Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Montenegro(1)
 Morocco(1)
 Nepal(1)
 Netherlands(34)
 New Zealand(16)
 Norway(99)
 Pakistan(1)
 Peru(3)
 Poland(50)
 Portugal(1)
 Romania(29)
 Russia(177)
 San Marino(1)
 Senegal(1)
 Serbia(11)
 Slovakia(73)
 Slovenia(50)
 South Africa(2)
 
 Sweden(106)
 Switzerland(146)
 Chinese Taipei(1)
 Tajikistan(1)
 Turkey(5)
 Ukraine(47)
 
 Uzbekistan(3)

Costa Rica, Kenya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Thailand, United States Virgin Islands and Venezuela did not join the 2010 Winter Olympics.

Sports
Fifteen winter sports events were in the 2010 Winter Olympics. The eight sports grouped as ice sports were: bobsled, luge, skeleton, ice hockey, figure skating, speed skating, short track speed skating and curling. The three sports grouped as alpine skiing and snowboarding events were: alpine skiing, freestyle skiing and snowboarding. The four sports grouped as Nordic events were: biathlon, cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Nordic combined.

Numbers in parentheses show the number of medal events for each sport.
Alpine skiing (10)
  Biathlon (10)
  Bobsleigh (3)
  Cross-country skiing (12)
  Curling (2)

  Figure skating (4)
  Freestyle skiing (6)
  Ice hockey (2)
  Luge (3)
  Nordic combined (3)

  Short track speed skating (8)
  Skeleton (2)
  Ski jumping (3)
  Snowboarding (6)
  Speed skating (12)

The opening and closing ceremonies and the events grouped as ice sports (excluding bobsleigh, luge and skeleton) were held in Vancouver and Richmond. The sports grouped as "Nordic events" were held in the Callaghan Valley near Whistler. All alpine skiing events were held on Whistler Mountain (Creekside) and sliding events (bobsleigh, luge and skeleton) were held on Blackcomb Mountain.  Cypress Mountain was the place for the freestyle skiing (aerials, moguls and ski cross), and all snowboard events (half-pipe, parallel giant slalom, snowboard cross).
Vancouver 2010 was the first winter Olympics that both men's and women's hockey were played on a narrower, NHL-sized ice rink, measuring 200 ft × 85 ft (61 m × 26 m), instead of the international size of 200 ft × 98.5 ft (61 m × 30 m). The games were played at General Motors Place, home of the NHL's Vancouver Canucks, which was temporarily renamed Canada Hockey Place for the time of the Olympics. This change saved $10 million in construction costs and allowed an additional 35,000 spectators to attend Olympic hockey games. However, some European countries felt this would give North American players an advantage since they grew up playing on the smaller NHL-sized rinks.

Medal table

Here is the top of the medal table at the end of the games.

Medal numbers shown in bold are the highest in their section. Canada, the host nation is highlighted in lavender.

References
References

Other websites 
 Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, official website 
 The lighting ceremony in Olympia for the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games.
 Government of Canada 2010 Federal Secretariat 
 Road to the Games | Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games | CBC B.C. Feature
 CTV Television network Official website
 City of Vancouver, official Host City page 
 The official Whistler website of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Game
 Vancouver 2010 Schedule - Venue Information and Maps
 Winter Olympics Vancouver 2010  - News, Tickets, Venues, Sport events, Schedules

 
February 2010 events
Sexual assault is a term from law. It means that two people have a sexual relation, but that one of the two does not want this. In most countries, this is a crime. There are different forms of sexual assault, including:

 Rape is forcing someone to have sex who does not want to, or who is unable to consent.
 Domestic violence can include a sexual element
 Child sexual abuse- this includes abusing people who cannot consent
 Elder abuse
 Groping - touching people in ways they don't want.
Very often, cases of sexual assault are not reported, because there is a stigma associated with it. In certain countries, there are laws that will punish the victim, for example for "seducing" someone.

Statistics
As many as 90-99% of people with developmental disabilities are sexually exploited before they are 18 years old.
A 2010-2011 study in the United States of 1058 people aged 14 to 21 found that 8% had sexually assaulted in their lives. In 66% of cases no one found out and the perpetrator did not get into any trouble. 50% said that their victim was completely to blame. 2% had raped and 3% had tried to rape.

References

Sexual abuse
Law
The 1994 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway. Other possible host cities were Anchorage, Alaska, USA; Östersund/Åre, Sweden; and Sofia, Bulgaria. In 1986, the International Olympic Committee voted to change the schedule of the Olympic Games so that the summer and winter games would be arranged in alternating even-numbered years. Lillehammer won the right to host the event in September 1988 in Seoul before the opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics. The Lillehammer Games were held in 1994, the only time the Winter Games have occurred two years after the previous games.

The Lillehammer Olympics are notable for being the last Winter Olympic Games to date to have been held in a town (Lillehammer has a population of only 28,000). Later Winter Olympics were held in larger cities, such as Nagano, Salt Lake City, Turin and Vancouver.

Other websites 
 IOC page for the Lillehammer 1994 Olympics
1994 in sports
1994 in Europe
1990s in Norway
The 1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1992 in Albertville, France.

These were the last Winter Games to be held in the same year as the Summer Games. They were also the first Games where the Winter Paralympics and the Winter Olympics were held at the same site.

Olympic bids 
Seven cities sent a bid for the 1992 Winter Olympics.

  Albertville, France (city chosen to host the Games)
  Anchorage, USA
  Berchtesgaden, Germany
  Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy
  Falun, Sweden
  Lillehammer, Norway
  Sofia, Bulgaria

References

1992 Winter Olympics
The 1980 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIII Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1980 in Lake Placid, New York, United States. Another possible host city was Vancouver-Garibaldi, British Columbia, Canada. However, they withdrew before the final vote.

References

Other websites 
 IOC page for the 1980 Winter Olympics

Olympics
1980 in New York (state)
Lake Placid, New York
Winter Olympics 1980
Winter Olympics 1980
The Maya people are several culturally related mesoamerican ethnic groups of southern Mexico and northern Central America. The Mayan civilization lasted a few thousand years.

Most populations of Maya are in the Mexican states of Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, and Chiapas, and in the Central American countries of Belize, Guatemala, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador.

Other websites 
 Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya at the National Gallery of Art 
 Learn more about Maya hieroglyphs  and Maya numbering from the National Gallery of Art 
 La Pintada, a Maya Chorti village near Copan Ruinas, Honduras 
 A Day with Modern Mayans in the village of Oxtapacab, Yucatan, Mexico

Ethnic groups in North America
Maya civilization
The cor anglais, or English horn, is a double reed instrument in the woodwind family.  It is very similar to an oboe, but as it is longer than an oboe it plays lower notes.

The lowest note of an oboe is B flat (just below Middle C).  The lowest note of a cor anglais is an E natural, a diminished fifth (five notes of a scale, minus a semitone) lower than the oboe's lowest note.

The cor anglais is a transposing instrument pitched in F.  This means that the music sounds a fifth lower than written.  This has the advantage that the cor anglais player uses fingering as if he were playing an oboe, but it will sound a fifth lower. 

The bell (the bit at the end of the instrument) is shaped like a pear.  This gives it a less nasal sound (the sound of the cor anglais is less as if played through the nose).  The reed is not fixed to a piece of cork like the oboe reed but it is put straight onto the short piece of metal (called a "bocal") at the top of the instrument.
Etymology
The word "cor anglais" is a French word which literally means "English horn", but the cor anglais is neither English nor a horn. No one is sure how it got its name, but many people think it is because the bocal at the top is curved (the French word for curved, "anglé" is pronounced like the word for English "anglais").

Repertoire
Many oboists can play the cor anglais as well, just as flautists can play the piccolo (if they play both instruments in the same concert this is called doubling).

There are few solo pieces for the instrument, but mostly it is used for solo melodies in slow pieces for orchestra because it can sound very expressive.

Some famous examples of cor anglais solos can be found in:

Alfred Reed's Russian Christmas Music (1944)
Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 (1893), the New World Symphony (Largo)
Joaquín Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez (1939) (2nd movement)
Hector Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique (third movement) (1830)
Alexander Borodin's Eine Steppenskizze aus Mittelasien
Topoxte () was a Maya archaeological site in northern Guatemala. It was the capital city of the Ko’woj Maya. Topoxte is located on an island on Yaxha Lake across from the important centre of Yaxha.

Archaeological sites in Guatemala
Maya civilization
Mayapan was a Maya city. It is about 100 km away from Chichen Itza.

Cities in Mexico
Maya civilization
Archaeological sites in Mexico
Yucatán (state)
The Committee of Union and Progress was a political group. It was made by Bahaeddin Şakir in 1906 during the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The group was one of the Young Turks. This group came to power between 1908 and 1918. At the end of World War I most of its members were court-martialled by the sultan Mehmed VI and imprisoned. The remnants of the organization were eliminated from the Republic of Turkey during the "assassination of president" trials in 1926.

History of Turkey
1906 establishments
1926 disestablishments

ba:Иттихат
kk:Иттихат
Political parties in Turkey
The Dardanelles is the narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara. It marks the division between Asia to the East, and Europe to the west. As a waterway it is highly significant to all countries in the region. By the Treaty of Lausanne Turkey must allow ships to pass.

From Ancient Greek times it is also known as the Hellespont.

Related pages

 The Dardanelles Campaign, during World War I.

Straits
Çanakkale Province
Mediterranean Sea
Biescas is a town in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is on the river Gallego at and altitude of 875 m in the zone known as Tierra de Biescas. The population is 1240.

It is divided in two main neighbourhoods "San Pedro" and "El Salvador", the last one divided other two neighbourhoods called "Barrio Bajo" and "La Peña" (or "Barrio Alto"). 

There are two churches in the town, the first one, San Pedro's Church is in the neighbourhood of San Pedro and the second one San Salvador's Church in La Peña.

Municipality of Biescas is divided in four parts
 Tierra de Biescas, which includes the towns of Orós Alto, Orós Bajo, Oliván, Escuer Alto, Escuer Bajo and Biescas.
 Sobremonte, which includes Aso de Sobremonte, Betés de Sobremonte and Yosa de Sobremonte.
 Valley of Tena, where are the towns of Piedrafita de Jaca, Búbal, Polituara and Saqués.
 Valley of Gavín, where Gavín is the only one town.
Additionally Ainielle, Barbenuta, Bergusa, Casbas, Espierre, Susín and Javierre del Obispo are included in Biescas municipality

References

Settlements in Huesca
Municipalities in Aragon
Gloucester (pronounced [ˈglɒstə]) is a city and district in the English county of Gloucestershire. It is near the Welsh border on the River Severn.

Culture 
The annual Three Choirs Festival, which started in the eighteenth century and one of the oldest music festivals in Europe, takes place in Gloucester every third year. The other places the festival is held are Hereford and Worcester.

Some parts of the Harry Potter films were filmed at Gloucester cathedral.

Gloucester Rugby, founded in 1873, play here. The team plays in the Guinness Premiership, the top level of English rugby. Their homeground is Kingsholm.

Transport

Road 
The M5 motorway by-passes Gloucester.

The A38, A40, A417, A430, A4301, A4302, B4008, B4063, B4072 and B4073 roads pass through Gloucester.

Rail 
Gloucester has a station in the middle of the city.

References

District and borough councils in England
Ciscaucasus may refer to one of the following

 Fore-Caucasus
 North Caucasus
Fore-Caucasus (, sometimes Ciscaucasia, Front Caucasus) is a region to North of the Caucasus Major (Большой Кавказ) mountains of Caucasus and farther bounded by Kuma-Manych Depression from the North, Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait from the West, and Caspian Sea from the East.

Regions of Russia
The North Caucasus is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia. The term is also used as a synonym for the North Caucasus Economical Region of Russia.

Politically, the Northern Caucasus (territory north of the Greater Caucasus Range) includes the Russian Republics of the North Caucasus as well as several regions of Georgia and Azerbaijan.

Regions of Russia
Caucasus
Greater Caucasus (; ; , sometimes translated as "Caucasus Major", "Big Caucasus" or "Large Caucasus") is the major mountain range of the Caucasus Mountains.

The range stretches for about  from west-northwest to east-southeast, between the Taman Peninsula of the Black Sea to the Absheron Peninsula of the Caspian Sea: from the Western Caucasus near Sochi on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea and reaching nearly to Baku on the Caspian.

The range is traditionally separated into three parts:
Western Caucasus, from the Black Sea to Mount Elbrus
Central Caucasus, from Mount Elbrus to Mount Kazbek
Eastern Caucasus, from Mount Kazbek to the Caspian Sea

In the wetter Western Caucasus, the mountains are heavily forested (deciduous forest up to , coniferous forest up to  and alpine meadows above the tree line). In the drier Eastern Caucasus, the mountains are mostly treeless.

Mountain ranges of Asia
Caucasus
Mountains of Russia
Geography of Azerbaijan
Geography of Georgia (country)
Mount Elbrus (, ) is a peak in the western Caucasus mountains. It is in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia, near the border of Georgia. It consists of two peaks. The western peak has a height of , the eastern peak is  high.

Mount Elbrus is an inactive volcano, with a glacier on top. The western peak still has a crater with a diameter of about . No eruptions have been recorded, but there are other signs of volcanic activity, namely hot springs in the area. There last eruption happened in the first century.
Mount Elbrus is the highest mountain in the Caucasus range, and the highest one on Russian soil. Mount Elbrus is about  taller than Mont Blanc, which is commonly seen as the highest peak in Europe. The Caucasus range is generally seen as the border between Europe and Asia. People disagree on which mountains of the Caucasus are in Europe, and which ones are in Asia. A common view is to use the watershed as the boundary line. If this definition is used, Mount Elbrus is in Europe, and its highest mountain.
Other websites 
Mount Elbrus on TierraWiki.org 
"Elbrus, Mount." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 14 Nov. 2006 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032240>.
Computer generated summit panoramas North South index. There are a few discontinuities due to incomplete data. Politically the Caucasus are in Europe but topographically they are in Asia.
 NASA Earth Observatory pages on Mount Elbrus:  ,  
 Mount Elbrus live webcam  (view from Mount Cheget) (the web cam is not working)
 Climbing Mount Elbrus information 
 Elbrus Photos (Hundreds of large photographs of Mt. Elbrus and the vicinity)
 A trip report

References 

Mountains of Russia
Volcanoes of Russia
Caucasus
See also: Ranked list of Dominican Provinces
The Dominican Republic has thirty-one (31) provinces (in Spanish, provincias). The President of the Republic appoints a Civil Governor (Gobernador Civil) in every province. The only function of the Governor is to represent the President of the Republic in the province.

The people who live in the province elect one Senator (Senador) and at least two (2) Representatives (Diputados) for the National Congress.

The National District (Distrito Nacional) is similar to a province but without a Civil Governor and with only one municipality, Santo Domingo de Guzmán, the national capital.

There are two (2) or more municipalities (in Spanish and in singular, municipio) in every province. The municipalities are governed by municipal councils and mayors elected by popular vote. The municipal districts (in Spanish and in singular, distrito municipal) are subdivisions of some municipalities ruled by a municipal council and a mayor.
The Dominican Republic has 154 municipalities and 202 municipal districts.

The following is a table of the provinces and their capital cities. Population figures in the following table are from the 2010 census.

References

Other websites 
 Political Database of the Americas - Dominican 2002 Constitution 
 Oficina Nacional de Estadística, Statistics Portal of the Dominican Republic
Reductio ad absurdum is a Latin phrase which means "reduction to the absurd". The phrase describes a kind of indirect proof. It is a proof by contradiction, and is a common form of argument. It shows that a statement is true because its denial leads to a contradiction, or a false or absurd result. It is a way of reasoning that has been used throughout the history of mathematics and philosophy from classical antiquity onwards.

The ridiculous or "absurdum" conclusion of a reductio ad absurdum argument can have many forms. For example,
 Rocks have weight, otherwise we would see them floating in the air.
 Society must have laws, otherwise there would be chaos.
There is no smallest positive rational number, because if there were, it could be divided by two to get a smaller one.

History 
The phrase can be traced back to the Greek η εις  άτοπον απαγωγή (hê eis átopon apagogê). This phrase means "reduction to the impossible". It was often used by Aristotle. The method is used a number of times in Euclid's Elements.
Method
Reduction ad absurdum can be a tool of discovery.

The method of proving something works by first assuming something about it. Then other things are deduced from that. If there is a contradiction, it shows that the first something cannot be correct.  For example, 
To prove A is true, correct, valid, credible ....
Assume the opposite --  that "not-A" is true....
Assume that if "not-A" is true, then it must mean or imply B.
Show that B is false, incorrect, invalid, incredible ...
Therefore, A must be true after all.

Related pages
 Mathematical proof
 Proof by induction
 Straw man
 Boltzmann brain

References

Other websites 
 Conditional Proof and Reductio ad Absurdum

Mathematics
Logical fallacies
Today Sandoz is a part of Novartis. It is a big pharmaceutical firm in Switzerland. Today, Sandoz produces many drugs whose patents have run out (so called generic drugs). The original company, which was founded in 1886, is known for several things:
It invented saccharin in 1899. Saccharin is an artificial sweetener, a substitute for sugar. Artificial sweeteners are used in many Light-products today.
It invented LSD in 1938

Companies based in Basel
Pharmaceutical companies of Europe
Upper Bavaria
An artificial sweetener or sugar substitute is a chemical. It is added to some foods to make them taste sweet. It is made to taste like sugar or corn syrup. Usually it has a much lower energy value than sugar. It can be found in many products which say Light or Diet in their name. 

Consumers use artificial sweeteners for one of the following reasons:
Diabetes mellitus - People with diabetes have problems regulating their sugar levels in the blood. Artificial sweeteners are better for them than sugar.
Reactive hypoglycemia - This is a condition similar to diabetes. People who suffer from it therefore often use artificial sweeteners.
Some people think that artificial sweeteners can help them lose weight. A  study at the university showed, however, that those people using artificially sweetened drink are more likely to become obese than those who do not.
Dental hygiene – sugar substitutes are tooth-friendly, as they are not fermented by the microflora of the dental plaque.

Problems
Problems

Studies done with animals have shown that artificial sweeteners cause weight gain. A sweet taste causes insulin to be produced. This will store some of the sugar in the blood in tissues, including fat. With artificial sweeteners, the amount of sugar in the blood does not increase. This means that there will be too little sugar in the blood. This is known as hypoglycemia. On the next meal, more food will be eaten to get the blood sugar level back to normal values. 
After a while, rats given sweeteners have steadily increased the amount of calories. This increased body weight, and adiposity (fatness). The natural response to eating sugary foods is to eat less at the next meal and to use some of the extra energy to warm the body after the meal. When using artificial sweeteners, this effect is lost gradually.

References

Sweeteners
Lawrence Mark Sanger (born July 16, 1968) is an American internet project developer. He worked with Jimmy Wales to create the online encyclopedias, Nupedia and Wikipedia before he created his own online encyclopedias Digital Universe and Citizendium. Since leaving Wikipedia, he has criticised the site for having a left-wing bias.

Career 
Wales, through his company Bomis, paid Sanger to help them to maintain Nupedia.

On January 2, 2001, Ben Kovitz, Sanger's friend, had the idea to use a wiki to help to make Nupedia better. Sanger in turn told Wales, and on January 15, 2001, Wikipedia was launched. There are different opinions on which of the three people are most responsible for Wikipedia.

In 2005, Sanger created Digital Universe, an online encyclopedia like Wikipedia.
In 2006, Sanger created Citizendium, another online encyclopedia. Citizendium uses the MediaWiki engine (like Wikipedia) but the rules are different. People must use their given names on Citizendium and experts are given special status in approving articles.

In December 2017, Sanger joined Everipedia. He left the project in 2019.

References

Other websites

 

1968 births
Living people
Wikipedia people
American bloggers
Cats is a musical. It is based on Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats, a book of poems by T.S. Eliot. Trevor Nunn wrote the lyrics for the song, "Memory", which  is based on some of T.S Eliot's poems. Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote the music.

Cats premiered at the New London Theatre in the West End on 11 May 1981. It closed on 11 May 2002 after 8,949 performances. It opened on Broadway on 7 October 1982 at the Winter Garden Theatre. It closed on 10 September 2000, after 7,485 performances.

The musical won the 1982 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical and the 1983 Tony Award for Best Musical.
Plot
Every year, a tribe of cats known as the Jellicle Cats meet for the Jellicle Ball. At the Jellicle Ball, Old Deuteronomy, the leader of the tribe, chooses one cat to ascend to the Heaviside layer to be reborn and return to a new life. 
Grizabella, an elderly (younger in some productions) glamour cat who left the Jellicle tribe's junkyard home, comes back to her tribe, but they shun her.  While the other cats dance at the Jellicle Ball, Grizabella watches in the background. She performs a simple dance when the other cats leave and sings about how she wants to be accepted. Old Deutoronomy sees this and sympathizes with her.
In act two, Old Deuteronomy gets kidnapped by Macavity, a "mystery cat" who is the only true antagonist in the musical. As soon as he is successfully returned, it is time to choose who goes to the Heaviside layer. 
Grizabella is chosen, and she is taken on a tire to fly into the Heaviside layer.
West End musicals
Broadway musicals
Musicals based on books
Musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber
Tony Award winning musicals
Laurence Olivier Award winning musicals
1980s musicals
1981 works
An independent movie, or independent film (often called indie film), is the name usually given to a movie that is made by a small movie studio for not much money. Sometimes the name is used for art films; which are less expensive and often have less plot. Independent movies are being made (produced) more as the technology needed, such as cameras and editing-software, is becoming less expensive. Movies like Reservoir Dogs, American History X, The Basketball Diaries and the documentary Bowling for Columbine are independent because they were made for little money and by small studios.

Movies
"Flower power" was a 1960s slogan, used by hippies and other people who were against war and violence. It was a symbol of passive resistance and non-violence ideology.

These people used flowers as a symbol of life, of love, and of peace. They wore flowers, made art with flowers and images of them, and gave them away often. Hippies sometimes placed flowers in the rifle barrels of marching soldiers.

Songs such as San Francisco, Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair by folk musicians The Mamas & the Papas were associated with flower power.

References 

1960s
Cargo cult is a name given to several religions. There are many cargo cults in Melanesia and New Guinea. These religions are started when tribal societies come into contact with Western civilisation. When the first contact happened, the tribespeople saw Western manufactured goods, like radios. These things are called cargo. The tribespeople did not know how the manufactured goods worked nor how they were made.  

They imitate the behaviour they saw the Westerners do, in the hope that some spirits will send them more cargo.  In other cases, such as on the island of Tanna in Vanuatu, cult members worship Americans who brought the cargo.

During the age of colonialism, the colonial powers came in contact with many technologically less advanced societies. The first cargo cults were documented in New Guinea, and other countries of Micronesia, Melanesia and the West Pacific Ocean.
The people who are part of the cargo cults think that the cargo was created by their deities and ancestors. They think that the cargo was made for the members of the cargo cult, but the foreigners have it. For this reason, the efforts and rituals of cargo cults are done so that the foreigners should get less of these goods and the cult members more of them.

Related pages
Vailala Madness - a cargo cult active between 1919 and 1922, possibly the first documented cargo cult.
Ghost Dance - a similar movement that happened when Native Americans came in contact with the European settlers.

References

Other websites
 Vanuatu cargo cult marks 50 years (BBC News)
 Information on the Jon Frum Cargo Cult (still active) 
 Contemporary Cargo Cults by John FitzGerald
 Western Oceanian Religions 
 
 Cargo cults  includes a bibliography
 Account of a Visit to a Jon Frum Village in 2005 
 Air Force Magazine , January 1991, Vol. 74, No. 1. Summary from the guys who fly those Cargoes.

New religious movements
Walloon is a Romance language. It belongs to the family of the oïl languages along with French, Picard and Norman.

Walloon is spoken in Wallonia in Belgium and in some villages in Wisconsin in the United States.

It has about 3,400,000 speakers.

Languages of Belgium
Romance languages
Gallo is one of the two regional languages of Brittany. It is an Oïl language of the  Romance language family, with Latin at the base. Gallo is spoken in the eastern part of Brittany.

The other regional language of Brittany is Breton, a Celtic language.

References

Romance languages
Diethyl ether is a clear liquid chemical. It is often just called ether. Ether burns very easily and boils at about 35°C. It has a sweet smell and does not mix with water.

Ether was discovered in 1275. It was used in the past as a general anesthetic to make people unconscious during surgery. Now other chemicals are used because ether has side effects and can catch fire. Ether is used as a solvent by scientists for chemical reactions.
People used to take ether as a recreational drug (drugs used for fun, such as alcohol) in the 1800s. People would either drink a drink with small amounts of ether in it, just like people drink alcoholic drinks, or inhale the fumes given off by pure or nearly pure ether. This could have addicted these people to the ether if they did that often enough. It was a big problem in some places, like Ireland and Poland. It first became popular because Europeans thought it was unladylike to drink alcohol. Women would drink ether instead, as would teetotalers, people who had decided not to drink alcohol. 

It became illegal to sell ether in Poland in 1923.

Ether is made as a byproduct when ethanol is made, so it is not very expensive.

Organic compounds
Anesthetics
A carriage is a type of vehicle that was used before cars were invented. It is a fancy type of cart or wagon, usually with four wheels and suspension.  The carriages may be pulled by horses. Carriages are often used for weddings.

Related pages
 British state carriages
 Japan state carriages

References

Animal-powered vehicles
Lozi, also called Silozi and Rozi, is a Bantu language of the Niger-Congo language family.

It is spoken by the Lozi people in southwestern Zambia. It is also spoken in Zimbabwe, Botswana, and the Zambezi Region of Namibia.

History 

The Lozi language comes from a mix of two languages: Luyana and Kololo.

Example 

This is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lozi:

References

Bantu languages
Ruhleben P.O.W. Camp was a camp near Berlin, Germany, where British prisoners of war were detained (kept) during World War I. Ruhleben itself was then a village 10 kilometres to the west of Berlin, but now it is part of the city of Berlin, in a district called Ruhleben in the borough of Spandau. The camp was originally a horse racecourse.

Detainees
The detainees (people who were kept there) came from countries that were fighting against Germany in the war. Most of them were British. They were in Germany when the war broke out, which is why they were taken prisoner (detained). Some of them were in Germany because they lived there, others were on holiday at the time. Some of them were crew members of civilian ships that happened to be in German harbours at the time or who were captured at sea.
There were about 5,500 prisoners in the camp. Most of them spent all four years of World War I there. Books have been written about what it was like living in the camp. These include To Ruhleben - And Back by Geoffrey Pyke, who successfully escaped from the camp in 1915.
The Arts in Ruhleben
A lot of musical activities were organized in the camp. There was a Ruhleben Musical Society. Ernest MacMillan was a member and he gave concerts and lectures. Together with the composer and pianist Benjamin Dale, he played piano duet versions of all Beethoven’s symphonies. The society put on a performance of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera Mikado and a pantomime version of Cinderella. They did not have the music for the Mikado, but someone had the libretto (the words), and four of the musicians wrote the music from what they could remember. They wrote it out for whatever instruments they had in the camp. There was also a Ruhleben Drama Society which put on productions of Shakespeare’s Othello and Twelfth Night and Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest.
Sports at Ruhleben
As well as music and drama, sports also played a big part in the life of the camp detainees. Among the detainees were four people who had been England internationals: Fred Spiksley, Fred Pentland, Samuel Wolstenholme and Steve Bloomer, a Scotland international, John Cameron, a German international Edwin Dutton, and John Brearley, once of Everton and Tottenham Hotspur. There was a Ruhleben Football Association. Sometimes 1,000 detainees watched a game. Cricket, rugby, tennis, golf and boxing were also popular.

End of the war
The detainees were free when the war ended and many of them were taken by ship back to Britain.

Other websites
 The Ruhleben Story
 Sir Ernest MacMillan at Ruhleben 

World War I
1940s in Berlin
The M249 light machine gun is a machine gun which is the U.S. vesion of the Belgian FN Minimi light machine gun, used by the United States and Lebanon. The main use of this weapon is to provide cover fire for other people in the group (the squad) The gun uses 5.56 NATO caliber ammunition.

Overview
The M249 was made because a lot of the squadrons of the U.S. Army did not have fully automatic weapons. It has seen action in every war that the United States has been in since 1989.

Replacement
The M249 is due to be replaced by the German M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle in the U.S. Marines, but the U.S. Army does not plan to buy any M27's, so it will stay in service with them.

References

Light machine guns
Machine guns of the United States
The Toronto Symphony Orchestra is a Canadian orchestra. 400,000 people go to its concerts each year and it is often broadcast over CBC Radio 2. It was formed in 1922.  The concerts used to be given in the Massey Hall but since 1982 they have been in the Roy Thomson Hall. The Orchestra often goes on tour and has had some famous conductors.

List of conductors of the TSO:
 Luigi von Kunits (1922-1931)
 Sir Ernest MacMillan (1931-1956)
 Walter Susskind (1956-1965)
 Seiji Ozawa (1965-1969)
 Karel Ančerl (1969-1973)
 Sir Andrew Davis (1975-1988)
 Günther Herbig (1988-1994)
 Jukka-Pekka Saraste (1994-2001)
 Peter Oundjian (2003-)

The TSO's concertmaster now is Jacques Israelievitch.

Other websites 
Toronto Symphony Orchestra

Orchestras
Canadian musical groups
1922 establishments in North America
1920s establishments in Canada
The Vattenfall Cyclassics is a cycling race held every year in Hamburg, Germany.

It started as an unimportant race in 1996, but because cycling became very popular in Germany it was made a part of the UCI Road World Cup in 1998. Since 2005, it is a part of the UCI ProTour.

The route of the race changes, but is about 250 km long. During a number of laps through Hamburg, the Waseberg hill is climbed a several times.  The cyclists also race over Hamburg's highest bridge Köhlbrandbrücke.  Unlike many races the Cyclassic race almost never ends in a mass sprint, that is, with a lot of riders close together racing to the finish line.

There is an amateur part of the Cyclassics.  Earlier on the day of the race there are three Jedermann-Rennen.   Anybody (jedermann) with a ticket can take part in these races (rennen) over 55 km, 100 km and 155 km.  Tickets must be reserved months in advance. In 2005 there were 20000 amateurs on the course.
The sponsor of the Cyclassics, was the Hamburg Electrizität Werke, Hamburg electricity plant or "HEW", after it became part of the big "Vattenfall" company the Cyclassic changed its name too, and from 2006 this cycling race has been known as the Vattenfall Cyclassics.

Winners

Other websites
 Official Cyclassics site

Cycle racing in Germany
Sport in Hamburg
The Gothic language is an extinct Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. It is the East Germanic language with the most texts surviving today. It had died out by the 8th century or perhaps the early 9th century.

Probably, one of the best known works of the language is Wulfila's translation of the Bible, known as the Wulfila Bible or Gothic Bible or Codex Argenteus. The translation was done in the 3rd century.

Other websites 
 Project Wulfila, studies the Gothic language.

References

Germanic languages
Languages of Europe
Extinct languages
Sir Ernest MacMillan (born Mimico, Ontario, 18 August 1893; died 6 May 1973)  was a famous Canadian conductor and composer.

MacMillan's father was a Scottish Presbyterian minister and musician.  He was a child prodigy.   He gave his first organ recital in Massey Hall at the age of ten. After studying in Britain and gaining the ARCO and FRCO diplomas at the Royal College of Organists, he studied modern history at the University of Toronto from 1911 to 1914.
Prisoner in Germany
In 1914 he went to Europe.  He wanted to study at the Paris Conservatoire but this was closed because of the political situation.  He went on to Germany to attend the Bayreuth Festival, but World War I started and he was taken prisoner and kept at the Ruhleben civilian detention camp near Berlin.  He helped the other people who were prisoners in the camp to put on concerts.  He gave talks about classical music and conducted a performance of the Gilbert and Sullivan opera Mikado as well as a pantomime version of Cinderella.  This helped him to get experience in conducting.  He also took part in the drama productions. He studied hard and was given a BA degree from the University of Toronto (1915) and a D Mus from the University of Oxford (1918), although he was locked up in the camp all this time.
After the war
After the war he returned to Canada where he gave organ recitals and lectured about his experiences in Ruhleben.  From 1926 to 1942 he was principal of the Toronto Conservatory of Music, later to become the Royal Conservatory of Music. He was the conductor of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra between 1931 and 1956.  He did a lot for music in Canada,and he was knighted in 1935 by King George V. In 1969 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. He died in Toronto in 1973.

When he conducted he often took the music very slowly.  This gave him the nickname "Lord Largo" ("Largo" means "slow and broad" in music).  He had an amazing musical memory and he could improvise very well.  MacMillan helped to record and preserve the traditional songs and music of Canada's aboriginal or First Nations people.  He had an important influence on almost every part of Canadian musical life.
1893 births
1973 deaths
Canadian musical entertainers
POW at Ruhleben
Knights Bachelor
Canadian composers
University of Toronto alumni
Colin McRae (5 August 1968 – 15 September 2007) was a Scottish rally car driver. He was one of the best rally drivers in the world. He died with his son and two other friends when he crashed his helicopter near his home in Lanark, Scotland.

References

Accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
Aviation deaths
Scottish racecar drivers
1968 births
2007 deaths
Sportspeople from South Lanarkshire
Benjamin Dale (born London 17 July 1885; died London 30 July 1943) was a British composer.

Dale won many prizes at the Royal Academy of Music for composition when he was still very young.  He wrote a  Piano sonata in D minor which shows the influence of Romantic composers such as Liszt and Schumann.  It was played by pianists such as York Bowen and  Dame Myra Hess who were becoming famous.  He wrote music for viola for Lionel Tertis to play.

He was in Germany when World War I broke out and was a prisoner in the camp at Ruhleben.  There were other musicians there, including the  Canadian Ernest MacMillan who later became a famous conductor. They organized a lot of musical events at the camp.   Ernest MacMillan gave lectures about each of the nine symphonies by Beethoven, after which he and Dale would play the whole symphony in a piano duet arrangement.
After the war he worked as an Associated Board examiner.  He became professor of harmony at the Royal Academy of Music.  He continued to compose music.  His ballade for violin was especially popular.  Dale’s music is not played much today, but there have been some attempts to make his music known again through CD recordings.

1885 births
1943 deaths
English composers
POW at Ruhleben
The Chaser’s War on Everything is a comedy television series. It was shown on the ABC in Australia from 2006-2009. The series is replayed on Friday nights and again (on a different channel) on Sunday nights. The series is hosted by a group of men called The Chaser.

Overview
The series has the men doing stunts and tricks. Sometimes these tricks have been known to be dangerous (such as in one episode, cutting across lanes of traffic to stay behind a mobile advertisement), causing the television program Today Tonight to show a story on how dangerous this stunt was. At the end of each episode, there is a parody song performed, usually about the national government.
Stunts
One of the most famous tricks that has been on the series was when the group tricked security at the APEC Meeting in Sydney in 2007.  They drove past two checkpoints in a fake motorcade, using fake access passes. One member of The Chaser was dressed up as Osama bin Laden, causing a massive security scare just metres from where George Bush was staying. 13 crew members were arrested, charged and later released on bail.

Other stunts have included:
Following a Mobile Advertisement until they left town
Making fun of call-in-quiz-shows Quizmania, Midnight Zoo and The Up-Late Game Show
Using Public Transport as a furniture moving truck.
Making fun of Kids with Cancer and the Make A Wish Foundation

References

Other websites

2006 television series debuts
2009 television series endings
2000s Australian television series
Comedy television series
Reality television series
2006 establishments in Australia
2000s disestablishments in Australia
Illyria (Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυρία, Illyría or Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís) was an ancient region in the western part of today's Balkan Peninsula in modern-day Epirus, Greece. The people who lived there were called Illyrians and spoke the Illyrian languages.

The Illyrians settled in the Balkans approximately around 2500 BC along with other Indo Europeans.

The Illyrians became heavily romanised and a portion of them evolved into modern Albanians.

Gallery

Other websites 
 Illyria region in google map

History of Greece
The Battle of Kosovo was a battle between Serbian forces and the Ottoman Empire. The result was huge losses on both sides, delaying the Turkish advance into Europe for many years. 

The battle was fought on St Vitus' Day, 1389. At the time this was June 15, but is now celebrated on the June 28.

Other websites 
 Battle of Kosovo as National Narrative by Dr. Seth Ward
 The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat  by Thomas Emmert
 The Kosovo Legacy by Thomas Emmert alternate URL 
 The events Surrounding the Battle of Kosovo 1389 and its cultural, traditional effect on the Serbian people  by Mark Gottfried
 The Battle of Kosovo Serbian Epic Poems  edited by Charles Simic Alternate URL

References 

Kosovo
1389
June events
Worcester (pronounced Wuster) is a cathedral city and district in the West Midlands of England. It is the county town of Worcestershire, a county of England. In 2015, it had 101,328 residents.

It is about 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Birmingham and 29 miles (47 km) north of Gloucester. 

The River Severn runs through the middle of the city. Worcester Cathedral overlooks the river. 

The University of Worcester is a high ranking university located in the city.

Famous composer Edward Elgar was from Worcester. It is also where Worcestershire sauce originated.

King John of England's tomb is in Worcester, in Worcester Cathedral.

Transport

Road 
The A38, A44, A422, A449, A4103, A4440 and A4538 roads pass through Worcester.

The M5 bypasses Worcester.

Rail 
Worcester currently has three stations: Worcester Shrub Hill, Worcester Foregate Street and Worcestershire Parkway which is just outside the city and opened in 2020.

Gallery

References

Unitary authorities
Worcester
Stoke-on-Trent is a city in Staffordshire in the West Midlands region of England. It is also a unitary authority.

Stoke-on-Trent was the home of the pottery industry in the United Kingdom. It was a very important exporter in the late 18th, the 19th and up to about 1960. It is commonly known as The Potteries. The industry was killed off by cheap Chinese pottery after the Second World War, and by the even cheaper plastic homeware. 

Coal was its other employment. The furnaces of the kilns needed coal. Coal was also a commodity which was exported from the area.

The city is unusual in that it is made up of a cluster of six towns  Longton, Fenton, Stoke (Stoke-upon-Trent), Hanley, Burslem, and Tunstall.

Stoke-on-Trent is known for the Supermarine Spitfire, pottery, oatcakes, the spark plug, Sir Stanley Mathews, Robbie Williams, Slash, Arnold Bennett, Captain Smith and Stoke City F.C. (Stoke City is the second oldest professional football club: it was founded in 1863).
Other websites
 Stoke-on-Trent City Council
 BBC Stoke website
 The Potteries
 Local Information from The Sentinel newspaper
 Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent Archive Service 
 Exploring the Potteries
Triton, or Neptune I, is the largest moon of the planet Neptune. It is the seventh-largest moon in the Solar System. Triton is slightly smaller than Earth's Moon. Triton has a complicated geological history: it is thought to have a young surface compared to the age of the Solar System itself.

It was discovered by the British astronomer William Lassell on 10 October 1846, just 17 days after Neptune itself was discovered by the German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest.

Triton is believed to be a captured Kuiper Belt object, and is the coldest known body in the Solar System. The surface temperature of Triton was recorded by Voyager 2 as -235 °C (-391 °F). Triton has its own magnetic field and has a faint trace of an atmosphere.
Orbit 
Drag and tidal interaction cause Triton to fall slowly into lowered orbits. This process is very slow. 3.6 billion years from now, Triton will pass within Neptune's Roche limit. It will either collide with Neptune's atmosphere or break up, forming a ring system similar to that found around the planet Saturn.

The reason why Triton is thought to be a captured object is its orbit, which is unique in the Solar System. It is both retrograde (see diagram) and highly tilted. Although there are other satellites with retrograde orbits, they are much smaller than Triton, and much more distant from their host planets (their "primaries"). Triton, like our Moon, shows only one face to the planet: it rotates in synchrony to Neptune.

Surface 
All we know about the surface of Triton comes from one fly-by of Voyager 2 in 1989. There are few impact craters. This suggests the surface is quite young in astronomical terms: estimates are six to 50 million years.
Despite its very cold temperature, the surface of Triton is geologically active. There are events which look like geysers, volcanos and earthquakes. All the materials involved are quite different from those on Earth. Most of the gases are frozen most of the time. Gases like nitrogen are frozen until something occurs to melt them, then it turns back into a gas. A temperature increase of just 4 K () is enough to make this happen.

Past formation and capture 
Like most TNOs, Triton is mostly icy. While Triton's orbit does give us insight on its past, it is mostly unknown. It is thought that Triton formed in a binary system, like Pluto, and was moving at very high speeds. However, when it passed through Neptune's Roche sphere the other body will have been flung out, reducing Triton's speed and allowing it to be captured. Now, Triton is the most massive TNO to ever have existed, and it had effects on Neptune's moon system. All large moons were destroyed, flung out of orbit or crashed into Neptune itself.
References

Other websites 
 Triton Profile  
Triton 

Neptune's moons
Kulykol is a lake in northeastern Kazakhstan. Lake Aike is about  south. The Russian border is   to the west.

Lakes of Kazakhstan