Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Riodinidae is a family of butterflies.  They are commonly known as riodinids or metalmarks. Metalmarks get their name from the bright, metallic (looking like metal) markings found on the wings of most species. The family has nearly 2,000 species in it. The metalmarks are mostly found in the Neotropical region. Most metalmarks are small. Their wingspan ranges from 20mm to 65mm. Metalmarks vary greatly in wing shape, pattern, and color.

Riodinidae was formerly known as the family Nemeobiidae and as the family Erycinidae. It was also once thought to be a subfamily of Lycaenidae.

Subfamilies
 Euselasiinae
 Nemeobiinae - This subfamily is sometimes treated as a tribe.
 Riodininae

Some species
 Hamearis lucina - Duke of Burgundy
 Apodemia mormo - Mormon Metalmark
 Lasaia sula - Blue Metalmark
 Melanis pixe - Red-bordered Pixie

Image gallery

References

Butterflies
A taxicab number is the name given by mathematicians to a sequence of special numbers: 2, 1729 etc.  A taxicab number is the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of two positive cubes in n distinct ways.  It has nothing to do with taxis, but the name comes from a well-known conversation that took place between two famous mathematicians: Godfrey Hardy and Srinivasa Ramanujan.

The story about Godfrey Hardy’s taxi
Godfrey Hardy was a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University.  One day he went to visit a friend, the brilliant young Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan, who was ill.  Both men were mathematicians and liked to think about numbers.
When Ramanujan heard that Hardy had come in a taxi he asked him what the number of the taxi was.  Hardy said that it was just a boring number: 1729.  Ramanujan replied that 1729 was not a boring number at all: it was a very interesting one.  He explained that it was the smallest number that could be expressed by the sum of two cubes in two different ways.

This story is very famous among mathematicians.  1729 is sometimes called the “Hardy-Ramanujan number”.

Explanation of the Hardy-Ramanujan's number
When a particular number is multiplied by itself the answer is called a “square”, e.g. 3x3=9, so the number 9 is a square.
When a particular number is multiplied thrice by itself the answer is called a “cube”, e.g. 3x3x3=27, so the number 27 is a cube.
Another example of a cube is 8, because it is 2x2x2.
27+8=35, so 35 is the “sum of two cubes” (“sum” in this sense means “numbers that are added together”).
There are two ways to say that 1729 is the sum of two cubes.
1x1x1=1;  12x12x12=1728.  So 1+1728=1729
But also:  9x9x9=729;  10x10x10=1000.  So 729+1000=1729
There are other numbers that can be shown to be the sum of two cubes in more than one way, but 1729 is the smallest of them.

Known taxicab numbers
Since the famous conversation between Hardy and Ramanujan, mathematicians have tried to find other interesting numbers that are the smallest number that can be expressed by the sum of two cubes in three/four/five etc. different ways.  These numbers are very, very big, and have been found by computers.

So far, the following six taxicab numbers are known :

Number theory
Bernard Frénicle de Bessy (about 1605–1675), was a French mathematician.  He was born in Paris.  He wrote many papers about mathematics,  number theory and combinatorics. The Frénicle standard form, a standard representation of magic squares, is named after him. He solved many problems created by Fermat. He also discovered a taxicab number and in 1693, he described all 880 essentially different normal magic squares of order 4.

Like Fermat, Frénicle was an amateur mathematician, but he wrote letters to famous people such as Descartes, Christiaan Huygens, Mersenne and also Fermat, who was his friend. He is mainly remembered for his discoveries about number theory.

Other websites

1600s births
1675 deaths
Scientists from Paris
French number theorists
Płońsk is a city in Central Poland in the Masovian Voivodeship. It has a population of 23,000 and has an area of 12 km². It is the birthplace of the Zionist leader and first Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion.

Other websites 
 Map of the City of Płońsk 
 Official website of the City of Płońsk

Cities in Masovian Voivodeship
Frances Burney (13 June 1752 – 6 January 1840) was an English novelist, diarist and playwright. She was also known as Fanny Burney. After her marriage, she was known as Madame d’Arblay. She was born in King's Lynn, England. She was born to musician Dr Charles Burney (1726 – 1814) and Mrs Esther Sleepe Burney (1725 – 62). She mostly taught herself. She began writing what she called her "scribblings" when she was ten. Her first novel, Evelina, was published in 1778. This novel made her very famous. Cecilia came out in 1782. It was an even greater critical success. Her major novels, Evelina, Cecilia, and Camilla are about a young girl. The girls are clever and beautiful, but does not have a lot of experience. The girl goes out into the world and grows in character. Her books were liked by Jane Austen. In 1786, she became Second Keeper of the Robes to Queen Charlotte. She wrote many journals and letters. Her journals and letters have interested historians
. In 1793, she married a French exile, General Alexandre D'Arblay. They had a son in 1794. His name was Alexander. He was their only son. While living in France from 1802 to 1812, Burney wrote The Wanderer. It was a novel about the French Revolution. It was published in 1814. Her last published work was the Memoirs of Doctor Burney (1832). She died in London in 6 January 1840. She was buried in Bath near her husband and son.
Family life 

On 13 June 1752, Frances Burney was born in King's Lynn. She was baptized on the 7th of July. Her older brothers and sisters were Ester (Hetty) (1749 – 1832) and James (1750 – 1821). Her younger brothers and sisters were Susanna Elizabeth (1755-1800), Charles (1757-1817) and Charlotte Ann (1761 – 1838). Susanna Elizabeth became Frances Burney's close friend. James Burney became an admiral. He sailed with Captain James Cook on his second and third trips. The younger Charles Burney was a scholar. Her younger half-sister, Sarah Burney (1772 – 1844), also became a novelist. She published five works that she wrote herself. Esther Sleepe Burney also had two boys who died at birth.

First mother
First mother 

Esther Sleepe Burney was three years older than Charles Burney. She had her oldest daughter, Esther, with Charles before they married. Frances Burney kept this as a "family secret". She even said nothing about the date of her father's marriage. Also, she did not say when his children were born in the Memoirs. Some people have thought that she hid the dates to make everyone believe she published Evelina when 17.
Her mother suddenly became sick. She took a trip to Bath and Bristol Hot Wells. This is where main character in Evelina go to try to become healthy again. However, she did not get better. The sickness was thought to be tuberculosis. It is also possible that it was cancer. In 1760, her mother, Esther Sleepe Burney, died. She was described by historians as a gentle woman of "warmth and intelligence". It is possible that Esther Burney's French birth influenced Burney's writing. One example is the conflicts between Madame Duval and Captain Mirvan in Evelina. It may also have been one reason for her love of and marriage to Alexandre D'Arblay. Fanny was very shocked and sad when she heard that her mother was dead. Her neighbor, Mrs. Pringle, commented. She later said, "...she never saw such affliction" and that Fanny would "take no comfort--& was almost killed with [sic] Crying". Her father, Charles Burney, was also very unhappy. He comforted himself with writing sad poems about his wife.

Father
Her father was respected by many people as a musician. He was also well-educated. He wished to show that a musician could be a gentleman. Frances Burney often saw many opera singers, dancers, musicians, and actors (like actors Garrick or Christopher Smart), that spoke in many kinds of languages. She mentioned him in Evelina: "Well may Mr. Garrick be so celebrated, so universally (everywhere) admired—I had not any idea of so great a performer...every look speaks!...I am afraid you will think me mad (crazy), so I won't say any more; yet I really believe Mr. Garrick would make you mad too, if you could see him." She also saw more of the world than most "young ladies" could. She wrote down many rude things people said in her diaries. Traveller Richard Twiss once embarrassed the family by talking about improper things. He said that an immodest book, The Dictionary of Love, was very good
. After Twiss left, Burney wrote in her Diary, 'Even my gentle & candid (truthful) Father says that he has quite mistaken the Thing, & that he will never see a Table Cloth in his House again'.
Some people have said that Burney may have been shy because of her father. People said that Mr. Burney's only fault was "obsequiousness" (too much serving to men). Frances never openly criticized her father. She even carefully destroyed everything bad about him. In her Memoirs, she wrote that her father had no faults. However, she wrote explanations and excuses for things her father thought were right.

Second mother
Second mother 

In October 1767, her father married a rich widow. Her name was Elizabeth Allen. She already had three sons. The Burney children did not like their stepmother. Hester, Frances's older sister, married her cousin. His name was Charles Rosseau Burney. He was a musician. She married him in September 1770. She probably did this to leave her home. Because of this, Frances lost a sister who was like another mother. The Burney children did a "secret war" with Mrs. Allen. They called her "Mrs. Precious", "Madam", and "the Lady". A letter from Frances Burney to her sister Hester said, "The excuse to be fudged up (made up, lied) for the purpose, I leave to your own ingenuity." Although at this time Frances was 25 years old, she had to find an excuse to visit her married sister. Even their old friend, Samuel "Daddy" Crisp, joined in with mocking Mrs. Elizabeth Allen.

Education
Education 

Her father educated her sisters Esther and Susanna much more than Frances Burney. When she was eight, she still had not learned the alphabet. She was also so shy that visitors at her father's house called her the "old lady". Some scholars think she might have had a kind of dyslexia. Her brother used to play tricks on her by pretending to teach her to read and giving her a book upside-down. She did not find out that it was actually upside down and tried to read it. People said that "the little dunce" should be whipped. However, Esther Sleepe Burney always replied that "she had no fears about Fanny". Her sister Susanna said that Fanny has "sense, sensibility, and bashfulness (shyness)". She also added, "I am afraid...that my sister Fanny is too reserved".

In 1763 or 1764, Samuel "Daddy" Crisp became close to the Burney family. He helped Frances write by asking for many journal-letters from her about her family and her life. He influenced her writing very much.

Works
Frances Burney d'Arblay made a new kind of English novel, recording things that happened from George III's madness to what happened after the Battle of Waterloo. She also wrote comedies that had a great influence on many writers to come. For example, Jane Austen found both the theme and the title for Pride and Prejudice in the last chapter of Frances Burney's novel Cecilia. William Makepeace Thackeray, the writer of Vanity Fair, was also influenced by Burney. Her first novel, Evelina, was a new kind of fiction in English. It was a fiction where women in society were shown in realistic, modern ways - the novel of manners. "She showed the manners and morals of polite society with a relish (liking) for the ridiculous (funny) and a respect for the conventional (traditional)".(Norton Anthology of Literature by Women, p. 242) Burney was the first woman to make the writing of novels "respectable". Her second novel, Cecilia, published in 1782, was an even greater critical success
. Her third novel, Camilla, was very popular; the sale was "4 times that of Evelina, & nearly double that of Cecilia".
References

Other websites 

Verses written with Hester Thrale
Works by Fanny Burney at Project Gutenberg
 Essays by Fanny Burney at Quotidiana.org
 http://www.mytimemachine.co.uk/operation.htm  Fanny Burney's own account of the mastectomy she underwent in 1811.
 Burney Centre at McGill University  
 http://dc37.dawsoncollege.qc.ca/burney/ The Burney Society
 Valerie Patten, author biography of Frances Burney (1752-1840) 

English novelists
English playwrights
Diarists
1752 births
1840 deaths
Lake Placid is a village in northern New York State.  It has a population of 2,638. It was founded in the early 1880s to look for iron.  Today it is a ski resort.  It has hosted the Winter Olympics twice, in 1932 and 1980.

Other websites 

 Web site of the Lake Placid/Essex County Visitors Bureau
 Web site of the Lake Placid News
 Lake Placid information  
 Lake Placid Olympic Authority 

 
Olympic cities
Ski areas and resorts in the United States
A grebe is a medium sized bird. They are in the family Podicipedidae. There are 22 species of grebe.

Genera and species

Genus Tachybaptus
Little Grebe, Tachybaptus  ruficollis
Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae
Madagascar Grebe, Tachybaptus pelzelnii 
Alaotra Grebe, Tachybaptus rufolavatus — probably extinct (late 1980s)
Least Grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus

Genus Podilymbus
Pied-billed Grebe, Podilymbus podiceps
Atitlán Grebe, Podilymbus gigas — extinct (1989)

Genus Rollandia
White-tufted Grebe, Rollandia rolland 
Titicaca Flightless Grebe, Rollandia microptera 

Genus Poliocephalus
Hoary-headed Grebe, Poliocephalus poliocephalus 
New Zealand Dabchick, Poliocephalus rufopectus
Genus Podiceps
Red-necked Grebe, Podiceps grisegena
Great Crested Grebe, Podiceps cristatus
Slavonian Grebe or Horned Grebe, Podiceps auritus
Black-necked Grebe or Eared Grebe, Podiceps nigricollis
Colombian Grebe, Podiceps andinus — extinct (1977)
Great Grebe, Podiceps major 
Silvery Grebe, Podiceps occipitalis 
Junin Flightless Grebe, Podiceps taczanowskii 
Hooded Grebe, Podiceps gallardoi

Genus Aechmophorus
Western Grebe, Aechmophorus occidentalis
Clark's Grebe, Aechmophorus clarkii

Description, color and shape 
Most grebes are a medium or large size. Some grebes, such as the Little Grebe are smaller. All Grebes have large feet with lobed toes. This means that each toe is separate on the foot (the opposite of this is webbed feet which is seen in ducks and geese). Some grebes find it difficult to walk on land because their feet are so big. They are much better at swimming and diving in water.
Grebes have narrow wings. Some grebes find it difficult to fly. There are two species of grebe that cannot fly at all. This means that if grebes are in danger, they will dive under water instead of flying away like other birds do. 

Grebes can have long or short bills. If they eat insects in the water, they will have a short bills. If they eat crustaceans (for example, crabs) they will have a long, sharp bill. 

Most grebes are brown, white and red/orange. They have many, waterproof feathers. This means they can easily float on water and dive into water without getting cold or wet. In spring and summer, grebes have orange crests on their heads. This is so they can attract a mate. Some grebes do a mating ritual. This is when they "dance" in the water.

Grebes make their nest from plants found in the water. The nests float on top of the water. Baby grebes can swim when they are born. They are usually brown and white and do not get their orange crests until they are adults.
Habitat 
Grebes live in freshwater (lakes or rivers). Some species of grebe will go to saltwater (sea/ocean) when they are migrating. This is when birds fly to live in a different place in summer or winter. Grebes only migrate if they live in North America, Europe or Asia. Grebes in South America, Africa and Asia do not migrate. They are found in every continent on earth.
A Funeral Director also called a mortician or undertaker is a person who has the job of organizing a funeral. This often includes embalming and burial or cremation of the dead, as well as the planning and arrangement of the actual funeral ceremony. They place the body into a coffin or casket. If people are going to come and look at the body before burial, the funeral director will have the body dressed, and made up with cosmetics to make it look better.

Death customs
Personal service occupations
Mangroves are trees or shrubs that grow in salty water in hot places like the tropics.

Mangroves make a special saltwater woodland or shrubland habitat, called a mangrove swamp, mangrove forest, mangrove or mangal. Mangroves grow on 1/3 of tropical shores. They are also found in sub-tropical Africa, Asia, and the southwest Pacific. 

Their twisted, tangled roots collect sediment. Over time, the sediment may become islands, or extend the shoreline.

Description 
Mangroves live right in the sea, or at the sea edge. Their seeds fall from the tree and grow roots as soon as they touch any kind of soil. During low tide, they may fall in soil rather than water and start growing where they fall. If the water level is high, they may be carried far away from where they fell.
Mangrove trees are often the beginning of what will one day be a small island. As soil and other things collect in their roots, little bodies of land are formed – just the right place for other island vegetation to grow. This is an example of seed dispersal by water.

Mangroves have special root-like structures. They are aerial roots or pneumatophores. These stick up out of the soil, and are covered in lenticels. They take in oxygen through their pores. These "breathing tubes" may reach heights of up to 30 cm, and in some species, over 3 m. Smaller roots with air passages move oxygen from the air to parts of the plant underwater.

Benefits 
Mangrove roots give clear water to the coral reefs which often surround them. They trap dirt and clean water by filtering land runoff and removing pollutants. The tree also protects the shoreline (and the coral reefs) from being eroded by storm waves. Mangrove thickets are a good place for many coral-reef fish, shrimp, and crabs to grow.

References 

Trees
Wetlands
The great crested grebe is a water bird. It is a member of the grebe family. Its scientific name is Podiceps cristatus.

Description 
The great crested grebe is a medium sized bird. It is 46–51 cm long. Its wingspan (both wings open) is 59–73 cm long.

The bird is white, brown and black, and it has orange crest feathers on its head. It has a long, sharp pink bill. Baby great crested grebe have black and white stripes on their heads.

Habitat and behaviour 
The great crested grebe is found in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. It is the biggest grebe in Europe. It lives in freshwater lakes. It eats crustaceans (for example, crabs), insects and small frogs. It dives into the water to find food.
The bird has an interesting mating ritual. This means two birds (male and female) do a "dance" in the water before they mate. Grebes dance every time the pair meets, and the dance varies according to the circumstance. Returning to the nest is different from meeting out on the water, for instance. Most dances end in a bout of head-shaking. 

The great crested grebe makes a nest from plants. The nest floats on top of the water. A pair of grebes will usually have two eggs. When the babies are born, they cannot swim. Their parents teach them to swim and dive. Sometimes the babies will sit on their parents backs while the parents swim in the water.
Conservation 
The bird nearly became extinct in the United Kingdom in the 19th century. This is because people wanted to use their orange head feathers. People wanted to put the feathers on their hats and clothes. The RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) stopped this. There are now many great crested grebe in the United Kingdom, where their conservation status is green ("least concern").

References 

Podicipediformes
The swift is a bird in the family Apodidae. It is in the order Apodiformes with treeswifts and hummingbirds. The swift is very good at flying. It spends all of its time in the air.

The scientific name for the swift (apus) comes from the Ancient Greek word απους, apous which means "without feet". This is because swifts have very small, weak feet. Swifts use their feet to hold on to vertical places (for example, the wall of a house, or a cliff). Swifts do not want to land on the ground. It is often thought that if they land on ground, they cannot fly up again, but that is not true. They can take off but with difficulty.

Description 
Swifts are small birds. They can fly very well and very fast. Some swifts can fly at 514m per second. If a swift needs to fly very fast, it can fly at 60m per second for a short amount of time. When catching insects, they fly in a series of swoops, changing direction rapidly as they pursue the prey.
Swifts have long, curved wings. The wings are in the shape of a sickle or boomerang. They have a forked tail. This means it looks like a V shape. 

Swifts can be seen all over the world. They like to live in warmer places and they migrate every year. For example, Swifts fly to Europe in the spring and summer. When it gets cold at the start of autumn, the Swifts fly to Africa where it is warmer.

Nests 

Swifts make their nests in a corner between two walls. For example, near the roof of a house, or in an area between rocks in a cave. They use mud and saliva (spit) to make a cup-shaped nest. 

There are some swifts which only use saliva to make their nests. These swifts are in the genus Aerodramus. In Asia, people take the nests and use them to make bird's nest soup. This soup is very popular in China.

Apodiformes
Wangaratta is a city in the northeast of Victoria, Australia. About 19,000 people live there. It is about  from Melbourne along the Hume Highway. The city of Benalla   is to the south west, and Albury and Wodonga  to the north east. The Ovens and King Rivers which flow from the Victorian Alps meet at Wangaratta. It is in the local government area of the Rural City of Wangaratta.

History
Gold was found in the area during the 1850s.  A Post Office opened on 1 February 1843, as Ovens, and moved to the town and was renamed Wangaratta in 1854. The Ovens office, and the Kilmore office which opened the same day, were the fifth and sixth to open in the Port Phillip District (Victoria). They were also the first two inland offices.
 
The small town of Glenrowan about 10 km away is known as the site of the final shootout that led to the capture of Australia's most famous bushranger, Ned Kelly.

References

Cities in Victoria
Chiltern is a town in the north east of Victoria, Australia. It is between Wangaratta and Wodonga, in the Shire of Indigo. In 2006 there were 1063 people living in Chiltern. The town is close to the Chiltern-Mt Pilot National Park. Chiltern was once on the main road between Melbourne and Sydney but is now by-passed by the Hume Freeway a few kilometres to the east.

History 
The area of Chiltern was on the Wahgunyah cattle run and was called Black Dog Creek. The township was named after the Chiltern Hills in England. It was surveyed in 1853 but not started until gold was found in 1858—59 during the great Victorian Gold Rush period. The Post Office opened on September 1, 1859.

Many of Chiltern's old buildings are protected by the National Trust. In 1859, many shop-keepers and miners from around Beechworth and the Ovens Valley followed the gold rush and moved into Chiltern.

The Grape Vine Hotel, on the corners of Main St and Conness St, has the largest grapevine in Australia, planted in 1867.

References
A press release, news release, media release, or press statement is a written or recorded communication for news reporters. Its purpose is to let them know about something that is news. These are mailed, faxed, or e-mailed to editors at newspapers, magazines, radio stations, television stations, and television networks. There are companies whose job is to send out this information. 

The use of a press release is common in public relations. People use this to get the media to take notice of them, or get publicity for a product, or event that they might be holding. A press release gives reporters the basic information they need to write a news story. Press releases can announce a range of news items such as: events, promotions, awards, new products and services, sales and other financial data, accomplishments, etc.
A press statement is information given to reporters. This is an official statement or account of a news story that is specially written for newspapers and other news media for them to make known to the public.

Mass media
"Alice" is an alternative rock song written and performed by Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne for the soundtrack to the 2010 movie Alice in Wonderland, entitled Almost Alice. The song is a mid-tempo ballad sung from the perspective of the film's lead character, Alice. According to Lavigne, she wrote the song after asking Disney executives and director Tim Burton for a role on the soundtrack. The song was produced by Butch Walker and mixed by Lavigne's former husband Deryck Whibley.

Concept 
While designing clothes inspired by Alice in Wonderland for her Abbey Dawn line, Lavigne told Disney executives she could write a song for the film's soundtrack. Director Tim Burton agreed, and Lavigne "wrote the song immediately" on her piano.  Lavigne described the song as "a little darker" and confirmed the lyrics, "trippin' out, spinnin' around, I'm underground, I fell down."

Charts

References 

2010 songs
Avril Lavigne songs
The Flag of the State of Utah was adopted in 1913 and has the Seal of Utah encircled in a golden circle on a background of dark navy blue.

In 1912, the Sons and Daughters of Utah Pioneers ordered a custom made copy of the newly adopted state flag to be showed off to the battleship USS Utah, which was commissioned on August 31, 1911. When the flag came, the group found out that the coat of arms on the flag was in full color instead of white, and the manufacturer had added a gold ring around the shield. Rather than have the flag remade, the Utah legislature changed the law to match the battleship flag, and the flag was showed off to the USS Utah.
A bald eagle, the national bird of the United States represents the safety of America. The arrows in the talons of the eagle represent courage in war. The sego lily, the Utah state flower, represents peace. The state motto "industry" represents progress, hard work, and community as does the emblem of the beehive, which is also a traditional Mormon symbol. Crossed Union flags show Utah's support and commitment to the United States. The name, Utah, appears underneath the beehive. The date 1847 represents the year Brigham Young led the first Mormons into the state. The year listed below that, 1896, represents the year that Utah was admitted to the Union. The gold circle around the state seal represents eternal order. The shield underneath the bald eagle represents common defense (military).

The design of the seal was adopted in 1850 by the Territory of Utah and changed by the artist "Harry Edwards" when Utah became a state in 1896.

Flag of the State of Deseret
According to most descriptions, the flag of the State of Deseret was almost the same to the flag of the State of Utah, but as it was not standardized, many other secular and religious alternatives were also used.

References

Utah
Utah
Dawson City is a place in the Yukon Territory.  It used to be a city, but is not one anymore.  It is the second-largest place in Yukon, after Whitehorse, and has 1,327 people.   

Dawson was at its biggest during the Klondike Gold Rush of 1898, and served as a base for mining.  Many people became rich not from finding gold, but from running boarding houses/general stores because of good business from all of the miners.  It was the capital of Yukon from 1898 to 1952.

Settlements in Yukon
The Great Seal of the State of Utah was adopted on April 3, 1896 at the first regular session of the Legislature (January, February, March, April 1896). The first seal was made by Harry Edwards and cost $65.00.

The meanings of the symbols

Related pages
Flag of Utah

Utah
Utah
1896 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Utah
Magdalena Neuner (born 9 February 1987 in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria) is a German biathlete.

Career 
She had her first Biathlon World Cup race in the 2005-06 season. One year later, she became one of the stars of the German biathlon team with three gold medals in the 2007 Biathlon World Championships in Antholz, Italy. In 2008, she won three other gold medals in the Biathlon World Cup in Östersund, Sweden, and reached also the first place of the Biathlon World Cup in that year.

In the 2010 Winter Olympics she was one of the gold medal favourites. The first race (on 13 February) was the 7.5 km sprint, where she reached a silver medal, beaten only by Anastasia Kuzmina from Slovakia. Three days later (on 16 February), she won the gold medal in the pursuit race. On 21 February, her second gold medal followed in the mass start.

References

Other websites 

 Magdalena Neuner's website
 Magdalena Neuner's results on the official International Biathlon Union website
1987 births
Living people
German Olympic gold medalists
German Olympic silver medalists
German skiers
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Sport shooters
Sportspeople from Bavaria
Sportswomen
Wynton Learson Marsalis (born October 18, 1961) is an American jazz and classical trumpeter. He has won nine Grammy Awards for his music. His father was Ellis Marsalis Jr..

References

American jazz musicians
American classical musicians
American trumpeters
Grammy Award winners
African American musicians
Musicians from Louisiana
1961 births
Living people
The Americas (or America) are lands in the Western Hemisphere that are also known as the New World. Comprising the continents of North America and South America, along with their associated islands, they cover 8.3% of the Earth's total surface area (28.4% of its land area).

Most people consider the countries in Central America to be part of North America instead of South America.

While the word American is usually used to mean a person or a thing from the United States, the most populated country in the Americas, sometimes people and things from anywhere in the Americas are called "American".

The Americas, or America, were discovered by Europeans in the late 15th century during the Age of Exploration. Christopher Columbus, sailing for Spain, reached the Caribbean islands in 1492, starting the connection between the Old World and the New World. After that, Europeans explored and settled in the Americas.
In the 16th century, powerful empires existed in the Americas. The Aztec Empire ruled central Mexico, and the Inca Empire controlled much of western South America. But when European colonizers arrived, conflicts happened, and these empires eventually fell.

During the next centuries, countries like Spain, Portugal, France, and England created colonies in different parts of the Americas. This led to changes in cultures, introduction of new diseases, and negative effects on native people.

In the 19th century, many American countries became independent from European rule. The American Revolution (1775-1783) led to the United States forming, and leaders like Simón Bolívar helped South American countries gain independence.

Over time, the Americas experienced important events like westward expansion in the U.S., the Mexican-American War, the Mexican Revolution, and the Cuban Revolution. The continent played a big role in World Wars and the Cold War too.
Today, the Americas have diverse cultures, languages, and traditions due to their history of interactions between indigenous people, European settlers, and immigrants from around the world.

Related pages 
 History of the Americas

References

Other websites 
 Organization of American States
Colonel Ilan Ramon (, born Ilan Wolferman; June 20, 1954 - February 1, 2003) was an Israeli air force pilot and the only Israeli astronaut. He was a member of the STS-107 mission crew and he died during Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003. 

His mother was a Holocaust survivor (at Auschwitz concentration camp) and his father fought for Israeli independence. Ramon was married to activist Rona Ramon.

Other websites

 Official biography at NASA
 Photo of Ilan Ramon with Chabad Rabbi Zvi Konikov 
 Ilan Ramon STS-107 Crew Memorial 
 Ilan Ramon Memorial pages in the Israel Science and Technology Directory
 Spacefacts biography of Ilan Ramon
 Excerpts from Ilan Ramon's diary 
 

1954 births
2003 deaths
Astronauts
Aviation deaths
Aviators
Israeli colonels
Israeli Jews
Jewish military people
Tel Aviv University alumni
Daniel Johnston (January 22, 1961 – September 11, 2019) was an American songwriter, singer, and artist who lived in Texas. Johnston has bipolar disorder. The movie The Devil and Daniel Johnston is about his life and music career.

Born in Sacramento, California, Johnston grew up in West Virginia in a Christian family. He became a Beatles fan when he was young, then went off to college but did not finish. He moved to Texas to live with his brother, and ended up joining a circus. He left the circus after another worker beat him up for taking too long in a restroom, and found a church in Austin, Texas that helped him find somewhere to live. Johnston's religious beliefs are mentioned in many of his songs, especially on his CD 1990.
Johnston's music career started in Austin in the 1980s. He made cassette tapes of songs he performed on a chord organ and gave many of them out for free to people he met. He started playing concerts and became very popular with music fans in Texas. Johnston appeared on MTV, and became even more popular when Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain wore a T-shirt with the cover art of one of Johnston's CDs.

Johnston released one CD on Atlantic Records, a major record label (a big company that helps make CDs and sells them around the world) called Fun in 1994. However, he was not able to make any more CDs with Atlantic Records because not enough people bought Fun. However, Johnston still writes songs, and his drawings appear on the covers of his CDs. His latest CD is Is and Always Was, which came out in 2009.

In 2010, movie director David Miller announced that he was writing the script for a new movie about Johnston that would be very different from The Devil and Daniel Johnston.
Johnston died of a suspected heart attack at his home in Waller, Texas on September 11, 2019. He was 58.

Albums released on CD
Yip/Jump Music (1983)
Hi, How Are You (1983)
Continued Story with Texas Instruments (1985)
A Texas Trip (1987)
1990 (1990)
Artistic Vice (1991)
Fun (1994)
Why Me? (2000)
Rejected Unknown (2001)
Fear Yourself (2003)
Freak Brain (2005)
Lost and Found (2006)
Is and Always Was (2009)

Other websites 
Johnston's official website

References

American rock musicians
American rock singers
Singers from Sacramento, California
Singers from West Virginia
Musicians from California
Musicians from Texas
Musicians from West Virginia
Writers from Sacramento, California
People with bipolar disorder
Writers from Texas
Writers from West Virginia
Singers from Texas
Deaths from myocardial infarction
1961 births
2019 deaths
The treepies are a type of bird. They are a member of the crow family (Corvidae). There are four different genus of treepie. They are Dendrocitta, Crypsirina, Temnurus and Platysmurus. There are 11 species of treepie.

Treepies are similar to magpies. They have long tails. Most treepies are black, white, gray or brown. They are found in Southeast Asia. They live in tropical forests. They spend a lot of time in the tops of trees. They do not come to feed on the ground very often.

Corvids
Birds of Asia
Velcro is a brandname and trademark owned by the Velcro Companies for hook-and-loop fasteners. Hook-and-loop fasteners have a "hook" side, which is a piece of fabric covered with tiny hooks, and a "loop" side, which is covered with even smaller and "hairier" loops. When the two sides are pressed together, the hooks catch in the loops and hold the pieces together. When they are separated, they make a special "ripping" sound.

Creation
Creation 

The person who invented hook-and-loop was a scientist named George de Mestral. During a hunting vacation in Switzerland, de Mestral came home one evening and tried to remove the burrs stuck to his dog's fur. He was very surprised to see how hard the burrs were to remove. That night he studied the burrs under a microscope and noticed that each burr was covered with hundreds of small hooks acting like grasping hands. De Mestral decided that this burr could be made to close fabric instead of buttons and zippers. By copying the hook pattern hat he saw on burrs, he made hook-and-loop!

Vocabulary 

George de Mestral created the Velcro trademark by combining the French words for velvet (velour) and hook (crochet).

References

Other websites 

 Velcro Official US company website
 closeup of Velcro hooks and loops
 VELCRO USA INC. Celebrates 50TH 
 VELCRO Patent  - from Google Patents Anniversary
 Adhesives Guide by Velcro USA  - Adhesive Guide by Velcro USA
Māmane (Hawaiian language) is a shrub of Hawai'i in the Sophora genus. It is suitable for gardens.

It is highly polymorphic, growing as a shrub or tree, and able to reach a height of  in tree form. It is grow fast in every island of Hawaiian archipelago, so botanists describe many local forms including S.unifoliolata
Hawaiian honeycreeper visits mamane sucking nectar,
If mamane were to disappear from Hawai'i it would take with it the palila bird, which is also endangered due to the lack of enough māmane trees. Loxoides bauilleui, palila, feeds on unripe seeds of the māmane

References

Other websites
Plant of Hawaii

Gallery

Faboideae
Mortality rate is a measurement.  It measures the number of deaths in a population.  

It is often reported as a number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year.  For example, a mortality rate of 9 in a population of 1,000 would mean 9 deaths per year in that entire population.
The World Bank calculated the death rate for the whole world was 8 deaths per 1,000 people in 2020.  The mortality rate has been going down during the last hundred years, but the COVID-19 pandemic increased mortality rates in many countries.  This is not only people who have died from Covid, though there were more than 6.8 million deaths directly due to COVID-19. The number of people dying of other causes has increased. Excess mortality rates - that is more than expected -  across the European Union rose by 19% in December 2022, compared to the average number of deaths in the same period between 2016 and 2019.  In Germany, 37.3% more people died in December 2022 than the average for December.  This is thought to be partly because of weakened immune systems and partly because healthcare systems have been badly affected.  There are also effects of climate change.

Related pages 
 Life expectancy

References

Demography

Death
Ricotta is an Italian fresh whey cheese made from the whey of sheep's milk or cow's milk. Whey is a watery liquid that separates from curds when cheese is made. Ricotta is soft, grainy and white. It can be used in Italian desserts like cheesecake or cannoli or in dishes like lasagna. It contains protein and is a dairy product.

References

Italian cheeses
Dairy products
Whey is a watery liquid that comes out of milk when it has been curdled and strained. It is also called milk plasma. It is a by-product of cheese making. Sweet whey is made during the making of rennet types of hard cheese like Cheddar or Swiss. Acid whey (also known as "sour whey") is made during the making of acid types of cheese such as cottage cheese. Whey also forms as a liquid on the top of yoghurt.

Uses
Whey can be used to make whey cheeses like ricotta. It can be added to processed foods like bread, pastry or crackers. It can also be used to feed animals.

References

Dairy products
Curds are a dairy product made by curdling milk with rennet or yeast so that it separates, and taking away the liquid part (called whey). Milk that has been left to go sour will also naturally separate into curds and whey. Curds are used to make cheese. Curds and whey can be eaten together as a dish.

References

Dairy products
Pokhara is the second largest city of Nepal. It is the main tourism centre of Nepal. It is 200 km away from the capital, Kathmandu.

Cities in Nepal
The Seal of the State of Colorado is an adaptation of the "Territorial Seal" which was adopted by the "First Territorial Assembly" on November 6, 1861. The only changes made in the Territorial Seal design being the changing of the words, "State of Colorado" and the figures "1876" for the corresponding words on the territorial seal. The first "General Assembly" of the State of Colorado approved the adoption of the state seal on March 15, 1877. The "Colorado Secretary of State" alone is authorized to affix the Great Seal of Colorado to any document whatsoever.

Colorado
Colorado
1861 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Colorado
The Flag of the State of Maine has the state coat of arms on a blue field. In the center of the shield a moose rests under a tall pine tree. A farmer and seaman represent the normal reliance on agriculture and the sea by the state. The "North Star" represents the state motto: Dirigo ("I Lead").

Maine
Maine
The Seal of the State of Maine was adopted in June 1820. There have been different kinds in the details of the seal, but the overall design and images remain true to the first. The center of the seal is a shield with a tranquil scene of a moose resting in a field bordered by water and woods, pine tree stand tall directly behind the moose. On either side of the shield, a farmer rests on his scythe, and a sailor leans on an anchor. Above the shield is the motto "Dirigo" (I lead), and a North Star. Below the shield is a banner that reads "Maine". The legislature of 1919 thought that the design of the seal should no longer vary, and the design is still used today.

Maine
Maine
1820 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maine
A doctorate is a higher degree earned by passing a doctoral dissertation at a university. Usually, it refers to a Doctor of Philosophy, but it can also be an Doctor of Medicine or an Juris Doctor. There are different levels of doctorate including professional doctorate such as Doctor of Pharmacy, Juris Doctor (professional degree in law) and higher doctorates that require unique, independent research such as Doctor of Laws, Ph.Ds and Doctor of Science. Colleges often give honorary doctorates to famous people who speak there.

References 

Academia
Qualifications
Academic degrees
In computing, a cluster is made of many individual computers that work together to solve a problem at hand. Clusters can have different forms: They can be whole computers working together, or only CPUs. These CPUs can communicate over a fast network, but they share the same hard disks, for example. Depending on the problem, solving it with a cluster of cheaper components can be less expensive that investing in better hardware that costs more.

Grid computing is different in that the individual computers work on separate tasks that are part of a large problem. They are usually more different from one another and geographically further apart than cluster computers are.

Computing
Garry Kasparov (born 13 April 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan) is a Russian chess grandmaster and political activist. He was born with the name Garry Weinstein, and is partly of Jewish descent. He was the World Chess Champion from 1985 to 2000. In 1993 he broke away from FIDE to make a rival organisation (the PCA), because he felt FIDE had failed to raise enough money for world title matches. There is controversy about that period. By any measure, he is one of the greatest chess players of all time. He was the highest-rated player even after his retirement until Magnus Carlsen took him over.
Kasparov became the youngest non-disputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at the age of 22. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when an argument with FIDE led him to set up a rival company, the Professional Chess Association. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Kasparov lost a match (a series of chess games) against Deep Blue, a computer made by IBM, in 1997. Lately, retired from competition, he has been coaching Magnus Carlsen, the young player from Norway who is the current world #1.

Politics

After retiring from chess, Kasparov became involved in Russian politics. In 2005, he traveled around Russia, speaking against Vladimir Putin, who was President of Russia at that time. The same year he created the United Civil Front, a political movement whose main goal is to dismantle Putin's regime and restore democracy in Russia.
Kasparov was also one of the founders of The Other Russia, an opposition coalition which unites many left and nationalist politicians. He helped organize marches of dissenters involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and governors of Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency. In November 2007, he was detained by police at a rally in Moscow and given a jail sentence of five days. On 12 December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a hall where at least 500 of his supporters could meet to endorse his candidacy, as is legally required. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to discourage anyone from renting a hall for the gathering. In 2008 Kasparov and his United Civil Front joined the Solidarity movement.
Kasparov is among the 34 first signatories and a key organiser of the online anti-Putin campaign Putin must go started in March 2010.

References 

1963 births
Living people
Azerbaijani chess players
Croatian politicians
People from Baku
Russian chess players
Russian politicians
Soviet chess players
Chess grandmasters
Stanley Vann (born Leicester, 15 February 1910 - 27 March 2010) was an English composer, organist, choral conductor, and choir trainer.  He contributed a great deal to music in the Anglican church tradition.  He was Director of Music at Peterborough Cathedral from 1953 to 1977.  On 15 February 2010 he celebrated his 100th birthday.  He died the following month.

Early life
Vann was born in Leicester.  He started to learn the piano when he was about six years old.  At the age of 17 he learned the organ, and by the time he was 20 he had passed his  ARCM, ARCO and FRCO organ diplomas.

The start of a musical career
In 1931 he became Assistant Organist at Leicester Cathedral.  In 1933 he became Organist at Gainsborough Parish Church, then went to Leamington Spa as Organist of Holy Trinity church in 1939.  He started a choir and an orchestra there: the Leamington Spa Bach Choir and the Warwickshire Symphony Orchestra.

Between 1942 and 1946 he had to fight in the Second World War.
In 1949 he got the jobs of Organist at Chelmsford Cathedral and Professor of Harmony and Counterpoint at Trinity College, London.  In Chelmsford he started the Essex Symphony Orchestra.

He also trained the Leicester Philharmonic choir for the famous conductors Henry Wood and Malcolm Sargent.

Peterborough
In 1909 Vann became Master of the Music in Peterborough Cathedral.  He stayed in this job until he retired in 1977.  The choir was not particularly good when he started there, but he soon made them into an excellent choir.  They made many recordings.  In 1971 he was given a Lambeth doctorate by the Archbishop of Canterbury for his services to music.

When he retired he first moved to Wansford in Cambridgeshire so that he was half way between his son (in Yorkshire) and his daughter (in Berkshire).  He continued to work there, training the church choir, giving singing lessons, and composing.  Later he moved to Yorkshire to be nearer to family.  He died aged 100 after falling down and breaking his hip.