Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Luigi Snozzi (29 July 1932 – 29 December 2020) was a Swiss architect. He was born in Mendrisio, Ticino. From 1962 to 1971, Snozzi worked with architect Livio Vacchini.

From 1982 to 1984, he was a Visiting Professor and in 1985 he was appointed Professor of Architecture at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne.  Snozzi was a professor of the University of Sassari, at the Faculty of Architecture of Alghero, Sardinia.

Snozzi died in Minusio, Switzerland on 29 December 2020 from COVID-19, at the age of 88.

References

1932 births
2020 deaths
Swiss businesspeople
Swiss academics
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Switzerland
Swiss architects
Mendrisio District
People from Ticino
Arne Agnar Jensen (15 November 1954 – 29 December 2020) was a Norwegian media and corporate executive. He was born in Bergen, Norway. From 1989 to 1993, he was the chief executive of BSB Bates Group. He then became chief executive of TV 2, and then chief executive of the airline Braathens from 1999 until 2001.

He then became chief executive of Merkantildata, later Ementor, from 2001 to 2004.

Jensen died on 29 December 2020 at the age of 66.

References

1954 births
2020 deaths
Norwegian businesspeople
Richard Choruma (23 November 1978 – 29 December 2020) was a Zimbabwean football winger. His career lasted from 1999 to 2011. He made 54 appearances with Bloemfontein Celtic from 2002 to 2006. Choruma played for Highlanders from 1999 to 2002, 2003 to 2004 and 2007 to 2011. He made eight appearances for the national team from 2001 to 2004.

Choruma died on 29 December 2020 in Thembisa, South Africa from kidney failure at the age of 42.

References

1978 births
2020 deaths
Zimbabwean footballers
Deaths from renal failure
Lawrence Patrick David Gillick (born August 22, 1937) is an American professional baseball executive. He was the general manager of four MLB teams: the Toronto Blue Jays (1978–1994), Baltimore Orioles (1996–1998), Seattle Mariners (2000–2003), and Philadelphia Phillies (2006–2008). He was born in Chico, California.

In 2011, he was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum.

References

1937 births
Living people
Businesspeople from California
Sportspeople from California
Bridget Catherine Regan (born February 3, 1982) is an American actress. She played Kahlan Amnell in the television series Legend of the Seeker, Rebecca Lowe/Rachel Turner in White Collar, Rose Solano in Jane the Virgin and Dottie Underwood in Agent Carter.

References

1982 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from San Diego, California
Glynn Russell Turman (born January 31, 1947) is an American actor. He played Toledo in the 2020 Netflix movie Ma Rainey's Black Bottom.

Turman played Lew Miles on the prime-time soap opera Peyton Place, Leroy "Preach" Jackson in Cooley High, Bradford Taylor on the NBC sitcom A Different World and Mayor Clarence Royce on the HBO drama series The Wire. 

Turman was married Aretha Franklin from 1978 and they divorced in 1984.

References

1947 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Theodore Richard White (born March 25, 1931), known professionally as Ted White, is an American businessman, songwriter, and producer. White was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was the manager and first husband of soul singer Aretha Franklin. White wrote or co-wrote many songs with Franklin such as "Think".

References

1931 births
Living people
American songwriters
Record producers
Businesspeople from Detroit
Writers from Detroit
John Donald Fiedler (February 3, 1925 – June 25, 2005) was an American actor. He played Juror #2 in 12 Angry Men (1957) and was the voice of Piglet in Disney's Winnie the Pooh movies.

References

1925 births
2005 deaths
Actors from Wisconsin
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in New Jersey
Leslie Allen Jordan (April 29, 1955 – October 24, 2022) was an American actor and writer. He played Lonnie Garr in Hearts Afire and Beverly Leslie in Will & Grace. In 2006, he won an Emmy Award. He became a popular Instagram celebrity during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Jordan died on October 24, 2022 in Los Angeles, California after his car crashed into a building, aged 67. The cause of death was cardiac arrest caused by arteriosclerotic sudden cardiac dysfunction.

References

Emmy Award winning actors
1955 births
2022 deaths
Road accident deaths in California
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from Chattanooga, Tennessee
Writers from Tennessee
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from arteriosclerosis
Lazar Lazarevich Matveev (Russian: Ла́зарь Лазаре́вич Матве́ев; born 17 April 1927) is a Russian intelligence leader and former Soviet intelligence leader. He was a senior KGB liaison officer during 1982 to 1989. He was the boss of Vladimir Putin when Putin worked for the KGB. Matveev was born in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Soviet Union.

References

1927 births
Living people
KGB people
Russian military people
Soviet military people
Grosse Pointe Woods is a suburban city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. 16,135 people lived there at the 2010 census.  It about  northeast of downtown Detroit.

References

Cities in Michigan
Ma Rainey's Black Bottom is a 2020 American drama movie directed by George C. Wolfe and written by Ruben Santiago-Hudson. It is based on the play of the same name by August Wilson. 

The movie was produced by Denzel Washington, Todd Black, and Dany Wolf. It stars Viola Davis and Chadwick Boseman, with Glynn Turman, Colman Domingo, and Michael Potts.

The movie is about Ma Rainey and talks about her career in Chicago during the 1920s and how her career was affected by racism.

It was released on a limited theatrical release on November 25, 2020, before beginning to stream on Netflix on December 18.

References

2020 drama movies
Netflix movies
Movies set in Chicago
Movies set in the 1920s
American drama movies
Movies based on plays
George Costello Wolfe (born September 23, 1954) is an American playwright and movie-theatre director. He won a Tony Award in 1993 for directing Angels in America: Millennium Approaches and another Tony Award in 1996 for his direction of the musical Bring in 'da Noise/Bring in 'da Funk.

He was Artistic Director of The Public Theater from 1993 until 2004.

References

Other websites
 
 George C. Wolf in the glbtq Encyclopedia
 George C. Wolf images

Tony Award winners
Drama Desk Award winners
1954 births
Living people
American movie directors
American playwrights
American theatre directors
Writers from Kentucky
James Catherwood Hormel (January 1, 1933 – August 13, 2021) was an American philanthropist, LGBT activist, and Democratic politician. He was the United States Ambassador to Luxembourg from 1999 to 2001 during the Bill Clinton presidency. Hormel was born in Austin, Minnesota. He was the first openly gay ambassador ever nominated in the United States. 

Hormel died on August 13, 2021 in San Francisco, California at the age of 88.

References

1933 births
2021 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States
Philanthropists from Minnesota
American LGBT rights activists
Businesspeople from Minnesota
Politicians from Minnesota
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
LGBT businesspeople
American LGBT politicians
Gay men
Politicians from San Francisco
Businesspeople from San Francisco
George Smiley OBE is a fictional character created by John le Carré. Smiley is an intelligence officer with "The Circus". This is the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6. 

He is a central character in the novels Call for the Dead, A Murder of Quality, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, The Honourable Schoolboy, and Smiley's People, and a supporting character in The Spy Who Came In from the Cold, The Looking Glass War, The Secret Pilgrim and A Legacy of Spies. The character has also appeared in a number of film, television, and radio adaptations of le Carré's books.
Le Carré, who created Smiley, wanted to show that Ian Fleming's James Bond series was an inaccurate picture of espionage life. Smiley is polite, shy and humble. He often allows others to mistreat him, especially his unfaithful wife. But his humility masks his inner cunning, excellent memory, mastery of tradecraft, and occasional ruthlessness. His genius being underestimated helps Smiley achieve his goals. In the end, he becomes one of the most powerful agents in Britain.

The character is held in high esteem in Britain, where he has become a pop-culture icon on par with Bond. The Guardian called him "the sort of spy [Britain] believes it ought to have: a bit shabby, academic, basically loyal, and sceptical of...  his political masters".

References 

Fictional British people
Characters in written fiction
Fictional characters introduced in 1961
An intelligence officer is a person employed to collect and or analyze information (known as "intelligence") which is of use to the organization.

The word officer is a working title, not a  rank. It is used in the same way a "police officer" can be a sergeant, or in the military, where non-commissioned staff may serve as intelligence officers. 

Organizations which employ intelligence officers include armed forces, police, and customs agencies. Mainly, though, the term is used by government intelligence agencies like MI5 and MI6.
Angelica Schuyler Church was an American woman from New York. She knew Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, the Marquis de Lafayette and Thomas Jefferson.

Early life and family

Angelica was born in 1756.  She grew up in Albany, New York.  Her parents were Philip Schuyler and Catharine Van Rensselaer Schuyler.  Philip Schuyler had fought in the French and Indian War.  He went to the New York State Assembly and Continental Congress.  During the Revolutionary War, Philip Schuyler was a Major General in the Continental Army. Her parents had fifteen children, and eight lived to be adults.  Angelica's sister Elizabeth would later marry Alexander Hamilton.  The Schuyler family had almost twenty slaves.
Historian Danielle Funiciello of the Schuyler Museum says the Schuyler daughters probably learned French, dancing, geography, history, writing, arithmetic, music, needlework, and how to run a household.  Because about half of Albany spoke Dutch as a first language, the Schuylers probably spoke Dutch.  Because Angelica could read in French, she could read philosophy.

After the war, Philip Schuyler was a senator in the New York state government and then senator for New York in the United States government.

Marriage and life in Europe

Angelica Schuyler married a British man called John Barker Church in 1777.  At the time, John Barker Church was using a false name, John Carter.  He had changed his name and left England because he owed people money from gambling.  She ran away to marry him because she thought her parents would not want them to marry.  Her parents were angry and would not speak to her for days.  Her mother's parents talked to her parents until they changed their minds.
John Barker Church made a lot of money selling supplies to the French and Continental armies during the war. He was General George Washington's Commissary General. He also made money buying land and selling it later.

In 1783, Angelica Schuyler Church, her husband, and their four children moved from the United States to France.  John Barker Church was an envoy from the United States government to the government of France.  In Paris, Angelica Schuyler Church made friends with Benjamin Franklin, the Marquis de Lafayette, the Marquis de Tallyrand and Thomas Jefferson.  She introduced Thomas Jefferson to Maria Cosway.
In 1785, the Churches moved to London, where Angelica Schuyler Church made friends with some people in the royal family.  John Barker Church became a member of Parliament.  They visited the United States twice.  They visited once in 1785.  They visited again in 1789 because Angelica Schuyler Church had been invited to George Washington's inauguration, the ceremony where he officially became the first President of the United States.

The Churches moved back to the United States in 1797.

Legacy

John Barker Church had given supplies to the Americans during the Revolutionary War.  At the time, he told them they could pay him later.  Because the American government realized they could not pay him at all, they gave him land in New York State instead.  They gave him 100,000 acres on the Genesee River.  Angelica and John's son Philip Church designed and built a town there, Angelica, New York, named after his mother.

Angelica Schuyler Church died on March 13, 1814.

In popular culture
In popular culture

Angelica is a character in the Broadway musical Hamilton by Lin-Manuel Miranda.  Miranda said he had to make changes so the story of the musical would make sense.  For example, in the musical, Angelica gets married after Elizabeth and Alexander Hamilton do, instead of before.

References

1756 births
1814 deaths
18th-century American people
19th-century American people
Socialites
People from Albany, New York
The flag of Montserrat was first used after the West Indies Federation was taken apart in 1958.

Design
The flag is made of a British blue ensign with the coat of arms of Montserrat. They include Erin holding a harp which stands for Montserrat's history of Irish settlers and holding a cross to mean the island's Christian history.

References

Montserrat
Montserrat
All This and Rabbit Stew is a cartoon with Bugs Bunny. It was first made for viewing on September 13, 1941. Tex Avery is the director of the cartoon. It is about an African American hunter trying to hunt Bugs Bunny.

The cartoon is a part of the Censored Eleven. The Censored Eleven is a group of cartoons that can not be shown on television because they use racial stereotypes. All This and Rabbit Stew shows stereotypes of African Americans.

References

Other websites 

 

1941 movies
English-language movies
American animated movies
Movies about rabbits and hares
Nectanebo II ruled in 360–342 BC. He was the third and last pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt, and the last native ruler of ancient Egypt.

Under Nectanebo II, Egypt prospered. During his reign, the Egyptian artists developed a style on the reliefs of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Nectanebo II started the enormous Egyptian temple of Isis (the Iseum).

For several years, Nectanebo II was successful in keeping Egypt safe from the Achaemenid Empire. However, he was betrayed by a former servant, Mentor of Rhodes.  Nectanebo II was finally defeated by combined Persian and Greek forces in the Battle of Pelusium (343 BC). The Persians occupied Memphis and then seized the rest of Egypt. They took the country into the Achaemenid Empire under Artaxerxes III. Nectanebo fled south and was influential for some time; his final fate is unknown.

References 

1st millennium BC pharaohs
British Member of Parliament for Batley and Spen Jo Cox was killed after being shot and stabbed many times on 16 June 2016. Thomas Alexander Mair, a 53-year-old gardener, was found guilty of the murder in September. He held far-right views and attacked her because she supported the European Union and immigration. He was sentenced to life imprisionment with a whole life order.

This was the first time a sitting MP had been killed since 1990, when Ian Gow was killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.

References

June 2016 events
Terrorist incidents in 2016
Murder in 2016
2010s murders in the United Kingdom
Murders by firearm in England
Calcutta is a 1947 American crime thriller movie directed by John Farrow and starring Alan Ladd, Gail Russell, William Bendix, June Duprez, Lowell Gilmore, Benson Fong, Edith King. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.

Other websites
 
 
 

1947 crime movies
1940s thriller movies
1940s crime thriller movies
1940s American crime thriller movies
Movies directed by John Farrow
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies set in India
October: Ten Days That Shook the World (; translit. Oktyabr': Desyat' dney kotorye potryasli mir) is a 1928 Russian drama movie directed by Sergei Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov and was based on the 1919 novel of the same name by John Reed. It stars Nikolai Popov, Vasili Nikandrov, Boris Livanov, Eduard Tisse and was distributed by First National Pictures.

Other websites
 
 

1928 drama movies
Russian drama movies
Russian silent movies
Movies directed by Sergei Eisenstein
Movies directed by Grigori Aleksandrov
Jolly Fellows (), also translated as Happy-Go-Lucky Guys, Moscow Laughs and Jazz Comedy, is a 1934 Russian musical comedy movie directed by Grigori Aleksandrov and starring Lyubov Orlova, Leonid Utyosov, Valentin Parnakh. It was distributed by Mosfilm.

Other websites

1934 comedy movies
1934 musical movies
Russian comedy movies
Movies directed by Grigori Aleksandrov
Encounter at the Elbe (in ) is a 1949 Russian World War II movie directed by Grigori Aleksandrov and Aleksey Utkin. It stars Vladlen Davydov, Konstantin Nassonov, Boris Andreyev, Lyubov Orlova, Ivan Lyubeznov, Faina Ranevskaya, Andrei Fajt and was distributed by Mosfilm.

Other websites

1949 war movies
Russian movies
World War II movies
Movies directed by Grigori Aleksandrov
Two Cars, One Night is a 2004 New Zealand short drama movie directed by Taika Waititi and starring Rangi Ngamoki and Hutini Waikato. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 2005.

Other websites

Two Cars, One Night at NZ On Screen

2004 drama movies
Short movies
New Zealand drama movies
Movies directed by Taika Waititi
The New Mexico Legislature () is the legislative branch of the state government of New Mexico. It is made up of two parts: New Mexico House of Representatives (lower house) and New Mexico Senate (upper house). Both are currently controlled by the Democratic Party.

Party summary

State Senate

House of Representatives

History

References

Organizations based in New Mexico
State legislatures of the United States
Bicameral legislatures
The Passion of Joan of Arc () is a 1928 French drama movie directed by Carl Theodor Dreyer and starring Renée Jeanne Falconetti, Eugène Silvain, André Berley, Maurice Schutz, Antonin Artaud.

Other websites
 
 
 

1928 drama movies
1920s historical movies
French drama movies
French silent movies
Movies directed by Carl Theodor Dreyer
Movies set in the 15th century
Easter Parade is a 1948 American musical movie directed by Charles Walters and starring Judy Garland, Fred Astaire, Peter Lawford, Ann Miller, Clinton Sundberg. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and won an Academy Award in 1949.

Other websites
 
 
 

1948 musical movies
1940s family movies
1940s American musical movies
MGM movies
Movies directed by Charles Walters
Movies set in the 1910s
The Texas Legislature is the state legislature of Texas. It is made up of two parts: the Texas House of Representatives (lower house) and the Texas Senate (upper house). The House has 150 members and the Senate has 31 members. The legislature meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin, Texas.

Both houses are currently controlled by the Republican Party, with Dan Patrick as President of the Senate and Dennis Bonnen as Speaker of the House. Both are Republicans.

Makeup

Senate

House of Representatives

References

Organizations based in Texas
State legislatures of the United States
1836 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Texas
Bicameral legislatures
The Texas House of Representatives is the lower house of the Texas Legislature. It has 150 members, who each one district of Texas. They serve for a two-year term with no term limits. The house meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin, Texas.

Leadership

Composition

List of members

†Representative was first elected in a special election.

References

Politics of Texas
State lower houses in the United States
The Texas Senate is the upper house of the Texas Legislature. It has 31 members who each represent one district. They serve for 4-year terms with no term limits. The house meets at the Texas State Capitol in Austin, Texas. The Republican Party currently controls the house.

Leaders

Current composition

List of members

†Elected in a special election

References

Politics of Texas
State upper houses in the United States
Gangapuram Kishan Reddy (born 15 June 1960) is an Indian politician. He is currently serving as Minister of State for Home Affairs, Government of India. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).

He is an MP representing Secunderabad (Lok Sabha constituency) since 2019. He served the floor leader of the BJP in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 2009. He gave it up after being elected as the state BJP president of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh.

References

1960 births 
Politicians from Andhra Pradesh
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians 
Living people
Politicians from Hyderabad, India
Origin of Vietnam 
The term "" (Yue) (), Early Middle Chinese was first written using the logograph "戉" for an axe (a homophone), in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions of the late Shang dynasty ( BC), and later as "越". At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang. In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle Yangtze were called the Yangyue, a term later used for peoples further south. Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC Yue/Việt referred to the State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and its people.

From the 3rd century BC the term was used for the non-Chinese populations of south and southwest China and northern Vietnam, with particular states or groups called Minyue, Ouyue, Luoyue (Vietnamese: Lạc Việt), etc., collectively called the Baiyue (Bách Việt). The term Baiyue/Bách Việt first appeared in the book Lüshi Chunqiu compiled around 239 BC.
In "Sấm Trạng Trình" (The Prophecies of Trạng Trình), poet Nguyen Binh Khiêm (1491–1585) reversed the traditional order of the syllables and put the name in its modern form: "Vietnam is being created" (). At this time, the country was divided between the Trịnh lords of Hanoi and the Nguyễn lords of Huế. By combining several existing names, Nam Việt, Annam (Pacified South), Đại Việt (Great Việt), and "Nam quốc" (southern nation), Khiêm could create a new name that referred to an aspirational unified state. The word "nam" no longer implies Southern Việt, but rather that Vietnam is "the South" in contrast to China, "the North". This explanation is implied by Lý Thường Kiệt in the poem "Nam quốc sơn hà" (1077): "Over the mountains and rivers of the South, reigns the emperor of the South." Researcher Nguyễn Phúc Giác Hải found the word 越南 "Việt Nam" on 12 steles carved in the 16th and 17th centuries, including one at Bảo Lâm Pagoda, Haiphong (1558)
. Nguyễn Phúc Chu (1675–1725) used the word in a poem: "This is the most dangerous mountain in Vietnam" (). It was used as an official name by Emperor Gia Long in 1804-1813. The Jiaqing Emperor refused Gia Long's request to change his country's name to Nam Việt, and changed the name instead to Việt Nam. Gia Long's Đại Nam thực lục contains the diplomatic correspondence over the naming.
The use of "Vietnam" was revived in modern times by nationalists including Phan Bội Châu, whose book Việt Nam vong quốc sử (History of the Loss of Vietnam) was published in 1906. Chau also founded the Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội (Vietnam Restoration League) in 1912. However, the general public continued to use Annam and the name "Vietnam" remained virtually unknown until the Yên Bái mutiny of 1930, organized by the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng (Vietnamese Nationalist Party). By the early 1940s, the use of "Việt Nam" was widespread. It appeared in the name of Ho Chi Minh's Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi (Viet Minh), founded 1941, and was even used by the governor of French Indochina in 1942. The name "Vietnam" has been official since 1945. It was adopted in June by Bảo Đại's imperial government in Huế, and in September by Ho's rival communist government in Hanoi.
Other names 
 遂交南方，為子孫基址 / Toại giao Nam phương, vị tử tôn trụ chỉ (Ứng Thiệu, Hán quan nghi ; Thái Bình ngự lãm chap. 157).
 南方曰蠻，雕題交阯 / Nam phương viết man, điêu đề giao chỉ (Lễ kí).
 其俗男女同川而浴，故曰交阯 / Kì tục nam nữ đồng xuyên nhi dục, cố viết giao chỉ (Hậu Hán thư, Nam man Tây Nam di ngoại truyện).
 交趾之地頗爲膏腴，徙民居之，始知播植，厥土惟黑壤，厥氣惟雄，故今稱其田為雄田，其民為雄民，有君長亦曰雄王，有輔佐焉亦曰雄侯，分其地以為雄將。（出南越志） (Thái Bình quảng kí).
 交趾昔未有郡縣之時，土地有雒田，其田從潮水上下，民墾食其田，因名為雒民，設雒王、雒侯，主諸郡縣。縣多為雒將，雒將銅印青綬 (Thủy kinh chú, Giao châu ngoại vực kí).
1. Legendary

2a. Official pre-1945
2b. Official since 1945
 Đế quốc Việt Nam (越南帝國, Empire of Vietnam) : 11 March - 25 August 1945.
 Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa (越南民主共和國, Democratic Republic of Vietnam) : 02 September 1945 - 18 February 1947, 10 October 1954 - 02 July 1976.
 Quốc gia Việt Nam (越南國, State of Vietnam) : 27 May 1948 - 26 October 1955.
 Việt Nam Cộng hòa (越南共和國, Republic of Vietnam) : 26 October 1955 - 30 April 1975.
 Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam (越南社會主義共和國, Socialist Republic of Vietnam) : 02 July 1976 to now.
3. Non-official
 Việt Thường thị (越常, 越嘗, 越裳氏) : The name of people who lived at the South of Nanling Mountains.
 Nam Cương vực (南疆域) or Lĩnh Ngoại vực (嶺外域) : By the Sui-Tang dynasties which to difference the Lǐngnán.
 Hoàng Việt quốc (皇越國) : The diplomatic name and on the old books. It means "Country Viet in the South" (越國之南).
 An Nam quốc (安南國) or Giao Chỉ quốc (交趾國) : The calling by Viet people and foreigns.
 Nam Việt quốc (南越國) : Nguyễn dynasty had proposed but Qing dynasty rebuffed.
Đại Huế quốc (大化國) : Request for changing national name in 1839 but emperor Nguyễn Thánh Tổ has refused. Huế/Hóa means Thanh Hóa, Thuận Hóa/Huế, giáo hóa (nurturing).
 Đại Nam đế quốc (大南帝國) or Empire d'Annam (1858? - 1945) : The diplomatic name and on the piastre.
 Union indochinoise (1887 - 1945), Fédération indochinoise (1947 - 1953) or Liên bang Đông Dương.
 Đại Hùng đế quốc (大雄帝國, 30 August 1917 - 11 January 1918) : Only Thái Nguyên uprising.
 Việt Nam dân quốc (越南民國, 1929? - 1930) : Only Yên Bái mutiny.
Culture
In English, the spellings Vietnam, Viet-Nam, and Viet Nam have all been used. The 1954 edition of Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary gave both the unspaced and hyphenated forms; in response to a letter from a reader, the editors indicated that the spaced form Viet Nam was also acceptable, though they stated that because Anglophones did not know the meaning of the two words making up the name Vietnam, "it is not surprising" that there was a tendency to drop the space. In 1966, the U.S. government was known to use all three renderings, with the State Department preferring the hyphenated version. By 1981, the hyphenated form was regarded as "dated", according to Scottish writer Gilbert Adair, and he titled his book about depictions of the country in film using the unhyphenated and unspaced form "Vietnam".
Both Japanese and Korean formerly referred to Vietnam by their respective Sino-Xenic pronunciations of the Chinese characters for its names, but later switched to using direct phonetic transcriptions. In Japanese, following the independence of Vietnam the names  and  were largely replaced by the phonetic transcription , written in katakana script; however, the old form is still seen in compound words (e.g. , "a visit to Vietnam"). Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs sometimes used an alternative spelling . Similarly, in the Korean language, in line with the trend towards decreasing usage of hanja, the Sino-Korean-derived name Wollam (, the Korean reading of ) has been replaced by Beteunam () in South Korea and Wennam () in North Korea.

Related pages
 Indochina

References

Books
 Trần Quang Đức, Thousand years of caps and robes (千古衣冠), Nhã Nam published, Hanoï, 2013.

Cites
 
 

History of Vietnam
Nityanand Rai (born 1 January 1966) is an Indian politician. He is current Minister of State for Home Affairs in the Government of India. He was elected in the 2014 and 2019 General Election from Ujiarpur. He is a member  of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He had continuously represented Hajipur constituency in Bihar legislative assembly winning elections since 2000 (2000, Feb-2005, October- 2005 and 2010).

References

Notes 

1966 births 
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians 
Bihari politicians
Living people
Kiren Rijiju (born 19 November 1971) is an Indian lawyer and politician. He is also a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Rijiju is the current Minister of State (Independent Charge) of the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports and Minister of State in the Ministry of Minority Affairs of Government of India.

Personal life 
His wife is Joram Rina Rijiju. They were married in 2004. She is a graduate from Lady Shri Ram College for Women, New Delhi. She is a gold medalist from Arunachal University. She is an assistant professor teaching history at Dera Natung College, Itanagar in Arunachal Pradesh.

References

1971 births
Indian politicians
Indian lawyers
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians
Living people
People from Arunachal Pradesh‎
Lidar is a method for measuring distances by using a laser on a target and measuring its reflection with a sensor.

History 
After the invention of laser, first tool similar to a lidar was made in 1961 at Hughes Aircraft Company. It was first intended to track satellites. It was originally called "Colidar", acronym for "Coherent Light Detecting And Ranging".

One of first usages of lidar were in meteorology. National Center for Atmospheric Research used it to measure clouds and pollution.

References 

Measuring tools
Meteorology
Sensory system
Eemsdelta, Low Saxon: Emsdelta, is a municipality in the province of Groningen, the Netherlands. It lies in the northeast of Groningen.

About 46,000 people live in Eemsdelta. It covers an area of about .

The main settlements are Delfzijl and Appingedam.

Eemsdelta was established on January 1, 2021. It was made by combining the former municipalities of Appingedam, Delfzijl, and Loppersum.

The municipality borders the Ems river in the northeast, and the Dollart bay in the east. On the other side of the Ems and the Dollart lies East Frisia, which is a region in the German state of Lower Saxony.

The Eemskanaal flows through the municipality, and connects the Ems river with the city of Groningen.

Eemsdelta contains the fifth most important seaport of the Netherlands, in the city of Delfzijl.

Other websites 

  

 
2020s establishments in the Netherlands
The Manchester Grammar School (MGS) in Manchester, England, is the largest independent day school for boys in the United Kingdom. It has about 1600 pupils.

It was founded in 1515 as a free grammar school. After WWII, MGS was a direct-grant grammar school. It chose to become an independent school in 1976 after the Labour government abolished the Direct Grant System.  Fees for 2016–2017 were £11,970 per annum.

The school is known for its outstanding academic results. In 2017 91% of all A-Level grades were A*-B and at GCSE/IGCSE 68% of all grades were at the A* level.

References 

1510s establishments in England
1515 establishments
Grammar schools in England
Buildings and structures in Manchester
Organisations based in Manchester
Congo was a chimpanzee that learned how to draw and paint. He was born in 1954, and died in 1964. Desmond Morris, who studied his behaviour, gave him materials to paint, but didn't show him how to do it. During his life, Congo made over 400 paintings. People living at the time of Congo thought his paintings resembled abstract art. Nadezhda Ladygina-Kohts had done similar experiments with chimpanzees in Moscow. In 1913, Khots found that the drawings resembled those of her two year old son. At the time when they were done, people did not think highly of them. Despite this, artists such as Herbert Read, Julian Huxley and Pablo Picasso bought some of Congo's paintings.  In 2005, three of Congo's paintings were sold at an auction for  more than 14,000 pound sterling. The auction house at first thought that the paintings would not sell for more than 600 to 800 pounds.

References 

1954 births
1964 deaths
Individual animals
Artists
BabyFirst is an American children's television channel. Its programmes are aimed at babies aged 6–36 months. The channel is owned by FirstMedia.  It is based in Los Angeles, California and can be watched in 33 countries and 13 languages. The channel first started in 2006.

References

American television networks
2006 establishments in the United States
American television stations
British television channels
Publix Super Markets, Inc., known as Publix, is an American supermarket that is based in Lakeland, Florida.

Other websites 
 Official website

20th-century establishments in Florida
1930 establishments in the United States
Supermarkets of the United States
Companies based in Florida
The Hass avocado is a cultivar of avocado (Persea americana) with dark green colored, bumpy skin. It was first grown and sold by Southern California mail carrier and amateur horticulturist Rudolph Hass, who also gave it his name.

The Hass avocado is a big fruit weighing 200 to 300 grams.

References 

Avocados
The Lion Guard is an American animated television series made by Ford Riley and based on Disney's 1994 film The Lion King.

References

The Lion King
Tinga Tinga Tales is a British-Kenyan children's television series. It was on television from 2010 to 2011.  Most of the stories are African folk tales about animals.

Tinga Tinga Tales was named after Tanzania's Tingatinga art.  It was made in Nairobi, Kenya by Tiger Aspect Productions and Homeboyz Entertainment.  Tiger Aspect built the first animation studio in the city to make Tinga Tinga Tales.  They taught people who lived in Nairobi how to make the animation and sounds for the show.

There was also a Tinga Tinga Tales: The Musical performed on stage.  It was first done at the Kenya National Theatre in Nairobi in 2018.

References

2010 British television series debuts
2011 British television series endings
Kenya
BBC Television programmes
Animated television series
CBeebies
Calderstone Productions Limited is a subsidiary of UMG. It administers the Beatles' music, and solo music by members of The Beatles.

The Beatles
2012 establishments in the United Kingdom

British music companies
Tumanay Khan (1080-1130), born Tumbinai Setsen, was the 7th Khan of the Mongol Borjigin Tribe. He was the son of Baishinkhor Dogshin and father of Khabul Khan and Khadjuli. He was the direct ancestor of Amir Timur, the founder of the Timurid Empire through one of his Khadjuli Barlus.  He was the ancestor of Genghis Khan, founder of the Mongol Empire, through another son Khabul Khan.

References

Mongolian people
11th-century births
Tāng Wéi (汤唯) (born 7 October 1979) is a Chinese actress. Tang is best known for her roles in movies Lust, Caution (2007) and Blackhat (2015).

References

Other websites

1979 births
Chinese movie actors
Chinese television actors
Living people
Frontonia is a genus of free-living unicellular ciliate protists.  It is closely related to the genus Paramecium. Frontonia can eat diatoms, cyanobacteria, filamentous algae, testate amoebas, and even members of their own species.  

Frontonia are widespread. Members of the genus are in marine and freshwater environments on every continent.

References 

Ciliates
Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (September 17, 1730 – November 28, 1794) was a German fighter who helped the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. At Valley Forge, he taught the Continental Army how to fight the European way.

Early life

Steuben was born September 17, 1730 in Magdeburg.  At the time, Magdeburg was in the Kingdom of Prussia.

Steuben's father worked with engineers in the 1744 Siege of Prague.

Steuben joined the Prussian army when he was 16.  He learned that the Prussian army was a good army because it was very disciplined.  He became a lieutenant.  He fought in the Seven Years War.  He became a captain.  He worked for General Johann von Mayer.  In 1762, he was aide-de-camp to Frederick the Great.  Steuben was in the army 17 years.

In 1763, Steuben was pushed out of the army because there was peace and the government wanted the army to be smaller.

Middle career
Middle career

Steuben went to work for the court of a small German country called Hohenzollern-Hechingen.  In 1769, the prince of Baden added Steuben to the chivalric Order of Fidelity. That meant Steuben was allowed to use the title Freiherr, meaning "free lord," or "baron."

In America

In 1777, Hohenzollern-Hechingen lost its money, and von Steuben needed a new job.  He looked for army jobs in Europe, but Europe was mostly at peace.  He looked for a job with the Prince of Baden, but someone told stories that von Steuben had "taken liberties with young boys," meaning someone called him a pedophile.
The Revolutionary War had started in North America.  Von Steuben looked for a job with the Continental Army.  He went to France and met Benjamin Franklin and Silas Deane.  Franklin and Deane wanted von Steuben to help the Continental Army, so they wrote to the Continental Congress.  They lied and said he had been a general in the Prussian army (he had really only been a captain).  They told other lies too.  They did this because many, many Europeans from rich or noble families wanted to fight in the Continental Army.  Many of them expected to be generals, but the Continental Army was not large enough for so many generals.  Also, many of them had not fought in wars before, and the Continental Congress sent them home.  Franklin and Deane knew that only a very, very good story would make Congress hire von Steuben.

Von Steuben came to America in 1777.  He told Congress he did not mind if he was not a general.  He told the Continental Congress that they only had to pay him if they won the war.  They hired him.
Von Steuben went to Valley Forge and met General George Washington.  Washington made von Steuben Acting Inspector General and told him to teach the Continental Army soldiers how to fight the European way.

Von Steuben taught the soldiers how to drill, meaning he made them practice marching, shooting, and fighting together until they were good fighters.  He made all the officers use the same drills so the soldiers would not be confused in a real battle.  He also told Washington and Congress which weapons and supplies they should buy, for example bayonets.

Von Steuben did not speak English well.  Instead, he cursed at the soldiers in French and German.  The Continental soldiers liked him anyway.
One problem with the Continental Army was that the officers who did drill their men sometimes used different drills.  This made the soldiers confused in real battles.  Von Steuben, the Marquis de Lafayette, and Alexander Hamilton wrote one drill book for the whole Continental Army, the Blue Book.  The American military used it until after the War of 1812.

Von Steuben wrote to a friend, "The genius of this nation is not in the least to be compared with that of the Prussian, Austrians, or French. You say to your soldier 'Do this and he doeth it'; but I am obliged to say [to the American soldier]: 'This is the reason why you ought to do that: and then he does it.'"

After the Battle of Monmouth, Congress gave von Steuben the rank Major General.  He led soldiers at the Battle of Yorktown and other battles.

Later life

Von Steuben died in November 28, 1794 at his home in New York State.

Sexuality

Von Steuben was accused of being a pedophile, but it was never proven.
Historians today believe von Steuben was homosexual, meaning he had relationships with other adult men.  It was an open secret, meaning that Washington and other people knew von Steuben was homosexual and decided not to talk about it.

References

1730 births
1794 deaths
German military people
American military people
American Revolutionary War
LGBT military people
Prof. Dr. H. Muladi, S.H. (26 May 1943 — 31 December 2020) was an Indonesian academic, judge and politician. On 14 March 1998, he became Minister of Justice in Suharto's seventh and last cabinet . 

Muladi tested positive for COVID-19 on 17 December 2020. He died from the infection on 31 December 2020.

References 

1943 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia
Indonesian politicians
Judges
Indonesian academics
Narendra "Bull" Kumar, PVSM, KC, AVSM,  (also spelled Narinder; (8 December 1933 – 31 December 2020) was an Indian soldier-mountaineer. He was deputy leader of the first Indian successful Everest Expedition in 1965. 

In 1965, Narendra was awarded Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award in India, and Arjuna Award
 for the first Indian successful Everest Expedition in 1965.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
Indian military people
Mountain climbers
Zett Jukassa was a young Jedi who lived on the planet Coruscant with the rest of the Jedi Order. Zett is in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones. He is killed in Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith. He was fighting bravelyagainst Clone troopers.

Behind the scenes
Zett Jukassa is played by Star Wars creator George Lucas's son, Jett Lucas.

References

Star Wars characters
Classical architecture is any architecture that has features from the ancient Greek and Roman style of building. It is also known as the architecture of classical antiquity. Many features of classical architecture come from the writing of the Roman architect Vitruvius.

Different styles of classical architecture might have existed since the Carolingian Renaissance. Styles have definitely existed since the Italian Renaissance. 

Aquaducts were used to transport water to different places in the roman empire it was a roman style of architecture. 

Classical architecture buildings can be very different, but all classical architecture uses the same common design features. These features are structural and visual. 

In much of Europe and America, from the Renaissance until World War Two, classical architecture was very popular and important to architecture. It is still important today, but less than it has been in history.
The term classical architecture is also used to talk about any type of architecture that has become a very specific style. For example, classical Chinese architecture, or classical Mayan architecture. The words "traditional" and "vernacular" can mean something different to "classical", or something similar. 

The phrases New Classical and Neoclassical describe classical architecture that was built in modern times.

History

Where and when? 
Classical architecture comes from the architecture of ancient Greece and ancient Rome. After the west part of the Roman empire stopped existing, no Roman architecture was built in most of western Europe. 

In the Carolingian Renaissance, which happened in the 8th and 9th centuries, people started bringing back classical architecture. For example, the gatehouse of Lorsch Abbey (c.800 AD) in Germany looks like the Colosseum in Rome. The Colosseum is a very important piece of classical architecture.
Many styles of architecture have features of classical architecture. For example, Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic architecture. But these styles do not try to exactly copy the traditions of classical architecture. For example, the idea of putting specific spaces between columns. So these styles are not thought of as classical architecture.

How it changed 

By the time the Italian Renaissance started, Gothic architecture was not used much anymore. Architects such as Leon Battista Alberti, Sebastiano Serlio, and Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola started trying to bring back the style of architecture used in ancient Rome.

They did this by reading a paper called De architectura, which was written by Vitruvius. Vitruvius was an architect in ancient Rome, and his paper has a lot of information about classical architecture and its features. The architects also looked at the old buildings in Rome and Italy.
The classical architecture from the Renaissance shows that classical ideas were used in a very specific way. Some of the ideas they used had no clear origin in ancient architecture. For example, the Ospedale degli Innocenti building in Florence was built by Filippo Bruncelleschi, and is one of the earliest Renaissance buildings. It was finished in 1445. But the columns on the building do not look exactly like the columns in Roman architecture. 

During the Renaissance, people learned about how ancient buildings were designed (the theory of classical architecture). They did not look at how every building was designed. This means classical architecture is not exactly the same as the old buildings it was based off. It is simplified, and buildings made after the Renaissance follow these simplified rules.
Most of the architecture styles in Europe that were used after the Renaissance are classical architecture. This is a general use of the phrase "classical architecture". This general use is used by Sir John Summerson in The Classical Language of Architecture. The features of classical architecture have been used in different ways in different styles. For example, Baroque (or Rococo) architecture is different to classical architecture. Baroque or Rococo is based on classical architecture, but these styles have their own features, that are different to classical architecture. 

When Baroque architecture was used, people who learned about architecture still learned classical ideas. But they were not as important as during the Renaissance.
Palladian architecture is a style based on classical architecture. It is based on the style of Andrea Palladio (1508-1580). He was an architect from Venice. His style was important even after he died. In Britain, it was used for many good buildings in the 18th and 19th century. The style was mixed with the Georgian architecture that Britain made at the time.

At around 1750, architects began copying classical architecture again. They did this because Baroque architecture only copied some of classical architecture. These architects wanted to make buildings that used all the features of classical architecture. The style they made was called Neoclassicism.
New findings in archaeology meant architects knew more about classical architecture than before. The architects wanted clear rules for making buildings. Some of the first Neoclassical thinkers were Claude Perrault, Marc-Antoine Laugier, and Carlo Lodoli. Some of the most important Neoclassical architects were  Étienne-Louis Boullée, Claude Nicolas Ledoux, Friedrich Gilly and John Soane. 

Neoclassical architecture was very important from 1750 to 1850. Neo-Gothic architecture was becoming more important at the same time. Neo-Gothic architecture was much less classical than Neoclassical. In the late 19th century, many styles of architecture were important. Many of the styles were not like classical architecture. For example, Art Nouveau and Eclecticism. 

Classical architecture was still important. Sometimes it would become very popular in one area. For example, Nordic Classicism was popular in the 1920s. But true classical architecture was never as popular as it was during the Renaissance.
When Modernism became popular in the early 20hth century, classical architecture mostly stopped being used.

Range of use 
Classical styles were important in America and Europe for a long time. From the Renaissance until Modernism began, classical architecture was very important. This means the architecture of Ancient Greece and Rome was used and changed into most new architecture styles. 

Architectural styles can come from classical architecture in different ways. For example, Neo-Palladian architecture is based on the buildings designed by Andrea Palladio, an architect from the Italian Renaissance. But Palladio based his architecture on Ancient Roman architecture. So Neo-Palladian architecture is based on classical architecture, even though it is mostly based on the works of Palladio.

Some styles are not classical, like Gothic, but they have classical features. This means it is hard to judge classical architecture's range of use.