Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Number of members 
There are 58 members of the Bundesrat. How many delegates a land (state) has depends on its population. The smallest state, Bremen, has three members. North Rhine-Westphalia is the most populous (has the most people) land. It sends six members to the Bundesrat.

The Bundesrat decides most things by absolute majority (at least half of the number of members). That is 35 votes. Some important decisions need two-thirds of all of the possible votes. That is 46 votes.

Each land votes as a block. This means that Berlin, for example, can only cast four yes votes or four no votes. Its delegates cannot choose to vote in different ways. If a land decided to send only one person to the Bundesrat, that person would still have all of the land's votes. Usually the Minister President casts all of his land's votes, even if the other members are there.
If a land has a coalition government (that is, a government of two or more political parties) then all parties must agree how to vote in the Bundesrat. In 2002 Brandenburg did not agree how to vote about the Immigration bill. The Federal Constitutional Court said that the bill was not law because Brandenburg's vote could not be included in the total. This meant that the bill did not get a majority in the Bundesrat.

States 
Situation as of December 2017.<br/ >
The Minister-President's party is the biggest party of a state's government, and often also the biggest party in a state's parliament.<br/ >
All of the votes of a state must be cast as a block. If the parties in a coalition do not agree how to vote then the Bundesrat can ignore that state's vote.

Related pages 
 President of the German Bundesrat
 List of presidents of the German Bundesrat

References

Other websites 
 Bundesrat (Germany) 
 Members of the Bundesrat (German Wikipedia)

 
Politics of Germany
Parliaments
A minister-president (German: Ministerpräsident) is the head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments, who presides over the council of ministers. The title is similar to Prime Minister, First Minister, and President of the Council.

The German word means "president of the ministers"; "Ministers' President" would be a more accurate translation. 

This person is the equivalent of a state premier in Australia, a provincial premier in Canada, or the Governor of a state in the USA.

Each year one of the ministers-president, or one of the senior Mayors of the city states of Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen, is the President of the Bundesrat. Because Germany does not have a vice president, The President of the Bundesrat will act as the Federal President if the Federal President dies or is out of the country.

Government occupations
Titles
Edward Gene "Ed" Rendell (born January 5, 1944) is an American politician. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He became governor of Pennsylvania in 2002. He was governor from January 21, 2003 until January 18, 2011.

Early life and education
Rendell was born in New York City to Jewish American parents Jesse T. Rendell and Emma Sloat. He went to the University of Pennsylvania in 1961 and received a Bachelor of Arts degree and later got a Juris Doctor from Villanova Law School in 1968. He was a 2nd Lieutenant in the U.S. Army Reserve from 1968 to 1974.

References 

1944 births
Living people
District attorneys
Governors of Pennsylvania
Mayors of Philadelphia
Jewish American politicians
Politicians from New York City
Jacques de Morgan (1857-1924) was a French civil engineer, geologist and archaeologist.  He was the head of Antiquities in Egypt in the 19th century. He excavated in Memphis and Dashur, providing many drawings of many Egyptian pyramids.

Related pages
Ancient Armenia

Other websites 
Jacques de Morgan at Iranica
Jacques de Morgan - ArmeniaPedia.org
Jacques de Morgan; An Archaeologist Who Found Oil 

1857 births
1924 deaths
French archaeologists
French geologists
Struthiomimus was a long-legged, ostrich-like dinosaur of the ornithomimid family. 
It lived in what is now Alberta, Canada, during the Upper Cretaceous, about 75 to 65 million years ago.

Description
Struthiomimus is known from several skeletons and skulls.

It differed from Ornithomimus only in proportions and details. It had a typical build and skeletal structure for an ornithomimid.  Its size was about  long  and  tall at the hips, with a weight of about .
As with other ornithomimids, it had a small slender head on a long neck. The neck was about 40% of the length of the body in front of the hips. Its eyes were large and its jaws were toothless. Its vertebral column had ten neck vertebrae, thirteen back vertebrae, six hip vertebrae, and about thirty-five tail vertebrae. The tail was stiff and was probably used for balance. It ground food up in its gizzard, and may have been herbivorous or omnivorous. The animals were quite common, which suggests they were herbivores or omnivores, rather than pure carnivores.

References 

Coelurosaurs
The prehistory of Armenia means the first people in the land of Armenia.

The first excavations in Armenia, were by Russian  in 1876, brought to light a burial-ground near Dilijan in which were prehistoric (before history) graves. Jacques de Morgan in 1887-89 dug up 576 graves around Alaverdi and Akhatala, on the Tiflis-Alexandropol railway line.

Other websites 
Prehistoric Sites in Northern Armenia
World archaeologists have an avid interest in prehistoric Armenia 

Ancient Armenia
The Albert Hall (official name: Royal Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences), is a large building in the City of Westminster, London. It was opened in 1871, by Queen Victoria. The hall is dedicated to her husband, Albert, Prince Consort, who had died ten years earlier. It is an auditorium where events are held.

The Albert Hall is one of the most famous buildings in the world. Events like concerts for classical music or pop music, ballet, even tennis or boxing matches, or large ceremonies or parties or conferences. In the summer the BBC Proms take place there every day. The Royal Albert Hall has been holding concerts since 1941.
The history of how it was built 
In the early 19th  century the whole area was still countryside. In 1851, there was a Great Exhibition in Hyde Park, just next to Kensington Park opposite where the RAH now stands. The exhibition building, called Crystal Palace, was a glass building which was just there for the exhibition. Prince Albert had the idea that public buildings should be built in the area for the arts and sciences. Some huge museums were built, including the Science Museum, Natural History Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum etc. When Prince Albert died in 1861 this plan had only just got started. The Royal Albert Hall was built and named after him. Queen Victoria laid the first stone.
The Royal Albert Hall is very large. As many as 9,000 people used to get in, but now the safety rules make about 5,500 the usual number. It is round, like an Ancient Greek or Roman amphitheatre. This is why the floor area is called the “arena” (as in an amphitheatre). There is a very large glass and wrought-iron dome. It is 41m high. Round the outside, a little lower than the roof, there is a big mosaic frieze with pictures of "The Triumph of Arts and Sciences" and some writing in terracotta letters. It says that the first stone was laid by Her Majesty Queen Victoria on 20 May 1867 and was opened by her on 29 March 1871. It also has some words from the Bible. When Queen Victoria opened the building she was so emotional that she could not speak. Her son Edward, the Prince of Wales had to say her words for her. He said: "The Queen declares this Hall is now open".

The RAH throughout its history
The hall has been used for lots of important events ever since 1871. Many of the seats are still owned by members of a Corporation which was called “the Corporation of the Hall of Arts and Sciences”. This group had been formed in 1866 as a charity to get money to build the hall. Its members still have a right to occupy 1,300 of the 5,200 seats.

There was a problem with the sound because there was too much echo. It was not until 1969 that something was done about it. Big fibreglass dishes were hung from the ceiling. People who go to the RAH today call them “mushrooms” or sometimes “flying saucers”. They make music sound much better.

There is a very large organ at the front of the hall. It was built by an organ maker called Henry Willis and was later rebuilt by Harrison & Harrison and most recently by Mander Organs; It is the biggest organ in the British Isles with 9,997 pipes.
The Promenade Concerts which were started by Henry Wood in 1895 have taken place in the RAH ever since 1941 when the Queen's Hall was destroyed by bombs in World War II. For two months there is at least one concert every day, and people can be seen queuing for standing tickets all the way down the steps towards Prince Consort Road.

People who go to the proms today can choose between standing in the arena (the flat area downstairs), or sitting in the stalls (the seats around the side of the arena), or sitting in the Loggia Boxes, Second Tier Boxes, Circle (upstairs), Choir (where the choir sit if there is one, i.e. behind the orchestra) or standing in the gallery (at the very top). For some events such as tennis matches or ballets or operas the action takes place in the arena, so audience do not sit or stand there.
Recent improvements 
During the last few years a lot of money has been spent on improving the Royal Albert Hall. The 1,800 seats in the balcony (now called the “Circle”) were very uncomfortable, so new seats were put in which are slightly bigger. The south entrance has been made into the main entrance (as it was years ago), with a porch to match the north entrance. The area south of the hall has been blocked off to traffic and pedestrianised. Dressing rooms (where artists change) are now on stage level instead of down in a basement. There is an underground car park and loading area so that lorries bringing things do not need to unload in the street and get in the way of the people. Lots of other improvements have been made, including better ventilation.

Related pages
 BBC Proms

Other websites 

 Official site with timeline

Concert halls in London
In the early days of Major League Baseball, a home run was not awarded to a ball hit over the fence to win the game if the winning run scored before the batter-runner were to reach home plate to score.  Therefore, what would otherwise be walk-off home runs were not commonplace, and players were often robbed of home runs.  Due to this, for instance, Babe Ruth is not credited with a particular walk-off home run that would bring his career total to 715.

Related pages 
 Six (cricket)

Baseball rules
Baseball statistics
A city-state is a city that has its own sovereignty, meaning that it is its own country. There were many important city-states in ancient Greece. Nowadays, cities may have differing degrees of self-governance. In order to be considered a city-state, a city must govern itself independently, by regulating its own taxes, or having independent representation at the United Nations.

Antiquity 
 In Ancient Greece a polis was a city-state
 Athens
 Sparta
 Corinth
 Thebes

Modern city states 

Sorted in order of area size.
Singapore was a British colony till 1959. In 1959, it achieved autonomy in internal matters. Between 1963 and 1965, it was part of Malaysia. Singapore was removed from Malaysia on 9 August 1965 and became independent.
  The second smallest country in the world, Monaco is entirely urban, because all its territory of only 2 square kilometers is built-up.
  The smallest country in the world was created in 1929. The Vatican City is an enclave completely surrounded by the city of Rome, Italy, and is the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church.

Political geography
The Junior Eurovision Song Contest is a song contest run by the European Broadcasting Union that started in 2003. Different child singers representing countries in Europe compete every year.

The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2020 continued despite the COVID-19 pandemic. Only a small audience were present.

Junior winners

Other websites 
 JuniorEurovision.tv - the official website of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
 ebu.ch - the official website of the European Broadcasting Union
 The Official Eurovision Shop - Selection of Eurovision items 
 The Eurovision History - National Finals & Eurovision Entries

 
2003 establishments in Europe
U.S. Open usually means:
US Open (tennis)
U.S. Open (golf)

Other uses include:
 U.S. Open Badminton Championships
 U.S. Open Beer championship
 U.S. Open (bowling)
 U.S. Open Chess Championship
 U.S. Open (crosswords)
 U.S. Open (cycling)
 US Open (darts)
 U.S. Open (go), boardgame tournament
 U.S. Women's Open, golf tournament
 US Open (martial arts), also called ISKA World Martial Arts Championship
 US Open Polo Championship
 U.S. Open pool championships
 U.S. Open Rubik's Cube Championship
 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, soccer (association football) tournament
 U.S. Open (squash)
 U.S. Open (swimming)
 U.S. Open of Surfing
 U.S. Open (taekwondo)
 U.S. Open (USACO), United States of America Computing Olympiad, programming competition
 US Open USTA Wheelchair Tennis Championships
 U.S. Open (wrestling)
World Cup could mean one of these sporting events
FIFA World Cup
FIFA Women's World Cup
FIFA Club World Cup
FIFA U-20 World Cup
FIFA U-17 World Cup
FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup
FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup
FIFA Futsal World Cup
Baseball World Cup
Cricket World Cup
Rugby World Cup
Rugby League World Cup
WGC-World Cup
Speedway World Cup
Volleyball World Cup
Table Tennis World Cup
Alpine Skiing World Cup
Show Jumping World Cup
Styracosaurus was a genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous, about 76.5 to 75 million years ago.

Ceratopsids
School colors are the colors representing the school of which one goes to.

Color Sets
School colors are often found in pairs and rarely no more than trios, though some professional teams use up to four colors in a set.  The choice of colors usually follows the rule of tincture from heraldry, but exceptions to this rule are known.

Common primary colors include orange, purple, blue, red, and green.  These colors are either paired with a color representing a metal (often black, brown, gray (or silver), white, or gold), or occasionally each other, such as orange/blue, red/green, or blue/yellow.  Pairing two metals, such as black/white, silver or gold, and especially black/gold, is also a common practice.   Finally, some American schools, in a display of patriotism, adopt the national colors of red/white/blue.
In an effort to further establish identity and promote a standard, many institutions often decree the use of specific shades of colors.  Maroon, generally regarded as a darker shade of red, is a common primary color.  Various shades of blue, from powder to Prussian, are also in use; a few schools have adopted two different shades of blue for their colors, with the darker shade serving as the primary.  The shade of gold can vary greatly even within an institution, from a vivid yellow to a more convincing old gold.

Black, white and gray are often used as neutral colors for sets that do not otherwise adopt them.  This practice is especially notable in basketball (where home uniforms are often white) and professional baseball (where team colors are often used as trim for white or gray uniforms).
Uses
Most competitive teams keep two sets of uniforms, with one design emphasizing the primary color and the other emphasizing the secondary color.  In some sports, such as football, the primary color is emphasized on home uniforms, while uniforms for other sports, notably basketball, use the secondary or a neutral color at home.  This is done to avoid confusion when playing a team with similar colors.

In addition, various groups that generate support for athletic teams, including cheerleaders and marching bands, wear uniforms with the colors of their school.

At many private schools 'school colours' are awards presented for achievement in a subject or a sport - See Sporting Colours.

Educational institutions
In Hindu culture, the name Maya is derived from the Sanskrit word "maya," which means "illusion" or "magic." In Hindu mythology, Maya is also the name of a goddess who is associated with creativity, wisdom, and knowledge. She is often depicted as a beautiful woman with four arms, holding a book, a rosary, a mirror, and a lotus flower. Maya is also the name of the mother of the Buddha in Buddhist tradition.The pronunciation of the name is [ mah-yah, -yuh ].  This name was ranked #55 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

Maya might mean:

 Maya civilization, an ancient civilization in Central America
 Maya people
 Maya languages
 Maya (software)
 Maya the Bee

Given name
Given name

the name Maya is a beautiful and unique name of Hebrew origin. It is derived from the Hebrew word “ma’yah” which means “water”. The name is also associated with the Greek goddess Maia, who was the goddess of spring and fertility.
Maya Angelou, American poet, author, and civil rights activist (1928–2014)
Maya Lin, American sculptor and architect
Maya Rudolph, American actress and comedian
Maya Yoshida, Japanese association football player
Maya Plisetskaya, Russian ballet dancer

References

Given names
The Hebrew calendar or Jewish calendar is the calendar used in Judaism. It is used to set the dates of the Jewish holidays and the weekly public reading of the Torah. It is used to set the date for a Bar Mitzvah or Bat Mitzvah, the day a young person is considered an adult in Judaism. It sets the Yahrzeit, the anniversary of the death of a relative. The daily Jewish prayer service changes depending on the day of the Hebrew calendar.

Basic rules

The Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar which depends on both the moon and the sun. Months of the Hebrew calendar are based on the appearance of the new moon. At the same time, the holiday of Passover must be in the spring. For this reason, years of the Hebrew calendar are based on the sun.
One solar (sun-based) year lasts about 365 days, but twelve lunar (moon-based) months only last about 354 days. For this reason, the Hebrew calendar adds an extra lunar month seven times in each cycle of 19 years. This rule makes the average Hebrew calendar year about the same length as a solar year, 365 days.

The seven-day week is used to figure out the day for Shabbat, the day of rest. The week does not depend on the solar year or lunar month. Instead, it depends on a count of seven days that is believed to go back to ancient times. The week is also an important part of the Hebrew calendar.

History
According to the Book of Exodus, Jews have been using a lunisolar calendar since the time they left Egypt. The first commandment the Jewish people received as a nation was the commandment to determine the New Moon. Very soon after that, the Jews received the commandment to make sure that Passover falls in the spring.
In the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible), the months are usually numbered rather than named. (See table below.) Only four month names appear in the Tanakh from before the Babylonian Exile (see table). The month names of the modern Hebrew calendar were taken from the month names in the Babylonian calendar during the Babylonian Exile (6th century BCE).

At first, a new month began when witnesses came to the Sanhedrin (high rabbinical court) and testified that they saw the new crescent moon in the sky. The Sanhedrin also decided when an extra month should be added to the calendar to keep Passover in the spring. (See Metonic cycle.) After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, it became harder for the Sanhedrin to meet and hear witnesses. For that reason, the Sanhedrin established a fixed, rule-based form of the calendar. Maimonides fully described the modern Hebrew calendar around the year 1178 CE.
In the modern Hebrew calendar, years are counted as Anno Mundi (Latin for "year of the world"). This represents the traditional count of years since the creation of the world as described in Genesis. This year is anno mundi .

In Karaite Judaism
In the small Karaite Judaism community, the calendar is very similar. However, Karaites use witnesses to set the date of the new crescent moon. They still use the ripening of barley to decide whether to add an extra month to the year. For those reasons, the Karaite calendar can be slightly different from the main Jewish calendar.

Days of the Hebrew calendar week

Months

Details
Months

Details

The day and the week
In the Hebrew calendar, the meaning of day is taken from the Hebrew Bible: "And there was evening, and there was morning, one day". Because "evening" comes before "morning", a day in the Hebrew calendar starts in the evening. For many purposes, the day in the Hebrew calendar begins at sunset. But when it is important to make sure the previous day is completely over, the day begins at nightfall.

People who print calendars, or who write calendar programs for computers, ignore that rule. They treat the Hebrew calendar date and the Gregorian calendar date that has the same midnight as being the same day. They assume that people reading a Hebrew calendar know the sundown rule. Whenever a holiday, birthday or anniversary appears on a printed calendar, it actually begins on the day before, at sundown.
In the Hebrew calendar, every seventh day is Shabbat, the day of rest. The week is the cycle of counting out each set of seven days ending in Shabbat. The week is not affected by any other calendar calculation. In Hebrew, the only name for the first six days of the week is a counting name: "First day", "Second day", etc. The only day of the week with a special name is the seventh day—Shabbat. (See table above.)

The molad
The calculation of the Hebrew calendar year and month start with the molad. Molad is a Hebrew word meaning "birth". The word refers to the "birth" of the new moon each month. The modern Hebrew calendar uses a calculated molad: the average length of the cycle from new moon to new moon over many years. The length of the molad is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes,  seconds.
Regular years and leap years
A year of 12 lunar months would be 354 days long; but a Hebrew calendar year must be a solar year—about 365 days long. Also, a Hebrew calendar year must have either 12 months or 13 months. It is not allowed to have "part" of a month, so a thirteenth month is added seven times in every cycle of nineteen years. This is an adaptationn 2 of the Metonic cycle, a calendar cycle that was well known in ancient times. By conventionn 3, the Hebrew calendar adds the extra month during years 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17 and 19 of the cycle.
Calculating Rosh Hashanah for this year and next year
Hebrew calendar months are supposed to be lunar months. For that reason, the calculation of Rosh Hashanah, the Jewish new year, starts with the molad for the month of Tishrei. Starting from there, the calendar rules allow two main reasons to delay Rosh Hashanah by one or more days:
 Postponing Rosh Hashanah if the time of the molad (in Jerusalem) is after 12:00 noon. If not for this rule, Rosh Hashanah would be the day before the molad in parts of the world east of Jerusalem.
 Postponing Rosh Hashanah so that it does not start on Sunday, Wednesday or Friday. This rule prevents Yom Kippur from being the day before or after Shabbat. It also prevents Hoshana Rabba, the seventh day of Sukkot, from being on Shabbat.Once Rosh Hashanah for this year is calculated, the Rosh Hashanah for next year is calculated, starting with the time either 12 or 13 molad periods in the future.
Calculating the calendar
The length of a molad is just a little over  days. Since a month must have a whole number of days, calculating the calendar starts with alternating months of 30 and 29 days. This gives an average of  days and a 12-month total of 354 days. Starting from there, the month lengths are changed as follows:
 When the extra month is added, it is month six (counting from Tishrei), and always has 30 days.
 When the number of days between this Rosh Hashanah and next is 355 days in a regular year (or 385 days in a leap year), an extra day is needed. It is added to Heshvan (month two counting from Tishrei), which then has 30 days.
 When the number of days between this Rosh Hashanah and next is 353 days in a regular year (or 383 days in a leap year), one fewer day is needed. It is taken away from Kislev (month three counting from Tishrei), which then has 29 days.
(See the table of months above.)
Calendar months and the astronomical new moon
The first day of the Hebrew calendar month, known as Rosh Hodesh (), is always close to the astronomical new moon. It often is not exactly on the astronomical new moon. There are two reasons for that:
 The calendar calculations are based on the average length of a moon cycle. The actual length of individual moon cycles varies over time.
 The rules for postponing Rosh Hashanah (see above) push Rosh Hodesh away from the astronomical new moon. The people who created the calculations decided having Rosh Hodesh close to the new moon was less important than other factors.

Notes
Notes

References 
 The Code of Maimonides (Mishneh Torah), Book Three, Treatise Eight: Sanctification of the New Moon. Translated by Solomon Gandz. Yale Judaica Series Volume XI, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn., 1956.
 Bonnie Blackburn and Leofranc Holford-Strevens. The Oxford Companion to the Year: An Exploration of Calendar Customs and Time-reckoning. Oxford University Press; USA, 2000. pp 723–730.

Other websites 
The English of these sites may not be Simple English.
 Jewish Calendar Details various Jewish points-of-view about the history of the Jewish calendar/Hebrew calendar. Includes several charts.
 Jewish Calendar with Zmanim - Halachic times and date converter chabad.org
 Jewish Encyclopedia: Calendar
 Jewish calendar  More detailed, scientific explanation at the NASA web site
 Calendar Hebrew for Christians website

Date converters 
 Kaluach - Hebrew/civil calendars
 Hebcal Hebrew Date Converter
 Chabad Hebrew date converter
 The Kalendis Calendar Calculator (freeware)

Calendars
Judaism
Moldavia (,  or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic:  or ; ; ) is a historical region and old principality in Central and Eastern Europe. It is the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the river Dniester. It used to be an independent state. It existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia () as the beginning of modern Romania. Sometimes the regions of Bessarabia (with Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertsa were part of Moldavia. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for some time.

The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern part is in the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are in Ukraine.

Notes

References

 Gheorghe I. Brătianu, Sfatul domnesc și Adunarea Stărilor în Principatele Române, Bucharest, 1995
 Vlad Georgescu, Istoria ideilor politice românești (1369-1878), Munich, 1987
 Ștefan Ștefănescu, Istoria medie a României, Bucharest, 1991
Other websites
Dimitrie Cantemir-Descrierea Moldovei
The Princely Court in Bacău - images, layouts (at the Romanian Group for an Alternative History Website)
Original Documents concerning both Moldavia and other Romania Principalities during the Middle Ages (at the Romanian Group for an Alternative History Website)
Pilgrimage and Cultural Heritage Tourism in Moldavia
Painted Churches in Bukovina
Medieval Coins of Moldavia and Wallachia 

History of Ukraine
Moldova
Ottoman Empire
Regions of Romania
Former countries in the Balkans
History of Romania
The Smothers Brothers are an American folk music comedy duo, made up of real-life brothers Tom ("Tommy") and Dick Smothers. They were at their most popular during the 1960s and 1970s. Tom plays acoustic guitar and Dick plays upright bass, and both men sing. They pretend to get into arguments about the songs, and this forms much of their comedy act.

Early career
The Smothers Brothers began their career during the folk music boom in the United States, during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Their comedy got them noticed, and they began to make records and appear on television. Later they starred in their own television series, The Smothers Brothers Show. They did not sing or perform music on this show, but instead Dick played a man whose  brother (Tom) became his .
The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour
Their next series, The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, was a variety show, with live performances by musical guests, and sometimes actors and comedians. The brothers hosted the program, which began in 1967. They would begin with a song in their usual style, and introduce the performers. Along with guests, the show had regular actors and writers. These included Steve Martin, Pat Paulsen, Bob Einstein, Mason Williams, Leigh French and Lorenzo Music.

Some of the guests who appeared on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour were Bette Davis, Tony Randall, Kate Smith, Eddie Albert and Eva Gabor, and Inger Stevens. Some of their musical guests were Pete Seeger, The Turtles, Janis Ian, Jefferson Airplane, Nancy Sinatra, The First Edition (with a young Kenny Rogers), Donovan, Peter, Paul and Mary, Joan Baez, Jennifer Warnes, Harry Nilsson and The Buckinghams. Glen Campbell regularly appeared on the show, and hosted a summer replacement series, The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour.
Sometimes the performances had controversial topics, like the Vietnam War, population and many social issues. CBS, who broadcast the show, sometimes censored it, taking parts out that a large number of people might disagree with. They warned the brothers about presenting things that might cause upset to viewers. The Smotherses and their staff, though, believed it was important to comment about such things. The issues mattered to them, and were affecting people around the United States and the world.

In 1969, CBS cancelled the show, even though they had already promised another season of shows would be made. The reason given was that David Steinberg, a comedian whose style included , had been invited back to appear even though CBS had  his reappearance. The two sides went to court.
In 1973, the court decided CBS had violated (broken) their contract with the Smothers Brothers, and that the real reason they had cancelled the show was out of censorship. CBS had to pay the Smotherses for the never-made season. The reputation of the brothers, though, had suffered.

Later career
The Smothers Brothers tried to produce a new show, this time for the ABC television network, but it did not last long. Times had changed, and viewers were now interested in other shows and performers.
The brothers went back to appearing live, in small clubs and large venues, as the chances came. One night in 1974, they were appearing in the Troubadour Club in Los Angeles, California. Two members of the audience were Harry Nilsson and John Lennon, who both knew the Smothers Brothers offstage. (Tom Smothers had even appeared on Lennon's 1969 single "Give Peace A Chance", as a member of the Plastic Ono Band, while Nilsson had appeared on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour.) As it turned out, Nilsson and Lennon were drunk, and began to  the brothers, thinking it would help the show. It did not, and Nilsson and Lennon were finally escorted out. (They both sent flowers to the Smotherses the next day, and issued an apology.)
The Smothers Brothers remained popular with many fans, and continued to perform their act as years went by. They appeared on programs like The Tonight Show during the 1970s and 1980s. A television special in 1988 reunited many of the Comedy Hour cast members, and another short-lived series was produced. CBS aired the new programs, having long ago made peace with the Smotherses.

In later years, the Smothers Brothers appeared in Las Vegas and Branson, Missouri, still performing their familiar act. They continue to tour, more than fifty years after their careers began, often backed by local symphony orchestras.

Actors from New York City
American television actors
Comedians from California
Comedians from New York City
Folk music groups
Musical groups from San Francisco
Sibling musical duos
Lorenzo "Jerry" Music was an American actor, voice actor, writer, producer and musician. He was born Gerald David Music on May 2, 1937, in Duluth, Minnesota.  He died in 2001.

Music was most famous as the voice of Carlton the Doorman in the television series Rhoda, and as the cartoon voice of Garfield the Cat.

Filmography

Film

Television

1937 births
2001 deaths
American musicians
American voice actors
Deaths from lung cancer
People from New York (state)
People from Duluth, Minnesota
The  term French people (, [the French]) refers to both an ethnic group in Western Europe and the citizens of France.  There are about 100 million French people in the world.

Ethnicity
French people are a group of people who have a common French culture, history and lalnguage. French people can be found all over the world. The three countries, other than France, with the largest number of French people are the United States, Canada and Argentina.

Citizenship
The term French people may also be used to describe a person who is a citizen of France. This is true no matter what their ethnicity. As long as they meet the requirements of French laws to be a citizen of France, they are French people.

References
Ernst  ( in Swedish, but usually  in English) (14 July 1918 – 30 July 2007) was a Swedish stage and movie director. Ingmar Bergman found bleakness and despair as well as comedy and hope in his indelible explorations of the human condition. He is regarded as one of the great masters of modern cinema.

Many filmmakers worldwide, including Americans Woody Allen  and Robert Altman,  the Russian director Andrei Tarkovsky  and the Taiwanese director Ang Lee,  have cited the work of Bergman as a major influence on their work.
Biography 
Ernst Ingmar Bergman was born in Uppsala, Sweden to a Lutheran minister of Danish descent, Erik Bergman (later chaplain to the King of Sweden), and his wife, Karin (née Åkerblom). He grew up surrounded by religious imagery and discussion. His father was a rather conservative parish minister and strict family father: Ingmar was locked up in dark closets for infractions such as wetting the bed. "While father preached away in the pulpit and the congregation prayed, sang or listened," Ingmar writes in his biography Laterna Magica,
"I devoted my interest to the church’s mysterious world of low arches, thick walls, the smell of eternity, the colored sunlight quivering above the strangest vegetation of medieval paintings and carved figures on ceilings and walls. There was everything that one’s imagination could desire — angels, saints, dragons, prophets, devils, humans."
He performed two five-month stretches of mandatory military service and studied Art and Literature at Stockholm University College (the later Stockholm University), but without graduating. Instead, he developed an interest in theatre and later in cinema (though he had become a "genuine movie addict" by the early 1930s).  

Although he grew up in a devout Lutheran household, Bergman stated that he lost his faith at age eight but came to terms with this fact only when making Winter Light.
From the early sixties, Bergman lived much of his life on the island of Fårö, Gotland, Sweden, where he made a number of his movies. Bergman moved to Munich for a while following a protracted battle with the Swedish government over alleged tax evasion, and did not return to make another movie in Sweden until 1982, when he directed Fanny and Alexander. Bergman said this would be his last movie, and that he would go on to direct theater. Since that time he did make a number of movies for television, but later retired to Fårö, stating in 2004 that he would never again leave the island.

Ingmar Bergman died at his home on Fårö, in the early morning of 30 July 2007, aged 89, the same day that another great movie director, Michelangelo Antonioni, died.
Family
Bergman was married five times:
 25 March 1943 – 1945, to Else Fisher, choreographer and dancer (divorced). Children:
 Lena Bergman, actress, born 1943.
 22 July 1945 – 1950, to Ellen Lundström, choreographer and movie director (divorced). Children:
 Eva Bergman, film director, born 1945,
 Jan Bergman, film director (1946–2000), and
 twins Mats and Anna Bergman, both actors and movie directors and born in 1948.
 1951 – 1959, to Gun Grut, journalist (divorced). Children:
 Ingmar Bergman Jr, airline captain, born 1951.
 1959 – 1969, to Käbi Laretei, concert pianist (divorced). Children:
 Daniel Bergman, movie director, born 1962.
 11 November 1971 – 20 May 1995, to Ingrid von Rosen (maiden name Karlebo) (widowed). Children:
 Maria von Rosen, author, born 1959.
The first four marriages ended in divorce. The last ended when his wife Ingrid died of stomach cancer in 1995, aged 65. Aside from his marriages, Bergman had romantic relationships with actresses Harriet Andersson (1952–55), Bibi Andersson (1955–59), and Liv Ullmann (1965–70). He was the father of writer Linn Ullmann with Liv Ullmann. In all, Bergman had nine children, one of whom died before him.

Awards
Academy Awards
In 1971, Bergman received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award at the Academy Awards ceremony. Three of his films won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The list of his nominations and awards follows:
 Won: Best Foreign Film The Virgin Spring (Jungfrukällan) (1960)
 Won: Best Foreign Film Through a Glass Darkly (Såsom i en spegel) (1961)
 Won: Best Foreign Film Fanny and Alexander (Fanny och Alexander) (1983)
 Nominated: Best Original Screenplay, Wild Strawberries (Smultronstället) (1957)
 Nominated: Best Original Screenplay Through a Glass Darkly (1961)
 Nominated: Best Original Screenplay, Cries and Whispers (Viskningar och rop) (1974)
 Nominated: Best Picture, Cries and Whispers (Viskningar och rop) (1974)
 Nominated: Best Director, Cries and Whispers (Viskningar och rop) (1974)
 Nominated: Best Director, Face to Face (Ansikte mot ansikte) (1977)
 Nominated: Best Original Screenplay, Autumn Sonata (Höstsonaten) (1979)
Nominated: Best Original Screenplay, Fanny and Alexander (Fanny och Alexander) (1983)
 Nominated: Best Director, Fanny and Alexander (Fanny och Alexander) (1983)
BAFTA Awards
 Nominated: Best Film from any Source, The Magician (Ansiktet) (1960)
 Nominated: Best Foreign Film, Fanny and Alexander (Fanny och Alexander) (1984)

Berlin Film Festival
 Won: Golden Bear for Best Film, Wild Strawberries (Smultronstället) (1957)
 Nominated: Golden Bear for Best Film, Through a Glass Darkly (Såsom i en spegel) (1961)
 Won: OCIC Prize, Through a Glass Darkly (1961)

Cesar Awards
 Nominated: Best Foreign Film, The Magic Flute (Trollflöjten) (1976)
 Nominated: Best Foreign Film, Autumn Sonata (Höstsonaten) (1979)
 Won: Best Foreign Film, Fanny and Alexander (Fanny och Alexander) (1984)
 Nominated: Best European Film, Saraband (2005)
Cannes Film Festival
 Won: Best Poetic Humor Smiles of a Summer Night (Sommarnattens leende) (1955)
 Nominated: Golden Palm Smiles of a Summer Night (Sommarnattens leende) (1955)
 Won: Jury Special prize The Seventh Seal (Det Sjunde inseglet) (1957)
 Nominated: Golden Palm The Seventh Seal (Det Sjunde inseglet) (1957)
 Won: Best Director Brink of Life (Nära livet) (1958)
 Nominated: Golden Palm Brink of Life (Nära livet) (1958)
 Won: Special Mention The Virgin Spring (Jungfrukällan) (1960)
 Nominated: Golden Palm The Virgin Spring (Jungfrukällan) (1960)
 Won: Technical Grand Prize Cries and Whispers (Viskningar och rop) (1972)
 Won: Palm of Palms (1997)
 Won: Prize of the Ecumenical Jury (1998) (Special award for his whole works.)
Golden Globe Awards
 Won: Best Foreign Film Wild Strawberries (Smultronstället) (1960)
 Won: Best Foreign Film The Virgin Spring (1961)
 Won: Best Foreign Film Scenes from a Marriage (1975)
 Won: Best Foreign Film Face to Face (1976)
 Won: Best Foreign Film Autumn Sonata (1978)
 Won: Best Foreign Film Fanny and Alexander  (1984)

 Nominated: Best Foreign Film Shame  (1968)
 Nominated: Best Foreign Film Cries and Whispers  (1973)

Other awards and honors
 Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1961)
 The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize (1995)
 BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award (1988)

References 

Academy Award winning directors
BAFTA Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Swedish movie directors
Swedish movie producers
People from Uppsala
Swedish screenwriters
1918 births
2007 deaths
Baryonyx was a carnivorous theropod dinosaur discovered in clay pits just south of Dorking, England, and also in northern Spain. It has been dated to the Barremian stage of the Lower Cretaceous period, between 130 to 125 million years ago.

It was first discovered in 1983 by the amateur fossil hunter William Walker. A group of scientists lead by Alan Charig and Angela Milner of the Natural History Museum of London examined the skeleton and named the animal Baryonyx (meaning 'heavy claw'), and the species name walkeri after the man who discovered it. Other good skeletons were discovered in England and in Spain, which gave scientists a good idea of what the dinosaur was like.
Baryonyx grew up to between  long and weighed 1.2 and 1.7 t (1.3 and 1.9 short tons). It had long arms which were probably used for holding on to prey, the claw on the first finger was 31 centimeters (12 in) long. It ate mostly fish, like a grizzly bear would; for this it had a long snout like a gharial, and straight, cone-like teeth perfect for fishing. It had a triangle-shaped crest on the top of its skull.

References

Theropods
Spinosauridae
Dinosaurs of Europe
CSU may mean:

A propeller's constant speed unit which regulates engine speed by automatically changing pitch 
Any of the following universities or university systems
Colorado State University (US public land grant university in Fort Collins, Colorado in the United States
Cagayan State University system (Philippines) 
California State University system (United States)
Central South University, Hunan (China) 
Central State University, Ohio (United States) 
Charles Sturt University, (Australia)
Cleveland State University, Ohio (United States)
Columbus State University, Georgia, (United States) 
Connecticut State University system (United States) 
Charleston Southern University Charleston, South Carolina (United States) 
Chicago State University Chicago, Illinois (United States) 
Or:
Channel service unit, a WAN equivalent of a network interface card 
Christian Social Union of Bavaria (Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern), a political party in Bavaria, Germany
Crime scene unit, in some police groups this refers to crime scene investigators who respond to a crime scene 
C Start Up, in computing, the initial start up code for compiled C (and C-based languages). See also CRT for C Run-Time. 
ČSÚ (Český statistický úřad), Czech Statistical Office  
CSU is the ICAO airline designator for Chari Aviation Services, Chad
CSU is the IATA airport code for Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Colorado State University is a public land grant university in Fort Collins, Colorado in the United States. Colorado State University is the main university of Colorado State University System. The  enrollment is approximately 33,877 students, including resident and non-resident instruction students. The university has about 1,400 faculty in eight colleges and 55 academic departments.

References 

Colleges and universities in Colorado
Mountain West Conference
Heat capacity is a measure of how much materials can store up heat as they change temperature.

Materials with high heat capacities require a lot of heat to be stored up before a small change.  Materials with low heat capacities require very little heat to be stored up before a large change.

The heat capacity of one gram (or some other unit of mass) of a material is called the specific heat capacity of the material, so that the heat capacity of something is its mass times its specific heat capacity.

Specific heat capacities are often listed in tables, like this one: 

Basic physics ideas
Heat
Physical quantity
Pope John I (; circa 469-18 May 526) was the leader, pope of the early Christian community. 
Pope John the first, was born in Populonia, Tuscany Italy. He was the son of emperor Constantius.
He became the pope on Mary's Day, on 13 August 523.
It's not certain if he died directly from thirst and starvation but his imprisonment and bad inhumane treatment certainly contributed to his demise. The Pope died at 11:22PM on 18 May, 526. His name means God is gracious; the gift of God. 

He ended the Acacian Schism (484–519), thus after 25 years, bringing important reunification of the Eastern and Western churches into one, by restoring peace between the papacy and the Byzantine emperor Justin I. Pope also set the rules for the Alexandrian calendar computation of the date of Easter, which was eventually accepted throughout the West.
Pope John the First's official day used to be on 26 May, but only for a short time, then it was moved to 27 May. His holy day was moved again at the end of the 20th century to the more appropriate day, his birthday.
His motto was: "Unity is the Key"!

Related pages
 List of popes

Other websites
Pope John I, the Martyr

460s births
526 deaths
Italian popes
Limonite is a mineral, from which trace amounts of iron can be extracted.

Minerals
, also known as Ezo and Yezo, is a volcanic island in Japan. It is the northernmost of Japan's four main islands.  

Hokkaidō Prefecture covers the entire island.

About 5,500,000 people live on the island. It is north of Honshu. It is the second largest Japanese island. It has a humid continental climate (Dfa/Dfb in the Köppen climate classification) with cold snowy winters and warm to hot summers.

Agriculture is an important part of the island's economy.

Regions 
Hokkaidō region is one of Japan's traditional geographic regions.

The region covers the entire island. The island and the region have been called Hokkaidō since 1869.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Islands of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
Bad Godesberg is a district of the city of Bonn in southern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. From 1949 till 1999 Bonn was the capital of West Germany, and the majority of foreign embassies to Germany were in Bad Godesberg. Some buildings are still used as embassy branch offices or consulates.

History 
 722 First official record of the town, which is near a mountain (Godesberg) held holy to the god Wotan by the Ubii, a Germanic tribe.
 1210 15 October: Archbishop of Cologne Dietrich I lays foundation stone of the Godesburg.
 1583 17 December: Godesburg destroyed after Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg-Zeil hid there following his conversion to Protestantism.
 1792 Godesberg becomes a spa resort (bad in German)
 1925 Godesberg is allowed to call itself "Bad Godesberg".
 1935 Bad Godesberg becomes a town
 1959 The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) decides on a new party program, the Godesberg Program
 1969 Incorporated into the city of Bonn. Since that time, called "posh-part of Bonn".
Twin towns
The town is twinned with
  Saint-Cloud in France (since 1957)
  Frascati in Italy (since 1960)
  Windsor and Maidenhead in the United Kingdom (since 1960)
  Kortrijk in Belgium (since 1964).

Trivia
 John le Carré's novel The Little Drummer Girl begins with the bombing of the house of an Israeli diplomat in Bad Godesberg.

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Bad Godesberg section of Bonn city website  
 Bad Godesberg webcam portal 
 Information for a popular stop/start along the KD Rhine Cruise  

Towns in North Rhine-Westphalia
Spa towns in Germany
Bonn