Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Justinian proved to be a strong and effective leader in many ways. He significantly enlarged the empire’s borders. Within those boundaries, he made significant advances in government, construction, and law. He reformed the Byzantine government in order to increase efficiency and eliminate corruption.  Justinian also embarked on a large-scale construction project. He oversaw the construction of the Hagia Sophia, a church in Constantinople that is now regarded as a masterpiece of Byzantine architecture. He also supported numerous other civic projects in the city, including a magnificent new Senate building.
Justinian was a devout Christian who was actively involved in religious matters. He punished those found to be heretics, including Jews. He forbade Jews from erecting or reading the Bible in Hebrew, for example. Justinian also worked hard to reconcile the early church's differences of opinion. For example, different groups within the church held opposing views on whether Jesus Christ was fully divine (having the nature of a god) and should be worshiped as an equal to God. This disagreement persisted long after Justinian's death. 

Justinian's legal reform was far more successful. He reorganized and standardized complicated Roman laws, and had the remaining laws written down clearly and logically in a single work known as the Code of Justinian. This remarkable work served as the foundation of European law until modern times.

Other websites
Other websites 

 The Anekdota ("Secret history") of Procopius in English translation.
 The Buildings of Procopius in English translation.
 The Roman Law Library by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev 
 Lecture series covering 12 Byzantine Rulers, including Justinian  - by Lars Brownworth

482 births
565 deaths
Byzantine emperors

References
Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, about 245 to about 312) was Roman Emperor from 20 November 284 to 11 May 305. He was born in Dalmatia of poor parents. Diocletian ended the period known as the Crisis of the Third Century (235–284). He worked to return Rome to its former glory by making changes in key areas.

Religion: He persecuted Christians, crucifying more than any other emperor. He imposed the traditional polytheistic religion of the Romans.

Economy: Recognizing a gold drain from the western Mediterranean to the east, he tried to stop the inflation of the region by legislation. This did not work. He decreed that coins could only be made of gold or silver, stopping the trend of using lead in their creation. He made the tax system work better.
Military: Diocletian changed the army from the traditional garrison defense. He put small outposts of soldiers on the border. He got local soldiers from the border regions along the Rhine and Danube rivers. These soldiers farmed and lived with their families in a village atmosphere. They lit signal fires on signal towers to warn other outposts of possible invasion by Germans from across the border. These outpost soldiers got regular pay from Rome for their services. He allowed soldiers to move up through the ranks by "military credits" earned by years of loyal service and by actions on the field of battle.

Political structure 
Diocletian established a form of government known as the tetrarchy. In this, the Empire was organised into four parts, each ruled by a co-emperor. Diocletian took charge of the eastern empire. The senior co-emperor was Maximian Augustus, a fellow officer. He took charge of the western empire. Later, two junior co-emperors were added: Galerius and Constantius Chlorus.
Finally, in 305, the two senior emperors abdicated and retired, and the two juniors rose to the rank of Augustus. They in turn were supported by two juniors: Severus II in the west under Constantius, and Maximinus in the east under Galerius. In this way, the Tetrarchy showed how it could reproduce itself.

Illyria 
These men were from the Roman province of Illyria, several in the city of Sirmium, which would become one of the four capitals under this system. From the time of Domitian (81–96), when over half the Roman army was deployed in the Danubian regions, the Illyrian provinces had been the most important recruiting ground of the auxilia and later the legions.

In the 3rd century, Romanised Illyrians came to dominate the army's senior officer echelons. Ultimately, the Illyrian officer class seized control of the state itself.
Regions and capitals
The four Tetrarchs based themselves not at Rome but in other cities closer to the frontiers, mainly intended as headquarters for the defence of the empire. They faced Persia and the Germanic tribes. Also, there were many tribes from the eastern steppe which presented at the Rhine and Danube.

The four centres are known as the 'Tetrarchic capitals'. Although Rome ceased to be the operational capital, it was still the nominal capital of the entire empire. It had its own Prefect of the City, an idea later copied in Constantinople. The four Tetrarchic capitals were:
Nicomedia in northwestern Asia Minor (modern Izmit in Turkey), a base for defence against invasion from the Balkans and Persia's Sassanids was the capital of Diocletian, the eastern (and most senior) Augustus. In the final reorganisation by Constantine the Great, in 318, the domain, facing Sassanid Persia, became the pretorian prefecture Oriens 'the East', the core of later Byzantium.
Sirmium (modern Sremska Mitrovica) in the Vojvodina region of modern Serbia, and near Belgrade, on the Danube border, was the capital of Galerius, the eastern Caesar; this was to become the Balkans-Danube prefecture Illyricum.
Mediolanum (modern Milan, near the Alps) was the capital of Maximian, the western Augustus; his domain became "Italia et Africa", with only a short exterior border.
Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier, in Germany) was the capital of Constantius Chlorus, the western Caesar, near the strategic Rhine border, it had been the capital of Gallic emperor Tetricus I; this quarter became the prefecture Galliae.
Aquileia, a port on the Adriatic coast, and Eboracum (modern York, in northern England near the Scottish tribes), were also significant centres for Maximian and Constantius respectively.

In terms of regional jurisdiction there was no precise division between the four Tetrarchs, and this period did not see the Roman state actually split up into four distinct sub-empires. Each emperor had his zone of influence within the Roman Empire, but little more, mainly high command in a 'war theatre'. Each Tetrarch was himself often in the field, while delegating most of the administration to the hierarchic bureaucracy headed by his respective Praetorian Prefect, each supervising several Vicarii, the governors-general in charge of another new administrative level, the civil diocese. 
For a listing of the provinces, now known as eparchy, within each quarter (known as a praetorian prefecture), see Roman province.
In the West, the Augustus Maximian controlled the provinces west of the Adriatic Sea and the Syrtis, and within that region his Caesar, Constantius, controlled Gaul and Britain. In the East, the arrangements between the Augustus Diocletian and his Caesar, Galerius, were much more flexible.

Retirement and death 
Diocletian's reforms fundamentally changed the structure of Roman imperial government, and stabilized the empire economically and militarily. This helped the empire to remain intact for another hundred years, despite having seemed near the brink of collapse in Diocletian's youth.

Weakened by illness, Diocletian left the imperial office on 1 May 305, and became the first Roman emperor to voluntarily abdicate the position. He lived out his retirement in his palace on the Dalmatian coast, tending to his vegetable gardens. His palace eventually became the core of the modern-day city of Split.
Maximian attempted to return to power.  Diocletian ordered him to step down permanently.  Finally, Maximian was forced to commit suicide and the tetrarchy began to unravel . Diocletian despaired and died in 311, possibly of suicide.

Other websites 
 Diocletian by Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina.
 Diocletian from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
 12 Byzantine Rulers , by Lars Brownworth. 15 minute audio lecture on Diocletian.
 Diocletian Palace in Split
 Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia By Robert Adam, 1764. Wonderful plates made available worldwide by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center. (N.B. "Spalatro" was a less used alternative form of "Spalato", the Italian name for Croatian "Split").

References 

240s births
310s deaths
3rd-century Roman emperors
4th-century Roman emperors
Riku is a Finnish and Japanese given name:

 Riku (singer) (born 1988), Australian R&B/Hiphop singer
 Riku (Kingdom Hearts), fictional character from the Kingdom Hearts video game series by Disney and Square Enix
 Riku Hahl (born 1980), Finnish NHL hockey player
 Riku Harada, fictional character from the anime and manga D.N.Angel
 Riku Helenius (born 1988), Finnish NHL hockey player
 Riku Kiri (born 1963), Finnish sportsman
 Riku Kitazawa, fictional character from the manga Gravitation EX
 Riku Lätti (born 1973), South African singer, songwriter and writer
 Riku Sanjo (born 1964), Japanese mangaka
 Rikku (or Ryukku) (リュック) — a video game character from Final Fantasy X
The Huns were an early group of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomadic people.  They moved into Europe around 370, and in the 5th century, built an empire there under Attila the Hun. After Attila's death in 453, the empire fell apart.

References

Further reading 
Note:These may not be written in Basic English. 
 Otto J. Mänchen-Helfen: The Legend of the Origin of the Huns (published in Byzantion, vol. XVII, 1944-45, pp. 244–251)
 E. A. Thompson: A History of Attila and the Huns (London, Oxford University Press, 1948)
 J. Webster: The Huns and Existentialist Thought (Loudonville, Siena College Press, 2006)
 Coinage and History of the White Huns- Waleed Ziad- Articles from the 'Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society', 2004-2006 
 The History Files Europe: The Origins of the Huns, based on conversations with Kemal Cemal, Turkey, 2002

Ethnic groups in Asia
Eurasian nomads
The Visigoths (Western Goths) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths were the other). Both were among the loosely-defined Germanic tribes that fought the Roman Empire during the Migration Period. 

Most famously, a Visigothic force, led by King Alaric I, succeeded in storming Rome in 410 AD. Later Visigothic kings ruled southern Gaul, and Hispania after they had taken it from the Alans and the Vandals.

After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the Visigoths played a major role in southwestern Europe for another 250 years and adopted Roman culture and clothing.

Other websites 
 Visigothic Law Code: text. The preface was written in 1908 and should be read with reservations.
The Turkic peoples are a group of peoples. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic family. A Turkic person is called a Turk and mainly come from these independent states: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan.

However there are Turks in many places. Today, most people in Central Asia are Turks. Many Turks live in Siberia, the Caucasus area, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.

Turkic people can sometimes understand each other during communication because of their language being connected to Turkic and having the same words.

Pictures

Related pages 
 Turkic languages

References
Events 
 Roman Emperor Trajan completes his invasion of Parthia by capturing the cities of Seleucia, Babylon, Ctesiphon and Susa, marking the high-water mark of the Roman Empire's eastern expansion.
 Trajan removes Osroes I as king of Parthia, and appoints his son Parthamaspates in his place. Parthamaspates Romanizes his name to Parthicus.
 A Jewish uprising against Rome fails.

Births 
 Empress Liang Na
Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Nerva Traianus, 18 September 53 – 9 August 117) was Roman Emperor from 98 to 117. 

Born in the province of Hispania Baetica into an Italic family, Trajan rose to prominence during the reign of emperor Domitian. Serving as a general in the Roman army along the German frontier, Trajan successfully put down the revolt of Antonius Saturninus in 89.

In September 96, Domitian was succeeded by Nerva, an old and childless senator who proved to be unpopular with the army. After a brief and tumultuous year in power, a revolt by members of the Praetorian Guard compelled him to adopt the more popular Trajan as his heir and successor. Nerva died on 27 January 98, and was succeeded by Trajan without incident.

Trajan as Emperor 
As a civilian administrator, Trajan is best known for his extensive public building program which reshaped the city of Rome and left multiple enduring landmarks such as Trajan's Forum, Trajan's Market and Trajan's Column.
Early in his reign he annexed Nabataea (between the Arabian and Sinai peninsulas), creating the province of Arabia Petraea. His conquest of Dacia enriched the empire greatly - the new province possessed many valuable gold mines. His war against the Parthian Empire ended with the sack of its capital Ctesiphon and the annexation of Armenia and Mesopotamia. His campaigns expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent.

In late 117, while sailing back to Rome, Trajan fell ill and died of a stroke in the city of Selinus. He was deified by the Senate, and succeeded by his adopted son Hadrian.
As an emperor, Trajan's reputation has endured — he is one of the few rulers whose reputation has survived nineteen centuries. Every new emperor after him was honoured by the Senate with the prayer felicior Augusto, melior Traiano, meaning "may he be luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan". Among medieval Christian theologians, Trajan was considered a "virtuous pagan", while the 18th century historian Edward Gibbon popularized the notion of the Five Good Emperors, of which Trajan was the second.

References 

53 births
117 deaths
1st-century Roman emperors
2nd-century Roman emperors
In Greek mythology, the Amazons (, Amazónes, singular , Amazōn) were a tribe of warrior women. The Amazons as they appear in myth may have been inspired by warrior women among the Scythians and Sarmatians. Their place of residence was the subject of much dispute: according to both Herodotus and Strabo, these warrior women lived on the banks of the river Thermodon, by the Black Sea, while Diodorus states that, prior to the ones by the Black Sea, there lived a different tribe of Amazons in the region of Libya. The Amazons were said to have founded several cities and temples found in Smyrna, Sinope, Cyme, Gryne, Ephesus, Pitania, Magnesia, Clete, Pygela, Latoreria and Amastris; according to legend, the Amazons were the ones who invented the cavalry.

References

Other websites 
 Herodotus on the Amazons
 Herodotus via Gutenberg
 Perseus

People in Greek mythology
Würzburg can mean:

Würzburg, a city in the German state of Bavaria. 
Würzburger Kickers, a football team in Würzburg
Tamara "Tammy" Faye Messner (March 7, 1942 - July 20, 2007) was an American Christian singer, evangelist, entrepreneur, author, talk show host, and television personality. She was born in International Falls, Minnesota. 

Messner was a contestant in the second season of The Surreal Life.

Messner died of colon cancer in Loch Lloyd, Missouri.

1942 births
2007 deaths
American television talk show hosts
Cancer deaths in Missouri
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Singers from Minnesota
The Surreal Life participants
Sapphire is a type of the mineral corundum, an aluminium oxide (Al2O3).   Sapphires are the same as rubies, except that they are not red.

Sapphire can be found in the ground or it can be made in large crystal. Blue sapphires are the most famous kind, but they can be many different colors, like amber and orange. 
 
Sapphires have a long history. Tradition says that the tablets of the Ten Commandments were made of sapphire, so strong a hammer could not break them, and would break instead if it hit them. The ancient Persians believed that the earth sat on a big sapphire and that the big sapphire made the sky blue.

A lot of ancient people thought rubies made people calm down, as well as cure their bruises.
 
Sapphires have been used by kings and queens for a long time as a symbol of luck, virtue, wisdom, and holiness.  Princess Diana and Princess Anne both received sapphire engagement rings and the British Crown Jewels are full of large blue sapphires, the symbol of kind and wise rulers.
Sapphires represent September. It symbolizes telling the truth and doing what you said you would.

Sapphire is actually just corundum and is one of the hardest minerals on the hardness scale.  Since sapphire is the second hardest mineral in the hardness scale, it is sometimes used as a polishing tool. 

This mineral is found in gem gravel deposits. These deposits are formed from the heat of metamorphic or igneous rock plateaus. The places where sapphire is formed abundantly are Myanmar, Thailand, India and Sri Lanka. The most costly and beautiful sapphires are shipped from Kashmir, India.  In other words, sapphire is mostly found in Asia. Recent findings of sapphire have taken place in Australia, Kenya, and Tanzania. 

Sapphire was the first mineral to be lab grown in a strategy called "flame fusion". Another strategy, slightly harder to use, "flux growth" was used to lab grow sapphire.
Heating yellow, light yellow, or colorless sapphire from 1500-1900oc can turn into a dark yellow, gold, golden brown, orange, or a reddish brown colored sapphire. There is a specific kind of sapphire called Star sapphires have whitish pieces of rutile or silk as some call it. Star sapphires can be heated to remove the blue color of sapphire and can be heated even more to get the blue color back and remove the white silk.

References 
U of Texas. "corundum." ruby and sapphire notes. U of Texas, 24 Aug. 2012. Web. 
30 Oct. 2012. <http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/347k/redesign/gem_notes/ 
corundum/corundum_triple_frame.htm>.

Gait, Robert I. "Sapphire." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2012.Web. 4 Dec. 2012.

Gemstones
Birthstones
Anne Jacqueline Hathaway (born November 12, 1982) is an American movie and stage actress. She has won many awards including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, a Golden Globe Award, and a Primetime Emmy Award.

Career 
Hathaway became famous for her leading role in The Princess Diaries. and its sequel. Following this, she appeared in several family movies in the early 2000s. She made a transition into adult films with her roles in the 2005 drama Brokeback Mountain and the comedy-drama The Devil Wears Prada (2006). 

She has since starred in many films including Tim Burton's 2010 Alice in Wonderland, The Dark Knight Rises, Les Misérables and The Devil Wears Prada. She has also done voice acting in movies including Rio.

Life 
Anne Hathaway was born in New York City. Her mother is a former actress. She was raised as a Roman Catholic. Hathaway has spoken about her depression when she was a teenager.
Marriage and children 
Hathaway married actor and businessman Adam Shulman on September 29, 2012. They have two children.

Public image 

Forbes reported that Hathaway was one of the world's highest-paid actresses in 2015. In 2009, she was included on Forbes' annual Celebrity 100 list with earnings of $7 million. As of July 2018, her films have grossed $6.7 billion worldwide. She has also done several advertising campaigns for brands.

Activisim and political opinions 
Anne Hathaway supports abortion rights, gun control, immigrant rights, gender equality, same-sex marriage and racial equality. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, she donated money to charities helping Ukrainians.

Filmography

Movies

Television

Stage

References

Other websites
1982 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Former Roman Catholics
American LGBT rights activists
Musicians from Brooklyn
Fear Factor is an American stunt/dare reality game show. It was created by Endemol Netherlands. The program was first aired on June 11, 2001.

About the show 
The original Dutch version of the program was called Now or Neverland. When Endemol USA and NBC changed it to be shown in America in 2001, they changed the name to Fear Factor. Fear Factor has many different versions which are shown in different countries.
The program has contestants compete against each other in a series of stunts. The person who finishes better and/or quicker than all the other contestants gets a prize of US$50,000. For the first five years the program was made, the contestants were usually three men and three women. Each person played for themselves. In the sixth year, the show changed. They started using four teams of two people. The members of each team had some relationship with one another, for example Father-daughter, Husband-wife, or friends. Each team played for a shared prize of the same amount. Fear Factor is hosted by comedian Joe Rogan and executive produced by Matt Kunitz. The main music for the program is composed and written by Russ Landau. Other music used on the show is made from rhythmic themes most notably taken from the popular game Half-Life.
Fear Factor was an attempt by NBC to compete with the successful series, Survivor. The program was very popular for the network in the summer of 2001. It had strong ratings for the next couple of years, but in later years, the ratings were not as good. In 2006, Fear Factor was being shown at the same time as TV ratings champion, the Fox talent series American Idol on Tuesday nights. It did not get good ratings during this time. During the sixth season, NBC decided to not show the program for the rest of the year to make room for the sitcom Joey. That series was only shown for a few weeks. NBC canceled Fear Factor in May of 2006. The network began showing the remaining episodes of the sixth season on June 13, 2006. These episodes were shown throughout the summer. In 2004, Fear Factor became the first network reality show to be syndicated. Over its six seasons, Fear Factor earned NBC a reported $600 million from selling advertising during the program.
On May 31, 2011, NBC announced that Fear Factor would be revived for a new season. Eight episodes, two of which were 30 minutes long, were ordered. Rogan returned as host of the show. The revival began on December 12, 2011. On May 13, 2012, NBC announced the cancellation of the show. The last episode aired on July 16, 2012.

References

Other websites 
 Official Fear Factor website
 UK Gameshows Page: Fear Factor (about the UK version)
 Fear Factor - France on TF1 
 Fear Factor India
 Fear Factor Turkey 

American reality television series
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
Joe Rogan (born August 11, 1967) is an American podcaster, commentator, comedian, and actor. He has a podcast and YouTube show called The Joe Rogan Experience. A lot of the people that he has interviewed on it are known for being controversial people on the Internet and are called the Intellectual Dark Web. Rogan hosted a debate about Internet censorship between Tim Pool and Jack Dorsey. He has also interviewed people with controversial ideas about the vaccine for Covid-19. 

Rogan is also a color commentator for the Ultimate Fighting Championship. He holds a Brown Belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Eddie Bravo and Jean Jacques Machado.

He played the role of Joe Garrelli in NewsRadio and hosted the television game/reality program Fear Factor.

Rogan has been described as a libertarian. He self-identifies as socially liberal, supporting same-sex marriage, gay rights, women’s rights, recreational drug use, universal healthcare, and universal basic income. Despite this, he is a gun rights advocate.

References
References

1967 births
Living people
Actors from Newark, New Jersey
American game show hosts
American martial artists
American television actors
American television presenters
Comedians from Newark, New Jersey
Participants in American reality television series
Podcasters
Television personalities from New Jersey
Libertarians
Endemol was a media company based in the Netherlands that produced programs for television. The company had subsidiaries and joint ventures in 23 countries. These countries included the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Mexico, Spain, Italy, Germany, Argentina, Poland, Netherlands, India, South Africa, Lebanon, Morocco and Australia among others.

Endemol was founded in 1994 with the combining of the television companies owned by Joop van den Ende and John de Mol. The name of the company comes from the combination of their surnames (Ende + Mol). The company is best known for making reality programs. One of its best known programs is the reality series Big Brother. This series has over 40 different version which are shown in over 100 countries. The company also makes many different game shows such as Deal or No Deal, Fear Factor and Anime de Training EX. It also creates the popular series Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.
Endemol was bought by Shine Group (a joint-venture between The Walt Disney Company and Apollo Global Management) and was headquartered in the Netherlands in 2015 ad Endemol Shine Group.

References

Other websites 
 Endemol
 Endemol USA Website 
 Endemol UK website
 Deal or No Deal Official website by Endemol

1994 establishments in the Netherlands
Entertainment companies
Companies of the Netherlands
Amsterdam
Hilversum
The Hilton Hotels brand was re-united internationally after more than 40 years in February 2006, when United States-based Hilton Hotels Corporation purchased the lodging arm of United Kingdom-based Hilton Group PLC, which had acquired Hilton's international operations in 1987 (the companies had been severed originally in 1966).

Hilton Hotels became America's first coast-to-coast hotel chain in 1943. The company places marketing emphasis on business travel, but owns and operates a number of resorts and leisure-oriented hotels as well.

As of April 2007, the chain has 229 Hilton branded hotels across the world and has partnerships with many airlines and car rental companies.

Hilton Hotels & Resorts is the flagship brand of Hilton and one of the largest hotel chains in the world.
The company focuses on business and recreational tourists, so it has hotels in the centers of major cities, near airports, conference centers, as well as in popular vacation destinations around the world. Hilton Hotels & Resorts participates in Hilton Honors, a guest loyalty program of Hilton. Program members who book rooms directly through Hilton services receive exclusive discounts and benefits, such as free Wi-Fi, digital registration, keyless room access and the ability to choose any number you like using the Hilton Honors mobile app.

Gallery of Hilton Hotels buildings around the world

References

Companies based in Virginia
American hotel chains
Emily Jordan Osment (born March 10, 1992 Los Angeles, California) is an American actress and singer. She is most famous for her roles of Gerti Giggles in the Spy Kids trilogy, and Lilly Truscott in Hannah Montana. The younger brother of former child actor Haley Joel Osment, actress/vocalist Emily Osment launched her career at a young age, having landed a role in the 1999 film The Secret Life of Girls when she was only seven years old. The Los Angeles native furthered her career by also appearing in Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over, and the Disney Channel series Hannah Montana, where she enjoyed a recurring role as Lily Truscott. Osment also tried her hand at singing, kicking off that aspect of her career by performing alongside Billy Ray Cyrus on his 2007 album Home at Lastand contributing a song to the soundtrack of R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour: Don't Think About It, in which she also starred
. After making appearances on several Disney compilations, she began voicing a desire to tackle more rock-influenced music, and writing sessions with members of Eve 6 and Plain White T's helped her compile enough material for her debut EP, 2009's All the Right Wrongs. Osment switched directions for her full-length debut, though, leaving rock music behind and embracing electronic dance-pop on 2010's Fight or Flight.
Other websites 

1992 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Disney actors
Electropop singers
Kerry Jayne Elizabeth Katona (born 6 September 1980 in Warrington, Cheshire, England) is an English television presenter, magazine columnist, actress and former pop singer with girl group Atomic Kitten.

She was a contestant on the sixth series of ''Dancing on Ice in 2011. She finished in second place in the 2011 UK series of Celebrity Big Brother. 

In 2006, Katona was diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

References

Other websites 

1980 births
Living people
Actors from Cheshire
Big Brother contestants
Dancing on Ice participants
English movie actors
English pop singers
English television actors
Musicians from Cheshire
People from Warrington
People with bipolar disorder
Reality television participants
Television personalities from Cheshire
Atomic Kitten is an English girl group from Liverpool. The people in the band are Liz "Lil" McClarnon, Natasha "Tash" Hamilton, and Jenny Frost - who replaced original member Kerry Katona in January 2001. Atomic Kitten has sold over 12 million albums and 8 million singles around the world. Many of their singles and albums, such as: "Right Now," "Whole Again," "Eternal Flame," "The Tide Is High," and "Ladies Night are in the top 40 charts of many countries. The group reformed in 2012, with Katona and without Frost.

1990s British music groups
1998 establishments in England
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
British girl groups
English pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical groups from Liverpool
Warrington is a large town and borough within the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It sits beside the West Coast Mainline, the M6, M56 and M62 motorways, and alongside the Manchester Ship Canal. 

Towns in Cheshire
Unitary authorities
Darin was the first place runner-up in the Swedish Idol 2004, acquiring a fanbase primarily of teenage girls. Darin lives in Vällingby outside of Stockholm. He is of Kurdish heritage, and he speaks Central Kurdish. He won the Kurd of the year award in 2005 presented by Swedish Minister for Public Health and Social Services Morgan Johansson. Darin released his first album in February 2005, with songs by Swedish hit maker Max Martin and Swedish artist Robyn. The same year he released his 2nd album “Darin” which went platinum and provided him even more success than his debut album. At the end of 2006, Darin released his 3rd album “Break the News”. It went straight to number 1 in the chart and went gold the first day. Following his success in Sweden, Darin signed a new deal with EMI Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Zanyar currently has an entry in the Melodifestivalen 2010 in hopes of representing Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo
. Today he is one Sweden's best selling artists with 7 number one albums. In 2018 Darin was the most played artist on radio in all of Sweden, thanks to his songs "Tvillingen" and "Astronaut". The following year he held his first arena tour in Stockholm Globen, Gothenburg Scandinavium and Malmö Malmö Arena.
Albums
The Anthem (2005)
Darin (2005)
Break the News (2006)
Flashback (2008)
Lovekiller (2010)
Exit (2013)
Fjärilar i magen (2015)
Tvillingen (2017)
Singles
 2005 – "Money for Nothing"
 2005 – "Why Does It Rain"
 2005 – "Step Up"
 2005 – "Who's That Girl"
 2005 – "Want Ya!"
 2006 – "Perfect"
 2006 – "Everything But The Girl"
 2006 – "Desire"
 2007 – "Insanity"
 2008 – "Breathing Your Love" feat. Kat DeLuna
 2008 – "See U At The Club"
 2008 – "Runaway"
 2008 – "What If"[förtydliga]
 2009 – "Viva La Vida"
 2010 – "You're Out Of My Life"
 2010 – "Can't Stop Love"
 2010 – "Lovekiller"
 2010 – "Microphone"
 2012 – "Nobody Knows"
 2012 – "Stockholm"
 2012 – "En Apa Som Liknar Dig"
 2012 – "I Can't Get You Off My Mind"
 2012 – "Astrologen"
 2012 – "Seven Days a Week"
 2013 – "Playing With Fire"
 2013 – "So Yours"
 2013 – "Check You Out"
 2014 – "Dream Away" feat. Eagle-Eye Cherry
 2014 – "All Our Babies" feat. Sophie Zelmani
 2014 – "Mamma Mia"
 2015 - "Ta mig tillbaka"
 2017 - "Tvillingen"
 2020 - "En säng av rosor"

References

Other websites

1987 births
Living people
Swedish singers
, is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden. It borders Uppland, Västmanland, Dalarna, Hälsingland and the Gulf of Bothnia. The province is the southernmost district of Norrland.

Provinces of Sweden
Uppland is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden, just north of Stockholm, the capital. It borders Södermanland, Västmanland and Gästrikland. It is also bounded by lake Mälaren and the Baltic sea. It has an extremely short and strangely shaped land border with Åland, an autonomous province of Finland, on the small uninhabited island of Märket in the Baltic.

The name literally means up land, a name which is commonly encountered in especially older English literature. Its Latinised form, which is occasionally used, is Uplandia.

Provinces of Sweden
Västmanland is a historical Swedish province, or landskap, in middle Sweden. It borders Södermanland, Närke, Värmland, Dalarna and Uppland.

The name comes from "West men", referring to the people west of Uppland, the core province of early Sweden.

Provinces of Sweden
Värmland is a historical province or landskap in the west of middle Sweden. It borders Västergötland, Dalsland, Dalarna, Västmanland and Närke. It is also bounded by Norway in the west. Its Latin name is Wermelandia; its English derivative is Wermland or similar variation. The origin of the name is uncertain. It may refer to a lake by that name, or to a river.

Värmland is the home of several Swedish dansbands and writers.

Other websites

Provinces of Sweden
The Gulf of Bothnia is the northernmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It is situated between Finland's west coast and Sweden's east coast. In the south of the gulf lie the Åland Islands, between the Sea of Åland and the Archipelago Sea. Gulf of Bothnia is often divided into three parts which are called in Finnish language: 

Perämeri, northest part
Merenkurkku 
Selkämeri, southest part

Other websites

Bothnia
Baltic Sea
Geography of Finland
Geography of Sweden
Lolo Ferrari (9 February 1963 – 5 March 2000) was the stage name of a French dancer and actress billed as "the woman with the largest breasts in the world", though their size was artificially achieved. She was born Eve Valois in Clermont-Ferrand, Puy-de-Dome.

She started as a model and a prostitute.

Encouraged by her husband, Ferrari underwent numerous plastic surgery operations to create a  silicone-enhanced bust (22 enlargements, a Guinness world record).

She became a regular guest on the television series Eurotrash on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.

Ferrari committed suicide by drug overdose in Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes.

References 

1963 births
2000 deaths
Drug-related suicides
French movie actors
French models
French television personalities
Actors from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
People from Clermont-Ferrand
Pornographic actors
Prostitutes
Suicides in France
World record holders
A fluorescent lamp is a type of electric light (lamp) that uses ultraviolet emitted by mercury vapor to excite a phosphor, which emits visible light. There are two general types, traditional fluorescent and compact fluorescent. This article is about traditional (straight tube shaped) fluorescent lamps.

The purchase price of a fluorescent lamp is often much higher than an incandescent lamp of the same output, and the light from fluorescent lamps looks different to light from incandescent lamps. Fluorescent lamps have a longer rated life and use less energy than an incandescent lamp of the same brightness. A fluorescent lamp can save over US$30 in electricity costs over the lamp’s lifetime compared to an incandescent lamp.
How it works 
An electric current is applied to mercury vapor inside the tube, causing it to emit ultraviolet (UV) light. A phosphor on the walls of the tube absorbs the ultraviolet light.  This causes an electron to jump up to an orbital with a higher energy.  When the electron drops back down to its normal orbital, the phosphor re-emits its energy as visible light.

The ballast
The ballast 

The ballast prevents too much electricity from flowing through the tube. It also starts the lamp with a high voltage for a split second when it is switched on. The ballast is located inside the fixture in traditional fluorescent tube fixtures. In compact fluorescent bulbs the ballast is in or near the base of the bulb. There are two types of ballasts, magnetic and electronic. Magnetic ballasts have mostly fallen out of use, as they are less efficient than electronic ballasts, they cause the bulb to flicker, and they do not start instantly. Electronic ballasts were at one time more expensive than magnetic ballasts, but now the price is about the same.

Lifespan
The average rated life of a fluorescent light bulb is 8 to 15 times longer that of incandescent light bulbs. Fluorescent light bulbs typically have a rated lifespan of 7,000 to 15,000 hours, whereas incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a lifespan of 750 hours or 1,000 hours.
The lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors, including operating voltage, manufacturing defects, exposure to voltage spikes, mechanical shock, frequency of cycling on and off, lamp orientation, and ambient operating temperature. The life of a fluorescent lamp is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently.  In the case of a 5-minute on/off cycle the lifespan of a fluorescent lamp can be reduced to "close to that of incandescent light bulbs". The U.S. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes so that this problem does not happen. If the light must be switched on and off often, Cold cathode fluorescent lamps can be used. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps are designed for many more on/off cycles than standard lamps.
Mercury content and recycling 
The mercury inside the tube is toxic and makes these bulbs hazardous waste. The bulbs must be taken to a recycling center after they stop working. During normal use, the mercury cannot escape, although it will escape if the bulb is broken. If a single bulb breaks, it is not usually a problem. It is recommended to open windows to air out the room, and to clean up broken glass with duct tape instead of a vacuum cleaner.

Alternatives 
Many people and businesses do not want to use fluorescent lamps due to their mercury content. Halogen, LED, and traditional incandescent bulbs are possible alternatives.

LED tubes can be installed in fluorescent tube fixtures, but sometimes an electrician needs to rewire the fixture first to remove the ballast.

Related pages
 Energy efficiency

References 

Lamps
My December is Kelly Clarkson's third album. The songs "Never Again", "Sober" and "One Minute" have been released.

2007 albums
Kelly Clarkson albums
Pop albums
Tropical Storm Chantal was a very short-lived storm in the northern Atlantic Ocean that stayed away from land during most of its existence. It was also the third named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. The stormed formed from a non-tropical system between Bermuda on Cape Cod, Massachusetts that developed on July 31 with good conditions for further development. The storm had maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) and began to move quickly northeastwards into colder water temperatures. When convection began to decrease, the National Hurricane Center stopped sending out advisories on August 1 when Chantal began to turn into an extratropical cyclone. Later, the remnants moved over southeast Newfoundland, before moving into the Arctic Ocean.

Storm history
An area of thunderstorm activity developed on July 28 about 100 miles (160 km) east of the Bahamas which was associated with a weak low pressure system. It moved north-northeastward, into poor environmental conditions which left the system disorganized. However, conditions then were forecasted to become better for development, and by July 29 the National Hurricane Center stated that it had "potential for tropical or subtropical development."  On July 30, the low passed to the west of Bermuda as it continued moving northeastward, under the effects of a large mid-latitude trough. The system contained an exposed low-level circulation, which from time to time passed under a thick area of convection to its northeast
. By early on July 31, ship reports and QuikSCAT observations detected winds of 35 mph (55 km/h), and the center was well-involved enough with the convection for the National Hurricane Center to name it as Tropical Depression Three while it was located about 270 miles (435 km) north-northwest of Bermuda, or about 445 miles (710 km) south-southeast of Chatham, Massachusetts.
By six hours after development, the depression had of a somewhat exposed low-level center with deep convection taking up most of the northeastern semicircle. Located over sea surface temperatures of about 80º F (27º C), one forecaster said the depression had "a small window of opportunity... for it to reach tropical storm strength before transitioning to an extratropical cyclone."  The system organized further, and based on satellite pictures and QuikSCAT data, the National Hurricane Center upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Chantal at 1215 UTC on July 31 while located about 330 miles (530 km) south of Halifax, Nova Scotia.  By three hours later the system formed a well-defined curved banding features, and Chantal reached maximum systained winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) at 40.2º N. The storm speed up northeastward into an area of cold waters and cooler air, and early on August 1 the National Hurricane Center gave out its last advisory on Chantal as it began extratropical transition.
After becoming an extratropical cyclone, Chantal managed to keep scattered convection near its center, though its main area of convection and clouds moved to its north.  On August 1, the cyclone made landfall on Newfoundland along the Avalon Peninsula, and by late in the day the extratropical remnants of Chantal were about 265 miles (425 km) northeast of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador and moving northeastward at 44 mph (70 km/h).

Impact
The weather system that would later become Chantal began to affect Bermuda on July 30. It caused some thunderstorms. The next day, it caused heavy rainfall that reached r2.12 inches (53.8 mm) at the Bermuda International Airport. Winds on the island reached 45 mph (72 km/h) because of the weather system.  After Chantal passed Bermuda, a ship with the call sign of C60Y4 recorded winds of 37 mph (59 km/h).
Shortly after the system became a tropical storm, the Atlantic Storm Prediction Center of Canada sent out gale warnings for the waters off of Newfoundland. The Newfoundland Labrador Weather Office also issued warnings for heavy rain.

In the open ocean, waves from Chantal reached 20 feet (6 m) high. The storm also had effects on land. A wind gust of 54 mph (88 km/h) was reported. What was left of Chantal caused heavy rainfall in a short time in Newfoundland. In the province, rainfall peaked at 5.9 inches (150 mm) at Whitbourne. The rainfall caused flooding and also caused streets to wash out in several cities on the Avalon Peninsula. Several towns declared states of emergencies along the Avalon Peninsula.

Related pages
 2007 Atlantic hurricane season

References

Other websites
 NHC's advisory archive on Tropical Storm Chantal

Atlantic tropical storms
Hurricanes in Bermuda
2007 Atlantic hurricane season
2000s in Bermuda
2007 in Canada
Flinders Street Station is the central railway station of the rail network of Melbourne, Australia. It is on the corner of Flinders and Swanston Streets next to the Yarra River in the middle of the city, stretching from Swanston Street to Queen Street and covering two city blocks. Each weekday, about 105,000  people and 1,500 trains use the station.

It is serviced by Metro's suburban and city loop services, and V/Line's regional services.

History
History

The first railway station in the Flinders Street site was called Melbourne or City Terminus, and was a collection of sheds. It was completed in 1854 and was officially opened on 12 September by Sir Charles Hotham. The terminus was the first city railway station in Australia, and the opening day saw the first steam train trip in the country. It travelled to Sandridge (now Port Melbourne), over the Sandridge Bridge (which has now been redeveloped in 2006 as a pedestrian and cycle bridge across the Yarra River), travelling along the now light rail Port Melbourne line.

Melbourne's two other early central-city stations, Spencer Street Station (now Southern Cross Station) and Princes Bridge, opened in 1859. Princes Bridge was originally separated from Flinders Street, even though it was only on the opposite side of Swanston Street. Once the railway line was extended under the street to join the two, Princes Bridge slowly became amalgamated into Flinders Street. Federation Square now occupies its site.
In 1882 the government decided to build a new central passenger station to replace the existing construction. A worldwide design competition was held in 1899, with 17 entries received. The £500 first prize went to railway employees J. W. Fawcett and H. P. C. Ashworth, whose design included a giant dome and clock tower. Work began in 1901 and ended in 1910.

Platforms
Flinders Street Station's platforms are numbered from north to south, with Platform No. 1 being the farthest north, and generally serve specific lines as follows.

Platform 1: South Morang and Hurstbridge

Platforms 2 & 3: Belgrave, Glen Waverley and Lilydale

Platforms 4 & 5: Alamein, Blackburn trains on the Belgrave and Lilydale lines (both platform 4 only), Cragieburn, Sydenham, Upfield and Werribee

Platforms 6 & 7: Cranbourne, Frankston and Pakenham 

Platforms 8 & 9: Sandringham and Williamstown (Peak Only)

Platforms 10 & 12–14: Various services, depending on day and time.
Note that the eastern end of Platform No. 1 is designated as Platform No. 14, past the Platform 1 escalators.  Platform 11 is out of use and has no track.

Station redevelopment

Flinders Street is currently undergoing redevelopment. It will involve cleaning and repair, as well as improving general ability for people who are disabled to move around the station.

The works include:
Works on Platform 10, including putting a new ground covering on it
 New escalators to provide better access to Platforms 10, 12 and 13
 An additional lift on Platform 10 (giving a total of two lifts for Platforms 10, 12 and 13)
 New lighting
 Relocating the V/Line booking office to the main ticket office
 Developing a new commercial area on the site of the V/Line booking office
 Improving the underground footway from Elizabeth Street to Southbank and Degraves Street to Flinders Street
 Waterproofing the roof
 Developing a business case for possible uses of vacant space, including the disused ballroom (pictured here).
 Steam cleaning the facade
 New LCD Passenger Information Displays (PIDS) installed on the platforms, subways and in the main entrance.
Trivia
The main steps are embedded with electrical circuits to keep them dry, fitted in June 1985.
Platform No. 1, where South Morang & Hurstbridge line trains depart, is the longest railway platform in Australia, and the fourth longest in the world, at 708 metres long.
The building contains a ballroom (not in use), and a Day care centre was inside the main dome for a while. It included an open-air playground on an adjoining roof.
One of the original platform verandas from the Melbourne Terminus building was dismantled and re-erected at Hawthorn station, in the inner-eastern suburbs.
Flinders Street Station became a sister station of Mojiko Station in Japan on November 14, 1993.

References

Other websites
Victorian Department of Infrastructure article on Flinders Street Station 

Railway stations in Melbourne
1854 establishments
1850s establishments in Australia