Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Atchison County (county code AT) is a county in northeastern Kansas, in the Central United States. In 2020, 16,348 people lived there. Its county seat is Atchison. Atchison is also the biggest city in the county.  The county is named after David Rice Atchison, a United States Senator from Missouri.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.6%) is water. It is the fourth-smallest county by area in Kansas.

On July 4, 1804, to mark Independence Day, the Lewis and Clark Expedition named Independence Creek near the city of Atchison (see Timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition).

Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 U.S. Route 59
 U.S. Route 73
 U.S. Route 159
 Kansas Highway 7
 Kansas Highway 9
 Kansas Highway 116

People

  

Atchison County is in the Atchison, KS Micropolitan Statistical Area. It is also included in the Kansas City-Overland Park-Kansas City, MO-KS Combined Statistical Area.

Government
Government

Presidential elections
Atchison County has been a swing county for most of its history. It has had multiple extended streaks of being a bellwether county, the first  running from 1896 to 1936. After voting more Republican than the nation in the 1940s & voting for losing candidate Richard Nixon in 1960, another bellwether streak ran from 1964 to 2004. Since then, the county has become significantly more Republican, with Barack Obama failing to win the county in both of his victories & Hillary Clinton losing it by over 30 percent to Donald Trump in 2016.

Education

Unified school districts
 Atchison County Community USD 377 (Web site)
 Atchison USD 409 (Web site)

Communities

Cities
Atchison
Effingham
Huron
Lancaster
Muscotah

References

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Atchison County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 40 pages; 1903.

Other websites
Other websites

Official sites
 
 Atchison County - Directory of Public Officials
 Atchison County - Chamber of Commerce
Historical
 Atchison County - History, Kansas State Historical Society
 Atchison County - Historical Society
Maps
 Atchison County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
Atchison County, Kansas
Sublette County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 10,247 people lived there. Its county seat is Pinedale. The county was created on February 15, 1921.

Communities

Towns 
 Big Piney
 Marbleton
 Pinedale (county seat)

Census-designated places 
 Bondurant
 Boulder
 Cora
 Daniel

Unincorporated community 
 Calpet

References

Other websites 

 Sublette County, Wyoming official website

20th-century establishments in Wyoming
1923 establishments in the United States
Wyoming counties
Sheridan is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Sheridan County.

Cities in Wyoming
County seats in Wyoming
Sweetwater County is a county in southwestern Wyoming, United States. As of the 2010 census, 43,806 people lived there. Its county seat is Green River. Its southern boundary line abuts the north lines of the states of Colorado and Utah.

History 
Sweetwater County was created on December 17, 1867.

Geography 
According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.6%) is water. It is the largest county in Wyoming by area.

Bordering counties 

 Fremont County (north)
 Carbon County (east)
 Moffat County, Colorado (south)
 Daggett County, Utah (southwest)
 Summit County, Utah (west-southwest)
 Uinta County (southwest)
 Lincoln County (west)
 Sublette County (northwest)

Communities

Cities 
 Green River (county seat)
 Rock Springs

Towns 

 Bairoil
 Granger
 Superior
 Wamsutter

Census-designated places
Arrowhead Springs
 Clearview Acres
 Eden
 Farson
 James Town
 Little America
 McKinnon
 North Rock Springs
 Point of Rocks
 Purple Sage
 Reliance
 Sweeney Ranch
 Table Rock
 Washam

Other unincorporated communities 

 Blairtown
 Creston
 Quealy
 Red Desert
 Riner

Ghost towns 

 Bryan
 Linwood (mostly within the State of Utah)
 Table Rock
 Winton

References

Other websites 

 

1860s establishments in Wyoming Territory
1867 establishments in the United States
Wyoming counties
Uinta County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 21,118 people lived there. Its county seat is Evanston.

Communities

City 
 Evanston (county seat)

Towns 
 Bear River
 Lyman
 Mountain View

Census-designated places 
 Carter
 Fort Bridger
 Lonetree
 Robertson
 Urie

Unincorported communities 
 Aspen

Ghost towns 
 Almy
 Bear River City
 Piedmont

References

Other websites 

 Official county website

1860s establishments in Wyoming Territory
1869 establishments in the United States
Wyoming counties
Washakie County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 8,533 people lived there. Its county seat is Worland. The county was created on February 21, 1911.

Communities

City 
 Worland (county seat)

Town 
 Ten Sleep

Census-designated places 

 Airport Road
 Mc Nutt
 South Flat
 Washakie Ten
 West River
 Winchester

Unincorporated community 
 Big Trails

References

Other websites 

 Washakie County, Wyoming Official Website

1911 establishments in Wyoming
Wyoming counties
Cherokee County (county code CK) is a U.S. county in Southeast Kansas. In 2020 census, 19,362 people lived there. Its county seat is Columbus. The biggest city in Cherokee County is Baxter Springs. Baxter Springs became the first "cow town" in Kansas during the 1870s and the period of cattle drives.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.6%) is water.

Major highways
Sources:  National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau

 U.S. Route 66 (decommissioned)
 U.S. Route 69
 U.S. Route 160
 U.S. Route 166
 Kansas Highway 7
 Kansas Highway 26
 Kansas Highway 57
 Kansas Highway 66 (successor to the decommissioned US 66)
 Kansas Highway 96
 Kansas Highway 102

People

Government
People

Government

Presidential elections
For most of its history, Cherokee County had more of a Democratic lean in presidential elections than the rest of the state, particularly before 1968. Since then, its only voted for Democratic candidates twice in 1976 & 1992, when it was their second & fourth best county in the state, respectively. From 1996 on, the county has swung powerfully Republican similar to the rest of Southeast Kansas, with Hillary Clinton posted the worst percentage for a Democratic candidate ever at only 23.3%.

Communities

Cities
Baxter Springs
Columbus
Galena
Oswego (mostly in Labette County)
Roseland
Scammon
Weir
West Mineral

Ghost town
 Treece, officially disincorporated in 2012 by the state of Kansas

References

Notes

Other websites
Other websites

County
 
 Cherokee County - Directory of Public Officials
Historical
 "Mined Lands" video
Maps
 Cherokee County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

 
1860 establishments in Kansas Territory
Weston County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 7,208 people lived there. Its county seat is Newcastle. Its east boundary line abuts the west line of the state of South Dakota.

History 
Weston County was created on March 12, 1890.

Communities

City 
 Newcastle (county seat)

Town 
 Upton

Census-designated places 
 Hill View Heights
 Osage

Unincorporated communities 
 Clareton
 Four Corners

Ghost towns 
 Buckhorn
 Cambria
 Tubb Town

References

Other websites 

 Official county website

19th-century establishments in Wyoming
1890 establishments in the United States
Wyoming counties
Henrietta is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Clay County.

History 
Henrietta was created in 1874.

Geography 
Henrietta has a total area of 5.2 square miles.

People 
Henrietta has 3,141 people living there.

Well-known people 

 Charlene Arthur

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Pottawatomie County (standard abbreviation: PT) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 25,348 people lived there. The county seat is Westmoreland. The county is named after the Potawatomi group of Native Americans.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that  is land and  (2.4%) is water.

People

Pottawatomie County is part of the Manhattan Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Government

Presidential elections

Pottawatomie County is very Republican. The only Democratic presidential candidate to get a majority in Pottawatomie County was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932. Since 1940 only Lyndon Johnson in 1964 has gotten as much as forty percent of the county’s vote.

Education
Education

Unified school districts
The Unified School Districts that serve Pottawatomie County include:
 Wamego USD 320 (Wamego, Louisville, Belvue)
 Kaw Valley USD 321 (St. Marys, Emmett)
 Onaga USD 322 (Onaga, Havensville, Wheaton)
 Rock Creek USD 323  (Westmoreland, St. George)
 Riley County USD 378 (West-Central Pottawatomie County)
 Manhattan-Ogden USD 383 (Southwest Pottawatomie County)
 Blue Valley USD 384 (Olsburg, Fostoria)

Private schools
 St. Marys Academy & College(St. Marys)
 Flint Hills Christian School (Manhattan)

Communities

Cities

 Belvue

 Emmett
 Havensville
 Louisville
 Manhattan, mainly in Riley County
 Olsburg
 Onaga
 St. George
 St. Marys
 Wamego
 Westmoreland
 Wheaton

References

Notes

More reading
 Handbook of Pottawatomie and Riley Counties, Kansas; Modern Ago; 20 pages; 1880s.
 Standard Atlas of Pottawatomie County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 57 pages; 1905.
 Onaga Courier's Township Map of Pottawatomie County, Kansas; Onaga Courier; 59 pages; 1899.

Other websites
Other websites

County
 
 Pottawatomie County - Directory of Public Officials
 Pottawatomie County Economic Development Corporation - PCEDC
Maps
 Pottawatomie County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

1857 establishments in Kansas Territory
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was elected as the Indian president in 1962.

Schedule
The election schedule was announced by the Election Commission of India on 6 April 1962.

Results
Source: Web archive of Election Commission of India website

References

Presidential elections in India
1962 in Asia
Edward Frank Shotter (29 June 1933 – 3 July 2019) was an Anglican priest and author.   He is most notable for starting the London Medical Group in the mid-1960s. This was a forum for the discussion of the ethical issues of medicine.   From 1966 to 1989 he was Director of Studies at the London Medical Group when he was appointed Dean of Rochester, a post he held until retirement in 2003.

Shotter died on 3 July 2019, four days after his 86th birthday.

References

1933 births
2019 deaths
Church of England clergy
English writers
Lisa Lu Yan (; born July 8, 1927) is a Chinese-born American actress and singer. She won the Golden Horse Awards three times in the 1970s. She was born in Beijing and raised in California. Lu is known for her roles in The Mountain Road, Demon Seed, Peter Bogdanovich's Saint Jack, The Last Emperor, The Joy Luck Club and Crazy Rich Asians.

References

Other websites
 

1927 births
Living people
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Chinese movie actors
Chinese television actors
Chinese stage actors
Chinese voice actors
Chinese singers
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from California
Singers from California
Lowell Bruce Laingen (August 6, 1922 – July 15, 2019) was an American diplomat. He was the U.S. Ambassador to Malta from 1977 to 1979. He worked under the Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter presidencies. He was a World War II veteran. Laingen was best known for having been the most senior American official held hostage during the Iran hostage crisis. 

He was the chargé d'affaires (head of diplomatic mission) at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran at the time of the crisis. He was born in Butterfield, Minnesota.

Laingen died on July 15, 2019 at a hospital in Bethesda, Maryland of problems caused from Parkinson's disease, aged 96.

References

1922 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Maryland
American military personnel of World War II
Ambassadors of the United States
American crime victims
Politicians from Minnesota
Military people from Minnesota
Butterfield is a city in Watonwan County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 586 at the 2010 census.

References

Towns in Minnesota
John H. Tanton (February 23, 1934 – July 16, 2019) was an American ophthalmologist, white nationalist and anti-immigration activist. He was born in Detroit, Michigan. 

Tanton was the founder and first chairman of the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), an anti-immigration organization. He was the co-founder of the Center for Immigration Studies, an anti-immigration think tank; and NumbersUSA, an anti-immigration lobbying group. 

He was chairman of U.S. English and ProEnglish. He was the founder of The Social Contract Press. He founded the pro-eugenics organization Society for Genetic Education.

Tanton died in Petoskey, Michigan on July 16, 2019 from Parkinson's disease at the age of 85.

References

1934 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in Michigan
American political activists
American physicians
American political writers
Writers from Detroit
Petoskey is a city and coastal resort community in the U.S. state of Michigan.  The population was about 5,670 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Emmet County.

References

Cities in Michigan
County seats in Michigan
Ernest Gilbert Broglio (; August 27, 1935 – July 16, 2019) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played for the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball from 1959 to 1966. He was born in Berkeley, California. Broglio was best known as the "other player" in the controversial trade that sent future Baseball Hall of Fame outfielder Lou Brock from the Cubs to the Cardinals in June 1964.

Broglio died on July 16, 2019 from cancer in San Jose, California at the age of 83.

References

1935 births
2019 deaths
Cancer deaths in California
Chicago Cubs players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Sportspeople from Berkeley, California
Howard Engel CM (April 2, 1931 – July 17, 2019) was a Canadian mystery writer and CBC producer. He was well known for his novel series of Benny Cooperman detective novels. Engel was a founder of Crime Writers of Canada. He was born in St. Catharines, Ontario.

Engel died of pneumonia on July 17, 2019 in Toronto at the age of 88.

References

1931 births
2019 deaths
Crime writers
Television producers
Writers from Ontario
Elijah Jerry "Pumpsie" Green (October 27, 1933 – July 17, 2019) was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) infielder. He played with the Boston Red Sox from 1959 to 1962) and for the New York Mets in 1963. He was a switch-hitter who threw right-handed. He was listed as  tall and . Green was born in Boley, Oklahoma.

Green died at a hospital in San Leandro, California on July 17, 2019 at the age of 85.

References

1933 births
2019 deaths
Boston Red Sox players
New York Mets players
Sportspeople from Oklahoma
Boley is a town in Okfuskee County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 1,184 at the 2010 census. Boley was made a town in 1903 as a Black pioneer town with a few Native Americans among its citizens.

References

Towns in Oklahoma
1903 establishments in the United States
Ian Michael Chappell (born 26 September 1943) is a retired Australian cricketer and commentator. He played for South Australia and Australia. He captained Australia between 1971 and 1975. He was born in Unley, South Australia.

Chappell was known as "Chappelli". He is thought to be one of the greatest captains of cricket. 

He retired in 1980. He became a cricket commentator, working for Channel Nine. Chappell was added into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1986, the FICA Cricket Hall of Fame in 2000 and the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in 2003. In July 2009, Chappell was added into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame.

In July 2019, Chappell announced that he had skin cancer.

References

1943 births
Living people
Australian cricketers
Australian journalists
Australian sports commentators
Sportspeople from South Australia
James Wesley Pruden Jr., known as Wesley Pruden (December 18, 1935 – July 17, 2019) was an American journalist and author. He was the editor-in-chief of The Washington Times from 1992 until his retirement in 2008.

References

1935 births
2019 deaths
American journalists
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Little Rock, Arkansas
Vice-Admiral Husaini Abdullahi (3 March 1939 – 9 July 2019) was a Nigerian military admiral and politician. He was the military governor of Bendel State, Nigeria from March 1976 to July 1978 during the  military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo.

Abdullahi died on 9 July 2019 at the age of 80.

References

1939 births
2019 deaths
Nigerian military people
Nigerian politicians
Nikola Hajdin (Serbian Cyrillic Никола Хајдин); 4 April 1923 – 17 July 2019) was a Serbian construction engineer and  professor. He was the president of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts from 2003 to 2015 as a member of the Department of Technical Sciences. He was born in Vrbovsko, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Hajdin died on 17 July 2019 in Belgrade at the age of 96.

References

1923 births
2019 deaths
Serbian academics
Yugoslavian engineers
Charles Ceccaldi-Raynaud (25 June 1925 – 18 July 2019) was a French lawyer and politician. A member of The Republicans, he was a member of the National Assembly from 1993 to 1995, and the Senate from 1995 to 2004, representing Hauts-de-Seine. He was Mayor of Puteaux from 1969 to 2004.

He was the author of a book about the Algerian War. He was born in Bastia, France. Ceccaldi-Raynaud died on 18 July 2019 at the age of 94.

References

1925 births
2019 deaths
French lawyers
French mayors
Politicians from Corsica
Writers from Hauts-de-Seine
People from Haute-Corse
The Algerian War, also known as the Algerian War of Independence or the Algerian Revolution ( ; ;  or ) was fought between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (. FLN) from 1954 to 1962.

The war led to Algeria gaining its independence from France. It was known for its use of guerrilla warfare and for the massive use of torture on both sides. The war took place mainly in Algeria. 

It brought France to the verge of military coup d'état; which caused the fall of the Fourth Republic (1946-58), and transformed the French constitution.

Background and causes
Conquest of Algeria 
Until the early nineteenth century, Algeria or the Regency of Algeris was part of the Ottoman Empire. The area was governed by local governors called dey. The population was made up largely of Arabs and Berbers, but there were other tribal communities spread throughout the provinces and the Sahara. After the French Revolution and the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, the French Republic had bought 8 million francs worth of grain from the Algerians. That was to be refunded later, which did not happen.

In 1827, the dey invited a French ambassador to pay some of the debt. The encounter resulted into a conflict in which the Algerian dey hit the French consul in the face with a fly-whisk. The French were furious and decided to blockade the Algerian city of Algiers. However, historians agree that the fly-whisk incident, as serious as it was, was only a pretext.
Many French people and other Europeans migrated to Algeria. Known as pieds-noirs (literally "black feet"), they were Algerian-born French and often often cruel against indigenous populations. They killed and expelled many local inhabitants. According to the American historian Jennifer Sessions, the local population shrank from more than 4 million to 2.3 million during the first 25years of French colonisation (1830-1855).
Algerian Nationalism 
The first expressions of Algerian nationalism started with the revolt of an Algerian chief, Emir Abdelkader, against French colonial rule in the 1830s. It was only a stubborn and unsuccessful opposition, Abdelkader's defence of his country can be seen as the first step to an eventual nationalist identity. It was, however, by no means the end of the resistance to the French presence in Algeria since outbreaks of armed rebellion continued throughout the 19th century. The Kabyles in the mountains east of Algiers, for example, fought in the Battle of Icheridden in 1857 and rose again in 1871, when France had lost a war against Prussia. Anti-French revolts came up in the southern towns of Touggourt and Ouargla about the same time.

In the early 20th century, Algerians again sought for equality of rights and the removal of special administrative powers over Muslims. Algerian nationalism arose out of the efforts of four different groups.
The first group, the Young Algerians (Jeunesse Algérienne), established in 1907, consisted of French-educated intellectuals and elite such as Khalid ibn Hashim and Ferhat Abbas. As assimilationists, they wanted to foster political, legal, social, and economic assimilation by having French citizenship and keeping their Muslim personal status. Citizenship in Algeria was governed by the 1865 sénatus-consulte legislation, which stated that Algerians were French but not citizens of France. To become citizens, they had to renounce their Muslim civil status. The Blum-Viollette Proposal would have allowed a small number of Algerians to obtain full French citizenship without forcing them to renounce their Muslim civil status, but massive European opposition stopped the proposal from ever passing. The Young Algerians published a number of newspapers and journals, such as L'Islam, known as "the democratic organ of the Algerian Muslims," and El-Hack.
The second group consisted of Muslim teachers and students who founded the Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama (Association des Oulémas Musulmans Algériens; AUMA) in 1931. They were inspired by al-Afghani and the Egyptian reformers Muhammad 'Abduh and Muhammad Rashid Rida. They stressed the Arab and Islamic roots of the country and promoted a purification of Islam in Algeria and a return to the Qur'an and the Sunnah. This group was not a political party but created a strong sense of Muslim Algerian nationality among the Algerian masses. The slogan of the founder Ben Badis was "Islam is our religion, Arabic our language, and Algeria our country."
The third group was more radical and originated in Paris. It was organised among North African and other egrants in France in the 1920s under the leadership of Ahmed Messali Hadj. He organised the North African Star (Étoile Nord-Africain) and, when it had been banned in 1937, the Algerian People's Party (Parti du peuple algérien; PPA). He called for an uprising against French colonial rule and total independence. The PPA laid the foundation for modern nationalism in Algeria.
 The communists constituted another group with the Algerian Communist Party in 1935. However, there was no real sense of class consciousness because the group consisted predominantly of Europeans. that made it have littlepolitical role during the nationalist struggle for independence.
The National Liberation Front (Front de libération nationale; FLN), founded in 1954, succeeded Hadj's Algerian People's Party (PPA). It soon established a military wing, the National Liberation Army (Armée de libération nationale; ALN), and called on all Algerians to rise and fight for their freedom. By 1957, the ALN reached 40,000 well-disciplined men, some from the country and others stationed in Morocco and Tunisia. The revolution had begun.

Sétif and Guelma Massacre 
On May 8 1945, shortly after the end of the World War II, Algerian civilians organised a demonstration in which they demanded independence. The demonstrations turned into a bloodbath. The protesters killed more than 100 European settlers. The French army killed at least 6,000 and 50,000 Algerian civilians (estimates vary widely). John P. Entelis estimated the number of Algerians civilians killed by the suppression of the riots as 15,000.
Effects of French colonialism on Algeria 
French colonialism had a devastating effect on lives of Algerians. By World War I, the number of settlers from France and other European countries, mostly from Italy, Spain, and Malta, reached 800,000 in a native population of 4.5-5 million. About half of the European settlers were working-class wageearners. Their standard of living was in general lower than that of their equivalents in Metropolitan France but much higher than that of Algerians. French settlers took possession of 6 millions acres, which represented 40% of all agricultural and 98% of the country's most productive land. The Europeans also controlled almost all the country's infrastructure, industry, and commerce and dominated its government and the judicial and educational systems. In sum, the French government created a feudal system in which a few thousand Europeans ruled over millions of Algerians.
Only the European settlers and a tiny minority of privileged Algerians enjoyed full French citizenship; most Algerians were French subjects but not French citizens and had little voice on how their country was run. The Code de L'Indigénat (Native status code), which was established at the end of the conquest in 1881 and in effect until 1944, forced Algerians to pay special taxes. The harm done to Algerians was not only economic but also educational and cultural. The government took over religious institutions, distributed them a budget and appointed the imams. Moreover, the French destroyed the Algerian educational system; before the French conquest, the literacy rate in Algeria was higher than in France, but by 1954 only 25% of Algerian children attended school.

Course of the war (1954-1962)
Beginning of hostilities 
On November 1 1954, the FLN started the struggle for national independence in Algeria and declared war on France. Algerian armed troops revolted in several places and were supported by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970), who promoted Arab nationalism and decolonisation throughout Africa.
In the beginning, it was mainly a guerrilla war in which Algerian maquisards (guerrillas) attacked French settlers. The FLN called on Muslims in Algeria to unite and join in a national struggle for the "restoration of the Algerian state, sovereign, democratic, and social, of the principles of Islam" since it considered that independence was not enough. French Interior Minister François Mitterrand, responded that "the only possible negotiation is war'". Initially, the higher-ranking French military was targeted, but in August 1955, the FLN targeted the civilian population as well. That began with the slaughter of 123 French-Algerian civilians, the murders of women and children, and the mutilation of corpses in Philippeville by the FLN on August 20 1955 and the death of some 50 Muslims. The FLN was also engaged in civil wars with the Algerian National Movement (Mouvement national algérien; MNA), founded by Messali Hadj
. The MNA had a similar policy of violent revolution and total independence, but the FLN largely wiped out the MNA in Algeria. The MNA's remaining support was among Algerians within France. Their fighting during the war also took place in France itself and is called the "café wars" in which supporters of the FLN and the MNA supporters one another in French cafés and restaurants; 5,000 people were killed. French troops took revenge after the Battle of Philippeville and killed 1,270 (accodring to France) to 12,000 (according to Algeria) local Algerian Muslims. Moreover, after the attack, the French increased their troops to 250,000.
Battle of Algiers 
Meanwhile, as a way to draw attention to its struggle, the FLN began to target urban areas and larger cities. On September 30 1956, the Battle of Algiers had begun by three women allied with the FLN simultaneously placing bombs in public places in Algiers, including an Air France terminus and a popular bar for pieds-noirs. Both sides fought against each other: Algerian nationalists bombed and waged guerrilla warfare, and in turn,the French repeatedly tortured and murdered Algerian prisoners.
From 1957 to 1960, the French tried to deal with the guerrillas by attacking villages and by bombing or burning them if suspected guerrillas were suspected to be present. Over 800 villages, especially in the mountains, were completely destroyed. The inhabitants were moved from their villages and regrouped in camps on flat areas, where it was difficult to rebuild their previous economic and social systems. The regroupement program was a French strategy to fight against the guerrillas of the FLN. It led to the displacement of more than 2,5 million Algerians and to the weakening of peasant communities and populations already weakened in the colonial context.
The so-called harkis, from the Algerian-Arabic dialect word harki (soldier), were indigenous Muslim Algerians who fought alongside the French during the colonial period. The term also came to include civilian indigenous Algerians who supported a French Algeria, such as Spahis, Tirailleurs, and Moghaznis. According to French archives, there were around 200,000 Algerian Muslims who fought alongside the French Army during the Algerian War and, by extension, their families. The French recruited and trained harkis by using guerrilla tactics similar to those of the FLN. They were an ideal instrument of counterinsurgency warfare for the French.
However, that did not mean that the war was immediately over. From March to June 1962, French pieds-noirs of the Secret Armed Organisation (Organisation armée secrète; OAS) carried out numerous terrorist attacks, both in Algeria and metropolitan France. The OAS terrorists bombed and blew up schools, burned libraries, set fire to oil wells and pipelines, and killed. Finally, in June , the FLN and the OAS concluded a ceasefire. In April , a referendum was held in France in which more than 90 percent voted for Algeria's independence. Finally, increasing pressure from the United Nations made France, led by de Gaulle, declare Algerian independence on 3 July 1962. On July 5, Algeria became independent.
Consequences of the Algerian War 
Immediately after Algerian independence, a massive outflow started. About 650,000 people left Algeria, most of them withdrawing to France. Over the time span of four months, the total refugee population equalled five years of former migration waves during French colonisation. The sudden migration occurred during the period between the Évian Agreements and the first months following Algeria’s independence.

The migration was understandable because after the war, the FLN took revenge on former opponents and collaborators. The harkis were particularly hard hit. The peace agreements did not save them from the wrath of their countrymen, who considered them nothing but traitors. Out of the quarter of a million who had worked for the French less than 15,000 succeeded to escape from Algeria. Estimates on the numbers of Algerians killed vary between 30,000 and 150,000.
Battles and operations
 Battle of Philippeville
 Battle of Algiers (1956–1957)
 Operation Jumelles
 Plan Challe
 Sétif and Guelma massacre

References
Wars involving France
1950s in Europe
1960 in Europe
1961 in Europe
1962 in Europe
20th century in Algeria
1950s conflicts
1960s conflicts
Luciano De Crescenzo (; 20 August 1928 – 18 July 2019) was an Italian writer, actor, director and engineer. He was mainly known as an author and screenwriter. His best known screenplay was for the 1980 comedy Il pap'occhio.

Death
De Crescenzo was hospitalized in Rome for pneumonia in July 2019. He died several days later on 18 July 2019 from the disease at the age of 90.

Bibliography

 Tutti santi me compreso, Milano, A. Mondadori, 2011.
 Fosse 'a Madonna!, Milano, A. Mondadori, 2012.
 Garibaldi era comunista, Milano, A. Mondadori, 2013.
 Gesù è nato a Napoli, Milano, A. Mondadori, 2013.
 Ti porterà fortuna. Guida insolita di Napoli, Milano, A. Mondadori, 2014.

Movies (director)
 Così parlò Bellavista (1984)
 Il mistero di Bellavista (1985)
 32 dicembre (1987)
 Croce e delizia (1995)

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

1928 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Italian movie directors
Italian screenwriters
Italian movie actors
Actors from Naples
Infectious disease deaths in Italy
Writers from Naples
Movie people from Naples
Yao Lee (), also credited as Yao Li, Yiu Lei and Hue Lee (19 July 1922 – 19 July 2019) was a Chinese singer. She was born in Shanghai. Yao was active from the 1930s to the 1970s. She was the sister of Yao Min. She was thought to be one of the Seven great singing stars of Shanghai in the 1940s. Her best known song was "Rose, Rose, I Love You" (1940).

Yao died on 19 July 2019 in Hong Kong at the age of 96.

References

1922 births
2019 deaths
Chinese singers
People from Shanghai
Bob Beckwith (born September 21, 1933) is an American firefighter. He is a former member of the New York City Fire Department.

Beckwith became well known to the United States' after he stood next to President George W. Bush as the president gave a speech at the ruins of the World Trade Center after the attacks of September 11, 2001.

Photos of Beckwith and the president appeared on the front page of the New York Daily News and the cover of Time magazine.

Beckwith has met several times with President Bush since then, spoken many times in public, and acted as a fundraiser for charities.

References

Other websites
 WPIX Interview with Beckwith following the killing of Osama bin Laden

Living people
People from New York City
1933 births
Eduardo "Danding" Murphy Cojuangco Jr. (10 June 1935 – 16 June 2020) was a Filipino businessman and politician. He was the chairman of San Miguel Corporation. It is the largest food and beverage corporation in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. He was the Governor of Tarlac from 1967 to 1969 and member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 1969 to 1972.

In 2016, his personal wealth was around US$1.1 billion. He was born in Paniqui, Tarlac. He founded the Nationalist People's Coalition in 1992. He ran for President of the Philippines in 1992, but came in third place losing to Fidel V. Ramos.

Cojuangco Jr. died in Manila on 16 June 2020 from heart failure and pneumonia caused by cancer, aged 85.

References

1935 births
2020 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in the Philippines
Cancer deaths in the Philippines
Deaths from heart failure
Deaths from pneumonia
Filipino politicians
Filipino businesspeople
José Sumulong Cojuangco Jr. (born José Cojuangco y Sumulong on September 19, 1934), more popularly known as Peping Cojuangco, is a Filipino politician. He was a Philippine Congressman and the 9th president of the Philippine Olympic Committee from 2004 to 2018.

He is the younger brother Corazon Aquino and uncle of Benigno Aquino III, both were Philippine presidents.

Notes

References

1934 births
Living people
Filipino politicians
Marly de Pádua Macieira Sarney (born December 4, 1932) is a Brazilian socialite and philanthropist. She is the wife of the former President José Sarney. She was First Lady of Brazil during the presidency of her husband, between 1985 and 1990.

Sarney married José Sarney on July 12, 1952. She was born in São Luís, Brazil.

References

1932 births
Living people
First Ladies of Brazil
South American philanthropists
Socialites
In music and poetry, an anacrusis (plural anacruses) is a very short introduction.  The word comes from the  (anákrousis), which means literally, "pushing up". It is a set of notes or syllables, perhaps just a single one. It comes before the first beat of a musical phrase, or a  line of poetry. It is not part of any musical phrase, or line of poetry which might have come before it. The word is sometimes used in publishing. It is very short, and not the literary or musical introduction, foreword, or with a preface). In music it is often called a "pick up" note.

References

Musical terminology
Musical notation
Steve Smith may refer to:
 Steve Smith (cricketer), (born 1989), Australian international cricketer
 Steve Smith (American Dad!), (born 1991), fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!
Pramod Kharel (; born 6 November 1979) is a Nepalese singer. He is also judge of The Voice Of Nepal.

Discography 
 Prapti
 Pranaya
 Prabeg

References

Other websites 

 
 

1979 births
Living people
Pontotoc County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 29,957 people lived there. Its county seat is Pontotoc.

References

Other websites 

 Official county website 

1836 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Amite County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi on the southern border with Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, 13,131 people lived there. Its county seat is Liberty. The county is named after the Amite River which runs through the county. It was founded in 1809.

References 

1800s establishments in Mississippi Territory
1809 establishments in the United States
Mississippi counties
Fort Stockton is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Pecos County.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Giddings is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Lee County.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Kerrville is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Kerr County.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Adams County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 32,297 people lived there. The county seat is Natchez. The county was created on April 2, 1799. It is named for John Adams, the second President of the United States.

References 

1799 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Mississippi Territory
Alcorn County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, 37,057 people lived there. Its county seat is Corinth. The county was founded in 1870. It is named in honor of Governor James L. Alcorn.

References 

1870 establishments in Mississippi
Mississippi counties
Springerville is a town of Apache County in the state of Arizona in the United States. As of the 2020 census, 1,717 people lived there.

References

Other websites 

 Town of Springerville official website
 Round Valley History
 Springerville News
 "Springerville, Arizona", at City-Data.com
 Springerville & Eagar Scenic Attractions
 Madonna of the Trail | August Leimbach website

Towns in Arizona
Leavenworth County (county code LV) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 81,881 people lived there. Its county seat is Leavenworth. Leavenworth is also the biggest city in Leavenworth County.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.3%) is water. It is the fifth-smallest county in Kansas.

People

The county is a part of the Kansas City, MO-KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Government

Presidential elections

Communities

Cities

 Basehor
 Bonner Springs (part)
 De Soto  (part)
 Easton
 Kansas City  (part)
 Lansing
 Leavenworth
 Linwood
 Tonganoxie

References

More reading
 History of Leavenworth County Kansas; Jesse Hall and LeRoy Hand; Historical Publishing; 684 pages; 1921.
 Standard Atlas of Leavenworth County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 42 pages; 1903.
 Atlas Map of Leavenworth County, Kansas; Missouri Publishing Co; 38 pages; 1878.

Other websites
Other websites

County
 
 Leavenworth County - Directory of Public Officials
 Leavenworth County - Development Corporation
Maps
 Leavenworth County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
In economics, crowding out happens when the government starts buying or selling more stuff in the market. This affects other people and businesses--usually in a bad way.

For example, if the government buys more stuff, it may have to borrow more. By borrowing more there will be a higher interest rate (see supply and demand). This will make it harder for other companies and people to borrow. The government is said to "crowd out" the market.

References 

Economic policy
Economic theories
Macroeconomics
Butler County (county code BU) is a county in the southern part of the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 67,380 people lived there. Its county seat is El Dorado. El Dorado is also the biggest city in Butler County.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of . Of that,  is land and  (1.2%) is water. It is the biggest county by size in Kansas.

Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
 Interstate 35
 U.S. Route 54
 U.S. Route 77
 Kansas Highway 96
 Kansas Highway 177
 Kansas Highway 196
 Kansas Highway 254

People

Butler County is part of the Wichita, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Government

Presidential elections

Communities

Cities

 Andover
 Augusta
 Benton
 Cassoday
 Douglass
 Elbing
 El Dorado
 Latham
 Leon
 Potwin
 Rose Hill
 Towanda
 Whitewater

References
References

More reading
 History of Butler County, Kansas; Vol P Mooney; Standard Publishing; 869 pages; 1916.
 An Illustrated Hand Book, Compiled from the Official Statistics, Descriptive of Butler County, Kansas; 66 pages; T.B. Murdock; 1887.
 Standard Atlas of Butler County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 69 pages; 1905.
 Standard Atlas of Butler County, Kansas; Walter F. McGinnis & I.C. Thomas; 59 pages; 1885.

Other websites

County
 
 Butler County - Directory of Public Officials
Historical
 Butler County GenWeb
 Kansas State Historical Society
Maps
 Butler County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

 
1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
Jefferson County (county code JF) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 18,368 people lived there. Its county seat is Oskaloosa. Its biggest city is Valley Falls.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (4.3%) is water.

People

Jefferson County is included in the Topeka, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Government

Presidential elections

Education

Unified school districts
 Valley Falls USD 338
 Jefferson County North USD 339
 Jefferson West USD 340
 Oskaloosa USD 341
 McLouth USD 342
 Perry-Lecompton USD 343

Communities

Cities

 McLouth
 Meriden
 Nortonville
 Oskaloosa
 Ozawkie
 Perry
 Valley Falls
 Winchester

References

Notes

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Jefferson County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 69 pages; 1916.
 Descriptive Atlas of Jefferson County, Kansas; Acme Publishing Co; 44 pages; 1899.

Other websites
Other websites

County
 
 Jefferson County - Directory of Public Officials
 Jefferson County - Economic Development
Maps
 Jefferson County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

Kansas counties
1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
Slack is an online messaging app with fancier features. Stewart Butterfield helped create it. It was originally for a video game. But then they just made it a simple messaging app and dropped the video game idea. "Slack" stands for "Searchable Log of All Conversation and Knowledge."

References

Other websites 
 
 Ebook "How to Use Slack"

Microsoft Windows software
Linux software
Peter Andreas Thiel (teel; born October 11, 1967) is an American entrepreneur. He helped create PayPal, Palantir Technologies and Founders Fund. In 2018, he supposedly had $2.5 billion.

Thiel was born in Frankfurt. As a baby, he moved with his family to the United States. He spent some time in Southern Africa. He studied philosophy at Stanford University, graduating with a B.A. in 1989. He then went on to the Stanford Law School and received his J.D. in 1992. He worked as a lawyer, speechwriter, and trader. He founded Thiel Capital in 1996. He co-founded PayPal in 1999. He was chief executive officer until he sold the company to eBay in 2002 for $1.5 billion.

He founded Clarium Capital, a global macro hedge fund. He launched Palantir Technologies, a big data analysis company, in 2004 and continues to serve as its chairman as of 2018. He helped create Founders Fund, a venture capital firm.
Thiel became Facebook's first outside investor by buying 10.2% for $500,000 in August 2004. He sold the majority of his shares in Facebook for over $1 billion in 2012, but remains on the board of directors. He also co-founded Valar Ventures in 2010, co-founded Mithril Capital.

References 

1967 births
Living people
American billionaires
American Christians
American LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT businesspeople
LGBT Christians
Naturalized citizens of the United States
New Zealand businesspeople
People from Frankfurt
Stanford University alumni
Pages with unreviewed translations
Jackson County (county code JA) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas. In 2020, 13,232 people lived there. Its county seat is Holton. Holton is also the biggest city in Jackson County. The county was first named Calhoun County. This was named after pro-slavery South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun. The county was renamed in 1859 for President Andrew Jackson.  The Prairie Band Potawatomi Indian Reservation is in the county, and it makes up about 18.5% of the county's area.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has an area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.3%) is water.

People

Jackson County is included in the Topeka, KS Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Government

Presidential elections
Jackson County has supported the Republican Party candidate in every presidential election from 1936 onward. Democratic Party candidates for president have only won the county twice since 1888, in 1912 & 1932.

Education

Unified school districts
 Jackson Heights USD 335
 Holton USD 336 
 Royal Valley USD 337
Communities

Cities

 Circleville
 Delia
 Denison
 Holton
 Hoyt
 Mayetta
 Netawaka
 Soldier
 Whiting

References

More reading
 Standard Atlas of Jackson County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 66 pages; 1921.
 Plat Book of Jackson County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 39 pages; 1903.

Other websites

County
 
 Jackson County - Directory of Public Officials
Maps
 Jackson County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

Kansas counties
1859 establishments in Kansas Territory
Crawford County (county code CR) is a county in Southeast Kansas. In 2020 census, 38,972 people lived there. Its county seat is Girard. Its biggest city is Pittsburg. The county was named after Samuel J. Crawford, Governor of Kansas.

It is in the Osage Cuestas and Cherokee Lowlands. It is halfway between Kansas City, Missouri and Tulsa, Oklahoma. Pittsburg State University is located in Crawford County.

Geography
The U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that,  is land and  (0.9%) is water.

People

The Pittsburg Micropolitan Statistical Area includes all of Crawford County.

Government

Presidential elections

Communities

Cities

 Arma
 Arcadia
 Cherokee
 Frontenac
 Girard
 Hepler
 McCune
 Mulberry
 Pittsburg
 Walnut

References

Notes

More reading
 Plat Book of Crawford County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 54 pages; 1906.

Other websites
Other websites

County
 
 Crawford County - Directory of Public Officials
 Crawford County - Convention and Visitors Bureau
Historical
 Crawford Co. Kansas History and Heritage - Genealogy       
Maps
 Crawford County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
 Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society

1867 establishments in Kansas