Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Literature
Loa (spirits of Voodoo) are depicted in Zadie Smith's 2005 novel On Beauty. Loa also appear in Terry Pratchett's book Witches Abroad (1991).  A powerful voodoo woman in novel Witches Abroad is named Erzulie Gogol. Baron Samedi (as the head of the Ghede family of Loa) is mentioned in the second novel in Ian Fleming's James Bond series of stories Live and Let Die.  In the short story Kum Ogun by Jorge Amado, or the 2nd part of the novel Shepherds of the night (1964), is one of the title characters – Loa Ogun. The character Galeb from Tales of Monkey Island was based on Loa Papa Legba. Papa Legba, Erzulie, Ogun, Ghede and other popular Loa together with the adepts of Voodoo are depicted in Andrei Gusev's 2020 novel Our Wild Sex in Malindi.

References
Mercury (Latin: Mercurius) is the god of trade, commerce, financial gain, messages/communication, travellers and boundaries, trickery, merchants and thieves in Ancient Roman religion and myth. Son of Jupiter and Maia, Mercury was a major god in Roman state religion, being a member of the Dii Consentes, the principal group of ancient Roman deities. The Roman counterpart to Hermes, the god is depicted as holding a caduceus in his left hand. The planet Mercury and the element Mercury are named after him.

Related pages
Turms - Etruscan mythology version of Mercury.
 Hermes - Greek mythology version of Mercury.

Roman gods and goddesses
Medusa is a character in Greek mythology. Her story has been told and retold by ancient and modern storytellers, writers, and artists.  

The Latin poet Ovid writes in Book IV of  his Metamorphoses that Poseidon had raped Medusa in the temple of Athena. The goddess was angry, and changed Medusa into a monster with snakes for hair.  To people in Ovid's time, Medusa, not Poseidon, was the one who had done something wrong.

Artists have made statues and paintings of Medusa for thousands of years.  Ancient Greeks and other ancient people painted Medusa's face on pots and doors and other things.  In Greek art from this time, artists usually painted or carved people looking out to the side.  Medusa was almost always carved looking out of the picture toward the viewer. This was so Medusa could scare evil things away.  These pictures of Medusa are called Gorgoneions. They are an example of using one evil thing to make other evil things leave, the same way Perseus used Medusa against his other enemies.

Myth
Myth 

Medusa was one of three sisters, the Gorgons. Medusa's sisters were Stheno and Euryale. Medusa was mortal, but her sisters were immortal. They were all children of the sea gods, Phorkys and his sister Keto. Before they were monsters, all three sisters were beautiful young women, Medusa the most; however, she was a priestess in the temple of Athena and was bound by a vow of celibacy.

Any man or animal who looked directly upon her was turned to stone.

 

The hero Perseus cut off Medusa's head.  He snuck up on her by using his shiny shield as a mirror. He put Medusa's head in a special bag and then showed it to his enemies.  They turned to stone.  Then he gave Medusa's head to the gods.  Either Zeus or Athena put her head on the shield called aegis.

Medusa was pregnant by Poseidon at the time of her death. Pegasus, a winged horse, and Chrysaor, a golden giant, sprang from her blood.

Medusa in art
Medusa in art 

Medusa was a subject for ancient vase painters, mosaicists, and sculptors. She appears on the breastplate of Alexander the Great in the Alexander Mosaic at the House of the Faun in Pompeii, Italy (about 200 BC). 

A Roman copy of Phidias' Medusa (left) is held in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany.  

Among the Renaissance depictions are the sculpture Perseus with the Head of Medusa by Benvenuto Cellini (1554) and the oil painting Medusa by Caravaggio (1597).

 

Baroque depictions include Head of Medusa by Peter Paul Rubens (1618); the marble bust Medusa by Bernini (1630s); and Perseus Turning Phineus and his Followers to Stone, an oil painting by Luca Giordano from the (early 1680s).
Romantic and modern depictions include Perseus with the Head of Medusa by Antonio Canova (1801) and Perseus, a sculpture by Salvador Dalí. Twentieth century artists whno tackled the Medusa theme include Paul Klee, John Singer Sargent, Pablo Picasso, Pierre et Gilles, and Auguste Rodin.  The twenty-first century sculpture Medusa with the Head of Perseus by Luciano Garbati became part of the #MeToo Movement.

References
    

Greek legendary creatures
Monsters
Lilo & Stitch: The Series is a Disney Channel animated television series based on the 2002 movie, Lilo & Stitch. It follows Stitch! The Movie, which was a pilot to the series. As with the first movie, it stars Daveigh Chase as Lilo Pelekai and Chris Sanders as her alien friend Stitch. In the show, they try to find Stitch's alien cousins and the job each cousin is perfect for.

Characters 
 626/Stitch (voiced by Chris Sanders)
 Lilo Pelekai (voiced by Daveigh Chase)
 Dr. Jumba Jookiba (voiced by David Ogden Stiers)
 Agent Wendy Pleakley (voiced by Kevin McDonald)
 Nani Pelekai (voiced by Tia Carrere) Lilo's older sister.
 Captain Gantu (voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson)
 625/Reuben (voiced by Rob Paulsen)
 Dr. Jacques von Hämsterviel (voiced by Jeff Bennett)
 Mertle Edmonds (voiced by Liliana Mumy)
 624/Angel (voiced by Tara Strong)

Episodes 
Main article: List of Lilo & Stitch: The Series episodes

Other websites 
 Disney Channel site 
 
 TV.com entry
Animated television series
2003 television series debuts
Lilo & Stitch
Television series by Buena Vista Television
2006 television series endings
Olga Bondarenko (maiden name Krentser, born 2 June 1960 in Slavgorod, Altai Krai, Russia) is a long-distance runner. Running for the U.S.S.R., she won the 10,000 metre race at the 1988 Summer Olympics, and the 3,000 metre race at the 1986 European Championships. Earlier she had set a world record for the 10,000 m event, at 31 minutes, 13.78 seconds, in Kiev in 1984. Her first world-class gold medal was a first-place finish in the 5,000 m race at the 1986 Goodwill Games in Moscow. She competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics.

References

Olga Bondarenko at sporting-heroes.net
Olga Bondarenko-Krentser 

1960 births
Living people
1992 Summer Olympics
Long-distance runners
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Russian sportspeople
Soviet Olympic gold medalists
Hephaestus (, Hēphaistos) is the Greek god of fire, metalworking, craftsmen, sculpture, metallurgy and volcanoes. His parents were Zeus and Hera, Hephaestus was the blacksmith of the gods. He was married to the goddess Aphrodite, who cheated on him with his brother Ares. His symbols were a smith's hammer, an anvil, and a pair of tongs. The donkey was his sacred animal. The god Vulcan is his Roman equivalent.
Description 
When Hephaestus was born, he was ugly and weak, with a broken foot. Hera did not like the way he looked and threw him off her castle which  was on top of the clouds. Hephaestus fell for one day and one night before falling into the sea. The sea animals rescued him and took him to an island called Lemnos. There Hephaestus built his forge underneath a volcano.  He collected precious metals, pearls and pieces of coral to fashion extraordinary jewelry.  Hephaestus built little robots of gold to help him get around. Hephaestus even worked with the Cyclopes (one eyed creatures). To impress the gods and goddesses, he made a set of golden thrones for them.
Hera realized her mistake of throwing Hephaestus off Mount Olympus and wanted Hephaestus back.  Hephaestus politely refused, saying that he was quite happy where he was. Hephaestus denied because he knew that the only reason that Hera wanted him back, was because he could make her items. He then set to work and fashioned a beautiful golden throne and sent it to Hera as a 'thank you, but not really' gift. Hera felt delighted by his present. The instant she sat on it, golden ropes and chains flew out and tied her into the chair.
Hephaestus was still very angry with Hera because she threw him off Mount Olympus because of his disability. Hera was trapped on the throne three whole days without being able to eat or sleep.  Everyone tried to free Hera from the great trap, but Hephaestus’ design was so clever that none of the gods could detach the ropes.  So, Zeus sent his son Ares, god of war, to bring Hephaestus back to let Hera loose.  Hephaestus made Ares run away by throwing firebrands at him, and Ares made a shameful retreat.  Zeus used trickery next and sent Dionysus, the god of wine, to get Hephaestus drunk. Hephaestus was not a regular drinker, and Hephaestus got drunk very quickly. Soon Dionysus was making his proud return to Mount Olympus, with drunk Hephaestus on the back of a mule. Hephaestus still refused to let his mother out. Zeus offered him Aphrodite (the goddess of beauty) as a wife if he let his mother out. Hephaestus agreed to his offer and finally freed Hera
. He moved back to the forges because he did not like the busy life of the palace. Although, he still refused to forgive Hera.
Hera felt very guilty and gave him loads of supplies, materials, tools, and helpers for his workshop. Hephaestus made the best weapons, jewelry, and armor. Some of his greatest creations ever were the silver bows and arrows of Artemis and Apollo as well as Apollo’s golden chariot. He also made the  shield of Achilles, Athena's spear, and Hercules' breastplate. In addition to this he made the scepter of Zeus and the battle armor of the Olympian armies.  He also made all of the gods and goddesses palaces (with help from Athena) and their unbreakable locks.  On top of all this, Hephaestus was and is still credited with the invention of the three-legged stool and the world’s first robots. His helpers included a complete set of life size golden maids who helped around the house.
Marriage to Aphrodite
Hephaestus married Aphrodite. When Aphrodite emerged from the sea (created by the sperm of the severed member of Uranus,) Zeus feared that the gods would battle over her hand in marriage, so Zeus arranged that Aphrodite would marry Hephaestus if he let his mother out of the golden throne.  Hephaestus gave Aphrodite his best creations and even gave her a magic girdle that made her irresistible to men.  However, Aphrodite did not love him as she was married against her will and she didn't like Hephaestus' looks.  She spent most of her time with Ares.

It is said that when his wife, Aphrodite, does something unfaithful, he smashes some of his materials through rage and makes the volcano he lives under erupt. One time, Hephaestus caught Aphrodite and Ares on a bed while they Aphrodite and Ares were making love. Hephaestus out of rage, trapped them on the bed and sent them to Mount Olympus to be ridiculed and laughed at by the other gods.
Hephaestus was well liked by all of the Olympians.  He was not involved in their plots. Hephaestus preferred to be alone in his workshop. Hephaestus was also worshiped by the Greeks because he proved that those who labor are also noble.  Hephaestus reminds us of the value and dangers of losing our selves in work.

Related pages
Sethlans - Etruscan version of Hephaestus.
Vulcan - Roman version of Hephaestus.

References 

Twelve Olympians
Vulcan is the god of fire in Roman mythology. His Greek equivalent is the god Hephaestus. He is the son of Jupiter and Juno, and the husband of Venus. In Roman mythology, he was one of the top 12 gods in the heavens - the 12 gods that made up the Dei Consentes, the council of Gods.

Mythology of Vulcan 
Vulcan was born extremely ugly. His mother, Juno, tried to throw him off a cliff, but failed to kill her son. Instead, she put him in a volcano and told him to stay there for most of his young life. Little did she know that her young boy would grow to be a very talented blacksmith for all the gods and goddesses of Olympus.
Vulcan made thrones for the other gods to sit on in Mount Etna. Through his identification with the Hephaestus of Greek mythology, he came to be considered as the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, jewelry and armor for various gods and heroes, including the thunderbolts of Jupiter. He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and husband of Maia and Venus. His smithy was believed to be underneath Mount Etna in Sicily.

Vulcan had a happy childhood with dolphins as his playmates and pearls as his toys. Late in his childhood, he found the remains of a fisherman's fire on the beach and became fascinated with an unextinguished coal, still red-hot and glowing.
Later, Thetis left her underwater grotto to attend a dinner party on Mount Olympus wearing a beautiful necklace of silver and sapphires, which Vulcan had made for her. Juno admired the necklace and asked as to where she could get one. Thetis became flustered causing Juno to become suspicious and, at last, the queen god discovered the truth: the baby she had once rejected had grown into a talented blacksmith.

Juno was furious and demanded that Vulcan return home, a demand that he refused. However he did send Juno a beautifully constructed chair made of silver and gold, inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Juno was delighted with this gift but, as soon as she sat in it her weight triggered hidden springs and metal bands sprung forth to hold her fast. The more she shrieked and struggled the more firmly the mechanical throne gripped her; the chair was a cleverly designed trap.
For three days Juno sat fuming, still trapped in Vulcan's chair, she could not sleep, she could not stretch, she could not eat. It was Jupiter who finally saved the day, he promised that if Vulcan released Juno he would give him a wife, Venus the goddess of love and beauty. Vulcan agreed and married Venus. He later built a smithy under Mount Etna on the island of Sicily. It was said that whenever Venus is unfaithful, Vulcan grows angry and beats the red-hot metal with such a force that sparks and smoke rise up from the top of the mountain, to create a volcanic eruption.

According to Virgil, Vulcan was the father of Caeculus.

To punish mankind for stealing the secrets of fire, Jupiter ordered the other gods to make a poisoned gift for man. Vulcan's contribution to the beautiful and foolish Pandora was to mould her from clay and to give her form. He also made the thrones for the other gods on Mount Olympus.
Worship 
Vulcan's oldest shrine in Rome, called the "Volcanal", was in the Roman Forum.  It was said to have been built during the Roman Kingdom by Titus Tatius, the Sabine co-king, in the eighth century BC.  The Etruscan haruspices thought a temple of Vulcan should be outside the city, and the Volcanal may originally have been on or outside the city limits before they expanded to include the Capitoline Hill.  Vulcan also had a temple on the Campus Marius.

The Romans identified Vulcan with the Greek smith-god Hephaestus and he became associated like his Greek counterpart with the use of fire in metalworking. A fragment of a Greek pot showing Hephaestus found at the Volcanal has been dated to the 6th century BC, suggesting they were already associated.  However, Vulcan had a stronger association than Hephaestus with fire's destructiveness, and his worshippers wanted to encourage the god to avert harmful fires.
His festival, the Vulcanalia, was celebrated on August 23, when the summer heat made a fire hazard.  The people made bonfires, and threw live fish or small animals into the fires as animal sacrifice.  Vulcan was among the gods placated after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64.  Also because of that fire, Domitian (emperor 81–96) established a new altar to Vulcan on the Quirinal Hill.  A red bull-calf and red boar were added to the sacrifices made on the Vulcanalia, at least in that part of town.

Statues 
 There is a statue of Vulcan in Birmingham, Alabama, USA. It is the largest cast iron statue in the world.

Related pages
 Hephaestus - Greek mythology version of Vulcan

References

Roman gods and goddesses
Tyche is the nickname given to a possible gas giant planet in the  Solar System's Oort cloud. It is one of several proposed planets beyond Neptune. Tyche was first proposed in 1999 by astronomer John Matese of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. 

Matese and Daniel Whitmire say that the points of origin for long-period comets gives a pattern that suggests Tyche's existence. They noted that Tyche, if it exists, should be seen in the archive of data that was collected by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Infrared telescope. However, several astronomers disagree that Tyche exists. In 2014 NASA announced that WISE had not found such a planet. 

Tyche is in the Nickelodeon TV show The Fairly OddParents. It is also called "Yugopotamia" and is where the character Mark Chang is from.

References

Planets
Solar System
Fortuna was the goddess of fortune, luck and fate in Roman mythology. Fortuna could bestow good or bad luck onto people. She was sometimes represented veiled and blind. She was a daughter of Jupiter and like him, she could also be bountiful and generous to everybody.

Related pages
 Tyche - Greek mythology version of Fortuna
 The Wheel of Fortune

Other websites

Roman gods and goddesses
Demeter (Attic Greek: Δημήτηρ, Dēmḗtēr; Doric: Δαμάτηρ, Dāmā́tēr) is the goddess of the harvest and agriculture in ancient Greek religion and myth, one of the Twelve Olympians. The elder sister of Zeus, Demeter presided over grains and the fertility of the earth. She served as the patron goddess of farmers, and was believed to have taught men how to reap and cultivate the harvest. By Zeus, she is the mother of Persephone, the wife of Hades and queen of the underworld. Both she and Persephone were central figures of the Eleusinian Mysteries, a series of festivals held in honor of the two goddesses in the region of Attica. Her symbols were the scythe, cornucopia, wheat, bread and harvest grains, and the pig and snake were her sacred animals. Her Roman equivalent is Ceres.
In Greek Mythology, Demeter's daughter Persephone was kidnapped by Hades, and made her bride. Demeter grieved the loss of her daughter, bringing on a long famine. Eventually an accord was met by which Persephone would spend part of the year underground, and the rest above ground with her mother. This cycle is the Mythological explanation for the seasons.

Related pages 

 Ceres - Roman version of Demeter

Twelve Olympians
Gods and goddesses of agriculture
In Roman religion and myth, Ceres (Latin: Cerēs) is the goddess of agriculture, especially the growing of grains and cereals, fertility and motherly relationships. The Roman equivalent of Demeter. Ceres was an important deity of the Plebeian or Aventine Triad. She was the mother of Proserpine. Her daughter was married to Pluto, the god of the underworld. At Roman weddings, a boy carried the torch of Ceres to light the way to happiness of the couple. The dwarf planet Ceres is named after her.
Rules 
Ceres protected plebeian laws, rights and rules. Her Aventine Temple was the plebeian worship place, law place, treasure place and also law-court. Its foundation was almost at the same time with the passage of the Lex Sacrata. During that time, Lex Sacrata made the office and representatives of the Roman people. Tribunes were legally unable to do anything to capture or threaten the lives and wealth of those who broke the rules of Ceres.

Related pages
 Demeter - Greek mythology version of Ceres

References 

Roman gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of agriculture
Roman mythology is a huge collection of stories, started in Ancient Rome, about the beginning of the world, and the lives and adventures the many Roman gods, goddesses, and heroes. Each god, each goddess had a cult to take care of their temples or other holy places.

The myths of the Ancient Romans are often called "Greco-Roman". Originally they were similar to the Greek mythology of the Ancient Greeks, and later the Romans added Greek stories for their Roman gods, so they became even more similar.

The gods and goddesses in these stories have lots of magic powers. They can make themselves invisible to humans and move to any place in a very short time. They can change people into animals or animals into people. They have no disease and can only be hurt by very unusual causes. This is called being immortal; they can never die.

Related pages

List of Roman gods and goddesses
Mythology
Metamorphoses
Phoebus- the god of music, oracles, archery, medicine and the sun.
 Arcus- the goddess of rainbows
 Aurora- The goddess of dawn
 Bacchus- The god of agriculture and wine
 Bellona- The goddess of war and death
 Caelus- The primal god of the sky and theology, iconography, and literature
 Ceres- The goddess of agriculture and grain
 Concordia- The goddess of harmony
 Cupid- The god of love
 Cybele- The goddess of the Earth, nature, mountains, and wild animals
 Diana -The goddess of wild animals and the hunt and the moon
 Faunus- The god of the forest, fields, and plains
 Febris- The goddess of fevers
 Flora- The goddess of flowers and of the season of spring
 Fortuna - The goddess of luck
 Janus - The god of beginnings, gates, transitions, time, duality, doorways, passages, and endings
 Juno - The goddess of love, marriage, and fertility
 Jupiter- The god of thunder and the sky
 Juventus- the goddess of youth
 Mars - The god of war and fighting
Mercury - The god of shopkeepers, merchants, travellers, transporters of goods, thieves, and tricksters. Messenger of the gods.
 Minerva- The goddess of wisdom, medicine, commerce, handicrafts, poetry, the arts, and war
 Mutunus Tutunus- A phallic god of marriage
 Nemesis- The goddess of revenge, hatred, and jealousy
 Neptune - The god of the sea and earthquakes
 Nyx - The primordial goddess of the night
 Pluto - The god of the underworld. God of death and the riches under the Earth
 Proserpina- The goddess of fertility, wine, and agriculture
 Pomona - The goddess of fruitful abundance
 Saturn- The god of generation, dissolution, plenty, wealth, periodic renewal, liberation, and time
 Senectus- The god of old age
 Somnus- The god of sleep
 Spes- The goddess of hope
 Terra- The goddess of the Earth
 Trivia- The goddess of sorcery and witchcraft
 Venus- The goddess of love and beauty
 Veritas- The goddess of truth
 Vesta- The goddess of the hearth, the home, and domestic life
 Victoria- The goddess of victory
Vis- The goddess of force, power, and might
 Vulcan- The god of fire and blacksmith
Related pages
List of names of mythological gods, a comparison of names of Greek, Roman, Etruscan, Norse and Meitei gods and goddesses

Lists of gods and goddesses
This is a list of deities in different polytheistic religions, cultures and mythologies of the world.

Lists 

 Ancient Egyptian deities
 Mesopotamian deities
 Ancient Greek deities
 Ancient Meitei deities
 Ancient Roman deities
 Norse deities
 Hindu deities 
 Hindu gods
 Devi
 Japanese deities

Comparison 
This list includes Etruscan, Greek, Roman, Norse and Meitei versions of similar gods and goddesses. The table is ordered by the Greek god's name.

Related pages 
 Demigod
 Divinity
Ancient history is all the events we know about between the invention of writing and the start of the Middle Ages. 

Writing is one of the greatest inventions of the human species. It was invented after the Neolithic revolution in which people settled in small towns and started agriculture. Writing dates from about 3,300 BC, which is over 5000 years ago, in the Middle East. The first people to use writing were the Sumerians and the Ancient Egyptians.

Before writing, the only things we have are the tools and monuments made by earlier people. This is studied by archaeology rather than history. The period of ancient history ends with the early Middle Ages.
Study of ancient history 
Finding facts about ancient history is difficult because people wrote less in those times: only scribes could write. Most of what they did write has been lost. There were very few copies made because there was no printing. What people wrote they wrote by hand. More people could read and write in Ancient Rome than in other places but much of what they wrote is now lost.

Archaeology 
Archaeology is looking at things that were made or used in the past to learn about that time. Things like clay pots, solid tools, and metal weapons often exist at the same time. Things like paper, wood, and cloth can be easily broken, burnt or damaged.
Some ancient things found using archaeology are:
 The Egyptian pyramids - Big tombs made by the Ancient Egyptians for their king and queens.
 The city of Pompeii - A city from Ancient Rome. When a volcano (a mountain that makes fire and hot rocks) killed the people living there, the city was buried and the things inside it were covered with rock and ash. This meant that they did not change for a long time.
 The Terracotta Army - the tomb of the First Qin Emperor in Ancient China.

Primary sources 
Primary sources are written by people who lived in ancient times. They tell us most of what we know about ancient history. But people in ancient history may have believed different things from each other. They may also be wrong.

Some famous people who wrote ancient history are:
Herodotus, Josephus, Livy, Polybius, Suetonius, Tacitus, Thucydides and Sima Qian.

Chronology
Chronology

Prehistory 
 The human race evolved in Africa. Our species, Homo sapiens evolved about 200 to 250,000 years ago.
 ~90,000 years ago – people go to the Middle East.
 ~60,000 years ago – people from Africa go to Asia.
 ~40,000 years ago – people go to Australia.
 ~40,000 years ago – people go to Europe.
 ~14th to 10th millennium BC – people go to America.
 ~10th millennium BC – people start farming.
 4th millennium BC – cuneiform writing in the cities of Uruk and Susa; and hieroglyphs (picture writing) in Egypt.
 1000 years BC – earliest writing about history.
 450 BC - Herodotus writes what may be the first book based on non-fictional events. It is still available today.
Older Ancient history 
 c. 3300 BC – Bronze Age start in the Near East and South Asia Bronze Age goes to the rest of Europe and The Middle East
 c. 3100 BC – Sagol Kangjei, the proto-polo was invented in Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak). 
 c. 3000 BC – Egyptians make papyrus (paper made of Reeds)
 c. 2800 BC – Kot Diji time of the Indus Valley Civilization starts
 c. 2700 BC – Elam grows.
 2580 BC – Egyptians make the Great Pyramid of Giza
 2000 BC – People use horses
 1700 BC – Indus Valley Civilization ends but the Cemetery H culture keeps going; The start of Poverty Point Civilization in North America
 1600 BC – The start of Shang Dynasty in China, Chinese make writing.
 1600 BC – Hittite people start ruling The Middle East.
 1500 BC – People make the Rigveda.
 1445 BC – Monarchy started in Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak). 
 1398 BC – The Wakoklon was written down. 
 1200 BC - The Bronze Age collapse.
 1200 BC – The Hebrews come to Israel and start living there.
 c. 1200 BC – The Trojan War
c. 1100 BC – King Saul makes the 12 tribes of Israel into Israel
 c. 1180 BC – End of the Hittite Empire
 1122 BC – The Zhou people stop the last king of Shang Dynasty from being king; Zhou Dynasty starts in China
 1004 BC – King David captures Jebus.  He calls it Jerusalem and makes it the capital of Israel.
1000 BC to 100 BC 
 928 BC - Israel breaks and becomes The Kingdom of Judah and the Kingdom of Israel
 800 BC - City states in Ancient Greece
 776 BC - People write about the Olympic Games. They were started before this time but people did not write about them.
 c. 753 BC - Rome starts
 751 BC - LeChe grows
 745 BC - Tiglath-Pileser III becomes the new king of Assyria. He will become powerful and make Assyria into an empire
 728 BC - the Median Empire grows
 722 BC - Zhou Dynasty becomes weaker; the time of the Hundred Schools of Thought begins.
 653 BC - The first Persian state grows.
 600 BC - Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") start. 
 c. 600 BC - Pandyan kingdom in South India
 c. 563 BC - Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), is born as a prince of the Shakya tribe. The Shakya tribe ruled parts of Magadha.
 549 BC - Mahavira is born
 546 BC - Cyrus the Great makes The Persian Empire.
 546 BC - Cyrus the Great defeats the Lydian kingdom
 544 BC - Bimbisara makes Magadha powerful.
539 BC - the Babylonian Empire ends and Cyrus the Great frees the Jews. 
 525 BC - Cambyses II of Persia takes Egypt
 c. 512 BC - Darius I (Darius the Great) of Persia takes Easter Thrace, Macedonia, and Libya. The Persian Empire is the most powerful.
 509 BC - The last King of Rome stops being king, The Roman Republic starts.
 500 BC - Pingala uses zero and binary numbers.
 490 BC - Greek city-states defeat the Persian attack at Battle of Marathon
 424 BC - Nanda dynasty becomes powerful.
 404 BC - End of Peloponnesian War.
 403 BC - Warring States Period starts in China.
 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela
 326 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Indian king Porus (Purushottama) in the Battle of the Hydaspes River.
 321 BC - Chandragupta Maurya defeats the Nanda Dynasty of Magadha
 323 BC - Alexander the Great dies.
 273 BC - Ashoka the Great becomes the emperor of the Mauryan Empire
 250 BC - Parthia (Ashkâniân) becomes powerful.
232 BC - Emperor Ashoka the Great dies; the Mauryan Empire becomes weak.
 230 BC - Satavahanas are in South India
 221 BC - Qin Shi Huang is in China, end of Warring States Period; start of Emperors in China (this will end in 1912 AD)
 202 BC - Han Dynasty starts in China,Qin Shi Huang dies; the Silk Road is made
 202 BC - Scipio Africanus defeats Hannibal at Battle of Zama
 c. 200 BC - Chera dynasty in South India
 185 BC - Sunga Empire starts
 149 BC-146 BC - Third and last Punic War; Rome defeats Cathage.
 146 BC - Rome takes Greece.
 110 BC - First time the Chinese rule Vietnam: the Nanyue Kingdom.
 c 100 BC - Chola Dynasty grows.
100 BC to end of Roman Empire, 476 AD 
 49 BC - Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great make the Roman Civil War
 44 BC - Marcus Brutus and others kill Julius Ceaser; The Roman Republic ends; The Roman Empire starts.
 6 BC - Jesus of Nazareth is born
 c. 1 BC - The Numit Kappa was written down. 
 9 - Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
 14 - Emperor Augustus (Octavian) dies, Tiberius becomes emperor.
 33 - Emperor Nongda Lairen Pakhangba of Ningthouja dynasty ascended the throne of the Kangla.
 117 - Trajan is The emperor of Rome. The Roman Empire is the most powerful.
 200s - The Hindu Srivijaya Empire starts in the Malay Archipelago.
 220 - The Han Dynasty ends in China.
 226 - the Parthian Empire ends and the Sassanian Empire becomes powerful
 238 - Shapur I of Persia defeats of Gordian III (238–244), Philip the Arab (244–249), and Valerian (253–260).
 285 - Emperor Diocletian breaks the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western Empires
313 - Edict of Milan says that the Roman Empire would not make people worship a god.
 335 - Samudragupta becomes the emperor of the Gupta empire
 378 - Battle of Adrianople, the Germanic tribes defeat Roman army.
 395 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I makes people be Christian
 410 - Alaric defeats Rome. No one has deafeated Rome after 390 BC
 c. 455 - Skandagupta stops Indo-Hephthalite people attacking India.
 476 - Romulus Augustus deposed as emperor of Rome,
Some groups of people in ancient history

Europe 
 Ancient Greece
 Ancient Rome
 Celts
 Etruscans
 Germanic tribes
 Illyrians
 Scythians

Middle East 
 Ancient Persia
 Achaemenid Empire
 Parthian Empire
 Sassanid Empire
 Seleucid Empire
 Akkad
 Assyria
 Babylonia
 Elam
 Hebrews
 Hittites
 Kassites
 Medes 
 Mitanni
 Palestine
 Phoenicians
 Sumer
 Urartu

Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa 
Ancient Egypt
 Kingdom of Aksum
 Carthage
 Kush

South and East Asia 
 Ancient China
 Ancient India
 Ancient Japan
 Ancient Korea
 Ancient Manipur
 Ancient Moirang
 Huns
 Indus Valley civilization
 Khuman kingdom
 Mongols
 Ancient Turks
 Siam

America 
 Adena culture
 Aztecs
 Inca
 Mayans
 Mississippian culture
 Native American
 Olmecs
 Poverty Point culture

References
Andrzej Sapkowski (born June 21, 1948 in Łódź) is a Polish fantasy writer. His best known work is The Witcher (Wiedźmin) Saga (takes place in a fictional universe). Before starting his career in the late 1980s, he worked in foreign trade.

Polish writers
1948 births
Living people
Staten Island is a borough of New York City. Fewer than half a million people live there, the smallest population of any of the five boroughs. Three bridges connect Staten Island to New Jersey, and the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge connects to Brooklyn. A passenger railroad runs along the south shore to the northeast end of the island, which is called Saint George. The borough has the same boundaries as the county Richmond County.

The free Staten Island Ferry carries 21 million passengers each year the five miles (eight km) across New York Harbor between Saint George and Manhattan. Nine ferry boats provide the service which began in 1817.

When England took control of New Netherland in the Second Anglo-Dutch War in the 17th century and split it into New York and New Jersey, Staten Island became part of New York.

References

Other websites 

 Staten Island Live
 Staten Island -Citizendium
Islands of New York (state)
County seats in New York (state)
 
1661 establishments
1660s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
17th-century establishments in New York
A borough is an administrative division in many countries.  It is a kind of local government. 

The term borough can means a self-governing township. 

In medieval times, boroughs were settlements with some self-government. Boroughs were particularly common in England, Germany and Scotland. In medieval England, boroughs had also the right to elect members of parliament. (The Borough in Southwark, London is thought to have been the original 'borough' of which all others come from.)

Usually a borough is a single town with its own local government. 
But in some cities it is a sub-division of the city (e.g. London, New York City, Toronto, Montreal). In such cases the borough will normally have either limited powers delegated to it by the city's local government or no powers at all. At certain times London has had no overall city government and London boroughs were the main unit of local government for Londoners.
In other places, such as Alaska, a borough does not mean a single township, but a whole region - in other words, it is similar to a county.  In Australia borough can mean a town and its surrounding area, e.g. the Borough of Queenscliffe.  Boroughs exist in United Kingdom, more specifically in England and Northern Ireland, in the Canadian province of Quebec, in several U.S. states, in Israel, and formerly they also existed in New Zealand. 

At the end of a word, -borough (or -brough) is found in the name of many towns and cities in England; in southern England it is usually spelt -bury.  The suffix -bury is also used in the New England region of the United States, while -burg (or -burgh) is more common in Scotland and the American South and West.

 
Types of settlements
Echo was a nymph in Greek mythology, and an Oread (a mountain nymph).  She was very beautiful, but loved her own voice.

Hera
According to Ovid, Echo once had the job of distracting Hera from Zeus having relationships with other women. She did this by leading Hera away and flattering her. When Hera found out she was very angry with Echo. She put a curse on her that meant that she could only speak the last words of other people after she had heard them. It is due to this story that we get the meaning behind the word echo.

Narcissus
After she was cursed, Echo fell in love with Narcissus.  Narcissus was very handsome and anybody who saw him always fell in love with him.  However, Narcissus had no heart and could not fall in love with anybody.  Echo could not speak to Narcissus but wanted to be able to see him.  She therefore followed him everywhere, but made sure that he could not see her.
Narcissus got lost and called out "Is anyone here?".  Echo said back "Here, here, here."  Narcissus then asked Echo to come out of her hiding place.  Echo did so and then told Narcissus that she loved him by hand movements. Narcissus, who was angry that so many people loved him, told Echo that he did not love her.

Echo was very upset and prayed to Aphrodite for death.  Aphrodite granted Echo's wish, but she liked Echo's voice so much she kept it alive.

Narcissus also rejected Echo and broke her heart. She then went and haunted valleys and mountainous areas where echoes are able to be heard in all hollow places of the earth.
Pan
This is a different story about Echo's death.  Echo was a talented dancer and singer, but did not like the love of any man.  This caused another god, called Pan, to become angry.  He had Echo killed and split into pieces.  These pieces were spread about the world, but were collected up by Gaia.  Echo's voice was not collected, so it remains all over the world and still says the last words that other people have said.  In some versions of the story, Echo and Pan have a child who was called Iambe.

Nymphs
Helios (, Hēlios; Ἠέλιος in Homeric Greek) is the god of the Sun in Greek mythology. He is often thought to be the personification of the Sun itself. He is the son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia. He is the brother of Selene, goddess of the Moon, and Eos, goddess of the dawn. During the Hellenistic period, particularly the 3rd Century BCE, he became more and more identified with Apollo, the god of light, music and prophecy. Helios' equivalent in Roman mythology was Sol. 

Titans
Bia is the goddess of force in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Styx and Pallas, and also the sister of Nike, Cratos, and Zelus.  She and her brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him.

References 

Greek gods and goddesses
Zelus (, zeal) is the god of dedication and emulation in Greek mythology. He is the son of Styx and Pallas, and also the brother of Nike, Cratos, and Bia. He and his brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him. He was a constant companion of Zeus and personified zeal.

Other websites
 Theoi Project, a site exploring Greek mythology and the gods in classical literature and art

Greek gods and goddesses
Mnemosyne is the Titan of memory in Greek mythology. Her parents are Gaia and Uranos. With Zeus her children are the nine Muses. Her patron symbol is a mask and she is often seen wearing one. Her patron animal is the partridge.

Titans
Harmonia (; ) is the goddess of peace and agreement in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. She is the opposite of Eris, goddess of disagreement. Her Roman equivalent is Concordia.

Origins 
Harmonia is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. Her children are Ino, Polydorus, Autonoe, Agaue and Semele with Kadmos. As goddess of peace, she is the opposite of Eris, the goddess of disagreement.

About 
Harmonia met Cadmus on a journey to Samothrace. He took her away with the help of Athena. When Cadmus wanted to leave Thebes, Harmonia followed him. When they came to the Enchelii, they helped them in their war against the Illyrians. They won over the enemy. Cadmus then became king of the Illyrians. But unfortunately, later he was turned into a snake. Harmonia was sad. She coloured herself with stripes. She asked Cadmus to come to her. As she was hugged by the snake Cadmus in wine, the gods then turned her into a snake. She was unable to stand in her snake form.
Story
Harmonia is known for a dangerous necklace she had on her wedding day. When Athena made Cadmus the king of Thebes, Zeus gave him Harmonia. All the gods attended the wedding. Cadmus gave the bride with a cloth and the necklace. The necklace was made by Hephaestus. This necklace is commonly known as the necklace of Harmonia. It brought misfortune to all who had it. Other stories said that Harmonia took this necklace (ὅρμος) from some of the gods. It might be either from Aphrodite or Athena.
Polynices took the necklace. They gave it to Eriphyle. She asked her husband, Amphiaraus, to attack against Thebes. Through Alcmaeon, the son of Eriphyle, the necklace came into the hands of Arsinoe (named Alphesiboea in some stories). Then, the sons of Phegeus, Pronous and Agenor, took it. Lastly, the sons of Alcmaeon, Amphoterus and Acarnan, kept it in the temple of Athena Pronoea at Delphi. The necklace had brought bad luck to all who had took it. It continued to do so even after it was kept at Delphi. Phayllus stole it from the temple to make his lover happy. His lover was the wife of Ariston. She wore it for a time. Then, her youngest son became mad. He set fire to the house. In the fire, she died and all her treasures were burned.

Hyginus has another story. According to him, the thing which brought bad luck to the children of Harmonia is not a necklace. But it is a cloth given to Harmonia by Hepheastus and Hera. The necklace gave peace and had Harmonia's powers in it.
Related pages
 Eris - the goddess of disagreement and the opposite god of Harmonia in Greek mythology

References 

Greek gods and goddesses
The president pro tempore ( or ), or president pro tem, of the United States Senate is the longest serving senator from the majority political party in the United States Senate.  According to the Constitution, this is the fourth highest office in the United States. It is the third in the U.S. presidential line of succession (behind the vice president and the speaker of the House). Many state senates also use the office of President pro tem.

Officially the vice president is the person in charge of the Senate, but they are not a Senator.  Patty Murray (D-WA) is the president pro tempore, the first woman to hold this position. When the vice president cannot be in charge, the president pro tempore is in charge of the Senate. Many people still think of the president pro tempore as de facto president of the Senate. Benjamin Wade was only one vote away from becoming the president of the United States due to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. No president pro tempore has taken over the presidency as of March 2020.
Probably the most famous presidents pro tempore were John Langdon (first in this office), David Rice Atchison (D-MO), Benjamin Wade (R-OH), Arthur Vandenberg (R-MI), Carl Hayden (D-AZ) Richard Russell, Jr. (D-GA), Strom Thurmond (R-SC), Robert Byrd (D-WV), Daniel Inouye (D-HI), Orrin Hatch (R-UT), Chuck Grassley (R-IA) and Patrick Leahy (D-VT).

When Senator Hubert Humphrey, a former vice president, was seriously ill, the Senate showed its respect for him by creating the office of Deputy President Pro tempore for any former president or vice president who is elected to the Senate.  No vice president since Humphrey has done this.

President pro tempore emeritus 
Since 2001, the honorary title of president pro tempore emeritus has been given to a Senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore. The position has been held by:
Strom Thurmond (R-South Carolina) (2001-2003)
 Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia) (2003-2007)
 Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) (2007-2009) 
 Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) (2015-2021)
 Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) (since 2021)

References
David John Tennant (né McDonald; 18 April 1971) is a Scottish actor. He is known for portraying the Tenth Doctor on Doctor Who from 2005 to 2010 and as Giacomo Casanova in the television series Casanova.

In 2011, Tennant had a daughter with Georgia Moffett. Later that year, he adopted Moffett's son. The couple married in December 2011. In May 2013, the couple had a son. In November 2015, the couple had a daughter.
Programmes he has been in 
1994: Takin' Over the Asylum — Campbell McBain
1998: Duck Patrol — Darwin
2001: People Like Us — Rob Harker (1 episode)
2002: Foyle's War — Theo Howard (1 episode)
2004: He Knew He Was Right — Rev Gibson
2004: Blackpool — DI Carlisle
2005: Casanova — Young Giacomo Casanova
2005: The Quatermass Experiment — Dr Gordon Briscoe
2005–2010: Doctor Who — The Doctor
2005: Secret Smile — Brendan Block
2005: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire — Barty Crouch Junior
2007: Recovery — Alan Hamilton
2008: Einstein & Eddington — Arthur Eddington
2009: Hamlet — Hamlet
2010: Single Father — Dave
2011: United'' — Jimmy Murphy

Other websites 

1971 births
Living people
Doctor Who
Scottish movie actors
Scottish stage actors
Scottish television actors
Scottish voice actors
People from West Lothian
The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American television network. Along with CBS, NBC and Fox, it is one of the country's four major television networks. The network is owned by The Walt Disney Company following the acquisition of Disney Channel's consumer business.

ABC Television Shows
The Goldbergs
The Rookie
American Idol
Dancing with the Stars
The Bachelor
Grey's Anatomy
The Good Doctor
Big Sky

References

Other website 

Official site
ABC  at the Museum of Broadcast Communications Encyclopedia of Television

1943 establishments in the United States
American Broadcasting Company
Companies based in New York City
Disney companies
Fox (styled as FOX) is an American television network. It is owned by Fox Corporation.

Fox Television shows
The Simpsons
Family Guy
Bob's Burgers
Bless the Harts
Duncanville
Last Man Standing
The Resident
9-1-1
9-1-1 Lonestar
The Masked Singer
American Idol

Programming Blocks 

 Animation Domination - (2005 - 2014) (2021 - Present)
 Animation Domination High-Def - (2013 - 2014)

Children’s programming blocks 

 Fox Kids - ( September 8, 1990 - September 7, 2002 )

 Xploration Station - (September 13, 2014 - Present)

References

Fox Broadcasting Company
1986 establishments in the United States
ABC are the first three letters in the Latin alphabet.

Media 
 American Broadcasting Company, a television network in the United States
 Associated Broadcasting Company, a television network in the Philippines
 Australian Broadcasting Corporation, a television network in Australia
 ABC Family, a cable and satellite television network in the United States
 ABC Me a television channel in Australia focusing on tweens and teens.
 ABC Kids a television channel in Australia focusing on shows meant for children.

Music 
 "ABC" (The Jackson 5 song), a 1970 hit song
 ABC (The Jackson 5 album), a 1970
 "ABC-DEF-GHI", a 1969 song sung by Big Bird of Sesame Street

Other 
 Abc notation, a musical notation language
Papua New Guinea is an island country located on the Pacific Ocean. It is the east half of New Guinea island, plus some nearby islands. The capital city of Papua New Guinea is Port Moresby. The population of Papua New Guinea are mostly the Indigenous peoples of the island.

The island is in both Australasia and Oceania, which are two different terms for the continent of islands in the Pacific area. It borders Indonesia to the west and near Australia to the south.

Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country.
History 
Long ago, around 42,000 to 45,000 years ago, people came to Papua New Guinea. They were related to people who left Africa a long time ago and moved to other parts of the world. A study in 2016 found that it was about 50,000 years ago that these people came to a big land called Sahul, which is Australia and New Guinea combined. About 10,000 years ago, the sea level rose and New Guinea became an island. But even before that, the people in Australia and Papua New Guinea became different from each other about 37,000 years ago. Scientists found out that the ancestors of Papuans mixed with another group of people called Denisovans when they were in Asia a long time ago. They share 4% to 7% of their genes with these ancient people.
Around 9,000 years ago, people in New Guinea started growing their own plants and farming. This was one of the few places in the world where people did this without learning it from others. Later, around 2,500 years ago, some people who spoke Austronesian languages moved to the coasts of New Guinea. They brought new things like pottery, pigs, and fishing methods with them.

In the 18th century, traders brought a new kind of food called sweet potato to New Guinea. It was from South America and introduced by Portuguese traders to the Moluccas. People in New Guinea liked it and it became a popular food. Sweet potato gardens produced more crops than the traditional taro, and this helped societies grow and become more prosperous.

Divisions

Administrative divisions 
Papua New Guinea is divided into four regions.  These regions are important for government, commercial, sporting and other activities.