Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Stephen Townley Crane (November 1, 1871 - June 5, 1900) was an American writer.  He was born on November 1, 1871 in Newark, New Jersey to Jonathan Townley Crane, a clergyman, and Mary Helen Peck Crane. He attended Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York, but did not graduate. He moved to New York City in 1892 to write about the slum life of Manhattan. His major works include the novella Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893), the war novel The Red Badge of Courage (1895), and the short story "The Open Boat" (1897). After the success of Badge, his literary reputation declined.  His health was poor. In May 1899, he entered a sanitarium in Badenweiler, Germany. On June 5, 1900, he died of tuberculosis. He is buried in the Evergreen Cemetery in Hillside, New Jersey.

References 
 Stephen Crane biography
 Biography of Stephen Crane

1871 births
1900 deaths
Writers from Newark, New Jersey
The Lawrence's goldfinch (Carduelis lawrencei) is a small songbird of North America. Bigger than the Lesser Goldfinch, and smaller than the American Goldfinch, with less yellow markings than either.

It lives from central California and its southern coast in the United States, to Baja California in Mexico. Females have less yellow and do not have the black cap and chin of the males.

This bird is named after the American ornithologist (bird expert), George Newbold Lawrence.

References

Finches
Birds of North America
George Newbold Lawrence (October 20, 1806 - January 17, 1895) was an American businessperson and amateur ornithologist (bird expert).

Lawrence counted birds for Spencer Fullerton Baird and John Cassin, and the three men wrote Birds of North America in 1858.

Lawrence left his 8,000 bird skins to the American Museum of Natural History. The Lawrence's Goldfinch Carduelis lawrencei was named for him by Cassin.

1806 births
1895 deaths
Businesspeople from New York City
American ornithologists
Santa Claus, or Father Christmas, is a legendary figure associated with Christmas. He is depicted as a big and cheerful white-bearded man wearing a red suit with white trim. In some countries, he is said to live at the North Pole with his wife Mrs. Claus, elves who are said to build his toys, and reindeer who are said to pull his sleigh through the sky.

Santa Claus is actually based on a Greek bishop who was named Saint Nicholas. However, it is unknown if they are the same person.

Father Christmas, the Nordic version, is said to reside in Lapland, Finland, but some think he is from the North Pole.
Santa bring gifts to good children (and children-at-heart) worldwide on Christmas usually by sliding down fireplace chimneys (or opening doors with a special key) and reindeer pulling his sleigh. However, after the children have fallen asleep, parents typically play the role of Santa Claus and leave their gifts under the Christmas tree. Children's parents sometimes signed tags on gifts for children with "From Santa Claus" before the gifts are laid under the tree.

Santa Claus is a super real, historical person, but the modern character of Santa was most likely created from different traditions from European and Christian culture, such as the real-life Roman Catholic saint Saint Nicholas, the Dutch Sinterklaas, and others. There are many popular culture items about Santa. He is also known as Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Kris Kringle, Kristingle, Christingle, Father Christmas, Santy, and many other names.

Santa Claus' home
Santa Claus' home

In the Nordic version, Santa is said to live in a small hill called Korvatunturi in Lapland, Finland. There is a theme park in Rovaniemi, which is near Korvatunturi, called Santa Claus Village.

The saint who inspired the legend of Sinterklaas (and thus, Santa Claus) is Saint Nicholas, who lived in the 4th Century AD and had a reputation for secret gift-giving, especially to the poor and needy, such as putting coins in the shoes of those who left them out for him.

He is said to reside at the top of the world at the North Pole with his wife Mrs. Claus, elves, and reindeer.

As his home and workshop have yet to be seen, there is no definite geographical location as to where the home or workshop is located.

Santa tracking, Santa websites, and email to and from Santa
In addition to providing holiday-themed entertainment, "Santa tracking" websites raise interest in space technology and exploration, serve to educate children in geography. and encourage them to take an interest in science.

In popular culture

By the end of the 20th century, the reality of mass mechanized production became more fully accepted by the Western public. Elves had been portrayed as using assembly lines to produce toys early in the 20th century. That shift was reflected in the modern depiction of Santa's residence—now often humorously portrayed as a fully mechanized production and distribution facility, equipped with the latest manufacturing technology, and overseen by the elves with Santa and Mrs. Claus as executives and / or managers. An excerpt from a 2004 article, from a supply chain managers' trade magazine, aptly illustrates this depiction: 

In the cartoon base, Santa has been voiced by several people, including Ed Asner, Stan Francis, Mickey Rooney, John Goodman, and Keith Wickham.
Many television commercials, comic strips and other media depict this as a sort of humorous business, with Santa's elves acting as a sometimes mischievously disgruntled workforce, cracking jokes, making riddles, and pulling pranks on their boss. For instance, a Bloom County story from December 15, 1981 through December 24, 1981 has Santa rejecting the demands of PETCO (Professional Elves Toy-Making and Craft Organization) for higher wages, a hot tub in the locker room, and "short broads," with the elves then going on strike. Ronald Reagan steps in, fires all of Santa's helpers, and replaces them with out-of-work air traffic controllers (an obvious reference to the 1981 air traffic controllers' strike), resulting in a riot before Santa vindictively rehires them in humiliating new positions such as his reindeer. In an episode of The Sopranos titled "...To Save Us All from Satan's Power," Paulie Gualtieri says he "used to think Santa and Mrs. Claus were running a sweatshop over there..
... The original elves were ugly, traveled with Santa to throw bad kids a beatin', and gave the good ones toys."
In Kyrgyzstan, a mountain peak was named after Santa, after a Swedish company had suggested the location be a more efficient starting place for present-delivering journeys all over the world, than Lapland. In the Kyrgyz capital Bishkek, a Santa Claus Festival was held on December 30, 2007, with government officials attending. 2008 was officially declared the Year of Santa Claus in the country. The events are seen as moves to boost tourism in Kyrgyzstan.

The Guinness World Record for the largest gathering of Santa Clauses is held by Thrissur, Kerala, India, where on December 27, 2014, 18,112 Santas came overtaking the current record of Derry City, Northern Ireland. On September 9, 2007, where a total of 12,965 people dressed up as Santa or Santa's helpers which previously brought down the record of 3,921, which was set during the Santa Dash event in Liverpool City Center in 2005. A gathering of Santas in 2009 in Bucharest, Romania attempted to top the world record, but failed with only 3,939 Santas.
References

Philanthropists
Christmas
Legendary people
Cinnamon is a spice from the inner bark of Cinnamomum verum.

The spice is used in both sweet and savoury foods. It is aromatic. People usually put cinnamon in sweet baked goods (such as cinnamon rolls), hot wine or liquors.

Cinnamon was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages. In India, cinnamon is commonly used in making flavoured tea. It is either directly added as small pieces or put in powdered form during the preparation of tea. It is known as "Daal-Cheeni (दाल चीनि)" in Hindi.

The Sinhalese name of cinnamon is kurundu. Cinnamon is grown as an export crop in Sri Lanka.

Cinnamon as a herbal remedy 
There is a literature which suggests that cinnamon spice may have positive effects on diabetes type II. This is not the view of the U.S., National Institutes of Health.

References

Lauraceae
Spices
Medicinal plants
Year 1186 (MCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 John the Chanter becomes Bishop of Exeter.
 January 27 – Constance of Sicily marries Henry (the future Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor).
 The Byzantine Empire recognises the indepence of Bulgaria.
 Guy of Lusignan becomes King of Jerusalem.

Births 
 May 18 — Konstantin of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod (d. 1218)
 Queen Urraca of Portugal spouse of King Afonso II of Portugal (d. 1220)
 Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk (d. 1225)
 Iziaslav IV Vladimirovich, Grand Prince of Kiev
 Ögedei Khan, third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (d. 1241)
 Song Ci, Chinese physician and judge (d. 1249)

Deaths 
 May 29 or June 23 or June 24 — Robert of Torigni
 August 19 — Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1158)
 Baldwin V of Jerusalem (b. 1177)
 William of Tyre, Archbishop of Tyre (b. c. 1130)
 Minamoto no Yukiie, Japanese warlord
Events 
 May 1 – Battle of Cresson – Saladin defeats the crusaders
 July 4 – Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin.
 September 20 – October 2 – Siege of Jerusalem – Saladin captures Jerusalem.
 October 29 – Pope Gregory VIII issues the bull Audita tremendi, proposing the Third Crusade.
 Alexis Branas attempts to seize Constantinople in defiance of his master Isaac II Angelus.
 Cathedral of St. Jacob consecrated in Szczecin, Pomerania
 Destruction of Sigtuna – archbishop is killed
 Knut Eriksson builds a castle in the island of Stockholm
 Compass in Europe
 The Toltecs are deposed at Chichen Itza
 Zen Buddhism comes to Japan
 King of Ankor Vat, Jayavarman VII defeats Cham conquerors
 Ghorin Muhammed conquers Punjab
 Genoa takes Bonifacio (in Corsica) from Pisa

Births 
 September 5 — King Louis VIII of France (d. 1226)
 Arthur I, Duke of Brittany (d. 1203)
 Vladimir III Rurikovich, Grand Prince of Kiev (d. 1239)
Deaths 
 July 4 — Raynald of Chatillon, Prince of Antioch (executed, b. c. 1125)
 October 19 — Pope Urban III
 November 9 — Emperor Gaozong of China (b. 1107)
 December 17 — Pope Gregory VIII (b. c. 1100)
 Gerard of Cremona, Italian translator of scientific works (b. c. 1114)
 Roger de Moulins, Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller
 Count Raymond III of Tripoli (b. 1140)

1187
1188 was a leap year.

Events 
 Saladin unsuccessfully besieges the Hospitaller fortress of Krak des Chevaliers in modern Syria.
 Newgate Prison is built.
 Richard Lionheart allies with Philip II of France against his father, Henry II of England.
 Giraldus Cambrensis and Baldwin of Exeter travel through Wales attempting to recruit men for the Third Crusade.
 The "Saladin tithe" is levied in England.
 Alfonso IX of Castile becomes king of Leon.
 Queen Tamar of Georgia marries David Soslan.
Egg can mean different things:
 Egg (biology)
 Ovum, the female reproductive cell
 Zygote, a fertilised ovum
 Cleidoic egg: the type of egg produced by amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals)
 Egg (food): a type of egg that can be eaten.

Basic English 850 words
Science fiction (often shortened to sci-fi or SF) is the type genre of speculative fiction which deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, interstellar travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life. It has been called the "literature of ideas", and it often explores the potential consequences of scientific, social, and technological innovations. Science fiction stories can be novels, movies, TV shows, video games, comic books and other literature.

SF is often about the future. It can be about imaginary new science and inventions such as spaceships, aliens, and robots. Science fiction stories are often in a world that is very different from the real world. They can have science and tools that do not exist in reality. Science fiction stories often take place on other worlds. There are often alien creatures.
Science fiction is drastically different from fantasy. Fantasy stories often have magic and other things that do not exist and are not science. Isaac Asimov was a famous science fiction writer. He once said that science fiction is possible, but fantasy is not.

Writers often use SF to explain everyday questions or problems by putting them in the future. Usually they invent a very different world to help people notice important ideas.

Early examples of science fiction 
Science fiction changes over time. Some authors wrote SF books before this type of writing had a name. These writers and books were not called science fiction when they were published. But, they are often called science fiction today.
 Mary Shelley – Frankenstein (1818)
 Jules Verne – Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870)
 H. G. Wells – The Time Machine (1895).
20th century science fiction 
 Isaac Asimov, Robert A. Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke are seen as the big three science fiction authors of the 20th century.
 Philip K. Dick, Poul Anderson and William Gibson are other well-known science fiction authors from the 20th century.
 Star Trek – a 1960s American TV show that led to a media franchise.
 Doctor Who – a long-running British TV show.
 Star Wars -a trilogy of movies preceded by a novel that turned into a media franchise

 Different types of science fiction 
Two broad genres of science fiction are Hard SF and Soft SF. Although not everyone agrees on the exact definitions of these two types, the way they use science or the type of science used in the stories is different.
Hard SF
 
Hard science fiction, or "hard SF", is special because it uses true facts and theories from sciences. These sciences are very important in Hard SF: physics, astrophysics, and chemistry. Also, Hard SF can show worlds that more advanced technology may make possible. Many correct predictions of the future come from the hard science fiction subgenre. However, there have been many incorrect ideas about the future, too. Some hard SF writers have also worked as professional scientists. A few of these scientist/writers are Gregory Benford and Geoffrey A. Landis, while mathematician authors include Rudy Rucker and Vernor Vinge. Other noteworthy hard SF authors include Arthur C. Clarke, Hal Clement, Isaac Asimov, Greg Bear, Stanislav Lem, Larry Niven, Robert J. Sawyer, Stephen Baxter, Alastair Reynolds, Charles Sheffield, and Greg Egan.
Soft SF
Soft science fiction stories take ideas from social sciences such as psychology, economics, political science, sociology, and anthropology. Some important writers in this category include Ursula K. Le Guin and Philip K. Dick. Soft SF can be mostly about character and emotion. Ray Bradbury won a prize called the SFWA Grand Master and writes in this style. The Soviet Union produced social science fiction too. Some examples are Strugatsky brothers, Kir Bulychov and Ivan Yefremov.

Some Social SF and Soft SF can be types of speculative fiction, for example utopian or dystopian stories. George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four, Aldous Huxley's Brave New World and Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale, are examples. Some people think that satirical novels in fantastic settings (places) such as Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift are speculative fiction.
Different styles of science fiction
Within Hard or Soft SF, there are different types, or subgenres, of science fiction. Each subgenre is a group of stories that uses similar ideas or styles of story-telling. Publishing companies and critics put works of SF into different subgenres to help describe the work to help readers choose which books to read or movies to watch. Assigning genres is not simple. Some stories can be in two or more genres at the same time. Other stories may not fit any genre.

Alternate history
In Alternate (or alternative) history stories, writers imagine how the past might have been different. These stories may use time travel to change the past. Some set a story in a universe with a different history from our own. These are some important alternate history books:
 Bring the Jubilee by Ward Moore  - the South won the American Civil War
 The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick - Germany and Japan won World War II.
The Sidewise Award is for the best works in this subgenre. The name Sidewise is taken from Murray Leinster's 1934 story "Sidewise in Time." Harry Turtledove is one of the most famous writers in the subgenre. He is often called the "master of alternate history".

Apocalyptic
Apocalyptic fiction is about the end of civilization. There are several types: through war (On The Beach), pandemic (The Last Man), astronomic impact (When Worlds Collide), ecological disaster (The Wind From Nowhere), or mankind's self-destruction (Oryx and Crake), or some other general disaster. Apocalyptic SF may also be about world or civilization after a disaster.

Cyberpunk
Cyberpunk

Cyberpunk began in the early 1980s. Bruce Bethke used this word as the title for a short story in 1980 by putting together two words: "cybernetics" and "punk". Soon, people used this word to describe William Gibson's book, Neuromancer. Cyberpunk authors can put their stories in different settings. Stories usually take place in the near-future and the settings are often dystopian (characterized by misery). These are often societies with very advanced technology. A few huge corporations usually control the society. Another early cyberpunk novel that has become a classic is Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson.

Military science fiction
Military science fiction stories happen during wars. These wars can be between different countries, different planets, or between different species. The stories are told by characters who are soldiers. They include detail about military technology, rules, and history. Some Military SF may be similar to real historical conflicts. Heinlein's Starship Troopers is an early example. Another is the Dorsai novels of Gordon Dickson. Joe Haldeman's The Forever War is a response to the World War II–style stories of earlier military SF authors. Haldeman was a soldier in the Vietnam War. Important military SF authors include John Ringo, David Drake, David Weber,  and S. M. Stirling. Baen Books is known for cultivating military science fiction authors.

Maritime science fiction
Maritime science fiction is science fiction that features a maritime or marine environment and technology and/or marine lifeforms mixed with science fiction. The probably earliest form of maritime science fiction literature is 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.

Superhuman
Superhuman stories are about humans who get special abilities that are not normal. Maybe the new powers come from nature. Two examples of this type are Olaf Stapledon's novel Odd John and Theodore Sturgeon's More Than Human. Sometimes scientists give people special powers on purpose. one example is A.E. van Vogt's novel Slan. Frederik Pohl's  novel Man Plus is another good example from this category. In that book, government scientists make a man into a powerful cyborg (part human, part machine).

These stories usually have two main points. One is the feeling of loneliness and separation that these superhuman people feel. The other is society's reaction to them.

Space opera
Space opera

Space opera is adventure science fiction in outer space or on distant planets. Action is more important than the science or characters. There is usually a strong hero and a very big conflict. The action often moves to many different places. Edward E. (Doc) Smith was an early Space opera writer. Flash Gordon and Star Wars are also popular examples.

Space western

Space western takes ideas from books and movies about exploring the American Old West and moves them  to space in the future. These stories are often on "frontier" colony worlds (colonies that have only recently been terraformed and/or settled) serving as stand-ins for the backdrop of lawlessness and economic expansion that were predominant in the American west. Some examples are Firefly and the movie Serenity by Joss Whedon.  Anime programs like Cowboy Bebop and Outlaw Star are also Space Westerns. Han Solo from "Star Wars" is an important Space Western character.
Time travel
The first important time travel novel was Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. The most famous is H. G. Wells's 1895 novel The Time Machine. Well's book uses a machine that allows an operator to travel to an exact time. Twain's time traveler is struck in the head and wakes up in the past. The term "time machine" was invented by Wells. Now it is the name for any vehicle that can take a rider to another time. Ray Bradbury's 1952 short story called A Sound of Thunder is a more recent and very famous example of this genre. Time travel stories can be complicated. They have logical problems such as the grandfather paradox. Time travel is a popular subject in modern science fiction, in print, movies, and television.
Other sub-genres
 Comic science fiction is a sub-genre of science fiction that is more humorous or funny.
 Feminist science fiction asks questions about society. How does society make gender roles? How does having children define gender? Does having children change the political and personal power of men and women? Some well-known feminist science fiction stories  use utopias to answer those questions. The stories explore a society in which gender differences or gender power imbalances do not exist. Also dystopias can explore worlds in which gender inequalities are stronger. Those dystopias explain that feminist work should continue. See Ursula K. Le Guin, Margaret Atwood
 Libertarian science fiction is written from a political point of view. This subgenre uses fiction to explore ideas from libertarian political philosophy about government and social organization. A classic example of libertarian science fiction is The Moon is a Harsh Mistress by Robert Heinlein.
New Wave is science fiction writing with a lot of experimentation. Writers try new ways of writing and new story ideas. It may feel more intellectual. New Wave seems more like important "literature" or art.
 Steampunk is the idea of future technology in the past. These stories are usually in the 19th century and often in Victorian era England. Steampunk stories have strong images from either science fiction or fantasy. Steampunk can have imaginary inventions like those found in books by H. G. Wells and Jules Verne. Imagining a world where computers were invented a long time ago is also popular. Examples include The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling, and the Girl Genius series by Phil and Kaja Foglio. The start of this style may be seen in some writing by Michael Moorcock, Philip Jose Farmer and Steve Stiles. Games like Space 1889 and Marcus Rowland's Forgotten Futures can also be Steampunk. The name comes from the fact that machines are most often powered by steam in this genre.
Biopunk is like cyberpunk, but instead of focusing on cybernetic technology, it focuses on biotechnology.
 Mundane science fiction is science fiction set on a fiction Earth and not involving any space travel or extraterrestrial elements. Jurassic Park is considered and example of mundane science fiction.
Notable science fiction writers

Frank Herbert author of the Dune series.
Isaac Asimov author of the Foundation series.
Marion Zimmer Bradley author of the Darkover series.
Arthur C. Clarke author of a number of classic science fiction novels

Fandom and community

Science fiction fandom is the "community of the literature of ideas... the culture in which new ideas emerge and grow before being released into society at large". Members of this community, "fans", are in contact with each other at conventions or clubs, through print or online fanzines, or on the Internet using web sites, mailing lists, and other resources.
SF fandom emerged from the letters column in Amazing Stories magazine. Soon fans began writing letters to each other, and then grouping their comments together in informal publications that became known as fanzines. Once they were in regular contact, fans wanted to meet each other, and they organized local clubs. In the 1930s, the first science fiction conventions gathered fans from a wider area. Conventions, clubs, and fanzines were the main fan activities, or "fanac", for decades, until the Internet improved communication among a much larger population of interested people.

Awards

There are two very important science fiction awards: the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award. The Hugo is presented by the World Science Fiction Society at Worldcon each year. The Nebula is presented by SFWA and voted on by the community of authors. One important award for science fiction movies is the Saturn Award. The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror movies gives this award each year..
There are national awards, like Canada's Aurora Award and the UK Arthur C. Clarke Award, regional awards, like the Endeavour Award presented at Orycon for works from the Pacific Northwest, special interest or subgenre awards like the Chesley Award for art or the World Fantasy Award for fantasy. Magazines may organize reader polls, notably the Locus Award.

Conventions, clubs, and organizations
The first science fiction fanzine, The Comet, was published in 1930. Fanzine printing methods have changed over the decades, from the mimeograph and the ditto machine, to modern photocopying. The number of copies was usually not enough to use commercial printing. Modern fanzines are printed on computer printers or at local copy shops, or they may only be sent as email. The best known fanzine (or "'zine") today is Ansible''. David Langford is the editor and it has won several Hugo awards. Artists working for fanzines have risen to prominence in the field, including Brad W. Foster, Teddy Harvia, and Joe Mayhew; the Hugos include a category for Best Fan Artists. The earliest organized fandom online was the SF Lovers  community, originally a mailing list in the late 1970s with a text archive file that was updated regularly. In the 1980s, Usenet groups greatly expanded the circle of fans online. In the 1990s, the development of the World-Wide Web made the online fan community much, much larger
. Fans created thousands and then millions of web sites devoted to science fiction and related genres for all media. Most of these websites are small, ephemeral, or about very specific topics. Though sites like SF Site and Read and Find Out give readers a broad range of references and reviews about science fiction.
Fan fiction
Fan fiction is non-commercial fiction created by people who love an SF story or world. Fans write stories that take place in the setting of an established book, movie, or television series. Some people call it "fanfic". In some cases, the copyright owners of the books, movies, or television series have instructed their lawyers to issue "cease and desist" letters to fans.

Related pages
 Science fiction movie
Fantasy
Science fantasy

References

Other websites
The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
EDGE Science Fiction and Fantasy Publishing
Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor,  philosopher, writer and Catholic theologian. He was born in Clermont-Ferrand, France. His mother died when he was three years old. His father's name was Étienne. He had two sisters, Jaqueline and Gilberte. Pascal was completely educated by his father.His father was a tax collector. Pascal was considered a child prodigy. Though best known for his works in mathematics, including the creation of Pascal's Triangle, which is named after him, and developments in the field of probability, Pascal was also a scientist. He wrote in support of the scientific method and also contributed to physics. Later he wrote two books about Christianity. Also, the Pascal unit was named after him.

Pascal died in Paris, France at 39. He had several illnesses; it is not known which of them caused his death.

Pascal invented a form of counting machine which helped inventors create the calculator in the 20th century.
1623 births
1662 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Paris
French mathematicians
French physicists
Scientists from Paris
People from Clermont-Ferrand
1
 1   1
 1   2   1
 1   3   3   1
 1   4   6   4   1
 1   5  10  10   5   1
 
The first six rows of Pascal's triangle
Pascal's Triangle is a mathematical triangular array. It is named after French mathematician Blaise Pascal, but it was used in China 3 centuries before his time.

Pascal's triangle can be made as follows. On the first row, write only the number 1. Then, to get the numbers of following rows, add the number that can be seen above and to the left (if any) and the number above and to the right (if any) to find the new value. For example, the numbers 1 and 3 in the fourth row are added to make 4 in the fifth row.

The triangle displays the coefficients that occur when the binomial  is raised to the  power:

The same triangle can also be expressed using combinations:

, 

where

Uses of Pascal's triangle 
The triangle has many uses in probability. It can also be used in binomial expansions. For example,

(x + 1)2 = 1x2 + 2x + 12.
Notice the coefficients are the third row of Pascal's triangle: 1, 2, 1.
In general, when a binomial is raised to a positive integer power we have:

(x + y)n = a0xn + a1xn−1y + a2xn−2y2 + … + an−1xyn−1 + anyn,

where the coefficients ai in this expansion are precisely the numbers on row n + 1 of Pascal's triangle; in other words,

Pascal's rule 
Formally speaking, the way of making the Pascal's Triangle uses Pascal's rule, which states that

for non-negative integers n and k where n ≥ k and with the initial condition

Complicated structures based on Pascal's triangle 
Pascal's triangle generalizes readily into higher dimensions. The three-dimensional version is called Pascal's pyramid or Pascal's tetrahedron. A higher-dimensional analogue is generically called a "Pascal's simplex"*. See also pyramid, tetrahedron, and simplex.

Properties of Pascal's Triangle 
The first and last number in each row is always 1.
The second number in each row is the row number. In a binomial expansion, this second number is equal to the power. (This makes the 'first' row, 1, actually the zero row).

The rows always read the same forward and backward.

The sum of the numbers in each row is double the sum of the numbers in the row before. The sum of each row is 2n.
     The zero row, 1, has a sum of 1.
          

     The first row, 1,1 has a sum of 2.
          

     The second row, 1,2,1 has a sum of 4.
          

     The third row, (1,3,3,1) has a sum of 8.
         

     The sum of the nth row is

Other websites 

 Higher Dimensional Pascal's Triange - Like Structures 

Mathematics
Antidisestablishmentarianism is a political position. It means "to keep an established church". An official state church is called the "established" church, so a disestablishmentarian is a person who wants to stop the state church. These people say a state church hurts the freedom of religion. These people say the state should be secular, meaning religion and the country are separate. This idea is called disestablishmentarianism. So antidisestablishmentarianism wants to keep the state church.

It is famous because it is one of the longest words in the English language.

History in England 
The word comes from England in the 1800s. In England, Ireland and Wales, there was an official state church called the Anglican Church. Ireland disestablished in 1871, and Wales disestablished in 1920. England still has the Anglican Church as the state church.
In 2014 Nick Clegg, who was the Leader of the Liberal Democrats at the time, said that he thought the Church of England should no longer be the established church. David Cameron, who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said the establishment helps the church and state.

As a word 
Antidisestablishmentarianism is one of the longest words in the English language. It has 28 letters and 12 syllables. It is considered to be the longest word, if you do not count technical terms. For example, "pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis" is a technical term for a lung disease made by people who wanted it to be the longest word.

In pop culture 
The word became famous because of a popular television show in the 1950s called The $64,000 Question, where someone spelled it and won. Duke Ellington, a jazz artist, had a song called "You're Just an Old Antidisestablishmentarianismist". Eminem, a rapper, used the word in his song "Almost Famous".
Construction of the word 
 establish
 to set up, put in place, or institute
 dis-establish
 to end the established status of something, in this case a state church
 disestablish-ment
 the separation of church and state
 anti-disestablishment
 do not want disestablishment
 antidisestablishment-ary
 about anti-disestablishment
 antidisestablishmentari-an
 someone who does not want disestablishment
 antidisestablishmentarian-ism
 the movement or ideology that does not want disestablishment

Related pages
State religion
Freedom of religion
Secularism
Multiculturalism

References

Long words
Religion in England
1193 (MCXCIII) was .

Events 
 Saladin dies, and the lands of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria are split among his descendants.
 Qutb-ud-Din, a Ghurid slave commander, captures Delhi.
 Muhammad Khilji, a general under the command of Qutb-ud-Din sacks and burns Nalanda, India's greatest Buddhist university.
 Philip II of France marries Ingeborg, daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark.

Births 
 William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby (d. 1254)
 Albertus Magnus, German philosopher and theologian (d. 1280)
 John III Ducas Vatatzes, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1254)

Deaths 
 March 4 — Saladin, Sultan of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria (b. c. 1138)
 Balian of Ibelin, noble of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (b. early 1140s)
 Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Gyalwa Karmapa (b. 1110)
 Minamoto no Noriyori, Japanese general (b. 1156)
 Emperor Renzong of Western Xia, 5th emperor of the Western Xia dynasty (b. 1124)
 Fan Chengda, Chinese poet
Heads of states 
 England — Richard I King of England (reigned 1189–1199)
 France — Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned 1180–1223)
 Byzantine Empire — Isaac II Angelus (reigned 1185 to 1195, and 1203–1204)
 Pope — Celestine III (Pope 1191–1198)
 China — Emperor Guangzong of Song (reigned 1189-1194)
Sarah Ann McLachlan (born January 28, 1968) is a Canadian singer-songwriter who is known for her emotional music. She was adopted and raised in Halifax, Nova Scotia. She went to the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, then moved to Vancouver, British Columbia.

Her recording company, Nettwerk, released her first album in 1988. After recording several albums, she organized the all-female music festival Lilith Fair in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Some of the money made from these concerts went to women's charities. McLachlan received the Elizabeth Cady Stanton Visionary Award in 1998 for helping women's music.

She married her drummer, Ashwin Sood, in 1997. They have a daughter, India, born in 2002.

McLachlan has been written about in magazines such as Rolling Stone, Time, and Entertainment Weekly. She has won Grammy and Juno awards for her music.
She funds a Vancouver program that helps poor children learn music. She has played at charity concerts, such as for victims of the December 26, 2004 tsunami and at the 2005 Live 8 concert in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Some of McLachlan's best-known songs include "The Path of Thorns", "Into the Fire", "Possession", "Building a Mystery", "Sweet Surrender", "Adia", "Angel", and "World on Fire".

Influences 
McLachlan stated music artists like Cowboy Junkies, Kate Bush, Tom Waits, 10,000 Maniacs, Sinéad O'Connor, Joni Mitchell, Peter Gabriel, Cocteau Twins, Daniel Lanois, Kate & Anna McGarrigle, Laura Nyro, Sandy Denny, Suzanne Vega, U2, Rickie Lee Jones, Stevie Nicks, Anne Murray, Jane Siberry and Bruce Cockburn as influences.

Albums 
Albums with only new songs:
 Touch (1988)
 Solace (1991)
 Fumbling Towards Ecstacy (1993)
 Surfacing (1997)
 Afterglow (2003)

Live albums 
 Mirrorball (1999)
 Afterglow Live (2004)
Live EPs (shorter albums) were released in 1992 and 2004.
Other albums 
 The Freedom Sessions (1994)
 Rarities, B-Sides and Other Stuff (1996)
 Albums called Murmers were released only for her fan club every year from 1995 to 2001.
 Two remix albums were released, in 2001 and 2005.

1968 births
Canadian adoptees
Canadian pop singers
Canadian singer-songwriters
Grammy Award winners
People from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Living people
Entertainers from Nova Scotia
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), more widely known as Mark Twain, was an American writer. He was born in Florida, Missouri.  He worked mainly for newspapers and as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River before he became a writer. He married in 1870, and raised his family in Hartford, Connecticut. In later life he invested and lost the money that his writing had made, and toured the world giving lectures that brought him enough money to pay his debt and recover his fortune. 

Clemens was  best known for his works in fiction, and especially for his use of humour. His first published story, in 1865, was The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered by many to be Clemens' best work.  This story of a white boy who helps a black man escape slavery in the southern United States is known for its humanity.
Clemens's style was usually informal and humorous. This made him different from many important 19th century writers whose books he disliked. For example, he greatly disliked Jane Austen's works, such as Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice, and famously remarked, "She makes me detest (hate) all her people, without reserve."

Actor Hal Holbrook plays Mark Twain on stage in a one-man show called Mark Twain Tonight.

Halley's Comet appeared in the sky during the year Twain was born and the year he died. This periodic comet comes back every 74 years, which is how long he lived.

Bibliography 
 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)
 The Prince and the Pauper (1882)
 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)
 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889)

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 The Mark Twain Papers and Project of the Bancroft Library (Archive of Mark Twain's papers and writings)
 Samuel Langhorne Clemens collection of papers at New York Public Library
1835 births
1910 deaths
 
19th-century American novelists
American autobiographers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Pen names
Comedians from Connecticut
Comedians from Missouri
Writers from Missouri
Comedians from Nevada
Writers from Nevada
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is the third book in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling. The book was released on 8 July 1999. It covers Harry Potter's third year at Hogwarts. A movie based on the book was released on 31 May 2004. This is the only book where Lord Voldemort does not make an appearance.

Plot 
After accidentally inflating his aunt Marge, Harry leaves the Dursleys, and catches a ride on the street on a magical bus called The Knight Bus. Before he begins his way back to Hogwarts, he learns of Sirius Black, a mass murderer, believed to have killed thirteen people with a single curse. Black has escaped from the wizard prison, Azkaban. Meanwhile, upon meeting the Weasleys, Harry learns that, despite accidentally using magic (which is illegal), he has not been expelled.   Mr. Weasley tells Mrs. Weasley of Sirius Black's motive to kill Harry when Harry overhears this he is told not to go looking for Black. Later in the book, Harry soon realizes why.

Other websites
Other websites

1999 books
Harry Potter books
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire is the fourth book in the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling. It was published on 8 July 2000. The original United Kingdom edition has 636 pages, and the US version has 734. It was made into a movie that was released in 2005.

Plot

Plot introduction 
Throughout the three previous novels in the Harry Potter series, the main character, Harry Potter, who is James and Lily Potter's only son, has struggled with the difficulties of growing up and the added challenge of being a famous wizard. When Harry was a baby, Lord Voldemort, the most powerful dark wizard in history, had Harry's parents killed and betrayed, but was mysteriously defeated after unsuccessfully trying to kill Harry, though his attempt left a lightning-shaped scar on Harry's forehead. This results in Harry's immediate fame and his being placed in the care of his abusive Muggle (non-magical) aunt and uncle, Vernon and Petunia Dursley, who have a son named Dudley.
On Harry's eleventh birthday, he learns he is a wizard from Rubeus Hagrid and enrols in Hogwarts, a school for witches and wizards. He befriends Ron Weasley, Arthur and Molly Weasley's youngest son and Hermione Granger and confronts Lord Voldemort, who is trying to regain power. In Harry's first year, he has to protect the Philosopher's Stone from Voldemort and one of his faithful followers at Hogwarts. After returning to school after summer break, students at Hogwarts are attacked by the legendary monster of the Chamber of Secrets after the Chamber is opened. Harry ends the attacks by killing a Basilisk and thwarting another attempt by Lord Voldemort to return to full strength. The following year, Harry hears he has been targeted by escaped mass murderer Sirius Black. Despite stringent security measures at Hogwarts, Harry encounters Black at the end of his third year and learns Black was framed and is actually Harry's godfather
. He also learns that it was his father's old school friend Peter Pettigrew who betrayed his parents.
Plot summary 
The Weasleys invite Harry Potter, James and Lily Potter's only son and Hermione Granger to the Quidditch World Cup, to which they travel using a Portkey, meeting Cedric Diggory, a Hufflepuff sixth-year, on the way. In the match, Ireland triumph over Bulgaria, despite the skill of Bulgaria's star seeker, Viktor Krum. After the match, men wearing the masks of Death Eaters, followers of Voldemort, attack the camp site, causing terror and abusing the Muggle campsite owners. The Dark Mark is fired into the sky, causing mass panic.
At Halloween, the Goblet of Fire picks Fleur Delacour from Beauxbatons Academy, Viktor Krum, the Bulgarian seeker that played at the Quidditch World Cup, from Durmstrang Institute, and Cedric Diggory, Amos Diggory's only son from Hogwarts to compete in the tournament. Unexpectedly, however, it also chooses Harry as a fourth champion. Harry's being chosen magically binds him to compete, forcing him to be an unwilling participant in the Tournament. Very few people believe Harry's protests that he did not put his own name in.
Despite chamions not being allowed to know, Hagrid covertly reveals to Harry that the first task is to get past a dragon. Harry struggles to think of a way past a dragon, until Moody suggests flying. Hermione helps him to perfect a Summoning Charm, which he uses to summon his Firebolt broomstick and fly past the dragon to retrieve a golden egg, receiving high marks from the judges. Harry's egg is supposed to contain a clue to the next task, but when opened it merely shrieks loudly. Later, Cedric tells Harry to take the egg into the bath in the prefects' bathroom to work out the clue.
The trio secretly meet Sirius Black at Hogsmeade, who tells them that Barty Crouch was fanatical about catching dark wizards, often stooping to the same level to punish them. This culminated in Crouch sending his own son to Azkaban. His son later died there. Sirius suspects that someone is attempting to attack Harry through the Tournament and make it look like an accident. He suspects Karkaroff, who is a former Death Eater who walked free.

Finally acting on Cedric's tip, Harry takes the egg to the prefects' bathroom and listens to the it underwater. There, the shrieks become the words of a song, which tells Harry that the task is to recover something dear to him from Merpeople at the bottom of the lake in the grounds.
Harry, Ron, and Hermione are unable to find a way to survive underwater for the second task. On the morning of the task, Dobby gives him some Gillyweed that he heard Moody and Professor Sprout talking about. The Gillyweed gives Harry flippers and gills and allows him to find Ron, the thing that is dear to him, at the bottom of the lake.

Harry prepares for the final task, a hedge maze filled with dangerous creatures and obstacles, the goal being to reach the Triwizard Cup at the centre. Helping each other, Harry and Cedric reach the Cup. They agree to touch it at the same time and become joint winners.

However, on touching it they discover that it is a Portkey that transports them to a graveyard. There, Wormtail appears, kills Cedric using Voldemort's wand, and ties up Harry. Wormtail uses Harry's blood, Tom Riddle Sr.'s bone, and his own hand to restore Lord Voldemort to a body. Harry escapes with Cedric's body to the Cup, which takes him back to Hogwarts.
Under the panic caused by his arrival, Moody takes a traumatised Harry to his office. He reveals himself to have been working with Voldemort the whole time as a 'faithful servant'. He explains that he put Harry's name into the Goblet of Fire and has been guiding him through the tournament to ensure he would touch the Cup first. As Moody prepares to kill Harry, Professors Dumbledore, McGonagall, and Snape intervene and stun Moody. Slowly, Moody changes appearance to become Barty Crouch Jr., the supposedly long-dead son of Barty Crouch Sr., who was using Polyjuice Potion to impersonate Moody.

Dumbledore announces Lord Voldemort's return to the school. However, many people, including Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge, refuse to believe it. Dumbledore puts his own anti-Voldemort plans into action.

Not wanting his tournament winnings, Harry gives all one thousand Galleons to Ron's older twin brothers, Fred and George to start their joke shop, and returns home with the Dursleys.

2000 books
Harry Potter books
Crohn's disease is a disease that causes the intestines to become swollen. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The intestines may also develop ulcers. People with Crohn's disease often have pain in the stomach, diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss. Crohn's can also cause skin rashes, arthritis, and swollen eyes. It is named after Burrill Bernard Crohn, who described cases in 1932. It was first
described by Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682–1771) in the 18th century.

Nobody knows exactly what causes Crohn's disease. In the disease, the person's body attacks itself. The immune system attacks healthy parts of the digestive tract. This causes swelling in the digestive tract.
Though Crohn's is an immune-related disease, it is not an autoimmune disease (the immune system is not triggered by the body itself). The exact underlying immune problem is not clear.  Crohn's disease seems to be connected to the person's genes. People whose brothers or sisters have the disease are the most likely to get it. Men and women can both be affected by Crohn's disease.

Managing Crohn's disease includes both lifestyle changes and various kind of medication. It is a chronic condition for which there is no cure. Certain parasitic intestinal worms appear to make the bowel less inflamed. It is supposed that the worms modify the immune reactions in the parts of the intestine where they live.

Alternative medicine of various kinds has been tried, with uncertain results.

References

Other websites 
Crohn's disease information and tools for patients 
Crohn's disease facts from the National Institutes of Health 
Crohns Disease Resource Site 

Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
Immunology
Pet doors, also known as cat doors, dog doors, doggie doors, or in the United Kingdom, cat flaps, are small doors for pets. They are usually built in regular doors, but can also be in windows or walls. They usually have the hinge on the top, with no latch, so the animal can push their way in and out. Newer models sometimes only let the pet go outside, but not inside. Others have a latch and something that can be put on the pet that makes the latch open when the pet gets close to the door. They are most commonly used for pet cats, but can also be used for dogs, miniature pigs, or other small pets.

The pet door was developed by Isaac Newton.
Pets
Doors