Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Y
Yarm, Yarmouth, Yachtington,Yate, Yateley, Yeadon, Yeovil, York, Yoxall

Related pages
 List of towns in Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, Wales
 List of burghs in Scotland
 List of cities in the United Kingdom

Lists of settlements in England
1858 was a year that started on a Friday.

Events 
 Charles Darwin proposes the natural selection of species.
 A civil war between conservatists and liberals starts in Mexico.
 The British Empire or rule, begins in India after the surrender and exile of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II
Births 
 January 7 – Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, Russian-born advocate of the Hebrew language (d. 1922)
 January 10 – Heinrich Zille, German illustrator and photographer (d. 1929)
 January 11 – Harry Gordon Selfridge, American department store magnate (d. 1947)
 March 10 – Kokichi Mikimoto, Japanese pearl farm pioneer (d. 1954)
 March 18 – Rudolf Diesel, German inventor (d. 1913)
 March 23 – Ludwig Quidde, German pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1941)
 April 23 – Max Planck, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1947)
 June 16 – King Gustaf V of Sweden (d. 1950)
 June 16 – William Dickson Boyce, founder of the Boy Scouts of America (d. 1929)
 July 9 – Franz Boas, German anthropologist (d. 1942)
 August 1 – Hans Rott, Austrian composer (d. 1884)
 August 11 – Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch physician and pathologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930)
 August 27 – Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician (d. 1932)
September 18 – Kate Booth, the oldest daughter of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1955)
 October 3 – Eleonora Duse, Italian actress (d. 1924)
 October 27 – Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1919)
 November 20 – Selma Lagerlöf, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
 November 30 – Jagdish Chandra Bose, Indian physicist (d. 1937)
 December 22 – Giacomo Puccini, Italian composer (d. 1924)
 December 25 – Herman P. Faris, American temperance movement leader (d. 1936)
Events 
 January 1 – Queens and Staten Island join with New York City.
 June 19 - The United Kingdom and Egypt begin ruling Sudan together.

Date unknown 
 Thomson measures the charge and mass of an electron.
 The 1899 San Ciriaco hurricane hits the Bahamas, Florida and North Carolina

Births

January 

 January 17 – Al Capone, American gangster (d. 1947)

February 

 February 10 - Cevdet Sunay, 5th President of Turkey (d. 1982)
 February 17 – Priscilla Bonner, American film actress (d. 1996)
 February 23 – Erich Kästner, German children's writer (d. 1974)

March 

 March 27 – Gloria Swanson, American actress (d. 1983)

April 

 April 22 – Vladimir Nabokov, Russian writer (d. 1977)
 April 29 – Duke Ellington, American pianist and jazz musician (d. 1974)

May 

 May 10 – Fred Astaire, American dancer and actor (d. 1987)
 May 24 – Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi poet (d. 1976)

June

July
June

July 

 July 1 – Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of Greece (b. 1987)
 July 7 - George Cukor, American director (d. 1983)
 July 11 – E. B. White, American writer (d. 1985)
 July 17 – James Cagney, American actor (d. 1986)
 July 21 – Ernest Hemingway, American author (d. 1961)
 July 22 – Sobhuza II of Swaziland, King of Swaziland (d. 1982)
 July 23 – Gustav Heinemann, 3rd President of Germany (d. 1976)

August 

 August 13 – Alfred Hitchcock, English movie director (d. 1980)
 August 28 – Chang Myon, 2nd, 7th Prime Minister of South Korea (d. 1966)
 August 28 – Charles Boyer, French actor (d. 1978)

September 

 September 3 – Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australian physician and virologist (d. 1985)
 September 23 - Louise Nevelson, American sculptor
 September 26 – S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 1959)

October 

 October 4 – Franz Jonas, President of Austria (d. 1974)

November
November 

 November 24 – Zalman Shazar, 3rd President of Israel (d. 1974)
 November 29 - Genevieve Tobin, American actress (d. 1995)

December 

 December 3 – Hayato Ikeda, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1965)
 December 19 – Martin Luther King Sr., American Baptist preacher (d. 1984)
 December 25 – Humphrey Bogart, American actor (d. 1957)
Bright Eyes is an American indie rock band. The people in the band are Conor Oberst, a singer-songwriter; Mike Mogis, a musician and producer; and other friends and session musicians from Omaha, Nebraska, USA.

Many people think the band's songs are about Oberst, but Oberst has said that they are not. For example, one song, "Padraic My Prince", tells the fictional story of a mother drowning her son in a bathtub. In interviews, Oberst has said that he sings about such things to make rich emotions.

Music

Albums
Letting Off the Happiness (1998)
Fevers and Mirrors (2000)
A Collection of Songs: Recorded 1995-1997 (2000)
Lifted or the Story Is in the Soil, Keep Your Ear to the Ground (2002)
Vinyl Box Set (7 LP's) (2003)  This collection contains Oberst's first five releases plus bonus material.
I'm Wide Awake, It's Morning (2005)
Digital Ash in a Digital Urn (2005)
Cassadaga (2007)
The People's Key (2011)
Down in the Weeds, Where the World Once Was (2020)
EPs/Singles
The band has made many extended plays (EPs) and singles.
Every Day and Every Night EP (1999)
"Don't Be Frightened Of Turning The Page" (2001)
"Oh Holy Fools: The Music of Son, Ambulance & Bright Eyes" (2001) 
"Drunk Kid Catholic" CDS (2001)
There Is No Beginning To The Story EP (2002)
Lover I Don't Have To Love CDS (2002)
Home: IV EP (2004)
One Jug of Wine, Two Vessels EP (2004)
"Lua" (2004)
Take It Easy (Love Nothing) (2004)
Four Winds EP (2007)

References 

American rock bands
Indie bands
Electronic music bands
Musical groups from Nebraska
Musicians from Omaha, Nebraska
Musical groups established in 1995
1995 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Nebraska
A honeycomb is a container made by bees out of wax that they produce. The bees make a honeycomb as a place to keep their honey. Bees make honey from nectar that they collect from flowers. After bees collect nectar from flowers, and make it into honey, the bees then put the honey in the small six sided areas of the honeycomb. Each hexagonal section tessellates with the rest.

Uses
Honeycomb wax can be used for making soap and candles. Some people eat honey that is still in the honeycomb. A worker bee grows wax in its abdomen. The wax appears as little spots. The bee pulls it off with its legs and chews it until it becomes soft. The wax is then used to make cells for the honeycomb. Smaller cells are used to raise worker bees. We can use honey present in honeycombs as remedy for cough etc. 

Bees
The Greek language is an Indo-European language. It is the official language of Greece (Hellas) and Cyprus. It was first spoken in Greece and was also once spoken along the coast of Asia Minor (now a part of Turkey) and in southern Italy. It also used to be widely used in Western Asia and Northern Africa. In Greek, the language is called Ελληνικά (elliniká).

Greeks write their language using the Greek alphabet. The Latin alphabet, which used to write English and many other languages, came indirectly from the Greek alphabet by the Etruscan alphabet. Many other alphabets around the world also came from the Greek alphabet.

Greek has an unbroken history of being a written language for over 3,000 years. Thats is longer than any other Indo-European language spoken today. Its history is often divided into three parts, Ancient Greek, Medieval Greek, and Modern Greek. Medieval Greek is also called Byzzantine Greek because it was spoken in the Byzantine Empire.
Over 13 million people in the world speak Greek as of 2021, mostly live in Greece (almost 11 million) and Cyprus (over 1 million). There are also people in other countries around the world who speak the language, largely because people left Greece and Cyprus and emigrated to other countries. The United States and Australia have a large Greek diaspora.

Related pages 
 Greek numbers
 Ancient Greek language

References

Other websites 

 Greek Dictionary , from Webster's Dictionary .
 Ancient Greek Dictionaries , descriptions of both online dictionaries (with appropriate links) and Greek.
Kami-shibai (Japanese: 紙芝居) is a storytelling performance with picture cards, and is a traditional Japanese entertainment for children. In Japanese "Kami" means paper and "shibai" means drama or enternainment. The performer tells a story and shows pictures from scene to scene. Kami-shibai is a bidirectional media which is comprised of actions and reactions between a performer and audiences. With the spread of television, kami-shibai went out of date. 

Entertainment in Japan
was a novelist, poet, and servant of the Imperial Court during the Heian period of Japan. She is well known as the author of The Tale of Genji, written around year 1003.

Murasaki Shikibu is a nickname; her real name is unknown.

Life 
Murasaki was born in Kyoto. She was born into the Fujiwara family. Her father, Fujiwara Tametoki, was not a very nice father and when Murasaki got older he confessed that he regretted she was not a boy.

In the year 997, Murasaki married her second cousin, Fujiwara Nobutake, at age 20. In 999, they had a daughter, Kenshi, who also became a poet. Fujiwara Nobutake died about 1001.

Murasaki started as a writer soon after her husband's unexpected death. She was recognized immediately, and she was asked to the imperial court as a tutor to Empress Shoshi ( Joto Mon'in, 988–1074), daughter of the statesman Fujiwara Michinaga (966–1027). Murasaki joined the court of Empress Shōshi in 1006, probably for her skills as an author.
Murasaki started writing her diary in 1008, and finished in 1010. Her diary describes her Chinese lessons with her brother Nobunori (980?–1011), daily life and how much she missed her husband after his death.

She died in Kyoto, around the year 1020.

The Tale of Genji 
The Tale of Genji is split into 54 different books, and is made up of 795 different poems. It is one of the earliest novels in Japanese, and is often thought of as the first novel in the world. It is a classic of Japanese literature. The masterpiece was about the court life of Prince Genji, and his wife, Aoi in 10th-century Japan. Prince Genji was the illegitimate son of an emperor, and the text is about his relationships in court. The Tale of Genji included many beautiful scroll paintings.

References

970s births
1020s deaths
Japanese poets
Writers from Kyoto Prefecture
Pepsin is an enzyme. It acts on proteins in the stomach, which has a low pH because of the Hydrochloric acid. It works best at a pH of about 1.5. It will not work at a pH above 6. 

It was the first animal enzyme to be discovered. Theodor Schwann discovered it in 1836.

Pepsin is used to make cheese.

References

Metabolism
Enzymes
pH is a scale of acidity from 0 to 14. It tells how acidic or alkaline a substance is. 
More acidic solutions have lower pH. More alkaline solutions have higher pH. Substances that aren't acidic or alkaline (that is, neutral solutions) usually have a pH of 7.
Acids have a pH that is less than 7. Alkalis have a pH that is greater than 7.

pH is a measure of the concentration of protons (H+) in a solution. S.P.L. Sørensen introduced this concept in the year 1909. The p stands for the German potenz, meaning power or concentration, and the H for the hydrogen ion (H+).

The most common formula for calculating pH is:

[H+] indicates the concentration of H+ ions (also written [H3O+], the equal concentration of hydronium ions), measured in moles per litre (also known as molarity).

However, the correct equation is actually:
where  indicates the activity of H+ ions. But, this equation in most cases provides the same value as the more common formula, so in introductory chemistry the previous equation is given as the definition of pH.

Most substances have a pH in the range of 0 to 14, although extremely acidic or alkaline substances may have pH < 0, or pH > 14.

Alkaline substances have, instead of hydrogen ions, a concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-).

pH indicators 
Certain dyes change colour depending on whether they are in an acid solution or an alkaline solution . pH indicator is a chemical compound added in small amounts to a solution so the pH (acidity or basicity) of the solution can be seen. The pH indicator is a chemical detector for hydronium ions (H3O+) or hydrogen ions (H+). Normally, the indicator causes the colour of the solution to change depending on the pH.
Typical indicators are phenolphthalein, methyl orange, methyl red, bromothymol blue, and thymol blue. They each change colour at different points on the pH scale, and can be used together as a universal indicator.

Another way is to use litmus paper, which is based on a natural pH indicators. The paper can tell you how strong the chemical is, whether it is a stronger acid or a stronger base.

Some common pH values

Neutralization 
Neutralization can be summed up by the equation:

 +  → 
(acid + base → water)

Related pages
 Acid
 Base
 Alkali
 Titration
 Transpiration

Notes

Other websites
 pH-Spectra Database  í
 pH Test 
 pH Calculator

Chemistry
Tapeworms are the class Cestoda of segmented flatworms (Platyhelminthes).They are parasitic, which means that they need another larger creature as a host. Tapeworms live inside the intestines of vertebrate animals. This includes humans. When a vertebrate has a tapeworm, they may lose weight and become weaker.

Tapeworms can be up to 30 or 36 feet (10–12 metres) long. They eat by absorbing material directly through their epidermis (outside layer). The head of a tapeworm has four suckers and two rings of hooks. The body of a tapeworm is in segments (pieces that are like each other). Each segment can produce eggs. Little segments of the tapeworm sometimes break off and pass out through the stool of the host, with the eggs. Little segments of its body fall off. They go out of the host body, and are eaten by the next host, which is another type of vertebrate.
Tapeworms are hermaphrodite, with both sexes. Cross-fertilization occurs between two tapeworms in the same intestine. They have a life cycle with a secondary or intermediate host. For example, human tapeworms have cows or pigs as intermediate hosts. The 'definitive' host (humans in this case) is the one where fertilization takes place.

Tapeworms don't have a gut, so they have to absorb nutrients directly across their skin.

Flatworms
Parasites
An omnivore is an animal whose species gets its energy and nutrients from a diet made up of foods that include plants, animals, algae, fungi and bacteria.

Many omnivores change their eating habits during their life cycle. They are sometimes called "life-history omnivores", because they are only omnivores if their whole life is considered.

Some species, such as grazing waterfowl like geese, are known to eat mainly animals at one stage of their lives, but plants at another. Also, many insects, such as the beatle family Meloidae, eat animal tissue when they are larvae, but eat plant matter after they mature.

Animal types
All of these animals are omnivores, but have different feeding behaviors and favorite foods. Being omnivores gives these animals more food security in stressful times. It also makes it easier for them to live in less consistent environments; (those that change along with the season, for example).
Humans, many pigs, many bears, some primates, some rodents, opossums, rails, rheas, most seagulls, and other animals are omnivores.

Related pages
 Carnivore
 Herbivore
 Insectivore
 Semi-vegetarian

References
Herbivores are animals that only eat plants. They are herbivorous animals.

Most modern herbivores (such as deer, elephants, horses) have teeth that are adapted to grind grass. The main present-day vegetation in most continents is grassland. Some herbivorous animals do eat eggs and sometimes other animal animal protein.

Animals who eat mainly fruit are called frugivores. Browsers eat mostly leaves and sometimes small tree branches. Animals that eat mostly grass are grazing animals.

The diet of some herbivorous animals changes with the season. In the temperate zones, some seasons are hot and some are cold, so different plants are available at different times of the year.

Humans are omnivores, because they eat plant food as well as meat. People who eat mostly plants are usually called vegetarian or vegan.
Digesting cellulose 
Plant cell walls are mostly made up of cellulose. No animal can digest cellulose by itself. They make use of gut flora, some of which produce an enzyme called cellulase. This is an example of symbiosis.

Herbivore-plant interactions 

According to the theory of predator-prey interactions, the relationship between herbivores and plants is cyclic. When prey (plants) are numerous, herbivores increase in numbers. Reducing the plant population causes herbivore number to decline. The plant population recovers, starting a new cycle. This suggests that the population of the herbivore fluctuates around the carrying capacity of the food source, in this case the plants.
There will always be pockets of plants not found by herbivores. Eating a second plant type helps herbivores’ populations stabilize. Alternating between two or more plant types provides population stability for the herbivore, while the populations of the plants oscillate. When an invasive herbivore or plant enters the system, the balance is thrown off and the diversity can change or even collapse.

In some ways it is easier to be an herbivorous animal than a carnivorous (meat-eating) animal. Carnivorous animals have to find and catch the animals that they eat, and sometimes the animals that they want to eat fight them. Herbivorous animals have to find the plants that they want to eat, but they do not have to catch them. Many plants have some defence against herbivores, such as spines, toxins (poisons), or a bad taste. There are many more herbivorous animals living in the world than carnivorous animals.
Herbivore effects on plant diversity 
Herbivores' effects on plant diversity vary. Herbivores might increase plant diversity or decrease plant diversity.

People used to think herbivores increase plant diversity by avoiding dominance. Dominant species tend to exclude subordinate species as competitive exclusion. However, the effects on plant diversity caused by variation in dominance could be beneficial or negative. Herbivores do increase bio-diversity by consuming dominant plant species, but they can also prefer eating subordinate species according to plants’ palatability and quality. In addition to the preference of herbivores, herbivores' effects on plant diversity are also influenced by other factors, defense trade-off theory, the predator-prey interaction,  and inner traits of the environment and herbivores.
In a highly productive system, the environment provides an organism with adequate nutrition and resources to grow. The effects of herbivores competing for resources on the plant are more complicated. The existence of herbivores can increase plant diversity by reducing the abundance of dominant species, redundant resources can then be used by subordinate species. Therefore, in a highly productive system, direct consumption of dominant plants could indirectly benefit those herbivory-resistant and unpalatable species. But the less productive system can support limited herbivores because of lack of nutrients and water. Herbivory boosts the abundance of most tolerant species and decreases the less-tolerant species’ existence which accelerates the plant extinction. Mediate productive system sometimes barely has long-term effects on plant diversity. Because the environment provides a stable coexistence of different organisms. Even when herbivores create some disturbances to the community
. The system is still able to recover to the original state.
Body size of herbivores is a key reason underlying the interaction between herbivores and plant diversity, and the body size explains many of the phenomena connected to herbivore-plant interaction. Small herbivores are less likely to decrease plant diversity. Because small non-digging animals may not cause many disturbances to the plant and the environment. Intermediate-sized herbivores mostly increase plant diversity by consuming or influencing the dominant plant species, such as herbivore birds, that can directly use dominant plant species. While some herbivores enhance plant diversity by indirect effects on plant competition. Some digging animals at this size local community environmental fluctuations. And the adaptation of plant species to avoid predators can also adjust the vegetation structure and increase diversity. Larger herbivores often increase plant diversity. They use competitively dominant plant species, and disperse seeds and create disorder of the soil
. Besides, their urine position also adjusts the local plant distribution, and prevent light competition.
Therefore, the mechanisms of herbivores’ effects on plant diversity are complicated. Generally, the existence of herbivores increases plant diversity. But varies according to different environmental factors, multiple factors combined to affect how herbivores influence plant diversity.

Related pages 
 Carnivore
Omnivore

References 

Animals by eating behaviors
Hindi, historically known as Hindui (हिंदुई), is an Indo-Aryan language. It is the main language in India. About 800 million people speak Hindi in India. The Devanāgarī script is used to write Hindi. Previously Hindi was known as Hindui. It is also the official national language of India.  

Hindi is widely written, spoken and understood in North India and some other places in India. In 1997, a survey found that 45% of Indians can speak Hindi. It has taken words from the Dravidian languages of South India, as well as the Arabic, Persian, Chagatai, English and Portuguese languages.   

Hindi and Urdu were considered the same language but have evolved into separate dialects. However, to this day, both languages are mutually intelligible, meaning their speakers can understand each other without knowing the other language. Urdu, however, is written in the completely different Arabic alphabet.
Hindi developed from Sanskrit, the ancient Indo-Aryan language of India. Hindi started to develop in the 7th century as "Apabhramsha" and became stable by the 10th century. Some famous Hindi poets are Tulsidas and Kabir.  

Dialects of Hindi include: Avadhi, Braj, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Bagheli, Chhattisgarhi, Dogri and Marwari. 

Hindi is also spoken with regional accents like Haryanvi and Rajasthani.  Bombay Hindi is spreading because Bollywood films use it.

Hindi Diwas is an annual celebration on 14th September. It commemorates the law of 1949 that made Hindi the legal language of the Republic.

Gallery

References

 
7th-century establishments in Asia
Events 
 Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Births 
 January 8 – Miguel Primo de Rivera, dictator of Spain (d. 1930)
 January 15 – Pierre S. DuPont, industrialist
 February 7 – Alfred Adler, psychologist
 March 5 – Frank Norris, writer (d. 1902)
 March 17 – Horace Donisthorpe, myrmecologist (d. 1951)
 March 20 – Paul Erich von Lettow-Vorbeck, German general (d. 1964)
 April 22 – Vladimir Lenin, first leader of the USSR
 April 30 – Franz Lehár, composer (d. 1948)
 May 19 – Albert Fish, serial killer (d. 1936; executed by electrocution)
  June 13  Sophia of Prussia Queen of Greece Grand Daughter of Queen Victoria and sister of Kaiser William II of Germany and mother of future 3 kings George II Alexander I Paul I  ( died  1932 
 July 3 – Richard Bedford Bennett, eleventh Prime Minister of Canada.
 July 12 – Louis II of Monaco
 July 29 – George Dixon, Black Canadian boxer, first Black world boxing champion in any weight class.
 August 31 – Maria Montessori, educator
 September 26 – King Christian X of Denmark
November 21 – Sigfrid Edström, Swedish sports official
 December 5 – Vitezslav Novák, composer (d. 1949)
Deaths 
 February 11 – Jacob M. de Kempenaer, Dutch Minister of Internal Affairs (1848-1849?).
 February 11 – Leopold Eugen Mechura, composer
 February 19 – Nathaniel de Rothschild, French wine grower
 March 28 – George Henry Thomas, American general
 June 9 – Charles Dickens, British novelist
 July 20 – Jules Alfred Huot de Goncourt, Prix Goncourt
 October 12 – Robert E. Lee, Confederate General.
 November 4 – Comte de Lautreamont, French poet and writer.
 December 5 – Alexandre Dumas, père, writer
 December 27 – General Prim, Spanish dictator.
 Henry Rowe – Gothic architect
Events 
 January 2 – Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
 January 18 – Germany becomes a unified country called the German Empire when states of the North German Confederation and south German states of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Württemberg, the Grand Duchy of Baden and the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt unite. The King of Prussia becomes the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany.
 January 10 – France surrenders (gives up) to end the Franco-Prussian War
 March 22 – In North Carolina, William Holden is the first American governor (leader of a U.S. state) to be impeached (removed from office)
 March 26 – The Paris Commune takes power in Paris.
 March 29 – The Royal Albert Hall is opened by Queen Victoria.
 April – Stockholms Handelsbank is formed.
 October 12 – The introduction of the so-called Criminal Tribes Act was enacted in British India.
Births 
 January 17 – David Earl Betty of the North Sea and of Brooksby, British admiral (navy leader) (d. 1936)
 January 30 – Wilfred Lucas, actor (d. 1940)
 February 4 – Friedrich Ebert, president of the Weimar Republic (d. 1925)
 March 5 – Rosa Luxemburg, politician (d. 1919)
 March 27 – Heinrich Mann, speaker and writer (d. 1950)
 May 6 – Christian Morgenstern, writer (d. 1914)
 May 27 – Georges Rouault, painter and artist (d. 1958).
 July 23 – Tsunesaburō Makiguchi (Japanese old Lunar calendar 6 June was an incorrect date using in Gregorian calendar), First president of Soka Gakkai International (SGI) (d. 1944).
 August 19 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers, Americans who invented the airplane.
 August 29 – Albert Lebrun, French politician (d. 1950)
 September 27 – Grazia Deledda, Sardinian writer – Nobel prize (d. 1936)
 December 13 – Emily Carr, Canadian artist and writer.
Richard Turner, Canadian soldier with the Royal Canadian Dragoons, who got the Victoria Cross for bravery during the Second Boer War.
 Guangxu, Emperor of the Qing Dynasty in China.
Deaths 
 February 20 – Paul Kane, painter
 September 23 – Louis-Joseph Papineau, aged 85, Canadian politician and leader of the Patriotes Rebellion.
 October 10 - Octavius Catto, aged 32, American black educator.
 October 18 – Charles Babbage, aged 79, English mathematician and inventor of computing machines.

References
1882 was a common year.

Events 
 May 20 – Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.
 March 29 – The Knights of Columbus are set up.
 Edison builds first power station in the United States.
Births 
 January 6 – Fan S. Noli, Albanian poet and political figure (d. 1965)
 January 18 – A. A. Milne, British writer (d. 1956)
 January 25 – Virginia Woolf, writer (d. 1941)
 January 30 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the United States
 February 1 – Louis Stephen St. Laurent, twelfth Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1973)
 February 2 – James Joyce, writer (d. 1941)
 February 11 – Gheorghe Cucu composer (d. 1932)
 February 15 – John Barrymore, actor (d. 1942)
 March 14 – Waclaw Sierpinski Polish mathematician (d. 1969)
 March 15 – Jim Lightbody, American middle-distance runner
 March 21 – Gilbert M. 'Broncho Billy' Anderson, actor (d. 1971)
 March 23 – Emmy Noether, mathematician (d. 1935)
 April 17 – Artur Schnabel, pianist (d. 1951)
 April 18 – Isabel J. Cox, future spouse of Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1985)
 May 6 – Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany, heir of Kaiser Wilhelm II (d. 1951)
 May 9 – Henry J. Kaiser, industrialist (d. 1967)
 May 9 – George Barker, United States painter (d. 1965)
May 13 – Georges Braque, painter (d. 1963)
 May 16 – Anne McCormick, journalist, Pulitzer Prize winner (d. 1954)
 May 19 – Mohammed Mossadegh, Iranian prime minister (d. 1967)
 May 20 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer (d. 1949)
 May 30 – Wyndham Halswelle, British runner
 June 9 – Bobby Kerr, Canadian sprinter
 June 17 – Igor Stravinsky, composer (d. 1971)
 August 14 – Gisela Richter, art historian (d. 1972)
 August 25 – Sean T. O'Kelly, second President of Ireland (d. 1966)
 October 5 – Robert Goddard, rocket scientist (d. 1945)
 October 6 – Karol Szymanowski, composer (d. 1937)
 October 14 – Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach and third President of Ireland (d. 1975)
 October 22 – N.C. Wyeth, artist
 December 9 – Joaquín Turina, composer (d. 1949)
 November 11 – King Gustav VI Adolf of Sweden (d. 1973)
 December 16 – Zoltán Kodály, composer (d. 1967)
Deaths 
 February 11 – Gustav Schmidt, composer
 March 24 – Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, writer
 April 3 – Jesse James, outlaw
 April 10 – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, poet, painter
 April 19 – Charles Darwin, British naturalist
 July 16 – Mary Todd Lincoln, former First Lady of the United States
 Charles A. Alexander, Victorian architect

Heads of State 
 China – Guāngxù Emperor of China, Qing Dynasty (1875-1908)
 Denmark – Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863-1906)
 France – Jules Grévy, President of France (1879-1887)
 Germany – Wilhelm I, German Kaiser (1871-1888)
 Holy See – Pope Leo XIII, Bishop of Rome (1878-1903)
 Japan – Mutsuhito, Meiji emperor (1867-1912)
 Norway – Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway (1872-1905)
 Ottoman Empire – Abdul Hamid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)
 Russia – Alexander III, Tsar of Russia (1881-1894)
 Spain – Alfonso XII of Spain, King of Spain (1875-1885)
 United States – Chester A. Arthur, President of the United States (1881-1885)
Events 
 January 6 – Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivers his Four Freedoms Speech in the State of the Union Address.
 January 10 – Lend-Lease is introduced into the United States Congress.
 January 19 – British troops attack Italian-held Eritrea.
 January 21 – World War II: Australian and British forces attack Tobruk, Libya.
 January 22 – World War II: British troops capture Tobruk from the Italians.
 January 23 – Charles Lindbergh testifies before the United States Congress and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler.
 April 6 – World War II: The German army attacked Yugoslavia.
 April 10 – Croatia declares itself independent of Yugoslavia.
 June 22 - Nazi German invasion to the Soviet Union. The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union begins.
 September 11 – Building of The Pentagon starts.
 December 5 - Soviet counteroffensive near Moscow begins.
 December 7 – The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Following this, the U.S. enters World War II.
Births 
 January 3 – Van Dyke Parks, musician, composer 
 January 5 – Miyazaki Hayao, Japanese movie maker
 January 5 – Grady Thomas, singer (P-Funk)
 January 8 – Graham Chapman, British comedian (d. 1989)
 January 9 – Joan Baez, American singer
 January 14 – Faye Dunaway, American actress
 January 14 – Milan Kučan, Slovene politician, statesman
 January 15 – Captain Beefheart, American singer (d. 2010)
 January 18 – David Ruffin, singer (died 1991)
 January 21 – Richie Havens, American musician (d. 2013)
 January 21 – Plácido Domingo, Spanish opera singer
 January 26 – Henry Jaglom, director
 January 26 – Scott Glenn, actor
 January 30 – Dick Cheney, former Vice President of the United States
 January 31 - Eugene Terre'Blanche, South African far-right politician (d. 2010)
 January 31 – Richard Gephardt, American politician
 February 5 – Kaspar Villiger, former member of the Swiss Federal Council
 February 8 – Nick Nolte, actor
 February 10 – Michael Apted, director
 February 11 – Glenn Randall Jr, stuntman
February 11 – Jeremy Mackenzie, general
 February 13 – Sigmar Polke, German painter (d. 2010)
 February 16 - Kim Jong-il, North Korean supreme commander. (died 2011)
 February 17 – Julia McKenzie, actress
 February 17 – Gene Pitney, American singer (d. 2006)
 February 20 – Buffy Sainte-Marie, singer
 February 27 – Paddy Ashdown, British politician
 March 3 – Jutta Hoffmann, actress
 March 4 – Adrian Lyne, director
 March 6 – Willie Stargell, Baseball Hall of Famer (died 2001)
 March 14 – Wolfgang Petersen, director, Das Boot
 March 15 – Mike Love, musician ("The Beach Boys")
 March 16 – Bernardo Bertolucci, movie director
 March 18 – Wilson Pickett, American singer (d. 2006)
 March 26 – Richard Dawkins, British scientist
 March 30 – Wasim Sajjad, former President of Pakistan
 April 6 – Hans W. Geissendörfer, German movie director
 April 8 – Vivienne Westwood, English fashion designer
 April 14 – Pete Rose, American baseball player
 April 18 - Michael D. Higgins, President of Ireland
April 23 – Paavo Lipponen, Prime Minister of Finland
 April 24 - Richard Holbrooke, American diplomat (d. 2010)
 May 13 – Ritchie Valens, singer (died 1959)
 May 13 – Senta Berger, actress
 May 15 – K.T. Oslin, country musician
 May 19 – Nora Ephron, American screenwriter (d. 2012)
 May 24 – Bob Dylan, American poet and musician
 June 5 – Martha Argerich, Argentinian pianist
 June 5 – Spalding Gray, actor, screenwriter, and monologue artist (died 2004)
 June 9 - Jon Lord, British musician (Deep Purple) (d. 2012)
 June 15 - Harry Nilsson, American singer-songwriter (d. 1994)
 June 27 – Krzysztof Kieslowski, movie director
 July 14 – Maulana Karenga, writer and activist
 August 14 - David Crosby, American singer-songwriter and musician (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young)
 August 22 – Bill Parcells, NFL coach
 September 8 - Bernie Sanders, American politician
 September 9 – Otis Redding, musician (died 1967)
 September 9 – Dennis Ritchie, American computer scientist (d. 2011)
September 19 – Cass Elliott, singer (The Mamas & the Papas) (died 1974)
 September 28 - Edmund Stoiber, German politician
 October 4 – Anne Rice, horror/fantasy writer
 October 5 – Eduardo Duhalde former President of Argentina
 October 8 - Jesse Jackson, American pastor and civil rights leader
 October 13 – Paul Simon, American musician (Simon & Garfunkel)
 November 5 - Art Garfunkel, American musician (Simon & Garfunkel)
 November 7 - Angelo Scola, Italian archbishop and cardinal
 November 29 – Bill Freehan, baseball player
 December 18 - His Royal Highness Prince William of Gloucester
 December 23 - Nigel Anthony, English actor
 December 31 - Alex Ferguson, Scottish football manager
Deaths 
 January 5 – Amy Johnson, aviator
 January 8 – Lord Robert Baden-Powell, founder of Scouting 
 January 10 – Joe Penner, comedian, actor
 January 13 – James Joyce, writer
 February 11 – Rudolf Hilferding, German economist, Minister of Finance
 February 28 – King Alfonso XIII of Spain
 March 6 – Gutzon Borglum, sculptor
 March 8 – Sherwood Anderson, writer
 March 15 – Alexej von Jawlensky, Russian impressionist painter
 March 28 – Virginia Woolf, writer
 June 2 – Lou Gehrig, baseball legend (born 1903)
 June 6 – Louis Chevrolet, automobile builder
 July 10 – Jelly Roll Morton – jazz musician & composer (b. 1890)
 July 11 – Arthur Evans, archaeologist
 July 26 – Henri Lebesgue, mathematician
 August 31 – Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet (suicide)
 August 7 – Rabindranath Tagore, writer
 September 13 – Elias Disney, American farmer and father of Walt Disney.
 November 18 – Chris Watson, third Prime Minister of Australia
 December 3 – Christian Sinding, composer
Nobel Prizes 
 Physics – not awarded
 Chemistry – not awarded
 Medicine – not awarded
 Literature – not awarded
 Peace – not awarded

Movies released 
 Citizen Kane
It is well known as the end of World War II and the founding of UNO and UNESCO.

Events 
January 27 - The Red Army liberates Auschwitz concentration camp.
April 30 - Adolf Hitler committed suicide.
May 9 - Victory Day
July 17 - Start of the Potsdam Conference.
August 6 and 9 - U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
 August 18 - Death of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose as given by Habibur Rahman.
September 2 - World War II ends
October 24 - The United Nations is formed.

Births
January 3 – Stephen Stills (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young), singer, songwriter
 January 3 – Victoria Principal, actress
January 9 – Levon Ter-Petrossian, first President of Armenia
January 10 – Rod Stewart, singer
January 19 – Maria Jespen, theologian
January 26 – Jacqueline du Pré, cellist (d. 1987)
January 28 – Marthe Keller, actress
January 29 – Tom Selleck, actor (Magnum, P.I.)
January 30 – Michael Dorris, writer (d. 1997)
February 3 – Bob Griese, Football Hall of Famer
February 5 – Charlotte Rampling, actress
February 6 – Bob Marley, Jamaican roots rock reggae singer and musician (d. 1981)
February 7 – Pete Postlethwaite, actor
February 9 – Mia Farrow, actress
February 12 – Thilo Sarrazin, German politician and economist
February 14 – Prince Hans-Adam II of Liechtenstein
February 17 – Brenda Fricker, actress
February 24 – Barry Bostwick, actor
February 28 – Bubba Smith, Football Hall of Famer (d. 2011)
March 7 – John Heard, actor
March 8 – Micky Dolenz, actor, director, musician ("The Monkees")
March 8 – Anselm Kiefer, painter
March 19 – Cem Karaca, Turkish rock musician
March 22 – Paul Schockemöhle, equestrian
March 29 – Walt Frazier, basketball player
March 30 – Eric Clapton, blues guitarist (Cream)
April 2 – Linda Hunt, actress
April 4 – Daniel Cohn-Bendit, political activist
April 25 - Björn Ulvaeus, Swedish guitarist (ABBA)
April 27 – August Wilson, playwright
May 4 – Narasinham Ram, journalist
May 6 – Bob Seger, rock music singer
 May 6 – Jimmie Dale Gilmore, musician
May 8 – Keith Jarrett, jazz musician
May 13 – Magic Dick, musician ("The J. Geils Band")
May 14 – Yochanan Vollach, Israeli footballer, president of Maccabi Haifa
May 15 – Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza presumptive heir to Portuguese crown
May 19 – Pete Townshend, guitarist, lyricist (The Who)
May 21 – Ernst Messerschmid, physicist and astronaut
May 28 – John Fogerty, singer (Creedence Clearwater Revival)
May 31 – Rainer Werner Fassbinder, director
June 11 - Robert Munsch, Canadian children’s author
June 15 – Her Royal Highness Princess Michael of Kent
June 17 – Art Bell – radio talk show host
 June 17 – Eddy Merckx, Belgian cycling champion
 June 17 – Anupam Kher, actor, India
June 19 – Aung San Suu Kyi, Myanmar poet, politician and Nobel peace laureate
June 25 – Carly Simon, singer, songwriter
July 7 – Michael Ancram (Michael Kerr, Earl of Ancram), British politician
July 8 – Micheline Calmy-Rey, member of the Swiss Federal Council
July 15 – Jürgen Möllemann, German politician (d. 2003)
July 23 - Matias Türk, folk music and Croatian politician
July 28 – Jim Davis, cartoonist
August 14 – Steve Martin, actor and comedian
August 31 – Itzhak Perlman, violinist
 August 31 – Van Morrison, musician
 August 31 - Bob Welch, musician (Fleetwood Mac) (d. 2012)
September 3 – Aldo Moro, Italian politician
September 5 – Khaleda Zia, Bangladeshi politician
September 8 – Jose Feliciano, singer
October 12 – Aurore Clément, French actress
October 15 – Jim Palmer, Baseball Hall of Famer
October 27 – Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, Brazilian President
October 30 – Henry Winkler, actor (Happy Days)
November 3 – J. D. Souther, country rock musician
November 5 – Jacques Lanctôt, FLQ terrorist
November 12 – Neil Young, (Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young), singer, songwriter
November 15 - Anni-Frid Lyngstad, Swedish singer-songwriter and musician (ABBA)
November 26 – Daniel Davis, actor (The Nanny)
November 26 - John McVie, English bass guitarist (Fleetwood Mac)
December 1 - Bette Midler, American actress and singer
December 20 - Peter Criss, American singer-songwriter and musician (Kiss)
December 30 - Davy Jones, English singer-songwriter and musician (The Monkees) (d. 2012)
January 3 – Edgar Cayce, psychic, "exhaustion"
January 22 – Else Lasker-Schuler, poet
January 31 – Eddie Slovik, American soldier
February 5 – Lilian Rolfe, SOE agent executed by the Nazis
 February 5 – Violette Szabo, SOE agent executed by the Nazis
 February 5 – Denise Bloch, SOE agent executed by the Nazis
February 11 – Al Dubin, Swiss songwriter
 February 11 – J. S. H. Lokerman, Dutch resistance fighter
February 17 – Gabrielle Weidner, Belgian heroine of World War II
February 21 – Eric Liddell, Scottish runner
March – Anne Frank, at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, typhus
March 2 – Emily Carr, artist
March 18 – William Grover-Williams, Grand Prix motor racing driver/war hero
March 19 – Friedrich Fromm, Nazi official
March 23 – Elisabeth de Rothschild, executed by the Nazis
March 26 – David Lloyd George, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
March 30 – Elise Rivet, Roman Catholic nun and war hero
April 9 – Wilhelm Canaris, head of the German Abwehr, hanged for treason
April 9 – Dietrich Bonhoeffer, theologian in Nazi Germany
April 12 – United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, massive stroke
April 18 – Ernie Pyle, American journalist, sniper fire
April 28 – Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator, hanged
April 30 – Adolf Hitler, German dictator and Nazi party leader, suicide
May 1 – Cecily Lefort SOE agent, WW II heroine, executed by the Nazis
  May 1   – Joseph Goebbels, Nazi propagandist, suicide
May 2 – Martin Bormann, Nazi-German politician (b. 1900)
May 15 – Charles Williams, British writer
 May 15 - Kenneth J. Alford, British composer
May 23 – Heinrich Himmler, head of the Nazi Gestapo, suicide
July 5 – John Curtin, fourteenth Prime Minister of Australia
August 2 – Pietro Mascagni, Italian composer
August 9 – Harry Hillman, American athlete
August 10 – Robert Goddard, American rocket scientist
August 31 – Stefan Banach, Polish mathematician
September 15 – Anton Webern, Austrian composer
September 24 – Johannes Hans Geiger, inventor of the Geiger counter
September 26 – Béla Bartók, aged 64, Hungarian composer
October 13 – Milton Hershey, chocolate tycoon
October 15 – Pierre Laval, former Vichy French premier, firing squad
October 19 – N.C. Wyeth, illustrator
October 24 – Vidkun Quisling, Norwegian politician, famous traitor, executed
November 11 – Jerome Kern, composer
November 21 – Robert Benchley, The New Yorker, humorist, theatre critic, actor
December 4 – Thomas Hunt Morgan, biologist
December 20 – General George S. Patton, car accident
December 28 – Theodore Dreiser, writer
Nobel Prizes 
Nobel Prize in Physics – Wolfgang Pauli, Austrian-born physicist
Chemistry – Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Finnish chemist
Medicine – Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey, shared for their work on penicillin
Literature – Gabriela Mistral, Chilean poet
Peace – Cordell Hull, American politician

Movies released

Anchors Aweigh starring Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra
The Bells of St. Mary's starring Bing Crosby and Ingrid Bergman
Leave Her to Heaven starring Gene Tierney and Cornel Wilde
Mildred Pierce featuring Joan Crawford, Jack Carson, Zachary Scott, and Ann Blyth
Saratoga Trunk starring Gary Cooper and Ingrid Bergman
Spellbound starring Ingrid Bergman and Gregory Peck
Week-End at the Waldorf featuring Ginger Rogers, Lana Turner, and Walter Pidgeon

New Books
The Age of Jackson – Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
The Age of Reason – Jean-Paul Sartre
Animal Farm – George Orwell
Black Boy – Richard Wright
The Black Rose – Thomas B. Costain
Bonheur d'occasion (The Tin Flute) – Gabrielle Roy
The Bosnian Trilogy – Ivo Andric
Brideshead Revisited – Evelyn Waugh
By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept – Elizabeth Smart
Cannery Row – John Steinbeck
The Egyptian – Mika Waltari
Gigi – Colette
High Ground – Odella Phelps Wood
Loving – Henry Green
Night Has a Thousand Eyes – Cornell Woolrich
The Naked and the Dead – Norman Mailer
The Open Society and Its Enemies – Karl Popper
Pippi Longstocking – Astrid Lindgren
The Policy King – Lewis A. H. Caldwell
The Pursuit of Love – Nancy Mitford
Rabbit Hill – Robert Lawson
A Street in Bronzeville – Gwendolyn Brooks
Stuart Little – E.B. White
Surrender on Demand – Varian Fry
That Hideous Strength – C. S. Lewis
The Thurber Carnival (anthology) – James Thurber
Tootle – Gertrude Crampton
Two Solitudes – Hugh MacLennan
Ludwig van Beethoven (baptized 17 December 1770 in Bonn – 26 March 1827 in Vienna; pronounced LUD-vig vahn BAY-TOH-ven) was a German composer. He wrote classical music for the piano, orchestras and different groups of instruments. His best-known works are his third (Eroica), fifth, sixth (Pastorale) and ninth (Choral) symphonies, the eighth (Pathetique) and fourteenth (Moonlight) piano sonatas, two of his later piano concertos, his opera Fidelio, and also the piano piece Für Elise. Beethoven lived when the piano was still a new instrument, and when he was a young man, he was a talented pianist. Beethoven was popular with the rich and important people in Vienna, Austria, where he lived.
Very little is known about Beethoven’s childhood. He was baptized on December 17, 1770 and was probably born a few days before that. Beethoven's parents were Johann van Beethoven (1740 in Bonn – December 18, 1792) and Maria Magdalena Keverich (1744 in Ehrenbreitstein – July 17, 1787). Magdalena's father, Johann Heinrich Keverich, had been Chief at the court of the Archbishopric of Trier at Festung Ehrenbreitstein fortress opposite to Koblenz. His father was a fairly unimportant musician who worked at the court of the Elector of Cologne. This court was in Bonn and it was here that he lived until he was a young man. His father gave him his first lessons in piano and violin. Beethoven was a child prodigy like Mozart, but while Mozart as a little boy was taken all over Europe by his father, Beethoven never traveled until he was 17. By that time, his piano teacher was a man called Neefe who had learned the piano from Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, the son of Johann Sebastian Bach
. Neefe said to the Elector that the young Beethoven should be given the chance to travel, so he was allowed to go to Vienna. There, he might have had one or two lessons from Mozart, but then Beethoven got a letter saying that his mother was dying, so he hurried back to Bonn. Soon his mother died, and Beethoven had to help to look after the family because his father had become an alcoholic. Beethoven played the viola in the orchestra of the Elector, he started to compose, and made many friends. Some of these friends were musicians and others were very important people, many of them were aristocrats who would be able to help him in his career.
Beethoven wanted to become famous as a pianist and composer, so he started to get to know important, aristocratic people. Some of these people had already heard him in Bonn when they had traveled there, so his name was becoming known in Vienna.  It also helped that he could say he was the pupil of the famous Joseph Haydn. There were a lot of aristocratic people in Vienna who liked music, and many had their own private orchestras. Some of them started to give Beethoven places to live when the Elector of Bonn stopped sending him money in 1794. Beethoven started to perform in private houses, and he became known for his improvisations. In 1795 he performed one of his piano concertos at a concert. He also had his first publication (his opus 1). This was a group of three Piano Trios. Haydn had heard them at a private concert a year before and had advised Beethoven not to publish the third one. However, he did publish it, and that was the one which became the most successful
. His opus 2 was a group of three piano sonatas which he played at the court of his friend Prince Lichnowsky. When he published them, he dedicated them to Haydn.
Middle period 
Beethoven seems to have tried to forget these bad thoughts by working very hard. He composed a lot more music, including his Third Symphony, called the Eroica. Originally he gave it the title Bonaparte in honour of Napoleon whom he admired. But when Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1804, Beethoven began to think that he was just a tyrant who wanted a lot of power. He went to the table where the score of the symphony was lying and tore up the title page. Beethoven stayed in Vienna that year, working hard at an opera and giving piano lessons to Josephine von Brunsvik to whom he wrote passionate letters. She was a young widow with four children. It is impossible to know quite what her feelings were for Beethoven, but socially she belonged in higher society and probably thought that a wild musician was not a suitable husband. In the end she married a Baron, but this marriage, like her first one, was not happy either.