Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ullrich finished second in the 1998 Tour de France but went on to win the 1999 Vuelta a España, although he missed the 1999 Tour de France due to a knee injury. After winning the Vuelta, Ullrich became World time trial champion which enabled him to wear the rainbow jersey during time trials. He would win this again in 2001. The next year, Zabel won the overall World Cup victory, having won the Milan – San Remo and Amstel Gold Race, while Ullrich placed second again in the 2000 Tour de France to Lance Armstrong. Ullrich won the gold medal in the Olympic road race and the silver medal in the Olympic time trial. In 2001, Zabel won Milan – San Remo for the fourth time. Ullrich came in second in the 2001 Tour de France, while Zabel won six stages combined in the 2001 Tour and Vuelta. Kazakh rider Alexandre Vinokourov won the Paris–Nice stage race in 2002, a feat he would duplicate in 2003, also winning the Amstel Gold Race and Tour de Suisse that year
. As Ullrich left the team to form Team Bianchi in 2003, Vinokourov became team leader for the 2003 Tour de France. He finished in third place, just below the second placed Ullrich. Zabel won the 2003 Paris–Tours, while Italian rider Daniele Nardello took the Züri-Metzgete.
The team had a continuous presence at the top of the professional peloton and continued to sign the emerging German cyclists of the times with Andreas Klöden in 1998, Jörg Jaksche in 1999, Matthias Kessler in 2000 and Stefan Schumacher in 2002 to name but a few. In addition the team signed many successful non-German riders such as Georg Totschnig, Alexander Vinokourov, Cadel Evans, Santiago Botero and Paolo Savoldelli.

Film: Hell on Wheels – 2003 Tour de France from perspective of then-Team Telekom 

In 2005 a film titled Hell on Wheels was released.  It is a record of the 100th anniversary (but only the 90th running because of World War I and World War II) of the Tour de France in 2003 from the perspective of the then-Team Telekom.

T-Mobile: 2004 – November 2007
From 2004, the team changed its name to T-Mobile. Jan Ullrich returned to the team. The team achieved a great number of success, among which was Steffan Wesemanns win in the Ronde van Vlaanderen. Coming up to the 2004 Tour de France, Kloden became German road race champion and Ullrich won the Tour de Suisse and raced the 2004 Tour de France as team leader, while Vinokourov did not ride the Tour de France for the team. Jan Ullrich finished fourth, while Andreas Klöden was the best placed rider of the team in second place. T-Mobile Team won the team classification, as the overall strongest team of the 2004 Tour. In the spring season of 2005, Vinokourov won the Liège–Bastogne–Liège classic race. Ullrich, as the team leader, finished 3rd overall in the 2005 Tour de France. Alexandre Vinokourov rode in support, and finished fifth as he won two stages, including the final stage on the Champs-Elysees
. Italian rider Giuseppe Guerini also won a stage and T-Mobile Team matched their 2004 feat by once again winning the team classification in 2005. Zabel won the Paris–Tours for the third time at the end of the season.
In July 2005, during the 2005 Tour, Vinokourov's contract was running out and people wondered if he was to stay with T-Mobile. With four days left of the 2005 Tour, he made an announcement that he would leave the team to pursue his own chances of winning the Tour de France as a team captain and after the Tour he joined the Liberty Seguros team. After 13 years with Team Telekom and T-Mobile Team, Erik Zabel also left in 2005 to ride for the newly formed Team Milram. Before the 2006 season, Walter Godefroot stepped down and Olaf Ludwig became the new T-Mobile team manager.

Doping scandals: 2006 – 2007 
In the most controversial scandal since the 1998 tour, thirteen riders were expelled from the 2006 Tour de France stemming from a Spanish doping scandal, on the eve of Strasbourg prologue to the 93rd edition. Jan Ullrich, one of the favorites to win the race, was among those excluded from the Tour.  Another T-Mobile rider, Oscar Sevilla, was also expelled, leaving the team starting with only seven riders.
On 9 July, the team announced the dismissal of its sporting director, Rudy Pevenage, for his implication with former Tour de France winner Jan Ullrich in a Spanish blood doping scandal.  "The contract linking T-Mobile to Pevenage has been retrospectively stopped on 30 June," the team's general manager, Olaf Ludwig, said.

On July 21, 2006, T-Mobile fired Jan Ullrich from the team pending the doping investigation.

At the 2006 Tour de France, T-Mobile won the team classification for the third consecutive year, Andreas Klöden reached the podium (3rd place) for the second time,  Matthias Kessler won Stage 3, Serhiy Honchar won two individual time trials (Stages 7 and 19) and wore the yellow jersey for 3 days (after Stages 7–9).
After the Tour de France, the team completely changed; Team manager Olaf Ludwig left the team and was replaced by Bob Stapleton. Rolf Aldag, Allan Peiper and Tristan Hoffman became directeur sportifs. As already discussed Ullrich, Sevilla and Pevenage were dismissed from the team. Several riders who had been with the team for a long time such as Steffen Wesemann, Andreas Klöden and Matthias Kessler left or their contracts were not extended. Jörg Ludewig was put on suspension and his contract was not increased in connection with intention to dope previously in his career and before he joined T-Mobile. Eddy Mazzoleni who was in his first year for the team would also leave. The contracts of Bram Schmitz and Bas Gilling were not renewed. Dr. Lothar Heinrich, the team doctor since 1995, and Dr. Andreas Schmid set up a new comprehensive testing system
. Following the revelations that came out of the Operación Puerto investigation, Heinrich allegedly nearly quit the sport but instead he joined with Stapleton and other team staff to create a new system of internal controls and health checks that he insisted would demonstrate that T-Mobile riders were clean and to restore credibility to the sport.
In an effort to present a renewed image the team brought a young team to the 2007 Tour de France, and promoted a drug-free attitude and image. Despite this, team member Patrik Sinkewitz tested positive for elevated testosterone during a training camp.  The test results were only announced when Sinkiewitz had dropped out of the Tour because of injury.  He was still in hospital when he was suspended from Team T-Mobile, and was dismissed on 31 July 2007.

Team High Road: November 2007 – June 2008
In November 2007, Deutsche Telekom AG announced that it was to end sponsorship of professional cycling with immediate effect. The team continued under the name "Team High Road" through June 2008. The team changed nationality in February 2008, switching from Germany to the United States.
The team continued thanks to funding solely from the team owner Bob Stapleton, as the team did not have enough time to gather sponsors for the new year. The team had a successful start to the year with Luxembourg rider Kim Kirchen winning the classic La Flèche Wallonne. Results like this and also High-Road's performance at the Giro d'Italia helped the team secure a sponsor for the end of the year
Team Columbia and Team Columbia-High Road: July 2008 – June 2009 
On June 15, 2008 Columbia Sportswear announced a three year sponsorship of the team beginning on July 5, the start of the Tour de France. The team's new name is "Team Columbia". The sponsorship includes both the men's and women's teams. The announcement of this new deal with Columbia coincided with a highly successful Tour, in which the team won 5 individual stages (four of which went to British sprinter Mark Cavendish) as well as team leader Kim Kirchen leading the general classification in the Tour de France for four days in addition to leading the points classification in the Tour de France.
The team capped off a successful 2008 by finishing second to Team CSC in the CQ Team Ranking.

Team Columbia-HTC: June 2009 – January 2010 & Team HTC-Columbia: January 2010 –
August proved a very good month for Norwegian allrounder Edvald Boasson Hagen, with two stage wins and a podium finish in the Tour of Poland and two more stage wins and the GC win in the Eneco Tour. After stage wins in the other two Grand Tours of 2009, it took the team only three days to win yet another in the Vuelta, where Gregory Henderson took home the flowers.

Despite its many successes, Team Columbia does not seem to be able to afford as many top riders as they have, and due to their many victories, a lot of riders were targeted by other teams for the 2010 season. Notable riders such as Kim Kirchen, Edvald Boasson Hagen, Michael Barry, George Hincapie and Thomas Lövkvist elected to leave the team. As replacements, a lot of young talented riders, such as Jan Ghyselinck, Rasmus Guldhammer and Martin and Peter Velits, were contracted.
On October 17, 2010 Team Columbia HTC announced a tie up with Specialized for 2011 and beyond. Specialized will supply the team‘s frames, forks, and helmets. The men will race the S-Works Tarmac for most road races, the S-Works Roubaix for cobbled classics, and the Shiv TT in time trials. The all-new S-Works Prevail and TT3 helmets will protect the riders in road and TT applications, respectively.

Team roster 
As of January 1, 2011.

National Championships

2008
National championships in 2008: 
 Edvald Boasson Hagen –  Norwegian Time Trial Champion
 Bert Grabsch –  German Time Trial Champion, also UCI World Champion Time Trial
 Adam Hansen –  Australian Time Trial Champion
 Kim Kirchen –  Luxembourg Time Trial Champion
 Marco Pinotti –  Italian Time Trial Champion
 Frantisek Rabon –  Czech Time Trial Champion
2009
National championships in 2009: 
 Marco Pinotti –  Italian Time Trial Champion
 Michael Rogers –  Australian Time Trial Champion
 Edvald Boasson Hagen –  Norwegian Time Trial Champion
 Frantisek Rabon –  Czech Time Trial Champion
 Kim Kirchen –  Luxembourg Time Trial Champion
 Bert Grabsch –  German Time Trial Champion
 Maxime Monfort –  Belgian Time Trial Champion
 George Hincapie –  US Road Race Champion

Related pages
List of Team Columbia-High Road riders
List of teams and cyclists in the 2008 Tour de France
List of Team Columbia-High Road wins
2008 Tour de France
Tour de France

Footnotes

Other websites

 
 UCI Team Profile
 
 

UCI ProTour teams
Sports organizations of the United States
The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells. Biological decoding is done by the ribosome. This links amino acids together in an order specified by mRNA. It uses transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA. The molecules read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. These nucleotide triplets are called codons. A codon specifies which amino acid will be added next during protein synthesis. There are some exceptions, but usually a three-nucleotide codon represents a single amino acid.

The genetic code among all organisms is very similar. It can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.

The genetic code decides the protein sequence for a given coding region (gene). Other regions in the genome can influence when and where these proteins are produced.

Related pages 
 Stop codon

References

Other websites 
 The Genetic Codes → Genetic Code Tables
Molecular biology
Genetics
Altricial, meaning "requiring care", refers to a group or kind of creature that is incapable of moving around on its own soon after hatching or being born. The word is derived from the Latin root alere meaning "to nurse, to rear, or to nourish", which means that young has to be taken care of for a long time before it can overcome its helplessness.

Birds or mammals which need much less care after birth are called precocial, meaning they are precocious.

References

Other websites 
 The altricial-precocial spectrum in birds

Developmental biology
Biological reproduction
Glen Matlock (born 27 August 1956) is the first bassist of the British punk group Sex Pistols.

He left the group in 1977, because he "liked the Beatles", legend being "thrown out". Matlock was replaced by John Ritchie, also known as Sid Vicious.

In May 2010 it was announced that Matlock would be a member of a reunion of The Faces, scheduled to play at the Vintage at Goodwood festival in London in August 2010. He has spoken publicly against Brexit.

References 

1956 births
Living people
Bassists
Sex Pistols
New wave singers
Cockfosters is a London Underground station on the Piccadilly Line. It is the line's northern terminus. The station is on Cockfosters Road (A111), and is about 9 miles from central London. The station serves Cockfosters in the London Borough of Barnet, but it is actually a short distance away, across the borough boundary in the neighbouring London Borough of Enfield. The station is in Travelcard Zone 5. The next station southeast is Oakwood.

References

Other websites
London Transport Museum Photographic Archive 

Early sketch design by Charles Holden , 1931, Royal Institute of British Architects

Piccadilly line stations
Tube stations in the London Borough of Enfield
Grade II listed buildings in London
Grade II listed railway stations
Railway stations opened in 1933
Charles Holden buildings
1933 establishments in the United Kingdom
1930s establishments in England
Villi (singular is villus) are small, finger-like structures in the small intestine.  They help to absorb digested food. Each villus has microvilli which increase the surface area of the intestinal walls. A larger surface area allows nutrients to be taken in more quickly.

The food (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) has already been broken down by enzymes called proteases, lipases and amylases. The amino acids and sugars (breakdown molecules of proteins and carbohydrates) go first into the blood stream. Then they are processed by the liver, which acts like a chemical factory for the body. Lipid substances (such as cholesterol) go first into the lymphatic system, and eventually into the blood stream and the liver.

Anatomy of the digestive system
Publius Papinius Statius ( 45 – 96 A.D.) was a Roman poet born in Naples, Italy. Published in 92 A.D., his major epic was called Thebaid. It has the same theme as the Seven Against Thebes, a play by Aeschylus, the fight of seven city states against Thebes. He also wrote poems for different occasions. These poems are known as Silvae today. They show what the life at the court of Domitian was like. Even though he is not well-known today, he was better known during his time. He also appears in The Divine Comedy.

References 

40s births
96 deaths
Writers from Naples
Ancient Roman poets
The iPad 2 is a tablet made by Apple Inc. As the second model in the iPad line, it has a faster A5 chip, and is faster than the previous model.

The device was first made available with three sizes – 16, 32, and 64 GB – and two options – Wi-Fi only or Wi-Fi and cellular. Each version of the device is available with either a black or white front. But after the release of the 3rd generation iPad in March 2012, the 32 and 64 GB versions were discontinued, leaving only the 16 GB version being available. 

A popular tablet, it was in the line-up as a cheap iPad model for three years until March 2014, later with a small upgrade to an advanced version of the A5 chip. Its basic design made the centre of the first iPad mini, which had the same screen pixel count and the same things at a smaller size.

The tablet became available from March to May 2011. The April 29, 2011 release date for Japan was due to the earthquake and tsunami which hit the country on March 11, 2011.
Supported from iOS 4 to iOS 9, the iPad 2 is the only device using the Apple A5 to have received six versions of iOS, and the first device made by Apple to do so.

History

Apple began selling the iPad 2 on its website on March 11, and in its U.S. stores at 5 pm on that date. Many stores in big cities, such as New York, sold out in hours. Online shopping delays had increased to three to four weeks on Sunday and four to five weeks by Tuesday.

The iPad 2 was released in 25 other countries on March 25, 2011. The countries included Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Ireland, Hungary, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
The April 29, 2011 release date for Japan was delayed due to the earthquake and tsunami which hit the country on March 11, 2011. The iPads were delayed due to the chip used in the iPads being made by Toshiba, which was affected by the earthquake and tsunami, resulting in delay for a long period of time.

The iPad 2 was later released in Hong Kong, India, South Korea, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia and other countries including Japan on April 29, 2011. It was then released in many other countries which include China, Estonia, Thailand, Brazil, Russia and Taiwan on two dates, May 6 and 27.

The 32 and 64GB models were removed on March 7, 2012, after the announcement of the third generation iPad. The 16GB Wi-Fi and 16GB Wi-Fi + 3G models were later removed on March 18, 2014.

Features
In late March 2011, the iPad 2 was released with iOS 4.3, which had Airplay Mirroring and Home Sharing with other features. On October 12, 2011, after the release of the iPhone 4S, the iPad can upgrade to the iOS 5.1 update which released more than 200 new features to iOS devices including Game Center, iMessage, Reminders, and a new notice system, using a new style instead of the old “alert” style. Later, iOS 5 was available for the iPad 2, which released more than 200 features on the iOS devices. On September 19, 2012, iOS 6 was released for many iOS devices, but not all features are available on the iPad 2. The upgrade was an update package and had a lot of new features, which had a map software made by Apple named Apple Maps, a "Clock" app, which has a timer, stopwatch and alarm, and Facebook with other new features. In 2013 the iPad 2 received iOS 7, but some features were not available, with AirDrop only being available to the iPad 4 and later, and no Siri
. It later got iOS 8 in 2014, being the first Apple device to get five versions of iOS (4, 5, 6, 7, and 8). But most of its new features do not work on the device due to old parts used in the tablet, and its performance was poor. Users have also reported problems on the device. In 2015, the device got iOS 9, being the first device to get six iOS versions (4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) but many features weren’t on the tablet either due to older parts in it.
The iPad 2 did not get iOS 10, released in 2016.

References

IPad
Apple products released in 2010s
The 2011 Myanmar earthquake was a 6.8 magnitude earthquake on March 24 in Shan State, Myanmar. Its hypocenter was  deep. It had two aftershocks, one of magnitude 4.8, another at magnitude 5.4. The quake's epicenter was  from the northern Thai city of Chiang Rai, north of Mae Sai and southeast of Kentung.

Casualties
The Bangkok Post reported on 27 March 2011, that the death toll was "over 150", which is double the official figure of 75.

References 

2011 earthquakes
2011 in Asia
21st century in Myanmar
2010s earthquakes in Asia
March 2011 events
Disasters in Myanmar
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1954 movie directed by Richard Fleischer. It is about a man who goes on a discovery all over the world with Captain Nemo. It stars Kirk Douglas as Ned Land, James Mason as Captain Nemo, Paul Lukas as Professor Pierre Aronnax, and Peter Lorre as Conseil. It was the first science fiction movie produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was the only science fiction movie produced by Walt Disney himself. It was also the first feature length Disney movie to be distributed by Buena Vista Distribution. The movie has become the best-known adaptation of the book of the same name by Jules Verne. It is cited as an early example of the steampunk genre.

Other websites

1954 movies
Disney movies
American science fiction movies
American family movies
Movies based on books by Jules Verne
Movies with underwater settings
Movies set on islands
Movies set in Oceania
Movies directed by Richard Fleischer
1950s English-language movies
The black market is the trade of goods illegally. Black markets operate outside the normal economy. The black market is different from the so-called Grey market, where goods are traded legally, but outside the common channels. Goods and services traded on the black market include drug and  arms trafficking as well as human trafficking and prostitution. 

In some cases, the goods or services are cheaper than on the normal market, because taxes or production costs do not need to be paid - very often the goods traded were stolen.  In other cases, the price on the black market is higher, because the goods are difficult to get, and producing or handling them may be dangerous. Prices in the illegal drug trade are often much higher than for similar but legitimate goods, for these reasons. 

As with legitimate trade, the economic principles are still that of a market: supply and demand influence the price.

Related page 
Smuggling

Crime
Economic markets
Thebes is the name of two cities:

Thebes, Greece
Thebes, Egypt
Linda Evans (born November 18, 1942) is an American actress.

Career 
Born Linda Evenstad in Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.. She began her career making appearances in television series The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet (1960), Outlaws (1962), The Untouchables (1962). And in 1963 a small role in the movie starring Richard Chamberlain
Twilight of Honor (1963), directed by Boris Sagal. 

She shot to fame starring in the role of Audra Barkley's daughter Barbara Stanwyck in ABC TV Western series The Big Valley. Was unusual that two women staged a western. The series was also starring by Lee Majors, Peter Breck and Richard Long. 

Evans played Audra Barkley in 112 episodes between 1965 and 1969.

In the 70s Linda Evans is co starring in The Klansman (1974), with Lee Marvin - Richard Burton, and directed by Terence Young. And in the action movie starring by Joe Don Baker, Mitchell (1975), directed by Andrew V. McLaglen.

In 1980 she co-star and with Steve McQueen in the Western Tom Horn, directed by William Wiard
Dynasty 
The best role of her career would come in 1981, playing Krystle Carrington wife of billionaire oil tycoon Blake Carrington, John Forsythe in the ABC TV series Dynasty (1981-89).  

The series was a success and one of the shows most ratings in American television and the world. 

Linda Evans in 1982 won a Golden Globe as best performance by an Actress in a TV-Series - Drama. 
Then again be nominated for a Golden Globe, on four occasions 1983, 1984, 1985 and 1986

Linda was also nominated for an Emmy in 1983.

Filmography

References 

The Dynasty years: Hollywood television and critical media studies by Jostein Gripsrud

New York Magazine Nov 22, 1982

Other websites

 
 
 Linda Evans infomercial for Rejuvenique 
 
 

1942 births
Living people
American television actors
Actors from Hartford, Connecticut
The PHP License is a free software license. It is an open source software license and is the license that the PHP programming language is released under.

References

Other websites 
 Official PHP License Information

Software licences
Steven Hill born Solomon Krakovsky February 24, 1922 – August 23, 2016 was an American actor.

Career 

Hill was a founder member of the Actor's Studio in 1947. He made his first movie, A Lady Without Passport, in 1950.  In 1952 he reenlisted into the US Navy for two years, and then began concentrating on his acting.  In 1955 he co-starred with Kim Stanley and Lloyd Bridges, The Goddess directed by John Cromwell.

In 1961 a play had caused Hill to rexamine his religion, and he began to follow Orthodox Judaism.  As a result he refused to work on Friday evenings or Saturdays, the Jewish Sabbath, and he had to give up his stage career.
In 1966. he  played the role of Daniel Briggs in the CBS TV series Mission Impossible. Briggs was the leader of I.M.F. Steven Hill left the series after one season and was replaced by Peter Graves.  Hill had refused to work extra time or reshoot scenes on Sabbath.  He also took time every day to pray three times.  After leaving Mission Impossible, Hill left acting for 10 years, and moved to a Jewish community in Rockland County, New York where he worked in writing and real estate. 
 
Among his works in the 1970s, he played a role in the Abby Mann miniseries "King" (1978) based on the life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr..

The 1980's brought a lot of work to Hill. He performed in movies such as Eyewitness (1981), directed by Peter Yates, Yentl (1983), starring and directed by Barbra Streisand, Garbo Talks (1984) directed by Sidney Lumet, Raw Deal (1986) with Arnold Schwarzenegger, Legal Eagles (1986), with Robert Redford and Heartburn (1986) with Jack Nicholson.

Law & Order
Law & Order 

His best known role is that of District Attorney Adam Schiff, in the NBC TV series Law & Order. He played the character of the District Attorney for 230 episodes, between 1990 and 2000.

In 2011, he had a special participation in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.

For Law & Order, Hill was nominated for an Emmy in 1998 and 1999.

Death
Hill died in Monsey, New York of cancer on August 23, 2016, at the age of 94.

Filmography

References 

Series de culto: el otro Hollywood, by Abdessamed Sahali

Other websites

1922 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York (state)
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Jewish American actors
Actors from Seattle
Sir Peter Brian Medawar OM CBE FRS (28 February 1915 – 2 October 1987) was a British biologist.

His work was important to skin grafts and organ transplants. 

Transplants of skin  and organs from other people are usually rejected. This is an action by the immune system. Medawar showed that sometimes this reaction can be avoided, and why. 

He worked on graft rejection and the discovery of acquired immune tolerance. He was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet. 

Until he was partially disabled by a stroke, Medawar was Director of the National Institute for Medical Research at Mill Hill, London.
Achievements 
Medawar was professor of zoology at the University of Birmingham (1947–51) and University College London (1951–62). In 1962 he was appointed director of the National Institute for Medical Research, and became professor of experimental medicine at the Royal Institution (1977–83), and president of the Royal Postgraduate Medical School (1981–87). Medawar was a scientist of great inventiveness who was interested in many other subjects including opera, philosophy and cricket. 

He was knighted in 1965, and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1981.

Outcome of research 
Medawar was awarded his Nobel Prize in 1960 for work in tissue grafting, which is the basis of organ transplants. He and his team discovered acquired immunological tolerance.

At birth, babies are protected by antibodies from the mother. During embryonic life and immediately after birth, immune cells develop. They 'learn' to distinguish between their own tissues on the one hand, and unwanted cells and foreign material on the other.
Medawar's work resulted in a shift of emphasis in the science of immunology from one that attempts to deal with the fully developed immunity mechanism to one that attempts to alter the immunity mechanism itself. Various ways have been found to suppress the body's rejection of organ transplants.

Books 
His books include 
The uniqueness of Man, which includes essays on immunology, graft rejection and acquired immune tolerance;
Induction and intuition in scientific thought;
The art of the soluble, a book of essays, later reprinted in Pluto's Republic;
Advice to a young scientist;
Aristotle to Zoos: a philosophical dictionary of biology. (with his wife Jean Shinglewood Taylor) Oxford & Harvard. 
The limits of science;
Memoirs of a thinking radish, an autobiography. Oxford. 1986

Obituaries

References
References 

1915 births
1987 deaths
British zoologists
Order of Merit
Knights Bachelor
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
British autobiographers
British Nobel Prize winners
Immunologists
Werethekau is an Egyptian Goddess, credited with supernatural powers. The name weret hekau means "great of magic". Werethekau was the god of protection magic, and was often seen with Isis and Ra in the carvings.

References

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Joe Don Baker (born February 12, 1936) is an American actor.

Career 
He began his career as a guest on TV series Honey West (1965), Judd for the Defense (1967), and Bonanza (1968) among other. Her first major role was in the western movie, Guns of the Magnificent Seven (1969), starring with George Kennedy

Baker is known for starring in emblematic action movie in the '70s as Walking Tall (1973), which plays the incorruptible sheriff Buford Pusser of Tennessee, the movie was one of the most violent in the '70s and launched Baker star in action movies.
 
His second movie Charley Varrick (1973), was directed by Don Siegel. Here he plays a hired killer who should be responsible for eliminating Charley Varrick played by Walter Matthau
 
In the 1980 Baker appeared on television and movies as The Natural (1984), Final Justice (1985), The Abduction of Kari Swenson, TV (1987), and the TV series In the Heat of the Night (1989) as Chief Tom Dugan.
In 1992 he starred as Claude Kersek in charge of guarding Sam Bowden; Nick Nolte, in Cape Fear (1991), with Robert De Niro and directed by Martin Scorsese.

He also worked in the James Bond movies The Living Daylights (1987), GoldenEye (1995) and Tomorrow Never Dies (1997). 

One of his last jobs was at The Dukes of Hazzard (2005), Baker as Governor Jim Applewhite. 

1967 episode Judd For the Defense. Character: Meryl Varney

References

 Joe Don Baker fansite (Defunct prior to 1/10)
Joe Don Baker Tribute (Defunct prior to 1/10)

1936 births
Living people
Actors from Texas
Actors who played Bond villains 
American movie actors
American television actors
Princess of Orange is the title (name) used for the women who were married to the Ruling Princes of Orange in the time between 1171 to 1815. Since 1815, it was also used for the wives of the heirs to the Dutch throne, who were titled Prince of Orange. The only woman who became a Princess of Orange without being married to a Prince of Orange was Marie, Princess of Orange (1393-1417). Together with her husband John, Prince of Orange (1393-1418), they governed the land. 

Because the title Prince of Orange was only used for 'the eldest son of the King' (the crown prince), Dutch crown princesses did not get the title. There were no "oldest sons" for a few generations, and so the title was not used since 1877. Because Dutch law was changed in 1983 to include "oldest daughters of the King", Catharina-Amalia, the next Princess of Orange became the first Dutch Princess of Orange in her own right once her father, Prince Willem-Alexander, became King of the Netherlands.

Princesses of Orange

House of Baux
House of Baux

House of Châlon-Arlay

House of Nassau

House of Orange-Nassau

As personal and courtesy title

House of Orange-Nassau

Source
PROVENCE
Baux 3
Age of the Finke River
The Finke River has been called "the oldest river in the world", particularly by tour operators, and in popular books and brochures. In places such as the James Range, the Finke flows through deeply incised meanders  (see Google Maps image). Because meanders only form on flat plains, the river must have formed before the ranges were pushed up. This happened in a mountain building event known as the Alice Springs Orogeny which happened between 400 and 300 million years ago, in the Devonian to Carboniferous Periods. Some parts of the river’s course must have been already in existence around this time. The southern parts of its course must be much younger because the areas where the Finke now flows near the southern edge of the Northern Territory, and further south, were under the sea during the Mesozoic Era, part of the Great Artesian Basin.
The age of the Finke River is not unique. There are other large mountain-sourced river systems in central Australia including the Todd and Hale Rivers where the mountains were formed at the same time. There are other mountain ranges of equal or greater age to the MacDonnell Ranges, both in Australia and on other continents. The rivers in those areas may have evolved from ancestral streams of the same age or older than the Finke.

References 

Rivers of the Northern Territory
Rivers of South Australia
Anna van Egmont (Grave, March 1533 – Breda, 24 March 1558) was a member of an important and rich Dutch family. She was the first wife of William the Silent, Prince of Orange. 

She was the only child of Maximiliaan van Egmond and Françoise de Lannoy. She was also Countess of Lingen and of Leerdam, and Lady of IJsselstein, of Borssele, of Grave, of Cranendonck, of Jaarsveld, of Kortgene, of Sint Maartensdijk, and of Odijk. Because she was the only child, she also got the title of Countess of Buren and Lady of Egmond. 

In 1551 she married William the Silent in Buren. Because she was the Lady of Egmond and Countess of Buren, he became Lord of Egmond and Count of Buren. They had three children:
Countess Maria von Nassau (22 November 1553 – after 23 July 1555), died when she was very young.
 Philip William, Prince of Orange (19 December 1554 – 20 February 1618), married Eleonora of Bourbon-Condé
 Countess Maria of Nassau (7 February 1556 – 10 October 1616), married Count Philip of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, one male child

Anna died when she was only 25 years old. She is buried in Breda.

1533 births
1558 deaths
Princesses of Orange
House of Orange-Nassau
House of Egmond
Earls and countesses
Central Mount Stuart is a mountain in the south of the Northern Territory, Australia. It can easily seen from the nearby Stuart Highway, which is about 6 km away. The mountain is made from dark red sandstone.

The mountain is named after the explorer John McDouall Stuart who reached the area on 22 April 1860. He worked out that a point about 4 km (2.5 miles) south-southwest of the mountain was the centre of Australia. Modern geographers do not agree with this and now place the centre at Finke.
Stuart climbed to the top on 23 April 1860, writing in his journal: 
"Took Kekwick and the flag, and went to the top of the mount, but found it to be much higher and more difficult of ascent than I anticipated...Near the top of the cone I placed a small bottle, in which there is a slip of paper, with our signatures to it, stating by whom it was raised. We then gave three hearty cheers for the flag, the emblem of civil and religious liberty, and may it be a sign to the natives that the dawn of liberty, civilization, and Christianity is about to break upon them."

The slip of paper was found in 1871 by John Ross during the building of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line. It is now in the Library of South Australia.
Stuart called the mountain Central Mount Sturt, after his former expedition leader Charles Sturt. The name was changed on a suggestion from the Governor of South Australia, Sir Richard MacDonnell. This happened soon after Stuart's return to Adelaide at the end of the expedition. Central Mount Stuart is the name that was printed in the published expedition journal.

References

Other websites
 Image of Central Mount Stuart on Google Maps

Mountains of the Northern Territory
Louise de Coligny (Châtillon-sur-Loing, 23 September 1555 – Fontainebleau, 13 November 1620) was the fourth wife of Prince William the Silent. She was the daughter of an important French Protestant leader, Gaspard de Coligny.

Marriage
She married Charles de Téligny when she was 16 years old in 1571. He was a Protestant diplomat who was also friendly with the French king Charles IX. Both her father and her husband were killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572. 

In 1583 she (27) married William the Silent in Antwerp. She became the Princess of Orange. Their son Frederik Hendrik was born on 29 January 1584. On the 10th of July that year, William was shot by catholic Balthasar Gerards and died.
Later years
She stayed in the Netherlands with her 6 stepdaughters. In 1619, she asked her stepson Maurits to stop the execution of high-placed Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, but he did not listen. She then left Holland and went to France where she (65) died in 1620. On 24 May 1621, she was buried in the crypt of the House of Orange-Nassau in the New Church in Delft.

House of Orange-Nassau
Princesses of Orange
1555 births
1620 deaths
It has been the ruling party of post-apartheid South Africa on the national level since 1994. It gained support in the 1999 elections, and further increased its majority in 2004, with 69.7% of the votes. In 2009 its share of the vote reduced slightly, but it remained the dominant party with 65.9% of the votes.

History

The ANC was founded in direct response to what was seen as injustices against black South Africans at the hands of their white, mostly Afrikaner government. The ANC had its origins in a pronouncement by Pixley ka Isaka Seme who said in 1911 Forget all the past differences among Africans and unite in one national organisation. The ANC was set up the next year on 8 January 1912.
The government of the newly formed Union of South Africa began a systematic oppression of black people in South Africa. The Natives' Land Act was issued in 1913. The effect of these laws was to force many non-whites from their farms into the cities and towns to work, and to restrict their movement within South Africa. By 1919, the ANC led a campaign against passes, and in 1929 the ANC supported a militant mineworkers' strike.

The ANC became dormant in the mid-1920s. During that time, black people were also represented by the Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union and the once white-only Communist party. By 1927, J.T. Gumende (president of the ANC) proposed cooperation with the Communists in a bid to revitalise the organisation, but he was voted out of power in the 1930s. This led to the ANC becoming largely ineffectual and inactive, until the mid-1940s when the ANC was remodelled as a mass movement.
The ANC responded militarily to attacks on the rights of black South Africans, as well as calling for strikes, boycotts, and defiance. This led to a later Defiance Campaign in the 1950s, a mass movement of resistance to South Africa under apartheid. The government tried to stop the ANC by banning party leaders and enacting new laws to stop the ANC, however these measures failed.

In 1955, the Congress of the People officially adopted the Freedom Charter, stating the core principles of the South African Congress Alliance, which consisted of the African National Congress and its allies the South African Indian Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats and the Coloured People's Congress. The government claimed that this was a communist document, and consequently leaders of the ANC and Congress were arrested. 1960 saw the Sharpeville Massacre, in which 69 people were killed when police opened fire on anti-apartheid protesters.
Whites eventually joined the fight against apartheid, leading many black supremacists to break away from the ANC.

Umkhonto we Sizwe
Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK), translated "Spear of the Nation", was the military wing of the ANC. Partly in response to the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, individual members of the ANC thought violence was needed because peaceful passive protest had failed. There was a significant portion of the ANC who therefore turned to violence in order to achieve their goals. A significant portion of ANC leadership agreed that this violence was needed to combat increasing backlash from the government.
Some ANC members were upset by the actions of the MK, and refused to accept violence as necessary for the ending of Apartheid, but these individuals became a minority as the militant leaders such as Nelson Mandela gained significant popularity. Many consider their actions to be criminal, but the MK said violence was justified by the goal of ending apartheid. Some members of MK committed terrorist acts to achieve their aims, and MK was responsible for the deaths of both civilians and members of the military. 
In cooperation with the South African Communist Party, MK was founded in 1961.

Ideology
The ANC calls itself a force of national liberation in the post-apartheid era; it officially defines its umbrella agenda as the National Democratic Revolution. The ANC is a member of the Socialist International. It also sets forth the redressing of socio-economic differences stemming from colonial- and apartheid-era policies as a central focus of ANC policy.
The National Democratic Revolution (NDR) is how the National Democratic Society (NDS) can be achieved; a society in which people are intellectually, socially, economically and politically empowered.

Tripartite Alliance
The ANC holds a historic alliance with the South African Communist Party (SACP) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), known as the Tripartite Alliance. The SACP and COSATU have not contested any election in South Africa, but field candidates through the ANC, hold senior positions in the ANC, and influence party policy and dialogue. During Mbeki's presidency, the government took a more pro-capitalist stance, often running counter to the demands of the SACP and COSATU.

2008 schism
Following Zuma's accession to the ANC leadership in 2007 and Mbeki's resignation as president in 2008, the Mbeki faction of former ministers led by Mosiuoa Lekota split away from the ANC to form the Congress of the People.

ANC flag
ANC flag

The ANC flag is composed of three stripes – black, green and gold. Black symbolizes the native people of South Africa, green represents the land and gold represents the mineral and other natural wealth of South Africa. This flag was also the battle flag of the Umkhonto we Sizwe. The official party flag also has the emblem of the party incorporated onto the flag.

Party list
Politicians in the party win a place in parliament by being on the Party List, which is drawn up before the elections and enumerates, in order, the party's preferred MPs. The number of seats allocated is proportional to the popular national vote, and this determines the cut-off point.

The ANC has also gained members through the controversial floor crossing process.

Although most South African parties announced their candidate list for provincial premierships in the 2009 election, the ANC did not. It is not required for parties to do so.

Election results
Election results

Role of the ANC in resolving the conflict
The ANC was the main opposition to the government during apartheid and played a major role in resolving the conflict through the peacemaking and peace-building processes. Initially members of the National Party met in secret with ANC leaders, including Nelson Mandela, to see if peace was possible. Discussions and negotiations took place leading to the eventual unbanning of the ANC and other opposing political parties by then President de Klerk on 2 February 1990. These initial meetings were the first crucial steps towards resolution.
The next significant steps towards resolution were:
 the repeal of the Population Registration Act,
 the repeal of the Group Areas Act
 the repeal of the Native Land Acts and
 passing the Abolishment of Racially Based Measures Act was passed.

These measures ensured no one could claim, or be deprived of any rights on the basis of race.
In December 1991 the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) was held with the aim of establishing an interim government. But in June 1992 there was the Boipatong massacre.  Negotiations stopped as the ANC pulled out. Only Cyril Ramaphosa of the ANC, and Roelf Meyer of the National Party carried on talking. In over 40 meetings the two men discussed and negotiated over many issues including the nature of the future political system, the fate of over 40,000 government employees and if/how the country would be divided. The result of these negotiations was a temporary constitution that meant the transition from apartheid to democracy was a constitutional continuation and that the rule of law and state sovereignty remained intact during the change, which was vital for stability within the country. A date was set for the first democratic elections on 27 April 1994. The ANC won 62.5% of the votes and has been in power ever since.

Criticism

Controversy over corrupt members
In December 2007 the ANC elected their new National Executive Committee (NEC), the highest structure in the party. Out of the 80 member committee, 9% are (post-apartheid) convicted criminals. Most of these members have been convicted of fraud, while one member, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, was convicted of the kidnapping of a 14-year-old boy, James Seipei (1974–1988), also known as Stompie Moeketsi (who was also murdered). According to an article in the Mail & Guardian, "by adding those who have been disciplined or moved, and those with dark clouds of unanswered questions hanging over their heads, the figure shifts to 29%."
The ANC has also been accused of using government and civil society to fight its political battles against opposition parties such as the Democratic Alliance. The result has been a number of complaints and allegations that none of the political parties truly represent the interests of the poor. This has resulted in the "No Land! No House! No Vote!" Campaign which becomes very prominent each time the country holds elections.

Controversy over wasteful expenditure
The ANC has reportedly wasted over R1 billion of taxpayers' money over the past eight months on luxury vehicles, expensive hotels, banquets, advertising and other "wasteful expenditure"

The main thrust behind this reporting is the official opposition in the country, the Democratic Alliance (DA). They have kept a tally of the expenditure called 'The Wasteful Expenditure Monitor'

According to the DA, this waste could have:

Built 18 574 new RDP houses
Fund 7775 teachers for a year

References

Other websites
Other websites

 African National Congress  official site
 Response by the ANC General Secretary to COSATU's assessment, 2004 
 "Today it feels good to be an African " – Thabo Mbeki, Cape Town, 8 May 1996
 Interview with Nimrod Sejake, an ANC dissident, "The ANC has sold out!"(  2009-10-24) Interviewed by Laurence Coates Offensiv 385 (10 February 2000)

1912 establishments in Africa
Nationalist organizations in South Africa
National liberation movements
Socialist International
Social democratic parties
Political parties in South Africa
20th-century establishments in South Africa
The state of Florida in the U.S.A. has a mild subtropical climate. Because of that, millions of people have settled in the once rural state over the last hundred years. Florida's population increases by about 1,000 residents each day. Land development and water use have changed the state, mostly by draining the wetlands that once covered most of the peninsula.

Much of Florida is made of karst limestone with water-filled caves and sinkholes, which provide homes to many species of aquatic life, some of which only live in Florida. As more and more people move to Florida, they use up the water in the underground caves. When a cave has no more water, it will sometimes collapse, forming a sinkhole, which can hurt animals, people, and buildings.

For a long time, the state has been trying to restore the Everglades. In 2000, Congress passed the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, a $7.8 billion, 30-year project aimed at preserving and restoring the region and its unique combination of environments.
Energy, water, and waste management

Florida ranks forty-fifth in total energy use, despite the heavy reliance on air conditioners and pool pumps. This includes coal, natural gas, petroleum, and retail electricity sales. About 4 percent of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources. Florida produces 6.0% of the nation's total energy, while total production of pollutants is lower, with figures of 5.6 percent for nitrogen oxide, 5.1 percent for carbon dioxide, and 3.5 percent for sulfur dioxide.