Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The number of members originally in the Order included:
 15 Knights Grand Cross (now there can be up to 125 Knights Grand Cross)
 20 Knights Commander (now there can be up to 375 Knights Commander)
 25 Companions (now there can be up to 1750 Companions)

Members of the Royal Family who are appointed to the Order are not counted as part of these limits and neither are foreigners appointed as "honorary members" (this means that they cannot use the title 'Sir' or 'Dame', and do not receive all the privileges of the order)

The Order has six officers:
 the Prelate (since May 2005, this has been the Rt Revd David Urquhart)
 the Chancellor
 the Secretary
 the Registrar
 the King of Arms of the Order of St Michael and St George
 the Usher.

The Order's King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms.
The Usher of the Order is known as the Gentleman Usher of the Blue Rod. He does not perform any duties related to the House of Lords, unlike the Usher of the Order of the Garter (the Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod).

Clothing 
Members of the Order wear decorated costumes on important occasions (such as coronations), which vary by rank:

The  Sovereign will name some days "collar days". On these days, members attending formal events may wear the Order's collar over their military uniform or evening wear. When collars are worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge is hung from the collar.

All collars which have been awarded since 1948 must be returned to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood. The other symbols can be kept..

Chapel 
The original home of the Order was the Palace of St Michael and St George in Corfu This was the home of the Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands. It was also the location of the Ionian Senate meetings.
Since 1906, the Order's chapel has been in St Paul's Cathedral in London. (The Cathedral also serves as home to the chapels of The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire and The Imperial Society of Knights Bachelor.) Religious services for the whole Order are held every four years. New Knights and Dames Grand Cross are 'installed' at these services (this means that they are officially appointed and make an oath of loyalty to the Sovereign).

The Sovereign and the Knights and Dames Grand Cross have stalls in the choir's area of the chapel.

Over their stall, their heraldic devices are displayed: The Knight's helm, decorated with a mantling (cloth tied to the helpmet) and topped by his crest (often an animal).
Under English heraldic law, women who are not monarchs do not bear helms or crests - this is because in the past, women did not fight in wars or tournaments, so they did not have a helmet. Instead of a helmet, Dames will have a coronet (a small crown). The exact design will depend on how important the Dame's  is in society.

Above the crest or coronet hangs the Knight or Dame's heraldic banner, showing the coat of arms. At the back of the stall there is a piece of brass (a "stall plate") displaying its occupant's name, arms and date of admission into the Order. Upon the death of a Knight, the banner, helm, mantling and crest are taken down. The stall plates are not removed, but remain permanently placed somewhere in the stall, so that the stalls of the chapel are covered with a colourful record of the Order's Knights and Dames Grand Cross since 1906.

The reredos (decorated panels) within the chapel were designed by Henry Poole, in 1927.
Precedence and privileges 
Members of the Order of St Michael are given positions in the order of precedence (the order in which members of the nobility should be placed in a procession or other events). Wives of male members are also given positions in the order of precedence. So are sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders. Relatives of female members are not given any special precedence.

Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders use the title "Sir" before their given name, and Dames Grand Cross and Dames Commanders use "Dame". For example, John Smith and Jane Doe would be called Sir John Smith and Dame Jane Doe.

Wives of Knights may use the title "Lady" before their surname (for example Lady Smith), but husbands of Dames have no title.
These titles are not used by peers and princes, except when the names of peers are written out in their fullest forms. Honorary members (usually members from other countries) and clergymen do not receive the accolade or use the title.

Knights and Dames Grand Cross use the post-nominal "GCMG". Knights Commanders and Dames Commanders use "KCMG" and "DCMG" respectively. Companions use "CMG". Examples are:
 Male Companion: John Smith CMG
 Female Companion: Jane Doe CMG
 Male Commander: Sir Fred Smith KCMG
 Female Commander: Dame Joanna Doe DCMG
 Male Grand Cross: Sir George Smith GCMG
 Female Grand Cross: Dame Janice Doe GCMG

Knights and Dames Grand Cross are also allowed to receive heraldic supporters (figures on either side of the shield, which look like they are holding it up). These may be real or imaginary animals, or human figures. They may also surround their arms with the design of the circlet (a circle bearing the motto) and the collar. The circlet is shown either outside or on top of the collar.
Knights and Dames Commanders and Companions may display the circlet (but not the collar) around their arms. The badge is depicted hanging from the collar or circlet.

Popular references 
In the satirical British television programme, Yes Minister, Jim Hacker MP is told an old joke by his Private Secretary, Bernard Woolley, about what the different post-nominals mean.

Ian Fleming's spy, James Bond, was appointed to the CMG, in 1953 (mentioned in the novel From Russia, with Love). He was offered the KCMG in The Man with the Golden Gun, but he would not take it, as he did not wish to become a public figure.

Current Knights and Dames Grand Cross 

 Sovereign: His Majesty The King
 Grand Master: His Royal Highness The Duke of Kent, KG, GCMG, GCVO (1967)

Knights and Dames Grand Cross
Sir Jamshid bin Abdullah of Zanzibar GCMG (1963)
 Sir Shridath Ramphal OE OM GCMG ONZ AC KC (1990)
 The Lord Wilson of Tillyorn KT GCMG (1991)
 Sir Wiwa Korowi GCMG (1992)
 Sir James Carlisle GCMG (1993)
 Sir Rodric Braithwaite GCMG (1994)
 Sir Julius Chan GCL GCMG KBE (1994)
 Sir Colville Young GCMG MBE (1994)
 The Lord Hannay of Chiswick GCMG CH (1995)
 Sir Orville Turnquest GCMG KC (1995)
 Sir Michael Hardie Boys GNZM GCMG QSO (1996)
 Sir Tulaga Manuella GCMG (1996)
 Sir Daniel Williams GCMG (1996)
 Sir John Coles GCMG (1997)
 Sir John Lapli GCMG (1999)
 Dame Pearlette Louisy GCMG (1999)
 Sir Andrew Wood GCMG (2001)
 Sir John Goulden GCMG (2001)
 The Lord Kerr of Kinlochard GCMG (2001)
 Sir Tomasi Puapua GCMG KBE (2002)
 Sir David Wright GCMG LVO (2002)
 Sir Jeremy Greenstock GCMG (2003)
 Sir John Young GCMG (2003)
 The Lord Robertson of Port Ellen KT GCMG PC (2004)
 Sir John Wall GCMG LVO (2004)
 Sir Nathaniel Waena GCMG CSI (2005)
 The Lord Jay of Ewelme GCMG (2006)
 Sir Emyr Jones Parry GCMG (2007)
Sir Kenneth Hall ON GCMG OJ (2007)
 Dame Louise Lake-Tack GCMG (2007)
 Sir David Manning GCMG KCVO (2008)
 Sir Patrick Allen ON GCMG CD (2009)
 Sir Frank Kabui GCMG CSI OBE (2009)
 Sir Arthur Foulkes GCMG (2010)
 Sir Iakoba Italeli GCMG (2010)
 The Lord Ricketts GCMG GCVO (2011)
 Sir Nigel Sheinwald GCMG (2011)
 Sir Elliott Belgrave GCMG KC (2012)
 Dame Cécile La Grenade GCMG OBE (2013)
 Sir Edmund Lawrence GCMG OBE (2013)
 Dame Marguerite Pindling GCMG (2014)
 Sir Rodney Williams GCMG (2014)
 The Baroness Ashton of Upholland LG GCMG PC (2015)
 Sir John Sawers GCMG (2015)
 Sir Tapley Seaton GCMG CVO KC (2015)
 Sir Simon Fraser GCMG (2016)
 Sir Peter Westmacott GCMG LVO (2016)
 Sir Robert Dadae GCMG (2017)
 Dame Sandra Mason GCMG KC (2017)
 Sir Mark Lyall Grant GCMG (2018)
 Sir Neville Cenac GCMG (2018)
 Sir Cornelius Smith GCMG (2019)
 Sir David Vunagi GCMG (2019)
 Dame Susan Dougan GCMG OBE (2020)
 Sir David Attenborough OM GCMG CH CVO CBE (2020)
 Sir Tim Barrow GCMG LVO MBE (2020)
Sir Julian King GCMG KCVO (2020)
 The Lord McDonald of Salford GCMG KCVO (2021)
 Dame Froyla Tzalam GCMG (2022)
 Sir Iain Macleod GCMG (2022)
 Sir Tofiga Vaevalu Falani GCMG MBE (2022)
 The Lord Sedwill GCMG (2023)
 Dame Marcella Liburd GCMG (2023)
Officers 
 Prelate: Rt. Revd. David Urquhart KCMG (Bishop of Birmingham)
 Chancellor: The Baroness Ashton of Upholland GCMG PC
 Secretary: Sir Philip Barton KCMG OBE
 Registrar: Sir David Manning GCMG KCVO
 King of Arms: Sir Mark Lyall Grant GCMG
 Lady Usher of the Blue Rod: Dame DeAnne Julius DCMG CBE

Honorary Appointments 
 Lee Kwan Yew, Hon. GCMG, CH, 1972
 Chandrika Prasad Srivastava, Hon. KCMG, 1990
 Fidel V. Ramos, Hon. GCMG (1995)
 Ong Teng Cheong, Hon. GCMG, 1998
 Anson Chan, GBM, Hon. GCMG, CBE, JP, 2002
 Hamid Karzai, Hon. GCMG, 2003
 Ryszard Kaczorowski, Hon. GCMG, 2004
 Kofi Annan, Hon. GCMG, 2007
 Maumoon Abdul Gayyoom, Hon. GCMG, 2008
 Shimon Peres, Hon. GCMG, 2008
 Sadako Ogata, Hon. Dame Commander (DCMG), 2011

Select former recipients
Sir Adams George Archibald, CMG (1814-1892); first Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba (1870-1872)
Sir Philip Oakley Fysh, KCMG (1835-1919); Australian politician, Premier of Tasmania and a member of the first federal ministry. Fysh joined Barton, Deakin and Kingston in securing British approval for the 'Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Bill'.
 Sir John Young, GCB, GCMG, PC (1807–1876); second Governor General of Canada (1869-1872)
 Sir John Macdonald, GCB, KCMG, PC (1815–1891); first Prime Minister of Canada (1867–1873)(1878–1891)
 Sir Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck, GCMG, PC (1819–1894); first Governor General of Canada (1867-1869)
 Sir Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, GCMG, GCVO, PC, DL (1820–1914)
 Sir Charles Tupper, 1st Baronet, GCMG, CB, PC (1821–1915); Premier of Nova Scotia (1864-1867), sixth Prime Minister of Canada (1896)
 Sir John Caldwell Abbott, KCMG, PC, QC (1821–1893); third Prime Minister of Canada (1891-1892)
 Sir Richard Burton, KCMG (1821-1890)
Sir Wilfred Grenfell, KCMG (February 28, 1865-October 9, 1940); medical missionary to Newfoundland and Labrador.
 Sir Mackenzie Bowell, KCMG, PC (1823–1917); fifth Prime Minister of Canada (1894-1896)
 Sir Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, KP, GCB, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC (1826–1902); third Governor General of Canada (1872-1878)
 Matsukata Masayoshi, GCMG (1835–1924)
 Sir Henry Binns KCMG (1837-1899); Prime Minister of the Colony of Natal (1897-1899)
 Sir Wilfrid Laurier, GCMG, PC, KC (1841–1919); seventh Prime Minister of Canada (1896-1911)
 Sir Ernest Satow, GCMG PC(1843–1929)
 Menelik II of Ethiopia, GCMG (1844–1913)
 Sir John Thompson, KCMG, PC, QC (1845–1894); Premier of Nova Scotia (1882); fourth Prime Minister of Canada (1892-1894)
 Sir John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll, KG, KT, GCMG, GCVO, PC (1845–1914); fourth Governor General of Canada (1878-1883)
 Sir Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, KG, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC (1845–1927); fifth Governor General of Canada (1883-1888)
Sir George Fiddes, GCMG, CB (1858-1936), Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies
 Sir Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, KG, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC (1845–1914); eighth Governor General of Canada (1898-1904)
 Admiral Sir James Bruce (1846-1921) Invested KCMG in 1900.
 Sir John Campbell Hamilton-Gordon, KT, GCMG, GCVO, PC (1847–1934); seventh Governor General of Canada (1893 to 1898)
 Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (Arthur William Patrick Albert), KG, KT, KP, PC, GCMG, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, GCB, VD, AdC(P) (1850–1942); tenth Governor General of Canada (1911-1916)
 Sir Frank Swettenham GCMG CH (1850–1946)
 Sir Albert Grey, GCMG, GCVO, PC (1851–1917); ninth Governor General of Canada (1904-1911)
 Sir John Birchenough, GCMG (1853–1937)
 Sir Robert Borden, GCMG, PC, KC (1854–1937); eighth Prime Minister of Canada (1911-1920)
 Sir Robert Baden-Powell, OM, GCMG, GCVO, KCB (1857–1941); founder of the Scout Movement
 Katō Takaaki, (1860–1926)
Field Marshal Sir Julian Byng, GCB, GCMG, MVO, DCO, LLD(hc) Alb (1862–1935); twelfth Governor General of Canada (1921-1926)
 Sir Solomon Dias Bandaranike, KCMG, Maha Mudaliyar and JP of Ceylon (1862-1946)
 The Hon Lionel Cripps (1863–1950)
 Major Sir Freeman Freeman-Thomas, PC, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GBE, (1866–1941); thirteenth Governor General of Canada (1926-1931)
 Major-General Sir Pomeroy Holland-Pryor, KCB, CMG, DSO, MVO (1866-1955)
 Sir Victor Cavendish, KG, PC, GCMG, GCVO, JP (1868–1938); eleventh Governor General of Canada (1916-1921)
 Major-General Sir Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone, KG, PC, GCB, GCMG, GCVO, DSO, ADC(P,) FRS (1874–1957); sixteenth Governor General of Canada (1940-1946)
 Sir John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, PC, CH, GCMG, GCVO, (1875–1940); fifteenth Governor General of Canada (1935-1940)
 Captain Sir Vere Brabazon Ponsonby,PC, GCMG (1880–1956); fourteenth Governor General of Canada (1931-1935)
 Lieutenant General Sir Adrian Carton de Wiart VC, KBE, CB, CMG, DSO (1880–1963)
Sir George Sansom, KCMG (1883–1965)
 Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander, KG, PC, PC, GCB, OM, GCMG, CSI, DSO, MC, CD, (1891–1969); seventeenth Governor General of Canada (1946-1952)
 Sir Edward Gent KCMG, DSO, OBE, MC (1895–1948)
 Sir Henry Gurney KCMG KStJ (1898–1951)
 Sir Gerald Templer KG, GCB, GCMG, KBE (1898–1979)
 Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, GCMG (1912-1988); Ninth Sultan of Sultanate of Yogyakarta
 President Ibrahim Nasir, KCMG (1926-2008)
 General Sir Hudson Lowe, GCMG (1769-1844)
 Field Marshal Živojin Mišić, GCMG (1855-1921); Serbian field marshal
References

Other websites 

 Royal.gov.uk article on the order
 "Knighthood and Chivalry." (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.
 Orans, L. P. "The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George." 
 Velde, F. R. (2003). "Order of Precedence in England and Wales.
 State Library of New South Wales: Nelson Meers Foundation  — gallery to full set of insignia, including images of both sides of the badge and a close-up of the star.
Sir Gilbert Thomas Carter KCMG (Greenwich, Kent, 14 January 1848 – Barbados, 18 January 1927) was an administrative officer in the Royal Navy and later a colonial official for the British Empire.

Starting as a Collector of Customs for the Gold Coast, he later became the Treasurer of the Gold Coast and The Gambia. Changing his career to administration, he started as the Administrator for The Gambia, where he dealt with the aggression of the native King of Gambia. He then became Governor for the Lagos where he negotiated on treaties with the local chiefs which protected Christian missionaries and ending human sacrifices. He later served as the Governors for The Bahamas and Barbados and finally as the Governor for Trinidad and Tobago.

Early life and career in the navy
Carter was the only son of Thomas Gilbert Carter who was a Commander in the Royal Navy. He was educated at the Royal Naval School in Greenwich.
Carter joined the Royal Navy in 1864, working as an Assistant Clerk on different ships. He also worked as a Clerk and as an Assistant Paymaster (the person responsible for paying everyone). His final job in the Royal Navy was on a Colonial steamer. While he was on this ship, he took part in the third war between England and the Ashanti people on the Gold Coast (now Ghana). 

When the town of Elmina was sold to the British by the Dutch Government, he was a commissioner, responsible for valuing the military supplies left behind by the Dutch. He left the Navy on 21 July 1875.

Leeward Islands, the Gold Coast and the Gambia
In 1875, Carter became the private secretary to Sir George Berkeley who was the Governor of the Leeward Islands. In August 1879, he became Collector of Customs and Treasurer of the Gold Coast.
From 1882 until December 1888, Carter was in charge of the Settlement (the British colony) on The Gambia as a Treasurer and Postmaster. From 1886, he was acting Administrator of the Colony of the Gambia, until 1 December 1888, when he was given the job as full Administrator on the Gambia's separation from Sierra Leone.

On 1 January 1890, Carter was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG).

In 1891, the native King of Gambia had been organising abusive acts towards the British colonists. Carter sent an envoy from his official residence in Bathurst with a message that if the abuses continued, "he might expect a visit of a disciplinary nature from the marine forces of the Queen of England." (This means that the British Navy would send warships to punish the King.) The King sent the envoy back mutilated, with a message: "This is the King's answer." In response, Carter sent three British gunboats to get revenge for the bad treatment shown to the envoy.
Lagos (Nigeria)
On 3 February 1891, Carter became Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Colony of Lagos (now Nigeria). In 1892, Carter ordered an attack on the Ijebu tribe  (of the Yoruba people) "in the interest of civilisation". Afterwards, he continued to say that this attack was a war to end slavery and promote civilisation. In early 1893, Carter travelled to various parts of Yorubaland, travelling with soldiers, in an attempt to show the power of the British. Some of the tribal chiefs did not want Carter there, and told him not to interfere with the slavery trade.
In January 1893, the Egba chiefs decided to sign a Treaty of Independence with the British Government. The Crown agreed that Her Majesty's Government would not try to take over any part of the Egba Nation without the permission of the lawful Authority of the nation. They also agreed that no aggressive actions should be made against the nation, and that its independence would be recognised. The Egba chiefs also said they would end human sacrifices.

He became a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) on 3 June 1893. This was for the work that he did in Yoruba country, and for bringing an end to a long war there.

Carter sent works of art made by the Ife peoples of Yoruba to Europe.

Later life, retirement and death
In 1898, Carter was moved to The Bahamas as the Governor and Commander-in-Chief. He also had a temporary job as the Governor of Trinidad and Tobago. In July 1904, he was moved to Barbados as Governor and Commander-in-Chief.
In the spring of 1903, Carter met Gertrude Codman Parker (born 6 February 1875). She was travelling in the Bahamas with her parents. Carter and Parker got married on 25 August 1903 in the Church of the Advent in Boston, USA. He had been married before this, and had three sons and two daughters. His son Humphrey was Director of the Cambridge University Botanic Garden. He had one son from his second marriage, named John Carter, who was a Senior Engineer for Westinghouse Electric. 

Carter retired in 1910. In 1919, he changed his surname to Gilbert-Carter and in the early 1920s, he moved back to Barbados, and lived at Ilaro Court, which had been designed and built by his wife. 

He died in Barbados on 18 January 1927.

References

Further reading

Other websites
 Carter Coat of Arms
1848 births
1927 deaths
British colonial officials
Bahamian politicians
British military people
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Gambia Colony and Protectorate
The uvula is the punchbag-shaped object on the back of a throat, in the middle of the soft palate. Massaging the uvula causes the gag reflex which makes someone vomit.

Use
The uvula functions with the back of the throat, the palate, and air coming up from the lungs to create a number variety of different sounds.  Consonants involving sound from the uvula are not found in most dialects of English, though they are found in many Semitic, Caucasian, and Turkic languages, as well as several languages of Western Europe such as German, French and a few Celtic languages, where it is used to make a sound called the uvular trill.

Head (body part)
Canada Day is a national and an official holiday in Canada celebrating its anniversary of Confederation. It takes place annually on July 1st.

Other page 
O Canada - legally adopted on Canada Day in 1980.

Holidays of Canada
Canada
July events
Blood diamonds, also known as conflict diamonds, are diamonds mined in a war zone and sold illegally to pay for anti-government fighting. There have been 3.7 million deaths over diamonds. 

Blood diamonds come from areas controlled by armed groups which are fighting against the government. These armed groups force civilians (mostly children) to mine diamonds. People who refuse to do this work may be raped, abused, or even murdered. The armed groups then sell the diamonds and use the money to buy weapons. Then they use these weapons to fight against the government.  

Diamonds mined during the 20th–21st century civil wars in Angola, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau have been called blood diamonds.  

The Kimberly Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) helps keep blood diamonds out of markets. Every KPCS-certified diamond has to be labeled with a specific government number. Eighty-one countries participate in the KPCS.

References 

Conflicts
Minerals
Historical evidence
According to  secular historians, the Temple would have been completed in 957 BCE. The Babylonians destroyed it in 587 or 586 BCE. Rabbinic literature says that the temple stood for 410 years. According to the work Seder Olam Rabbah, written in the second century CE, the temple was built in 832 BCE, and destroyed in 433 BCE (3338 AM). This is 165 later than the secular estimates.

To date, no definite archaeological proofs for Solomon's Temple have been found and the only information regarding the First Temple in Jerusalem is inside the biblical books of Joshua, Judges, 1-2 Samuel and 1-2 Kings.

Biblical description
Preparations for building the temple
At first, King David wanted to build a temple for God, but according to the Bible, God said to him through the prophet Nathan, "You are not to build a house for my name, because you are a warrior and have shed blood." However, he chose Solomon to build the temple. Before his death, David gave his son Solomon the plans for the building of the temple, and instructions for the priests and Levites, and all the work of serving in the temple. He also gave his own money to Solomon to help build the temple, and asked the people to help give gifts of money.
King Solomon sent a message to Hiram king of Tyre, who had been friends with his father David and sent David lots of wood to build his palace with. In this message, Solomon said that he wanted to build a temple for the Lord, and asked Hiram to send him wood. Hiram said that he would if Solomon gave food for the cost of the wood and work people did. So Hiram gave Solomon all the cedar and pine logs he wanted, and Solomon gave Hiram wheat for his family, and twenty thousand baths (about 115,000 gallons or 434 000 liters) of olive oil. King Hiram cut down the wood and sent them on  to a place called Joppa. From there they could take the wood up to Jerusalem.

Building the temple
According to the Bible, “In the 480th year after the Israelites had come out of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon’s reign over Israel, in…the second month, he began to build the temple of the LORD.”(1 Kings 6:1) King Solomon brought Huram-Abi, whose mother was a widow from the tribe of Naphtali (one of the tribes of Israel) and whose father was a man from Tyre and a person who was a craftsman in bronze. Huram was very good at all kinds of work. In 2 Chronicles 2:7 it says that he was "...skilled to work in gold and silver, bronze and iron, and in purple, crimson, and blue yarn." He was especially good at working with bronze. When all the work King Solomon had done for the temple was finished, he brought in the things his father David had given to God, and put them in the treasuries of the temple. So "In the eleventh year in the month of Bul, the eighth month, the temple was finished in all its details according to its specifications." (1 Kings 6:38 NIV)

Dedicating the temple
When the temple was finished, King Solomon brought the  of the Lord's covenant to the temple and made all the people of Israel come there, and they sacrificed so many sheep and cattle "they could not be recorded or counted". Then the cloud filled the temple - just as God showed himself on the  at Mt. Sinai, he now showed himself at the temple in a cloud. Then King Solomon praised God. He said a prayer of dedication (giving to God) in front of the people of Israel. He asked God to keep his promise to King David of letting King David's sons rule forever (which, according to Christianity, becomes true when Jesus, the son of David, dies for mankind); then he added, "But will God really dwell on earth? The heavens, even the highest heaven, cannot contain you. How much less this temple I have built!"—reminding the people that God was not bound to the temple and could not be contained, even though he had chosen to come and  with the people of Israel in a special way
. Then he asked God to answer the people of Israel when they prayed toward, or at, the temple; to hear from heaven when someone sinned, or enemies came to Israel, or there was drought or famine in the land, "...whatever disaster or disease may come, and when a prayer or plea (asking for something, request) is made by any of your people Israel...then hear from heaven, your dwelling place. Forgive and act; deal with each man according to all he does, since you know his heart (for you alone know the hearts of all men), so that they will fear you all the time they live in the land you gave our fathers" (1 Kings 8:38-40). Then Solom stood up and blessed the people of Israel, and gave sacrifices to God: "twenty thousand cattle and a hundred and twenty thousand sheep and goats. So the king and all the Israelites dedicated the temple of the LORD"(1 Kings 8: 63, NIV).
God comes to Solomon
According to the Bible, when Solomon had finished building the temple, God appeared to him and said, "I have heard the prayer and plea you have made before me...My eyes and my heart will always be there [at the temple you have made]." However, God also warned to Solomon the importance of obeying God's covenant (promise) in order to enjoy its blessings, not its curses. This was needed because God gave Solomon power and wealth, which many times made people forget the promise God had made with them.
Solomon also gave to Hiram king of Tyre 20 towns in Galilee because Hiram had given him all the cedar and pine and gold he had needed. But Hiram did not like the towns Solomon had given him and he said, "What kind of towns are these you have given me, my brother?" (1 Kings 9:13, NIV) He called them the Land of Cabul (which sounds like the Hebrew for good-for-nothing). Probably Solomon had become more indebted to Hiram than he had at first thought, so he had given the towns to Hiram king of Tyre as a sign that he would pay him later. 2 Chronicles 8:1-2 says that later, when Solomon became richer - maybe because of the expedition to Ophir (1 King 9:26-28;10-11) or the visit from the queen of Sheba.

Design
Design

The temple of Solomon was next to the king's palace. The floor plan was like most West Semite kinds of floor plans. An early example of a floor divided into ulam, hekal, and debir (, main hall, and inner ) has been found at Syrian Ebla (c.2300 B.C.)  and much later but more around the time of Solomon, at Tell Tainat at the Orontes basin (c.900 B.C.). Like Solomon's, the later temple has three divisions has two columns at the entrance (in Solomon's palace, they are called Jakin and Boaz''), and is next to the royal palace.
The ark of the covenant of God was put inside the inner sanctuary - the Most Holy Place - which was about 30 feet (about 9 meters) long, wide and high, overlaid with pure gold. Solomon used lots of gold in the temple: this was probably because the bright gold symbolized the glory of God and his heavenly temple (Rev.21:10-11,18,21). Inside the temple were carved , palm trees and flowers. This is a reminder of the Garden of Eden, which humans could not live in anymore because of their sin. The temple was a symbol that the Israelites could come back to paradise through the temple.

Things inside the temple
Some discoveries today echo the words in 1 Kings 6-7.

Movable Bronze Basin
Something very much like the wheeled movable basin used in the courtyard of the temple has come from archaeological  on Cyprus.
Table for the Bread of the Presence
A stone altar having four horns on the corners was found at Megiddo. It shows a good idea of how the gold altar in the temple looked like. The table for the Bread of the Presence was also made of gold. The Bread of the Presence (twelve pieces of bread, one for every tribe of Israel), symbolized a continual offering to God by which Israel showed that she gave to God what she earned with her work, and that everything Israel had received was a blessing of God's.

Lamp stand
Ten lamp stands were in the temple, five on each side of the (1 Kings 7:49). Lamps like these have been found in many places in Palestine, including Hazor and Dothan.

Related pages
Solomon
David
Temple in Jerusalem

References

Other websites
Other websites

Resources > Biblical History > Jerusalem, The First Temple  Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
 Jewish Encyclopedia Temple of Solomon. 
 Nat, Arnold vander, "The Temple of Jerusalem ". 
 Telushkin, Joseph, "The Temple". Jewish Literacy (Jewish Virtual Library).
  Wells, Steve, "The Skeptic's Annotated Bible".

Ancient Israel and Judah
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Temple Mount
10th century BC
1st millennium BC buildings and structures
The 2nd millennium began on January 1, 1001 and ended on December 31, 2000.

Centuries and decades

2nd millennium
"Radio Bart" is the thirteenth episode of The Simpsons third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on January 9, 1992. In this episode, Bart gets a microphone that transmits sound to nearby AM radios. To play a prank on the people of "Springfield", Bart places a radio deep inside a well and uses the microphone to trick the town into thinking a little boy is stuck in it. At first his trick worked, but soon realizes that he left a "property of Bart Simpson" label on the radio and goes to get it. Bart becomes trapped in the well and while the town decides to leave him there after finding out about the prank, his father Homer  tries to rescue him.

Other websites 

The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
1992 television episodes
Chromatin is the complex combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes. It is found inside the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.

Chromatin is divided into heterochromatin (condensed) and euchromatin (extended) forms.
Heterochromatin is composed mostly of satellite DNA tandem repeats. The active components of chromatin are DNA and histone proteins, although other proteins also occur. The functions of chromatin are:
to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell
to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and meiosis
to control DNA replication and gene expression. How this works is not yet clear.
Chromatin definitions 
 Simple and concise definition: Chromatin is a macromolecular complex of a DNA macromolecule and protein macromolecules (and RNA). The proteins package and arrange the DNA and control its functions in the cell nucleus.
 The DNA + histone = chromatin definition: The DNA double helix in the cell nucleus is packaged by special proteins termed histones. The formed protein/DNA complex is called chromatin. The basic structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome.

References 

Chromosomes
Molecular biology
The Santa Claus 3: The Escape Clause is the third movie in The Santa Clause series of movies.

It is a 2006 American Christmas comedy adventure movie directed by Michael Lembeck.

Cast
Main characters
 Tim Allen as Santa Claus / Scott Calvin
 Martin Short as Jack Frost
 Elizabeth Mitchell as Mrs. Claus / Carol Newman-Calvin
 Judge Reinhold as Neil Miller
 Wendy Crewson as Laura Miller
 Liliana Mumy as Lucy Miller
 Spencer Breslin as Curtis the Elf
 Alan Arkin as Mr. Bud Newman
 Ann-Margret as Mrs. Sylvia Newman
Supporting characters
 Aisha Tyler as Mother Nature
 Peter Boyle as Father Time
 Michael Dorn as Sandman
 Jay Thomas as Easter Bunny
 Kevin Pollack as Cupid
 Art LaFleur as Tooth Fairy
Small roles
 Eric Lloyd as Charlie Calvin
 Charlie Stewart as Dr. Hismus
 Abigail Breslin as Trish

2006 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Christmas movies
Disney movies
Sequel movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Michael Lembeck
"Lisa the Greek" is the fourteenth episode of The Simpsons third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on January 23, 1992. In this episode, Homer begins to bond with his daughter, Lisa, after learning her unique ability to pick winning American football teams. When Lisa finds out Homer has only been using her for gambling, she doesn't speak to her father until he fully understands her. "Lisa the Greek" was written by Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky, and directed by Rich Moore.

Other websites 

The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
1992 television episodes
"Homer Alone" is the 15th episode of The Simpsons ' third season and the 50th episode of the series. The title is based on the movie Home Alone. The episode is written by David M. Stern, the brother of actor Daniel Stern, who co-starred in Home Alone and its first sequel. Marge suffers a nervous breakdown from running family errands and spends time at a local health spa to recover while the rest of the family struggle without her and Homer loses Maggie but is soon found.

Other websites 

The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
1992 television episodes
"Bart the Lover" is the sixteenth episode of The Simpsons' third season. In this episode, it takes an early look at the personal life of Mrs. Krabappel. Marcia Wallace, the voice actress of Mrs. Krabappel, won an Emmy for her performance in this episode.

References

Other websites 

The Simpsons (season 3) episodes
1992 television episodes
Nucleosomes are the building blocks which make up chromosomes. They consist of a segment of DNA wound around a histone protein core.

First, DNA and a protein make up chromatin. Then the chromatin is packed up into nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are then packaged up to make a chromosome. The packages do three things: the chromosomes function in cell division; the very long DNA is wrapped up in a shorter package; and the proteins regulate the gene action in cells.

Details 
Nucleosomes form the basic repeating units of eukaryotic chromatin. This packs the large eukaryotic genomes into the nucleus and allows it to be controlled.

In mammalian cells about two metres of linear DNA have to be packed into a nucleus of roughly 10 µm diameter. Nucleosomes are folded, in a series of higher order structures, to form a chromosome. This folding compacts the DNA and adds a layer of regulatory control. The control ensures correct gene expression.
Nucleosomes are thought to carry epigenetically inherited information, as modifications of their core histones. This information can be passed on to daughter cells, but it usually wiped out by meiosis in germ cells.

The nucleosome hypothesis proposed by Don and Ada Olins and Roger Kornberg 
in 1974, was a big step for understanding eukaryotic gene expression. Kornberg won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry  (2006) for this and other discoveries.

Nucleosome dynamics 
Although the nucleosome is a very stable protein-DNA complex, it is not static. It undergoes some structural re-arrangements, such as nucleosome sliding and DNA site exposure. Nucleosomes can inhibit or facilitate transcription. 

Since they were discovered in the mid 1960’s, histone changes were thought to affect transcription.
Some modifications have been shown to be correlated with gene silencing, others seem to be correlated with gene activation. The information stored in this way is considered epigenetic: it is not coded in the DNA but is nevertheless inherited by daughter cells. The maintenance of a particular state of a gene is often necessary for cellular differentiation.

References 

Chromosomes
Molecular biology
Arturo Rodas (born 1954) is a leading Ecuadorian composer. He has lived in London since 1989.

Biography 

Rodas has composed 24.5 Preludes for piano; Climax for orchestra, Atonal fugue I for oboe d'amore & piano and electronic music works.

"Since emigrating to England in 1990, he has composed works such as The Book of the Orchestra,(2002-2003)  which is intended to be performed in a house with many rooms so as to allow an “audience” to hear different instrumental groups as they wander from room to room".

References 
 Béhague, Gerard. 2001. "Ecuador. Art Music". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers; New York: Grove's Dictionaries of Music.
 Enciclopedia de la música ecuatoriana. Corporación Musicológica Ecuatoriana (CONMUSICA). Edited by Pablo Guerrero Gutierrez. Quito, 2003. 
 Walker, John L. 2001. "The Younger Generation of Ecuadorian Composers". Latin American Music Review 22, no. 2 (Fall/Winter): 199–213.
Compositions 
 Arcaica for full orchestra
 24.5 Preludes for piano
 Life Class 2005 for piano, electroacoustics & film 
 El árbol de los pájaros (the birds' tree) an opera for the voice ... of the instruments.

Notes

Other websites 
Audio: Tutti frutti for piano & tape (fragment)
 Recordings of Rodas' works Reverbnation
 El Árbol de los Pájaros

Scores 
 Periferia publisher, Barcelona.
 Virtualscore internet publishers, Paris

1954 births
Living people
21st-century composers
20th-century composers
Ecuadorian musicians
An extremophile is an organism (a living thing) which lives best in extreme conditions that are harmful to most life on Earth. They are different from organisms that live in normal places, called mesophiles or neutrophiles.

In the 1980s and 1990s, biologists found that microbes can survive in extreme environments. These are niches that are extreme in some way. They may be extremely hot, or cold, or dry, or under huge pressure, or very salty or acidic. Complex organisms, such as animals or plants, cannot live in these environments. 

Some scientists suggest that life may have begun on Earth in hydrothermal vents far below the ocean surface. Environments such as hot oceans, hot springs and deep ocean hydrothermal vents would have been common during the Archaean eon, about 3.9 billion years ago. Early forms of life lived in those conditions.
Types of extremophiles 
Most known extremophiles are microbes. The domain Archaea has well-known examples of extremophiles, but some bacteria are also extremophiles. It is a mistake to use the term extremophile for all archaeans, since some of them are mesophilic. Not all extremophiles are unicellular: some extreme environments have animals which are multicellular. 

Some extremophiles fall under several categories. For example, organisms living inside hot rocks deep under Earth's surface are both thermophilic and barophilic.
Acidophiles An organism that grows best at pH levels of 3 or below.
 Alkaliphiles An organism that grows best at pH levels of 9 or above
 Endoliths An organism that lives in microscopic spaces within rocks, fissures, aquifers, and faults filled with groundwater deep under the ground.
 Halophiles An organism that needs a high concentration of salt to grow.
 Hyperthermophile An organism that can live well at temperatures between 80–122 °C, as in hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean.
 Hypoliths An organism that lives inside rocks in cold deserts.
 Lithoautotrophs An organism (usually bacteria) that only gets carbon from carbon dioxide and inorganic oxidation. They are chemolithotrophs, such as Nitrosomonas europaea. These organisms get energy from mineral compounds such as iron pyrites. They act in geochemical cycling and wearing away of bedrock to form soil.
 Metalotolerant These organisms are not harmed by high levels of dissolved heavy metals in solution, such as copper, cadmium, arsenic, and zinc.
Oligotroph An organism that can grow in environments with very few nutrients.
 Osmophile An organism that can grow in environments with lots of sugar.
 Piezophile An organism that lives best under high pressure, such as deep inside the Earth's surface and in deep ocean trenches.
 Polyextremophile An organism that is in more than one category of extremophiles.
 Psychrophile/Cryophile An organism that grows better at temperatures of 15 °C or lower. They are common in cold soils, permafrost, polar ice, cold ocean water, and under snow in high mountains.
 Radioresistant Organisms that can live with high levels of ionizing radiation. Usually this refers to  ultraviolet radiation, but there are also some organisms which can repair damage cause by gamma radiation.
 Thermophile An organism that can live well at temperatures between 60–80 °C.
 Thermoacidophile An organism that is both a thermophile and an acidophile. It grows best in temperatures of 70–80 °C and pH between 2 and 3.
References 

Microbiology

Protista
is a Pokémon species in Nintendo's Pokémon series. Meowth first shows in the video games Pokémon Red and Blue. Meowth is one of the most popular Pokémon, because of an individual Meowth's role in the Pokémon anime series. This Meowth, owned by Team Rocket, is one of the few Pokémon who can speak in human language.

Design
Meowth has a cat-like design, with cream-colored fur, and has brown paws and tail tip. It has whiskers, black-and-brown ears, and a gold coin on its head. Meowth is spends most of the daytime sleeping and walks the city streets at night. They put their claws back into their paws, so they can move without noise and not leave footprints. Meowth loves round objects, as well as shiny things. The item it loves collecting the most are coins, since they are both round and shiny. Meowth collects them and keeps them in its nest. Murkrow, a bird Pokémon, also likes coins and steals them from Meowth.

Appearances
Appearances

In the video games
Meowth appears as a wild Pokémon in many versions of the games. Meowth is one of the characters in the Pokémon Mystery Dungeon games. Meowth is also seen in the Nintendo 64 game Pokémon Snap, the Nintendo GameCube game Pokémon Channel, and many others. Meowth is seen in the Super Smash Bros. series as a Pokémon used with a Poké Ball item, and uses its move "Pay Day" and throws coins at players.
In the anime
Meowth has made an appearance in almost every episode in the anime because one is owned by Team Rocket agents Jessie and James, the show's main antagonists. He first lived in the city, and tried to impress a female Meowth named Meowzie by learning to walk on two legs and speak human language. Instead of being impressed, she told him he was a freak, so Meowth joined Team Rocket. Meowth was cloned in Pokémon: The First Movie, but his clone could not talk or walk on two legs, because Meowth needed to learn how to do this. The Meowth clone is shown again in Pokémon: Mewtwo Returns. A trainer named Tyson owns a Meowth, which beat Ash's Pikachu at the Hoenn Pokémon League. This Meowth was dressed up like Puss in Boots.
In other media
In the Pokémon Adventures manga, Meowth's first appearance is a cameo in the first chapter as one of the Pokémon that escapes from Professor Oak's Laboratory. Meowth has appeared in the Pokémon Trading Card Game first in the Jungle series. A special Meowth card was given when buying the Pokémon Trading Card Video Game. In an open forum interview with ABC News, Pokémon anime director Masakazu Kubo noted Meowth as his favorite Pokémon, saying that while not a major Pokémon in the games, a Meowth is in the anime.
Team Rocket's Meowth ranked fourth on Game Daily's top 10 list of Nintendo characters that deserve their own games, describing him as "adorable" and explaining that his intelligence and ability to speak gave writers more depth than other Pokémon would. IGN stated that without the anime, the character would not have been as famous, further describing it as "probably the funniest part of the show". However, another editor stated it was also popular amongst people who have never seen the anime due to being a feline. IGN also said that Meowth would make a good choice as a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Brawl "if Brawl's developers really wanted much more representation for Pokémon as a franchise" also stating "it would be fun to face him in battle as a real fighter, just to be able to send him "blasting off again," referencing Team Rocket's Meowth  GamesRadar described Meowth as "not all that useful", and questioned if the Pokémon would have stood out if it were not for its portrayal in the anime.
References

Fictional characters introduced in 1996
Pokémon monsters
The Great Seal of the State of Alabama is the state seal of the U.S. state of Alabama. It was designed in 1817 by William Wyatt Bibb, the governor of the "Alabama Territory" and the subsequent first governor of the state. When Alabama became a state in 1819, the state legislature got the design as the official state seal. The seal prominently has a map showing one of the state's most valuable resources—its major rivers. Bibb's design served as the official seal until 1868, when it was replaced by a controversial design having on it an eagle holding in its beak a banner that read "Here We Rest." The legislature and Governor Frank M. Dixon restored Bibb's original design in 1939, and it has remained unchanged since.

Alabama
Alabama
Modular origami (also called unit origami) is a type of paperfolding that uses many sheets of paper. Modular origami is used to make large structures that cannot be made with one sheet of paper. Many sheets of paper are folded in identical shapes, and they are then put together by inserting flaps into pockets.

History 
The first modular origami model comes from a 1734 Japanese book by Hayato Ohoka called Ranma Zushiki. The book has pictures of many traditional origami models, and one is a modular cube called tamatebako. Tamatebako is a Japanese word meaning "magic treasure box", and it is called this because the box can be opened on any side. Another traditional model, kusudamas, are balls of folded paper flowers. They are often hung as decorations using string or thread.

Module 
The various number of modules is combined from two to tens of thousands modules.  When modules are put together, most are supported only by the friction of paper, also they are glued together or sewn by threads.
Module of Sonobe method 
Mitsunobu Sonobe designed in 1970s. It is so simple that most people can make kusudamas. Module of Sonobe method is one of the most famous modules. We can make a polyhedron like a cube or a trisoctahedron(a dodecahedron?) by putting together many modules.

Modular Rate 
Modular Rate is the facility of putting together. This rate is how many people can put together without joining materials like glues. This rate applies the model that was designed so that it was put together without using joining materials from the beginning.

References 

Origami
The University of Missouri (often shortened to MU, and also nicknamed Mizzou) is a public university in Columbia, Missouri, in the United States that was started in 1839.  It has about 31,000 students.

Sports
Missouri's athletics teams are called the Tigers. Missouri has 18 varsity teams that now compete in the Southeastern Conference. The school's mascot, Truman the Tiger, is named after President Harry Truman, who was from Missouri.

Academics
There are more than 280 degree programs at the University of Missouri.

Missouri School of Journalism 
The university's well known school of journalism is the oldest university journalism program in the United States. The school has awarded its Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism. The medal has been awarded yearly since 1930.

References

Other websites
The University of Missouri
Missouri Tigers
Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Missouri
Southeastern Conference
1839 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Missouri