Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Thunderstorms happen a lot from November to March every year. Very heavy thunderstorms caused big floods and a lot of damage in February 1893, January 1974, January 2011 and January 2013.

The warmest recorded temperature in Brisbane was  on 26 January 1940 and the coldest was  on 2 July 1896.

Local government 

The City of Brisbane, run by Brisbane City Council, covers a big part of the suburbs close to the city. The outer suburbs are part of Logan City to the south, Moreton Bay Region to the north, the City of Ipswich to the south west, Redland City to the south east, with a small part in the Scenic Rim Region to the west.

Education 
Brisbane has many universities and colleges including University of Queensland, Queensland University of Technology and Griffith University. The Australian Catholic University, Central Queensland University, James Cook University, University of Southern Queensland and the University of the Sunshine Coast each have a campus in Brisbane.
There are three big vocational schools in Brisbane - Brisbane North Institute of TAFE, Metropolitan South Institute of TAFE and Southbank Institute of TAFE.

Most primary schools and secondary schools are run by the Queensland Government. There are also private, Catholic and other Christian schools.

Sport 

Brisbane hosted the 1982 Commonwealth Games, the 1988 World Exposition (called World Expo 88), and some games at the 1987 Rugby World Cup and 2001 Cricket World Cup.

Big sports stadiums include the Brisbane Cricket Ground, Lang Park, Ballymore Stadium and the Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre.

Brisbane has teams in all Australian sports competitions.

Related pages
 List of tallest buildings in Brisbane

References

Other websites 

 City of Brisbane
 Official tourism website of Brisbane

 
1825 establishments
1820s establishments in Australia
The Hawaiian language () is the language of native Hawaiians. Aloha and mahalo are probably its most recognized words. The word lanai is also used in English. (That is different from Lanai, the name of one of Hawaii's islands.)

Related languages
There are related languages in the Marquesas, Raratonga, Samoa, some islands of what is now Fiji and New Zealand. Their languages have changed a lot over the last two thousand years or so. However, native speakers of all these languages can still understand each other.

Letters
The language has only 12 letters (A, E, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, U, W). There are 13 if you count the okina. The okina is a real letter and came from some "K" sounds in old Polynesian languages. The okina is pronounced as a glottal stop, like the break in the middle of the word "Uh-oh". The okina is written as a backward apostrophe (small numeral 6 above and before a vowel).
Dialects
The Niihau dialect still uses some T, S, R and "hints" of B sounds. People who live on that island are the only people who still speak Hawaiian only and their dialect is the truest to its roots.

Syllables
Every Hawaiian syllable ends with a vowel. There are some who think that makes the language sound "musical". Some think that final vowels helped the speakers remember chanted traditional stories and genealogies. Most linguists, however, think it is because of internal phonological processes.

There are two forms of each of the five vowels. One is regular, where the vowel is pronounced as a Spaniard would say it. The other is extended, in written form, where a horizontal bar called a kahako is over the vowel. The meanings (and pronunciations) of words spelled the same but with or without the appropriate kahakos or okinas can be very different, sometimes even embarrassing.
Learning
One might think that learning the language would be relatively easy, but that only applies to na keiki (children) who have never learned the 26 letters that English speakers use. There is a children's rhyme that goes on for a couple of minutes (and written, probably a couple dozen lines) that consists of nothing but both versions of the letters a, i and the okina. It talks of him (ia) eating (ai) his (iaia) fish (ia). 

When the missionaries made a written form of Hawaiian Language, they did not write the kahakos or okinas; leaving it to the context to make the meanings evident. 

Since the intent was to translate the Bible ("Paipala"), natives forgave some of the confusion created. They still learned how unintended "double entendres" could be funny in written form. When Hawaiian language newspapers started, native-speaking writers and editors were careful to avoid these (the type that was available to "set" did not include such "specialty" characters).

References

Polynesian languages
Hawaii
Skinheads, named after their short haircuts, are members of a subculture that originated in Britain in late 1960s, where they were closely tied to the Rude Boys and the Mods. They shave their heads, because originally most of them were workers in factories and they had to be bald, so their hair could not get caught in the machines. 

Traditional skinheads identify with the original skinhead movement ("The Spirit of '69") in music, style, and/or working class pride. Skinheads listen to ska, rocksteady, reggae, Oi! and punk music.

People who are not part of the group often see Skinheads as being politically close to the Neo-Nazi (or White Power) movement. Often Skinheads are seen as part of that movement. This is wrong, given that there are many young people in the movement who have no political views at all. Many Skinheads are also not violent, unless they are provoked.
Other websites 
 Libcom.org: A Brief History of Skinhead Culture
 Reggae, Reggae, Reggae  The Skinhead Movement and Reggae Music
 Papaskin American skinhead web site with news, images, forum, etc.
 Aussie Skins Australian skinhead web site with news, images, forum, etc.
 Oi! the Truth  History of Oi! according to Garry Bushell
 SHARP Skinheads  UK skinhead site with news, images, forum, etc.
 Skins and Punks in Indonesia! 1400 Photos

Lifestyles
Subculture
Anime (アニメ) is Japanese for 'animation'. In Japan, anime is the word used for all animation. Outside of Japan, the term anime refers to Japanese animation, which this article is about.

Some anime is drawn by hand, but anime can also be made with CGI computer animation. There are many types of anime; you can find anime about sports, magic, or romance. These are just some examples. Anime are shown on television, on DVD, VHS, and the Internet, and are used in video games. Also, some anime cartoons are just movies, but they have cartoon characters and animation instead of real people and places. Anime is often based on Japanese comics that are called manga and graphic novels. Sometimes live action (not animation) movies and television series are based on anime.
Over the years, anime has evolved both in terms of artistic techniques and storytelling. From traditional hand-drawn animation to the advent of computer-generated imagery (CGI), anime has embraced technological advancements to enhance its visual appeal. This evolution has broadened the scope of storytelling and allowed for more immersive and visually stunning experiences.

The history of anime begins around 1900, when Japanese filmmakers tried out ways of animation at the same time as the United States, Russia, Germany and France.
During the 1970s, more and more people started to like manga. At the same time, manga were used as the starting point to make anime with the same characters and stories. Animators would take the drawings done by a manga artist and the stories the manga artist wrote, and turn them into the stories and characters of a similar anime. At that time Osamu Tezuka became very popular. Now he is called a "legend" and the "god of manga". Tezuka and other pioneers of anime made a lot of types of stories and styles that are common to anime today. The giant robot genre (known as "mecha" outside Japan) began with manga and anime from Tezuka's ideas. Robot anime like Gundam and Macross became classics in the 1980s. Today, the robot genre is still very popular in Japan and worldwide. In the 1980s, anime became very popular in Japan, and saw an increase in production. (Manga is much more popular than anime in Japan
.) There are a lot of different kinds of anime that many different kinds of people like besides Mecha, and there are types of anime based on the age of the people (e.g. seinen or shōnen) who might like it or the subject of the anime.
Forms 
 Kodomo (aimed at children)
 Shōnen (young teen boys)
Pyua (aimed at Christians and other religious groups)
 Shōjo (young teen girls)
 Seinen (young adult men)
 Josei (young adult women)
 Harem (boy surrounded by girls)
 Reverse Harem (girl surrounded by boys)
 Hentai (Anime with erotic and pornographic themes. This type of anime is generally about sex and sexual arousal, and depicts scenes of explicit sexual intercourse and nudity.)
 Romance (anime about people falling in love)
 Horror (Anime intended to invoke fear, anxiety or dread in its viewers. The most common elements in horror-themed animes are ghosts (yūrei), yōkai, demons, demonic possession, graphic violence, monsters, curses, etc.)
 Comedy
 Fantasy
 Ecchi (Sexual content, but not as much as hentai. Things that either look sexual like girls in bikinis, girls winking, boys with no shirt on who have six packs, or things that can feel awkwardly sexual like tickling.)
Mecha (Anime about robots, usually ones big enough for people to sit inside them and control them like people drive cars. Mecha anime often have wars where the robots are used to fight between countries like tanks and planes are used today.)
 Isekai (protagonist transported to a different world)
 Yaoi or shounen-ai (anime about boys who are in love with other boys)
 Yuri or shojo-ai (anime about girls who are in love with other girls)
 Drama 
 Supernatural (anime about witches, magic, ghosts, deities, or other things that we do not normally see in everyday life)
 Thriller
 Slice of life (anime that contains moe, but usually about things people do every day, like going to school, or playing sports, or going to cultural festivals, generic life)
 Adventure (anime that explores a person going different places)
 OVA, also known as Original Video Anime (Anime is about talks to 1993-2005 VHS tapes and the 1998-2021 DVDs of VeggieTales from Big Idea Studios from 20th Century Fox owned by Paramount.)
In the late 1980s, lots of people in countries other than Japan started to like anime too. In the United States, giant robot anime became popular. In Europe, anime for children became popular. Today, many different kinds of anime are popular all around the world. Anime helped spread in popularity thanks to the internet.

Anime Expo
Anime Expo is a convention all about anime. It has mostly cosplay but attendees can also meet anime creators and voice actors.

Related pages
 Manga
 Otaku
 Cosplay
 Hentai
 Anime convention

Sources

Other websites
Anime News Network
 Funimation 
 Animenonton 
Kyotoanimation 

 
Entertainment in Japan
Sudan is a country in Africa. The official name of Sudan is The Republic of the Sudan. Its capital and largest city is Khartoum.

Geography 
Sudan borders by Egypt to the north, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. Sudan has a sea to the northeast called the Red Sea.

Sudan used to have the largest area of all the countries in Africa.  However, on July 9, 2011, the southern part of the country left and became a new country, South Sudan. Sudan now has an area of . It is the third largest country in Africa by area.  The Nile flows through Sudan, providing water to crops.  There are many different tribal and ethnic groups, though the country is mainly divided between the north, which has more Arabic people, and the south, which has more people of African descent.

Culture
Culture 

People from Sudan are called Sudan People. About 45 million people live in Sudan. Almost two million people live in the capital Khartoum.

Arabic is the official language of Sudan. Most of the people speak in the Sudan People dialect, called Sudan People Arabic. Beja and Hausa are other Afro-Asiatic languages that are spoken in certain parts of the country. Dinka and Nuer are the main Nilo-Saharan languages spoken in Sudan. Several Nubian and Niger-Congo languages are also spoken. As a former colony of Great Britain, English is also spoken throughout the country.

Islam is the official state religion and the majority of Sudan people is Muslim, mostly sunni. Along the southern border there are also people who are Christian or animist.

The currency of Sudan is called the Sudan People Pound (SPG) (Jinneh Sudani).

War 
For several years, the Darfur conflict has been going on in Sudan. Over 400,000 people have died in it.
Related pages 
States of Sudan
List of rivers of Sudan
Sudan at the Olympics
Sudan national football team
Muhammed Ahmed, the Mahdi

References

Other websites

 
English-speaking countries
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1956 establishments in Africa
North African countries
OpenBSD is a secure, free computer operating system. Many different types of computers can be used with OpenBSD, including Intel PCs and Apple Computer's PowerPCs.

Like the other open source BSDs and unlike with most Linux operating systems, the whole operating system is developed by the same group of people with OpenBSD. Programmes from other sources are available separately.

OpenBSD is often the first to add new security tools to make it harder to break, developers have also carefully read through the programming code to check for mistakes more than once. The project is led by Theo de Raadt from Calgary, Alberta, Canada and is released under conditions which put few restrictions on people that use the source code, the BSD licence.

OpenBSD releases new versions every six months, each version is supported for one year after release. OpenBSD 4.4 was released November 1, 2008.
OpenBSD's first mascot was a BSD daemon with a halo, it was replaced with Puffy, a pufferfish, on June 15th, 2000, with the release of OpenBSD 2.7.

The operating system's developers add in many new technologies to make the system more secure and harder to break, technologies like W^X, Stack Protection, malloc reconfigurations and ssh to replace telnet and rlogin.

Because it is so secure, OpenBSD is often used as a firewall and for other security-related jobs. It is also usable for on a desktop computer, it can act and look like one of several other operating systems like Mac OS X, Microsoft Windows, and others.

Related pages
 NetBSD
 FreeBSD
 DragonFly BSD
 POSSE project
 KAME project

Other websites
Other websites 

 The OpenBSD homepage
 OpenBSD journal
 O'Reilly Network: An Interview with OpenBSD's Marc Espie 
 One floppy OpenBSD MP3 Player and router/NAT/Firewall 
 mdoc.su — short manual page URLs, a URL shortener written in nginx
 OpenBSD ports — full-text search to find applications ported to OpenBSD and available to install as packages
 BXR.SU — OpenBSD source code search (can be useful to see if your new computer parts are supported)

BSD
Free software
Operating systems
Births 
 April 23 – Isabelle of Hainaut
 August 8 – Saint Dominic, founder of the Dominicans (d. 1221)

Deaths 
 December 29 – Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury (assassinated) (b. c. 1118)
Births 
 February 7 – Eubie Blake, American musician and composer
 April 5 - Walter Huston, Canadian actor (d. 1950)
 April 7 – Gino Severini Italian painter (d. 1966)
 April 15 – Stanley Bruce, 8th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967)
 July 29 – Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator

Deaths 
 March 14 – Karl Marx, German philosopher
 August 23 – Sarah Yorke Jackson, American First Lady

New Books 
 Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi
1741 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events
 June 25 – Maria Theresa of Austria is crowned Queen Regnant of Hungary in Bratislava.
 Royal Order of Scotland is founded.

 January 7 – Benedict Arnold
A civil war is a type of war that takes place between two or more groups in one country. While civil wars can take place for many reasons, there are two common reasons.

The first is because the different groups disagree about who should be in charge, or how the country should be run. If two political parties disagree about the result of an election, this might lead to a war if the two sides cannot or would not come to an agreement.

The second is because one group of people does not want to be part of the country anymore. This is known as a war of secession. Lots of people living in a certain area might decide that they want independence to make their own country. Very few national leaders would be happy to give up land that is part of that country, and a war could result.

Sometimes the people who want to break away do not necessarily want to form a whole new country, but they might want more autonomy over their affairs. This happens sometimes when different ethnic groups belong to the same nation.
Civil wars can go on for many years and be just as destructive and damaging as international wars. Civil wars tend to become complicated very quickly. A civil war might start between two sides, but groups might break up and the new, different sides could start fighting each other. Groups who were not involved at the beginning can easily be sucked in, as they fight to defend themselves against both sides. Civil wars with many different sides all fighting each other have occurred. Sometimes foreign countries help one side, or different countries help different sides. This can become a proxy war.

Examples
Civil wars include:
 English Civil War (1642–1651)
 American Civil War (1861–1865)
 Chinese Civil War (1927–1949)
 Vietnam War (1955–1975)
 Mexican Revolution (1911–1920)
 Russian Civil War (1917–1921)
 Finnish Civil War (1918)
 Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
 Pakistan Civil War (1971)
 Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
 Syrian Civil War (2011–present)

References
Events 
 Ruaidri Ua Conchobair, last High King of Ireland, submits to Henry II as vassal of Ireland with the Treaty of Windsor
 Ly Cao Ton becomes ruler of Vietnam
 William of Tyre becomes archbishop of Tyre
 Massacre of Abergavenny ends with several noblemen dead under William de Braose
 Vordingborg Castle is finished.

Births 
 Andrew II of Hungary, King of Hungary (died 1235)
 Frederick I of Austria (died 1198)
 Robert Grosseteste, English statesman, theologian and bishop (approximate date; died 1253)
 Fibonacci, Italian mathematician (approximate date; died 1250)
 Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (died 1218)
 Roger III of Sicily (died 1194)
 Michael Scot, Scottish mathematician and astrologer (died 1232)

Deaths 
 Mleh of Armenia, ruler of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
 Judyta, wife of Ladislaus II of Hungary and Otto I von Brandenburg (born 1132)
A crocodile is a large amphibious reptile. It lives mostly in large tropical rivers, where it is an ambush predator. 

The Crocodylia is an order of mostly large, predatory, semiaquatic reptiles. Their ancestors, the clade Pseudosuchia, appeared about 250 million years ago in the early Triassic period. 

Crocodiles as we know them first appeared 94 million years ago in the Upper Cretaceous period. They are the closest living relatives of birds: the two groups are the only survivors of the Archosauria.

One species, the Australian saltie, travels in coastal salt water as well as rivers. In very dry climates, crocodiles may aestivate and sleep out the dry season. 

They are basically Archosaurs, a group which also includes the dinosaurs. There are various species of crocodiles including the American, slender-snouted and Orinoco crocodile.
The crocodile can quickly snap its jaw shut with much power. However, crocodiles have little strength when opening their jaws, such that a person can hold the jaw shut with their hands.

Present-day crocodiles range in size from African dwarf crocodiles that measure rarely over 5 feet (1.5 m) to saltwater crocodiles which can approach 23 feet (7 m).

Description 
Crocodiles live in rivers, lakes and dams in parts of America, Asia, Africa and Australia. Some of the crocodiles from Australia live in salt water. These saltwater crocodiles are normally bigger than the ones that live in fresh water. While crocodiles spend most of their time in water, they can come out and move around on the land. 

Crocodiles cannot breathe underwater: they breathe air. This is usual for land animals which take to the water later in their evolution. Whales, turtles, ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs are good examples of this.
When they are not active, crocodiles can hold their breath for about two hours underwater before drowning. Normally, when underwater, they are active and can hold their breath for a maximum of 20 minutes to one hour.

Behavior

Feeding 
Crocodiles in East Africa take their chances when herds migrate in search of food. To make their annual journey up the East coast, herbivores have to cross rivers.

The crocodile looks like it is a log, and hides beneath the surface of the water. When an animal comes down to the water to drink, the crocodile lunges out of the water, grabs the animal in its jaws, and pulls it underwater, where it drowns. The crocodile grab a piece of meat in its jaws and tears it off with a spin-around. 

Adult crocodiles can go long periods without eating. When crocodiles are very young, they mainly eat insects, crustaceans, snails, small fish, frogs and tadpoles.
Reproduction 
Reproduction is different in several ways from other reptiles. 
First of all, their sex at birth depends on their temperature, not upon sex chromosomes (which they do not have). Eggs are laid in mounds near the water in sand or mud. They are guarded by the female, though she does have to go into the river to eat. The females are unusual for reptiles in that they continue to guard and protect the babies once they are born and in the river. They have a very distinctive behaviour when in the river: if the mother opens her mouth they swim back into it. When danger passes, she opens her mouth, and they swim out. Protection of the babies is one possible explanation of how the crocodiles have been able to survive. Much of this applies to alligators as well.

What they look like 

Their colors range from brown to grey or greenish-brown. Crocodile tongues are not free. They are held in place by a membrane that can not move. Crocodiles are unable to stick out their tongues.
Alligators and crocodiles 
Although there is not much difference in their life-style, biologists put alligators in a separate family. Gharials are also in a separate family, and Caimans are a sub-family of alligators.

An obvious difference between an alligator and a crocodile is that one can not see the fourth tooth in the lower jaw of an alligator when the alligator's mouth is closed. The fourth tooth in the lower jaw of a crocodile sticks out when its mouth is closed.

Ancient crocodiles 
Some ancient crocodiles walked on two legs like dinosaurs.  The scientists found preserved footprints in South Korea.  They found hind foot prints but no front foot prints or marks from a tail dragging behind.

They were able to tell that these ancient crocodiles walked on their hind legs with their front legs and tails off the ground.  They used the whole foot, the way a human or bear does, not just the toes, the way a dinosaur, bird or dog does.
Crocodylomorpha 
Crocodylomorpha is a group of pseudosuchian archosaurs which includes the crocodilians and their extinct relatives. They were the only members of Pseudosuchia to survive the end-Triassic extinction.

During Mesozoic and early Cenozoic times, crocodylomorphs were far more diverse than they are now. Triassic forms were small, lightly built, active terrestrial animals.  These were a mixed group of small-bodied forms with long limbs that walked upright. This was the ancestral form of the Crocodylomorphs. These forms persisted until the end of the Jurassic.

Largest crocodile 
There are several examples of present-day crocodiles reaching 6 m (20 ft) in length and weighing 1,200 kg (2,600 lb). 

The diagram left shows that the largest crocodyliforms were about 30 feet long.
Species
The order Crocodilia has 27 living species in nine genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the nine genera can be grouped into three families.

Family Alligatoridae (Alligators and caimans)
Genus Alligator: two species
Genus Caiman: three species
Genus Melanosuchus: one species
Genus Paleosuchus: two species
Family Crocodylidae ("True" crocodiles)
Genus Crocodylus: fourteen species
Genus Mecistops: two species
Genus Osteolaemus: one species
Family Gavialidae (Gharial and false gharial)
Genus Gavialis: one species
Genus Tomistoma: one species

References

Other websites

 Crocodile (Wikiversity)
 Saltwater crocodiles in freedom: Authentic pictures and descriptions
 Supersize Crocs - an interactive guide to crocodiles from PBS 
 Man shares bungalow with crocodile BBC News.
 Crocodile -Citizendium

Crocodilia
Living fossils
Reptiles
ZZT is a computer game made by Tim Sweeney. People can make other games with this game's engine.

1991 video games
DOS games
Centre (British spelling) or center (American spelling) means the middle of something.

The word "centre" often means places or buildings where an activity takes place. Common examples are:
 a town centre or city centre
 a shopping centre is a place with lots of shops.
 a sports centre is where people go to use sports facilities, such as squash courts, and swimming pools.
 a centre (ice hockey), the position used in ice hockey
 a Center (American football), the position used in American football
a balanced political position.

Places
Centre, the former name of Centre-Val de Loire, an administrative region of France
Centre Department, the department of Haiti
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (, Pëtr Il’ič Čajkovskij; ) (born Kamsko-Votkinsk, 7 May 1840; died St Petersburg, 6 November 1893; pronounced chai-KOV-skee) was a Russian composer who lived in the Romantic period. He is one of the most popular of all Russian composers. He wrote melodies which were usually dramatic and emotional. He learned a lot from studying the music of Western Europe, but his music also sounds very Russian. His compositions include 11 operas, 3 ballets, orchestral music, chamber music and over 100 songs. His famous ballets (Swan Lake, The Nutcracker  and Sleeping Beauty) have some of the best known tunes in all of romantic music. He is widely regarded as the greatest composer of ballets.

Early years
Early years 

Tchaikovsky’s father was a Ukrainian who worked as a mining engineer. His mother’s grandfather was a Frenchman who had moved to Russia. She was a nervous woman and Tchaikovsky may have gotten his nervous character from her. Tchaikovsky was only five when he started taking piano lessons.  He was soon better than his teacher. The family had an orchestrion (a kind of musical box) which played some tunes from classical music by Mozart, Bellini, Donizetti and Rossini.
Tchaikovsky met some famous musicians including the French composer Berlioz who was visiting Moscow. He also became friendly with the Russian composer Mily Balakirev who was very helpful and persuaded him to rewrite one of his works several times until it was very good. he result was a piece for orchestra called Romeo and Juliet which soon became internationally known. Balakirev had four friends who were composers. This circle of friends is often called “The Five” or “The Mighty Handful”. They were interested in using Russian folktunes in their music. Tchaikovsky was never a member of the group, although he liked their ideas. Tchaikovsky was different to them: he had learned music at the Conservatoire where he had studied Western music. The harmonies that he used in his works were often not suitable for Russian folktunes. He wrote many songs which are romantic in character. One of them, None But the Lonely Heart, is especially well known in English.
By now, Tchaikovsky was writing works which were to make him very famous. He wrote two more symphonies, and his First Piano Concerto, one of the most popular of all piano concertos, was given its first performance in Boston. He was also writing operas and chamber music.

Years of fame 
In 1875, Tchaikovsky began making a long tour of Europe. He liked Bizet’s opera Carmen, but Wagner’s operas from the Ring cycle bored him. In 1877 he finished Swan Lake, the first of his three ballets. The audience did not like it at first because the dancers were not very good.

Tchaikovsky was a closeted homosexual. In the summer of 1877 Tchaikovsky decided to marry. His wife was called Antonina Milyukova. The marriage was a disaster. A few weeks after the marriage, he ran away and never lived with her again.
Another woman was to become important in his life, but in a very different way. It was to be a very unusual relationship. Her name was Nadezhda von Meck. She was the wife of a rich man. She loved Tchaikovsky’s music and promised him that she would pay him a lot of money every month so long as he promised her that he would never try to meet her.  Tchaikovsky no longer needed to work. He was able to give up his teaching job at the Conservatory. For several years he spent the winters in Europe and the summers in Russia.  Nadezhda and Tchaikovsky wrote long letters to one another, often quite passionate and dreamy they talked about love, life and how they wanted it to change, but they never saw one another. He had plenty of time to write music: he wrote several operas including Eugene Onegin and his Fourth and Fifth Symphonies, the Violin Concerto, the Serenade for Strings, Capriccio Italienne and the 1812 Overture. Tchaikovsky loved Nadezhda very much but never actually told her his true feelings.
His last years 

By 1885, Tchaikovsky had tired of travelling around. He rented a country house in Klin, just outside Moscow. He lived a regular life, reading, walking in the forest, composing during the day and playing music with his friends in the evenings. He started to have more confidence as a conductor and toured Europe twice, conducting in Leipzig, Berlin, Prague, Hamburg, Paris and London. In 1889 he finished his second ballet, The Sleeping Beauty and the next year, while staying in Florence, he wrote his famous opera The Queen of Spades based on a story by Pushkin. Later that year Nadezhda von Meck wrote to him that she had lost nearly all her money and could not continue to support him.
In the spring of 1891 he was invited to conduct in New York where the Carnegie Hall was being opened. He also conducted concerts in Baltimore and Philadelphia. When he returned to Russia he wrote his last ballet The Nutcracker and his Sixth Symphony, known as the “Pathétique” which was dedicated to his nephew with whom he was passionately in love. This work is often considered his best. It was performed in St Petersburg on October 16 1893.  Five days later he suddenly became ill with cholera, a disease many people were catching in the city. Tchaikovsky died four days later. Many people think that he committed suicide by deliberately drinking contaminated water. He may have wanted to (or even been forced to) commit suicide in order to avoid a scandal because he was having a relationship with a nephew of an important aristocratic man. Exactly what happened is still a mystery.

References 

1840 births
1893 deaths
LGBT composers
Romantic composers
Russian composers
Russian LGBT people
Unexplained deaths
BBC Radio 1 (often known as Radio 1) is an international radio station that is based in the United Kingdom. It is owned by BBC and BBC Radio. Radio 1 started broadcasting at 7.00 am on September 30, 1967. Tony Blackburn presented the first (later known as Breakfast) programme on the station. The station is meant to be listened to mainly by people aged 15–29.

Before the launch of Radio 1, the BBC ran three radio stations (the BBC Light Programme, the BBC Home Service and the BBC Third Programme), but these were considered old fashioned and were closed down in 1967. They were replaced with Radio 1, 2, 3 and 4.

The launch of Radio 1 in 1967 was because of the popularity of pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline. They had been outlawed by Act of Parliament, and the BBC needed to provide alternative radio stations.

Radio 1 also has a sister station, BBC Radio 1Xtra.
Programming 
The daytime shows (Monday-Thursday 4.00 - 19.00, Friday 4.00 - 18.00, Saturday 6.00 - 16.00 and Sunday 6.00 - 19.00) are very speech-focused and use an extensive playlist to introduce unknown and emerging material alongside more established, top 40 hits from the recent past (usually in a 5-year cycle).

The nighttime shows focus specifically on new music, with each show devoted to a particular genre. These genres include electronica, dance, hip-hop, rap and rock. All programs during this time are playlisted and presented by the DJs without any influence of the station's music editor.
Commitments
 At least 40% of music played in daytime are from British artists
 At least 50% of music played in daytime are not older than 12 months old each year, with continuous particular support for new and emerging UK artists alongside established acts
 60 hours of specialist music per week
 Broadcast from at least 25 live events and festivals per year from the UK and abroad
 At least 250 new sessions each year
 1 hour of news in daytime each weekday, including two extended bulletins

References

Other websites
 

1967 establishments in the United Kingdom
1
1232 is a leap year which started on a Thursday of the Julian Calendar.

Events 
 In Korea, the printing press is invented.
1910 (MCMX) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. It was the 910th year of the 2nd millennium, the 10th year of the 20th century and the first year of the 1910s.
Events 
 January – In Greece, the Military League forces parliament and George I of Greece to summon National Assembly to revise Constitution.
 January 15 – In the United Kingdom, General Election held in response to House of Lords rejection of David Lloyd George's (1909) budget results in reduced Liberal Party majority (Liberals, 275 seats; Labour, 40; Irish Nationalists, 82; Unionists (the title then preferred by the British Conservative Party), 273).
 January 16 – Constant rains in Paris, France cause the Seine to overflow its banks, flooding the city. All but one line of the Paris Métro become filled with water, effectively draining water from the city.
 February 20 – Boutros Ghali, first native born prime minister of Egypt, assassinated.
 March – Uprising against Ottoman rule breaks out in Albania.
 March 19 – In America, Republicans reduce the powers of the Speaker of the House of Representatives to influence Committee membership.
 April – Albanian revolt suppressed by Turkish army.
April 27 – Louis Botha and James Hertzog (James Barry Munnik Hertzog) found South Africa Party.
 April 27 – British House of Commons passes Lloyd George's 1909 'People's Budget' for second time; passed by House of Lords, 28 April
 April 29 – Andrew Fisher becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the second time.
 Korea becomes a colony of Japan.
 Albrecht Kossel, German doctor, won the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Births 
 January 5 – Jack Lovelock, New Zealand athlete (d. 1949)
 January 7 – Orval Faubus, Governor of Arkansas (d. 1994)
 January 8 – Galina Sergeyevna Ulanova, Russian dancer (d. 1998)
 January 12 – Luise Rainer, German-born actress
 January 16 – Dizzy Dean, baseball player (d. 1974)
 January 21 – Albert Rosellini, Governor of Washington (d. 2011)
 January 23 – Django Reinhardt, Belgian guitarist (d. 1953)
 January 30 – C Subramaniam, Indian politician ( d. 2000)
 February 5 – Francisco Varallo, Argentine footballer
 February 6 – Irmgard Keun, German writer (d. 1982)
 February 9 – Jacques Monod, French biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1976)
 February 10 – Georges Pire, Belgian monk, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1969)
 February 13 – William Shockley, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989)
 February 15 – Stanley Vann, British musician (d. 2010)
 February 27 – Joan Bennett, American actress (d. 1990)
March 1 – Archer John Porter Martin, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)
 March 1 – David Niven, English actor (d. 1983)
 March 5 – Momofuko Ando, Taiwanese businessman (d. 2007)
 March 9 – Samuel Barber, American composer (d. 1981)
 March 11 – Robert Havemann, German chemist (d. 1982)
 March 13 – Karl Gustav Ahlefeldt, Danish actor (d. 1985)
 March 23 – Akira Kurosawa, Japanese screenwriter, producer, and director (d. 1998)
 April 10 – Ivan Goff, Australian screenwriter (d. 1999)
 April 10 – Paul Sweezy, American economist and editor (d. 2004)
 April 23 – Simone Simon, French actress (d. 2005)
 April 30 – Al Lewis, American actor (died in 2006)
 May 8 – Mary Lou Williams, American musician (d. 1981)
 May 12 – Johan Ferrier, Surinamese President (d. 2010)
 May 12 – Giulietta Simionato, Italian opera singer (d. 2010)
 May 19 – Nathuram Godse, Indian assassin of Mahatma Gandhi (d. 1949)
 May 23 – Artie Shaw, American musician (d. 2004)
 May 28 – T-Bone Walker, American musician (d. 1975)
September 3 – Maurice Papon, French Nazi collaborator (d. 2006)
 October 6 – Barbara Castle, British politician (d. 2002)
 October 14 – John Wooden, Basketball coach (d. 2010)
 December 29 – Ronald Coase, British economist
1443 was a common year. It started on a Tuesday.

Events 
 July 22 – Zürich is defeated in the Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl.

Births 
 January 27 – Albert, Duke of Saxony (died 1500)
 February 23 – Matthias Corvinus of Hungary (died 1490)
 May 17 – Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of King Edward IV of England and King Richard III of England (died 1460)
 May 31 – Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII of England (died 1509)
 December 5 – Pope Julius II (died 1513)
 Rodolphus Agricola, Dutch scholar and humanist (died 1485)
 John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, English leader (died 1513)
 Piero del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter (died 1496)
 Philip II, Duke of Savoy (died 1497)
 Ygo Gales Galama, Frisian warlord and rebel (died 1492)
 Anne Beauchamp, 15th Countess of Warwick (died 1449)

Deaths 
 Zeami – Japanese actor.
1558 was a common year.

Events 
 November 17 – Elizabeth I becomes Queen of England.
For the effects of global warming on sea levels, see global warming

The sea level is the average height of the ocean (informally called the sea). The word 'average' must be used because the height of the sea changes with the tides. The height of mountains, countries, and so on, is almost always given as "above sea level".

Technical details 
Sea level is generally used to refer to mean sea level (MSL). This is the average level for the surface of one or more of Earth's oceans. 

MSL is a type of standardised geodetic reference point. It is used, for example, as a geodetic datum in cartography and marine navigation. In aviation it is the standard sea level at which atmospheric pressure is measured. This is used to calibrate altitude, which influences aircraft flight levels. A common mean sea-level standard is the midpoint between a mean low and mean high tide at a particular place.
Sea levels can be affected by many factors. They have varied greatly over geological time scales. The careful measurement of variations in MSL offers insights into ongoing climate change. The present slight rise in sea levels is offered as proof of ongoing global warming.

Long-term changes in sea level 

In Earth's long history, the continents and sea floor have changed due to plate tectonics. This affects global sea level because it alters the depths of various ocean basins, and also changes the distribution of glaciers. 

Over most of geologic time, the long-term mean sea level has been higher than today (see graph). Only at the Permian-Triassic boundary ~250 million years ago was the long-term mean sea level lower than today. This included the PermianTriassic extinction event, though this may not be relevant to the concept of sea level.

Long term changes in the mean sea level are the result of changes in the oceanic crust, with a downward trend expected to continue in the very long term.
Rapid changes in sea level 
Rapid changes may happen by huge lakes breaking through into seas. This has happened on a number of occasions. When the latest ice age was ending, melting caused huge lakes in central North America. This eventually broke through into the Atlantic. Melting ice in the North Sea are also broke through into the English Channel. The largest known example of marine flooding was when the Atlantic breached the Strait of Gibraltar about 5.2 million years ago. This restored Mediterranean sea levels, which had dried up.

The present rise in sea level is taken from tide gauges. It is about 1.8 mm/yr. Active research continues on this subject.

References

Other websites 
 Flooding, food and climate change in Bangladesh
 Sea level rise - How much and how fast will sea level rise over the coming centuries? Past 
 Sea level rise - How much and how fast will sea level rise over the coming centuries? Present 

Oceans
Seas
Climate change
Fear Factory is an American death/industrial metal group. They were formed in Los Angeles, California in 1989 and disbanded in early 2002. They have reformed in the following year adding Byron Stroud (of Strapping Young Lad) as their current bass player. Their classic line-up was Burton C. Bell (vocals), Dino Cazares (guitars), Christian Olde Woblers (bass) and Raymond Herrera (drums) between 1994 and break up time.

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Death metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Sublime was a popular punk/ska rock band. The band was formed in 1988 in Long Beach, California. They have released popular hit singles like "Date Rape", "Doin' Time", "Santeria" and "What I Got".

Sublime broke up 1996, because singer, guitarist and songwriter Bradley Nowell died. He died in a hotel room in San Francisco, California on May 25th of the same year from a heroin overdose. He was 28 years old. Their third and final album Sublime was released two months after Nowell's death. The album's song "What I Got" was what made Sublime famous.

Sublime has sold over 8 million albums around the world.

Cultural references 
A few of Sublimes songs have been used in video games. "Santeria" was included in Guitar Hero World Tour. 
The song "Seed" was included in Tony Hawk's Underground and the song "What I Got" was included in Dave Mirra Freestyle BMX.
Influences 
Sublime's influences include Meat Puppets, The Police, Green Day, Bob Marley, Jane's Addiction, Beastie Boys, Descendents, Operation Ivy, Toots and the Maytals, Fishbone, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Bad Brains, Bob Marley and the Waiters, Minutemen and The Vandals.

Discography

Albums

Compilations and live albums

Singles

References

Other websites 

 

1988 establishments in California
1996 disestablishments in the United States
American punk bands
Musical groups from Long Beach, California
1990s disestablishments in California
Crass was one of the first anarcho-punk bands. The band was formed in Essex, England in 1977. The band split up in 1984.

History

Original members 
The group was first of all made up of Penny Rimbaud (playing drums) and Steve Ignorant (who sang). Later they were joined by other people who also lived together in their shared house (or commune) called Dial House.

First concerts 
Crass did their first concert at a squatted festival in Huntley Street, North London. Soon after they played at the famous punk club The Roxy in  London's Covent Garden area. However the group were made to come off of the stage because they were very drunk. They also did early concerts with punk band the UK Subs, but not many people went to watch these concerts.
First fashion statements 
After this members of Crass decided to be more serious about what they were doing. They decided to wear black clothes all of the time, whether or not they were on stage. This was so that no member of the band would be seen as the group 'leader'. They also made a banner that they hung up behind them when they were playing live. This had a logo on it that was made up of symbols like the Christian cross, the swastika and the British flag, as well as a snake with two heads that is eating itself. The meaning of this logo was the idea that "power will destroy itself".

Albums
Albums

First album 
Crass released their first record in 1978. It was called The Feeding of the 5000. It was meant to have 18 songs on it, but one song was banned by the people who worked at the factory where the records were made. This was because they thought it was blasphemous. This song was  called "Asylum". The band instead released the record with a 2-minute gap where that song had been, which they called "The Sound of Free Speech". After this they set up their own record label, Crass Records. This was so that they could control what was on their own records in the future. They re-recorded and released the song that had been banned as a single. They also re-released the first LP with the banned song put back on it.

Second album 
The second LP released by Crass was the double album Stations of the Crass. It was released in 1979. One side of this LP was a recording of a live concert that the band played at the Pied Bull pub in Islington, London on August 7, 1979.
Third album 
Their next LP was released in 1981. It was called Penis Envy. The band had deliberately changed their sound for this record. The lyrics and the record cover artwork had a strong feminist message. Steve Ignorant did not appear upon it. Instead only the women members of the band, Eve Libertine and Joy DeVivre sung the songs.

Other albums recorded 
The Crass Records label also released many other records by other musicians and bands. These included Flux Of Pink Indians, Conflict, Poison Girls, Zounds, Honey Bane, Rudimentary Peni and others.

English punk bands
Anarcho-punk bands
Black Flag was an American hardcore punk band. They formed in California in 1976 and broke up in 1986. There were many different members in the band, but the leader was Greg Ginn. Ginn was the guitarist and wrote many of the songs.

Black Flag was one of the groups that created the hardcore punk style. They toured the United States and Canada to play many live shows. They influenced many other musicians and fans to make their own hardcore bands. The band's first album, Damaged (1981), has been recognized as a classic punk album and one of the most influential punk records ever made.

After breaking up, the lead singer Henry Rollins formed a new band by himself, Rollins Band and guitarist Greg Ginn worked on a separate career in the early 90s.
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
American punk bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups established in 1976
1976 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 1986
1980s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 2003
2003 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2003
2003 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in California
1986 disestablishments in the United States
The Crazy Frog is a 3D animated creature, featured on music albums.

History
Before becoming a ringtone to download  onto mobile phones, The Crazy Frog started as a TruboForce 3D animated creature. It was called “The Annoying Thing” in 2003 by its creator, Erik Wernquist of Sweden. With big eyes and a bigger mouth, the high resolution anthropomorphic “thing” is dappled grey-blue and nude save for a helmet, goggles and biker vest. All original videos and images also show small male humanoid genital in a relaxed state that move realistically. Some sources pixel out or remove the genitals.