Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Groundskeeper Willie is a fictional character in the long-running cartoon show The Simpsons.

Role in The Simpsons 
Willie works at Springfield Elementary as the head janitor or groundskeeper. He is portrayed as an angry Scotsman. He shows some hate towards Principal Skinner and Bart Simpson. He lives in a shack in the grounds of Springfield Elementary.

The Simpsons characters
Animated human characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1991
In philosophy, dialectic is an argument or debate between different people. In Medieval Europe, dialectics (or logic) was one of the three beginning liberal arts all together known as the trivium; the other members were rhetorics and grammar.

The goal of the dialectical process (dialectic or dialectics) is to try to resolve the disagreement through rational talk, and the search for the truth in the matter.

Dialectics has three main ideas:
 1: Everything is made out of opposing forces/opposing sides.
 2: Gradual changes lead to turning points, where one force overcomes the other.
 3: Change moves in spirals not circles.

Related pages 
Text grammar
Discourse analysis
Dispute
Socratic method

References 

Philosophy
Hans Luther (10 March 1879 – 11 May 1962) was a German politician. He was a Chancellor of Germany. a law of July 1925 extended workmen's compensation coverage to all accidents from and to places of work, and vocational care was introduced that same month. In addition, a decree of May 1925 established compensation for occupational diseases.<ref>

Luther was born in Berlin and started in politics by becoming a town councillor in Magdeburg. From 1918 to 1922 he was mayor of Essen.

In 1922 he became government minister of food and agriculture, and in 1925 Minister of Finance.

From January 1925 to May 1926 he was Chancellor. During a brief period he was also acting President.

Luther ran the Reichsbank from 1930 to 1933 and later became ambassador to the United States from 1933 to 1937.

References
References

1879 births
1962 deaths
German bankers
Chancellors of the Weimar Republic
Ambassadors of Germany
German lawyers
German mayors (Weimar Republic)
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
Politicians from Berlin
Presidents of the Weimar Republic
A crossover is a term in music. It is when a piece of music appears on music charts for different types of music. For example, a song might be on music charts for both pop music and country music.

Music industry
Crossover may refer to:

 Crossover thrash
 Audio crossover
 Crossover SUV
The Council of Trent was the 19th Ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church. Important members of the Catholic Church met in Trento three times between 13 December 1545 and 4 December 1563, in reaction to the  Protestant Reformation. 

It reinforced Catholic doctrine regarding salvation, the sacraments, and the Biblical canon, answering all Protestant disputes.
The council often could not meet when they wanted to, and sometimes could not meet at all, because of resistance from the popes and revolt against the emperor.Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor wanted the council to meet, and Pope Paul III summoned the council in 1537, but the plans fell through. In 1538, ideas for a council again failed. The pope asked for the council to meet in 1542, but it did not actually meet until 1545. The council was not active between 1547 and 1551. It again met from 1551 to 1552, when it was suspended due to a revolt against the emperor. Pope Paul IV (1555-59) strongly disliked Protestant ideas and the council could not start again until his succesor took office. The council met for the last time from 1562-63.

The Council of Trent was part of the Counter-Reformation. It would be over 300 years until the next Ecumenical Council.
Pope Paul III saw that the Protestant Reformation was getting bigger. Before, a small number of priests were part of the reformation, but soon many princes, particularly in Germany, supported its ideas. Therefore, Pope Paul III desired a council. But the council could not meet until 1545 and met right before Martin Luther's death. The council was moved to Bologna in March 1547 with the excuse of avoiding a plague; without any plans to meet again, 17 September 1549. 
The council was reopened at Trento, 1 May 1551, by Pope Julius III (1550–55); broken up 1552, recalled by Pope Pius IV (1559–65) for the last time, 18 January  1562, when it continued until 4 December 1563.

Objects and general results
Objects were:
To stop the ideas and practice of Protestantism and to support the Catholic Church's ideas.
To change the parts of the church and actions of church leaders that damaged or hurt the Catholic Church's ideas and image.
The results were:
The church's interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who did not agree with the interpretation was a heretic. Also, the Bible and Church Tradition had equal authority.
The relationship of faith and works in salvation was defined, following disagreements over Martin Luther's doctrine of "justification by faith alone".
Catholic practices such as pilgrimages, the veneration of saints and relics, especially the Virgin Mary were strongly reaffirmed.
The selling and buying of false indulgences were banned.

The doctrinal decisions of the council are divided into decrees (decreta), which contain the positive statement of the conciliar dogmas, and into short canons (canones), which condemn the differing Protestant views with the concluding "anathema sit" ("let him be anathema").

List of dogmatic decrees

Related pages
Counter-Reformation

References
References

Other websites
A Catholic View of the Council from the Catholic Encyclopedia
The text of the Council of Trent translated by J. Waterworth, 1848

Trent
Province of Trento
16th century in Italy
1545 establishments
1563 disestablishments
1540s establishments in Europe
Disestablishments in Italy
Counter-Reformation
"Du gamla, du fria" (, meaning "Thou ancient, thou free"), originally titled "Sång till Norden" (meaning "Song to the North"), is the national anthem of Sweden. The words of the song were written by Richard Dybeck in 1844, and the melody used for this song is based on a traditional folk tune, which was later rearranged by Swedish composer and librarian Edvin Kallstenius nearly a century later.

Unlike Norway's national anthem, "Ja, vi elsker dette landet", the Swedish anthem has not been made official yet—the Swedish constitution has yet to mention a national anthem.

Lyrics

References

Other websites
Listen to this song

1840s songs
Swedish music
European anthems
National symbols of Sweden
The Gospel of Matthew is a book of the Bible. (Its full name is the Gospel According to Matthew, but it is often called the Gospel of Matthew or just Matthew).  It is one of the four gospels of the New Testament that tell the story of Jesus' life and teachings. 

It is not thought to have been written by the apostle Matthew, who was one of Jesus' twelve apostles (see below). The Gospel of Matthew is called one of the synoptic gospels because it has some of the same stories and language as the Gospels of Mark and Luke.

Matthew wrote the gospel mainly for the Jewish people, to show them that Jesus is really the Messiah. Like the Gospels of Mark and Luke, Matthew tells many stories about Jesus' life. Matthew's gospel also talks about Jewish scripture.

Date 
Early Christian tradition attributes the gospel to the apostle Matthew. This is now rejected by modern scholars.

Related pages 

 Bible
 Beatitudes

References 

1
New Testament books
The Gospel of Mark is a book of the Bible. It is the second book of the New Testament and comes after the Gospel of Matthew even though it may have been written before it. The writer is believed to have been John Mark, a friend of Simon Peter, who was one of the Twelve apostles of Jesus. 

The four gospels tell the story of the life of Jesus. The word "gospel" means "good news". The Gospel of Mark moves quickly, and the story shows how much Jesus worked during his short 3-year ministry. Mark's gospel tells many things about Jesus which are also found in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke.  Matthew, Mark and Luke are called "Synoptic gospels" for this reason.
Most scholars date Mark AD 65-75. It is thought to be the first of the gospels to be written.  Mark's gospel may have been written with Gentiles in mind.  It gives the meaning of some of Jesus' words in Greek that would have been known to Jews but not to other people.  Mark's leaves out many details in the other gospels, such as the stories about the birth of Jesus.  He includes many stories of Jesus doing miracles, more than any other Bible writer.

In telling about the arrest of Jesus to be crucified, the book mentions a young man who was almost caught by the guards, but who slipped out of his robe and got away.  Some think this young man was Mark himself, since there is no other reason to include such a small detail.  If it was Mark, means that Mark was a follower of Jesus who probably saw him crucified and come back to life after three days.
The last chapter of Mark has some verses after verse 8 that may not have been part of the original gospel, as they are missing is some early hand written copies of the book.  However, they give further information about what Jesus said after his resurrection. These sayings  are similar to what the other gospels record.

Related pages

 Jesus 
 Bible 
 Christianity

References

 

2
New Testament books
The Gospel of Luke is a book of the Bible. Like the other gospels, the Gospel of Luke tells the stories of the life and teachings of Jesus. It is the third and longest book of the New Testament and comes after the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark. The gospel is believed to be written by Luke, who was a friend of the Apostle Paul. 

Luke was a doctor. He wrote his gospel for a man he calls 'most excellent Theophilus' (1:3). Luke wrote another book which is fifth in the New Testament, the Acts of the Apostles which tells what Jesus' disciples did after his rise back to Heaven.

Unlike the gospel writers Matthew, Mark and John, Luke was probably not Jewish but was Greek. He wrote the gospel mainly for non-Jewish people, (who were called Gentile by the Jews). Luke wrote to prove that Jesus is the Son of God. Luke's gospel contains many similar stories of Jesus. He tells more about the Virgin birth of Jesus than the other gospel writers.

Related pages

 Jesus 
 Bible 
 Christianity 
 Christmas
 Emmaus
3
New Testament books
The Gospel of John is a book of the Bible. It is one of the four "gospels" at the beginning of the New Testament. The four gospels tell the life of Jesus. The Gospel of John is the fourth book of the New Testament, after the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke.

In the gospel, it is says that the book was written by "the disciple whom Jesus loved".  It is believed that John the Apostle, the son of Zebedee, wrote the gospel. He was probably the youngest of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. John lived a long life and was imprisoned on the Island of Patmos in his old age. He also wrote the last book of the New Testament, called the "Book of Revelation".
The Gospel of John tells many of the stories of Jesus' life that are in the other three gospels, but also contains a lot of different information. The Gospel begins by calling Jesus "the Word" (the Communication of God). It says "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God and the Word was God." In John's Gospel, the writer shows that Jesus was part of God, who came to live among humanity so that they could "hear His voice" and have the power to become true "children of God". 

According to the gospel, the accounts are written so that the reader "may believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life in His name". (TNIV; John 20:31)

The book follows a pattern.  There are seven "signs" leading up to the raising from the dead of Lazarus (this anticipates the resurrection of Jesus), and seven "I am" sayings and discussions, leading up to Thomas saying that the risen Jesus is "my Lord and my God"
There is some disagreement over whether the John who wrote the letters of John, the John who wrote the Gospel of John, and the John who wrote the Book of Revelation are the same person.

In popular culture 
The phrase "born again" comes from the third chapter, and was the title of a book by Chuck Colson who was a lawyer for President Nixon but after being in jail became a prison reformer.   The phrase was used later for any person who had a dramatic change in their life. 

Chapter 3, verse 16 is perhaps the best known verse in the entire New Testament.  "For God loved the world so much that He gave his only son (Jesus), so that whoever believed in Him, would not die but live forever". This verse was searched on the internet by millions of people after Tim Tebow, an American football player wrote "Jn 3:16" on his face in an important football game.

Related pages

 Jesus
 Bible
 Christianity

References

 
 

4
New Testament books
Sofia Mihailovna Evdokimenko-Rotaru (born in Marshintsy, Novoselitskiy Rayon, Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine on August 7, 1947), simply known as Sofia Rotaru, is a popular Russian, Ukrainian, Moldavian and formerly Soviet singer, actress and producer.

Rotaru now lives in Ukraine. She has made many albums over the years; some of the more famous ones are Ballade About Violins, Lavender (Lavanda), and I Still Love You.

1947 births
Living people
Ukrainian singers
Ukrainian actors
Soviet actors
Soviet singers
The Epistle to the Romans or Letter to the Romans, is one of the letters written by the Apostle Paul to churches in different cities. Here, the letter is addressed to the early church in Rome, Italy.

Paul wrote the letter to the Romans to explain a very important point in Christianity. He proves, by quoting the Old Testament, that all humankind is guilty of sin before God.  People whom God calls righteous can only do so by trusting in God's ways, and not by their own effort. Only by believing in Jesus, who is the Christ and who died for humanity for their sins, can people be saved.  

Once this belief is had, the believer receives the Holy Spirit, who helps the believer live a new life.  Paul asks the Romans to observe Christian ethics and submit themselves to authorities.

The letter remains very influential in explaining to non-Christians and new Christians what their Christian belief is all about.

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Moe Szyslak is a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Hank Azaria. He is the bartender of Moe's Tavern. He speaks with a rough voice.

Role in The Simpsons 
Moe is the owner and only worker at Moe's Tavern. On some occasions he has had temporary help. The most notable of these occasions being in "Homer the Moe". His two most loyal customers are Barney Gumble and Homer Simpson.

Other websites

The Moe Szyslak File  at The Simpsons Archive
 

The Simpsons characters
Animated human characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1989
The First Epistle to the Corinthians, or the First Letter to the Corinthians, is a long letter written by the Apostle Paul to the church in Corinth.

Paul wrote to the Corinthian church for a number of reasons.  He realizes the church at Corinth is divided and explains that although himself and a few disciples had helped start the church, the church was really headed by Christ Jesus Himself.  "I planted the seed, Apollos watered it, but God has been making it grow." (TNIV) 

Paul scolds the church members there for sexual immorality and asks for these immoral people to be thrown out of the church.  

He gives instructions for marriage, against worshipping worthless idols (idolatry), for spiritual gifts like prophecy. Paul praises the superior way of love and urges the church to be united.
At the end, Paul states that the resurrection of Christ is true.  He supports it with testimonies from "more than five hundred of the brothers and sisters" and it is this very truth which makes certain the believers will have eternal life.

Finally Paul tells of his plans to visit the Corinthians, and that Timothy, his co-worker, is coming to their church very soon.

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
The Epistle to the Hebrews or Letter to the Hebrews is one of the letters of the New Testament. Although it is believed by many to be written by the Apostle Paul, many others think it might have been written by one group of early Christians to a general group of Jews (also called Hebrews), or to a church with Jewish members.

The letter explains that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is the perfect sacrifice for human sinners. He is superior to angels and is our High priest in the order of Melchizedek. Jesus is the Messiah whose coming gives us the superior New Covenant, as compared to the Old Covenant of Abraham and
Moses. The writers state that if the Old Covenant was faultless, God would not have sent his Son to start a new one.

By stating that people are called righteous through their faith and belief in God's ways, the writers urge the readers to receive God's grace by accepting Jesus Christ.

Pauline epistles
New Testament books
Alan is the son of the late Taiwanese stuntman-actor Blackie Ke. For his father, he wrote two songs, each in one of his albums in the same number of track. Wake Up and I Miss You, these two songs shows his relationship with his father, how much his father had changed him. Before actually starting to receive the chance to release his first album he went through a lot of hard work. First of all, he started from a guitar, up to writing songs and lyrics. When he first entered Alpha Music, Jay Chou told him that he should know how to write his own songs, so that people would want to listen to his music, influenced by this Alan began writing his own songs. Secondly, he wrote more than hundreds of songs just to make the world hear his voice. For this purpose, Alan Kuo’s music director requires him to edit and edit his songs, every year, every month, every week, and every day. He kept on working on his songs for perfection
. Finally, he edited his songs and made new songs in the 6 years of preparation, just for the best 12 songs for all the people anticipating for his music. In the meantime, during the 6 years of hard work for his first album, his courage was being challenged, his father died of an accident, but it did not stop him. In fact he continued going after his first album, trying to show us how hard he worked and especially to show his father in heaven. As a result, on 8/19/2005, Alan Kuo’s first album came out with 12 songs that rocked the listeners, the music that shows you the 6 years of hard work and effort he gave on his music, Alan Kuo. In 2007, Alan changed his Chinese name from 柯有倫 to 柯有綸. It still has the same pronunciation though.
Filmography

TV series
 Sonic Youth
 Y2K+01
 Mars
 Sweet Relationship
 K.O 3an Guo

Movies
 Life Express
 The Legend Of Wisely
 About Love

Other websites
 TFL.ORG APPROVED ALAN KUO FANLISTING.  
 ALAN in SONY MUSIC
 Alan Kuo in YesAsia 

1981 births
C-pop singers
Living people
Singer-songwriters
Taiwanese actors
Taiwanese singers
C-rock is short for Chinese rock music. C-rock ( or ; literally "Chinese shaking and rolling music") can be performed in any dialect of Chinese language. Some people consider C-rock a subgenre of C-pop.

History
The history of C-rock before the 1980s is very unclear though it is believed to have existed in the 1970s or even the 1960s.

XBF
The first clear sign of Chinese rock was the 西北风 Xi Bei Feng (literally Northwest Wind). Xi Bei Feng is style of folk-influenced punk music, originating from the northwestern area of China, such as the Shanxi and Gansu provinces. The new style was triggered by two new songs, 信天游 Xin Tian You and 一无所有. As time passed, Xi Bei Feng became stronger, more fast-tempo and aggressive. In contrast to the mellow C-pop style, XBF songs were sung loudly and forcefully.
Many XBF songs challenged political views, reflected unhappiness among Chinese youth and individuality and self-empowerment. Both music and lyrics articulated a sense of pride in the power of the northwest's peasantry. Songs such as "妹妹你大胆的往前走" came to represent an earthy, primordial masculine image of China, as opposed to the soft, sweet, polished urban gang tai style.

Prison rock
囚歌, also known as Prison songs or Prison rock, became popular in the late 1980s. Prison rock was more folk-like than the XBF style. Prison rock was led  & created by 迟志强 Chi Zhi Qiang, who wrote lyrics about his time in jail and set them to folk melodies from northeast China. In contrast to Northwest Wind songs, prison songs were slow and "weepy", and were characterised by the rude and vulgar language and lyrics showing pessimism, despair, anticonformity and cynicism.
Chinese rock and roll
The birthplace of Chinese rock was Beijing. Rock and roll was not common until the late 1980s. Some rebellious trends from punk XBF were revived. In 1989 and 1990, rock and roll came into mainstream music as a combination of the Northwest Wind and prison song fads.

After the protests in Tiananmen Square rock and roll became part of general urban youth culture in China. Its popularity growth celebrated on 17 and 18 February 1990 when Beijing's largest rock concert was held in the Capital Gymnasium. The concert featured six rock bands.
Decline
By 1994, rock and roll slowly began to decline. One of the reasons is because of the censorship by the Communist Party of China, such as the banning of rock from television and restrictions on performances. The main reason, however, is the general lack of interest in anti-conformist and anti-Government thoughts and behaviour. In the mid 1990s, people became more interested in C-pop and newer stars at the time such as Andy Lau and the Four Heavenly Kings of Cantonese pop.

Current

Rebirth
From 2000 to 2004, rock in China grew in popularity again, influenced by Japanese rock trends, including pop-rock, Visual kei and Gothic Lolitta and some American rock music styles such as light rock, soft rock, piano rock, post-grunge and alternative rock.
Another important step in the development of Chinese rock music is the Beijing Midi School of Music in Beijing. Established 1993 by Zhang Fan, it was the first school in China offering classes specialising in jazz and rock music. Started as a festival in 1999, the Midi Modern Music Festival became the largest rock music festival in China. Both the school and the festival supported the underground scene in China and allowed foreign bands in 2006 to perform at the festival and throughout the country, including Alev, Monokino, YMA and The Wombats.

In addition to the Midi school, the goth rock magazine Painkiller Magazine brought bands such as Edguy, Lacrimosa and Hatesphere to fame in China.

Artists
Alan Kuo
Candy Lo
CLIMAX
Ella Koon
Mayday

Related pages
C-pop

References
Cleotha Lemon, Jr. (born August 16, 1979) is an American football coach and former professional football quarterback. He is the wide receivers coach for the Jackson State Gamecocks. He played for parts of 3 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the San Diego Chargers, Miami Dolphins, Baltimore Ravens and Jacksonville Jaguars. He also played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the Memphis Xplorers of the AF2.

He started playing in the NFL for the Baltimore Ravens in 2002. Lemon played for the San Diego Chargers from 2003 to 2005. He then played for the Miami Dolphins until the 2007 season. He played for the Jacksonville Jaguars in 2008 before being cut from the team. He joined the Toronto Argonauts of Canadian Football League (CFL) and played for them from March 17, 2010 until he was released on September 6, 2011.

He played college football at Arkansas State. Lemon retired from playing professional football in 2011.

References
References

Other websites
Profile on NFL.com

1979 births
Living people
African American players of American football
American football quarterbacks
Baltimore Ravens players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Miami Dolphins players
San Diego Chargers players
Toronto Argonauts players
Sportspeople from Mississippi
The Reformed churches are a group of Christian Protestant denominations that are historically related by a doctrine that is identical or similar to Calvinism. It developed in the Swiss Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, but soon afterwards appeared in nations throughout Western Europe. Each nation in which the Reformed movement was originally established had its own church government. Several of these local churches have expanded to worldwide denominations and most have experienced schisms into multiple denominations.

History 
The first Reformed Churches were established in Europe in the 1500s, in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.
Form of doctrine 
Reformed doctrine is expressed in various texts]. Some of them are used by many denominations. Different denominations use different confessions, usually based on historical reasons. Some of the confessions still commonly in use are (with year of writing):
 French Confession (1559),
 Scots Confession (1560), 
 Three Forms of Unity
 Heidelberg Catechism (1563), 
 Belgic Confession (1566), 
 Canons of Dordrecht (1619), 
 Second Helvetic Confession (1566)
 Westminster Standards 
 Westminster Confession of Faith (1646)
 Westminster Shorter Catechism (1649)
 Westminster Larger Catechism (1649)
 Baptist
 London Baptist Confession of Faith (1689)

Form of governance 
Reformed churches have two main forms of ecclesiastical polity:
 Presbyterian polity or Synodal government - rule by assemblies of ordained officers.
 Congregationalist polity, e.g. Congregational churches
Other websites 
 World Communion of Reformed Churches
 * World list of Reformed Churches
 Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals
 Leben, a journal of Reformed Life
 Reformed Online - Comprehensive resource

Calvinism
The Augsburg Confession, also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the most important confession of faith of the Lutheran Church. The Augsburg Confession is normative to all Lutheran Churches everywhere and in all times. It is also one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation. The Augsburg Confession was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on June 25, 1530.

Other websites 

 The Augsburg Confession (1530) in Latin with a parallel English translation and with notes on the differences in the 1540 edition; from Philip Schaff's Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library
 The Roman Confutation (1530) , in an English translation, compares each articles of the confession to Catholic beliefs.
 An Orthodox Response - Summary of Orthodox Patriarch Jeremias II's letter of 15 May 1576, in which he compares each article of the confession to Orthodox Christian beliefs.
1530s works
Augsburg
Protestantism in Germany
16th century in Germany
Lutheranism
Protestant theology
Christian creeds
Boris Brainin (Sepp Österreicher, 1905–1996), Austrian poet and translator
Danny Brainin (?–), movie actor (Xtro, Yentl, Street Smart)
David Brainin (1905–1942), French painter and dancer, died in Auschwitz
Elisabeth Brainin (1949), Austrian psychoanalyst and scientific writer
Fritz (Frederick) Brainin, (1913–1992) Austrian/American poet
Grégoire Brainin, (Moineau, 1933) French poet and philosopher
Harald Brainin (1923–2006), Austrian poet and writer
Jerome (Jerry) Brainin (1916–2000), American jazz composer, the author of a song "The Night Has a Thousand Eyes"
Max Brainin (1909–2002), Austrian/American commercial graphic artist and violinist
Norbert Brainin (1923–2005), Austrian/British violinist, the founder of Amadeus Quartet
Peter Brainin (?–), American saxophonist and jazz composer
Reuben Brainin (1862–1939), Hebrew publicist, biographer and public figure
Risa Brainin (?–), American theater manager
Simon Brainin (1854–?), Russian/American physician and public figure
Teodor Brainin (1905–?), Russian movie actor, the most known movie: Benya Krik (1926)
Valeri Brainin (1948), Russian/German musicologist, music manager and poet
Other spellings:

Bob Brainen (?–), American DJ (WFMU Radio)
Raymond Breinin (1910–2000), Russian/American painter and designer
Zofia (Sofie, Sophie) Röhr-Brajnin (1861–1937), Polish/German soprano
Norbert Brainin (March 12, 1923 in Vienna – April 10 2005 in London) was the first violinist of the Amadeus Quartet, one of the world's most famous string quartets.

Because of Brainin's Jewish origin, he was driven out of Vienna after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938, as were the violinist Siegmund Nissel and violist Peter Schidlof. Brainin and Schidlof met in a British internment camp.  Like many Jewish refugees who came to the UK for safety, they became "aliens" and were kept in confinement.

Brainin was made free after a few months, but Schidlof stayed in the camp, where he met Nissel. Finally Schidlof and Nissel were freed, and the three of them were able to study with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. It was through Rostal that they met cellist Martin Lovett, and in 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet, which was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948.

The Amadeus was one of the best-known quartets of the 20th Century, and its members were given many honours, including:
The Order of the British Empire, presented by the Queen.
Doctorates from the Universities of London, York, and Caracas.
The highest of all German awards, the Grand Cross of Merit.
The Austrian Cross of Honour for Arts and Sciences.

The quartet stopped playing together in 1987 after Schidlof died, because the others thought that no other violist would fit in to the group so well.  Norbert Brainin continued to perform as a soloist, often performing with pianist Günter Ludwig.

His instruments included the "Rode" Guarnerius del Gesu of 1734, the "Chaconne" Stradivarius of 1725 and the "Gibson" Stradivarius of 1713.

Other websites 
 Martin Lovett remembering Norbert Brainin 

1923 births
2005 deaths
Austrian Jews
British violinists
Jewish British musicians
Musicians from Vienna
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Refugees from Nazism
Violinists Norbert Brainin, Siegmund Nissel and  Peter Schidlof were forced to leave Vienna for London because of their Jewish origin after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938. When World War II broke out they were sent to internment camps because they were "enemy aliens" (foreigners from a country that Britain was fighting against).  The three violinists met up in camp and spent a lot of time playing music together.  Soon they were set free because they were "distinguished artists" (actually they were unknown at the time). They studied with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. Another student of Rostal was Suzanne Rozsa, who was married to the cellist Martin Lovett.  Peter Schidlof changed to playing the viola, and they played string quartets together.  In 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet.  Nissel then thought of the name "Amadeus Quartet".  He thought it sounded better than calling the group by the name of the first violinist
.  The quartet was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948 (Amadeus was one of Mozart's names).
The group gave its first performance as the Amadeus Quartet in the Wigmore Hall, London on Jan. 10, 1948. They were soon performing in concerts, festivals and masterclasses all over the world.  The quartet made about 200 recordings, among them the complete quartets of Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, and W. A. Mozart. They also performed works by such 20th-century composers as Béla Bartók and Benjamin Britten (who wrote his third quartet especially for them).

The Amadeus was one of the most celebrated quartets of the 20th century.

They had always agreed that if one of them became ill or died, the quartet would not play with any other person.  The quartet stopped playing in 1987 after the death of the violist Peter Schidlof.

Norbert Brainin died in 2005 and Siegmund Nissel in 2008.

More information
More information 

Muriel Nissel, Married to the Amadeus: Life with a String Quartet, [], Giles de la Mare Publishers Limited
'The Amadeus Forty Years in Pictures and Words' compiled by Suzanne Rozsa-Lovett available from beares1@btconnect.com

References
 Siegmund Nissel; Obituary: The Independent, 26 May 2008 p. 33

String quartets
Valeri Brainin (born 27 January 1948) is a Russian/German musicologist, music manager, composer, and poet. Born in Nizhny Tagil, Russia, in the family of Austrian poet and translator, political émigré Boris Brainin (Sepp Österreicher), who belonged to the well-known Viennese Brainin family. He lives at the moment both in Hanover, Germany, and in Moscow. Brainin is of Jewish descent.

Positions
Positions

President (from 2004) of the Russian Federation Society for Music Education (RussSME) – National Affiliate of the International Society for Music Education (ISME), a member of UNESCO. Head of the Laboratory of New Technologies in Music Education, Moscow State Pedagogical University. Art Director of Classica Nova International Music Competition. Art Director of the net of Brainin Music Schools (Brainin-Musikschulen), Germany. He has directed seminars/master courses at conservatoires and universities in Austria, Columbia, Germany, Italy, Russia, USA, etc. In addition he offered weekly music talks on Radio Liberty from Munich and Prague, and has literary, critical and scientific musical publications in Russian, German, English, and Italian.

Music activities
Music activities 

Brainin is a full Member of the International Teacher's Training Academy of Science (Moscow), and of other scientific/pedagogical societies, he studied mathematics, linguistics, musical pedagogics, music theory and composition. He has had works performed in the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, and taught at Moscow's Gnessin Music School for specially gifted children. The Brainin Teaching Method for ‘development of musical intelligence in children’ became a standard part of the curriculum. He is also a noted piano teacher for children. Among his former students there are some prize-winers of national and international competitions.

Literary activities
Russian poet (also known as Valeri (Willi) Brainin-Passek), a pupil of Arseny Tarkovsky, a member (1985-1990) of Moscow Club „Poezia“ together with Yury Arabov, Jewgenij Bunimovitch, Mikhail Epstein, Alexandr Eremenko, Sergej Gandlevskij, Nina Iskrenko, Timur Kibirov, Alexei Parshchikov, Dmitri Prigov, Lev Rubinstein, a. o. 
Most essential poetry publications: 
Russian: 
literary magazines "Znamya" (Moscow), "Novy Mir" (Moscow), "Arion" (Moscow), "Ogonyok" (Moscow), "Grani" (Frankfurt-am-Main), "Dvadtsat dva" (Jerusalem), "Kreshchatik" (Kiev), anthologies "Verses of the Century" (Moscow, compiled by Yevgeny Yevtushenko) and "Verses of the Century-2" (Moscow).
English: 
literary magazine "Partisan Review" (Boston).

Well-known relatives
Elisabeth Brainin (1949), Austrian psychoanalyst and scientific writer
 Fritz Brainin (1913-1992), Austrian/American poet
 Harald Brainin (1923-2006), Austrian poet and writer
 Max Brainin (1909-2002), Austrian/American commercial graphic artist and violinist
 Norbert Brainin (1923–2005), Austrian/British violinist, the founder of Amadeus Quartet
 Reuben Brainin (1862–1939), Hebrew publicist, biographer and public figure
See also Brainin.

Sources 

1948 births
Living people
German poets
Jewish German musicians
Jewish German writers
Jewish musicians
Musicologists
Russian Jews
Russian musicians
Russian poets
Soviet Jews
Partisan Review was an American political and literary quarterly published from 1934 to 2003, though it suspended publication between October 1936 and December 1937.  It was founded by William Phillips and Philip Rahv.  It grew out of the John Reed Club as an alternative to New Masses, the publication of the American Communist Party, but became anti-Communist after Stalin.  Many of its early authors were the children of Jewish immigrants from Europe. The journal reached its peak influence from the late 1930s to the early 1960s, but then gradually lost its relevance to modern American culture.  Phillips died in September 2002 at age 94.  The journal continued under his wife Edith Kurzweil until April 2003.

In 1949, Partisan Review awarded George Orwell £357 for the year's most significant contribution to literature, Nineteen Eighty-Four.

Classic stories and articles first published in Partisan Review:
Saul Bellow's "Two Morning Monologues"
 two of T. S. Eliot's "Four Quartets"
 Leslie Fiedler's "Come Back to the Raft Ag’in, Huck Honey"
 Clement Greenberg's "Avant-Garde and Kitsch"
 George Orwell's "Such, Such Were the Joys"
 Delmore Schwartz's "In Dreams Begin Responsibilities"
 Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Gimpel the Fool"
 Susan Sontag's "Notes on "Camp""

Bibliography
Bloom, Alexander, Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals & Their World, Oxford University Press, 1986.

Other websites
 http://slate.msn.com/id/2081610 
 http://chronicle.com/free/2003/04/2003041603n.htm 
 Partisan Review online Archive 1996–2003 

American magazines
Poets who wrote much of their poetry in the Russian language.

 Mikhail Lomonosov (d. 1765)
 Alexander Pushkin (d. 1837)
 Mikhail Lermontov (d. 1841)
 Fyodor Tyutchev (d. 1873)
 Ivan Turgenev (d. 1883)
 Semyon Grigorevich (Simon Schmuel) Frug (d. 1916)
 Osip Mandelstam (d. 1938)
 Marina Tsvetaeva (d. 1941)
 Ivan Bunin (d. 1953)
 Boris Pasternak (d. 1960)
 Anna Akhmatova (d. 1966)
 Vladimir Nabokov (d. 1977)
 Vladimir Vysotsky (d. 1980)
 Joseph Brodsky (d. 1996)
 Bella Akhmadulina (d. 2010)
 Yevgeny Yevtushenko (d. 2017)
 Andrey Dementyev (d. 2018)
 Valeri Brainin-Passek (born 1948)

A
 Gennady Aigi (1934–2006)
 Bella Akhmadulina (d. 2010)
 Anna Akhmatova (1889–1966)
 Ivan Akhmetiev (born 1950)
 Gennady Alexeyev (1932–1987)
 Margarita Aliger (1915–1992)
 Daniil Andreev (1906–1959)
 Innokentiy Annensky (1855–1909)
 Pavel Antokolsky (1896–1978)
 Aleksey Apukhtin (1840–1893)
 Vladimir Aristov (born 1950)
 Eduard Asadov (1923–2004)
 Nikolay Aseev (1889–1963)
 Lera Auerbach (Averbakh) (born 1973)
B
 Eduard Bagritsky (1895–1934)
 Konstantin Balmont (1867–1942)
 Evgeny Baratynsky (1800–1844)
 Ivan Barkov (1732-1768)
 Agniya Barto (1906–1981)
 Konstantin Batyushkov (1787–1855)
 Demyan Bedny (1883–1945)
 Andrei Bely (1880–1934)
 Vladimir Benediktov (1807—1873)
 Olga Berggolts (1910–1975)
 Alexander Bestuzhev (1797–1837)
 Sergey Biryukov (born 1950)
 Alexander Blok (1880–1921)
 Valeri Brainin-Passek (born 1948)
 Joseph Brodsky (1940–1996)
 Valery Bryusov (1873–1924)
 Ivan Bunin (1870–1953)

C
 Sasha Cherny (1880–1932)
 Korney Chukovsky (1882–1969)

D
 Denis Davydov (1784–1839)
 Anton Delvig (1798–1831)
 Andrey Dementyev (born 1928)
 Regina Derieva (born 1949)
 Gavriil Derzhavin (1743–1816)
 Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky (1915–1994)
 Yulia Drunina (1924–1991)

E
 Vladimir Earle (born 1947)
 Ilya Ehrenburg (1891–1967)

F
 Vasily Fedorov (1918–1984)
 Afanasy Fet (1812–1892)
 Konstantin Fofanov (1862–1911)
 Semyon Grigorevich (Simon Schmuel) Frug (1860–1916)
G
 Cherubina de Gabriak (1887–1928)
 Mikhail Gerasimov (poet) (1889–1939)
 Zinaida Gippius (1869–1945)
 Nikolay Glazkov (1919–1979)
 Fyodor Glinka (1786–1849)
 Sergey Gorodetsky (1884–1967)
 Alexander Griboedov (1794–1829)
 Dmitri Grigoriev (born 1960)
 Apollon Grigoryev (1822–1864)
 Igor Guberman (born in 1936)
 Semen Gudzenko (1922–1953)
 Nikolay Gumilyov (1886–1921)

I
 Vera Inber (1890–1972)
 Mikhail Isakovsky (1900–1973)
 Georgiy Ivanov (1894–1958)
 Vyacheslav Ivanov (1866–1949)
 Ryurik Ivnev (1891–1981)

J
 Rassul Jamsatov (1718-1777)
K
 Antiokh Kantemir (1708–1744), syllabic poetry.
 Vasily Kapnist (1758–1823)
 Elena Katsuba (born 1946)
 Rimma Kazakova (born 1931)
 Dmitriy Kedrin (1907–1945)
 Konstantin Kedrov (born 1942)
 Daniil Kharms (1905–1942)
 Velemir Khlebnikov (1885–1922)
 Vladislav Khodasevich (1886–1939)
 Igor Kholin (1920–1999)
 Semen Kirsanov (1906–1972)
 Sergey Klychkov (1889–1940)
 Nikolay Klyuev (1884–1937)
 Dovid Knut (1900–1955)
 Pavel Kogan (1918–1942)
 Aleksey Koltsov (1809–1842)
 Naum Korzhavin (born 1925)
 Ivan Kozlov (1779–1840)
 Victor Krivulin (1944–2001)
 Aleksey Kruchenykh (1886–1968)
 Ivan Krylov (1769–1844)
 Wilhelm Küchelbecher (Vilgelm Kyukhelbeker), (1797–1846)
 Anatoly Kudryavitsky (born 1954)
 Nestor Kukolnik (1809–1868)
 Alexander Kushner (born 1936)
 Boris Kushner (born 1941)
 Ilya Kutik (born 1961)
 Dmitry Kuzmin (born 1969)
 Mikhail Alekseevich Kuzmin (1872–1936)
L
 Vasily Lebedev-Kumach (1898–1949)
 Mikhail Lermontov (1814–1841)
 Yuriy Levitansky (born 1922)
 Mirra Lokhvitskaya (1869–1905)
 Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765)
 Vladimir Lugovskoy (1901–1957)

M
 Alexander Makarov-Krotkov (born 1959)
 Osip Mandelstam (1891–1938)
 Gregory Margovsky (born 1963)
 Samuil Marshak (1887–1964)
 Leonid Martynov (1905–1980)
 Novella Matveeva (born 1934)
 Vladimir Mayakovsky (1893–1930)
 Apollon Maykov (1821–1897)
 Dmitriy Merezhkovsky (1866–1941)
 Arvo Mets (1937–1997)
 Lev Mey (1822–1862)
 Alexander Mezhirov (born 1923)
 Sergey Mikhalkov (1913-2009)
 Yunna Morits (born 1937)
 Ivan Myatlev (1796–1844)

N
 Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977)
 Semen Nadson (1862–1887)
 Vladimir Narbut (1888–1938)
 Sergey Narovchatov (1919–1981)
 Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov (1821–1877)
 Vsevolod Nekrasov (born 1934)
 Ivan Savvich Nikitin (1824–1861)
 Rea Nikonova (born 1942)
 Valerij Nikolaevskij (born 1939)
O
 Sergey Obradovich (1892–1956)
 Nikolay Ogarev (1813–1877)
 Alexander Odoevsky (1802–1839)
 Irina Odoevtseva (1901–1990)
 Bulat Okudzhava (1924–1997)
 Nikolay Oleynikov (1898–1942)
 Lev Oshanin (1912–1996)
 Lev Ozerov (1914–1996)

P
 Valentin Parnakh (1891–1951)
 Sofiya Parnok (1885–1933)
 Boris Pasternak (1890–1960)
 Karolina Pavlova (1807–1893)
 Mariya Petrovykh (1908–1979)
 Aleksey Plescheev (1825–1893)
 German Plisetsky (1931–1992)
 Aleksandr Polezhaev (1804–1838)
 Yakov Polonsky (1819–1898)
 Boris Poplavsky (1903–1935)
 Nikolay Nikitich Popovsky (1730–1760)
 Kozma Prutkov (1817–1875)
 Alexander Pushkin (1799–1837)

R
 Vladimir Raevsky (1795–1872)
 Yevgeny Rein (born 1935)
 Yevdokiya Rostopchina (1812–1858)
 Konstantin Romanov (known as K.R.), (1858–1915)
 Vsevolod Rozhdestvensky (1895–1977)
 Robert Rozhdestvensky (1932–1994)
 Nikolay Rubtsov (1936–1971)
 Boris Ruchiev (1913–1973)
 Kondraty Ryleyev (1795–1826)
S
 David Samoylov (1920–1990)
 Genrikh Sapgir (1928–1999)
 Stepan Schipachev (1899–1980)
 Ilya Selvinsky (1899–1968)
 Igor Severyanin (1887–1941)
 Varlam Shalamov (1907–1982)
 Vadim Shefner (1915–2002)
 Tatiana Shcherbina (born 1954)
 Nikolay Sherbina (1821–1869)
 Vadim Shershenevich (1893–1942)
 Asya Shneiderman (born 1968)
 Gennady Shpalikov (1937–1974)
 Konstantin Simonov (1915–1979)
 Konstantin Sluchevsky (1837–1904)
 Boris Slutsky (1919–1986)
 Yaroslav Smelyakov (1913–1972)
 Fyodor Sologub (1863–1927)
 Vladimir Soloukhin (born 1924)
 Sergey Stratanovsky (born 1944)
 Dmitry Sukharev (born 1930)
 Alexander Sumarokov (1717–1777)
 Alexander Surkov (1899–1983)
 Mikhail Svetlov (1903–1964)
T
 Yelizaveta Tarakhovskaya (1891–1968)
 Arseniy Tarkovsky (1907–1989)
 Nikolay Tikhonov (1896–1979)
 Aleksey Tolstoy (1817–1875)
 Vasily Trediakovsky (1703–1769)
 Viktor Tsoi (1962-1990)
 Marina Tsvetaeva (1892–1941)
 Ivan Turgenev (1818–1883)
 Veronika Tushnova (1915–1965)
 Aleksandr Tvardovsky (1910–1971)
 Fyodor Tyutchev (1803–1873)

U
 Vladimir Uflyand (1937–2007)
 Iosif Utkin (1903–1944)

V
 Konstantin Vaginov (1899–1934)
 Konstantin Vanshenkin (born 1925)
 Dmitry Venevitinov (1805–1827)
 Yevgeny Vinokurov (born 1925)
 Igor Vishnevetsky (born 1964)
 Alina Vitukhnovskaya (born 1973)
 Maksimilian Voloshin (1877–1932)
 Andrey Voznesensky (born 1933)
 Alexander Vvedensky (1904–1941)
 Pyotr Vyazemsky (1792–1878)
 Vladimir Vysotsky (1938–1980)

Y
 Alexander Yashin (1913–1968)
 Nikolay Yazykov (1803–1847)
 Sergei Yesenin (or Esenin), (1895–1925)
 Yevgeny Yevtushenko (born 1933)
Z
 Nikolay Zabolotsky (1903–1958)
 Mikhail Zenkevich (1891–1973)
 Aleksey Zhemchuzhnikov (1821–1908)
 Anatoly Zhigulin (1930–2000)
 Vasiliy Zhukovsky (1783–1852)
 Ivan Zhdanov (born 1949)
 Boris Zubry (born 1951)

Lists of poets

Poets
Russian language
Blue Eyed Soul is a term used to describe Soul and R&B music sung by white people. The term was first used in the 1960s about white artists performing music which was similar to the music being performed by Motown artists. It is sometimes called white soul.

Famous singers 
The Animals
David Bowie
Hall & Oates
Taylor Hicks
Elton John
Justin Timberlake
Robert Palmer
Rick Astley
Tom Jones
Lonnie Mack
George Michael
The Rascals
The Righteous Brothers
Dusty Springfield

Notes

Soul music
R&B music
Recherswil is a municipality in the district Wasseramt, in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Wasseramt District
Boston is a town and small port in Lincolnshire, on the east coast of England.

Boston, Lincolnshire
Stade is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the seat of the district which is named the same as the city.

The city was founded in 994 when it was called "Stethu". A city on the banks of the Lower Elbe it became an important market town, and a port. It was given a town charter in 1209. From 1645 to 1712, the Stade was controlled by Sweden, who made it an important military town. On May 26, 1659, the "Great Fire" destroyed more than half the city.

References

Towns in Lower Saxony
Stade is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany. The district's seat is Stade.

Cities and municipalities

References

Districts of Lower Saxony
Hasselt is a small city seven km north of Zwolle city, in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 7,400 people were living there in 2021.

Hasselt was also a municipality. In 2001, it became a part of the new created municipality of Zwartewaterland, of which Hasselt is the seat.

Hasselt got city rights in 1252, and joined the Hanseatic League about 1350.

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Cities in Overijssel
Former municipalities of Overijssel
Zwartewaterland
A chain letter is a message that tries to cause the person who gets it to make copies of the letter and then pass them on to as many people as possible. A chain letter can be a type of meme. Common ways used in chain letters include stories that make the recipient feel sorry for the person, get-rich-quick pyramid schemes, and the use of superstition to threaten the recipient with bad luck, physical violence or death if he or she "breaks the chain" and does not follow the instructions given in the letter.

E-mail
Letters
Stanisław Marcin Ulam (April 13, 1909 – May 13, 1984) was a Polish mathematician who took part in the Manhattan Project and proposed the design used for most thermonuclear weapons.  

He also proposed using nuclear explosions to propel rockets, and he developed several mathematical tools in number theory, set theory, ergodic theory and algebraic topology. Above all, he is known by being a coauthor (with Nicholas Metropolis) of the Monte Carlo algorithm.

Ulam was of Jewish descent.

References 

1909 births
1984 deaths
American mathematicians
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Polish Jews
The Reichsuniversität Straßburg was founded 1941 by the National Socialists in Alsace. The purpose was to create a university continuousness to Universität Straßburg that existed till the 1. World War. Also, it was important for the German invaders to propagate the „pure German knowledge“ of National Socialistic character in occupied France. The Reichsuniversität was dissolved in 1944.

References 
Teresa Wróblewska: Die Reichsuniversitäten Posen, Prag und Strassburg als Modelle nationalsozialistischer Hochschulen in den von Deutschland besetzten Gebieten. Marszalek, Toruń 2000, 
Wechsler Patrick: La Faculté de médecine de la «Reichsuniversität Strassburg» (1941-1945), medical PhD, Nr. 191, Université Louis-Pasteur Straßburg, 1991 
Jens Th. Marx: Die vertagten medizinischen Fakultäten zu Straßburg in ihren historischen, politischen, universitätskonstitutionellen und wissenschaftlichen Kontexten 1538 - 1944, Heidelberg, Univ., Diss., 2008
Nazism
Strasbourg
Strasbourg
1941 establishments in Europe
1944 disestablishments
1940s establishments in France
20th-century disestablishments in France
1940s disestablishments in Europe