Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Thomas Hopko (March 28, 1939 – March 18, 2015) was an Eastern Orthodox Christian priest and theologian. He was the Dean of Saint Vladimir’s Orthodox Theological Seminary from September 1992  until July 1, 2002 and taught dogmatic theology  there from 1968 until 2002. In retirement, he carried the honorary title of Dean Emeritus.

Hopko died of complications from congestive heart failure on March 18, 2015, in Wexford, Pennsylvania, aged 75.

References

1939 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
American theologians
People from Endicott, New York
The Palazzo Chiablese is a building in Turin, Italy which was once the residence of the Duke of Chablais (a son of a king of Sardinia) it was also later the home of the Duke of Genoa (himself another king of Sardinia) Today it is home to a cultural collection honouring the history of Piedmont. It is open to the public Wednesday, Thursday, Friday from 4 pm to 8pm and during press conferences, cultural events, concerts.

Brief history

From 1753, it served as the residence of Benedetto of Savoy, son of Charles Emmanuel III and Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine. It was named after his courtesy title of "Duke of Chablais".

Bombed during World War II it lost a majority of its internal decoration before being handed over to the state in the 1950s.

References

Commons

Turin
Carignano
Former royal residences
Eva Evelyn Burrows, AC (15 September 192920 March 2015) was an Australian community welfare organiser. From 1986 to 1993, Burrows served as the 13th General of the Salvation Army. She served as an Officer of the Salvation Army from 1951 to her retirement in 1993.

Burrows died on 20 March 2015 at a hospital in Melbourne, Victoria, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 Biography and Interview from Australian Biography Online 
 General Eva Burrows, biography at Women's International Center
 "Why Help the Poor?"  – A condensed version of an address delivered by General Burrows at the opening session of the Third Asia-Pacific Regional Workshop on Banking with the Poor held in Brisbane 21–25 November 1995.
  Burrows, Eva Evelyn in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia

1929 births
2015 deaths
Australian Christians
People from Newcastle, New South Wales
Robert William Kastenmeier (January 24, 1924 – March 20, 2015) was an American politician. He represented Wisconsin in the United States House of Representatives from 1959 to 1991. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

References

1924 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
United States representatives from Wisconsin
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Arthur Adair Hartman (March 12, 1926 – March 16, 2015) was an American career diplomat. He was Ambassador to France under Jimmy Carter. He was Ambassador to the Soviet Union under Ronald Reagan.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Ambassadors of the United States to France
Politicians from New York City
Bruce Hull Crump, Jr. (July 17, 1957 – March 16, 2015) was an American musician and songwriter. He was the original drummer with the rock band Molly Hatchet from 1976 to 1983 (including their 1980 hit song "Flirtin' with Disaster" ) and 1984 to 1991. He also played as a member of the Canadian band Streetheart in the early 1980s.

Crump died in a hospital in Richmond, Virginia from throat cancer, aged 57.

References

1957 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from throat cancer
American songwriters
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
Andrew McLan "Andy" Fraser (3 July 1952 – 16 March 2015) was an English songwriter and bass guitarist whose career lasted over forty years and includes a notable period as one of the founding members of the rock band Free in 1968, at age 15.

Fraser died on 16 March 2015 at his home in California. He had been battling Cancer and AIDS. The cause of his death is under investigation. Fraser is survived by his daughters Hannah and Jasmine Fraser.

References

Other websites
Andy Fraser official website 
Andy Fraser press kit 

 Two-part exclusive interview with Andy Fraser on music and life.  At DME
Andy Fraser bass guitar goes on exhibit at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 
Gibson Bass interview with Andy Fraser
 Fraser Protege Tobi Earnshaw 

1952 births
2015 deaths
English songwriters
English guitarists
Gay men
Musicians from London
John Mayall, OBE (born 29 November 1933) is an English blues singer, guitarist, organist and songwriter, whose musical career spans over fifty years. In the 1960s, he was the founder of John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, a band which has included some of the most famous blues and blues rock musicians.

References

Other websites

John Mayall's website
 John Mayall's official Facebook Fan page
Mayall: sessions,concerts
ABC Records Press Release 
John Mayall Interview 2007 - by Brian D. Holland
John Mayall Interview with Jarrod Dicker (2009)

 FB Fotoalbum John Mayall - Amsterdam - Melkweg 13-12-2012 Photography Rick van Gerven 
  John Mayall Interview (2010) published in the French magazine Guitar Part

1933 births
Living people
English guitarists
English singer-songwriters
People from Cheshire
Miguel Donoso Pareja (July 13, 1931 – March 16, 2015) was an Ecuadorian writer. In 2006, he won the Premio Eugenio Espejo Award.

In 1985 Donoso Pareja was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship grant of $26,000 to write fiction; he then traveled several months in Spain and other European countries and spent all the money, and so returned to Ecuador, locked himself up in a borrowed apartment, and wrote 22 stories of love.

Pareja died in Guayaquil, Ecuador from Parkinson's disease, aged 83.

References

1931 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Writers from Guayaquil
Jack Kevin Haley (January 27, 1964 – March 16, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. He played for the Chicago Bulls, New Jersey Nets, Los Angeles Lakers, and San Antonio Spurs. Haley was born in Long Beach, California.

Haley died of heart disease in Los Alamitos, California, aged 51.

References

1964 births
2015 deaths
Chicago Bulls players
Los Angeles Lakers players
New Jersey Nets players
San Antonio Spurs players
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California
Bernhard "Buddy" Elias (2 June 1925 – 16 March 2015) was a Swiss actor and president of the Anne Frank Fonds. He was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He was the cousin of Anne Frank. Elias was known for his role as Agent Ute Nicolai in the 2014 movie The Monuments Men.

Elias died in Basel, Switzerland at the age of 89.

Other websites
 
 Buddy Elias at his agency
 „Erinnerungen vom Dachboden“, Interview, Einestages, 28. Februar 2012 
 biography 
 Obituaries : FAZ, spiegel.de, sueddeutsche.de

1925 births
2015 deaths
Entertainers from Hesse
People from Frankfurt
Swiss actors
James "Jamie" Dornan (born 1 May 1982) is a Northern Irish actor, model, and musician. He played Axel von Fersen in Sofia Coppola's movie Marie Antoinette, Sheriff Graham Humbert in the ABC series Once Upon a Time and serial killer Paul Spector in the BBC Two crime drama series The Fall. He played the titular character, Christian Grey, in the movie Fifty Shades of Grey (2015).

Early life
Dornan was born in Holywood, County Down, Northern Ireland. He grew up in the suburbs of Belfast, and has two older sisters. His father, Professor Jim Dornan, is an obstetrician who had also considered becoming an actor. Jamie Dornan is a first cousin, twice removed, of actress Greer Garson. His grandparents on both sides of his family were Methodist lay preachers. Dornan was 16 when his mother, Lorna, died.
Career
He was a member of folk band called Sons of Jim, until it disbanded in 2008. His modeling career has included cover and feature shoots for publications such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Aquascutum, Hugo Boss, Armani, Dior Homme and Calvin Klein (with both Kate Moss and Eva Mendes), and he was labelled "The Golden Torso" by The New York Times.

His first acting role in a film was Count Axel Fersen in the Sofia Coppola film Marie Antoinette (2006). After that, he appeared films and TV series such as Beyond the Rave, Shadows in the Sun, Fifty Shades of Grey; Once Upon a Time and The Fall.

In 2014, he was ranked #3 in People Magazine's Sexiest Man Alive list.

He married English actress and singer Amelia Warner in Somerset on 27 April 2013. They have one daughter together Dulcie (b. November 2013)

Filmography

Movies

Television

Discography

Awards and nominations

References

Other website
Other website
 
 

1982 births
Living people
Actors from Northern Ireland
British models
Musicians from Northern Ireland
British movie actors
British television actors
People from County Down
Curtis Bernard Gans (June 17, 1937 – March 15, 2015) was an American activist, writer, and expert on American voting patterns. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

Gans served as a consultant to the Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars, the National Committee for an Effective Congress, and managed a number of political campaigns. Gans died in Frederick, Maryland from lung cancer, aged 77.

References

1937 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
American activists
Writers from New York City
Frederick is a city in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is the county seat of Frederick County. As of 2010, the population of the city was 66,382. 

Cities in Maryland
County seats in Maryland
Los Alamitos, California is a small city in Orange County, California. It became a city in March 1960. It had a population of 11,780 as of 2020.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Orange County, California
1960 establishments in California
The Gorgoderidae are a family of Flatworms  (Platyhelminthes). They belong to the ordo Plagiorchiida. The species are parasites of fish, amphibians and reptiles. They have distome, which means they got two suckers, one at the mouth (oral) and one at the waist (ventral).

Systematics 
There are five genera:
 Gorgorodera
 Gorgoderina
 Phyllodistomum
 Probolitrema
 Staphylorchis

References 

Flatworms
Parasites
Shawn Robert Ashmore (born October 7, 1979) is a Canadian movie and television actor. He is best known for his roles as Jake Berenson in the television series Animorphs, Agent Mike Weston in the television drama series The Following, and Bobby Drake / Iceman in the X-Men movie series. He is the identical twin brother of actor Aaron Ashmore.

Filmography

Movies

Television

Video games

References

Other websites

 

1979 births
Living people
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Actors from British Columbia
The Walking Dead is an American television series based on the comic book of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore and Charlie Adlard, and developed for television by Frank Darabont. It premiered on the cable network AMC on October 31, 2010. The series focuses on Rick Grimes, a sheriff's deputy who slips into a coma after being shot. He awakens to find himself in a dangerous new world that has been overrun by "walkers". He joins a group of survivors (including his wife and son) as they try to survive in a world among the undead.

As of October 5, 2018, 115 episodes of The Walking Dead had aired. The series was to enter its ninth season on October 7, 2018. It has been renewed for a tenth season.

Series overview 
|+Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2010)

Season 2 (2011-12)

Season 3 (2012-13)

Season 4 (2013-14)

Season 5 (2014–15)

References 

Lists of television series episodes
Andrew James Clutterbuck (born 14 September 1973), better known by his stage name Andrew Lincoln, is an English actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Rick Grimes in the AMC drama series The Walking Dead. He first came to public attention as Egg in the BBC drama This Life, followed by roles such as Simon in the Channel 4 sitcom Teachers and Mark in the romantic comedy movie Love Actually.

Early life 
Lincoln was born in London. He is the son of a civil engineer father and a nurse mother. His family moved to Kingston upon Hull when he was 18 months old. Then they moved to Bath, Somerset when he was eight or nine. He attended Beechen Cliff School. He had his first acting role at the age of 14 as the Artful Dodger in a school production of Oliver!. He spent a summer at the National Youth Theatre in London. He became interested in acting as a career. After leaving school, he studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts (RADA). He began to use "Andrew Lincoln" as his stage name.

Filmography

Film
Filmography

Film

Television

Stage

References

Other websites 

1973 births
Living people
Actors from London
Actors from Somerset
English movie actors
English television actors 
People from Bath, Somerset
People from Kingston upon Hull
The following is a list of episodes of the Disney Channel original series, Austin & Ally. Created by Kevin Kopelow and Heath Seifert, the show follows the partnership between polar opposites — Austin, an extroverted musician/singer, and Ally, an intelligent yet shy songwriter and their two best friends, Trish and Dez. Austin is played by Ross Lynch, Ally is played by Laura Marano, Trish is played by Raini Rodriguez, and Dez is played by Calum Worthy. The four of them eventually become best friends and the series is based on their friendship, team work and talents, as they encounter many difficulties along the way to success.

Series overview

Episode list

Season 1 (2011–12)

Season 2 (2012–13)
On March 11, 2012, the series was renewed for a second season with production resuming that summer. Production began on June 4, 2012 and ended in February 2013.
Season 3 (2013–14)
The series was planned to be renewed for a third season on March 12, 2013 at the Disney upfront. It was officially confirmed on April 2, 2013. Production started on July 8, 2013 and ended on January 24, 2014.

Season 4 (2015-16)
On April 25, 2014, the series was renewed for a fourth season. Production began on October 13, 2014 for a January 18, 2015 premiere. On February 6, 2015, Laura Marano stated that Season 4 will be the last season of the show.

References 

Lists of television series episodes
Yo no creo en los hombres (English: I don't believe in men) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Giselle González for Televisa. It is based on Yo no creo en los hombres (1991), produced in México.

Alejandro Camacho, Adriana Louvier and Gabriel Soto star in the series. Flavio Medina, Azela Robinson and Rosa María Bianchi also star.

Cast

References

Other website 

Telenovelas by Televisa
2014 Mexican television series debuts
2015 Mexican television series endings
Muchacha italiana viene a casarse, is a Mexican telenovela. It is produced and directed by Pedro Damián for Televisa. It is a remake of the 1971 Mexican telenovela Muchacha italiana viene a casarse.

Livia Brito and José Ron star as the protagonists of the telenovela. Nailea Norvind and Mike Biaggio star as antagonists.

Cast

Mexico broadcast

References

Other website 

Telenovelas by Televisa
2014 Mexican television series debuts
"I'm Your Baby Tonight" was the lead single and title track from Whitney Houston's album of the same name. The song became a major hit for Houston. It reached the Top 10 in many countries. It hit #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.

After her death in 2012, the song was ranked at number 18 by Entertainment Weekly.

References

1990 songs
Pop songs
New jack swing songs
R&B songs
Whitney Houston songs
Tierra de reyes is an American telenovela. It is produced by Telemundo.

Cast 
 Aarón Díaz as Arturo "Rey" Gallardo
Ana Lorena Sánchez as Sofía del Junco
 Kimberly Dos Ramos as Irina del Junco
Gonzalo García Vivanco as Flavio "Rey" Gallardo
Scarlet Gruber as Andrea del Junco
Christian de la Campa as Samuel "Rey" Gallardo
Sonya Smith as Cayetana Belmonte del Junco
Fabián Ríos as Leonardo Montalvo
Daniela Navarro as Patricia Rubio

References

Other websites 
 

2014 American television series debuts
American telenovelas
A logogram or logograph is a grapheme (or symbol) which represents a word or morpheme in a language. This is contrasted with a phonogram, which is a symbol that represents a sound.

Related pages 
 Ideogram
 Hieroglyph
 Logo

Writing
Christ Illusion is the tenth studio album by American thrash metal band, Slayer. Christ Illusion was released on August 4, 2006 through American Recordings. It is Slayer's first album to feature original drummer Dave Lombardo since the release of Seasons in the Abyss on October 9, 1990.

The album peaked at #5 on the Billboard 200, #2 on the Top Rock Albums, and at #1 on the Top Tastemaker Albums charts. In 2007, the song "Eyes of the Insane" won a Grammy Award in the category of Best Metal Performance. The next year, the song "Final Six" won a Grammy Award in the same category.

The album art featured a mutilated Jesus painted by Larry Carroll which caused controversy. Lyrics from the album also caused controversy. The lyrics for the song "Jihad" describe the September 11 attacks from a terrorist perspective. An Indian Christian group based in Mumbai were angry and demanded that the albums be recalled. All of the Indian stocks of the album were recalled and destroyed by EMI India.

Songs

References
Songs

References

Other websites

2006 albums
Slayer albums
An ice-cream headache, also known as brain freeze or cold-stimulus headache is a form of brief head pain or headache. The scientific name is sphenopalatine ganglioneuralgia. It is often due to quickly eating cold beverages or foods such as ice cream and ice pops. It is caused by having something cold touch the palate of the mouth. It is believed to result from a nerve response or a "referring" of pain from the roof of the mouth to the head. The rate of intake for cold foods has been studied as a contributing factor.

References 

Head (body part)
World Painted Blood is the eleventh studio album by American thrash metal band, Slayer. World Painted Blood was released on November 3, 2009 through American Recordings and Sony Music Entertainment. It is Slayer's last album to feature drummer Dave Lombardo who was fired and guitarist Jeff Hanneman who died of liver failure, both in 2013.

The album peaked at #12 on the Billboard 200, #18 on the Digital Albums, #2 on the Top Hard Rock Albums, #4 on the Top Rock Albums, and at #1 on the Top Tastemaker Albums charts. In 2010, the song "Hate Worldwide" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Metal Performance. The next year, the song "World Painted Blood" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the same category.

Songs

References

Other websites

2009 albums
Slayer albums
Bartonella is a genus of bacteria. It is the only one in the family Bartonellaceae. The species can be  parasitic and cause diseases in animals and humans. They live mostly in the cells of the host, as intracellular parasites.

Bartonella species are pathogens. Bartonella species are transmitted by vectors such as ticks, fleas, sand flies, and mosquitoes. At least eight Bartonella species or subspecies are known to infect humans.

Bartonella is named after Alberto Leonardo Barton (1870–1950), a medical  microbiologist.

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
The Nitrosomonadaceae are a family of bacteria. They oxidize ammonia (NH3) to nitrate (NO3−). They are lithoautotrophic meaning they do not need organic substance to live.

Systematics 
There are two genera:<ref>J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature - [http://www.bacterio.net/-classifgenerafamilies.html#Nitrosomonadaceae Family Nitrosomonadaceae]</ref>
 Nitrosomonas Nitrosospira''

References

Gram-negative bacteria
Planomicrobium is a bacterium. The cells are coccoid or rod shaped. They can move with  one or two flagella. They are aerobic, they need oxygen.

Systematics 
There are ten species:
 Planomicrobium alkanoclasticum
 Planomicrobium chinense
 Planomicrobium flavidum 
 Planomicrobium glaciei 
 Planomicrobium koreense
 Planomicrobium mcmeekinii
 Planomicrobium okeanokoites
 Planomicrobium psychrophilum
 Planomicrobium soli
 Planomicrobium stackebrandtii

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
Sabrina Ann Lynn Carpenter (born May 11, 1999) is an American singer, songwriter and actress, who stars as rebellious Maya Hart, the best friend of Riley Matthews (portrayed by Rowan Blanchard) in the Disney Channel series Girl Meets World which debuted on . She is signed to Hollywood Records.

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Other appearances

Music videos

Tours
Headlining
 Evolution Tour (2016–2017)
 The De-Tour (2017)

Opening act
 Ariana Grande – Dangerous Woman Tour (2017)
 The Vamps – UK Arena Tour (2017)

Filmography

Notes

References

Other websites

 
 

1999 births
Living people
Actors from Pennsylvania
American YouTubers
American child actors
American child singers
American movie actors
Models from Pennsylvania
American pop singers
American television actors
American voice actors
Disney people
Musical theater actors
Musicians from Pennsylvania
Singers from Pennsylvania
Shane Steven Harper (born February 14, 1993) is an American actor, singer-songwriter, and dancer. He is known for playing Spencer on Good Luck Charlie as well as Josh Wheaton in the independent Christian movie God's Not Dead. His self-titled debut album was released on February 14, 2012.

Filmography

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

Promotional singles

Music videos

Awards and nominations

Concert tours
Headlining
Shane Harper Tour (2012–13)

Opening act
 Dancing Crazy Tour (2011)
 Summer Tour (2013)

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

American television actors
Living people
1993 births
Photios I was born c. 810 or 820 in Constantinople and died 891 in Bordi (Armenia). He was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 858 to 867 and from 877 to 886. In the  Eastern Orthodox churches he is called St. Photios the Great. Photios a powerful and influential Patriarch of Constantinople. As a scholar, Photios possessed a tremendous knowledge of Greek literature. He was a leading intellectual of his time, "the leading light of the ninth-century renaissance". He was a central figure in both the religious conversion of the Slavs to Christianity and the Photian schism.

References 

810s births
Patriarchs
891 deaths
People from Constantinople
Filibacter limicola is a bacterium. Filibacter limicola is the only species of the genus Filibacter. It is gram-positive. The species is aerob: It needs oxygen. It is filamentous and composed of more than one cells. The cells are curved or straight. It is a gliding bacterium.

References

Other websites 
 List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)

Gram-positive bacteria
Planomicrobium chinense is a species of bacteria. It was first found by Xin Dai. It is gram-positive. The cells are short rods or coccoid. They can move by using polar flagella. Planomicrobium chinense doesn't form spores.

References

Other websites
LPSN

Gram-positive bacteria
Norman Orville Scribner (February 25, 1936 – March 22, 2015) was an American conductor, composer, pianist, and organist.  He was most widely known as the founder of The Choral Arts Society of Washington, and as its artistic director for over 45 years. He was born in Washington, D. C..

Scribner died in Washington, D. C. on March 22, 2015 at the age of 79.

References

1936 births
2015 deaths
American conductors
American composers
American pianists
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
Yehuda Avner (;  December 30, 1928 – March 24, 2015) was an Israeli prime ministerial advisor, diplomat, and writer. He served as advisor to Israeli Prime Ministers Menachem Begin, Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres. He served as speechwriter to Israeli Prime Ministers Golda Meir and Levi Eshkol. Avner was the Israeli Ambassador to Australia, United Kingdom, and the United States

Avner was born in Manchester, England to Israeli Jewish parents. He died of cancer in Jerusalem, Israel, aged 86.

Other websites
www.tobypress.com  The Toby Press website
theprimeministers-thefilm.com The Prime Ministers documentary website
www.jpost.com The Jerusalem Post interview
www.bloomberg.com Bloomberg News article
www.tabletmag.com  Tablet interview
www.thejewishweek.com  The Jewish Week interview

1928 births
2015 deaths
British Jews
Cancer deaths in Israel
Ambassadors of Israel
Israeli historians
Naturalized citizens of Israel
People from Manchester
Mark E. Dean (born March 2, 1957) is an American inventor and a computer engineer.

Early life
Dean went to Jefferson City High School. He liked to build things. He once built a tractor from scratch with the help of his father. He graduated from the University of Tennessee in 1979. He got straight A's. Dean received a master's degree in electrical engineering from Florida Atlantic university in 1982. Dean received a doctorate from Stanford University in 1992.

Public life
Dean's first job was at IBM as an engineer.  He invented three important technology's at IBM, including the color PC monitor and the first gigahertz chip. A gigahertz chip is a revolutionary piece of technology that is able to do a billion calculations per second. Dean holds 3 of IBM's patents. Dean became the black engineer of the year in 1987.

References

American inventors
Benjamin Banneker (November 9, 1731 – October 9, 1806) was a free African American almanac author, surveyor, naturalist and farmer.

Early life 
Benjamin Banneker was born on November 9, 1731 in Baltimore County, Maryland. His parents are Mary Banneky, a free black, and Robert, a freed slave from Guinea.

In 1788, a man named George Ellicott loaned Banneker books and equipment to study astronomy more formally. Banneker sent George his work calculating a solar eclipse the following year.

References

1731 births
1806 deaths
18th-century American people
African American writers
Scientists from Maryland
Writers from Maryland
Sporosarcina ureae is a species of bacteria. It is the type species of its genus and is closely related to Bacillus species. It lives in the soil. It is able to break down urea. Therefore, the name (Latin: urea). The cells are coccoid. It has some flagella. Sporosarcina ureae is heterotrophic. It is aerobic, it needs oxygen.

Ecology 
Sporosarcina ureae is one of the bacteria which can make use of urea, it has the enzyme urease. It is often found  in soils where are large amounts of urine like meadows where cows are kept. It is also found in manure.

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
Jacqueline "Jackie" Joyner-Kersee (born March 3, 1962) is a retired American athlete. She is one of the greatest athletes in the women's heptathlon as well as in the women's long jump. Joyner-Kersee represented the United States at four Olympic games (1984-96). She won a total of three gold, one silver, and two bronze Olympic medals. Joyner-Kersee was voted "the greatest female athlete of the 20th century" by Sports Illustrated magazine.

References 

1962 births
Living people
African-American track and field athletes
American Olympic bronze medalists
American Olympic gold medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Planomicrobium chinense is a species of bacteria.
It is gram-positive. The cells are shaped like rods. Planomicrobium alkanoclasticum doesn't form spores.

References

Other websites
Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)

Gram-positive bacteria
Cryptic Writings is the seventh studio album by American thrash metal band, Megadeth. Cryptic Writings was released on June 17, 1997 through Capitol Records. It was Megadeth's last album to feature drummer Nick Menza.

The album peaked at #10 on the Billboard 200 and at #17 on the Canadian Albums Chart. In 1998, the song "Trust" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Metal Performance.

Songs

References

Other websites

1997 albums
Megadeth albums
Capitol Records albums
Daniel Hale Williams (January 18, 1856 – August 4, 1931) was an African-American surgeon. In 1893, he became the first surgeon to perform a cardiac surgery.

Early life 
Daniel Hale Williams III was born on January 18, 1856, in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, to Sarah Price Williams and Daniel Hale Williams II, who was a barber. The couple had several children. Williams III started as a shoemaker apprentice. Later he worked with the Equal Rights League, which was a black civil rights organization active during the Reconstruction era. He went to Chicago Medical college.

Public life
In 1891, Williams opened Provident Hospital and Training School for Nurses. It was the first hospital with an interracial staff. In 1893, Williams was the first surgeon to perform open-heart surgery in the United States.  The following year, he became chief surgeon at Freedmen's Hospital.

References

1856 births
1931 deaths
American surgeons
Scientists from Pennsylvania
Scientists from Illinois
People from Rockford, Illinois
John Lee Love was an African-American inventor who patented a portable pencil sharpener. He was born in 1889 and he died on December 26, 1931.

Public life
Love's original occupation was a carpenter. His first invention was an improvement to plasterer's hawk. His design for the plasterer's hawk included a detachable handle and a folding aluminum board, making it portable and lightweight. Love later invented and patented a portable pencil sharpener called the Love Sharpener. In the patent application, it says the Love Sharpener could double as a paperweight or ornament. The Love Sharpener used the pencil itself as a hand crank and a place to collect pencil shavings attached to the standard blade housing.

Death 
He died in a car and train collision in North Carolina.

References

American inventors
African-American people
1889 births
1931 deaths
Frederick McKinley Jones was an African-American inventor who is known for the development of refrigeration equipment used during World War II.

Early life
Jones was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on May 17, 1893. When he was 9 years old, both of his parents died. After his parent's death, he went to live with a priest in Kentucky. He stayed there for two years. At the age of 11, Jones returned to Cincinnati. There he found a small job working as a janitor. He served in World War I. Jones had talent for and interest in mechanical work. He read extensively on the subject. In addition to his daily work, he educated himself in his spare time. When the town decided to fund a new radio station, Jones built the transmitter needed to broadcast its programming.

Public life 
Jones designed a portable air cooling unit for trucks carrying food. He started a company called Thermo Control Company in the 1930's. He received more than 60 patents.
Death 
Unfortunately, Jones died of lung cancer in Minneapolis, Minnesota on February 21,1961. However, he won a National Medal of Technology after he died. Not to mention that he was inducted into the Minnesota a Inventors Hall of Fame in 1977.

References
James Edward Maceo West is an African-American inventor and professor who developed a microphone component that is used in ninety percent of the microphones used today.

Early life
West was born on February 10, 1931. From an early age, West liked to take things apart. After an accident with a radio he had tinkered with, he became very interested in the concept of electricity. West attended Temple University.

Public life
In 1960, West teamed up with a fellow scientist Gerard M. Sessler. They developed an inexpensive, compact microphone. It relied on their invention of electric transducers and became the industry standard.

West was appointed president-elect of the Acoustical Society of America in 1997. He joined the National Academy of Engineering in 1998. West retired in 2001

References
Edward Alexander Bouchet became the first African American to earn a doctoral degree.

Early life
Bouchet was born in New Haven, Connecticut in 1852. He graduated from Hopkins School.  Bouchet earned his bachelor degree from Yale University in 1874. At the time, there were few opportunities for African Americans seeking higher education.

Public life
Bouchet is best known for becoming the first African American to earn a doctoral degree in the United States in 1876.  After getting his Ph.D. bouchet could not land a college professorship due to his race. With this accomplishment, Bouchet joined a selected group of academics.  He taught at the school for Colored Youth in Philadelphia for more than 25 years.

Death 
Bouchet died in 1918. In 1998 Yale University honored Edward Bouchet by establishing the Edward Alexander Bouchet  Graduate Honor Society in his name, including the Bouchet Leadership Award to academics who helped advance diversity in higher education.

References
References

1852 births
1918 deaths
African-American people
Yale University alumni
Academics from Pennsylvania
Scientists from New Haven, Connecticut
Gerald Anderson "Jerry" Lawson (December 1, 1940 – April 9, 2011) was an American electronic engineer. He was known for his work in designing the Fairchild Channel F video game console.

Early life
Jerry Lawson was born on December 1, 1940. His father was a longshoreman. His mother worked for New York City and as a member of a PTA. He had one brother, Michael. To earn money, Lawson dabbled in electronics. He repaired televisions. Lawson attended Queen College, which is part of City University of New York.

Public life
Lawson was a member of the Silicon Valley Homebrew Computer Club in the 1970s. He met many of the pioneers of personal computing, like Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, the founders of Apple Computer. In 1976. Lawson was the director of engineering and marketing at Fairchild Semiconductor. At that time, he developed a video game console called Fairchild Channel F. The console was the first which could play multiple games instead of one, marking his name permanently in history.
Death 
At the age of 70, Lawson died from complications with diabetes.

Source

1940 births
2011 deaths
Engineers from New York (state)
American electronic engineers
Lewis Howard Latimer (September 4, 1848 – December 11, 1928) was an African-American inventor and draftsman.

Early life
Latimer's family were slaves when a local minister led them to freedom. When he was 16 Latimer lied about his age to join the U.S Navy.

Public life
Latimer started working at Crosby and Gould, a patent law firm. He learned to draw diagrams. While at the law firm, Latimer invented an improved railroad car bathroom and an early air conditioning unit. Later, Latimer helped Alexander Graham Bell by drawing diagrams for his patent for the first telephone. Latimer also helped Thomas Edison with his patent for the light bulb, and invented a better way to make carbon filaments for light bulbs.

Death 
Latimer died on December 11, 1928 in Flushing Queens, New York at the age 80.

References
Elijah J. McCoy (May 2, 1844 - October 10, 1929) was an African American inventor who is best known for inventing lubrication devices to make trains run better.

He was born in Colchester, Ontario and died in Detroit, Michigan. He was born May 2, 1844. He was an engineer and inventor, initially employed as a railroad fireman and oiler and fudger.

References

1844 births
1929 deaths
African-American people
Engineers from Michigan
American inventors
Canadian inventors
Firefighters
Businesspeople from Ontario
Octavia E. Butler was an American science fiction writer. She won many awards. She won the Hugo and Nebula awards more than once. She won the MacArthur Fellowship in 1995.

Early life
Butler was born in Pasadena, California on June 22, 1947. She lost her father at a young age. Butler was raised by her mother, who worked as a maid. Butler started creating her own stories early on. Butler was dyslexic but she didn't let it challenge her from developing a love of books. She decided to make writing her life's work at the age of ten. As a child Butler was known for her shyness and her impressive height. She attended many colleges. She earned her associates degree at Pasadena City College. She also went to California State University, and University of California at Los Angeles.
Public life
Butler studied fiction with Harlan Ellison and became an author of books for both children and adults. She was a very good science fiction writer. Important books she wrote were Pattermaster and Mind of My Mind. She won the 1984 Best Short Story for "Speech of Sounds," and she won the Nebula Award. Octavia was known for African American Spiritrualism.

Death 
Butler died at her home of a stroke in Seattle, Washington on February 24, 2006.

References

1947 births
2006 deaths
Writers from Pasadena, California
Deaths from stroke
American science fiction writers
People with dyslexia
Granville Tailer Woods  (Columbus, Ohio, April 23, 1856 – January 30, 1910)  was an African-American inventor who was awarded more than 50 patents. One of his best know inventions was the Multiplex Telegraph, a device that sent messages between train stations and moving trains.

Granville Woods worked for Springfield, Jackson and Pomeroy Railroad Company in 1878.

Woods' first patent was for an improved steam boiler furnace. He later developed the telephone transmitter. Woods developed what would become trolley's. Woods registered nearly 60 patents in his lifetime.

Woods died in 1910 from a cerebral hemorrhage.

References
The World Needs a Hero is the ninth studio album by American thrash metal band, Megadeth. The World Needs a Hero was released on May 12, 2001 through Sanctuary Records. It is Megadeth's last album to feature original bassist David Ellefson until he returned in 2010. It is also the only Megadeth album to feature Al Pitrelli on lead guitar and the last of two studio albums to feature drummer Jimmy DeGrasso.

The album peaked at #16 on the Billboard 200 and at #20 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

Songs

References

Other websites

2001 albums
Megadeth albums
Benvenuto Cellini (; 3 November 1500 – 13 February 1571) was an Italian goldsmith, sculptor, draftsman, soldier and musician, who also wrote a famous autobiography. He was one of the most important artists of Mannerism.

He was born in Florence, and died there.

References

1500 births
1571 deaths
Italian artists
People from Florence
The Sonoran Desert is a North American desert. It covers large parts of the Southwestern United States in Arizona and California. It also covers parts of Northwestern Mexico. This includes Sonora, Baja California and Baja California Sur. It is the hottest desert in North America. The Sonoran Desert has an area of . The western portion of the United States–Mexico border goes through the Sonoran Desert. It is the hottest desert in North America. It is known for its giant Saguaro cactuses.

References 

Deserts of North America
Geography of Arizona
Häagen-Dazs is a brand of ice cream shops and ice cream franchises. They specialize in ice cream cones, ice cream cups, and ice cream shakes. They have franchises in the United States and many other countries around the world. Häagen-Dazs was created in 1961 by Reuben and Rose Mattus in The Bronx, New York. They opened their first store on November 15, 1976 in Brooklyn.

The "Häagen-Dazs" name was invented by Mattus since it was "Danish-sounding". He used it as a tribute to Denmark's good treatment of Jews during World War II. An outline of Denmark was also used on their early labels. The name is not Danish.

In 1983, Häagen-Dazs was bought by Pillsbury. Pillsbury was then bought by General Mills in 2001.

References

Other websites
Official website

1961 establishments in New York (state)
American food companies
Companies based in California
Oakland, California
The Bronx
I'm Alive is the tenth studio album by Jackson Browne. The album was released on October 11, 1993. It did not have any major hits but the album managed a gold record.

References 

1993 albums
The word fistula comes from a Latin word that means tube or pipe. In medicine, a fistula is an abnormal connection between two hollow spaces. This can be blood vessels, intestines, or other hollow organs. Fistulas are usually caused by injury or surgery. But they can also result from an infection or inflammation. Fistulas are generally a disease condition, but doctors may create fistulas by surgery for medical reasons.

Treatment 

Treatment for fistula depends on the reason for the fistula and on how serious it is.  Doctors often treat fistula with surgery and antibiotics. The first step in treating a fistula is usually an examination by a doctor.  The doctor determines the size and "path" that the fistula takes in the body.

Types of fistula
Types of fistula 

Rectovaginal fistula between the rectum and vagina.
Obstetric fistula between either the rectum and vagina or the rectum and bladder after severe or failed childbirth, when adequate medical care is not available.
Vesicovaginal fistula - a type of urogenital fistula (between the vagina and bladder)

References 

Symptoms
The Nissan Titan is a mid-size pickup truck that is built by Nissan. The Nissan Titan is in its second generation. The Titan started being created on September 21, 2003. It was designed by Diane Allen.

References

Other websites

Nissan Titan on Nissan.com
Nissan Titan on Nissan.ca

Titan
Pickup trucks
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
The Raphe nuclei (singular = Raphe nucleus) are a cluster of nuclei in the hindbrain which release a neurotransmitter called serotonin (5-HT). The serotonin molecules get sent all over the brain, where they are needed for all sorts of roles. 'Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor' (SSRI) antidepressants are believed to act in these nuclei, as well as at their targets. Many opioids (drugs that calm people down) can act on the Raphe nuclei to secrete too much 5-HT.

References 

Anatomy of the brain
Tha Dogg Pound is an American gangsta rap duo. The group was founded in 1992. They were originally signed to the record label Death Row. They made their first appearance on the Dr. Dre album The Chronic. They were also on Snoop Dogg's album Doggystyle.

Their first album, Dogg Food came out in 1995.

During 1993–94, the group assisted MC Hammer on his The Funky Headhunter album along with Suge Knight.

References

Rap music groups
1992 establishments in the United States
Jas Hennessy & Co. is a company that makes cognac. Its headquarters are in Cognac, France. The company sells more than 50 million bottles a year worldwide. It is the world's largest Cognac maker. It is owned by Moët Hennessy, which is co-owned by LVMH (66%) and Diageo (34%).

History 
Hennessy was established in 1765 by Irishman Richard Hennessy. His son James created the brand Hennessy and named the company Jas Hennessy & Co. He greatly expanded his father's business. While an Irishman, he served in the French Navy. He set up the distillery on the Charent River in Cognac.

The company has been run by eight generations of Hennessys. Their master distillers have been seven generations of the Fillioux family. In 1971 in a merger with champagne  maker Moet et Chandon, Kilian Hennessy changed the company name to Moet Hennessy.
International sales 
In 1795 they sold theory cognac in North America. In 1840 Hennessy set up an agency in London for their products. In 1868 they exported to Japan followed by China in 1872. In 1992 Hennessy celebrated their 200th anniversary. They chartered a sailing ship and named it the “Spirit of Hennessy”.
In 2009 Hennessy produced a limited edition of Hennessy VS in honor of US President Barack Obama. In gold lettering the bottles are marked “In Honour of the 44th President”. Currently their biggest market is China.

References

Other websites 
 Hennessy
 About Hennessy Cognac

Drink companies
Companies of France
1765 establishments
18th-century establishments in Europe
Perpetuum mobile means, two different things in music. One is a kind of piece of music, which is usually played in a fast tempo, and which consists of many short notes. The other is a piece of music that is played over and over.

Composers who used this name include Niccolò Paganini, Carl Maria von Weber and Felix Mendelssohn.

Classical music
These are the various flags of Africa.

Supernational and international flags

African Great Lakes

Central Africa

Horn of Africa

Indian Ocean islands

North Africa

Southern Africa

West Africa

Former states

Bantustans (quasi-states recognized primarily by apartheid South Africa)

Lists of flags
Flags
This is a gallery of flags of North American countries and affiliated international organizations.

International

North America

Nations

Territories

Central America

Nations

Caribbean

Nations

Territories

North America
This is a gallery of flags of South American countries and affiliated international organizations.

International

Countries

Territories

Related pages
Flags of North America

South America
South America
Sexting is the act of sending sexually suggestive electronic messages, mainly between mobile phones. The term became popular during the early 21st century. The term is a portmanteau of sex and texting.

The term was first used in print in 2005 in Australia. A naked picture that you make of yourself is sometimes called a nelfie, a mix of the words naked and selfie.

If adults exchange such pictures, this is not a problem. The problem starts when children do this: The image of a teenager or child with little clothes may be child pornography. Many countries have laws against child pornography. This usually includes penalties for owning or spreading such images.

References

Communication
Human sexuality
The Philadelphia Orchestra is an American orchestra. It is based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It does over 130 subscription concerts a year from September to May. In the summer the Orchestra performs an outdoor session for a month. It originally gave concerts at the Academy of Music. The orchestra was founded in 1900. It has performed at the Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts since 2001.

Discography
Studio albums
 David Bowie Narrates Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf (1978)

Music Directors
 Fritz Scheel (1900–1907)
 Karl Pohlig (1908–1912)
 Leopold Stokowski (1912–1938)
 Eugene Ormandy (1936–1980)
 Riccardo Muti (1980–1992)
 Wolfgang Sawallisch (1993–2003)
 Christoph Eschenbach (2003–2008)
 Charles Dutoit (2008–2012, chief conductor)
 Yannick Nézet-Séguin (2012–present)

References

American orchestras
Music in Philadelphia
1900 establishments in the United States
Antoine Valois-Fortier (born March 13, 1990) is a Canadian athlete.  He is best known as a judoka.

History
He was the winner of the Canadian National Judo Championship in the -81 kg category in 2010.

Valois-Fortier won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, defeating Travis Stevens of the United States in the men's 81 kg half-middleweight judo. It was the Canada's first medal in Olympic Judo since 2000 when his coach Nicolas Gill won a silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

References

Other websites
 Antoine Valois-Fortier at the Judoinside.com
Canadian Olympic team profile

1990 births
Canadian Olympic bronze medalists
Canadian judoka
Living people
Sportspeople from Quebec City
Germanwings Flight 9525 (4U9525/GWI9525) was a scheduled international passenger flight flying from Barcelona, Spain to Düsseldorf, Germany, operated by the Lufthansa-owned low-cost airline Germanwings. 

On 24 March 2015, the Airbus A320-200 jetliner crashed around  northwest of Nice, in the French Alps. All 144 passengers and six crew members were killed.

The crash was a murder-suicide planned and acted out by 27-year old co-pilot Andreas Lubitz.

Overview
The plane, which had taken off at 10:01 a.m. from the Barcelona-El Prat airport, disappeared from the radars at 10:39 a.m., when it was at an altitude of 2,000 meters above the department of Alpes de Alta. Provence, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.