Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In day-to-day life we all observe that a stream of water emerging from a faucet will break up into droplets, no matter how smoothly the stream is emitted from the faucet. This is due to a phenomenon called the Plateau–Rayleigh instability, which is entirely a consequence of the effects of surface tension.

The explanation of this instability begins with the existence of tiny perturbations in the stream. These are always present, no matter how smooth the stream is. If the perturbations are resolved into sinusoidal components, we find that some components grow with time while others decay with time. Among those that grow with time, some grow at faster rates than others. Whether a component decays or grows, and how fast it grows is entirely a function of its wave number (a measure of how many peaks and troughs per centimeter) and the radii of the original cylindrical stream.

Data table

Gallery of effects

Notes

References

Other websites
Other websites

 On surface tension and interesting real-world cases
 MIT Lecture Notes on Surface Tension 
 Surface Tensions of Various Liquids
 Calculation of temperature-dependent surface tensions for some common components
 Surface Tension Calculator For Aqueous Solutions Containing the Ions H+, NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42–, NO3–, Cl–, CO32–, Br– and OH–.
 The Bubble Wall (Audio slideshow from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory explaining cohesion, surface tension and hydrogen bonds)

Basic physics ideas‏
Fluid mechanics
The Suite Life on Deck was an American  television series on Disney Channel. It premiered on September 26, 2008. It is a sequel to The Suite Life of Zack and Cody. The series is about twin brothers Zack and Cody Martin and hotel heiress London Tipton in a new setting, the SS Tipton. The group goes to classes at a school on the boat that is called "Seven Seas High". On the boat, they meet Bailey Pickett. Mr. Moseby manages the ship. The ship travels around the world to nations such as Italy, Greece, India, Sweden and the United Kingdom In the places where the ship travels, the characters experience different cultures, adventures, and situations.

Cast

Main
Cody Martin is portrayed by Cole Sprouse. He is the intelligent, neat, and sensitive twin. Cody performs well in school. He does not perform well in sports. In the show, Cody is ten minutes younger than Zack. He often goes along with Zack's crazy schemes. Cody is often teased by Zack. However, Zack protects Cody when other people pick on him. In the same way, Cody cares very much for Zack, even though Zack teases him a lot.
Zack Martin is portrayed by Dylan Sprouse. He is the fun-loving, lazy, and outgoing twin. He works in the juice bar on the ship. This is because he uses all of Cody's and his money for the school term. Cody is forced to become a towel boy. Zack usually gets bad grades. However, he still graduated in the series last episode. He enjoys sports, especially basketball and football. He performs very well in them. Zack acts selfish sometimes. However, he really cares about his brother. He flirts with most of the girls on the ship. Often, he does not stay with them for more than one episode. However, at the beginning of the third season, he starts to like a new student on the ship named Maya. Later, he starts a relationship with her by throwing a surprise party for her. She breaks up with him in the last episode because she joins the Peace Corps.
London Tipton is portrayed by Brenda Song. She is the socialite of the four main teenage characters. She is the daughter of Wilfred Tipton. He owns the Boston Tipton hotel and the SS Tipton along with all the other Tipton hotels. London usually acts selfish and stupid. When she is happy, she usually claps her hands and jumps. Her catchphrase is "Yay me!" London goes to school at the Seven Seas High School program because her father wants her to learn about the real world (the life of people who aren't rich). London does not live in a first-class room on the SS Tipton. She lives in a small room like the rest of the students. London's room mate is Bailey Pickett.
Bailey Pickett is portrayed by Debby Ryan. She is a teenage girl from the town of Kettlecorn, Kansas. She is very intelligent like Cody. She shares a room with London Tipton. Bailey is a student at Seven Seas High. She attends classes with Zack, Cody, London, and Woody. She came on the ship because she wanted to leave Kettlecorn, where she lived on a farm. She pretends to be a boy in the first episode so she can get a room on the SS Tipton. She did this because there were no more girls' rooms. She moves in with London when people find out she is a girl.
Marcus Little is portrayed by Doc Shaw. He is a character in seasons 2 and 3. He is a former singer named Lil' Little who comes on the current rapper of SS Tipton. After experiencing puberty, his voice changed. Because of this, he lost his fame and career. He attends Seven Seas High. He shares a room with Zack. Marcus lived in Atlanta, Georgia. He first appears in the second season episode "Roomies". He has a crush on London. Marcus knows as many famous people as London does. He is sensitive about the loss of his fame. He thinks his celebrity friends won't like him. Later, he learned he was wrong in the episode "Crossing Jordin." Marcus leaves the ship in the episode "Bon Voyage". He did this so he could act in a musical based on his song "Retainer Baby."
Marion Moseby is portrayed by Phill Lewis. He is the manager of the SS Tipton. He is often annoyed by Zack and Cody's schemes. He has raised London Tipton like his own daughter. He acts as though he does not care about Zack and Cody. However, he actually likes them very much. He tells them he will miss them in the end of the last episode, Graduation on Deck.
Special guest actors
 Kim Rhodes: Carey Martin (1: "The Suite Life Sets Sail", 1: "Mom and Dad on Deck", 3: "Trouble in Tokyo", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
 Ashley Tisdale: Maddie Fitzpatrick (1: "Maddie on Deck")
 Miley Cyrus: Miley Stewart/Hannah Montana (1: "Double-Crossed")
 Emily Osment: Lilly Truscott/Lola Luftnagle (1: "Double-Crossed")
 Selena Gomez: Alex Russo (1: "Double-Crossed")
 David Henrie: Justin Russo (1: "Double-Crossed")
 Jake T. Austin: Max Russo (1: "Double-Crossed")
 Jordin Sparks: Herself (2: "Crossing Jordin")
 Kathie Lee Gifford: Cindy (2: "Model Behavior")
 George Takei: Rome Tipton (2: "Starship Tipton")
 Sean Kingston: Himself (3: "Party On!")
 Dwight Howard: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1")
 Deron Williams: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1")
 Kevin Love: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1")
 Hutch Dano: Moose (1: "Mulch Ado About Nothing", 3: "Twister, Part 2")
 John Michael Higgins: Wilfred Tipton (3: "Twister, Part 3")
Notable guest actors
 Brian Stepanek: Arwin Hawkhauser/Milos Hawkakapolis (1: "It's All Greek To Me", 3: "Computer Date", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
 Brittany Curran: Chelsea Brimmer (1: "Flowers and Chocolate")
 Sophie Oda: Barbara Brownstein (1: "Flowers and Chocolate")
 Charlie Stewart: Bob (1: "Flowers and Chocolate")
 Jacopo Sarno: Luca (1: "When in Rome...")
 Robert Torti: Kurt Martin (1: "Mom and Dad on Deck", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
 Justin Kredible: Armando the Magician (2: "Ala-ka-scram!")
 Elizabeth Sung: Khun Yai (2: "Family Thais")
 Ed Begley, Jr: Mayor Ragnar (2: "The Swede Life")
 Adrian R'Mante: Esteban Ramírez (2: "Mother of the Groom")
 Charo: Señora Ramírez (2: "Mother of the Groom")
 Kurt Warner: Himself (2: "Any Given Fantasy") 
 Charles Shaughnessy: Constable (2: "Rollin' With the Holmies")
 Camilla and Rebecca Rosso: Jessica and Janice (2: "Model Behavior")
 Matthew Willig: The Genie (2: "Rock the Kasbah")
 Andy Richter: Brother Theodore (3: "The Silent Treatment")
Lisa K. Wyatt: Frankie (3: "Bon Voyage", "Graduation on Deck;")
 Fabio Lanzoni: Captain Hawk (3: "Senior Ditch Day")
 Brian Posehn: Dr. Cork (3: "Frozen")
 Dwight Howard: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1") 
 Deron Williams: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1'''") 
 Kevin Love: Himself (3: "Twister, Part 1'") 
 Michael Ralph: Sergeant Pepper (3: "Twister: Part 3")
Reception

U.S. Nielsen ratings
The show's first episode premiered on the Disney Channel in the US on September 26, 2008. Around 5.7 million people watched it on the night of its premiere.. The series premiere in Canada was also the most watched series premiere on Family channel. In December 2008, Business Wire reported that the show was 2008's #1 scripted television series for children between the ages 6 to 11 and older children between the ages 9 to 14, beating the older series Hannah Montana and Wizards of Waverly Place in the ratings. The show was in the #1 spot for the best rated children's television series for many months. The show has been one of the best 4 live-action television series for many months. Since then, “The Suite Life on Deck” had a large lead in the time slot (Friday 8:00 p.m.), ranking as TV's #1 program among the important children's age groups. The series is also #1 in total viewers on all cable, doing better than #2 rank (Fox News and Nickelodeon) by 800,000 more viewers.
As of August 2009, the highest rated episode of The Suite Life on Deck was "Double-Crossed," the second part of Wizards On Deck with Hannah Montana, three episodes where guest stars from Wizards of Waverly Place and Hannah Montana'' came onto the show. It premiered on July 17, 2009 on Disney Channel. The special episode was viewed by more than 10.6 million people. It is one of the highest-rated episodes for a Disney Channel original series.

In early October 2009, the one hour special episode "Lost at Sea" became the most watched episode of the series. It had 7.6 million total viewers. In 2009, the series was the most watched scripted series in the children and older children group of viewers (6-14). The series second season's ratings were 25% higher than the show's season one ratings. The second season has averaged around 5.1 million viewers.

Season premiere ratings

Record breaking episodes
iTunes
Before the series officially started airing, the first episode named "The Suite Life Sets Sail" was made available as a free download on iTunes. All series have since been made available.

References

The Walt Disney Company
2008 American television series debuts
2000s television series
2010s television series
Television spin-offs
2011 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Studying the atmosphere includes studying the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere changes as result of natural processes such as volcano emissions, lightning and bombardment by solar particles from the Sun's corona. It has also been changed by human activity. Some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops and ecosystems. Examples of problems include acid rain, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, greenhouse gases and global warming. Atmospheric chemists study the causes of these problems. Atmospheric chemists offer theories about these problems, then test the theories and possible solutions. Atmospheric chemists also note the effects of changes in government policy.

Atmospheric composition 

Notes: the concentration of CO2 and CH4 vary by season and location. The mean molecular mass of air is 28.97 g/mol.
History 
The ancient Greeks regarded air as one of the four elements. The first scientific studies of atmospheric composition began in the 18th century. Chemists such as Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and Henry Cavendish made the first measurements of the composition of the atmosphere.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries interest shifted towards trace constituents with very small concentrations. One important discovery for atmospheric chemistry was the discovery of ozone by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840.
In the 21st century the focus is now shifting again. Atmospheric chemistry is increasingly studied as one part of the Earth system. Before, scientists focused on atmospheric chemistry in isolation. Now, scientists study atmospheric chemistry as one part of a single system with the rest of the atmosphere,  biosphere and geosphere. A reason for this is the links between chemistry and climate. For example, changing climate and the recovery of the ozone hole affect each other. Also,  the composition of the atmosphere interact with the oceans and terrestrial ecosystems.

Methodology 
Observations, lab measurements and modeling are the three central elements in atmospheric chemistry. All three methods are used together. For example, observations may tell that more of a chemical compound exists than previously thought possible. This will stimulate new modelling and laboratory studies which will increase scientific understanding to a point where the observations can be explained.
Observation 
Observations of atmospheric chemistry are important. Scientist record data about the chemical composition of air over  time to watch for any changes. One example of this is the Keeling Curve - a series of measurements from 1958 to today which  show a steady rise in of the concentration of carbon dioxide. Observations of atmospheric chemistry are made in observatories such as that on Mauna Loa and on mobile platforms such as aircraft, ships and balloons. Observations of atmospheric composition are increasingly made by satellites giving a global picture of air pollution and chemistry. Surface observations have the advantage that they provide long term records at high time resolution but provide data from a limited vertical and horizontal space. Some surface based instruments such as LIDAR can provide concentration profiles of chemical compounds and aerosol but are still restricted in the horizontal region they cover. Many observations are shared on-line.
Lab measurements 
Measurements made in the laboratory are essential to our understanding of the sources and sinks of pollutants and compounds found in nature. Lab studies tell which gases react with each other and how fast they react. Scientists measure reactions in the gas phase, on surfaces and in water. Scientists also study photochemistry which quantifies how quickly molecules are split apart by sunlight and what the products are. Scientists also study thermodynamic data such as Henry's law coefficients.

References
References

Further reading 
 Brasseur, Guy P.; Orlando, John J.; Tyndall, Geoffrey S. (1999).  Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change. Oxford University Press. .
 Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J.; Pitts, James N., Jr. (2000). Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere. Academic Press. .
 Seinfeld, John H.; Pandis, Spyros N. (2006). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change (2nd Ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc. .
 Warneck, Peter (2000). Chemistry of the Natural Atmosphere (2nd Ed.). Academic Press. .
 Wayne, Richard P. (2000). Chemistry of Atmospheres (3rd Ed.). Oxford University Press. .
Other websites 
WMO Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2006 
IGAC The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project
Paul Crutzen Interview Freeview video of Paul Crutzen Nobel Laureate for his work on decomposition of ozone talking to Harry Kroto Nobel Laureate by the Vega Science Trust.
The Cambridge Atmospheric Chemistry Database  is a large constituent observational database in a common format.
Environmental Science Published for Everybody Round the Earth 
NASA-JPL Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Atmospheric Studies
Kinetic and photochemical data evaluated by the IUPAC Subcommittee for Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation
Atmospheric Chemistry Glossary at Sam Houston State University
Tropospheric chemistry
Calculators for use in atmospheric chemistry 
An illustrated elementary assessment of the composition of air.

Environmental chemistry
was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukuoka Prefecture and Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.  Along with Bungo Province, it was sometimes called . 

Buzen had borders with Bungo and Chikuzen Provinces.
	
The ancient capital city of the province was near Toyotsu, Fukuoka.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Buzen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Usa-jinjū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Buzen.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Buzen Seamount
 Buzen, Fukuoka

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Fukuoka Prefecture
Ōita Prefecture
is the name of a old province of Japan in the area that is today the southern part of Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.  Along with Chikuzen Province, it was sometimes called  

Chikugo had borders with Hizen, Chikuzen, Bungo, and Higo Provinces.

History
The ancient capital city of the province was near Kurume, Fukuoka.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Chikugo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Timeline of notable events
 1359 (Enbun 4): Battle of Chikugo River (Chikugogawa), Ashikaga gain a military victory.
 1361 (Enbun 6) : Imperial forces led by Kikuchi Takemitsu capture Dazaifu.

Shrines and Temples

Kōra taisha was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Chikugo.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Chikugo Seamount
 Chikugo, Fukuoka

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Fukuoka Prefecture
was an old province of Japan in the area that is today part of Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.   Along with Chikugo Province, it was sometimes called .

Chikuzen had borders with Buzen, Bungo, Chikugo, and Hizen Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Dazaifu.

History
At the end of the 13th century, Chikuzen was the landing point for a Mongol invasion force. But the main force was destroyed by a typhoon which was later called kamikaze.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Chikuzen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples

Sumiyoshi-jinja and Hakosagi-gū were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Chikuzen.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Chikuzen Seamount

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Fukuoka Prefecture
Windows Live Mail is an email client made by Microsoft. It is part of the Windows Live set of products. The application takes over Outlook Express on Windows XP and Windows Mail on Windows Vista. You can download Windows Live Mail for free as part of the Windows Live Essentials suite.

References 

E-mail
Microsoft software
Higo Province (肥後国; Higo no kuni) was an old province of Japan in the area that is today Kumamoto Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.  Along with Hizen Province, it was sometimes called . 

Higo had borders with Chikugo, Bungo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma Provinces.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Higo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Aso-jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Higo.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Kumamoto Prefecture
was an old province of Japan in the area of Saga Prefecture and Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.  Along with Higo Province, it was sometimes called .

Hizen had borders with the provinces of Chikuzen and Chikugo.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Saga.

History

The name "Hizen" dates from the Nara Period, when the province was divided from Higo Province. The name appears in the Shoku Nihongi.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Hizen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Kawakami jinja and Chiriku Hachiman-gū were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Hizen.

Related pages
 Hizen Seamount

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
 National Archives of Japan: Hinozenshu sanbutsu zuko, scroll showing illustrated inventory of industries in Hizen, An'ei 2 (1773) 

Former provinces of Japan
Saga Prefecture
Nagasaki Prefecture
was an old province of Japan in the area of Miyazaki Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū. It was sometimes called  or . 

Hyūga had borders with Bungo, Higo, Ōsumi, and Satsuma  Province.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Saito.

History

In Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, Hyūga is called  in Tsukushi-no-shima, with Tsukushi, Toyo and Hi Province.

In 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month), the province of Hyūga was separated from Ōsumi.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Hyūga Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Tsuno jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Hyūga.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Miyazaki Prefecture
Apollo 4 was the first unmanned test flight mission of the Saturn V launch vehicle. This was the rocket used in the Apollo program to send the first men to the Moon. The rocket was launched on November 9, 1967 from the Kennedy Space Center. NASA said that the mission was a complete success, and it helped the Apollo program very much.

References

Apollo program
1967 in the United States
1960s in spaceflight
Alfred Henry Maurer (April 21, 1868 – August 4, 1932) was an American modernist painter. He exhibited his work in avant-garde circles during the early 20th century.

Maurer was born in New York City, the son of a German lithographer. At the age of sixteen, Maurer quit school to work at his father's lithographic firm. In 1897 Maurer left for Paris, where he stayed the next four years, joining a circle of American and French artists. At the time, Maurer's style was realist.
Briefly returning to New York, he was determined to show his skeptical father that he could paint. Maurer painted what arguably is his most famous painting An Arrangement, using a woman next door as a model and completing the work (on a borrowed piece of cardboard) in a matter of hours. The painting received first prize at the 1901 Carnegie International Exhibition. Other awards received by Maurer included the Inness Jr. prize of the Salmagundi Club in 1900 and a bronze medal at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York in 1901. In 1905 he won the third medal at the Liège International Exposition and a gold medal at the International Exposition in Munich. 

At the age of thirty-six, in Paris, Maurer changed his methods sharply. From that point on he painted only in the cubist and fauvist manner. By 1909 he was an important American avant-garde painter. He had a two-man exhibition with John Marin in New York City at the 291 Gallery. Four of his paintings were included in the Armory Show of 1913.
Leaving Paris shortly before World War I, he returned to his father's house, but was denied support. For the next 17 years, Maurer painted in a garret in his father's house, and gained no critical acclaim. However, he took part in exhibitions at the Anderson Galleries and others. He exhibited regularly at the New York Society of Independent Artists and was elected their director in 1919. In 1924 the New York dealer Erhard Weyhe bought the contents of Maurer's studio and represented the artist for the remainder of his career.

American painters
People from New York (state)
1868 births
1932 deaths
Virgin Interactive was a British video game publisher. It was formed as Virgin Games Ltd. in 1981. The company became much larger after purchasing the budget label, Mastertronic in 1987. It was part of the Virgin Group. In 1994 it was renamed Virgin Interactive.

Summary

General summary
It published games for PC and systems, including the Amiga, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, C64, Sega Master System, Sega Mega Drive, Sega Game Gear, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega Saturn, Sony PlayStation, Nintendo 64 and Dreamcast.
It helped the career of many developers, including Westwood Studios (who developed Command & Conquer Series and the PC port of Resident Evil) and Synergistic. Also, many workers for Shiny Entertainment, including David Perry, worked for Virgin before splitting off to create Earthworm Jim.
Also among Virgin Interactive alumni are famed video game composer Tommy Tallarico, artist Doug TenNapel, designer David Bishop, animator Bill Kroyer, animator/artists Andy Luckey and Mike Dietz and programmer Andy Astor.

In 1993 Virgin Interactive created the "Digicel" process, originally for an unpublished game called "Dynoblaze". Key to developing the process were Dr. Stephen Clarke-Willson, David Perry, designer David Bishop, animator Bill Kroyer, animator artists Andy Luckey, animator Mike Dietz and programmer Andy Astor. The technology was first released to the public in Disney's Aladdin for the Sega Mega Drive/Sega Genesis, and subsequently on such projects as The Lion King video game.
The worldwide operations were acquired in a management buyout backed by Mark Dyne who became its Chief Executive Officer in 1998. Tim Chaney, the former Managing Director, was named as President. The U.S. operations were spun out to Electronic Arts as part of its acquisition of Westwood Studios that same year.

The Company's assets were acquired by the French publisher Titus Software — its name was changed to Avalon Interactive on July 1, 2003.

In May 2002, the Spanish division of Virgin Interactive, known as Virgin Interactive España, was purchased by Tim Chaney along with former Spanish president and founder Paco Encinas. The branch was then separated from the main Virgin Interactive company, already part of Titus Software, and kept its own identity as a Virgin brand. Renamed Virgin Play in October 2002, this Spanish publisher remains as the sole representation of the Virgin Group in the video game industry.
Popular games
 Falcon Patrol (1983)
 Doriath (1985)
 Hunter Patrol (1985)
 Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future (1986)
 Action Force (1987)
 Falcon Patrol II (1987)
 Action Force II (1988)
 Wonderland (1990)
 Realms (1991)
 Corporation (1991)
 M.C. Kids (1991)
 Dune II (1992)
 Global Gladiators (1992)
 The 7th Guest (1992)
 Jeep Jamboree: Off Road Adventure (1992)
 The Terminator (1992)
 Cannon Fodder (1993)
 Cool Spot (1993)
 Disney's Aladdin (1993)
 Lands of Lore series (1993)
 Reach for the Skies (1993)
 RoboCop Versus The Terminator (1993)
 Super Slap Shot (1993)
 Goal! (1994)
 Doom II: Hell on Earth (1994) (European PC version only)
 The Lion King (1994)
 Walt Disney's The Jungle Book (1994) *Earthworm Jim (Europe only) (1994) *Command & Conquer (1995)
 Cyberia 2 (1995)
 Hyper 3D Pinball (1995)
 Super Karts (1995)
 Zone Raiders (1995)
 World Masters Golf (1995)
 Command & Conquer: Red Alert (DOS Version Only) (1996)
 Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars (1996)
 Toonstruck (1996)
Toonstruck (1996)
 Resident Evil (Europe and PC versions only, PC versions made by Westwood Studios) (1996)
 Agile Warrior F-111X (1997)
 Broken Sword II: The Smoking Mirror (1997)
 Subspace (1997)
 Mega Man X3 (Europe only) (1997)
 Nanotek Warrior (1997)
 Ignition (1997)
 Resident Evil 2 (Europe only) (1998)
 Magic & Mayhem (Europe only) (1998)
 Super Dany (Europe only) (1998)
 Dino Crisis (Europe only) (1999)
 Resident Evil 3: Nemesis (Europe only) (2000)
 Dino Crisis 2 (Europe only) (2000)
 Project Justice (Europe only) (2001)
 Screamer 4x4 (2001)
 Resident Evil: Gaiden (Europe only) (2001)
 Devil May Cry (Europe only) (2001)
 Now Games compilation series (1985-1988)
References

Other websites 
 Virgin Interactive profile on MobyGames

Video game companies of the United Kingdom
Virgin Group
1981 establishments in the United Kingdom
Defunct companies of the United Kingdom
Charles Cecil MBE (born 11 August 1962) is an English video game designer. He has worked in the interactive entertainment industry for 25 years. He is currently the Managing Director for UK based company Revolution Software which has released such critical and commercial hits as Beneath a Steel Sky and the Broken Sword series. Cecil is on the advisory panel of the Edinburgh Interactive Entertainment Festival, and Develop Conference and regularly talks at events and to mainstream press about creative and commercial aspects of the video games industry. He is also a co-founder and director of Game Republic, an alliance of game developers, and is a Board member of Screen Yorkshire, a regional agency that supports movie, television and interactive entertainment in Yorkshire. In 2006, Cecil was awarded the status of ‘industry legend’ by Develop, Europe’s leading development magazine.

1962 births
Living people
Video game designers
English businesspeople
People from York
Barrington Somers Pheloung (born 1956 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian composer, now living in England. He is one of the most prolific television and movie composers in the UK, known for his wide range of compositional genres.

Best known for the theme and incidental music to the Inspector Morse, for which he was nominated for 'Best Original Television Music' at the British Academy Television Awards in 1991, the sequel  Lewis, and the prequel Endeavour. He has also composed for dance companies, such as the London Contemporary Dance Theatre, and for events, including the opening night of the Millennium Dome.. Pheloung also wrote the theme music for the BBC television series Dalziel & Pascoe.
His film work, includes Hillary and Jackie, based on the life of the cellist Jacqueline du Pré, for which he was nominated for the 'Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music' at the 52nd British Academy Film Awards.  Other works include A Previous Engagement, The Little Fugitive, Shopgirl, Touching Wild Horses, Twin Dragons, Shopping and The Mangler. He also made the music to Revolution Software's adventure games In Cold Blood and the first two Broken Swords.

Pheloung's other work includes music for the Sydney Opera House's Twentieth Birthday Celebrations and he contributed to the music for the movie, Truly, Madly, Deeply in which he also appeared. He composed the incidental music for the first series of Boon.

In 2009 he composed the music for 1983, the concluding episode of the acclaimed Channel 4 drama series Red Riding.
Discography 
 Red Riding, 2009
 Lewis, Music from Series 1 & 2, 2008
 And When Did You Last See Your Father? 2007
 Shopgirl, 2006
 The Magic of Inspector Morse, 2000
 Inspirations, 2001
 Hilary and Jackie, 1998
 The Passion of Morse, 1997
 The Essential Inspector Morse Collection, 1995
 Shopping, 1994
 Nostradamus, 1994
 Days of Majesty, 1993
 Inspector Morse Vol. 3, 1992
 Inspector Morse Vol. 2, 1992
 Inspector Morse Vol. 1, 1991

Credits 
 Endeavour, 2012
 Red Riding, 2009
 Incendiary, 2008
 And When Did You Last See Your Father? 2007
 Lewis, 2006 -
 Shopgirl, 2005
 Touching Wild Horses, 2002
 Hilary and Jackie, 1998
 Twin Dragons, 1996
 The Saint-Exupery Story, 1995
 The Mangler, 1994
 Nostradamus, 1994
 Truly Madly Deeply, 1991
 Friendships’s Death, 1987
 Inspector Morse, 1987 - 2000

References

Other websites 
 Official website

 http://www.inspectormorse.co.uk/ 
 http://www.itv.com/Drama/copsandcrime/Lewis/default.html
Musicians from Sydney
Living people
1954 births
Movie score composers
Australian composers
Donald Virgil "Don" Bluth (born September 13, 1937) is an American animator and independent studio owner. He is best known for leaving The Walt Disney Company in 1979 and later directing of animated movies such as The Secret of NIMH (1982), An American Tail (1986), The Land Before Time (1988), All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989), Anastasia (1997), and Titan A.E. (2000), as well as his work on the laserdisc game Dragon's Lair. 

He is also often credited for providing competition to Disney, and making them improve from their streak of less-successful movie efforts to the movies that would make up the Disney Renaissance.

Filmography
Filmography

Director
Pete's Dragon (1977, animation director)
The Small One (1978, short film)
Banjo the Woodpile Cat (1979, short film)
The Fox and the Hound (1981 film) (1981) (animator)
The Secret of NIMH (1982)
Dragon's Lair (1983, video game)
Space Ace (1984, video game)
An American Tail (1986, also storyboard)
The Land Before Time (1988, also co-storyboard and production designer)
All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989)
Dragon's Lair II: Time Warp (1991, video game)
Rock-a-Doodle (1991)
Thumbelina (1994)
A Troll in Central Park (1994)
The Pebble and the Penguin (1995, uncredited)
Anastasia (1997)
Bartok the Magnificent (1999, direct-to-video)
Titan A.E. (2000)
Other roles
Sleeping Beauty (1959, assistant animator, uncredited)
Fantastic Voyage (1968, TV series, layout artist)
Archie and His New Pals (1969, TV special, layout artist)
Will the Real Jerry Lewis Please Sit Down (1970, TV series, layout artist)
Sabrina and the Groovie Goolies (1970, TV series, layout artist)
Journey Back to Oz (1972, layout artist)
Robin Hood (1973, character animator)
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974, short film, character animator)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977, character animator)
The Rescuers (1977, directing animator)
The Small One (1978, animator, uncredited)
Banjo the Woodpile Cat (1979, animator)
Xanadu (1980, animated sequence unit, animator)
The Fox and the Hound (1981, animator, uncredited)
The Secret of NIMH (1982, directing animator)
The Black Cauldron (1985, animator, uncredited)
The Great Mouse Detective (1986, animator, uncredited)
Oliver & Company (1988, animator, uncredited)
The Little Mermaid (1989, animator, uncredited)
Dragon's Lair 3D: Return to the Lair (2002, video game, animator)
"Mary" by the Scissor Sisters (2004, animated segments of music video)
Gift of the Hoopoe (2009, short film, storyboard artist only)
Tapper World Tour (2011, video game, animator)
References

1937 births
Living people
American animators
Manierre Dawson (December 22, 1887, Chicago, Illinois – August 15, 1969, Sarasota, Florida) was an avant-garde painter and sculptor. He was born and raised in Chicago, but lived most of his life in Michigan. 

Manieerre's work been called "surprising and prophetic". During a tour of Europe in 1910, he started painting true abstract works. Back in America, he became convinced that he could not earn a living at art, and became a farmer. He was forgotten until a rediscovery in 1963. He may have been the first person to paint a completely abstract work. He was probably the earliest American abstract artist, slightly ahead of Arthur Dove.
Early career 
After working for a year with a firm of architects, he was granted a six-month leave-of-absence for an educational tour of Europe.  He departed in mid-June 1910 for his only trip abroad. He made his way across England to France, south through Germany, across Switzerland to Italy, back north for a second stay in Paris, and around northern Germany before embarking from Bremerhaven in late-November. In Sienna, he met and exchanged ideas on painting with John Singer Sargent.  During his return visit to Paris he attended a Saturday evening soirée at the apartment of Gertrude Stein and he saw paintings by Paul Cézanne in the gallery of Ambroise Vollard.
Later career 
Living in rural Michigan and struggling financially he made art from what was available (Portland cement, scraps of lumber, pieces of plywood).  Sheets of composite wood (brand names Novoply and Timblend) were laminated together for thickness and carved into freestanding sculptures. 
 
The first real recognition of his work began in 1966 with a retrospective exhibition mounted by the Grand Rapids Art Museum.  An exhibition organized by the John and Mable Ringing Museum in Sarasota and shared with the Norton Gallery in West Palm Springs followed a year later. This exhibition brought Dawson to the attention of Robert Schoelkopf, who showed his work in New York in April 1969 and March 1981.  
When Dawson was diagnosed with cancer in 1968, he sold the Michigan farm and moved to Sarasota permanently. He died on August 15, 1969.
Major paintings 
 Prognostic, 1910, Milwaukee Museum of Art
 Xdx, 1910, Brooklyn Museum of Art
 Discal Procession, 1910, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC
 Lucrece, 1911, The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art, Sarasota
 Mrs. Darrow, 1911, Art Institute of Chicago
 Meeting (The Three Graces), 1912, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 Retrospect, 1913, The Museum of Modern Art, New York
 Letters and Numbers, 1914, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
 Figure by Window, 1915, Illinois State Museum, Springfield
Bibliography 
 Gedo, Mary M. 1977. Manierre Dawson: the prophet in his own country. American Art Review 4, #3 (Dec. 1977), pp. 64-75, 121-125.
 Gedo, Mary Mathews 1981. Modernizing the master: Manierre Dawson’s cubist transliterations. Art Magazine 55, #8 (April 1981), pp. 135-145.
 Adams, Henry and Randy J. Ploog 1999. Manierre Dawson American pioneer of abstract art. New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries. 
 Ploog, Randy J. and Henry Adams 2003. Manierre Dawson: new revelations Chicago: Hollis Taggart Galleries.
 Bates, Geoffrey 2006. Manierre Dawson: an artist out of bounds. The Living Museum, 68, #1 pp. 8-13.
 Ploog, Randy J., Myra Bairstow, and Ani Boyajian 2011. Manierre Dawson (1887-1969): a catalogue raisonne. The Three Graces in association with Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York.
Further reading 
 Davidson, Abraham A. 1981. Early American modernist painting, 1910-1935. New York: Harper and Row, 1981.
 Prince, Sue A. (ed) 1990. The old guard and the avant-garde: modernism in Chicago, 1910-1940. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 Kennedy, Elizabeth (ed) 2004. Chicago modern, 1893-1945: pursuit of the new. Chicago: Terra Museum of American Art.

References

Other websites
 Manierre Dawson catalogue raisonné
 Manierre Dawson, an American Kandinsky, New York Times.
 Manierre Dawson: a pioneer, Illinois State University.

1887 births
1969 deaths
American painters
Cancer deaths in Florida
Artists from Chicago
Pierre Guéry (born 1965) is a French writer, poet and performer.

Life and work

Born in Marseille (France), he studied music, drama and modern dance and gained a doctorate in literature and phonetics.

These various strands merge together in his poetic work. He is a performance poet, for whom very different places can be stages for his reading. Illness, madness and mourning are the main subjects of his sound poetry. He uses his voice in many different ways in his performances, from whispering to screaming, from sounds that are not words to formal reciting.

Since 2006 he has been taking part in various poetic and artistic events in France, Belgium, Canada, Germany and Lebanon.

In 2009 he translated the Poems of Guantanamo into French, and he has translated some work of important beat poets and spoken word artists such as Anne Waldman and Lawrence Ferlinghetti, from the American.

Works

Audio Recordings
Audio Recordings

 Kit to be hacked, electronic poems, L'Ovni Tendre/Bourbaki, 2000
 Slackness, electronic poems 2, L'Ovni Tendre/Bourbaki, 2002
 Alien-Nation, Plaine Page, 2008

Books

Author

 Alien-Nation (poetry), Bookleg, Maelström, 2006
 Bascule (poetry), Bookleg, Maelström, 2006
 Erotographie (poetry), Biliki, 2007
 En quel pays étrange (poetry), Compact, Maelström, 2009
 HP 1999 (novel), Sens&Tonka/L'une&l'autre, 2009
 Week-end avec Hellènes- Error in fabula (novel), Sens&Tonka/L'une&l'autre, 2010
 Poéstreet, des marches de poésie urbaine (poetry), Compact, Maelström, 2011
 La Rhétorique des culs (novel), Sens&Tonka/L'une&l'autre, 2011

Translator
 Fast Speaking Woman, Anne Waldman, Maelström, 2008
 Poems of Guantanamo- Poèmes de Guantanamo, Biliki, 2009
 Soldiering/ Soldatesque, Anne Waldman, Maelström, 2011

References

1965 births
Living people
French poets
Arthur Garfield Dove (August 2, 1880 – November 23, 1946) was an American artist. An early American modernist, he was the first American abstract painter to be shown publicly. In recent years it has become clear that Manierre Dawson was probably slightly ahead of Dove and Kandinsky in producing pure abstracts.

Selected paintings by Arthur Dove

References

Sources
 Morgan, Ann Lee 1984. Arthur Dove: life and work, with a catalogue raisonné. University of Delaware Press. 

American painters
1880 births
1946 deaths
Dynamical systems theory is a field of applied mathematics. It tries to describe complex dynamical systems, often using differential equations and difference equations. When differential equations are used, the theory is called continuous dynamical systems theory. When difference equations are used, it is called discrete dynamical systems theory.

The theory looks at the long-term behaviour of dynamical systems. It also studies solutions to the equations of motion, mainly for mechanical systems. The study also includes the motion of planets, or electronic circuits. Part of it focuses on solving Partial differential equations that occur in biology. 

Fields of mathematics
Sol Myron Linowitz (December 7, 1913 – March 18, 2005) was an American diplomat, lawyer, and businessman born in Trenton, NJ.

He was a graduate of Trenton Central High School, Hamilton College and Cornell Law School. Early in his law career, he helped Xerox get patents on office copier inventions.

Linowitz helped negotiate the return of the Panama Canal to Panama under the direction of President Jimmy Carter.  Besides being a career diplomat, lawyer, and one time chairman of Xerox, he wrote two books, "The Making of a Public Man: A Memoir", and "The Betrayed Profession".
 
He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He served on the Cornell University Board of Trustees.

References 

1913 births
2005 deaths
Lawyers from New Jersey
American diplomats
American autobiographers
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Politicians from New Jersey
Businesspeople from New Jersey
People from Trenton, New Jersey
William Polk Carey (May 11, 1930 – January 2, 2012) was an American businessman. He was the first person  to apply leaseback financing to things other than automobiles.  Carey started W. P. Carey & Co. LLC. It is a corporate real estate financing company. The headquarters of the company are in New York City in 1973. The company is the largest publicly traded limited liability company in the world. , the company owns more than 1,300 properties in 24 countries. It owns more than  of space.
Carey was born May 11, 1930 in Baltimore, Maryland. He is a direct descendant of the 11th US President, James K. Polk. Carey's family has long ties in Baltimore. His great-great-great-grandfather James Carey was an 18th- and 19th-century Baltimore shipper, the chairman of the Bank of Maryland, a member of Baltimore's first City council, and a relative of Johns Hopkins. His grandmother, Anne Galbraith Carey, started the Gilman School for boys in the Baltimore suburb of Roland Park in 1897. As a young man, Carey left the Gilman School to go to the Pomfret School in Connecticut,. After this, he studied at Princeton University and the University of Pennsylvania. He served in the Air Force for two years. He then worked at his stepfather's car dealership to repay his college expenses. He learned about leaseback financing while he worked there. He then moved to New York City. Carey lived in New York City and Rensselaerville, New York. In 1988, Carey started the W.P. Carey Foundation
.P. Carey Foundation. In 1999, he served as the Executive in Residence at the Harvard Business School.
Arizona State University W. P. Carey School of Business
Carey was a benefactor to the Arizona State University College of Business. In 2002, Carey gave million to the College of Business. Because of this, the University renamed its business school the W. P. Carey School of Business.
The Johns Hopkins University Carey Business School
Carey talks with Johns Hopkins  University about a proposal to start a business school in the 1950s. John Hopkins was not interested. In December 2006, it was announced that Carey gave $50 million to Johns Hopkins University. He was a trustee emeritus at the school and donated the money through his W.P. Carey Foundation. It was the largest gift given to Hopkins in support of business education. John Hopkins school of business is now called the Carey Business School. The Hopkins business school was renamed after William Carey's great-great-great-grandfather, James Carey.  The school offers a Master of Science in Real Estate program. It is one of the first in the Baltimore/Washington, D.C. area.
University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law
On April 25, 2011, Carey gave $30 million to the University of Maryland School of Law. The gift was given to increase the school's endowment.  The school was renamed after Carey's grandfather, Francis King Carey, He was a graduate of the Law School in 1880.

Contribution to The Gilman School
In the mid-1990s, the Gilman School started discussing the renovations of Carey Hall. It was the school's main building and housed the Upper School students. Carey Hall was named after Carey's grandmother. It was built in 1910. The building had remained the same until late 2006. Carey gave $10million to the school's capital campaign fund. This amount was twenty percent of the total amount of money raised for the renovation of Carey Hall. On December 10, 2007, Carey Hall was re-opened.
Sewanee
Carey is a direct descendent of Bishop Leonidas Polk, the founder of Sewanee, the "University of the South." Sewanee named an undergraduate business program in Carey's honor.  Carey also funded the Carey Fellowships for honor business students. In 2006, Carey received an honorary degree from Sewanee.

References

Other websites
 W.P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State University
 The Johns Hopkins University Carey School of Business 
 Sewanee undergraduate business program 

Businesspeople from Baltimore
American philanthropists
1930 births
2012 deaths
Teddy Stadium (, Itztadion Teddy) is a football stadium in Jerusalem, Israel. It is the home ground of Beitar Jerusalem F.C. and Hapoel Jerusalem F.C. It is named after the long time Jerusalem mayor Teddy Kollek. For Beitar the stadium was important. They played at the YMCA Stadium. That stadium was nicknamed "The Sandbox" because of its bad ground conditions.

Originally only the west and east sides of the stadium were built giving it a capacity of 13,000. In 1999 work was finished on a north side. Now the capacity is 31,733.

The stadium itself is one of the newest in Israel and meets all European standards. The stadium has 5,000 parking spots and is connected to the Malha Mall and its parking facilities by a pedestrian bridge. The stadium is located at the Begin Expressway and the Malha Train Station. So people can go to the stadium either by car or rail.

Teddy Stadium has hosted international football matches. It was also the place for the Maccabiah Games opening ceremony and other public events.
References 

Football stadiums
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Infinitesimals are quantities that are too small to measure.

Infinitesimal calculus 

Newton and Leibniz developed the calculus based on an intuitive notion of an infinitesimal. In 1870, Karl Weierstraß provided the first rigorous treatment of the calculus, using the limit method. But in 1960, Abraham Robinson found that infinitesimals also provide a rigorous basis for the calculus. Many calculus courses still begin with the difficult limit concept, but others now adopt the easier to understand infinitesimal concept.

In differential calculus, in both the limit and infinitesimal versions, the velocity of a particle is represented by , where s is the position of the particle and t the time at which the velocity is measured. In infinitesimal calculus, ds and dt are simply very small quantities. In general, the term  is called the differential of the variable .