Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Other websites 
 Civic Education Trends in Post-Communist Countries of Central and Eastern Europe 
 Information about Eastern European People 
 Business portal for Central and Eastern Europe
 Slavic and East European Resources
 The Slavonic and East European Review 
 The Slavic Review
The term Eastern Bloc referred to the former Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, including the countries of the Warsaw Pact, along with Yugoslavia and Albania, which were not aligned with the Soviet Union after 1948 and 1960 respectively. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) arranged economic cooperation among the members. Although officially independent countries, they were Soviet satellite states.  The Eastern Bloc was created in 1947 by Joseph Stalin who was leader of the Soviet Union.
A 2009 Pew Research Center poll showed that 72% of Hungarians and 62% of both Ukrainians and Bulgarians felt that their lives were worse off after 1989, when free markets were made dominant. A follow-up poll by Pew Research Center in 2011 showed that 45% of Lithuanians, 42% of Russians, and 34% of Ukrainians approved of the change to a market economy.

Post-1991 Eastern Bloc associations

CSTO
Armenia
Belarus
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Russia
Tajikistan

SCO
People's Republic of China
India (from 2017)
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Pakistan (from 2017, also aligned with Western Bloc)
Russia
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan

African countries that have gained independence from Spain, Portugal, Belgium, and the United Kingdom
Angola
Burundi
Mozambique
Tanzania
Uganda
Zimbabwe
Mali
Chad
Guinea
Gabon
Niger
Burkina Faso

ALBA
Antigua and Barbuda
Bolivia
Cuba
Dominica
Grenada
Nicaragua
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Venezuela
Remaining communist or non-Marxist-Leninist states
People's Republic of China
Cuba
Laos
North Korea
Syria
Vietnam

References

20th century in Europe
Communism
International politics
Cold War
Truthiness is a word used by Stephen Colbert. It was first used on October 17, 2005 in the first episode of the television show The Colbert Report. The word is used to describe something that feels truthful. Facts and logic have nothing to do with truthiness. The truthiness of something is only measured by it instinctively feeling correct.

The word was picked as the word of the year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society on January 6, 2006. It was also selected by the Merriam-Webster dictionary on December 10, 2006 as its 2006 Word of the Year. It beat the term google to get Word of the Year.

Colbert on Truthiness
On the October 5 2005 Cobert Report, Stephen Colbert has this to say about truthiness:
"I will speak to you in plain, simple English. And that brings us to tonight's word: 'truthiness.' Now I'm sure some of the 'word police,' the 'wordinistas' over at Webster's are gonna say, 'hey, that's not a word.' Well, anyone who knows me knows I'm no fan of dictionaries or reference books. 
I don't trust books. They're all fact, no heart. And that's exactly what's pulling our country apart today. 'Cause face it, folks; we are a divided nation. Not between Democrats and Republicans, or conservatives and liberals, or tops and bottoms. No, we are divided between those who think with their head, and those who know with their heart.

Consider Harriet Miers. If you 'think' about Harriet Miers, of course her nomination's absurd. But the president didn't say he 'thought' about his selection. He said this:

(video clip of President Bush:) 'I know her heart.' 
Notice how he said nothing about her brain? He didn't have to. He feels the truth about Harriet Miers.
And what about Iraq? If you think about it, maybe there are a few missing pieces to the rationale for war. But doesn't taking Saddam out feel like the right thing?"

References

Other websites 

Video feed of Stephen introducing "Truthiness" on The Colbert Report 
"Truthiness: a flash in the pan?" from Language Log
Macmillan Dictionary on truthiness 
Global Language Monitor on Top Television Buzzwords 

Figures of speech

de:The Colbert Report#The WØRD
History 
In the 20th century most computers used single-core processors and not multi-core processors.  Multi-core solutions were only used in unusual cases.  The usual way to make a computer faster was to increase the clock rate.  But at a frequency about 4 GHz the CPU would get too hot and take a lot of electricity.  This was the point when multi-core processors became more important.  Therefore, the demand for multi-core processors increased.  In the second half of 2006 the best processors were dual-core processors.  Since 2006 the development has gone on, so that the new processors get four, eight, or more independent microprocessors.  Today, single-core processors are not used in new personal computers, but they remain popular in embedded systems which do not need a fast processor.
Advantages
 A multi-core processor in a computer will work faster for certain programs.
 The computer may not get as hot when it is turned on.
 The computer needs less power because it can turn off sections that are not needed.
 More features can be added to the computer.
 The signals between different CPUs travel shorter distances, therefore they degrade less.

Disadvantages
 They do not work at twice the speed as a normal processor. They get only 60-80% more speed.
 The speed that the computer works at depends on what the user is doing with it.
 They cost more than single core processors.
 They are more difficult to manage thermally than lower-density single-core processors.
 Not all operating systems support more than one core.
 Operating systems compiled for a multi-core processor will run slightly slower on a single-core processor.
Operating System Support 
The following operating systems support multi-core processors
 Microsoft Windows (Windows XP or newer)
 Linux
 macOS
 Most BSD-based systems
 Solaris

Computer hardware
Multi-core processors
The Western Bloc during the Cold War means the powers allied with the United States and NATO against the People's Republic of China or Russia and the CSTO and formerly against the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact until 1991. 

Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact were called the Eastern Bloc. This term was rather common, while the governments and press of the Western Bloc used to speak of themselves as the Free world.

1947–1991 Western Bloc associations

NATO

 Belgium*
 Canada*
 Denmark*
 France*
 FR Germany (1955–1990)
 Greece (from 1952)
 Iceland*
 Italy*
 Luxembourg*
 Netherlands*
 Norway*
 Portugal*
 Spain (from 1982)
 Turkey (from 1952)
 United Kingdom*
 United States*

Five Eyes
 Australia
 Canada
 New Zealand
 United Kingdom
 United States

ANZUS
 Australia
 New Zealand
 United States

Anti-Soviet communist or socialist states (until 1989)
China (from 1978)
Democratic Kampuchea (from 1978)
CGDK (from 1982)
Romania (from 1964)
Yugoslavia (from 1948)
Compact of Free Association
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Palau
United States

METO, Baghdad Pact, CENTO (until 1979)
 Iran (until 1979)
 Iraq (until 1958)
 Pakistan (until 1979)
 Turkey (until 1979)
 United Kingdom (until 1979)

Rio Treaty

Argentina
Bahamas (from 1982)
Bolivia (until 2005)
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba (1902–1959) (until 1959)
Dominican Republic (until 1990)
Ecuador (until 2012)
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico 
Nicaragua (until 1979)
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago (from 1967)
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela (until 1999, rejoined 2019 by Juan Guaidó)

SEATO

 Australia
 Cambodia (until 1956) 
 Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
 France
 Laos (until 1975)
 New Zealand
 Pakistan
 Philippines
 Republic of Vietnam (until 1975)
 Thailand
 United Kingdom
 United States

Middle East/North Africa Region
Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Bahrain
Egypt (from 1979)
Iran (until 1979)
Iraq (until 1990)
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon 
Libya (before 1969, from 2011)
Morocco
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Somalia (from 1977)
Sudan (1971-1985, 2019–2021)
Syrian opposition
Tunisia
Turkey (until 2009)
United Arab Emirates
Yemen (Hadi government)
North Yemen (1962–1990)

Asia, Southeast Asian and Oceania Partners

Japan
South Korea
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Australia
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Fiji
Tonga
Solomon Islands
Samoa
Kiribati
Nauru
Tuvalu
India
Pakistan
Bhutan
Nepal
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
Maldives
Indonesia
Philippines
Thailand
Malaysia
Singapore
Brunei (from 1984)
Cambodia (from 1993)
Vietnam (from 1995)
East Timor (from 2002)
Myanmar (1948-1962, 2018-2021)
Bougainville (from 2027)

Others

Belarus (1991–1994)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cyprus
Ethiopia (before 1974)
Khmer Republic (1970–1975)
Kosovo
Russia (1991–1999)
South Africa
West Berlin
Zaire

Post-1991 Western-aligned associations

NATO
NATO

 Albania (from 2009)
 Belgium*
 Bulgaria (from 2004)
 Canada*
 Croatia (from 2009)
 Czech Republic (from 1999)
 Denmark*
 Estonia (from 2004)
 Finland (from 2023)
 France*
 Germany*
 Greece*
 Hungary (from 1999)
 Iceland*
 Italy*
 Latvia (from 2004)
 Lithuania (from 2004)
 Luxembourg*
 Montenegro (from 2017)
 Netherlands*
 North Macedonia (from 2020)
 Norway*
 Poland (from 1999)
 Portugal*
 Romania (from 2004)
 Slovakia (from 2004)
 Slovenia (from 2004)
 Spain*
 Turkey*
 United Kingdom*
 United States*

Major non-NATO ally (MNNA)

 Australia (from 1987)
 Egypt (from 1987)
 Israel (from 1987)
 Japan (from 1987)
 South Korea (from 1987)
 Jordan (from 1996)
 New Zealand (from 1997)
 Argentina (from 1998)
 Bahrain (from 2002)
 Philippines (from 2003)
 Thailand (from 2003)
 Republic of China (Taiwan) (de facto) (from 2003)
 Kuwait (from 2004)
 Morocco (from 2004)
 Pakistan (from 2004)
 IR Afghanistan (2012–2021)
 Tunisia (from 2015)
 Brazil (from 2019)
 Colombia (from 2022)
 Qatar (from 2022)
Middle Eastern Partners

Algeria (alleged)
Bahrain
Egypt
Iraq (from 2004)
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Mauritania
Morocco
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Somalia
Sudan
Tunisia
United Arab Emirates
Yemen (PLC)

Asia, South East Asian and Oceania Partners

Japan
South Korea
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Thailand
New Zealand
Philippines
Australia
India
Pakistan
Indonesia
Mongolia
Malaysia
Brunei
East Timor
Myanmar (until 2021)
Bhutan
Nepal
Singapore
Vietnam
Papua New Guinea
Fiji
Tonga
Solomon Islands
Samoa
Kiribati
Nauru
Tuvalu
Sri Lanka
Maldives

Inter-American Partners

Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Mexico
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Antigua and Barbuda
Belize
Grenada
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Dominica
Jamaica

Quadrilateral Security Dialogue

United States
India
Australia
Japan

Others
Others

Armenia (from 2018)
Austria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Cape Verde
Cyprus
Georgia
Ghana
Ireland
Kenya
Kosovo
Liberia
Malawi
Malta
Mauritius
Moldova
Namibia
São Tomé and Príncipe
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Sweden
South Africa
Ukraine (from 2014)
Zambia
Guinea-Bissau
Senegal
Gambia
Ivory Coast
Togo
Benin
Nigeria
Cameroon
Central African Republic
South Sudan
Ethiopia
Rwanda
Uganda
Equatorial Guinea
Lesotho
Madagascar
Seychelles
Djibouti
Comoros
Eswatini

Notes

International politics
Cold War
The Free World is a term that was used during the era of the Cold War. It was often used by non-communist nations to describe themselves. It was used to describe the greater personal freedom that the people of non-communist countries (such as the United States and European democratic countries) had compared to the communist Soviet Union and its Communist Bloc allies. 

On the other hand, many of the non-communist countries that were allied with the "Free World" during the Cold War repressed people and sometimes had dictators as their leaders. This included countries in South America, Asia and Africa.

The President of the United States was often called  the "leader of the Free World". This was very common especially in the United States itself. The President of the U.S. is sometimes still called this.

Neil Young sang a song called "(Keep on) Rockin' in the Free World".

International politics
Democracy
The 2006 Dublin riots were a series of riots. They happened in Dublin, Ireland on 25 February 2006. The riots happened after the Gardai (police) tried to move a crowd(large group of people) of people who were blocking the road as a protest against a unionist demonstration. Fourteen people where hurt in the riots. Six of the people hurt were police.

2006 crimes
2006 in Europe
2000s crimes in Europe
2000s in the Republic of Ireland
February 2006 events
History of Dublin
Riots in Europe
0-9 
 2D - Two dimensions
 3D - Three dimensions
 4WD - Four-wheel drive

A 
APP - American Patriot Party

B 
 BASIC - Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
 BIOS - Basic Input/Output System

C 
CCTV - Closed-circuit television, China Central Television, Cork Community TV
CD - Compact Disk
CD-ROM - Compact Disk - Read Only Memory
COBOL - Common Business-Orientated Language
CIA - Central Intelligence Agency
CPU - Central Processing Unit

D 
 DVD - Digital Versatile Disc and Digital Video Disc

E 
E3 - Electronic Entertainment Expo
ESPN - Entertainment and Sports Programming Network

F 
FTP - File Transfer Protocol
FPS - First Person Shooter, Frames Per Second
FORTRAN - FORmula TRANslator
FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation

H
HTTP - Hyper Text Transport Protocol
HTTPS - Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure

I 
Internet - Interconnected Networks

L 
LASER - Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
M 
Maser - Molecular Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiations
MMORPG - Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game
MOSFET - Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

N 
NAFTA -  North American Free Trade Agreement
NASA -  National Aeronautics and Space Administration

P
Perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language
PHP - PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
POP - Post Office Protocol
POSH - Port Out, Starboard Home

R
Radar - Radio detection and ranging
RAM - Random Access Memory
ROM - Read Only Memory
RPG - Role Playing Game
RTFM - Read The Fine ( or Flippin' ) Manual
RTS - Real Time Strategy

S 
SCUBA - Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Sitcom/SITCOM - SITuation COMedy
SKU - Stock Keeping Unit (bar code on products)
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Sonar - Sound navigation and ranging
SWAT - Special Weapons And Tactics

T 
 TBS - Turn-Based Strategy
 TV - Television
TNA - Total Nonstop Action

U 
USB - Universal Serial Bus
W
W3C - World Wide Web Consortium
WWW - World Wide Web
WWE - World Wrestling Entertainment
WWF - World Wrestling Federation

X 
XWD - Cross Wheel Drive

Lists
Distinguish from the Warsaw Convention, which is an agreement about financial liability in air travel, and the Treaty of Warsaw (1970) between West Germany and the People's Republic of Poland.
The Warsaw Pact, officially the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was an organization of Central and Eastern European socialistic and people’s democracy states. The states were all allies and would fight together if one of them was attacked. While in theory all the countries in the organisation were equals, the smaller countries were controlled by the Soviet Union. The countries in the Warsaw Pact were East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania however Albania withdrew in 1968 following the 1968 Warsaw Pact Invasion Of Czechoslovakia and so did Romania.
It was established in 1955 in Warsaw, Poland in response to West Germany joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was signed in Warsaw, on 14 May 1955 and official copies were made in the languages of Russian, Polish, Czech, and German. The Pact lasted until the end of the Cold War when some members quit in 1991, following the collapse of the Eastern bloc and political changes in the Soviet Union.

All of these countries, except the Soviet Union, have now joined NATO.

Members 
Most member states were considered puppet states of the Soviet Union. Additionally, Mongolia, North Korea, Vietnam and (until 1961) China were observer states.

References

Notes

1955 establishments in Europe
1991 disestablishments in Europe
Political organizations based in Europe
Military alliances
1950s treaties
Communism
Cold War
History of the Soviet Union
Warsaw
European organizations
Central Europe is the area around the Alps and Carpathian Mountains lying between the regions of Eastern and Western Europe. It includes countries that may also be referred to as Eastern or Western European. The understanding of the concept of Central Europe varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time. 

The region usually includes: 

 Poland
 Slovakia
 Hungary
 Slovenia

 Austria
 Switzerland
 Liechtenstein
 Germany
 Czech Republic
Alternative Definitions 
If one were to divide the continent of Europe into two halves like it was during the Cold War, the Iron Curtain would subsequently split the mainstream definition of "Central Europe" in half.  When using this definition, the countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia would be included in Eastern Europe: whereas the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland would be considered Western Europe instead. Some experts consider this definition outdated, but many still use them. Supranational organizations like the UN and EU also make use of them.

In addition, other countries such as Croatia and the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia can be included in "Central Europe": though they are now mostly considered a part of either Southern Europe or Northern Europe respectively.

References

Regions of Europe
A Four-wheel drive (also called 4WD and 4x4) is a vehicle on which all four wheels get power from the engine to move forward. This is as opposed to a two-wheel drive vehicle. 4WDs are often used off road. Part-time and full-time four wheel drive vehicles uses a transfer case as part of the drivetrain to direct power to one or both axles. By having a transfer case the driver can shift the vehicle into either "two-wheel-drive" or "four-wheel-drive" mode (part-time systems). Many transfer cases also have a low power range that multiplies the engine power when in four-wheel drive (called four-wheel low gear).

Types 

There are basically four types of four-wheel drive.
Part-time 4-wheel drive 
Part-time systems are the most basic type. They are also still the most popular type for using off-road. The can be shifted (mechanically or electrically) from two-wheel drive to four-wheel drive. This gives them the versatility to operate both on and off-road. When the four-wheel drive system is engaged, the two axles turn at the same speed. There usually is no center differential. For that reason part-time four-wheel drive should not be used on dry pavement. If operated for any distance on dry pavement tire damage and drivetrain damage is very possible. Because it operates off-road, the vehicle typically has a higher Ride height. This is to go over obstacles on uneven ground without damage. Even when operated in two-wheel drive on-road, this system will not get the fuel economy of a comparable two-wheel drive vehicle. Locking hubs are available on some models. They help to get better fuel mileage by disengaging the front axle differential.
Full-time 4-wheel drive 
This is the original four-wheel drive. It was and still is designed for serious off-roading. Common on full-time four-wheel drives are locking differentials. These prevent one wheel slipping on the same axle if the other has traction. These systems do not get good gas mileage due to their typical weight.

All-Wheel Drive 
All-wheel drive (AWD) uses a center differential to direct a percentage of the power to both axles, depending on conditions. All wheel drive is not designed specifically to go off-road but is for traction in rain, snow or ice on the road. Body-on frame SUVs are typically designed for off-road use. Unibody crossovers are usually only equipped with the lighter-duty all-wheel drive. However the unibody built Grand Cherokee and newly designed Durango are available with four-wheel drive.
Part-Time All-Wheel Drive 
Part-time All-wheel drive (AWD) operate as a front-wheel drive under normal conditions. When traction is lost for any reason, the system automatically sends a portion of the engine's power to the rear wheels. As soon as the system detects good traction, it disengages the rear wheels and shifts back to front drive. This is a less expensive system that adds less weight to the vehicle (usually a car). This makes it popular on compact vehicles. It typically gets better fuel economy than all-wheel drive vehicles. They do not have a low range or a transfer case.

References 

Automotive technologies
2D or two-dimensional objects have two measurements: width and length, like a square. 2D objects do not have depth, like 3D objects.

The simplest 2D shape is a triangle. A 2D object can have any number of sides, making shapes such as pentagons and hexagons. The sides can bend to make different angles. 2D objects can even have sides that go through each other.

Two dimensional space is a mathematics tool, and it has many kinds of uses in computer science, geometry, the making of software, and also in paper.

Computing
Geometry
Microraptor was a small feathered dinosaur. It was a basal theropod related to Velociraptor and Deinonychus. It had flight feathers, and could glide and probably fly. About two dozen well-preserved fossil specimens were found in Liaoning, China. They come from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, 125 million years ago. 

Adult specimens are 42–83 centimeters (1.4–2.7 ft) long, so Microraptor was one of the smallest dinosaurs.

Flight
Flight

Context 
Microraptor is one of a number of 'dinobirds' found in the same area of China. They were buried in volcanic ash during huge eruptions.
"The evolution of powered flight in birds from theropod dinosaurs is recognized as the key adaptive breakthrough that contributed to the biological success of this group...  Hundreds of small, exquisitely preserved, feathered theropods were discovered in the Early Cretaceous Jehol Group of northeastern China as they died some 125 million years ago, smothered in the "Cretaceous Pompeii"... Both anatomy and phylogeny strongly suggest that these theropods... offer new insights into the origins of feathers and flight, favoring the arboreal ('trees-down') over the cursorial ('ground-up') hypothesis".
Details 
Microraptor was among the first non-avian dinosaurs discovered with the impressions of feathers and wings. Three specimens of M. zhaoianus have been described in detail, in addition to two specimens of M. gui and three specimens of M. sp. described by Xu and colleagues in 2003, from which most feather impressions are known.
 
Unusual even among early birds and feathered dinosaurs, Microraptor is one of the few known bird precursors to sport long flight feathers on its feet as well as its forearms and hands. This led Xu Xing to describe it as a "four winged dinosaur", and to speculate that it may have glided using all four limbs for lift. Their bodies had a thick covering of feathers. A diamond-shaped fan on the end of the tail gave stability during flight.
Sankar Chatterjee found that, in order for Microraptor to glide or fly, the fore and hind wings must have been on different levels (as on a biplane) and not overlaid (as on a dragonfly). Using this biplane model, he calculated possible methods of gliding, and determined that Microraptor most likely launched itself from a perch, swooped downward in a deep 'U' shaped curve and then lifted again to land on another tree. The feathers not directly employed in the biplane wing, like those on the tibia and the tail, could have been used to control and alter the flight path. The hind wings would also have helped control the gliding flight. 

Chatterjee also used computer algorithms to test whether or not Microraptor was capable of true, powered flight, in addition to gliding. The data showed that Microraptor could sustain some level powered flight, so it is possible that the animal flew as well as glided.

References 

Dromaeosauridae
Fossils
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Feathered dinosaurs
Opera is a web browser that formerly included e-mail, webfeed reader, and IRC Chat. There are versions available for several operating systems. These include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, FreeBSD, and Linux. There are also version for mobile phones, personal digital assistants, game consoles, and interactive televisions.

Opera is developed by Opera Software which is based in Oslo, Norway.

History 
Opera was created in 1994 at Telenor, which is Norway's largest telecommunications company. In 1995, Opera became its own company called Opera Software ASA.

Opera was first released publicly with version 2.0 in 1996, which only ran on Microsoft Windows.  With the release of Opera 4.0 in the year 2000, other operating systems were supported.
Features 
 Security: Opera helps protect against computer viruses. When accessing a certain page opera will warn the user beforehand that the site may impose a threat to their computer. The user can decide to open the web page or not. 
 Tabs: Users can save an unlimited number of tabs on their computer, so the next time that the users utilized their PC the pages will still be there. The order of the tabs can be changed, by dragging and dropping them in their needed location.  
 Blocking: Users  can block unwanted spam and pop ups, and the blocking features allow the individual to inactivate certain elements. 
 Resizing: Users can use the zoom button to change the size of the text on the screen, also the ‘Fit to Width’ button is available to change the size of the web page to evade horizontal scrolling.

Related pages
 List of IRC clients

References

Other websites 
 

IRC clients
Web browsers
Opera ASA
Orange can mean:
 Orange (color)
 Orange (fruit)

Places in the United States:
 Orange, California
 Orange, Connecticut
 Orange, Massachusetts
 Orange, New Hampshire
 Orange, New Jersey
 Orange, New York
 Orange, Ohio
 Orange, Texas
 Orange, Virginia
 One of several towns named Orangeville
 One of the several counties named Orange County

Places in South Africa:
 Orange Free State
 Orange River
 Orange River Colony

Other places in the world:
 Orange, New South Wales, Australia
 Orange, Vaucluse, France
part of the commune La Roche-sur-Foron, in Haute-Savoie, France is named Orange
The term orange can mean any citrus tree that produces fruit for people to eat. Oranges are a very good source of Vitamin C. Orange juice is an important part of many people's breakfast. The "sweet orange", which is the kind that are most often eaten today, grew first in South and East Asia but now grows in lots of parts of the world.

Oranges are round, orange-coloured fruit that grow on a tree which can reach 10 metres (33 ft) high. Orange trees have dark green shiny leaves and small white flowers with five petals. The flowers smell very sweet which attracts many bees.
Oranges are an important food source in many parts of the world for several reasons. They are a commonly available source of vitamin C. They last longer than many other fruits when they are stored. They are easy to transport because each orange comes in its own tough skin which acts as a container. They can be piled into heaps or carried in bags, lunchboxes and shipping containers without being easily damaged.

The colour orange got its name from the fruit. The word "orange" is unusual because it is one of only a few English words that do not rhyme with anything.

The orange is particularly used in Asia for wide variety of purposes including cosmetic as well as medicinal. Doctors prescribe oranges for people who suffer from diabetes.
History 
Sweet orange trees were brought to Italy, Spain and Portugal from India in the fifteenth century (1400's). Before that time, only sour oranges were grown in Italy. The name is from a Tamil word, via Persian and Arabic. From Europe, orange trees were taken to the United States, South America, Africa and Australia, which all grow oranges for sale.

There are several different types of sweet oranges. One of the most common types is called the "Valencia" orange, which comes from Spain and is also grown in Africa and Australia. It is one of the most important "commercial" oranges. (This means it is grown for sale in shops.)

One type of sweet orange is called the "blood orange" or "sanguine orange" (sanguine means blood red). These oranges often have red marks on the skin, and some parts of the inside look as if they have blood in them. Some blood oranges make juice that is ruby red.
Mandarins, small flattened oranges with skins that come off easily, are believed to have come from China. Now there are several varieties. These include tangerines, which are redder than most mandarins, and clementines, which are large, smooth and plump. Mandarins of all sorts are very useful lunchbox fruit, because they are easy to peel and eat, but do not get squashed easily.

Nowadays, many people of the world eat an orange or drink orange juice every day, because oranges are one of the best and cheapest sources of Vitamin C. Human bodies, unlike many other animals, do not manufacture Vitamin C, so a human needs vitamin C in their diet regularly. Vitamin C helps the body to grow, to heal wounds and fight infection. Oranges are also a very good source of dietary fibre. But they do not contain high amounts of minerals. If a person eats an orange and a banana together, then they have had a very nourishing snack that supplies both vitamins and minerals. Oranges are sweet and juicy.

Traditions
Orange trees are a symbol of love and marriage in many cultures. Oranges are sometimes found in Renaissance paintings of married couples. One of the most famous is Jan van Eyck's "Wedding Portrait of the Arnolfini".
 Brides traditionally wear orange blossoms in their hair or carry them in their bouquet at their wedding. Orange blossoms are often part of the decoration on a wedding cake.
 Queen Victoria was given a coronet of gold and enamel orange blossoms by her husband Albert. When their children were born, he had a jeweller add tiny green oranges to the coronet.
 If an orange is peeled with a knife, it is possible to cut the peel off in one long unbroken piece. Schoolgirls in some countries chant a rhyme, and throw the long orange peel over their shoulder, then look at how it falls to find the initial letter of the name of the boy that loves them.
 In some countries, blood oranges are seen as a symbol of the death of Jesus.
In some European countries, a "Christingle" is a Christmas decoration using an orange and a candle to symbolise Jesus' love for the world.
 In cold countries, when fruit was scarce, an orange was often given at Christmas. In England, it was traditional to stuff the toe of a child's Christmas stocking with raisins, almonds and oranges.
 Orange peel can be dried and treated with sugar. It is an ingredient in Christmas cakes.
 Oranges are sometimes used to make a sweet-smelling pomander to perfume a room. This is done by sticking the stalks of cloves into an orange, and allowing the orange to dry out.
 Orange jam is called marmalade. Traditionally, it is said to have been first made for Mary Queen of Scots or Marie Antoinette when they were sick. Neither of these stories is true, as marmalade was made in Portugal for many years before either of them was born. The term "marmalade", originally meaning a quince jam ("marmelada" in Portuguese), derives from the Portuguese word for this fruit, marmelo.
Gallery

Related pages
 Healthy diet
 Vitamin C
 Fruit
 Citrus fruit
 Lemon
 Lime (fruit)
 Apple
 Pear
 Banana

References

Other websites 
 15 Health Benefits of Oranges – Nutritional Value of Orange 
 Natural Food Guide to the Vitamin C content of Fruits

Citrus
Diplodocus is a huge dinosaur from the same time as the Allosaurus. It lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 145 to 155 million years ago. It was a vegetarian, eating mostly leaves with its peg-like teeth.

Size  
Diplodocus was a long-necked, whip-tailed giant and could grow up to 27 m long. It had an 8 m long neck and 14 m long tail. Its weight was approximately 22,680 kg. It had a short 6 ft long head. Its size helped protect it from other dinosaurs. It used its long neck to poke into forests because its body was too big. It is also believed to have knocked the trees down. The longest species is the hallorum, which was thought to be the longest of all dinosaurs (now Amphicoelias).

Fossils 
Diplodocus skeletons are among the longest dinosaur skeletons ever found. Fossils were discovered in Western North America, particularly in the Rocky Mountains of the western USA. A complete tail has never been found.
Seismosaurus 
Seismosaurus was thought to be its own genus of dinosaur. In 2004 and 2006 it was decided to be a large species of Diplodocus. It is now known as Diplodocus hallorum.

Seismosaurus was the longest animal ever known, but paleontologists found they had misplaced vertebrae, making the body too long. Current length estimates are 33–36 metres long. Weight estimates vary from 40 to 60 tonnes. Weight estimates of other Diplodocus species are much lower: 10 to 17 tonnes.

References 

Diplodocids
Jurassic dinosaurs
Sauropods
Wash could mean:
 Wash (creek), a usually dry creek bed or gulch that temporarily fills with water after a heavy rain
 WASH, a Clear Channel Communications radio station
 Wash (distilling), the liquid produced by the fermentation step in the production of distilled beverages
 Wash (Firefly), a fictional character who originated in the science fiction television series, Firefly
 Wash (painting), a light covering of diluted paint on a painting
 Wash (Prison Break episode), 40th episode of American television series Prison Break
 The Wash, the square-mouthed estuary on the northwest margin of East Anglia
 The Wash (movie), a hip-hop styled movie,
 "Wash (song)", a Pearl Jam song

Related pages
 Car wash (disambiguation)
 Washing

Basic English 850 words
Onions are plants in the genus, Allium. They are eaten as vegetables. Most species of onions have bulbs that people can eat. They have a strong flavour and a very distinctive smell.

Onions have been grown for a long time. They were probably first grown in Ancient Egypt, together with leek and garlic, but maybe earlier. Now, most of the world's cultures eat onions.

Cultivation 
Farmers and gardeners can grow onions from seeds or from bulbs. If they plant seeds, they must later pull out most of the young plants so the rest can grow better. This is called 'thinning'. A different way to plant onions is to plant young bulbs. This is faster, but the onions that grow this way are weaker than the onions that started as seeds.
In food 
Onions can be eaten in different ways:
 Fried sliced or chopped onions are often served on hot dogs.
 Onion rings are sliced, the slices dipped in batter, and deep-fried so the batter is crisp and onion is cooked soft.
 Pickled onions are eaten as a relish with chips or with salad.
 Raw onions:
 Sliced (cut into flat layers) for hamburgers and sandwiches
 Chopped or minced fine in salads or as garnish on cooked foods
 Cooked in soups, stews and curries
 Roasted whole alongside roasted meat

Why onions make eyes water 
When you cut an onion, you open some cells of the onion. Then, some chemicals react. When one chemical floats through the air and reaches your eyes, they sting.
There are ways to keep the chemical away. You can:　
 Cut the onion under water
 Keep the onion in the fridge, and cut when it is cold
 Leave the root end on until last
 Use a sharper knife
 Have a fan blowing away from you on the onion
 Wear goggles, like for swimming or skiing
The ability of plants to deter or limit being eaten is called defence against herbivory.

Gallery 

Root vegetables
Allium
The Universal House of Justice is the name of a council that leads the Bahá'í community.  It was described by the person who made the Bahá'í Faith, Bahá'u'lláh, in his books and letters.  He called it the Supreme House of Justice.  His son, `Abdu'l-Bahá called it the Universal House of Justice, because it was going to lead all of the Bahá'ís.  There will be other "Houses of Justice" for each country and city, but for now these are called "Spiritual Assemblies."  

Bahá'ís vote for the members of this council every five years during a special festival held between April 20 and May 2.  

Bahá'í Faith
Buildings and structures in Haifa
Religion in Israel
Religious buildings
Logitech (sometimes shortened to Logi) is a Swiss company that makes electronics. They are best known for making peripheral equipment for computers, including webcams, keyboards and computer mice.

History 
Logitech was founded in Apples, Switzerland, in 1981 by graduates of Stanford University Daniel Borel and Pierluigi Zappacosta, and former Olivetti engineer Giacomo Marini.

In 2001, Logitech acquired Labtec for $150 million to expand its range of computer peripherals.

In 2007, Logitech licensed Hillcrest Labs' Freespace motion control technology to produce the MX Air Mouse, which allows a user to use natural gestures to control a PC.

In December 2009, Logitech acquired video conferencing equipment maker Lifesize Communications.

In July 2011, Logitech acquired the mobile visual communications provider Mirial.

In January 2013, Bracken Darrell became Logitech's chief executive officer; then-CEO Guerrino De Luca continued as Logitech's chairman of the board.
In January 2016, Logitech spun off the video conferencing equipment maker Lifesize.

In April 2016, Logitech agreed to pay  penalty related to accusations that it and some former executives improperly inflated the company's results for its 2011 fiscal year to meet guidance and other accounting violations. 

On 12 April 2016, Logitech  announced that they had agreed to acquire Jaybird, a leader in wireless audio wearables for sports and active lifestyles, for , with an additional earnout of up to  based on achievement of growth targets.

On 15 September 2016, Logitech announced that they had purchased the Saitek brand and assets from Mad Catz for .

On 26 September 2019, Logitech acquired Streamlabs, producer of software and tools for live-streaming, for approximately $89 million.
On 29 July 2021, Logitech, in collaboration with choreographer JaQuel Knight,  introduced its #Creators4BIPOC initiative under the Logitech For Creators brand. It allows social media creators, particularly BIPOC influencers, to copyright and monetize their online creations by making it possible for choreographers who amplify attention to hits by major artists in the entertainment business to secure copyright of their choreography using Labanotation and earn royalties from it.

Mice 
The first mice were made in Switzerland. Now Logitech makes its items all over the world. Selling computer mice made Logitech a big company. In 2008, Logitech made its billionth mouse.

Product lines 
As well as webcams, keyboards and mice, Logitech also makes other products such as:
 Loudspeakers
 Gamepads
 Phone accessories
 Special TV remotes
Headphones
Programmable remote controls

Logitech has also made two computer games: Jelly Jumper and Jelly Battle.

References
References

Other websites 
 Logitech
 Mouse maker reveals how niche players succeed , Swissinfo, 20.4.2006

Technology companies of Europe
Companies of Switzerland
Morges (district)
A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria. The term is commonly shortened to phage.
Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere. Like viruses that infect eukaryotes (plants, animals, and fungi) there are many different phage structures and functions.

The top of phages is made up of a dice-like shape which has 20 sides and 30 edges. Inside it contains the genetic information, which is its DNA. This dice-like shape often sits on a tail that has leg-like fibres.

Phages are typically made of an outer protein hull that has genetic material inside it. The genetic material may be single-stranded (ssRNA or ssDNA), or double-stranded (dsRNA or dsDNA). It may be between 5,000 and 500,000 base pairs long with either circular or linear arrangement. Bacteriophages are usually between 20 and 200 nanometers in size.
Phage genomes may code for as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages have a life cycle that begins when the phage attaches to the bacterium. Then they inject their genome into the bacterium. The genome uses the parts of the bacterium to replicate inside it. When there are many phages inside the bacterium, they put enzymes in the bacterium that weaken the outer cell wall so they can burst through it to infect new bacterias.

Phages are everywhere there are bacteria, such as soils or the intestines of animals. They are very common in sea water: up to 9×108 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface, and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages.

They have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe, as well as in France. However, it was not until the first phage was observed under an electron microscope by Helmut Ruska in 1939 that its true nature was established.
They are a possible therapy against antibiotic resistant strains of many bacteria. On the other hand, some phages complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis. They shelter the bacteria from drugs and so prolong the infection.

References 

Viruses
Parasites
Deconstruction is a way of understanding how something was created, usually things like art, books, poems and other writing. Deconstruction is breaking something down into smaller parts. Deconstruction looks at the smaller parts that were used to create an object. The smaller parts are usually ideas. 

Sometimes deconstruction looks at how an author can imply things he does not mean. It says that because words are not precise, we can never know what an author meant.

Sometimes deconstruction looks at the things the author did not say because he made assumptions. 

One thing it pays attention to is how opposites work. (It calls them "binary oppositions.") It says that two opposites like "good" and "bad" are not really different things. "Good" only makes sense when someone compares it to "bad," and "bad" only makes sense when someone compares it to "good." And so even when someone talks about "good," they are still talking about "bad." But this is just one thing it does.
Slippery Words 
Words are made up of 'signifiers', or the sounds/spellings, and the 'signified', or the meaning and concepts they are talking about. However, the meaning of a word is naturally unclear; the word in itself and the meaning are not naturally linked. The word 'band' can refer to an elastic band, a pop music group, a gathering of brass musicians or a collection of people, each with different meanings and mental images. This means it is the reader who will choose the meanings of words. In a similar way, reading is like trying to hold a wet fish, because there are different meanings to each word. Jacques Derrida calls this "slippage along the chain of signifiers." 

The chain of signifiers is a long chain of words that are connected to each other, for example a chain might look like this: "band, brass, copper, police." This chain really has no end, because each word connects to many others, and the more slippery a word, the more words it relates to.
Important people 
Deconstructionists question language and meaning. Some people who were very close to Derrida are usually called deconstructionists. These people include Helene Cixous and Jean-Luc Nancy. If someone really deconstructed everything, he or she could not talk or think! Instead there are people who deconstruct things (books, poems, writing, words - in short, texts). Jacques Derrida began deconstructing things in the 1960s, but he was not the first. Martin Heidegger had talked about deconstruction in 1927 with Being and Time but he used the word "destruktion". Heidegger might even say that he got the idea from Ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Other important people who talked about it include Paul de Man and Judith Butler.

Literature
Nihilism is a way of thinking which rejects meaning, concepts, or life. It can be a  or a condition. Nihility means "nothingness", and "" is the Latin word for "nothing". Nihilism can mean the belief that values are meaningless ideas. It can also mean the belief that nothing has any meaning or purpose. In fact, there are many different beliefs that can be called nihilism. Friedrich Nietzsche was a German thinker who wrote many things about nihilism. What he wrote is often called the most important explanation of nihilism. Nietzsche wrote that nihilism comes from questioning traditional values until they fall apart. This is called "".
Russian thinkers like Mikhail Bakunin and Dmitry Pisarev inspired a lot of nihilists because they believed this kind of destruction was good. The word "nihilism" was also made popular by a Russian novel called Fathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev. The hero of the story is a nihilist named Bazarov. Russian nihilism inspired many revolutionaries, like Sergei Nechaev and Vladimir Lenin. The Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky was almost also a nihilist. But he became an  after ten years in exile. He wrote about nihilism in many novels such as Crime and Punishment. The people who assassinated the Russian emperor, Tsar Alexander II on 13 March 1881, are often called nihilists too.
Nietzsche thought value destruction had bad results but couldn't be stopped. He also thought Christianity had made value destruction happen, and called it a type of nihilism. He thought Christianity was nihilistic because it was , meaning it has a negative and unhealthy attitude towards living. Religious thinkers have instead said that nihilism comes from rejecting religion. Sometimes people think parts of Buddhism are like nihilism, even though other parts reject nihilism. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the word "nihilism" was mostly used against people who rejected religion or believed in nothing. Either way, nihilism is often seen as a word for life-denying beliefs.

Important terms
Important terms 

 anti-nihilism — Anti-nihilism means to be against nihilism. It was also a genre of Russian literature in the 19th century. Examples of people who have been called anti-nihilists are Ivan Turgenev, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and Friedrich Nietzsche. But in one way or another, many anti-nihilists have ended up helping nihilism.
 life-denying — If something is life-denying it means it has a negative and unhealthy attitude towards living. It is the opposite of being "life-affirming". Gilles Deleuze says that denying life and existence is what Friedrich Nietzsche calls "nihilism". Nihilism is often seen as a word for life-denying beliefs.
 value destruction — Value destruction means destroying the values that people take for granted. This is by questioning traditional values until they fall apart. Friedrich Nietzsche wrote that nihilism is about destroying what exists and not just wanting it gone. This is also called the devaluation of values, which means destroying the worth of those values.
Origins 

The word "nihilism" comes from "", which is the Latin word for "nothing". But the exact origins of the word "nihilism" are unknown. In the Middle Ages the word was used for some kinds of heresy. Around the time of the French Revolution, it was a word for the destruction of Christianity and traditional European values. It was used in many European countries. Soon, the word was also used in English. It probably came from the French, German, or Late Latin form of the word.

"Nihilism" first became a philosophical word in German, and then in Russian. These two meanings were combined by Friedrich Nietzsche.

German nihilism