Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Halka: Tatiana Borodina, Oleh Lykhach, Aleksandra Buczek, Mariusz Godlewski, Radosław Żukowski, Zbigniew Kryczka, Jacek Ryś, Rafał Majzner, Andrzej Kalinin, Rafał Majzner, Janusz Zawadzki. Ewa Michnik cond., Wroclaw Opera Orchestra, Chorus & Ballet. DVD, 2h16m, subtitles in Polish, English, German. DUX Recording Producers/Metronome, 19 March 2007. Cat. no DVD : DUX 9538, Barcode: 5902547095387Hrabina: Halina Slonicka,  Agnieszka Kossakowska, Edmund Kossowski, Kazimierz Pustelak, Bogna Sokorska. Mieczysław Mierzejewski cond., Orchestra & Choir Teatru Wielkiego w Warszawie. CD, Polskie Nagrania Muza, 2004
The Haunted Manor: Adam Kruszewski, Iwona Hossa, Jacek Parol, Anna Lubanska, Krzysztof Szmyt, Dariusz Stachura, Piotr Nowacki, Stefania Toczyska, Zbigniew Macias, Romuald Tesarowicz, Agnieszka Zwierko. Jacek Kasprzyk cond., Wielki Theatre Orchestra. 2 CDs, DDD, EMI Classics, Studio, 13 July 2004
The Haunted Manor: Bozena Betley-Sieradzka, Wiera Baniewicz, Zdzislaw Nikodem, Wieslaw Ochman, Andrzej Hiolski, Leonard Mroz, Andrzej Saciuk, et al. Jan Krentz cond., Orchestra & Choir of the PRiTV, Kraków. 4 CDs, Polskie Nagrania Muza, 1 January 2003. SX 0253The Haunted Manor: Andrzej Hiolski, Bernard Ładysz, Bogdan Paprocki, Halina Słonicka, Zdzisław Nikodem. Witold Rowicki cond., Orchestra & Choir Teatru Wielkiego w Warszawie. Polskie Nagrania Muza, 1992. PNCD093The Haunted Manor: Bogdan Paprocki, Edmund Kossowski, Antonina Kawecka, Marian Woźniczko, Barbara Kostrzewska, Felicja Kurowiak, Radzisław Peter, Zygmunt Mariański, Henryk Łukaszek, et al. Walerian Bierdajew cond., Poznań Opera. Early 1950s
Verbum Nobile: Andrzej Kizewetter, Krystyna Pakulska, Marian Kondella, Jan Czekay, Edward Kmiciewicz. Robert Satanowski, cond., Orchestra & Choir Państwowej Opery. CD, AAD, 1h5m, Polskie Nagrania Muza, 1993. PNCD 247 Vocal
Canons: Krzysztof Szmyt, Pawel Skaluba, Piotr Kusiewicz, Ryszard Minkiewicz. CD, DDD, DUX Recording Producers, 27 March 2001
Litanies of Ostra Brama: Czeslaw Galka, Anna Lubanska, Iwona Hossa, Adam Zdunikowski. Henryk Wojnarowski cond., Warsaw Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra. CD, CD Accord, 5 September 2006
Religious Songs: Andrzej Hiolski, Jaroslaw Malanowicz, Joanna Kozlowska, Piotr Kusiewicz. CD, DDD, CD Accord, 26 June 2001
Religious Works: Marian Sawa, Witold Pilewski, Anna Malewicz, Krystyna Szoslek-Radkowa, Krystyna Szostek-Radkowa, et al. Edmund Kajdasz cond., Warsaw Chamber Orchestra. CD, ADD, Olympia, 4 October 1993
Śpiewnik domowy I: Bożena Betley, Alina Bolechowska, Maria Fołtyn, Jadwiga Romańska, Hanna Rumowska-Machnikowska, Halina Szymulska. CD, Polskie Nagrania Muza, 1996. PNCD348Śpiewnik domowy II: Andrzej Hiolski, Bernard Ładysz, Wiesław Ochman, Maciej Witkiewicz. CD, Polskie Nagrania Muza, 1996. PNCD349 Instrumental
Opera Overtures: Grzegorz Fitelberg; Jan Krenz; Witold Rowicki cond., Polish Radio Orchestra & Chorus Katowice; Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra. CD, ADD, Olympia, 4 October 1993
Overtures: Robert Satanowski cond., Filharmonia Pomorska Bydgoszcz. CD, DDD, CPO Records, 25 January 1995
Overtures & Dances: Roland Bader cond., Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra. CD, DDD, Koch Schwann, 21 January 1997
String Quartets (w/ Ignacy Feliks Dobrzyński): Camerata Quartet. CD, DDD, DUX Recording Producers, 29 May 2007
Новае неба Станіслава Манюшкі: Classic Avantgarde ensemble (Belarus). CD, 2008.Mazur from Act IV Straszny Dwór'' with Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra under the direction of Witold Rowicki, 1967, Orchestral CDs, CD12/2011

References 

Polish conductors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Polish composers
Romantic composers
1819 births
1872 deaths
The Benois de la Danse is one of the most prestigious ballet competitions. It was started by the International Dance Association in Moscow in 1991.  It takes place each year on or around April 29 and is jury-based in its judging. The members of this jury change every year and have only top ballet personages.

Statuettes are given to the winners in the categories of lifelong achievement, ballerina, danseur, choreographer, composer and designer.

History 

The idea for the Benois de la Danse was started in Moscow.  The founders got support of UNESCO in the autumn of 1992.  Its scheduling at the end of April is to match with the birthday of Alexandre Benois (1870–1960).

French sculptor Igor Ustinov designed the statuette of the Benois de la Danse award in 1992. He is the son of the famous actor Peter Ustinov, a great-nephew of Alexandre Benois.
Goals of competition 
 To give the Benois audience the best performances of the works that have been entered, regardless of whom they were made by.
 To bring the best representatives of different dance styles and schools together.
 To support veterans of ballet financially, with funds from the gala concerts

References

Ballet
International competitions
Moscow
Bread and salt is a Slavic welcome greeting ceremony and also a type of food.

When important, respected, or admired guests arrive, they are given a loaf of bread placed on a rushnik (embroidered towel). A salt holder or a salt cellar is placed on top of the bread loaf or secured in a hole on the top of the loaf.
In modern Russia, on official occasions, the "bread and salt" is presented by young women dressed in national costumes (e.g., sarafan and kokoshnik).

When this tradition is observed in spaceflight, small packages of bread and salt are used.

References

Traditions
European foods
Kvass is a fermented beverage made from black or regular rye bread. The colour of the bread used helps to make the colour of the drink. It is a non-alcoholic drink by Russian standards.  This is because the alcohol content from fermentation is less than 1.2%. Overall, the alcohol content is low (0.05% - 1.0%). It is often flavoured with fruits or herbs such as strawberries, raisins or mint. Kvass is also used for preparing a cold summertime soup called okroshka.

It is popular in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Estonia, and other Eastern and Central European countries,  It is also popular in countries that used to be apart of the USSR (former Soviet states), such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, where one can see many kvass vendors in the streets. Kvass is also popular in Harbin and Xinjiang, areas within China that are influenced by Russian culture.

References

Fermented drinks
Beer
Beer in Europe
Okróshka is a cold soup from Russia. It is also found in Ukraine and Belarus. The name is probably from "kroshit'" (крошить), which means to crumble into small pieces.

The classic soup is a mix of mostly raw vegetables (like cucumbers and spring onions), boiled potatoes, eggs, and a cooked meat such as beef, veal, sausages, or ham with kvass.  Kvass is a mildly alcoholic beverage made from fermented black or rye bread. Okroshka is usually served with sour cream. Later versions use light or diluted kefir, vinegar, mineral water, or even beer instead of kvass.

The ingredients are diced and then mixed with kvass just before eating. The ratio of chopped food to kvass is similar to that of cereal to milk.  This lets the vegetables to keep their texture. Even though the ingredients are similar to those in a Russian salad, the taste of okroshka is quite different.
Okroshka is mostly served in summer.  This is because the soup adds the taste of kvass and the lightness of a salad. Salt and sugar can be added according to taste.

Okroshka is always served cold. Sometimes ice cubes are added to keep the soup cold in hot weather.

References

Soups
A transit of Venus across the Sun happens when the planet Venus goes between the Sun and Earth. It is a syzygy and a partial occultation of the Sun. When a transit happens, Venus can be seen as a small black dot going across the Sun. Transits of Venus usually take several hours.

Transits of Venus are among the rarest of predictable events which happen in astronomy. They occur in a pattern that repeats every 243 years, with pairs of transits eight years apart separated by long gaps of 121.5 years and 105.5 years.

The most recent transit of Venus happened on 5 and 6 June 2012. It was the last Venus transit this century. The one before took place on 8 June 2004. The next transits of Venus will be in December 2117 and December 2125.

The transit on 5 and 6 June 2012 was broadcast live on the Internet.
During the 18th century, astronomers tried to use transits of Venus to measure the astronomical unit, the distance from the Earth to the Sun. Many countries sent expeditions to distant lands to observe the transits from places as far apart as possible for maximum parallax.

One of the most famous expeditions was the voyage of Lieutenant James Cook in the HMS Endeavour.

References 

Venus
The Mir Castle Complex (, Łacinka: Mirski zamak, , ) is a UNESCO World Heritage site in Belarus.  It is in the town of Mir.

The building of the castle began at the end of the 15th century.  It is in the Gothic architecture style. Building of the castle was completed by Duke Ilinich in the early 16th century. Around 1568 the Mir Castle was owned by Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł.  He finished building the castle in the Renaissance style. A three-storey palace was built along the eastern and northern walls of the castle. 

After being not lived in for nearly a century,  and having severe damage during the Napoleonic period, the castle was restored at the end of the 19th century. In 1813, after the death of Dominik Hieronim Radziwiłł, his daughter Stefania got the castle.  She married Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg.  The castle later went to their daughter Maria, who married Prince Chlodwig Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.
Their son, Maurice Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst sold the castle to Nikolai Sviatopolk-Mirski in 1895. Nikolaj's son Michail began to rebuild the castle according to the plans of architect Teodor Bursze. The Sviatopolk-Mirski family owned the castle up to 1939.

During WWII, it came under Nazi control.  It was a ghetto for the local Jewish population. Between 1944 and 1956, the castle was used as a housing facility.  This partly damaged the castle's inside. 

In December, 2000, the Mir Castle was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Other websites

Buildings and structures in Belarus
World Heritage Sites in Europe
Gothic architecture
Grodno Region
Nesvizh Castle or Niasvizh Castle is a castle of the Radziwill family in Nesvizh in Belarus.

History
The estate was owned by the Radziwiłł Belarus magnate family starting in 1533.  It was given to Mikołaj Radziwiłł and his brother Jan Radziwiłł after the Kiszka family died. Since the Radziwills were one of the most important and rich clans of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, it was there that the Lithuanian Archive was moved in 1551. In 1586 the estate was made into an ordynacja.

In 1582 Mikołaj Krzysztof "Sierotka" Radziwiłł started to build a large square three-storey chateau. Building was completed by 1604. They added several galleries half a century later. The château's corners had four octagonal towers.
In 1706, during the Great Northern War, Charles XII's army sacked the castle.  The destroyed its fortifications. Several decades later, the Radziwills asked some German and Italian architects to fix and enlarge the chateau. Antoni Zaleski decorated its yellow facades with baroque stucco work. The 16th-century castle gates were also reconstructed. It was at this time that the three separate buildings surrounding the central courtyard were joined into a single structure.

The most important building in Nesvizh is the Corpus Christi Church.  It is connected with the castle by a dam over a ditch.  It has coffins of 72 members of the Radziwill family, each in a simple coffin made of birch and marked with Trąby Coat of Arms. Designed by the Italian architect Gian Maria Bernardoni, the church is said to be the first Jesuit temple patterned after Il Gesù in Rome.  It is the first domed basilica with Baroque facade in the world and the first baroque piece of architecture in Eastern Europe.
In 1770 the castle was taken by Russian forces. The Radziwill family was removed. The Lithuanian Archive was moved to Saint Petersburg (where it remains).  The works of art in the palace were given to various Russian nobles. The Russian army left. The palace slowly fell into disrepair. It was restored by the Radziwills.  Between 1881 and 1886 the castle's insides were fixed by Prince Anton Radizwill and his French wife, Marie de Castellane. They also made a landscape park in English style. With an area of more than one square kilometre, the park is one of the biggest in Europe.

In 1939, the Radziwill family was removed from the castle by the invading Red Army. In Soviet times, the chateau was used a sanatorium.

In 1994, the castle complex was made a national historical and cultural reserve. Twelve years later, the castle complex was added on the World Heritage List.

Other websites

Buildings and structures in Belarus
World Heritage Sites in Europe
Castles in Europe
17th-century buildings and structures
NWA Wildside was an American professional wrestling company based in Cornelia, Georgia. It operated between September 1999 and April 2005. While in operation, NWA Wildside was one of the main associates of the National Wrestling Alliance and was one of the most-watched  wrestling companies in the United States. Wildside was at first named National Championship Wrestling in 1997 and was owned by Steve Martin. In December 1999 NCW merged with NWA Georgia to form NWA Wildside under the ownership of Bill Behrens.

World Championship Wrestling hired NWA Wildside to be its development territory, and sent their training wrestlers like Shannon Moore, Jamie Noble, Sean O'Haire, Mark Jindrak and Elix Skipper to compete there. Soon, World Championship Wrestling hired some NWA Wildside wrestlers for their shows including A.J. Styles, Frank Paris, Onyx, David Young and Rick Michaels appearing on World Wrestling Federation.
With Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, some NWA Wildside stars such as Styles, Abyss, Young, Onyx, Slim J, Hotstuff Hernandez, Jason Cross, Jimmy Rave, Altar Boy Luke, Matt Sydal, Delirious and Tony Mamaluke appeared for the company. Wildside's weekly wrestling show aired nationally in the U.S. and was available to as much as 40% of the United States.

In 2004, Wildside was shown by The Wrestling Channel in the United Kingdom giving them a bigger audience. Two of the main sellers of Wildside were the fact that their wrestlers were allowed to be more creative in the ring, and the announcers gave a correct showing to the product rather than treating it as a joke.
NWA Wildside closed down after 300 weeks of television because owner Behrens accepted a job with WWE. He then worked with Jody Hamilton, the owner of DSW, a former WWE developmental territory in McDonough, Georgia. Behrens left DSW after getting the promotion ready to show TV but before TV production began due to creative differences with Hamilton, and was employed by TNA as Director of Third Party Bookings.

American professional wrestling promotions
Companies based in Georgia (U.S. state)
1997 establishments in the United States
2005 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct companies of the United States
Lambeth Bridge is a road traffic and footbridge crossing the River Thames in an east-west direction in central London, England.

On the east side of the bridge is the London Borough of Lambeth and Lambeth Palace which is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury. On the west side of the bridge is the City of Westminster and Thames House, which is the headquarters of MI5). The Palace of Westminster is a short walk downstream to the north through the Victoria Tower Garden.

The river flows north at the crossing point.  Downstream, the next bridge is Westminster Bridge.  Upstream the next is Vauxhall Bridge.

History
The first crossing at this site was a suspension bridge which was built in 1862. The current bridge opened in 1932

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites
Other websites

Survey of London entry 
 
 
 London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
 
 

Bridges in London
Club Atlético Boca Juniors () is professional football club in La Boca, a neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. They play their home games at La Bombonera. 

Boca Juniors and River Plate have an intense rivalry, and matches between them are sometimes very heated. Matches between them are known as the Superclásico, and both teams are from Buenos Aires.

Current squad

Honours

International

  Club World Cup (3): 1977, 2000, 2003 
 Copa Libertadores (6): 1977, 1978, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007 
 Copa Sudamericana (2): 2004, 2005 
 Recopa Sudamericana (4): 1990, 2005, 2006, 2008 
 Supercopa Sudamericana (1): 1989 
 Copa de Oro (1): 1993 
 Copa Master de Supercopa (1): 1992 
 Tie Cup (1): 1919 
 Copa de Honor Cousenier (1) : 1920 
 Copa de Confraternidad Escobar-Gerona (2): 1945, 1946

National
National

League
 Primera División (34): 1919, 1920, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1930, 1931 LAF, 1934 LAF, 1935, 1940, 1943, 1944, 1954, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1969 Nacional, 1970 Nacional, 1976 Metropolitano, 1976 Nacional, 1981 Metropolitano, 1992 Apertura, 1998 Apertura, 1999 Clausura, 2000 Apertura, 2003 Apertura, 2005 Apertura, 2006 Clausura, 2008 Apertura, 2011 Apertura, 2015, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2019–20

National cups
 Supercopa Argentina (1): 2018
 Copa Diego Armando Maradona (1): 2020
 Copa Argentina (3): 1969, 2012, 2015
 Copa de Competencia Jockey Club (2): 1919, 1925 
 Copa Dr. Carlos Ibarguren (5): 1919, 1923, 1924, 1940, 1944 
 Copa Estímulo (1): 1926 
 Copa de Competencia Británica George VI (1): 1946

Related pages 
 List of Argentine football teams

References 

Football clubs in Buenos Aires
1905 establishments in Argentina
Prime is a 2005 American romantic comedy-drama movie set in Manhattan, New York City. It was written and directed by Ben Younger. It stars Uma Thurman, Meryl Streep and Bryan Greenberg.

Thurman plays 37 year old divorced photographer Rafi Gardet, who begins a sexual relationship with 23 year old David Bloomberg, who is Jewish. Streep plays her psychiatrist Lisa Metzger, whom she tells about the relationship. Both women find out that the man involved is Lisa's son. Lisa disapproves of the relationship because of the age-gap and because Rafi is not Jewish.

Other websites 

2005 comedy-drama movies
2005 romantic comedy movies
2005 romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
Isaac Ilyich Levitan (; August 30, 1860 – ) was a Lithuanian-Russian landscape painter of Jewish descent.

Biography
Levitan was born in 1860 in Kibarty, Lithuania. His father worked for a railroad company. From 1873 to 1885, Levitan went to school at the Moscow College of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in Moscow, Russia. He learned painting form the painters Savrasov and Polenov. Starting in 1884 his paintings went on display with the Society for Circulating Art Exhibitions. He became a member of the society in 1891. Levitan taught landscape painting at the Moscow College of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture starting in 1898. He died in Moscow in 1900.
Work
In his career as a painter, Levitan painted many landscapes which were later thought of as masterpieces of Russian art. Levitan painted simple landscapes from Russia. Early in his career he painted scenes from around Moscow. Next he painted scenes from around the Volga River. His later paintings came from Vladimir, Vyshny Volochek, and the Tver region of Russia.

References

1860 births
1900 deaths
Lithuanian Jews
Russian Jews
Russian painters
Białowieża Forest  is an ancient woodland. It is on the border between Poland and Belarus.  It is  north of Brest (Belarus) and  southeast of Białystok (Poland). It is one of the last and largest remaining parts of the large primeval forest that once went across the European Plain.

This UNESCO World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve are in parts of the Brest Voblast and Hrodna Voblast in Belarus. On the Polish side they are near the town of Białowieża in the Podlaskie Voivodeship.  Białowieża means the White Tower in Polish.

The border between the two countries runs through the forest. There is a border crossing for hikers and cyclists. The forest is home to 800 wisent, the continent's heaviest land animals.
Belarusian section 
On the Belarusian side the Biosphere Reserve is . The National Park and World Heritage Site are . The Belavezhskaya Pushcha headquarters at Kamieniuki, Belarus has a laboratory and a zoo.  The zoo has wisent, konik (a semi-wild horse), wild boar, moose, and other animals. There is also a small museum, restaurant, snack bar and hotel. Because of the lack of facilities and having few tourists in the country, few foreign tourists visit the Belarusian Pushcha each year.

Polish section
Polish section 

On the Polish side, part of the Białowieża Forest is protected as the Białowieża National Park (Białowieski Park Narodowy).  It has a general area of about . There is also the Białowieża Glade (Polana Białowieska).  This has several buildings first owned by the tsars of Russia.  The tsars were the last private owners of the forest (from 1888 to 1917) when the whole forest was in the Russian Empire. A hotel, restaurant and parking areas are there. Guided tours into the strictly controlled areas of the park can be arranged on foot or by horse-drawn carriage. About 200,000 tourists visit the Polish part of the forest each year. Activities are: bird watching with local ornithologist, watching bisons in their natural environment, and sledge and carriage rides with a bonfire. The popular village of Białowieża is in the forest.

Named oaks
Named oaks 

The forest has a number of large, ancient pedunculate oaks (Quercus robur), some of which are individually named. Trunk circumferences are measured at breast height,  above the ground.
Great Mamamuszi. Circumference  (2005), height . One of the thickest oaks in the forest, with a beautiful column-like trunk. The tree's name stems from Molière's The Bourgeois Gentleman. Since 1989 the tree's circumference grew by . Of all the oaks in Belovezhskaya Pushcha with a circumference above , it is in the best condition.
 The King of Nieznanowo. Circumference , height . This tree has one of the most columnar trunks among the oaks in Belovezhskaya Pushcha, interestingly set in the ground. The first branches arise at the height of 18 m. It has been gradually dying since 1998. As of 2005, only two small branches still have leaves. Since the mid-1960s its trunk circumference has grown by about .
 Emperor of the South. Circumference , height . The tree shows no clear signs of dying.
 Emperor of the North. Circumference , height . The tree has a very regular trunk and shows no clear signs of dying.
Southern Cross. Circumference , height . At the base of the trunk it has a considerable lesion in the bark on the eastern side. From the mid-1960s its circumference has grown by . The name is from the shape of its crown, whose main branches look like a cross.
 The Guardian of Zwierzyniec. Circumference , height . This is one of the thickest oaks in the forest. The tree is largely bent down westwards, which most probably has contributed to the large circumference of the trunk at its base. All the branches are live, indicating that the tree is in good condition.
Barrel Oak. Circumference , height over . This tree is named for its barrel-shaped trunk, and is the oak which reaches the greatest trunk circumference among the Białowieża oaks. The tree is dead and largely has no bark, and is around 450 years old.
 Dominator Oak. Circumference , height over . One of the thickest oaks of the Belovezhskaya Pushcha, the tree has been dead since 1992 and its trunk is now largely has no bark. For many years it dominated the Puszcza Belovezhskaya Pushcha as far as size is concerned. Its age is about 450 years.
 The Jagiełło Oak. Circumference (when growing) , height . It blew down in 1974, but is probably the most famous of the trees in the forest. It is said that King Władysław II Jagiełło rested beneath it before the Battle of Grunwald in 1410. Although in fact the tree is believed to have been only 450 years old when it blew down.
Tsar Oak (Polish) (Polish: Dąb Car) of Poland. Circumference , height . The tree's volume has been estimated at . It died in 1984, and for over 20 years it has been standing dead on the edge of the valley of Leśna Prawa river. Today the trunk is totally missing bark and some of the branches have broken off and lie at the base of the trunk.
 Tsar Oak (Belarusian) (Cyrillic: Царь-Дуб) of Belarus. Oldest Belarusian oak, standing 46m tall, having a diameter larger than 2m, and being over 800 years of age. It stands 2 km from Staroje Romatowo. It has been a national monument since 1963.
Logging 
Polish environmentalists say that logging is threatening the flora and fauna in the forest, including species of rare birds. Poland's state forestry board is saying that it is being done for protection and for ecological reasons.

References

Other websites 

National parks in Europe
Biosphere reserves
Forests of Europe
World Heritage Sites in Poland
Geography of Belarus
Podlaskie Voivodeship
Belarus is divided into six oblasts (voblasts or provinces). These oblasts are the first-level subdivisions of Belarus. The city of Minsk has a special status as the capital of Belarus. Minsk is also the capital of Minsk Region.

The regions of Belarus are divided into raions (districts).

The layout and size of the regions were created in 1960 when Belarus (then the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic) became a republic of the Soviet Union.
History 
At the start of the 20th century, the borders of the Belarusian lands in the Russian Empire were still being made. In 1900 it was made of the entire Minsk Governorate and Mogilev Governorate, most of  Grodno Governorate, parts of Vitebsk Governorate, and parts of Vilna Governorate (Vilna Governorate is now in Lithuania). World War I, the independence of Poland, and the 1920-1921 Polish–Soviet War changed the borders. In 1921, Belarus had what is now all of Minsk Region except for the western fringe, the western part of Gomel Region, a western slice of Mahilyow Region, and a small part of Vitebsk Region. In 1926, the eastern part of Gomel Region was added.
In Soviet Belarus, new administrative units, called oblast or voblast  were created in 1938. And again, during World War II, the borders changed. In 1939 they were reset with Belarus gaining territory to the west, Baranavichy, Belastok (Białystok), Brest, Pinsk, and Vileyka oblasts. In 1944 Belastok was removed and the new oblasts of Babruysk, Grodno, and Polotsk were created. At the same time, Vileyka Oblast was renamed Molodechno Oblast.

At different times between 1938 and 1960, the following oblasts existed:
Babruysk Oblast, created 1944, deleted 1954
 Baranavichy Oblast, created 1939, deleted 1954
 Belastok Oblast, created 1939, deleted 1944 (now Białystok in Poland)
 Brest Oblast, created 1939
 Gomel Oblast, created 1938
 Grodno Oblast, created 1944
 Maladzyechna Oblast renamed from Vileyka Oblast 1944, deleted 1960
 Mogilev Oblast, created 1938
 Minsk Oblast, created 1938
 Navahrudak Oblast, created 1939, renamed Baranavichy Oblast December 1939
 Pinsk Oblast, created 1939, deleted 1954
 Polatsk Oblast, created 1944, deleted 1954
 Polesia Oblast, created 1938, deleted 1954
 Vitebsk Oblast, created 1938
 Vileyka Oblast, created 1939, renamed to Maladzyechna Oblast 1944

Regions

Historical division

References

Other websites 

 Interactive map of Belarus 
 Regions (oblasts) of Belarus, The official President's website
 Geography of Belarus, The official website of Belarus 
 Belarusian regions, towns and villages
 Current Status of United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names of Belarus
Regions of Belarus
Belarus-related lists
Southwark Bridge is an arch bridge across the River Thames in London, England.  The bridge makes it possible to travel back and forth between Southwark and the City of London  

At the north-west side is Vintners Court.

The south end is near the Tate Modern and Globe Theatre

The next bridge upstream is the London Millennium Bridge. The next downstream is Cannon Street Railway Bridge.

History
Southwark Bridge opened in 1921.  A previous bridge on this site opened in 1819

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

Related pages 
 List of crossings of the River Thames

References

Other websites

 
 

Bridges in London
The Struve Geodetic Arc is a chain of survey triangulations that go from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea.  They go through ten countries and over .  It made the first accurate measurement of a meridian arc.

The chain was made and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855.  He did this to find the exact size and shape of the earth. At that time, the chain passed through two countries: Union of Sweden-Norway and the Russian Empire. The Arc's first point is in Tartu Observatory.  This is where Struve did much of his research.

In 2005, the chain was added on the World Heritage List. There are 34 plaques or obelisks out of the original 265.

Chain

Norway
Fuglenes in Hammerfest
Raipas in Alta
Luvdiidcohkka in Kautokeino
Baelljasvarri in Kautokeino

Sweden
"Pajtas-vaara" (Tynnyrilaki) in Kiruna
"Kerrojupukka" (Jupukka) in Pajala
Pullinki in Övertorneå
"Perra-vaara" (Perävaara) in Haparanda
Finland
Stuor-Oivi (currently Stuorrahanoaivi) in Enontekiö ()
Avasaksa (currently Aavasaksa) in Ylitornio ()
Torneå (currently Alatornion kirkko) in Tornio ()
Puolakka (currently Oravivuori) in Korpilahti ()
Porlom II (currently Tornikallio) in Lapinjärvi ()
Svartvira (currently Mustaviiri) in Pyhtää ()

Russia
"Mäki-päälys" (Mäkipäällys (Finland 1917/1920-1940) in Hogland (Suursaari)
"Hogland, Z" (Gogland, Tochka Z) in Hogland ()

Estonia
"Woibifer" (Võivere) in Väike-Maarja Parish ()
"Katko" (Simuna) in Väike-Maarja Parish ()
"Dorpat" (Tartu Observatory) in Tartu. ()

Latvia
"Sestu-Kalns" (Ziestu) in Ērgļu novads ()
"Jacobstadt" in Jēkabpils ()

Lithuania
"Karischki" (Gireišiai) in Panemunėlis ()
"Meschkanzi" (Meškonys) in Nemenčinė ()
"Beresnäki" (Paliepiukai) in Nemėžis ()
Belarus
"Tupischki" (Tupishki) in Oshmyany district ()
"Lopati" (Lopaty) in Zelva district ()
"Ossownitza" (Ossovnitsa) in Ivanovo district ()
"Tchekutsk" (Chekutsk) in Ivanovo district ()
"Leskowitschi" (Leskovichi) in Ivanovo district ()

Moldova
"Rudi" near Rudi village, Soroca district ()

Ukraine
Katerinowka in Antonivka, Khmelnytsky Oblast ( )
Felschtin in Hvardiiske, Khmelnytsky Oblast ( )
Baranowka in Baranivka, Khmelnytsky Oblast ( )
Staro-Nekrassowka (Stara Nekrasivka) in Nekrasivka, Odessa Oblast ( )

Other websites

Geodesy
World Heritage Sites in Sweden
World Heritage Sites in Russia
For lists of World Heritage Sites in Europe, see:
List of World Heritage Sites in Northern Europe (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden)
List of World Heritage Sites in Sweden
List of World Heritage Sites in Western Europe (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Switzerland, United Kingdom)
List of World Heritage Sites in France
List of World Heritage Sites in Ireland
List of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands
List of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, and the European part of Russia)
List of World Heritage Sites in Armenia
List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria
List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary
List of World Heritage Sites in Poland
List of World Heritage Sites in Romania
List of World Heritage Sites in Russia
List of World Heritage Sites in Turkey
List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine
List of World Heritage Sites in Southern Europe (Albania, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, and Spain)
List of World Heritage Sites in Albania
List of World Heritage Sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina
List of World Heritage Sites in Greece
List of World Heritage Sites in Italy
List of World Heritage Sites in North Macedonia
List of World Heritage Sites in Spain
List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia
*
Europe
Europe-related lists
There are fourteen official UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Sweden.  There are twelve cultural sites, one natural site and one mixed site.

Inscribed sites
Name: name as listed by the World Heritage Committee
Coordinates: geographic coordinates of the site's location
County: County of Sweden where the site is at
Year: year the site was added to the World Heritage List
UNESCO ref: the site's reference number
UNESCO criteria: the criteria it was listed under (criteria i through vi are cultural, while vii through x are natural)
Description: brief description of the site

References

Sweden
World Heritage Site
This is a list of World Heritage Sites in France that are in UNESCO's World Heritage List. Currently, thirty-seven properties in France are on the World Heritage List. Thirty-three of these are cultural properties, three are natural properties, and one is mixed. The first was added to the list in 1979 and the latest in 2011.

Properties on the World Heritage List

References

France-related lists
France
World Heritage Sites in Ireland are places that are in the UNESCO World Heritage Programme.  These are places of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of mankind.

Existing sites

Brú na Bóinne
Located in County Meath, the site is several Neolithic chamber tombs, standing stones, henges and other prehistoric enclosures.  Some date to as early as 35th century BC - 32nd century BC. The site came before the Egyptian pyramids.  It was built with a knowledge of science and astronomy.  This is most evident in the passage grave of Newgrange. The site is often called the "Bend of the Boyne".  Some people think this is what Brú na Bóinne means, but it does not.  It means "Palace of the Boyne". It was made a World Heritage Site in 1993.
Skellig Michael
Off the coast of west County Kerry, Skellig Michael was probably founded in the 7th century. For 600 years the island was a centre of monastic life for Irish Christian monks. The Gaelic monastery is almost at the top of the 230-metre-high rock. It became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996. It is one of Europe's better known but hardest to reach monasteries.

Ireland
Republic of Ireland
Ireland
Ireland-related lists
This is a list of World Heritage Sites in the Netherlands with properties of cultural and natural heritage in the Netherlands that are on UNESCO's World Heritage List. Currently, nine properties in the Netherlands and Curaçao are on the World Heritage List. Eight of these are cultural properties and one is a natural property. The first was added to the list in 1995 and the latest in 2010. Seven properties are in the Netherlands, one is in Curaçao, and one is in both the Netherlands and Germany. The Wadden Sea is in the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark, but only the Dutch and German parts are on the World Heritage List.

Properties on the World Heritage List

Notes

References

Netherlands
Netherlands-related lists
This is a list of World Heritage Sites in Switzerland with cultural and natural heritage in Switzerland that are in UNESCO's World Heritage List. 
Currently, eleven properties are on the World Heritage List.  Eight of these are cultural properties and three are natural properties. The first three were added to the list in 1983 and the latest in 2011.

Sites

References

Switzerland-related lists
Switzerland
There are currently 3 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Armenia.

World Heritage Sites
The table lists information about each World Heritage Site:
Name; as listed by the World Heritage Committee
Location; in one of Greece's regions, with co-ordinates provided by UNESCO
Period; time period of significance, typically of construction
UNESCO data; Site reference number, the year the site was inscribed on the World Heritage List, and the criteria it was listed under
Description; brief description of the site

References

Armenia-related lists
Armenia
Armenia
The List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.

Bulgaria agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention in 1974.

List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

There are nine WHS places in Bulgaria. The first four properties were added in the World Heritage List in 1979, and the last in 1985.

Cultural

Natural
Cultural

Natural

Tentative list
The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated.  The evaluation process is not yet completed.
 Two neolithic dwellings with their interior and household furnishings and utensils completely preserved
 The Magoura cave with drawings from the bronze age
 The ancient town of Nicopolis ad Istrum
 The late ancient tomb of Silistra
 The Bachkovo Monastery
 The town of Melnik and the Rozhen Monastery
 The Roussensky Lom National Park
 The Ancient Plovdiv
 Thracian Tomb with Wall Paintings beside Alexandrovo village
 Vratsa Karst Nature Reserve
 Rocks of Belogradchik
 Central Balkan National Park
 Pobiti Kamani Natural Monument

Gallery

Related pages
World Heritage Committee
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Table of World Heritage Sites by country
List of World Heritage Sites in Europe

References

Other websites

  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria-related lists
There are thirteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Poland. The first properties were added to the World Heritage List in 1978. Two of the sites are shared with neighboring countries.

World Heritage Sites

References

Poland
Poland-related lists
The List of World Heritage Sites in Romania is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.

Romania agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention in 1990.

List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

There are seven WHS places in Romania.

Cultural

Natural
Cultural

Natural

Tentative list
The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated.  The evaluation process is not yet completed.
 Le Monastère de Neamt
 Eglises byzantines et post-byzantines de Curtea de Arges
 L'ensemble monumental de Tirgu Jiu
 L'ensemble rupestre de Basarabi
 L'église des Trois Hiérarques de Iassy
 Les "coules" de Petite Valachie
 L'église de Densus
 Le noyau historique de la ville d'Alba Julia
 Massif du Retezat
 Pietrosul Rodnei (sommet de montagne)
 Sinpetru (site paléontologique)
 Codrul secular Slatiora (forêt séculaire)
 The Historic Centre of Sibiu and its Ensemble of Squares
 The old villages of Hollókő and Rimetea and their surroundings

Related pages
World Heritage Committee
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Table of World Heritage Sites by country
List of World Heritage Sites in Europe

References

Other websites

  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

Romania

Romania
Romania
Romania-related lists
The List of World Heritage Sites in Russia is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.

Russia agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention in 1988.

List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

There are 24 WHS places in the Russian Federation.
 

1:(shared with Lithuania)
2:(shared with Belarus, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Norway, Sweden, Ukraine)
3:(shared with Mongolia)
Tentative list
The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated.  The evaluation process is not yet completed.
 Historical and Cultural Jeyrakh-Assa Reservation
 The architectural and historical complex "Shelter of count N.P. Cheremetev"
 The Valamo archipelago
 The National Park of Vodlozerof
 The Bolgar historical-architectural complex
 The ensemble of former city building of Sviyazhsk
 Centre historique d'Irkoutsk
 Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
 Rostov Kremlin
 Railway Bridge Over Yenissey River
 Historic Center of the Yenisseisk
 Church of Prince Dimitri "On Blood"
 Great Pskov
 Petroglyphs of Sikachi-Alyan
 Daurian Steppes (Daursky State Biosphere Reserve)
 The Commander Islands (Comandorsky State Nature Reserve)
 Magadansky State Nature Reserve
 Krasnoyarsk Stolby
 The Great Vasyugan Mire
 Ensemble of the Astrakhan Kremlin
 The Ilmensky mountains
 The archeological site of Tanais
 Russian Kremlins
 Bikin River Valley (Extension of the "Central Sikhote-Alin")
Architectural and Park Ensemble "Tsar's Country Estate Izmaylovo"
 Bashkir Ural
Related pages
World Heritage Committee
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Table of World Heritage Sites by country
List of World Heritage Sites in Asia 
List of World Heritage Sites in Europe

References

Other websites

  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

World Heritage Sites in Russia
Russia-related lists
Russia
Below is the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Turkey.

References

Other websites
 UNESCO World Heritage Centre - Turkey

Turkey
Turkey geography-related lists
Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel (ATSEPs) are the air traffic management technical staff in charge of the electronics and software used for the safety of air traffic.

In France, ATSEPs are from the French Civil Aviation University, and in Morocco from the Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile.

References

Other websites
website page about ATSEPs
 ATSEP Belgium Association webpage about the ATSEP 
ATSEP Competence 

Occupations in aviation
Aviation licenses and certifications
Air traffic control
Instrument rating refers to the qualification that a pilot must have in order to fly under Instrument Flight Rules, that means without looking outside, only by looking the cockpit instruments. 

Aviation licenses and certifications
A type rating is an authorization to fly a certain aircraft type that requires additional training. What aircraft require a type rating is decided by the local civil aviation authority.

References

Aviation licenses and certifications
Peter O'Neill, CMG (born 13 February 1965 ) was the prime minister of Papua New Guinea from 2011 to 2019.

References

Living people
1965 births
Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea
Programmable Read-Only Memory (PROM) is a type of read-only memory (ROM) that can be programmed directly by the user using a special PROM programmer. It is a control memory in which stored information can be altered, but not as easily as in ordinary memory.

A PROM that is able to be erased and rewritten is called an EPROM (standing for erasable programmable read-only memory). A PROM that is able to erased and rewritten only using electricity is called an EEPROM (standing for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory).

Computer memory
was a Japanese musician, composer, music producer, pianist, keyboardist, and actor. His nickname is Kyoju, which means Professor in Japanese.

Early life
He was from Tokyo. He was born there on 17 January 1952. He learned music at Tokyo University of the Arts and Tokyo University of Arts graduate school.

Career

Musician
He was one of the founders of the music group Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO). YMO is an English acronym. YMO stands for "Yellow Magic Orchestra", which he formed with Haruomi Hosono and Yukihiro Takahashi in the late 1970s. The group gained success and became famous at home and abroad. In addition, he released music solo parallel to his work as a member of YMO.

Other than his own music, Sakamoto has offered musical pieces to other artists and composed soundtracks. The soundtrack of "The Last Emperor" shown in 1987 was evaluated and won an Academy Award for Original Music Score by a Japanese artist for the first time.
Actor
Sakamoto has also acted in several movies:  His most notable roles were as the conflicted antagonist Captain Yonoi in Merry Christmas Mr Lawrence, alongside Takeshi Kitano and English rock singer David Bowie, and as the evil antagonist Masahiko Amakasu (a real-life Japanese officer, murderer and movie boss) in The Last Emperor. He also appeared as a music director in Madonna's "Rain" music video.

Sports work
In 1994, Japan Football Association asked Ryuichi Sakamoto to compose the instrumental song "Japanese Soccer Anthem".

This instrumental song played at the beginning of Japan Football Association-sponsored events, such as Emperor's Cup matches.

Activist
In late years he has often spoken about the issues of environmental problems, including against nuclear reactors after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, and peace, including against nuclear weapons, in the media.
Personal life
Sakamoto's first of three marriages occurred in 1972, but ended in divorce in 1974—Sakamoto had a daughter from this relationship. Sakamoto then married popular Japanese pianist and singer Akiko Yano in 1982, following several musical collaborations with her, including touring work with the Yellow Magic Orchestra. Sakamoto's second marriage ended in August 2006, 14 years after a mutual decision to live separately—Yano and Sakamoto raised one daughter, J-pop singer Miu Sakamoto. He has lived with his manager and wife Norika Sora since around 1990 until his death and has two children with her.

On 10 July 2014, Sakamoto released a statement and said that he had been diagnosed with oropharyngeal cancer in late June. He announced that he was taking a break from his work while he went through treatment and recovery.
Sakamoto died as a result of his ongoing battle with rectal cancer on 28 March 28 2023 in Tokyo, which was discovered in 2021. His death was announced on April 2 through his website, after his funeral was held that included family members and close friends.

References

1952 births
2023 deaths
Musicians from Tokyo
Actors from Tokyo
Environmentalists
Nonviolence advocates
Cancer deaths in Japan
The List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine is a group of places chosen by UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, located in Ukraine.

History
UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.

Ukraine agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention in 1988.

List
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.  It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow.

There are five WHS places in Ukraine.

Cultural

Natural

Notes
This UNESCO World Heritage Site includes two biosphere reserves: Carpathian Biosphere Sanctuary and the southern half of East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve (Poloniny National Park and Uzhok National Park) as well some protected Presov areas in the eastern Slovakia.