Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Bibliography 
Bill Wyman has authored or co-authored the following titles:

 Archaeology 

 Bill Wyman's Treasure Islands ISBN 0-7509-3967-2

 The Rolling Stones 

 Stone Alone ISBN 0-306-80783-1
 Rolling with the Stones ISBN 0-7513-4646-2.
 Bill Wyman's Blues Odyssey ISBN 0-7513-3442-1
 The Stones – A History in Cartoons ISBN 0-7509-4248-7

The last three books and Bill Wyman's Treasure Islands were all written in collaboration with Richard Havers.[citation needed]

A Journey through America with the Rolling Stones. Robert Greenfield. Helter Skelter Publication. ISBN 1-900924-24-2

 Art 

 Wyman Shoots Chagall'' ISBN 0904351629

References 

Living people
1936 births
The Rolling Stones members
British bass guitarists
Darryl Jones (born December 11, 1961), also known as "The Munch", is an American bass player.

Jones currently plays for The Rolling Stones. He has also played in bands with Miles Davis and Sting.

Discography

The Rolling Stones
Studio albums
 Voodoo Lounge (1994)
 Bridges to Babylon (1997)
 A Bigger Bang (2005)
 GRRR! (2012)

References

Other websites
 Official site

1961 births
Living people
The Rolling Stones
African American musicians
American bass guitarists
Musicians from Chicago
Ancient Egyptian agriculture was probably the first to be practiced on a large scale. They grew staple food crops. These included grains such as emmer (a variety of wheat) and barley. The earliest evidence of irrigation in the Nile area is about 3100 BC.

They also grew flax for clothing and oil. Orchards
and vegetable gardens were also common. Unlike other crops these were grown away from the areas flooded by the Nile river each year. Agriculture was the basis of the ancient Egyptian economy. It gave work and food for its people. It was a source of wealth for Egypt's elite. Egypt was the breadbasket (main provider of food) for much of the ancient world.

Geography 

The geography of ancient Egypt was unlike that in other parts of the Mediterranean region, which had rainy winters and hot dry summers. In Egypt most of farming was done near in the Nile river valley and the Nile Delta. Egypt had little rainfall and the land had to be irrigated. This was from the Nile either when flooded or normally.
The Nile began to rise in the summer and go down again in late fall. The growing season was during the winter months. It was called Sha-et (the growing season). The second season was called P' ru-et (the dry season). This is the hot dry season when the grain was harvested and stored. The third season, She (sea) was the months during which the Nile flooded. Each season was about four months long. The fertile Nile valley is about 760 miles long and about 14 miles wide. The rest of Egypt is desert.

This system allowed one crop a year. A shorter agricultural season meant more workers available for construction of buildings like temples and other royal buildings. Workers were also used for year-round irrigation projects. Water was usually carried manually on men's shoulders using yokes.
Crops 
To plant, they dug a hole in the ground, and put one seed in each hole. They used furrows. They grew wheat, barley, vegetables, figs, melons, pomegranates and vines. Crops were very important to Egyptians. They grew lettuce, cucumber, wheat, barley, figs, pomegranate and beans. Shemu was the harvesting season. Peret was the growing season. Akhet was the flooding season. In October, the river Nile left a layer of soil. Kemet is left behind from flooding. They grew their crops on the edge of the bank on the river Nile, then they waited for the Nile to flood and then all was left was soil to plant there crops.

Harvest
Harvest

The harvest season was called Shemu. The reapers cut the grain with wooden sickles that had sharp flints. The cattle trampled over the cut grain. They tossed grain into the air so the breeze blew the useless chaff away. It was hard and slow. Harvest takes place in spring but finishes in May. Families hired workers to do the job. Everyone took part in harvest. Farmers had to barter. Many of them harvested crops to trade for the things and animals they needed to plant more crops.

Tools
Ancient Egyptians had tools like winnowing scoops, mattocks, flint bladed sickles and plows. All of the tools were simple and made by hand. The Egyptian plow had a small blade on it but did not cut the soil.

Shadoofs
A Shadoof is an object used to collect water from the river Nile. The Shadoof works by pulling the string at the front and at the back there is a weight to stop it from falling forwards. Shadoofs are used to get the water out of the Nile to water the crops.

Animals
Animals 

The Egyptians believed that a balanced relationship between people and animals was an essential element of the cosmic order; thus humans, animals and plants were believed to be members of a single whole.p117 Cattle were the most important livestock; livestock were taxed; the size of a herd reflected the prestige and importance of the estate or temple which owned them. In addition to cattle, the ancient Egyptians kept sheep, goats, and pigs. Poultry such as ducks, geese, and pigeons were captured in nets and bred on farms, where they were force-fed with dough to fatten them.p381 The Nile provided a plentiful source of fish. Bees were also domesticated from at least the Old Kingdom, and they provided both honey and wax.p409
The ancient Egyptians used donkeys and oxen as beasts of burden. They plowed the fields and trampled seed into the soil. The slaughter of a fattened ox was part of an offering ritual.p381 Horses were introduced by the Hyksos in the Second Intermediate Period, and the camel, although known from the New Kingdom, was not used as a beast of burden until the Late Period. There is also evidence to suggest that elephants were briefly used in the Late Period, but largely abandoned due to lack of grazing land. Dogs, cats and monkeys were common family pets, while more exotic pets imported from the heart of Africa, such as lions, were reserved for royalty. Herodotus observed that the Egyptians were the only people to keep their animals with them in their houses. During the Predynastic and Late periods, the worship of the gods in their animal form was extremely popular, such as the cat goddess Bastet and the ibis god Thoth, and these animals were bred in large numbers on farms for the purpose of ritual sacrifice.p229
References 

Ancient Egypt
History of agriculture
Lom is a municipality in Oppland county, Norway.  It is part of the traditional region of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative center of the municipality is the village of Fossbergom. The municipality of Lom was established on 1 January 1838. The area of Skjåk was separated from Lom to become a municipality of its own in 1866.

Geography
Lom sits at the base of two mountains. Glittertind is  and Galdhøpiggen is  high.

History
It has one of the few remaining stave churches in Norway. The church was built in 1158.

Related pages
List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

References 

Municipalities of Innlandet
Canadian Club (also commonly known as just C.C.) is a Canadian brand of whisky. Canadian Club was created by Gooderham and Worts. It is currently being produced by Beam Suntory.

History
Canadian Club started being made in 1858. The first distillery was created in Walkerville, Ontario. They decided to create the distillery in Walkerville because of the good quality of the local grains that were there.
The whisky was popular in the late 19th century in gentlemen's clubs of Canada and the United States. It was known as "Club Whisky" because of this. After it became very popular, American distillers decided to petition to include the word "Canada" on the bottle to identify it from their competing whiskies. By doing this, they thought that it would stop the popularity of the whisky. However, this made the whisky even more exclusive. In 1889, Walker changed the label and added the word “Canadian” to the top of the label. In 1890, the label was changed again, with "Canadian" being moved down from the top of the label and incorporated into the name of the whisky.

During the Prohibition years, one of Canadian Club's most important clients was gangster Al Capone. He would smuggle thousands of cases of Canadian Club through a route from Windsor to Detroit.
The whisky has received royal warrants from Queen Victoria, Edward VII, George V, George VI, and Elizabeth II. Hiram Walker & Sons were the only North American distiller to receive a royal warrant.

References

Other websites 
Official website

Whisky
Lom or LOM may refer to:

 Lom people, a Romani group, mainly in the Caucasus
 Lom, Norway, a municipality
 Herbert Lom, Czech-British film actor
 Legion of Merit, a military award of the United States
 Olympique de Marseille, a French football club, sometimes referred to as l'OM

Related pages
Nagavara Ramarao Narayana Murthy (Kannada: ನಾಗವಾರ ರಾಮರಾವ್ ನಾರಾಯಣ ಮೂರ್ತಿ; born 20 August 1946), is an Indian IT industrialist and the co-founder of Infosys a multinational corporation. S. Gopalakrishnan was also a co-founder.  Infosys provides business consulting, technology, engineering, and outsourcing services. Murthy studied electrical engineering at the National Institute of Engineering, University of Mysore, and M. Tech at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.  

Murthy has been listed among the 12 greatest entrepreneurs of our time by Fortune magazine. He has been described as the father of Indian IT sector by Time magazine due to his contribution to outsourcing in India. Murthy has also been honored with the Padma Vibhushan and Padma Shri awards.

He is the father of Akshata Murty, the wife of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Rishi Sunak.

References 

1946 births
Indian businesspeople
Living people
People from Karnataka
Indian engineers
Electrical engineers
Parry Gripp (born September 22, 1967 in Santa Barbara, California) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist for the pop punk band Nerf Herder. As a songwriter, Gripp is best known for fake jingles, as in his 2005 solo album For Those About to Shop, We Salute You. It was a 51-track concept album mimicking various musical styles as product commercials. He also maintains a song-of-the-week website and a YouTube channel on which he creates soundtracks to internet memes. He also does music videos for his own novelty songs. The titles include "Do You Like Waffles?", "Nom Nom Nom Nom Nom Nom Nom", "Last Train to Awesometown" and "Spaghetti Cat (I Weep For You)". "Hamster on a Piano (Eating Popcorn)", "I Am A Banana" and "Baby Monkey (Going Backwards On A Pig)" are others. Gripp also performs the Being Ian, Super Hero Squad Show, Ben 10: Omniverse, and The 7D theme songs.

References
References 

1967 births
Living people
American guitarists
American singer-songwriters
Musicians from California 
Singers from California
People from Santa Barbara, California
Terra is the Roman form of Gaia (greek). She is the goddess of the Earth. Her husband is Caelus, an ancient god of the sky (heavens). They are the parents of the Titans & giants.  One day, thousands of years ago, Terra convinced her son, Saturn, to take his father's scythe and chop his father up with it. Saturn did as his mother told him. He scattered Caelus's pieces across the cosmos. When one piece hit the water, it gave birth to Venus, the goddess of love. This, effectively, makes Venus the oldest of all the gods & goddess'.

References 

Roman gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of fertility
The Crying Child is an American television horror movie. It was directed by Robert Michael Lewis. It is based on a Barbara Mertz novel.

The movie stars Mariel Hemingway and George DelHoyo.

Plot 
After their son dies, a couple moves to a new house in order to forget. Suddenly, the woman starts to hear baby cries all over her home. She is the only one who can hear them.

Cast 
 Mariel Hemingway as Madeline Jeffreys
 George DelHoyo as Ran Jeffreys
 Finola Hughes as Jo Parker

Other websites
 

Television movies
American horror movies
Joseph Jean Gilles Tremblay (December 17, 1938 – November 26, 2014) was a Canadian ice hockey left winger. He played his entire National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Montreal Canadiens from 1960 to 1969.  

He played 509 games, scored 168 goals and added 162 assists before injuries led to his retirement at the age of 31. Tremblay was a member of four Stanley Cup championship teams with Montreal, in 1965, 1966, 1968, and 1969.

After his hockey player career, from 1971 to 1997, he worked as a French-language broadcaster for ice hockey; he won the 2002 Foster Hewitt Memorial Award for his work. 

Tremblay died in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, aged 75.

References

1938 births
2014 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Foster Hewitt Memorial Award winners
Montreal Canadiens players
National Hockey League broadcasters
Stanley Cup champions
Petr Hapka (13 May 1944 – 25 November 2014) was a Czech composer. He was one of the most important composers of Czech movie music industry. He was known for working with the lyricist Michal Horáček. He composed over 60 movies and 40 songs during his career.

Hapka died in Okoř, Czech Republic, aged 70.

References

Other websites
 

1944 births
2014 deaths
Czech composers
Czech musicians
Musicians from Prague
Sabah (; born Jeanette Gergis Al-Feghali, 10 November 1927 – 26 November 2014) was a Lebanese singer and actress. She was known as the "Diva of Music" in the Arab World. 

She has released over 50 albums, mostly songs in Egyptian Arabic, and has acted in 98 movies as well as over 20 stage plays. She has a reported 3,500 songs in her repertoire. She was the first Arabic singer to perform at Olympia in Paris, Carnegie Hall in New York, and Piccadilly Theatre in London and Sydney Opera House in Sydney.

Sabah died in Beirut, Lebanon, aged 87.

Other websites

1927 births
2014 deaths
Lebanese singers
Francis Davidson Fraser, better known as "Mad" Frankie Fraser (13 December 1923 – 26 November 2014), was an English criminal and gang member. He spent 42 years in prison for numerous offences including burglary and assault. Fraser was born in Lambeth, South London, England.

Fraser was shot in the head in 1991. He died from complications of leg surgery in Lambeth, South London, England, aged 90.

References

Other websites
 Personal website with biography and details of gangland tours 

1923 births
2014 deaths
British burglars
British crime victims
British people convicted of assault
Criminals from London
Deaths from surgical complications
Far Rockaway is a neighborhood on the Rockaway Peninsula in the New York City borough of Queens. It is the easternmost section of the Rockaways. The neighborhood starts at the Nassau County line and extends west to Beach 32nd Street. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 14. The name "Rockaway" may have meant "place of sands" in the Munsee language of the Native American Lenape. Other spellings include Requarkie, Rechouwakie, Rechaweygh, Rechquaakie and Reckowacky (see: Toponymy of New Netherland).

References

Neighborhoods of New York City
Queens (New York City)
The Duke of Rutland is a title in the Peerage of England named for Rutland, a county in the East Midlands. Earldoms named after Rutland have been created twice in history. The ninth earl of the second creation was made a duke in 1703. The surname of the present duke's family is "Manners".  The heir to the title is known as the Marquess of Granby. Other titles: Marquess of Granby (1703), Earl of Rutland (1525), Baron Manners of Haddon (1679) and Baron Roos of Belvoir (1896). The Duke of Rutland is allowed to be addressed as His Grace. The traditional family seats are Haddon Hall in Derbyshire and Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire.
List of Dukes
 
John Manners, 1st Duke of Rutland (1638–1711), only son of the 8th Earl
John Manners, 2nd Duke of Rutland (1676–1721), son of the 1st Duke
John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland (1696–1779), eldest son of the 2nd Duke
John Manners, Marquess of Granby (1721–1770), eldest son of the 3rd Duke, predeceased his father
John Manners, Lord Roos (1751–1760), eldest son of Lord Granby, died young
Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland (1754–1787), second son of Lord Granby
John Henry Manners, 5th Duke of Rutland (1778–1857), eldest son of the 4th Duke
George John Henry Manners, Marquess of Granby (1807), eldest son of the 5th Duke, died in infancy
George John Frederick Manners, Marquess of Granby (1813–1814), second son of the 5th Duke, died in infancy
Charles Cecil John Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland (1815–1888), third son of the 5th Duke, died unmarried
John James Robert Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland (1818–1906), fourth son of the 5th Duke
Henry John Brinsley Manners, 8th Duke of Rutland (1852–1925), eldest son of the 7th Duke
Robert Charles John Manners, Lord Manners (1885–1894), elder son of the 8th Duke, died young
John Henry Montagu Manners, 9th Duke of Rutland (1886–1940), younger son of the 8th Duke
Charles John Robert Manners, 10th Duke of Rutland (1919–1999), eldest son of the 9th Duke
David Charles Robert Manners, 11th Duke of Rutland (b. 1959), eldest son of the 10th Duke
The heir apparent is Charles John Montague Manners, Marquess of Granby (b. 1999), elder son of the 11th Duke

References 

Rutland
The title of Duke of Westminster was created by Queen Victoria in 1874. It was given to Hugh Grosvenor, 3rd Marquess of Westminster. The current holder of the title is Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster. Earl Grosvenor, the only son of the Duke, is godfather to Prince George of Cambridge. The Present Duke is entitled to the style of address of His Grace and the family surname is Grosvenor. The Duke of Westminster's seat is at Eaton Hall, Cheshire. The traditional burial place of the Dukes is St Mary's Church, Eccleston. The title was raised from the rank of Marquess. The family also owned a large townhouse in London called simply "Grosvenor House".

List of Dukes
List of Dukes

 Hugh Lupus Grosvenor (1825–1899) Duke from 1874–1899 married Lady Constance Sutherland-Leveson-Gower and later Katherine Cavendish.
 Hugh Grosvenor (1879–1953) Duke from 1899–1953 married Constance Cornwallis-West then Violet Nelson and again to Loelia Ponsonby followed by Anne Sullivan.
 William Grosvenor (1894–1963) Duke from 1953–1963 died unmarried.
 Gerald Grosvenor (1907–1967) Duke from 1963–1967; married Sally Perry.
 Robert Grosvenor (1910–1979) Duke from 1967–1979; married Hon Viola Lyttelton.
 Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor (1951–2016) Duke since 1979; married Natalia Phillips, a distant relative of the British and Russian royal families. He was, according to the Sunday Times Rich List 2016, worth £9.35 billion (c. US$13 billion). He was sixth in the list and the third-richest British citizen. He was the richest member of the peerage, with a wealth significantly greater than Queen Elizabeth.
 Hugh Grosvenor (b. 1991).
Grosvenor House 
The huge family house in Park Lane, London was called Grosvenor House. In its place is now the Grosvenor House Hotel, built on the site. 

The Grosvenor hotel – the venue for some of London's grandest award ceremonies – was sold to Indian conglomerate Sahara for £470m in December 2010. The head of the conglomerate is Sahara India Pariwar.

References

British Dukes and Duchesses
The Canadian Urbanism Institute is a scientific research institute in Toronto, Ontario, in Canada. The institute was established in 1990.

Other websites 
  Canadian Urban Institute

Urban planning organizations
1990 establishments in North America
Organizations based in Toronto
Research organizations
1990s establishments in Canada

Non-profit organizations of Canada
Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology is a book written by French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. Published in 1943, Being and Nothingness aimed to make certain the facts of human existence. Sartre wanted to show that free will exists. It can be considered part of a type of philosophy called existentialism.

References 

 

Works of philosophy
1943 books
French literature
The Centre for Cities is a non-partisan urban policy research unit in London, United Kingdom. The organization was established in 2005 as a part of the Institute for Public Policy Research. It became independent in 2007. The Centre for Cities was established to understand and solve urban problems in the United Kingdom cities. Centre for Cities publishes an annual report on 64 major cities.

References

Other websites 
  Centre for Cities

Urban planning organizations
Organisations based in London
2005 establishments in the United Kingdom
Zabardust Khan or Zabardust Khan Tanoli also known by his nick-name Suba Khan Tanoli (died 1797) was a chieftain of the Hindkowan Tanoli tribe, of Hazara region, in 18th century India. This area is now part of North-West Pakistan. 
 
Zabardust Khan was appointed a nazim (area administrator) in upper Hazara, Kashmir by the Afghan King Taimur Shah Durrani (or Abdali) in 1775 or 1776. This name "Suba" was given by Afghan King Ahmed shah abdali know as (Khan of Suba) i.e Subahdar. He was a good administrator at a very violent and bad time in history. He tried his best to help people, ensure peace in his area and control prices of food and other goods. For this reason, he is still remembered by people in that area today. 

Zabardust/Suba Khan Tanoli died in 1797. He is not to be confused with a Pathan soldier called Zabardast Khan, who fought at the Third Battle of Panipat.

Tomb location
Tomb location

A crumbling structure adorned with faded frescoes, enclosed by an imposing boundary wall is all that remains of Subah Khan’s mausoleum in the quiet village of Pohaar, about 36 kilometres north of Haripur in KP. It took around 40 minutes to reach there from Haripur, through a scenic route along the Tarbela Lake known as Chappar Road.

History
History

Subah Khan was born to Bahadar Khan Tanoli in the hilly trans-Indus region of Tanawal in KP in the first half of the 18th century. According to reliable oral traditions, Subah Khan’s ancestral elders from the Tanoli tribe had attracted the wrath of the mighty Mughal Empire by launching attacks on imperial forces and convoys in the region from their remote villages in Tanawal. 
Subah Khan Tanoli’s elders held out in fortified mountain villages during Emperor Aurangzeb’s rule.
As the Mughal Empire’s control weakened, communities across the subcontinent found themselves with more political space and economic freedom to assert their power in ways that had not been possible earlier.
When Ahmad Shah Abdali announced his plans to invade Hindustan, he found in Subah Khan a young warrior who was keen to join his army with his clansmen.
Stories of Subah Khan’s adventures and valour in the Battle of Mathura, fought between Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Hindu Jats in 1757, live on through folklore in the villages of Tanawal.
On more than a few occasions, I met old men recounting tales of how their elders carried zamburaks (swivel guns) to battle alongside the Afghan king. Some of these centuries-old zamburaks are still scattered around the region.

A centuries-old zamburak (swivel gun) used by Subah Khan Tanoli’s clansmen while fighting alongside Ahmad Shah Abdali at Mathura in 1757.
Descendants of Subah Khan  It was a certificate from the Afghan king to Zabardast Khan Tanoli, conferring on him the title of Subah Khan for his support in the Indian campaigns, particularly in the fighting around Mathura.
According to the aging manuscript, Abdali awarded Subah Khan Rs12,000 and an annual jagir (grant) of Rs2,000, along with the right to tax caravans travelling between Kabul and Kashmir on the Tanawal route.

This can also be corroborated by the independent travel accounts of the British East India Company officer George Forster. While travelling through the region in July 1783, Forster saw trade caravans being taxed on the orders of Subah Khan’s son.

The Third Battle of Panipat (1761) between Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marathas.—Courtesy British Library
Firsthand accounts from Abdali’s own army offer grim portraits of the battle and subsequent sacking of the city of Mathura in 1757:
“Wherever you gazed you beheld heaps of the slain; you could only pick your way with difficulty, owing to the quantity of bodies lying about and the amount of blood spilt. At one place that we reached we saw about two hundred dead children lying in a heap. Not one of the dead bodies had a head. The stench and effluvium in the air were such that it was painful to open your mouth or even to draw breath.”

Although Abdali’s patronage elevated Subah Khan’s status to one of Hazara’s most powerful chiefs, the scenes he witnessed in the wars were to leave a long-lasting impression on him.

After returning home, he donated all the land in his capital at Mangal (on the skirts of modern-day Abbottabad) to a Sufi mystic and made the mountains his home.

Subah Khan dedicated the rest of his life to building new towns at Birkund and Bir (in districts Mansehra and Haripur). The new settlements were named after Bir Deva, the mythical Gandharan ancestor of the Tanoli tribe.
According to Hazara’s first historian, Lala Mehtab Singh (1846), after returning home from the Indian campaigns, Subah Khan settled a large number of Hindu and Sikh Khatri merchant families in Bir to develop his new town as a hub for trade and commerce.

On one occasion, when the Hindu, Muslim and Sikh citizens of Bir celebrated the birth of a child in Khan’s family, they were told that the news of a new settler in Subah Khan’s town would be more welcome to him than the expansion of his own bloodline.

Mehtab Singh’s records also mention that Subah Khan’s son, Gul Sher Khan, donated Rs2,000 to help the Hindu families in Bir build a place of worship for themselves.
The town of Bir was founded by Subah Khan after he returned from Abdali’s India campaigns.
The Indus at Amb-Darband, the now-submerged capital of the state of Amb.
Abdali’s invasions are a polarising topic of discussion in India and Pakistan today. Nationalist historians and commentators on both sides prefer viewing the conflict as a simplistic clash of faiths, rather than as a violent competition for power and resources.

This binary view of history makes it hard to capture the nuances and human stories of the participants and victims of the wars.

The substantial economic and political concessions granted by Abdali to Subah Khan enabled his descendants and clansmen to consolidate their power in Tanawal.

In the decades following Durrani rule, they would fiercely resist both the Sikh general Hari Singh Nalwa and Islamist reformer Syed Ahmed Barelvi’s attempts to control the region.
In 1858, the British would formally recognise the region as the state of Amb, a semi-independent tribal princely state along the Indus with its capital at the now submerged towns of Amb and Darband.

Tomb of Suba Khan

The last of Subah Khan Tanoli’s mid-18th century mausoleum.

Crumbling Tomb of Suba Khan.

Grave View of Suba Khan.

Entrance gate of Tomb

Tomb of Suba Khan Tanoli badly damaged under sikh invasion.

References

1797 deaths
Indian Muslims
18th century in India
18th-century births
Charles L. Sifford (June 2, 1922 – February 3, 2015) was an American professional golfer. He helped black golfers to be part of the PGA of America. Sifford was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 2004, Sifford became the first African American inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame. In November 2014, President Barack Obama awarded him the 2014 Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Sifford died in Cleveland, Ohio from complications from a stroke at the age of 92.

References

1922 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
American golfers
Sportspeople from Charlotte, North Carolina
Sir Peter Levin Shaffer (15 May 1926 – 6 June 2016) was an English playwright and screenwriter. He was known for his works in Equus, Amadeus, Black Comedy, and in The Royal Hunt of the Sun. He won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Screenwriter.

Shaffer died on 6 June 2016 at the age of 90 while on a trip to the southwest of Ireland.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2016 deaths
Academy Award winning writers
English playwrights
English screenwriters
Golden Globe Award winners
Writers from Liverpool
Marcel Paquet (21 February 1947 – 22 November 2014) was a Belgian philosopher. He was known for his philosophy on ontology, Belgian political philosophy, and on esthetics. Paquet was born in Charleroi, Belgium.

Paquet died in Poznań, Poland, aged 67.

References

1947 births
2014 deaths
20th-century Belgian philosophers
21st-century Belgian philosophers
People from Charleroi
Lewis Baltz (September 12, 1945 – November 22, 2014) was an American visual artist and photographer. He became an important figure in the New Topographics movement of the late 1970s. His work has been published in a number of books, presented in many exhibitions. He wrote for many journals, and contributed regularly to L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui.

Baltz died in Paris, France from a long-illness, aged 69.

References

Other websites
Lewis Baltz  Faculty website at European Graduate School. (Biography, bibliography and articles)
George Eastman House Lewis Baltz Series 
Oral history interview with Lewis Baltz, 2009 Nov. 15-17 from the Smithsonian Archives of American Art

1945 births
2014 deaths
American photographers
American artists
People from Newport Beach, California
Anthony Anderson (born August 15, 1970) is an American actor, writer, game show host and comedian. He has starred in his own sitcom All About the Andersons, as well as The Bernie Mac Show during the fifth and final season. 

He is known for his leading roles in television dramas, such as K-Ville, The Shield, and Law & Order. Anderson has also had supporting roles in films, such as Transformers, The Departed, Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London, Scream 4, and Kangaroo Jack.

On July 20, 2018, it was revealed that he is being investigated by the Los Angeles Police Department for a sexual assault allegation.

References

Other websites

 
 

1970 births
Living people
American voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Compton, California
Screenwriters from California
Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
Michael John Kells Fleetwood (born 24 June 1947) is a British musician and actor, best known for his role as the drummer and co-founder of the rock band Fleetwood Mac.

Discography

Fleetwood Mac
Studio albums
 Peter's Green Fleetwood Mac (1968)
 Mr. Wonderful (1968)
 Then Play On (1969)
 Kiln House (1970)
 Future Games (1971)
 Bare Trees (1972)
 Penguin (1973)
 Mystery to Me (1973)
 Heroes Are Find to Find (1974)
 Fleetwood Mac (1975)
 Rumours (1977)
 Tusk (1979)
 Mirage (1982)
 Tango in the Night (1987)
 Behind the Mask (1990)
 Time (1995)
 Say You Will (2003)

References

1947 births
Living people
English rock drummers
English movie actors
People from Cornwall
Fleetwood Mac members
Phillip Joel Hughes (30 November 1988 – 27 November 2014) was an Australian Test and One-Day International (ODI) cricketer. He played for South Australia and Worcestershire. He was a left-handed opening batsman who played for two seasons with New South Wales before making his Test debut in 2009 at the age of 20. Hughes was born in Macksville, New South Wales.

During a Sheffield Shield match between South Australia and New South Wales at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 25 November 2014, Hughes was hit in the neck by a bouncer from New South Wales bowler Sean Abbott after mistiming his shot. He was taken to hospital. Hughes died two days later from his injuries at a hospital in Sydney, aged 25.

References

Other websites

 Player Profile: Phillip Hughes  from the New South Wales Blues

1988 births
2014 deaths
Deaths in sport
Accidental deaths in Australia
Australian cricketers
Sportspeople from New South Wales
Ángel Tulio Zof (July 8, 1928 – November 26, 2014) was a former Argentine footballer and coach. He played for Rosario Central, Huracán, Atlanta and Quilmes as a left winger.

Internationally, he played for Canada's Toronto F.C., Philadelphia's Ucranian National and New York's Hakoah. Later, he became the coach of Ledesma de Jujuy, Club Atlético Platense, Atlanta, San Martín (T), Newell's Old Boys, Rosario Central, Los Andes.

Zof died in Buenos Aires, Argentina, aged 86.

References

Other websites
 Once-once.narod.ru Biography 

1928 births
2014 deaths
Argentine footballers
People from Rosario, Argentina
Dorothy Malone (January 29, 1924 – January 19, 2018) was an American actress. She won an Academy Award for her role in Written on the Wind. She also starred in the famous soap opera Peyton Place in the 1960s.

Personal life 
Malone died on January 19, 2018 in Dallas, Texas of natural causes at the age of 93.

References

Other websites 

Dorothy Malone photo gallery
Dorothy Malone at AllMovie.com

Academy Award winning actors
1924 births
2018 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Chicago
Hardy Krüger (born Franz Eberhard August Krüger; 12 April 1928 – 19 January 2022) was a German actor. He was thought of as one of the greatest German actors of the 1960s. He was thought to be the first German actor to have been thought as a hero in movies after World War II.

His best known roles were in Hatari!, The Flight of the Phoenix,  The Wild Geese, Sundays and Cybele,  A Bridge Too Far, The Battle of Neretva, The Secret of Santa Vittoria, The Red Tent, The One That Got Away, and Barry Lyndon.

Krüger died on 19 January 2022 in Palm Springs, California at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

 Official Website of Hardy Kruger

1928 births
2022 deaths
German movie actors
German television actors
German stage actors
Actors from Berlin
John Benedict Hillerman (December 20, 1932 – November 9, 2017) was an American actor. He was born in Denison, Texas. He was known for his starring role as Jonathan Quayle Higgins III on the television show Magnum, P.I.. He starred in Chinatown and Blazing Saddles. He also starred in The Betty White Show. He won a Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award during his career. He retired in 1999.

Hillerman died on November 9, 2017 at his home in Houston, Texas of heart disease at the age of 84.

References

Other websites

1932 births
2017 deaths
Actors from Texas
American movie actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Denison, Texas
Don Gordon (November 13, 1926 – April 24, 2017) was an American movie and television actor. He is sometimes known as Donald Gordon. Gordon was known for his roles in Bullitt, Papillon, Omen III: The Final Conflict, Revolt at Fort Laramie, The Exorcist III, and in Lethal Weapon.

Other websites

1926 births
2017 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Hell in a Cell (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on October 26, 2014 at American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas. It was the sixth Hell in a Cell event held by the WWE. 

There were two main events on the card. The first main event saw John Cena defeat Randy Orton to earn a future WWE World Heavyweight Championship match. The second main event saw Seth Rollins defeated Dean Ambrose to end their feud.

Matches

References

Other websites
Official Hell in a Cell 2014 website

2014 in professional wrestling
Sports in Dallas
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
2014 in the United States
2010s in Texas
21st century in Dallas
October 2014 events
Night of Champions (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on September 21, 2014 at Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tennessee. It was the eighth Night of Champions event held by the WWE. 

The main event saw John Cena defeat Brock Lesnar by disqualification after Seth Rollins interfered. This caused Lesnar to retain his WWE World Heavyweight Championship.

Results

References

Other websites
Official Night of Champions 2014 website

2014 in professional wrestling
2010s in Nashville, Tennessee
WWE Night of Champions
2014 in the United States
September 2014 events
The Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit (abbreviated IMWaRU) is a research group. They are part of the School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

Unit Structure
The unit deals with many water issues in industry and mining.

Collaboration
The unit works with the Schools of Law, Chemistry, Civil and Mining engineering at the University.
Members of the group have given presentations at: 
South African Institution of Chemical Engineering 2012 (Champagne Sports Resorts, South Africa);
Water Institute of Southern Africa 2012 (Cape Town, South Africa);
International Conference on Energy, Nanotechnology and Environmental Sciences 2013 (Johannesburg, South Africa);
International Conference on Power Science and Engineering 2013 (Paris, France);
Water in Mining 2013 (Brisbane, Australia);
Water in Mining 2014 (Viña del Mar, Chile);
Water Institute of Southern Africa 2014 (Mbombela, South Africa);
International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage 2015 (Santiago, Chile);
25th Annual SETAC European Meeting 2015 (Barcelona, Spain);
 African Utility Week 2015 (Cape Town, South Africa);
 Sustainability Week 2015 (Water Resource Seminar) (Pretoria, South Africa);
 Life Cycle Management 2015 (Bordeaux, France);
 School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering 21st Birthday conference;
 Water Institute of Southern Africa 2016 (Durban, South Africa)

Location
Location

The main location IMWaRU is in the Richard Ward Building on the East campus of the University.

Research 
The group has a broad range of research publications in the areas as listed below:

 Acid mine drainage (AMD).

 Constructed wetlands (CW)

 Ecological Engineering

 Life-cycle assessment (LCA)

 Water footprinting (WF)

References 

Research organizations
2011 establishments
2010s establishments in South Africa
Organizations based in South Africa
Blood doping is a way of increasing the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream. This is done to improve athletic performance. Because blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles, a having more red cells in the blood can improve an athlete’s aerobic capacity (VO2 max) and endurance. Many methods of blood doping are illegal, particularly in professional sport.

There are a number of different methods. Frozen blood taken from the individual previously can be used for a later transplant; packed red cells from a compatible donor may be used, and blood substitutes may be used. The growth area in illegal blood doping of athletes is blood substitutes.

Related pages 
 Doping in sport

References 

Doping in sport
Blood
SummerSlam (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on August 17, 2014 at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the twenty-seventh SummerSlam event held by the WWE. 

The main event saw Brock Lesnar defeat John Cena to win his fourth WWE World Heavyweight Championship.

Matches

1The lumberjacks for the match were: Big E, Bo Dallas, Cesaro, Curtis Axel, Damien Sandow, Erick Rowan, Fandango, Goldust, Heath Slater, Jey Uso, Jimmy Uso, Kane, Kofi Kingston, Luke Harper, R-Truth, Rob Van Dam, Ryback, Sin Cara, Stardust, and Titus O'Neil

References

Other websites
Official SummerSlam 2014 website

2014 in professional wrestling
Sports in Los Angeles
SummerSlam
2014 in the United States
2010s in Los Angeles, California
August 2014 events
Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. Bacteriologists study, identify, classify, and describe bacterial species.

Bacteriology and microbiology 
Microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses are studied by "microbiologists". However, bacteriology is a distinct science, because the make-up and inheritance of bacteria is rather different from the other groups.

Related pages 
Bacteria
Microbiology

References

Bacteria
Microbiology
Ferdinand Julius Cohn (24 January 1828 – 25 June 1898) was a German biologist. He is a founder of modern bacteriology and microbiology.

Cohn was born in the Jewish quarter of Breslau in the Prussian Province of Silesia. This is now Wroclaw, Poland. Starting at age 16 he studied botany under Heinrich Goppert at the University of Breslau. He then moved to the University of Berlin. At age 19 in 1847 he received a degree in botany at Berlin. 

In 1849 he returned to the University of Breslau and he remained at that university for the rest of his career as a teacher and researcher. His father had bought for him a large and expensive microscope, which the University of Breslau and most universities did not have at that time. They had microscopes, but not so good as his. It was Ferdinand Cohn's main research tool in the 1850s.
In the 1850s he studied the growth and division of plant cells. In 1855 he produced papers on the sexuality of Sphaeroplea and later Volvox. In the 1860s he studied plant physiology. Cohn was the first to classify algae as plants, and to define what distinguishes them from green plants. 

From 1870 onward he mostly studied bacteria. He published over 150 research reports during his lifetime. The University of Breslau became an innovative center for plant physiology and microbiology while he was there. His classification of bacteria into four groups based on shape (sphericals, short rods, threads, and spirals) is still in use today. 

Among other things Cohn showed that Bacillus can change from a vegetative state to an endospore when conditions are hard. Heat resistant spores of B. subtilis caused a controversy over spontaneous generation. Cohn explained why boiled infusions of hay and cheese could still get microbial growth.  It was because they contained heat resistant spores.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Jewish Encyclopedia entry for Ferdinand Julius Cohn
 Ferdinand Cohn in the Encyclopedia of World Biography, published by Gale Group (2010).

1828 births
1898 deaths
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
German botanists
Jewish German academics
Jewish German scientists
People from former German territories
People from Wrocław
Plant physiology is the part of botany which studies how plants work. That is the physiology of plants. Using a variety of methods, botanists study how plants reproduce, grow, get nutrients, photosynthesise, get water, and so on.

The main topics of plant physiology are photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormones, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed germination, dormancy, stomata function and transpiration.

Related pages 
Hyperaccumulator

References
Elimination Chamber (2014) (No Escape (2014) in Germany) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on February 23, 2014 at Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was the fifth Elimination Chamber event held by the WWE. 

There were two main events. The first saw The Wyatt Family defeat The Shield and the second saw Randy Orton successfully retain his WWE World Heavyweight Championship in an Elimination Chamber match against Daniel Bryan, John Cena, Cesaro, Christian and Sheamus.

Matches

Entrances and eliminations

References

Other websites
Official Elimination Chamber 2014 website

2014 in American television
2014 in professional wrestling
Elimination Chamber
Sports in Minneapolis
2014 in the United States
History of Minneapolis
21st century in Minnesota
Stanisław Mikulski (1 May 1929 – 27 November 2014) was a Polish theatre, television, movie actor. He was a host of the Polish game show Wheel of Fortune (Koło Fortuny). Mikulski was known for starring in the leading role in the 1967-1968 television series Stawka większa niż życie.

Mikulski died in Warsaw, Poland, aged 85.

References

Other websites

 

1929 births
2014 deaths
Polish movie actors
Polish television actors
Polish stage actors
People from Łódź
The Mollicutes are a class of bacteria with no bacterial cell wall. Mycoplasma is the best-known genus.

They are very small, only about 0.2–0.3 μm in size, and have a very small genome. Most move about by gliding across host cells, but Spiroplasma are helical and move by twisting. 

Mollicutes are parasites of various animals and plants, living on or in the host's cells. Many cause diseases in humans. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma stick to cells in the lungs or sex tubes like the urethra.  Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma are plant pathogens with insect vectors. Bugs such as leaf-hoppers (Homoptera) are the vectors. They deliver the parasites when they stick their mouth-parts into a plant to suck its sap.

References 

Bacteria
Dave is a 1993 American comedy movie directed by Ivan Reitman. It stars Kevin Kline, Sigourney Weaver, Frank Langella, Kevin Dunn, Ving Rhames, and Ben Kingsley.

Plot
It is about the President of the United States (Kevin Kline) suffering a stroke while having an affair and the White House Chief of Staff (Frank Langella) and assistant (Kevin Dunn) hiring a double (also Kevin Kline) to impersonate the president.

Cast
 Kevin Kline as Dave Kovic/President William Harrison (Bill) Mitchell
 Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Mitchell
 Frank Langella as Bob Alexander
 Kevin Dunn as Alan Reed
 Ving Rhames as Duane Stevensen
 Ben Kingsley as Vice President/President Gary Nance
 Tom Dugan as Jerry
 Charles Grodin as Murray Blum
 Faith Prince as Alice
 Laura Linney as Randi
 Stephen Root as Don Durenberger
 Ralph Manza as White House Barber
 Bonnie Hunt as White House Tour Guide
 Anna Deavere Smith as Mrs. Travis
 Charles Hallahan as Policeman
 Stefan Gierasch as House Majority Leader
Cameos
Politicians
 Senator Christopher Dodd
 Senator Tom Harkin
 Senator Howard Metzenbaum
 Judge Abner J. Mikva
 Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill
 Senator Paul Simon
 Senator Alan K. Simpson

Media personalities
 Frank Mankiewicz
 Fred Barnes
 Eleanor Clift
 Bernard Kalb
 Larry King
 Michael Kinsley
 Morton Kondracke
 Jay Leno
 Chris Matthews
 John McLaughlin
 Robert D. Novak
 Richard Reeves
 Arnold Schwarzenegger
 Ben Stein
 Oliver Stone
 Kathleen Sullivan
 Jeff Tackett
 Helen Thomas
 Nina Totenberg
 Sander Vanocur
 John Yang

Release
It's movie score was composed by James Newton Howard. It was released to very positive reviews on May 7, 1993. It has a 94% on Rotten Tomatoes. Critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 3.5/4 stars. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Screenplay.

References

Other websites

 

1993 movies
American comedy movies
Political movies
Adultery in movies
Movies set in Washington, D.C.
Movies composed by James Newton Howard
Movies directed by Ivan Reitman
Warner Bros. movies
Ivan Reitman, OC (October 27, 1946 – February 12, 2022) was a Czechoslovakian-born Canadian movie producer and director of Jewish descent. He is known for directing Ghostbusters, Ghostbusters II, Twins, Stripes, Junior, Kindergarten Cop, and No Strings Attached.

Reitman died on February 12, 2022 at his home in Montecito, California at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 

1946 births
2022 deaths
Canadian Jews
Canadian movie directors
Canadian movie producers
Czechoslovak people
Jewish businesspeople
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Slovakian Jews
Closing the Ring is a 2007 British romantic-drama movie directed by Richard Attenborough. It stars Shirley MacLaine, Christopher Plummer, Mischa Barton, Gregory Smith, and Pete Postlethwaite. It was released to mixed reviews on December 28, 2007.

2007 movies
British romantic drama movies
Movies set in the 1990s
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies directed by Richard Attenborough
Dorothy “Dodo” Bundy Cheney (September 1, 1916 – November 23, 2014) was an American tennis player. She played most of her tennis at the Los Angeles Tennis Club. In 1938, Cheney became the first American to win the women's singles title at the Australian Championships, defeating Dorothy Stevenson in the final. Cheney was born in Los Angeles, California.

Cheney died on November 23, 2014 in Escondido, California at the age of 98.

References

1916 births
2014 deaths
American tennis players
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Richard Alvin Jensen (July 4, 1934 – November 19, 2014) was an American theologian, author, and the Carlson Professor of Homiletics Emeritus at the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. Jensen was born in Fremont, Nebraska.

Jensen died in Lakeville, Minnesota, aged 80.

References

1934 births
2014 deaths
American theologians
Educators from Nebraska
Writers from Nebraska