Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Leon Russell (born Claude Russell Bridges; April 2, 1942 – November 13, 2016) was an American musician and songwriter. He recorded as a session musician and sideman. He had a solo career. He had 31 albums to his credit and recorded about 430 songs.

He wrote the song "Delta Lady", recorded by Joe Cocker. He also organized Cocker's "Mad Dogs and Englishmen" tour in 1970. More than 100 artists have recorded his "A Song for You" (1970).

Russell produced and played in recording sessions for Bob Dylan, Frank Sinatra, Ike & Tina Turner, the Rolling Stones, and others. He wrote and recorded the hits "Tight Rope" and "Lady Blue". In 2011 he was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and introduced by longtime friend Elton John.

Russell died in his sleep at his home in Nashville, Tennessee, on November 13, 2016 from heart failure while recovering from heart surgery, at the age of 74.

References
References

1942 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from surgical complications
Deaths from heart failure
American singer-songwriters
American country singers
American country guitarists
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
American folk singers
American blues musicians
American pianists
People from Lawton, Oklahoma
Musicians from Oklahoma
Singers from Oklahoma
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
Musicians from Tennessee
Lincolnshire is a village in southern Lake County, Illinois.

Villages in Illinois
The arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières is an arrondissement of France in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Charleville-Mézières.

It is the most northern of the arrondissements of the department. It has an area of , the largest arrondissement of the department. It is the arrondissement with more people living in it, with 160,939 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

History
When the Ardennes department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières was part of that original department, sometimes we the name of Charleville and other times with the name of Mézières until 1966 when the two communes of Charleville and Mézières were joined to form the commune of Charleville-Mézières.
Geography
The arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières is bordered to the northwest and north by the Namur province (Belgium), to the northeast by the Luxembourg province (Belgium), to the east by the arrondissement of Sedan, to the southeast by the arrondissement of Vouziers, to the southwest by the arrondissement of Rethel and to the west by the Aisne department.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

There are 11 cantons in the arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières; they are (with their INSEE codes):

 Bogny-sur-Meuse (0802)
 Charleville-Mézières-1 (0804)
 Charleville-Mézières-2 (0805)
 Charleville-Mézières-3 (0806)
 Charleville-Mézières-4 (0807)
 Givet (0809)
 Nouvion-sur-Meuse (0810)
 Revin (0812)
 Rocroi (0813)
 Signy-l'Abbaye (0817) (partly)
 Villers-Semeuse (0818)
Communes
The arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières has 160 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):ː
Aiglemont (08003)
 Anchamps (08011)
 Antheny (08015)
 Aouste (08016)
 Arreux (08022)
 Aubigny-les-Pothées (08026)
 Aubrives (08028)
 Auge (08030)
 Auvillers-les-Forges (08037)
 Balaives-et-Butz (08042)
 Barbaise (08047)
 Baâlons (08041)
 Belval (08058)
 Blanchefosse-et-Bay (08069)
 Blombay (08071)
 Bogny-sur-Meuse (08081)
 Bossus-lès-Rumigny (08073)
 Boulzicourt (08076)
 Bourg-Fidèle (08078)
 Boutancourt (08079)
 Bouvellemont (08080)
 Brognon (08087)
 Cernion (08094)
 Chagny (08095)
 Chalandry-Elaire (08096)
 Champigneul-sur-Vence (08099)
 Champlin (08100)
 Charleville-Mézières (08105)
 Charnois (08106)
 Chilly (08121)
 Chooze (08122)
 Clavy-Warby (08124)
 Cliron (08125)
 Damouzy (08137)
 Deville (08139)
 Dom-le-Mesnil (08140)
 Dommery (08141)
 Estrebay (08154)
 Fagnon (08162)
 Flaignes-Havys (08169)
 Fligny (08172)
 Flize (08173)
 Foisches (08175)
 Fromelennes (08183)
 Fumay (08185)
 Fépin (08166)
 Gernelle (08187)
 Gespunsart (08188)
 Girondelle (08189)
 Givet (08190)
 Gruyères (08201)
Gruyères (08201)
 Guignicourt-sur-Vence (08203)
 Gué-d'Hossus (08202)
 Ham-les-Moines (08206)
 Ham-sur-Meuse (08207)
 Hannappes (08208)
 Hannogne-Saint-Martin (08209)
 Harcy (08212)
 Hargnies (08214)
 Haudrecy (08216)
 Haulmé (08217)
 Haybes (08222)
 Hierges (08226)
 Houldizy (08230)
 Issancourt-et-Rumel (08235)
 Jandun (08236)
 Joigny-sur-Meuse (08237)
 L'Échelle (08149)
 La Francheville (08180)
 La Férée (08167)
 La Grandville (08199)
 La Horgne (08228)
 La Neuville-aux-Joûtes (08318)
 Laifour (08242)
 Lalobbe (08243)
 Landrichamps (08247)
 Launois-sur-Vence (08248)
 Laval-Morency (08249)
 Le Châtelet-sur-Sormonne (08110)
 Le Fréty (08182)
 Les Ayvelles (08040)
 Les Hautes-Rivières (08218)
 Les Mazures (08284)
 Liart (08254)
 Logny-Bogny (08257)
 Lonny (08260)
 Lumes (08263)
 Lépron-les-Vallées (08251)
 Maranwez (08272)
 Marby (08273)
 Marlemont (08277)
 Maubert-Fontaine (08282)
 Mazerny (08283)
 Mondigny (08295)
 Montcornet (08297)
 Montcy-Notre-Dame (08298)
 Monthermé (08302)
 Montigny-sur-Meuse (08304)
Montigny-sur-Vence (08305)
 Murtin-et-Bogny (08312)
 Neufmaison (08315)
 Neufmanil (08316)
 Neuville-lez-Beaulieu (08319)
 Neuville-lès-This (08322)
 Nouvion-sur-Meuse (08327)
 Nouzonville (08328)
 Omicourt (08334)
 Omont (08335)
 Poix-Terron (08341)
 Prez (08344)
 Prix-lès-Mézières (08346)
 Raillicourt (08352)
 Rancennes (08353)
 Regniowez (08355)
 Remilly-les-Pothées (08358)
 Renwez (08361)
 Revin (08363)
 Rimogne (08365)
 Rocroi (08367)
 Rouvroy-sur-Audry (08370)
 Rumigny (08373)
 Saint-Laurent (08385)
 Saint-Marceau (08388)
 Saint-Marcel (08389)
 Saint-Pierre-sur-Vence (08395)
 Sapogne-et-Feuchères (08400)
 Signy-l'Abbaye (08419)
 Signy-le-Petit (08420)
 Singly (08422)
 Sormonne (08429)
 Sury (08432)
 Sécheval (08408)
 Sévigny-la-Forêt (08417)
 Taillette (08436)
 Tarzy (08440)
 Thilay (08448)
 Thin-le-Moutier (08449)
 This (08450)
 Touligny (08454)
 Tournavaux (08456)
 Tournes (08457)
 Tremblois-lès-Rocroi (08460)
 Vaux-Villaine (08468)
 Vendresse (08469)
 Ville-sur-Lumes (08483)
Villers-Semeuse (08480)
 Villers-le-Tilleul (08478)
 Villers-sur-le-Mont (08482)
 Vireux-Molhain (08486)
 Vireux-Wallerand (08487)
 Vivier-au-Court (08488)
 Vrigne-Meuse (08492)
 Warcq (08497)
 Warnécourt (08498)
 Yvernaumont (08503)
 Élan (08152)
 Étalle (08155)
 Éteignières (08156)
 Étrépigny (08158)
 Évigny (08160)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ardennes department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Charleville-Mezieres
Ricardo Antonio "Ricky" Rosselló Nevares (born March 7, 1979) is a Puerto Rican college professor, scientist, and politician. He was the Governor of Puerto Rico and President of the New Progressive Party.

In mid-July 2019, Rosselló faced controversy after his phone messages were leaked which revealed homophobic messages, plans to create troll accounts for Facebook, evidence of corruption and death threats towards Mayor of San Juan Carmen Yulín Cruz. In July 21, he announced that he would not seek re-election in 2022. On July 24, Rosselló announced his resignation on August 2.

Notes

References

1979 births
Living people
Governors of Puerto Rico
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Charles Wesley Turnbull (February 5, 1935 – July 3, 2022), was the 27th Governor of the U.S. Virgin Islands serving from 1999 through 2007. During his tenure as governor, Turnbull served as a member of the National Governors Association, the Southern Governors' Association, and the Democratic Governors Association.

Turnbull died on July 3, 2022 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 87.

References

1935 births
2022 deaths
Governors of the United States Virgin Islands
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Pedro "Teno" Pangelinan Tenorio (April 18, 1934 – May 21, 2018) was a Northern Mariana Islander politician. He was the second and fifth elected Governor of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. With 12 years in office, Tenorio is the longest-serving Governor in CNMI history.

Tenorio died on May 21, 2018 at the Commonwealth Health Center in Saipan of complications from a stroke at the age of 84.

References

1934 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Paul McDonald Calvo (born July 25, 1934) is an Guamanian politician. He was the third elected Governor of Guam from January 1, 1979 to January 3, 1983. He is a member of the Republican Party. 

Calvo was born in Agana, Guam. He studied at Santa Clara University. His son, Eddie Calvo, was elected governor of Guam in 2011.

References

Other websites
 Paul M. Calvo Bio at Guampedia, Guam's Online Encyclopedia

1934 births
Living people
Governors of Guam
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Carlos Garcia Camacho (November 16, 1924 – December 6, 1979) was a Guamanian politician and member of the Republican Party. He served as the last appointed Governor of Guam from 1969 to 1971 and the first elected Governor of Guam from 1971 to 1975.

Camacho died on December 6, 1979 in Tamunimg, Guam from a heart attack, aged 55.

References

1924 births
1979 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Governors of Guam
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Carlos G. Camacho is the former Governor of Guam. 

Carlos Camacho may also refer to:

Carlos S. Camacho, former Northern Mariana Islands governor
 Carlos Camacho (actor), Colombian actor 
Carlos Camacho Lutman, footballer
Carlos Sablan Camacho (born February 27, 1937) was the first elected Governor of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, a commonwealth of the United States. He served as governor from January 9, 1978 through January 11, 1982. He was a member of the  Democratic.

Camacho was born in Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands. He studied at the University of Hawaii and at the Fiji School of Medicine.

References

1937 births
Living people
Governors of the Northern Mariana Islands
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa alumni
Peter Tali Coleman (December 8, 1919 – April 28, 1997) was an American politician. He was the first person of Samoan descent to be appointed Governor of American Samoa and later became the territory's first popularly elected governor. 

He was a member of the Republican Party, he is the only U.S. governor whose service spanned five decades (1956–1961, 1978–1985 and 1989–1993) and one of the longest-serving governors of any jurisdiction in American history.

Coleman died in Honolulu, Hawaii on April 28, 1997 from complications of liver cancer, aged 77.

Other websites
 Obituary in the Honolulu Star-Bulletin 
 New York Times: Peter Coleman, 77, Governor of American Samoa 
 Honolulu Advertiser: Nora Stewart Coleman, 85, former first lady of American Samoa 

1919 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from liver cancer
Governors of American Samoa
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Aifili Paulo Lauvao (December 24, 1919 – August 1, 2002) was an American politician. He served twice as governor of American Samoa from 1985 through 89 and again from 1993 through 1997. He was the founder of the U.S territory's Democratic Party. He had a long career in the legislature and the judiciary in American Samoa.

Lutali was born in Aunu'u Island, American Samoa. He was elected to the American Samoa House of Representatives in 1955 and served as its speaker from 1955 through 1958. Lutali died on August 1, 2002 from complications of a stroke at a hospital in Pago Pago, American Samoa, aged 82.

Other websites
 Rulers.org

1919 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Governors of American Samoa
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Katherine Laverne Starks (July 21, 1922 – November 3, 2016), known as Kay Starr, was an American singer. She was popular in the 1940s and 1950s. She is best remembered for introducing two songs that became #1 hits in the 1950s, "Wheel of Fortune" and "The Rock And Roll Waltz".

Starr died on November 3, 2016 at her home in Beverly Hills, California from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 94.

References

Other websites

The Kay Starr homepage
Biography of Kay Starr  (in Spanish)
The Iceberg site 
Kay Starr discography
Kay Starr interview on KUOW 94.9 (NPR) Seattle, 2006 

1922 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in California
American pop singers
Singers from Oklahoma
Native American singers
Blinky Bill the Movie is a 2015 Australian computer-animated adventure movie. It is based on the Blinky Bill character, an anthropomorphic koala created by Dorothy Wall for a children's book series in 1933.

Production
The movie was produced by Flying Bark Productions. It was co-produced by Assemblage Entertainment (India) and Telegael (Ireland).
Plot
Blinky Bill is a koala with a big imagination. An adventurer at heart, he dreams of leaving the little town of Green Patch and following in his explorer father's footsteps. Mr Bill went missing in the Outback sometime ago and Blinky is the only one who believes his father is still alive. When Blinky discovers a mysterious marker that hints at his Dad's whereabouts, he embarks on a journey that takes him beyond the boundary of Green Patch and into the wild and dangerous Outback. He quickly makes friends with Nutsy, a zoo koala, and Jacko, a nervous frill-necked lizard. Pursued relentlessly by a vengeful feral cat who has a personal score to settle with Blinky, the trio must learn to work together if they ever want to survive the rugged Australian landscape and find Blinky's father!

Heroes 
This is an important list about the heroes who appear in the movie.
 Blinky Bill
 Nutsy
 Jacko
 Cheryl
 Beryl
 William Bill
 Betty Bill
 Wombo
 Splodge
 Robert
 Marcia
Villains 
This is an important list about the villains who appear in the movie.
 Sir Claude
 Mayor Cranklepot
 Jorge (redeemed)

Voice cast
 Ryan Kwanten as Blinky Bill
 Rufus Sewell as Sir Claude "The Cat"
 Robin McLeavy as Nutsy
 David Wenham as Jacko
 Toni Collette as Cheryl and Beryl
 Richard Roxburgh as Mr. Bill
 Deborah Mailman as Mrs. Bill
 Barry Otto as Mayor Wilberforce Cranklepot
 Barry Humphries as Wombo
 Tin Pang as Jorge
 Cam Ralph as Splodge and Robert
 Charlotte Rose Hamlyn as Marcia Mouse
 Billy Birmingham as Tony and Richard

References

Other websites
 
 

Animated movies
Australian comedy movies
Movies about animals
Movies set in Australia
2015 computer-animated movies
Reboot animated movies
Blinky Bill
Ryan Kwanten (born 28 November 1976) is an Australian actor. He played Vinnie Patterson from 1997 to 2002 in the Australian soap opera Home and Away. After his stint ended he joined the American teen drama series Summerland, portraying Jay Robertson. In 2008, he was cast as Jason Stackhouse in True Blood, he roles the animated voice talents in Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole and Blinky Bill the Movie.

References

Other websites
 

Australian movie actors
Australian voice actors
David Wenham (born 21 September 1965) is an Australian actor who has appeared in movies, television series and theatre productions. He is known in Hollywood for his roles as Faramir in The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, Carl in Van Helsing, Dilios in 300 and its sequel 300: Rise of an Empire,  Al Parker in Top of the Lake, and Lieutenant John Scarfield in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. He is known in his native Australia for his role as Diver Dan in SeaChange. Wenham was born in Marrickville, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Filmography
 Blinky Bill the Movie 2015
 Lion 2016
 Peter Rabbit 2018
 Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway 2021

Other websites
 

1965 births
Living people
Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Robin McLeavy (born 19 June 1981) is an actress from Sydney, Australia.

Filmography

Accolades
In 2012, McLeavy was nominated for the Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Leading Actress for The Loved Ones, but lost against Elizabeth Olsen for Silent House.

References

Australian movie actors
Australian voice actors
Deborah Mailman (born 14 July 1972) is an Australian television film actress, and singer. She was the first Aboriginal actress to win the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role and had gone on to win four more both in television and film. The awards are now known as the AACTA Awards.

She is well known for having played the character Kelly Lewis on successful Australian television series, The Secret Life of Us. She is also well known for her current role as Cherie Butterfield in the successful Australian drama series Offspring. She also portrayed the role of Lorraine in the rotating cast of the acclaimed Australian TV series about Aboriginal life Redfern Now.  

She starred in lead roles in the acclaimed films Rabbit-Proof Fence, Oddball, The Sapphires, Blinky Bill, and Paper Planes.

Australian movie actors
Australian voice actors
Enantiornithes is a group of extinct avialans ("birds" in the broad sense). They are the most abundant and diverse group known from the Mesozoic era. 

Most had teeth and clawed fingers on each wing, but otherwise looked much like modern birds. Over 80 species of enantiornitheans have been named, but some names represent only single bones, so probably not all are valid species. 

Enantiornitheans became extinct at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, as did the hesperornithids and all other non-avian dinosaurs. The Enantiornithes are thought to have left no living descendants.

The name "Enantiornithes" means "opposite birds", from Ancient Greek enantios (ἐνάντιος) "opposite" + ornithes (όρνιθες) "birds" . The name was coined by Cyril Alexander Walker in a landmark paper which established the group. In his paper, Walker explained what he meant by "opposite":
This refers to an anatomical feature. The articulation of the shoulder bones has a concave-convex socket joint which is the reverse of the joint in modern birds.

References 

Cretaceous birds
Barry Otto (born 1941) is an Australian actor and voice actor, primarily of cinema. He is also an amateur artist.

Career
Otto received an AACTA Award for Best Supporting Actor in Strictly Ballroom. He was also nominated for Bliss, Cosi and The More Things Change.... Otto portrayed Administrator Allsop in Australia in 2008. He has appeared in The Dressmaker, Kiss or Kill, Dead Letter Office, The Visitor, The Great Gatsby, Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole, Love's Brother, Blinky Bill.

An amateur artist, he often paints members of his family. Otto has twice entered the Archibald Prize. He is the father of actresses Gracie and Miranda Otto.

References 

Australian movie actors
Australian voice actors
1941 births
Living people
People from Brisbane
Blinky Bill
The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the method of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and utility preferences. The question of who invented the first automobile depends on how automobiles are defined.

Early pioneers 

 In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of transporting people was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot.  

 In 1807 François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine. In 1813 he built a car  long and weighing over .

 Between 1832 and 1839, Robert Anderson built the first electric-powered carriage in Scotland.
In 1864 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered internal combustion engine. In 1870 he placed it on a pushcart making it the first four wheeled gasoline-powered vehicle. He built four more combustion-engine cars over a 10-to-15-year span that influenced later cars. Marcus created the two-cycle combustion engine. The car's second version in 1880 introduced a four-cycle, gasoline-powered engine. It had an ingenious carburetor design, and magneto ignition. He created an additional two models further refining his design with steering, a clutch, and brakes.  His second car is on display at the Technical Museum in Vienna. During his lifetime, he was honored as the originator of the motorcar. But his place in history was all but erased by the Nazis during World War II.  Because Marcus was of Jewish descent, the Nazi propaganda office ordered his work to be destroyed, his name expunged from future textbooks, and his public memorials removed. They gave credit instead to Karl Benz.
In 1885-1886, Karl Benz developed a petrol- or gasoline-powered automobile. It was called the Benz Patent-Motorwagen. This is also considered to be the first "production" automobile.

 In 1886, Gottlieb Daimler built the first four-wheeled, four-stroke engine called the "Cannstatt-Daimler."

 In 1893, Charles Duryea and his brother J. Frank Duryea built the first successful gasoline-powered car with a two-stroke engine. The two brothers set up the first American car manufacturing company. 

 In 1895, George Baldwin Selden received the patent for the combined internal-combustion engine with a carriage. He never produced the vehicle and only seldom collected royalties for using his patent.

 In 1908, Henry Ford began producing affordable, simple and reliable cars anyone could drive.

Evolution of the automobile
Invention era 
This is the period starts with the car made by Karl Benz in 1885. There were earlier inventions that used mainly steam-power to move the vehicles but the Benz car was the first to use a gasoline powered internal combustion engine in what could be called an automobile. The period goes up to the start of the production of Henry Ford's Model T.

Manufacturing era 
This period dates from 1908 to 1914 and the beginning of World War I. While earlier designs were more ornamental, vehicles from this period are simpler and more affordable. It is the time when hundreds of smaller automobile manufacturers were trying to compete for attention and sales. A number of improvements were developed during this time. These include the electric ignition system, four-wheel brakes and the independent suspension. Transmissions were adopted. Along with throttle controls, these allowed the vehicles to travel at a number of speeds depending on conditions.
Coachwork era 
From about 1920 to 1930, car manufacturers began creating a closed body on the vehicle. This protected the driver and passengers from the weather. Vehicles began using curved glass and the new enclosed bodies gave a sense of privacy. Heaters were added for comfort. Many of the features of modern cars came from this period. These include four-wheel drive, front-wheel drive, and hybrid electric vehicles. Safety glass protected those inside the car from sharp glass in cases of an accident. By the end of the 1920s cars were becoming faster and were showing a level of style and beauty.

Classic era 

The classic era began about 1930 during the Great Depression and ended just before World War II. The Great Depression was a time when many in the United States were just trying to survive. But it is also the era of some of the most significant improvements to the automobile. Cars took on a great deal of style and sophistication. They became works of art in many cases.
Many new features were introduced during this era including the automatic transmission, the V-8, the V-12 and the V-16 engines. The gearshift lever moved to the steering column, hydraulic brakes were introduced for faster stopping and cars got trunks to carry luggage and cargo.

The car industry changed during the 1930s. It saw the rise of the Big Three automakers. These were General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Chrysler. They were able to successfully design and sell cars during the Great Depression when fewer people could afford a new car.
Integration period 
In 1949, the automobile industry finally got back on its feet after World War II. This same year General Motors, Cadillac and Oldsmobile introduced the integrated one-piece automobile body. The process joined all the different parts of the body into one body shell. Cars produced during this period concentrated on safety. Cars were big during this time. But in the late 1960s carmakers tried to market much smaller cars. The attempts by General Motors, Chrysler and Ford were all marketing failures. Instead, what sold was the performance car. Cars like the Ford Mustang and the Plymouth Barracuda were very successful. During the late 1950s, many smaller countries began producing cars. Both India and Iran were making cars from about 1959. The first Indian car design from 1950 was very similar to the Opel Kapitän. The first Iranian cars were very similar to several American cars. Both were designed in the United Kingdom.
Modern era 
This period started about 1968 and continues to today. Body styles changed dramatically. The three most popular are the hatchback, the Minivan and the Sport utility vehicle (SUV). Starting in the Integration period, car manufacturers began designing cars for men while others are designed to attract women. The body shapes, colors and other cues are designed to appeal to a particular sex.  

Today, women tend to prefer crossovers more than men. Examples are the Kia Sportage and the Honda CR-V. Men seem to prefer powerful cars like the Chevrolet Camaro and the GMC Sierra pickup truck. In car colors, men seem to prefer brighter colors while more women seem to prefer traditional neutral colors.

Related pages 
Automotive industry
Transport
Internal combustion engine
Henry Ford

References

Other websites 
 Joseph Cugnot Steam Engine 4; YouTube
 Invention of the Automobile documentary clip: YouTube

Automobiles
History of transport
The arrondissement of Rethel is an arrondissement of France in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Rethel.

It is in the southwest of the department with an area of , the second smallest arrondissement of the department. It has 37,142 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

History
When the Ardennes department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Rethel was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Rethel is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières, to the east by the arrondissement of Vouziers, to the south by the Marne department and to the west by the Aisne department.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
The cantons in the arrondissement of Rethel are (with their INSEE codes):
 Château-Porcien (0808)
 Rethel (0811)
 Signy-l'Abbaye (0817) (partly)

Communes
The arrondissement of Rethel has 101 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):
Acy-Romance (08001)
 Aire (08004)
 Alincourt (08005)
 Amagne (08008)
 Ambly-Fleury (08010)
 Annelles (08014)
 Arnicourt (08021)
 Asfeld (08024)
 Auboncourt-Vauzelles (08027)
 Aussonce (08032)
 Avançon (08038)
 Avaux (08039)
 Balham (08044)
 Banogne-Recouvrance (08046)
 Barby (08048)
 Bergnicourt (08060)
 Bertoncourt (08062)
 Biermes (08064)
 Bignicourt (08066)
 Blanzy-la-Salonnaise (08070)
 Brienne-sur-Aisne (08084)
 Chappes (08102)
 Le Châtelet-sur-Retourne (08111)
 Chaumont-Porcien (08113)
 Chesnois-Auboncourt (08117)
 Château-Porcien (08107)
 Condé-lès-Herpy (08126)
 Corny-Machéroménil (08132)
 Coucy (08133)
 Doumely-Bégny (08143)
 Doux (08144)
 Draize (08146)
 Écly (08150)
 Faissault (08163)
 Faux (08165)
 Fraillicourt (08178)
 Givron (08192)
 Gomont (08195)
 Grandchamp (08196)
 Hagnicourt (08205)
 Hannogne-Saint-Rémy (08210)
 Hauteville (08219)
 Herpy-l'Arlésienne (08225)
 Houdilcourt (08229)
 Inaumont (08234)
 Juniville (08239)
 Justine-Herbigny (08240)
 L'Écaille (08148)
L'Écaille (08148)
 La Neuville-en-Tourne-à-Fuy (08320)
 La Neuville-lès-Wasigny (08323)
 La Romagne (08369)
 Le Thour (08451)
 Lucquy (08262)
 Mesmont (08288)
 Mont-Laurent (08306)
 Montmeillant (08307)
 Ménil-Annelles (08286)
 Ménil-Lépinois (08287)
 Nanteuil-sur-Aisne (08313)
 Neuflize (08314)
 Neuvizy (08324)
 Novion-Porcien (08329)
 Novy-Chevrières (08330)
 Perthes (08339)
 Poilcourt-Sydney (08340)
 Puiseux (08348)
 Remaucourt (08356)
 Renneville (08360)
 Rethel (08362)
 Rocquigny (08366)
 Roizy (08368)
 Rubigny (08372)
 Saint-Fergeux (08380)
 Saint-Germainmont (08381)
 Saint-Jean-aux-Bois (08382)
 Saint-Loup-en-Champagne (08386)
 Saint-Quentin-le-Petit (08396)
 Saint-Remy-le-Petit (08397)
 Saulces-Monclin (08402)
 Sault-Saint-Remy (08404)
 Sault-lès-Rethel (08403)
 Seraincourt (08413)
 Sery (08415)
 Seuil (08416)
 Son (08426)
 Sorbon (08427)
 Sorcy-Bauthémont (08428)
 Sévigny-Waleppe (08418)
 Tagnon (08435)
 Taizy (08438)
 Thugny-Trugny (08452)
 Vaux-Montreuil (08467)
 Vaux-lès-Rubigny (08465)
Viel-Saint-Remy (08472)
 Vieux-lès-Asfeld (08473)
 Ville-sur-Retourne (08484)
 Villers-devant-le-Thour (08476)
 Villers-le-Tourneur (08479)
 Wagnon (08496)
 Wasigny (08499)
 Wignicourt (08500)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ardennes department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Rethel
The arrondissement of Sedan is an arrondissement of France in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Sedan.

It is the most eastern of the arrondissements of the department and has an area of , the smallest arrondissement of the department. It has 59,584 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

History
When the Ardennes department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Sedan was part of that original department.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Sedan was eliminated but in 1942 it was made again an arrondissement.

Geography
The arrondissement of Sedan is bordered to the north by Belgium (Luxembourg province), to the east by the Meuse department, to the south by the arrondissement of Vouziers and to the west by the arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
There are 5 cantons in the arrondissement of Sedan; they are (with their INSEE codes):
 Carignan (0803)
 Sedan-1 (0814)
 Sedan-2 (0815)
 Sedan-3 (0816)
 Vouziers (0819) (partly)

Communes
The arrondissement of Sedan has 73 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):
Angecourt (08013)
 Artaise-le-Vivier (08023)
 Auflance (08029)
 Autrecourt-et-Pourron (08034)
 Balan (08043)
 Bazeilles (08053)
 Beaumont-en-Argonne (08055)
 La Besace (08063)
 Bièvres (08065)
 Blagny (08067)
 Brévilly (08083)
 Bulson (08088)
 Carignan (08090)
 La Chapelle (08101)
 Cheveuges (08119)
 Chémery-Chéhéry (08115)
 Daigny (08136)
 Les Deux-Villes (08138)
 Donchery (08142)
 Douzy (08145)
 Escombres-et-le-Chesnois (08153)
 Euilly-et-Lombut (08159)
 La Ferté-sur-Chiers (08168)
 Fleigneux (08170)
 Floing (08174)
 Francheval (08179)
 Fromy (08184)
 Givonne (08191)
 Glaire (08194)
 Haraucourt (08211)
 Herbeuval (08223)
 Illy (08232)
 Linay (08255)
 Létanne (08252)
 Maisoncelle-et-Villers (08268)
 Malandry (08269)
 Margny (08275)
 Margut (08276)
 Matton-et-Clémency (08281)
 Messincourt (08289)
 Mogues (08291)
 Moiry (08293)
 La Moncelle (08294)
 Le Mont-Dieu (08300)
 Mouzon (08311)
 La Neuville-à-Maire (08317)
 Noyers-Pont-Maugis (08331)
 Osnes (08336)
 Pouru-Saint-Remy (08343)
 Pouru-aux-Bois (08342)
Puilly-et-Charbeaux (08347)
 Pure (08349)
 Raucourt-et-Flaba (08354)
 Remilly-Aillicourt (08357)
 Sachy (08375)
 Sailly (08376)
 Saint-Aignan (08377)
 Saint-Menges (08391)
 Sapogne-sur-Marche (08399)
 Sedan (08409)
 Signy-Montlibert (08421)
 Stonne (08430)
 Thelonne (08445)
 Tremblois-lès-Carignan (08459)
 Tétaigne (08444)
 Vaux-lès-Mouzon (08466)
 Villers-devant-Mouzon (08477)
 Villers-sur-Bar (08481)
 Villy (08485)
 Vrigne-aux-Bois (08491)
 Wadelincourt (08494)
 Williers (08501)
 Yoncq (08502)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ardennes department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Sedan
Antero de Quental (1842-1891) - Portuguese thinker and poet, leader of generation of seventies.

Biography 
Antero Tarquínio de Quental was born on 18 April 1842 in Ponta Delgada in the islands of Azores. He was a son of Fernando de Quental, a former soldier, and his wife Ana Guilhermina da Maia. He studied at the University of Coimbra and soon became a leader of his fellow students. He protested against the shape of Portuguese poetry of the time. He shot himself on 11 september 1891 in his native town.

Works 
During his stay at the university he wrote Raios de Extincta Luz (Rays of Vanishing Light) and Primaveras Românticas (Romantic Springtimes).  Antero de Quental's most famous work however is Odes Modernas, published in 1865. He wrote in the first place sonnets. They were translated into English in 1922 by Sylvanus Griswold Morley as Sonnets and poems of Anthero de Quental. He wrote essays, too, for example Bom Senso e Bom Gosto (Good Sense and Good Taste).

References
References

Bibliography 
 Sonnets and poems of Anthero de Quental. translated by S. Griswold Morley, University of California Press, Berkeley 1922.

Other websites 
 A selection of Antero de Quental's poems at Projecto Vercial.
 Os sonetos completos de Antero de Quental at Wikisource.

1842 births
1891 deaths
Portuguese poets
Suicides by firearm
The arrondissement of Vouziers is an arrondissement of France in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Vouziers.

It is in the southeast of the department with an area of , the second largest arrondissement of the department, but the one with fewest people living in it with 22,050 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

History
When the Ardennes department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Vouziers was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Vouziers is bordered to the northwest by the arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières, to the north by the arrondissement of Sedan, to the east by the Meuse department, to the south by the Marne department and to west by the arrondissement of Rethel.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
There are only two cantons in the arrondissement of Vouziers:
 Attigny (0801)
 Vouziers (0819) (partly)

Communes
The arrondissement of Vouziers has 118 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):ː
Alland'Huy-et-Sausseuil (08006)
 Apremont (08017)
 Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles (08018)
 Attigny (08025)
 Aure (08031)
 Authe (08033)
 Autruche (08035)
 Autry (08036)
 Bairon-et-ses-Environs (08116)
 Ballay (08045)
 Bar-lès-Buzancy (08049)
 Bayonville (08052)
 Beffu-et-le-Morthomme (08056)
 Belleville-et-Châtillon-sur-Bar (08057)
 Belval-Bois-des-Dames (08059)
 La Berlière (08061)
 Bouconville (08074)
 Boult-aux-Bois (08075)
 Bourcq (08077)
 Brécy-Brières (08082)
 Brieulles-sur-Bar (08085)
 Briquenay (08086)
 Buzancy (08089)
 Cauroy (08092)
 Challerange (08097)
 Champigneulle (08098)
 Charbogne (08103)
 Chardeny (08104)
 Chatel-Chéhéry (08109)
 Chevières (08120)
 Chuffilly-Roche (08123)
 Condé-lès-Autry (08128)
 Contreuve (08130)
 Cornay (08131)
 Coulommes-et-Marqueny (08134)
 La Croix-aux-Bois (08135)
 Dricourt (08147)
 Écordal (08151)
 Exermont (08161)
 Falaise (08164)
 Fléville (08171)
 Fossé (08176)
 Germont (08186)
 Givry (08193)
 Les Grandes-Armoises (08019)
 Grandham (08197)
 Grandpré (08198)
Grandpré (08198)
 Grivy-Loisy (08200)
 Guincourt (08204)
 Harricourt (08215)
 Hauviné (08220)
 Imécourt (08233)
 Jonval (08238)
 Lametz (08244)
 Lançon (08245)
 Landres-et-Saint-Georges (08246)
 Leffincourt (08250)
 Liry (08256)
 Longwé (08259)
 Machault (08264)
 Manre (08271)
 Marcq (08274)
 Marquigny (08278)
 Mars-sous-Bourcq (08279)
 Marvaux-Vieux (08280)
 Mont-Saint-Martin (08308)
 Mont-Saint-Remy (08309)
 Montcheutin (08296)
 Montgon (08301)
 Monthois (08303)
 Mouron (08310)
 Neuville-Day (08321)
 Noirval (08325)
 Nouart (08326)
 Oches (08332)
 Olizy-Primat (08333)
 Pauvres (08338)
 Les Petites-Armoises (08020)
 Quatre-Champs (08350)
 Quilly (08351)
 Rilly-sur-Aisne (08364)
 La Sabotterie (08374)
 Saint-Clément-à-Arnes (08378)
 Sainte-Marie (08390)
 Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes (08379)
 Saint-Juvin (08383)
 Saint-Lambert-et-Mont-de-Jeux (08384)
 Saint-Loup-Terrier (08387)
 Saint-Morel (08392)
 Saint-Pierre-à-Arnes (08393)
 Saint-Pierremont (08394)
 Sainte-Vaubourg (08398)
 Saulces-Champenoises (08401)
Sauville (08405)
 Savigny-sur-Aisne (08406)
 Séchault (08407)
 Semide (08410)
 Semuy (08411)
 Senuc (08412)
 Sommauthe (08424)
 Sommerance (08425)
 Sugny (08431)
 Suzanne (08433)
 Sy (08434)
 Tailly (08437)
 Tannay (08439)
 Thénorgues (08446)
 Toges (08453)
 Tourcelles-Chaumont (08455)
 Tourteron (08458)
 Vandy (08461)
 Vaux-Champagne (08462)
 Vaux-en-Dieulet (08463)
 Vaux-lès-Mouron (08464)
 Verpel (08470)
 Verrières (08471)
 Voncq (08489)
 Vouziers (08490)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ardennes department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Vouziers
Mose John Allison, Jr. (November 11, 1927 – November 15, 2016) was an American jazz blues pianist, singer and songwriter. It was not until 1963 that his record label allowed him to release an album entirely of vocals. He was known for his songs "Parchman Songs" and "Young Man Blues". 

Allison died on November 15, 2016 at his home in Hilton Head, South Carolina from natural causes, ages 89.

References

Other websites
Official Site
Concert review at allaboutjazz.com (February 11, 2005)
Los Angeles Citybeat, Mose Allison Interview 
Official IBis Recordings website for "Mose Allison American Legend Live in California"

1927 births
2016 deaths
American jazz musicians
American blues musicians
American pianists
American songwriters
American trumpeters
Singers from Mississippi
Musicians from Mississippi
Writers from Mississippi
Robert Alan McDonald (born June 20, 1953) was the eighth United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. He is the retired chairman, president, and CEO of Procter & Gamble. On July 29, 2014, the U.S. Senate voted 97-0 to confirm McDonald as President Barack Obama's choice to succeed General Eric Shinseki as the Secretary of Veterans Affairs. On July 30, 2014 he was sworn into office.

References 

1953 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of Veterans Affairs
Politicians from Indiana
People from Gary, Indiana
American chief executives
Businesspeople from Indiana
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Steven Terner Mnuchin (born December 21, 1962) is an American banker, movie producer and political fundraiser. He was the 77th United States Secretary of the Treasury, under the Trump Administration from February 13, 2017 to January 20, 2021.

Early life
Mnuchin was born to a Jewish family, circa 1963. He is the son of Elaine Terner Cooper and Robert E. Mnuchin. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree at Yale University.

Career
Mnuchin had a fortune estimated at over $40 million while working for Goldman Sachs. In 2002, Mnuchin left Goldman and worked briefly for his Yale roommate Edward Lampert, chief executive of Sears. He also briefly worked for Soros Fund Management.

In Hollywood, Mnuchin, along with movie producer Brett Ratner and financier James Packer, working with RatPac-Dune Entertainment, produced American Sniper and Mad Max: Fury Road.

Political activity
Mnuchin supported Mitt Romney during the 2012 U.S. presidential election.

Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
In May 2016, he was named finance chair of the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign. After Trump won the presidency, he is seen as Trump's top pick for United States Secretary of the Treasury.

United States Secretary of the Treasury (2017–2021)
On November 30, 2016 it was announced that Mnuchin would be nominated as Secretary of the Treasury in the coming administration of President-elect Donald Trump.

On February 13, 2017, Mnuchin was confirmed by a 53–47 vote in the U.S. Senate. He was sworn-in by Vice President Mike Pence the same day.

As Secretary of the Treasury, Mnuchin has been a supporter of proposed tax reform, and for reducing corporate tax rates. Mnuchin supports a partial repeal of Dodd-Frank. Mnuchin's use of government aircraft for personal usage has come under fire from watchdog groups.
Personal life
In 1999, he married Heather deForest Crosby, who was his second wife, and they had three children together. They divorced in 2014. He married actress Louise Linton in 2017. They lived in Los Angeles, California and currently lives in Washington, D.C..

References

Other websites
 

1962 births
Living people
American bankers
Businesspeople from California
Businesspeople from New York City
Movie producers from California
Movie producers from New York City
Jewish American politicians
Jewish businesspeople
Politicians from California
Politicians from New York City
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Yale University alumni
Background 
Slavery in America began in the English colony of Jamestown in 1619. It started with the purchase of 20 Africans from an English warship named the White Lyon. The Colonists in the Virginia Colony bought the contracts of the Africans as indentured servants. Not long after this it became a custom to hold slaves for life in the colonies. During the 17th and 18th centuries, slaves were used to raise crops of tobacco and food crops. After the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, cotton became the most important crop. At this point slavery became a critical part of the South's economy.

The issue of slavery caused difficulties for the United States almost from its beginning as a country. The framers of the Constitution used ambiguous language regarding the holding of slaves. Neither the word "slave" or "slavery" were used in the Constitution. The problem was in creating a democracy that ensured its citizens freedom while keeping a considerable part of the population in slavery without any freedoms.
Men and women slaves were generally treated the same under most state laws. However, some states had laws that applied only to women slaves. For example, Virginia passed laws punishing women who had children by their masters. They also confirmed the slave status of any children born of a "Negro or mulatto women". Great Britain had a structured system whereby children claimed their lineage through their father. This also applied to illegitimate children (parents were not married). Virginia was the first colony to change this. Slave children were considered the same race and status as the mother, even if the child was fathered by a white man. Laws concerning rape did not apply to black and Indian women. A slave woman could not defend herself against the attack by a white person. If she did, she was subject to beatings. While it was illegal to have relations with a slave woman, the laws were not usually enforced. This system increased the wealth of slave owners
. They did not have to buy slaves if they could breed their own.
Slaves, whether born into slavery or purchased as a slave, had no legal rights. The United States Supreme Court decision Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) confirmed that slaves were not citizens of the United States nor of any state they reside in. In 1868 the Fourteenth Amendment overturned the Dred Scott decision.

Early pro-slavery legislation

Northwest Ordinance 1787 
The Northwest Ordinance (1787) was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States (before the United States Constitution). It created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States. The Ordinance provided that the territory would be formed into "not less than three nor more than five States".
The territory was made up of lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains. It was south of British North America and the Great Lakes. It was north of the Ohio River. Article VI of the Northwest Ordinance prohibited slavery in the new territory. However, it contained a provision that any fugitive slaves caught in the territory would be returned to their owners. It also did not place any restrictions on slavery within any new states formed from the Northwest Territory. Southerners had no problems with the ban on slavery. They thought that most of the new settlers would come from Southern states. Once a state was formed, the former Southerners would vote to allow slavery. However, none of the states formed from the Northwest Territory ended up allowing slavery.

U.S. Constitution 1789 
When the United States Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1789, Article Four of the United States Constitution contained the Fugitive Slave Clause. It states:

Fugitive slave acts
Fugitive Slave Act 1793 
While Article IV, Section 2 of the United States Constitution did guarantee the right of slave owners to reclaim fugitive slaves. However, it did not set up the legal mechanism. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 passed by the second Congress added that mechanism. It authorized the arrest of runaway slaves and gave any magistrate of a town, city or county to rule on the arrest. The slave hunter only had to state the person captured was a runaway slave. No proof was required and there was no trial. It added a fine of $500 to any person who helped a runaway slave. It was passed in response to the rise of abolitionism in the North and also to the Underground Railroad that was set up to help slaves escape the South.
Fugitive Slave Act 1850 
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was a controversial part of the Compromise of 1850. The 1850 slave law added penalties for officials who did not arrest alleged runaway slaves. It fined them $1,000. Any law enforcement official was required to arrest anyone suspected of being a runaway slave. All that was required was a persons sworn testimony of ownership. As before there was no trial and the suspect could not testify on their own behalf. Anyone who provided food or shelter to any suspected runaway slave was subject to six months in prison and a fine of $1,000. An officer who captured a runaway slave would get a bonus or a promotion. The 1850 law provided for special commissioners to decide if the alleged fugitive was to be returned to slavery. He received $10 if the fugitive was returned, but only $5 if the fugitive was freed. This amounted to a legal form of bribery. This caused a large number of free blacks to be sent into slavery.

Results of the slave law
In 1851, a gun battle broke out between abolitionists and slave catchers in Christiana, Pennsylvania. In Wisconsin a fugitive named Joshua Glover was forcibly freed from a jail. In Boston, a mob tried to free a fugitive named Anthony Burns. It took 22 companies of state troopers to stop them. The Southern states were completely convinced the North would not follow the slave laws.

References

Other websites 
 Slavery Fugitive Slave Law; YouTube
 Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom's Cabin; YouTube

Origins of the American Civil War
Slavery in the United States
African-American history
Jack Vettriano, OBE (born Jack Hoggan, born 17 November 1951), is a Scottish painter. His 1992 painting, The Singing Butler, became a best-selling image in Britain.

Jack Vettriano grew up in the industrial seaside town of Methil, Fife. He was raised in poverty, and lived with his mother, father and older brother in a spartan miner’s cottage, sharing a bed with his brother and wearing hand-me-down clothes. From the age of 10, his father sent him out to earn money. His father took half his earnings. Vettriano left school at 16.

Much of his art education came from studying paintings at the Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery.

Paintings 
It is fair to say that Vettriano is controversial. Professional art critics do not seem to like his work, but the public does. He is one of at least three modern British artists to make a great deal of money from his works.