Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Haverfordwest (/ˌhævərfərdˈwɛst/;  [ˈhʊlfɔrð]) is the county town of Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is the most populous urban area in Pembrokeshire. In 2001, 13,367 people lived there. Its community boundaries made it the second-most populous settlement in the county, with 10,812 people. The suburbs include the former parish of Prendergast, Albert Town and the residential and industrial areas of Withybush (housing, retail parks, hospital, airport and showground).

Haverfordwest is located in a strategic position, being at the lowest crossing point of the Western Cleddau before the opening of the Cleddau Bridge in 1975.

Famous people 
The town is famous as the birthplace of Simon Warr, who was in That'll Teach Em.

Towns in Wales
Pembrokeshire
County towns
is a Japanese voice actress. She voiced Tohru Honda in Fruits Basket.

References

1998 births
Japanese voice actors
Living people
The Chitwan frog (Papurana chitwanensis) is a frog from Nepal.  Scientists think it may live in India too.

References

Frogs of Asia
Near threatened species
Bitdefender is a multinational Romanian cybersecurity and anti-virus software company. It was created on 6 November 2001 by Florin Talpeș who is currently the chief executive officer of the company. Bitdefender creates and sells cybersecurity products and services.

In 2018, the software had about 500 million users worldwide.

References

Other websites 
 Official website

2000s establishments in Romania
2001 establishments in Europe
Technology companies of Europe
Bucharest
Nicholas Leo Hubbard (May 8, 1895 – January 4, 1983) was an American politician, farmer, and businessman.

Hubbard was born in Mount Pulaski, Illinois. He went to the Mount Pulaski Public Schools and graduated from Illinois State University. Hubbard served in the United States Army during World War I and was commissioned a second lieutenant. He taught school in Mount Pulaski and was a farmer. He was involved with the grain elevator business and was the owner of the Mount Pulaski Grain Company. Hubbard served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1935 to 1941 and in the Illinois Senate from 1941 to 1945. Hubbard was a Democrat. Hubbard died at the Abraham Lincoln Hospital in Lincoln, Illinois.

Family members 
 Joan H. Wolf (niece)

Notes 

1895 births
1983 deaths
Educators from Illinois
Democratic-Republican Party politicians
Businesspeople from Illinois
Military people from Illinois
United States representatives from Illinois
Canton is a city in Lewis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 2,377 at the 2010 census.

References 

Cities in Missouri
The Letter is a 1940 American crime drama movie directed by William Wyler and is the second adaption of the 1927 play of the same name by W. Somerset Maugham. It stars Bette Davis, Herbert Marshall, James Stephenson, Frieda Inescort, Gale Sondergaard, Bruce Lester, Cecil Kellaway, Sen Yung, Doris Lloyd and was distributed by Warner Bros.. It was nominated for 7 Academy Awards in 1941.

Other websites
 
 
 

1940 drama movies
1940 crime movies
1940 crime drama movies
1940s American crime drama movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by William Wyler
Warner Bros. movies
The Howards of Virginia is a 1940 American drama movie directed by Frank Lloyd and was based on the 1939 novel The Tree of Liberty by Elizabeth Page. It stars Cary Grant, Martha Scott, Sir Cedric Hardwicke, Irving Bacon, Richard Carlson, Rita Quigley, Alan Marshal and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1941.

Other websites
 
 
 

1940 drama movies
1940s historical movies
American drama movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Frank Lloyd
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies set in Virginia
Karin Elisabet Lindberg (later Lindén; 6 October 1929 – 2 December 2020) was a Swedish gymnast. She competed at the 1948, 1952 (winning gold medal) and 1956 Summer Olympics (winning silver medal).

Lindberg died on 2 December 2020, aged 91.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
Swedish Olympic gold medalists
Swedish Olympic silver medalists
Swedish gymnasts
Neil James Robbins (8 September 1929 – 6 December 2020) was an Australian steeplechase and long-distance runner. He competed in the six-mile run at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games and in the 3000 metres steeplechase at the 1956 Summer Olympics.

Robbins died on 6 December 2020, aged 91.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
Australian Olympians
Australian athletes
Long-distance runners
Catherine Simone Avnet Lazarus (April 26, 1976 – December 13, 2020) was an American writer, comedian, and talk show host. Lazarus was best known as creator and host of the Employee of the Month, a monthly comedy show and podcast filmed live at Joe's Pub in New York City. 

Lazarus died from breast cancer at her apartment in New York City on December 13, 2020, at age 44.

References

1976 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
Cancer deaths in New York City
American radio personalities
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Writers from New York City
Comedians from Washington, D.C.
Comedians from New York City
Vincent Paul Nihill (5 September 1939 – 15 December 2020) was a British race walker. He competed in the 50 km event at the 1964, 1968 and 1972 Olympics and won a silver medal in 1964.

Nihill died of COVID-19 on 15 December 2020 in Gillingham, Kent at the age of 81.

References

1939 births
2020 deaths
British Olympic silver medalists
British athletes
Sportspeople from Essex
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
Eddie Lee Jackson (July 7, 1949 – December 18, 2020) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives from January 9, 2009 through January 11, 2017. He was born in Canalou, Missouri.

Jackson died of COVID-19 on December 18, 2020, in East St. Louis, Illinois. He was 71.

References

1949 births
2020 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from Missouri
Politicians from Illinois
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Educators from Illinois
Educators from Missouri
Canalou is a city in New Madrid County, Missouri, United States. About 338 people lived here at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Missouri
Alberto Valdés Lacarra Jr. (30 November 1950 – 19 December 2020) was a Mexican equestrian. He was born in Mexico City. He won a bronze medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

Valdés Jr. died on 19 December 2020 in Mexico City, aged 70.

References

1950 births
2020 deaths
Olympic bronze medalists
Mexican equestrians
Sportspeople from Mexico City
Chad & Jeremy were an English musical duo consisting of Chad Stuart and Jeremy Clyde, which began working in 1962.

The band had its first hit song in the UK with "Yesterday's Gone". That song became a hit in the United States in the following year as part of the British Invasion. 

The duo had many hits in the United States, including "Willow Weep for Me", "Before and After", and their biggest hit, "A Summer Song".

References

1962 establishments in the United Kingdom
English rock bands
English pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1962
Baking blind is the process of baking a pie crust or other pastry without the filling. Blind baking a pie crust is important when it will be filled with an unbaked filling (such as with pudding or cream pies). Blind baking can also be used if the filling has a shorter baking time than the crust. Blind baking is also used to keep pie crust from becoming soggy because of a wet filling.

References 

Baking
The Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation or SVR RF () is Russia's external intelligence agency.

It is mainly concerned with civilian affairs. The SVR RF succeeded the First Chief Directorate (PGU) of the KGB in December 1991. The SVR has its headquarters in Moscow.

Unlike the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB), the SVR does intelligence and espionage activities outside the Russian Federation.  It works with the Russian Main Intelligence Directorate {the GRU), its military-affairs espionage counterpart. The SVR is also negotiates anti-terrorist cooperation and intelligence-sharing arrangements with foreign intelligence agencies. It gives analysis and dissemination of intelligence to the Russian president.

SVR RF is the official foreign-operations successor to many Soviet-era foreign intelligence agencies, from the original 'foreign department' of the Cheka under Vladimir Lenin, to the OGPU and NKVD of the Stalinist era, followed by the First Chief Directorate of the KGB.

References
References 

Russian intelligence agencies
Blanching is a cooking process in which a food, usually a vegetable or fruit, is scalded in boiling water, removed after a short timed break, and then dropped into cold water to stop the cooking process. Blanching foods helps reduce the loss of quality over time.

People usually use blanching to treat food before freezing, drying, or canning—heating vegetables or fruits to inactivate enzymes, change texture and remove the peel. Blanching is also used to preserve color, flavor, and nutritional value. The benefits of blanching include removing pesticide residues and killing of microorganisms. The disadvantages of blanching can include leaching of nutrients that dissolves in water and the production of effluent.

Uses 
Blanching is a process mainly used to inactivate enzymes that cause browning as well as changes in texture and off-flavors. Blanching is used to peel fruits, vegetable, and nut as steam peeling produces less environmental pollution.
Blanching is also used to kill microorganisms, remove pesticide and toxic residues, surface cleaning, removing damaged seeds or foreign materials and killing parasites and their eggs.

Technology 
Traditionally, blanching is done using either a water bath or saturated steam. In both methods, the food is heated for a short period of time and then dropped into either cold water or cold air to quickly stop the heating process. At the industrial level, foods move on a conveyor belt through preheating, holding, and cooling systems.

Steam blanching systems inject hot air onto food as it passes through the blanching system on a conveyor belt. This method reduces the leaching of water-soluble compounds from the product. It is more energy-efficient. This reduced heat exposure preserves color, flavor, and overall quality of the food.

Emerging technologies include ohmic, infrared, microwave, and radio frequency blanching.

Tthe times and temperatures are not enough to effectively destroy all microorganisms.
A limitation to hot water blanching is the leaching of water-soluble nutrients and the degradation of thermal sensitive compounds. Vitamins, minerals, and other water-soluble compounds, such as proteins, sugars, and flavor compounds, diffuse out of the food and into the water, lowering the overall quality of the food. The degree to which compounds diffuse out of food depends on the food's composition and characteristics, the water to food ratio, the blanching temperature, and other variables. Ascorbic acid, thiamin, and many aromatic compounds are heat-sensitive.

A complication in the food industry is the production of effluent from water blanching systems. Blanching with reused water can lead to a buildup of water-soluble compounds that are considered pollutants, and therefore must be properly treated before being discharged. This can increase capital costs at the industrial level and has been a main reason for the development of newer blanching technologies.

References 

Cooking methods
Dame Sian Seerpoohi Elias  (born 13 March 1949) is a New Zealand jurist. She served as the 12th Chief Justice of New Zealand from 1999 to 2019. She was the first woman to hold the position. She has also been the Administrator of the Government four times (2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016).

Elias was born in London. Her mother was Welsh and her father was of Armenian ancestry. In 1952, her family moved to New Zealand. They settled in Titirangi, Auckland. She married businessman Hugh Fletcher in 1970.

References

1949 births
Living people
Chief justices
People from Auckland
People from London
Perseus was the code name of a hypothetical Soviet atomic spy that,  if real, would have allegedly breached United States national security by infiltrating Los Alamos National Laboratory during the development of the Manhattan Project, and consequently, would have been instrumental for the Soviets in the development of nuclear weapons.

Among researchers of the subject there is some consensus that Perseus never existed and was actually a creation of Soviet intelligence.

Character and history 
A reference to the profile of a spy who can be identified with Perseus describes him as an American scientist of young age at the time of the Manhattan Project.

If they were real, Perseus would have supposedly participated in the Spanish Civil War.
In the early 1940s Perseus would have been in New York City visiting his sick parents. During his stay in that city, he would have managed to be recruited by the GRU after looking for and contacting Morris Cohen, an American who joined the Communist Party during the Great Depression and worked as a Soviet spy.

The meeting with Cohen must have been between September 1941 and July 1942, before Cohen enlisted in the army and left for the Western Front in Europe.

Perseus reportedly introduced himself to Cohen as a physicist who had been invited to join the work at Los Alamos research center. By 1942, Perseus was supposedly already working at Los Alamos, being that he would have started sometime at least 18 months before German physicist and also atomic spy Klaus Fuchs, who joined the investigation in mid-1944. However, Perseus appears to have been recruited by the Soviets around the same (or at least a nearby) time as Fuchs.
According to articles published in Russia by The New Times, Perseus would have collaborated with the Soviet government for purely ideological reasons to the point that he refused any financial rewards in exchange for classified information, since he was convinced that the United States would use the atomic bomb against the Soviet Union, claiming that:

With Morris Cohen in Europe, his wife, Lona Cohen, took it upon herself to travel to Albuquerque on one or two occasions (depending on the source consulted) to serve as a carrier.

Once there, Lona Cohen would have received information allegedly directly from Perseus, and took it to the Soviet consul in New York, Anatoli Yatskov. This information allegedly included crucial details about the Trinity Test, which was detonated in July 1945.

In the 1950s, Perseus was supposedly under the control of Rudolf Abel.

According to one source, Perseus was supposedly still alive in 1991.
Perseus was also allegedly referred by or identified with the code names of «Mr. X», «Youngster», FOGEL, PERS and «Mlad».

This name is also given to a spy at White Sands Missile Range, located further south near Las Cruces, New Mexico.

Alleged confirmations of existence

Vladimir Chikov 
In April 1991, KGB colonel and public relations officer Vladimir Chikov published articles in the Russian weekly "The New Times" in which he commented on the existence of a Russian spy who worked in the Manhattan project under the code name of Perseus, giving details of his recruitment and achievements.

Regarding the information published by Chikov in The New Times, an article in The Washington Post comments:

Anatoli Yatskov 
In an interview published in 1992, the former Soviet consul in New York, Anatoli Yatskov, confirmed the existence of Perseus,  as an important figure among scientists working on the Manhattan project.
During his tenure as consul, Yatskov used the pseudonym Anatoly Yakovlev and served as a Soviet intelligence agent, coordinating atomic spies in the United States.

Yatskov gave details about Perseus' recruitment, how he sent information from New Mexico to New York (through Morris Cohen's wife), and confirmed that the Soviet Union received information from both, Klaus Fuchs and Perseus.

Morris Cohen and Lona Cohen 
In an interview given before his death in 1995, the American-born Soviet spy Morris Cohen confirmed that in addition to Karl Fuchs, there was a second physicist in the Manhattan project who worked as a Soviet spy.
The details in Cohen's story coincide with the statements of Colonel Vladimir Chikov a few years ago, such as the recruitment of people close to the Manhattan Project as spies, the existence (suspected by the American intelligence) of an unidentified scientist who collaborated with Soviet intelligence, and the interaction of said scientist with Lona Cohen (Morris Cohen's wife) to transport stolen information.

According to Cohen, by the fall of 1994 there were very few people left in Soviet intelligence ("two or maybe three") who knew the real name of the second spy scientist.

For her part, shortly before her death in 1992, Lona Cohen had a telephone interview with historian Walter Schneir. In that interview, Lona Cohen confirmed that she had made at least one trip between Albuquerque and New York to transport classified information stolen to the United States, but she could not quite remember who she had interviewed with in New Mexico, saying that it was probably a scientist or physicist.
References in the Venona project 

The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program run by the Signal Intelligence Service that (later became part of the National Security Agency,) started in the Second World War and was active since February 1943 to October 1980.

The objective of the program was to intercept and decrypt messages from diplomats, intelligence agencies (such as the NKVD and the KGB), business representatives and other actors of the Soviet government.

Despite the fact that only a fraction of the messages intercepted by Venona were suitable for decryption, the project left an archive of around 3000 decrypted and translated messages.

Although there is no mention of Perseus in the Venona files, there are references to a spy under the code name PERS or FOGEL. Apparently, at some point the codename PERS was turned into Perseus by mistake.
PERS was identified in the Venona files as part of the group of four Soviet spies (of which only 3 had been identified) who infiltrated the Manhattan Project. 

Despite the fact that by 2012 a publication by NSA's Center for Cryptologic History described PERS as "important, but still unidentified", the references in the Venona files have been questioned or even used to confirm that Perseus never existed.

4th spy at Los Álamos 
From the early 1950s till 1995, three Soviet spies had been confirmed to have infiltrated Los Alamos: Klaus Fuchs (German physicist), David Greenglass (military man and brother-in-law of Julius Rosenberg) and Theodore Hall (American physicist).

Fuchs voluntarily confessed to British MI5 authorities in January 1950 and this subsequently lead to Greenglass in June of that same year. Finally, Hall's involvement was not identified until the release of documents from Venona in 1995, a few years before his death in 1999.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, publications like those by Chikov and Yatskov strengthened the theory of a possible fourth spy in Los Alamos, who would have been identified as Perseus (the PERS in the Venona files) or FOGEL.

Alleged rebuttals of existence

Pavel Sudoplatov 
In 1994 the lieutenant general and Soviet agent Pavel Sudoplatov published a book titled Special Tasks.

In the book, Sudoplatov referred to the statements made by Anatoly Yatskov, and stated that he did not remember that code name and, that in his opinion, it could be that Yatskov or his associates created Perseus to cover the true identities of Soviet informants.

However, Sudoplatov also acknowledged that the codename Perseus was used to refer to or cover a number agents and anonymous sources.

John Earl Haynes 
United States Cold War historian John Earl Haynes concluded that Perseus was an invention relying on the research of authors Joseph Albright, Marcia Kunstel and Gary Kern.
In an index of false names, pseudonyms, and real names of spies, Haynes notes under the Perseus entry that:

However, Haynes acknowledges that although Perseus was an invention, there must have been a 4th Soviet spy operating in Los Alamos during the development of the Manhattan project in addition to the 3 spies identified until 1995: Klaus Fuchs, David Greenglass and Theodore Hall.

Albright and Kunstel 
In their book "Bombshell: The Secret Story of America's Unknown Atomic Spy Conspiracy", the authors Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel dedicate the twentieth chapter to Perseus under the title of "The Perseus Myth" in which they conclude that the spy never existed.

According to the authors, the KGB may have created Perseus for the purposes of self-promotion, justify its own existence, and even to secure more state funding.
Gary Kern 
In 2006 mail that was made public, author Gary Kern explained why he believed Perseus was an invention. Kern believes that Perseus was an extremely risky disinformation operation with multiple objectives, including:

 Show that the KGB was vital for the Soviet Union and, after 1991, for Russia.
 Prove that the KGB dominated the field (intelligence and espionage) better than the American and British agencies, since the latters were never able to catch the hypothetical Russian agent.
 Give more credit and prestige to Soviet intelligence agents for the development of nuclear weapons, even if this meant diminsh the contribution of Soviet scientists.
 Use Soviet spies of foreign origin living in Russia for propaganda, particularly the Cohens.
 Have some financial gain with the possible sell of the story.

Alleged identities
Alleged identities

Philip Morrison 
In April 1999 American scientist, activist and, president of the Federation of American Scientists from 1970 to 2000; Jeremy Stone, published his memoirs under the title «Every Man Should Try": Adventures of a Public Interest Activist».

Motivated by an article in The Washington Post about Vladimir Chikov's publications in Russia, Stone decided to take on the subject, and in his book he disclosed conversations and visits he had with someone he knew personally and only identified with the pseudonym "Scientist X" (or «Dr. X» ), and explained why he believed that this "Scientist X" was the real Perseus.

Despite the use of a pseudonym, thanks to the information in the book, the "Scientist X" was easily identified as Philip Morrison, a physicist from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Morrison denied the accusation and gave a solid rebuttal against it, noting that:
According to Chikov, Perseus participated in the Spanish Civil War, but during this (1936 - 1939) Morrison was studying or about to graduate from Berkeley. In addition to the fact that during his childhood Morrison contracted Polio, which affected his legs to the point that he required a cane to walk, making it unlikely that he could fight in a war.
 According to another source, Perseus would have been in New York City between 1941 and 1942 visiting his parents, but at the time Morrison's parents resided in Philadelphia and their family lived in Pittsburgh.

On the other hand, the reasons that led Stone to suspect Morrison were questioned. Namely, those reasons included:
Stone thought that the ideas expressed in a phrase attributed to Perseus were similar to ideas expressed by Morrison (although Stone accepted that, had Perseus existed, his phrases would have been in English, to later be translated into Russian (in publications such as Chikov's) and then translated back into English by US media).
 During a 1994 conversation between the two, Stone was already suspicious of Morrison, so he brought up the subject of Perseus indirectly and Morrison's reaction (according to Stone) was so nervous that his knees trembled, but this could be explained by the aftermath of the polio that Morrison suffered in his childhood.

To all of the above, Stone accepted Morrison's rebuttal, stating that: "In the light of these facts, which I certainly cannot contradict, [...] I can only accept your denial that you are Perseus."
Finally, thanks to the controversy raised by the event, several academics and people close to the Federation of American Scientists expressed their wishes for Stone to apologize, and even the idea of calling Stone to present his resignation as head of the Federation.

Oscar Seborer 
According to historian John Earl Haynes and academic Harvey Klehr, thanks to FBI documents that were declassified in the 2010s, they were able to confirm the existence of a suspected fourth spy who they identified as Oscar Seborer.

Seborer was an American engineer who was drafted into the United States Army in 1942 and, like all his siblings, had sympathy for the Communist Party USA.

Given his education as an engineer, Seborer was assigned to the «Special Engineer Detachment», a program that identified members of the military with specific abilities and funneled them to the Manhattan project.
However, Haynes and Klehr are emphatic that Seborer should not be identified with Perseus, since while Perseus would have been an invention probably based on Theodore Hall, Seborer's life and profile have no relation to the characteristics attributed to Perseus.

Theodore Hall 
According to historian John Eark Haynes and academic Harvey Klehr, although Perseus never really existed, some aspects of his character were based on or coincide with the American Soviet spy and physicist Theodore Hall. These aspects include:
Age: Hall was the youngest scientist working on the Manhattan project, while the possible reference by Morris Cohen defines Perseus as young and another codename attributed to Perseus is «Youngster».
 Parents residence: According to Vladimir Chikov, Perseus would have sought to be recruited by the KGB in New York City, after a visit to his parents. Hall's parents lived in New York City, and were coincidentally visited by Hall about the same time.
 Attributed code names: According to Haynes and Klehr, the use of the code name "Mlad" has been wrongly attributed to Perseus, but it actually identified Hall. Likewise, the code name "Youngster" has been attributed to both Hall and Perseus.
 Lifespan: According to Vladimir Chikov, Perseus was still alive in 1991, while Hall did not pass away until 1999 and his identity as a spy was not exposed until 1995.
Born in New York City, Hall was an American physicist who was considered a prodigy from an early age and graduate from Harvard University at 18. Concerned about the advance of fascism at the time, Hall developed sympathies for socialism.

Although Haynes and Klehr noted that the agent identified as Perseus (or sometimes as "Mlad") has attributes and characteristics that do not match Hall, they still concluded that Perseus must have actually been an invention, the result of a misinformation operation with the goal of protecting Hall, who was still alive in the early 1990s. Which could explain the presence of attributes that coincide between both at the same time of others that do not.

In popular culture 
On August 19, 2020, Perseus was first referenced in the worldwide teaser trailer for Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War. He was later confirmed as the main antagonist in the game's campaign which is set in the 1980s and flashbacks of the Vietnam War.
Related pages 
 Atomic Spies
 David Greenglass
 George Koval
 Manhattan Project
 Theodore Hall
 Rudolf Abel
 Venona project
 White Sands Missile Range

Bibliography

References

Other websites 
 Los Alamos National Laboratory History
 Los Alamos National Laboratory: «The Project Y Spies: An Historical Perspective on a Perennial Threat» by Alan B. Carr

Cold War
Espionage
Haltlose personality disorder is a mental illness that displays as selfishness, blaming others for the actions they have committed, lacking direction in life and a lack of insight and self-control. They are unable to learn from experience or mistakes in life since they lack any sense of past or future, and are not able to genuinely care about other people. People with Haltlose are also called an unstable psychopath.

It is studied in psychiatry, sociology and criminology - and is one of the most common types of psychopathy to end up committing crimes, including violence and murder. Healthier individuals may still focus on either vengeance or sadism. Parents with Haltlose make up the majority of those who sexually molest their own children.
The disorder has many things in common with anti-social personality disorder and borderline personality disorder (BPD). In some countries, doctors diagnose BPD to describe two sets of behaviors, but doctors in other countries diagnose the one group as BPD and the other group as Haltlose, or some people might have both. Usually people with Haltlose will also have other mental illnesses, such as histrionic personality disorder narcissistic personality disorder or fantasy prone personality.

When diagnosing, doctors may sometimes mistake this disorder with bipolar disorder. It can also look like epilepsy if combined with alcoholism.

It can be very difficult for a doctor to help them become better since they tend to lie to doctors because they are afraid, and their pathological lying can be convincing even though they view it similar to a child and often believe they should be rewarded for having taken the time to invent such a good lie.
Of all the different types of psychiatric patients, those with Haltlose personality disorder have some of the worst results.

The Haltlose will usually need boundaries and controls set by those around them, and "optimistic" professionals suggest that marriage to a spouse willing to curtail their behaviors may be sufficient to avoid professional involvement. Their symptoms get worse if they are given independence, whether at home, work or in a prison or hospital.

Cause

The name is based on a German word, "Haltlos", which means "without stability". In this context it is used for an irresponsible and unstable lifestyle. It appears in the ICD-10 book, but not in the DSM-V book.
Like other personality disorders, nobody is certain what causes it. There appears to be both genetic and environmental causes, and although it is difficult to identify in children - by adolescence it is typically easy to diagnose. It is believed to be caused by the mother, not the father, both from her own health and also from how she treated the child when they were young.

It is equally common in males and females, and doctors must be careful not to wrongly identify a child as Haltlose since many of the symptoms are actually normal for children,such as selfishness, lack of planning and feigning emotions they see others having, and they only suggest a mental illness if they continue at later ages.

Professionals disagree on whether the Haltlose are actually unable to understand the difference between good and evil, or if they understand but do not care, or if they deliberately choose evil instead of good.
Usually people with Haltlose personality disorder stop showing their symptoms almost immediately if they are in a controlled environment, like the army or a psychiatric hospital or prison.

Effects

People with Haltlose personality disorder have "primitive reactions" to things, and their largest focus is simply on their own survival. They frequently struggle with addictions, such as with drugs or alcohol, and are one of two types of personality disorders that commit the most crimes. They also tend to have abnormal sexual habits, such as BDSM or increased masturbation.
They do struggle with addictions, most commonly with alcoholism. They often consume drugs, coffee, tea or medicines in larger quantities than normal. Because they spend so much money, they usually have large debts they cannot pay - and either ask family to pay, ignore, or attempt crime (theft, prostitution, etc) to pay their debts. However many professionals suggest that parents and spouses do not pay such debts, and instead let the Haltlose person's bad decisions lead them to institutionalization where they will be healthier and have more guidance.

Although they often threaten or pretend to commit suicide, suicide pacts or murder suicide, they do not commonly actually do it since they are easily distracted and made happy again. Often their reason for pretending is because they are scared of an approaching consequence for their actions, of even because they like the "excitement" of police and hospitals becoming involved. Lobotomy was tested as a possible means to limit their chaotic thinking.
It can be very difficult for people to understand them, because they can have "a number of endearing qualities" such as appearing naturally charming, plausible, likable or emotionally warm, but they are actually using those as tools to "conquer" the people watching them.

Usually, they do not like science or religion as they control and limit the answers. Often, they are very good at arts like acting in theatres: their lack of memory means that they can easily play new characters and feel very similar to the character they are playing.

Having families of their own
Some have said that Haltlose patient should be sterilized to prevent them from having children since they are not able to make decisions that would be good for anyone except themselves and they can become "family tyrants" while pretending to be victims. Sometimes, governments have even refused them marriage licenses, out of fear that marriage would lead to them having children.
Even when they are not "true" pedophiles, the Haltlose demonstrate an increased risk of sexually molesting children, with as many as 90% of incestuous adult-child molestors being Haltlose. Mothers with Haltlose may push their young daughters to engage in sex with men that the mother wishes she could have herself. They also like to have sex with their own partners in front of the children, rather than hiding the details of their sex life.

Because they can have an "explosive" temper, domestic violence is common, beatings, death threats, smashing household objects.

Examples

Willy Roloff was a smart Pomeranian serial killer with Haltlose personality disorder, who was executed by guillotine in 1937 after his appeal for mercy to Adolf Hitler was denied.

The philosopher Max Scheler had an adult son who was diagnosed as both a Haltlose and Gemutlose psychopath. He was guilty of many crimes over twenty years, and was eventually sent to a concentration camp where it is assumed that he died.
Problems and solutions

At some times, they will look very positive and responsible and talk about large plans that they intend to accomplish, but they are actually very depressed and cynical most of the time because they are unable to make their plans work since they cannot learn from their mistakes, and they do not have a good sense of time. They will very quickly change from acting very confident and brave, to very sad, angry or afraid when their plans do not work.

A major source of the problem is that they are not able to remember the past, or think about the future - so every decision is decided only on the basis of the present time. Similarly, if asked to describe themselves, they cannot accurately describe things they felt in the past, because they only know the story they are telling right now.
Because they are not capable of planning for the future, and make very bad choices, doctors often decide they need leaders and controls to guide them in every aspect of life. This means they can be very successful when they are in a hospital, prison or school with very strict rules and leadership - because their intelligence is normal, it is just their personality disorder that leads them to trouble.

Some professionals say the haltlose do not understand warnings, so only punishments work to stop them from doing bad things. But other professionals say that they do not learn any long-term lessons from punishment.

When they feel guilty about something, they become overwhelmed with the fear that there will be consequences or punishment, so they often exaggerate or invent untruthful stories to blame other people, and will pretend that they are a victim or being exploited or held prisoner.
They will often pretend to be embarrassed, experience regret or to be submissive, even though these things are not usually real for haltlose personalities. This makes it "troublesome" for doctors trying to help them.

When they feel guilty about doing something that has not been noticed yet, they become overwhelmed with the fear that there will be consequences or punishment, so they often begin to exaggerate or invent untruthful stories to blame other people, and will pretend that they are a victim or being exploited or held prisoner. Once caught, the less intelligent haltlose will respond by claiming that their childhood was not good and that current friends or relatives have misled them and caused them to do these bad things. The more intelligent haltlose will instead invent elaborate stories with a lot of false details to misdirect attention from what they have done.

Sources

Borderline personality disorder
Personality disorders
Lauren Ashley Daigle (born September 9, 1991) is an American contemporary Christian singer. She released her first album How Can it Be in 2015. On the Billboard Top Christian Albums chart, the album hit #1. It also produced three #1 hits on the Billboard Christian Airplay chart ("First", "Trust in You" and "O'Lord").

Daigle's third studio album, Look Up Child, was released in September 2018. It was boosted by the pop-crossover success of the song "You Say." It began at #3 on the American Billboard 200 chart. That made it the highest-charting Christian album by a female artist in over 20 years. It was also #1 on the Top Christian Albums chart.

Daigle won two Grammy Awards, seven GMA Dove Awards, five Billboard Music Awards and two American Music Awards. She had four #1 songs on the Billboard Christian Airplay and the Hot Christian Chart.

Daigle was born in Lake Charles, Louisiana. She grew up in Lafayette, Louisiana.

References
References

1991 births
Singers from Louisiana
Grammy Award winners
Christian music singers
American Christians
Living people
People from Lafayette, Louisiana
Chewy, Inc. is an American online retailer of pet food and other pet-related products based in Dania Beach, Florida. In 2017, Chewy was acquired by PetSmart for $3.35 billion, which was the largest ever acquisition of an e-commerce business at the time. The company completed its initial public offering in 2019, raising $1 billion.

References

Other websites
 
 

2010s establishments in Florida
2011 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Florida
Pets
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Nicete Xavier Miessa (née Bruno; January 7, 1933 – December 20, 2020), known professionally as Nicette Bruno, was a Brazilian actress. Her career began in 1945. Bruno was born in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Bruno was known for her roles as Sara in Sétimo Sentido, Isolda in Louco Amor and as Vivian in Perigosas Peruas.

Bruno died on December 20, 2020 from COVID-19 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 87.

References

Other websites

1933 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
Brazilian stage actors
Actors from Rio de Janeiro
Florencio Olvera Ochoa (October 12, 1933 – December 20, 2020) was a Mexican Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cuernavaca from 2002 to 2009. Olvera was born in Tequisquiapan, Mexico. He became a priest in Querétaro in 1958. He was made bishop of Tabasco in 1992 and bishop of Cuernavaca in 2002. On July 10, 2009 Pope Benedict XVI accepted his resignation.

Olvera Ochoa died on December 20, 2020 at the age of 87.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
Mexican Roman Catholic bishops
People from Tabasco
People from Querétaro
Dietrich Weise (21 November 1934 – 20 December 2020) was a German footballer and football manager. He was born in Gröben, Province of Saxony. He coached 1. FC Kaiserslautern, Eintracht Frankfurt, Fortuna Düsseldorf, Germany (youth), Al-Ahly, Egypt and Liechtenstein.

His playing career lasted from 1950 to 1964. His managing career lasted from 1969 to 1996.

Weise died on 20 December 2020 in Heilbronn, Germany at the age of 86.

References

1934 births
2020 deaths
German football managers
German footballers
Sportspeople from Saxony
Fortuna Düsseldorf managers
Ezra Feivel Vogel (; July 11, 1930 – December 20, 2020) was an American scholar and japanologist. He was the Professor of the Social Sciences at Harvard University. He wrote about modern Japan, China, Korea, and Asia. He was known for his 1978 volume Japan as Number One: Lessons for America. In 2011, he won the Lionel Gelber Prize.

Vogel died at a hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts from surgery-related problems on December 20, 2020 at the age of 90.

References

1930 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Educators from Ohio
American historians
Writers from Ohio
Gotthilf Fischer (11 February 1928 – 11 December 2020) was a German choir and orchestra director. He was known for founding Fischer-Chöre, a choir in Germany. Fischer was born in Plochingen, Weimar Republic.  He won first prize in the Swabian-Alemannic Fastnacht, which let to the foundation of the Fischer-Chöre.

Fischer died on 11 December 2020 in Weinstadt, Germany at the age of 92.

References

1928 births
2020 deaths
German conductors
Delfino López Aparicio (9 February 1960 – 20 December 2020) was a Mexican politician. He was a member of the National Regeneration Movement. López Aparicio was born in Mexico City. He was a member of the Mexican Chamber of Deputies from 1 September 2018 until his death in 2020.

López Aparicio died on 20 December 2020 at a hospital in Mexico City from COVID-19, aged 60.

References

1960 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico
Mexican politicians
The Dark Ages Radio Explorer (DARE) mission is a lunar orbiter concept which will be used to identify the coming redshift from first hydrogen atoms just as the first stars began to produce light. DARE will use the redshifted 21-cm transition line from neutral hydrogen (1420.00 MHz emissions) to view and spot the formation of the first glowing objects of the universe.

Also, this is the period ending of the Dark Ages of the universe.  The orbiter will explore the universe as it was from around 80 million years to 420 million years after the Big Bang. The mission will deliver data of the formation of the first stars, the beginning of black hole accretions, and the reionization of the universe. Computer models of galaxy formation will also be tested.

This mission might also add research on dark matter decay. The DARE program will also provide information for developing and deploying lunar surface telescopes that add to exoplanet exploration of nearby stars. It is expected to launch in either 2021 or 2022.
Background 
The period after recombination occurred but before stars and galaxies was created is called the "dark ages". During this time, most of the matter in the universe is neutral hydrogen. This hydrogen has yet to be observed, but there are experiments underway to detect the hydrogen line produced during this era. The hydrogen line is produced when an electron in a neutral hydrogen atom is excited to a state where the electron and proton have aligned spins, or de-excited as the electron and proton spins go from being aligned to anti-aligned. The energy difference between these two hyperfine states is  electron volts, with a wavelength of 21 centimeters. When neutral hydrogen is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the photons in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the neutral hydrogen and CMB are called to be "coupled", and the hydrogen line is not observable. It is only when the two temperatures are not same, or decoupled, that the hydrogen line can be observed.
Theoretical motivation
The Big Bang produced a hot, dense, nearly homogeneous universe. As the universe expanded and cooled, particles, then nuclei, and finally atoms formed. At a redshift of about 1100, equal to about 400,000 years after the Big Bang, when the primordial plasma filling the universe cooled enough for protons and electrons to combine into neutral hydrogen atoms, the universe became optically thin by which photons from this early era no longer interacted with matter. We detect these photons today as the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The CMB shows that the universe was still smooth and uniform.
After the protons and electrons combined to produce the first hydrogen atoms, the universe contained a nearly uniform, almost completely neutral, intergalactic medium (IGM) for which the most amount of matter component was hydrogen gas. With no glowing sources present, these are known as the Dark Ages. Theoretical models predict that, over the next few hundred million years, gravity slowly condensed the gas into denser and denser regions, in which the first stars eventually appeared, marking Cosmic Dawn.
 
As more stars formed, and the first galaxies formed, they flooded the universe with ultraviolet photons capable of ionize hydrogen gas. A few hundred million years after Cosmic Dawn, the first stars produced enough ultraviolet photons to re-ionize essentially all the universe's hydrogen atoms. This is called the Reionization era which is the hallmark event of this early generation of galaxies.
The beginning of structural complexity in the universe caused a remarkable transformation, but one that we have not yet looked into. By going even farther back than what the Hubble telescope can see, the truly first structures in the universe can be studied. Theoretical models suggest that present measurements are beginning to find the last part of Reionization, but the first stars and galaxies, in the Dark Ages and the Cosmic Dawn, currently lie above our understanding.
 
DARE will make the first measurements of the birth of the first stars and black holes and will measure the properties of the invisible stellar objects. Such observations are important for placing current measurements in a proper context, and to understand how the first galaxies grew from earlier generations of structures.
Mission
DARE's mission is to measure the shape of the redshifted 21-cm signal over a radio bandpass of 40–120 MHz, observing the redshift range 11–35, which correlate to 80–420 million years after the Big Bang. DARE orbits the Moon for 3 years and takes data above the lunar farside which is the only location in the inner Solar System proven to have no human-generated radio frequency problems.

The science instrument is set to a RF quiet spacecraft bus and is made of a three-element radiometer, including electrically-short, tapered, biconical dipole antennas, a receiver, and a digital spectrometer. The smooth frequency response of the antennas and different measurements used for DARE are important in removing the intense cosmic foregrounds so that the weak cosmic 21-cm signal can be detected.
Similar projects
Besides DARE, are other similar projects are proposed to also study this area such as the Precision Array for Probing the Epoch of Reionization (PAPER), Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), Murchison Widefield Array (MWA), Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), and the Large Aperture Experiment to Detect the Dark Ages (LEDA).

Related pages
Reionization
Wouthuysen–Field coupling

References

Further reading

Other websites
 JPL Helps Shoot for the Moon, Stars, Planets and More 

Big Bang
Cosmology
Santa Claus is a town in Spencer County, Indiana. The town is Christmas-themed. Over 2,400 people live in the town.

Towns in Indiana
Santa Claus is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It's part of the Vidalia area. The city is Christmas-themed. At the 2020 census, about 204 people lived there.

References

Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)