Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
These Interstate Highways run along tollways and roads that are not grade-separated, which means drivers must use a specially made group of ramps to get to the road. There are no signs for these Interstate Highways. They are signed as Puerto Rico routes.

Puerto Rico's interstate routes are not to be confused with Puerto Rico Routes PR-1, PR-2, and PR-3. These are other major highways in Puerto Rico. 

The three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico are:

 Interstate PRI-1 goes from San Juan southwest to Ponce on the shortest route. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 52 and Puerto Rico Highway 18. It is  long.
 Interstate PRI-2 goes from San Juan to Ponce along the coast of western Puerto Rico. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 22 and Puerto Rico Highway 2. It is  long.
 Interstate PRI-3 goes from San Juan southeast to Ceiba. It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 53. It is  long.

References

Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Highways
A police car is a motor vehicle used by Law Enforcement Officers. It has equipment that assist Police Officers in their duties of patrolling and responding to incidents. Typical uses of a police car include transportation for officers to reach the scene of an incident quickly. Police cars are also used to transport suspects, or to patrol an area. Some police cars are adapted for certain functions such as traffic control, to transport police dogs or for active bomb disposal.

Police cars are usually marked to identify them. There are two reasons for this: firstly, so that other drivers know to get out of the way of a police car that is rushing to an emergency incident, and secondly so that the car can be a deterrent to crime. Police cars also have sirens and flashing lights which are used when they rush to an incident. However, some police cars are unmarked, so that police can carry out work without being noticed.

History
History 

In the United Kingdom in the early 1900s, police vehicles were first used to chase speeding motorists. This had very poor results until police schools were opened to teach officers how to use their vehicles properly. In 1910 the first police car in the US was used in Akron, Ohio. By 1920 police cars were in wide use in the US. It was noticed that patrol cars allowed police to respond faster. It also allowed an officer to cover a wider area. By the 1960s most major cities had shifted away from foot patrols altogether in favor of police cars. But studies proved a mix of foot officers and police vehicles worked best.
Chases 
 
Police cars are used for chases ("pursuits") against suspects. The crime the suspect is believed to have committed may have been anything from a traffic violation to a major felony. Suspects often attempt to lose law enforcement by driving away, sometimes at high speed. From 1990 to 2005, 136 people were killed in the US in high speed pursuits by police. Despite controversy as to whether high speed chases are necessary police continue to work on the problem using technology and new techniques. One technique is the 'take out'. A take out is a technique used to cause the fleeing vehicle to lose control and be turned sideways by the police vehicle.

When rushing to a crime scene, police officers can drive their cars through red lights and break the speed limit and other traffic laws. They must still be careful when doing this, however.

Other names
Other names 

Terms for police cars include (police) cruiser, squad car, area car and patrol car. They may also be informally known as a cop car, a 'Black and white', a 'Cherry top', a 'gumball machine', a 'jam sandwich' or 'panda car'. Depending on the configuration of the emergency lights and livery, a police car may be considered a marked or unmarked unit.

Notes

References 

Land vehicles
Police
Vehicles
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), , is a federal law. It allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government. The law defines agency records subject to disclosure. It outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and grants nine exemptions to the law. It was originally signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his doubts, on July 4, 1966 and went into effect the following year.

References 

United States federal legislation
In basic mathematics, a linear function is a function whose graph is a straight line in 2-dimensions (2D, see images).  An example is: y=2x–1. In higher mathematics, a linear function often refers to a linear mapping.

Basic Properties
Formally, a linear function is a function f(x):R→R such that the graph of f is a line. This means the domain or input of f is a real number R and the range or output of f is also a real number R. Usually we write y(x) or just y in place of f(x). So the formal statement means:
 we input or substitute a real number x into the linear function
 the linear function outputs or gives a real number y and
 all of these points (x,y) make a line.

There are three main forms for writing linear functions: slope-intercept, standard and parametric.
Slope-intercept form
The slope-intercept (also called point-slope or explicit) form of a linear function is    or   . This form has 2 variables x and у and 2 constants m and b.
 The letters m and b are constants. Before working with a linear function, we replace m and b with actual real numbers.
 The letters x and y are variables.
In slope-intercept form, the letter m stands for the slope and b stands for the y-intercept.
The variable x is called the independent variable or argument. Any real number x can  be input or substituted into a linear function. The function will then output the corresponding value for y.
 The variable y is called the dependent variable. It is the output value after substituting an input value for x.
Horizontal lines are included. The line is horizontal if and only if m=0. Then we have just y=b. Since b is a real number, this is a constant function. So a constant function is also a linear function.
 Vertical lines are never included because a vertical line is not a function. A vertical line does not pass the vertical line test. (A vertical line is defined by the equation: x=b where b is a real number.)
 Slanted lines are included. The line is slanted if and only if m≠0.
The slope-intercept form is unique. A different value of m or a different value of b gives a different line.
 A linear function is a  polynomial function of first or zero degree in one variable х .
 The constant term is b. If we substitute x=0 into the function, we get y=b. So the number b is the y-intercept and the line crosses the у-axis at the point (0,b).
 If m≠0, the number –b/m is the x-intercept or root or zero and (–b/m,0) is the point where the line crosses the х-axis. Here the value of the function is zero.
 The coefficient m of x is called the slope or gradient of the line. For each line, the number m is a constant and so the slope is constant for the whole line. The slope determines both the direction and steepness of the line. Direction and steepness are called the rate of change. So the rate of change is m and it is constant for each line.
 The sign of m determines the direction. If m>0 then the linear function is increasing; if m<0 then the function is decreasing.
The absolute value of m determines the steepness. If |m|<1 then the slope is gentle; if |m|>1 then the slope is steep.
 If the slope of a line is m and (х,у) is any point on the line, we must also have the point (х+1, y+m) on the line.
Example: y=–2x+4. The slope is m= –2 and the y-intercept is b=4 or the point (0,4). Substituting y=0 and solving for x, we get 0=–2x+4 or x=2. So x=2 is the root of this linear function and the point (2,0) is the x-intercept.  Since the slope is m = –2, the line is decreasing. Since |–2|=2>1, the decrease is relatively steep. For each change in х of 1 (to the right), the value of у changes -2 (goes down).

 The graph of a line is determined by two points. To graph a linear function, we can substitute two different values for x into the function and solve for the corresponding y-values. We graph these two points. Using a straightedge, we draw the line through these two points extending it past both points.
Example: y=–2x+4. Substituting x=0 we get y=4 (this is the y-intercept) and thus the point (0,4). Substituting x=1, we get y=2 and thus the point (1,2). Plot these points and draw the line. (Notice that the 2nd point is 1 to the right and 2 down from the 1st point. As we said in the above example, this happens because the slope is m= –2)

 A linear function that is not a constant function is a bijection. It will output each real number (surjection) for exactly one input value (injection).

Example: y= –x+2. Suppose y= –1. We substitute y= –1 and get: –1= –'x+2 or x=3. This is the only solution. We can do this for any y-value.
Standard form
   .
 The standard form has 2 variables x and у and 3 constants A, B, and C that are replaced by actual real numbers before working. This form is often used in geometry and in systems of linear equations.
Example: The linear function 3x–2y=1 is in standard form. The constants are A=3, B=–2 and C=1.
 This form is sometimes written as: . So instead of writing 3x-2y=1, we write the equivalent equation 3x-2y-1=0.
 The constants A, B, and C are not uniquely determined. If we multiply them by a factor k, the value of these constants change, but the line is still the same.

Example: The lines 3x–2y=1  and 6x–4y=2 are coincident (same line). Here the factor is: k=2. We multiplied the first equation by 2 to get the second equation. The unique slope-intercept form of this line is: y=1.5x–0.5 (solve either equation for y).

Vector-Parametric form
Parametric form:     or
Vector form:   or   .
 The parametric or vector or vector-parametric form has 1 parameter t, 2 variables x and у, and 4 constants a1, a2, x1, and y1. The coefficients a1, a2, x1, and y1 are not uniquely determined. The line passes through the points А=(x1,y1) and B=(x1+a1,y1+a2) so that taking taking any other points or even just reversing the order ot the points will result in different constants for the same line.
 The parameter t is not visible on the graph.
 Engineers usually use the letter t for the parameter. Mathematicians often use the Greek letter λ.
Example: X=(–1,1)+t(2,3), t∈R is a line in vector form. Here: a1=2, a2=3, x1=–1 and x2=1. The line goes through the points (x1,y1)=(–1,1) and (x1+a1,y1+a2)=(1,4). The corresponding parametric form of this line is: x(t)= –1+2t, y(t)=1+3t.  The unique slope-intercept form of this line is: y(x)=1.5x+2.5   (solve the first equation for t and substitute this result into the second equation).
 The vector-parametric form of a line extends naturally to lines in 3-dimensional and higher spaces. The other forms do not.
Example: X=(–1,1,2)+t(2,3,–1), t∈R is a line in 3-dimensional space. The line goes through the points (–1,1,2) and (1,4,1).

Derivative of a linear function
In the context where it is defined, the derivative of a function is a measure of the rate of change of function values with respect to change in input values. A linear function has a constant rate of change. This rate of change is the slope m. So m is the derivative. This is often written:

Example: y= –2x+4. Here m= –2 and so y′= –2.
Linear function vs. Linear equation
Often, the terms linear equation and linear function are confused. Both are polynomials. However, the word linear in linear equation means that all terms with variables are first degree. (The word linear in linear function means the graph is a line.) A linear equation can have 1, 2, 3, or more variables. So a linear equation is a linear function only if it has exactly 2 variables. (A linear equation in one variable is a point on the number line and a linear equation in 3 variables is a plane in 3-dimensional space.)

Notation
Many countries and disciplines use different letters and ordering for the different forms.

In many countries, a linear functions is often written as  where a is the slope and b is the y-intercept.

In business and economics, a linear function is often written as  where a is the y-intercept and b'' is the slope.

Related pages
 Line
 Polynomial
 Constant function
 Quadratic equation
 Linear equation

References
References

Other websites
   (interactive)
   (interactive)
   (examples from economics)

Functions and mappings
Algebra
YM (or Your Magazine) was an American magazine for teenaged girls. It originally began being published in the 1930s. It was published for 72 years. It was the second-oldest girls' magazine in the United States; the oldest being Seventeen.

It began as two separate magazines: Compact and Calling All Girls. Compact was aimed at older teenagers. It was first published in 1932. Calling All Girls was intended for younger girls. It began publication in July 1941 after a teen column in Parents' Magazine produced a positive interest from readers. It was the first magazine for girls. Contents consisted of comics, fashion advice, and short stories. It was originally published four times a year, but soon became published every month. This was because it was popular. By 1945 it was selling 500,000 copies of each issue. The average reader was aged 13. The magazine never appealed to older teens or fashion advertisers because of its emphasis on comics.
During the 1960s, the two titles (Compact and Calling All Girls) merged into Young Miss. The title changed again to Young & Modern in the 1980s. It was changed one final time in 2000 to YM. This was said to stand for Your Magazine.

YM stopped being published in 2004. Subscriptions were replaced with Teen Vogue.

References 

American monthly magazines‎
American teen magazines
Defunct magazines of the United States
1932 establishments in the United States
2004 disestablishments in the United States
A Bantustan (also known as a Bantu homeland, black homeland, black state, or simply homeland) was a territory set aside for South Africa's black inhabitants during apartheid. Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa and ten more in South West Africa (now Namibia), with the goal of creating nation states for the black tribes of Africa. The term Bantustan comes from Bantu (meaning "people" in the Bantu languages) and -stan (meaning "land" in Persian).

The founders of apartheid tried hard to make the Bantustans recognised internationally, but this never happened, and most blacks did not like the Bantustans. They were unpopular because:
The borders of the Bantustans were drawn to exclude valuable land.
The large number of reassigned citizens combined with the small size of the Bantustans meant that a lot of people had to share small amounts of land, compared to how people lived in the rest of South Africa.
Becoming citizens of the new territories meant losing citizenship of South Africa, where the majority of candidates for reassignment of citizenship lived and worked. This would cause them to lose what few rights and privileges they had as citizens of South Africa.

The Bantustans were dissolved in 1994 and their territory incorporated into the Republic of South Africa. From 1994, most parts of the country were redivided into new provinces.

List of Bantustans

Bantustans in South Africa
Transkei (declared independent on 26 October 1976)
 Bophuthatswana (declared independent on 6 December 1977)
 Venda (declared independent on 13 September 1979)
 Ciskei (declared independent on 4 December 1981)
 Gazankulu
 Lebowa
 QwaQwa
 KaNgwane
 KwaNdebele
 KwaZulu

Lesotho and Swaziland were not Bantustans, but former British colonies granted independence by Great Britain and internationally recognised.
Four of the South African Bantustans, Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei  (also called the "TBVC States") were granted independence from South Africa, but were never internationally recognised. The other six had a high amount of autonomy.

Bantustans in South West Africa

Bushmanland
Damaraland
East Caprivi (self-rule 1976)
Hereroland (self-rule 1970)
Kaokoland
Kavangoland (self-rule 1973)
Namaland
Ovamboland (self-rule 1973)
Rehoboth
Tswanaland
Beginning in 1968, ten Bantustans were established in South West Africa. Unlike the Bantustans in South Africa, only four Bantustans in South West Africa were granted autonomy, and none were granted independence. The Bantustans were abolished in May 1989 in the transition to independence.

20th century in South Africa
1994 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in South Africa
1990s disestablishments in Africa
In South African, Namibian, Zambian, Botswanan, and Zimbabwean context, the term Coloured (Kleurlinge in Afrikaans) is used to refer to people of mixed European and Khoisan or Bantu ancestry.

They form the majority of the Northern Cape and Western Cape populations. Most Coloured speak Afrikaans as their first language, although there are some native English speakers. The majority of Coloureds living in Cape Town are able to speak both languages.

Because of South Africa's history of racial discrimination, many feel that the term coloured is derogatory. The official term is "Coloured people", but many Coloureds prefer to call themselves "Black", "Khoisan", or just "South African".

Apartheid
During apartheid, people were classified into four groups: White, Black, Coloured, and Asian. The Cape Malays, who are of Asian descent, were not classified as Asians, but as Coloureds.
Although they were discriminated upon by the government, many Coloureds and Asians got to enjoy certain rights during the apartheid era. For example, they did not have to carry around a passbook, had limited political representation, and were considered citizens of South Africa.

References

Ethnic groups in South Africa
Race
Sami Gayle (born January 22, 1996) is an American actress. She co-stars as Nicky Reagan in the CBS series Blue Bloods.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Florida
1996 births
Living people
Jan Christiaan Smuts, OM, CH, ED, KC, FRS, PC (24 May 1870 – 11 September 1950), was a South African soldier and Prime Minister, from 1919 to 1924 and again from 1939 to 1948.

Biography

Early life
Jan Smuts was born into a wealthy Afrikaner family living in the British Cape Colony. He first went to school at age 12, going to Victoria College four years later to study science and the arts. He later went to Christ's College in Cambridge to study law.

Boer War and Unification
Smuts was a supporter of Cecil Rhodes until it was revealed that he was apart of the Jameson Raid by a group of Uitlanders (foreigners in Afrikaans) in the Transvaal Republic. In 1898, Smuts moved to Johannesburg in the Transvaal to practice law and later became a minister in the Transvaal government until the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War.
During the Boer War, he led a Boer Commando in the Cape Colony using guerrilla tactics. After the war, Smuts joined the cabinet led by Louis Botha in 1907. However, uneasiness with his Afrikaner comrades cooperating with the British led him to disown the Afrikaners on year later, declaring himself to be South African instead.

Soldier and Statesman
Two years after the Union of South Africa was formed, Smuts created the Union Defence Force (UDF). He led the UDF and was instrumental in the conquest of German South-West Africa and German East Africa during World War I. In 1917, Smuts was invited to join the Imperial War Cabinet. In 1918, Smuts helped created the Royal Air Force.

Smuts and Botha were key negotiators at the Paris Peace Conference. After signing the Treaty of Versailles, which gave South Africa control over Namibia, Smuts returned to politics.

When Botha died in 1919, Smuts became Prime Minister, serving until his defeat in 1924 to the National Party.
World War II
After serving nine years in opposition, Smuts became Deputy Prime Minister in a coalition government led by Barry Hertzog.
When Hertzog asked for neutrality towards Nazi Germany during World War II, he was deposed and Smuts became Prime Minister again. During World War II, Smuts was invited to the Imperial War Cabinet again, where he worked closely with Winston Churchill. In 28 May 1941, Smuts became a Field Marshal of the British Army, becoming the first South African to hold that rank. This cooperation with Churchill made Smuts very unpopular with the Afrikaners, which led to his downfall.

In May 1945, Smuts represented South Africa during the drafting of the Charter of the United Nations. Just as he did in 1919, Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international organisation to preserve peace. Smuts signed the Paris Peace Treaty, becoming the only person to sign the treaties that ended both the First and Second World Wars.
After World War II
After World War II, Smuts continued to represent South Africa internationally. Smuts was in favour of Zionism and his government quickly recognized the newly formed State of Israel after its establishment in May 1948. However, his support for the war and plans to change racial segregation in South Africa made him very unpopular with the Afrikaners, and in 1948, lost the election to Daniel Francois Malan and the pro-Apartheid National Party.

Smuts died on 11 September 1950 from a heart attack on his family farm.

1870 births
1950 deaths
Afrikaner people
Calvinists
Generals
People of the Boer Wars
Prime Ministers of South Africa
South African military people
Zionists
Endless Love is an American romantic drama movie. It was released February 2014 in the United States and the United Kingdom. The movie is about a charismatic boy and wealthy girl. Her parents want them separated. This movie was rated PG-13 in the United States, for language, sexual content and brief nudity.

It is a remake of the movie of the same name from 1981. They are both based on the novel of the same name.

Other websites 

2010s coming-of-age movies
2014 romantic drama movies
2010s teen drama movies
2010s teen romance movies
American coming-of-age movies
American movie remakes
American romantic drama movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
2010s English-language movies
Movies based on books
A tension headache is a common form of headache. Tension headaches affect the head, eyes and nearby areas of the body. They are very common with adults. Females are twice as likely as males to have them.

Tension headaches may be caused by:

stress
irregular or changing meal times
too much caffeine
depression or anxiety

References 

Head (body part)
Pain
Championships
Century Wrestling Alliance
CWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
East Coast Pro Wrestling
ECPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
ECPW Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Ace Darling (one) and Timothy Plazma (one))
East Coast Wrestling Association
ECWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
Eternity Wrestling Association
EWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
Independent Superstars of Professional Wrestling
ISPW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
International Fighting Network
IFN Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation
MEWF Mid-Atlantic Championship (one time)
MEWF Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Mark Schrader)
NWA 2000
NWA 2000 Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
NWA New Jersey
NWA New Jersey Hardcore Championship (one time)
NWA New Jersey State Heavyweight Championship (one time)
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (New Jersey version) (one time) (with Ace Darling)
NWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (New Jersey version) (one time)
NWA New York
NWA New York Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
NWA New York Television Championship (one time)
New Jack City Wrestling
NJCW Light Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Richmond Championship Wrestling
RCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
World Championship Wrestling
WCW Cruiserweight Championship (one time)1
WCW Hardcore Championship (one time)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with David Flair)
World Wrestling All-Stars
WWA Hardcore Championship (one time)
1During his reign, he held the championship with Daffney.

References

Other websites
Crowbar's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database

1974 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Impact Wrestling alumni
Sportspeople from New Jersey
People from Rutherford, New Jersey
About Last Night is a 1986 American romance-comedy-drama movie. Two people begin a relationship from a one-night stand after meeting in a Chicago bar. Demi Moore plays Debbie. Rob Lowe plays Danny. Megan Mullally plays Pat.

This movie was released on July 2, 1986. It got very good reviews. A remake was released in 2014.

References

Other websites 

1986 comedy-drama movies
1986 romantic comedy movies
1986 romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies based on plays
Movies set in Chicago
Movies directed by Edward Zwick
About Last Night is a 2014 American romantic comedy movie. It is a remake of the 1986 movie of the same name. It is about romantic encounters in Los Angeles. Paula Patton is in the cast.

The original movie was set in Chicago. This one is set in Los Angeles and has an all-black cast The remake was released in mid February of 2014. It was rated R. The original romance movie was also rated R.

Other websites 

2014 romantic comedy movies
American movie remakes
American romantic comedy movies
2010s English-language movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Sabotage is a 2014 action and crime thriller movie. It is about DEA officials busting safe houses of drug lords. An assassin begins to target them later on. Arnold Schwarzenegger plays John. Terrence Howard plays Sugar.

The movie was released on March 28, 2014.

2014 action movies
2014 thriller movies
2010s action thriller movies
American action thriller movies
Movies directed by David Ayer
Natasha Henstridge (born August 15, 1974) is a Canadian model turned actress. She is best known for playing the extraterrestrial-human hybrid antagonist Sil in the 1995 science-fiction horror movie, Species, which was her movie debut. She played Lisa Rayborn in the 1998 comedy movie, You Lucky Dog. She also played Dawn in the television series, The Secret Circle.

Henstridge was born in Newfoundland. She was raised in Fort McMurray, Alberta.

References

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Alberta
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
People from Newfoundland and Labrador
Emma Catherine Rigby (born 26 September 1989) is an English actress. She played Hannah Ashworth in the series Hollyoaks. She played Gemma Roscoe in Prisoners' Wives.

Emma Rigby was born in St Helens, Merseyside, England.

References

1989 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
Entertainers from Merseyside
"Dancing Crazy" is a popular single sung by singer Miranda Cosgrove. The song is about being involved in parties and having a lovely time. Avril Lavigne was the co-writer of this song.

The music critics didn't accept "Dancing Crazy". It was, however, moderately strong in certain music charts. It was released in December 2010.

2010 songs
Pop songs
Miranda Cosgrove songs
The term mass murder refers to when a murder of four people or more happens by the same person or group at the same time. Usually the murders happen at the same time or over a relatively short period of time. The FBI defines mass murder as the killing of many people without any cooling-off period. By comparison a serial killer has a cooling-off period between murders. Murder can be done by a person, a gang, a terrorist group, a government or police. Mass murderers commit their crime for many reasons. Examples of why they do it include: politics/religion/ethnicity, sadism, being bullied, mental disorders and inceldom. In many cases, the killer commits suicide or is killed by police.

The University of Texas massacre in August 1966, the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, the September 11 attacks, the Virginia Tech massacre, the 2012 Aurora shooting and the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting are some examples of mass murders that have happened in the United States.
The United Kingdom's mass murders include the Denmark Place fire in London in 1980, the Hungerford massacre in Hungerford, Berkshire in 1987 and the Pan Am Flight 103 Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988. Australia's mass murders include the Port Arthur massacre in 1996. France's include the November 2015 Paris attacks. Turkey's include the 2015 Ankara bombings.

References

Mass murder
Sexual violence a sexual act or attempt to get sex by force, violence, unwelcome harassment or advances. It has risks of causing sexually transmitted conditions and mental troubles. Sexual violence happens mostly to females. Males can also be victims.

References

Sexual abuse
Violence
Speed Badminton (or "Speedminton") is a form of badminton played without a net. It is faster than ordinary badminton. It combines rules from different sports like badminton, squash and tennis. Today, Speedminton is played all around the world. There are about 3,000 registered players that compete internationally and about 2 million players around the world.

There is no net in between players. There is also no firm rules about where it is played. It can be played on tennis courts, streets, beaches, fields or gyms. The court is two squares of 5.50–metre (18 ft) length. They are fixed opposite to each other at a distance of 12.8 m (42 ft).

There are tournaments all over the world. Tournaments are organized into a growing number of clubs. In some countries, associations are already established, for example the German Speed Badminton Association (DSBV) and the Swiss Speed Badminton (SSB). On August 25, 2011 the international Speed Badminton Organization (ISBO) was founded in Berlin.

Badminton
A system file is an important file which an operating system needs to be able to work properly. System files are found mainly in computers and device drivers. They can contain important information. They can contain information which enables a computer to start. They can also contain information which tells the computer how to run properly as you use it. Deleting a system file can damage a computer or make it unusable. System files in a Windows operating system are found in the System32 folder, the most important folder on the computer's hard drive. Most system files cannot be edited or deleted as they are always in use by the system.

Computing
Marquinhos (real name Marcos Aoás Corrêa, born 14 May 1994 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays as a defender for Paris Saint-Germain F.C. in France.

The Guardian newspaper think that he is one of the 10 best young football players in the world.

He was bought by his current club from A.S. Roma for €32 million in 2013.

References

1994 births
Living people
Footballers from São Paulo
2018 FIFA World Cup players
2022 FIFA World Cup players
The Daily Star is a tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It was first published on 2 November 1978. In 2011, it made 706,757 copies every day. It is quite similar to The Sun. It tries to be cheaper so more people buy it than The Sun. Although other newspapers have their favourite political party, the Daily Star does not. However, it was against Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown in 2009. To attract women and teenage girls the Daily Star  has a horoscope column.

References

1978 establishments in the United Kingdom
Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
is an anime series written by Kazuki Nakashima and directed by Hiroyuki Imaishi. It is produced by Trigger. The anime began airing on October 3, 2013 and ended on March 27, 2014. There is also a manga that is illustrated by Ryō Akizuki. On September 3, 2014, an original video animation episode will be released along with the ninth volume.
Plot
The series follows Ryuko Matoi, a student at a high school in Tokyo Bay set in post-apocalyptic Japan called Honnouji Academy. The academy is run by the student council which wear special uniforms called Goku Uniforms. The uniforms give them superhuman abilities and they use them to rule over the rest of the students and staff of the academy. Ryuko Matoi owns one-half of a scissor-shaped longsword and transferred to the academy to look for the owner of the other half of the scissor blade, the person that killed her father. When she attempts to interrogate the leader of the student council Satsuki Kiryuin about the killer, she is defeated. After her defeat, she finds a sentient sailor uniform which she names Senketsu. Ryuko is able to use Senketsu's powers to fight Satsuki and her henchmen, the Elite Four.

References

Other websites
Official website 
Official website 

Manga
Anime
2013 television series debuts
2013 establishments in Japan
2013 anime television series
Constantin "Dinu" Cocea (22 September 1929 – 26 December 2013) was a Romanian actor, screenwriter, and award winning director.

He was born in Periș, Ilfov County, Romania. Cocea graduated from Gheorghe Lazăr National College before he began his acting career in 1958. However, he made his mark as a director and screenwriter, most notably directing Haiducii lui Șaptecai. In 2010 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award of Excellence at the Iasi International Film Festival.

Dinu Cocea died from heart failure on 26 December 2013, aged 84, in Paris, France, where he had lived since 1986. He was survived by his daughter, Oana.
Filmography
Film directed by Dinu Cocea:
 The Outlaws (1966)
 Outlaws Revenge (1968)
 Kidnapping virgins (1968)
 Week Fools (1971)
 Haiducii lui Şaptecai (1971)
 Dowry Lady Ralu (1972)
 Paratroopers (1972)
 Oak extreme emergency (1973)
 Do not stop fan (1976)
 The chain mishandling (1976)
 The court Reserves (1976)
 Ecaterina (1978)
 Iancu Jianu zapciul / Iancu Jian, zapciul (1980)
 Iancu Jianu outlaw (1981)

References

Other websites

1929 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in Paris
Romanian movie directors
Romanian movie actors
Romanian movie producers
Romanian stage actors
Romanian screenwriters
Jan Skopeček (19 September 1925 – 27 July 2020) was a Czech actor and playwright.

Early life and career 
He was born in Litoměřice, Czechoslovakia. Skopeček began his acting career in 1949, appearing in a number of plays. He was married to actress Věra Tichánková. The two remained together until Tichánková's death in January 2014.

He died on 27 July 2020 in Prague, aged 94.

References

1925 births
2020 deaths
Czech actors
Czech playwrights
Richard Bull (June 26, 1924 – February 3, 2014) was an American movie, stage, and television actor.

He is best known for his role as Nels Oleson on the NBC TV series Little House on the Prairie which aired from 1974 to 1983 and "Doc" on Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea.

Bull died on the morning of February 3, 2014 at the Motion Picture Television Fund campus in Calabasas, California from pneumonia. He was 89 years old.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Chicago
William R. "Bill" Sinkin (May 19, 1913 – February 3, 2014) was an American community activist for equality, international cooperation and alternative energy in San Antonio, Texas. He created the company Solar San Antonio.

Sinkin died on February 3, 2014 from natural causes in San Antonio, Texas, aged 100.

References

Other websites
Interviews with William "Bill" Sinkin, June 30 1995, January 17, 2005, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures: Oral History Collections, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.

1913 births
2014 deaths
American activists
American centenarians
Businesspeople from Texas
American chief executives
People from San Antonio, Texas
Wu Ma (real name: ) (22 September 1942 – 4 February 2014) was a Chinese-Hong Kong actor, director, producer and writer. 

Wu Ma's career began in 1963. He made over 180 appearances to his name (plus 38 directorial credits within a twenty-five year period). Wu Ma is mostly known for appearing in many movies about the history of Hong Kong Cinema. He is best known as the Taoist ghosthunter in A Chinese Ghost Story.

Wu Ma died on 4 February 2014 in Hong Kong from lung cancer, aged 71.

References

Other websites
A short biography and filmography 
A detailed biography - bottom of page

A Chinese Ghost Story  - commentary by Bey Logan
Interview in Chinese

1942 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Chinese movie actors
Chinese television actors
Chinese voice actors
Chinese screenwriters
Chinese movie directors
Chinese movie producers
Hong Kong actors
Cancer deaths in Hong Kong
Hans Jakob "Jack" Steinberger (25 May 1921 – 12 December 2020) was a German-born American physicist of Jewish descent. He co-discovered the muon neutrino, along with Leon Lederman and Melvin Schwartz. He was given the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics. Steinberger now lives in Switzerland.

He studied at the Illinois Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago.

Steinberger was an atheist, and a member of the International Academy of Humanism.

Steinberger died on 12 December 2020 in Geneva, Switzerland at the age of 99.

References
References

Books
Steinberger, J.,  W. K. H. Panofsky & J. Steller.  "Evidence for the Production of Neutral Mesons by Photons", Radiation Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (April 1950).
Panofsky, W. K. H., J. Steinberger & J. Steller.   "Further Results on the Production of Neutral Mesons by Photons", Radiation Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (October 1, 1950).
Steinberger, J.   "Experimental Survey of Strange Particle Decays", Columbia University, Nevis Laboratories, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (June 1964).
Other websites
Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
Autobiography (at the Nobel Prize web site) 
official web site for the Nobel Prize in Physics 
CERN web site for Jack Steinberger 

1921 births
2020 deaths
American atheists
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicists
German Jews
Humanists
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish atheists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Bavaria
Refugees from Nazism
University of Chicago alumni
German Nobel Prize winners
Leon Max Lederman (July 15, 1922 – October 3, 2018) was an American experimental physicist. He received, along with Martin Lewis Perl, the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1982. He won the prize for their research on quarks and leptons, and the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1988. He received the prize along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, for their research on neutrinos.

Lederman was of Jewish descent. He was an atheist.

Lederman died on October 3, 2018 at a care-facility in Rexburg, Idaho from complications of dementia at the age of 96.

References

Books
 
 
 
 
  What We'll Find Inside the Atom by Leon Lederman is an essay he wrote for the September 15, 2008 issue of Newsweek
Other websites
 Education, Politics, Einstein and Charm The Science Network interview with Leon Lederman
 Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
 Fermilab's Leon M. Lederman webpage
 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 
 Video Interview with Lederman from the Nobel Foundation
 Leon M. Lederman – Autobiography
 Timeline of Nobel Prize Winners in Physics webpage for Leon Max Lederman
 Story of Leon by Leon Lederman
  Honeywell – Nobel Interactive Studio 
 1976 Cresson Medal recipient  from The Franklin Institute.
1922 births
2018 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicists
American atheists
Jewish American scientists
Jewish American writers
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Jewish Wolf Prize winners
Scientists from New York City
Writers from New York City
Academics from Illinois
American inventors
American mathematicians
Columbia University alumni
Nobel Prize in Physics winners
Wolf Prize winners
Columbia University faculty
Melvin Schwartz (November 2, 1932 – August 28, 2006) was an American physicist of Jewish descent.

He shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics with Leon M. Lederman and Jack Steinberger for their development of the neutrino beam method and their demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.

Schwartz died on August 28, 2006 in Twin Falls, Idaho from Parkinson's disease and hepatitis C, aged 73.

References
References

Books
Samios, N. P., Plano, R., Prodell, A., Schwartz, M. and J. Steinberger.    "The Parity of the Neutral Pion and the Decay pi{sup 0} Yields 2e{sup +} + 2e{sup -}", Nevis Cyclotron Laboratory, Columbia University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), Office of Naval Research, (January 1962).
Lee, T. D., Robinson, H., Schwartz, M. and R. Cool.    "Intensity of Upward Muon Flux Due to Cosmic-Ray Neutrinos Produced in the Atmosphere", Nevis Cyclotron Laboratory, Columbia University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (June 1963).

Other websites
Photograph, Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
1988 Nobel Physics winners
Nobel autobiography
1932 births
2006 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicists
Columbia University alumni
Deaths from hepatitis
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from New York City
Writers from New York City
Educators from New York City
Martin Lewis Perl (June 24, 1927 – September 30, 2014) was an American physicist of Jewish descent. Perl won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 for his discovery of the tau lepton.

Pearl died at Stanford University Hospital on September 30, 2014 from a heart attack at the age of 87.

References

Other websites
Nobel autobiography 
Nobel Prize press release, explaining the significance of Perl's work
Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
Personal blog: Reflections on Physics
U.S. Patent 5943075  Universal fluid droplet ejector (Martin Lewis Perl)
U.S. Patent 5975682  Two-dimensional fluid droplet arrays generated using a single nozzle (Martin Lewis Perl)

1927 births
2014 deaths
American Nobel Prize winners
American physicists
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from New York City
Patrice Munsel (May 14, 1925 – August 4, 2016) was an American coloratura soprano. She was the youngest singer who ever starred at the Metropolitan Opera. She was sometimes called "Princess Pat".

Munsel was born in Spokane, Washington on May 14, 1925. She died on August 4, 2016 in Schroon Lake, New York, aged 91.

References

Other websites

Cover of Time magazine, December 3, 1951 
Article in Time magazine, December 3, 1951
 Cover of Life magazine, March 3, 1952 
Metropolitan Opera's "Opera News Online"
Patrice Munsel personal website 

1925 births
2016 deaths
American stage actors
American opera singers
People from Spokane, Washington
Singers from Washington (state)
Sopranos
Avar might mean:
Avar people
Avar language
Adolfo Suárez González, 1st Duke of Suárez, Grandee of Spain (25 September 1932 – 23 March 2014) was a Spanish lawyer and politician. Suárez was Spain's first democratically elected prime minister after the dictator of Franco.

Suárez was born in Cebreros, Spain.

During his term as Prime Minister, Suárez was the key figure in the country's change to democracy. He led and founded some democratic political parties in Spain. He created the Political Reform of Spain in 1976 which helped Spain to become a democratic country.

In 2005, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died nine years later in Madrid at the age of 81.

Early life
Suárez was born in Cebreros, Spain. His parents were Hipólito Suárez Guerra and Herminia González Prados. He studied at the University of Salamanca. Suárez married María Amparo Illana Elórtegui in 1961.

Political career
 
On 4 July 1976, King Juan Carlos appointed Suárez as Prime Minister of Spain. He was the first Prime Minister under the 1978 Constitution of Spain.
In late July of 1977, Suárez became a member of the Congress of Deputies for Madrid. He was a member until he retired from politics in 1991.

In 1977, Spain had its first free elections in 41 years. Suárez was elected Prime Minister. He and the people working with him won the 1979 elections under the new constitution. He resigned as Prime Minister on 29 January 1981.

In 1981, King Juan Carlos of Spain gave Suárez the hereditary title of "Duque de Suárez" (Duke of Suárez). He also received the title Grande de España (English: Grandee of Spain) because of his role in the change to democracy.

The Prime Minister after Suárez was Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo. In 1986, Suárez ran again for Prime Minister. He lost to Felipe González.

Personal life
Suárez had five children. His first child died in 2004 from cancer. His wife of fifty years, María Amparo died in 2001. He lived in Madrid during his retirement years.
Health and death
On 31 May 2005, Suárez's son, Adolfo Suárez Illana, announced on Spanish television that his father was suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Suárez died from a respiratory infection in Madrid, aged 81.

Funeral
Suárez was granted a state funeral. His small memorial service was held on March 26 at the Ávila Cathedral. Many politicians attended including all former living Spanish Prime Ministers. His state funeral was held on 31 March 2014. He was buried at the Ávila Cathedral.

Legacy
On 24 March 2014, the Spanish government decided to rename the Madrid Barajas Airport to Adolfo Suárez Madrid-Barajas in honor of his service to the country.

Honorary titles
 
 Mr. Adolfo Suárez (1932–1976).
 The Most Excellent Adolfo Suárez, Prime Minister of Spain (1976–1981).
 The Most Excellent The Duke of Suárez, Grandee of Spain (1981–2007).
 The Most Excellent The Duke of Suárez, Grandee of Spain, Order of the Golden Fleece (2007–2014).

Some honors or awards
Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (18 July 1969).
 Gold Medal of Segovia (17 November 1969).
 Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise (1 April 1970).
 Gold Medal of Ávila (12 February 1981).
 Adopted Son of Ávila (12 February 1981).
Gold Medal of Madrid (30 November 1995).
 Prince of Asturias Concord Award (13 September 1996).
Coexistence Award of Ceuta (30 April 1999).
Gold Medal of Castilla y León (22 March 1997).
Medal of Honor of Madrid (15 May 2011).

Related pages
 Prime Minister of Spain
 Cebreros
 Francisco Franco
 Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)

Further reading
 Medalla de Oro de la provincia de Segovia concedida a su Alteza Real Don Juan de Borbón y Battenberg (1991). Segovia. Provincial Council of Segovia. .

References

Other websites

Biography by CIDOB  (in Spanish)
Tribute to Adolfo Suárez: Guestbook 
Spain's first post-Franco PM, Adolfo Suarez, dies at 81
1932 births
2014 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in Spain
People from Castile and León
People with Alzheimer's disease
Prime Ministers of Spain
George Fernandes (3 June 1930 – 29 January 2019) was the former Indian trade unionist, politician, journalist, agriculturist, and member of Rajya Sabha from Bihar. He was a key member of the Janata Dal (United), and is the founder of the Samata Party.

Fernandes suffered from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and in January 2010 was underwent treatment at Baba Ramdev's ashram at Haridwar He died of complications from the diseases on 29 January 2019 in New Delhi, aged 88.

References

Other websites

 Ongoing news coverage from The Times Network
 George Fernandes: Rebel without a pause from Gulf News

1930 births
2019 deaths
Writers from Karnataka
Indian journalists
Politicians from Karnataka