Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
1871 births
1955 deaths
Lawyers from Tennessee
American military personnel of the Spanish-American War
American Nobel Prize winners
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from stroke
Episcopalians
Military people from Tennessee
United States representatives from Tennessee
United States Secretaries of State
United States senators from Tennessee
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
A penalty in ice hockey is a punishment when a player breaks rules during a game. A referee or a game official will decide the penalty.  Normally it is done by placing the person in a penalty box for a certain amount of time. After that the player can go back into the game. There are several types of penalties. Some are more serious and some are less.

Ice hockey words
The Boys' Singles tournament of the 2010 US Open started on Sunday September 5th, the seventh day of the main tournament.

Bernard Tomic was the defending champion, but was no longer eligible to compete as a Junior this year.

Jack Sock, who received wildcard into the singles main draw, won this tournament, after defeating Denis Kudla in the final.

Seeds

  Juan Sebastián Gómez (First Round)
  Márton Fucsovics (Semifinals)
  Tiago Fernandes (Third Round)
  Jiří Veselý (Quarterfinals)
  Damir Džumhur (Third Round)
  Jason Kubler (First Round)
  Duilio Beretta (Second Round, retired)
  Agustín Velotti (Semifinals)

<li>  James Duckworth (First Round)
<li>  Denis Kudla (Final)
<li>  Renzo Olivo (First Round)
<li>  Máté Zsiga (First Round)
<li>  Victor Baluda (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Dominic Thiem (First Round)
<li>  Roberto Quiroz (First Round)
<li>  Mitchell Frank (Third Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Qualifying draw
Qualifying draw

  Sam Barry
  Julien Cagnina
  Alexios Halebian
  Daiki Kondo
  Mackenzie McDonald
  Karue Sell
  Bruno Semenzato
  Michael Zhu

The following player received the lucky loser spot:
  Giammarco Micolani

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Boys Singles
Sir Peter Markham Scott CH CBE DSC and Bar FRS (London, 14 September 1909 – Bristol, 29 August 1989) was a British ornithologist, conservationist, painter, Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve officer and sportsman.

Scott was knighted in 1973 for his contribution to the conservation of wild animals. He had been a founder of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), a founder of several wetlands bird sactuaries in Britain, and an influence on international conservation. He received the WWF Gold Medal, and the J. Paul Getty Prize for his work.

Early life 
Scott was born in London, the only child of Antarctic explorer Robert Falcon Scott (Scott of the Antarctic) and sculptor Kathleen Bruce. He was two years old when his father died. Robert Scott, in a last letter to his wife, advised her to "make the boy interested in natural history if you can; it is better than games".
He was educated at Oundle School and Trinity College, Cambridge, at first taking Natural Sciences but graduating in the History of Art in 1931. After graduating, he studied art in Germany and London.

He had his first exhibition in London in 1933, and sold his first paintings. In 1935 he published Morning Flight, illustrated by himself. As a young man, Scott was not wealthy, and the income from his paintings was the basis of his life. The paintings themselves sold well, but most of the income came from books and reproductions. The reproductions, which were printed by Ankermann of Bond Street, are still selling well. From this 'income stream' Scott was able to keep a family, and buy some of the land he wanted for wildfowl refuges.

In the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, he represented Great Britain at sailing, winning a bronze medal in the smallest class of boat, the O-Jolle or dinghy.
World War II 
As war approached, in 1939, he joined the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. In 1940 he was a in a Destroyer as a Lieutenant. After joining Coastal Forces he rose to Lieutenant-Commander and commanded a flotilla of Motor Gun Boats in the Channel. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross with bar and an MBE (Military Division). In 1944 he was a Staff Officer and in March 1945 he was appointed Captain of the brand new Frigate HMS 'Cardigan Bay'.

After the war 
In 1948, he founded the organisation with which he was ever afterwards closely associated, the Severn Wildfowl Trust (now the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust) with its headquarters at Slimbridge in Gloucestershire.

In the years that followed, he became a television personality, popularising the study of wildfowl and wetlands. His BBC natural history series, Look, ran from 1955 to 1981 and made him a household name. From 1973 to 1983, Scott was Chancellor of the University of Birmingham.
He was the founder President of the Society of Wildlife Artists and President of the Nature in Art Trust, (a role in which Philippa succeeded him).

References 

1909 births
1989 deaths
Sportspeople from London
Artists from London
British Olympic bronze medalists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of Honour
English painters
English science writers
Knights Bachelor
English naturalists
Royal Navy officers
Writers from London
British ornithologists
Conservation
British sailors
Heather Watson was the defending champion, but was no longer eligible to compete as a Junior that year.

Daria Gavrilova won this event, after beating her compatriot Yulia Putintseva 6–3, 6–2 in the final.

Seeds

  Daria Gavrilova (Champion)
  Tímea Babos (Second Round)
  Irina Khromacheva (Second Round)
  Elina Svitolina (Third Round)
  Mónica Puig (Quarterfinals)
  Karolína Plíšková (Quarterfinals)
  Kristýna Plíšková (Second Round)
  Laura Robson (Third Round)

<li>  Gabriela Dabrowski (Third Round)
<li>  Jana Čepelová (Second Round)
<li>  An-Sophie Mestach (First Round)
<li>  Zheng Saisai (First Round)
<li>  Tang Haochen (Third Round)
<li>  Beatrice Capra (withdrew due to fatigue after playing three rounds in the women's singles event)
<li>  Sloane Stephens (Semifinals)
<li>  María-Teresa Torro-Flor (First Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Qualifying draw
Qualifying draw

  Nigina Abduraimova
  Robin Anderson
  Brooke Austin
  Julia Elbaba
  Miyu Kato
  Risa Ozaki
  Sabina Sharipova
  Chanelle Van Nguyen

The following player received the lucky loser spot:
  Gabrielle Desimone

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Girls Singles
Márton Fucsovics and Hsieh Cheng-peng were the defending champions, but Hsieh did not enter the junior competition this year. Fucsovics played alongside Máté Zsiga, but the team lost to Guilherme Clézar and Tiago Fernandes in the second round.

Duilio Beretta and Roberto Quiroz defeated Oliver Golding and Jiří Veselý 6–1, 7–5 in the final.

Seeds 

  Márton Fucsovics /  Máté Zsiga (Second Round)
  Renzo Olivo /  Agustín Velotti (First Round)
  Duilio Beretta /  Roberto Quiroz (Champions)
  Oliver Golding /  Jiří Veselý (Final)

<li>  Juan Sebastián Gómez /  Yasutaka Uchiyama (First Round)
<li>  Damir Džumhur /  Mate Pavić (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Denis Kudla /  Raymond Sarmiento (First Round)
<li>  Huang Liang-chi /  Ouyang Bowen (Second Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Bottom Half

Other websites
 Official site of US Open
Boys' Doubles
Valeria Solovieva and Maryna Zanevska were the defending champions but did not enter the junior competition this year.

Tímea Babos and Sloane Stephens won the title, after their opponents - An-Sophie Mestach and Silvia Njirić withdrew before the final match.

Seeds 

  Daria Gavrilova /  Irina Khromacheva (Semifinals)
  Karolína Plíšková /  Kristýna Plíšková (First Round)
  Tímea Babos /  Sloane Stephens (Champions)
  Caroline Garcia /  Mónica Puig (First Round)

<li>  Jana Čepelová /  Chantal Škamlová (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Verónica Cepede Royg /  Cristina Dinu (Second Round)
<li>  Ons Jabeur /  Yulia Putintseva (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Eugenie Bouchard /  Gabriela Dabrowski (Second Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Bottom Half

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Girls' Doubles
Shingo Kunieda, defended his 2009 title after Nicolas Peifer withdrew from the final.

Seeds
 Shingo Kunieda (Champion)
 Maikel Scheffers (Semifinals)

Draw

Finals

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Wheelchair Men's Singles

pl:US Open 2010#Gra pojedyncza mężczyzn na wózkach
Esther Vergeer, defended her 2009 title, after a win against Daniela Di Toro 6–0, 6–0 in the final.

Seeds
 Esther Vergeer (Champion)
 Sharon Walraven (Semifinals)

Draw

Finals

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Wheelchair Women's Singles

pl:US Open 2010#Gra pojedyncza kobiet na wózkach
Stéphane Houdet and Stefan Olsson were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to eventual champions Maikel Scheffers and Ronald Vink.

Maikel Scheffers and Ronald Vink won this event, after won 6–0, 6–0, against Nicolas Peifer and Jon Rydberg in the final.

Seeds
 Robin Ammerlaan /  Shingo Kunieda (First Round, withdrew)
 Stéphane Houdet /  Stefan Olsson (First Round)

Doubles

Finals

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Wheelchair Men's Doubles
Korie Homan and Esther Vergeer were the defending champions, only Vergeer competed in the event.

Esther Vergeer and Sharon Walraven won this tournament, after they won in the final 6–3, 6–3, against Daniela Di Toro and Aniek van Koot.

Seeds
 Daniela Di Toro /  Aniek van Koot (Final)
 Esther Vergeer /  Sharon Walraven (Champions)

Doubles

Finals

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Wheelchair Women's Doubles
Peter Norfolk is the defending champion, but he lost in the final 6–0, 2–6, 6–3, against David Wagner.

Draw

Final

Round Robin

Standings are determined by:
Number of wins
Number of matches
Head-to-head records
Percentage of sets won, or of games won
Steering Committee decision.

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Wheelchair Quad Singles
Nick Taylor and David Wagner defended their 2009 title, after they won 7–5, 7–6(4), against Johan Andersson and Peter Norfolk in the final.

Main draw

Final

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Wheelchair Quad Doubles
Roger Federer was the defending champion, but was defeated by Juan Martín del Potro in the final, 6–3, 6–7(5), 6–4, 6–7(4), 2–6.

Seeds
Seeds

 Roger Federer (Final, lost to Juan Martín del Potro)
 Andy Murray (Fourth Round, lost to Marin Čilić)
 Rafael Nadal (Semifinals, lost to Juan Martín del Potro)
 Novak Djokovic (Semifinals, lost to Roger Federer)
 Andy Roddick (Third Round, lost to John Isner)
 Juan Martín del Potro (Champion)
 Jo-Wilfried Tsonga (Fourth Round, lost to Fernando González)
 Nikolay Davydenko (Fourth Round, retired - hip injury - against Robin Söderling)
 Gilles Simon (Third Round, retired - knee injury - against Juan Carlos Ferrero)
 Fernando Verdasco (Quarterfinals, lost to Novak Djokovic)
 Fernando González (Quarterfinals, lost to Rafael Nadal)
 Robin Söderling (Quarterfinals, lost to Roger Federer)
 Gaël Monfils (Fourth Round, lost to Rafael Nadal)
 Tommy Robredo (Fourth Round, lost to Roger Federer)
 Radek Štěpánek (Fourth Round, lost to Novak Djokovic)
 Marin Čilić (Quarterfinals, lost to Juan Martín del Potro)
<li>  Tomáš Berdych (Third Round, lost to Fernando González)
<li>  David Ferrer (Second Round, lost to José Acasuso)
<li>  Stanislas Wawrinka (First Round, lost to Nicolás Lapentti)
<li>  Tommy Haas (Third Round, lost to Fernando Verdasco)
<li>  James Blake (Third Round, lost to Tommy Robredo)
<li>  Sam Querrey (Third Round, lost to Robin Söderling)
<li>  Philipp Kohlschreiber (Third Round, lost to Radek Štěpánek)
<li>  Juan Carlos Ferrero (Fourth Round, lost to Juan Martín del Potro)
<li>  Mardy Fish (Withdrew due to rib injury) 
<li>  Paul-Henri Mathieu (First Round, lost to Mikhail Youzhny)
<li>  Ivo Karlović (First Round, lost to Iván Navarro)
<li>  Victor Hănescu (First Round, lost to John Isner)
<li>  Igor Andreev (First Round, lost to Jesse Witten)
<li>  Viktor Troicki (Second Round, lost to Julien Benneteau)
<li>  Lleyton Hewitt (Third Round, lost to Roger Federer)
<li>  Nicolás Almagro (Third Round, lost to Rafael Nadal)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4
Section 4

Bottom Half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Men's Singles
Kim Clijsters defeated  Caroline Wozniacki in the final 7–5, 6–3. Serena Williams, the defending champion, lost to Clijsters in the semifinals.

Seeds

 Dinara Safina (Third Round)
 Serena Williams (Semifinals)
 Venus Williams (Fourth Round)
 Elena Dementieva (Second Round)
 Jelena Janković (Second Round)
 Svetlana Kuznetsova (Fourth Round)
 Vera Zvonareva (Fourth Round)
 Victoria Azarenka (Third Round)
 Caroline Wozniacki (Final)
 Flavia Pennetta (Quarterfinals)
 Ana Ivanović (First Round)
 Agnieszka Radwańska (Second Round)
 Nadia Petrova (Fourth Round)
 Marion Bartoli (Second Round)
 Samantha Stosur (Second Round)
 Virginie Razzano (First Round)
<li>  Amélie Mauresmo (Second Round)
<li>  Na Li (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Patty Schnyder (Second Round)
<li>  Anabel Medina Garrigues (Second Round)
<li>  Zheng Jie (Third Round)
<li>  Daniela Hantuchová (Fourth Round)
<li>  Sabine Lisicki (Second Round)
<li>  Sorana Cîrstea (Third Round)
<li>  Kaia Kanepi (First Round)
<li>  Francesca Schiavone (Fourth Round)
<li>  Alisa Kleybanova (First Round)
<li>  Sybille Bammer (First Round)
<li>  Maria Sharapova (Third Round)
<li>  Alyona Bondarenko (Second Round)
<li>  Elena Vesnina (Third Round)
<li>  Ágnes Szávay (First Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Bottom Half

Section 5

Section 6

Section 7

Section 8

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Women's Singles
Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan were the defending champions, but lost in the semifinals against Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes.

Lukáš Dlouhý and Leander Paes won in the final 3–6, 6–3, 6–2 against Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles.

Seeds

  Bob Bryan /  Mike Bryan (Semifinals)
  Daniel Nestor /  Nenad Zimonjić (Quarterfinals)
  Mahesh Bhupathi /  Mark Knowles (Final)
 ' Lukáš Dlouhý /  Leander Paes (Champions)
  Max Mirnyi /  Andy Ram (Semifinals)
  Mariusz Fyrstenberg /  Marcin Matkowski (First Round)
  Wesley Moodie /  Dick Norman (Quarterfinals)
  Bruno Soares /  Kevin Ullyett (Second Round)

<li>  Łukasz Kubot /  Oliver Marach (First Round)
<li>  František Čermák /  Michal Mertiňák (Second Round)
<li>  Martin Damm /  Robert Lindstedt (Third Round)
<li>  Simon Aspelin /  Paul Hanley (First Round)
<li>  Travis Parrott /  Filip Polášek (First Round)
<li>  Ashley Fisher /  Jordan Kerr (First Round)
<li>  Stephen Huss /  Ross Hutchins (First Round)
<li>  Marcelo Melo /  André Sá (Second Round)

Draw

Finals
Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Men's Doubles
Cara Black and Liezel Huber were the defending champions, but Serena Williams and Venus Williams defeated them in the final 6–2, 6–2.

Seeds 

  Cara Black /  Liezel Huber (Final)
  Anabel Medina Garrigues /  Virginia Ruano Pascual (Third Round)
  Samantha Stosur /  Rennae Stubbs (Semifinals)
  Serena Williams /  Venus Williams (Champions)
  Daniela Hantuchová /  Ai Sugiyama (Third Round)
  Nuria Llagostera Vives /  María José Martínez Sánchez (Quarterfinals)
  Su-Wei Hsieh /  Peng Shuai (Second Round)
  Bethanie Mattek-Sands /  Nadia Petrova (Quarterfinals)

<li>  Anna-Lena Grönefeld /  Patty Schnyder (Third Round)
<li>  Maria Kirilenko /  Elena Vesnina (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Zi Yan /  Zheng Jie (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Vania King /  Monica Niculescu (Third Round)
<li>  Alisa Kleybanova /  Ekaterina Makarova (Semifnals)
<li>  Sania Mirza /  Francesca Schiavone (Second Round)
<li>  Raquel Kops-Jones /  Abigail Spears (First Round)
<li>  Victoria Azarenka /  Vera Zvonareva (Second Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half
Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Women's Doubles
Carly Gullickson and Travis Parrott won in the final, 6–2, 6–4, against defending champions, Cara Black and Leander Paes.

Seeds

 Liezel Huber /  Mahesh Bhupathi (Semifinals)
 Cara Black /  Leander Paes (Final)
 Lisa Raymond /  Marcin Matkowski (Quarterfinals)
 Anna-Lena Grönefeld /  Mark Knowles (Second Round)

<li> Su-Wei Hsieh /  Kevin Ullyett (Semifinals)
<li> Nadia Petrova /  Max Mirnyi (First Round)
<li> Rennae Stubbs /  Robert Lindstedt (Quarterfinals)
<li> Bethanie Mattek-Sands /  Nenad Zimonjić (Quarterfinals)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Bottom Half

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Mixed Doubles
Bernard Tomic won in the final 6-1, 6-3 against Chase Buchanan.

Seeds

  Yuki Bhambri (Quarterfinals)
  Daniel Berta (First Round)
  Bernard Tomic (Champion)
  Liang-Chi Huang (First Round)
  Agustín Velotti (First Round)
  Yong-Kyu Lim (Second Round)
  Andrea Collarini (Third Round)
  Gianni Mina(Semifinals)

<li>  Shuichi Sekiguchi (First Round)
<li>  Facundo Argüello (First Round)
<li>  Kevin Krawietz (First Round)
<li>  Julien Obry (Second Round)
<li>  Julen Urigüen (First Round)
<li>  David Souto (First Round)
<li>  Dominik Schulz (Second Round)
<li>  Denis Kudla(Quarterfinals)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Boys Singles
Heather Watson won in the final 6–4, 6–1 against Yana Buchina.

Seeds

  Kristina Mladenovic (First Round)
  Noppawan Lertcheewakarn (Quarterfinals)
  Tímea Babos (Second Round)
  Sloane Stephens (Third Round)
  Ajla Tomljanović (Second Round)
  Silvia Njirić (Third Round)
  Lauren Embree (Second Round)
  Christina McHale (Withdrew)

<li>  Daria Gavrilova (Semifinals)
<li>  Richel Hogenkamp (Third Round)
<li>  Heather Watson (Champion)
<li>  Tamaryn Hendler (Third Round)
<li>  Miyabi Inoue (First Round)
<li>  Jana Cepelova (Quarterfinals)
<li>  Ulrikke Eikeri (Third Round)
<li>  Beatrice Capra (Quarterfinals)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Section 1

Section 2

Bottom Half

Section 3

Section 4

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Girls Singles
Marton Fucsovics and Cheng Peng Hsieh won in the finals 7-6(5), 5-7, [10-1] against Julien Obry and Adrien Puget.

Seeds

 Yuki Bhambri /  Liang-Chi Huang (First Round)
 Facundo Arguello /  Agustin Velotti (Semifinals)
 Francis Alcantara /  Daniel Berta (First Round)
 Suk-Young Jeong /  Yong-Kyu Lim (First Round)

<li> Andrea Collarini /  Nikala Scholtz (First Round)
<li> Pierre-Hugues Herbert /  Kevin Krawietz (Quarterfinals)
<li> Hiroyasu Ehara /  Shuichi Sekiguchi (First Round)
<li> Arthur De Greef /  Gianni Mina (First Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Bottom Half

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Boys Doubles
Lertcheewakarn partnered with Elena Bogdan, but Valeria Solovieva and Maryna Zanevska defeated them in the final 1-6, 6-3 [10-7].

Seeds

 Kristina Mladenovic /  Silvia Njiric (First Round)
 Tímea Babos /  Ajla Tomljanovic (Quarterfinals)
 Elena Bogdan /  Noppawan Lertcheewakarn (Final)
 Mallory Burdette /  Sloane Stephens (Second Round)

<li> Richel Hogenkamp /  Ksenia Kirillova (First Round)
<li> Yana Buchina /  Heather Watson (First Round)
<li> Daria Gavrilova /  Irina Khromacheva (Semifinals)
<li> Ulrikke Eikeri /  Mai Grage (First Round)

Draw

Finals

Top Half

Bottom Half

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Girls Doubles
Shingo Kunieda won in the final 6-0, 6-0 against Maikel Scheffers

Seeds
 Shingo Kunieda (Champion)
 Stephane Houdet (Quarterfinals)

Draw

Finals

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Wheelchair Men's Singles
Esther Vergeer won in the final 6-0, 6-0 against Korie Homan.

Seeds
 Esther Vergeer (Champion)
 Korie Homan (Final)

Draw

Finals

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Wheelchair Women's Singles
Stephane Houdet and Stefan Olsson won in the final 6–4, 4–6, 6–4 against Maikel Scheffers and Ronald Vink.

Seeds
 Stephane Houdet /  Stefan Olsson (Champions)
 Maikel Scheffers /  Ronald Vink (Final)

Doubles

Finals

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Wheelchair Men's Doubles
Korie Homan and Esther Vergeer won in the final 6–2, 6–2 against Daniela DiToro and Florence Gravellier.

Seeds
 Korie Homan /  Esther Vergeer (Champions)
 Daniela DiToro /  Florence Gravellier (Final)

Doubles

Finals

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Wheelchair Women's Doubles
Peter Norfolk won in the final 6–6, 3–6, 6–3, against David Wagner.

Draw

Final

Round Robin

Standings are determined by:
Number of wins
Number of matches
Head-to-head records
Percentage of sets won, or of games won
Steering Committee decision.

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Wheelchair Quad Singles
Nicholas Taylor and David Wagner won in the final 6-1, 6-7(5), 6-3 against Johan Andersson and Peter Norfolk.

Main draw

Finals

Other websites
 Official site of US Open

Wheelchair Quad Doubles
The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) World Tour is the number one tier tennis tour for men's tennis competition. The 2010 ATP World Tour calendar cosists of Grand Slam tournaments (organised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the ATP World Tour Masters 1000, the ATP World Tour 500 series, the ATP World Tour 250 series, the ATP World Team Championship, the Davis Cup (organized by the ITF), and the ATP World Tour Finals. Also included in the 2010 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which does not distribute ranking points, and is organised by the ITF.

Schedule

Key

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

Other websites
Official website of the Association of Tennis Professionals

ATP World Tour
ATP seasons
The rectus abdominis muscle is a muscle in the human body. It is commonly referred to as "Abs". It is a paired muscle that runs vertically from the lower chest to the pubic region people usually try to put stress to make it look as if they have huge abs and they help us run.

Muscles
Commander is a rank of naval officer. It may also be used as a general term for a leader.

Commander as a naval rank 
Commander is a rank used in many navies and some air forces. It is rarely used as a rank in armies, except in special forces for a team leader.  

The title (originally "Master and Commander") originated in the 18th century Royal Navy for naval officers who commanded ships of war too large to be commanded by a Lieutenant but too small to warrant the assignment of a Post-captain. 

In practice, these were usually unrated sloops-of-war of no more than 20 guns. The Royal Navy shortened "Master and Commander" to "Commander" in 1794; however, the term "Master and Commander" remained in common use for many years. A corresponding rank in some navies is frigate captain. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the rank has been assigned the NATO rank code of OF-4.

Royal Navy
Royal Navy 

A Commander in the Royal Navy is above the rank of Lieutenant-Commander, below the rank of Captain. It is equivalent in rank to a Lieutenant Colonel in the British Army and Wing Commander in the Royal Air Force. A Commander may command a frigate, destroyer, submarine, aviation squadron or shore installation, or may serve on a staff.

Related pages 
Commander-in-Chief
Captain
Lieutenant

References 

Military ranks
Royal Navy
The Federalist Papers were a series of essays about the United States Constitution. In total, there were 85 articles, 77 of them appeared in newspapers between October of 1787 and August 1788. Many talked about how the Constitution would solve America's political problems.  Most of them were published in newspapers in New York and Virginia, states where it was not clear whether or not the Constitution would pass (it did).  Most were written by Alexander Hamilton or James Madison, though a few were written by John Jay.  

One of the most famous of the Papers is Federalist No. 10.  It was written by Madison and says that the Constitution would keep the United States from being run by small groups called "factions". The collection of all papers was also published as a book. 

The papers were published using a false name, Publius. This name was used in reference to Publius Valerius Publicola, a Roman Consul and one of the aristocrats who overthrew the Roman Kingdom in the 5th century BC.
The papers are often thought of as one of the most important works of American political thought.  Sometimes they are used by Supreme Court justices to try to say what the founders were thinking.

Other websites 

 The Federalist Papers, original 1788 printing 

 National Archives on The Federalist
 The Federalist Papers on the Bill of Rights
 Teaching The Federalist Papers 
 Booknotes interview with Robert Scigliano on Scigliano's Modern Library edition of The Federalist Papers, January 21, 2001.
 Collection of The Federalist Papers
 EDSITEment on The Federalist and Anti-Federalist debates on diversity and the extended republic
 
 

Democracy
United States Constitution
1788 works
1787 in the United States
1788 in the United States
is a prefecture in the Tōhoku region of Japan on the island of Honshu. The capital city is Akita. Akita prefecture is famous for rice and sake.

History 
The area of Akita was created from Dewa Province and Mutsu Province.

Historic places
 Senshu Park is 5 minutes walk from Akita Station.
The site of castle of the Kubota Castle built by Satake, a daimyo from Hitachi. Landscape gardener, Abira Nagaoka, designed the park in 1896. The name "Akita" became established in Tenpyou era.

Geography 
Akita Prefecture faces the Sea of Japan.  It is bordered by Aomori Prefecture in the north, Iwate Prefecture in the east, Miyagi Prefecture in the southeast, and Yamagata Prefecture in the south.

Mt. Chokai is the second hightest mountain in the Tohoku Region. Shirakami-Sanchi is a large mountain range along the border between Akita and Aomori prefectures.

Cities 
There are 13 cities in Akita Prefecture:
National Parks
National Parks cover about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture. including
 Towada-Hachimantai National Park

Hot Springs
 Nyuto Hot Spring Village (There are seven hotels.)
 Tsurunoyu
 Taenoyu
 Kuroyu
 Ganiba
 Magoroku
 Oogama
 National Park Resort Village Nyuto Hot Spring

Shrines and Temples
Ōmonoimi jinja and Tsutsukowake jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

 http://www.pref.akita.jp/e/ 

Akita Prefecture
Honshū
Provinces
The Korean Demilitarized Zone () is a piece of land running across the Korean Peninsula that serves as a buffer zone between North and South Korea.  The DMZ cuts the Korean Peninsula almost in half, crossing the 38th parallel. The west end of the DMZ is south of the parallel and the east end is to the north of it. It is  long, and about  wide and is the most highly militarized border in the world. The border between both Koreas in the Yellow Sea and its coastline is known as the Northern Limit Line. Both sides of the Northern Limit Line are also heavily guarded.
History
The 38th parallel north cuts the Korean peninsula roughly in half. The parallel was the original boundary between the US-occupied and Soviet-occupied areas of Korea at the end of World War II. When the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK, informally North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (ROK, informally South Korea) were created in 1948, this line became a de facto international border between the two countries. It was also one of the most tense fronts in the Cold War.
Both the North and the South remained heavily dependent on their sponsor states from 1948 to the outbreak of the Korean War. The conflict claimed over three million lives and divided the Korean Peninsula along ideological lines. On June 25, 1950, a Soviet-sponsored DPRK invasion crossed the 38th parallel.  The conflict ended three years later. International troops had been deployed and  pushed the frontline back to near the 38th parallel.  In the ceasefire of July 27, 1953, the DMZ was created. Each side agreed in the armistice to move their troops back  from the front line, creating a buffer zone  wide. The Military Demarcation Line (MDL) goes down the center of the DMZ and indicates exactly where the front was when the agreement was signed.
In theory, this is a stalemate. Neither side won or lost. Because of this, both sides of the conflict are still enemies,  and a large number of troops is still stationed along both sides of the line.  The armistice agreement explains exactly how many military personnel and what kind of weapons are allowed in the DMZ. Soldiers from both sides may patrol inside the DMZ, but they may not cross the MDL. Sporadic outbreaks of violence due to North Korean hostilities killed over 500 South Korean soldiers and 50 U.S. soldiers along the DMZ between 1953 and 1999.
Tae Sung Dong and Kijong-dong were the only villages allowed by the armistice committee to remain within the boundaries of the DMZ. Residents of Tae Sung Dong are governed and protected by the United Nations Command and are generally required to spend at least 240 nights per year in the village to maintain their residency. In 2008, the village had a population of 218 people. The villagers of Tae Sung Dong are direct descendants of people who owned the land before the 1950-53 Korean War.

Joint Security Area

Inside the DMZ, near the western coast of the peninsula, is a place called Panmunjeom. The  Joint Security Area (JSA) is located there. Originally,  it was the only connection between North and South Korea. In 2007 a Korail train crossed the DMZ  to the North on the new Donghae Bukbu Line built on the east coast of Korea.
Another incident occurred on November 23, 1984, when a Soviet tourist, who was part of an official trip to the JSA (hosted by the North), ran across the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) shouting that he wanted to defect. North Korean troops immediately chased after him opening fire. Border guards on the South Korean side returned fire eventually surrounding the North Koreans as they pursued the Russian national. One South Korean and three North Korean soldiers were killed in the action. The defector was not captured.

In late 2009, South Korean forces and the United Nations Command began renovation of its three guard posts and two checkpoint buildings within the JSA compound. Construction was designed to enlarge and modernise the structures. Work was undertaken a year after North Korea finished replacing four JSA guard posts on its side of the MDL.

Secret tunnels
Secret tunnels 

South Korea has discovered tunnels that cross the DMZ. To build these tunnels, explosives were used. This left certain traces, called "blasting lines". The orientation of these blasting lines shows that the tunnels were built from north to south, North Korea built them. In total, four tunnels have been discovered, the first on November 15, 1974. North Korea claimed that the tunnels were used for coal mining. No coal has been found in the tunnels. All tunnels were dug in a rock called granite. Some of the tunnel walls have been painted black to give the appearance of anthracite.
First tunnel
The first of the tunnels was discovered by a South Korean Army patrol, noticing steam rising from the ground. The initial discovery was met with machine gun fire from North Korean soldiers. Five days later, during a subsequent exploration of this tunnel, U.S. Navy Commander Robert M. Ballinger and ROK Marine Corps Major Kim Hah Chul were killed in the tunnel by a North Korean explosive device. The blast also wounded five Americans and one South Korean from the United Nations Command.

The tunnel, which was about  high by  wide, extended more than  beyond the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) into South Korea. The tunnel was reinforced with concrete slabs and had electric power and lighting. There were weapons storage and sleeping areas. A narrow gauge railway with carts had also been installed. Estimates based on the tunnel's size, suggest it would have allowed approximately 2,000 KPA soldiers (one regiment) to pass through it per hour.
Second tunnel
The second tunnel was discovered on March 19, 1975. It is of similar length to the first tunnel. It is located between  below ground, but is larger than the first, approximately .

Third tunnel
The third tunnel was discovered on October 17, 1978. Unlike the previous two, the third tunnel was discovered following a tip from a North Korean defector. This tunnel is about  long and about  below ground. Foreign visitors touring the South Korean DMZ may view inside this tunnel using a sloped access shaft.

Fourth tunnel
A fourth tunnel was discovered on March 3, 1990 north of Haen town in the former Punchbowl battlefield. The tunnel's dimensions are 2m x 2m and it is 145m underground, the method of construction is almost identical in structure to the second and the third tunnels.

Propaganda

Buildings
Buildings

Both North and South Korea maintain peace villages in sight of each other's side of the DMZ. In the South, Daeseong-dong is administered under the terms of the DMZ. Villagers are classed as Republic of Korea citizens, however they are exempt from paying tax and other civic requirements such as military service.
In the North, Kijong-dong features a number of brightly painted, poured-concrete multi-story buildings and apartments with electric lighting. These features represented an unheard of level of luxury for rural Koreans, north or south, in the 1950s. The town was oriented so that the bright blue roofs and white sides of the buildings would be the most distinguishing features when viewed from the border. However scrutiny with modern telescopic lenses reveals that the buildings are mere concrete shells lacking window glass or even interior rooms, with the building lights turned on and off at set times and the empty sidewalks swept by a skeleton crew of caretakers in an effort to preserve the illusion of activity.

Until 2004, massive loudspeakers mounted on several of the buildings continuously delivered DPRK propaganda broadcasts directed towards the south as well as propaganda radio broadcasts across the border.
Within the JSA are a number of U.N. buildings called Conference Row these are used for direct talks between the two Koreas. Facing the UN buildings is DPRK's Panmungak () and ROK's Freedom House. In 1994, North Korea enlarged Panmungak by adding a third floor. In 1998, South Korea built a new Freedom House for its Red Cross staff and to possibly host reunions of families separated by the Korean War. The new building incorporated the old Freedom House Pagoda within its design.

In the 1980s, the South Korean government built a  flagpole in the village of Daeseong-dong. The North Korean government responded by building a taller one — the tallest in the world at  in Kijong-dong.

Korean wall
The Korean wall is a concrete barrier that was allegedly built along the length of the DMZ in South Korea between 1977 and 1979. Dutch journalist and filmmaker Peter Tetteroo shows footage of what he believes (at the prompting of his North Korean guides) to be the Korean Wall. North Korea contends: 
In the area south of the Military Demarcation Line, which cuts across our country at its waist, there is a concrete wall which [...] stretches more than  from east to west, is  high,  thick at the bottom, and  wide in the upper part. It is set with wire entanglements and dotted with gun embrasures, look-outs and varieties of military establishments [...] the South Korean rulers built this wall over a period of many years from 1977.
In December 1999, Chu Chang Jun, North Korea's longtime ambassador to China, repeated claims that a "wall" divided Korea. He said the south side of the wall is packed with soil, which permits access to the top of the wall and makes it effectively invisible from the south side.  He also claimed that it served as a bridgehead for any northward invasion.  One clarification in 2007, from an assistant of Mr. Cho at the Korean embassy in WDC, that this is mostly, or at least partly, an artificial cliff cut into the north side of the terrain, and explains this combination semantic and 'blind-men & elephant' issue.  At the security passage between the North & South, it is easy to manage the contours and make the cliff invisible from the limited points of view allowed within the security compound.  None of the plausible descriptions from the North, South, or USA, contradicts this explanation of the appearance or function of this at least partly one-sided wall.
According to the United States, the wall does not exist, although there are anti-tank barriers along some sections of the DMZ.

Transportation

Panmunjeom is the site where the negotiations that ended the Korean War took place.  It is the main centre of human activity in the DMZ today.  The village is located on the main highway and near a railroad connecting the two Koreas.
The railway, which connects Seoul and Pyongyang, was called the Gyeongui Line before Korea was divided in the 1940s.  Currently the South uses the original name, but the North refers to the route as the P'yŏngbu Line. Today, the railway is mainly used to carry materials to the industrial complexes at Kaesong. South Korea workers also use it to commute there. When it was reopened in the early 2000s, this was seen as a sign that the relations between both countries were improving. However in November 2008 North Korean authorities closed the railway because of growing tensions with the South. When former South-Korean president Kim Dae-jung had died, a delegation from North Korea also attended his funeral. On that occasion, talks were held with South Korean officials. In September 2009, the Kaesong rail and road crossings were reopened.
The road at Panmunjeom, which was known historically as Highway One in the South, was originally the only access point between the two countries on the Korean Peninsula. Passage is comparable to the strict movements that occurred at Checkpoint Charlie in Berlin at the height of the Cold War. Both North and South Korea's roads end in the Joint Security Area; neither highway meets because there is a  concrete line that divides the entire site. People given the permission to cross this border must do so on foot before continuing their journey by road.
In 2007, on the east coast of Korea, the first train crossed the DMZ on the new Donghae Bukbu (Tonghae Pukpu) Line. The new rail crossing was built next to the road which took South Koreans to Kŭmgangsan, a region that has significant cultural importance for all Koreans. More than one million civilian visitors crossed the DMZ until the route was closed after a 53-year-old South Korean tourist was shot in July 2008. The North Korean government did not want that both police forces investigate the shooting together, so the South Korean government stopped offering tours to the resort. Since then the resort, and the Donghae Bukbu Line have effectively been closed by the North.

Nature reserve

In the past half century, the Korean DMZ has been a deadly place for humans, making habitation impossible. Only around the village of Panmunjeom and more recently the Dong Bukbu Line on Korea's east coast have there been regular incursions by people.
This natural isolation along the  length of the DMZ has created an involuntary park which is now recognised as one of the most well-preserved areas of temperate habitat in the world.

Several endangered animal and plant species now exist among the heavily fortified fences, landmines and listening posts. These include the extremely rare Red-crowned Crane (a staple of Asian art), and the White-naped crane as well as, potentially, the extremely rare Korean Tiger, Amur leopard and Asiatic black bear. Ecologists have identified some 2,900 plant species, 70 types of mammals and 320 kinds of birds within the narrow buffer zone. Additional surveys are now being conducted throughout the region.
Escapees from North Korea 
Since trying to cross the DMZ is extremely dangerous, most North Korean defectors, or people who leave their home country to join an new country in a way the first country claims to be illegal, begin their escape through the border with China. This is because the Chinese-North Korean border is much less heavily guarded, although crossing the Chinese border is not without risks. However, there have been some escapees who have escaped by crossing the DMZ. Most of these people who successfully crossed the DMZ were North Korean soldiers who already had some knowledge of the area. Of the 33,000 North Korean defectors, only 21 North Korean soldiers crossed the DMZ and lived since the North Korean famine in 1996.

Gallery

Notes

References

Other websites
Other websites

 U.S. Army official Korean Demilitarized Zone image archive
Washington Post Correspondent Amar Bakshi travels to the Korean Demilitarized Zone... And uncovers the world's most dangerous tourist trap.  Jan. 2008.
Status and ecological resource value of the Republic of Korea's De-militarized Zone
Inside the Korean Demilitarized Zone 
An English teacher's tour to the DMZ with the USO--pictures and videos 
North Korea Uncovered,(North Korea Google Earth), a comprehensive Google Earth mapping file that maps out the entire Northern half of the DMZ including all of the North Korean buildings, the Axe incident, the location of the signing of the armistice, as well as the two major North Korean military lines
Tour Of DMZ on YouTube. Dec. 2007
DMZ Forum: Collaborative international NGO focusing on promoting peace and conservation within the Korean DMZ region

Korean War
Captain Robert Falcon Scott CVO, RN (6 June 1868 – 29 March 1912) was an English Royal Navy officer and explorer who died on an expedition to the South Pole. He is widely known as Scott of the Antarctic, the title of a 1948 movie.

Scott led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–13.
Before his appointment to lead the Discovery Expedition, Scott had followed the conventional career of a naval officer in peacetime Victorian Britain, where opportunities for career advancement were keenly sought after by ambitious officers.

It was the chance for personal distinction that led Scott to apply for command of the Discovery. His name became associated with the Antarctic, his field of work for the final twelve years of his life.
Terra Nova Expedition 1910–1913
During this second venture, Scott led a party of five which reached the South Pole on 17 January 1912, only to find that Roald Amundsen's Norwegian expedition had got there first. On the return journey, Scott and his four comrades died from exhaustion, starvation and extreme cold. The tragic fate of his expedition is still remembered throughout the world.

Scott's leadership 
After his death, Scott became a British hero. His reputation suffered from several books written later in the 20th century. Still later, Scott's record was reviewed more favourably. The main cause of the failure  of the expedition is now said to be the exceptionally adverse weather at the end of the return from the pole.
Scott took ponies, motorised sleds and ordinary sleds, which he and his men pulled.  He thought that the number of animals overworked and killed should be held as low as possible and considered his rival Roald Amundsen's approach as cruel.  Amundsen, on the other hand, killed dog after dog to feed himself, the men and the rest of the dogs.  He did not feel bad about it. The ponies helped travelling part of the way to the pole, but some of them were so stubborn that the expedition members, especially Lawrence Oates, lost much energy that was needed to get back from the pole. The motorised sleds (which worked well at the start) eventually froze up. The dogs, of which there 36, were left behind on the final attempt on the Pole.
One factor which has been re-discovered is that Scott gave the dog driver Meares  written orders before leaving for the final attempt on the pole. The order was for dogs to be brought up towards the returning party. This order was supplemented by Scott asking Atkinson to make a similar attempt (Atkinson was one of those not chosen for the final attempt group). In the event, neither of these actions took place.

References 

1868 births
1912 deaths
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Deaths from starvation
English explorers
Royal Navy officers
British sailors
Explorers of Antarctica
The standard state is a common way for measuring properties of chemicals. Standard state normally is room temperature (25°C) and normal atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi). Normally when no temperature or pressure is given, standard state is implied. If an article says "bromine is a liquid" it means bromine is a liquid in the standard state.

Chemistry
Tellurium trioxide, also known as tellurium(VI) oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeO3. It contains tellurium and oxide ions. It contains tellurium in its +6 oxidation state.

Properties
Tellurium trioxide can come in two forms. There is a yellow-red form and a gray form. The yellow red form is more reactive. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with strong bases to make tellurates. It releases oxygen to turn into tellurium dioxide when heated.

Preparation
It is made by taking the water from telluric acid. The gray form can be made from this by reacting the yellow-red form with sulfuric acid and air.

Related pages
Tellurous acid

Tellurium compounds
Oxides
The Sons of Liberty were a group of people in Boston at the time of the American Revolution.  They were led by Samuel Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere.  Other well-known members included Benedict Arnold and Patrick Henry.  They were in favor of rights of colonial Americans, which meant they often did not like the British.  Some people thought the Sons of Liberty were a mob.  The Sons of Liberty were the main group involved in the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. They also participated in the Stamp Act.

American Revolutionary War
Manhattan
Massachusetts
Nationalist organizations in the United States
1765 establishments
Secret societies
1760s establishments in Massachusetts
Agnes Grey, A Novel is the first novel written by the English author Anne Brontë and first published in 1847. The novel is about a governess of that name and is said to be based on Anne Brontë's own experiences. Like her sister Charlotte's novel Jane Eyre, it addresses how uncertain position of a governess.

Plot 
Agnes Grey is the daughter of Mr. Grey, a minister who is not very rich, and Mrs. Grey, a woman who left her wealthy family and married out of love. Mr. Grey tries to make more money, but he end up losing money in an investment. That plunges the family into debt.

Agnes, her sister Mary, and their mother all try to keep expenses low and bring in extra money, but Agnes is frustrated that everyone treats her like a child. To prove herself and to earn money for the family, she wants to be a governess. Eventually, she is offered a position, and gets her parents' permission. With some doubt about how it would be to be governess, she travels to to work for the Bloomfield family.
The Bloomfields are rich and much crueller than Agnes had expected. Mrs. Bloomfield pampers her children while Mr. Bloomfield constantly finds fault with Agnes's work. The children misbehave a lot and Agnes is responsible for their behaviour even though she does not have power over them. Tom, the oldest Bloomfield child, even tortures small animals. In less than a year,  Mrs. Bloomfield fires Agnes, thinks that her children are not learning quickly enough. Agnes then returns home.

She then begs her mother to help her find a new position. Agnes advertises and is given a position in an even wealthier family – the Murrays. The two boys, John and Charles, are both sent to school soon after her arrival, but the girls Rosalie and Matilda remain in her care. Matilda is a tomboy and Rosalie is a flirt. Both girls are selfish and sometimes annoying, and although Agnes's position is slightly better than it was at the Bloomfield's, she is often ignored.