Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Detention is a depriving of liberty of a person by the authority of a government or a country, usually the police. Such depriving liberty is allowed only in the case that the person can considered to have committed a crime. Other depriving liberty is called arbitrary detention and prohibited by article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. And even detention is done legally, the person must be treated with humanity and respected the person's dignity according to the Convention against Torture.

Related pages
Arrest
Prison
International human rights law

Human rights
Torture
Imprisonment and detention
Charles III (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was a king of Spain and the oldest son of Philip V and Elisabeth Farnese. He ruled Spain from 1759 until his death in 1788. After he died, his son, Charles IV, became king. He was also the king of Naples and Sicily from 1734 until 1759. In those places he was known as Charles VII of Naples and Charles V of Sicily. He was the builder of the Palace of Caserta as well as the Royal Palace of Madrid and the Real Albergo dei Poveri in Naples. 

Charles III grew up in Madrid. When he was 16 years old, he went to live in Parma, a city in Italy. He ruled that city, and the nearby city of Piacenza as their Duke from 1731 until 1734.  In 1738 he married the Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony. They had 13 children. Only 8 of them lived to be adults.

Sources
Lynch, John. "Charles III". Encyclopædia Britannica Online

1716 births
1788 deaths
Kings and Queens of Spain
Bourbons of Naples and Sicily
Pope Paul V (; Rome, 17 September 1552 – 28 January 1621), born Camillo Borghese, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 234th Pope from 16 May 1605 until his death.

Early life
He was born in Rome.  He was a son of the noble Borghese family of Siena.

Cardinal
In June 1596 he was made Cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Borghese was elected pope in 1605; and he chose to be called Paul V.

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Relations with Japan
In October 1615, Paul V received a diplomatic mission from Japan.  The embassy was led by Hasekura Tsunenaga.

Construction
Paul V financed work on the unfinished St. Peter's Basilica. He enlarged the Vatican Palace and Quirinale Palace, restored the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, constructed or repaired aqueducts.  He also made additions to the Vatican library.
Canonisations and Beatifications
Paul V canonised Charles Borromeo and Frances of Rome. He beatified Ignatius Loyola, Philip Neri, Theresa of Avila and Francis Xavier.

Related pages 
 List of popes

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Paul V
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Borghese 
 

Paul 05
People from Rome
1552 births
1621 deaths
Beavis and Butt-Head is an American adult animated television sitcom by Mike Judge which ran for 7 seasons from March 8, 1993 and ended on November 28, 1997 on MTV. In 1996 the series was adapted into a movie titled Beavis and Butt-Head Do America. The eighth season was shown in 2011. The title characters are hard rock/heavy metal-loving teenagers from the fictional town of Highland, Texas.

Format

In the show Beavis and Butt-Head, Beavis and Butt-Head are unintelligent teenage boys who have a very lazy and naughty lifestyle. They are teenage deliquents (naughty teenagers) who are couch potatoes (lazy people who do little exercise), and have poor social skills. Beavis and Butt-Head go to school at Highland High in the fictional town of Highland, Texas.

Other websites
Other websites 

1993 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
1990s American sitcoms
1990s teen television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s animated television series
2010s teen television series
1990s American animated television series
American teen television series
High school television series
Television series set in Texas
English-language television programs
The 1.Oberndorf Sportklub 1920 (also known as Oberndorfer SK 1920) is a football club from Oberndorf, Salzburg, in Austria. The club is the oldest football club outside the city of Salzburg.

History 
In March 1920, Hermann Rasp created the club. By 1921, they made the Salzburg football association. Before World War II Oberndorf played in different levels in Salzburg but they did not play during the war. In 1946, the club restarted again. The most successful years were the 1960s when the club played two times in the Tauern Liga which was then the second division in Austrian league system.

Since 1990 the club was part of the highest league in Salzburg. In 2007 they were relegated and the next season again. So they play in the 2011/12 season in the 1.class north. 2014 the were promoted and play in the 2. Landesliga (5th level)
Oberndorf is well known for its youth teams. Over 100 young players play in seven youth teams. Famous players who started their career in Oberndorf were Hermann Stadler, who played as professional for Austria Salzburg and Rapid Wien and Gerald Baumgartner who also played for Austria Salzburg and for Austria Wien in the Austrian Bundesliga.

Current squad

References

Other websites 
 1. Oberndorfer SK in TransferMarkt
 1. Oberndorfer SK in German

Football clubs of Salzburg
The Voynich manuscript is a manuscript named after Wilfrid Voynich who bought it in the early 20th century. The manuscript is made up of about 240 vellum pages, and was probably written in the early 15th century in northern Italy. Today, it is in the library of Yale University.

Many pages contain illustrations. Although many authors have been thought to have written this manuscript, the author remains unknown. The text is written in an unknown language, in an unknown writing system. It looks like there are no errors in the text. There are no corrections to it. The text is probably some ciphertext; many people working in cryptography have tried to break its code, both amateur and professional cryptographers. Much less attention has been given to the illustrations, which seem to show plants, anatomic or astronomic links. It has been described as "the world's most mysterious manuscript".
Sectioning
As the text has not been translated yet, it has been sectioned based on the images. The sectioning is usually the following:
 Herbal: Each page contains the image of one or two plants, with some writing.
 Astronomical: Contains images that look like astronomical or astrological symbols of the time; this includes the signs of the zodiac.
 Biological: Shows pictures of naked women bathing in pools; some of the women wear crowns; also has pictures of body organs.
 Cosmological: More circular diagrams; also with foldouts; one has six pages with what looks like connected islands, with a volcano.
 Pharmaceutical: Labeled images of plant parts, with jars for medicines.
 Recipes: Short passages of text, usually preceded with a star or flower-like illustration.

The very last page seems to have some sort of "key": three lines of text, with a script resembling that used in 15th-century Germany.
Text analysis
The manuscript consists of quires. A quire is made of folded parchment. The quires consist of folios, with text or illustrations on both sides of the folio. The quires are numbered from 1 to 20, the folios from 1 to 116. Some of the fold-outs have unusual shapes. Depending on the way of counting, this gives a total of 240 pages. As there are gaps in the numbering, it seems likely that some pages were lost; the manuscript probably had at least 272 pages. The gaps were already there when Voynich bought the manuscript in 1912.

A quill pen was used for the text and figure outlines. The figures were colored with paint, possibly at a later date. There is strong evidence that many of the book's folios were reordered at various points in its history, and that the original page order may well have been quite different from what we see today.
The text is written from left to right, because there are irregular margins on the right. There is no obvious punctuation. The person or people writing the text seem to have been fluent in the language. There probably was another "source" they copied from. The flow of the text is smooth, which gives the impression that the symbols were not enciphered.

In total there are about 170,000 glyphs. Given the space between these, there seem to be "words" and "paragraphs". It is difficult (and a question of debate) to determine the alphabet used in the text; some glyphs may be variations of others, and some may simply be two glyphs joined. The text can probably be represented with an alphabet of between twenty and thirty characters.

There are about 35,000 "words", made of glyphs or characters. A statistical analysis has been done, and the "words" resemble "natural language":
 They follow Zipf's law.
 The entropy of words is similar to that of Latin or English.
Purpose
The purpose of the book was probably to serve as a manual to make drugs, or as a book about medicine. The first section is almost certainly a herbal. A herbal is a collection of plants, with their description. An identification of the plants, based on the images has mostly failed, though. Two plants can be guessed, with some certainty: the Wild pansy and the Maidenhair fern. Many of the plant pictures are composite: they combine parts of plants; the root of one plant is added to the leaves of another; the flowers may be from a third species. The leaves and fruit of the Castor oil plant have been identified, as well.

Because of the tubes in the biological section, the text may be related to alchemy. This would also make sense, if the text was about making certain kinds of medicine. The problem with that theory is that alchemy books of the time all use a common set of motifs for their pictures; these motifs cannot be found in the manuscript.
Another idea is that the book is about astrology; practices common at the time, such as bloodletting were often connected with astrology. The problem with this approach is, that except for the signs of the zodiac, and one diagram possibly showing the classical planets, no one has shown that the symbols are found in other astrological traditions.

References

Manuscripts
Unreadable writing systems
15th-century works
A value x is a fixed point of a function f if and only if f(x) = x.

Examples 
1 is a fixed point of  because . Some functions do not have fixed points.  For example  does not have one because  is never equal to x.

Mathematics
Systems theory
Recursion
was the 56th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Seiwa's reign started in 858 and ended in 876.

Traditional history
This prince's personal name (imina) was  before he became the monarch.  In the Imperial House of Japan, Korehito was the first to have the suffix "-hito" 仁 in his name.

Korehito was the fourth son of Emperor Montoku.  His mother was the daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), who was regent and great minister of the council of state.
Events of Seiwa's life
Prince Korehito became emperor at the age of 8, but the real power was held by his grandfather, Yoshifusa.
 10 July 858 (Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month): In the 8th year of Montoku-tennō 's reign (文徳天皇8年), the emperor abdicated.  The succession (senso) was received by a his son.  Then Emperor Seiwa is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
 15 December 858 (Ten'an 2, 7th day of the 11th month): When Prince Korehito became emperor at age 9, his grandfather became regent (sesshō).  This was the first time that this role was given to a member of the Fujiwara family.  Also, it was the first time that someone so young became emperor.
 859 (Jōgan 1): Construction begins on the Iwashimizu Shrine in honor of Hachiman, the Shinto war god.
 859 (Jōgan 1, 1st month): Mourning for the death of Emperor Montoku was nationwide.
 869 (Jōgan 10): Yōzei was born, and he is named Seiwa's heir in the following year.
876 (Jōgan 17, 11th month): In the 18th year of Seiwa's reign, he abdicated.
 878 (Gangyō 2):  Seiwa becomes a Buddhist priest.
 31 December 878 (Gangyō 2, 4th day of the 12th month ): Former-Emperor Seiwa died at age 31. He became known as emperor as Mizunoo-no-mikado or Minoo-tei.
After his death
The actual site of Seiwa's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Seiwa's mausoleum.  It is formally named Minooyama no misasagi.  From the site of his tomb, he was sometimes referred to as Mizunoo (水尾).

The kami of Emperor Seiwa is venerated at Seiwa-tennō-sha in Saga, Yamashiro province.

Eras of reign
The years of Seiwa's reign are identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 Ten'an       (857-859)
 Jōgan  (859-877)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree
 Emperor Go-Mizunoo

References

Other websites 

Emperors of Japan
850 births
880 deaths
Standard ML is a functional programming language which is a dialect of ML (programming language). It is sometimes used for writing compilers and in theorem provers.

Example 
Here is an example of a factorial function written in a simple, non-tail recursive, style.

fun fac (0 : int) = 1    (*  the : int part means that 0 and n are integers *)
 |  fac (n : int) = n * fac (n - 1)

Programming languages
The Droste Effect is the name for a picture which contains a smaller image of itself, which in turn contains a smaller image of itself, etc.  It is named after an advertisement.  It is an example of recursion. In art, this is known as mise en abyme. In theory, the recursion goes on forever, but in practice, the number of recursions is limited by the resolution of the image. In practice, there are few iterations, until the size falls below 1 x 1 = 1 px. The reason for this is that this is a geometric progression, and each iteration reduces the size of the image.  It is a visual example of a strange loop, a self-referential system of instancing which is the cornerstone of fractal geometry.

References 

Recursion
"Already Gone" is a song by the recording artist Kelly Clarkson from her 2009 record All I Ever Wanted. This was the third single from that album to be released. The song is about the breakup of a relationship. Its release was surrounded by controversy: Clarkson said the arrangement used for the song was strongly similar to the 2008 song Halo from singer Beyoncé and feared the public would say Clarkson had stolen it. Despite this, however, the song received strong praise from critics, and Already Gone became one of the highlights from All I Ever Wanted. On the Billboard Hot 100 the single peaked at #13.

2009 songs
2000s ballads
Pop ballads
Kelly Clarkson songs
In boolean algebra, DeMorgan's laws are the laws of how a NOT gate affects AND and OR statements:

They can be remembered by "break the line, change the sign".

Truth tables 

The following truth tables prove DeMorgan's laws.

References 

Boolean algebra
Logic gates
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (163/162 BC- 133 BC) was an important Roman Tribune of the plebs. He proposed a reform called the "Lex Sempronia Agraria". This was meant to reduce the number of poor and homeless people by allowing the rich to have only a certain amount of land. The rest of the land would be given to homeless veterans of the Roman military. But the Roman Senate did not like his plan. They convinced another tribune, named Marcus Octavius, to oppose Tiberius Gracchus. Eventually, enough tension built up that some of the Senators beat Tiberius to death with their chairs and threw his dead body into the Tiber. Tiberius' death is seen as the first death caused by political problems in the Roman government.

Tiberius' brother, Gaius Gracchus, also tried to reform the Roman government and was also killed. Together, the two are called the Gracchi. Their attempts at reform had a lasting effect on Rome, because later on the Senate used some of the ideas from their reforms in their own laws.
Further reading

References

Roman people
Roman Republic
160s BC births
130s BC deaths
A random walk is made by taking random steps.

References 

Mathematics
A constrictor knot is a type of knot that is tied around another rope.  It is a secure knot, but it can be difficult to untie after it is tightened.

Related pages
 List of knots

Binding knots
Waiting to Exhale is a 1995 American romance movie. It came out in December 1995. The cast for the movie includes Angela Bassett and Whitney Houston. The movie is about four women who live in Phoenix, Arizona and their relationships with men. Waiting to Exhale is unusual because it has an all African-American cast.

Other websites 

1995 movies
American romantic drama movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Arizona
Soho is an area of the City of Westminster and the West End of London. It is long established as an entertainment district. For much of the 20th century Soho had sex shops, prostitutes, jazz clubs, bars, night clubs, theatres and the movie industry. 

Since the early 1980s, the area has changed greatly: it has moved upmarket. It now is a fashionable district of expensive restaurants and media offices, with only a few sex industry venues. Some music venues survive, such as Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club. The area includes Carnaby Street, the centre of the 'Swinging London' fashion scene of the 1960s, and Wardour Street, a centre of the movie and entertainment industry.

Geography 

Soho was never an administrative unit with formal boundaries. It is an area of about a square mile, bounded by Oxford Street to the north, Regent Street to the west, Leicester Square to the south and Charing Cross Road to the east. Apart from Oxford Street, all of these roads are 19th-century metropolitan improvements.
The area to the west is known as Mayfair, to the north Fitzrovia, to the east St Giles and Covent Garden, and to the south St James's.  According to the Soho Society, Chinatown, the area between Leicester Square to the south and Shaftesbury Avenue to the north, is part of Soho, although some consider it a separate area.

Broad Street pump 

A significant event in the history of epidemiology and public health was Dr. John Snow's study of an 1854 outbreak of cholera in Soho. He identified the cause of the outbreak as water from the public water pump located at the junction of Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) and Cambridge Street (now Lexington Street), close to the rear wall of what is today the John Snow public house.
John Snow mapped the addresses of the sick, and noted that they were mostly people whose nearest access to water was the Broad Street pump.  He persuaded the authorities to remove the handle of the pump, thus preventing any more of the infected water from being collected.  The spring below the pump was later found to have been contaminated with sewage.  This is an early example of epidemiology, public health medicine and the application of science–the germ theory of disease.

Science writer Steven Johnson describes the 2006 appearance of places related to the Broad Street Pump cholera outbreak: 

A replica of the pump, with a memorial plaque and without a handle (to signify John Snow's action to halt the outbreak) was erected near the location of the original pump.
Theatre and movie industry 
Soho is near the heart of London's theatre area, and is a centre of the independent movie and video industry as well as the television and movie 'post-production' industry. It is home to Soho Theatre, built in 2000 for new plays and stand-up comedy. The British Board of Film Classification, formerly known as the British Board of Film Censors, can be found in Soho Square.

Soho is criss-crossed by a rooftop telecommunication network, and below ground level with fibre optics making up Sohonet, which connects the Soho media and post-production community to British movie studios such as Pinewood Studios and Shepperton Studios, and to other major production centres (such as Rome, New York City, Los Angeles, Sydney and Wellington, New Zealand.

There are also plans by Westminster Council to deploy high-bandwidth Wi-Fi networks in Soho as part of a programme to further encourage the development of the area as a centre for media and technology industries.

References
References

External sites 
 The Soho Society

City of Westminster
Red light districts
Herbert Art Gallery and Museum is a is a museum, art gallery, archive, learning centre and creative arts facility in Jordan Well, Coventry, United Kingdom.

It is named after Sir Alfred Herbert, a local business owner who gave money for the original building. Work on it began in 1939, with an interruption by the Second World War, and The Herbert opened in 1960. In 2008 it reopened after a £20 million refurbishment.

It is free to get in and the museum in run by a charity. Its only income is from donations, sales at the museum shop, and hiring out  the buildings the charity owns. In 2010, the museum had over 300,000 visitors. This makes it one of the most popular free tourist attractions in the West Midlands.

References

Other websites 

Herbert Media website 

Museums in England
Art museums in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Coventry
Buildings and structures in West Midlands (county)
Zipf's law is an empirical law, formulated using mathematical statistics, named after the linguist George Kingsley Zipf, who first proposed it. Zipf's law states that given a large sample of words used, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. So nth word has a frequency proportional to 1/n.

Thus the most frequent word will occur about twice as often as the second most frequent word, three times as often as the third most frequent word, etc. For example, in one sample of words in the English language, the most frequently occurring word, "the", accounts for nearly 7% of all the words (69,971 out of slightly over 1 million). True to Zipf's Law, the second-place word "of" accounts for slightly over 3.5% of words (36,411 occurrences), followed by "and" (28,852). Only about 135 words are needed to account for half the sample of words in a large sample.
The same relationship occurs in many other rankings, unrelated to language, such as the population ranks of cities in various countries, corporation sizes, income rankings, etc. The appearance of the distribution in rankings of cities by population was first noticed by Felix Auerbach in 1913. 

It is not known why Zipf's law holds for most languages.

References 

Statistics
Linguistics
Stephen Philip "Steve" Jones (born 3 September 1955) is an English rock guitarist, best known as the guitarist and founding member of the punk rock band the Sex Pistols.

References 

1955 births
Living people
English rock guitarists
Musicians from London
Sex Pistols
was a Japanese priest of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the first Japanese person to become a Cardinal.

Early life
Doi was born in Sendai.  He studied in Rome.

Priest
Doi was ordained as a priest in 1921.

In 1934, he was made Secretary of the Apostolic Delegation to Japan.

Bishop
He was named Bishop of Tokyo in 1937.

He was Apostolic Administrator of Roman Catholic Diocese of Yokohama from 1945 to 1947.

Cardinal
In 1960, Pope John XXIII created him Cardinal of Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana.

In 1965, Doi was among those who read the closing messages of the Second Vatican Council.

References

Other websites 
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Doi, Peter Tatsuo 
 Catholic-Hierarchy,  Peter Tatsuo Cardinal Doi
 http://www.tokyo.catholic.jp/eng_frame.html ;  

1892 births
1970 deaths
Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
People from Sendai
Roman Catholic bishops
Stronger is the fifth studio album by recording artist Kelly Clarkson. The album had been originally planned for a release in 2010, however the release date was pushed back multiple times, and the album was released in late October 2011. The hit single "Mr. Know It All" was released on September 5, 2011.

Pop albums
2011 albums
Sir Henry Cooper OBE KSG KB (3 May 1934–1 May 2011) was an English heavyweight boxer known for the power of his left hook. People called it "Enry's 'Ammer" (Henry's hammer). He knocked down Muhammad Ali early in Ali's career. Cooper held the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight titles several times. He unsuccessfully challenged Ali for the world heavyweight championship in 1966. 

After he retired from boxing, Cooper was a television and radio personality. He was popular in Britain. He was the first (and is today one of just three people) to twice win the public vote for BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award. He is the only boxer to be awarded a knighthood.  He is also named as one of the great Londoners in the "London Song" by Ray Davies on his 1998 album The Storyteller.

Cooper married an Italian Catholic woman and converted to her faith.

References

Other websites
 Remembering Clay v Cooper  East Side Boxing, 14 November 2006
1934 births
2011 deaths
British boxers
English Roman Catholics
Knights Bachelor
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Sportspeople from London
A Sierpinski triangle or Sierpinski triangle gasket is a fractal resulting from doing the following:
 Start with an equilateral triangle.
 Remove center part.
 Do the same for the three largest equilateral triangles left in this one.
If this is done, the first few steps will look like this:

If this is done an infinite number of times, its area will be 0.

They can also be 3D:

References 

Fractals
Morquio syndrome is a very rare inherited disease. It is called mucopolysaccharidosis because the body cannot break down mucopolysaccharides which make up mucous. It has very serious effects, but can be helped by a synthetic version of the enzyme which is not working.

References 

Syndromes
Genetic disorders
"My Life Would Suck Without You" is a song from American singer Kelly Clarkson. It was the first single from her fourth studio album, All I Ever Wanted. It was her second number-one hit in Canada and the United States and her first chart-topper in the UK. This song was released on January 31, 2009.

The song has the largest jump to number one in Billboard Hot 100 history.  It was also the biggest leap on the chart ever until 2019, when Taylor Swift broke this record.  "My Life Would Suck Without You" entered at #97 and moved to the top the following week.

In 2017, in a radio interview with Z100 in New York City, Clarkson discussed Dr. Luke (who was involved in a lawsuit with singer Kesha for reported assault).  She claimed:

Clarkson also said that she usually asks for writing credits if she knows she created a fair-sized portion of a song.  She says she lost "millions" of dollars in royalties by not being listed on the writing credits of the song.

Charts

References
Charts

References

2009 songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
Scott Summers also known as Cyclops is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is a mutant and leader of the X-Men. He can shoot lasers from his eyes as his special power. He was in love with Jean Grey. He tried to save her while she was taken over by the Phoenix Force.

X-Men characters
Marvel Comics superheroes
"Because of You" is a pop rock single from singer Kelly Clarkson off her second studio album Breakaway. It was first released in 2005. The single  made Clarkson the only winner in American Idol history to have a fourth song from the same album in Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. In 2007 Because of You was reprised in a duet alongside the country music artist Reba McEntire; the reprised version produced the first appearance of Clarkson in the Billboard Hot Country charts, where the single  hit Number 2.

2005 songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
2000s ballads
Pop ballads
Country ballads
Reba McEntire songs
Fast chess is similar to a normal game of chess, but played at a faster than usual rate. The player who runs out of time first (or is checkmated, whichever happens first) loses the match.

Fast chess versions, always played with a chess clock:
 Rapid: 15 to 60 minutes per player.
 Blitz: less than 15 minutes per side.
 Bullet: (unofficial category) 2 to 3 minutes per player.

References 

Chess competitions
The tawny owl or brown owl (Strix aluco) is a stocky, medium-sized owl commonly found in woodlands across much of Eurasia.  There are eleven recognised subspecies, and some variation in the colouring. 

The nest is usually in a tree hole where it can protect its eggs and young against potential predators. This owl is resident through the year, and highly territorial. Many young birds starve if they cannot find a vacant territory once parental care ceases.

This nocturnal bird of prey hunts mainly rodents, usually by dropping from a perch to seize its prey, which it swallows whole; in towns its diet includes a higher proportion of birds. Vision and hearing adaptations and  silent flight aid its night hunting. The Tawny is capable of catching smaller owls, but is itself vulnerable to the Eagle owl or Northern Goshawk. Red foxes are an important cause of mortality in newly fledged young.
Although many people believe this owl has exceptional night vision, its retina is no more sensitive than a human's. Rather, it is its asymmetrically placed ears that are key to its hunting. They give the Tawny owl excellent directional hearing. Like most owls, it hunts at night. It has a rather strange, but easily imitated, call.

References 

Strigiformes
Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia
Wheeling is a city in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is in both Ohio County and Marshall County. It is the county seat of Ohio County. Wheeling is the main city of the Wheeling Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city had 28,486 (31,059 in Ohio County, 360 in Marshall County) people as of the 2010 census. It was previously home to the Wheeling Stogies minor league baseball team.

References

Other websites
City of Wheeling, West Virginia Official Site
Wheeling Convention and Visitor's Bureau

Cities in West Virginia
County seats in West Virginia
1769 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Ocean acidification is the decrease in the pH (scale of acidity and alkalinity) and increase in acidity of the Earth's oceans. It is caused by the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) that humans have put into the atmosphere. More than 30% of the carbon dioxide in the air goes into the oceans. Therefore, when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, the carbon dioxide in the ocean increases, too.
 
When carbon dioxide enters the oceans, it makes it more acidic.

Problems
The skeletons and shells of many sea animals need what is known as calcium carbonate minerals. Due to ocean acidification, there are fewer of these minerals and there are species that could no longer produce or keep their shells. With more carbon dioxide in the ocean, this problem becomes worse and many species will be at risk. As a result, if humans continue to emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, ocean life will be in severe danger. Also, coral is at risk, as it is being eroded by the acid in the ocean.
Between 1751 CE and 1994 CE the ocean's pH on the surface went from 8.25 to 8.1.

Other websites 
 The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the effects of climate change

Acidification
Environmental issues
Climate change
William Wallace "Wally" Barron (December 8, 1911 – November 12, 2002) was a Democratic politician in West Virginia. He was the state's 26th Governor from 1961 to 1965. He later went to jail for corruption.

Barron's governorship was corrupt. Many officials were convicted of criminal charges including bribery, making false records, conspiracy and tax evasion. In 1971 Barron was convicted of jury tampering in an earlier trial. Barron was sentenced to 5 years in prison.

He died on November 12, 2002 in Charlotte, North Carolina.

References

Other websites 
 Biography of William W. Barron 
 Inaugural Address of William W. Barron 

1911 births
2002 deaths
Ali Sami Yen Spor Kompleksi - Türk Telekom Arena is a new multi-purpose stadium in the Şişli district of Istanbul, Turkey. It became the new home ground for Galatasaray S.K. in 2011, replacing the old Ali Sami Yen Stadium. The stadium has an all seated  capacity of 52,652.

Dimensions 
Stadium: 195,000 m² - 228m x 190m x 70m
Playing level: 120 m x 83 m
Gross grass area: 111 m x 72 m
Playing field: 105 m x 68 m

Construction 
Total concrete used during stadium construction: 190,000 m³
Total steel used during stadium construction: 35,000 tonnes
Total steel used for the roof: 5,500 tonnes

Football stadiums in Turkey
Buildings and structures in Istanbul
2011 establishments in Asia
Imperial may mean:

1. The things associated with a country led by a powerful leader (an empire) or with that leader (Emperor) as a person.

2. A system of weights and measures (Imperial units) formerly used by the old British Empire, and in places it controlled or affected, including inches, feet, ounces, pounds, and other measurements which are frequently used by English-speaking people, as opposed the International System based on meters and liters.
was the 47th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 758 and ended in 764.

Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was Ōi-shinnō (Ōi-no-ō).  The posthumous name of Emperor Junnin was given by Emperor Meiji.

He was the seventh son of Prince Toneri, a son of Emperor Temmu. His father died when he was at the age of three, and he was given no rank nor office of the court.

In the older Japanese documents, he was often referred as the .

Events of Junnin's life
His fate was changed in 757 when Empress Kōken named him as her heir (crown prince).

 7 September 758 (Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 1st day of the 8th month): In the 10th year of Kōken's reign, the empress abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by her adopted son.  Then Emperor Jimmu is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 760 (Tenpyō-hōji 4): New coins were minted.
764 (Tenpyō-hōji 8): Junnnin was sent in exile to Awaji.
 
 10 November 765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1, 23rd Day of the 10th Month):  Former Emperor Junnin died in exile.

Junnin caused grain storage centers (Jōheisō) to be established in the provinces.  The government stored rice from the years of good harvests.  This rice was used to control higher prices when harvests of rice were not good.  The Jōheisō were abolished during the Kamakura period.

After his death

The actual site of Junnin's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Awaji. 

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Junnin's mausoleum.  It is formally named Awaji no misasagi.

In 1870, Emperor Meiji conferred the posthumous name and title by which he is now known.

Era of Junnin's reign
The years of Junnin's reign are identified by a single era name.
 Tenpyō-hōji  (758-765)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese imperial family tree

References
References

Emperors of Japan
733 births
765 deaths
Macaroni is a pasta food which is made of wheat and flour. It is from Italy. It is in the shape of a small tube.  It can either be straight or curved. The curved type is called elbow macaroni.

Macaroni is almost never eaten by itself. It is usually eaten with another food or covered in a sauce. A very popular type of macaroni is "Macaroni and cheese", which is macaroni covered in melted cheese.

In Libya, macaroni is called Macroona Imbakbaka. Libya has Italian food because it used to be an Italian colony.

References 

Pasta
Fried chicken are pieces of chicken that have been either battered or floured and then pan fried, pressure fried or deep fried. The breading adds a crisper crust to chickens' exterior. The chicken is cut at the joints with the bones and skin being left. Some fast food restaurant chains serve fried chicken, most notably Kentucky Fried Chicken, Popeyes and Chick-fil-A.

The term fried chicken was first used in the 1830s.

Scottish people were the first European people who were frying chicken, although it was not seasoned or battered. People in West Africa were the ones who seasoned it. However, the first dish which was deep fried was fritters. Fritters were popular during the Middle Ages.

Some fried chicken is marinated in buttermilk and pickle juice before battering.

There is a racial stereotype that black people like eating fried chicken. There have been a number of public controversies about remarks that people have made about fried chicken and black people that have been considered racist.

References
References

Chicken as food
Jon Meade Huntsman, Jr. (born March 26, 1960) is an American businessman, diplomat and politician. He was the 8th United States Ambassador to Russia from October 3, 2017 to October 3, 2019 for the Donald Trump administration. He was the 11th United States Ambassador to Singapore from September 22, 1992 through June 15, 1993. He served as the 16th Governor of Utah from January 3, 2005 through August 11, 2009. During the Barack Obama administration, Huntsman served as the United States Ambassador to China from August 28, 2009 through April 28, 2011.

Huntsman ran for president in the 2012 United States presidential election, but lost the Republican nomination to Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.
On March 8, 2017, Huntsman accepted a position as United States Ambassador to Russia under the nomination from President Donald Trump. He was sworn in on October 3, 2017. On August 6, 2019, Huntsman submitted his resignation letter to President Donald Trump as Ambassador to Russia, effective October 3, 2019. He unsuccessfully ran for Utah Governor again in the 2020 race.

Early life
Huntsman was born in Palo Alto, California, but went to school in Salt Lake City, Utah. His father is businessman Jon Huntsman Sr.. He dropped out of high school to be in a rock band.  Later, he got a G.E.D. and went to college at the Universities of Utah and Pennsylvania.

Political career
After living in Taipei for a year, Huntsman served in the Reagan and Bush Administrations.  He was Ambassador to Singapore when he was only 32.  When Bill Clinton was President, Huntsman ran his family's multimillion-dollar chemical company.  He served as George W. Bush's Ambassador to Indonesia and Deputy Trade Representative.
In 2004, Huntsman was elected Governor of Utah.  While in office, he cut taxes.  While governor, most people in Utah approved of him.  He was re-elected in 2008, but resigned as Barack Obama's Ambassador to China.  Huntsman served in that capacity from 2009 to 2011.  While Ambassador, he watched some Chinese protest; this led to the Chinese blocking his name on Google for a while.

2012 United States presidential campaign
Huntsman was a candidate for President of the United States in the 2012 Republican primaries.  He was one of the most moderate candidates running in the primaries. Huntsman ran on his strong record of job creation in Utah, which had the highest job creation rate in America while he was governor. He has also polled near the bottom of the candidates in the race, although he had a strong showing in New Hampshire. He lost the primaries to Mitt Romney.
Russian ambassador
On March 8, 2017, Trump nominated Huntsman to serve as the United States Ambassador to Russia. He began the position on October 3, 2017. He resigned in October 2019.

2020 Utah gubernatorial election
On November 14, 2019, Huntsman announced his plans to run for Governor of Utah again in the 2020 election. He lost the Republican nomination to Spencer Cox in July 2020.

Personal life
Huntsman is a Mormon and went on a Mormon mission in Asia, but has explored other faiths.  Huntsman is also an Eagle Scout.   Huntsman has seven kids. Two of them are adopted. One of his children, is Abby Huntsman who is a co-host of The View.

In October 2018, Huntsman was diagnosed with stage-1 melanoma and is seeking treatment at the Huntsman Cancer Institute.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Horizon PAC
 Huntsman Presidential Campaign Staff 
 
 Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
 Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
 Biography at the United States Department of State (archived)
 Michael Brendan Dougherty, Jon Huntsman, the No-Drama Conservative, The American Conservative, August 24, 2011
 "Jon Huntsman Could Do Without Bill Clinton’s Kudos", Andrew Goldman, The New York Times Magazine, 4 January 2013

1960 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to China
Governors of Utah
Politicians from California
Republican Party (United States) politicians
2012 United States presidential candidates
People from Palo Alto, California
Politicians from Salt Lake City, Utah
Ambassadors of the United States to Russia
A Dame school was a private elementary school in English-speaking countries. The children were usually taught by women. The schools were most common from the 17th century to the 19th century. Most of these schools were in Britain, the United States, and Australia.

Britain 
The Statistical Society of London found almost half of all children in Dane schools surveyed were only taught spelling. Few were taught mathematics and grammar. Dame schools became less common in Britain after the introduction of compulsory education in 1870.

Dame school buildings that still exist
 Orton, Eden, Cumbria
 Thursley, Surrey (it is a building in the courtyard of a church)
 Upper Stratton near Stratton St Margaret, Swindon (residential property)
 Hedon in Holderness (residential property)
North America 
In North America, "dame school" is a name for a private school with a female teacher during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. The education at these schools could be good or very good. Most dame schools were in New England, where every child needed to be literate because of the laws. In the Southern colonies, there were not as many women who knew enough to teach the children.
Motivated by their Puritan religion, some Austrailian women in 17th century opened small, private schools in their homes to teach reading to young children. All children needed to know their religion and how to read because of the Massachusetts School Law of 1642.  This law was later made more important by the famous Old Deluder Satan Act.  According to Puritan beliefs, Satan would try to keep people from understanding the Scriptures, therefore all children had to be taught how to read. For a small fee, women, often housewives or widows, offered to take in children to whom she would teach a little writing, reading, basic prayers, and religious beliefs. These women received pay in coin, home industries, alcohol, baked goods, and other valuables. Teaching materials generally included a hornbook, primer, Psalter, and Bible. Both girls and boys were provided education through the dame school system.  Dame schools generally focused on the four R's of education-Riting, Reading, Rithmetic, and Religion
.  In addition to primary education, girls in dame schools might also learn sewing, embroidery, and other "graces". Most girls received their only formal education from dame schools because of sex-segregated education in common or public schools during the colonial period.  If their parents could afford it, after attending a dame school for a rudimentary education in reading, colonial boys moved on to grammar schools where a male teacher taught advanced arithmetic, writing, Latin, and Greek.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, some dame schools offered boys and girls from wealthy families a "polite education". The women running these special dame schools taught "reading, writing, English, French, arithmetic, and music, and dancing".  Schools for upper-class girls were usually called "female seminaries", "finishing schools" instead of "dame schools".

Australia 
The first school in Australia started in 1789. The school was a  Dame school where children were taught basic skills by a prisoner, Isabella Rossen.

References

Other website 
 A Dame's School, photo Peter Henry Emerson (1856-1936)
 The Dame School by Frederick George Cotman 
 A Dame's School by Thomas Webster
 The Dame's School by Thomas Faed 
 Dame School - Staffordshire Figures 1780-1840 
 http://www.nps.gov/fova/forkids/the-dame-school.htm
 http://www.williamsburgkids.com/people/schools.htm 
Types of educational institutions
A marine is a member of a military force. Marines specialize in military actions in other countries, such as amphibious warfare.  Marines usually have strong links with the country's navy.  The commander in the field is usually the commander of the fleet.  Support for the marines such as medical, legal, and supplies come from the navy. The anchor is often used as a symbol for the marines. The word marine is from the English word marine, meaning of the sea, from the French marin(e), of the sea which was from the Latin marinus ("maritime"). The name marine means "navy" in French, Dutch, and German. Marine forces are usually part of the navy, but they can be part of the army or act on their own.
In the past the marines have protected ships at sea.  When ship crews were pressed (forced to serve) the marines protected the ship from mutiny.  They would also board other ships during battle or capture prize ships.  They carried out raids on the shore to help the navy.  Marines would also take part in campaign ashore, to help the army.

History

In the earliest days of naval warfare, there was little difference between sailors and soldiers on a warship. The oarsmen of Ancient Greek and Roman ships had to be able to fight the oarsmen of other ships. Armed soldiers were used on Greek ships to get on board enemy ships to fight their crews. The Roman Navy's two legions, I Adiutrix and II Adiutrix, were among the first special naval infantry units.
The first organized group of marines was created when Charles V first assigned the naval infantry of the Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles (Naples Sea Old Companies) to the Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons) in 1537. This was the start of the current Spanish Navy Marines (Infantería de Marina) corps. The American Marine Corps began on 10 November 1775 in Tun Tavern, Philadelphia, just seven months before America declared its independence on 4 July 1776.

Roles

The main task for marine troops is military actions near the coast. Based on ships they are trained to land on and secure key points to around 50 miles inland. Marines leave the warships using helicopters, landing craft, hovercraft and amphibious vehicles.

Marines are also in other naval roles such as boarding other ships, ship clean up, naval port security, mess duty, and field day operations.

By country
By country

Argentina 
The Argentine Marine Corps (Infantería de Marina de la Armada de la República Argentina or IMARA) is a part of the Argentine Navy. It has a Fleet Marine Force with one marine battalion, artillery, air defence, communications, logisticss, engineer and vehicle units. There is a Southern Marine Force with two marine battalions, a river operations battalion, a special forces unit (the Amphibious Commandos Group) and several security battalions and companies. The 5th Battalion of the Infanteria de Marina fought in the Falklands War ().
Australia
 Several of the colonies of Australia had volunteer naval infantry forces in the second half of 19th century. The Victorian Naval Brigade was formed in 1859, the Sydney Naval Brigade in 1864, the Queensland Naval Brigade in 1873 and the Naval Artillery Volunteers in 1897 (New South Wales). After the Federation of Australia they became the Commonwealth Naval Militia. When the Royal Australian Navy began in 1911 the volunteers were renamed the Royal Australian Naval Brigade. In 1915 it had 2,817 officers and men. The Naval Brigade was disbanded in 1920 and volunteers joined the Royal Australian Naval Reserve.
 The 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment of the Australian Army will be retrained as marines by 2014.

Bolivia
 The Bolivian Naval Force has about 2,000 naval infantry soldiers and marines.

Brazil