Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1924, Hitler was let out of prison early. He restarted the NSDAP. He wanted to gain power legally, through elections. At this time, the NSDAP was only one of a few extreme right-wing, nationalist political parties in Germany. There were many other parties with similar ideas then. Important people like Fritz Thyssen and Emil Kirdorf, both leaders of big industries, supported the Nazi Party.

The next elections to the Reichstag were held in 1928.  In these elections, the Nazi Party won 2.6% of the vote. The party decided to decrease its anti-Semitic slogans in order to do better in the next election. Instead, the NSDAP focused more on foreign policy and on terrorising the German people.  In local elections in 1929 and 1930, the NSDAP won about 10% of the vote.

In 1930, President Paul von Hindenburg dissolved the Reichstag. The Nazi Party saw this as an opportunity. In the elections on 14 September, 1930, the NSDAP won 18.3% of the vote, and had become the second biggest party in Germany.
At this time, most German people wanted to get rid of the Weimar Republic (the Weimarer Republik). Weimar was the German city where the German constitution was written after the First World War. People also wanted a stronger Germany, with more soldiers. The Treaty of Versailles had made it illegal for Germany to have some types of weapons and ships.

On January 30, 1933, Franz von Papen offered to make Adolf Hitler the Chancellor of Germany in a nationalist cabinet. He did this in secret. This was a Machtübergabe, or 'transfer of power'. However, later on, the NSDAP started to call it the Machtergreifung ('seizing power').  It was better for Nazi propaganda to say that they took power from the Weimar Republic, instead of being made the Republic's legal government.
The last free election in Weimar Germany was in March 1933.  The Nazi Party won 44% of the vote. This was not a majority. After the Reichstag fire, they managed to get the two-thirds majority they needed to pass the Ermächtigungsgesetz (Enabling Act). With this new law, they dissolved parliament; gave Hitler the power to do anything he wanted; and made all political parties (except the Nazi party ) illegal.

After this, the Nazi party became very important. People had to be party members to get some jobs, or to get promoted. The Nazi party ended when Germany surrendered to the Allies on 8 May 1945, who banned the party and all other Nazi organizations.
Laws of the Nazi Party 
On March 23, 1933, the German Parliament passed the "Law of Rectification of the Distress of Nation and Reich" or commonly known as the "Enabling Act". Since this law required a two-thirds majority vote in parliament, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party used intimidation and persecution tactics to silence their opposition. They detained all 81 Communists and 26 out of the 120 Social Democrats in Nazi-controlled camps, effectively preventing them from participating in the voting process or expressing their opinions. Later, the only party that voted against it were the remaining Socialists. The laws were not questioned and challenged by the German judges as they viewed Hitler's government legitimate.

The "Enabling Act" then allowed Hitler to propose and sign legislation into law without the need and permission of Germany's parliament. The following are examples of laws the Nazi Party created and kept during their time of control.
"Reich Citizenship Law"                                                                                                                              Often seen and regarded as one of the most significant and important law the Nazi Party issued, this law separated and defined who were pure German and who were Jews. According to the Reich Citizenship Laws and other related decrees, only people of that were pure German or had mixed blood could be citizens of Germany. Because of this, many Jews gave up traditional practices and Judaism. Some even started celebrating Christmas with Christians.
 "Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service"                                                                         This law removed Jews and political opponents of the Nazis from working in jobs. People were exempt only if they had a job before August 1914, had fought in World War I, or lost a father or son in the war.
“Law Against Overcrowding in Schools and Universities"                                                                           The law stated that the maximum amount of Jewish students in any public school or university should be no more than 5 percent of the student population. They also taught students racial ideas about the superiority of “Aryans” and the inferiority of Jews.
 “Law for the Prevention of Offspring with Hereditary Diseases"                                                                 This law allowed the Nazis to forcibly sterilize people with disabilities so they couldn't have children and wouldn't pass on their disabilities to future generations.
"Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor"                                                                                 This law banned pure Germans from having any sexual relations between Jews or mixed bloods. These relationships were labeled as "Rassenschande" and thousands of people were sent to concentration camps because of it. It also banned marriage between Jews and Non-Jews. The law also forbade Jews from employing German maids under the age of 45.
 “Law on the Alteration of Family and Personal Names"                                                                               This law forced Jews who didn't have "Jewish first names" to get a new identity card with their new middle names as "Israel" for males and "Sara" for females. Their documents were then labeled "J".
“Decree on the Exclusion of Jews from Economic Life”                                                                              This law banned Jews from owning a business or being involved in a trade. The Jews then had to sell their business and company to a Non-Jew employee or a Nazi Supporter for little money.
Impact 
The NSDAP was dissolved on 8 May 1945.  After that, the NSDAP no longer existed.

They made some reforms which still exist today.  For example:
 In 1934 they decided that when two people marry, their belongings are still separate.
 When paying taxes, a person can deduct the costs of getting from home to work and back again.
 They made it harder for places that gave out loans to take goods away from people who owed them money
 In 1933, they created extensive animal welfare and protection laws - the basis of animal protection laws today.

But the Nazis did so many bad things that it is now illegal in Germany to display the swastika symbol (shown on the flag above) or use slogans such as Sieg Heil. In November 2010, a British member of the European Parliament, Godfrey Bloom, was forced to leave Parliament. This happened after he shouted the Nazi slogan 'Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer' at a German member of Parliament.

Sayings, mottos, and slogans
"Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil! Sieg Heil!"
 "Hail Victory" (a common Nazi chant at rallies)
 "Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer!"
 "One people, one country, one leader!"
 "Deutschland, erwache!"
 "Germany, Awake!" (A popular Nazi song by Dietrich Eckart.  The Nazis put this slogan on many propaganda banners.)
 "Die Juden sind unser Unglück!"
 "The Jews are our misfortune!" (An 1880 quote by German historian Heinrich von Treitschke)
 "Lang lebe unser ruhmvoller Führer!"
 "Long live our glorious leader!"
 "Heute Deutschland, morgen die Welt!"
 "Today Germany, tomorrow the world!"
 "Die Deutschen immer vor dem Ausländer und den Juden!"
 "The German always before the foreigner and the Jews!"
 "Sicher ist der Jude auch ein Mann, aber der Floh ist auch ein Tier"
 "Certainly the Jew is also a man, but the flea is also an animal"

References

Other websites 
 Nazi Party - Citizendium 

1920 establishments in Europe
1945 disestablishments in Germany
1920s establishments in Germany
Fascism
 
Adolf Hitler
Carl Nielsen (born in Sortelung, near Nørre Lyndelse on Funen, June 9, 1865; died in Copenhagen, October 3, 1931) was a Danish composer.  He is the most famous composer from Denmark and one of the most important composers of symphonies from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Life
Carl Nielsen was the seventh in a family of twelve children.  His father’s name was Niels Jørgensen.  It was Danish tradition for a child to get his father’s given name as part of his name, so Carl became Carl Nielsen (“son of Niels”).
The family was very poor and Carl had to help in the home.  During the school holidays he looked after the geese.  His father, who was a simple painter, played the violin and cornet in the village band.  Carl soon learned to play the violin and joined in with his father’s band.  He listened to music by Haydn and Mozart and became very interested in general knowledge.  All his life he tried to learn new languages and was interested in literature, art and philosophy.  He loved animals and the nature around him.
When he was 14, he had a job in the military orchestra in the nearby town of Odense.  He played the horn and trombone.  In 1884 some rich people in Odense paid for him to go to the Conservatory in Copenhagen.  He studied music there and did quite well, but there was nothing yet to show that he would be a brilliant composer.  He got a job as violinist in the Royal Chapel, a good orchestra which was conducted by Johan Svendsen.  He got to know the music of Wagner, and he went to Germany to study it.  Later he was not so keen on Wagner’s music, and he was not much influenced by it.
In 1891, he married Anne Marie Brodersen who was a sculptress.  They travelled together to Italy where they saw lots of great art.  When they returned to Denmark Nielsen started composing some of the music that was to make him famous.  In 1901 the Danish government paid him money every year so that he did not have to teach and could spend his time composing.  He also conducted the Royal Theatre when Svendsen retired.  He often travelled to other countries and, later, did some teaching and examining at the Copenhagen Conservatoire.  He was made director of the conservatoire in 1931, shortly before he died.

Nielsen suffered for several years from heart trouble.  He died from this disease on October 3, 1931.

His music
His music

Carl Nielsen wrote nearly every kind of music: opera, chamber music, symphony, concerto, songs.  His music was different from the Romantic music that other composers were writing at that time.  Nielsen liked the music of the Classical period, especially Haydn and Mozart.  He learned from them, but also used a lot of  chromaticism and interesting orchestral sounds which made his music much more modern.

He wrote a serious opera called Saul og David and a comic opera Maskarade.  He wrote a lot of Danish songs which are very popular in Denmark.

By far the most important of his works internationally are his six symphonies and three concertos.  The Fourth and Fifth Symphonies, especially, are performed very often by orchestras all over the world.

He wrote a very large work for organ called Commotio.
Nielsen always said how important his simple village background was for his music.  This can be heard clearly in his popular cantata Fynsk Foraar (Springtime in Funen) which shows his love of the countryside where he grew up.

Other websites

1865 births
1931 deaths
20th-century composers
Danish composers
The Madonna and Child or The Virgin and Child is often the name of a work of art which shows the Virgin Mary and the Child Jesus. The word Madonna means "My Lady" in Italian. Artworks of the Christ Child and his mother Mary are part of the Roman Catholic tradition in many parts of the world including Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, South America, Switzerland, and the Philippines. Paintings known as icons are also an important tradition of the Orthodox Church and often show the Mary and the Christ Child. They are found particularly in Eastern Europe, Russia, Egypt, the Middle East and India.

Types of art work

Paintings
Works of art which show the Madonna and Child can be paintings or sculptures. Some paintings are very large and show the Madonna on a throne, with saints standing around it. These paintings are altarpieces; they are designed to go above the altar in a church.
In some churches, particularly in Italy and in Eastern Orthodox Churches, there are many wall paintings and mosaics of the Madonna and Child.

Most Madonna and Child paintings are small. They have been painted for private owners and would usually have been kept in houses. They might be hung on the wall above a table where flowers and candles could be placed to honour the Virgin Mary. Most of the famous ones are now in art galleries.

Sculpture
Many Catholic churches have statues of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child, These are sometimes life-sized and are painted, with real hair and glass eyes so that they look lifelike.

Other statues of the Madonna and Child are very small. In the Middle Ages small statues were carved from ivory. These precious statues are often very beautifully and delicately made. They can often be seen in museums.
In Florence in the early 1400s, an artist called Luca della Robbia began making terracotta statues and sculptured altarpieces from clay, which were fired and glazed with colours, most often blue and white, but also purple, green and yellow. This family business lasted for 120 years.

Many statues of the Madonna and Child may be factory-made and sold as souvenirs. This tradition of small statues has been around for hundreds of years. Many of them were made in artist's workshops in the Early Renaissance

Icons
In the Orthodox Church, there is also a long tradition of painting images of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child. These pictures, which are often quite small and are painted on wooden panels, are often very careful copies of particular famous icons. This tradition continues to the present day.

Famous images of the Madonna and Child

Large altarpieces
Large altarpieces

 The Trinita Madonna, by Cimabue, 1280
 The Rucellai Madonna, by Duccio, 1285
 The Maesta, the Madonna in Majesty by Duccio, c.1308. Duomo Museo, Siena, Italy. 
 The Ognissanti Madonna, by Giotto, 1310 
These three famous paintings are all together in one room of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Two of these paintings are from the Middle Ages, but Giotto's painting is an Early Renaissance painting, as can be seen in the natural, solid look of the figures which seem to be three dimensional. 
 The Frari Madonna, by Giovanni Bellini c. 1470 in the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice
 The Madonna of the Rocks by Leonardo da Vinci. There are two paintings. One is in the National Gallery, London, the other one is in the Louvre, Paris.
 The family by Giambattista Pittoni
 The Ansidei Madonna, by Raphael, National Gallery, London
 The Sistine Madonna by Raphael, in the Vatican Museum Art Gallery.

Wall paintings
 The Madonna of the Sunset by Piero Lorenzetti 1280, Assisi
Small paintings

 The Wilton Diptych. This very rare painting from the Middle Ages was probably done in England and is in the National Gallery, London. 
 The Madonna of the Magnificat, by Botticelli, Uffizi. 
 The Doni Tondo, by Michelangelo, 1505, Uffizi. 
 Raphael did many of these small paintings. They can be seen at the National Gallery, London, the Uffizi, the Louvre and many other art galleries.

Statues
Many churches contain famous statues of the Madonna and Child, particularly old churches. 
 The Virgin of Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris. This Madonna is carved of stone. 
 The Moorish Madonna of Sant' Antonio's Basilica, Padua. This Madonna has dark brown eyes and olive skin. 
 Many carved wooden Madonnas of the Middle Ages and many terracotta Madonnas by the dell Robbia family can be seen in museums.
Icons
 The Virgin of Vladimir. 1131. This famous icon from Constantinople (modern Istanbul) is kept at the Tretyakov Gallery Moscow. There are many copies of it. 
 The Virgin of Chilandari, c.1360. Mount Athos, Greece. This painting which is very badly damaged, is famous for its beauty.

References
 Helen Gardner, Art through the Ages, Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.  
 Ilan Rachum, The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia, Octopus Books,  
 Rene Huyghe, ed., Larousse Encyclopedia of Byzantine and Medieval Art, Paul Hamlyn, 1968 
 Fujio Matsumoto, Takeshi Kosugi, Iconographia mariana , (text in Japanese, but many plates）2008 

Christian art
Depictions of Mary, mother of Jesus
Göppingen (, Gebbeng, or Geppenge) is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In 2005, there were 57,771 people living there. It is at the bottom of the  high "Kaiserberg", or "Emperors' Mountain".

History 
The first settlement at Göppingen was in the Hallstatt period, 800-480 BC. A Roman settlement from about 250 BC was found near the present day Oberhofen Church. An Alemannic prince by the name of "Geppo", is believed to have started the town after the sometime in the 3rd or 4th century. The town is named after him.

A fire on August 25, 1782 destroyed most of the town, but it was immediately rebuilt. During the 1800s, many factories were built in the area. Companies such as Märklin and Schuler are still based in the town.
Cooke Barracks
In 1930, an air field was built north of Göppingen. This was taken over by the Luftwaffe in 1935 and was called the Fliegerhorst Kaserne (barracks). From 1945 to 1949, displaced persons and refugees were housed in the buildings. In 1949, it was renamed Cooke Barracks, after Charles H. Cooke, Jr., who been killed in action and given the Silver Star and Soldier's Medal for bravery.
In late 1950, the 7th Army had been reformed in Stuttgart and United States Army began to be stationed at Cooke Barracks. The barracks were made bigger for the 28th Infantry Division headquarters. The 28th Infantry was renamed as the 9th Infantry Division (United States) in 1954 and was replaced by the 8th Infantry Division in 1956. They were then replaced by the 4th Armored Division in 1957, which was renamed as the 1st Armored Division in 1971 and moved to Hindenburg Kaserne in Ansbach in 1972. The 1st Infantry Division moved from Augsburg in 1972 until 1991. There was also two Family Housing-Blocks in Donzdorf at the Göppingen (district). In July 2017, they was hold the remembering cooke barracks festival, because the inhabitants in göppingen district loved and liked the US Army who was once stationed in Goppingen.

Cooke Barracks were given back to the German government in 1992. The barracks were again used to house refugees for some time, then returned to civilian use.
Sport
Frisch Auf! Göppingen currently plays in the German first handball-division (Handball-Bundesliga).

References

Other websites

 Official website
 for people who served at Cooke Barracks
The National Gallery, London is an art gallery in London, England, which has one of the finest collections of European paintings in the world. 
What makes this gallery so important is that, although there are bigger galleries, The National Gallery has many paintings of very high quality and also because it has paintings by famous artists whose works are very rare. These rare paintings include works by Duccio, Masaccio, Uccello, Piero della Francesca, Leonardo, Giorgione, Michelangelo, Caravaggio, Vermeer, Chardin, Klimt, Rousseau and Redon.

The National Gallery is on Trafalgar Square, which is one of the busiest tourist places in London. It is a grand building of pale grey limestone, with a central dome and a large Classical style porch (portico) like an Ancient Greek temple. To the left side, the gallery has a large new building called The Sainsbury Wing.
History 
In 1823 a collector called Sir George Beaumont offered to give his famous collection of paintings to the British Government to start a public art gallery. In 1824 another famous collection of paintings was on sale. The owner, John Julius Angerstein, had died. It looked as if his paintings would be sold outside England. Then there was another offer of paintings from a third collector, The Reverend Holwell Carr. The Parliament had to make a quick decision.

The Parliament voted that a national collection should be started and a gallery should be built. They gave 60,000 Pounds Sterling to buy the Angerstein paintings. They got 38 pictures and were able to display them publicly in the Angerstein House.
The collection grew quickly with the Beaumont and Holwell Carr paintings, and others, being bought or given. A new gallery was needed. In 1831 the plans of the architect William Wilkins were accepted. The site which looks over Trafalgar Square was chosen, old buildings were demolished and the magnificent new gallery was opened on April 9, 1838.

When the National Gallery opened, there was a strong opinion that paintings of the High Renaissance period of the late 1400s to Baroque paintings of the 1600s were the finest type of art. The word primitive was used to describe Italian paintings from the 1300s and early 1400s. Luckily, the director of the Gallery, Sir Charles Eastlake, thought it was important to collect some of these primitive paintings, as well as the more popular High Renaissance paintings. That is how the National Gallery came to own so many very rare works from the Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance periods.
In the 1870s the Gallery was lucky to get two collections of paintings by famous Dutch artists. The building had to be made larger to house them. The Gallery was also given paintings by famous British artists; soon there were so many that most of them were moved out to a new gallery called the Tate.

By the 20th century, it was getting more difficult to buy very important paintings; there were other galleries in the United States and Germany who were trying to buy the same paintings. So the National Gallery began to buy works by more modern painters and soon had a collection of 19th and early 20th century paintings. This is not a large part of the National Gallery's collection, but it does show small works by many very important artists, particularly the Impressionists.

Important paintings

Early Italian 
 Duccio, Madonna and Child, c.1300, Sienna
 Masaccio, Madonna and Child, c.1426, Florence
 Fra Angelico, Christ in Glory, c.1435, Florence
Uccello, St George and the Dragon, c.1450, Florence
The story of this painting is Christian legend about dragon that has stolen a princess. The princess charmed the dragon and tied it with her belt, but she could not escape. The noble George came to her rescue and killed the Dragon. There are many paintings of Saint George in the National Gallery because he is the patron saint of England. Uccello has tried to show the perspective of the landscape by arranging light and dark areas on the ground. Diagonal lines are important in this picture. The line made by the dragon's wing and leg go the same direction as George's spear while the body and tail go in the opposite direction.
 Piero della Francesca, The Baptism of Christ, c.1450, Umbria
 Mantegna, The Agony in the Garden, 1460, Mantua
 Pollaiuolo, The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, 1475, Florence
Sandro Botticelli, Mars and Venus, 1480s, Florence
The story of this painting comes from Roman Mythology. Mars the God of War, has been making love to Venus, the Goddess of Love. He is so tired that he does not know that little fauns are playing with his weapons. But one is about to blow a big shell loudly in his ear. The message of this painting is that Love can win over War. The design is based on a big W. which makes the painting symmetrical. Botticelli did this for the bedroom of Giuliano de'Medici, a wealthy nobleman from Florence. He painted Mars to look like Giuliano and Venus to look like his girlfriend but Giuliano did not have much time to enjoy his paintings as he was murdered only a short time later.
 Perugino, Madonna and Child with the angels Michael and Raphael, 1496, Perugia
 Giovanni Bellini, Portrait of Leonardo Loredano, Doge of Venice, 1501, Venice

Early Northern European painting
Unknown painter, The Wilton Diptych, c.1395, England or France
The Wilton Diptych is one of the most precious paintings in the National Gallery, because most small art works from Middle Ages in England were destroyed. This painting shows King Richard II of England being presented to the Virgin Mary by his three patron saints. It is painted in tempera; the colours are mixed with egg. The word "diptych" means it is in two parts and can be closed like a book. The background is covered with thinly beaten gold leaf. The blue is made from ground-up semi-precious stone, lapis lazuli. It may have been painted as a wedding present for the King while he was in France .
 Jan van Eyck, The Arnolfini Wedding, 1434, Belgium
 Hans Memling, Virgin and Child with saints and donors, 1477, Bruges
 Rogier van der Weyden, Pieta, c.1460, Brussels
 Hieronymous Bosch, The Mocking of Christ, c.1480, Bois-le-Duc
 Albrecht Durer, The Painter's Father, 1497, Nuremberg
Gerard David, Virgin and Child with saints and a donor, 1505, Bruges.
This painting is an altarpiece for a church. It shows the Virgin Mary seated like a queen on a throne with the Child Jesus. He is worshipped by three female saints and by the man who has paid the artist to do the picture for the church. He is called the "donor". Everything in the picture has been painted in great detail, the clothes, the tiles, the jewelry, the buildings and the flowers. Many of the things in the picture are symbols. The little dog is the symbol of faithfulness. The lilies are the symbol of the purity of the Virgin Mary. The painting does not show part of a story or a moment in time. The picture has been painted to help the viewer calm the mind for prayer.
 Lucas Cranach, Cupid, stung by a bee, 1522, Weimer
 Hans Holbein, The Ambassadors, 1533, born Augsburg died London. See below.
 Pieter Breughel the Elder, The Adoration of the Kings, 1564, Brussels
Italy in the 1500s 
 Leonardo da Vinci, The Virgin of the Rocks, c.1506, Milan. See below.
 Michelangelo, The Entombment of Christ, c.1506, Rome. See below.
 Raphael, The Ansidei Madonna, c.1505,
 Giorgione, Adoration of the Kings, 1507, Venice

 
 Titian, Bacchus and Ariadne, 1523, Venice
This picture comes from Greek Mythology. Princess Ariadne has been shipwrecked on Naxos, the island of Bacchus. Bacchus sees Ariadne and falls in love at first sight. Titian shows him leaping from his chariot which is pulled by cheetahs, while Ariadne turns to run away. But Ariadne has looked into Bacchus's eyes, and she has fallen in love also. In the sky is the crown of stars which Bacchus gave her at their wedding. Titian has painted a spiral movement in many of the figures. It can be seen in Ariadne's red scarf. Although this painting is about Mythology, the figures are very realistic.
 Parmigiano, Madonna and Child with St John, 1527, Parma
Lorenzo Lotto, Lady as Lucretia, 1530, Venice
 This portrait shows a woman in a richly coloured velvet dress, holding a drawing of Lucretia, a noble woman of Ancient Rome who committed suicide by stabbing herself after she had been raped. The painting may have been done for a family who wanted their daughter to marry well. The symbolism of the painting shows firstly that the young woman is rich and secondly, she is sexually pure. These two things were important in making a good marriage. Lotto has used contrast of colour in the orange and green dress to make a rich effect. He has also made an unusual use in the contrast of tone. Very light areas such as her face, bosom and hand control the centre of the painting. Three more very light areas are placed to the right side, the drawing, hand and note. This arrangement is asymmetrical
 Bronzino, Allegory, c.1550, Florence. See below.
 Tintoretto, St George and the Dragon, 1560s, Venice
Italy, France and Spain in the 1600s 
 
 Caravaggio, The Supper at Emmaus, c.1600, Rome
This painting is based on a story from the Bible. Two of Jesus' followers were walking on the road to Emmaus, talking sadly about the death of Jesus. A man came and walked with them, but at first they did not know him. That night, having dinner at an inn, they suddenly knew it was Jesus who had risen from the dead and was now alive. Caravaggio has shown this moment in time as if it was a photograph. The things that make this picture seem so real are the light, the movement and the details. Caravaggio has painted the light coming from one side as if there was a large lamp. The head of the innkeeper makes a shadow behind Jesus that is like a halo. The picture has caught a single second when Jesus has raised his hand, one man starts to stand up and the other is throwing his arms out. Only the innkeeper is still. The view of Jesus' hand, the man's arms and the other man's elbow are foreshortened. The details show ordinary people with ordinary clothes that are old and torn
. There is also a still life of the basket at the edge of the table. Caravaggio's lighting and realism were copied by many other painters, including Rembrandt and Velazquez.
El Greco, Christ driving the Traders from the Temple, c.1600, Toledo
 Annibale Carracci, Quo vadis?, 1602, Rome
Claude Le Lorrain, Departure of the Queen of Sheba, 1648, France and Rome
 This imaginary landscape is based on a story from the Bible. In this scene, the Queen of Sheba is setting out on her journey from Africa to Palestine to meet King Solomon. But what the artist really wanted to show was the misty morning light of the sunrise over the sea. He has also painted three different types of buildings. To the left is an ancient ruin like the ones the artist saw in Rome. In the background is a castle and tower from the Middle Ages.  To the left the Queen is coming out of a grand palace in the new style of the Renaissance. Nothing in this painting has anything to do with Africa or Palestine. It is about Rome. By showing the Queen of Sheba, Poussin is saying that the city of Rome, with all its history for 2000 years, is like the most beautiful and intelligent Queen that ever lived. This sort of painting is called an "allegory".
Nicholas Poussin, Bacchanale, 1603, France and Rome
 This painting is a scene from Roman Mythology. The women are nymphs, the spirits of the forest. Some of the men are satyrs and have goats' horns and hoofs. They live on Naxos, the island of Bacchus, and spend a lot of time getting drunk, dancing and making love. In this wild party, even the babies are drinking wine. One nymph is about to smash a wine jug on the head of a satyr, who is trying to kiss her friend. Poussin has used big areas of bright colour. At first, the painting looks like a jumble of bodies, but everything is very carefully arranged to give a dancing effect to the whole picture. A big triangular shape contains all the figures. Outside the triangle on the right is a statue of Pan. On the left side is a beautiful landscape.
This picture is taken from Roman Mythology. It shows Venus, Goddess of Love and Beauty, looking into a mirror held by her son Cupid. Velazquez spent most of his time painting portraits for the Royal Family of Spain and their relatives. He is one of the most famous portrait painters of all time. But this painting was probably done for himself, and when he did it, he put himself in danger of serious punishment. In Spain, although the King ruled, the Church was in control. They watched everything that everybody did, and had a very large number of people put to death. It was against the law in Spain to paint nude pictures like this one. Velazquez has been very careful to only show her back. The image of the face is not very clear. Old mirrors were not as clear as modern ones. Perhaps Velazquez wanted to disguise the face of the woman for her protection. The arrangement and colouring in this painting is very simple. The graceful lines of the body are repeated in the grey and white bed covers
. The red curtain is at the same angle as her head, and is a warm colour, like her pink flesh.
Holland and Flanders in the 1600s 
 Gerrit von Honthorst, Christ before the High priest, 1617, Utrecht
Rembrandt is best known as a painter of portraits, in particular for the many self portraits that record his life from when he was a teenager to his old age. He also painted many scenes from the Bible like this one. Prince Belshazzar's father had taken the Jewish people to Babylon as slaves. Belshazzar was giving a party and he sent servants to bring the gold cups that had been stolen from the Temple in Jerusalem. Suddenly a strange hand appeared and wrote a message on the wall. No-one knew what it meant so Balshazzar asked Daniel, who was a Jewish prophet. Daniel said "You have been weighed and measured by God. You do not meet God's rules. Your days are numbered!" This painting shows how much the Dutch painters learnt from Caravaggio. This painting can be compared to the Supper at Emmaus. It is another scene full of drama. Rembrandt has placed two of the figures at unusual angles. Belshazzar's body is facing the viewer, but his head is screwed around to see what is happening behind him
. As he leaps up from his chair, he knocks the golden cup held by one of his wives. She is also at an odd angle because the viewer lookes down on her head and shoulders. Rembrandt has made a contrast between the rich texture of his robes and his flabby face and fat belly.
Anthony van Dyck, Charles I of England on Horseback, 1631, London. See below.
Rubens was such a popular painter that he became rich and famous. He painted portraits and many scenes from the Bible and Mythology. The story of this painting is from Greek and Roman Mythology. Paris was a prince who was brought up by a shepherd. He was given a golden apple and asked to judge a beauty contest between three Goddesses: Juno, the Goddess of the Family; Minerva, the Goddess of War and Venus, the Goddess of Love. Each one offered a reward: wealth, success in battle and the most beautiful woman in the world as his wife. Paris chose the last and gave the apple to Venus. This made two very powerful people angry. And, what he did not realise was that the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Troy, was already married.  Rubens has painted a picture to decorate the wall of the home of a rich patron. The painting has lots of details that help to tell the story. These include little Cupid, a sheepdog, Juno's peacock, Minerva's scary shield and sheep grazing in the beautiful landscape
. But the most important things in the painting are the three beautiful nudes. This was what made Ruben's pictures so popular.
Franz Hals, Family group, 1640s, Antwerp
 Pieter der Hoogh, Courtyard in Delft, 1658, Delft. See below.
 Johannes Vermeer, Young Woman at the Virginals, c.1670, Delft. See below.

 
 Meyndert Hobbema, The Avenue, 1689, Middelharnis
 Landscape painting became very popular in Holland in the 1600s. In this picture perspective is very important. In a very flat country, it can be hard to judge how far away things are. Hobbema has used this straight road with two rows of tall trees to give a feeling of how far away the town is. At first glance this painting seems quite symmetrical. But Hobbema has added lots of differences to make the painting more interesting, balancing a farmhouse on one side with a church on the other and making the two rows of trees quite different.
The 1700s 
 Watteau, The Lovers, c.1720, France
 Giambattista Pittoni ,The Sacrifice of Polyxena, 1740, Venice
 Canaletto, The Basin of St Mark's on Ascension Day, c.1740, Venice
 Chardin, The little Teacher, c.1740, Paris. See below.
 William Hogarth, Marriage a la Mode ( a story in six pictures), 1743, London
George Stubbs, A Family in their Phaeton, c.1750, England
 In the 1700s, landscape paintings were popular in England, but they were more than just pictures of the beautiful countryside painted as decorations for a room. Most landscape paintings were also records of a family and the land that they owned. They were a sign of the family's wealth and status. In this painting the landowners show off their private park with its variety of trees. They also show off their splendid pair of horses and their elegant carriage called a "phaeton". Together, this coach and horses are the 18th century equivalent of a very expensive car. Stubbs was most famous for painting horses. He was a master at composing beautiful pictures. Here, he has created a balance between the lady's large fashionable hat set against the dark tree and the black horses against the pale sky.
 Tiepolo, Allegory of Love and Time, 1754, Italy
 Joshua Reynolds, Sir Banastre Tarleton, 1782, London
 Thomas Gainsborough, The Morning Walk, 1786, London
1800 onwards 
 
 Turner, The Temeraire, 1838, London
This is a sad painting. Its full name is The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last Berth to be broken up as scrap. This is the last journey for one of the great warships that had fought for England against the French Fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar. Her tall elegant shape makes a contrast to the dirty black tugboat with smoking funnel that is towing her away. Turner, who was expert at painting the sea, the sky and the weather, has placed the moon in the sky near the sailing ship. The moon is in its last phase. On the other side of the picture, the sun rises with a red glow like fire on the water. The waning moon is the symbol of the passing of the age of great sailing ships. The blazing sun on the water is the symbol of the new age of the steam engine.
 Constable, The Haywain, 1821, Suffolk
 Ingres, Madame Moitessier, 1856, Paris
 Courbet, Women on the Bank of the Seine, 1857, France
Henri Fantin-Latour, Apples on a Dish, 1861, France
This picture is a still life. In the Renaissance, carvings of still lifes were often part of the wooden decoration inside important rooms in a palace. In the 1600s and 1700s paintings of still lifes also became common and were most often seen in the dining room, where fruit, flowers and animals that had been killed for meat were fashionable decoration. In the 1800s many artists like Fantin-Latour painted small still lifes like this one to practice their skills at arranging a picture, at studying light and at studying texture. Many artists also painted still lifes because they were too poor to pay for an artist's model, or the weather was too bad to paint landscapes. Fantin-Latour did a large number of small pictures like this. He has arranged four apples of different colours and shapes and has made a study of how the light looks on their curved surfaces.
 Manet, The Waitress, 1879, Paris
Claude Monet, The Houses of Parliament, London, French painter. See below.
 Renoir, The Umbrellas, c.1880, France
Seurat, The Bathers at Asnieres, 1884, France
Seurat was a friend of the French Impressionist painters. He had a theory that all colour was made up of lots of colours which were sorted out when light passed into the eye. He experimented with colour by painting in tiny dots. His style of painting is called Pointillism. This large painting took a long time to do. Even though it is an outdoor scene with lots of figures, it is very still, as if time has stopped. When the painting is looked at closely, it can be seen that even the parts that seem white or black are made of hundreds of tiny dots of colour.
 Edgar Degas, Combing Hair, c.1885, Paris
 Cezanne, Mountains in Provence, 1890, Provence
Vincent van Gogh had a difficult and troubled life. He was born in Holland but went to paint in France. He had very few friends and had difficulty selling his paintings. Luckily he had the support of his brother Theo and a doctor for whom he painted pictures. This landscape is a good example of his style. In the painting, everything seems to have a life of its own. The clouds are like great beasts that roll across the sky, the waving grain reaches out like hands, the mountains are rumbling and the cypress pine looks quite dangerous. Vincent used each brush stroke to help create this flame-like movement. Another important thing in this painting is contrast. The colours change from warm reddish-orange to ice-blue. The big dark tree to the right is in tonal contrast with the white clouds. The vertical direction of the tree is in contrast to the horizontal direction of the landscape. In 1890, Vincent took his own life after painting hundreds of pictures in only five years.
Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, Woman in the Garden, 1891, France
 Douanier Rousseau, Tiger frightened by a Storm, 1891, Paris
 Gustav Klimt, Portrait of Hermine Gallia, 1904, Vienna
Gallery

Related pages
 Uffizi
 Louvre
 Hermitage

References 
 Michael Wilson, The National Gallery, London, 1977, Charles Letts and Co. 

Museums in London
Art museums in the United Kingdom
National museums
In the George Orwell book Nineteen Eighty-Four, an Unperson in Newspeak is someone who has been vaporized. Vaporization is when a person is secretly murdered and erased from society, the present, the universe, and existence. Such a person would be taken out of books, photographs, and articles so that no trace of them is found in the present anywhere – no record of them would be found. This was so that a person who defied the Party would be gone from all citizens' memories, even friends and family. There is no Newspeak word for what happened to unpeople, therefore it is thoughtcrime to say an unperson's name or think of unpeople. 

This is similar to the Stalinist Soviet Party erasing people from photographs after death; this is an example of "real" unpeople.
The Stalin-era Soviet Union also provided real-world examples of unpersons in its treatment of Leon Trotsky and other members of the Communist Party who became politically inconvenient. In his 1960 magazine article "Pravda means 'Truth'", reprinted in Expanded Universe, Robert A. Heinlein argued that John Paul Jones and a mysterious May 15, 1960 cosmonaut had also received this treatment.

Other websites 
 A look at Orwell’s Newspeak 

Words

en:List of Newspeak words#Unperson
Düren (Ripuarian: Düre, Low Franconian: Dürre or Dure) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is between Cologne and Aachen. About 90,000 people live there. Düren is at the river Rur.

References

Other websites

Düren Rural District
Gütersloh (, Low Franconian: Gütersloh)  is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 96,000 people live there. It is home to the high-end appliance brand Miele.

References

Other websites

Gütersloh Rural District
Iserlohn (Westphalian Low German: Iserlaun, Iserliaun, or Iserlauhn; Middle Low German: Eisenwald)  is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 93,000 people live there; it is one of the largest cities in that region.

References

Other websites

Märkischer Kreis
Velbert is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 87,000 people live there.

References

Other websites

Mettmann Rural District
Lünen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. 88,000 people live there. Lünen has got two important football clubs: Lüner SV and BV Brambauer. Lüner SV is playing in the "Bezirksliga (8. league), but in 1963 the club achieved his greatest aim. They got Champion of Westphalia.

References

Other websites

Unna (district)
Marl is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 91,000 people live there.

Twin towns 
  Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
  Creil, France
  Herzliya, Israel
  Zalaegerszeg, Hungary
  Pendle, United Kingdom
  Kuşadası, Turkey

References

Other websites

Recklinghausen (district)
Bocholt () is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 73,000 people live there.

References

Other websites

Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia
Borken (district)
Roman Abramovich (born October 24, 1966 in Saratov, Russia) is a Russian-British businessman. Roman Abramovich was born in Saratov, in the former Soviet Union (FSU) on October 24, 1966. He was orphaned at the age of three and raised by his uncle in Ukhta, in the Komi Republic in northern Russia. When he was eight, Abramovich went to live with his grandmother in Moscow.

Wealth
He is one of the richest men in the world. As in 2019, his wealth was estimated at $12.9 billion by Forbes which made him the wealthiest person in Israel, where he resides, and the 140th wealthiest person in the world.
Business
Abramovich is the owner of Millhouse, LLC, a private investment company, the owner of Evraz, a steel making and mining company, and major shareholder of Norilsk Nickel, a nickel and palladium mining and smelting company. He is also part owner or significant shareholder in a multitude of international corporations, primarily in steel and mining, and private investment and was well known as owner for  club Chelsea Football Club, one of the most successful and popular football teams in the United Kingdom.

Works in Russia
In 1999, Abramovich who was then 33 years old, was elected governor of the Russian province of Chukotka, and was subsequently elected for a second term, serving until 2008.

Abramovich has received the ‘Order of Honor’ by the President of Russia for his significant contribution to economically developing the autonomous district of Chukotka. He was also given the ‘Order of Friendship’ by the President.

References

Other websites 
 Roman-Abramovich.com
1966 births
Living people
British businesspeople
Businesspeople from Moscow
British billionaires
Israeli Jews
Israeli billionaires
Israeli businesspeople
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish politicians
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Portuguese businesspeople
Russian Jews
Politicians from Moscow
Morena Baccarin (born June 2, 1979) is a Brazilian actress. She is best known for her role as Inara Serra in the sci-fi television series Firefly and the movie Serenity. Morena was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Her father is of Italian descent. Her mother is Brazilian stage and television actress Vera Setta.

When she was 10, Baccarin moved with her family to Greenwich Village, New York, in the United States. She later attended the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts (the High School in the movie Fame) before she studied theater at Juilliard.

Interviews 
 When asked in an interview "if she's up for the role of Wonder Woman, " Baccarin replied: "I’m not going to say no to a superhero but it’s not up to me."

References

Other websites 
 
 

1979 births
Living people
Brazilian movie actors
Brazilian television actors
Whedonverse
Actors from Rio de Janeiro
José Mário dos Santos Mourinho Félix, OIH, or simply José Mourinho (born January 26, 1963 in Setúbal) is a Portuguese football manager and former player who is the head coach of Serie A club Roma. He is commonly known as "The Special One". Mourinho is regarded by some players, coaches, and critics as one of the best football coaches of all time. Jose Mourinho's father was no stranger to the world of football. Felix Mourinho practiced this sport as a professional goalkeeper. He also represented his country in one international match. Without a doubt, this factor had a huge impact on the Portuguese coach's career since his childhood, especially with his father's unquenchable desire for Jose to become a big player.
Mourinho won four league titles in a row (two at Porto and two at Chelsea). He has also won the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup with Porto. For two years in a row (2004 and 2005), Mourinho was named the world's best football coach by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics (IFFHS). After leaving Chelsea F.C., he was replaced by Avram Grant. He went to coach Internazionale Milano and won the Serie A, Italian Super Cup and Champions League in a single season (2009/10).

Managerial stats

References

1963 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
Portuguese football managers
A.S. Roma managers