Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Early years 
When Abiy was a teenager, he served in the Ethiopian National defense forces fighting off the communist Derg a regime which overthrow Emperor Haile Selassie I. The later Prime Minister also served as a lieutenant Colonel for the Ethiopian National Defense Forces
Ahmed's education starts when he earned a bachelor's degree at "Computer Engineering from the Microlink Information Technology College in Addis Ababa in 2009." Abiy went further on and got a Master of Arts in transformational leadership degree from Greenwich University in London which is a business school. A later went on to further get more degrees. He also got a MBA degree from Leadstar College of Management and Leadership in Addis Ababa in 2013. He also In 2017, started his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and got in work as a regular student there, at the Institute for Peace and Security Studies, at Addis Ababa University the oldest University in Ethiopia. He did his Ph.D. work on the Agaro constituency with his Ph.D. thesis called “Social Capital and its Role in Traditional Conflict Resolution in Ethiopia: The Case of Inter-Religious Conflict In Jimma Zone state”
. Abiy published a related short research article on de-escalation strategies in the Horn of Africa in a special journal issue dedicated to countering violent extremism.
Relationships 
Abiy lived in France and had a French girlfriend it is told that she loved Abiy but Abiy went to Ethiopia to pursue his political career which he later became Prime Minister. Abiy later went to Ethiopia and found a women who he fallen in love with called Zinash Tayachew.

Director of Information Network and Security Agency. 

Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed founded INSA or the Information Network Security Agency and became its director from 2008 through 2010. INSA is an organization which spies on people which the government targets it also secures and encrypts Ethiopia's cyber security. Abiy Ahmed through his jamming capabilities as learning intelligence measures in South Africa was able to create such an organization and become its director.

References

1976 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Ethiopia
Current national leaders
Estonia uses Eastern European Time (EET) (UTC+02:00) during winter, and Eastern European Summer Time (EEST) (UTC+03:00) during summer. Estonia has observed daylight saving time since 1981 when it was part of the Soviet Union. However, it wasn't used in 1989-1996 and 2000-2001.

References 

Estonia
Estonia
The President of Ethiopia, officially the President of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia is the head of state of Ethiopia. The position is largely a ceremonial one. The executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister of Ethiopia. The current president is Sahle-Work Zewde, who took office on 25 October 2018.

Presidents are elected by the House of Peoples' Representatives for six years, with a two-term limit.

List of presidents

References

Other websites
 World Statesmen - Ethiopia
Rahim Huseynov Alihuseyn oglu (), (born 5 April 1936) is an Azerbaijani politician. He was the 3rd Prime Minister of Azerbaijan.

References

1936 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani Popular Front Party politicians
Politicians from Baku
Azerbaijani engineers
Metallurgists
This is a list of cities and towns in Russia with a population of over 50,000 at the 2021 census. These numbers are city proper populations, instead of urban area or metro area populations.

This list includes the federal city of Sevastopol and cities and towns in the Republic of Crimea, which are de facto part of Russia but internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. The cities and towns in the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg are not on the list because they were not part of the 2021 census.

List 
Cities in bold are the capital city of their federal subject. Three capitals are too small to make the list: Naryan-Mar (pop. 23,399), Magas (pop. 15,271), and Anadyr (pop. 13,202). Pyatigorsk is the administrative centre of North Caucasian Federal District but not of any federal subject.

Gallery

Location of the most populous cities in Russia

References

Other websi

Related articles
Related articles 

 Demographics of Russia
 List of cities and towns in Russia, a complete list of all cities and towns in Russia
 List of federal subjects of Russia by population

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Russian Cities of over 100,000 population at Citypopulation.de
 Cities of Russia as a subject of tourist interest https://tour-planet.com

Russia-related lists
Danny Lee Burton (born June 21, 1938) is an American politician. Burton is the former U.S. Representative for . He represented the , serving from 1983 until 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party and the Tea Party Caucus.

References

Other websites

Archive.org – Congressman Dan Burton official U.S. House site – (official site deactivated)
Archive.org – Dan Burton for Congress
 

1938 births
Living people
United States representatives from Indiana
Politicians from Indianapolis
Republican Party (United States) politicians
The BR standard class 5 4-6-0 was one of the 12 standard classes of steam locomotive built by British Railways in the 1950s. It was essentially a development of the LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0. 172 were built between 1951 and 1957 and they were numbered 73000–73171. Five locomotives have been preserved.

British Rail
British Railways steam locomotives
Southern Railway may refer to:

 Southern (Govia Thameslink Railway)
 Southern Railway (Great Britain)
 Southern Railway (U.S.)
In analytical chemistry, quantitative analysis is the determination of the absolute or relative abundance (often expressed as a concentration) of one, several or all particular substance(s) present in a sample.

References

Analytical chemistry
Colorimetric analysis is a method of determining the concentration of a chemical element or chemical compound in a solution with the aid of a color reagent. It is applicable to both organic compounds and inorganic compounds and may be used with or without an enzymatic stage.  The method is widely used in medical laboratories and for industrial purposes, e.g. the analysis of water samples in connection with  industrial water treatment. The equipment required is a colorimeter, some cuvettes and a suitable color reagent.  The process may be automated, e.g. by the use of an AutoAnalyzer or by Flow injection analysis.

Analytical chemistry
An optical filter is a device that selectively transmits light of different wavelengths. It is usually made of coloured glass or plastic. Optical filters are commonly used in optical instruments (such as colorimeters), as photographic filters and to colour stage lighting.

Physics
Optics
Color
The Romford–Upminster line is a railway branch line in Greater London. It connects , on the Great Eastern Main Line, to Upminster, on the London, Tilbury and Southend Line and London Underground. The route is  long and there is one intermediate station at Emerson Park. The line is single-track throughout and is electrified at 25 kV AC. The speed limit is .

As of May 2015 services are operated by London Overground. There are two trains per hour in each direction. The timetabled journey time from one terminus to the other is nine minutes. It is completely separated from the rest of the London Overground.

London Overground
Rail transport in London
Transport in the London Borough of Havering
The Secretary General of NATO () is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). 

The Secretary General is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, and acting as NATO's spokesperson. 

The current Secretary General is Jens Stoltenberg, the former Prime Minister of Norway, who took office on 1 October 2014.

List of Secretaries General

Notes

References
Hastings Lionel Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay KG GCB CH DSO PC (21 June 1887 – 17 December 1965), nicknamed Pug, was a British Indian Army officer and diplomat. 

He was  Winston Churchill's chief military assistant during the Second World War and he was the first Secretary General of NATO from 1952 to 1957.  Ismay was the principal link between Churchill and the Chiefs of Staff Committee. Ismay also accompanied Churchill to many of the Allied war conferences.

Other websites
 NATO Declassified - Lord Ismay (biography)
 Indian Army Officers 1939−1945
 Generals of World War II

1887 births
1965 deaths
Secretaries General of NATO
British Barons
British military personnel of World War II
British generals
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights of the Garter
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John

Members of the House of Lords
Paul-Henri Charles Spaak (25 January 1899 – 31 July 1972) was a Belgian politician and statesman. He is thought to be as one of the founding fathers of the European Union.

Spaak entered politics in 1932 for the Belgian Workers' Party (later the Belgian Socialist Party). He became Prime Minister of Belgium in 1938 and held the position until 1939. During World War II, he served as Foreign Minister in the Belgian government in exile under Hubert Pierlot. After the war, he twice served the position of Prime Minister, first for under a month in March 1946 and again between 1947 and 1949. 

Spaak was Belgium's Foreign Minister for 18 years between 1939 and 1966.

In 1945, he was chosen to chair the first session of the General Assembly of the new United Nations. He served as the first President of the Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe between 1949 and 1950 and became the first President of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) between 1952 and 1954.
Between 1957 and 1961, he served as the second Secretary-General of NATO.

Other websites
Fondation Paul-Henri Spaak
The Presidency Project – Remarks at the Presentation of the Medal of Freedom to Paul Henri Spaak, Secretary General of NATO – 21 February 1961
NATO Declassified - Paul-Henri Spaak (biography)

1899 births
1972 deaths
Belgian mayors
Belgian social democrats
Government ministers of Belgium
MEPs for Belgium
People from Brussels-Capital Region
Presidents of the European Parliament
Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly
Prime Ministers of Belgium
Secretaries General of NATO
Dirk Uipko Stikker,  (5 February 1897 – 23 December 1979) was a Dutch banker, industrialist, politician, and diplomat.
 
In 1945, he was among the organizers of the Stichting van de Arbeid (Dutch Labour Foundation), thus helping to lay the foundation of post-war collective bargaining in the Netherlands.

Stikker served as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1948 to 1952 and as the third Secretary General of NATO from 1961 to 1964.

In 1964, Stikker was awarded an honorary doctorate by Brown University. He died in Wassenaar in 1979, aged 82.

Other websites
 NATO Declassified - Dirk Stikker (biography)
 Sports career

1897 births
1979 deaths
Ambassadors of the Netherlands
Dutch businesspeople
Government ministers of the Netherlands
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
Politicians from Groningen (province)
Secretaries General of NATO
Manlio Giovanni Brosio (July 10, 1897 – March 14, 1980) was an Italian lawyer, diplomat, politician and the fourth Secretary General of NATO between 1964 and 1971.

In January 1947, Brosio became the Italian ambassador to Soviet Union and got involved with the peace treaty negotiations between the countries. In 1952 he became ambassador to the UK, to the USA in 1955 and from 1961–1964 to France.

On May 12, 1964 the NATO council chose Brosio to replae Dirk Stikker as a secretary general. He resigned September 3, 1971. On September 29, 1971, U.S. President Richard Nixon awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

Other websites
 NATO Declassified - Manlio Brosio (biography)

1897 births
1980 deaths
Italian lawyers
Italian politicians
Ambassadors
Secretaries General of NATO
People from Turin
Joseph Marie Antoine Hubert Luns (28 August 1911 – 17 July 2002) was a Dutch politician and diplomat.

Luns was one of the most popular Dutch politicians of the time. He served a total of eight cabinets and stayed in office nineteen years, becoming the longest-serving Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2 September 1952 until 6 July 1971. He retired from Dutch politics and became the 5th (and also longest-serving) Secretary General of NATO for 13 years from 1 October 1971 until 25 June 1984.

Other websites
  Mr. J.M.A.H. (Joseph) Luns (Parlement & Politiek)
 NATO Declassified - Joseph Luns (biography)
 Biography on NATO

1911 births
2002 deaths
Dutch diplomats
Dutch Roman Catholics
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Politicians from Rotterdam
Secretaries General of NATO
Manfred Hermann Wörner (24 September 1934 in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt – 13 August 1994 in Brussels) was a German politician and diplomat. He served as the Defense Minister of West Germany between 1982 and 1988.

He then served as the seventh Secretary General of NATO from 1988 to 1994. His term as Secretary General oversaw the end of the Cold War and the German reunification. He was diagnosed with colorectal cancer, but continued to serve until his death.

References

Other websites

1934 births
1994 deaths
Politicians from Stuttgart
Secretaries General of NATO
Willem Werner Hubert "Willy" Claes (; born 24 November 1938) is a Belgian politician. He served as the eighth Secretary General of NATO, from 1994 to 1995. Claes was a member of the Socialist Party.

References

Other websites
NATO Declassified - Willy Claes (biography)
NATO's Who is Who

1938 births
Living people
Belgian musicians
Conductors
Flemish politicians
Government ministers of Belgium
People from Hasselt
Secretaries General of NATO
Socialistische Partij Anders politicians
George Islay MacNeill Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen  (born 12 April 1946) is a Scottish politician. He is a member of the Labour Party. He served as the 10th Secretary General of NATO from 1999 to 2004. He served as Secretary of State for Defence from 1997 to 1999, before becoming a life peer as Baron Robertson of Port Ellen, of Islay in Argyll and Bute.

Other websites
 Lord Robertson of Port Ellen profile, www.parliament.uk
 NATO Declassified - Lord Robertson (biography)

1946 births
Living people
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Secretaries General of NATO
Politicians from Argyll and Bute
Alessandro Minuto-Rizzo (born 10 September 1940) is an Italian diplomat. He served as Deputy Secretary General of NATO from 2001 to 2007 and as acting Secretary General of NATO from 17 December 2003 to 1 January 2004. He served as ambassador of Italy to the Western European Union and to the Committee for Policy and Security of the European Union. He is member of the Italy-USA Foundation.

References

1940 births
Italian politicians
Secretaries General of NATO
Living people
Ambassadors
Jakob Gijsbert "Jaap" de Hoop Scheffer (; born 3 April 1948) is a retired Dutch politician and diplomat. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as the 11th Secretary General of NATO from 5 January 2004 until 1 August 2009.

References

Other websites
 NATO Declassified - Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (biography)
 Appointment as Secretary General - NATO announcement
 Profile of Jaap de Hoop Scheffer  - by journalist Robert van de Roer, NATO website

1948 births
Living people
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Dutch diplomats
Dutch Roman Catholics
Leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Politicians from Amsterdam
Secretaries General of NATO
The Gospel Oak to Barking line (sometimes unofficially called the GOBLIN) is part of the Network Rail system. It is  long from one terminus to the other. It carries both through goods trains and London Overground passenger trains, connecting Gospel Oak station in north London and Barking Riverside station in east London. The line is part of Network Rail Strategic Route 6, and is classified as a London and South East Commuter line. For much of its existence the line has played a minor role in London's transport system. It is now receiving significant investment to increase its capacity. This will include full 25 kV AC overhead electrification, that was completed in 2018.

References

London Overground
Rail transport in London
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the London Borough of Islington
Transport in the London Borough of Haringey
Transport in the London Borough of Waltham Forest
Transport in the London Borough of Newham
Transport in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Anders Fogh Rasmussen (; born 26 January 1953) is a Danish politician. He was the 24th Prime Minister of Denmark from November 2001 to April 2009 and the 12th Secretary General of NATO from August 2009 to October 2014. 

Rasmussen is now CEO of Rasmussen Global and a Senior Advisor at The Boston Consulting Group's Copenhagen office.

References

1953 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Denmark
Secretaries General of NATO
The prime minister of Denmark (; literally "Minister of the State") is the head of government of the Kingdom of Denmark. The Constitution of 1849 established a constitutional monarchy by limiting the powers of the monarch and creating the office of the prime minister. The inaugural holder of the office was Adam Wilhelm Moltke.

The appointment of the prime minister is determined by their support in the Folketing (The National Parliament).

The current prime minister of Denmark is Mette Frederiksen.

Living former Prime Ministers

References

Other websites
The Prime Minister's Office ()
Official Denmark Constitution, from the Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Poul Oluf Nyrup Rasmussen (, informally Poul Nyrup, born 15 June 1943) is a Danish politician. He was the Prime Minister of Denmark from 25 January 1993 to 27 November 2001 and President of the Party of European Socialists (PES) from 2004 to 2011. He was the leader of the governing Social Democrats from 1992 to 2002. He was a member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009.

Other websites
 Party of European Socialists manifesto for European elections 2009
 President's page on PES website
 Europe and a New World Order – A Report for the Party of European Socialists by Poul Nyrup Rasmussen 

1943 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Denmark
Presidents of the European Council
MEPs for Denmark
The North London line is a railway line of the London Overground. It passes through the inner suburbs of north London, England. The route is a rough semicircle between the south-west and the north-east, avoiding Central London. The line is owned and maintained by Network Rail and London Overground.

The line began as a part of the North London Railway but there have been many changes. The current route is the result of a series of amalgamations, closures and reopenings. There is a mixture of third rail and overhead line electric power supply. It is an important freight route and is used by the Richmond to Stratford passenger services of the London Overground. It is part of the National Rail network. Between Richmond and Gunnersbury, London Underground's District line shares tracks with London Overground services. This part is also owned and maintained by Network Rail.

References
References

London Overground
Rail transport in London
Transport in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Transport in the London Borough of Hounslow
Transport in the London Borough of Ealing
Transport in the London Borough of Brent
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the London Borough of Islington
Transport in the London Borough of Hackney
Transport in the London Borough of Newham
Jan Henry Tungeland Olsen (20 August 1956 – 10 July 2018) was a Norwegian politician. He was a member of the Labour Party. He was Minister of Fisheries from 1992 to 1996. He was born in Tromsø, Norway.

Olsen was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2008. He died from the disease under hospice care in Tromsø on 10 July 2018, aged 61.

References

1956 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Norwegian politicians
José María Setién Alberro (18 March 1928 – 10 July 2018) was a Spanish Roman Catholic prelate. He was born in Hernani, Spain. He was auxiliary bishop of San Sebastián between 1972 and 1979, and bishop between 1979 and 2000.

In 2003 he was awarded by the Gold Medal of Guipúzcoa.

Setién died on 10 July 2018 after suffering a stroke in San Sebastián, Spain at aged 90.

References

1928 births
2018 deaths
Spanish Roman Catholic bishops
Deaths from stroke
The Somali Dervish movement (Somali: Halgankii Daraawiishta) was a popular movement that developed in Somaliland between 1899 and 1920.
It called for the expulsion of all foreign powers from the Somaliland region in the Horn of Africa. 

It was led by the Salihiyya Sufi Muslim poet and militant leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, also known as Sayyid Mohamed. He called for the removal of British and Italian colonies in Somalia, the defeat of Ethiopian forces, the expulsion of Christianity and the establishment of a Muslim Somali state.

History
On 3 March 1905 Hassan, the so-called "Mad Mullah" declared himself Sayyid of Nogal (Nugaal valley) in the Khatumo region.  The territory coincided approximately with the actual Nugaal area in modern Khatumo State. It was ruled like a kind of sultanate on behalf of the Mahdi.

Hassan's rule was ended by Italy in 1911. After the collapse of Hassan’s resistance movement, rebellion and revolt occurred with disputes between different tribes in Northern Somalia.
The Italian government of Somalia again worked together with the old tribesmen in order to try and keep peace between the several tribes, while maintaining close control over the military.

Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (nicknamed the "Mad Mullah" by the British) escaped from the Khatumo region in 1920 to Imey Ethiopia, where he later died in 1921.

Legacy 
The Dervish legacy in Somalia and Somaliland has been influential. It was the "most important revivalist Islamic movements" in Somalia, state Hasan and Robleh. The movement, and particularly its leader, has been controversial in Somalia. Some cherish it as the founder of modern Somali nationalism. Others see it as an ambitious Muslim brotherhood militancy that destroyed Somalia's opportunity to move towards modernization and progress in favor of a puritanical Islamic state embedded with Islamic education. Its ideas are enshrined in the constitution of Somalia.

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Somalia
Other websites 
  Sultanates in northern Somalia 
 Mad Mullah 

Darawiish
History of Somalia
1899 establishments
19th-century establishments in Africa
1921 disestablishments
20th-century disestablishments in Africa
The West London line is a short railway in West London. It links  in the south to Willesden Junction in the north. The line is an important cross-London link especially for freight services. Southern and London Overground provide regular passenger services.

London Overground
Rail transport in London
The May 1989 tornado outbreak occurred on May 5, 1989 across Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia.

Summary

Georgia and South Carolina 
The first tornadoes touched down between 1:00 and 2:00 p.m. in Georgia. At 2:21 PM, Tornado Watch 183 was issued for northern and central Georgia and the northwest corner of South Carolina. During the mid-afternoon hours, the severe thunderstorms moving northeast spawning tornadoes in South Carolina. The first violent tornado was reported in Spartanburg and Gaffney, South Carolina.

North Carolina and Virginia 
Other F4 tornadoes broke out to the north. At 4:33 PM, Tornado Watch 185 was issued for much of South Carolina and western and central North Carolina. The watch was a PDS. One tornado caused 30 injuries in Belwood, North Carolina before killing four people in the Toluca community. Later, a tonrado hit Winston-Salem, North Carolina. At the same time, weaker tornadoes caused damage in Durham and Granville counties.
The last tornadoes broke out between Richmond and Charlottesville, Virginia.

Aftermath 
7 deaths were reported with at least 168 people injured. Hail was reported in Columbia, South Carolina and Monroe, North Carolina, and severe wind damage was reported from Georgia to Maryland. Damage was seen in every North Carolina county between I-95 and the Blue Ridge Mountains.

Other websites 
A Look Back at the Western Carolina Violent Tornado Outbreak of 5 May 1989

1989 in the United States
Tornado outbreaks
1989
1980s in weather
The Watford DC line is a commuter railway line from London Euston to Watford Junction in Watford, Hertfordshire. Its services are operated by London Overground.

The line runs beside the West Coast Main Line (WCML) for most of its length. The London Underground Bakerloo line shares the section of the line from Queen's Park to Harrow & Wealdstone. The rolling stock used on the line is Class 378 "Capitalstar".

The "DC" in the title refers to line being electrified using direct current. This was done in the early twentieth century by the London and North Western Railway. By contrast the WCML uses alternating current from overhead lines.

Related pages 
 LNWR electric units

London Overground
Rail transport in London
Watford
The East London line is part of the London Overground network. It runs from north to south through  East London. The railway was built in 1869 by the East London Railway Company. It reused the Thames Tunnel which was built for horse-drawn carriages. The line became part of the London Underground network in 1933. It closed on 22 December 2007 for refurbishment and expansion. In April 2010, it reopened as part of the London Overground network. Phase 2, which links the line to the South London line with a terminus at , opened on 9 December 2012. This created an orbital railway around inner London.

Orbital railway
The orbital railway includes the following routes:
 East London line from Highbury & Islington to Surrey Quays
 South London line from Surrey Quays to Clapham Junction
 West London line from Clapham Junction to Willesden Junction
 North London line from Willesden Junction to Highbury & Islington

References
References

London Overground
1869 establishments in the United Kingdom
1860s establishments in England
2007 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2000s disestablishments in England
2010 establishments in England
The South London line is an Inner London part of the London Overground rail network.  The line is run together with the East London line to provide direct services between  and Highbury & Islington.  The line is  long and there are eight stations. Most of the line is on a high viaduct over other transport infrastructure. There is an interchange with London Underground at . The line is in Travelcard Zone 2.

London Overground
Rail transport in London
Transport in the London Borough of Southwark
Transport in the London Borough of Lambeth
Professor John Dunn Laird, Baron Laird  of Artigarvan (23 April 1944 – 10 July 2018) was a Northern Ireland life peer and former chairman of the cross-border Ulster-Scots Agency. In 2013 Laird allegedly offered to lobby for a firm against parliamentary rules. As a result, he resigned from the Ulster Unionist Party. He was created a life peer on 16 July 1999 as Baron Laird, of Artigarvan in the County of Tyrone.

Laird died on 10 July 2018 in Belfast at the age of 74.

References

Other websites
 Lord Laird website 
 John Laird, Crossbencher Stratagem 
 Ulster's 'Braveheart' on rebel hunt , Interview with the Sunday Tribune, 22 January 2006 (Newshound)
 Debrett's Limited
  Parliamentary answers 2010/11.

1944 births
2018 deaths
Ulster Unionist Party politicians
Members of the House of Lords
Members of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission. It is the executive branch of the European Union. The President of the Commission leads a cabinet of Commissioners. The President, is chosen by the Council and Parliament, and decides (with each country) who the other members are and what they do.

Background
The President of the Commission also represents the EU abroad, together with the President of the European Council and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.

The post was established in 1958. Each new President is nominated by the European Council and formally elected by the European Parliament, for a five-year term. 

The current President is Ursula von der Leyen, who took office on 1st December 2019. She is a member  of the European People's Party (EPP) and is the former minister of defence of Germany.

List of presidents

Commission of the European Economic Community (1958–1967)
Commission of the European Communities (1967–2009) and European Commission (2009–present)
 Parties

Notes

References

Other websites
Commission President (official website)
Terms of office 
Organisation of the European Commission CVCE (Previously : European NAvigator)
Presidential candidates debate 2014
José Manuel Durão Barroso (; born 23 March 1956) is a Portuguese politician. He was the non-executive chairman at Goldman Sachs International. He was the 11th President of the European Commission (2004–2014) and the 115th Prime Minister of Portugal (2002–2004).

References

1956 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Portugal
European Commissioners
Gaston Egmond Thorn (3 September 192826 August 2007) was a Luxembourg politician. He served as the 20th Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1974–79), President of the United Nations General Assembly (1975), and the seventh President of the European Commission (1981–85).

References

1928 births
2007 deaths
Prime Ministers of Luxembourg
European Commissioners
Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly
Jean Rey (15 July 1902 – 19 May 1983) was a Belgian politician. He served as the 2nd President of the European Commission from 1967 to 1970. He served as European Commissioner for External Relations from 1958 to 1967.

Other websites
 Jean Rey (EU)
 Address given by Jean Rey on the merger of the executive bodies (Strasbourg, 20 September 1967)

1902 births
1983 deaths
European Commissioners
Freemasons
Government ministers of Belgium
Politicians from Liège
Protestants
Franco Maria Malfatti () (13 June 1927 – 10 December 1991) was an Italian politician. He served as the 3rd President of the European Commission from 1970 to 1972. He served at Italian level as Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1979 to 1980 and Italian Minister of Education from 1973 to 1978.

References

1927 births
1991 deaths
European Commissioners
Politicians from Rome
Sicco Leendert Mansholt (; 13 September 1908 – 29 June 1995) was a Dutch politician. He served as the 4th President of the European Commission from 1972 to 1973.

Mansholt is known as one of the founding fathers of the European Union. He served as European Commissioner for Agriculture from 1958 to 1972, Minister of Agriculture, Fishing and Food Supply from 1945 to 1958, Minister of Economic Affairs in 1948 and Acting Mayor of Wieringermeer in 1945. He was a member of the Member of the House of Representatives on several occasions.

Other websites

  Dr. S.L. (Sicco) Mansholt Parlement & Politiek

1908 births
1995 deaths
Dutch mayors
Dutch people of World War II
European Commissioners
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Government ministers of the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Politicians from Groningen (province)
François-Xavier Ortoli (16 February 1925 – 30 November 2007) was a French politician. He served as the 5th President of the European Commission from 1973 to 1977. He served as Minister of the Economy of France from 1968 to 1969.

References

1925 births
2007 deaths
European Commissioners
French Ministers of Finance
Politicians from Corsica
People from Ajaccio
Roy Harris Jenkins, Baron Jenkins of Hillhead,  (11 November 1920 – 5 January 2003) was a British Labour Party, SDP and Liberal Democrat politician, and biographer of British political leaders.

Jenkins was elected to Parliament as a Labour MP in 1948. He served as Home Secretary from 1965 to 1967 and Chancellor of the Exchequer between 1967 and 1970. He was elected Deputy Leader of the Labour Party on 8 July 1970, but resigned in 1972 because he supported entry to the European Communities, while the party opposed it.

In 1977, he was appointed President of the European Commission, serving until 1981. He was the first British holder of this office, and is likely to be the only such (considering the United Kingdom's decision in June 2016 to leave the European Union).
He was also a known historian, biographer and writer. His A Life at the Centre (1991) is thought to be as one of the best autobiographies of the later 20th century, which "will be read with pleasure long after most examples of the genre have been forgotten".

References

Other websites

 "Roy Jenkins (The Rt Hon Lord Jenkins of Hillhead)" , Fellows Remembered, The Royal Society of Literature
1920 births
2003 deaths
Abortion-rights activists
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British biographers
British Army officers
British autobiographers
British military personnel of World War II
Chancellors of the Exchequer
European Commissioners
Labour Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Leaders of the Social Democratic Party (UK)
Members of the House of Lords
Order of Merit
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Social Democratic Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
United Kingdom Life Peers
Welsh politicians
Welsh writers
Pieter "Piet" Dankert (8 January 1934 in Stiens – 21 June 2003 in Perpignan) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Labour Party.

From 1968 till 1981 he was a member of the Second Chamber.

In the late 1970s he moved to the European Parliament, and was President of the European Parliament from 19 January 1982 to 24 July 1984.

In the third government of Ruud Lubbers (1989–1994) he was Secretary of State for European matters.

From 1994 till 1999 he was again an MEP.

References 

1934 births
2003 deaths
Deputy government ministers of the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
MEPs for the Netherlands
Politicians from Friesland
Presidents of the European Parliament
Pierre Eugène Jean Pflimlin (; 5 February 1907 – 27 June 2000) was a French Christian democratic politician. He served as the  Prime Minister of the Fourth Republic for a few weeks in 1958, before being replaced by Charles de Gaulle during the crisis of that year.

More reading
 "The Little Plum" Time June 10, 1957 
 
 Morris, Peter. "Homo politicus; the political careers of Pierre Pflimlin and Jacques Chaban‐Delmas." Modern & Contemporary France 1.1 (1993): 42-44.

1907 births
2000 deaths
Presidents of the European Parliament
Prime Ministers of France
French Ministers of Finance
Politicians from Hauts-de-France
People from Roubaix
Enrique Barόn Crespo (born 27 March 1944 in Madrid) is a Spanish politician, economist, and lawyer. He is a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and was a member of the European Parliament for the Party of European Socialists group until 2009.

After election to the European Parliament he was President of the European Parliament (1989–1992), and was PES Group chairman from 1999 to 2004. He was Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs (1992–1995).

Other websites
European Parliament: Your MEPs
European Parliament Office in Spain

1944 births
Living people
Presidents of the European Parliament
MEPs for Spain
Politicians from Madrid
Egon Alfred Klepsch (January 30, 1930 – September 18, 2010.) was a German politician (CDU).

In 1979 Klepsch became chairman of the EPP parliamentary group. After he had stood in vain in 1982 for the office of President of the European Parliament, he was elected in 1992. In 1994 he retired from the European Parliament and became an advisor to Deutschen Vermögensberatungs AG.

Honors
  : Honorary Companion of Honour of the National Order of Merit (25.03.1994)

References

1930 births
2010 deaths
German politicians
Presidents of the European Parliament
Patrick Cox (born 28 November 1952) is an Irish politician and former television presenter. He was President of the European Parliament from 2002 to 2004. He served as a member of the European Parliament from 1989 to 2004. Before this Cox was a journalist and presenter with RTÉ's Today Tonight and then a Teachta Dála (TD) for Cork South-Central.

References

1952 births
Living people
Irish politicians
Irish television personalities
Presidents of the European Parliament
Josep Borrell i Fontelles (born 24 April 1947 in La Pobla de Segur, Lleida) is a Spanish politician. He was President of the European Parliament from 20 July 2004 until 16 January 2007.

References

Other websites
Official biography

1947 births
Living people
Presidents of the European Parliament
Spanish politicians
Hans-Gert Pöttering (born 15 September 1945) is a German conservative politician (CDU, European People's Party), and was the President of the European Parliament from January 2007 to July 2009.

He has served as a Member of the European Parliament since the first elections in 1979 until 2014 and was Chairman of the European People's Party-European Democrats 1999–2007.

He is a member of the Reconciliation of European Histories Group.

References

1945 births
Living people
Presidents of the European Parliament
German politicians
The Prime Minister of Luxembourg is the head of government in Luxembourg. His official residence and office is in the Hôtel de Bourgogne at 4 rue de la Congrégation in the city of Luxembourg.

Before 1857, the Prime Minister was the President of the Council.  In addition to these titles, the Prime Minister uses the title Minister of State.

Since the foundation of the party system, only one cabinet (between 1921 and 1925) has not included members of more than one party.  Most of the time, governments are grand coalitions of the two largest parties, no matter their ideology; this has made Luxembourg one of the most stable democracies in the world.  Two cabinets (between 1945 and 1947) included members of every party represented in the Chamber of Deputies.

Former living prime ministers

References

Other websites
 Website of the Prime Minister of Luxembourg (in French)

Government of Luxembourg
The Prime Minister of Croatia (), officially the President of the Government of the Republic of Croatia (), is Croatia's head of government, and is the de facto the most powerful and influential state officeholder in the Croatian government.

In the formal Croatian order of precedence, however, the position of prime minister is the third highest state office, after the President of the Republic and the Speaker of the Parliament.

The Constitution of Croatia describes the role as the "Parliament supervises the Government" (Article 81) and that "the President of the Republic ensures the regular and balanced functioning and stability of government" (as a whole; Article 94), while the Government is introduced in Article 108.

The current Prime Minister of Croatia is Andrej Plenković.

The Government of Croatia meets in Banski dvori, a historical building located on the west side of St. Mark's Square in Zagreb.
Living former Prime Ministers
There are eleven living former Heads of government (3 former Presidents of the Executive Council of SR Croatia and 8 former Prime Ministers of Croatia). The last former head of government to die was Hrvoje Šarinić (1992-1993) on 21 July 2017.

Presidents of the Executive Council of the Socialist Republic of Croatia (until 1990):

Prime Ministers of the Republic of Croatia (1990–present):

References
Ema Derossi-Bjelajac (sometimes rendered Derosi-Bjelajac; 3 May 1926 – 20 June 2020) was a Croatian politician. She served as the President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Croatia from 1985 until 1986. She was the first woman to hold a title equivalent to a head of state in modern day Croatia.

References

Other websites
DEROSSI-BJELAJAC, Ema at lzmk.hr 

1926 births
2020 deaths
Presidents of Croatia
Stjepan "Stipe" Mesić (; born 24 December 1934) is a Croatian politician. He served as the President of Croatia from 2000 to 2010. He was the last President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia (1991) and served as Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement (1991), as well as Speaker of the Croatian Parliament (1992–1994), a judge in Našice and mayor of his home town of Orahovica.

References

1934 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Croatia
Presidents of Croatia
Presidents of Yugoslavia
Andrej Plenković (; born 8 April 1970) is a Croatian politician and diplomat. He serves as  Prime Minister of Croatia since 19 October 2016. He has been the Chairman of the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) since 2016.

References

Other websites
Andrej Plenković Personal website
MEP Andrej Plenković Profile at European Parliament website
You Tube Channel Personal You Tube Channel
Twitter account "Personal Twitter account"

1970 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Croatia
Current national leaders
European Union politicians
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (; born 29 April 1968) is a Croatian politician and diplomat. She was the 4th President of Croatia from 2015 to 2020. She is the first woman to be elected to the office. At 46 years of age, she also became the youngest person to assume the presidency.

In 2020, she lost her re-election bid to Zoran Milanović.

References

1968 births
Living people
Presidents of Croatia
The President of Croatia (), officially styled the President of the Republic (), is the head of state, commander in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad. 

The President is the holder of the highest office within the Croatia's government however, the president is not the head of the executive branch ("non executive president") as Croatia has a parliamentary system in which the holder of the post of Prime Minister is the most powerful person within the country's constitutional framework and within everyday's politics.

List of presidents

References

Other websites
 Office of the President of Croatia 
 President of the Republic of Croatia 2000–2010
Franjo Tuđman, also written as Franjo Tudjman (; 14 May 1922 – 10 December 1999) was a Croatian politician and historian. He became the first President of Croatia and served as president from 1990 until his death in 1999. He was the 9th and last President of the Presidency of SR Croatia from May to July 1990.

References

1922 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Presidents of Croatia
Thomas Rulon Osmond (born October 26, 1947) is an American musician and activist. He was born in Ogden, Utah. He is known mostly as a non-performing member of the Osmond family. Osmond is the first deaf missionaries from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
 
His siblings are Alan, Wayne, Merrill, Jay, Donny, Marie and Jimmy.

Osmond worked for the United States Postal Service for 28 years before retiring in 2014.

On July 7, 2018, Osmond underwent a quadruple bypass surgery, but suffered complications and was placed under life-support.

References

Other websites
 
Tom Osmond on Osmond family Official site 

1947 births
Living people
American activists
People from Ogden, Utah
Musicians from Utah
The Lea Valley lines are two commuter lines and two branches in North East London. They run along the valley of the River Lea. They were part of the Great Eastern Railway and they are now part of the Anglia Route of Network Rail.

On 31 May 2015, services from London Liverpool Street to Chingford, Cheshunt and Enfield Town were transferred to London Overground. Services between London Liverpool Street and Stratford via Tottenham Hale to Hertford East and Bishops Stortford remain with Greater Anglia.

References

London Overground
Rail transport in London
The Save the Children Fund, commonly known as Save the Children, is an international NGO that promotes children's rights, provides relief, and helps support children in developing countries.
1919 establishments
International organizations
A latrine is a toilet or an even simpler facility which is used as a toilet within a system of sanitation. For example, it can be a communal trench in the earth in a camp to be used as emergency sanitation, a hole in the ground (pit latrine), or more advanced designs, including pour-flush systems.

Waste
Liu Zhenhua (; 8 July 1921 – 11 July 2018) was a Chinese People's Liberation Army general (shang jiang) and politician. He was born in Tai'an, Shandong Province. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1938.

Liu fought in the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Civil War and Korean War. He was a member of the 9th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and a delegate to the 8th National People's Congress. In 1964, he was promoted to major general. He was Ambassador of China to Albania from 1971 to 1976.

Liu died in Beijing on 11 July 2018 at the age of 97.

References

1921 births
2018 deaths
Ambassadors of China
Chinese politicians
Chinese generals
Increment or incremental may refer to:
Incrementalism, a theory (also used in politics as a synonym for gradualism)
Increment and decrement operators, the operators ++ and -- in computer programming
Incremental computing
Incremental backup, which contain only that portion that has changed since the preceding backup copy.
Increment, chess term for additional time a chess player receives on each move
Incremental games
Increment in rounding

Other
Sir James Dyson  (born 2 May 1947) is a British inventor, industrial design engineer and founder of the Dyson company.  He is best known as the inventor of the Dual Cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner. His net worth is £7.8 billion.

He was the Provost of the Royal College of Art from August 2011 to July 2017.

References

1947 births
Living people
British mechanical engineers
British inventors
British businesspeople
People from Norfolk
Industrial engineers
Surrey Quays is a station on the East London line branch of the London Overground.

Background
It is located in Rotherhithe, which is part of London Borough of Southwark. It is in Travelcard Zone 2 and the next station to the north is . To the south, the railway splits into two branches. One goes to . The other goes to New Cross, Crystal Palace and West Croydon. The station was closed in late 2007 for refurbishment. It re-opened on 27 April 2010 as part of the London Overground network.

References

London Overground stations
2007 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2000s disestablishments in England
2010 establishments in England
Canada Water is a London Underground and London Overground station located in Rotherhithe, in south-east London, England. It takes its name from Canada Water, a lake which was created from a former dock in the Port of London.

The station is located on the Jubilee line between  and Canary Wharf stations and on the London Overground East London line between  and  stations. It provides an interchange point between the two lines. It is in Travelcard Zone 2.

London Overground stations
Jubilee line stations
San Marino is a European country completely surrounded by Italy.

San Marino may also refer to:
 Saint Marinus, the founder of the state San Marino
 San Marino City, the capital city of the Republic of San Marino
 San Marino (river), a river in the Italian peninsula
 Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, the circuit that hosts the San Marino Grand Prix
 San Marino, California, a city in Los Angeles County, United States
 San Marino Calcio, a former football club in the state San Marino