Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Beatles for Sale is The Beatles' fourth album.  It was released in late 1964. Many of its songs went into an American release, Beatles '65, from Capitol Records, while the rest went into Beatles VI, a compilation album.

John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who wrote most of the band's songs, had filled their earlier album, A Hard Day's Night, with original songs. The band began recording their next album only a week after finishing A Hard Day's Night, and they had little time to compose new music. The band filled the album with cover versions, of songs they had performed live in Hamburg, Germany and the Cavern in Liverpool, their hometown, before the Beatles were famous. Press agent Derek Taylor explained in the album's liner notes that all the recordings on Beatles for Sale were how the band played the music onstage.
The original songs on the album were praised, for showing Lennon and McCartney had grown and improved as writers. "I'm A Loser" was compared to Bob Dylan's work. "I'll Follow The Sun" was an early song, that was given a rewrite. "What You're Doing" imitated the musical style of The Byrds, who were just becoming popular.

Several live versions of the album's songs have since appeared, that the Beatles played in Germany, and for BBC Radio.

Album songs
"No Reply" +
"I'm a Loser" +
"Baby's in Black" +
"Rock and Roll Music" (Chuck Berry) +
"I'll Follow the Sun" +
"Mr. Moonlight" (Roy Lee Johnson) +
"Kansas City" (Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller)/"Hey, Hey, Hey, Hey" (Richard Penniman) ++
"Eight Days a Week" ++
"Words of Love" (Buddy Holly) ++
"Honey Don't" (Carl Perkins) +
"Every Little Thing" ++
"I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" ++
"What You're Doing" ++
"Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" (Carl Perkins) +

All songs by Lennon/McCartney, unless credited differently
+ Also appeared on Beatles '65 in the United States
++ Also appeared on Beatles VI 

The Beatles albums
1964 albums
Rock and roll albums
Folk albums
Rubber Soul is the sixth studio album by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released on 3 December 1965 in the United Kingdom, on EMI's Parlophone label. The double A-side single "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" was released at the same time. The first North American version of the album from Capitol Records had ten of the fourteen songs from the British Parlophone version. Rubber Soul was very popular with critics. It was at the top of sales charts in Britain and the United States for many weeks. The album proves the Beatles were starting to use LSD and marijuana.

The album was recorded in London over four weeks in October–November 1965. Most call it a folk rock album, especially in its Capitol (North American) version. Rubber Soul has a mix of pop, soul and folk musical styles.

The songs show the Beatles' improving as songwriters. They also used brighter guitar tones and new instrumentation such as sitar, harmonium and fuzz bass.

Track listing

Everywhere except North America

North America
North America

Sources

References

The Beatles albums
1965 albums
Folk albums
Pop rock albums
Abbey Road is the eleventh studio album (though counted as the twelfth official album) recorded by The Beatles. It was released in September 1969. Side one consisted of hits, while side two consisted of short songs to make up a story.

Album songs

Notes
"Her Majesty" is a hidden track. Between "The End" and "Her Majesty" is 14 seconds of silence. Later releases of the album included the song on the track listing.
One cassette tape version in the US had "Come Together" and "Here Comes the Sun" swapped so that Harrison's song starts the album. All other versions (including the CD) have restored the track listing to its original order.
Tracks 9 through 13 are sometimes noted as one song (medley) called "The Abbey Road Medley".
Tracks 14 through 16 are sometimes noted as one song called "The Golden Slumbers Medley".

All songs written by Lennon/McCartney unless credited differently.

The Beatles albums
1969 albums
Rock albums
Magical Mystery Tour is a 1967 television movie made by The Beatles. It is also the movie's title song, and the name of its soundtrack recording.

Show 
Paul McCartney had the original idea for Magical Mystery Tour, coming back from the Monterey Pop Festival in California, during the summer of 1967. He drew a clock face on a paper plate, and filled it with parts of the show he imagined. McCartney based the idea on Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters, who travelled the United States in a bus, and also "", which were low-budget weekend vacation trips taken in England.

The other Beatles liked the idea for the show, and made plans to produce and direct it themselves. After they stopped giving concerts in 1966, they had started making their own promotional films (called "promos"), much like today's music videos. They had success with promos, and wanted to try making a whole programme, to appear on television during the Christmas holidays.
Beatles manager Brian Epstein helped set up the production, and the Beatles asked friends, members of their staff, and some professional actors to ride with them in a rented bus over a holiday weekend, and film whatever happened, with magical elements to be added later. Making the movie was one of the first jobs of the Beatles's new company, Apple Corps.

Epstein unfortunately died before filming began. Without him to look over business details, things ran into trouble. By the time things were set up, John Lennon and George Harrison had changed their minds about performing, and spent much of the bus trip asleep. There also was not much for scenery along the roads, or entertainment among the passengers.
What turned into a bigger event than filming Magical Mystery Tour was the  that began to surround the bus, wondering what the "tour" was all about. People followed the bus for miles, and caused . People who saw the bus go by expected a "happening" of some kind, but none had been planned. In trying to be , nobody had worked out a  for the bus, or the trip. Most of the commotion ended after Lennon personally removed the MAGICAL MYSTERY TOUR lettering from the sides of the bus. Later a Beatles assistant said the traffic jams should have also been filmed.

Spots for songs and performances were included in Magical Mystery Tour, and so was a  explaining what the trip was about. The songs featured in the show included "The Fool on the Hill", "I Am The Walrus", "Blue Jay Way", an instrumental song, "Flying", and "Your Mother Should Know", with a choreographed dance sequence. Another band, the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, played live during a striptease performance.
Magical Mystery Tour appeared on British television on Boxing Day in 1967, and was a surprising flop. Part of the reason for its failure was because it was shown in black-and-white, while colour was an important feature. Another part was because most of the viewers did not understand what was supposed to be happening. Another part was that not much had happened on camera, for long parts of the programme, and it showed.

Ringo Starr made a personal appeal to the BBC to show Magical Mystery Tour again, in full colour. The BBC gave it a second broadcast, but it did not change opinions. ABC in the United States cancelled plans to show Magical Mystery Tour in America. (It later appeared as a "midnight movie", shown in small cinemas and on college campuses.)
Soundtrack 
Even though Magical Mystery Tour was not a television success, its soundtrack still sold well. The show's songs were released as a double EP in England, with a storybook and pictures from the show. In America, Capitol Records added songs from recent Beatles singles to the show songs, and released a whole album. The American version outsold the EP in England, and in 1977 Parlophone Records released a British version of the album.

Songs 
"Magical Mystery Tour" +
"The Fool On The Hill" +
"Flying" (instrumental) +
"Blue Jay Way" +
"Your Mother Should Know" +
"I Am The Walrus" +
"Hello Goodbye"
"Strawberry Fields Forever"
"Penny Lane"
"Baby You're A Rich Man"
"All You Need Is Love"

+ appeared in the show Magical Mystery Tour 

All songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, except "Flying" (by Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr) and "Blue Jay Way" (by George Harrison).

The Beatles albums
1967 albums
Rock albums
In economics, hyperinflation is inflation that is "out of control," when prices increase very fast as money loses its value. 

One example of hyperinflation is in Germany in the 1920s. In 1922, the largest bank note was 50,000 Reichsmark, In 1923 the largest bank note was 100,000,000,000,000 Mark. In December of 1923 the exchange rate was 4,200,000,000,000 Marks to 1 US dollar. These bank notes were so worthless that people would burn them in fires to keep them warm. The notes would burn longer than the amount of wood you could buy with them. Sometimes the rate of inflation was so high that prices doubled every two days. The Rentenmark was introduced to stop this problem. The exchange rate was set at 4.2 Rentenmarks to 1 US Dollar.

In Zimbabwe, the inflation rate was 231,150,888.87% in July 2008.

References

Inflation
Sir Brian Harold May  (born 19 July 1947) is an English musician, songwriter and astrophysicist, best known as the lead guitarist of the rock band Queen. He uses a guitar he built himself with the help of his father. The guitar they built is called the "Red Special". 

Apart from music, May earned his PhD in astrophysics in 2007 and is currently the Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University. Together with Patrick Moore and Chris Lintott, he wrote a book called Bang! The Complete History of the Universe.

May was ranked 39th in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time."
Early life 
Brian Harold May, the only child of Harold and Ruth May, was born on 19 July 1947 in Hampton, Middlesex and attended Hampton Grammar School (now Hampton School). During this time he formed his first band with vocalist and bassist Tim Staffell named Nineteen Eighty-Four after George Orwell's novel of the same name. He graduated from Hampton Grammar School with ten GCE Ordinary Levels and four Advanced Levels in Physics, Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Additional Mathematics.

May's father Harold worked as a draughtsman at the Ministry of Aviation and had been a long-time cigarette-smoker. As a result, May dislikes smoking, even to the point where he has prohibited smoking indoors at his more recent concerts.

Marriage and children 
From 1974 to 1988, May was married to Chrissie Mullen, who is the mother of his three children: Jimmy, who was born on 15 June 1978; Louisa, who was born on 22 May 1981 and Emily Ruth, who was born on 17 February 1987. Chrissie and Brian separated in 1988.
Personal life and other musical collaborations 
He has stated in interviews that he suffered from depression in the late 1980s, even to the point of contemplating suicide, for reasons having to do with his troubled first marriage and his perceived failure as a husband and a dad, his father Harold's death, and Freddie Mercury's illness. May is married to former Eastenders actress Anita Dobson, whom he met in 1986, and who gained fame in the 1980s for providing vocals to the theme tune to the aforementioned soap, entitled "Anyone Can Fall in Love". May himself produced the song, which reached #4 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1986.

References 

1947 births
Living people
British astrophysicists
English rock guitarists
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
English physicists
Musicians from Middlesex
Progressive rock singers
Queen (band) members
John Richard Deacon (born 19 August 1951) is a retired English musician. He is best known as the bass guitarist of the rock band Queen.

He lives in Putney in Southwest London with his wife Veronica Tetzlaff. They were married on 18 January 1975. He is the father of six children.

References

1951 births
Living people
Bass guitarists
Musicians from Leicestershire
Queen (band) members
Roger Meddows Taylor  (born 26 July 1949) is an English musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known as the drummer of the rock band Queen.

1949 births
Living people
English rock drummers
English rock singers
English singer-songwriters
Entertainers from Cornwall
People from Norfolk
Queen (band) members
Le Béage is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Beauchastel is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

History
The name of the village comes from the "Bel Castrum" castle, built in the 12th century by the Lords Retourtour and Briand. It was ruined during the French Wars of Religion, and today only the tower remains. 
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Beauchastel was one of the last salt stores (grenier à sel) of the country.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Beaulieu is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages

Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Paul Rodgers (born 17 December 1949) is an English rock singer and songwriter.  He is best known for being a member of Free and Bad Company. He has recently toured and recorded with Brian May and Roger Taylor of Queen in a group called Queen + Paul Rodgers.

1949 births
Living people

English singers
English songwriters
Beaumont is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Beauvène is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Rouffiac-des-Corbières is a village in France. It is just below the castle of Peyrepertuse. In 2004, 97 people lived there.

Communes in Aude
Berrias-et-Casteljau is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Berzème is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France. In 2015, it had a population of 180 people.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Bessas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages

Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Bidon is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Boffres is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
For other meanings, see Bogey.

Bogy is a commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France. Bogy can be found about 10 km from Annonay, and 50 km from Valence.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Borée is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France. In 2008, the town had a population of about 167.

Related pages
 Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Borne is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages

 Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Boucieu-le-Roi is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Boulieu-lès-Annonay is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Bourg-Saint-Andéol is a small commune of the Ardèche département in the Rhône Valley in the southern part of France.  It is the capital of a canton in the arrondissement of Privas, with a population of about 8,000 as of the year 1999.

Twin cities
Monschau in Germany (Eifel) since 1975
Albertirsa in Hungary since 1998
Gaggiano in Italy since 2002

Related pages

Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Bozas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Brossainc is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Burzet is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Cellier-du-Luc is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Chalencon is a town and commune of the Ardèche département in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Le Chambon is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

Communes in Ardèche
Chambonas is a town and commune of the Ardèche département, in the southern part of France.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References 

Communes in Ardèche
Kohistan District can be any of the following:

 Kohistan District, Afghanistan
 Kohistan District, Pakistan
Queen is the debut studio album by Queen and was released on 13 July 1973 by EMI Records in the United Kingdom and by Elektra Records in the United States. It went to number 32 in the United Kingdom, number 52 in Japan and number 83 in the United States.

Track listing

Original release 
All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.

2011 Universal Music reissue

iTunes deluxe edition (2011)

References 

1973 albums
Debut albums
Queen (band) albums
Elektra Records albums
Queen II is the second studio album by Queen and was released on 8 March 1974 by EMI Records in the United Kingdom and by Elektra Records in the United States. It went to number 5 in the United Kingdom, number 19 in Norway, number 26 in Japan, number 40 in Canada and number 49 in the United States. It did poorly in the chart in Australia where it made #79.

Track listing

Original release 
All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.

Universal Music reissue (2011)

iTunes deluxe edition (2011)

References 

1974 albums
Queen (band) albums
Elektra Records albums
Sheer Heart Attack is the third studio album by Queen and was released on 8 November 1974 by EMI Records in the United Kingdom and by Elektra Records in the United States. It went to number 2 in the United Kingdom, number 6 in Canada and France, number 7 in Finland and the Netherlands, number 9 in Norway, number 12 in the United States, number 19 in Australia and number 23 in Japan.

Track listing

Original release 
All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.

Universal Music reissue (2011)

iTunes deluxe edition

References 

1974 albums
Queen (band) albums
Elektra Records albums
Peyrepertuse Castle is a castle in France. It is one of the Cathar castles. It was built before the 11th century. It is Aude, in Occitanie. It is built in a strategic position, on a cliff, about 30-40m high. The castle is first mentioned in the year 806, but the site seems to have been occupied since Roman times. At that time, it belonged to a Catalan count. It later changed hands, first to the Count of Barcelona, then to that of Narbonne.

When the Treaty of Corbeil is signed in 1258, the border between France and Spain is right to the south of the castle. In the year 1240, after the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars, the castle becomes French. It is extended, and there is a garrison placed there; it protects against invasions until the 16th century when Roussillon becomes a French territory.

Today, the ruins of the castle attract about 100.000 visitors a year. There is a vineyard nearby.

Images
Images

Other websites 
Official website of the castle (French)
Peyrepertuse on cathares.org (French)
Images of climbers (French)
Article with photos on Peyrepertuse (French)

Castles in France
Aude
9th-century buildings and structures
Remlingen is a former municipality of the district Wolfenbüttel. Since 1 November 2016, it is part of the municipality Remlingen-Semmenstedt. Remlingen is close to Wittmar what is an old village from miners in the Asse. The inhabitants' of Remlingen
are 1953 in three villages. The mayor is named Klaus-Günter Warnecke.

Other websites
 Samtgemeinde Asse

Former municipalities in Lower Saxony
Bryan Ruiz Gonzalez (b. 18 August 1985) is a Costa Rican soccer (European football) player. He was born in San José.

Life 
At the age of twelve, Gonzalez started playing for Liga Deportiva Alajuelense minor leagues. He quickly became known as a skilled player.  In 2003, at the age of 18, he began playing first division football.  He would eventually become a professional soccer player with the same team.

Career 
During his first tournament, Gonzalez played well.  He soon became an important member of his team.  He played in many important games, like “El Clásico” (The Classic), when Alajuela plays their biggest enemy, Saprissa. In his second year Gonzalez's team won the CONCACAF Champion's Cup.

Though Gonzalez had only been a professional soccer player for a short time, he was asked to represent his country by playing on the Costa Rica National Team.  He played well and was celebrated by the public.
Suddenly, in 2006, Gonzalez was invited to play for a soccer team in Belgium. The team, K.A.A. Gent, wanted to sign him to a four-year deal. Gonzalez accepted.  He became a popular player in Belgium by becoming the best scorer on his team.  He also got a hat-trick.

His success gained Gonzalez a lot of attention and popularity.  He was asked again to play with the Costa Rican national team. He returned to Costa Rica and played well for the national team. Afterward, he hoped to get signed by a good European team.

In 2009, Gonzalez played with FC Twente Enschede in Holland, where is team won the Cup.  In 2010, he began playing for the UEFA Champions League Cup.

References

Other websites

1985 births
Living people
Costa Rican footballers
Sportspeople from San José, Costa Rica
Jaco Beach Costa Rica is on the west central coast of Costa Rica's Puntarenas province, on the Pacific Ocean side of the country.  What started as a small surfing village popular with Costa Ricans from all over the Pacific coast, has developed into the most popular and visited tourism destination in the whole country. As the closest and most developed beach town from Costa Rica's Juan Santa Maria International Airport in San Jose, Jaco is only a 1 hour and 10 minute ride from the airport.
Jaco is home to the largest selection of hotels, vacation rental condos and private vacation rental homes than any other beach town in Costa Rica, as well as 3 casinos, over 75 restaurants, 3 major grocery stores, surf shops, pharmacies, souvenir and artesan shops, bakeries, dentists, emergency care, and an 18-hole championship golf course. The region is also home to Costa Rica's  best zip line canopy tours, ATV tours, white water rafting, surfing and the best Costa Rica fishing charters at the Los Suenos Resort & Marina, in Herradura Beach directly next to Jaco Beach.

To the immediate south of Jaco is the surf town of Playa Hermosa (Hermosa Beach). 1 hour and 15 minutes to the south of Jaco Beach is the Manuel Antonio National Park and Wildlife preserve offering visitors a first hand glimpse of Costa Rica's famed wildlife species such as white face monkeys, howler monkeys, sloths, pizotes, iguanas, butterflies, frogs, insects, and exotic jungle plants native to Costa Rica.
Other websites
Jaco information
Costa Rica Fishing Experts

Cities in Costa Rica
Irazu Volcano National Park has one of the most active volcanos of Costa Rica. It is in the central mountain range at 31 km to northwest of the city of Cartago, 3,435 meters above sea level. It last erupted in 1963 and 1965. 

Irazu Volcano National Park offers many types of craters, some having small lakes. The park also includes 2,309 hectares of rain forest. From the highest point in the park, on a clear day, you can see both, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea at the same time.

The Crater Principal lake has an unusual greenish yellow coloring caused by rainfall dissolving the minerals along the craters walls. It has also been known to change colour to rust-red depending on the minerals present. The inactive, dry Diego de la Haya crater sits just up to the right of the Crater Principal and is filled with volcanic ash.
The park is the site of a reforestation project to restore the area which was destroyed by the eruptions. The forest is made up of conifers and other exotic and native species. There is a native forest consisting mainly of oaks and alder, protecting the watershed of the Reventado River.

The vegetation of the park has been changed by the constant eruptions, but it is very beautiful and diverse.

Other websites 
Irazu Volcano National Park

National parks in Costa Rica
Puerto Viejo de Talamanca is a coastal town in Talamanca in Limón Province. It is in southeastern Costa Rica and is known simply as Puerto Viejo to the people who live there. Puerto Viejo de Talamanca is a tourist destination. The beaches Playa Chiquita, Playa Negra, and Punta Uva are close to Puerto Viejo.

Many tourists stop in Puerto Viejo when going to Panama at Sixaola. This border crossing is popular with people going to and from Bocas del Toro.

References 

Limón Province
Cities in Costa Rica
The following is a list of Cantons of Switzerland, by area:

Switzerland-related lists
Cathar castles (Châteaux cathares in French) is a term used by the French tourist industry. It is used for castles in the Languedoc-Roussillon, usually built by the enemies of the Cathars during the Albigensian Crusade.

The true Cathar castles
The Cathars built fortified homesteads, but not castles.  The legend of Cathar architects and builders is no more than a myth.  The cathar church did not build anything.  For this reason, the only ones which can claim the description "Cathar" are the small castles, often totally unknown to the public. Their unspectacular ruins are often far-away from tourist routes.

The royal citadels
Because Raimond II was unable to recapture Carcassone in 1240, the city walls were strengthened by the French King. He  also destroyed small castra in the Corbières region and built citadels to protect the border with the kingdom of Aragon.
These five castles are often called the cinq fils de Carcassonne (five sons of Carcassonne):
 Château d'Aguilar
 Peyrepertuse castle
 Puilaurens castle
 Quéribus castle
 Château de Termes

These five fortresses resisted various assaults led by the Aragonese army.

The abandonment of the citadels
In 1659, Louis XIV and the Philip IV of Spain signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees. The French king also married the Infanta Marie Therese.  The treaty changed the borders. It gave Rousillon to France and moved the frontier south to the crest of the Pyrenees, where it is now. The fortresses therefore lost their importance.  Some maintained a garrison for a while, a few until the French Revolution, but they slowly fell into decay, often becoming sherpherds' shelters or bandits hideouts.

Other "Cathar castles"
Château d’Arques
 Château de Durfort
 Châteaux de Lastours
 Château de Montségur
 Château de Padern
 Château de Pieusse
 Château de Puivert
 Rennes-le-Château
 Château de Roquefixade
 Château de Saissac
 Château d'Usson

Sources and further reading

Castles in France
13th-century buildings and structures
The Château d'Usson is one of the Cathar castles in southwestern France.  It is in the commune of Rouze, in the Ariège département.

Castles in France
Ariège (department)
11th-century buildings and structures
Sertab Erener (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish pop music singer. She is one of the most successful female Turkish pop singers in Turkey. Erener is said to be one of the divas of Turkish pop music. 

She released her first album which produced by Sezen Aksu, Sakin Ol (Calm Down) in August 1992. Her debut song "Sakin Ol" became greatly popular. Next album Lal (Ruby) released in October 1994. Lal was important for her career, because songs in the album such as "Rüya" (Dream), "Sevdam Ağlıyor" (My Love is Crying), "Mecbursun" (You Have to), "Gel Barışalım Artık" (Let's Make Peace) and "Lal" became hit quickly.
In May 1997, Sertab released her third album, Sertab Gibi (Like Sertab). She stopped working with Sezen Aksu and she worked with Demir Demirkan in this album. Although album's sales were very low, album is the favorite album of fans. "Aşkolan Aşktır" (Love Matters), "Seyrüsefer" (Navigation) and "İncelikler Yüzünden" (Because of the Niceties) were the important songs from the album. Sertab Erener released self-titled fourth album in March 1999. Albums hit were "Yanarım" (I Burn), "Zor Kadın" (Hard Woman) and Vur Yüreğim (Hit, My Heart). Vur Yüreğim's video clip was including real scenes from shocking and afflictive events such as martyr funerals, atomic bomb and natural disasters.

In Europe, she is best known for winning the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 with her hit song Every Way That I Can.
Sertab's victory at Eurovision became a real breakthrough in the musical world of Europe. On the wave of success, when the song "Everyway That I Can" occupied the leading lines of the European charts, Sertab Erener recorded the English-language album "No Boundaries", released in 2004.

References 

1964 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Musicians from Istanbul
Turkish pop singers
Scouting (sometimes called the Scout Movement) is a youth movement. It was started in 1907 by Robert Baden-Powell as a movement for boys.

Baden-Powell took many ideas from the experiences he made with the Mafeking Cadet Corps. This corps was a paramilitary group made of boys. It was formed during a siege in the Second Boer War. The boys mainly carried messages. This was so the soldiers could focus on defending the city.

Originally, the Scout movement was for boys only. A similar movement for girls, called "Girl Guides" was started in 1910. In most countries there are associations for Scouts and for Girl Guides. Today the Scouts often accept girls, too.

In the Scout movement, people learn to work together to achieve a goal. They also train their character to become better adults.

Usually Scouts give a promise to live by certain rules, and to help others when they can.

Scouts spend their time outdoors, whenever possible.
How many Scouts there are 
In 2005, there were more than 28 million Boy Scouts and over 10 million Girl Guides. They came from 216 different countries. There were only six countries with no Scout movement in 2006. They were Andorra, People's Republic of China, Cuba, Laos, Myanmar and North Korea.

In Cuba, there was a Scout organisation, but the Communist government replaced it by the José Martí Pioneer Organization, which is similar to Scouts, but without the international brotherhood and the peace mission.
Scouting organisations have been banned in People's Republic of China. They have been replaced by Young Pioneers of China and Communist Youth League of China. These organisations are a bit similar to Scouts, but without the international brotherhood and the peace mission. There is a Scout Association in Hong Kong and one in Macau. Hong Kong and Macau are Special Autonomous Regions of the People's Republic of China, so the Scout associations there are still allowed to exist. In the Republic of China (Taiwan) Scouting was never banned.

There are no Scouting organisations in Myanmar, but there are a few Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts (headed by the US Scout movement) in Yangon.

How it started
How it started

Robert Baden-Powell was a military officer. He was stationed in India and Africa in the 1880s and 1890s. Since his youth, he was fond of woodcraft and military scouting. He therefore showed his men how to survive in the wilderness. He noticed that if he taught the soldiers to develop independence, they would no longer follow the orders given by their officers blindly.
In 1896, during the Second Matabele War, Baden-Powell first met and became friends with the American-born British Army Chief of Scouts Frederick Russell Burnham. From Burnham he learned the ways of cowboy and Indian scouts of the Western United States, he started to wear a scout hat like the one worn by Burnham and he discussed with Burnham a scout training programme for boys. Three years later during the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town of Mafeking by a much larger Boer army (the Siege of Mafeking). The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of youths that supported the troops. The cadets carried messages. This freed the men for military duties. It also kept the boys occupied during the long siege. The Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defence of the town (1899–1900). This experience was one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement. Each member received a badge that showed a combined compass point and spearhead
. The badge's logo was similar to the fleur-de-lis that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol.
In the United Kingdom the public followed his struggle to hold Mafeking through newspapers. After the siege, Baden-Powell had become a national hero. This pushed the sales of a small instruction book he had written about military scouting, Aids to Scouting.

On his return to England he noticed the large interest of boys in this book, which was also used by teachers and youth organisations. Several people suggested to him to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the Boys' Brigade. This brigade was a large youth movement, drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that it could grow much larger when scouting would be used. He studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting.
The original Scout law
(Simpler English version, where needed)
A Scout's honour is to be trusted - This means the scout will try as best as he can to do what he promised, or what is asked of him
A Scout is loyal - to his king or queen, his leaders and his country.
A Scout's duty is to be useful, and to help others
A Scout is a friend to all, and a brother to every other Scout - Scouts help each other, regardless of the differences in status or social class.
A Scout is courteous - He is polite and helpful to all, especially women, children and the elderly. He does not take anything for being helpful.
A Scout is a friend to animals - He does not make them suffer or kill them without need to do so.
A Scout obeys orders - Even the ones he does not like.
A Scout smiles and whistles
A Scout is thrifty - he avoids unnecessary spending of money.
A Scout is clean in thought, word and deed (added later)
(When these laws were made in 1907, there were no Girl Scouts; of course the laws apply to Girl Scouts all the same)

The promise of 1907
In his original book on boy scouting, General Baden-Powell introduced the Scout promise, as follows:

(This was later adapted to different countries, and organisations)

Other Scout-like organisations
Since the Scouts were formed, other people have tried to form scout-like movements. These movements are a bit like the Scouts but they put more weight on different things. There are for example Scout-like movements that focus more on the fact that the young people should get a good education in religious matters. The movements that have been formed in countries such as Cuba or China are much like Scouts; they leave out some elements though, that the national governments thought would harm the country.

Related pages
Pioneer movement

References 

Youth organizations
Scouting
The History of Indonesia or more precisely of the Indonesian archipelago in South East Asia with 17,508 islands goes back to Homo erectus (popularly known as the "Java Man"). There have been found fossilised remains of about one million years ago.

Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, came to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC. The native Melanesian peoples went to the far eastern regions. The agricultural conditions were very good. When wet-field rice cultivation was developed as early as the eighth century BC,
villages and towns developed, and small kingdoms began to flourish by the first century BCE. Indonesia's sea-lane position helped with management of international trade, where trade with both Indian kingdoms and China already occured for several centuries BCE. Therefore, trade has since fundamentally shaped Indonesian history.
From the seventh century BCE, the powerful Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade. Hinduism and Buddhism were imported with it. In the late 13th century, the Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java  and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia; this period is often referred to as a "Golden Age" in Indonesian history.

During the 13th century Islam spread to the  in northern Sumatra. More and more Indonesian areas gradually adopted Islam. By the end of the 16th century it was the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra. But it mixed with existing cultural and religious influences.
The first Europeans arrived in Indonesia in 1512, when Portuguese traders, led by Francisco Serrão, sought to monopolise the sources of nutmeg, cloves, and cubeb pepper in Maluku. Dutch and British traders followed. In 1602 the Dutch established the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and became the dominant European power. But Dutch control stretched not very far. Only in the early 20th century it extended to borders of today.

During the Second World War the Dutch lost control and in August 1945, Sukarno, an influential nationalist leader, declared independence and was appointed president. After some fights the Netherlands  formally recognised Indonesian independence in December 1949 (with the exception of The Dutch territory of West New Guinea).
Sukarno moved from democracy towards dictatorship. But Sukarno lost power to the head of the military, General Suharto who was formally appointed president in March 1968. He was supported by the US government, and encouraged foreign direct investment in Indonesia, which helped economic growth during the following thirty years. But his rule went along with corruption and suppression of political opposition.

In 1997 and 1998, Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the Asian Financial Crisis. This increased popular discontent with the New Order and led to popular protests. Suharto resigned on 21 May 1998. In 1999, East Timor voted to leave the state of Indonesia, after a twenty-five-year military occupation. After Suharto's resignation democracy improved. A regional autonomy program was introduced, and the first direct presidential election took place in 2004. But some political and economic instability has remained. A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005.
References

Other websites
Sejarah Indonesia – Detailed timeline of events in Indonesian history
Decolonisation - History links for the end of the European formal Empires,  casahistoria.net

History of Asia
Leviticus (lih-vih-tih-kus) is the third book of both the Bible, and the Torah. In Hebrew it is known as Wayiqra' (וַיִּקְרָא), meaning 'And He will declare.' It was written by the Old Testament Patriarch Moses. Leviticus was written to the Hebrew people of Israel. The book has several main topics, some of which are the Jewish laws of sacrificing to God, and the work of the priests. These priests are sometimes known as Levites (what this book is named after).

When was it written 
It was likely developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian empire (Yehud Madinata) between 538-332 BCE. Tradition says this book was written around 1300 B.C. by Moses.

Summary 
God gives more instructions to Moses. God asks Moses to repeat what He said to Moses' people, the Israelites.
Continuing from Exodus the Israelites are escaping Egypt. They reach the Biblical Mount Sinai. In Exodus, Moses learned from God how to build the holy tabernacle (a tent for praying and worshiping). In Leviticus God teaches Moses and the Levites how to make sacrifices and how to behave in a good way.

The first few chapters show God's laws for offering sacrifices for various reasons, such as for the forgiveness of sins.

Then Moses makes Aaron a priest of God. Details about how the priests are to make sacrifices to God are given.  This is sometimes called the "ceremonial law".  Two sons of Aaron were destroyed for doing the work of the priest in the wrong way.
Then God teaches the people how to eat right and be clean. Examples of food that are forbidden are pork and shrimp. Meat is also not to be eaten with milk at the same time. Beyond that, eaten meat is to be taken from animals that were slaughtered in a specific way. The meat must not contain blood either, as this is seen as representing life in the face of the animal having died. Regarding staying clean, laws are given about menstruation (the monthly period), sexual relations, skin disease, and how dead bodies are to be disposed of. 

The rest of the book describes how priests, the Levites, should be ordained, should dress, carry out rituals, and act (for example on the Day of Atonement, and other important Holy Days).

References

Related pages 
Liberty Bell

Other websites 
 Leviticus (KJV)
 Leviticus (NIV)

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
Professor John Cromwell Mather (born 7 August 1946 in Roanoke, Virginia) is an American astrophysicist and cosmologist. He was given the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006 for his work on cosmic microwave background radiation and COBE satellite with George Smoot.  The COBE satellite measures black holes and cosmic radiation. 

This work supported the big-bang theory of the universe beginning. It made cosmology much more accurate. The Nobel Prize committee said: "the COBE-project can also be regarded as the starting point for cosmology as a precision science."

Mather is a Senior Astrophysicist at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. He is a professor of physics at the University of Maryland, College Park. In 2007, Mather was listed in Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in The World.
Education and early work 
 1964 Newton High School, Newton, New Jersey
 1968 B.Sc. (Physics), Swarthmore College
 1974 Ph.D. (Physics), University of California, Berkeley
 1974-76 (NRC Postdoctoral Fellow), Columbia University Goddard Institute for Space Studies

Work with COBE 
After being awarded his Ph.D. Professor Mather went to work at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies at Columbia University. He started the work on COBE there (1974-1976). More than 1,000 researchers, engineers and other workers made the COBE satellite. John Mather was in control of them all and created the technology for measuring the cosmic radiation. George Smoot had the job of measuring small changes in the temperature of the radiation.

Professor Mather and John Boslough wrote all about the COBE teams work in a book called The Very First Light.
Awards 
 1964-68  Swarthmore College Open Scholarship (honorary)
 1967 William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition, 30th place nationwide
 1968-70 NSF Fellowship and honorary Woodrow Wilson Fellowship 
 1970-74 Fellow, Hertz Foundation 
 1974-76  Postdoctoral Fellow, NRC
 1990 NASA GSFC John C. Lindsay Memorial Award
 1991 Rotary National Space Achievement Award
 1991 National Air and Space Museum Trophy 
 1992 Aviation Week and Space Technology Laurels for Space/Missiles
 1993 Discover Magazine Technology Award finalist 
 1993 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Space Science Award
 1993 American Astronomical Society and American Institute of Physics Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics
 1994 Fellow, Goddard Space Flight Center
 1994 Doctor of Science, honoris causa, Swarthmore College
 1995 City of Philadelphia John Scott Award
 1996 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Rumford Prize
 1996 Fellow, American Physical Society
 1997 Aviation Week and Space Technology Hall of Fame
1997 Member, National Academy of Sciences
 1998 Marc Aaronson Memorial Prize
 1998 Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 1999 Franklin Institute Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics 
 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers George W. Goddard Award
 2006 Peter and Patricia Gruber Foundation Prize in Cosmology 
 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics
 2007 Fellow, SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
Related pages
 James Webb Space Telescope

References

Other websites 
 John C. Mather biography at the Goddard Space Flight Center
 Interview with John Mather from the SPIE Newsroom
 Berkeley lab article
 Mather's group's data that led to the Nobel Prize in symmetry magazine.
 John C. Mather on the Infancy of the Universe at the National Academy of Sciences 

1946 births
Living people
American astronomers
American astrophysicists
Scientists from Virginia
People from Roanoke, Virginia
American Nobel Prize winners
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book of the Christian Bible, and also the sixth book of the Hebrew Tanakh. It is not clear who wrote the book, although most of the Jewish tradition believe it was Joshua, son of Nun. It is the first of the books of the Tanakh (Old Testament) covering the history of Israel from the arrival in the Promised Land to the Babylonian captivity.

It is not known when the Book was written, but it cannot have been written before roughly 1200 BC, as the events described in the book occur then. Some scholars believe it was written much later, perhaps in 550 BC, at the time of the Babylonian exile, when there was a desire to remember and retell their own history.
Summary 
After the death of Moses, God put Joshua in charge of the people. Joshua sent two spies to spy on the city of Jericho. A woman prostitute called Rahab hid these two men and told the enemies they had already left. She hid them on top of her roof, underneath stalks of flax. The spies later promised that they would keep the oath that Joshua made with them.

Jericho fell when the people of Israel, instructed by God, circled around the wall of Jericho seven times and blew their ram's horns, and on the seventh time, they all shouted with a great shout, causing the wall to fall.

Joshua told the spies to go to Rahab's house and bring out her family and belongings. The spies did as they were told, as they kept the oath. Joshua saved Rahab's life, and she went to live in Israel.

Later, God told Joshua to invade the city of Ai. After they did this, the people of Gibeon tricked Joshua into a treaty.
However, three days later, the people of Israel realized that they really made a treaty with Gibeon's neighbors, the Hivites. The Hivities became cursed, but the people of Gibeon promised that they would do whatever the Israelites say.

After making peace with the Hivites, they went to lay siege to Gibeon. The Gibeonites sent a message to Joshua saying he needs to save the people of Gibeon. So, God killed many of the Amorites by making large hailstones. Then Joshua made the sun stay over Gibeon, and the moon over Ajalon. Joshua later got very old and died.

Quotes
No one will be able to stand against you all the days of your life. As I was with Moses, so too I will be with you; I will not fail you nor forsake you. (1:5)

Decide today whom you will serve, the gods your ancestors worshipped in Mesopotamia or the gods of the Amorites in whose land you are now living. As for my family and me, we will serve the LORD. (24:15)

Other websites 
 Book of Joshua (KJV)
 Book of Joshua (NIV)
Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
7th-century BC books