Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Characters
 Johnny Bravo (voiced by Jeff Bennett): The show's main protagonist. A dumb muscular blonde who trys to get chicks, but always fails. He's very confident and he rarley gives up. He loves his mother and himself very much. He always wears black shades, blue pants, and black shoes and a shirt. He often combs his long hair, because he really likes how it looks. In many ways he's based on Elvis Presley and his moves are based on Michael Jackson.
 Bunny Bravo (voiced by Brenda Vaccaro): Johnny's mother. She has much common sense then Johnny, and she does not like Johnny's lack of good and mature behavior. She became a little crazier when the show was retooled in its second season. She loves Johnny very much. She's usually called Momma by Johnny.
 Little Suzy (voiced by Mae Whitman): Johnny and Bunny's next-door neighbor. She's a little girl who likes Johnny very much, but Johnny thinks she's just annoying.
Carl Chryniszzswics (voiced by Tom Kenny): A smart guy who now annoys Johnny very much, but they used to be friends a long time ago. Carl was introduced on the show's second season when the show was retooled.
 Pops (voiced by Larry Drake): A greedy restaurant owner who sometimes acts as a father figuire. Like Carl, Pops was introduced on the show's second season when the show was retooled.
Video games 
A video game titled Johnny Bravo in The Hukka Mega Mighty Ultra Extreme Date-O-Rama! was released on June 9, 2009 for the Nintendo DS and PlayStation 2. The PlayStation 2 version was released exclusively in Europe and Australia by Blast Entertainment, while the DS version was released in North America by MumboJumbo.

Channel Links

Characters from Johnny Bravo are featured in the Cartoon Network games Cartoon Network: Block Party, Cartoon Network Racing, Cartoon Network Speedway, Cartoon Network Universe: FusionFall, and Cartoon Network: Punch Time Explosion.
Cartoon Network series
English-language television programs
1997 television series debuts
2004 television series endings
Randy Duane Couture (born June 22, 1963 in Everett, Washington) is an American mixed martial artist, Greco-Roman wrestler and actor fighting for the UFC. Couture has won the UFC Heavyweight Championship 3 times, the UFC Light Heavyweight Championship 2 times and is a UFC Hall of Famer. Couture also acted in the movie The Expendables as Toll Road.

Other websites
Randy Couture's Official website 

People from Everett, Washington
Sportspeople from Washington (state)
American mixed martial artists
1963 births
Living people
Jason Michael Lee (born April 25, 1970 in Orange, California) is an American professional Skateboarder turned actor. Growing up in Orange, California, he became a skateboarder at age 13. As a professional skateboarder he traveled worldwide and appeared in several skateboard videos. With a friend he founded the companies Stereo Skateboards and Stereo Sounds Clothing. Deciding to get out of skateboarding before he was too old, he began acting in 1993. His first break as a lead actor came in 1995 and the movie Mallrats (alongside Jeremy London). He continued to appear in a number of major Hollywood movies. He is known as an indie darling known for playing quirky characters. In 2005, he gambled on accepting the lead in the My Name is Earl television series. The sitcom ran for four years. In 2007, he played Dave Seville in Alvin and the Chipmunks. He played the role again in the 2009 sequel.

References
References 
 

1970 births
Living people
Singers from California
American skateboarders
American voice actors
Comedians from California
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American video game actors
Scientologists
People from Orange, California
Actors from Santa Ana, California
Sportspeople from California
Jay Dee "B.J." Penn  (born December 13, 1978 in Hilo, Hawaii) is an American mixed martial artist. He fights for the UFC. Penn is a former one-time UFC Lightweight Champion and one-time UFC Welterweight Champion. Penn was also the coach of the 5th season of The Ultimate Fighter against the other coach, Jens Pulver. Penn is also a former one-time Rumble on the Rock Lightweight Champion.

Other websites
B.J. Penn's Official website

Sportspeople from Hawaii
American mixed martial artists
1978 births
Living people
Hilo, Hawaii
Constitutional economics is a program of joint study of economics and constitutionalism. It is often described as "the economic analysis of constitutional law." Constitutional economics tries to explain the selection of constitutional rules "limiting the choices and activities of economic and political agencies." This is different from the approach of traditional economics.  Also, constitutional economics studies how well economic decisions of the state agree with the existing constitutional economic rights of its citizens." For example, proper distribution of economic and financial resources of the state is a big question for every nation. Constitutional economics tries bringing together constitutional economic rights of the citizens and economic policy of the state.
Origins
The term “constitutional economics” was created in 1982 by the U.S. economist Richard McKenzie. Then it was used by another American economist – James M. Buchanan – as a name for a new academic sub-discipline. Buchanan’s work brought him in 1986 the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his "development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making."

Buchanan rejects "any organic conception of the state" as superior in wisdom, to the citizens of this state." This philosophical position forms the basis of constitutional economics. Buchanan believes that every constitution is created for at least several generations of citizens. Therefore, it must be able to balance interests of the state, society, and each individual.

There exists an important opinion that constitutional economics can be regarded as the modern "science of legislation."
The constantly growing public interest in constitutional economics has already brought to life several academic journals, for example, "Constitutional Political Economy" (established in 1990).

Judicial interpretation
The U.S. judge Richard Posner stresses the important role of state constitution in the economic development. He asserts that "effective protection of basic economic rights promotes economic growth."

The Supreme Court of India used practical interpretation of the Indian Constitution to protect the poorest and most oppressed groups of the population in several cases of public interest litigation.  This is an example of real life application of the methodology of constitutional economics.

Importance for transitional and developing countries
Constitutional economics pays special attention to such topic as proper national wealth distribution. Many countries with changing or developing economic systems still regard their constitutions as abstract legal documents having nothing in common with actual economic policy of the state. Three quarters of all independent states are still living under nearly absolute state control of the national economy. Neither civil society nor individual citizens in these states have any influence on the decisions taken in the process of national wealth distribution. Therefore, constitutional economics is especially important for the countries whose political and economic systems are in transition and where the state rarely respects constitutional economic rights of its citizens.

Related pages
 Budget
 Constitution
 Constitutionalism
 Economics
 Democracy
 Government
 Parliament
 Political economy
 Political science
 Rule of Law
 James M. Buchanan
 Welfare state

References
Other websites
 Backhaus, Jürgen G., ed. The Elgar Companion to Law and Economics:
 Farina, Francesco, 2005. "Constitutional Economics I," pp. 184-222.
 Van den Hauwe, Ludwig, 2005.  "Constitutional Economics II," pp. 223-38.
 James A. Dorn, 2004. "Creating a Constitutional Order of Freedom in Emerging Market Economies,"  Economic Affairs, 24(3), pp. 58–63. Abstract.
 Buchanan, James M., 1974.  The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan  Library of Economics and Liberty
 _, 1986. "The Constitution of Economic Policy," Nobel Prize lecture,  reprinted in American Economic Review, 77(3), p p. 243-250.
 _, 1987. "constitutional economics," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, v. 1, pp. 585–88.
 _, 1990a. "The Domain of Constitutional Economics," Constitutional Political Economy, 1(1), pp. 1-18. Also at Buchanan, 1990b.
 
 _ and Gordon Tullock, 1962. The Calculus of Consent. University of Michigan Press. Chapter-preview links.
 Constitutional Political Economy. Description and abstract links.
Bruno Frey, 1997,  "A Constitution for Knaves Crowds out Civic Virtues," Economic Journal, 107(443), p p. 1043-1053.
 Friedrich A. Hayek, 1960.  The Constitution of Liberty. Chicago. "The Rule of Law," ch. 11. 
 _.  Law, Legislation and Liberty.  Chicago. 3 v.:
1973. v. 1. Rules and Order. Scroll down to chapter-preview links.
1976. v. 2. The Mirage of Social Justice.  Links.
1979. v. 3. The Political Order of a Free People. Links.
 Dennis C. Mueller, 2008. "constitutions, economic approach to,' The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. Abstract.
 
 Sutter, Daniel, 1995. "Constitutional Politics within the Interest-Group Model," Constitutional Political Economy, 6(2), p p. 127 -137.
 Voigt, Stefan, 1997.  "Positive Constitutional Economics: A Survey," Public Choice, 90(1-4), p p. 11-53.
Law
Economics
The FIA Super Licence is a qualification allowing the licence (license) holder to take part in Formula One Grands Prix as a driver.  The licence is issued by the FIA upon request.
There are several requirements to qualify for an FIA Super Licence. The driver requesting the licence must already have a Grade A competition licence. They must also meet the requirements of the FIA International Sporting Code, Appendix L. Appendix L lists other racing experience required. One of the following is required:
The driver must be the current champion in one of the lower FIA racing series. Examples of the lower series include Formula 3 (British, Italian, Japanese or Euroseries) or Formula Two (formerly known as GP2 and Formula 3000), 
The driver must have finished well on a regular basis in one of the above categories.
Drivers who have competed in the IndyCar Series are eligible for a Super Licence if they finished in the top six places of the drivers championship. 
This allows drivers from the United States domestic series to move into Formula One without first taking part in other FIA sanctioned events.
In rare and special cases, Appendix L allows the FIA to award a Super Licence to a driver who does not meet the normal requirements. A yes vote by all the members is required. The driver must also completed 300 kilometres of testing at racing speeds in a current car.

Nationality of drivers 
The nationality that appears on the racing licence is the same one that appears on the driver's passport. This does not need to be the same as the country issuing the racing licence. A Frenchman living in Germany can race with a German licence, but the nationality displayed would still be French. In order to race as German, the driver would need to have German nationality as well. For drivers with multiple citizenships, the driver chooses which country to drive for.

Other websites 
The official FIA Website
Appendix L to the International Sporting Code  

Formula One
Kijiji ( ; , Swahili for village) is a centralized network of online groups of people for writing local online classified advertisements. It is a subsidiary of eBay launched in March 2005. Kijiji is currently available for more than 300 cities in Germany. Further Kijiji countries are France, Italy, Canada, China, India, Taiwan, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, and Japan. Kijiji was made available to selected cities in the United States on June 29, 2007, under the name of eBay Classifieds.

Kijiji offers similar services and is seen as a competitor to Craigslist with the biggest exception being that Kijiji has quite an extensive pets section. Kijiji's owner eBay is also a minority shareholder in Craigslist. In April 2008 eBay launched a lawsuit against Craigslist claiming that their executives were attempting to weaken eBay's investment, while in May of the same year, Craigslist filed a countersuit claiming Kijiji had stolen trade secrets and that eBay used misleading tactics to promote the service.
Divisions 
In November 2004, eBay acquired Marktplaats.nl, which offers a similar classifieds service in the Netherlands, holding an 80% market share.

At that time, Marktplaats.nl had set out into Spain, Germany, Turkey and Canada under the name of Intoko.  Intoko Spain merged with Loquo, Intoko Germany merged with Kijiji Germany and Intoko Canada merged with Kijiji Canada.  Intoko Turkey transferred to the Kijiji platform and is currently operating as intoko.kijiji.com.tr.
In May 2005, eBay bought Gumtree, which offers a similar service for cities in the UK, Ireland, Poland, Hong Kong, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, as well as the Spanish company Loquo. One month later, it acquired OpusForum.org, another website offering online classifieds in Germany. In July 2006, Klaus Gapp, the founder of OpusForum, noted that, after its acquisition, it had "merged with its new Kijiji classifieds business in the German speaking markets of Austria, Germany and Switzerland." In August 2008, Kijiji re-branded their India site to Quikr.com.

The Kijiji Germany website has changed its name to eBay Kleinanzeigen.

In March 2010, eBay unveiled a new classifieds site, called eBay Classifieds, to replace its old site, Kijiji, in the United States.

References 

Advertising
Websites established in 2005
The struggle for existence is a natural history [metaphor]. It refers to the competition between living things to survive. This, and the similar phrase struggle for life, were used over 40 times by Charles Darwin in the Origin of Species, and the phrase is the title of chapter 3 of the Origin.
Darwin got the idea from his reading of the 6th edition of Thomas Malthus' Essay on the principle of population, and Alfred Russel Wallace also used the phrase regularly.

The idea is actually much older, and many natural historians have noted the competition between animals. Generally speaking, they have been interested in the competition between species. Malthus was probably the first to think about the struggle for resources between members of one species – humans.
Darwin first heard about Malthus in letters from his sister Fanny, while he was voyaging on HMS Beagle. Fanny told him Malthus' ideas were being promoted by Harriet Martineau, an early feminist writer.p153 Later on, back in London, Darwin met Martineau over dinner, and put a lot of thought into the ideas of Malthus. The number of humans could double in 25 years. If they did not, it was because of competition for resources, such as food, or because wars and disease became more common.
Darwin began to realize that every species of living thing has the potential to increase geometrically (2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, ....), yet this pattern of population growth does not happen in practice. Darwin explains why organisms do not increase geometrically. His reasons were the competition between animals, the limited amount of food, the climate, and epidemics. All organisms are bound together in the struggle for existence by complex relationships between each other. Also, the struggle for existence is greatest between organisms of the same species.

Later, he combined these ideas with two more. One was the idea that, in the struggle, some would be better suited than others to succeed.p264–268 The other idea was heredity: that the characteristics must be at least partly inherited. This led to his idea of evolution by means of natural selection. Wallace independently came to the same conclusion.
Darwin used the phrase 'struggle for existence' as the title of the third chapter of his Origin of Species in 1859. The old idea was now fitted into a complete theory.
"I should premise that I use the term Struggle for Existence in a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another, and including (which is more important) not only the life of the individual, but success in leaving progeny ... a plant on the edge of a desert is said to struggle for life against the drought, though more properly it should be said to be dependent on the moisture". (p62 of the first edition)
"A struggle for existence inevitably follows from the high rate at which organic beings tend to increase". (p63)

Darwin says: "I first thought of selection owing to struggle July 15th 1838".
By the 1850s he had it all worked out in his manuscript "big book" (which was not published until 1975).
While recovering from malaria in the East Indies, Wallace sent an essay to Darwin in 1858. It contained the phrase: "The life of wild animals is a struggle for existence". Wallace had not known much about Darwin's ideas, and reached the idea from exactly the same source: one of the later editions of Malthus' Essay on population. The arrival of this essay led to the joint publication of the idea of evolution by natural selection in 1958.

Related pages 
Social darwinism
Competition (biology)
Natural selection

References 

Metaphors referring to nature
Evolutionary biology
Christopher Murray-Paul Huhne, commonly known as Chris Huhne (born 2 July 1954) is a British politician. He was born in London and was a member of the Liberal Democrats until 2013.

In the 1980s he tried in vain to become an MP on behalf of the Social Democratic Party. He was the Member of Parliament for Eastleigh from May 2005 until February 2013. He was the United Kingdom's Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change from May 2010 until February 2012. When he was in that job, he decided on the most efficient ways of having electricity and other important resources in Britain. There was an article in the newspaper that said Huhne wanted to have more nuclear power stations. A lot of people think this is wrong.

Huhne was married to Greek economist Vicky Pryce (born 1952) from 1984 until they separated in 2010 and divorced in 2011. Huhne and Pryce had three children together.

References
References

1954 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British columnists
Criminals from London
English prisoners
Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Journalists from London
MEPs for the United Kingdom
Politicians from London
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
Social Democratic Party (UK) people
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Malcolm in the Middle is an American sitcom. It was shown on Fox. It ran from January 9, 2000 to May 14, 2006. Malcolm in the Middle won 9 Emmy Awards, 1 Peabody Award and 1 Grammy Award.

Cast 
Frankie Muniz as Malcolm
Jane Kaczmarek as Lois
Bryan Cranston as Hal
Justin Berfield as Reese
Christopher Masterson as Francis
Erik Per Sullivan as Dewey

Production

Development 
The pilot was initially developed for UPN with Regency Television for the 1998–99 television season but when UPN's enthusiasm for the project waned, Gail Berman managed to rescue the pilot by bringing the project to Fox. The show was then moved to the 1999–2000 cycle where it was picked up by Fox.

Opening title 
The show's opening title features short clips from cult films or television shows, edited together with clips from the pilot and early episodes of the show, set to the song "Boss of Me" by They Might Be Giants.
Much of the filming for Malcolm in the Middle was done on location in various parts of the thirty-mile zone around Los Angeles. A privately owned home, located at 12334 Cantura Street in Studio City, California, was rented for upwards of $3,000 a day to film as Malcolm's house. Rebuilt in 2011, the property is no longer recognizable due to its modern two-floor design. However, the house directly to the left of it is nearly identical to what it looked like during filming, still making it a frequent stop for fans of the show. School scenes were filmed at Colfax Charter Elementary School, in North Hollywood, and the Lucky Aide was represented by a Drug Emporium at 6020 Lankershim Boulevard in North Hollywood. In "Stock Car Races", when Hal and the boys are entering a race track, the billboard behind the entrance displays the place as Irwindale Speedway, a real race track in Southern California
. The last episode in the first season ("Water Park") was filmed at a water park called Wild Rivers (now closed as of 2011) located in Irvine, California. Though palm trees and desert scenery are seen in shots of the local region and town throughout the show, indicating a location in the Western United States, it is never revealed which state the show is set in (except for Francis's whereabouts in early seasons, such as his military school in Alabama and his job in Alaska).
Studio filming for Malcolm in the Middle took place on Stage 21 at CBS Studio Center in Studio City.

Hallmarks of the series' filming and structure, many of which heavily influenced later programs, included the following:

 A cold open presenting one or more family members in an absurd situation that has little or nothing to do with the main plot of the episode.
 A split-second whip pan as a transition from one scene to another.
 Frequent pieces to camera delivered by Malcolm.
 An abrupt cut to black at the end of each segment, accompanied by the sound of a slamming door.

During the final two seasons, Christopher Masterson reduced his on-screen time in favor of writing and directing some episodes.
Music 
The show's theme song, "Boss of Me", was written and recorded by the alternative rock group They Might Be Giants. The song won the "Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media" award at the 2002 Grammy Awards. The band also performed nearly all of the incidental music for the show in its first two seasons.
Mood-setting music is sprinkled throughout the series, in lieu of audience laughter, in a way that resembles feature film more than other TV sitcoms. Some examples of this highly varied music include ABBA, Basement Jaxx, Sum 41, Kenny Rogers, Lemon Jelly, Lords of Acid, The Getaway People, En Vogue, Electric Light Orchestra, Fatboy Slim, Phil Collins, Claude Debussy, Tears for Fears, Quiet Riot, Queen, Chaka Khan and Citizen King, whose song "Better Days" is played at the end of both the pilot episode and the series finale. The Southern California pop-punk band Lit have many of their songs featured in several episodes. Lit songs that were never released as singles were also used.

A soundtrack, Music from Malcolm in the Middle, was released on November 21, 2000.

Other websites
Malcolm in the Middle on fox.com
2000 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2000s American sitcoms
Emmy Award winning programs
Grammy Award winners
Peabody Award winners
Television series about brothers
Television series about dysfunctional families
Television series about suburbia
English-language television programs
Shays' Rebellion was a rebellion in central and western Massachusetts (mainly Springfield) from 1786 to 1787. The rebellion is named after Daniel Shays, a veteran of the American Revolution who led the rebels, also known as "Shaysites" or "Regulators". Most of the rebels were poor farmers angered by their debt and taxes. They could not pay their taxes and were afraid of going to jail or having their homes taken away from them.

They tried to stop the courts from taking property from indebted farmers by forcing the closure of courts in western Massachusetts. The participants in Shays' Rebellion believed they were acting in the spirit of the American Revolution, modeled their tactics after the crowd activities of the 1760s and the 1770s, and used "liberty poles" and "liberty trees" to symbolize their cause.
Shays' Rebellion started on August 29, 1786, and by January 1787, over 1000 rebels had been arrested. A militia, which had been raised as a private army, defeated an attack on the federal Springfield Armory by the main rebel force on February 3, 1787.

Shays' Rebellion produced fears that the American Revolution’s democratic impulse had gotten out of hand. Over time, the farmers grew into armies, controlled by Shays and his men, as they tried to take back their rights.

Reference

18th century in Massachusetts
1787 in the United States
1786 in the United States
18th-century rebellions
Rebellions in North America
Burnout Revenge is a car racing game from the Burnout series of video games. There is a game in the game called Takedown where the player tries to knock as many players into a wall as possible. It was released on September 13, 2005.

References

Other websites 
More about the game 

Racing video games
PlayStation 2 games
Xbox games
2005 video games
Jarvis Green (born January 12, 1979) is an American football player. He is a defensive end for the Denver Broncos. He is 6'3 and weighs 285 pounds. He was born in Thibodaux, Louisana. He is 31 years old. He went to Louisana State University.

References

Other websites 
bio and stats

1979 births
Living people
American football defensive ends
Sportspeople from Louisiana
New England Patriots players
Denver Broncos players
Houston Texans players
Programming
Many of Food Network's top chefs and celebrities had new programs on the channel starting in the fall of 2010.  These included - Emeril Lagasse, Rachael Ray and Bobby Flay. Lagasse's program, Emeril's Fresh Food Fast, showed viewers how fresh food can be prepared in a short amount of time without the lose of authentic taste. Flay's program, Bruch @ Bobby's focused on Weekend bruches/ Ray's program, Week In a Day showedviewers how to plan a week's menu by cooking them all in a single day.  

The channel also carried the new "post-game" show for The Next Food Network Star. It also aried replays of programs from cooks in Canada and Great Britain, These include Food Network Canada host David Rocco's  David Rocco's Dolce Vita and Irish chef Rachel Allen's Rachel Allen: Bake!.

References

Other websites

Cooking Channel Fan Page on Facebook
Cooking Channel Chat Page on Twitter
American television networks
Cable television
2010 establishments in the United States
Knoxville, Tennessee
21st-century establishments in Tennessee
Social Security or  social welfare is the name given to programs to provide money for people who need it. Social security systems are often linked to health care.

War pensions are the most ancient type of social security. They are mentioned by Plutarch.

Universal benefits are those where everyone who meets the conditions - such as children under a certain age or people who are ill or disabled - are paid.

Contributions 
In many countries social Security provides support only to people who have paid contributions.  Most pension systems are for people who have paid contributions. Contributions are regular payments taken from their pay when they are working.  They will be recorded by the government. The right to a pension may include dependent members of the family. Pensions may then be paid to widows and orphans. People may also make regular payments into private pensions.

Means test
Means test

Means tested benefits are paid to people who can show that they are poor.  There are usually tests both of regular income and of capital. They are usually paid to households.   Before government schemes were started in many places charities would help people who were thought to need it.  

Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights law make the "right to an adequate standard of living" one of the human rights.

France
In France from the beginning of the 20th century employers were made to insure their workers against injury, illness, maternity, and death.  After 1946 there was more done by the government. Now there are allowances for children - universal after the first child and Family Complement which is means tested.  There are extra payments for adopted and disabled children and orphans. There are both contributory and means tested benefits for people over 65.
Unemployment insurance was started in 1958. It is managed by the employers organization and the trade unions.

There is also a means tested benefit called Revenu de solidarité active for unemployed and underemployed workers.

Germany
Otto von Bismarck started social security benefits in 1883.   This was part of what was called State Socialism. This was the first country to do so. It included health insurance, accident insurance (workman's compensation), disability insurance and an old-age retirement pension. 

Now there is a system of unemployment benefit. People and their employers have to pay when they are working. It lasts for up to 12 months. There is also  a welfare system called Hartz IV which is means-tested. This is also for working people on low pay.
There is a state pension.  The retirement age will go up to 66 by 2023.  It goes by two months each year, until 2031, when the retirement age will be 67. The amount of pension is based on the pay a person had when they were working and the number of years they paid contributions.

United Kingdom
The English Poor Law system was set up in the Tudor period. Monasteries had given a lot of support to the poor but they were closed.    Beggars were sent back to their homes.  Workhouses were set up by the parishes for people who could not earn money and they were given work to do. They were paid for by a local tax on the property of the richest people in the parish.
Pensions were introduced for poor people over 70 in 1908.  The National Insurance Act was passed in 1911. This introduced National Insurance Contributions, which gave free medical treatment to working men,  sick pay of 10 shillings a week for 26 weeks and 30 shillings Maternity Grant. Unemployed workers could get 7 shillings per week for up to 15 weeks in a year.

The Beveridge Report of 1942 proposed a big expansion of this system and Clement Attlee's government passed laws to make it happen. The  National Insurance Act 1946 included sickness and unemployment benefits. This was popular and the Conservative Party (UK) continued it.  Married women were expected to rely on their husbands for support. They were not entitled to the same benefits as men. There were widows benefits for women whose husbands died but no benefits for men whose wives died.
National Assistance was the main means tested benefit from 1948 to 1966.  Then Supplementary Benefit was introduced, and the legal rules were published. People could go to court about it.  It was replaced by Income Support in 1988. Help with the cost of rent came from Housing Benefit. From 2013 Universal Credit began to replace all the means tested benefits. 

In 1970 new benefits for disabled people were introduced:  Attendance Allowance and Mobility Allowance.  In 1976 Invalid Care Allowance was introduced, but married women could not claim it.  Spending on disability benefits rose from 0.1% of GDP in 1980-81 to 0.7% of GDP in 2020-21. The number of people getting disability benefits went up from 1.2 million in 1997 to 2.5 million in 2021-22.
Around 2000 there were changes designed to end the discrimination against women.  Women's benefits no longer depended on their husbands National Insurance contributions. The state pension age was set at 60 for women, and 65 for men in 1948. At that time most men did not live to claim their pension for long. Women lived on average about 5 years longer than men.  In 1995 the law was changed so that the women's pension age would be made equal with men. After 2007 the age people could claim a pension was gradually raised because life expectancy had improved. On average men lived to be more than 80 and women about 84.

The Child Poverty Action Group produces books about the British social security system every year. They explain people's rights.

See also: :Category:Social security in the United Kingdom
United States
In the United States, this refers to a program started in the New Deal.  The program first gave money only to a few old people, but is now used by millions of people and is one of the largest and most costly programs in the government. The  Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance program covers 94% of workers. State and local government workers have pension plans at the state or local level.   Retirement Insurance Benefits are paid to people over the age of 62. The amount is increased if the person delays their claim.

Social Security in the United States is managed by the Social Security Administration, and a person in the program gets a number and has it forever, mainly because of tax reports.

See also: Social Security (United States)

Related pages
Welfare state

Other websites 
 Social security Citizendium

References 

Social security
Yorktown is a city in Virginia.  It is the county seat of York County, though it only has 220 people living there.   It is most known for the Battle of Yorktown, between American/French troops under George Washington and Jean Rochambeau, and British troops under Charles Cornwallis.   

The British lost the battle, and had to surrender.  This led to the British giving up the American colonies.  A battle in the American Civil War was also fought there and was won by the Confederates. 

Cities in Virginia
County seats in Virginia
The Pretty Reckless is an American rock band from New York City. The band's lead singer is Taylor Momsen, who is also a rhythm guitarist. Mark Damon is the band's bassist, Jamie Perkins is the drummer and Ben Phillips is a guitarist, The band formed (began) in 2008. Their debut single, "Make Me Wanna Die" was release in late May and was #1 on the UK Rock Chart. Their first album Light Me Up is set to release on August 31, 2010. The band's influences come from grunge rock such as Nirvana, Soundgarden and Courtney Love who fronted the rock band Hole. Other important influences are Joan Jett and Cherie Currie from The Runaways.
Original Songs by The Pretty Reckless:
 My Medicine
 Since You're Gone
 Make Me Wanna Die
 Light Me Up
 Just Tonight
 Miss Nothing
 Goin' Down
 Nothing Left To Lose
 Factory Girl
 You
 Far From Never
 Haven knows
 Going to hell
 Everybody Wants Something From Me
 Zombie
 Hit Me Like A Man
 Under The Water
 Cold Blooded
 A.D.D.
 Blender
 Blonde Rebellion
 He Loves You
 Heart
 Panic
 Sleeze Sister
 Superhero
 Shut Up Slut
 Void And Null
 Bleeding
 Chaotic Sanity
 Ugly People
 Where Did Jesus Go?
 We're All In Love

American rock bands
Post-grunge bands
Musical groups from New York City
Chromium chloride may refer to:
Chromium(II) chloride, also known as chromous chloride.
Chromium(III) chloride, also known as chromic chloride or chromium trichloride.
Chromium(IV) chloride
Romy Schneider (September 23, 1938 - May 29, 1982) was an Austrian actress. She was from Vienna. She had German and French citizenship. She had an international career, but worked mostly in France.

Life and career

She was born Rosemarie Albach-Retty in Vienna, Austria. Her parents were Wolf Albach-Retty (1906-1967) and Magda Schneider (1909-1996), both famous actors in Austria and Germany. 

After her parents divorced in 1945, she was raised by her mother. With her mother's help, and using her mother's family name, she started acting in 1953. She quickly became very popular through Ernst Marischka's trilogy called Sissi, about the early life of Empress Elisabeth of Austria.

In 1958, she appeared in the movie Christine, opposite French actor Alain Delon. They became engaged and she moved to France with him.

Schneider worked with directors such as Luchino Visconti in Boccacio (1961), Orson Welles in The Trial (1962), and Otto Preminger in The Cardinal (1963).
After her breakup with Delon in 1964, she went back to Germany. There she married stage director Harry Meyen. They had a son named David (1966-1981). 

She acted with Delon again in the movie La piscine in 1969. The rest of her career was mostly in France. Notable movies included; Les choses de la vie (1970), Max et les ferrailleurs (1971), Le trio infernal (1974), Le vieux fusil (1975), La banquière (1980), La passante du Sans-Souci (1981). 

Her later years were plagued by personal tragedies. She gave birth to a stillborn child in 1976 by her second husband Daniel Biasini. Her first husband Harry Meyen killed himself in 1979. Her son David accidentally died impaled while trying to go over a fence in 1981. That same year she had a kidney operation.  

She was found dead in her Paris apartment at the age of 43, probably from a heart attack, although no autopsy was performed. She left a daughter Sarah Biasini (born 1977, by her second husband), who is an actress.

Reference
Reference
 

1938 births
1982 deaths
Actors from Vienna
French movie actors
French stage actors
French television actors
German movie actors
German stage actors
German television actors
Angri is a town and comune in the province of Salerno, Campania, Italy. It was the hometown of Teresina Raiola, the mother of famous American gangster Al Capone, as well Frank Nitti, another famous gangster. It is also where Alfonso Maria Fusco lived and died.

References

2001 census data download  Istituto Nazionale di Statistica

Towns in Salerno
Palm Island is a man-made island in Biscayne Bay in the city of Miami Beach, Florida, United States.  Palm Island lies just south of Hibiscus Island.  It is a residential area, the site of exclusive neighborhoods and multi-million dollar homes.  The island is accessible via the MacArthur Causeway.

Famous people who lived there 
 Al Capone
 Scott Storch
 Louis L. Gregory

Other websites 
Photo 
Location of Palm Island 
Google Maps

Islands of Florida
The Mystery of Al Capone's Vault was a one-time live American television special broadcast in April of 1986. It was hosted by Geraldo Rivera. The program was about the opening of a secret vault once owned by Al Capone. The program is best known for the vault being empty except for a few pieces of trash.

Other websites
 
 Al Capone's Vault on TV Acres. Retrieved July 8, 2006.
 Geraldo Rivera  on the Museum of Broadcast Communications by Susan Murray. Retrieved July 8, 2006.
 The Lexington Hotel  on Prairie Ghosts in 2003 by Troy Taylor. Retrieved July 8, 2006.
 Al Capone on the FBI homepage. Retrieved August 30th., 2010.

Al Capone
1986 in entertainment
Television programs
John "Papa Johnny" Torrio, also known as "The Fox" (February 1882 – April 16, 1957) was an Italian-American mobster who helped make the criminal empire known as the Chicago Outfit in the 1920s. Torrio would later give the Chicago Outfit to Al Capone. He also thought of the National Crime Syndicate in the 1930s and later became an  to the Genovese crime family.

He was shot several times in 1925. He died of a heart attack in Brooklyn in 1957.

1882 births
1957 deaths
Chicago Outfit mobsters
Al Capone
American crime victims
Criminals from Chicago
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Italian crime victims
John Alcock (c. 1430 – 1 October 1500) was an English churchman.

He was born at Beverley in Yorkshire, son of Sir William Alcock, Burgess of Kingston upon Hull and educated at Cambridge. In 1461 he was made dean of Westminster, and his subsequent promotion was rapid in both church and state. In  1461 he was made Master of the Rolls, and in 1470 was sent as ambassador to the court of Castile. He became Bishop of Rochester on 15 March, Bishop of Worcester on 15 July 1476 and of Ely on 6 October 1486. He was Lord Chancellor, once from June 1475 to September 1475 and then again from October 1485 to March 1487.

Alcock was one of the leading pre-Reformation churchmen; he was a man of deep learning and also a great architect. He founded a charity at Beverley and a grammar school at Kingston upon Hull. He restored many churches and colleges, but his greatest achievement was the building of Jesus College, Cambridge.

Alcock died on 1 October 1500 and lies buried in the Alcock Chantry in Ely Cathedral.

Notes
Notes

References

 

1430s births
1500 deaths
English Roman Catholics
Lord Chancellors
People from Beverley
Roman Catholic bishops
The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom.  He is the second highest ranking of the Great Officers of State after the Lord High Steward.  The Lord Chancellor is appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister.  Before the Union there were separate Lord Chancellors of England and Scotland.

Until Tony Blair became Prime Minister the Lord Chancellor was required to be a member of the House of Lords,was its presiding officer, and was Britain's highest-ranking judge. Blair tried to abolish the position and wound up removing some of its responsibilities and dividing others, and now the holder is usually in the House of Commons. The Lord Chancellor remains responsible for the Great Seal and for the efficient functioning and independence of the courts.  The current Lord Chancellor is Alex Chalk,who replaced Dominic Raab in 2023.
Formerly, there were separate Chancellors of England, Scotland and Ireland.  When the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland united to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain under the Acts of Union 1707 the offices of the Chancellor of England and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland were combined to form a single office of Lord Chancellor of Great Britain for the new state.

References

Bibliography
Campbell, J., 1st Baron. (1868). Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of England From the Earliest Times Till the Reign of King George IV, 5th ed. London: John Murray.
 Davies, M. (2003). Companion to the Standing Orders and guide to the Proceedings of the Lords, 19th ed. 
 Department for Constitutional Affairs. (2003). "Constitutional Reform: Reforming the Office of the Lord Chancellor" 
 House of Lords. (2003–2004). Bill 30 (Constitutional Reform Bill).
"Lord High Chancellor" (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press.

 
1707 establishments
On January 20, 2006, an explosion occurred in the underground copper mine of Carola-Agustina in Copiapó, Chile, shortly after two trucks collided, covering the only escape route for the miners inside the mine.

The explosion caused two deaths, two injured and 70 miners stayed trapped for 7 hours.

Effects 
At the nearby mine, "Punta de Cobre", miners constructed a tunnel to allow evacuations in case of emergencies, after the explosion.

Related pages
 2010 Copiapó mining accident

References 

21st century in Chile
2006 disasters
2006 in South America
January events
Copiapó is a Chilean town in Region of Atacama. It was founded in December 8, 1744. It is also the capital of Region of Atacama and Province of Copiapó.

Related pages
 2006 Copiapó mining accident

References 

Cities in Chile
Capitals of Chilean regions
Atacama Region
Glenn Edward Lee Beck (born February 10, 1964) is an American conservative radio and television show host. He was born in Everett, Washington. His television show, The Glenn Beck Program, has been played on Fox News Channel and on CNN's Headline News. However, in April 2011, the Fox News Channel said it would stop showing Beck's show later that year. The show was cancelled in June 2011 and was replaced by The Five. He now has an online site called TheBlaze (it was called GBTV) where he does shows that people can pay to see.

Popularity
Over 9 million people listen to his radio show every day. Usually, between 2 and 3 million people watch his television show every day. He has written nine books. Also, he sometimes tells his audience about books he thinks they should read. Several books that Beck recommended became the most popular book on Amazon.com.
Although Beck's show is very popular, not everybody agrees with his views. He has been criticized for calling Barack Obama a racist and for talking about conspiracy theories.

Personal life
Beck is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as the Mormon church).

Health
Beck has been addicted to drugs and alcohol. He has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. On November 10, 2014, Beck announced on TheBlaze that he had been suffering from a severe neurological disorder for at least the last five years.

References

Other websites

American radio personalities
American television presenters
People from Everett, Washington
1964 births
Living people
Haruki Robert Nakamura (born April 18, 1986 in Elyria, Ohio) is an Japanese-American former professional football safety. He play for 5 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Baltimore Ravens and Carolina Panthers. Nakamura was drafted out of the University of Cincinnati by the Baltimore Ravens with the 206th pick in the sixth round of the 2008 NFL Draft and played with them from 2008 to 2011. His mother Karen was a fourth degree black belt and his father Ryozo was an eighth degree black belt. Nakamura has two brothers named Mako and Yoshi and a sister named Kimi.

On March 16, 2012, Nakamura signed a three-year contract with the Carolina Panthers. In August 2013, Nakamura suffered a concussion during a preseason game and was forced to retire afterwards. He tried to apply for the Player Retirement Plan from the NFL but was denied. Nakamura sued the insurer Lloyd’s of London for damages.

References

Other websites
Haruki Nakamura at nfl.com
1986 births
Living people
American football safeties
Sportspeople from Ohio
Baltimore Ravens players
Carolina Panthers players
The Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus FRS (13 February 1766 – 23 December 1834), was a British writer on political economy and population. Malthus popularised the economic theory of rent, and was the first to use the phrase struggle for existence.

Views on population

Malthus is famous for his theories about population: its increase or decrease in response to various factors. There were six editions of his An Essay on the Principle of Population, published from 1798 to 1826. He said that sooner or later population gets checked, by famine, disease, and widespread mortality.

He wrote in opposition to many who saw society as improving, and (in principle) as perfectible.viii William Godwin and the Marquis de Condorcet, for example, believed in the possibility of almost limitless improvement of society. So, in a more complex way, did Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose notions centered on the goodness of man and the liberty of citizens bound only by the social contract.
Malthus thought that the dangers of population growth would prevent endless progress towards a utopian society: 
"The power of population is indefinitely greater than the power in the earth to produce subsistence for man".p13
As an Anglican clergyman, Malthus saw this situation as divinely imposed to teach virtuous behaviour.p104–105 Believing that one could not change human nature, Malthus wrote: 
"Must it not then be acknowledged by an attentive examiner of the histories of mankind, that in every age and in every State in which man has existed, or does now exist,
 that the increase of population is necessarily limited by the means of subsistence, 
 that population does invariably increase when the means of subsistence increase, and, 
 that the superior power of population is repressed, and the actual population kept equal to the means of subsistence, by misery and vice".p61

Economic views
Economic views

Malthus placed the longer-term stability of the economy above short-term expediency. He criticised the Poor Laws,p39-45 and (alone among important contemporary economists) supported the Corn Laws, which introduced a system of taxes on British imports of wheat.pxx He thought these measures would encourage domestic production, and so promote long-term benefits.

Influence

Malthus became hugely influential, and controversial, in economic, political, social and scientific thought. Many evolutionary biologists read him, especially Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. For both of them, Malthusianism became a stepping-stone to the idea of natural selection. Malthus is still a writer of great significance and controversy.

References

Other websites

1766 births
1834 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British economists
Demography
English Anglicans
English priests
English scientists
Writers from Surrey