Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Tennessee marble is really a massive, highly fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician dolostone, known as the Holston Formation by geologists.  "Tennessee marble" is not true marble.  Its crystalline nature gives it a resemblance to marble, especially when polished. 

Carrara marble is a genuine marble. It is white or blue-grey and of high quality, popular for use in sculpture and building decor. It is quarried at the city of Carrara in the Lunigiana, the northernmost tip of modern-day Tuscany, Italy. The illustration shows the Pietà, which is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture by Michelangelo. It is in St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, and is the only piece Michelangelo ever signed.
Industrial use of marble 
Colorless marbles are a very pure source of calcium carbonate, which is used in a wide variety of industries.  Finely ground marble powder is a component in paint, toothpaste, and plastics; calcium carbonate can also be reduced under high heat to calcium oxide (also known as "quicklime"), which has many uses including being a primary component of most cements.

Related pages
list of minerals
limestone
granite
sandstone

Other websites

Inlaid marble  
Tips for cleaning marble  
Learning to carve by Marc Levoy.

References

Metamorphic rocks
Building materials
Carbonate rocks
Fan fiction or fanfiction (also known as fanfic) is a name for fiction created by fans instead of the original author.

Fanfiction writers take fictional characters and settings from fictional (or sometimes historical) stories that were created by other people, and write original stories about them. People write fan fiction for many different book, television series, and movie fandoms.

When fanfiction first began, it was often only published in fan magazines. Today fanfiction, like many fandom activities, can be usually found on the internet. This has created many fanfiction communities. People in these communities post their fanfiction and receive feedback (reviews) from other community members.

There is also fan art (also called fanart), which is often drawings or other visual art based on a fandom.

Related pages
Fandom
Fictional universe

Other websites 

Fanfiction.net

Fan fiction
The Three Laws of Robotics are three rules which Isaac Asimov thought should be programmed into robots. The rules assume that robots will be human-type machines, able to walk about and do things. Asimov called these robots positronic robots. The laws are presented in his 'Robot' series of short stories and novels.

The first mention of the laws is in Asimov's short story Runaround (written in 1942). 
 A robot may not injure a human being or, by failing to act, allow a human being to come to harm.
 A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where carrying out those orders would break the First Law.
 A robot must protect its own existence, as long as the things it does to protect itself do not break the First or Second Law.

Later, Asimov added the Zeroth Law: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm"; the rest of the laws are changed one by one so that there can be no reason for a robot to break the Zeroth Law. .
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the passage in Asimov's short story "Liar!" (1941) that mentions the First Law is the earliest recorded use of the word robotics. Asimov was not aware of this at the time; he assumed the word already existed by analogy with mechanics, hydraulics, and other similar terms denoting branches of applied knowledge.

The Three Laws form a theme in his Robot series and the other stories linked to it, as well as his Lucky Starr series of science fiction for children.  Other authors working in Asimov's fictional universe have adopted them, and references (often parodic) appear in science fiction and other genres. Technologists in the field of artificial intelligence have speculated upon the role the Laws might have in the future.

References
References

Other websites 
 Worley, Gordon.  "Robot Oppression: Unethicality of the Three Laws".
 "Frequently Asked Questions about Isaac Asimov", AsimovOnline 27 September 2004.
 Ethical Considerations for Humanoid Robots: Why Asimov's Three Laws are not enough.

Science fiction
Isaac Asimov
Nathuram Vinayak Godse (, May 19, 1910 – November 15, 1949) was the man who assassinated Mahatma Gandhi.

Nathuram Godse was born at Baramati, Pune District, British India. His father was Vinayak Vaman Rao Godse, his mother was Lakshmi (Godavari before marriage). His father was a fifteen-rupee-a-month employee of the post office.

Godse's political career 
Godse dropped out of high school and became an activist with the Hindu Mahasabha. 
The Hindu Mahasabha had initially backed Gandhi's campaigns of civil disobedience against the British government.
But Godse and his mentors later rejected Gandhi. They felt that Gandhi was sacrificing Hindu interests in an effort to please Muslim groups. They blamed Gandhi for the Partition of India, which killed hundreds of thousands of people.

Killing of Mahatma Gandhi
Motive 
The immediate motive for the assassination is usually ascribed to Gandhi's January 13, 1948 decision to fast to the death unless the Indian central government reversed a decision to withhold the transfer of 55 crore (550 million) rupees to the government of Pakistan. The transfer had been specified in the partition agreement, but the Indian government had refused to complete it, complaining of continued Pakistani rebel occupation of disputed parts of Kashmir.

The Indian government immediately reversed its decision to withhold the funds, which infuriated Godse and his fellow Hindu nationals.

The decision to assassinate Gandhi was taken by Godse alone. The Mahasabha resolutely denied all complicity, and Godse took full responsibility.

Attack 
Godse assassinated Gandhi on January 30, 1948, approaching him during the evening prayer, bowing, and shot him three times at close range. Godse was convicted of murdering Gandhi, for which he was executed by hanging.
Other websites 
 Godse's deposition in court 
 A pro-Godse site  with interviews and links
 Time Magazine's Feb 2000 interview of Gopal Godse 
 Rediff's Jan 1998 interview of Gopal Godse
 Article discussing pro-Godse play
 Eyewitness to Gandhi assassination 
 Eyewitness gives VIDEO account of Gandhi Assassination

1910 births
1949 deaths
Assassins
Indian Hindus
Indian criminals
Indian activists
People executed by hanging
Cradle of Filth is an extreme metal band from England. Some people say the band’s musical style is black metal, others say that it is gothic metal, extreme metal, or many other different styles. Cradle of Filth had many different members. It was founded by Dani Filth in 1991. He is still the leader of the band. Cradle of Filth is very well known and has enjoyed success on TV and the radio.

Albums 
 The Principle of Evil Made Flesh - (1994)
 Dusk and Her Embrace - (1997)
 Cruelty and the Beast - (1998)
 Midian - (2000)
 Damnation and a Day - (2003)
 Nymphetamine - (2004)
 Thornography - (2006)
 Godspeed on the Devil's Thunder (2008)
 Darkly, Darkly, Venus Aversa (2010)
 The Manticore and Other Horrors (2012)
 Hammer of the Witches (2015)
 Cryptoriana - The Seductiveness of Decay (2017)
 Existence Is Futile (2021)

Members 
 Dani Filth - Vocals
 Paul Allender - Guitar
 Charles Hedger - Guitar
 Dave Pybus - Bass
 Martin Skaroupka - Drums
 Sarah Jezebel Deva - Backing Vocals
 Rosie Smith - Live Keyboards
is the leader and founder of the very right-wing hate group Zaitokukai (). It is one of the largest hate groups in Japan, with over 14,000 members as of March 2014. The name means "Citizens’ League to Deny Foreigners in Japan Special Rights." As the leader, Sakurai participates in demonstrations, appears in videos, and blogs.

Sakurai was arrested for spitting on another person at a protest. The United States Department of State criticized his actions with Zaitokukai.

References

Other websites 
 Sakurai's blog (Japanese)

1972 births
Japanese activists
Bloggers
People from Fukuoka Prefecture
Living people
George Adamski (April 17, 1891 – April 23, 1965) was a Polish-born American who became known in ufology circles after he said he photographed ships from other planets, met with aliens, and took flights with them. He considered himself to be a "philosopher, teacher, student and saucer researcher."

References 

1891 births
1965 deaths

Writers from California
Writers from Oregon
Writers from New York City
Writers from Wyoming
Energy efficiency, useful work per quantity of energy
 Energy conversion efficiency, desired energy output per energy input
 Energy conservation, reducing the use of energy
 Electrical efficiency, useful power output per electrical power consumed
 Fuel efficiency, converting energy in fuel to kinetic energy or work
 Specific impulse, in propulsion systems, a measure of fuel-efficiency
 Volumetric efficiency, in internal combustion engine design
 Lighting efficiency, visible light from a light source per unit of power, in lumens per watt
 Mechanical efficiency, the effectiveness of a simple machine, mechanical advantage over ideal mechanical advantage
 Thermodynamic efficiency, useful work per change in heat
 Exergy efficiency, measure of 2nd-law themodynamic loss
 Thermal efficiency, useful work per the higher heating value of the fuel
 Radiation efficiency, ratio of radiated power to power absorbed at the terminals of an antenna
 Efficiency (aerodynamics), for fixed wing aircraft the Lift-to-drag ratio
Efficiency (economics), a general term, to capture the amount of waste or other undesirable features
 Pareto efficiency, making one individual better off, without making any other individual worse off
 Kaldor-Hicks efficiency, like a less stringent Pareto efficiency
 Allocative efficiency, an optimal distribution of goods
 The optimisation of a social welfare function
 Efficiency wages, paying workers more than the market rate for increased productivity
 Efficiency (statistics), a measure of desirability of an estimator
 Efficiency ratio, expenses as a percentage of revenue, etc.
 Efficiency Movement, of the Progressive Era 1890-1932, advocated efficiency in the economy, society and government
 Material efficiency, compares material requirements between construction projects or physical processes
 Textual efficiency, density of a message
 Algorithmic efficiency, the speed and space requirements of a computer program
is a Japanese manga book.

References

Related pages
The Truth about Nanjing

Korea
2000s in Japan
Donkey Kong is a Nintendo video game character. He was first seen in a video game in 1981. He is a large gorilla who lives deep in the jungles of his very own island. Since 1994 he has worn a red necktie with his initials "DK" in yellow, his only piece of clothing. He appears as both the hero and villain of the Donkey Kong games.

Appearances in video games
 Donkey Kong
 Mario Kart 64
 Super Smash Bros.
 Mario Kart: Double Dash!!
 Mario Power Tennis
 Super Mario Strikers
 Super Smash Bros. Melee
 Mario Strikers Charged
 Donkey Kong Country
 Super Smash Bros. Brawl
 Donkey Konga
 Donkey Kong Jungle Beat

Appearances in movie
 The Super Mario Bros. Movie

Fictional animals
Fictional characters introduced in 1981
Mario series characters
Donkey Kong
is a Japanese manga artist. He is well known for his books, Manga Kenkanryu (Hate Korea Wave) and Manga Kenchogokuryu (Hate China Wave). He is thought to be anti-Korean and anti-Chinese, but the detail of his profile is not known well.

References

1971 births
Living people
Japanese manga artists
The categorical imperative is an idea that the philosopher Immanuel Kant had about ethics.  Kant said that an "imperative" is something that a person must do.  For example:  if a person wants to stop being thirsty, it is imperative that they have a drink.  Kant said an imperative is "categorical," when it is true at all times, and in all situations.   

Kant named the example of a thirsty person the Hypothetical Imperative.  Kant used the hypothetical imperative to explain his ideas about the ethics of a categorical imperative.  For example, it is not usually a moral choice when a person decides to drink water, no matter why they are drinking the water.  If a person is very thirsty, then it is a hypothetical imperative that they drink the water.
Instead of the hypothetical imperative, Kant said that the moral choices are governed by a categorical imperative.  The categorical imperative is something that a person must do, no matter what the circumstances.    It is imperative to an ethical person that they make choices based on the categorical imperative. Another way of saying that, is that an ethical person follows a "universal law" regardless of their situation.   

Kant explained his ideas about following the categorical imperative by introducing one more idea he called a "maxim."  A maxim is another way of saying what we want to do and why we want to do it in one sentence.  We can learn ethical maxims by applying the test of the categorical imperative.  And he said we can live ethical lives if we use these maxims whenever we make decisions.
The categorical imperative, hypothetical imperative, and the maxim can all be seen in the example of the thirsty man.   A man locked alone in a room for one night, and he brought nothing with him except a bottle of water.   The man has had nothing to drink all day and is very thirsty. We can call this man, "Thirsty Man."   

A hypothetical imperative might be that "a thirsty man must drink water if he wants to stop being thirsty."  If Thirsty Man lived by a maxim based on this hypothetical imperative, it might be "If I can, I will drink water whenever I am thirsty."   In this example, Thirsty Man is not making any obvious moral choice.  Some philosophers would say that the Thirsty Man's maxim is a reasonable one.  Based on Thirsty Man's maxim, he will soon drink the water.   A few minutes later a second man is brought into the room.  Both men are told that they will be in the room all night, and that no one else will be back to see them until morning.
Thirsty Man has not yet opened the water bottle.  The new man has not had anything to drink for many days.  The second man is clearly dying of dehydration.  If he is not given water soon he will die.  We can call this second man, "Dying Man."  Thirsty Man now has a decision to make, will he share the water or drink it himself?  Thirsty Man does not live by the maxim of "I will drink water when I am thirsty," because that maxim fails the test of being universally fulfilling the categorical imperative.
Thirsty Man believes that the categorical imperative is the Golden Rule.  To be an ethical person, Thirsty Man believes he must at all times treat others the way he would want them to treat him.   From the categorical imperative of the Golden Rule, Thirsty Man has adopted a maxim of "I will give anything I can to anyone I meet, if that person needs what I have much more than I need it."  Thirsty Man prepares to decide if he will drink the water that he wants to drink, or if he will give it to Dying Man.   Thirsty Man tests both choices by comparing them to his maxim.   He sees that it is imperative  that he give the water to Dying Man.  Thirsty Man gives the water to Dying Man.  Dying Man drinks nearly the entire bottle, but then he chokes on the last sip.  There is nothing Thirsty Man can do to stop the choking, and Dying Man dies.  There are many philosophies of ethics, and many philosophers who have very different opinions
.   Some philosophers might say that it would have been ethical if Thirsty Man had kept the bottle for himself to drink.   It was his bottle to begin with and he could do whatever he wanted with it.  Other philosophers might say that Thirsty Man was ethically wrong to give the bottle to Dying Man because the water ended up choking the Dying Man to death.
Kant's idea of the categorical imperative would say that Thirsty Man made the right choice, for the right reasons, and he made those ethical decisions in a logical way.  

An important part of Kant's idea is that the morality of a choice is based on why we make the choice (intention), and not based on what happens after we make it (consequence).  Another important part of Kant's idea is that these ethical decisions are not rules or laws handed down to us (universal law or objectively true ethical statement).  Kant thought that ethical decisions needed to be based in logic and reason (correct reasoning or deductive reasoning).
Kant elaborated on these ideas by saying that we should treat other persons as persons and not as tools who can help us in some way. He said we should do this based on the ethical duty that all persons have to each other, an ethical duty which could be called a universal law. Kant's ideas about this universal law and the categorical imperative are important basic components of the philosophy of Absolutism.  

Ethics
Multiculturalism is a word that describes a society where many different cultures live together. It is the simple fact of cultural diversity.

In a multicultural society, there is not an official (decided by the people in charge) culture that every person must be a part of. Instead, all cultures are respected as much as each other.

A multicultural society can result when people from many different countries migrate to one place, or an empire conquers many countries. Tolerance is a big help for multiculturalism. Xenophobia makes it difficult. 

A multicultural society would be composed of people from different ethnic backgrounds and cultures living and working together. In society when people from different backgrounds link with each other's culture shows the acceptance of each other's culture and background.

Related pages 
Multiculturalism in Canada
Multilingualism
Pluralism
Toleration

Sociology
Comfort women were women and girls forced into sexual slavery. These women, mostly Korean and Chinese, were forced by the Imperial Japanese Army in occupied territories before and during World War II. There are different estimates of how many comfort women there were. Most researchers say there were probably around 50,000 to 200,000 comfort women. One source says the number of comfort women was closer to 20,000 while another says there were as many as 410,000.

References

Military of Japan
World War II
Prostitution
Glycolysis is a metabolic process in most organisms. It is the first stage in cellular respiration. It allows both aerobic  and anaerobic respiration. Glycolysis releases only a small amount of energy. The word "glycolysis" comes from the Greek words γλυκύς (meaning "sweet") and λύσις (meaning "rupture").

Glycolysis is thought to be the archetype of a universal metabolic pathway. It occurs, with variations, in almost all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis shows that it is one of the oldest known metabolic pathways.

Glycolysis has ten intermediate compounds, catalysed by ten different enzymes. Only the broad outline is described here.

Process
Process

Preparatory phase 
The first half of glycolysis is the preparatory phase. It starts off by adding a phosphate group to glucose (Glucose 6-phosphate). Next, the Glucose 6-phosphate is converted into Fructose 6-phosphate. Another phosphate group is added turning it into fructose -1,6- biphosphate. The fructose -1,6-biphosphate is then split in two, one part turning into G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted into G3P, leaving us with the two G3P triose sugar molecules used in the Pay-off phase.

Pay-off phase 
The second half of glycolysis is known as the 'pay-off phase', by the net gain of the energy-rich molecules ATP and NADH. Since glucose leads to two triose (G3P) sugars in the preparatory phase, each reaction in the pay-off phase occurs twice per glucose molecule. This yields 2 NADH molecules and 4 ATP molecules, leading to a net gain of 2 NADH molecules and 2 ATP molecules from the glycolytic pathway per glucose molecule.
Summary: 2ATP → 4ATP + 2(NADH + H+) + 2 pyruvate (net production of 2ATP)

Aerobic respiration 
Cells performing aerobic respiration (respiration using oxygen) synthesize much more ATP, but not as part of glycolysis. These further reactions use the pyruvate from glycolysis. 

Eukaryote aerobic respiration produces about 30 additional molecules of ATP for each glucose molecule.
Glycolysis, through anaerobic respiration, is the main energy source in many cells.

Related pages 
Cellular respiration (overview)
Link reaction
Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle)
Electron transport chain (ETC)

References

Other websites 
 The Glycolytic enzymes in Glycolysis 
 Metabolism, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 
 Notes on glycolysis 

Cellular respiration
Metabolism
In psychology, an archetype is a model of a person, personality, or behavior.

In the analysis of personality, the term archetype is often broadly used to refer to
 a stereotype—personality type observed multiple times, especially an oversimplification of such a type; or
 an epitome—personality type exemplified, especially the "greatest" such example.

But in a strict linguistic sense, an archetype is merely a defining example of a personality type. In this sense "mother figure" can be considered an archetype and instances can be found in various female characters with distinct personalities.

Archetypes have been present in mythology and literature for hundreds of years. The use of archetypes to analyze personality was advanced by Carl Jung early in the 20th century. The value in using archetypal characters in fiction derives from the fact that a large group of people are able to unconsciously recognize the archetype, and thus the motivations, behind the character's behavior.
Etymology 
The word archetype appeared in European texts as early as 1545. It derives from the Latin noun archetypum via the Greek noun arkhetypon and adjective arkhetypos, meaning "first-moulded". The Greek roots are arkhe- ("first" or "original") + typos ("model", "type", "blow", "mark of a blow").

References 
 Jung, C. G., (1934–1954). The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious. (1981 2nd ed. Collected Works Vol.9 Part 1), Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen. 
 Arrien, Angeles (1992). Signs Of Life:  The Five Universal Shapes And How To Use Them.  Sonoma, CA, USA:  Arcus Publishing Company.

Notes

Other websites
 Einführung in die Archetypen des Unbewussten nach C.G. Jung

Psychology
A prototype is an original type, form, or instance of something. (usually in engineering) It serves as a typical example or standard for things of the same category. Some prototypes are used to find defects or to test an idea. Building a prototype of each idea and testing them is a good way to choose a final design.

Different kinds
Prototypes are built for different reasons:
Proof of principle prototype (or model): Shows that something can be done.  These kinds of prototypes are built to test a part of the design. These prototypes do not look like the finished product, in most cases. Such prototypes are used to show that certain design choices will work or will not work.
Form-study prototype (model): This tries to show what the finished design will look like, but without the function. Such prototypes allow to take decisions about the exact shape, size, or ergonomic properties.  This lets a designer see if things fit together, and will feel right.
Visual prototype: These will look like the actual product, and are used for market research. They do not have any of the functionality of the final product. An example is a concept car at a car show.  It may look like a new car but may not even have an engine.
User experience prototype represents enough of the appearance and function of the product  that it can be used for user research.
Functional prototype: These will behave and act like the final product as much as possible. For cost reasons, they may be smaller in size, or they may not have the final look of the product.
Paper prototype is a printed or hand-drawn representation of the user interface of a software product. Such prototypes are commonly used for early testing of a software design, and can be part of a  software walkthrough to confirm design decisions before more costly levels of design effort are expended.
References

Manufacturing
Archetype can mean:
 An original model or prototype of which all other similar persons, objects, or concepts are developed.
Archetype, traditionally defined in the field of psychology as the idealized model of a person or personality
Stock character, standard character types seen in fiction and literature
Archetype (information science), a formal re-usable model of a domain concept
Archetype (album), an album by Fear Factory
Becoming the Archetype, a Christian metalcore band
Flies in the genus Microdon are a type of hoverfly. Microdon and its subfamily are different from most other flies because they are myrmecophiles. This means they live in ant colonies (nests). There are more than 350 species of Microdon in the world. Some of these will be split off in time because Microdon has been used as a catch-all for various unrelated species. Most Microdon live in the tropics; 30 species live in North America.

What they look like 
Microdon adults are very hairy and look like bees. They are 8 to 15 mm long. The antennae are almost as long as the fly's face. These flies have black or pale (white or golden) hairs, and their bodies are either black or metallic green or blue.

The larvae of Microdon flies look strange. They are very round and look like stout little slugs. At first scientists thought they were mollusks and scale insects. They move slowly.
What they do 
Adult Microdon flies do not hover around flowers such as many other hoverflies; instead they remain close to the ant colonies where they grew up.

Larvae may be found very deep in ant nests. Some Microdon larvae eat ant larvae (Duffield 1981); others are scavengers, which means they eat dead plants or insects in the ant colony. Most Microdon larvae can only live in the colony of one kind of ant.

References 

Flies
A pattern is an idea, a concept or a model. The model is usually abstract, and can then be applied to the domain where it is used. Pattern matching is checking if a certain pattern is present. Many patterns can directly be recognised by the senses. 

Some patterns are based on the fact that there are repetitions, that a certain thing occurs over and over again. An example of a simple pattern might be the tiling of a floor. For example, lots of bathrooms have a paisley or floral tiling pattern on the floor. In computer science, design patterns are model solutions for problems that occur often. Sometimes people see patterns when there are none. This is called pareidolia.

Mathematical patterns 
In Mathematics, there are many different patterns. For example, the Fibonacci sequence is a complex type of pattern. There are some simple ones like:

1, 2, 4, 8, 16, ...
In this pattern, the next number is the product of the previous number multiplied by 2. Basically a mathematical pattern is a sequence of numbers which follows one rule.

Computer science
Design
Conceptual art
Bean is the name used for the seeds of plants. Most of these plants are known as legumes. Their scientific name is Fabaceae. Common beans, lentils, soybeans, peas are some types of beans.  Beans contain a lot of fibre. They are also high in protein. Vetches and lupins are all in that group of plants but not all legumes are edible. Laburnums for example are very poisonous as are some lupins.  

The seeds of other plants (which are not Fabaceae), are sometimes also called beans. This is mostly because they look like true beans. Example for such beans are Coffee beans, Cocoa beans, and Vanilla beans.

Gallery
The Luxembourg Franc was the type of currency used in Luxembourg from 1848 to 1999. Belgium was another country that used the Luxembourg Franc. The symbol for the Luxembourg Franc is fr. or F. On January 1, 1999, the Luxembourg Franc was replaced by the Euro (€). 1 Euro is equal to about 40 Luxembourg Francs.

Coins 
There were different types of Luxembourg Francs, like 25 cent, 1, 20, and 50 Francs.

Related pages
Belgian franc

Luxembourg
Former currencies of Europe
The Belgian franc was a type of money. It is nearly the same as its partner, the Luxembourg franc. The Belgian franc was founded in 1848 in Belgium. The symbol for the Belgian franc is fr. or F. It was replaced by the euro (€) on January 1, 1999. One euro has the same value as about forty Belgian francs.

Coins
The different types of coins used were 1, 5, 20, and 50 francs. 50 cents was another type of coin, but is not common.

Banknotes
The different types of banknotes used were 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 10000 francs.

Related pages
 Luxembourg franc

Other websites
    

Former currencies of Europe
Economy of Belgium
1848 establishments in Europe
1999 disestablishments in Europe
Paradise Island is an island in the Bahamas. The island is just north of the island of New Providence, Bahamas. There are two bridges connecting the two islands. One was built in 1999 and the other one was built in the late 1990s.

Description
Paradise Island (and all of the Bahamas) is known for its sandy white beaches and all year round warm climate. The island is also is known for Atlantis, a hotel and casino.

Movies
Paradise Island is a hot spot for filming movies. The Beatles film Help! and James Bond movie Casino Royale are only some of the movies filmed on Paradise Island.

Related pages
 Caribbean

Other websites
 Paradise Island official website
 Atlantis official webstite
 Bahamas tourist site

Islands of the Bahamas
Edward Jonathan "Eddie" Izzard (born 7 February 1962) is an English actor and stand-up comedian. He has acted in movies and television. He is known for his strange comedy and for being a transvestite (he often wore women’s clothes, before deciding he wanted to be recognised not as a male lesbian but as a full blown ‘woman’ named Suzy' such a shame s/he could not have been herself as is, without any the fuss!! If s/he just accepted who ‘they’ were, and as that equally recognised and loved as equally funny. Eddie/ Suzy Izzard is ..A true star of comedy, surrealist stage  screen hero!

Personal life
Izzard has described herself as "a lesbian trapped in a man's body".

Other websites 
Izzard's website

References

British stand-up comedians
British television producers
Drama Desk Award winners
English comedians
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
LGBT actors
LGBT comedians
English LGBT people
1962 births
Living people
Types of emulators 
The simplest type of emulator is called an interpreter, and it runs the foreign program one step at a time. This is the slowest type of emulator but it is easy to debug and port to new platforms. Another type is called the dynamic recompiler, and it takes foreign code a block at a time and recompiles (converts) it into native code. Foreign code that has already been converted is kept, so if the foreign program uses that code again, the emulator does not have to recompile it again. This type of emulator is much faster than the interpreter. Another type is the hypervisor, which only makes slight modifications to the foreign code, and runs it directly on the host processor. The hypervisor requires that the guest (foreign) and host systems use the same type of CPU.

Software
Computer science
ReactOS is a project to develop an operating system that is compatible with software for Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and its successors. In 2018, the project is still in its first stage of development. ReactOS is not based on Linux or Unix. ReactOS uses some code from the Wine project.

Other websites 
 ReactOS official website
 
 
 ReactOS Google+ page
 ReactOS SourceForge page
 
 ReactOS VKontakte page 
 

Operating systems
MenuetOS (also known as MeOS) is an operating system for architecture computers for x86 and x86-64 processors, by Ville Mikael Turjanmaa.  It is a very small system, which can be run from a floppy disk.  It is written in only assembly code, and works fast because of these differences and because it has less "code overhead".
It is available in English, Russian, Czech, Serbian, and Chinese.

Operating systems
SkyOS is a privately owned operating system currently in production. SkyOS is mostly POSIX-compliant. It comes with the core of the open source GNU tools, including GCC.

Due to its level of POSIX-compliance and port of the GTK+ widget toolkit, many Linux or other UNIX applications have been ported, including AbiWord and Gaim, as well as a few games, such as Quake.

It was made by Robert Szeleney.

Other websites 
 SkyOs official website 

Operating systems
Jodie Foster (born Alicia Christian Foster; November 19, 1962) is an American actress, movie director and producer. She has starred in many movies like Bugsy Malone, Taxi Driver, The Silence of the Lambs and Panic Room. She has won many awards including two Oscars. 

Foster began directing movies in 1991. These include Little Man Tate; Home for the Holidays  and The Beaver.

Foster is openly lesbian and is married to photographer Alexandra Hedison. Hedison is the daughter of actor David Hedison.

Movie work
1976: Taxi Driver as Iris Steensma
1976: Bugsy Malone as Tallulah
1988: The Accused as Sarah Tobias
1991: The Silence of the Lambs as Clarice Starling
1997: Contact as Dr. Ellie Arroway
2002: Panic Room as Meg Altman
2021: The Mauritanian as Nancy Hollander

References

Other websites
Other websites

1962 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Lesbians
LGBT actors
LGBT directors
LGBT people from Los Angeles
LGBT producers
Movie directors from Los Angeles
Movie producers from Los Angeles
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
The President of the French Republic is the head of state of France. The current President is Emmanuel Macron since 14 May 2017 defeating Marine Le Pen in the second round of the presidential election on 7 May 2017.

List of French presidents (Fifth Republic)

Living former presidents of France
There are two living former French presidents:

Notes

References

Other websites
Official Website

 
Princes of Andorra
The word Context have a couple of meanings:

 Context (language): the text in which a word or passage appears and which affects its meaning; also the words and social setting which surrounds a spoken word or passage.

 ConTeXt, a macro package for the TeX typesetting system
 ConTEXT, a Windows text editor
 Context (computing), the virtual environment required to suspend a running software program
 Archaeological context, an event in time which has been preserved in the archaeological record
 the Context Science Fiction Convention, held every fall in Columbus, Ohio

Context may also be used for:
Context analysis, analysis of the environment in which a business operates
 Context awareness, ability for computers to adjust to the natural environment
 Context menu, usability improvement based on context awareness
 Context mixing, a type of data compression algorithm
 Context principle, philosophy of language
 Context Sensitive Solutions, transportation
 Context theory, theory of how environmental design and planning of new development should relate to its context
 Contextualization, a translation approach that is not literal; predominately used in regards to Bible translations
 Trama (context or flesh), the mass of non-hymenial tissues that composes the mass of a fungal fruiting body
 Low context culture
 High context culture

Related pages
 Locality (disambiguation)
 State (disambiguation)
 Natural environment
 Causality
 Context free
 Context-sensitive
 Opaque context
Orthodoxy means right belief or purity of faith. Orthodoxy is established by an absolute authority. 

The term "orthodoxy" or "orthodox" is typically used to label or identify a specific kind of theology and doctrine of religion.

Orthodoxy or "correct" belief is not subjective.

References

Related pages 
 Orthodox Judaism
 Eastern Orthodoxy
 Oriental Orthodoxy

Other websites
 History of Orthodox Christianity 
 Orthodox Christian Information Center

Theology
Christian terminology
Corn Pops is a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg's. It was originally called Sugar Pops in 1951, and then changed Sugar Corn Pops, and then to "Corn Pops" and in January of 2006 the name of the cereal was changed to Pops, only to be changed back to Corn Pops several months later. In the middle of 2007, Corn Pops made a new kind of cereal called "Peanut Butter Pops".

Canadian variant
 Canadian Corn Pops are round, while the American Corn Pops are flat and longer.
 Canadian and American Corn Pops taste very different; it has been suggested that the American type is sweeter. They also have a different texture. Canadian Corn Pops are closer to Kix cereal.
 Canadian and American Corn Pops contain no trans-fat.

Taglines 
 Sugar Corn Pops Are Tops! (pre-1980s)
 Gotta get... POPS! (1981 - 1988)
 Gotta have my pops. (1988 - 2000)
 It's hard to stop when it's pops. (1995 - 1999)

References

Other websites 
 Kellogg's

Breakfast cereals
Końskowola   is a village in Southeastern Poland. It is the capital of a separate commune within Puławy County and the Lublin Voivodeship. It has 2,188 inhabitants (as of 2004).

History 
The town was established on June 8, 1532. Końskowola served as a center of the foodstuffs trade for the surrounding area. Several textile production factories were also located there. 
During World War II, on September 15, 1939, Końskowola was taken by German troops and occupied. During the course of WWII, the Germans set up a POW camp and camps for slave labor in the town. The POW camp was soon stopped, but a labor camp continued in operation through 1943.
A ghetto was established in the town, to which many groups of Jews were relocated, including Jews from Slovakia. On May 8, 1942, the Nazis conducted an Aktion in which many Jews were rounded up and transported to a death camp. In October 1942, the ghetto's population was killed in a massacre carried out by German troops. Some 800-1000 Jews, among them women and children, were taken to a nearby forest and killed. The ghetto's remaining inhabitants were moved to another camp.

With the approach of Soviet Union forces in the summer of 1944, the Germans had plans to burn the town. On July 25, 1944, the German occupation forces were attacked by fighters of the Polish resistance. The town was soon freed from the Germans.

Villages in Lublin Voivodeship
Erich Maria Remarque (22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was the pseudonym of Erich Paul Remark, a German author.

Life 
Erich Paul Remark was born in Osnabrück.  His parents were of the working-class. The family was Roman Catholic. When he was eighteen, he had to go to war. The Army sent him the front lines of World War I. He was wounded there, by stray shell fragments. After the war, he changed his last name to Remarque. This had been the family-name until his grandfather's time. He worked at a number of different jobs. He also took the jobs of librarian, businessman, teacher, journalist and editor, at some time.
In 1929, Remarque published his most famous work, All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues) under the name Erich Maria Remarque. He Changed his middle name to honour his mother. The novel described the utter cruelty of the war from the perspective of a twenty-year-old soldier. A number of similar works followed; in simple, emotive language they realistically described wartime and the postwar years. An opposite view is found in Storm of Steel (In Stahlgewittern) by Ernst Jünger.
In 1933, the Nazis banned and burned Remarque's works. They made propaganda materials. In the materials, they said that he was a descendant of French Jews and that his real last name was Kramer, his original name spelled backwards. This is still listed in some biographies despite the complete lack of proof. He had been living in Switzerland since 1931, and in 1939 he emigrated to the United States of America with his first wife, Ilsa Jeanne Zamboui, whom he married and divorced twice, and they became naturalized citizens of the United States in 1947. In 1948 he went to Switzerland, where he spent the rest of his life. He married the Hollywood actress Paulette Goddard in 1958. He was married to her until his death in 1970, at age 72.  He is buried in the Ronco cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland. Goddard is also buried there. Goddard left  $20m to New York University to fund an institute for European study which is named after Remarque.

Awards
Awards 

 In 1967, he was awarded the Great Cross of Merit (which is a class of the Bundesverdienstkreuz.  The Bundesverdienstkreuz is the only Order of Merit that Germany currently awards.)
 In 1991, the city of Osnabrück, where he was born, instituted the Erich-Maria-Remarque-Friedenspreis (Peace Prize named after Erich Maria Remarque); It is awarded in the week of his birthday, in the city hall.
 Tony Judt, a historian, founded the Erich-Maria-Remarque institute at the University of New York, in 1995.
Work 
 Die Traumbude (1920) Debut novel
 Im Westen nichts Neues (1929), (All Quiet on the Western Front), its film adaptation 
 Der Weg zurück (1931), (The Road Back)
 Drei Kameraden (1937), (Three Comrades), its film adaptation
 Liebe deinen Nächsten (1941), (Flotsam)
 Arc de Triomphe (1946), (Arch of Triumph), its film adaptations Arch of Triumph (1948 film) and Arch of Triumph (1985 film)
 Der Funke Leben (1952), (The Spark of Life)
 Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben (1954), (A Time to Love and a Time to Die )
 Der schwarze Obelisk (1956), (The Black Obelisk)
 Die letzte Station (1956, play), (Full Circle)
 Der Himmel kennt keine Günstlinge (1961), (Heaven Has No Favorites), its film adaptation Bobby Deerfield
 Die Nacht von Lissabon (1963), (The Night in Lisbon)
 Schatten im Paradies (published posthumously, 1971), (Shadows in Paradise)

His books have been translated into at least 58 languages.
References 
 Mariana Parvanova, "... das Symbol der Ewigkeit ist der Kreis." Eine Untersuchung der Motive in den Romanen von Erich Maria Remarque. Tenea, Berlin,  (in German)

Other websites 
 Slovak website about Erich Maria Remarque 
 picture tomb at Ronco

1898 births
1970 deaths
German Roman Catholics
Writers from Lower Saxony
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Pen names
People from Osnabrück
Bellinzona ([] in French Bellinzone [] and Bilitio [] in Latin) is the capital of the Swiss Canton of Ticino. Its German name Bellenz [] is no longer in use. With about 17.300 people living there, it is the second biggest city of the canton (after Lugano, with about 52.000 people).

On 2 April 2017 the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

References

Other websites 

 Bellinzona official website 
Rabadan carnival
UNESCO
On July 30, 1980, Richard suffered a stroke and collapsed while playing catch before a game. He was sent to Methodist Hospital in Houston, Texas and had emergency surgery. The surgery removed a dangerous blood clot in his neck. The next year, Richard tried to make a comeback into baseball, but the stroke had slowed down his reaction time and vision. He then spent the next few seasons in minor league baseball. He was later released by the Astros on April 27, 1984. After baseball, Richard was involved in business. He had a few bad business deals and went through two divorces. This left him homeless in 1994. He then found help in a local church, and then became a minister and baseball instructor for young people in Houston.

Richard died on August 4, 2021 at a hospital in Houston, aged 71. The cause of death was problems caused by COVID-19.

References

Other websites

Retrosheet: J. R. Richard
1950 births
2021 deaths
American baseball players
Houston Astros players
Sportspeople from Louisiana
National League All-Stars
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Conrad "Cronos" Lant (born 15 January 1963) is the vocalist and bass player in black metal band Venom. He was born in 1963 in London, England.

History 
Cronos started to sing in 1978 in the band Guillotine. Then he knew Jeffrey "Mantas" Dunn and they founded Venom.

In 1989 Cronos left the band to start a solo work. Venom could not go on without him and they stopped singing in 1993. Then Cronos returned in 1995 and rejoined the band.

Other websites 
 Official Venom Website

Venom (band)
1963 births
Living people
County Wicklow (Irish: Contae Chill Mhantáin) is a county on the east coast of Ireland. It is directly south of Dublin. County Wicklow has an area of 2,024 square kilometres (781 sq mi). Wicklow is known as "The Garden of Ireland" because of its scenery.

The county town is Wicklow. County Wicklow's largest municipality is Bray. Bray has a population of 30,951 and is not a suburb of Dublin. Other main towns include Greystones and Arklow.

Other websites 
Wicklow County Council
Map of Wicklow
Wicklow News 
Pictures of County Wicklow, Irelandscape
Lusaka is the capital of Zambia. It is also the largest city in that country. It is in south central Zambia on a plateau at 1300 m (4265 ft) in altitude. Lusaka has 1,084,703 people living in it.

References

National capitals in Africa
Cities in Zambia
Lusaka Province
A shield is the name used to refer to any object or force used to block something.

History 
The oldest shield known was a device used to block hand weapons and arrows. The shield has been constructed differently over time, even animal hides were used, and the size and weight were largely different as well.

Middle Ages 

In the Middle Ages, Kite shields were commonly used. The Kite shield is a shield in the form of a kite. Because of the lack of mobility due of the kite shields' weight, kite shields were given up for more mobility and two handed weapons. The Buckler was a shield with a round shape. It was commonly used as a replacement for the heavy Kite shields.

Modern Shields 

Shields were used even after gunpowder weapons. the shield is still used by police and army forces today. Many shields now in days are usually made from advanced material, as well as electronics. Shields also vary from not only hand helds, but clothing, such as vests and, in a way, boots and gloves.
Future 
The future of shields have varied from multiple ideas and fiction, usually force fields and energy shields.

Armour
A kite shield is a Middle Age shield in the shape of a kite. The kite shield was used by many knights and people for protection, but was given up for two-handed weapons and more mobility.
The efficiency of the kite shields shields shape came into action when cavalry combat occurred, useful to protect most of the body from the shoulders down to the feet, giving the knight more options in combat.

Armour
Gerbilling is an urban legend.  This means it a story that is not true.  It is the act of placing a gerbil into the human rectum for sexual pleasure.  Other small live animals (usually gerbils but also mice, hamsters, rats and various other rodents) are used.

Folklorist Jan Harold Brunvand writes that the urban legend began in 1984.  It involved a mouse and an unidentified gay man. In passing years this story changes into a gerbil, and was made to involve to many named male celebrities that were publicly thought to be gay. Rumors about various male celebrities engaging in gerbilling have become popular urban legends over the years.
In Poland, World War II historian Marek Jan Chodakiewicz lectured on gerbilling at the Institute of National Remembrance's educational center, describing that his ex-girlfriend Debbie, a registered nurse, extracted a fat-smeared hamster from the rectum of a gay man in 1984. Polish media stated that the hamster story is a well known urban legend, so well known that it has a Wikipedia page.

References

Folklore