Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Wouter Jacob Bos (born July 14, 1963) was a Dutch minister of finance, deputy Prime Minister and leader of the Dutch Labour Party. He won the election of Dutch Labour Party leader, defeating Jouke de Vries. He led the party until March 12, 2010, the day he left. His successor is Job Cohen, who used to be the mayor of Amsterdam. He left because he wanted to spend more time with his family.

He left as minister of finance and deputy Prime Minister because the government felt over the decision of Uruzgan. The Dutch Labour Party was in the coalition, together with Christen Democraten Appèl and the ChristenUnie, both Christian parties. The Dutch Labour Party did not agree and stepped out of the coalition.

References 
 Bio at Parlement.com
1963 births
Living people
Deputy government ministers of the Netherlands
Deputy Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
People from Vlaardingen
Politicians from South Holland
The Hughes Medal is awarded by the Royal Society of London for original discoveries in electricity and magnetism or their applications.

The medal was first given to J.J. Thomson in 1902 "for his numerous contributions to electric science, especially in reference to the phenomena of electric discharge in gases". It has been awarded over a hundred times. At first it was awarded annually, now it is every two years.

Unlike some other Royal Society medals, the Hughes Medal has never been awarded to the same person more than once. Only one woman has won it: Michele Dougherty in 2008, who was awarded the medal "for innovative use of magnetic field data that led to discovery of an atmosphere around one of Saturn's moons and the way it revolutionised our view of the role of planetary moons in the Solar System".
The medal has been awarded to more than one person at once; in 1938 it was won by John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton "for their discovery that nuclei could be disintegrated by artificially produced bombarding particles", in 1981 by Peter Higgs, Thomas Walter and Tom W. B. Kibble "for their international contributions about the spontaneous breaking of fundamental symmetries in elementary-particle theory", in 1982 by Drummond Matthews and Frederick Vine for explaining the magnetic properties of the ocean floors which then led to the plate tectonic hypothesis, and in 1988 by Archibald Howie and M.J. Whelan for their work on the theory of electron diffraction and microscopy, and its use in the study of lattice defects in crystals.

List of recipients

References 
General

Specific

Other websites 
Royal Society: Hughes Medal

Science awards
Physics
Royal Society
1902 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in the United Kingdom
Sir Joseph John "J.J." Thomson, OM, FRS (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British physicist and Nobel laureate. He discovered the electron and isotopes, and invented the mass spectrometer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 for his discovery of the electron and his work on the conduction of electricity in gases. John Joseph Thomson in 1893 said: "There is no other branch of physics which affords us so promising an opportunity of penetrating the secret of electricity." 

In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle of very small mass compared to its electric charge. It was later called the electron and was the first subatomic particle to be found. Thomson also found the first evidence for isotopes of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913, while studying anode rays (positive cations).
In atomic theory he hypothesized that atoms were spheres of evenly spread positive charge, where an individual negatively charged electron resided. He later concluded there was more than one negatively charged particle in an atom.

Many of the young men who studied and worked with him at University of Cambridge also became famous physicists.

1856 births
1940 deaths
British Nobel Prize winners
Fellows of the Royal Society
British nuclear physicists
Order of Merit
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Presidents of the Royal Society
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf (March 27, 1824 – November 28, 1914) was a German physicist who was born in Bonn and died in Münster, Germany. He was the first to compute the electric capacity of charged atoms and molecules (ions).

1914 deaths
1824 births
German physicists
Scientists from Bonn
Flor-de-Lis are a folk music group from Lisbon, Portugal. They competed in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song Todas as ruas do amor where they finished 15th.

Members

 Daniela Varela
 Paulo Pereira
 José Camacho
 Jorge Marques
 Ana Sofia Campeã
 Rolando Amaral
 Pedro Marques

References

Folk music groups
Portuguese musicians
Gulf Air, the national Carrier of the Kingdom of Bahrain and is a subsidiary of Gulf Air Group Holding company, under whose ownership Bahrain Airport Company and Gulf Aviation Academy.

Founded in 1950, Gulf Air is the proud national carrier of the Kingdom of Bahrain. As a pioneering airline in the Middle East region with more than 70 years of experience and expertise in flying people across continents, Gulf Air is today one of the most powerful brands and name to reckon with in the global aviation industry.

One of the prime objectives of Gulf Air is to connect Bahrain to the Middle East countries and the rest of the world. As such, the airline currently operates the largest network in the Middle East with non-stop flights while providing seamless onward connections to other international destinations. The airline's current announced network stretches from Europe to Asia, connecting 58, with a fleet of 34 aircrafts.
In tune with the Kingdom's economic blueprint, 'vision 2030', Gulf Air's strategy is to build an efficient commercially sustainable and dynamic airline that effectively serves the people and the economy of Bahrain and represents the Kingdom on the world stage. Reflecting the needs and aspirations of its customers, the strategy focuses on three core areas: a targeted, more focused international network, a superior, more consistent product, and a modern, more efficient fleet that will optimize value. However, Gulf Air's goal remains unchanged; its commitment to the latest aviation technology complemented by its hallmark Arabian hospitality for which the airline is well known.

History 

1949 - 1973: Gulf Aviation as operating company
In the late 1940s, Freddie Bosworth, a British pilot and entrepreneur, began an air taxi service to Doha and Dhahran from Bahrain. Bosworth later expanded the service and, on 24 March 1950, registered Gulf Aviation Company Limited as a private shareholding company. This makes its current operating company, Gulf Air, one of the oldest carriers in the Middle East. The early fleet contained seven Avro Ansons and three de Havilland DH 86B four-engine biplanes.

In October 1951, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) became a major shareholder in Gulf Aviation, holding a 22% stake through the BOAC subsidiary company BOAC Associated Companies.

1970s: Multinational Ownership
In 1973 the governments of the Emirate (now Kingdom) of Bahrain, the State of Qatar, the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and the Sultanate of Oman agreed to purchase the BOAC Associated Companies holding in Gulf Aviation. The Foundation Treaty was signed on 1 January 1974 and gave each government a 25% shareholding in Gulf Aviation, which became a holding company. The operating company now branded as Gulf Air and became the flag carrier for the four states.
With leased Lockheed L-1011 Tristar and Boeing 737 Aircraft joining the fleet, by 1976 Gulf Air had expanded its route network to include Amman, Amsterdam, Athens, Baghdad, Bombay, Bangkok, Beirut, Cairo, Colombo, Delhi, Dhaka, Hong Kong, Jeddah, Karachi, Khartoum, Larnaca, Manila, Paris, Ras Al-Khaimah and Sana'a. The fleet comprised four Vickers VC10, three BAC One-Elevens, two Lockheed L-1011 Tristar 200s, and five Boeing 737-200s. In 1978, the airline doubled the Tristar fleet to replace the VC10s. Meanwhile, the airline increased the Boeing 737 fleet to nine and phased out the One-Elevens.

1980s - 1992: Expansion

The 1980s saw an increase in air travel and growth for Gulf Air. in 1981, Gulf Air became an IATA member, and in the following year became the first international airline to land in Riyadh.

In 1985, Emirates, the startup national carrier of Dubai, began operating.
In 1988, Boeing 767s joined the fleet and the airline launched services to Frankfurt, Istanbul, Damascus, Dar Es Salam, Fujairah, and Nairobi, and resumed their services to Shiraz and Baghdad.

The original Gulf Air livery consisted of a white fuselage with three stripes: Maroon, brown, green and red with a golden falcon on the three-striped tail fin. This livery was used in the following Gulf Air airlines: Lockheed L1011-200 Tristar (1976), Boeing 737-200 (1977), Boeing 767-300ER (1988), Airbus A320-200 (1992), Airbus A340-300 (1994), and Airbus A330-200 (1999).
Gulf Air celebrated its 40th anniversary in 1990. The light-blue and peach Balenciaga-designed uniform was introduced. Services to Singapore, Sydney and Thiruvananthapuram were launched, Gulf Air thereby becoming the first Arab airline to fly to Australia. Gulf Air added services to Johannesburg and Melbourne in 1992, becoming the first Arab airline to fly to directly to these cities. in 1993, it opened a flight-simulator center in Qatar and introduced services to Casablanca, Entebbe, Jakarta, Kilimanjaro, Madras, Rome, Sana'a', Zanzibar and Zurich.

1993 - 2005: New livery and destinations
In May 1994, Gulf Air received its first Airbus A340-300. Two months later, the carrier began flights to New York City using an A340. It also served Houston from 1995 to 1996. The Gulf Air website opened in January 1997, and New York left the network the following month. a no-smoking policy was established in 1998 on flights to Singapore and Australian, which was later extended through its whole network. In 1999, Gulf Air launched three new routes in Northern Pakistan: Islamabad, Lahore and Peshawar. It also took delivery of two out of six Airbus A330-200 Aircraft and introduced a new Balmain Uniform.

In 2000, the airline celebrated its 50th anniversary. It took delivery of the remaining Airbus A330-200 Aircraft in June and launched services to Milan.

In May 2002, James Hogan became president and CEO of Gulf Air and instigated a restructuring and turnaround program in response to a drastic fall in profits and increasing debt.
By 1 August 2002, Qatar announced its intentions to withdraw from Gulf Air to focus on its own national airline Qatar Airways. The state remained a member state for a six-month period after announcing the intention to withdraw.

In 2003, Gulf Air introduced a new Landor Associates-designed gold and blue livery and, in June, established Gulf Traveler, a subsidiary, all-economy, full-service airline. It also announced a sponsorship deal for the Bahrain Grand Prix through 2010, creating the Gulf Air Bahrain Grand Prix, of which the first was staged in 2004. The airline also introduced daily flights to Athens and Sydney via Singapore on 23 November 2003.

In 2004, Gulf Air introduced direct flights between Dubai and London, Muscat and London, and a daily service between Abu Dhabi and Ras Al Khaimah. The airline carried a record of 7.5 million passengers during that year. Gulf Air's sponsorship of the Bahrain Formula 1 Grand Prix continued, with a record race crowd and a global TV audience.
Gulf Air was also placed on the IOSA (IATA's Operational Safety Audit) registry following its successful completion of the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA).

2006-2009: Full ownership by Bahrain

The new summer schedule commencing 28 April 2006 saw the complete withdrawal from Abu Dhabi as a hub, following the decision on 13 September 2005 by the Emirate of Abu Dhabi to withdraw from Gulf Air and establish UAE flag carrier Etihad Airways.

Gulf Air changed its operations to a dual-hub basis between Bahrain and Muscat airports. The airline ran a series of advertisements in local newspapers, thanking Abu Dhabi for its contribution to Gulf Air. As the National Carrier for the United Arab Emirates for over 35 years, it has a large customer base located in Abu Dhabi. Gulf Air endeavored to show continuing support for flights to Abu Dhabi from Bahrain and Muscat, connecting to the rest of the Gulf Air network, via advertisements placed in local newspapers.
on 5 May 2007, the government of Bahrain claimed full ownership of the airline. whereas on the 6th of November 2008, Gulf Air started its third daily non-stop flight to London Heathrow Airport from Bahrain.

On 3 July 2008, Gulf Air was announced as the official sponsor of London Association Football Club, Queen Park Rangers. The same year, Gulf Air signed a lease agreement for five aircraft with international Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC) as part of its growth and expansion strategy.

 2010s: Restructuring

On 1 March 2010, Gulf Air launched its new 'Falcon Gold' cabin, a single premium cabin merging business and first class together, aimed at offering higher standards of comfort for the standard premium price. As of August 2011, the new Flat Beds were installed on all aircrafts except short-haul aircrafts.

In November 2012, Gulf Air phased out its last Airbus A340-300.
At the Bahrain International Air show in January 2016, Gulf Air ordered 17 A321neo and 12 A320neo aircraft for delivery from June 2018, in addition, the airline also announced a restructured order for 16 Boeing 787-9 aircraft. The new order of 16 Boeing 787-9 aircraft replaced an existing order for 16 of the smaller Boeing 787-8 aircraft. 

In February 2018, Gulf Air revealed its new livery. It consisted of an all-white fuselage with a smaller golden falcon on the tail and with dark blue Gulf Air titles.

Awards & Accolades 

June 2023:
- Gulf Air wins AFJ Global Award.

January 2022:
- Gulf Air has received the Coveted Skytrax Five Star COVID-19 Airline Safety Rating after an audit by Skytrax Research.

May 2022:
- Gulf Air was honored at Changi Airline Awards ceremony winning the "Connectivity Award". 

September 2022
- Gulf Air was names the winner of the World's Most Improved Airline at the Skytrax World Airline Awards 2022.
May 2017:
- Gulf Air was honored for its support in developing signlent, the first instant messaging mobile application in the region exclusively designed to serve the hard of hearing, at an "Injaz Bahrain Ceremony".

November 2016:
- Gulf Air received the "Technology Innovation of the year" at the Aviation Business Awards.
- "Hospitality and Tourism Deployment of the year" at the seventh annual Compute News Middle East (CNME) ICT Achievement Award.
- "Best Airline in Technology-Middle East" at the Global Enterprise Connect (GEC) Awards.

 November 2011
- Gulf Air wins Best Airline Award for Corporate Social Responsibility.

Products 

Frequent Flyers

Gulf Air Falcon Flyer' is the name of Gulf Air Loyalty program designed to award Gulf Air most valued customers with a variety of traveler benefits and with 'Miles' which can be exchanged in specified ways. 'Miles' are the currency of award accounting for flying Gulf Air on eligible fares.

FalconFlyer
FalconFlyer

Gulf Air, the first Middle East Airline to launch a fully-fledged passenger loyalty program in December 1994.

Gulf Air "FalconFlyer" is the name of the Gulf Air Loyalty program designed to award Gulf Air's most valued customers with a variety of traveler benefits and with 'Miles' which can be exchanged in specified ways. 'Miles' are the currency of award accounting for flying Gulf Air Mobile App, Sales offices, and Worldwide Contact Center.

 Falcon Gold Lounge

"Falcon Lounge" at the Bahrain International Airport is three times bigger than the facility in the older terminal and includes an outdoor terrace. There is room for 400 passengers at any time.

Gulf Air's Strategy 

Gulf Air's strategy focuses on creating a luxury product that will provide travel opportunities targeting corporate and millennial travelers, as well as Gulf Air's own premium leisure passengers, to become the customer's airline of choice.
It will include the airline providing smaller and cozier cabins; offering luxury products and unique experience; high personalization; most convenient connections at Bahrain International Airport; and a five-star lounge in the new terminal at Bahrain.

The new concept is derived from the airlines business model to offer its boutique services to a more niche clientele whilst highlighting the key services the airline is renowned for.

 Our Vision

To be the regional airline of choice with a global footprint and best in class.

 Our Mission
- To connect the Kingdom of Bahrain to the world.
- To enhance the customer experience by providing safe, reliable, and seamless travel, combined with our culture and delivered with unique Arabian Hospitality.
- To be an employer of choice driving an innovative, commercially sustainable business that supports the economy of the Kingdom of Bahrain and is built on the highest level of integrity and corporate social responsibility.

 Our Values
Our Values

Our values are rooted in Quality and Excellence, by nurturing Trust and Respect, with our people at the heart of the business.

Transport companies
Airlines of the Middle East
Bahrain
Terraforming is changing a planet or large natural satellite that we cannot live on at present without spacesuits and similar technology. The idea is to change it so some life from Earth could exist there. It would need a suitable atmosphere (air), heat, and water. "Paraterraforming" or "worldhousing" is a variant of terraforming that would involve building domes over the majority of a planet or moon.

Some think it is possible to terraform Mercury, Venus, Mars, Ceres, Pluto, our Moon, Titan, Callisto.

It is arguable that we have already succeeded in terraforming right here on Earth. Thanks to modern technology, humans can now thrive in places that should be impossible to live in such as deserts and the Arctic.

A related concept is paraterraforming or worldhousing which would involve constructing greenhouse-style geodesic domes and similar structures to cover most of, if not the entire surface of the planet or moon.

References

Space colonization
Felixstowe is a town in Suffolk, England. It has the largest container ports in Europe.

About 30,000 people live in Felixstowe.

References

Other websites
Felixstowe Town Council 

Towns in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of England
Suffolk Coastal
Clarence Malcolm Lowry (; 28 July 1909 – 26 June 1957) was a British writer from the Wirral. He is most famous for his 1947 novel Under the Volcano about an alcoholic Consul in Mexico. Lowry was himself an alcoholic and a lot of his writings were about the effect alcohol had on his life and on the lives of his characters.

References
Under the Volcano by Malcolm Lowry. Penguin edition 2000 (Introduction by Michael Schmidt)

1909 births
1957 deaths
English novelists
People from Wirral
Torn Curtain is a 1966 movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Paul Newman and Julie Andrews. It is set mainly in East Germany during the Cold War and tells the story of a scientist (played by Newman) who pretends to betray his country, the United States of America to the USSR in order to gain vital information about a new weapon which the Soviet Union is building.

Other websites 

1966 thriller movies
American thriller movies
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
English-language movies
Movies set in Germany
Cold War movies
Universal Pictures movies
Frenzy is a 1972 British crime thriller movie set in London. It is directed by Alfred Hitchcock starring Jon Finch and Barry Foster. It tells the story of an innocent man, played by Finch who is wrongly believed to be a serial killer by the police and his efforts to avoid capture and bring the real killer to justice. This was the second to last movie that Hitchcock made before he died in 1980 and the first time in many years he had made a movie in the United Kingdom.

References
Frenzy at the Internet Movie Database

1972 crime thriller movies
1970s horror thriller movies
1970s serial killer movies
British crime thriller movies
British horror movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Movies set in London
Marnie is a 1964 American mystery drama movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock and based on the novel of the same name. It starred Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery. It tells the story of Marnie, a compulsive thief and liar, played by Hedren. She is befriended by and later marries a rich businessman called Mark Rutland, played by Connery. He tries to find out more about the tragic events which took place in her past and finally forces her to face up to these events and the secret which her mother kept from her since she was a child.

References

1960s mystery movies
1960s crime drama movies
1964 crime movies
1964 drama movies
American crime drama movies
American mystery movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Rape in movies
Shadow of a Doubt is a 1943 American movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock starring Theresa Wright and Joseph Cotten. It tells the story of a naïve young girl called Charlie (played by Wright) who lives in a sleepy town in California with her well-meaning parents, and how her life is put in danger when her sinister uncle (played by Cotten) comes to stay with the family. Over the course of the movie, Charlie discovers that her uncle is a wanted serial killer who has murdered a lot of rich widows for their money. When her uncle finds out that Charlie has discovered his secret he sets out to murder her before she exposes him.

References 

1943 movies
1943 crime movies
1940s thriller movies
1940s crime thriller movies
American serial killer movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Movies set in California
United States National Film Registry movies
Universal Pictures movies
Rope is a 1948 American drama movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It stars James Stewart, John Dall and Farley Granger. It tells the story of two young intellectuals, played by Dall and Granger, who murder one of their friends in an apartment in Manhattan. They do it in order to prove that it is possible to commit the perfect murder. Then they hold a dinner party at which they invite the parents of the victim as well as their former teacher, played by Stewart. During the dinner party they come close to boasting about their crime and arouse the suspicions of the teacher who eventually exposes them and alerts the police. The movie is famous for seemingly being made in one long shot without changing the camera angle. It is also known for implying a homosexual relationship between the two intellectuals at a time when homosexuality was rarely mentioned in movies or popular American culture.

References
References

1948 crime drama movies
American crime drama movies
American LGBT movies
English-language movies
LGBT crime movies
LGBT drama movies
Movies about murderers
Movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Movies set in Manhattan
The early modern period of human history, is a time from 15001800 (roughly). This time follows the Middle Ages. It is the start of recognizable nations that we know today.

In the history of Europe, the early modern period follows the Medieval period. It begins around the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and includes the Renaissance period, and the Age of Discovery. It includes the discovery of America, and the discovery of the sea route to the East. It ends around the French Revolution in 1789.

Europe 
In 1453 Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire. Science, transport, and communications improved. This is also called the Renaissance. For European countries with many ships, this was the Age of Discovery. Europe was beginning to expand to the New World.  
Trade with Asia was common, after Europeans found their way around Africa and into the Indian Ocean. Late in this period the European countries started setting up colonies there.
Asia 
The Mughal Empire began in 1526. This Empire had a orderly government, widespread economic prosperity and religious tolerance. At this time Asia was flourishing in Math and Science. Also the Ottoman Empire was ruling the Middle East, along with the Persian Empire.

Related pages
 Renaissance

References 
 Discussion of the medieval/modern transition from the introduction to the pioneering Cambridge Modern History (1903)
 Society for Renaissance Studies

Periods and ages in history
The National Assembly is a type of legislature in some countries. The best known National Assembly, and the first legislature to be known by this title, was established during the French Revolution in 1789, known as the Assemblée Nationale. Almost every country in Africa has a National Assembly. However, outside of Africa there are not that many countries with National assembly. In Europe there is Britain, France, Germany etc. In Asia there is China, Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan,Bangladesh etc.
Kenneth Harry Clarke, Baron Clarke of Nottingham,  (born 2 July 1940), often known as Ken Clarke, is a British politician. He was the Justice Secretary in the coalition government. Clarke has had a long career in politics and has served in the cabinets of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. On February 26, 2017, Clarke became Father of the House after the death of Gerald Kaufman.
Early life and politics
Clarke was born in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England and was educated at the University of Cambridge. He became the Member of Parliament for Rushcliffe at the 1970 general election and became a Queen's Counsel in 1980. He held a number of lower positions in government under Margaret Thatcher until she promoted him to Health Secretary in 1988. He became Education Secretary in 1990 and when Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced with John Major he stayed on as Health Secretary until 1992 when he was promoted to Chancellor of the Exchequer. He stayed as Chancellor until 1997 when the Conservatives were defeated in the General Election.
In opposition
John Major resigned as leader of the Conservative Party soon after he was defeated in the general election and Clarke stood for election to replace him as leader and therefore become the Leader of the Opposition. However he was defeated by William Hague in this contest. When Hague himself resigned after losing the 2001 General Election Clarke again stood for leader but was defeated by Iain Duncan Smith. In 2005 he stood for the leadership for a third time but was defeated by David Cameron. It is thought that Clarke was unable to become leader because many in the Conservative Party do not wish to see the United Kingdom replace the pound with the Euro as the main currency whereas Clarke has always been very much in favour of this policy.
As Shadow Business Secretary
Clarke returned to the Conservative front bench in 2009 as the Shadow Business Secretary where he has the job of monitoring the performance of the current Business Secretary Peter Mandelson. When the coalition government was formed on 11 May 2010 Clarke was made the Justice Secretary.

References 

1940 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Lord Chancellors
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Nottinghamshire
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
British King's Counsel
Secretaries of State for Health and Social Care‎
Swansea City AFC are a Welsh football (soccer) team who have played in the English Premier League since 2011. Before being promoted to the Premier League for the 2011–12 season, they had played in the English Football League since 1920. They were founded in 1912 as Swansea Town and played at the Vetch Field ground until 2005 when they moved to the Liberty Stadium. Their most successful period as a team was in the early 1980s under their manager John Toshack when they played in the old First Division from 1981-1983 (which was the highest tier of English football at the time). Swansea play their home games in an all white strip. Their main rivals are Cardiff City and a match between the two sides is known as the South Wales derby. As well as competing in the English League they have also won the Welsh Cup ten times and the Football Association of Wales Premier Cup twice. In 2011, they were promoted to the Premier League after winning the Football League Championship play-offs after finishing third in the league
. They avoided relegation in their first Premier League season ending up in 11th place.
Name
1912-1970 Swansea Town F.C.
1970-present Swansea City A.F.C.

League position

Former position

References
http://www.swanseacity.net/page/Welcome  - Club home page

Premier League clubs
Swansea
1912 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Wales
Hartlepool Utd F.C are an English football team playing in the English Football League. They were founded in 1908 as ‘Hartlepools Utd’ and currently play at the Victoria ground. The well known football manager Brian Clough started his career as a manager with Hartlepool in 1965 before leaving to go on and manage Derby County.

References 
 Club homepage 

1908 establishments in England
English football clubs
Hartlepool
Tippi Hedren (born Nathalie Kay Hedren, January 19, 1930) is an American actress. Her paternal grandparents were Swedish immigrants. Her maternal ancestry is German and Norwegian. She is best known for her performances in two movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock: The Birds and Marnie. She is the mother of actress Melanie Griffith and has acted in movies with her daughter.

References

1930 births
Living people
Actors from Minnesota
American movie actors
American television actors
Japanese morning glory, also called the Ipomoea nil, is an attractive cultivated plant, a climbing annual commonly with white edges, also named white-edge morning glory. It is found in US Florida to South America, also in Galapagos Islands.

References

Other websites

Plants and classification of genus Ipomoea
Morning glories, moonflowers, and their relatives  
Decoding the genome of the Japanese morning glory

Convolvulaceae
A Pyrrhic victory is battle won at too great a cost.

It is one in which the side that won the victory suffers very badly. A Pyrrhic victory may take place when the victorious army has lost a huge number of men or when the enemy army has reinforcements about to arrive which greatly outnumber the winning army and mean that the chances of a second victory are very low. A Pyrrhic victory is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus. He won a battle against the Romans in 280 BC but many of his men and most of his friends and top commanders died in the battle.

References 

Battles of the Ancient World
Phrases
Iain Duncan Smith served in the Scottish part of the British Army, the Scots' Guard from 1975 to 1981. He became a Conservative Party MP at the 1992 General Election for the constituency of Chingford (called Chingford and Woodford Green from 1997). He became a member of William Hague's shadow cabinet in 1997 and became Shadow Defence Secretary in 1999. When Hague resigned in 2001, Iain Duncan Smith was elected leader of the Conservative Party, defeating Kenneth Clarke and Michael Portillo. In November 2003, Conservative Party MPs passed a Vote of No Confidence in Iain Duncan Smith because they believed he could not win the general election. He was replaced by Michael Howard. After the 2010 General Election, Iain Duncan Smith was made the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He resigned in March 2016.

Iain Duncan Smith was the first leader of the Conservative Party to have been Roman Catholic and was the first to have been born in Scotland since Arthur Balfour.

References
References

Other websites 
- Official site

1954 births
Living people
British Army officers
British Roman Catholics
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Leaders of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Politicians from Edinburgh
Scottish Christians
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
William 'Bill' Hicks (16 December 1961 - 26 February 1994) was an American stand-up comedian known for his controversial act which made fun of religion and politics amongst other areas. Since then, many other stand-up comedians in the United States and United Kingdom have said they have been very influenced by his work, which is still very popular today.

Hicks was born in Valdosta, Georgia and raised in Houston, Texas. He died of pancreatic cancer in Little Rock, Arkansas.

References
True, Cynthia (2002). American Scream: The Bill Hicks Story. New York, NY: HarperCollins. .

1961 births
1994 deaths
American stand-up comedians
Comedians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Comedians from Houston
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Arkansas
Valdosta, Georgia
Gene Wilder (Jerome Silberman; June 11, 1933 – August 29, 2016) was an American actor, author, comedian, director and screenwriter. He was most famous for his acting work and in particular for the movies he made with Mel Brooks which include The Producers, Blazing Saddles and Young Frankenstein. He also played the part of Willy Wonka in the musical movie Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.

Wilder studied Communication and Theatre Arts at the University of Iowa.

Wilder was drafted into the Army on September 10, 1956.

An unauthorized  biography of Wilder called Gene Wilder: Funny and Sad by Brian Scott Mednick was published in December 2010 by BearManor Media.

Wilder died from Alzheimer's disease on August 29, 2016 in Stamford, Connecticut at age 83.

Work

Movies
Work

Movies

Television
Voice for The Electric Company'''s segment The Adventures of Letterman (60 episodes, 1972–77)Something Wilder (1994–95)Will & Grace (2002) Episode "Boardroom and a Parked Place" (Guest Star – Mr. Stein)Will & Grace (2003) Episode "Sex, Losers & Videotape" (Guest Star – Mr. Stein)

Stage
 The Complaisant Lover (Broadway, 1962)
 Mother Courage and Her Children (Broadway, 1963)
  Death Of A Salesman
 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (Broadway, 1963)
 The White House (Broadway, 1964)
 Luv (Broadway, 1966)
 Laughter on the 23rd Floor (London, 1996)
 The Scarecrow (Broadway, 1972)
 Rhinoceros'' (1974)

References

1933 births
2016 deaths
Actors from Milwaukee
American movie actors
American movie directors
American screenwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
Jewish American actors
Writers from Milwaukee
Comedians from Milwaukee
Exeter City F.C. is an English association football club currently competing in the English Football League. They were founded in 1904 and currently play at the St James Park ground. 

Possibly their most famous game was when they drew 0-0 against Manchester United in an FA Cup match in 2005 at United's home ground of Old Trafford.

Other websites 
 Official website 

English football clubs
1904 establishments in England
Die Lollipops is a children's band which formed in Germany in the summer of 2000 under the Edelkids label, a division of a German company named Edel Music.  According to the label's website, the primary intended audience for the band is German-speaking children between 4 and 10 years old.

Music 
Their music can be divided into three basic types: 
 Traditional children's songs, whether native or international;
 Covers, or songs in which the melody is borrowed from a popular song (often from the English-speaking world) but the lyrics are unrelated; and
 Original songs invented by the group.  This accounts for the largest number of songs, especially in the more recent releases.

Examples of famous international children's songs whose melody has been borrowed and given entirely new lyrics:
History 
Die is German for "the" (plural); Lollipops is a loanword from English.  The most common German word for lollipop is Lutscher, but Germans now also use Lollipop.  The band debuted in July 2000 with an album called die Lollipops and have released new CDs, videos, and audio books at the rate of about two per year.  As of 2005, their label had sold more than 1.5 million of their CDs and videos, of which 8 made it to gold, and one made it to platinum.  Note that the meanings of the terms platinum and gold are different for different countries: in Germany gold signifies 100,000 sales and platinum 200,000.
Die Lollipops has featured two singers at a time for most of its history; generally these have been girls between the ages of about 11 and 16.  Because the band has been around for nine years, they must replace their singers with new ones every few years.  The current duet started recording in late 2007 with Susi and Fiona (then 12 and 11 years old respectively).  They released an album called Einfach tierisch in March 2008, and plan to release another one called Immer in Bewegung in July 2009.  Peter Hoffmann has remained the producer since the group was formed.   The band has attracted composers from other bands registered by Edel Music; a singer named Klaus Büchner had written a song about drinking alcohol called Wir feiern wieder Feste in 1987 when he was singing in his own band, called Klaus & Klaus; he then re-wrote it as a children's song about a never-ending party for die Lollipops.  The title of the song is still the same and the syllable rhythms are similar, especially in the chorus.
Due to the language barrier, the Lollipops are largely unheard of outside the German-speaking world.  Their music can be downloaded via websites such as Amazon.com.

Albums 
 2000: Die Lollipops
 2000: Winterwunderland
 2001: Komm wir geh'n ins Kino
 2001: Sing mit Uns
 2001: Hitzefrei
 2002: Einmal um die Ganze Welt
 2003: Freunde Fürs Leben
 2004: Tanzen, Lachen, Party machen
 2004: Wir Feiern
 2004: Wünsch Dir Was!
 2005: Für Immer Ferien
 2005: Wir Wolln Spass
 2006: Reiterferien sind der Hit!
 2007: Party, Popcorn, Polonaise!
 2007: Zusammen sind wir Doppelt Stark
 2008: Einfach Tierisch
 2009: Immer in Bewegung
 2010: Jetzt geht's ab

References

Other websites 
 http://www.lollipops-musik.de/ 
 http://www.edelkids.de/

German pop music groups
Folk music groups
Children's musical groups
The water opossum (Chironectes minimus) is also  known as the yapok. It is an aquatic marsupial and a member of the opossum family. It has black and grey waterproof fur and webbed hind feet. It is the only living marsupial where both sexes have a backward-pointing pouch. 

The animal is found in the freshwater streams and lakes in Mexico, Central and South America. The water opossum lives in bankside burrows. It comes out after dusk to search for fish, crustaceans and other aquatic animals, which it eats on the bank.

The yapok's webbed back feet helps it chase its prey in the water.

References 

Marsupials of South America
Central America
Blazing Saddles is a 1974 comedy western movie directed by Mel Brooks starring Cleavon Little, Gene Wilder and Harvey Korman. It tells the story of a black Sheriff, played by Little, who is appointed Sheriff of a small Western town and how he must try to make friends with the racist towns people and stop a ruthless businessman from knocking down the town to make way for a railway line.

While the movie is widely said to be a classic comedy today, critical reaction was mixed when the movie was first released.
Cast
 Cleavon Little as Sheriff Bart
 Gene Wilder as Jim, aka "The Waco Kid"
 Harvey Korman as Hedley Lamarr
 Madeline Kahn as Lili von Shtupp, the "Teutonic Titwillow"
 Slim Pickens as Taggart
 Dom DeLuise as Buddy Bizarre
 Mel Brooks as Gov. William J. Le Petomane / Indian Chief / Tough wearing sunglasses and a bomber jacket.
 Liam Dunn as Reverend Johnson
 George Furth as Van Johnson
 Burton Gilliam as Lyle
 John Hillerman as Howard Johnson
 David Huddleston as Olson Johnson
 Richard Collier as Dr. Samuel Johnson
 Alex Karras as Mongo
 Jack Starrett as Gabby Johnson
 Robyn Hilton as Miss Stein (the governor's secretary)
 Rodney Allen Rippy as Young Bart
 Charles McGregor as Charlie
 Robert Ridgely as Boris, the hangman
 Carol Arthur as Harriet Johnson
 Anne Bancroft as Extra in Church Congregation (uncredited)
Awards and honors
In the scene where Lamarr talks to his band of bad guys, he says, "You men are only risking your lives, while I am risking an almost-certain Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor!" Harvey Korman did not, in fact, get an Oscar nomination.  The movie did receive three other Academy Awards nominations in 1974: Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Madeline Kahn, Best Film Editing, and Best Music, Original Song. The movie also earned two BAFTA awards nominations, for Best Newcomer (Cleavon Little) and Best Screenplay.

The movie won the Writers Guild of America Award for "Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen" for writers Mel Brooks, Norman Steinberg, Andrew Bergman, Richard Pryor, and Alan Uger.

In 2006, Blazing Saddles was chosen by the Library of Congress for the National Film Registry.

References

Other websites
1974 comedy movies
1970s Western (genre) movies
United States National Film Registry movies
American comedy movies
American black comedy movies
American parody movies
American Western (genre) movies
Movies about racism
Movies directed by Mel Brooks
English-language movies
Self-reflexive movies
Alexander Rybak (born 13 May 1986) is a Belarusian-Norwegian singer, composer and violinist. He was born in Minsk, Belarusian SSR. He moved to Norway when he was four.

Eurovision Song Contest 
In 2009, Rybak won Melodi Grand Prix, allowing him to represent Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song "Fairytale". He won the contest. 

Rybak won the Melodi Grand Prix again in 2018 with the song "That’s How You Write a Song", sending him to the Eurovision Song Contest 2018. He placed 15th in the final. He had a cameo appearance in the Eurovision movie.

References 

1986 births
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Norwegian composers
Norwegian singers
Violinists
Eurovision Song Contest winners
A pika is a small mammal related to the hare and the rabbit (lagomorph). Pikas are also known as rock rabbits or coneys. Pikas have short limbs, a round body, an even coat of fur, round ears, and no external tail. 

There are 37 different species of pika. Most pikas live in colder climates, on rocky mountain slopes. Pikas need cold temperatures to live, and can die if exposed to temperatures above . They live in Asia, North America and parts of Eastern Europe. They are active during the day or twilight. Pikas do not hibernate. Because they do not hibernate, during the summer they gather food for winter. They collect hay, which they pile up to dry. They sometimes steal hay from each other. This often results in disputes. Predators, like ferrets, and large birds often use these disputes to catch pikas. 

Pikas are herbivores and eat many kinds of plants, such as grasses, sedges, moss, and lichens.
Pikas in Eurasia often live in family groups and share duties of gathering food and keeping watch. Some species are territorial. Pikas in North America are asocial outside of breeding season.

Pikachu from Pokemon is based off this animal.

References 

Lagomorphs
The Two-source hypothesis is a hypothesis that was made in the 19th century. It tries to explain what is called the synoptic problem in Christian theology. This problem is that certain parts of the gospels of Mark, Matthew and Luke have texts that are very similar. The hypothesis claims that the Gospels of Matthew and Luke were written based on the gospel of Mark, and lost source text, called Q. The Q is for German Quelle, and means source. The lost document was likely a collection of Jesus' sayings, very probably written in Ancient Greek. The hypothesis is widely accepted among Christian scholars.
Problems
There are two major problems with this hypothesis:
There is something that is called minor agreements. These are parts of the text, where both Matthew and Luke agree, but where Mark does not. To explain this,  many people believe that Matthew and Luke did not use the text of Mark as it was included in the New Testament, but rather an earlier version. Some people even say that they did not use the same version of this earlier text. This could also explain why the text in Mk 6,45-8,26 is missing from Luke.
The two source hypothesis requires a second source, called Q. The problem is that this source is not mentioned in the many fragments of early Christian texts that were found, or in the early Christian Church tradition.

Gospels
A favicon is small image (known as an icon) that is used to identify a website or webpage.

This type of icon (also known as a favorite icon or favorites icon) is usually a square image that is only 16 pixels in height and 16 pixels in width. However, modern browsers, especially those installed on smartphones, can display bigger favicons that are 32 pixels or 64 pixels in size. And when a favicon is included in a webpage it can be seen next to a browser's address bar, inside a browser's tab or in the browser's Favorites' or Bookmarks' list.

Related pages
 GIMP
 Internet Explorer
 Mozilla Firefox
 Web
 Internet

Other websites 
 How to Add a Favicon to your Site 

Web design
Henry Rollins (born February 13, 1961 in Washington D.C.) is an American singer, writer and actor. After a few wild years in the punk rock band Black Flag, he started his own metal band, the Rollins Band. Rollins is now a solo artist. He often tours in many countries performing spoken-word concerts.

References

Other websites 
Henry Rollins' website

1961 births
Living people
American movie actors
Singers from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American bloggers
Tay-Sachs disease (also called Tray-Sachs syndrome) is a disease that causes problems with the metabolism of fat. Tay-Sachs is caused by a lack of the enzyme Hexosaminidase A.

Tay-Sachs is a genetic disease. It happens when Chromosome 15 has a genetic problem. The problem is caused by a defective HEXA gene. It is recessive, which means both parents must give the baby the defective gene for the baby to have Tay-Sachs. One in every twenty seven Jewish American has one defective gene and can give Tay-Sachs the defective gene to their child. The disease is very rare. It is most common in Jewish families. There is a blood test to see if a person has the Tay Sachs gene. This blood test has helped reduce the number of babies born with Tay-Sachs. In the 1800’s, there were 60 new cases and in the 21st century there were 5.
Infants with the Tay-Sachs gene from both parents usually die of pneumonia or other infections during their first four years of life. Some symptoms include: lack of energy, loss of vision and motor skills (paralyzation), and seizures.  Tay–Sachs disease is usually first noticed in infants around six months old. They show an abnormally strong response to sudden noises or other stimulus. This is called the "startle response". The child may also be listlessness or have muscle stiffness (hypertonia). The disease is classified into several forms, which are based on the age when the neurological symptoms began. There is no known treatment for this disease.
The disease is named after Warren Tay and Bernard Sachs who first described the disease in the late 19th century. After the discovery, he noticed a red spot on the retina of a one year old child. The child was experiencing the same symptoms of the disease. Bernard Sachs was a neurologist from the United States. He was the first person to describe the cellular changes from the disease. In 1969, researchers discovered that Tay-Sachs is caused by a lack of the enzyme Hexosaminidase A.

References 

Genetic disorders