Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1834 for the first time a constitution was adapted, undergoing reforms in 1876 and 1908. The construction of numerous railway lines between 1875 and 1913 helped the local industry and the population grew to a maximum of 57,973 people in 1910 (compared with 53,200 in 2001).

In 1934 Johannes Baumann was the first citizen from Appenzell Ausserrhoden to become a federal councilor. Women's right to vote was introduced in 1972 on a local level, but only in 1989 on a canton-wide level. In 1994 for the first time two women were elected into government. The open assembly (Landsgemeinde) was abolished in 1997. The right of foreigners to vote is determined by each municipality.

Municipalities 
The 20 municipalities are:

References

Other websites 
 Official Page 
 Official Statistics

1510s establishments in Europe
Establishments in Switzerland
Appenzell is a district of the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden in Switzerland.  The district of Appenzell contains part of the town Appenzell, as well as Rinkenbach, Kau and Meistersrüte.

References

Other websites
Appenzell Tourism 
Appenzell 

Districts of Appenzell Innerrhoden
Corban was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Corban merged into the municipality of Val Terbi.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Jura
Courchapoix is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Information about Courchapoix in the Juranet 

Municipalities in Delémont
Courfaivre was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Courfaivre, Bassecourt, Glovelier, Soulce and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

Other websites

Official Website of Courfaivre 

Former municipalities of Jura
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
The electric eel, Electrophorus electricus, is a species of fish. It can weigh up to six pounds. It can give electric shocks of up to six hundred fifty watts of electricity. The animal uses these shocks both for hunting and to defend itself. It lives in the stagnant muddy river bottoms of the Orinoco and the Amazon, and uses low-voltage electric fields to find its prey.

The electric eel is an apex predator in the parts of South America where it lives. This means it usually has no enemies except other animals of its own species. It can kill animals larger than itself. Its electric organs evolved from muscles, and make up four fifths of its body.

Despite its name, the electric eel is not an eel. It is a knifefish. It is an obligatory air breather (must breath air). This makes sense, because the muddy water is very low in oxygen, and it needs oxygen to power its electric organs.
Because they can shock, very few of these fish are kept as pets. But if the eel repeatedly shocks, its electric organs become completely discharged. Then a person can touch it without being shocked.

Other species 

 Electrophorus varii (Amazon conger)
 Electrophorus voltai (voltage conger)

References

Other websites

Gymnotiformes
The Gymnotiformes is an order of teleosts which are electric fish. Common names are Neotropical knifefish or South American knifefish. They are mainly nocturnal freshwater fish. Their muscles create an electric field. 

Gymnotiformes are slender fish with narrow bodies and tapering tails. Their common name is "knifefish".

Perhaps the best-known species is the electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) which uses powerful electric shocks (up to 600 V) for hunting and self-defense. 

There are several other species familiar in the aquarium trade: the black ghost knifefish (Apteronotus albifrons), the glass knifefish (Eigenmannia virescens), and the banded knifefish (Gymnotus carapo).

References
An electric fish is a fish that can make electric fields. Many fish (sharks, rays, and catfish) can detect electric fields: they are 'electroreceptive'. They cannot make electric fields, and are not called electric fish.

Strongly and weakly electric fish
Electric fish have a special organ that makes electricity. This organ is called an electric organ. It is usually near the tail of the fish. It is made from specialised muscle or nerve cells. When the organ releases electricity this is called an electric organ discharge (or EOD for short).

Based on the strength of the EOD, the electrogenic fish are two types:
Strongly electric fish: Their discharge is so strong they can stun (and capture) prey with it.  Examples of such fish are the electric eel (which is a knifefish, not a true eel), electric catfishes, or electric rays
Weakly electric fish: Their discharge is not strong enough to stun prey with it; rather, they use the electricity to locate objects, to navigate, or to communicate with other electric fish. Examples of weakly electric fish are Peters' elephantnose fish or the black ghost knifefish.

In total, there are 348 known species of electric fish, in about 56 genera. The only known species that lives in salt water are the electric rays, with 23 species.

Related pages 
The duck-billed platypus also detects movement by an electric field.

References 

Fish
Sergeant is a rank used in  most militaries, police forces, and other uniformed organizations around the world. The word comes from the Latin serviens, "one who serves", through the French term Sergent.

A sergeant (Sgt) in the British Army wears three point-down chevrons, or "checks" on their sleeve. They usually serves as a platoon, troop, or group sergeant, or in a specialist position.

A Lance-Sergeant (LSgt) was originally a Corporal doing the work of a Sergeant. The job is now used mostly in the Guards, where it is given to all Corporals. A Lance-Sergeant in the Guards and Honourable Artillery Company wears three chevrons, and is considered senior or higher up to "normal" Corporals. For most purposes, he still remains a Corporal rather than an acting Sergeant (e.g., he will typically command a section). In the Household Cavalry, the same rank is Lance-Corporal of Horse.
The official spelling was Serjeant (Sjt) (still used by The Rifles) until after World War II, although the modern spelling had already been in common use for many years.

Military ranks
Kourken Megerdich Yanigian (, December 24, 1895, Erzurum, Ottoman Armenia - March 27, 1984, USA) was an Armenian terrorist who killed two Turkish consular officials in California in 1973. His stated purpose was "to demand justice" for the Armenian Genocide.

Armenians hoped Yanigian's trial would provide a vehicle for proving the massacres in a court of law, while there were still surviving witnesses. Yanigian took the Armenian Genocide witness stand, accompanied by his friend and interpreter, Santa Barbaran Aram Saroyan, the uncle of famous author William Saroyan. Yanigian told of his 26 family members killed in the massacres, and how he watched in hiding as marauding Turks slit his brother's throat. Finally, he said that he killed the Turkish
diplomats as representatives of the "government that had massacred his people".

He was sentenced to life in prison in July 1973 and paroled in 1984, over the objection of the Turkish government.
After Yanigian's death, District Attorney David D. Minner wrote: "Looking back, I regret that I did not allow the genocide to
be proven. Not because Yanigian should have gone free, but because
history's darkest chapters - its genocides - should be exposed, so
their horrors are less likely to be repeated".

Books

in English
 The Triumph of Judas Iscariot, Los Angeles: Research Publ. Co., 1950, 254 p.
 The Resurrected Christ: A Novel, New York: Exposition, 1955, 141 p.
 Harem Cross: A Novel of the Near-East, 1953
 The Voice of an American, 1960
 Mirror in the Darkness, 1966

in Armenian
 Purpose and Justice (memoires from the prison), Yerevan, Tigran Mets Publ., 1999

Related pages
 Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

References

Other websites
People v Yanikian
Historische Romane – XY, Books by Gourgen Yanikian
GUIDE TO SANTA BARBARA AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS: Yanikian, Gourgen (1895-1984) 
Yanikian and his memoires

1895 births
1984 deaths
Armenian writers
Terrorists
Campo Blenio was a municipality of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 25 January 2005, the people in charge announced that Campo Blenio would merge with Aquila, Ghirone, Olivone and Torre to form a new municipality to be called Blenio. This union was carried through on 22 October 2006.

References

Other websites 

 Official site 
 Cantonal Portal  

Former municipalities of Ticino
2006 disestablishments in Switzerland
Campo is a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website
Schwändi was a municipality, in the new municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

Website of Schwändi 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Sool was a municipality, in the new municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

Website of Sool 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Shōwa may mean:

 Hirohito (1901–1989), the 124th Emperor of Japan, known posthumously as Emperor Shōwa

 Shōwa (Kamakura period), a Japanese era name (1312-1317)
 Shōwa period, a Japanese era name (1926-1989)

Other
 Jōwa (Heian period), a Japanese era name (834-848) also romanized as Shōwa
In information technologies we use the term DDR2 SDRAM for a Double Data Rate memory module of the second generation. This technology is used for high speed storage of the working data.

History 
DDR2 was first made in 2001.

Comparisons 
The main difference between DDR and DDR2 modules is that the bus on which the DDR2 memory modules are working is clocked at twice the speed of the memory cells. In practical terms we can say that four words of data can be transferred during one memory cell cycle. To sum it up DDR2 can effectively operate at twice the bus speed of DDR.

Specification standards

Chips and modules
For use in PCs, DDR2 SDRAM is supplied in DIMMs with 240 pins and a single locating notch.  DIMMs are identified by their peak transfer capacity (often called bandwidth).

Computer memory

de:DDR-SDRAM#DDR2-SDRAM
fi:DRAM#DDR2 SDRAM
Southbridge is also known as Input/Output Controller Hub. The microchip realizes lower functions of the motherboard in computer architecture with northbridge and southbridge. It's easy to distinguish southbridge and northbridge: the southbridge is not directly connected to the processor. Northbridge realizes connection between southbridge and processor.

Related pages
 Northbridge

Motherboard
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED). The part of the OLED that creates light is made of a very thin layer of organic compounds. The main use of OLED technology is for flat panel displays for smartphones and other mobile devices where they are in some ways better than LCDs. OLEDs can be used to make displays that can bend. These can be used in many different ways. For example, they can be used in clothing.

OLED provides high contrast of screen. It is characterized by low energy consumption (due to the absence of additional illumination).

Advantages and disadvantages
LEDs will last longer than OLEDs. This is the biggest problem with OLEDs. Currently most OLEDs used in displays will work for about 5,000 hours of use. LEDs normally work for 60,000 hours. This may change as experiments in 2007 created a type of OLED that worked for 198,000 hours. The organic compounds that make up OLEDs are also more easily damaged by water. 

OLED technology is currently patented by the Eastman Kodak company and several other companies. Because of this, a company must pay to be allowed to use it in their product.

How they work 

There are several parts to an OLED:
 Substrate: the material the layers of the OLED are put on
 Emissive layer: the layer where light is made
 Conductive layer
 Anode
 Cathode

The emissive and conductive layers are made of special organic molecules that conduct electricity. The anode and cathode connect the OLED to the source of electricity.
When electricity is applied to an OLED, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged and the conductive layer becomes positively charged. Electrostatic forces cause electrons to move from the positive conductive layer toward the negative emissive layer. This causes a change in the electrical levels and makes radiation that has a frequency in the range of visible light.

OLED, as with all diodes, can only work if electricity flows through them in the correct direction. The Anode, connected to the emmisive layer must be at a higher electrical potential (more volts, more positive) than the cathode, connected to the conductive layer, for the OLED to work.

Electronic components
Display technology
Karl Arnold (born 21 March 1901 in Herrlishöfen, died 29 June 1958 in Düsseldorf) was a German politician. He was Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956.

Life and profession 
    

After 1920 Arnold worked full-time basis for the Christian trade union movement. He became Secretary of the Düsseldorf District of the Christian trade union in 1924. 

In 1928 Arnold married Arnold Liesl Joeres. Their son Gottfried was born in 1933 and was a member of the German Bundestag between 1961 and 1983. 

Arnold was partner in a business in Düsseldorf in 1933. During the Third Reich the Gestapo watched and followed him. He was arrested after Count von Stauffenberg tried to assassinate (murder) Hitler on 20 July 1944. 

Arnold helped to found the industrial unions, today's DGB, with Hans Böckler in the Rhineland in 1945. 

He got permission from the American Army to publish the Rheinische Post (Rhenish Post) daily newspaper. His family still own part of the paper today.
He died of a heart attack on 29 June 1958, during the Landtag (state parliament) election campaign. 

Karl Arnold was buried in Düsseldorf's South Cemetery.

Political party 
  

Arnold joined the Centre party in 1920. 

After the World War II Arnold founded the of Düsseldorf Christian democratic party in 1945. Later this became a part of CDU. Arnold was the CDU's deputy federal chairman from 1956 until his death.

Public offices 
1925 to 1933 he was a member of the city council of Düsseldorf and acting chairman the of the Centre Party group. 

He was a member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1946 until his death. Between 1947 and 1949 he was also a member of the parliament of the Bizone (which was the British and American occupation zones). 

In 1957 Arnold was elected to the Bundestag with 72.6% of the votes in the Gelsenkirchen-Erkelenz Jülich constituency . He was deputy chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group.
On 29 January 1946 Arnold was appointed mayor of Düsseldorf by the American Military Government. He was elected mayor in the first free elections on 26 October 1946. 

From December 1946 until 1956 he was Minister President of North Rhine Westphalia. 

From 7 September 1949 to 6 September 1950 he was the first President of the Bundesrat. 

This also mean that between 7 and 13 September 1949 he was Acting President of Germany, until Theodor Heuss was elected Federal President. 

Arnold lost a constructive vote of 'no confidence' on 20 February 1956. His successor (person who followed) as Minister President was Fritz Steinhoff. 

Arnold died one week before the next state elections, in 1958. He was only 57 years old.

1901 births
1958 deaths
German mayors
Ministers-President of North Rhine-Westphalia
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidents of Germany
Courrendlin is a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat merged into the municipality of Courrendlin.

References

Other websites 

Official website 

Municipalities in Delémont
Courroux is a municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

It is three kilometers southeast of the city of Delémont. It is the third largest municipality in the canton of Jura by area.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Delémont
279 Thule is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a D-type asteroid and is probably made of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates.

The orbit of Thule is unusual. It appears to orbit in the farthest edge of the Main belt in a 3:4 orbital resonance with planet Jupiter. Unlike the Hilda asteroids whose eccentricity is fairly common of main belt asteroids, Thule has a very low eccentricity - actually much lower than that of Jupiter itself and only a bit higher than that of Earth. Why it has this orbit is not clear, as is the reason for the absence of smaller bodies in similar 4:3 resonances with Jupiter.
Some astronomers have argued that Thule's present orbit is the natural result of the force of Jupiter on a body orbiting at exactly the distance from the Sun Thule does, in the same way (though with the reverse effect) as the Kirkwood gaps in the more closer parts of the asteroid belt. It could thus be that the resonance which holds Thule in a very low-eccentricity orbit serves to eject other smaller bodies whose distance from the Sun is only a bit different from that of Thule itself.

It is the main member of the Thule dynamical group.

It was found by Johann Palisa on October 25, 1888 in Vienna and was named aptly after the ultimate northern land of Thule.

References

Other websites 
 279 Thule on NASA/JPL Small-Body Database

Asteroids
A caucus is a meeting of supporters or members of a political party or movement. Caucuses are slightly different in different countries.

In the United States, in some states, such as Iowa, political parties have a caucus to choose presidential nominees for their parties.

Voting systems
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (; born ) is an American politician and the 46th and current president of the United States since 2021. Biden was also the vice president of the United States from 2009 through 2017 while Barack Obama was president. He is a member of the Democratic Party and is from Wilmington, Delaware. Before becoming vice president, Biden was a U.S. Senator from Delaware from 1973 to 2009. He had been in the Senate longer than any other President or Vice President.

He tried to become the Democratic candidate for president in 1988 and 2008 but did not win. During the 2008 election, then-Senator Barack Obama picked him to be his running mate. He is a Roman Catholic. Biden has received several awards. He has five honorary doctorates, including one from his alma mater and one from where he has taught law. He has also earned the "Best of Congress Award", an award from the Pakistani government, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction.
After finishing his second term as vice president, Biden began working at the University of Pennsylvania. On April 25, 2019, Biden launched his presidential campaign for the 2020 election. On April 8, 2020, Biden became the likely nominee for the Democratic nomination after Bernie Sanders ended his campaign. On November 7, he defeated former President Donald Trump and became the president-elect of the United States. He became president on January 20, 2021. He is the oldest person to become president and the first from the state of Delaware. He is also the second Catholic president to hold the office after John F. Kennedy. Scholars and historians rank Biden as average in a list of greatest and worst presidents.

Early life
Early life 

Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942 at St. Mary's Keller Memorial Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania. His family were Irish Catholics. His father, Joe Sr., was a businessman. When he was young, his family moved to Wilmington, Delaware. He also began to stutter at an early age. In high school, Biden played football and baseball, but he was not a very good student. Biden attended college at the University of Delaware and Syracuse University. He did not have to fight in the Vietnam War because he was going to college and had asthma as a child.

In the Senate
In the Senate 

For many years, Biden was a U.S. Senator from Delaware. Biden was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1972 when he was 29 years old. His election was somewhat of a surprise. The other candidate, J. Caleb Boggs, had more experience and more money to spend on his campaign. He is one of the youngest people to become a U.S. Senator, because he was only two months older than the minimum age, 30, required to be one. (While he was 29 during the election, he turned 30 before he became a senator.)
Biden was re-elected to the Senate six times. He became a prominent defender of Israel as a senator, and said that if there was no country like Israel the U.S. would have to make one. Later in his time in the Senate, Biden served as chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the Senate Judiciary Committee. The Foreign Relations committee deals with American issues in other countries. When Biden was chair, the committee dealt with the 1991 Gulf War, the 2003 War in Iraq, and several treaties. The Judiciary Committee dealt with the choice of Clarence Thomas, Robert Bork, and others for the Supreme Court (SCOTUS). Biden thought that Thomas and Bork should not be on the Court. Though U.S. senators work in Washington, DC, Biden took the train home to Delaware every night.

Before becoming vice president, Biden was ranked one of the least wealthy members of the Senate, which he said was because he was young when elected to the Senate. In November 2009, Biden's net worth was $27,012.
Running for President and Vice President 
Biden ran for president three times, in 1988, 2008 and 2020. The first time he was viewed as a good choice early on, but quit after it was discovered he gave a speech that was copied from Neil Kinnock, a British politician.

Biden tried again to get the Democratic Party's nomination in the 2008 presidential election. He ran mostly on foreign issues, especially getting U.S. troops out of Iraq. Many thought of him as a good choice for Secretary of State. He stopped his campaign on January 3, 2008 after he did not get many votes in the Iowa caucus. However, he later became Barack Obama's pick for vice president due to what he knew about Iraq and because the working class liked him.
When Biden was running for president, he criticized Obama, talking about his lack of experience, but later he supported Obama to become president. His opponent as vice president was Sarah Palin, who had less experience but was seen as more interesting by the media. Before the election, there were debates between the different candidates running for president or vice president. In the debate between Biden and Palin, many people believed that he knew more about running America than Palin did. When Obama was elected president on November 4, 2008, Biden was elected vice president.

As Vice President 

Biden became the 47th vice president on January 20, 2009. He was vice president until January 20, 2017. He is the first person from Delaware and first Roman Catholic to be vice president. Biden said that his vice-presidency would not be like any other. He said he would do things differently from Dick Cheney, who had been vice president before him.
Biden's main role was as an advisor to Obama on issues of foreign policy and the economy. Obama asked for Biden's input on most major decisions, such as who to put in the Cabinet and how to fight the War in Afghanistan. Obama put Biden in charge of groups to deal with the problems of the working class, and to watch the money in his stimulus bill. Biden also traveled to the Middle East several times for Obama and the U.S. while Vice President. In 2011, Biden led talks on the budget and the debt. On November 6, 2012, Biden was re-elected for a second term as vice president along with President Barack Obama.

In August 2015, Biden said that he was thinking of running for president again in the 2016 U.S. election. Biden formed a PAC for his possible run. On October 21, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his wife and President Obama by his side, Biden said he would not run for president in 2016.
Biden never had to break a tie vote in the United States Senate, making him the longest-serving vice president not to do this.

2020 presidential election 

During a tour of the U.S. Senate with reporters before leaving office on December 5, 2016, Biden said that a presidential bid was possible in the 2020 presidential election, after leaving office as vice president. While on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert on December 7, he stated "never say never" about running for president in 2020, while also saying he did not expect he would run for office again. On January 13, 2017, exactly one week before Donald Trump took office. he said he would not run. However, four days later, on January 17, he took the statement back, saying "I'll run if I can walk."

Biden was mentioned by many news outlets as a potential candidate for the 2020 Democratic nomination. In March 2019, he said he may run.

He formally launched his campaign on April 25, 2019.
In April 2020, Biden became the only candidate in the primary making him the presumptive nominee for the nomination. At first, he lost the first three primary contests to Senator Bernie Sanders. After winning the South Carolina primary, he gained traction and won most of the Super Tuesday races.

Biden promised when elected he would protect Roe v. Wade decision, create a public option for health insurance, decriminalization of recreational cannabis, pass the Equality Act, create free community college, and a $1.7 trillion climate plan supporting the Green New Deal. He supports regulation instead of a complete ban on fracking.

In early 2020, Biden promised he would pick a woman as his running mate. He also promised that his first Supreme Court appointment would be a black woman. In August 2020, he picked California U.S. Senator Kamala Harris as his running mate.
On November 3, 2020, FiveThirtyEight's statistical model projected that Biden had a 89% chance to defeat Donald Trump. He defeated Trump in the general election after officially being projected as the winner on November 7, 2020. With more than 81 million votes, Biden received the most votes ever cast for a candidate in a U.S. presidential election. However Trump did not call Biden the winner, refused to say he lost and tried to overturn the election results.

President of the United States

Transition

Biden was elected the 46th President of the United States in November 2020, defeating the incumbent Donald Trump, the first president to lose re-election since George H. W. Bush in 1992.

He became the second non-incumbent vice president to be elected president, and the first Democrat to do so. He became the oldest president at the time of inauguration. He is the first president from Delaware.
At first, General Services Administrator Emily W. Murphy did not say Biden had won the 2020 election. On November 23, however, she recognized Biden as the winner of the 2020 election and authorized the start of a transition process to the Biden administration.

First 100 days

Biden was inaugurated shortly before noon on January 20, 2021 as the 46th president of the United States. At 78, he is the oldest person to become president. He is the second Catholic president (after John F. Kennedy) and the first president whose home state is Delaware.
In his first two days as president, Biden signed 17 executive orders, more than most recent presidents did in their first 100 days. Biden signed more executive orders than any other president since Franklin D. Roosevelt had in their first month in office. His first actions were rejoining the Paris Climate Agreement, ending the state of national emergency at the border with Mexico, rejoining the World Health Organization, a 100-day mandatory face mask requirements on federal property and acts to stop hunger in the United States. His presidency has been focused around his Build Back Better Plan agenda.

On February 4, 2021, he announced that the United States will stop giving weapons to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates for use in the Yemeni Civil War.
In March 2021, when there was an increase in migrants coming to the United States from Mexico, Biden told migrants: "Don't come over." He said that the U.S. was arranging a plan for migrants to "apply for asylum in place", without leaving their original locations. In the meantime, migrant adults "are being sent back", Biden said, in reference to the continuation of the Trump administration's Title 42 policy for quick deportations. Biden earlier announced that his administration would not deport unaccompanied migrant children and told the Federal Emergency Management Agency to help take care of children separated at the border.

On March 23, 2021, all of his cabinet members were confirmed by the United States Senate. Biden is the first president since Ronald Reagan in 1981 to have all of his original Cabinet secretary nominees confirmed to their posts. Two days later, Biden announced that he would run for re-election in the 2024 election.

Rest of 2021
Rest of 2021

On April 22–23, Biden held an international climate summit at which he announced that the US would cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 50%–52% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels.

On April 28, 2021, Biden addressed the United States Congress in his State of the Union Address. Presiding over this joint session was the House Speaker, Nancy Pelosi, and the Vice President of the United States, Kamala Harris as President of the Senate ― the first time two women preside over an address to Congress.

On June 17, Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act, which officially declared Juneteenth a federal holiday. Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday since Martin Luther King Jr. Day was declared a holiday in 1986.
In July 2021, when not many people were getting their COVID-19 vaccine and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, Biden said that the country has "a pandemic for those who haven’t gotten the vaccination". He also criticized the increase of COVID-19 misinformation on social media, saying it was "killing people".

By early July 2021, most of the American troops in Afghanistan were leaving or had left. On August 15, during an offensive by the Taliban, the Afghan government collapsed. Biden reacted by ordering 6,000 American troops to help the evacuation of American personnel and Afghan allies. He has been criticized for the way he handled the withdrawal. He defended his decision to withdraw, saying that Americans should not be "dying in a war that Afghan forces are not willing to fight for themselves", since the "Afghan military collapsed [against the Taliban], sometimes without trying to fight".
In August 2021, the Biden administration pushed for an infrastructure bill that can reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of the United States by 45% by 2030. He would also support lowering taxes for people who invest in renewable energy and electric vehicles and would add a fee on methane emissions. The Senate passed a $1 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill, while the House, also in a bipartisan manner, approved that bill in early November 2021, covering infrastructure related to transport, utilities, and broadband. Biden signed the bill into law in mid-November 2021.

2022

In the start of 2022, Biden's approval ratings were low. He started speaking more in public. Early in the year, Biden supported ending the U.S. Senate filibuster rule to pass a voting rights act.
In January, Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer said he would retire from the Supreme Court. Breyer's retirement gave Biden his first chance to nominate a justice to the Supreme Court. Biden had promised to nominate the court's first black female justice. On February 25, Biden nominated D.C. Appeals Court Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to replace Breyer. She was confirmed on April 7th.

On 24 February, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In response, Biden announced economic sanctions on Russia and Putin.

During 2022, gasoline and other prices rose. Some people blamed Biden's American Rescue Plan for this inflation. Opponents of Biden used "I Did That!" stickers, showed Biden pointing to that phrase, to criticize Biden for high gas prices. In May 2022, there was a nationwide shortage of infant formula.
Biden tested positive for COVID-19 on July 21, 2022. Five days later, he left isolation after testing negative. However, on July 30, he tested positive again and went back to isolation.

On August 1, 2022, Biden announced the death of Al-Qaeda Emir Ayman al-Zawahiri in a U.S.-conducted airstrike that he approved.

On September 2, 2022, in a nationally televised Philadelphia speech, Biden said that Americans are in a "battle for the soul of the nation." He called active Trump supporters "semi-fascists," which Republican commentators criticized.

Republicans were expected to win the 2022 midterm elections. Many commentators thought they would win a large majority in the U.S. House. Some thought the GOP might win the U.S. Senate. However this did not happen. Republicans won a small majority in the U.S. House of Representatives with 222 seats.  Democrats kept control of the U.S. Senate, with 51 seats. They actually gained one Senate seat.
It was the first midterm election since 1934 in which the president's party lost no state legislative chambers. Democrats thanked Biden for their unexpectedly good performance in elections, and he celebrated the results as a strong day for democracy.

2023

On November 2, 2022, while packing files at the Penn Biden Center, Biden's lawyers found classified documents "locked closet". These documents were from when he was Vice President. According to the White House, the documents were reported that day to the U.S. National Archives. On December 20, a second set of classified documents was discovered in the garage of Biden's Wilmington, Delaware home. In January 2023, these discoveries were announced publicly. On January 12, Attorney General Merrick Garland created a special counsel to investigate. On January 20, after a 13-hour search by FBI investigators, six more items marked classified were taken from Biden's Wilmington home.
On February 20, 2023, four days before the one-year anniversary of the start of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Biden visited Kyiv and met with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and First Lady Olena Zelenska. While there, Biden promised more military aid to Ukraine and criticized Vladimir Putin. The trip was unannounced and many people were surprised. Biden became the first sitting U.S. President to go to an active war zone not controlled by the American military since 1864. The last time was Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War.

On April 25, 2023, Biden announced his re-election campaign for the 2024 presidential election.

On September 12, 2023, U.S. House Speaker Kevin McCarthy announced an impeachment inquiry into Biden, alleging corruption and illegal business activities surrounding Hunter Biden.

Allegations of physical misconduct
There have been many photographs of Biden hugging, kissing, and touching women and/or children in what commentators said to be inappropriate. Biden has said that the behavior had got him in trouble in the past.

In March 2019, former Nevada assemblywoman Lucy Flores said that Biden kissed her without consent at a 2014 campaign rally in Las Vegas. Flores wrote that Biden walked up behind her, put his hands on her shoulders, smelled her hair, and kissed the back of her head. In an interview with HuffPost, Flores stated she believed Biden's behavior should force him not to run in 2020. By early April 2019, a total of seven women had made such allegations regarding Biden.

In April 2019, former Biden staffer Tara Reade said that she had felt uncomfortable many times when Biden touched her on her shoulder and neck while working in his Senate office in 1993. In March 2020, Reade said Biden had pushed her against a wall and penetrated her while on Capitol Hill in 1993. Biden denied the allegations.

Personal life
Personal life 

While in college, he married his first wife, Nelia Hunter. They had three children: two sons (Beau and Robert) and a daughter (Naomi). After college, he became a lawyer and served on a County Council, a group of people who run a county. In 1972, Biden's family got into a car accident. Nelia and Naomi were killed, and Beau and Robert were hurt very badly. Both survived the accident. Beau was the Attorney General in Delaware until January 2015 and served as a soldier in Iraq. Beau died from brain cancer on May 30, 2015 in Bethesda, Maryland at the age of 46. Biden thought of resigning as vice president because of his son's death.

Biden married his second wife, Jill Tracy Jacobs Biden, in 1977. She is a teacher and the former Second Lady of the United States. In 1981, they had a daughter, Ashley, who is now a social worker. In 1988, Biden suffered from bleeding in his brain and needed brain surgery twice. Because of what he saw in his family and neighborhood, Biden does not drink alcohol.
Biden lives just outside of Wilmington, Delaware and often goes there on the weekends since becoming president. , the Bidens were worth $9 million, mainly because of Biden's book sales and speaking fees after his vice presidency.

Health
In February 1988, Biden had surgery to help heal a brain aneurysm. While recuperating, he had a pulmonary embolism and recovered a few months later. In November 2020, while playing with his two dogs Champ and Major, he suffered a stress fracture in his foot and was hospitalized. In July 2022, it was revealed that Biden had some "non-melanoma skin cancers" removed before he became president. That same month, he was diagnosed with COVID-19.

Awards and honors

Biden has received honorary degrees from
the University of Scranton (1976),
Saint Joseph's University (1981),
Widener University School of Law (2000),
Emerson College (2003),
his alma mater the University of Delaware (2004),
Suffolk University Law School (2005), and his other alma mater Syracuse University (2009).
Biden got the Chancellor Medal from his alma mater, Syracuse University, in 1980. In 2005, he got the George Arents Pioneer Medal—Syracuse's highest alumni award—"for excellence in public affairs."

In 2008, Biden got the Best of Congress Award, for "improving the American quality of life through family-friendly work policies," from Working Mother magazine.
Also in 2008, Biden shared with fellow Senator Richard Lugar the Hilal-i-Pakistan award from the Government of Pakistan, "in recognition of their consistent support for Pakistan." In 2009, Biden got The Golden Medal of Freedom award from Kosovo, that region's highest award, for his vocal support for their independence in the late 1990s.

Biden is an member of the Delaware Volunteer Firemen's Association Hall of Fame.

In 2017, during his final days as president, Barack Obama awarded Biden the Presidential Medal of Freedom with distinction.

In 2020, Biden and his Vice President Kamala Harris were named Time Person of the Year.
Related pages 
 President of the United States

References

Other websites

 White House official biography
 
 Senate campaign website (archived)
 
 
 

1942 births
Living people
 
1984 United States presidential candidates
1988 United States presidential candidates
2008 United States presidential candidates
2020 United States presidential candidates
2024 United States presidential candidates
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Lawyers from Pennsylvania
American Roman Catholics
Politicians from Scranton, Pennsylvania
Current national leaders
Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware
United States senators from Delaware
2008 United States vice-presidential candidates
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Writers from Wilmington, Delaware
Writers from Pennsylvania
Wikipedia semi-protected pages
Lawyers from Delaware
Former good articles
Democrats (United States)
The postal codes of Swiss cantons:
 1xxx - Region Western Switzerland (South)
 10xx - Region Lausanne, Echallens (North-West)
 11xx - Region Morges, Rolle
 12xx - Canton of Geneva and Region Nyon
 13xx - Region between Lausanne and Yverdon, Jura side (Cossonay, Orbe, Vallorbe)
 14xx - Yverdon, Estavayer-le-Lac (VD/FR)
 15xx - Moudon, Lucens, Avenches (VD/FR)
 16xx - Romont, Bulle (VD/FR)
 17xx - Region Fribourg to Lake Murten (Münchenwiler)
 18xx - Eastern shore of Lake Geneva (Vevey, Montreux), Chablais (Aigle, Monthey, St. Maurice VD/VS)
 19xx - Lower Valais (Martigny, Sion) without Region Sierre
 2xxx - Region Western Switzerland (North)
 20xx - Region Neuchâtel
 21xx - Val de Travers NE
 22xx - Upper Val de Ruz,
 23xx - La Chaux-de-Fonds, Franches-Montagnes
 24xx - Le Locle, La Sagne
 25xx - Region Biel/Bienne, Lake Biel, Grenchen
 26xx - Vallon de St. Imier
 27xx - Bernese Jura (Tavannes, Tramelan, Moutier, Franches Montagnes)
 28xx - Delémont
 29xx - Ajoie (Porrentruy)
 3xxx - Region Berne/Upper Valais
30xx - City of Bern and agglomeration
 31xx - Southern agglomeration of Berne
 32xx - Seeland (Aarberg, Ins, Kerzers, Lyss)
 33xx - Region between Berne and Solothurn
 34xx - Region Burgdorf, Oberaargau (except Langenthal)
 35xx - Emmental
 36xx - Region Thun
 37xx - Region Spiez, Simmental
 38xx - Region Interlaken, Haslital
 39xx - Upper Valais with region Sierre, Crans Montana
 4xxx - Region Basel
 40xx - City of Basel
 41xx - Leimental, Birstal, Riehen, Bettingen, Pratteln
 42xx - Laufental, Schwarzbubenland
 43xx - Western Fricktal (Rheinfelden, Stein AG)
 44xx - Basel-Country
 45xx - Region Solothurn
 46xx - Region Olten
 47xx - Region Oensingen, Balsthal
 48xx - Region Zofingen
 49xx - Region Langenthal
 5xxx - Region Aarau
 50xx - City of Aarau and Region, eastern Fricktal (Frick, Laufenburg)
 51xx - Region Wildegg, Schinznach
 52xx - Region Brugg, Mettauertal
 53xx - Region Turgi to Koblenz
 54xx - Region Baden, Wettingen
 55xx - Region Mellingen
56xx - Region Lenzburg, Wohlen, Bremgarten, Muri (Freiamt)
 57xx - Region Kulm, Beinwil, Kölliken, Safenwil
 6xxx - Region Central Switzerland (Innerschweiz), Tessin
 60xx - Region Lucerne, Obwalden
 61xx - Entlebuch, Willisau
 62xx - Region Sempach, Sursee, Hochdorf
 63xx - Canton of Zug, Nidwalden
 64xx - Canton of Schwyz (except Ausserschwyz), Canton of Uri
 65xx - Region Bellinzona, Misox, Val Calanca (GR)
 66xx - Locarno, Valle Maggia, Val Verzasca
 67xx - Leventina, Val Blenio
 68xx - Mendrisotto
 69xx - Region Lugano
 7xxx - Region Graubünden
 70xx - Chur, Schanfigg (Arosa), Domat/Ems, Flims
 71xx - Bündner Oberland
 72xx - Prättigau, Davos
 73xx - Bündner Herrschaft, Landquart, Sargans
 74xx - Hinterrhein, Albula
 75xx - Engadin, Val Müstair
 76xx - Bergell
 77xx - Poschiavo
 8xxx - Region Zürich
 80xx - City of Zürich
 81xx - Region Zürcher Unterland
 82xx - Region Schaffhausen, Kreuzlingen
 83xx - Kloten, Zürcher Oberland, Hinwil, Hinterthurgau
 84xx - Region Winterthur, Tösstal
85xx - Region Frauenfeld, Weinfelden, Amriswil, Romanshorn
 86xx - Region Dübendorf, Zürcher Oberland, See (SG)
 87xx - Region Right shore of Lake Zürich, Gaster/See (SG), Canton Glarus
 88xx - Region Linkes Zürichseeufer, Ausserschwyz (March, Höfe, Einsiedeln SZ), Glarner Unterland, Sarganserland/Lake Walen
 89xx - Region Limmattal, Albis, Knonauer Amt, Kelleramt (eastermost Aargau)
 9xxx - Region Eastern Switzerland (Ostschweiz)
 90xx - Region St. Gallen, Appenzell
 91xx - Region Herisau
 92xx - Region Gossau, Flawil, Uzwil, Bischofszell
 93xx - Region Arbon
 94xx - Region Rorschach, Rheintal, Liechtenstein
 95xx - Region Wil
 96xx - Toggenburg
Courtételle is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 http://www.courtetelle.ch
 

Municipalities in Delémont
Delémont (German: Delsberg) is the capital of the Swiss canton of Jura. The city has about 12,000 people there since 2004.

References

Other websites 

 http://www.delemont.ch
 http://www.jura.ch/musees/arthist.htm  

Capital cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Delémont
Mr. Men is a series of 52 children's books by Roger Hargreaves started in 1971. Little Miss was another series of 39 books by the same author with female characters that started in 1981. After Hargreaves died in 1988, his son, Adam Hargreaves, began writing and illustrating new stories about the Mr. Men and Little Miss characters. He created ten new characters; four of them were inspired by work Roger Hargreaves had produced before his death.

List of Characters

Special Characters
 Mr. Nobody
 Wilfred the Wizard
 Grandfather Clock

Advertising
 Mr. Stupid [and made in figerines]
 Mr. Spendy (Huddersfield & Bradford Building Society)
 Mr. Thrifty (Appeared in Mr. Spendy)
 Mr. Beefeater

Series of books
English children's books
English-language television programs
Fictional_characters_introduced_in_1971
1971 books
Mélodie is the French word for “melody”. The word is used in music to mean songs written by French composers of classical music from the mid-19th century to the present. The mélodie in French music is similar to the Lied in German music. "Mélodie" is not the same as chanson (the French word for “song”). The word "chanson" is used for folksongs or popular songs.

History

In Germany composers of classical music had been writing great songs from about 1800, but in France the mélodie became important about 50 years later. While some German Lieder were based on folksong, the texts of the mélodies were usually poems by serious poets. 

Hector Berlioz was the first composer to call some of his compositions mélodies. His Les Nuits d'Été (1841) is one of the greatest of all song cycles. Charles Gounod wrote about 200 mélodies. He used texts by famous poets such as Hugo.

Gabriel Fauré wrote more than 100 mélodies, many based on poems by Verlaine.
Henri Duparc wrote seventeen mélodies.  These are what he is known for.

Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel were very famous composers who wrote a lot of music, including mélodies that are often sung today. Ravel’s melodies are unusual because they are often based on folksong. Other composers of mélodie at the time include Albert Roussel, Reynaldo Hahn and André Caplet.

Mélodies continue to be composed today, though perhaps the last really popular composer of them was Francis Poulenc, who died in 1963.

Performing mélodies
In the French mélodie the poet’s feelings are often suggested or hinted at rather than stated in an obvious way. There is a very close relationship between the text (words) and the melody. To sing mélodie really well a singer must know the French language very well and understand a lot about French poetry. The rules about singing in the French language can be quite complicated. It is important to know when to let the last sound of a word run into the next word (elision). Several books have been written about this.

Although many famous singers are well known for singing French mélodie, the most famous singer from the past was Pierre Bernac. He gave many song recitals with the composer Francis Poulenc who accompanied him on the piano. He wrote a book on how to sing mélodies.

Song forms
Stage6 was a video sharing website. It was similar to other websites like YouTube because it let users upload, view, and share video clips. Unlike many other video sharing sites, Stage6 allowed users to upload better quality videos and very large file sizes. There are few upload limitations, and visitors could download videos easily through the website.

History 

Stage6 was a video sharing community, where users could upload and share their video clips and stream them in high quality because the video clips were -encoded with DivX and Xvid video codecs. 

Unfortunately the website never got a chance to go grow beyond beta status and was shut down by DivX Inc. On February 29, 2008 because DivX was unable to support Stage6. 

On June 2008, CNET had stated that Stage6 was one of the greatest defunct websites in history.