Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Other websites

1927 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
United States senators from New York (state)
Politicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Scientists from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Scientists from New York City
Politicians from New York City
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Ambassadors of the United States to India
Zalmay Mamozy Khalilzad (Pashto: زلمی خلیلزاد Zalmay Khalīlzād; born March 22, 1951) is a counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and president of Khalilzad Associates. He was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations under President George W. Bush from 2007 to 2009.

In October 2021, CNN reported that Zalmay Khalilzad, the United States' principal envoy for Afghanistan, will quit his post in Afghanistan, after the end of the withdrawal of American forces in Afghanistan.

References

Other websites

Articles
The Washington Post – Afghan Roots Keep Adviser Firmly in the Inner Circle 
US Mission to the UN – United States Ambassadors to the United Nations 
Current Biography August 2006 cover story
The New Yorker – American Viceroy
RFE/RL interview with Zalmay Khalilzad (May 18, 2007)
Zalmay.com, a profile view
Profile: Khalilzad, The Center for Cooperative Research
Video: Khalilzad discusses Iraq, Afghanistan and the Middle East
United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
1951 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Educators from Washington, D.C.
Balkh Province
Stan Cornyn (July 8, 1933 – May 11, 2015) was an American record label executive. He was the author of Exploding: The Highs, Hits, Hype, Heroes, and Hustlers of the Warner Music Group (). He also wrote three privately published family genealogy books (all in the Library of Congress).
He was cousins with United States senator John Cornyn.

Cornyn died on May 11, 2015 at his home in Carpinteria, California at the age of 81.

References

Other websites
 Brad Bigelow, "King of Liner Notes," Space Age Pop
 dabelly.com Interview with Cornyn 

1933 births
2015 deaths
Musicians from California
People from Oxnard, California
People from Ventura County, California
Writers from California
Carpinteria  is a small oceanside city located in southeastern Santa Barbara County, California, east of Santa Barbara and northwest of Ventura. The population was 13,264 at the 2020 census.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Santa Barbara County, California
Suchitra Bhattacharya (10 January 1950 – 12 May 2015) was an Indian novelist. Over the past two decades, Suchitra had written about 24 novels and a large number of short stories in different leading Bengali literary magazines.

Bhattacharya died on 12 May 2015 from cardiac arrest at her home in Dhakuria, Kolkata, aged 65.

References

1950 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Indian writers
William Knowlton Zinsser (October 7, 1922 - May 12, 2015) was an American writer, editor, literary critic, and teacher.  He began his career as a journalist for the New York Herald Tribune, where he worked as a feature writer, drama editor, film critic, and editorial writer. He was known for writing the book On Writing Well.

Zinsser was born in New York City, New York. He studied at Deerfield Academy. Zinsser died in New York City at the age of 92.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2015 deaths
American literary critics
American movie critics
Educators from New York City
American journalists
Writers from New York City
Ventura (officially the City of San Buenaventura; commonly called San Buenaventura before 1891), or Shisholop in Chumash is the county seat of Ventura County, California, United States. It was incorporated in 1866. The population was 110,763 at the 2020 census.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Ventura County, California
County seats in California
1866 establishments in California
Peter Gay (born Peter Joachim Fröhlich; June 20, 1923 – May 12, 2015) was a German-American educator and psychohistorian. He was the Sterling Professor of History Emeritus at Yale University and former director of the New York Public Library's Center for Scholars and Writers (1997–2003). 

Gay received the American Historical Association's (AHA) Award for Scholarly Distinction in 2004. He was the author of more than twenty-five books, including The Enlightenment: An Interpretation, a multi-volume award winner; Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider (1968), a bestseller; and the widely translated Freud: A Life for Our Time (1988).

Gay was born in Berlin, Germany in 1923. He immigrated to the United States in 1941. From 1948 to 1955 he was a political science professor at Columbia University, and then a history professor from 1955 to 1969. Gay died in New York City, aged 91.

References
References

Other websites
 Toews, John "Historicizing Psychoanalysis: Freud in His Time and of Our Time" pages 504-545 from Journal of Modern History, Volume 63, 1991.

1923 births
2015 deaths
Educators from New York City
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Writers from Berlin
Writers from New York City
Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier of Switzerland. It began on March 31, 2002; the day after Swissair declared bankruptcy. The airline has nonstop flights throughout Switzerland, Europe, Africa, America and Asia. It's currently owned by Lufthansa.

References

Star Alliance
2002 establishments in Europe
Airlines of Europe
Transport companies of Switzerland
Companies based in Basel
IATA members
Varig Brazilian Airlines, also known as VARIG, was once the largest airline of Brazil. The airline declared bankruptcy in 2006. The successor to Varig is Gol Transportes Aéreos, which is technically the new Varig.

History
Varig began on May 7, 1927.  It was founded by German emigrants in Brazil. Varig began non-stop flights between New York City and Rio de Janeiro in 1955. The airline took over many international destinations in the 1960s from bankrupt Panair do Brasil, such as Frankfurt, Lisbon and Paris. Varig eventually became the largest airline in all of South America, after it bought many other smaller Brazilian airlines.  In 1997, Varig became the first airline to join Star Alliance. In 2001, TAM Airlines became  the largest airline in Brazil. Then, Varig stopped flying, and it became known as another airline in 2007.

References

1927 establishments in South America
2006 disestablishments
Airlines of South America
Economy of Brazil
1920s establishments in Brazil
Disestablishments in Brazil
Ansett Australia was an airline from Australia. Ansett was based in Melbourne. The airline flew domestically within Australia and from the 1990s to destinations in Asia. It declared bankruptcy in 2001. In 2002, it stopped flying. Several of its Golden Wing airport lounges were purchased by Virgin Australia.

References

Airlines of Australia
1936 establishments
2002 disestablishments in Australia
1930s establishments in Australia
British post offices in Crete provided the postal service in the territory of the island of Crete. They were established by the military administration in the area under the control of Great Britain. It functioned in the period from 25 November 1898 to the end of 1899.

In 1898 Crete obtained autonomy under Turkish suzerainty. But it was garrisoned by an international military force from Britain, France, Italy and Russia. Britain issued 5 postage stamps inscribed in Greek.

Related pages 
 British Army
 Crete

References

Other websites 
 

Postal history
Crete
19th century in Greece
Wars involving the British Empire
1890s in the United Kingdom
Philately of the United Kingdom
1898 establishments in the United Kingdom
Establishments in Greece
1899 disestablishments
19th-century disestablishments in the United Kingdom
1890s disestablishments in Europe
Hyon Yong-chol (; January 1949 – 30 April 2015) was a North Korean general and politician. From June 2014 until his apparent death, he was the Defence Minister of North Korea.

On 13 May 2015, it was reported by South Korean media that he was executed on or around 30 April 2015. As of May 14, 2015, North Korea has not commented on the South's claim, making Hyon's current status uncertain. Later it was confirmed that he was executed.

References

1949 births
2015 deaths
Executed people
North Korean generals
Government ministers
North Korean politicians
A car platform (automobile platform) is shared common design and production over different models and types of automobiles. They may be sold under different names or "marques". 

It is done by the automotive industry to save the costs of development by basing the products on a smaller number of platforms. This allows companies to create distinct models from similar underpinnings. It is also done with commercial vehicles like trucks and vans.

References 

Automobiles
Design
Out of Africa is about the recent African origin of modern humans. Since the 1980s this has been supported by a study of present-day mitochondrial DNA, and other sequence analysis. There is also evidence based on the physical anthropology of archaic fossil remains. The idea is very well supported. There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several. A growing number of researchers also suspect that "long-neglected North Africa" was the original home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent.

The first truly modern humans seem to have appeared between 200,000 and 130,000 years ago. These early humans later moved out from Africa. By about 90,000 years ago they had moved into Eurasia. This was the area where earlier species of humans, (such as Neanderthals, Homo neanderthalensis) had been living for a long time (at least 500,000 years in western Europe).
By about 42 to 44,000 years ago Homo sapiens had reached western Europe, including Britain. In Europe and western Asia, Homo sapiens replaced the Neanderthals by about 35,000 years ago. The details of this event are not known. At roughly the same time Homo sapiens arrived in Australia. Their arrival in the Americas was much later, about 15,000 years ago. All these earlier groups of modern man were hunter-gatherers.

Genetic studies and fossil evidence show that archaic  Homo sapiens evolved to anatomically modern humans solely in Africa between 200,000 and 60,000 years ago. Members of one branch of Homo sapiens left Africa at some point between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago, and that over time these humans replaced earlier populations of the genus Homo such as Neanderthals and Homo erectus.
The date of the earliest successful "out of Africa" migration (earliest migrants with living descendants) has generally been placed at 60,000 years ago based on genetics, but migration out of the continent may have taken place as early as 125,000 years ago according to Arabian archaeological finds of tools in the region.

Related pages 
Early human migrations for how archaic as well as modern humans moved out of Africa.

References 

Human geography
Evolution
Humans
Uber traded on the  NYSE under the ticker (UBER) is an American-based ride-sharing company. It created the Uber mobile app and  a ridesharing  network. “Shared rides” are provided by Uber drivers to passengers. The passengers pay money for each ride they receive. The mobile app allows passengers to request trips and pay for the rides online.

Passengers who want Uber rides with  “sign-up” with the Uber passenger mobile app. They provide their name, smartphone number, and a credit card number to Uber.  Then they can request shared-rides through the Uber app.
Uber drivers use Uber driver mobile app to find rideshare passengers. They are first enrolled with Uber as drivers. Then they “log-on” to the Uber mobile app. This tells Uber they are in a certain area and can take rideshares as passengers. The Uber app ”looks for” passengers who want a ride to a particular location. The Uber driver finds the passenger via the map. Then they “pick up” the passenger and drive to the destination. When they reach the destination, they “drop-off” the passenger. The Uber mobile app records the journey, bills the passenger, and pays the driver.

Uber uses third party Internet mapping services such as Google Maps to find the location of the passenger and to navigate the driver.

Uber was founded as "UberCab" in San Francisco by Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp in 2009. Three years later, Uber started to open international offices. In 2014, it experimented with carpooling features and made other updates.

References
References 

2009 establishments in California
Companies based in San Francisco
Mail art (also known as postal art and correspondence art) is a popular form of art. It involves sending small scale art works of art through the mail. Media commonly used in mail art includes postcards, paper, rubber stamps, and logos. It can also include anything that can be put in an envelope and sent via postal service.

Related pages 
 Contemporary art
 Mail

References 

Art movements
The Comminges is a natural region in southern France, near the Pyrenees. It contains the upper valley of the Garonne, one of France's four great rivers. It is one of the oldest inhabited places in France. Before the French Revolution it was a county of the historical region of Gascony. It was named for the ancient tribe the Convenae. They were a Celtic tribe living in and around Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges by at least the 1st century BC.

References 

Haute-Garonne
William MacDonald (born Allan Ginsberg; 17 June 1924 – 12 May 2015), also known as The Mutilator, was an Australian serial killer. He murdered five men, four in Sydney, New South Wales and one in Brisbane, Queensland, between 1961 and 1962. After his murders, he lived in New Zealand for a short time. After moving back to Australia, he ran off to Melbourne, Victoria where he was arrested.

MacDonald was born in Liverpool, England. In 1943, during World War II, he was in the army and apparently raped by one of his corporals. He moved from England to Canada in 1949 and then to Australia in 1955.

MacDonald died from natural causes on 12 May 2015 at a hospital in Randwick, New South Wales, aged 90.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Australian LGBT people
Australian murderers
Serial killers
People convicted of murder
People from Liverpool
People from Sydney
People with schizophrenia
The Game is the name of a mind game. The goal is not to think about The Game itself. If someone thinks about The Game, they lose. If someone loses, they must tell someone or announce that they "lost The Game."

The first known reference of The Game appeared in 1990, though no one is sure how it started, and it will never end. It has lasted for about 30 years and accumulated millions of “players” around the world.

A similar game was played by Leo Tolstoy in 1840. The media has reported on The Game in many countries and has guessed the number of players to be in the millions.

Rules
Rules 

 If you don’t know about the game you’re not in the game. A person cannot choose to stop playing.
 You can’t talk about the game to those not in the game. It takes 2 people in the game to put a new person in the game.
 Once you are told “you lost the game,” you are out for 30 mins.
 You can only get someone out by directly telling them they lost the game or “forward message” through someone else in the game.
 Parents of less than 3 children are not allowed to participate in the game

You can never truly win The Game. Anyone who overhears someone announce "I just lost The Game" or "You just lost The Game" also loses The Game. After losing you just start playing again.

Cognition
Games
Internet memes
The European Economic Community was the predecessor of the European Union. It existed from 1957 to 1992, when the Treaty of Maastricht led to more cooperation between the countries of the European Union. 

20th century in Europe
1957 establishments in Europe
1992 disestablishments in Europe
Scaptia beyonceae is a species of horse fly found in  north-east Queensland, Australia. It was first recorded in 1981 but not scientifically described until 2011. The fly is named after American recording artist and actress Beyoncé.

Scaptia beyonceae has a golden tip to its abdomen, formed by a dense patch of golden hairs. Hence its name.

References 

Flies
The 2015 Philadelphia train derailment happened on May 12, 2015. An Amtrak Northeast Regional train derailed in the Port Richmond area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Amtrak Northeast Regional No. 188 was on its way from Washington, D.C. to New York City. It derailed at 9:23 pm. The train went off the track. Some cars fell onto their sides.

The accident killed eight people and injured more than 200 people.

Investigation 
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said that there were no signs which suggested that the derailment was related to terrorism. A team from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) also investigated.

The driver of the train, Amtrak engineer Brandon Bostian, suffered wounds to the legs and head, including a concussion, and was said to be unable to remember the incident.

References

2015 disasters
2015 in the United States
2010s disasters in the United States
2015 train derailment
May 2015 events
Railway accidents in North America
Grigoriy Zakharovich Bronza (30 April 192730 January 2010) was an artist of Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic). He was an art restorer and an honorary member of the Transnistria Union of Artists. Bronza was a designer of postage stamps of Transnistria and Moldova. He also helped create a number of museums in the former Soviet Union.

World War II 
During World War II, Grigoriy Bronza served in the Red Army and was awarded the following Soviet military decorations:
 Order of the Patriotic War,
 Medal for Battle Merit,
 Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945",
 Medal "For the Victory over Japan".
Postage stamps 
Bronza is the author of the first stamps of Moldova issued in June 1991. He designed the first stamps of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic issued in December 1993. Bronza designed the third definitive stamp issue of Transnistria (1997). He also created a series of stamps for the 5th anniversary of the events in Bender (1997), a series of stamps "Historical and modern coats of arms of cities of Transnistria" (1999), and the 200th anniversary of Alexander Pushkin issue (1999).

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Moldavian postage stamps
 Moldova rare postage stamps 

1927 births
2010 deaths
Artists
Moldovan people
Postage stamps
Columbia County, New York is a mostly rural county along the eastern side of the Hudson River. In 2020, the population was 61,570. The county seat is Hudson.

References

New York (state) counties
Cluses is a commune in the French Haute-Savoie department.

Sister cities
Cluses is a twin town with:
  Trossingen since 1974
  Beaverton since 1999

Communes in Haute-Savoie
Gol Transportes Aéreos, also known as Gol Airlines, is a low-cost carrier of Brazil. It began in 2000. Its headquarters are in São Paulo.

History
Gol began flights on January 15, 2000. In 2004, it began to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange.  In September 2011, Aerolíneas Argentinas began an agreement.  After Varig Brazilian Airlines declared bankruptcy in 2006, Gol bought some of their possessions. Varig's airport lounge was also acquired by Gol in 2013.  Gol currently owns the Varig name.  It used to painted some airplanes with that name. In 2006, a Gol airplane hit a private jet.  No one was hurt or killed on the private jet. But, all 154 people on the Gol airplane died.

References

Airlines of South America
A garden fork, also called a spading fork or digging fork, is a tool for digging. It is used for loosening soil in gardening and farming.  It is used similarly to a spade, but it can be pushed more easily into the ground. It does not cut through plant roots. Garden forks were made of wood, but now most are made of steel.  

Garden forks are slightly different from pitchforks. Their tines are usually shorter and thicker and closer together. 

Gardening tools
Canadian Airlines used to be the second largest airline of Canada.  It flew to all five continents. Calgary, Alberta used to be their headquarters and hub. Canadian was also a founding member of Oneworld, but left the alliance in 2000.  Air Canada bought the airline in 2000.

References

1987 establishments in Canada
2001 disestablishments in Canada
Airlines of Canada
Companies based in Alberta
Alexander Yakovlevich Bulgakov (15 November 178117 April 1863) was a Russian diplomat, senator, and postal administrator.

Biography 
Alexander Bulgakov was born in 1781 in Constantinople in the family of a Russian diplomat, Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809). At the beginning of his career, Bulgakov worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He served as an official with special duties attached to the Governor General of Moscow in 1809–1832.

In 1832, Bulgakov stopped his diplomatic career and was appointed to Director of Posts in Moscow. He served in this position in 1832–1856. His younger brother Konstantin Bulgakov  (1782–1835) was the Director of the Saint Petersburg Post Office at that time. Because both were the top officers of the Russian Postal Service, they could freely correspond with each other. Both brothers were much respected by their staff for their effort to improve working conditions for postal workers.

Related pages 
 Konstantin Bulgakov

Notes

References

Other websites
Other websites 
 

1781 births
1863 deaths
Postal history
Russian diplomats
Russian nobility
Julieta Montaño (born 16 August 1946) is a Bolivian lawyer, a human rights defender, and a writer.  In 2015 she won the US State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

Life 

Rosa Julieta Montaño Salvatierra was born 16 August 1946 in Quillacoll, Bolivia. She finished her Bachelor's degree in Humanities at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón in 1965. She finished her law degree at the same university in 1972.  She finished Master's degrees in human rights and political science at the Universidad Mayor de San Simón and University of Huelva in Huelva, Spain. She finished her doctorate degree in human rights at the Universidad Pablo de Olavide in Seville, Spain.

Work
Work 

Montaño was the Vice President of the Human Rights Assembly of Bolivia and the Comptroller of Cochabamba, Bolivia. From 1997 to 2002 she was in the Chamber of Deputies representing the Cochabamba Department.  In 1981, during the Bolivian Cocaine Coup, Montaño  was the head of the Union de Mujeres de Bolivia (Union of Bolivian Women).  She was arrested, and stayed in her house, under house arrest.  Montaño returned to her work in 1981, after the end of the dictatorship.

On 11 April 1985 Montaño started the Oficina Jurídica para la Mujer (Legal Office for Women) to promote women’s rights and fight violence against women.  The organization has helped more than 30,000 women.  It has also worked with the Bolivian legislature to make laws to protect women.

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References
References 

1946 births
Living people
Bolivian writers
Feminists
Human rights activists
Lawyers
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Internet of things is an idea from computer science: connecting ordinary things like lights and doors to a computer network to make them "intelligent". An embedded system or a computer connects each thing together in a network and to the internet. Some technologies used for the internet of things are RFID and mesh nets. 
The connections allow each thing to collect and exchange data, and we can control them remotely or by setting rules or chains of actions.  IoT improves the ease of life of humans and their daily activities. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020.
Examples
Examples where the internet of things has become reality:
Many postal companies offer tracking codes that offer customers the ability to check the status of their package in real-time.
Modern printers offer the option to order new ink cartridges when it runs out. The printer can easily query how much ink or toner is left in a cartridge and order a new one once it starts to run out or becomes empty.
Smart doorbells that offer a real-time video feed of your front door to prevent trespassing and provides an extra layer of security for residents when or when they are not at home.
Smart thermometers like Nest, that uses AI to learn your personal habits at home to monitor and control the temperature to make your living as comfortable as possible while also keeping the electricity cost low.
One of the most popular "Internet of things" devices known as Amazon Echo is a small device where you are able to interact to help improve your living conditions. It is able to help turn on your coffee machine, play songs, turn on lights, and much more.
Smart home appliances can be managed long distance, allowing you to turn them on and off anywhere.
Motion detection lights can turn on only when they sense someone at the door, reducing the need to have pathway lighting and lights on all night long.
Home security systems can include night vision, motion detection, and loud sirens to help you to get people off your property.
History 
M2M, or Machine to Machine communication, was the first iteration of the IoT back in the 1980s. Early traces of this technology are also found in SCADA, (also known as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition). As technology has continued to develop and new devices emerged, the M2M and SCADA technology gave way to IoT and a new age of data collection and transmission.

Criticism 
These ideas have also been criticized. The main points of criticism are the following:
Different people use different words to describe what the thing does.
There are many different kinds of devices, each has its own standard, but making the devices interact with each other or follow a common standard is difficult.
 The devices involved are usually simple, and only offer a limited functionality. By design they should be easy to use. Unfortunately, they are often insecure (for example, because there's an easy to guess password for administrating the device)
 Very often, there are concerns about privacy: An intelligent light switch that listens to a clap, or to a phrase will put the user under constant surveillance. The user doesn't know what kind of information/data is gathered, and how it is used.
 There may be issues with planned obsolescence: A device without a changeable battery will stop operating when the battery is old (and almost empty). Similarly, companies may choose to make a device unusable, by providing a new software, which also disables some of its features.
Because of its use in essential industries like infrastructure and healthcare, there are risks with using an IoT. Hackers may attempt to access the wealth of personal data being shared within the network. In this case, individuals, businesses, and even hospitals could be left vulnerable.
May Sabai Phyu (also May Sabe Phyu, born 5 August 1976) is an activist from Kachin state in Burma (Myanmar). She works for human rights, freedom of speech, peace, justice for Myanmar’s ethnic people. She works to stop violence against women. In 2015, she won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award.

Work 

In 2008, May Sabai Phyu started the Women’s Protection Technical Working Group during Cyclone Nargis. After the storm, 14 out of every 100 families were headed by women, many of them widows.  Because of this, more women were in the sex trade for money or food. The Working Group helped women to find housing, sex education, and jobs.

After the problems of the storm were ended, the Working Group became the Gender Equality Network.  May Sabai Phyu was the Senior Coordinator. In 2012, this group helped the government write the National Strategic Plan for the Advancement of Women. The organization also works for gender equality and makes plans to stop violence against women and girls.
May Sabai Phyu is a leader of the Kachin Peace Network. She led a protest against the civil war between Myanmar Government troops and the Kachin Independence Army. She spoke at Human Rights Workshops in Myanmar for human rights and for the rights of people with disabilities.

Other websites 

 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
 Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)

References 

Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Living people
Burmese human rights activists
1976 births
Levelland is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Hockley County. About 13,929 people lived there in 2013.

In November 1957, some drivers in Levelland saw an unidentified flying object that caused automobiles to stop until it lifted.  Two of the drivers were Weir Clem, Levelland's sheriff, and Ray Jones, a firefighter.

References 

County seats in Texas
Cities in Texas
Quitman is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Wood County. About 1,811 people lived there in 2013.  It was named for John A. Quitman, a governor of Mississippi.  Sissy Spacek was born in Quitman.

References

Other websites 

County seats in Texas
Cities in Texas
Quitman is the name of six cities and a county in the United States, named for John A. Quitman, Governor of Mississippi:
Quitman, Arkansas
Quitman, Georgia
Quitman, Louisiana
Quitman, Mississippi
Quitman, Missouri
Quitman, Texas
Quitman County, Georgia
Hațeg Island was a large offshore island in the Tethys Sea during the late Cretaceous. It was in an area now around modern-day Hațeg, Hunedoara County, Romania. Upper Cretaceous fossils of small-sized dinosaurs have been found in the former island's rocks.

The island was formed mainly by tectonic uplift during the early Alpine orogeny towards the end of the Cretaceous. There is no real present-day analog, but the island of Hainan (off the coast of China) is perhaps closest as regards climate, geology and topography, though still not a particularly good match. The vegetation, for example, was quite distinct from today, as was the fauna.

Hungarian paleontologist Franz Nopcsa (1877–1933) had the idea that "limited resources" found on the island often have an effect of "reducing the size of animals" over the generations, producing a localized form of dwarfism. Nopcsa's theory of island dwarfism – also known as the "island rule" – is today widely accepted.

References 

Cretaceous dinosaurs
Transylvania
Islands
Volvic is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. It is internationally known for its mineral water.

Communes in Puy-de-Dôme
Island dwarfism, or insular dwarfism, is the reduction in size of large animals over a number of generations. 

The same process can happen in evolution on a mainland: an example is the evolution of the dwarfed marmosets and tamarins among New World monkeys. The smallest member is Cebuella pygmaea. 

The main cause is their population's range being limited to a small environment, and this happens most often on islands. This process has occurred many times throughout evolutionary history. Examples include dinosaurs, like Europasaurus, and modern animals such as elephants and their relatives.
This process may occur not only on traditional islands, but also in other situations where an ecosystem is isolated from external resources and breeding. This may include caves, desert oases, isolated valleys and isolated mountains ("sky islands"). Insular dwarfism is one aspect of the more general "island rule": when mainland animals colonize islands, small species tend to evolve larger bodies, perhaps because the island may not have key predators. On the other hand large species may  evolve smaller bodies because food supplies are limited.

Possible causes of island dwarfism 
There are several proposed explanations for the mechanism which produces such dwarfism.
One is based on the idea that a smaller territory means a smaller food supply. A process where only smaller animals trapped on the island survive, as food declines to a borderline level. Population declines and, as smaller animals need fewer resources and smaller territories, they will survive longer. Eventually food sources replenish, and the survivors flourish.  Smaller size is also advantageous from a reproductive standpoint, as it leads to shorter gestation periods and generation times.

Among carnivores, the main factor is thought to be the size and availability of prey resources, and competition is believed to be less important. In tiger snakes, insular dwarfism occurs on islands where available prey is restricted to smaller sizes than are normally taken by mainland snakes. Since prey size preference in snakes is generally proportional to body size, small snakes may be better adapted to take small prey.
Naming 
The occurrence of small species on islands is known as Foster's Rule, and was first used by van Valen in 1973.

References 

Evolutionary biology
Islands
Konstantin Yakovlevich Bulgakov (31 December 178229 October 1835) was a Russian diplomat, privy councillor, and postal administrator.

Konstantin Bulgakov served as the Director of the Moscow Post Office. Since 1819 he was the Director of Saint Petersburg Post Office. Bulgakov later became the Director of the Postal Department of the Russian Empire. He and his brother Alexander Bulgakov, Director of the Moscow Post Office, could freely correspond with each other because both were the top officers of the Russian Postal Service.
Biography 
Konstantin Bulgakov was the son of a diplomat, Yakov Bulgakov (1743–1809). He was born in Constantinople in 1782. Bulgakov began working in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1797.  Thanks to his linguistic skills, he served in a diplomatic capacity during Russia's wars with Turkey and France. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Bulgakov assisted the Russian Tsar Alexander I and the Foreign Minister. The Tsar offered him an ambassador position in Copenhagen. However, Bulgakov asked the Tsar for his appointment as Director of Posts in Moscow in February 1816. He soon succeeded in this post and was transferred to Saint Petersburg on 23 December 1819. As Director of Saint Petersburg Posts, Bulgakov worked there with Prince Golitsyn, who was in charge of the Russian Postal Department.

In 1831, Bulgakov was promoted to the Director of the Postal Department and decorated. However, he suffered two strokes in 1835. That was a consequence
of overwork. Bulgakov died the same year.
Postal reforms 
Among Bulgakov's innovations was the establishment of passenger-carrying mail-coaches between the major towns of Russia and the Baltic provinces. These services started in 1821 and worked, until they were replaced with the railway in 1868.

In 1825, the first survey of post-roads in Russia was published. Begun in 1817, construction of paved roads continued and reached over 1,500 miles by the 1850s. This progress enabled Bulgakov to introduce a system of express posts ("extra" posts) between major cities.

Bulgakov also concluded a postal treaty with Prussia. In 1832, he set up  a steamship service between Saint Petersburg and Lübeck.

All these improvements reduced the delivery times for mail. For example, mail from Berlin to Saint Petersburg came in five days instead of nine. The Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, the widow of Paul I and a former German princess, praised the better postal service.

Bulgakov paid much attention to improve working conditions for postal workers.
Related pages 
 Alexander Bulgakov

Notes

References

Other websites 
 

1782 births
1835 deaths
Russian diplomats
Russian nobility
Postal history
Évian-les-Bains is a commune in the French Haute-Savoie department. It is a famous spa town, widely known for its mineral water.

Spa towns in France
Communes in Haute-Savoie
Thonon-les-Bains is a commune in the French Haute-Savoie department. It is a famous spa town, also known for its mineral water.

Spa towns in France
Communes in Haute-Savoie
Subprefectures in France
William Wallace "Bill" Guthridge (July 27, 1937 – May 12, 2015) was an American college basketball coach.  Guthridge is known for serving for 30 years as Dean Smith's assistant at the University of North Carolina.  Following Dean Smith's retirement in 1997, Guthridge served as head coach of the Tar Heels for three seasons.

Guthridge died at his home in Chapel Hill, North Carolina on May 12, 2015 after a long-illness, aged 77.

References

Other websites
 North Carolina profile

1937 births
2015 deaths
Sportspeople from North Carolina
Sportspeople from Kansas
People from Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Derek Davis (26 April 1948 – 13 May 2015) was an Irish broadcaster. He co-hosted Live at 3. He also presented Out of the Blue and won Celebrity Bainisteoir.

Davis died on 13 May 2015 after a short illness, aged 67.

References

Other websites
 4fm profile
 Today with Derek Davis
 

1948 births
2015 deaths
Disease-related deaths in the Republic of Ireland
Irish television presenters
People from County Down
Dieppe is a commune in Upper Normandy. Dieppe is in the Arrondissement of Dieppe in the Seine-Maritime department in the Haute-Normandie region of northern France. The population stands at 34,000.

Communes in Seine-Maritime
Subprefectures in France
Saumur is a commune in Maine-et-Loire.

Communes in Maine-et-Loire
Subprefectures in France
Juan-les-Pins is a town in the commune of Antibes in the department of Alpes-Maritimes.

Communes in Alpes-Maritimes
Spa towns in France
Atari, Inc. is an American video game and home computer company. It was founded in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari was the first company to make a video arcade game in a cabinet. The company made famous games, such as Pong. Atari helped define the gaming entertainment industry and home computers from the 1970s to the mid-1980s. They made home computers until 1993. 

Atari filed for bankruptcy in 2013

References

Other websites 

 The Atari History Museum - Atari historical archive site.
 Atari Times, supporting all Atari consoles.
 AtariAge.com
 Atari Gaming Headquarters - Atari historical archive site.
 Atari On Film - List of Atari products in films.
 History of Atari from 1978 to 1981
 A History of Syzygy / Atari  / Atari Games  / Atari Holdings
 http://atari.com - Company that manages intellectual property of games and franchises.

American video game companies
1972 establishments in the United States
Chevrolet Trax is a subcompact CUV/mini SUV (Europe) sold by the Chevrolet division by General Motors. It was introduced in 2013. It replaced both the Chevrolet HHR station wagon and the Suzuki based Tracker subcompact SUV. It is a mere rebadged version of Opel Mokka, which is also offered in the U.S. as Buick Encore. It is built on GM's Gamma platform. The Gamma platform is also used to built the Sonic and the Spark. In 2014 it replaced the Chevrolet Captiva Sport as GM's fleet car. The car is sold under the name Tracker in Russia due to the word trax loosely. translating to a sexual connotation. GM has thought of selling a GMC version of this vehicle due to sales success in the U.S.

References 

Trax
The Chevrolet Tracker was a subcompact SUV made in Canada. It is sold by General Motors. It was introduced in 1989 as a Geo model. It derives from Suzuki's Escudo model. The Tracker was built at CAMI Automotive which was jointly owned by GM and Suzuki til 2010. 

In Canada, it was sold under various names such as GMC Tracker and Asüna/Pontiac Sunrunner. The Sunrunner was replaced in 2001 by the minivan-based Aztek CUV.  In 1998 the Tracker became an official Chevrolet brand due to GM consolidating the Geo brand. The United States/Canadian version of the Tracker continued until 2004 where it was discontinued and replaced by the Chevrolet Equinox. The Tracker was still made in Mexico and Brazil until the late 2000s where it was replaced by the Chevrolet Captiva and the Chevrolet Captiva Sport. In 2015 Chevrolet introduced Trax model to the U.S. and it serves as a secondary replacement for the Tracker.

References 

Tracker
Sport utility vehicles
In postal history, a gallows letter was a letter with a "gallows" mark meaning "very quickly".

Gallows letters were official letters or dispatches used by the Privy Council of Elizabeth I of England. To express an extreme degree of urgency of delivery, the letter had on the address panel a rough drawing of a gallows. Sometimes the picture included a hanging body.  These drawings could also have repeated written directions as "haste haste", "post haste", "haste for life", "for life haste", etc.

There are also modern forgeries of such letters. This is when counterfeit gallows marks have been applied onto original letters.

Related pages 
 Envelope
 Letter (paper)

References 

Letters
Postal history
Postal services in the United Kingdom
History of England
Europasaurus is a basal sauropod from the titanosaur clade, but very much smaller than usual.

This quadrupedal herbivorous dinosaur lived during the Upper Jurassic (middle Kimmeridgian, about 154 million years ago). It was found in northern Germany. It is an example of insular dwarfism. This means it probably came from an isolated sauropod population on an island in the Lower Saxony basin.

Small sauroopods with an adult body mass less than five tonnes are rare, and small sauropod bones usually come from juveniles. This species was a small adult, based on its bone histology. It was a dwarf species. 

There are fossils from more than 11 individuals of 1.7 to 6.2 m in total body length. These size differences between the specimens are due to growth stages, from juveniles to fully grown individuals. The little dinosaurs must have lived on one of the large islands around the Lower Saxony basin.
A similar discovery was made in Transylvania at the start of the 20th century. a local aristocrat, Franz Nopcsa, found the fossils on his estate. He realised they might have lived on an island, because he knew that dwarf elephants had lived on islands in the Ice Age. Nopsca's estate was ruined by World War I, but his find was recorded as Magyarosaurus.

Reference 

Brachiosaurs
Jurassic dinosaurs
Jon Mirena Bitor Castañares Larreategui (1925 – 5 May 2015) was a Spanish politician and economist. He was born in Bilbao. He was known for being a strong supporter of Basque nationalism. He served as mayor of Bilbao from 1979 through 1983.

Castañares died in Bilbao at the age of 90.

References

1925 births
2015 deaths
People from Bilbao
Spanish economists
Spanish mayors
Fleet Foxes is an American indie folk band that started in Seattle, Washington. It is signed to the Sub Pop and Bella Union record labels. The band became well-known in 2008 for their second EP, Sun Giant, and their first album Fleet Foxes. Fleet Foxes' second studio album, Helplessness Blues, was released on 3 May 2011.

History

Formation and early years
Robin Pecknold and Skyler Skjelset both went to Lake Washington High School in Kirkland, Washington, and became friends. They listened to Bob Dylan and Neil Young and began making music together.

First they took the name "The Pineapples", but another band in the area had the same name. Pecknold then decided upon "Fleet Foxes". Pecknold became the principal songwriter, both singing and playing guitar, while Skjelset played lead guitar. The producer Phil Ek and he helped them record their first demo in 2006, the Fleet Foxes EP. By late 2006, Seattle journalists began to notice the band.
They became popular by doing local concerts. They started making their first album in early 2007. They recorded in the studio with producer Ek. They recorded most of their tracks at home because they did not have a lot of money.

Rise to prominence
Fleet Foxes became popular through word of mouth exposure. By late 2007, their songs had been played over 250,000 times on their Myspace site. They got a record deal with Sub Pop (a subsidiary record label of Warner Music) on 18 January 2008. Robin's sister, Aja Pecknold, became band manager. The band's frontman, Robin Pecknold, says that they got most of their success and popularity from people sharing their music illegally online.
The band recorded their second EP, Sun Giant, at Bear Creek Studio and performed overdubs and mixed at Seattle's Avast! Recording Co. Fleet Foxes began a tour with the band Blitzen Trapper on 28 February 2008. The band's performances, first at the SXSW festival in March 2008, and then the Sasquatch! festival in May 2008, got them the most attention from the public.

Sun Giant was released internationally on 8 April 2008. It was well received by the press. After this, Christian Wargo joined the band on guitar and J. Tillman joined the band on drums. Their first full length album, Fleet Foxes, was released on 3 June 2008. The album achieved similar critical success as the previous EP. On 24 June 2008, Fleet Foxes went to No. 1 on the College Music Journal Radio 200 Chart.
In Europe, Fleet Foxes sold over 200,000 copies in the five months following its release. The album received good reviews from critics. In Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, tickets for their concerts sold out. By the end of 2008, it had sold over 408,000 copies in North America and over 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom.

They went on a worldwide tour in 2008 and 2009.

Second album
The band started practicing their new songs in February 2009. Recording did not start until April 2010. Many of the vocal tracks were recorded in one take.

The album, Helplessness Blues, was released on 3 May 2011. The cover was illustrated by the Seattle artist Toby Liebowitz and painted by Christopher Alderson. The album features new band member Morgan Henderson on upright bass and woodwind instruments.

On 18 January  2012, drummer J. Tillman announced that he had left the band.

Helplessness Blues was nominated for Best Folk Album at the 2012 Grammy Awards, on 12 February 2012.
The band went on hiatus from 2013 to 2016.

Third album
On May 18, 2016, Robin Pecknold said on his Instagram account that Fleet Foxes were working on new music.

Their third album, called Crack-Up, was released on June 16, 2017. It was released on Nonesuch Records, a new label for the band.

They started playing concerts again on May 15, 2017.

Members

Robin Pecknold - lead vocals, guitar (2006–present)
Skyler Skjelset - guitar, mandolin, vocals (2006–present)
Casey Wescott - keyboards, mandolin, vocals (2006–present)
Christian Wargo - bass guitar, guitar, vocals (2008–present)
Morgan Henderson - upright bass, guitar, woodwinds, violin, percussion, saxophone (2010–present)

Former members
 Craig Curran - bass guitar (2006-2008)
 Nicholas Peterson - drums, percussion, vocals (2006–2008)
Joshua Tillman - drums, percussion, vocals (2008–2012)

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

Music videos

References

Notes

Other websites
Official band website
Indie rock bands
Musical groups from Seattle
Musical quintets
2006 establishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 2006
2000s establishments in Washington (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in the United States
21st-century disestablishments in Washington (state)
Victor Lonzo Fleming (February 23, 1889 – January 6, 1949) was an American movie director, cinematographer, and producer. His most popular movie were The Wizard of Oz (1939), and Gone with the Wind (1939). He won an Academy Award for Best Directing in 1939.

Fleming died of a heart attack while on his way to the hospital in Cottonwood, Arizona, aged 59.

Other websites

 
 
 
 The Real Rhett Butler – David Denby on Victor Fleming (The New Yorker)

1889 births
1949 deaths
Academy Award winning directors
American cinematographers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
People from Pasadena, California