Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The steps

For an example, we'll say A is connected to places B and C, and B and C are both connected to D and E. D and E are both connected to Z. There are 4 possible ways to go from A to Z. You can go A-B-D-Z, A-C-D-Z, A-B-E-Z, or A-C-E-Z. A computer using A* first looks at how hard it is to get from A to B, and from A to C. This is the "cost" for those places. The cost of a place means how hard it is to get from A to that place. After writing down both costs, the computer looks at how hard it is to get from B to D, and adds this to B's cost. It writes this down as D's cost. Then the computer looks at how hard it is to get from C to D, and adds this to C's cost. This is a different cost for D, and if it's less than the one it already has, it will replace the old one. The computer only wants to know the best path, so it ignores the path with the higher cost. It will only remember one of A-B-D and A-C-D, whichever is faster.
The computer goes on and finds the fastest way to get to E. Finally, it goes from D to Z, and finds a cost, and from E to Z and finds a cost. It gets a final cost for Z, and this is the smallest cost it can get. Now the computer knows which way is the fastest, and it has the answer. The computer can do a similar series of steps, but with many many more places. Each time, it will look at the place that's nearest to A, and will add up the costs to that place's neighbors.

People call the above series of steps Dijkstra's algorithm. Dijkstra's algorithm can be slow, because it will look at many places that might be going the wrong way from Z. If you asked the computer how to get from one city to a near one, Dijkstra's algorithm might end up looking in another state.
A* is one algorithm in a big group of similar algorithms. These algorithms are all different ways of finding a path between two places, over certain paths between them. They are called path-finding algorithms. "Places" and "paths" aren't always real places, though. They can be abstract, and they can be a metaphor for something else. One example where it is a real place is trying to find a road trip on Google Maps or Mapquest. In this example, the paths are roads, and the places are houses or cities. A second example is sending information over the Internet. The information needs to go through many computers to get to the end. Many routers use A* to find the best way to send information across the Internet. Here, the paths are cables, and the places are computers. For a third example, where it's not literal, you want to make a certain chemical from the ingredients you have. Mixing some of these ingredients will produce new chemicals, and those can be mixed with each other
. A path-finding algorithm could tell you which order to mix them in. Here, the paths are chemical reactions, the cost is how long the reaction takes to finish, and the places are the different chemicals you can make.
Dammam ( ) is the capital of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Dammam is the largest city in the Eastern Province. It is the fifth largest city in Saudi Arabia. It is part of the Dammam Metropolitan Area. It is an important commercial hub and port.

King Fahd International Airport (KFIA) is in the northwest of the city. Dammam's King Abdul Aziz Sea Port is the largest on the Persian Gulf. Its import-export traffic in the country is second to the Jeddah Seaport.

Cities in Saudi Arabia
King Fahd International Airport () , also known by the acronym  KFIA, is a Saudi international airport near Dammam.  It is the largest airport in the world in terms of area.

The airport is an airline hub for the national carrier, Saudia.

History
Design started in 1976. The site master plan was created by architecture company Yamasaki & Associates and Boeing Aerosystems International. This plan was completed in 1977. Construction began in 1983. The airport opened for commercial operations in November 1999.

The airport's basic infrastructure was complete by the end of 1990. The General Authority of Civil Aviation of Saudi Arabia finally opened the new Dammam King Fahd International Airport on November 28, 1999 to commercial traffic. All airlines transferred their operations from Dhahran International Airport, which had been in use until then.
Location
KFIA is northwest of Dammam.  The airport serves the entire Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia and the growing urban complex made up of Dammam, Dhahran, Al Khobar, Qatif, Ras Tanura and Jubail with total population of about 2 million.

The airport, in the Eastern Province of the country, is located between Qatif and Dammam, about  away from Dammam. It is linked to population areas by two major roads. The northern exit links the airport with Qatif as a 4-lane highway. The southern exit links the Airport with Dammam as a 6-lane highway to King Fahd Road which is now considered as the main road to the airport. Abu Hadriyah Highway, serves as the airport's eastern border while Dammam-Riyadh Highway serves as a southern border.

On the airport's southern border, Saudi Aramco occupies an area of 250 km² (97 mi²) which is used for oil drilling and transportation facilities.
Terminals
The terminal has six stories, three of which are allocated for passenger processing. The third level is for arrivals, the sixth level is for departures, and the fourth level is for boarding. There are two partial levels: the mezzanine service level and the mezzanine level (which is the uppermost level).

The passenger terminal’s total area is 327,000 m² (3,519,798 ft²). Approximately 247,500 m² (2,664,067 ft²) were built in the first phase, in addition to 11 fixed passenger boarding bridges serving 15 gates out of an original design capacity of 31 fixed boarding bridges.

The terminal has several customer counters of which 66 were allocated to Saudia (now shared with Nas Air), 44 to foreign airlines and the rest for Customs and Immigration.

Services and amenities
The airport has several duty-free stores. In addition to the spaces allocated to duty-free stores, the airport has a separate area for shops specializing in the sale of gifts and all passenger related goods. This area includes restaurants, cafeterias, and banks, and is located on the arrivals level. Several ATMs and currency exchange shops are available in the departure and arrival areas. The airport is served by a multi-storey car park.

Smoking is not allowed in the airport. A fine of SR200 is collected breaking the rule. The airport has a smoking room in the Departure area.

The airport Mosque is built on the roof of the car park, in the middle of a landscaped area of 46,200 m² (497,292 ft²). The Mosque accommodates two thousand worshipers, access to it can be easily gained from the passenger terminal through two enclosed, air-conditioned bridges with moving belts, in addition to a third open bridge.
Royal terminal
The Royal Terminal is reserved for the Saudi Royal Family, government , and official guests. The terminal was built on an area of 16,400 m² (176,528 ft²) and has four bridges connecting the terminal and aircraft. It is luxuriously furnished and decorated, and includes extensively landscaped exteriors and grounds. Despite its specialized purpose, the terminal is rarely used by the Royal Family, who generally prefer to utilize a similar special terminal at King Abdulaziz Air Base.

Airlines and destinations

Cargo airlines

Airport infrastructure
Runways
The airport has two parallel runways with a length of  each, in addition to taxiways parallel to the runways and a cross taxiway to connect the two runways. A distance of  separates the two runways to facilitate simultaneous takeoff and landing operations. For more convenience and shorter taxiing durations, the east runway is usually used by Saudi Aramco while commercial airlines use the west one, however situation changes if one of the runways is undergoing maintenance. Space has been set aside for the construction of a third parallel runway.
The airport is classified as Code E by ICAO which makes it designed to accommodate large aircraft lke Boeing 747-400 and A340-600. Although it may practically be possible for A380 to use the airport it is not recommended as in order to accommodate such aircraft as Airbus A380 or Boeing 747-8 it requires the airport to be Code F. Only the runways at Dammam Airport meet Code F requirements; the taxiways and gates do not. In May 2009, an Antonov 225 the world's largest aircraft landed at Dammam Airport from Ukraine whilst transporting equipment used for oil drilling and exploration to Tanzania for Schlumberger.

A road for ground support equipment (GSE) runs along the western side of the central terminal. It is designed to allow GSE to have access to aircraft and also to facilitate the movement of baggage vehicles from aircraft to baggage areas.

Operations Services
There are ten main Operations Services areas providing facilities for the operation of the airport.
Cargo
The two-story air cargo building is constructed on an area of 39,500 m² (425,174 ft²) and has a capacity of 94,000 metric tons (103,617 tons) of incoming and outgoing cargo.

The terminal’s design allows for transforming the operation system to a fully automatic system with multi-level racks and a container stacking system. When the air cargo facility becomes fully automatic, its capacity will be increased to 176,000 metric tons (194,007 tons) per year.

Control Tower
The control tower stands 85.5 meters (281 feet) high, equivalent to the height of a 30-story building. The height allows visibility of all parts of the airport operations area. Its total floor area is 7,960 m² (85,681 ft²), and it contains the following three main sections:
 Air traffic control level
 Mezzanine level one, which accommodates support equipment for traffic control and communication
 Mezzanine level two, allocated for a kitchen and toilets
Car parking
The total area of the car park is 176,752 m² (1,902,543 ft²), distributed among three covered floors. The parking area accommodates 4,930 cars. Cars enter the car park through a roadway that leads to the second floor. There is direct access to the passenger terminal from the parking on the first floor which lies under the access road with exits leading to the main roads. Parking charges are 1 Saudi Riyal per hour, which is a flat rate regardless how long you stay. There are no special long term parking rates.

Two open parking areas are available beside the rental car parking area to accommodate additional cars.
Saudi Aramco Facilities
Saudi Aramco is responsible for supplying fuel and maintaining fuel installations. These include six large tanks with a capacity of 40,000 barrels each, in addition to pumping equipment, filters, loading stations, and the distribution valve network. Saudi Aramco operates regular flights for its personnel, which originate from Dammam to cover Haradh, Tanajib, Shaybah, Hawtah, Al Ahsa, Khurais, Riyadh, Jeddah and Yanbu, using Boeing 737 and Dash-8 equipment.

The General Aviation terminal on the east side of Dammam airport is being used exclusively by Saudi Aramco. In addition, an advanced fleet of fuel tankers provides fuel services to all types of commercial aircraft.

Food preparation and Catering Building
This building is a 17,287 m² (186,075 ft²), single-story in-flight catering facility, capable of producing 8,000 aircraft meals a day plus 1,000 meals for staff and 300 for the Royal Pavilion kitchen.
Nursery and landscaping
King Fahd International Airport has its own plant nursery with a total area of  which encompasses three green houses and  of green fields. The nursery supplies the airport gardens and planted areas with trees and plants.

Statistics
King Fahd International Airport consistently has over 2.5 million passengers per year and at present over 5 million passengers use the airport annually.

Related pages
 List of airports in Saudi Arabia

References

Airports in Saudi Arabia
1999 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Saudi Arabia
San Pedro Sula is a city in Honduras. With 873,824 people in the main municipality, and 1,245,598 in its metro area (2010), it is the second largest city, after the capital Tegucigalpa. It is considered the industrial center of Honduras. It is the capital of the Cortés Department.

History
Before the arrival of the Spanish, the Sula Valley was home to approximately 50,000 native inhabitants. The area that is home to the modern city served as a local trade hub for the Mayan and Aztec civilizations. The Spanish conquest brought about a demographic collapse from which the native population would never recover.
Climate
San Pedro Sula features has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) under the Koppen Climate Classification, tending a tropical monsoon climate (Am) slight influences ;with a dry season spanning from April through May and a wet season covering the remaining ten months. The city experiences relatively high temperatures year-round and some rainfall. San Pedro Sula has experienced hurricanes and tropical storms and is prone to them during the hurricane season usually when the storms form in the southern part of the Caribbean or Western Africa.

Administrative divisions
San Pedro Sula, as most cities built under the Spanish colonial period, is divided in quadrants.
Avenues in the city run from north to south and streets run from east to west. First Street and First Avenue mark the "center of the city" and effectively divide it into four major quadrants NW, NE, SW and SE.
Barrio Guamilito is just to the west and north of the center. Noroeste neighborhoods include Colonia Moderna (from 1 Calle to 5 Calle NO, from Avendia Circunvalación to the river beyond 24 Avenida), Colonia La Mora (from 5 Calle NO to 7 Calle NO, from Avendia Circunvalación to the río beyond 24 Avenida), Colonia Zeron, the Colonia Columbia by the Universidad de San Pedro Sula, Barrio La Cervecería and Barrio Guadalupe.  Across the river along which 24 Avenida runs is Colonia Juan Lindo and Colonia Jardines Del Valle.

From the river past 24 Avenida, north to 25 Calle and west to 12 Avenida, is Colonia Universidad. Universidad de San Pedro Sula is to its south, across the river.  West of Colonia Universidad is Colonia Country, a small neighborhood including the Academia Americana, and Colonia Villas del Sol, which runs from Boulevard Mackey west to include Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras en el Valle de Sula, and goes north to Río Bermejo but does not cross it.
Just past the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras en el Valle de Sula, and spanning the Río Bermejo, is Colonia El Pedregal, which has residential high-rises.

Further out, north across the Río Bermejo, running to the edge of the city, and with calles (streets) renumbering from 1 up, are Colonia Los Alpes and Rancho El Coco and Residencial Los Cedros and Colonia La Tara.
Far to the north is Colonia Fesitranh.
Barrio Las Acacias is just to the north of center. Nor-Este neighborhoods include Barrio San Cristobal, Villa Florencia, Colonia Ideal, Barrio Morazán, Colonia Modelo, and further out Colonia Bográn, Colonia El Carmen, and Colonia Los Laureles.
Includes the road to the airport, Aeropuerto Internacional Ramon Villeda Morales and to the city of La Lima.  Southeast neighborhoods include Barrio Medina (11 Calle SE to Avenida Juan Pablo II, 4 Avenida SO to 10 Avenida SE), Colonia La Aurora (defined by 7 Calle SE to 10 Calle SE, and 14 Avenida SE to Segundo Anilo, approximately where 18 Avenida would be), Barrio Cabañas, Barrio La Navidad, San Pedro, Barrio Las Palmas, Barrio San Luís, Colonia La Unión, Barrio La Paz.  Farther out: Colonia Rivera Hernández, San Cristobal.

References

Settlements in Honduras
Cities in Central America
1530s establishments in North America
1536 establishments
Microfinance is the idea to provide services banks and insurance companies provide to those people who usually are not served by such businesses. It is an important form of development aid. Serving these people is usually very expensive for banks and insurance companies; that is why they usually do not do it. Speciaized NGOs like Oikocredit provide these services:
Banking and other services are based on a personal relationship, rather than commercial interests.
Very often, several people apply for a loan or insurance together.

As an example, microfinance allows people in underdeveloped countries to start their own businesses for their family.

References 

Finance
Spokane county is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. Its county seat is Spokane, Washington. As of 2020, 539,339 people live in the county. The county has 1,764 square miles, or 4,569 square kilometers, of land, and it was organized in 1858.

References

 
1858 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
Grimm is an American television series that started on the NBC television network on October 28, 2011.

References

American drama television series
2011 American television series debuts
English-language television programs
The Symphony No. 3 in E flat major ("Eroica"), Op. 55 is a work for orchestra. It was written in 1803 by Ludwig van Beethoven. It was completed in 1804, and premiered on 7 April 1805 at the Theater an der Wien. Beethoven did not want the symphony to be about Napoleon, but he did want to dedicate it to him. When Beethoven learned Napoleon had declared himself Emperor, he tore the dedication page in pieces. The symphony was published in 1806 with the subtitle "Eroica" (Heroic). The symphony has four movements (parts).

Form

I. Allegro con brio
The first movement has a tempo of Allegro, which is moderately fast. It is in  time, and it uses sonata form. It starts with two loud E-flat major chords. Then, the first main melody of the movement is played by the cellos. After a few minutes, the second main melody is played in B-flat major.

II. Marcia funebre. Allegro assai

III. Scherzo. Allegro vivace - Trio

IV. Finale. Allegro molto - Poco Adante - Presto
References
 Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. All Media Guide, LLC. p. 102. .

Symphony 03
The Symphony No. 4 in A major, Op. 90 is an orchestral work by Felix Mendelssohn. He gave the nickname Italian to the symphony. It premiered in London on 13 March 1833.

References
 Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music.  All Media Guide, LLC. p. 822. .

Compositions by Felix Mendelssohn
Mendelssohn No 4
Songs Without Words is a collection of short piano pieces by Felix Mendelssohn. The collection was published in eight books of six "songs" each between 1829 and 1845. These pieces are suitable for amateur pianists of varying abilities. A few were given titles by Mendelssohn and his publishers: "Venetian Boat Song", "Duetto", "Folk Song", "Spring Song", "Hunting Song", etc.

References
 Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music.  All Media Guide, LLC. p. 827. .

Solo piano pieces
Compositions by Felix Mendelssohn
Dorothy Arlene "Claire" Dodd (December 29, 1911 – November 23, 1973) was an American actress. She acted in several movies. She played secretary Della Street in The Case of the Curious Bride and The Case of the Velvet Claws.

Dodd was born in central Iowa. She died from cancer in Beverly Hills, California.

References

American movie actors
Actors from Iowa
1911 births
1973 deaths
The DK Bongos are a special bongo-like controller that can be used in some Donkey Kong games for Nintendo GameCube. The bongos are shaped like the ones seen in the Donkey Kong games. The controller has a built-in microphone to detect clapping. It was introduced in the music video game Donkey Konga.

The DK Bongos are seen in various games from the Super Smash Bros. series. They are a part of Donkey Kong's "Final Smash" attack (a powerful attack that can be used to kill opponents easily).

Games
Donkey Konga
Donkey Konga 2
Donkey Konga 3
Donkey Kong Jungle Beat

Nintendo hardware
Donkey Konga is a rhythm video game for the Nintendo GameCube. It was created by Namco and published by Nintendo. It was released in Japan on December 12, 2003, in North America on September 27, 2004, and in Europe on October 15, 2004. It is played with the DK Bongos, a controller that looks like two bongo drums. Two sequels, Donkey Konga 2 and Donkey Konga 3, were made. Donkey Konga 3 was only released in Japan.

The Japanese, European, and American versions all have different song lists. There are 32 songs in the Japanese version, 31 songs in the European version, and 33 songs in the American version. Music from Nintendo game series such as Super Mario Bros. and The Legend of Zelda are included.

References

Music video games
2003 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Donkey Kong
Eat Bulaga!  formerly Eat... Bulaga!, is a Philippine television variety show broadcast by GMA Network. It is the longest running variety show in the Philippines, with over 13,000 episodes. Originally hosted by Tito Sotto, Vic Sotto, Joey de Leon, Chiqui Hollman and Richie D'Horsie, it premiered on Radio Philippines Network on July 30, 1979. The show was originally produced by Production Specialists, Inc., until TAPE Inc. took over its production on July 7, 1981.

History

On March 9, 2020, APT Studios we're suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Related pages
People's Television Network
Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation
ABS-CBN
TV5 Network
Aliw Broadcasting Corporation

References 

1970s establishments in the Philippines
1979 establishments in Asia
1979 television series debuts
Philippine television series
Quezon City
Vicente "Tito" Castelo Sotto III (born August 24, 1948) is an actor, TV host and  a politician in the Philippines.

Sotto was vice mayor of Quezon City, Philippines from 1988 to 1992. He was also in the Philippines' Senate for two terms from 1992 to 2004. In 2010, he was reelected in the Senate.

He was a host of Eat Bulaga!.

On May 21, 2018, he became the 29th President of the Senate of the Philippines, replacing Koko Pimentel.

Sotto was a candidate for Vice President of the Philippines in the 2022 election.

Biography
Sotto was born on 24 August 1948. His parents were Marcelino Ojeda Sotto and Dr. Herminia Castelo Sotto. He studied at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran in Intramuros, Manila. He earned there a Bachelor of Arts degree majoring in English.

References

Minority leaders of the Senate of the Philippines
Filipino actors
Majority leaders of the Senate of the Philippines
1948 births
Living people
Filipino television presenters
People from Quezon City
The Senate of the Philippines (Filipino: Senado ng Pilipinas, also Mataas na Kapulungan ng Pilipinas or "upper chamber") is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, the Congress; the House of Representatives is the lower house. 

The Senate is made of 24 senators who are elected  at-large with the country as one district under plurality-at-large voting.

The Senate shall elect its President and the House of Representatives its Speaker by a vote of all its respective members.

Other websites
Official Website
Official Government Portal 

Philippines

Government of the Philippines
Wheel 2000 (full title Wheel of Fortune 2000) was a children's' television game show. It aired on Saturday mornings on CBS from September 13, 1997 to February 7, 1998. It was a spin-off of the television game show Wheel of Fortune. It was hosted by David Sidoni.

Introduction
Gameplay was the same as the adult version of Wheel of Fortune, with some differences. Instead of money, players played for points. Winning a round earned the player a prize. Players picked from three categories at the start of a round. A new category replaced the one picked in the next round. Other things included:
 Bankrupt was called The Creature. It had a creature come out of the wheel to "eat" the player's points.
 Lose a Turn was called Loser.
 There was a WWW.WHEEL2000.COM space. If a correct letter was called, a randomly chosen person who had logged on to the Wheel 2000 website won a t-shirt. The player got 750 points per instance of their letter.
 There was a Double Up space. A contestant who landed on this space was asked a question. Getting the question right allowed the player to pick a letter for 1,000 points per instance. If the player answered wrong, it was 500 points per instance.
There was a Prize Box space. Landing on this and calling a correct letter won the player a small prize. This prize was kept no matter if the player lost or won the game. The player also got 100 points per instance of their letter.
 Three 250-point stunt spaces were on the wheel. Landing on one of these spaces allowed the player to play a stunt. This would allow a player to earn up to three consonants. After the stunt, the player could see if the consonants were in the puzzle, or call their own consonant.
 The physical games in Wheel 2000 are:
 Call Waiting – The contestant would have to pick up telephones and figure out who was calling them.
 Feed the Raptor – The contestant had to dig meat out of a pit with a giant spoon and put it into the raptor's mouth.
 Monster Heads – The contestant was given an apron, gloves, and goggles to put on. He/She had to grab pieces of famous heads and stick them on the monster out of a slimy basket.
Letter Launch – The contestant had to put alien ships on a catapult and launch them into a spinning pod.
 Smell-O-Letter – The contestant was given a mask with a smelling tube. He/She had to identify what the smell was inside the four tubes by sticking the tube in the hole. This physical game was similar to another physical game called What's That? on the Canadian kids game show, Uh Oh!
 Chutes and Letters – The contestant had to stick a ball down a tube towards a spinning wheel, and predict what color the ball would land in. This physical game's name is a play on words of the children's board game, Chutes and Ladders.
 Remote Rally – The contestant had to control a remote-controlled car through an obstacle course, and cross each line until they got to the end. One line allowed the player to win a Wheel 2000 cap.
 Cube Roll – The contestant had to toss pairs of cubes into the air, and match a pair of symbols to earn a letter.
 Match It – The contestant played a matching game in order to earn letters.
Wash and Wear Words – The contestant had to put on clothes. Each of the 4 types of clothing (cap, shirt, shorts, shoe) contained a letter. The contestant had to spell the correct 3 to 4-letter words. When he/she hit the button, he/she had to say what word they were wearing to earn a letter.
 Alien Toss – The contestant had to toss foam aliens at numbered windows with shapes behind them, and match a pair of shapes to earn a letter.
After a puzzle, a video clip about the puzzle was shown.

Bonus Round

The winning player chose one of two prize packages, labeled "A" and "B." A puzzle was given, and all instances of the letters R, S, T, L, N, and E were shown. The player then picked three more consonants and a vowel. Solving the puzzle correctly in 10 seconds won the player the prize package.

Television game shows
CBS network shows
Television spin-offs
1997 television series debuts
1998 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Claire Windsor (14 April 1892 – 24 October 1972) was an American actress who acted primarily in movies in the silent era. Her career lasted close to 27 years, although she made many very notable movies in her career. Windsor was born in Kansas. She died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California at age 80.

American movie actors
Actors from Kansas
1892 births
1972 deaths
The 1948 United States presidential election happened on November 2, 1948. This election was between Harry S. Truman (president at that time) and Thomas E. Dewey (the Governor of New York). Truman won by 303 electoral votes. Dewey got 189 electoral votes. Thurmond got 39 electoral votes including a faithless elector in Tennessee.

This election is best known as an upset because of the election results. Predictions showed that Dewey would beat Truman at the polls. For example, a newspaper in Chicago printed an issue in advance which said that Dewey had won the election. However, Truman won the election instead.

Candidates

Republican Party
Republican candidates:
Thomas E. Dewey, Governor of New York
Robert Taft, Senator from Ohio
Harold Stassen, former governor of Minnesota
Arthur H. Vandenberg, President pro tempore of the senate from Michigan
Earl Warren, governor of California
Douglas MacArthur, General of the Army from New York

Candidates gallery
Candidates gallery

Democratic Party
Democratic candidates:
Harry S. Truman, President of the United States from Missouri
Richard Brevard Russell, U.S. senator from Georgia

Candidates gallery

References

Other websites
1948 popular vote by counties
1948 State-by-state Popular vote 
How close was the 1948 election?  – Michael Sheppard, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Booknotes interview with Zachary Karabell on The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election, June 4, 2000.

1948 in the United States
1948
Lamar is a city and county seat of Barton County, Missouri, United States. It is well known as the birthplace of President Harry S. Truman. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 4,532.

References

Cities in Missouri
County seats in Missouri
The Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64 is a work for orchestra and solo violin by Felix Mendelssohn. He completed the concerto in 1844. It was written for Leipzig concertmaster Ferdinand David. The sonata rondo finale is written in E major. The concerto is a pillar of the classical repertoire.

References
 Woodstra, Chris, et al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music.  All Media Guide, LLC. p. 825. .

Compositions by Felix Mendelssohn
Mendelssohn
The Piano Concerto No. 5 in E flat major ("Emperor"), Op. 73 is a piece of music for piano and orchestra by Ludwig van Beethoven. It was written in 1809, and was first performed in Leipzig in November 1811. It is the last of Beethoven's concertos.

Beethoven's growing deafness made it impossible for him to play the first performance. It was played by Friedrich Schneider. The work is written on a grand scale with themes that are martial at times, and at other times intimate and personal.

References
 Woodstra, Chris, et al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music.  All Media Guide, LLC. p. 126. .

Compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven
Beethoven 5
The Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor "Quasi una fantasia", Op. 27, No. 2, popularly known as the Moonlight Sonata, is a piano sonata by Ludwig van Beethoven. Completed in 1801 and dedicated in 1802 to his student, Countess Giulietta Guicciardi, it is one of Beethoven's most popular musical compositions for the piano.

Names
The first edition of the score has Sonata quasi una fantasia written as the heading, a title this work shares with its companion piece, Op. 27, No. 1. Grove Music Online translates the Italian title as "sonata in the manner of a fantasy".
The name "Moonlight Sonata" started to become in use after the comments made by German music critic and poet Ludwig Rellstab about what the music reminded him of. In 1832, five years after Beethoven's death, Rellstab imagined the effect of the first movement like a moonlight shining above Lake Lucerne. Many agreed to this idea, and within ten years, the name "Moonlight Sonata" ("Mondscheinsonate" in German) was being used in German and English  publications. Later in the 19th century, it could be said that the sonata was "universally known" by that name.
Many critics have disagreed to the subjective, Romantic nature of the title "Moonlight", which has often been called "a misleading approach to a movement with almost the character of a funeral march" and "absurd". Other critics have approved of the nickname, finding it memorable or similar to their own connections with the work. Gramophone founder Compton Mackenzie found the title "harmless", saying that "it is silly for austure critics to work themselves up into a state of almost hysterical rage with poor Rellstab", and adding, "what these austere critics fail to grasp is that unless the general public had responded to the suggestion of moonlight in this music Rellstab's remark would long ago have been forgotten."

Form
Form

Although there is no direct reason as to why Beethoven decided to title both the Op. 27 works as Sonata quasi una fantasia, it may be important that the layout of the present work does not follow the traditional movement arrangement in the Classical period of fast-slow-[fast]-fast. Instead, the sonata has an end-weighted path, with the faster more technically complex music saved until the third movement. In his analysis, German critic Paul Bekker says that "The opening sonata-allegro movement gave the work a definite character from the beginning... which succeeding movements could supplement but not change. Beethoven rebelled against this determinative quality in the first movement. He wanted a prelude, an introduction, not a proposition.”

The sonata consists of three movements:

 Adagio sostenuto, in C-sharp minor
 Allegretto, in B-flat minor
 Presto agitato, in C-sharp minor

Adagio sostenuto

Allegretto

Presto agitato

Notes
Notes

References
 Rosenblum, Sandra P. (1988) Performance Practices in Classic Piano Music: Their Principles and Applications.  Bloomington:  Indiana University Press.
 Siepmann, Jeremy (1998) The Piano: The Complete Illustrated Guide to the World's Most Popular Musical Instrument.

Other websites

 Detailed analysis and recordings review of Beethoven's Moonlight Sonata 
 
 Beethoven’s Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 27, No. 2, performed by Artur Schnabel
  by András Schiff
 Recording of "Moonlight Sonata" No. 14 in C-sharp minor, published by 1stpiano.com
  by Wilhelm Kempff

Scores
 
 
 
 Ricordi edition, The William and Gayle Cook Music Library at the Indiana University School of Music

Piano Sonata 014
Early life 
One of Napthine's ancestors is the renowned convict, Joseph Potaski. Before entering political life he was a veterinarian, undertaking a Bachelor's and then a Master's Degree in Veterinary Science, both from the University of Melbourne, and later gaining a Master's Degree in Business Administration, from Deakin University.

Political career 
Napthine was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1988 as Member for the country seat of Portland, as the electorate was then known. He was re-elected in 1992, 1996 and 1999. The electorate of Portland was abolished in the 2002 redivision. Napthine was then elected MLA for South-West Coast in the November 2002 election. He was re-elected in November 2006 with an increased margin.

Kennett Ministry 
He was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Health in 1992 and then promoted to Minister for Youth and Community Services in 1996 in Jeff Kennett's Liberal government, a position he held from 1996 to 1999.
Leader of the Opposition 
Following the defeat of the Liberal Party at the 1999 election, Kennett resigned as Liberal leader, and Napthine was a surprise choice to take his place. Napthine had briefly served as Deputy Liberal Leader having been elected to the position just shortly before Kennett stood down as Liberal Leader. During his term as Opposition Leader the Liberal-National coalition split, fracturing the opposition parties.

Under Napthine's leadership, the Liberal Party did poorly in the polls and did not make any significant electoral inroads on the ruling Labor Government. Shortly before the 2002  state election, Doyle challenged Napthine for the leadership of the Liberal Party. Doyle won the leadership by a narrow margin, but went on to lead the party to its worst electoral defeat ever, in which Napthine nearly lost his seat.
Baillieu Ministry 
After the Liberals won the 2010 Victorian election, Napthine was made a member of Ted Baillieu's cabinet. He served as the Minister for Ports, Racing, Regional Cities and Major Projects.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Official Facebook page

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1952 births
Living people
Premiers of Victoria
Leaders of the Opposition (Victoria)
Veterinarians
People from Geelong
Liberal Party of Australia politicians
Constraint may refer to:

In mathematics 
 Constraint (mathematics) 
 Constraint (classical mechanics), including:
 Constraint (information theory) 
 Constraint algorithm such as SHAKE, or LINCS

In computing 
 Constraint satisfaction, in computer science
 Integrity constraints, an element of database design

In business 
 Theory of Constraints, in business management
 Constraint optimization, in finance, linear programming, economics and cost modelling.

Related pages 
 Limit
Amrapur is a small village in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India.
The road to it is from Kalavad to Ranuja, Dhutarpur, Summary, Kharavedha, Amrapur.

Amrapur is surrounded on three sides by a dam.

Most people there are farmers. Some of them are connected with animal husbandry.

Mr Vijaybhai Borsadiya is currently surpanch of the village‍.

Statistics
Population (approx): 250
Buildings (approx): 25
Temples: 3
Shops: 2
Primary school: 1

Gallery

Other websites

The official Facebook page of village

Villages in Gujarat
Taif or Ta'if (, ) is a city in the Mecca Province of Saudi Arabia at a height of  on the slopes of the Sarawat Mountains (Al-Sarawat Mountains). It has a population of 521,273 (2004 census). Each summer the Saudi Government moves from the heat of Riyadh to Ta'if. The city is the centre of an agricultural area known for its grapes, roses and honey.

Ethnography
The inhabitants of Ta'if, are largely made up of the Saudis. There are also significant foreigners from Asia, Turkey, and other Arab countries.

History

Early history
In the 6th century the city of Tā'if was ruled by the Banu Thaqif tribe.

The town is about  southeast of Mecca. The walled city was a pagan religious centre. It housed the idol of the goddess al-lāt, who was then known as "the lady of Tā'if." Its climate was different from its dry and barren areas closer to the Red Sea. Wheat, vines, and fruit were grown around Tā'if. The city earned its title "the Garden of the Hejaz."
Both Ta'if and Mecca were resorts of pilgrimage. The people of Ta'if had close trade relations with the people of Mecca. The people of Ta'if carried on agriculture and fruit‑growing in addition to their trade activities.

During the Year of the Elephant, the city was involved in several events.

620 – 632: Muhammad's era

630: The Battle of Hunayn and the Conversion of the City
In 630, the Battle of Hunayn took place at Hunayn, close to this city. Shortly after that, the failed Siege of Ta'if took place. The city was attacked by Banu Daws, but it survived and repelled the attacks. The Battle of Tabouk in 631 left Tā'if completely saperated from the other ares so members of Thaqīf arrived in Mecca to negotiate the conversion of the city to Islam. The idol of al-lāt and other signs of the city's previously pagan past were destroyed.
1517: Surrender to the Ottoman Empire
On 17 July 1517 the Sharif of Mecca gave away Ta'if to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I. As a sign of this, he surrendered to him the keys of the Islamic cities of Mecca and Medina. As part of the Hejaz, Ta'if was also given over to Ottoman control.

1802 – 1813: Retaking by the Saudi and reconquest by the Ottomans
The city remained Ottoman for a further three centuries, until in 1802 it was retaken by Saudi revolt, who were in alliance with the House of Saud. These forces then continued to take Mecca and Medina. The loss was keenly felt by the Ottoman Empire, which viewed itself as the protector of the Holy Cities. The Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud II, called upon his nominal Viceroy in Egypt Muhammad Ali, who launched an attack on the Hejaz and reconquered Ta'if in 1813.
1813: Johann Ludwig Burckhardt
In 1813, the Swiss traveller and orientalist Johann Ludwig Burckhardt visited Ta'if. He has left an eyewitness account on the city just after it was taken back by the Muhammad Ali, with whom he obtained several interviews while he was there. According to Burckhardt, the wall and ditch around the city had been built by Othman el Medhayfe. There were three gates and several towers on the city walls, which, however, were weak, being in some places only  thick. The castle had been built by Sharif Ghalib. He also noted the destruction of the city caused by the conquest of 1802. Most of the buildings were still in ruin while he was there and the tomb of Abdullah ibn Abbas – cousin of Muhammad and ancestor of the Abbasid Caliphate – had been severely damaged. He also recorded that the population of the city was still mostly Thaqīf. In terms of trade, the city was an trading post for coffee.
1843: Building works in the 19th century
The castle and military barracks in Ta'if were repaired by the Ottomans in 1843, a Hükümet Konağı – mansion for government business – was built in 1869, and a post office was established sometime later.

1916 – 1924: The Arab Revolt and Hashemite control
Prior to the Arab Revolt, Ahmed Bey had been made the commander of Ottoman forces in Tā'if. He had under him a force of 3,000 soldiers and 10 guns of the mountain artillery. Ghalib Pasha, the governor of the Hejaz was also present in the city. In 1916, the Hashemites launched their revolt against the Ottoman Empire in Mecca in June. The city had fallen and then in July, Abdullah, the eldest son of the Hashemite leader and Sharif of Mecca Husayn ibn Ali, was sent with seventy men to Tā'if. While his activities in the area aroused the suspicion of Ahmed Bey, Ghalib Pasha was unconcerned by a so small force. Abdullah secretly built up his army to 5,000 men. He then cut the telegraph wires to the city and then went on the attack. All Hashemite attacks on the city were repelled by the mountain guns, and both sides settled down to an uneasy siege. However, Hashemite guns were slowly brought up to Tā'if, and then the city held out a little longer; it finally surrendered on 22 September
. The city thus later became a part of the self-proclaimed Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz.
1924 – present: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

1924: Conquest by the Ikhwan under Abdulaziz al-Saud
Ta'if did not remain in Hashemite hands for very long time. Tensions between the King of the Hejaz, Husayn ibn Ali, and Abdulaziz al-Saud, Sultan of Nejd, soon broke out into violence. Although hostilities were temporarily patched up in 1919, by September 1924 the then Saudi-sponsored Ikhwan under the leadership of Sultan bin Bajad and Khaled bin Luwai was ready to attack Ta'if. The city was supposed to have been defended by the king's son, Ali, but he fled in panic with his troops. 300 of them were slain by the Ikhwan. In 1926 Abdulaziz al-Saud was officially recognized as the new king of Hejaz. Ta'if remained a part of the Kingdom of Hejaz until Abdulaziz al-Saud unified his two kingdoms into one under the title of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. The king himself was later to die in the city on 9 November 1953.
1940s: Modernization under the Saudis
Ta'if was still little more than a medieval city when the Saudis took control of it. However, they later stared to modernize the city. Saudi Arabia's first public power generator was set up in Ta'if in the late 1940s. In terms of building roads to the city, in 1965 the then King Faisal inaugurated the  mountain highway between Mecca and Ta'if, and in 1974 the 400 mile Ta'if-Abha-Jizan highway was started.
Places to See
Al Rudaf Park: To the south of Taif is a large natural park with trees and granite rocks. The site also has a small zoo.
Wadi Mitna: Muhammed's sanctuary in 619 AD. Muhammed came here to gain support of the Hawazeen and the Tawfiq but was stoned by the tribes. He was later given sanctuary in a vineyard by two makkans.
Ta'if rose plantation. In the month of April the rose fields are filled with pink roses that are picked at dawn and later distilled into costly ta'if rose oil. Ta'if perfume has been used in several luxury perfumes including Ormonde Jayne Perfumery,  Chanel and Guerlain.
Shubra Palace, the regional museum of Ta'if, in a building of around 1900, which served King Abdul Aziz as a lodging in the 1930s.
Rock Carving Site: Located  north of Taif, this was the site of the Okaz Souk,  the largest and most well known of the pre-Islamic souqs or gathering places. The souq was a place for yearly social, political and commercial gatherings. It was also the location of competitive recitation of poetry and prose. The buildings remain, including outlines of walls of basaltic stone.
Turkish Fort: The remains of the fort are located near the Rock Carvings. Lawrence of Arabia fought here in 1917. Many battles have been fought there and many graves can be found
Nature Reserve: Between Al Hada hospital and the Sheraton Hotel at the top of Al Hada mountain is a large nature reserve at an height of 2100 meters above sea level. Al Hada means tranquillity.
Al Shafa: A small village on the Sarawat mountains at an height of 2200 to 2500 meters above sea level, rich in agricultural products. The fruit gardens of Taif are located here.
Climate

Taif has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with hot summers and mild winters. Temperatures are not as hot in summer as for lower-lying regions of Saudi Arabia. Rain is low, but all months see some rain, with more rain in spring and late autumn than in other months.

List of inhabitants
Bani Hareth is one of the Adnani Arabs tribes living around Taif in Saudi Arabia.  The tribe is one of the biggest tribes in the area and occupies the full area between Taif and Al Qunfuthah in Saudi.
Bani Adwan is one of the Adnani Arabs tribes living originally in the northern part of Taif, and in the southern part of Jordan. Thu Al issba'a Al Adwani (in Arabic) is a figure of the tribe In the pre-Islamic era, in which he's known as a poet and a man of wisdom.Furthermore, Banu Thabet are people descended from Thabit. The tribe is originally part of Otaibah clan.

People born here
People born here

King Faisal I of Iraq
Naif bin Abdul Aziz
Uthman bin Affan
Mutlaq Hamid Al-Otaibi
Sharif Ali|Sultan Sharif Ali, the 3rd Sultan of Brunei Darussalam

People who lived here
Muhammad bin Qasim
Uthman Ibn Affan the 3rd Rashidun (Rightly Guided Caliph) caliph born in Taif.
Midhat Pasha (1822–1884), architect of the first Ottoman constitution who was strangulated in Taif.
Muhammad Muhsin Khan
Hadi Soua'an Al-Somaily (b.1970) First Saudi Olympic medal winner.
Addas- a young Christian slave boy who was the first person from the western province of Taif to convert to the religion of Islam.
`Abd Allah ibn `Abbas died here
Talal Maddah
Hugh N. Kennedy|Hugh Kennedy - The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates
 Martin Lings - Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources
 Johann Ludwig Burckhardt - Travels in Arabia; comprehending an account of those territories in Hedjaz which the Muslims regard as sacred, online version available free from the Gutenberg Project
 Pars Tuğlacı – Osmanlı Şehirleri
 Michael Asher - Lawrence: The Uncrowned King of Arabia
 David Holden and Richard Jones - The House of Saud

References

Cities in Saudi Arabia
6th-century BC establishments
Establishments in Saudi Arabia
Loch Morar is a lake in Scotland. It is 310 metres deep, which makes it the deepest fresh water lake in Britain, and the third deepest in Europe.

References

Lochs
Clark County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.  As of 2000, 33,557 people lived there. Its county seat is Neillsville.

Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of . It has  of land. Water covers  (0.28%) of the county.

Demographics
Demographics

As of the census of 2000, the county had 33,557 people living there. There were 12,047 households and 8,673 families living in the county.  The population density was 28 people per square mile (11/km²). Clark County had 13,531 housing units. There were, on average, about 11 housing units per square mile (4/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 98.05% White, 0.13% Black or African American, 0.48% Native American, 0.30% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.56% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. 1.20% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 54.0% were of German, 9.0% Polish, 6.2% Norwegian and 6.1% United States or American ancestry according to Census 2000. 6.62% said that they spoke German, Pennsylvania German, or Dutch at home. 1.34% said that they spoke Spanish.

Cities, villages, and towns

Cities and villages

Towns