Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Japanese kickboxing is called in English oriental kickboxing. According to certain people, the word "kickboxing" would have been invented, in Japan, in the years 1950 by experts of karate who needed to fight with total contact.

In the year 1958, a man who practised kickboxing is the student of oriental languages, the Burmese Maung Gyi who studied martial arts from experts of bando in Burma and also from Gogen Yamaguchi - the grand person with special skill of karate, called "the cat". Maung Gyi fights in Japan under different names and makes the Burmese boxing (lethwei) known in time when the competitions of Japanese kickboxing happened.

Writings of the subject
  Alain Delmas, 1. Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la boxe et des autres boxes, Amiens, 1981-2005 - 2. Lexique de combatique, Ligue Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, 1975

Other websites
  "A History of Kickboxing"  by Mikes Miles historian of the American kickboxing

Kickboxing

en:Kickboxing#Japanese
Emilio Butragueño (born 22 July 1963) is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1983/84||rowspan="12"|Real Madrid||rowspan="12"|La Liga||10||4
|-
|1984/85||29||10
|-
|1985/86||31||10
|-
|1986/87||35||11
|-
|1987/88||32||12
|-
|1988/89||33||15
|-
|1989/90||32||10
|-
|1990/91||35||19
|-
|1991/92||35||14
|-
|1992/93||34||9
|-
|1993/94||27||8
|-
|1994/95||8||1

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Celaya||rowspan="3"|Primera División||28||14
|-
|1996/97||26||2
|-
|1997/98||31||10
341||123
85||26
426||149
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1984||2||1
|-
|1985||6||2
|-
|1986||12||8
|-
|1987||7||2
|-
|1988||12||5
|-
|1989||7||1
|-
|1990||11||7
|-
|1991||8||0
|-
|1992||4||0
|-
!Total||69||26
|}

References 

1963 births
Living people
Footballers from Madrid
Francisco Gento López (21 October 1933 – 18 January 2022) was a Spanish football player. He played for Spain national team.

Death
Gento died in Madrid, Spain on 18 January 2022, aged 88.

Club career statistics

|-
|1952-53||Racing Santander||La Liga||10||2||colspan="2"|-||10||2
|-
|1953-54||rowspan="18"|Real Madrid||rowspan="18"|La Liga||17||0||4||0||21||0
|-
|1954-55||24||6||3||0||27||6
|-
|1955-56||29||7||6||3||35||9
|-
|1956-57||27||7||2||0||29||7
|-
|1957-58||28||7||5||1||33||8
|-
|1958-59||21||7||5||2||26||9
|-
|1959-60||27||15||5||2||32||17
|-
|1960-61||28||9||8||3||36||12
|-
|1961-62||25||6||9||4||34||10
|-
|1962-63||25||7||4||1||29||8
|-
|1963-64||24||12||2||0||26||12
|-
|1964-65||23||4||3||0||26||4
|-
|1965-66||28||10||3||2||31||12
|-
|1966-67||20||11||5||0||25||11
|-
|1967-68||24||8||0||0||24||8
|-
|1968-69||26||8||2||1||28||9
|-
|1969-70||25||4||5||1||30||5
|-
|1970-71||7||0||2||0||9||0
438||130||73||20||511||150
438||130||73||20||511||150
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1955||1||0
|-
|1956||1||0
|-
|1957||7||0
|-
|1958||2||0
|-
|1959||5||1
|-
|1960||4||0
|-
|1961||6||1
|-
|1962||6||0
|-
|1963||3||1
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||0||0
|-
|1966||3||1
|-
|1967||2||1
|-
|1968||2||0
|-
|1969||1||0
|-
!Total||43||5
|}

References

1933 births
2022 deaths
Spanish footballers
Spanish football managers
CD Castellón managers
Athletic Club, most often known in English as Athletic Bilbao, is a football club which plays in Spain.

The club formed from a merger of two football clubs ; Bilbao F.C. and Athletic Club in 1903.

Athletic Bilbao is known for only utilizing players from the historic basque territory, which includes the Basque Country in Spain and France such as the region of Navarre.

Rivalries 
Athletic Club has three major rivalries: Real Sociedad de San Sebastian, FC Barcelona and Real Madrid.

The Rivalry with Real Sociedad is due to the location, because both teams are from the Basque Country. The rivalry also took place because of the rule to only sign players from the basque territory, yet Real Sociedad abondoned the rule in the 1980s.
The rivalries with Real Madrid established itself because of the political circumstances. Both the Basque Country and Catalunya were had massive issues with the central goverment under Dictator Franco in Madrid, who forbid their language and traditions for a greater spanish empire. Franco heavily supported the capitals team, Real Madrid, which caused tensions with supporters of Athletic Club.

The rivalry with FC Barcelona also is a result of the Franco-era. FC Barcelona, located in Catalunya, had the same issues with the central government such as the Basque Country. As a result of this circumstance, a rivalry between the Basque Country and Catalunya happened, which translated in football. As both Athletic Club and the FC Barcelona are the most important teams of their regions, they were the protagonists for this rivalry. 

Even with Spain being democratic since Franco's in 1975, both rivalries with Real Madrid and FC Barcelona are still on-going.

Honours
Honours

National tournaments 
La Liga
Winners (8): 1929–30, 1930–31, 1933–34, 1935–36, 1942–43, 1955–56, 1982–83, 1983–84.

Runners-up (7): 1931–32, 1932–33, 1940–41, 1946–47, 1951–52, 1969–70, 1997–98.
 Copa del Rey
Winners (23): 1903, 1904, 1910, 1911, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1921, 1923, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933, 1943, 1944, 1944–45, 1949–50, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1969, 1972–73, 1983–84.

Runners-up (13): 1905, 1906, 1913, 1920, 1942, 1948–49, 1952–53, 1965–66, 1966–67, 1976–77, 1984–85, 2008–09, 2011–12.

Supercopa de España
Winners (1): 1984*.
(* Won Copa del Rey and La Liga Runners-up (2): 1983, 2009

Copa Eva Duarte
Winners (1): 1950.
Runners-up (1): 1945

International tournaments 

 UEFA Europa League

Runners-up:  2011-2012

League position

Former position

References

Spanish football clubs
Bilbao
1898 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Spain
Rafael Moreno Aranzadi is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

International career statistics

|-
|1920||5||1
|-
!Total||5||1

Spanish footballers
1892 births
1922 deaths
Telmo Zarra is a former football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1940-41||rowspan="15"|Athletic Bilbao||rowspan="15"|La Liga||8||6
|-
|1941-42||21||16
|-
|1942-43||17||18
|-
|1943-44||21||12
|-
|1944-45||26||19
|-
|1945-46||18||24
|-
|1946-47||24||34
|-
|1947-48||16||10
|-
|1948-49||26||23
|-
|1949-50||26||25
|-
|1950-51||30||38
|-
|1951-52||6||3
|-
|1952-53||29||24
|-
|1953-54||5||2
|-
|1954-55||6||3
279||257
279||257
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1945||2||2
|-
|1946||1||0
|-
|1947||2||2
|-
|1948||0||0
|-
|1949||4||3
|-
|1950||8||7
|-
|1951||3||6
|-
!Total||20||20
|}

References 

1921 births
2006 deaths
Spanish footballers
Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga (born 23 May 1956) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1975-76||rowspan="12"|Athletic Bilbao||rowspan="12"|La Liga||27||4
|-
|1976-77||10||0
|-
|1977-78||6||1
|-
|1978-79||10||1
|-
|1979-80||30||3
|-
|1980-81||27||4
|-
|1981-82||31||6
|-
|1982-83||24||4
|-
|1983-84||28||2
|-
|1984-85||31||3
|-
|1985-86||31||5
|-
|1986-87||24||2
|-
|1987-88||rowspan="3"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="3"|La Liga||13||0
|-
|1988-89||14||0
|-
|1989-90||8||0
314||35
314||35
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1983||6||0
|-
|1984||11||2
|-
|1985||9||0
|-
|1986||9||2
|-
|1987||3||0
|-
|1988||1||0
|-
!Total||39||4
|}

References 

1956 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Spanish football managers
Rayo Vallecano managers
Hugo Sánchez (born 11 July 1958) is a former Mexican football player. He has played for Mexico national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1975/76||rowspan="4"|Universidad Nacional||rowspan="4"|Primera División||0||0
|-
|1976/77||30||7
|-
|1977/78||38||13
|-
|1978/79||45||28

|-
|1979||San Diego Sockers||NASL||10||6

|-
|1979/80||Universidad Nacional||Primera División||44||30

|-
|1980||San Diego Sockers||NASL||9||7

|-
|1980/81||Universidad Nacional||Primera División||43||21

|-
|1981/82||rowspan="4"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="4"|La Liga||20||8
|-
|1982/83||31||15
|-
|1983/84||27||12
|-
|1984/85||33||19
|-
|1985/86||rowspan="7"|Real Madrid||rowspan="7"|La Liga||33||22
|-
|1986/87||41||34
|-
|1987/88||36||29
|-
|1988/89||35||27
|-
|1989/90||35||38
|-
|1990/91||19||12
|-
|1991/92||8||2

|-
|1992/93||América||Primera División||25||9

|-
|1993/94||Rayo Vallecano||La Liga||29||16

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Atlante||rowspan="2"|Primera División||30||13
|-
|1995/96||2||0

|-
|1995/96||LASK Linz||Bundesliga||20||6
|-
|1996||Dallas Burn||Major League Soccer||23||6

|-
|1996/97||Atlético Celaya||Primera División||12||2
269||123
42||19
347||234
20||6
678||382
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1977||||
|-
|1978||||
|-
|1979||||
|-
|1980||10||7
|-
|1981||6||5
|-
|1982||0||0
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||0||0
|-
|1985||2||1
|-
|1986||4||1
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||0||0
|-
|1989||0||0
|-
|1990||1||0
|-
|1991||0||0
|-
|1992||0||0
|-
|1993||14||3
|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||1||0
|-
!Total||58||29
|}

References 

1958 births
Living people
Mexican footballers
Mexican football managers
Sportspeople from Mexico City
Club Universidad Nacional managers
Tony Adams MBE (born 10 October 1966) is an English former footballer. He has played for Arsenal and the English national team.

Club career statistics

International career statistics

|-
|1987||6||1
|-
|1988||11||3
|-
|1989||0||0
|-
|1990||1||0
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
|1993||7||0
|-
|1994||5||0
|-
|1995||6||0
|-
|1996||7||0
|-
|1997||2||0
|-
|1998||8||0
|-
|1999||6||0
|-
|2000||4||1
|-
!Total||66||5
|}

International goals
Scores and results list England's goal tally first.

Managerial statistics

Honours
Arsenal
 Football League First Division: 1988–89, 1990–91
 Premier League: 1997–98, 2001–02
 FA Cup: 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02
 Football League Cup: 1986–87, 1992–93
 Football League Centenary Trophy: 1988
 European Cup Winners' Cup: 1993–94
 FA Charity Shield: 1991 (Shared), 1998
Individual
 PFA Young Player of the Year: 1986–87
 PFA First Division/Premier League Team of the Year: 1986–87, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1996–97
 PFA Team of the Century (1907–2007):
 Team of the Century 1997–2007
 Overall Team of the Century
 Premier League 10 Seasons Awards: (1992–93 – 2001–02)
 Overseas Team of the Decade
 Overall Team of the Decade
 Premier League 20 Seasons Awards: (1992–93 – 2011–12)
 Public choice Fantasy Teams of the 20 Seasons
 Panel choice Fantasy Teams of the 20 Seasons
 English Football Hall of Fame: 2004
 Football League 100 Legends

Orders
 Member in The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE): (1999 Birthday Honours)

References

1966 births
1998 FIFA World Cup players
Arsenal F.C. players
English football managers
Footballers from London
Living people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Premier League players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
Paolo Maldini (born 26 June 1968) is a former Italian football player. He had played for Milan and Italy national team. Maldini is considered by many to be one of the greatest defenders of all time and, by some, to be the greatest ever. He is the second-highest appearance maker in the history of Serie A.

Club career statistics
|-
|1984/85||rowspan="25"|Milan||rowspan="25"|Serie A||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1985/86||27||0||6||0||6||0||39||0
|-
|1986/87||30||1||7||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|-
|1987/88||26||2||1||0||2||0||29||2
|-
|1988/89||26||0||7||0||7||0||40||0
|-
|1989/90||30||1||6||0||8||0||44||1
|-
|1990/91||26||4||3||0||4||0||33||4
|-
|1991/92||31||3||7||1||colspan="2"|-||38||4
|-
|1992/93||31||2||8||0||10||1||49||3
|-
|1993/94||30||1||2||0||10||1||42||2
|-
|1994/95||29||2||1||0||11||0||41||2
|-
|1995/96||30||3||3||0||8||0||41||3
|-
|1996/97||26||1||3||0||6||0||35||1
|-
|1997/98||30||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||37||0
|-
|1998/99||31||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||33||1
|-
|1999/00||27||1||4||0||6||0||37||1
|-
|2000/01||31||1||4||0||14||0||49||1
|-
|2001/02||15||0||0||0||4||0||19||0
|-
|2002/03||29||2||1||0||19||0||49||2
|-
|2003/04||30||0||0||0||9||0||39||0
|-
|2004/05||33||0||0||0||13||1||46||1
|-
|2005/06||14||2||0||0||9||0||23||2
|-
|2006/07||18||1||0||0||9||0||27||1
|-
|2007/08||17||1||0||0||4||0||21||1
|-
|-
|2008/09||30||0||0||0||2||0||32||0
648||29||72||1||161||3||881||33
648||29||72||1||166||3||886||33
|}
International career statistics 

|-
|1988||10||0
|-
|1989||7||0
|-
|1990||11||0
|-
|1991||8||0
|-
|1992||7||0
|-
|1993||5||2
|-
|1994||12||0
|-
|1995||7||1
|-
|1996||7||0
|-
|1997||11||2
|-
|1998||11||1
|-
|1999||7||1
|-
|2000||11||0
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
!Total||126||7
|}

International goals 
 Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first.

Honours

Club[edit] 
 Milan
Winner (26)
 Serie A (7): 1987–88, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2003–04
 Coppa Italia (1): 2002–03
 European Cup/Champions League (5): 1988–89, 1989–90, 1993–94, 2002–03, 2006–07
 UEFA Super Cup (5): 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007
 Intercontinental Cup (2): 1989, 1990
 FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2007
 Supercoppa Italiana (5): 1988, 1992, 1993, 1994, 2004
Runner-up (15)
 Intercontinental Cup (3): 1993, 1994, 2003
 UEFA Champions League (3): 1992–93, 1994–95, 2004–05
 UEFA Super Cup (1): 1993
 Serie A (3): 1989–90, 1990–91, 2004–05
 Coppa Italia (2): 1989–90, 1997–98
 Supercoppa Italiana (3): 1996, 1999, 2003
International 
 Italy
 FIFA World Cup: Runners-up 1994, Third-place 1990
 UEFA European Football Championship: Runners-up 2000, Semi-finalists 1988
 UEFA European Under-21 Championship: Runners-up 1986
Individual 
 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1988, 1996, 2000
 Bravo Award: 1989
 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1990, 1994
 Ballon d'Or: Third-place 1994, 2003
 World Soccer Player of the Year: 1994
 ESM Team of the Year: 1994–95, 1995–96, 1999–00, 2002–03
 FIFA World Player of the Year: Silver Award 1995
 Premio Nazionale Carriera Esemplare "Gaetano Scirea": 2002
 FIFA World Cup Dream Team: 2002
 FIFA XI: 2002
 UEFA Champions League Final Man of the Match: 2003
 UEFA Team of the Year: 2003, 2005
 UEFA President's Award: 2003
 Serie A Defender of the Year: 2004
 FIFA 100
 UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll: #10
 FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2005
 UEFA Club Defender of the Year: 2007
 Premio internazionale Giacinto Facchetti: 2008
 FIFA Order of Merit: 2008
 UEFA Champions League Achievement Award: 2009
 Marca Leyenda: 2009
 Italian Football Hall of Fame: 2012
 World Soccer Greatest XI of all time: 2013
 One Club Man Award: 2016
 UEFA Euro All-time XI
 A.C. Milan Hall of Fame
Records 
 Most appearances in all competitions (A.C. Milan): 902
 Most league appearances (only Serie A regular-seasons): 647
 Most league appearances for A.C. Milan (only Serie A regular-seasons): 647
 Most UEFA club competitions appearances: 174
 Most UEFA club competitions appearances for A.C. Milan: 174
 Most European competitions appearances: 168
 Most European competitions appearances for A.C. Milan: 168
 Most UEFA Champions League appearances for A.C. Milan: 139
 Most finals played in UEFA Champions League – 8 (tied with Francisco Gento)
 Youngest first-team player (A.C. Milan): 16 years and 208 days (against Udinese, 20 January 1985)
 Longest-serving player (A.C. Milan): 24 years and 132 days (from 20 January 1985 to 31 May 2009)
 Most FIFA World Cup appearances for Italy: 23
 Record of minutes played in the World Cups: 2216
 Fastest goal scored in UEFA Champions League/European Cup final history: 50 seconds, 2005
Orders 
 4th Class / Officer: Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2000
 5th Class / Knight: Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 1991

References 

1968 births
Living people
Association football defenders
Association football full-backs
Footballers from Milan
Alessandro Del Piero (born 9 November 1974 in Conegliano) is an Italian former football player. He has played for Juventus from 1993 to 2012, Sydney FC from 2012 to 2014 and Delhi Dynamos in 2014 as a striker. He was the captain of the Juventus team since 2001. He stopped playing for the national team in 2006.

Del Piero is considered among the best talents that Italian football has ever witnessed. In 2004, he was included in the FIFA 100, a list of 125 greatest living players. In 1999, he was listed 77th in the list of the best players of the 20th century published by World Soccer magazine. He is one of five Italian players to score over 300 goals (312 as pf 6 November 2010) along with Filippo Inzaghi (315), Roberto Baggio (318), Giuseppe Meazza (338) and Silvio Piola (364).
Childhood and early career 
Del Piero is the son of Gino, an electrician, and Bruna, a housekeeper. He regularly played football in the backyard with two friends, Nelso and Pierpaolo as a child. All three dreamed of becoming footballers, but only Del Piero would eventually manage to do so. Alessandro's older brother, Stefano, briefly played professional football for Sampdoria before injury struck him. The family lived in the hamlet of Saccon near San Vendemiano. While growing up, Del Piero's family did not have much money for travelling abroad, so he was considering being a truck driver in order to see the world.
Del Piero played for the local youth team of San Vendemiano since the age of 7. He used to play as a goalkeeper because he could play a lot more football that way. His mother thought it would be better for him if he played as a goalkeeper, since he would not have to run and the possibility of him getting injured was less likely. His brother told their mother that Alex was better at attacking and Del Piero switched position.

It was while playing with his local side of San Vendemiano in 1988 that Del Piero was first spotted by scouts. He left home at the age of 13 to play in the youth side of Padova Calcio.

Club career statistics
|-
|1991/92||rowspan="2"|Padova||rowspan="2"|Serie B||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|1992/93||10||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||1
|-
|1993/94||rowspan="17"|Juventus||rowspan="13"|Serie A||11||5||1||0||2||0||14||5
|-
|1994/95||29||8||10||1||11||1||50||10
|-
|1995/96||29||6||2||1||11||6||42||13
|-
|1996/97||22||8||4||0||6||4||32||12
|-
|1997/98||32||21||4||1||10||10||46||32
|-
|1998/99||8||2||1||0||4||0||13||2
|-
|1999/00||34||9||2||1||9||2||45||12
|-
|2000/01||25||9||2||0||6||0||33||9
|-
|2001/02||32||16||4||1||10||4||46||21
|-
|2002/03||24||16||0||0||13||5||37||21
|-
|2003/04||22||8||4||3||4||3||30||14
|-
|2004/05||30||14||1||0||10||3||41||17
|-
|2005/06||33||12||4||5||7||3||44||20
|-
|2006/07||Serie B||35||20||2||3||colspan="2"|-||37||23
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Serie A||37||21||4||3||colspan="2"|-||41||24
|-
|2008/09||31||13||3||2||9||6||43||21
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
448||189||48||21||112||47||608||257
448||189||48||21||112||47||608||257
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1995||7||0
|-
|1996||4||2
|-
|1997||6||4
|-
|1998||8||3
|-
|1999||2||0
|-
|2000||13||4
|-
|2001||6||3
|-
|2002||11||5
|-
|2003||4||2
|-
|2004||6||1
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||9||2
|-
|2007||5||0
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
!Total||91||26
|}

References 

National Football Teams
Statistics from RSSSF

1974 births
Living people
Footballers from Veneto
Italy at UEFA Euro 1996
Italy at the 1998 FIFA World Cup
Italy at UEFA Euro 2000
Italy at the 2002 FIFA World Cup
Italy at UEFA Euro 2004
Italy at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
Italy at UEFA Euro 2008
Football League Fourth Division is a former football league in England and Wales.

Champions 

Fourth Division
Football in England
1958 establishments in the United Kingdom
1992 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Purchasing power is a relation between labor and money. Some people have money. Adam Smith says that the purchasing power is the amount of money needed to labour (goods or services) from other people. 

Economics
Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276 – 194 BC) was a 3rd century BC Greek mathematician, geographer and astronomer. He was head of the Library of Alexandria from 240  until his death: this was the most important library of the ancient world.

According to the Suda, his contemporaries nicknamed him Beta, (the second letter of the Greek alphabet), because he was the second best in the world in almost any field. Eratosthenes was a friend of Archimedes, who also lived and worked in Alexandria. Archimedes was the greatest mathematician and inventor of the age, so perhaps the Beta nickname was not unjust.

The works Eratosthenes wrote are known to us only indirectly: the great Library was destroyed, and no copies survived. Strabo (~63BC–24AD) wrote about geography in antiquity. He tells us that the works of Eratosthenes were On the measurement of the Earth and Geographica.
Eratosthenes made several remarkable discoveries and inventions. He was the first person to calculate the circumference of the Earth (with remarkable accuracy), and he invented a system of latitude and longitude. He calculated the tilt of the earth's axis (again with remarkable accuracy); he may also have accurately calculated the distance from the earth to the sun and invented the leap day. He created a map of the world based on the available geographical knowledge of the era. Eratosthenes was also the founder of scientific chronology; he wanted to fix the dates of the chief literary and political events from the conquest of Troy.

Measuring the Earth's circumference
Assuming that Alexandria was due north of Syene he concluded that the distance from Alexandria to Syene must be 1/50 of the total circumference of the Earth (360 degrees). His estimated distance between the cities was 5000 stadia () by estimating the time that he had taken to travel from Syene to Alexandria by camel. He rounded the result to a final value of 700 stadia per degree, which implies a circumference of 250,000 stadia. The exact size of the stadion he used is frequently argued. The common Attic stadium was about , which would imply a circumference of , which is  different from the currently accepted circumference of the Earth (). The method is an early application of trigonometry in the measurement science of geodesy.

Other discoveries and inventions
The sieve of Eratosthenes 
In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Greek: κόσκινον Ἐρατοσθένους) is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to a specified integer. It works efficiently for the smaller primes (below 10 million).
The sieve was described and attributed to Eratosthenes in the Introduction to Arithmetic by Nicomachus.

Other 
Eratosthenes went further and computed the tilt of the Earth's axis to within a degree. This is the tilt which is the main cause of the annual climate cycle of spring, summer, autumn, winter. He also deduced the length of the year as 365¼ days. He suggested that calendars should have a leap day every fourth year, an idea taken up two centuries later by Julius Caesar.

References 

276 BC births
194 BC deaths
Greek geographers
Ancient mathematicians
Ancient Greek astronomers
A tubule is a very small tube. In anatomy, a tubule is a very small tube coated with epithelium from your glands.

Anatomy
Jango Fett is a Star Wars bounty hunter and the genetic template of the Clone troopers for the Clone Wars. He made his first appearance in Attack of the Clones (2002).

Portrayals
As with his clones and Boba Fett, he is portrayed by Temuera Morrison.

Star Wars characters
Fictional characters introduced in 2002
Tony Hawk's (series) guest characters
Gif el-Kebir is a large plateau in Egypt. The name can be translated as the great barrier. It is located in trhe extreme south-east of Egypt, next ot Lybia and Sudan. It has about the same size as Switzerland. It rises 300 m above the rest of the desert. The plateau is very arid and difficult to access. 
There is a crater called Kebir crater in the plateau.

The Uweinat mountain range at the very south of the plateau is shared between Egypt, Libya and Sudan.

Wadis:

 Akhdar 
 Bakht 
 Dayiq 
 Firaq 
 Gazayir 
 Maftuh 
 Mashi 
 Wassa 

The Gilf Kebir is mentioned in Michael Ondaatje's novel 'The English Patient'. It was also the site of the recent discovery of a bag which had been lost in the Second World War by a dispatch rider (Alec Ross) of the Long Range Desert Group, part of the British Army. This contained the rider's personal letters and photographs, and had been well preserved.

Petroglyphs
The Gilf Kebir is known for its prehistoric (Neolithic) petroglyphs
Karkur Talh and Karkur Murr: major eastern valleys of the Uweinat contain one of the richest concentrations of rock art in the whole Sahara.
 Western Uweinat: Shelters under the huge granite boulders in the western Uweinat contain numerous paintings, including the famous sites of Ain Doua.
 Jebel Arkenu, Jebel Kissu & Yerguehda Hill, the lesser granite massifs around Uweinat have many smaller sites.
 Mogharet el Kantara in the southern Gilf Kebir contains only one known rock art site, a cave  discovered by Shaw & party in 1936.
 Wadi Sora in the northwestern Gilf Kebir: the "Cave of Swimmers" (or Swimmers' Cave), discovered by the Hungarian Count László Almásy (The English Patient), plus many other paintings nearby.
The North-western half of the Gilf Kebir aside from Wadi Sora has only a few scattered engravings, of an apparently very ancient age.
Other websites
google map
Libyan Rock Art Documentation Project
McOran E-Cards based on the 'Cave of Swimmers'
'WW11 Army Bag is found in Desert'

New Valley Governorate
Plateaus
HBOS is a major bank. It was founded in 2001 when Halifax merged with the Bank of Scotland. It is headquarted in Edinburgh, Scotland. On 17 September 2008 it was said that Lloyds TSB would take over HBOS.

Banks of Scotland
2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
"Must Get Out" is the 5th single by Maroon 5. The song was released in 2005 off their first album, Songs About Jane. 

Maroon 5 songs
2005 songs
Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was a renowned American photographer and environmentalist, best known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West and primarily Yosemite National Park.

Works

Notable photographs 
 Monolith, The Face of Half Dome, 1927.
 Rose and Driftwood, 1932.
 Yosemite Valley, Clearing Winter Storm, 1937 or earlier, probably 1935
 Moonrise, Hernandez, New Mexico, 1941.
 Ice on Ellery Lake, Sierra Nevada, 1941.
 Winter morning, Sierra Nevada from Lone Pine, 1944
 Georgia O'Keeffe and Orville Cox at Canyon de Chelly
 Aspens, New Mexico, 1958.

A few of Adams' photographs 

1902 births
1984 deaths
Deaths from heart disease
American photographers
Artists from San Francisco
Dorothea Lange (May 26, 1895 – October 11, 1965) was an influential American documentary photographer and photojournalist, best known for her Depression-era work for the  Farm Security Administration (FSA).  Lange's photographs showing the United State's poor families during the Depression influenced the development of documentary photography.

Lange was born on May 26, 1895, in Hoboken, New Jersey. In 1914 Lange started her career working in the studio of photographer Arnold Genthe. She also studied with Clarence Hudson White at Columbia University. In 1919 Lange opened her own portrait studio in San Francisco, California.

In 1935 Lange began working for the Resettlement Administration which was later renamed the Farm Security Administration. In 1936 she took her best-known photograph Migrant Mother. 

Lange died on October 11, 1965, in San Francisco, California.

A retrospective exhibition of her work was held at the Museum of Modern Art in 1966.

Notable works

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1895 births
1965 deaths
American photojournalists
Lostprophets' first release was their 1997 EP Here Comes the Party.
In 1999 Lostprophets were signed to a record label called Visible Noise. Their first album Thefakesoundofprogress was released on 27 November 2000. On 2 February 2004 the band's second album Start Something was released in the UK and South Korea. Six singles were released from the album. "Burn Burn" reached number seventeen in the UK Singles Chart. The band's third album, Liberation Transmission, was released in June 2006 and was the band's first album to enter the UK Albums Chart at No.1. The album was also successful in Japan. Kerrang! gave it five out of five stars. In 2009 Lostprophets did a cover of "Boys Don't Cry" on an album of The Cure covers given away free with NME.
The Betrayed, the band's fourth studio album, was released in the UK on 13 January 2010. It reached number three in the UK Albums Chart. Their last album, Weapons was released on 2 April 2012. It reached the number five in the UK Albums Chart. It got mixed reviews.
HMV stopped selling Lostprophets' albums in 2013 after Watkins was convicted of trying to rape a baby. The BBC will not play Lostprophets' music anymore.

In June 2014, the remaining members formed No Devotion with American singer Geoff Rickly as their lead vocalist.

Discography 
 The Fake Sound of Progress (2000)
 Start Something (2004)
 Liberation Transmission (2006)
 The Betrayed (2010)
 Weapons (2012)

References

1990s British music groups
1997 establishments in the United Kingdom
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
2013 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
British heavy metal bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Musical groups established in 1997
Post-grunge bands
Welsh rock bands
Racism is the belief that one race is better than others. It means judging and treating people badly (e.g., discrimination) because they are from a different race or ethnicity.

Racism can affect many parts of society, like laws, cultures, and economies. In extreme cases, it can lead to terrible events like the Holocaust, where certain races were targeted and treated horribly.  During the Holocaust, Nazis in Germany believed that some races did not even deserve to exist. These beliefs were racist. Because of those beliefs, they killed many people who belonged to those races. Those actions, which resulted from their racist beliefs, were also racist.
Racism has been around for a long time and has caused wars, slavery, and the creation of nations. It was used by some powerful groups to justify their actions and biases. For example, during colonial times, Europeans used racism to exploit indigenous peoples and take their lands. In the United States, white people treated African American as property, using racist ideas to make it seem okay.

There are different forms of racism, some are very obvious, but others are more hidden. Everyday racism is the less obvious kind that happens in society. It's when people make others feel like they don't fully belong because of their race. This can happen through social interactions and behaviors based on racist beliefs.
Race and ethnicity 
Humans often categorize themselves by race or ethnicity. They do this based on ancestry, as well as visible traits like skin color and facial features.  People of the same ethnic group are often connected by ancestry, speaking the same language, having the same culture, and living in the same places.

However, scientists say that humans do not really fit well into these categories, biologically.  The DNA of people from different races is very similar.  Evidence from genetics and archaeology suggests that all humans came from the same group of early humans in East Africa.  This means that different races did not appear at different times.  All humans came from the same race, and separated into different races later. Because white people historically had more power, some people call racism against whites reverse racism.
Social Darwinism 
In the second half of the 19th century, there were different ideas on how species change over time. Charles Dawin made the idea of evolution popular and spoke about natural selection. Herbert Spencer spoke about the survival of the fittest. Social darwinism is the idea that what applies to species also applies to human societies:

Between the 1870s, and the end of the Second World War, these concepts were sometimes used to justify racist ideologies.

Historical examples of racism 
 The Atlantic slave trade
 The Jim Crow laws in the United States, about 1890 to 1960
 The Nuremberg Laws and The Holocaust in Nazi Germany, 1935-45
 The Apartheid laws in South Africa, after 1948
 The White Australia policy in Australia
 The Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist group

Racist ideologies
Racist ideologies

European racism 
In the late 18th century, Europeans began using the term Aryan to refer to the original prehistoric Proto-Indo-Europeans and their descendants up to the present day (i.e., the Indo-European peoples—those Caucasians who speak the Indo-European languages). It was also assumed at the time, that, Aryans were a culturally superior people. By the late 19th century, some Europeans began to use the name Aryan for only the Nordic peoples of Europe (one branch of the Indo-European peoples), as a "pure," "noble" and racially "superior" race they claimed were descended from the original Aryan tribes. The theory that the Aryans first came from Europe became especially popular in Germany and to a lesser degree in Austria and Hungary.

There was much prejudice based upon this perception of the world as the Europeans and Orientals both regarded them selves as superior to the other skin colours, which lead to African slavery, Apartheid, the Jim Crow Laws, Nazism and Japanese imperialism.
In Europe, most racism is against Romani people, also known as gypsies. Antiziganism is common in Europe.

Racism and Colonialism 
When Europeans came to America, they killed thousands of Native Americans and when the European settlers got to Australia, they started killing off large numbers of Aborigines.

With the birth of their empires, many other native tribes suffered in Canada,  New Zealand, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh and India.

Japan also held similar beliefs about Chinese and Koreans in their colonies.

Anglo-French racism 
Racism in the U.K., Ireland and France was usually about limiting the rights of Jews, Roma and minorities like the French Basques.
As the colonies became independent after the 1950s, many migrated to the U.K. and France, but were discriminated against. Some British cafes and hotels would not welcome in Caribbean guests and the French made Arabs feel unwelcome in some French towns as well. Since the 1960s, India, Pakistani and Bangladeshi people have moved to the U.K. and been victimised and 'Paki-bashed'. 9/11, 2001, has heightened the French and British fears about Islam and Arabs in general. Polish and Brazilian migrant labours are also discriminated against in some places. Racist parties like the U.K.'s British National Party and National Front trade on these fears to get votes.

Racism in Nazism
Racism in Nazism 

Alleged scientific findings of racial differences were used by Nazi Germany to justify the racialist policy with its concept of "Großdeutschland" (Greater Germany) and the Nordic race idea. The Nazis' attitude towards the Jews were anti-Semitic and falsely blamed them for Germany's defeat in World War I and the Great Depression. The Nazis and some of their anti-Semitic allies, like Hungary, committed genocide against the Jews during the Holocaust of World War II.

Both the Nazis and Romania's Iron Guard also persecuted the Roma, who were considered part of the allegedly inferior 'Indic' race. During World War II, the Nazis embarked on a systematic attempt at genocide of the Roma, known as the Porajmos. The Nazis also knowingly killed of thousands of Slavs, lesbians, Communists, liberals and gays.
Racism in Italy 
Fascist Benito Mussolini, in a 1919 speech to denounce Soviet Russia, claimed that Jewish bankers in London and New York City were bound by the chains of race to Moscow, and claimed that 80 percent of the Soviet leaders were Jews.

Many Italian fascists held anti-Slavist views, especially against neighbouring Yugoslav nations, who they saw as being in competition with Italy, which had laid claim to the  Yugoslavia's region of Dalmatia.

Mussolini said Italy would get its own way and was willing to use force to settle arguments. An early example was Italy's bombardment of the Greek island of Corfu in 1923. Soon after he succeeded in setting up a puppet regime in Albania and crushed  a rebellion in Libya, which had been an Italian colony since 1912.

Italy, like Germany, Austria and Hungary regarded all Slavs and Roma as stupid, racially inferior due to the effects of Social Darwinism and undeserving of their basic rights. Anti-Arab discrimination was also used in parts of Libya.
Racism in Romania 

The Iron Guard was an antisemitic fascist movement and political party in Romania from 1927 to 1941. They despised and denounced both Jews and the Roma.

Racism in America 

American racism has been a major issue in the country since before its founding. Historically dominated by White settler society, race in the United States as a concept became significant in relation to other groups. Generally racist attitudes in the country have been most onerously applied to Native Americans, African Americans and some "foreign-seeming" action against Mexican immigrants among others. The Chinese, Japanese and Irish had trouble in America, during the 19th century, but the Blacks fell foul of the Jim Crow Laws which once racially separated some parts of America between Blacks and Whites. These first emerged in the late 19th Century and lasted to the mid 1960s and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Millions of Africans were killed while they were held as prisoners or as slaves by the Europeans and Arabs. Some call this "The Black Holocaust".

The United States' legal system has been accused of racism. 40% of the prison population are black. 12% of the general population is black.
The New York Police Department stop-and-frisk program has been accused of racial profiling.

The book To Kill A Mockingbird is a well-known American novel largely focusing on race in the Jim Crow era, described earlier.

In the 21st century, certain groups of non-white people hold the idea that all white people have advantages over them based on their skin color, with disregard to family background, personal history, or current situation.
Racism in the United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom the two most popular nationalist political parties are the British National Party (BNP) and the UK Independence Party (UKIP). There is also a group called the English Defense League (EDL). They are thought to be racist by a lot of people. They are against unlimited immigration and colonization by Muslims. Although Muslims can be of any race, they are usually South Asian. In a 2013 poll, 27% of 1000 British people aged between 18 and 24 said that they did not trust Muslims.
In the United Kingdom most people are white. 7% are Asian and 3% are black. 4.83% of the British population are Muslims.

Apartheid
South African "Apartheid laws" were a system of racial segregation which was used to deny many rights of non-white people. They started in 1948. The laws allowed the white minority to keep the Black majority out of certain areas. Black people had to carry special papers (passes) or have permission to live and work in particular areas. Whites opposed intermarriage with non-whites and coloured people were also discriminated against, but not as badly as the non-whites. The Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 prohibited marriage between persons of different races and the Immorality Act of 1950 made sexual relations with a person of a different race a criminal offence. The blacks suffered greatly and were even banned from voting at one point. Nelson Mandela became South Africa's first black president in 1994. Mandela ended apartheid.  Currently, racial quota laws discriminate against Whites in South Africa
.  The Black President Zuma of South Africa publicly sings "Kill The Boer", which means, Kill the White [Farmer]".  Genocidewatch.org reports that the White South Africans are facing genocide.
The Imperial Rule Assistance Association of Japan 

The Imperial Rule Assistance Association (Taisei Yokusankai) was a coalition of fascist and nationalist political movements of Japan such as the Imperial Way Faction  (Kōdōha) and the Society of the East (Tōhōkai). It was formed under the guidance of Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe  Prior to creation of the IRAA, Konoe had already effectively nationalized strategic industries, the news media, and labour unions, in preparation for total war with China. Japan needed more land, minerals and colonies, so they annexed Korea, Manchuria and part of China. The Japanese regarded the Chinese, Koreans and Europeans as an inferior race that should be crushed and exploited.

When Konoe's successor, Hideki Tōjō took over the IRAA he attempted to establish himself as the absolute leader, or Shogun, of Japan, under the Emperor of Japan.

Some Japanese people still believe that they did not commit as many massacres as the Western World and China said they did.
A changing world 
With the revelations of the holocaust, as well as worldwide antiracist efforts, old ideas about race changed and, more slowly, some prejudices about race faded. The civil rights movement tried to liberate persons of African origin from racist white supremacist rule in South Africa and the southern USA. Blacks could vote in South Africa after a 50-year ban.

The growth of the Hispanic population through immigration from Mexico and elsewhere, combined with and high birth rates, are a factor in the USA's rising population in the last quarter-century. The 2000 census also found Native Americans/Amerindians at their highest population ever, 4.5 million, since the U.S was founded in 1776.

Related pages 
 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
 Environmental racism
 Antiziganism
 Afrophobia

References
Korba is a city in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh. The city is the center of power in the state, meaning that it is the source from which people who live there get their energy supply. It contains major power companies such as NTPC and LENCO. Apart from power projects, it is the home of the most profiting coal mines in India namely DIPKA & GEVRA which are part of SECL (South Eastern Coalfields Limited). Vedanta group's presence is also felt through BALCO aluminium plant.

Cities in Chhattisgarh
Apoptosis is the controlled death of a cell. It is an important part of tissue development. For example, during limb development in a foetus, apoptosis allows digits (fingers and toes) to separate from each other. The process is quite common until puberty begins. Apoptosis is a  regulated and controlled process which works throughout an organism's life cycle. The rate of apoptosis is balanced by the rate of cell production by mitosis.

Discovery 
The phenomenon of programmed cell death was first described by Carl Vogt in 1842. In 1885, anatomist Walther Flemming gave a more precise description of the process.

The average adult human loses between 50 and 70 billion cells each day due to apoptosis. The average human adult has more than 13 trillion cells  of which at most only 70 billion die each day. That is, about 5 out of every 1,000 cells (0.5%) die each day due to apoptosis. For an average human child between the ages of 8 and 14, approximately 20–30 billion cells die per day.
Sequence of events in apoptosis
When a cell dies by apoptosis, surrounding tissue is not harmed. 
1. Enzymes break down the cytoskeleton of the cell.
2. Cytoplasm becomes dense, with organelles tightly packed.
3. Cell surface membrane forms "blebs".
4. Chromatin condenses and the nuclear envelope breaks. DNA breaks into fragments.
5. The cell breaks down into vesicles, taken up by phagocytosis.
Controlling the cell cycle 
Apoptosis is the normal end of a cell's life. At any point in time, there may be too many cells in one area, and the DNA
coding for apoptosis will activate in some of those cells and they will die safely. This is important to the overall functioning of the organism. If, for example, the making of liver cells were to speed up and they never died, the liver would no longer function properly. The liver cells would eventually take over the organism's body. Apoptosis takes place by the help of lysosomes. Lysosomes rupture when the cell is old or damaged, this lets out digestive enzymes all over the cell and digests it, therefore killing the cell.
Cancer 
Cancerous cells do not undergo apoptosis, which is why they are such a problem. They continuously multiply until the host organ or the organism's body cannot function anymore. This occurs because the apoptosis coding has mutated and so has other coding. This causes rapid mitotic division of the unwanted cells. This is a cancerous growth.

Nobel Prize 
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 was awarded jointly to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'." Sydney Brenner, Sir John Sulston and Robert Horvitz received the Nobel Prize for their work on the genome and cells of the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans was the first animal to have its complete genome sequenced.

References

Related pages 
Hayflick limit

Cell biology
Phagocytes are the white blood cells that protect the body by eating (phagocytosing)  bacteria and dead or dying cells. They are important for fighting infections. They are also important for becoming immune. Phagocytes are present in all animals and are very complex in vertebrates. One liter of human blood has about six billion phagocytes.

History 
Their name comes from the Greek phagein, 'to eat or devour ', and kutos, 'hollow vessel'. Phagocytes were first seen in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov.  Phagocytes can be found in many animals. Macrophages move like amoebae, and are probably an ancient type of cell.
Professional phagocyte 
Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called professional or non-professional, depending on how good they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes are neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and mast cells. The reason they are called professional phagocytes is because they have receptors on their surfaces which can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria. Phagocytes are very important in fighting infections and in getting rid of dead and dying cells.
What a phagocyte does 
When there is an infection, phagocytes move to the bacteria by sensing chemicals. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes that are already there. The phagocytes move by a way called chemotaxis. When bacteria touch a phagocyte, they bind to the receptors on the phagocyte and are eaten (phagocytosed). When bacteria enter some phagocytes, the phagocytes use oxidants and nitric oxide to kill the pathogen. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also do 'antigen presentation': this is when the phagocyte moves parts of the killed bacteria back to its surface. These parts are then shown to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then move to the body's lymph nodes and show the bacterial parts to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This action is important in getting immunity.
Phagocyte evasion 
Many bacteria have ways to not be eaten or killed by phagocytes. They may avoid contact by
growing in places phagocytes cannot reach, 
putting out chemicals which make it difficult for phagocytes to get to an infection
interfering with the immune response which causes phagocytes to respond
tricking the immune system into treating them as "self", by coating themselves with a natural substance.

References 

Blood cells
Physiology
Immunology
FM Static is a Pop punk band that makes albums with Tooth & Nail Records. The band was started by Thousand Foot Krutch (another band) lead man Trevor McNevan and Thousand Foot Krutch drummer Steve Augustine. In 2003, they made their first album called (What Are You Waiting For?). This album has sold over 60,000 copies so far and had the singles "Definitely Maybe" and "Crazy Mary". On August 1, 2006, FM Static started selling their second album called Critically Ashamed, which has the single "Waste of Time" on it. Their third album was announced in late April 2008. The two piece finished recording "Dear Diary" in early August 2008. It was released on April 7, 2009. 

FM Static won the Best Website Ever Made award from the Webgrammys, and they have been nominated for the GMA Canada Covenant Awards.

Members
 Trevor McNevan - vocals, guitars
 Steve Augustine - drums

Old members

 Justin Smith (bass)
 Jeremy Smith (guitar)
 John Bunner (guitar)