Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Amish friendship bread is a type of bread or cake made from a sourdough starter that is often shared in a manner similar to a chain letter.  The starter is a replacement for baking yeast. It can be used to make many kinds of yeast-based breads, shared with friends, or frozen for future use.  The sweet, cake-like Amish cinnamon bread is a common bread that is made from this starter. It is a simple, stirred quickbread. It includes a large amount of sugar and vegetable oil, with a mild cinnamon flavor.  It has characteristics of both pound cake and coffee cake. The flavor of the finished product can be changed by not using cinnamon.

A common recipe using this starter uses one cup (240 ml) of it to make bread. A second cup is saved to start a new cycle. The remaining two cups are given to friends.  The process of sharing the starter makes it somewhat like a chain letter.  One cup of starter makes one standard loaf of bread.

It can also be called German friendship cake, or "Herman" the German friendship cake.
The starter mix can be made from a recipe of flour, water and yeast. One cup of the mixture is then passed to other people who get instructions on how to keep it alive, usually just saying to give it more ingredients as time passes.

References

Sweet breads
is an old province of Japan in the area of Tochigi Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called  or . 

The ancient capital city of the province was near Tochigi.

Tokugawa Ieyasu's tomb and shrine is at Nikkō, in Shimotsuke.

History

In the Nara period, Shimotsuke was part of Keno Province.  This was changed in the reforms of the Taihō Code in 701.

Parts of Shimotsuke were held by a several daimyo during the Sengoku period.

Timeline
 1150 (Kyūan 6, 12th month): Minamoto-no Yoshikane, the head of the Ashikaga clan, was established in Shimotsuke Province.

 1627 (Kan'ei 4): Inaba Masanari took control of Mōka Domain in Shimotsuke.

 1672 (Kanbun 12): Itakura Shigenori was given the fief of Kasuyama Domain in Shimotsuke.
1725 (Kyōhō 10): A cadet branch of the Ōkubo clan was established in Karasuyama Domain in Shimotsuke, where they stayed until the Meiji Restoration.
 
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Shimotsuke Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Futarasan jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Shimotsuke.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Tochigi Prefecture
, also known as Kenu, was a very old province of Japan before the Nara period. Keno was in the area of Tochigi Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture.

History
Kōzuke Province and Shimotsuke Province were known as Keno before the reforms of the Taihō Code in the early 8th century.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 
  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Gunma Prefecture
Tochigi Prefecture
is an old province in the area of Nagano Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  The history of the province started in 721 and ended in 731.

History
Suwa Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō. 

According to Shoku Nihongi, Suwa only lasted for ten years after it was established in 721.

Gallery

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Nagano Prefecture
is an old province of Japan in the area of Akita Prefecture on the island of Honshū. and some parts of Yamagata Prefecture.  Along with Uzen Province, it was sometimes called .  The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

History

During the Edo period and early Meiji period, the Satake clan were daimyo in the area. 
 
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Ugo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Akita Prefecture
Yamagata Prefecture
is an old province of Japan in the area of Yamagata Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Ugo Province, it was sometimes called .  The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

History

During the Edo period and early Meiji period, the Uesugi clan were daimyo in the area. 

Copper coins were minted in the province in 1861-1863 (Bunkyu 1-3).

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Unzen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

Notes

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Yamagata Prefecture
was an old province in the area of Iwate and Akita prefectures on the island of Honshū.  Along with Rikuzen Province and Mutsu Province, it was sometimes called . The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

History
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Rikuchū Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Gallery

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Sanriku

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Akita Prefecture
Iwate Prefecture
is a region of Japan.  It is on the northeastern side of the island of Honshu.  Sanriku combines the area of Aomori, Iwate and parts of Miyagi Prefecture. It was sometimes called .

Sanriku has an irregular coastline with 36 small bays.  Each bay focuses impact power of ocean waves.  This was shown by the damage caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

History
In 1869, the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa were divided. 

Mutsu was split into new five provinces: Rikuōku, Rikuchū, Rikuzen, Iwashiro and Iwaki.  The first three of these collectively known as the "Three Riku", or Sanriku. 

The new provinces were abolished in July 1871; however, the regional name is still in use as the Sanriku Coast from Aomori to the Oshika Peninsula in Miyagi.

Notes

Regions of Japan
Zork: The Great Underground Empire - Part I, also known as Zork I, is an interactive fiction video game written by Marc Blank, Dave Lebling, Bruce Daniels and Tim Anderson and published by Infocom in 1980. It was the first game in the popular Zork trilogy and was released for a wide range of computer systems, followed by Zork II and Zork III. It was Infocom's first game, and sold more than 400,000 copies.

Plot
The player steps into the role of an "adventurer". The game begins near a white house in a small, self-contained area. Although the player is not given any instructions, the house is point of interest.
When the player enters the house through a window, it yields a number of interesting objects: an ancient brass lantern, an empty trophy case, an intricately engraved sword, etc. Beneath a rug a trap door leads down into a dark cellar. But what appears the cellar is actually one of several entrances to an underground area—the Great Underground Empire. The player soon encounters dangerous creatures, including deadly grues, an axe-wielding troll, a giant cyclops and a nimble-fingered thief. 

The goal of Zork I is to collect the Twenty Treasures of Zork and place them in the trophy case. Finding the treasures requires solving a variety of puzzles such as the navigation of two difficult mazes and some precise controls at Flood Control Dam #3.
Placing all of the treasures into the trophy case scores the player 350 points and grants the rank of "Master Adventurer." An ancient map with further instructions then appears in the trophy case. These instructions provide access to a stone barrow. The entrance to the barrow is the end of Zork I and the beginning of Zork II.

It is possible to score all 350 points in 223 moves (and win the game completely in 228 moves) by exploiting a bug.

Notes

Other websites 
 View Zork 1 packaging  and Play Zork 1  online at the Gallery of Zork.
 Play Zork I: The Great Underground Empire online at iFiction.org
 Infocom-if.org's entry for Zork I
 
 Zork I Technical Info and Screenshot
 Zork I information and overview 
 The Infocom Bugs List entry for Zork I
 Zork 1 Walkthroughs

Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Atari video games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Infocom
MSX games
NEC PC-9801 games
PlayStation games
Sega Saturn games
Zork
Zork II: The Wizard of Frobozz is an interactive fiction video game published by Infocom in 1981. It was written by Marc Blank, Dave Lebling, Bruce Daniels and Tim Anderson. It was the second game in the popular Zork trilogy. It begins where Zork I left off and leads into Zork III. It is Infocom's second game.

Plot
The player starts in the Barrow from Zork I armed only with the brass lantern and the elvish sword.  The purpose of the game is not initially clear.

The Wizard of Frobozz is soon introduced.  The wizard was once a good sorcerer, but when his powers began to go away he was exiled by Lord Dimwit Flathead. Now bordering on insanity, the wizard is a force to be reckoned with. Your goal, as you venture into the wizard's area, is to avoid his tricks and learn to control his magic.
Like its predecessor, Zork II is essentially a treasure hunt.  Unlike the previous game, the ten treasures are tied together by a crude plot.  Finding the treasures does not end the game, and finding all the treasures is not needed to finish the game. Instead, the adventurer must figure out a way to use the treasures in order to reach the game's finale.

Other websites 
 View Zork II packaging  and Play Zork II  online at the Gallery of Zork.

Zork II information and overview 
Scans of the Zork II package, documentation and feelies
Infocom-if.org's entry for Zork II
The Infocom Bugs List entry for Zork II
The Dot Eaters page  featuring a history of the Zork games and Infocom
 Play Zork II online at iFiction.org

Infocom
1981 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Atari video games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
MSX games
Zork
The nature versus nurture debate is about the causes of differences between people. The phrase 'nature versus nurture' was suggested by the Victorian polymath Francis Galton. He was influenced by Darwin's On the Origin of Species. He investigated the influence of heredity and environment on social advancement.

Galton did not oppose nature to nurture as two alternatives. The phrase 'nature vs nurture' has been criticized for its over-simplification. Almost all writers have realised that both play a part in our make-up. Both nature and nurture play interacting roles in development, and many modern psychologists and anthropologists think the contrast is too simple.

References 

Classical genetics
Statistics
Phrases
Ramin Djawadi (born July 19, 1974) is a German-Iranian composer of orchestral music for movies and television. He was born in Duisburg, Germany to an Iranian father and German mother. Djawadi may be best known for his Grammy-nominated, guitar-driven score for Iron Man and for the TV series Prison Break, Game of Thrones and Person of Interest.

Biography
After graduating summa cum laude from Berklee College of Music in 1998, Djawadi got the attention of Hans Zimmer. Zimmer recruited him to Remote Control Productions.  Djawadi moved to Los Angeles and worked as an assistant to Klaus Badelt. He wrote additional music on The Time Machine, Basic, The Recruit and the blockbuster Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. He then worked with Zimmer on the score for Thunderbirds, Something's Gotta Give (movieething's Gotta Give and Batman Begins.
Djawadi then went out on his own with Blade: Trinity, collaborating with The RZA for director David Goyer. This was the beginning of his relationship with Goyer for both movies and television. Djawadi wrote the score for Goyer's horror thriller The Unborn, which was produced by Michael Bay. he also worked with Goyer on the television series FlashForward. This earned him his second Emmy nomination. Djawadi also composed the Emmy-nominated theme music for Prison Break and the theme for the related show Breakout Kings. Djawadi's score for the movie Mr. Brooks earned him a World Soundtrack Awards “Discovery of the Year” nomination.  His other scores include Deception, starring Hugh Jackman and Ewan McGregor, and Robert Towne's Ask the Dust.
Djawadi scored the first Sony Animation project, Open Season as well as the sequel Open Season 2.  Other animation scores include The Chubbchubbs Save Xmas. Djawadi's work in these movies got him noticed by the filmmakers of the Belgium-based NWave. They created one of the first animated movies in 3D, Fly Me to the Moon.  Djawadi finished Warner Brothers' Clash of the Titans in 2010.  Djawadi also scored the soundtrack for the 2010 video game Medal of Honor and HBO's fantasy drama Game of Thrones.

He is currently composing the music for the new J.J. Abrams TV series, Person of Interest.

His usual orchestrators are Stephen Coleman and Tony Blondal

Influences
Djawadi stated composers like Danny Elfman and Hans Zimmer as influences.

References

Other websites

1974 births
Living people
20th-century German composers
Movie score composers
People from Duisburg
21st-century German composers
Feminazi is a word used to criticize the feminist movement or its members. The name was created by American talk-show hosts Bob Black and Rush Limbaugh. Black wrote an essay in 1983 called "Feminism as Fascism".

Related pages
 Nazism
 Sexism
 A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

References

Other websites 

 Online dictionary 

Political philosophy
Antifeminism
Pejoratives
Jessica-Jane Clement (born 24 February 1985) is a British glamour model, actress and television presenter. She was born and raised in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. She is best known for her role in The Real Hustle on BBC Three. She was a contestant in the 2011 series of I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!.

Other websites 

Official website

1985 births
Living people
Actors from Yorkshire
English models
English movie actors
English television actors
English television presenters
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! contestants
Entertainers from Sheffield
Television personalities from Yorkshire
Charlotte Church (born Charlotte Maria Reed, 21 February 1986) is a Welsh singer-songwriter, actress and television presenter. She changed her surname when she was adopted by her stepfather. She sings classical music and pop music.  She hosted a Channel 4 chat show titled The Charlotte Church Show. She has two children by rugby player Gavin Henson.

By 2007, she had sold more than ten million records worldwide including over five million in the United States. In 2010 she was reported to be worth as much as £11m (though one 2003 report quoted her worth at £25m). Church released her first album in five years, titled Back to Scratch, on 17 October 2010. Church has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.

Discography
Studio albums
 Voice of an Angel (1998)
 Charlotte Church (1999)
 Dream a Dream (2000)
 Enchantment (2001)

References

Other websites

Official website
Official website 

1986 births
Living people
British adoptees
British television talk show hosts
British classical musicians
Musicians from Cardiff
Welsh movie actors
Welsh pop singers
Welsh singer-songwriters
Welsh television actors
Bako Sahakyan (, sometimes transcribed as Bako Sahakian or Saakian, born August 30, 1960) is the fourth president of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. He replaced Arkadi Ghukasyan, who held the presidential post for two five-year terms.

Biography
Sahakyan was born in Stepanakert, NKAO, Azerbaijan SSR in 1960. After serving in the Soviet army, he worked for nine years in a Stepanakert factory. In 1990, he joined the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army, of which he became a deputy commander. In 1999, he was named interior minister of Nagorno-Karabakh. He also led the Nagorno-Karabakh security service from 2001 to June 2007.

Bako Sahakyan is married and has two children.

References

Other websites 
 Official website of the President of the Nagorno Karabagh Republic
High turnout in Nagorno-Karabakh

1960 births
Living people
Armenian politicians
Presidents (government)
Arkadi Ghukasyan () was the third President of the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. He was elected as the President on September 8, 1997 and re-elected in 2002, until his term ended on July 19, 2007 and was succeeded by Bako Sahakyan.

Born in Stepanakert, in the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Republic of the Azerbaijan SSR on June 22, 1957, he graduated in 1979 from Yerevan State University with a degree in linguistics. He started his working career as a correspondent for "Soviet Karabagh" newspaper, becoming its Deputy Editor-in-Chief in 1981.

In 1991 Ghukasyan was elected to the first Parliament of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. 

Ghukasyan has been a member of Nagorno-Karabagk's Security Council since 1993. On July 23, 1993 he became the first Foreign Minister of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

He survived an assassination attempt in 2000.

References

Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh

Other websites
 Official website (in Russian and Armenian)
1957 births
Living people
Armenian politicians
Presidents (government)
Nina Dobrev (born on January 9, 1989 in Sofia, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian-Canadian actress. She is best known for playing the role of Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce on the dramatic television series, The Vampire Diaries.

Biography 
Nina Dobrev was born on January 9, 1989 in Sofia, Bulgaria to Bulgarian parents. her father is a computer scientist, and her mother is an artist. Her family moved to Canada when she was two years old. She was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Was 20 years old when she started her first show

References

Other websites

 

Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
Actors from Sofia
1989 births
Living people
Canadian voice actors
Pharmaceutical chemistry  or medicinal chemistry is a discipline of chemistry and pharmacology. Medicinal chemistry is interested in finding out about the chemical properties drugs have, and about the synthesis and production of drugs. In general, medicinal chemistry is seen as a specialization of organic chemistry.

Constantin Zwenger (1814-1885) was the person who founded the field of pharmaceutical chemistry. 

Branches of chemistry
Relativism is the idea that points of view have no absolute truth or validity. They only have relative, subjective value according to viewpoint and circumstances.

Common statements that might be considered relativistic include:
 "That's true for you but not for me."
 "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder."
 "You can't judge other cultures by the standards of your own."

There are many forms of relativism.
The term often refers to truth relativism, which is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths, i.e., that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture (cultural relativism).

As moral relativism, moral principles apply only in a limited context. In context, principles and ethics do hold; out of context they do not.

There are similar ideas in nihilism, scepticism and amoralism.

Various applications 
People who agreed with the idea of relativism include Paul Feyerabend, Isaiah Berlin and Richard Rorty.
The Roman Catholic Church, especially under John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, has identified relativism as one of the most significant problems for faith and morals today.

The Church and some philosophers define relativism as the denial of absolute truth. They say that without absolute truth, there can be no moral values. If there are no moral values, there might not be sin, and God may not exist. In their view, relativism constitutes a denial of the capacity of the human mind and reason to arrive at truth. Truth, according to Catholic theologians and philosophers (following Aristotle and Plato) consists of adequatio rei et intellectus, the correspondence of the mind and reality. Another way of putting it states that the mind has the same form as reality. This means when the form of the computer in front of someone (the type, color, shape, capacity, etc.) is also the form that is in their mind, then what they know is true because their mind corresponds to objective reality.
The denial of an absolute reference, of an axis mundi, denies God, who equates to Absolute Truth, according to these Christian philosophers. They link relativism to secularism, an obstruction of religion in human life.

Pope Leo XIII (1810–1903) was the first known Pope to use the word relativism in the encyclical Humanum Genus (1884). Leo XIII condemned Freemasonry and claimed that its philosophical and political system was largely based on relativism.

References

 

Philosophical movements and positions
Federica De Bortoli (born November 9, 1976 in Rome) is an Italian voice actress. She voices characters in anime, cartoons and movies.

De Bortoli provides the voice of the character Bella Swan in the Italian language version of the Twilight movie series.

She works at LaBibi.it, Dubbing Brothers, Sefit - CDC, and other dubbing studios in Italy.

Voice work
 Suki in Avatar: The Last Airbender
 Nene Romanova in Bubblegum Crisis
 Roberta Tubbs in The Cleveland Show
 Tails in Sonic X
 Padmé Amidala in Star Wars: Clone Wars
 Diana in Pokémon 4Ever

Other websites

Behind the Voice Actors

Living people
Italian voice actors
1976 births
Cheese analogue cost less to make than real cheese. By carefully choosing the ingredients in the analogue, other characteristics such as the melting temperature and the taste can be changed. Flavour enhancers can be added to make the product taste similar to  Parmesan, feta or Camembert cheese, for example. Food coloring is used to match the color of a cheese product. Real cheese undergoes a ripening process, cheese analogues do not have this: Usually, vegetable oil is heated, and mixed with a premade powder and water. Flavour enhancers are added. After cooling, the product is ready for packaging. 

In Europe, cheese analogue is used for gastronomy and in bakeries; In the United States, it is marketed as a replacement for real cheese. The arguments used cater to people who do not want to use real cheese for personal reasons, or that cannot use it for health reasons. 

Cheese
Perla Liberatori (born November 10, 1981 in Rome) is an Italian voice actress. She voices characters in anime, cartoons and movies.

Liberatori is well known for providing the voice of both Stella and Chatta in the fantasy animated series Winx Club.She also voices Celia Hills in the Italian language version Inazuma Eleven anime series. 

She is married to voice actor Gianluca Crisafi. Liberatori is also well known for dubbing over many actresses.

Voice work
Anime and animation
 Stella, Chatta, and Zing in Winx Club
 Bubbles in The Powerpuff Girls
 Bubbles in The Powerpuff Girls Movie
 Bubbles in Powerpuff Girls Z
 Sarah in Ed, Edd n Eddy and Ed, Edd n Eddy's Big Picture Show
 Melody (speaking voice) in The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea
 Andrina in The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning
 Senior Witch in Kiki's Delivery Service
 Sophie Casterwill in Huntik: Secrets & Seekers
 Jinx (1st voice) in Teen Titans
 Yumi Yoshimura in Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi
 Iridessa in Tinker Bell
 Iridessa in Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure
 Celia Hills in Inazuma Eleven
 Milly Thompson in Trigun
 Ferro in Gunslinger Girl
 Karin Hanazono in Kamichama Karin
 Kaname Chidori in Full Metal Panic! and Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu
 Courtney Martin in Glenn Martin, DDS
 Yuki Nagato in The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya
 Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black in Pretty Cure
 Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black in Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart
 Nagisa Misumi/Cure Black in Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart: The Movie
Mindy in The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie
 Morgan le Fay in Ah! My Goddess: The Movie
Live action shows and movies
 Lizzie McGuire in Lizzie McGuire and The Lizzie McGuire Movie
 Olivia Kendall (2nd voice) in The Cosby Show
 Griet in Girl with a Pearl Earring
 Charisse Dolittle in Dr. Dolittle
 Molly Pruitt in Home Alone 3
 Lindsay Gardner in The O.C.
 Paris Geller (2nd voice) and Janet Billing in Gilmore Girls

References

Other websites

Child actors
Living people
Italian voice actors
1981 births
is an old province of Japan in the area of Miyagi Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Rikuchū and Mutsu Provinces, it was sometimes called .  The history of the province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

History

in 1868, Rikuaen was separated from Mutsu.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Rikuzen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Sanriku

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Iwate Prefecture
Miyagi Prefecture
Danger (also risk or peril) is the possibility of something bad happening. A situation in which there is a risk of something bad happening, is called dangerous, risky or perilous.

People often take risks, or do things that might hurt them. An example of this is crossing the road without looking carefully. There is a risk that you might get hit by a car.  

Anything that involves a risk of injury or to health can be described as dangerous. Smoking is dangerous to health.  Being around some animals is dangerous because they might attack humans.

Measuring danger 
There are a few different ways that danger can be quantified - put into numbers.
Probability 
probability measures how dangerous something is.  It uses a math equation to find the risk that a certain event might happen.  In epidemiology, risk is defined as the number of events that did happen, divided by the number of events that could have happened. For example, if the risk of babies dying after birth in a population is reported as 1/1000, it means that out of every 1000 babies born, 1 is likely to die.

Risk and prevalence 
Prevalence is the number of people in a population that have a certain disease.

Risk is the number of new cases of disease, divided by the number of people who could get the disease.  For example, during an outbreak of the flu, risk would be the number of people who get the flu, divided by the number of people who were exposed to the flu virus.
Risk assessment 
A risk assessment is a list of things that could go wrong. In many Western countries, when teachers take children on an outing, they may have to fill in a risk assessment form which lists the possible dangers and says what they should do to stop bad things from happening (e.g. accidents or children getting lost).

Related pages 

Adventure
Threat
Safety

Epidemiology
Safety
Dangerous describes something that has danger. It can also mean:

Dangerous (Michael Jackson album)
"Dangerous" (Michael Jackson song)
"Dangerous" (Kardinal Offishall song)
A cadet is someone who is training to become an officer in the military, often a person who is a junior trainee. The term comes from the term "cadet" for younger sons of a noble family.

Military ranks
Cognitive dissonance is a concept in social psychology. It is the discomfort felt by a person who holds conflicting ideas, beliefs or values  at the same time. In this state, people may feel surprise, dread, guilt, anger, or embarrassment. Reacting to this unpleasant state, people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance. Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance was developed to predict and explain how people reacted to this situation.

Cognitive dissonance theory says that people have a bias to seek consonance between their expectations and reality. According to Festinger, people engage in a process he termed "dissonance reduction". This can be got in one of three ways: 
lowering the importance of one of the discordant factors, 
adding consonant elements, or 
changing one of the dissonant factors. This bias sheds light on otherwise puzzling, irrational, and even destructive behavior.
People in dissonance may change their feelings, thoughts or memories so they are less in conflict. However, often they do not, and instead set out to manipulate the social scene around them so that their embarrassment is less. For example, they may try to explain away the dissonance with a wider theory or they may intensify their efforts at persuasion and publicity so that others join them in their beliefs.

Case study 
Festinger's book When Prophecy Fails is the story of how a cult leader reacted when her prophecy of doom failed.

Festinger and his associates read an interesting item in their local newspaper: "Prophecy from planet Clarion call to city: flee that flood". The prophecy came from Dorothy Martin (1900–1992), a Chicago housewife who experimented with automatic writing. She had previously been involved with L. Ron Hubbard's Dianetics movement, and her cult incorporated ideas from what was to become Scientology.
The group of believers had taken steps which showed their commitment to the belief. They had left jobs, college, and spouses, and had given away money and possessions. They prepared for their departure on a flying saucer, which was to rescue the group of true believers. She claimed to have received a message from a fictional planet named Clarion. These messages revealed that the world would end in a great flood before dawn on December 21, 1954.

After the failure of the prediction, Dorothy Martin left Chicago after being threatened with arrest and involuntary commitment. She later founded the Association of Sananda and Sanat Kumara. Under the name 'Sister Thedra', she continued to practice channeling and to participate in contactee groups until her death in 1992. The Association is active to this day.
Sequence of events 
Festinger and his colleagues infiltrated Martin's group and reported the following sequence of events:
Before December 20. The group shuns publicity. Interviews are given only grudgingly. Access to her house is only for those who can convince the group that they are true believers. The group evolves a belief system—provided by the automatic writing from the planet Clarion—to explain the details of the cataclysm, the reason for its occurrence, and the manner in which the group would be saved from the disaster.
December 20. The group expects a visitor from outer space to call upon them at midnight and to escort them to a waiting spacecraft. As instructed, the group goes to great lengths to remove all metallic items from their persons. As midnight approaches, zippers, bra straps, and other objects are discarded. The group waits.
12:05 A.M., December 21. No visitor. Someone in the group notices that another clock in the room shows 11:55. The group agrees that it is not yet midnight.
12:10 A.M. The second clock strikes midnight. Still no visitor. The group sits in stunned silence. The cataclysm itself is no more than seven hours away.
4:00 A.M. The group has been sitting in stunned silence. A few attempts at finding explanations have failed. One member begins to cry.
4:45 A.M. Another message by automatic writing is sent to Martin. It states, in effect, that the God of Earth has decided to spare the planet from destruction. The cataclysm has been called off: "The little group, sitting all night long, had spread so much light that God had saved the world from destruction".
Afternoon, December 21. Newspapers are called; interviews are sought. In a reversal of its previous distaste for publicity, the group begins an urgent campaign to spread its message to as broad an audience as possible.
The experiences supported the idea that the group did have a bias to seek consonance between their expectations and reality. In fact, events had proved conclusively the falsehood of their ideas, but the group rearranged their explanations to give themselves the least psychological pain.

References 

Cognition
Lime is a general term for various naturally occurring minerals and materials derived from them in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium predominate.

These materials are used in large quantities as building and engineering materials (including limestone products, concrete, and mortar), and as chemical feedstocks, among other uses.  The rocks and minerals from which these materials are derived, primarily limestone and chalk, are composed primarily of calcium carbonate.    "Burning" (calcination) converts them into the highly caustic material quicklime (calcium oxide), and, through the addition of water, into the less caustic, but still strongly alkaline slaked lime (calcium hydroxide).

In general writing when the term is used in an agricultural context it probably refers to  Agricultural lime.  Otherwise it most commonly means slaked lime, as the more dangerous form is usually described more specifically as quicklime or burnt lime.

Minerals
Building materials
Permineralization is a process of fossilization in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms. 

Minerals in water fill the spaces inside organic tissue. The process gives a record of soft tissue as well as hard tissues. Fossils with permineralization are useful in studying internal structures, especially of plants.

Water from the ground, lakes, or oceans seeps into the pores of organic tissue and forms a crystal cast with deposited minerals. Crystals begin to form in the porous cell walls. This process continues on the inner surface of the walls until the central cavity of the cell, the lumen, is completely filled. The cell walls themselves remain intact surrounding the crystals. Permineralization is different from petrification in that the organic material is only filled with minerals and not completely replaced. Permineralization can occur in several ways:

Types

Silicification 
Silicification is the most common type of permineralization.

Carbonate mineralization
Carbonate mineralization occurs as coal balls. Coal balls are fossilizations of plants and their tissues, usually made when there is seawater or acidic peat.  This type of fossilization gives information about plant life in the Upper Carboniferous (325 to 280 million years ago).

Pyritization 
Organisms are pyritized when they are in marine sediments saturated with iron sulfides.

References

Fossils
Paleontology
MTR Corporation Limited is a public transport operator in Hong Kong.

References

Other websites
 MTR Corporate Website
Press release on Wuhan (Adobe Systems Acrobat PDF format)
History and Development of the Company , EDGAR Online.
 Transport for London press release

MTR Properties and MTR Property Management
 Maritime Square Website
 Paradise Mall Website 
 Luk Yeung Galleria Website
 Telford Plaza Website
Residents Portal 

Documentary MTR Underground Iron - The Building of a Railway on YouTube
 Part 1
 Part 2
 Part 3
 Part 4
 Part 5

MTR
The Battle of Plassey  was a major battle that took place on 23 June 1757 at Palashi, Bengal. It was an important British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. It was part of the Third Carnatic War, and of the worldwide Seven Years' War in which France and its allies fought Britain and its allies. British victory let the British East India Company take control of the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent. In the next hundred years their area of control grew over the rest of India.

The battle took place at Plassey, Bengal on the river banks of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly River, a distributary of the Ganges. The fighting took place about  north of Calcutta. This was near Murshidabad which was the capital of Bengal at the time. Plassey is the anglicised version of Palashi. The battle was between Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company.

The Nawab of Bengal at the period was Siraj-ud-daulah. He:
Refused to grant the company concessions.
 Demanded large tributes for the company's rights.
 Denied rights to mint coins.
 Halted it from extending its fortifications.

The following reasons also led to immense anger to the Company causing it declare was over the Bengal Nawabs.

The battle took place after the attack and plunder of Calcutta by Siraj-ud-daulah and the Black Hole of Calcutta tragedy.
This is thought to be one of the most important battles for the control of the Indian subcontinent by the colonial powers. The British now had influence over the Nawab. They also got a lot of revenue from trade. The British used this revenue to increase their military power. They pushed the other European colonial powers such as the Dutch and the French out of South Asia. This was a sign of the expansion the British Empire in Asia.

As a reward for his treachery, Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal.  Former Nawab Mutsheed Kiki  Khan directed all landowners of Bangla, Bihar and odisa
a not to sell any plot of lands to British East India Company.

References 
 
Plassey
1757
18th century in the Kingdom of Great Britain
18th century in France
18th century in India
José Luis Álvarez Enparantza (27 September 1929 – 14 January 2012) was a Basque linguist, politician and writer. When writing he used the pseudonym Txillardegi. He was born in Donostia, which is called San Sebastian in Spanish. Even though he did not learn the Basque language until he was 17, he came to be seen as one of the most influential figures in Basque nationalism and culture in the second half of the 20th century.

Together with some friends he started ETA in 1959, and became responsible for their social and cultural activities. He also was a founding member of Herri Batasuna, the Basque nationalist party. As a linguist, he helped shape the structure and orthography of Standard Basque.

References

1929 births
2012 deaths
Linguists
Spanish politicians
Spanish writers
Henry Kenneth Alfred Russell (3 July 1927 – 27 November 2011) was a British director, screenwriter, producer and actor. He was born in Southampton, Hampshire. He directed Women in Love and The Devils. He was a Roman Catholic.

Russell was a housemate in Celebrity Big Brother 2007.

References

Other websites 

1927 births
2011 deaths
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English Roman Catholics
English screenwriters
English television actors
English television directors
English television producers
English television writers
People from Southampton
Writers from Hampshire
Arkady Ivani Ter-Tadevosyan (; ; May 22, 1939 – March 31, 2021) was an Armenian military leader of the Armenian forces during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. He is best known as the commander of the operation to capture the town of Shushi in May 1992.

He has the rank of major general in the Armenian Army. He attended a military academy in Saint Petersburg and served in the Soviet Army.

Yer-Tadevosyan died on March 31, 2021 in Yerevan at the age of 80.

References

More readings
 "Tadevosyan, Arkady" entry in the Encyclopedia of Karabakh Liberation War: 1988-1994. Yerevan, 2004.

1939 births
2021 deaths
Armenian generals
People from Tbilisi
Soviet military people
Armenian politicians
Republic of Artsakh
Sir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne CBE (5 April 1929 - 26 December 2001) was a British actor. He was born in Coventry, Warwickshire and raised in South Africa. He is best known for his role as Sir Humphrey Appleby in sitcom Yes Minister and its sequel Yes, Prime Minister. He played the title role as George III in The Madness of King George.

He was gay; his long-term partner, until his death, was screenwriter Trevor Bentham. Hawthorne had pancreatic cancer and died of a heart attack in Radwell, Hertfordshire.

Rest in Peace - Nigel Hawthorne - 5th April 1929-26th December 2001.

References

Other websites 

1929 births
2001 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Entertainers from Coventry
Gay men
LGBT actors
Sillod is a city in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is in the district of Aurangabad. As of the 2001 Indian census, Sillod had a population of 43,859.

References

Cities in Maharashtra
Eero Saarinen (August 20, 1910 – September 1, 1961) was a Finnish American architect and industrial designer of the 20th century. He was known for varying his style according to the demands of the project: simple, sweeping, arching structural curves or machine-like rationalism.

Biography
Eero Saarinen shared the same birthday as his father, Eliel Saarinen. Saarinen emigrated to the United States of America in 1923 at the age of thirteen. He grew up in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, where his father was a teacher at the Cranbrook Academy of Art. He took courses in sculpture and furniture design there. He had a close relationship with fellow students Charles and Ray Eames. He became good friends with Florence Knoll (née Schust).
Beginning in September 1929, he studied sculpture at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière in Paris, France. He then studied at the Yale School of Architecture until 1934. Later, he toured Europe and North Africa for a year and returned for a year to his native Finland. He returned to Cranbrook to work for his father and teach at the academy. He became a naturalized citizen of the U.S. in 1940. Saarinen was recruited by his friend, who was also an architect, to join the military service in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Saarinen was assigned to draw illustrations for bomb disassembly manuals and to provide designs for the Situation Room in the White House. Saarinen worked full time for the OSS until 1944. After his father's death in 1950, Saarinen founded his own architect's office, "Eero Saarinen and Associates".  Eero Saarinen died of a brain tumor in 1961 at the age of 51.
Personal life
He married the sculptor Lilian Swann Saarinen. They divorced in 1954. He had two children from his first marriage, Eric and Susan. Saarinen then married Aline Bernstein Louchheim (March 25, 1914 – July 13, 1972), an art critic at The New York Times. They had a son, Eames, named after his collaborator Charles Eames.

Work

Furniture
Saarinen first received critical recognition, while still working for his father, for a chair designed together with Charles Eames for the "Organic Design in Home Furnishings" competition in 1940, for which they received first prize. The "Tulip Chair", like all other Saarinen chairs, was taken into production by the Knoll furniture company, founded by Hans Knoll, who married Saarinen family friend Florence (Schust) Knoll.
During his long association with Knoll he designed many important pieces of furniture including the "Grasshopper" lounge chair and ottoman (1946), the "Womb" chair and ottoman (1948), the "Womb" settee (1950), side and arm chairs (1948–1950), and his most famous "Tulip" or "Pedestal" group (1956), which featured side and arm chairs, dining, coffee and side tables, as well as a stool. All of these designs were highly successful except for the "Grasshopper" lounge chair, which, although in production through 1965, was not a big success.

Buildings
One of Saarinen's earliest works to receive international acclaim is the Crow Island School in Winnetka, Illinois (1940).

While Saarinen was still working for his father, he took first prize in the 1948 competition for the design of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis. His arch not completed until the 1960s. The competition award was mistakenly sent to his father.
The first major work by Saarinen, in collaboration with his father, was the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, Michigan. It follows the rationalist design Miesian style: incorporating steel and glass, but with the added accent of panels in two shades of blue. The GM technical center was constructed in 1956, with Saarinen using models. These models allowed him to share his ideas with others, and gather input from other professionals. With the success of the scheme, Saarinen was then invited by other major American corporations to design their new headquarters: these included John Deere, IBM, and CBS. Despite their rationality, however, the interiors usually contained more dramatic sweeping staircases, as well as furniture designed by Saarinen, such as the Pedestal Series. In the 1950s he began to receive more commissions from American universities for campus designs and individual buildings; these include the Noyes dormitory at Vassar
. Saarinen designed an ice rink, Ingalls Rink, and Ezra Stiles College at Yale University.
Saarinen's architectural firm was called "Eero Saarinen and Associates". He was the principal partner from 1950 until his death in 1961. The firm was initially known as "Saarinen, Swansen and Associates", headed by Eliel Saarinen and Robert Swansen from the late 1930s until Eliel's death in 1950. The firm was located in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan until 1961 when the practice was moved to Hamden, Connecticut. Under Eero Saarinen, the firm carried out many of its most important works, including the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (Gateway Arch) in St. Louis, Missouri, the Miller House in Columbus, Indiana, the TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport that he worked on with Charles J. Parise, and the main terminal of Dulles International Airport near Washington, D.C.. Many of these projects use catenary curves in their structural designs. Saarinen designed one of the best-known thin-shell concrete structures in America, the Kresge Auditorium (MIT)
. Another thin-shell structure that he created is the Ingalls Rink (Yale University), which has suspension cables connected to a single concrete backbone and is nicknamed "the whale." He is known for the TWA Flight Center, which represents the culmination of his previous designs and demonstrates his expressionism and the technical marvel in concrete shells.
Eero worked with his father, mother and sister designing elements of the Cranbrook campus in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, including the Cranbrook School, Kingswood School, the Cranbrook Art Academy and the Cranbrook Science Institute. Eero's leaded glass designs are a prominent feature of these buildings throughout the campus. 
http://www.arkitekturanyc.com/cat3.htm 

Saarinen died while undergoing an operation for a brain tumor at the age of 51. His widow, Aline, died of the same disease. His partners, Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo, completed his ten remaining projects, including the St. Louis Arch. Afterwards, the name of the firm was changed to "Kevin Roche, John Dinkeloo, and Associates", or Roche-Dinkeloo.

Reputation
Eero Saarinen was elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1952. He is also a winner of the AIA Gold Medal.
Saarinen is now considered one of the masters of American 20th Century architecture. There has been more interest in Saarinen's work in recent years, including a major exhibition and several books. This is partly due to the Roche and Dinkeloo office having donated their Saarinen archives to Yale University, but also because Saarinen's work seems to fit in with present-day concerns about pluralism of styles. He was criticized in his own time—most vociferously by critic Vincent Scully—for having no identifiable style; one explanation for this is that Saarinen adapted his modernist vision to each individual client and project, which were never exactly the same.

Works