Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ahmet Kenan Evren (17 July 1917 – 9 May 2015), was a Turkish politician who served as the 7th President of Turkey. He was a former Turkish general and the leader of the coup d'état on 12 September 1980.

On 18 June 2014, Evren and General Tahsin Şahinkaya were given life sentences because of their roles in the 1980 coup. Evren and Şahinkaya had both of their military ranks stripped and both were demoted to rank of Private.

Evren died at a military hospital in Ankara of gastrointestinal hemorrhage on 9 May 2015, aged 97.

References

1917 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Turkish generals
Presidents of Turkey
Show TV is a national television channel in Turkey. The channel launched on March 1, 1991. Turkish news presenter Ali Kırca is the one of the important people on Show TV.

Turkish media
Television networks
Cumhuriyet (English: The Republic) is a Turkish nationwide daily newspaper based in Istanbul. It was founded on May 7, 1924 by Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu.

Cumhuriyet newspaper includes columnists that are generally considered to share social democratic, secularist and republican ideas with its readers. Cumhuriyet is sold about 60,000 everyday.

İlhan Selçuk, the editor of Cumhuriyet arrested by police after the conservative-Islamic government party AKP has wanted to closed.

Related pages 
List of newspapers in Turkey

References

Other websites 
Cumhuriyet's official website 

Newspapers published in Turkey
Turkish-language newspapers
Istanbul
Uludağ University is a Turkish university. It is in Turkey's fourth largest city, Bursa. Before 1980 its name was Bursa University, but in 1980 the name changed to Uludağ University. Uludağ is the name of the highest mountain in Bursa. Uludağ University is a public university. The university has a big campus in Görükle village outside of the city.

Colleges and universities in Turkey
Bursa
Osmangazi University is a university in Eskişehir, Turkey.

Colleges and universities in Turkey
The Erasmus Programme is a European Union project to help students and university teachers move among EU countries and Turkey, Norway and Switzerland. Its name stands for "European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students". The name is also in honor of the humanist Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus.

European Union
Academia
The National Gallery of Art is an art museum on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The museum was built in 1938 by the United States Congress. Andrew W. Mellon gave money and art to help the museum. Many lovers of art have given the National Gallery their art collections, like Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel H. Kress, and Joseph E. Widener. This has made the National Gallery one of the best art museums for Western art painting and sculpture in the world. c

Other websites 

1937 establishments in the United States
Museums in Washington, D.C.
Buildings on the National Mall
Art museums in the United States
National museums
20th-century establishments in Washington, D.C.
The 1999 İzmit earthquake was an approximately 7.4 magnitude earthquake that struck northwestern Turkey on August 17, 1999. It happened at around 3:01 am local time. The event lasted for 37 seconds, killing 15,135 people and leaving approximately half a million people homeless. The epicenter was in İzmit, which was heavily damaged and where most of the deaths and injuries occurred.

After the earthquake, international support came to the area including former United States President Bill Clinton who visited the people who had been affected from the quake in Adapazarı. The quake also caused damage and the deaths of hundreds of people in Istanbul.

References 

1999 disasters
1999 in Asia
Earthquakes in the 1990s
20th century in Turkey
August 1999 events
Earthquakes in Turkey
Marmara Region
Andrew William Mellon (March 24, 1855 – August 27, 1937) was an American banker who also owned many industrial businesses. He was the Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932.

Personal life 
Mellon was a lover of art, and had a large collection which he gave to the National Gallery of Art. Mellon was also a philanthropist - someone who gives to charity in order to make the world a better place.

American philanthropists
American bankers
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh
Politicians from Pittsburgh
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Republican Party (United States) politicians
1855 births
1937 deaths
Taksim Square is an area in Beyoğlu, Istanbul, Turkey. Sometimes it is called the heart of Istanbul. On 1 May 1977 at a Labour Day celebration, there were more than 500,000 people in the square.

Taksim Square has a Republican Monument which was built in 1928.

Istanbul
National squares
Town squares in Asia
A street market is an open-air market. Generally in an open-air market clothing, fruits and vegetables are sold. In Greece and Turkey, as well as in the Netherlands, street markets stands in several days weekly.

Street markets
A reflecting pool or reflection pool is a pool of water that is in many memorials.  It is usually shallow and calm, so that a visitor can see a reflection of the memorial in the water.  Visitors are also supposed to think about what the memorial means while looking at the pool.  This is also called reflecting.  

The most famous reflecting pool is the one leading up to the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. Other famous reflecting pools are the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool and the pool in front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

Bodies of water
Architectural elements
Gardening
Bozcaada is an island in Aegean Sea. It is the third largest island of Turkey.  Bozcaada is also a district of Çanakkale Province.  Bozcaada has 2,500 inhabitants.  The main economical activities are tourism and fishing.  The island is well known for its grapes and wines. Romanlar live there and works as Coachmen.

Islands of Turkey
Heybeliada is an island in Sea of Marmara in Turkey. It is officially a part of Adalar district of Istanbul. Heybeliada has an old Orthodox Christian Theology School, started in 1844. However this school was closed because of Turkish laws on secularism in 1971. These laws on the separation of church and state have also closed all Muslim Theology schools. Turkey and the Eurpean Union are looking at ways to reopen this school again. However to do this, the government must prepare a new laws that do not conflict with secularism.

Islands of Turkey
The Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool is the biggest reflecting pool in Washington, D.C. It is right next to the Lincoln Memorial.  The reflecting pool is long and can be seen in many photographs of the Washington Monument. There are paths and trees on both sides, and many people exercise around it.  It reflects both the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial, which means that you can see both if you look into the water.

It is on the west side of the National Mall, and is about 2,029 feet (618 m) long and 167 feet (51 m) wide. It is about 18 inches (46 cm) deep on the sides and 30 inches (76 cm) deep in the middle. It holds approximately 6,750,000 U.S. gallons (25,500,000 L) of water.

Events
Because the reflecting pool is right in front of the Lincoln Memorial, many famous events have happened there.
In 1939, singer Marian Anderson was not allowed to sing in the Constitution Hall in Washington, because of her race.  Instead, she sang on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday. Over 75,000 people went to the Reflecting Pool area to listen to her. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, helped make her concert at the Lincoln Memorial possible.

In 1963, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom held a large Civil Rights rally around the reflecting pool.  This was where Martin Luther King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to a quarter million people standing around and in the Reflecting Pool.

National Mall
Monuments and memorials in the United States
Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Gebze is an industrial town in the provience Kocaeli, Turkey.  It is the largest industrial area of Kocaeli.  There is a project to build the İzmit Bay Bridge to connect Yalova and Gebze.

Cities in Turkey
Kocaeli Province
Alanya is a seaside resort in the south of Turkey and also a district of Antalya. Alanya has 300,000 permanent inhabitants. In summer, lots of tourists come to town for beach and sun. In summer, the population rises suddenly. Alanya has 10,000 European inhabitants and the number of European inhabitants rises year to year.

Cities in Turkey
Antalya Province
Sezen Aksu (born 13 July 1954) is a Turkish pop singer, songwriter and producer. She is popular in Turkey and outside of the country. She has sold over 40 million albums. She is called Queen of the Turkish pop.

She supports other singers with working together or writing songs for them. She has worked with Turkish singer Tarkan.

1954 births
Living people
Turkish singers
Imrali is an island in the Marmara Sea in Turkey. There is only a jail in the island and no other buildings. Abdullah Öcalan is imprisoned there since 1999. Adnan Menderes the former prime minister of Turkey was executed there in 1961.

Islands of Turkey
Prisons in Asia
The Backyardigans is a kids' show created by American writer Janice Burgess. The series was made for Nickelodeon. It first aired on October 11, 2004. The last new episode aired on July 12, 2013. The series was made in Canada by Nelvana.

The show ran for four seasons totaling 80 episodes. Most episodes aired on Nickelodeon on weekday mornings. In 2009, the show was planned to continue beyond the fourth season. However, in 2010, the series' creator Janice Burgess decided to move onto a different series: Nickelodeon's revival of Winx Club. Burgess worked as a creative director and writer for Winx Club before eventually retiring from Nickelodeon in 2014.
Characters
Uniqua, a pink unique girl. Voiced by LaShawn Jefferies.
Pablo, a blue penguin. Voiced by Zach Tyler in Season 1 and Jake Goldberg in Season 2-4.
Tyrone, an orange moose. Voiced by Reginald Jr. in Season 1, Jordan Coleman in Seasons 2-3 and Chris Jr. in Season 4.
Tasha, a yellow hippopotamus. Voiced by Naelee Rae in Seasons 1-2 and Gianna Bruzesse in Seasons 3-4.
Austin, a purple kangaroo. Voiced by Jonah Bobo.

Episodes

Season 1
Knights are Brave and Strong
The Yeti
Pirate Treasure
The Heart of the Jungle
Secret Mission
Riding the Range
The Key to the Nile
The Snow Fort
It's Great to Be a Ghost!
Viking Voyage
The Quest for the Flying Rock
Surf's Up
Race to the Tower of Power
Castaways
Eureka!
Polka Palace Party
Cave Party
Monster Detectives
Race Around the World
High Tea
Home media
In the United States, the show's 80 episodes were released across a series of 21 DVD releases. Ten episodes of the first season were also released to VHS across five volumes. Viacom's Paramount Home Media Distribution published all of the show's video releases. Outside North America, Paramount released DVDs under a separate deal with Nelvana, with this worldwide deal later transitioning to Fremantle Home Entertainment.

Broadcast
The show aired on Nickelodeon and the Nick Jr. Channel in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada.

References

2004 American television series debuts
2000s children's television series
Nickelodeon television series
2000s American animated television series
Canadian animated television series
Hatirla Sevgili is a Turkish television series.  It aired from October 27, 2006 to June 6, 2008. Hatirla Sevgili broadcast on the television channel ATV.

It tells the story of the love between Yasemin and Ahmet, two young people from opposing families.  It also tells the relationship between their relatives and friends in the political era starting at the end of the 1950s in Turkey.  Real historical events are shown, beginning with Prime Minister Adnan Menderes' 1959 plane crash survival.  This is followed by the 1960 military coup, the trial on Yassıada and the executions.  These important events divided Turkish society afterwards.

Hatırla Sevgili became one of the most popular and most controversial TV series in Turkey. Some people did not like it because of the superficial coverage of some historical events. Books about the historical periods portrayed and people mentioned in the series became bestsellers for at least two weeks after the episodes about them were aired.

Cast
Cast

Family of Yasemin
Beren Saat - Yasemin Ünsal, female lead
Engin Şenkan - Rıza Ünsal, father to Yasemin, former barber, Democratic Party politician
Lâle Mansur - Nezahat Ünsal, mother to Yasemin
Ayfer Dönmez  - Işık Ünsal, sister to Yasemin, marries  Yaşar
Turgay Aydın - Mehmet Karayel, brother to Nezahat and uncle to Yasemin and Işık, former Turkish Army officer during the 1960 Turkish coup d'état and journalist, married to Sevim Gürsoy
Berk Hakman - Deniz Karayel, Mehmet's son

Family of Ahmet
Cansel Elçin - Ahmet Gürsoy, lover of Yasemin
Avni Yalçın - Şevket Gürsoy, father to Ahmet and Defne, public prosecutor, deceased.
Ayda Aksel - Dr. Selma Gürsoy, mother to Ahmet and Defne, physician
Belçim Erdoğan - Defne Gürsoy, sister of Ahmet
Laçin Ceylan - Sevim Gürsoy,  sister to Şevket and aunt to Ahmet and Defne, journalist, married to Mehmet Karayel
Asena Taşkın - Rüya Gürsoy, daughter to Ahmet and Yasemin
Family of Necdet
Okan Yalabık - Necdet Aygün, first husband of Yasemin, patisserie owner
Meltem Parlak - Lâle Aygün, sister to Necdet
Erdoğan Sıcak - Hasan Aygün, father to Necdet and Lâle, patisserie owner
Nurhayat Boz Yarpuz - Dilşad Aygün - Mother to Necdet and Lâle
Historical figures
Hüseyin Avni Danyal - Adnan Menderes, executed former Turkish prime minister
Serap Aksoy - Berin Menderes, wife of Adnan Menderes
Oğuz Okul - Albay Tarık Güryay, colonel, commandant of Yassıada
Barış Koçak - Deniz Gezmiş,leftist militant,executed
Saygın Soysal - Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Current Turkish prime minister
İhsan Duduoğlu - Necip Fazıl, poet
Oğuz Turgut Genç - Hüseyin İnan, leftist militant,executed 
Murat Zubi - Yusuf Aslan, leftist militant, executed
Erol Alpsoykan - Emin Kalafat - Former Democratic Party politician.
Kanbolat Görkem Aslan - Mahir Çayan - Leader of "THKC - Turkish People's Independence Front" (Turkish: Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Cephesi), killed in Kızıldere
Emre Korkmaz - Cihan Alptekin - Leftist militant, one of the leaders of "THKO - Turkish People's Independence Army" (Turkish: Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu), killed in Kızıldere
Engin Gürman - Celal Bayar - Former prime minister of Turkey and Third President of The Republic of Turkey
? - Salim Başol, Headjudge of Yassıada
Savaş Dinçel - İsmet İnönü - Former prime minister and Second President of The Republic of Turkey, former leader of CHP
? - Harun Karadeniz - leftist militant
İlhami Adsal - Kemal Kurdaş - Former president of METU
Çetin Demir - Sinan Cemgil - Leftist militant, one of the leaders of "THKO - Turkish People's Intependence Army" (Turkish: Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu), killed in Nurhak
Orhan Ayça - Halit Çelenk - Lawyer of Gezmiş, Aslan and İnan
Levent Akkök - Mustafa Yalçıner - Leftist militant, one of the leaders of "THKO - Turkish People's Intependence Army" (Turkish: Türkiye Halk Kurtuluş Ordusu), wounded and arrested in Nurhak
Murat Eken - Yusuf Küpeli - Leftist militant
Ercan Tulunay - Mustafa Pehlivanoğlu - rightist militant, executed after 12th September coup d'état
Tolga Güleç - Necdet Adalı - Leftist militant, executed after 12th September coup d'état
? - Avni Yalçın - Actor, also playing character "Şevket Gürsoy" in same TV serial
Other websites
 

2006 television series debuts
Turkish television series
2008 television series endings
2000s establishments in Turkey
2008 disestablishments in Asia
ATV is a Turkish television channel that broadcasts nationwide. It was founded in 1993. Avrupa Yakası is one of the popular sitcoms broadcast on ATV.

Turkish media
ATV could mean:

Television channels and stations:
ATV (Aruba), the NBC affiliate of Aruba.
ATV Turkey
ATV, student TV at American University
Associated Television

Other TV-related:
Apple TV, digital media receiver
Bodrum is a tourist resort in Turkey. It is in Muğla Province, along the Aegean Sea. Thousands of tourists come every year for sun and beach tourism. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Koeppen climate classification).

Famous singer Zeki Müren died in Bodrum. Herodotus, an Ancient Greek Historian, lived in Bodrum. Turgut Reis was a Bodrumer who was an Ottoman admiral.

Further reading 
Bodream, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme Ed., 2010, ()

Cities in Muğla Province
Phenomenology is a way of thinking about ourselves. Instead of asking about what we really are, it focuses on phenomena. These are experiences that we get from the senses - what we see, taste, smell, touch, hear, and feel. Phenomenology does not ask if what we are seeing is actually there: for example it is not where we see an object (whether in real life, a dream or a hallucination) that is important, but it is the significance of the object that is important to the phenomenologist. It also does not ask if we are missing something, or if we have all the facts. Instead, phenomenologists (those who do phenomenology) believe we should look at the world just as it appears to us.
Martin Heidegger, a famous phenomenologist, said that philosophers should be looking at how we live in our "average everydayness."  In his book Being and Time, he uses many examples of how people live in their normal lives. Jean-Paul Sartre did the same in his book Being and Nothingness. For example, he writes about meeting a friend at a cafe. However, the friend, named Pierre, never shows up. Sartre writes that he can feel the absence of Pierre in the cafe. Because of this, he says that non-Pierre (or the lack of Pierre) is something that exists, at least for him. It exists because he can feel it.

References

Books 
 
 

Philosophical movements and positions
Dalaman is a town in southwestern Turkey. It is a district of Mugla Province.  Dalaman has an international airport, Dalaman International Airport, which serves a gateway to tourists who are coming Mugla and the surrounding area.

Cities in Muğla Province
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (also known as Second Bosphorus Bridge) is a bridge between Asia and Europe in Istanbul, Turkey.  The bridge carries 8 lanes of E80 (European Route) that spans across the Bosporus strait. It is 1,510 m long.

Buildings and structures in Istanbul
Steel bridges
Transport in Turkey
Marmaray is a transport project in the city of Istanbul in Turkey. It connects the European and Asian sides of the city by an railway tunnel under the Bosphorus.

Other websites 

Transport in Turkey
Istanbul
Atatürk International Airport (formerly Yeşilköy International Airport) is the major international airport in Turkey. It is in the European part of Istanbul. In 2010, about 32 million passengers used Atatürk Airport. It was the 8th busiest airport in Europe in 2010.

The airport has three terminals – Terminal 1 for international passengers, 2 for domestic passengers, and 3 for cargo.
Atatürk Airport has three runways - runways 3000x45m (17L/35R & 17R/35L) and runway 2600x60m (05/23).

To get to the city center from Istanbul Atatürk Airport (IST), there is a light rail service, airport shuttle service, municipal buses, taxi, or hire cars.

References

Airports in Europe
Buildings and structures in Turkey
Transport in Turkey
Marmara University is a high-educational institution in the Asian part of Istanbul.

Important people who graduated from Marmara University
Aydın Doğan-Turkish Businessman
Kemal Sunal-Turkish actor
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan-Turkish President

Colleges and universities in Turkey
Films 
 Propaganda (1999)
 Varyemez (1991)
 Koltuk Belası (1990)
 Boynu Bükük Küheylan (1990)
 Abuk Sabuk Bir Film (1990)
 Zehir Hafiye (1989)
 Talih Kuşu (1989)
 Gülen Adam (1989)
 Uyanık Gazeteci (1988)
 Polizei (1988)
 Öğretmen (1988)
 Düttürü Dünya (1988)
 Bıçkın (1988)
 Yakışıklı (1987)
 Kiracı (1987)
 Yoksul (1986)
 Tarzan Rıfkı (1986)
 Japon İşi (1987)
 Garip (1986)
 Deli Deli Küpeli (1986)
 Davacı (1986)
 Şendul Şaban (1985)
 Şaban Papuçu Yarım (1985)
 Sosyete Şaban (1985)
 Gurbetçi Şaban (1985)
 Katma Değer Şaban (1985)
 Keriz (1985)
 Atla Gel Şaban (1984)
 Ortadirek Şaban (1984)
 Postacı (1984)
 Şabaniye (1984)
 Tokatçı (1983)
 Kılıbık (1983)
 En Büyük Şaban (1983)
 Çarıklı Milyoner (1983)
 Yedi Bela Hüsnü (1982)
 Doktor Civanım (1982)
 Üç Kağıtçı (1981)
 Kanlı Nigar (1981)
 Davaro (1981)
 Zübük (1980)
 Gol Kralı (1980)
 Gerzek Şaban (1980)
 Devlet Kuşu (1980)
 Korkusuz Korkak (1979)
 Umudumuz Şaban (1979)
 Şark Bülbülü (1979)
 Dokunmayın Şabanıma (1979)
 Bekçiler Kralı (1979)
Yüz Numaralı Adam (1978)
 Kibar Feyzo (1978)
 İyi Aile Çocuğu (1978)
 İnek Şaban (1978)
 Avanak Apti (1978)
 Şabanoğlu Şaban (1977)
 Sakar Şakir (1977)
 Hababam Sınıfı Tatilde (1977)
 Çöpçüler Kralı (1977)
 İbo Güllüşah İle İbo (1977)
 Tosun Paşa (1976)
 Süt Kardeşler (1976)
 Meraklı Köfteci (1976)
 Kapıcılar Kralı (1976)
 Hababam Sınıfı Uyanıyor (1976)
 Şaşkın Damat (1975)
 Hanzo (1975)
 Hababam Sınıfı Sınıfta Kaldı (1975)
 Hababam Sınıfı (1975)
 Köyden İndim Şehire (1974)
 Salako (1974)
 Salak Milyoner (1974)
 Mavi Boncuk (1974)
 Hasret (1974)
 Canım Kardeşim (1973)
 Oh Olsun (1973)
 Güllü Geliyor Güllü (1973)
 Yalancı Yarim (1973)
 Tatlı Dillim (1972)
Other websites 
 

1944 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Turkish actors
Adile Naşit (June 17, 1930 – December 11, 1987) was a Turkish movie actress. She played in many Turkish movies. Her nickname was Hafize Ana (meaning Hafize name, Ana mother) and was a character she played in movies.

Other websites
 

Turkish actors
1930 births
1987 deaths
Barilla Group is a large Italian food company that makes pasta. They are the world's leading pasta maker. Barilla also provides pasta products to restaurants worldwide. They are the leading seller of bakery products in Italy. By purchasing the Swedish bakery company Wasabröd, they became the leading producer of flatbread in the world.

History 

The company was founded in 1877 in Ponte Taro, Italy by Pietro Barilla. The company is privately held, and is now in the fourth generation of Barilla family ownership. It is controlled by three brothers, Chairman Guido Barilla, and Vice Chairmen Luca Barilla and Paolo Barilla.

Company
Company 

Barilla Group has many production plants all over the world. These are in Italy, Greece, France, Germany, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Turkey, the United States and Mexico. The company also operates mills in Italy, Greece, Sweden, Turkey, and the US, while its central office is in Parma, Italy. Barilla Group controls Barilla (multinational pasta maker), Mulino Bianco, Gran Cereale, Pan di Stelle, Pavesi, Voiello, First and Academia Barilla (Italy), Harrys (France), Catelli (Canada), Wasabröd (Sweden), Pasta Evangelists (United Kingdom), MISKO (Greece), Filiz Makarna (Turkey), Yemina and Vesta (Mexico) trademarks. The wheat used to make the final product is purchased from around the world.

Controversy
Controversy 

In 2013 the owner of Barilla, Guido Barilla, made controversial remarks about being for traditional family values and not gays. In a few hours Twitter had hundreds of messages protesting the company. This made the brand Barilla one of the top topics. Many messages called for a boycott of all the company's products. Guido later apologized by saying, “I apologise if my words generated misunderstandings or arguments, or if they offended the sensibilities of some people. In the interview I simply wished to underline the central role the woman plays within the family.”

In November of 2013 the Barilla Group announced they would start a "more active, global leadership position on diversity, inclusion and social responsibility." This included creating a board of experts to advise Barilla on these sensitive issues. Barilla also created of a new position in the company, a Chief Diversity Officer.

References

Other websites 
 Pasta maker Barilla tries to make amends... NYDailyNews.com
1877 establishments in Europe
Food companies of Italy
19th-century establishments in Italy
Moda is a district in Kadıköy, Istanbul. Barış Manço pop singer lived here. Moda has a coast suitable for jogging. From Moda coast the beautiful image of Bosphorus can be seen.

Districts in Istanbul
Chinese Poker is a poker variant that came from Asia. It is also called Russian Poker. It is usually played with two to four players; each player is dealt 13 cards, and then needs to create 3 poker hands from his cards.
 The first hand has 3 cards.
 The second hand has 5 cards.
 The third hand has 5 cards as well. 
The third hand must be the best hand (by the standard poker rankings). The third had must be better than the second hand. The second hand must be better than the first hand (the one with the 3 cards in it).

Other websites 
Chinese Poker 

Poker
The City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) is one of the leading British orchestras. It is based in the Symphony Hall, Birmingham, England. It became particularly famous during the years when it was conducted by Sir Simon Rattle.

The orchestra was founded in 1920 by Neville Chamberlain, the man who later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. At that time it was called City of Birmingham Orchestra. Appleby Matthews conducted its first concert. In November of the same year the composer Edward Elgar conducted the orchestra in a programme of his own music in Birmingham Town Hall. Adrian Boult was chief conductor from 1924 to 1930.

History 
The CBO became a full-time organisation in 1944. It changed its name to the "City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra" (CBSO) in 1948. Chief conductors since then included Rudolf Schwarz and the composer Andrzej Panufnik.
The CBSO became internationally famous when Simon Rattle became chief conductor in 1980. The orchestra became known for their playing of late romantic and 20th century works, especially those of Sibelius and Gustav Mahler. During this period, the orchestra moved from Birmingham Town Hall to a new concert hall: the Symphony Hall, which was inside Birmingham's International Convention Centre.

Rattle was named music director of the CBSO in 1990. That same year, a new job was created for a composer who would be associated with the orchestra. It was called "Radcliffe Composer in Association", and the first person to have this post was Mark-Anthony Turnage. In 1995 Judith Weir became Fairbairn Composer in Association, followed in 2001 by Julian Anderson.

After Rattle gave up his job with the CBSO in 1998 and the Finnish conductor Sakari Oramo became chief conductor that year, and music director in 1999.
In October 2007, the orchestra named the Latvian conductor Andris Nelsons as the CBSO's 12th music director, starting with the 2008-2009 season.

The CBSO has made many recordings for EMI Classics and Warner Classics, as well as smaller labels. The Orchestra's chief executive is Stephen Maddock.

Conductors of the CBSO

Other websites 
 City of Birmingham Symphony official site

British orchestras
Egon Rudi Ernst Krenz (born 19 March 1937 in Kolberg,Nazi Germany) was a former East German  politician of the German Democratic Republic. He served in the East German Army, NVA (Nationale Volkes Armee), where he attained the rank of Unteroffizere (Corporal). He was a high-ranking member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. He was the successor to Erich Honecker as leader of East Germany from 18 October 1989 until 3 December 1989, for a few weeks. Later, he was sentenced to six and a half years in prison and released in 2003.

1937 births
Living people
German criminals
German prisoners
Members of the Volkskammer
People from former German territories
Presidents of East Germany
Berlin Friedrichstraße () is a railway station in the center of Berlin. It has regional and suburban railways connections. During the times of East Germany, it was the only station served by some underground lines from West Berlin.

Buildings and structures in Berlin
Railway stations in Germany
Peyton Williams Manning (born March 24, 1976) is a retired American football quarterback. He played college football at University of Tennessee  and a total of 18 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). Manning was with the Indianapolis Colts for 14 seasons and his last 4 seasons was with the Denver Broncos. Many people think that Peyton Manning is one of the best quarterbacks in National Football League history. He joined the team in 1998 when he was drafted ahead of Ryan Leaf, who was a bust. Peyton is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning and the older brother of former New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning. 

Manning has been in many television commercials. He has represented Papa Johns and Nationwide. He has also had his picture on the covers of some video games for the Xbox, and was on an episode of Saturday Night Live. Manning has also made a lot donations to charities and he has his own charitable group, called the Peyback foundation.
On February 4, 2007, Manning led the Indianapolis Colts to a victory over the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XLI. He was called the Most Valuable Player of that game. Manning was released by the Colts after missing all of the 2011 season with a neck injury. He signed with the Denver Broncos. Manning is also famous for his yelling and pointing before the snap while making last-second changes.

Peyton's father Archie Manning and brother Eli Manning have also played quarterback, but Peyton is the most successful.

Peyton Manning became the second quarterback after Brett Favre to beat the other 32 teams, after the Denver Broncos defeated the Indianapolis Colts (Manning's former team), in their season opener.  He is one of the 3 quarterbacks who defeated the other 31 teams after Tom Brady and Brett Favre.

On March 7, 2016, Manning announced that he was retiring from professional football.

References

 Peyton Manning picks Denver Broncos
1976 births
Living people
Sportspeople from New Orleans
American football quarterbacks
The Statue of Freedom is a statue of a woman that is on top of the United States Capitol.  It was made in 1863 by Thomas Crawford.  The woman is a symbol - she was not an actual person but stands for the idea of freedom.  She is holding a shield and a laurel wreath in one hand.  In the other hand, she is holding a sword that is sheathed (in its case).

The statue stands on the peak of the dome, beckoning ideas and statutes that will be for the good of America and humanity.

Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
The Murray River is the largest river in Australia. It starts high in the Snowy Mountains and flows mainly west until it gets to the sea near Goolwa, South Australia.

For much of its length it forms the boundary between Victoria and New South Wales. Other rivers join the Murray, the Darling River, the Lachlan River, the Murrumbidgee River and the Goulburn River.

History
For thousands of years, the Murray River has been known to Aboriginal Australians, who called it various names such as Millewa and Tongala.

The river was later called the Hume River after it was visited by European explorers Hamilton Hume and William Hovell in November 1824. Explorer Charles Sturt renamed the river in January 1830 after a British politician, Sir George Murray. In 1852, the government offered a bonus of $8,000 for the first paddlesteamer to reach Echuca. This was achieved by both William Randell and Francis Cadell.
Randell built a steamboat the Mary Ann, named after his mother, to start trading in 1853. Soon it was racing Captain Francis Cadell's steamer and river trading began. This provided many new jobs and started new settlements and industries along the entire length of the river Murray system. G.B. Johnston sailed a steam boat as far as Albury in 1855. The river was very important for carrying people and goods until the railways took over. By 1900 the river trade was just about over.

References

Rivers of Victoria (Australia)
Rivers of New South Wales
Rivers of South Australia
A buffer solution is chemical solution which resists change to its pH or acidity.

It is a solution in water of a mixture of a weak acid or base and its salt. The pH of the solution changes very little when a small amount of strong acid or base is added to it. Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. Many life forms have a relatively small pH range; an example of a buffer solution is blood.

Buffer solutions may be of two types: acidic and basic.
Acidic : A solution of mixture of weak acid and a salt of this acid with a strong base. 
eg. CH3COOH+CH3COONa
Basic : A solution of a mixture of weak base and its salt with a strong acid .
eg. NH4OH+NH4Cl
If you add acid to the solution, the concentration of H+ ions will increase; to keep equilibrium a small number of ions will be combined (forming salt and reducing the concentration of H+ ion in the solution). If you add base the concentration of H+ ion will reduce (by consumption  or combining) and so a small amount of salt will break into ions and maintain the pH.

Buffer index is the number of moles of acid or base added to 1 litre of buffer solution to change its ph by 1 unit

Acids
Hamilton Hume (19 June 1797 – 19 April 1873) was the first Australian born explorer.

Hume was born near Parramatta, a town close to (and now a part of) Sydney. His father was Andrew Hamilton Hume, who came to Australia in 1790 in charge of convicts (prisoners) and later became a farmer.

At 17 he began exploring the Sydney area, and went as far as Berrima. On these journeys Hume learned how to live safely in the bush (the area far from the cities). In March 1817 he went on a journey with James Meehan, the deputy surveyor-general, and came to Lake Bathurst and the Goulburn Plains. Later he went with John Oxley and Meehan to Jervis Bay, and in 1822 was with a group which sailed in a boat down the east coast of New South Wales looking for rivers.
Journey to Port Phillip
On October 2, 1824 Hume and William Hovell left Sydney to try and get to Spencer's Gulf in South Australia. The explorers took six servants, five bullocks, three horses and two carts. Much of the journey was over rough mountain country with many rivers to get across. On November 16 they found a "fine river" which they called the Hume. This river was later renamed the Murray River. They made a boat to get across the river near the present site of Albury. After a journey of 11 weeks, on December 16, 1824 they reached Corio Bay, Victoria near the present site of Geelong. Hovell made an error in his navigation, and they believed that they were on the shore of Western Port Bay. The journey back was made on path more to the west, the land was more level, and they were back only 5 weeks later. They ran out of food before the end of the journey, and the whole group was very, very tired.
Hume and Hovell received grants of  of land as a reward. Hume had to sell his land to pay for the cost of the journey. This journey discovered the overland path (now called the Hume Highway) between Sydney and Melbourne.

Darling River Journey
In November 1828, Hume journeyed with Charles Sturt into western New South Wales, where they explored the Darling River. Hume was able to talk with some aborigines who agreed to help them on the journey. There was a long drought (no rain) and it was very hard to find water. It was only Hume’s good bushmanship (knowledge of the land) saved the group.

Later life
Later life

As a reward Governor Ralph Darling gave Hume  of land at Yass Plains where he lived with his wife, Elizabeth Dight, and his nephew (son of his brother). In December 1853 a speech Hovell made at Geelong led to an argument between the men. This argument was over who had been the leader of the expedition, and had Hume thought Corio Bay was Westernport Bay. There were many letters and books written about the argument. Governor Ralph Darling had always said Hume was the leader, and Hume's own letters at the time show he agreed with Hovell's navigation mistake.

Hume later worked as a magistrate until his death at Yass on 19 April 1873.  He is buried in the Yass Cemetery.

References

Hamilton Hume and William Hovell, Journey of Discovery to Port Phillip,

Other websites
 Cooma Cottage (Hume's House at Yass) http://www.nsw.nationaltrust.org.au/cooma.html 

1797 births
1893 deaths
Australian explorers
Exploration of Australia
People from Sydney
Azad Jammu and Kashmir, () also just called Azad Kashmir is a self-governing region that falls under Pakistan and is disputed region with India. In terms of land area it is bigger than Trinidad and Tobago but smaller than Brunei.

Geographically, to the north, is the Gilgit-Baltistan province, while to the south borders the province of Pakistani Punjabi, and to the east being the Indian-administered Kashmir.

The capital city of Azad Kashmir is Muzaffarabad. Azad Jammu and Kashmir has an area of 5,134 mi² (13,297 km²). The inhabitants of this region are  Kashmiri citizens of ethnic Pahari origin. About 4 million people live there.

Government and politics
Azad Kashmir is a self-governing state under Pakistan. It has its own elected president, prime minister, legislature, high court, emblem and official flag. However, the highest body in the state is the Azad Jammu and Kashmir Council. This council has six members from the government of Azad Kashmir (including the President and the Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir) and five members from the government of Pakistan, including the President of Pakistan who is the chairman/chief executive of the council. Azad Kashmir is administratively divided into three divisions which, in turn, are divided into ten districts.

The Government of Azad Kashmir and Jammu is based in Muzaffarabad, the interim state capital of the Azad Kashmir disputed territory.

Divisions

The state is divided into three divisions. The divisions are further divided into districts. There are 10 districts.
Geography 
The northern part of Azad Jammu and Kashmir encompasses the lower area of the Himalayas, including Jamgarh Peak (). However, Hari Parbat peak in Neelum Valley is the highest peak in the state. Fertile, green, mountainous valleys are characteristic of Azad Kashmir's geography, making it one of the most beautiful regions of the subcontinent.

The region receives rainfall in both the winter and the summer. Muzaffarabad and Pattan are among the wettest areas of Pakistan. Throughout most of the region, the average rainfall exceeds 1400 mm, with the highest average rainfall occurring near Muzaffarabad (around 1800 mm). During the summer season, monsoon floods of the rivers Jhelum and Leepa are common due to extreme rains and snow melting.

References

1949 establishments
Autonomous areas
Territories of Pakistan
1948 in Asia
Foreign relations of Pakistan
Jammu and Kashmir
Azad Kashmir
Regions of India
Unrecognized countries
The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (or NNPT) is a treaty that was made to stop nuclear weapons from being built. It was written in 1968, entered into force in 1970, and 190 countries have signed it since then. Only four nations have not signed it: India, Israel, Pakistan South Sudan. North Korea withdrew in 2003.

Terms 
The treaty says that only five countries are allowed to have nuclear weapons. These are called nuclear weapons states. The five nuclear weapons states are China, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia. All five of these nations have all signed the treaty. They are not supposed to help any other nation build nuclear weapons. All other nations who sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty promise not to build more nuclear weapons for themselves or others.
The treaty also says that every nation is able to build nuclear power plants and have nuclear technology. However, nations who sign the treaty, but are not nuclear weapons states, promise to not use their nuclear power plants to make nuclear weapons.

The main corporations that made this treaty happen were the United Nations and the IAEA.

1960s treaties
Nuclear weapons
1968
1970
1970s treaties
Cynthia Ann Stephanie "Cyndi" Lauper (born June 22, 1953) is an American Grammy Award-winning singer, songwriter, and MTV VMA-winning video and Emmy Award-winning movie, television, and theater actress. She became very well known in the mid-1980s with the release of the album, She's So Unusual. Lauper became the first artist in history to have four top-five singles released from one album. She has released 11 albums, over 40 singles, and has sold more than 60 million albums worldwide.  She continues to tour the world in support of human rights.

Discography
 She's So Unusual (1983)
 True Colors (1986)
 A Night to Remember (1989)
 Hat Full of Stars (1993)
 Sisters of Avalon (1996)
 Merry Christmas ... Have a Nice Life (1998)
 At Last (2003)
 Shine (2004)
 Bring Ya to the Brink (2008)
 Memphis Blues (2010)
 Detour (2016)

Tours

Filmography

Awards and nominations
Grammy Awards
The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Lauper has won one award from 15 nominations.
|-
|rowspan="5"|1985
|Cyndi Lauper
|Best New Artist
|
|-
|She's So Unusual
|Album of the Year
|
|-
|"Time After Time"
|Song of the Year
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|"Girls Just Want To Have Fun"
|Record of the Year
|
|-
|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1986
|"What A Thrill"
|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
|"Cyndi: Live in Paris"
|Best Long Form Music Video
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1987
|"True Colors"
|Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
|
|-
|"911"
|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
|1988
|"Cyndi Lauper in Paris"
|Best Performance Music Video
|
|-
|1990
|"I Drove All Night"
|Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
|
|-
|1999
|"Disco Inferno"
|Best Dance Recording
|
|-
|2005
|"Unchained Melody"
|Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)
|
|-
|2009
|Bring Ya To The Brink
|Best Electronic/Dance Album
|
|-
|2011
|Memphis Blues
|Best Traditional Blues Album
|

References
References

Singers from New York City
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
1953 births
Living people
New wave singers
The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, was the Dutch colony that is now modern Indonesia. The main city was Batavia, now called Jakarta.

It was made from the colonies of the Dutch East India Company that came under the control of the Netherlands in 1800. 

In the Java War (1741–1743), Chinese rebels worked with Javanese Muslim rebels who forcibly circumcised Dutch men and enslaved Dutch women and children.

During World War II it was part of the Japanese Empire. In 1945 the Japanese had surrendered their colonies in the pacific, thus losing control of Indonesia, and Indonesian leaders made a declaration of independence. They fought a war of independence until the Netherlands gave Indonesia sovereignty in December 1949.

References 

1949 disestablishments in Asia

History of Indonesia
History of the Netherlands
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
Dutch Empire
Former colonies in Asia
The Dutch East India Company (Old Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie), or VOC, started in 1602, when the Netherlands gave a group of small trading companies a 21-year monopoly to trade in Asia. It was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to issue stock. The VOC had the power to start wars, make treaties, make its own money and start new colonies.

It was an important company for almost 200 years, but it became bankrupt in 1800. The VOC's colonies became the Dutch East Indies, which later became Indonesia.

Founding: 1602-1620 
In the 16th century, trade with Asia was mostly controlled by Portugal. The Dutch government wished to take a foothold in the spice market, as Portugal could not keep up with the demand and rising prices in Europe. With government funding, the VOC set up its first trading post in what is now Jakarta, which eventually became its main base of operations in the continent.
Expansion: 1620-1669 
In 1620, the VOC created a trade agreement with their biggest rival in Asia, the English East India Company. This lasted until 1623, when the Amboyna Massacre forced the EEIC to move its trading posts from Indonesia to other areas in the continent.

In the 1620's, the VOC extended their reach to the remaining Indonesian Islands, and established plantations on the colonised islands to increase the volume of their exports. This expansion continued, until eventually the VOC was the richest company in the world.

In 1640, the VOC founded a trading post in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), the last place where the Portuguese had a foothold. The VOC now had a total monopoly over trade between Europe and Southern Asia.
Exploration of Australia 
Ships from the VOC were among the early explorers of Australia. The first Europeans to live in Australia were left behind after the mutiny on the VOC ship Batavia in 1629. Many of the sailors who took part in the mutiny were executed, but two, Wouter Loos, a soldier, and Jan Pelgrom de Bye, a cabin boy, were left at Wittecarra Gully, near the mouth of the Murchison River. They were never seen again.

References 

1602 establishments
1800 disestablishments
1600s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Indonesia
1600s establishments in Asia
17th-century establishments in the Netherlands
1800s disestablishments in Europe
1800s disestablishments in Asia
Dutch Empire
Companies of the Netherlands
Mika Pauli Häkkinen (born September 28, 1968 in Helsingin maalaiskunta) is a Finnish racing driver and two-time Formula One champion. He was Michael Schumacher's greatest rival in F1 from 1998–2000. Schumacher has said that Häkkinen is the rival he respected the most during his Formula One career.

References 

Finnish racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
1968 births
Living people
Vantaa
Cape York is the northernmost point of Australia. It was named by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770 after the Duke of York. From the tip, it is about 160 km to New Guinea across the islands, coral reefs and sand banks of Torres Strait.

References

Geography of Queensland
Capes
North West Cape is a large piece of land on the north west coast of Western Australia. There are mountains called the Cape Range through the middle of the peninsula and Ningaloo Reef is on the western edge. The town of Exmouth is also on the North West Cape.

In 1618, Dutch East India Company captain Lenaert Jacobszoon and Willem Janszoon from the boat Mauritius landed in the area. Phillip Parker King visited in 1818 and named it North West Cape. He also named Exmouth Gulf after a Royal Navy officer, Edward Pellew, First Viscount Exmouth (1758 -1833). 

Later, pearl boats visited the area from Broome.

Other websites 
 http://www.exmouthwa.com.au/pages.asp?code=22 

Geography of Western Australia
Capes
Nelson Piquet Souto Maior (born August 17, 1952), more commonly known as Nelson Piquet, is a Brazilian racing driver who was Formula One world champion in 1981, 1983, and 1987. He is one of the few men to win at least three world championships in the history of Formula One. The others are Jack Brabham, Jackie Stewart, Niki Lauda, Ayrton Senna (3 each), Alain Prost (4), Juan Manuel Fangio (5), Lewis Hamilton (7) and Michael Schumacher (7).

1952 births
Living people
Brazilian Formula One drivers
The term baby boomer most commonly refers to people born during the years 1946 to 1964 worldwide. In Canada it is anyone born between 1960 and 1980. Australia identifies baby boomers as those born between 1946 and 1961. Generally, after 1960 the birth rate started falling. In 1951, Sylvia F. Porter, a columnist for the New York Post, first used the term baby boom for the rapid rise in birthrate after Word War II.

Economic impact 
From 1945 to 1964 about seventy-seven million babies were born in the United States. In the 1950s baby boomers bought Mouse-ear hats after they watched "The Mickey Mouse Club". They danced to rock and roll and idolized singers like Elvis Presley. Hula hoops and Barbie dolls were wildly popular.

By the 1960s many baby boomers were teenagers. They spent nearly $20 million on things including food, clothing, and recorded music. Businesses were eager to find ways to meet their demands. By the 1970s entire industries were changing because of baby boomers.