Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Charybdis is a sea monster in Ancient Greek mythology. It was said that she was a daughter of Poseidon and that when she breathed in and out the sea would rise and fall. She was also the sister of Scylla.When angry she would turn into a whirlpool and suck in anything within half a mile

Greek legendary creatures
Gods and goddesses of water
Scylla was a sea monster in Greek mythology. She was said to be the daughter of Poseidon. Scylla was a water dwelling version of the Hydra and the sister of Charybdis.

Some myths explain Scylla's beginnings. One of them says she was one of the daughters of Phorcys the Greek God of the Deep. Another says that Scylla was a very pretty fairy who was liked by Poseidon, but the jealous Amphitrite turned her into a monster by poisoning the water of the place where Scylla would swim.

One says that a jealous Circe poured a potion into the sea water and then made Scylla transform into a monster with four eyes and six long necks with ugly heads. Her body had 12 tentacle looking legs and a tail. She attacked the ships of nearby people.

In another myth, Heracles (also known as Hercules) came across Scylla when traveling and then killed her. The sea-god Phorcys, then restored her to life.

Greek legendary creatures
Gods and goddesses of water
Going commando means wearing no underwear. 

People have many different reasons for going commando. Some people do it to feel comfortable. Other people do it because their culture (the group they grew up with) does not have underwear. ‘Going commando’ refers to wearing no underwear but still wearing clothes on your bottom half (trousers etc).

Benefits

In women, going commando reduces the risk of developing yeast infections associated with warm damp environments. Tight underwear or undies that aren't from cotton can retain moisture in the genital area and makes it susceptible to bacteria.
Nonetheless, there's no research on whether 'going commando' reduces yeast infection. In general, loose fitting and cotton undies should be worn.

References

Slang
Underwear
Smurfette is the main protagonist in The Smurfs franchise. She is the only female smurf in The Smurf Village. Most of the other smurfs like her because of her beauty. She is not the smartest smurf. Often she gets caught in traps while looking at herself in the mirror. She does not seem to have an attraction for many of the other smurfs.

Later other female smurfs appeared, although it is unclear how they came into being.

Smurfette usually wears a white dress, white shoes, a Smurf hat and white panties under her dress (her panties are shown in every Smurf movie for a brief amount of time and a few times in the cartoon series), but in the comic book story "You Don't Smurf Progress", Smurfette is shown wearing her pink lingerie, and people speculate that she also owns a few frilly panties (due to her personality), but it is still unknown if she actually does or not.

Smurfs
Comics characters
Smuggler's Run released in Japan as  is an early video game developed by Angel Studios (now Rockstar San Diego) and published by Rockstar Games for the PlayStation 2 console. In the game you drive multiple vehicles including trophy trucks, SUVs, and cars. The game is rated T for teen and you can hit cops and animals but they will not die.

One sequel to the game was produced: Smuggler's Run 2, which was released for the Sony PlayStation 2 on October 30, 2001. The game was later ported to the Nintendo GameCube on August 7, 2002 and renamed Smuggler's Run: Warzones.

The original Smuggler's Run is now a part of the Sony Greatest Hits series of games that have reached a particular sales milestone for the Sony PlayStation 2.

Plot Summary
In the game you are a drug and weapons smuggler battling against rival factions. You must completed objectives such as drop offs, races, and smash-up derbies. This game is been questioned because it is very repetitive.

Critical reception
Critical reception

Although some reviews criticize the game for being repetitive and frustrating, the overall response was positive. It achieved an average score of 79/100 on review aggregator Metacritic.

Japanese versions 
In Japanese versions, there are no cars, peoples, or animals on the stage.

References

Other websites
 Official Smuggler's Run web site

2000 video games
Game Boy Advance games
PlayStation 2 games
My Gym Partner's a Monkey is a show on Cartoon Network. It is about a human boy named Adam Lyon who used to go to a normal human school but the principal says he is an animal because he spelled "Lyon" with an i. He then goes to Charles Darwin Middle School (named after the scientist Charles Darwin) and he makes friends with the animals at the school.
Characters 
 Adam Lyon is the only human student at Charles Darwin Middle School. He is 12 years old.
 Jake Spidermonkey is a monkey that Adam met during gym class, and Adam's closest friend at school. He wears a red T-shirt and a blue baseball cap.
 Ingrid Giraffe is the tallest student at Charles Darwin Middle School. She has a "crush" on Adam, which Ingrid tries to keep a secret. Her voice actress is Grey DeLisle.
 Lupe Toucan is Ingrid's best friend. She talks with a Mexican accent. Like Ingrid, her voice actress is Grey DeLisle.
 Slips Python is an easy-going snake who believes almost anything. He somehow wears a shirt, even though he has no arms.
 Virgil "Bull" Sharkowski is the school bully. This shark wears braces on his teeth, and water-filled headphones to help him breathe on land.
 Principal Pixiefrog is the principal of Charles Darwin Middle School. He is a short frog.
 Coach Gills is the gym teacher at CDMS. She talks with a manly voice.
 Ms. Chameleon is the drama teacher.
Windsor Gorilla is one of the smarter students at Charles Darwin. He and Slips are close friends.
2000s animated television series
Cartoon Network series
English-language television programs
2005 television series debuts
2008 television series endings
Systems science is the interdisciplinary field of science, that studies the principles of systems in nature, in society and in science itself.

Types of systems science are systems theory, cybernetics and chaos theory, and all kinds of similar sciences.

The aim of systems science is to develop interdisciplinary foundations for all science. This foundation is used in a variety of areas, such as engineering, biology, medicine and social sciences.

Related pages 
 Chaos theory
 Complex systems
 Complexity
 Control theory
 Cybernetics
 Systems engineering
 Systems theory

References 

 
Systems theory
Systems theory is the study of the nature of systems in nature, society, and science.  More specifically, systems theory is a framework to analyze or describe any group of things which work together to produce some result. This can be a single organism, any organization or society, or any electronic, mechanical or informational artifact. 

Systems theory as a technical and general academic area of study. It was founded by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and others in the 1950s.

Related pages
 Autopoiesis
 Chaos theory
 Fritjof Capra
"Emotion" was remade by R&B group Destiny's Child in 2001, it was produced and arranged by Mark J. Feist. The song is a remake of Emotions by the Bee Gees and Samantha Sang.

Destiny's Child songs
2001 songs
McDonaldland is a fictional universe made by McDonald's. The first character Ronald McDonald was made in 1963, and they created McDonaldland as a place for him and his friends to live. Ronald's usual friends are Grimace, The Hamburgler, and Birdie the Early Bird. Other people in McDonaldland include Mayor McCheese, Officer Big Mac, the McNugget Buddies, and the Happy Meal Gang.

In the 1970s and 1980s McDonald's had to change Mayor McCheese and Officer Big Mac, because they were too similar to another fictional world called H.R. Pufnstuf. People thought that McDonaldland got cancelled, but McDonald's was just trying to fix it by bringing in creative people from studios like SEGA and Klasky Csupo. The McDonaldland characters have slowly returned, and were even featured as Funko Pop figures in 2019 and 2021.

Advertising
McDonald's
Club Atlético de Madrid is a Spanish football team from Madrid, the capital city of Spain, that play in La Liga. They are managed by Diego Simeone and they play their home games at the Wanda Metropolitano. They have had famous players like Álvaro Morata, Antoine Griezmann, Kieran Trippier, Jan Oblak, and Renan Lodi. 

In the number of titles, Atlético Madrid is the third most successful club in Spanish football, behind Real Madrid and Barcelona.

Madrid Derby 
Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid are city rivals, because both are from Madrid. They compete each year in what is called the Madrid Derby. Until recently, Atlético Madrid had struggled in the derby, carrying a 14-year winless streak into the 2012–13 season. This ended on 17 May 2013 after Atlético beat their city rivals Real Madrid 2–1 at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the final of the 2012-13 Copa del Rey.

Name 

 1903-1939 Athletic Club de Madrid
 1939-1941 Athletic Aviación
 1941-1946 Atlético Aviación
 1946-present Club Atlético de Madrid
Titles 
 La Liga : 10
 1939/40, 1940/41, 1949/50, 1950/51, 1965/66, 1969/70, 1972/73, 1976/77, 1995/96, 2013/14, 2020/2021
 Copa del Rey (Kings Cup) : 10
 1959–60, 1960–61, 1964–65, 1971–72, 1975–76, 1984–85, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1995–96, 2012–13
 Supercopa de España (Spanish Super Cup) : 2
 1985, 2014
 Intercontinental Cup : 1
 UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1
 1961–62
 UEFA Europa League : 2
 2009–10, 2011–12
 UEFA Super Cup : 1
 2010, 2012
 Intercontinental Cup: 1
 1974

League position

Former position

References 

Spanish football clubs
Madrid
1903 establishments in Spain
The buttocks are two parts of the body. They are on the back of the pelvic area and give padding when people sit. They can also arouse human sexuality.

Buttocks are formed mainly from two large muscles on each side. These are the gluteus maximus and the glutius medius. They go from the hip to the top of the leg, so they are not there just for decoration. The role of the buttocks in sitting and in sexual arousal are secondary functions in our species.

In some African populations, the buttocks look bigger because of extra fat. This condition is known as steatopygia. It is an inherited condition first noticed in the Khoisan (San people) of southern Africa and the pygmies of central Africa. Now it has been recognised in the people of the Andamanese islands in the Pacific Ocean.

Slang words for the buttocks include "booty", "butt", "bum", "hiney", and "ass".

Gallery

References 

Torso
The Toyota Camry (; Japanese: トヨタ・カムリ) is a car made by Toyota since 1980. The name "Camry" comes from the Japanese word kanmuri (冠, かんむり), which means "crown".

Sales
The Camry is Toyota's best-selling car in the United States.

Camry
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Sedans
Front wheel drive vehicles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
Kush civilization had its center in the region of Nubia. This was in northern Sudan of today. We know about it through the Egyptians who moved south around 2500 BC. When the Middle Kingdom of Egypt ended, an independent kingdom of Kush developed. About 1500 BC Egyptians moved southwards again, but this time met organized resistance. Historians are not sure whether this resistance came from many city states or a single unified empire. The Egyptians won, and the region became a colony of Egypt under the control of Thutmose I. The region supplied Egypt with resources.

In the eleventh century BC internal disputes in Egypt caused colonial rule to collapse and an independent kingdom arose based at Napata in Nubia. This kingdom was ruled by locals who overthrew the colonial regime. But Kush had many beliefs and gods in common with Egypt.
In the Bible
The name given to this civilization comes from the Old Testament where Cush (Hebrew: כוש) was one of the sons of Ham (Son of Noah) who settled in Northeast Africa. The Bible refers to Cush on a number of occasions. Moses wife, Tzipporah, is described as a Kushite in the book of Numbers.

Related pages
 Meroe

References

Jean Leclant. "The empire of Kush: Napata and Meroe"  UNESCO General History of Africa
A. Hakem with I. Hrbek and J. Vercoutter. "The civilization of Napata and Meroe" UNESCO General History of Africa
P.L. Shinnie. "The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia c. 660 BC to c. AD 600" Cambridge History of Africa - Volume 2 Cambridge University Press, 1978.

Other websites
Ancient Gold Center Discovered on the Nile
On Kush 
  Voyage au pays des pharaons noirs Travel in Sudan : pictures and notes on the nubian history
Scholars Race to Recover a Lost Kingdom on the Nile from the New York Times.

History of Sudan
2nd millennium BC in Egypt
Former monarchies of Africa
Cybernetics is the study of control and communication in the animal and the machine. Norbert Wiener added: "Information is information, not matter or energy".155

Ross Ashby defined it as: "the art of steermanship... co-ordination, regulation and control will be its
themes, for these are of the greatest biological and practical interest... it treats, not things but ways of
behaving. It does not ask “what is this thing?” but “what does it
do?” Ashby continued: 
"Cybernetics stands to the real machine—electronic, mechanical, neural, or economic—much as geometry stands to a real object in our terrestrial space".

Louis Couffignal said cybernetics was "the art of ensuring the efficacy of action".
Cybernetics was from the first an inter-disciplinary field of study. It included people from at least a dozen academic disciplines. There were two events which sparked it off after World War II. The first was that scientists from different backgrounds had, during the war, worked together on various military projects. They learned a good deal about how to cooperate with their various partners. The second event was the invention of computers during the war.

The countries which started cybernetics were Britain and the United States, but the idea spread quickly to France, Russia and other countries. Another, more famous, example of 'interdisciplinary studies' was molecular and cell biology.

The building block 
Imagine a simple system such as a central heating system.
A goal-directed or control system has these four parts: 
 Sensor (S): test the system's environment.
 Goal (G): the specification of the desired state of the system. 
 Error Detection (E): a method for finding the difference between the present state and the goal state. 
 Effector (E'): operations the system can make to get the environment closer to the goal.

The device which does this is called a thermostat.

Later years 
Cybernetics started rapidly, and some of the greatest thinkers of the post-war era were interested in it. When this generation died, and some of the hopes for artificial intelligence and robotics were slow to produce results, cybernetics fell somewhat out of favour.

Related pages 
Homeostasis
Self-organisation
General systems theory
Technological singularity

References 

Systems
Systems theory
Systems
Systems theory
Complexity is a property of something with many parts and a complicated arrangement. It is also the state of being complex. Its opposite is simplicity.
A complex system is one where smaller elements make complex things happen. These smaller elements can be simple elements or they can be complex systems within themselves. Any such complex elements can be interrelated in simple or complex ways and may be hard to identify as distinct.

Abstract
'Complex systems' is a field which studies the common properties of systems considered complex in nature, society and science. It is also called complex systems theory, complexity science, study of complex systems and/or sciences of complexity.

Problems
The key problems of such systems are  difficulties with their formal modeling and simulation. From such perspective, in different research contexts complex systems are defined on the base of their different attributes.

Systems
Control theory is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and mathematics. It deals with the behavior of systems. The desired output of a system is called the reference. In that context, a system can be influenced by certain input values. Depending on the input values, the system may change its state or its behavior. Common questions control theory asks: 

 Is a system in a stable state? 
 How sensitive is the system to changed of input parameters? 
 Are all variables within a given range? 
 Is it possible to reach a predefined target state? 
 If the target state can be reached, what must the input variables be set to, so that the target state is reached? 

One of the first modern people to talk about control theory was James Clerk Maxwell. In his work On Governors, of 1868, he looked at the dynamic properties of centrifugal governors, as they were used by steam engines. Such governors were already used to regulate the speed of windmills.
Mathematical model
A system is a model used to describe the behaviour of something in the real world that takes inputs and produces outputs. For example, a car is a system in that the driver chooses how hard to press on the gas pedal (the input) and the car drives along the road at a certain speed (the output). In the case of a car, the input to the gas pedal does not fully determine the speed of the car. The weight in the car, the incline of the road, the traction of the tires, the current speed of the car, and other factors can all change the output received for a particular input. Control theory attempts to determine what inputs will result in a desired output, or reference. This is accomplished using differential equations, linear algebra, and other branches of math. Control theory relies heavily on computational models and software.
In a control system a controller manipulates the inputs to a system. In the control systems one or more output variables of a system need to follow a certain reference over time. By manipulating the input, the controller wants to obtain the desired effect on the output of the system. If we were to take a system without a controller it would simply have an input and an output. As there is no way to track the output relative to the input then the system is practically useless. If we add a controller, by feeding the output through the controller back to the input the output can be manipulated to meet the desired criteria. For example, if a kettle did not have a controller and it were switched on it would continue to boil the water indefinitely. By adding a controller, the boiling water (reference) is fed back to the input through the controller. The controller then tells the input to turn off the power as the water is already boiling. The system without the controller is called the open-loop system
. When you add a controller in a feedback loop you create a closed-loop system. Open-loop systems are rarely ever considered stable as they cannot be controlled based on their output. Closed-loop systems incorporate a controller or series of controllers which, depending on the current output, configure the input such that the output will have the desired response.
References 

Systems
Systems theory
Acura is the luxury brand of the car company Honda. It has been established in the United States, Canada and Hong Kong since March 1986. The brand has been used to market Honda's luxury cars and high performance models. Before Acura, most Japanese cars were economical in design.

References 

Automobile companies of Japan
1986 establishments in Japan
Nissan may refer to:

 Nissan Motor Company
 Nissan (river), a river in southwestern Sweden

Other uses
 Nissan, or Nisan, a month on the Hebrew calendar, Babylonian calendar and modern Arab April
Cabal Online is a free Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG) created by ESTsoft Corporation.

Characters 
There are eight characters players can choose from in Cabal Online. They are: Warrior, Blader, Magician, Force Archer, Force Blader, Force Shielder, Force Gunner, 안전놀이터  and Gladiator.

Online games
Blackletter or Gothic script is an old way to write. Blackletter in writing or print was used in Western Europe from about 1150 to the 17th century. It was used for printing in Germany until the 20th century.

Letter shapes in printing were copied from letter shapes in a style of handwriting. So, the Gothic script of northern Europe and the Latin script used in Italy were both copied into print typography.

The name Gothic script 
Some people call blackletter Old English. This is not right, because Old English is a language, not a script, and many centuries older. Also Gothic script has nothing to do with the Goths. They lived in central Europe from the 3rd to 6th century and wrote in runes. Blackletter must not be confused either with the ancient Gothic alphabet or with the sans-serif typefaces that are also sometimes called Gothic.
The term Gothic was first used to describe this script in fifteenth century Italy, in the midst of the Renaissance. Scholars thought it was a barbaric script: Gothic was a synonym for barbaric. 

Not only were blackletter forms called Gothic script, but any other seemingly barbarian script was also labeled "Gothic". In contrast, the humanists preferred the Carolingian minuscule, a highly legible script. They called it littera antiqua, "the ancient letter", believing that it was the script used by the Romans. But actually it was invented in the reign of Charlemagne.

Origins
Carolingian minuscule was the direct and linear ancestor of blackletter. Blackletter came from Carolingian when Europe in the twelfth century needed new books in many different subjects when more and more people learned to read. New universities were founded, each writing books for business, law, grammar, history, and other topics, not only religious books, where earlier scripts were used.
These books needed to be produced quickly to keep up with demand. Carolingian, though legible, was time-consuming and labour-intensive to produce. It was large and wide and took up a lot of space on a manuscript in a time when writing materials were very costly. As early as the eleventh century, different forms of Carolingian were already being used, and by the mid-twelfth century, a clearly distinguishable form, able to be written more quickly to meet the demand for new books, was being used in north-eastern France and the Low Countries.

Sources
Bernhard Bischoff, Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Middle Ages
Typography
Writing
This article is about the first game.  For the series as a whole, see Super Smash Bros. (series).

 is a crossover fighting game made by HAL Laboratory and Nintendo for the Nintendo 64. It was sold in Japan on January 21, 1999, in North America on April 26, 1999, and in Europe on November 19, 1999. Super Smash Bros. is the first game in the Super Smash Bros. series. The second game in the series is Super Smash Bros. Melee for Nintendo GameCube and was sold in 2001. Super Smash Bros. Brawl is the third game in the series and was made for Wii. Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U are be the fourth games to be release for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. Super Smash Bros. was in the Wii's Virtual Console in Japan on January 20, 2009, ten years after it was made for Nintendo 64. Super Smash Bros Ultimate was released for Nintendo Switch.
In the game, the players can control every characters from the video game series, including Mario, Pokémon, The Legend of Zelda and many others. The games are very different compared to other fighting games. Other characters include Kirby, Donkey Kong, Captain Falcon, and Jigglypuff among others.

Characters

Default Characters
Donkey Kong
Fox McCloud
Kirby
Link
Mario
Pikachu
Samus Aran
Yoshi

Secret Characters
Captain Falcon
Jigglypuff
Luigi
Ness

Super Smash Bros. has 12 characters. 8 starters and 4 unlockables. Pit, King Dedede, Mewtwo, Meowth, Bowser, and Princess Peach were going to be in Super Smash Bros., but were removed. They all made it in either Super Smash Bros. Melee or Super Smash Bros. Brawl. Meowth does appear in Super Smash Bros. and Super Smash Bros. Brawl but only as a Pokéball Pokémon. Master Hand is a character that you will always fight last.
Gameplay
The point of the game is to beat the character(s) that you are fighting. To beat them you must hit them again until they are very hurt. Once they are very hurt, you have to knock them off of the stage in some way.

One player mode
In 1P mode, you have to fight all of the characters in the game (including the one you are using) and Master Hand. You also play some mini-games along the way. In this mode, you can unlock characters and stages by doing certain things. It does not work like that with Master Hand, though. With Master Hand, you have to hit him again and again until he dies. You do not have to knock him off the stage. It's impossible to knock him off the stage.

Multiplayer mode
In multiplayer mode, up to 4 people can play against each other non-stop. If there are fighters that have died at the same time, they will fight in a sudden death battle. In that battle, they are badly hurt and they have to fight other fighters who made it into the sudden death battle as well.
Mini-games
The two mini-games are "Break The Targets" and "Board The Platforms". In Break The Targets, you have to break 10 targets. It's very hard to get all 10 of the targets. The same goes for Board The Platforms except you have to just simply land on all of the platforms. Board The Platforms is a little bit harder than Break The Targets. Characters can be unlocked in these mini-games.

Home Stages
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Series !! Character !! Home stage
|-
| Super Mario Bros. || Mario || Peach's Castle
|-
| Donkey Kong || Donkey Kong || Kongo Jungle
|-
| The Legend of Zelda || Link || Hyrule Castle
|-
| Metroid || Samus || Planet Zebes
|-
| Yoshi || Yoshi || Yoshi's Island
|-
| Kirby || Kirby || Dream Land
|-
| Star Fox || Fox || Sector Z
|-
| Pokemon || Pikachu || Saffron City
|-
| Super Mario Bros. || Luigi || Mushroom Kingdom
|-
| Pokemon || Jigglypuff || Saffron City
|-
| F-Zero || Captain Falcon || Planet Zebes
|-
| Earthbound || Ness || Dream Land
|}
DevelopmentSuper Smash Bros. was made by HAL Laboratory in 1998. It was first called , and it did not have all those characters from different Nintendo games. Later, Sakurai had an idea of having characters from different Nintendo games to make it very fun. Lots of people liked it so he began making the game with some people. At first, it was only sold in Japan. Sakurai saw how many people bought the game and liked it so the game was sold in other countries as well.

ReceptionSuper Smash Bros. became very popular, and quickly became a Player's Choice game (which means it's very good). In Japan, 1.97 million Super Smash Bros. CDs were sold, and 2.93 million Super Smash Bros.'' CDs have been sold in the United States.

Other websites
Super Smash Bros. website
Japanese Super Smash Bros. website

References

Super Smash Bros.
1999 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Virtual Console games
The Falkland Islands wolf (Dusicyon australis), also known as the warrah, Falkland Islands dog, Falkland Islands fox, or Antarctic wolf, is a species of wolf that used to live on the Falkland Islands. They were blamed for killing sheep, but it is not known if they did or not. The last fox died in 1876. This species probably fed on penguins, seals and vegetation.

It is unclear how they got to the Falkland Islands. The most common theory was that the warrah descended from domestic dogs brought to the Falkland Islands by the Yaghan of Tierra del Fuego. This explained the lack of their fear of humans. 

However, this theory was seen as implausible because the Falkland Islands are far from mainland South America and the sea between the mainland and the islands is very windy, making it impossible to cross in simple canoes. Now, the accepted theory is that the warrah crossed into the Falkland Islands on a former ice bridge connecting the mainland and the islands.

Canids
SNoW (born June 11, 1985 in Tokyo, Japan) is a J-Pop singer. She is now studying at Santa Monica College in California. She was raised in a two language environment. Her favorite artists include Ani DiFranco, Iggy Pop, Talking Heads, and Jack Johnson.

Her first single "Yes" was released under an indie record label in November 2004. In 2005, she changed labels to Sony Music Entertainment Japan. With Sony, she released "Hanabi made Ato Sukoshi" (花火まであとすこし - unofficial translation: "A Little Longer Until the Fireworks") in July. Her third single, "Sakasama no Chō" (逆さまの蝶, "The Inverted Butterfly"), was released on January 25, 2006. "Sakasama no Chō" was the opening theme of the 2005/2006 anime Jigoku Shoujo (地獄少女). It will also be used in the movie Humoresque to be released in February 2006. The opening theme for Jigoku Shōjo's second season, "NightmaRe", was also performed by SNoW. It was released as a single on December 6, 2006.
Singles 
 "Yes" - November 25, 2004
 "Hanabi Made Ato Sukoshi" - July 6, 2005
 "Sakasama no Chō" - January 25, 2006
 "On & On" - July 5, 2006
 "NightmaRe" - December 6, 2006

1985 births
Living people
Singers from Tokyo
A funnel cloud is a funnel-shaped cloud of condensed water droplets.  They usually appear with a rotating column of air.   These extend from the bottom of a cloud that does not touch the ground or a water surface. A funnel cloud can usually  be seen as a cone or needle shaped cloud that extends out from the main cloud base. Funnel clouds, very often, develop when supercell thunderstorms happen.

If a funnel cloud touches the ground, it becomes a tornado. Most tornadoes begin as funnel clouds.  Many funnel clouds that appear do not actually touch the ground, and do not become tornadoes.  Tornadoes can only be seen when they pick up stuff off the ground (debris), but one can see them from a distance of many miles.

A funnel cloud that makes contact with water is called a waterspout. 
A funnel cloud that touches the ground in front of a snow squall is called a winter waterspout.
Cold-air funnel clouds 
Cold-air (or cold-core) funnel clouds are usually short-lived and are usually much weaker in strength than the tornadoes produced by supercells.  Cold-air funnel clouds usually do not touch the ground, but here have been reports that it can happen. Then, they become weak tornadoes or waterspouts.

They are a common sight along the Pacific Coast and USA, usually seen in the spring or autumn.

Related pages
Tornado
Waterspout
Landspout
Winter waterspout

References

Other websites

NOAA FAQ on Tornadoes
TORRO Tornado FAQ 

Clouds
A waterspout is a funnel cloud over water. It is a nonsupercell tornado over water. Waterspouts do not suck up water; the water seen in the main funnel cloud is actually water droplets formed by condensation. It is weaker than most of its land counterparts.

Types

Non-tornadic 
Waterspouts that are not associated with a rotating updraft of a supercell thunderstorm, are known as "nontornadic" or "fair-weather waterspouts", and are by far the most common type.

Fair-weather waterspouts occur in coastal waters and are associated with dark, flat-bottomed, developing convective cumulus towers.

Snowspout
A winter waterspout, also known as a snow devil, an icespout, an ice devil, a snonado, or a snowspout, is a very rare meteorological phenomenon in which a vortex from snow develops that looks like a waterspout.  One does not know much about this rare happening and there are only six known pictures of this event so far.
There are three main things that produce a winter waterspout:
 Very cold temperatures present over a body of warm water enough to produce fog that looks like steam above the water's surface.  This usually needs temperatures of -18 °C or colder if the water temperature is no warmer than 5 °C.
 Lake-effect snows in a small, enclosed or banded formation must be present and going on.
 The wind speed has to be slow, usually less than 5 knots (9.25 km/h).

Related pages
 Winter waterspout
 Funnel cloud
 Tornado

References

Other websites 

 British and European Tornado Extremes 
 A series of pictures from the boat Nicorette getting impressively close to the south coast tornadic waterspout.
 USA Today online article on waterspouts 
 Home video of a waterspout on Long Island Sound on 27 September 2006 
 Pictures of cold-core waterspouts over Lake Michigan on 30 September 2006. Archived from the original on March 102007.
 http://aoss-research.engin.umich.edu/PlanetaryEnvironmentResearchLaboratory/ 

Weather
Bob Jones University (BJU) is a private Protestant Christian university in Greenville, South Carolina. The university was founded in 1927 by Bob Jones, Sr. (1883-1968), an evangelist. The school has around 3,000 students attending it, and there are 2,755 undergraduate students attending. Until the 1970s, BJU only allowed white students to attend. Afterwards, it banned interracial dating.

References

Other websites 

BJU website

Colleges and universities in South Carolina
Greenville, South Carolina
1917 establishments in the United States
Christian colleges and universities in the United States
20th-century establishments in South Carolina
Mordecai Fowler Ham, Jr. (April 2, 1877 – November 1, 1961) was an American evangelist. He entered his ministry in 1901. In 1936, he started his Christian radio evangelism career. He continued working as an evangelist until shortly before his death in 1961.

Other websites 
Biography from Christian History Institute 

1877 births
1961 deaths
American Baptist ministers
Evangelists
People from Kentucky
Charles Bradley Templeton (October 7 1915 - June 7 2001) was a Canadian cartoonist, evangelist, agnostic, politician, newspaper editor, inventor, broadcaster and author. At the age of 17 during the Great Depression, Chuck Templeton (as he was then known) got his first job as a sports cartoonist for The Globe and Mail. This would be the first of many of his careers. In the late 1990s, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.  He died from problems with the disease in 2001.

Other websites 
His homepage
An obituary of Charles Templeton

1915 births
2001 deaths
Politicians from Toronto
Canadian cartoonists
Canadian journalists
Canadian inventors
Writers from Toronto
The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) is an organization founded by Rev. Billy Graham in 1950. The purpose of the BGEA is to tell the gospel of Jesus Christ to as many people as they can. They have done this through crusades, evangelism training, youth outreach, television broadcasts, and radio programs, just to name a few. The current President of BGEA is Graham's son Franklin.

Other websites 
Official website

Christian organizations based in the United States
The Washington National Cathedral is a cathedral of the Episcopal Church in the United States. Located in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, it is the sixth largest cathedral in the world and second largest in the United States. It was built between 1907 and 1990.

On Tuesday, August 23, 2011, the central tower on the Cathedral was damaged by an earthquake. A 5.8-magnitude earthquake struck northern Virginia, about  from Washington D.C. The earthquake knocked off some of the cross-shaped finial stones. Finials are the decorative top of the pinnacles or towers. One pinnacle is leaning to the side. The inside of the cathedral did not receive any serious damage from the earthquake.
Officials have stated that it will cost millions of dollars to repair the damage. The cost of repairs will not be covered by insurance. There are many cracks in the limestone exterior. There was concern that the landfall of hurricane Irene would cause more damage. The hurricane did not cause any additional damage to the cathedral.

State funerals for four American Presidents have been held at the cathedral:
 Dwight Eisenhower (1969): Eisenhower was lying in repose at the cathedral before lying in state
 Ronald Reagan (2004)
 Gerald Ford (2007)
 George H.W. Bush (2018)
Memorial services were also held for presidents Warren G. Harding, William Taft, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S Truman, and Richard M. Nixon.

References 

Anglican cathedrals
Cathedrals in the United States
Buildings and structures in Washington, D.C.
The United States Postal Service (USPS) was founded in 1971, replacing the United States Post Office Department. Its headquarters is in Washington D.C. In the United States, it is referred to as "the post office", "the postal service", or just "the mail". Its job is to deliver letters, packages, and other items to people.

United States citizens can use their mailbox flag to signal USPS drivers to deliver the mailbox's contents to a different place.

History 
The Postal Service was originally the Post Office Department, which began in 1775. In 1971, the Postal Reorganization Act went into effect, creating the United States Postal Service. Since then, the Postal Service has had 14 Postmaster Generals, the current one being Louis Dejoy.
Mission 
The purpose of the Postal Service is to deliver equal service to all citizens of the United States. The Postal Service has almost 500,000 employees to deliver and sort mail, as well as run management and clerk positions. The Postal Service is for the service of Americans, so it is generally left out of politics between political parties.

Laws Affecting The Postal Service

U.S. Constitution 
The Constitution gives Congress the ability to "establish post offices and post roads." Congress used this power to originally create the Post Office as well as give it power.

U.S. Code Title 39 
This code outlines the duties and powers of the Postal Service, making its mission of service clear.

Postal Reorganization Act 
This law, signed in 1970 by President Richard Nixon, separated the Postal Service from the rest of the Executive Branch, allowing them to act independently without approval from Congress.
Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act 
This law, signed in 2006, requires the Postal Service to put money into their Retiree Health Benefit Program ahead of time. This would allow them to save money for the future. Since this law, however, the Postal Service has often been losing money due to high operating costs.

Other websites

 Official USPS website

References

Postal Service
Parkinson's disease (or PD, sometimes simply "Parkinson's") is a disease that slowly damages the central nervous system. 

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spine. When a person gets Parkinson's disease, the cells that make dopamine in a part of the brain die. Dopamine cells send information to other cells which makes us do the actions we do. Because of this, Parkinson's disease mainly affects the body's motor system.

Parkinson's disease is a disease that gets worse over time. People normally get Parkinson's disease when they are over 50 years old. It is sometimes very hard for doctors to detect.
Causes 
Doctors are studying the exact causes of Parkinson's. It is said that Parkinson's develops through a combination of genetic errors and several possible influences, but not much is known. Doctors have discovered some clues about the cause(s). It is caused by the destruction of specialised ganglions in the brain. The production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter, reduces. Parkinson's can also be genetic. But research shows that genetic Parkinson's is not normal, and is uncommon. Parkinson's disease is more frequent among those who work with pesticides  or have had a history of head injuries.

Research suggests that people are slightly less likely to get Parkinson's disease if they smoke cigarettes.

Symptoms 
Parkinson's disease can cause the brain to not respond. The patient may become paralyzed. The disease can give the patient slow reaction time and poor coordination between the hand and the brain.
It hurts the patient's movement skills and their speech. It can also affect mood, behavior and thinking. A common symptom of Parkinson’s disease is tremors. Tremors cause people's hands, legs, and arms to shake. Some symptoms include skin problems, depression, and difficulty swallowing.

The symptoms of Parkinson's disease include stiff muscles and trouble with movement. This disease gives patients slow reaction time. It makes it hard for them to do simple things like walking and talking. It also causes depression and other emotional changes.
Treatments 
Parkinson's disease cannot be completely cured yet. Still, people have tried to cure it with drugs. One treatment is to put back the lost dopamine. A group of drugs called dopamine receptor agonists acts similarly to dopamine when put in the brain. There are four different drugs included in that group. Many patients take one of those with another drug. That other drug is called L-dopa. Unlike the dopamine, the L-dopa can enter the brain. The dopamine cannot enter the brain. This is why many patients take L-dopa and dopamine together. In the beginning, L-dopa helps a lot. But as the disease develops, the L-dopa doesn't work as well. Two other drugs used are anticholinergics and selegiline. They both help lessen symptoms. Anticholinergics help the patient stop shaking. Selegiline is meant to protect the nerves in the central nervous system. Selegiline is not often used. This is because there is no real proof that it helps.
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgery that is used  some people who suffer from Parkinson's disease.

References

Other websites 
National Parkinson Foundation
Asociacion Parkinson TARAY Aranjuez MADRID ESPAÑA
Parkinson's Disease Society of the United Kingdom
Blechman Foundation for Parkinson's Research
Samford University is a private, Southern Baptist-related university in Homewood, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama. Samford ranked 118 out of 262 institutions in U.S. News and World Reports'  college rankings.

History 
Samford University was founded as Howard College in 1841 and opened its doors to students on January 3, 1842, in Marion, Alabama. In 1887 the school moved to Birmingham.

Women were first admitted to Howard College in 1895. In 1920 the school joined the Southern Association of Colleges and in 1927 it added its pharmacy school. In 1965, Howard got back its master's degree program. This led to the college's becoming a well-known college by November 9, 1965.  The school was renamed in honor of Frank Park Samford, chairman of the Board of Trustees and most generous personal supporter, because there was already a Howard University in Washington, D.C..

References

Other websites 

Samford University
Samford University Catalog 
Samford Bulldogs Athletics
Christian colleges and universities in the United States
Colleges and universities in Alabama
1841 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Alabama
Hainanese chicken rice is a dish created by the people of Hainan. Hainan is an island that is to the south of China. It is a plate of chicken served with rice cooked in chicken oil.

Rice dishes
A vortex is a dynamic phenomenon of fluids.

Vortex could also mean:

In amusement:
 Vortex (California's Great America), a stand-up roller coaster at California's Great America in Santa Clara, California, United States
 Vortex (Canada's Wonderland), a suspended roller coaster at Canada's Wonderland in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada
 Vortex (Carowinds), a stand-up roller coaster at Carowinds in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
 Vortex (Kings Island), a steel roller coaster at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, United States
In fiction:
 Cindy Vortex, a fictional character on the TV series The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius and movie Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
 Time vortex (Doctor Who), the space-time vortex in the Doctor Who television series
 Vortex (novel), a 1991 war novel by Larry Bond and Patrick Larkin
 Vortex (Transformers), a member of the Combaticons from Transformers who transforms into a helicopter
 Vortex life form, a fictional extraterrestrial species of the Ecco the Dolphin video game series

In gaming:
 Vortex (game), several games
 Vortex Software, a defunct video game developer

In music:
 ICS Vortex, a Norwegian metal singer and bassist
 Vortex (album), a remix album by Collide
 Vortex I: A Biodegradable Festival of Life, a state sponsored music festival held in 1970 in Estacada, Oregon
 Vortex Jazz Club, a London venue that primarily features live jazz music but will occasionally have intriguing programmes of other music
In science and technology:
 Aureal Vortex, the PC audio accelerator chipset which powered such sound cards as the Monster Sound MX300
 Vortex (satellite), a class of United States Reconnaissance satellites
 Caltex Vortex, a brand of 95 and 98 octane unleaded fuels from Caltex
 Vorticity, a mathematical concept used in fluid dynamics

In television:
 Vortex (DS9 episode), a first-season episode of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
 Vortex (Smallville episode), the first episode in Season 2 of Smallville
 Vortex (YTV), a programming block produced by YTV and hosted by Paula Lemyre

In other fields:
 Subaru Vortex, a sporty coupe sold from 1985 to 1991 by Subaru
A vortex (pl. vortices) is a spinning, often turbulent, 
flow of fluid. The motion of the fluid swirling rapidly around a center is called a vortex. The speed and rate of rotation of the fluid are greatest at the center and become smaller with distance from the center.

Related pages
 Vorticity
 Wormhole

Other websites

Dust Devil Movie A short movie showing many spinning vortices of varying sizes
Video of two water vortex rings colliding  (MPEG)
BubbleRings.com Web site on "bubble rings", which are underwater rings made of air formed from vortices. The site has some information on how these rings work.
Chapter 3 Rotational Flows: Circulation and Turbulence 
Video of Vortex Formation and Annihilation in a Superconductor (By Joel Thorarinson )

Fluid mechanics
Libertia is a genus of monocotyledenous plants in the family Iridaceae. There are 15 species in the genus. The plants can be found growing in the southern hemisphere.

Species 
L. chilensis (Molina)Gunckel (=Libertia formosa Graham)
L. elegans Poepp.
L. sessiliflora (Poepp.) Skottsb.
L. tricocca Phil.
L. grandiflora (R.Br.) Sweet
L. ixioides (G.Forst.)Spreng (mapuche) pukallecalle, māori mikoikoi
L. peregrinans Cockayne et Allan
L. micrantha A.Cunn.
L. cranwelliae Blanchon, Murria et Braggins
L. edgariae Blanchon, Murria et Braggins,
L. mooreae Blanchon, Murria et Braggins
L. paniculata (R.Br.)Spreng.
L. pulchella var. laurencei (Hook.f.) Domin

References

Other websites 
Abstracts
Rodney Todd Eason Mediterranean plants from Chile for displays at Longwood gardens

Iridaceae
Alan Dawazhouma (known as alan) or 阿兰 is a Tibetan-Chinese singer and erhu player from Sichuan province who debuted in 2005 with 声声醉如兰. As well as Tibetan and Mandarin, she speaks some English and Japanese. Her first release in Japanese was the single, 明日への讃歌.

Biography 
alan was born on 25 July 1987. Her stage name "alan" is pinyin for 阿兰, which is her surname. In Japan, she is also known as あらん. Her real name is Alan Dawa Dolma (阿兰达瓦卓玛 in Chinese, which is pronounced in pinyin as Alan Dawazhuoma).

alan grew up in the Meiren valley in the Danba County of Garze Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in China. Her father is a civil servant, while her mother was a former singer. She learned singing from a young age and started to learn how to play the erhu at the age of eight. At nine years old, alan was selected for the leading role in the TV drama Tai Yang Nu Shen and first pursued a career as an actress.
After graduating from her musically oriented high school, she enrolled in a relatively well known music school in China, the China National Chinese Opera and Dance Drama Company (解放軍芸術学院), where two members of 12 Girls Band were also being taught. Later in 2005, alan debuted with a cover album titled Sheng Sheng Zui Ru Lan under a Chinese independent label. Currently, the album has sold over 50,000 copies.

In October 2006 at the Shanghai International Art Festival, alan won second place (tied with Filipino singer Jimmy Layo Marquez) at the 9th Asia New Singer Competition. In July 2007 she graduated the China National Chinese Opera and Dance Drama Company with excellent grades.

alan was discovered when the Japan-based record label Avex Inc. held auditions in Beijing. Her first single was in November the same year. It was called "Ashita e no Sanka", which can be translated as "a song for tomorrow." She is currently still studying Japanese and only has a basic grasp of the language.

Discography