Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Thomas Paul "Tom" Latham (born July 14, 1948) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for  serving from 2013 through 2015. He is a member of the Republican Party. On December 17, 2013, Latham announced he would not seek reelection next term, becoming the third member of the House to announce his retirement on the same day (along with Rep. Frank Wolf from Virginia and Utah Rep. Jim Matheson).

References

1948 births
Living people
American Lutherans
United States representatives from Iowa
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Petrus Antonius Josephus Maria "Piet" Steenkamp (8 March 1925 – 8 January 2016) was a Dutch politician and economist. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), which he co-founded. He was President of the Senate from 1983 to 1991. He was born in Uithoorn, North Holland.

Steenkamp died on 8 January 2016 in Eindhoven, North Brabant, aged 90.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
Catholic People's Party politicians
Christian Democratic Appeal politicians
Dutch academics
Dutch economists
Dutch party chairs
Dutch Roman Catholics
Members of the Senate of the Netherlands
Politicians from North Holland
Presidents of the Senate of the Netherlands
Andrew Smith (September 9, 1990 – January 12, 2016) was an American basketball player. He was a center. He played college basketball for the Butler Bulldogs (Butler University) from 2009 to 2013. He played professionally for BC Neptūnas in Lithuania from 2013 to 2014. He was born in Washington, D.C. and grew up in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Smith died from non-Hodgkin lymphoma on January 12, 2016 in Indianapolis, at the age of 25.

References

Other websites

 Official profile  at Butler Sports

1990 births
2016 deaths
American basketball players
American Christians
Cancer deaths in Indiana
Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Sportspeople from Indianapolis
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
Robert Milton Cundick, Sr. (1926 – January 7, 2016) was an American Latter-day Saint composer. He served for many years as an organist at the Salt Lake Tabernacle. At this role, he was a member of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. He also played organ solos on the weekly broadcast, Music and the Spoken Word. He retired in 1991. After this, Cundick and his wife became Directors of Hosting at the BYU Jerusalem Center in Jerusalem, Israel. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah.

Cundick died on January 7, 2016 at the age of 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
American composers
American Latter Day Saints
Organists
Musicians from Salt Lake City, Utah
Arthur S. Obermayer (July 17, 1931 – January 10, 2016) was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was the founder and president of the Moleculon Research Corporation. He was a co-founder of Partners for Progressive Israel and the Obermayer German Jewish History Awards.

Obermayer was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He came from a German Jewish family. He was married to Judith Obermayer and had three children.

Obermayer died from cancer on January 10, 2016 in Dedham, Massachusetts, aged 84.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
American Jews
Philanthropists from Massachusetts
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish philanthropists
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
Yusuf Zuayyin (‎; 1931 – 10 January 2016) was a Syrian politician. He was a member of the Ba'ath Party. He served as Prime Minister from 1965 and, again, from 1966 to 1968. He was born in Al-Bukamal.

Zuayyin died after a long illness on 10 January 2016 in Stockholm, Sweden. He was 84.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Sweden
Prime Ministers of Syria
Jacob Farj Rafael Jacob (14 June 1923 – 13 January 2016) was an Indian Army Lieutenant General. He was best known for the role he played in India's victory in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the Liberation of Bangladesh. Jacob, then a Major General, served as the Chief of Staff of the Indian Army's  Eastern Command during the war. He also served in World War II and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. He was the Governor of Goa and Punjab. He was also the administrator of Chandigarh between November 1999 and November 2003.

Jacob was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Bengal Presidency, British India. His family were Baghdadi Jews from Iraq.

Jacob died from pneumonia on 13 January 2016 in New Delhi, aged 92.

References

1923 births
2016 deaths
Asian Jews
Indian autobiographers
Indian generals
Governors of Punjab, India
Administrators of Chandigarh
Governors of Goa
Jewish military people
Jewish politicians
Jewish writers
Writers from Kolkata
Carotenoids (or tetraterpenoids) are organic pigments. They are found in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants, and also some bacteria and fungi. 

The only animals known to produce carotenoids are aphids and mites, which got the genes from fungi. 

There are over 600 known carotenoids. They are of two types, xanthophylls (which contain oxygen) and carotenes (which are purely hydrocarbons with no oxygen). 

Carotenoids have two key roles in plants and algae: they absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis, and they protect chlorophyll from photodamage. Beta-carotene is the most common form in plants. 

Some carotenoids (like β-carotene) have vitamin A activity (so they can convert to retinol). These and other carotenoids can also act as antioxidants. In the eye, certain other carotenoids (lutein, astaxanthin, and zeaxanthin) apparently act directly to absorb damaging blue and near-ultraviolet light. This protects the macula of the retina, the part of the eye with the sharpest vision.

References
References 

Hydrocarbons
Pigments
Horizontal gene transfer
Marjorie Pizer (3 April 1920 – 4 January 2016) was an Australian poet. She wrote over twenty poetry books between 1947 and 2014. She created publishing group The Pinchgut Press with her husband in 1947.

Pizer was born in Melbourne, Victoria. She studied literature at the University of Melbourne. She lived most of her life in Sydney, New South Wales. Her husband was Muir Holburn, who died in 1960. They had two children.

Pizer died after a short illness 4 January 2016 in Canberra. She was 95.

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
Australian poets
Disease-related deaths in Australia
University of Melbourne alumni
Writers from Melbourne
Leopold Victor "Leo" Rucka (August 18, 1931 – January 4, 2016) was an American professional football player. He played as a linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) in 1956. He was born in Wooster, Baytown, Texas.

Rucka died on January 4, 2016 in Crosby, Texas, aged 84.

References

1931 births
2016 deaths
American football linebackers
San Francisco 49ers players
Sportspeople from Texas
János Radványi (4 August 1922 – 11 January 2016) was a Hungarian diplomat who became an American political scientist and academic professor. He served as Hungarian Ambassador to the United States between 1962 and 1967. He became an American citizen in 1978. He taught at Mississippi State University  (MSU). He was born in Budapest.

Radványi died after a long illness on 11 January 2016, aged 93.

References

1922 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors to the United States
Academics from Mississippi
American political scientists
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Budapest
Cornelis Zitman  (9 November 1926 – 10 January 2016) was a Dutch sculptor and draftsman. He was born in Leiden, Netherlands. He began teaching classes in design at Central University of Venezuela and continued drawing and painting. In 1958, he exhibited a collection of drawings and paintings at the Museum of Contemporary Art of Caracas. His works can be found in collections and museums of various countries, such as the National Art Gallery and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Caracas in Venezuela, and the Musée Maillol in Paris.

Zitman died on 10 January 2016 in Caracas at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

 

1926 births
2016 deaths
People from Caracas
Artists from Leiden
Robert Black (21 April 1947 – 12 January 2016) was a Scottish serial killer convicted of the kidnapping and murder of four girls between the ages of 5 and 11, between 1981 and 1986 in the United Kingdom. He was convicted of sexually assaulting one of the girls, and of raping the other three. Black was also convicted of the kidnapping of a fifth girl, and the attempted kidnapping of a sixth. Black was born in Grangemouth, Stirlingshire.

Black was arrested on 14 July 1990, near Stow, Scotland. The following month, Black was convicted of abduction and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Black was attacked in his Wakefield prison cell in July 1995 after being ambushed by two inmates.

Black died on 12 January 2016 of natural causes in Maghaberry prison, Northern Ireland, aged 68.

References

1947 births
2016 deaths
British crime victims
British people convicted of assault
British rapists
British serial killers
Kidnappers
Scottish criminals
Peter Gavin Hall FAA FRS AO (20 November 1951 – 9 January 2016) was an Australian researcher in probability theory and mathematical statistics. The American Statistical Association described him as one of the most influential and prolific theoretical statisticians in the history of the field. Hall was an author in probability and statistics. Mathscinet lists him with more than 500 publications as of January 2008.

Hall died in Melbourne, Victoria from leukaemia at the age of 64.

References

1951 births
2016 deaths
Australian mathematicians
People from Sydney
Georg Nees (23 June 1926 – 3 January 2016) was a German academic. He was a pioneer of computer art and generative graphics. He studied mathematics, physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart and was scientific advisor at the SEMIOSIS, International Journal of semiotics and aesthetics. He was born in Nuremberg, Germany.

In 1977, he was appointed Honorary Professor of Applied computer science at the University of Erlangen Nees is one of the "3N" computer pioneers, an abbreviation that has become acknowledged for Frieder Nake, Georg Nees and A. Michael Noll, whose computer graphics were created with digital computers. He retired in 1985.

Nees died on 3 January 2016 in Nuremberg, Germany of heart failure at the age of 89.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
German computer scientists
German academics
People from Nuremberg
Canadian Pacific Air Lines, also known as CP Air, was a Canadian airline. It existed from 1942 to 1987. In the 1940s, several small airlines were combined to form CP Air. Air Canada was owned by the government and CP Air could not fly the same routes that Air Canada flew. So in 1949, the airline started international flights to Australia, China, Fiji and The Netherlands. These were countries that Air Canada did not service. In 1961, it bought its first jet aircraft - a Douglas DC-8. By the 1960s CP Air flew to several cities across 5 continents—Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. In the early 1980s CP Air was allowed to fly wherever it wanted. It rapidly increased the number of planes and opened several new routes. By 1987, the airline had a debt of $1 billion. In 1987 Air Canada was privatized by the National Transportation Act. The company Pacific Western Airlines then purchased Canadian Pacific Airlines. It was renamed Canadian Airlines
. Canadian Airlines itself was combined with Air Canada in 2001.
Gallery

References

Airlines of Canada
1942 establishments in North America
1987 disestablishments
1940s establishments in Canada
1980s disestablishments in North America
20th-century disestablishments in Canada
Companies based in Vancouver
Zaharije Trnavčević (; 2 January 1926 – 13 January 2016) was a Serbian journalist and politician. He was president of the political party Rich Serbia from 2011 until his death. He became a member of parliament in 2012. He was acting President of the National Assembly of Serbia from 31 May 2012 to 23 July 2012. He was born in Šabac.

Trnavčević died on 13 January 2016 in Belgrade, aged 90.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Yugoslavian journalists

Serbian politicians
Giorgio Gomelsky (28 February 1934 – 13 January 2016) was a Georgian-British record producer, band manager, filmmaker and impresario. He owned the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, London. He managed the rock bands The Rolling Stones and The Yardbirds. He also worked closely with Daevid Allen. In 1967, he started Marmalade Records (distributed by Polydor). He wrote songs under the name "Oscar Rasputin".

Gomelsky was born in Tiflis (now Tbilisi). His father was a doctor and his mother was from Monte Carlo. He grew up in many countries including Syria, Egypt, Italy and Switzerland. He moved to London, United Kingdom when he was a young adult in the 1950s. In the 1970s, he moved to New York City, United States.

Gomelsky died from cancer on 13 January 2016 in New York City. He was 81.

References

Other websites
 
 

1934 births
2016 deaths
British cinematographers
British record producers
British songwriters
People from Tbilisi
The Rolling Stones
Leonid Ivanovych Zhabotynsky (; 28 January 1938 – 14 January 2016) was a Soviet weightlifter. He set 19 world records in the super heavyweight class. He won gold medals at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics.

Zhabotinsky was born in a village in Uspenka, Sumy Oblast, Ukrainian SSR. He was born a Cossack family. He was married and had two sons. He became a Russian citizen after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

Zhabotinsky died after a long illness on 14 January 2016 in Zaporizhia. He was 77.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths

Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Ukrainian sportspeople
Russian sportspeople
Soviet Olympic gold medalists
Soviet weightlifters
Francisco Jozenilton Veloso (8 May 1971 – 14 January 2016), better known by his stage name Shaolin, was a Brazilian cartoonist, caricaturist, humorist, comedian, actor and media presenter. His best known shows were Domingão do Faustão, A Praça É Nossa, Show do Tom, and Tudo è Possível.

Shaolin was born in Coremas, Paraíba. He was married to Laudiceia Veloso and had two children. In January 2011, he was badly injured in a car accident.

Shaolin died from a heart attack on 14 January 2016 in Campina Grande. He was 44.

References

1971 births
2016 deaths
Brazilian comedians
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Brazil
Gender dysphoria is a term used by psychologists and physicians. It describes people who strongly feel they are not the gender they were born with. It used to be called "gender identity disorder." It is a condition accompanied by stress, anxiety, and depression. To be diagnosed with gender dysphoria now, patients must show strong cross-gender feelings that persist over time. It is not just a desire to change sex for some advantage they might think exists. People with Gender Dysphoria are often transgender. They take steps to help their gender dysphoria. A step they could take is to take testosterone or estrogen. Transgender women take estrogen. Transgender men take testosterone. For children, puberty blockers may be taken instead. They can also get surgery. One surgery for transgender men is removal (to get rid of) breasts. This makes the chest flat. The flat chest makes them happy because they look more like a man
. Another surgery for both transgender men and transgender women is Genital Reconstruction Surgery. This means they can get a penis or a vulva.
Gender dysphoria may cause many to become alone but not by choice. It often leads to avoiding or dropping out of school. Feminine speech patterns and ways of acting are common in people who were born male with gender dysphoria. Teenagers in particular are at risk of suicide.

The World Health Organization (WHO) renamed Gender Identity Disorder to Gender Dysphoria in 2019.  The DSM-5 renamed it in 2013.

Diagnosis 
The American Psychiatric Association gives a diagnosis of gender dysphoria in teenagers or adults if they feel two or more of these feelings.
A strong desire to be of a gender other than the one they were born with.
 A strong desire to be treated as a gender other than one they were born with.
 A note-worthy mismatch between the gender they feel they should be and the one that they were born with.
 A strong desire for the sexual characteristics of a gender other than one they were born with.
 A strong desire to be rid of one's sexual characteristics.
 Feeling that they react like a different gender than the one they were born with.

To be diagnosed, the person must have enough distress about their feelings.

Causes 
Scientists have theories that gender dysphoria is related to genetic and hormone levels during pregnancy. At the early stages of pregnancy, all babies begin with a female brain structure. Later in pregnancy, male babies have their body and brain masculinized by hormones like testosterone. It is theorised that less or extra testosterone during important times of the pregnancy may be related to gender dysphoria
A 2020 review of several studies reported that transwomen had female-typical digit ratios (finger lengths on the right hand) while transmen had more male-typical finger lengths. Digit ratio is related to the level of testosterone exposure while a baby is growing during pregnancy. This supports the idea that hormones in the womb are related to gender dysphoria and transgender identity.

Occurrence 
Different studies find different numbers of people with gender dysphoria. In a New Zealand study, 1.2% of people responded "yes" to a question asking if they thought they were transgender.  A study in Massachusetts found that 0.5% of adults say they are transgender.

References

Related pages 
Gender identity
Transgender
Trans woman
Trans man
Non-binary
Gender euphoria

Psychology
Gender
Sucre is the capital city of Bolivia. It was also known as Charcas, La Plata, and Chuquisaca in the past. About 250,000 people lived there in 2006. Sucre lies at an altitude of  and is the sixth largest city in Bolivia. The city is named after Antonio José de Sucre, an 18th century revolutionary leader.

National capitals in South America
Cities in Bolivia
A petty officer is a non-commissioned officer in the navies of many countries. In the United States Navy, it is a pay grade of E-4 to E-9. Petty officers who are E-7 to E-9 are called Chief, Senior Chief, or Master Chief Petty Officers. Petty officers are managers for sailors that work for them. They are managed by officers and do work that they are told to do. Petty officers are often told to manage seamen and lower ranked petty officers.

In the United States Navy, petty officers are promoted by taking a test and being evaluated every year. If they do good enough, they are promoted to the next rank.

Badge

The badge that a petty officer wears is used to show the rank of the person wearing it. In the United States, petty officers have been wearing a badge since 1841.

References

Military ranks
Navy
Aarhus City Hall is the city hall for Aarhus, Denmark. Aarhus City Hall was opened on 2 June 1941. The building's architects were Arne Jacobsen and Erik Møller. In 1937, a meeting was held to build the city hall. Aarhus City Hall has unique architecture and was marked for preservation in 1994. In the first drawings for the building, the city hall didn't have a tower. The tower was added later.

The city hall has a total area of 19,380 square meters including the basement. The tower is 60 meters tall and the tower clock face has a diameter of 7 meters. The building is made of concrete plated with marble from Porsgrunn in Norway.

1941 establishments in Europe
Aarhus
Buildings and structures in Denmark
Government buildings
20th-century establishments in Denmark
Politics of Denmark
The word multinational can mean:
 A multinational corporation
 A multinational military force
 International
The Lamborghini Huracán is a sports car built by Lamborghini. It replaced the Lamborghini Gallardo. It has been produced from 2014 to present. The name Huracán comes from the Spanish language. It means Hurricane. Huracán was also the name of a brave fighting bull. And the Mayan god of wind, storm and fire.

Huracán LP610-4 Coupé (2014-)
The LP610-4 is the base model of the Huracán. It is a coupe with two doors and two seats. The name LP610-4 means that the car has a longitudinal engine with 449 kW and all-wheel drive.

Huracán LP620-2 Super Trofeo (2014-)
The LP620-2'' is a rear-wheel drive version of the LP610-4 coupé. It is built especially for the Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo Series, a race series for Lamborghini only.

Huracán LP610-4 Spyder (2016-)
The LP610-4 Spyder is a convertible version of the LP610-4 coupé. It was first shown at the 2015 International Motor Show Germany in Frankfurt. It has the same engine as the LP610-4 coupé.
Huracán LP580-2
The LP580-2''' is also a coupé on the basis of the LP610-4, but instead has 427 kW and rear-wheel drive. This is to decrease the cost.

Specifications

Engine
The Huracán has the same mid-engine V10 as the Lamborghini Gallardo. It has 449 kW. The displacement of the engine is 5,204 cm3.

Performance
The top speed of the Huracán is 325 km/h. It can accelerate to 100 km/h in 2.5 seconds. The Huracán weighs 1,422 kg, which means it has a power-to-mass ratio of 0.32 kW per kg. The maximum torque is 560 N⋅m at 6,500 rpm. The CO2 emissions are 290g/km.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Lamborghini Huracán LP610-4  at the official website of Lamborghini
 Lamborghini Huracán LP610-4 Spyder  at the official website of Lamborghini

Huracan
Sports cars
2010s automobiles
George William Needles CM, LL.D, (January 2, 1919 – January 12, 2016) was an American-born Canadian actor and teacher. He was born in Yonkers, New York, and raised in Kitchener, Ontario.

Needles member of the acting company of the Stratford Shakespeare Festival since its inception in 1953, he has appeared in over one hundred roles with the company, among which are Albany in King Lear (1964 and 1972); the Duke of Venice in The Merchant of Venice (1996); the White King in Alice Through the Looking Glass (1996); the Lord Mayor in Richard III (1997); the Shepherd in Oedipus Rex (1997); Merriman in The Importance of Being Earnest (2000); Mortimer in Henry VI: Revenge in France(2002).

Needles died in Allison, Ontario from natural causes at the age of 97.

References

Other websites

An Interview with William Needles , Legend Library, TheatreMuseumCanada

1919 births
2016 deaths
Actors from New York (state)
Actors from Ontario
American stage actors
Canadian stage actors
People from Yonkers, New York
Twin Falls County is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho.  As of the 2020 Census, the county had a population of 90,046. The county seat and largest city is Twin Falls.

Communities

Buhl
Castleford
Filer
Hansen
Hollister
Kimberly
Murtaugh
Rogerson
Twin Falls

References

 
1907 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Idaho
Methane is the second most abundant anthropogenic GHG after carbon dioxide (CO2), accounting for about 20 percent of global emissions. Methane is more than 25 times as potent as carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere. The butterfly effects helps scientists look at this problem.

The butterfly effect is an idea from chaos theory. A small change can sometimes make much bigger changes happen. One small incident may have a big impact on the future. The emphasis here is on the words may and can. There is no general theory which tells us what is going to happen.

Weather and events are hard to forecast, but that doesn't mean when a butterfly flaps its wings in Tokyo and Arsenal lose a match in EPL. That's just silly and impossible. However, what seem to be tiny changes in a planet's orbit can and do cause big changes to the weather: see Milankovich cycle.
Author Ray Bradbury wrote the short story "A Sound of Thunder" with this idea—          time travelers make a very small change in the past that makes a large change in the present. However, remember that time travel is impossible, or at least has never been shown to be possible.

Related pages
 Chaos theory
 Edward N. Lorenz

References

Weather
Causality
Systems theory
Extermination camps (also known as death camps) were built by Nazi Germany during World War II.  The goal of the death camps was to kill millions of people as quickly as possible.  At the death camps, people were murdered mostly by being given poison gas in gas chambers.  However, the Nazis also killed many people in other ways at the death camps.  They killed some in mass executions (for example, by shooting many people at once).  They killed others through "extermination through labor." This was by making prisoners do very hard forced labor without giving them the food, medical care, or other basic things they needed to survive.  Many other people died at the death camps from starvation, illness, and freezing to death.
The Nazis sent many different kinds of people to the death camps.  However, about 90% of the people killed in the death camps were Jewish.  Nazi Germany wanted to 'exterminate' the Jewish people (they wanted to kill all of the Jews, so they would not exist any more).  This plan was called the Final Solution. It is now called the Holocaust.

The fascist Ustaše government in the Independent State of Croatia also set up death camps during World War II.  At death camps like Jasenovac, they murdered many Serbs, Jews, and other people.  As many as 750,000 Serbs may have been killed at these death camps.
Background 
The Nazis believed that some groups of people were better than others.  They thought that the Aryan race was the best of all.  They believed that people who were not "Aryan" were "inferior". They also believed that non-Ayrans were the cause of Germany's problems.  They thought that some groups of people did not even deserve to live.  These groups included people with disabilities.  The Nazis called these people Lebensunwertes Leben - "life unworthy of life."

In 1939, the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS) started a program to kill everyone who was "unworthy of life."  They called this secret program the Action T4 euthanasia program.  As part of this program, they killed 70,000 people with disabilities, using carbon monoxide gas.  This was the first time the Nazis had used poison gas to kill people.
Two years later, the Nazis built the first death camps.  Using the things they learned by gassing people with disabilities, the Nazis had decided to start the Final Solution - killing all of the Jewish people, mostly by gassing them.  Before the Nazis were ready to kill large numbers of people in gas chambers, the SS Einsatzgruppen started killing many people at a time by shooting them.

At the Wannsee Conference in January 1942, the Nazis made it clear that they planned to kill all the Jews in Europe.  Adolf Eichmann was put in charge of this program.  After this, the Nazis built more death camps, with the goal of killing millions of Jewish people with poison gas.

Definition
Definition 

The Nazis used death camps and concentration camps for different things.  The goal of the death camps was genocide.  Their purpose was to kill people who were sent to the camps on trains, thousands at a time.  At death camps like Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka, people were usually killed within a few hours after they got to the camps.
Concentration camps were different from death camps. Some of the more infamous concentration camps were Buchenwald, Bergen-Belsen, Dachau, and Ravensbrück.  These were prison camps which the Nazis set up before World War II started.  The Nazis sent people who they did not want in their society to these concentration camps.  The Nazis forced millions of people to do forced labor in the concentration camps.  Prisoners in concentration camps made up about 25% of the workers in Nazi Germany.  Even though the concentration camps were not designed for mass murder, over 75% of the people sent to these camps died because of starvation, illness, exhaustion, executions, and physical abuse.

History
History 

In the early years of World War II, the Jews were mostly sent to concentration camps.  However, from 1942 onward, they were mostly deported to the death camps.  They were told they were being "resettled" - sent to other places to live.  The Nazis built many of the death camps in Poland, which the Nazis controlled.  They did this because most of the people they wanted to kill lived in Poland.  Poland had the most Jewish people in the parts of Europe that the Nazis controlled.

The Nazis created two types of death camps.  Some were "pure extermination camps."  Their only purpose was to kill people.  Others were a combination of concentration camps and death camps.  At these camps, the Nazis would kill some people right away.  They would force others to work as slaves until they died.

Pure extermination camps
The first death camps were Treblinka, Bełżec, and Sobibór.  They were built during Operation Reinhard (October 1941 – November 1943), whose goal was to kill all of Poland's Jews.  Trains full of people were sent to these camps, and were murdered as soon as they got there.  At first, the camp's guards used carbon monoxide to kill the prisoners. They then buried their bodies in mass graves.  Later, when there were too many bodies to bury, they started burning the bodies. So they could kill people and get rid of their bodies more quickly, the Nazis built gas chambers and crematoria in Treblinka and Bełżec.  At Bełżec, they also started using Zyklon-B poison gas to kill people.
On December 8, 1941, the Nazis opened another death camp called Chełmno.  At first, they killed prisoners at Chelmno inside vans, using carbon monoxide exhaust fumes.  Later, like at the other death camps, the Nazis built gas chambers so they could kill more people at a time.  Almost all of the prisoners sent to Chelmno were killed right away.  However, the Nazis forced a few strong men into work units called Sonderkommando.  These prisoners were forced to help take dead bodies out of the gas chambers and burn them.

The death camps were small (only several hundred meters long and wide).  They also had very little housing or other buildings.  Because of this, the Nazis were able to trick the prisoners when they arrived.  The Nazis told them they would only be staying at the camp for a short time, before continuing to a work camp farther east.  This kept the prisoners from panicking or fighting back.

Concentration and extermination camps
After they decided to start the "Final Solution," the Nazis built gas chambers and crematoria inside some of the concentration camps that already existed, like Auschwitz and Majdanek.

When people arrived at these camps, they would go through a process called "selection."  Nazi guards would choose which prisoners would be kept to work as slaves, and which would be sent right to the gas chambers to be killed.  Usually, the Nazis sent elderly people, sick people, and very young children right to the gas chambers.  Healthy people were often kept for slave labor, and were forced to work until they were too sick or starved to work as fast as the Nazis wanted.  Then the Nazis would "select" them for the gas chambers.

Camps in the Independent State of Croatia
With the support of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy, the Independent State of Croatia (ISC) was created on 10 April 1941.  It was ruled by the fascist Ustaše government, which agreed with the Nazis' ideas about race and politics.  The Ustaše agreed with the idea that all Jews and Roma people should be killed.  They also agreed with the Nazis that socialists and communists were political enemies.

The Ustaše built death camps in the Independent State of Croatia and helped with the Nazis' "Final Solution" by killing many Jews and Roma.  However, their main goal was to kill all of the Serbian people in the ISC.  The Ustaše treated the Serbian people so cruelly that even the Germans were shocked.

The first Ustaše camp was Jadovno concentration camp.  It held thousands of Serbs and Jews from May to August 1941.  Prisoners were usually killed by being pushed into deep ravines near the camp.
The Jasenovac concentration camp replaced Jadovno.  Jasenovac was a very large group of many camps.  Many prisoners who arrived at Jasenovac were immediately scheduled to be killed.  Strong men who could work, and were sentenced to less than three years in the camp, were allowed to live.  However, all prisoners sentenced to three years or more were immediately scheduled for execution.

Some prisoners at Jasenovac were killed with poison gas or in mass shootings.  However, the Ustaše guards killed many prisoners using their hands, or tools like knives and hammers.

How prisoners were killed
In 1941, top Nazi official Heinrich Himmler went to see a group of Einsatzgruppen perform a mass shooting.  The group's commanding officer told him that shooting so many people was psychologically harming the soldiers doing the shootings.  Himmler decided the Nazis needed to find another way of killing people.  After the war, the diary of Auschwitz's Commandant, Rudolf Höss, showed that many Einsatzkommandos – the killers – either went mad or killed themselves.  He wrote that they did this because they were psychologically "unable to endure wading through blood any longer."

The Nazis had learned from their T-4 program that they could kill people using carbon monoxide.  However, they thought sending carbon monoxide to the death camps would be too expensive.
In August 1941, Höss' deputy, Karl Fritzsch, tested out an idea.  At Auschwitz, clothes infected with lice were treated with crystals of prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide).  The crystals' brand name was Zyklon-B.  They were made to order by the IG Farben chemicals company.  Once their container was opened, the Zyklon-B crystals in the air released a deadly cyanide gas. Fritzch thought this gas could be used to kill prisoners.  To try out the effects, he locked some Soviet prisoners of war in the basement of a bunker and gassed them.  They died.

Gassing with Zyklon-B became Auschwitz's way to exterminate people.  It would also be used at Majdanek and other camps.  Besides gassing, the camp guards continued to kill prisoners through mass shootings, starvation, torture, and abuse.
Gassings 
During the war, Nazi official Kurt Gerstein told a Swedish diplomat about life in a death camp.  On 19 August 1942, Gerstein arrived at Bełżec extermination camp, which had carbon monoxide gas chamber. At the time 45 railroad cars, filled with 6,700 Jews, were being unloaded.  Many of the Jews had died on the trip. The rest were marched naked to the gas chambers.  There Gerstein said:
{{quote|[The Nazi guards were] making great efforts to get the engine running. But it doesn't go. ... My stopwatch showed it all, 50 minutes, 70 minutes, and the [[diesel [engine]]] did not start. The people wait inside the gas chambers. In vain. They can be heard weeping, "like in the synagogue," says Professor Pfannenstiel, his eyes glued to a window in the wooden door. Furious, Captain Wirth [[[whip]]s] the Ukrainian [prisoner being forced to help] twelve, thirteen times, in the face. After 2 hours and 49 minutes – the stopwatch recorded it all – the diesel started. Up to that moment, the people shut up in those four crowded chambers were still alive, four times 750 persons, in four times 45 cubic meters. Another 25 minutes elapsed. Many were already dead, that could be seen through the small window, because an electric lamp inside lit up the chamber for a few moments. After 28 minutes, only a few were still alive. Finally, after 32 minutes, all were dead ..
... Dentists [then] hammered out gold teeth, bridges, and crowns. In the midst of them stood Captain Wirth. He was in his element, and, showing me a large can full of teeth, he said: "See, for yourself, the weight of that gold! It's only from yesterday, and the day before. You can't imagine what we find every day – dollars, diamonds, gold. You'll see for yourself!" — Kurt Gerstein }}
To keep people from panicking and fighting back, the Nazis told the prisoners they were going to shower and get deloused (get lice removed).  Prisoner Sonderkommando were forced to help in and around the gas chambers.  They encouraged the Jews to undress without a hint of what was about to happen.  (If the Sonderkommando warned the prisoners, they too would be killed.)  The gas chambers were designed to look like shower rooms (with fake water nozzles, and tile walls).  The Sonderkommando talked to the victims about life in the camp to keep people from getting suspicious.  They also helped the elderly and the very young to undress.  The Sonderkommando also comforted older children who might cry "because of the strangeness of being undressed in this fashion".

Once the gas chamber was full of people and the door was sealed, Nazi guards dropped Zyklon B through special holes in the roof.
As part of their training, some high-ranked Nazi Party leaders and SS officers were sent to Auschwitz–Birkenau to watch the gassings.  Höss reported that "all were deeply impressed by what they saw ... [but some] ... who had previously spoken most loudly, about the [need] for this extermination, fell silent once they had actually seen the 'final solution of the Jewish problem'."

Destroying corpses

After the gassings, the Sonderkommando removed the corpses from the gas chambers, then took gold teeth out of the bodies.  At first, the victims were buried in mass graves.  Later, victims' bodies were cremated.  The ashes were either buried, scattered, or dumped in a nearby river.

In his memoir, Auschwitz Commandant Höss wrote that the Sonderkommando had to:
 Burn the corpses in pits of fire
 Keep the fires going
 Drain extra body fat from the corpses, and
 Turn over the "mountain of burning corpses... so that the draught [air] might fan the flames"
Hess wrote that he was impressed by how hard the Sonderkommando worked, even though they knew they would also be killed eventually.

Eventually, the Nazis were killing so many people at Auschwitz-Birkenau that they had three buildings with crematoria designed by specialists from Topf und Söhne.  At Auschwitz, prisoners worked every hour of the day to destroy corpses.  However, people were being gassed so quickly that not every body could be destroyed in the crematoria.  Some corpses were also burned in an open air fire pit.

At Sobibór, Treblinka, Bełżec, and Chełmno, the corpses were burned on pyres.

Death toll 
Historians estimate that the Nazis murdered over three million people in these camps:
Camps are destroyed
When they realized they were going to lose World War II, the Nazis tried to destroy the death camps in order to hide the evidence of what they had done.  They wanted to hide evidence that so many people had been killed.  This meant they needed to destroy the camps, and also hide the corpses of their many victims.  The Nazis forced prisoners to destroy the camps and their records, and to dig up mass graves.

Some extermination camps were liberated (taken over and freed) by Soviet soldiers before the Nazis could destroy evidence of their war crimes.  For example, Majdanek was captured nearly intact before the Nazis were able to destroy very much.  This happened because the Soviet Red Army got to the camp very quickly, which prevented the SS from destroying most of the camp.

Related pages
 The Holocaust
 The Final Solution
 Nazi concentration camps
 World War II
 War crimes

References
The Southeast African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) is the nominate subspecies of cheetah native to Southern Africa. It is the most abundant subspecies estimated at more than 6,000 individuals in the wild. Since 1990 and onwards, the population was estimated at approximately 2,500 individuals in Namibia, until 2015, the cheetah population has been increased to more than 3,500 in the country.

The Southeast African Cheetah is the closest relative to the two other distinct subspecies, the Asiatic Cheetahs and the Northeast African Cheetah.

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Felines
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Rose Lomathinda Chibambo (8 September 1928 – 12 January 2016) was a known British-born Malawi politician and activist. She was the Protectorate of Nyasaland in the years leading up to independence as the state of Malawi in 1964, and immediately after. 

She was imprisoned in 1959, while pregnant with her 5th child, along with other Malawians whom the Federal government felt were a threat to British rule. After Malawi gained independence, Chibambo was the first woman minister in the new cabinet. She was forced into exile for thirty years, returning after the restoration of democracy.

On 1 January 2012, she was honored by being place on Malawi’s 200 Kwacha banknote.

Chibambo died from a heart attack at a hospital in Blantyre, Malawi at the age of 87.

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Lawrence Lamond Phillips (May 12, 1975 – January 13, 2016) was a professional American football and Canadian football running back. He was a two-time college football national champion at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln for the Nebraska Cornhuskers. He was born in Little Rock, Arkansas.  Many people consider the 1995 Nebraska Cornhuskers, on which Phillips played, to be the greatest college football team of all time.

Phillips played in the National Football League for the St. Louis Rams, Miami Dolphins, and San Francisco 49ers from 1996 through 1999, and for the Montreal Alouettes and Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League in 2002 and 2003.

He was arrested several times during the course of his life. In 2015, Phillips was charged with the murder of his former cellmate, Damion Soward.
Phillips died January 13, 2016, at Kern Valley State Prison in Delano, California from an apparent suicide attempt, where he was serving a seven-year term for felony assault with a deadly weapon, at the age of 40.

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Brian Bedford (16 February 1935 – 13 January 2016) was an English actor. He has appeared on the stage and in movies, and is known for both acting in and directing Shakespeare. In movies, Bedford is known for his role as Clyde Tolson in the 1994 movie Nixon. He won a Tony Award in 1971 and five Drama Desk Awards during his career.

Bedford was born in Morley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He was openly gay. Bedford met actor Tim MacDonald in the 1980s and got married in 2013. Bedford died on 13 January 2016 in Santa Barbara, California from cancer at the age of 80.

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Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia entry

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Paul Grattan Kirk, Jr. (born January 18, 1938) is an American lawyer and politician. He served as a United States Senator from Massachusetts from 2009 to 2010, having been appointed to fill the seat created by the death of Ted Kennedy.

From 1985 to 1989, he served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). On January 14, 2016, Kirk announced his endorsement in Hanover, New Hampshire in support of the presidential campaign for Bernie Sanders.

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Robert Bernard Reich (; born June 24, 1946) is an American political economist, professor, author, and political commentator. He served in the administrations of Presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter and was the United States Secretary of Labor under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1997.

Reich is diagnosed with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, also known as Fairbanks disease, and stands at 4 feet 10.5 inches (1.486 m).

In January 2016, Reich announced his endorsement for Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States.

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 The American Prospect articles  by Robert Reich
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Franco Citti (23 April 1935 – 14 January 2016) was an Italian actor. He acted in over fifty movies between the early 1960s and the late 1990s. He was best known to non-Italian audiences as Calò in The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather Part III (1990). He also appeared in the movies Accattone (1961) and Oedipus Rex (1967).

Citti was born in Fiumicino, Rome. His brother was the director and screenwriter Sergio Citti (1933–2005).

Citti died on 14 January 2016 in Rome, aged 80.

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Ken Judge (15 January 1958 – 15 January 2016) was an Australian rules footballer and coach. He played for East Fremantle, Hawthorn and the Brisbane Bears during the 1970s and 1980s. He also coached Hawthorn from 1996 to 1999 and the West Coast Eagles from 2000 to 2001.

Judge died from multiple myeloma on his 58th birthday (15 January 2016) in Perth, Western Australia.

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Murphy is an unincorporated census-designated place in Owyhee County, Idaho, United States. It is the county seat of Owyhee County, It is one of the smallest county seats in the country. As of the 2020 census, its population was 96.

History
Murphy was formed around a railhead (end of the rail line) of the "Boise, Nampa and Owyhee Railroad" built in 1899. The town became the county seat in 1934. The railroad operated until 1947.

The town was named after Cornelius "Con" Murphy, a crew boss with the railroad.

Geography
Murphy is located at , at an elevation of  above sea level; it is  south of Nampa.

Airstrip
Murphy's airstrip is located northeast of the town. It does not have a control tower. Its paved runway is  long.

References

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Owyhee County Historical Society - Museum & Library - Murphy, Idaho
Untraveled Road.com - photo tour - Murphy, Idaho - 2008-06-13
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Carolyn D. "C. D." Wright (January 6, 1949 – January 12, 2016) was an American poet. Se was born in Mountain Home, Arkansas. In 1977 the publishing company founded by Frank Stanford, Lost Roads, published Wright's first collection, Room Rented by A Single Woman. In 1983 she moved to Providence, Rhode Island to teach writing at Brown University as the Israel J. Kapstein Professor of English. In 2013, Wright was elected a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets. 

Wright died on January 12, 2016 from cancer in Barrington, Rhode Island at the age of 67.

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Griffin Poetry Prize biography
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Profile at The Whiting Foundation
.mp3 recording of Wright reading from "One Big Self" during the Key West Literary Seminar, 2003
C. D. Wright--The Academy of American Poets 

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