Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (meaning Burgundy–Free County) is one of the administrative regions of France. It is in eastern France and was formed in 2016 from two old regions: Bourgogne and Franche-Comté.

Its capital is Besançon.

Geography

The Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region is the sixth largest region of France with an area of . It is in northeastern France and borders to the north with the Grand Est region, to the west with Île-de-France and Centre-Val de Loire regions, to the south with the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, and to the east with Switzerland (the cantons of Vaud, Neuchâtel and Jura).

The distances from Besançon, the capital of the region, to other cities are:
 Paris, the national capital, ;
 Bordeaux, ;
 Toulouse, ;
 Marseille, ;
 Lyon, ;
 Montpellier, ;
 Nice, .

Rivers
The main rivers in the region are the Saône and its tributary the Doubs. The Loire river flows through the southwest of the region, at Nevers. The Seine river starts in the Côte-d'Or department.
Mountains
There are three main mountain ranges in the region:
 The Vosges Mountains are in the northeast of the region and its highest point in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté is Ballon de Servance,  high.
 The Jura Mountains are along the eastern limits; here is Crêt Pela, the highest point in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté with .
 The Morvan mountains are in the centre of the western part; it highest point is Haut-Folin,  high.

The Crêt Pela (), at , is the highest mountain of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It is in the Jura mountain range.

The highest point of the different departments in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region are:

Departments
The Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region is formed by 8 departments:

Arr. = Arrondissements          Cant. = Cantons          Comm. = Communes

Demographics
The Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region had, in 2014, a population of 2,820,623, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The department with more people living in it is Saône-et-Loire with 555,788 inhabitants.
After the Territoire de Belfort, the smallest department in the region, Doubs is the department with highest population density (102 inhabitants/km2). The density in the other departments is lower.

Gallery

Related pages
 Burgundy
 Franche-Comté
 Regions of France

References

Other websites

 Regional Council website 
 Prefecture of the region

 
2016 establishments in France
Occitanie (, ) is an administrative region of France. It was created on 1 January 2016 from the former French regions Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées. 

The name in French, Occitanie, was approved as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016.

The new Occitanie Region is the main part of a wider cultural entity known as Occitania. This wider region once included part of Spain (Aran Valley), and Monaco, and parts of Italy (the Occitan Valleys and Guardia Piemontese). This wider area used to speak Occitan as their first language.

Geography
The Occitanie region is the third largest region of France, after Nouvelle-Aquitaine and French Guiana, and the second of Metropolitan France with an area of . It is in southern France (the Midi) and borders to the south with Spain and Andorra; it also borders three French regions: Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the north, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the east. The Mediterranean Sea is to the southeast.
Its capital, Toulouse, is at  to the southwest of  Paris, the national capital, at  to the west of Marseille, at  to the southeast of Bordeaux and at  to the north of Barcelona (Spain).

Rivers
There are two main drainage basin in the region; some rivers in those basins are:
 Atlantic basin
 Garonne river is  long but, in the region it is  long, more than half its total length.
 Tarn 
 Aveyron 
 Agout 
 Lot 
 Ariège 
 Gers 

 Mediterranean basin
 Tech 
 Têt 
 Agly 
 Aude 
 Rhône

Mountains
The Pic Vignemale (), at , is the highest mountain of the Occitanie region; it is on the border with Spain. It is in the Pyrénées National Park.

The highest point of the different departments of the Occitanie region are:

Departments
The Occitanie region is formed by 13 departments:

Arr. = Arrondissements          Cant. = Cantons          Comm. = Communes

Demographics
The Occitanie region had a population, in 2014, of 5,730,753, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The important cities with more than 20,000 inhabitants (2014) in the region are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Languedoc-Roussillon
 Midi-Pyrénées
 Regions of France

References

Other websites

 Official website of the region 
 Prefecture of the region

 
2016 establishments in France
Hauts-de-France is an administrative region of France. It was created in 2016. It was created by combining the former regions of Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy. .The capital of the région is Lille.

Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardy was the temporary name for the region.

 
2016 establishments in France
Susana Dzhamaladinova (born 27 August 1983), better known by her stage name Jamala, is a Ukrainian singer who won the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with the song "1944". She was awarded "People's Artist of Ukraine" by Petro Poroshenko.

Personal life 
Susana Dzhamaladinova was born on August 27, 1983 in the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (now Kyrgyzstan) Her father was a Muslim Crimean Tatar and her mother was Armenian. 

Her Crimean Tatar ancestors were deported from Crimea to Central Asia under Joseph Stalin's government during World War II. In 1989 her family returned to Crimea.

In 2017, Jamala married Bekir Suleimanov. They have two children together. Jamala is fluent in Russian and Ukrainian. She also speaks Crimean Tatar and English. In February 2022, Jamala and her children left Ukraine due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Career 
In 2010, she released her first single "You Are Made of Love". In early 2011, Jamala auditioned to represent Ukraine at the Eurovision Song Contest with her song "Smile". However, she withdrew from the entry competition.

Eurovision Song Contest 

In 2016, Jamala won the first edition of Vidbir, a Ukrainian music competition which selects who will represent Ukraine in Eurovision. She went on to represent Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with the song "1944", which is about the deportation of the Crimean Tatars, including her family, in 1944.

On 14 May 2016, Jamala won the competition with 534 points. Since 2017, Jamala has been one of the jurors on Vidbir. She also performed as one of the four past Ukrainian Eurovision entrants in the flag parade Eurovision Song Contest 2023, which was hosted in the United Kingdom instead of Ukraine due to the war.

References 

Living people
1983 births
Ukrainian singers
Eurovision Song Contest winners
The Memorial Park Complex of the Heroes of the First World War is a cemetery in Moscow, Russia. The cemetery opened in 1915 but was demolished during the Soviet period in 1932. In 2004 the new memorial park was built on the land of the former cemetery.

Gallery

Panorama view

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Moscow
National cemeteries
Military monuments and memorials
Marie Madeleine Berthe LeBeau (10 June 1923 – 1 May 2016) was a French movie actress. She was known for her roles in Hold Back the Dawn, Gentleman Jim, Casablanca, Paris After Dark, and 8½.

LeBeau died on 1 May 2016 in Estepona, Spain, after breaking her femur in a fall, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 

1923 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Hauts-de-Seine
French movie actors
Julius La Rosa (January 2, 1930 – May 12, 2016) was an American traditional pop music singer. La Rosa was born in Brooklyn, New York. He worked in both radio and television beginning in the 1950s. He was known for his songs "Anywhere I Wander", "Manhattan", and "Eh, Cumpari". 

LaRosa died of natural causes on May 12, 2016 at his home in Crivitz, Wisconsin, aged 86.

References

Other websites
Official website 

1930 births
2016 deaths
American pop singers
Musicians from Brooklyn
Singers from New York City
Balázs Birtalan (October 12, 1969. – May 14, 2016) was a Hungarian author, poet, publicist, psychotherapist and activist. He was mostly known for his activism in the gay Christian movement in Hungary. He was the son of the poet Ferenc Birtalan. He was born in Budapest. He was gay.

Birtalan died on May 14, 2016, aged 46.

References

1969 births
2016 deaths
LGBT rights activists
Gay men

LGBT poets
Writers from Budapest
Hungarian poets
Baba Hardev Singh (also known as Nirankari Baba; 23 February 1954 – 13 May 2016) was an Indian spiritual guru. He was the chief leader of the Sant Nirankari Mission from 1980 until his death in 2016. He was born in Delhi. 

Singh died on 13 May 2016 in a car accident near Montreal, Canada, aged 62.

References

1954 births
2016 deaths
Accidental deaths in Canada
Spiritual teachers
People from Delhi
Road accident deaths
Anthony F. J. "Tony" Barrow (11 May 1936 – 14 May 2016) was an English press officer. He worked with the Beatles between 1962 and 1968. He created the phrase "the Fab Four", first using it in an early press release. He was born in Crosby, Lancashire.

Barrow died on 14 May 2016 at his home in Morecambe, Lancashire, aged 80.

References

1936 births
2016 deaths
People from Lancashire
Monteagle "Monty" Stearns (December 5, 1924 – May 14, 2016) was an American diplomat. He was the former Ambassador to Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) (1976–79) and Greece (1981–85). He worked for Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan. Stearns was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was a member of  the American Academy of Diplomacy and Council on Foreign Relations.

Stearns died on May 14, 2016 in Belmont, Massachusetts at the age of 91.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Politicians from Massachusetts
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Thank You is the second major-label studio album by American singer-songwriter Meghan Trainor. The album was released exclusively on Apple Music on May 6, 2016, and was fully released on May 13, 2016, through Epic Records.

Track listing

Notes
 "Woman Up" is a cover of the song of the same name by Ashley Roberts, with different lyrics.

Release history

References

2016 albums
Meghan Trainor albums
Dance-pop albums
Hip hop albums
R&B albums
Francesco Filippini (18 September 1853 – 6 March 1895) was an Italian painter from Lombardy. Francesco Filippini is considered one of the most important landscape painters of the 1900s.

Life 

Filippini was born in Brescia, in Lombardy in northern Italy, on 18 September 1853, into a poor family. His father Lorenzo was a carpenter, his mother Silvia Signoria a seamstress. He was soon sent to work, first as a waiter in a pastry shop, later as a clerk to a notary.

Filippini attended the school of drawing at the Pinacoteca Tosio in Brescia, In 1872 he received a grant from the city council to continue his studies there. In 1875 he received an allowance to study under Giuseppe Bertini in Milan. In 1879 another grant allowed him to travel to Paris to visit the Salon, the official art exhibition of the French Fine Arts Academy.
Filippini exhibited at the annual shows of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera in Milan from 1879, and from 1880 lived in that city. He made his living by teaching, both in schools and privately. He was made an honorary member of the Accademia di Brera in 1878.

He died in Milan on 6 March 1895.

Works 

When he was young, Filipinni painted mostly religious or historical subjects, as well as some portraits. In later life he painted mostly landscapes – of the Apennines, the Lombardy countryside and the Alps. He also made paintings of the sea near  Genova, Naples and Venice. His work shows the influence of the Scapigliatura.

Gallery

Related pages
 Bust of Francesco Filippini (Troubetzkoy)
 List of Italian painters

References
References

Further reading 
Editorial staff (4 November 2015). "Francesco Filippini, il dossier. Uno splendido pittore morto a 42 anni di tisi". StileArte 
 Vasco Frati (1999). Francesco Filippini: 1853-1895: un protagonista del naturalismo lombardo (exhibition catalogue, in Italian). Milan:Skira. . 

1853 births
1895 deaths
19th-century Italian painters
People from Brescia
Goosebumps is a 2015 American fantasy horror comedy movie. It was based on the children's book series of the same name by R.L. Stine. It is directed by Rob Letterman and produced by Deborah Forte and Neal H. Moritz. It was written by Darren Lemke with music by Danny Elfman. It was made by Columbia Pictures and Sony Animated Pictures.

The movie stars Jack Black, Dylan Minnette, Odeya Rush, Amy Ryan, Halston Sage, Ryan Lee, and Jillian Bell. It was filmed in Atlanta, Georgia. The movie is set in present-day Delaware. It was released on October 16, 2015 to mostly positive reviews. It earned $156 million.

It received nominations for the Las Vegas Film Critics Society for Best Family Film and the Visual Effects Society for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Special Venue Project.

On September 2, 2015, it was reported that a sequel was in the works. Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween was released on October 8, 2018.

References

Other websites

 
 Goosebumps 
 
 
 
 The Goosebumps Movie
2015 movies
English-language movies
Sony
Atlanta
Delaware
Columbia Pictures movies
American horror movies
American comedy movies
American fantasy movies
Movies based on books
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
North Louisiana, also known locally as Sportsman's Paradise, (a name sometimes attributed to the state as a whole) is a region in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The region has two metropolitan areas: Shreveport-Bossier City and Monroe-West Monroe; the Shreveport area is the largest metropolitan area by population in North Louisiana.

Regions of Louisiana
Central Louisiana (Cenla), also known as the Crossroads, is the region of the U.S. state of Louisiana.

Parishes 
Central Louisiana consists of the following 10 parishes:
 Allen Parish
 Beauregard Parish
 Catahoula Parish
 Concordia Parish
 Grant Parish
 La Salle Parish
 Natchitoches Parish
 Rapides Parish
 Sabine Parish
 Vernon Parish

Regions of Louisiana
Acadiana (French and Louisiana French: L'Acadiane) is the official name given to the French Louisiana region that has historically contained much of the state's Francophone population. Many are of Acadian descent and now identify as Cajuns or Louisiana Creoles. Of the 64 parishes that make up the U.S. state of Louisiana, 22 named parishes and other parishes of similar cultural environment make up this intrastate region.
McNeese State University is a university in Lake Charles, Louisiana, United States.

History
It was established by the Louisiana Legislature in 1938 and opened its doors for its first fall session on September 11, 1939, with 140 students and just three buildings. The institution was first named the Lake Charles Junior College and was a division of Louisiana State University. The following fall, the school changed its name to John McNeese Junior College to honor John McNeese, a renowned Southwest Louisiana educator and the first superintendent of schools in Imperial Calcasieu Parish. In 1950, McNeese became a four-year college in its own right and came under the authority of the Louisiana Board of Education and would receive accreditation in 1954 by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges. Finally, in 1970, McNeese State University became the official name of the institution.

References

Other websites

Colleges and universities in Louisiana
Charles Bertan Wheeler, Jr. (born August 10, 1926) is an American politician. He is a former Missouri state senator and a former mayor of Kansas City, Missouri from 1971 to 1979, in addition to having held other elected offices.

On March 28, 2016, Wheeler filed to for Governor.  He placed third in the primary with 7.9 percent in an election won by Chris Koster who had 78.08 percent of the vote.

References

1926 births
Living people
Mayors of Kansas City, Missouri
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
Gilberto Passos Gil Moreira (born 26 June 1942), better known as Gilberto Gil (), is a Brazilian singer, guitarist, and songwriter. He is known for both his musical innovation and political commitment. 

From 2003 to 2008, he served as Brazil's Minister of Culture.

Other websites

 Official site
 Transcript of a Gil speech
 Essay written by Gil (licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5)
 Music Is Pleasure: An Interview with Gilberto Gil 
 Wide-ranging one-hour interview with Amy Goodman on Democracy Now!, June 25, 2008 (video, audio, and print transcript)
 Gilberto Gil discography on Slipcue.com

1942 births
Living people
Brazilian singer-songwriters
Brazilian politicians
Brazilian guitarists
Latin Grammy Award winners
Richard George "Rick" MacLeish (January 3, 1950 – May 30, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward.

He played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Philadelphia Flyers, Hartford Whalers, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Detroit Red Wings. He played 12 seasons in Philadelphia, winning two Stanley Cups with the Flyers in 1974 and 1975.

On May 11, 2016, MacLeish was hospitalized for meningitis. He died at a hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from kidney and liver failure as a result of meningitis on May 30, 2016, aged 66.

References

1950 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Deaths from liver failure
Deaths from meningitis
Disease-related deaths in Pennsylvania
Philadelphia Flyers players
Hartford Whalers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Detroit Red Wings players
Sportspeople from Ontario
American Hockey League players
Ontario Hockey League players
Central Professional Hockey League players
Ice hockey centres
Juliette Gréco (; 7 February 1927 – 23 September 2020) was a French actress and popular chanson singer. 

In 1949, she began working with composer Miles Davis. That same year, she began a new singing career with a number of well-known French writers writing lyrics; Raymond Queneau's "Si tu t’imagines" was one of her earliest songs to become popular.

In the late 1960s she featured in the TV serial Belphegor, Phantom of the Louvre.

Gréco died on 23 September 2020 in Ramatuelle, France at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

Juliette Gréco on Europopmusic.eu (English)
Biography of Juliette Gréco 
 Singing the Praises of Juliette Greco (TCM Movie Morlocks)

1927 births
2020 deaths
French movie actors
French singers
Musicians from Montpellier
The Gullah (also called Geechee) are the descendants of African slaves who lived in the Lowcountry regions of Georgia and South Carolina. They lived on the mainland and on the Sea Islands.

The Gullah region used to include what is now Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, but today the Gullah area is only in Georgia and South Carolina.

The Gullah were able to keep parts of their African culture, but were also influenced by North American culture. The Gullah people speak a creole language that is based on English, but has many African loanwords.

History

The name "Gullah" may come from Angola, where the ancestors of some Gullah people likely came from. They created a new culture from the numerous African peoples brought into Charleston and South Carolina. Other scholars think that it came from the name of other ethnic groups in Africa.

Origin of Gullah culture
Along the western coast of Africa, the people had cultivated African rice for 3,000 years. When British colonial planters discovered that rice would grow in the American South, they wanted enslaved Africans from this region. Africans were taken as slaves from the Western region of Africa (in what is today Sierra Leone), transported to the Americas, and were traded in Charlestowne, South Carolina. These African farmers brought their skills for farming and irrigation.

According to British historian P.E.H. Hair, Gullah culture had elements of many different African cultures. The Gullah people were able to keep much of their African culture because the climate and geography of this area were similar to Africa, and because slaves lived in large groups and had little interaction with whites.
The slaves also brought the diseases malaria and yellow fever. These diseases spread to English and European settlers because of the subtropical climate, and became endemic in the region. Africans had more immunity to these diseases. Many white planters left the area during seasons when the diseases were more common. The European or African "rice drivers", or overseers, were left in charge of the plantations.

Civil War period
In the U.S. Civil War, white planters on the Sea Islands were afraid of an invasion by US naval forces. They left their plantations and went to the mainland. When Union forces arrived on the Sea Islands in 1861, the Gullah people wanted freedom. Many Gullahs served in the Union Army. The Sea Islands were the first place in the South where slaves were freed. Long before the end of the War, Unitarian missionaries came to start schools for the newly freed slaves.
After the Civil War ended, the Gullah became more isolated from the outside world. This happened because the rice planters on the mainland left their farms and moved away from the area. The Gullahs continued to practice their traditional culture with little influence from the outside world until the 20th century.

Recent history
In 2006, the U.S. Congress passed the "Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Act". This act will provide $10 million over 10 years to preserve Gullah historic sites. The Heritage Corridor will extend from southern North Carolina to northern Florida.
Cultural survival
The Gullah people still have their traditional culture. Their traditions have survived in the Lowcountry mainland and on the Sea Islands, and also in urban areas such as Charleston and Savannah, Georgia. Gullah people who have moved far away have also preserved their traditions. In the summer, they usually send their children back to rural communities in South Carolina and Georgia, where they live with grandparents, uncles, and aunts.

Representation in art, entertainment, and media

Historical landmarks
 "Designated by Congress in 2006, the Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor extends from Wilmington, North Carolina in the north to Jacksonville, Florida in the south."

Literature
The characters in Joel Chandler Harris' Uncle Remus stories speak in a Deep South Gullah dialect.

Notable Americans with Gullah roots
Joe Frazier
Michelle Obama
Chris Rock
Clarence Thomas

Related pages
Gullah Gullah Island

References

Ethnic groups in the United States
The Sea Islands are a chain of tidal and barrier islands on the Southeastern Atlantic Ocean coast of the United States. 

There are over a hundred of them. They are between the mouths of the Santee and St. Johns Rivers along the coast of the US states of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.

Barrier islands like these may change during storms. They absorb energy and protect the coastlines. Indirectly, they may help to create areas of protected waters where wetlands may flourish.

The Sea Islands are the home of the Gullah people.

Islands of the United States
Islands of Florida
Geography of Georgia (U.S. state)
Geography of South Carolina
Earth-like planet is used as a synonym for one 0r more of the following:

 Earth analog: another world that is very similar to Earth in size, make up, and distance from its star.
 Earth-size planet: meaning, it is not a gas giant.
 Terrestrial planet: a planet made of the same materials as Earth, i.e., primarily of silicate rocks and an iron core. Terrestrial planets are often contrasted with gas giants.
A Molex connector is a standard connector, which is used on electronic circuit boards. It is also used in many Personal computers, where it ofen transmits power. It is a pin and socket design. Originally, these connectors where manufactured by the company with the same name.

Electronics
Video game consoles
The TurboGrafx 16 was a video game console. It was originally released on 30 October 1987 in Japan and 29 August 1989 in North America. It was also known as PC Engine in some areas of the world. It was made by Hudson Soft and NEC. It was the first game console ever to have a compact disc (CD) add-on.

It was the first console marketed in the fourth generation era, usually known as the 16-bit era. This means it competed with the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and the Sega Genesis. The console has an 8-bit central processing unit (CPU) with a 16-bit graphics processor.

In Europe, the console is known as the PC Engine, after the Japanese model was imported and distributed in the United Kingdom and France from 1988. In Japan, the system was a competitor to the Famicom, but the delayed United States release meant that it ended up competing with the Sega Genesis and later the Super NES.
Marina Beach is a natural beach in Chennai, Tamil Nadu along the Bay of Bengal sea. The beach is the first longest beach in India and the second longest in the world. The length of the beach is 13 km.

It is a renowned beach because the memorial of the two chief ministers M. G. Ramachandran and C. N. Annadurai. It houses the cemetery of Former Chief Ministers Kalaingar M. Karunanidhi and Amma J. Jayalalithaa. It is the most crowded beach in the country. More than 10,000 to 25,000 visitors visit the beach on weekdays while more than 50,000 visitors visit the beach during holidays.

Beaches of Asia
Geography of India
Chennai
The following is a list of paintings by Italian Rococo painter Giambattista Pittoni, one of the most important artist of the eighteenth century in Europe.
Giambattista Pittoni lists 247 extant and 117 lost, missing or destroyed works. Some of his works are listed below.
The artist's works have never signed and dated.

Sources
 Official sites of the museums.
 Franca Zava Boccazzi (1979). Pittoni: L'opera completa (in Italian). Venezia: Alfieri.

18th-century paintings
Lists
Vipsania Agrippina (36 BC – 20 AD) was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa from his first wife Caecilia Attica. Octavian and her father betrothed her to Tiberius before her first birthday. In about 19 BC she married Tiberius. Their son Drusus Julius Caesar was born in 14 BC.

Her father Agrippa died in March 12 BC. He was then married to his third wife, Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus. Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce Vipsania and marry Julia.  Tiberius reportedly loved Vipsania and disapproved of Julia. Vipsania was pregnant with a second child in 12/11 when the couple divorced.  The second child did not survive.

Tiberius divorced Vipsania against his will in 11 BC, according to Suetonius. He always regretted this. On one occasion Tiberius caught sight of Vipsania and followed her with "an intent and tearful gaze". Precautions were taken to avoid further embarrassing meetings with her.
Vipsania then married the Senator Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus. They had a number of children, mostly sons. Their eldest son Gaius was put to death by Messalina, the infamous third wife of the Emperor Claudius.

References 

30s BC births
20s deaths
Roman people
Citizens band radio (also known as CB radio) is, in many countries, a system of short-distance radio communications between individuals on a selection of 40 channels within the 27 MHz (11 m) band. Citizens band not the same as the Amateur Radio Service ("ham" radio) which has a much longer range. In many countries, CB operation does not require a license to operate. It may be used for business or personal communications. 

Like many other two-way radio services, citizens band channels are shared by many users. Only one station may transmit at a time. All other stations must listen and wait for the shared channel to be available. It is customary for stations waiting to use a shared channel to broadcast the single word "break" (or "breaker") during a lull in the conversation. This lets other people using the channel know that others are waiting. In the US, channel 19 is most often used by truckers. Channel 9 is reserved for emergencies.
History 
The citizens band radio service originated in the United States as one of several personal radio services regulated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). These services began in 1945 to permit citizens a radio band for personal communication. In 1948, the original CB radios were designed for operation on the 460–470 MHz UHF band. There were two classes of CB radio: "A" and "B". Class B radios had simpler technical requirements, and were limited to a smaller frequency range. 

Al Gross established the Citizens Radio Corporation during the late 1940s to manufacture Class B handhelds for the general public. In the 1960s it became popular with taxicab companies to communicate with their drivers. In the 1970s it became popular with truckers, who 

began using it to warn other truck drivers of police speedtraps.  Other drivers soon used CB radios, and the CB jargon of truckers was used in several movies.
Ten codes 
When CB radios first started a series of "10 codes" were used. This was due to the early CB radios need to warm up before use. The 10 codes were used as a shortcut to longer standard messages. A few of the more often used codes are:

 10-4 (ten-four) meant message received.
 10-9 (ten-nine) meant please repeat your last message.
 10-10 (ten-ten), transmission complete, standing by.
 10-17 (ten-seventeen), urgent business.
 10-20 (ten-twenty) means your location. Often shortened to "what is your 20?"
 10-27 (ten-twenty seven) I am moving to channel .
 10-200 (ten-two hundred) means police are needed at .

United States 
Today it remains popular with truck drivers. It is used in rural areas by a wide variety of people and businesses where cellphone service is weak or unreliable. CB radios are also used by off-roaders to communicate between drivers in a group of four-wheel drive vehicles. It is used to warn drivers of various trail conditions, hazards, and delays.
Other countries 
CB radio is used as a system of short-distance communications between people in many countries. Nearly all use a system of 40 channels in the 27 megahertz or 11 meter band.

References

Other websites 
 How to Operate a CB Radio
 List of 10 codes 
 Radio Codes and How to Operate a CB Radio
Radio
History
Tread Lightly! was started by the United States Forest Service in 1985 as a public awareness program. In 1990, through a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) Tread Lightly! became a nonprofit organization. Today, Tread Lightly! is recognized as an important non-political organization.
Land Rover Great Divide Expedition
Land Rover’s inaugural Great Divide Expedition in the fall of 1989 helped launch Tread Lightly! as a non-profit focused on supporting and encouraging stewardship on America’s lands and waterways. Since the Great Divide Expedition, Tread Lightly! and partners like Land Rover have built and led a national movement to protect and enhance recreation access and opportunities. They do this by promoting outdoor ethics to heighten awareness. To mark the 25 year anniversary of The Great Divide Expedition, Tread Lightly! and Land Rover reunited for the 2014 Great Divide Expedition. Land Rover auctioned off a fully restored 1990 Range Rover Great Divide replica as well as the opportunity to be a guest of Land Rover on a nine-day adventure. The auction raised more than $55,000 for Tread Lightly!, the largest single donation in the nonprofit's history.
About
The organization is "managed and financed by companies like Ford and Toyota." It leads awareness workshops and restores trails. The Washington Times noted in 2001 that "most manufacturers of off-highway vehicles — including Ford, GM, Jeep, Land Rover, Subaru and Toyota are active in this effort."
The organization has also worked with auto manufacturers to try to change the off-road images used in TV commercials. Toyota, Nissan and Mercedes-Benz have asked Tread Lightly to review their ads. At least one company cancelled a TV spot the organization didn't like.

Tread Lightly! "offers extensive online tips and guidelines on being more responsible in hiking, camping, boating, hunting, horseback riding, ATVs and more," the Deseret News has reported.
Criticisms
Some off-highway enthusiasts, though, according to the New York Times, have been opposed to the concept, with  Brad Lark, the publisher of the website extreme4x4.com, calling Tread Lightly! "a veiled form of extreme environmentalism." An anonymous writer on offroad.com was quoted as saying: "I don't Tread Lightly. I trample. From tree-huggers to their totalitarian signage that follows. I trample all in the path of freedom's future." Brad Ullrich, the site's land-use editor, described the column as "tongue-in-cheek."

References

Other websites 
 The Tread Lightly! official web site
 Phil Howell criticism of TreadLightly! on the extreme4x4.org website. 

Environmental organizations based in the United States
Organizations based in Utah
Michał Kubiak (born 23 February 1988) is a Polish volleyball player, a member of Polish national team and Turkish club Halkbank Ankara, a participant of the Olympic Games (London 2012), 2014 World Champion, a gold medalist of the 2012 World League, silver medalist of the 2011 World Cup, bronze medalist of the 2011 European Championship and the 2011 World League, 2016 Turkish Champion.

Other websites
 FIVB Profile
 PlusLiga player profile

1988 births
Living people
Competitors at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Polish Olympians
Polish volleyball players
Sportsmen
Cauby Peixoto (10 February 1931 – 15 May 2016) was a Brazilian singer, and actor. His career lasted from the late 1940s until his death in 2016. He is known for his deep voice and hairstyles. His genres include jazz and soft rock.

Peixoto was known for his album "Maxximum". He also appeared in movies. He was known for his appearance as a singer in the movie Com Água na.

He had a brief career in the United States in the 1950s, where he presented under the pseudonyms Ron Coby or Coby Dijon.

Peixoto was born in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. He studied at a Salesian school in Niteroi. Peixoto died in São Paulo, São Paulo from pneumonia on 15 May 2016, aged 85.

Cauby was named by Time and Life magazines as the Brazilian Elvis Presley.

References

Other websites

 Official site
 
 Entry on Dicionário Cravo Albin (in Portuguese)
1931 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian movie actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Brazil
Jazz singers
Singers from Rio de Janeiro
Rock singers
LGBT singers
Actors from Rio de Janeiro
Brazilian composers
Writers from Rio de Janeiro
"Can't Stop the Feeling!" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake. It was on the soundtrack to the DreamWorks Animation movie, Trolls.  The song entered at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100. It reached the top five in the UK and Australia.  The song was Timberlake's comeback single after his son, Silas Randall Timberlake, was born to Justin and his wife, actress Jessica Biel.

References 

2016 songs
Justin Timberlake
Disco songs
Oya Aydoğan (10 February 1957 – 15 May 2016) was a Turkish actress, model and television presenter. She was the winner of the Ses Magazine Movie Actress Contest in 1976. Her career began in 1976 with the movie Deli Şahin. She was born in Erzincan, Turkey.

She was an Alevi Muslim. She retired in 2015.

She suffered an aortic aneurysm on 7 May 2016, the day before Mother's Day. She died on 15 May 2016 in a hospital in Istanbul, aged 59.

References

Other websites
 

1956 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from aortic aneurysm
Turkish models
Turkish Muslims
Turkish television presenters
Turkish movie actors
Turkish television actors
Robert Louis "Bobby" Freeman (April 27, 1934 – May 16, 2016) was an American attorney and politician. He was born in Plaquemine, Louisiana. He was the Democratic lieutenant governor of the U.S. state of Louisiana from 1980 to 1988. He worked with governor Edwin Edwards. Before becoming a politician, Freeman was an amateur boxer.

Freeman died at a hospital in Baton Rouge, Louisiana from an aneurysm on May 16, 2016, aged 82.

References

1934 births
2016 deaths
Lawyers from Louisiana
American boxers
Deaths from aneurysm
Disease-related deaths in Louisiana
Sportspeople from Louisiana
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Louisiana
Romaldo "Aldo" Giurgola  (2 September 1920 – 16 May 2016) was an Italian-Australian academic, architect, professor and author. Giurgola was born in Rome. He was a partner in the Philadelphia firm Mitchell/Giurgola Architects from 1958 until his death in 2016. He became an Australian citizen in 2000. He was known for designing the Parliament House in Canberra.

Giurgola died in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory on 16 May 2016, at the age of 95.

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
Australian architects
Australian educators
Italian architects

Military personnel of World War II
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Order of Australia
Writers from Rome
Modena Volley is a professional volleyball team based in Modena, Italy.  It has played in the highest level of the Italian Volleyball League since 1968. It is the most successful Italian club, having won the national league twelve times and the national cup as well: Modena is the current holder of both titles. The club is one of the most prominent and prestigious in Europe. It achieved thirteen European trophies including four CEV Champions League. The main sponsor of the club is DHL Express.

References 
 Official website

1966 establishments in Europe
1960s establishments in Italy
Modena
Italian volleyball clubs
Barry Knapp Bostwick (born February 24, 1945) is an American actor and singer. He is best known as Brad Majors in the musical comedy horror movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975) and Mayor Randall Winston in the sitcom Spin City (1996–2002). Bostwick has also done well in musical theater. He won a Tony Award for his role in The Robber Bridegroom.

References

1945 births
Living people
comedians from California
Actors from California
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American video game actors
American voice actors
people from San Mateo, California
A star chart is a graphic device or diagram which shows the night sky as seen from Earth. They are one of the oldest types of written or carved communication. There is a claim for a prehistoric carving as the first known star chart, but the evidence is not clear.

Star charts occur in Babylonian and Ancient Egyptian wall decorations and writing. In the ancient world, knowledge was needed for practical reasons and for religious reasons. Early star charts were used for all these purposes. Even today, they are used for both astronomy and astrology. In the renaissance, with its interest in ideas, hundreds of books were printed with star charts and other diagrams.

The key point for scientific charts is the use of data taken from observations, and listed in tables or databases. Historically, the first tables were in Ptolemy's Almagest (~AD 150). It has the last known star table from antiquity, with 1,028 stars.

References 

Graphics
Human communication
Astronomy
Kevin Downes (born September 21, 1972) is an American film actor, writer, producer and director. Downes grew up in Visalia, California, three hours north of Los Angeles.

References

Other websites

1972 births
Living people
Actors from California
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
Movie directors from California
Movie producers from California
Screenwriters from California
Ojo is a town and local government area in Lagos State, Nigeria. The town is traditionally ruled by the Olojo of Ojo. Alaba International Market and Lagos State University are located there.

References

Settlements in Lagos State
Local Government Areas in Lagos State
Towns in Nigeria
Lagos State University, most times called LASU, is a university located in Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria. The university was established in 1983. It was the only state university in the former British colony.

References

Other websites

Colleges and universities in Nigeria
Lagos State
1983 establishments in Africa
The Camel Trophy was a vehicle-oriented competition that was held every year between 1980 and 1998. It was best known for its use of Land Rover vehicles over extreme terrain.

Events

1980s 
The Camel Trophy began in 1980 as a team expedition over the Trans-Amazonian highway. Camel Trophy events since then have been informally called "the Olympics of 4×4".  They were all about adventure and exploration.  Over the next eight years, the expeditions crossed Sumatra, Papua New Guinea, Zaire, Brazil, Borneo, Australia, Madagascar (the first north-south crossing) and Sulawesi before returning to the Amazon. These extreme tests of human endurance brought together teams from around the world. Each team hoped they could triumph over some of the worst off-road conditions imaginable. Teamwork and mutual trust were crucial. The competition came in a series of "Special Tasks," such as winching and timed driving routes. In each case national teams competed against each other.
1990s 
In the 1990s, the Camel Trophy headed to Siberia and the USSR, followed by Tanzania, Burundi, Guyana, Argentina, Paraguay, Chile (the "Road to Hell" event), Belize, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras (controversially serving 500 out-of-season lobster at a dinner), Kalimantan (a thousand miles and 18 rollovers to celebrate the first crossing of the island 100 years previously) and Mongolia. The Camel Trophy however, did not simply change venue; over the years, the event evolved from a mud-plugging expedition to involve elements of adventure sport, such as kayaking, mountain biking and winter sports.  Teams were selected by each competing nation in competitions held nationally, designed to test the athletic, engineering and driving prowess of potential candidates.
Although the events had an impact on the environment where they travelled, there were ways in which the Camel Trophy benefited the local society or environment.  In 1993, for example, the teams worked through the night to build an environmental monitoring station in the jungle so biologists could accurately study the flora and fauna of an area. In all the events, the convoy's progress reopened roads and trails which had fallen into disuse. They frequently rebuilt bridges and repaired sections of damaged roads.
End of the Camel Trophy 
In 1998 the Camel Trophy returned to Argentina and Chile for the penultimate Tierra del Fuego event. The Land Rover Freelander made its debut and was used to speed the competitors six thousand miles across the remote and snowy environment.  Outdoor pursuits dominated the event.  Shortly afterwards, Land Rover, a major sponsor, felt that the Camel Trophy was moving away from adventure and exploration and a news release indicated they would not sponsor future events. This ultimately led to the cancellation of the 1999 event which was planned for Peru.
In 2000 the Camel Trophy returned with a new style of event.  It developed the spirit of the Tierra del Fuego event and the Camel brand but with the 32 competitors exploring Tonga and Samoa in RIB powerboats.  This event was the single most successful Camel Trophy event as both a sporting activity and a Camel PR and marketing exercise. At this time the international brands of RJ Reynolds (which included Worldwide Brand Inc, the owners of the CT brand) were in the process of being sold to Japan Tobacco Inc.  JTI subsequently chose to change direction and instead concentrate on the Camel Active fashion brand.  It was to be the last Camel Trophy event.
Vehicles
The Camel Trophy originated in 1980 with three Jeep-equipped German teams exploring the Amazon.  After that first event, the organisers turned to Land Rover. Over the course of the next twenty years, all of the Land Rover vehicle range were used. Range Rover, Series III, Defender, Discovery and Freelander vehicles all appeared in the distinctive "sandglow" colour scheme.

The vehicles were heavily modified by Land Rover Special Vehicles with a range of expedition, recovery and safety equipment, including:
Safety Devices roll cages 
 Under body protection and steering guards 
 Modified electrical systems 
 Winches 
 Dixon Bate tow hitches and recovery points 
 Mantec snorkels 
 Transmission breathers 
 Michelin XCL or BF Goodrich Mud and snow tires 
 Upgraded suspension and transmission components 
 Auxiliary fuel tanks 
 Webasto fuel burning heaters 
 Brownchurch / Safety Devices roof racks 
 Hella driving, spot, fog and work lights.
 Brownchurch Bull bars and bush wires 
 Flag poles 
 Event plaques, decals and sponsor logos (including Camel Trophy Adventure Wear/Bags/Boots/Watches, Lee Cougan, Perception, Sony, Scott USA, Safety Devices, Land Rover, Fjällräven, Warn, Malaysia Airlines, Superwinch, Shell, Avon) 
 Expedition tools, Jerry cans, Pelican cases, Zarges boxes, high lift or New Concept air jacks, sand ladders, axes, ropes, drawbars, spades 
 Garmin, Terratrip and other navigation and communication equipment
Usually the Land Rovers were only used once for one event. Some competitors purchased their vehicles and many remained in the host country.  Those vehicles that returned to the UK were highly sought after as they were low mileage—but they were "Camel Trophy miles".  They were stripped of most of their equipment by Land Rover before they were sold but kept the color and Camel Trophy markings.

References

Other websites 
 First Camel Trophy - Camel Trophy 1980 Transamazonica, YouTube
 Camel Trophy Land Rover History, YouTube

Team sports
1980 establishments
2000 disestablishments
Otto Lilienthal was a German pioneer of aviation who became the first person to make  repeated successful  gliding flights.

On August 9, 1896, his glider stalled and he was unable to regain control. Falling from about 15 m (50 ft), he broke his neck and died the next day, 10 August, 1896.

German aviators
1896 deaths
The Intel NUC (Next Unit of Computing) is a very small desktop computer replacement that uses the ultra compact form factor. It is build as a direct clone of the Apple Mac Mini, which was launched 7 years before in January 2005. It is built to be a very small PC that can be used for basic computer jobs like word processing and internet reading. It can also be used to play most computer games. Some people use the NUC as a home theater computer because of its small size and how quiet it is.

History

The Intel NUC is on its sixth generation. The generations were called, in order from oldest to newest, Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge, Bay Trail, Haswell, Broadwell/Braswell, and Skylake. The names come from the processor that is on the motherboard of the NUC.

Models

Sandy Bridge

Ivy Bridge

Bay Trail

Haswell

Broadwell / Braswell

Skylake

References

Computers
Ikorodu is a city and local government area in Lagos State, Nigeria. It is located along the Lagos Lagoon and shares a boundary with Ogun State.

Etymology
The word Ikorodu was derived from two Yoruba words Oko (English: farm) and Odu (English: a plant that blackens).

References

Settlements in Lagos State
Local Government Areas in Lagos State
Phetchaburi (, ) is one of the western provinces (changwat) of Thailand.

Geography
Phetchaburi is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. The Gulf of Thailand is to the east. Most of the province is a flat plain. The Kaeng Krachan National Park is Thailand's largest national park, covering nearly half of the province. It covers 3000 km2.

History

Phetchaburi is an old royal city, dating back to the Mon of the 8th century. Later Khmer settled in the city, as can be seen by the prangs of Wat Kamphaeng Laeng.

In 1860, King Rama IV built a palace near the city of Phetchaburi, commonly known as Khao Wang, but its official name is Phra Nakhon Khiri. Next to the palace the king built a tower for his astronomical observations. On a hill near the palace is the royal temple Wat Phra Kaeo.

Tourism

Sights
Hat Cha-am (หาดชะอำ) 
This tourist resort resort, with modern facilities, is on a beach considered to be one of the most popular beaches of Thailand.