Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In the Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers (, read starovery or staroobryadtsy) became separated after 1666-1667. They split from the  hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon. Old Believers continue liturgical practices which the Russian Orthodox Church followed before the reform. 
 
Russian-speakers refer to the schism itself as raskol (раскол). This word comes from a Russian word расколоться, that means "to cleave apart").

Background 
Patriarch Nikon (1605-1681; 1651-1658 as patriarch) wanted to bring the Russian Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church closer together. For this reason, he changed a few rituals and texts in 1651. These changes were made to the Russian rituals to be closer to the Greek ones of Nikon's time. According to the Old Believers, Nikon did this without the support of the clergy. and without a council. When the changes were done, people who still practised the old rites were persecuted.
Eighty-one is a number. It comes between eighty and eighty-two, and is an odd number. It is also a square number.

Square numbers
Integers
The Province of Florence (in Italian: "Provincia di Firenze") was a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The province has an area of 3,514 sq. km and a population of 933,860 (2001) in 44 comuni.

Much of the province is in the plain of the Arno river that became an urban centre around the city of Florence.

The city (in Italian "comune") of Florence is the capital of both the province and the region of Tuscany.

Important cities
Florence - 366.488 inhabitants
Scandicci - 50.003 inhabitants
Sesto Fiorentino - 46.702 inhabitantis
Empoli - 46.017 inhabitants
Campi Bisenzio - 39.176 inhabitants
Bagno a Ripoli - 25.228 inhabitants
Fucecchio - 21.912 inhabitants
Pontassieve - 20.581 inhabitants
Borgo San Lorenzo - 17.350 inhabitants

Hospitals
In Florence:
C.T.O
Careggi
I.O.T
Mayer
Oftalmico
Ponte Nuovo
Hospital of San Giovanni di Dio
Santa Maria Nuova
Villa d'Ognissanti
Villa Monna Tessa

In Empoli:
Hospital of San Giuseppe di Empoli (two different buildings)
In Castelfiorentino:
Hospital of Santa Verdiana di Castelfiorentino

In Fucecchio:
Hospital of San Pietro Igneo di Fucecchio

In Bagno a Ripoli:

Hospital of Santa Maria Annunziata

Other websites
 Province homepage 

F
Province of Arezzo (Italian: Provincia di Arezzo) is the eastern most province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of province of Arezzo is the city of Arezzo.

The province has an area of 3,232 km², and a total population of 323,288 (2001) in 39 comuni (singular: comune).

Other websites 
 Province homepage (in Italian)
Province of Grosseto (Italian: Provincia di Grosseto) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Grosseto. In the province, there is The Natural Park of Maremma. It is in the famous area of Maremma.

The province has an area of 4,504 km² and a total population of 211,086 (2001). There are 28 comuni (singular: comune) in the province

As of June 2005, the main comuni by population are:

Other websites
 Province homepage 

Province of Grosseto
The Old Catholic Church is a name for a group of Christian churches. Most of them are from German-speaking countries. Their beliefs are close to that of the Anglican Church.

Origins 
They split from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1870s. This was because the First Vatican Council had said the pope was infallible. The Council was from 1869 to 1870. The word Old Catholic was first used in 1853 for the See of Utrecht (who was not under the authority of the pope). Usually, these churches are part of the Union of Utrecht.
The Province of Livorno (Italian: Provincia di Livorno) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Livorno.

The province has an area of 1,218 km², and a total population of 326,444 (2001). There are 21 comuni (singular: comune) in the province.

Gallery

Other websites 
 Province homepage 
 Livorno Tourist Board Site
Province of Lucca () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Lucca.

The province has an area of 1,773 km², and a total population of 372,244 (2001). There are 35 comuni (singular: comune) in the province.

Other websites 
 Province homepage
The Province of Massa-Carrara () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is named after the two main cities in its territory: Carrara and Massa, its capital.

The province has an area of 1,157 km² and a total population of 200,695 (2005). There are 17 comuni (singular: comune) in the province. The main comuni by population are:

Economy 
The economy of the province is  based on the production of the famous white Carrara marble.

Related pages
 Massa di Carrara
 Carrara
 Marble
 Duchy of Massa and Carrara

Other websites 
 Province homepage
The Province of Pisa () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Pisa.

The province has an area of . In 2005, 394,101 people lived there. There are 39 comuni in the province.

Pisa is well known for the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa,which is in the city.

Other websites 
 Province homepage 
 Pisa photos

p
Wave–particle duality is perhaps one of the most confusing concepts in physics, because it is so unlike anything we see in the ordinary world.

Physicists who studied light in the 1700s and 1800s had an argument about whether light was made of particles or waves. Light seems to act like both. At times, light seems to go only in a straight line, as if it were made of particles.  But other experiments show that light has a frequency and wavelength, just like a sound wave or water wave.  Until the 20th century, most physicists thought that light was either one or the other, and that the scientists on the other side of the argument were simply wrong.
Present situation 
Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Louis de Broglie, Arthur Compton, Niels Bohr worked on this problem. Current scientific theory is that all particles act both like waves and like particles. This has been verified for elementary particles, and for compound particles like atoms and molecules. For macroscopic particles, because of their extremely short wavelengths, wave properties usually cannot be detected.

Experiment 
In 1909, a scientist named Geoffrey Taylor decided that he was going to settle this argument once and for all.  He borrowed an experiment invented earlier by Thomas Young, where light was shone through two small holes right next to each other.  When bright light was shone through these two small holes, it created an interference pattern that seemed to show that light was actually a wave.
Taylor's idea was to take a photo of the light coming out of the holes with a special camera that was unusually sensitive to light.  When bright light was shone through the holes, the photo showed an interference pattern, just like Young showed earlier.  Taylor then turned down the light to a very dim level.  When the light was dim enough, Taylor's photos showed tiny pinpoints of light scattering out of the holes.  This seemed to show that light was actually a particle.  If Taylor allowed the dim light to shine through the holes for long enough, the dots eventually filled up the photo to make an interference pattern again.  This demonstrated that light was somehow both a wave and a particle.

To make matters even more confusing, Louis de Broglie suggested that matter might act the same way.  Scientists then performed these same experiments with electrons, and found that electrons too are somehow both particles and waves. Electrons can be used to do Young's double-slit experiment.
Today, these experiments have been done in so many different ways by so many different people that scientists simply accept that both matter and light are somehow both waves and particles. Scientists are still unsure about how this can be, but they are quite certain it must be true. Although it seems impossible to understand how anything can be both a wave and a particle, scientists do have a number of equations for describing these things that have variables for both wavelength (a wave property) and momentum (a particle property).  This seeming impossibility is referred to as the wave-particle duality.

Basic theory 
Wave–particle duality means that all particles show both wave and particle properties. This is a central concept of quantum mechanics.
Classical concepts like "particle" and "wave" do not fully describe the behavior of quantum-scale objects.

Particles as waves 
An electron has a wavelength called the "de Broglie wavelength". It can be calculated using the equation
is the de Broglie wavelength.

 is Planck's constant

 is the momentum of the particle.

This made the idea that electrons in atoms show a standing wave pattern.

Waves as particles 
The photoelectric effect shows that a light photon which has enough energy (a high enough frequency), can cause an electron to be released off a metal's surface. Electrons in this case can be called photoelectrons.

Related pages
 Max Planck
 Quantum mechanics

References 

Quantum mechanics
The Province of Pistoia () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.

Geography 
The capital of the province is the city of Pistoia.  The province has an area of 965 km² and a total population of 268,503 (2001). There are 22 communes in the province.

Other websites 
 Province homepage 

P
The Province of Prato () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Prato. It was formed from part of the province of Florence in 1992.

The province has an area of 365 km² and a total population of 227,886 (2001). There are 7 comune (municipalities) in the province.

Comuni and population

Famous people born in Prato 
 Birthplace of Italian football legend Paolo Rossi.

Other websites 
 Province homepage
The War of the Pacific (or Saltpeter War) took place from 1879-1883. It grew out of a dispute between Bolivia and Peru against Chile over control of a part of the Pacific coast. The disputed area was part of the Atacama Desert that lies between the 23rd and 26th parallels. The territory contained valuable mineral resources, mainly potassium nitrate, which were exploited by Chilean companies and British interests. The Bolivian government decided to increase taxes to take advantage of the increasing income of the region, which led to a commercial dispute.

The early part of the war was mostly at sea, and the late part mostly on land. Chile won, and Bolivia lost its access to the ocean and became landlocked.

1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
History of Bolivia
History of Chile
19th century in South America
History of Peru
Wars involving South America
19th-century conflicts
The Province of Siena () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Siena.

The province has an area of 3,821 km² (1475 mile²) and a total population of 252,288 (2001). There are 36 comuni (singular: comune) in the province. At June 30, 2005, the main comuni by population are:

The province is divided into seven historical areas:
 Alta Val d'Elsa
 Chianti senese
 The urban area of (Monteriggioni and Siena)
 Val di Merse
 Crete senesi Val d'Arbia
 Val di Chiana senese
 Val d'Orcia and Amiata

Other websites
 Province homepage 

S
Johannes Ockeghem (born Saint-Ghislain, near Mons, Belgium about 1410; died Tours, France, 6 February 1497), was the most famous composer of the Franco-Flemish School (from around the area which is now Belgium) in the last half of the 15th century, and is often thought of as the most important composer between Dufay and Josquin des Prez. He was an excellent choirmaster and teacher. He spent most of his life working for the French royal court.

Life 

The name Ockeghem is found with many different spellings in old documents. He was almost certainly born in the town of Saint-Ghislain. His native language was probably French.

Like many composers in this period, he started to learn about music by singing in a church choir, quite possibly in Saint-Ghislain and then in Mons.
His first important job was working for Charles I, Duke of Bourbon in Moulins, (France). Then in 1451 he went to work for King Charles VII of France. By this time he was well known as a singer and composer. He worked for the royal court for more than 50 years and was rewarded with promotions and honours. Charles VII gave him important jobs. After Charles VII’s death Louis XI became king. He reigned for a long time and Ockeghem was in favour with the king. He often travelled with the king, visiting places such as Cambrai and even as far as Spain. He met famous people including the composers Dufay and Binchois. He also had other jobs in Paris.

Louis XI died in 1483. We do not kinow much about where Ockeghem went after that, but he probably died in Tours because that is where he left his will.

Music and influence
Ockeghem was not a composer who wrote lots of music, but it is hard to tell as some of it might have got lost. There are 14 masses that survive and other vocal works. His Missa pro Defunctis is the earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem. Ockeghem based many of his masses on well-known tunes in a way that is called “cantus firmus technique”. Sometimes he put the borrowed tunes in the lowest part (he sang bass himself). This was rather unusual.

Ockeghem’s music influenced Josquin des Prez and other composers from Flanders and the Netherlands. 

When Ockeghem died Josquin Des Prez composed a motet called La déploration de la mort de Johannes Ockeghem in his honour. The music theorist Johannes Tinctoris described him as a great musician and one of the best singers he knew. Many younger composers used some of Ockeghem’s melodies as a base for their own compositions. In the Renaissance this kind of borrowing from the music ofc another composer was thought to be a great honour.

References
References 

 Article "Johannes Ockeghem." The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. (ISBN 1-56159-174-2)
 groves music online

1410s births
1497 deaths

Belgian composers
Renaissance composers
Franco-Flemish composers
Group 16 is the third last group in the periodic table. This group is called the oxygen family or the chalcogens. The elements in this group are oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium and livermorium. The first two elements are nonmetals, elements are in between are metalloids and  the last two are metals  Polonium and livermorium are radioactive. Oxygen (as O2) is a colorless gas. 

16
Magadino was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Maggia could mean:

Maggia River, a river in southern Switzerland
Maggia, municipality, a municipality in southern Switzerland
Maggia (comics), a fictional crime syndicate in the Marvel Comics universe
Maggia is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

History
The actual municipality was created in 2004 on April 27 by merger of the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Maggia, Moghegno and Someo.

References

Other websites

 Official website
The Historikerstreit (Historians' dispute) was an intellectual and political controversy in West Germany about the way the Holocaust should be interpreted in history.  It took place between 1986-1989, and pitted left-wing intellectuals against right-wing intellectuals. Its embers flared up again briefly in 2000 when one of the leading figures, Ernst Nolte, was awarded a literary prize. "Die Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will" proposed by Ernst Nolte, had to be rejected as inadequate due to their lack of sufficient empirical substance.

Notes and references

Other websites
Cohen R. Hitler Apologist Wins German Honor, and a Storm Breaks Out
 
  Götz Aly. The logic of horror
Nolte E. "Streitpunkte" 
Schmidt & Paetzel Fernsehfilme GmbH: deutsche Streitfall der Historiker Ernst Nolte 
Holocaust denial
Gulag

History of Germany
A jury is a group of ordinary people, who aren't employees of the court, who decide the answer to a question in a court room. Usually, this question is whether a person is guilty or innocent of committing a crime. A jury may also be responsible for deciding a penalty for the person if they are found guilty. Normally, all members of the jury have to agree on the decision. Sometimes, the jury can still make a decision even if a few members don't agree with it. However, if the jury is quite clearly divided, the result is known as a hung jury and the case is not decided. A member of a jury is called a juror. A juror is supposed to be impartial. This means that he or she is to be fair and listen to both sides of the story without deciding what side they will take ahead of time.
Types of juries 
In the United States there are primarily two types of juries which are the finder of facts in a trial:
 A petit jury also called a trial jury is one made up of from 6 to 12 jurors.
 A grand jury is called by a prosecutor to decide if there is probable cause to believe someone has committed a crime. If so, the grand jury returns an indictment against the defendant.

Juries by country

A jury in the United Kingdom is made up of 12 people for criminal cases and 10 people for civil cases (or 15 people in Scotland) these people are selected at random and are British citizens with no criminal record. Members are chosen from the electoral register for their local area and those chosen must attend jury duty.

In the United States, juries are made up of 12 regular people from the area in which the trial is held and are not members of the court system. They are paid a small amount for their service.

References 

Trials
Pocahontas (born around 1595buried on 21 March 1617) was a Native American. She maintained relations between the Indians of Virginia and the colonists who built a fort and settlement on the James River called Jamestown in 1607. Legend says she saved John Smith's life when her father, Powhatan, was about to kill him.

During a war with the Indians, she was captured and held for ransom. She was baptized Rebecca and improved her English language skills during captivity. In 1614 she married tobacco planter John Rolfe. They had a son Thomas. In 1616 the family went to London where Pocahontas became a celebrity. She died at Gravesend and was buried in England on 21 March 1617.

Life
Life

Birth and early years 
The year of Pocahontas's birth is unknown, but Camilla Townsend, author of Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma, suggests that she was born about 1597. Her father was Powhatan, the chief of an alliance of tribes in Virginia. Her mother was a woman of no social importance. Pocahontas was named Amonute. By the age of ten, the child was nicknamed Pocahontas, which means "playful one". She had a name known only to her parents. It may have been Makoata.

Her childhood was much like the childhood of others in the alliance. She took care of siblings, she cooked, she tanned hides, she searched for berries and other edible foods, she tended the corn, beans, and squashes in the gardens of her people. In the evenings, she listened to songs and stories about the gods and her people's past. She wove cords from fibers while sitting at the fireside with girls.

John Smith
John Smith

Pocahontas was about ten years old when, in April 1607, colonist Captain John Smith arrived in Virginia. He and his men built a settlement called Jamestown. In December 1607, Smith was captured by an Indian party. He was taken to Powhatan's village. He enjoyed a feast and a talk with Powhatan. He did not meet Pocahontas.

Pocahontas made friends with Smith and the colonists. She often went to the settlement. When the colonists were starving, Pocahontas supplied them with food. As the settlement grew, the Indians felt their lands were threatened. Conflicts arose. In late 1609, Smith returned to England. The settlers told the Indians that Smith was dead. Pocahontas stopped visiting Jamestown. She later learned that he was alive in England.
The story of Pocahontas saving Smith's life by placing her head upon his own as her father was about to kill him is a fiction created by Smith in 1616. He wrote "... at the minute of my execution, she [Pocahontas] hazarded the beating out of her own brains to save mine; and not only that, but so prevailed with her father, that I was conducted to Jamestown." A romance between Pocahontas and Smith is also a fiction created by mythmakers in the early 19th century.

Capture

As Jamestown expanded and settlements were built along the James, conflicts between the Indians and the English arose. In April 1613, Captain Samuel Argall learned Pocahontas was visiting a village on the Potomac River. He lured her aboard his ship and made her captive. Argall demanded the release of Powhatan's prisoners and the return of weapons and tools.
Powhatan took no action. Pocahontas's captivity lasted about a year. She improved her English skills during this time. She embraced Christianity and the way of life. When her father released his prisoners and returned some tools, Pocahontas rebuked him for valuing axes and firearms more than his daughter. She told her people that she would rather remain with the English.

Marriage to John Rolfe 

Helen Rountree writes that Pocahontas began menstruating sometime in 1610. She then married a warrior and commoner named Kocoum. It is unknown where the couple lived or if they had children. This marriage ended by custom when she was captured by the English in 1613.
In early April 1614, Pocahontas declared herself a Christian. She was baptized. Her name would be Rebecca. Pocahontas and Rolfe were married on 5 April 1614 at either the church in Jamestown or in Henricus.  The couple lived at Rolfe's plantation on Hog Island. This plantation was located across the James River from Jamestown. They had one child, Thomas Rolfe. His birthdate and birthplace are not known. He could have been born in either America or England. The marriage created peace between the colonists and Powhatan's confederacy of tribes for years.

Trip to England
Trip to England 

The English wanted to promote investment in the colony. Pocahontas was taken to England in 1616 with a few Indians. She served as a symbol of the tamed New World "savage", and the success of the settlement. John Smith did not meet Pocahontas in London, but he urged Queen Anne to treat  her with the respect due a visitor.  He suggested that if she were mistreated, she might spurn Christianity. In addition, England might lose the chance to gain a kingdom through her means. Pocahontas was then treated to events, balls and entertainments, and the company of well ladies.
The Bishop of London entertained her with pomp beyond what he offered to other ladies.  Although Pocahontas was not a princess, she was presented as a princess to the public. Many English at this time recognized Powhatan to be the ruler of an empire, and they accorded to his daughter what they considered status. The cleric Samuel Purchas recalled meeting Pocahontas in London. He wrote that she impressed those she met by her bearing.

Death
Death 

In March 1617, the Rolfes boarded a ship bound for Virginia. Pocahontas became ill. As the ship approached Gravesend, it was obvious she was dying. She was taken to an inn on shore and died on 21 March 1617. Her funeral was held the same day at St. George's Church, Gravesend.  Rolfe then set sail for Virginia. His two year old son Thomas was ill. Rolfe thought the boy would not survive a voyage. He left the boy in the care of Sir Lewis Stukely, an official at Plymouth, England. Thomas was picked up by Rolfe's brother Henry. The boy never saw his father again. Pocahontas was buried under the chancel of St. George's Church. In 1727, the church burned.  The bones of Pocahontas were reburied in a grave in the churchyard. In the 1920s, attempts to identify Pocahontas's bones were unsuccessful.

Notes
Notes

References 
 Allen, Paula Gunn. Pocahontas. HarperSanFrancisco. 2003. .  
 Price, David A. Love and Hate in Jamestown. New York: Knopf. 2003. .
 Rountree, Helen C. (December 8, 2010). "Pocahontas (d. 1617)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
 Townsend, Camilla. Pocahontas and the Powhatan Dilemma. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004. .
Further reading 
 Hamor, Ralph. A True Discourse of the Present Estate of Virginia. 1615. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
 Rolfe, John. Letter to Edwin Sandys. June 8, 1617. Repr. in The Records of the Virginia Company of London, ed. Susan Myra Kingsbuy. Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1906–1935. Vol. 3.
 Rolfe, John. Letter to Thomas Dale. 1614. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
 Smith, John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. 1624. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998.
 Strachey, William. The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Brittania. c1612. Repr. Boston: Elibron Classics, 2001.

Other websites
Other websites 

 Virginia Historical Society. 'Contact and Conflict'. The Story of Virginia: An American Experience. 
 David Morenus. 'The Real Pocahontas'. David's Townhouse. Compares the historical Pocahontas to the Disney version. Pictures and many links.

1590s births
1617 deaths
Native American people
Develier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Official website of the municipality of Develier

Municipalities in Delémont
Ederswiler is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is the only German-speaking municipality in the canton, where all others are French-speaking.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Delémont
Glovelier was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Glovelier, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Soulce and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

Other websites

Former municipalities of Jura
2013 disestablishments in Switzerland
Mervelier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Delémont
Korean can mean:

Anything to do with Korea, a country
Korean language
Korean people
Korean cuisine
Korean Air
Prana is the vital air or breath of the human body in Hinduism. It is also the vital, life-sustaining force of both the individual body and the universe. Its was first written about in the Upanishads. Prana is in all living forms, but is not itself the soul.

The word prana means "breath" in Sanskrit.

In yoga, prana is divided into different type. There are said to be five pranas or vital currents. They are called prana, apana, vyana, udana and samana.

Hinduism
Yoga
The Sanga Monastery is a small Buddhist monastery near Lhasa, Tibet. Sanga Monastery was built in the ruins of the castle (or fort) Taktse (also Dagtse) Dzong (formerly Dechen Dzong) on the top of a hill. Dagtse Dzong overlooks the roads to Yerpa and Ganden Monastery to the east.

Sanga Monastery together with Ganden Monastery belong to the Geluk (Gelug-pa) order (also known as Yellow Hat Sect, lit. 'Virtuous'). The Yellow Hat Sect was started by Tsongkhapa (Tsong Khapa or Lobsang Drakpa), also known as Jé Rinpoché, 1357–1419. He was known as a writer and teacher.

References 

Buddhist buildings
Buildings and structures in Tibet
Monasteries
14th-century buildings and structures‎
In some eastern religions, a Satguru (or Sadguru) is a person who is considered to have achieved enlightenment, and who can help others to achieve the same. The word means "true teacher" in Sanskrit (), sat meaning "true" and a guru meaning "teacher". The title means that his students have faith that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to moksha, nirvana or inner peace. It is based on a long line of Hindu understandings about the importance of the guru.

Ancient and  traditional sources 
In  the Guru Gita, Shiva says to Parvati:
The body, the senses, the Prana, wealth, one’s own relations, the self, wife etc., all these should be surrendered to the Satguru. (38)
One who cuts asunder, for the disciple, the eight kinds of attachment (doubts, pity, fear, shyness, censure, position in society, high birth and wealth), by the sword of mercy and bestows absolute Bliss is called Satguru. (57)
Just as the ocean is the king of waters, the Param Guru(Satguru) is the King among Gurus. (179)
A Param Guru is free from attachment, etc.; peaceful, always contented in Himself, independent, and one who considers the status of *Brahma and Vishnu like a blade of grass. (180)
One who is independent at all times and places, who possess an unshakable mind and always blissful, who experiences the homogenous essence of the Self, such a one is the Param Guru. (181)
One who is free from the feeling of duality and non-duality, who shines by the light of His self-realization, who is able to destroy the deep darkness of ignorance, and is omniscient, He is a Param Guru. (182)
By whose mere Darshan, one attains calmness, cheerfulness, and peace and steadfastness, and peace of mind, such a one is Param Guru. (183)
One who looks upon his own body as a corpse, and his Self as the non-dual Brahman, and who has killed the infatuation for  wealth and women, such a person is a Param Guru. (184)
Family traditions, wealth, strength, shastras, relatives, brothers, - none of these are useful to you at the time of death. Satguru is the only saviour. (188)
The Kularnava Tantra (XIV/65) states,
"It is very rare to find a Satguru who can give Shaktipat and rare to find a disciple worthy of receiving it.  One gets such a Guru only as a result of past meritorious actions."

In the Upanishads, five signs of satguru (true guru) are mentioned.

In the presence of the satguru; Knowledge flourishes (Gyana raksha); Sorrow diminishes (Dukha kshaya); Joy wells up without any reason (Sukha aavirbhava); Abundance dawns (Samriddhi); All talents manifest (Sarva samvardhan).

According to Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami, a Hindu Satguru is always a sannyasin, an unmarried renunciate.

Related pages
 Guru
 Guru-shishya tradition
 Parampara
 Sampradaya

References

Hinduism
A physicist is a scientist who studies physics.

Here are some famous physicists:

 Robert J. Lang
 Albert Einstein
 Archimedes
 Benjamin Franklin
 Blaise Pascal
 Enrico Fermi
 Erwin Schrödinger
 Galileo Galilei
 Henri Poincaré
 Isaac Newton
 James Watt
 Johannes Kepler
 Julius Robert Oppenheimer
 Leó Szilárd
 Marie Curie
 Max Planck
 Donna Strickland
 Niels Bohr
 Nikola Tesla
 Rene Descartes
 Richard Feynman
 Satyendra Nath Bose
 Stephen Hawking
 Werner Heisenberg
 C.V. Raman
 Abdul Kalam
 Jagadish Chandra Bose

Science occupations
The Western Roman Empire was the western half of the Roman Empire, which was divided by Diocletian in 286 AD. The other half of the Roman Empire became known as the Eastern Roman Empire.

The Roman Empire had been in difficulties since 190 AD, when large Gothic tribes began moving into areas under Roman control. The empire had weak leadership, which caused instability. Various power groups in the Roman armies kept trying to install their own emperors and killed those who belonged to other groups. That helped the invasions by the Germanic tribes.

Ending Rome's Crisis of the Third Century, Diocletian tried to bring back stable government by dividing the empire into sections. The Western Empire included Iberia, France, southern Britain, Italy, North Africa and parts of Germany. The Eastern Empire included the Balkans, Turkey, the Levant and Egypt.
Rome ceased to be the capital from the time of the division. In 286, the capital of the Western Roman Empire became Mediolanum (now Milan). In 402, the capital was again moved, this time to Ravenna.

The division did not help the Western Empire, which came under increasing invasions from the north from the Ostrogoths, Huns, Franks, Visigoths and Burgundians. Its armies were brought back towards Rome and abandoned Britain and France. The empire's economy could not cope since the increased need for military spending caused inflation. Citizens were unhappy with the rising taxes and rising prices.

In AD 398, Alaric led the Visigoths and began making attacks closer and closer to the capital. By 410, he had sacked the Rome. In 455, the Vandals captured the city. In 476, the Goths captured the capital.
The fall of the Western Roman Empire took place in 476 AD, when the leader of the Goths, Odoacer, removed Emperor Romulus Augustus. Odoacer became King of Italy, and the Western Roman Empire ended. By then, however, the empire had existed in name only, and the emperor no longer had military, financial or political power.

Related pages
Holy Roman Empire
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

References

Other websites
www.roman-empire.net
De Imperatoribus Romanis 

Places of Ancient Rome
Roman Empire
Ravenna is a city and comune in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.  The city is inland, but is connected to the Adriatic Sea by a canal.  Ravenna once was the seat of the Western Roman Empire and later the Ostrogothic kingdom. It is presently the capital of the province of Ravenna. At 652.89 km² (252.08 sq mi), Ravenna is the second-largest comune in land area in Italy, although it is only a little more than half the size of the largest, Rome.

Twin cities
 Chichester, United Kingdom
 Dubrovnik, Croatia, since 1969
 Speyer, Germany, since 1989

References

Other websites 
 
Tourism and culture Official website  (English)
Ravenna, A Study  (1913) by Edward Hutton, from Project Gutenberg
Catholic Encyclopedia: Ravenna's early history and its monuments
ItalianVisits.com
Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace Ravenna Pages   (photos)
Ravenna Photo Gallery  Pictures of the most important travel attractions in Ravenna

 
Capital cities in Italy
World Heritage Sites in Italy
Ravenna is name of
 John of Ravenna
 Pierfelice Ravenna, a botanist

Ravenna is the name of several places in the world:

Ravenna, a city in Italy and capital of the Province of Ravenna
Ravenna Calcio Italian football club based in Ravenna
In the United States:
Ravenna, Kentucky
Ravenna, Michigan
Ravenna, Nebraska
Ravena, New York, a village in Albany County
Ravenna, Ohio
Ravenna, Texas
Ravenna Creek, a stream in Seattle, Washington
Ravenna, a neighborhood in Seattle
Ravenna Township, Michigan
Ravenna Township, Minnesota
Ravenna Training and Logistics Site, a military base near Ravenna, Ohio commonly known as the Ravenna Arsenal.

Ravenna (butterfly) is a genus of butterflies

 Ravenna is also a poem by Oscar Wilde

The Ravenna Cosmography was a 7th century map of the known world. 

"No Antenna In Ravenna" is also a song by Jason Trachtenburg of The Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players.
Social democracy is a political ideology that has similar values to socialism, but within a capitalist framework and economy. The ideology is named from democracy where people have a say in government actions and it supports a competitive capitalist economy while also helping people in need by providing healthcare, education and social welfare. This makes it easier for people to support themselves in society by having more protection if they are unemployed or fall into poverty. It has been influenced by socialism, which places an emphasis on equal rights for everyone, and there is plenty of government ownership or regulation of various industries to protect the public interest. The ideology's movement has seen some interest in other countries whose economic systems do not work this way, because it has worked well for those who have it.
Despite a common belief, social democracy is very different from socialism. Social democracy’s policies keep capitalism in place and it is supportive of Keynesian economics, where the government should step in and help people in need or without jobs. Social democracy strives to achieve a balance between capitalism and socialism or a balance between the public sector and private sector in the economy.

Practice versus theory   

Some would argue that neither were capitalist systems empty of help for the poor and the needy. An example is England, where relief for the poor was available in every parish in the land, long before there were any government social services. The practice was known as charity. Also, Britain saw the growth of an important middle class after industrialisation took hold. So it is not completely right to think of such societies as simply composed of owners and workers, or rich and poor.
Social democrats are divided in how they see their theory and it has been a subject of much debate around the world. Terms like "market socialism" and "the third way" are efforts to rethink what social democracy means today.

Related pages 
Socialist International
Welfare state

References 

Socialism
Democracy
Political systems
The UEFA Europa League is a football tournament for teams that did not make the UEFA Champions League. They qualify by being not the best in the country and not making the best competition. For example in England, teams that finish after the first four teams can go to the Europa League. There is another option, which if you finish 3rd in the UEFA Champions League Group Stage, you will qualify for the last 32 in the Europa League, and the 3rd option is when a club which being eliminated from the UEFA Champions League 3rd round (Into the UEFA Europa League Playoff Round). In 2009, it was rebranded as the UEFA Europa League. It was previously known as the UEFA Cup. The winner of the UEFA Europa League plays the winner of the UEFA Champions League in the UEFA Super Cup.

The Competition Winners

Other websites
 

 
1955 establishments in Europe
Charlottenburg was an independent city to the west of Berlin until 1920. Then it was made part of Groß-Berlin (Greater Berlin) and turned into a borough.

As a part of the changes to the boroughs of Berlin in 2001 Charlottenburg was joined with Wilmersdorf to make the new borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. In 2004, the new borough's districts were rearranged. The former borough of Charlottenburg was divided into the localities of Westend, Charlottenburg-Nord and Charlottenburg. In addition to that, Charlottenburg features a number of popular kiezes.

Charlottenburg is best known for Charlottenburg Palace, the largest surviving royal palace in Berlin.

Charlottenburg celebrated its 300th anniversary in 2005.

Geography 
Charlottenburg is located along the river Spree within the Berlin-Warsaw glacial valley, west of the Tiergarten park. The Straße des 17. Juni (17th June Street), former Charlottenburger Chaussee, which runs through the park, connects it with the historic centre of Berlin.
Charlottenburg palace 

In 1695, Sophia Charlotte of Hanover got the district of Lietzow from her husband Elector Frederick III, in exchange for her estates in Caputh and Langerwisch, near Potsdam.

Frederick had a summer residence built for his wife by the architect Johann Arnold Nering between 1695 and 1699. In 1701, Frederick became the first Prussian King (Frederick I of Prussia), and he made the building much bigger

Just after the death of Sophie Charlotte, the village near the palace was called 'Charlottenburg' and the palace itself Schloss Charlottenburg, and the settlement was chartered as a town. The king was the town's mayor until Lietzow was incorporated into Charlottenburg in 1720.
Frederick's successor, Frederick William I of Prussia, rarely stayed at the palace. Frederick William even tried to end the town's privileges. It was not until 1740, at the coronation of his successor Frederick II (Frederick the Great), that the town's became important again. The eastern New Wing was built by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff between 1740 and 1747 as Frederick the Great's home. Later, Frederick II preferred the palace of Sanssouci, which he had partly designed himself.

When Frederick II died in 1786, his nephew Frederick William II succeeded him, and Charlottenburg became his favourite residence, as it was for his son and successor Frederick William III.

After the defeat of the Prussian army at Jena in 1806, Charlottenburg was occupied by the French. Napoleon occupied the palace, while his troops camped nearby.
Recreational and residential area 
In the late 18th century, Charlottenburg's development did not depend only on the crown. The town became a recreational area for the expanding city of Berlin. Its first real inn opened in the 1770s, in the street then called 'Berliner Straße' (now Otto-Suhr-Allee), and many other inns and beer gardens were to follow, popular for weekend parties especially.

Sights 
Beside the palace, Charlottenburg is also home to the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church on the Breitscheidplatz, the fomer West Berlin landmark, the Kurfürstendamm and the Zoo railway station as well as the Deutsche Oper Berlin, one of the three Berlin opera houses.

Twin towns 
Charlottenburg is twinned with
 , Linz,
 , Trento, and
 , Lewisham, South East London

Districts of Berlin
Magliaso is a municipality in the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lugano
Mairengo was a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Malvaglia was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of  Ludiano, Malvaglia and Semione merged to form the new municipality of Serravalle. The reservoir Bacino di Val Malvaglia is found above the village.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Manno is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lugano
Maroggia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Lugano
Massagno is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lugano
Medeglia was a municipality of the district Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010, the former municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino merged to form the new municipality of Monteceneri.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2010 disestablishments in Switzerland
Melano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lugano
Melide is a municipality  of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Melide is known world-wide for the famous Swissminiatur, a museum that shows famous buildings in Switzerland presented in miniature form.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 Web site of Swissminiatur

Municipalities in Lugano
Wilmersdorf was a village near Berlin. In 1920 Wilmersdorf became a borough of Greater Berlin Groß Berlin. In 2001 it became a part of the new borough of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. The Kurfürstendamm runs through the area. The former borough of Wilmersdorf included the localities Halensee, Schmargendorf and Grunewald.

Related pages

 Charlottenburg
 Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf

Districts of Berlin
The Able Label was an independent record label from Brisbane, Australia.

Grant McLennan & Robert Forster of The Go-Betweens 
released their first two singles "Lee Remick" & "People Say" on it in 1978 and 1979. Later, it allowed other Brisbane groups, The Numbers (later to become The Riptides), The Apartments and the Four Gods to make their own records using the Able Label logo.

Discography

Related pages
 List of record labels

References

Other websites 
 Able Logo image

Australian record labels
Independent record labels
Defunct companies
Indie music record labels
Goosebumps is a collection of children's horror fiction books written by R. L. Stine.

The Goosebumps series sometimes contained too much violence, so some American libraries disagreed with having the books there; the novels were fifteenth on the American Library Association's list of most frequently challenged books from 1990 to 1999.

After the series, many different spinoffs were made, also written by Stine, including Give Yourself Goosebumps and Goosebumps: Series 2000 which appeared in 1995 and 1998.

Two board games were created after the Goosebumps series, these were called "Terror in the Graveyard" and "Escape from Horrorland". a 1996 PC game was also produced, entitled Goosebumps: Escape from Horrorland.

Front covers and most other Goosebumps-related art was done by artist Tim Jacobus, while the covers for the later Give Yourself Goosebumps series were digitally created by Craig White.

In 2015, a movie based on the book was released starring Jack Black as R. L. Stine.

References
References

American children's books
1990s books
Azuli Records is an independent record label, focusing on house music and other forms of electronic dance music. The label was founded by DJ Dave Piccioni in London, England in the early 1990s.

Releases include the Late Night Tales / Another Late Night DJ mix albums, and the "Choice" series.

Related pages
 List of record labels

Other websites
 Official site 

British record labels
Independent record labels
Electronic music record labels
1991 establishments in the United Kingdom
The town of Carluke is in the centre of the Scottish countryside in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, 5.4 miles North-West of Lanark and 5 miles South-East of Wishaw. Many people in Carluke are commuters, with a variety of small stores and supermarkets available at the centre of the town.

Notable Figures
Three people who were born in the town have received the Victoria Cross. The inventor of Slush Puppies previously stayed on a street in Carluke. The famous ex-Motherwell striker Dougie Arnott lives in Carluke.

References

Towns in South Lanarkshire
The Marvel Universe (MU) is a comic book fictional universe created by Marvel Comics. The MU is where most of the main stories published by Marvel Comics takes place. The MU is actually just one of an infinite number of different dimensions. Each one can be called a Marvel universe, but the term is commonly used for just one. This one is also called Earth-616 when looking at all the universes as a group. The other universes vary from very similar to the Earth-616 universe to completely different. This lets the writers create stories which have a large effect to the universe they take place in without affected the main universe used by all of the writers as a group. 

Fictional universes
Marvel Comics
Runaways is a Marvel Comics comic book series created by Brian K. Vaughan and Adrian Alphona. The series is about a group of teenagers who try to make up for the evil done by their supervillain parents by becoming superheroes. They are commonly called "the Pride's kids" or "those kids in L.A." by other characters in the Marvel Universe. This is because the team does not have an official name and the most of Marvel's characters are in New York.

In 2006, the series won the Harvey Award for best continuing/limited series.

In February 2007, series creators Vaughan and Alphona stopped making Runaways at issue #24 of the second series.  In April 2007, long-time Runaways fan Joss Whedon (of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel and Firefly fame) will take over the series for 6 issues.  Marvel has said that Terry Moore, creator of Strangers in Paradise will take over after Whedon leaves, with Humberto Ramos on art.