Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
It is based on the 1901 American Standard Version, the Greek Majority Text, and the Hebrew Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia with some minor changes made because of alternative readings in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Septuagint but these alternative readings are ignored or restricted to the footnotes. There are seven passes of editing and reading for each book. The first pass updated about 1,000 words, phrases and grammatical constructs. The first manual pass was to add quotation marks and other punctuation, and to check the version against the Greek and Hebrew texts where there are large textual variants or the meaning is not clear.

Jewish Translations
Sometimes Jews and Christians do not agree on how to translate the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh.  Jews have written translations that follow Jewish opinions.  These include:

Jewish Publication Society of America Version (JPS)(1917) — based on the Revised Version and American Standard Version (see above), but changed to follow Jewish opinions

Judaica Press (1963)
New Jewish Publication Society of America Version (NJPS)(1985) — a new translation, not based on JPS 1917

ArtScroll Stone Edition (1996)

Many Jewish Bible translations show the English and original Hebrew on facing pages.  None of these translations is considered Simple English or Basic English.

Related pages
 Bible translations - for a view of translation into languages other than English.
 Bible version debate

References

Other websites
 The Gender-Neutral Bible Controversy
 Translations of the Bible Into English 
 An extensive list of English translations 
 Dubai Translation Services
 OSIS User Manual Appendix D provides standard abbreviations for many translations.

Bible versions
László Bodnár (born February 25, 1979 in Mátészalka) is a Hungarian football defender. He is playing for FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.

He started playing professional with VSC Debrecen in Hungary. From 2000 till 2003 he played for Dynamo Kiew and Arsenal Kiew in the Ukraine. 2003 he came to Roda JC Kerkrade and 2006 till 2009 to FC Red Bull Salzburg. 2009 he went back to Debrecen and played with the team in the UEFA Champions League group stage. After the year with Debrecen he found no new team but in 2011 he came back to FC Red Bull Salzburg. For Red Bull Salzburg he played 66 matches and scored only two goals but got a lot of assistance points.

László Bodnár played 22 times for the Hungarian football national team, one time he was the captain.

Honours
 FC Dynamo Kiev
Premier League: 2001, 2003
Runner-up: 2002
Ukrainian Cup: 2003
Runner-up: 2002
CIS Cup: 2002

 FC Red Bull Salzburg
Austrian Bundesliga: 2007, 2009
Runner-up: 2008
Debreceni VSC
Hungarian National Championship I: 2009–10
Hungarian Cup: 2009-10
Hungarian League Cup: 2010
Hungarian Super Cup: 2010

Other websites 
Homepage FC Red Bull Salzburg Laszlo Bodnar
Fangemeinschaft FC Red Bull Salzburg: Spieler Laszlo Bodnar

Hungarian footballers
1979 births
Living people
Bell's theorem, also called "Bell's inequality," is a thought experiment. When joined with real experiments, it shows there are no hidden variables which can explain some of the consequences of quantum mechanics. This study, closely related to quantum mechanics, was done by John Stewart Bell.

Brian Greene's analogy 
The following analogy has been provided by Brian Greene:
Pairs of boxes have been prepared and sent to Earth and on Vulcan. There is something inside that shows a light when a door is opened. If the same doors are opened on both members of the pair, then both lights will be blue or both lights will be red. What if different doors are opened? Maybe the chances that a red light or a blue light shows up were set by the maker of the boxes. Or maybe whether a red light or a blue light shows up depends on an individual coin flip in each box. How can we tell?
In a system that works the way quantum mechanics does, there is a 50% chance that opening any pair of doors (on the gray side, the white side, or the black side of each of the boxes in the schematic diagram) will give rise to a match. For instance, Earth could open the door in the gray side of its box, and Vulcan could open the door in the black side of its box. Quantum physics says that half the time they should get a match. But if the decision to produce a certain color for each of the doors opened is programmed into both boxes, then there is a 55% or greater chance of getting a match. 

Bell argues that because in actual experiments doing the equivalent of "opening different doors" only yields a 50% success rate, there can be no hidden variables in operation that would have "preselected" states for all six alternatives.

The analogy given here follows closely the one used by Brian Greene in The Fabric of the Cosmos, p. 107ff.

 References
References 

Bell J.S. 1964. On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox. Physics'', 1:195-200, reprinted in Bell 1987.

Related pages 
EPR paradox

Quantum mechanics
Mark Cavendish (born 21 May 1985) is a Manx racing cyclist who rides for team dimension data. Originally a track cyclist in the madison, points race, and scratch race, he has competed on the road since 2006.

He is a double Madison World Champion and Commonwealth Games gold medallist on the track. As a road cyclist, he has risen to fame as a sprinter. He got eleven wins in his first professional season, equalling the record held by Alessandro Petacchi. In the 2008 Tour de France he won four stages, a then unprecedented achievement for a British cyclist (he surpassed the feat, winning six stages in 2009 and a further 5 in 2010) and he has been described as the fastest sprinter in the world. He continued his wins in 2009 by taking the Spring classic, Milan – San Remo. Cavendish started racing informally at 12, as a mountain-bike rider.
Cavendish was awarded the Freedom of the Borough of Douglas in 2008, and collected the award on 14 April 2011.  He lives on the Isle of Man and has a training base in Quarrata, Tuscany, Italy.

Early life
Cavendish was born in Douglas, Isle of Man, the son of David Cavendish also from the Isle of Man, and Adele from Yorkshire. He  began riding BMX at a young age, racing at the National Sports Centre in Douglas.  It was at that time that Cavendish met David Millar at a race on the Isle of Man. Cavendish said he was inspired by Millar.

Career

Amateur career
Cavendish worked in a bank for two years after leaving school. He concentrated on earning enough money to support himself as a full-time cyclist later on, as he attempted to turn professional.
Cavendish began 2006 with the Continental team, Team Sparkasse, a feeder squad for T-Mobile Team. In June, he won two stages and the points and sprint competitions in the Tour of Berlin.  He rode for the Isle of Man on the track at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, riding the scratch race. He lapped the field with three others: Rob Hayles; Ashley Hutchinson of Australia; and James McCallum of Scotland. He then beat these in the sprint to win gold for the Isle of Man. The race time was 23m 5s, an average 51.9 kilometres per hour (32.2 mph).

His success at the Tour of Berlin led to a post as a stagiare with T-Mobile from August until the end of the season. His best result for T-Mobile in 2006 was in the Tour of Britain, where he came second three times and won the points classification. It brought a full professional contract for 2007 and 2008.

Professional career

2007
2007

Cavendish began 2007 "laboriously", said the daily sports paper, L'Équipe. It quoted one of Cavendish's team-mates, Roger Hammond: "To be honest, he started the season so catastrophically that the staff were wondering what they could enter Mark for so that he could finish the race.". Cavendish's breakthrough came at the Grote Scheldeprijs race in Belgium, which he won overall after failing to even finish any of his previous races. He went on to win stages at the Four Days of Dunkirk and the Tour of Catalonia Volta a Catalunya, the third oldest cycling stage race in the world,  and that brought selection for the 2007 Tour de France, starting in London. He crashed in stages 1 and 2. and abandoned on stage 8 as the race reached the Alps, having taken two top-ten placings but unhappy not to have had a top-five placing.
Then the pattern changed. "Everything fell into place," L'Équipe said. His debut season continued, moving on to 10 stage wins, one behind Alessandro Petacchi's record 11 for a début season. Cavendish took his 11th win in early October, the Circuit Franco-Belge, to equal Petacchi's record. Among the wins were three in UCI ProTour events, the two in the Volta a Catalunya and one in the Eneco Tour of Benelux.

2008

In 2008, Cavendish returned to the track, winning the Madison World Championships in Manchester with Bradley Wiggins, as Great Britain topped the medal table.
On the road, Cavendish won his first stages of a grand tour, by picking two victories in the 2008 Giro d'Italia. Cavendish won four further stages in the 2008 Tour de France, his first coming in Stage 5 from Cholet to Châteauroux. He won again on Stage 8, Stage 12 and Stage 13, making him the first British rider to collect four stages in a single Tour. Overnight, at the age of just 22, he became the "fourth most successful British professional in history", said The Independent. After Stage 14, Cavendish abandoned the Tour to concentrate on the Beijing Olympics. He and Team Columbia manager Bob Stapleton agreed that riding the Alps was a risk to his hopes. But Cavendish, with Bradley Wiggins, failed to win a medal, finishing joint eighth in the madison. He was the only British track cyclist not to win a medal
.  Following the Olympics, Cavendish remained angry with British Cycling for not giving much attention to the madison, though Chris Boardman said that Cavendish's professional commitments also interfered with his build up to the Olympics. In November 2008, Cavendish said that he had no further plans to return to track cycling.
2009
Cavendish's 2009 season began at the Tour of Qatar, where he renewed his rivalry with Tom Boonen. Boonen won the race and one stage, though Cavendish took two stages; he also won two stages at the Tour of California, again beating Boonen in the sprint finishes.
The Tour of California also saw Cavendish win his first points of classification of the 2009 season.
Cavendish was a surprise inclusion in the British squad for the 2009 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, where he competed in the Scratch Race and the Madison, failing to pick-up medals in either.
He took up the European season at Tirreno–Adriatico, the Italian one-week stage race, where he won one stage.
Cavendish repeated his two-stage victory at the Three Days of De Panne from 2008, also winning the points classification.

At the start of the 2009 Giro d'Italia Columbia won the Team Time Trial and he was given the Maglia Rosa leaders jersey, becoming the first British rider to ever wear it. The first 2 road stages however were fruitless for Cavendish, who was beaten to the line by Alessandro Petacchi in the first stage and was caught behind a crash and failed to make it back for the sprint the next day. Cavendish soon asserted his sprinting dominance on the race however, gaining 3 stage wins before abandoning following stage 13, citing a need to rest for beginning preparations for the Tour de France. He continued his preparation by racing the Tour de Suisse. He won both stage 3 and stage 6 to wear the points jersey. However, this was taken off him by Fabian Cancellara.
In June he published his first autobiography, Boy Racer, which covered his career to date.  At a press conference in London ahead of the 2009 Tour de France, Cavendish explained that the book was too premature to be seen as a complete biography and that his "biggest motivation for writing it had been to explain himself better"  due to the way he perceives himself when performing post-stage interviews.  Instead, he felt that the book was "more a biography of last year's Tour stage wins".
During the season, Cavendish developed a remarkable partnership with his leadout man, Mark Renshaw. Continuing his run of success, Cavendish won Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 10, Stage 11, Stage 19 and Stage 21 of the 2009 Tour de France. In winning the third stage he became the first Briton to hold the green jersey for two days in a row. Cavendish's win on stage 11 enabled him to reclaim the green jersey from rival Thor Hushovd, and equalled Barry Hoban's British record of eight Tour de France stage wins. However, all the points that Cavendish gained in stage 14 were removed after he was judged to have driven Hushovd too close to barriers on the course. Cavendish said of the protest, which he thought was lodged by Hushovd, that, "Thor either thinks so highly of himself that he thinks I was looking out for him yesterday or he thinks so highly of my team that the only way he can beat us is to complain like that." However, the disqualification was confirmed before Hushovd and his team lodged a protest
. Cavendish added that the green jersey was no longer within his reach, and that his main objective was now to finish the race and win the final stage in Paris, which he did. Winning the 19th stage, Cavendish set a new record for Tour de France stage wins by a British rider; afterwards, he said that he was "embarrassed" for his comments about "deserving" green jersey wearer Hushovd. In winning the 21st stage, he lead home a remarkable 1-2 for his team, when his team mate and leadout man, Mark Renshaw, finished second on the Champs-Élysées.
2010
Following a dental problem, Mark delayed the start of his 2010 season until the 2010 Ruta del Sol, in mid-February. Following the lay off his form was poor, and he failed to defend his victory at the 2010 Milan – San Remo.  He was in six minutes after the leaders, down in 89th place. Cavendish's pre-season goals were to win the green jersey in the Tour de France and win the Road Race at the 2010 World Championships. Mark also said that he will race in the 2010 Tour of Flanders but said he will not win it, stating that the Tour of Flanders requires training, but he sees himself winning it in the future.
Following a poor start to the season, Cavendish found form at the 2010 Volta a Catalunya, finishing seventh in the opening time-trial and winning stage 2. His team withdrew Cavendish from the Tour of Romandie after he made an offensive gesture after winning the second stage. Missing the 2010 Giro d'Italia, Cavendish instead chose to compete at the 2010 Tour of California starting on 16 May 2010, where he won the first stage for only his third victory of the season. On 15 June Cavendish crashed heavily whilst sprinting in the closing metres of the 4th stage of the Tour of Switzerland, appearing to veer off line and bring down Heinrich Haussler and several other riders, raising criticism from other teams regarding his riding style. Cavendish entered the 2010 Tour de France. During Stage 1, Cavendish crashed out of the final sprint, with just under 3 km remaining in the stage.  Overhead camera footage showed Cavendish failing to negotiate a corner after entering too fast and turning too late
.  He then leaned his shoulder into a fellow rider as he travelled away from the apex. Cavendish returned to form by winning the Stage 5, Stage 6, Stage 11, Stage 18 and Stage 20, bringing his career total to 15 stage wins. He ended up second in the points classification, 11 points behind Alessandro Petacchi. Cavendish's next race was the 2010 Vuelta a España, in which his team won the opening team time trial. Cavendish crossed the line first and took the leader's jersey.  He could only place second or third on the subsequent sprint stages, but returned to form later in the race winning stages 12, 13, 18 and the green jersey points classification.
Personality
Cavendish has been described as confident, even arrogant. He said: 

Outside races, he is seen differently.  said Brian Holm, his directeur sportif.

References

Other websites

Mark Cavendish - Official website 
Velo Bios, Profile of Mark Cavendish
Cycling Weekly - Profile of Mark Cavendish 
Cyclingnews - Mark Profile

1985 births
Living people
British autobiographers
British cyclists
Commonwealth Games medallists
Manx sportspeople
Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (, ; 25 August 1900 – 22 November 1981) was a German Jewish scientist who became a naturalised British citizen. He was a physician and biochemist.

Krebs researched metabolism. He is famous because he discovered the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs Cycle). Krebs won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this, in 1953.

Early years
Krebs was born in Hildesheim, Germany. His mother was Alma Davidson. His father was Georg Krebs. Georg Krebs was an ear, nose, and throat doctor.

Education
Krebs studied medicine at the University of Göttingen and the University of Freiburg from 1918–1923. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Hamburg in 1925. Next, he studied chemistry in Berlin for one year. In Berlin, he helped Otto Warburg at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology until 1930.

Career
Krebs worked as a doctor  in the Altona hospital and at the University of Freiburg. At the University of Freiburg he researched the urea cycle.
Because he was Jewish, Krebs could not be a doctor in Germany. In 1933 he moved to England. He worked at Cambridge with Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins. In Cambridge he researched biochemistry. In 1945 he became a Professor (teacher) at the University of Sheffield.

In 1954 he became a professor in Oxford. After his retirement, Krebs continued work at the Radcliffe Infirmary until his death.  He was a fellow of Trinity College in Oxford.

Honors
In 1953 Krebs received the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the citric acid cycle". He was knighted in 1958. 

Krebs was elected Honorary Fellow of Girton College, Cambridge University in 1979.

Personal life 
In 1938, Krebs married Margaret Cicely Fieldhouse. They had three children: two boys and a girl.  His son John Krebs was an ornithologist (scientist who studies birds) and member of the House of Lords. His other son was called Paul. His daughter was Helen. 

Krebs died in Oxford, England in 1981.
Timeline
1900 Born in Germany
1918 Began medical school
1923 Graduated from medical school
1925 Graduated with Ph.D. from University of Hamburg
1932 Identification of Urea cycle
1933 Moved to the United Kingdom
1937 Identification of Citric acid cycle or "Krebs cycle"
1945 Became a Professor at University of Sheffield
1953 Won the Nobel Prize
1958 Knighted
1981 Died in Oxford, England

References

1900 births
1981 deaths
British biochemists
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
German biochemists
German doctors
Jewish British academics
Jewish British scientists
Jewish German scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Knights Bachelor
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Gabriel Narutowicz (born 17 March 1865 – 16 December 1922) was a Polish politician. He was born in Telšiai and died in Warsaw. The Minister of Foreign Affairs and first President of Poland. He was assassinated by a painter in an art gallery that supported Narutowicz's political enemies.  

1865 births
1922 deaths
Presidents of Poland
Mechanical advantage (also written as MA in formulas) is the factor by which a machine multiplies force. The mechanical advantage of a machine can be used to find out how well a machine works and whether it can perform a particular job.

The mechanical advantage of a machine is the ratio of the load (the resistance overcome by a machine) to the effort (the force applied). 

For an ideal (without friction) mechanism, it is also equal to:

There is no unit for mechanical advantages since the unit for both input and output forces cancel out.

Ideal vs actual mechanical advantage 
There are two types of mechanical advantage: ideal and actual.

Ideal mechanical advantage (also written as IMA) assumes that no power is lost by friction or other causes. This means the power of the input (load) should equal the power of the output (effort). So, force times speed of the input should equal force times speed of the output.
You can calculate ideal mechanical advantage without measuring the forces. It is the distance over which effort is applied, divided by the distance over which the load is moved.

In reality, there is friction, so some of the power is lost. The actual mechanical advantage (also written as AMA) is always less than ideal. To calculate actual mechanical advantage, you must measure the forces. Then divide the output force by the input force.

The mechanical efficiency is the ratio of the actual mechanical advantage to the ideal mechanical advantage. It is also written as η, the Greek letter eta.

Mechanics
Jefferson Station is a SEPTA station in the Market East neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its official SEPTA address is 12th and Filbert streets. Of the three Center City stations on the SEPTA system, Jefferson Station is located the farthest east. It is part of the Center City Commuter Connection. Opened in November 1984, the station replaced the Reading Terminal, which had closed on November 6, 1984. Jefferson Station cost $75 million to build, and is owned and maintained by SEPTA. The station used to be called Market East Station but the name changed to Jefferson Station on September 4, 2014 after Thomas Jefferson University Hospital paid $4 million to have the station named for them.

The station is  wide and two blocks long. The tracks are  below the street.

References

Other websites
Market East Station

1984 establishments in the United States
Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority
1980s establishments in Pennsylvania
30th Street Station is a major Amtrak and SEPTA station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Center City Commuter Connection. It is on the Northeast Corridor.

References 

Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority
Railway stations in the United States
Amtrak
The Center City Commuter Connection is an underground train tunnel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It connects the core SEPTA stations Jefferson Station, Suburban Station, and 30th Street Station. The stations connect the networks of rail previously operated by the Reading Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad.

Transport in Philadelphia
Suburban Station is one of the core SEPTA Regional Rail stations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Center City Commuter Connection. It is at 16th Street and JFK Boulevard. It was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad to replace the old Broad Street Station. It officially opened on September 28, 1930. Suburban Station originally had eight tracks and four platforms, until the Center City Commuter Connection extended the tracks to the newer Jefferson Station. It also added another platform.

References

Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority
Railway stations in the United States
1930 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Pennsylvania
The Shaggs were an  American all-female rock group formed in Fremont, New Hampshire in 1968. The band was composed of sisters Dorothy "Dot" Wiggin (vocals/lead guitar), Betty Wiggin (vocals/rhythm guitar), Helen Wiggin (drums), and later Rachel Wiggin (bass).

The sisters' father, Austin Wiggin, made Dot, Betty and Helen start a band. When Austin was young, his mother had predicted that Austin would have daughters who would be part of a famous music group.

The band's only studio album, Philosophy of the World, was released in 1969. The album was not very well-known, though the band's live performances were popular in their local area. The Shaggs disbanded in 1975 after the death of Austin.

Helen Wiggin died in 2006. The widow of Austin Wiggin, Jr., Annie Wiggin, died in 2005.

Members
Dorothy "Dot" Wiggin — vocals, guitar (1968-1975, 1999)
Betty Wiggin — guitar, vocals (1968-1975, 1999)
Helen Wiggin (deceased) — drums (1968-1975)
Rachel Wiggin — bass guitar (1969-1975)
Tom Ardolino — drums (1999)
Discography

Studio albums
 Philosophy of the World (1969)

Collections
 Shaggs' Own Thing (1982)
 The Shaggs (1990 - includes all studio recordings)
 Rev-ola (2004 - imported repackaging of The Shaggs with same track listing)

Tribute albums
 Better Than The Beatles - A Tribute to the Shaggs (2001)

V/A compilations
 Songs In The Key of Z - The Curious Universe of Outsider Music (2000)

References	 
 Chusid, Irwin. Songs in the Key of Z: The Curious Universe of Outsider Music. (Chicago) A Cappella, 2000. .
 Guralnick, Peter. Da Capo Best Music Writing 2000. (New York) Da Capo Press, 2000. .

Notes

Other websites
 The Shaggs official website 
 
 My Pal Foot-Foot (unofficial site)
 Variety review of 2003 off-Broadway production Philosophy of the World, by Joy Gregory, based on the Shaggs
 Obituary for Helen Wiggin Bickford
Musical groups established in 1968
Musical groups disestablished in 1975
1975 disestablishments in the United States
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Musicians from New Hampshire
1968 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in New Hampshire
Disestablishments in New Hampshire
Random forest is a statistical algorithm that is used to cluster points of data in functional groups. When the data set is large and/or there are many variables it becomes difficult to cluster the data because not all variables can be taken into account, therefore the algorithm can also give a certain chance that a data point belongs in a certain group.

Steps of the algorithm 
This is how the clustering takes place.
Of the entire set of data a subset is taken (training set).
 The algorithm clusters the data in groups and subgroups. If you would draw lines between the data points in a subgroup, and lines that connect subgroups into group etc. the structure would look somewhat like a tree. This is called a decision tree.
 At each split or node in this cluster/tree/dendrogram variables are chosen at random by the program to judge whether datapoints have a close relationship or not. 
 The program makes multiple trees a.k.a. a forest. Each tree is different because for each split in a tree, variables are chosen at random.
 Then the rest of the dataset (not the training set) is used to predict which tree in the forests makes the best classification of the datapoints (in the dataset the right classification is known). 
 The tree with the most predictive power is shown as output by the algorithm.
Using the algorithm 
In a random forest algorithm the number of trees grown (ntree) and the number of variables that are used at each split (mtry) can be chosen by hand; example settings are 500 trees, 71 variables.

References 

Randomised algorithms
The Cambrian explosion is when many animal phyla first appeared in the fossil record. It happened 541 million years ago (mya). Probably most had evolved before then, but that was their first appearance as fossils.

Before about 580 mya it seems that most organisms were simple. They were made of individual cells, occasionally organized into colonies. Over the following 70 or 80 million years the rate of evolution seemed to accelerate. By the end of the Cambrian most phyla we know today existed.

The Cambrian explosion has caused much scientific debate. The seemingly rapid appearance of fossils in the 'primordial strata' was noted as early as the mid 19th century,  and Charles Darwin saw it as one of the main objections that could be made against his theory of evolution by natural selection.
Key issues 
The long-running puzzlement about the appearance of the Cambrian fauna, seemingly abruptly and from nowhere, centres on three key points: 
whether it actually happened. Was there really a mass diversification of complex organisms over a relatively short period of time during the early Cambrian?
what might have caused such rapid change.
what it might say about the origin and evolution of animals.
Understanding it is difficult because the supply of evidence is limited. The evidence is an incomplete fossil record, and chemical signatures left in Cambrian rocks.

Large-scale evolution 
The Cambrian explosion is the classic example of megaevolution. By that is not meant a different kind of evolution; rather, it means evolution which produces a tremendous effect. The word 'macroevolution' is used because the changes were really big.
Duration 
The Cambrian explosion started in the Ediacaran from about 575 mya, and continued to the Burgess Shale at about 507 mya. That is about 68 million years. By the end all modern phyla had evolved, and since then no new phyla have appeared in the fossil record. This is one of the things that need to be explained.

Life a billion years ago 
For further information, see Acritarch and Stromatolite

Stromatolites, stubby pillars built by colonies of cyanobacteria and other microorganisms, are the first fossils. Their record starts about 3.5 billion years ago, and they were very common from about 2700 mya. They declined steeply after about 1250 mya, and this decline was probably caused by grazing and burrowing animals.
Precambrian marine diversity was dominated by small fossils known as acritarchs. This term describes almost any small organic walled fossilfrom the egg cases of small metazoans to resting cysts of many different kinds of green algae. After appearing around 2000 mya, acritarchs had a boom around 1000 mya, increasing in number, diversity, size, complexity of shape and especially size and number of spines. Their increasingly spiny forms in the last billion years may indicate an increased need for defence against predation. Other groups of small organisms from the Neoproterozoic era also show signs of anti-predator defences. Measuring taxon longevity  seems to show an increase in predation around this time.
If the predatory organisms which grazed on bacteria and acritarchs really were metazoans, this means that Cambrian animals did not appear "from nowhere" at the base of the Cambrian; their ancestors had existed for hundreds of millions of years.

 Related pages 
 Life timeline

 Other sources 
Gould S.J. 1989. Wonderful life: the Burgess Shale and the nature of history. W.W. Norton & Company.
Conway Morris S. 1997. The crucible of creation: the Burgess Shale and the rise of animals''. Oxford University Press. .

References 

Evolutionary biology
Fossils
Cambrian
San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (SONGS) is one of the largest nuclear generating stations in the U.S. It is at the north of San Diego County, California. It has two active 1,100-megawatt units. It began operation in 1968.

Benefits
SONGS is the region’s largest power source with 2,200 megawatts of output. That is enough power for 1.4 million average Southern California homes.

Seismic safety
The station is built to withstand a magnitude 7.0 earthquake. A geological fault that might cause a tsunami and threaten the plant is about 5 miles offshore.

Notes

Earthquake engineering
Nuclear energy
Nuclear power plants
CSI: NY (also known as Crime Scene Investigation: New York) is an American crime drama television series that was created by Anthony E. Zuiker, Carol Mendelsohn and Ann Donahue. CSI: NY debuted on September 22, 2004 on CBS. It is a second spin-off of the original series, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. It also debuted on CTV in Canada.

American drama television series
2004 American television series debuts
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Tomáš Vokoun (born 2 July 1976 in Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia) is an Czech retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Montreal Canadiens, Nashville Predators, Florida Panthers, Washington Capitals and Pittsburgh Penguins. He was selected 226th overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He also played for the Montreal Canadiens in 1996 and for the Nashville Predators from 1998 to 2006 before being traded to the Florida Panthers for a first-round selection in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, a second-round selection in the 2007 draft (number 58) and a conditional second-round selection in either 2007 or 2008. After 4 seasons with the Panthers, Vokoun signed a one-year contract with the Washington Capitals on 2 July 2011. He played 1 season with the Capitals and was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a 7th round pick at the 2012 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the ECHL with the Wheeling Thundbirds
. He retired from playing professional ice hockey on 15 December 2014.
He won a bronze medal with the Czech Republic's national ice hockey team in 2006.

References

Other websites 

 
 

1976 births
Czech ice hockey goaltenders
Florida Panthers players
Fredericton Canadiens players
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Nashville Predators players
Czech Olympic bronze medalists
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Washington Capitals players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players
American Hockey League players
ECHL players
Koninklijke Sport Vereniging Oudenaarde is a Belgian team from Oudenaarde. The team was founded in 1919.

Name 
 1908–1910 Football Club Audenardais
 1912–1919 Sportkring Aldenardia
 1919–1951 Sportvereeniging Audenaerde
 1951–     Koninklijke Sportvereniging Oudenaarde

Famous players 
  Sandy Martens

Other websites
 Official site

Belgian football clubs
East Flanders
Juno is a 2007 American teen comedy-drama movie set in Minnesota. It was written by Diablo Cody and directed by Jason Reitman. It starred Elliot Page as Juno MacGuff, a teenage girl who becomes pregnant by her best friend (who is played by Michael Cera). The movie made $231 million around the world.

Social impact
In the movie, Juno MacGuff thinks about getting an abortion and goes to an abortion clinic, but chooses not to. Both people who think abortion should be legal and people who think it should not be legal thought that the movie supported their views. Reitman said that he did not try to put a political message in the movie.

Reception
Juno got good reviews from most movie critics who saw it. 93% of the critics listed on RottenTomatoes.com gave the movie a good review. Juno won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

References
References

2007 comedy-drama movies
2000s coming-of-age movies
2000s teen comedy movies
2000s teen drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American comedy-drama movies
American coming-of-age movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Minnesota
Teenage pregnancy in movies
Movies about abortion
American independent movies
Masatoshi Hamada (born May 11, 1963 in Naniwa-ku, Osaka) is an Japanese comedian, actor and director. Hamada is probably best known for being one-half of the comedy duo Downtown also with member Hitoshi Matsumoto. While apart of Downtown, Hamada and Matsumoto made two television shows, Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!! and Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ. He also voiced Japanese dubs of the characters Shrek in the Shrek series, Buck the Diesel in Thomas and Friends and Slowking in Pokémon: The Movie 2000. He is married to his wife Natsumi Ogawa and they have two children.

References

Other websites
Masatoshi Hamada's Official website 

1963 births
Living people
Japanese comedians
Japanese movie actors
Japanese television actors
Japanese voice actors
Japanese television personalities
Actors from Osaka
Youth in Revolt is a 2009 American comedy movie based on C.D. Payne's novel and directed by Miguel Arteta. It was released on January 8, 2010 at the Deauville American Film Festival in September 2009. The movie received positive reviews with a 69% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 63 out of 100 from Metacritic.

Cast 
Michael Cera as Nick Twisp/François Dillinger
Portia Doubleday as Sheeni Saunders
Jean Smart as Estelle Twisp
Mary Kay Place as Mrs. Saunders
Zach Galifianakis as Jerry
Justin Long as Paul Saunders
Ray Liotta as Lance Wescott
Steve Buscemi as George Twisp
M. Emmet Walsh as Phil Saunders
Jonathan Bradford Wright as Trent Preston
Erik Knudsen as Lefty
Adhir Kalyan as Vijay Joshi
Fred Willard as Mr. Ferguson
Ari Graynor as Lacey
Rooney Mara as Taggarty
Jade Fusco as Bernice Lynch
Lise Lacasse as Matron

Other websites 
Youth in Revolt's Official website
2009 comedy-drama movies
2009 romantic comedy movies
2009 romantic drama movies
2000s teen comedy movies
2000s teen drama movies
2000s teen romance movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies about families
Movies about virginity
Movies based on books
Movies set in the San Francisco Bay Area
Movies directed by Miguel Arteta
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorel (6 July 1903 – 15 August 1982) was an Swedish scientist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1955 for his discoveries on the oxidation enzyme and its effects. 

Theorell died in Stockholm in 1982.

1903 births
1982 deaths
Swedish scientists
Swedish Nobel Prize winners
Werner Arber (born 3 June 1929) is a Swiss microbiologist and geneticist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978 for his discovery of restriction endonucleases which he shared with Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith.

Arber as one of 20 Nobel Laureates who signed the Stockholm memorandum at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.

References

1929 births
Living people
Swiss biologists
Microbiologists
Swiss Nobel Prize winners
Molecular biologists
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Swiss academics
Aarau District
People from Aargau
Elliot Page (born Ellen Page, February 21, 1987) is a Canadian actor. Page was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for his role in Juno, in which he played a pregnant teenager. Page has also starred in movies including Hard Candy, Whip It, and Inception.

Page is from Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Personal life
On February 14, 2014, Page came out as a gay woman, and has been a well-known advocate of the LGBTQ community. In December 2020, he came out as transgender and uses he/they pronouns. He was married to dancer Emma Portner from 2018 to 2021.

References

1987 births
Living people
Canadian feminists
Canadian LGBT people
Canadian movie actors
Entertainers from Nova Scotia
LGBT feminists
LGBT actors
Transgender people
Actors from Halifax, Nova Scotia
The Seward Peninsula is a large peninsula on the western coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It sticks out about  into the Bering Sea. It is just below the Arctic Circle. The peninsula is about  long and  wide.

The town of Seward, Alaska is actually not on the Seward Peninsula. It is much further south, on the Kenai Peninsula.

The Seward Peninsula was once part of the Bering land bridge. This was a strip of land that used to exist that connected Alaska with Siberia with mainland Alaska. It existed millions of years ago during a time called the Pleistocene Ice Age. People, animals, and plants all came across the land bridge into North America.  Archaeologists have found proof that Inupiat Eskimos have been living there for thousands of years.
Demographics 
The Peninsula does not have a lot of people today. There are no roads going there. The largest town is Nome. There are about 3,000 people there. The next largest town, Shishmaref, has only 607 people. Most of the other towns there have only a few hundred people. Some old mining towns there have no people left at all and have become ghost towns.

Geography and ecology
The Devil Mountain Lakes are on the Seward Peninsula. They are a kind of lake called a maar which is made by a volcano. The Devil Mountain Lakes are the biggest lakes like this in the whole world. There are four mountain ranges on the peninsula, the biggest ones are the Kigluaik (or Sawtooth) Mountains. The highest point on peninsula is the peak of  Mount Osborn. Other mountain ranges on the Seward Peninsula include the Bendeleben Mountains, Darby Mountains, and York Mountains. There is also a big lava flow called The Lost Jim Lava Flow. Several hot springs are located throughout the peninsula as well.
The Seward Peninsula has several rivers. The rivers are important to the people who live there for several reasons. One reason is that they can catch fish to eat in them. Another reason is that they can travel by boat since there no roads. That way they can get to other towns on the river or to places where there are animals to hunt. Finding food is important there because there are not a lot of stores and it costs a lot of money to take food that far in an airplane or boat. The rivers freeze in the wintertime.

The most common kind of tree there is called a black spruce. It is a kind of pine tree.

Cape Prince of Wales is on the Peninsula. No other part of the mainland of North America is further west. It is only  from Russia.

The peninsula was named after William H. Seward. He was the United States Secretary of State made the deal with Russia to let the United States buy Alaska from them in 1867.

References 

Geography of Alaska
Peninsulas of the United States
Ramon Harewood (born February 3, 1987 in St. Michael, Barbados) is an Barbadian former professional football offensive tackle. He played 6 games in the National Football League (NFL). He played his entire NFL career with the Baltimore Ravens. Harewood was drafted out of Morehouse College by the Baltimore Ravens with the 194th overall pick in the 6th round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He won a Super Bowl ring with the Ravens when they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34–31 in Super Bowl XLVII. 

On August 25, 2013, Harewood was waived by the Ravens.

On January 22, 2014, Harewood was signed to a future contract by the Denver Broncos. The Broncos waived him on June 3, 2014.

References

Other websites
Ramon Harewood at baltimoreravens.com 

1987 births
Living people
Harewood, Ramon
American football offensive tackles
Barbadian sportspeople
The President of the Swiss Confederation is the chair of the Federal Council of Switzerland and is the first amongst equals of councillors of the executive branch of the Swiss government.

Role
Under the Swiss constitution of 1999, the Federal Council is the "highest executive authority".  Although the president of the confederation has some extra duties to represent Switzerland, he is not the head of state.

All decisions are that a head of state would make are decided by a meeting of the Federal Council. For example, treaties are signed on behalf of the Federal Council, and all members of the federal council sign the "letters of credence"  to introduce ambassadors sent by Switzerland to a foreign country.  All  ambassadors sent by a foreign country to Switzerland meet all of the members of the Federal Council, not just the President.  

The President of the Confederation is sometimes called the "primus inter pares" (first equal) in the Federal Council.
Only three other countries in the world do not have one person as a head of state, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Andorra and San Marino.

List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation

1848-1900
 Jonas Furrer 
 Henri Druey  
 Josef Munzinger  
 Jonas Furrer  
 W.M. Naeff  
 Friedrich-Frey Herose  
 Jonas Furrer  
 Melchior Josef Martin Knusel  
 Jakob Stampfli  
 Constant Fornerod  
 Jakob Dubs  
 Karl Schenk  
 Melchior Josef Martin Knusel  
 Constant Fornerod  
 Jakob Dubs  
 Karl Schenk  
 Emil Welti  
 J.J. Scherer  
 Emil Welti  
 Joachim Heer  
 Karl Schenk  
 Bernard Hammer 
 Emil Welti  
 Numa Droz  
 Simeon Bavier  
 Louis Ruchonnet  
 Emil Welti  
 Adolf Deucher  
 Numa Droz  
 Wilhelm Hertenstein  
 Bernard Hammer 
 Louis Ruchonnet  
 Emil Welti  
 Walter Hauser  
 Karl Schenk  
 Emil frey  
 Josef Zemp  
 Adrien Lachenal  
 Adolf Deucher  
 Eugene Ruffy   
 Eduard Muller

1900–1999

2000–present 
Political parties

References
Van Diemen Gulf () is a gulf between Arnhem Land, the Cobourg Peninsula and Melville Island in northern Australia. It joins the Timor Sea in the west by the Clarence Strait near the city of Darwin. It joins the Arafura Sea in the north by Dundas Strait between Melville Island and Cobourg Peninsula. It covers an area of about 14,000 km².

Rivers flowing into the Gulf include the South Alligator River, the East Alligator River and the Adelaide River.

Abel Tasman mapped the northern entrance to the Gulf, Dundas Strait, in 1644. The Gulf is named after the Dutch Governor of Batavia, Anthony Van Diemen.

The waters in the Gulf near the Cobourg Peninsula are protected by the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park.

References

Geography of the Northern Territory
Gulfs
Bodies of water of Australia
HTC-Highroad (UCI team code:THR) is a professional cycling team competing in international road bicycle races. Their current title sponsor is HTC Corporation, a Taiwanese maker of Smartphones. High Road Sports is the management company of team manager Bob Stapleton. Past title sponsors include Columbia Sportswear and Deutsche Telekom.

The team was set up in 1991 as Team Telekom, sponsored by Deutsche Telekom. In 2004 their name changed to the T-Mobile-Team. It has 29 riders, 9 physiotherapists or nurses, 9 mechanics and service persons, and has 22 partners. The team is managed by Bob Stapleton and Rolf Aldag. Former leaders include Olaf Ludwig, Walter Godefroot and Eddy Vandenhecke (managers), Luuc Eisenga (spokesperson) and  Brian Holm, Valerio Piva (sports directors).

History
History

Team beginnings: 1988 – 1991
At the end of 1988, former World Champion Hennie Kuiper set up a German cycling team that was sponsored by the city of Stuttgart and rode on Eddy Merckx cycles. The team was called Stuttgart-Merckx-Gonsor for the 1989 season and had nine riders (which included  Udo Bölts). At that time when there were no German cycling teams and the country's main cycling event, the Rund um den Henninger Turm had not been won by a German since Rudi Altig in 1970. During its first year of existence team rider Dariusc Kajzer brought the team its first success in the National Road Race Championships in Germany. The team became Stuttgart-Mercedes-Merckx-Puma in 1990 and Bölts continued the success of the team by becoming road race champion of Germany.
Team Telekom: 1991 – 2004 
Deutsche Telekom came in as the main sponsor in 1991 and the team was known as Telekom-Mercedes-Merckx-Puma. According to an interview with Godefroot, it was Bölts’ 17th place at the 1991 Vuelta a España that prompted him to accept the Telekom management’s offer to take over the running of the team. Godefroot signed several riders including Classics specialist and 1991 Paris–Roubaix winner Marc Madiot. Bölts who was involved with the team since its beginnings in 1989 stayed with the team until 2003, continued building on the successes of the team by winning stage 19, the Queen stage of the 1992 Giro d'Italia. Jens Heppner continued this with his tenth place overall at the 1992 Tour de France.
In 1993 the team again achieved success in the national championship road race in Germany. This was the start of the team’s 11 year domination and possession of the German champion’s jersey. Many of the successful team riders that spent many years of their career with Telekom would become German national champions – Bernd Gröne in 1993, Jens Heppner in 1994, Bölts in 1990, 1995 and 1999, Christian Henn in 1996, Jan Ullrich in 1997 and 2001, Erik Zabel in 1998 and 2003, Rolf Aldag in 2000, Danilo Hondo in 2002 and finally Andreas Klöden in 2004. 

The team soon became an important presence on the international cycling stage. However the team was not invited to the 1995 Tour de France. Eventually the organisers of the Tour agreed that six Telekom members, namely Rolf Aldag, Udo Bölts, Jens Heppner, Vladimir Pulnikov, Erik Zabel and Olaf Ludwig, would be joined with three members of the ZG Mobili to form a composite team. Zabel went on to win two stages in the race.