Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades is an armed Palestinian group in the West Bank, formed in 2000. Several countries (Israel, EU, US, Canada, New Zealand, and Japan) class the group as a terrorist organisation.

Historical Overview 
Originated in the West Bank, al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades take their name from the al-Aqsa Mosque, situated in the Muslim holy site of Jerusalem, the Noble Sanctuary, also claimed by Jews as the Temple Mount.

After the Oslo Accords with Israel in 1993, the Fatah organization came to be the main authority of Palestine and incorporated the Palestinian Authority. Based in the West Bank and in Gaza Strip, Fatah and its president, Yasser Arafat, decided to switch their armed militias into official security forces. Among the various armed wings, a group of young Fatah members formed the al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades in the 2000, during the Second Intifada.
Support and Leadership 
The corruption and inaction of the Fatah and PA coalition created the opportunity for the Brigades to regain the confidence of the Palestinian population. 

Palestinians, indeed, shifted their support towards a more radical and violent type of action because of the difficult living conditions and the lack of trust towards the diplomatic process. Indeed, right after the al-Aqsa intifada in 2000, less than the 17% of the population was hopeful for the end of the diplomatic process and the cruelty.  

Although, the Brigades did not seek a separation from the Fatah movement, their political violence was threatening the position of Arafat. His popularity decreased, indeed, from 70% in autumn 2001 to 57% at the end of the same year.
Arafat's involvement with the Brigades is controversial: while al-Aqsa Brigades stated their affiliation to him and the Fatah movement, the Brigades also claimed a relative independence. As a member of the AMB stated in an interview:“Fatah frames us, but nevertheless a certain independence exists concerning the decisions to take.”Nonetheless, it is known that Arafat during the negotiations used to encourage attacks as a leverage on the Western countries. The BBC discovered in 2003 that the PA was consistently supporting al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades with numbers such as 50,000 US dollars monthly to the group.
In 2001, the al-Aqsa cofounder, Yasser Badawi, was assassinated; consequently, the Brigades took revenge for his death by attacking Israeli civilians. A series of violent attacks started until Arafat’s death in November 2004. From the moment of Arafat's death, al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades furtherly detached from the movement and supported Mahmoud Abbas at the presidential elections of the Palestinian Authority. But when he displayed his intentions of limiting the power of the paramilitaries and armed wings, he lost the support of the Brigades. As a consequence, the group divided: some joined the Palestinian Authority, while only some cells have been recorded as still active around 2017.
Military Attacks 
Most of the military attacks attributed to the AMB in their early years were attacks on Israeli settlers in the West Bank, although the group shifted to targets inside of Israeli borders since 2002. Targeting both Israelis and Palestinians that collaborate with the Israeli security forces. Nonetheless, there have also been attacks on individuals that belonged to the Fatah movement in the West Bank, due to clashes between them.

Despite the fact they are not dependent on any other superior Palestinian entity, they have cooperated with different Palestinian military groups. Within the Gaza Strip, they have carried out attacks with the help of the Islamic fundamentalist group Hamas, as well as the Palestinian Islamic Jihad movement. In the case of the West Bank, they have collaborated with Hezbollah, the Lebanese Shia movement.

During the Second Intifada, the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades have killed over 70 people, claiming responsibility for some of the conflict's most significant attacks.
Notable Attacks
In January of 2002, a gunman entered a Bat-Mitzvah celebration in Hadera, killing six and harming over 33 Israelis.
 In March 2002, 11 Israelis are killed during the Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre that took place in a café in Jerusalem.
 In March of 2002, in the West Bank, a sniper killed two officers, five soldiers and three Israeli settlers at an Israeli army checkpoint.
 In January 2003, a suicide bombing took place in a bus station in Tel-Aviv, killing 22 civilians and 100 injured. This attack was considered one of the bloodiest attacks of the Second Intifada.
 In March of 2004, a suicide bomb attack at an Israeli army checkpoint in Ashdod cause the death of 10 people. The Islamic group Hamas claimed that they had cooperated with the AMB in the attack.
 In January of 2008, all three military groups (the AMB, Hamas, and the Palestine Islamic Jihad) launched several rockets to Israeli soil, wounding 10 Israeli civilians. The Israeli government retaliated this attack by blocking the Gaza Strip.
In November 2012, more than 500 rockets were fired into Israel during the IDF operations in the Strip of Gaza.
Reference List 
2000 establishments in Asia
Nationalist organizations in Palestine
The All-Palestine Government was established on 22 September 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, to govern the Egyptian-controlled territory in Gaza.

1948 establishments in Asia
Organizations based in Palestine
Young Turks was a political reform movement in the early 20th century. It favored the replacement of the Ottoman Empire's absolute monarchy with a constitutional government. They led a rebellion against the absolute rule of Sultan Abdulhamid II in the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. They also committed the Armenian Genocide. 

1900s in the Ottoman Empire
20th century in Turkey
The Young Turk Revolution (July 1908) was a constitutionalist revolution in the Ottoman Empire. It was carried out by the Young Turks.

1908
1900s in the Ottoman Empire
Revolutions
The Paris Peace Conference was the formal meeting in 1919 and 1920 of the victorious Allies after the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.

1919 in Europe
1920 in Europe
World War I
The 1960 Turkish Coup d'état was the first ever attack on the Turkish democracy, which took place on May 27th 1960. The coup which took place at a time of political and economic unrest, was led by a group of young Turkish military officers who were acting outside the interest of the government. The coup was led by the military officer Colonel Alparslan Türkes who was a member of the junta (National Unity Committee) and had been one of the first officers trained by the US in 1948 to from a stay-behind counter-guerrilla. The coup was carried out against the ruling Democratic Party led by Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. Eventually, on May 27th the military overcame the government and the prime minister and president were tried for reason and ultimately resulted in the execution of Menderes.

1960 Turkish coup d'état
Kemal Mustafa, better known as Ataturk, was president of Turkey from the founding of his political party that ruled under a single party system, the Republican People's Party (RPP), in 1923 until his death in 1938. Still, after Ataturk’s death, the RPP kept its hold over the government.  The RPP continued in power but did not actually fulfill its promises, therefore Turkish people became discontent with Ataturk’s authoritarian regime and were ready to embrace political change.  In that context the elections of 1950 played a key role in Turkey's democracy. The political tide changed when the Democratic Party (DP) took the lead not only in the elections but also in popular acceptance. This popular acceptance towards the DP came from their representation including rural citizens in comparison to the elite that governed through the RPP's government
. The 1950 elections were also the first free elections that had been held in Turkey, and thus it would bring a democratically chosen government into power after years of Ataturk's and the RPP's regime in office. The DP won the elections, placing Adnan Menderes as Prime Minister.
Coup d'etat

Parties involved 
The actors who were involved in the coup d’etat in opposition to the Democratic Party, including young and senior officials and civilian educated elite.

The Coup 
The coup formally start on May 27, 1960 with the plan to take control of the government after people grew discontent with the Democratic Party at their repressive tactics, bad management of the economy and suppression to any opposition parties. In summary, the DP was becoming its predecessor by exerting an authoritarian rule claiming to be a new type of democracy that will safeguard national security. Not only were civilians angry towards the government but many officers who served in the military grew grievances against the government after their pay decreased and their roll diminished, making the military's importance sink when the military has been seen as an organized and well-managed institution within the country.
Some of the discontent came after 1954 and the government's response to the economic situation,  inflation was raising and there was an economic deficit. Instead of responding to the economic crisis the DP faced this situation with repression. For that reason their popularity started declining, which could be seen in the 1957 elections. As the DP witnessed their popularity dwindle, they began oppressing the opposition, mainly the RPP who had once again become their most influential opponent.
Aims 
The aims of the coup was to remove the politicians and people in power so the system would stop being corrupt. What they wanted to do was reform the political structure, based on Kemalism, that was being threatened by the DP. The goal was to overtake control of the government to hold elections.

Government response 
Menderes was arrested and charged for violating the constitution. Following the arrest, Menderes and other leaders of the DP were put on trial (formally known as the Yassiada Trials) by a military court on the island of Yassiada (Democracy and Freedom Island) and the politicians were charged with high treason, misuse of public funds and abrogation of the constitution. Eventnually, following the trials Menderes was sentenced to death. Despite the pleas of forgiveness by many individuals and world leaders such as John F. Kennedy and Queen Elizabeth II, Menderes was executed by the junta at the gallows on the island of Imrali on the 17th September 1961.

External Factors
External Factors

Intervention from foreign countries

The United States 
The 1960 coup d'état also took place at a time of sociopolitical turmoil and economic hardship, in particular US aid from the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan was running out. Therefore, at the time of this domestic unrest Menderes was planning a trip to Moscow in the hopes of getting alternative credit. Many researches have concluded that the 1960 military coup was determined by Turkey's economic and political dependence on the United States and therefore the relations between these two states saw a considerable shift.
Consequences 
The main objective of the coup was to restore the democracy that had been threatened by the DP. Such objectives were achieved not only by the coup but also by the creation of new democratic tools. On 9th July 1961, a constitutional referendum was held and a new constitution was drawn up to replace the one from 1924. It was approved by 61.7% of voters, with a turnout of 81%.  The military in charge saw fit to create a new constitution to tackle issues that gave way to the coup, which are power abuse and oppression of opposition. This constitution passed through a constituency assembly and then a popular referendum, after its approval the elections were scheduled on October 25th, 1961.
The elections took place in a timely manner. As the election's results were announced the National Unity committee stepped down as the results now appointed the Republican People's Party to be in office, with 36.7% of the votes. The elections also saw new parties being introduced such as the Justice Party, Republican National Peasants Party, and the New Turkey Party.

1960s in Asia
20th century in Turkey
1980 Turkish coup d’état is the third coup in the history of Republic of Turkey led by Kenan Evren, which overthrew the 1980 government of Turkey. Before the 1980 coup d'état, there were two other coups carried out in 1960 and 1971. The coup d’état of 1971 and 1980 took place due to similar motivations as they aimed to fix the country’s economic and political problems. The political problems specifically included political instability caused by the violence between left- and right-wing political groups. However, the political violence between left- and right-wing political groups was only lightened after the coup of 1980. Both of the economic and political issues that motivated the coup were believed to be caused mostly by Ecevit's regime. 

In addition to the internal economic and political issues in Turkey between 1970-1980, there were also external actors like U.S. who were believed to intervene in the 1980's coup's process.
On 12th September 1980, the coup was carried out. As the consequence of the coup, martial law was declared and Kenan Evren became the new president of Republic of Turkey. 

In the aftermath of the coup, large scales of human rights violations were carried out. These violations were later on discussed within the international arena.

Before the Coup
The political problems that motivated the coup was due to the political instability in Turkey between the period of 1970-1980. The political instability was shaped by the violence between left- and right-wing political groups and therefore the coup aimed to ease the violence between these groups. The army's stance, which carried out the coup, towards this political violence was more in support of the reduction of the left wing ideology and groups. There were two reasons regarding why the army was in support of right wing groups more, compared to their support for left-wing groups. The first reason was due to the unpopularity of communist ideology among the Turkish army. The army that carried out the coup was characterized by nationalist ideology. Therefore, communism was seen as a factor endangering this national unity, and thus the notion of nationalism, in Turkey. As a result, the political instability in Turkey became one of the motivations of the army to carry out the coup of 1980
. The second reason why the army had an unfriendly view about communism was because of the Turkey-NATO relations. Turkey became a member of NATO in 1952, establishing its stance against communism's spread. Therefore, the 1980 Turkish army believed that rising communism in Turkey, being a NATO member state, could damage its relations with other NATO member states. Thus, isolating the rising communist movements became the second motivation for the army to carry out a coup. In this respect, the army and their nationalistic and anti-communism ideology was mainly supported by the Nationalist Movement Party (Turkish: Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi (MHP)). On the other hand, MHP believed that the arising communist groups were supported by Republican People’s Party (Turkish: Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (CHP)), which was represented by Bulent Ecevit as the prime minister of Turkey. Thus, MHP and the Turkish army accepted Bulent Ecevit as the reason for Turkey’s political and economic instability.
The Turkish economy between 1970-1980 was deteriorating. This economic depression led to lack of access to oil, basic goods like food, and high levels of unemployment. The depression was due to Bulent Ecevit’s unsuccessful economic policies, 1973-74 Oil Crisis and U.S. embargo on Turkey after the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation. Combined with political instability, the economic recession was leading to lower living standards in Turkey. The economic policies of Ecevit in the beginning years of 1970s were enabling the county to grow at a constant rate. However, the oil crisis after the Yom-Kippur War caused one of the most drastic downfalls of Turkish economy in 1976. Secondly, after the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation, Turkey was embargoed by U.S. In addition to the already existing economic issues and the oil crisis, the embargo put more pressure upon the Turkish economy
. Despite the debate that the US established the embargo as an outcome of the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation, Ecevit claims in an interview that the embargo has already been established by the U.S. before the 1974 Cyprus Peace Operation was carried out.  In general, the Turkish economy under Ecevit’s regime was experiencing recession because although he was applying policies to tackle the recession, his policies were not strong enough to establish an improved economy. Therefore, Ecevit’s regime came to be characterized by both economic crisis and internal political unrest, and the interrelating problems they have caused.
The Allegations of Western Intervention 
Although the 1980 coup d’état was motivated by the domestic political and economic factors persisting between 1970 and 1980, there has been a debate regarding West's connection to the 1980 coup d’état. One dimension of how this was discussed can be linked back to Iran and its geopolitical importance.

Iran was perceived as a geopolitically important country for the West since it is an oil-rich country as well as one of the significant oil-supplier to the West. The West had concerns that the oil supply from Iran might be at risk when USSR invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Afghanistan, which neighbors both Iran and former USSR, acted as a buffer zone against USSR expansionism into the oil-rich countries, which included Iran as well. The West feared this invasion since the it could mean that the oil-supply to the West might be disrupted and owned by USSR.
The discussion regarding how the West could have been involved in the 1980 Turkish coup d’état's upbringing starts with the discussion of U.S. military being deployed in this region. In order to fight against any further Soviet expansionism into Iran, the U.S. decides to deploy a military belonging to U.S. in a geopolitically beneficial country which is also closer to Iran. The Western powers believed that the most geopolitically suitable country to deploy their army to would be Turkey. However, for a U.S. military force to be deployed in Turkey, the U.S. believed that Turkey needed to obtain a more stable economy and political environment. What U.S. found problematic about the political environment of Turkey is argued to be the rise of communist movements in Turkey. Therefore, U.S. believed that such a coup also aiming to ease the communist movements is highly important for the efficiency of the U.S. army to be deployed in Turkey.
As a result, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan indirectly affected how the West, mainly consisting the U.S., supported the 1980 Turkish coup d’état.

The Coup and its Aftermath 
On the morning of 12th September 1980, approximately at 3 A.M, the coup took place declaring a curfew. The 1980’s coup d’état led to the suspension of democracy and a shift into an authoritarian military rule. 
The parliament was dissolved and the existing political parties were abolished. Trade unions were closed down since they were seen as communists threats.   Although the National Security Council that overthrew the government declared that it would eventually return the power to democratically elected civilians, Turkish Military ruled the country for 3 years.
Human Rights Violations 
Many people were arrested on the morning of 12 September 1980. After coup d’état the cases of torture in Turkey rapidly increased and first executions in ten years were carried out in a month. Prisoners were beaten, intimidated, humiliated and starved. After a global pressure, the state opened an investigation. According to the report in 1982 published by the Turkish State authorities, only four of the alleged 204 deaths were caused by torture.
The Military also implemented a nationwide treatment programme called mixing for peace. This programme enforced the cohabitation of leftist and rightist prisoners. This was perceived as a mental torture by some prisoners, while the others believed that they were all the victims of the coup d’état.
The Constituent Assembly, consisting of 160 members, implemented a new constitution which strengthened the military’s power and state authority.   The purpose of the 1982 constitution was to ensure that the country was safe from political polarization of 1970s.

January 24th Decrees 
It was a programme designed to help Turkey overcome the economic crisis before the coup d’état. With the guidance of International Monetary Fund (IMF), the purpose of the programme was to encourage foreign investments and trade. The provisional government kept following the programme. Furthermore, the designer of the programme, Turgut Özal, was appointed as the finance minister of the military government.

References
References 

1980 in Asia
20th century in Turkey
The 1971 Turkish military memorandum, issued on 12 March that year, was the second military intervention to take place in the Republic of Turkey.

1971 in Asia
20th century in Turkey
Sheikh Jarrah is a neighborhood in Jerusalem, Israel.

Jerusalem
The reticulated humming frog (Chiasmocleis royi) is a frog that lives in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.  They sometimes live with tarantula spiders.

Scientists have seen this frog living in the same burrows or holes in trees as tarantula spiders in the genus Pamphobeteus.   The spiders eat other frogs but not reticulated humming frogs.  Scientists have seen the frogs and the spiders coming out of the same burrows to look for food at night.

Scientists think the tarantulas use chemicals to tell which frog is which.  They have seen young tarantulas catch and pick up small reticulated humming frogs. They catch them the same way they catch frogs that they will eat.  But the tarantulas only touch the reticulated humming frogs with their mouths. Then they put them back down without biting them.  Microhylid frogs, like the reticulated humming frog, make chemicals in their skin that taste bad.  Scientists think this might be why the frogs and spiders started living together.
Scientists do not know whether the reticulated humming frog and the tarantula both help each other or whether the tarantula helps the frog but not the other way around.  The frog lives in the tarantula burrow, where it is safe from drying out during the day.  Other animals that would eat the frog stay away from the tarantulas.  However, scientists think the reticulated humming frog might help the tarantula too.  They have seen parasite fly larvae on young tarantulas.  They think the frog might help the tarantulas by eating flies that try to get into the burrow.

Other frogs and tarantulas that live far from South America also live together like this.  For example, there are frogs and tarantulas in Sri Lanka that live together this way.  Scientists think this relationship evolved more than once.

References

Frogs of South America
The Egyptian "bread riots" of 1977  affected most major cities in Egypt from 18–19 January 1977. The riots owed to economic reasons.

1977 in Africa
1970s in Egypt
Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was considered an important part of the economy.

To control their ownership of slaves, the Ottomans followed the Islamic view of human bondage. They saw themselves as the protectors of the religion while Mecca and Medina were under their protection. And the sultan was seen as a successor to the prophet. In this sense and according to Hanafi Islamic law, a person can have ownership of another, which entitles the owner to the slave' labor, property and sexuality while restricting his freedoms. However, a Muslim cannot be enslaved and if a slave follows Islam, he is to be freed. These rules were introduced in the empire’s laws.
The Slavery in the Ottoman Empire was considered an important and big part of the empire's society. It was estimated that twenty percent of the residence during the 16th century were slaves. The Ottomans tied their economy tightly to owning slaves. Since it was a large country, the vast work they needed required more workers. For this reason they needed slaves to help them with different tasks.

Tasks
Slaves had different tasks. Some of them were domestic slaves who helped raise children and do household chores. Others had menial jobs. Others were sex workers. Some of the empire's officials were purchased as slaves who grew up as free citizens.

History
The official prohibition of slavery took place in the second half of the 19th century, but the practice continued into the 20th century.

The start of the slavery
Slavery began in the Ottoman Empire in the 14th century when Sultan Murad I built an army of slaves from prisoners of war called Kapıkulu. The sultan was in full control of them and trained them where necessary. Sultan Mehmed II established the first slave market in Constantinople in the 1460s, called Yessir. The markets then spread widely in most towns and cities of the empire.

The empire followed the pencik method (pencik from Persian labor stylo means five and yek means one) in which the state takes a fifth of the raiding captives. It has also been linked to a tax system and title deed
The footrest system has been changed for reasons that are unclear. They followed the devshirme system, which means collecting and fixing the children of Christian citizens from their ethnic, religious and cultural background and applying them in an Islamic Turkic system. This practice was also applied to citizens of Rumelia, especially Bosons and Albanians, even as Muslims and other non-Muslims in the empire. The Ottomans brought their slaves from within their borders.

End of slavery 
The call for the end of slavery began in the 19th century with calls from European countries to end human rights abuses. The empire lost its power after World War I and was under pressure and influence from European powers.
In an effort to restore itself, the empire went through the Tanzimat period during which it underwent many reforms. It was seen as a period of importing European and Western ideologies and models, and the ideas of equality for all citizens, regardless of race or religion, and freedom were stronger than ever. These concepts made the slavery system less powerful and more opposed by citizens.

During this period, slaves also took the opportunity to escape from their owners and

In order to escape from them in this sense, the Empire issued several edicts beginning with the liberation of groups of slaves.

Types of slavery 

The slaves in The Ottoman Empire had different works:
Domestic workers: in elite homes were the most common type of slave: they worked and lived alongside the family and served as wage servants. They had the responsibility of doing the housework, taking care of the family and raising their children, and they also had to take care of sexual activities for their masters. They can be considered a second wife. This was a problem for Christian and Jewish citizens, but not a major problem for Muslims.
 Sexual slavery or also called "harem": It represents the residence of the Sultan, his wives, concubines and offspring. Marked by hierarchy. The two highest ranks were in the possession of the Sultan. The "valide sultan" was the sultan in reign's mother. then would follow his wife and then will be his favorite concubine. Concubines were served by domestic slaves in every occupation.
Elite Bondage: slaves were taken by the "Devshirme" exercise. Young men in the Balkan provinces, aged thirteen to fourteen, were educated, converted to Islam, and given elite positions in government and military. They were called koll (plural kollar). They were only obligated to the sultan. The beginning of the practice was the creation of the elite  Infantry Corps "Janissary".
 Menial jobs such as miners, pearl fishermen, ware makers or agriculture: At the beginning of the empire, these slaves were taken by landlords as part of their property. They have fulfilled all the duties to their masters. After farmland became state property, parcels of land were assigned to all owners and taxes owed to elite slave tax masters. These landlords did not profit from the surplus production and thus set their slaves free.
Sources of slaves 
For most of the earlier period of the empire, slaves were won by invading European borders and the Black Sea. In the following century, slaves came from Africa with a small minority from the Caucasus mainly from Circassia and Georgia. In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Africans were imprisoned in Sudan, Central Africa and Ethiopia. They were then transported across the desert and the Mediterranean to reach ports in the Balkans and the Middle East. Some were transported through the Nile Valley, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf and the pilgrimage network.

Nature of slavery 
The Ottomans saw slavery as a means of giving individuals better living conditions and a better life.
Many of the sultan's slaves were better cared for than the common people. Many of them valued the positions they held and refused to trade them in for their freedoms because of the insecurity and fragility of the free people. Some people even volunteered for service. For them, slavery was a way for people to escape danger and misery. Under the responsibility of the owners, they are provided with the basic necessities (housing and food). For the sultan's slaves, they would even be given the status and opportunity to get close to the elite of society. The slave "Hurrem" even went on to marry the sultan and become queen of the empire.

However, this did not apply to all slaves, many went to great lengths to gain their freedom, and the positions held by slaves did not always guarantee proper treatment. Some of them have committed crimes according to the governing elite and even protests in the fight for their freedom. they also followed different strategies:
Some, in the struggle for freedom, worked to improve their status and position in society and to rise from a class of social slaves to a higher class.

Other groups of slaves decided to escape their owners, and in fact this strategy was popular in the late 19th century. After their escape, they were in a weak position, some states in the empire decided to abandon slave property rights over their slaves and sided with the enslaved, they were able to use the siding of the state in order to free themselves. Nevertheless, these actions were still criminalized by the ruling elite, which assumes them as a threat to the existing order in the region.

Slaves, in expressing their desire for freedom, tried to hold fast to their cultural beliefs and practices, even attempting to disrupt them and shut down the cultural hierarchy of slave owners.

References

Related pages 
Ottoman Empire
Slave trade

 
Ottoman Empire
CBSN is an television news channel. It is operated by CBS News and CBS Interactive divisions of CBS Corporation. It was started on November 6, 2014. Their first sponsors were Microsoft and Amazon.com.

References 

CBS network shows
A rentier state derives its money from the rent paid by foreign individuals, concerns or governments. It is commonly seen in the Middle East

Politics
Fatback is a type of meat from a pig.  It is made from the fat under the skin on the back of the pig.  It can be served with or without the skin still on the fat. Fatback is "hard fat" and is different than the soft fat found belly of pig.  Like other types of pig fat, it can be made into lard if it is processed.  Fatback can be used to make salt pork, and it is used to make sausages or as an ingredient in many dishes.

Use

Fatback is a traditional part of southern US cuisine, soul food and the traditional cuisine of Quebec.  In Quebec, it is used for fried pork rinds, which is also called cracklings.  Fatback is used to flavor boiled vegetables such as leaf vegetables, green beans, and black-eyed peas.  Fat back can be fried, coated with breadcrumbs and fried or cooked in many other ways.

Fatback has been used for hundreds of years or more in almost every country where they eat pork.  Each country has their own special dishes that use it.

References

Pork
Kirchanschöring () is a municipality in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany. The community is in the Rupertiwinkel and it borders on the eastern waterside of the Waginger See, although the town itself is some kilometers away from the lake.

References

Traunstein (district)
Marquartstein is a municipality in the southeastern part of Bavaria, Germany and is part of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Marquartstein and Staudach-Egerndach. It is in a region called Chiemgau, about 10 km south of Lake Chiemsee between Munich and Salzburg. Most of the area is in the valley of the river Tiroler Achen, which separates the village into two parts. Marquartstein is at the edge of the Alps. Its geographical location is .

References

Traunstein (district)
Nußdorf () is a municipality  in Traunstein in Bavaria in Germany.

References

Traunstein (district)
Obing is a municipality  in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany.

References

Traunstein (district)
Petting is a municipality  in Traunstein, Bavaria, Germany. It is on the shore of the Waginger See.

References

Other websites
Official website of the municipality (German)

Traunstein (district)
Pittenhart is a municipality  in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany.

References

Traunstein (district)
Reit im Winkl is a small village (locally known as a snow-magnet ) on the German/Austrian border in the southeastern part of Bavaria, Germany in Traunstein. It is south of Chiemsee and southwest of Ruhpolding - home of the Biathlon World Cup - in the Bavarian Alps and facing towards Tyrol. The village is next to the Austrian states Tyrol and Salzburg. Kössen in Tyrol is the next village on the river Lofer, before it joins the convergence of the river Tiroler Achen.

References

Other websites
 Reit im Winkl
 Winklmoos Alm
 Ruhpolding Biathlon World Cup
 Regional Bus Routes from Reit im Winkl
 Taxi/Hire car/bus services in Reit im Winkl
 Reit im Winkl Tourist Bureau Accommodation List of Hotels, Holiday Apartments, Youth Hostels, Pensions, Camping Grounds and Caravan Parks etc in one star to five star categories 
 Skischool and Snowboardschool Reit im Winkl
 Ski Rentall Reit im Winkl
 Guesthouse Bergstüberl

Traunstein (district)
Ruhpolding is the municipality with the biggest area of the Traunstein district in southeastern Bavaria, Germany. It is in the south of the Chiemgau region in the Alps and next to the Austrian border.

References

Other websites

 Village of Ruhpolding

Traunstein (district)
Schleching is a municipality in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany.

References

Traunstein (district)
Schnaitsee is a municipality in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany.

References

Traunstein (district)
Seeon-Seebruck is a municipality in Traunstein in southern Bavaria in Germany.

Municipal districts
 Seeon 6 km north of Lake Chiemsee within the Seeon Lakes.
 Seebruck is a popular local tourist spot in the north end of Lake Chiemsee where the river Alz origins. The town is a popular base for sailing activities.
 Truchtlaching 5 km east of Seebruck on the Alz river.

References

Traunstein (district)
Siegsdorf is a municipality  in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany.

References

Traunstein (district)
Staudach-Egerndach is a municipality  in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany.

References

Traunstein (district)
Surberg is a municipality  in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany. It is 90 km (55.7 miles) southeast of the Bavarian capital of Munich.

References
Tacherting is a municipality  in the north of Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany.

Subdivisions
The municipality of Tacherting has the following 108 districts:

References

Traunstein (district)
Taching am See is a municipality  in Traunstein in Bavaria, Germany. The municipality is to the west and northwest of the Tachinger See (Lake Taching).

The small villages in rural Taching am See are: Assing, Buchberg, Grendach, Gröben, Haunerting, Hörgassing, Hucking, Mauerham, Moosmühle, Obertaching, Planthal, Salling, Schönhofen and Tettenberg.

References

Other websites
 "Gemeinde Taching am See" (Municipality of Taching am See) in German

Traunstein (district)
Tittmoning () is a town in Traunstein, in Bavaria, Germany.

Geography
It is in the historic Rupertiwinkel region, on the left edge of the river Salzach, which forms the border with Ostermiething in the Austrian state of Salzburg. The two communes are linked by a bridge. Tittmoning is about  northwest of the Salzburg city centre.

References

Sources
Freed, John B. “Nobles, Ministerials, and Knights in the Archdiocese of Salzburg.”
Speculum 62, No. 3 (Jul., 1987): 575–611.

Traunstein (district)
Traunreut () is a town in southeastern Bavaria, Germany in Traunstein. It is at . Traunreut is in the middle of the Chiemgau region between Munich and Salzburg, about 10 km east of the Chiemsee, 25 km north of the Alps, and 35 km west of Salzburg.

References

Other websites
 Municipality of Traunreut (German)

Traunstein (district)
Under Regulation No
. 426-2018 Which states "The Guard shall have the following powers and duties: prepare and submit procedures and standards, and implement same up on approval by the Prime Minister; prepare and submit to the Prime Minister Office, directives related to human resource recruitment, training, periodic evaluation, transfer and dismissal, and implement same upon approval; in coordination with the Ministry and appropriate organs recruit, train, employ and deploy appropriate human resources equip itself with materials, vehicles, weapons, and appropriate technologies that comply with international standards and important for the execution of the mission; without prejudice to sub-article (4) of this Article, whenever necessary, request and obtain appropriate provisional support from other organs; ensure security of the Prime Minister and their family members
, and Head of State and Deputy Prime Minister and their family members; without prejudice to sub-article (6) of this Article the protection extends to the outgoing Prime Ministers and his family, outgoing Head of State and Deputy Prime Minister and their families; and it does not include appointee with the Rank of Deputy Prime Minister; provide protection to the visiting foreign Heads of State and Government, Heads of International Organizations and individuals having such status; provide gourd of honor services; conduct studies prepare and submit to the Prime Minister necessary structure and units that help for the accomplishment of mission and implement same upon approval;  take necessary measures to ensure the security of head of states and governments; own property, enter into contract, sue and be sued in its own name; undertake other related activities that are supporting the attainment of its objectives
." The Guard carry out law enforcement operations in parts of the country.
Training 
The Republican Guard are trained inside The National College of Information and Security which is under the supervision and teaching of the NISS. The Republican Guard according to Prof De Waal were Emirati-trained. They originally were trained from abroad for 6 months but later after time they are now domestically trained.

Weapons 

The Republican Guard use many rifles and guns with assault rifles. These include the CSR 338 sniper rifle, the assault rifle CAR 816 carbine, the CAR 817DMR, they also use the Israeli TAR-21. These weapons come from several countries including Israel.

Structure
Structure 
 

The Republican Guard has four main structures. These structures are composed of units inside the Guard. These Units include VIP protection or people who are close with the Prime Minister and Protectees at all times, there is also the Counter Military Unit which are uniformed military personnel protecting the Prime minister and other Protectees with the VIP personnel which are close to the Protectees. There is also another unit which is called Military uniformed Republican Guard Special Force they are tasked with protecting high risk places as the Prime Minister Office or high military or national interest's place. The last is the military police who are said to intervene at high risk and volatile situations in the country.
History 
The Republican Guard was formed on December 23, 2018, after a grenade attack whilst the Prime Minister was hosting a speech and other high government officials with while starting his premier ship. The attack was on June 28, 2018, or on the 89th day of his Prime Minister ship.
Rebellion & Arrests 
Weeks after becoming Prime Minister Republican guard members from other stations stormed the Prime Minister's residence and demanded a pay raise, the prime ministers' republican guards stationed to him were outnumbered by the hundreds: the prime minister then did pushups to lessen the tension and that made the demanding guards enjoy the pushups with the PM, and they left the palace they later were arrested. Later some members of the Republican Guard apologized for protesting and demanding a pay raise to the Prime Minister. The then Federal Police Commissioner said about the protest raid "They raised issues related to their living conditions, low pay and a dismal benefits package and demanded to meet the prime minister," the guards who raided the PM residence were estimated to be around 250, the guards were ordered to do 10 pushups whom the Prime Minister also led himself. They were invited to dinner then let go out of the residence of the Prime Minister.
Military operations
The Republican Guard have also been involved with operations in Tigray region after rebels rebelled against the federal government. The Republican Guard were able for a brief period able to control the capital city of the northmost state of Ethiopia for a couple weeks till the Commander in Chief of the Ethiopian Armed forces Abiy Ahmed ordered all troops to leave the regional state as a whole forcing the Republican Guard that conducted special operations to leave the area. But whilst they were on the grounds, they have been able to capture high level rebel officials who served as leading the rebel group for decades. One of these is Sebhat Nega the one of the founding members of the TPLF rebel group: which served as the leading political party in Ethiopia for 27 years. The Guard had to fight multiple rebels and go through mountains to catch these high-level leaders of the TPLF. With the Airforce they flied over the rebels to Addis Ababa and gave them to the Ethiopian Federal Police Forensic Investigation Team
References 

Government of Ethiopia
Law enforcement agencies
Real Estate and Housing Association of Bangladesh In short REHAB is a real estate trade body in Bangladesh. Shamsul Alamin is the current president of REHAB.

History
The association was founded in 1991 with eleven members which had grown to 1151 members by 2016. It holds an annual real estate in Bangladesh fair titled the Rehab fair in Dhaka.

References

Real estate
Companies of Asia
Organisations based in Bangladesh
1991 establishments in Asia
Nokia 6230 (also known is Nokia 6230i) is an Nokia mobile phone was developed of Nokia Corporation, it was announced on October 28, 2003 and release on February 28, 2004.

History 
In October 28, 2003. Nokia announced they will be release Nokia 6230 on February 2004. In November 2003, Nokia 6230 has begin of worldwide on late January and early February 2004 with sales at Campagin Shops.

In February 18, 2004. Nokia 6230 release of Canada and February 22 release of United Kingdom. In February 28, 2004. Nokia 6230 has release of worldwide.

In July 2007, Nokia announced they will be release Nokia 6230i on August 12, 2007.

Later discontinued 
In June 2006, Nokia announced they will be discontinued Nokia 6230, because was no longer after release in 2004. In December 18, 2006. Nokia 6230 was ended sales in worldwide. In January 20, 2007. Nokia 6230 was discontinued.

After Nokia 6230 was discontinued, in August 12, 2007. Nokia announced Nokia 6230i will support after in October 2010 was discontinued.
In October 14, 2010. Nokia 6230i was ended sales and discontinued of worldwide.

Related pages 
 Nokia 6300

Nokia mobile phones
The Peacekeeper is a 1997 American Canadian action adventure movie directed by Frédéric Forestier and starring Dolph Lundgren, Michael Sarrazin, Montel Williams, Roy Scheider, Christopher Heyerdahl, Monika Schnarre.

Other websites

References

1997 action movies
American action movies
Canadian action movies
Movies about terrorism
is a Japanese politician. He has been the leader of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP or CDPJ) since 30 November 2021. He is also a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet.

Izumi was elected as the leader of the CDP in the 2021 Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan leadership election on 30 November 2021.

References

1974 births
Living people
Japanese politicians
Hokkaido Prefecture
Charanjit Singh (3 February 1931 – 27 January 2022) was an Indian field hockey player. Singh captained the Indian hockey team that won the gold medal in the 1964 Summer Olympics at Tokyo, Japan. Singh was born in  Himachal Pradesh (then Punjab, British India).

Singh died from a heart attack at his home in Una, Himachal Pradesh on 27 January 2022, at the age of 90.

References

1931 births
2022 deaths
Indian Olympic gold medalists
Indian field hockey players
Sportspeople from Himachal Pradesh
Max Moszkowicz Sr. (5 October 1926 – 27 January 2022) was a Dutch lawyer.

The Jewish Moszkowicz family fled Nazi Germany in 1933. During the Holocaust his parents were murdered. Moszkowicz survived Auschwitz.

He became well known in the Netherlands for defending Dutch criminals. Moszkowicz was a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD).

Moszkowicz died on 27 January 2022, at the age of 95.

References

1926 births
2022 deaths
Dutch Jews
Dutch lawyers
Dutch people of World War II
German Jews
Holocaust survivors
Naturalised citizens of the Netherlands
People from Essen
Refugees from Nazism
Nedjeljko Mihanović (; 16 February 1930 – 27 January 2022) was a Croatian politician. He was Speaker of the Croatian Parliament from 1994 to 1995. He retired in 2000.

He died on 27 January 2022, at the age of 91.

References

1930 births
2022 deaths
Croatian politicians
Pier Ferdinando Casini (; born 3 December 1955) is an Italian politician. He was President of the Chamber of Deputies from 2001 to 2006.

References

1955 births
Living people
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
People from Bologna
Martin Leach-Cross Feldman (January 28, 1934 – January 27, 2022) was an American Republican politician and lawyer. He was the United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana from 1983 until 2022. He was nominated to the court by President Ronald Reagan. Feldman was born in St. Louis, Missouri.

Feldman died on January 27, 2022 in New Orleans, Louisiana, one day before his 88th birthday.

References

1934 births
2022 deaths
American judges
Lawyers from New Orleans
Politicians from St. Louis, Missouri
Politicians from New Orleans
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from St. Louis, Missouri
Mohammad Ali Farrokhian (, 1935 – 27 January 2022) was an Iranian freestyle wrestler. He won silver medals in the 57 kg division at the 1965 World Wrestling Championships and 1966 Asian Games. 

Farrokhian died on 27 January 2022, at the age of 86.

References

1935 births
2022 deaths
Iranian wrestlers
Eugene Anthony Clines (October 6, 1946 – January 27, 2022) was an American professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as an outfielder from 1970 to 1979. He played for the Pittsburgh Pirates teams that won four National League Eastern Division titles and won the World Series in 1971. He also played for the New York Mets, Texas Rangers, and the Chicago Cubs.

He was a coach for the Cubs, Houston Astros, Seattle Mariners, Milwaukee Brewers, and San Francisco Giants, and an advisor with the Los Angeles Dodgers later in his career.

Clines died at his home in Bradenton, Florida, on January 27, 2022, at the age of 75.

References

1946 births
2022 deaths
Pittsburgh Pirates players
New York Mets players
Texas Rangers players
Chicago Cubs players
Sportspeople from California