Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Sawmill process
Sawmills today work like sawmills from hundreds of years ago; a log enters on one end, and pieces of wood of a specific shape and size exit from the other end.
 Trees are chosen to be harvested.
 The tree is chopped so that it falls over; this is known as felling.
 The tree is cut at both ends so that it is exactly as long as it needs to be; this is called bucking.
 Branches are cut off the trunk. This is known as limbing.
 Logs are taken by logging truck, by train, or by a log drive to the sawmill.
 Logs are measured by a Log scaler, either on the way to the mill or when they arrive at the mill.
 Debarking removes bark from the logs.
 Logs are sorted by species, size, and end use (lumber, plywood, chips). This is called decking.
 A sawyer uses a head saw, head rig, or primary saw to break the log into cants (smaller logs to be worked on some more) and flitches (unfinished planks).
Depending upon the species and quality of the log, the cants will either be further broken down by a resaw or a gang edger into multiple flitches and/or boards
 Edging will take the flitch and trim off all irregular edges leaving four-sided lumber.
 Trimming squares the ends at typical lumber lengths.
 Drying removes naturally occurring moisture from the lumber. This can be done with kilns or air-dried.
 Planing smooths the surface of the lumber leaving a uniform width and thickness.
 Shipping transports the finished lumber to market.
History
Sawmills seem to have existed in the medieval period, as one was sketched by Villard de Honnecourt in c.1250. On the other hand, people think they were introduced to Madeira following its discovery in c.1420 and spread widely in Europe in the 16th century.

The Dutchman Cornelis Corneliszoon (1550-1607) invented his type of sawmill by applying a pitman arm onto a wind mill, which converted a turning motion into an up-an-down motion. Corneliszoon patented the sawmill on December 15, 1593 and the pitman on December 6, 1597. He built the first sawmill there in 1594.
Before to the invention of the sawmill, boards were sawn by two men with a whipsaw, using saddleblocks to hold the log, and a pit for the pitman who worked below. Sawing was slow, and required strong and enduring men. The topsawer had to be the stronger of the two because the saw was pulled in turn by each man, and the lower had the advantage of gravity. The topsawyer also had to guide the saw so that the board was of even thickness. This was often done by following a chalkline.

Early sawmills simply adapted the whipsaw to mechanical power, generally driven by a water wheel to speed up the process. The circular motion of the wheel was changed to back-and-forth motion of the saw blade by a Connecting rod known as a pitman (thus introducing a term used in many mechanical applications). A pitman is similar to a crankshaft, but in reverse; a crankshaft converts back-and-forth motion to circular motion.
Generally, only the saw was powered, and the logs had to be loaded and moved by hand. An early improvement was the development of a movable carriage, also water powered, to steadily move the log through the saw blade.

A small mill such as this would be the center of many rural communities in wood-exporting regions such as the Baltic countries and Canada. The output of such mills would be quite low, perhaps only 500 boards per day. They would also generally only operate during the winter, the peak logging season.

In the United States, the sawmills was introduced soon after the colonisation of Virginia by recruiting skilled men from Hamburgh. Later the metal parts were obtained from the Netherlands, where the technology was far ahead of that in England, where the sawmill reamiend largely unknown until the late 18th century. The arrival of a sawmill was a large and stimulative step in the growth of a frontier community.
Early mills were taken to the forest, where a temporary shelter was built, and the logs were skidded to the nearby mill by horse or ox teams, often when there was some snow to provide lubrication. As mills grew larger, they were usually established in more permanent facilities on a river, and the logs were floated down to them by log drivers.

Technology has changed sawmill operations significantly in recent years, emphasizing increasing profits through waste minimization and increased energy efficiency as well as improving operator safety.

Additional images

Related pages
 Saw

References

Other websites 

 Steam powered saw mills 
 The basics of sawmill (German)

Manufacturing buildings
Hazrat Babajan (1806–1931), birthname Gool Rukh ("like a rose"), was born as a Pathan lady in a noble Muslim family of Balochistan in northern British India Empire (now Pakistan). At the age of 18 she fled her arranged marriage and sought God instead. She journeyed to the northeast, first to Peshawar and then to Rawalpindi, disguised by her Muslim veil. She lived for a year and a half in the mountainous regions of what is now Pakistan under the guidance of a Hindu sadguru, then traveled to Punjab. In Multan, at the age of 37, she received God-realization from an Islamic qutub (Muslim master), Maula Shah.

Babajan is most famously remembered as the spiritual master of Meher Baba. 

1806 births
1931 deaths
Asian Sufis
Indian Muslims
A concept album is a kind of album in which all the songs are about the same thing. Most of the time, they tell a story.

Examples 
Examples of concept albums are:
Lemonade by Beyoncé
American Idiot by Green Day
All of Coheed and Cambria's studio albums
Thick as a Brick by Jethro Tull
Most of Pink Floyd's albums
Clockwork Angels by Rush
The Black Parade by My Chemical Romance

Sources 
 New York Post article about American Idiot
Convenience food is a type of food. This kind of food has been made so it can save the consumers time to prepare it. Usually such foods just need to be heated. They are made for a long shelf life, so that they can stay in the store for a long time. One thing to remember is that you may have to pay for the convenience, as this food is often expensive.

Many people criticise these products, because:
 They are made from products that would probably not be eaten in their raw form
 They are high in bad fat, sugar, and calories
 They are low in nutrients and fiber, but fast to prepare. Therefore, they are also blamed for obesity
 Their ingredients may come from genetically modified organisms
 Preservatives are almost always used
 Most of the foods end up wasted

History 
Before modern times most men worked in the open, often in fields. Agriculture was, before the industrial revolution, the biggest employment for men in most countries. They usually took their midday meal with them, and ate where they worked.
Many kinds of food types were invented for this purpose. The Cornish pasty from the UK is one which survives to the present day. Other kinds have vanished, and their names forgotten. The Bedfordshire clanger was a baked suet dumpling, and there was also a Bedfordshire roll. This was savoury at one end and sweet at the other. It was eaten from the savoury end to the sweet end. There used to be many other varieties and version. Many have commented on the way convenience foods are heavy on calories. They were meant to be, for work then was usually manual labour, and men used their muscles continually as they worked.

The modern sandwich is a relatively recent invention, since it dates back only to the 18th century. It has become a standard way of taking food to the school or workplace.

Related pages 
 Junk food

References

Other websites 
 American women and the making of modern consumer culture

 Convenience foods: factors affecting their use where household diets are poor

 US Food facts & history
Foods by type
A  Zippo lighter is a refillable metal lighter made by Zippo Manufacturing Company since 1933. Many different styles have been made since 1933, such as the pipe Zippo, for lighting pipes. Many people collect Zippos. Some Zippos are worth a lot of money.

Zippo lighters are wind-proof, which means that the wind can not blow them out. The most common fuel for Zippos is naphtha.

1932 establishments
Tools
Smoking
1367 was a common year.

Events 
 Pedro of Castile becomes King of Castile (now in Spain) again after defeating his half-brother, Henry II, at the Battle of Nájera (Navarette). Pedro was helped in the battle by the English and Henry by the French.
 Ferdinand I becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, Peter I.
 Charles V creates the first royal library in France.
 Otto I becomes Duke of the independent city of Göttingen (now in Germany) after the death of his father, Ernst I.
 A stone wall is built around Moscow to resist invasion by Lithuania.
 The University of Pécs is founded in Hungary.

Births 
 January 6 – King Richard II of England (died 1400)
 April 3 – King Henry IV of England (died 1413)
 Mary of Enghien, Queen of Naples (d. 1446)
 Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk (died 1415)
Deaths 
 January 18 – King Peter I of Portugal (born 1320)
 December 28 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (born 1330)
 Gil Alvarez De Albornoz, Spanish cardinal
 Sohier of Enghien, titular Duke of Athens
 Duke Ernst I of Göttingen
939 was a common year.

Events 

 Edmund I of England became King of England
 July 14 – Pope Stephen VIII succeeds Pope Leo VII as the 127th pope.
 Arabs lose Madrid to the Kingdom of León.

Births 

 Emperor Romanos II of the Byzantine Empire
 Emperor Taizong of Song

Deaths 

 October 2 – Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine
 October 27 – Æthelstan, King of the English
Water heating is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water are for cooking, cleaning and bathing, and space heating. In industry both hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

The most common energy sources for heating water are fossil fuels: natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil or sometimes solid fuels (coal or firewood. These fuels may be consumed directly or by the use of electricity (which may derive from any of the above fuels or from nuclear or renewable sources). Alternative energy such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and sometimes geothermal power, may also be used as available, usually in combination with gas, oil or electricity.

Solar water heaters 

Solar collectors for solar powered water heaters are installed outside dwellings, typically on the roof or nearby.  Nearly all models are the direct-gain type. They consist of flat panels in which water circulates.
Geothermal heating 
In countries like Iceland and New Zealand, and other volcanic regions, water heating may be done using geothermal power, rather than combustion.

References

Other websites 
How It Works - Water Heater 
PATH Tech Inventory: Solar Water Heaters 
Tankless Water Heaters are Brutal on the Grid When Popularized 
Stiebel Eltron Tankless Water Heaters
Water Heating for Dairies in NZ
U.S. Department of Energy Water Heating Guidance
Advantage and Disadvatage water heater

Energy
Heating
Couëron is a city in France on the Atlantic Ocean near Nantes. About 18.000 people live in the city.

Communes in Loire-Atlantique
Room temperature does not have an exact scientific definition. It means a temperature that is normal in rooms used by human beings.

Human comfort and health

A comfortable room temperature depends on individual needs and other factors. According to the West Midlands Public Health Observatory (UK),  is the recommended living room temperature, and  is a good bedroom temperature.

However, in hotter countries such as those near the equator room temperature can be as high as .

Room Temperature is the temperature that is comfortable and normal to be in.

Science 

For scientific work, room temperature is taken to be in the range  with an average of . Scientists use kelvins (K) for temperature. The Rankine (°R) unit is no longer used.

Condition for physical experiments
The progress and results of many scientific and industrial processes can sometimes depend on the temperature of the surroundings of the equipment. For example, a measurement of the charge of the electron does not depend upon the temperature of the test equipment. In this case, if scientists mention temperature at all, they usually only mention "room temperature", which means that what is being measured has not been cooled or heated.

References

Temperature
Kraftwerk is a electronic band from Germany that became famous in the late 1970s and 1980s for making electronic music. They used synthesizers and sequencers to make the rhythms and melodies in the song.

Kraftwerk made electronic music many years before other bands knew it would be popular. They paved the way for the MIDI and digital styles of music to become popular in the 1990s. Many of the sounds from songs such as "Computer Love", "The Robots", and "Trans Europe Express" can be heard sampled by a variety of bands on their current releases. Recently, some of Kraftwerk's original recording equipment was sold on eBay for astonishing amounts. Kraftwerk continues to have a faithful following. The band's name is German for power station.

Main discography
Main discography 

 1970: Kraftwerk
 1972: Kraftwerk 2
 1973: Ralf and Florian
 1974: Autobahn
 1975: Radio-Activity
 1977: Trans-Europe Express
 1978: The Man Machine
 1981: Computer World
 1983: Tour de France (single)
 1986: Electric Cafe
 1991: The Mix
 1999: Expo 2000 (single)
 2000: Expo Remix (single)
 2003: Tour de France Soundtracks
 2005: Minimum-Maximum (live album)
 2007: Aerodynamik/La Forme Remixes (single)

1970 establishments in Germany
1970s German music groups
1980s German music groups
1990s German music groups
2000s German music groups
2010s German music groups
Düsseldorf
Electronic music bands
German pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1970
A cricket ball is a hard, solid ball used to play cricket. In men's cricket the ball must weigh between 5.5 and 5.75 ounces (137.5 and 143.8 g) and measure between  and 9 inches (220 and 225 millimetres) in circumference.

A cricket ball is usually red, white or pink depending upon the game and has a seam over it. 

Red balls are used in day test matches
Pink balls are used in day/night test matches 
White balls are used in ODI and T-20s.

Sports equipment
Cricket
Baptist is a word describing a tradition within Christianity and may also refer to individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a Baptist denomination. The tradition takes its name from the belief that followers of Jesus Christ should be placed in water to show their faith. Baptists do not practice infant baptism.

In 1639, Roger Williams began a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island and John Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. It is not clear which church opened first. Records for both churches are missing information.

Baptist beliefs and principles 
Baptist churches do not have a central principal authority. Therefore, beliefs are not the same from one Baptist church to another, mainly beliefs that may be considered minor. However, on major issues, most are held in common among almost all Baptist churches.
Baptists share so-called "orthodox" Christian beliefs with most other moderate or conservative Christian denominations. Some of them are beliefs about one God; Jesus' death, burial, and bodily resurrection; the Trinity (the divinity of Jesus and the Holy Spirit, together with God the Father); the need for salvation; grace; and evangelism and missions.

Membership
There are over 90 million Baptists in the world in nearly 300,000 churches. There are about 47 million members in the United States. Other large populations of Baptists also exist in Asia, Africa and Latin America. There are 2.4 million Baptists in India, 2.3 million in Nigeria, 1.9 million in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and 1.5 million in Brazil.

In a poll in the 1990s, about 20% of Americans said they are Baptist.
Views 
Many people outside the community see them as Protestant, but some baptists do not. In their view, Baptists have existed separately since early church days. Those holding this view believe that Baptists have never been a part of the Roman Catholic Church, and that Baptists are not "protesting" against Catholicism.

They also point out that Baptists have no connections with the Reformationists like Luther, Calvin, or Zwingli. Other Baptists accept the Protestant label as a category for churches who have similar religious views of sola scriptura, sola fide, the priesthood of all believers and other positions that Luther or Calvin had in contrast to the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s.
The tag: denomination, is rejected by some because of the autonomous system used by Baptist churches for control. Being a denomination is viewed by them as having a hierarchy instead of the Roman Catholic Church. Another reason for the rejection of the tag is the influence of the Restoration period on Baptist churches, which tore down denominational barriers. Other Baptists accept the tag. They feel that it does not lie or have any bad meanings. It is just used as a synonym for a Christian or religious group with common beliefs.

The tag: Evangelical, is rejected by some fundamentalist Baptists who think that the term  is not 'fundamentalist' enough. It is also rejected by some liberal Baptists who think that the term is too conservative. It is accepted by moderate Baptists believing in the revival in the United States in the 1700s called the First Great Awakening. Some Evangelicals also reject the tag: fundamentalist, because they think that it is too extreme.

References
Usage of the term
The word "techno" comes from "technology". Fans of Techno music are careful in their use of the word. They are careful not to confuse it with other types of music that are similar but different (for example house, trance, trap). At the same time, the word "techno" is commonly used when talking about all forms of electronic music and dance music, especially in Europe, the Americas and Australia. Despite the common usage of the term to refer to all electronic dance in general, techno is a specific genre with its own, distinguishable sound. By nature, techno tends to be highly repetitive, instrumentally-oriented music which follows a regular four-on-the-floor beat. The genre places a strong emphasis on rhythm, and techno tends to have a very beat-based sound.

References

Other websites 
 Sounds Like Techno – an online documentary
 , a video example of techno being performed live
 Techno songs  blog with regular updates of the newest techno beats and electro music
Electronic dance music
 
Detroit
A dog sled is a sled that is pulled by sled dogs and can go over ice and snow. Dog sleds were first made by First Nations people in Canada before the English and French got there, because they had no horses so they used dogs to travel. They were also made by people in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia because it was also easier to travel with dogs in parts of those countries.

Racing dog sleds is a popular sport which a lot of people enjoy watching or actually going in the sleds to race. It is more popular in places where there is not much horse racing.

Animal-powered vehicles
The bags that can be used for shopping are at bag.
A multiset (sometimes called a bag) is a concept from mathematics. In many ways, multisets are like sets. Certain items are either elements of that multiset, or they are not. However, multisets are different from sets: The same type of item can be in the multiset more than once. For this reason, mathematicians have defined a relation (function) that tells, how many copies of a certain type of item there are in a certain multiset. They call this multiplicity. For example, in the multiset { a, a, b, b, b, c }, the multiplicities of the members a, b, and c are 2, 3, and 1, respectively. From a set of n elements, the number of r-element multisets is written as . This is sometimes called the multiset coefficient.

A multiset is illustrated by means of a histogram.
A multiset can also be considered an unordered tuple:
 The tuples (a,b) and (b,a) are not equal, and the tuples (a,a) and (a) are not equal either.
 The multisets {a,b} and {b,a} are equal, but the multisets {a,a} and {a} are not equal.
 The sets {a,b} and {b,a} are equal, and the sets {a,a} and {a} are equal too.

Examples
One of the simplest examples is the multiset of prime factors of a number n. Here, the underlying set of elements is the set of prime divisors of n. For example, the number 120 has the prime factorisation

which gives the multiset {2, 2, 2, 3, 5}.

Another is the multiset of solutions of an algebraic equation. A quadratic equation, for example, has two solutions. However, in some cases they are both the same number. Thus the multiset of solutions of the equation could be { 3, 5 }, or it could be { 4, 4 }. In the latter case, it has a solution of multiplicity 2.

Related pages 

 Combination

References

CItations
CItations

Sources 
 Stanley, Richard P. (1997, 1999). Enumerative Combinatorics, Volumes 1 and 2. Cambridge University Press. , 0-521-56069-1..
Set theory
Thomas John Brokaw (born February 6, 1940 in Webster, South Dakota) is a popular American television journalist and is the former anchorman (host) of NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw. His last appearance as anchorman was on December 1, 2004. In the later part of hosting NBC Nightly News, the program became the most-watched news program in the United States. Brokaw has received many awards and honors.

Brokaw was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in August 2013.

On April 26, 2018, Brokaw was accused of sexual harassment by two women.

References

American television news anchors
American journalists
Writers from South Dakota
1940 births
Living people
In mathematics, a tuple is a finite sequence of objects. Sometimes, the finite sequence is also called an ordered list. This means that the order of the objects matter. In a tuple, the objects are either enclosed within parentheses (such as ), or within angle brackets (such as ).  Each of the objects in the list has a certain type. A tuple consisting of n entries is called an n-tuple. Tuples are used to describe mathematical objects that are made of certain, well-defined components. They are also used very frequently with databases. 
Tuples are different from sets:
A certain element can be in a tuple more than once.
The order in which the elements appear in a tuple is important.

In other words, tuples are like ordered multisets.

Related pages 

 Relation (mathematics)

References 

Set theory
Manure is organic matter used as fertilizer in agriculture. Manures improve the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and lots of nutrients, such as nitrogen that is trapped by bacteria in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life.

The term "manure" was used for inorganic fertilizers in the past, but this usage is now very rare.  Manure from birds and bats is called guano.

Etymology
The word manure came from Middle English "manuren" meaning "to cultivate land," and initially from French "main-oeuvre" = "hand work" alluding to the work which involved manuring land.

Types

There are two classes of manures in soil management: green manures and animal manures. Compost is distinguished from manure in that it is the decomposed remnants of organic materials (which may, nevertheless, include manure).
Most animal manure is feces–excrement of plant-eating mammals (herbivores) and plant material (often straw) which has been used as bedding for animals and thus is heavily contaminated with their feces and urine.

Green manures are crops grown for the express purpose of plowing them under. In so doing, fertility is increased through the nutrients and organic matter that are returned to the soil.

Uses of manure
Uses of manure 

Manure has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming, as it is rich in nitrogen and other nutrients which facilitate the growth of plants.  Liquid manure from pig/hog operations is usually knifed (injected) directly into soil to reduce the unpleasant odors. Manure from hogs and cattle is spread on fields using a manure spreader. Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in grasses, which herbivores eat, cattle manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores–for example, elephant dung is practically odorless. However, due to the quantity of manure applied to fields, odor can be a problem in some agricultural regions.  Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh but after a period of composting are valuable fertilizers.
The dried manure of animals has been used as fuel throughout history. Dried manure (usually known as dung) of cows was, and still is, an important fuel source in countries such as India, while camel dung may be used in treeless regions such as deserts. On the Oregon Trail, pioneering families collected large quantities of "buffalo chips" in lieu of scarce firewood. It has been used for many purposes, in cooking fires and to combat the cold desert nights.

Another use of manure is to make paper. This has been done with dung from elephants where it is a small industry in Africa and Asia, and also horses, llamas, and kangaroos. Other than the llama, these animals are not ruminants and thus tend to pass plant fibres undigested in their dung.

Further reading

Related pages
Biomass

Notes

Fertilizers
A nutrient is either a chemical element or compound used in an organism's metabolism or physiology.  A nutrient is essential to an organism if it cannot be produced by the organism and must be obtained from a food source.

This article deals with nutrition in animals, especially humans. Nutrition in plants, fungi, bacteria and archaea is not discussed here.

Substances that provide energy 
Carbohydrates are compounds made of sugars. Carbohydrates are named by the number of sugar units they have.
Monosaccharides (such as glucose and fructose) have one.
Disaccharides (such as sucrose and lactose) have two.
Oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides (such as starch, glycogen, and cellulose) have more.
Proteins are organic compounds that are amino acids joined by peptide bonds. The body cannot make some of these; so they must come from food. In the body, proteins are broken down through digestion back into free amino acids.
Fats are a glycerin molecule with three fatty acids attached. Fats are needed to keep cell membranes functioning properly, to insulate body organs against shock, to keep body temperature stable, and to maintain healthy skin and hair. The body does not manufacture certain fatty acids and the diet must supply these.

These three types of nutrients are often called macronutrients.

Substances that support metabolism 

Minerals are generally trace elements, salts, or ions such as copper and iron. These minerals are essential to human metabolism.
Vitamins are organic compounds essential to the body. They usually act as coenzymes or cofactors for various proteins in the body.
Water is an essential nutrient and is the solvent in which all the chemical reactions of life take place.
Essential elements 
The following table gives an idea of what elements are essential for humans:

Periodic table highlighting dietary elements

Related pages
Eutrophication

References
A histogram is a concept from statistics. It is a graphical display that tells us about the distribution of the samples involved. They are commonly a picture made from a table with many categories. The table tells how many samples there are in each category.
The word histogram is derived from histos and gramma in Greek. Histos means web or mast. Gramma means drawing, record or writing. A histogram of something is therefore, etymologically speaking, a drawing of the web of this something. 

A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data. It is a type of bar chart that shows the frequency or number of observations within different numerical ranges, called bins. The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The histogram provides a visual representation of the distribution of the data, showing the number of observations that fall within each bin.
Similar ideas
The histogram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control, which also include the Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause-and-effect diagram, flowchart, and scatter diagram. 

A population pyramid is two histograms.

A generalization of the histogram is kernel smoothing techniques. This will construct a smooth probability density function from the supplied data.

References

Statistics
Typically, a green manure crop is grown for a specific period, and then plowed under and incorporated into the soil. Green manures usually perform several functions, that include soil improvement and soil protection:

 Leguminous green manures such as clover contain nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria in root nodules that fix atmospheric nitrogen in a form that plants can use.
 Green manures increase the percentage of organic matter (biomass) in the soil, thereby improving water retention, aeration, and other soil characteristics.
The root systems of some varieties of green manure grow deep in the soil and bring up nutrient resources unavailable to shallower-rooted crops.
 Common cover crop functions of weed suppression and prevention of soil erosion and compaction are often also taken into account when selecting and using green manures.
Some green manure crops, when allowed to flower, provide forage for pollinating insects.
Historically, the practice of green manuring can be traced back to the fallow cycle of crop rotation, which was used to allow soils to recover.

Green manure crops
Winter cover crops such as oats or rye have long been used as green manures. 
Mustard
Clover
Fenugreek 
Lupin
Sunn hemp
Winter tares
Winter field beans
Ferns of the genus Azolla have been used as a green manure in southeast Asia.
Velvet Bean (Mucuna pruriens) Common in the southern US during the early part of the 20th century, before being replaced by soybeans. Popular today in most tropical countries, especially in Central America where it is the main green manure used in Slash/Mulch farming practices.

Green manures in organic farming
Organic farming relies on soil health and cycling of nutrients through the soil using natural processes, such as the addition of animal manures. If animal manures are not available, in a stockless rotation, green manures perform a vital function of fertilization.

Related pages
Fertilizer
Other websites 
Overview of cover crops and green manures 
Using green manure to grow rice  

Fertilizers
The normal distribution is a probability distribution. It is also called Gaussian distribution because it was first discovered by Carl Friedrich Gauss. 

The normal distribution is very important in many fields because many things take this form. It is often called the bell curve, because the graph of its probability density looks like a bell.

 The mean ("average") of the distribution defines its location.
 The standard deviation ("variability") defines the scale. 

These two parameters are represented by the symbols  and , respectively.

The standard normal distribution (also known as the Z distribution) is the normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one (the green curves in the plots to the right). 

Many values follow a normal distribution. Some examples include:
Height
Test scores
Measurement errors
Light intensity as in laser light)
Intelligence is normally distributed. 
Insurance companies use normal distributions to model certain average cases.
Origin 
Its origin goes back to the 18th century to De Moivre and in the early 19th century with Gauss.

Use 
It is the most widely used piece of statistics by far. It was famously used in World War I by the United States Army to decide when men were so poor mentally that they could not be used by the Army in any job.

Related pages 
 Frequency distribution
 Least squares
 Student's t-distribution

References

Other websites 
Cumulative Area Under the Standard Normal Curve Calculator  from Daniel Soper's Free Statistics Calculators website. Computes the cumulative area under the normal curve (i.e., the cumulative probability), given a z-score.
Interactive Standard Normal Distribution
GNU Scientific Library – Reference Manual – The Gaussian Distribution
Normal Distribution Table
Download free two-way normal distribution calculator
Download free normal distribution fitting software

Probability distributions
Biomass is a basic term in ecology, and in the energy production industry.
Organic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into gaseous fuel called biogas. The organic waste is decomposed by bacteria in biogas digesters to emit biogas which is essentially a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.
In ecology, biomass means the accumulation of living matter. It is the total living material in a given area or a biological community or group. Biomass is measured by weight, or by dry weight, per given area (per square metre or square kilometer).
In the energy industry, it refers to biological material which can be used as fuel or for industrial production. Biomass includes plant matter grown for use as biofuel, and also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibres, chemicals or heat. Biomass may also include biodegradable wastes which can be burnt as fuel. It excludes organic material which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum. It is usually measured by dry weight.

Energy industry 
The term biomass is especially useful for plants, where some internal structures may not always be considered living tissue, such as the wood (secondary xylem) of a tree.

Biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and firewood.
Biomass is grown from several plants, including switchgrass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow and sugarcane. The particular plant used is usually not very important to the end products, but it does affect the processing of the raw material. 
Though biomass is a renewable fuel, its use can still contribute to global warming. This happens when the natural carbon equilibrium is disturbed; for example by deforestation or urbanization of green sites.

Biomass is part of the carbon cycle.   Photosynthesis converts carbon from the atmosphere into plant matter.  When the plant rots or burns, the carbon goes back into the atmosphere.  This happens somewhat quickly, and plant matter used as a fuel can be constantly replaced by planting for new growth.  Therefore, it doesn't much change the amount of atmospheric carbon.
Although fossil fuels come from things that died long ago, they are not considered biomass by the generally accepted definition because they contain carbon that has been 'out' of the carbon cycle for a very long time.  Burning fossil fuels in combustion therefore adds much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

Other uses of biomass, besides fuel:
 Building material
 Paper (using cellulose fibres)
 Biodegradable plastics

Plastics from biomass, like some made to dissolve in seawater, are made the same way as petroleum-based plastics, are actually cheaper to manufacture and meet or exceed most performance standards. But they lack the water resistance of conventional plastics.

Ecology 
The most successful animal, in terms of biomass, is the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, with a biomass of probably over 500 million tons across the world, about twice the total biomass of humans. 
Biomass may also be a measure of the dried organic mass of an ecosystem.

This is a summary of biomass data.
Related pages
Anaerobic digestion

References

Other websites 
 AllGreen Energy - Electricity Generation from Biomass 
 Everything Biomass 
 Michigan Biomass Energy Program
 BioMASS Laboratory at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 Forest Bioenergy
 Biomass -Citizendium

Energy
Ecology
In probability theory and statistics, the variance is a way to measure how far a set of numbers is spread out.
Variance describes how much a random variable differs from its expected value. The variance is defined as the average of the squares of the differences between the individual (observed) and the expected value. This means that it is always positive. A variance is often represented by the symbol , if the data is the entire population, and , if the data is from a sample.

In practice, variance is a measure of how much something changes. For example, temperature has more variance in Moscow than in Hawaii.

The variance is not simply the average difference from the expected value. The standard deviation, which is the square root of the variance and comes closer to the average difference, is also not simply the average difference. Variance and standard deviation are used because it makes the mathematics easier—when adding two random variables together.
In accountancy, a variance refers to the difference between the budget for a cost, and the actual cost.

History 
Karl Pearson, the father of biometry, first used the term variance as follows:"It is here attempted to (show) the biometrical properties of a population of a more general type that has (..) been examined, inheritance in which follows this scheme. It is hoped that in this way it will be possible to make a more exact analysis of the causes of human variability. The great body of available statistics shows us that the deviations of a human measurement from its mean follow very closely the Normal Law of Errors, and that  therefore, the variablility may be uniformly measured by the standard deviation, corresponding to the square root of the mean square error."

Related pages 

 Normal distribution, with variance and mean as parameters

References

Statistics
Tarzan's Treehouse is a walk-through attraction in Disneyland in Anaheim, California. It was originally called the Swiss Family Treehouse. The treehouse explores the past of the Disney character Tarzan. The tree is fake, but is considered by Disney imagineers a real species or Disneyodendron eximus which translates to "out of the ordinary Disney tree". The tree has 1,400 branches and 300,000 polyethlyne leaves. The tree is covered in live Spanish moss.

The Walt Disney Company
Tarzan (Disney)
Adam Henryk Małysz (born 3 December 1977 in Wisła, Poland) is a Polish former ski jumper. He has four Olympic medals (3 silver, 1 bronze). His longest jump was 230,5 meters. Since 2011 he is a rally driver.

1st places

Polish skiers
Polish Olympic bronze medalists
1977 births
Living people
Racecar drivers
Polish Olympic silver medalists‎
Salome or Salomé (Hebrew: שלומית Shlomit)  (c AD 14  between 62 and 71), is the name of a character in the New Testament. Her name is not actually given there, but she was an entirely historical person. She was the daughter of Herod Antipas and Herodias. Her name is pronounced with a short 'o', and the 'e' at the end is sounded.

This Salome is not the same Salome who is said to be a witness to the Crucifixion of Jesus in Mark 15:40.

Biblical character 

According to Mark 6:21-29, Salome was the stepdaughter of Herod Antipas, and danced before Herod and her mother Herodias at the occasion of Herod's birthday. The New Testament suggests that Salome caused John the Baptist to be executed because his spoke out that Herod's marriage to Herodias was adulterous. Herodias put her up to the demand that John be executed, something the king was initially reluctant to do.
And when a convenient day was come, that Herod on his birthday made a supper to his lords, high captains, and chief estates of Galilee; And when the daughter of the said Herodias came in, and danced, and pleased Herod and them that sat with him, the king said unto the damsel, Ask of me whatsoever thou wilt, and I will give it thee.  And he sware unto her, Whatsoever thou shalt ask of me, I will give it thee, unto the half of my kingdom. And she went forth, and said unto her mother, What shall I ask? And she said, The head of John the Baptist.
And she came in straightway with haste unto the king, and asked, saying, I will that thou give me by and by in a charger [a large serving plate] the head of John the Baptist. And the king was exceeding sorry; yet for his oath's sake, and for their sakes which sat with him, he would not reject her. And immediately the king sent an executioner, and commanded his head to be brought: and he went and beheaded him in the prison, and brought his head in a charger, and gave it to the damsel: and the damsel gave it to her mother. 

And when his disciples heard of it, they came and took up his corpse, and laid it in a tomb. (Mark 6:21-29, King James Bible)
The version in Matthew (Chapter 14, verses 311, is perhaps clearer:
For Herod had laid hold on John, and bound him, and put him in prison for Herodias' sake, his brother Philip's wife.
For John said unto him, It is not lawful for thee to have her.
And when he would have put him to death, he feared the multitude, because they counted him as a prophet.
But when Herod's birthday was kept, the daughter of Herodias danced before them, and pleased Herod.
Wereupon he promised with an oath to give her whatsoever she would ask.
And she, being before instructed of her mother, said, Give me here John Baptist's head in a charger.
And the king was sorry: nevertheless, for the oath's sake, and them which sat with him at meat, he commanded it to be given her.
And he sent, and beheaded John in the prison.
And his head was brought in a charger, and given to the damsel: and she brought it to her mother.
Her name 
Her name is established by being mentioned in the account by Flavius Josephus in Josephus's Jewish Antiquities (Book XVIII, Chapter 5, 4). Despite the early date of this account, she was not always called Salome until the nineteenth century, when Gustave Flaubert (following Josephus) referred to her as Salome in his play Herodias'' (1876).

There is a coin with her name on it. This rare coin bears the inscription BACIΛIC ΣΆΛΩΜΉ (Queen Salome). It is the reverse side of her later husband's coinage of Chalcis and Armenia Minor He was Aristobulus of Chalcis.

Adaptations
The story above has been adapted to various forms of art. Innumerable paintings about it exist. There is a play by Oscar Wilde. Operas about it have been composed by Richard Strauss and Jules Massenet. Ballets by Florent Schmit and Flemming Flindt. Various films have also been made between 1918 and 2006. The antagonist character in the bluegrass musical The Robber Bridegroom is named Salome.

References
References

Other websites 
Salome II entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith

14 births
60s deaths
Ancient Israeli people
New Testament people
History 
Winchester College was founded in 1382 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor to Richard II. The first seventy students entered the school in 1394. It was founded with New College, Oxford. Winchester was built to get students ready to attend New College. This was the model for Eton College and King's College, Cambridge 50 years later and for Westminster School, Christ Church, Oxford and Trinity College, Cambridge in Tudor times.

The headmaster is currently Dr Timothy Hands, formerly of Magdalen College School

Other websites 
 Winchester College website 
 http://www.astoft.co.uk/winchestercollege Pages on the architecture of the college

References

Schools in England
Winchester
1382 establishments
Organisations based in Hampshire
Buffy the Vampire Slayer is a 1992 American action/comedy fantasy movie about a cheerleader (Kristy Swanson) chosen by fate to fight and kill vampires. The movie is a light parody. It goes against the clichés of horror movies. The movie led to a darker and much more popular TV series of the same name. The television series starred Sarah Michelle Gellar and was created and produced by screenwriter Joss Whedon. Whedon often said how the television series was more like his vision than the movie. When the movie was first released, it was moderately successful and received mixed reviews from critics.

Related pages
 Buffy the Vampire Slayer

References

Other websites 
 
 

1992 comedy movies
1992 action movies
1992 fantasy movies
1990s American action movies
1990s American fantasy movies
American teen comedy movies
1990s English-language movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Screenplays by Joss Whedon
Whedonverse
20th Century Fox movies
Fran Rubel Kuzui is an American movie director and producer. She is best known as the director of the 1992 Buffy the Vampire Slayer movie, which was made into the television series of the same name.

Other websites 

American movie directors
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Roseanne Cherrie Barr (born November 3, 1952) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress, writer, and comedian. She has also been known as Roseanne Arnold and Roseanne Thomas. For several years in the late 1990s and early 2000s, she was known simply as Roseanne. By 2005, she had resumed referring to herself by her maiden name. She is best known for playing Roseanne Conner on the television series Roseanne.

The self-titled series was rebooted in 2018 on ABC with record ratings. A second season of the reboot (what would have been season 11) was eventually ordered. However, ABC cancelled the series after Barr posted a tweet mentioning Valerie Jarrett (an aide to President Barack Obama) that was viewed as racist.
Television work
 Rodney Dangerfield: It's Not Easy Bein' Me (1986)
 On Location: The Roseanne Barr Show (1987)
 Roseanne (1988–97, 2018)
 Backfield in Motion (1991)
 The Rosey and Buddy Show (1992) (voice; unsold pilot)
 The Woman Who Loved Elvis (1993)
 General Hospital (cast member in 1994)
 The Roseanne Show (1998-2000)
 The Brothers Garcia (2001)
 The Real Roseanne Show (2003) (cancelled after 1 episode)
 Roseanne Barr: Blonde and Bitchin''' (2006)
 My Name Is Earl (2006)
 The Search For The Funniest Mom In America 3 (2007)
 Roseanne's Nuts Portlandia The OfficeFilmography
 She-Devil (1989)
 Look Who's Talking Too (1990) (voice)
 Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (1991)
 Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (1993)
 Dancing Outlaw II: Jesco Goes to Hollywood (1994) (documentary)
 Unzipped (1995) (documentary)
 Blue in the Face (1995)
 Meet Wally Sparks (1997)
 Get Bruce (1999) (documentary)
 Cecil B. Demented (2000)
 15 Minutes (2001)
 Home on the Range'' (2004) (voice)
Run for President
On August 4, 2011, on an episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno she announced that she would be running for President in 2012. She ran for Green Party, however, she lost to Jill Stein. Then she ran for Peace and Freedom Party and won the nomination. Barr received 61,971 votes in the general election, placing sixth overall. She is running again in 2016 for the same party.

Further reading

References

Other websites 

 RoseanneWorld.com - Roseanne's website and daily blog
 
 
 Independent interview 
 Chat about Roseanne 

2016 United States presidential candidates
2012 United States presidential candidates
Actors from Salt Lake City, Utah
Comedians from Utah
20th-century American comedians
20th-century American actors
American television actors
American television producers
American television talk show hosts
Writers from Utah
1952 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Bi-Lo was a supermarket with 214 shops all over Australia. It used to have shops in Western Australia called Newmart. It changed the names of all its stores to Coles Supermarkets in 2006 and 2007.

John Weekes started Bi-Lo towards the end of the 1970s in the city of Adelaide in South Australia with three shops. It was called Bi-Lo because it sells food and everyday articles at relatively cheap prices.

Bi-Lo stocked the legendary black&gold products that were so true and humble to an Aussie home. 

Bi-Lo maintained cheap prices by underpaying their staff, and taking advantage of their trauma by keeping them scared of losing their jobs.
Store managers were typically narcissists,
as were most 2IC, and front end managers.

Supermarkets of Australia
1970s establishments in Australia