Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The young Antonín started to have violin lessons from the village schoolmaster. Soon he was playing the violin in his father’s inn, in local churches and in the village band. Just before his 12th birthday he left school and started to learn how to be a butcher. A year later he left home to go to school in Zlonice. He learned a lot about music there, and he also learned German. His teacher persuaded Dvořák's parents that he should have a musical career, so they sent him to study music in Prague at the Organ School. He continued to learn German, and he became a good viola player and played in concerts and in the Estates Theatre when they needed a big orchestra for Wagner’s operas Lohengrin and Tannhäuser.

Early career
Early career 

When Dvořák had finished his studies he got his first job playing in a band in restaurants and for balls. This was a time when there was suddenly a great interest in national culture in Bohemia. Plays and operas were allowed to be performed in the Czech language. The band he played with became part of the Bohemian Provisional Theater Orchestra, which from 1866 was conducted by Bedřich Smetana. Dvořák was principal viola player in the orchestra. He earned extra money by teaching, and he started to compose.
In 1871 he left the orchestra so that he could spend more time composing. For several years he still had to teach in order to earn enough money to live. He wrote a cantata The heirs of the White Mountain which was a great success. In 1874 he wrote an opera King and Charcoal Burner, but the opera house did not want it. This made Dvořák realize that he had to be more self-critical. He destroyed a lot of his compositions which he thought were not his best works. He decided he must not compose like Wagner, but that he needed to find his own style of composing.

In 1873 he married. He got a job as church organist. His Third Symphony was performed at a concert conducted by Smetana. Dvořák rewrote his opera King and Charcoal Burner, using completely different music. It was performed in 1874. He composed a lot more music.

Years of fame
Years of fame 

In 1877 he had a letter from Hanslick to say that he had won a prize of 600 gulden and that the great composer Johannes Brahms was interested in his music. His music started to be published by Simrock, a well-known German music publisher, and his music was performed in many countries, even as far away as New York. His fame spread. Even his operas were performed abroad. Dimitrij was particularly successful. Brahms was a great friend and helped him a lot. Brahms and Hanslick tried to persuade him to move to Vienna because it was a great musical city, but Dvořák wanted to stay in his own country.
Dvořák's Slavonic Dances were published in 1878 and have always been very popular. The conductor Hans Richter conducted the Slavonic Rhapsody no 3 in Vienna. His Stabat Mater (1880) was performed abroad, and Dvořák was invited to visit England in 1884. He became very popular in England and went there many times. The English choirs liked to sing his choral works. His Requiem Mass was given its first performance in Birmingham at the Triennial Music Festival. He was given an honorary degree from Cambridge University. Tchaikovsky invited him to Russia in 1890.

America (1892–1895) 
From 1892 to 1895, Dvořák was the director of the National Conservatory of Music in New York City. He earned a lot of money: $15,000 a year. Dvořák was interested in the music of black Americans. He met the student Harry T. Burleigh, one of the earliest African-American composers, who introduced him to traditional American Spirituals.
In the winter and spring of 1893, while in New York, Dvořák wrote his most popular work, the Symphony No.9, "From the New World". He spent the summer of 1893 with his family in the Czech-speaking community of Spillville, Iowa, where some of his cousins lived. He also composed chamber music there, including a String Quartet in F which is known as the “American”, and a Sonatina for Violin and Piano.
 
In 1895, Dvořák wrote his Cello Concerto in B minor, which was to become one of his most popular works. However, he wanted to go back to his own country. He was also not being paid all his salary. He heard that he had been made an honorary member of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna. He decided to return to Bohemia and continue his job as professor of composition at the Prague Conservatory.
Last years 
During his last years, Dvořák spent most of his time writing operas. Rusalka is particularly popular, especially the famous aria for soprano To the Moon. The opera is about a fairy-tale and the story is based on Hans Anderson’s story of the Little Mermaid. In 1896 he visited London for the last time to hear the first performance of his Cello Concerto. In 1897 his daughter married his pupil, the composer Josef Suk. 

He died in 1904 after a short illness.

His music
Dvořák wrote lots of kinds of music. Although he based his style on the classical forms such as those of Beethoven, they also show the influence of Czech folksong. He lived at a time when Nationalistic feelings were felt very strongly by the Czech people. Smetana wrote music which was very Czech in character. Dvořák learned from Smetana’s music, but never imitated his style. Only five of his nine symphonies were known in his lifetime. When the other four were discovered and published in the 1960s the symphonies were all renumbered. The last three symphonies, numbers 7, 8 and 9 (which used to be called numbers 2, 4 and 5) are the most often performed. The Ninth Symphony: From the New World is one of the most popular symphonies ever written. The two sets of Slavonic Dances are extremely well-known. They are often played as a piano duet. He wrote concertos for the violin, cello and piano
. Dvořák wrote many operas (the best known of which is Rusalka); chamber music (including a number of string quartets, and quintets); songs; choral music; and piano music.
Books about Dvořák 
Slavonic rhapsody: The life of Antonín Dvořák, by Barthold Fles

References

Czech composers
Romantic composers
1841 births
1904 deaths
Leoš Janáček (born Hukvaldy, Moravia, July 3 1854; died Moravská Ostrava, August 12 1928) was a Czech composer who lived at the end of the Romantic period and the beginning of the 20th century. He wanted his music to sound typical of his country. The rhythm of Janáček’s music sounds like the rhythm of the dialect he spoke. This was quite close to Polish. Janáček is famous for his operas which are all based on Czech stories. The Cunning Little Vixen is especially charming. It is about animals in a forest (a “vixen” is a female fox).

Most of his greatest works were written towards the end of his life. At this time he was in love with a young woman called Kamila. She was the inspiration for many of his last compositions.
His youth
Janáček’s family were poor people who lived in the countryside in Moravia. His grandfather and his father were both musicians and school teachers. Leoš was the fifth of nine children. As the tiny house was so crowded he was sent to Brno when he was eleven. There he went to a choir school, but soon the choir had to stop. He continued his music education there. After his final exams he had an unpaid job as teacher for two years. He became conductor of a monastery choir as well as a male-voice choir called Svatopluk. He made them a better choir and wrote music for them. He studied at the Prague Organ School for a year, but he was very poor and could not afford to go to concerts. He continued to conduct choirs and became friends with Dvořák. He spent a short time in Leipzig and Vienna.
Early career
When he returned to Brno he became engaged to his piano pupil Zdenka Schulzová who was only 14. She was still under 16 when they married. Janáček founded (started) an organ school in Brno. He was the director of this school. He also taught music at the Old Brno Gymnasium. His marriage was unhappy and, although they remained married all his life, they spent a lot of time separated. He went on a journey to northern Moravia to collect folk songs which he used in some of his dances for orchestra.

Janáček’s spent several years writing his opera Jenůfa. By the time he was finishing it his daughter had died. Some of his sadness can be felt in the opera. He also worked on a system of speech-melody (making his melodies sound like the rhythm of his language) which was to influence his operas for the rest of his life. Jenůfa was very successful when it was first performed in 1904. By this time Janáček was already 50.
Middle career
Janáček was now doing less teaching and concentrating on organizing the Brno Organ School which had moved into a new building because it now had 70 students. His next opera was called Osud (Fate), but it was not performed during his lifetime. The music is very good but the libretto (words) were poor. This is also true of his next opera: Mr Brouček’s excursion to the moon. He wrote chamber music during this period, as well as some very good choral music.

When World War I broke out Janáček was 60. He was well known in Moravia, but hardly known in other countries. His compositions from the war years include Taras Bulba which is a work for orchestra which describes a story by the Russian writer Gogol. He wrote a short, patriotic opera to follow Mr Brouček’s adventures. It was about a landlord from Prague who finds himself in the middle of the 15th century Hussite wars.
His final years (1916-1928)
In his final years Janáček wrote most of the great works for which he is world-famous. His opera Jenůfa was performed in Prague. This made him internationally famous. He was very proud when his country became independent after the war. He was also very happy because he was in love with Kamila Stösslová, who was 38 years younger than himself. He wrote three of his finest operas: Katya Kabanová, The Cunning Little Vixen and The Makropulos Affair. These operas were performed in Brno and then in Prague, and they were also published. He wrote two string quartets and a wind sextet: Mládi (Youth). By the time he was 70 he had retired from the Brno Organ School. In 1926 he wrote an orchestral work: Sinfonietta, followed by a piano concerto for the left hand (pianist just playing with the left hand) and chamber ensemble, and the Glagolitic Mass. All these works had enormous success in Czechoslovakia as well as abroad, even as far away as New York.
In 1921 he had bought a cottage in his birthplace, Hukvaldy. He spent a lot of time composing there, away from the busy life in Brno. In the summer of 1928 he went there and was joined, for the first time in Hukvaldy, by Kamila, her 11-year-old boy and her husband. He was working on the third act of his last opera From the House of the Dead. One day Kamila’s son got lost in the forest. They spent some time looking for him. Janáček got cold, he caught pneumonia and died. His funeral in Brno was a large public event, at which some music from his opera The Cunning Little Vixen was performed.
His musical style
Janáček grew up in the middle of the Romantic period, but most of his best music was written in 1920s, by which time musical styles had changed. Although he never wrote music which sounded as modern as that of Stravinsky or Schoenberg his music is Romantic, combined with Moravian folksong and sometimes with ideas from French impressionist composers such as Debussy. The music he wrote for choirs often continued in his operas. His music for instruments often started as programmatic, although a lot of it can be enjoyed without knowing the story it tells. He learned to write operas by learning from the operas of Smetana, but he made many changes such as shortening the duets and ensembles and using folksong in his melodies.
Janáček was not just important as a composer, but is remembered for his studies of folk music, and as a music theorist and teacher.

Other websites 

 
 
 
 

Czech composers
Romantic composers
20th-century composers
1854 births
1928 deaths
Sir Arthur Sullivan (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer. In his lifetime people thought he was the best British composer, but nowadays his serious works are rarely heard. He worked with an author and poet called W. S. Gilbert, and together they wrote fourteen comic operas. Their names are always mentioned together: "Gilbert and Sullivan". Their operas were very popular a hundred years ago, and most still are. The most popular are The Mikado, H.M.S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance. The two men were very different. They argued sometimes, but they worked together for 25 years, from 1871 to 1896. 

Sullivan's serious works include one grand opera, two dozen orchestral and choral pieces, and many hymns and songs, including "Onward Christian Soldiers" and "The Lost Chord".

1842 births
1900 deaths
English composers
Romantic composers
Gilbert and Sullivan
Psychosis is the name used in psychiatry for a mental illness. People who have psychosis are called  psychotic. Usually, psychotic people lose touch with reality, they have trouble telling what is real and what is not. It is an extreme kind of altered state of consciousness.

The word psychosis has two parts. The first part comes from psyche, which means soul in Ancient Greek. The second part is the ending '-osis', which means illness or unnatural condition. So literally, psychosis means unnatural condition of the soul.

People with psychosis may have hallucinations, which means they can experience things that are not really there. They may also have delusions, which are fixed beliefs and ideas that are usually false. Sometimes their personality changes, and they cannot think straight. Some of these thoughts may be paranoid. Not every psychotic person has all of these problems.
Because of these, psychotics often act in strange ways, which also makes it difficult for them to live a normal life as part of  society. They often have trouble with making friends, as most people do not understand them.

Psychosis can affect people to different levels. Some people can continue with mostly normal lives, while other people will need medical help.

About 1 percent of people suffer from psychosis during their lives.

There are many things that can make someone seem psychotic. These include poisons, drugs, diseases of the nervous system, and other illnesses. For this reason, some people use the image of a fever of the central nervous system to talk about psychosis - a serious illness that may not have a very detailed explanation.
Many people have gone through unusual experiences that they believe are real. Hallucinations connected to religion or supernatural experiences seem to be quite common. Very often, these experiences cannot be called psychosis in a medical sense of the word. For this reason, some people have said that psychosis may simply be an extreme case of something that is experienced by most. People who have suffered from what could be called psychosis may simply have had experiences that were very strong or distressing.

In movies and the media in general, certain people who are shown as violent and antisocial are sometimes labelled psychotic. This image of psychosis is wrong, the people shown are usually psychopaths or sociopaths, they usually do not have hallucinations or delusions.

Psychosis is most associated with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, drug addiction and brain damage but it can be caused by a wide range of conditions.
Causes
Psychosis is not a disease but rather a name for a group of symptoms, that can be caused by different diseases and  conditions. Very broadly speaking there are two types of causes for psychosis:
In some cases, psychosis can be directly linked to a cause.  Some of the causes are:
Damage to the brain, tumors.
Wrongly using (or abusing) certain drugs; for example amphetamines, cocaine or alcohol
severe psychosocial stress
Lack of sleep This is not a problem for most people, as they will only experience hallucinations shortly before going to sleep or shortly after waking up, which is considered normal.
certain forms of epilepsy
exposure to some traumatic event (violent death, terrorist activity, etc.)
Certain drugs that are taken cannot simply be stopped from one day to the next, stopping them needs to be done in a certain way, usually assisted by a doctor. If this is not done the right way, psychosis can result.
Various mental illnesses (Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, clinical depression are among them)
Different other diseases (syphilis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS, malaria, and leprosy are among them)
Syphilis Symptoms
There are certain cases of people who suffer from psychosis, where no cause for the psychosis is clear. In these cases, the causes are usually not known. Current research suggests that some of these psychoses may be linked to genetic factors, or due to certain events during the pregnancy of the mother, or the early childhood of the person suffering from psychosis. The first episode of psychosis may be triggered by stress.
Treatment
Most psychoses can be treated, so that those suffering from them can lead a normal life. The treatment depends on the cause of the psychosis. In general, there are two different forms of treatment available:
There is a class of drugs called  antipsychotics. These usually work by changing the way the brain and nervous system react to neurotransmitters.
There is therapy for psychotic people. This works by teaching them to recognise when they have an episode of psychosis, and to react to it in certain ways.

References
is a Japanese kind of noodle soup. The noodles are made of wheat. Ramen are typically Japanese, though they originally came from China. Ramen has become very popular in Japan and there are many shops that sell it. The Japanese also make "instant ramen" to eat ramen quickly and easily at home. Outside of Japan, people have also started to eat ramen.

There are various types of thickness, shapes and lengths. The noodle may be thin or thick, straight or wrinkled.

In Japan, there are unique local Ramen in various areas where local tastes are enjoyed. It is called "gotouchi ramen" in Japan. For example, Hakata ramen is known for its pork ramen soup. The noodles are very thin and do not need to be boiled for very long to become soft. Sapporo ramen is known for its miso ramen soup.
And Kitakata ramen is known for its Shoyu ramen soup. Shio (salty) ramen is also a popular flavor. These days, Gyokai-tonkotsu ramen is also popular.

Photo gallery

Other websites 

Soups
Noodles
Japanese food
Pieter Pauwel (Peter Paul) Rubens (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a painter.

He was good at painting many subjects: portraits, stories from the bible or other books and landscapes. He painted in the Baroque style. Paintings in this style have a lot of action and color. Many of his paintings have a sensual touch. Some of them can be seen as erotic.

Other websites 
 Biography of Peter Paul Rubens

1577 births
1640 deaths
Flemish painters
Adolf Frederick, (14 May 1710 - 12 February 1771), was the King of Sweden between 1751 and 1771.

References 

1710 births
1771 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Gothenburg () is the second largest Swedish city, after Stockholm. Around 550 000 people live there. The city was founded in 1621 by king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.

References

Port cities and towns of the North Sea
 
1621 establishments
1620s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Sweden
BBC One is a television channel in the United Kingdom. It was launched on 2 November 1936, and was the first television channel in the United Kingdom. The channel was Published by BBC. The channel shows lots of different programmes including famous ones such as Only Fools and Horses and EastEnders. The Channel features a Wide Range Of Covers.

History 
BBC Television Service was the world's first regular public television service with a high level of image resolution.

The channel was later renamed BBC TV until the launch of sister channel BBC Two in 1964. After that it was known as BBC1, but changed to the current spelling in 1997. The channel has an annual budget of £840 million, and makes an annual profit of £900 million. Along with the BBC's other UK television stations, it is funded completely by the television licence fee - this means it shows no adverts.

References

Other websites 
 
 

1936 establishments in Europe
BBC television channels
1930s establishments in the United Kingdom
Bad Aibling (Central Bavarian: Bod Oabling or Oawin) is a town in Bavaria (Germany). It is a former district seat. It is on the river Mangfall about 35 miles southeast of Munich. Bad Aibling is a health resort (peat pulp bath and mineral water).

History 

In 804, Bad Aibling was mentioned for the first time. After the second World War Bad Aibling has evolved to a major centre for intelligence organizations and secret services. In 2004 the US American Bad Aibling Echelon station closed after decades of operation. In 2016, ten people were killed in a train crash.

Number of people 
In the town live about 18,000 people. It is 498 meters above sea level and covers an area of 41.55 km².

Images

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 The health and cure administration

Towns in Bavaria
Spa towns in Germany
Rosenheim (district)
Gaya is a town in the Indian state of Bihar. Some parts of Gaya date back to the fifth and sixth centuries. It is one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus.

Cities in Bihar
Patna is the capital city of the Indian state of Bihar. About 1.7 million people live in Patna (census 2001). It is a very old city and has a history of at least 2,500 years. It was famous for its educational institutes, which during those days, attracted scholars from all over the world. Gautama Buddha who started Buddhism had also visited this city. Despite being a Hindu majority city Patna also has many Muslims and many Masjids. People in Patna speak Hindi, Bhojpuri, Maithli and Urdu. When founded Patna's old name was Pataliputra, and later into Pataliputra which was the capital of Magadha Empire, before changing in to the current Patna. 

Capital cities in India
Cities in Bihar
Samuel Johnson (born Lichfield, Staffordshire, England 18 September 1709; died London 13 December 1784) was a famous writer. After publishing a famous dictionary, he was given a doctorate. This is why he is often called Dr Johnson. He wrote some of his own stories, but more often he wrote criticisms about what other people had written. He said a lot of witty, amusing things, which are still remembered today. People know about some of the funny things he said because his friend James Boswell wrote a book about him.

Life 
Samuel Johnson was born in Lichfield, Staffordshire. His father had a bookshop, but he was very poor. Samuel went to school in Lichfield. When he was nineteen he went to the University of Oxford, but he was so poor that he had to leave without taking a degree. A few years later he married a woman 21 years older than he was. They went to live in London, where he tried to make a living by writing but for many years he was very poor.
It was not until 1762 that he became famous and the government gave him a pension of three hundred pounds a year.  He started a club (called "The Club") which included a lot of famous people like the painter Joshua Reynolds and the writer Oliver Goldsmith (see picture).  Johnson  was now so famous that he was given an honorary doctorate (the title of "Doctor")  from Trinity College, Dublin in 1765, and an honorary doctorate from the University of Oxford in 1775.

Boswell and Johnson spent some time in Edinburgh and they travelled a lot to the Scottish islands.  Johnson died in 1784 and is buried in Westminster Abbey.
Johnson spent several years writing his Dictionary of the English language.  It was a big job.  While he was writing it he could not be earning money, so he needed a patron (someone who would sponsor him by giving him money, and in return the dictionary would be dedicated to him).  An important man called Lord Chesterfield said to Johnson that he would be his patron.  But he never gave him any money, and Johnson never heard anything more from him, until the dictionary was ready.  Then Lord Chesterfield wrote to Johnson saying that he hoped he would dedicate the dictionary to him.  The letter that Johnson wrote back to Lord Chesterfield is very famous.  It is very sarcastic (funny in an unkind way). Johnson said to him that it would have been nice to have had help when he was needing it.  He said, sarcastically, that a patron was someone who stands on the river bank watching a man drowning and then, when then the drowning man is saved, asks him whether he can help
.  The letter made Lord Chesterfield look very silly.
Johnson's "Dictionary of the English Language" 
There were very few dictionaries in Johnson's day, so it was a lot of work for him.  Nowadays, a dictionary is made by a team of people.  Dictionaries, like encyclopedias, should just give facts.  But Johnson sometimes explained words in his dictionary in a way that showed his opinions (what he thought about things).

Examples:
 In most dictionaries, "oats" is said to mean something like: "a kind of cereal used as food".  Johnson (who hated the Scots) wrote: "a food given in England to horses and in Scotland to men".
 In most dictionaries, "opera" is said to mean something like: "a play which is sung to music".  Johnson (who did not like opera) wrote: "an exotic and irrational entertainment" (meaning something like: "entertainment from a foreign country that does not make sense").
Although it shows his personal likes and dislikes, the dictionary still deserves to be famous.  Johnson defined 43,000 words.  It was the first time a dictionary had been published that gave examples of how the words had been used by well-known writers.

References 

1709 births
1784 deaths
18th-century English writers
English Anglicans
People buried in Westminster Abbey
People from Staffordshire
Nozomi trains are the fastest Shinkansen "bullet" trains in Japan. They can reach Osaka from Tokyo in two and a half hours. The trains are called "bullet" trains because they travel so fast, like a bullet from a gun. These trains have speeds of up to .

The second fastest Shinkansen trains is the Hikari train.  The third fastest Shinkansen train is the Kodama train. In the Japanese language, "Nozomi" means hope, "Hikari" means light and "Kodama" means "echo."

"Shinkansen" means "New Trunk Line" in Japanese because it was built with all new bridges, tunnels through mountains and under water, and special tracks for high speed trains so it could go directly (straight) from city to city. Before the Shinkansen, trains in Japan were slower because they were old and had to go around many mountains, or share the track with cars on road crossings.

Rapid transit systems
Shinkansen
Moravia (Czech and Slovak: Morava; German: Mähren) is a historical region in the eastern part of the Czech Republic that takes its name from the Morava River, which flows from the north to the south of the land. 

Together with Bohemia in the west and Silesia in the north, Moravia was a historical-political region called the Czech Lands. Moravia, Bohemia and a small part of Silesia make up the current Czech Republic.

Important cities in Moravia are Brno, Olomouc, Ostrava and Zlín.

Moravia (Czech and Slovak: Morava; German: Mähren) is a historical region in the eastern part of the Czech Republic that takes its name from the Morava River, which flows from the north to the south of the land. 

Together with Bohemia in the west and Silesia in the north, Moravia was a historical-political region called the Czech Lands. Moravia, Bohemia and a small part of Silesia make up the current Czech Republic.

Important cities in Moravia are Brno, Olomouc, Ostrava and Zlín.

References

Geography of the Czech Republic
The Advanced Photo System was a technology for photographic film and cameras. People started using it in the year 1996.

This is what it did:
 It had a new way of changing film in cameras, so that the film could be "dropped in", just like people changed batteries.
 It allowed for people to change a film, even if the entire film had not been used yet.
 When the film was developed, it had an "index print" which showed small copies of every picture.
For each photo taken, special information was saved onto the film, called "metadata"
There were three different kinds of images, which were made by cropping (cutting) the negative. The camera always started with the largest kind, but the finished picture could change depending on what the owner wanted.
 Panoramic
 Classic
 HDTV (16:9).

The system also had problems:
 Film size is smaller (30x16 compared to 24x36 for older cameras).
 The final print is not as good
 Photography companies needed to buy new equipment, since their old equipment would not work with APS.
The system never became popular, and was stopped in 2004. Since then, most cameras have switched to digital (electronic) systems anyway.

One famous type of camera that used this system was the Canon IXUS, which then later changed and became a digital one.

Other websites
 photo.net  - Reviews and comments on APS

Photography
A coral reef is a large underwater structure made of dead and living corals. In most healthy reefs, stony corals are predominant. They are built from colonial polyps from the phylum Cnidaria which secrete an exoskeleton of calcium carbonate. The reefs are formed in tropical marine areas (30 degrees north and south of the equator) and between the tropics. The reef acts as the home of many tropical fish and other animals. Coral reefs systems are a major tourism attraction because of their beauty and color of the corals and their many associated animals.  

People look at them while snorkeling and diving. One example of a coral reef is in Malaysia at Pulau Tioman, off the State of Pahang. The most famous is the Great Barrier Reef off the East coast of Australia.
Formation 
Most present-day coral reefs were formed after the last ice age when melting ice caused the sea level to rise and flood the continental shelves. This means they are less than 10,000 years old. As coral reef communities were established on the shelves, they built reefs that grew upwards, keeping pace with the rise in sea level. Reefs that did not keep pace became drowned reefs, covered by so much water that there was insufficient light for further survival.

Coral reefs are also found in the deep sea away from the continental shelves, around oceanic islands and as atolls. The vast majority of these ocean coral islands are volcanic in origin. The few exceptions have tectonic origins where plate movements have lifted the deep ocean floor on the surface.
Conservation 
Coral reefs are fragile ecosystems. Because corals need warm, sunlit water to live, they often grow close to the top of the water. Being so close to land makes them often be damaged by poisons and dirt that can come from boats and the land nearby. Dirt makes the water more cloudy, which makes the sunlight less. Poisons can bleach and kill corals. Also, they are hard for ships to see, but easy to hit, which makes ships often run into the coral, damaging both the boats and coral. Because of this, many countries are trying to lessen the kinds of building that usually happen near beaches that have coral reefs nearby, and be more careful about the boats that go around reefs.

References

Further reading

Biomes
A laurel wreath is a circular wreath made of interlocking branches and leaves of the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis). This is an evergreen whose leaves give off a pleasant scent.

The wreath is traditionally worn on the head. In Greek mythology, the god Apollo is shown wearing a laurel wreath because of the story of Apollo and Daphne. In Ancient Greece, it was given to special people, such as winners in competitions in poetry or sports, such as the Ancient Olympic Games.

It was also used in Ancient Rome, and Roman Emperors are often shown wearing laurel wreaths. In the Summer Olympics 2004 in Athens, Greece gave laurel wreaths to the winners. The saying "resting on one's laurels" comes from this and means that someone relaxes now because he or she did something good in the past.

In some countries, the laurel wreath is used as a symbol of the master's degree. The wreath is given to young masters in the graduation ceremony of the university. The word "Laureate" in 'poet laureate' refers to the laurel wreath.
In modern times, wreaths are used for their decorative quality rather than ceremonial use. Wreaths may be made with flowers such as roses to make them more appealing.

Ancient Greece
 
Headgear
Ranchi is the capital city of Jharkhand state of India. About 11,26,720 people lived in Ranchi (census:2011). Two of the oldest and largest psychiatric hospitals of India were located there.  In 1967 it had one of India's first medical colleges.

Other websites

References

Capital cities in India
Jharkhand
Ujjain is a city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Ujjain is a very old city, and one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus. It was an important city of Ancient India.it is known for the Mahakaleshwar Temple, a towering structure with a distinctively ornate roof. Nearby, Bade Ganesh Temple houses a colorful statue of Ganesh, the elephant-headed Hindu deity. Harsiddhi Temple features a pair of tall dark pillars studded with lamps.

Cities in Madhya Pradesh
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| subdivision_type                = Country
| subdivision_name                = 
| subdivision_type1               = State
| subdivision_type2               = District
| subdivision_name1               = Uttar Pradesh
| subdivision_name2               = Ayodhya
| named_for                       = 
| government_type                 = Mayor–Council
| governing_body                  = Ayodhya Municipal Corporation
| leader_title                    = Mayor
| leader_name                     = Rishikesh Upadhyay, BJP
| unit_pref                       = Metric
| area_footnotes                  = 
| area_total_km2                  = 79.8
| area_rank                       = 
| elevation_footnotes             = 
| elevation_m                     = 93
| population_total                = 55,890
| population_as_of                = 2011
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_rank                 = 
| population_demonym              = 
| population_note                 = 
| demographics_type1              = Language
| demographics1_title1            = Official
| demographics1_info1             = Hindi
| demographics1_title2            = Additional official
| demographics1_info2             = Urdu
| demographics1_title3            = Regional
| demographics1_info3             = Awadhi
| timezone1                       = IST
| utc_offset1                     = +05:30
| postal_code_type                = PIN
| postal_code                     = 224001
| area_code                       = 05278
| area_code_type                  = Telephone code
| registration_plate              = UP-42
| footnotes                       = 
| website                         = 
}}
Ayodhya (; IAST: '') is a city on the banks of holy river Saryu in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ayodhya district as well as the Ayodhya division of Uttar Pradesh, India. It shares a municipal corporation with its neighbouring twin city of Faizabad. The Ramayana tells that Raam, a god of Hindus, was born in Ayodhya. Ayodhya is on the bank of the Sarayu River. The city is about five kilometers east of Faizabad, another important city of Uttar Pradesh.

The Ramayana tells that Ayodhya was the capital city of Raam’s kingdom. Raam was a form (an avatar) of Vishnu. Ayodhya is one of the seven most holy cities of Hindus.
Today, Ayodhya is a popular destination for pilgrims and tourists who come to visit the Ram Janmabhoomi temple and other historical sites associated with Lord Rama. The city is also known for its rich cultural heritage and is home to several ancient temples, shrines, and other historical monuments. You can hire a car driver for outstation to explore the culture of lord Ram.

References

Cities in Uttar Pradesh
Tulsidas (1541-1623) was an Indian writer. He wrote many books which are manifestations of Sanatan dharma and Indian ideology. His most famous book is the Ramcharitmanas. This book was written in a language called Awadhi, a dialect of Hindi. The book tells the story of Lord Rama and his war and victory over Ravan, the king of Lanka. Rama fought for his wife Sita and brought her back from Lanka to Ayodhya. 

Another book written by Tulsidas is Kavitavali.
Tulsidas was born in Rajapur, in what is now Uttar Pradesh, in Samvat 1589 or 1532 A.D. He was a Sarayuparina Brahmin by birth and is regarded as an incarnation of Valmiki, the author of the Ramayana. His father's name was Atmaram Dubey and his mother's name Hulsi. Tulsidas conceived of god in the form of Rama. Tulsidas's composition 'Ramcharitmanas.' written in Awadhi is important both as an expression of his devotion and as a literary work. His devotion to the literary world is very important. He founded the Sankatmochan Temple dedicated to Lord Hanuman in Varanasi.

Tulsidas wrote several books which is famous among Indians and throughout the World.

1543 births
1623 deaths
Indian writers
People from Uttar Pradesh
Mathura is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Mathura is a very old city, and one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus. It was an important city of Ancient India.

Other websites 
 More Information about Mathura

Cities in Uttar Pradesh
The Pulitzer Prize is an American prize given to journalism and literature.  The prize is considered a very high prize.  It is also given for musical composition of very high standard. Joseph Pulitzer started it. Columbia University in New York City awards the prize.

Prizes are given in twenty-one categories. The winner gets $10,000 cash award and a certificate.  One of the twenty-one prizes is the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
The Titans (, Titânes - "Straining ones") were members of the second generation of immortal beings in Greek mythology. Though many beings were referred to as Titans in the myths, the term is usually used in reference to the twelve children of Gaia and Ouranos.

They ruled the cosmos prior to the Olympians, with whom they fought for control of the universe in a series of battles known as the Titanomachy. The Olympians emerged victorious, as many of the Titans were cast into Tartarus.

The first generation (Ouranides)  
The first generation of Titans were the children of Gaia and Ouranos; known as the Ouranides or the Elder Titans, they were twelve in total. They were:
 Okeanos
 Tethys
 Koios (Coeus)
 Phoebe
 Hyperion
 Theia
 Kreios (Crius)
 Iapetos
 Themis
 Mnemosyne
 Kronos
 Rhea

The second generation (Coenides, Creonides, Hyperionides, and Iapetionides)
The second generation of Titans were mostly children of the original Twelve. These include the children of Okeanos and Tethys: the Potamoi, gods of rivers, and the Okeanides, who were three thousand in number, as well as the Nephelai, cloud nymphs. 

Then there was the offspring of Koios and Phoebe: sisters Asteria and Leto.  

Next came the children sired by Hyperion and Theia: Helios (the Sun), Selene (the Moon), Eos (the Dawn).

Afterwards came the sons of Iapetos and the Okeanid Asia/Klymene. Known as the Iapetionides, there were four of them: Atlas (the eldest), Prometheus and Epimetheus (who were twins), and Menoitios.  

Last but not least were the children of Krios and Eurybia (daughter of Gaia and Pontus): Pallas, Astraeus, and Perses, the latter of whom would go on to marry Asteria, with whom he sired Hecate, goddess of magic and witchcraft.
Turkish (Türkçe) or Anatolian Turkic is a language officially spoken in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. The language is also spoken by several million ethnic Turkish immigrants in Europe.

Turkish is a Turkic language. Turkish is most closely related to other Turkic languages, including Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Kazakh. Another theory is that it is one of the many Altaic languages, which also include Japanese, Mongolian, and Korean.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk changed it to the Latin alphabet from Arabic alphabet. The Turkish government justified the move as making Turkish much easier to learn to increase literacy. The literacy rate indeed increased greatly after the reform, from around 10.5% (in 1927) to over 90% (today). Some say that the move was also to distance the country from the Ottoman Empire, whose documents can no longer be read except by a few scholars.
The Latin alphabet was made to reflect the actual sounds of spoken Turkish, rather than simply transcribing the old Ottoman Arabic script into a new form. The Turkish alphabet has 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş, and Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. It represents modern Turkish pronunciation with a high degree of accuracy and specificity. It is the current official alphabet and the latest in a series of distinct alphabets used in different eras.

Simple phrases
Simple phrases 

Merhaba = Hello (formal)
Selam = Hello 
Nasılsın? = How are you?
İyiyim = I'm fine
Teşekkür ederim = Thank you (formal)
Teşekkürler = Thanks
Sağ ol = Thank you
Benim adım ... = My name is ...
Türkçe bilmiyorum. = I don't speak Turkish.
İngilizce biliyor musunuz? = Do you speak English?
Tekrarlar mısınız? = Can you repeat?
Evet = Yes 
Hayır = No
Belki = Maybe
Biraz = A little 
Acıktım. = I'm hungry.
Dur! = Stop!
Yapma! = Don't do it!
İstemiyorum. = I don't want it.
Tabii = Sure
Bekledim. = I waited.

References 

Turkic languages
Titan can mean:
Titan (mythology), a kind of god in Greek mythology
Titan (moon), one of Saturn's moons
 Titan (Six Flags Over Texas), a roller coaster at Six Flags Over Texas
 Titan (Space World), a roller coaster at Space World
Phoebe is a Titan in Greek mythology. She was associated with the moon. She is the daughter of Uranos and Gaia. She was married to her brother Coeus, and had two daughters: Leto  and Asteria. Leto bore Artemis and Apollo, Asteria is the mother of Hecate.
 
The Olympians beat the Titans in the ten-year war. She and the Titans were summoned by Zeus to Tarturus, in the Underworld.

Titans
Phoebe can mean:
Phoebe, a Titan in Greek mythology
Phoebe (moon), one of Saturn's moons
Rhea () is one of the Titans in Greek mythology. She is a daughter of Gaia and Ouranos. She was the sister and wife of Kronos. She was the mother of Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus). She was known as the "Great Mother" (Magna Mater). Rhea was not very important in the Ancient Greek religion. The Roman Rhea is Ops.

Name
Scholars think Rhea’s name comes from the word  (rheo), which means "flow" or "ease."

Story

Birth 
Uranus kept all his children in a prison. But the youngest child, Cronus, escaped.  Gaia helped him defeat his father. Cronus became king in his place. He freed his brothers and sisters. He married his sister Rhea. Rhea and Cronus fought Ophion and Eurynome, daughter of Oceanus. Rhea could wrestle. She fought Eurynome herself. Rhea and her husband threw them into the ocean. Rhea and her husband became rulers in their place.
Husband and children 
Cronus heard that one of his children would defeat him, the way he had defeated his father. When his children were born, he swallowed each one.  They did not die.  They were alive in his stomach.  When Rhea had her sixth, Zeus, she hid him from Cronus.  She gave Cronus a stone to swallow instead.  She hid Zeus in Crete. When Zeus was grown, he would fight his father and save his brothers and sisters. They became the Olympian gods. Rhea stopped ruling as the queen of the gods. Instead of being a queen, she became a supporting goddess on Mount Olympus. She had some roles and stories in the new Olympian times. She was there when her grandson Apollo was born. She cared for her other grandson, Dionysus. When Hades kidnapped her granddaughter Persephone, Rhea went to stop Persephone's mother Demeter from crying. In the story of Pelops, she was reborn in the unlucky youth after he was killed.
Later stories 
Rhea and Aphrodite saved Creusa (the wife of Aphrodite's son Aeneas) from slavery after the fall of Troy. Rhea knew that the bodies of ships had been made from trees cut off on her holy mountains. So she the wood become sea nymphs.
The man Melanion wanted to marry Atalanta, and Aphrodite, goddess of love, helped him do it.  But Melanion forget to thank Aphrodite for her help. So Aphrodite made the two couple having great passion for each other when they were near a temple of Rhea. The two then went to have sex inside the temple. This made Rhea very angry.  Rhea turned them into lions.

References

Titans
Magnus II of Sweden, or Magnus Henriksson (died 1161) was a Danish lord.  He was King of Sweden between 1160 and 1161. 

His mother was Ingrid Ragvaldsdotter, a granddaughter of Inge I. His father was the Danish lord Henrik Skatelår.

Magnus killed Eric the Saint as he left the church in Uppsala on May 18, 1160. He ruled as king of almost all of Sweden.  Then he was murdered by the men of Charles Sverkerson, the rival king, the year after.

Kings and Queens of Sweden
1130s births
1161 deaths
Karl Sverkersson (c. 1130 – 12 April 1167) was the King of Sweden between 1160 and 1167.

1130s births
1167 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Knut Eriksson (born before 1150 – died 1195/96) was the King of Sweden between 1173 and 1195.

1140s births
1190s deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Sverker II of Sweden ( 1165 - 17 July 1210) was the King of Sweden between 1196 to 1208. He was killed July 17, 1210 in the Battle of Gestilren.

Kings and Queens of Sweden
1160s births
1210 deaths
Eric X of Sweden (Erik Knutsson, c. 1180 - April 10, 1216) was the King of Sweden between 1208 and 1216.

Erik was the son of King Knut Eriksson of Sweden, but his mother is now unknown. In 1205 he escaped from the Battle of Älgarås, where his three brothers were killed. He stayed for three years with family in Norway. He returned to Sweden in 1208 and defeated Sverker II of Sweden in the battle of Lena. He was married in 1210 to Rikissa of Denmark, the daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark and Sophia of Novgorod.

Eric was elected king, but the coronation took place only in November 1210, after the Battle of Gestilren where he again defeated and killed Sverker II. Sverker had attempted to regain the throne. King Erik's coronation is the earliest known coronation in Sweden. It was carried out by the bishop Valerius, a former supporter of King Sverker II.
In 1216, Pope Innocent III agreed that King Erik was King of Sweden, and also any other pagan lands he captured, probably Finland. Previously, Innocent III had supported Sverker II. Very little is known about King Erik's reign, but it is said that the crops were good while he was king.

Erik had several children: 
 Sofia (died before 24 April 1241), married to Prince Burwin Henry III of Mecklenburg (d. 1277/1278)
 Marianne, Pomeranian princess, also called Mariana or Marina
 Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden, married Birger Jarl.
 Erik Eriksson, calledErik the Lisp and the Lame. He was born in 1216 after his father's death. The Karl Chronicle says that "Erik Lisp and Lame" also had a sister, Martha Farmer. This would have been Erik Knutsson's daughter. Historian Dick Harrison says that this is only political propaganda for Martha's cousin, Karl Knutsson (Bonde). This untrue connection would have made him a relative of the House of Eric.
Erik died of a fever in 1216 at Nas Castle in Visingsö. He is buried in the Varnhems Church.

References

Kings and Queens of Sweden
1180 births
1216 deaths
Johan Sverkersson (c. 1201 – March 10, 1222) was the King of Sweden between 1216 and 1222.

1200s births
1222 deaths
Kings and Queens of Sweden
Eric XI of Sweden (Erik Eriksson) was the King of Sweden from 1222 to 1229, and from 1234 to 1250.

Kings and Queens of Sweden
1216 births
1250 deaths