Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Shiraz may refer to:

 Shiraz, a city in Iran
 Vosketap, Armenia, formerly called Shiraz

People:
 Hovhannes Shiraz, Armenian poet
 Shiraz Ali, former Bermudian cricketer
 Shiraz Minwalla, Indian string theorist
 Shiraz Shariff, politician from Alberta, Canada
 Shiraz Shivji, computer designer
 Shiraz Sumar, East African cricketer
 Shiraz Tal, Israeli model and actor
 Ghalib Shiraz Dhalla, Los Angeles-based writer

Other:
 Shiraz (grape), a synonym for the grape variety Syrah, used for wine, and once thought to originate from the city of Shiraz, Iran
 Shiraz (band), a South African group from the 1980s 
 Shiraz (ship), a FPSO vessel formerly named HMAS Westralia (O 195)
 Shiraz University
Carlsberg is a brewery in Denmark. Its headquarters are in Valby. The first beer was manufactured on November 10, 1847. In 1968, Carlsberg opened its first brewery in Malawi, Blantyre.

Beer in Europe
1847 establishments in Europe
19th-century establishments in Denmark
Companies of Denmark
The English Football Hall of Fame is in the National Football Museum in Preston, England.

Football in England
Sports halls of fame
Sports organisations of England
Lancashire
On the Internet, a header is extra information about a group of data. When someone sends an email, this information might contain when the email was sent, or some data about who sent the email (such as their IP address). You can think of email headers like the address and postage stamp on the outside of an envelope sent through regular mail.

Sometimes, this happens with other data (which is not an email) too. Computers often communicate with each other to transmit other kinds of data, like how to display a webpage, or the contents of an image. When this happens, other headers also come along with it.
Examples 
 In an email, the following headers are sent: The sender's email address and name, the recipient's email address and name, the time the email was sent, the subject of the email, and the time the email was received by each computer between the sender and the recipient. 
 When transferring an image, some other headers are sent: The image type, the image size, the image resolution, and the number of colors used.

E-mail
Isfahan or Esfahān (historically also rendered as Ispahan or Hispahan, , ,  Esfahān) is the capital of Esfahan Province in Iran.  It is about 340 km south of Tehran. It has a population of 1,583,609.  It is Iran's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad.

Isfahan was once one of the largest cities in the world. It was strong from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty.  During this time it was the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city keeps much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets.

The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the largest city squares in the world.  It is an outstanding example of Iranian and Islamic architecture. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city also has a many historic monuments.

References
The Residentie Orchestra (Dutch: Residentie Orkest) is an orchestra from The Hague in the Netherlands.  Outside the Netherlands it is often known as  The Hague Philharmonic.  The name “Residentie” (“Residence”) shows that it comes from The Hague, which is where the Dutch parliament meets.  The Hague is the “residence of the Queen’s parliament”, although it is not the capital city of the Netherlands.  The orchestra are internationally famous.

History of the Orchestra
The orchestra started to form in 1903 when a group of musicians who called themselves the “Residentie Orkest” gave a concert in the Gebouw voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Building for Arts and Sciences) in the centre of the Hague.  By the end of the following year they had formed to give regular concerts.  Their concert on 20 November 1904 is taken to be the official beginning of the orchestra.
The first conductor of the orchestra was Henri Viotta, who soon made it a very good orchestra.  Famous composers came to conduct their own works with the orchestra.  These included Richard Strauss, Igor Stravinsky, Max Reger and Maurice Ravel.  The orchestra was sometimes conducted by the Dutch composer Peter van Anrooy, as well as their guest conductor George Szell.
The orchestra continued to be internationally known, and some very famous conductors came to conduct the orchestra, including Arturo Toscanini, Bruno Walter, Leonard Bernstein and Hans Knappertsbusch.
. 
During the years after World War II, from 1949 to 1973,  Willem van Otterloo was the chief conductor.  They gave regular concerts in the Hague and in Amsterdam and made recordings for Philips Gramophone.  Van Otterloo introduced them to many different styles of music.  As in its earlier days, the orchestra often played modern music conducted by the composers: Bruno Maderna, Mauricio Kagel, John Cage and Pierre Boulez conducted their works.  Recordings were made with other conductors including Gennady Rozhdestvensky and Evgenii Svetlanov who included music by less well-known Russian composers.
Jaap van Zweden, who conducted the orchestra for the first five years of this century, took them on tour to Japan and South America and they made recordings to celebrate 100 years of the orchestra.  Van Zweden is still Honorary Guest Conductor of the orchestra.

Today the orchestra’s chief conductor is Neeme Järvi.  Many new things have been started, including some concerts given by the Residentie Scratch Orchestra, in which amateur players can join the professional players of the orchestra to give a concert.

Concert halls
The Residentie Orchestra gave many of their concerts in the Gebouw voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen (more simply known as “K&W Building”), but also the summer concerts in the Kurzaal in Scheveningen, the seaside resort of the Hague, were very famous.  Until 1915 these had been given by the Orchestre Lamoureux.  The Residentie took them over and continued them until 1968.
The orchestra moved out of the K&W Building in 1964.  Shortly afterwards the building was destroyed by fire.  The Residentie Orchestra gave their regular concerts in the Kurzaal until 1968 when they moved to the Congresgebouw (Congress Building) in the west of the Hague.  This was still not a very good concert hall and in 1987 they were able to move to the new Dr. Anton Philipszaal in the centre of the town.  There are plans now to build a completely new arts complex there.

Chief Conductors
 Henri Viotta (1904 - 1917)
 Peter van Anrooy (1917 - 1935)
 Frits Schuurman (1938 - 1949)
 Willem van Otterloo (1949 - 1973)
 Jean Martinon (1975 - 1976)
 Ferdinand Leitner (1976 - 1980)
 Hans Vonk (1980 - 1991)
 Evgeny Svetlanov (1992 - 2000)
 Jaap van Zweden (2000 - 2005)
 Neeme Järvi (2005 - present)

Other websites
Website of the Residentieorchestra 

Orchestras
Dutch music
The Hague
Al-Azhar University is a university and mosque in Cairo, Egypt. It is the main centre of Arabic literature and Sunni Islamic learning in the world. It is also the world's second-oldest surviving university. It was founded in 975 by the Fatimids of the Shia tradition.

Notes 
Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah is the "Fatwa"  department of Al Azhar university headed by Grand Imam of Al Azhar.

References

Other websites 

Buildings and structures in Cairo
Colleges and universities in Africa
Islamic organizations
Mosques
Religion in Egypt
10th-century establishments in Africa
Establishments in Egypt
975 establishments
Organizations based in Egypt
The Imām ‘Alī Holy Shrine (), also known as  Masjid Ali or the Mosque of ‘Alī, is a mosque in Najaf, Iraq. 

Mosques in Iraq
10th-century buildings and structures
Imām Rezā shrine () is a complex in Mashhad, Iran. It contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also in the complex are the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, seminaries, a cemetery, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.

This complex is the center of tourism in Iran. It is visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.

References 

Shrines
Religious buildings and structures in Iran
Mashhad
Qiblah (, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Salah. Most mosques contain a niche in a wall that indicates the qiblah.

First Qibla;Unlike the biography stories that are composed of traditional rumor compilations, based on text and archaeological research, :en:Patricia Crone and Michael Cook hypothesized that the "Masjid al-Haram" was not located in Mecca, but in the north-west Arabian Peninsula. 

Canadian archeology and Islamic history researcher Dan Gibson discovered that the oldest mosque, palace and cemetery positionings point to Petra. He found that it was the place where Muhammad and the first Muslims lived, and that the first direction of qibla for the Muslims was facing Petra.

References

Salah
The Terracotta Army is the buried army of Qin Shi Huang, an ancient Chinese emperor. These ancient sculptures were built and buried over two thousand years ago near the city of Xi'an.  They were discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well looking for underground water. Over a thousand terracotta warriors and horses have been uncovered since then. At least 6,000 more are thought to remain buried still.

According to the Chinese historian Sima Qian, Qin Shi Huang ordered this army to be built long before he became the first Emperor of all China in 221 BC. Work started when he was King of Qin in 247 BC. They were constructed to protect him in the afterlife.  He died in 210 BC. Over 700,000 workers were needed to build the underground city where he was buried. It is thought to be filled with riches and decorated beautifully. The Chinese government has no plans to uncover the underground palace.
Each terracotta warrior is made of clay. They are around 2 meters tall, with commanders in the army being the tallest. The sculptures are so detailed that it is possible to guess the age, rank and personality of each one. None of the soldiers are the same. Some carry weapons such as daggers, bows and arrows, swords, spears or axes.

Assembly line 
The terracotta army figures were made in workshops. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features. Once put together, features such as facial expressions were added.
It is thought their legs were made the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were made at the time. This would make it an assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece and subsequently firing it. In those times, each workshop had to write its name on items produced. Once they were completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.

Other websites 
 UNESCO World Heritage Site page of the Terracotta Army and the Mausouleum of the Qin Emperor

References 

World Heritage Sites in China
Ceramics
Afterlife
Statues
Archaeological sites in Asia
220s BC
3rd-century BC works
Iftar () also Afur in (Somali language) refers to the evening meal for breaking  (fasting) during the Islamic month of Ramadan.
Muslims  fast in the holy month of Ramadan.
At the time of Maghrib (just after sunset) they eat and drink.

Dua for iftar is
 
ذَهَبَ الظَّمَأُ وَابْتَلَّتِ الْعُرُوقُ وَثَبَتَ الأَجْرُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ ."Thirst has gone, the arteries are moist, and the reward is sure, if Allah wills." [1]

References

 Sunan Abu Dawud - Hadith #2350.

Ramadan
A potluck is a gathering of people. Every person is expected to bring a dish of food to share with the other people.

Food and drink
Social events
Khatib or khateeb ( khaṭīb) is an Arabic term used to describe a person who delivers the sermon (khuṭbah), during the Friday prayer or Eid prayers.

Islamic terminology
Khutbah () is the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition. 

Islam
A gymnasium (often called a gym) is a place used for physical activity. The word γυμνάσιον (gymnasion) was used in Ancient Greece. It meant a place for both physical and intellectual education of young men (see gymnasium (ancient Greece)). 

The intellectual education meaning persisted in German and other languages to mean a certain type of school providing secondary education, the Gymnasium, whereas in English the meaning of physical education was pertained in the word gym. However, the word "gymnasium" is not used very often in English nowadays. The term favoured in English is  "sports centre", which perhaps seems more natural.

Some gyms offer memberships where people can train to improve their physical appearance and health. Commercial gyms offer sometimes help from qualified trainer. Again, another term is more used today: "fitness centre".

Sports such as basketball and volleyball are often played in gymnasia.

References

Sports buildings
The Sulayman Pasha Mosque is a mosque in Cairo, Egypt. It was built in 1528.

1528 establishments
Buildings and structures in Cairo
Mosques
Islamic organizations based in Egypt
Establishments in Egypt
16th-century buildings and structures
Nasir al-Mulk Mosque (Nasir ol molk) is a traditional mosque in Shiraz, Iran.

Gallery 

Religious buildings and structures in Iran
Mosques in Asia
A Vault (French. voute, Italian. volta, German. Gewölbe, Polish. sklepienie, Spanish. bóveda) is an  architectural term for  an arched form  used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof.

Vault (architecture)
Jannah () is the Islamic conception of paradise. The Arabic word Jannah is a short version of the word "Garden"

Muslims believe that Jannah is pure happiness that lasts forever. Jannah is described as a garden with beautiful features and different levels.

Islamic theology
Salat al-Janazah () is the funeral prayer held by Muslims before the burial but after the shrouding of the body.
Muslims do this so their soul can rise to Allah.The people prying ask for forgiveness from Allah to let te person go to heaven.

Salah
Sunnah salat () are optional prayers that can be performed by Muslims at almost any time of the day. These prayers are performed in addition to the five daily prayers, which are compulsory for all Muslims.

Salah
Eid al-Adha ( ‘Īdu l-’Aḍḥā) "Festival " or "Greater Ibrahim" is a religious festival celebrated by Muslims all over the world. It is when Muslims sacrifice a goat, sheep, cow, camel, and bull sending part of the meat to poor people as a donation. It marks the end of the pilgrimage hajj for the millions of Muslims who make the trip to Mecca each year and pray 5 times a day. They like to tell Allah what they are thinking and hope for him to help them, and remember Ibrahim and Isma’il’s courage and devotion to God.

Origin
The festival is to celebrate Ibrahim's (Abraham) willingness to sacrifice his son, Isma’il, because Allah told him to do so in a dream. Showing that he loved Allah more than his own son. And at the final moment, after taking his son's consent, as he was swinging his axe to kill his son God told an angel  to switch a lamb instead of his son, and this act of sacrificing a lamb is copied by Muslims all over the world on Eid.
Ibrahim was tempted by Satan not to listen to God, and Ibrahim drove Satan away by throwing pebbles at him. This is also still commemorated by Muslims during Hajj.

Practices, traditions and observations

Eid prayer 
The Eid prayer must be offered in congregation.  It consists of two Rakaah (units) with seven Takbirs in the first Raka'ah and five Takbirs in the second Raka'ah.

Sacrifice 
The sacrifice of an animal, usually a cow, sheep or a goat, is a very important part of Eid. The act repeats what Ibrahim did, and also shows Muslims' devotion to God (Allah).

Celebrations 
Muslims celebrate by having a feast, and giving gifts to the poor. In some Muslim traditions gifts are also given to children. In Muslim countries the day is given as a national holiday.

Other websites

Islamic festivals
Salat al Eid () also known as Salat al Eidain () is the special prayer offered to commemorate two Islamic festivals. Both the Eids are collectively known as Eidain (عيدين) in Arabic language. The two Islamic festivals are:

Eid Al Fitr, () is celebrated on the 1st day of Shawwal, the 10th month of Islamic calendar.
Eid Al Adha, () is celebrated on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the 12th month of Islamic calendar.

Salah
A convention center, in American English, is an exhibition hall, or conference center. It is designed to hold a convention. In British English very large venues suitable for major trade shows are known as exhibition centres. The term "convention centre" is sometimes used for intermediate venues between exhibitions centres and "conference centres", which are much smaller and contain lecture halls and meeting rooms.

References
The Al-‘Abbās Mosque or Masjid al-‘Abbās () is the mausoleum of ‘Abbās ibn ‘Alī. It is across from the Imām Husayn Mosque in Karbalā, Iraq.

Mosques in Iraq
Suhoor () is also called Sehri, Sahari, "'suhoor"', "'pisht lamae"' and "'pishmaney"' in other languages. It is an Islamic term referring to the meal had early in the morning by Muslims before fasting. It is recommended for Muslims to eat Complex carbohydrates. 

Ramadan
Arabic words and phrases
The Fajr () prayer is the first of the five daily prayers (salat) recited by practising Muslims.
Muslims believe that "He who performs the dawn prayer (fajr) will be under the protection of Allah." (Sahih Muslim, Hadith# 657

Salah
The Isha () prayer is the night-time daily prayer recited by practising Muslims. It is the fifth of the five daily prayers (salah).

Isha'a is one of the Muslim prayers. This prayer is used at nightfall before they go to sleep. 

Salah
Laylat al-Qadr () (also known as Shab-e-Qadr), basically  the Night of Decree or Night of Measures, is the anniversary of two very important dates in Islam. They occurred in the month of Ramadan. It is the anniversary of the night Muslims believe the first verses of the Qur'an were revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

References

Other websites
An old book from 1683 that talks about the Night of Destiny

Islamic calendar
Arabic words and phrases
Itikaf or Etikaf or E'tikaf is a practice in the Islamic faith. It consists of a period of retreat in a mosque, for a certain number of days in accordance with the believer's own wish.That number of days is 10 days. Ramadan is a perfect opportunity to do this. During Itikaf the people spend the last set of Ramadan in the mosque worshipping Allah. They spend their nights in worship by reciting verses from the Qur'an and praying thahajjud. During Itikaf, the believers  stay at the mosque. E'tikaf is performed during the last set of Ramadan because "laylatul qadr" (the night when the Quran was revealed) is most probably expected in it.The Muslims also worship ALLAH more and reflect about what they have done in the past.

Islamic culture
Arabic words and phrases
[[File:Ello there
 cassini.jpg|thumb|150px|Phoebe is one of the moons of the Norse group of Saturn]]

The Norse group is a collection of moons of the planet Saturn that go around the planet in a different direction to the spin of Saturn. They also go in an odd ellipsis direction instead of a circle.

The names of this group come from gods from Norway. However, Phoebe is a Greek god, because it was discovered first.

Saturn has at least 61 moons, which can be put into ten groups. The Norse group is one of these groups, as is the Inuit group, and the Gallic group.
List of satellites
Here are all the moons in the Norse group. The moons at the top of the list are closer to Saturn than those at the bottom of the list.
Phoebe
Skathi (Skathi subgroup)
S/2007 S 2
Skoll (Skathi subgroup)
Greip
Hyrrokkin (Skathi subgroup)
S/2004 S 13
S/2004 S 17
Jarnsaxa
Mundilfari
S/2006 S 1 (Skathi subgroup)
Narvi (Narvi subgroup)
Bergelmir (Skathi subgroup)
Suttungr
S/2004 S 12
S/2004 S 7
Hati
Bestla (Narvi subgroup)
Farbauti (Skathi subgroup)
Thrymr
S/2007 S 3
Aegir
S/2006 S 3 (Skathi subgroup)
Kari (Skathi subgroup)
Fenrir
Surtur
Ymir
Loge
Fornjot

Related pages
Moons of Saturn

Saturn's moons
Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitan (August 30, 1850 – July 4, 1896), was a leading propagandist of the Philippine Revolution in 1896.

Marcelo H. del Pilar was born in Cupang (now Barangay San Nicolas), Bulacan, on August 30, 1850, to parents Julián del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaytan. He studied at the Colegio de San José and later at the University of Santo Tomas, where he finished his law course in 1880. In 1882, del Pilar founded the nationalist newspaper Diariong Tagalog (Tagalog Newspaper). He organized various anti-friar demonstrations while in the Philippines. He also wrote anti-friar pamphlets like the Dasalan at Tocsohan, Caiigat Cayo, etc. Del Pilar went to Spain in 1888 to escape persecution by the Spanish authorities. He became the second editor of La Solidaridad (Solidarity) in Madrid.
Publication of the La Solidaridad stopped in 1895 due to lack of money. Del Pilar decided to return to the Philippines to lead a revolution against Spain. However, he cancelled his trip due to his illness. Del Pilar died of tuberculosis in Barcelona on July 4, 1896, a pauper, away from his wife and 2 children.

References 

 Villarroel, Fidel, (1997). Marcelo H. del Pilar, his religious conversions. Manila : University of Santo Tomas Pub. House.

1850 births
1896 deaths
Filipino journalists
Spanish writers
Slut is a broad word that usually means a woman who has sex with a lot of people. It is a bad word and is generally meant to be offensive to whomever it is describing. It is an insult, and some people would also call it a swear word. Originally it meant "A woman of dirty, slovenly or untidy appearance".

References

Pejoratives
English profanity
The King Fahad Mosque is a mosque in Culver City, California. It is significant in the Muslim community. A mosque is the main public building in Islam. As a gift to the Muslim community of Southern California from Saudi Arabia, Prince Abdulaziz Bin Fahad Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud, Minister of State and Cabinet Member, provided funding for the land in 1993. King Fahad pledged funds for the construction of the building in 1995. It will serve as a religious and educational center for both Muslims and non-Muslims, worldwide.

Inside the Mosque, the Qiblah (direction of prayer) was built facing towards the Ka'ba (mosque) in the city of Makkah in Saudi Arabia. This is the direction that all Muslims face when they pray. Following Islamic tradition, there is a marble facade, hand made tiles from Turkey, and a 72 foot high minaret topped with a gold leaf crescent. The minaret is an architectural symbol of Islam.
The building covers . It is has a central prayer area, an auditorium, conference rooms, and modern amenities for wudu (a-self-purification process performed before prayer).

The King Fahad Mosque is located at 10980 Washington Boulevard in Culver City, California. It is open daily for all five prayers. Owned and operated by The Islamic Foundation of Shaikh Ibn Taimmiyyah, the entire project was guided by Director General, Dr. Khalil Al Khalil. The Islamic Foundation of Shaikh Ibn Taimmiyyah is located across the street from The King Fahad Mosque at 11004 Washington Boulevard.

Sheikh Al - Islam Ibn Taymiyah Foundation
Ibn Taymiyah Foundation has supervised the project of King Fahad Mosque in Los Angeles since its beginning. It is responsible for management and future activities. The establishment of this foundation dates back to 1400 AH (1980 CE). Its activities began in the "Muslim Student House" in the city's western area. The idea developed further and a house was purchased in the same area for prayers, lectures and Dawa activities.

The foundation is an Islamic charity organization legally recognized by United States authorities. It is exempted from taxes, entitled to own property and practice religious, educational, informational and intellectual activities throughout the United States. 

The foundation's established objectives are:
"Propagation of Islam in the light of the Glorious Quran and Traditions of Prophet Muhammad in keeping with the method of the righteous predecessors."
 "Preserving of the Islamic Faith, unifying Muslim ranks to regain their rights and be proud of their religion and civilization."
 "Construction of mosques, schools and colleges, organization of conferences and publication of books."
 "Linking Muslims in America with their Muslim brothers everywhere."
 "Enhancing cordial and humanitarian relations with various foundations, engaging into a mutual dialogue based on justice and pride."

The foundation supervises two other mosques: 

 Masjid al Salam in central Los Angeles
 Riverside Mosque

The foundation supervises "Zamzam Schools" for girls' education and the memorization of the Qur'an.

Buildings and structures in California
Culver City, California
Islamic organizations based in the United States
Mosques
The Jewish Defense League (JDL)  is a Jewish organization started in the US in 1968. Its stated goal is to "protect Jews from antisemitism by whatever means necessary". The JDL was suspected of plotting to bomb the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California. The FBI called the JDL a "right-wing terrorist group".

References

1968 establishments in the United States
Nationalist organizations in the United States
Terrorism
Zionism
Arab–Israeli conflict
Judaism in the United States

Religious organizations based in the United States
The Hassan Bek Mosque (, , also known as the Hasan Bey Mosque) is a mosque in Jaffa, which is now part of the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, in Israel. It is considered to be one of the most well-known mosques. It's sole minaret was restored two times.

Arab–Israeli conflict
Buildings and structures in Tel Aviv
History of Palestine
Holy places in Islam
Mosques
Religion in Israel
1916 establishments
1910s establishments in Israel
A cultural center (or cultural centre) is an organization, building or complex that promotes culture and arts.

Examples 
 Germany: Goethe-Institut
 Spain: Instituto Cervantes
 United Arab Emirates: Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage (ADACH)

Cultural organizations
Buildings and structures
King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, (early 1920s - August 1, 2005) was the King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He was also the leader of the House of Saud and Prime Minister. One of his sons was Abdul Aziz bin Fahd.

1920s births
2005 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in Saudi Arabia
Kings of Saudi Arabia
Prime Ministers of Saudi Arabia
The history of saffron growing reaches back more than 3,000 years. The wild plant from which the saffron crocus came was called Crocus cartwrightianus. Humans began choosing wild plants that had long "stigmas". Gradually, a form of C. cartwrightianus, C. sativus, came into being in the late Bronze Age Crete. Experts believe that the first document to mention saffron is a 7th-century BC Assyrian book about botany which was written in the time of Ashurbanipal. Since then, we have found evidence for the use of saffron in the treatment of about 90 illnesses during the past 4,000 years.
Mediterranean 
The Minoans had pictures of saffron in their palaces as long ago as 1500–1600 BC, showing how it could be used as a medicine. Later, Greek legends told of sea voyages to Cilicia, where adventurers hoped to find the world's most valuable saffron. Another legend tells how someone named Crocus was bewitched and transformed into the original saffron crocus. Ancient Mediterranean peoples - including perfumers in Egypt, physicians in Gaza, townspeople in Rhodes, and the Greek hetaerae courtesans- used saffron in their perfumes, ointments, potpourris, mascaras, divine offerings, and medical treatments.
In late Hellenistic Egypt, Cleopatra used saffron in her baths to make her feel good. Egyptian healers used saffron as a treatment for all varieties of gastrointestinal ailments. Saffron was also used as a fabric dye in such Levant cities as Sidon and Tyre. Aulus Cornelius Celsus prescribes saffron in medicines for wounds, cough, colic, and scabies, and in the mithridatium. Such was the Romans' love of saffron that Roman colonists took their saffron with them when they settled in southern Gaul, where it was extensively cultivated until Rome's fall. Competing theories state that saffron only returned to France with 8th century AD Moors or with the Avignon papacy in the 14th century AD.

Asia
Paints made from saffron were being used for drawing 50,000 years ago. These have been found in the country that is today called Iraq. Later, people called the Sumerians used wild-growing saffron in their remedies and magical potions. Traders carried saffron for long distances before the 2nd millennium BC. Ancient Persians were growing their own type of saffron (Crocus sativus 'Hausknechtii') in Derbena, Isfahan, and Khorasan by the 10th century BC. Sometimes saffron threads were woven into textiles. They were given as offerings to the gods and used in dyes, perfumes, medicines, and body washes. Saffron threads were also scattered across beds and mixed into hot tea as a way of curing sad feelings. Other people were afraid that the Persians would use saffron as a drug and aphrodisiac. During his Asian campaigns, Alexander the Great used Persian saffron in his tea, rice, and baths to help heal his battle wounds
In Europe, saffron cultivation declined steeply following the Roman Empire's fall. Saffron was reintroduced when the Islamic civilization "Al-Andalus" spread to Spain, France, and Italy. During the 14th century Black Death, demand for saffron-based medicine skyrocketed, and much saffron had to be imported via Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes. The theft of one such shipment by noblemen sparked the fourteen-week long "Saffron War". The conflict and resulting fear of rampant saffron piracy spurred significant saffron cultivation in Basel, which grew prosperous. Cultivation and trade then spread to Nuremberg, where epidemic levels of saffron adulteration brought on the Safranschou code, under which saffron adulterers were fined, imprisoned, and executed. Soon after, saffron cultivation spread throughout England, especially Norfolk and Suffolk
. The Essex town of Saffron Walden, named for its new specialty crop, emerged as England's prime saffron growing and trading center. However, an influx of more exotic spices such as chocolate, coffee, tea, and vanilla from newly contacted Eastern and overseas countries caused European cultivation and usage of saffron to decline. Only in southern France, Italy, and Spain, did significant cultivation endure.
Europeans brought saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church left Europe with a trunk containing saffron corms; indeed, many Schwenkfelders had widely grown saffron in Europe. By 1730, the Pennsylvania Dutch were cultivating saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania. Spanish colonies in the Caribbean bought large amounts of this new American saffron, and high demand ensured that saffron's list price on the Philadelphia commodities exchange was set equal to that of gold. The trade with the Caribbean later collapsed in the aftermath of the War of 1812, when many saffron-transporting merchant vessels were destroyed. Yet the Pennsylvania Dutch continued to grow lesser amounts of saffron for local trade and use in their cakes, noodles, and chicken or trout dishes. American saffron cultivation survived into modern times mainly in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

Footnotes

References
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 .
 .
 .
 .

Iridaceae
Spices
Ain al-Yaqeen (English: Heart of the Matter) is an Arab news magazine. It is published every week. It is mainly about politics.

Other websites
 Ain al-Yaqeen Website 

Magazines of Asia
Riots have occurred in Mumbai, India (then called Bombay) in December 1992 and January 1993, in which 900 people died.

1992 in Asia

1993 crimes
1990s crimes in Asia
1990s disasters in India
1990s riots
December events
January events
Mass murder in Asia
Mass murder in the 1990s
Riots
Murder in India
The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of thirteen bomb explosions. They took place in Bombay (now Mumbai), India on March 12, 1993.

References 

1990s explosions
1990s in India
Attacks on buildings and structures in Asia
Attacks on hotels
Car and truck bombings in Asia
March events
Mass murder in 1993
Mass murder in Asia
Mumbai
Murder in India
Terrorist incidents in India

Terrorist incidents in Asia in the 1990s
Car and truck bombings in the 1990s
1993 disasters
Clifford Edmund Bosworth FBA (29 December 1928 – 28 February 2015) was an English historian and orientalist. He specialized in Arabic studies.

1928 births
2015 deaths
English historians
Writers from Sheffield
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI) is the standard encyclopaedia of the academic discipline of Islamic studies.

References 

Isl
Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi( أبو الحسن علي بن محمد بن حبيب البصري الماوردي ), known in Latin as Alboacen (972-1058 CE), was an Arab Muslim jurist of the Shafi`i school.

972 births
1058 deaths
Religious studies (or religious education) is the academic study of religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions from a secular viewpoint. The main religions studied are Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism, Judaism and Hinduism.

Interdisciplinary fields
Academic disciplines
A pitch, in baseball, is when a pitcher throws the baseball to the batter. This is a pitcher's main job. The pitcher tries to get the player who is at-bat out. If a pitcher throws three strikes, the batter strikes out (unless the third strike is a foul tip). A strike is when a pitch is in the zone from the batter's knees to the belt and the width of home plate (the strike zone), and if the batter does not swing. A strike is also called if a batter swings at any pitch and misses, or if a batter hits a ball into foul territory (this is called a foul tip). If a pitcher throws a ball outside of the strike zone and the batter does not swing, this is called a ball. If four of these are thrown, the batter gets to go to first base for free. This is called a walk.
Pitchers use different pitches to try to get the batter out. The most common is a fastball. A fastball is when the pitcher throws the ball as hard as he or she can. The pitcher is trying to get the ball past the batter before the batter can hit it. Another type of pitch is a changeup. A pitcher throws a changeup when he or she wants the batter to swing before the ball gets to home plate. The batter might do this because he or she thinks the pitch is a fastball and the baseball will get to the plate faster. In addition to these two types of pitches, there are also many others.

Notes

Baseball
Dida (born 7 October 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Milan.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||Vitória||Série A||24||0||||||||||24||0
|-
|1994||rowspan="5"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="5"|Série A||23||0||||||||||23||0
|-
|1995||20||0||||||||||20||0
|-
|1996||22||0||||||||||22||0
|-
|1997||25||0||||||||||25||0
|-
|1998||30||0||||||||||30||0

|-
|1998/99||Lugano||Super League||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="2"|Série A||16||0||||||||||16||0
|-
|2000||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|2000/01||Milan||Serie A||1||0||0||0||6||0||7||0

|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="2"|Série A||8||0||||||||||8||0
|-
|2002||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Milan||rowspan="8"|Serie A||30||0||0||0||14||0||44||0
|-
|2003/04||32||0||2||0||9||0||43||0
|-
|2004/05||36||0||0||0||13||0||49||0
|-
|2005/06||36||0||0||0||12||0||48||0
|-
|2006/07||25||0||3||0||13||0||41||0
|-
|2007/08||13||0||0||0||4||0||17||0
|-
|2008/09||10||0||1||0||8||0||19||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
168||0||||||||||168||0
0||0||||||||||0||0
183||0||6||0||79||0||268||0
351||0||6||0||79||0||436||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1995||3||0
|-
|1996||6||0
|-
|1997||6||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||17||0
|-
|2000||10||0
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||11||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||12||0
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
!Total||91||0
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Juan Silveira dos Santos (born 1 February 1979) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Roma and Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1996||rowspan="7"|Flamengo||rowspan="7"|Série A||11||0||||||||||11||0
|-
|1997||14||2||||||||||14||2
|-
|1998||10||0||||||||||10||0
|-
|1999||9||1||||||||||9||1
|-
|2000||15||2||||||||||15||2
|-
|2001||18||1||||||||||18||1
|-
|2002||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="5"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||24||2||||||||||24||2
|-
|2003/04||29||2||||||||||29||2
|-
|2004/05||28||1||||||||||28||1
|-
|2005/06||30||3||||||||||30||3
|-
|2006/07||28||2||||||||||28||2

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Roma||rowspan="3"|Serie A||22||2||2||0||8||1||32||3
|-
|2008/09||21||2||1||0||4||1||26||3
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
77||6||||||||||77||6
139||10||||||||||139||10
43||4||3||0||12||2||58||6
259||20||3||0||12||2||274||22
|}

International career statistics
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
|2004||13||1
|-
|2005||9||1
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||15||2
|-
|2008||5||0
|-
|2009||5||2
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||72||6
|}

References

Other websites
 
 Leverkusen who's who

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite (born 22 April, 1982), better known as Kaká, is a Brazilian former football player.

Club career statistics

International career statistics 

|-
|2002||5||1
|-
|2003||10||5
|-
|2004||8||3
|-
|2005||13||3
|-
|2006||11||5
|-
|2007||12||5
|-
|2008||3||1
|-
|2009||13||3
|-
|2010||7||1
|-
|2011||0||0
|-
|2012||3||2
|-
|2013||2||0
|-
|2014||2||0
|-
|2015||2||0
|-
|2016||1||0
|-
!Total||92||29
|}

References 

1982 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
People from Federal District (Brazil)
Ballon d'Or winners
FIFA World Player of the Year winners
Zé Roberto (born 6 July 1974) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Hamburger SV.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="3"|Portuguesa Desportos||rowspan="3"|Série A||17||0
|-
|1995||19||1
|-
|1996||25||0

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="2"|Real Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||9||0
|-
|1997/98||6||0

|-
|1998||Flamengo||Série A||11||0

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="4"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||32||4
|-
|1999/00||27||7
|-
|2000/01||24||2
|-
|2001/02||30||4
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||31||1
|-
|2003/04||30||2
|-
|2004/05||22||1
|-
|2005/06||27||1

|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Santos||rowspan="2"|Série A||12||2
|-
|2007||1||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||30||5
|-
|2008/09||29||4
|-
|2009/10||Hamburger SV||Bundesliga||||
85||3
15||0
282||31
382||34
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1995||3||0
|-
|1996||4||0
|-
|1997||11||1
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||15||3
|-
|2000||10||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||7||0
|-
|2005||14||1
|-
|2006||7||1
|-
!Total||84||6
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Erich Alfred "Bubi" Hartmann (19 April 1922 in Weissach – 20 September 1993 in Weil im Schönbuch)  was a German flying ace in World War II. He was the flying ace with the most victories ever: 352 planes. After the war he spent ten years in Soviet prison camps. Later, he joined the West Germany Air Force.  He had a conflict with his superiors in the West German Air Force.  So he was forced to resign.  After that, he worked as a flight instructor.

His highest rank was that of colonel.

References 

1922 births
1993 deaths
German colonels
German aviators
German military personnel of World War II
People from Baden-Württemberg
Prisoners of war
Cicinho (born 24 June 1980) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for São Paulo.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Botafogo||rowspan="2"|Série A||2||0||||||||||2||0
|-
|2000||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Atlético Mineiro||rowspan="3"|Série A||17||1||||||||||17||1
|-
|2002||4||0||||||||||4||0
|-
|2003||38||3||||||||||38||3
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|São Paulo||rowspan="2"|Série A||43||9||||||||||43||9
|-
|2005||26||3||||||||||26||3

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Real Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||19||2||||||||||19||2
|-
|2006/07||7||0||||||||||7||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Roma||rowspan="3"|Serie A||30||2||7||0||7||0||44||2
|-
|2008/09||22||1||2||0||5||0||29||1
|-
|2009/10||2||0||0||0||2||0||4||0

|-
|2010||São Paulo||Série A||||||||||||||||
130||16||||||||||130||16
26||2||||||||||26||2
54||3||9||0||14||0||77||3
210||21||9||0||14||0||233||21
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2005||8||1
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
!Total||15||1
|}

References 

1980 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Luisão (born 13 February 1982) is a Brazilian, former professional football player.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="4"|Série A||3||0||||||||||||||3||0
|-
|2001||20||1||||||||||||||20||1
|-
|2002||24||6||||||||||||||24||6
|-
|2003||15||0||||||||||||||15||0

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="7"|Benfica||rowspan="7"|Portuguese Liga||15||3||3||1||colspan="2"|-||4||0||22||4
|-
|2004/05||29||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0||40||3
|-
|2005/06||31||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||10||1||44||2
|-
|2006/07||17||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0||29||2
|-
|2007/08||19||3||3||1||3||1||9||0||34||5
|-
|2008/09||21||2||3||1||5||0||4||1||33||4
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
62||7||||||||||||||62||7
132||13||16||3||8||1||46||2||202||19
194||20||16||3||8||1||46||2||264||26
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||7||1
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||2||1
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||11||1
|-
!Total||39||3
|}

References
References 

1982 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Cristiano Marques Gomes (born 3 June 1977), simply known as Cris, is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Olympique Lyonnais.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1995||rowspan="4"|Corinthians Paulista||rowspan="4"|Série A||2||0
|-
|1996||0||0
|-
|1997||9||0
|-
|1998||15||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="4"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="4"|Série A||12||0
|-
|2000||22||3
|-
|2001||19||3
|-
|2002||25||3

|-
|2002/03||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||2||0

|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="2"|Série A||31||3
|-
|2004||13||1

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="6"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="6"|Ligue 1||33||3
|-
|2005/06||36||3
|-
|2006/07||32||4
|-
|2007/08||13||1
|-
|2008/09||34||2
|-
|2009/10||||
148||13
2||0
148||13
298||26
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||8||0
|-
|2002||3||1
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||1||0
|-
!Total||17||1
|}

References 

1977 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Gilberto (born 25 April 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Cruzeiro.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1995||América||||0||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="3"|Flamengo||rowspan="3"|Série A||17||0
|-
|1997||22||0
|-
|1998||28||2

|-
|1998/99||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||2||0

|-
|1999||rowspan="3"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="3"|Série A||16||2
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||24||4
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||21||3
|-
|2003||33||6
|-
|2004||São Caetano||Série A||6||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Hertha Berlin||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||33||6
|-
|2005/06||23||2
|-
|2006/07||30||5
|-
|2007/08||15||1

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||6||1
|-
|2008/09||1||0

|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||7
|-
|2010||||
186||24
2||0
101||14
7||1
296||39
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2003||2||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||5||1
|-
|2007||15||0
|-
|2008||4||0
|-
!Total||32||1
|}

References
References 

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro
Gilberto Silva (born 7 October 1976) is a etired Brazilian football player. He last played for Atletico Mineiro

Club career statistics 

|-
|1997||rowspan="3"|América||Série B||0||0||||||||||||||0||0
|-
|1998||Série A||20||1||||||||||||||20||1
|-
|1999||Série B||0||0||||||||||||||0||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Atlético Mineiro||rowspan="3"|Série A||3||0||||||||||||||3||0
|-
|2001||24||3||||||||||||||24||3
|-
|2002||0||0||||||||||||||0||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="6"|Arsenal||rowspan="6"|Premier League||35||0||3||0||0||0||12||2||50||2
|-
|2003/04||32||4||3||0||1||0||8||0||44||4
|-
|2004/05||13||0||2||0||0||0||1||0||16||0
|-
|2005/06||33||2||1||0||3||1||10||1||47||4
|-
|2006/07||34||10||3||0||1||0||9||1||47||11
|-
|2007/08||17||1||3||0||3||0||6||0||29||1
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Panathinaikos||rowspan="2"|Super League||29||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0||39||3
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
47||4||||||||||||||47||4
164||16||15||0||8||1||46||4||233||21
29||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0||39||3
240||23||16||0||8||1||55||4||319||28
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||15||3
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||5||0
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||10||0
|-
|2007||15||0
|-
|2008||9||0
|-
|2009||16||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||84||3
|}

References 

1976 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Mineiro (born 2 August 1975) is a Brazilian football player. He play for Schalke.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1997||Guarani||Série A||24||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="5"|Ponte Preta||rowspan="5"|Série A||21||2
|-
|1999||20||2
|-
|2000||24||1
|-
|2001||24||0
|-
|2002||9||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|São Caetano||rowspan="2"|Série A||39||0
|-
|2004||41||3
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|São Paulo||rowspan="2"|Série A||30||4
|-
|2006||27||3

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Hertha Berlin||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||10||1
|-
|2007/08||26||1

|-
|2008/09||Chelsea||Premier League||1||0

|-
|2009/10||Schalke||Bundesliga||||
259||15
36||2
1||0
296||17
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||17||0
|-
|2008||4||0
|-
!Total||24||0
|}

References

Other websites
 
 

1975 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Porto Alegre
Juninho Pernambucano (born 30 January 1975) is a former Brazilian football player. He plays for Vasco da Gama. He is known as one of the best free-kick takers of all time with 77 goals the most in history.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|Sport Recife||rowspan="2"|Série A||2||0||||||||||||||2||0
|-
|1994||22||2||||||||||||||22||2
|-
|1995||rowspan="7"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="7"|Série A||21||4||||||||||||||21||4
|-
|1996||15||7||||||||||||||15||7
|-
|1997||18||4||||||||||||||18||4
|-
|1998||18||4||||||||||||||18||4
|-
|1999||17||2||||||||||||||17||2
|-
|2000||22||5||||||||||||||22||5
|-
|2001||0||0||||||||||||||0||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="8"|Olympique Lyonnais||Division 1||29||5||2||0||2||0||8||0||41||5
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="7"|Ligue 1||31||13||1||0||1||0||8||0||41||13
|-
|2003/04||32||10||3||2||1||0||10||5||46||17
|-
|2004/05||32||13||2||1||1||0||9||2||44||16
|-
|2005/06||32||8||4||1||0||0||8||4||44||13
|-
|2006/07||31||10||2||1||2||0||7||1||42||12
|-
|2007/08||32||8||4||2||2||0||8||3||46||13
|-
|2008/09||30||8||1||0||1||0||7||3||39||11

|-
|2009/10||Al-Gharafa||Stars League||||||||||||||||||||
135||28||||||||||||||135||28
249||75||19||7||10||0||65||18||343||100
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
384||103||19||7||10||0||65||18||478||128
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||4||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||4||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
|2004||10||0
|-
|2005||10||4
|-
|2006||5||2
|-
!Total||40||6
|}

References

1975 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Recife
Preveza is a Greek town. It is in the west of Greece in the district of Ipirus. Preveza is the capital of Preveza prefecture.  Preveza is a coastal town and it has a big port. Its ports connect Preveza with Ionian islands such as Leukada and Paxoi. Near Preveza is the Arta town. 

Cities in Greece