Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Stephen Gray (30 November 1941 – 22 October 2020) was a South African writer and critic. Gray was born in Cape Town, South Africa. Until 1992, he was Professor of English at the Rand Afrikaans University in Johannesburg. Gray was a poet and published eight novels. He also wrote for the theatre and edited collections of work by Athol Fugard and Herman Charles Bosman.

Gray died on 22 October 2020 in Johannesburg at the age of 78.

References

Other websites
Stephen Gray Collection  at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin

1941 births
2020 deaths
LGBT novelists
South African writers
Poets
Literary critics
Ambt Montfort is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg.

It was created on 1 January 1991 from the former municipalities of Montfort, Posterholt, Reutje and Sint Odiliënber. The first name of the merged municipality was "Posterholt", but it was changed in "Ambt Montfort" in 1994. Since 2007, it became a part of the municipality of Roerdalen.

1991 establishments in the Netherlands
21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Herman Charles Bosman (5 February 1905 – 14 October 1951) was a South Africa short-story writer. He studied the works of Edgar Allan Poe and Mark Twain. His English-language works were mainly about Afrikaner characters, some were controversial. He was born in Cape Town.

Bosman died on 14 October 1951 from a heart attack in Edenvale, South Africa at the age of 46.

References

Other websites
The Herman Charles Bosman Literary Society
City of Johannesburg Bosman page
 Snyman, Salomé. "Willemsdorp by Herman Charles Bosman: the small-town locale as fictional vehicle for commentary on social and moral issues in the South African historical context." Tydskrif vir letterkunde 49.2 (2012): 60-71.

1905 births
1951 deaths
South African writers
People from Cape Town
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Scylla tranquebarica is a type of mangrove crab in the genus Scylla. It is lives in mangrove areas. It is found from Pakistan and Taiwan to the Malay Archipelago and other Indo-Pacific regions.

References

Portunidae
Haelen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Leudal.

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Leudal
Richard Allen Lupoff (February 21, 1935 – October 22, 2020) was an American science fiction and mystery author. He was an expert on the writing of Edgar Rice Burroughs and H. P. Lovecraft. He was born in New York City. Lupoff was known for his works Master of Adventure: The Worlds of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Space War Blues, 12:01 PM and Lovecraft's Book.

Lupoff died on October 22, 2020 in Berkeley, California at the age of 85.

References

Other websites
"Richard Lupoff at Shorter Length" by Claude Lalumière

ERBzine: "Lupoff of Mars" by Dale R. Broadhurst
Earl Kemp on Richard Lupoff

1935 births
2020 deaths
American science fiction writers
American novelists
Writers from New York City
Leudal is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 35,681 people lived there.

It was created on 1 January 2007 from the former municipalities of Heythuysen, Haelen, Hunsel, and Roggel en Neer.

 
2007 establishments in the Netherlands
Heythuysen is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Leudal.

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Leudal
Hunsel is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Leudal.

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Leudal
Roggel en Neer is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Leudal.

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Leudal
Vale David Cunningham (19 October 1928 – 20 October 2020) was an Australian ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Winter Olympics. He was born in Brunswick, Victoria.

Cunningham died on 20 October 2020, one day after his 92nd birthday.

References

1928 births
2020 deaths
Australian ice hockey players
Australian Olympians
Sportspeople from Victoria (Australia)
John Michael Lane (February 14, 1936October 21, 2020) was an American epidemiologist. He was a director of the Global Smallpox Eradication program between 1973 and 1981. He played a role in the eradication of smallpox in 1977. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts.

Lane died of colon cancer on October 21, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 84.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Scientists from Boston
Kerkrade is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 45,642 people lived there.

Cities in Limburg
Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
The magpie goose (Anseranas semipalmata) is the only living species in the family Anseranatidae. It is found in northern Australia and southern New Guinea.

Description 
Magpie geese are birds with black and white plumage and yellowish legs. The feet are only partially webbed. Magpie geese eat plants in the water, as well as on land. Males are larger than females.

References

Geese
Birds of Oceania
Heerlen is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2023, 87.116 people lived there. it contains the fourth largest city in Limburg.

the municipality is divided into four different parts. Heerlen-Stad, Heerlerheide, Heerlerbaan and Hoensbroek.

The municipality contains the major landmark of Castle hoensbroek.
Gabriel Guarda (born Fernando Guarda Geywitz; 19 January 1928 – 23 October 2020), was a Chilean historian and architect. He was part of the editorial committee of the journal Historia after it was created in 1961. In 1984 he received the Chilean National History Award.

Guarda was born in Valdivia, Chile. He studied architecture at the Catholic University of Chile. Guarda died on 23 October 2020 in Santiago de Chile, aged 92.

References

1928 births
2020 deaths
Chilean writers
Architects
Chilean historians
Lenard Lakofka (1944 – 23 October 2020) was an American writer. He wrote material for the fantasy role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons. Although never a formal TSR staff member, the company that published Dungeons & Dragons, he was an influential voice in the creation of the game. He was born in Chicago. 

Lakofka died on 23 October 2020 at the age of 76.

References

1944 births
2020 deaths
Writers from Chicago
Thorn is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Maasgouw.

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Maasgouw
Heel is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. Since 2007, it has been part of the new municipality of Maasgouw.

21st-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Former municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Maasgouw
Dv12 is the name of a type of locomotive used in Finland. They are operated by VR, the biggest railway company in Finland. In total, 192 locomotives were built between 1963 and 1984. They weigh 68 metric tonnes and their maximum speed limit is 125 kilometers per hour. Today, they are used in freight trains and sometimes in passenger trains.

References 

B-B locomotives
Authoritarian corporatism is a form of corporatism, where the state forces everyone to join one of a limited number of corporations. The state also defines the goals these corporations try to achieve. In the 1930s, Benito Mussolini took some of the ideas from Getúlio Vargas, who ruled Brazil in an authoritarian style at the time.

Political movements
John Rushing (February 26, 1972 – October 23, 2020) was an American college and professional football assistant coach. He was the safeties coach at the University of Arizona. Rushing served for six years as a defensive coach at Utah State University and was the secondary coach for three other college programs. He was born in Merced, California.

Rushing played college football at Washington State University in Pullman. He also coached the Green Bay Packers and the Los Angeles Rams.

Rushing died on October 23, 2020 in Tucson, Arizona at the age of 48.

References

1972 births
2020 deaths
American football coaches
American football players
Sportspeople from California
Ebbe Skovdahl Hansen (5 July 1945 – 23 October 2020) was a Danish football manager. He was born in Copenhagen. He was known as a manager for Brøndby IF, for whom he had also played in his active years. He won many Danish Superliga and Danish Cup titles. A player, he played for the Vanløse IF between the 1950s to 1970s.

Skovdahl died on 23 October 2020 in Karlslunde, Denmark from cancer at the age of 75.

References

1945 births
2020 deaths
Danish footballers
Danish football managers
Cancer deaths in Denmark
People from Copenhagen
Prince Haji 'Abdul 'Azim of Brunei (; 29 July 1982 – 24 October 2020) was the second born prince of Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei. He was fourth in line to succeed the throne of Brunei until his death in October 2020.

Prince Azim died on 24 October 2020 at the age of 38 following a long illness in Jerudong, Brunei.

References

1982 births
2020 deaths
Movie producers
Princes and princesses
Bruneian people
Rafique Ul Huq (2 November 1935 – 24 October 2020) was a Bangladeshi lawyer and politician. He was the Attorney General of Bangladesh from 1990 to 1991. He was born in Calcutta, Bengal Presidency.

Huq died at a Dhaka hospital on 24 October 2020 from problems caused by anemia and a urinary tract infection, aged 84.

References

1935 births
2020 deaths
People from Kolkata
Bangladeshi politicians
Bangladeshi businesspeople
Bangladeshi lawyers
Liberal corporatism is the idea that different groups in a society take part in political decisions, and that these groups also work together, to reach common goals. It is one of the two forms of corporatism. The other form is called authoritarian corporatism. Liberal corporatism is often opposed to pluralism. Pluralism thinks that interest groups should not have political influence.

Political philosophy
Liberalism
Jerry Jeff Walker (born Ronald Clyde Crosby; March 16, 1942 – October 23, 2020) was an American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist. He was born in Oneonta, New York. He was best known for his single "Mr. Bojangles", released in 1968.

Walker died on October 23, 2020 from throat cancer-related problems in Austin, Texas at the age of 78.

References

1942 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
American country singers
American country guitarists
American singer-songwriters
Writers from New York (state)
Musicians from New York (state)
Singers from New York (state)
Oneonta  ( ) is a city in southern Otsego County, New York, United States. It is one of the northernmost cities of the Appalachian Region. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Oneonta had a population of 13,901.

References

Cities in New York (state)
Otsego is a town in the north-central part of Otsego County, New York, United States. The population was 3,900 at the 2010 census.

References

Towns in New York (state)
The Three Faces of Eve is a 1957 American mystery drama movie directed by Nunnally Johnson and was based on the novel of the same name by Corbett H. Thigpen and Hervey M. Cleckley. It stars Joanne Woodward (in her Oscar winning performance), David Wayne, Lee J. Cobb, Nancy Kulp, Edwin Jerome and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.

Other websites
 
 
 

1957 drama movies
American drama movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies based on books
Pink Panthers is the name given by Interpol to an international jewel thief network, made up of 200-250 members from Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. 

The organization is responsible for some of the most successful thefts in the history of theft and organized crime. They are responsible for what have been called as some of the most glamorous heists ever.

They have operated in many countries and on several continents, and include Japan's most successful robbery amongst their thefts.

References

2003 establishments in Europe
Yara Sayeh Shahidi (born February 10, 2000) is an American actress, model, and activist.

She is known for her starring role as the oldest daughter Zoey Johnson on the sitcom Black-ish (2014–present) and its spin-off series Grown-ish (2018–present).

Early life and education 
Yara Sayeh Shahidi was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Keri Salter and Afshin Shahidi. Her mother, Keri Salter, is of mixed African American and Native Choctaw heritage, and her father, Afshin, is Iranian. The family moved to California for her father Afshin's work when Yara was 4 years old. She is the older sister of child actor and model Sayeed Shahidi and they have a younger brother, Ehsan. Rapper Nas is their cousin. Keri Shahidi states the name Yara means in Persian "Someone who is close to your heart", the name Sayeed means "Blessing", and Ehsan means "To act as though God is watching".
Shahidi graduated in 2017 from Dwight Global Online School. Starting in 2018, Shahidi began college at Harvard University with a plan to major in Interdisciplinary Sociology and African American Studies.

References

2000 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American activists
Models from Minnesota
American child actors
Actors from Minneapolis
African American actors
Harvard University alumni
Kodi Smit-McPhee (born 13 June 1996) is an Australian actor. He is known for his roles as The Boy in The Road, Owen in Let Me In, Norman Babcock in ParaNorman, Alexander in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes and as Nightcrawler in X-Men: Apocalypse and Dark Phoenix. In 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award for his role in The Power of the Dog and is nominated for an Academy Award for the same role.

Smit-McPhee was born in Adelaide, South Australia. His older sister is actress and singer Sianoa Smit-McPhee.

References

Other websites
 
 
  (Interview about 2015 TV miniseries)

1996 births
Living people
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Australian voice actors
Australian child actors
Actors from Adelaide
Actors from Melbourne
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Subtractive color, or "subtractive color mixing", helps to understand what will be the color of light bounced off paper covered with some layers of inks or dyes. 

This model is the principle of how dyes and inks are used in color printing and photography printing. When the perceived color is obtained after white light passes through microscopic layers of ink or dye allowing some wavelengths of light to reach the eye, but not others.

CMY and CMYK color models and printing processes 

In color printing, the usual primary colors are cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY). 

Cyan is the complement of red. So, the cyan is a filter that does not allow red color through. The amount of cyan ink put on a white sheet of paper controls how much of the red (in white light) will be reflected back from the paper. Magenta is the complement of green (does not pass it), and yellow is the complement of blue (does not pass it). Combinations of different amounts of the three hues can produce a wide range of colors.
In inkjet color printing and typical mass production printing processes, a black ink called K (Key) component is also used, called CMYK color model.

RYB 

RYB (red, yellow, blue) is an older standard set of subtractive primary colors used for mixing pigments. It is used in art, particularly in painting. 

Red, yellow, and blue are the primary colors of the RYB color "wheel".  Their secondary colors are violet (or purple), orange, and green (VOG).

Related pages
Additive color
Color model
Color theory
Primary color

References

Other websites
 Stanford University CS 178 interactive Flash demo  comparing additive and subtractive color mixing.

Color model
Horst aan de Maas is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 42,291 people lived there.

In 2010, the former municipalities Sevenum and part of Meerlo-Wanssum joined the municipality.
The common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) is a small bird in the genus Actitis.It is a migratory bird. During the summer months, it can be found all over Europe, in the winter months, it will spend its time around the Mediterranean and in northern Africa.

References

Scolopacidae
Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia
Landgraaf is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 37,591 people lived there.

Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
McConnelsville is a village in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Morgan County.

Villages in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
Donovan is a village in Illinois in the United States.

Villages in Illinois
Aullville is a village in Lafayette County, Missouri, United States. In 2010, 100 people lived there.

Villages in Missouri
Meerssen is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 18,923 people lived there.

Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Chou Tzu-yu (, born June 14, 1999), known mononymously as Tzuyu (, ; ), is a Taiwanese singer. She is based in South Korea. Tzuyu is the youngest member of K-pop girl group TWICE. She is the only Taiwanese member in the group.

References 

1999 births
Living people
K-pop singers
Taiwanese singers
Stein is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 24,961 people lived there.

Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Nederweert is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 17,001 people lived there.

Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Peel en Maas is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 43,311 people lived there.

It was created on 1 January 2010 from the former municipalities of Helden, Kessel, Maasbree and Meijel.

2010 establishments in the Netherlands
Roerdalen is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 20,615 people lived there.

References 

1991 establishments in the Netherlands
Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Simpelveld is a municipality in the Dutch province of Limburg. In 2019, 10,516 people lived there. Since 1982, Bocholtz became a part of the municipality of Simpelveld.

Settlements in Limburg (Netherlands)
Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
The Narrator is the unnamed protagonist and unreliable narrator of the 1996 book Fight Club and it's 1999 movie version. He has DID and is also known as Tyler Durden.

Biography
The Narrator is a businessman in his 30's and is bored by his business life and can't sleep. As a result, he created the Tyler Durden persona. He and Tyler Durden came up with the idea of Fight Club and Project Mayhem, a terrorist group made for men who are unhappy with consumerism. As the Narrator slept one day, Tyler vanished. He talked to people of Project Mayhem and they called him Tyler Durden. The Narrator realized that he and Tyler Durden share the same body.

Portrayal
The Narrator is portrayed by Edward Norton while Tyler Durden is portrayed by Brad Pitt.

Name
In the book and movie, the Narrator's name wasn't mentioned. He uses fake names such as Cornelius, Rupert and Travis. In the movie's script, it is Jack.

Fictional characters introduced in 1995
Dissociative identity disorder in fiction
The Joker is the main villain of the 2008 movie The Dark Knight and based on the DC Comics character of the same name. He was played by Heath Ledger in his last complete role.

Fictional biography
How he got his scars is left ambiguous due to two conflicting stories. The Joker arrived to Gotham City and wanted to ruin Batman's reputation.

Reception
Heath Ledger's portrayal has been well-liked and was given several awards including Best Supporting Actor of the 2008 Academy Awards. His catchphrase "Why so serious" became well-known since the movie's release. Fellow Joker actor Mark Hamill described his take as similar to Hannibal Lecter.

Fictional characters introduced in 2008
The Dark Knight Trilogy characters
The Joker
Constanţa is a county (judeţ) of Romania. It is in the Dobruja region. Its capital city is also named Constanţa.

Divisions 
Constanţa County has 3 municipalities, 9 towns and 58 communes:

Municipalities 
 Constanţa – capital city
 Mangalia
 Medgidia

Towns 
 Cernavodă
 Eforie
 Hârșova
 Murfatlar
 Năvodari
 Negru Vodă
 Ovidiu
 Techirghiol

Communes 

Counties of Romania
Philip J. "Phil" Coulson is fictional character from the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) that is portrayed by Clark Gregg. He is a high-ranking agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. and one of Nick Fury's closest allies. He plays a major role as a catalyst for the formation of the Avengers. He is a recurring character in Phase One of the MCU (2008–2012) and one the main protagonists in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013–2020). He later appeared in Marvel Comics.
First appearing in Iron Man (2008), Phil Coulson is depicted as a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who becomes interested in the activities of Tony Stark after he begins pulling stunts as Iron Man. He later returns in Iron Man 2 (2010) and continues to represent S.H.I.E.L.D.'s interest in recruiting Tony Stark to join the Avengers Initiative. He returns again in Thor (2011), working with Clint Barton to contain Thor Odinson's hammer. He returns once last time in The Avengers (2012) where he brings the Avengers together and is killed by Loki Laufeyson. Coulson again appears in the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013–2020) as one of the main protagonists. A younger version of the character appears in Captain Marvel (2019).

Appearances

Film appearances

Television appearances 

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 2008
Marvel Cinematic Universe characters
The auricle is a part of the ear that is outside the head. It is also called the pinna.

Related pages 
 Inner ear

References 

 Moore, K. L. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriental Embryology, ninth edition. Saunders. p. 445. ISBN 1437720021.

Other websites 

Auricle on Encyclopaedia Britannica

Ear
Angela White (born 4 March 1985) is an Australian pornographic movie actress and director. White has been a member of the AVN Hall of Fame. In 2020, She became AVN's first three-time Female Performer of the Year winner.

Selected filmography

 2014 – Angela
 2015 – Angela Loves Women
 2015 – Angela Loves Men
 2015 – Angela Loves Threesomes
 2015 – Angela 2
 2016 – Angela Loves Gonzo
 2016 – Angela Loves Women 2
 2016 – Angela Loves Men 2
 2017 – Angela Loves Women 3
 2017 – Angela Loves Threesomes 2
 2017 – Angela Loves Anal
 2017 – Angela 3
 2017 – Angela White Is Titwoman (Elegant Angel)
 2018 – Angela Loves Women 4
 2018 – Angela Loves Anal 2
 2018 – Angela by Darkko (Evil Angel)
 2018 – I Am Angela (Evil Angel)
 2019 – Angela Loves Women 5
 2019 – Angela White: Dark Side (Jules Jordan)
 2019 – Drive (Deeper)
 2019 – Perspective (Adult Time)

References

Other websites
1985 births
Living people
Pornographic actors
Pornographic movie directors
Actors from Sydney
University of Melbourne alumni
AVN Award winners
"Wait" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was written by Paul McCartney, but listed as Lennon-McCartney. It was first released on the band's 1965 album Rubber Soul.

Personnel
From Ian MacDonald:
John Lennon – double tracked vocal, rhythm guitar
Paul McCartney – double tracked vocal, bass guitar
George Harrison – lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, maracas, tambourine

References

Sources

 
 

The Beatles songs
1965 songs
Carter Cruise (born April 24, 1991) is an American DJ, singer, music producer, model, and pornographic actress.

Early life
Cruise was born in Atlanta, Georgia and was raised in Cary, North Carolina. She is of Cherokee and Welsh descent.

Career
Cruise began working as an erotic model in the summer of 2013. She made her porn debut in August of the same year after contacting Florida-based talent agency East Coast Talents. In March 2014, she moved to Los Angeles and signed with the agency Spiegel Girls in June.

In 2015, Cruise became the second performer to win the AVN Awards for Best New Starlet and Best Actress in the same year, after Jenna Jameson in 1996. In October 2015, she signed an exclusive one-year contract with Axel Braun Productions.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1991 births
Living people
Actors from Atlanta
American adult models
American pornographic actors
American DJs
Models from Georgia (U.S. state)
AVN Award winners
Thalodomide is a drug that was developed in the 1950s. It was used as as a sedative, to treat sleeping problems, and anxiety. Its use in pregnant women in 46 countries resulted in the "biggest man‐made medical disaster ever": more than 10,000 children were born with severe deformities, as well as thousands of miscarriages. A common condition was that hands or feet were directly attached to the body, with all or part of the arm or leg missing. This condition is known as phocomelia. 

Thalidomide was introduced in 1956. The German pharmaceutical company Grünenthal marketed it as a medication for anxiety, trouble sleeping, "tension", and morning sickness. When it was introduced, it had not been tested on pregnant women. At the start, people thought it was safe in pregnancy. The first concerns regarding birth defects were noted in 1961, and the drug was removed from the market in Europe that year.
Birth defect crisis 
Thalidomide was developed and first released by the German pharmaceutical company Chemie Grünenthal in 1953. The company had started as a soap maker after World War II to address the urgent market need for antibiotics. Chemist Heinrich Mückter, who was a known Nazi war criminal, was appointed to head the discovery programme based on his experience researching and producing an anti-typhus vaccine for Nazi Germany. 

It is estimated than more than 10.000 people were affected by their mothers using thalidomide during their pregnancy; about forty percent of the children died at birth or shortly afterwards. Those who survived had limb, eye, urinary tract, and heart defects. Its initial entry into the US market was prevented by Frances Kelsey at the FDA. The birth defects of thalidomide led to the development of greater drug regulation and monitoring in many countries.
The severity and location of the deformities depended on how many days into the pregnancy the mother was before beginning treatment; thalidomide taken on the 20th day of pregnancy caused central brain damage, day 21 would damage the eyes, day 22 the ears and face, day 24 the arms, and leg damage would occur if taken up to day 28. Thalidomide did not damage the fetus if taken after 42 days' gestation.

The total number of victims worldwide is unknown, estimates range from 10,000 to 20,000.
Aftermath of scandal 
Because there were many reports of malformations in babies, people were made aware of the side effects of the drug. The drug causes moderate to severe malformations. Most often, limbs are malformed, sometimes they are missing. Some side effects affect the formation of bones, the ear, the heart or other internal organs. The most common form of birth defects from thalidomide is shortened limbs, with the arms being more frequently affected. This syndrome is the presence of deformities of the long bones of the limbs resulting in shortening and other abnormalities.
Grünenthal criminal trial 
In 1968, a large criminal trial began in Germany, charging several Grünenthal officials with negligent homicide and injury. After Grünenthal settled with the victims in April 1970, the trial ended in December 1970 with no finding of guilt. As part of the settlement, Grünenthal paid 100 million DM into a special foundation; the German government added 320 million DM. The foundation paid victims a one-time sum of 2,500–25,000 DM (depending on severity of disability) and a monthly stipend of 100–450 DM. The monthly stipends have since been raised substantially and are now paid entirely by the government (as the foundation had run out of money). Grünenthal paid another €50 million into the foundation in 2008.
On 31 August 2012, Grünenthal chief executive Harald F. Stock  apologised for the first time for producing the drug and remaining silent about the birth defects. Stock was  the Chief Executive Officer of Grünenthal GmbH from January 2009 to May 28, 2013; he was also a Member of Executive Board until 28 May 2013. At a ceremony, Stock unveiled a statue of a disabled child to symbolise those harmed by thalidomide and apologised for not trying to reach out to victims for over 50 years. At the time of the apology, there were 5,000 to 6,000 sufferers still alive. Victim advocates called the apology "insulting" and "too little, too late", and criticised the company for not compensating victims. They also criticised the company for their claim that no one could have known the harm the drug caused, arguing that there were plenty of red flags at the time.

Notable cases
Lorraine Mercer  MBE  of the United Kingdom, born with phocomelia of both arms and legs, is the only thalidomide survivor to carry the Olympic Torch.
 Thomas Quasthoff, an internationally acclaimed bass-baritone, who describes himself: "1.34 meters tall, short arms, seven fingers — four right, three left — large, relatively well-formed head, brown eyes, distinctive lips; profession: singer".
 Niko von Glasow produced a documentary called NoBody's Perfect, based on the lives of 12 people affected by the drug, which was released in 2008.
 Mercédes Benegbi, born with phocomelia of both arms, drove the successful campaign for compensation from her government for Canadians who were affected by thalidomide.
Mat Fraser, born with phocomelia of both arms, is an English rock musician, actor, writer and performance artist. He produced a 2002 television documentary, Born Freak, which looked at this historical tradition and its relevance to modern disabled performers. This work has become the subject of academic analysis in the field of disability studies. 
 Kevin Donnellon, subject of a 1972 documentary A day in the Life of Kevin Donnellon  and later a novel, Flid  by Colin Stewart.
Change in drug regulations 
The disaster prompted many countries to introduce tougher rules for the testing and licensing of drugs. In the United States, the new regulations strengthened the FDA, among other ways, by requiring applicants to prove efficacy and to disclose all side effects encountered in testing. The FDA subsequently initiated the Drug Efficacy Study Implementation to reclassify drugs already on the market.

References

Further reading

Other websites 

 WHO Pharmaceuticals Newsletter No. 2, 2003 – See page 11, Feature Article
 CBC Digital Archives – Thalidomide: Bitter Pills, Broken Promises
 Remind me again, what is thalidomide and how did it cause so much harm?. The Conversation, 7 December 2015

Drug-related deaths in the United States
Drug-related deaths in the United Kingdom
Drug-related accidental deaths
Scandals
The Wendessi tree frog (Litoria longicrus) is a large tree frog from New Guinea.

References

Frogs of Asia
The spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius) is a small bird in the genus Actitis.

Description 
Spotted sandpipers are 7.1-7.9 in (18-20 cm) long. It weighs 1.2-1.8 oz (34-50 g). It has a wingspan of 14.6-15.8 in (37-40 cm). Adults have short yellowish legs and an orange bill with a dark tip. The body is brown on top and white underneath with black spots.

Distribution 
They breed near fresh water across most of Canada and the United States. They migrate to the southern United States, the Caribbean, and South America. They are very rare in western Europe.

Feeding 
They eat insects, crustaceans and other invertebrates.

Reproduction 
Spotted sandpipers nest on the ground. During the breeding season, females may mate with more than one male, leaving them to incubate the egg. This is called polyandry.

References

Scolopacidae
Birds of North America
Birds of South America
Lithium bromide (LiBr) is a chemical compound. It is made up of lithium and bromine. It is used as a desiccant in certain air conditioning systems.

Preparation 
Lithium bromide is made by treating an aqueous solution of lithium carbonate with hydrobromic acid or by reacting lithium hydroxide with bromine.

Uses 
Lithium bromide is used in air-conditioning systems as desiccant. It is also used as a salt in absorption chilling along with water (see absorption refrigerator). Solid lithium bromide is used as a reagent in organic synthesis. It is also used for deprotonation and dehydration of organic compounds containing acidic protons. It is also used for the purification of steroids and prostaglandins.

References 

Lithium compounds
Bromine compounds
Lithium carbide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li2C. It is often called dilithium acetylide. It is made up of lithium and carbon. It is an acetylide. It was first produced by Moissan, in 1896 who reacted coal with lithium carbonate.

References 

Lithium compounds
Carbon compounds
The All-time Bundesliga table is a ranking of all German football clubs. It is based on their performance in the Bundesliga, the top division of German football.

This list is current as of 27 June 2020, at the end of 2019–20 season.

Table
Key

Years includes current season
Number of consecutive seasons in the Bundesliga, counting the current one
Number of championships
Best result at the end of a season.
In the 2003–04 season, 1. FC Kaiserslautern received a three-point penalty.
In the 1999–2000 season. Eintracht Frankfurt received a two-point penalty.
In the 1971–72 season, Arminia Bielefeld's record was expunged as a penalty.
In the 1993–94 season, Dynamo Dresden received a four-point penalty.

References

Other websites
Ewige Tabelle Official Bundesliga website – All-time table 

Fußball-Bundesliga
Lithium chlorate is an inorganic compound. Its chemical formula is LiClO3. It can be made by the reaction of hot, concentrated lithium hydroxide with chlorine. Lithium chlorate dissolves very well in water. It is also a six-electron oxidant.

Lithium compounds
Chlorine compounds
Lithium citrate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Li3C6H5O7. It is made up of lithium and citrate. It is used as a mood stabilizer in psychiatric treatment of manic states and bipolar disorder. Lithia water contains various lithium salts, including lithium citrate.

References

Lithium compounds
Citrus
In computer science, a trie is a type of tree (data structure). A trie is often used to store a set. Common prefixes among items within the trie are stored only once.

Data structures
The Treaty of Brest Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire). Russia lost much of its territtory by the treaty, which effectively ended its involvement in World War I.

1910s treaties
1918 in Europe
World War I
March events
Treaties of Bulgaria
Treaties of Germany
Treaties of Russia
1910s in Russia
1910s in Germany
The 1999–2000 Bundesliga was the 37th season of the Fußball-Bundesliga. The season started on August 13, 1999 and ended on May 20, 2000. The defending champions were Bayern Munich. Bayern Munich won the league with 73 points.

Teams

1. FC Kaiserslautern
1860 Munich
Arminia Bielefeld
Bayer Leverkusun
Bayern Munich
Borussia Dortmund
Eintracht Frankfurt
Hamburger SV
Hansa Rostock
Hertha BSC
MSV Duisburg
Schalke 04
SC Freiburg
SSV Ulm
SpVgg Unterhaching
VfB Stuttgart
VfL Wolfsburg

League table

Top goalscorers

Other websites
 DFB Bundesliga archive 1999/2000

Bundesliga seasons
1999 in association football
2000 in association football
1990s in Germany
2000s in Germany
2000 in Europe
Positions (written in lowercase) is the sixth studio album by American singer and songwriter Ariana Grande. It was released on October 30, 2020.  A deluxe version of the album was released February 19, 2021, and features five additional tracks.  

The title track is the album's lead single and was released on October 23, 2020. It entered at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and became Grande's fifth US number-one song.  She also became the first artist to debut five songs at number one in the US.

The track "34+35" debuted at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 and became the album's second single. Its music video was released on November 17, 2020. Combined with sales of the song's remix featuring rappers Doja Cat and Megan Thee Stallion, the song later climbed to number two on the Hot 100.

Track listing 
All titles styled in lowercase.

References

2020 albums
Ariana Grande albums
Trap albums
Pop albums
Hip hop soul albums
R&B albums
RoboCop is a fictional character from RoboCop. He first appeared in the 1987 movie RoboCop.

Portrayals
He has been portrayed in movies by Peter Weller and in Mortal Kombat 11.

Fictional characters introduced in 1987
Mortal Kombat guest characters
Movie characters
RoboCop
The Juggernaut is a Marvel Comics supervillain created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby in 1965.

Fictional biography
Cain Marko is Charles Xavier's stepbrother.

Portrayals
He has been played by Vinnie Jones in X-Men: The Last Stand and voiced by Ryan Reynolds in Deadpool 2.

Internet parody
In a 2005 parody of X-Men: The Animated Series, the Juggernaut is known for cursing and saying "Don't you know who the fuck I am? I'm the Juggernaut, bitch!" The quote was well-known on YouTube that it was used in X-Men: The Last Stand.

Characters created by Stan Lee
Fictional characters introduced in the 1960s
Marvel Comics supervillains
Marvel vs. Capcom fighters
The Emperor's New School is an animated television series based on the Disney animated movie The Emperor's New Groove. It focuses on Kuzco studying for school. It ran from 2006 to 2008 on Disney Channel.

Cast
J.P. Manoux as Kuzco
Fred Tatasciore (season 1) and John Goodman (season 2) as Pacha
Eartha Kitt as Yzma / Principal Amzy
Patrick Warburton as Kronk
Jessica DiCicco as Malina
Wendie Malick as Chicha
Bob Bergen as Bucky the Squirrel

2006 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
Animated television series
American children's television series
Disney Channel television series
The Emperor's New Groove
Bryceland is a village in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States. In 2010, the population was 108.

References

Villages in Bienville Parish, Louisiana
The Faro Island tree frog or Solomon Islands tree frog (Litoria lutea) is a frog from the Solomon Islands.

References

Pelodryadidae
Euphoria is an American teen drama television series created by Sam Levinson. It is based on the Israeli miniseries of the same name created by Ron Leshem and Daphna Levi. Euphoria tells about a group of high school students about their experiences of sex, drugs, friendship, love, identity, and trauma. The series stars Zendaya. It was premiered on HBO on June 16, 2019. In July 2019, the series was continued for a second season.

Premise 
Euphoria follows teenagers in the fictional town of East Highland, California, who seek hope while balancing the strains of love, loss, and addiction. Topics such as child abuse, drug abuse, toxic relationships, toxic positivity, hookup culture, mental illness, codependency, infidelity, relapsing, repressed homosexuality, sobriety, human trafficking, domestic violence, rape, toxic masculinity, drug dealing, dating violence, and grief are explored.
Cast and characters
 Zendaya as Ruby ''Rue'' Bennett, a teenage drug addict who is fresh out of rehab and struggling to find her place in the world. She serves as the show's narrator.
 Maude Apatow as Alexandra ''Lexi'' Howard, Rue's childhood best friend and Cassie's younger sister.
 Angus Cloud as Fezco ''Fez'' O'Neill, a local drug dealer with a close relationship to Rue.
 Eric Dane as Cal Jacobs, Nate's strict, demanding father with a dangerous double life.
 Alexa Demie as Madeleine ''Maddy'' Perez, a popular student and Nate's on-and-off girlfriend.
  Jacob Elordi as Nathaniel ''Nate'' Jacobs, a high school athlete, and Maddy's on-and-off abusive boyfriend, whose anger issues mask his sexual insecurities.
 Barbie Ferreira as Katherine ''Kat'' Hernandez, (seasons 1–2), a girl fighting for body positivity while exploring her sexuality.
 Nika King as Leslie Bennett, Rue and Gia's mother.
 Storm Reid as Georgia ''Gia'' Bennett, Rue's younger sister.
Hunter Schafer as Jules Vaughn, a transgender girl who enters a turbulent relationship with Rue after moving to East Highland.
 Algee Smith as Christopher ''Chris'' McKay (season 1; guest season 2), a young football player and Cassie's ex-boyfriend who has difficulties adjusting to college.
 Sydney Sweeney as Cassandra ''Cassie'' Howard, Lexi's older sister and McKay's ex-girlfriend with an infamous sexual history that continues to haunt her.
 Colman Domingo as Ali Muhammed (b. Martin) ("Trouble Don't Last Always"; recurring seasons 1–2), a man in recovery from drug addiction who often speaks at Rue's Narcotics Anonymous meetings and eventually becomes her sponsor.
 Javon "Wanna" Walton as Ashtray O'Neill (season 2; recurring season 1), Fez's unofficially adopted "little brother" and a drug dealer.
 Austin Abrams as Ethan Daley (season 2; recurring season 1), Kat's love interest.
 Dominic Fike as Elliot (season 2–present), a new "friend" of Rue's, who comes between her and Jules.
Awards and nominations

References 

American television series
Submarine Command is a 1951 American war movie directed by John Farrow and William Holden, Nancy Olson, William Bendix, Don Taylor, Arthur Franz, Daryl Hickman, Peggy Webber, Jerry Paris. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures and was a box office failure.

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1951 war movies
American war movies
World War II movies
Movies with underwater settings
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies directed by John Farrow
Movies set in California
Lithium cobalt oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is LiCoO2. It is sometimes called lithium cobaltate or lithium cobaltite. Lithium cobalt oxide is a dark blue or bluish-gray crystalline solid. It is commonly used in the positive electrodes of lithium-ion batteries.

Preparation 
Lithium cobalt oxide can be made by heating a stoichiometric mixture of lithium carbonate and cobalt(II,III) oxide or metallic cobalt at 600–800°C, then annealing it at 900°C for many hours, all under an oxygen atmosphere.

Cobalt compounds
Lithium compounds
Oxides
Grünenthal is a German pharmaceutical company. It was founded in 1946. It was the first German company to sell penicillin in Germany. It became widely known because of the Thalidomide scandal of the 1950s. It had marketed thalidomide as a sedative. Thalidomide can cause birth defects,and miscarriages, if pregnant women take it. Today, over half of its revenue is made by selling sedatives. As of 2020, about 4,700 people worked for Grünenthal. The revenue of the company is about 1.4 billion euro.

1946 establishments in Germany
Aachen
Pharmaceutical companies of Europe
Healthcare companies of Germany
Lithium cyanide is an inorganic compound. Its chemical formula is LiCN. It is a white, hygroscopic, water-soluble salt. Lithium cyanide is made by reacting lithium hydroxide with hydrogen cyanide.

References

Lithium compounds
The Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) is a type of bat. It is also called the Brazilian free-tailed bat. It is native to North and South America.

Description 
Mexican free-tailed bats are usually 9 cm (3.5 in) long. They weigh around 7–12 g (0.25–0.42 oz). Females tend to be a little bit heavier than males. Their ears are wide, rounded, and large compared to their heads. They use their large ears to help them find prey using echolocation. The wings are long and narrow with pointed tips. The color of their fur ranges from dark brown to gray.

Distribution and Habitat 
The Mexican free-tailed bat is found from the southern half of the United States through most of Mexico, and through most of Central America into South America. They are also found in the Caribbean. They are native to all of the Greater Antilles and 11 of the Lesser Antilles. The largest known colony is found at Bracken Cave, north of San Antonio, Texas, with nearly 20 million bats.
Mexican free-tailed bats mainly live in caves. They also live in buildings as long as they have access to openings and dark recesses in ceilings or walls.

Mexican free-tailed bats in southeastern Nevada, southwestern Utah, western Arizona, and southeastern California come together to migrate southwest to southern California and Baja California. Bats in southeastern Utah, southwestern Colorado, western New Mexico, and eastern Arizona travel through the western edge of the Sierra Madre Oriental into Jalisco, Sinaloa, and Sonora. In the summer, some bats in Kansas, Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico, and Texas migrate southward to South Texas and Mexico.

Feeding 
Mexican free-tailed bats are mainly insectivores. They hunt their prey using echolocation. The bats eat moths, beetles, dragonflies, flies, true bugs, wasps, and ants. They usually catch flying prey while flying.
Predators 
Mexican free-tailed bats has many predators. They include red-tailed hawk, American kestrels, great horned owls, barn owls Mississippi kites, Virginia opossums, striped skunks, and raccoons. Snakes such as eastern coachwhips and eastern coral snakes may also prey on them.

Behavior 
Mexican free-tailed bats are nocturnal animals. They begin feeding after dusk. They travel 50 km to feed. They fly at altitudes of around 3300 m. They most active in late morning and afternoon between June and September.

References

Bats
Mammals of North America
Mammals of South America
Zapped is an American television movie made for Disney Channel. It stars Zendaya, Chanelle Peloso, Emilia McCarthy and Spencer Boldman. Zendaya played the lead role of Zoey Stevens.

Cast
 Zendaya as Zoey Stevens
 Chanelle Peloso as Rachel
 Spencer Boldman as Jackson
 Emilia McCarthy as Taylor
 Adam DiMarco as Adam Thompson
 Louriza Tronco as Yuki
 Lucia Walters as Jeannie Stevens
 Aleks Paunovic as Ted Thompson
 William Ainscough as Ben Thompson
 Jedidiah Goodacre as Tripp
 Connor Cowie as Zach Thompson
 Samuel Patrick Chu as Charlie

References

Other websites 
 

2014 fantasy movies
2014 comedy movies
2010s teen movies
American television movies
American teen comedy movies
William Frederick Blinn (July 21, 1937 — October 22, 2020) was an American screenwriter and television producer. He was born in Toledo, Ohio. Blinn wrote episodes of Rawhide, Here Come the Brides, Gunsmoke, The Rookies, and Fame. He won two Emmy Awards.

Blinn died on October 22, 2020 in Burbank, California at the age of 83.

References

Other websites
 

1937 births
2020 deaths
Emmy Award winners
American television writers
Screenwriters from Ohio
Writers from Toledo, Ohio
Yehuda Barkan (; March 29, 1945 – October 23, 2020) was an Israeli actor, movie producer, movie director, and screenwriter. He appeared in many Israeli comedy movies during the 1970s. He was born in Netanya, Mandatory Palestine. His career began in 1965. He was known for starring in Escape to the Sun and Yellow Peppers.

Barkan died on October 23, 2020 in Jerusalem after being hospitalized with COVID-19, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 

1945 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel
Israeli movie actors
Israeli television actors
Israeli movie directors
Israeli movie producers
Israeli screenwriters
Last Pair Out () is a 1956 Swedish drama movie directed by Alf Sjöberg and was written by Ingmar Bergman. It stars Eva Dahlbeck, Harriet Andersson, Bibi Andersson, Björn Bjelfvenstam, Jarl Kulle, Hugo Björne, Jan-Olof Strandberg, Jullan Kindahl.

Cast
 Eva Dahlbeck – Susanna Dahlin
 Harriet Andersson – Anita
 Bibi Andersson – Kerstin
 Björn Bjelfvenstam – Bo Dahlin 
 Jarl Kulle – Dr. Farell
 Olof Widgren – Hans Dahlin
 Aino Taube – Kerstin's mother
 Hugo Björne – Professor Jacobi
 Jan-Olof Strandberg – Claes Berg
 Märta Arbin – Grandmother
 Jullan Kindahl – Alma

Other websites
 

1956 drama movies
Swedish drama movies
Movies directed by Alf Sjöberg