Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Cobalt(II) oxide, also known as cobaltous oxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CoO. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state as an ion. It also contains oxide. It can be green or red crystals. It can also be a grey or brown powder.

Preparation
Cobalt(II) chloride reacts with a base to get cobalt(II) hydroxide. Then the cobalt(II) hydroxide is heated to make cobalt(II) oxide. The reactions are written below:
 CoCl2 + 2 NaOH → 2 NaCl + Co(OH)2
 Co(OH)2 → CoO + H2O

Use
It can react with acids to make salts containing cobalt. It is used to make blue glass.

Related pages
Cobalt(II) sulfate
Cobalt(III) oxide

Cobalt compounds
Oxides
Cobalt(II) hydroxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Co(OH)2. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state as an ion. It also contains hydroxide ions. It is either reddish or bluish. It is made by reacting a strong base with a cobalt(II) salt. Cobalt(II) chloride is normally used. This makes the red form. The blue form is made by reacting ammonium hydroxide with cobalt(II) hydroxide. It turns into cobalt(II) oxide when heated. It is used to dry paints, to make other cobalt compounds, and as a catalyst.

Related pages
Cobalt(II) sulfate
Cobalt(III) oxide
Cobalt

Cobalt compounds
Cobalt(III) oxide is a chemical compound. It contains cobalt in its +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Co2O3. It can be made by reacting a cobalt(II) salt with sodium hypochlorite. This reaction also makes some chlorine. It is used as a catalyst. It is an oxidizing agent. It is not as strong an oxidizing agent as other cobalt(III) compounds.

Related pages 
Cobalt(II) oxide
Cobalt(II) chloride
Cobalt(II) sulfate

Cobalt compounds
Oxides
Cobalt oxide can refer to either of the following:

Cobalt(II) oxide, CoO, black powder
Cobalt(II,III) oxide, Co3O4, black powder
Cobalt(III) oxide, Co2O3, black powder

Related pages
Cobalt(II) hydroxide, Co(OH)2, red or blue-green powder
Cobalt(II) sulfate, also known as cobaltous sulfate, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CoSO4. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state. It contains cobalt and sulfate ions.

Properties 
It is a reddish crystalline solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is reddish without water (anhydrous) and pink with water (hydrated).

Preparation 
It can be made by reacting cobalt, cobalt(II) oxide, or cobalt(II) hydroxide with sulfuric acid. It is very rarely found in the earth.

Uses 
It is used as a pigment. It is also used to make other cobalt salts. It can be used in electroplating cobalt. It was added to beer in the past but that poisoned people.

Safety 
Cobalt(II) sulfate is slightly carcinogenic. It is poisonous in large quantities.

Related pages 
Cobalt(II) chloride
Cobalt(III) oxide

Sulfur compounds
Cobalt compounds
Meccano is a building set that lets people make models and small mechanical devices. It was made in 1901, and was from the United Kingdom.

Toys
Monoclonius is the doubtful name of a ceratopsid dinosaur. It was a herbivore (plant-eater)  It lived in North America during the Upper Cretaceous, about 76 to 73 million years ago.

Monoclonius was named by Edward Drinker Cope in 1876, soon after the first fossil specimen had been found in Montana. The specimen was a near complete skeleton with only the feet missing. It included skull material and the base of the nasal horn. Its name means "single stem" and refers to its teeth, which have a single root.

Monoclonius is now regarded as a nominem dubium. It seems to be a juvenile stage of Centrosaurus.

References 

Ceratopsids
Gordini is a French sports car manufacturer. The firm was founded by Amédée Gordini. His nickname was "Le Sorcier", which means "The Sorcerer".

Gordini competed in Formula One from 1950 to 1956.

Gordini worked with Renault as an engine tuner. He sold his firm to Renault. Renault entered Renault-Gordini cars at the 24 Hours of Le Mans from 1962 until 1969.

Renault build sport versions of some models like the Dauphine, Renault 8, and Renault 12. They included the Gordini badge.

In November 2009, Renault announced that it will bring back the Gordini name. It will be used on a line of hot hatches (sports compacts).

Formula One results

As a works (factory) team 
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position) (results in italics indicate fastest lap)

(† indicates shared drive)

As an engine supplier 
(key) (results in bold indicate pole position)

References 

Formula One constructors
Formula One engine manufacturers
The Popish Plot was a story made up by Titus Oates that caused people to hate the Catholics in England between 1678 and 1681. Oates said that there was a large Catholic conspiracy to kill Charles II. His story led to the execution of at least 15 men and caused the Exclusion Bill Crisis. After a while Oates' complicated story fell apart, and he was arrested and sent to prison for perjury.

References

17th century in England
1678
1679
1680
1681
1680s in Europe
Cobalt(II,III) oxide is a chemical compound. It contains some (1 atom) cobalt in the +2 oxidation state and some (2 atoms) in the +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Co3O4. It contains cobalt and oxide ions.

Properties
It is a black solid. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make chlorine and cobalt(II) chloride.

Preparation
It is made when cobalt(II) oxide is heated to . When it is heated to , it turns back into cobalt(II) oxide.

Uses
It has been used in research for making hydrogen.

Safety
It is irritating to the skin. It can cause harm if swallowed. It dissolves in the stomach acid.

Related pages
Iron(II,III) oxide
Cobalt(III) oxide

Cobalt compounds
Oxides
The Ramsar Convention (The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat) is an international treaty to protect wetlands. It is meant to stop the loss of wetland areas now and in the future. It recognizes that wetlands are an important ecosystem. It also recognizes that wetlands have economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value. It is named after the town of Ramsar in Iran.

Convention
The convention was developed and agreed to by 18 nations at a meeting in Ramsar on February 2, 1971. It came into force on December 21, 1975.

The Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance now includes 2,429 sites, which are called Ramsar Sites, covering around 254,611,076 hectares. This has increased from 1,021 sites in 2000. The nation with the most sites is the United Kingdom at 168. The nation with the greatest area of listed wetlands is Canada, with over 130,000 km², including the Queen Maud Gulf Migratory Bird Sanctuary at 62,800 km².
There are now 159 nations that have agreed to the convention. The nations meet every three years as the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP). The first meeting was held in Cagliari, Italy, in 1980. Changes to the original convention have been agreed to in Paris (1982) and Regina (1987).

There is a standing committee, a scientific review panel, and a secretariat. The headquarters is in Gland, Switzerland, shared with the IUCN.
Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bermuda, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Palau, Panama
, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, North Macedonia, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, former USSR
New contracting parties:
Antigua and Barbuda (02.10.05), Cape Verde (18.11.05), Central African Republic (05.04.06), Iraq (17.02.08), Kazakhstan (15.01.07), Lesotho (01.11.04), Marshall Islands (13.11.04), Montenegro (succ. 03.06.06), Mozambique (03.12.04), Myanmar (17.03.05), Rwanda (01.04.06), Samoa (06.02.05), Seychelles (22.03.05), Sudan (07.05.05), Turkmenistan (03.07.09), United Arab Emirates (29.12.07), Yemen (08.02.08).

References

Other websites
 The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
 Ramsar Sites Information Service , web service by a non-profit organisation Wetlands International, providing access to Ramsar database
 United States National Ramsar Committee 
 Peace Palace Library, bibliography on Water resources and International law.
 Ramsar Standing Committee Addresses Climate Change and Biofuels
 Threats to Ramsar Wetlands in Coastal New South Wales, Australia 

Treaties and Conventions
Cobalt(II) fluoride, also known as cobaltous fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CoF2. It contains cobalt in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

Properties
It is a reddish crystalline solid. It only dissolves a little in water. The hydrate (type with water molecules attached) can dissolve in water. It can dissolve in acid. It can react with hydrogen at  to make cobalt and hydrogen fluoride.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting anhydrous (without any water molecules attached) cobalt(II) oxide or cobalt(II) chloride with a stream of hydrogen fluoride. This reaction makes the anhydrous form. The hydrated (with water molecules attached) form is made by reacting any cobalt(II) compound with hydrofluoric acid. When fluorine is reacted with cobalt at a high temperature, it makes both cobalt(II) fluoride and cobalt(III) fluoride.

Uses
It is used as a catalyst. It can be used as a source of the fluoride ion in dentist care. It is used in lenses.
Related pages
Cobalt(II) hydroxide
Cobalt(III) oxide

Cobalt compounds
Fluorine compounds
Cobalt fluoride can refer to either of the following compounds:

Cobalt(II) fluoride, CoF2, red solid
Cobalt(III) fluoride, CoF3, strong oxidizing agent
Cobalt(III) fluoride, also known as cobaltic fluoride and cobalt trifluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CoF3. It contains cobalt in its +3 oxidation state. It contains cobalt and fluoride ions. It is used to add fluoride ion to other chemicals. It is a brown solid. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid, oxygen, and cobalt(II) fluoride. It is made by reacting cobalt(II) chloride and fluorine at . Cobalt(II) oxide and cobalt(II) fluoride can be used instead of the cobalt(II) chloride. It is used to make some chemicals.

Related pages 
Cobalt(II) hydroxide

Cobalt compounds
Fluorine compounds
An eyeborg or eye-borg is an electronic eye that allows people to hear colors. It is mostly used by blind people or by people with color blindness. It works by using a head mounted camera that reads the colors directly in front of a person, and converts them into musical notes.

The first eyeborg was made in England in 2003 by Adam Montandon in collaboration with colourblind artist Neil Harbisson. The invention won a British award in Innovation (Submerge 2004) and a European award in Content Tools and Interface Design (Europrix 2004). In 2007, Peter Kese, a software developer from Slovenia, made further developments to the eyeborg by increasing the number of colors to 360 and adding color intensity through different volume levels. Matias Lizana, a student from Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya is currently developing the eyeborg into a smaller chip as part of his final year project. The new chip will allow users to hear colors in stereo and to embed the device.
Other websites
Eyeborg Website  Eyeborg chip development site
Cyborg Enables Color-Blind Artist to Hear His Palette Article about an eyeborg user on Wired (USA 2008)
Eyeborg user example  on The Sunday Times (UK, 2008)
Seeing things in a different light Information from BBC (UK, 2005)
Neil Harbisson's personal website

References

Vision
Christian Dior (Granville, Manche, Basse-Normandie, 21 January 1905 –  Montecatini, Italy, 24 October 1957), was the leading French fashion designer of the post-war world. He was the founder of one of the world's top fashion houses, the House of Dior (now Christian Dior).

Career 
During the German occupation of France in World War II, Christian Dior dressed up the wives of Nazi officers and French collaborators. On 8 October 1946 he founded his own fashion house, backed by Marcel Boussac, which became the cotton-fabric magnate.

The New Look 
For his first collection, in early 1947, the phrase The New Look was coined by Harper's Bazaar, the fashion monthly. Dior's designs were more voluptuous than the economy shapes of World War II, when fabric was rationed.
Dior was a master at creating shapes and silhouettes; he said "I have designed flower women". His look employed fabrics lined with percale (a closely woven plain-weave fabric), boned, bustier-style bodices, hip padding, wasp-waisted corsets and petticoats. This made his dresses flare out from the waist, giving his models a very curvaceous look. 

Some women protested, because his designs covered up their legs, which they did not want during wartime. There was also criticism of Dior's designs, which used a lot of fabric. Opposition ceased as soon as wartime shortages ended. The New Look revolutionized women's dress and reestablished Paris as the center of the fashion world.

A-line 
The term was first used by Dior as the label for his collection of spring 1955. The  A-Line collection's feature item, then the "most wanted silhouette in Paris", was a "fingertip-length flared jacket worn over a dress with a very full, pleated skirt". Evening dresses at this time were always worn with petticoats.
Although an A-shape, this silhouette was not identical to what is now understood to embody the A-line idea. That idea was given its definitive expression and popularized by Dior’s successor, Yves Saint Laurent, with his "Trapeze Line" of spring 1958, which featured dresses flaring out dramatically from a fitted shoulder line. 

A-line clothes remained popular in the 1960s and 70s, disappeared from fashion almost completely by the early 1980s and were revived by the retro trend of the late 1990s. By that time, 'A-line' was used more loosely to describe any dress wider at the hips than at the bust or waist, as well as a number of flared skirt styles. 'True' A-line shapes on the pattern of Dior and Saint Laurent saw a revival in the early 2000s.

References 

1905 births
1957 deaths
French fashion designers
French fashion houses
People from Manche
The Baluchistan Agency was one of the agencies of British India. Agency Territories, with an area of 44,345 square miles (208.262 km2), composed of tracts which had, from time to time, been acquired by lease or otherwise brought under control and been placed directly under British officers. 

This agency consisted of three princely states, Kalat and its two feudatory states Las Bela and Kharan. The British government maintained the administrative control through their political agent in Kalat.

British India
Ferromanganese, also known as spiegeleisen, is an alloy. It is made of iron and manganese. It is normally 15% manganese and 85% iron. It is made by reduction of a mixture of iron ore and manganese ore. Normally carbon is the reducing agent. It is normally how manganese is sold.

Related pages
Cobalt

Alloys
Iron
Manganese(VII) oxide, also known as permanganic acid and manganese heptoxide, is a chemical compound. The manganese is in its +7 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Mn2O7. This is about the only +7 oxidation state compound of manganese that is not a permanganate. Its chemical formula is Mn2O7. It is either a dark red or green oil. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is a dangerous explosive. It is made by combining sulfuric acid with potassium permanganate. This reaction makes the dark green oil. It makes manganese dioxide and oxygen when exploded. This reaction may produce ozone, a powerful oxidizing agent. It can be detonated by striking it or reacting it with some organic compounds such as alcohol.

Related pages
Manganese(II) oxide

Manganese compounds
Permanganic acid is an acid. It has the formula HMnO4. It is the acid form of the permanganate ion.

It is often made by reacting dilute sulfuric acid with a permanganate, such aspotassium permanganate. It is not usually a good idea to use concentrated acid because the extra acid may react with the new permanganic acid to create manganese heptoxide, an explosive chemical.

Acids
Manganese(II) sulfate, also known as manganous sulfate, is a chemical compound. It contains manganese in its +2 oxidation state. It contains manganese and sulfate ions. Its chemical formula is MnSO4. It is a pink crystalline solid. It normally is bonded with some water molecules. It is part of a process to make manganese metal. It can be made separately though. If sulfur dioxide and manganese dioxide are reacted, it produces manganese(II) sulfate. It reacts with potassium permanganate to make manganese dioxide. It is used to add manganese to soil.

Related pages 
Manganese(II) carbonate
Manganese(II) oxide
Manganese(VII) oxide

Sulfur compounds
Manganese compounds
Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco is the  sequel to the 1993 movie Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey.

Plot
The owners of Shadow the Golden Retriever, Sassy the Himalayan cat (Sally Field), and Chance the American Bulldog (Michael J. Fox) decide to take a trip to Canada. At the San Francisco International Airport, the animals run away after Chance gets free from his carrier. After getting away from airport police, the animals are in San Francisco, with home on the other side of the Golden Gate bridge.

As they are trying to get home, Chance falls in love with a street Kuvasz named Delilah (Carla Gugino) who's never had a human family. He thinks humans are bad since he was left alone by his owners, and at first does not agree to help Shadow, Sassy, and Chance because they are "pets". After they return home, a sad Chance is soon together with Delilah. The family accepts her as their newest pet.
Cast
 Robert Hays - Bob Seaver
 Kim Griest - Laura Seaver
 Kevin Chevalia - Jamie Seaver
 Veronica Lauren - Hope Seaver
 Benj Thall - Peter Seaver

Voice cast
 Ralph Waite - Shadow
 Michael J. Fox - Chance
 Sally Field - Sassy
 Michael Bell - Stokey
 Tisha Campbell - Sledge
 Adam Goldberg - Pete
 Carla Gugino - Delilah
 Tommy Lasorda - Lucky Lasorda
 Tress MacNeille - French Poodle
 Ross Malinger - Spike
 Al Michaels - Sparky Michaels
 Jon Polito - Ashcan
 Sinbad - Riley
 Stephen Tobolowsky - Bando
 Bob Uecker - Trixie Uecker

Other websites
 

Disney movies
1996 movies
American family movies
Movies about cats
Movies about dogs
Movies set in San Francisco
Poolsbrook is a town in northeast Derbyshire, England.

Towns in Derbyshire
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a United States government agency that protects and promotes public health, by regulating food safety, tobacco, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, vaccines, and cosmetics. The FDA enforces federal laws along with other agencies, such as the DEA. The agency was made in 1906, and is led by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs.

The head of the FDA is proposed by the President of the United States and approved by the Senate. He reports to the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services.

History 
In June 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the Clean Food and Drug Administration Act of 1906, also known as the "Wiley Act" after its main advocate.

Responsibility for screening food and drug products for "tampering" or "mislabelling" has been assigned to the USDA Chemical Bureau. In 1927, the regulatory powers of the Bureau of Chemistry were reorganized under the new agency of the United States Department of Agriculture, the FDA.
President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed into law the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act on June 24, 1938. In 1962, the Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics Act was passed and it became a global change in the FDA regulatory body.

One of the most important laws in creating the modern American pharmaceutical market was the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Reinstatement Act 1984, better known as the Hatch-Waxman Act after its main sponsors.

Structure 
Subordinate FDA Agencies:

 Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research;
Center for Devices and Radiological Health;
Center for Drug Evaluation and Research;
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition;
Center for Tobacco Products;
Center for Veterinary Medicine;
National Center for Toxicological Research;
Office of Criminal Investigations;
Office of Regulatory Affairs.

Activity 
The FDA is responsible for maintaining public health through
regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, food additives, drugs, vaccines, medical devices, and veterinary drugs;  
 monitoring accordance to legislation in the field of maintaining the quality of food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. 

The FDA also controls some laws.

References

Other websites
FDA Home Page
Critics — 143 Sudden Deaths Did Not Stop Approval // LATimes, 2000-12-20 
Critics — Statement of Larry D. Sasich, Pharm. D, M.P.H. And Sidney M. Wolfe, MD of Public Citizen’s Health Research Group on the Withdrawal of the Calcium Channel Blocker Mibefradil (Posicor) From the Market. (1998). Public Citizen, 1,2.

United States government agencies
Medical and health organizations in the United States
Homalocephale was a thick-skulled, plant-eating dinosaur. Its flat head housed a very thick skull, a tiny brain, and large eyes. The skull consisted of porous, non-rigid bone interlaced with blood vessels.

Homalocephale grew to be about 5 feet long (1.5 m) and weighed about 95 pounds (43 kg). Homalocephale probably had a good sense of smell. It had bumpy knobs on its snout and along the rear of its skull. It had leaf-shaped teeth, short forelimbs and a stiff tail. 

Pachycephalosauria
Pachyrhinosaurus was a large, plant-eating dinosaur that had a bony, spiked neck frill, four short legs, and a short tail. Pachyrhinosaurus was a short-frilled ceratopsian dinosaur that was 18 to 23 feet (5.5 to 7 m) long. Pachyrhinosaurus had many small horns on the middle of its frill. 

Ceratopsids
The Arnhem Land Region is one of the five regions of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is in the north east corner of the territory and is about 500km from the territory capital Darwin. It has an area of 97,000 km². This area includes Kakadu National Park. About 16,230 people live in Arnhem Land. It was named by Matthew Flinders after the Dutch ship Arnhem, which explored the coast in 1623.

Geography

Arnhem Land goes from Port Roper on the Gulf of Carpentaria around the coast to the East Alligator River where it joins Kakadu National Park. The major towns are Jabiru on the Kakadu National Park border, Maningrida on the Liverpool River mouth, and Nhulunbuy (also known as Gove) in the far north east, on the Gove Peninsula. Gove is the site of large bauxite mine with an alumina refinery. Its administrative centre is the town of Nhulunbuy, the fourth largest town in the Northern Territory.
The climate of Arnhem Land is tropical monsoon with a wet and dry season.  Temperatures do not vary much during the year. It can get as cold as 15 degrees Celsius during nights in the dry season (April to September). In the wet season (October to March) the days can be as hot as 33 degrees Celsius.

The people
Arnhem Land became an Aboriginal Reserve in 1931. It is still one of the largest Aboriginal Reserves in Australia. It is best known for its remoteness, its art, and the strong continuing traditions of its people. North east Arnhem Land is home to the Yolngu people, one of the largest indigenous groups in Australia. They have been able to keep their traditional indigenous culture. The Malays and Macassans are believed to have had contact with the coastal Aboriginal groups and traded with them prior to European settlement of Australia.
The 2006 movie Ten Canoes shows life in Arnhem land with a story that uses old Aboriginal stories. It was co-directed by one of the cast members.  The movie and also the movie about how it was made, The Balano and the Bark Canoes, shows the great struggle the indigenous people have made to keep their culture alive.

Art
The Aboriginal town of Yirrkala, just outside Nhulunbuy, is famous throughout the world. This is because of its bark paintings, and its role in supporting the rights of Indigenous Australians. It is also the place where the Yidaki, or Didgeridoo, came from. The town of Gunbalanya, once called Oenpelli, in Western Arnhem Land is also famous for its bark painting.
One Yolngu stone arrangement, at Maccasans Beach near Yirrkala, shows the layout of the Macassan praus (ships) used for Trepang fishing. The Yolngu traded with the people of Makassar on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. This trading was happening 200 years before European settlement.

Related pages
Kakadu National Park
Indigenous Australians

References

Arnhem Land. Its History and Its People. 1954. R. M. & C. H. Berndt. F. W. Cheshire, Melbourne.

Other websites

Arnhem Region 
Gove Online Community Website 

Geography of the Northern Territory
Indigenous peoples of Australia
Regions of Australia
Rubinkowo is a district of Toruń.

Other websites 
Rubinkowo in Toruń

Toruń
Motorola DynaTAC is the first mobile telephone. It was announced in 1973. It was first sold in 1984.

Gallery

Telephone
Kaszczorek is a district of Toruń.

Other websites 
(pl)

Toruń
Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet GCB PRS (13 February 1743 – 19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist and patron of the natural sciences. Banks was President of the Royal Society 1778–1820; baronet 1781; Privy Counsellor 1797. His collections were given to the British Museum.

Banks took part in Captain James Cook's first great voyage  from 1768 to 1771. He inherited a large fortune, and was able to hire his own team to help collect, package and transport his finds. Banks discovered and collected Eucalyptus, Acacia, Mimosa, and Banksia. About 80 species of plants are named after Banks.

Education 
Banks was educated at Harrow School, Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.

Exploration

Newfoundland and Labrador 
In 1766 Banks was elected to the Royal Society, and in the same year he accompanied Phipps to Newfoundland and Labrador to study their natural history. He made his name by publishing the first Linnean descriptions of the plants and animals of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Endeavour voyage 
Banks was promptly appointed to a joint Royal Navy/Royal Society scientific expedition to the south Pacific Ocean on HMS Endeavour, 1768–1771. This was the first of James Cook's voyages of discovery in that region. Banks joined the ship with a staff of eight: Daniel Solander and H.D. Spöring, naturalists; Alexander Buchan and Sydney Parkinson, artists; James Roberts and Peter Briscoe, tenants from Revesby; Thomas Richmond and George Dorlton (Dollin), negro servants. Only four of this party survived the voyage, Banks himself, Solander and the two Revesby men.

This voyage went first to Brazil, where Banks made the first scientific description of a now common garden plant, Bougainvillea (named after Cook's French counterpart, Louis Antoine de Bougainville), and to other parts of South America.
The voyage then went to Tahiti (where the transit of Venus was observed, the purpose of the mission), to New Zealand and to the east coast of Australia, where Cook mapped the coastline and made landfall at Botany Bay and at Endeavour River (near modern Cooktown) in Queensland, where they spent seven weeks ashore while the ship was repaired after damage on the Great Barrier Reef.

While they were in Australia Banks, Solander and Spöring made the first collection of Australian plants, describing many that were new to science. Almost 800 specimens were illustrated by the artist Sydney Parkinson and appear in Banks' Florilegium, finally published in 35 volumes between 1980 and 1990.
Banks arrived back in England on 12 July 1771 and immediately became famous.
Banks in popular culture
There are many things in Australia named after Banks. These include the Division of Banks, a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. The species Banksia is named after him.

References 

1743 births
1820 deaths
English naturalists
English botanists
English explorers
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Society
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Baronets
The Church of Christ with the Elijah Message is a Mormon religious movement. In addition to the Book of Mormon, the group bases itself on 117 messages received by resurrected John the Baptist.

Main differences to other Mormon movements
They call the book of Mormon "The Record of the Nephites" and only accept the first edition of 1830
They call themselves "Christians", and not "Saints"
The movement sees itself as led by Christ. Worldly affairs are led by a college of elders, and not a president
There are no "spiritual marriages" that last for eternity
There are no baptisms of the dead
They reject the idea that God develops to become a higher being
The Church of Christ with Elijah Message accepts all the messages as given by John the Baptist to Otto Fetting and W. A. Draves unlike the other movements. It believes that the Gospel is complete by the three books namely: The Record of the Nephites, The word of the Lord brought to mankind by an Angel, and the Bible (King James Version).

Mormonism
A petticoat is a woman's undergarment, shaped like a skirt or skirt+bodice. Think of it as a skirt underneath a regular skirt. The purpose is possibly insulation, and certainly to make the skirt fly out in an attractive way. 

Petticoats which are starched, with ruffles, or made with stiff fabric, can support a wider skirt. The ultimate in this trend is the crinoline, which is a petticoat structure which includes hoops of whalebone. Crinolines are not worn today, but petticoats are sometimes worn with ballgowns.

Petticoats in the 20th century 
For most of the first half of the 20th century, with a few exceptions, petticoats were out of fashion. Certainly multiple petticoats were not needed for the narrow skirts and dresses which were fashionable. Some evening gowns needed petticoats, but they were finished off by WWII wartime rationing and shortages.
Petticoats were revived by Christian Dior in his full-skirted New Look of 1947. Tiered, ruffled, stiffened petticoats remained extremely popular during the 1950s, especially with teenage girls. Typically, at least three single petticoats were worn, until manufacturers began making double and triple layer petticoats. A narrow slip was usually worn under the petticoats, especially the crinoline type, because they tended to be 'scratchy'.

Dior continued this theme with his A-Line collection of Spring 1955, which featured  the "most wanted silhouette in Paris". This was a "fingertip-length flared jacket worn over a dress with a very full, pleated skirt". Evening dresses at this time were always worn with petticoats.
Although an A-shape, this silhouette was not identical to what is now understood to embody the A-line idea. That idea was given its definitive expression and popularized by Dior’s successor, Yves Saint Laurent, with his Trapeze Line of Spring 1958, which featured dresses flaring out dramatically from a fitted shoulder line. A-line clothes remained popular in the 1960s and 70s.

References 

Underwear
Bottoms (clothing)
Paul the Octopus (said to be hatched January 2008 at Oberhausen, Germany– 26 October 2010) was an octopus living in a tank at a Sea Life Centre in Oberhausen, Germany. Paul became famous around the world for correctly "choosing" the winner of Germany's seven matches at the 2010 World Cup, as well as the final.

During the divinations, Paul was shown two boxes with a mussel inside them, for food. Each box had, on the outside, a flag of a football team. Paul would eat the mussel from the box with the flag of the winning team. He did this correctly in four of Germany's six Euro 2008 matches, and in all seven of their matches in the 2010 World Cup. He correctly chose a win for Spain against the Netherlands in the World Cup final. His predictions were 100% (8/8) right for the 2010 World Cup and 86% (12/14) correct overall. Paul was retired after the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Career
Career 

It was at first said that Paul's career as an oracle began during the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament. In the lead-up to Germany's international football matches, Paul (or a similar octopus) was presented with two clear plastic boxes, each containing food: a mussel or an oyster. Each container was marked with the flag of a team, one the flag of Germany, and the other the flag of Germany's opponent. The box which Paul opened first (and ate the contents of) was judged to be the predicted winner of the game.

Some people had doubt about the octopus' abilities.

Under the thought that Paul had the same chances of choosing the winner or the loser of a match, and not considering the chance of a draw, he had a 1/2 chance of rightly choosing any single game and a 1/256 chance of rightly choosing eight in a row.

On October 26 2010, Paul died of natural causes after being inactive for the last few days.

References 

Cephalopods
Individual animals
FIFA World Cup
Oberhausen
Saint Xavier High School ( ), or simply St. X, is a private, all-boys high school near Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The school is one of four all-boys Catholic high schools in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, but it is run by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) instead of the archdiocese. St. Xavier has 1,535 students, making it the largest private high school in Ohio and one of the 100 largest high schools in that state.

St. Xavier is the oldest high school in the Cincinnati area and one of the oldest in the nation, even older than many universities. It started as the Athenaeum, which opened in 1831 in downtown Cincinnati. From 1869 to 1934, the high school was part of St. Xavier College, which is now called Xavier University. In 1960, the high school moved to its current location on a  campus.
The "Bombers" football team and "Aquabombers" swimming and diving team are ranked nationally and often compete at state championships. The graduates of St. Xavier include many professional athletes, three Olympians, state and national politicians, and well-known authors and actors.

Famous people from St. Xavier

Graduates
Arts and literature:
John Diehl (1968) – actor
Joey Kern (1995) – movie actor
David Quammen (1966) – writer about science
Politics:
Jim Bunning (1949) – Republican in the U.S. Senate representing Kentucky; also a baseball player in the Hall of Fame
John J. Gilligan (1939) – Democratic governor of Ohio; father of Kathleen Sebelius, the U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary
Charles H. Keating Jr. (1941) – lawyer and banker who was convicted of fraud as one of the "Keating Five" in the 1989 Savings and Loan scandal
William J. Keating (1945) – businessman and Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Ohio
Bill Kraus (1965) – activist for gay rights and for people with AIDS
Brad Wenstrup (1976) – Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Ohio

Sports:
Jayme Cramer (2001) – swimmer who won the bronze medal at the 2003 Pan American Games and the silver medal at the 2006 FINA Short Course World Championships
Joe Hudepohl (1992) – swimmer who won the gold medal at the 1992 and 1996 Olympic Games
Pat Todd (1998) – rower in the semifinals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics
Others
St. Xavier gave an honorary degree to Nick Clooney, a television news reporter, game show host, and politician who would have graduated in 1952.

In 1985, Urban Meyer worked as a football coach at St. Xavier. Later, he was the head football coach at the University of Utah, Bowling Green State University, and the University of Florida.

Sources

Books

Related pages
Elder High School
La Salle High School
Moeller High School

Other websites

St. Xavier High School

The St. Xavier Blueprint  – the school newspaper

Cincinnati
Schools in Ohio
1831 establishments in Ohio
High schools in the United States
Gianni Versace (Reggio Calabria, 2 December 1946 – Miami Beach, Florida, 15 July 1997) was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace, an international fashion house.

The fashion house also produces accessories, fragrances, makeup and home furnishings as well as clothes. Versaci also designed costumes for the theatre and movies, and was a friend of Elton John, Sting, and Princess Diana among many others.

Openly gay, Versace and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene.

On July 15, 1997, he was murdered outside his Miami Beach home, the former Casa Casuarina, at the age of 50 by spree killer Andrew Cunanan.

Death

On 15 July 1997, Andrew Cunanan fatally shot Versace on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion. Eight days later, Cunanan shot himself on a boat with the same gun he used to shoot Versace. Versace's body was cremated and his ashes were returned to the family's estate near Cernobbio, Italy.
Legacy
In September 1997, it was announced Versace's brother, Santo Versace, and Jorge Saud would serve as the new CEOs of Gianni Versace S.P.A. Versace's sister, Donatella, became the new head of design.

In his will, Gianni Versace left 50 percent of his fashion empire to his niece Allegra Versace, daughter of Donatella. Allegra inherited this stake, worth around half a billion dollars, when she turned 18 in 2004. Her younger brother, Daniel, inherited Versace's rare artwork collection.

References

Other websites 
 Official Versace website.

1946 births
1997 deaths
Gay men
Italian businesspeople
Italian fashion designers
Italian LGBT people
Italian murder victims
LGBT fashion designers
Murders by firearm in Florida
People from Calabria
Cumilla District  is a district in the eastern region of Bangladesh, near the Tripura Division. Today it is a part of the Chittagong Division.

Cities under Cumilla district include:

Feni Thana
Noakhali Thana
Lakshimpur Thana
Chandpur Thana
Brahmanbaria Thana
Comilla Thana
Laksam

Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Districts in Chittagong Division
Mymensingh District is a district in the northern region of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Mymensingh Division.

Districts in Mymensingh Division
Jessore District is a district of Bangladesh. It is in the Khulna Division.

Kushtia Thana
Meherpur Thana
Chaudanga Thana
Jhinaidaha Thana
Magura Thana
Narail Thana

Districts of East Pakistan
Districts in Khulna Division
The Khulna District () is a district of Bangladesh. It is in the Khulna Division.

Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Districts in Khulna Division
Bogra District ( Bogura) is a district of Bangladesh. It is an industrial city.

Districts of East Pakistan
Districts in Rajshahi Division
Dinajpur District is a district of Bangladesh. It is in the Rangpur Division.

Districts of East Pakistan
Districts in Rangpur Division
Rajshahi District is a district of Bangladesh. It is part of the Rajshahi Division.

Jaipurhat Thana
Naogaon Thana
Nawabganj Thana
Rajshahi Thana
Nator Thana
Bogra Thana
Sirajganj Thana
Pabna Thana

Districts of British India
Districts of East Pakistan
Districts in Rajshahi Division
Rangpur District is a district of Bangladesh. It is part of the Rangpur Division.

Panchagarh Thana
Thakurgaon Thana
Nilfamari Thana
Dinajpur Thana
Lalmonirhat Thana
Rangpur Thana
Kurigram Thana
Gaibandha Thana

Districts in Rangpur Division
Sylhet District is a district of Bangladesh. It is one of the four districts in the Sylhet Division.

Most people living in the district follow Islam as a religion. More than 80% of people are Muslim. Hinduism is the second largest religion in this country.

References

Districts in Sylhet Division
Variations on a Rococo Theme is a piece of music for cello and orchestra composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. It is one of the most popular pieces of music for cello and orchestra.

Tchaikovsky never composed a cello concerto, but he did write this work, which is a tune with a set of variations. It is called "Rococo" because the music is based on the style that was popular in the late 18th century, the period during the Classical period known as Rococo, the time of composers such as Mozart. The main theme is an original theme by Tchaikovsky, not a theme that had been composed by someone else in the 18th century.

Tchaikovsky wrote this piece for Wilhelm Fitzenhagen to play. He was a German cellist who lived in Russia. Like Tchaikovsky, he was a professor at the Moscow Conservatory. Fitzenhagen gave the first performance of the work in Moscow on 30 November 1877. Nikolai Rubinstein was the conductor.

Fitzhagen makes changes to the piece
What happened to the work after that first performance is an interesting story. Tchaikovsky himself had not been at the first performance because he was in Switzerland trying to calm himself down after a very short, disastrous marriage. He wanted to prepare the work so that it could be published. He sent Fitzhagen a short score (this is similar to an arrangement for the piano). He asked Fitzhagen to make any necessary changes to the cello part. Meanwhile, Tchaikovsky got on with the job of orchestrating the music (showing exactly what is played by each instrument).

However, Fitzhagen did not only make changes to the solo cello part. He made other changes as well. He left one of the variations out, and changed the order of some of the others. When the music was about to be published, Tchaikovsky saw what Fitzhagen had done. Tchaikovsky was very cross, but he decided to let the publishers print it like that anyway.
When it was published there was nothing in the score which said that Fitzhagen had made lots of changes. It was not until about 70 years later that people realized that Tchaikovsky’s original version had been different. Some cellists, such as Steven Isserlis, now choose to play Tchaikovsky’s original version. However, most cellists still prefer to play Fitzhagen’s version. It is hard to tell which one Tchaikovsky would have preferred. Maybe he let it be printed because he realized that Fitzhagen had improved it. We cannot tell. Musicians still argue about which version ought to be played.

Orchestration 
The piece is written for an orchestra which is smaller than Tchaikovsky’s usual Romantic orchestral. It is like the ones from the time of Mozart. There are just two of each woodwind instrument, two horns, and strings.

Structure of the work 
The piece, which is about 20 minutes long, consists of a theme and seven variations (eight in Tchaikovsky's original version).
Moderato assai quasi Andante - Thema: Moderato semplice
 After a short introduction we hear the main theme in A major played at first by the cello, and then by other instruments.
 Var. I: Tempo della Thema
 The first variation is very graceful. We hear the theme in triplets.
 Var. II: Tempo della Thema
 The second variation is a conversation between cello and orchestra. The soloist twice has a scale which rushes upwards.
 Var. III: Andante sostenuto
 The third variation is very slow and beautiful. It is in C major.
 Var. IV: Andante grazioso
 The fourth variation is back in A major. The tune is elegant and dance-like.
 Var. V: Allegro moderato
 Ihe fifth variation the flute has the theme first. The viola adds several ornamental ideas. Then the music leads to a cadenza.
 Var. VI: Andante
 The sixth variation is in D minor. This sounds dark in colour. The soloist has a conversation with the clarinet.
 Var. VII e Coda: Allegro vivo
After a short pause the music is back in A major. It is a fast, lively variation which ends in a big climax.
The work is occasionally played by other solo instruments. Maxim Rysanov plays it on the viola. He played it at the Last Night of the Proms in 2010.

References

 Brown, David, Tchaikovsky: The Crisis Years, 1874-1878, W.W. Norton & Co., 1983. .

Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Concertos
Variations (music)
A gravitational slingshot, gravity assist maneuver or swing-by is the use of the relative movement and gravity of a planet to alter the path and speed of a spacecraft. This helps the spacecraft to save fuel, time, and expense. Gravity assistance can be used to speed up, slow down and/or change the path of a spacecraft.  The "assist" is provided by the motion of the gravitating body as it pulls on the spacecraft. The Soviet Union used it first for the Luna 3 probe that photographed the far side of the Moon. The later Pioneer program used gravity assist in several missions. 

A gravity assist transfers kinetic energy from the gravitating body to the spacecraft. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.

References

Spaceflight
Orbits
The heliosphere is the magnetosphere, stellar wind bubble and outermost atmospheric layer of the Sun. 

The heliosphere is the cavity made by the Sun in the interstellar medium. Almost all of the material in the heliosphere comes from the Sun itself. 

For the first ten billion kilometres of its radius, the solar wind travels at over a million kilometres per hour. It slows down before finally stopping altogether. The point where the solar wind slows down is the termination shock; the point where the interstellar medium and solar wind pressures balance is called the heliopause; the point where the interstellar medium, travelling in the opposite direction, slows down as it collides with the heliosphere is the bow shock.

Solar wind
Solar wind

The solar wind is made of particles. They are charged (ionized) atoms from the solar corona, and fields, in particular magnetic fields. As the Sun rotates once in about 27 days, the magnetic field transported by the solar wind gets wrapped into a spiral. Differences in the Sun's magnetic field are carried outward by the solar wind and can produce magnetic storms in the Earth's magnetosphere.

In March 2005, measurements by the Solar Wind Anisotropies (SWAN) instrument onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) showed that the heliosphere, the solar wind-filled volume which prevents the solar system from becoming embedded in the local (ambient) interstellar medium, is not axisymmetrical, but is distorted, very likely under the effect of the local galactic magnetic field.

References
References 

 The Heliosphere (Cosmicopia) 
 The Heliosphere, MIT Space Plasma Group
 Voyager Interstellar Mission Objectives
 
 UI's Don Gurnett Says Voyager 1 Is Approaching Edge Of Solar System  December 8, 2003 Univ. of Iowa Press release
 

Sun
Pakistani nationalism refers to the political, cultural, linguistic, historical and religious expression of patriotism by people of Pakistan, of pride in the History of Pakistan, Culture of Pakistan, identity and Cultural heritage of Pakistan, and visions for its future.

Most of modern-day Pakistani nationalism is centered around a common Indo-Iranic identity and heritage of 99% of the population. Kashmiris, Sindhis, Balochis, Punjabis, Pashtuns and other minorities are mainly of Indo-Iranic stock. It also refers to the consciousness and expression of religious influences that help mould the national consciousness. Nationalism describes the many underlying forces that moulded the Pakistan Movement, and strongly continue to influence the Politics of Pakistan.
From a political point of view and in the years leading up to the independence of Pakistan, the particular political and ideological foundations for the actions of the Muslim League can be called a Pakistani nationalist ideology. It is a unique and singular combination of philosophical, nationalistic, cultural and religious elements.

Other websites

Politics of Pakistan
Nationalism