Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Such was the popularity of Wee Willie Winkie that the character has become one of several bedtime entities such as the Sandman, Ole Lukøje of Scandinavia, Klaas Vaak of the Netherlands, Dormette of France and Billy Winker in Lancashire.

Notes

External links
Scottish Nursery Songs and other Poems by William Miller  at Dennistoun online, includes Wee Willie Winkie
Whistle-Binkie; a Collection of Songs for the Social Circle edited by John Donald Carrick, Alexander Rodger, David Robertson, contains Willie Winkie and the autograph of Miller (1873)

19th-century British poems
Scots language
1840s poems
Rugby boys (sometimes called solvent boys) is the name for gangs of street children in the Philippines. There are a well-known sign of poverty there. They can be found in many slums. They often use and are addicted to an adhesive called Rugby, which gives them their name. They use this against hunger. Rugby is cheap, and easy to get. For this reason, many street children are addicted to it. Often, rugby boys will commit crimes such as robbery to get the money needed to get the adhesive. The formula for the adhesive has also been changed, ot make sniffing it less attractive. The problem is that sniffing solvents causes permanent damage to organs organs such as the liver, kidneys, brain, and heart.

The phenomenon is not limited to boys, it also affects girls. Children usually begin sniffing because of peer pressure, they see other people doing it.

Street children
Murad II (, , 16 June 1404 – 3 February 1451) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and from 1446 to 1451.

Murad II's reign was a period of important economic development. The amount of trade grew during his rule.  Ottoman cities grew larger as well. In 1432, Bertrandon de la Broquière noted that Ottoman yearly revenue rose to 2,500,000 ducats. He said that if Murad II had used all of the resources of the Empire, he could easily have invaded Europe. Murad II defeated a large group of Crusader armies from different states of Europe at the Battle of Varna.

Refernces

1404 births
1451 deaths
Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
The British Rail Class 387 is a type of electric multiple unit passenger train. It was  made for Great Western Railway The train was built by Bombardier Transportation. A total of 107 units were made. The first train began being used in December 2014. The trains are currently used by Great Western Railway, Govia Thameslink Railway, and Heathrow Express. The Class 387 is a version of the Class 379 Bombardier ElectrostarThe Class 387 has dual-voltage capability. This lets the trains run on 750VDC third rail as well as use 25kVAC OLE). The class were the last rolling stock ordered of the Bombardier Electrostar family.  As of 2023 107 units were built

References

37
Johannes Nicolaas “John” Leddy (13 January 1930 — 25 December 2022) was a Dutch television and movie actor. He was most known for his roles as Jan Engelmoer in the television series De kleine waarheid and as Koos Dobbelsteen in Zeg 'ns Aaa.

Leddy died on 25 December 2022 in the Jeroen Bosch Hospital at the age of 92.

References

1930 births
2022 deaths
Dutch television actors
Dutch movie actors
People from The Hague
Justin Gunnar Walter Chancellor (born 19 November 1970) is an English guitarist. He is best known for playing the bass guitar for Tool. Tool is an American progressive metal band. He has played the bass guitar for them since 1995.

Before joining Tool, Chancellor played the bass guitar for a band named Peach. Peach played with Tool at concerts in England in the 1990s. Chancellor moved to the United States. When Paul D'Amour left Tool, Chancellor replaced him. The first Tool studio album he played music on was Ænima (1996).

References 

Living people
1970 births
English guitarists
Heavy metal musicians
Tool (band)
Adel Ahmad (born 10 November 1990) is a Qatari footballer who plays as a striker.

References 

Association football forwards
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
Living people
1990 births
Inhalant is the name for a number of chemicals that can cause hallucinations  when they are inhaled. For this reason, adolescents often use them instead of illegal drugs. Many solvents contain such substances. Usually, solvents that are used in the household are easy to get. In many cases, the effect will start very soon and last from minutes to hours. 

Chemicals
Drugs
Isocrates  (;  ; 436–338 BC) was an ancient Greek teacher of rhetoric and was one of the ten . He was one of the leading Greek rhetorical speakers of his time and contributed to rhetoric and education through his teaching and written works.

Some people say , a pupil of , was the teacher of Isocrates. Within two generations, rhetoric had become an important art, its growth driven by social and political changes such as democracy and courts of law. Isocrates starved himself to death, two years before his 100th birthday.

References 

436 BC births
338 BC deaths
Ancient Greek philosophers
The dotted wrinkled ground frog (Cornufer punctatus) is a frog. It lives in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, and islands nearby.

References

Frogs of Oceania
Peace TV Foundation is a Sunni Salafi Islamic Non-Profit Organization in Banglandesh. Peace TV Foundation Works Towards Creating an Inclusive Society By Making Information About Islam Accessible Through Dawah, Social media, Teaching, Media & Political Engagement.

References

Non-profit organizations of Asia
Organisations based in Bangladesh
2020 establishments in Asia
21st-century establishments in Bangladesh
Ahmad Abbas Hattab Al-Saedi (Arabic: احمد عباس حطاب الساعدي, born May 9, 1994) is an Iraqi footballer who plays as a center midfielder for Al-Talaba in Iraq. Hattab made his International debut against Yemen in the 21st Arabian Gulf Cups on 12 January 2013.

References

Other websites 
 profile on goalzz.com
Iraqi footballers
Association football midfielders
Living people
1993 births
Omri Boehm is an Israeli philosopher and associate professor of philosophy at the New School for Social Research in New York City. He is known for his interpretation of the Binding of Isaac (Genesis 22), work on Kant, and writing on Israel and Zionism.

References 

Israeli academics
Israeli journalists
Israeli philosophers
Israeli political writers
Living people
Sweeney Todd is a fictional character who first appeared as the villain of the  serial  (1846–47).  The original story became a feature of 19th-century melodrama and London legend. A barber from Fleet Street, Todd murders his customers with a straight razor and gives their corpses to Mrs. Lovett, his partner in crime, who bakes their flesh into meat pies. The tale has been retold many times since in plays, novels, film and other media.

Scholars do not think Sweeney Todd was a real person.

References 

Characters in written fiction
Antinous (; ;  – ) was a young Greek man from Bithynia and a favourite and likely lover of the Roman emperor Hadrian. Following his death aged eighteen, Antinous was deified (made into a deity) on Hadrian's orders, being worshipped in both the Greek East and Latin West, sometimes as a god () and sometimes as a hero ().
After his death, Hadrian deified Antinous and founded an organised cult devoted to his worship that spread throughout the Roman Empire. Hadrian founded the city of Antinoöpolis close to Antinous's place of death, which became a cultic centre for the worship of Osiris-Antinous. Hadrian also founded games in commemoration of Antinous to take place in both Antinoöpolis and Athens, with Antinous becoming a symbol of Hadrian's dreams of pan-Hellenism. The worship of Antinous proved to be one of the most enduring and popular of cults of deified humans in the Roman Empire, and events continued to be founded in his honour long after Hadrian's death.

Antinous became a symbol of male homosexuality in Western culture, appearing in the work of Oscar Wilde and Fernando Pessoa.

Notes

References

Bibliography 

Roman people
110s
130s deaths
The Sura (Sudra) Kingdom is mentioned as one of the kingdoms or provinces of ancient India (Bharata Varsha) as per the epic Mahabharata. They were mentioned along with another tribe called the Abhiras along the banks of Saraswati River where it dried up in the desert. They were dominated by the Abhiras, sometimes referred to as Surabhira  The Balarama visited this place during his pilgrimage along the partially dried up river Saraswati. After this place, only a dried up river bed existed and the desert or the Maru region began. According to Mahābhārata (IX.36.) Sura lived in the region of Vinasana, in the vicinity of Abhiras (tato vinaśanam rājanājagāma halāyudhaḥ śūrābhirān prati dveṣād yatra naṣṭā sarasvatī).

The Suras and Abhiras' are associated together in the Mahabharata and Harivansa and appear to have been a pastoral people in the upper portion of the North-western Punjab represented by the Ahirs and Gwalas of the present day.
References in Mahabharata 
There are the Sura-abhiras, the Dardas, the Kasmiras, and the Pattis; the Kshatriyas; the Atreyas, the Bharadwajas, the Stanaposhikas, the Poshakas, the Kalingas, and diverse tribes of Kiratas; the Tomaras, the Hansamargas, and the Karamanjakas among the kingdoms of Bharata Varsha (6:9).

Expeditions of Nakula 
Nakula brought under subjection the mighty Gramaniya that dwelt on the shore of the sea, and the Suras and the Abhiras that dwelt on the banks of the Saraswati, and all those tribes that lived upon fisheries, and those also that dwelt on the mountains, and the whole of the country called after the five rivers, and the mountains called Amara, and the country called Uttarayotisha and the city of Divyakutta and the tribe called Dwarapala (2:31).

Pilgrimage along Saraswati river 
In India a brahman is the major god, or spirit.
Bala Rama proceeded to Vinasana where the Saraswati hath become invisible in consequence of her contempt for Suras and Abhiras. And since the Sarasvati, in consequence of such contempt, is lost at that spot, the Rishis, for that reason, always name the place as Vinasana (9:37). The allegations on Suras for the drying up of the river could be latter interpretations. However the mention of the drying up of river Saraswati close to the Sura-Abhira kingdoms has great geogrhapical and geological significance.

Tribute to king Yudhisthira 
The Sura kings that dwelt in the regions on the seacoast, brought with them hundred thousands of serving girls of the Karpasika country, all of beautiful features and luxuriant hair and decked in golden ornaments; and also many skins of the Ranku deer as tribute unto king Yudhishthira (2:50).
In Kurukshetra War 
The Madras, the Trigartas the Amvashthas, the Westerners, the Northerners, the Malavas, the Surasenas, the Suras the Maladas, the Sauviras, the Kaitavas, the Easterners, and the Southerners placing Duryodhana and Karna at their head, forming the rear guard, gladdened warriors of their own army (7:7). The Kalingas, the Singhalas, the Easterners, the Suras, the Abhiras, the D3aserakas, the Sakas, the Yavanas, the Kamvojas, the Hangsapadas, the Surasenas, the Daradas, the Madras, and the Kalikeyas, with hundreds and thousands of elephants, steeds, cars, and foot-soldiers were stationed at the neck of the Kauravabattle-array (7:20).

Sura Kings

King Usinara and Kakshivat 
Gautama Dirghatamas of rigid vows begat on the Sura woman Ausinari (the daughter of king Usinara) Kakshivat and other celebrated sons (2:21, 12:172). These sons later became the kings of Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, Pundra and Suhma.
King Devaka 
King Devaka had a daughter endowed with youth and beauty and begotten upon a Sura wife. Bringing her from her father's abode, Bhishma married her to Vidura of great wisdom. And Vidura begot upon her many children like unto himself in accomplishments (1:114).

References

Former countries in Asia
Mackinac Island is a city in Mackinac County, Michigan, United States.

Cities in Michigan
The Canberra Times is a daily newspaper in Canberra, Australia. Its publisher is Australian Community Media. It started in 1926

Other websites
 The Canberra Times

Newspapers published in Australia‎
1926 establishments
In elementary algebra, Completing the square is a technique in evaluating quadratic expressions. The technique is about converting the quadratic expression in the standard form , into the vertex form .

History 
The technique of completing the square was known in the Old Babylonian Empire.

Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi, a famous polymath who wrote the early algebraic treatise Al-Jabr, used the technique of completing the square to solve quadratic equations.

References
Aplin's tree frog (Litoria aplini) is a frog. It lives in Papua New Guinea.  Scientists have seen it in exactly one place, the Sepik River in Sandaun Province.

The adult frog is 30-35 mm long from nose to rear end.  The skin of the frog's back can be green or brown in color.  The belly and inner legs are yellow in color.  Parts of the hind legs are blue and brown in color. This frog can change color.  The same frog may look different during the day and at night.  The iris of the eye is gray in color with dark brown marks and a blue circle.

The male frogs sit on plants 5 m over pools of water.  Then they sing for the female frogs.

The scientists named this frog after their friend Ken Aplin.  Dr. Aplin helped study the animals of New Guinea for many years.

First paper

References

Frogs of Oceania
Litoria richardsi is a frog. It lives in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.  Scientists have seen it about 80 m above sea level.

The adult male frog is about 26.5 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog 29.5 mm.  The webbed skin of the front and back feet is black in color.  The belly is black, white, and yellow in color.  The outermost part of the eardrum is clear.  Only one other frog in that part of the world has a clear outer eardrum.  Scientists are not sure how this frog is related to other frogs in Litoria.

References

Frogs of Oceania
Leslie Edward Claypool (born September 29, 1963) is an American musician, singer, writer, and movie maker. He is best known for being the bassist and main member of Primus, an American rock band. He has been in Primus since it was made in 1984. Many people say Claypool is one of the best bassists of all time. He has a unique way of playing the bass guitar. He is known for using tapping, slapping, and vibrato when playing the bass guitar.

Claypool has been in many different bands. He has been a member of many supergroups (a band that has members who are already popular musicians). He has worked with musicians such as Buckethead and Sean Lennon. He has also made his own bands. These are Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade and Les Claypool's Fancy Band. Claypool has made albums by himself, such as Highball with the Devil (1996) and Of Whales And Woe (2006).

References 

Living people
1963 births
American bass guitarists
American heavy metal singers
American rock guitarists
American songwriters
Primus is an American rock band. It was made in El Sobrante, California in 1984. The people that made Primus were bassist and singer Les Claypool and guitarist Todd Huth. The band's first drummer was Vince Parker. Jay Lane replaced Parker. Lane and Huth left the band in 1989. Guitarist Larry LaLonde and drummer Tim Alexander replaced them.

As of 2022, Primus has made nine studio albums. The band's most popular albums are Sailing the Seas of Cheese (1991), Pork Soda (1993), and Tales from the Punchbowl (1995). The band has had two albums certified platinum by the RIAA. Pork Soda and Tales from the Punchbowl went into the top ten on the Billboard 200, an American music chart. Sailing the Seas of Cheese was their first popular album. It had a popular single named "Jerry Was a Race Car Driver". Primus has made other popular songs, such as "My Name Is Mud", "Wynona's Big Brown Beaver", and "John the Fisherman".
The band took a break in 2000. They started making music again in 2003. They did not make another album until Green Naugahyde in 2011. Since then, Primus has made two more albums.

History

The band starts, Frizzle Fry (1984–1990) 

The band started in El Sobrante, California in 1984, under the name Primate. It was made by Les Claypool and Todd Huth. They used a drum machine, as the band didn't have a drummer at the time. They used the machine until Vince Parker, Claypool's friend, joined the band. Parker played the drums for the band. The three of them made a demo. After making the demo, they changed the band's name to Primus. This was because a band named the Primates said they would sue them for using a similar name.
After making the demo, Primus had many different drummers. None of them stayed in the band for a long time. In 1988, Jay Lane started playing the drums for the band. The band made a demo named Sausage. Later, Lane and Huth left the band. Huth wanted to be with his family more, and Lane was making other music. Primus stopped making music. Claypool joined Blind Illusion. This was a band he had already been in. The guitarist for Blind Illusion was Larry LaLonde. Claypool asked LaLonde if he wanted to join Primus. LaLonde joined Primus, and the band started again. Tim Alexander joined the band to play the drums. After a month, they made their first album. It was named Suck on This. It was a live album with music from the band's concerts.
In 1990, the band made Frizzle Fry. It was their first studio album. The band became more popular because of the album. They also became more popular because they went on a concert tour with Jane's Addiction. Large record labels noticed that the band was getting popular. Primus joined Interscope Records in 1990.

Popular albums (1991–1996) 
The band released their second album in 1991. It was named Sailing the Seas of Cheese. Two singles from the album had music videos that were shown on MTV. These were "Jerry Was a Race Car Driver" and "Tommy the Cat". The album was certified gold by the RIAA. Primus went on tour with many bands, such as Rush, U2, Fishbone, Public Enemy, and Anthrax.
Primus was in the movie Bill & Ted's Bogus Journey. They played music in it. They also made a song for a Beavis and Butt-Head album. In 1992, Primus made an extended play (EP) of cover songs. It was named Miscellaneous Debris. A song from the EP named "Making Plans for Nigel" was played on the radio many times. It went onto the Billboard charts.

In 1993, Primus released their third album. It was named Pork Soda. It went into the top 10 on the Billboard 200 music chart. It had a popular single named "My Name Is Mud". The band played music to Lollapalooza in the same year. They were the main band at Lollapalooza. They also played music at Woodstock '94. When they started playing "My Name Is Mud" at Woodstock, people threw mud at the band. The band stopped playing music, and Claypool said "the song is called 'My Name Is Mud', but keep the mud to yourselves you son-of-a-bitch".
Claypool, Todd Huth, and Jay Lane made a band in 1994. It was named Sausage. Its name came from Primus' first demo. They made an album named Riddles Are Abound Tonight.

Primus released their fourth album in 1994. It was named Tales From the Punchbowl. The album has Primus' most successful single. It is named "Wynona's Big Brown Beaver". The single was nominated for a Grammy Award. The song's music video shows the band dressed in cowboy clothes. The band played music on the Late Show with David Letterman and Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Later, Claypool made an album by himself. It was named Highball with the Devil. Many other musicians helped him make the music for it.

Brown Album and Antipop (1997–2000) 
Tim Alexander left the band. Bryan Mantia replaced him. Mantia was the new drummer. In 1996, Primus made the theme song for South Park. They also made other music for the show.
Brown Album was released in 1997. It had two singles. After the album was released, Primus went on the first SnoCore concert tour. They went with bands such as Blink-182 and the Aquabats. The band released an extended play named Rhinoplasty. It had cover songs and live songs on it. A video version of Rhinoplasty was also made. It was named Videoplasty.

The band released their sixth album in 1999. It was named Antipop. Many popular musicians helped make the music on the album. Some of these musicians were Tom Waits, Fred Durst, Tom Morello, and James Hetfield. Some critics said the album sounded similar to nu metal. Nu metal was popular at the time. The band went to Ozzfest (a music festival) after the album was released. They made a music video for "Lacquer Head". This was a song from the album. It was not shown on MTV. This was because it showed illegal drugs. The song did not support using illegal drugs.
In 2000, Primus made a cover version of "N.I.B". This was a song made by Black Sabbath. It was put on a tribute album for Black Sabbath.

The band takes a break (2000–2009) 
The band did not make any music from 2000 to 2003. Claypool said that making music in Primus "wasn't fun anymore". Tim Alexander played with many bands during the break. He played music with bands such as A Perfect Circle and the Blue Man Group. Claypool made his own band named Oysterhead. The other members of the band were Stewart Copeland and Trey Anastasio. He also made Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains. This was a band with Mantia, Buckethead and Bernie Worrell.
In 2003, Primus started making music again. Mantia did not play the drums for the band. Alexander joined the band again to play the drums. They made an EP with five songs on it. They also made a DVD with videos from concerts and music videos on it. The band sold the EP and DVD together. The release was named Animals Should Not Try to Act Like People. The band played at concerts for two months. In 2004, they kept going to concerts. They recorded their concert in Chicago. The video was released as Hallucino-Genetics: Live 2004.

The band played at Lollapalooza in 2005. Claypool made a new music group named Les Claypool's Fancy Band. This band played music at some concerts. The song "John the Fisherman" was put on Guitar Hero II.
Green Naugahyde (2010–2013) 
Jay Lane joined the band again in 2010. The band went on a concert tour with bands such as Wolfmother. They said they went on the tour to get ready to make another album. When they said this, the Primus website was changed. It showed an elevator with a sign that said "Primus will be with you shortly". In 2011, Primus released an extended play. It was named June 2010 Rehearsal. It had four songs on it. It was released for free on the band's website. The songs are new versions of music the band already made. The music has Lane playing the drums.

Rock Band 3 was released in 2010. "Jerry Was a Race Car Driver" is a song on the game. The band went on a concert tour in the same year. The band went on the television show Jimmy Kimmel Live! to talk about the concert tour.
In March 2011, Claypool said the band's next album was going to be released around May 2011. He also said the music on it was similar to Frizzle Fry. In May, the band said the album was finished. It was named Green Naugahyde. It was released in September.

The Chocolate Factory and The Desaturating Seven (2013–now) 
In 2013, Lane left Primus. Lane wanted to play music as a member of RatDog. Tim Alexander joined Primus to play the drums. Claypool also said the band was talking about making an album in November. In December, Alexander said the band was working on new music.
The first Primus concert with Alexander was on New Year's Eve in 2013. The band played two sets at the concert. In the first, they played Primus music. In the second, they played with the "Frog Brigade". They played the soundtrack of the movie Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971). The band made a studio album after the concert. It was a studio version of the soundtrack. It was named Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble. It was released in October 2014. In 2015, the band made a music video for "Candyman". This is a song on the album.

On July 31, 2017, Primus said they were making a new album. It was named The Desaturating Seven. The album's first single was released on that day. It is named "The Seven". The album was released on September 29, 2017. The band also went on many concert tours. The band played the whole album during a concert in 2018. Primus went on tour with Slayer in 2019. It was Slayer's last tour.

Studio albums
Studio albums 

 Frizzle Fry (1990)
 Sailing the Seas of Cheese (1991)
 Pork Soda (1993)
 Tales from the Punchbowl (1995)
 Brown Album (1997)
 Antipop (1999)
 Green Naugahyde (2011)
 Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble (2014)
 The Desaturating Seven (2017)

References 

American heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 1984
Musical trios
Sokołów Podlaski is a town in Masovian Voivodeship, Poland. It is about  east of Warsaw. The town is on the Cetynia river. It is in the historical area of Podlachia.  Sokołów Podlaski is the capital of Sokołów County. The town was first settled in the 6th century. The town received its charter in 1424. In 2004, 18,434 people lived in Sokołów Podlaski. 18,481 people live there in 2010 and 18,720 in 2013.

References 

Towns in Masovian Voivodeship
Cirque du Soleil (, ; "Circus of the Sun" or "Sun Circus") is a Canadian entertainment company. It is the largest contemporary circus producer in the world. Located in the inner-city area of Saint-Michel, it was founded in Baie-Saint-Paul on 16 June 1984 by former street performers Guy Laliberté and Gilles Ste-Croix.

Accidents

On 29 November 2016, 42-year-old set technician Olivier Rochette, of Canada, died in San Francisco, California, from head injuries he had sustained after accidentally being hit in the head by an aerial lift while preparing for a production of Luzia. Rochette was the son of Cirque du Soleil co-founder Gilles Ste-Croix.

On 17 March 2018, 38-year-old aerial straps performer Yann Arnaud, of France, died at a hospital in Tampa, Florida, after falling during a performance of Volta. He had been with the company for 15 years.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 
 
 The Cirque: An American Odyssey, documentary film about Cirque du Soleil's 1988 U.S. tour, National Film Board of Canada
1984 establishments in Canada
Circuses
Companies based in Montreal
Canadian entertainment companies
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (, literally "South Sakhalin City") is a city on Sakhalin island. It is also the administrative center of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. It is in the Far East part of Russia. It is north of Japan. Gas and oil extraction and processing are the main industries of the island. It was named Vladimirovka () from 1882 to 1905, then  when Imperial Japan controlled it from 1905 to 1946. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 181,728.

History 
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk started as a small Russian settlement called Vladimirovka. It was founded by convicts in 1882. In the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905, the southern part of Sakhalin was given to Japan. This treaty ended the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905. Because Vladimirovka was in southern Sakhalin, it was given to Japan. Vladimirovka was renamed Toyohara (meaning "bountiful plain" in Japanese).
During the Soviet–Japanese War within World War II, the city was taken by Soviet soldiers. After the war, it was given to the Soviet Union. It was renamed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and given town status in 1946.

Demographics

Population 

Most citizens are ethnic Russians, but there is also many Korean Russians. There are also smaller numbers of indigenous minorities, such as Ainu, Nivkhs and Oroks.

Geography 
The city is on the Susuya River. It is the largest city on Sakhalin. It is the only one with more than 100,000 inhabitants on the island.

Twin towns and sister cities 

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is twinned with:

  Asahikawa, Japan
  Hakodate, Japan
  Wakkanai, Japan
  Yanji, China
  Ansan, South Korea

References

Other websites 

 Official website of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 
 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: City's History in Architecture
 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Blizzard Photos

Capitals of oblasts of Russia
Sakhalin Oblast
The Medicine Bottle is a 1909 American silent thriller movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars Florence Lawrence, Adele DeGarde, and Marion Leonard.

Actors
 Florence Lawrence as Mrs. Ross
 Adele DeGarde as Alice, Mrs. Ross's daughter
 Marion Leonard as Mrs. Parker
 Linda Arvidson as telephone operator
 Anita Hendrie as party guest
 Dorothy West as party guest
 David Miles as party guest
 Herbert Yost as party guest
 Mack Sennett as party guest

References

Other websites
 

1909 movies
1900s thriller movies
American thriller movies
American silent movies
Movies directed by D. W. Griffith
The Mended Lute is a 1909 American silent western movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars Florence Lawrence, Frank Powell, and Owen Moore.

Actors
 Florence Lawrence – Rising Moon
 Frank Powell – Chief Great Elk Horn
 Owen Moore – Little Bear
 James Kirkwood – Standing Rock
 Arthur V. Johnson – Indian
 Alfred Paget – Indian
 Mack Sennett – Indian
 Henry B. Walthall – Indian
 Red Wing – Indian
 James Young Deer – Indian

References

Other websites
 

1909 movies
1900s Western (genre) movies
American silent movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies directed by D. W. Griffith
A Midsummer Night's Dream is a 1909 American silent drama movie directed by J. Stuart Blackton and Charles Kent and stars Walter Ackerman, Dolores Costello, and Helene Costello.

Actors
 Walter Ackerman as Demetrius
 Dolores Costello as a fairy
 Helene Costello as a fairy
 Maurice Costello as Lysander
 Rose Tapley as Hermia
 Julia Swayne Gordon as Helena
 Florence Turner as Titania
 Gladys Hulette as Puck
 Elita Proctor Otis as Hippolyta
 William Humphrey
 William V. Ranous as Bottom

References

Other websites
 

American movies
1909 movies
American drama movies
American silent movies
Les Misérables is a 1909 American silent drama movie directed by J. Stuart Blackton and stars William V. Ranous, Maurice Costello, and Hazel Neason.

Actors
 William V. Ranous as Javert
 Maurice Costello as Jean Valjean
 Hazel Neason
 Marc McDermott

References

Other websites
 

American movies
1909 movies
American drama movies
American silent movies
Mr. Jones Has a Card Party is a 1909 American silent comedy movie directed by D. W. Griffith and stars John R. Cumpson, Florence Lawrence, and Linda Arvidson.

Actors
 John R. Cumpson as Mr. Jones
 Florence Lawrence as Mrs. Jones
 Linda Arvidson as The Maid
 Flora Finch as Guest
 Robert Harron as A Messenger
 Anita Hendrie as Guest
 Charles Inslee as Guest
 Arthur V. Johnson as Guest
 Jeanie MacPherson as Guest
 Mack Sennett as Guest
 Harry Solter as Guest

References

Other websites
 

1909 movies
1900s comedy movies
American silent movies
American comedy movies
Movies directed by D. W. Griffith
Svatove () or Svatovo () is a city on the Krasna river in Luhansk Oblast (region) of Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Svatove Raion. Its population is .

History 
After the creation of the separatist Luhansk People's Republic on 27 April 2014, Luhansk Oblast became a battlefield of the War in Donbas. Svatove stayed under Ukrainian control. The separatist referendum on 11 May on independence was not held in the city.

On 29–30 October 2015, two people were reported dead and eight wounded because of explosions caused by fire at the munitions depot in Svatove.

2022 invasion 

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Svatove was occupied by Russian and Luhansk People's Republic forces on 6 March 2022. Following a major counteroffensive by Ukrainian forces in early September 2022, it was reported that Russian forces were leaving the city. On 14 September it was reported that Russian soldiers had came back.

 the city has been occupied by Russian forces.
Demographics 
In 2021 it had a population of 16,420. At the time of the 2001 census, the population was 89.87% Ukrainian and 8.61% Russian.

Related pages 

 Battle of Svatove - 2022 battle for the town

References 

Cities in Luhansk Oblast
The Battle of Svatove is a current battle between Russia and Ukraine over the eastern Ukrainian city of Svatove. It is part of the Russo-Ukrainian War and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and part of the Battle of the Svatove-Kreminna line. The battle began on October 3, 2022, a day after the Ukrainian army recaptured the town of Lyman in Donetsk Oblast.

Background 

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Svatove was occupied by Russian and Luhansk People's Republic forces on 6 March 2022. In early September 2022, it was reported that Russian forces were leaving the city. This was because of a Ukrainian counteroffensive in Kharkiv Oblast. However, Russian troops had came back by 14 September. After Putin announced partial mobilization on 21 September, some of the newly recruited conscripts were sent to Svatove to the front line after only 2 days of training at most to counter Ukrainian advances.

Russian forces mined all roads leading to Svatove and Kreminna to defeat Ukrainian advances.
Battle 
After the Ukrainian recapture of Lyman on October 2, Ukrainian forces went towards the Kharkiv-Luhansk oblast borders. On October 3, they took back Borova and the nearby town of Shyikivka. To the south, Ukraine took back the villages of Izyumske and Druzhelyubivka on the border of Kharkiv and Luhansk oblasts. 

To the north of Borova, Ukrainian forces took back Bohuslavka and Borivska Andriivka. To the east, Ukrainian forces also took Hrekivka and Makiivka. On October 9, Ukrainian forces took back Kruhlyakivka.

Between October 9 and 13, Ukrainian forces made small advances into Luhansk Oblast. They took back the villages of Novolyubivka, Nevske, Novoiehorivka, Nadiia, and Andriivka, all southwest of Svatove. In the north, Ukrainian forces took back Krokhmalne.

By October 24, Ukrainian forces had taken back Kamazynivka, Myasozharivka, and Nevske in Luhansk Oblast, and Novosadove in Donetsk Oblast.
On the night of 2 November, Ukrainian sources claimed to have destroyed an entire Russian battalion near the town of Makiivka, in Svatove Raion. 

The offensive and battle slowed down during November, but it still continues.

References 

Russo-Ukrainian War
Svatove
October 2022 events
November 2022 events
As Scotland is part of the United Kingdom, the British national song "God Save the King" is used in Scotland on royal occasions, for example, or when Scottish athletes participate at the Olympics. However, in other situations, other songs are used as acutual Scottish songs, especially "Flower of Scotland" and "Scotland the Brave". There have been calls for Scotland to have its own official national song.
In 2004, lawyers for the devolved Scottish Parliament advised that it was within the legal smart ability of the Scottish Parliament to choose a national song for Scotland, going against the suggestion that it would be a matter reserved to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. This ruling caused some interest in the idea, and a petition to the Scottish Parliament's petitions committee supported by the Scottish Green Party was referred without recommendation to the Scottish Executive, but they decided to take no action, thinking about the issue not to be a political priority. There have been subsequent attempts to re-open the debate on a national anthem for Scotland.

In 2006, the Scottish Parliament Enterprise Committee denied a formal request from Scottish National Party MSP Michael Matheson on the subject.
Current use 
At most international sporting events Scotland uses "Flower of Scotland" as its national song. These events include matches of the Scottish national football team, Scottish cricket team and the Scottish rugby union team. The song has also been used as the victory song of Scotland at the Commonwealth Games since 2010, replacing "Scotland the Brave".

Possible candidates

In June 2006 the Royal Scottish National Orchestra conducted an online opinion poll on their website, asking visitors to choose a favourite to be Scotland's national song. With over 10,000 votes cast, "Flower of Scotland" came first with 41% of the votes, followed by "Scotland the Brave" with 29%.

Other songs which have been suggested include Robert Burns' "Auld Lang Syne", and Hamish Henderson's "Freedom Come-All-Ye". Both of these songs, from the 18th and 20th centuries respectively, are written in Lowland Scots.

References
Babruysk, Babrujsk, Bobruisk, or Bobruysk ( , Łacinka: , ,  ) is a city in the Mogilev Region of eastern Belarus. It is on the Berezina River. , its population was 209,675. It is the seventh-largest city in Belarus by population and area.

The name Babruysk (as well as that of the Babruyka River) probably comes from the Belarusian word  (; 'beaver'). Many beavers used to live around the Berezina. However, they were almost gone by the end of the 19th century because of hunting and pollution.

Babruysk has an area of . It has over 450 streets.

Babruysk is at the intersection of railroads to Asipovichy, Zhlobin, Aktsyabrski and roads to Minsk, Homyel, Mahilyow, Kalinkavichy, Slutsk, and Rahachow. It has the biggest timber mill in Belarus. It is also known for its chemical, machine making and metal-working industries.

In 2021, there were 38 public schools in Babruysk, and over 24,000 students. There are three schools focusing on music, dance and visual arts. There is also a medical school.
History
Babruysk is one of the oldest cities in Belarus. It was first mentioned in writing in the middle of the 14th century. Archaeologists found that in the 5th and 6th centuries there were Slavic settlements up the river Berezina from where Babruysk is right now. Stone tools and weapons found suggest that people have lived there since the Stone Age.

During the reign of Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev, Babruysk was a small village. The people of the town were fishermen and beaver trappers. This is where the name Babruysk comes from. Babruysk was part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth for many centuries. It was an important border post and military base. In the 14th century, a castle was built on one of the hills near the Berezina River.
The town was surrounded by fortifications made from wood and dirt. It stretched for over . In the walls there were openings for firearms. After the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, the village went into the hands of Imperial Russia. In 1810, the construction of a fortress to mark the border between Russia and Austria and Prussia began. In 1812, it was almost done and was successful in pushing back Napoleon's attack for four months. The building was rebuilt on a large scale after the war. It was finished in 1820. The Babruysk fortress worked well for many decades and today is a major tourist attraction.

The 1861 census said the town had a population of 15,766. The ethnic groups living in Babruysk then included Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, and Jews. Most of the buildings were made from wood. This was common for cities in Belarus at the time. In 1866, there were 1,498 houses. Only 29 of these were made from brick.
The Jewish population of Babruysk went up after the Napoleonic Wars. By 1897, 20,760 of the 34,336 people living in the city were Jews. This was about 60% of the population. Most of them were employed in crafts, industry, and trade.

In 1902, the Great Fire of Babruysk left 2,500 families homeless and destroyed over 250 businesses, 15 schools, and the market. There were more than 7 million rubles in property damage. However, the city was quickly rebuilt. This time, it was built with brick and stone.

In 1904, the 40th Infantry Division of the Imperial Russian Army had its headquarters here.

During the Russian Civil War, the Red Army fought the Polish I Corps in Russia in Babruysk. This was known as the Battle of Bobruysk. It was fought between February 2 and March 11, 1918. The Polish troops, commanded by General Jozef Dowbor-Musnicki, eventually took the town.
On 28 June 1941, troops of the German Army Group Centre took Babruysk. Thinking that the German troops would not attack civilians, many Jews stayed behind. Because of this, 20,000 Babruysk Jews were shot and buried in mass graves. A ghetto and labor camps were set up in the southwest part of town. Soon the Nazis began executing the Jews in the ghetto in groups of about 30. By 1943, the labor camps were cleared of Jews. The Jews who escaped joined partisan forces in the nearby forest. They attacked enemy railroad lines. There is a small memorial dedicated to the memory of Babruysk Jews killed in the Holocaust. It is in the Nahalat Yitzhak cemetery, Giv'atayim, Israel, as part of the Babi Yar memorial.

In July 1941, a battle started near Babruysk. This became part of the Battle of Smolensk.
On June 29, 1944, the Red Army took Babruysk back. The city was ruined. The population was 84,107 in 1939. After the war, it was 28,352. Thousands of workers and prisoners of war worked to clear the factories and streets of rubble. They filled in craters made by the bombardment. The machine building factory had been almost completely destroyed. It was fixed and started working again by the end of 1944.

In 1944, Babruysk Voblast was created. Babruysk became the administrative center of the voblast. The voblast was abolished in 1954.

The population grew a lot after the war. In 1959 it was 96,000, 116,000 in 1965, 122,500 in 1968, 136,000 in 1970, and 232,000 in 1989. This was mostly because of urbanization. Many people moved into the city from the nearby rural areas.

Belarus left the Soviet Union in 1991. Babruysk became part of the new country.

Climate
Babruysk has a humid continental climate (Dfb) in the Köppen climate classification system.
Notable people
 Abba Ahimeir (November 2, 1897 – June 6, 1962), journalist, historian and political activist. He was a follower of Revisionist Zionism. He was the founder of the Revisionist Maximalist faction of the Zionist Revisionist Movement (ZRM) and of the secret Brit HaBirionim.
 Andrei Arlovski (born 1979), former UFC Heavyweight champion.
 Both founders of the Russian band Bi-2 were from Babruysk.
  (born 1981), Ukrainian movie director and screenwriter.
 Eliyahu Dobkin (December 31, 1898 – October 26, 1976), leading figure of the Labor Zionism movement, a signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence and a founder of the Israel Museum. He was also active in the Jewish Agency and the World Zionist Organization.
 Celia Dropkin (1887–1956), American-Yiddish poet.
 Arkadi Duchin (born 1963), Israeli singer-songwriter and musical producer.
 Baruch Epstein (1860–1941), Lithuanian rabbi, best known for his Temimah commentary on the Torah. He was the son of Rabbi Yechiel Michel Epstein.
Yechiel Michel Epstein (January 24, 1829 – February 24, 1908), rabbi and authority in Jewish law in Lithuania, known for his book Aruch HaShulchan.
 Joshua Louis Goldberg (January 6, 1896 – December 24, 1994), American rabbi, who was the first rabbi to be commissioned as a U.S. Navy chaplain in World War II (and only the third to serve in the Navy in its history), the first to reach the rank of Navy Captain (the equivalent of Army Colonel), and the first to retire after a full active-duty career.
 Zalman Gorelik (1908–1987), geologist, tectonist
 Avraham Katznelson (1888 – May 18, 1956), Zionist political figure in Mandate Palestine and a signatory of the Israeli declaration of independence.
 Berl Katznelson (1887–1944), chief figure in Labor Zionism, instrumental to the establishment of the modern state of Israel.
 Rachel Katznelson-Shazar (October 24, 1885 – August 11, 1975), active figure in the Zionist movement. Her husband was Zalman Shazar, the third President of the State of Israel.
Ruslan Kogan (born 1982), Australian entrepreneur and self-made millionaire.
 Kadish Luz (1895–1972), Israeli Minister of Agriculture (1955–1959) and Speaker of the Knesset (1959–1969), acting president for one month in 1963.
 Alexander Mikhailovich Orlov (born Leiba Lazarevich Feldbin; August 21, 1895 – March 25, 1973), colonel in the Soviet secret police and NKVD Rezident in the Second Spanish Republic. In 1938, Orlov refused to return to the Soviet Union because he realized that he would be executed, and instead fled with his family to the United States.
 Grigory Nemtsov (1948–2010), Latvian journalist and politician.
 Yelena Piskun (born 1978), two-time world champion in artistic gymnastics.
 Dovid Raskin (1927–2011), rabbi associated with the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement.
 Efraim Sevela (1928–2010), Soviet writer, screenwriter, director, and producer, who after his emigration from the Soviet Union lived in Israel, USA and Russia.
David Shimoni (August 25, 1891 – December 10, 1956), Israeli poet, writer, and translator.
 Eliyahu Simpson (1889–1976), rabbi
 Yitzhak Tabenkin (1888–1971), Zionist activist and politician, one of the founders of the Kibbutz Movement.
 Yosef Tunkel (1881–August 9, 1949) was a Jewish–Belarusian–American writer of poetry and humorous prose in Yiddish.
 Gary Vaynerchuk (born 1975), serial entrepreneur, CEO, investor, author, public speaker, internet personality and self-proclaimed owner of the American football team New York Jets.
 Avraam Zak (1829–1893), Russian-Jewish banker and philanthropist.
International relations 

Babruysk is twinned with:

 Anenii Noi, Moldova
 Batumi, Georgia
 Comrat, Moldova
 Daugavpils, Latvia
 Grozny, Russia
 Gulbene, Latvia
 Hengyang, China
 Iglesias, Italy
 Ishim, Russia
 Kobuleti, Georgia
 Kolpino, Russia
 Kostroma, Russia
 Luga, Russia
 Morogoro, Tanzania
 Murom, Russia
 Naro-Fominsky District, Russia
 Novomoskovsk, Russia
 Odense, Denmark
 Oskemen, Kazakhstan
 Petrogradsky (Saint Petersburg), Russia
 Púchov, Slovakia
 Samarkand, Uzbekistan
 Sevlievo, Bulgaria
 Shaoxing, China
 Sokolniki (Moscow), Russia
 Talin, Armenia
 Vladimir, Russia
 Warsaw West County, Poland
 Wuxi, China

References

Other websites

Bobruysk. Synagogues 
Bobruisk.by  – OfficialBabruysk website
Bobr.by  – PopularBabruysk related portal
Photos on Radzima.org
Photos of famous historical sites in Babruysk
Babruysk website
The murder of the Jews ofBabruysk during World War II, at Yad Vashem website.

 

Cities in Belarus
Mogilev Region
Mazyr or Mozyr (, ;  Mozyr , , Yiddish: מאזיר) is a city in the Gomel Region of Belarus on the Pripyat River. It is about  east of Pinsk and  northwest of Chernobyl. It is located at around . The population is 111,770 (2004 estimate). The total urban area, including the town of Kalinkavichy across the river, has a population of 150,000. Mazyr is known as a center of oil refining, salt extraction, machine building, and food processing in Belarus. It is home to one of the largest oil refineries in Belarus. This refinery pumps out 18 million metric tons per year, and is served by a tram line. The Druzhba pipeline carries crude oil from Russia, splitting in two at Mazyr. One pipeline branch is directed into Poland and the other one to Ukraine.

Population

Twin towns – sister cities 

Mazyr is twinned with:

  Chojnice, Poland
  Severodvinsk, Russia

Notable people
Notable people 

 Siarhiej Dubaviec (b. 1959) – Belarusian journalist and writer
 George de Mohrenschildt⁣ – geologist and friend of Lee Harvey Oswald
 Isaac Don Levine was born there
 Zbigniew Morsztyn⁣ – Polish nobleman of Leliwa coat of arms, poet of the Baroque era, soldier, member of the Polish Brethren, Miecznik of Mazyr. Cousin and co-worker of Jan Andrzej Morsztyn.
 Ksenia Sitnik⁣ – singer and winner of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005
 Dzyanis Laptsew⁣ – footballer
 Hesya Helfman⁣ – member of Narodnaya Volya, who was implicated in the assassination of Tsar Alexander II

References

Other websites 

 Satellite photo of Mazyr (from Google Maps). Ravines can be seen very clearly.
 Mazyr town at Radzima.org
 FC Slavia-Mozyr Official Site - www.slaviya.info
 FC Slavia - www.slavia-mozyr.com
 Сайт горада Мазыр
 Cities of Belarus:Mozyr
 International Festival 'Hey, Rocknem!'
 The murder of the Jews of Mazyr during World War II, at Yad Vashem website

Cities in Belarus
Gomel Region
"Everybody Lay Down" is a 1993 song by Pat Benatar. It is the leading single from her ninth studio album Gravity's Rainbow. It went to number 50 in Canada and number 3 in the Billboard Modern Rock chart.

Track listing
7–inch single (Jukebox release)
"Everybody Lay Down" – 4:25
"Promises in the Dark" (Live) – 5:11

CD single (US promo)
"Everybody Lay Down" (Edit Version) – 3:57
"Everybody Lay Down" (Album Version) – 4:25

CD single (Japanese release)
"Everybody Lay Down" (Edit Version) – 3:57
"Everybody Lay Down" (Album Version) – 4:25

References

1993 songs
Pat Benatar songs