Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The AgustaWestland AW139 is an Italian and British helicopter. It is used both by militaries and civilians. It's a twin turboshaft helicopter. Similars helicopters are Eurocopter EC175 and Sikorsky S-70.

Bibliography 
 Jackson, Robert, Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .

AgustaWestland
British military aircraft
Italian military aircraft
The Citroën C15 is a light utility car. It was designed and built in France by Citroën. It was built between 1984 and 2005.

Citroen automobiles
The Grumman G.159 Gulfstream is a twin-turboprop aircraft. It was built between 1958 and 1966 at 200 examples. It was used by both civilians and militaries users. US Navy and US Coast Guard used it.

Civil aircraft
G.159
Jean Jaurès, or Jean Léon Jaurès is a French politician. He was assassinate by a nationalist fanatic, Raoul Villain. Jaurès was a pacifist in Europe and was against any war. He was a socialist in France.

Assassinated French politicians
Politicians from Occitanie
Murders by firearm in France
Social democrats
1859 births
1914 deaths
People from Tarn
The Douglas C-74 Globemaster is a military transport aircraft. It was built in the United States. The maiden flight was in 1945. It was used by the United States Air Force between 1946 and 1956. It was a four-engine aircraft built in all-metal. Only fourteen were built. It was used for Korean War.

United States Air Force aircraft
C-74
The Airbus A400M Atlas is a military cargo aircraft. It is built in Spain by Airbus Defence & Space, part of Airbus Group. The wings are made in the UK. The cockpit and landing gear are made in France. Germany provides the fuselage assembly. The Atlas is a four turboprops and high-wing aircraft. Orders have come from militaries of many countries like France, Germany, Spain, and the UK. The aircraft's first flight was on 11 December 2009. The French Air Force used it in the Mali war in 2013 and 2014.

Test flight crash 
On Monday May 11, 2015, An Airbus A400M crashed in Spain during final flight testing. Two pilots and two flight engineers were killed in the accident. Britain, Germany, Malaysia and Turkey all grounded their A440Ms. The six planes France has will only see limited use. Spain has stopped all testing of the planes until the cause of the crash is discovered.

References

Other websites 
 Airbus to continue test flights...

Airbus aircraft

French military aircraft
Rasputina is a cello rock band from New York. The members are Melora Creager, Daniel DeJesus, and Dawn Miceli. The band was started in 1992 by Creager.

History
Creager put an advertisement in The Village Voice asking for other cellists to start a rock band with her. Julia Kent, an editor of the newspaper, responded to the ad.

The band released its first album, Thanks For the Ether, in 1996. In 1997 they released an extended play remixed by Marilyn Manson. In 1998 the band's second album How We Quit the Forest was released. In 2002 Cabin Fever was released.

1992 establishments in New York (state)
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups from New York (state)
"Walk On By" is a very melancholy song. It was composed by Burt Bacharach. It was first sung by Dionne Warwick. It was released in April 1964. It hit #1 on United States R&B charts.

Isaac Hayes, Melissa Manchester, Cyndi Lauper, and others covered the song. Manchester had her version during 1989.

1964 songs
Pop songs
Soul songs
R&B songs
Dionne Warwick songs
Isaac Hayes songs
The Stranglers songs
The Beach Boys songs
Cyndi Lauper songs
Seal songs
Gloria Gaynor songs
Gabrielle songs
The Average White Band songs
Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons songs
Alicia Keys songs
Melissa Manchester songs
Michael McDonald (musician) songs
The connection between women and video games has been getting lots of interest from schools, companies, and average groups of people. In past years female gamers had only made up a small part of the final amount of gamers. In 2012 the amount of female gamers had increased to almost half the final amount of gamers. Efforts to include more female gamers have addressed the problems of male against female advertising, thinking of female gamers in a negative way, and the decrease of female video game creators. There has been some talk about making female-aimed games along with male-aimed games, or making sex-equal games should take their place.

Related pages 
Stereotype

References 

Video games
Women
Stanley "Stan" Rickaby (12 March 1924 – 8 February 2014) was an English footballer. He played as a right back in West Bromwich Albion F.C.. Rickaby played one game for England, in 1953.

Rickaby was born in Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham. He died from natural causes at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
Englandstats.com profile

1924 births
2014 deaths
English footballers
Sportspeople from County Durham
Gordon Tullock (February 13, 1922 – November 3, 2014) was an American economist and a Professor of Law and Economics at the George Mason University School of Law. He was best known for his work on public choice theory. The theory was about political science and political issues. He is one of the founding figures in his field.

Tullock was born in Rockford, Illinois. He was raised in Chicago. Tullock studied at the University of Chicago. He worked with fellow economist James M. Buchanan.

On November 3, 2014, Tullock died in Des Moines, Iowa. He was aged 92.

References

Other websites
 Faculty Biography from George Mason University 
 Tullock's bio at the Mercatus Center
 Profile of Tullock in National Review 

1922 births
2014 deaths
American economists
Scientists from Chicago
Writers from Rockford, Illinois
Writers from Chicago
Educators from Chicago
A format war is the competition between two or more different formats to become the industry standard. Standards are important in every industry and format wars are common. The winning standard usually gets the largest market share. The losing format often suffers dying sales until it is gone completely.  Sometimes the winning format is technically the best, but usually the different formats have different advantages. Being first or being cheaper can also help one design win out over its rivals.

Examples 

Direct current vs. Alternating current for power distribution.
Various Rail gauges
wax cylinders vs. the Gramophone record for early music recordings
VHS vs. Betamax for video recording tape
Microsoft and Intel (Wintel) vs. Apple Inc. and Android computer operating systems
Blu-ray Disc vs. HD DVD for laser discs
MiniDisc vs. CD data storage
DVD+R vs. DVD-R data and information

References 

Manufacturing
Standards
Finnish Maiden is a personification of Finland. She is young woman who often has blonde hair, blue eyes and a folk costume.

National personifications
National symbols of Finland
Frost heaving is the lifting of frozen soil, caused by water rising from below to the level in the soil where it freezes, accumulates as ice, and pushes the soil above it upwards.

Related pages
Permafrost

References

Soil
Sammaljoki might mean:

 A village in Sastamala, Finland
 River Sammaljoki in the village, Sastamala. The river is also called Sammunjoki
Taivalkoski is a municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. About 4,250 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kuusamo, Posio, Pudasjärvi and Suomussalmi.

Other websites 

  

Municipalities of North Ostrobothnia
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective permeability barrier. It controls what gets from the bloodstream into the brain, and what does not.

For example, things that the brain needs to survive (water, glucose, and amino acids) can get through the barrier.  However, the barrier stops many harmful things, like bacteria and viruses, from getting into the brain.  This helps protect the brain from getting an infection.

The blood-brain barrier is formed by capillary endothelial cells. It allows the passage of water, some gases, and lipid-soluble molecules by passive diffusion. It also allows the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids which are crucial to nerve function. On the other hand, the blood-brain barrier may prevent the entry of neurotoxins by means of an active transport mechanism. 

A few small areas in the brain do not have a blood-brain barrier.
Discovery 
Paul Ehrlich, a German doctor, discovered the blood-brain barrier.  He injected dye into mice's bloodstreams.  The dye got to every organ except the brain.  The blood-brain barrier had stopped the dye from getting through to the brain.  Then one of Ehrlich's students injected the dye right into the mice's brains.  This time the brain turned blue, but no other organs did.  The blood-brain barrier had stopped the dye from getting out of the brain into the bloodstream (which would have carried the dye to every other organ in the body).

Function 
The blood–brain barrier protects the brain from many common infections.  Infections of the brain are rare.  If they do happen, they are often serious and difficult to treat.  Antibodies (which the body's immune system makes to fight infections) are too large to cross the blood–brain barrier.  Also, many antibiotics cannot pass through the BBB to kill the infection in the brain.
One way to get medications into the brain is to inject them into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).  CSF helps protect the brain and spinal cord.  However, it does not actually touch the brain.  Instead, two of the layers that protect the brain and spinal cord hold the CSF.  Because of this, even if medications are injected right into the CSF, they still do not get into the brain very well. 

Some bacteria, viruses, and other things can get through the blood-brain barrier and damage the brain.  For example:
 Spirochaete bacteria like Borrelia (which causes Lyme disease) and Treponema pallidum (which causes syphilis). 
 Some viruses, like the West Nile virus and the polio virus
 Alcohol and many illegal drugs, like heroin and cocaine

Related pages 
 Psychoactive drugs (drugs which can cross the blood-brain barrier)

References 

Anatomy of the brain
Wu Tianming (5 December 1939 – 4 March 2014) was a Chinese movie director and producer. He was considered one of the leading "Fourth Generation" directors. He was born in Sanyuan County, Shaanxi Province.

Wu Tianming died from a heart attack on 4 March 2013. He was 74 years old.

References

Other websites

 

1939 births
2014 deaths
Chinese movie directors
Chinese movie producers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Xu Chongde (15 January 1929 – 3 March 2014) was a Chinese legal expert, professor and political scientist. He was a member of the Communist Party of China in the People's Republic of China. He was born in Qingpu, Shanghai.

Xu Chongde died on 3 March 2014 in Beijing. He was 85 years old.

References

1929 births
2014 deaths
Political scientists
Chinese academics
Scientists from Shanghai
Eckart Höfling (28 October 1936 – 1 March 2014) was a German Catholic priest. He was best known for working in the fight against poverty in Brazil. He was born in Langenprozelten, Lower Franconia.

Höfling died after a long illness on 1 March 2014 in Main-Spessart, Bavaria. He was 77 years old.

References

1936 births
2014 deaths
German Roman Catholic priests
Michael Shea (1946 – February 16, 2014) was an American writer. His genres included fantasy, horror, and science fiction. He has won "year's best" World Fantasy Awards for the novel Nifft the Lean and the novella Growlimb. He was born in Culver City, California.

Michael Shea died unexpectedly on February 16, 2014. He was 67 years old. He was outlived by his wife and two children.

References

1946 births
2014 deaths
Writers from Los Angeles
Sauvo is a municipality in Southwest Finland. As of January 2014 about 3,025 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Kaarina, Kemiönsaari, Parainen, Paimio and Salo. 

Most people in Sauvo speak Finnish.

Other websites 
 
 website 

Municipalities of Southwest Finland
Kemiönsaari is a municipality in Southwest Finland. As of January 2014 about 7,000 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Salo, Raasepori, Hanko, Parainen and Sauvo.

It was created on 1 January 2009, when the former municipalities of Dragsfjärd, Kimito and Västanfjärd were merged into the municipality.

Most people in Kemiönsaari speak Swedish.

Other websites 
 
 website, English (Finish and Swedish pages also available)

Municipalities of Southwest Finland
Valtimo was a municipality in North Karelia, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 2,385 people lived there. Municipalities next to it are Nurmes, Rautavaara and Sotkamo. It was merged with the town of Nurmes on 1 January 2020.

Other websites
 Site

Former municipalities of Finland
Rautavaara is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. About 1,780 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Juankoski, Juuka, Kuopio, Lapinlahti, Nurmes, Sonkajärvi, Sotkamo and Valtimo.

Other websites 

 Rautavaara website

Municipalities of North Savo
Stag beetles are a family of about 1,200 species of beetles in the family Lucanidae. They are first found in the mid Jurassic period.

Male stag beetles use their jaws to wrestle with each other. They fight over females and over food, such as tree sap or decaying fruits. Despite their appearance they are not normally aggressive to humans. Adults spend the winter underground in the soil and usually emerge from mid-May onwards. They can fly, and need to because they have to cover large distances.

The larvae live in rotting wood for several years going through three larval stages.

A well-known species in much of Europe is Lucanus cervus, known as the stag beetle. It is the largest land insect in Europe.

References 

Polyphaga
Mark Iehielvich Freidkin (; 14 April 1953 – 4 March 2014) was a Soviet and Russian poet, writer, translator, and singer. He wrote three books of prose. He was born in Leninobod (now Khujand, Tajikstan) and studied in Moscow. He was of Jewish descent.

Freidkin died after a long illness on 4 March 2014 in Moscow. He was 60.

References

Other websites
  

1953 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Moscow
Russian Jews
Russian poets
Russian singers
Russian writers
Soviet Jews
Soviet singers
Soviet writers
Russian translators
A system of units is a collection of units of measurement. The quantities described by the units are related to each other by specific rules. These rules may not contradict each other. An example of a system like this is one needed for the problems of the economic system.

Base and derived units
Some of the units are called "base units". These units can be defined by arbitrarily. Other units are called derived units. They are defined using the base units.  
The most common systems of units today are the International System of Units (SI), the Imperial units and the United States customary units.
The base units of SI are the metre, the second, the kilogram, the ampere, the kelvin, the candela and the mole.   SI has many derived units which include the watt, newton and joule. SI is called a "coherent system of units" because the constant factor in the definition of it derived units is always 1.
 
The base units of the imperial system and the United States customary system are the pound avoirdupois, the yard and the second. Derived units found in the Imperial and Customary systems of units include horsepower and Pounds per square inch.

Coherent units
The relationship force, energy and power is an example of coherence. The equations are
force = kf × mass × acceleration
energy = ke × force × distance
power = kp × energy / time.
If kf = 1 and ke = 1 and kp = 1 then the relationships are coherent.

In SI, the equations become
newtons = kilograms × metres per second squared
joules = newtons × metres
watts = joules / second. 
SI is therefore a coherent system.
In the cgs system of units, the equations become
dynes = grams × centimetres per second squared
ergs = dynes × centimetres
ergs per second = erg / second. 
The equations for the cgs system do not have any additional constants. It is therefore a coherent system.

In the MKS-gravitational system, the equations become
kilogram-force = kilograms × metres per second squared / 9.80665
Pferdestärke = 75 × kilogram-force × metres /seconds
The equations in the MKS-gravitational system have factors 75 and 9.80655. The system is therefore not is therefore not a coherent.

Related pages 
 System of measurement

Notes

References 

Physics
Measurement
Systems
Marsha M. Linehan (born May 5, 1943) is an American psychologist and writer. She made a new kind of psychotherapy called dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Linehan is a Professor of Psychology, Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle.

Early life
Linehan was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She was diagnosed with schizophrenia in March 1961 at The Institute of Living in Hartford, Connecticut. She was an inpatient there for 2 years and 2 months. She was given thorazine and lithium as treatment. She believes that she was misdiagnosed and that she actually had borderline personality disorder.

In 1971 Linehan was given her Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Loyola University Chicago.

Career
After she left university, Linehan did an internship at The Suicide Prevention and Crisis Service in Buffalo, New York from 1971 to 1972. During that time Linehan was also an assistant professor at University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.
In 1973 Linehan went back to Loyola University to work as a professor for two years. In 1977 Linehan became an assistant professor in the Psychiatry and Behavior Sciences department of the University of Washington.

References

1943 births
American psychologists
Living people
Scientists from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Vito Joseph LoGrasso (born June 18, 1964 in Brooklyn) is an American professional wrestler. He is known under the ring names Big Vito and just Vito. He is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). He also spent a short time in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

On September 2013, he opened a wrestling school in Clearwater, Florida.
Championships
Atomic Championship Wrestling
ACW Tristate Championship (one time)
American Championship Pro Wrestling
ACPW Heavyweight Championship (one time, current)
Big Time Wrestling
BTW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Deep South Wrestling
Deep South Heavyweight Championship (one time)
European Wrestling Promotion
Ironman Hardcore Knockout Tournament (2002)
Golden Cine Professional Wrestling
Pro Wrestling Heavyweight Championship of Nepal (one time)
International Wrestling Association
IWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Midwest Championship Wrestling Alliance
MCWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Helmut Hessler)
United States Extreme Wrestling
UXW United States Championship (one time)
World Championship Wrestling
WCW Hardcore Championship (two times) (won jointly with Johnny the Bull)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Johnny the Bull)

References

Other websites
Official website
1964 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Impact Wrestling alumni
Sportspeople from New York City
Bikini Kill was an American punk rock band. The band was started in October 1990 in Olympia. The band's members were singer Kathleen Hanna, guitarist Billy Karren, bassist Kathi Wilcox, and drummer Tobi Vail.

History
The band was started in Olympia, Washington by Kathleen Hanna (vocals), Billy Karren (guitar), Kathi Wilcox (bass), and Tobi Vail (drums).  They released a demo cassette tape in 1991. They were then signed to Kill Rock Stars. Their first extended play Bikini Kill was released on the label. In September 1993 the band's first album Pussy Whipped was released. The band's last album, Reject All American was released in 1996. In 1997 the band broke up. In 2012 Bikini Kill was released again. In 2014 Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah was released again.

References
References

1990s American music groups
1990 establishments in the United States
American punk bands
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups disestablished in 1997
Musical groups from Washington (state)
Olympia, Washington
1990s establishments in Washington (state)
1990s disestablishments in Washington (state)
The Division of Fisher is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named after Andrew Fisher, three times Prime Minister of Australia. It covers the Sunshine Coast area north of Brisbane. It includes the towns of Caloundra, Mooloolaba, Beerwah, Maleny, Woodford and Kilcoy.

Members

Sir Charles Adermann was Deputy Leader of the Country Party 1964–66. 

Peter Slipper was elected as Speaker on 24 November 2011 and resigned from the Liberal National Party.  He stayed in parliament as an independent member. He resigned as speaker on 9 October 2012. On 11 May 2013, he joined businessman Clive Palmer's new Palmer United Party, becoming its first member in federal parliament. However, only hours later his membership of the party was cancelled and Slipper returned to being an independent.

Election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Fisher (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
1949 establishments in Australia
The Division of Flynn is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up for the 2007 federal election. The electorate covers the areas west from the port city of Gladstone, as far as the town of Emerald. It was named after John Flynn, founder of the Royal Flying Doctor Service.

Formation
In June 2006, the Australian Electoral Commission announced that the new division would be named Wright. This would honour Judith Wright for her life as a "poet and in the areas of arts, conservation and indigenous affairs in Queensland and Australia". Many people complained because the name could be linked to disgraced former Queensland ALP leader Keith Wright. Instead the AEC named the seat after John Flynn.

Members

Election results

References

Other websites
 Division of Flynn (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
 Ken O'Dowd's website 

Electoral divisions of Australia
Queensland
2006 establishments in Australia
Zhou Youguang (Chou Yu-kuang; ; born Zhou Yaoping (); 13 January 1906 – 14 January 2017) was a Chinese linguist and writer. He was sometimes called the "father of Hanyu Pinyin". Hanyu Pinyin is the official romanization of Chinese in the People's Republic of China. He also wrote many books banned by the government of China.

Zhou was born in Changzhou, Jiangsu. In 1933, he married Zhang Yunhe. She died on 14 August 2002. They had two children together Zhou Xiaoping (1934–2015) and Zhou Xiaohe (1935–1941). He turned 100 in 2006. He became a supercentenarian (turning 110) in 2016.

Zhou died on 14 January 2017 at his home in Beijing, a day after his 111th birthday.

References

Other websites 

 

1906 births
2017 deaths
Chinese academics
Chinese scientists
Linguists
Chinese supercentenarians
People from Jiangsu‎
Emmanuel G. Kriaras (; 28 November 1906 – 22 August 2014) was a Greek lexicographer and philologist. He was Emeritus Professor of the School of Philosophy at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He was a student of Ioannis Psycharis. He practiced the ideology of demotic Greek and his work was mainly on all the language matters of Greek and Greece.

Kriaras was born in Piraeus, Attica.

Kriaras died in Thessaloniki, Greece from a heart attack. He was 107 years old.

References

1906 births
2014 deaths
Centenarians
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Greece
Greek writers
Attica
The Messerschmitt Me 210 is a military plane. It was a fighter aircraft, but was also use as a light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft. It flew for the first time in 1939. The plane turned out to be a very poor design. It was a dangerous plane to fly and had many accidents. It was used by Nazi Germany's air force (Luftwaffe) during the World War II in the Mediterranean and in Russia. The Me 210 was replaced by the Messerschmitt Me 410 Hornisse (Hornet). It was almost the same plane but with more powerful engines.

References

Additional references 
 

World War II German aircraft
William Reid Pogue (January 23, 1930 – March 4, 2014) was an American NASA astronaut, teacher, public speaker and writer. He is best known for being a crew member of Skylab 4. He was born in Okemah, Oklahoma.

Pogue died from natural causes in the morning of March 4, 2014 in his Florida home. He was 84 years old. He was outlived by his wife and three children.

References

Other websites

 William R. Pogue at Space Facts

1930 births
2014 deaths
American astronauts
United States Air Force
Writers from Oklahoma
Academics from Colorado
The Reggiane Re.2000 Falco is a fighter aircraft of the World War II. The plane was designed and built in Italy. It first flew in 1938. It was used by Italy, Hungary, and Sweden. The Cockpit was just for a pilot. It was the basis of Reggiane Re.2001 Falco II and Reggiane Re.2002 Ariete.

Bibliography 
 

World War II aircraft
Italian military aircraft
The Aichi D3A is a Japanese light bomber of the World War II. It was used by the Japanese navy. The plane was used in two famous battles: Pearl Harbor bombing and the Battle of Midway. It was nicknamed Val by the Allied forces. Some were used as kamikaze planes, like many other aircraft in Japan during World War II.

References 

 

World War II Japanese aircraft
Military of Japan
The SPRAT (for Système de pose rapide de travures) is an assault bridge built on a military heavy truck. It is made in France and used by the French army. It's purpose is as a mobile bridge for military vehicles. It was used starting in 2011.

Military of France
Military transport

Within the forward edge of battle, the PTA is a unique gap crossing solution. The modularity offered by the PTA also provides a tactical advantage for vehicles up to class MLC 80. Since 2009, the Modular Assault Bridge has been commissioned into the French Army under the name SPRAT (Système de Pose Rapide de Travure - rapid bridge layer system).

In front of the breach, it is capable of deploying two short 14.3 m bridges or one long 26 m bridge.

The bridge is deployed from the armored cab, thus ensuring operator safety. Rapid horizontal deployment (10 minutes with 2 operators for the long bridge) ensures operational discretion.
Thanks to its stabilizing legs, the PTA can establish a bridge from unprepared banks (inclination of +/- 5%, slope of +/- 10%).

The high mechanical strength of the PTA's bridges allows the crossing of vehicles up to class MLC 80 over a gap of up to 24 meters in a repetitive manner as they are stress and fatigue qualified according to the FINABEL code.

Equipped with a digital, automated combat system (including an IR camera, operator interface and telemetry), the Modular Assault Bridge can be used day or night.

Weighing less than 60 metric tons, it can be driven on ordinary roads and can also be transported by air.

The assault bridge SPRAT is manufactured by the French company CNIM.
The SEPECAT Jaguar is a twin-turbojet military aircraft. It was designed and built as an attack aircraft, also used as a training aircraft. It was built by SEPECAT, an Anglo-French company. It first flew in 1968. Armée de l'Air and Royal Air Force were the main users. It was used in wars in Africa by French, and in Gulf War and Afghanistan War by British and French.
It's also built under licence in India as Jaguar International.

Users 
Apart Armée de l'Air and Royal Air Force the Jaguar was purchased by Ecuador, India, Nigeria and Oman. 

French military aircraft
Royal Air Force aircraft
Indian military aircraft
British military aircraft
SEPECAT (for Société Européenne de Production de l'avion École de Combat et d'Appui Tactique) is an Anglo-French company which makes just one aircraft: the Jaguar. SEPECAT is the alliance of two aircraft companies: British Aircraft Corporation in UK and Breguet in France.

Aircraft companies of France
The Focke-Wulf Fw 189 was a twin-engine military aircraft. It was flown during World War II by the Luftwaffe (the German air force), who used it mainly for reconnaissance. The plane was built in Germany by Focke-Wulf Aircraft Company. It had a crew of three people. The 189 was built of wood and metal. It was nicknamed Uhu, or owl in English.

Bibliography 
 

World War II German aircraft
German military aircraft
The Douglas A-26 Invader is a twin-engined attack aircraft. It was used by the United States Army Air Force. It was also used in France and UK. The 'Invader' was used in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War by the United States. The French used it in the Algeria War. After 1948 its role in the US was changed from an attack aircraft to a bomber aircraft. The letter 'A' (for attack) in its name was changed to a 'B' (for bomber). It became the B-26 Invader. This caused some confusion because the Air Force already had the Martin B-26 Marauder, which was a different aircraft. Some A-26 Invaders were used during the 1950s by the United States Forest Service to fight forest fires. In this role the plane was used to put out wildfires from the air by dropping first borate, then later water and other retardants.

References 

World War II American aircraft
Vietnam War aircraft
United States Air Force aircraft
A-26
The Cessna 210 is a light aircraft. It was designed and built in the USA. It was first flown in 1957 and was sold all over the world. It can carry a pilot and four to five passengers.

Cessna aircraft
Civil aircraft
The Path to 9/11 is a melodramatic, event-based television movie. It is about the events between the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the few minutes just after the September 11 attacks. The movie was criticized for saying untrue things about events and some people and for not showing all sides of things.

The cast includes Patricia Heaton, Harvey Keitel and Donnie Wahlberg. Keitel was warned that some things in the movie were not true. When the TV network was trying to fix the issue, however, it was too late. There were arguments on what was true or untrue.

This movie aired in two parts in September 2006 on the ABC Network.

Movies based on the September 11 attacks
American thriller movies
American drama movies
2006 movies
Movies set in Manhattan
Vincent James "Vince" Russo (born January 24, 1961) is an American creative writer and author. He is known for his work in professional wrestling. He is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), World Wrestling Federation (WWF), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

During his time writing for the WWF and WCW, he was known for contributing edgy storylines that included profanity, storylines involving sexual content, swerves or unexpected heel turns, as well as worked shoots in the storylines. Russo mentions on the back of his book Rope Opera that he has "been known as both the savior of Vince McMahon's WWF and the man who destroyed WCW."

He most recently worked with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. On February 14, 2012, TNA President Dixie Carter announced that TNA and Russo had parted ways during the week.

In October 2003, he became a Born Again Christian.

Championships
World Championship Wrestling
WCW World Heavyweight Championship (one time)

References

Other websites
Other websites

1961 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from New York City
Impact Wrestling alumni
WWE people
James Mark "Jim" Cornette (born September 17, 1961) is an American retired manager, commentator, promoter, and booker.

He is best known for his work in Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). He was also the owner of Smoky Mountain Wrestling from 1991 to 1995. He has also appeared as an on-screen character in an authoritative role for Ring of Honor (ROH) as the "Commissioner"  and in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as the "Management Director" (as well as an off-screen road agent).

Cornette has expressed his hatred for Vince Russo and WWE Producer Kevin Dunn in interviews. He also mentioned in a "YouShoot" that he is an atheist.
Championships
Cauliflower Alley Club
Other honoree (1997)
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2005)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI Manager of the Year (1985, 1993, 1995)
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame
Class of 2012
World Wrestling Federation
Slammy Award for Blue Light Special for Worst Dresser (1996)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Best Booker (1993, 2001, 2003)
Best Non-Wrestler (2006)
Best on Interviews (1985–1988, 1993)
Manager of the Year (1984–1990, 1992–1996)
Best Pro Wrestling Book (2009) (Midnight Express 25th Anniversary Scrapbook)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

References

Other websites
Official website
WWE profile

1961 births
Living people
American atheists
American professional wrestlers
Impact Wrestling alumni
Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
The Anaconda Plan was used during the American Civil War to "squeeze" the life out of the South. It was proposed by General Winfield Scott. The plan called for the blockade of the Southern ports. Then an advance down the Mississippi River was to cut the South in two. Like the coils of an anaconda snake suffocating its victim, the south would be squeezed until it returned to the Union. The plan was approved by President Lincoln. Northern Generals, newspapers and the public made fun of the plan. After a year of bloody fighting it was finally put into operation.

References 

1861 in the United States
American Civil War
Allan Eric Funk (born July 7, 1971) is an American professional wrestler. He currently competes in Lucha Libre USA where he competes under the ring name Chi Chi.

He is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) where he competed under the ring name Kwee Wee and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) under the name Bruce where he was one-half of The Rainbow Express, a stereotypical homosexual tag team with Lenny Lane.

Championships
Big Time Wrestling
BTW Ohio Tag Team Championship (one time)
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
Miss TNA (one time)

References

Other websites
Archive of Kwee Wee's WCW profile
Online World of Wrestling profile 

1971 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Impact Wrestling alumni
Sportspeople from Ohio
The cyclostomes (or cyclostomi) are the lamprey and hagfish. They are the only two living jawless fish, the Agnatha.

Recent molecular data from rRNA, and from mtDNA, show that these living agnathans are monophyletic. There are about 100 species. Hagfish are vertebrates but do not have vertebrae. It is believed that they lost their vertebrae during their lifestyle adaptations.

The name "Cyclostomata" and "Cyclostomi" means "round mouths". Their mouths cannot close due to the lack of a jaw, so they have to constantly cycle water through the mouth.

References 

Agnatha
Chinese people are the various ethnic groups from China, including Taiwan.

The largest of these groups is the Han Chinese. This group is often called "Chinese" or "ethnic Chinese" in English. Large numbers of Han Chinese live in countries other than China. They may make up as much as 19% of the world's population.

Other ethnic groups in China include the Zhuang, Hui, Manchu, and Uyghurs, among many others. The People's Republic of China (PRC) officially recognises 56 ethnic groups. Taiwan (Republic of China, ROC) officially recognises 14 tribes of Taiwanese aborigines. The list of ethnic groups in China includes the major ethnic groups of China (PRC) and Taiwan.

Related pages
 Chinese American
 British Chinese
 Chinese Canadian
 List of Chinese scientists

References
Overview 
Wonder is a children's novel written by R.J. Palacio. Wonder was ranked #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list. It was also on the Texas Bluebonnet Award master list. 

This novel is about a boy. This is not a normal boy because of the way he looks (Treacher Collins Syndrome) . He has two or three face surgeries per year. He is normally home-schooled but this year is a little different, he is going to middle school.

The book is in the point of view of different people around Auggie's ( the diagnosed one) life.

Characters

References 

American children's books
2012 books
Alice in Videoland is an electroclash band from Sweden. The band started in 2002. Toril Lindqvist is the singer.

History
In 2003 the band released their first album Maiden Voyage in Sweden. In 2005 they released their second album Outrageous!. The band was signed by the American record label Storming The Base. In 2008 the band's third album She's a Machine! was released. "She's a Machine" was released as the album's first single. In 2010 the band's fourth album A Million Thoughts and They're All About You was released.

References

Musical groups established in 2003
Swedish musical groups
Ian Alexander "Molly" Meldrum AM (born 29 January 1943) is an Australian music critic, journalist, record producer and entrepreneur. He is best known for presenting the popular music program Countdown (1974–87). His trademark accessory is his Stetson hat which is commonly mistaken for an Akubra.

Meldrum was born in Orbost, Victoria. He is openly gay. In December 2011, he fell from a ladder in his backyard. After being rushed to The Alfred Hospital, he was placed under intensive care in a sedated state and had surgery for his head injuries. As well as the head injuries, he also had a broken shoulder, broken ribs, a punctured lung and cracked vertebrae.

References

Other websites

 

1943 births
Living people
Australian businesspeople
Australian journalists
Australian LGBT people
Australian television presenters
Gay men
LGBT broadcasters
LGBT businesspeople
LGBT writers
Music critics
Record producers
Writers from Victoria (Australia)
Space debris is the collection of useless objects that are in orbit around Earth, for example broken satellites, empty rocket stages, pieces of metal, and many more. Because of how much space debris there is, collisions happen between space debris and sometimes even operational spacecraft, creating more debris.

Since the start of space programs and the launch of Sputnik 1, NORAD has an active list of all known space launches and objects that are in Earth orbit, including waste parts, for example booster rockets. This is the Space Object Catalog.

Related pages 
 Kessler Syndrome

Other websites 
  Space junk map tracks 200 ‘ticking time bombs’.
 Space debris -Citizendium

Space
Waste management
The Kessler syndrome (or Kessler effect, is a cascade effect. It was suggested by NASA scientist Donald J. Kessler in 1978. The scenario occurs when the  space pollution is high enough for collisions between objects to occur.

There is a satellite in orbit that is large and inactive, making it count as space debris, but it is in an orbit with a large amount of space debris. Two known objects get within 200m of it every year. This could cause a lot of space debris, inducing a domino effect with more collisions.

Avoiding Kessler syndrome 
Satellite manufacturers must demonstrate that their satellite can safely destroy itself or boost itself into a higher or lower orbit, known as a graveyard orbit, to avoid keeping unused satellites in common orbits for other satellites.

Related pages
 Space debris
 Gravity (movie), a 3D movie showing space debris and a form of Kessler Syndrome.

References 

Spaceflight
Egon Karl-Heinz Bahr (18 March 1922 – 20 August 2015) was a German SPD politician.

During World War II Bahr was expelled from the Wehrmacht because he was partly of Jewish descent.

After the war he worked as a journalist and a diplomat before entering into politics.

Bahr was promoted by West German Chancellor Willy Brandt to serve as Secretary of the Prime Minister's Office from 1969 until 1972. Between 1972 and 1990 he was an MP in the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany and from 1972 until 1976 was also a Minister of the Federal Government.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2015 deaths
Members of the German Bundestag
German diplomats
German journalists
Government ministers of Germany
Writers from Thuringia
Politicians from Thuringia
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Robert L. Sumner  (August 3, 1922 – December 5, 2016) was an American Christian author, Baptist pastor and evangelist. He was the editor of the fundamentalist newspaper The Biblical Evangelist.

Sumner was born in Norwich, New York. He studied at Norwich High School and Baptist Bible College & Seminary.

References

1922 births
2016 deaths
American Baptist ministers
American editors
Evangelists
Writers from New York (state)
In mathematics, a bijective function or bijection is a function f : A → B that is both an injection and a surjection. This is equivalent to the following statement: for every element b in the codomain B, there is exactly one element a in the domain A such that f(a)=b. Another name for bijection is 1-1 correspondence (read "one-to-one correspondence).

The term bijection and the related terms surjection and injection were introduced by Nicholas Bourbaki. In the 1930s, he and a group of other mathematicians published a series of books on modern advanced mathematics.

Basic properties
Formally:
 is a bijective function if , there is a unique  such that  
where the element  is called the image of the element , and the element  the pre-image of the element .
The formal definition can also be interpreted in two ways: 
Every element of the codomain B is the image of exactly one element in the domain A.
Every element of the codomain B has exactly one pre-image in the domain A.
Note: Surjection means minimum one pre-image. Injection means maximum one pre-image. So bijection means exactly one pre-image.

Cardinality
Cardinality is the number of elements in a set. The cardinality of A={X,Y,Z,W} is 4. This can be written as #A=4.

By definition, two sets A and B have the same cardinality if there is a bijection between the sets. So #A=#B means there is a bijection from A to B.

Bijections and inverse functions
Bijections and inverse functions are related to each other, in that a bijection is invertible, can be turned into its inverse function by reversing the arrows.
Formally:
Let f : A → B be a bijection. The inverse function g : B → A is defined by if f(a)=b, then g(b)=a.  (See also Inverse function.) 
The inverse function of the inverse function is the original function.
A function has an inverse function if and only if it is a bijection.

Note: The notation for the inverse function of f is confusing. Namely,
   denotes the inverse function of the function f, but   denotes the reciprocal value of the number x.

Examples
Examples

Elementary functions
Let f(x):ℝ→ℝ be a real-valued function y=f(x) of a real-valued argument x. (This means both the input and output are numbers.)
Graphic meaning: The function f is a bijection if every horizontal line intersects the graph of f in exactly one point. 
Algebraic meaning: The function f is a bijection if for every real number yo we can find at least one real number xo such that yo=f(xo) and if f(xo)=f(x1) means xo=x1 . 
Proving that a function is a bijection means proving that it is both a surjection and an injection. So formal proofs are rarely easy. Below we discuss and do not prove. (See surjection and injection.)

Example: The linear function of a slanted line is a bijection. That is, y=ax+b where a≠0 is a bijection.
Discussion: Every horizontal line intersects a slanted line in exactly one point (see surjection and injection for proofs). Image 1.
Example: The polynomial function of third degree: f(x)=x3 is a bijection. Image 2 and image 5 thin yellow curve. Its inverse is the cube root function f(x)= ∛x and it is also a bijection f(x):ℝ→ℝ. Image 5: thick green curve.

Example: The quadratic function f(x) = x2 is not a bijection (from ℝ→ℝ). Image 3.  It is not a surjection. It is not an injection. However, we can restrict both its domain and codomain to the set of non-negative numbers (0,+∞) to get an (invertible) bijection  (see examples below).

Note: This last example shows this. To determine whether a function is a bijection we need to know three things:
 the domain
 the function machine
 the codomain
Example: Suppose our function machine is f(x)=x². 
This machine and domain=ℝ and codomain=ℝ is not a surjection and not an injection. However, 
this same machine and domain=[0,+∞) and codomain=[0,+∞) is both a surjection and an injection and thus a bijection.
Bijections and their inverses
Let f(x):A→B where A and B are subsets of ℝ.
Suppose f is not a bijection. For any x where the derivative of f exists and is not zero, there is a neighborhood of x where we can restrict the domain and codomain of f to be a bisection.
The graphs of inverse functions are symmetric with respect to the line y=x. (See also Inverse function.)

Example: The quadratic function defined on the restricted domain and codomain [0,+∞)
  defined by  
is a bijection. Image 6: thin yellow curve.

Example: The square root function defined on the restricted domain and codomain [0,+∞) 
  defined by  
is the bijection defined as the inverse function of the quadratic function: x2. Image 6: thick green curve.

Example: The exponential function defined on the domain ℝ and the restricted codomain (0,+∞) 
  defined by  
is a bijection. Image 4: thin yellow curve (a=10).
Example: The logarithmic function base a defined on the restricted domain (0,+∞) and the codomain ℝ
  defined by  
is the bijection defined as the inverse function of the exponential function: ax. Image 4: thick green curve (a=10).

Related pages
Surjective function
Injective function
Inverse function

References

Other websites
  interactive quiz
  interactive

Functions and mappings
Algebra
Parainen, Pargas, is a city in Southwest Finland. About 15,500 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Brändö, Sottunga, Kökar, Kemiönsaari, Sauvo, Kaarina, Turku, Naantali and Kustavi.

It was created as Väståboland on 1 January 2009, when the former municipalities of Pargas, Nagu, Korpo, Houtskär and Iniö were merged into a single municipality.

Most people speak Swedish.

Other websites 

  

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Southwest Finland
Hans Erni (21 February 1909 – 21 March 2015) was a Swiss painter, designer and sculptor. He was known for illustrating postage stamps, activism, lithographs for the Swiss Red Cross, and participation on the International Olympic Committee. The Hans Erni Museum, in the grounds of the Swiss Museum of Transport, contains a large collection of artwork.

Erni was born in Lucerne. He was the third of eight children. Ernie died in Lucerne on 21 March 2015 at the age of 106.

References

Other websites

 
 

1909 births
Swiss designers
2015 deaths
Swiss painters
Swiss sculptors
Swiss centenarians
People from Lucerne
Sodankylä is a municipality in Lapland. Almost 8,890 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Inari, Kemijärvi, Kittilä, Pelkosenniemi, Rovaniemi and Savukoski.

Some villages 

Some villages in Sodankylä are Kersilö, Kierinki, Lismanaapa, Luosto, Torvinen.

Other websites 

  

Municipalities of Lapland (Finland)
Evijärvi is a municipality in Finland. In January 2014, 2,689 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Kauhava, Kruunupyy, Lappajärvi, Pedersöre and Veteli.

Other websites 

  

Municipalities of South Ostrobothnia
Historical linguistics is the study of language change. It has five main concerns:
to study changes in particular languages
to discover the pre-history of languages, and group them into language families (comparative linguistics)
to develop theories about how and why language or sound changes
to describe the history of speech communities
to study the history of words, etymology.

History and development
Modern historical linguistics dates from the late 18th century. It grew out of the earlier discipline of philology, the study of ancient texts and documents dating back to antiquity.

At first, historical linguistics was comparative linguistics. The focus was on the well-known Indo-European languages, many of which had long written histories. Scholars also studied the Uralic languages, another language family for which less early written material exists.