Boro Roković (a trumpeter, composer, arranger, pianist and accordionist) occurred while playing at a dance party in 1949. Bora heard him and was impressed by his talent. He wanted to help Mihajlo, introduce him more and better into the world of jazz and direct him to the true value. He offered him to join his orchestra. Živanović played there until the end of 1953. Soon he was invited by Aleksandar Nećak. He played in all three orchestras at the same time.

Orchestra Fis-dur existed until 1950.
Work in Radio Belgrade Revue Orchestra 

Well-known trombonist Mladen Guteša founded Radio Belgrade Light Revue Orchestra on 18 January 1948. By the end of 1949. he invited Mihailo Živanović to become its member. Mihajlo was then a student of the Music Academy in the class of renowned professor Bruno Brun. For such a work and permanent employment, he had to get permission from his professor. Professor Bruno gave him consent.

In the Revue Orchestra Mihailo first played the baritone saxophone, and then the instrument which he had been studying - the clarinet. Radio Belgrade Revue Orchestra had many successful tours and concerts. One in Zagreb in 1953, which proved that Belgrade was the center of Yugoslav jazz.

Before the end of the study in 1954, persuaded by professors from the Academy, he left Radio Belgrade Revue Orchestra and got a job in the National Theatre Orchestra (Belgrade Opera) where he worked  four years (until 1958).
As a student at the Academy he achieved a remarkable success in the Yugoslav competition of young artists, clarinetist of classical music, in Skopje in 1954. There he won the second prize (the first was not awarded to anyone).

In 1955, he graduated clarinet successfully.

Work in Mihailo Zivanovic's octet 

In 1955, Zivanovic founded Mihailo Zivanovic’s Octet in which he played the baritone saxophone. Alongside him, Predrag Ivanović played the trumpet, Nikola Dajzinger the alt saxophone, Eduard Sađil the tenor saxophone, Predrag Stefanović the trombone, Vojkan Đonovićić the guitar, Robert Hauber the piano and Rade Milivojević the drums.

Octet had been performing for 10 years with great success on radio stations in the country and abroad. It soon became one of the leading Yugoslav ensembles for contemporary and experimental jazz music.
Further life 
Since 1958, almost to the last days of his life, he had been employed by the Music Production branch of Radio Television of Serbia. That same year he became a permanent member of the Light String Orchestra led by Ilija Genić and later a conductor of the Jazz Orchestra i Revue Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade.

In 1960, he became a member of Serbian Composers Association.

In 1975, he was appointed head of the Light Ensemble of RTB, and since 1978 permanent conductor of the Light Orchestra of RTB until his death.

Importance 

Mihailo Živanović was a great composer. He wrote children’s and stage music, popular songs, pop songs, and concert music, as well as numerous compositions and arrangements for the Yugoslav radio and TV stations.
Jazz
He continuously followed the developments in the world of jazz and light music and was always in the contemporary musical trends of his time. Over forty years, he extensively composed different genres of music with a great success. He wrote over 300 instrumental, light, and vocal-instrumental compositions.

Until then, only foreign jazz music was played by Belgrade jazz orchestras. Živanović was one of the first jazz musicians who began to compose modern domestic jazz, and which he engaged in with a great enthusiasm. Živanović enriched Yugoslav light and jazz music with his activity. His works have been recorded in the history of Yugoslav jazz culture.

Songs
He wrote the music and scene songs for the then popular singers such as: Arsen Dedić, Nada Knežević, Lola Novaković, Bisera and Senka Veletanlić, Anica Zubović, Dragan Stojnić, Tihomir Petrović, “Lutajuća srca”, Đorđe Marjanović, Zafir Hadžimanov, Krunoslav Slabinac, Dragan Mijalkovski and many others.
He was one of the most prolific creators of music for children.

At a time when engaged in the instrument, he was known as one of the most inventive and best soloist on the clarinet and baritone saxophone. He performed in concerts at home and abroad with a great success (Germany, Austria, Romania, USA). As a soloist, he represented his country at the Berlin concert in the series “Music knows no boundaries”.

Conductor
At the Light Music Festivals Mihailo appeared as a conductor. He was the conductor of the RTB Light Music Orchestra and the first clarinetist of Belgrade RTV Symphonic Orchestra. Mihailo was proficient in making arrangements and in this field left his contributions.

Composing works 
Mihailo Mika Živanović began composing in 1950.
Vocal-instrumental light melodies
These works include:
 "Waiting"
 "If We Were Someone Else’s" (Nada Knežević)
 "Old Oak" and "Traces"(Krunoslav-Kićo Slabinac)
 "Do Not Lie" (Dušan Jakšić)
 "Meeting in the Baš-čaršija"
 "Don’t you Know that I Love You"
 "Give me a Smile"
 "When will You Come to Me" 
 "I’m  Calling You, my Love"
 "One Afternoon"
 "One Night" (Dragan Stojnić)
 "Anxiety"
 "When are You Going to Tell Me You Love Me"
 "May"
 "Our Last Evening" 
 "The Story of Seville"
 "I Am Waiting"
 "Not Now" (Belgrade Spring, Arsen Dedić)
 "Spring Day" 
 "Come When the Winter’s Gone" (Bisera Veletanlić)
 "It’s Not a Dream"

Instrumental chamber music
These works include:
 "Cat Game"
 "Orient"
 "Five Giants"
 "Midnight Sounds"
 "Crossroads"
 "The Merry Five" (music for an instrumental octet)
Musical stagework
These works include:
 Music for ballet of old American ballad "Frankie and Johnny" for Belgrade Contemporary Theatre in 1962
 Ballet Suite "Biljana" in 1963 
 Ballet number for musical play "Betina" for Contemporary Theatre
 Ballet music for Sava Mrmak’s film "Whistle at Eight". For this first show in our film he composed two ballet numbers: 
1. "Vespa" and 2. "Amusement Park"

 Music for the play "Anti-aging Remedy"
Symphonic music with soloist
These works include:
 "Fantasy for Clarinet and Orchestra"
 "Rhapsody for Clarinet and Orchestra"
 "The part in F minor for Clarinet and Orchestra"
 "Sketches for Clarinet"
 "Nostalgy"
 "You're Always Smiling"
 "Blues for Clarinet". With his composition Živanović represented the country at the concert "Jazz in the Elysian Fields" in Berlin
 "Rhapsody for Alto Saxophone and Symphony Orchestra" he wrote in 1965 for television. The same year, it was performed at the NORD SEE Festival in Ostende (Belgium).
 "Ballad for Alto Saxophone"
 "Invention for Alto Saxophone".
 "Ballad for Harmonica".

Musical works for the standard jazz orchestra
These works include:
 "Abandoned Garden"
 "The Spring Landscape"
 "Salome"
 "Merry Rhythm"
 "Song"
 "Miniature"
 "And so Every Day"
 "Dreams"
 "Sutivan Nights"
Children’s songs
Mihajlo Živanović was a composer who had written the most songs for children on the theme of friendship and camaraderie. 
 "Hand in Hand" and "Empire of the Fellowship" are certainly the best known of that cycle.

These, and other songs were sang by RTB Children’s Choir, Branko Milićević, Predrag Panić and Dragan Laković.

Music for television series

The last 10 years of life, he was a regular collaborator of the Children’s Television. He had composed music for children’s TV series like:
 "Cube, Cube, Little Cube"
 "Kolaric Panic"
 "Around the World in Eight Notes"
 "Cricket’s Album"
 "Guess" 
("Cricket’s Album" and "Guess" are children’s compositions too, were recorded on gramophone records by PGP and on a dozen different records there are compositions interpreted by the popular singers of the time.)
For the Belgrade television show 
 "Race", Živanović composed ballet suite "Biljana was Whitening the Linen" based on the motives of the eponymous folk melody. This is one of the first attempts in our country to use popular melodies for writing music for ballet.

Recognition and awards 
Mihailo Živanović won numerous awards in the field of art. Some of them were:
 The first award of the Critics’ jury and the second award of the Jury for light melody "Clock’s Story" at the Festival of Light Melodies in Opatija in 1959.
The second award for light orchestral music of Yugoslav Radio Television for his work "Rhapsody for Clarinet and Orchestra" in 1961.
The second award of the jury at the Belgrade Spring Festival 1961 for "Rhapsody for Clarinet and Symphony Orchestra" (the first prize was not awarded).
The first award for the "Rhapsody for Clarinet" at the JRT competition for light orchestral music in 1974.
The first award in Radenci (Slovenia) for the "Sketch for Clarinet".
Numerous awards of jury and audience at various festivals: the Belgrade Spring 1968, 1972, 1973, and the award for the best arrangement of romance in 1974.
Numerous awards at the JNA festivals in 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1982 (the first award for a song inspired by military life at the Army festival. The song "Old Oak" was sung by Krunoslav-Kićo Slabinac, and the first award for the song "Fly, Fly, Blue Bird" on 21 December 1984).
Award of Radio Belgrade and JRT for children’s music.
Award in Japan for child’s song "Raindrops".
He was awarded Order of Labour with silver wreath.
The second award (the first was not awarded) at the Yugoslav Young Artists Competition, Skopje in 1954. 
For his activity in the music field he was awarded Order of Labour with silver wreath.
Award of Serbian Composers Association.
The first award in Vienna as soloist on clarinet for performing Artie Shaw "Concerto for Clarinet and Orchestra". He was accompanied by the jazz orchestra of KUD Branko Krsmanovic.
The first award of Serbian Composers Association for "Fantasia" composed for revue orchestra (composer’s favorite award).
Radio Belgrade "News" was tuned with the new music that had been selected at the internal competition. Mihailo Živanović was the author of the music. Its rhythmic movement basically imitated operation of a teleprinter.
Recipient of the Memorial plaque "Belgrade 1944-1984" to mark the 40th Anniversary of the liberation of Belgrade. Belgrade City Council awarded him this recognition on 25 December 1984. as an eminent individual – artist important for the development of Belgrade.
Gold Medal of the Union of Yugoslav Composers in recognition of merit and work on promoting and affirming Yugoslav composers.
Literature 
Twenty-five years of the Music Academy in Belgrade from 1937 to 1962, Grafos, Belgrade, 1963, p 107.
40 years of the Faculty of Music (Music Academy) from 1937 to 1977, University of Arts in Belgrade, Belgrade, 1977, p 89.
Fifty years of the Faculty of Music (Music Academy) from 1937 to 1987, University of Arts in Belgrade, Belgrade, 1988, p 141.
Eberst, Anton:  Clarinet and clarinetists, Forum, Novi Sad, 1963.
Lexicon of Yugoslav music, Zagreb, 1984, vol. II, p 569.
Petar Luković Better Past, Scenes from the musical life of Yugoslavia from 1940 to 1989, Youth, Belgrade, 1989, p. 9, 16, 18, 21, 22, 26, 35 and 36.

References 

1928 births
1989 deaths
Serbian classical musicians
Serbian jazz musicians
Clarinetists
Yugoslavian musicians
Saxophonists
Serbian songwriters
Musicians from Belgrade
Nyakul Dawson (c. 1935 – 12 January 2007) was an Australian Aboriginal artist from Irrunytju. He was one of the earliest Ngaanyatjarra artists to achieve success using Western-style painting techniques. Examples of his work are held in the National Gallery of Victoria, and the Art Gallery of New South Wales.

Early life
Dawson was born near Mount Davies in the north-west corner of South Australia, around 1935. The exact year is not known, because he was born in the bush and grew up without any contact with Western society. He and his family, who belonged to the Ngaanyatjarra nation, lived a traditional, nomadic way of life in the desert. When he was a boy, Dawson began training as a  (traditional healer) under his grandfather. He was taught about the country, the spiritual knowledge and law associated with it, and how to use traditional tools and methods to heal people.
In the 1950s, government patrols removed Dawson and his family from their homeland in order to escape the fallout from the nuclear tests at Maralinga. They were settled at Warburton, to the north-west, with many other Ngaanyatjarra families. It was at Warburton that he was given the surname "Dawson". His nomadic childhood in the desert made him an expert on how to survive in the wilderness. He was often used as a guide in prospecting expeditions.

While living at Warburton, Dawson married a woman named Alkawari. They moved to Irrunytju, closer to Dawson's home country, and had three children during the 1970s. Dawson married again much later, to Anmanari Brown. Anmanari had also been married before, and her several children became part of his family. Dawson remained highly respected as a community elder and traditional healer until his death.
As an artist
Dawson began painting in 2002, aged in his 60s. The year before, the women of Irrunytju had opened an art centre in the community, called Irrunytju Arts. His wife, Anmanari, had already been painting at the centre for several months, and Dawson joined her along with several of the community's other senior men. Dawson's first wife, Alkawari, also became a successful artist at Irrunytju.

Dawson's paintings depict creation stories from the Dreamtime and concepts from his spirituality. They illustrate his family's Dreaming and how their ancestors created the land. His birthplace is on the Dreaming track (or "songline") of the  (Goanna Man), the path travelled by one of his ancestors from the Dreamtime whose totem is the perentie lizard. The scenes in his paintings are from the places he travelled as a boy with his family in the central Australian desert.
Dawson was a member of the Executive Committee of Desart for several years until November 2006. In June 2006, he travelled to Paris for the opening of the Musée du quai Branly. He was there with the Australia Council for the Arts as a representative for Aboriginal Australian art.

Death
Dawson died some time at the start of January 2007, while driving with his nephew (Jarman Woods) across the Great Victoria Desert. They had spent Christmas with relatives in Kalgoorlie and were returning home by a long, isolated track in the desert. The track between Kalgoorlie and Irrunytju is over , a journey that they had made many times before.
Their car got a flat tyre some time after leaving Coonana. They were reported missing on 8 January at Tjuntjuntjara, the next community on their route. The two men died of dehydration. Dawson was also a diabetic, which made him much more vulnerable in the extreme heat. His body was found on 12 January, a little over two weeks after they left Kalgoorlie. It was found close to the car, about  east of Kalgoorlie. Woods' body was found a few kilometres further away.

References

1930s births
2007 deaths
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Artists from South Australia
Artists from Western Australia
This is a list of football clubs in Azerbaijan, sub-divided into leagues where known.

Azerbaijan Premier League 2013-14

Azerbaijan First Division 2013-14

AFFA Amateur League
FC Absheron
FK Masallı
FK Ganclarbirliyi Sumqayit
Djidir Shusha
Spartak Baku
FC Qarabag Khankendi
Nidzhat Mashtagi
Narzan Gadabay
Femida Bilasuvar
Kainat Sumqayit
Kavkaz Belokan
Mil Beylagan
Ayulduz Baku
Bayil Rovers
Neftchi ISM
Denizchi XDND
Adliyya Baku
Spartak Guba

Azerbaijan
Football in Azerbaijan
Sports teams in Azerbaijan
The Thomson-East Coast Line (TEL) is the sixth MRT line in Singapore. It is the fourth line to be fully automated and driverless in Singapore. The line will be 43 km (27 mi) long, with 31 stations. The line is colored brown on the MRT Rail map.

The Thomson Line section was announced on 29 August 2012. The Eastern Region Line section was announced on 15 August 2014. Both were put together to form the Thomson-East Coast Line.

The first and second stage of the line opened on 31 January 2020 and August 28, 2021. The third stage opened on November 13, 2022 with the other two stages expected to open from 2024 to 2025. It interchanges with all existing lines. When the first three stages opened, it is expected to serve about 500,000 commuters daily.

Stations

References

Other websites
Thomson–East Coast Line

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
The Bridges of Madison County  is a 1992 fictional novel written by American author, Robert James Waller. The book was published by Warner Books, Inc. In the first chapter, “The Beginning,” the author misleads the readers by saying that the book is a true story. It is actually a work of fiction. The main character, Kincaid, has the same first name as author and is a photographer and an artist, as was Robert James Waller.  

The book is a love story about an Italian woman, Francesca Johnson, a farmer’s wife, who falls in love with Robert Kincaid, a photojournalist from Bellingham, Washington over a four-day period. The story is set in Madison County, Iowa. Winterset, the nearby town, is quite small, according to the book.
The novel has been translated into 25 languages and has sold 50 million copies worldwide. It was on the New York Times best seller list for 164 weeks from 1992 until 1995. The story was made into a movie in 1995, directed by Clint Eastwood.  Meryl Streep plays Francesca Johnson and Clint Eastwood plays Robert Kincaid.

Main Characters
Francesca Johnson is a conservative Italian woman in her mid-forties, living a quiet, conventional life on an Iowa farm.  Over a four-day period, while her husband and children are away, she meets and falls in love with Robert Kinkaid, a National Geographic photojournalist. She wants to run away with him, but ultimately stays to protect her family from the hurt and scandal it would cause. Her time with Robert is carefully conducted as she lives in a small community where the local residents know everyone else's business. Though devoted to her family, she loathes her dull life. Francesca's teen children take her for granted and her kindly husband does not fulfill her romantic needs. Robert's presence reawakens her femininity and passion. She often feels unappreciated, much like the covered bridges which the locals consider to be worn out but are always there. Robert admires the elegant covered bridges. While Francesca feels undervalued by her family and is just getting older, Robert sees her true beauty.
Robert Kincaid
Robert Kincaid is a photojournalist, currently working for National Geographic magazine. Kinkaid, a divorced man in his early-fifties, lives a nomadic life, traveling the world on assignments, unencumbered by attachments to people or places. A poetic and sensitive man, he dislikes modern civilization and how computers and robots are taking over people's lives. He is an attractive, though not handsome, man. The women he has dated saw something powerful in him, and often compared to an animal such as leopard or peregrine.  He falls deeply in love with Francesca, who he considers a far more complicated woman than others realize.
Summary 
Francesca Johnson is from Naples, Italy. She married Richard Johnson, a WWII soldier, and moved to Iowa with him, becoming a farmer’s wife. For Francesca, who studied literature and is a former teacher, rural life is dull and monotonous. One summer day in 1965, Robert Kincaid visits Madison County in Iowa. He is on assignment to photograph historic covered bridges for a National Geographic article. Unable to find Roseman Bridge, he stops by the Johnson farm to ask for directions. Francesca's husband and two teenage children are away for four days, attending the Illinois State Fair. Francesca guides Robert to the bridge. After, she invites him to stay for dinner. He and Francesca develop an immediate attraction to one another.
Later that night, Francesca drives to  Roseman Bridge and leaves a note inviting Robert to dine with her again. He finds it the next morning and calls to ask her to go to another covered bridge with him, then joins her for dinner. They make love, knowing they have little time together. When their dream-like period is nearly over, Robert asks Francesca to leave with him. She almost does, but is unable to abandon her family, knowing the pain and suffering it would cause them. She also realizes that she would be unable to live with the guilt over hurting her husband and children and it would destroy her relationship with Robert. He unhappily accepts her decision.
Robert and Francesca never meet again. After her husband's death, Francesca attempted to contact Robert, but his whereabouts by then were unknown as he no longer worked for the National Geographic. Three years later, an attorney sends Francesca a package containing Robert’s belongings, including his cameras, his published photo book, and a letter. Robert has died and his ashes were scattered at the Roseman Bridge. When Francesca passes away, her children learn about the affair from a journal she has left them. She requests to be cremated and her ashes be scattered at Roseman Bridge. Her children are initially shocked by her request. They finally respect the love their mother had for Robert and agree to publish the love story.

Other websites
Study of reader response to the novel 
20th-Century American Bestsellers entry 

1992 books
20th-century American novels
Massimo Firpo (Turin, 1946) is an Italian historian.

Academic career
Firpo teaches early modern history at the University of Turin and at the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa. He is a member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.

He studied at the University of Turin (where he has been a pupil of Franco Venturi, and where he obtained his laurea in 1969 with a thesis about Pietro Bizzarri esule Italiano del Cinquecento, published in 1971). Subsequently he has been Accademia dei Lincei fellow at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. He has taught early modern history at the Facolty of Political Sciences of the University of Cagliari. Ha has been fellow or visiting professor at the Newberry Library, Chicago, at the Cornell University, Ithaca and at the University of Oxford (where in 2006 he has been Isaiah Berlin visiting professor).
Research activity
He started his researches studying the heretical movements of 16th century and focusing on the Italian heretical diaspora in Eastern Europe, radical movements such as the Antitrinitarianism and Socinianism and the relations between this cultural tradition, the deism and the origins of Enlightenment thought.

Subsequently his studies have dealt with the Italian religious crisis of the 16th century, focusing especially on Juan de Valdés, Reginald Pole, Giovanni Morone and the Spirituali mouvements and on the role played by the Roman Inquisition in these decades.

He has published the critical edition of the most important inquisitorial trials of Italian XVIth century (Giovanni Morone, Pietro Carnesecchi, Vittore Soranzo).

He has also published many studies of art history (especially about Pontormo, Lorenzo Lotto and Battista Franco and the relations between their works and the new religious ideas).
Family
His father, Luigi Firpo (1915-1989), was a prominent Italian historian, professor of history of political thought at the Faculties of Law and Political Sciences at the University of Turin, and a member of the Italian Republican Party.

Selected bibliography
Books
 Pietro Bizzarri esule italiano del Cinquecento, Giappichelli, Torino, 1971, pp. 331.
 Antitrinitari nell'Europa orientale del ‘500. Nuovi testi di Szymon Budny, Niccolò Paruta e Iacopo Paleologo, La Nuova Italia, Firenze, 1977, pp. XIX-414.
 Il problema della tolleranza religiosa nell'età moderna. Dalla Riforma protestante a Locke, Loescher, Torino, 1978, pp. 302.
 Il processo inquisitoriale del cardinal Giovanni Morone. Edizione critica (with Dario Marcatto), voll. 6, Istituto storico italiano per l'età moderna e contemporanea, Roma, 1981-1995, pp. 423, 1180, 462, 617, 724, 459.
 Inquisizione romana e Controriforma. Studi sul cardinal Giovanni Morone e il suo processo d'eresia, Il Mulino, Bologna, 1992, pp. 399
 Nel labirinto del mondo. Lorenzo Davidico tra santi, eretici, inquisitori, Olschki, Firenze, 1992, pp. XVIII-259.
 Riforma protestante ed eresie nell'Italia del Cinquecento. Un profilo storico, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993, pp. 206.
Edition of Juan de Valdés, Alfabeto cristiano, Domande e risposte, Della predestinazione, Catechismo per i fanciulli, Einaudi, Torino, 1994, pp. CCII-218.
 Gli affreschi di Pontormo a San Lorenzo. Eresia, politica e cultura nella Firenze di Cosimo I, Einaudi, Torino, 1997, pp. XXIII-446.
 Dal sacco di Roma all'Inquisizione. Studi su Juan de Valdés e la Riforma italiana, Edizioni dell'Orso, Alessandria, 1998, pp. 232.
 I processi inquisitoriali di Pietro Carnesecchi (1557-1567). Edizione critica (with Dario Marcatto), voll. 2, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Città del Vaticano, 1998-2000, pp. CXIX, 577; CLXXIX, 1453.
 Artisti, gioiellieri, eretici. Il mondo di Lorenzo Lotto tra Riforma e Controriforma, Roma-Bari, Laterza 2001, pp. 376.
 Disputar di cose pertinente alla fede. Studi sulla vita religiosa del Cinquecento italiano, Milano, Unicopli, 2003, pp. 236
I processi inquisitoriali di Vittore Soranzo (1550-1558). Edizione critica (in collaborazione con Sergio Pagano), tt. 2, Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Città del Vaticano, 2004, pp. XCVII, 1061.
 Inquisizione romana e Controriforma. Studi sul cardinal Giovanni Morone (1509-1580) e il suo processo d'eresia, Nuova edizione rivista ed ampliata, Brescia, Morcelliana, 2005, pp. 624.
 Vittore Soranzo vescovo ed eretico. Riforma della Chiesa e Inquisizione nell'Italia del Cinquecento, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2006, pp. XII-540.
 Battista Franco «pittore viniziano» nella cultura artistica e nella vita religiosa del '500 (with Fabrizio Biferali), Pisa, Edizioni della Scuola Normale Superiore, 2007, pp. 465.
 Edition of Marcantonio Flaminio, Meditationi et orationi formate sopra l’epistola di san Paolo ai romani, Torino, Aragno, 2007, pp. 87.
 Navicula Petri. L'arte dei papi nel '500 (with Fabrizio Biferali), Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2009, pp. 418.
Il processo inquisitoriale del cardinal Giovanni Morone. Nuova edizione critica, Vol. I, Il processo d’accusa (with Dario Marcatto, Luca Addante and Guido Mongini), Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Roma 2011, pp. CXXV, 1379.
Directed works
 Direction of Atlante Enciclopedico Touring, voll. IV-V (Atlante storico), Touring Club italiano, Milano, 1989-1990; II ed. UTET, Torino, 1991. 
 Co-Direction (with Nicola Tranfaglia) of La Storia. I grandi problemi dal Medioevo all'Età Contemporanea, voll. 10, UTET, Torino, 1986-1988; II ed. Garzanti, Milano, 1993-1995. 
 Co-Direction (with Pier Giorgio Zunino) of La storia e le sue immagini. L’Italia dall’Unità a oggi, voll. 3, Milano, Garzanti, 2002-2003.
Main articles
 Pierre Bayle, gli eretici italiani del Cinquecento e la tradizione sociniana, «Rivista storica italiana», LXXXV, 1973, pp. 612–66.
 Sui movimenti ereticali in Italia e in Polonia nei secoli XVI-XVII, «Rivista storica italiana», LXXXVI, 1974, pp. 344–71.
 Alcuni documenti sulla conversione al cattolicesimo dell’eretico lucchese Simone Simoni, «Annali della Scuola normale superiore di Pisa», classe di lettere e filosofia, serie III, vol. IV, 4, 1974, pp. 1479–1502.
 List Jakuba Paleologa do cesarza Rudolfa II (1577), «Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce», XXI, 1976, pp. 165–82.
 Recenti studi sul socinianesimo nel Sei e Settecento, «Rivista storica italiana», LXXXIX, 1977, pp. 106–52.
 John Toland e il deismo inglese, «Rivista storica italiana», XC, 1978, pp. 327–80.
 John Locke e il socinianesimo, «Rivista storica italiana», XCII, 1980, pp. 35–124.
 Sulla legazione di pace di Reginald Pole (1553-1556), «Rivista storica italiana», XCIII, 1981, pp. 821–37.
Galileo tra inquisitori e microstorici (with Vincenzo Ferrone), «Rivista storica italiana», XCVII, 1985, pp. 177–238; pubblished in English in «The Journal of Modern History», LVIII, 1986, pp. 485–524.
 Il cardinale, in L’uomo del Rinascimento, a cura di Eugenio Garin, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1988, pp. 73–131 (French translation: Paris, Seuil, 1990; Spanish translation: Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1990; Japanese translation: Iwanami Shoten, 1990; trad. olandese: Amsterdam, Uitgeversmaatschappij Agon BV, 1991; trad. inglese: Chicago-London, Chicago University Press, 1991).
 The Italian Reformation, in A Companion to the Reformation World, ed. by Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, London, Blackwell, 2004, pp. 169–84.
 Lorenzo Lotto and the Reformation in Venice, in Heresy, Culture, and Religion in Early Modern Italy. Contexts and Contestations, ed. by Ronald K. Delph, Michelle M. Fontaine, John J. Martin, Kirksville (Mo), Truman State University Press, 2006, pp. 21–36
Da inquisitori a pontefici. Il Sant’Ufficio romano e la svolta del 1552, «Rivista storica italiana», CXXII, 2010, pp. 911–50.
Related pages
John Locke
Nontrinitarianism
Socinianism
Deism
Protestant Reformation

Other websites 
Massimo Firpo's webpage on the site of the Scuola Normale Superiore 
 Massimo Firpo's webpage on the site of University of Turin
Notice about Massimo Firpo on Who's Who Sutter's International Red Series 
Massimo Firpo's works on Worldcat

Notes

Italian historians
1946 births
Living people
are a Japanese form of self-government which focuses on local issues below the prefectural level. 

Each subprefecture is part of the greater administration of the prefecture and the national state.  It is also as part of a self-government system.

History
Subprefectures were given a definite form in 1878 (Meiji 11). 

The Meiji government established the  as an administrative unit.  

In 1888 (Meiji 21''), the sub-prefecture as a form of self-government was officially recognized as more general than civic corporations like cities, towns and villages. 
 
Some prefectures of Japan include subprefectures. The subprefecture is the jurisdiction surrounding a "branch office" of the prefectural government.

Current subprefectures
Hokkaidō, 14  subprefectures 
Kagoshima, 2 subprefectures
Miyazaki, 1 subprefecture
Tokyo, 4 subprefectures 
Shimane, 1 subprefecture 
Yamagata, 4 subprefectures

Former subprefectures
Hyōgo, 10 subprefectures
Chiba, 5 subprefectures
Nagasaki, 3 subprefectures
Okinawa, 2 subprefectures
Related pages

 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Municipalities of Japan

References
In urban planning, a core city, principal city metropolitan core, or central city, is the largest or most important city or cities of a metropolitan area. A core city is surrounded by smaller satellite cities, towns, and suburbs.

References

Urban planning
Urban geography
Joe J. Hayashi (August 14, 1920-April 22, 1945) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

Early life
Hayashi was born in Salinas, California. He was the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a Nisei, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

Soldier
Six months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hayashi joined the US Army in May 1941.

Hayashi volunteered to be part of the all-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat Team. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.
For his actions in April 1945, Hayashi was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Hayashi's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

Medal of Honor citation
Hayashi's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in northern Italy in 1945.  He led an attack on strongly defended positions; and without help from others, he silenced three machine guns.
Private Joe Hayashi distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 20 and 22 April 1945, near Tendola, Italy. On 20 April 1945, ordered to attack a strongly defended hill that commanded all approaches to the village of Tendola, Private Hayashi skillfully led his men to a point within 75 yards of enemy positions before they were detected and fired upon. After dragging his wounded comrades to safety, he returned alone and exposed himself to small arms fire in order to direct and adjust mortar fire against hostile emplacements. Boldly attacking the hill with the remaining men of his squad, he attained his objective and discovered that the mortars had neutralized three machine guns, killed 27 men, and wounded many others. On 22 April 1945, attacking the village of Tendola, Private Hayashi maneuvered his squad up a steep, terraced hill to within 100 yards of the enemy
. Crawling under intense fire to a hostile machine gun position, he threw a grenade, killing one enemy soldier and forcing the other members of the gun crew to surrender. Seeing four enemy machine guns delivering deadly fire upon other elements of his platoon, he threw another grenade, destroying a machine gun nest. He then crawled to the right flank of another machine gun position where he killed four enemy soldiers and forced the others to flee. Attempting to pursue the enemy, he was mortally wounded by a burst of machine pistol fire. The dauntless courage and exemplary leadership of Private Hayashi enabled his company to attain its objective. Private Hayashi's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
 List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
 Posthumous recognition

References

Other websites
 "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov 
 

1920 births
1945 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
Military people from California
Military people killed in World War II
People from Monterey County, California
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Dobermann or Doberman Pinscher is a medium to large dog breed. It originated in Germany about 1890. It was named after a tax collector, Friedrich Louis Doberman (1834-1894), who wanted a dog as a companion and for protection. Doberman Pinschers are known as being very intelligent, loyal and fearless dogs. They are used by police forces, search and rescue dogs, guard dogs and as guide dogs for blind people.

Description

Size 
The Doberman is a dog of medium large size. Although the breed standards vary among kennel and breed clubs, according to the FCI standard the dog typically stands between  and The Kennel Club in the UK quote  as being ideal. The female is typically somewhere between . A height of  is considered ideal.

Colors 
Dobermans have short smooth coats which are most commonly black. Less common are red (reddish-brown), blue, or fawn-colored coats. Blue and fawn colored Dobermans usually have rust-colored (reddish-brown) markings on their legs, chest and heads.
Ears and tail 
Normally a Doberman puppy has floppy ears and a long tail. While still a puppy, the tails are often shortened by surgery (called "docking") which heals quickly and causes the puppy very little pain. The ears are cut to a point and so they stand up (called "cropping"). This takes longer to heal. Cropping is considered by many to be unnecessary and is illegal in much of Europe. But it is still done in the United States and is part of the standard.

Temperament 
People who think they are like any other dogs or are often vicious and dangerous are for the most part wrong. It is true that any dog that is mistreated or not taken care of can become dangerous. Viciousness is a learned behavior and few dogs, including the Doberman, are naturally vicious. Dobermans can be protective and guarded or they can be sweet and eager to please. To get the desired temperament, training should start when the dog is about 8 months old.

The American Kennel Club describes the Doberman as"

References
References 

Dog breeds originating in Germany
FCI breeds
George Michael Steinbrenner III (July 4, 1930 – July 13, 2010) was an American businessman who was the owner of the New York Yankees from 1973 until his death in 2010. He made his initial fortune as part of the Great Lakes shipping industry. After purchasing the Yankees, Steinbrenner made headlines for his meddling with team affairs, such as instilling a policy that prohibits facial hair and setting a trend with paying big salaries to marquee free agents like Reggie Jackson and Catfish Hunter. Manager Billy Martin alone was fired on five separate occasions. 

Steinbrenner was born on July 4, 1930 in Rocky River, Ohio a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at Williams College and at Ohio State University. He was married to Elizabeth Joan Zieg from 1956 until his death 2010. He had four children. Steinbrenner died on July 13, 2010 in Tampa, Florida from a heart attack, aged 80. He died 9 days after his 80th birthday.
A fictionalized version of George Steinbrenner was a recurring character on the popular NBC sitcom Seinfeld, voiced by series creator Larry David.

References

Other websites

George Steinbrenner at Find A Grave
Steinbrenner's basketball bio 
George Steinbrenner Dies 

1930 births
2010 deaths
American billionaires
Philanthropists from Ohio
Deaths from myocardial infarction
New York Yankees
Businesspeople from Cleveland
Businesspeople from New York City
Robert Leo "Bob" Sheppard (October 20, 1910 – July 11, 2010) was an American journalist and announcer for the New York Yankees from 1951 until 2007 and for the New York Giants from 1956 until 2006. 

Sheppard was born on October 20, 1910 in Richmond Hill, Queens, New York. He studied at St. John's Preparatory School, at St. John's University, and at Columbia University. He was married to Margaret Sheppard until her death in 1959. They had four children. Then he was married to Mary Hoffman from 1961 until his death in 2010. Sheppard died on July 11, 2010 in Baldwin, New York from natural causes, aged 99.

References

Other websites

The Baseball Experience, with introduction by Bob Sheppard

1910 births
2010 deaths
American journalists
New York Yankees
People from New York City
William Makepeace Thackeray (18 July 1811 – 24 December 1863) was an English writer. He is most famous for his novel, Vanity Fair. The title is from a place in Pilgrim's Progress.
The novel is about the adventures of Becky Sharp, an ambitious girl who wishes to rise in English society.

English writers
1811 births
1863 deaths