Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Viellenave-de-Navarrenx is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Viellenave-de-Navarrenx
Vielleségure is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Vignes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Vignes, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Villefranque, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Villefranque, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Viodos-Abense-de-Bas is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Viodos-Abense-de-Bas
Viven is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

References 

Viven
Çaro (; ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.

References

Communes in Pyrénées-Atlantiques
A rocket engine is a device that produces a force by pushing gases at high speed out of a nozzle. Rocket engines usually burn chemicals such as petrochemicals and liquid oxygen at very high pressures and temperatures to turn their chemical energy into motion of the rocket. In some cases (such as the Rocketdyne F-1), the force created can be over .

A garden hose shows how moving fluid can create a force. When a hose is turned up, the hose will snake around unless it is held still. The water which is leaving the hose, is creating a force on the hose just like how the gases coming out of a rocket engine push on the rocket engine. This principle can be explained by Newton's third law.

Liquids, solids and hybrids 
Some rocket engines burn liquid fuels while some burn solid fuels. Solid fuel rocket engines are sometimes called "solid rocket motors".
Liquid fuel rocket engines often require complex pumps and valves to properly move (and pressurize) the liquids from the fuel tank to the actual engine. These machines must work in extreme temperatures and pressures. Liquid oxygen is very cold (-223˚C) while the engine is very hot (3000˚C), and the pressure is oftentimes hundreds of times higher than the surrounding air pressure. Because of these conditions, liquid fuel rocket engines are often very complex, expensive, and require very specialised materials (metal alloys, ceramics, etc.).
Military missiles commonly use solid rockets because they can be kept ready for many years, unlike liquid rockets, which require a lot of expensive maintenance, are less reliable, and cannot be kept fully fueled for long periods of time. Many satellite and rocket launchers use solid rocket boosters when they start, but use liquid rockets for the rest of the flight. 

Hybrid rocket engines combine the two ideas. The two propellants are different states of matter, often with liquid oxidisers and solid fuels. They are not used very often, but may be safer than solid rocket motors or liquid rocket engines.

References and notes 

Rockets
A nozzle is a device that takes incoming fluid (such as gas or liquid) and increases the speed. This is done by changing the size of the pipe (or tube) that the fluid is flowing through.

Origine of American vectoring-nozzle 
Soyuz R-79V-300 - Origine of the F135.

References

Fluid mechanics
The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp. It was issued by the United Kingdom on the 1 May 1840 and used from the 6 May the same year. All London post offices received official issues of the new stamps, but other offices in the country did not. Some post offices like in Bath, offered the stamp unofficially after 2 May. 

Once the stamps were used, they had a red cancellation. However, it was hard to see, and it could easily be taken off. It is not very rare. The total print run was 286,700 sheets with 68,808,000 stamps. A mint condition stamp might fetch £3–4,000.

Related pages 
 Penny Lilac
 Penny Red
 Queen Victoria
 Twelve Penny Black
 Two Penny Blue

References 

Postage stamps
Philately of the United Kingdom
1840 establishments in the United Kingdom
The Penny Red was a postage stamp issued in 1841 to replace the Penny Black. It was the main type of postage stamp in the United Kingdom until 1879. The design was hardly changed at all. 

The colour was changed from black to red because it was hard to see the red cancellation mark on the Penny Black. It was easier to see a black cancelling on a Penny Red. It is not a very rare stamp.

Related pages 
 Penny Black
 Penny Lilac
 Queen Victoria
 Twelve Penny Black
 Two Penny Blue

Postage stamps
Philately of the United Kingdom
1841 establishments in the United Kingdom
The line of succession to the British throne is the order in which members of the royal family would come to the throne if the reigning king or queen died.

At present the first in line is William, Prince of Wales, and then Prince William's eldest child, Prince George of Wales.

Traditionally, males came before females in the line of succession. However, the law changed on 26 March 2015, so at present, for people born after 28 October 2011 the succession is decided only by age: older children come before younger children. This system of inheritance is called absolute primogeniture, as opposed to male-preference primogeniture. When someone who is in line to the throne has a child, that child comes after them and their older children, but before anyone else in the line of succession.

Excluded from the line of succession are Catholics and illegitimate children.
Line of succession
No official, complete version of the line of succession is maintained. The exact number, in more remote collateral lines, of the people who would be eligible is uncertain. In 2001, American genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession without omitting Roman Catholics. When updated in January 2011, the list included 5,753.

The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession, being limited to descendants of the sons of King George V, King Charles III's great-grandfather. The order of the first twenty-three numbered in the list, all descendants of Queen Elizabeth II, is given on the official website of the British monarchy; other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations and footnotes below. People named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession.
King George V (1865–1936)
 King Edward VIII (1894–1972)
 King George VI (1895–1952)
 Queen Elizabeth II (1926–2022)
 King Charles III (b. 1948)
 (1) William, Prince of Wales (b. 1982) 
 (2) Prince George of Wales (b. 2013) 
 (3) Princess Charlotte of Wales (b. 2015) 
 (4) Prince Louis of Wales (b. 2018) 
 (5) Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (b. 1984) 
  (6) Prince Archie of Sussex (b. 2019) 
  (7) Princess Lilibet of Sussex (b. 2021) 
 (8) Prince Andrew, Duke of York (b. 1960) 
 (9) Princess Beatrice (b. 1988) 
(10) Sienna Mapelli Mozzi (b. 2021) 
 (11) Princess Eugenie (b. 1990) 
 (12) August Brooksbank (b. 2021) 
  (13) Ernest Brooksbank (b. 2023) 
 (14) Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (b. 1964) 
 (15) James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex (b. 2007) 
 (16) Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor (b. 2003) 
 (17) Anne, Princess Royal (b. 1950) 
 (18) Peter Phillips (b. 1977) 
 (19) Savannah Phillips (b. 2010) 
 (20) Isla Phillips (b. 2012) 
 (21) Zara Tindall (née Phillips; b. 1981)
(22) Mia Tindall (b. 2014) 
 (23) Lena Tindall (b. 2018) 
 (24) Lucas Tindall (b. 2021) 
 Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon (1930–2002) 
 (25) David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon (b. 1961) 
 (26) Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley (b. 1999) 
 (27) Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones (b. 2002) 
 (28) Lady Sarah Chatto (née Armstrong-Jones; b. 1964) 
 (29) Samuel Chatto (b. 1996) 
 (30) Arthur Chatto (b. 1999) 
 Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900–1974) 
 (31) Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester (b. 1944) 
 (32) Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster (b. 1974) 
 (33) Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden (b. 2007) 
 (34) Lady Cosima Windsor (b. 2010) 
 (35) Lady Davina Windsor (b. 1977) 
 (36) Senna Lewis (b. 2010) 
 (37) Tāne Lewis (b. 2012) 
 (38) Lady Rose Gilman (née Windsor; b. 1980) 
 (39) Lyla Gilman (b. 2010) 
 (40) Rufus Gilman (b. 2012) 
 Prince George, Duke of Kent (1902–1942)
 (41) Prince Edward, Duke of Kent (b. 1935) 
 (42) George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews (b. 1962)
Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick (b. 1988) 
 Lady Marina Windsor (b. 1992) 
 (43) Lady Amelia Windsor (b. 1995) 
 Lord Nicholas Windsor (b. 1970) 
 (44) Albert Windsor (b. 2007)  
 (45) Leopold Windsor (b. 2009)  
 (46) Louis Windsor (b. 2014) 
 (47) Lady Helen Taylor (née Windsor; b. 1964) 
 (48) Columbus Taylor (b. 1994) 
 (49) Cassius Taylor (b. 1996) 
 (50) Eloise Taylor (b. 2003) 
 (51) Estella Taylor (b. 2004) 
 (52) Prince Michael of Kent (b. 1942) 
 (53) Lord Frederick Windsor (b. 1979) 
 (54) Maud Windsor (b. 2013) 
 (55) Isabella Windsor (b. 2016) 
 (56) Lady Gabriella Kingston (née Windsor; b. 1981) 
 (57) Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy (b. 1936) 
 (58) James Ogilvy (b. 1964) 
 (59) Alexander Ogilvy (b. 1996) 
 (60) Flora Vesterberg (née Ogilvy; b. 1994) 
 (61) Marina Ogilvy (b. 1966) 
 (62) Christian Mowatt (b. 1993) 
 (63) Zenouska Mowatt (b. 1990)
Notes

References

Other websites
British line of succession on any date in the past 200 years
Succession at the Official web site of the British Royal Family

British monarchy
British
The Two Penny Blue (or 2d Blue) was the world’s second official adhesive postage stamp. It was issued in the United Kingdom in May 1840. It was more or less the same as the Penny Black. 

It was intended that the 2d blue was to be issued at the same time as the Penny Black. However the earliest post mark seen on a Two Penny Blue was the 8 May 1840 which is two days after the penny black was issued. The Two Penny Blue is much rarer and more expensive than the Penny Black.

Related pages 
 Penny Black
 Penny Lilac
 Penny Red
 Queen Victoria
 Twelve Penny Black

Postage stamps
Philately of the United Kingdom
The Penny Lilac was a postage stamp in Great Britain. It was first issued on 12 July 1881. It was used until 1901. This stamp remained the standard letter stamp for the rest of Victoria's reign, and huge numbers were printed.

Related pages 
 Penny Black
 Penny Red
 Queen Victoria
 Twelve Penny Black
 Two Penny Blue

Postage stamps
Philately of the United Kingdom
1881 establishments in the United Kingdom
1901 disestablishments
1900s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
WrestleMania 2000 (also known as WrestleMania XVI) was the sixteenth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It happened on April 2, 2000 at the Arrowhead Pond arena in Anaheim, California. This WrestleMania is different from others, because it is the only WrestleMania not to feature at least one standard one on one wrestling match. It is also the only WrestleMania to use the year in its name.

Results

References

Other websites 
 The official website of WrestleMania 2000 (XVI) 
 WrestleMania 2000 (XVI) Facts/Stats 

2000 in American television
2000 in professional wrestling
Sports in Anaheim, California
Wrestlemania 16
WWF Attitude Era
2000s in California
April events
History of Anaheim, California
Lucas Sang (February 12, 1961 - January 1, 2008) was a Kenyan runner who raced at the Olympic Games in 1988. He and his team made it to the final of the 4X100 relay race. 

Sang was killed in Kenya during the riots about the election. He was killed when a group of men threw stones and rocks at him. His body was later burned.
Fiesole is a town in Tuscany, near Florence. In 2003, 14.100 people lived there.

Towns in the Metropolitan City of Florence
Mugello is a landscape in northern Italy. Mugello is north of Florence. The Santerno River's valley is nearby. The two valleys are separated by the Futa Pass (a path or way to cross over the mountain between those two valleys).

In ancient times it was on the border between the area settled by the Ligurians (also called the Magelli tribe), the Etruscans and the Gauls. The Roman colonization left very few signs behind because the Mugello was mostly an agricultural area. In the Middle Ages it was home to many castles. Later on, Mugello was taken over by the Republic of Florence. Several families of the city built villas (large houses) there. They were similar to ones built by the Medici royal family.

Villages / cities
Borgo San Lorenzo
Scarperia
Barberino di Mugello 
San Piero a Sieve 
Vicchio
San Godenzo

Tuscany‎
Friars are special monks that do a service to a community and that lead a simple life, rather than living like ascets in a monastery.

Orders
There are two classes of orders known as friars, or mendicant orders: the four "great orders" and the so-called "lesser orders".

Four great orders
The four great orders were mentioned by the Second Council of Lyons (1274), and are:
The Dominicans, founded ca. 1215. The Dominicans are also known as the "Friar Preachers", or the "Black Friars", from the black mantle ("cappa") worn over their white habit. The Dominicans were founded by Saint Dominic and received papal approval from Honorius III, in 1216 as the "Ordo Praedicatorum" under the Rule of St. Augustine. They became a mendicant order in 1221.
 The Franciscans, founded in 1209. The Franciscans are also known as the "Friars Minor" or the "Grey Friars". The Franciscans were founded by St. Francis of Assisi and received oral papal approval by Innocent III in 1209 and formal papal confirmation by Honorius III in 1223.
The Carmelites, founded ca. 1155. The Carmelites are also known as the "White Friars" because of the white cloak which covers their brown habit. They received papal approval from Honorius III in 1226 and later by Innocent IV in 1247. The Carmelites were founded as a purely contemplative order, but became mendicants in 1245. There are two types of Carmelites, the Calced and Discalced Carmelites.
 The Augustinians, founded in 1255. The Augustinians are also known as the "Hermits of St. Augustine", or the "Austin Friars". Their rule is based on the writings of Augustine of Hippo. The Augustinians were assembled from  various groups of hermits as a mendicant order by Alexander IV, from whom they obtained papal approval in 1255.
Lesser orders
The lesser orders are: 
 the Minims, established in 1474
 the Conventual Franciscans, established in 1517
 the Third Order Regular of St. Francis, established in 1521
 the Capuchin, established in 1525
 the Discalced Carmelites, established in 1568
 the Discalced Trinitarians, established in 1599
 the Order of Penance, established in 1781

Notes 

Christian religious occupations
The Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel or Carmelites (sometimes simply Carmel; ) is a Roman Catholic religious order. It was begun in the 12th century on Mount Carmel, from which the order receives its name. St. Albert of Jerusalem gave the group its rule for life in 1206.  Few clear records of early Carmelite history have survived. Women were officially accepted into the Order as nuns in 1452.

References

Roman Catholic religious orders
Samael () (also Sammael and Şamil) is an archangel in Talmudic and post-Talmudic beliefs and stories, as well as Christian tradition and demonology. There are also other religions that believe in stories of Samael. It is said that he was the guardian angel of Esau and a patron of the sinful empire of Rome. 

Samael is often accorded with Satan because he often has grim and destructive duties. He is often considered a fallen angel, like Satan and the chief of the evil spirits. One of Samael's roles in Jewish beliefs is that of the Angel of Death. In this belief, he is a fallen angel but remains one of the Lord's servants. As a good angel, Samael supposedly lives in the seventh heaven, although he is said to be the chief angel of the fifth heaven. 



Powers 

The website Catholic.org says Samael is a "Power", which means he is the chief of many warrior angels.
Powers are warrior angels against evil, who defend the world and people. They fight against evil spirits who attempt to bring chaos through human beings. The chief is said to be either Samael or Camael, both angels of darkness.

In Judaism and Christianity 

In Jewish beliefs, Sammael is said to be the Angel of Death, the ruler of the Fifth Heaven, and one of the seven regents of the world served by two million angels; he resides in the Seventh Heaven. Yalkut I, 110 of the Talmud says Samael is Esau's guardian angel.  In Sotah 10b, Samael is Esau's guardian angel.

In the Sayings of Rabbi Eliezer, he is said to be the one who tempted Eve, then seduced and impregnated her with Cain. Some sources identify Gadreel as the angel that seduced Eve; although, other Hebrew scholars say that it was Samael who tempted Eve as the Serpent. 

Samael is also sometimes said to be the angel who wrestled with Jacob, and also the angel who held back the arm of Abraham as he was about to sacrifice his son.
"In the last heaven Moses saw two angels, each five hundred parasangs in height, forged out of chains of black fire and red fire, the angels Af, "Anger," and Hemah, "Wrath," whom God created at the beginning of the world, to execute His will. Moses was disquieted when he looked upon them, but Metatron embraced him, and said, "Moses, Moses, thou favorite of God, fear not, and be not terrified," and Moses became calm. There was another angel in the seventh heaven, different in appearance from all the others, and of frightful mien. His height was so great, it would have taken five hundred years to cover a distance equal to it, and from the crown of his head to the soles of his feet he was studded with glaring eyes, at the sight of which the beholder fell prostrate in awe. "This one," said Metatron, addressing Moses, "is Samael, who takes the soul away from man." "Whither goes he now?" asked Moses, and Metatron replied, "To fetch the soul of Job the pious
." Thereupon Moses prayed to God in these words, "O may it be Thy will, my God and the God of my fathers, not to let me fall into the hands of this angel."
In The Holy Kabbalah (Arthur Edward Waite, 255), Samael is described as the "severity of God", and is listed as fifth of the archangels of the world of Briah. Samael is said to have married Lilith after she left Adam. According to Zoharistic cabala, Samael was also mated with Eisheth Zenunim, Na'amah, and Agrat Bat Mahlat - all angels of prostitution.
Samael is sometimes confused in some books with Camael, an archangel of God, whose name means "He who sees God".

Literary references 

 John Le Carré, "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold": The main character of this short novel is Alec Leamas, ("Leamas" is "Samael" spelled backwards). The character of Leamas has dual good and evil qualities like those of Samael.

Popular culture 

Samael is shown as a character in the Megami Tensei video game series. The archangel is shown in the games as a blood-red serpent. He is a member of the Vile Clan and is a persona of the Death Arcana. 

In the Silent Hill video games, Samael is the name of one of the town's gods. He is shown as an anthropomorphic goat.

In the film Hellboy, one of the main characters is a giant hell-hound called Sammael, who Hellboy nicknames "Sammy".

In Lucifer, the TV and comic series, Samael is Lucifer Morningstar's original name before he left Heaven. 

Samael plays an important role in the central plot of the first Darksiders title.
In the web cartoon Purgatony, Samael judges the souls of the dead while working in an office in Purgatory.

In the manga and anime Blue Exorcist, Samael is the true name of the demon Mephistopheles, and he is a son of Satan as well as a brother of Lucifer. As in biblical legend, he displays both good and evil aspects, but is the demon of Time rather than of Death.

References

Angels
Demons
Judaism
Orvieto is a city in Umbria. As of 2008, about 21,000 people lived there. The city has a history going back to Roman times.

References 

Cities in Umbria
Settlements in Terni‎
The Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross) is the main Franciscan church in Florence, Italy. It is a minor basilica of the Roman Catholic Church. It is situated on the Piazza di Santa Croce, about 800 metres south east of the Duomo. When the site was chosen, it was a marshland outside the city walls. Many very famous Italians, such as Michelangelo, Galileo, Machiavelli, Foscolo, Gentile, Rossini, and Marconi are buried inside the church. For this reason, the church is also known as the Pantheon of the Italian Glories (Tempio dell'Itale Glorie or Pantheon dell'Itale Glorie).

Roman Catholic churches in Italy
Buildings and structures in Florence
14th-century buildings and structures‎
"Halo" is a song by American singer Beyoncé. It was written by Ryan Tedder, Evan Bogart and Knowles for her third studio album, I Am... Sasha Fierce. In the United States, the song was released on January 20, 2009 as the album's fourth single. Even before its official release the song debuted on the Billboard Pop 100 at number 87.  Glee  covered it with random mashup

The song mentions Beyoncé's husband Jay-Z. It was a successful song worldwide, reaching the Top 10 in several countries.

Background 
Ryan Tedder wrote the song for Leona Lewis to sing. However, in an interview, Leona Lewis stated that she did not have the time to record the track for her album and felt that it better suited Beyoncé.

The video premiered exclusively on iTunes on December 23, at the same time as the music video for "Diva".

Beyoncé songs
2008 songs
2009 songs
Pop ballads
R&B ballads
Ian Gillan (born 19 August 1945) is the lead singer for the heavy metal band Deep Purple. He is famous for his high-pitched falsettos and the ability to reach notes much higher than most people. He also wrote lyrics to many of their famous songs, including "Smoke on the Water." Gillan is also noted for singing the part of Jesus on the original rock opera concept album Jesus Christ Superstar. Gillan later became lead singer of Black Sabbath.

1945 births
Living people
English songwriters
Progressive rock singers
The Ottawa River is a river in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. Most of it is on the border of Ontario and Quebec. The city of Ottawa gets its name from this river.

Geography 

The Ottawa River starts at Lake Capimitchigama in Quebec. It flows west to Lake Timiskaming, where it begins to define the border between Ontario and Quebec. From Lake Timiskaming the river flows southeast to Ottawa and Gatineau where it tumbles over the Chaudière Falls. The Rideau and Gatineau Rivers flow into the Ottawa River here. The Ottawa River drains into the Lake of Two Mountains and the St. Lawrence River at Montreal. The total length of the river is 1,271 km.

Rivers of Canada
A dandy (also known as a beau or gallant) is a man who dresses elegantly and fashionably, but that was not necessarily of aristocratic origin. He exaggerates his manners, including the way he stands and moves, and the way he speaks. He promotes himself. This is called dandyism. The word 'Dandy' was originally a version of 'Andrew'. The female equivalent is a dandizette.

The word dandy first came out in the Scottish verse of about 1780:
I've heard my granny crack
O' sixty twa years back
When there were sic a stock of Dandies O.

Dandies in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States and Great Britain were often men from middle-class backgrounds who were trying to become people from high society.
The model, or archetype, of a dandy was Beau Brummell from the Regency period of George IVth. He was a friend of the then Prince of Wales. Lord Byron is also an example. The writer Oscar Wilde is another, later example. Less extreme versions were the American artist who lived in London, James McNeill Whistler, and the French composer Maurice Ravel. The Scarlet Pimpernel is a famous example from literature.

Today, in the 21st century, the word dandy is often used as a joke word to mean "fine" or "great".

References 

Fashion
Cultural history
Men
Robert Costanza (born 14 September, 1950) is an American ecological economist and the Gund Professor of Ecological economics and Director of the Gund Institute for Ecological Economics at the University of Vermont.

Biography 
Robert Costanza was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He studied architecture and urban and regional planning from the University of Florida and got a Masters degree. He received his Ph.D. from the University of Florida in 1979 in systems ecology, with a minor in economics. 

In 1982 he was selected as a Kellogg National Fellow, in 1992 he was awarded the Society for Conservation Biology Distinguished Achievement Award and in 1993 he was selected as a Pew Scholar in Conservation and the Environment. In 1998 he was awarded the Kenneth Boulding Memorial Award for Outstanding Contributions in Ecological Economics. In 2000 he received an honorary doctorate in natural sciences from Stockholm University.
Before he moved to Vermont in August 2002, he was director of the University of Maryland, College Park Institute for Ecological Economics, and a professor in the Center for Environmental Science, at Solomons, and in the Biology Department at College Park. 
 
Costanza is co-founder and past-president of the International Society for Ecological Economics (ISEE) and was chief editor of the society’s journal Ecological Economics from its inception until 9/02. He serves on the editorial board of eight other international academic journals. He is president of the International Society for Ecosystem Health.

Work 
Dr. Costanza's research has focused on the interface between ecological and economic systems. This includes landscape level spatial simulation modeling; analysis of energy and material flows through economic and ecological systems; valuation of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and natural capital; and analysis of dysfunctional incentive systems and ways to correct them.
Literature 
Costanza is the author or co-author 16 books. and over 300 scientific papers. Books, a selection: 
 1991, Ecological economics: The science and management of sustainability.
 1992, with Bryan Norton and Ben Haskell,Ecosystem health: new goals for environmental management.
 1996, with Olman Segura and Juan Martinez-Alier, Getting down to earth: practical applications of ecological economics
 1997, with John Cumberland, Herman Daly, Robert Goodland and Richard Norgaard, An Introduction to Ecological Economics
 2000, with Tom Prugh and Herman Daly and The local politics of global sustainability.

Articles, a selection
 1998, Costanza et al. Principles for sustainable governance of the oceans. Science  281:198-199 (1998)) 
 2008, Costanza, R. Current History (January 2008) An excellent six-page (including a concise chart) exposition of ecological economics.
About Robert Costanza 
His work has been cited in more than 1700 scientific articles since 1987 (according to the Science Citation Index) and more than 80 interviews and reports on his work have appeared in various media, including Newsweek, US News and World Report, the Economist, the New York Times, Science, Nature, National Geographic, and National Public Radio.

References

Other websites 
 Homepage Robert Costanza at the University of Vermont: 
 Curriculum vitae of Robert Costanza, May 2008

1950 births
American economists
Living people
Scientists from Vermont
In medieval history, Ifriqiya or Ifriqiyah () was the area of the coastal regions of what are today western Libya, Tunisia, and eastern Algeria. This area included what had been the Roman province of Africa.
 
In modern Arabic, the term simply means "Africa". It comes from the Latin term Africa.

Related pages
 Maghreb

History of Libya
History of Algeria
History of Tunisia
In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin, provincia, pl. provinciae) was the basic and, until around 300, largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside of the peninsula of Italy. The word province in modern English came from the term used by the Romans.

References
 Early Imperial Roman provinces, at livius.org 
 
 Chris Scarre, "The Eastern Provinces," The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome (London: Penguin Books, 1995), 74-75.

Other websites

 Map of the Roman Empire 
 Map of the Roman Empire in year 300
Bring Me the Horizon are a British metalcore band from Sheffield, Yorkshire, England. The band was formed in 2004 from members of other bands within their local area. They play a style of music that combines rock and metalcore, but they have taken on a more rock style with their latest album. Their album in 2006 called "Count Your Blessings" was a deathcore album and often people nickname that type of music "Screamo". The band's name comes from a Pirates of the Caribbean quote.

Albums
Studio albums
 Count Your Blessings (2006)
 Suicide Season (2008)
 There Is a Hell, Believe Me I've Seen It. There Is a Heaven, Let's Keep It a Secret. (2010)
 Sempiternal (2013)
 That's The Spirit (2015)
 Amo (2019)

References

Deathcore bands
English heavy metal bands
Metalcore bands
The Roman province of Africa was established after the Romans defeated Carthage in the Third Punic War. It roughly includeded the territory of present-day northern Tunisia, north-eastern Algeria and the Mediterranean coast of modern-day western Libya along the Syrtis Minor. The Arabs later named roughly the same region as the original province Ifriqiya, an other word for Africa.

Economics 
The prosperity of most towns depended on agriculture. Called the "granary of the empire", North Africa, according to one estimate, produced one million tons of cereals each year, one-quarter of which was exported. Additional crops included beans, figs, grapes, and other fruits. By the second century, olive oil rivaled cereals as an export item. In addition to the cultivation of slaves, and the capture and transporting of exotic wild animals, the principal production and exports included the textiles, marble, wine, timber, livestock, pottery and wool.

Other websites 
 Roman Africa at www.unrv.com
Places of Ancient Rome
History of Libya
History of Algeria
History of Tunisia
The Third Punic War  (149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars. It was fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic.

The war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars, and was mostly just the Romans attacking the city of Carthage in the Battle of Carthage. The Romans killed or captured all the people living inside of the city and tore down the buildings. They did this because they hated the Carthaginians after fighting two other wars with them, and didn't want to fight another, so they totally destroyed them.

Other websites 
 Delenda est Carthago

Punic Wars
2nd century BC
Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 BC. They were probably the largest wars in the ancient world. The term "Punic" comes from the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus). This was the word the Romans used for the Carthaginians, due to their Phoenician ancestry.
The main cause of the Punic Wars was the clash of interests between the existing empire of Carthage and the expanding Roman Republic. What was at stake was control of the trading around the Mediterranean sea. Carthage lost the three wars.
 
 First Punic War 264 to 241 BC. Hannibal's father Hamilcar Barca was the Carthaginian general. Mainly fought on the sea and in Sicily. Rome came out on top as a dominant naval power, and Sicily was ceded to Rome.
 Second Punic War 218 to 201 BC. Hannibal was the Carthaginian general. Hannibal crossed the Alps with war elephants in order to attack Rome on land, because they had put their fortifications on the coast, expecting a naval attack. Carthage lost when Romans invaded Africa. This war cemented Rome as the most powerful state in the Western Mediterranean.
 Third Punic War 149 to 146 BC. Carthage lost again and their city was completely destroyed by the Romans.
Context 
Carthage was a trading nation founded by Phoenicians. It was the dominant sea power in the western Mediterranean. It was a maritime empire, in contrast to the land-based Roman empire. The Romans decided they needed Sicily, which was then in Carthaginian hands. The consequence was a series of wars which lasted over a hundred years, and ended in the utter destruction of Carthage.

References

Other websites 
 Punic Wars Timeline
Scooby-Doo is the main character in the long running series Scooby-Doo. He is a talking Great Dane who has a very sweet tooth. His best friend is Shaggy Rogers.

Portrayals
Scooby was first voiced by Don Messick, before being replaced by Scott Innes and Frank Welker.

Anthromophic characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1969
Fictional dogs
Scooby-Doo characters
Notts County Football Club is a football club in Nottingham, England, and also the oldest professional association football club in the world. The club now plays in Football League One of the EFL, part of the English football league system. "The Magpies" play at the Meadow Lane stadium in black and white striped shirts.

The club has also played many times in the top division of English football, the most recent in 1991–92, when they played in the last season of the old First Division before the creation of the Premier League.

Well-known past managers of Notts County have been Jimmy Sirrel, Neil Warnock, and Sam Allardyce.

Formation and early years
The club in the beginning played at Park Hollow at Nottingham Castle. In December 1864, the decision was made to play games against outside teams, and it was decided that the club needed to find a larger stadium. After playing at several places, The Magpies settled at Trent Bridge Cricket Ground in 1883. When the ground was used for Cricket, they played at Castle Ground or Nottingham Forest's Town Ground. The club moved to their current stadium, Meadow Lane, in 1910.

Football League

In 1888, Notts County, along with eleven other football clubs, became a founding member of The Football League. They finished their first league season in eleventh place. Notts County got their highest ever league finish of third in 1890-91, and they also finished third ten seasons later.

FA Cup finals

On 25 March 1891, Notts County reached the FA Cup final for the first time but did not win. They lost 3-1 to Blackburn Rovers.
Notts County made up for this in 1894, when they won the FA Cup at Goodison Park for the first time in their history. The Magpies beat Bolton Wanderers 4-1 and Jimmy Logan scored the first hat-trick in FA Cup final history. Notts County became the first club outside the top division to win the FA Cup - they finished in third place in the Second Division that season.

League position

Former position

Other websites

Notts County features and opinion site
History of NCFC shirts
Notts County Official Website
Notts County Supporters Trust 
List of ex Notts players 
A Fan`s View Of Notts County FC

References

English football clubs
Nottingham
1862 establishments in the United Kingdom
La Paz is the largest and capital city of the state of Baja California Sur, Mexico. The city had a census population in 2010 of 215,178 people.

Capital cities in Mexico
Baja California Sur
The Gringo Gazette is a newspaper in the English language founded by Carrie Duncan, published every other week for the American expatriate communities in Baja California and Baja California Sur, Mexico.

It has been published since 2001. Most of its contributors are Americans living in Mexico or Americans with a second home in Mexico. Most of the subscribers of this newspaper are located in San Felipe, La Paz and Cabo San Lucas.

References 

Newspapers in North America
2 Girls 1 Cup is a video that was released in 2004 in Brazil and 2007 in the United States. The video features two women defecating into a cup, taking turns eating their feces, and vomiting it into each other's mouths. "Lovers Theme"  from Hervé Roy's Romantic Themes  album released by Tele Music in 1992   plays throughout the trailer.

This one-minute viral video became a well-known Internet meme among bloggers and message boards due to its viewers reaction to its content. Around mid-October of 2007, video sites such as YouTube were flooded with videos showing others reactions to watching the video for the first time.
Origin 
The video came from a Brazilian, Marco Fiorito, who talks of himself as a "compulsive fetishist". Fiorito first produced foot fetish videos but soon moved on to coprophagia. The movie was made by MFX-Video, one of several businesses owned by Fiorito. Fiorito says his movies are legal in Brazil, but authorities in the United States have branded some of his movies as dirty and filed charges against Danilo Croce, a Brazilian lawyer living in Florida, listed as an officer of a company shipping Fiorito's movies in the United States. Croce accepted a plea bargain and was sentenced to 3 years of unsupervised probation and forfeiture of $98,000. Fiorito said he did not know his movies were illegal in the United States and that his movies often contained chocolate instead of feces to appease some of his actors who were willing to appear in scat movies but not actually eat fecal matter.
The first few seconds of the 2 Girls 1 Cup video contain the text "MFX 1209" (the product code for Hungry Bitches) and the URL mfxvideos.com. The website is Fiorito's MFX-Video.  This causes some in the media to incorrectly believe the video is one of the many Croce had to surrender to the Department of Justice but was somehow leaked in the process.

Reactions 
2 Girls 1 Cup's spread because of the reactions it causes. Hundreds of videos exist on YouTube of users showing the original video to their friends and recording their reactions. Even Joe Rogan, host of Fear Factor, a show known for the nasty things its players eat, had to turn away in a reaction video posted to his blog. A reaction video starring Kermit the Frog proved very popular on the Digg. In January 2008, Slate magazine wrote about the reaction video with a slideshow about the reactions.

In a episode of Family Guy, Brian makes Stewie react to 2 Girls 1 Cup and he gets grossed out about it as mentioned as a cutaway.
The Codename: Kids Next Door episode "Operation: E.L.E.C.T.I.O.N.S." has Numbuh 4 making Numbuh 5 react to 2 Girls 1 Cup as part of a viral video for a viral video contest at Gallagher Elementary, later, Numbuh 4 himself gets forced to watch 2 Girls 1 Cup after ruining Joey Giblin's big moment during the contest.

Violet Blue, an author, stated this website as becoming "the new 'tubgirl' and goatse all in one nasty moment of choco-poo-love" in a San Francisco Chronicle article.

References 

Brazilian movies
Pornographic movies
Shock sites
2007 movies
LGBT movies
WWE No Way Out is a yearly pay-per-view made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). The event is usually produced in February and is typically the last pay-per-view before WrestleMania. The first No Way Out event was in 1998 as an In Your House event, called No Way Out of Texas: In Your House. The event did not take place in 1999, 2010 or 2011 but was brought back in 2000 and 2012.

Events

Note: (c) - Refers to the champion before the match occurred.

References

Other websites 
 Official website for No Way Out
 Official history website for No Way Out
Ansonia is a city in Connecticut in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 18,918 people lived there.

References 

Cities in Connecticut
Bridgeport is a city of Connecticut in the United States. It is the most populated city in the state of Connecticut with a population of 148,654 as of 2020. It is also the fifth largest city in New England, and part of the New York combined statistical area.

The very first Subway restaurant was opened in Bridgeport.

References

Other websites
 Official City of Bridgeport website

 
County seats in Connecticut
Bristol is a city in Connecticut in the United States. ESPN's headquarters are there. It is  southwest of Hartford. Its population, as of 2020, is 60,833. It has 10 elementary schools, 3 middle schools, and 2 high schools.

References

Cities in Connecticut
Danbury is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It is  northeast of New York City making it part of the New York metropolitan area. Danbury's population at the 2020 census was 86,518.

The city is named for Danbury in Essex, England. It is nicknamed the "Hat City".

References

Cities in Connecticut
Derby is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

References

Cities in Connecticut
Groton is a city in Connecticut in the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, 9,387 people lived there.

References 

Cities in Connecticut
Meriden is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

Cities in Connecticut
Middletown is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

Cities in Connecticut
County seats in Connecticut
Milford is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

Professional wrestler Goldust was born in Milford.

References

Cities in Connecticut
1630s establishments in Connecticut
1639 establishments
New Britain is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

References 

Cities in Connecticut
New London is a city in Connecticut in the United States. The United States Coast Guard Academy is in the city.

References

Other websites

 City of New London, Connecticut

Cities in Connecticut
1646 establishments
1640s establishments in Connecticut
County seats in Connecticut
Norwalk is a city in Connecticut in the United States. In 2020, 91,184 people lived in Norwalk, making it the third largest city in Fairfield County and the sixth largest city in Connecticut.

References 

Cities in Connecticut
Norwich is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

Cities in Connecticut
Shelton is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

Cities in Connecticut
Stamford () is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. At the 2020 census, 135,470 people lived in Stamford. It the third-largest city in the state (behind Bridgeport and New Haven). It is about   from Manhattan.

References
Torrington is a city in the U.S. state of Connecticut.

Cities in Connecticut
West Haven is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

Cities in Connecticut
Winsted is a city in Connecticut in the United States.

Cities in Connecticut
Delaware City is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in New Castle County in the north part of the state. Delaware City had 1,885 people in 2020.

References

Cities in New Castle County, Delaware
Harrington is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in the southwest part of Kent County, which is in the middle of the state. Harrington had 3,774 people in 2020.

Other websites
Website

References

Cities in Kent County, Delaware
Lewes ( ) is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. The city is next to the Delaware Bay and is near the Atlantic Ocean. Lewes had 3,303 people in 2020.

References

Cities in Sussex County, Delaware
1631 establishments
1630s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Milford is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is on the line of Kent County to the north and Sussex County to the south. Milford had 11,190 people in 2020.

References

Cities in Kent County, Delaware
Cities in Sussex County, Delaware
New Castle is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is next to the Delaware River in New Castle County, which is in the north part of the state. New Castle had 5,551 people in 2020.

References

Cities in New Castle County, Delaware
Newark is a city of Delaware in the United States. It is in New Castle County, which is in the north part of the state. The city has the University of Delaware. Newark had 30,601 people in 2020.

References
Rehoboth Beach is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is next to the Atlantic Ocean in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. Rehoboth Beach had 1,108 people in 2020.

There is an amusement park in Rehoboth Beach called Funland.

References

Cities in Sussex County, Delaware
Seaford is a city in Delaware in the United States. It is in Sussex County, which is in the south part of the state. Seaford had 7,957 people in 2020.

References

Cities in Sussex County, Delaware
Certain operating systems use paging to get virtual memory. This means that a part of the hard disk or a file is used so that the applications or the operating system see  more memory that is actually there. A Page replacement algorithm is an algorithm that decides which pages should be written to disk or file, when a new page needs to be allocated. 

Some of the algorithms used are:
Not recently used: The algorithm wants to keep pages that have recently been used in memory. It has two bits it sets. One of the bits is set if the page has been used, the other if the page has been modified (written to). The modified bits are cleared periodically. 
First-in, First-out (FIFO): All the pages are kept in a queue, if a new page is allocated it is put at the back of the queue; the page at the front is the oldest one, and can be written to disk. The algorithm is easy and cheap to implement, but it does not have a good performance. Belady's anomaly may also be a problem.
Second-chance: Small improvement over First-in,First-out: If the page at the front of the queue has the modified bit set, the page is moved to the back of the queue, and the bit is cleared. 
Clock: A modification of FIFO, the buffer is circular, and there is a pointer. The pointer points to the oldest page. When a new page is needed, and the one at the pointer was not modified, the new page can be inserted there.
Least-recently-used
Random: Take a page at random to swap out
Alachua is a city of Florida in the United States.

References 

Cities in Florida
1884 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Florida
1905 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Florida
Altamonte Springs is a city of Florida in the United States. The population of this town was 46,231 in 2020.

References

Cities in Florida
1920 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in Florida
Anna Maria is a city in Florida in the United States.

References 

Cities in Florida
1892 establishments in the United States
1890s establishments in California
Apalachicola is a city of Florida in the United States.

References 

Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
1831 establishments in the United States
1830s establishments in Florida Territory
Apopka is a city of Florida in the United States.

References 

Cities in Florida
1882 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Florida
Arcadia is a city of Florida in the United States.  It is the county seat of DeSoto County.

References 

Cities in Florida
County seats in Florida
1886 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Florida
Archer is a city of Florida in the United States.

References 

Cities in Florida
1850 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Florida
Atlantis is a city in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States.

References 

Cities in Florida
Palm Beach County, Florida
A page cache or disk cache is a buffer of pages certain operating systems keep in memory. These operating systems usually use paging. 
The page cache uses virtual memory techniques to cache file data as pages rather than as file system oriented blocks. Caching file data is far more efficient than caching through physical disks blocks. Several systems - including Solaris, Linux, and Windows NT, 2000, and XP - use page caching to cache both process pages and file data. This is known as Unified Virtual Memory.

Computer science
Auburndale is a city in Polk County, Florida of the United States.

References 

Cities in Florida
Avon Park is a city in Highlands County, Florida, United States.

References

Cities in Florida
Bartow is a city of Florida in the United States. NFL player Ray Lewis was born in Bartow. It is the county seat of Polk County.

County seats in Florida
Cities in Florida
Bay Lake is a city of Florida in the United States.

Cities in Florida
Belle Glade is a small city of Palm Beach County, Florida in the United States on the south shore of Lake Okeechobee. To the north of Belle Glade is another small city called Pahokee. In 2020, the number of people living in Belle Glade was 16,698.

References

Cities in Florida
Palm Beach County, Florida