Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
[[Image:Dorothy_Morris_in_Cry_Havoc_trailer.jpg|thumb|upright|Dorothy Morris in Cry 'Havoc (1943)]]Dorothy Morris''' (February 23, 1922 – November 20, 2011) was an American actress. She played roles of "the girl next door". She played Sue in Cry Havoc. She played Edith Bryant in This Time for Keeps''.

Morris was born in Los Angeles, California. She died at age eighty-nine in Palm Springs, California

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Hollywood
1922 births
2011 deaths
Denise Darcel (born Denise Billecard; 8 September 1924 – 23 December 2011) was a French actress. She made movies in Hollywood. She played Gigi Mignon in Dangerous When Wet. She played Countess Marie in the movie Vera Cruz.

Darcel was born in Paris, France. She died at age 87 in Los Angeles, California from emergency surgery to repair a torn aneurysm.

French television actors
French stage actors
French movie actors
1924 births
2011 deaths
Actors from Paris
Romford Railway Station is a major interchange station in Romford, Havering in Greater London. The station is located on the Great Eastern Main Line. Services that call at the station are operated by Abellio Greater Anglia, London Overground and TfL Rail. Services that stop at Romford are the Liverpool Street-Shenfield 'metro' services (TfL Rail) and Romford-Upminster services (London Overground). There are also long distance Abellio Greater Anglia services that stop at Romford. Crossrail is due to call at Romford in 2018. It will replace the current Liverpool Street-Shenfield service.

References

Transport in the London Borough of Havering
Railway stations in London
The Tay Bridge disaster was one of the great engineering disasters of the 19th century. It happened during a violent storm on 28 December 1879. The first Tay Rail Bridge collapsed while a train was passing over it from Wormit to Dundee, killing all aboard.

First rail bridge 
The Tay Bridge was designed by noted railway engineer Thomas Bouch, who received a knighthood when the bridge was completed. It was a lattice-grid design, combining cast and wrought iron. The design was well known, having been successfully used in the Crumlin Viaduct in South Wales in 1858. 

An earlier cast iron design, the Dee bridge which collapsed in 1847, failed due to poor use of cast-iron girders. In 1867 Gustave Eiffel used a similar design to build several large viaducts in the Massif Central.

Plans to build a bridge across the River Tay date back to at least 1854. The North British Railway (Tay Bridge) Act received the Royal Assent on 15 July 1870 and the foundation stone was laid on 22 July 1871.
The bridge design: the basic idea 
The original design was for lattice girders supported by brick piers resting on bedrock. Test drilling showed the rock was not far below the river. At either end of the bridge the single rail track ran on top of the bridge girder, most of which lay below the pier tops.  However, in the middle section of the bridge (the “high girders”) the railway ran inside the bridge girder, which could then run above the pier tops. This made the bridge high enough to allow sailing ships to travel up the river to Perth.

However as the bridge extended out into the river, it became clear in December 1873, that the bedrock really lay much deeper. It was too deep to act as a foundation for the bridge piers.  Bouch had to redesign the bridge. He reduced the number of piers and increased the span of the girders. The pier foundations were no longer taken down to bedrock; instead they were built by sinking brick-lined wrought-iron caissons onto the riverbed,
The work 
The company which had the contract for building the bridge went bankrupt while Bouch was redesigning the bridge. The new company did poor work. Almost every part of the bridge was substandard, including the iron and the ties and fixings. Lack of precision in the bolts and braces led to on-site fixes, described by one witness at the later inquiry as  "about as slovenly a piece of work as ever I saw in my life".

Opening 
The bridge was opened for passenger traffic on 1 June 1878. The next year, on June 20 1879, Queen Victoria crossed the bridge to return south from Balmoral. Bouch was presented to her before she did so, and on June 26th 1879 he was knighted by the Queen at Windsor Castle.

The Tay Bridge Disaster
On the night of 28 December 1879 at 7.15pm, the bridge collapsed after its central spans gave way during high winter gales. A train with six carriages carrying 75 passengers and crew, crossing at the time of the collapse, fell into the icy waters of the Tay. All 75 were killed. The disaster stunned the whole country and sent shock waves through the Victorian engineering community.

At the time a gale of about force ten or eleven (Tropical Storm force winds: 55–72 mph/80–117 km/hr) had been blowing down the Tay estuary at right angles to the bridge. The engine itself was salvaged from the river and repaired for service on the railways.

The collapse of the bridge, opened only 19 months earlier and passed as safe by the Board of Trade, is still the most famous bridge disaster in the British Isles. The stumps of the original bridge piers can still be seen above the surface of the Tay even at high tide.

Report of the Court of Inquiry
Causes 
The inquiry said that "the fall of the bridge was occasioned by the insufficiency of the cross-bracings and fastenings to sustain the force of the gale on the night of December 28th 1879 and that the bridge had been previously strained by other gales."
However, this is not a finding that the bridge as designed would have failed. The engineer who carried out a detailed report on the bridge design said: 
"Wind-pressure alone (supposing the structure to have been perfectly made, and so designed) to the amount of 37 lbs to the square foot would have overthrown it, but that, being perfect, it fell in consequence of an excess of wind-pressure is evidently not the case, [because] it did not fall upon those points which would have been the least lines of resistance had the structure been perfect. The mode in which it fell shows that there must have been weak points in the structure and that, with the knowledge which I have [of parts which already had to be repaired], ... shows me that the structure was not in that perfect condition".
The section in the middle of the bridge, where the rail ran inside high girders, was likely to be top-heavy and very vulnerable to high winds. Neither Bouch nor the builders appeared to have regularly visited the on-site foundry where iron from the earlier half-built bridge was recycled. The cylindrical cast iron columns supporting the 13 longest spans of the bridge, each 245 ft (75 m) long, were of poor quality. Many had been cast horizontally, with the result that the walls were not of even thickness. There was some evidence that poor quality work was hidden from the (very inadequate) quality control inspections.

In particular, some of the lugs used as attachment points for the wrought iron bracing bars had been "burnt on" rather than cast with the columns. Even the normal lugs were very weak. They were tested for the Inquiry, and proved to break at only about  rather than the expected load of . These lugs failed and weakened the entire middle of the bridge during the storm.
Put into simple words, the bridge failed because of defects in its manufacture. This meant it did not reach the standards of wind resistance planned by the designer.

Report of the Court of Inquiry and report of Mr Rothery. Stationery Office, London 1880. 
Tay Bridge Disaster: Appendix to the Report Of The Court of Inquiry.

References 

1879
1870s in the United Kingdom
Bridges in Scotland
19th century in Scotland
Transport disasters in Europe
Clacton-on-Sea railway station is a railway station in England. It serves the town of Clacton-on-Sea in Essex. The station is near the town centre. It is within walking distance from the pier and sea. The station is on the Sunshine Coast Line. Services run to/from Colchester and Liverpool Street.

References

Railway stations in England
Tendring
1860 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in Essex
The Yonne is a river in the northern half of France. It flows mainly through the western part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, giving its name to the Yonne department and to several communes. It is the main left tributary of the Seine river.

The river was named during the Roman Empire as Icauna, a Latin word that likely came from the Celtic name for the river.

Geography
The Yonne river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 91.70 cubic metres per second at Courlon-sur-Yonne.

Course
The source of the Yonne is on the Prénely mountain on the southern end of the Morvan hills in the Glux-en-Glenne commune, Nièvre department, at an altitude of about .
The Yonne flows, in general, from the southeast to the northwest and passes through the 115 communes, most of them in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region; the main communes are:
 Nièvre (58): Corbigny, Clamecy
 Yonne (89): Auxerre, Joigny, Sens, Pont-sur-Yonne, Villeneuve-sur-Yonne
 Seine-et-Marne (77): Montereau-Fault-Yonne

Finally, it flows, as a left tributary, into the Seine river in the town of Montereau-Fault-Yonne, at  of altitude.

Main tributaries
The main tributaries of the Yonne are:
 Left tributary
 Beuvron - 40.5 km;
 Right tributaries
 Cure - 112.2 km;
 Serein - 188.2 km;
 Armançon - 202.1 km;
 Vanne - 58.7 km;

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - Station H2721010 - L'Yonne à Courlon-sur-Yonne (Synthèse)  

Rivers of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Rivers of Île-de-France
Barbara Cloutman (later Barbara Kent; December 16, 1907 – October 13, 2011) was a Canadian-born and American-based actress of the 1920s and 1930s. She played Lotus in Chinatown after Dark. She played Amelia in the movie Vanity Fair (1932).

Kent was born in Alberta, Canada. She died at 103 in Palm Desert, California.

References 

Actors from Alberta
American centenarians
American movie actors
1907 births
2011 deaths
The Chiltern Hills are chalk hills in southern England. They go 70 mi (115 km) southwest to northeast through parts of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, and Bedfordshire. This makes a well-marked escarpment to the northwest and a gentle southeast slope to the River Thames. 

Considerable areas are now under the National Trust and are popular tourist attractions. The greatest elevation is Coombe Hill (852 ft [260 m]) near Wendover. The dense beechwoods still cover the western portions. They were once the basis of the traditional furniture industry of High Wycombe. Several passes through the Chiltern Hills are used by roads and railways to London.

Hills of England
Horacio Manuel Cartes Jara (born 5 July 1956) is an Paraguayan politician. He served as President of Paraguay from 2013 through 2018.

Cartes won the 2013 presidential election in Paraguay on 21 April 2013 and took office as President on 15 August 2013.

Horacio Cartes is the owner of "Grupo Cartes", a conglomerate of approximately two dozen of companies. He has also been president of the football club Club Libertad since 2001

References

1956 births
Living people
People from Asunción
Presidents of Paraguay
The Hammond organ is a keyboard instrument that looks like a piano. The most common Hammond organs create sound using metal wheels and electricity. It is an electric version of a pipe organ that was invented by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert. It was first built in 1935. Sliding "drawbars" adjust the type of sound that the organ makes. The Hammond organ is one of the most successful organs made because almost two million Hammond organs were sold.

Features

Keyboards and Pedalboard
The most common Hammond organ has two keyboards that are called manuals by organ players. They are smaller versions of piano keyboards that are stacked on top of each other. This allows the organist to play both at the same time. The keys on the manuals of a Hammond organ are lighter and easier to press than the keys on a piano. This makes it easier for organists to play notes faster.
The pedalboard on a Hammond organ looks like a very large piano keyboard. It's played with your feet and makes very low sounding notes, known as bass notes. 

Both manuals and the pedalboard can be played at the same time, making it easy to make complex sounds with the organ.

Drawbars
The sounds that the manuals and pedalboard make are controlled by switches called drawbars. You can pull them out to make the sound louder, or push them in to make the sound softer. Each manual has nine drawbars that control different parts of the sound. The drawbars on the left side control lower sounds while the drawbars on the right side control higher sounds. The pedalboard has two drawbars, and they both control low sounds.

Percussion
Hammond organs have a feature called "percussion" which allows you to add melodic clicks to the music you're playing. It's controlled by switches on the upper left side of the organ. Percussion adds harmonics to the melodies you're playing.
Vibrato and Chorus
To further change the sound of the organ, a knob exists that adds vibrato or chorus to the music depending on how it's turned. Vibrato is a very small change in pitch that makes the notes sound like they're "wobbly". Chorus adds additional notes to the notes you're playing to make the sound more "full".

History

Background
The Hammond organ was based off of an early instrument called the Telharmonium which made sounds the same way the Hammond organ did, with turning metal discs. Laurens Hammond, the inventor, had a clock making business where he created a clock motor that is useful for other things too. With his motor he made the Hammond Organ.
Tonewheel organs
The most common Hammond organs are tonewheel organs, which means that they create sound based off of turning metal disks with bumps on the edges. An electric signal is sent over the bumps and the resulting signal is made louder by using an amplifier. Hammond's A, B, C, D, and RT series organs use tonewheels, and according to experts, they are preferred over any other model of Hammond. 

Hammond manufactured tonewheel organs from 1935 to 1975.

Transistor organs
After Hammond made tonewheel organs, he moved onto transistor organs, which didn't use tonewheels, but instead used computer circuitry to generate sound. Most Hammond organ players did not like the sound of the transistor organs, and they lost popularity quickly. 

Hammond manufactured transistor organs from 1975 to 1985 when the Hammond Organ Company went out of business.

Sound
Sound

Tone Generator
The tone generator in a Hammond organ is made up of many tonewheels spinning at the same speed. Electric signals and amplifiers make the sounds louder.

Speakers
The most common speaker used with the Hammond organ is called a Leslie speaker. Made by Don Leslie, it copies the sound of a pipe organ by rotating the speakers inside the speaker cabinet. Leslie speakers were not made by Hammond, but most people liked them so much that they would buy them anyway. 

An alternative to the Leslie Speaker is the Hammond Tone Cabinet, but that wasn't as popular.

Notable Users
 Jimmy Smith
 Paul DeFrancesco

Related pages 
 Pipe organ
 Water organ
 Electronic organ
 Piano

References

Other websites 

Official sites
 Hammond Suzuki USA Makers of modern-day Hammond-branded clone organs
 Hammond Suzuki Europe
 Hammond Organ UK

Keyboard instruments
Mario Abramovich (31 October 1926 – 1 December 2014) was an Argentine violinist and composer of Jewish descent. He was a member of the group Sexteto Mayor since its founding in 1973, until his death in 2014. He was known for performing in the Argentine album Bête Noire.

Abramovich died in Buenos Aires, Argentina, aged 88.

Other websites
"Celos". Contiene un solo de violin de Mario Abramovich.
Historias de oro. Entrevista en la 2x4 a Mario Abramovich

1926 births
2014 deaths
Argentine Jews
Argentine musicians
Argentine composers
Jewish musicians
Violinists
Robert Henry "Bobby" Keys (December 18, 1943 – December 2, 2014) was an American saxophone player. He performed with other musicians as a member of several horn sections of the 1970s. He appears on albums by The Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Who, Harry Nilsson, Delaney Bramlett, George Harrison, Eric Clapton and Joe Cocker, amongst other notable musicians. Keys was a touring musician from 1956 until his death in 2014. Keys was born in Slaton, Texas.

Keys had cancer and liver failure. He died at his home in Franklin, Tennessee on December 2, 2014, aged 70.

References

1943 births
2014 deaths
American saxophonists
Cancer deaths in Tennessee
Deaths from liver failure
Musicians from Texas
Twist bread is a type of bread rolled into a long sausage shape and twisted over a stick.  It is then baked over an open fire.

The dough is made like ordinary bread dough with yeast as a leavening agent.

Breads
CamelCase (camel case, camel caps or medial capitals) is the practice of writing compound words or phrases so that each next word or abbreviation begins with a capital letter. CamelCase can either start with a lowercase or uppercase letter, although the lowerCase version is much more common in programming. Common examples are PowerPoint or iPhone.

Variations 
There are many variations of CamelCase. A few important ones are:

 BumpyCaps
 camelBack (or camel-back) notation
 CamelCaps
 CapitalizedWords or CapWords for upper CamelCase in Python 
 compoundNames
 Embedded Caps (or Embedded Capitals)
 HumpBack (or hump-back) notation

 InterCaps or intercapping (abbreviation of Internal Capitalization)
 mixedCase for lower CamelCase in Python
 nerdCaps or headlessCamelCase
 Pascal case for upper CamelCase
 WikiWord or WikiCase (especially in older wikis)
 wimpyCaps

History
History

Chemical formulae 
The first use of medial capitals was the notation for chemical formulae invented by the Swedish chemist Berzelius in 1813. He did this to replace the large amount of naming and symbol systems used by chemists at that time. He suggested to show each chemical element by a symbol of one or two letters, the first one being capitalized. The capitalization allowed formulae like 'NaCl' to be written without spaces and still be read without confusion. This system is still in use today.

Early use in trademarks 
Since the early 20th century, medial capitals have occasionally been used for corporate names and product trademarks, such as
 DryIce Corporation (1925)
 CinemaScope and VistaVision, rival widescreen movie formats (1953)
 ShopKo (1962)
 MisterRogers, the Canadian version of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (1962)
 AstroTurf (1967)
 ConAgra
Spread to mainstream usage 
Despite its unclear origins inside the computing world, the practice spread in the 1980s and 1990s, when the personal computer became popular and exposed hacker culture to the world. CamelCase then became popular for business names. By 1990, it was very common to see CamelCase used in this way:

 (1962) PolyGram, formerly one of the major labels of the music industry.
 (1971) AeroVironment
 (1976) InterCity 125
 (1977) CompuServe, UnitedHealthCare (now UnitedHealthcare).
 (1978) WordStar
 (1979) MasterCard, SportsCenter, VisiCalc
 (1980) EchoStar
 (1982) MicroProse, WordPerfect
 (1983) NetWare
 (1984) BellSouth, LaserJet, MacWorks, iDEN
 (1985) PageMaker, EastEnders
 (1986) SpaceCamp
 (1987) ClarisWorks, HyperCard, PowerPoint
 (1990) HarperCollins, SeaTac, iconic WorldWideWeb
During the late 1990s when the internet became far more popular and easily available, the lowercase prefixes "e" (for "electronic") and "i" (for "Internet", "information", "interactive", "intelligent", etc.) became quite common, and we began to see names like Apple's iMac and the eBox computer program.

History of the name "CamelCase" 
The original name of the practice, used in media studies, grammars and the Oxford English Dictionary, was "medial capitals". The fancier names such as "InterCaps", "CamelCase" and other variations are pretty recent and seem more common in computer-related communities.
The earliest known occurrence of the term "InterCaps" on Usenet is in an April 1990 post to the group alt.folklore.computers by Avi Rappoport, with "BiCapitalization" appearing slightly later in a 1991 post by Eric S. Raymond to the same group. The earliest use of the name "CamelCase" occurs in 1995, in a post by Newton Love. "With the advent of programming languages having these sorts of constructs, the humpiness of the style made me call it HumpyCase at first, before I settled on CamelCase. I had been calling it CamelCase for years," said Love, "The citation above was just the first time I had used the name on USENET."

Current usage in computing

Programming and coding 

The use of medial caps for identifiers is recommended by many organizations and software projects. For some languages (such as Mesa, Pascal, Modula, Java and Microsoft's .NET) CamelCase is recommended by the language developers or by important manuals and has therefore become part of the language's "culture".
Style guidelines often distinguish between upper and lower CamelCase. They usually specify which one should be used for certain kinds of things: variables, record fields, methods, procedures, types, etc. This is sometimes supported by static analysis tools that check source code to make sure it is following these guidelines.

Wiki link markup 
CamelCase is used in some wiki markup languages for terms that should be automatically linked to other wiki pages. This convention was originally used in Ward Cunningham's original wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, and can be activated in most other wikis. Some wiki engines such as TiddlyWiki, Trac and PMWiki use it in the default settings. They also usually provide an option or plugin to disable it. Wikipedia used to use CamelCase linking. However, they have switched to explicit link markup using square brackets and many other wiki sites have done the same. Some wikis that do not use CamelCase linking may still use the CamelCase as a naming convention, such as AboutUs.
Other uses 
The NIEM registry requires that XML data elements use upper CamelCase and XML attributes use lower CamelCase.

Most popular command-line interfaces and scripting languages usually can't handle file names that contain embedded spaces. Because of this, users of those systems often use to CamelCase (or underscores, hyphens and other "safe" characters) for compound file names like MyJobResume.pdf.

Microblogging and social networking sites that limit the number of characters in a message (most famously Twitter, where the 140-character limit can be quite restrictive in languages that rely on alphabets, including English) are usually outlets for medial capitals. Using CamelCase between words reduces the number of spaces, and thus the number of characters in a given message. This allows more content to fit into the limited space.

Current usage in natural languages 
CamelCase has been used in languages other than English for several purposes. Some examples are:
Orthographic markings 
CamelCase is sometimes used in the writing or translation of certain scripts as a way to tell the difference between certain letters or markings. An example is the rendering of Tibetan proper names like rLobsang: the "r" here stands for a prefix glyph in the original script that functions as tone marker rather than a normal letter. Another example is tsIurku, a Latin transcription of the Chechen term for the capping stone of the characteristic Medieval defensive towers of Chechenia and Ingushetia; the capital letter "I" here showing a phoneme different from the one transcribed as "i".

Inflection prefixes 
CamelCase may also be used when writing proper names in languages that add prefixes to words. In some of those languages, the custom is to leave the prefix in lower case and capitalize the root.

This convention is used in Irish orthography e.g.,  ("in Galway"), from  ("Galway");  ("to Ireland"), from  ("Ireland).
Similarly, when translating the Hebrew language, haIvri means "the Hebrew person" and biYerushalayim means "in Jerusalem".

This convention is also used by several Bantu languages (e.g., kiSwahili = "Swahili language", isiZulu  = "Zulu language") and several indigenous languages of Mexico (e.g. Nahuatl, Totonacan, Mixe–Zoque and some Oto-Manguean languages).

In abbreviations and acronyms 
Abbreviations of some academic qualifications are sometimes presented in CamelCase without punctuation, e.g. PhD or BSc.

In French, CamelCase acronyms such as OuLiPo (1960) were favored for a time as alternatives to initialisms (or representing compound words only by the first letter of each word).

CamelCase is often used to transliterate initialisms into alphabets where two letters may be required to represent a single character of the original alphabet, e.g., DShK from Cyrillic ДШК and PPSh from Cyrillic ППШ.
In Chinese pinyin, CamelCase is sometimes used for place names so that it is easier for readers to pick out the different parts of the word. For example, places like Beijing (北京) and Qinhuangdao (秦皇岛) and Daxing'anling (大兴安岭) can be written as BeiJing, QinHuangDao, and DaXingAnLing, with the number of capital letters being the same as the number of Chinese characters for each word. Writing word compounds only by the initial letter of each character is also acceptable in some cases, so Beijing can be written as BJ, Qinghuangdao as QHD, and Daxing'anling as DXAL.

Honorifics within compound words 
In several languages, including English, pronouns and possessives may be capitalized to show respect. For example: when referring to the reader of a formal letter or to God. In some of those languages, the capitalization is retained even when those words occur within compound words or suffixed to a verb. For example, in Italian one would write  ("offering to You respectful salutations") or  ("adore Him").
Other uses 
In German nouns carry a grammatical gender—which, for roles or job titles, is felt usually as masculine. Since the feminist movement of the 1980s, some writers and publishers have been using the feminine title suffixes -in (singular) and -innen (plural) to help boost the inclusion of women; but written with a capital 'I', to indicate that males are not excluded. Example:  ("co-workers, male or female") instead of  ("co-workers", masculine grammatical gender) or  ("female co-workers"). This use is analogous to the use of parentheses in English, for example in the phrase "congress(wo)man."

In German, the names to statutes are shortened using embedded capitals. An example would be: StGB (Strafgesetzbuch) for criminal code, PatG (Patentgesetz) for Patent Act or the very common GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) for Company with Limited Liability.

Related pages 
Snake case

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Examples and history of CamelCase, also WordsSmashedTogetherLikeSo
 .NET Framework General Reference Capitalization Styles
 What's in a nAME(cq)?, by Bill Walsh, at The Slot
 The Science of Word Recognition, by Kevin Larson, Advanced Reading Technology, Microsoft Corporation
 OASIS Cover Pages: CamelCase for Naming XML-Related Components
 Convert text to CamelCase, Title Case, Uppercase and lowercase

Typography
He faced a number of rebellions. The Mewar ruler Rana Sangram Singh extended his empire right up to western Uttar Pradesh and threatened to attack Agra. There was rebellion in the East also. Ibrahim Lodi also displeased the nobility when he replaced old and senior commanders by younger ones who were loyal to him. He further alienated them by throwing some of the older noblemen in prison. His Afghan nobility eventually invited Babur to invade India. In 1526, the Mughal forces of Babur, the king of Kabulistan, defeated Ibrahim's much larger army in the 1st Battle of Panipat. Ibrahim was killed during the battle. It is estimated that Babur's forces numbered around 12,000 men. His army had between 20 to 24 pieces of field artillery. Ibrahim Lodi had around 30,000-40,000 men along with at least 100 war elephants. After Ibrahim Lodi was overthrown, the mughals invaded India.

References-  

Sultans
Indian royalty
Saint Nicholas Day is the feast day of Saint Nicholas. It is on December 6 (December 19 in most Orthodox countries).  It is a festival for children in many countries around Europe related to surviving legends of Saint Nicholas.  The American Santa Claus, as well as the British Father Christmas, are based on these legends. "Santa Claus" is based in part from the Dutch Sinterklaas.
Saint Nicholas in different countries travels with different people. He may travel with Angels, Krampus, and others.

Christian holidays
Julio Velasco (born February 9, 1952 in La Plata, Argentina) is a professional volleyball coach from Argentina. He guided the Italian national men's team to several successes in the 1990s. After the 1996 Summer Olympics, where the Italians won silver, he switched to the Italian women's team (1996–1997). In 2011, Velasco was signed as the head coach of the Iran men's national team. He became coach of the Argentina men's national team before his contract expired with the Iranian national team on 1 March 2014. The President of Argentina asked him to take this job. The change was approved by the Iranian volleyball confederation.

References

Other websites
 Coach profile 

1952 births
Living people
Argentine volleyball players
Volleyball coaches
Marina Nikolayevna Oswald Porter (July 17, 1941) is the widow of Lee Harvey Oswald. According to the Warren Commission he was the sole assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy. She married Oswald during his temporary defection to the Soviet Union and emigrated to the United States with him. After the assassination and Oswald's murder, she testified against Oswald during the Warren Commission hearings and remarried two years after.

Life
She was born in Severodvinsk (formerly named Molotovsk), Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia on 17 July 1941. She met Lee Harvey Oswald at a dance in March 1961 in Russia. They were married on April 30 1961. Their daughter, June Lee, was born on February 15, 1962. Later that year the Oswalds moved from Russia to the United States. In Dallas, Marina gave birth to a second daughter, Audrey Marina Rachel Oswald. After the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, Oswald was arrested. Two days later Oswald was shot and killed by nightclub owner Jack Ruby while still in police custody. Porter was under Secret Service protection until she finished giving testimony before the Warren Commission. She told the commission she believed husband was guilty of shooting President Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963. In 1965, she married Kenneth Jess Porter. They worked at eluding reporters, who had learned of the engagement, and travelled to Fate to be wed by a justice of the peace. They had one son
. They had one son. In 1989, Porter became a naturalized citizen of the United States. As of 2013, Marina lives in Rockwall, Texas, and generally avoids publicity.
Aftermath of the shooting 
Porter has said that she now believes that Lee Harvey Oswald was completely innocent of the deaths of Kennedy and Tippit. In 1980 she was convinced by conspiracy buffs that the man in Harvey's grave was a Russian spy and not her husband. She still lives with her second husband but in private and is afraid to go out in public. She believes her phones are tapped by the Secret Service. Porter also believes the Secret Service want to kill her. She also expressed her belief that Oswald was the "prayer man", a man seen standing on the Depository front steps in films taken by Dave Wiegman of NBC-TV and Jimmy Darnell of WBAP-TV during the assassination, an unprompted Marina told Ed LeDoux that the “Prayer Man” was Lee. Ed Ledoux rang Marina Oswald after Stan Dane had sent enlargements and a copy of his book Prayer Man: The Exoneration of Lee Harvey Oswald, in 2018. She volunteered “It’s Lee”. She was not prompted at all. She maintains her belief that Oswald was "prayer man".

References
References

Other websites 
 Testimony of Maria Oswald Porter before Congress
 Growing Up As Lee Harvey Oswald's Daughters

1941 births
Living people
Alisohbat Sumbat oglu Sumbatzade (8 January 1907, Amirjan, Baku – 1992, Baku) was an Azerbaijani historian and orientalist (and a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijani SSR from 1958).

Sumbatzade graduated from the Department of Oriental Studies of Azerbaijan State University in 1929. In 1963 he became director of the Institute of the Peoples of the Near and Middle East of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR. Sumbatzade's main works are on the socioeconomic history of Azerbaijan in the 19th and 20th centuries.

References

Azerbaijani historians
Azerbaijani academics
People from Baku
1907 births
1992 deaths
Aydin Balayev Huseynaga oglu (; 19 November 1956 – 8 December 2021) was an Azerbaijani historian, ethnologist and professor.

Biography
Balayev was born on November 19, 1956 in Baku, capital of Azerbaijan. In 1980, he graduated from the Department of History of the Azerbaijan State University and in 1982 he started working at the Archeology and Ethnography Institute of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. In 1983-1985, Balayev was a researcher at the Ethnography Department of Moscow State University. From 1985 he continued his doctoral studies at the Ethnography Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, graduating with a PhD in History in 1988.

Balayev wrote and published many articles on the history of the Azerbaijani independence movement in the 1980s and 1990s, and the Karabakh conflict, in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Canada, Denmark and Russia. In total, Balayev wrote 72 books, 16 of which were published abroad, and 6 monographs.

Publications
Publications

Books
The Azerbaijani National Movement: From Müsavat to the National Front (Baku, 1992)
Azerbaijani Independence Movement in 1917-1918 (Baku, 1998)
Ethnolinguistic processes in the 19th-20th centuries (Baku, 2005)
February Revolution and National Achievements (Moscow, 2008)
March 1918: A Defining Moment For Azerbaijan (Tbilisi, 2009)
Mammad Emin Rasulzade (1884-1955) (Moscow, 2009)
Azerbaijani Turks: National Awareness Processes (Baku, 2010)

Monographs
History of Azerbaijan. From Ancient Times to the Beginning of the 20th Century (Baku, 1993)
Azerbaijanis. Historical ethnographic overview (Baku, 1998)
Azeris (Baku, 2005)

References

Azerbaijani historians
Azerbaijani writers
Azerbaijani academics
Ethnologists
1956 births
2021 deaths
People from Baku
Don Laws (May 30, 1929 – December 2, 2014) was an American figure skater and coach. Laws competed in single skating and ice dancing. With his ice dancing partner, Mary Firth, he won the U.S. junior title in 1948. Laws was born in Washington, D. C..

In men's singles, he won the 1950 U.S. junior title and placed seventh at the 1951 World Championships in Milan, Italy. He was coached by Osborne Colson.

Laws died of heart failure in Sandy Springs, Maryland, aged 85.

References

Other websites

1929 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
American figure skaters
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
Joseph Jean Arthur Béliveau, (August 31, 1931 – December 2, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played parts of 20 seasons with the National Hockey League's (NHL) Montreal Canadiens from 1950 to 1971. He was nicknamed "Le Gros Bill". 

Béliveau ranks among the ten greatest NHL players. Béliveau first played professionally in the Quebec Major Hockey League (QMHL). He made his NHL debut with the Canadiens in 1950, but chose to remain in the QMHL full-time until 1953.

Béliveau was born in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada. 

By his second season in the NHL, Béliveau was among the top three scorers. He was the fourth player to score 500 goals and the second to score 1,000 points. Béliveau won two Hart Memorial Trophies (1956, 1964) and one Art Ross Memorial Trophy (1956), as well as the inaugural Conn Smythe Trophy (1965).
As a player, he won the Stanley Cup 10 times, and as an executive he was part of another seven championship teams, the most Stanley Cup victories by an individual to date. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1972.

Béliveau died on December 2, 2014 at the age of 83, in Longueuil, Quebec, Canada, a suburb of Montreal from unknown causes.

References

Other websites

Jean Béliveau, History by the Minute

1931 births
2014 deaths
Canadian ice hockey centres
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Montreal Canadiens players
Sportspeople from Quebec
Stanley Cup champions
Luc Oursel, (7 September 1959 – 3 December 2014), was a French businessman. He was the former chairman of the board of the nuclear company Areva and member of its Executive Committee.

He resigned on October 20, 2014 for health reasons. Until June 2013, he was the President of the French Nuclear Energy Corporation.

References

1959 births
2014 deaths
Businesspeople from Boulogne-Billancourt
Lynne Janice Kosky (2 September 1958 – 4 December 2014) was a former Australian politician and senior minister in the Parliament of Victoria.  She represented the electoral district of Altona in the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the Australian Labor Party from 1996 to 2010

Kosky died from breast cancer in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, aged 56.

References

Other websites
Kosky, Lynne Janice , Re-member Parliamentary Profile

1958 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
Politicians from Melbourne
Jacques Barrot (February 3, 1937 – December 3, 2014) was a French politician. He served as European Commissioner for Justice between 2008 and 2010, after having spent four years serving as Commissioner for Transport (2004–2008) and Commissioner for Regional Policy for eight months (2004).

He was also a minister, and mayor of Yssingeaux.

Other websites
Official website

1937 births
2014 deaths
European Commissioners
French mayors
Government ministers of France
People from Haute-Loire
Politicians from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Ian Patrick 'Mac' McLagan ; (12 May 1945 – 3 December 2014) was an English keyboard instrumentalist. He was best known as a member of the English Rock bands Small Faces and Faces. He also worked with The Rolling Stones and led his own band from the late 1970s.

McLagan died on 3 December 2014, reportedly due to a massive stroke, in Austin, Texas aged 69.

References

Other websites
Ianmclagan.com official site
macspages.com  official site

1945 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from stroke
English songwriters
Musicians from Middlesex
Herman Badillo (August 21, 1929 – December 3, 2014) was an American politician. He was a borough president, United States Representative and candidate for Mayor of New York City. He was the first Puerto Rican to have been elected to these posts and been a mayoral candidate in the continental United States.

Badillo died on December 3, 2014 of congestive heart failure in Manhattan, New York, aged 85.

References

Other websites
Hispanic Americans in Congress--Badillo
Puerto Rico Herald: Puerto Rico Profile: Herman Badillo
New York City Campaign Finance Board: The 2001 Voter Guides 
Badillo for Mayor  Endorsement by the New York Press.
Manhattan Institute Scholar Herman Badillo 
Badillo Lashes Latinos
Badillo Is Said to Be Switching to the Republicans
The best candidate won't win this time  by George Will
Stalled in America (Why one Hispanic immigrant is being trashed for his blueprint for success)
1929 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Puerto Rican politicians
United States representatives from New York (state)
Bronx borough presidents
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Walter Reyno (13 February 1935 – 3 December 2014) was a Uruguayan actor and theater director. He was known for his roles in 25 Watts, El ojo en la nuca, and in El aura. Reyno was born in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Reyno died from respiratory failure in Montevideo, Uruguay, aged 79.

References

Other websites
 

1935 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Montevideo
Theater
Ed Wynn (November 9, 1886 – June 19, 1966) was a popular American comedian and actor. He was known for his role as the Mad Hatter in the 1951 animated movie Alice in Wonderland. His son, Keenan Wynn, was also an actor.

Wynn died of throat cancer in Beverly Hills, California, aged 79.

Other websites

 
 
 
The Ed Wynn Show at Classic TV Info.
Four Star Revue/All Star Revue at Classic TV Info.
Biography of Ed Wynn  at Ed-Wynn.info

1886 births
1966 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Actors from Philadelphia
Comedians from Philadelphia
Richard Bernard Eheart (professionally known as Red Skelton) (July 18, 1913 – September 17, 1997) was an American entertainer. He was best known for his national radio and television acts between 1937 and 1971 and as host of the television program The Red Skelton Show.

Skelton died in Rancho Mirage, California from pneumonia, aged 84.

References

1913 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
American television personalities
American radio personalities
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
Actors from Indiana
Comedians from Indiana
The Mechanic is a 1972 American thriller movie directed by Michael Winner. It stars Charles Bronson, Jan-Michael Vincent, Keenan Wynn, Frank de Kova, Celeste Yarnall and Jill Ireland. It was released to mostly positive reviews on November 17, 1972.

1972 thriller movies
American thriller movies
Movies directed by Michael Winner
Keenan Wynn (July 27, 1916 – October 14, 1986) was an American character actor. He was born in New York City, New York. He was known for his role in the 1972 thriller movie The Mechanic.

Wynn died of pancreatic cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 70.

Other websites

 
 
 

1916 births
1986 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Frank de Kova (March 17, 1910 – October 15, 1981) was an Italian-American character actor. de Kova was born in New York City. He was known for his role as "The Man" in the 1972 thriller movie The Mechanic.

de Kova died of heart failure at his home in Sepulveda, California, aged 71.

References

Other websites

Frank Dekova at findagave

1910 births
1981 deaths
Deaths from heart failure 
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Realpolitik is a system of politics or principles based on practical, rather than moral or ideological considerations. Realpolitik is the idea that the world is ruthless and you have to act realistically, even if it causes other things to happen that are bad, or decisions have to be made that upset your people.

Ludwig von Rochau was a 19th century writer and politician. He describes it as follows: 

A good example of a realpolitik politician is Henry Kissinger, who helped U.S. Presidents in the 1960s and 1970s to expand the power of the United States and its allies.

References

Political ideologies
Linda Christian (November 13, 1923 – July 22, 2011) was a Mexican actress. She appeared in Mexican and Hollywood movies. She worked mostly in the 1940s and 1950s. She was the first Bond girl, appearing in the 1954 movie Casino Royale.

Christian was born Blanca Rose Welter in Tampico, Mexico. She died in Palm Desert, California at age eighty-seven.

1923 births
2011 deaths
Actresses who played Bond girls
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
In 1886, Galton published a paper  called Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature.  In the paper, he observed that extreme characteristics (e.g., height) in parents are not passed on completely to their offspring. Rather, the characteristics in the offspring regress towards a mediocre point. Today, this point is called  the mean. By measuring the heights of hundreds of people, he was able to quantify regression to the mean, and estimate the size of the effect. Galton wrote that, “the average regression of the offspring is a constant fraction of their respective mid-parental deviations”. This means that the difference between a child and its parents for some characteristic is proportional to its parents' deviation from typical people in the population. If its parents are each two inches taller than the averages for men and women, on average, the child will be shorter than its parents by some factor times two inches. Today, this factor has been calculated to be  one minus the regression coefficient
.  For height, Galton estimated this coefficient to be about two thirds: the height of an individual will measure around a midpoint that is two thirds of the parents’ deviation from the population average.
Observation 
Galton used the term regression to describe an observable fact in the inheritance of multi-factorial quantitative genetic traits: namely that the offspring of parents who lie at the tails of the distribution will tend to lie closer to the centre, the mean, of the distribution. He quantified this trend, and in doing so invented linear regression analysis. This is the starting point for much of modern statistical modelling. Since then, the term "regression" has taken on different meanings, and it may be used by modern statisticians to describe phenomena of sampling bias which have little to do with Galton's original observations in the field of genetics.
Galton's explanation for the regression phenomenon he observed is now known to be incorrect. He stated: “A child inherits partly from his parents, partly from his ancestors. Speaking generally, the further his genealogy goes back, the more numerous and varied will his ancestry become, until they cease to differ from any equally numerous sample taken at haphazard from the race at large.” This is incorrect, since a child receives its genetic makeup exclusively from its parents. There is no generation-skipping in genetic material: any genetic material from earlier ancestors than the parents must have passed through the parents. The phenomenon is better understood if we assume that the inherited trait (e.g., height) is controlled by a large number of recessive genes. Exceptionally tall individuals must be homozygous for increased height mutations on a large proportion of these loci
. But the loci which carry these mutations are not necessarily shared between two tall individuals, and if these individuals mate, their offspring will be on average homozygous for "tall" mutations on fewer loci than either of their parents. In addition, height is not entirely genetically determined, but also subject to environmental influences during development, which make offspring of exceptional parents even more likely to be closer to the average than their parents.
In sharp contrast to this population genetic phenomenon of regression to the mean, which is best thought of as a combination of a binomially distributed process of inheritance (plus normally distributed environmental influences), the term "regression to the mean" is now often used to describe completely different phenomena in which an initial sampling bias may disappear as new, repeated, or larger samples display sample means that are closer to the true underlying population mean.

References

Other websites 
 Regression Toward the Mean
Promised Land is a 2012 drama movie. It was directed by Gus Van Sant. It stars Matt Damon, John Krasinski, Frances McDormand, Hal Holbrook and Rosemarie DeWitt. The screenplay is written by Damon and Krasinski based on a story by Dave Eggers. The movie is about two corporate salespeople. They visit a rural town trying to buy drilling rights from local residents. This movie had a limited release in the United States on December 28, 2012. It was released nationwide on January 4, 2013.

References 

2012 drama movies
American drama movies
Movies directed by Gus Van Sant
Comrade is the name given to someone who belongs to the same social group, party or company. It literally means friend, colleague, but it also means ally. The term can refer to someone who has the same beliefs or values. That way, in Communism, people who belong to the Communist Party address each other as comrade. 

Terms like this avoid using titles, rank or any other sign that one person is better than, or different from, another. 

Politics