Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The 2016 presidential campaign of Lawrence Lessig was officially launched when Lessig,  Harvard University professor from Massachusetts, announced his candidacy for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016 on September 6, 2015. The headquarters of the campaign is in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Background
Lessig decided to form an exploratory committee in preparation for a possible bid for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016. Almost two months into the campaign trail, poor polling numbers and not being qualified to enter the debates, Lessig dropped out on November 2, 2015.

Supporters
 Cenk Uygur, internet host, former MSNBC contributor, and progressive political commentator
Kim Dotcom, German-Finnish internet entrepreneur, creator of file hosting services MegaUpload and Mega 
 Jimmy Wales, internet entrepreneur, Wikipedia founder

References

Other websites
 

Lessig
James "Jimmy" McMillan III (born December 1, 1946) is an American political activist, perennial candidate, and Vietnam War veteran, as well as a former postal worker, stripper and private investigator in Brooklyn, New York City.

McMillan is best known as the founder of the Rent Is Too Damn High Party, a New York-based political party.

Failed campaigns
McMillan has run for office at least six times since 1993, most notably in the 2010 gubernatorial election. He declared in December 2010 that he would run in the 2012 U.S. presidential election as a Republican. He did not appear on the ballot in any state and suspended his campaign to return to the Rent Is Too Damn High Party and run for Mayor of New York City in the 2013 election. He attempted to run for Governor again in the 2014 election but he did not make the ballot.
McMillan announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 election, but withdrew from the campaign on December 9, 2015 and announced that he was retiring from politics.

References

1946 births
Living people
African American politicians
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
American political activists
Politicians from Florida
2012 United States presidential candidates
2016 United States presidential candidates
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from New York City
William Bradley can be:

 William Bradley Pitt (born 1963), American actor and film producer more commonly known as Brad Pitt
 Bill Bradley (born 1943), American politician, basketball player, and educator
 William O'Connell Bradley (1847-1914), American politician and  Governor of Kentucky
Desert climate or Arid climate (in the Köppen climate classification: BWh "hot desert climate" and BWk "cold desert climate") is a type of climate where precipitation is generally less than  a year. Low rainfall is a feature of deserts such as the Arabian, central Australia and the Sahara. It is a feature of continental interiors, the western sides of continents, and the leeward side of tall mountain ranges. Parts of the Arctic and Antarctic have arid climates even though they are cold.

Defining a desert 
A "true desert" is one where plant cover is very sparse and rainfall is rare or infrequent. Because desert air is dry there is little moisture to hold onto the heat of the day. Desert nights are usually very cold. This wide temperature variation can make a desert climate difficult to live in.
Some deserts get more than 250mm of rainfall yearly but are still arid areas. For example, the Kalahari Desert gets up to  a year. It has great sand dunes like the Sahara, but they do not shift in the winds. They have plants that anchor the sand and help to keep their shape. Other areas can also have more than 250mm of precipitation but lose more water via evapotranspiration than falls as precipitation. Tuscon and Alice Springs are good examples of this. Tucson gets an average of  of rainfall a year. Alice Springs receives about  yearly. Some scientists do not consider these as true deserts.
Types 
There are three types of desert climates in the Köppen climate classification: a hot desert climate (BWh), a cold desert climate (BWk) and a mild desert climate (BWh/BWn). Hot deserts have very hot summers that have temperatures that can even reach 45 °C (113 °F). Temperatures can even be very warm during winter. Cold deserts can have hot summers as well, but the winters are usually very cold. They are usually at high altitudes and can be drier than hot deserts.
Adaptations 
Desert plants and animals have adapted to living in desert climates. Some animals can get by on less water. Some plants are able to store water. Some animals, like snakes, lizards and scorpions use poisonous venoms to kill for food. This saves valuable energy: they do not need to chase, fight or catch their prey. Many animals are nocturnal. They sleep in cool caves or burrows during the day and hunt at night. Plants likewise have adapted to saving water. Some have waterproof coverings that prevent the plant or seeds from drying out. Some, like the giant Saguaro cactus, store water. They have adapted so well that they can live for more than 150 years and can average over 40 ft tall. Many types have thorns and protective spines that keep animals from getting at their stores of water.

Related pages 
 Desert
 List of deserts

References

Other websites 
 

Köppen climate classifications
Climate
Deserts
Ralph Milne (13 May 1961 – 6 September 2015) was a Scottish footballer. He played for Dundee United, Charlton Athletic, Bristol City and Manchester United. He played as both an attacking midfielder or a winger.

Milne died in Dundee, Scotland from liver disease, aged 54.

References

1961 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from liver disease
Disease-related deaths in Scotland
Footballers from Dundee
Judy Carne (April 27, 1939 - September 3, 2015) was an English actress. She was best remembered for the phrase "Sock it to me!" on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In.

Carne died in her hometown of Northampton, England on September 3, 2015, after a battle with pneumonia, aged 76.

References

Other websites
 

1939 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
Entertainers from Northamptonshire
Infectious disease deaths in England
People from Northampton
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) is an 8-bit character encoding. It is used mainly on IBM mainframe and IBM midrange computer operating systems. EBCDIC descended from the code used with punched cards. It was also related to the six bit binary-coded decimal code used with most of IBM's computer peripherals of the late 1950s and early 1960s. EBCDIC is also used on various non-IBM platforms. These include the Fujitsu-Siemens' BS2000/OSD, OS-IV, MSP, and MSP-EX, and Unisys VS/9 and MCP.

References 

Computer file formats
Calvin J. Spann (November 28, 1924 – September 6, 2015) was an original Tuskegee Airman and fighter pilot with the 100th Fighter Squadron of the 332nd Fighter Group. 

Spann received his wings from the Tuskegee Flight School as a part of the graduating class of 44G. As a member of the United States Army Air Corps, he served in Europe during World War II, where Spann flew 26 combat missions before the end of the war in the European Theatre.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
Military people from New Jersey
Martin Sam Milner (December 28, 1931 – September 6, 2015) was an American movie, stage, radio and television actor. Milner was best known for his performances in two popular television series: Route 66, which aired on CBS from 1960 to 1964, and Adam-12, which aired on NBC from 1968 to 1975.

Milner died at his home in Carlsbad, California at the age of 83.

References

Other websites

 
 

1931 births
2015 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Detroit
Romain Rolland (29 January 1866, Clamecy, Nièvre – 30 December 1944, Vézelay) was a French writer. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915. He wrote dramas, novels, and essays.

Work

Novels and novellas 
 Jean-Christophe
 Colas Breugnon
 Pierre et Luce
 Clerambault, histoire d'une conscience libre pendant la guerre
 L'âme enchantée

Dramas 
 Orsino
 Les baglioni
 Caligula
 Le Siège de Mantoue
 Jeanne de Piennes
 Les tragédies de la foi
 Le Théâtre de la Révolution
 Le temps viendra
 La Montespan
 Les Trois amoureuses
 Empédocle
 Liluli

Other websites

1866 births
1944 deaths
French essayists
French Nobel Prize winners
French novelists
French playwrights
People from Nièvre
Shahbazpur () is a union parishad under Sarail Upazila of Brahmanbaria District in the Chittagong Division of eastern Bangladesh.

References

Other websites 
 Google Maps
 Wikivoyage Map
 Social Page
 Brahmanbaria District Information
 Information of this Populated place 

Settlements in Bangladesh
Chittagong Division‎
George Gordon Battle Liddy (November 30, 1930 – March 30, 2021), better known as G. Gordon Liddy was an American lawyer and convicted felon. He was best known as the chief operative in the White House Plumbers from July–September 1971, during Richard Nixon's presidency. He was convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and illegal wiretapping for his role in the Watergate scandal.

Liddy died on March 30, 2021 at his daughter's home in Mount Vernon, Virginia from Parkinson's disease-related problems at the age of 90.

References

Other websites

 G. Gordon Liddy NNDb profile 
 Liddy on TuneIn

1930 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Lawyers from New York City
Criminals from New York City
Richard Nixon
Candida Royalle (October 15, 1950 – September 7, 2015) was an American pornographic actress, director and producer. In 1984, Royalle founded Femme Productions. Royalle was a member of American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors and Therapists. She was born in New York City.

Royalle died on September 7, 2015 of ovarian cancer in Mattituck, New York, aged 64.

References

Other websites

 Candida Royalle's Website
 

1950 births
2015 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie directors
American pornographic actors
American sex industry businesspeople
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Pornographic movie directors
Pornographic movie producers
Group A of the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying tournament is one of the nine groups to determine what team will be playing in the UEFA Euro 2016. Iceland, Czech Republic, Turkey, Netherlands, Latvia and Kazakhstan were the six teams that are in the group. It will be played from 9 September 2014 to 13 October 2015.

Table

Other websites 
 UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying round Group A

2015 in association football
UEFA Euro 2016
Ziynet Sali (born on 29 April 1975 in Nicosia, Northern Cyprus) is a Turkish Cypriot singer who is mainly famous in Northern Cyprus and Turkey. Her 2010 single, "Rüya," reached #1 on the Turkish Music charts.

Biography 

Ziynet was born in Cyprus on April 29, 1975 to Turkish Cypriot parents. Her father had been living in the United Kingdom since 1963 and had met her mother when he was on vacation to his native Northern Cyprus. They had three children, and Ziynet was the only daughter. Because of the Cyprus conflict, the family moved back to the United Kingdom. She currently has both a British and Cypriot citizenship. At the age of six, she moved back to Cyprus to finish her early education. In 1994, she moved to Istanbul to study music at Istanbul Technical University. She graduated this university in 1999.

Discography

Studio Albums

Singles

References

Other websites 
 Official website

1975 births
Living people
Pop singers
Follow the Leader is the third studio album by the American alternative metal band Korn. The album was released on August 18, 1998. Follow the Leader sold 14 million copies, making it Korn's most successful album.

Songs

References

Other websites 
 Follow the Leader on AllMusic

1998 albums
Fraggle Rock was co-produced by British television company Television South (TVS), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, U.S. pay television service Home Box Office and Henson Associates. Unlike Sesame Street, it was intended from the start to be an international production. Henson described the Fraggle Rock series as "a high-energy, raucous musical romp. It's a lot of silliness. It's wonderful." While the program proved accessible to audiences of all ages, it used the fantasy creatures as examples to deal with serious issues. These included prejudice, spirituality, personal identity, the environment, and social conflict.

Fraggle Rock features many original songs.

Characters
Characters

The Workshop/Lighthouse
The Fraggles call the human world "outer space" and humans "silly creatures from outer space."
Doc/The Captain is the only human character in the story.  In the American version, he is an old man who lives in a workshop.  In the British version, he is an old man who lives in a lighthouse.
Sprocket is Doc's/the Captain's dog.  He is a puppet.
Fraggles
Gobo is a male Fraggle who wants to be an explorer.  He is named after the cover for a lens cap.
Mokey is a female Fraggle who likes art, history and spiritual things.
Red is a female Fraggle with an aggressive personality who likes to organize swim meets and other events.
Boober is a male Fraggle who likes to do laundry and keep things clean.  He is afraid of germs and many other things.
Wembley is a male Fraggle who has trouble making decisions.
Traveling Matt is Gobo's uncle who went out into "outer space," the human world, to explore.  He sends Gobo post cards describing the things he sees.  He watches humans, which Fraggles call "silly creatures" and often misunderstands the things they do.  He is named after a special effect called "traveling matte."
Doozers
Doozers are people smaller than Fraggles.  Doozers have green skin and small eyes.  They almost always wear hard hats.  They spend most of their time building clear structures using cranes and other construction tools. The Fraggles like to eat these structures.
Cottar Pin is a young Doozer who makes friends with the Fraggles.

Gorgs
Gorgs are people much bigger than Fraggles.  They call their house "the castle" and the rest of their land "the universe." The show never says whether they really are rulers or whether they are poor farmers who like to pretend they are rulers.
The Emperor of the Universe
The Empress of the Universe
Junior, the Emperor and Empress' son. Junior likes to catch Fraggles when they cross the Gorg's lands to reach the Trash Heap.
Trash Heap is a talking pile of rubbish.  The Fraggles think of her as an oracle and ask her for advice and help.

References
References 

1983 American television series debuts
1987 American television series endings
1983 British television series debuts
1980s Canadian television series
American children's television series
British children's television series
Canadian children's television series
English-language television programs
Roger Craig Smith (born August 11, 1975) is an American voice actor  and former stand-up comedian who does voice roles for video games, television and movies. He is known as the current voice behind Chris Redfield in the Resident Evil series. He voices Ezio Auditore da Firenze in the Assassin's Creed games. He also voices Deidara in the anime Naruto: Shippuden, and of the Sega video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game franchise since 2010.

Filmography

Animation
Animation

Avengers Assemble - Steve Rogers/Captain America, Torgo, Great Gambonnos, Grim Reaper, Radioactive Man, 
Clarence - Belson Noles, Percy, Additional voices
Fish Hooks - Pass
Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. - Captain America
Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload - Steve Rogers/Captain America
Out There - Additional voices
Regular Show - Thomas/Nikolai, Night Owl, Low-Five Ghost, Additional voices
Robotomy - Tacklebot
Sofia the First - Luciano
Sonic Boom - Sonic the Hedgehog, UT and Dave the Intern
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Pulverizer/Mutagen Man/Timothy
The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes - Captain Marvel, Additional voices
Transformers: Rescue Bots - Taylor (Episode "Road Trip")
Transformers: Robots in Disguise - Jetstorm, Slipstream, Airazor
Ultimate Spider-Man - Steve Rogers/Captain America
Wolverine and the X-Men - Forge, Hellion, Kamal
Young Justice - Ocean Master, L-5, Additional voices

Anime
Anime

Bleach -  Ryusei Kenzaki / Kenryu, Shinji Hirako, Additional voices
Code Geass - Gilbert G.P. Guilford; Otaku (ep 18)
Kekkaishi - Byaku
Kurokami: The Animation - Seiji
Marvel Anime: Iron Man - Professor Satoshi Yamaguchi (ep. 3), Kawashima (ep. 4), Additional voices
Marvel Anime: Wolverine - Agent Machida
Naruto - Idate Morino, Inabi Uchiha, Kota, Raiga Kurosuki, Shura
Naruto Shippūden - Deidara, Bisuke, Hayama Shirakumo (ep 190)

Films
Films

Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts - Batman
Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem - Batman
Delhi Safari - Monkey #1, Monkey #2
Dino Time - Additional voices
Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams - Prince Phillip
Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence - Sect. 9 Briefing Voice, Yamadori Transport Pilot (Animaze Dub)
Iron Man & Captain America: Heroes United - Steve Rogers/Captain America
Jennifer's Body - Radio DJ, ADR voices
Monkey King: Hero is Back - Pig
Naruto the Movie: Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom - Additional voices
Naruto the Movie: Legend of the Stone of Gelel - Temujin
Patlabor: The Movie - Kiichi Goto (Bandai Visual Dub)
Patlabor 2: The Movie - Kiichi Goto (Bandai Visual Dub)
Planes - Ripslinger
Resident Evil: Degeneration - Curtis Miller
Road to Ninja: Naruto the Movie - Deidara
The Ringmaster - Mime
Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure - Bolt, Stone
Wreck-It Ralph  - Sonic the Hedgehog

Video games
Ace Combat: Assault Horizon - Sensor Operator
Alice in Wonderland - Tweedledee, Tweedledum
Assassin's Creed II/Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood/Assassin's Creed: Revelations - Ezio Auditore da Firenze
Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag - Ruggiero Ferraro, Abstergo market analyst
Batman: Arkham Origins/Batman: Arkham Origins Blackgate - Bruce Wayne/Batman
Blazing Angels: Squadrons of WWII - Unnamed main character
Castle Shikigami 2 - Kim De John
Chicken Little: Ace in Action - Runt
 Disney Infinity - Additional voices
Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes - Steve Rogers/Captain America
Dying Light - Kyle Crane
Dynasty Warriors 6 - Zhang Liao
Dynasty Warriors 7 - Zhang Liao
Dynasty Warriors 8 - Zhang Liao
Epic Mickey - Additional voices
Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two - Additional voices
Final Fantasy XIII - Cocoon Inhabitants
Final Fantasy XIII-2 - Additional voices
G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra - Duke, Lift-Ticket
Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham - Bat-Mite, Riddler, Skeets
Lego Jurassic World - Additional voices
Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Captain America, Human Torch
Marvel Avengers: Battle for Earth - Captain America, Venom, Human Torch
Medal of Honor: Vanguard - PFC 1st Class Harrison Pike
Metal Gear Online - Soldiers
Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots - Enemy Soldiers
Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker - Soldiers
Metal Gear Solid: Portable Ops - Soviet Soldiers, Intercom
Naruto series - Deidara, Bando, Towa, Doshin
PlayStation Move Heroes - Gleeber
Resident Evil series - Chris Redfield (2009–present)
Samurai Warriors 3 - Keiji Maeda
Skylanders: Swap Force - Boom Jet
Skylanders: Trap Team - Boom Jet
Sonic the Hedgehog series - Sonic the Hedgehog/Super Sonic (2010–present), Wisp Announcer (2010, 2011, 2013, 2015)
All-Stars Racing Transformed - Sonic the Hedgehog
Boom/Toon (video games) - Sonic the Hedgehog
Fire and Ice
Rise of Lyric/Ancient Treasure
Shattered Crystal/Island Adventure
Sonic Dash 2
Colors
Free Riders - Sonic the Hedgehog (Super Sonic)
Generations - Modern Sonic (Modern Super Sonic), Wisp Announcer
Lost World
Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games (series) - Sonic the Hedgehog
London 2012
Rio 2016
Sochi 2014
Runners - Wisp Announcer
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U - Sonic the Hedgehog (Super Sonic)
Soulcalibur IV - Siegfried Schtauffen (uncredited)
Soulcalibur V - Siegfried Schtauffen, Ezio Auditore da Firenze
Soulcalibur: Broken Destiny - Siegfried Schtauffen (uncredited)
Soulcalibur Legends - Siegfried Schtauffen (uncredited)
Tekken 6 - Eddy Gordo (uncredited)
The Wonderful 101 - Wonder Blue
Warriors Orochi - Keiji Maeda
References 

American voice actors
Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. It includes the study of human genetic disorders, the work on the human genome, and genetic counselling.

Genes are a common factor behind most inherited traits. Study of human genetics may answer questions about human nature, and the genetics of human life. It helps us to understand the diseases we get, and helps the development of effective disease treatment.

Sources 
 
 
 
Debby Tsuang; Andrew David 2011. How genes influence behavior. The American Journal of Psychiatry (Review). 168 (6): 656–657. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010097
Flint, Jonathan;  Greenspan, Ralph J; & Kendler, Kenneth S. (2010). How genes influence behavior. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955990-9

Related pages 
Human Genome Project

Branches of genetics
Humans
Physical anthropology
Wadj-wer (meaning "Great Blue-Green") is an Egyptian god of fertility. Wadj-wer is sometimes shown as being part male and part female. He is seen as the personification of the Mediterranean Sea or some of the big lakes in the Nile Delta. He is often shown holding a ankh and a loaf. He is also shown to be pregnant, and he symbolizes the richness of the waters of the Nile delta.

References 

Encyclopedia of Gods, Kyle Cathie Limited, 2002
James P. Allen (2010). Middle Egyptian: An introduction to the language and culture of hieroglyphics (2nd ed., revised). New York: Cambridge.

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Mediterranean Sea
Aida is a musical by Sir Elton John and Tim Rice, first opened in 1998. It was based on the Verdi opera of the same name It was nominated for Tony Awards.

Plot

Act I
Plot

Act I

The musical opens in a modern-day museum. In the Egyptian wing, a man and woman meet each other as a statue of a female Pharaoh, Amneris, awakens ("Every Story Is A Love Story") and transports them to Ancient Egypt. Ramades, who is leader of the Egyptian army, return from an expedition through the lands of the Nubians, the longtime enemies of Egypt ("Fortune Favors The Brave"). When the soldiers capture a group of women, he is instantly drawn to one of them, Aida, who tries freeing herself by fighting one of his soldiers. After Ramades forces Aida to wash his back, she refuses, telling him that although the Egyptians took everything from the Nubians, their spirit will never be taken ("The Past Is Another Land"). Ramades saves Aida's companions from working in the copper mines (and certain death) by sending them to work in the palace grounds instead. He also sends Aida as a handmaiden to Amneris, to whom he is betrothed.

Musicals
Elton John
Preschool is a term for early childhood education. It is education for very young children between the ages of three and six, before the start of compulsory education at elementary school/primary school. There are theories of child development which influence preschool activities, with the ideas of Jean Piaget that categorise this age group as a “preoperational” stage of development being the most influential.

In Europe the terms 'nursery' and 'kindergarten' are used to describe preschooling.

Learning 
Early childhood education usually encourages children to learn by playing. But basic topics like counting or the alphabet may start to be taught.
Childhood
Education
Sanday is one of the inhabited islands of Orkney, Scotland. It covers an area of . It is the third largest of the Orkney Islands. The main centres of population are Lady Village and Kettletoft.  Sanday can be reached by Orkney Ferries or plane from Kirkwall on the Orkney Mainland.  Cultural activities revolve around the school.

Climate

References

Orkney
Pieter van den Hoogenband (born 14 March 1978) was a former Dutch swimmer. He won three gold medals at the Olympics. He swam at the Olympics four times, from 1996 to 2008. He held the world record in the 100 meter and 200 meter freestyle. Van den Hoogenband is well known for his races in the 200 meter freestyle against Ian Thorpe from Australia.

References

Other websites

1978 births
Living people
Dutch Olympic bronze medalists
Dutch Olympic gold medalists
Dutch Olympic silver medalists
Dutch swimmers
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Maastricht
Andrew Kohut (September 2, 1942 – September 8, 2015) was an American pollster and nonpartisan news commentator about public affairs topics.  Kohut was the founding director of the Pew Research Center and served as director of the Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. He served as the center's president from 2004 to 2012.

References

1942 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Scientists from New Jersey
People from Jersey City, New Jersey
Johannes Jacobus Willebrordus (Joost) Zwagerman (18 November 1963 – 8 September 2015) was a Dutch writer, poet, and essayist.  Among his teachers was the novelist Oek de Jong. He was born in Alkmaar in the Netherlands.

Zwagerman committed suicide in Haarlem, Netherlands, aged 51.

References

1963 births
2015 deaths
Dutch essayists
Dutch poets
People from Alkmaar

Writers from North Holland
Writers who committed suicide
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert is an American late-night talk show hosted by Stephen Colbert on CBS. It is the second version of the Late Show franchise, following the retirement of original Late Show host David Letterman. Jonathan Batiste is the bandleader.

The show premiered on September 8, 2015. Colbert had previously hosted The Colbert Report on Comedy Central.

References

Other websites

Official website
 

2015 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
American comedy television series
American television talk shows
CBS network shows
English-language television programs
Jonathan Michael Batiste (born November 11, 1986) is an American singer, musician, educator, and bandleader. Batiste is known for being the music director and bandleader for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert. He has won an Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Golden Globe Award and Grammy Award for co-composing the score of Disney Pixar Soul (2020). In 2022, he won five Grammy Awards for his album We Are.

Batiste is married to journalist and author Suleika Jaouad since 2022.

References

Other websites

"Jon Batiste: Staying Human", interview by Bob Kenselaar, All About Jazz, January 2013, re-published June 7, 2015
1986 births
Living people
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American singers
21st-century American musicians
Educators from Louisiana
Singers from Louisiana
Musicians from Louisiana
BAFTA Award winning writers
Academy Award winning composers
Grammy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning composers
American jazz musicians
American jazz singers
American pop singers
American pop musicians
Comedians from Louisiana
American pianists
American rock musicians
American rock singers
American R&B singers
American R&B musicians
American funk singers
American funk musicians
American television personalities
American bandleaders
Below is a List of languages by number of native speakers.

Over half the world's population speaks the 15 most used native languages. They are listed here. They are from the Swedish Nationalencyklopedin (2007, 2010).

The distinction between language and dialect is often not clear. Some mutually intelligible versions have been unified. These include Indonesian and Malay; Croatian, Bosnian, and Serbian. It does not include standard Hindi and Urdu. Hindustani has been divided here into the sociolinguistic units of Hindi and Urdu, but at least 100 million speakers of some Hindi dialects are not counted below.

Related pages 

 List of endangered languages

References 

Language-related lists
Susan Allen (May 10, 1951 – September 7, 2015) was an American harpist. She was born in Monrovia, California.

Allen died from brain cancer on September 7, 2015 in Seattle, Washington. She was 64.

References

Other websites
 

1951 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Cancer deaths in Washington (state)

Musicians from California
Edward Falaise Upward (9 September 1903 – 13 February 2009) was an English novelist and short story writer. At the time of his death, he was considered the UK's oldest living author.

Early life 
He was born on 9 September 1903 in Romford, Essex, to Harold and Louisa Upward. His father was a doctor. Upward graduated from Corpus Christi College, Oxford in 1925 with a degree in English. He became a teacher which also allowed him time to write.
Writing career 
In 1931 he became interested in the Communist Party. He joined the party in 1934. He wrote for several Left-wing journals. These included New Country, The Left Review and New Writing. Upward's first novel was Journey to the Border, published in 1938. At that time Upward was better known for a 1937 essay called Sketch for a Marxist Interpretation of Literature. He wrote a trilogy called The Spiral Ascent. The second part had trouble getting published. By the time the third part was published, it had to be underwritten by the Action Council. The council only agreed after pressure from Upward's friends. The three were titled In the Thirties (1962), The Rotten Elements (1969), and No Home But the Struggle (1977). The last two were almost completely ignored at the time.
He enjoyed a resurgence in his nineties with the publication of several of his short stories. These were The Mortmere Stories (co-written with Christopher Isherwood during their time at Cambridge in the 1920s), An Unmentionable Man (1994), The Scenic Railway (1997), The Coming Day (2000), and A Renegade in Springtime (2003), the last to celebrate his 100th birthday. 

He died on 13 February 2009, aged 105, in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England.

References

Other websites 
 Edward Upward, The Spiral Ascent
 Edward Upward: An artistic vision at odds with his politics, WSWS

English novelists
1903 births
2009 deaths
British communists
Revenge is doing something to hurt another person because they believe that person hurt them. It is also called vengeance, vendetta, payback, retribution or retaliation. It can also be doing something to get even for an insult, real or perceived. Vengeance is as old as people are. it is a natural urge that has been examined by psychologists, philosophers, legal scholars, poets, playwrights and others. Anthropologists have discovered chimpanzees will try to get revenge on thieves who steal their food.

The psychology of revenge 
In a 2004 issue of Science, Swiss researchers scanned the brains of several subjects who had been intentionally "wronged" in an experiment. They were then given a chance to get even with the person they thought wronged them. As they thought about how they could get revenge, their brain activity showed a rush of rush of activity in the caudate nucleus. This is the part of the brain that processes rewards. This gives some psychological confirmation to the saying Revenge is sweet.
Pitfalls of revenge 
The ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius said: ""Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves." "Payback's a bitch!" is the more modern version. The person seeking revenge is often hurt as badly as his victim. Often, the one seeking revenge has to take on the very qualities he or she hated in the first place.

It becomes a case of "you hurt me, I'll hurt you back". Taking revenge on someone may cause them to retaliate and take revenge on you. This process keeps going back and forth until it becomes a blood feud involving families, tribes, even nations. On a world level, feuds have been going on for centuries. A desire for revenge comes from a shared human desire for justice. But revenge twists justice into what is needed at the moment.
Related terms 
Sometimes revenge or acts of revenge are actually other feelings disguised as revenge. 
 Envy comes from a comparison where someone feels they have been slighted. Someone who feels envy wants to hurt or take over the person or thing they hate. They seek revenge because of envy.
 Self-defense is often for protecting someone or something against another. A claim of self-defense may sometimes be used to hide something that was actually done for revenge.
 A scapegoat is someone who is blamed for something someone else actually did. It can also be a person someone wants to make suffer as revenge for something.

References

Other page 
Nemesis
 
Violence
Ethics
Richard Greening Hewlett (February 12, 1923 – September 1, 2015) was an American public historian. He was best known for his work as the first official Chief Historian of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC).

Hewlett was born in Toledo, Ohio. He joined the United States Army Air Corps during World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.

Hewlett died on September 1, 2015 at the age of 92.

References

1923 births
2015 deaths
American historians
American military personnel of World War II
Harvard University alumni
Military people from Ohio
People from Toledo, Ohio
Scientists from Ohio
University of Chicago alumni
Queen Rania of Jordan (; born Rania al-Yassin and sometimes called Rania al-Abdullah; born on 31 August 1970 in Kuwait City, Kuwait) is the Queen consort of Jordan. After she married Abdullah II of Jordan, she became known for her work in education, health, community empowerment and micro-finance. She also uses social media often (Facebook, Twitter and YouTube). She has two daughters and two sons. She has been given many awards by governments.

Personal life 

Rania al-Yassin was born in Kuwait to Palestinian parents. She went to the New English School in Jabriya, Kuwait. She got a degree in business administration at the American University in Cairo. Before graduating from the American University, she worked with Citibank and Apple, Inc..

Work

Work in Jordan

Education and health 

Queen Rania of Jordan has launched and fought for many initiatives in education and learning.
In July 2005, in partnership with the Ministry of Education, the King and Queen created the Queen Rania Award for Excellence in Education. It is an annual award for teachers.

Queen Rania is the chairperson of Jordan's first children's museum. It was opened in May of 2007. It encourages lifelong learning for children and their families. In 2007, Queen Rania began a program to renovate 500 of Jordan's schools in a period of five years. Queen Rania is also chairperson of the Royal Health Awareness Society (RHAS).

Community empowerment
Queen Rania created the Jordan River Foundation in 1995. This foundation works to empower society, especially women and children, to improve the quality of life and make a better future for all Jordanians. She also created the Jordan River Children Program (JRCP). This program wants to place children’s well-being above politics and cultural taboos. After two children were killed in Jordan because of child abuse, Queen Rania called for an emergency meeting to discuss where the system was failing.

Online

YouTube 

On 30 March 2008, Queen Rania launched her own YouTube channel. It was originally to invite viewers to give their opinions on the Middle East and talk about the stereotypes they may have of Arabs and Muslims.

Titles

10 June 1993-22 March 1999 Her Royal Highness Princess Rania Al Abdullah of Jordan 

22 March 1999 Her Majesty The Queen of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Related pages

List of Jordanian consorts

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Official website
Madrasati
Jordan Education Initiative 
Global Campaign for Education
Education for All: Class of 2015 
National Council for Family Affairs

1970 births
Living people
Kings and Queens consort of Jordan
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
People from Tulkarm
William B. Provine (February 19, 1942 – September 1, 2015) was an American historian of science and of evolutionary biology and population genetics. He was best known for his several different positions held at Cornell University. Provine also appeared in Ben Stein's documentary movie Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (2008).

Provine was born in Nashville, Tennessee. He was married to Gail and had two sons.

Provine died from brain cancer on September 1, 2015 in Horseheads, New York. He was 73.
Selected bibliography
 Provine W.B. 1971. The origins of theoretical population genetics. 
 Mayr E. and  Provine W.B. (eds) 1980. The evolutionary synthesis: erspectives on the unification of biology. 
 Provine W.B. 1986. Sewall Wright and evolutionary biology. 
 Provine W.B. (ed) 1986. Evolution: selected papers by Sewall Wright. 
 Provine W.B. 1986. Geneticists and race. American Zoologist 26: 857-887.
 Provine W.B. 1989. Progress in evolution and meaning in life. In: M. Nitecki (ed) Evolutionary progress. 
 Cain A.J. and W.B. Provine 1992. Genes and ecology in history. In Berry R.J; T.J. Crawford & G.M. Hewitt, eds. Genes in ecology: 33rd Symposium of the British Ecological Society. 
 Provine W.B. 2014. The "random genetic drift" fallacy. .

References

1942 births
2015 deaths
American historians
American biologists
Cornell University faculty
Scientists from Nashville, Tennessee
University of Chicago alumni
This is a list of all the queens consort of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. No woman is allowed to be a queen regnant.

References 

consorts
Dina bint Abdul-Hamid (15 December 1929 – 21 August 2019) was the former Queen of Jordan. Her husband, the king, was Hussein of Jordan. They were married from 18 April 1955 to 24 June 1957. The marriage ended because the queen stated she did not love the king and they had political differences.

Education 
Dina was a graduate of Cambridge University. She lectured in English literature at Cairo University. Together they had one child, Princess Alia bint Hussein. She was the king's eldest child. She was born in Cairo, Egypt. 

Dina died on 21 August 2019 in Amman, Jordan at the age of 89.

References 

1929 births
People from Cairo
Kings and Queens consort of Jordan
2019 deaths
Tasmannia is a genus of woody, evergreen flowering plants native to Australia, New Guinea, Celebes, Borneo and the Philippines. Most species have aromatic bark and leaves. Some are used to extract essential oils. Their peppery-flavored fruits and leaves (especially dried) are increasingly used as a condiment in Australia. They have a peppery flavour due to the presence of polygodial. The taste is a cross between chile and peppercorn.

Distribution and habitat
In Australia, the genus ranges from Tasmania and eastern Victoria and New South Wales to southeastern Queensland. It is also found in the mountains of northeastern Queensland. There it grows in moist mountain forests and in wet areas in the drier forest and along watercourses to up to 1500 m (5000 ft).
Culinary use
'Tasmanian pepper' or 'mountain pepper' (pictured) was the original pepperbush used by colonial Australians. It was grown in Cornwall in England, to become the 'Cornish pepperleaf' (associated with Cornish cuisine).  It has large, peppery berries which are also high in antioxidants. But due to the presence of safrole, safrole-free strains of mountain pepper are selected for the spice trade. 

Dorrigo pepper (Tasmannia stipitata) was the original pepper bush present in specialty foods restaurants in the 1980s. It is also sold as a spice today. Dorrigo pepper is safrole free and has a strong peppery flavour.

References

Other websites
 Tasmannia purpurascens (Australian National Botanic Gardens)
 Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages: Tasmanian Pepper
 Diemen Pepper: Plant information

Spices
Magnoliids
The Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) Sanitatis is a medieval handbook mainly on health. It is based on the Taqwim al‑sihha  ("Maintenance of Health"), an eleventh-century Arab work an health by Ibn Butlan of Baghdad. The text exists in several variant Latin versions. 

It describes in detail the beneficial and harmful properties of foods and plants. It explains the six essential elements for well-being:

sufficient food and drink in moderation,
fresh air,
alternations of activity and rest,
alternations of sleep and wakefulness,
secretions and excretions of humours, and finally
the effects of states of mind.
 
Tacuinum Sanitatis says that illnesses result from imbalance of these elements.

Notes

Other websites
 Tacuinum Sanitatis site on the M. Moleiro Editor website
 The Tacuinum Sanitatis in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
Introductory text (Spanish) and some illustrations

Health
The Rapa Nui are the native Polynesian people of Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, in the Pacific Ocean. The easternmost Polynesian culture, the Rapa Nui people currently make up 60% of Easter Island's population. Some live in mainland Chile. They speak both the traditional Rapa Nui language and the primary language of the island, Spanish.  At the 2002 census there were 3,304 island inhabitants. Almost all lived in the village of Hanga Roa on the sheltered west coast. 

As of 2011, Rapa Nui's main source of income comes from tourism. Tourists come to see the giant sculptures called Moai. Some fruits are grown for local use. Rapa Nui activists have been fighting for their right of self-determination. They also want control of the island. Recent protests by the Rapa Nui on Easter Island against Chilean rule has led to clashes with the Chilean police.

References 

Ethnic groups in Oceania
Pacific islands
Humorism, or humoralism, was a system of medicine about the makeup and workings of the human body. It was a belief that too much or too little of any of four distinct body fluids in a person directly influenced their temperament and health. The humoralist system of medicine is highly individualistic. Each individual patient was made up of their own unique combination of humors.

It resembled an early holistic approach to medicine linking mental and physical processes. From Hippocrates onward, the humoral theory was adopted by Greek, Roman and Persian physicians. It became the most commonly held view of the human body among early physicians until the coming of modern medical research in the nineteenth century. It has not been used in medicine since then.

References 

History of medicine
Wrangel Island () is a small island in the Arctic Ocean belonging to Russia. It lies between the Chukchi Sea and East Siberian Sea. Wrangel Island lies across the 180° meridian. The International Date Line is displaced eastwards at this latitude to avoid the island and the Chukchi Peninsula on the Russian mainland. It is roughly  in area. The closest land to Wrangel Island is tiny and rocky Herald Island located  to the east. The distance to the closest point on the Siberian mainland is . Wrangel Island may have been the last place on earth where Woolly Mammoth survived. It is home to many arctic animals including polar bears. Since 1976 it has been a nature reserve.

History 
Baron Ferdinand von Wrangel (1796–1870) was a German explorer and seaman in the service of the Russian Empire. He noticed birds flying north near the Kolyma river. From this he correctly deduced there was an island in the Arctic ocean. He searched for the island in the 1820s but never found it.
In 1881 an American steamship, the Thomas L. Corwin, searching for a lost expedition found themselves off Wrangel island. They searched the island for survivors but found none. They raised an American flag on the and claimed it for the United States. They named it "New Columbia", but the name never stuck. Nothing was done about the discovery for the next 30 years.

In 1913, Vilhjalmur Stefansson led a large expedition to discover a lost continent he believed was under the Arctic ice cap. They sailed from Victoria, British Columbia on June 17, 1913. Six weeks later their ship was caught in the ice. Stefansson and several companions left the expedition and returned to safety. When the ship was crushed, the crew set up camp on the ice. In March of 1914, Captain Bartlett led what was left of his crew 80 miles across the ice to Wrangel Island. Twelve survivors were picked up by a small whaling schooner in September of 1914.
In 1921, Stefansson claimed Wrangel island for Canada. An expedition from Canada to colonize the island failed. By 1926 Russia re-established their claim to the island by setting up a colony there. Eventually the colonists returned to the mainland leaving the island deserted.

In 1976 the Soviet Union declared the island a zapovednika, a federally protected nature reserve. In English it is called the Wrangel Island Nature Reserve. It protects large colonies of snow geese, polar bears, and walrus that live here. Only official Russian government personnel and invited guests can visit the reserve.

Galápagos of the far north  
Wrangel island was never covered by glaciers during the last ice ages and it was never covered by water when the ice retreated. The soil and plants on Wrangel have been undisturbed by time. The interior valleys are mainly ancient Pleistocene tundra. They boast over 400 unique plant species.
Wildlife 
Even though it is a very harsh climate Wrangel island has a large and diverse wildlife population. It is the world's largest Polar Bear denning ground. There are about 400 female bears who raise their young here. It has the world's largest population of Pacific Walrus. The island has large populations of Snow Geese, Snowy Owls, seals, Arctic wolves, Arctic fox and lemmings. One thing the island seems to be missing is mosquitoes.

Woolly Mammoths  
Wrangel island may have been the last place Woolly Mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) existed before becoming extinct. The island is littered with mammoth tusks. A population of mammoths existed here some 6,000 years after they went extinct on the mainland. They survived until about 1650 BCE. Archaeological evidence on the island shows them to be a smaller subspecies, Mammuth primigenius wrangelensis.

References 

Arctic islands
Islands of Russia
World Heritage Sites in Russia
DNA methylation is the main way gene activity is adjusted during life, especially during early development.

It is how methyl groups are added to DNA.  This suppresses gene transcription.  Two of DNA's four nucleotides, cytosine and adenine, can be methylated. Since adenine methylation is restricted to prokaryotes, all eukaryote transcription is regulated by suppressing cytosine.

Suppressing genes is the basis of epigenetics, the study of changes in gene activity which are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence. It is the study of gene expression, the way genes bring about their phenotypic effects.

The changes in gene activity by methylation may last for the rest of the cell's life, and for many generations of cells through cell divisions. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism. Instead, non-hereditary factors cause the organism's genes to behave (express themselves) differently.
To give just one example of how important this is, think about the effect nutrition of a pregnant female has on the baby long after birth.

References 

Cell biology
DNA
Developmental biology
Molecular biology
Epigenetics
A honey bee (or honeybee) is any bee that is a member of the genus Apis. They are all eusocial flying insects which live in colonies of various sizes. They are only a small fraction of the 20,000 known species of bee.

They produce and store honey and make perennial, colonial nests from wax. in contrast to the stingless honey bees. 

Honey bees are the only living members of the tribe Apini, all in the genus Apis. There are only seven species of honey bee, with a total of 44 subspecies. Historically, from six to eleven species have been recognized. 

Some other types of  bees produce and store honey, but only members of the genus Apis are true honey bees. The study of honey bees is known as ''melittology''.

The first Apis bees appear in the European fossil record at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary (34 million years ago). This shows that the bees were present in Europe by that time. Few fossil deposits are known from South Asia, the suspected region of honey bee origin.