Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Examples of infections that can cause birth defects include:
 Syphilis
 Toxoplasmosis
 Chickenpox
 Rubella (German measles)

Chemicals
Some chemicals can cause birth defects, if a pregnant woman is exposed to enough of them.  For example:
 Lead: If a woman ever had lead poisoning, she can pass lead on to her fetus, even if she is not exposed to lead while she is pregnant.  This happens because most lead is stored in a person's bones and can come out into the bloodstream many years later.  Lead can cause miscarriage and stillbirth as well as birth defects.
 Mercury: High levels of mercury can cause brain damage in fetuses.

Other things
High levels of ionizing radiation can cause birth defects.p. 23-8
Things that are not teratogens
Examples of things that do not cause birth defects include:
 Spermicides (these were suspected of causing birth defects in the 1970s and 1980s, but they have been proven to be safe)
 Acetaminophen (paracetamol)
 Prenatal vitamins
 Non-ionizing radiation.  This is the type of radiation that comes from sunlight and microwave ovens.  It does not cause birth defects.

References

Health problems
In a group of hills or mountains, a pass is a path for crossing a mountain. It is usually a saddle point between two higher areas. Many of the world's mountain ranges have always made travel difficult so passes have been important throughout history in trade, war and migration.

A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains. They are often found just above the source of a river, making a sort of "bridge" over to the headwaters of another river. Passes may be very short, with steep slopes to the top of the pass, or valleys of many kilometers.

Roads and railways have been built through passes. Some high and rugged passes may have tunnels dug underneath to let traffic move faster.
The top of a pass is often the only flat ground in the area so it is often a good site for buildings. For countries whose borders lie on a mountain range, the pass is often part of the border. As well as making travel easy between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops so it is common for tracks to meet at a pass; this often makes them good routes even when travelling between a summit and the valley floor.

Some of the best known passes are Great St Bernard Pass at  in the Alps, the Khyber Pass at  between Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the Khardong La Pass at  in Jammu and Kashmir, India.

Related pages
 Ranges, Peaks and passes of the Alps

Other websites

References
Albrecht Böttcher (born 29 December 1954 in Oberwiesenthal, Saxony, Germany) is a German mathematician. His field of research is functional analysis.

Between 1971 and 1973, Böttcher was in an elite class for mathematics at the Chemnitz University of Technology. In 1973, he won a silver medal at the International Math Olympiad in Moscow. He studied mathematics from 1975 to 1979 in Chemnitz. In 1980, he went to Rostov on Don to study and earned a PhD there in 1984. The topic of his dissertation was The finite section method for the Wiener-Hopf integral operator. After this he worked as scientist assistance at the university of Chemnitz. Since 1992, he is professor for harmonic analysis and Operator theory at the Chemnitz University of Technology.

As of 2012, he is the author of nine books and about 180 papers.

References

Other websites
 Böttcher's Homepage

1954 births
Living people
German mathematicians
ATI Technologies Inc. was a Canadian company known for making graphics processing units and motherboard chipsets. It was founded in 1985 as Array Technology Inc. In 2006, ATI was bought by AMD.

Other websites
 ATI official site

Notes 

1985 establishments in North America
1980s establishments in Canada
Technology companies of Canada
Companies based in Ontario
Aromatherapy is a type of alternative medicine that uses the part of plants known as essential oils. Some people think that aromatherapy helps to change a person's mind, mood or health but this has not been proven scientifically.

Some essential oils like tea tree do have an anti-microbial effect, so they may be useful for the treatment of infections. Evidence that aromatherapy works in treating disease and other conditions is poor.

Ways of using aromatherapy

The ways of using aromatherapy oils include:

 Putting on the skin
In the bath
In a diffuser

References
References

Further reading
 Burke, L., & Chambers, P. (1995). The very essence: A guide to aromatherapy. Silver Link.  
 Lis-Balchin, Maria (2006). Aromatherapy science: A guide for healthcare professionals. London: Pharmaceutical Press. 
 Schnaubelt, Kurt (1998). Advanced aromatherapy: The science of essential oil therapy. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. 
 Schnaubelt, Kurt (1999). Medical aromatherapy: Healing with essential oils. Berkeley, CA: Frog. 
 Valnet, Jean; & Tisserand, Robert (1990). The practice of aromatherapy: A classic compendium of plant medicines & their healing properties. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press. 
 
 Wanjek, Christopher (2003). Bad medicine: Misconceptions and misuses revealed, from distance healing to vitamin O. New York: J. Wiley. 
 Valnet, Jean; & Tisserand, Robert (1982). The practice of aromatherapy. Saffron Walden: Daniel.

Other websites
Other websites 

 The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy
 International Federation of Aromatherapy
 What Does the Research Say About Essential Oils? 
 Antiviral and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils
 The Aromatherapy Global Online Research Archives

Journals
 Top Dermatologist in the United States
 International Journal of Clinical Aromatherapy 
Criticism
 Aromatherapy - does it work? Smell Research by Tim Jacob
 Aromatherapy: Making Dollars out of Scents

Pseudoscience
Perfumery
Sodium tellurite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2TeO3. It contains sodium and tellurite ions.

Properties 
Sodium tellurite is a colorless solid. The tellurite ion can react with water to make sodium hydrogen tellurite, NaHTeO3. It dissolves in water easily. It is a weak oxidizing agent (can be reduced to tellurium) and a weak reducing agent (can be oxidized to tellurates). It is part of the process in making tellurium.

Preparation 
It is made by reacting tellurium dioxide with sodium hydroxide, or by heating a telluride in air with sodium carbonate.

Uses 
Sodium tellurite is used in making tellurium. It is also used to make electroplated nickel corrosion-resistant. It can also be used to add a bluish coating to steel. It can be used to isolate certain types of bacteria that it is not toxic to.

Related pages 
Sodium selenite
Sodium tellurate

Tellurium compounds
Sodium compounds
Telluride is an ion. Chemical compounds containing this ion are called tellurides. Examples are sodium telluride and hydrogen telluride. The chemical formula is Te2-. Tellurides are strong reducing agents. Some tellurides are impure, making them weaker reducing agents. Tellurides are the main source of tellurium in the ground. It only exists at very high pH. At lower pH's, hydrogen telluride, HTe-, is made. When it is acidic (very low pH), hydrogen telluride gas is made.

Related pages
Tellurite
Tellurate

Tellurium compounds
Ions
Tellurate is an ion. Its chemical formula is TeO42- or TeO66-. Chemical compounds having the tellurate ion in them are called tellurates. Tellurates are strong oxidizing agents. They are similar to selenates. Tellurates react with acids to make telluric acid. 

An example is sodium tellurate (Na2TeO4). It is made by reacting telluric acid with sodium hydroxide. It can also be made by oxidizing sodium tellurite. It is similar to sodium selenate.

Related pages
Tellurite
Telluride
Tellurium

Tellurium compounds
Ions
Hydrogen telluride, also known as hydrotelluric acid, tellane, or tellurium hydride, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is H2Te. It contains hydrogen and telluride ions.

Properties
Hydrogen telluride is a toxic reactive gas. It easily decomposes to hydrogen and tellurium. It also burns in air to make tellurium dioxide and water. It has a very bad smell of decayed garlic. It is almost as acidic as phosphoric acid. It reacts with some metals and metal oxides to make tellurides.

Preparation
It is made by adding a strong acid to a telluride, such as sodium telluride.

Uses
Hydrogen telluride does not have many uses because it is very toxic and unstable.

Related pages
Aluminium telluride
Sodium tellurite

Sources

Tellurium compounds
Acids
Sodium telluride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2Te. It contains sodium and telluride ions.

Properties 
It is a white solid when pure. It reacts with air to make a mixture of tellurium and tellurides, which would make gray or purple colors. It eventually turns into sodium carbonate and tellurium when in air. It is a powerful reducing agent. It reacts with strong acids to make hydrogen telluride. It reacts with water to make sodium hydrogen telluride, NaHTe.

Preparation 
Sodium telluride is made by reacting tellurium and sodium in liquid ammonia.

Uses 
Sodium telluride is used to make organic tellurium compounds. It also can act as a reducing agent.

Related pages 
Sodium tellurite
Tellurous acid

Tellurium compounds
Sodium compounds
Tellurium(II) bromide, also known as tellurium dibromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr2. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +2 oxidation state.

Properties 
Tellurium(II) bromide is a green brown crystalline solid. It absorbs water from the air.

Preparation 
It is made when tellurium(IV) bromide is heated in air. It can also be made by careful reduction of tellurium(IV) bromide.

Related pages 
Tellurium(IV) chloride
Tellurium(II) chloride
Tellurium(IV) oxide

Tellurium compounds
Tellurium(IV) bromide, also known as tellurium tetrabromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr4. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +4 oxidation state.

Properties
Tellurium(IV) bromide is a yellow-orange solid. It conducts electricity when molten. It decomposes to bromine and tellurium(II) bromide when heated strongly.

Preparation
It is made by reacting tellurium with bromine.

Uses
Tellurium(IV) bromide can be used to make complexes with organic molecules.

Related pages
Tellurium(IV) chloride
Tellurium(IV) fluoride
Tellurium(IV) oxide

Tellurium compounds
Cadmium telluride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdTe. It contains cadmium and telluride ions.

Properties
Cadmium telluride is a black solid. It reacts with acids to make toxic cadmium compounds and toxic hydrogen telluride gas. It does not dissolve in water.

Uses
Cadmium telluride is used to make electricity in solar cells. It is one of the best things. It can be mixed with mercury to make mercury cadmium telluride, good in infrared detectors.

Related pages
Sodium telluride
Sodium tellurite

Tellurium compounds
Lead telluride, also known as lead(II) telluride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbTe. It contains lead and telluride ions. The lead is in the +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Lead telluride is a gray crystalline solid. It reacts with strong acids to make toxic hydrogen telluride and toxic lead salts.

Preparation
It may be made by melting lead and tellurium together.

Uses
It is used as a semiconductor and an infrared detector.

Related pages
Sodium telluride

References

Tellurium compounds
Tellurium bromide can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

Tellurium(II) bromide, TeBr2
Tellurium(IV) bromide, TeBr4
Sphalerite is a mineral. Its is a mixed zinc and iron sulfide. The chemical formula is (Zn,Fe)S. It can be brown, yellow, red, green, and black. It is normally found with galena, a lead ore. It is also known as zinc blende. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4. It is the main ore of zinc. It has a non-metalic sheen.

Minerals
Vale Park is a football stadium in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, England. It is the home ground of Port Vale F.C., who have played at the ground since 1950.

Football stadiums in England
Buildings and structures in Staffordshire
Stoke-on-Trent
A model rocket is a miniature rocket. They are not launched by the government or a space program. They are used by people interested in rockets. They are normally made of light (not heavy) materials. Even though it seems dangerous, it is quite safe and is a way many people start getting interested in rockets and space exploration. Rocket motors come in many different sizes, and they are indicated by a code on the motor. There are also many ways for the rocket to fall back down after it is ignited. Some of them use parachutes.

Other websites

 FAA launch regulations for the United States 

Rockets
Guides are people who lead people. This includes people of the real world (such as a person who helps travelers and tourists through a place). In figurative language it may mean person who leads someone to some goal such as to knowledge or wisdom.

Occupations
A blast furnace is a special type of furnace for smelting iron from ore. Blast furnaces are very large. They can be up to  tall and  in diameter. The blast furnace is the biggest chemical reactor. Blast furnaces are also called high ovens.

A blast furnace is usually built with a steel case and bricks made of magnesium oxide or other refractory material inside the case. The hot furnace cannot melt these bricks. The furnace is cooled with water running inside part of the case and bricks.

The process of making iron is simple. Iron ore is basically iron oxide.  Iron is made by removing the oxygen. This leaves crude iron called pig iron. This process of removing oxygen is called smelting. Carbon is used in the reduction process, with the ore heated to a high temperature. Carbon easily takes the oxygen off the ore in high temperatures.
Process 
Ore, limestone and carbon in the form of coke are put into the top of the blast furnace in layers. At the same time, hot air called "wind" is blown inside the furnace. Special nozzles called "tuyeres" are used to put the air in the furnace. The nozzles are at the bottom of the furnace. This process is called "blasting". It is why it is called a "blast furnace". The coke ignites (lights on fire) and burns. This creates carbon monoxide because there is not enough oxygen to make carbon dioxide. The carbon monoxide then reduces the metal oxide to the metal and makes carbon dioxide. This process is used to make iron. The limestone forms a substance called slag with the rock of the iron ore.
The bottom part of the furnace is called the hearth. When it has filled with liquid pig iron and slag, the slag is removed. This is called skimming. Slag is lighter than iron and does not mix with iron. It floats on top of the iron. A hole is made in the hearth at the level of the slag with a special drill.  The liquid slag moves out through the hole into a container called slag pot. The iron is then drained from the hearth. This is called tapping. A hole is made at the bottom and the liquid pig iron comes out.  It is either used directly for steelmaking, put into a special railway wagon called torpedo car or made into molds. When all the pig iron has been removed, fire-resistant clay is used to close the two holes. The clay becomes solid very quickly because of the high heat.
The pig iron contains some 4% of carbon and it would be too hard and too brittle to use. The extra carbon must first be burned away. The pig iron is refined into steel by decarburizing (burning the extra carbon off of) it. A modern method for decarburizing the pig iron and refining it into steel is basic oxygen furnace. Historically there has been other methods as well, such as Bessemer converter, open hearth furnace and puddling furnace.

The gases rise up and are collected on the top of the furnace. As the gas contains a lot of carbon monoxide, it is a valuable fuel. The gas collected on the top of the blast furnace is called blast furnace gas. It is then washed and dried and all solid particles such as soot or ore dust are collected. The gas is then burned in special ovens called Cowper stoves or hot blast stoves into carbon dioxide. The heat from burning the blast furnace gas is then used to pre-heat the blasting air, "wind", which in turn is blasted into the blast furnace itself.
The slag is not waste. It can be used in various ways. It can be made into bricks and used for construction, or it can be mixed with concrete. Concrete which contains blast furnace slag is stronger than ordinary concrete and is almost pure white, where normal concrete is dirty grey.

A blast furnace can usually work for 10 to 20 years without stopping. This is called a "campaign."

Chemical example 
At the temperature of 900-1600°C, a reduction with carbon occurs:

Now iron has been made.

Ores
Chemical processes
Włocławek is a town in northern Poland in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship with a population of 117,785 (June 2009).  It has a large Jewish community.  In 1939, when the Nazis invaded, the Jewish people of this town were the first to have to wear yellow Stars of David.

Twin Areas
This town is twinned with the following places:
 Bamberg, Germany;
 Bedford, United Kingdom

Towns in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Hurricane Carla was one of two Category 5 tropical cyclones. It hit the Texas shore in the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season as a Category 4 hurricane, becoming  one of the most powerful storms to ever strike the United States. Hurricane Carla was the second strongest storm to ever hit the Texas shore. The storm caused over $2 billion (2005 US dollars) in damages, but because over 500,000 people who lived there moved out only 43 were killed.

Meteorological history

A tropical depression started in the western Caribbean Sea on September 3 from a disturbance in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. It moved northwestward, to become Tropical Storm Carla on the 5th and Hurricane Carla on the 6th. After touching the Yucatán Peninsula as a weak hurricane, Carla moved into the Gulf of Mexico and headed for the U.S. Gulf Coast.
As it moved slowly across the Gulf of Mexico, Carla got stronger to its peak of 175 mph (280 km/h) winds (Category 5 intensity) on September 11. Just before landfall, it weakened, but Carla was still a very strong and unusually large Category 4 hurricane when it touched the shore between Port O'Connor and Port Lavaca, Texas, on the 11th.  At the time, Carla became the largest hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin.  Along the whole Texas shore, hurricane warnings were given, and people were moved out of their homes in low-lying areas.

Impact
Impact

Storm surge was measured at 22 feet (6.6 m) near the heads of bays, in some places reaching 10 miles inland.  Because of its large size, the whole Texas shore was hit, and damage was seen as far away as Dallas. Winds were reported to be 115 mph in Matagorda, 110 mph in Victoria and 88 mph in Galveston. Wind gusts as high as 170 mph were recorded at Port Lavaca. Pressure at landfall was measured at 931 mb (hPa), making it the eighth most intense hurricane to strike the United States in the 20th century. Then little-known newsman Dan Rather reported live from the Galveston Seawall during the storm, an act that would be imitated by later reporters. This marked the first live television broadcast of a hurricane.
Much of the damage was done well away from the landfall site, as Carla caused one of the largest hurricane-related tornado outbreaks on record at the time, when 26 tornadoes touched down within its circulation.  One F4 tornado ripped through downtown Galveston, killing several (sources differ on the exact number, varying from 6 to 12).  Outside the protection of the Galveston Seawall, structures on the island were severely damaged by storm surge. Damage was reported as far east as the Mississippi River delta.

As Carla weakened, it dropped heavy rain in the Midwest, causing some flooding.

Carla killed 43 people, 31 of them in Texas. The low number of deaths was due to what was then the largest movement of people out of their homes in US history except during a war. One half million people moved inland from exposed coastal areas. Carla caused a total of $325 million (1961 USD, $2.36 billion 2010 USD) in damage, not much considering Carla's strength at landfall.

Retirement
Retirement

Owing to the intensity of and destruction by the storm, the name Carla was retired, and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane.  It was replaced by Carol in the 1965 season.

Notes and references

Related pages

 List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
 Loop Current

Other websites
 Hurricane Carla radar loop
 NOAA hurricane lists
 NOAA Carla page

1961 in the United States
1960s in Mexico
Carla
1960s in Texas
Carla
Carla
is a Japanese prefecture in the Chūgoku region of the island of Honshu. The capital is the city of Matsue. It has the second smallest population of any prefecture in Japan.

Shimane Prefecture is part of the San'in area. San'in means "the shady side of the mountains". There is a mountain range separating Shimane and neighboring Tottori from Hiroshima and Okayama. That means that the weather here is much wetter than further to the south.

History 
The area of Shimane Prefecture includes the old provinces of Iwami Province, Izumo Province, and Oki Province.

Early history 
The history of Shimane starts with Japanese mythology. In these myths, the Shinto god Ōkuninushi lived in Izumo, an old province in Shimane. Izumo Shrine honors this god. 

Later on in the Kamakura period, the Kamakura Shogunate forced Emperor Gotoba and Emperor Godaigo into exile on Oki Island. Emperor Godaigo got away from Oki and successfully fought back against the shogunate.
Middle Ages 
During the Muromachi period, many clans fought over this area because there was a lot of silver. The Kyogoku clan controlled Izumo and Oki. However, after the Ōnin War, the Amago clan in Gassan-Toda castle increased in power, and the Masuda clan controlled Iwami. Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was in between Amago clan territory and Masuda clan territory, so there were many battles between these lords for the large amount of silver. However, in 1566 Mouri Motonari (毛利元就) conquered Izumo, Iwami, and Oki. After over 30 years of Mori control, in 1600 Horio Yoshiharu entered Izumo and Oki after the Battle of Sekigahara which Mouri lost. Horio Yoshiharu decided to move and build Matsue Castle instead of Gassan-Toda. The castle was completed soon after Yoshiharu's death. Later in 1638, the grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Matsudaira Naomasa entered the castle because the Horio clan had no heir. Matsudaira's family ruled until the end of the han system.
The Iwami area was split into 3 clans. The mining district was under direct control of the Shogunate. The Hamada clan and the Tsuwano clan each controlled their own areas. Iwami Ginzan produced silver and was one of the nation's largest silver mine by the early 17th century. The Hamada clan was on the shogunate's side in the Meiji Restoration, and the castle was burned down. The Tsuwano clan, despite the Matsudaira (relative of the shogun) rule was on the emperor's side in the restoration.

Historic sites
 Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine (石見銀山) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
 Yunotsu - An old onsen town with architecture preserved from the 1920s

Geography
Shimane faces the Sea of Japan on its north.  Its southeastern border meets Tottori Prefecture, Hiroshima Prefecture and Yamaguchi Prefecture.

Cities
Cities

 Matsue (松江) - The prefectural capital city, Matsue has an original castle. Most castles in Japan have been rebuilt in modern times. Lafcadio Hearn lived and wrote here.
 Izumo (出雲) - Site of Izumo Taisha, one of Japan's most famous shrines.
 Hamada (浜田) - Fishing port and recreation area.
 Tsuwano (津和野) - This is also called "Little Kyoto". Mori Ogai was born here.
 Masuda (益田) - The westernmost city in Shimane and long-time home of Sesshu, an important artist in Japanese history.
 Gotsu (江津) - A small industrial city between Hamada and Oda.
 Ōda (大田) - Close to Iwami Ginzan and Mt. Sanbe.
 Yasugi - Site of the Adachi Art Museum.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 6% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Izumo taisha, Mononobe jinja, Mizuwakasu jinja and Yurahime jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.
Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 :Category:People from Shimane Prefecture

References

Other websites 

 Shimane Prefecture website
Matsue (松江) is a city in Japan on the Japan Sea coast. It is the capital of Shimane Prefecture. It is known for its historic castle and as the home of Lafcadio Hearn.

Cities in Shimane Prefecture
The  was a civil war in Japan. It lasted 10 years, starting in 1467 and ending in 1477.

Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sōzen had a conflict that grew into a war throughout the country. The Ashikaga shogunate and some daimyo in many regions of Japan fought in this war. 

The conflict was the beginning of a very long struggle to dominate all of Japan.

Related pages
 Muromachi period
 Ashigaru

References

Other websites

Wars involving Japan
15th-century conflicts
15th century in Japan
Civil wars involving Asia
Jonathan Peter Wilkinson OBE (born 25 May 1979) is an English rugby union player who now plays in France for Toulon. 

He was born at Frimley Park Hospital in Frimley, Surrey, He was grew up in Farnham 

He played for England when the team won the 2003 Rugby World Cup. He was awarded the MBE in 2003 and then the OBE in 2004.

References

1979 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Newcastle Falcons rugby union players
RC Toulonnais players
Sportspeople from Surrey
Poul William Anderson (November 25, 1926 – July 31, 2001) was an American science fiction author. He began his career during the Golden Age of the genre and continued to write and remain popular into the 21st century. Anderson also wrote books of fantasy, historical novels, and a very large number of short stories. He received many awards for his writing, including seven Hugo Awards and three Nebula Awards.

Early life and career 
Anderson received a degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1948. He married Karen Kruse in 1953. They had one daughter, Astrid, who is married to the science fiction author Greg Bear. Anderson was the sixth President of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, starting in 1972. 

He was a founding member of the Society for Creative Anachronism. Robert A. Heinlein dedicated his 1985 novel The Cat Who Walks Through Walls to Anderson and eight of the other members of the Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy.
Poul Anderson died of cancer on July 31, 2001, after a month in the hospital. Several of his novels were published after his death.

References

Writers from Pennsylvania
Hugo Award winning writers
Nebula Award winning writers
1926 births
2001 deaths
Roblox is an online video game and game creation system made by the Roblox Corporation. It was created by David Baszucki and Erik Cassel in 2004 and released in 2006. The old name for Roblox was Dynablocks. 

Roblox allows players to create games and play games created by others, with many different types of games available. Roblox can be used on multiple device types, being on iPhone, Android, PC, and Xbox, but it can't be played on a browser (Example: Google). Roblox itself is free to play, however, virtual accessories can be purchased in the store using "Robux", a currency which costs real money to obtain but can also be earned by selling virtual items to other players.

Roblox has over 205 million monthly active players and began to grow fast in 2021. Roblox's popularity went falling from 16 December 2022. It has 55.1 million daily active users worldwide. This is an increase from 19.1 million daily active users by the end of 2019.

History
History 

In 1989, Roblox was an interactive physics software. It was released by Knowledge Revolution. The company had been founded by David Baszucki and co-owned by his brother Greg Baszucki. The software was designed to teach students about physics in a 2D space.  In 2004, Roblox published its beta version to public. At that time, Roblox was called Dynablocks. It was known as Dynablocks until 2006 when the name was changed to Roblox .
Roblox had a big change in 2006. In January 2006, Roblox made changes to become multiplayer. The API for this was not used until March 2006. In February 2006, Roblox left beta and was made free for all players. In September 2006, Roblox made changes to the multiplayer API so that players could make their own multiplayer games instead of the game being made by Roblox developers. In May 2007, the Roblox developers began making virtual items. Its first virtual item was a top hat. Roblox also started the Builders Club. This was a paid membership. Guest mod, was introduced in 2008. This was for players that want to play Roblox without making an account. Higher forms of the Builders Club were started in 2009. These were known as the Turbo Builders Club and the Outrageous Builders Club. 

In 2010, Roblox Studio was changed so that game developers could understand its features easily. The next year, Roblox released its first commercial. The commercial had the well-known quote, "IT'S FREE!"
On 1 April 2012, Roblox was hacked, It caused the Roblox website to be shut down that day. On 2 April 2012, the website was recovered. The hacking incident is mostly known as the 'April Fools Hacking Incident'.

In 2013, Roblox added dynamic lighting. Its purpose was to make the lighting in the game more realistic. This update received more updates over time. In June 2015, Roblox released Smooth Terrain. This made the terrain (such as sand, grass, water, etc.) look better.  On 14 April 2016, the Roblox currency Tix was removed. In September 2016, Roblox released R15 to the public..In January 2017, Roblox changed their logo. The YouTube channel for the game also released a music video to showcase it. In October 2017, Roblox removed Guest Mode. In 2019, Builders Club was replaced with Roblox Premium.
In December 2020, Roblox announced that players would soon no longer need Premium to upload clothing. They would need to pay a fee for 10 Robux for each upload. The change was added in March 2021.  In August 2021, Roblox bought the development team of a communication app known as Guilded for 90 million USD. In the same month, they chose some developers to test out voice chatting features.

Legal issues
In May 2021, an unknown user filed a class action lawsuit against the Roblox Corporation. The suit said that they were scamming players by not giving out refunds when banned items get deleted. In June 2021, a group of music publishers sued the Roblox company for mass copyright infringement (using many copyrighted songs without being allowed to), with the publishers seeking 200 million US dollars from them.
In May 2022, Roblox was once again sued.  The users of Roblox added copyrighted content which led to Roblox removing all user-made audio longer than 6 seconds.  Along with the update, they added more FX made by official developers as the community works towards getting audio and background music back.  They also limited audio to 180 audio files a game.

Game creation
Roblox lets its players create their own games using its own separate app, Roblox Studio. Players can build anything they want by using the Studio, and then publish their game to the Roblox website for anyone to play. Roblox encourages its players to create new games because every game is made by other users.
Virtual items and currency
Players on Roblox can buy virtual items from the Catalog using virtual currency named 'Robux'. This currency is obtained initially by buying a Roblox Premium membership or from a gift card. It can also be made by selling items like game passes or accessories to other players for Robux, as well as making clothing items or playing Pls Donate. A game by Haz3mn. The currency can be used by players to buy accessories and items for their character. It can also be used for in-game benefits.

Another form of currency was the Tix, also known as Tickets. All players could get a few Tix each day that they log the game. They could trade those Tix for Robux. Tix were removed from the game in March 2016.

Membership
Membership

Builders Club was Roblox's first membership club which could only be used through a purchase. Builders Club gave its members more features in Roblox, such as earning its virtual currency called Robux, and the ability to trade items. Another thing players could do was sell Limited items (buy-able and sell-able items on the Avatar Shop). There were three types of Builders Club: Classic, Turbo, and Outrageous. Classic was the original Builders Club type and Outrageous was the newest. Players would either buy it monthly or annually. 

In 2019, Builder's Club was removed and replaced with Premium. Premium is very much like the original Builders Club except it gives players Robux every month instead of daily. Premium players also get access to perks in select games and get discounts from User-generated content.

References

2006 video games
Online games
Coco is an Mexican-American computer-animated musical fantasy movie.

Production
It was made by Pixar. The director Lee Unkrich and Adrian Molina. The movie stars the voices of Anthony Gonzalez and Benjamin Bratt.

Main character
The movie centers on a boy named Miguel who dreams of being a musician and is later taken to the afterlife on Día de los Muertos.

Release
Coco was released on November 22, 2017. It was released with Olaf's Frozen Adventure, a short movie that runs for about 14 minutes in theaters before Coco is shown.

References

2017 fantasy movies
2010s American musical movies
2017 computer-animated movies
2010s American adventure movies
American animated movies
American family movies
American musical fantasy movies
Movies composed by Michael Giacchino
Movies set in Mexico
Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Pixar movies
A blimp is a kind of airship. Some airships have a structure in them. They have no structure in them. They were used by the United States in WWII to fight against submarines. They are now used mostly for advertising.

Other websites 
 
 

Airships
A balloon is a kind of aircraft that stays in the sky by floating. People fly in balloons mostly for fun.

A balloon is different from an airship. An airship is a floating aircraft that has an engine and can change its direction of movement. A balloon has no engine and has no way to change its direction of movement (except up and down). A balloon travels by moving with the wind.

The bottom of the balloon is called the "basket" where people can sit or stand.

The top of a balloon is a big cloth bag called the "envelope".
Kinds of balloon aircraft
There are three  kinds of balloon aircraft:
Hot air balloons stay in the sky by making the air inside the envelope hot. Making the air hot makes the air spread out (have lower density).  Hot air balloons are the most common kind of balloon aircraft.  People sometimes say "hot air balloon" to mean any kind of balloon aircraft.  But this is not exactly correct.
Gas balloons are not hot.  Gas balloons have gas of low density in their envelopes.  Examples of the gas used in gas balloons are helium and hydrogen.
Rozière balloons are like both hot air balloons and gas balloons.  Part of the envelope has hot air in it.  Part of the envelope has a gas that's not hot in it. Rozière balloons can fly very far. Rozière balloons have flown around the world without stopping.

Other websites
Videos for Balloon
The Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility (CSBF)

Aerospace engineering

cy:Balŵn
ml:ബലൂണ്‍ (ആകാശനൗക)
Benoît B. Mandelbrot (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-French-American mathematician. Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw into a Jewish-Lithuanian family. He is best known for his works with fractal geometry. He lived and worked until his death in the United States. He was a professor at the University of Yale. 

Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw, Poland. His family lived in France under German occupation. He died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 85 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

His most known development is the Mandelbrot set, which he discovered and described in 1979.

References

1924 births
2010 deaths
American economists
American mathematicians
French economists
French Jews
French mathematicians
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Warsaw
Polish Jews
Scientists from Massachusetts
Yale University faculty
Echolocation is a way that some animals use to determine the location of things. They emit sound waves and listen for the echo. They use the delay to determine the distance. It is a kind of biological sonar. 

Microbats find their insect prey in the dark this way.  Whales and dolphins are two other kinds of mammals that use echolocation. Their sound waves go through the water, while the bats' sound waves go through the air.

Radar is man-made echolocation using radio waves.

References 

Hearing
Gregory Dale Bear (born August 20, 1951) is an American science fiction author. He has written about war across the galaxy, artificial universes, consciousness, and evolution.

Biography
Bear was born in San Diego, California. From 1968 to 1973 he attended San Diego State University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1975, he married Christina M. Nielson, but they divorced in 1981. He remarried in 1983, to Astrid Anderson, the daughter of science fiction author Poul Anderson. They have two children, Erik and Alexandra. They live outside of Seattle, Washington.

Career
Bear is often called a hard science fiction author because he uses many scientific details in his work.
Bear often answers major questions in contemporary science and culture with fictional solutions. For example, The Forge of God tries to explain the Fermi paradox. If the galaxy is filled with intelligences that could be very dangerous, young civilizations could only survive by staying quiet so nobody would notice them and attack. In Queen of Angels Bear examines crime, guilt and punishment in society. He does this by examining consciousness and awareness. Part of the novel is about highly advanced computers that begging to become intelligent and aware of themselves as they communicate with humans. In the two books "Darwin's Radio" and "Darwin's Children" he writes about the problem of overpopulation with a mutation the human genome making, basically a new series of humans. The books bring up the question of cultural acceptance of something brand new that cannot be stopped.
One of Bear's favorite themes is how observers effect or create reality. In Blood Music reality becomes unstable as the number of observers–trillions of intelligent single-cell organisms–gets higher and higher. Both Anvil of Stars–a sequel to The Forge of God–and Moving Mars propose a physics based on information exchange between particles, capable of being altered at the "bit level." (Bear has credited the inspiration for this idea to Frederick Kantor's 1967 treatise, "Information Mechanics.") In Moving Mars this knowledge is used to remove Mars from the solar system and transfer it to an orbit around a distant star.
Blood Music (first published as a short story in 1983, and expanded to a novel in 1985) has also been credited as being the first account of nanotechnology in science fiction. The short story described microscopic medical machines. He described DNA as a computer system that could be changed. In Queen of Angels and Slant, Bear gives a detailed description of a near-future nanotechnological society. This historical sequence continues with Heads–which may contain the first description of a "quantum logic computer"–and with Moving Mars. These books also show the historical development of self-awareness in AIs. One AI character called Jill is in all of these books. Bear was influenced by Robert A. Heinlein's self-aware computer Mycroft Holmes ("High-Optional, Logical, Multi-Evaluating Supervisor") in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress when creating Jill.
More recent works, such as the two novels Darwin's Radio and Darwin's Children stick closely to the known facts of molecular biology of viruses and evolution. These books are about the impact of a strange disease that appears to make evolutionary transitions happen. Bear includes some very speculative ideas, but he wrote about them so carefully that Darwin's Radio gained praise in the science journal Nature.

Bear, Gregory Benford, and David Brin wrote a series of three novels that take place before Isaac Asimov's famous Foundation series. Bear is named as the author of the second of the three books.
While most of Bear's writing is science fiction, he also wrote in other genres. Two of his early works, The Infinity Concerto and The Serpent Mageare clearly fantasies. These are now published together as one novel called Songs of Earth and Power. Psychlone is horror. Bear called his story Dead Lines a "high-tech ghost story." He has received many accolades, including five Nebula awards and two Hugo awards for science fiction.

Works

Novels

Series

Darwin
 Darwin's Radio (1999) Nebula Award winner, Hugo, Locus SF, and John W. Campbell Memorial Awards nominee, 2000
 Darwin's Children (2003) Locus SF, Arthur C. Clarke, and John W. Campbell Memorial Awards nominee, 2004

The Forge of God
 The Forge of God (1987) Hugo, and Locus SF Awards nominee, 1988; Nebula Award nominee, 1986
 Anvil of Stars (1992)

Songs of Earth and Power
 The Infinity Concerto (1984) Locus Fantasy Award nominee, 1985
 The Serpent Mage (1986)
 Songs of Earth and Power (1994 - combines The Infinity Concerto and The Serpent Mage)
Quantico (books set before the Queen of Angels series)
 Quantico (2005)
 Mariposa (2009)

Queen of Angels
 Queen of Angels (1990) Hugo, Locus, and John W. Campbell Memorial Awards nominee, 1991
 / (also known as Slant; 1997) John W. Campbell Memorial Award nominee, 1998

The Way
 Eon (1985) Arthur C. Clarke Award nominee, 1987
 Eternity (1988)
 Legacy (1995) Locus SF Award nominee, 1996
 The Way of All Ghosts (1999)

Series he added to, but did not begin

The Foundation Series
 Foundation and Chaos (1998) (Second Foundation series: book 2)

Man-Kzin Wars
 The Man Who Would Be Kzin (with S.M. Stirling) (1991)

Star Trek: The Original Series
 Corona (1984)

Star Wars
 Rogue Planet (2000)
Non-series
 Psychlone (1979)
 Hegira (1979)
 Beyond Heaven's River (1980)
 Strength of Stones (1981)
 Blood Music (1985) Hugo, and John W. Campbell Memorial Awards nominee, 1986; British Science Fiction Award nominee, 1986; Nebula Award nominee, 1985 
 Sleepside Story (1988)
 Heads (1990)
 Moving Mars (1993) Nebula Award winner; Hugo, Locus SF, and John W. Campbell Memorial Awards nominee, 1994
 New Legends (1995)
 Dinosaur Summer (1998) (winner 1999 Endeavour Award)
 Country of the Mind (June 1998)
 Vitals (2002) John W. Campbell Memorial Award nominee 2003
 Dead Lines (2004)
 City at the End of Time (Gollancz edition published 7/17/2008; Del Rey Books edition August, 2008) (Nominated for the Locus and Campbell Awards, 2009)
 Hull Zero Three (to be released November 2010)
 The Mongoliad (expected 2010)

Short Fiction
Short Fiction

Collections
 The Wind from a Burning Woman (1983)
 Early Harvest (February 1988)
 Tangents (1989)
 The Venging (1992)
 Bear's Fantasies (1992)
 W3 Women in deep time (2003)
 Sleepside: The Collected Fantasies (November 2005)

Other awards
 Before Blood Music was a novel, it was a story published in the June 1983 issue of Asimov's. It won the Best Novelette Nebula Award (1983) and Hugo Award (1984).
 Darwin's Radio won the Endeavor Award in 2000
 Hayakawa Award "Heads" Best Foreign Short Story (1996).

Praise from other authors
 Doris Lessing, winner of the 2007 Nobel Prize in literature, wrote, "I also admire the classic sort of science fiction, like Blood Music, by Greg Bear. He's a great writer."

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Greg Bear's Official Site
 All of Greg Bear's audio interviews on the podcast The Future And You (in which he describes his expectations of the future)
 Quantico: Official Website 
 Complete list of sci-fi award wins and nominations by novel
 Greg Bear on Worlds Without End

1951 births
Living people
American novelists
American science fiction writers
Nebula Award winning writers
Hugo Award winning writers
Writers from San Diego, California
is a Japanese football player.

Biography
Higashi was born in Kitakyushu on July 20, 1990. He joined J1 League club Oita Trinita from their youth team in 2009. He played many matches as offensive midfielder from first season. However Oita was relegated to J2 League end of the 2009 season. In 2011, he moved to Omiya Ardija and played in 2 seasons. In 2013, he moved to FC Tokyo.

In July 2012, Higashi was selected to the Japan U-23 national team for 2012 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he wore the number 10 shirt for Japan and played all 6 matches. The team finished 4th place.

Statistics
Statistics

|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Oita Trinita||J1 League||23||2||2||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||28||3
|-
|2010||J2 League||29||6||2||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||7
|-
|2011||rowspan="2"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="2"|J1 League||27||8||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||29||8
|-
|2012||26||1||3||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||32||3
|-
|2013||rowspan="9"|FC Tokyo||rowspan="9"|J1 League||32||2||5||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||43||3
|-
|2014||23||1||0||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||28||1
|-
|2015||25||4||2||1||8||1||colspan="2"|-||35||6
|-
|2016||28||2||1||0||4||1||6||0||39||3
|-
|2017||30||1||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||34||1
|-
|2018||34||4||3||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||39||5
|-
|2019||34||1||0||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||39||1
|-
|2020||7||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||5||0||13||0
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
318||32||19||6||42||3||11||0||390||41
318||32||19||6||42||3||11||0||390||41
|}

References

Other websites
Other websites

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Fukuoka Prefecture
J1 League players
J2 League players
Oita Trinita players
Omiya Ardija players
FC Tokyo players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
The serval (Leptailurus serval) is a medium-sized wild cat which lives in sub-Saharan Africa. It is the only species in its genus.

Description 
The serval has the longest legs of all cats, relative to its size. Not only can it run fast, but it is an amazing jumper: two to three metres from a standing start.

Its length as an adult is about 32 inches (body) and 16 inches (tail). It weighs about four pounds. There are a number of subspecies, and its geographical range is from the Cape of South Africa to Algeria, wherever the circumstances are right for it.

It is lightly built, with very large ears and long legs. The back of the ears is black with a big white spot, and the tip of the tail is black. These signs serve as signals to other servals, including kittens.

Habitat 
The serval needs access to water, and dense grassland. Reed beds, scrub or high grass are typical habitats. It is territorial.

Hunting and diet
Hunting and diet 

The serval is nocturnal, and hunts mostly at night. The serval is  an opportunistic predator whose diet includes rodents, hares, hyraxes, birds, reptiles, insects, fish, and frogs.

As part of its adaptations for hunting in the savannas, the serval's long legs help it achieve a top speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), and has large ears with acute hearing. Its long legs and neck allow the serval to see over tall grasses, while its ears are used to detect prey, even those burrowing underground. Servals have been known to dig into burrows in search of underground prey, and to leap 2 to 3 metres (7 to 10 ft) into the air to grab birds in flight. Using its spectacular jumping ability, the serval leaps into the air and bats the bird with its front paws. When the bird is on the ground, it bites its neck, killing it.
Like most cats, the serval is a solitary animal. It travels as much as  each night in search of food. The female defends home ranges of , depending on local prey availability. The male defends larger territories of , and marks its territory by spraying urine onto bushes.

References 

Felines
Mammals of Africa