Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Movies
 Foolish Hearts (1936)
 Follow the Fleet (1936)
 The Farmer in the Dell (1936)
 Murder on a Bridle Path (1936)
 The Witness Chair (1936) (scenes deleted)
 Poor Little Rich Girl (1936)
 Back to Nature (1936)
 Sing, Baby, Sing (1936)
 Pigskin Parade (1936)
 Banjo on My Knee (1936)
 The Holy Terror (1937)
 Sing and Be Happy (1937)
 You Can't Have Everything (1937)
 Life Begins in College (1937)
 Ali Baba Goes to Town (1937)
 Sally, Irene and Mary (1938)
 Kentucky Moonshine (1938)
 Up the River (1938)
 Thanks for Everything (1938)
 Winner Take All (1939)
 Music in My Heart (1940)
 Ziegfeld Girl (1941)
 The Big Store (1941)
 Till the Clouds Roll By (1946)
 Casbah (1948)
 Hollywood Goes to Bat (1950) (short subject)
 Two Tickets to Broadway (1951)
 Clash by Night (1952) (Cameo)
 Here Come the Girls (1953)
 Easy to Love (1953)
 Deep in My Heart (1954)
 Hit the Deck (1955)
 Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956) (Cameo)
 Quincannon – Frontier Scout (1956)
 Let's Be Happy (1957)
 Dear Mr. Wonderful (1982)

References
References

Other websites

 Tony Martin bio on The Interlude Era  site
 Tony Martin bio on the Oldies.com site
 Tony Martin bio on the Feinstein's  site
 
 Photographs and literature
 1954 episode of his television series at the Internet Archive

1913 births
2012 deaths
Actors from San Francisco
American movie actors
Singers from California
Zachary Edward "Zack" Snyder (born March 1, 1966) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, and producer, best known for action/science fiction movies.

Career
After making his career debut with the 2004 remake Dawn of the Dead, he gained wide recognition with the 2007 box office hit 300, adapted from writer-artist Frank Miller's Dark Horse Comics miniseries of 300, and later went on to direct the 2009 superhero film Watchmen, an adaptation of the Watchmen a comic book of the same name. He is the co-founder of Cruel and Unusual Films, a production company he established in 2004, alongside his wife Deborah Snyder and producing partner Wesley Coller.

His first family film was the 2010 animated family adventure film Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole, based on the first three books of the series by Kathryn Lasky. He directed Sucker Punch.
In recent years, he directedMan of Steel, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Justice League. After Joss Whedon replaced him in Justice League, fans petitioned Warner Bros. to release Snyder's version of the movie. In May 2020, his version, titled Zack Snyder's Justice League, will be released in 2021.

Personal life
Snyder was born on March 1, 1966 in Green Bay, Wisconsin. He has been married to Deborah Snyder since 2004.

In March 2017, Snyder's daughter committed suicide, forcing Snyder to drop out from the Justice League production.

Movies

Music videos
 "Tomorrow" performed by Morrissey (1992)
 "World Class Fad" performed by Paul Westerberg (1993)
 "I Know" performed by Dionne Farris (1994)
 "Walk This World" performed by Heather Nova (1995)
 "Desolation Row" performed by My Chemical Romance (2009)

References

Other websites
Other websites

 

1966 births
Living people
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
Actors from Wisconsin
Writers from Wisconsin
Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Saturn Award winners
People from Green Bay, Wisconsin
Janine Turner (born Janine Loraine Gauntt; December 6, 1962) is an American movie and television actress. She starred in the television drama Northern Exposure (which started in 1990 and ended in 1995) and in the movies Steel Magnolias and Cliffhanger. She was born in Lincoln, Nebraska.

Filmography

Films

Television

Awards and nominations

Emmy Award
 1993: Nominated, "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series" – Northern Exposure

Golden Globe Award
 1992: Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Drama" – Northern Exposure
 1993: Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Drama" – Northern Exposure
 1994: Nominated, "Best Performance by an Actress in a TV-Series – Drama" – Northern Exposure
 1995: Turner Hosted 52nd Annual Golden Globe Awards

Screen Actors Guild Awards
 1995: Nominated, "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series" – Northern Exposure

Young Artist Award
 1983: Won, "Best Young Actress in the Daytime Series" – General Hospital
References

Other websites

 
 
 
 

Actors from Nebraska
American movie actors
American television actors
1962 births
Living people
People from Lincoln, Nebraska
Deborah Snyder (née Johnson) is an American producer of movies and television commercials. She is married to moviemaker Zack Snyder. She has often worked with him on movies such as Watchmen and 300.  She is the co-founder of the production company Cruel and Unusual Films.

Personal life
Snyder is currently married to moviemaker Zack Snyder.  They met in 1996. They married on September 25, 2004. The wedding was at St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in Manhattan, New York. They currently live in Pasadena, California.

Movies

References

Other websites
 
 Cruel and Unusual Films official website

1963 births
Living people
American movie producers
Diane Lane (born January 22, 1965) is an American movie actress.

Born and raised in New York City, New York. Lane made her career debut at the age of 13 in George Roy Hill's 1979 movie A Little Romance, starring opposite Sir Laurence Olivier. Soon after, she was featured on the cover of Time magazine. She has since appeared in several notable movie, including the 2002 movie Unfaithful, which earned her Academy Award, Golden Globes and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. She appeared in Zack Snyder's movie Man of Steel.

She played Hillary Rodham Clinton in the 2013 NBC four-hour miniseries Hillary.

Lane has been married to actor Josh Brolin since 2004. She filed for divorced in February 2013. She was previously married to actor Christopher Lambert from 1988 to 1994.

References

Other websites

1965 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Richard Hugh Lynch (February 12, 1940 – June 19, 2012) was an Irish-American actor best known for playing villains in movies and television. He often appeared in science fiction productions, including Battlestar Galactica (as Wolfe) and its sequel series Galactica 1980 (as Commander Xaviar). He also appeared in such shows as Starsky and Hutch, T. J. Hooker, The A-Team, Charmed and Star Trek: The Next Generation.

Early life
Richard Lynch was born on February 12, 1940 in Brooklyn, New York City to Irish Catholic parents. His younger brother is actor Barry Lynch. Lynch served in the United States Marine Corps.Lynch was trained at The Actors Studio and at the HB Studios.
Career
In while acting, Lynch was also a musician and played the saxophone, guitar, piano, and flute. He also enjoyed fishing, poetry, and architecture. He held Republic of Ireland citizenship through his Irish born parents and was a frequent visitor to Ireland. With Barry, the two brothers starred together in the films Nightforce and Total Force. Lynch's wife Lily starred with him in the film Breaking the Silence (1998) and son Christopher Lynch starred with him in the science fiction film Trancers II.

Later career
Through the years, Lynch worked with old friend and colleague Don Calfa in the films Necronomicon (1993), Toughguy (1995), Corpses Are Forever (2003), and Lewisburg (2009).
Personal life and death
Lynch had married twice — once to Béatrix Lynch (their son Christopher died in 2005 from pneumonia), and later to Lily Lynch. His body was found in his home in Yucca Valley, California on June 19, 2012. It is not known if Lynch died on June 18 or 19. After not having heard from Lynch for several days, friend and actress Carol Vogel went to his home to find the door open and his body in his kitchen. She then called 9-1-1 He was survived by his brother Barry and sisters Carole Taylor and Cathy Jones. News reports following his death incorrectly identified his birth year as 1936, but the LA Times obituary published by his family correctly listed the year as 1940.

References

Other websites

1940 births
2012 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Irish movie actors
Irish television actors
Saturn Award winners
Jenna von Oÿ (born May 2, 1977) is an American country music singer-songwriter and actress. She is best known for her acting in the sitcom Blossom. She has acted in other television series as well as in movies. Von Oÿ  was born in Danbury, Connecticut.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Connecticut
1977 births
Living people
Barry J. Lynch (born Brooklyn, New York) is an American actor. His older brother, Richard Lynch, was also an actor who appeared in Star Trek: The Next Generation.

Selected filmography
 Star Trek: Klingon Academy (2000) (video game) (voice) ... as Academy Helmsman, Ra'wl'a Captain, Freighter Captain 1, Tlhoy Captain
 Star Trek: Borg (1996) (video game) ... as Nikolai Andropov
 Star Trek: Klingon (1996) (video game) (voice)
 Star Trek: The Next Generation episode Face of the Enemy ... as Ensign Stefan DeSeve

Other websites
 

Actors from New York City
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
1944 births
Allison Brooks Janney (born November 19, 1959) is an Emmy Award American movie, television and voice actress.  She is best known for her roles in the television drama The West Wing for which she received several Emmy Awards. She starred in the 1999 Oscar winning movies American Beauty and Juno as well as many other movies.

In 2017, Janney starred as LaVona Fay Golden in the black comedy I, Tonya. She won an Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, Satellite Award and a Golden Globe Award for her role as Golden in 2018.

References

Academy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Satellite Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Actors from Ohio
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
1959 births
Living people
Robert Martin Culp (August 16, 1930 – March 24, 2010) was an American actor, scriptwriter, voice actor and director.

Early life
Culp was born in Oakland, California, and graduated from Berkeley High School, where he was a pole vaulter, taking second place at the 1947 CIF California State Meet.  He attended the University of the Pacific, Washington University in St. Louis, San Francisco State University, and the University of Washington School of Drama, but never completed an academic degree.

Career
Culp is widely known for his work in television. Culp first earned an international reputation for his role as Kelly Robinson on I Spy (1965–1968), the espionage series in which he and co-star Bill Cosby played a pair of secret agents. The 1980's brought him back to TV again, starring as FBI Agent Bill Maxwell on The Greatest American Hero.   He also had a recurring role as Warren Whelan on Everybody Loves Raymond. In all, Culp gave hundreds of performances in a career spanning more than 50 years.
Personal life
Culp married five times and was the father of three sons, Joshua (1958), Jason (1961) and Joseph (1963), and two daughters, Rachel (1964) and Samantha (1982). From 1967 to 1970, he was married to Eurasian actress France Nuyen, whom he had met when she guest-starred on I Spy. She appeared in four episodes, two of them written by Culp himself.

Culp wrote scripts for a total of seven episodes, one of which he also directed. He also wrote scripts for other television series, including Trackdown, The Rifleman and The Greatest American Hero.

Death
Culp died on March 24, 2010, suffering a heart attack while taking a walk in Los Angeles, California. Culp's remains were buried in the Sunset View Cemetery in El Cerrito, California, located not far from his hometown of Oakland.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1930 births
2010 deaths
Actors from Oakland, California
American television actors
American stage actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
American screenwriters
American movie directors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Pole vaulters
Lee Wallace (born Leo Melis, July 15, 1930 – December 20, 2020) was an American movie, stage, radio and television actor. Wallace only had movie roles in; Used People (1992), Batman (1989) as Gotham City's mayor William Borg, Private Benjamin (1980) as Mr. Waxman, and as the Mayor of New York City in The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974), The Muppets Take Manhattan as the Mayor of New York City. On Broadway, he appeared in A Teaspoon Every Four Hours, Unlikely Heroes, The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild, Molly, Zalmen or The Madness of God, Some of My Best Friends, Grind and The Cemetery Club. 

Wallace was born in Brooklyn, New York on July 15, 1930 to Celia (née Gross) and Eddie Melis. Wallace died on December 20, 2020 at his New York City home after a long-illness, aged 90.

References

Other websites

1930 births
American television actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
Actors from New York City
2020 deaths
IC 1101 is a supergiant lenticular galaxy  at the center of the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster. It, along with its cluster is 1.07 billion light years away in the constellation of Virgo. It has a diameter of 400,000 to 550,000 light-years.
Size
The galaxy has a diameter of about 400,000 to 550,000 light-years, as measured using the D25 isophote and the 2MASS survey. It is the central galaxy of a huge galaxy cluster called Abell 2029 which has a mass (mostly dark matter) of roughly 100 trillion times that of the Sun. IC 1101 is also known as A2029-BCG, as it is the brightest member of the aforementioned cluster Abell 2029 . IC 1101 is more than seven times the size of the Milky Way. If it were in place of our galaxy, it would swallow up the Milky Way and some neighboring satellite galaxies, including the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. It also has the largest core of any galaxy, at a core diameter of around 13,000 light-years, bigger than the previous largest core of any galaxy which is at 10,000 light-years, in the elliptical galaxy A2261-BCG .

Related pages
List of galaxies
Abell 2029-The galaxy cluster in which IC 1101 is located.
Virgo (constellation)

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

The scale of the Universe (Astronomy Picture of the Day March 12, 2012)

Elliptical galaxies
Vostok 2 (, Orient 2 or East 2) was a Soviet space mission. It carried cosmonaut Gherman Titov into orbit for a full day to study the effects of a long period of weightlessness on the human body.  Titov orbited the earth over 17 times. Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1 had only done one orbit.

The flight was an almost complete success. Problems included not turning on a heater which meant the temperature dropped to , a period of space sickness, and problems on re-entry when the reentry module failed to separate cleanly from its service module.

Titov took manual control of the spacecraft for a short while. The Soviets admitted that Titov did not land with his spacecraft. Titov said he ejected from his capsule to test another landing system. It is now known that all Vostok program landings were done this way.

The re-entry capsule was destroyed during development of the Voskhod spacecraft.

As of 2012, Titov is the youngest person to reach space. He was 25 years old at launch.

References
References

Soviet spacecraft
1960s in spaceflight
Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (1873 - 1897) (aka. St Therese of the Child Jesus/ Sainte Thérèse de Lisieux) is  Doctor of the Catholic church, which means that her life and writings are considered particularly important for Catholics. She is also called the Little Flower of Jesus. She lived in France as a nun, and died at 24 from tuberculosis. Mother Teresa chose her name in honor of her.

References

1873 births
1897 deaths
Christian saints
French Roman Catholics
Doctors of the Church
Delphinus is a genus of dolphin, commonly known as the "Common Dolphin". There are two species in this genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis), and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus capensis). But some studies say that there is a third species, the "Arabian Common Dolphin" (Delphinus tropicalis), which has a long, thin beak and is found in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.

Description
Both, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin are medium-sized dolphins. Adults grow between the lengths of 1.9 to 2.5 meters (6.2 to 8.2 ft), and weigh around 80 to 235 kg (180 to 520 lb). Males are longer and heavier than females. They are dark grey on the back, the belly is white, and the sides are light grey, gold, or yellow in color.
Behavior
Common Dolphins live in both, warm temperate and tropical waters from 40°N to 50°S. They eat many species of fish like sardines, herrings, and bonitos, octopuses and squids. They are fast swimmers, swimming up to the speed of 60 km per hour. They have made dives up to 200 meters (660 ft) deep.

Reproduction
Common Dolphins are pregnant for around 10 to 11 months before giving birth to young which are 70 to 100 centimeters (2.3 to 3.3 ft) long, and weigh around 10 kg (22 Ib). They give birth to 1 young at a time. Females mature between the age of 2 and 7 years old and males mature between the age of 3 and 12 years old. They live for around 35-40 years.
Species
At first it was thought that there was only one species of the Delphinus genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus Delphis). But later, studies showed that there was another species, the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus Capensis). The difference between the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin, is that the Short-beaked Common Dolphin is smaller in size and has a smaller beak than the Long-beaked Common Dolphin. Now scientist say there is a third species, the Arabian Common Dolphin (Delphinus Tropicalis) which has a long, thin beak and lives in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, but it is not confirmed. 

Oceanic dolphins
Elizabeth Berkley (born July 28, 1974, in Farmington Hills, Michigan) is an American movie and television actress. She is best known for her role in Saved by the Bell. She also acted in the 1995 erotic drama Showgirls, which garnered controversy due to its intense sexuality. Most of her movies are independent movies.

Berkley is Jewish.

References

American television actors
Actors from Michigan
American movie actors
1972 births
People from Farmington Hills, Michigan
American Jews
Living people
The Cartwheel galaxy (also known as ESO 350-40) is a lenticular galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor.

It is about 150,000 light years across, slightly larger than the Milky Way. It has a mass of about  solar masses, and rotates at .

It was discovered by Fritz Zwicky in 1941. Zwicky said his discovery was "one of the most complicated structures awaiting its explanation on the basis of stellar dynamics".

The Cartwheel galaxy shows radio and optical spokes, but they are not the same spokes.
Evolution 
The galaxy was a normal spiral galaxy before it had a collision with a smaller galaxy about 200 million years ago. When the nearby galaxy passed through the Cartwheel Galaxy, the power of the collision sent a strong shock wave through the galaxy. Moving at high speed, the shock wave moved gas and dust. This made a starburst around the galaxy's center. This explains the blue colored ring around the center, bright section. It can be seen that the galaxy is beginning to take the shape of a normal spiral galaxy again, as spiral arms (The spokes) are spreading out from a central core.

There are other possible explanations of the ring-like appearance.

References

Other websites
Galaxy evolution simulation: the Cartwheel Galaxy

Lenticular galaxies
Starburst galaxies
Ring galaxies

de:Ringgalaxie#Wagenradgalaxie
Messier 49 (also known as NGC 4472) is an elliptical galaxy about  away in the constellation of Virgo. This galaxy was discovered by French astronomer Charles Messier in 1771. Messier 49 is 4.1° west-southwest of the star Epsilon Virginis.

Messier 49 was the first member of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies to be discovered. It is the most luminous member of that cluster and is brighter than any galaxy closer to the Earth. This galaxy is part of the smaller Virgo B subcluster 4.5° away from the dynamic center of the Virgo Cluster, which is centered on Messier 87. Messier 49 is gravitationally interacting with the dwarf irregular galaxy UGC 7636.
Messier 49 has the radio emission of a normal galaxy. However, the core of the galaxy is emitting X-rays, which suggests the presence of a supermassive black hole of , or 565 million times the mass of the Sun. To the southwest of the core, the luminous outline of the galaxy can be traced out to a distance of 260 thousand parsecs. The only supernova event observed within this galaxy is SN 1969Q, discovered in June 1969.

This galaxy has a large collection of globular clusters, estimated at about 5,900. However, this count is far exceeded by the 13,450 globular clusters orbiting the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87. On average, the globular clusters of M 49 are about 10 billion years old. Between 2000–2009, strong evidence for a stellar mass black hole was discovered in an M 49 cluster. A second candidate was announced in 2011.

References

Elliptical galaxies
, also known as NAOJ, is a Japanese astronomy research organization.  NAOJ has several facilities in Japan; and it has an observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii.

History
NAOJ was established in 1988.  Three institutions merged.  They were the 
 Tokyo Astronomical Observatory of the University of Tokyo
 International Latitude Observatory of Mizusawa
 Research Institute of Atmospherics of Nagoya University.

In 2004, NAOJ became part of the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS).  NINS was created to promote collaboration among researchers of the five constituent institutes. NAOJ merged with four other national institutes.  They were
 National Institute for Basic Biology 
 National Institute for Fusion Science
 National Institute for Physiological Sciences
 Institute for Molecular Science
Timeline
 1888 	Tokyo Astronomical Observatory was established by the University of Tokyo
 1899 	Latitude Observatory was established in Mizusawa.
 1908 	Astronomical Society of Japan established.
 1949 	Nobeyama University Atmospheric Research Center established
 1960 	Okayama Astrophysical Observatory established
 1981 	Hinotori satellite launched
 1988 	NAOJ established
 1992 	Nobeyama Radio Heliograph began observations
 1996 	Introduction and open use of super computers
 1997 	HALCA satellite launched
 1999 	Subaru Telescope begain working on Mauna Kea in Hawaii
 2004 	NAOJ merged into NINS
 2006 	Ishigakishima Obervatory established, Akari satellite  launched
 2007 	Kaguya satellite launched
Locations
Mitaka Campus at Mitaka, Tokyo 
The Headquarters, Astronomy Data Center, Advanced Technology Center, Public Relations Center
Solar Flare Telescope, Sunspot Telescope, TAMA 300 gravitational wave detector
Tokyo Photoelectric Meridian Circle
Historical instruments: Solar Tower Telescope, 65cm refractor dome, 20cm refractor dome 

Nobeyama Radio Observatory & Nobeyama Solar Radio Observatory at Minamimaki, Nagano 
45m Millimeter Radio Telescope, Nobeyama Millimeter Array, Nobeyama Radio Heliograph

Mizusawa VERA Observatory at Ōshū, Iwate. 
20m radio telescope, 10m VLBI radio telescope

Historical building: Dr. Kimura Museum

Norikura Solar Observatory at Mount Norikura, Nagano 
10cm Coronagraph, 25cm Coronagraph

Okayama Astrophysical Observatory at Mount Chikurinji, Okayama. 
188cm telescope, 91cm telescope, 65cm Coude-Type solar telescope

VERA 20m radio telescopes
Mizusawa
Ogasawara. 
Iriki. 
Ishigakijima.
Hawaii Observatory on the island of Hawaii
Subaru 8m telescope (Mauna Kea) 
Hilo Base Facility (Hilo, Hawaii).

Projects

 Hinode
 SELENE

Gallery

Related pages
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

References

Other websites

National Astronomical Observatory Of Japan website 

Astronomical observatories
1988 establishments in Japan
Scientific organizations based in Japan
The short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) is one of the two species of the genus, Delphinus. It is found in warm temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. It is also found in the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea.

Description
The short-beaked common dolphin is a medium-sized dolphin, but is smaller than the other species of the genus Delphinus, the long-beaked common dolphin. Adults grow between the lengths of 1.6 to 2 meters (5.2 to 6.6 ft), and weigh between 70 and 235 kg (150 to 520 Ib). Short-beaked common dolphins are said to be heavier than the Long-beaked common dolphin. The back of the short-beaked common dolphin is dark grey, the belly is white, and the sides are light grey, gold or yellow.

Feeding
Short-beaked common dolphins eat fish like cod, herrings, sardines, and flying fish. They also eat octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and crustaceans.
Reproduction
Female short-beaked common dolphins are pregnant for around 10 to 11 months before giving birth to young which are 70 to 100 cm (2.3 to 3.3 ft) long, and weigh about 10 kg (22 Ib). Males mature at the age of between 3 and 12 years old, and females mature at the age of between 2 and 7 years old.  They live for around 35 years, but some live for only 22 years.

Species
The short-beaked common dolphin was first thought to be the only species of the genus, Delphinus. But soon, studies show that there is another species, the long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus capensis). The difference between the short-beaked common dolphin and the long-beaked common dolphin is that the short-beaked common dolphin is smaller in size and has a smaller beak than the long-beaked common dolphin.

Sources

Oceanic dolphins
Cheryl Rae Tiegs (born September 25 1947 in Breckenridge, Minnesota) is an American fashion model and actress. She is best known for her modeling for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue. Tiegs has been on the cover of the SI Swimsuit Issue three times. She has also been on the covers of many other magazines. These include Vogue, Glamour, Harper's and Time. Tiegs performed as herself in the sitcom Just Shoot Me.

From 1970 to 1979, she was married to movie director Stan Dragoti.

References

Other websites

American television actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
Actors from Minnesota
Models from Minnesota
1947 births
Living people
Patrika Darbo (born April 6, 1948 in Jacksonville, Florida) is an American movie and television actress. She played Nancy Wesley in the television soap opera Days of Our Lives. She also acted in independent movies.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

1948 births
Living people
Actors from Jacksonville, Florida
American television actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Messier 84 (also known as NGC 4374) is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Virgo.  M84 is in the heavily populated inner core of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies.

Radio observations and Hubble Space Telescope images of M84 have revealed two jets of matter shooting out from the galaxy's centre, as well as a disk of rapidly rotating gas and stars. This suggests there is  a supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy. Its mass is  1.5  M☉, that is gravitation amounting to 15 billion solar masses.

History
Charles Messier discovered Messier 84 in 1781 when he searched for "nebulous objects" in the night sky. The object is the 84th in the Messier Catalogue.

Supernovae
Two supernovae have been observed in M84: SN 1957
and SN 1991bg.
Possibly, a third, SN 1980I is part of M84 or, alternatively, one of its neighboring galaxies, NGC 4387 and M86.

References 

Lenticular galaxies
Ricardo Montalbán (Ricardo Gonzalo Pedro Montalbán y Merino, KSG November 25, 1920 – January 14, 2009) was a Mexican radio, television, theatre and movie actor. He had a career seven decades long (motion pictures from 1943 to 2006) and many notable roles.

During the mid-1970s, Montalbán was the spokesman in TV automobile advertisements for the Chrysler Cordoba, in which he praised the "soft Corinthian leather" used for its interior. He also advertised the Chrysler New Yorker.

From 1977 to 1984, he was famous as Mr. Roarke the main star in the television series Fantasy Island. He played Khan Noonien Singh in the 1967 episode "Space Seed" of the first season of the original Star Trek series, and the 1982 film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.
He won an Emmy Award in 1978 for his role in the miniseries How the West Was Won and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild in 1993. Into his 80s, he continued to perform, often providing voices for animated films and commercials, and appearing in several Spy Kids films as "Grandfather Valentin".

Montalbán was born in Mexico City, Mexico on November 25, 1920. He grew up in the city of Torreón, the son of Spanish immigrants Ricarda Merino and Jenaro Montalbán, a store manager. He was married to Georgiana Belzer from 1944 until her death in 2007. They had four children.

Montalbán died from heart failure in his Los Angeles, California home on January 14, 2009, aged 88.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1920 births
2009 deaths
Actors from Mexico City
Deaths from heart failure
Emmy Award winning actors
Mexican movie actors
Mexican radio actors
Mexican stage actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican voice actors
is the large telescope of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan at the Mauna Kea Observatory on the island of Hawaii. From 1999 to 2005, its main mirror was the largest in the world.

The telescope is named after the Pleiades star cluster.

History
In September 1999, former-Princess Sayako of Japan dedicated the telescope.  For the dedication, an eyepiece was constructed so that Princess Sayako could look through it directly.

References

Other websites 

  Subaru Telescope website
 Corning Museum of Glass, Telescopes and Mirrors

Telescopes
1999 establishments in Japan
Kepler-22b is an extrasolar planet orbiting (going around) G-type star Kepler-22. It is located about 600 light years away from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. It was found by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope. It is also the first known planet to orbit within the habitable zone of a Sun-like star.

Kepler-22b's first transit in front of its host sun was observed on Kepler's third day of scientific operations in mid-2009. Kepler-22b's third transit was detected in late 2010. The Spitzer Space Telescope provided more data that confirmed Kepler-22b's transits. On December 5, 2011, the confirmation of the existence of Kepler-22b was announced.

Composition and structure

Kepler-22b's radius is roughly 2.4 times the radius of Earth. Its mass and surface composition remain unknown, with only some very rough estimates established: It has less than 124 Earth masses at the 3 sigma confidence limit, and less than 36 Earth masses at 1 sigma confidence.
"If it is mostly ocean with a small rocky core," Natalie Batalha, one of the scientists on the project, speculated "it's not beyond the realm of possibility that life could exist in such an ocean." This possibility of life has spurred SETI to perform research on top candidates for extraterrestrial intelligence. However, if the planet's carbon cycle has ceased due to lack of oceans and plate tectonics, Kepler-22b may turn out to be a searing, sterile super-Venus.

Orbit
The only parameters of the planet's orbit that are currently available are its period, which is about , and its inclination which is approximately 90°, so that it transits the disk of its star as seen from Earth.
No information is available about the shape of the planet's orbit. Many extrasolar planets are known to move in highly elliptical orbits. We only know that the semi-major axis of its orbit is within its host star's habitable zone. If Kepler-22b has a highly elongated orbit it may well only spend a small fraction of its time within this habitable zone, which would cause extreme temperature differences on the planet and make it inhospitable.

In order to obtain information about the shape of the planet's orbit, other methods of planetary detection, such as the radial velocity method, need to be used. While such methods have been performed on the planet after its discovery, they have not yet detected what the orbital eccentricity of the planet actually is, and have as of March 2012 only set an upper limit on the mass of the planet.

Surface temperature and composition
The average distance from Kepler-22b to its host star Kepler-22 is about 15% less than the distance from Earth to the Sun but the luminosity (light output) of Kepler-22 is about 25% less than that of the Sun. This combination of a shorter average distance from the star and a lower stellar luminosity are consistent with a moderate surface temperature at that distance if we assume that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating. 

If the planet is found to move in a highly elliptical orbit, its surface temperature will vary from a higher temperature when close to Kepler-22 to lower when further away. If the orbit is indeed highly elliptical, then the temperature variance range will be extreme.
Scientists can estimate the possible surface conditions as follows:
 In the absence of an atmosphere, the equilibrium temperature would be approximately .
 If the atmosphere provides a greenhouse effect similar in magnitude to the one on Earth, the planet would have an average surface temperature of  (72°F).
 If the atmosphere provides a greenhouse effect similar in magnitude to the one on Venus, the planet would have an average surface temperature of  (860°F).

References

Notes

Other websites

 "NASA Telescope Confirms Alien Planet in Habitable Zone" (Space.com)
 "Kepler 22-b: Earth-like planet confirmed" (BBC)
 "NASA's Kepler Confirms Its First Planet In Habitable Zone"  (NASA)
 "Kepler discoveries: Kepler-22b: 'a yearly orbit of 289 days'" (NASA)
 "View of Kepler 22-b Sky Location" (Worldwide Telescope)
 "The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog" (PHL/UPR Arecibo)
 Preprint of discovery paper - Accepted to Astrophysical Journal
 
 Kepler mission newsfeed 

Exoplanets
A Western scrub jay (Aphelocoma californica) is a type of jay bird in Western North America. They live in forests and look for food on the ground. They eat acorns, hairy caterpillars, beetles, wasps, corn, nuts, fruit, lizards, and other things.

References 

Corvids
Birds of North America
Jill Dorothy Ireland (April 24, 1936 - May 18, 1990) was an English actress. She was born in London. She was in many movies. She also did some television performances. She was married to the actor Charles Bronson. Ireland died in Malibu, California due to breast cancer.

Actors from London
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from breast cancer
English movie actors
1936 births
1990 deaths
Cynthia Ellen Nixon (born April 9, 1966) is an American actress, activist and politician. She is most well known role comes from playing Miranda Hobbes in the HBO series Sex and the City (1998-2004). She has had other movie and TV starring acts as well. In 2016, she played Nancy Reagan in the television movie Killing Reagan. 

On March 19, 2018, she announced via Twitter that she was running for Governor of New York.

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Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Actors from New York City
Politicians from New York City
LGBT people from New York City
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American political activists
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1966 births
Living people
The Vostok rocket was developed by the Soviet Union to as their main launch vehicle for space flights. It was based on the R-7, an ICBM designed by Sergei Korolev and first launched in 1957. An R-7 rocket was used to carry Sputnik 1 into space on October 4, 1957. It was a single rocket with 4 booster engines attached to the sides, which acted like a multi stage rocket. The Vostok was an R-7 with an extra upper stage rocket, called Blok-E. This upper stage would fire as the lower stages ran out of fuel (a mix of kerosene and liquid oxygen. 

The Vostok was the first rocket with enough power to reach a solar orbit, with Lunar 1, launched on January 2, 1959. Luna 2 was the first rocket to reach the Moon, launched September 14, 1959. Luna 3, launched October 4, 1959, was able to take photographs of the far side of the Moon.
A Vostok rocket carried the Vostok 1 spacecraft, carrying Yuri Gagarin, the first person to go into space on April 12, 1961. Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space on June 16, 1963.

References

Soviet spacecraft
Robin Gayle Wright (born April 8, 1966 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actress. Her roles include starring as Jenny in the Academy Award winning movie Forrest Gump. She played in many other movies and television series. Wright was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for her acting in the soap opera Santa Barbara.

Wright was married to actor Sean Penn from 1998 until 2010. They have 2 children.

1966 births
Living people
Actors from Dallas
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Sun and moon
In most Aboriginal cultures, the Sun is regarded as a woman, and the Moon is a man. Tradition in Arnhem Land says that each morning, the Sun wakes up and lights a fire at her camp in the east. She then gets up and carries a torch across the sky from east to west, creating daylight. The Yolngu call her Walu, and believe that at sunrise and sunset her ochre body paint is brushed onto the clouds. At night, she is said to travel under ground back to her camp in the east. Similar stories are used to explain the phases of the Moon. For example, the Kuwema people say that at each full moon, he grows fat by eating the spirits of those who disobey tribal law. Some coastal peoples, such as the Yolngu, clearly saw the connection between the Moon and the tides. In other groups, the Moon is linked with fertility due to the similar pattern of the lunar cycle and the female menstrual cycle.
Solar and lunar eclipses were widely explained as the male Moon and female Sun mating with or marrying each other. Several astronomers note that these explanations show Aborigines understood that eclipses are caused by the paths of the Sun and Moon crossing each other. Norris (2009) argues that early Aborigines must have had a very good understanding of this in order to identify a lunar eclipse as being caused by the alignment of the Sun and Moon (since the Sun does not actually appear in the sky).

Constellations
In his study of the central desert peoples, anthropologist Charles P. Mountford wrote that most, if not all, of the stars seen in the southern hemisphere had Aboriginal myths associated with them. Most groups distinguish red, white, blue and yellow stars. Stars are often grouped together in unique ways – some groups classify stars using social kinship systems. So many of the constellations known to Aboriginal groups are different to those known to Western astronomers.
The broad band of the Milky Way that runs across the sky at night is commonly interpreted by Aboriginal groups as a legendary river. Several groups in the central desert believe the river divides two tribes of ancestor spirits who live on either side. To some groups, the stars along the river represent fish; other groups, such as the Yolngu, believe the stars are the campfires of their ancestors. Other groups identfy the Milky Way as the Rainbow Serpent, a major creator being.

Emu

The Emu is a constellation known to many Aboriginal groups in Australia. It is not a constellation in the usual sense, because it is defined by areas of dark shadow between the bands of the Milky Way (caused by dust and gas clouds in space), rather than by stars. The emu's head is the very dark Coalsack nebula, next to the Southern Cross. The body and legs are other dark clouds trailing out along the Milky Way and across the Scorpius constellation.
Orion and the Pleiades
Aboriginal interpretations of the constellations Orion and Pleiades are very similar to the stories about them in Greek mythology. The stars of Orion are widely associated with young men – usually fishermen or hunters – while the seven stars of Pleiades are usually seen as young women. The two constellations often appear in legend together, and are part of the Dreamings of several language groups.
In the central desert region, the Pleiades are said to be seven sisters running away from the unwelcome attentions of a man represented by some of the stars in Orion. In Pitjantjatjara legend, the Pleiades represent the Kungkarungkara, a group of seven ancestral sisters. They are guarded by a pack of dingos from Njiru, the hunter, who is the stars in Orion's Belt. Njiru is said to have raped one of the sisters, who then died and became the darkest of the Pleiades stars. The sisters transformed into birds and fled to safety in the sky, but Njiru still chases after them. Other legends are less harsh: the Adnyamathanha, for example, believe the Pleiades are the wives of the stars in Orion. Tiwi people see them as a group of kangaroos being chased by a pack of dingos.

The similarity between these legends and the Orion and Pleiades of Greek mythology is believed to be a coincidence (by chance) – there is no proof of any cultural connection.
Yolngu people see the constellation of Orion as a canoe. They tell the story of three brothers who went fishing, and one of them ate a fish that was forbidden under their law. Seeing this, the Sun blew the three brothers and their canoe up into the sky. The three stars in the constellation's centre, which form Orion's Belt in Western mythology, are the three brothers. The Orion Nebula above them is the forbidden fish, and the bright stars Betelgeuse and Rigel are the front and back of the canoe. In this example, the astronomical legend has a clear message about a moral that people would follow on Earth. Aboriginal myths such as these are often focused around moral lessons, such as reminders of whether it is alright to eat certain types of food.

Tagai
Tagai

Tagai is a large constellation made up of Scorpius, Lupus, Centaurus, Crux, Corvus, with part of Hydra and one of the stars of Ara. In the culture of the Torres Strait Islanders, Tagai is a legendary sea hero. He is depicted as a fisherman standing in a canoe. His crew is represented by the six stars of the Pleiades and six stars of Orion. In the legend, Tagai's crew eats all the food and water that had been prepared for their journey. Tagai punishes them by tying them together and throwing them into the ocean. The stars in the sky are said to be their reflection.

The islanders used this constellation to tell the seasons. This calendar organised their cycle of fishing and farming, as well as their rituals and social activities. The appearance of the Pleiades told them that it was turtle-mating season, time for travelling and to prepare for planting before the rainy season.
Comets and meteors
Unexpected new arrivals in the sky, such as comets and meteors, were widely associated as omens of death or bad spirits. Ngarrindjeri people of the central desert say that a meteor is an omen of deathly disease. Tiwi-speaking people in New South Wales and the Kuninjku in Arnhem Land both interpreted meteors as the eyes of evil spirit creatures running across the sky hunting for the souls of the sick and dying. The idea of comets and meteors bringing misfortune and death was also shared by many other cultures around the world.
Practical uses
Aborigines traditionally used the stars to navigate to where they wanted to go. This is still the case in the remote outback, where there might not be any other signs or landmarks. They also use the Sun, the Moon and the stars to tell the time. Aboriginal calendars are usually more complex than those from Western culture. Many groups in northern Australia use a calendar with six seasons, and know what season it is by what stars can be seen during that period. In 1857, an Englishman named William Edward Stanbridge published the first written account of Aboriginal astronomy. He wrote about the Boorong people of northern Victoria, and how they used astronomy to better understand seasons. They thought of the constellation Lyra as a malleefowl (which they called Neilloan). It disappears from the southern sky in October, and this event told the Boorong that the bird's egg-laying season had begun.
Other groups know that when Orion first appears in the sky, dingo puppies are about to be born. When Scorpius appears, the Yolngu know that the Macassan fisherman would soon arrive to fish for sea cucumber and bring goods to trade. For the Pitjantjatjara, the rising of the Pleiades at dawn (in May) marks the start of the cool season, when some animals in the desert go into hibernation.

References
Further reading
 Extensive reading list on Aboriginal Astronomy, intended as a resource for researchers
 D.W. Hamacher (2011). "Meteoritics and cosmology among the Aboriginal cultures of Central Australia". Journal of Cosmology, Vol. 13, pp. 3743–3753.
 D.W. Hamacher & D.J. Frew (2010). "An Aboriginal Australian record of the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae".  Journal of Astronomical History & Heritage, Vol. 13(3), pp. 220–234.
 D.W. Hamacher & R.P. Norris (2011). "Eclipses in Australian Aboriginal Astronomy".  Journal of Astronomical History & Heritage, Vol. 14(2), pp. 103–114.
 D.W. Hamacher & R.P. Norris (2011). "Comets in Australian Aboriginal Astronomy". Journal of Astronomical History & Heritage, Vol 14(1), pp. 31–40.
 D.W. Hamacher & R.P. Norris (2010). "Meteors in Australian Aboriginal Dreamings" . WGN - Journal of the International Meteor Organization, Vol. 38(3), pp. 87–98.
D.W. Hamacher & R.P. Norris (2009). "Australian Aboriginal Geomythology: eyewitness accounts of cosmic impacts?" Archaeoastronomy, Vol. 22, pp. 60–93.
 R.F. Haynes, et al. (1996). “Explorers of the Southern Sky”, Cambridge University Press.
 D. Johnson (1998). “Night skies of Aboriginal Australia : a Noctuary”. University of Sydney Press.
 R.P. Norris & D.W. Hamacher (2011). "Astronomical symbolism in Australian Aboriginal rock art". Rock Art Research, Vol 28(1), pp. 99–106.
 R.P. Norris & P.M. Norris (2008). "Emu Dreaming: An Introduction to Aboriginal Astronomy", Emu Dreaming Press, Sydney.
Astronomy
Astronomy
Astronomy
Elizabeth McGovern (born July 18, 1961) is an American movie, television and stage actress. Her movies include Johnny Handsome (1989) and Once Upon a Time in America (1984). Most of her acting has been on stage or in television.

Ms. McGovern was also a member of the "Brat Pack", and unofficial group of young Hollywood actors who gained fame mainly in the 1980s.

Actors from Evanston, Illinois
American television actors
American movie actors
1961 births
Living people
American stage actors
The flag of Belize comes from the earlier flag of British Honduras.  British Honduras is the name of Belize during the time the British ruled. 

The flag is royal blue. It has a white disc at the centre with the national coat of arms held by a white and a black man. They are surrounded by fifty mahogany leaves. The flag is bordered at top and bottom by two red stripes.

The colours on the flag are for the country's national parties. The People's United Party (PUP) uses the color blue.  The United Democratic Party (Belize) (UDP) uses red. 

National flags
1981 establishments in Belize
National symbols of Belize
The Coat of Arms of Belize began to be used when Belize became independent.  The current coat of arms is only slightly different from that used when Belize was a British colony.

The border is a circle of twenty-five leaves. Inside the circle is a mahogany tree. There are the tools of a woodcutter and a ship.  These show the importance of mahogany in the 18th and 19th century Belizean economy.  

The shield is supported by two wood-cutters of different races.  The one on the left is holding an axe. The one on the right is holding an oar.  Again this shows the importance of the mahogany and its importance to boat building.  

At the bottom is the national motto: SUB UMBRA FLOREO.  This means "Under the Shade I Flourish".

The Flag of Belize has the coat of arms in its centre.

References

Belize
National symbols of Belize