Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Awards
Cauliflower Alley Club
Iron Mike Mazurki Award (2004)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Manager of the Year Award (1972, 1976, 1989, 1991)
Stanley Weston Award (2012)
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Class of 2006St. Louis Wrestling Hall of FameClass of 2010World Wrestling EntertainmentWWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2004)Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards'''
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 1996)

References

Other websites
WWE profile

1944 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
Deaths from tongue cancer
Cancer deaths in Florida
American professional wrestlers
Professional Wrestling broadcasters
Sportspeople from Chicago
WWE people
WWE Hall of Fame
Stefanie Zweig (19 September 1932 – 25 April 2014) was a German writer. She was best known for her autobiographical novel, Nirgendwo in Afrika (Nowhere in Africa, 1998), based on her early life in Kenya. The novel was made into a movie and won an Academy Award in 2002 for Best Foreign Language Film.

Zweig was born in Leobschütz, Upper Silesia (now Poland). Her family was Jewish and fled Nazi Germany to Kenya.

Zweig died after a short illness on 25 April 2014 in Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany. She was 81.

References

Other websites

 

1932 births
2014 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Germany
Jewish German writers
Writers from Frankfurt
Hans Asperger (18 February 1906 – 21 October 1980) was an Austrian doctor of children. Asperger syndrome (AS) was named after him. Today, Asperger syndrome is seen as a form of Autism. Asperger was born in Vienna and died there. Asperger studied medicine at the University of Vienna under Franz Hamburger. Because he wrote in German, his work was not widely known. It was only in the 1980s that it was translated. One of his students translated it in honor of Asperger.

Hans Asperger worked in Austria when it was occupied by Nazi Germany. Some people say that he was complicit in the forced euthanasia of disabled children by the Nazis.

References 

1906 births
1980 deaths
Austrian physicians
Sandro Lopopolo (18 December 1939 – 26 April 2014) was an Italian light welterweight boxer who was born in Milan. Lopopolo won the silver medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. He fought as a professional from 1961 to 1973. Lopopolo held the light welterweight titles from Italy, Europe and the World at times during his career. When Lopopolo retired from boxing he had a record of 58 wins (20 KOs), 10 losses and 7 draws. Lopopolo died after a long respiratory illness on 26 April 2014 in Milan. He was 74.

References

Other websites
 Sandro Lopopolo  at BoxRec 

1939 births
2014 deaths
Italian boxers
Italian Olympic silver medalists
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Milan
Charles Shane Robinson (born July 2, 1964) is an American professional wrestling referee. He is currently working with the WWE where he has been working 2001.

Robinson started out as a photographer for Pro Wrestling Federation (PWF) in 1995.

World Championship Wrestling
On September 15, 1997, He refereed a tryout dark match between Chris Taylor and Kendall Windham before WCW Monday Nitro at Independence Arena in Charlotte, NC. A week later, he was signed by World Championship Wrestling (WCW).
His first appearance for WCW was at the WCW TV tapings at Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida. He turned heel, refereed Four Horsemen matches and aligned himself with Ric Flair. During his heel run, he favored the Horsemen in matches he refereed which annoyed Randy Savage. Savage, who was suspended by Flair (then-WCW President), proposed a match between Robinson and Savage's girlfriend Gorgeous George where if George defeated Robinson, Savage would be reinstated. The match took place on May 9, 1999 at Slamboree 1999. Robinson (dubbed "Little Naitch") copied Flair's signature strut, "wooo!" catchphrase and even wore a robe similar to Flair's. Robinson would lose the match after George hit him with a diving elbow drop.
World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment/WWE
When the World Wrestling Federation bought WCW in March 2001, they hired Robinson. Robinson was a part of The Alliance. The first match that he refereed in the WWF was on July 2, 2001. Even though he was a part of the Alliance, he was mainly a fair and impartial referee. On the July 1, 2004 episode of SmackDown!, he was forced to wrestle Luther Reigns by then-General Manager Kurt Angle. The match was quickly stopped by Charlie Haas however.

On April 18, 2014, while he was traveling with the WWE in Saudi Arabia, he suffered a freak accident after he nearly lost his thumb when he deeply cut it while helping to set up the wrestling ring. He received 6 stitches from a nearby WWE medic.

References

Other websites
WWE bio

1964 births
American photographers
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina
American referees
WWE people
Lake Macquarie or Awaba, is the largest coastal salt water lake in Australia. It covers an area of . It is on the coast of New South Wales, north of Sydney. The city of lake Macquarie is on the shores of the lake. Lake Macquarie is connected to the sea by a short channel.

History
Aborigines of the Awabakal nation lived in the area for thousands of years. The name Awaba, means "a plain surface".

The first European to visit the lake was Captain William Reid in 1800. Reid had been sent from Sydney to get a load of coal from Newcastle Harbour. Reid took a wrong turn and found himself in a lake rather than a river, with no coal to be seen anywhere. The name "Reid's Mistake" was used until 1826, when it was renamed in honour of Governor Lachlan Macquarie.
Geography and environment
The lake is an irregular shape. The land between the lake and the sea is only a few kilometres wide along most of its length. There are several small, sandy, low-level islands in the lake. Pulbah Island, located south of Swansea is a large island with rocky cliffs. It covers an area of . Pulbah is an Aboriginal name meaning island. Pulbah Island is also a sacred site for the Awabakal people.

Lake Macquarie is connected to the sea by Swansea Channel and Lakes Entrance. Swansea Channel is about  wide and  long. The bridges over the channel can lift to allow yachts and other boats in and out of the lake.

Important Bird Area
The eucalypt forests on the southern edge of the lake have been listed by BirdLife International as a 121 km2 Important Bird Area (IBA). They support significant numbers of endangered Swift Parrots and Regent Honeyeaters.  Masked Owls and Ospreys often nest in the area.
Environmental management
In 1983 the State Pollution Control Commission studied the poor water quality of Lake Macquarie. It found increased amounts of sediment and increased levels of nutrients were causing problems. Further studies in 1995 found that creeks flowing into the lake were causing many of these problems. In 1998 a special group was set up by the government to find ways to protect the lake. This group recommended setting up the Lake Macquarie Project Management Committee. Their job was to put in place an action plan to protect the lake called the Lake Macquarie Improvement Plan.

These actions have included reducing the amount of sediment and nutrients getting into the lake. They have built wetlands, stormwater treatments, replanting, and educating the local community.

There are more fish in the lake because commercial fishing has been stopped in the lake and the water quality is improving.

Recreation
Fishing, boating, kayaking and water skiing are all popular activities on the lake.
References

Other websites
 

Macquarie
Newcastle, New South Wales
Faunist Park La Torbiera is a biopark and consists of an area open to the public and a protected area for wildlife preservation. It was established in Agrate Conturbia, Piedmont, Italy in 1977 to preserve and study some animal species in danger of extinction.

References 

Zoos
Province of Novara
1977 establishments in Europe
1970s establishments in Italy
Organizations based in Italy
The Blue Lake is in Mount Gambier, South Australia. It may be a dormant volcanic crater. It is one of four crater lakes on Mount Gambier. Over the past 30 to 40 years the water table has dropped. The Blue Lake changes colour, from grey to bright blue.

Different dates have been given for its last eruption, of 28,000 years ago, 4300 years ago, and, recently, a little before 6000 years ago. If the youngest date is correct, this could be the most recent volcanic eruption on the Australian mainland.

Blue Lake has an average depth of 72 metres, but in places reaches 77 metres deep. The crater rim measures 1,200 metres (3,937 feet) by 824 metres (2,703 feet). The lake itself measures 1,087 metres (3,566 feet) by 657 metres (2,155 feet). The bottom of the lake is 30 metres (100 feet) below the level of the main street of the nearby town. The Blue Lake supplies the town with drinking water.
Major diving exploration of the lake first took place in 1985. Cave diver Peter Horne studied the temperature and visibility of the water. He discovered a fresh water sponge species and other invertebrates. 

He also discovered "The stromatolite field", hollow rock formations on the north-eastern edge at a depth of 40 m. In 2008 another dive brought up core samples from the calcite-silt covered lake bed, and measured the water temperature on the lake bed at 14 degrees Celsius (57 °F).

Notes
Notes

Sources 
 Sheard M.J. (1978) Geological history of the Mount Gambier volcanic complex, southeast South Australia. Transcript from Royal Society of South Australia 102(5), Aug. 1978
 Telfer A. (2000) Identification of processes regulating the colour and colour change in an oligotrophic, hardwater, groundwater-fed lake, Blue Lake, Mount Gambier, South Australia. Lakes and reservoirs: research and management. 5 161-176.
 Turoczy N.J. (2002) Calcium chemistry of Blue Lake, Mt Gambier, Australia, and relevance to remarkable seasonal colour changes. Archiv fur Hydrobiologia. 156 (1) 1-9.
 Emeny J; Turner G; Turoczy N.J. and Stagnitti F. (2006) The influence of weather and solar elevation on perceived colour of Blue Lake, Mount Gambier, South Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 130(1) 101-108.

Gallery

Lakes of South Australia
Volcanoes of Australia
Borophagus is an extinct genus of the Canidae family, endemic to North America. The species were similar in appearance to modern-day hyenas, and weighed between  and . There are eight known species that lived from around 12 million years ago to about 2 million years ago.

Canids
Probability space is a mathematical model used to describe scientific experiments. A probability space consists of three parts:
 A sample space which lists all possible outcomes (where a sample space is often written as , and an outcome as )
 A set of events. Each event associates zero or more outcomes
 A function that assigns probabilities to each event

An outcome is the result of a single execution of the model. Since individual outcomes might be of little practical use, more complex events are used to characterize groups of outcomes. The collection of all such events is a σ-algebra, sometimes written as . Finally, there is a need to specify each event's likelihood of happening. This is done using the probability measure function, P.
Once the probability space is established, one usually assumes that “nature” makes its move and selects a single outcome, ω, from the sample space Ω. All the events in  that contain the selected outcome ω (recall that each event is a subset of Ω) are said to “have occurred”. The selection performed by nature is done in such a way that if the experiment were to be repeated an infinite number of times, then the relative frequencies of occurrence of each of the events would coincide with the probabilities described by the function P.

The prominent Soviet mathematician Andrey Kolmogorov introduced the notion of probability space, together with other axioms of probability, in the 1930s.

Related pages 

 Random variable

References 

Mathematics
The Gambler is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. 
It is about the bad side of gambling and has to do with Dostoyevsky's own experiences from his travels to Wiesbaden, Baden-Baden and other casinos. At the time when he wrote The Gambler he had serious financial problems. The Gambler was also turned into an opera by Sergei Prokofiev.

Background
The Gambler was made public in 1867 short time after Crime and Punishment. In the summer 1865 Dostoyevsky had promised to his publisher Stellovsky to create a novel until 1. November. Otherwise the publisher would get the publishing rights for other works of Dostoyevsky without having to pay. Dostoyevsky accepted this. So Dostoyevsky dictated the novel in only 26 days to his typist and later wife Anna. Stellovsky left St. Petersburg on 31. October to make the delivery impossible. But Anna had the idea to deliver the novel to a notary (a kind of a lawyer) and like that they were able to deliver the novel until the promised date.

References
References

Books by Fyodor Dostoevsky
In Internet computing, POST is one of many request methods supported by the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (or HTTP). POST acts to submit data to be processed to a specific resource. As examples this may be a message for a bulletin board, a newsgroup, or a mailing list. It can also be an item of data for a database. In contrast, the HTTP GET request method is designed to retrieve (or get) information from a server.

References 

Internet
Internet protocols
The Festspielhaus Baden-Baden is Germany's largest opera house. It is the second largest opera house in Europe. It has 2,500 seats. The Festspielhaus Baden-Baden is in Baden-Baden at the place of the former railroad station. The historic station building was combined into the Festspielhaus and is now the entrance building. The Festspielhaus was opened in 1998. After a difficult starting time due to financial problems it managed to become successful. Today it has five festival periods and a rich cultural program.

Other websites
 Official Website 
 Festspielhaus Baden-Baden in the Baden-Baden City Wiki
 Festspielhaus Baden-Baden  at Baden-Baden.de

Baden-Baden
Buildings and structures in Baden-Württemberg
Opera houses in Germany
The Amazing Spiez! is a French/Canadian animated television series. It is produced by the French company Marathon Media and the Canadian company Image Entertainment Corporation. It was first broadcast on March 15, 2009 on Disney Channel Asia. It aired on TF1 in France and Teletoon in Canada. The series had 52 episodes (2 seasons). It aired its last episode on May 25, 2012. Its spinoff is Totally Spies.

Plot
4 kids are secretly undercover as spiez! for WOOHP taking down Baddies headed by Jerry Lewis the Head/Founder of WOOHP a secret spy organization.
Characters
Lee Clark is the oldest of the SpieZ at age 13. He is the strongest and most athletic spy. His spy suit is red.
Marc Clark is the smartest of the SpieZ at age 12. He is very intelligent, which his siblings often find freaky. His spy suit is blue.
Megan Clark is the only girl of the SpieZ at age 12, and Marc's fraternal twin sister. She always hangs out with her 3 brothers. Her spy suit is pink.
Tony Clark in the youngest of the SpieZ at age 11. He is a very hyperactive boy who would rather act before even thinking. His spy suit is yellow.
Jerry Lewis is the founder of WOOHP (World Organization of Human Protection). He sends the spies on missions.
Cal and Karen Clark are the parents of the SpieZ. They are former agents part of an organization called OOPSIE.
Tami is a popular girl at the SpieZ' school, and a rival to them.

Episodes
List of The Amazing Spiez! episodes
The Amazing Spiez! had 52 episodes. Each episode was 26 minutes long. The series had 52 episodes divided in 2 seasons. The series first episode premiered on March 15 2009 and the last episode premiered on May 25, 2012.

Broadcast
The series came on Disney Channel Asia, TF1, Teletoon, Cartoon Network USA, NHK Japan, Canal J and other networks

References

2000s animated television series
2009 television series debuts
2012 television series endings
English-language television programs
Arvind Kejriwal (born 16 August 1968) is an Indian politician. He is the current and 7th Chief Minister of Delhi. He is the national convener of Aam Aadmi Party (AAP). He started the Aam Aadmi Party in 2012. Kejriwal won the TIME 100 Readers' Poll in 2014.For the 2019 general elections the Aam Aadmi Party shared seats with the Indian National Congress.

Early life 
Kejriwal was born in Bhiwani, Haryana on 16th August 1968. He was educated at Campus School in Hisar. He graduated from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, majoring in mechanical engineering.

Political career

Aam Aadmi Party 
In November 2012, Kejriwal launched AAP.

Chief Minister of Delhi (first term) 
AAP contested Delhi legislative assembly elections in 2013. Kejriwal defeated incumbent Chief Minister, Sheila Dikshit of the Indian National Congress (INC). Kejriwal was sworn in as the second-youngest chief minister of Delhi on 28 December 2013.

On 14 February 2014 he resigned as Chief Minister.
2014 Loksabha Elections 
Kejriwal contested in 2014 Indian general elections. He lost against the BJP prime ministerial candidate, Narendra Modi.

Chief Minister of Delhi (second term) 
Aam Aadmi Party won 67 of the 70 constituencies in the 2015 Delhi Assembly elections. Arvind Kejriwal took oath on 14 February 2015 as Delhi's chief minister for a second time.

References

Biographies 

  by Pran Kurup

Author 

  (co-author)

Other websites

 Arvind Kejriwal - Profile 

1968 births
Politicians from New Delhi
Living people
Brody Dalle (born Bree Joanna Alice Robinson on January 1, 1979) is an Australian singer and guitarist from Melbourne. She started The Distillers in 1998. Her first solo album was released on April 28, 2014.

Personal life 
Dalle was married to Tim Armstrong from 1997 until they divorced in 2003. She married Josh Homme in 2007. She lives with him in California.

Other websites 
Official website 

1979 births
Australian guitarists
Australian rock singers
Australian singer-songwriters
Musicians from Melbourne
Living people
Manuel Ortega Pérez de Monforte (9 July 1921 – 14 April 2014) was a Spanish painter, muralist, sculptor, designer, portrait painter, and engraver. He was born in Madrid.

Ortega created more than 200 murals and created stained glass in many cathedrals, seminaries,palaces, hotels and developments from Spain. He won the international competition for the windows of the Cathedral of Almudena in Madrid in 1998.

Ortega died in Madrid from natural causes, aged 92.

References

1921 births
2014 deaths
Spanish painters
People from Madrid
Albert Manent i Segimon (23 September 1930 – 14 April 2014) was a Spanish writer and cultural activist. He was mostly involved in the field of Catalan. Manent was the son of the writer Marià Manent. He graduated the subject of law and in Catalan philology. He was born in Premia de Dalt, Spain.

Manent died in Madrid from an illness, aged 83.

References

1930 births
2014 deaths
Spanish writers
Spanish activists
The New World Order (also known as just nWo) is a professional wrestling stable that is best known for competing in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E). The stable was created on July 7, 1996 and broke up on July 15, 2002. nWo had a gimmick of a group of unsanctioned wrestlers trying to "take over" WCW.

The nWo angle was based on Universal Wrestling Federation's invasion of New Japan Pro Wrestling. A well known moment happened at Bash at the Beach when Hulk Hogan unexpectedly turned heel for the first time in nearly fifteen years. The nWo angle is one of the most popular and successful angles in modern-day professional wrestling.

List of incarnations and members

WCW

WWF/WWE

NJPW

TNA (unofficial)

References

Other websites 
Archived official website

World Championship Wrestling
WWE teams and stables
WWE Hall of Fame
Alistair MacLeod, (July 20, 1936 – April 20, 2014) was a Canadian novelist, short story writer and academic. He was known for his novels in No Great Mischief, The Lost Salt Gift of Blood, and As Birds Bring Forth the Sun and Other Stories. He was born in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada.

MacLeod was born in North Battleford, Saskatchewan and died in Windsor, Ontario from a stroke, aged 77.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2014 deaths
Canadian novelists
Deaths from stroke
Writers from Saskatchewan
William "Sandy" Pullar Jardine (31 December 1948 – 24 April 2014) was a Scottish professional footballer. Jardine played for Rangers, Hearts and represented Scotland.

Jardine died from liver cancer, aged 65.

Career statistics  
Club

International

References

Other websites
Sandy Jardine proflie at Rangers.co.uk
Appearances  at londonhearts.com
Scotland Appearances at londonhearts.com

1948 births
2014 deaths
1974 FIFA World Cup players
1978 FIFA World Cup players
Cancer deaths in Scotland
Deaths from liver cancer
Footballers from Edinburgh
Andrée Marcelle Henriette Parisy (4 December 1935 – 27 April 2014), better known by her stage names Andréa Parisy and sometimes Andrée Parizy, was a French actress. She is best known for her roles in movies such as Babes a GoGo (1956), The Little Bather (1968) and Mayerling (1968). She was born in Levallois-Perret.

Parisy died on 27 April 2014, aged 78.

References

Other websites

 

1935 births
2014 deaths
French movie actors
French stage actors
French television actors
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Disease-related deaths in France
Steve Zabriskie is a former sportscaster. He was best known for calling Major League Baseball, football, and college basketball.

Biography
Zabriskie was the play-by-play voice for the New York Mets from 1983 through 1989. He also called games for the California Angels and did part time games for the Boston Red Sox as well as calling baseball games for USA, ABC Sports, and ESPN as well as calling college football for ABC, college basketball on ESPN and CBS, and NFL games for CBS.

Personal life
Zabriskie used to live in Orlando, Florida. He currently lives in California. His wife of more than thirty years died of cancer.

References
 http://metwiki.com/wiki/Steve_Zabriskie
 

Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
National Football League broadcasters
College football broadcasters
College basketball broadcasters
1947 births
American sports commentators
Lake McKenzie (Boorangoora) is a perched lake on Fraser Island in Queensland, Australia.  The lake is located in the Great Sandy National Park. Fraser Island is the world's largest sand island and is also a World Heritage site. Half of the world's perched lakes are found on the island.

The lake is 6.2 km southeast of Kingfisher Resort. It is 1,200 metres long and up to 930 metres wide. It covers an area of about 150 hectares.

The sand around the lake is pure, white silica. The water in the lake is also so pure it is unsuitable for many species.

Facilities for visitors around the lake include camping areas, picnic areas, toilets and barbecues.

History
In March 1944 a military training camp was set up at the lake.  It was closed late the same year.

The lake served as the final Roadblock location and the finish line of the TV series The Amazing Race Australia 2.

Related pages
List of lakes of Australia

References

Other websites

McKenzie
Queensland
Sarah Catharine Paulson (born December 17, 1974) is an American actress. She was born in Tampa, Florida.

Paulson played Maggie Corner in the "Family Values" episode of Law & Order. She played Anne Gillette in the episode "Shadow" of the same series. She played several characters in different seasons of American Horror Story. She played Dr. Caron in the movie Serenity. She also starred in The Post.

Other websites 

American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Tampa, Florida
1974 births
Living people
Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Pica Serrano (March 21, 1933 — April 26, 2014) was a Spanish actor.

Early life
Pica was born in Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain.

Career
He appeared in over 60 movies since his career began in 1966. He worked with Sophia Loren and Christopher Plummer. He is known for his roles in Delusions of Grandeur (1971), Travels with My Aunt (1972) and The Killer with a Thousand Eyes (1974).

Death
Pica died at a hospital in El Puerto de Santa María, Spain from an illness, aged 81.

Movies
 Django Kill (1967) ... Tembler's Henchman
 Bandidos ... 7
 Ringo the Lone Rider (1968) ... Sheriff
 A Bullet for Sandoval (1969) ... Sam Paul
 Delusions of Grandeur (1971) ... Grand d'Espagne
 Travels with my Aunt (1972) ... Elegant Man
 The Heroes (1973) ... Dietrich
 Los Ojos Azules de la Muneca Rota (1973) ... Inspector Pierre
 Vengeance of the Zombies (1973) ... Superintendent Hawkins
 The Mark of Zorro (1974) ... Major de Colignac
 Licántropo (1996) ... Comisario Lacombe

References
References

Other websites

1933 births
2014 deaths
Spanish movie actors
Spanish television actors
People from Jerez de la Frontera
Kent is a town in  Litchfield County, Connecticut.

Towns in Connecticut
Ryan Tandy (20 September 1981 – 28 April 2014) was an Australian professional rugby league player who played as both a prop and second row from 2003 until 2011. During his career, he played for the St. George Illawarra Dragons, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Wests Tigers, Melbourne Storm and the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs in the National Rugby League (NRL). He also played for Hull Kingston Rovers in the European Super League. He represented Ireland from 2006 until 2008.

He was banned from playing professional rugby league due to a match fixing scandal. He was born in Wollongong, New South Wales.

Tandy was found dead of an apparent drug overdose on 28 April 2014 at his parents' home in Saratoga, New South Wales. He was 32.

References

Other websites
 Ryan Tandy at the Rugby League Project

1981 births
2014 deaths
Australian criminals
Australian rugby league players
Sportspeople from New South Wales
Ground sloths are a group of extinct large sloths in the mammalian superorder Xenarthra. The much smaller living sloths are called "tree sloths". 

The last surviving ground sloths lived in the Caribbean Antilles.  Megalocnus may have survived until about the third century BC in Cuba. By then ground sloths had been extinct on the mainland of North and South America for 10,000 years or more. They survived on Caribbean islands because humans got to the islands much later.  Some island sloth populations lived 5,000-6,000 years later than their continental mainland relatives.  This fits the pattern of Holocene extinction of large vertebrates due to human dispersal.  In other words, they were probably hunted or otherwise so affected by humans that they were unable to survive.
Most ground sloth evolution took place during the mid to late Tertiary of South America while the continent was isolated.  At their earliest appearance in the fossil record, the ground sloths were already quite distinct. The presence of islands between the American continents in the Miocene allowed some to get into North America. 

Ground sloths were a hardy group: their numbers and dispersals into remote areas are evidence of this. Remains have been found in parts of Alaska.

Sloths, and xenarthrans as a whole, were one of the more successful South American groups during the Great American Biotic Interchange. In general, during the interchange, many more taxa moved from North America into South America than in the other direction. However,at least five genera of ground sloths have been identified in North American fossils. These are examples of successful migration to the north.

Typical examples 
Megatherium
Paramylodon

References 

Xenarthrans
Megafauna
Paramylodon is an extinct genus of ground sloth. It was endemic to North America in the Pliocene, and to the end of the Pleistocene epoch. It lived from around ~4.9 million years ago (mya) to 11,000 years ago.

Paramylodon was about 3 m (9.8 ft) in height and weighted as much as 1089 kg. It is known from deposits in the United States, Mexico and as far south as Guatemala.

There is just one recognized species, P. harlani, (Owen) 1840, which is commonly referred to as Harlan's ground sloth in honor of the American paleontologist who first discovered and described a lower jaw in 1835.
Like the South American Mylodon, Paramylodon had dermal ossicles: small bones embedded in the skin. This made it harder for predators if they attacked from behind. Its skull and teeth suggest it was, like the other members of its group, a browser on leaves and small branches. It ate standing on its hind legs and using its huge hands to pull the vegetation into its mouth. Skeletons found in the La Brea tar pits were more or less complete.

References 

Xenarthrans
Megafauna
Mammals of North America
Wilfred Thesiger (June 3, 1910 – August 24, 2003) was a British military officer, explorer, and writer.

He was born in Addis Ababa where his father was an advisor to the Ethiopian emperor. He went to school and university in England but he always dreamed of travel. He didn't make many friends when he studied in England. During his first university holidays he travelled alone, without much money, from England to Istanbul. This was the start of an exciting life filled with adventure in Africa, Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula. 

Thesiger was one of the last great British explorers and he was an excellent photographer and writer. When Thesiger died in 2003, he left more than 38,000 photographs to the Pitt Rivers museum in Oxford. Thesiger wrote many books, some of which are considered to be classics. He was a tall, strong man and a successful boxer.
Thesiger travelled through the UAE with his Bedouin friends and even met Sheikh Zayed in Al Ain. (In 2003, the UAE gave money to the Pitt Rivers museum to help keep Thesiger's photos safe). Thesiger had a deep respect for his Bedouin friends who he thought of as better than himself because they were generous, brave and always cheerful. Each time Thesiger and his Bedouin friends met other people, they stopped, invited them to eat their food, and enjoyed sharing the latest news. 

Thesiger loved a simple lifestyle. He didn't like cars or the radio. For the rest of his life he always wanted to go back to the desert.

He died in Croydon, London.

1910 births
2003 deaths
Addis Ababa
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British explorers
Penny Arcade is a webcomic about video games. It was created by Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik. The comic debuted in 1998. Now, the comic has its own website which also hosts other comic strips. In addition, the site has information about Child's Play, a children's charity, and PAX, a gaming convention. Both are by Holkins and Krahulik.

The Comic Strip 
The comic strip is about two characters who are based on the creators of the comic strip. John "Gabe" Gabriel is based Mike Krahulik, and Tycho Brahe is based on Jerry Holkins. Gabrial is happier, but can become very angry. Tycho Brahe (named after the astronomer Tycho Brahe) is unhappy and serious. The characters go through the same events their creators do, but react differently. Most of the comic strips involve the two characters commenting on nerd culture, usually video games. The strip has large amounts of cursing and has been known to offend people.
Other Media 
Krahulik and Holkins have released podcasts called Downloadable Content since March 20, 2006. A series of four video games loosely based on the comic strip titled Penny Arcade Adventures: On the Rain-Slick Precipice of Darkness began on May 21, 2008. Tycho appeared in the game Poker Night at the Inventory alongside characters from Team Fortress 2, Strong Bad and Sam & Max. Penny Arade: The Series is a reality televesion show about the strip and the Penny Arcade company that began on February 20, 2010.

References

Other websites 
 loonygames.com 
 penny-arcade.com

Comic strips
Video game websites
Operation Yewtree is an investigation by the Metropolitan Police into sex crimes, especially child sexual abuse. It began in October 2012, after Jimmy Savile, who died in 2011, was found to have been a sexual predator for decades. People investigated include: Max Clifford, Dave Lee Travis, Rolf Harris, Gary Glitter, Freddie Starr, Paul Gambaccini, Chris Denning, Jim Davidson, Wilfred De'ath and Ted Beston.

Clifford, Harris and Denning have been convicted after being investigated by Operation Yewtree.

References
Yigal Arnon (9 December 1929 – 27 April 2014) was an Israeli lawyer. He was best known as the founder of Yigal Arnon & Co., one of the largest law firms in Israel. He was born in Tel Aviv.

Arnon died on 27 April 2014 in Tel Aviv, aged 84.

References

1929 births
2014 deaths
Israeli Jews
Lawyers  from Tel Aviv
Maxwell Frank "Max" Clifford (6 April 1943 – 10 December 2017) was a British publicist and sex offender.

Early life
Clifford was born in Kingston upon Thames and raised in Wimbledon. He left school when he was 15.

Personal life
Clifford was married to Elizabeth Porter from 1967 until her death in 2003. He has a daughter by her. He married Jo Westwood in 2010. She began divorce proceedings against him in August 2013 on the grounds of unreasonable behaviour. A decree nisi was granted in May 2014. He lived in Hersham before being sent to prison.
Crimes
He was arrested in December 2012 by Metropolitan Police officers as part of Operation Yewtree an investigation which was set up to investigate child sexual abuse committed by DJ Jimmy Savile who died in 2011, and by other people. In 2014, he was tried at Southwark Crown Court for 11 counts of indecent assault against teenage girls. On 28 April 2014 he was convicted of 8 counts.  On 2 May 2014, he was sentenced to 8 years imprisonment and is now incarcerated at HM Prison Littlehey in Cambridgeshire. He collapsed in his cell and was taken to hospital, where he died of a heart attack.

References

1943 births
2017 deaths
British people convicted of assault
British prisoners
British sex offenders
Child sexual abusers
English journalists
English prisoners
Operation Yewtree
People from Surrey
People who died in prison custody
John T. "Jack" Ramsay (February 21, 1925 – April 28, 2014), also known as "Dr. Jack", was an American basketball coach. He coached Saint Joseph's Hawks from 1955 until 1966, Philadelphia 76ers from 1968 until 1972, Buffalo Braves from 1972 until 1976, Portland Trail Blazers from 1976 until 1986 and Indiana Pacers from 1986 until 1988. He entered the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1992. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Ramsay died in his sleep from cancer on the night of April 27, 2014. He was 89.

References

Other websites
 

1925 births
2014 deaths
American basketball players
Basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Philadelphia
Birthday Girl is a 2001 British-American crime-thriller movie. It is set in St Albans, Hertfordshire. It stars Nicole Kidman and Ben Chaplin. It is a bank clerk in St Albans who finds a Russian mail-order bride, Nadia, played by Kidman.

The movie received mixed reviews.

Other websites 

2001 crime thriller movies
American crime thriller movies
British crime thriller movies
2000s English-language movies
Hertfordshire
Multilingual movies
Harry L. Firth (18 April 1918 - 27 April 2014) was an Australian racing driver and team manager. Firth was a leading race and rally driver during the 1950s and 1960s and continued as an influential team manager with first the Ford works team and then the famed Holden Dealer Team (HDT) well into the 1970s. He was born in Orbost, Victoria.

Firth died from natural causes, aged 96.

References

1918 births
2014 deaths
Australian racecar drivers
Sportspeople from Victoria (Australia)
Wheels are a very useful technology for people. Many technologies that people use are also found in nature, like wings and lenses.
It may seem strange, then, that wheels have never evolved in nature, but there are two reasons for this. First, there are natural limits to what kinds of things can exist in nature. Living things change slowly over time, a process called evolution by natural selection. This process can create many different answers to a problem, but it can't always create every answer that can be imagined. Also, the ways that new living things build themselves (a process called developmental biology) can't always create every kind of part that can be imagined. Second, wheels are sometimes less useful than other ways of moving, like walking, running, or slithering like a snake. For the same reason, some groups of people in the past have given up using wheels completely.

Known examples of rolling and wheels in living things

Rolling
Rolling

Some living things move around by rolling. These are not true examples of wheels, because the whole organism rotates, without any parts that stay still, like an axle.

Some kinds of animals form their bodies into a circle. In some cases, they do this to protect themselves, and in some cases they do it to be able to roll. Animals that do this include some caterpillars, tiger beetle larvae, myriapods, mantis shrimp, and salamanders. Other animals form into a ball instead. These animals include pangolins, hedgehogs, armadillos, the armadillo Lizard, isopods, the wheel spider, and fossilized trilobites. These animals may roll passively, meaning they are pushed by gravity or wind, or actively, meaning they push themselves by changing their shape. Tumbleweeds are a part of a plant that grows above the ground. Tumbleweeds break off from their roots and roll in the wind in order to spread their seeds.
Dung beetles form round balls of animal feces. They roll these balls with their bodies. Although the ball rolls instead of the beetle, the beetles have many of the same problems as rolling animals.

A kind of skin cell called a keratinocyte moves itself by rolling, as part of the process of healing.

A kind of tiny animal called a rotifer uses a ring of cilia (small hair-like parts) moving in rhythm to move and feed itself. The word "rotifer" in Latin means "having wheels", but rotifers do not actually have any parts that rotate.
Rotation like a wheel
No known multicellular organism (an organism made of many cells) can spin part of its body while keeping the rest of its body still. However, there are at least two examples of rotating parts used by cells. One example is a molecule called ATP synthase. ATP synthase is used to store and move energy. For example, it is used in the processes of photosynthesis (a way of storing energy from the sun) and oxidative phosphorylation (a way of releasing stored energy). ATP synthase is similar to flagellar motors, which are talked about below. Biologists (scientists who study life) think that ATP synthase is an example of modular evolution. In modular evolution, two parts with different jobs join together and pick up a new job.
At the bottom of the bacterial flagellum, where it meets the cell membrane, a motor protein acts as an engine. This engine gets its power from proton motive force, the flow of protons (hydrogen ions) across the cell membrane. This is caused by a concentration gradient (a difference in the number of protons on each side of the membrane) created by the cell's metabolism. (Bacteria called Vibrio use two kinds of flagella, one of which is powered by sodium ions instead.) Flagella are very efficient, meaning not much energy is wasted. They can push bacteria as fast as 60 times their length every second. The motor at the bottom of the flagellum has a similar structure to ATP synthase. Bacteria called spirillum have twisted bodies with flagella on both ends. Spririllum bacteria spin around as they move.
A kind of organism called archaea, which are different from bacteria, also use flagella powered by rotating motor proteins. The two kinds of flagella evolved from different parts. Eukaryotic cells are a more complex kind of cell found in plants and animals. Some of these cells also have flagella called cilia, but these flagella do not rotate at the bottom. Instead, they bend so that the tip of the flagella moves in a circle.

Barriers to wheels in biology

Limits of evolution

The science of evolution can help to explain why multicellular organisms have not developed wheels. To put it simply, a complex structure (one made of several parts working together) can't evolve unless its early, unfinished form helps the organism to live and to have children.
Natural selection therefore explains why wheels have not appeared. A wheel without one or more of its important parts would probably not help an organism very much. However, the same is not true for the flagellum discussed above. As the flagellum evolved, different parts of other structures were used for a new purpose. The part that is now a rotating motor, called a basal body, may have evolved from a part that was used by bacteria to inject poisons into other cells. This use of existing parts is called exaptation.

The biologist Robin Holliday has written that, because there are no living things with wheels, creationism and intelligent design (stories of life that claim an intelligent creator) are less likely to be right. Holliday argues that an intelligent creator, free from the limits of evolution, would use wheels in any place they would be useful.

Limits of bodies and how they grow
The greatest barrier to many-celled organisms with wheels is the interface (meeting point) between the parts that move and the parts that stay still. Wheels, or wheels and axles, need to be able to turn freely relative to the rest of the organism. Animal joints have a limited range of motion (the angle they can move), but wheels need to be able to turn through any angle without needing to be turned back. Because of this, wheels can't be attached to the axle or shaft that they turn on. No true many-celled organism is known to grow solid tissues or organs that are not attached to the rest of the organism.

Sending power to wheels
Friction
In most machines, a lubricant (like oil or grease) or a bearing is used to limit friction (rubbing) between moving parts. Keeping friction down is important for limiting wear damage to the parts, and for keeping the parts from getting too hot. The faster the parts move, or the more force between them, the more important it is to reduce friction. In animal joints like the human knee, friction is reduced with a tissue called cartilage that has a low coefficient of friction, and a lubricating fluid called synovial fluid that has a low viscosity (resistance to flowing). Gerhard Scholtz, a professor at the  ("Institute for Biology and Comparative Zoology") at Humboldt University of Berlin, has written that a similar lubricating fluid or material from dead cells could help an animal wheel to turn freely, but something like this has never been seen in nature.
Moving nutrients and waste to and from a wheel
Another problem is the flow of materials to and from a living wheel. If the tissues that form the wheel are living, then they must receive oxygen and nutrients and have wastes taken away in order to continue metabolism (the process of using energy to maintain functioning). A normal animal circulatory system (the network of tubes that allow blood to flow), would not be able to provide for the necessary flow of materials. Without blood flowing, materials would have to diffuse to and from the wheel. Diffusion is limited by partial pressure and surface area, by a rule called Fick's law of diffusion. For large animals, diffusion would not be enough to keep tissues alive. Instead of a living wheel, a wheel could be made of dead material like keratin, which makes up hair and nails.

Problems with wheels
In some environments, wheels are simply not as good as limbs for getting around. So it may be that, even if it were possible for wheels to evolve, they would not be found often in nature. In fact, given the limits of wheels, the main question can be turned around: instead of asking "Why doesn't nature use wheels?", the question becomes "Why don't people build more machines with limbs?" In engineering, wheels are often used instead of limbs, because limbs are more complex to design and control—not because wheels necessarily do the job better.

Efficiency

Rolling resistance
Rolling resistance

On hard, flat ground, like paved roads, hard wheels are more energy efficient than other ways of moving around. However, wheels are not as efficient (they take more energy to move) on soft surfaces, like soils, because they have to deal with "rolling resistance". In rolling resistance, a vehicle loses energy as the shape of the wheel and the surface are deformed (changed), and the surface pushes back against the wheel. Smaller wheels have to deal with more resistance for their size than larger wheels. Softer surfaces deform more than hard surfaces, and they don't come back to their starting shape as well. This causes greater resistance. Compared to concrete, the resisting force on medium-hard soil can be five to eight times greater, and on sand it can be ten to fifteen times greater. While wheels must deform the surface along their entire path, limbs only cause a small deformation at the point that the foot touches the ground.
Rolling resistance is also the reason that some human civilizations didn't use wheels. During the Roman Empire, wheeled chariots were common in the Middle East and North Africa. However, when the Empire fell, wheels became less useful to the local people, who turned to camels to transport goods in the sandy desert climate. Stephen Jay Gould wrote about this strange fact of history in his book Hen's Teeth and Horse's Toes. He wrote that without maintained roads, camels needed less human power and water than a cart pulled by oxen.
Efficiency of movement in water
When moving in water, rotating mechanisms are more efficient only when the Reynolds number of the flow is very low. The Reynolds number is a way to describe the behavior of a flow—in a flow with a low Reynolds number, like those in which bacteria move, viscosity is the most important effect to consider. In flows with high Reynolds numbers, inertia is the most important effect, and mechanisms that oscillate, or move back and forth, are more efficient. Although ship propellers usually have an efficiency near 60%, and aircraft propellers around 80% (up to 88% in the human-powered Gossamer Condor), oscillating foils like fish tails and bird wings can be as efficient as 96%−98%.
Traction
Wheels can slip, meaning they fail to get a grip, on loose or slippery ground. Slipping wastes energy, and can lead to loss of control or becoming unable to move. This happens to cars on mud, ice, and snow. Where wheels have this problem, people sometimes use other mechanisms instead. In the logging industry, vehicles with legs are sometimes used to reach areas that are more difficult than what wheels can deal with. Vehicles with tracks, like tanks, don't slip as much as vehicles with wheels, because they have a larger area touching the surface. However, vehicles with tracks often have a larger turning radius than wheeled vehicles, meaning they take more space to turn. They are also less efficient, and more complex to build.
Dealing with obstacles
The engineer Mieczysław G. Bekker showed that in natural terrain, small obstacles are much more common than large ones.  This is called a "log-normal" distribution. This means that obstacles are a problem for wheeled vehicles of all sizes. The main ways of dealing with obstacles are to go around them, and to go over them.

Going around obstacles
The most common types of steering do not include separate articulation (joints for bending) for each wheel, so they have a limited turning radius. This limits how well these kinds of vehicles can move around where there are a large number of obstacles.

Michael LaBarbera of the University of Chicago shows the limited turning radius of wheels by comparing humans walking with humans in wheelchairs. Jared Diamond points out that most examples of rolling in nature are found in wide open, hard terrain. This includes the use of rolling by dung beetles and tumbleweeds.