Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Some people think that the Doctor's name is not actually "Doctor Who", but other people think there is no mistake. The character was named Doctor Who in the titles until the Fifth Doctor, and after the 2005 restart the Ninth Doctor, played by Christopher Eccleston, is called Doctor Who in the titles too. The Second Doctor once signed a letter as "Dr W.".

History 
Doctor Who was first shown in 1963, with William Hartnell as the Doctor. When Hartnell left the show in 1966, the writers came up with the idea that the Doctor would regenerate (at the time called renewal) and transform into the Second Doctor, who was played by Patrick Troughton. In 1970, when Jon Pertwee took over as the Third Doctor, the series switched from black-and-white to colour.
Before 1978, the BBC would sometimes throw away or wipe episodes they did not need. This was because they did not usually show episodes on television more than once, and they needed to reuse video tape to record new broadcasts. Some of the episodes that were thrown away have been found since then, but 97 of the 851 episodes are still missing. However, audio recordings of all missing episodes exist, and some of these have been released on home video with animations.

Seven actors played the Doctor from 1963 until 1989, when the series stopped production. In 1996, the BBC teamed with Fox Broadcasting Company and Universal Pictures to create a film version, in which Paul McGann played the Eighth Doctor. It was hoped that the film would lead to a new series, but this did not happen.
Instead, the series started again in 2005, with Christopher Eccleston as the Ninth Doctor. He was replaced by David Tennant at the end of the series. The latest actor to play the Doctor is Jodie Whittaker, who joined the show in the 2017 Christmas episode. In May 2022, it was announced that Ncuti Gatwa will play the Doctor from 2023.

In the Guinness World Records, Doctor Who is listed as the longest running science fiction television series in the world. In 2013, it celebrated its 50th birthday with a special episode. It will celebrate its 60th birthday in late 2023.

The Doctor 

The Doctor is the central character of Doctor Who. They are an alien, a Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey. The Doctor often takes other people with them, who are usually called "companions", "assistants" or "friends" (or, due to a misunderstanding, "partners"). They are most often human. 

The current companion is Ruby Sunday
As a Gallifreyan, the Doctor looks human on the surface. However, there are differences. For example, they have two hearts. Also, if badly injured or dying, they can regenerate. During the regeneration, their body heals and renews itself. Then, they take on a different appearance and personality. They are the same person (sort of) with the same memories and knowledge. But, they look different and has a new personality. Because of this, the Doctor can be played by different actors. And in over fifty years, this is why the character has not actually "changed".

Incarnations and actors of the Doctor
Up until now, the Doctor has regenerated fourteen times, and each "incarnation" was played by a different actor (except for the Tenth Doctor, who used up two regenerations by channeling excess regeneration energy after healing to his old hand that had been chopped of in The Christmas Invasion). (Numbers refer to incarnations that used up regenerations).
First Doctor - William Hartnell (1963–1966)
Second Doctor - Patrick Troughton (1966–1969)
Third Doctor - Jon Pertwee (1970–1974)
Fourth Doctor - Tom Baker (1974–1981)
Fifth Doctor - Peter Davison (1981–1984)
Sixth Doctor - Colin Baker (1984–1986)
Seventh Doctor - Sylvester McCoy (1987–1989, 1996)
Eighth Doctor - Paul McGann (1996)
War Doctor - John Hurt (2013)
Ninth Doctor - Christopher Eccleston (2005)
Tenth Doctor - David Tennant (2005–2010) (Regenerated in 2008)
Tenth Doctor - David Tennant (2005–2010) (Regenerated in 2010)
Eleventh Doctor - Matt Smith (2010–2013)
Twelfth Doctor - Peter Capaldi (2013–2017)
Thirteenth Doctor - Jodie Whittaker (2017-2022)
Fourteenth Doctor - David Tennant (2022-2023)
Fifthteenth Doctor - Ncuti Gatwa (2023–)
The Doctor has been played by other actors in other media: theatre plays, parodies, etc. These are not officially part of the Doctor Who story.

The movies Dr. Who & the Daleks and Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D. star Peter Cushing as a human scientist named Doctor Who. Shortly after it was announced that the series would return from its nineties hiatus, Richard E. Grant voiced The Doctor in an animated serial. The BBC issued press releases identifying Grant as the "ninth Doctor" but this was later disregarded by the revived BBC television series.

Sometimes different incarnations of the Doctor meet each other. Usually episodes with several Doctors are made when the program celebrates an anniversary.  In 1973, when the show was 10 years old, the episode "The Three Doctors" was shown. It had the first three Doctors.
In 1983, there was the 20th anniversary special. "The Five Doctors". Patrick Troughton, John Pertwee, Peter Davison and Richard Hurndall (replacing William Hartnell) played The Doctor. Tom Baker refused to play in it, so they used the old footage of the incomplete "Shada" episode to show him.

In 1985, there was the episode "The Two Doctors", with the Second and the Sixth Doctors.

The fifth Doctor met the tenth incarnation in mini-episode named "Time Crash". It was aired in 2007.

The Tenth, Eleventh, and War Doctors met each other in the 50th anniversary special on November 23, 2013. That was the first time the War Doctor was seen. That special had short appearances by all the other Doctors with the use of old, recycled footage. It also had a mysterious version of the Doctor from the far off future played by Tom Baker. The Eighth Doctor also made a return in 2013 for a 50th anniversary special mini-episode.

On August 4, 2013, Peter Capaldi was revealed as the actor who would play the Twelfth Doctor.
The 12th doctor Peter Capaldi met the 1st doctor just before each doctor's regeneration in the last episode of Capaldi's series.

On July 16, 2017, it was revealed that Jodie Whittaker would replace Capaldi as the Doctor. She is the first female Doctor.

In the 2020 episode "Fugitive of the Judoon", Jo Martin was introduced in a surprise twist as the Fugitive Doctor. She is the first black actor to play the Doctor. It is suggested that the Fugitive Doctor is from the Thirteenth Doctor's past.
Another episode from the same year, "The Timeless Children", revealed that there were many incarnations of the Doctor before William Hartnell. The Thirteenth Doctor had forgotten them because the Time Lords had erased her memory. Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times said, although he preferred the idea of Hartnell being the first incarnation, he could accept numerous incarnations prior, but felt the timeless child origin did "not make for involving television", and expressed various criticisms of the episode, even attacking its cliffhanger ending, calling it overall an "awful, boring mess" and concluded that the show "deserves – and indeed needs – a lengthy rest".=Doctor Who The Timeless Children review: the much-vaunted finale is an overblown gush of nonsense/ Andrew Cartmel, a former Doctor Who script editor during the 1980s, commented negatively on Chibnall’s writing, believing the episode "depletes the mystery" of Doctor Who, stating "there’s a lot of detail in specifics, which is the last thing you want
. Number one: it depletes the mystery, and number two: that was the chief failing of the Moffat era".=ANDREW CARTMEL THINKS TIMELESS CHILD "DEPLETES THE MYSTERY" OF DOCTOR WHO|
Caroline Siede of The A.V. Club praised Sacha Dhawan’s performance as the Master, but felt “The Timeless Children” still left "the biggest questions unanswered". She criticised Whittaker's Doctor for being "a passive character", finding it hard to connect to the Doctor's reaction. Siede also comments negatively on the "exposition-heavy pep talk", as well as the Doctor's escape. She cites the episode's conclusion "doesn’t feel earned on either a character level or a plot one", criticizing the last-minute reveal that Ko Sharmus was part of the group that sent the Cyberium back in time and attacks the episode "undercuts the big heroic moment where the Doctor decides not to lower herself to the Master’s level of violence by having her happily accept that same amount of carnage so long as Ko Sharmus is the one pulling the trigger. Doctor Who has never been super consistent about the Doctor’s willingness to resort to violence, but the morality whiplash here is pretty unforgivable
." She also found it hard to connect to Graham reassuring Yaz, citing that she had no character development. Like Mulkern, she also comments negatively on the cliffhanger ending, and concluded, “The Timeless Children” "raises far more questions than answers". Devan Coggan of Entertainment Weekly thought it "a bold reveal" that the Doctor lived countless lives long before William Hartnell’s Doctor, though she had misgivings about Whittaker turning out "not to be the first female Doctor at all". She praised Whittaker and Dhawan's performances and also commented on the Cybermen decked out in Timelord capes and regalia as "rather silly", as well as "few other characters and plot points get lost in all the big revelations, and the companions largely take a backseat to the Doctor’s journey
." Conversely, Michael Hogan offered a positive review for The Daily Telegraph, criticising Whittaker's performance, feeling her shocked reaction to the revelation she was the timeless child "was doubtless replicated on sofas nationwide. This was the sort of “timey-wimey, wibbly-wobbly” narrative tricksiness for which previous showrunner Steven Moffat was often criticised", but praising the writing for Graham, Ryan and Yaz. John Hussey of Cult Fix praised the episode, stating "admirable in ways, is, unfortunately, a disappointing capper to an improved series. It’s a shame that promising elements are buried in convoluted, overblown plotting, that doesn’t work as a layered thematic ending of itself. It threatens at times to be a poetic, bold dive or rumination on the show’s mythic nature, and while well-produced it lacks the courage or clarity to properly articulate an emotional story for the characters beyond ultimately not-that-shocking or devastating revelations
. Believe me, I love messy ambition- I just wish it left me feeling what it wanted me to.." He further went on to criticise the Doctor's passiveness. The Guardian gave the drama four stars, deeming it a " finale takes audacious flights, rewriting Doctor Who lore to extravagant degrees, creating an alternative backstory for the creation of Gallifrey and a completely new backstory for the Doctor, that reveals her as the fabled Timeless Child: not the last of the Timelords, but the first."
Within the fan community, the episode received a negative reaction to the origin. Several fan websites expressed their concerns about the changes that "The Timeless Children" introduced into the canon and folklore of the series. Thus, within the fanbase itself, the critical reception was largely negative, with many fans voicing their concerns. The episode was criticised by critics and fans. In response to complaint emails sent to the BBC, viewers were told the scene "Doctor Who is a beloved long-running series and we understand that some people will feel attached to a particular idea they have of the Doctor, or that they enjoy certain aspects of the programme more than others. Opinions are strong and this is indicative of the imaginative hold that Doctor Who has – that so many people engage with it on so many different levels. We wholeheartedly support the creative freedom of the writers and we feel that creating an origin story is a staple of science fiction writing
. What was written does not alter the flow of stories from William Hartnell’s brilliant Doctor onwards – it just adds new layers and possibilities to this ongoing saga. We have also received many positive reactions to the episode’s cliff-hanger. There are still a lot of questions to be answered, and we hope that you will come back to join us and see what happens, but we appreciate that it’s impossible to please all of our viewers all of the time and your feedback has been raised with the programme’s Executive Producer."
In contrast, former showrunner Steven Moffat praised the episode, and defended the recton. Chibnall later said he knew that the recton would be divisive, but still went ahead stating, "I knew from the start. And it was part of what I talked to Charlotte [Moore] and Piers [Wenger] about, just opening up the mythology to more stories. The purpose was to bring narrative opportunity and to be able to go to places that were shut off before now. That’s the big thing really."

TARDIS 

The TARDIS (Time And Relative Dimension In Space) is the Doctor's time machine. It can travel to any point in time and space, but the Doctor can never fully control it. The Doctor explains that TARDISes are not built, but they are grown like plants. The TARDIS is alive and has a mind of its own. In the episode The Doctor's Wife when the Doctor is able to communicate directly with its mind, the TARDIS explains that it did not always take him where he wanted to go but that "I always took you where you needed to go."
The TARDIS is bigger on the inside than the outside, which is commented on by almost everyone who enters. On the inside, the TARDIS looks like a giant spaceship, but on the outside it looks like a police telephone box. These telephone boxes were still a common sight in many British cities when the series first began in 1963, but after the walkie-talkie was invented they were no longer needed. They were used by the police as workstations - and people could also use them to call the police.

The Doctor stole the TARDIS from a Time Lord museum when he began his travels. It was described as being a rather old "Type 40" model, whereas the best version is the "Type 70" used by the upper class Time Lords. The TARDIS has a device called the chameleon circuit which is supposed to change its shape on the outside to allow it to disguise it. In the very first story, this device stopped working and left the TARDIS stuck in the shape of a police box.
The farthest the Doctor has ever travelled in the TARDIS is to the Big Bang (the beginning of the Universe) and 100 trillion years into the future (the end of the Universe) (in the episode "Utopia"). The inside of the TARDIS is much bigger than its outside (it is "dimensionally transcendental"). It has a lot of different rooms. The most important of which is the "console room" where the Doctor pilots the TARDIS.

Companions
Companions 

The Doctor usually takes other people with them, who are usually called "companions" or "assistants". The Doctor and their companions travel through space and time, have a lot of adventures, and often save many people. The character of the companion was there so that the people watching the series could identify and feel close to a character. The companions were often present-time humans, so people could feel close to them, and they knew as much as the viewers. Because of this, the Doctor could explain things to their companions, and at the same time to the viewers. Almost all the Doctor's companions have been human, or human-looking aliens. Two companions were robots.

Species

The forces for evil 
Overview: The BBC's link to a visual summary of Dr Who's opponents:

The Master
The Master is a renegade Time Lord. He is the Doctor's nemesis. He was conceived as "Professor Moriarty to the Doctor's Sherlock Holmes". The character first appeared in 1971, played by Roger Delgado. He continued in the role until his death in 1973.  The Master was briefly played by Peter Pratt and Geoffrey Beevers until Anthony Ainley took over. He continued to play the character until Doctor Who's "hiatus" in 1989. The Master returned in the 1996 television movie of Doctor Who, played by Gordon Tipple in the ultimately unused pre-credits voiceover, then Eric Roberts. The Master was in the three-part finale of the 2007 series, portrayed by Derek Jacobi. He regenerated into John Simm at the end of the episode "Utopia". Simm next appeared in the last (and two-part) episode of the Tenth Doctor in 2009/2010. He then regenerated off-screen into a Time Lady (Michelle Gomez), who returned for the Twelfth Doctor's first series in 2014. In Whittaker's run, the Master returned as Sacha Dhawan in 2020 and 2022
Daleks 

The Daleks are one of the most powerful races in the Doctor Who history. They are the Doctor's worst enemies. They are alien mutants that live inside metal machines that look like pepper pots. Each Dalek casing has an eyesalk, a gunstick and a sucker arm that looks like a plunger. Daleks believe that they should conquer the universe and "exterminate" all other lifeforms that they believe are lesser than them. They can not be easily hurt by guns because their casing reflects or destroys the bullets. They were created on the planet Skaro by an evil scientist named Davros.

The Daleks first appeared in the very first season of Doctor Who, in a serial called "The Daleks" shown between 1963 and 1964. They most recently appeared in the episode "Revolution of the Daleks" in 2021.

Cybermen
Cybermen 

Cybermen are another enemy of the Doctor. They are one of their worst enemies. In the original series, they come from the planet Mondas. In the new series, some of them come from a parallel universe. Cybermen travel across the universe taking people and turning them into machines. They stomp around saying "DELETE!". They kill by electrocution. They are partially vulnerable to the metal gold, and can be killed by gold bullets. They change their look over time, but stay recognizable by "handlebars" on their heads, and tear drops in their eyes.

The Doctor has faced them many times. The first was in "The Tenth Planet" (William Hartnell's last episode). A more recent episode was "World Enough and Time/The Doctor Falls" (the last two episodes of Peter Capaldi's last season).
Sontarans 
The Sontarans are a group of aliens, bred in clone batches, that believe in war over anything else. They must face their enemy in combat because of their weak spot on the back of their neck, the probic vent. They have been said to look like baked potatoes.

The Doctor first met them in The Time Warrior (Jon Pertwee).  They have been on the show and its spinoffs repeatedly.

Earth reptiles 
The Sea Devils and the Silurians lived in the time of the dinosaurs until the catastrophe of the Moon's approach drove them into hibernation. They slept longer than planned and emerged late in the 20th century. The human scientist who discovered the Silurians estimated their era incorrectly. A later Doctor Who story said that they should have been classified as the Eocenes. A second species of hibernating Earth reptiles lived primarily underwater. They were labeled "sea devils" by a frightened, superstitious construction worker who encountered them.
Ice Warriors 
The Ice Warriors are a species of war-like alien who come from the planet Mars. They are human-like green reptiles who can only live in cold climates. The Doctor had to stop them from invading the planet Earth when their home planet became too hot for them to live in. However, they later became a more peaceful species when they joined a group of planets called the Galactic Federation. Other planets in the Federation include Earth and Peladon.

Weeping Angels 
The Weeping Angels are creatures who have existed since the beginning of the universe. Most of them look like stone statues of angels. They can send people back in time by touching them, which they use to feed off energy. They cannot move if someone is looking at them, unless that person looks away or blinks. Anything that looks like an angel can become a Weeping Angel, such as video footage of a Weeping Angel or even the Statue of Liberty.

The forces for good
Time Lords 
The Time Lords are the alien race which the Doctor belongs to. They have two hearts. They can avoid dying by regeneration (transforming their bodies). The Time Lords were in some episodes in the classic series. Sometimes they were allies of the Doctor (at one point he became their president). Other times they were enemies. The Time Lords came from the planet Gallifrey.

Time Lords have the power to travel in time, but they choose not to use it to change the history of other planets. The Doctor disagrees with this, because they want to use time travel to fight on the side of good against evil. However, sometimes the Time Lords give the Doctor missions to change history for them. For example, in "Genesis of the Daleks" the Time Lords send the Doctor back in time to stop Davros from creating the Daleks.
Some Time Lords choose to break the rules of Time Lord society and become renegades. The Doctor and the Master are both renegade Time Lords. Other renegade Time Lords include the Meddling Monk and the Rani.

When the series returned in 2005, the Time Lords had disappeared in the "Time War". This was a very big war with the Daleks. The Doctor explained that he stopped the war by destroying Gallifrey, killing all of the Time Lords and Daleks. He believed he was the last of the Time Lords, until he discovered that the Master had also survived. Jenny, who was created artificially in The Doctor's Daughter, is not a true Time Lord. For many years, the Doctor felt sorry for destroying Gallifrey. In the 2013 episode The Day of the Doctor, the Doctor learns that he did not actually destroy his planet, but that he had moved it to another universe.
In the 2020 episode "The Timeless Children", the Doctor learns that she was not originally a Time Lord. Instead she came from another reality, and was adopted by someone from Gallifrey named Tecteun. Tecteun did experiments on the Doctor to take her power to regenerate and transplant it in other Gallifreyans. This is how the Time Lord race was created.

Regeneration 
As of 2024, the Doctor has been played by fifteen actors. They are William Hartnell, Patrick Troughton, John Pertwee, Tom Baker, Peter Davison, Colin Baker, Sylvester McCoy, Paul McGann, John Hurt, Christopher Eccleston, David Tennant, Matt Smith, Peter Capaldi, Jodie Whittaker and Ncuti Gatwa.
When Time Lords are dying, they "regenerate." This causes a Time Lord's body to completely change, healing itself at the same time. Each time this happens, Time Lords have a different appearance and a different personality. Even with such big changes, Time Lords do not become different people, and will keep their memories each time they "regenerate." This periodic change makes them live a very long time.

A Time Lord is believed to only be able to regenerate 12 times. This means that Time Lords can have a total of 13 different incarnations. This line became stuck in the public consciousness despite not often being repeated, and was recognised by producers of the show as a plot obstacle for when the show finally had to regenerate the Doctor a thirteenth time. The episode "The Time of the Doctor" depicted the Doctor acquiring a new cycle of regenerations, starting from the Twelfth Doctor, due to the Eleventh Doctor being the product of the Doctor's twelfth regeneration from his original set.
A criminal incarnation of the Doctor was somehow spawned between his 12th and final lives - the 'Valeyard'. It tried to sacrifice the sixth Doctor so that he could obtain more "regenerations," allowing himself to live even longer.

The Master was already in his 13th life when he was introduced to the series. His 14th and 15th (and possibly later) incarnations were obtained by taking over the bodies of innocent victims. When the character returned to the show in 2007, the Master was in his 16th (or later) incarnation. Soon, he regenerates into his (~)17th incarnation. Later, he explains that the Time Lords resurrected him to be a great soldier when the Time Lords were fighting the Daleks in the Time War. It is likely that, having been resurrected, he had 12 more regenerations available to him.
A Time Lord can choose not to regenerate. It appears that the process happens all on its own when a Time Lord is dying. But, it can be stopped if the Time Lord does not want to regenerate. This was seen when the (~)17th incarnation of the Master chose to die from a gunshot wound instead of living on as a prisoner in the Doctor's TARDIS.

A Time Lord's body makes a huge amount of energy when regenerating. There is so much of this "regeneration energy" that a Time Lord can regrow a body part that gets removed, as long as it happens soon enough after regenerating. When the Doctor regenerated into his 10th incarnation, his hand was cut off in a sword fight. Because it had been less than 15 hours since he had regenerated into this incarnation, he was able to quickly grow a new hand.
Theme Tune
Just like any other TV program, Doctor Who has a theme tune that is well known. The theme tune has had many people composed and re-arranged the theme with people like Dick Mills, Delia Derbyshire, Peter Howell, Dominic Glynn, Keff Mcculloch, John Debney, Murray Gold and Segun Akinola who is the current composer for the current series. With current audio technology, several special 5.1 audios have been released which allows audio experts to isolate and reconstruct the theme.

Related pages

Torchwood
The Sarah Jane Adventures

References

Other websites 

 The Official Website
1963 establishments in the United Kingdom
1963 television series debuts
1960s British television series
1970s British television series
1980s British television series
2000s British television series
2000s science fiction television series
2010s British television series
2010s science fiction television series
BBC Television programmes
British science fiction television series
 
Time travel television series
English-language television programs
A concentration camp (or internment camp) is a place where a government forces people to live without trial.  Usually, those people belong to groups the government does not like. The term means to confine (keep in a secure manner) "enemy citizens in wartime or terrorism suspects".

Some governments put people in concentration camps because they belong to a certain religion, race, or ethnic group.

Usually, people are sent to concentration camps without having had a trial or being found guilty of a crime.

Sometimes, governments send people to concentration camps to do forced labor or to be killed.  For example,  concentration camps were run by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II.  The Nazis used concentration camps to kill millions of people in The Holocaust and force many others to work as slaves.  However, many other countries have used concentration camps during wars or times of trouble.

Camps in the 1800s

Native American "reservations"
The first modern concentration camps in the United States were created in 1838.  Around this time, the United States was getting bigger.  However, Native Americans lived in the lands that the United States wanted to take over.

In 1830, the United States Congress and President Andrew Jackson had passed a law called the Indian Removal Act.  This law said that all Native Americans had to leave the United States and move to "Indian Territory," west of the Mississippi River.  However, many Cherokee people would not leave their lands.  In May 1838, the United States government decided to force the Cherokee to leave the United States.
First, soldiers forced about 17,000 Cherokee people, and 2,000 of their African-American slaves, into concentration camps, where they had to live during the summer of 1838.  353 Cherokee people died in the camps from dysentery and other diseases.  Finally, the Cherokee were forced to travel to the area that is now Oklahoma.  (At the time, Oklahoma was not in the United States.)  The government also forced other Native American tribes to leave their lands and move west.
Soon, many people from the United States started to move west.  Now the United States was moving into Native American lands again.  Starting around the 1860s, many Native American tribes fought back.  These fights are now called the Indian Wars.  The United States government reacted by forcing Native Americans to leave their lands again and move into concentration camps.  The government called these camps "Indian reservations."  (They were called "reservations" because some land had been put aside, or "reserved," for the Native Americans.)  However, Native Americans were not allowed to leave their reservations.  On some reservations, many people, especially children, died from hunger and sickness.

American Civil War camps
During the American Civil War in the 1860s, soldiers who had been captured were sometimes put in camps.  These camps were meant to be prisoner of war (POW) camps, with good conditions.  However, as the war went on, both the Union and the Confederacy captured more enemy soldiers.  The camps became very crowded, with terrible conditions.  There was not enough food, and many men died from hunger.  Also, there was also very little sanitation, which made it easy for diseases to spread.  Many prisoners died from these diseases.

The deadliest prisoner of war camp during the Civil War was Andersonville prison.  Andersonville was run by the Confederate States Army.  At Andersonville, about one quarter of the prisoners died.
Conditions at the Union's prisoner of war camps were also very bad.  At four different Union camps, at least 15% of the prisoners in the camps died.  At a camp called Fort Pulaski, Union soldiers starved 600 Confederate prisoners of war on purpose.  46 of them died.  The Union soldiers did this to get revenge for how Union prisoners were treated at Andersonville Prison.

By the end of the Civil War, about 30,000 Union soldiers, and about 26,000 Confederate soldiers, had died in prisoner of war camps.

Spain 
In the late 1800s, Cuba was a colony of the Spanish Empire.  This meant Spain controlled Cuba.  When Cuban people tried to rebel and fight for independence from 1895 to 1898, Spain created concentration camps and sent many Cuban people to live in them.  This was called the "Reconcentrado" ("Reconcentration") Policy.
The people fighting for Cuban independence were guerrilla fighters.  They did not wear military uniforms and could hide themselves in groups of civilians.  They could also camp and hunt, without needing help from anybody to survive.  To keep the guerrilla fighters from being able to do these things, the Spanish government decided to put Cuban people in concentration camps.  The idea was that in the camps, Cuban people could be 'protected' by the Spanish Army until the Spanish Empire won the war.  However, this idea did not work.  At least 30% of the Cuban people in the camps died from hunger, disease, bad sanitation, and not having medicines.  Also, the concentration camps did not help the Spanish win the war.

Camps in the early 1900s
The British Empire 
Between 1900 and 1902, the British Empire, led by Lord Kitchener, used concentration camps.  At the time, they were fighting the Boer people in the Second Boer War in South Africa. At first, the British were not able to beat the Boers.  They reacted by putting the Boer fighters' family members into concentration camps.  They did this so these family members could not give food or help to the Boer fighters.  The British soldiers also burned down the Boers' houses and farms, and destroyed all the crops they could find.  They did this so the Boer fighters would not be able to find food or shelter anywhere.

Russia & the Soviet Union 

Russia used prison camps, especially in places in the Arctic or Siberia, a long way from the main cities.  The first prison camp in Russia was built in 1918.  However, after the Soviet Union was formed in the 1922, the Soviet government started sending many more people to labor camps.  By 1936, there were 5,000,000 inmates in these camps.
These camps are called zone in Russian.  They are also commonly called "gulags". GULAG is an acronym for the Russian words "Main Camp Administration" (ru: Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения; Glavnoe upravlenye lagerey i mest zaklyucheniya).  This was the government agency that was in charge of the prison camps while Josef Stalin led the Soviet Union.  However, people who do not speak Russian often use the word "gulag" to talk about any forced labor camp in Russia or the Soviet Union.
People sent to the gulags included:
 People who attempted to overthrow the Soviet government
 Anti-Communists
 People who practiced certain religions publicly
 People from ethnic groups that the government thought were not loyal to the Soviet Union (was used sparingly, mainly during WW2)
 Members of the Communist Party and the Red Army that were alleged to have attempted to overthrow the Soviet government
 People who the government thought were traitors (for example Anna Larina)
 Criminals
 People who the government saw as enemies or threats
 People who were falsely accused of crimes

Camps during World War II

Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany 

During World War II, Nazi Germany created many concentration camps, labor camps, and extermination camps (death camps).  Nazi Germany's leader, Adolf Hitler, thought that certain groups of people were inferior (not as good as others).  He even thought there were groups of people who did not deserve to live - he called them "life unworthy of life."  These three groups were Jews, Roma people, and people with disabilities.  Hitler wanted his Nazis to kill every Jew, Roma, and disabled person in Europe.

Hitler also wanted to get rid of other groups he did not like, including people who he thought might challenge or fight the Nazi government.  These people included socialists, communists, people of certain religions, and members of resistance movements (groups who tried to fight the Nazis any way they could).
The Nazis sent many of these people to concentration camps to work as slave labor.  After a few years, some camps were set up just to kill people. These are now called "extermination camps" or "death camps."  At these camps, people were killed in gas chambers, shot, worked to death, and marched to death.  Many people also died from disease and starvation in the camps.

More than half of the Jewish people who died in the Holocaust died at Nazi concentration camps.  Just in the Auschwitz camps, at least 1.1 million people died (about 1,000,000 Jews and about 75,000 non-Jewish people, like Poles).  Towards the end of World War II, the Nazis killed up to 20,000 people a day in the camps' gas chambers.
Independent State of Croatia 
With Nazi Germany's support, the Ustaše government of the new Independent State of Croatia (ISC) created concentration camps and extermination camps.  Mainly, the camps were for Serbs.  The ISC hated Serbs and thought of them as the ISC's biggest enemy.  However, the Ustaše also helped the Nazis with the "Final Solution" by killing many Jews in these camps.  Other people the Ustaše forced into the camps included Roma, Croats, Yugoslavians who had fought against the ISC, and people who broke rules and laws set by the ISC.

Japanese-American internment camps 

During World War II, the United States forced over 110,000 Japanese-Americans into internment camps.
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.  In February 1942, the United States government ordered that nobody with Japanese ancestry could live on the West Coast.  The government, led by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, thought that Japanese-American people might be spies for Japan, or might try to hurt the United States.

About 80% of the Japanese-American people who lived in the continental United States were forced to leave their homes and live in internment camps.  More than three out of every five of these people were born in the United States, and were United States citizens.  About half of the people sent to the camps were children.

After Canada declared war on Japan, it also forced people with Japanese ancestry into internment camps.
In the 1980s, the United States government admitted that Japanese-Americans were not a danger to the country during World War II.  In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed a law that apologized for the internment camps.  The law said "there was no ... reason for the internment ... [and] the internment was caused by racial prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of [government] leadership[.]"

Italy 
During World War II, Italy's fascist government (led by Benito Mussolini) was Nazi Germany's ally.  Italy had taken over Yugoslavia, Greece, and the southeast part of France.  The Nazis told Italy to put Jews from these areas in concentration camps and then send them to the Nazis' death camps.  However, Italy refused.  The Italian military and police would not help kill or deport Jews.
However, in 1943, after Mussolini had lost power, Nazi Germany took over northern and central Italy.  They also put Mussolini back in power.  The Nazis created concentration camps to hold Italian Jews and other prisoners until they could be sent to death camps.  In one of these concentration camps, called La Risiera di San Sabba, the Nazis tortured and murdered about 5,000 people.  Many of these people were "political prisoners" - people who disagreed with the government.

Norway
The number of Nazi German occupation government's prison camps, were "around 500" or 709 including some death camps.

Soviet Union 
When Josef Stalin and the Soviet Union invaded Poland at the start of World War II, the Red Army deported at least 1.5 million Poles at gunpoint.  They were forced to get into cattle wagons (train cars), which took them to Siberia.  Whole families were deported to concentration camps, including children and the elderly.
During the war, the Soviet Union also used gulags to hold prisoners of war from Nazi Germany and its allies.

Camps in the late 1900s
Latin America
During the 1970s and 1980s, many military dictatorships in Latin America set up concentration camps to imprison, torture, and kill their political opponents (people who disagreed with them).  For example:
 Argentina created more than 300 concentration camps during the Dirty War.  Jorge Rafael Videla was the dictator of Argentina for most of this time.
 Chile, led by Augusto Pinochet, created 17 concentration camps.  They used these camps to torture prisoners.  After being tortured, many prisoners "disappeared."  This meant the military killed them, and their bodies were never found.  While Pinochet was in power, 28,000 people were tortured; 2,279 people were executed; and 1,248 people "disappeared."
Cuba, led by Fidel Castro, used concentration camps from 1965 to 1968.  These were forced labor camps for people who Castro thought were bad for Cuba.  Castro's government thought they could "re-educate" these people (change their thinking and behavior) by making them work.  People who were sent to the camps included homosexuals, people without homes or jobs, Jehovah's Witnesses, other religious missionaries, and people who disagreed with the communist government.
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union kept using forced labour camps after World War II.  In fact, the people they sent to the gulags after the war included Soviet soldiers and civilians who had been taken prisoner by the Nazis, or used as slave workers in Nazi Germany.
In 1973, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, a Russian writer, wrote The Gulag Archipelago about his experiences in a Soviet work camp.

Yugoslav Wars
In the 1990s there were several concentration camps during the Yugoslav Wars.

Camps in the 2000s

United States 

Since January 2002, the United States has run the Guantánamo Bay prison camp.  Some people have called Guantánamo a concentration camp or a gulag.  These people have included Fidel Castro, the leader of Amnesty International, and other activist groups like CounterPunch.
Australia 
The Pacific Solution is the name given to the Australian government policy of transporting asylum seekers to detention centres on island nations in the Pacific Ocean, rather than allowing them to land on the Australian mainland.

Gaza 
Often said to be "the world's largest blockade", the Gaza Strip has been blockaded since 2007 by Israel and Egypt, preventing weapons from being smuggling in, while supplying  basic goods like spices, candles, fishing equipment, baby chicks, and even cement. Israel's military has been active in the region to ensure Israel's safety.

Photo gallery

References

 
Genocide
War crimes
Ribosomes are important cell organelles. They are machines: tiny molecular robots which make proteins. They do RNA translation, building proteins from amino acids using messenger RNA as a template. Ribosomes are found in all living cells, prokaryotes as well as eukaryotes.

A ribosome is a mixture of protein and RNA that starts being made in the nucleolus of a cell. The nucleolus is in the  nucleus. The nucleus is protected by the nuclear envelope, and lets things out through the nuclear pores. Ribosomes move from the nucleolus into the cytoplasm. Most ribosomes sit on the endoplasmic reticulum, but are also found throughout the cytoplasm.

The job of the ribosome is to make new proteins. It does this by moving along a strand of messenger RNA and building a protein based on the code it reads. Making a protein this way is called translation.
We need up to 10 million robots (ribosomes) in every cell. To get this number, cells have many copies of rRNA genes. We inherit about 400 rRNA genes across five different chromosomes.

Structure 

Ribosomes are made out of two things: a small ribosomal subunit that reads the mRNA, while the large subunit joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of proteins.

Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (40S) and large (60S) subunit. Their small subunit has a 16S RNA sub-unit (consisting of 1540 nucleotides) bound to 21 proteins. The large subunit has a 5S RNA (120 nucleotides), a 28S RNA (4700 nucleotides), a 5.8S RNA (160 nucleotides) subunits and 46 proteins.

Types of ribosome 
Ribosomes evolved as cells evolved. Prokaryote (bacterial) ribosomes have just a single RNA chain. Archaeal ribosomes are similar.
Only Eukaryotic ribosomes have the full gear, which is a total 80S ribosome with a small 40S unit plus a large 60S subunit.

References 

Organelles
William Henry Hartnell (8 January 1908 – 23 April 1975) was an English actor. He best known for playing the First Doctor on Doctor Who from 1963 to 1966.

Biography 
He was born in St Pancras, London. In 1932, he was in a movie called Say It With Music. He was in more than sixty movies. He usually played funny characters until 1944, when he was a sergeant in a movie called The Way Ahead. After that, he played a lot of policemen and soldiers. He was the main character in a movie called Carry on Sergeant in 1958. From 1957 to 1961, he appeared on a television show called The Army Game and in 1963, gave up movies and became the first Doctor in Doctor Who. Doctor Who was a new television show.

Hartnell was in Doctor Who for three years. In 1966, he got sick. He forgot some of his lines, and argued with the people who made the show. Then he left Doctor Who. Patrick Troughton became the new Doctor.
Hartnell's health got worse and in December 1974, he went to hospital. On 23 April 1975, he died in his sleep at the age of 67.

According to some of his colleagues on Doctor Who, he could be a difficult person to work with. Others, though, such as actors Peter Purves and William Russell, and producer Verity Lambert, spoke glowingly of him after more than 40 years. Carole Ann Ford, who played the Doctor's granddaughter Susan, has said she and Hartnell "got on terribly well", saying "It upsets me when I hear people saying he was difficult to work with, he was very sweet" Hartnell also adored Verity Lambert, and had great respect for Waris Hussein. Hartnell also admired singer Paul Robeson. In his Desert Island Discs interview, Hartnell stated that Paul Robeson was his hero and described him as having a voice like crushed velvet.

References 

English movie actors
English television actors
Deaths from stroke
1908 births
1975 deaths
Patrick George Troughton (25 March 1920 – 28 March 1987) was a British actor. He played different sorts of characters and who was in a lot of movies. 

He is best known as the Second Doctor on Doctor Who from 1966 to 1969. He also appeared in Jason & the Argonauts (1963) and The Omen (1976). His grandson, Harry Melling plays Dudley Dursley in the Harry Potter series of movies.

1920 births
1987 deaths
Actors from Middlesex
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
John Devon Roland Pertwee (7 July 1919 – 20 May 1996), better known as Jon Pertwee, was an English actor. He is best known for playing the role of the Third Doctor on Doctor Who from 1970 to 1974 and also the title scarecrow in the television children's comedy series Worzel Gummidge. His son is actor Sean Pertwee.

He was a cousin of actor Bill Pertwee who played Chief Warden Hodges in the comedy Dad's Army.

References

Other websites
 
 Jon Pertwee Biography – British Film Institute
 Jon Pertwee's career including The Navy Lark at http://www.kastria.net 
 An Hour with Jon Pertwee  Jon Pertwee reminisces, including time serving on the [[HMS Hood (51)|Hood]] – streaming audio (No longer available)

1919 births
1996 deaths
Actors from London
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Doctor Who
English movie actors
English television actors
Thomas Stewart Baker (born 20 January 1934), who is known professionally by his credited stage name as Tom Baker, is an English character actor and writer. He is perhaps best known for his work by playing the Fourth Doctor in the long-running BBC science fiction television programme, Doctor Who.

Early life
Baker was born in Liverpool. His father was a sailor, and was Jewish. His mother was Roman Catholic. Baker was not very academic and struggled at school. He failed the eleven plus exam. Baker became a monk when he was 15. When he decided to change his life, he first worked in the Royal Army Medical Corps, and then as a construction worker.  He took up acting first as a hobby, then professionally.
Career
His first big part was as Grigori Rasputin in the 1971 movie, Nicholas and Alexandra. Baker is best known for playing the Fourth Doctor in the long-running science fiction television series Doctor Who. He played this role from 1974 to 1981. When he got the job, he was working on a building site, because it was hard to find work as an actor.

He is famous for playing the Doctor longer than any other actor. His version of the character is probably the best remembered by many people. As he thought of himself as a role model for children, he would always pretend to be the Doctor in real life, and sign autographs for them. He did not like to see too much violence in Doctor Who. He once changed the script so the Doctor threatened a character with a jelly baby instead of a knife.

He was a narrator for the comedy sketch show Little Britain.
Baker has had many jobs as a voiceover artist.  He is very recognized for his voice. In a 2005 survey of British adults, Baker's voice was the fourth most recognisable after the Queen, Tony Blair and Margaret Thatcher.

Works

Movies

Television

Video games

Radio

References

Other websites

1934 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Actors from Liverpool
Adolf Hitler led Nazi Germany until it was defeated in World War II in the Battle of Berlin, when he killed himself in 1945. The Nazi Party was destroyed in the same year as its leaders ran away, were arrested, or killed themselves. Some were executed for war crimes by the Western and Soviet powers. Others survived, with some of them getting important jobs. However, their racial policies never again held power in Germany.

The Nazi government was formed under the idea that the "Aryan race" (pure white Germans) deserved to rule over all other races. This idea gained respect after the Great Depression made many important Germans poor and powerless. Hitler blamed the problems on Jews, communists, liberals, and many others. He made many Germans feel like they were innocent victims who had to take charge over Europe. The Nazis also tried to create an empire with colonies, and used their ally Italy's colonies in Africa as a model.