Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Egypt

Iran

Iraq
Ahmed Chalabi, was Deputy prime minister; mathematician
Sinan Al Shabibi, was the governor of the Central Bank of Iraq; economist
Al-Kindi - he is known as the first to write an explanation of cryptanalysis and the method of frequency analysis; death in 873 AD

Israel
Pages appear in :Category:Israeli scientists
Yehoshua Matza; economist
Ida Nudel; economist

Jordan
Abdullah Ensour, former prime minister; economist
Maen al Qatamin, former Minister of Labor and Minister of State for Investment Affairs; economist

Lebanon
Mohamad Chatah, was minister of finance; economist

Saudi Arabia
Yasmin Altwaijri, listed on BBC's 2014 list featuring 100 Women internationally; one of thirty-five women featured in the book Arab Women Rising, which includes women from Tunisia to Saudi Arabia; scientist within Medicine;

 Suhad Bahajri, Chemistry

Syria
Bashar al-Assad, president of Syria (as of 2017), Medicine
Related pages
 List of scientists from Africa
 List of scientists from Asia
 List of scientists from Europe

References

Middle East
This is a list of scientists from Asia.

Afghanistan
Pages appear in :Category:Afghan scientists

Armenia
Boris Babaian - he got the awards (from the Soviet Union): the USSR State Prize for his achievements in 1974 in the field of computer-aided design, and the Lenin Prize in 1987 for the Elbrus-2 supercomputer design. Since 1984, he has been a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (later - Russian Academy of Sciences)
Yuri Oganessian - oganesson is named after him; he is one of the discoverers of that element (Chemistry)

Azerbaijan 

Vafa Guluzade - he was a Foreign Policy State Advisor for Azerbaijan President; the political scientist died in 2015.
Ayaz Mutallibov, he was the first president of Azerbaijan; chemist
Lotfi A. Zadeh - pioneer (or one of the earliest scientists) of fuzzy logic; computer scientist, electrical engineer, mathematician; d. in 2017
Bangladesh
Shegufta Bakht Chaudhuri, was Governor of Bangladesh Bank (central bank of Bangladesh); economist
Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda, president of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences; chemist
Muhammed Zafar Iqbal - he has a Bangladesh National Film Awards for Best Story; he is a scholar of engineering and computer science.

China

Cyprus
Christopher A. Pissarides, he has a Nobel Prize; economist

Georgia
Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze was a member of the Parliament of Georgia; assyriologist (and therefore a linguist)
Jamshid Giunashvili - he was a linguist (Iranologist); died in 2017

India

Indonesia
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie - a former president of Indonesia; aerospace engineering scientist
Hary Gunarto, computer scientist
J. B. Sumarlin, was minister of finance; economist

Iran

Iraq
Ahmed Chalabi, was Deputy prime minister; mathematician
Sinan Al Shabibi, was the governor of the Central Bank of Iraq

Israel
Pages appear in :Category:Israeli scientists
Yehoshua Matza; economist
Ida Nudel; economist

Japan
Japan

Kazakhstan
Serikbolsyn Abdildin, chairman of the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan; economist
Askar Dzhumadildayev -  member of the Kazakhstan National Academy of Science. He is a former member of Supreme Council of Kazakh SSR and Republic of Kazakhstan; he is a mathematician and physicist.
Kanysh Satbayev, he was one of the founders of Soviet metallogeny; first director of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences.

Kyrgyzstan
Askar Akayev - he is a former president of Kyrgyzstan; he is a natural scientist
Myrzageldy Kemel, was a member of Mazhilis; economist

Laos
Daosavanh Sanamxay - the discoverer of the Laotian giant flying squirrel(en);  biologist

Malaysia
Ungku Abdul Aziz, was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Malaya, General Director of the Council on Language and Literature of Malaysia; economist
Martin Khor, was executive director of the South Centre (intergovernmental organisation); economist
Myanmar
Hla Myint, he was a pioneer of the idea that export-orientation is one of the most useful "engine of growth".; economist

Nepal
Kumud Dhital - he is one of the members of the team that first transplanted a heart donated after circulatory death (DCD), where the heart has stopped beating; he is a surgeon.

North Korea

Ri Sung-gi (He is the inventor of Vinalon, and he got the Lenin Prize)

Philippines

South Korea
Jim Yong Kim, Korean-American, former president of the World Bank; anthropologist, physician
Benjamin W. Lee, Korean-American, known for his work on renormalization of the electro-weak model and gauge theory; physicist
Yanghee Choi - he is a former minister of Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning; he is a computer scientist.

Sri Lanka
Saman Kelegama, was Executive Director of the Institute of Policy Studies (Sri Lanka); economist
Thailand
Phraya Anuman Ratchathon was the first Thai scholar to conduct a serious study of Thai folkloristics, taking notes on the nocturnal village spirits of Thai folklore;anthropologist, ethnographer, d. 1969
Abhisit Vejjajiva, has been prime minister; economist

Turkey
 List of Turkish scientists

Vietnam
Hieu Van Le, Vietnamese-born Australian, a former governor of South Australia; economist

Ngô Bảo Châu - best known for proving the fundamental lemma for automorphic forms (en). He is the first Vietnamese national to have received the Fields Medal; mathematician

Related pages
List of scientists from Africa
List of scientists from Europe
List of scientists from North America
List of scientists from Oceania
List of scientists from South America
List of women scientists from Asia

References
This is a list of scientists from Europe.

Albania

Bashkim Fino, was prime minister; economist; He died in 2021.
Rexhep Meidani, former president of Albania; physicist; b. 1944

Austria

Sigmund Freud, pioneer of psychoanalysis; neurologist, psychologist
Karl Landsteiner, discovered that there are different types of human blood; had a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine; d. 1943
Lise Meitner, Austrian-Swedish, helped discover nuclear fission; physicist d. 1968
Erwin Schrödinger, thought of the Schrödinger equation; physicist; d. 1961

Azerbaijan 

Vafa Guluzade - he was a Foreign Policy State Advisor for Azerbaijan President; the political scientist died in 2015.

Lotfi A. Zadeh - pioneer (or one of the earliest scientists) of fuzzy logic; computer scientist, electrical engineer, mathematician; d. 2017
Belarus
Barys Kit, he was author of the first book on rocket propellant 
Lev Vygotsky, credited for starting the concept, zone of proximal development, or ZPD, which is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she cannot do; Psychology; died in 1934

Belgium
Pages appear in :Category:Belgian scientists

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Pages appear in :Category:Bosnia and Herzegovina scientists‎
Alojz Benac - became a corresponding member of the Yugoslav/Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Archeology; died in 1992.
Smilja Mučibabić, she was a biologist

Bulgaria

Lyubomir Ivanov, got the award, Acad. Nikola Obreshkov Prize, the highest Bulgarian award in mathematics.; Linguistics, Mathematics
Croatia
Pages appear in :Category:Croatian scientists
Dubravka Jurlina Alibegović, former cabinet member; economist
Slaven Letica, was member of parliament; economist
Miroslav Tuđman, information scientist
Roger Joseph Boscovich, maker of a precursor of atomic theory; made the first geometric procedure for finding out the equator of a rotating planet from three observations of a surface feature and for computing the orbit of a planet from three observations of its position; discoverer of the absence of atmosphere on the Moon; he was from a city in what later became Croatia; died in 1787

Czechia 
Pages appear in :Category:Czech scientists
Gerty Cori, Czech-American; she had a Nobel Prize; biochemist
Milan Nakonečný, mathematician

Denmark
Pages appear in :Category:Danish scientists
Tycho Brahe, he discovered (before the invention of telescopes) that the universe outside the Solar System could change when he studied a supernova and a comet; astronomer
Niels Bohr, physicist, d. 1962
Estonia 
Pages appear in :Category:Estonian scientists

Karl Ernst von Baer, Embryology (within Biology); died in 1876
Madis Kõiv - he got the award, the  Tuglas short story award; physicist, writer and philosopher; died in 2014
Jaak Panksepp, he was an Estonian-American neuroscientist, psychobiologist; pioneer of the term "affective neuroscience", the name for the field that studies the neural mechanisms of emotion.

Finland
Pages appear in :Category:Finnish scientists
Linus Torvalds, famous for his operating system Linux; computer scientist

France
Pages appear in :Category:French scientists
Irène Joliot-Curie
 Sophie Germain
Blaise Pascal, he was the creator of Pascal's Triangle
Georgia 
Pages appear in :Category:Scientists from Georgia (country)
Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze,  was a member of the Parliament of Georgia;  assyriologist (and therefore a linguist)
Jamshid Giunashvili - he was a linguist (Iranologist); died in 2017
Giorgi Maisashvili, was presidential candidate, economist
Ghia Nodia, minister of education and science; political scientist

Germany

Alexander von Humboldt, geographer, botanist d. 1859
Max Planck, physicist, d. 1947
Martin Heidegger, philosopher, d. 1976

Great Britain
Pages appear in :Category:British scientists
John Law, Scottish economist, writer; Controller General of Finances under the Duke of Orleans, who was regent for Louis XV of France
Meave Leakey, anthropologist
James Mirrlees, Scottish, won a Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences

Greece
Pages appear in :Category:Greek scientists
Yanis Varoufakis, finance minister; economist

 Eratosthenes
 Euclid
 Pythagoras
Hungary
Pages appear in :Category:Hungarian scientists
János Bolyai, mathematician, one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry — a geometry that differs from Euclidean geometry in its definition of parallel lines; died in 1860
John von Neumann, Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist; he had an Enrico Fermi Award

Ireland
Pages appear in :Category:Irish scientists
Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish, known for Boyle's law; physicist, chemist

Italy
Pages appear in :Category:Italian scientists
 Gerolamo Cardano, he invented - partially - the gimbal consisting of three concentric rings allowing a supported compass or gyroscope to rotate freely, and the Cardan shaft; died in 1576
Enrico Fermi, Italian-American, was creator of the first nuclear reactor; physicist
Rita Levi-Montalcini, she had the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; neurologist

Kosovo
Idriz Ajeti (the first chief of Kosova Academy of Sciences and Arts)
Latvia
Pages appear in :Category:Latvian scientists
Rūsiņš Mārtiņš Freivalds, discovered Freivalds' algorithm for checking the correctness of matrix products; Theoretical computer science; died in 2016
Wilhelm Ostwald, Latvian-German; he had a Nobel Prize in Chemistry

Lithuania
Gitanas Nausėda, president, economist
Vyda Ragulskienė, was the first woman to become Dr.habil. of technical sciences in Lithuania
Ingrida Šimonytė, prime minister, economist

Luxembourg
Pages appear in :Category:Luxembourgian scientists
Ernest Mühlen, was Member of the European Parliament; economist
Jean-Paul Pier, was known for work on on harmonic analysis and history of mathematics

Macedonia
Ratko Janev, was a member of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Atomic physics

Moldova
Natalia Gavrilița, prime minister, economist

Netherlands
Pages appear in :Category:Dutch scientists
Pieter Zeeman, he shared a  Nobel Prize in Physics
Norway
Pages appear in :Category:Norwegian scientists
Niels Henrik Abel, did the first complete proof demonstrating the impossibility of solving the general quintic equation (en) in radicals; mathematician; died in 1829
Kaare R. Norum‎
 Jacqueline Naze Tjøtta, French-Norwegian, the first female mathematical sciences professor in Norway; Applied mathematics, she died in 2017

Poland
Pages appear in :Category:Polish scientists
Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer, d. 1543
Hugo Steinhaus, was known for his Banach–Steinhaus theorem

Portugal
Pages appear in :Category:Portuguese scientists
Carlos Moedas, mayor of Lisbon; civil engineer, economist

Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues, former president of the Assembly of the Republic; economist

Romania

Russia
Pages appear in :Category:Russian scientists
Andrei Sakharov (d. 1989), Russian-born Soviet nuclear physicist; peace activist
 Leonid Kantorovich - Russian mathematician
 Sofya Kovalevskaya - Russian mathematician
Slovakia
Philipp Lenard (d. 1947), physicist, born in Pressburg (Pozsony, in today's Bratislava, Slovakia), in the Kingdom of Hungary

Slovenia
Pages appear in :Category:Slovenian scientists
Janez Stanovnik, was president of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia; economist

Spain
Pages appear in :Category:Spanish scientists
Clara Ponsatí i Obiols,  Counsellor of Education of the Generalitat of Catalonia; economist
 Santiago Ramón y Cajal, was a medical doctor who got a Nobel Prize

Sweden
Pages appear in :Category:Swedish scientists
Alfred Nobel (d. 1896), chemist, engineer, inventor

Switzerland
Pages appear in :Category:Swiss scientists
 Leonhard Euler, was the first to show the notion of (or idea about), a mathematical function; died in 1783

Turkey
 List of Turkish scientists
Ukraine
Pages appear in :Category:Ukrainian scientists
Anatoliy Kinakh, former prime minister; economist
Kostiantyn Sytnyk - he was a Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (a parliament) of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic;  Botany; he died in 2017
Arseniy Yatsenyuk, has been prime minister; economist

Related pages
List of scientists from Africa
List of scientists from Asia
List of scientists from North America
List of scientists from Oceania
List of scientists from South America
List of sociologists from Europe

References

Lists of scientists by continent

scientists
This is a list of scientists from North America

Belize 
Janet Gibson - Goldman Environmental Prize in 1990; zoologist (and therefore also a biologist)
Andrea Gill, former president of the Senate of Belize; biologist

Bermuda
Louis L. Mowbray - he successfully bred the first Galapagos tortoises and Galapagos penguins in captivity; he was a naturalist and an ornithologist; death in 1952
David B. Wingate (He got the awards, the Queen’s Honours (UK); and (UN's) Global 500 Award)

Canada
Pages appear in :Category:Canadian scientists
Mika McKinnon, she is a geophysicist
 William Vickrey, he was a Nobel Prize winner in economics

Costa Rica
Clodomiro Picado, was a pioneer in research on snake venom and the development of various antivenins; treated patients with compounds that he made at least one year before the re-discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming.
Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, former president of Costa Rica; economist

Cuba

Dominican Republic
Luis Abinader, president; economist
Guatemala
Fernando Mazariegos, was the creator of the drinking water filter called "Ecofilter"
Haroldo Rodas, was minister of foreign affairs; economist
Ricardo Bressani, one of the 42 founding members of the Third World Academy of Sciences, later known as The World Academy of Sciences; Biochemistry, Nutrition; died in  2015

Haiti
Jean-Baptiste Chavannes - he got the Goldman Environmental Prize for his work on forest protection; he is an agronomist.

Honduras
Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero, was president of Honduras; economist
Julieta Castellanos - the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department.

Jamaica
Norman Girvan, was Secretary General of the Association of Caribbean States; economist

Mexico
Pages appear in :Category:Mexican scientists
Guillermo Soberón Acevedo, was a Secretary of Health (Mexico); chemist, physician

St. Kitts and Nevis

Trinidad and Tobago
Reema Harrysingh-Carmona, former First Lady of Trinidad and Tobago; economist

United States
United States

Thomas Edison - he and his workers made "the first practical incandescent light bulb";  died in 1931
Nikola Tesla, Serbian-American, best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system; electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, d. 1943

Related pages
List of scientists from Africa
List of scientists from Asia
List of scientists from Europe
List of scientists from Oceania
List of scientists from South America

References

Lists of scientists by continent
Bengaluru Vijaya Radha (August 1948 – 10 September 2017) was an Indian actress and movie producer. Starting her career in the 1964 movie  Navakoti Narayana. She went on to play mostly supporting roles in over 300 movie, 250 of which were in Kannada, and the rest in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Tulu and Hindi. She was born in Bangalore, Mysore State, India.

Radha died of a heart attack on 10 September 2017 in Bangalore at the age of 69.

References

Other websites
 

1948 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Indian movie actors
Indian movie producers
Actors from Bangalore
Nancy Hatch Dupree (; October 3, 1927 – September 10, 2017) was an American-Afghan historian whose work primarily focused on the history of modern Afghanistan.

Dupree went to Barnard College and Columbia University to study Chinese.

Dupree was the director of the Afghanistan Center at Kabul University in Afghanistan and author of five books that she compiled while studying the history of Afghanistan from 1962 until the late 1970s.

References

1927 births
2017 deaths
American historians
American academics
Michael Friedman (September 24, 1975 – September 9, 2017) was an American composer and lyricist. He was a founding associate artist of The Civilians. He received a 2007 Obie award for excellence.  His musical Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson opened on Broadway in October 2010. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, but was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Friedman was openly gay.

Friedman died on September 9, 2017 in Manhattan, New York from complications of AIDS at the age of 41.

References

Other websites

 https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/arts/music/01friedman.html
 http://newyork.timeout.com/articles/theater/28431/musical-theater-report-the-anthropologist

1975 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from AIDS
Infectious disease deaths in New York City
American composers
Gay men
American LGBT writers
LGBT people from Massachusetts
LGBT people from Pennsylvania
Writers from Boston
Writers from Philadelphia
Frank Henrik Aarebrot (19 January 1947 – 9 September 2017) was a Norwegian political scientist. He was born in Bergen, Norway. He was professor of comparative politics at the University of Bergen and adjunct professor of democracy development at the Örebro University. He regularly lectured at Institut des Sciences Politiques and at the Humboldt University. Aarebrot has written 69 books on the democratisation of Europe, following the fall of the Berlin Wall. In Norway, Aarebrot was known as a political commentator.

Aarebrot died in Bergen from heart surgery-related problems for a heart attack he suffered on 9 September 2017 at the age of 70.

References

1947 births
2017 deaths
Norwegian political scientists
Academics of the University of Bergen
University of Michigan alumni
Solomon Efimovich Shulman (January 20, 1936 – September 6, 2017), also known as Sol Shulman and Semion Shulman, was a Belarusian author, screenwriter, movie director and adventurer. He was the writer of more than forty documentary movies, five feature movie scripts, plus a host of literary and publicist works, published in many countries worldwide. His best known book was Power and Destiny. His movies include In Broad Daylight, On the Slopes of Elbruce and In Ancient Khiv.

Shulman died on September 6, 2017 in Melbourne, Australia of heart failure, aged 81.

References

1936 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Belarusian writers
Screenwriters
Movie directors
Nick Andrew Theodore (born September 16, 1928) is an American politician. He was a State representative from 1963-66 and 1970-78, a South Carolina state senator from 1967-68 and from 1981-86, and the 85th Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina from 1987 to 1995. 

Theodore is a member of the Democratic Party.

References

1928 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of South Carolina
People from Greenville, South Carolina
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
William Brantley Harvey Jr. (August 14, 1930 – December 12, 2018) was an American lawyer and politician. He was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1958, and served until 1975, when he was installed as Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina. He served in that position until 1983. 

Harvey later served on the  South Carolina Commission of Parks, Recreation and Tourism, as well as the South Carolina Department of Transportation.

Harvey died on December 12, 2018 in Beaufort, South Carolina at the age of 88.

References

1930 births
2018 deaths
Lawyers from South Carolina
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lieutenant Governors of South Carolina
Hugh K. Leatherman Sr. (April 14, 1931 – November 12, 2021) was an American Republican politician. He was a member of the South Carolina Senate, from 1981 until his death. He was the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Leatherman and sat on the state's Budget and Control Board. 

He was President Pro Tempore of the South Carolina Senate for all but one day from 2014 through 2019.

On October 22, 2021, it was announced that Leatherman was in hospice care in Florence, South Carolina for colorectal cancer. He died from the disease on November 12, 2021 at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
South Carolina Legislature - Hugh K. Leatherman Sr.  Official SC Senate Website
 Hugh K. Leatherman Sr. Official Constituent Service Website

1931 births
2021 deaths
Politicians from South Carolina
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Deaths from colorectal cancer
State legislators of the United States
Politicians from North Carolina
HIV Drug Resistance Database, also named Stanford HIV RT and Protease Sequence Database is a database at Stanford University that shows 93 versions of HIV.  The latest list uses data from other laboratories in Europe, Canada and the United States including more than 15,000 pieces of data.

References

Further reading
 HIV Drug Resistance Database

HIV/AIDS
The different types of swords have been of great importance throughout history. In addition to its use as a weapon, the sword has been the object of special considerations forming part of funerary rituals, mythology and other ancient traditions.

Chronology details 
The present chronology includes diverse and relatively uneven documents. The need to group them into a single list responds to the desire of simplicity.

Chronology (until the Christian Era)

Bronze Swords
The manufacturing process is summarized as follows: The bronze swords were cast into moulds, heated to a certain temperature and allowed to cool slowly. Finally they cold hammered (hitting them with a hammer on a type anvil) to increase its hardness.
 c.1275 BC. Assyrian sword, with inscriptions.
 c.650 BC. According to  Pausanias, Theodore of Samos invented the casting of bronze objects.
 c.450 BC. Herodotus. He mentioned iron swords (as a representation of the god Ares/Mars) in tombs Scythian peoples.
 c.401 BC. He described the Indian steel (steel wootz) and two swords made with that material.
 326 BC. Battle of the Hidaspes River. Alexander defeated King Porus. This gave him about 10 kg of "Indian steel" (wootz steel).
 c.230 BC.Philo of Byzantium In his treatise Belopoeica (artillery), he describes the flexibility of the swords of the Celts and Iberians in Hispania. An elastic behavior, such as a spring, would imply tempered steel content in the mentioned swords.
216 BC. Battle of Cannae Polybius described the swords of the Iberians (cutting and thrusting) and those of the Gauls (cutting).
 197 BC. The Greeks were defeated by the Romans, led by Gay Cornelius Cetego near the River Clusius (perhaps  the current Brembo River). In spite of the numerical superiority of the Gauls, their swords were bent at the first blow and had to be straightened. The Romans took advantage of this weakness to win the battle.
 c.20 BC. Diodorus Siculus was a Greek historian of Sicily that lived in  Century I a. Century I century, contemporary of Julius Caesar and Augustus. His comments on the celtiber swords indicate the cut quality and an aspect of their manufacture.
 c.5 BC. Gratio Falisco, in his poem Cynegeticon, mentions the knives of Toledo: "...Ima toledano praecingunt ilia cultro ..."
Christian Era 
 c.50. Pliny the Elder talks about the types of iron, and the importance of water in the temper of steel.
 c.90 AD The poet Martial, born in Bilbilis (near Calatayud), prided himself on the steel of his country, better than the Gallic and the  Noricum.

Middle Ages
c.500. Ship wrecked near Nydam (Denmark) with a cargo of swords of the type "pattern-welded".
 796. The emperor Charlemagne rendered the king Offa of Mercia with a sword made by Huns, obtained like war loot.
 c.850. Abu Yusuf well Ishaq al-Kindi describes the swords of Damascus.
 c.900. First documentaries of the katana. Master Yasu-tsuna (from Hoki) 
 966. Embassy of Borrell II to To the-Hàkam II. giving a present of 100 frank "swords", very famous and feared.
 1233. Jaume I mentions the sword called "Tiso" (forged in Monzón) in the siege of Burriana.
 1248. Sword Lobera  of the king  Ferdinand III of Castile.
 1392. Ibn Hud Ibn Hudhayl, in his work " Gala de caballeros y blasón de paladines ", mentions two types of quality swords: those of Indian steel and those of the francs (Catalan) . The latter with exceptional qualities and supposedly forged by genius.
 1425. The sword makers of Valencia asked for confirmation of their ordinations, copied from those of the sword makers of Barcelona.
1474. The fencing  teacher of Majorca Jaime Pons was author of a fencing treaty published in Perpinyan.
1500-1950 
 1509. Marriage of  Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII of England. Swords of the armory of  Zaragoza presented to the English king 
 1517. Superiority of the sword over other weapons in the war of the conquistadores against the Native Americans in Florida.
 1522. Sword of Ignacio de Loyola offered to the Virgin of Montserrat.
 1525. Battle of Pavia.  Francis I of France fought his sword to Joan Aldana, native of Tortosa.
 1540. "Pirotechnia", work of Vannoccio Biringuccio, (Siena). Among other topics it deals with some iron mines and the reduction of the metal in a forge with bellows.
 c.1541. Sword of Francisco Pizarro, made in Valencia by the armorer Mateo Duarte.
 1544. Hunting saber of Henry VIII of England, decorated by Diego Çaias.
 1761. " White Weapons Factory of Toledo", created by decree of Carlos III of Spain. It was organized and directed by the Valencian sword's  master Lluis Calisto.
1772. Henry Nock was the founder of a gun-making company. He bequeathed to his manager James Wilkinson, maker of the famous swords and sabers.
 1782. William Bowles, "Introduction to Natural History and the Physical Geography of Spain." With information on the making of swords in Spain.
 1793-1795. Great War. They are again opened the weapon workshops in Catalonia.
 1798. History of the political economy of Aragon. Ignacio Jordán. talks about the sword makers of Zaragoza .
 1804. James Wilkinson.
 1844. Henry Wilkinson 
 1943. Sword of Stalingrad
References

Other websites
 Chronology of the swords. Information on the different types.

Swords
History of technology
Blades
Shafiul Islam Mohiuddin is a Bangladeshi Business leader. He is the President of Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industries (FBCCI). He led the Ready-Made Garment (RMG) sector of the country over thirty years and became the President of  Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA), the largest export earning sector of the country.

Early life and education
Md. Shafiul  Islam (Mohiuddin) obtained B.Com (Hon’s) and  M.Com degree in Accountancy from University of Dhaka.
Career
Mohiuddin involve with RMG sector of the country over thirty years. He entered garment industry in 1992 by establishing Onus Apparel Ltd. Since he started his export oriented garments industry named Onus Group, the largest export earning  sector  of  the  country. He has also successfully diversified his business in other business  sectors like  Garment  Accessories,  Real  Estate,  Shipping, Fishing, Trawler, Dredging, Solar  Energy,  Auto Bricks,  Handicrafts,  etc.  He has currently employed over six thousand people in his business group. He is the Director of Trustee Board, BGMEA University  of  Fashion  and Technology (BUFT). He  is also the Vice President of Society for Anti addiction Movement (SAAM), Centre of  Excellence for Bangladesh Apparel Industry (CEBAI)  and Rugby Federation, Director of  Mohammedan Sporting Club Limited, Director of  BGMEA Apparel Club.

Personal life
Mohiuddin is married to Leesa Khalid Islam. The have four daughters and one son.

References
References 

Living people
People from Dhaka
Bangladeshi businesspeople
1955 births
Kunwar Singh (13 November 1777 – 26 April 1858) belonged to a royal Ujjainiya Rajput house of Jagdispur, which is currently a part of Bhojpur district, Bihar, India. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 he led soldiers against the troops of the British East India Company. He was the chief organizer of the fight against the British in Bihar.

Legacy
The Republic of India issued a commemorative stamp on 23 April 1966. The Kunwar Singh University in Arrah is named after him.

References

1858 deaths
1777 births
Indian military people
Indian revolutionaries
Gadi Eizenkot, Hebrew: גדי איזנקוט, (born May 19, 1960 in Tiberias) has been the Chief of General Staff (Ramatkal) of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) since February 16, 2015.

Eizenkot has the rank of lieutenant general (rav aluf).

He has been an Israeli soldier since 1978. He commanded the following units: the Northern Command, the Golani Brigade, the Judea and Samaria Division, and the Operations Directive. In between he was military secretary to prime minister Ehud Barak from 1999 to 2001.

He fought in several wars, like the 1982 Lebanon War, the 2006 Lebanon War and the Gaza War.

Eizenkot is a Maghrebic Jew (he is of Jewish-Moroccan descent). During his youth he lived in Eilat. He studied history at Tel Aviv University and political science at Haifa University. He also studied at the United States Army War College.

He is married with five children, and lives in Herzliya.

References 
 Ynetnews
1960 births
Living people
Haifa University alumni
Israeli generals
Israeli Jews
Jewish military people
People from Tiberias
Tel Aviv University alumni
Chabana (茶花, literally "tea flowers"), is a general word used in the Japanese language, for the arrangement of flowers at a Japanese tea ceremony.  The flowers are not arranged in any special way, the method for arranging these flowers is known as "thrown in".  

This style of flower arranging is recognised as a particular type of Ikebana (生け花, "arranging flowers"), also known as Kādo (華道, the "way of flowers"), which has its beginnings in Buddhist flower offerings.

Chabana in particular, refers to a flower display for the room where the tea ceremony is to be held, the Chashitsu (茶室, literally "tea rooms").

Japanese tea ceremony
Flowers
Tatya Tope also spelled Tantia Tope (16 February 1814 — 18 April 1859), was an Indian freedom fighter. He was a General in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. His full name is Ramachandra Pandurang Tope.

Tope was a close associate of Nana Saheb. Tope and Sahib led the Indian forces in the Siege of Cawnpore. The British East India Company surrendered and were told they could have safe passage. But they were attacked by Indian forces and all but 210 women and children were killed.

He fought valiantly against the British in 1857. He was very loyal to Nana Sahib.

References

Notes

1814 births
1859 deaths
Indian military people
Indian revolutionaries
The single non-transferable vote (often Abbreviated to S.N.T.V.) is an electoral system for multiple member electoral districts. It is an electoral system which can produce an proportional result but it will depend on the district's magnitude (the number of representatives in the electoral district) if there is more members in each electoral district the more proportional the result will be. In many cases the single non-transferable vote has been replaced by other voting systems. 

In certain cases S.N.T.V. is thought to be similar to Plurality-at-large voting, commonly refereed as Bloc Voting, but is different because in S.N.T.V electors are only allowed to vote for one candidate but in Plurality-at-large voting the voter have as many votes as there are seats to win.

Example 

This example has three winners in the electoral district
 The voters select one candidate on the ballot
 All votes are counted
 The three candidates with the highest number of votes win
Current Usage 
Today there are very few places which use the Single Non Transferable Vote: 
 Afghanistan's House of Peoples. 

 Kuwait's National assembly.
 Indonesia's Regional Representative Council.
 Puerto Rico's Legislative Assembly (only for 11 seats in the Senate and 11 seats in The House of Representatives).
 Japan's House of Councillors (only for 146 seats). 
 Taiwan's Legislative Yuan (only for the six aboriginal seats).
 Vanuatu's Parliament.

References

Voting systems
Green florescent protein (GFP) is a protein that is found in moon jellyfish. It helps scientists look at cell molecules. There is another substance the is called RFP that serves the same purpose but is red, and is found in coral.

For GFP scientists have learned that if you take away one molecule it can change the whole color of the substance, along with if you add a molecule to the original substance it will also change the color. Scientists have made the colors cyan (ECFP) and pink (mRaspberry). The GFP is a florescent substance that is kind of like a highlighter.

Proteins
Helen Foster Snow (September 21, 1907 – January 11, 1997) was an American journalist. She lived in China in the 1930s.

Early life 
Helen Foster was born in Cedar City, Utah. She grew up in the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Her parents were John Moody Foster and Hannah Davis. They met while working as teachers at Ricks Academy, a school connected with the LDS Church. Hannah went to school at Ricks Academy. John went to Stanford University. Both of Helen's parents were the children of Mormon pioneers. The pioneers came to Utah in the mid-1800s.
Helen moved to Salt Lake City when she started high school. She lived with her grandmother and aunt. She went to West High School and did many school activities. She  worked on the school's yearbook. She was the student vice president of her senior class. Helen planned to go to college at Stanford, like her father. But the cost of school was too much for her parents. Helen said her parents thought that girls could only get married. They thought it was a waste of money for her to go to school. But Helen's father did pay for her to go to the University of Utah. She went to school there for many years, but she did not graduate.
Instead of going to school, Helen worked. She got a job as a secretary for the Utah chapter (a part of a large group in one area) of the American Silver Mining Commission. While working there, she learned that she wanted to work in other countries. She also dreamed of  writing her own "great American novel". Helen took the civil service exam and passed. First, she wanted to work in Europe. But there were no places open for her to work in civil service in Europe. Her boss had a connection in China. This helped Helen get a job with the president of an American company in Shanghai. In August 1931, Helen moved to Asia with hopes of becoming a writer.

References

1907 births
1997 deaths
American political writers
Writers from Utah
Aldus Pius Manutius (ca. 1452 – February 6, 1515) was a person who printed books in Venice, Italy during the Italian Renaissance. He started a company to print books called the Aldine Press in 1494. He was one of the first people to use modern printing ideas. He also printed small books that were easy to carry.

Early life and printing press

Manutius was born in Bassiano, in the Papal States, in what is now the province of Latina, about 100 km south of Rome. He was born during the Italian Renaissance period. His family was well off, and in the early 1470s Manutius was sent to Rome to be taught as a scholar of human society and culture. He studied Latin under Gaspare da Verona and was also taught by Domizio Calderini. In 1475–1478 he studied Greek in Ferrara, under Guarino da Verona.
Manutius became a citizen of the town Carpi in March 1480. In 1482 he went to live in Mirandola with his old friend and fellow student, Giovanni Pico, while staying away from the Venetian army. He lived there for two years, learning about Greek literature. Before Pico moved to Florence, he made Manutius the teacher to his sister's sons, Alberto and Leonello Pio, who were young royal sons of the town of Carpi. In Carpi, Manutius grew close with his student, Alberto Pio. At the end of the 1480s Manutius created two works addressed to his two students and their mother, Caterina Pico. Both works were printed by Baptista de Tortis in Venice — Musarum panagyris with its Epistola Catherinae Piae, March/May 1487 – March 1491 and the Paraenesis, 1490. This would serve as Manutius's start in publishing.
In 1494 Manutius made the Aldine Press in Venice. The Aldine Press printed its first material in February 1495. Pier Francesco Barbarigo owned half of the Aldine Press. Andrea Torresani owned the other half. Manutius shared part of what Torresani owned with him. Aldus Manutius wanted to save ancient Greek literature. He wanted to make it so that everybody could read what the Greeks had written a very long time ago. He did this by printing copies of things they had written. He wanted to make the letters he used in printing to look like the handwriting of Latin and Greek humanists. People in Venice usually wrote in curly connected letters. Printing presses only used square looking letters back then. By making letters that were all connected and curly, Manutius could make the things he printed more personal. Manutius paid Francesco Griffo of Bologna to make the new letters used in the printing press. The letters that Griffo made were used to print Cardinal Pietro Bembo's De Aetna in 1495
. These letters were also the first model of italic type. The letters were used until 1501.
References

1515 deaths
Samuel Brannan (March 2, 1819 – May 5, 1889) was an American businessman. He was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He started the first newspaper in San Francisco, which was called The California Star. He was the first person to tell everyone about the gold in California during the California Gold Rush. He was also the first person millionaire of the Gold Rush

Brannan moved to Yerba Buena, a place in northern California. He talked with the people who lived there and decided that the land by the Sacramento River would be a safe place for the Mormons to live. A lot of people didn't agree with him, so the new city didn't work. Brannan was the first person to do a lot of things there, like building a flour mill (a place that makes bread) and teaching in English.

Brannan started the first newspaper in San Francisco, which was called The California Star, on January 9, 1847. Brannan sold the newspaper to a friend, and then it was called The Daily Alta California.
In June 1847, Brannan went to Green River, Wyoming, to meet with Brigham Young, who was the head of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Young was leading a group of Mormons to the Great Basin area. Brannan wanted Young to bring the Mormons to California, but Young wanted to stay in Utah. Brannan wasn't happy about that, and went back to California. Brannan was the only church leader in California, so the Mormons paid him their tithes (a small part of their money). But there is no record of Brannan sending the money to his church leaders in Utah, so it's possible that he kept it for himself. Many members stopped paying him and moved to the Salt Lake valley, where most of the other Mormons were.

References

1819 births
1889 deaths
American journalists
Journalists from California
Father René Laurentin (October 19, 1917 – September 10, 2017) was a French theologian. He was born in Tours, France.

Laurentin was known as an expert in the field of Mariology and is the author of numerous books and scholarly articles on topics including Marian apparitions such as Lourdes and Medjugorje; visionaries and mystics including Bernadette Soubirous, Thérèse de Lisieux, Catherine Labouré, and Yvonne Aimée de Malestroit; as well as biblical exegesis, theology, and Vatican II.

References

Other websites
 Guide to the Father Rene Laurentin collection
 Catholic honor

1917 births
2017 deaths
French theologians
French Roman Catholics
People from Tours
Writers from Centre-Val de Loire‎
Donald Winfred "Don" Ohlmeyer Jr. (February 3, 1945 – September 10, 2017) was an American television producer and president of the NBC network's west coast division. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was a professor of television communications at Pepperdine University in Malibu, California. He served as ombudsman for ESPN.com for 18 months; that term ended in January 2011.

Ohlmeyer died in Indian Wells, California on September 10, 2017 of cancer at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
Don Ohlmeyer Receives Lifetime Achievement Award 
Don Ohlmeyer hired as ESPN Ombudsman
Don Ohlmeyer inducted into Sports Broadcasting HOF 
Don Ohlmeyer's ESPN Biography

1945 births
2017 deaths
American television producers
Academics from California
Businesspeople from New Orleans
Len Wein (; June 12, 1948 – September 10, 2017) was an American comic book writer and editor. He was born in New York City, New York.

Wein was best known for co-creating DC Comics' Swamp Thing and Marvel Comics' Wolverine, and for helping revive the Marvel superhero team the X-Men (including the co-creation of Nightcrawler, Storm, and Colossus).

Additionally, he was the editor for writer Alan Moore and illustrator Dave Gibbons' influential DC miniseries Watchmen.

Wein was added into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2008.

Wein died of a heart attack on September 10, 2017 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 69.

References

Other websites

Len Wein interview at Fantastic Four Headquarters 
Len Wein  at Mike's Amazing World of Comics

Len Wein at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators

1948 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American comics writers
American editors
Writers from New York City
Thomas Morrow Reavley (June 21, 1921 – December 1, 2020) was an American judge. He served as Senior United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit from July 13, 1979 until his death. He was nominated by President Jimmy Carter.

Reavley was born in Quitman, Texas. He studied at University of Texas, Austin, at Harvard University and at the University of Virginia. He was in the United States Navy from 1942 to 1946. Reavley was married to fellow Fifth Circuit judge Carolyn Dineen King from 2004 until his death.

Reavley died on December 1, 2020 in Houston, aged 99.

References

Other websites
 University of Texas Law Library biography

1921 births
2020 deaths
American judges
Politicians from Houston
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Frosinone  is a city and a comune in the Lazio region of Central Italy, the capital of the province of Frosinone. The city is about  southeast of Rome.

Geography
The comune of Frosinone has an area of  and its altitude is  above sea level.

The comune borders with the  comuni Alatri, Arnara, Ceccano, Ferentino, Patrica, Supino, Torrice, Veroli.

Frazioni
The following frazioni (hamlets) are part of the comune of Frosinoneː Capo Barile Nicolia, Cerreto, Cinque Vie, Colle Cannuccio, Farnito, Fontana Grande, Impratessa, La Cervona, Lago Maniano, Le Noci, Le Pignatelle, Le Rase, Pratillo, San Liberatore, Selva Dei Muli, Valle Contessa, Vetiche I.

Population
, there are 46,120 persons (22,004 males and 24,116 females) living in the comune, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Population evolution

Gallery

Twinned and partner towns
Frosinone is twinned with:

 Elmwood Park, United States
 Tecumseh, Canada
 Nocera Umbra, Italy
 Ponza, Italy

Related pages
 List of communes of the Province of Frosinone
References

Other websites

Frosinone official website 
 Province of Frosinone official website 
 Lazio Region Official site 

Capital cities in Italy
Cities in Lazio
Province of Frosinone
Robert Joseph "Bob" Cenker (born November 5, 1948) is an American engineer, and former astronaut. In January 1986, Cenker was a crew member on the seventh flight of Space Shuttle Columbia. Cenker was a type of astronaut called a Payload Specialist.

This mission was the final flight before the Challenger explosion, which ended the Space Shuttle program until 1988. As a result, Cenker's mission was called "The End of Innocence" for the Shuttle.

Following the end of his space mission, Cenker returned to work as an engineer, and also makes appearances for NASA.

Early life and education 
Cenker was born on November 5, 1948, and raised near Uniontown, Pennsylvania. He started his education at St. Fidelis College Seminary in Herman, Pennsylvania, leaving in 1962. He later attended Uniontown Joint Senior High School and graduated in 1966.
Cenker enrolled at Penn State University in 1970 where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in aerospace engineering. He continued his studies at Penn State and earned a Master of Science degree in 1973, also in aerospace engineering. Cenker earned a second Master of Science (M Sc.) degree in Electrical Engineering from Rutgers University in 1977.

Pre-spaceflight career 
Cenker worked for 18 years at RCA Astro-Electronics and its successor company GE Astro Space. Cenker worked on hardware design and systems design concerning satellite attitude control. He also worked on in-orbit operations, as well as spacecraft assembly, test control, and pre-launch operations. He spent two years on the Navy navigation satellite program, but spent most of his career working on commercial communications satellites.
Cenker's positions included integration and test manager for the Satcom D and E spacecraft, where he was responsible for all launch site activities. He also served as spacecraft bus manager on the Spacenet/GStar programs. He was responsible for ensuring the spacecraft bus could interface with multiple rockets, including the Delta, Space Shuttle, and Ariane launch vehicles.

Spaceflight experience 

As an incentive for a spacecraft owner to contract with NASA to use a Shuttle launch instead of an unmanned, commercial launch system, NASA permitted contracting companies to apply for a Payload Specialist seat on the same mission. When RCA contracted with NASA to launch Satcom Ku-1, RCA Astro-Electronics' manager of systems engineering for the Satcom-K program Bob Cenker, and his co-worker Gerard Magilton, were selected to train as Payload Specialists.
Cenker and Magilton trained with career astronauts as well as other Payload and Mission Specialists, including those scheduled for the next scheduled flight, that of the Challenger mission, STS-51-L.

This flight of Columbia was originally scheduled to occur in August 1985, but the timeline slipped. In July 1985 the payload was finalized to include the RCA satellite, and Cenker was assigned to the mission, now designated as STS-61-C. Magilton was assigned as the back-up.Prior to its successful launch, Columbia had several aborted launch attempts, including one on January 6 which was "one of the most hazardous in the shuttle’s operational history" to that point, as well as a near-catastrophic abort three days later. Referring to the January 9 abort, pilot Charlie Bolden later stated that it “...would have been catastrophic, because the engine would have exploded had we launched.”