Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Making modern houses 

Modern houses are often made of "pre-fabricated" parts that are partly built in a factory, and are easy to put together at the site of the building.
Many different types of materials for making houses have been developed in the 20th century.
 Many houses are now made with steel frames put together with rivets and bolts.
 Walls and roofs can be made of boards that combine fibre with cement. These boards are thin, light in weight to transport, easy to put on the frame, and much cheaper than bricks or timber. A similar material can be made into roof tiles.
 Metal roofing can be rolled into thin sheets, and made in many different colours, with matching gutters and downpipes.
Notes and references 
 Nicholas Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture, Pelican, ISBN
 Trewin Copplestone, Ed., World Architecture, Paul Hamlyn, ISBN
 John Summerson, Architecture in Britain, Pelican, 
 Trevor Yorke, Tracing the History of Villages, Countryside Books, 
 Richard Reid, The Book of Buildings, the Architecture of Europe and North America, Peerage Books, 
 R. Apperly, R. Irving and P.Reynolds, A Pictorial Guide to Identifying Australian Architecture, Angus and Robertson's, 
 W.R. Dalziel, All-Colour Guide to Architecture, Grosset and Dunlap, 

Basic English 850 words
A gigabyte (GB), sometimes abbreviated as a gig, is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices. At first it meant exactly 1 billion bytes, usually referring to the number of bytes in a computer hard drive. Its meaning gradually changed over time, so that today it is often used to mean 1,073,741,824 (230) bytes, especially when referring to the random access memory (RAM) of a modern computer. Now international standards bodies say a gigabyte should only be used to mean exactly 1 billion bytes, and that gibibyte is a better name for 1,073,741,824 bytes. In everyday use, people use gigabyte to mean 1,073,741,824 bytes when talking about computer memory and 1,000,000,000 bytes when talking about computer disk space.

One thousand gigabytes make one terabyte.

Uses 
This measurement is often used when measuring the capacity of computer memory, hard drives, or other storage devices.

Units of information
A sailor (or seaman) is a person who works at sea on a boat or ship. The sailor works under a captain. The term is only used when the person is working professionally (earning money or make a living).

Sailor is also the lowest rank in a navy.

Occupations
Water transport
 
Navy
A farmer is a person who grows crops and raises animals to be used as food. This has been a common job for people since the beginning of civilization.

What farmers do 
The word farmer usually refers to a person who has a field, orchard, vineyard, or garden where food is grown. This food is eaten or sold after it is harvested. Farmers may also grow raw materials for industrial purposes. Some examples of raw materials that are used in this way are:
 cereals for alcoholic beverages
 hides (animal skin) for leather
 maize/corn for plastics or fuel
 wool or cotton for yarns and making cloth
Some farmers also raise animals to be used for meat, milk, eggs or other things.

Related pages

Agriculture

Agricultural occupations
A constellation is a group of stars which make up imaginary outline or pattern in the night sky (the celestial sphere). Usually they are said to represent an animal, mythological person or creature in a shape. When seen, the group of stars seem to make a pattern. 

The word constellation comes from Latin: con-, meaning together and stella- meaning stars. Some examples of constellations are Ursa major, Orion, Taurus, Draco, Cancer etc.  Constellations were used to group stars.  Different places in the world may have different constellations, but today astronomy has a fixed set of 88 constellations.  This set is based on the Greek set and later some southern constellations were added, for example Antlia - the air pump.  Most constellations have names that come from Greek mythology, like Orion or Andromeda.
There are 12 constellations in the Zodiac. The Sun travels through the Zodiac once each year. There is also a thirteenth constellation Ophiuchus - the carrier of a serpent, which the Sun goes through. However, most people do not think that it is in the Zodiac.

History
No one knows who first saw the constellations. Ancient civilizations, like the Mayans, drew their own star maps of the skies with their constellations, very few of which we use today.
Ptolemy's 48 constellations are still recognized by the IAU today, and the rest of the constellations were added later
A flood is an overflow of water. Floods are very hard to deal with. 

This is most commonly due to an overflowing river, a dam break, snowmelt, or heavy rainfall. Less commonly happening are tsunamis, storm surge.
The most deadly flooding was in 1931 in China and killed between 20,00,000 and 40,00,000 people. The Kerala flood in India was another flood that has destroyed people's houses.

During a flood, people try to move themselves and their most precious belongings to higher ground quickly. The process of leaving homes in search of a safe place is called a flood evacuation.

Floods have inspired myths and legends, especially the story of the great flood.

Pollution of drinking water
During a flood there is plenty of water logging and overflow of water,  it is mostly polluted and not safe to drink. If people drink this dirty water, they may suffer from diseases such as typhoid and cholera, hepatitis and other such diseases. People can get ready to survive a flood by filling many containers with fresh and clean drinking water and storing other emergency supplies; like: medicine and food. During flood people try to go to higher sides because the flood water wouldn't reach high areas. Also drains overflow and mix with clean water and people who drink it might fall ill.
Flooding is usually caused when a volume of water within a water body, such as a lake, overflows outside it.Sometimes if a dam breaks, it suddenly releases a large amount of water. The result is that some of the water travels to land, and 'floods' the area. Many rivers are in a channel, between river banks. They flood when the strength of the river causes it to flow beyond the banks. This is more common at bends or meanders. Flood damage can be prevented by moving away from places that flood. However, people have long liked to have their homes and businesses alongside water because water is good for agriculture and transport and in other ways. Floods are also caused due to improper management of drains. Rainfall is the most common cause. Snow melt is also a cause of flooding. Tsunamis and Storm Surge are less common ways that floods happen. Coastal Flooding is another common cause of flooding, and this is caused by low pressure systems or storms
.You can control floods by improving the drainage and grading of your home. Installing a flood detection system in your home also helps to prevent flooding.
References

Related pages 
 Noah
 Flood control
In many mythologies and religions, Hell or the Underworld is a place where souls of wicked people go after their life on Earth. It is a real (but perhaps not physical) place which is controlled by either God, or some lesser supernatural being such as Satan. It is the opposite of Heaven, and is a place apart from God, where there is no love, kindness or empathy. The word "hell" is used in the English version of the Old Testament to translate the Hebrew word for "the grave", , and in the New Testament the Greek , Hades, and , Hebrew Gehenna. Each of those words have a somewhat different meaning from the popular English meaning of hell. In English, hell can also simply mean something very bad, as in "War is Hell".
Jewish beliefs about Hell
Many believe that Jews do not believe in Hell, but Jews really do believe. But it does not consist of eternal torture. Rather, there are lower levels of Heaven that a person can descend to considering the number of mitzvot (commandments) that they have obeyed. Gemorah writings tell the Jews of devil beliefs, but these are stories and are taken lightly. Jews also believe that Satan did exist, but he was an angel that quarreled with God, such as the story of Job.

In Hebrew the word for "the grave", Sheol, is used for the place where people go when they die. It can also mean a place of torment in the after-life, rather than a physical grave In which the body lies.

Etimology/Gehennem
Hebrew, גי הנם (ge hinnom, "Hinnom Valley") Greek, γέεννα (geenna); Latin, gehenna
  'Ge Hinnom' : Hinnom valley

It is thought that the word was derived from the Hebrew composition of "Ge ben hinnom" (the valley of the son of Hinnom) by the fall of the "ben" over time.
'Ge' : Valley
  'ben' : Son
  'Hinnom' : Hinnom

Gehinnom is the name of the valley in the southwest of Jerusalem, where the Canaanites sacrificed their children to Baal, who was given the title Moloch or malik in Arabic.  It was used as a garbage dump, where fires always burned and so became a symbol for hell.

Christian beliefs about Hell
Many Christian groups believe once a soul goes to Hell, it stays forever. However, some Christian groups think Hell is a temporary place that souls may leave at some point. Others believe in a permanent Hell but a temporary Purgatory. Still others believe those who do not go to Heaven stop existing instead of going to Hell. These Christians are called annihilationists.

Other religions' beliefs about Hell
The Ancient Greeks believed that souls would go to different places within the underworld. One of those places, called Tartaros, was like Hell. The god Hades was the ruler of the underworld.
 In Buddhism, there are three types of hells, called Naraka. Unlike in Judaism and Christianity, souls are born into these places based on their karma. They spend a certain amount of time there and are then reborn somewhere else.
In Islam, Hell is called Jahannam, and it is a place of punishment. Muslims disagree, if hell is eternal or not. Most Muslims are sure that at least Muslims will only remain in hell for a certain period, but the fate of other people is unknown. In Islam, except for Muʿtazila, hell has been created already. Some Muslims belief that hell can influence this world or that dead people are currently in hell. Muhammad is believed to have visited hell during his journey on Buraq. Iblis (Satan) is also believed to be at the bottom of hell now. Yet, hell is not the home of demons, demons are punished in hell too. Although some Muslims believe people in this world can interact with people from heaven or hell, most Muslim Theology authors state that people cannot pass between the world of the living and hell.
 In Shintoism, Hell (Yomi) is similar to the Greek Hades, in that all souls go there, no matter their actions in life, to have a miserable existence forever.
In Chinese mythology, Hell is called Diyu. It is described as a maze with many levels and chambers divided into "courts" where souls are taken to atone for their sins in life. Diyu is ruled by Yanluo Wang, the "King of Hell". Unlike the Judeo-Christian Hell, however, punishment there is not eternal and once a soul has atoned for its sins and redeemed itself, he/she will be sent back to the world to be reborn.
 Satanists do not believe in Hell. The term "Hell" does appear in The Satanic Bible when discussing other religions' beliefs on Hell.
References

Related pages
Heaven
Greek underworld
Hel (realm)
Yomi

Afterlife
Religious terminology
Up to 1900 
 686 – Conon becomes giubbewoubgerbor3bg
 1096 - People's Crusade: The Turkish army heavily defeats the People's Army of the West.
 1097 - First Crusade: The Siege of Antioch begins.
 1209 - Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned by Pope Innocent III.
 1392 - Emperor Kameyama of Japan abdicates the throne in favour of his arch-rival Emperor Go-Komatsu.
 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty at the University of Wittenberg.
 1520 - Ferdinand Magellan enters what is now known as the Magellan Strait.
 1600 – Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats the leaders of rival Japanese clans in the Battle of Sekigahara, which marks the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate, who in effect rule Japan until the mid-Nineteenth century.
 1638 - In England, the church at Widecombe-on-the-Moor is struck by lightning during an afternoon service, leading to new scientific research on lightning strikes.
 1797 – In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate USS Constitution is launched.
1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Trafalgar – a British fleet led by Admiral Lord Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain under Admiral Villeneuve. It signalled the virtual end of French maritime power and left Britain navally unchallenged until the twentieth century.
 1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Austrian General Mack surrendurs his army to the Grand Armee of Napoleon at Ulm, reaping Napoleon over 30,000 prisoners and inflicting 10,000 casualties on the losers. Ulm was considered to be one of Napoleon's finest hours.
 1816 - The Penang Free School is founded in George Town, Malaysia. It is the oldest English language school in Southeast Asia.
 1824 – Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement.
 1854 – Florence Nightingale and a staff of 38 nurses were sent to the Crimean War.
1861 – American Civil War: Battle of Ball's Bluff – Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is killed in the fighting.
 1867 – Manifest Destiny: Medicine Lodge Treaty – Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders. The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate a reservation in western Oklahoma.
 1879 – Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric light bulb (it lasted 13 1/2 hours before burning out).
 1885 - In an assassination attempt, Danish Prime Minister Jacob Estrup is shot.
 1888 - The Swiss Social Democratic Party is founded.
 1895 – The Republic of Taiwan collapses as Japanese forces invade.
1901  2000 
 1902 – In the United States, a five-month strike by United Mine Workers ends.
 1907 - A magnitude 8.1 earthquake hits Central Asia, killing 12,000.
 1910 - HMS Niobe arrives at Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia to become the first ship of the Royal Canadian Navy.
 1921 – US President Warren G. Harding delivers the first speech by a sitting president against lynching in the deep south.
 1930 - A mining disaster at Alsdorf, near Aachen, Germany, kills 271 people.
 1934 – Mao Tse-tung and his followers begin the Long March.
 1941 – World War II: Germans rampage in Yugoslavia, killing thousands of civilians.
 1943 - The Provisional Government of Free India is declared by Subhas Chandra Bose.
 1944 – The first kamikaze attack: HMAS Australia was hit by a Japanese plane carrying a 200 kg (441 pound) bomb off Leyte Island, as the Battle of Leyte Gulf began.
 1944 - World War II: Aachen becomes the first major German city to fall to the Allies.
1945 – Women's suffrage: Women are allowed to vote in France for the first time.
 1945 – Argentine military officer and politician Juan Perón married actress Evita.
 1947 – 21 die as a fire destroys an asylum in Hoff, Germany.
 1948 - A Lockheed Constellation airplane crashes at Prestwick, Scotland, killing 39 people.
 1957 – The movie Jailhouse Rock, starring Elvis Presley, opens.
 1959 – In New York City, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum opens to the public. It was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.
 1959 – US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs an executive order transferring Wernher von Braun and other German scientists from the United States Army to NASA.
 1962 - Norwegian postal ship Sanct Svithun sinks, killing 41.
 1965 - Comet Ikeya-Seki approaches Perihelion, passing 200,000 kilometers (279,617 miles) within Earth.
 1966 – Aberfan disaster: A coal tip falls on the village of Aberfan in Wales, killing 144 people, mostly schoolchildren
1967 – Vietnam War: More than 100,000 war protesters gather in Washington, DC. A peaceful rally at the Lincoln Memorial is followed by a march to The Pentagon and clashes with soldiers and United States Marshals protecting the facility (event lasts until October 23; 683 people will be arrested). Similar demonstrations occurred simultaneously in Japan and Western Europe.
 1969 - Willy Brandt is elected Chancellor of West Germany.
 1971 - 22 people are killed in a gas explosion at a shopping centre in Clarkston, East Renfrewshire, near Glasgow, Scotland.
 1973 – John Paul Getty III's ear is cut off by his kidnappers and sent to a newspaper in Rome; it does not arrive until November 8.
 1977 - The European Patent Institute is founded.
 1980 – 1980 World Series: In 6 games, the Philadelphia Phillies win their first World Series.
 1981 - Andreas Papandreou becomes Prime Minister of Greece.
1986 – In Lebanon, pro-Iranian kidnappers claim to have abducted American writer Edward Tracy (he will be released in August 1991).
1986 - African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights enters into force.
 1987 – Former Miss America Bess Myerson is arrested on charges of bribery, conspiracy, and mail fraud, all involving an alimony-fixing scandal. She is later found not guilty.
 1994 – North Korea nuclear weapons program: North Korea and the United States sign an agreement that requires North Korea to stop its nuclear weapons program and agree to inspections.
 1994 - In Seoul, South Korea, 32 people are killed when the Seongsu Bridge collapses.
 1997 – Hotel owners from the Detroit area meet to discuss Jack Kevorkian's practice of leaving corpses in hotel rooms.
 1997 – The government of Singapore announces in a widely publicized "toilet alert" that the drive for toilet cleanliness is a great success; five toilets were selected by citizens as toilet role models.
From 2001 
 2004 – The Boston Red Sox win the American League pennant, defeating the New York Yankees 10-3 in Game 7 of the American League Championship Series, capping off a remarkable comeback from three games to none down to win.
 2005 - Hurricane Wilma strikes the Yucatán, Mexico.
 2007 - Kimi Raikkonen wins the Formula One World Championship.
 2007 - Donald Tusk is elected Prime Minister of Poland.
 2015 - This is the exact date that the main characters travel to in Back to the Future Part II.
 2016 - A train crash in Eséka, Cameroon, kills at least 55 people.
 2017 - The government of Spain begins moves to take direct control of the region of Catalonia after the region's disputed referendum on its independence on October 1.
 2019 - The 2019 Canadian federal election is held, with Justin Trudeau's Liberal Party of Canada retaining power, but with a reduced number of seats and in second place in the popular vote behind Andrew Scheer's Conservative Party of Canada.

Births
Up to 1900 
 1328 - Hongwu Emperor of China (d. 1398)
 1449 – George, Duke of Clarence (d. 1478)
 1527 - Louis I, Cardinal of Guise (d. 1578)
 1581 – Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter (d. 1641)
 1650 - Jean Bart, French naval commander (d. 1702)
 1660 – Georg Ernst Stahl, German scientist (d. 1734)
 1671 – King Frederick IV of Demmark (d. 1730)
 1672 - Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Italian writer (d. 1750)
 1675 – Emperor Higashiyama of Japan (d. 1710)
 1687 – Nicolaus I Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (d. 1759)
 1728 - José Moñino, 1st Count of Floridablanca, Spanish politician (d. 1808)
 1762 - Herman Willem Daendels, Dutch statesman (d. 1818)
 1772 – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, British poet (d. 1834)
 1775 - Giuseppe Baini, Italian composer (d. 1844)
 1790 - Alphonse de Lamartine, French writer (d. 1869)
 1811 - Filippo Colini, Italian opera singer (d. 1863)
 1823 - Emilio Arrieta, Spanish composer (d. 1894)
 1833 – Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor (d. 1896)
1837 - James A. Beaver, 20th Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 1914)
 1839 - Georg von Siemens, German banker and politician (d. 1901)
 1845 – Will Carleton, American poet (d. 1912)
 1846 - Edmondo De Amicis, Italian novelist, journalist, poet and short-story writer (d. 1908)
 1847 – Giuseppe Giacosa, Italian writer (d. 1906)
 1874 - Henri Guisan, Swiss general (d. 1960)
 1884 - Claire Waldoff, German singer and entertainer (d. 1957)
 1886 – Eugene Burton Ely, American aviator (d. 1911)
 1886 - Karl Polanyi, Austro-Hungarian economist (d. 1964)
 1887 - James L. McConaughy, American politician, Governor of Connecticut (d. 1948)
 1887 - Krishna Singh, Indian politician, 1st Chief Minister of Bihar (d. 1961)
 1892 – Otto Nerz, German footballer and coach (d. 1949)
 1894 - Edogawa Rampo, Japanese writer and critic (d. 1965)
 1895 - Edna Purviance, American actress (d. 1958)
 1895 - Paavo Johansson, Finnish javelin thrower (d. 1983)
 1896 - Evgeny Schwarz, Russian movie writer (d. 1958)
1901  1950 
 1901 - Margarete Buber-Neumann, German politician (d. 1989)
 1907 - Nikos Engonopoulos, Greek painter and poet (d. 1985)
 1911 – Mary Blair, American artist and illustrator (d. 1978)
 1912 – Georg Solti, Hungarian conductor (d. 1997)
 1914 – Kazimierz Swiatek, Roman Catholic cardinal of Belarus (d. 2011)
 1914 – Martin Gardner, American writer (d. 2010)
 1917 – Dizzy Gillespie, American musician (d. 1993)
 1918 - Hulett C. Smith, Governor of West Virginia (d. 2012)
 1921 – Malcolm Arnold, British composer (d. 2006)
 1921 - Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, Dutch astronomer (d. 2015)
 1921 - Sena Jurinac, Bosnian operatic soprano (d. 2011)
 1922 – Liliane Bettencourt, French L'Oreal heiress (d. 2017)
 1924 - Joyce Randolph, American actress
 1924 - Julie Wilson, American actress (d. 2015)
 1925 – Celia Cruz, Cuban Salsa singer (d. 2003)
 1925 - Virginia Zeani, Romanian soprano
 1926 – Leonard Rossiter, English comedian and actor (d. 1984)
1926 - William Love Waller, Governor of Mississippi (d. 2011)
 1927 – Fritz Wintersteller, Austrian mountaineer (d. 2018)
 1927 - Howard Zieff, American director (d. 2009)
 1928 - Vern Mikkelsen, American basketball player (d. 2013)
 1928 - Whitey Ford, American baseball player
 1929 - Pierre Bellemare, French writer, radio and television host (d. 2018)
 1930 - Pascale Roberts, French actress (d. 2019)
 1930 - Ivan Silayev, Soviet Prime Minister
 1931 – Shammi Kapoor, Indian actor (d. 2011)
 1932 - Alex Ifeanyichukwu Ekwueme, Vice president of Nigeria (d. 2017)
 1932 - Pál Csernai, Hungarian footballer (d. 2013)
 1933 - Georgia Brown, American actress (d. 1992)
 1933 - Joan Hinde, English trumpeter and entertainer (d. 2015)
 1937 - Hans-Ulrich Schmincke, German volcanologist
 1937 - Said Afandi al-Chirkawi, Russian spiritual leader (d. 2012)
 1937 - Valentina Pyatchenko, Russian singer (Buranovskiye Babushki)
 1940 – Geoffrey Boycott, English cricketer
 1940 – Manfred Mann, South African-English musician
1940 - Marita Petersen, Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 2001)
 1941 – Steve Cropper, American musician and songwriter
 1942 – Christopher A. Sims, American economist
 1942 - Paul Churchland, Canadian philosopher
 1942 - Judith Sheindlin, American judge (Judge Judy)
 1942 - Lou Lamoriello, American ice hockey player, coach and manager
 1943 – Tariq Ali, Pakistani writer and historian
 1944 - Jean-Pierre Sauvage, French chemist, 2016 joint Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate
 1944 - Mandy Rice-Davies, British media personality (d. 2014)
 1945 - Nikita Mikhalkov, Soviet-Russian movie director
 1946 - Jane Heal, British philosopher
 1946 – Lux Interior, American singer (d. 2009)
 1948 - Tom Everett, American actor
 1949 – Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel
 1949 - LeTanya Richardson, American actress
 1949 - Mike Keenan, Canadian ice hockey coach
 1950 - Ronald McNair, American astronaut (d. 1986)
1951  1975 
 1952 - Trevor Chappell, Australian cricketer
 1952 – Brent Mydland, American keyboardist (d. 1990)
 1952 - Patti Davis, American actress and novelist, daughter of Ronald Reagan
 1953 – Peter Mandelson, English politician
 1953 - Eric Faulkner, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist
 1954 - Brian Tobin, Canadian politician
 1955 - Catherine Hardwicke, American movie director, producer, designer and screenwriter
 1956 – Carrie Fisher, American actress and writer (d. 2016)
 1957 - Steve Lukather, American guitarist and singer (Toto)
 1957 – Wolfgang Ketterle, German physicist, Nobel Prize winner
 1958 - Andre Geim, Russian-born physicist, Nobel Prize winner
 1959 – Ken Watanabe, Japanese actor
 1960 - Scott Stearney, American Vice Admiral (d. 2018)
 1962 - David Campese, Australian rugby player
 1964 – Jon Carin, American musician
 1965 – Ion Andoni Goikoetxea, Basque-Spanish footballer
 1967 – Paul Ince, English footballer
 1969 – Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, crown prince of Bahrain
1969 - Chris Law, Scottish politician
 1971 – Jade Jagger, socialite and jewellery designer
 1971 - Damien Martyn, Australian cricketer
 1971 - Paul Telfer, Scottish footballer
 1971 - Thomas Ulsrud, Norwegian curler
 1972 - Felicity Anderson, Australian actress
 1974 - Costel Busuioc, Romanian tenor
From 1976 
 1976 - Andrew Scott, Irish actor
 1979 - Fernanda Rodrigues, Brazilian actress and television presenter
 1979 - Karl Harris, British motorcycle racer (d. 2014)
 1980 – Kim Kardashian, American socialite, model and reality television personality
 1981 – Nemanja Vidic, Serbian footballer
 1981 - Martin Castrogiovanni, Argentine-born Italian rugby player
 1983 – Hrvoje Custic, Croatian footballer (d. 2008)
 1983 - Amber Rose, American model
 1983 - Charlotte Sullivan, Canadian actress
 1984 – Kieran Richardson, English footballer
 1986 – Natalee Holloway, American teenager (missing since 2005)
 1986 - Tamerlan Tsarnaev, Chechen-American terrorist (d. 2013)
 1988 - James White, American basketball player
 1989 - Sam Vokes, Welsh footballer
 1990 - Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, French chess player
 1990 – Ricky Rubio, Spanish basketball player
 1992 – Bernard Tomic, Australian tennis player
 1993 - Kane Brown, American singer
 1995 - Cameron Burgess, Scottish-Australian footballer
Up to 1900 
 310 – Pope Eusebius
 1125 - Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian writer
 1204 - Robert de Beaufort, 4th Earl of Leicester
 1221 - Alix, Duchess of Brittany (b. 1201)
 1266 – Birger Jarl, Swedish statesman (b. 1210)
 1422 – King Charles VI of France (b. 1368)
 1500 - Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan (b. 1442)
 1558 – Julius Caesar Scaliger, humanist scholar (b. 1484)
 1600 - Toda Katsushige, Japanese warlord (b. 1557)
 1623 - William Wade, English statesman and diplomat (b. 1546)
 1687 – Sir Edmund Waller, English poet (b. 1606)
 1708 - Guru Gobind Singh, 10th Sikh Guru (b. 1666)
 1765 – Giovani Paolo Panini, Italian painter and architect (b. 1691)
 1775 – Peyton Randolph, American politician, President of the Continental Congress (b. 1721)
 1805 - Killed in the Battle of Trafalgar:
 Horatio Nelson, British admiral (b. 1758)
 George Duff, Royal Navy captain (b. 1764)
 John Cooke, Royal Navy captain (b. 1763)
 1818 – Michael Howe, bushranger in Tasmania, Australia
1821 - Dorothea Ackermann, German actress (b. 1752)
 1872 - Jacques Babinet, French physicist (b. 1794)
 1873 – Johann Sebastian Welhaven, Norwegian poet (b. 1807)
 1896 – James Henry Greathead, British engineer (b. 1844)
1901  2000 
 1903 - Jinmaku Kyugoro, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1829)
 1904 - Isabelle Eberhardt, Swiss explorer and writer (b. 1877)
 1907 - Jules Chevalier, French priest (b. 1824)
 1916 - Count Karl von Stürgkh, Austrian politician (b. 1859)
 1929 - Vasil Radoslavov, Bulgarian politician (b. 1854)
 1931 – Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian writer (b. 1862)
 1931 - Barbecue Bob, American blues musician (b. 1902)
 1940 - William G. Conley, Governor of West Virginia (b. 1866)
 1944 – Alois Kayser, German missionary, working in Nauru
 1944 - Hilma af Klint, Swedish artist and mystic (b. 1862)
 1952 - Hans Merensky, South African geologist and philanthropist (b. 1871)
 1967 - Ejnar Hertzsprung, Danish astronomer (b. 1873)
 1969 – Waclaw Sierpinski, Polish mathematician (b. 1882)
 1969 – Jack Kerouac, American beat novelist (b. 1922)
 1975 – Charles Reidpath, American athlete (b. 1887)
 1978 – Anastas Mikoyan, Soviet politician (b. 1895)
1980 – Hans Asperger, Austrian psychologist who discovered Asperger's Syndrome (b. 1906).
 1980 - Vulko Cherenkov, Bulgarian politician (b. 1900)
 1984 – François Truffaut, French movie director (b. 1932)
 1985 - Dan White, American politician (b. 1946)
 1986 – Lionel Murphy, Australian Labor Party politician and High Court judge (b. 1922)
 1990 - Walther Sommerlath, German businessman, father of Queen Silvia of Sweden (b. 1901)
 1993 – Melchior Ndadaye, President of Burundi (b. 1953)
 1995 – Shannon Hoon, lead singer of pop band Blind Melon (b. 1967)
 1995 - Maxene Andrews, American singer (b. 1916)
 1995 – Jesús Blasco, Spanish comic book writer (b. 1919)
 1996 - Georgios Zoitakis, Greek army general and regent (b. 1910)
 1998 - Francis W. Sargent, Governor of Massachusetts (b. 1915)
 1999 – Lars Bo, Danish artist and writer (b. 1924)
From 2001 
 2003 – Fred Berry, American actor (b. 1951)
 2003 – Luis A. Ferré, former governor of Puerto Rico (b. 1904)
 2003 – Louise Day Hicks, US politician (b. 1916)
 2003 – Elliott Smith, American musician (b. 1969)
 2006 – Sandy West, American musician (b. 1959)
 2010 – Loki Schmidt, German environmentalist and wife of Helmut Schmidt (b. 1919)
 2011 - Edmundo Ros, Trinidadian musician (b. 1910)
 2012 - George McGovern, American politician (b. 1922)
 2012 - Yash Chopra, Indian movie director, screenwriter and producer (b. 1932)
 2014 - Gough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1916)
 2014 - Benjamin C. Bradlee, American journalist (b. 1921)
 2014 - Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani, Iranian politician and cleric (b. 1931)
 2014 - Seth Gaaikema, Dutch comedian and writer (b. 1939)
 2014 - Lilli Carati, Italian actress (b. 1956)
 2015 - Marty Ingels, American actor (b. 1936)
 2016 - Manfred Krug, German actor (b. 1937)
 2017 - Martin Eric Ain, American-Swiss musician (b. 1967)
2017 - Emilio D'Amore, Italian politician (b. 1915)
 2017 - Rosemary Leach, English actress (b. 1935)
 2017 - Lech Ordon, Polish actor (b. 1928)
 2017 - Denise P. Barlow, British geneticist (b. 1950)
 2017 - Judith McGrath, Australian actress (b. 1947)
 2017 - Gilbert Stork, American organic chemist (b. 1921)
 2018 - Earl Bakken, American inventor and museum founder (b. 1924)
 2018 - Ilie Balaci, Romanian footballer and manager (b. 1956)
 2018 - Harry L. Ettlinger, American engineer (b. 1926)
 2018 - Robert Faurisson, British-French journalist, academic and Holocaust denier (b. 1929)
 2018 - Joachim Ronneberg, Norwegian military officer and broadcaster (b. 1919)
 2018 - Jun-ichi Nishizawa, Japanese electrical engineer (b. 1926)
 2018 - Charles Wang, Chinese-born American software engineer, philanthropist and sports team owner (b. 1944)
 2019 - Gilberto Aceves Navarro, Mexican painter and sculptor (b. 1931)
 2019 - Bengt Feldreich, Swedish television journalist (b. 1925)
2019 - Taras Kutovy, Ukrainian politician (b. 1976)
 2019 - Lho Shin-yong, Prime Minister of South Korea (b. 1930)
 2019 - Aila Meriluoto, Finnish poet (b. 1924)
Observances 
 International Day of the Nacho (Mexico and the United States)
 National Nurses' Day (Thailand)
 Overseas Chinese Day (Republic of China)
 Apple Day (UK)

Days of the year
The telephone number 1-1-2 (or 112) is the standard European Union (EU) emergency telephone number. It works in every country of the EU, for land lines and mobile phones. It is also used in some other countries as an emergency telephone number for both mobile and fixed-line telephones.

112 is also the international emergency telephone number for all GSM mobile phone networks. It does not necessarily work on other mobile phone technologies outside the EU.

Countries that use 112 
Countries which use the 112 number for emergencies include:

Africa 

  (alongside 122 for Police, 123 for Ambulance and 180 for Fire)
 
  (Police only; alongside 114 for Ambulance and 115 for Fire)
 
  (Police and fire brigade; 912 for Ambulance)
  (alongside 17 for Police, 18 for Fire, and 15 for Ambulance)
  (alongside 10111 for Police)

Asia
Asia 

 (fire dep. 101, police dep. 102, ambulance 103)
 (alongside 102 for Police, 103 for Ambulance , alongside 112 , 911 forwards to 112 on GSM carriers only)
 (A recorded guidance about the correct SOS numbers in China: Police 110, Ambulance 120, Fire 119. NO SERVICE will be redirected.)
(Automatically connects to the 999 emergency call centre from any local mobile phone network that has coverage in the location)
 (alongside 100 for Police, 101 for Fire, 108 for Ambulance and 102 for Emergency Disaster Management Now in India 112 is emergency for all including for Ambulance and Fire )
 (alongside 110 for Police, 118 for Ambulance and 113 for Fire)
 (alongside 110 for Police, 115 for Ambulance, 112 for Hilal Ahmar Ambulance and 125 for Fire; 911 is redirected to 112 on mobile phones)
 (Redirects to 100 – Police – and will serve the planned unified center. alongside 100 for Police, 101 for Ambulance and 102 for Fire).
 (alongside 911)
 (alongside 101 for Fire, 102 for Police and 103 for Ambulance)
 (alongside 112)
 (alongside 101 for Fire, 102 for Police and 103 for Ambulance)
 (Police only; alongside 160 for Police, 140 for Ambulance and 125 for Fire)
 (alongside 999)
 (Redirects to 999 on mobile phones)
 (alongside 102 for Police, 103 for Ambulance and 105 for Fire)
(Police only; alongside 100 for Police, 101 for Fire and 102 for Ambulance)
 (fire dep. 102, police dep. 100, ambulance 101)
 (alongside 911)
 (Police only; alongside 119 for Ambulance and Fire)
 (Police only; alongside 119 for Police and 110 for Ambulance and Fire)
 (Police only; alongside 110 for Ambulance and 113 for Fire)
 (After call is connected, press 0 redirects 110 (police), press 9 redirects 119 (fire/rescue/ambulance) )
 (alongside 999 for Police, 998 for Ambulance and 997 for Fire)
(alongside 9999 for Royal Police (All emergencies))

Europe
(alongside 129 and 126 for Police, 127 for Ambulance, 128 for Fire and 125 for Maritime Rescue)
 (Ambulance and Fire, alongside 118 for same services and 110 for Police)
 (Police only; alongside 122 for Fire, 133 for Police,144 for Rescue/Ambulance, 140 for Mountain Resuce and 141 - Doctors; 059 133 is the non-emergency number for any local police department)
 (Fire only; alongside 101 for Fire, 102 for Police, and 103 for Ambulance)
 (only in French, Dutch and English (in some cases in German) ) (Ambulance and Fire; alongside 100 for same services and 101 for Police)
 (alongside 122 for Police, 123 for Fire and 124 for Ambulance)
 (only in Bulgarian, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Romanian, Turkish, or Russian)(alongside 150 for Ambulance, 160 for Fire and 166 for Police automatically redirected to 112)
 (alongside 192 for Police, 193 for Fire, 194 for Ambulance and 195 for Maritime search and rescue)
 (alongside 199)
(alongside 199)
 (only in Czech, English, German, Polish, Russian and French(not by themselves, but by aid of translation software)) (alongside 155 for Ambulance, 158 for Police and 150 for Fire)
 (in Danish, English, Swedish and Norwegian (in some cases in German)) (including  in Kalaallisut/Greenlandic, Danish and English,  in Faroese, Danish and English). Alongside 114 for non-emergency police.
(including )
 (alongside 15 for Ambulance, 17 for Police and 18 for Fire)
 (alongside 110 for Police)
 (alongside 190 for Fire and Ambulance and 199 for Police)
 
 (alongside 100 for the police, 108 for port police, 166 for Ambulance and 199 for the fire service)
 (alongside 104 for Ambulance, 105 for Fire and 107 for Police is redirected to 112 on mobile phones)

 (alongside 999)
 (most of Italy has 112 for Carabinieri, 113 for National Police, 115 for Fire, 118 for Ambulance, 1530 coast guard, 1515 State Forestry Corps, 117 Finance Guard and 1544 penitentiary police; a few provinces use 112 for all emergencies)
 (alongside 192 for Police, 193 for Fire and 194 for Ambulance)
 (alongside 110 for Police, 113 for Ambulance and 114 for Emergency gas service)
 (Police only; alongside 117 for Police, 144 for Ambulance and 118 for Fire)
 (alongside 011 for Fire, 022 for Police and 033 for Ambulance)
 (alongside 113 for Police)
(sole emergency number since 1 July 2018, replacing 901 for Fire, 902 for Police and 903 for Ambulance)
 (alongside 15 for Ambulance, 17 for Police and 18 for Fire)
 (alongside 122 for Police, 123 for Fire and 124 for Ambulance)
 (0900-8844 is the non-emergency number for any local police department)(In the Caribbean Netherlands 112 redirects to 911, whereas in the European Netherlands 911 redirects to 112)
 (alongside 192 for Police, 193 for Fire, 194 for Ambulance)
 (112 for Police only, 110 for Fire and 113 for Ambulance. Calls to any of the emergency numbers will be redirected to appropriate service when needed. 02800 is the non-emergency number for any local police department)
 (its used alongside 999 for Ambulance, 998 for Fire, and 997 for Police; both options are available; 112 is used for all emergencies)
(117 for reporting forest fires)
 (alongside 101 for Fire, 102 for Police, 103 for Ambulance and 104 for Emergency gas service)
 (alongside 192 for Police, 193 for Fire, and 194 for Ambulance)
 (alongside 155 for Ambulance, 158 for Police, 150 for Fire and 18300 for Mountain Rescue Service)
 (alongside 113 for Police)
 (alongside 091/062/092 for Police, 061 for Ambulance and 080 and 085 (in some provincial consortium) for Fire)
 (alongside 114 14 Police number for non-urgent matters)
 (alongside 117 for Police, 144 for Ambulance and 118 for Fire)

 (alongside 101 for Fire, 102 for Police, 103 for Ambulance and 104 for Emergency gas service; in some cities 112 and 911 are additionally for all emergencies)
 (alongside 999)
 (alongside 113 for National Police, 115 for Fire and 118 for Ambulance)

North America
North America 

 (redirects to 911 on certain phone operating systems only)
 (alongside 911)
 (alongside 911)
 (alongside 911; 104 for Police and 103 for Fire)
 (alongside 911, 112 forwards to 911 on GSM carriers only, including AT&T and T-Mobile.)
  (alongside 911)

Oceania 

 (redirects to 000 from mobile phones)
 (redirects to 111)

South America 
 (alongside 911)
 (alongside 911; redirects to 190 – Military Police – alongside 193 for Fire, 190 for Military Police, and 192 for Ambulance)
 (alongside 911; redirects to 133 - police)
 (Police only; alongside 123 for all emergencies, 125 for Ambulance and 119 for Fire)
 (alongside 911)

References

Related pages 
 9-1-1
 000 Emergency

Other websites 
 EU document on European adoption of 112 emergency number  in PDF format

Emergency phone numbers
A government-in-exile is a group of people who claim they are the real government of a country, but who live in another country. These were common during World War II. The Germans took over several countries, and the leaders of those countries went to England for refuge. When the war ended, most were able to return to their home countries.

Today, there are some governments-in-exile. They include:
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) in the Tindouf region in Algeria
the government of the Belarus National Republic exiled since 1920 and currently led by Ivonka Survilla in Canada
the government of the Dalai Lama in India, claiming to be the real leaders of Tibet, which was taken over by the Chinese
the former provinsional Bangladeshi government was exiled, claiming to be the real leaders of East Bengal province, which was taken over by the Pakistani military.
the former provinsional Afghan government was ousted by the Taliban, claiming to be the real leaders of Afghanistan#History, which was taken over by the American military, after they left in 2021 in the War on Terror.

Few countries recognize (accept) these groups.

There used to be more governments-in-exile in the past (more commonly during World War II), but many have either disbanded, were able to regain power of the country they left from, or transfer their creditials (assets) to the new government.

Related pages
Exile

References
Stonehenge is a prehistoric World Heritage Site of megaliths. It is eight miles (13 kilometers) north of Salisbury in Wiltshire, England. the site was built between 3100 BC and 1550 BC. It was used until the Bronze Age. The monument is made of a henge, with standing stones in circles. It is likely the most important prehistoric monument in Britain. The site has attracted visitors from very early times.

Building Stonehenge 
Stonehenge was built in three stages. Most of the construction took place between 2640 and 2480 BC.
The first stage started around 3100 BC.  During this stage, people dug a circular ditch and a ring of 56 pits, known as Aubrey Holes.  The second stage started around 2100 BC. During this stage, the Stonehenge builders brought huge pillars of rocks from Southwestern Wales and erected them into concentric circles around the centre of the site. This double circle was never completed, and it was dismantled during the third period of construction. The final stage probably ended before 1500 BC.  During this period, the monument was remodeled. Its builders erected a circle of 30 upright stones, weighing up to 50 tons each, capped by ring of stone lintels. These enclosed a horseshoe-shaped formation of five pairs of upright stones, each pair capped with a stone lintel.

Using DNA analysis, scientists have discovered that the Stonehenge builders originally came from what is now Turkey.

History

Bluestones 
The first stone circle was a set of 'bluestones'. These stones are made of dolerite, an igneous rock.
The Stonehenge builders dug holes that held up to 80 standing stones (shown blue on the plan). Only 43 of these can be traced today.  

There are several theories about how these bluestones arrived at Stonehenge. The long-distance human transport theory says the Stonehenge builders brought the bluestones from the Preseli Hills in modern-day Pembrokeshire, Wales - 160 miles (260 km) away from Stonehenge. In 2011, a megalithic bluestone quarry was discovered at Craig Rhos-y-felin, near Crymych in Pembrokeshire. This supported the long-distance human transport theory. 

Another theory is that the Irish Sea Glacier brought the stones close to Stonehenge. However, there is no evidence of glacial deposition within southern central England. For that reason, this theory has less support than the long-distance human transport theory.
Sarsen stones 
Later, around 2400 BC, the Stonehenge builders brought thirty huge grey sarsen stones (sandstone blocks) to the site. They 'dressed' (worked on) the stones and gave them mortice and tenon joints. They erected these stones in a circle 33 metres (108 ft) in diameter, with a ring of 30 lintel stones resting on top. They fitted the lintels together using another woodworking method: the tongue and groove joint. These stones serve as reminders of the lengths ancient civilizations went to, transporting them vast distances, in their quest to commune with the cosmos. They arranged the remaining bluestones in an inner circle. Each standing stone was about 4.1 metres (13 ft) high by 2.1 metres (6 ft 11 in) wide, and weighed about 25 tons.
The stones may have come from a quarry about 25 miles (40 km) north of Stonehenge on the Marlborough Downs. It is also possible that they were collected from a "litter" of sarsens on the chalk downs, which are closer. The modern Stonehenge consists entirely of original stones (some of which have been replaced in upright position).

Neighbouring sites 
There are also several passage tombs and many tumuli nearby.

Stonehenge has a number of satellite structures which are part of the 'ritual landscape':
Bluehenge/Bluestonehenge: a new discovery, one mile to the southeast.
Durrington Walls: a Neolithic settlement two miles northeast of Stonehenge.
Normanton Down Barrows: a Neolithic and Bronze Age barrow cemetery.
Stonehenge Avenue: leads two miles from Stonehenge to Bluehenge on the River Avon.
Stonehenge Cursus: the largest monument in the area, not easily visible on the ground.
Woodhenge: found in 1925 by an aerial survey. It had a henge and a wooden circle.
Function 
No one knows who built Stonehenge or why they built it. During the summer solstice, the sunrise lines up with some of the stones in a particular way. This suggests that the arrangement of stones may work as a calendar. In Egypt and South America, similar ancient buildings can be found. They also show the time of the solstice.

Some scientists believe that early people were able to foretell eclipses of the sun and the moon based on their positions in relation to the stone monument. The site may have served as an observatory where early rituals or religious ceremonies took place on specific days on the year. 

Stonehenge itself is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage. The surrounding land is owned by the National Trust.

The World Heritage Site includes Avebury and Stonhenge together, though they are quite distinct.

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
 Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites

References

Further reading
Further reading

Malone, Caroline. 2005. Neolithic Britain and Ireland. Tempus, Stroud, Gloucestershire.

Religious buildings
Archaeological sites in Wiltshire
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Stone circles
Henges
Neolithic
Buildings and structures in Wiltshire
4th millennium BC buildings and structures
Granite is a kind of igneous rock, found on Earth but nowhere else in the Solar System. It is formed from hot, molten magma. Its colour can be dark or light grey, brown, or even pink, according to the proportions of its minerals.

The magma is forced between other layers of rock by the pressure under the Earth's surface. The magma cools and turns slowly into solid stone. Granite has many different types of minerals in it. These include quartz, feldspar,  hornblende, and sometimes mica. As the magma cools, these minerals form crystals. The crystals can be seen easily if the granite is cut and polished.
Granite is a common stone on Earth, and makes up a big part of the crust (the Earth's outer layer). It is usually found in the continental plates of the Earth's crust. Although it forms under the surface of the Earth, there are many places where it has been forced upwards by tectonic movement. When plates in the Earth's crust move together, they get bent and pushed upwards. When this happens, granite mountains can be formed.

Origin 
Granite forms from silica-rich (felsic) magmas. It is the most abundant basement rock. It lies under the thin sedimentary rocks which cover the continents

Chemical composition 
A worldwide average of the chemical composition of granite, by weight percent, based on 2485 analyses:

Uses 
Granite is dense, and can be cut, carved and shaped. It is resistant to water and pollution, and has a range of different colours.
Kitchen benches are often made of polished granite. Granite is found in many countries of the world. Some countries have beautifully patterned granite which is quarried (cut in open mines) and sold for building material.

Gallery

References 

Igneous rocks
1970 (MCMLXX) was .

Events
January 12 – The Nigerian Civil War ends.
 February 1 – The Benavidez rail disaster near Buenos Aires, Argentina kills 236.
 February 14 – The Who record the iconic live rock album Live at Leeds.
March 1 – Rhodesia declares itself a republic.
 April 29 – The United States invades Cambodia.
 May 4 – Kent State Shootings: Four students at Kent State University in Ohio are killed by National Guardsmen while protesting against the United States invading Cambodia.
 May 31 – A major earthquake hits southern Peru, killing tens of thousands of people.
 June 24 – The United States Senate repeals the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 1964.
 June 28 – U.S. ground troops withdraw from Cambodia.
 July 1 – The disputed Territories of Pakistan-administered Kashmir split to form Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan both of which are autonomous special areas of Pakistan.
 September 11 – The Ford Pinto introduced.
 September 21 – Monday Night Football debuts on ABC.
October 18 – Anwar el-Sadat officially becomes president of Egypt.
 October 30 – Monsoon halts Vietnam War.
November 3 – Salvador Allende becomes president of Chile.
December 1 – Luis Echeverría becomes president of Mexico.
 The first IMAX theatre opens in Japan