Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Meidericher Spielverein 02 e. V. Duisburg is a football club which plays in Germany. The club was founding member of the German Bundesliga 1962/63 and is now playing in the Second Bundesliga.  Due to their striped jerseys they are also called the "Zebras".

Name 
The club was founded in 1902 as Meidericher SV. On 9 January 1967 the club was renamed into his still today valid name MSV Duisburg.

Current squad 
As of 1 November 2011

Duisburg
German football clubs
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
1902 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Germany
Hansa Rostock is a football club from Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The club plays in German 2. Bundesliga.

History
The club was founded on 1 November 1954 multi-sport Sportclub Empor Rostock. Because it was not possible to find enough players for the football team the team of Empor Lauter was transferred to  Rostock. This was common in the German Democratic Republic. Rostock took the place of Lauter in the first league. The re-organization of East German sports in 1965 led to the association's football department becoming independent as Fußball Club Hansa Rostock. The new club was named "Hansa" to remember northern Europe's Hanseatic League. Rostock was an important member there.

After the reunification of Germany Hansa played together with Dynamo Dresden in the German Bundesliga. They were relegated but came back. Their best result in the Bundesliga was 2 times a 6th place.

Squad 
As of 31 August 2011
Honours
 East German champions: 1991
 East German vice-champions: 1955, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1968
 East German Cup: 1991
 East German Cup finalists: 1955, 1957, 1960, 1967, 1987
 2. Bundesliga champions: 1995
 German Indoor champions: 1998
 German Under 17 championship runners-up: 2005

Rostocks seasons

Other websites
 official website of F.C. Hansa Rostock
 HANSANEWS.DE | THE ONLINE MAGAZINE
 The Abseits Guide to German Soccer

German football clubs
Hansa Rostock
F.C. Red Bull Salzburg is a football club from Salzburg that plays in the Austrian Bundesliga. The club was known as SV Austria Salzburg until 2005, when the club was bought by the Red Bull Company. They renamed the club and changed the colours from the traditional violet to red and white. Also, the company's logo was added. The club runs two academies in Ghana and in Brazil. Their home stadium is the Red Bull Arena which was opened in 2003 and was renovated for the 2008 Euro.

History

SV Austria Salzburg
The club was formed on September 13, 1933 by the unification of the cities two clubs: FC Rapid Salzburg and FC Hertha Salzburg.
In 1952-53 they reached the A-Liga for the first time, the highest division of Austrian football then, beating Kapfenberger SV in the play-offs. They played there for 3 seasons but were relegated in 1959. To stay in the league they signed Erich Probst, who was the second best scorer in the FIFA World Cup 1954. In 20 matches he scored 14 goals, which helped Salzburg stay in the league. He was also the first player of SV Austria who played for the Austrian national football team.

The next years were characterized by ups and downs. The first success was being second in the league in the 1971-72 season. This year was also their first year of playing in the UEFA Cup. The same year they made the Lehener Stadion their homeground. Two years later, in 1974, they reached the Austrian Cup final for the first time. However, the lost to FK Austria Wien 3-2 on global.
In 2005 the Red Bull Company bought the club because the owners were having problems with money. Some traditional fans left the club and started a new club under the old name SV Austria Salzburg. Ever since 2005, the club has been named FC Red Bull Salzburg. One of the aims of the new owners was to form a team which can play in the UEFA Champions League regularly. This was not reached but the new club was nevertheless successful. In the national league they reached four titles and were four times second. In 2008, they beat FC Banants of Armenia 10-0 on aggregate as part of qualification for the 2008-09 Europa League. In the 2009-10 Europa League the club won their group with 6 victories over Villarreal CF, SS Lazio and Levski Sofia. In the Round of 32 they lost versus Standard Lüttich. Also the next two Euro League group stages were reached. In the 2011–12 Europa League they got second in the group stage behind Athletic Bilbao
. Although they lost 1-8 on aggregate to Metalist Kharkiv in the Round of 32, they beat Paris Saint-Germain 2-0 in the group stages.
In the 2019-20 season Salzburg reached for the first time the Championsleague group stage. They played versus Liverpool F.C., S.S.C. Napoli and K.R.C. Genk. They reached the 3rd place with seven points. In the following round of 32 in the Euroleague they lost versus Eintracht Frankfurt 3:6. The next season they had to play a playoff-match versus  Maccabi Tel-Aviv. With a 5:2 Salzburg qualified for the group stage and played against  FC Bayern München, Atletico Madrid and Lok Moskau. As 3rd they played in the Euroleague versus Villareal but lost. In the 2021-22 season they were qualified versus Brøndby IF (4:2). In the group stage they played versus  Sevilla F.C., Lille OSC and  VfL Wolfsburg. As 2nd they were qualified for the Round of 16 for the first time in club history. There they lost versus FC Bayern München. (Home:1-1, Away: 1-7)
In the Championsleague group stage 2022-23 they played versus Chelsea, AC Milan and Dinamo Zagreb. They reached the 3rd place and played in the Europa Leage play off versus the later finalist AS Roma (1-0, 0-2). In the league  they reached the 10th championtitel in a row. So they were qualified again for the UEFA Champions League. In the   Cup they lost in the quarterfinals versus SK Sturm Graz. This team was also a hard opponent in the league.
On 19 July 2023 it was offialy announced that sporting director Christoph Freund left the club after 17 years and moved to FC Bayern München.  On 28 July   Jaissle was released from office because of negotiations with the Saudi club Al-Ahli SFC shortly before the start of the championship. In a press conference on July 31, 2023, Gerhard Struber was introduced as the new head coach. He received a two-year contract. He was a coach at the Red Bull Football Academy and at FC Liefering for eight years earlier. He has already worked once for Salzburg as an assistant coach.
FC Red Bull Salzburg (women)

With the 2023/24 season, FC Red Bull Salzburg will enter women's football .As  first step, a U16 team   will start championship   at Bergheim. There will be a cooperation with FC Bergheim because there were good structures and several years of experience in women's football. 

On 4 August 2023 the girls played their first official match versus LASK. The score was 5:0.

Supporters
After the Red Bull take over of SV Austria Salzburg some group of fans were unhappy because the new club has other colours and did not accept the history of the club. After some negotiations these fans left the club and founded a new one under the name SV (Sportverein) Austria Salzburg. The new club is playing in the Regionalliga West

In the meantime Red Bull Salzburg has 67 official fan clubs all over Austria.
Social media
On Social Media the club has over one million followers. 
    Facebook: 464.000
    Instagram: 253.300
    TikTok: 183.100
    Twitter: 85.900
    YouTube: 40.200
    LinkedIn: 5.500

Second Squad
FC Liefering, which currently plays in the Austrian Second League, has been a reserve team for Salzburg.

European competition history
As of 9 September 2022
Q = Qualification
PO = Play Off
QF = Quarter Final
SF = Semi Final
 until 2005 the name of the club was SV Austria Salzburg

Statistics

 League Position 

 Players 
 Current squad 

  

Out on loan

Coaching staff

Gallery

 Honours 
Austrian Bundesliga
Champions (17): 1993–94*, 1994–95*, 1996–97*, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020- 21, 2021-22, 2022-23
Runners-up (4): 2005–06, 2007–08, 2010–11, 2012–13
Austrian Cup
Winners (9): 2011–12, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2018–19, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22
Runners-up (5): 1973–74*, 1979–80*, 1980–81*, 1999–2000*, 2017–18
Austrian Supercup
Winners (3): 1994*, 1995*, 1997*

UEFA Cup
Runners-up: 1994** as Austria Salzburg''

UEFA Youth League
Winners: 2016-17
Semifinals: 2019-20
Runner-up: 2021-22
UEFA Champions League
Round of 16: 2021-22

Manager history

Red Bull Salzburg Academy
The Red Bull Football and Icehockey Academy is the training center for the junior teams of FC Red Bull Salzburg and the EC Red Bull Salzburg. It was built from 2012 to 2014.It has training opportunities for 200 footballers and 200 icehockey players. You can find six football field and one indoor field. 120 footballers are in the boarding school. The Academy is connected with five schools. The principle of the Academy is 51% education and 49% sport.

The Academy has 8 youth teams (from U7 to U14) and three Academy teams (U15, U16, U18) which are playing in the Toto Jugendliga.

Honours
Honours

Toto Jugendliga U 15
       Champion: 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021,2023
 Toto Jugendliga U 16
  Meister: 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021,2023
Toto Jugendliga U 18
       Champion: 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021,2023
 UEFA Youth Leage
Winner 2017 (The U19 team of FC Red Bull Salzburg is made up from players from the academy U18 and FC Liefering.)

Notable Players
    Konrad Laimer
    Xaver Schlager
    Martin Hinteregger
    Sandro Ingolitsch

Gallery Academy Red Bull Salzburg

Related pages
Red Bull New York
RB Leipzig
Red Bull Brasil

References

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs owned by Red Bull
Football clubs of Salzburg
S.K. Sturm Graz is a football club which plays in Austria. It was founded in 1909 and the colors are black and white. Therefore they are nicknamed the "Blackies".

History
The club was founded on 1 May 1909. It was founded by teenagers between 16 and 18. The official foundation of the club was in 1912. From 1921 to 1949 Sturm won the styrian championship 11 times. During German occupation the club played his first season in the highest division, the Gauliga Ostmark, but was relegated the same year. 1949 Sturm entered the national league as first team which came not from Vienna. In 1981 the team had the first success, it finished second in the league and reached the quarterfinals of tne  UEFA Cup.

With the new president Hannes Kartnig a new successful era started. In 1994 Ivica Osim became coach of the team. 1995 they finished second in the league and 1996 they reached their first title, the Austrian Cup beating Admira Wacker. In 1998 they reached the first title. In 1999 they also won the league.
The first time they played for the Champions League, they only got one point against Spartak Moscow of Russia. The second time they played there they reached the 3rd place in the group. In the 1999/2000 season of the Champions League they won the Group D versus Galatasaray  Glasgow Rangers and AS Monaco.

After this success some key players left the club and also coach Ivica Osim. Since 2005 Sturm has had financial problems. Therefore Sturm was forced to play with young players. Under Franco Foda this way was successful, and now Sturm is one of the top four teams in the league. In 2010 they reached the third title and played in the qualification for the Champions League but lost in the play off round against BATE Borisov. 

In the 2010-11 season Sturm Graz reached their third championship. And 2017 and 2023mthey won the Cup.

Current squad

Coaching staff
 Christian Ilzer Headcoach
 Uwe Hölzl Assistant coach
 Dominik Deutschl Assistant coach
 Stefan Loch Goalkeeper coach
Honors
 Austrian Football Bundesliga
 Champions (3): 1998,1999, 2011
 Austrian Cup
 Winners (6): 1996, 1997, 1999, 2010, 2018, 2023
 Austrian Supercup
 Winners (3): 1996, 1998, 1999
 Austrian Amateur Champions (1): 1934
 Styrian Regional Champions (11)
 Styrian Cup Winners (9)
 UEFA Champions League (3)

SK Sturm international matches
Q= Qualifying
P= Preliminary
PO = Play-off

Manager history
Leopold Kruschitz (1945–46)
  Josef Molzer (1946–49)
  Ludwig Durek (1950)
  Franz Czernicky (1951–52)
   Karl Decker (1952–54)
  Janos Gerdov (1954)
  Hans Gmeindl (1955)
  Rudolf Strittich (1 July 1955 – 30 June 1956)
  Josef Blum (1956–58)
  Ludwig Durek (1958–60)
  János Szép (1960–61)
  Otto Mühlbauer (1961)
  August Rumpf (1961–62)
  Lajos Lörinczy (1962–63)
  August Rumpf (1963)
  Rudolf Suchanek (1963–64)
  Karl Adamek (1965–66)
  Franz Fuchs (1966–67)
  Karl Kowanz (1967)
  Gerd Springer (1967–70)
  János Szép (1970–71)
  August Rumpf (1971)
  Adolf Remy (1971–72)
  Karl Schlechta (1972–77)
  Dr. Günther Paulitsch (1977–80)
  Otto Barić (1 July 1980 – 30 June 1982)
  Gernot Fraydl (1 July 1982 – 9 April 1984)
  Robert Pflug (10 April 1984 – 23 September 1984)
  Hermann Stessl (24 September 1984 – 30 June 1985)
  Ivan Marković (1 July 1985 – 12 October 1985)
  Franz Mikscha (13 Oct 1985 – 30 June 1986)
  Walter Ludescher (1 July 1986 – 24 September 1988)
Manfred Steiner (int.) (24 September 1988 – 31 October 1988)
  Otto Barić (1 Oct 1988 – 30 June 1989)
  August Starek (1 July 1989 – 1 November 1991)
  Robert Pflug (1 Nov 1991 – 1 October 1992)
  Ladislav Jurkemik (1 Nov 1992 – 30 June 1993)
  Milan Đuričić (1 July 1993 – 30 June 1994)
  Ivica Osim (1 June 1994 – 14 September 2002)
  Franco Foda (14 September 2002 – 31 May 2003)
  Gilbert Gress (1 July 2003 – 31 August 2003)
  Mihailo Petrović (1 September 2003 – 31 May 2006)
  Franco Foda (1 July 2006 – 12 April 2012)
  Thomas Kristl (int.) (12 April 2012 – 31 May 2012)
  Peter Hyballa (1 June 2012 – 22 April 2013)
  Markus Schopp (int.) (22 April 2013 – 3 June 2013)
  Darko Milanič (4 June 2013 – 23 September 2014)
  Günther Neukirchner (int.) (23 September 2014 – 30 September 2014)
  Franco Foda (30 September 2014 – 31 December 2017)
  Heiko Vogel (31 Dec 2017 – 5 November 2018)
  Günther Neukirchner (int.) (5 Nov 2018 – 12 November 2018)
  Roman Mählich (12 Nov 2018 – 31 June 2019)
Nestor El Maestro (1 July 2019 - 25 June 2020)
  Christian Ilzer (1 July 2020 -)
References

Other websites 
Official Homepage (German)

Graz, SK Sturm
Football clubs of Graz
1909 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Austria
L.A.S.K. Linz is a football club which plays in Linz, the capital of Upper Austria. They are playing in the First League, the second division in Austrias league system.

History
The club was founded on 7 August 1899 as Athletiksportclub Siegfried, the football section was founded in February 1919. The first match was on  4 May 1919 against Fußballverein Wels . LASK lost 1:4. Being the most successful section of the Athletiksportclub it was decided that the name of the club should be Linzer Athletik-Sport-Klub (Linzer ASK). Till the occupation by Germany in 1938 they reached many titels in the Upper Austrian league. In the 1938/39 season they were promoted to the  Gauliga XVII, which was then the highest class in Austrian football. But they were relegated the same season.
After the Second World War LASK reached the title in Austrian highest class in the 1964/65 season. The LASK was the first team which came not from Vienna to do so. The same season they also won the Autrian Cup. The next decades were partly successful but also by relegetions to the second division. In 1997, due to public pressure, LASK Linz merged with city rivals FC Linz (formerly known as SK VOEST Linz) which, however, resulted in the cancellation of the latter. Club name, colors, chairmen and members remained the same.

In the 2010/11 season they were relegated. 2017 they were promoted to the Austrian Bundesliga again.

Name
1908-1996 Linzer ASK
1996-present LASK Linz

European cup history 
As of December 2008.
Honours 
Austrian League: 1964–65
Austrian Cup: 1965, runner-up 1963, 1967, 1970, 1999
Austrian Amateur Championship: 1931
Upper-Austrian Championship: 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1936, 1939, 1947, 1948, 1950
Upper-Austrian Cup: 1929, 1931, 1932, 1935, 1937, 1946
Upper-Austrian Championship (reserves): 2001, 2003
Second Division: 1958, 1979, 1994, 2007, 2016

References

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Upper Austria
Linz
F.C. Wacker Innsbruck is a football club which plays in Austria. The club was founded in June 2002 after the insolvency of FC Tirol Innsbuck. The fans think this club is  the successor but leagaly they are a new club.

The club started in the Regionalliga West (3 stage of Austrian football, this was possible because the club played together with WSG Wattens, a 3rd league club) and promoted within 2 seasons to the Bundesliga. In the 2006/07 season they avoided relegetion only because of the insolvency of the GAK. But the following season they were relegated to the 1st league(2nd stage of Austrian football).  2009 they won the championship again and promoted again to the Bundesliga. Till 2014 they played in the Bundesliga. 2014 to 2018 they played in the 2nd league. After one year in the Bundesliga (2018-19) they were relegated. Since that year they play in the 2nd league.

The second team (FC Wacker Innsbruck Amateure) is playing in the Regionalliga Tirol (3rd level).
Name
2002-2007 FC Wacker Tirol
2007-present FC Wacker Innsbruck

Current squad

Staff
 Manager: Masaki Morass
 Assistant coach: Mario Anfang
 Assistant coach: Ervand Sukiasyan
 Goalkeeper coach: Szabolcs Safar

Honours
Champion Regionalliga West:2003
Champion Erste Liga (2nd level): 2004,2010, 2018

FC Wacker Innsbruck Women
The womenteam is playing in the Planet Pure Bundesliga.

Staff Women
 Manager: Fuad Djulic
 Assistant coach: Yasar Demir
 Assistant coach: Lion Wetzel
 Goalkeeper coach: Andreas Tezzele

References

Austrian football clubs
Innsbruck
Football clubs of Tyrol
Grazer AK (or GAK) is a football club which plays in Austria. it was founded in 1902.

History
The club was founded by a group of students led by medical student Georg August Wagner from Prague. Due to this development the first football match in Austria with the FA rules took place in Graz. 1902 was the official start of the Grazer Athletik-Sport-Club. The club reached the Styrian Championship in 1922, 1924 and between 1926 and 1933 and was Austrian Amateur Champion in 1929, 1932 and 1933. One of the players of GAK was Rudi Hiden, who went to Wiener AC and became goalkeeper of the famous "Austrian Wunderteam". 1944 the matches were stopped due to the Second World War.
1946 the club begun again. 1951 it reached the highest class (Liga A) and, at the end of that season, the 6th position, which was the best of a club outside Vienna. In the following years the Athletics were established in the first class. 1962 and 1968 they where runners-up in the cup-final. Only because the league was reformed the club was relegated to the second division in 1974, but came back one year later. 1981 the Athletics gained first title as professional team when they won the Austrian cup, which also was the first title for a styrian team. From 1990 to 1995 the club was in the second league. They won the cup-title also in 2000, 2002 and were double winners in 2004.

2007 the club collapsed due to 15,2 mil. € debts. They had to go to the third league where they went bankrupt again and had to interrupt playing in october 2012.
2013 they had to start over from the lowest (9th tier) league after being reestablished. Since then the club (named GAC due legal grounds initially) won every championship. For the Season 2017/18, they are in Landesliga Steiermark, 4th tier. In the 2019/20 season they came back to professional football being promoted to the 2nd league. In the 2022/23 season they finished 2nd and missed promotion in the last round.

Current squad

Coaching staff
 Gernot Messner Headcoach
 Christoph Cemernjak Assistant coach
 Thomas Queder Goalkeeper coach

Past seasons
Seasons since the re-foundation 2012

Coaching history in the 21st century

Honours
 Austrian Champion:2004
 Austrian Cup:1981, 2000, 2002, 2004
 Austrian Second League Champion:1975, 1993, 1995
 Austrian Champion (amateurs):1929, 1932, 1933
 Styrian Champion:1922, 1924, 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1933

Statistics
List of international games of GAK in UEFA-Cup, Champions League Qualification, Cupwinners' Cup and in Fairs' Cup:
1962/63:
 B 1909 Odense (CdCs – 1/8 Finale) 1:1 (H) 3:5 (A)

1964/65:
 NK Zagreb (MC R1) 0:6 (H) 2:3 (A)

1968/69:
 Ado Den Haag (CdCs R1) 0:2 (H) 1:4 (A)

1972/73:
 Panachaiki Patras (UC R1) 0:1 (H) 1:2 (A)

1980/81:
 Dinamo Tbilisi (CdCs – 1/16 Finale) 2:2 (H) 0:2 (A)

1982/83:
 Corvinul Hunedoara (UC R1) 1:1 (H) 0:3 (A)

1996/97:
 Vojvodina Novi Sad (UC Q2) 2:0 (H) 5:1 (A)
 Germinal Ekeren (UC R1) 2:0 (H) 1:3 (A)
 Inter Milan (UC R2) 1:0 (H) 0:1 (4:5 i.E.)(A)

1998/99:
 VPS Vaasa (UC Q2) 3:0 (H) 0:0 (A)
 Litex Lovech (UC R1) 2:0 (H) 1:1 (A)
 AS Monaco (UC R2) 3:3 (H) 0:4 (A)

1999/2000:
 KÍ Klaksvík (UC Q) 4:0 (H) 5:0 (A)
 Spartak Trnava (UC R1) 3:0 (H) 1:2 (A)
 Panathinaikos (UC R2) 2:1 (H) 0:1 (A)

2000/01:
 FC Kosice (UC R1) 0:0 (H) 3:2 (A)
 Espanyol Barcelona (UC R2) 1:0 (H) 0:4 (A)

2001/02:
 HB Tórshavn (UC Q) 4:0 (H) 2:2 (A)
 FC Utrecht (UC R1) 3:3 (H) 0:3 (A)

2002/03:
 FC Sheriff Tiraspol (CL Q2) 2:0 (H) 4:1 (A)
 Lokomotiv Moscow (CL Q3) 0:2 (H) 3:3 (A)
 Apoel Nicosia (UC R1) 1:1 (H) 0:2 (A)
2003/04:
 SK Tirana (CL Q2) 2:1 (H) 5:1 (A)
 Ajax Amsterdam (CL Q3) 1:1 (H) 1:2 (A)
 Vålerenga I.F. Fotball (UC R1) 1:1 (H) 0:0 (A)

2004/05:
 Liverpool F.C. (CL Q3) 0:2 (H) 1:0 (A)
 Litex Lovech (UC R1) 5:0 (H) 0:1 (A)
 AJ Auxerre (UC Gruppe F) 0:0 (A)
 Amica Wronki (UC Gruppe F) 3:1 (H)
 Rangers F.C. (UC Gruppe F) 0:3 (A)
 AZ Alkmaar (UC Gruppe F) 2:0 (H)
 Middlesbrough F.C. (UC 16tel-Finale) 2:2 (H) 1:2 (A)

2005/06:
 Nistru Otaci (UC Q) 2:0 (A) 1:0 (H)
 RC Strasbourg (UC R1) 0:2 (H) 0:5 (A)

Derby Statistics vs. SK Sturm Graz (as of 23.8.2005)

Total (in 1st Austrian League):
 46 Won
 42 Drawn
 42 Lost
(Goals: 174:168)

References

Other websites 

 Official Homepage

Austrian football clubs
Football clubs of Graz
Judge Joe Brown is an American television show. It is a courtroom series, shown in first run syndication. The judge, Joe Brown, decides who is telling the truth and who is lying. Joe Brown is famous for being in charge of the trial of James Earl Ray, the man who assassinated, or killed, Martin Luther King.

1998 American television series debuts
First run syndicated television programs
Curt Stern  (August 30, 1902 – October 23, 1981) was a German-born American geneticist. was a German-American geneticist  of Jewish descent. Born in Hamburg, Germany, he studied zoology at the University of Berlin, receiving his PhD in 1923 at the age of 21. He was selected for a fellowship to study at Columbia University, then the site of Thomas Hunt Morgan's famous drosophila fly room.

Early career 
Stern accepted an appointment at the University of Berlin after his fellowship ended. In 1931, he was the first to demonstrate crossover of homologous chromosomes in Drosophila melanogaster, only weeks after Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton had done so with maize.
 
Stern eventually returned to the United States in 1932. He became an American citizen in 1939. From 1933 to 1947, he taught at the University of Rochester. From 1947 until his retirement in 1970, he was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he had numerous doctoral students.
In 1936, he demonstrated that recombination can also take place in mitosis resulting in somatic mosaics, organisms that contain two or more genetically distinct types of tissues. He later demonstrated that there were multiple genes on the Drosophila Y chromosome, and described the mechanism of dosage compensation.

During World War II, he led research for the American government on low dose radiation safety. His laboratory group concluded that there is no "safe" threshold below which radiation is not harmful.
Human genetics 
After the war his research focused on human genetics, pioneering in what is now known as gene regulation. Although not a physician, he engaged in clinical work in human genetics. In 1943 he began teaching a course in human genetics to medical students at the University of Rochester. The first edition of Stern's pioneering textbook The Principles of human genetics was published in 1949. Both his teaching and his textbook were instrumental in re-founding human genetics on a non-racist basis, in contrast with pre-war German and American traditions in the subject. Stern was a signatory of the 1950 UNESCO statement The Race Question, a statement by leading scientists in many fields that questioned the validity and scientific foundations of racism.

The Curt Stern Award, established by the American Society of Human Genetics in 2001, recognizes a scientist who has made major scientific achievements in human genetics during the previous 10 years.
References
 
 Stern, Curt and Sherwood, Eva R. (eds) 1966. The origin of genetics: a Mendel source book. Freeman, S.F.

1902 births
1981 deaths
American geneticists
American zoologists
German biologists
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish German scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Hamburg
Refugees from Nazism
Thomas Hunt Morgan (25 September 1866 – 4 December 1945) was an American geneticist and embryologist. Morgan took his PhD at Johns Hopkins University in 1890, and researched embryology while at Bryn Mawr College.

After the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance in 1900, Morgan switched his research to the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In 1904, E.B. Wilson invited Morgan to join him at Columbia University. This move freed Morgan to focus fully on experimental work.
In his famous Fly Room at Columbia,  Morgan was able to show that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity. These discoveries formed the basis of the modern science of genetics.

Morgan moved to California in 1928 to head the Division of Biology at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech). Research was focused on genetics and evolution; experimental embryology; physiology; biophysics and biochemistry.
He was given the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933. It was the first one given for genetics, for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity. The prize was not shared with the lab's main researcher, Alfred Sturtevant, a decision of the Nobel Committee which was certainly controversial.

Morgan's early work with Drosophila was on the associations known as 'coupling' and 'repulsion', discovered by English workers in 1909 and 1910 using the Sweet Pea. These were, in reality, the same phenomenon, which was later called linkage. Morgan's first papers dealt with the demonstration of sex linkage of the gene for white eyes in the fly, the male fly being heterogametic (XY).

During his distinguished career, Morgan wrote 22 books and 370 scientific papers, and, as a result of his work, Drosophila became the main 'model organism' in genetics. The Division of Biology he started at the California Institute of Technology produced seven Nobel Prize winners.

References
References 

1866 births
1945 deaths
American geneticists
American Nobel Prize winners
Embryologists
Scientists from Kentucky
People from Lexington, Kentucky
American developmental biologists
Columbia University faculty
California Institute of Technology faculty
Alfred Henry Sturtevant (November 21, 1891 – April 5, 1970) was an American geneticist. Sturtevant made the first genetic map of a chromosome in 1913. In his career he worked on the fruit-fly Drosophila melanogaster with Thomas Hunt Morgan.

Morgan was both a help and a hindrance to Sturtevant. Morgan supported him through the early part of his career, but took much of the credit for the research. Morgan's Nobel Prize in 1933 was not shared with Sturtevant, who was the lab's main researcher.

Later in his career, Sturtevant had another important relationship, this time with Theodosius Dobzhansky. The research was into the genetics of natural populations of Drosophila. This relationship, too, became uneasy, and they split up after a few years. Sturtevant was one of the most outstanding genetics researchers not to get a Nobel Prize. In 1967, Sturtevant received the National Medal of Science.
Works
 Lewis E.B. ed. 1961. Genetics and evolution: selected papers of A.H. Sturtevant. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
 Sturtevant A.H. 1965. A history of genetics. Harper & Row N.Y.

References 

1891 births
1970 deaths
American geneticists
Cell biologists
Scientists from Illinois
Muller's life was as extraordinary as could be imagined. Born in New York City, he got his PhD at CalTech in Morgan's Drosophila fly lab. He next worked at Rice University, and then spent twelve years at the University of Texas. Then he moved to Berlin in 1932, then to Leningrad (St Petersburg), and then to Moscow. In all these places he organised a genetics lab, and sometimes taught as well. Then arose the scientific charlatan Lysenko, who saw to it that genuine genetics scientists came under the disapproval of Stalin. Once again Muller moved, this time to Edinburgh, with 250 strains of Drosophila, then finally back to the United States in 1940, where he became an advisor to the Manhattan Project. He became Professor of Zoology at Indiana University.
Muller's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1946 was "for the discovery that mutations can be induced by X-rays". By then the real interest lay in the same effects caused by gamma rays from nuclear testing. Muller was a wholehearted enthusiast for eugenics, socialism, atheism and other relatively unpopular ideas, but his real contribution was to genetics. One reputable source writes of him:
"Muller's contributions dominate the 1920s and 1930s. The variety of genetic tools he developed elevated Drosophila to an almost exclusive role in the study of the gene concept. It is almost impossible to read Muller's articles during those two decades without feeling overwhelmed by the quality of genius which characterises the analytical and projective treatment of his discoveries and experiments".

References 

1890 births
1967 deaths
American geneticists
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from New York City
Several people are named Hermann Muller or Hermann Müller: 

Hermann Müller (1829–1883), German botanist who investigated coevolution between bees and flowers. Name has umlaut.
H.J. Muller (1890–1967), American geneticist who investigated mutations. Name has no umlaut.
Hermann Müller (SPD) Foreign Minister of Germany, 21 June 1919–26 March 1920. SPD party.
Little Boy is the name that was given to the first atomic bomb that was dropped in a war. The bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 by the American army who were trying to end World War II. Enola Gay was the name of the plane that dropped Little Boy.

References 

Nuclear weapons
World War II
Hiroshima
Fat Man is the name of the second atomic bomb ever made from plutonium and the second atomic bomb to be used in nuclear warfare. It is called Fat Man because of the round shape. It was dropped over the Japanese island of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. More than a hundred of this kind were made after World War II.

References

Nuclear weapons
World War II
Haiti (; ) is a country in the Caribbean. It occupies the western three-eighths of Hispaniola; the Dominican Republic occupies the eastern five-eighths (63%) of the island.

The country has a total area of , of which 27,560 km² is land and 190 km² is water. Haiti has  of coast-line and a  border with the Dominican Republic.

The limits of the country are the Dominican Republic to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north, and the Caribbean Sea to the south and west. The capital, Port-au-Prince, is a seaport located on the west coast.

Cuba is to the northwest and Jamaica to the southwest of Haiti; the Winward Passage separates Cuba from Haiti (and Hispaniola), and the Jamaica Channel separates Haiti from Jamaica.
There are two large peninsulas: the Northwestern on the Atlantic Ocean, and the Southern peninsulas on the Caribbean Sea. The Northwestern, or just Northern, Peninsula () is also known as the Saint-Nicolas Peninsula; it was the first part of the Hispaniola visited by Christopher Columbus on 1492. The historical name of the Southern Peninsula () was Tiburón Peninsula.

Between those two large peninsulas there is a gulf (a very large bay): the Gulf of Gonâve. It is named so after the Gonâve Island that is in the middle of the gulf. It was called also Gulf of Léogane after the city of Léogane, one of the oldest in Haiti.

Climate 
Haiti has a tropical climate but modified by elevation and the Trade winds (winds that come from the northeast, from the Atlantic Ocean, full of water vapour), which blow from the Atlantic all year long. In low lands with mountains to the northeast, the climate is arid (dry) because the trade winds leave their water in those mountains rather than the valleys and plains.
Islands 
There are several smaller islands and cays that are part of Haiti. The largest islands are:
 Gonâve (), in the Gulf of Gonâve; it is part of the Ouest Department. It has an area of 743 km².  Its Taíno name was Guanabo.
 Tortuga (), located off the northwest coast of Hispaniola, in the Atlantic Ocean; it is part of the Nord-Ouest Department. It has an area of . Its Taíno name was Baynei. It is very famous because many pirates lived here. The island's name comes from the turtle-like shape of the island (in Spanish, turtle is a "tortuga").
 Île à Vache, also called Île-à-Vaches, close to the soutwestern coast of Hispaniola. It is part of the Sud Department and has an area of . Its Taíno name was Iabaque.
 Cayemites, two islands, Petite Cayemite and Grand Cayemite, in the Gulf of Gonâve. They are part of the Grand'Anse Department, and have a total area of . The Taíno name was Cahaimi.
Mountains and valleys 
The chains of mountains show a direction northwest-southeast, except in the Southern Peninsula, where they have a direction west-east. The mountains are separated by valleys with the same general direction.
From north to south, the main mountain ranges and valleys are:
 The Plaine du Nord ("Northern Plain"), along the north coast from Cap-Haïtien to the Dominican Republic, where it is called the Cibao Valley.
 The Massif du Nord ("Northern Massif"), which in the Dominican Republic is called Cordillera Central. The highest Haitian mountain of this mountain range is Gros Morne (1,198 m).
 The Plateau Central ("Central Plateau") is a large high valley.
 The Bombardopolis Plateau (640 m), Montagnes de Terre Neuve (1,100 m, Morne Goreille), Montagnes Noires (1,700 m, Pic Bonhomme). All this chains form one group of mountains.
 Artibonite Plain and Valley, between those mountains mentioned above and below. It is the valley formed by the river Artibonite and its Haitian tributaries.
 Chaîne des Matheux (Morne Delpech, 1,600 m) and the Montagnes du Trou d'Eau (Morne Ma Pipe, 1,510 m) form one group that get together with the previous group of mountains to form, in the Dominican Republic, the Sierra de Neiba.
The Cul-de-Sac (Haiti) or Hoya de Enriquillo (Dominican Republic), is a remarkable valley, with a west-east direction, of low elevation (on average 50 m with some points below sea level) and with the Êtang Saumatre lake in the eastern end, on the border with the Dominican Republic. Port-au-Prince is on the western end of this valley.
 Massif de la Hotte (Pic Macaya, 2,405 m) and Massif de la Selle (Pic or Morne La Selle, 2,680 m, the highest Haitian mountain) are in the Southern Peninsula. The Massif de la Selle is called Sierra de Bahoruco in the Dominican Republic. The Gonâve Island (Morne La Pierre, 776 m) belongs, in geological terms, to the Massif de la Selle.
Rivers and lakes 
The river Artibonite is the longest river of the island and of Haiti. It is 321 km long (68 km in the Dominican Republic, 253 km in Haiti). Its sources are in the Cordillera Central (Dominican Republic) and flows into the Gulf of Gonâve. Its watershed has an area of 6,399 km² in Haiti and 2,614 km² in the Dominican Republic.

Another important Haitian river is the Trois Rivières (Three Rivers). It is 150 km long and its sources are in the Massif du Nord and flows into the Atlantic Ocean, near the city of Po//

Others lakes are Étang de Miragoâne (25 km²), of fresh water at 4 km southeast from the city of Miragoâne; and Trou Caïman (16.2 km²), a small lake at 6 km from Étang Saumâtre.  

https://www.shrek.com for more information

References
The Mundari language is a Munda language of the Austro-Asiatic language family.  It is spoken by the Munda people.

References

Languages of India
Languages of Bangladesh
Languages of Nepal
Austro-Asiatic languages
A listed building, in the United Kingdom, is a building that has been placed on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest. This is a list of buildings that are important in terms of architecture, history, or culture. There are many buildings on this list. In the UK, there are about 500,000 listed buildings.

In England and Wales, there are three kinds of listed buildings:
 Grade I: buildings that are very important
 Grade II*: buildings that are important in general (not special interest)
 Grade II: buildings that are special interesting (this means that they are important to some groups or for a specific reason)
There used to be a fourth kind of listed building: Grade III. This type has not been used since 1970.
Other websites 
 Photographs of listed buildings from English Heritage 
 Listed Property Owners Club, providing information & advice for listed property owners
 Information about heritage protection generally
 PASTMAP Map-based database of listed buildings, scheduled monuments etc in Scotland 
 Birmingham City Council - What is a Locally Listed Building?

Sources
Holborn ( ) is an area of Central London, England.  Holborn is also the name of the area's principal east-west street. The street runs from St Giles's High Street as High Holborn to Gray's Inn Road to Holborn Viaduct. It crosses the borders of the City of Westminster, London Borough of Camden and the City of London.

References

Other websites
Holborn and Bloomsbury, by Sir Walter Besant and Geraldine Edith Mitton, 1903, from Project Gutenberg

Areas of London
London Borough of Camden
City of Westminster
Alice Ivers (February 17, 1851 – February 27, 1930), better known as Poker Alice, was a famous poker player. Her family moved from Devon, England, where she was born, to Virginia, United States, where she went to school and was raised. As an adult, Ivers moved to Leadville, Colorado where she met her husband Frank Duffield. Duffield was responsible for getting Ivers interested in poker, but he was killed a few years after they got married. Ivers made a name for herself by winning money from poker games in places like Silver City, New Mexico, and even working at a saloon that was owned by Bob Ford, the man who killed Jesse James

Early life
“Poker” Alice Ivers was born on February 17, 1851 in Devon, England to Irish Immigrants. Her family moved to Virginia when Alice was 12. As a young woman, she went to boarding school in Virginia to become a refined lady. While in her late teens, her family moved to Leadville, a city in the Colorado Territory.
Personal life
It was in Leadville that Alice met Frank Duffield, whom she married at a young age. Frank Duffield was a mining engineer who played poker in his spare time. After just a few years of marriage, Duffield was killed in an accident while resetting a dynamite charge in a Leadville mine.

Ivers was known for splurging her winnings, as when she won a lot of money in Silver City and spent it all in New York. After all of her big wins, she would travel to New York and spend her money on clothes. She was very keen on keeping up with the latest fashions and would buy dresses to wear to play poker.

Alice met her next husband around 1890 when she was a dealer in Bedrock Tom’s saloon in Deadwood, South Dakota. When a drunken miner tried to attack her fellow dealer Warren G. Tubbs with a knife, Alice threatened him with her .38. After this incident, Tubbs and Ivers started a romance and were married soon after.
Alice Ivers and Warren Tubbs had 4 sons and 3 daughters together. Tubbs and Ivers did not want their children to be influenced by the world of poker, so they moved to a house just northeast of Sturgis on the Moreau River in South Dakota. Tubbs was not only a dealer, but a housepainter as well. It was most likely this house painting that caused him to fall sick with tuberculosis. Warren Tubbs died in 1910 in of pneumonia during a blizzard. To pay for his funeral, Alice had to pawn her wedding ring, which led her back to the poker world.

Alice’s third husband was George Huckert, who worked on her homestead taking care of the sheep. Huckert was constantly proposing to Ivers, yet for a while she did not agree. Eventually, however, Ivers owed Huckert $1,008, so she married him figuring that it would be cheaper than paying his back wages. Huckert died in 1913.
Poker career
First husband Frank Duffield introduced Alice to poker when she accompanied him to his poker games in Leadville. For a while she just attended, watching and observing, but eventually she started to play and gamble along with the men. However, it wasn’t until after her first husband died that she started to play poker seriously.

Alice was in a tough financial position, and after failing in a few different jobs including teaching; she turned to poker to support herself financially. Alice would make money by gambling and working as a dealer. Ivers made a name for herself by winning money from poker games in places like Silver City, New Mexico, even working at a saloon that was owned by Bob Ford, the man who killed Jesse James.
By the time Ivers was given the name “Poker Alice,” she was drawing in large crowd to watch her play and men were constantly challenging her to play. Saloon owners liked that Ivers was a respectable woman who kept to her values. These values included her refusal to play poker on Sundays.

As her reputation grew, so did the amount of money she was making. Some nights she would even make $6,000, an incredibly large sum of money at the time. Alice claimed that she won $250,000, which would now be worth over three million dollars.

Ivers used her good looks to distract men at the poker table. She always had the newest dresses, and even in her 50s was considered a very attractive woman. She was also very good at counting cards and figuring odds, which helped her at the table.

Alice was known to always be carrying a gun with her, preferably her .38. She was also known to smoke a lot.
Poker's Palace and jailtime
In 1910, Ivers opened “Poker’s Palace,” a saloon in Fort Meade, South Dakota, which offered gambling and liquor downstairs, and prostitution upstairs. The saloon was always closed on Sundays, due to Iver’s religious beliefs. However, in 1913, some drunken soldiers disobeyed Iver’s “no work on Sunday” rule and started to get unruly, chaotic, and destructive of the house. It was then that Ivers shot her gun, supposedly to quiet the soldiers down. The shot ended up killing one of the soldiers and injuring another, resulting in Iver’s arrest, along with the arrest of six of her ‘girls’.

Iver’s time spent in jail was short, but she got through it with the help of reading the bible and smoking cigars. At the trial, she claimed self-defense and was acquitted. After the trial, her saloon was shut down.
While in her 60s, Alice Ivers was arrested several times after the “Poker Palace” incident for being a madam, a gambler, and a bootlegger, as well as her drunkenness. She would comply with the law and pay her fines, but keep her business still. In 1928, she was arrested again for bootlegging and her repeated offenses of holding a brothel. Despite this sentence to prison, Ivers did not end up having to stay, because she was pardoned by then Governor Bulow of South Dakota who did so because of her old age.

Legacy
After being forced to retire by the anger of the military and other people who were upset with her blend of religious elements at her house in Sturgis, Alice’s health began to fail her. Alice Ivers died on February 27, 1930 in Rapid City after a gallbladder operation at the age of 79. Ivers was buried at the St. Aloysius Cemetery in Sturgis, South Dakota.

References

1853 births
1930 deaths
Sportspeople from Virginia
Poker players
The Strand Underpass (sometimes incorrectly called the Kingsway Underpass) is a vehicle tunnel in central London. It connects Waterloo Bridge to Kingsway near Holborn. It was built by John Mowlem & Co. It opened on 21 January 1964.

Transport architecture in London
Tunnels in London
Southampton Row is a major road running northwest-southeast in Bloomsbury, Camden, central London, England. The road is part of the A4200.

References 

London Borough of Camden
The Victoria Embankment is part of the Thames Embankment, a road and walkway along the north bank of the River Thames in London. The Victoria Embankment extends from the City of Westminster into the City of London.

City of Westminster
City of London
River Thames

Roads in London
Charlton is an area and an electoral ward in south-east London. It is in the London Borough of Greenwich. It is located between Greenwich and Woolwich.

Royal Borough of Greenwich
Wards of London
Waterloo Bridge is a road and foot traffic bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England between Blackfriars Bridge and Hungerford Bridge.

History 
The first bridge on the site was designed in 1809-10 by John Rennie for the Strand Bridge Company and opened in 1817 as a toll bridge. The granite bridge had nine arches, each of  span, separated by double Grecian-Doric stone columns and was  long, including approaches. Before its opening it was known as 'Strand Bridge'. During the 1840s the bridge gained a reputation as a popular place for suicide attempts. In 1844 Thomas Hood wrote the poem The Bridge of Sighs about the suicide of a prostitute there. Paintings of the bridge were created by the French Impressionist Claude Monet and English Impressionist, John Constable. The bridge was nationalised in 1878 and given to the Metropolitan Board of Works, who removed the toll from it.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Gallery
Gallery

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

Survey of London entry 
Peter Lind & Company 
 
 

Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Transport in the City of Westminster
Stone bridges
Concrete bridges
Grade II* listed buildings in London
Westminster Bridge is a road traffic and foot bridge over the River Thames between Westminster and Lambeth, in London. It is right next to the Houses of Parliament.

History
Until Westminster Bridge was built in 1750, there was only one bridge crossing the River Thames.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

 
 
 Interactive Panorama: Westminster Bridge 

Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Transport in the City of Westminster
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Lambeth
Transport in the London Borough of Lambeth
Steel bridges
Grade II* listed buildings in London
Bloomsbury is an area of central London in the south of the London Borough of Camden.

Areas of London
London Borough of Camden
The Hop Exchange is a Grade II listed building at No. 24 Southwark Street, London SE1. It is in the Bankside area of the London Borough of Southwark.  It opened in 1867 and was designed by R.H. Moore. It served as the centre for hop trading for the brewing industry.

Other websites 
 Official site of the venue 
 The hop cellars

1867 establishments in England
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Southwark
Grade II listed buildings in London