Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Black and Tans was a group of soldiers who suppressed the revolution in Ireland from 1920 to 1921. It was mainly made of British veterans from World War I. They were called the Black and Tans because of the light khaki trousers and black/dark green tunics that they wore. Its main purpose was to target the Irish Republican Army. However, it also did many attacks on the Irish civilian population.

1920s in Ireland
Irish War of Independence
1920 in the United Kingdom
1921 in the United Kingdom
Cape Helles is a rocky area at the south-westernmost end of the Gallipoli peninsula, Turkey. It was the scene of fighting between Turkish and British troops during the Gallipoli Campaign, 1915. It is now the site a memorial for this campaign.

References

Landforms of Turkey
World War I
Capes
Marmara Region
Katerina Kazelis (4 March 1977 in Malmö, Sweden) is a Swedish singer and Big Brother 2011 housemate of Serbian and Greek origin. Before entering the Big Brother house on February 20, 2011 she was a school teacher. Kazelis has been nominated each week except for two when she won immunity after winning a Big Brother task, however, she also survived each elimination round since week one in the house. On May 8, Kazelis was evicted from the Big Brother house.

Kazelis has become the most talked about housemate of the 2011 season of the show after several outburst and also her outspoken ways about her fellow housemates.

On June 6, Kazelis released her first music single called "Make You One Of Mine", during Nyhetsmorgon on TV4 the same day Kazelis revealed that a music video had been made and that she will release her debut music album later in 2011.

References

Other websites 
Official website

1977 births
Living people
Big Brother contestants
Swedish singers
People from Malmo
A parabola is a type of curve. Menaechmus (380–320 BC) discovered the parabola, and Apollonius of Perga (262 BC–c190 BC) first named it.

A parabola is a conic section. If a cone is cut by a plane which is parallel to one of the surfaces of the cone, the result is a parabola.

The point where the parabola reaches its maximum or minimum is called the "vertex." At this point the curvature of the parabola is greatest. This means the curve of the parabola is the tightest. The vertical line which passes through a parabola's vertex is called the "axis of symmetry". This is because the parabola looks the same on either side of that line.

Each parabola has a focal point. Any ray that enters the parabola and is parallel to the axis of symmetry will pass through this point after being reflected by the curve. Because of this fact, parabolas are important in devices such as satellite dishes, or magnifying mirrors. Parabolas are often used to approximate curves that are more difficult to model by themselves.
Every parabola uses the equation , where ,  and  are constants, and  is not equal to .  

https://www.eagerclass.com/blog/parabola

Unlocking the Power of Parabolas: Real-Life Applications and Properties 

Are you curious about the intriguing world of parabolas and their real-life significance? Look no further! In this blog post, we'll delve into the precise properties and practical applications of parabolas, from a mathematical perspective to how they impact our daily lives.

Understanding the Parabola

Before we dive into real-life applications, let's get our basics straight. A parabola is a U-shaped curve that can open upwards or downwards. It's defined by a quadratic equation in the form of y = ax^2 + bx + c, where 'a' is a non-zero constant.

Real-Life Applications of Parabolas

1. Projectile Motion:
One of the most prevalent real-world applications of parabolas is seen in projectile motion. Think of a basketball shot or a rocket launch. The path of the object follows a parabolic trajectory due to the influence of gravity. Understanding the parabola's properties helps engineers and physicists predict and optimize these motions.

2. Satellite Dishes:

Ever wondered why satellite dishes are shaped like paraboloids? It's because the parabolic shape allows the dish to reflect incoming electromagnetic waves towards the receiver at the focus. This maximizes signal reception and transmission efficiency.

3. Car Headlights:

The reflectors in car headlights are designed as parabolic mirrors. These mirrors focus light from the bulb into a parallel beam, illuminating the road efficiently and improving visibility.

4. Solar Cookers:
4. Solar Cookers:

Parabolic mirrors are used in solar cookers to concentrate sunlight onto a cooking pot at the focus. This harnesses solar energy for cooking, making it an eco-friendly and energy-efficient solution.

5. Architecture and Design:

Architects often employ parabolic designs in structures like suspension bridges and arches. Parabolas distribute forces and stresses evenly, providing stability and strength in construction.

                                                KEY PROPERTIES OF PARABOLAS

1. Vertex:

The vertex is the lowest or highest point on the parabola, depending on its orientation. In real life, this can represent the peak height or lowest point of an object's trajectory, such as a thrown ball.

2. Axis of Symmetry:

The axis of symmetry is a vertical line passing through the vertex, dividing the parabola into two symmetric halves. In architecture, this principle is applied for balancing load distribution in structures like arches.

3. Focus and Directrix:
The focus is a point on the axis of symmetry where all parabolic reflectors converge incoming rays. The directrix is a line equidistant from the vertex, from which the reflected rays appear to originate. In satellite dishes and solar cookers, understanding the focus and directrix is crucial for optimal design.

Parabolas are not just mathematical abstractions; they play a crucial role in various aspects of our daily lives. Whether it's optimizing rocket trajectories, enhancing signal reception, or designing energy-efficient structures, understanding the properties of parabolas is invaluable. This post sheds light on their real-life applications and properties, and we hope it piques your interest in the fascinating world of mathematics and its practical significance.

For more engaging content and educational resources, visit our website at www.eagerclass.com Dive into the world of mathematics, science, and beyond with EagerClass!

https://www.eagerclass.com/blog/parabola

Conic sections
The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (abbreviated to GHMC) is an urban planning agency that oversees Hyderabad, India. The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation is also the local government for the City of Hyderabad.

Companies of India
Hyderabad, India
Nizam  was the title of the native sovereigns of Hyderabad State, India, since 1719. They belonged to the Asaf Jahi dynasty. The dynasty was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-Din Siddiqi, a viceroy of the Deccan under the Mughal emperors from 1713 to 1721. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the Mughal Empire fell apart and the viceroy in Hyderabad said he was independent. From 1798 Hyderabad was one of the princely states of British India, but it kept local control.

Seven Nizams ruled Kingdom of Hyderabad for two centuries until Indian independence in 1947. The Asaf Jahi rulers used money to support free Education, literature, architecture, art, culture and cuisine. The Nizams ruled the state until September 1948 after independence from the British.

Origins 

The Nizams of Hyderabad were of Turkic and Hadhrami Arab Descent. They are descendants of the first Khalifa of Islam, Abu Bakr.
Nizām-ul-mulk was a title first used in Urdu around 1600.  It comes from the Arabic word, nizām (), meaning order, arrangement.  The Nizam was also called Ala Hadrat, Ala Hazrat, or Nizam Sarkar.

Rise of the Nizams 
The first Nizam ruled in place of the Mughal emperors. After Aurangzeb died, the Mughal empire collapsed. So, the Nizams created an independent kingdom (Hyderabad). When the British got power over India, the Nizams continued to rule Kingdom of Hyderabad after coming into an understanding with the British. The Nizams had power in Kingdom of Hyderabad until 17 September 1948. Hyderabad then became part of the new Indian Union.

The Asaf Jah dynasty had only seven rulers. However, for 13 years after the rule of the first Nizam, three of his sons (Nasir Jung, Muzafar Jung and Salabath Jung) ruled. They were not officially recognized as rulers.
A legend about the first Nizam says that on one of his hunting trips he was offered some kulchas (an Indian bread) by a holy man. He asked the Nizam to eat as many as he could. The Nizam ate seven kulchas and the holy man predicted that seven generations of his family would rule the state.

By tradition, no Nizam has ever left India, even if there was good a reason.

Hyderabad did not join the first war of Indian Independence of 1857 against the British. Therefore the Royal Family had the special, official status of Faithful Ally with Britain.

Contributions to society

Infrastructure
The Nizams commissioned engineering projects such as large reservoirs like Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar. Survey work on the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam was also initiated during this time.

Other landmarks like the Asafia library, The Assembly building, the Osmania Arts College and the Osmania Medical College are some of their important buildings.

The Asaf Jahis also built many palaces.
The Nizams liked the European style of architecture and created a fusion of European traditions with Hindu and Islamic forms and images.

The last Nizam

After the British left India in 1947, the princely state of Hyderabad did not join either of the new dominions of India or Pakistan. While the talks were going on, the Indian army entered Hyderabad State from four sides defeated Hyderabad Nizams army and the independent razakaars. The Nizam's rule ended on 17 September 1948. His soldiers surrendered to the Indian govt.

He, however, was made the 1st Governor (Rajpramukh) of post-independent Hyderabad based on the public poll.

All Nizams are buried in the royal graves at the Makkah Masjid near Charminar in Hyderabad. Only the last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan is buried in a different place. His mausoleum is in the Judi Mosque facing King Kothi Palace.

Related pages
 Hyderabad State
Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII

References
References

Other reading
 
 
 
 
 Mughal Administration of Deccan Under Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah, 1720-48 A.D.By M. A. Nayeem, Indian Council of Historical Research, University of Poona, Dept. of History 
"The Days of the Beloved"  Harriet Ronken Lynton and Mohini Rajan, Berkeley University Press

Other websites 

 historic city noted for its many monuments, temples, churches, mosques, and bazaars
 Asaf Jahi Dynasty with Genealogical Tree and Photos 
 Photos on Columbia University website
 Hyderabad: Compulsory education was Nizam’s concept
 New York Times - A Graceful City of Two Cultures
 History of Hyderabad state
 Narendra Luther, An authority on History of Hyderabad
 Tribute to Nizam
 Detailed genealogy of the Nizams of Hyderabad
 Article on some aspects of life in erstwhile Hyderabad state
Christian Schwegler (born 6 June 1984 in Ettiswil) is a Swiss footballer. He plays for Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as defender.

He started with FC Luzern in the Swiss Challenge League (2nd division) and went on to Arminia Bielefeld in Germany but after one half of the season he went back to Switzerland. There he played for BSC Young Boys Bern. In 2009 he signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg where he played regularly as right defender. He is known for his long throw-ins (up to 35 meters).During the match versus SV Mattersburg on 27th March 2010 he shot his first goal for Salzburg. In the first half of the 2010/11 season he was injured and could not play the rest of the year.

Christian Schwegler has a younger brother who is also a professional footballer playing for Eintracht Frankfurt in the German Bundesliga.

Honours
Austrian Champion
1x with FC Red Bull Salzburg (2010)

Other websites
Red Bull Salzburg profile 
football.ch profile
Guardian Football Stats
Swiss footballers
1984 births
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Living people
People from the canton of Lucerne
Austrian football champions
Chien-Ming Wang (born March 31, 1980) is a Taiwanese Major League Baseball player. He plays for the Cincinnati Reds.  He is a pitcher.  Before he played for the Nationals, Wang played for the New York Yankees. He got 19 wins in the year of 2006 and 2007 and became the first Asian to be the win champion.

However, after his injury in 2008, he started to pitch horribly as he attained an era of 9.64 along with 1 win and 6 losses in the 2009 season. He then got injured again and the New York Yankees did not renew his contract after. He became a free agent.

In 2010, the Washington Nationals signed Wang and helped him recover from his injuries. He did not attend any games in this season.

Wang pitched his first game on July 29, 2011 and ended the season with 11 starts, recorded 4–3 with a 4.04 ERA.
On March 15, 2012, Wang was once again injured. When he recovered, his starting position has been replaced by Ross Detwiler and he pitched as a relief pitcher and sometimes a starter pitcher. But he still did not do well this season.

1980 births
Living people
New York Yankees players
Taiwanese sportspeople
Washington Nationals players
The Fiat Seicento is a car produced by Fiat. It replaced the Fiat Cinquecento in 1998 and like its predecessor is produced in Poland. Sales of it in the UK ran until early 2004 when it was replaced with the second-generation Panda. It was replaced by the new Fiat 500 in 2007, but production of the Seicento continues until 2010.

Models and engines

899 cc petrol engine, 29 kW (40 hp) 
 S
 SX
 Young
 Citymatic

1108 cc petrol engine, 40 kW (54 hp) 
 Sole
 Sound
 Suite
 Hobby
 Brush
 Sporting

Electrical engine, 30 kW (41 hp) 
 Elettra

Seicento
Front wheel drive vehicles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
is a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The city was seriously affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. However, between 1 March and 31 August 2011, less than 1% of the people left the city.

Geography
Shiogama is in the central part of Miyagi Prefecture. It is between Sendai and Matsushima. The city is surrounded by water and mountains: Matsushima Bay is on one side and Matsushima Hills on the other.

The flat areas of the city are mainly reclaimed land. About 60 percent of the urban area is on reclaimed land and 40 percent on hills. People living in the town are crowded into a narrow area. Not much land is good for stripmalls.

Writing the name of the city
The Japanese language has several writing systems. One of them is kanji. Different kanji may have the same pronunciation. Some kanji are similar in form and meaning. There are two ways to write the name of the city. Both ways have the basic meaning "a pot for boiling salt". Both sound the same, but have slightly different meanings.
One way is to write 塩釜. The other way is 塩竈. The first way to write the city name is often used, such as on the post office, train station, many brand names, and on signs.

The second way comes from the history and an important landmark in the city. Shiogama shrine is at the top of a hill in the city. It is an important Shinto shrine in the Tohoku region. The city got its name from the shrine, but the shrine is written 鹽竈神社. The first character, 鹽, is an old character for salt. It has been replaced in the list of kanji for general use by a simpler character, 塩. The second character, 竈, or kamado/kama, means a large cooking area made of earth. The newer name uses 釜, which means an iron pot.

Transportation

Train stations
 Tōhoku Main Line: Shiogama
 Senseki Line: Nishi-Shiogama, Hon-Shiogama, Higashi-Shiogama
Major roads
National Highways
Route 45
Miyagi Prefectural Highways
3 Shiogama—Yoshioka
10 Shiogama—Watari
11 Shiogama-kō (Shiogama—Shiogama-kō)
23 Sendai—Shiogama
35 Izumi—Shigoama
58 Shiogama—Shichigahama—Tagajō

Culture

Festivals
 Shiogama 'Hote' festival (10 March)
 Shiogama Flower festival and Shiogama Citizens Festival (late April)
 Shiogama Harbor festival (Eve：before Marine Day/festival：Marine Day July)

Visitor attractions 

 Shiogama Jinja
 Shiwahiko Jinja
 Shiogama Jinja Museum
 Okama Jinja
 Magaki Jinja
 Shiogama Port
 Shiogama Fish Market

 Urato Islands
 Nagai Shiyouiti Manga Museum
 Shiogama-city Community Center （Fureai ESP Shiogama）
 Shiogama Kyokusui
 Noda no Tamagawa（One of Japan's six Tamagawa）
 Mother and child　stone
 Marine Gate Shiogama
Notable people from Shiogama
Kōnosuke Fuji (Lyricist)
Miyuki Hatanaka (Mogul skiier)
Itaru Hirama (Photographer)
Masao Maruyama (Anime producer)
Takemasa Moriya (Defense vice president)
Katsuichi Nagai (First editor-in-chief of Garo)
Makoto Nakahara (Japanese chess player)
Kōhei Ōtomo (Musician for "HOUND DOG")
Tadashi Satō (Mangaka)
Hitomi Takahashi (Singer)
Sū Wakai (Author)
Nobunaga Shimazaki (Seiyū)
Kōichi Yamadera (Seiyū, actor, tarento)
Koichi Saura (President of The Sake Samurai Association)

References

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Shiogama tourism and industry association 
 Shiogama tourism and industry association 
 Shiwahiko Shrine & Shiogama Shrine Official website 
 The Shiogama Chamber of Commerce and Industry 
 ShioNavi-Shiogama Navigation 

Cities in Miyagi Prefecture
A business alliance is an agreement between businesses, most of the time to help lower cost and improve service for the customer. Alliances are often connected by an agreement with shared risk and opportunity for all business involved. They are usually managed by a project team. An example of this is code sharing in airline alliances.

There are five basic types of alliances:

 Sales alliance
 Solution-specific alliance
 Geographic-specific alliance
 Investment alliance
 Joint venture alliance

References

Related pages
 Business group
 Strategic alliance
 Competition regulator

Business
"Peace Sells" is a song by the American thrash metal band Megadeth. It is from the 1986 album Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?. It was written by Dave Mustaine. Along with "Wake Up Dead" from the same album, it has been a staple at Megadeth concerts. Lyrically, it deals with negative stereotypes about "metalheads", all of which Mustaine claims are untrue. VH1 has ranked "Peace Sells" at #11 on their list of the 40 greatest metal songs of all time.
Music video
A music video was produced for the song, which features a teenage boy, wearing a Slayer t-shirt, watching a montage of a live Megadeth performance and war footage on his living room television set. The boy's father, states "What is this garbage you're watching? I want to watch the news!," and changes the television channel to a news station using the remote control. His son, replying with "This is the news!," changes it back to the Megadeth performance using the TV set's channel knob. This part of the video was parodied by comedian Brian Posehn in his Metal by Numbers video. The beginning of the video also showed the explosion of the original low-cost skull used on the previous album Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!
Appearances and covers
Opening bassline was used as the theme for MTV News. Mustaine claims he never received any royalties for MTV's usage of the song.
It is featured in 2002 video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City.
It is featured in video game True Crime: Streets of LA.
It is featured in video game NHL 10.
It is playable track in 2008 music video game Rock Band 2.
It is downloadable content for 2009 music video game Guitar Hero 5.
Tigertailz covered the song and it can be found on their 1991 B-sides compilation album Banzai!.

1986 songs
Megadeth songs
A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery is an 18th-century oil painting by Joseph Wright of Derby. Its full title is A Philosopher giving that Lecture on the Orrery in which a lamp is put in place of the Sun. The painting shows a teacher talking about the sun and planets to his class. Wright later created his similar An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump (National Gallery, London) in 1768.

Wright's The Orrery, caused a great debate, because in the past, only religious events were used to express awe. Wright used science to do so. In an age of much new technology, he treated religious events and scientific miracles.  In the orrery demonstration, the shadows created by the lamp mimic the sun, and it is a part of the display of heliocentrism. He used a single candle to make his painting dramatic. In two later paintings, the lighting is normal.
One person called Wright "a very great and uncommon genius in a peculiar way". The Orrery was painted without payment. Wright expected that Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers, an amateur astronomer, will buy the painting, because Shirley had his own orrery, and Wright's friend Peter Perez Burdett was staying with him. Figures are considered to be portraits of Burdett and Ferrers. In the picture, Burdett is taking notes and Ferrers is seated with his son next to the orrery. Ferrers purchased the painting for £210, but the 6th Earl sold it at an auction. It is now held by Derby Museum and Art Gallery as its permanent display.

Some people say that John Whitehurst was the model for the teacher. However, other people say the figure is similar to "a painting of Isaac Newton by Godfrey Kneller".

Related pages
Joseph Wright of Derby
Derby Museum and Art Gallery

Notes

References

Egerton, Judy (1998), National Gallery Catalogues (new series): The British School. catalogue entry pp. 332–343,
Guilding, Ruth, and others, William Weddell and the transformation of Newby Hall, Jeremy Mills Publishing for Leeds Museums and Galleries, 2004, , 9780901981691, Google books

Waterhouse, Ellis, (4th Edn, 1978) Painting in Britain, 1530–1790. Penguin Books (now Yale History of Art series), 

1760s paintings
Collections of Derby Museum and Art Gallery
British paintings
The Frankfurt Parliament (, literally Frankfurt National Assembly) was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. Session was held from May 18, 1848 to May 31, 1849 in the Paulskirche, Frankfurt|Paulskirche at Frankfurt am Main. It was elected during the "March Revolution" in the states of the German Confederation.
The assembly produced the so-called Paulskirche Constitution () which proclaimed a German Empire based on the principles of parliamentary democracy. This constitution fulfilled the main demands of the liberal and nationalist movements of the Vormärz and provided a foundation of human rights. The parliament also proposed a constitutional monarchy headed by a hereditary emperor (Kaiser). The Prussian king Friedrich Wilhelm IV did not accept the office of emperor when it was offered to him. He argued such an offer was an offence against the rights of the princes of the individual German states. In the 20th century, however, major elements of the Frankfurt constitution became models for the Weimar Constitution of 1919 and the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany of 1949.

References
References

William Carr: A History of Germany, 1815-1945. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969.
Frank Eyck: Frankfurt Parliament, 1969 
Rosemary O’Kane: Paths to Democracy: Revolution and Totalitarianism. New York: Routeledge. 2004. pgs 96-98.
 Brian E. Vick: Defining Germany: The 1848 Frankfurt Parliamentarians and National Identity (Harvard University Press, 2002).  –

Other websites
Text of the Paulskirche Constitution on Documentarchiv.de

1848 in Europe
1849
1840s in Germany
Democracy movements
Parliaments
Politics of Germany
Frankfurt
King Frederick William IV of Prussia () (15 October 1795 – 2 January 1861) was the eldest son and successor of Frederick William III of Prussia. He reigned as King of Prussia from 1840 to 1861.

Life 
Frederick William was educated by private tutors.  He served in the army during the War of Liberation against Napoleon I of France in 1814, but he was not interested in the army.  He loved both architecture and landscape gardening and was a patron of several great German artists, such as architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel and the composer Felix Mendelssohn.  He married Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria in 1823, but the couple had no children.

Frederick William was a Romanticist, and had a nostalgia for the Middle Ages, therefore he was conservative already at an early age. He was against both liberalisation and unification of Germany and preferred to allow Austria to remain the first power in the German states.
In the beginning of his reign he did not continue the reactionary policies of his father, he reduced press censorship and promised a constitution, but he did not want a popular legislative assembly, but preferred to work with the aristocracy. He was Lutheran, but he released the imprisoned Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cologne, and he decided to help the construction of Cologne Cathedral.  In 1844, he attended the celebrations of the completion of the cathedral, so he was the first king of Prussia who entered a Roman Catholic building.  When he finally called a national assembly in 1847, it was not a representative body, but rather a United Diet which cold speak for all the provincial estates and had the right to grant taxes and loans but no right to meet at regular intervals.
When revolution broke out in Prussia in March 1848, as part of the European Revolutions of 1848, the king initially decided to fight it with the army, but later decided to recall the troops and place himself at the head of the movement on 19 March.  He committed himself to German unification, formed a liberal government, accepted a national assembly, and ordered that a Constitution of the Kingdom of Prussia should be drawn up. When his position was more secure again, however, he quickly led the army to reoccupy Berlin and dissolved the assembly in December.  But he was still in favour of unification for some time. So the Frankfurt Parliament offered him the crown of Germany on 3 April 1849. He did not accept it, but he tried to establish a union of German states excluding Austria. But rather soon after gave up this plan, when Austria did not accept it.
When he had dismissed the national assembly, Frederick William decided to have a constitution with a parliament with two chambers, an aristocratic upper house and an elected lower house.  The lower house was elected by all taxpayers, but in a system that was based on the amount of taxes paid so that the rich had more influence than the poor.  The constitution also reserved for the king the power to appoint all ministers and reestablished the conservative district assemblies and provincial diets. And it guaranteed that the bureaucracy and the military remained firmly in the hands of the king.  This was a more liberal system than had existed in Prussia before 1848, but was still a conservative system of government in which the monarch, the aristocracy, and the military kept most of the power.  This constitution lasted until the end of the Prussian kingdom in 1918.
After a stroke in 1857 the king was partially paralyzed and largely mentally weak, therefore his brother William became regent from 1858 until the king's death in 1861, then he became king himself as William I.

Ancestry

Works 
Frederick William IV of Prussia: Die Königin von Borneo. Ein Roman. Nicolai-Verlag, Berlin 1997,

References 

Frederick William IV and the Prussian Monarchy 1840–1862, by David E. Barclay, (Oxford, 1995).

1795 births
1861 deaths
People from Berlin
House of Hohenzollern
Knights of the Garter
Kings and Queens of Prussia
Honeydew, also known as honey melon or green melon, is a type of melon in the cultivar group muskmelon. Cucumis melo Inodorus group, which includes crenshaw, casaba, Persian, winter, and other mixed melons.

Melons
Angkor Wat () is a temple complex at Siem Reap, Cambodia, built for the Hindu king Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. Before long it became a Buddhist site. It is the world's largest religious building. Angkor fell into decline after the 14th Century.

References

Other websites

 Angkor Wat - APSARA Authority Official Description 
 

Archaeological sites in Asia
Buddhist buildings
Hinduism
World Heritage Sites in Asia
Hindu temples
Buildings and structures in Asia
12th-century buildings and structures‎
Establishments in Cambodia
Siem Reap province
Paranthropus robustus was originally discovered in Southern Africa in 1938. The development of P. robustus, namely in cranial features, seemed to be aimed in the direction of a "heavy-chewing complex". Because of the definitive traits that are associated with this robust line of australopithecine, anthropologist Robert Broom erected the genus Paranthropus and placed this species into it.

Australopithecines
Australopithecus garhi is a gracile australopithecine species discovered in Ethiopia. The remains of this hominin are believed to be a human ancestor species, and perhaps the ancestor of the human genus Homo. The fossils were found in 1996 in the Bouri Formation. This is in the Middle Awash of Ethiopia's Afar Depression.

Earliest stone tools 
Some primitive shaped stone tool artifacts closely resembling Olduwan technology were discovered with the A. garhi fossils, dating back roughly 2.5 and 2.6 million years old.  The tools are thought to be older than those found with Homo habilis, which may be a direct ancestor of more modern hominins. 

For a long time anthropologists assumed that only members of early genus Homo had the ability to produce sophisticated tools. At another site in Bouri, Ethiopia, roughly 3,000 stone artifacts had been found to be about 2.5 million years old in age. Australopithecus garhi may have been the species responsible for making and using these earliest stone tools.

References
References 

 

Australopithecines
Alexander Sulzer (born May 30, 1984) is a German professional ice hockey defenceman currently playing for Düsseldorfer EG of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Sulzer has also played in the NHL for the Nashville Predators, Florida Panthers, Vancouver Canucks, Buffalo Sabres and the DEL for the Hamburg Freezers and DEG Metro Stars. He was traded to the Florida Panthers on February 25, 2011 for a conditional draft pick in the 2011 NHL Draft.

Other websites 

1984 births
American Hockey League players
Buffalo Sabres players
Florida Panthers players
German ice hockey players
Living people
Milwaukee Admirals players
Nashville Predators players
Rochester Americans players
Sportspeople from Bavaria
Vancouver Canucks players
Ice hockey defencemen
2010-11 report
The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2010-2011 is authored by Mycle Schneider, Antony Froggatt, and Steve Thomas and published by the Washington-based Worldwatch Institute. The foreword is written by Amory Lovins.
 
According to the report, the international nuclear power industry has been unable to stop the slow decline of nuclear energy. The world’s reactor fleet is aging quickly and not enough new units are coming online. As of April 1, 2011, there were 437 nuclear reactors operating in the world, which was seven fewer than in 2002. The Olkiluoto plant has had particular problems:
The flagship EPR project at Olkiluoto in Finland, managed by the largest nuclear builder in the world, AREVA NP, has turned into a financial fiasco. The project is four years behind schedule and at least 90 percent over budget, reaching a total cost estimate of €5.7 billion ($8.3 billion) or close to €3,500 ($5,000) per kilowatt.
The report says that the  Fukushima I nuclear accidents have made things more difficult for nuclear energy. There is "no obvious sign that the international nuclear industry could eventually turn empirically evident downward trend into a promising future", and the Fukushima nuclear disaster is likely to accelerate the decline. With long lead times of 10 years and more, it will be difficult to maintain, let alone increase, the number of operating nuclear power plants over the next 20 years. Moreover, says the report, it is clear that nuclear power development cannot keep up with the pace of renewable energy commercialization.

References

Other websites
The End of Nuclear , Worldwatch Institute, 2011.  

Books about nuclear issues
Cowboys from Hell is Pantera's fifth album and their first Atco Records album. It was recorded at The Dallas Sound Lab in Irving, Texas and released on July 24, 1990. This was their first commercially successful album, exposing the band's groove metal style to mainstream audiences.

Track listing

Personnel 
 Philip Anselmo – lead vocals
 Diamond Darrell – guitar, backing vocals
 Rex – bass, backing vocals
 Vinnie Paul – drums
 Produced, Engineered, and Mixed by Terry Date and Pantera
 Assistant Engineer - Matt Lane
 Mastered by Howie Weinberg at Masterdisk, New York City.

Other websites
 

1990 albums
2010 albums
Pantera
Heavy metal albums
Mycle Schneider (born 1959 in Cologne) is a German energy consultant, and lead author of The World Nuclear Industry Status Reports. In 1997 he received the Right Livelihood Award.

Life and work
Mycle Schneider is a nuclear energy expert based in Paris who has been adviser to members of the European Parliament on energy issues for more than 20 years. From 1998 to 2003, Schneider advised on energy policy for the French environment minister's office and the Belgian minister for energy and sustainable development. Since 2000 he has been a consultant on nuclear issues to the German environment ministry. He has also provided energy consulting for the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Schneider is a member of the International Panel on Fissile Materials, and the nuclear non-proliferation group Independent Group of Scientific Experts (IGSE), which is based at Hamburg University.  Since 2004 he has overseen the Environment and Energy Strategies lecture series for the Environmental and Energy Engineering Program at the French École des Mines in Nantes.

Award
In 1997, along with Jinzaburo Takagi, Schneider received the Right Livelihood Award “... for serving to alert the world to the unparalleled dangers of plutonium to human life.”
Publications
Schneider writes many publications on the safety and economic trends of the nuclear industry. He is co-editor of the 2009 book International Perspectives on Energy Policy and the Role of Nuclear Power. His World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2009 was published by the German government.  Schneider and Antony Froggatt wrote the Systems for Change report for the Heinrich Böll Foundation in 2010. Also in 2010, Schneider wrote a chapter in the book Nuclear Power’s Global Expansion: Weighing Its Costs and Risks. He has commented extensively on the implications of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Related pages
Amory Lovins
Christopher Flavin
Energy conservation
Renewable energy commercialization
Joseph Romm
Benjamin K. Sovacool

References

1959 births
Living people
Energy
People from Cologne
An attempted Italian colonization in America was done in 1608 by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando I. Although Italy did not exist yet, and this cannot be defined as an 'Italian' effort, it was carried out by a small state in the territory of what we now call Italy.

History

The Italian colonization of the Americas was limited to an aborted attempt by the Grand Duke of Tuscany to create a colony in South America in the early 1600s.

In 1608, Ferdinando the First of Tuscany organized an expedition under captain Robert Thornton, in order to explore northern Brazil and the Amazon river and prepare for the establishment of a settlement in northern coastal South America, which would serve as a base to export Brazilian wood to Renaissance Italy.

Thornton expedition
Ferdinando the First, Grand Duke of Tuscany, oversaw the only Italian attempt to create a colony in the Americas.
When Thornton returned to Tuscany a year later, he found Ferdinando I dead, and his successor Cosimo II uninterested in the establishment of a colony. Thornton was ready to sail back to the area between the rivers Orinoco and Amazon in the summer of 1609 with Italian settlers from Livorno and Lucca, but the project was scrapped.

Thornton's galleon 'Santa Lucia' returned to Italy in 1609 with plenty of information (after exploring the area between Trinidad island and the delta of the Amazon river), some indigenous natives of the Americas and a few tropical parrots.
He brought back with him to Tuscany five Arawak natives, most of whom died of smallpox. Only one lived on at the Medici court for several years, and learned to speak Italian. These natives often talked about the richness and fertility of their native land, speaking of a country rich in silver and gold. Thornton himself corroborated these reports, and asserted that the country was rich in rosewood, wild sugar canes, white pepper, balsam, cotton and many other kinds of merchandise which would form an abundant commerce for the Tuscans.

The area that Thornton considered as a possible site of an Italian colony now lies in modern French Guyana, near Cayenne, which would be colonised by France in 1630.

Modern Italian diasporic "colonies"

The Italians never created real colonies in the Americas, and only made territorial 'colonies' in other areas of the world as migrants mainly after their political unification in the 19th century.
Many Italians migrated to America to live under other flags and created diasporic settlements of migrants, sometimes called "colonies". These communities were often living in poor conditions and subject to exploitative and violent attitudes. Those settlements were made by groups of Italian emigrants who settled together in the same place and around the same time, founding a settlement that still exists today in many cases.

The first Italian settlement of this kind was made in Venezuela by Luigi Castelli, who wanted to settle, in the late 1830s, Italian migrants from Tuscany in the same area where a few years later German emigrants settled and created the "Colonia Tovar" (unluckily their ship sank in the Mediterranean).

Many of these Italian settlements were created in the second half of the 19th century, mainly in Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Mexico and the Southern and Southeastern regions of Brazil (Sao Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul).
In most of those settlements the Italian language (and dialects) is still spoken today: like in "Capitán Pastene" of Chile, in "Chipilo" of Mexico or in "Nova Veneza" of Santa Catarina (where it is spoken the Talian of Brasil).

None of these settlements are related to the 20th century colonial campaigns of the Kingdom of Italy and Fascist Italy.

References

Bibliography
 Franzina, Emilio. Storia dell'emigrazione italiana. Donzelli Editore. Roma, 2002 
 Ridolfi, R. Pensieri medicei di colonizzare il Brasile, in «Il Veltro» (luglio-agosto 1962). Roma, 1962
 Sanfilippo, Matteo. Gli Italiani in Brasile. Edizioni Sette Citta'. Viterbo, 2008

17th century in Italy
Caesars Palace is a luxury hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. Caesars Palace is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corp. Caesars is on the west side of the Strip, between the Bellagio and the Mirage.

Caesars Palace has 3,960 rooms. There are six towers in the hotel: Augustus, Centurion, Roman, Palace, Octavius and Forum. The Forum tower features guest suites with  of space. It is the only venue in Las Vegas to host a World Series of Poker Circuit Event.

Entertainment and attractions

Caesars offers additional attractions including:

Fall of Atlantis—free show
Festival Fountain—free show
Pure Nightclub a nightclub
A number of world-famous restaurants and celebrity chefs

In popular culture
In popular culture

Film
Hells Angels on Wheels 1967
Hell's Angels '69 1969
Where It's At 1969
The Electric Horseman 1979
Pleasure Palace
History of the World, Part I 1981
Rocky III 1982
Oh, God! You Devil 1984
You Ruined My Life 1987
Rain Man 1988; setting of the famous card counting scene.
Hearts Are Wild 1992
Showgirls 1995
Fools Rush In 1997
The Strip 1999
Rush Hour 2 2001
Ocean's Eleven 2001
Intolerable Cruelty 2003
Dreamgirls 2006
10.5: Apocalypse
Category 6: Day of Destruction
Iron Man 2008
The Hangover 2009; the main characters stayed in the hotel.
In the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, it is called "Caligula's Palace"
2012 2009
The Guilt Trip (film) 2012

References

Hotels in Las Vegas
Casinos
Gambling companies
A Ukrainian American is a citizen of the United States with ancestors from Ukraine. There have been Ukrainian people living in North America since the early 1600s. There are about one million Ukrainian Americans and many live in the North East and the West of the United States, in states like New York, Pennsylvania, California, New Jersey, Illinois and Washington.

Numbers
The number of Ukrainians in the United States is 354,832.  There are 408,504 people who identify as Ukrainian.  Many of them were born in the United States. Only about 20% are actual immigrants. About a third of people of Ukrainian origin speak Ukrainian. Almost 143 thousand (15%) use it in everyday life. 

States with the largest number of people using the Ukrainian language in the family (2006—2008):
New York — 22,462
 California — 17,350
 Washington, DC — 17,175
 Illinois — 12,043
 Pennsylvania — 10,188
 New Jersey — 10,078
 Ohio — 9,112
 Oregon — 5,261
 Florida — 5 141
 Michigan — 4,523
 Connecticut — 3,190
 Massachusetts — 2,963
 Georgia — 2,464
 North Carolina — 1 996
 Wisconsin — 1,771
 Maryland — 1,683
 Minnesota — 1,674
 South Carolina — 1,126
 Texas — 1,157
 Virginia — 1,056
 Colorado — 1,046
 Tennessee — 1,046

Famous Ukrainian Americans
Igor Sikorsky (d. 1972), designer of helicopters and airplanes
 Joe Schuster (d. 1992), one of the authors of comics about Superman
Anna Politkovskaya (d. 2006), journalist, writer.
Nicholas Oresko (d. 2013), war hero
 Richard Levins (d. 2016), scientist (ecologist)
 Steve Ditko (d. 2018) comic book writer
 Jackie Stallone (d. 2020), astrologer
 Igor Vovkovinskiy (d. 2021), once the tallest living American
 Dustin Hoffman (b. 1937), actor
Bob Dylan (b. 1941) singer-songwriter, poet
Barbra Streisand (b. 1942), singer
 George Dzundza (b. 1945), actor
 Semion Mogilevich (b. 1946) – alleged criminal
 Steven Spielberg (b. 1946) movie director, producer, screenwriter
 Sylvester Stallone (b. 1946) actor, director, screenwriter, producer
Steven Tyler (b. 1948), singer in Aerosmith, songwriter
 David Copperfield (b. 1956), illusionist/magician
Michael Bolton (b. 1953), singer and songwriter
 Sergiy Vilkomir (b. 1956), computer scientist
 N.Gregory Mankiw (b. 1958), economist
 David Duchovny (b. 1960), movie actor
Wayne Gretzky (b. 1961), US-Canadian ice hockey player  
 Chuck Palahniuk (b. 1962), novelist, journalist
Michael Smerconish (b. 1962), CNN host
 Ulana Suprun (b. 1963), former acting Ukrainian Minister of Healthcare 
Lenny Kravitz (b. 1964), singer, instrumentalist
 Milla Jovovich (b. 1975), movie actress
 Jan Koum (1976), founder of WhatsApp
 Vladimir Kozlov (b. 1979), wrestler
 Olga Kurylenko (b. 1979), French film actress
 Mila Kunis (b. 1983), movie actress
 Kendra Wilkinson (b. 1985), TV personality
 Chris Zylka (b. 1985), actor
 Traci Lords – actress born Nora Kuzma; her father was of Ukrainian ancestry
 Vera Farmiga – actress
 Taissa Farmiga – actress
 Erika Eleniak – actress, father is of Ukrainian descent
 Matt Czuchry – actor
 Walter Matthau – actor
 Leonard Nimoy – actor
 Jack Palance – actor
 Natalie Wood – actress
 Ruth Bader Ginsburg – United States Supreme Court Justice
Leonard Bernstein – composer and conductor who was one of Hollywoods 10 blacklisted, of Jewish descent
Jackie Evancho – classical crossover singer
Bill Evans – jazz musician and composer
G-Eazy – songwriter-rapper
Stan Getz - jazz saxophonist and band leader, popularizer of cool and bossa nova sub-genres
Vladimir Horowitz, pianist
Melanie Safka – folk singer, performed at Woodstock
Nicole Scherzinger – singer, songwriter and television music competition judge; of Ukrainian descent on her mother's side
Eliot Engel - New York Congressman
Gary Johnson – former Governor of New Mexico
Chuck Schumer - senior US senator from New York
Victoria Spartz – Indiana State Senator 
Paul Wellstone – former US Senator from Minnesota
 Theodosius Dobzhansky – geneticist and evolutionary biologist
 Milton Friedman – economist
 George Gamow – astrophysicist; first suggested hydrogen fusion as source of solar energy
 Simon Ramo – physicist; Russian–Ukrainian
 Albert Bandura, Canadian-American psychologist
Related pages
List of people with Ukrainian ancestry

References

Ethnic groups in the United States
Homo cepranensis is a proposed name for a human species, known from only one skull cap discovered in 1994. The fossil was discovered by archeologist Italo Biddittu and was nicknamed "Ceprano Man" after a nearby town in the province of Frosinone, 89 kilometers Southeast of Rome, Italy.

The age of the fossil is estimated to be between 350,000 to 500,000 years old.[3] An adjacent site, Fontana Ranuccio, was dated to 487,000 +/- 6000 years and Muttoni et al. suggest that Ceprano is most likely 450,000 years old. The cranial features on the bone seem to be intermediate between those found on Homo erectus and those of later species such as Homo heidelbergensis which dominated Europe long before Homo neanderthalensis. There is yet not enough material to make a complete analysis of the individual.

Hominins
Homo antecessor is an extinct human species dating from 1.2 million to 770,000 years ago. It is is one of the earliest known human varieties in Europe. 

The best-preserved fossil is a maxilla (upper jaw bone). It belonged to a 10-year-old individual found in Atapuerca, Spain. There  were numerous examples of cuts on bones. The flesh had been cut from the bones. Maybe H. antecessor could have been cannibals.

H. antecessor may have been broad-chested and rather heavy, much like Neanderthals. Its limbs were proportionally long, which is a trait more frequent in tropical populations. The kneecaps are thin and have poorly developed tendon attachments. The feet indicate H. antecessor walked differently from modern humans.
H. antecessor usually made simple pebble and flake stone tools out of quartz and chert, but they also used other materials. This industry has some similarities with the more complex Acheulean. Acheulean is found in African and later European sites. Groups may have sent hunting parties to kill deer in their savannah and mixed woodland environment. As mentioned above, many of the H. antecessor specimens were cannibalised, perhaps as a cultural practice. There is no evidence they were using fire, and they only lived in Iberia during warm periods, presumably retreating to the South coast otherwise.

References

Related pages 
 Human timeline

Hominins
The Right Livelihood Award, widely known as the Alternative Nobel Prize, is a major international award to honour those "working on practical and exemplary solutions to the most urgent challenges facing the world today". The prize was started in 1980 by Jakob von Uexkull, and is presented each year in early December. An international jury, invited by the five regular Right Livelihood Award board members, decides the awards in such fields as environmental protection, human rights, sustainable development, health, education, and peace. The prize money is shared among the winners, usually numbering four, and is EUR 200,000.

The prize has been awarded to a diverse group of people and organisations, including Mycle Schneider, Amory Lovins, Astrid Lindgren, Bianca Jagger, Memorial, Mordechai Vanunu, and Petra Kelly.

References

Awards
Dorothy Wise (1914–1995) is an American professional pool player. She was born in Spokane, Washington. When she first started playing pool professionally, there were very few national tournaments for women. She won many local and state tournaments, so she called herself the world champion. The first national tournament for women happened in 1967. She won and kept winning for the next five years. She lost the title in 1972. She played in the final against 13-year-old Jean Balukas.

She became a member of the Billiard Congress of America Hall of Fame in 1981. She was the first woman to be made a member.

Dorothy learned to play pool from her husband, Jimmy Wise. He managed billiard parlors (where people play pool) in several cities around the western United States. He watched Dorothy win the first national championship in 1967, but died later that year.

References 

1914 births
1995 deaths
Cue sports
Sportspeople from Spokane, Washington