Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
(3) Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition Not Otherwise Classified. These are disorders which are caused by a medical problem.

(4) Substance-Related Disorders. These are conditions which have to do with use, abuse, or addiction to illegal drugs, alcohol, or other substances (like caffeine and nicotine). This category also includes conditions caused by withdrawal from these substances.

(5) Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders. These include all of the different types of schizophrenia, and other disorders that cause psychosis (being out of touch with reality).

(6) Mood Disorders. These include the different kinds of bipolar disorder and depression.

(7) Anxiety Disorders. For example: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD); Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD); Generalized Anxiety Disorder.
(8) Somatiform Disorders. People with these disorders have a lot of physical symptoms, like pain or stomach problems. However, these symptoms are not thought to be caused by an actual medical disorder. They are thought to be caused by mental health problems instead. One example is hypochondriasis, where a person is always worried that they have serious medical problems when they do not. Another condition in this category is Body Dysmorphic Disorder, where a person hates his body, or a part of his body.

(9) Factitious Disorders. People with these disorders exaggerate or make up medical problems. They may do this because it gets them things they want (for example, attention and sympathy).
(10) Dissociative Disorders. These disorders cause a person to have problems with memory, awareness, and perceiving (seeing and understanding) things correctly. The person may also feel disconnected from his identity (his view of himself and who he is). The best-known condition in this category is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (which used to be called "Multiple Personality Disorder).

(11) Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders. Sexual disorders include paraphilias, where a person is sexually attracted to objects or to kinds of sexual activity that are not normal. For example, pedophilia (being sexually attracted to children) is a type of paraphilia. Another type of sexual disorder is sexual dysfunction (problems with performing sexually). This category also includes Gender Identity Disorder, where a person feels like one gender, but has the body of another gender.

(12) Eating Disorders. The two major types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
(13) Sleep Disorders. For example: insomnia.

(14) Impulse Control Disorders Not Otherwise Specified. These are disorders where people have trouble controlling their urges to do things. For example: trichotillomania (where a person pulls hair out of his body) and Intermittent Explosive Disorder (where a person has sudden explosions of anger).

(15) Adjustment Disorders. With these disorders, a person is having trouble adjusting to, or getting used to, something stressful in his life.

(16) Personality Disorders. These diagnoses can only be given to adults. For example: Antisocial Personality Disorder; Borderline Personality Disorder.

Mental illnesses
The House of the Seven Gables is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published in 1851. The book is about an old New England family. Themes include guilt, revenge, and atonement. The supernatural and witchcraft are a part of the story. An old house in Salem, Massachusetts was used as background for the story. The house belonged to Hawthorne's cousin Susanna Ingersoll. He visited the house often. He was also inspired by his ancestors. They played a part in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. The book was well received. The House of the Seven Gables has been adapted to movies and television shows.

Related pages
 House of the Seven Gables
Other websites 
Online editions
The House of the Seven Gables, available at Internet Archive (scanned color illustrated books, multiple editions and formats)
  (plain text)
 The House of the Seven Gables , available at Ria Press (PDF optimized for printing)
Study Guides
MonkeyNotes study guide
Sparknotes study guide
Classicnote study guide
Essays
"Illustrations of The House of the Seven Gables: A Help or a Hindrance?" by John L. Idol Jr. 
Other
The House of the Seven Gables Map 

1851 books
American novels
Works by Nathaniel Hawthorne
Mandy Grace Capristo (born March 21, 1990 in Mannheim) is a German pop singer-songwriter, model, presenter, and dancer. She was known as a singer of the band Monrose.

Biography
Mandy Capristo grew up in Bürstadt, Hesse. Her father is of Italian origin. Her mother Carmen is German. She has an older brother. She got her love of dancing and singing from her mother. In her late childhood, her parents split up.

Capristo had 6 years of ballet, gymnastics, dance lessons and piano lessons. At school, she appeared for the first time on a bigger stage with the musical Dracula. when she was 11, her teacher suggested that she apply for the Kiddy Contest in Austria. 2001 she won the contest with the song "Ich wünsche mir einen Bankomat". After that she appeared in TV shows like Tabaluga and 1, 2 or 3. The album got to number one in the Austrian charts.
2006: Popstars and the band Monrose
Capristo applied for the show Popstars when she was sixteen. Finally, in 2006 she was elected in the final by a telephone vote in addition to Bahar Kizil and Senna Guemmour of the band Monrose. They had seven top ten hits in the charts. Their previous albums were also successful.

2007-2010: Work as model
2007, readers of the German edition of FHM men's magazine chose Capristo as number 10 of the 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In August 2007 she was on the cover of the magazine. This success earned her the first jobs as a model. In 2009 she topped the 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In addition she posed again in the June 2010 issue of German men's magazine FHM.
2011: Solo projects
When the Band Monrose split up in 2011, Capristo continued her solo projects. She was the face of the cosmetics brand BeYu. She worked on her own album. Capristo presented at the BeYu fair two songs with titles "Overrated" and "Be You". She also worked with Peter Maffay. They recorded the song "Die Zeit hält nur in Träumen" and presented the new one at Wetten, dass...? (a German TV-show).

In March 2012 Mandy announced that her new single "The Way I Like it" would appear on 13 April. The album carries her second name, Grace. Other titles are "Overrated", "Hurricane" and "It do not matter" The songwriter of "The Way I Like it" is called David Jost, who also produced Tokio Hotel and Keri Hilson.

References

1990 births
Living people
Entertainers from Hesse
German models
German pop singers
German television presenters
People from Mannheim
German musicians
German singers
Baia de Criș () is a commune in Hunedoara County, Romania. It is a collection of nine villages: Baia de Criș, Baldovin (Báldovin), Căraci (Karács), Cărăstău (Karasztó), Lunca (Lunka), Rișca (Riska), Rișculița (Riskulica), Țebea (Cebe) and Văleni.

The village of Țebea is where the Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan started in 1784, and marks the death place and burial site of Avram Iancu.

References

Communes in Romania
Transylvania
The Constitution of India is the supreme law in India . A Constitution is a set of rules and regulations guiding the administration of a country. The constitution of India is the framework for political principles, procedures and powers of the government. It is also the longest constitution in the world. Originally, it consisted of 395 Articles arranged under 22 Parts and 8 Schedules. As of 2023, after many amendments it has 470 Articles, 12 schedules, and 25 Parts with 5 appendices and 98 amendments. The original constitution was written on 26 November 1949, and was made the center of law on 26 January 1950.
History 
India had to face many problems after independence. Rehabilitating the refugees who migrated from Pakistan, merging the princely states, maintenance of law and order were the major challenges. Sardar Patel successfully achieved the merger of the princely states and provinces with the Union of India.  Even the challenge of framing a constitution in order to enable govern the country was also fulfilled. 
  
The recommendations of the Motilal Nehru Committee and the decisions taken by the meeting of National Congress at Karachi prepared for the formation of a Constituent Assembly.
The first meeting of the new Constituent Assembly was conducted on 9th of December, 1946. The next meeting conducted in 11th of December, 1946 under the chairmanship of Dr. Rajendra Prasad. Participants included Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and Sarojini Naidu. Dr. Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, is often called the father of the Indian Constitution.
  
  
The Constituent Assembly, which came into existence on 11th of December 1946, had 145 meetings and framed a draft constitution.  During these discussions, the various laws proposed by the British Government in 1909, 1919 and 1935, the British Parliamentary system, the American Bill of Rights, the Social Directive Policies of Ireland were studied and some parts of those were written in the Constitution.  Finally, the Indian Constitution was approved  on 26th of November, 1949 and came into effect on 26th of January, 1950.  This day (January 26) is celebrated as the 'Republic Day' in India.

Structure
Structure 

Below is a list of all articles in chronological order of the constitution.
Preamble
 Part I – Union and its Territory
 Part II – Citizenship.
 Part III – Fundamental Rights.
 Part IV – Directive Principles of State Policy.
 Part IVA - Fundamental Duties.
 Part V – The Union.
 Part VI – The States.
 Part VII – States in the B part of the First schedule(Repealed).
 Part VIII – The Union Territories
 Part IX – The Panchayats.
 Part IXA - The Municipalities.
 Part X – The scheduled and Tribal Areas
 Part XI – Relations between the Union and the States.
 Part XII – Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits
 Part XIII – Trade and Commerce within the territory of India
 Part XIV – Services Under the Union, the States.
  Part XIVA - Tribunals.
 Part XV – Elections
 Part XVI – Special Provisions Relating to certain Classes.
 Part XVII – Languages
 Part XVIII – Emergency Provisions
 Part XIX – Miscellaneous
 Part XX – Amendment of the Constitution
 Part XXI – Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions
 Part XXII – Short title, date of commencement, Authoritative text in Hindi and Repeals.
Related pages
Constitution
Constitutionalism

References
Salient Features of the Indian Constitution 
Features of the Indian Constitution
•

Other websites
Indian Constitution at Wikisource

Law of India
India
1950
1950s in India
B. R. Ambedkar
A preamble is an introduction to a document that describes the documents purpose. The word comes from "pre" meaning "before" and "amble" meaning walk. A preamble can contain facts about the document. The preamble of a law is not part of the law but explains its purpose. The preamble of a book is called a preface. The preamble of a musical composition is a prelude or overture. The preamble of a Wikipedia article walks before the sections, and is called the lede or introduction. 

A data packet has a preamble which the system needs but which goes before the data that the user will use.
Example 
One of the world's most famous preambles is the one in the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776:
Gil Jae or Kil Jae (1353  1419) was a Korean scholar, politician, educator, and poet.

Works 
 Yaeunjip (야은집, 冶隱集)
 Yaeuneonhaengseubyu (야은언행습유, 冶隱言行拾遺)
 Yaeunsokjip (야은속집, 冶隱續集)

Related pages
 Jeong Do-jeon
 Jeong Mong-ju

Other websites 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=30262
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=688666
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=551587

1353 births
1419 deaths
Korean educators
Korean politicians
Korean writers
"Little Things" is the first single off the debut album by pop punk band Good Charlotte called Good Charlotte. The song is also the first track off the album. The song was released on March 27, 2001 and was re-released in the United Kingdom on March 9, 2009. The song was featured in the movie Dude, Where's My Car? and the video game Project Gotham Racing.
Music video 
The video features Good Charlotte performing in a high school with the Joel Madden (the lead singer) breaking into the principle's office. Joel then announces over the school's loudspeaker that the song was dedicated to "every kid who ever got picked last in gym class," "every kid who never had a date to no school dance," and "everyone who's ever been called a freak." The video shows the band wreaking havoc on the school. The guitarist Billy Martin plugs the band's sound system into the principle's microphone and they perform with students running out of class to go see them. The video ends with the band rearranging the letters on the school's notice board to spell out the words "GOOD CHARLOTTE."

Chart rankings 
"Little Things" ranked No. 23 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks

References

2001 songs
Good Charlotte songs
"The Motivation Proclamation" is the second single off the debut album by pop punk band Good Charlotte called Good Charlotte. The song is also the third track off the album. The song was released on August 7, 2001.

Music video 
The video features Good Charlotte waking up in a house while they do normal morning rituals (i.e. yawn, eat breakfast, etc.) When they finally set up their music equipment, they start to play but finish the song. The video also features the television show, Undergrads which plays on the TV in the house.

References

2001 songs
Good Charlotte songs
Spaceballs is a 1987 American science fiction comedy movie. It was directed by Mel Brooks. It starred Bill Pullman, John Candy, Mel Brooks and Rick Moranis. Its plot and characters parody the original Star Wars trilogy, as well as other sci-fi franchises including Star Trek, Alien, and the Planet of the Apes films.

Despite mixed reviews at the time of release, the film has since gained a cult following.

Other websites 

1987 comedy movies
1987 science fiction movies
American comedy movies
American science fiction movies
Comedy science fiction movies
Movies set on fictional planets
English-language movies
MGM movies
Parody movies
Movies directed by Mel Brooks
Little Women, or Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy is a book by Louisa May Alcott. Alcott drew on her own childhood experiences with her three sisters when writing the book. They lived in Concord, Massachusetts at Orchard House.

Little Women was the book that helped Louisa Alcott become a well-known author. It was not her favorite novel that she wrote. In the year 1994, the book was made in a movie.  Alcott’s writing skills were not the best, but she did have a lot of creativity. Her creativity shown through when she opened a school after getting a $40 donation. After she opened the school, she decided to go back to writing.  (link One)  

The book was originally published in two parts. Part one was called "Little Women". It was published in 1868. Part two was called "Good Wives". Part two followed the girls as they grew up and married. It was published in 1869. Both parts were very successful.
Story
The story is about the fictional March sisters: Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy. They call their mother Marmee. The story is set during the American Civil War. Their father is serving as a chaplain in the Union Army. Each sister has a flaw. Amy is selfish, Beth is shy, Meg is vain, and Jo is outspoken and tomboy-ish. Their best friend is Laurie, the boy next door.

Alcott’s inspiration for Little Women came from her life experiences when she was younger. The setting is in Massachusetts, the state where she grew up. The characters in the story represent her sisters, mother, and herself. Each one was given the same traits/personality as her sisters. The mother was in charge of the household when the father was away. It tells of the hard times that they had growing up and had to overcome. The story takes place during the American Civil War. The sisters learned to grow up faster than they wanted to, so that they could support the family. It was not easy for them. Link 2
Little Women by Alcott is still a popular read across many different generations. It is read by all ages and is an American classic.  Link 3

References

Other websites

 
1-- https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/09/little-women-louisa-may-alcott/565754/

2--https://americanliterature.com/author/louisa-may-alcott/book/little-women/summary

3--https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/292282/little-women-by-louisa-may-alcott/9780143106654/

1868 books
1869 books
Books by Louisa May Alcott
Works about sisters
19th-century American novels
American young adult novels
Mario Del Monaco (July 27, 1915 - July 16, 1982) was an Italian tenor, particularly associated with Italian heroic roles, notably Otello. One of the leading "tenore di forza" (dramatic tenor) of the 1950s, he possessed a voice of considerable range and power with a thrilling upper register.

Life and career

Born in Florence, Italy, he studied in Pesaro with Melocchi but was mostly self-taught. He began his operatic career in Pesero in 1940, as Turriddu in Cavalleria rusticana. He then sang widely in Italy and made his debut at La Scala in Milan in 1943, as Rodolfo in La bohème. After the war, he began to appear outside Italy, Barcelona, London, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, etc. He first sang at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1950, as des Grieux in Manon Lescaut.
Although mostly associated with the Italian repertoire (Ernani, Il trovatore, La forza del destino, Aida, Andrea Chénier, Tosca, La fanciulla del West, Turandot, etc.), he also enjoyed considerable success as Don José in Carmen and Samson in Samson et Dalila. He left several complete opera recordings, often with soprano Renata Tebaldi. 

Del Monaco was married to soprano Rina Filippini, who was also his vocal coach. Their son, Giancarlo (b. 1945), is an operatic stage director. Del Monaco died from nephritis in Mestre, near Venice, at the age of 67.

Sources
 Le guide de l'opéra, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, Fayard, 1986. 

1915 births
1982 deaths
Deaths from nephritis
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Musicians from Tuscany 
Italian opera singers
People from Florence
Italian tenors
Thornhill is an old plantation house near Forkland, Alabama. The Greek Revival main house was built in 1833 by James Innes Thornton.  Thornhill was a cotton plantation in the early 1830s. It extended over 2,600 acres. By 1860, there were 156 slaves working on the plantation.  About a third of the slaves lived in quarters behind the main house. William Nichols is believed to be the architect. The house measures 55 feet wide. Inside is a 14 ft wide by 40 ft long central hall. There is a spiral staircase at the back. There are two rooms to either side. The left front room was the parlor. The dining room was behind it. On the front right was the master bedroom. The plantation office was behind it. Upstairs is a matching hall and four bedrooms. All eight rooms are 19.5 feet square. The downstairs rooms have 12-foot ceilings. The upstairs ceilings are 11 feet. There was once a brick kitchen behind the house. It later burned. Additions were made to the original house from 1890 to 1949
. They were razed in 1994 and rebuilt to better match the original intent. The two-story portico with six Ionic columns was added about 1850. The plantation schoolhouse was constructed about 1845. The Thornton children and neighboring plantation children were taught there. Surrounding the schoolhouse are 230-year-old post oaks. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 10, 1984.
Gallery 

Plantations in the United States
Houses in the United States
1833 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Alabama
A stadtholder is a political leader or governor who controls a region or area of land for someone else.

The title was used in the northern part of Western Europe during the 18th century. It was most commonly used in the areas that now are the countries of Belgium and the Netherlands. A person who ruled many different areas often could not take control of all of them at the same time. To deal with that problem, a stadtholder of an area would be a appointed. That person would act as the ruler for that area. As a viceroy the stadtholder had total control of the area.

The stadtholder of the Dutch Republic was in practice a hereditary monarch from the 16th to the 18th centuries. After the Napoleonic Wars, they became kings.

Related pages 
 William the Silent

References

Heads of state
History of Europe
"The Click" is the third single off the debut self-titled album by American punk band Good Charlotte. The song was released in 2001. The song didn't initially appear on the track listing for the Good Charlotte album but was later added on the track listing for the Japanese and 2003 rerelease of Good Charlotte. The song was also the theme song for the television show Undergrads and the band have also been mentioned in numerous episodes and made an appearance in the 12th episode where they played "The Click".

References

2001 songs
Good Charlotte songs
Reductionism is the idea that a system can be totally determined by looking at its parts, and by combining these using rules such as logic. Theories can be reduced to observations, concepts to things, and the laws of nature to the events that cause them.

Other page 
Holism (contrary notion)

Philosophy of science
Philosophical movements and positions
, also known as the Sagami Gulf or Sagami Sea, is an area of the Pacific coastline of the Japanese island of Honshu.   The bay is approximately  southwest of the capital, Tokyo.  

Underwater canyons extend out of Sagami Bay into the Pacific Ocean in a continuous slope called the "Sagami Trough".

Major cities on the bay include Odawara, Chigasaki, Fujisawa, Hiratsuka, Ito, and Kamakura.

History 
The center of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 was in Sagami Bay.

Related pages
 Shōnan
 Enoshima

References

Other websites

Bodies of water of Japan
Bays
Microsoft OneDrive (previously Microsoft SkyDrive, Windows Live SkyDrive and Windows Live Folders) is a free file hosting service. It lets users upload files to a cloud storage. The files can be accessed from a Web browser. It was part of the Windows Live range of services. To use the OneDrive service, a user needs a Microsoft account. OneDrive has support for Office Web Apps. It lets users change and make Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote files.

The OneDrive client app adds file synchronization and cloud backup features to its device. The app comes bundled with Microsoft Windows and is available for macOS, Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X and S. In addition, Microsoft Office apps directly integrate with OneDrive.
Devices 
OneDrive is a simple file hosting service, which comes with great advantages because now the users can upload their content from any electronic device.  The user can now upload or download their material from any mobile device, from any computer whether it may be Mac or PC it is fast and convenient without having to use any cables to download or upload any data.

Storage

Quota
 the service offers 5 GB of free storage for new users. Additional storage is available for purchase.

In June 2019, alongside the announcement for the Personal Vault, Microsoft announced that it would increase the OneDrive standalone storage plan from 50 GB to 100 GB at no additional charge, and that it would be giving Office 365 subscribers a new option to add more storage as they need it.

Related pages
 Google Drive (The Google version of OneDrive)
 MediaFire (Cloud service similar to OneDrive)

References 

Web software
Microsoft Office
File sharing
Otello is an Italian opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi. The libretto is by Arrigo Boito, based on William Shakespeare's play Othello. It was first performed at La Scala in Milan on February 5, 1887. The work is widely regarded as one of the greatest of music-dramas. Famous interpreters of the role have included Mario Del Monaco, Jon Vickers and Placido Domingo.

Principal characters

 Otello - tenor
 Desdemona - soprano
 Iago - baritone
 Lodovico - bass

Discography
1931-32: Nicola Fusati (Otello), Maria Carbone (Desdemona), Apollo Granforte (Iago), Corrado Zambelli (Lodovico); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Carlo Sabajno - (Arkadia)
 1947: Ramón Vinay (Otello), Herva Nelli (Desdemona), Giuseppe Valdengo (Iago), Nicola Moscona (Lodovico); NBC Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Arturo Toscanini - (RCA Victor)
 1951: Ramón Vinay (Otello), Dragica Martinis (Desdemona), Paul Schöffler (Iago), Josef Greindl (Lodovico); Chor der Wiener Staatsoper, Wiener Philharmoniker, Wilhelm Furtwängler - (EMI Classics)
 1954: Mario Del Monaco (Otello), Renata Tebaldi (Desdemona), Aldo Protti (Iago), Fernando Corena (Lodovico); Orchestra e Coro dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Alberto Erede - (Decca)
 1960: Jon Vickers (Otello), Leonie Rysanek (Desdemona), Tito Gobbi (Iago), Ferruccio Mazzoli (Lodovico); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, Tullio Serafin - (RCA Victor)
1961: Mario Del Monaco (Otello), Renata Tebaldi (Desdemona), Aldo Protti (Iago), Fernando Corena (Lodovico); Wiener Staatsoperchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Herbert von Karajan - (Decca)
 1968: James McCracken (Otello), Gwyneth Jones (Desdemona), Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Iago), Alfredo Giacomotti (Lodovico); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, New Philharmonia Orchestra, John Barbirolli - (EMI Classics)
 1974: Jon Vickers (Otello), Mirella Freni (Desdemona), Peter Glossop (Iago), José van Dam (Lodovico); Chor der Deutschen Oper Berlin, Berliner Philharmoniker, Herbert von Karajan - (EMI Classics)
 1978: Plácido Domingo (Otello), Renata Scotto (Desdemona), Sherrill Milnes (Iago), Paul Plishka (Lodovico); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, James Levine - (RCA Victor)
 1985: Plácido Domingo (Otello), Katia Ricciarelli (Desdemona), Justino Díaz (Iago), John Macurdy (Lodovico); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Lorin Maazel - (EMI Classics)
1986: Neil Shicoff (Otello), Carol Neblett (Desdemona), Andreas Schmidt (Iago), Alexander Malta (Lodovico); Konzertvereinigung Wiener Staatsopernchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Claudio Abbado - (Deutsche Grammophon)
 1991: Luciano Pavarotti (Otello), Kiri Te Kanawa (Desdemona), Leo Nucci (Iago), Dimitri Kavrakos (Lodovico); Chicago Symphony Orchestra and Chorus, Georg Solti - (Decca)
 1993: Plácido Domingo (Otello), Cheryl Studer (Desdemona), Sergei Leiferkus (Iago), Ildebrando D'Arcangelo (Lodovico); Chœur et Orchestre de l'Opéra-Bastille, Myung-Whun Chung - (Deutsche Grammophon)
Sources

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993. 

1880s operas
Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
The Watchtower is a magazine produced on a monthly basis by the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, distributed by Jehovah's Witnesses as part of their ministry (preaching) work. It's full name is The Watchtower Announcing Jehovah's Kingdom. The Watchtower'''s stated aim is to "honor Jehovah God, the Supreme Ruler of the universe". It is the most widely circulated magazine worldwide, and its companion magazine Awake! is the second most widely circulated magazine worldwide, according to the article Top 5 World’s Best Magazines.

There is also a "Study Edition" of The Watchtower'' that is not distributed to the public. It is used by Jehovah's Witnesses at their weekend meetings.

References

Other websites 
 The Watchtower (Simplified Edition)

Jehovah's Witnesses
American monthly magazines
Religious media
Cavalleria rusticana is an Italian opera in one act. The music was written by Pietro Mascagni. The story and words (libretto) were written by Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti and Guido Menasci. The opera was based on a play by Giovanni Verga.

The opera was first performed in Rome on May 17, 1890. The work marked the start of the verismo style in Italian opera. It is often paired with Ruggero Leoncavallo's opera Pagliacci to make a full evening. Both operas are just a little over one hour each.

Name: The name means 'rustic chivalry' or 'chivalry of (people in) the countryside'.

Characters
 Santuzza, a peasant girl (soprano)
 Turiddu, a young villager (tenor)
 Lucia, his mother (contralto)
 Alfio, a carter (baritone)
 Lola, his wife (mezzo-soprano)

Sources
 Anderson, James. 1993. The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta. Wings Books.
 The Earl of Harewood. 1989. Kobbe's Illustrated Opera Book. Putnam's. . pages 110-112.

1890s operas
Arrietty (called  in Japan and  The Secret World of Arrietty in North America) is a 2010 Japanese animated fantasy movie directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi, written by Hayao Miyazaki and Keiko Niwa and produced by Studio Ghibli, based on Mary Norton's novel The Borrowers. The movie is about a young Borrower named Arrietty. The movie stars the voices of Mirai Shida as the titular character, Ryunosuke Kamiki as Sho, and Tatsuya Fujiwara as Spiller.

The North American version of the movie was made by Disney, and stars Bridgit Mendler as Arrietty, David Henre as Sho (renamed Shawn), and Moisés Arias as Spiller. It also has Will Arnett as Arrietty's father Pod, and Amy Poehler as her mother Homily.

References

Other websites 
  
  (UK)
  (US)
 
 
 
 
 

2010s anime
2010 fantasy movies
Disney movies
Studio Ghibli
Movies based on books
Cytokinins are hormones in plants that are found both naturally and synthetically. They are used to make the process of cell mitosis quicken, and thus to make the plant grow faster.

Hormones
Plant physiology
Haskell  is a purely functional programming language. It is named after Haskell Brooks Curry, a U.S. mathematician who contributed a lot to logic. Haskell is based on lambda calculus and uses the Greek letter lambda as its logo. The main implementations are the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC), and Hugs, a Haskell interpreter.

Examples
The following is an example Hello World program in Haskell:
module Main where

main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn "Hello, World!"

One way to create an infinite list of Fibonacci numbers is this:
fib n = fibs !! n
        where fibs = 0 : 1 : zipWith (+) fibs (tail fibs)

Influence 

Haskell was influenced by many earlier programming languages. These were Clean, FP, Gofer, Hope and Hope+, Id, ISWIM, KRC, Lisp, Miranda, ML and Standard ML, Orwell, SASL, SISAL, and Scheme.
Haskell itself has influenced many later programming languages, such as Agda, Bluespec, C++11/Concepts, C#/LINQ, Cayenne, Clean, Clojure, CoffeeScript, Curry, F#, Isabelle, Java/Generics, Mercury, Perl 6, Python, Scala, Visual Basic 9.0.

References

Functional languages
Cross-platform software
The Second Boer War (,  or Tweede Boereoorlog) was a war. It lasted from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902. In the war, the British Empire fought against the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. Winston Churchill, who later became famous, was captured but escaped. At this time, the British made use of concentration camps. This weakened the Boers. It helped the British stop the war from lasting any longer.
The British troops won the war. As a result, both republics were annexed to the British Empire. Later, both were eventually  incorporated into the Union of South Africa, a dominion of the British Empire, in 1910. The conflict is commonly referred to as The Boer War but it is also known as the South African War outside South Africa, the Anglo-Boer War among most South Africans, and in Afrikaans as the Anglo-Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second War of Liberation" or lit. "Second Freedom War") or the Engelse oorlog (English War).

The Second Boer War is a part of what are known as the Boer Wars.  These include the lesser known First Boer War that took place from December 1880 to March 1881.

References

Wars involving the British Empire
History of South Africa
19th century in South Africa
20th century in South Africa
1890s
1900s
19th-century conflicts
1900s conflicts
is a small island in Sagami Bay on the Pacific Coast of the Japanese island of Honshu.  It is part of Fujisawa in Kanagawa Prefecture.

Enoshima has an area of about 0.2 km². It is linked to the mainland by a bridge.

The island is at the mouth of the Katase River.

In 1927, Enoshima was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best showed Japan and its culture in the Shōwa period.

History
 1047 (Eishō 2): Enoshima Engi was written by the Buddhist monk Kōkei.  The work is a history of the shrines on the island.
 1182 (Juei 1): Minamoto no Toritomo gave a statue to the Benzaiten shrine on the island. 
 1325 (Shōchū 2): Shōjōkō-ji was established.  It is the Buddhist temple on the island.
 1874 (Meiji 7): Samuel Cocking developed botanical gardens.
 1964 (Shōwa 39): Sailing competitions during the 1964 Summer Olympics were scheduled near the island.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Shōnan

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Enoshima Shrine 
  Enoshima Engi 

Islands of Japan
Henny Penny, also known as Chicken Little or Chicken Licken, is a fable. It is about a chicken who believes the world is coming to an end.

Other websites
 The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little printed in Boston between 1865-71.
 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Site, Henny-Penny  as collected by Joseph Jacobs, 1890
 The Cock and Hen That Went to the Dovrefell  a Norwegian variant, 1888
 Happy Ending Version 

Fairy tales
Idioms
Louisa May Alcott (; November 29, 1832 – March 6, 1888) was an American writer. She was born at Germantown, Pennsylvania to Amos Bronson Alcott, a controversial educator.

In 1834, the Alcott family moved to Massachusetts, finally settling at Concord. Family friends in the area included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Nathaniel Hawthorne.
Louisa May Alcott was born on November 29, 1832, in part of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was the daughter of a teacher. He and his wife helped children. Louisa was the second of four daughters. The family moved to Boston in 1834, where Alcott's father started a school and was friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Louisa's father's opinions on education and hard views on teaching children shaped young Alcott's mind with a desire to do well in life. In 1840, after the school ended, the Alcott family moved to a small house on land next to a river in Concord, Massachusetts. They were happy there.[4] By 1843, the Alcott family moved with some friends to the an area where everyone believed in the same thing from 1843–1844. Louisa's mom had a lot of money and with some help from Ralph Waldo Emerson, they bought land in Concord, Massachusetts. They moved to a house on April 1, 1845. Louisa went to work at an early age. She taught, sewed, and did chores in houses
. In 1848, her first book, Flower Fables, was published.
Louisa was taught by Henry David Thoreau and her father. Her father was really hard and taught her to not think about herself. She was also taught by important people like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne. They were friends of her family. She wrote for a  paper that tells everyone what is going on.

In 1847, she and her family helped on the Underground Railroad, when they allowed a runaway  slave to stay in their house for one week. Alcott believed that women should be treated  better and became the first woman allowed to vote in Concord, Massachusetts. The 1850s were hard times for the Alcotts. At one point in 1857, Alcott was so sad that she thought about killing herself. Later that year, she learned about Charlotte Brontë and felt better. She was not longer close to her sisters because they died or got married.
Writing 
She wrote many sensational stories and passionate novels such as A Long Fatal Love Chase. She also wrote stories for children. The critics liked these children's stories. She began writing only for children. In 1868, Little Women was published. It was a great success. After Little Women, Alcott wrote Little Men in 1871 and Jo's Boys in 1886. These books were about four fictional sisters: Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy March. The books were based on Alcott's childhood experiences with her own three sisters. The character of Jo was based on Alcott herself. Other children's books by Alcott include Eight Cousins, Rose in Bloom, Under the Lilacs, and Jack and Jill.
After the American Civil War, Alcott wrote fun and smart books under the name A. M. Barnard. One of her books was A Long Fatal Love Chase. Her protagonists for these books were strong and smart. She also wrote books for children, and when they became popular, she did not go back to writing for adults. Other books she wrote are the novelette A Modern Mephistopheles (1875), which people thought someone else wrote; and the Work (1873).
Alcott became very famous with her book Little Women: or Meg, Jo, Beth and Amy (1868), a story of her childhood with her sisters in Massachusetts. Part two, or Part Second, also known as Good Wives (1869), followed the characters into adulthood and marriage. Little Men (1871) talked about Jo's life at the Plumfield School that she started with her husband Professor Bhaer at the end of Part Two of Little Women. Jo's Boys (1886) completed the "March Family Saga". In Little Women, Alcott based her character "Jo" on herself. But Jo marries at the end of the story, and Alcott never got married. She said, "I am more than half-persuaded that I am a man's soul put by some freak of nature into a woman's body ... because I have fallen in love with so many pretty girls and never once the least bit with any man."  Every character  in Little Women is like a person in Alcott's own life.
Little Women was liked by a lot of people of different ages. A reviewer of Eclectic Magazine called it "the very best of books to reach the hearts of the young of any age from six to sixty". People also liked the book because it was like their own lives.
Personal life 
Three years after the Civil War started, Alcott got a job at a hospital in Washington, D.C. She worked for six weeks between 1861 and 1862. While Alcott worked at the hospital, she got typhoid. She had to spend a long time in bed, which affected her health. While she had typhoid, she used medicine that had mercury in it. When Alcott was older, she was ill most of the time. She thought this was because of mercury poisoning from the medicine she used. Early biographies about Louisa May Alcott said that she was ill and died because of mercury poisoning. However, experts now think she was ill from an autoimmune disease.

Alcott died of a stroke at age 55 in Boston, Massachusetts on March 6, 1888.

References

19th-century American children's writers
Deaths from stroke
Writers from Pennsylvania
19th-century American novelists
1832 births
1888 deaths
Sir Gawain is a legendary character in the King Arthur stories, but according to some historical critics originates and inspired from a real knight of 850 in the area of north Europe, between legend and oral norvegian Orkney Islands history. He is one of the most important Knights of the Round Table. His parents are Arthur's sister Anna and King Lot. He is the main character of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, a medieval fantasy poem. He is said to be Arthur's nephew. He appears very early on in the legend and has been mentioned in very early Welsh sord in wales.
He is one of a select number of Round Table members to be referred to as one of the greatest knights, most notably in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, well know also like with the nickname First knight. He is almost always portrayed as the son of Arthur's sister Morgause (or Anna) and King Lot of Orkney and Lothian, and his brothers are Agravain, Gaheris, Gareth, and Mordred. He was well known to be the most trustworthy friend of Sir Lancelot. In some works, Sir Gawain has sisters as well.
Name Gawain (Gauvain) 
Gawain is also called Gauvain,Gualguanus, Gwalchmei, Walwein, etc. is King Arthur's nephew and a Knight of the Round Table in the Arthurian legend. Under the name Gwalchmei, he appears very early in the legend's development: he is mentioned in some of the earliest Welsh Arthurian sources.
Gawain is known by different names and variants in different languages. The character corresponds to the Welsh Gwalchmei ap Gwyar, and is known in Latin as Walwen, Gualguanus, Waluanus, etc.; in French as Gauvain; and in English as Gawain. The later forms are generally assumed to derive from the Welsh Gwalchmei. The element Gwalch means hawk, and is a typical epithet in medieval Welsh poetry. The meaning of mei is uncertain. It has been suggested that it refers to the month of May (Mai in Modern Welsh), rendering "Hawk of May", though scholar Rachel Bromwich considers this unlikely. Kenneth Jackson suggests the name evolved from an early Common Brittonic name *Ualcos Magesos, meaning "Hawk of the Plain".
Not all scholars accept the gwalch derivation. Celticist John Koch suggests the name could be derived from a Brythonic original *Wolcos Magesos, "Wolf/Errant Warrior of the Plain." Others argue that the continental forms do not ultimately derive from Gwalchmei. Medievalist Roger Sherman Loomis suggests a derivation from the epithet Gwallt Avwyn, found in the list of heroes in Culhwch and Olwen, which he translates as "hair like reins" or "bright hair". Dutch scholar Lauran Toorians proposes that the Dutch name Walewein (attested in Flanders and Northern France c. 1100) was earliest, suggesting it entered Britain during the large settlement of Flemings in Wales in the early 12th century. However, most scholarship supports a derivation from Gwalchmei, variants of which are well attested in Wales and Britain. Scholars such as Bromwich, Joseph Loth, and Heinrich Zimmer trace the etymology of the continental versions to a corruption of the Breton form of the name, Walcmoei.

Notes

Characters in written fiction
Donna Reed (born Donna Belle Mullenger, January 27, 1921 – January 14, 1986) was an American actress. She was born in Denison, Iowa. 

Reed had a major role in It's a Wonderful Life. She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in From Here to Eternity. She won a Golden Globe Award for Best TV Star - Female for her central role in The Donna Reed Show.

She died of pancreatic cancer in Beverly Hills, California.

Other websites 

 
 
 

Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Iowa
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1921 births
1986 deaths
Danny Dyer  (born 24 July 1977) is a British actor. He was born in Custom House, London. Dyer had major roles in Human Traffic, Borstal Boy, Goodbye Charlie Bright, The Football Factory, The Business, Severance and Outlaw.

Career 
Dyer has also acted in theatre and on television, including two episodes each of The Bill and Skins, as well as playing Mick Carter in EastEnders (2013–present).

References

Other websites 

Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
1977 births
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
The Bill is a British police procedural television series. It ran from 1984 to 2010 on ITV and is set in the East End of London. It started with a pilot episode from 1983 called Woodentop and often featured guest stars who would later become more famous in other roles.

Other websites
Other websites 

1984 television series debuts
2010 British television series endings
1980s British drama television series
1980s British workplace television series
1980s crime television series
1980s workplace drama television series
1990s British drama television series
1990s British workplace television series
1990s crime television series
1990s workplace drama television series
2000s British drama television series
2000s British workplace television series
2000s crime television series
2000s workplace drama television series
2010s British drama television series
2010s British workplace television series
2010s crime television series
2010s workplace drama television series
British crime drama television series
British workplace drama television series
Crime drama television series
ITV television programmes
Police television series
Television series set in London
English-language television programs
The Courtship of Miles Standish is a long poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was published in October 1858. It sold 25,000 copies in two months. 

It tells the story of early New England settlers Miles Standish, John Alden, and Priscilla Mullins. Miles Standish and John Alden are both in love with Priscilla.  

It is unknown whether the story was taken from real-life, or if it was an American folk tale. One critic liked some aspects of the poem. He complained about other aspects though. Longfellow wrote the poem in an unfamiliar meter, Greek hexameter, and used medieval words.

Other websites 
The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Other Poems, 1858 edition, at books.google.com.
 — includes this poem.
Plot summary and historic background 

19th-century American poems
Poems by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

1858 books
Darren Walsh may refer to:

 Darren Walsh (footballer) (born 1984), Australian rules footballer
 Darren Walsh (director), British director, animator and writer
 Darren Walsh (tennis) (born 1989), tennis player
Darren Walsh (born 27 December 1984) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Essendon in the AFL.

He was drafted by the Essendon Football Club in the 2002 National draft at pick 27 in the 2nd round. He played two games in his first season with Essendon but ended the season with glandular fever. Walsh was delisted after the 2004 season without having played another game.

References

1984 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers
Darren Walsh is an English director, animator, writer, actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is best known as the voice of Angry Kid in the show of the same name. He also created, directed, and wrote the programme.

References

Other websites
 Passion Pictures 
 Ucreative 

British movie directors
English writers
British animators
English movie actors
English voice actors
English comedians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Aardman Animations Ltd., also known as Aardman, is a British-American stop-motion clay animation studio in Bristol, England. It is known for using techniques with the characters Wallace and Gromit modelled in plasticine. It successfully entered the computer animation market with Flushed Away (2006).

Their stop-motion films are among the highest-grossing stop-motion films of all time. Their debut, Chicken Run (2000), is their top-grossing film. It is the highest-grossing stop-motion film of all time.

In 1991, Park's short, Creature Comforts, was the first Aardman production to win an Academy Award.

History
Aardman was founded in 1972 as a low-budget project by Peter Lord and David Sproxton, who wanted to realise their dream of producing an animated motion picture. The partnership provided animated sequences for the BBC series for deaf children Vision On. The company name originates from the name of their nerdish Superman character in that sequence. The process of using clay animation to produce a segment called "Greeblies" (1975) became the inspiration for creating Morph, a simple clay character. Around the same time, Lord and Sproxton made their first foray into adult animation with the shorts Down and Out and Confessions of a Foyer Girl, entries in the BBC's Animated Conversations series using real-life conversations as soundtracks. Aardman also created the title sequence for The Great Egg Race and supplied animation for the multiple award-winning music video of Peter Gabriel's song "Sledgehammer". They produced the music video for the song "My Baby Just Cares For Me" by Nina Simone in 1987
. Also in the 1980s, they created the trombone-playing character "Douglas" in a television commercial for Lurpak butter.