Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1662. It used a mixture of graphite, sulphur, and antimony. 

Residual graphite from a pencil stick is not poisonous, and graphite is harmless if consumed.

Wood holders added 
The Italians first thought of wooden holders. In 1560, an Italian couple named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti created the first blueprints for the modern carpentry pencil to mark their carpentry pieces. Their version was instead a flat, oval, more compact type of pencil. They did this at first by hollowing out a stick of juniper wood. Shortly thereafter, a superior technique was discovered: two wooden halves were carved, a graphite stick inserted, and the two halves then glued together–essentially the same method in use to this day.
In England, pencils continued to be made from whole sawn graphite. Henry Bessemer's first successful invention (1838) was a method of compressing graphite powder into solid graphite thus allowing the waste from sawing to be reused. 

American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the American Revolution. Benjamin Franklin advertised pencils for sale in his Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729, and George Washington used a three-inch pencil when he surveyed the Ohio Territory in 1762. It is said that William Munroe, a cabinetmaker in Concord, Massachusetts, made the first American wood pencils in 1812. This was not the only pencil-making occurring in Concord.  Henry David Thoreau discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the binder; this invention was prompted by his father's pencil factory in Concord, which employed graphite found in New Hampshire in 1821 by Charles Dunbar.
Eraser attached 
On 30 March 1858, Hymen Lipman received the first patent for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil. In 1862 Lipman sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $100,000, who went to sue the pencil manufacturer Faber-Castell for infringement. In 1875, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled against Reckendorfer declaring the patent invalid.

The metal band used to mate the eraser with pencil is called a ferrule.

Other attempts 
The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg, Germany in 1662. They used a mixture of graphite, sulfur and antimony. Though usable, they were not as good as the English pencils.
Modern day pencils 
Today, pencils are made industrially by mixing finely ground graphite and clay powders, adding water, forming long spaghetti-like strings, and firing them in a kiln. The resulting strings are dipped in oil or molten wax which seeps into the tiny holes of the material, resulting in smoother writing. A juniper or incense-cedar plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to make something called a slate, and the graphite/clay strings are inserted into the grooves. Another grooved plank is glued on top, and the whole thing is then cut into individual pencils, which are then varnished or painted.

A few common brands of colored pencils (among other items) are Crayola, RoseArt, Derwent, Faber Castell, Caran d'ache, and Cra-Z-Art.

References 

Writing tools
Logic is the study of reasoning. The rules of logic let philosophers make valid logical deductions about the world. Logic helps people decide whether something is true or false. 

Logic is often written in syllogisms, which are one type of logical proof. A syllogism is made from a collection of statements used to logically prove the final statement, called the conclusion. One popular example of a logical syllogism was written by the Classical Greek philosopher Aristotle:

 All men are mortal.
 Socrates is a man.
 Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

The conclusion is the final statement. This syllogism connects the first two statements to make a logical deduction: Socrates is mortal.

The syllogism is made from three logical statements or propositions. These statements are short sentences describing a small step in a logical argument. The small statements make up the argument, the same way atoms make up molecules. When logic is correct, the statements are said to "follow" from each other.
Statements have a truth value, meaning they can be proved to be true or false, but not both. Illogical statements or mistakes in logic are called logical fallacies.

Symbolic logic 
Logical statements can be written in a special type of short hand writing, which includes the symbols of the symbolic logic. These symbols are used to describe logical reasoning in an abstract way. For example:

  is read like "and", meaning both statements apply.
  is read like "or", meaning at least one of the statements applies.
  is read like "implies", "are," or "If ... then ...". It represents the result of a logical statement.
  is read like "not", or "it is not the case that ...". 
  is read like "therefore", which is used to mark the conclusion a logical argument.
  is read like "parentheses". They group logical statements together. Statements in parentheses should always be considered first, following the order of logical operations. 

Here is the previous syllogism written in symbolic logic.
By replacing the English words with letters, one can make the syllogism even simpler. 

Similar to mathematical symbols for operations like addition and subtraction, symbolic logic separates abstract logic from the English-language meaning of the original statements. With these abstract symbols, people can study pure logic without the use of a specific written language.

The syllogism is now written in the most abstract and simple way possible. Any distracting elements, such as English language words, have been removed. Anyone who understands logical symbolism can understand this argument.
Logical proof 
A logical proof is a list of statements put in a specific order to prove a logical point.  Each statement in the proof is either an assumption made for the sake of argument, or has been proven to follow from earlier statements in the proof. All proofs must start with some assumptions, such as "men exist" in the above syllogism. A proof shows that one statement, the conclusion, follows from the starting assumptions. With a proof, we can prove that "Aristotle is mortal" logically follows from "Aristotle is a man" and "All men are mortal".

Some statements are always true. That kind of statement is called tautology. One popular classical tautology, credited to the philosopher Parmenides of Elea, says "That which is, is. That which is not, is not." This essentially means that true statements are true and false statements are false. Due to their simple nature, tautologies may not always be helpful in building logical arguments.
A tautology is represented in symbolic logic as , meaning "Either a or not a." Assuming that there are no unmentioned possibilities, this covers every possible case. Another symbol used to represent a tautology is .

Uses 
Because logic is a tool used to think more rationally, it can be used in countless ways. Symbolic logic is employed far and wide, from philosophical treatises to complicated mathematical equations. Computers use the rules of logic to run algorithms, which let computer programs make decisions based on data. 

Logic is critical to pure mathematics, statistics, and data analysis. Logic is also studied in philosophy. People who study math create proofs that use logical rules to show that mathematical theorems are correct. There is an area of mathematics called mathematical logic that studies logic using mathematics.

Related pages 
Predicate logic
Propositional logic
Proposition
Principia Mathematica

References
Communism is a far-left political system that wants a world without different social class groups. Communists believe these differences are a kind of oppression. They say that things like factories, tools and farms (the means of production) are owned by only some people (the bourgeoisie) which gives them unfair power over other people. Communists want these things to be owned by the workers instead of the bosses. They believe this will bring about the end of all money and private property.

This is the opposite to capitalism where there is money, a state and class structure. In capitalism, there is a working class (people who don't own the means of production, also called the proletariat) and the owning class (people who own the means of production, sometimes called the ruling class or the bourgeoisie).

Communist thinkers believe a communist world can happen if the working class take away the power of the bourgeoisie and start to control the means of production.
Countries that officially follow forms of communism include Vietnam, China, Cuba and Laos, which are Marxist–Leninist, and North Korea, which follows Juche.

The most famous communist thinkers were Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; other prominent thinkers include Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, and Mao Zedong.

History 

In 1848, Karl H. Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto. It was a short book with the basic ideas of communism. Most socialists and communists today still use this book to help them understand politics and economics. Many non-communists read it too, even if they do not agree with everything in it.
Many groups and individuals liked Marx's ideas. By the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a worldwide socialist movement called Social Democracy. It was influenced by his ideas. They said that the workers in different countries had more in common with each other than the workers had in common with the bosses within their own countries. In 1917, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky led a Russian group called the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution. They got rid of the temporary government of Russia, which was formed after the February Revolution against the Tsar (Emperor). They established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also called the Soviet Union or USSR.

The Soviet Union was the first country claiming to have established a workers' state. In reality, the country never became communist in the way that Marx and Engels described.
Disputes 
Many people have written their own ideas about communism. Vladimir Lenin of Russia thought that there had to be a group of hard-working revolutionaries (called a vanguard) to lead a socialist revolution worldwide and create a communist society everywhere. Leon Trotsky, also from Russia, argued that socialism had to be international, and it was not important to make it happen first in Russia. He also did not like Joseph Stalin, who became the leader of the USSR after Lenin's death in 1924. Trotsky was made to leave the Soviet Union by Stalin in 1928, and then killed in 1940. This scared many people, and lots of communists argued about whether this was right and whose ideas should be followed.
Term usage 
The word "communism" is not a very specific description of left-wing political organizations. Many political parties calling themselves "communist" may actually be more reformist (supportive of reforms and slow change instead of revolution) than some parties calling themselves "socialists". Many communist parties in Latin America have lost many members because these parties do different things than what they promised once they get into power. In Chile, between 1970 and 1973, under the left-wing Coalition (groups of parties) of Popular Unity, led by Salvador Allende, the Communist Party of Chile was to the right of the Socialist Party of Chile.  This means it was more reformist than the socialist party.
Many communist parties will use a reformist strategy. They say working-class people are not organized enough to make big changes to their societies. They put forward candidates that will be elected democratically. Once communists become elected to parliament or the Senate, then they will fight for the working class. This will allow working-class people to change their capitalist society into a socialist one.

Symbols and culture 

The color red is a symbol of communism around the world. A red five-pointed star sometimes also stands for communism. The hammer and sickle is a well-known symbol of communism. It was on the flags of many communist countries, like the Soviet Union (see top of article). Some communists also like to use pictures of famous communists from history, such as Marx, Lenin, and Mao Zedong, as symbols of the whole philosophy of communism.
A song called The Internationale is the international song of communism. It has the same music everywhere, but the words to the song are translated into many languages. The Russian version was the national anthem of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1944.

The sickle in the Soviet Union's flag shows the struggle of the peasants-farmers. The hammer in the flag represents the struggle for the workers. Both of them crossing shows their support for each other.
There is also a special kind of art and architecture found in many communist and former communist countries. Paintings done in the style of socialist realism are often done for propaganda to show a perfect version of a country's people and political leader. Art done in the socialist realism style, such as plays, movies, novels, and paintings show hard-working, happy, and well-fed factory workers and farmers. Movies, plays and novels in this style often tell stories about workers or soldiers who sacrifice themselves for the good of their country. Paintings often showed heroic portraits of the leader, or landscapes showing huge fields of wheat. Stalinist architecture was supposed to represent the power and glory of the state and its political leader. Some non-communists also enjoy this kind of art.

Related pages
 Socialism
 Anti-capitalism
 Stalinism
 Karl Marx
 Marxism
 Trotskyism
 Capitalism
 Leninism

References

Other websites
Resurrection means bringing someone back to life after they have died.

Polytheistic religions
The idea of resurrection is found in writings of ancient polytheistic religions in the Middle East. Some Egyptian and Canaanite writings tell of gods being resurrected, such as Osiris and Baal.

In Greek mythology, many men and women were given eternal life by being resurrected from the dead. In their stories, some who came back to life as gods were Alcmene, Castor, Heracles, and Melicertes. But the Greek philosophers at that time did not believe in a physical rebirth.

Abrahamic religions

Christianity 

Christians believe that Jesus Christ was resurrected. They also believe in resurrection for all people after they die. This is based on the Gospels and on Saint Paul's writings in the New Testament.  The resurrection of Jesus is the Christian belief that he returned to life by a miracle. He died by crucifixion on Friday and rose from his tomb to new life on Sunday morning. This belief is celebrated at Easter.
The resurrection of Jesus Christ is written about by the evangelists in the New Testament. They are the writers of the four Gospels in the New Testament.  Christians believe the resurrection is a central part of the Christian faith. Jesus died on the cross to save mankind.  When he was resurrected, Jesus defeated death.  He is alive forever and sitting at God's right hand on a throne. This gives Christians the hope of a new life after death. This is because his resurrection mirrors the future for all Christians after they die.

With Jesus Christ and with humans, the Bible shows that the resurrected body is changed from the original.  This is because the human body, while alive, is weak and frail.  But, the resurrected person lives for ever.
All four Gospels tell about Jesus being raised from the dead. They also write about three times that Jesus brings a dead person back to life:
 Daughter of Jairus. Jairus, a patron of a synagogue, asks Jesus to heal his daughter, but while Jesus is on the way, Jairus is told his daughter was dead. Jesus tells him she was only sleeping, and wakes her with the words Talitha kum.
 The Young Man from Nain. A young man, the son of a widow, was on the way to be buried in Nain. Jesus sees the widow crying and so he tells her not to cry. Jesus tells the dead man inside to get up, and he does so.
 The Raising of Lazarus. A close friend of Jesus who had been dead for four days is brought back to life. Jesus goes to his grave and commands him to get up.
Islam 
In Islam, the Quran refers to a bodily resurrection of all those who have died.
This will be followed by a final time of trouble and eternal division of the righteous and wicked. Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon is often known as The Great Massacre or ghaybah in Shī'a Islam. The righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of Jannah (Paradise), while the unrighteous are punished in Hell.

Science 
According to Alcor, resurrection of legally dead people will be possible in the far future. They are using cryonics to preserve some legally dead people until the invention of the resurrection.

References 

Theology
Afterlife
A monarchy is a kind of government where a monarch, a kind of hereditary ruler (someone who inherits their office), is the head of state. Monarchs usually rule until they die or pass down (when a monarch resigns it is called abdication). Most monarchies are hereditary, but some are elected. The most famous elected monarch is the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. Some well known titles for monarchs are King, Queen, Emperor, Empress, Czar, Kaiser, Shah, Emir, Khan and Sultan.

In less formal societies, the leader was often chosen by fighting. That was the way of warrior societies like the Zulu. Kings of England and Scotland were sometimes decided by battle. Warfare has been very frequent between human societies. "Wars of succession" is the general term for warfare caused by two or more individuals claiming the right of successor to a dead or deposed monarch.
Many people who study government think a country should not have a monarchy. They argue that rulers ought to be elected, or that monarchs are often corrupt.  Aristotle’s “Politics” compares the different forms of government which a state may have. He claims monarchy to be one of the worst regimes because one leader may be easily corrupted, even if they were selected as the most wise and deserving ruler of an entire group.

Many people in countries such as the UK want to keep their royal family as they have remained a traditional icon and source of income for the country. However, in the UK their influence in the rule of the country is very small, leaving government to the governing political party elected by the people. This is because in a constitutional monarchy the monarch has only the power of head of state.

History
History 

Monarchy is one of the oldest kinds of government. Most historians agree that the first monarchies were tribes or small groups of people who decided to let a war-chief or other leader pass on their office to their children. This created a dynasty. Over time, the rules for deciding who got to become the next monarch became more complicated. Primogeniture is usually the oldest son or, in some countries, daughter, becomes the next monarch when the old one dies. Akkad and Sumer were the first recorded monarchies.

Kings and other kinds of monarchs have ruled for many thousands of years; for example, many kings are mentioned in the Bible and in ancient historical records. Three of the oldest countries with monarchs that still hold office are the United Kingdom, which has had the same British Royal Family for nearly 1,000 years, Denmark where the royal line has remained unbroken for almost 1,200 years, and Japan, which has records showing a line of Emperors dating back even farther.
Many monarchs today perform mostly the ceremonial jobs of a head of state, while the head of government, who is usually elected, passes and enforces laws. It is also very important  in other parts of the country.

Kinds of Monarchical Powers

Absolute monarchy
Absolute monarchy 

In an absolute monarchy the monarch is the only source of all laws.  The monarch has total power to make any law just by deciding it.  Any other institution in the country cannot make laws that affect the monarch, unless the monarch decides to allow it. Sometimes the monarch is also the head of the state religion and makes religious laws also. All land and property in the country can be taken or given away by the monarch at any time for any reason. The army and navy is under the personal control of the monarch and can be used for any purpose at any time. The monarch can also pick who gets to be the next monarch and can change the rules at any time. There is usually no elected government or Parliament, and if there is one, it has no real power. This kind of government is very rare today.  The people do not have a lot of power in it.

Countries that are examples of an absolute monarchy are Vatican City, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Swaziland.

Constitutional monarchy
A constitutional monarchy is a form of government that is usually a democracy and has a constitution, with the monarch as head of state.  Either the monarch has to obey the laws like everyone else, or there are special laws that say what the monarch can and cannot do.  The monarch usually can not decide their special laws on their own.  There may be laws about whom the monarch's children can marry, for example, that are passed by the Parliament.  For example, in the Netherlands, if a member of the royal family marries without the permission of Parliament, they cannot become king or queen themselves.  The army and navy may swear an oath to the monarch, but the real control is given to the elected government.  There are laws about property and the order of succession (who gets to be the next monarch) that can only be changed by the elected government.  Usually the monarch must sign laws into effect, but is required to follow the will of the elected government.
Examples of Constitutional monarchies are the United Kingdom, most members of the Commonwealth of Nations, Australia, The Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium, Japan and Spain. Thailand has a monarch who sometimes take part in politics to influence the government unlike in other constitutional monarchies, but he/she still is subject to law.

Succession 
Today, there are three basic forms how to choose a new monarch, after the death of the old one; or because the old monarch left power:
 There is an order of succession. Usually, someone from the same family will be the new monarch
 A number of people elect the new monarch
 The old monarch has appointed someone who will become the next monarch
Of these three, the order of succession is the most common case.

Elective monarchy
Elective monarchy 

While most monarchies are hereditary (meaning that the title passes on through inheritance), there have been cases where a monarch has been elected. This was especially common in the Holy Roman Empire, where the Emperor and many other rulers within the empire were elected to the position.

Countries, where the monarchs are elected include Malaysia, Samoa, Cambodia, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, and Vatican City.

Related pages 
 Head of state
 Hereditary monarchy
 Personal union

References

Other websites 
 Monarch -Citizendium
The country was founded in 1948 after it had been freed from Japanese occupation, and a socialist state backed by the Soviet Union was established. The Republic of Korea is the southern half of the Korean Peninsula, and was occupied by the United States, and the U.S. set up a democracy in the south. At first, there was a war between the north and south which is called the Korean War, but while the fighting stopped in 1953, the war never officially ended. North Korea had ties with China and Russia but never was formally allied with either and became more isolated over time. Soon afterwards, the North's main trading partners the Soviet Union, collapsed. This left North Korea stranded and isolated. Throughout the 1990s, North Korea suffered from famines and natural disasters. As South Korea got richer, North Korea got poorer and life became worse there. Afterwards, things stabilized but continued to lag behind the South
. Worldwide economic sanctions and embargoes are thought to have significantly impacted the quality of life in North Korea.
North Korea is described as a totalitarian Stalinist dictatorship by western media, while North Korea describes itself as a democratic worker's state. The country's leader Kim Il-sung said that the government was following his own ideology of "Juche", which means "self-reliance". Later on, the country's leaders began to remove "communism" from North Korean laws and philosophy, although Juche can be described as a variant of communism. After Kim Il-sung died during the disasters of the 1990s, his son Kim Jong-il took his place and was promoted by the government as the leader who led North Korea out of the disasters. North Korea was the only communist country in history where leadership was directly given to the former leader's son after his death. This is called hereditary rule. Kim Jong-il enacted a new policy of "Songun", or "military-first", which turned the country into a military state. When he died in 2011, his youngest son Kim Jong-un took his place and continues to rule the country today.

History
History

Early History

Historians believe that the Korean people have lived in the area for thousands of years. Before 1910, Korea was one country. It had a king and people were mostly farmers. The country was peaceful and was not communist. In 1910, that changed. Japan and Russia went to war. Since Japan and Russia were both very close to Korea, Japan took Korea for themselves as part of Japan. Japan then had control.

Divided Korea
Divided Korea

Between 1910 and the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was considered a part of Japan due to Japan's colonization of Korea. In 1945, the USSR declared war on Japan and the United States bombed it (Nagasaki and Hiroshima); severely weakening its empire and forcing Japan to surrender. Japan's weak status allowed the Soviets to enter Korea fairly, freely and occupy the northern half whilst the United States took the southern half. The line that splits North Korea and South Korea is called the 38th parallel. Each created governments supporting their own ideologies, Marxist–Leninist Single Party State (North) and Democratic Capitalist State (South).

The Korean War
The Korean War

In 1950, North Korea sent soldiers to South Korea. North Korea wanted to bring together North and South Korea to form a single Korean country, and Korean families that had been split by the division of North and South to be together again. The North Korean leaders wanted South Korea to be communist, like North Korea and the Soviet Union were.

The United Nations sent soldiers to Korea. These soldiers came from many countries. These countries did not like Communism (to learn more, see the article about the Cold War). If South Korea became Communist, then maybe other countries would too. General Douglas MacArthur led the soldiers.

North Korea had taken over much of South Korea by force. With the help of the other countries, South Korea took back their land, and even much of North Korea, up to the Yalu River, which forms the border between North Korea and China. China, which was also communist, helped the North Koreans to get the land back that the South Korean soldiers had taken.
After three years, in 1953, North Korea and South Korea both decided that no one would win the war and both countries signed an armistice, which is an agreement that made both countries stop fighting. North Korea and South Korea were divided by a demilitarized zone, or DMZ, which is a special place that surrounds the border between North and South Korea where both countries can not place lots of soldiers, so that fighting does not start again.

Modern Times

Even though the Korean Demilitarized Zone is meant to stop problems between the two countries, sometimes soldiers on both sides of the border fire their guns at each other. A special town in the zone, Panmunjom, is called the Joint Security Area, or JSA, and sometimes the leaders of both countries meet there to talk about possibly coming back together.
North Korea is one of the few countries in the world that has made nuclear missiles, which can kill many people if they are exploded. North Korea will not say how many nukes it has, but other countries think that the North Korean government probably has built ten missiles so far out of a deadly element called plutonium.

In October 2006, North Korea said that it tested one of its nuclear bombs. Although the North Korean government said that the test was not dangerous, many other countries and the United Nations were nonetheless enraged.

Three years later in 2009, North Korea did another test, which broke a United Nations law called Resolution 1718, which said North Korea could not keep building and testing nuclear bombs.
In 2010, a South Korean warship sank, killing over 40 soldiers. An international investigation concluded that North Korea had sunk a South Korean warship with a torpedo. North Korea strongly said that it did not have anything to do with the sinking. When the United States and South Korea planned to set up defenses in case North Korea tried to attack again, North Korea's National Defense Commission threatened on to start a war with its nuclear weapons.

In April 2012, North Korea launched a rocket called Bright Star 3. The reasons for the launch were science and the 100th anniversary of the birth of the country's founder, Kim Il-Sung.
In February 2013, North Korea tested a nuclear bomb for the 3rd time, causing much outrage from other countries. The government also released many videos that depicted possible missile targets in the United States. North Korea however does not posses missiles that could reach US mainland but some say Hawaii is a possibility. It is highly unlikely that North Korea would ever fire against the US, Japan or South Korea. Many missiles depicted in DPRK parades are fakes used to exaggerate North Korea's military strength. Most of its inventory dates from the Soviet years.

Politics and Government
People often think that North Korea is a communist country. It is actually a socialist-military dictatorship. In its most recent constitutional change, the word 'communism' was removed. Large pictures of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin were removed from Kim Il-Sung square in 2012. The government has a similar structure to the former Soviet Union (USSR), once a close ally, but it is very different from the USSR. Leaders of the USSR were elected by a group of government officials. In North Korea, the new leader is the current leader's male heir. For this reason, North Korea is often referred to as a hereditary dictatorship.

North Korea's official state ideology is Juche. That is a form of socialism developed by the country's founder, Kim Il-Sung. Juche means self-reliance. It teaches that to achieve true socialism and become self-sufficient, the state must become fully isolated from the rest of society.

The first head of state and Chairman of the Workers Party of North Korea was Kim Tu-bong.
In the late 1950s, the second head of state and party leader was Kim Il-Sung.

In July 1994, Kim died. His son, Kim Jŏng-Il, took over.  He became the third supreme leader and party general secretary.

In December 2011, Kim died. His son, Kim Jŏng-Un became the head of the government.

Songun is a North Korean idea. It means "army first." The job of every North Korean person is to feed the Army. Kim Jŏng-Un is the "General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea". That is one of many jobs he has. He is like a king, and can do what he wants. The average North Korean citizen makes around $900 a year. Kim Jŏng-Un makes around $800,000 a year. He lives in a palace. He has lots of soldiers who go wherever he goes to protect him.
Capital punishment is a common type of punishment in North Korea. Stealing, murder, rape, drug smuggling, attempted murder, spying, slaughtering cattle for food, trying to challenge the laws of North Korea, traveling without permission, looking at media unapproved by North Korea (which includes South Korean dramas, pornography, and Western movies), possessing a USB drive, and practicing religions that are against worshipping Kim Jong-un and his family can all result in the death penalty.

In parts of the country, there is not enough food. Currently, other countries give food to some people in North Korea. This is called foreign aid. The aid sometimes stops coming if North Korea is thought to be testing nuclear bombs. Very recently, North Korea's food aid stopped after the government launched a satellite in April 2012. Other countries said North Korea had broken their side of an agreement. The North Korean government said that it was the United States that had broken the agreement.
It is hard for people from other countries to visit North Korea. Visitors must be guided by two army members called "minders". The minders try and make sure the people do not find out about anything that might make the government look bad.

Economy 
North Korea is one of the poorest countries in the world. This is due to the government not wanting to allow North Koreans to earn their own money outside of their government-given jobs, to allow people to work the jobs they want, and to trade with other countries.
As said earlier, starvation is very common way to die throughout the country. The soil in most of the country is not good enough to grow enough crops to feed people without any kind of fertilizer. As a result, people often steal human poop to fertilize the soil. People also go out into nature to look for anything to eat such as grass, bark, frogs, worms, etc.

Since the government does not provide the average North Korean person enough resources to survive, most North Koreans get what they need from the black market. Even though buying and selling on the black market is illegal, people are able to avoid punishment by bribing officials. They might give things such as money, gifts, or sexual favors. Most people buying and selling at the black market are women. This is because all adult men are required by law to go to work during workhours, even when their workplace cannot or will not pay them for their work.
Since electricity is rare throughout North Korea, tasks such as cooking and washing clothes take much longer and are more tiring. People often wash clothes in a river or creek and must start fires before they can cook.

Although healthcare is free in North Korea, most hospitals and doctor's offices do not have the medicines or supplies needed to correctly treat patients. As a result, many patients die or become crippled for the rest of their lives in the hospital. On one occasion, North Korea hired an eye surgeon from Nepal to because there was not a single eye surgeon in the country.

In order to raise money for the country, the government sometimes sends North Korean citizens to its allies, like China and Russia, to do work there. These jobs include food service in North Korean restaurants and logging. Even outside of North Korea, these North Koreans are often not allowed to interact with the local people outside of work, are forced to live in North Korean communities, and must obey North Korean laws.
Other ways North Korea makes money is through selling illegal drugs to other countries, making fake money of other countries, and stealing money online.

Culture and Religion
Historically, both South Korea and North Korea have the same set of values. In 1945, the peninsula was divided. Since then, the government of both North and South Korea were different. This has led to different developments in both North and South Korea.
Human Rights Watch says that free religious activities do not exist in North Korea. The culture in Korea has been influenced by that of China. Despite this, Korea has developed a cultural identity that is different from that of Mainland China.

Literature and arts in North Korea are state-controlled. Specialized committees of the KWP are responsible for this. Film is also a significant artistic medium in North Korea and Kim Jong Il's manifesto The Cinema and Directing (1987) is the basis for the nation's filmmakers.
Armed Forces
Even though the country only has fewer than 25 million people, the country still has the world's fourth largest standing military at 1.29 million soldiers. This is because North Korea has a law that requires all men to join the military for at least ten years after they graduate high school.

The government says it keeps a large military to protect the country from its enemies, particularly the United States and Japan. However, it is more likely that it exists to keep the government in power and to stop people from speaking out.

Provinces
The land of North Korea is divided into nine areas called provinces and two cities.

The nine provinces are:
 Pyongannam
 Pyonganbuk
 Chagang
 Hwanghaenam
 Hwanghaebuk
 Kangwon
 Hamgyongnam
 Hamgyongbuk
 Ryanggang

The main cities are:
 Pyongyang, the capital city and also the largest city
 Rason, a special city where other countries can make money, called a Special Economic Zone.

References 

 
1945 establishments in Asia
Current dictatorships
A parliament is a type of legislature. 

The most famous parliament is probably the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which is sometimes called the "Mother of all Parliaments".  The word "parliament" comes from the French word parler, which means a talk. 

The Althing, the national parliament of Iceland, was founded earlier (930 AD), so it is the oldest legislature in the world still existing. However, the Althing did not function as a legislature for four centuries, and its role as a primary legislature is modern.
Other parliaments 
Other parliaments have copied the UK and work similarly. They have three levels - a lower house which makes the law, an upper house which reviews the law (Decides if they like it or not, and suggest changes to it), and a head of state who is mostly for show and who starts and ends each year of parliament. The Prime Minister is almost always the person whose party has the most seats, but if the lower house does not think he is doing a good job they can call a vote of no confidence and ask him to leave his job as Prime Minister or have an election.

The word "parliament" 

Sometimes people use the word "parliament" to describe a legislature, even if it is not a real parliament. A "parliament" is a type of legislature which has a Prime Minister.

Similar to a congress
A parliament is a lot like a congress but a congress cannot ask the head of the government to leave his job. Also, a congress runs for a number of years according to the country's constitution, but a parliament can be stopped as long as enough members agree. Elections are held after this happens.

Countries that have Parliaments 

 Australia
 Belgium
 Canada
 Ghana
 Germany
 Greece
 Iceland
 India
 Israel
 Italy
 Malaysia
 Moldova
 Netherlands
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
 Romania
 Russia
 Ukraine
 United Kingdom
 Bulgaria

Related pages
Constitution
Constitutional economics
Democracy
Legal rights

References
The Turing test is a test to see if a computer can interact with a person. The human should not be able to realise it is interacting with a computer. 

Alan Turing thought that if a human could not tell the difference between another human and the computer, then the computer had shown intelligent behaviour.

Test setup 
A person has a telegraph, and is connected to two communication partners. One of the two correspondents is a machine. The person can ask anything with the telegraph. If the person cannot tell which of the two is the machine more than 50% of the time, then the machine is said to be intelligent.

Later on, people narrowed down the test. A human is unlikely to know everything. Therefore, both the human and the machine would be specialists in some field of knowledge. So would the person asking.

Media 
The comic strip Dilbert makes several mentions to the PHB (Pointy Haired Boss) failing the Turing test.

References

Related pages 
AlphaGo

Other websites

Artificial intelligence
A fuel is a substance that is changed in some way to produce heat, electricity, or other forms of energy. This is usually by being burnt in fire, although there are exceptions, such as nuclear fuel. Fuel can be divided into two main types: fossil fuels and other fuels.

Fossil fuel 

There are several kinds of fossil fuels:
 coal
 oil and products that are refined from oil (gasoline, diesel, kerosene)
 natural gas
Some people do not want us to use fossil fuels because they may pollute the environment. Because all fossil fuels are made out of carbon, burning them makes carbon dioxide. Some people think that too much carbon dioxide in the air may cause a greenhouse effect. Fossil fuels are also non-renewable, or renew extremely slowly (thousands of years). This means that we will eventually run out of fossil fuels.
Other fuels 
Other fuels are not made from fossils. Some of these, like nuclear and hydrogen, do not have carbon in them. Others, like wood or ethanol, do have carbon in them. Some examples of these fuels are:
 Nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium, thorium, etc.)
 Hydrogen
 Extracted from the wind
 Biofuels from biomass
 Firewood
 Biodiesel (a diesel-type fuel made from plants)
 Ethanol (made from grains or other plants)
These fuels are renewable. This means that we can make more of them if we run out. For instance, if we run out of ethanol, we can grow some more corn and make some more ethanol.

Other websites

 Fuel -Citizendium

Fuel
The list of volcanoes includes some which are active, dormant and extinct:

On Earth

Antarctica
Mount Erebus
Deception Island

Argentina
Mount Aconcagua

Australia
Heard Island and the McDonald Islands
Big Ben (Heard Island)
New South Wales
Mount Canobolas
Mount Warning
Queensland
Glasshouse Mountains
Mount Fox
South Australia
Mount Gambier
Mount Schank
Victoria
Lake Bullen Merri
Mount Buninyong
Mount Eccles, in Mount Eccles National Park
Mount Elephant
Mount Franklin, near Hepburn Springs
Mount Fraser, near Beveridge
Mount Kooroocheang
Mount Macedon
Mount Neurat
Mount Napier
Mount Rowan (Victoria)
Mount Warrenheip
Tower Hill, in Tower Hill State Game Reserve
Tasmania
The Nut (near the town of Stanley)
Bolivia
Acotango
Cerro Columa
Cerro Moiro
Cerro San Augustin
Cerro Santa Isabel
Cerro Yumia
Cerros de Tocorpuri
Escala
Guayaques
Irruputuncu
Licancabur
Macizo de Larancagua
Macizo de Pacuni
Nevado Anallajsi
Neuvo Mundo
Olca-Paruma
Ollague
Pampa Luxsar
Parinacota
Patilla Pata
Quetena
Sacabaya
Sairecabur
Tata Sabaya
Uturuncu

Cameroon
Mount Cameroon

Canada
Abitibi greenstone belt
Blake River Megacaldera Complex
Misema Caldera
New Senator Caldera
Noranda Caldera
Anahim Volcanic Belt
Nazko Cone
Chilcotin Plateau Basalts
Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
Mount Garibaldi
Mount Meager
Mount Price
Stikine Volcanic Belt
Mount Edziza
Eve Cone
Hoodoo Mountain
Lava Fork
Pyramid Dome
Tseax River Cone
Volcano Mountain
Williams Cone
Wells Gray-Clearwater Volcanic Field
Hyalo Ridge
Whitehorse Bluffs
Pyramid Mountain
Wrangell Volcanic Belt

Cape Verde
Brava
Fogo
Sao Vicente
Colombia
Azufral
Cerro Bravo
Cerro Negro de Mayasquer
Cumbal
Dona Juana
Galeras
Nevado del Huila
Nevado del Tolima
Nevado del Ruiz
Machin
Petacas
Purace
Santa Isabel
Sotara

Comoros
Le Kartala (2316 m - active)

Costa Rica
Arenal (1657 m - active)
Barva
Cerro Tilaran
Irazu (3432 m - active)
Miravalles
Orosi
Platanar
Poás (2708 m - active)
Rincon de la Vieja (1916 m - complex)
Tenorio
Turrialba (active)

Democratic Republic of the Congo
 May-Ya-Moto
 Nyamuragira
 Mount Nyiragongo
 Tshibinda
 Bisoke

Dominica
Morne aux Diables
Morne Diablotins
Morne Plat Pays
Morne Trois Pitons
Morne Watts

Ecuador
Antisana
Atacazo
Cayambe
Chacana
Chichoca
Cotopaxi
Guagua Pichincha
Illiniza
Mojanda
Pan de Azucar
Pululagua
Quilotoa
Reventador
Sangay
Soche
Sumaco
Tulabug
Tungurahua
Galapagos Islands
Alcedo
Cerro Azul
Darwin
Ecuador
Fernandina
Floreana
Genovesa
Marchena
Pinta
San Cristobal
Santa Cruz
Santiago
Sierra Negra
Wolf
El Salvador
Cerro Cinotepeque
Cerro Singuil
Chinameca
Coatepeque Caldera
Conchaguita
El Tigre
Guazapa
Ilopango
Izalco
Laguna Aramuaca
San Diego
San Miguel
San Salvador
San Vicente
Santa Ana
Taburete
Tecapa
Usulutan

Ethiopia
Erta Ale, one of the most active in Africa
Mount Alayta (last eruption 1915)

France
Mainland France
Puy de Dôme (dormant)
Guadeloupe
La Grande Soufrière (dormant)
Martinique
Mt. Pelée (dormant)
Réunion
Piton de la Fournaise  (active)
Piton des Neiges (extinct)

Germany
Eifel Mountains
Rhön Mountains
Vogelsberg Mountains

Greece
Kos
Methana
Milos
Nisyros
Santorini caldera
Yali

Honduras
Isla el Tigre
Isla Zacate Grande
Utila Island

Iceland
Askja
Eldfell
Esjufjoll
Eyjafjallajökull
Grimsnes
Grimsvotn
Heimaey
Hekla
Hengill
Hofsjokull
Kollóttadyngja
Kerlingarfjoll
Katla
Krafla
Krisuvik
Langjokull
Ljosufjoll
Lysuholl
Oraefajokull
Prestahnukur
Skjaldbreiður
Snaefellsjokull
Surtsey

India
Barren (active)
Narkundam
Indonesia
Krakatoa, Rakata
Mount Tambora, Sumbawa
Volcanoes of Bali island
Mount Agung
Mount Batur
Bratan
Volcanoes of Flores island
Ebulobo
Egon
Ilimuda
Inielika
Inierie
Iya
Kelimutu
Leroboleng
Lewotobi
Ndete Napu
Poco Leok
Ranakah
Riang Kotang
Sukaria Caldera
Wai Sano
Volcanoes of Java island (38)
Baluran
Cereme
Galoen-gong
Gede
Guntur
Lawu
Karang
Kelut
Kendang
Ijen
Lamongan
Lurus
Malabar
Merbabu
Mount Merapia
Papandayang
Patuha
Perbakti
Raung
Salak
Semeru
Slamet
Sumbing
Sundoro
Talagabodas
Tampomas
Tangkuban Prahu
Telomoyo
Wayang-Windu
Wilis
Lomblen
Ililabalekan
Iliwerung
Lewotolo
Lombok
Rinjani
Volcanoes of New Guinea
Volcanoes of Sulawesi
Ambang
Colo
Klabat
Mahawu
Sempu
Soputan
Tongkoko
Volcanoes of Sumatra
Belirang-Beriti
Besar
Bukit Daun
Bukit Lumut Balai
Dempo
Geureudong
Gunung Kerinci
Gunung Tujuh
Helatoba-Tarutung
Hulubelu
Hutapanjang
Imun
Kaba
Kembar
Kerinci
Kunyit
Lubukraya
Marapi
Patah
Pendan
Peuet Sague
Pulau Weh
Rajabasu
Ranau
Sarik-Gajah
Sekincau Belirang
Seluwah Agam
Sibayak
Sibualbuali
Sibayak
Sibualbuali
Sinabung
Sorikmarapi
Sumbing
Suoh
Talakmau
Talang
Tandikat
Toba
Italy
Campi Flegrei (dormant)
Mount Vesuvius (dormant)
Mount Etna (active)
Stromboli (active)
Vulsini (dormant)

Japan
Hokkaido
Akan
Daisetsu
E San
Komaga Take
Kutcharo
Kuttara
Mashu
Nigorigawa
Nipesotsu Upepesanke
Niseko
Oshima Oshima
Rausu
Rishiri
Shikotsu
Shiretoko Iwo Zan
Shiribetsu
Tokachi
Usu
Yotei
Honshū
Adatara
Akagi
Asama
Azuma-Kofuji
Bandai
Daisen
Kusatsu-Shirane
Mount Chokai
Mount Fuji
Mount Funagata
Mount Haruna
Mount Hiuchigatake
Mount Myoko
Mount Nekomadake
Mount Norikura
Mount Tateshina
Mount Yake
Mount Yoko
Nantai
Naruko
Nasu-dake
Niigata-Yakeyama
Nikko-Shirane
Ontake-san
Zao
Kyushu
Aso
Kaimon-dake
Sakurajima
Shinmoe-dake

Kenya
Mount Kenya

Mexico
Colima
Paricutín
Popocatepetl

Montserrat
Soufriere Hills

Netherlands Antilles
Saba
New Zealand
Rangitoto Island and various cones in Auckland
In the Taupo Volcanic Zone 
Cones
Mount Ruapehu
Mount Tongariro
Mount Ngaruruhoe
Tauhara
Waiotapu
Mount Tarawera (part of the Okataina caldera)
Kawerau
White Island
Caldera
Lake Taupo
Okataina
Lake Rotorua
Mount Taranaki (formerly Mount Egmont)
Lyttelton and Akaroa on Banks Peninsula

Norway
Bouvetoya
Jan Mayen

Panama
 Baru
 El Valle
 La Yeguada

Peru
Coropuna
El Misti
Huaynaputina
Nevado Chachani
Nevados Casiri
Nevados Firura
Quimsachata
Sabancaya
Ticsani
Tutupaca
Ubinas
Yucamane

Philippines
Luzon
Ambalatungan Group
Amorong
Arayat
Banahaw
Bulusan
Cagua
Isarog
Iriga
Jalajala
Labo
Laguna Volcanic Field
Malinao
Malinding
Makiling
Mariveles
Masaraga
Mayon
Natib
Patoc
Pinatubo
Pocdol Mountains
Santo Tomas
Taal
Visayas
Biliran
Canlaon
Panay
Mindanao
Apo
Balatocan
Calayo
Hibok-hibok
Kalatungan
Latukan
Leonard Range
Makaturung
Malindang
Matumtum
Paco
Parker
Ragang