Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Bill of Rights is the name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, which limit the power of the federal government and guarantee citizens of the United States  certain rights. The amendments were written in 1789 by James Madison, and were based on important ideas about personal rights. The Bill of Rights went into effect in 1791, when 3/4 of the states agreed that they were fair. Originally, the Bill of Rights had 12 different amendments, but the first two were not passed by enough states. The second amendment that was not passed was eventually added to the Constitution in 1992, becoming the 27th amendment in the Constitution.

1st Amendment
"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof..."
This means that the government cannot make any religion an official religion. It also cannot stop people from practicing any religion.

"...or abridging the freedom of speech"
This means that the government cannot stop people from saying what they think. It applies to many forms of expression, like art.  However, people do not have freedom to say things that will limit other people's rights. For example, people do not have the freedom to threaten to kill other people.

"...or of the press"

This means that the government cannot prevent newspapers and other news sources from reporting the news.

"...or of the right of the people to peaceably assemble..."

This means that people can protest things by getting together and having rallies or marches, as long as they are not violent.

"...and to petition the government for redress of grievances."
This means that people can complain to the government about things they do not like.  They can ask the government to fix those things.
The conclusion of the BOR were that the constitution will work and America will be successful.
2nd Amendment
"A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed." 

People have the right to own firearms. 

3rd Amendment
"No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house he consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law."

This means that people cannot be forced to keep soldiers in their houses.

4th Amendment
"The right of the people to be secure in their, houses, writing papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated..."

The government does not have the right to search people or their property without a good reason, and it does not have the right to take people's property without a good reason.
"...and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the people or things to be seized."

A search warrant, which gives the police permission to search a person's property, can only be issued if there is a good reason to think that the person is hiding something that might show that a crime has been committed.

5th Amendment
"No person shall be held to answer for any capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger..."
If somebody is accused of committing a very serious crime, including crimes that can be punished with the death penalty, they have the right to have a grand jury decide if there is enough evidence to put the person on trial. However, this does not apply to somebody who is accused of committing a crime while serving in the military.

"...nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb..."

If somebody is accused of committing a crime and goes to a trial, and is found not guilty, the person cannot be forced to have a second trial. The idea of giving the same person a second trial after being found not guilty the first time is called double jeopardy.

"...nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself..."

Somebody cannot be forced to testify against themselves in court. This means that they cannot be forced to say things that hurt their case in a trial.
"nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation."

Somebody cannot be punished by being executed, going to jail or prison, or having money or property taken away from them without going through the legal system first. This could mean having a hearing, going before a judge, or having a jury trial.

6th Amendment

"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district where in the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law..."
If somebody is accused of a crime, they have the right to a trial that does not take too long to start after the person is accused of the crime. The trial must be held in public and cannot be secret. The person has the right to have a jury who will decide the case fairly. Members of the jury cannot decide which side they will take before the trial starts. They also have the right to have their trial in the same area where the crime was committed.

"...and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor..."

Somebody who is going on trial for a crime has the right to know why they are being accused of a crime and to ask questions to any witnesses who testify (say in court) that the person committed the crime. A person that is going on trial has the right to have witnesses to the trial who say that the person did not commit the crime.
"...and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense."

A person going on trial for a crime has the right to be defended by a lawyer.

7th Amendment

"In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law."

If somebody sues somebody over something that is worth at least $20, this is called a civil trial. They have the right of a jury trial. The decision of the jury is final, although in some rare cases, the judge can throw out the jury's decision and bring in a new jury if the judge thinks that the jury's decision ignored the facts that they learned during the trial.

8th Amendment

"Excessive bail shall not be required..."
If somebody is arrested, they cannot be given too high of an amount for bail. Bail is something that people who are arrested have to pay if they want to be let out of jail before their trial starts. If they show up for their trial, they will get their money back. 

"nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."

If a jury in a trial decides that somebody is guilty of a crime, their punishment cannot be too harsh or cruel. They also cannot be forced to pay too high of an amount of money as punishment for their crime.

9th Amendment

"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."

People can have other rights, even if the Constitution does not specifically talk about them. 

10th Amendment

"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
If the Constitution does not specifically say that the federal (United States) government has the power to do something, then the power to do it goes to the state government unless the Constitution specifically says that states can not do so.

References
The Bill of Rights, from the U.S. Archives.
Amendments 11-27, from the U.S. Archives.
Paula Jane Radcliffe MBE (born 17 December 1973) is a British long-distance runner. She is the current women's IAAF world record holder for the marathon with a time of 2:17:42 hours. She also ran the IAAF women's world best time of 2:15:25 hours. She is a three-time winner of the London Marathon, two-time New York Marathon champion, and won the 2002 Chicago Marathon.

Radcliffe is a former world champion for the marathon, half marathon and cross country races. She has also been European champion over 10,000 metres on the track and over the cross country races. On the track, Radcliffe has also won the 10,000 metres silver medal at the 1999 World Athletics Championships and was the 2002 Commonwealth Games gold medalist over 5,000 metres. Radcliffe has won many awards including the BBC Sports Personality of the Year, Laureus World Comeback of the Year, IAAF World Athlete of the Year, AIMS World Athlete of the Year (three times) and a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).
Radcliffe has often made comments about drugs in sport. Radcliffe backed the IAAF after Olga Yegorova was caught using drugs. Radcliffe and team-mate Hayley Tullett caused trouble in the heats of the 5,000 metres at the 2001 World Athletics Championships. They held up a sign protesting against Yegorova. Yegorova had been caught using, EPO, but was allowed to race. The sign was made by Radcliffe's husband and said 'EPO Cheats Out'. It was taken off them by the stadium officials. But not before it was seen on television.  Team mates Kathy Butler and Hayley Yelling also demonstrated in the final. They were seen wearing Radcliffe masks and held up signs, one of which said 'Free Paula'. Radcliffe said after the Championships that she would continue her fight against drugs in sport. Radcliffe wears a red ribbon when racing to show her support for blood testing as a method of catching drugs cheats. Radcliffe first wore the ribbon at the 1999 European Cup. This was encouraged by Blandine Bitzner-Ducret
. At the end of 2001 Radcliffe was given the choice not to race against Yegorova in televised meetings in the United Kingdom.
Suspicious blood levels
During Radcliffe's highly successful 2002 season, foreign media, were convinced that she was taking drugs. But Radcliffe asked UK Sport to reveal her drugs tests. They showed that she had been tested five times and on each occasion was clean. Radcliffe said she was unhappy with the whispers coming from French newspaper L'Equipe. She asked for the IAAF to conduct random blood and urine samples before the Chicago marathon. She also asked them to freeze the samples so when tougher testers are developed they can prove that she ran clean. One of her blood samples were deemed suspicious by a doping agency. Paula however said she was innocent and not a cheater.
Personal life
Paula Radcliffe was born to Peter and Pat Radcliffe. She was born on the 17 December 1973 in Cheshire. Radcliffe is the great-niece of 1920 Olympic Silver medalist Charlotte Radcliffe.  Radcliffe has a brother. Martin. He is two years younger than her. Radcliffe's family moved to Oakley, Bedfordshire when she was 11. Radcliffe achieved four A levels at grade A in French, German, Maths and General Studies, while at Sharnbrook Upper School in Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire. Radcliffe had a choice between Loughborough and Cambridge for University. She chose Loughborough. In 1996 she finished her degree a few months early so she could prepare for the Olympic Games.
Radcliffe met her husband Gary Lough at Loughborough University. At University Radcliffe studied French, German and economics. She left university with a first-class honours degree in modern European studies. Lough and Radcliffe married in 2000. They have two children. In 2007 they had their first child, Isla. Their second child, Raphael, was born on 29 September 2010. But had to be resuscitated as he had his Umbilical cord wound round his neck. Radcliffe first said of wanting to start a family in.

In the 2002 Queen's Birthday Honours, Radcliffe was awarded an MBE. In October she was given her MBE saying; "It means a great deal to me, it's a great honour and it really tops off an amazing year. To come here and receive this and to meet the Queen at the end of it just finishes it off perfectly." Radcliffe became the first Britain in 2006 to win the Abebe Bikila Award. At the end of 2010 Radcliffe was voted England Athletics athlete of the decade.

References
References

Bibliography
 Paula: My Story So Far (Paula Radcliffe with David Walsh)

Other websites

 
 
 Paula Radcliffe at Power of 10

1973 births
Living people
British long-distance runners
Commonwealth Games medallists
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from Bedfordshire
Sportspeople from Cheshire
James Ramsay MacDonald  (; 12 October 18669 November 1937) was a British politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. He helped to build the Labour Party and became its first Prime Minister in 1924. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression, when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the British Conservative Party. He was expelled from the Labour Party.

MacDonald was an illegitimate child. He was born in Lossimouth, Scotland. He graduated from elementary school and then high school.

Later he worked as a teacher for some time in his high school. In 1885, MacDonald became a member of the Social Democratic Federation.
In 1886, he moved to London, where he became an accountant. On November 13, 1887, MacDonald witnessed Bloody Sunday, after which he published a pamphlet in the media. For some time, MacDonald was also interested in Scottish politics among Scots in London and spoke in support of Scotland for Scotland. At the same time, MacDonald received an evening education at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution, but shortly before the exams he had to give up his education due to nervous exhaustion.

As Prime Minister 
The main achievement of the first MacDonald government was the realization by the British that Labor did not intend to carry out radical changes, but was ready to act for the common good. At the same time, due to lack of public support and a lack of seats in the House of Commons, Labor has not been able to do much of what it has said before - in particular, there has been no widespread nationalization and community service.
1866 births
1937 deaths
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Labour Party (UK) MPs
People from Moray
Astronomical predictions for the 22nd century
Solar eclipses
 June 25, 2150: a total solar eclipse with longer than 7 minutes of totality. This will be the first time this has happened in 177 years.
 July 5, 2168: 7 minutes 26 seconds of totality
 July 16, 2186: 7 minutes 29 seconds (close to the theoretical maximum). This is predicted to be the longest eclipse during the 8,000 year period from 3000 BC to AD 5000 (eclipse predictions by Fred Espenak, NASA).
 August 2113: First time Pluto reaches aphelion since its discovery.
 December 11, 2117: transit of Venus
 2123: Triple conjunction Mars-Jupiter
2123 June 9: Long lunar eclipse.
 September 14, 2123: At 15:28 UTC, Venus will occult Jupiter
 December 8, 2125: Transit of Venus
 July 29, 2126: At 16:08 UTC, Mercury will occult Mars
 March 10, 2130: At 07:32 UTC, Sun passes through solar system barycenter
 December 3, 2133: At 14:14 UTC, Mercury will occult Venus
 2134: Halley's Comet will return to the inner solar system
 2148: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
2170: Triple conjunction Mars-Jupiter
 Given that Pluto's orbit is approximately 248 Earth years, the year 2178 will mark the first Plutonian anniversary of the dwarf planet's discovery.
 2185: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
 2187: Triple conjunction Mars-Saturn
 September 2, 2197: Venus occults Spica (last occultation of Spica by Venus was on November 10, 1783)
Condition or conditions can mean:
 A state of being.
 A disease, such as a heart condition.
 A proposition upon which another proposition depends, such as "if-then" statements. See logical implication.
 To cause a certain response to a stimulus, see conditioning.
 To replace moisture or oils, especially in hair, see conditioner.
 To change climate to an appropriate level, see air conditioning.
 A status effect which is usually negative, see condition (computer gaming).
 A state which is induced in the subject of a psychological experiment, see condition (experimental psychology).

Basic English 850 words
For the general concept of species moving around, see migration. For  people moving data around see data migration.

Human migration is people moving from one place to another to stay there. It often happens in large numbers. Migration can be within countries or between countries. Humans are known to have migrated extensively throughout history and prehistory.

Sometimes, the movement is voluntary, but sometimes, people are forced to move. They may suffer warfare, religious and political persecution, famine, and other natural disasters.
When people are forced to move, they are refugees. Many refugees are illegal immigrants and more than half are children and women. They may live in extreme poverty, lacking food, shelter, clothing, education and medical care.
Urbanisation(rural to urban migration)
Rural-urban migration, or urbanisation, is the movement from country areas to towns and cities. There are many reasons for people leaving the countryside. Often, they are overpopulation, high birth rates, and starvation. Mechanization has caused a reduction in jobs available in the countryside.

Farming is hard work, with long hours and little pay. Many are subsistence farmers. In developing countries, a lack of money means a lack of machinery. Natural disasters, such as droughts, hurricanes, floods and volcanic eruptions, destroy villages and crops. There is a lack of services like schools and hospitals in the countryside.

People move because they are looking for better-paid jobs and a higher quality of life. They have a better chance of services such as schools, medical treatment and entertainment. People are also attracted often by the advantages of a cosmopolitan lifestyle such as shops, restaurants, theatres, and nightlife.
Many arrive with little money and so cannot buy or rent a house, even if one is available. They must usually make a temporary shelter with cheap or use materials. Some give up and go home.
Many children of migrant worker struggle for education.

In the new country, they often are not integrated and are treated like an underclass. However, they are needed even if the local population does not like immigrants because they compete for the same jobs.
More people means more traffic and more crime. Immigrants help to build up cities, provide cheap labour, invest money, buy products and services, pay tax, and help companies compete.

Ancient times
The Proto-Indo-Europeans migrated many times between 4000 and 1000 BC, according to the Kurgan hypothesis.
Modern times
The movement of populations in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond, and involuntary migration, which includes slave trade, human trafficking, and ethnic cleansing. The people who migrate are called migrants or, more specifically, emigrants, immigrants or settlers, depending on the historical setting, circumstance, and perspective.

Many people have died while migrating.

References

Other websites 
 Metropolitan Museum page on Lapita culture
 An mtDNA view of the peopling of the world by Homo sapiens
 National Geographic: Atlas of the Human Journey  (Haplogroup-based human migration maps)
 Journey of Mankind : the Peopling of the World
 Stalker's Guide to International Migration 
 Diplomacy Monitor - Migration 
 Global Culture: essays on migration and globalization 

Migration
In medicine, malignant is a clinical word that is used to describe an illness that kills a patient fast. A malignant tumor is a tumor that is able to invade nearby tissues and spread to tissues that are not nearby.  Not all patients diagnosed with malignant tumors die, because of the improved treatments available.  The actual prognosis depends on the type of tumor, its differentiation, and how bad the disease is.  The term malignant is typically applied to neoplasms that show aggressive behavior characterized by local invasion or distant metastasis.

Medicine
Advice may refer to:

Advice (opinion), an opinion or recommendation offered by someone
Legal advice, the giving of a formal and binding opinion regarding the substance or procedure of the law
Advice (constitutional), in constitutional law, a frequently binding instruction issued to a constitutional office-holder
Advice in aspect-oriented programming, a piece of code executed when a join point is reached
Advice (complexity), in complexity theory, a string with extra information used by Turing machine or other computing device
Pay advice, whereby employees are advised of having received directly deposited pay
Advice column, a regular feature in a newspaper or magazine
In constitutional law, Advice is formal, usually binding instruction given by a constitutional officer of state to another. Heads of state in particular act on the basis of Advice issued by governments and prime ministers. For example, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom formally appoints Ministers of the Crown on the advice of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. 

Law
Laney Amplification is a company from Great Britain that makes guitar and bass guitar amplifiers. It was founded in 1967 when Lyndon Laney started to make amplifiers in his parents' garage. Laney is popular for its good quality amplifiers for low prices.

Other websites 
 Laney Amplification

Musical instrument companies
1967 establishments in the United Kingdom
British music companies
Council in general means a body that has the right to give advice or to administer.

It could also mean:

In politics:
 Borough Council, a form of local government in the United Kingdom
 City council, a form of local government
 Community council, the most local official representative bodies in Scotland and Wales
 Council (country subdivision), a local government area in Australia
 County council, a council that governs a county in the British Isles
 Municipal council, a subdivision of France
 Town council, a democratically elected form of government for small municipalities or parishes

Specific organizations:
 Council (Boy Scouts), a non-profit private corporation within Boy Scouts of America
 Council of the European Union
 United Nations Security Council

Places:
 Council, Alaska
 Council, Idaho
In other fields:
 Ecumenical council, a meeting of the bishops of the whole church convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice
 "The Council" (Enterprise episode), a third-season episode of Star Trek: Enterprise
 Workers' council, a council composed of working class or proletarian members
 Works council, a "shop-floor" organization representing workers

Related pages
 Privy Council (disambiguation page)
Jackie Chan Hiu-ki (陳曉琪), also known as Kellyjackie (born 23 August, 1986), is a Hong Kong citizen who enjoys singing as a hobby. She is also a member of a band called the Royals. She likes the pop singer Kelly Chen, so she puts "Kelly" in her nickname.

She was a secondary school student before 2005. She started to put her songs on the Internet from the age of 13, although she mostly sang other singers' songs. After about one year, she started writing her own songs. Her own first song was Lucky Voice which, like her other songs, was put on the Internet for others to listen.

In January 2005, she wrote the song He invites me to Disneyland (他約我去迪士尼) to ease her exam stress. She got the ideas of the song from the story Sleeping Beauty.
She uploaded her song He invites me to Disneyland to her band's forum, her Xanga site, i010.com and also cmidi.com for free downloading by Internet users. The song became very famous with the help of the Internet within a few weeks. The song was also number 1 of Yahoo! Hong Kong's Top Searches (搜尋人氣榜) for some time. Some DJs also played the song on the radio. Many people were happy about her, although some also thought she did not have good singing skills.

When the Hong Kong Disneyland opened, the Hong Kong Disneyland -The Grand Opening Celebration Album (香港迪士尼樂園開幕紀念大碟) was sold in public. Kellyjackie and Kelly Chen sang He invites me to Disneyland together in the album.

References

1986 births
Living people
Internet celebrities
Hong Kong singers
The European Parliament (formerly European Parliamentary Assembly or Common Assembly) is the parliament of the European Union (EU). EU citizens elect its members once every five years. Together with the Council of Ministers, it is the law-making branch of the institutions of the Union. It meets in two locations: Strasbourg and Brussels .

Members 
The Parliament has 751 members, called "MEPs". Each member speaks for a place in Europe, for example Paris, Denmark or Sicily. Anyone can be elected, they are elected by all the EU citizens, the people who are citizens of a country in the EU. People have been elected to Parliament since 1979, before that they came from the Parliaments of each country. Because MEPs come from different countries, they speak different languages (24 in 2013) at Parliament. They have a protected right to first language (multilingualism), and the Parliament needs many interpreters.
Unlike other international groups of politicians, MEPs do not sit in groups of countries, but they sit next to people who they share ideas with. The two largest groups are the "European People's Party-European Democrats" and the "Party of European Socialists". But these groups work together to agree, so they do not fight to make a law if the other group dislike it.

Power 
The European Parliament's power depends on which area of the EU it is working in. The EU has three areas, the "Community", its representation to other countries, and things to do with police and courts. In the last two areas, it can not do much as the Council takes care of those issues, but in the Community (which is the largest area) it can change or stop any law. But the council also has to agree, and sometimes they disagree and cannot make a law.
While Parliament can change a law, it cannot start a new one, it has to ask the European Commission to do that. The European Commission works on everyday work and the Parliament has to make sure it does its job properly, if it does not Parliament can make them all leave their jobs or not allow them to spend the EU budget.

Work 
When the Parliament wants to make a new law, they all vote at the same time. But before then, they make many small changes while talking with experts who know about the things that the new law will change. As in other parliaments, they do this in small meetings known as "Committees" of between 28 and 86 MEPs.

The Parliament has a President. The President is elected by the MEPs, two times every two and a half years, to organise the meetings and speak for the Parliament when meeting other leaders. Since 2022, the president has been Roberta Metsola of Malta.
History 
The Parliament was made in 1952 and was then called the "Common Assembly". At this time, it did not have any power, it was only asked to comment on laws made by the "European Coal and Steel Community". In 1957, it was renamed the "European Parliamentary Assembly" and got to comment on the laws of the "European Economic Community" and the "European Atomic Energy Community". Over the following years, it was given a few powers over laws and money and it called itself the "European Parliament" in the 1960s. It wanted to be elected so it could do more, as if people voted for the people in Parliament, the Council and Commission would have to pay more attention to it (this is known as "Democratic Legitimacy", the idea that your voice is worth more if you have lots of people supporting from an election).
In 1979 it held its first election, and it gained more powers and also members because more countries joined the Communities and they elected people as well. In 1993 it was given even more, and power over the commission, when the European Union took the place of the Communities. It is now known as one of the most powerful Parliaments in the world.

Other websites 

 Official web site
 Overview on the votes of MEPs 
 European Parliament Office in Ireland
 UK Office of the European Parliament
 BBC News: European Parliament guide
 Rules of Procedure of the European Parliament 

 
European Union
The Council of the European Union (often called Council of Ministers or just Council) is one of the three organisations that manage the European Union. Along with the European Parliament, it is responsible for law making for the European Union (EU).

Its members are the government ministers of the member countries who are responsible for the law that is being discussed. As an example, suppose the law is going to be about farming, then the Agriculture Ministers are the council for that day.

As well as making laws, they can meet to discuss their problems. For example, the European Union does not decide on tax - each country decides on its own tax. But the Finance Ministers meet anyway because sometimes they can help each other catch people who do not want to pay tax at all.
The council is called different things in different countries, according to the language they speak (for example in French it is Conseil de l'Union Européenne and in German it is Rat der Europäischen Union). It is also known internationally, and so it appears on its logo, with the Latin word Consilium.

A simple way of putting it, is that The 'Council of the European Union' is helped by most countries in the world and it is very important.

European Union
Legislatures
The European Commission (officially called the Commission of the European Communities) is one of the seven organisations that manage the European Union (EU). The Commission manages the day-to-day running of the EU and writes laws, like a government. Laws written by the commission are discussed and changed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. The Commission sits in Brussels.

The commission is made of 27 people, one from each of the countries in the EU. One of these people is the President, who was chosen by the Council and Parliament, he decides (with each country) who the other members are and what they do. Each one has a different job, such as looking after industry or trade. If they do not do their job properly, the President can remove them. If he does not, or if the President does not do his job, the Parliament can remove the whole Commission from their jobs (this only happened in 1999).
The name Commission can also mean the 25,000 people who work for the President and his team. They follow the commission's instructions in looking after the EU or writing a new law. It works in three languages, English, French and German.

The first Commission was created in 1952 and was called the "High Authority". But the modern Commission was created in 1957 and since then has had twelve Presidents;

Related pages
 President of the European Commission

References 

European Union
Deep Ng (吳浩康; born 吳偉男 on 13 June 1983) is a Hong Kong singer and actor of the Emperor Entertainment Group.

He was fined 5,000 USD because of keeping cocaine (an illegal drug). 

He was charged of beating Chim Chi Kin at the Boozeroo Pub in Tsim Sha Tsui on 11 July 2005. On November 21, 2005, the court ruled that he did not committed the crime, because what the victim said seemed not to match his own words.

Deep also acted in movies like New Police Story. He is also famous for his number 1 hit song, Select the Breakup Day (擇日失戀). A new album, Nowhere (pronounced as Now-here), was sold in public in September 2005. This album was seen as a comeback for Deep after a number of bad news.  He also had another new album, Documentary, in 2006.

His albums
Deep EP (2003)
Deep In The Music EP (2004)
Deep: Inside (2005)
903 California Red: Eleven Fires Concert - Deep Ng (2005)
Nowhere (2005)
Documentary (2006)
3.D New Songs + Greatest Hits (2007)
Other websites  
Deep's Official Site  
Deep Ng Interview
Deep Ng's Lyrics and Midi

Hong Kong actors
Hong Kong singers
1983 births
Living people
Needle aspiration biopsy (NAB), also known as fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and fine needle aspiration (FNA), is a medical procedure performed to diagnose certain kinds of medical conditions, such as lumps in the neck.  A thin needle is inserted into a mass or lump to extract cells that will be examined under a microscope.  Fine needle aspiration biopsies are very safe, minor surgical procedures.  Often, a major surgical (excisional or open) biopsy can be avoided by performing a needle aspiration biopsy instead.

Medical procedures
Ultrasound is a type of sound with a frequency higher than humans can hear. This frequency, the upper limit of human hearing, is approximately 20,000 hertz (20 kilohertz).

Hearing ultrasound 
Some animals, such as dogs, dolphins, bats, and mice, are able to hear sounds which have a frequency higher than upper-limit of the human ear. This makes them able to hear ultrasounds. Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, as in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing gets lower as a person gets older. This frequency limit is caused by the middle ear that acts as a low-pass filter. If ultrasound is fed directly into the skull bone and reaches the cochlea without passing through the middle ear, much higher frequencies (up to about 200 kHz) can be heard. This effect (sometimes called ultrasonic hearing) was first discovered by divers exposed to a high-frequency (ca. 50 kHz) sonar signal.
Medical ultrasonography is commonly used during pregnancy. Ultrasound is generally thought of as a "safe test" because it does not use destructive ionizing radiation like x-rays.

Ultrasonic cleaning 
Ultrasonic cleaners are sometimes mistakenly called supersonic cleaners. They are used at frequencies from 20 to 40 kHz for jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, watches, dental instruments, surgical instruments and industrial parts. An ultrasonic cleaner works by the energy released from the collapse of millions of tiny (microscopic) bubbles near the dirty surface. The bubbles are formed by cavitation and collapse, forming small jets directed at the surface.

Medical procedures
Sound
Hearing
Oncology is the medical specialty that deals with the study and treatment of cancer.  A doctor that practices oncology is called an oncologist.  The term originates from the Greek onkos (ονκος), meaning bulk, mass, or tumour; and the suffix -ology, meaning "study of."

Medical specialties
Cancer
Data migration is a term computer scientists and economists use when they speak about moving data from one location to another, one format to another, or one application to another. It can also mean that files, or folders with documents, or databases are moved from one server to another. This might be that because several databases are merged into one, or because the databases are reorganized. 

It is usually an automated process, supported by data migration tools. If the data structure is complex, the migration may be separated in several phases that are carried out one after the other.

Computer science
Migration
Events

Europe 
 July 2 – Kings Otakar II of Bohemia and Stephen V of Hungary sign the first Peace of Pressburg, settling territorial claims following the failed invasion of Hungary by Otakar II.
 September 1 – Pope Gregory X succeeds Pope Clement IV as the 184th popeas the compromise candidate between French and Italian cardinals, ending a three-year conclave, the longest ever.
 The County of Toulouse is returned to the crown of France.
 Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle on his famous journey to Kublai Khan's China.
 The construction of Caerphilly Castle, the largest in Wales, is completed.
 Construction of the Belaya Vezha in Belarus is begun.

North Africa and the Middle East
April 8 – Mamluk sultan Baibars continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller in present-day Syria.
 Mamluk sultan Baibars conducts an unsuccessful siege of the city of Tripoli, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of Cyprus.
 Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars; however, they are unable to capture any territory and a peace is quickly negotiated.

Asia 
 September 12 – According to the followers of Nichiren Buddhism, the sect's founder, Nichiren, reaches a turning point known as hosshaku kempon as he discards his identity as a mortal priest and begins to reveal himself as a reincarnation of the Buddha.
 December 18 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of China.
 The Nakhi kingdom of the northern Himalayan foothills is annexed by the Yuan Dynasty.
Births 
 May 25 – Shah Jalal of Bengal (d. 1346)
 May – Joan of Acre, daughter of King Edward I of England (d. 1307)

1271
Events 
 March War of Independence of Western Xia occurred.
 June 17 – Harthacanute lands at Sandwich and reclaims the English Throne.
 August 15 – King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth. The latter succeeds him as Scottish Monarch.
 The oldest brewery still active is founded at Weihenstephan.
 Seljuk Turks defeat the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan.

Births 
 February 22 – Rashi, French rabbi and commentator (d. 1105)
 June 27 – King Ladislaus I of Hungary (d. 1095)
 King Alfonso VI of Castile, Spanish royal (died 1109)

Deaths 
 March 17 – Harold Harefoot, King of England
 August 15 – King Duncan I of Scotland (b. 1001)
 October 1 – Alan III, Duke of Brittany (poisoned) (b. 997)

Related pages 
 For the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) form, see Form 1040.
The Green Bay Packers are an American football team in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They play in the National Football League. Their stadium is Lambeau Field.       

The Packers hold the record for the most NFL league championships. They have won 13 championships, including four Super Bowls. The Packers were named after the Indian Packing Company, a meat-packing company. Today, it is the only fan-owned team in the country's four major professional leagues. It is owned by a community-based group with more than 100,000 shareholders. Each shareholder is limited to holding 200 shares (out of about 5 million issued). The Packers are also the only team in the major professional leagues to release their balance sheet every year. This year, their current head coach is Matt LaFleur.

References

Other websites
Official Site

 
1923 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Wisconsin
An amusement arcade (also called a video arcade or just arcade) is a place where people play arcade games such as video games, pinball machines, and slot machines.  
 
The earliest amusement arcades were called "penny arcades." They were opened in the nineteenth century. Penny arcades had game machines called "bagatelles", which were like billiards and pinball. Penny arcades were popular at amusement parks and fairs until around the 1950s. Around this time, the penny arcades were often replaced by more modern games of chance and skill. An example of the new machines were shooting galleries.

Videos were introduced in amusement arcades in the late 1970s. These were most popular during the early 1980s. Arcades became popular with young people. Many video arcades began closing in the late 1990s, as the technology of home video game consoles began to rival and eventually exceed that of arcade games. However, video arcades remained popular in Japan, where they are called game centers.
An ice age is a period when for a long time the temperature of Earth's climate is very low. This leads to an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers.

'Ice age' is a term used in palaeoclimatology for the period of extensive ice sheets in the recent Pleistocene period. We now know that ice ages have happened a number of times in the past, the greatest and longest of which took place in the Proterozoic era, before multi-cellular eukaryotes evolved.

During ice ages the sea level drops as water is held in the great ice sheets at the poles. How much it drops depends on several factors, such as the length of time that a cold period lasts.
Stages 
Within an ice age, there are stages. The longer cold stages are called glacials or glacial periods. The shorter warm periods are called interglacials. The last glacial ended about 11,000 years ago when the present interglacial started.  The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets still exist.  The last two million years have been the Pleistocene ice age.  During  glacials, large and thick ice sheets cover much of the North American and Eurasian continents.

Many glacial periods that have occurred during the last few million years are initially at 40,000-year frequency, but more recently ice ages have occurred at 100,000-year frequency.

This data comes from a time when human beings had no effect on the climate, or virtually none. Therefore, it is technically correct to say that humans had no effect on global climate in the Earth's history. However, in recent centuries they have burned much fossil fuel, and this has partly been responsible for the present temperature rise.
Related pages 
Snowball Earth
Ice core
Milankovitch cycle
Orbital forcing
Pleistocene
Glaciation
Global warming

References

Other websites 

 Cracking the Ice Age from PBS
 Climate patterns

Geological periods
Climate change
The Saxons or Saxon people are (today) a part of the German people, with their main areas of settlements in the German States of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Westphalia, and the northeastern part of the Netherlands (Groningen, Drenthe, Twente, Salland, Veluwe and Achterhoek).  

First told about by the Ancient Greek geographer Jean Julien, the pre-Christian area of the Saxon people first covered an area a little more to the northwest, with parts of the southern Jutland , Old Saxony and small parts of the eastern Netherlands. During the 5th century AD, the Saxons were part of the people invading the Romano-British province of Britannia, and so formed the Anglo-Saxons.

Before Christianization, the Saxons had much native pre-Christian Germanic paganism. After Christianization, parts of this religion remained up to today in people who came from the Saxons.
The word 'Saxon' is thought to come from the word seax, meaning a mixture of single-edged knives. The Saxons were thought by Charlemagne, and some people who study history, to be very war-like and angry.  

Many of the words that we use today were created by the Saxons for example, radish. 

The Finnish and Estonian name for Germany, Saksa, comes from the Saxons.

Other websites 
 James Grout: Saxon Advent. Part of the Encyclopædia Romana
 Saxons and Britons

Germanic tribes

Lower Saxony
North Rhine-Westphalia
Schleswig-Holstein
Groningen (province)
Drenthe
Overijssel
Gelderland
Białystok is the largest city in northeastern Poland and is the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is in the Podlaskie Plain on the banks of the Biała River in the Podlaskie region, known collectively as the Green Lungs of Poland.

The city charter dates back to 1692, but settlement activity in the area dates back to the 14th century. Białystok has traditionally been one of the leading center of academic, cultural and artistic life in Podlaskie and is the most important economic center in northeastern Poland. The location of the city in the neighborhood of Belarus, Lithuania and Russia, with convenient transportation connections, creates excellent conditions for economic and cultural development of the city. The geographical and historical conditions helped to foster Białystok as a place where people of different cultures, religions and nationalities lived together for centuries. It has shaped the specific character of the city – openness, friendliness and hospitality.
Among cities of Poland, Białystok is second in terms of population density, eleventh in population, and thirteenth in area. The city and its adjacent municipalities constitute Metropolitan Białystok.

History

The city of Białystok has existed for five centuries. During all this time the fate of the city has passed between various political and economic forces. The various historically driven changes have had a very significant influence on the architectural space of the city. This activity relates to the fate of most other Polish cities, but the processes in Białystok had a particularly intense course. Numerous historic works of architecture no longer exist while many others have been rebuilt to their original configuration. The historic buildings of the city have not been preserved very well – the sights are merely an echo of the old historical shape of Białystok.
Over the course of the last 200 years, the city has been the capital of numerous administrative divisions of a number of countries or occupying powers;
 Capital of the New East Prussia Province, Kingdom of Prussia from 1795 to 1807
 Capital of the Belostok Oblast, Russian Empire from 1807 to 1842
 Capital of the Belоstok Province of the Grodno Governorate, Russian Empire from 1842 to 1915
 Capital of the Bialystok-Grodno District of the German-controlled territory of Ober-Ost during World War I (1914–1918)
 Capital of the Białystok Voivodeship, Second Polish Republic from 1919 to 1939
 During World War II it was the capital of the Belastok Voblast, Byelorussian SSR from 1939 to 1941 and 1944–1945
 Capital of Bezirk Białystok during the World War II occupation of Poland by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944
 Capital of the Białystok Voivodeship, People's Republic of Poland from 1945 to 1999

Since 1999 it has been the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, Republic of Poland.

Geography
Geography

Białystok is in the Białystok Uplands () of the Podlaskie Plain (), part of what is known collectively as the Green Lungs of Poland. The Biała River, a left tributary of the Supraśl River, passes through the city.

The landscape of the Białystok Upland is diverse, with high moraine hills in excess of  above sea level. Vast areas of outwash are occupied by forests, which created a number of nature reserves including Knyszyn Forest, of which a portion exists within the city limits.
The city has a Warm Summer Continental climate (Dfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system, which is characterized by warm temperatures during summer and long and frosty winters. It is substantially different from most of the other Polish lowlands. The region is one of the coldest in Poland, with the average temperature in January being . The average temperature in a year is . The number of frost days ranges from 50 to 60, with frost from 110 to 138 days and the duration of snow cover from 90 to 110 days. Mean annual rainfall values oscillate around , and the vegetation period lasts 200 to 210 days.

Districts and Metropolitan Region
The city of Białystok is divided into 28 administrative units (Osiedla). The first 27 of these were created on October 25, 2004. The 28th, Dojlidy Górne, was created on October 23, 2006, out of three settlements which had been incorporated into the city: Dojlidy Górne, Kolonia Halickie, and Zagórki.
Metropolitan Białystok was designated by the Voivodeship of the Regulation No. 52/05 of 16 May 2005  in order to help economically develop the region. In 2006, the metropolitan area population was 450,254 inhabitants. It covers an area of . For one km2, there are about 265 people. Among urban residents are more women – 100 men for every 108 women on average. The municipalities adjacent to Białystok are slowly losing their agricultural character, becoming residential suburban neighborhoods.

Demographics
In June 2009, the population of the city was 294,399. Among cities of Poland, Białystok is second in terms of population density, eleventh in population, and thirteenth in area.