Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Organization 
The leader of the KLI is its founder Lawrence M. Schoen, Ph.D.

From time to time a so-called Beginners' Grammarian is chosen from the best Klingon speakers. His duty is to help and teach the beginners of the Klingon language, especially in the Klingon email discussion group, which anyone can use. When his duty is over, he can still be called "Grammarian". Today, the KLI has about 20 of those former Beginners' Grammarians.

The KLI talks very often with Marc Okrand, the person who made the Klingon language. Since the third  he has visited each one. When he is there, the students give him a list with words that they like to know. Not all the words are translated into Klingon. When he makes these new words, members of the KLI can read them in .

 Special Speakers 

 Rich Yampell
Rich Yampell 

Rich Yampell (known to people who speak Klingon as  or "Captain Krankor"), a software engineer currently living in Bellevue, Washington, is probably the world's first person to speak Klingon in normal conversation. He is the author of the book The Grammarian's Desk, published in 1996 by the Klingon Language Institute, a collection of the columns he wrote for the institute's scholarly journal . Yampell is also the author and co-author of many songs, such as the Klingon Anthem " " (music and lyrics), " " (music and lyrics), "" (music).

 d'Armond Speers 
Dr. d'Armond Speers is an American computational linguist (a word dude who works with talkie boxes) and a member of the KLI.

He graduated from Georgetown University in 2002. His final work topic was "Representation of American Sign Language for Machine Translation."
Dr. Speers has tried to teach his child in Klingon; He only spoke to him in Klingon, and his wife spoke to him in English. When the child became older, he did not want to learn Klingon any more, because there was nobody to talk in Klingon.

 Lawrence M. Schoen 
Dr. Lawrence M. Schoen is the founder and current director of the KLI. He makes the institute's journal . He has organized almost every , only two were organized by somebody else.

He obtained a bachelor's degree in psycholinguistics from California State University, Northridge, and then master's and doctoral degrees in psychology from Kansas State University. He has worked as a professor, teaching and doing research, at New College of Florida, Lake Forest College, Chestnut Hill College, and West Chester University. More recently he serves as the director of research and chief compliance officer for the Wedge Medical Center.
He also writes books about science fiction, and is a member of SFWA. In the year 2007 he was nominated for the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer.

He lives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA. There he has a post office box in Flourtown, the international headquarters of the KLI.

 Publications 
 
The quarterly journal of the KLI containing grammatical discussions, new Klingon words, Klingon literature as well as information for the members.

 A Pictorial Guide to the Verbal Suffixes of  (1995, )
A book with drawings explaining the use of different suffixes. This book is not available anymore.

 ghIlghameS (2000, ).
 The Klingon version of the Epic of Gilgamesh, translated by Roger Cheesbro, with an introduction of Lawrence M. Schoen.
The Klingon Hamlet (full title: The Tragedy of Khamlet, Son of the Emperor of )
The Klingon translation of Shakespeare's most famous play, translated by Nick Nicholas and Andrew Strader. The KLI has helped with this translation. This project was started after the character Klingon chancellor Gorkon (David Warner) said in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country: »You have not experienced Shakespeare until you have read him in the original Klingon« (that means, it must be read in the Klingon to be completely understood and appreciated). The book is in Klingon and in English. Many things are explained in it.

The KLI printed and published a limited edition hardback version in 1996, entitled Hamlet Prince of Denmark: The Restored Klingon Version ()Star Trek book seller Pocket Books published the work as a trade paperback () in 2000.

 Much Ado about Nothing in Klingon (2003, )
The next project of the KLI, also translated by Nick Nicholas.
From the Grammarian's Desk ()
A collection of grammatical wisdom from the HolQeD'' column by Captain Krankor, one of the first grammarians of the KLI. This book is not available anymore.

References

Other websites 

 Website of the KLI
 Earthlings, the movie 

Star Trek
Fictional languages
Journalism is a type of writing. It includes writing for newspapers, news shows on television, news shows on radio, and news magazine. 

There are many different news and information jobs in the field of journalism, such as the jobs of newspaper reporter, television news anchor, writer, editor, sub-editor, illustrator, and photographer. People who work in journalism jobs are called journalists.

While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of – truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness and public accountability – as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.

Related pages
Mass media

References
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee OM KBE FRS (born 8 June 1955) is the English inventor of the World Wide Web and he created a new computer language called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) which most web pages are written in. The first web page was available on 6 August 1991.

Berners-Lee now leads the World Wide Web Consortium. That is an organization that looks after the World Wide Web.
He is the author of the book Weaving the Web. He is a director of The Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. In April 2009, he was elected as a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, based in Washington, D.C. In 1999, Time Magazine named Berners-Lee one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.
In March 2000 he was awarded an honorary degree from the Open University as Doctor of the university.
Early life 
Tim Berners-Lee was born in London, on 8 June 1955. He is the son of Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods. First, he attended Sheen Mount primary school. Then he went on to Emanuel School in London, from 1969 to 1973. After that, he studied at Queen's College, Oxford, from 1973 to 1976. While he was there, he received a first-class degree in Physics.

Longer Biography 
For those who want details for some reason. This is more or less a collection of everything which has been asked for to date.
Background 
In 1989, while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, Tim Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project, to be known as the World Wide Web. Based on the earlier "Enquire" work, it was designed to allow people to work together by combining their knowledge in a web of hypertext documents. He wrote the first World Wide Web server, "httpd", and the first client, "WorldWideWeb" a what-you-see-is-what-you-get hypertext browser/editor which ran in the NeXTStep environment. This work was started in October 1990, and the program "WorldWideWeb" first made available within CERN in December, and on the Internet at large in the summer of 1991.

Through 1991 and 1993, Tim continued working on the design of the Web, coordinating feedback from users across the Internet. His initial specifications of URIs, HTTP and HTML were refined and discussed in larger circles as the Web technology spread.
Tim Berners-Lee graduated from the Queen's College at Oxford University, England, 1976. Whilst there he built his first computer with a soldering iron, TTL gates, an M6800 processor and an old television.

He spent two years with Plessey Telecommunications Ltd (Poole, Dorset, UK) a major UK Telecom equipment manufacturer, working on distributed transaction systems, message relays, and bar code technology.

In 1978 Tim left Plessey to join D.G Nash Ltd (Ferndown, Dorset, UK), where he wrote among other things typesetting software for intelligent printers, and a multitasking operating system.

A year and a half spent as an independent consultant included a six-month stint (Jun-Dec 1980) as consultant software engineer at CERN. Whilst there, he wrote for his own private use his first program for storing information including using random associations. Named "Enquire" and never published, this program formed the conceptual basis for the future development of the World Wide Web.
From 1981 until 1984, Tim worked at John Poole's Image Computer Systems Ltd, with technical design responsibility. Work here included real time control firmware, graphics and communications software, and a generic macro language. In 1984, he took up a fellowship at CERN, to work on distributed real-time systems for scientific data acquisition and system control. Among other things, he worked on FASTBUS system software and designed a heterogeneous remote procedure call system.
In 2008 he founded and became Director of the World Wide Web Foundation. The Web Foundation is a non-profit organisation devoted to achieving a world in which all people can use the Web to communicate, collaborate and innovate freely. The Web Foundation words to fund and coordinate efforts to defend the Open Web and further its potential to benefit humanity.

In June 2009 then Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced that he would work with the UK Government to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force. Sir Tim was a member of The Public Sector Transparency Board tasked to drive forward the UK Government's transparency agenda. He has promoted open government data globally, is a member of the UK's Transparency Board.
In 2011 he was named to the Board of Trustees of the Ford Foundation, a globally oriented private foundation with the mission of advancing human welfare. He is President of the UK's Open Data Institute which was formed in 2012 to catalyse open data for economic, environmental, and social value.

He is the author, with Mark Fischetti, of the 1999 book "Weaving the Web" on the past, present and future of the Web.

On March 18 2013, Sir Tim, along with Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn, Louis Pouzin and Marc Andreesen, was awarded the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering for "ground-breaking innovation in engineering that has been of global benefit to humanity."

On 4 April 2017, Sir Tim was awarded the ACM A.M. Turing Prize for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale. The Turing Prize, called the "Nobel Prize of Computing" is considered one of the most prestigious awards in Computer Science.
Awards 
 1995:
 World Wide Web Hall of Fame
 Kilby Foundation's "Young Innovator of the Year" Award
 ACM Software Systems Award (co-recipient),  Honorary Prix Ars Electronica Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society
 1997:
 Awarded an Order of the British Empire (OBE) and the IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award
 Duddell Medal of the Institute of Physics Interactive Services Association's Distinguished Service Award, MCI Computerworld/Smithsonian Award for Leadership in Innovation,  International Communication Institute's Columbus Prize
 1998:
 Charles Babbage award, Mountbatten Medal of the National Electronics Council, Lord Lloyd of Kilgerran Prize from the Foundation for Science and Technology, PC Magazine Lifetime Achievement Award in Technical Excellence, MacArthur Fellowship, The Eduard Rhein Technology Award, Honorary Fellow of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
 1999:
1999:
 Named "One of the greatest minds of the century" by Time Magazine, World Technology Award for Communication Technology, Honorary Fellowship of the The Society for Technical Communications
 2000:
 Paul Evan Peters Award of ARL, Educause and CNI Electronic Freedom Foundation's Pioneer Award, George R Stibitz Computer Pioneer Award, American Computer Museum  Special Award for Outstanding Contribution of the World Television Forum
 2001:
 Sir Frank Whittle Medal, the Royal Academy of Engineering Fellow, Royal Society Member, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
 2002:
 Japan Prize, the Science and Technology Foundation of Japan, Prince of Asturias Foundation Prize for Scientific and Technical Research (shared with with Larry Roberts, Rob Kahn and Vint Cerf) Fellow of the Guglielmo Marconi Foundation, Albert Medal of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Art, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA)
 2003
 The Royal Photographic Society's Progress Medal and Honorary Fellowship (HonFRPS)
Computer History Museum Fellow Award
 2004:
 Knighted (KBE) by H.M. the Queen for services to the global development of the Internet, Millennium Technology Prize Special Award of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Member of the American Philosophical Society
 2005:
 Common Wealth Award for Distinguished Service for Mass Communications, Die Quadriga Award, Financial Times Lifetime Achievement Award
 2006:
 President's Medal, the Institute of Physics
 2007:
 Awarded the Order of Merit by H.M. the Queen, Charles Stark Draper Prize, National Academy of Engineering Lovelace Medal, British Computer Society D&AD President's Award for Innovation and Creativity, MITX (Massachusetts Innovation & Technology Exchange) Leadership Award, Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Engineering
 2008:
 BITC Award for Excellence
 IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award Fellow, IEEE Pathfinder Award, Harvard Kennedy School of Government
 2009:
2009:
 Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences, Given the title of Royal Designer by the Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufacture and Commerce, Webby Awards Lifetime Achievement Award
 2010:
 UNESCO Niels Bohr Gold Medal Award
 2011:
 The Mikhail Gorbachev Award
 DAMA Web Awards, Bilbao Web Summit
 2012:
 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet Hall of Fame, Innovation 101 Lifetime Achievement Award
 Sultan Qaboos Order for Culture, Science and Arts (First Class)
 DNA Summit Lifetime Achievement Award
 2013:
 Shared the Queen Elizabeth II Prize for Engineering with Bob Kahn, Vint Cerf, Louis Pouzin and Marc Andreessen. Visionary of the Year Award, Society for New Communication Research.
 2014:
 Honorary Freedom of the City of London, Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet Institute
 Pride of Britain "Special Award for Outstanding Achievement"
 Webby award for Lifetime Achievement
 Public Knowledge IP3 Award
Bradford Wasburn Award, Museum of Science, Boston
 Mohammed bin Rashid Knowledge Award (with Jimmy Wales)
 2015:
 Gottlieb Duttweiler Prize, Zurich, Switzerland
 The 1st class Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, Republic of Estonia
 2016:
 John Maynard Keynes Prize
 2017:
 ACM A.M. Turing Prize, San Francisco, California
Honorary Degrees:

 Parsons School of Design, New York (D.F.A., 1995)
 Southampton University (D.Sc., 1995) Essex University (D.U., 1998) Southern Cross University (PhD, 1998) Open University (D.U., 2000) Columbia University (D.Law, 2001) Oxford University (D.Sc., 2001) University of Port Elizabeth (DSc., 2002)  Lancaster University (D.Sc., 2004) Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Dr. Hon. 2008)
 University of Manchester (D.Sc., 2008)
 Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (Dr. Hon. 2009) University of Liege  (Dr. Hon. 2009)
 VU University Amsterdam (Dr. Hon., 2009)
 Harvard University (D.Sc., 2011)
 University of the Arts, London (Dr. Hon., 2012)
 University of St. Andrews (Dr. Hon., 2013)
 Yale University, (Doctor of Engineering and Technology, 2014)
 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,  D.Sc

Selected Publications 
Berners-Lee, T.J., et al., "", Electronic Publishing: Research, Applications and Policy, April 1992.
Berners-Lee T.J., et al, "", Communications of the ACM, Volume 37 Issue 8, August 1994, Pages 76-82

Tim Berners-Lee with Mark Fischetti, Harper San Francisco, 1999

Tim Berners-Lee, Dan Connolly, Ralph R. Swick "", W3C Note, 1999/6-7.

Berners-Lee, Tim. and Hendler, James "", Nature, April 26 2001 p. 1023–1025.

Berners-Lee, Tim; Hendler, James and Lassila, Ora "", Scientific American, May 2001, p. 29-37.

James Hendler, Tim Berners-Lee and Eric Miller, '', Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan,

Vol 122(10), October, 2002, p. 676-680

Hendler, J., Berners-Lee, T.J., and Miller, E., '  ', Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Vol 122(10), October, 2002, p. 676-680.

Nigel Shadbolt, Wendy Hall, Tim Berners-Lee, "", IEEE Intelligent Systems Journal, May/June 2006, pp 96-101

, 12th-13th September, 2005. Hosted by the British Computer Society, London
Tim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, James Hendler, Nigel Shadbolt, Daniel J. Weitzner, Science Vol. 313, 11 August 2006, pp. 769-771

Tim-Berners Lee, Wendy Hall, James A. Hendler, Kieron O'Hara, Nigel Shadbolt and Daniel J. Weitzner, Foundations and Trends in Web Science, Volume 1, Issue 1 (also available as a book:  144pp September 2006)

Nigel Shadbolt, Tim Berners-Lee "", Scientific American, Vol. 299, No. 4, P. 76, October 2008

Christian Bizer, Tom Heath, Tim Berners-Lee, "" (pdf), International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS), 5(3): 1-22. DOI: 10.4018/jswis.2009081901, 2009

Tim Berners-Lee, ", Scientific America, Vol. 22, November 2010
 (See a full list of publications)

Education 
The Queen's College, Oxford University, England, BA Hons (I) Physics, 1973–1976.

Emanuel School, London 1969–73

Born London, England, 8 June 1955. Married to Rosemary Leith.
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Order of Merit
Royal Society of Arts
Scientists from London
1955 births
Living people
Software engineers
Assimilation can mean: 

 Assimilation (linguistics), in studying language, the way a sound in a word becomes closer to a neighboring sound.
 Assimilation (biology), changing a nutrient into the fluid or solid substance of the body, through digestion and absorption.
 Cultural assimilation, the way a smaller group of people gradually copies the customs and attitudes of the larger culture around it.  For cultural assimilation of Native Americans in the United States, see Americanization (of Native Americans).
 Assimilation (Star Trek), the way the fictional Star Trek Borg race brings a being into their group structure
 The Zerg method of evolving, also called infest(ing)
 Media and ethnicity
 Accommodation in Jean Piaget's theory of loserness
 In psychoanalysis, when conscious and unconscious contents penetrate one another
 In computer science, the changing of anti-virus software to find a new virus
 In typesetting, the amount that a typeface can make mirror images and other similarities between letters
Assimilation in biology, is the combination of two processes which get nutrients for cells.

The first (in animals) is eating and digesting food. Food is absorbed and broken down. This is done by physical breakdown (chewing and stomach churning), then chemical breakdown by enzymes and acids) The results are absorbed into the bloodstream.

The second process of is the chemical alteration of substances in the bloodstream by the liver. Many compounds needed by cells are done by this second process. Both the liver and cellular secretions can be very specific in their action. This second process is where the absorbed food reaches the cells via the liver.

Examples of assimilation by plants 
 Photosynthesis, the process whereby carbon dioxide and water are transformed into a number of  organic molecules in plant cells.
 Nitrogen fixation from the soil into organic molecules by symbiotic bacteria which live in the roots of certain plants, such as Leguminaceae.

Related pages
Biochemistry
Food
Digestion

Physiology
Vaihingen an der Enz is a town in the southern German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is on the banks of the Enz river between the large cities of Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. About 30,000 people live there.

History
Vaihingen is an old city, going back as far as the year 799 CE. Vaihingen was formally established as a town by Count Gottfried von Vaihingen in the year 1252. After theReformation, Vaihingen became a Protestant city. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Vaihingen became a battle ground between the Protestants and Catholics. The Revolution of 1848 hurt the economy in Vaihingen. Many people left Vaihingen to look for work in other towns. In the early 1900s, a railroad connection was made to Vaihingen. That brought more people, and also businesses, to Vaihingen. In 1938 Vaihingen became the regional center.
People
 Jacob Friedrich von Abel (1751-1829), Professor of Philosophy
Born in Vaihingen May 9, 1751. Published his "Introduction to the doctrine of spirituality" ("Einleitung in die Seelenlehre") in Stuttgart, 1786
 Karl Friedrich Hensler (1759-1825), Viennese theater director
 Karl Gerok (1815-1890), Bishop
 Friedrich Kellner (1885-1970) Chief Justice Inspector, Diarist
Born in Vaihingen February 1, 1885. Kellner lived in Laubach, Hessen, during WWII. He recorded the misdeeds of the Nazis in a secret diary. His 10-volume diary was exhibited at the George Bush Presidential Library in 2005. A Canadian documentary, My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner, was made in 2006.

References

Other websites

 Internet website for Vaihingen
 Pictures of the concentration camp cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the Sites of Memory webpage
 Pictures of the military and refugee memorials in the municipal cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the Sites of Memory webpage
Integration, in the most general sense, may be any bringing together and uniting of things: the integration of two or more economies, cultures, religions (usually called syncretism), etc.
 Integration, in mathematics, a concept of calculus, is the act of finding integrals
 Indefinite integration, in mathematics, refers to antidifferentiation
 Racial integration, refers to social and cultural behavior
 Economic integration
 Regional integration
 Horizontal integration and vertical integration, in microeconomics and strategic management, refer to a style of ownership and control
 Integration clause, in a contract, a term used to declare the contract the final and complete understanding of the parties
 In computer science
 Digital integration, in computer science, allows data from one device or software to be read or manipulated by another, resulting in ease of use
 Enterprise application integration, as the use of software and computer systems to bring together a set of enterprise computer applications
Systems Integration, refers to the discipline of designing systems by means of glueing together otherwise separate parts. Usually associated to the construction of complex systems.
Cultural assimilation, or absorption (but that word also has other meanings), is an intense process of consistent integration in which members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community, with the intent to change one culture to make them similar to another. That causes a loss of all or many of the characteristics that make the newcomers different. A region or society where assimilation is occurring sometimes referred to as a "melting pot." In essence, cultural Assimilation is many different cultural groups working towards one unified goal. 
 
From a historical perspective, assimilation is how an individual or minority group loses its original culture when absorbed into another culture. In the context of colonialism, it is a policy of total integration of colonies into the colonizing country. Assimilation is often remembered as a painful or coercive.

Related pages
Syncretism
Other websites
Asian-Nation: Asian American Assimilation & Ethnic Identity
From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated 

Cultural assimilation
New Wave (or New Wave music) is a style of rock music that developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New wave music was inspired by the punk rock movement.

New Wave music is rock music mixed with other types of music, such as punk rock music, funk, disco, ska and pop. 

In essence, New Wave maintained the rebellious and energetic side of punk rock, yet was less raw and aggressive. Whilst a lot of New Wave was lyrically complex, much New Wave was pop-based, containing simple melodies and catchy hooks. Additionally, New Wave music was also very electronic in nature, and made strong usage of synthesizers. New Wave is a broad term, and as such, New Wave artists varied greatly in style, ranging from pure rock, to synthpop, to reggae-influenced music. New Wave, as a genre, additionally had a strong visual aesthetic, and is noted for the colourful fashions which New Wave artists would sport in the 1980s.
When MTV started broadcasting in 1981, many New Wave bands had their music videos played on television. This made New Wave music more popular. A well-known New Wave video is Whip It by Devo.

Notable artists
Blondie
Boomtown Rats
Elvis Costello
Devo
Franz Ferdinand
Ian Dury and the Blockheads
Joe Jackson
Lene Lovich
Oingo Boingo
Split Enz
The Cars
The Killers
The Network
The Police
The Pretenders
The Scavengers
Talking Heads
Squeeze
XTC

New wave
Rock music
Punk rock
Electronic music
Apple Corps Ltd. is a multimedia company started 1968 by The Beatles. It grew out of their earlier company, Beatles Ltd., and included NEMS Enterprises, the company started by Beatles manager Brian Epstein.

Beginnings
The Beatles started Apple in 1967, because they wanted to help other musicians, writers, artists and other creative people to succeed. They knew many talents were not discovered, because the business side of their fields were controlled by large corporations. Many corporations cared more about making money than developing new ideas. The Beatles hoped to find and develop the best new talents. Brian Epstein helped to work out the plans for Apple, but died before the company was founded. Epstein's family sold NEMS Enterprises to the Beatles, because they did not wish to keep the company without him.
Apple bought a townhouse at 3 Savile Row in London, and it became Apple's headquarters. The Beatles spent nearly as much time there as they did at Abbey Road Studios. Nearly all the people who worked for them had offices in the building, and they planned to turn the basement into a recording studio. "Magic Alex", a Greek-born designer, was in charge of making the recording studio, and also electronics products that Apple could sell, such as an apple-shaped transistor radio.

Divisions
Apple Corps set up many divisions. Two of these were Apple Films and Apple Records. Apple Films handled the television movie Magical Mystery Tour, and also music videos (then called "promos") for new Beatles songs. Later Apple Films produced movies like Born to Boogie and Son of Dracula.
Troubles
After Brian Epstein died, the Beatles had not sought a new manager. They believed they could handle their own affairs, working together with just their helpers and their normal business contacts. Over time, this proved to be a bad idea. Small disagreements between the band members turned into major problems at Apple, and agreements could not always be worked out. Many of the people hired to work for Apple caused more problems than they solved, or cost the company money. Magic Alex dreamed and talked big, but could not deliver on the promises he made. Even his recording studio at Apple had to be completely rebuilt, because he had not planned it well or asked for outside help.
Later history
In 1975, the Beatles dissolved their partnership, but decided to keep Apple Corps incorporated. It became the agency in charge of Beatles-related merchandise, such as collectibles, memorabilia, and new releases of old recordings by the band. Apple also owns the rights to most filmed and videotape of the Beatles, including their public appearances and concerts.

Apple Records reissued many of their non-Beatles recordings on compact disc in the early 1990s, again using EMI as distributors. A television miniseries, The Beatles Anthology, appeared in 1995, produced by Apple. It was a long documentary of the band's history, and included rare concert and video scenes. A companion book was published later.
Apple Corps was most recently in the news, because of a lawsuit between Apple Corps and Apple Computer Inc., an unrelated company. The two companies had trouble in the past, over the use of the Apple name. They made a deal that Apple Computers would not act as a music company. When Apple Computer Inc. began to sell their iPod, and set up their iTunes music store, Apple Corps believed they had broken their agreement, and took them to court. Apple Computers won the case, but the two companies later worked out a new deal. This deal now means that the Beatles music is now on the iTunes store, whereas it was not there before.

1968 establishments in the United Kingdom
The Beatles
British music companies
Blondie is an American new wave pop-rock band who were most popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The lead singer of the band is Debbie Harry. Their best-known hit was Call Me!. The group's music mixes pop, rock and disco. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Studio albums 
 Blondie (1976)
 Plastic Letters (1977)
 Parallel Lines (1978)
 Eat to the Beat (1979)
 Autoamerican (1980)
 The Hunter (1982)
 No Exit (1999)
 The Curse of Blondie (2003)
 Panic of Girls (2011)
 Ghosts of Download (2014)
 Pollinator (2017)

References

Other websites 
Official Blondie Web Site
Official Deborah Harry Web Site

1974 establishments in the United States
1970s American music groups
1970s establishments in New York (state)
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American new wave bands
American pop rock bands
American punk bands
Musical groups established in 1974
Musical groups from New York City
Pop punk bands
Patti Smith (born Patricia Lee Smith on December 30, 1946) is an American singer and poet. She was an important member of the punk rock music trend in the 1970s. Her first album Horses was produced by John Cale.

Works

References

Other websites 

 Official website
 
 
 

1946 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
American poets
American rock guitarists
Singers from Chicago
Musicians from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Punk musicians
Talking Heads was a rock band from the United States. The band first became popular in the late 1970s.
Talking Heads had an early influence on other musical groups by combining the sounds of punk, art rock, funk, dance and world music with an avant-garde style and the anxious way David Byrne sang on stage.

Reception 
Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said Talking Heads was  "one of the most critically acclaimed bands of the '80s."

In 2002, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Four of the band's albums appeared on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. Three of their songs ("Psycho Killer," "Life During Wartime," and "Once in a Lifetime") were listed in "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll". Talking Heads were also included at #64 on VH1's list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time." In the 2011 update of Rolling Stone's "100 Greatest Artists of All Time," the band was ranked at No. 100.

Albums
Albums

Talking Heads: 77 (1977)
More Songs About Buildings and Food (1978)
Fear of Music (1979)
Remain in Light (1980)
Speaking in Tongues (1983)
Little Creatures (1985)
True Stories (1986)
Naked (1988)

References 

1975 establishments in New York (state)
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
1991 disestablishments in the United States
American new wave bands
American punk bands
American rock bands
Funk bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
Musical groups established in 1975
Musical groups from New York City
Musical quartets
Warner Bros. Records artists
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
1990s disestablishments in New York (state)
Devo is an American new wave pop music band formed in Ohio. Their best-known lineup consisted of Gerald Casale, Mark Mothersbaugh, Bob Mothersbaugh, Robert Casale, and Alan Myers. They had popular songs in the 1970s and 1980s. Devo had a big influence on the new wave music movement.

Devo often used various keyboards (called synthesizers) in their songs, including the Moog synthesizer.

Their most famous song was called "Whip It". That song was released in 1980.

Devo occasionally performs concerts for the public.

Discography 

 Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are DEVO! (1978)
 Duty Now for the Future (1979)
 Freedom of Choice (1980)
 New Traditionalists (1981)
 oh, no! it's DEVO (1982)
 SHOUT (1984)
 Total DEVO (1988)
 smoothnoodlemaps (1990)
 Something for Everybody (2010)

Line up

Other websites 

 
 Official YouTube channel
 
 
 Devo Live Guide
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Musical groups established in 1973
American new wave bands
American punk bands
American rock bands
Electronic music bands
Enigma Records artists
Musical groups from Ohio
Musical quintets
Warner Bros. Records artists
Illegal drugs are drugs which a person is not allowed to own or use by law.

A drug is any chemical that affects the human body or mind when taken in any way.

Drugs and the law 
Each country and place has different laws for different drugs.

Some drugs are allowed only if you have permission (called a "prescription") from a doctor. Other drugs are illegal, meaning a person is never allowed to have them.

If the police find a person with drugs they are not allowed to have, the person may be taken to court. Court cases may result in fines (when a person is required to pay money to the government), prison, or in some countries execution.

Why some drugs are illegal 
A country may want to stop drugs because of the negative effect on the people that use them, or because making the drug illegal will make the government more money.

A psychoactive drug affects the brain. Most laws against drugs are against psychoactive drugs.
Why people use drugs 
Some people use drugs as medicine if they are sick to help make them feel better.

Some people might use drugs recreationally (for fun), these are usually controlled drugs.

Some people use drugs to make themselves more productive or to help themselves stay awake, in this case they would use a stimulant such as amphetamines or caffeine.

Some people also use drugs because they are addicted. (See "Health effects of drugs" below)

For spiritual or religious reasons. 

Some Christians use small doses of wine as part of their religious ceremonies.

Some members of the Native American Church use Peyote (a type of cactus that contains the drug mescaline).

Some Hindus use cannabis (containing THC and CBD) as part of their religious rites.
Health effects
Drugs can have many effects on a person's health. Some drugs cause many people to die every year. Tobacco and alcohol can cause death, other drugs do not cause death. Cannabis and psilocybin mushrooms ("magic mushrooms") do not cause death. But all drugs affect one's health.

Someone using drugs may get "intoxicated". Intoxicated people may do dangerous things. They may be unable to safely drive or operate machinery.

Overdose occurs when someone uses too much of a drug. Overdosing is very dangerous. It can cause death. Some drugs are easy to overdose on (heroin, alcohol, and aspirin). Other drugs are difficult to overdose on (LSD, cannabis). Many drugs cause long-term (long-lasting) health effects. Smoking tobacco can cause cancer. Drinking alcohol damages the liver (cirrhosis).
Many drugs are used as medicine to help make sick people better. Opiates (morphine, heroin and codeine) are analgesics (painkillers). Nitrous oxide and ketamine are used as anesthetics (to force someone to sleep) for surgical operation. Amphetamines are legally prescribed to treat attention disorders in some countries, such as the United States.

Combining drugs often causes negative effects. One may die if they combine multiple drugs.

Addiction and dependence 
An addiction is the repeated use of a drug. An addict (person with an addiction) uses the drug again and again. Addicts will continue to use the drug, even if the drug hurts them. Addiction causes cravings for the drug. A craving is an intense need for the drug's effects. Drug tolerance occurs when a person's body adapts to a drug. The body becomes more resistant to the drug and craves the drug all the time. If a dependent person stops taking the drug, they may become very sick or die. Medical help is often required to stop addiction.
Addiction and dependence can happen separately from each other. People can be addicted to things that are not drugs, like gambling or sex.

Some psychoactive drugs are known to be very addictive (causing addiction, like alcohol, heroin, tobacco, methamphetamine and cocaine) other drugs are known to be slightly less addictive (such as khat, cannabis and caffeine) or not addictive at all (such as LSD and Psilocybin mushrooms).

People with anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, schizophrenia, and major depression have a higher chance of getting addicted.

Uses
Different drugs are used in different ways. The same drug can be available in different forms, and each form is used a certain way.

For example, Crack cocaine (cocaine in solid form) is smoked or vaporized, but Powder cocaine (cocaine that looks like salt) is snorted.
Some ways drugs can be taken 
 Orally – The drug is placed in the mouth, then swallowed. Pills are used orally.
 Smoked – The drug is burned, then the smoke is inhaled. Pipes, bongs, cigars and cigarettes are used to smoke.
 Insufflated – The drug is a powder. The powder is snorted directly into the nose.
 Vaporized – The drug is heated until it turns into a vapor. The vapor is breathed in.
 Sublingually – The drug is placed under the tongue. The drug is absorbed through the vein under the tongue. Dissolving tablets are an example of sublingual drug use.
 Buccally – The drug is absorbed through the cheek. The drug is placed between the cheek and the gums.
 Intravenous⁣ (also called IV) – The drug is injected into the veins. Usually, it is injected through the arm. A needle and syringe is used for injection.
 Intramuscular (also called IM) – The drug is injected into a muscle. A needle and syringe are also used for injection.
Rectally – The drug is placed in the anus and absorbed there. The anal drug is called a suppository.
 Transdermally – The drug is absorbed through the skin. Nicotine patches and fentanyl patches are used transdermally.
Orally is the slowest method of using a drug because it must be digested in the stomach first. Injecting a drug (IV or IM) is the fastest method of using a drug. IV and IM drugs are most likely to cause an overdose. It is important to use clean needles to inject. Injecting with used or dirty needles spreads deadly infections (such as Hepatitis C or HIV).

Smoking anything can cause cancer. Smoking can also lead to emphysema (a disease of the lungs). Snorting a drug can lead to ear, nose, and throat conditions. Eating a drug can cause oral (mouth related) problems, like tooth decay.
Types of psychoactive drugs and their effects 
There are many categories (types) of psychoactive drugs (drug that affects the brain). These categories have subcategories (categories inside categories). For example, benzodiazepines and opiates are both subcategories of depressants. Some drugs, such as ketamine have elements of two categories (hallucinogens and depressants). Every drug is different, so it is important to know the effects of each individual drug.

Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens change the way people see, hear, feel or think. The three main groups of hallucinogens are: psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants. Each group has different effects. They may cause hallucinations. Hallucinations are a feeling, sound, or sight that does not exist. When one hallucinates, they feel, hear, or see something that is not truly there.
Stimulants
Stimulants speed up the central nervous system. People using stimulants may feel happy and excited. Also, they have more energy, concentration, or motivation. Stimulants may cause difficulty sleeping.

Depressants ("Downers") 

Depressants slow down the central nervous system. People using depressants feel happy and content, and sleepy and relaxed. Depressants slow down bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate. They may also make speaking or moving difficult. The difficulty speaking is "slurred speech".

Anti-psychotics 
Antipsychotics are used to balance one's moods or stop hallucinations. Many anti-psychotics are legal prescription drugs. One can have them if they have a prescription (doctor's permission). Anti-depressants help depression. Some anti-depressants are also anti-psychotics.

References 

Illegal drugs
Dangers 
Crack is a very addictive drug. People can get both physically and psychologically addicted to crack (meaning that the body and the mind can both become addicted to, or "hooked on," the drug.) Using crack is dangerous for many reasons. The drug can cause physical problems (like heart and lung problems or rotted teeth) and psychological (or mental) problems, like depression and psychosis (not understanding what is real and what is not real). An overdose of crack - taking too much of the drug - can cause death. Also, because crack is illegal, people have to break the law in order to get it, and they can get sent to jail if they are caught. People may also do other illegal things in order to get crack or to get money to buy crack, because the urge to get the drug is so strong in people who are addicted.
Crack is such a strong and addictive drug that a person can become addicted the first time they use crack. When a person tries to quit using crack, they go through a process called withdrawal that is very hard to go through. Withdrawal happens when as person's body or mind is used to having a drug in its system all the time, and suddenly the drug is not there any more. Because crack can cause both physical addiction (when the body is hooked on the drug) and psychological addiction (when the mind is hooked on the drug), quitting crack can cause both physical withdrawal (which causes physical symptoms in the body) and psychological withdrawal (which causes symptoms in the mind). Symptoms of (or problems caused by) physical withdrawal can include nausea (feeling like throwing up), vomiting (throwing up), and pain in the muscles. Psychological withdrawal can make a person feel very depressed, anxious (worried and not able to relax), agitated (restless and "keyed up"), or tired
. When a person is withdrawing from crack, the urge to use crack will be very, very strong, and it is very hard for the person to fight off these urges and keep away from using the drug again.
Smoking 
Crack cocaine is inhaled from a small glass pipe. This is often called a stem. It has a funnel-shaped 'bowlpiece' where the drug is put to be smoked. There is a 2 to 3 inch long stem attached that the smoke travels through on the way to the consumer. These stems may be used in waterpipes, such as 'bongs' or 'bubblers', in which case about a 1/2 inch of the stem is submerged in the water and the smoke is sucked out through the water to the consumer. These stems are also used to inhale methamphetamine. When used for crack cocaine or methamphetamine, the stem is generally used as a standalone unit, without any water or attachment of any sort. After prolonged use, the glass from the stem may deteriorate from exposure to heat as well as acidity, and may become brittle and break or crack easily.

Other websites 

 Why is crack cocaine so hard to stop using? 
 The rising peril of crack cocaine

Illegal drugs
Dame Lesley Lawson DBE (born Lesley Hornby 19 September 1949, in London, England) is an English actress, fashion model and singer, known professionally as Twiggy. Her childhood nickname Twiggy came from her thin legs. In the 1960s, when she first became famous she weighed only .

As an actress, she starred in The Boy Friend, and had featured roles in The Blues Brothers and Young Charlie Chaplin. She recently appeared as herself, on America's Next Top Model, as one of the judges.

References

Other websites 

1949 births
Living people
Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English television personalities
Models from London
Singers from London
Special effects are used in movies to create images that do not exist. There are many different types of special effects, for example, making little models or using computer animation.

Action movies often use special effects to create images that would be dangerous or cost a lot of money. For example, if an action movie shows a very big battleship blowing up, it would be expensive to buy a battleship and dangerous to blow it up. Most action movies use special effects if they want to show something blow up. It is cheaper and safer to make a little model of a battleship and blow that up. 

Science fiction, fantasy, horror, and history movies also often use special effects. They usually tell imaginary stories, often set in imaginary places, that would be impossible to film. For example, in a science fiction movie about a world with three suns, artists could create a computer image of three suns which would appear in the background.
Using a computer to create special effects is called "computer generated imagery" (CGI) or "computer animation". Most science fiction, fantasy, and horror movies, and some history movies and some documentaries from the 2000s use a lot of CGI.

Movie production
Television
Arts
Technology
The Revolutions in the German states developed in most of the 38 states of Germany that were loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. To these states belonged Austria as well though Hungary that was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was not part of the German Confederation.

These revolutions had as example the French Revolution of 1848 in February 1848, when King Phillipe of France abdicated the throne.

The biggest successes of the German revolutions happened in March in Berlin and Vienna. The result was the election of a German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main.

But it was in Berlin too where the Prussian king Frederick William refused to become emperor of a united German state.
Austria and Prussia withdrew their delegates from the Assembly, and the Assembly itself slowly disintegrated afterwards.

Related pages  
 European Revolutions of 1848
Other websites 
 1848: REVOLUTION AND REACTION 
 German Revolution of 1848/49 
 The German 1848 Revolution: A German Perspective
 Constitution of the German Empire ("Constitution of Paulskirche") of 28th March 1849, in full text

1848 in Europe
1849
1840s in Germany
19th-century rebellions
Rebellions in Europe
Revolutions
Abdication is the act of resigning from an office (official job), especially from being the leader of a country. The word is normally used for kings and queens who decide to give up their position which brings an end to a reign.  The term is also used for popes.

A similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation.

King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom is an example of a king who abdicated.
Select list of abdications
 Caedwalla of Wessex, 688
 Ine of Wessex, 726
 Pope Benedict IX, 1048
 Stephen II of Hungary, 1131
 Pope Celestine V, 1294 
 Richard II of England, 1399
 Pope Gregory XII, 1415.
 Murad II, Ottoman Sultan, 1444-1445
 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 1556
 Christina of Sweden, 1654
 James II of England, 1688
 Philip V of Spain, 1724
 Ahmed III, Sultan of Turkey, 1730
 Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 1814 and 1815
 Charles X of France, 1830
 Pedro I of Brazil, 1831
 Miguel of Portugal, 1834
 Louis Philippe I of France, 1848
 Fredrik Kaarle I of Finland, 1918
Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, 1936
 Pope Benedict XVI, 2013.
 Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, 2013
 King Albert II of Belgium, 2013
 King Juan Carlos I of Spain, 2014
 Emperor Akihito  of Japan, 2019

References

Monarchy
Politics
Beta Columbae is a star in the Columba constellation. The Columba constellation is known as "The Dove".

Red giants