Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Smyslov was twice equal first in the Soviet Championship (1949, 1955), and his total of 17 Chess Olympiad medals won is an all-time record. In five European Team Championships, Smyslov won ten gold medals (team and individual). He remained active and successful in competitive chess well into the 1960s and 1970s and he qualified for the finals of the World Championship Candidates' matches as late as 1983. Vasiliy won the first World Senior Chess Championship in 1991. He retired from competitive play in 2001.

Smyslov was also a concert-level singer. His baritone singing, and fellow grandmaster Taimanov's piano recitals, were evening events at many major chess tournaments.

A tribute from Anatoly Karpov:
"What I remember most about [Smyslov] was his competitive spirit, but also his delicate sense of humour. It was always very tough playing against him, despite him being more than twice my age".
Books by Smyslov 
 2003: Smyslov's best games, Volume 1: 1935-1957 (Moravian Chess)
 2003: Smyslov's best games, Volume 2: 1958-1995 (Moravian Chess)
 1997: Endgame virtuoso (Cadogan)
 1995: Smyslov's 125 selected games (Everyman Chess)
 1972: Grigory Levenfish and Vasily Smyslov Rook endings (Batsford)

Further reading

References 

1921 births
2010 deaths
Russian chess players
Soviet chess players
Baritones
Chess grandmasters
The Karachay-Balkar language (Къарачай-Малкъар /Qarachay-Malqar/) is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars. It is divided into two dialects: Karachay which pronounces two phonemes as  and , and Balkar, which pronounces the corresponding phonemes as  and .

References 

Languages of Russia
Turkic languages
Boris Spassky  (born 30 January 1937 in Leningrad), is a Soviet–French chess grandmaster. He was the tenth World Chess Champion, holding the title from late 1969 to 1972.p381

Spassky won the USSR Chess Championship twice outright (1961, 1973), and twice more lost in playoffs (1956, 1963). He was a World Chess Championship candidate on seven occasions (1956, 1965, 1968, 1974, 1977, 1980, and 1985).

Boris won the Candidates match series in 1965 and 1968. He played for the world championship three times. Against Tigran Petrosian in 1966 he lost; against Petrosian again in 1969 (winning), and against Bobby Fischer in 1972 (losing). The match with Fischer in Reykjavik was the most publicised chess match of any time. His loss was subjected to the most rigorous scrutiny by the Soviet central committee for chess, and he was criticised for lack of adequate preparation.

The second half of his life until recently was lived in France. He has both Russian and French nationality.
Later life 
On 1 October 2006, Spassky suffered a minor stroke during a chess lecture in San Francisco. On 23 September 2010, ChessBase reported that Spassky had suffered a more serious stroke that had left him paralyzed on his left side. After that he returned to France for a long rehabilitation programme.

On 16 August 2012, Spassky left France to return to Russia under disputed circumstances. He now lives in an apartment in Moscow.

Spassky is the oldest living former world champion.

Further reading 
 Cafferty, Bernard 1969. Spassky's best games. Batsford.
 Winter, Edward G. 1981. World chess champions. 
 Seirawan, Yasser 1997. No regrets: Fischer-Spassky International Chess Enterprises. 
 Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John 2004. Bobby Fischer Goes to War: how the Soviets lost the most extraordinary chess match of all time. Ecco.
 Garry Kasparov 2004. My great predecessors, part III. Everyman Chess.

References
References 

Russian chess players
French chess players
1937 births
Living people
People from Saint Petersburg
Chess grandmasters
Soviet chess players‎
Mark Robert Bailey (born 13 January 1965), known professionally as Bill Bailey,  is an English actor, comedian, musician and singer. He is known for being on television programmes Bill Bailey's Birdwatching Bonanza, Have I Got News for You, Never Mind the Buzzcocks, QI and Black Books.

In 2003, a newspaper called The Observer said that Bailey was "one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy". In 2007, he was voted number seven on Channel 4's "Hundred Greatest Stand-ups".

References

Other websites 

Bailey's website

1965 births
Living people
Actors from Somerset
British stand-up comedians
English comedians
English composers
English guitarists
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from Bath, Somerset
Television personalities from Somerset
Vladimir Kramnik, born 25 June 1975, is a Russian chess grandmaster. He was Classical World Chess Champion from 2000 to 2006, and undisputed World Chess Champion from 2006 to 2007.

In October 2000, he defeated Garry Kasparov in a match played in London, and became the Classical World Chess Champion. In late 2004, Kramnik successfully defended his title against challenger Peter Leko in a drawn match played in Brissago, Switzerland.

In October 2006, Kramnik, the Classical World Champion, defeated reigning FIDE World Champion Veselin Topalov in a unification match. As a result, Kramnik became the first undisputed World Champion, since Garry Kasparov split from FIDE in 1993.

In 2007, Kramnik lost the title to Viswanathan Anand, who won the World Chess Championship tournament (not a classical match between the two players) ahead of Kramnik. He played Anand at the World Chess Championship match 2008, but lost.
Private life and health 
Kramnik has been diagnosed with an uncommon form of arthritis, called ankylosing spondylitis. It causes him great physical discomfort while playing. In January 2006, Kramnik announced that he would skip the Corus Chess Tournament in Wijk aan Zee to seek out treatment for his arthritis. He returned from treatment in June 2006, playing in the 37th Chess Olympiad. He scored a +4 result, earning the highest performance rating (2847) of the 1307 participating players.

On 30 December 2006 he married French journalist Marie-Laure Germon. He has a daughter named Daria who was born 28 December 2008.

References 

1975 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Leah Clark (born December 20, 1979 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is an American actress. She has provided many voices for Japanese anime series and video games.  The roles she is most famous for are Coby in One Piece, Blair in Soul Eater, and Fuyuki in Sgt. Frog

References

Other websites
 
 Leah Clark at the CrystalAcids Anime Voice Actor Database
 

1979 births
Living people
American voice actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American video game actors
Actors from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Veselin Topalov (Веселин Топалов, born 15 March 1975), is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster and former 'FIDE world chess champion'. This was a knock-out tournament of lower status than the classical world championship. 

Topalov became the FIDE champion in 2005. He lost his title in a classical match against Vladimir Kramnik, the purpose of which was to unify the titles. During the match, his manager accused his opponent of cheating. The match ended the division between world titles, which had arisen in 1993. Next, Topalov defeated Gata Kamsky in February 2009 in Sofia, Bulgaria to earn the right to be the challenger for the World Chess Championship in 2010.  Topalov lost the World Championship match with Anand 5½–6½ in May 2010.
Topalov won the 2005 Chess Oscar. He was ranked #1 in the world from April 2006 to January 2007, and then had the second highest Elo rating of all time (2813). He regained the world #1 ranking again in October 2008, and officially remained #1 until January 2010, when he fell to #2 behind Magnus Carlsen. 

He has been ranked number one a total of 27 months in his career, the fourth longest, behind only Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, and Bobby Fischer.

References 

1975 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Bulgarian sportspeople
Magnus Carlsen (born Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen, 30 November 1990) was the World Chess Champion (2013-2023). He became World Champion on 22 November 2013, by defeating Viswanathan Anand by 6½ to 3½. Carlsen also won the return match in 2014 by 6½4½.  He also won  the match against Sergey Karjakin in 2016, against Fabiano Caruana in 2018, and against Ian Nepomniachtchi in 2021.

A Norwegian chess grandmaster and chess prodigy, Carlsen is the highest rated player in the world, and the highest rated player in the history of chess. His peak rating of 2882 is higher than even Kasparov achieved. Kasparov's highest rating was 2851.
On 26 April 2004, Carlsen became a grandmaster at the age of 13 years, 148 days. This made him the third-youngest grandmaster in history. He played at the Nanjing Pearl Spring tournament in September–October 2009. This lifted him to an Elo rating of 2801. This made him second in the world. He is the fifth player to have a rating over 2800. He was 18 years old when he got this rating. This made him the youngest person to have a rating above 2800.  

On 1 January 2010, the new FIDE rating list was published. He was 19 years and 32 days old when he became the youngest chess player in history to be ranked world number one. He broke the previous record held by Vladimir Kramnik.

In London, March 2013, Carlsen won the 2013 Candidates tournament and qualified to challenge Anand for the World Chess Championship.
Carlsen has won the World Championship matches in 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2021. In 2023, Magnus announced, that he would not take part in World chess Championship 2023. Ding Liren won. The coming of chess databases and strong chess-playing engines makes it difficult to compare his achievements with previous world champions. However, he is thought to be one of the best. 

A lawsuit against Carlsen, was rejected (2023) by the U.S. federal court system. Hans Niemann was the plaintiff.

Sponsorship 
When Carlsen became the fourth-best player in the world he reached an agreement with a public relations (PR) expert in early 2009. This arrangement has borne fruit. Carlsen now has two sponsors, each of which provides 100,000 Euros a year. One is a stockbroker, the other a law firm. With this money, Carlsen is able to travel, and spend time on training. His coach is Garry Kasparov, a former World chess champion.
In return for the sponsorship, Carlsen wears the names of the sponsors on his jackets. This is called 'logo exposure'. He attends meetings, and gives talks. His image helps the companies to hire 'high achievers' to their staff. Put simply, companies of that type are keen to hire intelligent people. Carlsen's overall business manager is his father, Henrik.

Norway held the 2014 Chess Olympiad, and the Norwegian Government gave 70 million kroner (~8.5 million euros) in support of the event.

References

Other websites
Magnus Carlsen on Chessgames.com 

1990 births
Living people
Chess grandmasters
Norwegian sportspeople
Study can mean:

Research, a way of finding new understanding
Study skills, ways to improve learning
Study (room), a room of the house, similar to a home office
Study (art), a drawing or series of drawings done before a major work of art
Field of study, a general topic of knowledge
Étude, a piece of music also called a "study"
Education
An experiment
Christopher Eric Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was an Anglo-American atheist, writer and debater. He wrote for various magazines including The Nation, Free Inquiry, Slate, and others.  He was a supporter of the philosophical movement humanism.

Hitchens was educated at Balliol College, Oxford. After graduation in 1970, he became a magazine writer. In 1982, he moved to Washington, D.C. In 1988, he learned from his grandmother that his mother was Jewish, but had kept her religion a secret.  Hitchens remained an atheist and did not adopt any religious faith. He did not write about his religious views until his 2007 book God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything.
Hitchens tried to write from first-hand experience.  To write his essays, he braved gunfire in Sarajevo, he was jailed in Czechoslovakia, and in 2008, he was brutally beaten in Beirut, Lebanon. In 2009, Hitchens agreed to be waterboarded. He wrote in Vanity Fair magazine, "If waterboarding does not constitute torture then there is no such thing as torture".

Hitchens died of oesophageal cancer.
Books by Hitchens 
 1984 Cyprus. Quartet. Revised editions as Hostage to history: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger, 1989.
 1988 Blaming the Victims: spurious scholarship and the Palestinian question. (contributor, and co-editor with Edward Said) Verso, 
 1990 The Monarchy, Chatto & Windus
 1990 Blood, class and nostalgia: Anglo-American ironies, Farrar Straus & Giroux.
 1995 The missionary position: Mother Teresa in theory and practice, Verso
 1997 The Parthenon marbles: the case for reunification, Verso
 1999 No one left to lie to: the values of the worst family, Verso
 2000 Unacknowledged legislation: writers in the public sphere, Verso
 2001 The trial of Henry Kissinger. Verso.
 2001 Letters to a young contrarian, Basic Books
 2002 Why Orwell matters also Orwell's Victory, Basic Books, 
 2004 Love, poverty, and war: journeys and essays, Thunder's Mouth, Nation Books. 
 2005 Thomas Jefferson: author of America. Eminent Lives/Atlas Books/HarperCollins Publishers,
2007 Thomas Paine's Rights of Man: a biography. Atlantic Monthly Press, 
 2007 The Portable Atheist: essential readings for the non-believer. (Editor) Perseus Publishing. . 
 2007 God is not great: how religion poisons everything, Twelve/Hachette Book Group USA/Warner Books,  / Published in the UK as God is not great: the case against religion, Atlantic Books, .  
 2008 Christopher Hitchens and his critics: terror, Iraq and the Left. (with Simon Cottee and Thomas Cushman), New York University Press
 2008 Is Christianity good for the world?—A Debate (co-author, with theologian Douglas Wilson). Canon Press. .  
 2010 Hitch-22: a memoir, Twelve.  
 2011 Arguably: essays by Christopher Hitchens. Twelve. UK edition as Arguably: selected prose, Atlantic,  / 
 2012 Mortality. Twelve,  / . Atlantic Books,  /
References

Other websites
The Christopher Hitchens Web

American activists
American atheists
American journalists
British activists
British atheists
Cancer deaths in Texas
Deaths from esophageal cancer
English journalists
Humanists
Democratic socialists
Writers from Portsmouth
1949 births
2011 deaths
Samuel Benjamin Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American author. He is a philosopher, neuroscientist,  atheist and humanist . He is the co-founder and CEO of Project Reason.

Harris, Christopher Hitchens, Richard Dawkins, and Daniel Dennett are commonly known as the "Four Horsemen of Atheism".

Controversies
In 2014, Sam Harris appeared on Bill Maher’s show and criticized Islam so Ben Affleck accused him of racism and Harris ended up debating Cenk Uygur about what he had said. Sam Harris also caused controversy when he interviewed Charles Murray with Ezra Klein accusing him of racist pseudoscience for doing that so Harris debated Ezra Klein. Harris called himself part of the Intellectual Dark Web until 2020 when he said he was leaving because the Intellectual Dark Web had become too pro-Trump. In 2021, Harris was criticized by Dave Rubin and Bret Weinstein for saying he was grateful to Jack Dorsey for banning Donald Trump from Twitter.
Books
 The End of Faith (2004). 
 Letter to a Christian Nation (2006). 
 The Moral Landscape: how science can determine human values (2010). 
 Lying (2011).
 Free Will (2012)
 Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion (2014)
 Islam and the Future of Tolerance (2015)

References

Living people
1967 births
American atheists
Humanists
Shepherd Express is an progressive weekly newspaper in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. It is the third largest newspaper in the state of Wisconsin. Its original title was the "Crazy Shepherd", a name that comes from a line in poet Allen Ginsberg’s poem “Footnotes to Howl”.

Official Website 
Shepherd Express Website

References 

Newspapers in the United States
Milwaukee
1982 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Wisconsin
Paranasal sinuses are parts of the nasal cavity. They are usually counted to be part of the respiratory system. They are mucous membranes, which are mostly inside bones. These bones are then filled with air, which makes the skull look bigger, without adding much extra weight. Prenasal cavities can be found in mammals, most birds, dinosaurs, and crocodilians.

Since sinuses are in virtually all land vertebrates, they must have a function. They are covered with a mucosa, epidermal cells which are moist and make mucus. This moistens and warms the air on its way into the lungs. The mucus also picks up particles which come in with the air. A variety of possible functions have been proposed:
Decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull, and especially the bones of the face.
 Increasing resonance of the voice.
 Providing a buffer against face damage.
 Insulating sensitive structures like dental roots and eyes from rapid temperature fluctuations in the nasal cavity.
 Humidifying and heating of inhaled air because of slow air turnover in this region.
 Regulation of intranasal and serum gas pressures.
 Immunological defence.

References 

Head (body part)
A fishing lure is an object used to catch fish. It is tied to the end of a fishing line. A fishing lure is made to look like something a fish would eat. They move in a special way and have certain colors. Lures have fishing hooks attached to them. 

They are usually used with a fishing rod.  When a lure is used, it is cast, or thrown, out into the water and pulled back in. A good fisherman can cast the lure into places where the fish hide, like under logs.

There are many types of fishing lures. Most of them are made to look like dying, injured, or fast fish. They can be made of wood, plastic, rubber, metal, cork, feathers, animal hair, and other things. Some are shiny so that they catch the fish's attention.
Fishing lures can come in many different types such as a jig or a popper. A jig will usually have a weight attached to it so it can float at the right height. A popper is a lure used to attract trout and bass. A popper has a colorful design in the front to attract fish. Fishing lures can be very expensive as some are sold for thousands of dollars. 

The fishing lure was invented in 1890 by a man named James Heddon. He created the fishing lure by accident by taking a big piece of wood and carving a frog shape into it and taking the lure and attaching it to his line. Then he threw it in the water and immediately caught a bass. The next day he started a company called the Heddon Company and the era of the fishing lure was born.

Other websites
 History of fishing lures
 List of popular lures 

Fishing
Batabanó is a municipality and city in the La Habana Province of Cuba. It was founded in 1688. It is crossed by several rivers.  In 2004, 25,664 people lived there.

References

Cities in Cuba
1688 establishments
Establishments in Cuba
1680s establishments in North America
Americans United for the Separation of Church and State or "Americans United" for short, is an organization that says that the American government should be neutral on religion. It promotes what it believes is a strong reading of the Establishment clause of the U.S. Constitution. It is headquartered in Washington D.C. and is headed by the Reverend Barry Lynn.

References

Other websites
Americans United for the Separation of Church and State website
local chapters of American United 
   Why the Religious Right is Wrong About Separation of Church and State 
Official blog of Americans United 

Secularism
The bilby (also known as the rabbit-eared bandicoot) is a rabbit-like marsupial. It lives in deserts, dry forests, dry grasslands, and dry shrubby areas in Australia. The bilby's pouch faces backwards. These big-eared, burrowing mammals were in danger of extinction, but now they are back living in New South Wales.

The bilby, like all bandicoots, is a nocturnal animal (most active at night). Digging with its strong, clawed feet, this solitary mammal excavates long, complex burrows. Its underground dens are up to 5 feet (1.5 m) long.
Bilbies have the usual long bandicoot muzzle and big ears. They are about  long. Compared to bandicoots, they have a longer tail, bigger ears, and softer, silky fur. The size of their ears allows them to have better hearing, and to radiate heat. They are nocturnal omnivores that do not need to drink water.  They get their moisture from food, which includes insects and their larvae, seeds, spiders, bulbs, fruit, fungi, and very small animals. Most food is found by digging or scratching in the soil, and by using their very long tongues.

References

Marsupials of Australia
Shakhriyar Mamadyarov  (born 12 April 1985 in Sumgayit, Azerbaijan), is a chess grandmaster. On the January 2008 FIDE rating list he reached number six in the world with a rating of 2760. He is known for being an excellent chess strategist.

References 

1985 births
Living people
Azerbaijani chess players
Chess grandmasters
State Farm Stadium is a sports venue in Glendale, Arizona. It opened in 2006 as Cardinals Stadium, named for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League, which have played there since the stadium opened. Shortly after opening, the stadium was renamed University of Phoenix Stadium. This name was due to a corporate sponsorship contract; the University of Phoenix is a for-profit school without a sports program. In 2018, the Cardinals and State Farm Insurance entered into a new sponsorship deal, leading to the stadium's current name.

Structure
The stadium is completely covered, featuring a grass field that slides in and out of the stadium. This allows the playing surface to be exposed to sunlight when not in use, and also allows the stadium floor to be used for other events without risk of damaging the field.
History
The stadium has hosted many events apart from Cardinals games. The Super Bowl was held there in 2008, 2015, and 2023. Several college football games, including the annual Fiesta Bowl, have been played there, as have some high school games. It has also hosted several significant soccer (association football) matches, including several matches in the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup and Copa América Centenario in 2016. The stadium also hosted WrestleMania XXVI, and hosted the Final Four (semifinals and finals) of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in 2017. It will host the Final Four again in 2024.

Other websites 
State Farm Stadium's Official Website

References

National Football League venues
Sports buildings in the United States
Glendale, Arizona
Buildings and structures in Arizona
Arizona Cardinals
2006 establishments in the United States
2000s establishments in Arizona
Yellowknife (2011 population: 19,234) is a Canadian city. It is the capital of the Northwest Territories of Canada.  It is located on the north shore of Great Slave Lake. The city used to be a mining town until the 1980's.

On August 16, 2023, the city of Yellowknife had to evacuate because of the growing wildfires near the area.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Cities in Canada
Provincial and territorial capitals of Canada
Settlements in the Northwest Territories
Footloose is a 1984 American musical drama movie. It stars Kevin Bacon and was directed by Herbert Ross. Lori Singer, Dianne Wiest and John Lithgow are co-stars.

It was made into a musical on Broadway in 1999. A movie remake came out in 2011.

Other websites 

1980s musical movies
1984 romantic drama movies
1980s teen drama movies
1980s teen romance movies
American musical movies
American romantic drama movies
American teen drama movies
American teen romance movies
Dance movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies directed by Herbert Ross
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies set in Oklahoma
MJ Cole (born Matthew James Firth Coleman, 9 August 1973)  is a DJ. He has worked with Dido and Mariah Carey. He is from London, England. Cole attended the Royal College of Music. He is a garage singer. He has also worked with Fatboy Slim, De La Soul, Freq Nasty, and Ed Rush. He has done remixes for Kym Mazelle. His song "Sincere" made it onto Britain's Top 40.

References

Other websites
http://www.ask.com/music/MJ-Cole/361880

1973 births
Living people
English musicians
A fishery is a place for raising fish or harvesting fish. There are all kinds of fisheries in the world, like salmon fisheries. Fisheries might take fish from the wild or breed them.

Fish
Old man’s beard (the scientific name is Clematis vitalba) is a fast growing vine that covers and strangles trees and shrubs. To kill the tree or shrub, it covers them and does not let them get any light from the sun that it needs to grow.

Ranunculales
2010 Chile earthquake may refer to:

 2010 Chile earthquake, the 8.8 magnitude earthquake on 27 February 2010 off the coast of Maule
 2010 Pichilemu earthquake, the 6.9 magnitude earthquake on 11 March 2010 on the coast of Pichilemu
Butter cake is a cake with butter as a main ingredient. 

The traditional English pound cake used equal parts of butter, flour, sugar, and eggs to produce a heavy, rich cake. This was the first butter cake.  The invention of baking powder during the 19th century made it possible to have lighter, fluffier cakes using these same ingredients, making the modern butter cake. 

Butter cakes are often made by beating the butter and sugar until fluffy. This is called creaming.  Eggs are added, then the other ingredients.
Butter cakes taste best when stored at room temperature, because they dry out and lose taste when refrigerated.

Cakes
Cake
Baking powder is a dry chemical leavening agent used to make baked foods lighter and less dense. Baking powder works by making a reaction between an acid and a base. This produces carbon dioxide bubbles to make the mixture light. Baking powder was invented by the English chemist Alfred Bird  (1811 – 15 December 1878) in 1843.

It is used when the food should not taste of yeast, or when the mixture is not elastic enough to hold bubbles for very long. But sometimes, it has a metallic taste. Because carbon dioxide is made faster by baking powder than yeast, breads made with it are called quick breads.

Most baking powders are made up of an alkaline (usually baking soda), one or two acid salts, and a starch (cornstarch or sometimes potato starch). Baking soda is where the carbon dioxide comes from, and the acid releases it, like this:

NaHCO3 + H+ → Na+ + CO2 + H2O

Bird was quickly followed by Henry Jones (1812 – 12 July 1891) who invented self-rising flour in 1845.

References

Chemicals
Baking
Food ingredients
In professional wrestling, a battle royal (sometimes spelled battle royale; plural battles royal or battle royals) is a match type in which many wrestlers fight against each other at the same time and wrestlers are eliminated until only one is left. That person is then the winner. Usually a battle royal begin with 20 wrestlers in the ring, who are then eliminated by pushed out of the ring, over the top rope, and having both feet touch the floor out side the ring. A popular example of the battle royal is the Royal Rumble match that is put on yearly in January by World Wrestling Entertainment.

Team based
Team based battle royals consist of two or more teams of wrestlers, with the number of wrestlers on each team usually being equal. There are different types of such matches:
A team is eliminated when only one wrestler for that team is eliminated.
Matches ends when there are wrestlers for only one team (the winners), who have not been eliminated.

Notes

References

Professional wrestling
The numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus) is a marsupial from open woodlands in western Australia. It is also called the banded anteater, because it eats termites.

It is unusual in being one of the few diurnal (daytime) marsupials. It has no pouch, but the mother carries round her four young on her stomach. At night, they take shelter in hollow logs. The numbat has a life span of 5–6 years under human care.

These solitary, long-tailed termite-eaters are in danger of extinction; very few remain in the wild. When Europeans arrived, the numbat was found across the New South Wales and Victorian borders west to the Indian Ocean, and as far north as the southwest corner of the Northern Territory. It was at home in a wide range of woodland and semiarid habitats.
The deliberate release of the European red fox in the 19th century wiped out the entire numbat population in Victoria, NSW, South Australia and the Northern Territory, and almost all numbats in Western Australia, as well. By the late 1970s, the population was well under 1,000 individuals, concentrated in two small areas far from Perth, Dryandra, and Perup.
 
The numbat is the emblem of Western Australia.

References

Marsupials of Australia
The Haber process or the Haber-Bosch process is a chemical reaction that uses nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to create the chemical compound ammonia. The Haber process uses temperatures ranging from 400°C to 450°C under a pressure of 200 atm. The Haber process uses a catalyst mostly made up of iron.

History

The Haber process is named after the German scientist Fritz Haber. Haber was the first person to successfully complete the process. In 1909, Haber's process could produce about one cup of ammonia every two hours. Carl Bosch helped to develop the Haber process for industry. In 1913, the German company BASF started using the Haber process to make ammonia. During World War I, the Haber process was used to make explosives. The Germans kept this a secret until after the war. In 1918, Haber won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and in 1931, Bosch also shared a Nobel Prize.
The Haber process is still important today because it produces ammonia, which is needed for fertilizer and for many other purposes. The Haber process produces about 500 million tons (453 billion kilograms) of fertilizer every year. This fertilizer helps to feed about 40% of the world's population.

The process 

The gases for the Haber process must be prepared before changing them into ammonia. After that is done, ammonia is created by using magnetite (iron oxide) as the catalyst:

N2 + 3H2  2NH3

In this process, only about 15% of the nitrogen and hydrogen is changed into ammonia. However, the unused nitrogen and hydrogen is recycled. Overall, 98% of nitrogen and hydrogen can be changed into ammonia.

References

.

Chemical processes
Physical chemistry
Stockholm syndrome is something that sometimes happens to people who are victims of kidnapping. In Stockholm syndrome, the victim starts feeling loyalty toward the person who kidnapped him or her and even start to have feelings for the person. It got its name from a bank robbery in Norrmalmstorg in Stockholm, Sweden in 1973. There was a bank robbery where two thieves held four people as hostages. After the thieves were arrested, the hostages defended them publicly.

References 

Psychology
Carl Michael Edwards, II (born August 15, 1979) is an American racecar driver who most recently drove the No. 19 Toyota Camry in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series for Joe Gibbs Racing. In the past, Edwards drove the #99 Aflac Ford Fusion for Roush Fenway Racing. Edwards was the 2007 Nationwide series Champion. In January 2017, Edwards announced that he would not race during the 2017 season. Edwards says he wants to enjoy time away from racing, doing other activities that he enjoys and spending time with his family. He has said he is not retired, and that he may race again.

References

Other websites

1979 births
Living people
NASCAR drivers
Sportspeople from Missouri
American racecar drivers
A 6.9 earthquake occurred on March 11, 2010, 40 kilometers southwest of Pichilemu, O'Higgins Region, Chile . A tsunami warning was made by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center Pacific-wide, although they warned of the possibility of local tsunamis within 100 kilometers of the epicenter (between San Antonio and Concepción).

Although news media first reported the earthquake as an aftershock of the February earthquake, the initial geological summary given by the United States Geological Survey  said it was a different earthquake. Though unchained by the regional stress caused by the February 27 earthquake, the March event was not a fast adjustment to February's thrust fault rupture between the Nazca and South American plates, but it was caused by normal faulting inside one of those plates. However, it has not been positively decided in which plate the earthquake occurred.

Within 6 hours, 10 aftershocks took place, of these 2 were of magnitude 6 or greater and 7 between magnitude 5 and 6.
The earthquake took place shortly before the new president, Sebastián Piñera, was sworn in, at about 12:15 PM local time (15:15 UTC), at the Chilean congress in Valparaíso, where the shaking was clearly felt. The presidents of Bolivia, Paraguay, and Ecuador were present when the earthquake occurred, however, the television footage showed that the inauguration was not interrupted.

Damages reported by the Chilean news media include a collapsed pedestrian crossing over Chile Highway 5, north of Rancagua. The most affected place by the earthquake was Pichilemu, the epicentre of the earthquake. It destroyed the Ross Park, the most of the Agustín Ross Cultural Centre and many houses in Espinillo and Rodeillo.
May 2, 2010 aftershock 
The May, 2 2010 Pichilemu earthquake was a magnitude 6.0 MW earthquake that struck off Pichilemu, Chile, at 10:52 AM on May 2, 2010 at the epicenter, at a depth of . USGS described that the epicenter was  south-southwest of San Antonio,  west Regional capital of Rancagua,  northwest of Curicó and  southwest of the Chilean capital of Santiago.

After almost exactly three hours later a second quake happens in the same area with an intensity of 4.8 MW

More than 10 aftershocks happened on May 2 and 3.

Related pages
 February 2010 Chile earthquake

References 

2010 in Chile
Earthquakes in Chile
2010 earthquakes
Pichilemu
March events
2010 disasters
Doublet earthquakes
2010s disasters in South America
Levon Aronian, born 6 October 1982 in Yerevan, is an Armenian chess Grandmaster. He is Armenia's #1 player. 

Aronian won the Chess World Cup 2005. He led the Armenian national team to the gold medals in the 37th Chess Olympiad, Turin 2006, the 38th Olympiad, Dresden 2008, and the World Team Chess Championship in Ningbo, 2011. In the Chess Olympiad 2010 at Khanty-Mansiysk he won the silver medal for his individual performance on board one.

He won the FIDE Grand Prix 2008–2010, qualifying him for the Candidates tournament for the World Chess Championship 2012, where he was knocked out in the first round.
Aronian was declared the best sportsman of Armenia in 2005, and was awarded the title of "Honoured Master of Sport of the Republic of Armenia" in 2009.

References 

1982 births
Living people

Chess grandmasters
Armenian chess players
People from Yerevan
is an electronics company whose headquarters are in Tokyo, Japan. Its products include calculators, mobile phones, cameras, musical instruments and watches. It was founded in 1946, and in 1957 released the first electric compact calculator.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 www.casio.com

Electronics companies of Japan
1957 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in Japan
Alexander Grischuk (born Moscow, 31 October 1983) is a chess grandmaster, one of the top Russian players.  

In the FIDE World Chess Championship 2000 he made it to the semi finals.  
In the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004 he made it to the quarter finals, where he lost 3–1 to Rustam Kasimdzhanov.  

Grischuk is also one of the best blitz chess players in the world, having once held the record for highest rating achieved on the Internet Chess Club. In 2006 he won the World Blitz Championship in Israel.

Grischuk is married to the Ukrainian WGM Natalia Zhukova.

References

Other Websites
 

1983 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Peter Svidler, born 17 June 1976 in Leningrad, is a Russian chess Grandmaster, and six times Russian chess champion.

Peter Svidler learned to play chess when he was six years old. In 1992, he tied for 1st with Ragim Gasimov in the USSR Junior Open Chess Championship. He became a grandmaster in 1994. 

He has been Russian champion six times (1994, 1995, 1997, 2003, 2008, 2011). This is a record for this high-class event, which has a long history. In 2001, he reached the semi-finals of the FIDE World Championship.
He came second (with Viswanathan Anand) in the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 in San Luis with 8.5 points out of 14 games, lagging 1.5 points behind the winner, Veselin Topalov. In an interview  given for World Chess Network he said: "I only prepared seriously for San Luis, and I think it has paid off. But in general I spend most of my spare time with my wife and kids, so my relative success in 2005 was a pleasant surprise". His San Luis result earned him direct entry to the World Chess Championship series of 2007. In that tournament he scored 6.5 out of 14, placing 5th out of eight players.

In 2006 he came second behind Alexander Grischuk at the World Blitz Championship in Rishon Lezion, Israel, with 10.5 points out of 15 games. He also finished tied for first with Vladimir Kramnik at Dortmund 2006.

2011 World Cup 
Svidler has won the FIDE 2011 World Cup in Khanty-Mansisyk Siberia. The final was in September.
Svidler took the $120,000 first prize after beating his fellow countryman, Alexander Grischuk 2.5-1.5, in the best-of-four game final. It was a crushing psychological win for Svidler, who took adantage of his opponent's bad time-management. Svidler steered the games into lines that had Grischuk thinking from the very early stages.  

Svidler has now become the first Russian to win the World Cup title. His back-to-back major title wins of the Russian Championship followed by the World Cup has Svidler once again into the world’s top ten. 

Both Svidler and Grischuk also earned qualification for the 2012 World Championship Candidates tournament. And in the all-Ukrainian battle for the third Candidates spot, Vassily Ivanchuk won 2.5-1.5 against Ruslan Ponomariov.

References 

1976 births
Living people
People from Saint Petersburg
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
The term Renaissance man or polymath is used for a very clever man who is good at many different things. It is named after the Renaissance period of history (from the 14th century to the 16th or 17th century in Europe). Two of the best-known people from this time were Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Leonardo was a famous painter but he was also a scientist, philosopher, engineer, and mathematician.  Michelangelo was an extraordinary sculptor, painter, architect and poet. They are known as two of the highest examples of what a Renaissance man is.
But the term "Renaissance man" is also often used for extraordinary people not from the Renaissance period. It can be used for anyone who is very clever at many different things, no matter when that person lived. Albert Schweitzer was a 20th century "Renaissance man" who was a theologian, musician, philosopher and doctor. Benjamin Franklin was a "Renaissance man" who lived in the 18th century and was an author and printer, politician, scientist, inventor and soldier.

Renaissance period 
 () was the original concept of the Renaissance man. It was an ideal of the Italian Renaissance. One example is the saying by Leone Battista Alberti that "a man can do all things if he will". Many Renaissance men from this time are still famous today:
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, astronomer, anatomist, biologist, geologist, physicist, architect, musician, philosopher, and humanist.
 Michelangelo (March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564) was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, engineer, and theologian.
 Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) was a Florentine statesman, philosopher, poet, author, playwright, songwriter, classicist, military scientist, political thinker, and historian.
 Leone Battista Alberti (1404–1472) was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer.
 Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) was an Italian scientist, mathematician, astronomer, physicist, and philosopher.

Other polymaths
Other polymaths

Ancient history 
 Aristotle (Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotle) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher who studied and wrote about many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology.
 Archimedes  (Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης; c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer.

Medieval history 
 Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) (980–1037), was a Persian physician, pharmacologist, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, chemist, Hanafi jurist and theologian, scientist, statesman and soldier.
 Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (1126–1198), an Andalusian Arab philosopher, physician, jurist, astronomer, mathematician, and theologian.
 Roger Bacon, O.F.M. (c. 1214–1294), also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: "wonderful teacher"), an English Franciscan friar who was a philosopher, theologian and scientist.  One of the first people to perform scientific experiments in a modern manner.
Modern history 
 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) German writer, poet, critic, playwright, and novelist.
 Robert Hooke (1635–1703) was an English scientist, mathematician, natural philosopher, and architect.
 Isaac Newton (1643–1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, theologian, natural philosopher and alchemist. His development of calculus, and his three laws of motion were landmarks in applied mathematics.
 Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) was a German philosopher, theologian, physicist, mathematician, historian, librarian and inventor.
 Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) was a Russian poet, educator, artist, physicist and chemist education.
 Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826). American president who was a horticulturist, architect, archaeologist, inventor, and founder of a university.
 Rabindranath Tagore (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941) was a Bengali poet, artist, playwright, novelist, educationist, social reformer, nationalist, business-manager and composer.
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 15 April 1955) was a German-American physicist, mathematician, cosmologist, professor, refrigeration engineer (patent), patent analyst, essayist, activist, pianist, and recital violinist.
 G. Spencer-Brown (2 April 1923 -2016) was an English mathematician and writer of Laws of Form.
References and notes

Further reading
 Polymath: A Renaissance Man 
 Polymath -Citizendium
 "History", "Mathematic", "Polymath" and "Polyhistor" in one or more of: Chamber's Dictionary of Etymology, The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories, The Cassell Dictionary of Word Histories

Renaissance
Society
The storm that became Vince started out as an extratropical cyclone. It became a subtropical storm on October 8 to the southeast of the Azores. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) did not officially give the storm a name until the next day. Vince grew into a hurricane before beginning to weaken at sea. On October 11, it made landfall on the Iberian Peninsula in Spain. At that time, it was a tropical depression. It may have been the first storm to hit the area since a hurricane in 1842. Vince died out over Spain. However, it did drop rain on the country. What was left of the storm passed into the Mediterranean Sea.  Vince was one of only three storms to do so, alongside the 1842 Spanish hurricane and Subtropical Storm Alpha of 2020.

Meteorological history
Hurricane Vince quickly began to weaken because wind shear began to erode it. Vince weakened to a tropical storm. A type of weather system called a trough moved towards Vince from the northwest It pulled thunderstorms related to Vince away from the storm, and its center quickly moved to the east. On October 10, two short bursts of thunderstorms surprised forecasters. However, because the water was so cold, the storm kept weakening. Vince became weaker as it came closer to the Iberian Peninsula. It became a tropical depression on October 11. This was just before it made its landfall in Huelva, Spain. The fast-moving tropical depression quickly died out over land. What was left of the cyclone moved across southern Spain. It moved into the Mediterranean Sea south of Alicante early on October 12.

Preparations and impact
Some ships reported stronger winds. The rainfall as a result of the hurricane was like normal rains from temperate systems. Only one to two inches (25 to 50 mm) of rain fell. Using the words of a song in the movie My Fair Lady, National Hurricane Center forecaster James Franklin in the Tropical Cyclone Report for Vince wrote, "the rain in Spain was mainly less than 2 inches, although 3.30 inches (84 mm) fell in the plain at Cordoba."
Records and naming

Hurricane Vince began in an odd place, an area where tropical cyclones do not usually originate from. However, it does not hold any important records. Tropical Storm Alberto of the 1988 season formed farther north than any other storm, at 41.5° N. Also, Hurricane Ginger of the 1967 season formed at 18.1° W, the farthest east of any tropical cyclones. Hurricane Vince became a hurricane further east than any known storm, at 18.9° W, prior to 2019’s Hurricane Pablo, at 18.8°W. A tropical  storm becomes a hurricane when wind speeds grow higher than .

The National Hurricane Center said that Vince was the first tropical cyclone known to hit the Iberian Peninsula. However, some  documents claim that the 1842 Spain hurricane struck the Iberian Peninsula on October 29, 1842. That hurricane may have been stronger. More recently, Tropical Storm Grace formed farther north than Vince.
When Subtropical Storm Vince began on October 8, it was earliest in a season that the twenty-first tropical or subtropical storm formed. It was 38 days ahead of the record before that, which was set by Tropical Storm 21 of the 1933 season. Because Vince did not cause bad damage, the World Meteorological Organization did not retire (stop using) the name Vince. It will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.

References

Other websites 

 
 
  

Vince
2005 in Europe
2000s in Spain
Vince (2005)
2000s in Portugal
Vince (2005)
October 2005 events
Life insurance is money for your family to use to pay your bills and death expenses when you die. A person must be healthy to purchase a life insurance policy. The amount of life insurance needed depends on the person’s family’s needs when they die. Some things to consider when purchasing a life insurance policy are, marital status, the number of dependents, (wife, kids, etc.) family size, income, and wealth. Life insurance has different types of policies.

Types of life insurance 
 Term life insurance
 Whole life insurance
 Universal life insurance
 Indexed universal life insurance
 Variable life insurance
 Variable universal life insurance
 Final expense insurance
 Group life insurance

References

Insurance
Teflon redirects here, other uses are at Teflon (disambiguation)

In chemistry, Polytetrafluoroethylene (often shortened to PTFE) is a polymer of tetrafluoroethylene. It is a fluoropolymer, because the polymerization is based on strong covalent bonds of fluorine and carbon. Polytetrafluoroethylene is not very reactive. It also repels oil and water. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company developed it in 1938.

It is better known by its trade-names, Teflon and Gore-Tex. Teflon is a coating for frying pans, among others. Gore-Tex is stretched PTFE, used as a membrane in clothing.

Problems 
Perfluorooctanoic acid was formerly used to produce Polytetrafluoroethylene. It is very toxic for people and may cause cancer. In the 2010s it was replaced with other chemicals. 

The precursors for many chemical weapons are highly corrosive, so their containers are often treated with Polytetrafluoroethylene. For this reason, the export of Polytetrafluoroethylene from the European Union may need a special permit. 

Polymers
Teflon is a trade name, which is used for the following polymers:
Polytetrafluoroethylene
Perfluoroalkoxy,
Fluorinated ethylene propylene

Other uses
 The Teflon president, a nickname used for President Ronald Reagan.