Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Chechen language is spoken by more than 1,3 million people. It is spoken mostly in Chechnya and by Chechen people in other places. It is one of the Northeast Caucasian languages.

Other websites

Indigenous Language of the Caucasus (Chechen), grammatical sketch of Chechen language
The Cyrillic and Latin Chechen alphabets
The Chechen language | Noxchiin mott Wealth of linguistic information.
Rferl North Caucasus Radio (also includes Avar and Adyghe)
Chechen Language course including audio  with Russian explanations
Russian-Chechen On-Line Dictionary 
Chechen basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
Chechen Cyrillic - Latin converter

Languages of Russia
Chechnya
Caucasian languages
The House of Normandy is the usual name for the family that were the Dukes of Normandy and Kings of England. they were in power from shortly after the Norman conquest of England and lasted until the House of Plantagenet came to power in 1154. It began with Rollo and his descendants, and from William the Conqueror and his heirs down through 1135. Two of William's grandchildren, Matilda and Stephen of the House of Blois argued over the throne ending the dynasty.

The Norman dukes were:
Rollo, 911–927
William I, 927–942
Richard I, 942–996
Richard II, 996–1027
Richard III, 1027
Robert I, 1027–1035
William II, 1035–1066 (became King of England)
The Norman monarchs of England and Normandy were:
William I & II, 1066–1087
William II, 1087–1100 (not Duke of Normandy)
Robert II, 1087–1106 (not King of England)
Henry I, 1100–1135; 1106–1135
Matilda of England, 1141–1141 (never crowned)

Anglo-Normans
Saint Bonaventure (1221–1274) was a scholastic theologian and a cardinal. He is one of the Doctors of the Church, and is remembered by Catholics on 15 July.

Saint Bonaventure comes from Bagnoregio. He is the patron of children.

Other websites
Bonaventure at Catholic encyclopaedia

Christian saints
1221 births
1274 deaths
GameRevolution (formerly Game-Revolution) or GR is a gaming website. It was created in 1996. The website was founded in Berkeley, California. The website includes reviews, previews, a gaming download area, cheats, a merchandise store, webcomics, screenshots, and videos. As of 2013, it is one of the oldest video game review and news site on the Internet.

References

Other websites 
 Game Revolution
 CraveOnline

Internet culture
1996 establishments in California
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
GameRankings was a gaming review website. The website received reviews from other publications and gave an average rating. It had over 315,000 articles relating to more than 14,500 video games.

GameRankings was owned by CBS Interactive. Similar websites include GameStats, Metacritic, MobyGames, and TopTenReviews.

Shutdown 
In late 2019, GameRankings was shutting down, with every link being moved to Metacritic.

References

Other websites
GameRankings 
"High Scores Matter To Game Makers, Too" , The Wall Street Journal, September 20, 2007.

1999 establishments
Internet culture
The name Sandra [ san-druh, sahn- ] is a female given name, which is often used for short form of Alexandra or Cassandra. This name is a form of the masculine name Alexander, which from Greek means "protector of man". Many celebrities are named Sandra, including Sandra Dee, Sandra Bernhard and Sandra Bullock. This name was also used for tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific region. This name was ranked #998 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People 

 Sandra Bullock， German-American actress and producer
 Sandra Dee, actress, model (1942-2005)
 Sandra Cisneros, American novelist, poet, and short story writer

References

Given names
The name Sandy [ san-dee ] is a given name. It can be used for both men and women. It is a short form of the names Alexander, Cassandra or Sandra. The name Sandy is commonly understood to mean "defender of mankind," which originates from the Greek name Alexander that means "defender of the people." Sandy is often used as a nickname for Alexander, but it has also become a popular name on its own. Those with the name Sandy are typically perceived as strong and protective, with a natural inclination to assist others. Another meaning of the name Sandy is "from the sandy shore," which comes from the Old English word "sandig" meaning "sandy." Individuals with this name are frequently associated with the beach and the ocean and may enjoy outdoor activities and water sports. They are often seen as adventurous and free-spirited, with a love of exploration and travel. In some cultures, the name Sandy is linked with the color yellow
. This is due to the fact that the term "sandy" can also mean "yellowish-brown" in certain contexts. Those with this name may be regarded as optimistic and cheerful, with a sunny disposition and a positive outlook on life. Furthermore, the name Sandy is associated with the element of fire because the word "sandy" can also mean "fiery" or "passionate" in certain contexts. People with this name may be perceived as intense and passionate, with a strong desire to succeed and a fierce determination to achieve their goals.This name is used more for females than for males. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021). Notable people by the name include baseball player Sandy Koufax, professional golfer Sandy Lyle, and actresses Sandy Duncan and Sandy Dennis. This name was also used for the fictional dog belonging to Annie in Little Orphan Annie.
In October 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the Northeastern United States. The name Sandy was later retired and replaced by Sara.

People 
 Sandy Lam, Hong Kong singer

References
The name Elena is a female given name. It is pronounced [ el-uh-nuh, uh-ley-nuh; Italian e-le-nah ].

It is a variation of Helen, which dates to the 12th century. Elena is a Greek moniker that signifies "radiant, gleaming light." This is a lovely name that is frequently connected with brilliance, loveliness, and elegance.  Elena was among the most popular female names given to girls in Russia in 2004, and third most popular in North Macedonia in 2006. This name was ranked #53 on the US Popular Names in 2021. 

Hurricane Elena went across the Gulf Coast of the United States in late August/early September 1985. The name Elena was then retired and replaced by Erika.

People 

 Elena Kagan, US Supreme Court justice since 2010 (born 1960)
 Elena Obraztsova, Soviet and Russian opera singer
 Elena Anaya. Spanish actress

References

Given names
Dick Figures is an American adult comedy series created and written by Ed Skudder and Zack Keller. Episodes are shown on YouTube. The series is about two best friends named Red and Blue. They are stick figures. The series is rated MA. The first episode, "A Bee or Something", was shown on November 18, 2010. Episodes were uploaded every second week with ten episodes per season. There is currently, however, a big delay with season five as it is planned to be shown after the movie is released sometime in 2013.

Cast
 Ed Skudder as Red, Raccoon, Mr. Dingleberry
 Zack Keller as Blue, Jason (Trollz0r)
 Ben Tuller as Lord Tourettes
 Shea Logsden as Pink
 Mike Nassar as Broseph
 Lauren Kay Sokolov as Stacy

Season 1 (2010-2011)

Season 2 (2011)

Season 3 (2011-2012)

Season 4 (2012)

References

Internet
Animated television series
Lists of television series episodes
Christina (or Cristina) is a female given name. It is pronounced [kri-stee-nuh].

Christina is a name with Greek roots that translates to "Christ's follower". It's a feminine version of the name Christian, which has its origins in the Latin word Christus, meaning "anointed one". The name has been used for many saints. Celebrities with the name include Christina Aguilera, Christina Hendricks, Christina Ricci, Christina Applegate and Christina Milian.This name was ranked #629 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

As Cristina, the name has been used for tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Region.
People
 Saint Christina of Persia, 6th century (feast day: March 13)
 Saint Christina of Bolsena (Christina of Tyre, Christina the Great Martyr) (feast day: July 24)
 Saint Christina the Astonishing (1150 – 1224) (feast day: July 24)
 Christina of Denmark (1521 – 1590), Danish princess
 Princess Christina of the Netherlands, Dutch princess
 Christina of Sweden, Queen regnant 1632
 Christina Applegate (born 1971), American actress
 Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, Swedish princess, died 1122
 Christina Gyllenstierna (1494–1559), Swedish national heroine
 Cristina Kirchner (born 1953), President of Argentina (2007- )
 Christina Rossetti (1830–1894), English poet
 Christina Aguilera , American singer
 Christina Applegate(born 1971),American actress

References

Given names
A light-second is a unit of length equal to the distance light in empty space travels in one second, and is exactly 299,792,458 meters.

The light-second is used in telecommunications, astronomy, and physics. In telecommunications, it measures how much time it must take to send a signal a certain distance.

References 

Units of length
Light
Mélanie Laurent (born 21 February 1983), is a French actress, Director and singer.

She was born in Paris, Île-de-France, France. Her father a voiceover actor, and her mother a ballerina. She grew up in the 9th arrondissement of Paris.

She made her acting debut at the age 16. In 2006, she has starred in French drama film I'm Fine, Don't Worry (Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas), for which she won a César Award for Most Promising Actress. In 2009, she was cast for her role as Shosanna Dreyfus in the Quentin Tarantino film Inglourious Basterds. Laurent singing career began in 2011 and she released her debut studio album, titled En t'attendant.
Filmography 
 1999: Un pont entre deuxx rives
 2001: Ceci est mon corps
 2002: Embrassez qui vous voudrez
 2003: Snowboarder
 2004: Rice Rhapsody
 2004: Le Dernier jour
 2004: Une vie à t'attendre
 2005: De battre mon cœur s'est arrêté
 2006: Dikkenek
 2006: Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas
 2006: Indigènes
 2007: La Chambre des morts
 2007: Le Tueur
 2008: Paris
 2009: Jusqu'à toi
 2009: L'Amour caché
 2009: Inglourious Basterds
 2009: Le Concert
 2010: La Rafle
 2010: Beginners
 2011: Un requiem pour une tueuse
 2011: Et soudain, tout le monde me manque
 2013: Insaisissables
 2013: An Enemy
 2013: Night Train to Lisbon

Discography 
 2 May 2011: En t'attendant

References

Other websites 

 

Singers from Paris
1983 births
Living people
Actors from Paris
Daniel Patrick Adair (born February 19, 1975) is a Canadian musician and producer. He is the current drummer of the Canadian rock band Nickelback. He also played for the American rock band 3 Doors Down.

Career
Adair originally auditioned for David Martone, a guitarist that wanted to start a instrumental fusion band. They shortened the name of the band to Martone and they recorded their first album in 1999.

In the summer of 2002, he auditioned for the band 3 Doors Down and played as their touring and studio drummer. He recorded their third studio album Seventeen Days and live album Another 700 Miles.

He left the band in January 2005 and joined Nickelback. He recorded their fifth studio album, All the Right Reasons, their sixth studio album, Dark Horse and their seventh studio album, Here and Now.

He also recorded drum tracks for James Hart's band Burn Halo.

References

Other websites
Official website
1975 births
Living people
Canadian drummers
Canadian rock musicians
Heavy metal musicians
Musicians from Vancouver
George Brettingham Sowerby I (12 August 1788 – 26 July 1854) was a British naturalist, illustrator, and conchologist (expert on shells).

He was the second son of James Sowerby. With his brother James De Carle Sowerby he continued his father's work on fossil shells. They published the last parts of the Mineral Conchology of Great Britain.

Sowerby published about 50 papers on molluscs and started several comprehensive, illustrated books on the subject, the most important the Thesaurus Conchyliorum, a work that was continued by his son, George Brettingham Sowerby II and his grandson George Brettingham Sowerby III.

Works 
Partial list
 A Conchological Manual (1839)
 Thesaurus Conchyliorum
 Illustrated Index of British Shells (1859)

Related pages 
Sowerby family

1788 births
1854 deaths
British zoologists
Sowerby family
English naturalists
British illustrators
Slaviša Stojanović (born 6 December 1969) is a former Slovenian footballer and manager. He is currently managing Red Star Belgrade in the Serbian SuperLiga. Stojanović has won the Slovenian PrvaLiga twice with Domžale.

References

Slovenian footballers
Slovenian football managers
1969 births
Living people
Nodiko "Nodar" Tatishvili (; born 5 November 1986) is a Georgian singer. He performed with Sopho Gelovani for Georgia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmo, Sweden.

References

1986 births
Living people
Singers from Georgia (country)
Translocation may mean:
 Translocation (genetics), an abnormality of chromosomes
 Robertsonian translocation, a chromosomal rearrangement in pairs 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22
 Nonreciprocal translocation, transfer of genes from one chromosome to another
 PEP group translocation, a method used by bacteria for absorbing sugar
 Translocation (botany), the transport of food through the phloem in plants
 Protein translocation, a process in protein biosynthesis
 Species translocation, movement of a species, by people, from one area to another
The coral snakes are a large group of elapid snakes. There are two main groups of coral snakes. These groups are Old World coral snakes and New World coral snakes. 

There are 11 species of Old World coral snake in one genus (Calliophis)
There are over 65 recognized species of New World coral snakes in three genera (Leptomicrurus, Micruroides, and Micrurus).

Coral snakes have notable red, yellow/white, and black colored banding. Most species of coral snake are small. North American species average around  in length, but specimens of up to  or slightly larger have been reported. Coral snakes that live in water have flat tails. These tails act like a fin to help the snake swim.
Like all elapid snakes, coral snakes have a pair of small fangs to deliver their venom (some coral snakes are rear fanged).  These fangs, which are enlarged and hollow, deliver their venom to their prey species. Coral snakes mostly eat smaller snakes, lizards, frogs, and nestling birds and rodents, etc. The venom takes time to take full effect.

Coral snakes often hold on to a victim when biting, unlike vipers. Vipers have retractable fangs and tend to prefer to strike and let go immediately. Coral snakes are not aggressive or prone to biting. They account for less than one percent of the number of snake bites each year in the United States.

Coral snakes in the U.S.A. 
New World coral snakes live in the southern range of many temperate U.S. states. They are found in the southern coastal plain from North Carolina to Louisiana, including all of Florida.
There is debate about whether the Texas coral snake is a separate species. Its habitat, in Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas, is separated from the eastern habitat by the Mississippi River. The coral snake population is most dense in the southeast United States, but coral snakes have been spotted as far north as Kentucky.

The Arizona coral snake, which is a separate genus, is found in central and southern Arizona, extreme southwestern New Mexico and southward to Sinaloa in western Mexico. It lives in dry regions in  thornscrub, desert-scrub, woodland, grassland and farmland. It is found in the plains and lower mountain slopes from sea level to 5800 feet (1768 m); often in rocky areas.

References 

Elapidae
Charlotte [shahr-luht] is a female given name of French origin. It is a female version of Charles. The moniker Charlotte has French roots and signifies "free man" or "petite." Its etymology can be traced back to the Old German name Karl, which connotes "man" or "husband." This name was ranked #3 on the US Popular Female Names in 2021. There are many famous people having the name, including Charlotte Church, Charlotte Gainsbourg and Charlotte Arnold. The most famous fictional character with the name is the spider in Charlotte's Web.

People
 Charlotte Brontë, English author
 Charlotte Church, musician
 Charlotte Lennox, English author and poet
 Charlotte Lewis, English actress
 Charlotte Schreiber, Canadian artist and illustrator
 Charlotte Scott, British mathematician
 Charlotte Turner Smith, English poet and novelist

Places
Places

United States
 Charlotte County, Florida
 Charlotte, Iowa
 Charlotte, Maine
 Charlotte, Michigan
 Charlotte, New Jersey
 Charlotte, New York, a town in Chautauqua County
 Charlotte, Rochester, New York, a neighborhood
 Charlotte, North Carolina
 Charlotte, Tennessee, location of a meteorite fall in 1835
 Charlotte, Texas
 Charlotte, Vermont
 Charlotte Amalie, United States Virgin Islands
 Charlotte Amalie West, United States Virgin Islands

Canada
 Queen Charlotte, British Columbia
 Charlotte County, New Brunswick
 Queen Charlotte Islands, an archipelago off the northwest coast of British Columbia, Canada
 Queen Charlotte Basin, the continental shelf offshore of the British Columbia mainland
 Queen Charlotte Sound (Canada)

Other places
 Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand

Food
 Charlotte (cake)

References

Given names
Patricia [ puh-trish-uh, -tree-shuh ] is a female given name of Latin origin. It comes from the Latin word patrician, meaning noble. The male version of this name is Patrick. The name Patricia can be shortened to Patty, Patsy or Trisha. Patricia was the second most popular female name in the United States, according to 1990 Census. There are many celebrities with the name, including Patricia Arquette, Patricia Clarkson and Patricia Heaton. As Patty, the name is being used on Atlantic tropical cyclones. In the Pacific, a hurricane with the name became the most intense on record in the Western Hemisphere. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

People 

 Patricia Heaton, American actress

References

Given names
The First Battle of Bull Run was the first large battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on July 21, 1861. The battle took place near a stream called Bull Run. The battle actually has two names: the First Battle of Bull Run and First Battle of Manassas.

Background
Union general Irvin McDowell was put in command of the Union army in northeastern Virginia. Many people in the North wanted him to attack to Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia. McDowell didn't think his soldiers were ready to fight but Union president Abraham Lincoln wanted him to march south into Virginia anyway.

The Confederates had an army nearby, which was commanded by P.G.T. Beauregard. After McDowell's army started marching towards Beauregard's army, Joseph E. Johnston came to Manassas Junction with his army from the Shenandoah Valley. Johnston was in command of the entire Confederate army and Beauregard was his second-in-command.

The Battle
The Battle

The battle started early in the morning on July 21st. McDowell started marching part of his army around the left end of the Confederate army. The two armies started shooting at each other about 6 a.m. near Matthews Hill. The Confederates did not expect the Union army to attack but they moved brigades to their left flank.

McDowell made the Confederates leave Matthews Hill about 11 a.m. The Confederates retreated back to another hill called Henry House Hill. On the hill was Thomas J. Jackson's brigade. Another Confederate general was trying to regroup his men. He said, "There stands Jackson standing like a stonewall". After the battle Jackson would be called "Stonewall".

The Union army made many attacks on the Confederate line on Henry House Hill. All of the attacks failed. In the afternoon the Confederates made an attack of their own. This drove the Union army back towards Washington, D.C. The Confederates were too tired to march after the Union army.
Aftermath
The Union army had 2,896 casualties. McDowell was blamed for the Union defeat. He was replaced by George B. McClellan. The Confederates had 1,982 casualties. Even though Johnston was in charge of the Confederate army, Beauregard became famous after the battle.

Notes

References

Other reading 
 Davis, William C. Battle at Bull Run: A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1977.
 Gottfried, Bradley M. The Maps of First Bull Run: An Atlas of the First Bull Run (Manassas) Campaign, including the Battle of Ball's Bluff, June – October 1861. New York: Savas Beatie, 2009. .0

Other websites 
 Bull Run Animated Map on Vimeo; YouTube
 1st Battle of Bull Run; Schooltube 

Bull Run 1
1861 in the United States
1860s in Virginia
July events
When a program gets executed, it uses memory. In some cases, a poorly-written program may incorrectly manage the memory that has been given to it. As a consequence, the memory that was actually supposed to be reused after the program has finished its job cannot be accessed again. This is known as a memory leak.

One of the most common reasons for memory leaks is the program not giving its memory back after it has finished execution. 

Memory leaks may result in several issues such as degradation of performance and systems being unresponsive.

Software
Stevens–Johnson syndrome is a disease of the skin. In most cases, it is caused by an allergic reaction to drugs. This accounts for about half the cases. Lymphoma, and other infections are responsible for most other cases. The disease is characterized by cell death that causes the epidermis to separate from the dermis. Since this is similar to what happens in burn, some of the same methods are used to treat patients.

Skin problems
Minions is a 2015 American computer-animated comedy movie and a spin-off/prequel to the 2010 animated movie Despicable Me and the 2013 animated movie - and sequel to Despicable Me - Despicable Me 2. It was released on June 11, 2015.

The movie stars Sandra Bullock and Jon Hamm and is narrated by Geoffrey Rush. A sequel Minions: The Rise of Gru, was released in 2022.
Cast 
 Pierre Coffin as the yellow, small Minions, including:
Kevin, The leader of the trio of Minions who set out to find a boss.
Stuart, a musician, and the slacker of the three.
Bob, the youngest and smallest of the group.
 Sandra Bullock as Scarlet Overkill, the world's first female supervillain and Herb's wife.
 Jon Hamm as Herb Overkill, a genius inventor and Scarlet's husband.
 Michael Keaton as Walter Nelson, Madge's thief husband and Tina, Walter Jr. and Binky's father.
 Allison Janney as Madge Nelson, Walter's thief wife and Tina, Walter Jr. and Binky's mother.
 Steve Coogan as the aged, blind Tower Guard.
Coogan also voices Professor Flux, a scientist.
 Jennifer Saunders as Queen Elizabeth II.
 Geoffrey Rush as the narrator.
 Steve Carell as young Gru, the Minions' boss at the end of the movie.
 Katy Mixon as Tina Nelson, Walter and Madge's thief daughter, Walter Jr.'s younger sister and Binky's older brother.
Michael Beattie as Walter Nelson Jr., Walter and Madge's thief son and Tina and Binky's older brother.
Beattie also voices a VNC Announcer.
 Hiroyuki Sanada as Dumo, a sumo fighter villain.
 Dave Rosenbaum as Fabrice, Scarlet's personal stylist.
Other websites
 
 
 
 
 

2015 comedy movies
2015 animated movies
American comedy movies
American animated movies
Despicable Me
Universal Pictures movies
Prequel movies
Buddy movies
Movies directed by Pierre Coffin
Pierre-Louis Padang Coffin (born November 1, 1967) is a French animator and director. He is best known for directing Despicable Me (2010) and Despicable Me 2 (2013) as well as the spin-off called Minions released in December 2014.

References

Other websites

Coffin's Site

1967 births
Living people
French movie directors
French voice actors
French animators
Benjamin Bratt (born December 16, 1963 in San Francisco, California) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Rey Curtis on the TV series Law & Order and as Ernesto de la Cruz in the 2017 Oscar-winning Disney-Pixar animated movie Coco. He also appeared in many movies such as The River Wild, Miss Congeniality, Demolition Man, Catwoman, Blood in Blood Out, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Traffic, La Mission, Despicable Me 2, and Piñero. Bratt voiced Benjamin from the TV show Benjamin Berkins.

References

Other websites

 
 
 Benjamin Bratt profile at NNDB
 Rare 1989–1990 Footage of Benjamin Bratt Behind the Scenes of Dick Wolf's "Nasty Boys" 
 Article "Emmy-Nominated Actor Benjamin Bratt" 
 'The People Speak' - Los Angeles Times

1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from San Francisco
Chris Renaud (born 1966 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American Academy Award-nominated illustrator and filmmaker. He is known for his works in the Ice Age franchise. Recently he is known for his works in Despicable Me and Despicable Me 2. Renaud is in the works for a Despicable Me spin-off called Minions.

References

Other websites

DC Comics profile
Interviews
2007 interview with animatedviews.com
2012 interview  with boxoffice.com

1966 births
Living people
American movie directors
American movie producers
American voice actors
American animators
Actors from Baltimore
American illustrators
Matthew Daniel "Matt" Batts (October 16, 1921 – July 14, 2013) was a Major League Baseball catcher. He played from 1947 through 1956 for the Boston Red Sox (1947–1951), St. Louis Browns (1951), Detroit Tigers (1952–1954), Chicago White Sox (1954) and Cincinnati Reds (1955–1956).

Batts was born on October 16, 1921 in San Antonio, Texas. He died on July 14, 2013 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana from natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites
Baseball Library 
Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers

1921 births
2013 deaths
American baseball players
Boston Red Sox players
Baltimore Orioles players
Detroit Tigers players
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players 
Sportspeople from San Antonio, Texas
A Modest Proposal is a famous work of satire by Irish writer Jonathan Swift. It was written in 1729.

Other websites
Text

18th-century books
1729
1720s works
Amar Gopal Bose (November 2, 1929  July 12, 2013) was an American academic and entrepreneur. An electrical engineer and sound engineer, he was a  professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for over 45 years.

In 2007 he was listed in Forbes 400 as the 271st richest man in the world, with a net worth of $1.8 billion. In 2009, he was no longer on the billionaire list, and returned to the list in 2011, with a net worth of $1.0 billion.

Bose was born on November 2, 1929 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Bose died on July 12, 2013 in Wayland, Massachusetts, aged 83.

References

Other websites
 Short biography of Amar Gopal Bose 
 Bose at MIT 
 Doctoral Thesis
 Bose Breakthrough: Electromagnetic Auto Suspension
 A History of Bose 
 
 Bose Founder Discusses Audio Perfection and Digital Music
  Business India -Interview; July; 2007
1929 births
2013 deaths
American billionaires
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
American audio engineers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
American electrical engineers
Paul Jenkins (August 2, 1938 – July 1, 2013) was an American actor. He appeared on many television programs such as M*A*S*H, Columbo, Lou Grant, Kojak, The Partridge Family, and in Starsky and Hutch. He is mostly known for his roles as Professor Parks in The Waltons and as Eddie in Dynasty.

Jenkins was born on August 2, 1938 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He retired in 2005. Jenkins died on July 1, 2013, following a brief illness in Los Angeles, California, aged 74.

References

Other websites

1938 births
2013 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Philadelphia
Joseph H. Conley, Jr. (March 3, 1928 – July 7, 2013) was an American actor and writer. He played many small roles on television and is most remembered for his role as the storekeeper Ike Godsey on The Waltons.

Conley was born on March 3, 1928 in Buffalo, New York. He was married to Louise Ann Teechen from 1969 until his death in 2013. They had four children. Conley died from complications of dementia in Newburry Park, California, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 

1928 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from dementia
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Buffalo, New York
Writers from Buffalo, New York
The name Gwen [ gwen ] is a female given name of Welsh origin. It means "white, holy". The name is often a shortened form of Gwendolyn. Famous people with the name include the singer Gwen Stefani. Fictional people with the name include Gwen Hotchkiss from the soap opera Passions. This name was ranked #855 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People 

 Gwen Renée Stefani, American singer-songwriter
 Gwen Shamblin Lara, American writer (1955-2021)
 Gwen Ifill, American journalist, television newscaster and author (1955-2016)
 Gwen Graham, American attorney, politician and member of the Democratic Party

References

Given names
Clarissa is a female given name. It is pronounced [ kluh-ris-uh ]. It comes from the German name Clarice. Clarice, in turn, comes from the Latin word Clarus, which means "bright, clear or famous". Clarissa also has a Greek origin, meaning "brilliant".This name was ranked #946 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

People with the name include Clara Barton, who was born Clarissa Harlowe Barton. A fictional teenage character named Clarissa was played by Melissa Joan Hart in Clarissa Explains It All during the early to mid 1990s.

People
 Clarissa Davis (b. 1967), American coach and Women's Basketball hall-of-famer
 Clarissa Dickson Wright (1947-2014), English celebrity chef
 Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon (b. 1920)
 Clarissa Pinkola Estés (b. 1945), American poet
 Charissa Thompson, American sportscaster

Places
 Clarissa, Minnesota, a small city in the United States

Science
 302 Clarissa, an asteroid
Media
 Clarissa (film), a 1941 German film
 Clarissa Explains It All, a U.S. television sitcom
 Clarissa (TV series)'', a British television drama series

References

Given names
Charles Andre Martinet (born September 17, 1955) is an American actor and voice artist. He is best known as being the voice of Mario in the Mario series of video games since 1995. He also voices Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Toadsworth, Baby Mario, Baby Luigi, and others.

Career 
Working for Nintendo since 1994, Martinet started voicing Mario at video game trade shows in which attendees would walk up to a television screen displaying a 3-D Mario head that moved around the screen and talked. This system was called "Mario in Real-Time" or "MIRT". Martinet could see the attendees by means of a hidden camera setup, and a facial motion capture rig recorded his mouth movements in order to synchronize Martinet's mouth movement with the on-screen Mario mouth movement. This digital puppetry, with Martinet's comic performance, was a novelty at the time.
Martinet was told by his friend that there was going to be an audition at a trade show in which you "talk to people as a plumber". He went to the audition at the last minute as the casting directors were already putting away their equipment. Charles Martinet walked in and asked, "Can I please read for this?". The directors let him audition and told him, "You're an Italian plumber from Brooklyn". At first Martinet planned to talk like a stereotypical Italian American with a deep, raspy voice (which is how Mario sounded in the Super Mario Bros. Super Show, Super Mario Bros. 3 and Super Mario World cartoons). He then thought to himself that it would be too harsh for children to hear, so he made it more soft-hearted and friendly, resulting in what Mario's voice is today. Martinet has also stated that he kept on talking with his Mario voice until the audition tape ran out.[1]
Martinet's video game voice over debut was as Mario in the 1995 Windows release of Interplay's game Mario's FUNdamentals. However, most were first exposed to Mario's voice in the landmark 1996 game Super Mario 64. He has voiced Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Toadsworth, Metal Mario, Shadow Mario, Donkey Kong,[2] MC Ballyhoo, Mini-Mario Toy, Baby Mario, Baby Luigi and Baby Wario in most games wherein these characters speak. He also voiced the enemiesWart, Mouser, Tryclyde, and Clawgrip in Super Mario Advance. His voice work appears in the English and Japanese-language versions of the games, although his work is always in English (regardless of the Italian references whenever he voices Mario and related characters).
Martinet provided voiceover acting for the boxers and the announcer in the Super NES title Super Punch-Out!!. He voiced the character Vigoro in Sega's Dreamcastand Nintendo GameCube role-playing video game, Skies of Arcadia. He did the voice of Homunculus in the Konami PlayStation 2, Xbox and Windows game Shadow of Destiny, and provided voices for Reader Rabbit and The ClueFinders games.

In addition to videogame voice overs, Martinet has worked as a voice actor in commercials, cartoons, and promotions. At the E3 trade show in 2005, Charles (as anAnimal Crossing character) could be found roaming the virtual village featured in the playable demo of Animal Crossing: Wild World. Martinet did Mario's voice as the voice announcer for Pac-Man Vs. on the Nintendo GameCube.
Other than the Mario series, Charles has also done work for the video game Cel Damage as the voice of Fowl Mouth, as well as the primary voice work in several educational game series such as LeapFrog.[2] He also voiced the dragon Paarthurnax in the 2011 video game The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, and narrated the cutscenes and menus for the 2013 video game Bit.Trip Presents Runner2: Future Legend of Rhythm Alien.[3]

Filmography

Film 
 Brotherhood of Justice (1986) (TV) .... Deputy
 Hard Traveling (1986) .... Dist. Atty. Cobb
 The Dead Pool (1988) .... Police Station Reporter #1
 Mom (1990) .... Mr. Hernandez
 The Last of His Tribe (1992) (TV) .... Assistant Museum Director
 Criminal Hearts (1995) (as Charles Martinez) .... Juan
 Nine Months (1995) .... Arnie
 Death in Granada (1997) .... Gravedigger
 The Game (1997) .... Nicholas' Father
 A Thousand Men and a Baby (1997) (TV) .... Seattle cab driver
 Sheer Passion (1998) .... Lou
 The Californians (2005) .... City Councilman
Television 
 Midnight Caller .... Mark Heller (1 episode, 1989)
 Matlock .... Bo Edmunds (1 episode, 1989)
 Reasonable Doubts .... Bartender (1 episode, 1992)
 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure (1993) .... Pilot B
 Fourways Farm (1994) .... US Narrator
 Compromising Situations .... Sal (1 episode, 1995)
 Nash Bridges .... Hermsdorf (1 episode, 1996)
 Air America .... David Dixon (1 episode, 1998)
 ER .... Eddy (1 episode, 2002)
 NYPD Blue .... Court Officer (1 episode, 2003)
Video games 
 Super Punch-Out!! (1994) .... Announcer, Referee, Boxers
 Mario's Game Gallery (earlier released as Mario's FUNdamentals) (1995) .... Mario
 Space Quest 6: The Spinal Frontier (1995) .... Pa Conshohocken/Ray Trace/P'Tooie
 Solar Eclipse (1995) .... Spinner
 Super Mario 64 (1996) .... Mario
 Mario Kart 64 (1997) .... Mario, Luigi (Overseas version), Wario (Overseas version), Donkey Kong
 The ClueFinders 4th Grade Adventures: Puzzle of the Pyramid (1998) .... Sir Alistar Loveless III
 Mario Party (1999) .... Mario, Donkey Kong
 Rising Zan: The Samurai Gunman (1999) .... Master Suzuki
 Star Wars: X-Wing Alliance (1999) .... Adm. Holtz
 Super Smash Bros. (1999) .... Mario, Luigi
 Mario Golf (1999) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Baby Mario, Donkey Kong
 Carmen Sandiego's Great Chase Through Time (1999) .... William Shakespeare/Ludwig van Beethoven
 Dr. Seuss Toddler (1999) .... The Cat in the Hat
 Dr. Seuss Preschool (1999) .... The Cat in the Hat, Yertle the Turtle
Dr. Seuss Kindergarten (1999) .... The Cat in the Hat
 Slave Zero (1999) .... Old One, Sangonar
 Mario Party 2 (1999). Mario, Donkey Kong
 Mario Tennis (2000) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Baby Mario, Donkey Kong
 Skies of Arcadia Legends (2000) .... Vigoro
 Mario Party 3 (2000) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Donkey Kong
 Shadow of Destiny (2001) .... Homunculus
 Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds (2001) .... 2-1B, AT-AT driver/OOM-9
 Mario Kart: Super Circuit (2001) .... Mario, Donkey Kong
 Wario Land 4 (2001) .... Wario
 Super Mario Advance (2001) .... Mario, Luigi, Wart, Clawgrip, Tryclyde, Fryguy, Mouser
 Forever Kingdom (2001) .... Darsul
 Luigi's Mansion (2001) .... Luigi, Mario
 Mad Dash Racing (2001)
 Super Smash Bros. Melee (2001) .... Mario, Luigi, Dr. Mario
 Cel Damage (2001) .... Fowl Mouth, Various
 Super Mario World: Super Mario Advance 2 (2002) .... Mario, Luigi
 Jet Set Radio Future (2002) .... Gouji Rokkaku
Star Wars Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast (2002) .... Bespin guard 2/Civilian Male/Imperial Officer 2/Rebel Shock Trooper 3 .... Voice
 Super Mario Sunshine (2002) .... Mario, Toadsworth, some Piantas
 Mario Party 4 (2002) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Donkey Kong
 Shinobi (2002) .... Voice
 WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$! (2003) .... Wario
 Mario Golf: Toadstool Tour (2003) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Shadow Mario
 Gladius (2003) (voice) .... Additional Voices
 WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Game$! (2003) .... Wario
 Mario Kart: Double Dash!! (2003) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Baby Mario, Baby Luigi
 Wario World (2003) .... Wario
 Mario Party 5 (2003) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Donkey Kong
 Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga (2003) .... Mario, Luigi
 Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3 (2003) .... Mario, Luigi
 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) .... Easterling Soldiers
 Mario Golf: Advance Tour (2004) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
Mario vs. Donkey Kong (2004) .... Mario, Mini-Mario Toy
 Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door (2004) .... Mario
 Mario Pinball Land (2004) .... Mario
 Mario Power Tennis (2004) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Super Mario 64 DS (2004) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario
 Mario Party 6 (2004) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Donkey Kong
 WarioWare: Touched! (2005) .... Wario
 Yoshi Touch & Go (2005) .... Baby Mario, Baby Luigi
 WarioWare: Twisted! (2005) .... Wario
 Mario Superstar Baseball (2005) .... Mario, Luigi, Baby Mario, Baby Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Toadsworth
 SSX on Tour (2005) .... Mario, Luigi
 Mario Kart DS (2005) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Mario Kart Arcade GP (2005) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time (2005) .... Mario, Luigi, Baby Mario, Baby Luigi
 Super Mario Strikers (2005) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Mario Party 7 (2005) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Toadsworth, Donkey Kong
 Super Princess Peach (2006) (voice) .... Mario, Luigi
New Super Mario Bros. (2006) (voice) .... Mario, Luigi
 Yoshi's Island DS (2006) - Baby Mario, Baby Wario
 Mario vs. Donkey Kong 2: March of the Minis (2006) .... Mario, Mini-Mario Toy
 WarioWare: Smooth Moves (2007) .... Wario
 Super Paper Mario (2007) .... Mario, Luigi
 Kane & Lynch: Dead Men (2007) (voice)
 Mario Strikers Charged (2007) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Wario: Master of Disguise (2007) .... Wario
 Mario Party 8 (2007) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, MC Ballyhoo
 World in Conflict (2007) (voice)
 Super Mario Galaxy (2007) .... Mario, Luigi
 Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games (2007, 2008) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Mario Party DS (2007) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Super Smash Bros. Brawl (2008) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Mario Kart Arcade GP 2 (2008) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Mario Kart Wii (2008) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Baby Mario, Baby Luigi
 Mario Super Sluggers (2008) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Baby Mario, Baby Luigi, Toadsworth
Wario Land: Shake It! (2008) .... Wario
 Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story (2009) .... Mario, Luigi
 Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Minis March Again (2009) .... Mario, Mini-Mario Toy
 Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games (2009) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Ratchet & Clank: A Crack in Time (2009) .... Orvus
 New Super Mario Bros. Wii (2009) .... Mario, Luigi
 Resonance of Fate (2010) .... Lagerfeld
 WarioWare D.I.Y. Showcase (2010) .... Wario
 Super Mario Galaxy 2 (2010) .... Mario, Luigi
 Donkey Kong Country Returns (2010) .... Cranky Kong
 Mario vs. Donkey Kong: Mini-Land Mayhem (2010) .... Mario, Mini-Mario Toy
 Mario Sports Mix (2011) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Super Mario 3D Land (2011) .... Mario, Luigi
 Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games (2011, 2012) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Mario Kart 7 (2011) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Metal Mario
 The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim (2011) .... Paarthurnax
 Mario Party 9 (2012) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
Mario Tennis Open (2012) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Baby Mario, Metal Mario
 New Super Mario Bros. 2 (2012) .... Mario, Luigi
 New Super Mario Bros. U (2012) .... Mario, Luigi
 Luigi's Mansion: Dark Moon (2013) .... Luigi, Mario
 Game & Wario (2013) .... Wario
 Bit.Trip Presents Runner 2: Future Legend of Rhythm Alien (2013) .... Narrator (himself)
 Mario & Luigi: Dream Team (2013) .... Mario, Luigi
 Mario and Donkey Kong: Minis on the Move (2013) .... Mario
 Super Mario 3D World (2013) .... Mario, Luigi
 Mario & Sonic at the Sochi 2014 Olympic Winter Games (2013) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Mario Party: Island Tour (2013) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi
 Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze (2014) .... Cranky Kong
 Mario Kart 8 (2014) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Baby Mario, Baby Luigi, Metal Mario
 Mario Golf: World Tour (2014) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Gold Mario
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Super Smash Bros. for Wii U (2014) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Dr.Mario, Waluigi
 Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018) .... Mario, Luigi, Wario, Waluigi, Dr. Mario
References

Other websites
 CharlesMartinet.com
 

1955 births
Living people
Actors from Santa Clara County, California
American voice actors
Nintendo people
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People who have the name include entertainers Marcia Cross and Marcia Wallace. Fictional people include Marcia Brady from The Brady Bunch.

People 

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 Marcia Strassman, American actress and singer (1948-2014)

References

Given names
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People 

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References

Given names
The Government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy, like the United Kingdom. The head of state is the Emperor of Japan, Emperor Naruhito, while most executive power rests with the Prime Minister of Japan, currently (2022) Fumio Kishida, and his Cabinet. The Diet of Japan is the legislative branch or Parliament, made up of two houses. The upper house, the House of Councillors, is the subject of a national election every three years; the last election was in July 2022, when half of the seats for six year terms were voted on.

Other websites
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References

 
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Charles-André "Chuck" Comeau (born September 17, 1979) is a Canadian musician. He is the current drummer of the Canadian pop punk band Simple Plan.

Career
Comeau originally started his musical career with the band Reset which he formed in 1993 with bandmate Pierre Bouvier. He left Reset in 1998 to pursue a degree in law at McGill University.

He reunited with Bouvier at a Sugar Ray concert and after he left school, he formed Simple Plan with Bouvier. Aside from drumming, Comeau writes lyrics for the band. In 2008, he was a judge for the 7th annual Independent Music Awards.

References

Other websites

Canadian drummers
Canadian rock musicians
Living people
Musicians from Montreal
Punk musicians
Rock drummers
1979 births
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Multitasking was first released in June 2010 with the release of iOS 4.0.  Only iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3rd generation were able to use multitasking. The iPad did not get multitasking until iOS 4.2 was released in November 2010. Multitasking is currently supported on iPhone 3GS or newer, iPod Touch 3rd generation or newer, and all iPad models.

Features
Features

Fast app switching
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Task completion
Task completion lets apps continue a certain task after the app has been suspended. Apps can ask for up to ten minutes to complete a task in the background in iOS 4.0 or later.
Running in the background
Apps can run in the background by using background APIs. The following are available in iOS 4.0 or later:
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Related pages
 Multitasking

References

Apple software
The name Gordon [ gawr-dn ] is a masculine given name in the English language. Gordon is a timeless name with a fascinating background. It originates from Scotland and is rooted in the Gaelic language, where "gor" translates to "spacious" or "large," and "dun" means "fortress" or "castle." As a result, the name Gordon signifies a "large fort" or a "spacious castle." People who have the name Gordon include race-car driver Jeff Gordon, and English actress Lucy Gordon. The name has been used on several hurricanes over the Atlantic Basin. In November 1994, Hurricane Gordon moved through Jamaica, Cuba, Hispaniola and the southeastern United States. This name was ranked #925 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

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 Gordon Banks, English association football player (1937-2019)

References
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Museums in the United States
Organizations based in Connecticut
Denise is a female given name. It is pronounced [ duh-nees, -neez ].It is a feminine form of the masculine name Dennis. The name Denise means "to be devoted to Bacchus". This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).、

People 

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 Denise Richards, American actress
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References

Given names