Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
From 2001 
2004 – Fay Wray, American actress (b. 1907)
2005 - Ilse Werner, German actress (b. 1921)
2005 - Barbara Bel Geddes, American actress (b. 1922)
2009 – Daniel Jarque, Spanish footballer (b. 1983)
2010 – Massamasso Tchangai, Togolese footballer (b. 1978)
2010 – Patricia Neal, American actress (b. 1926)
2012 - Sancho Gracia, Spanish entertainer (b. 1936)
2013 - Igor Kurnosov, Russian chess player (b. 1985)
2013 - Karen Black, American actress (b. 1939)
2013 - Barbara Mertz, American writer (b. 1927)
2013 - Jack Clement, American record and music producer, singer and songwriter (b. 1931)
2014 - Danny Murphy, American actor (b. 1955)
2014 - Menahem Golan, Israeli director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1929)
2014 - Peter Sculthorpe, Australian composer and conductor (b. 1929)
2014 - J. J. Murphy, Northern Irish actor (b. 1928)
2015 - Sean Price, American rapper (b. 1972)
2015 - Kayyar Kinhanna Rai, Indian independence activist (b. 1915)
2015 - Gus Mortson, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1925)
2016 - Edward Daly, Irish Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1933)
2017 - Glen Campbell, American singer (b. 1936)
2017 - Barbara Cook, American singer and actress (b. 1927)
2017 - Dick MacPherson, American football player (b. 1930)
2017 - Gonzague Saint Bris, French novelist and biographer (b. 1948)
2017 - Janet Seidel, Australian jazz singer (b. 1955)
2017 - Cathleen Synge Morawetz, Canadian mathematician (b. 1923)
2017 - Blanche Blackwell, Jamaican socialite (b. 1912)
2017 - Eugene Burger, American magician and philosopher (b. 1939)
2017 - Rius, Mexican intellectual, political cartoonist and writer (b. 1934)
2017 - Ken Roberts, English rugby league player
2018 - Nicholas Bett, Kenyan athlete (b. 1990)
2018 - Jarrod Lyle, Australian golfer (b. 1981)
2018 - Takeshi Onaga, Japanese politician and governor of Okinawa Prefecture (b. 1950)
2018 - Mikhail Shakhov, Ukrainian wrestler (b. 1931)
2019 - Ernie Colón, American comic artist (b. 1931)
2019 - Manfred Max-Neef, Chilean economist (b. 1932)
2019 - Jean-Pierre Mocky, French film director, screenwriter and actor (b. 1929)
2019 - Dave Parks, American football player (b. 1941)
2019 - Fabrizio Saccomanni, Italian politician and economist (b. 1942)
Observances 
 Father's Day (Taiwan)
 Chocolate Day (Chile)
 International Cat Day

August 08
Kimchi (; ; ), also spelled kimchee or gimchi, is a traditional fermented Korean side dish made of vegetables with many seasonings. In traditional preparation, kimchi was stored underground in jars to keep cool during the summer months and unfrozen during the winter months.  There are hundreds of varieties of kimchi made from napa cabbage, radish, scallion, or cucumber as a main ingredient.
Kimchi is usually very strong for non-Koreans. There are many different types and Koreans typically eat kimchi in every meal. It is a staple of Korean food. Kimchi can be stored for a long time and it does not go bad easily. However, when it is exposed to hot weather for certain time, kimchi turns sour. So, it should not be put out unless it is going to be eaten soon. In Korea kimchi pots are a common sight. They are large terra cotta pots where the kimchi is stored until it can be eaten or until it ferments. Kimchi usually takes about 2 weeks to ferment, but some varieties can be eaten right away. Some must be stored for over a year to be finished. 

The fermentation gives the kimchi a pickle-like quality and generally soggy or limp kimchi is not good.
Varieties 
Every different kind of kimchi has a special taste and a different amount of time to ferment. Baechu Kimchi is one of the most famous kimchi. Kkakdugi is made of cubed Korean radish (mu). It’s especially contains more water and is hard to chew. Baek kimchi uses milder ingredients. It’s not spicy. Chonggak kimchi has a smallish white radish that comes with a ponytail. Gat kimchi is made from dark green Korean mustard (gat) leaves and stems. These can be kept for months or even longer. As these age, they taste like lemons. Oi Sobagi has a refreshing, cool, and hot taste. Cucumber is the main ingredient for it. It can be kept for about a week. As it ages, it also taste like a lemon. Dongchimi is a food and a beverage all in one. When it ferments, it becomes sweet and taste a lot like lemon water. It can be kept for about a month.

Preparation
Preparation 

The most common variety of kimchi is made from cabbage, radish, garlic, red pepper, salt and sugar. The cabbage is soaked in salt water for a few hours. Coarse rock salt is then rubbed in between the leaves of the cabbage. Red peppers are also rubbed in and most Kimchi has a lot of pepper in it. The radish is usually cut into long thin strips and added to the mix. A little sugar is added to help the fermentation process along much in the same way beer is made. The amounts of each ingredient vary between the type of kimchi you are making and the personal taste of the maker. Most kimchi has a special taste with shrimp or fish. The kimchi is allowed to ferment for a period of time, usually outdoors in a large kimchi pot. It is also quite common for these pots to be buried under ground. Kimchi can be kept for a long time and does not go bad. Koreans make kimchi with their families in December.

References

Korean food
Robert Bernard Altman (February 20, 1925 - November 20, 2006) was an American movie director. He was born in Kansas City, Missouri and died of leukemia in Los Angeles, California. In 2006, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized his body of work with an Academy Honorary Award.

His movies MASH (1970), McCabe and Mrs. Miller (1971), and Nashville (1975) have been selected to keep in the United States National Film Registry.

Personal life
In the 1960s, Altman lived for nine years with his second wife in Mandeville Canyon in Brentwood, California. He moved to Malibu but in 1981 sold that home and the Lion's Gate production company.  "I had no choice", he told the New York Times. "Nobody was answering the phone" after the flop of Popeye. He moved his family and business headquarters to New York. Eventually he moved back to Malibu, where he lived until his death.
In November 2000, he said he would move to Paris if George W. Bush were elected. He joked that he had meant Paris, Texas when Bush became president. Altman was an outspoken marijuana user. He was a member of the NORML advisory board. He was against the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Death
Altman died on November 20, 2006, at age 81 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. He died of complications from leukemia.

Altman is survived by his wife, Kathryn Reed Altman; six children, Christine Westphal, Michael Altman, Stephen Altman (his production designer of choice for many movies), Connie Corriere, Robert Reed Altman, and Matthew Altman; 12 grandchildren; and five great-grandchildren.

The movie director Paul Thomas Anderson dedicated his 2007 movie There Will Be Blood to Altman.

Filmography

Shorts

Motion pictures

Television work
Television movies and miniseries
 Nightmare in Chicago (1964) [previously "Once Upon a Savage Night" in Kraft Suspense Theater]
 Precious Blood (1982) – Television film written by Frank South
 Rattlesnake in a Cooler (1982) – Television film written by Frank South
 Secret Honor (1984)
 The Laundromat (1985) (60 min.)
 Basements (1987) – two one-act plays by Harold Pinter: The Dumb Waiter and The Room (the former was released to video as its own feature by Prism Entertainment)
 Tanner '88 (1988) – six-hour mini-series for HBO
 The Caine Mutiny Court Martial (1988) – Television film based on the play by Herman Wouk
 Vincent & Theo (1990) – British Mini-series in 4 parts, later released in edited form worldwide as feature movie.
 McTeague (1992) – an opera for PBS
 The Real McTeague (1993) – making of "McTeague", also for PBS
 Black and Blue (1993) – an Emmy nominated filmed play which aired on PBS' "Great Performances"
 Robert Altman's Jazz '34 (1996) – PBS special about the music from Kansas City
Television episodes
 Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1957–58)
 ep. 3–9: "The Young One"  (air-date December 1, 1957)
 ep. 3–15: "Together"  (a.d. January 12, 1958)
 M Squad (1958) ep. 1–21: "Lover's Lane Killing" (a.d. February 14, 1958)
 The Millionaire aka If You Had A Million (1958–59)
 directed by Altman
 ep No. 148 / 5–14: "Pete Hopper: Afraid of the Dark" (a.d. December 10, 1958)
 ep No. 162 / 5–28: "Henry Banning: The Show Off" (a.d. April 1, 1959)
 ep No. 185 / 6–14: "Jackson Greene: The Beatnik" (a.d. December 22, 1959)
 written by Altman
 ep No. 160 / 5–26: "Alicia Osante: Beauty and the Sailor" (a.d. March 18, 1959)
 ep No. 174 / 6-3: "Lorraine Dagget: The Beach Story" [story] (a.d. September 29, 1959)
 ep No. 183 / 6–12: "Andrew C. Cooley: Andy and Clara" (a.d. December 8, 1959)
 Whirlybirds (1958–59)
 ep. No. 71 / 2–32: "The Midnight Show" (a.d. December 8, 1958)
 ep. No. 79 / 3-1: "Guilty of Old Age" (a.d. April 13, 1959)
 ep. No. 80 / 3-2: "A Matter of Trust" (a.d. April 6, 1959)
ep. No. 81 / 3-3: "Christmas in June" (a.d. April 20, 1959)
 ep. No. 82 / 3–4: "Til Death Do Us Part" (unknown air-date, probably April 27, 1959)
 ep. No. 83 / 3–5: "Time Limit" (a.d. May 4, 1959)
 ep. No. 84 / 3–6: "Experiment X-74" (a.d. May 11, 1959)
 ep. No. 87 / 3–9: "The Challenge" (a.d. June 1, 1959)
 ep. No. 88 / 3–10: "The Big Lie" (a.d. June 8, 1959)
 ep. No. 91 / 3–13: "The Perfect Crime" (a.d. June 29, 1959)
 ep. No. 92 / 3–14: "The Unknown Soldier" (a.d. July 6, 1959)
 ep. No. 93 / 3–15: "Two of a Kind" (a.d. July 13, 1959)
 ep. No. 94 / 3–16: "In Ways Mysterious" (a.d. July 20, 1959)
 ep. No. 97 / 3–19: "The Black Maria" (a.d. August 10, 1959)
 ep. No. 98 / 3–20: "The Sitting Duck" (a.d. August 17, 1959)
 U.S. Marshal (original title: Sheriff of Cochise) (1959)
 verified
 ep. 4–17: "The Triple Cross"
 ep. 4–23: "Shortcut to Hell"
 ep. 4–25: "R.I.P." (a.d. June 6, 1959)
 uncertain; some sources cite Altman on these episodes; no known source cites anybody else
 ep. 4–18: "The Third Miracle"
ep. 4–31: "Kill or Be Killed"
 ep. 4–32: "Backfire"
 ep. "Tapes For Murder"
 ep. "Special Delivery"
 ep. "Paper Bullets"
 ep. "Tarnished Star"
 Troubleshooters (1959) (13 episodes)
 Hawaiian Eye (1959) ep. 8: "Three Tickets to Lani" (a.d. November 25, 1959)
 Sugarfoot (1959–60)
 ep. No. 47 / 3–7: "Apollo With A Gun" (a.d. December 8, 1959)
 ep. No. 50 / 3–10: "The Highbinder" (a.d. January 19, 1960)
 Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse (1960)
 ep. "The Sound of Murder" (a.d. January 1, 1960)
 ep. "Death of a Dream"
 The Gale Storm Show aka Oh! Susanna (1960) ep. No. 125 / 4–25: "It's Magic" (a.d. March 17, 1960)
 Bronco (1960) ep No. 41 / 3-1: "The Mustangers" (a.d. October 17, 1960)
 Maverick (1960) ep. #90: "Bolt From the Blue" (a.d. November 27, 1960)
 The Roaring '20s (1960–61)
 ep. 1–5: "The Prairie Flower" (a.d. November 12, 1960)
 ep. 1–6: "Brother's Keeper" (a.d. November 19, 1960)
 ep. 1–8: "White Carnation" (a.d. December 3, 1960)
 ep. 1–12: "Dance Marathon" (a.d. January 14, 1961)
ep. 1–15: "Two a Day" (a.d. February 4, 1961)
 ep. 1–28&29: "Right Off the Boat" Parts 1 & 2 (a.d. May 13/20, 1961)
 ep. 1–31: "Royal Tour" (a.d. June 3, 1961)
 ep. 2–4: "Standing Room Only" (a.d. October 28, 1961)
 Bonanza (1960–61)
 ep. 2–13: "Silent Thunder" (a.d. December 10, 1960)
 ep. 2–19: "Bank Run" (a.d. January 28, 1961)
 ep. 2–25: "The Duke" (a.d. March 11, 1961)
 ep. 2–28: "The Rival" (a.d. April 15, 1961)
 ep. 2–31: "The Secret" (a.d. May 6, 1961)
 ep. 2–32 "The Dream Riders" (a.d. May 20, 1961)
 ep. 2–34: "Sam Hill" (a.d. June 3, 1961)
 ep. 3–7: "The Many Faces of Gideon Finch" (a.d. November 5, 1961)
 Lawman (1961) ep. No. 92 / 3–16: "The Robbery" (a.d. January 1, 1961)
 Surfside 6 (1961) ep. 1–18: "Thieves Among Honor" (a.d. Jan 30, 1961)
 Peter Gunn (1958) ep. 3–28: "The Murder Bond" (a.d. April 24, 1961)
 Bus Stop (1961–62)
 ep. 4: "The Covering Darkness" (a.d. October 22, 1961)
 ep. 5: "Portrait of a Hero" (a.d. October 29, 1961)
 ep. 8: "Accessory By Consent" (a.d. November 19, 1961)
ep. 10: "A Lion Walks Among Us" (a.d. December 3, 1961)
 ep. 12: "... And the Pursuit of Evil" (a.d. December 17, 1961)
 ep. 15: "Summer Lightning" (a.d. January 7, 1962)
 ep. 23: "Door Without a Key" (a.d. March 4, 1962)
 ep. 25: "County General" [possibly failed pilot] (a.d. March 18, 1962)
 Route 66 (1961)
 ep. #40/2-10: "Some of the People, Some of the Time' (a.d. December 1, 61)
 ep. 3–17: "A Gift For A Warrior" (a.d. January 18, 1963) – often incorrectly cited, Altman did not direct this
 The Gallant Men (1962) pilot: "Battle Zone" (a.d. October 5, 1962)
 Combat! (1962–63)
 ep. 1-1: "Forgotten Front" (a.d. October 2, 1962)
 ep. 1–2: "Rear Echelon Commandos" (a.d. October 9, 1962)
 ep. 1–4: "Any Second Now" (a.d. October 23, 1962)
 ep. 1–7: "Escape to Nowhere" (a.d. December 20, 1962)
 ep. 1–9: "Cat and Mouse" (a.d. December 4, 1962)
 ep. 1–10: "I Swear By Apollo" (a.d. December 11, 1962)
 ep. 1–12: "The Prisoner" (a.d. December 25, 1962)
 ep. 1–16: "The Volunteer" (a.d. January 22, 1963)
ep. 1–20: "Off Limits" (a.d. February 19, 1963)
 ep. 1–23: "Survival" (a.d. March 12, 1963)
 Kraft Suspense Theatre (1963)
 ep 1–8: "The Long Lost Life of Edward Smalley" (also writer) (a.d. December 12, 1963)
 ep 1–9: "The Hunt" (also writer) (a.d. December 19, 1963)
 ep 1–21: "Once Upon a Savage Night"
 released as Television film Nightmare in Chicago in 1964
 The Long Hot Summer (1965) pilot
 Nightwatch (1968) pilot: "The Suitcase"
 Premiere (1968) ep. "Walk in the Sky" (a.d. July 15, 1968)
 Saturday Night Live (1977) ep. No. 39 / 2–16 "h: Sissy Spacek", seg. "Sissy's Roles" (a.d. March 12, 1977)
 Gun (aka Robert Altman's Gun) (1997) ep. 4: "All the President's Women" (a.d. May 10, 1997)
 this episode, along with another, was released on DVD as Gun: Fatal Betrayal; subsequently, the entire six-episode series was released
Awards and nominations
Academy Awards:
 1971: Best Director (MASH, nominated)
 1976: Best Picture (Nashville, nominated)
 1976: Best Director (Nashville, nominated)
 1993: Best Director (The Player, nominated)
 1994: Best Director (Short Cuts, nominated)
 2002: Best Picture (Gosford Park, nominated)
 2002: Best Director (Gosford Park, nominated)
 2006: Honorary Oscar (won)BAFTA Awards:
 1971: Best Direction (MASH, nominated)
 1979: Best Direction (A Wedding, nominated)
 1979: Best Screenplay (A Wedding, nominated)
 1993: Best Film (The Player, nominated)
 1993: Best Direction (The Player, won)
 2002: Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film (Gosford Park, won)
 2002: David Lean Award for Direction (Gosford Park, nominated)
Berlin International Film Festival:
 1976: Golden Berlin Bear (Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson, won)
 1985: FIPRESCI Prize – Forum of New Cinema (Secret Honor, won)
 1999: Golden Berlin Bear (Cookie's Fortune, nominated)
 1999: Prize of the Guild of German Art House Cinemas (Cookie's Fortune, won)
 2002: Honorary Golden Berlin Bear (won)
 2006: Golden Berlin Bear (A Prairie Home Companion, nominated)
 2006: Reader Jury of the "Berliner Morgenpost" (A Prairie Home Companion, won)Cannes Film Festival:
 1970: Golden Palm (MASH, won)
 1972: Golden Palm (Images, nominated)
 1977: Golden Palm (3 Women, nominated)
 1986: Golden Palm (Fool for Love, nominated)
 1987: Golden Palm (Aria, nominated)
 1992: Golden Palm (The Player, nominated)
 1992: Best Director (The Player, won)
 1996: Golden Palm (Kansas City, nominated)
Directors Guild of America Awards:
 1971: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (MASH, nominated)
 1976: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (Nashville, nominated)
 1993: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (The Player, nominated)
 1994: Lifetime Achievement Award (won)
 2005: Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television (Tanner on Tanner, nominated)Emmy Awards:
 1989: Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series (Tanner '88, won)
 1993: Outstanding Directing in a Variety or Music Program (Great Performances – Black and Blue, nominated)
Golden Globe Awards:
 1971: Best Director (MASH, nominated)
 1976: Best Director (Nashville, nominated)
 1993: Best Director (The Player, nominated)
 1994: Best Screenplay (Short Cuts, nominated)
 2002: Best Director (Gosford Park, won)Independent Spirit Awards:
 1994: Best Director (Short Cuts, won)
 1994: Best Screenplay (Short Cuts, won)
 1995: Best Feature (Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle, nominated)
 2000: Best Feature (Cookie's Fortune, nominated)
 2007: Best Director (A Prairie Home Companion, nominated)

Venice Film Festival:
 1993: Golden Lion (Short Cuts, won)
 1996: Career Golden Lion (won')
 2000: Golden Lion (Dr T and the Women'', nominated)

References

Other websites
Other websites 
 

Actors from Kansas City, Missouri
American movie actors
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
BAFTA Award winning directors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from leukemia
Emmy Award winning directors
Golden Globe Award winning directors
Movie directors from Missouri
Movie producers from Missouri
Screenwriters from Missouri
1925 births
2006 deaths
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial, also called the Wall, honors the men and women who died in the Vietnam War. It is a black granite wall which has the names of every American killed in the war. It was designed by Maya Lin in 1981 and is in Washington, DC.

Sources

Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
Military monuments and memorials in the United States
Vietnam War
National Memorials of the United States
Maya Ying Lin (born October 10, 1959) is a Chinese-American architect and artist. She is most famous for her Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, DC and the Civil Rights Monument in Montgomery, Alabama. In 2016, Lin was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama.

References

American architects
1959 births
Living people
Manslaughter is the crime of killing a person. When a person is killed, lawyers also look at the reasons, and motives why this person was killed. If the death of a person was not on purpose, but the killer did something that resulted in the death of the another person, this is usually called manslaughter, in English. It is less serious than if a person was killed on purpose (sometimes with planning involved), which is called murder, in English.  Killing someone in self-defence may be manslaughter. Depending on the circumstances, killing in self-defence may be no crime at all.  Negligent homicide is an even lesser crime.
Manslaughter is a relatively new legal concept. It was first mentioned in an English statute in 1547, but was interpreted very loosely and not earnestly enforced, instead usually charging with murder.  Very few countries had manslaughter on their books until the latter half of the 20th century.  In fact, no jurisdiction in the United States had manslaughter on its books until the 20th century.  England and the United States were the first two countries to introduce manslaughter into their laws.

Laws
Legal dictionary
Bangkok (Thai: กรุงเทพมหานคร) is the capital city of Thailand. In 2010, the city had a population of 9,100,000 people. Since Bangkok has more than 55 times as many people as the second largest city, Nonthaburi, it is a primate city.

Bangkok has a tropical savanna climate (Aw in the Koeppen climate classification).

Bangkok is the world's most popular tourist destination; 23 million visitors stay overnight there per year. The main airport is Suvarnabhumi, 30 kilometers east of Bangkok.

Names
Krung Thep Maha Nakhon is [an] official name; "However, the name Bangkok is still recognised", media says. Krung Thep Maha Nakhon (Bangkok) is [another form of] the official name.
In Thailand, the city is called  Krung Thep ('city of angels'); The name is short form of a ceremonial name from the rule of one king between  1851 and 1868; The full ceremonial name is Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Yuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Piman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit. A nickname for Bangkok, is The Big Mango.

Sister cities 
  Washington, D.C., United States
  Beijing, China (PRC)
  Moscow, Russia
  Manila, Philippines (1997)
  Saint Petersburg, Russia (1997)
  Chaozhou, China (PRC) (2005)
  Seoul, South Korea (2006)
  Ankara, Turkey (2006)
  Hanoi, Vietnam (2006)
  Ulanbator, Mongolia (2006)
  Brisbane, Australia (2007)
  Milan, Italy (2007)
  Liverpool, United Kingdom (2007)
  Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan (2007)
  Budapest, Hungary (2007)
  Sydney, Australia (2007)
  Perth, Australia (2007)
  Stjørdal, Norway (2009)
  Istanbul, Turkey (2009)
  Gdańsk, Poland (2009) 
  Ragunda, Sweden

References
References

Other websites 

 Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 
 Bangkok Tourism Division 

 
1782 establishments
Establishments in Thailand
1780s establishments in Asia
Settlements established in the 18th century
Events 
 January 2 – A ban on television cigarette advertisements goes into effect in the United States.
 January 3 – BBC Open University begins in the United Kingdom
 January 18 – Strikes in Poland demand resignation of interior minister Kazimierz Switala. He resigns January 23 and is replaced by Franciszek Szlachcic
 January 19 – Representatives of 23 western oil companies begin negotiations with OPEC in Tehran to stabilize oil prices. February 14 they sign a treaty with six Persian Gulf countries
 January 25 – Charles Manson and three female "family members" are found guilty of the 1969 murder of Sharon Tate and others at Sharon's house
 January 25 – Idi Amin leads a coup deposing Milton Obote and becomes Uganda's president
 January 25 – Himachal Pradesh becomes the 18th Indian state
 West Pakistan attacks the Republic of India in retaliation and the Republic of India attacks the former East Pakistan.
 August 10 – Mr. Tickle, the first book in the Mr. Men series is first published.
December 6 – The Government of India recognizes the former East Pakistan region as Bangladesh.
 December 16 – East Pakistan becomes a nation as Bangladesh by surrender of West Pakistani combined forces.
 DIC, an animation company, is founded in Paris, France
 November 24 – During a severe thunderstorm over Washington, a man calling himself D. B. Cooper hijacks a plane and gets US$200,000 in ransom money. He jumps from the plane and is never seen again (this is the only unsolved skyjacking in history).
Births 
 January 17 - Sylvie Testud, French actress
 February 17 – Denise Richards, American actor
 February 25 – Sean Astin, American actor
 February 27 – Roman Giertych, Polish Minister of Education
 March 10 – Timbaland, American music producer
 April 2 – Zeebra, Japanese rapper
 April 18 – David Tennant, Scottish actor
 April 18 – Aphex Twin, Irish-English musician
 May 10 – Kim Jong-nam, Son of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il
 June 5 – Mark Wahlberg, American actor and singer
 June 16 – Tupac Shakur, American rapper (d. 1996)
 July 30 – Tom Green, Canadian actor
 August 20 – Ke Huy Quan, Vietnamese-American actor
 September 11 - Richard Ashcroft, English singer-songwriter
 September 18 – Lance Armstrong, American athlete
 October 2 – Tiffany Darwish, American singer & actress
 October 13 – Sacha Baron Cohen, English actor and comedian
 October 20 
Snoop Dogg, American rapper & actor
Dannii Minogue, Australian model & singer, sister of Kylie Minogue
 October 21 - Damien Martyn, Australian cricketer
Deaths

January 
 January 10 – Coco Chanel, French fashion designer (b. 1883)

February

March 
 March 8 – Harold Lloyd, American film actor (b. 1893)

April 
 April 6 – Igor Stravinsky, Russian composer (b. 1882)
 April 21 – François Duvalier, 32nd President of Haiti (b. 1907)

May 
 May 19 – Ogden Nash, American poet (b. 1902)

June 
 June 18 – Paul Karrer, Swiss biochemist (b. 1889)

July 
 July 3 – Jim Morrison, American singer (The Doors) (b. 1943)
 July 6 – Louis Armstrong, American jazz musician (b. 1901)
 July 7 – Ub Iwerks, American animator (b. 1901)

August

September 
 September 11 – Nikita Khrushchev, Leader of the Soviet Union (b. 1894)

October

November 
 November 3 – Thawi Bunyaket, 5th Prime Minister of Thailand (b. 1904)

December

Movies released 
 Clockwork Orange
 Carnal Knowledge
 Duel
 Dauria
 Dirty Harry
 The French Connection
 THX 1138
Hit songs 
 "Joy to the World" – Three Dog Night
 "Knock Three Times" – Tony Orlando and Dawn
 "Stairway to Heaven" – Led Zeppelin
 "What's Going On" – Marvin Gaye
 "Another Day" – Paul & Linda McCartney
 "Black Dog" – Led Zeppelin
 "Black Magic Woman" – Santana
 "Brown Sugar" – The Rolling Stones
 "Coz I Love You" – Slade
 "Draggin' the Line" – Tommy James
 "Family Affair" – Sly & the Family Stone
 "Get It On" – T. Rex
 "Go Away Little Girl" – Donny Osmond
 "Got to Be There" – Michael Jackson
 "Gypsys, Tramps and Thieves" – Cher
 "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" – The Bee Gees
 "I Woke Up in Love This Morning" – The Partridge Family
 "If You Really Love Me" – Stevie Wonder
 "Imagine" – John Lennon
 "Indian Reservation" – The Raiders
 "It Don't Come Easy" – Ringo Starr
 "It's Too Late" – Carole King
 "Maggie Mae" – Rod Stewart
 "My Sweet Lord" – George Harrison
 "Never Can Say Goodbye" – The Jackson Five
 "One Bad Apple" – The Osmonds
 "One Less Bell to Answer" – Fifth Dimension
"Peace Train" – Cat Stevens
 "Proud Mary" – Ike & Tina Turner
 "She's a Lady" – Tom Jones
 "Sooner or Later" – The Grass Roots
 "Temptation Eyes" – The Grass Roots
 "Treat Her Like a Lady" – Cornelius Brothers & Sister Rose
 "Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey" – Paul & Linda McCartney
 "Where Do I Begin" (Love Story) – Andy Williams
Events 
 January 3 – Aretha Franklin becomes the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
 February 14–March 7 – Bon Jovi's "Livin' On A Prayer" is the #1 song. It would be 1987's Biggest hit song.
 February 22 – The Airbus A320 makes its first flight.
 March 7 – The first five Beatles albums, Please Please Me, With the Beatles, A Hard Day's Night, Beatles for Sale and Help! are released on Compact disc. Capitol Records decides to release the original UK mixes of the Beatles albums, which means that the first four CDs are released in mono. This marks the first time that many of these mono mixes were available in the US.
 March 4 - Ronald Reagan issues a televised address to apologize to the American people about the Iran-Contra affair.
 March 27 – Inspired by The Beatles' 1969 rooftop concert, U2 shoots a music video for the song "Where the Streets Have No Name" on a rooftop in Los Angeles, California.
June 12 – Ronald Reagan challenges Mikhail Gorbachev to "Tear down this wall!" at the Brandenburg Gate.
 October – electronic data gathering completely replaces the old sales diary technique in compiling the UK singles and albums chart.
 October 7 – Independence of Khalistan is legally declared from the Hindu Indians
 October 12 – Twisted Sister breaks up.
 October 19 – Mötley Crüe release the song "You're All I Need" as a single. Its lyrics cause MTV to refuse to play its video. Radio stations never play the song either.
 November 7 – The first MRT section between Yio Chu Kang and Toa Payoh opened.
 December 8 – President Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty banning all nuclear weapons.
Births 
 January 1 – Meryl Davis, American ice dancer
 February 16 – Luc Bourdon, Canadian professional ice hockey player (died 2008)
 March 9 – Bow Wow, American rapper, actor
 March 25 – Nobunari Oda, Japanese figure skater
 March 28 – Yui, Japanese musician
 April 19 – Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player
 May 4 – Cesc Fàbregas, Spanish footballer
 June 2 – Darin Zanyar, Swedish singer
 June 20 - Paweł Rogaliński, Polish journalist
 June 24 – Lionel Messi, Argentine footballer
 August 7 – Sidney Crosby, Canadian ice hockey player
 August 8 – Katie Leung, Scotish actress
 August 25 – Blake Lively, American actress and model
 August 30 – Johanna Braddy, American actress
 September 19 – Danielle Panabaker, American actress
 September 22 – Tom Felton, English actor and singer
 September 28 – Hilary Duff, American actress and singer
 October 3 – Zuleyka Rivera Mendoza, Puerto Rican Miss Universe 2006
 October 18 – Zac Efron, American actor
 October 24 – Charlie White, American ice dancer
November 3 – Elizabeth Smart, American kidnapping victim
 November 18 – Jake Abel, American actor
 December 3 – Michael Angarano, American actor
 December 7 – Aaron Carter, American pop singer
 December 18 – Miki Ando, Japanese figure skater
 December 18 – Ayaka, Japanese singer and songwriter
 December 29- Katie Blair, actress, model and pageant titleholder
 December 31 – Javaris Crittenton, American basketball player
 Ming Kipa, youngest person to climb Mount Everest
 Alexander von Zweigbergk Väggö, Swedish model
Deaths

January

February 

 February 22 – Andy Warhol, American artist (b. 1928)

March 
 March 19 – Louis de Broglie, French physicist (b. 1892)
 March 28 – Patrick Troughton, English actor (b. 1920)

April

May 

 May 3 – Dalida, French-Italian actress (b. 1933)
 May 14 – Rita Hayworth, American actress (b. 1918)

June 

 June 22 – Fred Astaire, American actor, singer, dancer (b. 1899)

July

August 
 August 17 – Rudolf Hess, Nazi leader (b. 1894)
 August 29 – Naji al-Ali, Palestinian cartoonist (b. 1938)

September 
 September 2 – Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean, President of Argentina (b. 1926)
 September 11 – Peter Tosh, Jamaican reggae musician (b. 1944)
 September 21 – Jaco Pastorius, American jazz bassist (b. 1951)
 September 25 – Mary Astor, American actress (b. 1906)

October 

 October 8 – Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of Greece (b. 1899)
 October 20 – Andrey Kolmogorov, Russian mathematician (b. 1903)

November
November 

 November 1 – René Lévesque, Canadian politician (b. 1922)
 November 10 – Seyni Kountché, 2nd President of Niger (b. 1931)

December 

 December 4 – Rouben Mamoulian, Armenian-American movie director (b. 1897)
 December 24 – Joop den Uyl, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1919)

Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physics – J. Georg Bednorz, K. Alexander Müller
 Chemistry Donald J Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen
 Medicine – Susumu Tonegawa
 Literature – Joseph Brodsky
 Peace- Oscar Arias Sanchez
 Economics – Robert Solow

Movies released 
 Beverly Hills Cop ll
 Dirty Dancing
 Full Metal Jacket
 Lethal Weapon
 Over the Top
 Predator
 RoboCop
 Three Men and a Baby
 The Running Man
 The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland
Hit songs 
 "Alone" – Heart
 "Beds Are Burning" – Midnight Oil
 "Faith" – George Michael
 "Hazy Shade of Winter" – The Bangles
 "Hot Love" – Twisted Sister
 "I Found Someone" – Cher
 "I Knew You Were Waiting for Me" – Aretha Franklin & George Michael
 "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" – U2
 "I Wanna Dance With Somebody (who loves me)" – Whitney Houston
 "I Want Your Sex" – George Michael
 "Livin' on a Prayer" – Bon Jovi
 "Somewhere Out There" – Linda Ronstadt and J. Ingram
 "Tonight, Tonight, Tonight" – Genesis
 "Walk Like An Egyptian" – The Bangles
 "Where the Streets Have No Name" – U2
 "Wild Nights, Hot & Crazy Days" – Judas Priest
 "With or Without You" – U2
 "You Can Call Me Al" – Paul Simon

New books 
Legacy – James A. Michener
Silicosis is a disease that is caused by small particles of silica (glass) getting trapped in the lungs. When people have silicosis, the changes in their body often are cyanosis (when skin goes a blueish color), a fever, when the body gets hotter or being not able to breathe properly. Sometimes doctors do not realize that someone has silicosis, and think that they have other illnesses like pneumonia, tuberculosis or fluid in the lungs.

It was first noticed in 1705 by Bernardino Ramazzini (an Italian doctor). He saw something that looked like sand in the lungs of stonecutters. The name silicosis is from Visconti in 1870. The name comes from the Latin silex which means flint.

Related pages 
Pneumoconiosis
Asbestosis

Other websites 
 "Preventing Silicosis" (not simple English)

Breathing problems
Torquay (pronounced: "tor-KEE") is a coastal town in Devon, South West England. It is perhaps most famous as birthplace of writer Agatha Christie and setting of the TV show, Fawlty Towers.

Climate
Torquay has one of the smallest average temperature ranges in Britain. It also has one of the mildest Winters in Britain.
The warmest temperature recorded was  on 28 June 1976.
The coldest temperature recorded was  on 26 December (Boxing Day) 2010.
The warmest nighttime temperature was  on 7 August 2003.
The coldest daytime temperature was  on 12 January 1987.
The town is one of the sunniest areas of the south-west.
Fog is most common during September.
Hail is most common during March.
Thunder is most common during June.
Tornadoes are extremely rare, but there is a 0.08 % chance of one during June and September.

References

Torquay
Andrew Sachs (Andreas Siegfried Sachs, 7 April 1930 – 23 November 2016) was a German-British actor. 

Sachs was born in Berlin. His family was Jewish. In 1938, they left Germany for London, shortly after Adolf Hitler became Germany's leader.  

Sachs is best known for his role as Manuel on Fawlty Towers. He also played Albert Einstein in a 1996 episode of Nova on PBS, and provided all the voices in the English version of the 1994 movie version of Faust. 

He was involved in a controversy when Russell Brand and Jonathan Ross left obscene phone messages on his answerphone stating that Brand had had sex with his granddaughter Georgina Baillie, a member of the Satanic Sluts.

Sachs died on 23 November 2016 at a nursing home in Northwood, London from vascular dementia, aged 86.

References

Other websites 
Andrew Sachs at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
1930 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Berlin
Actors from London
British movie actors
British television actors
British voice actors
Deaths from vascular dementia
Disease-related deaths in London
German Jews
Jewish British actors
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
The Seven Samurai is a Japanese movie, written and directed by Akira Kurosawa, and released in 1954. It is a black and white movie.

Plot
The fictional plot is set in Japan in 1587, which is the 15th year of Tenshō.

People in a village are worried about thieves and decide to get samurai to help defend them. It is hard to get enough samurai. The samurai that help do it for different reasons. There is a lot of planning while they are waiting for the thieves. There is a big fight with the thieves at the end.

Similar movies
The Magnificent Seven was an American movie Western with a similar story. This is called a remake.

The movie was also adapted into an Japanese anime series in 2004 by GONZO, entitled Samurai 7. The anime series takes a more futuristic and fantasy take at the original story, replacing robots for thieves and bestowing superhuman abilities to the 7 samurais.

References

Other websites

 

1954 movies
Japanese movies
Japanese-language movies
Movies directed by Akira Kurosawa
A vacuum tube, also called a valve in British English, is an electronic device used in many older model radios, television sets, and amplifiers to control electric current flow. The cathode is heated, as in a light bulb, so it will emit electrons. This is called thermionic emission. The anode is the part that accepts the emitted electrons. The device may have other parts. Vacuum tubes must be hot to work. Most are made of glass, thus are fragile and can break. Vacuum tubes were used in the first computers like the ENIAC, which were large and need much work to continue operating.

History 

Although the vacuum tube was invented by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904, it was Thomas Edison who discovered the "Edison effect" in 1883 which states that electricity does not necessarily need a solid  material to move through; it can move through gas or vacuums as well.
John Ambrose Fleming invented the first vacuum tube, the diode, in 1904. Lee De Forest invented the "audion" in 1906 (which was improved by others as the triode in 1908) and used in the first telephone amplifiers. Many other kinds were invented for various purposes. 

The transistor became cheaper in the 1960s and was much smaller, worked on lower voltages, and used less power. In addition, unlike vacuum tubes, they were much less likely to be damaged by being dropped and had extremely long life. Eventually, they were also much cheaper than glass vacuum tubes. At this time, most radios, television sets, and amplifiers began using transistors instead.  High powered electronics such as broadcasting transmitters were transistorized more slowly. Television receivers continued using the cathode ray tube until the mid-2000s.

Current uses
Current uses 

In the 21st century, vacuum tubes are rarely used in common electronic equipment. Many devices today rely on the transistor over the vacuum tube. Some devices that still use the vacuum tube, however, include:

 Systems which need high frequency operation, high-power output or very high amplification, such as television transmission, X-ray machines, radar, and microwave ovens. 
 People who enjoy listening to music on high-quality home stereo systems sometimes buy amplifiers which use vacuum tubes. (See tube sound).
 Musicians who play electric musical instruments such as electric guitar sometimes use vacuum tube amplifiers.
 Vacuum fluorescent displays, which are thin vacuum tube displays that display simple information such as numbers, are still fairly common in audio / video equipment and household appliances, although they are being replaced by LED displays.
 Several niche applications, such as photomultiplier tubes.

References 

Electronic components
Tupac Amaru Shakur (June 16, 1971 - September 13, 1996) was an American rapper and actor, also known as 2Pac and Makaveli, who sold many records. Shakur has sold over 75 million albums worldwide as of 2010. Shakur began his career as a roadie, backup dancer, and MC for the alternative hip hop group Digital Underground as "MC New York". He eventually branched off as a solo artist. He became a West Coast hip hop icon after the release of his first album, 2Pacalypse Now, in 1991.

He was born in East Harlem, New York. Tupac moved to Baltimore in 1984. Then, he moved to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1988.  When he was in high school, he was a student at the Baltimore School for the Arts. Later in his music career, this experience in school becomes his personality of his own music style. He was the son of Afeni Shakur and Billy Garland, who were members of the Black Panther Party. His family was struggling with poverty. They moved homes often, and even had to stay in shelters.
Tupac was involved in the East Coast-West Coast hip hop feud. On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot four times by an unknown assailant in a drive-by shooting in Las Vegas, Nevada. He died six days later from respiratory failure and cardiopulmonary arrest during his operation. Since Shakur's death, seven more albums have been released. They have all been certified platinum.

Shakur acted in eight movies.

He holds the Guinness World Record for the highest selling rap/hip hop artist, selling 165 million worldwide and 43 million in the US alone. He was even listed as 13th of the top 50 poets of all time (by poetry soup) and the 83rd Greatest artist of all time (by Rolling Stone). On June 7, 2023, Tupac was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Shakur was convicted of assault and sexual assault in separate incidents.

His work of music had very big influences on the Hip-hop/rap industry in the US.
In 2014, a biographical movie about Tupac was announced. The movie, titled All Eyez on Me, was released on June 16, 2017.

Early life 
He was born as Lesane Crooks in East Harlem, New York. Crooks was later renamed Tupac Amaru Shakur after Túpac Amaru II, a ruler in Peru.  His family later moved to Marin City, California when Tupac was 17. Tupac went to the Baltimore School for the Arts, where he found it interesting to read Shakespeare's poems. He got very affected by the beauty of rhyming, choosing the word and expression. He studied poetry, acting, jazz, and ballet.

Music career 
In 1990, Shakur joined with the Oakland, California-based alternative hip hop group Digital Underground. He appeared on two of the group's albums in 1991: This Is an EP Release and Sons of the P. Later that year he produced and released his first solo album, 2Pacalypse Now. The album protested problems such as racism, and made him much more popular.
His second album, Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z., was released in 1993. It contained the hit singles "I Get Around" and "Keep Ya Head Up."

His third album, Me Against the World, was released in 1995. It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. He was incarcerated (in prison) at the time. 

His fourth album, All Eyez on Me (1996), was the last album released during his lifetime. All Eyez on Me included the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles "How Do U Want It?" and "California Love." 

Shakur won the Soul Train Music Award for Best Rap Album in 1996 for ‘Me Against the World’. He received the American Music Award for the Favorite Rap/Hip Hop artist posthumously in 1997.

Several of Shakur's albums were released posthumously. It contained previously recorded material from when he was alive.
Assassination
On September 7, 1996, Shakur was shot four times in a drive-by shooting by someone in a Cadillac car at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas, Nevada. He died six days later at the Southern Nevada University Medical Center. His murder is still unsolved.

Shakur's friend and labelmate from Death Row Records, Marion "Suge" Knight, was in the car with Shakur. Knight survived the shooting.

In 1998, a prime suspect in Shakur’s murder, Orlando Anderson (aka Baby Lane) was killed in another drive-by shooting. Shakur once attacked Anderson. 

In 2002, reporter Chuck Phillips wrote in the Los Angeles Times that another rapper called Biggie Smalls (The Notorious B.I.G.) could have paid members of the Crips street gang to kill Shakur and that he could have given them the gun.
A suspect arrested in 2023
On September 29, 2023, Duane "Keffe D" Davis was named as a suspect and was arrested by the Las Vegas Police Department in connection with the murder of Shakur. Keffe D had previously admitted to killing Tupac on July 2, 2018 when he [thought that he was going to die soon, or] was dying from cancer. A trial against Davis, is expected to start in November. 

There were four people in the car that was used by the suspects during the murder, according to media; Three of the suspects are dead (as of 2023).

Legacy
There are murals of Shakur in North America (New York), South America (Brazil), Africa (Sierra Leone), and Europe (Bulgaria). There are also statues of him in Atlanta and Germany.

Discography

Studio albums

Studio albums after death

Collaboration

Compilations

Soundtrack appearances

Singles
Singles 

 A Did not chart on the Hot 100 or Hot R&B/Hip-Hop charts (Billboard rules at the time prevented album cuts from charting). Chart peak listed here represents Hot 100 Airplay and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay charts data.
 1 Double-A-Side in the U.S.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 2Pac Legacy (official website)
 Tupac Amaru Shakur Foundation for the Arts
 Tupac Legacy Tour 
 pacside
 Tupac Nation 

Actors from New York City
African American actors
African American musicians
American movie actors
American people convicted of assault
Rappers from New York (state)
American sex offenders
American television actors
Criminals from New York City
Murdered African-American people
Murdered criminals
Murdered musicians
Murders by firearm in the United States
Gangsta rappers
 
Unsolved murders in the United States
1971 births
1996 deaths
Interscope Records artists
20th-century American rappers
Skagerrak is a sea in the northern part of Europe between Norway and Denmark. Skagerrak is a part of the North Sea. To the east is Kattegat.

Close to the Norwegian coast is a deep trench (700 m), the rest of the sea is shallow. Oil and gas are produced from rigs in the Skagerrak.

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean
Kattegat is a sea in the northern part of Europe between the Danish peninsula Jutland, the Danish island Zealand, and the western coast of Sweden.

To the north-west is Skagerrak. Kattegat is connected to the Baltic Sea through the Danish Straits and Belts.

The sea is shallow, and life conditions are threatened by loss of oxygen in the water. The oxygen loss is caused by pollution. The pollution originates from farming. A century ago, the sea was very rich in cod, herring, and salmon, which were important sources of food in the countries around the sea.

Seas
The Baltic Sea is a sea in northern Europe between Scandinavia, Finland, Russia, the Baltic countries, Poland, and Germany.

Many big rivers in the surrounding countries drain into the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is connected to the ocean through the narrow and shallow Danish straits and belts. For this reason, the water has a low amount of salt, so the northern parts of the sea freeze over in the winter. The ice can carry cars, and roads are established every winter between the islands in the archipelagos between Sweden and Finland.

For several thousand years, the Baltic Sea has connected the countries at her shores. For that reason there are many cultural similarities in these countries. Since all of these countries are European, this sea is also considered European.

Other websites

Baltic Sea
Baltic states
Scandinavia is a group of countries in northern Europe. Scandinavia has Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Some people also think Finland is part of Scandinavia. Others also say Iceland and the Faroe Islands should count. Most of the time, "Scandinavia" is used to mean places where people speak Scandinavian languages, also called North Germanic languages or Nordic. The Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, and Faroese) are very similar to each other, and many Scandinavians understand parts of the other languages because they are alike in some ways. Finnish is not part of the North Germanic language group.

What people mean when they say "Scandinavia" depends on what they think is important at the time. When people want to talk about about maps, natural land formations and how the economy works, they may say Finland is part of Scandinavia but Iceland is not. When people want to talk about history and what languages people speak, they say Iceland is part of Scandinavia but Finland is not.
Some people like to say "Nordic countries" instead of "Scandinavia" because they think it is more correct about geography. The Nordic countries include Norway, Sweden, Denmark (including the Faroe Islands), Finland, and Iceland. These five countries use the Nordic Council to work together on political and cultural activities. Denmark, Sweden, and Finland are also members of the European Union, but only Finland is part of the eurozone, meaning that it uses the Euro as its money. The other Nordic countries still use their own money, called krone or krona (from the word "crowns"). Norway and Iceland, which are not members of the EU, are members of NATO and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Only Denmark is a member of both the EU and NATO.

Geography
Geography

Most of the Scandinavian Peninsula has only a few people in it. It has large forests of pine, birch, and spruce trees. The western and northern parts are mountainous; the Scandinavian mountains are some of the oldest in the world. The tallest mountain is Galdhøpiggen in Norway. Denmark (43,098 km2) is the smallest of the Scandinavian countries. It is more densely populated, and most of the land is farmland. Sweden (449,964 km2) is the largest of the Scandinavian countries. It has the most lakes, and the landscape ranges from plains in the south to mountains in the west (along the border with Norway) to tundra in the north. The far north of Scandinavia and Finland is called Lapland, where the Sámi live. Some of them still herd reindeer, but most Sami live in modern houses and have modern jobs, like other Scandinavians.

Vikings