Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
German districts () are administrative units used in Germany for local government. 

The districts are in between the  (German states) and the local / municipal levels (). They are not to be confused with the larger . 

Their equivalent in other nations is the county or arrondissement.

Types of districts
Most of the districts are rural districts ().  There are 295 Landkreise. 

Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants (and smaller towns in some states) are not usually part of a district, but do the work of a district themselves. These are known as urban districts ( or Stadtkreise)  The equivalent in the United Kingdom is a unitary authority, they do the work of a town and a county.  There are 107 of these Kreisfreie Städte.

This makes a total of 402 districts.
In North Rhine-Westphalia, there are some cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants which are not urban districts, for example Iserlohn, Recklinghausen, Siegen, Paderborn, Bergisch Gladbach, Witten and Neuss. These cities belong to a district, but still do so the districts jobs themselves, as though they were independent.

Responsibilities
The districts are responsible for the following:

 according to federal and regional laws:
 the building and upkeep of B roads
 other building plans which cover more than one local authority's area
 caring for national parks
 social welfare
 youth welfare
 the building and upkeep of hospitals
 the building and upkeep of state institutes of secondary education
 household waste collection and disposal
 car registration
 electing the  or , the chairperson of the district
according to local laws: (differ in each region)
 financial support for culture
 the building of pedestrian zones and bicycle lanes
 financial support for school exchanges
 the building and upkeep of public libraries
 revitalisation of the economy
 encouraging tourism
 the management of  (state run adult education colleges)

All these tasks are carried out by local (municipal) authorities operating together. Urban districts have these responsibilities and also those of the municipalities.

District council

The district council, the , is the legislative body of the district and is responsible for local self-administration. The parliament is elected every five years, except in Bavaria where it is elected every six years.

District administration

The person in charge of the district's government is the  or . In parts of northern Germany, this is also the name of the district administration, in southern Germany it is known as Kreisverwaltung.
Related pages
 List of German districts
 List of German urban districts
 List of German rural districts

 
Local government of Germany
Germany is divided into 401 administrative districts. There are 294 rural districts (), listed here. There are also 107 urban districts ( / ) listed in List of German urban districts.

Urban districts are large towns or cities which handle their own local government. Rural districts provide services for the smaller towns and villages in an area. In some states the towns and villages in a district are joined into ämter (although "amt" is not always the name used). This is because the towns and villages in the area are too small to provide the local services (for example fire brigade or cemeteries). If the "Amt" system is used towns or settlements might be "amtfrei" that is, not part of an amt because the town can handle its own local affairs.
In some states there is another level of government, the Regierungsbezirk or governmental district. Several urban and rural districts are joined to make a regierungsbezirk, which does some of their jobs, especially things like land-use planning which can affect several districts.

List

Related pages
 Districts of Germany
 List of German districts
 Local government of Germany
 Urban districts of Germany

Districts of Germany
Germany-related lists
Local government of Germany
Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), was Queen of Scotland from 14 December 1542 until 24 July 1567, when she was forced to give up her kingdom (abdicate). She was executed because it was said she had been plotting to assassinate her cousin, Elizabeth I of England.

Early life 
Mary was the daughter of King James V of Scotland, who died just after she was born. She was crowned queen when she was only 6 days old. Her grandmother Margaret Tudor was the oldest surviving daughter of Henry VII of England. 

Mary went to live in France when she was very young. Scotland would be ruled by regents until she was 18 years old. The first regent was the Earl of Arran. After 1554, the regent was Mary's mother, Mary of Guise.
Life in France 
King Henry VIII of England tried to get Lord Arran to agree that Mary would marry his son. This led to a series of battles called the "Rough Wooing". In the end, Lord Arran turned to the French for help. Lord Arran and King Henry II of France agreed that France would protect Scotland if Mary could marry the King's son Francis. When she was 15 years old, Mary married Francis, who was now King Francis II of France. But their marriage was short. Francis became very ill and later died from an ear infection that had spread to his brain, leaving Mary a widow shortly before her 18th birthday.

Reign in Scotland 
When Mary was born, Scotland was a Catholic country. While she was living in France, Protestant ideas were spreading to Scotland. Her mother tried to stop this but could not. In 1560, the Parliament of Scotland said it wanted Scotland to be a Protestant country.
In 1561, Mary returned to Scotland. She found that she was not popular in her kingdom. She had been brought up as a Catholic, but many people in Scotland had become Protestant. It was difficult for Mary to avoid siding with either the Catholics or the Protestants. 

As Mary was now free to marry again, there were lots of noblemen who wanted to become her husband. For her second husband, she chose an English lord named Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, who was of royal blood. Mary and Darnley were both grand-children of Henry VII and were half first -cousins. Darnley was good-looking and charming, but he was often very childish, and he was jealous of Mary's secretary, an Italian named David Rizzio.
In 1567, Darnley was murdered. James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell was put on trial for the murder but found not guilty. He was a powerful Scottish nobleman who was loyal to Mary and hated Darnley. Mary then married him. This caused her problems, because Bothwell had many enemies and many still believed he had murdered Darnley. Mary's enemies forced her off the throne and made her young son the king in her place. Mary was put in prison in Loch Leven Castle. She escaped and crossed the border into England, which was ruled by her cousin, Elizabeth, Queen of England.

Imprisonment and death
Mary, Queen of Scots hoped that her cousin Elizabeth I would help her regain her throne, but Elizabeth did not trust her as it was believed that Mary might try to take her throne. As a result, Mary was imprisoned for many years. However, things took a dark turn when Mary was accused of planning to murder Elizabeth. She was put on trial and found guilty of treason by a jury of thirty noblemen, and was sentenced to death by beheading.

On February 8, 1587, Mary was executed at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire, England, at the order of Queen Elizabeth I. Following the execution, the executioner held up Mary's head and famously declared, "God save the Queen." While this was meant to demonstrate his loyalty to Elizabeth I, some accounts suggest that the crowd was horrified by the display, which only added to the public sympathy for Mary.
The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots was a significant event in the history of Scotland and England, and it is still remembered and debated today. While some people believe that Mary was a victim of Elizabeth's political plotting, others argue that she was a threat to English security and had to be dealt with accordingly. Some people in Scotland saw Mary as a victim, a Catholic queen who was unfairly treated by her Protestant cousin Elizabeth I. They mourned her death.

References

1542 births
1587 deaths
House of Stuart
Kings and Queens of Scotland
16th century in Scotland
This is a list of the administrative divisions of Germany. It includes the Kreise/Landkreise as well as the kreisfreie Städte. The list is sorted alphabetically, by state.

Germany-related lists
Jack Fabian Peñate (born 2 September 1984) is a British singer-songwriter and musician, of English and Spanish heritage. He is signed to XL Recordings, the record label. Well known for his soulful ska-fuelled songs and eccentric dancing whilst on stage, his live performance has received some very high praise. He attended Alleyn's School and spent one year at University College London studying Classics before leaving to start his musical career. He performs with friends and band members Joel Porter (bass) and Alex Robins (drums).

Discography 
Singles:
 2006: "Second, Minute or Hour" (original release)
 2007: "Spit At Stars"
 2007: "Torn On The Platform" UK #7, UK Indie #1
 2007: "Second, Minute or Hour" – 24 September 2007 UK #17, UK Indie #1
 2007: "Have I Been A Fool" – 10 December 2007 UK #73, UK Indie #3

Albums:
 2007: Matinée – 8 October 2007 UK #7, UK Independent Label Albums #1

Other websites
 Official website 
 The Sun article 
 Jack Penate: Matinee Review  – MnGR
1984 births
Living people
English singers
English songwriters
English musicians
Alumni of University College London
Guillaume Dufay (pronounce "GHEE-oam Doo-FYE", sometimes spelt Du Fay) (born Beersel? 5 August 1397?; died Cambrai, 27 November 1474) was a Franco-Flemish composer and music theorist of the early Renaissance. He was the most important composer of his time. He belonged to the group of composers known as the Burgundian School. He had more influence on music in Europe than any other composer of the 15th century.

Life 
From what it says in his will it seems likely that he was born in Beersel which is near Brussels in what, today, is Belgium. He was the illegitimate child of an unknown priest and a woman called Marie Du Fayt. When he was small, Dufay moved with his mother to Cambrai where they stayed with a relative who was a canon of the cathedral there. Dufay soon showed musical talent, and he was given a musical education at the cathedral. He sang in the choir there. When he was only 16 he was given a benefice as chaplain near Cambrai. He travelled to Konstanz for a meeting.
From November 1418 to 1420 he was a subdeacon at Cambrai Cathedral. In 1420 he left Cambrai again, and worked in Rimini in Italy at the house of a rich family. In 1424 he returned to Cambrai because the relative in whose house his mother was staying was ill. After the relative died he went back to Italy. He worked in Bologna for a cardinal. He became a deacon and then a priest.
  
When the Cardinal was made to leave Bologna in 1428 Dufay went to Rome to work for the pope. He became a member of the Papal Choir. In 1434 he was made maistre de chappelle in Savoy. He seems to have left Rome when the papal choir had money problems. Yet in 1435 he was again in the service of the papal chapel, but this time it was in Florence. In 1436 Dufay composed the festive motet Nuper rosarum flores, one of his most famous compositions, which was sung at the dedication of Brunelleschi's dome of the cathedral in Florence.
During this period Dufay also began his long association with the d'Este family in Ferrara, some of the most important musical patrons of the Renaissance. He may have got to know them during his first stay in Italy. Rimini was not far from Ferrara, and he spent time in both towns where he got financial support.

At this time the arguments between the Pope and the Council of Basel continued. Dufay thought he might find himself without a job, so he went back to Cambrai. In order to be a canon at Cambrai, he needed a law degree, which he got in 1437; he may have studied at Turin University in 1436. One of the first documents mentioning him in Cambrai is dated December 27, 1440, when he was given 36 lots of wine for the feast of St. John the Evangelist. We do not know how long he took to drink it.
Dufay stayed in Cambrai during the 1440s. At the same time he was also in the service of the Duke of Burgundy. While in Cambrai he worked with Nicolas Grenon on completely renewing the cathedral collection of music. This meant that he had to write a big collection of polyphonic music for services. He also worked in the administration of the cathedral. In 1444 his mother died, and was buried in the cathedral; and in 1445 Dufay moved into the house of the person who had been canon just before. He kept this home for the rest of his life, although he did spend six more years in Italy where he wrote many of his compositions. When he returned again to Cambrai he was made canon of the cathedral. He was the most famous composer in Europe by that time. He often composed music for the court of Burgundy, and he met many younger composers who were becoming famous, such as Busnois, Ockeghem, Tinctoris, and Loyset Compère
. During this period Dufay probably wrote his mass based on the song L'homme armé, as well as the chanson based on the same song. Maybe he wrote this when Philip the Good called for a new crusade against the Turks, who had recently captured Constantinople. He also wrote a Requiem mass around 1460, which is lost.
After an illness of several weeks, Dufay died on November 27, 1474. He had asked for his motet Ave regina celorum to be sung for him as he died, with pleas for mercy to be read between some of the movements, but there was not enough time for this to be arranged, so it was sung at his funeral instead. Dufay was buried in the chapel of St. Etienne in the cathedral of Cambrai; his portrait was carved onto his tombstone. In later years the cathedral was destroyed, and the tombstone was lost, but it was found in 1859 (it was being used to cover a well), and is now in the Palais des Beaux Arts museum in Lille.

Music and influence 
Dufay’s music was performed all over Europe. People who wanted to perform his music had to write it out by hand. There was no music printing in those days.
Dufay wrote church music including masses, motets, Magnificats, hymns, simple chant settings and antiphons. His secular (non-religious) music includes rondeaux, ballades, virelais and a few other kinds of chanson. His style of composition laid the foundation for the next generations of Renaissance composers. Some of his techniques were old-fashioned. He used isorhythms in his motets, which had been popular in medieval music. He used a way of harmonizing chants which became known as fauxbourdon. He was popular because he was skilled at writing melodies which were beautiful to sing.

References 
grove dictionary of music online

1390s births
1474 deaths
Renaissance composers
Music theorists
Franco-Flemish composers
Upper Egypt is a narrow strip of land on both sides of the  Nile that extends from modern-day Aswan to the area south of modern-day Cairo. The northern part of Upper Egypt, between El-Aiyat and Asyut is sometimes called Middle Egypt.

Upper Egypt was known as Ta Shemau  which means "the land of reeds." It was divided into twenty-two districts called nomes. The first nome was roughly where modern Aswan is and the twenty-second was at modern Atfih (Aphroditopolis), just to the south of Cairo.

For most of pharaonic Egypt's history Thebes was the administrative centre of Upper Egypt. 

Upper Egypt was represented by the tall White Crown Hedjet, and its symbol was the flowering lotus.

It is in this region that the Arab Bedouin were installed before settling between Tunisia and eastern Algeria (Constantinois)

Related pages
Nomes of Egypt
Egypt
Ancient Egypt
References
 Ermann, Johann Peter Adolf; Hermann Grapow, eds., Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache
 The Encyclopedia Americana Grolier Incorporated, 1988
 Katheryn A. Bard, Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999
 Michel Chauveau, Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society Under the Ptolemies, Cornell University Press 2000
 Ann Rosalie David, The Egyptian Kingdoms, Elsevier Phaidon 1975

Footnotes

Ancient Egypt
Brandenburg an der Havel () (Upper Sorbian: Branibor, Low German: Brannenborg an de Havel) is a town in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. It is on the banks of the Havel river. Population: 74,129 (December 31, 2005).

The town of Brandenburg is less known than the state of Brandenburg: But the state is named after the town, and so is the medieval Bishopric of Brandenburg, the Margravate of Brandenburg. Today it is a small town compared to nearby Berlin, but once it was the start of the countries of Brandenburg and Prussia.

History 
Brandenburg was only on western bank of the Havel until 1196. But even after that year the parts on either side of the river were regarded as two different towns (Old and New Brandenburg) for centuries.

In 1314 the two towns joined the Hanseatic League. In the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) the towns were robbed and destroyed. Potsdam became the new capital, and the Royal Court left the town of Brandenburg. In 1715 the two halves of the town were merged to form a single town.
The concentration camp Brandenburg-Görden was in Görden, a suburb of Brandenburg, during the years of Nazi Germany.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall the population dropped from over 100,000 in 1989 down to roughly 75,000 in 2005 through emigration. The migration mainly affects the young people and thus the future of the city is uncertain.

References

Other websites

Urban districts of Brandenburg
Earl Hooker (born January 15, 1929 in Clarksdale, Mississippi; died April 21, 1970 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American blues guitarist.

Life and career

Early life 
Earl Hooker was born Earl Zebedee Hooker in Clarksdale, Mississippi. He taught himself to play guitar around the age of 10 and began going to the Lyon & Healy Music School in 1941 soon after.

Teen life 
While a teen, Hooker played on Chicago street corners, sometimes with Bo Diddley. He also became friends with slide guitarist Robert Nighthawk, which led to Hooker playing slide guitar and some performances with Nighthawk's group outside of Chicago.

First band 
In 1949, Hooker moved to Memphis, joined Ike Turner's band, and played in the South.

Hooker made his first recordings mainly 78 rpm and 45 rpm records in 1952 and 1953 for small labels Rockin', King, and Sun. Hooker spent most of the '60s playing in Chicago clubs with his band.
First album 
In 1969 he recorded an album, Hooker 'n Steve, with organist Steve “Mr. Blues” Miller for Arhoolie Records. Hooker also played slide guitar on the 1962 Muddy Waters recording "You Shook Me". The 1970 album Sweet Black Angel, co-producer Ike Turner contain songs "I Feel Good", "Drivin' Wheel", "Country and Western", "Boogie", Don't Blot! "Shuffle", "Catfish Blues", "Crosscut Saw", "Sweet Home Chicago", "Mood", and "Funky Blues".

Death 
Earl Hooker died at the age of 41 from tuberculosis. He is buried in the Restvale Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. His story was told in a 2001 book by author Sebastian Danchin titled Earl Hooker, Blues Master.

Discography

References

Blues guitarists
Chicago blues musicians
American guitarists
Musicians from Mississippi
1929 births
1970 deaths
The Roma are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group found mainly in Europe. In English, they are often called Gypsies. Some Roma, but not all consider "Gypsy" to be a slur. The old word "Chingar" is now rarely used. The Roma are people that left India around 500 AD and entered Europe around 1000 AD.
Genetic
A DNA study by Indian and Estonian researchers shows that the Roma people's ancestors originate from Chandala (untouchables), Dalit and Shudra community of their ancestral homeland Gene flow from Turks into the Roma people population at the Ottoman Empire , happened through the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans and Byzantine Empire. Much DNA from the People of the Host Countrys where the roma live in flow also into the Romani people through intermarriages
Another gene study shows South Indian Tamil people DNA to Romani people, also the Y-DNA H in Roma community if from India. View Romani Men share the R1a1 Y-DNA Haplogroup, who show a Brahmin Ancestry. It is also claimed the Roma people came from Sindh. Also the J and R Y-DNA from Jats can be found in Roma people
The newborns of the Romani people from different countries, as a Indian study shows, have the blue-greyish so called Mongolian spot. Another study show's that many Romani Men from the Zargari tribe in Iran at Qazvin Province are born without a foreskin or a very short foreskin, a rare condition called Aposthia.
There are populations of Roma all over Europe, but the largest populations are in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans.
There are various groups of Roma: the Roma of East European birth; the Sinti in Germany and the Manouches in France and Catalonia; the Kaló in Spain, Ciganos in Portugal and Gitans of southern France; the Romanichals of Britain; and the Romanlar in Turkey.

Language 
The Romani language is now an official language in many European countries under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

History 

The 18th-century idea on the Indian birth of the Roma is based on the likeness between Romani and the languages spoken in the Indian subcontinent. The theory is now supported by genetic evidence. The origins of the Roma were not known until 1763, when a theology student, Stefan Vali, met Indian medical students. He noticed that they were physically similar to the Roma he saw in Hungary. He also noticed that they used similar words.
It is believed that the remnants from the Indo-Greeks , the Atsinganos (Untouchables) left the Indian subcontinent as traders about Indo-Roman trade via the Silk Road through Byzantine Empire to Egypt at the time of the Migration period , where they live for centuries. The Copts named them ⲣⲱⲙⲁ (man or human, also these people there) in Coptic. Around the 12th or the 13th centuries, the Roma reached the Balkans, in the wake of the Crusades. From there, they dispersed in Western Europe.

The first arrivals were well accepted. European people thought they were Christian pilgrims. The local people of Europe were fascinated by their nomadic way of life and their new sciences. A Roma was often recruited as a musician, for Horse training and circus artists, a lion tamer, a Blacksmith, a town crier, a hawker, avgroundskeeper, a dishwasher, a cleaner, a lumberjack, a caretaker, a locksmith, and other low jobs. Roma were crossing Europe aboard large caravans, which contained their luggage.
The Egyptians Act of 1530 expelled Roma people from England, and 10,000 expelled Roma people went to the Ottoman Empire and became Muslims. Their descendants have , call themself until today Egyptians.

During World War II, Roma people suffered from the Nazis' persecution and ethnic cleansing policies. Statistics show that about 500,000 Roms died in Nazi concentration camps. The Xoraxane Roma from Bosnia, also named white sedentary muslim gypys was not deportated, because Muslims of Bosnia decleared they belong to us.

Culture 
The culture of roma people differs from country to country where there live in and also many differences from group to group. The different Religions also have a big influence of the difference of roma-culture. The Roma left a musical heritage. Guitars and violins are part of their traditions. The Roma influenced musical styles in Europe, such as the belly dance, flamenco, rumba, and jazz.
On 8 April 1971, the Roma nationality was legally recognized in Europe. Since then, 8 April is the Roma national day.
Most Romani people practise endogamy and arranged marriage's in very young age. Exogamy, marrying a Gadjo (non-Roma), is seldom. In some groups Cousin marriage is prohibited.

Romani cuisine differs from one country to another

Didicoy is a term used by Roma people for people who are of mixed Roma blood. The ancestry of these people is not completely Roma.  Full blooded Roma and didicoy do not get along well with each other. The Romanichal (full blooded Roma people) often believe that their  reputation for criminality is based on the actions of didicoys and other nomadic groups that are refered to as "Gypsies". Some families of mixed blood often call themselves "kyes". 

Often, the non-nomadic population of Roma people in the United Kingdom use the term Didicoy as slang for all Roma people. An example of an old Romani song about a mixed blooded Roma is the "Romano Rai".
Beliefs 
The Roma's religions are mostly Eastern Christianity, Catholicism, and Islam. Baptism by the Dasikane (Christian Roma) and male circumcision by the Xoraxane (Muslim Roma) are practiced. Their ancient religion was Hinduism and Buddhism. 
Some formally Christian and Muslim Roma have embraced the Noahidic faith. According to Jewish law, non-Jews do not have to convert, but are supposed to obey the Noahide commandments. Persons who submit to the commandments are called children of Noah (B'nei Noach) Noahids. In Hungary there are many former Christian Roma who adopted Buddhism, especially in Hungary. There are also some Christian Roma groups, who taken one of the several evangelicalism faith. Several Muslim Roma belong to one of a Sufism Tarika.
The Old Dualist-Religion of the Roma people called Romanipen is a simple belive in Devla-God and Beng-Satan . There is no holy books but Priests called Rashai derived from Rishi, the Priests wife is called Rashani. Only Roma or partial roma may be members.
Some Roma belonges to Bahá'í Faith and Mormonism
Persecutions 
Even though they have been recognized, they still suffer from discrimination and antiziganism. Some countries still apply discriminatory attitudes towards Roma, especially in workplaces and schools, where they are not accepted.

Their squatting communities also irritate locals. The Romani created an association in 1978 to defend their rights.

References

Other websites 

The Health of Gypsies: Problem of caring for travellers is also British, not just European

Roma people
Ethnic groups in Europe
Scrubland is plant community with scrub vegetation. "Scrub" means low shrubs, mixed with grasses, herbs, and geophytes.   

Scrublands are sometimes known as heathlands. Scrublands may develop naturally or as result of human activity. They may be the mature vegetation type in a particular region and remain stable over time, or a transitional community that occurs temporarily as the result of a disturbance, such as a major fire.  

Ecosystems
Lower Egypt is the fertile Nile Delta region, which stretches from the area between El-Aiyat and Zawyet Dahshur, south of modern-day Cairo, and the Mediterranean Sea.

Lower Egypt was known as Ta-Mehu which means "land of papyrus." It was divided into twenty districts called nomes. Lower Egypt was mostly undeveloped scrubland, undeveloped for human life and filled with all types of plant life such as grasses and herbs.

The climate in Lower Egypt is milder than that of Upper Egypt. Temperatures are less extreme and there is more rainfall.

The capital of Lower Egypt was Buto. Its patron goddess was the cobra goddess Wadjet. Lower Egypt was represented by the Low Red Crown Deshret, and its symbol was the papyrus.

Related pages
Upper Egypt
Nomes of Egypt
Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt
Evelyn Barbirolli (born Wallingford-on-Thames, Berkshire, 24 January 1911; died 25 January 2008) was a famous oboist.  She was an honorary member of the Royal Philharmonic Society.  Only 116 people have ever been made honorary members.  She was the wife of the conductor Sir John Barbirolli.  She was born Evelyn Rothwell, and was always known by that name until after the death of her husband, John Barbirolli, when she changed her professional name to “Evelyn Barbirolli”.  She became famous at a time when there were very few women in orchestras.

Life

Early years
Life

Early years

Evelyn Rothwell’s father was a tea dealer in the City of London.  Her mother was related to Charles Reade, a 19th century novelist.  She started to learn the oboe at her school, Downe House, near Newbury.  Her father did not want her to study music, but in the end she was allowed to go to the Royal College of Music.   She studied the oboe there, and the piano as a second instrument.  She also played the cello and timpani.  She was a student there at the same time as Benjamin Britten, who sometimes asked her to play some of the oboe music he had just written.

Evelyn started her professional career as an oboist in the Drury Lane orchestra.  She soon got a job with the Royal Opera House touring company whose conductor was John Barbirolli.  Barbirolli was married, but his marriage did not last long.
Barbirolli was then made conductor of the Scottish Orchestra (now called the Royal Scottish National Orchestra).  He gave Evelyn the job of first oboe in this orchestra.  He made an arrangement of a concerto by Handel for her to play.  She played several other concertos with him conducting, and they made several recordings.  Vaughan Williams was very pleased with their recording of his oboe concerto.  Several composers wrote music especially for her.  Henry Wood made her first oboist in the New Queen’s Hall Orchestra.

Years of marriage
Years of marriage

Evelyn married Barbirolli in 1939, after he had divorced his first wife.  By this time Barbirolli was conductor of the New York Philharmonic.  He had taken this job after Toscanini had left.  Barbirolli and his new wife lived in New York until 1943 when they returned to England so that Barbirolli could be the conductor of the Hallé Orchestra in Manchester.  Sometimes she played in the orchestra, but not very often because she thought people might say that it was because her husband was the conductor.  When the Hallé Orchestra went to Austria in 1948 she played Mozart’s oboe concerto with them.  People at that time only knew this work in an arrangement for the flute.
In Manchester Evelyn helped her husband by being his secretary.  She drove him everywhere, and was always by his side at rehearsals to help him.  As Barbirolli gradually became ill she spent nearly all her time with him instead of playing the oboe.  She travelled with him to America when he became conductor of the Houston Symphony Orchestra.  Barbirolli kept working hard although he was not well.  During his last years they had financial problems when Barbirolli’s manager caused them to lose a lot of money.

After Barbirolli’s death
After Barbirolli’s death in 1970 she started to play her oboe again.  She taught at the Royal Academy of Music, and was always known as “Lady Barbirolli” (or “Lady B”).  She often adjudicated at music competitions.  Her pupils respected her for her honesty and kindness.  She wrote a book about Oboe Technique and the Oboist’s Companion, a book in 3 volumes.  She also wrote an autobiography called Living with Glorious John.  She was made an OBE in 1984.  She died the day after her 97th birthday.

References
Obituary: The Daily Telegraph, 26 January 2008.

Oboists
English autobiographers
1911 births
2008 deaths
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
This is a list of cities in Germany with more than 100,000 inhabitants.

The following table lists all towns in Germany that currently have a population greater than 100,000. The federal capital is shown in yellow, state capitals (except Schwerin, which does not meet the list rules because it is too small) in light blue.


List 
Where a city has different names in English and German, the English name is given first.

References 
 Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, 1880-1918 
 Statistisches Reichsamt (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch für das Deutsche Reich, 1919-1941/42 
 Deutscher Städtetag (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch Deutscher Gemeinden, 1890 ff. 
 Statistisches Bundesamt (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1952 ff. 
 Staatliche Zentralverwaltung für Statistik (Hrsg.): Statistisches Jahrbuch der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, 1955-1989

Related pages 
List of German towns
Other websites 
 Statistisches Bundesamt - Gemeindeverzeichnis 
 Deutscher Städtetag  
 Germany by Map: All cities and communes

Germany-related lists
Germany

Germany
A Regierungsbezirk is a government region of Germany in some federal states (Bundesländer). 

Regierungsbezirke are divided into districts (Kreise), either Landkreise or urban districts: cities which constitute a district in their own right (kreisfreie Städte). The Regierungsbezirk is governed by a Bezirksregierung and led by a Regierungspräsident.

Not all Bundesländer have this sub-division; some are directly divided into districts. Currently, five states are divided into 22 Regierungsbezirke, ranging in population from 5,255,000 (Düsseldorf) to 1,065,000 (Gießen):

 Baden-Württemberg: Freiburg, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, Tübingen
 Bavaria: Oberbayern, Niederbayern, Oberpfalz, Oberfranken, Mittelfranken, Unterfranken, Schwaben
 Hesse: Darmstadt, Gießen, Kassel
 North Rhine-Westphalia: Arnsberg, Cologne, Detmold, Düsseldorf, Münster
 Saxony: Chemnitz, Dresden, Leipzig
History 
The first Regierungsbezirke were created by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1808/16, which divided its provinces into 25 Regierungsbezirke. The Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia are in direct continuation of those created in 1815. Other states of the German Empire created similar entities, named Kreishauptmannschaft (in Saxony) or Kreis (in Bavaria and Württemberg) (not to be confused with the Kreis or Landkreis today). During the Third Reich, the Nazi government unified the naming; since then all these entities are called Regierungsbezirk.

On January 1 2000 Rhineland-Palatinate disbanded its three Regierungsbezirke Koblenz, Rheinhessen-Pfalz and Trier - the employees and assets of the three Bezirksregierungen were converted into three public authorities responsible for the whole state, each covering a part of the former responsibilities of the Bezirksregierung.
On January 1, 2004, Saxony-Anhalt disbanded its three Regierungsbezirke: Dessau, Halle and Magdeburg. The responsibilities are now covered by a Landesverwaltungsamt with three offices at the former seats of the Bezirksregierungen. 

On January 1, 2005, Lower Saxony disbanded its four Regierungsbezirke: Braunschweig, Hanover, Lüneburg, and Weser-Ems.

In 2005, North Rhine-Westphalia planned to abolish its five Regierungsbezirke and create three self-government entities. The old, "Prussian-style", Regierungsbezirk had no self-government organs.

 
Local government of Germany
Joseph Martin "Joschka" Fischer (born 12 April 1948) was German foreign minister and Vice Chancellor in the government of Gerhard Schröder from 1998 to 2005. He was a leading figure in the German Green Party and according to opinion polls , he was the most popular politician in Germany for most of the government's duration. He left office on 22 November 2005.

Early life
Fischer was born in Gerabronn in Baden-Württemberg. His parents were Germans from Hungary. His nickname Joschka is from Jóska, which is the Hungarian nickname for Joseph (). Fischer dropped out of high school in 1965, and started working for a photographer which he quit in 1966.

In 1967 he became active in the German student movement and Left-wing politics. Working in a left-wing bookstore in Frankfurt was when he started going to leftist university events as a guest student. He studied the works of Marx, Mao and Hegel and became a member of the militant group Revolutionary Combat ().
Fischer took part in some street battles when the anarchist Putzgruppe attacked the police and hurt some officers a lot. (In German the word Putz can mean a cleaner, but in Putz-group it is an acronym. That means the letters stand for other words. Proletarische Union für Terror und Zerstörung, i.e. The Workers Union for Terror and Destruction). Photos of one battle in March 1973 show Fischer clubbing policeman Rainer Marx  . getting a workout (photo)

In the German Autumn () of 1977, there were a lot of terrorist attacks by the Red Army Faction (RAF). Fischer says that these attacks, especially the kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer, made him give up violence as a way to get political change.

Instead, he became involved in the new social movements and later in the newly founded German Green Party, mainly in the state of Hesse.
In May 1981 the Minister of Economics of the state of Hesse, Heinz-Herbert Karry, was murdered. The gun that killed the minister was stolen from an American army base in 1973, and Fischer's car was used in the robbery.

As Foreign Minister, Fischer apologised for the violence of his Putzgruppe days,

Green politician
From 1983 to 1985, Fischer was a member of the Bundestag for the Green party. In 1985, he became Minister for the Environment in Hesse in the first Social Democrat-Green coalition (1985-1987). Fischer caused a stir when he arrived to take his oath of office ceremony wearing trainers. These trainers are now on display in a museum in Bonn.

Fischer was again Environment Minister in Hessen from 1991 to 1994, and, later on, became co-chairman of the Greens parliamentary party in the Bundestag. During his years in opposition, Fischer was respected for his speeches. For a large part of the 1990s, with the SPD was not very popular, and Fischers friends often called him "real" Leader of the Opposition.
Foreign Minister

In September 1998 the Social Democrats, led by Gerhard Schröder, beat the Christian Democrat government of Helmut Kohl. With the SPD's 42% and the Greens' 7%, a coalition government could be formed. After several weeks of talks between Social Democrats and Greens, the new government took power on 27 October 1998. Fischer became Minister of Foreign Affairs.

In 1999 Fischer supported German participation in the Kosovo War. This was very extremely controversial within the largely pacifist Green Party, because it meant that, for the first time since World War II, German soldiers would actively go into combat. He justified this war with allegations that Serbia was planning to commit genocide against the Kosovo Albanians.
Fischer was also in favour of stationing German troops in Afghanistan, but he advised Schröder not to join the war in Iraq. He is known as a good friend of Kofi Annan. By 2005 he was the second longest-serving foreign minister in German postwar history (after Hans-Dietrich Genscher).

In 2005 Fischer was accused by critics of carelessly relaxing controls on visa regulations for Ukraine, thus allowing many illegal immigrants to enter Germany with fake identities. A parliamentary committee was established to examine the case, and unlike in other such committee hearings, Fischer's statement (and that of other top officials) was shown live on public TV. Fischer's appearance before the committee took twelve hours. (See German Visa Affair 2005).
After the defeat of the coalition government in the 2005 election, Fischer announced that he would retire to the backbench. "After 20 years of power, now I want my freedom back", he was quoted as saying. On 13 October 2005, it was announced that Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD) would succeed Fischer as Foreign Minister.

Life after politics
Since the beginning of September 2006 Joschka Fischer has been a senior fellow at the Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination at Princeton University, a visiting professor at Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. He has also spoken at other American universities, notably Brandeis University, on various topic in foreign affairs and international relations.

Private life
Fischer has often been the most popular German politician, even among supporters of other parties.
Until 1996, Fischer had been an outspoken lover of good wines and food. He often bet cases of expensive wine with other politicians on the outcome of elections. Fischer had also been overweight. Within a short time he lose a lot of weight. Fischer said that this was due to his giving up alcohol completely and changing his diet. He had also been doing fitness training and even running marathons. He cashed in on his weight loss by writing the book My long race towards myself about his experience, which became an immediate bestseller. Recently he has been putting on weight again.

Fischer has been married five times: his first four marriages, to Edeltraud Fischer (1967-1984), Inge Vogel (1984-1987), Claudia Bohm (1987-1999), and Nicola Leske (1999-2003), all ended in divorce. In October 2005 he married (in Rome) Minu Barati, who was his common-law wife for 2 years. With Inge, his second wife, he has two children: David and Lara. In April 2005 Fischer became a grandfather for the first time.
Further reading
 Boston Review article reviewing Fischer's biography 
 Biography at the German Historic Museum 
 Photographs of Joschka Fischer 1991 - 1998 at the German Historic Museum  
 Joschka Fischer, la retraite ou pas ?  
 Joscka Fischer : les discours d’un Vert aux affaires étrangères  
 Interview with Joschka Fischer  After moving to Princeton University, Fischer gives an in-depth interview about security and globalization for Princeton Report on Knowledge.
 Joschka Fischer's monthly syndicated commentary series, "The Rebel Realist", from Project Syndicate
The following sources reflect the views of U.S. adversaries of Fischer and his policies, especially Germany's decision not to participate in the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq.
 Why Germany Isn't Convinced by Paul Berman in Slate
 Power and the Idealists : Or, The Passion of Joschka Fischer, and Its Aftermath by Paul Berman.  (Originally appeared as a 25,000 word essay in The New Republic, 3 September 2001)
 The last rock 'n' roller of German politics In an interview with the taz given in September 2005, Fischer reflects on what his coming retirement means for his party, his country and himself. At signandsight.com

Other websites 

Fischer writes a monthly commentary series, "The Rebel Realist", for Project Syndicate, a non-profit association of newspapers around the world.
 The Rebel Realist

1948 births
Living people
Members of the German Bundestag
German politicians of Alliance '90/The Greens
Government ministers of Germany
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Vice Chancellors of Germany
The Flora family of asteroids is a big group of S-type asteroids in the closer part of the main belt, whose origin and properties are not well understood right now. About 4-5% of all main belt asteroids belong to this family.

Because of its poorly defined edges, and the location of Flora itself near the edge, this asteroid group has also sometimes been called the Ariadne family, when Flora did not make it into the group during an analysis (e.g. the WAM analysis by Zappala 1995).

Characteristics
The biggest member is 8 Flora, which mesures 140 km in diameter, and takes up about 80% of the total family mass. Nevertheless, the parent body was almost for sure destroyed by the impact/s that made the family, and Flora is probably a gravitational aggregate of most of the pieces. 43 Ariadne makes up much of the remaining mass (about a further 9%, with the remaining family members being fairly small, below 30 km in diameter.
Unrelated asteroids
Because of the high background density of asteroids in this part of space, one might expect that a great number of asteroids unrelated to the collision that made the family would be present. However, few have been found. This is because unrelated asteroids are hard to distinguish from family members because the family is of the same spectral type (S) that dominates the closer main belt overall. The few unrelated asteroids that have been found are all small (Florczak et al. 1998, and also by inspection of the PDS asteroid taxonomy data set  for non S-type members.) They include 298 Baptistina, 422 Berolina, 2093 Genichesk, 2259 Sofievka (the biggest, with a 21 km diameter), 2952 Liliputia, 3533 Toyota, 3850 Peltier, 3875 Staehle, 4278 Harvey, 4396 Gressmann, and 4750 Mukai.
References 
 V. Zappalà, Ph. Bendjoya, A. Cellino, P. Farinella and C. Froeschlé, Asteroid Families: Search of a 12,487-Asteroid Sample Using Two Different Clustering Techniques , Icarus, Volume 116, Issue 2 (August 1995), pages 291-314
 M. Florczak et al. A Visible Spectroscopic Survey of the Flora Clan, Icarus Vol. 133, p. 233 (1998).
 PDS asteroid taxonomy data set 
 S.J. Bus and R.P. Binzel, Phase II of the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey, Icarus Vol. 158, p. 106 (2002). Data set online here .
 D. Nesvorný et al. The Flora Family: A Case of the Dynamically Dispersed Collisional Swarm?, Icarus, Vol. 157, p. 155 (2002).
 AstDys site. Proper elements for 96944 numbered minor planets.
 P. Tanga et al. On the Size Distribution of Asteroid Families: The Role of Geometry, Icarus, Vol. 141, p. 65 (1999).
 J. Veverka et al. Galileo's Encounter with 951 Gaspra: Overview, Icarus, Vol. 107, p. 2 (1994).

Asteroids
The Tseax River Cone (also known as Aiyansh Volcano) is a cinder cone in British Columbia, Canada. The volcano and the area around it are protected as a provincial park called the Nisga'a Memorial Lava Beds Provincial Park. 

In the 18th century it caused the death of about 2000 people.

References 

Volcanoes of British Columbia
Mike Dirnt (born Ryan Pritchard on May 4, 1972, in Berkeley, California) is the bass guitar player from the punk rock band Green Day, he also sings back up vocals.

Personal life 
Dirnt was adopted. His adoptive parents divorced when he was 7, and both are now remarried. Dirnt owns a restaurant in California called "Rudy's Can't Fail Cafe". He married his long time girlfriend Anastasia in 1996 and their daughter, Estella-Desiree, "Stella", was born in April 1997. He recently was remarried in 2004, however his wife left him because he spent too much time in the studio recording American Idiot.  Dirnt lives in Oakland, California.

1972 births
Living people
Bassists
Green Day members
Businesspeople from Berkeley, California
Businesspeople from San Diego, California
Musicians from Berkeley, California
Musicians from San Diego, California
Tré Cool (born Frank Edwin Wright III on December 9, 1972) is an American drummer for the punk band Green Day.

Appearance 
He has red hair and blue eyes.

Personal life 
He has two children, Ramona, born January 1995 to ex-wife, Lisea Lyons; Frankito ("Little Frank"), born 2001 to Claudia. Tré grew up with his father and 2 siblings. He dated The Donnas drummer Torry Castellano in 2003, they then separated in mid 2005. Tre' Cool is currently single.

References 

1972 births
Living people
American drummers
American punk musicians
American rock musicians
New wave musicians
Musicians from Oakland, California
Green Day members
Plain White T's are an alternative rock band from Chicago. Their newest release, Every Second Counts (2006), was the first Plain White T's album to reach the mainstream. When the album came out, one song, Hey There Delilah, an acoustic love song, was played on many radio stations daily. Another famous song of theirs is Our Time Now.

Biography

Formation 
The singer of the band, Tom Higgenson, first wanted to be a drummer. He was in many bands during his High School. However, when Plain White T's were made, he decided to become a singer and a songwriter. Bassist, Ken Fletcher, and drummer, Dave Tirio, joined the band began performing in Downers Grove, Illinois.

Early Career, 1999- 2001 
They started out by playing other people's songs, but in the summer of 1999 the band was beginning to become known by record labels like Atlantic Recordings. In 2000 they released their first album, "Come On Over". They toured around Chicago to try and make the album sell more and to get more fans.
Stop 2001-2004 
At the end of 2001, Plain White T's left Atlantic Recordings and signed to Fearless Records. They began recording for their next album, called "Stop". They chose in Downers Grove, Illinois and Santa Barbara, California. The album took four months to record, being finished in April 2002. The album was shown around Plain White T's home town before being released finally on August 20th 2002, a whole twenty months after it was started.

In October, the band went on their first big tour. The tour in the band ending up stopping being friends, this was solved with new members, with Dave switching from drums to guitar, Steve being replaced by Tim Lopez, Ken being replaced by Mike Retondo and De'Mar Hamilton taking up drums.