Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The official language for the organisations is French. Until 1988 all reports of meetings were only published in French. Since then both English and French have been used. Abbreviations are based on the French words, not English words.  Official communications between the BIPM and France are conducted via the French Foreign Ministry. Official communications with other countries are conducted via that country's embassy in Paris.
General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) 
The General Conference on Weights and Measures was set up under the Metre Convention as an organ of the BIPM. It gives the BIPM its mandate and budget on behalf of the member states. Its French name is Conférence générale des poids et mesures.  Its abbreviation is "CGPM".
 
The CGPM meets every four to six years. The first meeting was in 1889 and the 24th meeting was in 2011. Each member state has one vote. France is represented by its foreign minister and by the president of the French Academy. The French Foreign minister is the chairman of the opening and closing sessions of any CGPM session. The president of the French Academy is the chairman of other meetings of the CGPM.

The CGPM:
Agrees the BIPM budget.
Agrees member states' payments.
Appoints members to the CIPM.
Accepts proposals from the CIPM.
International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) 
The International Committee for Weights and Measures was set up under the Metre Convention as an organ of the BIPM. It advises the CGPM and supervise the BIPM. Its French name is Comité international des poids et mesures. Its abbreviation is CIPM.

The CGPM has 18 members. These members are well-known measurement experts who are elected by the CGPM. They must all come from different countries. One of the CIPM members must be French. They meet once or twice a year in Paris. The CIPM is assisted by a number of Consultative Committees. In February 2014 there were ten such committees. Nine of the committees are dedicated to special types of measurement such as Electricity and Magnetism, Length, Photometry and Radiometry, Thermometry and Time and Frequency. The CIPM appoints people to these committees.
The tenth committee is called the Consultative Committee for Units (CCU). Its chairman is appointed by the CIPM. Other members of the committee are appointed by other organizations.  These organizations include International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The CCU's task is to ensure that all the definitions of SI are consistent.  It also drafts the SI standard which is called the SI Brochure.

Pavillon de Breteuil
The BIPM's offices and laboratories art at the Pavillon de Breteuil, Sèvres, France (close to Paris).

The BIPM looks after the International Prototype Kilogram (IPK) for the CGPM. It provides laboratory services for the CGPM and CIPM. Member states use the BIPM laboratories when they check their own copy of the kilogram against the IPK. The BIPM offices are also the headquarters for the CGPM and CIPM.
Activities
In 1875 the convention only dealt with standardization of the kilogram and the metre. The convention was revised in 1921 to accommodate all physical measurements. In 1933 the CGPM approved efforts that were being made to merge electrical and photometry units into the metric system.

Development of SI
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth century many new units of measure were defined using the metric system. Units of measure used in electrostatic applications, electromagnetic applications and electrical distribution systems were incompatible with each other. The use of standard gravity in force and pressure definitions resulted in more units of measure being defined than were necessary.
After the Second World War the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) and the French Government asked the BIPM to look into the matter. In 1948, the 9th CGPM asked the CIPM to conduct a study into units of measurement used by member states. The CIPM reported back and in 1954 the 10th CGPM decided to set up a new system of units. There would be six base units. These were the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, degree Kelvin (later renamed kelvin), and candela. The new system was published in 1960.  The 11th CGPM named it the International System of Units. The short name was "SI".  This came from the French name, . The BIPM described SI as "the modern metric system".

Since 1960 the BIPM has made several refinements to SI. Some of the refinements include developing new ways of making high precision measurement. Other refinements include small changes to details of definitions.
Coordinating time
The atomic clock has made very precise time-keeping possible. The earth is slowing down. A the "time of the dinosaurs" the earth rotated once every 23 hours. It is now possible to measure variations in the Earth's rotation caused by volcanoes and tsunamis. This is done by the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS). The IERS  proposes leap seconds as and when these are needed.  Under the Metre Convention, the BIPM has the task of coordinating over 200 atomic clocks around the world. These clocks are located in 50 different national laboratories.
Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) 
Many measuring devices need to be recalibrated at regular intervals. These devices might be petrol pumps. They might be weighing scales. They might be complex medical equipment like MRI scanners. A certificate is issued when the device is recalibrated. The device that is used to do the calibration must itself be calibrated. These devices are often recalibrated in a national metrology laboratory. Legal problems can arise if a calibration done in one country is not recognised in another country.

Membership
Some countries are full members of the CGPM and have a vote at CGPM meetings. These countries have their own copy of the prototype kilogram. They also take part in the CIPM MRA program.

Other countries are associate members. They take part on the CIPM MRA program. They may speak at CGPM meetings but not to vote at these meetings. They do not have their own copies of the prototype kilogram.

Members
Members

 (1877) 
 (1947)
 (1875)
 (1875) 
 (1921)
 (1911)
 (1907)
 (1908)
 (1977)
 (2013)
 (2008)
 (1922)
 (1875)
 (1962)
 (1923)
 (1875)
 (1875)
 (2001)

 (1925)
 (1957)
 (1960)
 (1975)
 (2013)
 (1925)
 (1985)
 (1875)
 (1885)
 (2008)
 (2010)
 (2001)
 (1890)
 (1929)
 (1991)
 (1875)
 (1973)
 (1925)
 (1876)

 (1884)
 (1875)
 (2011)
 (2001)
 (1994)
 (1922)
 (1964)
 (1959)
 (1875)
 (1875)
 (1875)
 (1912)
 (2012)
 (1875)
 (1884)
 (1878)
 (1908)
 (1879)

Associate member states
At its 21st meeting (October 1999), the CGPM created the category of "associate" for those states not yet members of the BIPM and for economic unions.

 (2007)
 (2010)
 (2003)
 (2008)
 (2011)
 (2012)
 (2005)
 (2002)
 (2004)
 (2000)
 (2000)
 (2005)
 (2008)

 (2009)
 (2000)
 (2003)
 (2001)
 (2001)
 (2014)
 (2006)
 (2001)
 (2010)
 (2013)
 (2011)
 (2012)
 (2012)

 (2003)
 (2009)
 (2009)
 (2002)
 (2007)
 (2010)
 (2003)
 (2007)
 (2012)
 (2002)
 (2003)
 (2010)
 (2010)
International Organisations
The following international organisations have signed the CIPM MRA:
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), Vienna, Austria (1999)
Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Geel, Belgium (1999)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva, Switzerland (2010)
European Space Agency (ESA), Paris, France (2012)

Former member states
 (1970–2012)
 (1982–2012)
 (1954-2014)
 (2014-2018)

Notes

Notes

References

Official texts
Text of the current version of the Convention (in French and English)
English translation of the original text of the Convention

Citations

Measurement
Systems
International organizations
The Western horse (or Equus occidentalis) was a species of horse that inhabited North America during the Pleistocene. It is now extinct.

It was a stoutly built animal. It resembled the extinct quagga or the modern zebra, although it was not a close relative of either or these species.

References 

Horses
Tavastia is an historical province in Finland.

Tavastia is now divided between four regions of Finland. These are Tavastia Proper, Päijänne Tavastia, Pirkanmaa and Central Finland.

History of Finland
Geography of Finland
Town & Country is a romantic comedy movie from 2001. This movie is about an architect named Porter whose life begins coming apart. The movie is also about deceitful friends. Goldie Hawn plays Mona Morris. Andie MacDowell plays Eugenie. Jenna Elfman plays Auburn.

The movie was released on April 27, 2001 by Warner Bros. The reviews were very negative. Both critics and audiences did not like this movie. It bombed in the box office. Its intake was only barely US$10.5 million over a budget of $90 million.

American romantic comedy movies
2001 movies
Imperial Highness is a style of address traditionally used by members of an emperor's family. It ranks as the highest and most prestigious style used among royalty. It outranks the style of Royal Highness. The style is often associated with the title of Crown Prince.

Examples of usage
Her Imperial Highness Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. 
His Imperial Highness  The Tsesarevich of Russia (The title for the heir to the Russian throne. Who later succeeded as Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
 His Imperial Highness Naruhito, The Crown Prince of Japan.
His Imperial Highness Crown Princess Masako . Wife of the son of the present Emperor of Japan and therefore the heir to the Imperial throne. 
His Imperial Highness Prince Tomohito of Mikasa. Himself another member of the Japanese Imperial family.

Related pages 
Titles of European royal heirs

References 

Styles (manners of address)
Diego da Silva Costa (born 7 October 1988) is a Brazilian-Spanish footballer which he last played as a striker for Atletico Madrid and the Spanish national football team.

He was born in Brazil and played for the Brazil national football team for the first time in 2013. However, he then chose to play for Spain. This made the Brazil manager, Luiz Felipe Scolari, very angry. The Brazilian Football Confederation have even asked the country's government to remove Costa's citizenship.

In March 2014, Costa changed to the Spanish national team. This was when he was granted his Spanish citizenship. He made his first appearance against Italy and represented Spain in the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Youth career 
Costa spent 2 years at Barcelona Esportivo Capela, from 2004 to 2006. After this, he then began his senior career in Portugal by joining Penafiel.

Senior Career

Penafiel (Loan) 
In the same year as joining Braga, he was sent on a loan spell to Penafiel. He played  13 league games with 5 goals.
Atletico Madrid (2007–09) 
In 2007, Costa joined Atletico Madrid for a fee of €1.5 million. Unfortunately, he didn't get a games due to loan spells.

Braga (Loan) 
Diego Costa remained at Braga in 2007 but on a loan spell. This time, he made 7 league appearances, but he failed to score a goal. In the UEFA Cup, he scored his first goal in a domestic cup against Parma F.C.

Celta de Vigo (Loan) 
He was then loaned to Celta for the 2007-08 Segunda Division season. In that season, he made an impressive 30 appearances and scored 5 goals.

Albacete (Loan) 
Staying in the Segunda Division, he then joined on loan Albacete Balompie for the 2008-09 season. At this loan spell, he made 35 league appearances and 9 goals.

Valladoid 
Costa was bought by Valladoid from Atletico Madrid in 2009 Transfer Window. In this 2009-10 season, he made 34 league appearances with 8 goals. But it wasn't enough to keep Valladolid in La Liga, the top division in Spain. Valladolid was eventually relegated to the Segunda División.
Return to Atletico Madrid 
Costa returned to Atletico in June 2010 for an undisclosed fee. Since then, Costa has made a superb 94 league appearances and 43 league goals during his 4 year spell with the club.  In his time, he suffered with a few injuries during his time. This include his hamstring injury he suffered near to the end of the 2013-14 La Liga season.

Chelsea 
On 1 July 2014, it was announced that Chelsea had agreed a fee with Atletico to sign Costa for a fee of £32 million. He made his first league appearance against Burnley in a game which he scored in for Chelsea to win 3–1.
International career 
During his international career, he started with the Brazilian National Team in 2013. He only made 2 appearances with no goals. But controversy was created when Costa was granted a Spanish Citizernship in 2014. Then, Costa adopted Spain as his national side. He made his debut against Italy on the 5 March 2014, Spain won 1–0. Costa was called-up to play for Spain in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He started for both of the first two games of Spain's torlument against Holland and Chile, but was rested against Australia. Spain lost 5–1 against Holland And 2–0 against Chile. They did win 3–0 against Australia in their final group game, but it wasn't enough to keep them to progess into the knock out phases. Costa is still yet to score a goal for Spain during his time playing as a striker for the national side.

References 

1988 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Spanish footballers
Chelsea F.C. players
The Fault in Our Stars is a 2012 novel by young adult author John Green. 

The book follows the story of sixteen year old Hazel Grace Lancaster, who has cancer. Her parents make her go to a support group, where she meets a boy named Augustus Waters, who she falls in love with. 

It has been made into a movie of the same name, which was released on June 6, 2014.

References

2012 books
21st-century American novels
Amsterdam
Cancer in fiction
Indianapolis

Romance novels
American young adult novels
Indiana in fiction
Koke (born Jorge Resurección Meredio in Madrid on 8 January 1992) is a Spanish footballer. He plays as a midfielder for Atlético Madrid. He played for the Spain national football team at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

International career statistics 

|-
|2013||7||0
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
!Total||10||0
|}

References

Living people
1992 births
Footballers from Madrid
2022 FIFA World Cup players
The Gomphotheres were a varied family of extinct elephant-like animals (proboscidea).  The early species had four tusks, and scratches on the teeth suggest they ate rough vegetable matter.

They had a wide distribution. They were common in North America during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, 121.6 million years ago. Some lived in parts of Eurasia, Beringia and, after the Great American Interchange, South America.

Beginning about five million years ago, they were gradually replaced by modern elephants. The last two South American species, in the genus Cuvieronius, did not become extinct until about 9000 years ago. Stegomastodon remains have been dated as recently as 6,000 years ago in the Valle del Magdalena, Colombia.  

Gomphotheres survived in Mexico and Central America until the end of the Pleistocene. 

The arrival of mankind in the Americas about 11,000 years ago is generally credited for the loss of large species of all kinds of animals. The details of this are unknown.
The relationship between the Gomphotheres and modern elephants is also unknown. The similarities might be due to descent, or might be due to parallel evolution, that is, to similar lifestyles.

References 

Extinct elephants
22 Jump Street is a 2014 criminal comedy movie. The movie is about two police officers who go undercover at a fraternity. Their friendship is pushed to the limit. Channing Tatum plays Jenko. Jonah Hill plays Morton.

The movie picks up from where the first movie left off. It was released in June 2014.

Release dates

Other websites 

2014 action movies
2014 buddy movies
2014 comedy movies
2014 crime movies
2010s action comedy movies
2010s criminal comedy movies
2010s sequel movies
American action comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
American sequel movies
Buddy action movies
2010s buddy comedy movies
2010s English-language movies
Brianne Sidonie Desaulniers, known professionally as Brie Larson, (born in Sacramento, California, October 1, 1989) is an American actress. 

She played Molly in the 2012 movie version of 21 Jump Street. She also played Envy in Scott Pilgrim vs. the World. Larson won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Ma in the 2015 movie Room. Brie Larson is Captain Marvel.

Awards and nominations
Brie Larson has received many awards and nominations. She began acting at age eight, and followed it with minor supporting roles in various movies. Her breakthrough came with her leading performance in the 2013 coming-of-age drama film Short Term 12, for which she was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award and a Critics' Choice Award.
She garnered widespread acclaim for her performance as Joy "Ma" Newsome in the 2015 drama Room, for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role, the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress.

Filmography

Movies

Television

References

Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Sacramento, California
1989 births
Living people
Serene Highness is a style of address used by several princely and noble families throughout present-day Europe. It has also been used historically. It ranks below Royal Highness and Imperial Highness.

is the title reserved for the princes of the sovereign princely families, currently unique the ruling families of  Monaco and Liechtenstein. Some heraldists believe it is also due to the descendants of the sovereign Principality of Sperlinga, who sold the Castle but kept the title, and it is from all its members.

Examples of usage
 Princes of the Blood at the French royal court of Versailles (such as His Serene Highness The Duke of Penthièvre)
 The present Prince of Monaco and all his descendants in line father and mother. 
 Giovanni I, Prince of Sperlinga  .
 Various German princely states prior to the country being unified in 1871.
 Various Russian princely families
 Her Serene Highness Princess Romanova-Krasinskaya
 Princes of Carignan

Styles (manners of address)
Spoof, can mean several things:

 Forgery of goods or documents
 Parody by imitation
 Satire, a literary technique of writing or art which mainly makes fun of its subject
 Semen, in British slang
Carat usually means either:

 Carat (mass), a unit of mass for gemstones, equal to 0.2 gram 
 Carat (purity) or karat, a unit of purity for gold

Related pages 
Carrot
A revolver is a type of gun. Revolvers are repeating firearms with a cylinder that spins. Revolvers have several chambers each holding one cartridge. Most are handguns, but other types of weapons also use revolving cylinders. They are also called revolving guns, though revolver is used far more often. The first revolvers date back to late 1500s in Europe. It was not until the 1700s or 1800s, however, they became affordable. Revolvers are sometimes used by law enforcement agencies. On some occasions, these guns can be reset by one hand, then loaded with the other.

Action

Single-action
Single-action 

In a single-action revolver, the hammer is manually cocked. This is usually done with the thumb. This action turns the cylinder to the next cartridge. It also locks the cylinder in place with the chamber aligned with the barrel. The trigger, when pulled, releases the hammer, which fires the round in the chamber. To fire again, the hammer must be manually cocked again. This is called "single-action" because the trigger only performs a single action—that of releasing the hammer. Because only a single action is performed and trigger pull is very light, firing a revolver in this way allows most shooters to achieve greater accuracy. Additionally, the need to cock the hammer manually acts as a safety. The gun will not fire unless the hammer is cocked back. The Colt Paterson Revolver, the Walker Colt, the Colt's Dragoon and the Colt Single Action Army pistol of the American Frontier era are all good examples of this system.

Double-action
Double-action 

In double-action, the stroke of the trigger pull generates three actions: 
The hammer is pulled back to the cocked position.
At the same time, the cylinder turns to the next round.
The hammer is released to strike the firing pin. 
Double-action means that a cocking action separate from the trigger pull is not needed. Every trigger pull causes a complete cycle and a bullet is fired. This allows the gun to be carried uncocked. It also allows the gun to be drawn from the holster and fired using only the trigger. However, a double-action revolver has a longer and harder trigger pull. However, this drawback can also be viewed as a safety feature, as the gun is safer against accidental discharges from being dropped.
Most double-action revolvers may be fired in two ways.
 The first way is single-action. It can be used the same a single-action revolver. The hammer is cocked with the thumb, which indexes the cylinder and when the trigger is pulled the hammer fires the round. In this mode the trigger pull is lighter.
 The second way is double-action, or from a hammer-down position. In this case, the trigger first cocks the hammer and revolves the cylinder. It then trips the hammer at the rear of the trigger stroke, firing the round in the chamber. In this mode the trigger pull is much heavier.

References
Simon Baker (born 30 July 1969) is an Australian actor and director. He is best known for his roles as Nicholas Fallin on The Guardian and Patrick Jane on The Mentalist. Baker was born in Launceston, Tasmania. He was first raised in New Guinea and then Ballina, New South Wales. He began a career in acting in 1988.

Baker married actress Rebecca Rigg in 1998. They live together in Los Angeles, California and have three children. 

Baker was nominated for an Emmy Award for The Mentalist in 2009.

References

Other websites

1969 births
Living people
Actors from New South Wales
Australian movie actors
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Australian television directors
People from Launceston, Tasmania
Nursultan Äbishuly Nazarbayev (; born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakh politician who served as the first President of Kazakhstan from 1990 to 2019. Some opposition groups call him an "unofficial leader" and "dictator".

Nazarbayev has been the president since December 1991, when Kazakhstan became independent of the Soviet Union. He has been the country's leader since 1989. This is when he was named First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR. In April 2011, Nazarbayev was re-elected to another five-year term. 

In February 2014, he proposed renaming Kazakhstan to "Kazakh Eli". In 2006 he rewrote the words to "My Kazakhstan" which was then accepted as the country's national anthem. Shortly after his resignation as president the capital city was named after him in his honour.

Notes

References 

Presidents of Kazakhstan
1940 births
Living people
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Kim Il-sung Square is the national square of North Korea. It is in the capital Pyongyang next to the Taedong River. The square is used for military parades and performances for national holidays. Around the square are national institutions that include stairs with chairs overlooking the square.

Other websites 

Asian Historical Architecture: Kim Il-sung Square images
Traveller's blog with pictures from North Korea ; Several photos of Kim Il Sung Square.
Kim Il-sung Square, Pyongyang, North Korea (video) — practising for the Mass games

Pyongyang
National squares
Town squares in Asia
George Houvardas (born  1982) is an Australian actor. He is best known for his role as Nick "Carbo" Karandonis on the Seven Network television program Packed to the Rafters.

Houvardas was born in Sydney, New South Wales and is of Greek origin. He began a career in television acting in 2008. He lives in Sydney.

References

Other websites

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Sydney
Australian television actors
The loudness war is a negative term that describes the apparent competition to release albums that are increasingly loud. Albums that are "victims of the loudness war" have less good sound quality because the dynamic range has been compressed to make the music louder. Examples of albums that are victims of the loudness war include Death Magnetic by Metallica. Record producer Charles Dye started an organization called Turn Me Up! that campaigns to give musicians the choice to make albums with bigger dynamic ranges. In March 2010, mastering engineer Ian Shepherd organised the first Dynamic Range Day.

References

Music technology
Eritherium is an extinct genus of early Proboscidean. It was discovered in Morocco. It was first named by Emmanuel Gheerbrant in 2009 and the type species is Eritherium azzouzorum. Eritherium is the oldest, smallest and most primitive known elephant relative.

The phosphate bed where the remains were found places the animal's age as 61.1 to 57.8 million years ago.

Eritherium is the oldest known representative of the Proboscideans. It has not been assigned to any family in the order. Eritherium is the sister clade to Phosphatherium, Numidotherium and Moeritherium. This is one of the most complete evolutionary sequences of early mammalian radiations after the K/T extinction event. Thus, the elephants are one of the oldest "modern" mammal orders to have survived.

References 

Extinct elephants
SummerSlam (2012) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on August 19, 2012 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the twenty-fifth yearly SummerSlam event that was held by the WWE.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official SummerSlam 2012 website

2012 in professional wrestling
SummerSlam
Sports in Los Angeles
2012 in American television
2010s in Los Angeles, California
2012 in California
The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement (VHEMT) is an environmental movement. It was started in 1991 by the American activist Les U. Knight. Knight says that the human population is too big for the Earth, so humans should choose to stop reproducing.

Other websites
Official website

1991 establishments
Political movements
Antinatalism
A cylinder, in firearms terminology, is the cylindrical, rotating part of a revolver. The cylinder has multiple cartridges chambers. The cylinder revolves around a central shaft in the revolver. This is to bring each individual chamber into alignment with the barrel for firing. Each time the gun is cocked (made ready to fire), the cylinder rotates by one chamber making the pistol ready to fire again.

Cylinders typically hold six cartridges—which is why revolvers are sometimes called "six shooters". But some small frame revolvers only hold five cartridges, due to the smaller overall size of the gun. Several models of .22 rimfire caliber revolvers have cylinders holding nine or ten rounds. As a general rule, cylinders are not designed to be removed from the firearm except for cleaning. A speedloader or moon clip can be used with some revolvers for rapid reloading.

References 

Firearm components
Apomixis is reproduction where only one parent passes genes to the offspring. Apomictically produced offspring are genetically identical to the parent (clones).

The method is most seen in plants, especially flowering plants. Brambles (blackberry) are apomictic. Some authorities give "reproduction by special tissues without fertilisation", or "asexual formation of a seed from the maternal tissues of the ovule, avoiding meiosis and fertilization, leading to embryo development".

Apomixis includes some methods which are more common in animals, such as parthenogenesis.

In botany, apomixis was defined by Hans Winkler as the replacement of the normal sexual reproduction by asexual reproduction, without fertilization.

Horticulture methods, such as propagation from cuttings or leaves, is not apomixis. Natural replacement of the seed by an asexual method is apomixis.

References 

Genetics
Methods of reproduction
Katherine "Kat" Lynne Bjelland (born December 9, 1963) is an American singer. She became known as the singer of the punk rock band Babes in Toyland. In 2001 the band broke up. That year Bjelland released an album as part of Katastrophy Wife. Since then Katastrophy Wife has released one more album.

Early life
Bjelland was born in Oregon. Her parents divorced when she was young. Bjelland said that her stepmother was "abusive" and that her mother beat her. When Bjelland was in second grade she was bought an acoustic guitar after she asked for one.
Career
In 1982 Bjelland moved to Portland, Oregon. There she formed a series of bands. The Neurotics was the first. In 1981 Bjelland started Sugar Babydoll with her friend Courtney Love. Bjelland and Love made a new band called Pagan Babies around 1985. They made a demo tape of four songs. Bjelland wrote songs inspired by the punk rock band Frightwig. Love said, "you're never going to get anywhere playing that punk rock noise" and left the band. In 1986 Bjelland started The Italian Whorenuns.

In 1987 Bjelland started Babes in Toyland. The band released their first album, Spanking Machine, in 1990. 

In 1993 Babes in Toyland performed at the Lollapalooza tour. Bjelland started a band with her husband Glenn Mattson called Crunt. In 1994 they released an album, Crunt. In 1995 Bjelland divorced her husband and Crunt broke up. In 1999 Bjelland started Katastrophy Wife. Babes in Toyland broke up in 2001.

Personal life
In 1999 Bjelland's son Henry was born.

References
References

1963 births
American guitarists
American singer-songwriters
American pianists
Singers from Oregon
Writers from Oregon
Musicians from Oregon
People from Salem, Oregon
Living people
Die Antwoord () is a South African rap duo. The main singers are Yolandi Visser and her husband Ninja.

They released their first album $O$ in 2009. In 2012 their second album Ten$ion was released. Four singles were released from the album.

In 2022, Ninja and Yolandi's adopted son, Gabriel "Tokkie" du Preez, accused them of ill-treatment, sexual assault, and slavery on him and his sister Meisie in a video posted on YouTube.

2008 establishments in Africa
Hip hop bands
South African culture
2000s establishments in South Africa
This is a list of topics that have been characterized as pseudoscience by some scientists and researchers.

Physical sciences

Physics
 Autodynamics 
 Bogdanov affair - In 2002, the Bogdanoff twins pursued doctorates. Their PhD theses were considered pseudoscience. 
 Einstein–Cartan–Evans theory 
 Electrogravitics
 Hongcheng Magic Liquid
 Hydrinos 
 Perpetual motion - Theory pertaining to the belief that objects can move endlessly, which violates the second law of thermodynamics. 
 Free energy - Theory that endless energy can be created from perpetual motion machines, which violates the second law of thermodynamics. 
 Water-fuelled cars
Astronomy and space sciences
 2012 
 Ancient astronauts - A belief that aliens were involved in human evolution/ancient societies. 
  Anunnaki from Nibiru (Sitchin) 
  Ancient astronauts from the Sirius star-system (Temple) 
 Astrology (see also astrology and science) 
 Dogon people and Sirius B 
 Electric universe and Plasma cosmology - Belief that stars consist of electricity 
 Lunar effect 
 Moon landing conspiracy theories  - Some people believe the moon landing was faked.
 Nibiru cataclysm  - A belief that a mythological planet named Nibiru would crash into Earth in 2012.
 Worlds in Collision (Velikovsky)

Earth science 
 366 geometry or Megalithic geometry 
 The Bermuda Triangle  - A location that supposedly has caused many plane and boat crashes.
 Flat Earth - A belief that the Earth is secretly flat, and governments are hiding it.
 Hollow Earth - A theory that the interior of the Earth is hollow.

Applied sciences
Applied sciences

Biology 
 Biodynamic agriculture 
 Climate change denial  - Belief that climate change is not real.
 Lysenkoism, or Lysenko-Michurinism

Psychology 
 Attachment therapy 
 Conversion therapy  - A theory that gay people can be converted to being straight.
 Graphology 
 Hypnotherapy 
 Memetics  - Belief that the mind has its own version of genes, named memes
 Near death experiences
 Neurolinguistic programming 
 Parapsychology 
 Phrenology 
 Polygraphy ("lie detectors") - The practice of using devices to determine whether or not someone is lying.
 Primal therapy 
 Reincarnation

Health and medicine 

 5G and COVID-19 - The belief that 5G causes COVID-19 
 Alternative medicine 
 Anthroposophic medicine, or anthroposophically extended medicine 
 Applied kinesiology (AK) 
 Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques (NAET) 

 Vaccines and autism - A belief that vaccines cause autism
Maharishi Ayurveda 
 Bates method for better eyesight 
 Biorhythms 
 Body memory 
 Brain Gym 
 Chiropractics 
 Vertebral subluxation 
 Colon cleansing (colonics, colon hydrotherapy)
 Craniosacral therapy 
 Crystal healing 
 Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) 
 Faith healing 
 Homeopathy
 Iridology 
 Leaky gut syndrome
 Lightning Process 
 Magnet therapy 
 Naturopathy, or Naturopathic Medicine 
 Osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM) or osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT)
 Radionics 
Reflexology, or zone therapy
 Therapeutic touch 
 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) 
 Acupuncture 
 Acupressure 
 Acupuncture points or acupoints 
 Cupping therapy 
 Meridians 
 Moxibustion 
 Qi 
 TCM materia medica 
 Zang-fu 
 Classical social evolution
 Urine therapy 
 Vitalism

Racial theories
 Scientific racism 
 Aryanism 
 Melanin theory

Technology
Technology

Paranormal and ufology
Paranormal or supernatural subjects have been subject to criticism from many of sources including the following claims of the paranormal:
 Animal mutilations 
 Channeling 
 Crop circles  - Belief that aliens leave markings in fields.
 Divination
 Dowsing 
 Electronic voice phenomenon 
 Extra-sensory perception or ESP  - Belief in psychic powers.
 Fortune-telling and palm reading - The practice of determining one's future using a palm, tarot cards or other means.
 Ghosts or spirits
 Levitation
 Magic (Apotropaic magic, Black magic and Witchcraft)
 Pseudoarchaeology 
 Psychokinesis
 Rumpology  
 Séances 
 UFOs and Aliens

History
 Fomenko's chronology 
 Holocaust denial

Religion and Science
Spiritual and religious practices and beliefs, according to astronomer Carl Sagan, are normally not classified as pseudoscience. Some of the ideas are:
 Biblical scientific foreknowledge (Judaism and Christianity)
 Koranic scientific (Islam) 
 Christian Science
Creation science
Creationism is the belief that the origin of everything in the universe is the result of the Christian God. 
 Creationist cosmologies - Cosmologies that allow for, among other things, Earth to be only a couple thousand years old
 Baraminology
 Creation biology 
 Flood geology 
 Searches for Noah's Ark 
 Modern geocentrism  - Belief that the Earth is the center of the solar system
  Intelligent design 
 Irreducible complexity  
 Specified complexity

New age and eastern religions
 Feng shui
 Quantum mysticism

Scientology 
 Dianetics
 Scientology's Purification Rundown and Narconon programs 
 Touch assist

Consumer products
 Cosmetics and cleaning products frequently make pseudoscientific claims about their products.
 Anti-aging creams 
 Laundry balls 
 Fan death - Belief that sleeping next to a fan can cause death, typically in Asian countries
Ideas not commonly referred to
The following concepts have only a very small number of supporters, but have become notable:
 Lawsonomy 
 Morphic resonance 
 Penta Water 
 Polywater 
 Timewave zero 
 Torsion field 
 Welteislehre
 Cryonics

Parody pseudoscience
The following are parodies of other pseudosciences:
 Dihydrogen monoxide hoax
 The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline 
 Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, also called "Pastafarianism" 
 Intelligent falling

Finance
 Technical analysis

References

Lists
Orizaba is a city and municipality in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is 20 km west of its twin city Córdoba. It sits at the base of Pico de Orizaba, the highest peak in Mexico. It is also a volcano with a perfectly shaped snow-covered cone. The city had a 2005 census population of 117,273 and occupies almost the same area as its small municipality. The municipality includes a few small areas outside the city.  It has an area of 27.97 km² (10.799 sq mi).

It was an important town during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. On January 27, 1774, the Spanish king Carlos III gave town status to Orizaba, and on November 29, 1830 Orizaba was declared a city.

References 

Cities in Mexico
Veracruz
1774 establishments
18th-century establishments in Mexico
1770s establishments in North America
This is the title history of the WWE Intercontinental Championship. The title was introduced in 1979 when Pat Patterson was awarded the championship he won a fictional tournament in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In total, there have been 75 distinct championship holders as of January 2018.
The wrestler with the most reigns as Intercontinental champion is Chris Jericho with 9. The longest reigning and current Intercontinental champion is Gunther.

Title History

References

Other websites 
 WWE Intercontinental Title History

Lists of professional wrestlers
World Wrestling Entertainment championships
Antonio Francisco Cafiero (September 12, 1922 – October 13, 2014) was an Argentine politician. He was the Governor of the Buenos Aires Province from 1987 through 1991. He was also its Senator from 1993 to 2005.

Cafiero was born on September 12, 1922 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He studied at the University of Buenos Aires. Cafiero died on October 13, 2014 of pneumonia in Buenos Aires, aged 92.

References

Other websites

1922 births
2014 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in Argentina
Deaths from pneumonia
Politicians from Buenos Aires
Accountants
Lee Teng-hui (15 January 1923 – 30 July 2020), sometimes called the "father of Taiwan's democracy", was a politician of the Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan). He was the President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1988 to 2000.

Lee died of sepsis caused by multiple organ failure in Taipei on 30 July 2020, aged 97.

References

Other websites
Biography from Office of the President, ROC
Friends of Lee Teng-Hui Association 
Lee Teng-Hui Academy 
America and Taiwan, 1943–2004 
Cornell University Magazine Profile

1923 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from multiple organ failure
Deaths from sepsis
Presidents of the Republic of China
Mayors of Taipei
Belisario Betancur Cuartas (4 February 1923 – 7 December 2018) was an Colombian politician. He was the 26th President of Colombia from 1982 to 1986.

Betancur was born on 4 February 1923 in Amagá, Antioquia, Colombia. He studied at Pontifical Bolivarian University. Betancur died on 7 December 2018 in Bogotá from a kidney infection at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
Biography by CIDOB Foundation 
 Betancur's page at the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences

1923 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from kidney disease
Ambassadors of Colombia
Presidents of Colombia
Sir Reginald Oswald Palmer, GCMG, (15 February 1923 – 23 May 2016) was the Governor-General of Grenada from 6 August 1992 to 8 August 1996.

Palmer retired from public service in 1980 and entered the private sector, serving two terms as President of the Grenada Employer's Federation.

He died in May 2016 at the age of 93.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Governors-General of Grenada
Disney Junior is an American cable and satellite television network. It is part of The Walt Disney Company. It is for children between one and eight years old. It shows first-run children's television shows, movies and made-for-DVD movies. It follows Playhouse Disney, which aired from February 1, 1999 to September 1, 2013.

The name Disney Junior is also used for a morning and early afternoon program seen on the Disney Channel, branded as "Disney Junior on Disney Channel".
Programming
Programming on the Disney Junior channel includes original series and series which used to be shown on the Playhouse Disney block It also showed re-runs of former original shows like Mickey Mouse Clubhouse and Rolie Polie Olie. There included some that also air on the companion Disney Channel morning block. The network also airs short-form series as well as reruns of some older animated series. These progams had been seen on sister network ABC, CBS (made before 1996) and programs from Disney Channel and Toon Disney. These are aired by the channel by popular demand. The channel also carries several non-Disney preschool shows (such as PJ Masks and Trolls: TrollsTopia).

Blocks
Disney Junior Night Light
Disney Junior Night Light is the former name of Disney Junior channel's overnight programming block, running daily from 9:00 p.m. to 4:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific Time. The block, which debuted on September 4, 2012, and is sponsored by Babble (under a similar underwriter sponsorship agreement as that regularly used by Disney Channel and Disney Junior, which both operate as commercial-free services), consists of short-form programs intended for co-viewing among parents and their children. Features seen as part of the block include Picture This (which presents sketches of Disney characters being drawn), Sesh Tales (a segment featuring costumed finger puppets with twists on traditional fairy tales) and That's Fresh (a segment featuring cooking tips aimed at parents, presented by celebrity chef Helen Cavallo)
. Additional series under development at the block's launch included a photography series, a series that follows parents through the day their new baby comes home after being born, and a show about stay-at-home dads. Since 2017, Disney Junior's overnight programming has run unbranded and without the Night Light continuity. As of November 1, 2021, Disney Junior Night Light is still used for interstitials and sign-off due to the handover of Disney Mom. (which was used in November 2021)
References

Other websites

 
 Disney Junior Press 

American television networks
Disney companies
Companies based in Burbank, California
Ioannis Grivas (; 23 February 1923 – 27 November 2016) was a Greek judge and politician. Grivas was the 87th Prime Minister of Greece. He served as a non-party interim Prime Minister.

Grivas was born in Kato Tithorea, Tithorea, Phthiotis in the region of Lokris. He studied at the University of Athens. Grivas died on 27 November 2016 in Athens, aged 93.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Eastern Orthodox Christians
Greek judges
Prime Ministers of Greece
Rafael Addiego Bruno (February 23, 1923 – February 20, 2014) was a Uruguayan jurist and political figure. He was President of Uruguay from February to March 1985.

References

Other websites
 Photo

1923 births
2014 deaths
Presidents of Uruguay
César Augusto Gaviria Trujillo (; born 31 March 1947) is a Colombian economist and politician. He was the 28th President of Colombia from 1990 to 1994 under the Colombian Liberal Party.

Gaviria was born on 31 March 1947 in Pereira, Risaralda. He studied at the University of the Andes until 1969.

References

Other websites

César Gaviria biography 

1947 births
Living people
Presidents of Colombia
Secretaries General of the Organization of American States
Risaralda Department
Aziz Ansari (born  February 23, 1983) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Tom Haverford on the NBC television program Parks and Recreation. He is also a movie actor, appearing in Funny People (2009), I Love You, Man (2009), Observe and Report (2009), and 30 Minutes or Less (2011).

Ansari was born in Columbia, South Carolina. He is the son of an Indian Tamil Muslim family. He started acting after graduating from the New York University in 2004. He lives in Los Angeles, California and is an atheist.

References

Other websites

1983 births
Living people
People from Columbia, South Carolina
Actors from South Carolina
American movie actors
American television actors
American stand-up comedians
American atheists
Comedians from South Carolina
Georgina Clare Henry (8 June 1960 – 7 February 2014) was a British journalist. She worked with The Guardian. She held several senior positions at the newspaper.

Henry was born in Aden, Yemen (then a British colony) on 8 June 1960. Henry was educated at Cranbrook School, Kent and King's College London where she read history. At King's College she met Ronan Bennett, subsequently a writer, who became her life-long partner.

Henry died on 7 February 2014 in London, England from eye cancer, aged 53.

References

1960 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from eye neoplasm
Cancer deaths in England
English journalists
Writers from Kent
Martin Plissner (1926 – February 6, 2014) was an American political commentator. He worked for CBS News from 1964 until his retirement in 1996. He first began his job during the United States presidential election, 1964 during Robert F. Kennedy's campaign. He was known for first using the phrase "too close to call".

Plissner was born in 1926 in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied at Yale University. Plissner served in the United States Navy during World War II. He was married to Susan Morrison until his death. They had two daughters. He had one son from a last marriage. Plissner lived in Washington, D.C..

Plissner died on February 6, 2014 in Washington, D.C. from lung cancer, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 Warren Mitofsky Memorial Service by Marty Plissner 
 Marty Plissner, longtime CBS News political director, dies at 87 

1926 births
2014 deaths
American journalists
Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
Deaths from lung cancer
American political commentators
Writers from New York City
Evonne Goolagong-Cawley, AO, MBE (born 31 July 1951) is an Australian tennis player. She was one of the world's most successful players in the 1970s and early 1980s. She ranked No. 1 in the world in 1976.

Goolagong won 14 Grand Slam titles. She won the women's title in singles tennis four times at the Australian Open, twice at the Wimbledon Championships, and once at the French Open. The other Grand Slam titles she won were in doubles tennis: six in women's doubles and one in mixed doubles.

Early life
Early life 

Evonne Fay Goolagong was born in Griffith, New South Wales. She and her family are Aboriginal Australians. They belong to the Wiradjuri nation. Evonne was the third of eight children. She grew up in the small farming town of Barellan. Her father, Kenneth Goolagong, was a sheep shearer. Her family was poor. At this time, many Aboriginal people around Australia faced discrimination; they were treated differently by White Australians. However, Goolagong has said that she did not experience discrimination whilst living at Barellan.
Edwards coached Goolagong and encouraged her to play tennis as a career. She left Barellan and moved to Sydney permanently in 1965, when she was aged 14. She lived with Edwards' family in their home. She went to Willoughby Girls High School, finishing in 1968. She entered the New South Wales Championship in 1967. She played in the Australian women's singles championship in January 1968. By this time she was ranked as the best junior player in New South Wales. Goolagong would later win the Australian championship four times; in 1974, 1975, 1976 and 1977. She came second place in 1971, 1972 and 1973.

Grand Slam success 

Goolagong won seven Grand Slam singles titles in her career. She played in eighteen Grand Slam singles finals; all except one of these were during the 1970s. Between 1971 and 1977, she reached the final of almost every Grand Slam singles event she entered.