Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Current automated external defibrillator devices are designed for emergency medical technicians, home users, police and security officers and other people with minimal medical knowledge. These devices are commonly found in large gathering places, such as airports, casinos, sports stadiums, and college campuses.

Electrode design 
The electrode is the part of the defibrillator that gives off the shock.

The most well-known type of electrode is the traditional metal paddle with an insulated handle. This type must be held in place on the patient's skin while shocks are delivered. Before the paddles are used, gel must be applied to the patient's skin so that there is a good connection and to minimise electrical resistance.
Another type of resuscitation electrode is designed as an adhesive pad which can be stuck onto the skin of a patient. These electrodes are left connected to a defibrillator. If defibrillation is required, the machine is charged, and the shock is delivered, without any need to apply any gel or to retrieve and place any paddles.

Both solid- and wet-gel adhesive electrodes are available. Solid-gel electrodes are more convenient, because there is no need to clean the patient's skin after removing the electrodes. However, the use of solid-gel electrodes presents a higher risk of burns during defibrillation, since wet-gel electrodes more evenly conduct electricity into the body.

Popular culture references
Defibrillators are often depicted in movies, television, video games and other fictional media. This is because it can quickly produce dramatic improvements in patient health. Their function, however, is often exaggerated.
Medical providers are often shown defibrillating patients with a "flat-line" ECG rhythm (also known as asystole); this is not done in real life as the heart is not restarted by the defibrillator itself.

Related pages
 Defibrillation

Cardiology
Emergency medicine
A curse is a word which threatens the other person to have bad luck. Nobody knows if it really works or become true. Some people believe in them even so, that they become true by magic. For example, for fairy tales, the princes are cursed to become a beast or a frog (i.e. frog prince) by witches because of their bad behaviours. But in the end a princess saves them. 

There was also something called a "curse tablet" which Romans used to curse people they did not like. They would often let them drift to the river so that the curse will be carried to where that person who has the curse. But many curses are made when people are jealous and they want that person who has the curse to not do well. 

The opposite of a curse is a blessing.

Related pages
Evil eye
Nithing pole

References

Superstitions
Ventricular fibrillation (often shortened to VF or V-Fib) is a serious type of irregular heart rhythm or cardiac arrhythmia.  This is a Cardiac arrhythmia that requires immediate shocks with a Defibrillator and Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). If it’s not treated immediately, a patient can suffer brain damage or death. "Arrhythmia" means the heart is not beating normally.

What is Ventricular Fibrillation? 
When a person is in ventricular fibrillation, the heart does not beat in any kind of normalized pattern. Instead, it quivers and twitches very quickly.    

This problem is called "ventricular" fibrillation because it affects the ventricles of the heart.  The ventricles are the biggest parts of the heart.  Their job is to pump blood (which carries oxygen) to the lungs or the rest of the body.  When a person is in ventricular fibrillation, the ventricles cannot do this job.  This means that the lungs, brain, and other organs will not get enough blood or oxygen.
Ventricular fibrillation is a medical emergency.  Without enough blood and oxygen, no part of the body can survive.  If ventricular fibrillation continues for long enough, the blood will stop circulating around the body.  The person's breathing and heart will stop.  The person will die unless they get treatment quickly.

Treatment 
Ventricular fibrillation can be stopped by shocking the heart with shocks from a Defibrillator.  If a defibrillator is not available,Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) should be done to keep the blood flowing until an ambulance comes or a defibrillator is available.  

Doctors,Paramedics or other medical personnel can also give special medicines called anti-arrhythmic medicines, which can make the heart start beating normally again.  Some common anti-arrhythmic medicines are Amiodarone and Lidocaine. Epinephrine and Atropine or Sodium Bicarb can also be administered if necessary.
If a person with ventricular fibrillation is treated right away, treatment is 90% successful (it works in 9 out of 10 people).  But treatment gets 10% less successful after every minute (so if treatment starts after one minute, it will work in only 8 out of 10 people.  After 5 minutes, it will work in only 4 out of 10 people.)  So getting treatment as soon as possible is very important.  If a person cannot be treated with medicine or a defibrillator right away, CPR will help keep blood and oxygen flowing through the person's body until treatment arrives.
 
In patients who are very likely to keep having ventricular fibrillation, a special defibrillator can be put into their chest by a surgeon.  (This special defibrillator is called an "implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.")  Any time the person goes into ventricular fibrillation, the defibrillator will give the person's heart an electric shock, to bring the heart back into a normal rhythm.

Cardiology
Medical emergencies
Seal or SEAL may refer to articles connected to a variety of meanings:

A marine mammal
a pinniped, a large ocean mammal. There are three main groups:
Earless seals (or true seals)
Eared seals (or walking seals)
Walrus
Seal hunting, both personal and commercial hunting of seals
Seal brown is a rich dark brown color RGB(50, 20, 20) (from the colour of dyed Fur seal fur)

Fixing or closing to give a tight fit
Seal (mechanical), a device to contain pressure.
Diaphragm seal, a flexible membrane that seals and isolates an enclosure
Symbol of authentication
Seal (device), a device used to produce an official stamp as a symbol of authority, or the impression left by a seal in sealing wax. (Origin: Latin sigillum = "small symbol", a diminutive of signum)
Cylinder seal, cylinder engraved with a picture story, used in ancient times to roll an impression onto a sheet of wet clay
Great Seal of the United States used since 1782 to authenticate some documents issued by the United States government
Great Seal of the Realm, a British institution for authorising the monarch's official documents a personal signature
Great Seal of Scotland allows the monarch to authorise documents without signing
Imperial Seal of Japan, called 菊の御紋 in Japanese, meaning "Noble Symbol of Chrysanthemum"
Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is one of the traditional sinecure offices of state in the United Kingdom
Knights Templar Seal used to validate documents approved by the order
Seal of Solomon, a legendary magical signet ring said to have belonged to King Solomon
LMLK seal, stamped on handles of large storage jars around Jerusalem about 700 BC
Nintendo Seal of Quality is a gold seal used by Nintendo to show that a game is properly licensed to run on their game consoles
As a person's name
Barry Seal (Adler Berriman Seal), pilot and drug smuggler turned DEA informant
 Brajendra Nath Seal (born 1864), Indian philosopher of the Brahmo Samaj, Vice Chancellor of Visva Bharati University
David Seal (born 1972), an Australian football (soccer) player
Jaynie Seal (born 1973), an Australian television presenter
Lou Seal (Luigi Francisco Seal, Jr.), the official mascot of the San Francisco Giants team in Major League Baseball
Manuel Seal, a staff songwriter and producer at Jermaine Dupri's So So Def Recordings
Pu Tong Seal (1346 AD), legendary Burmese hero
 Seal (musician) (Henry Olusegun Olumide Adeola Samuel), an Afro-European soul singer who has released three albums named "Seal":
Seal (1991 album)
Seal (1994 album)
Seal (2003 album)
As a place name
Some of these names referred originally to the marine mammal.
 Seal Bay Conservation Park, on Kangaroo Island, South Australia
 Seal Beach, a city in Orange County, California, United States of America
 Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach, a United States Navy weapons and munitions loading, storage and maintenance facility in Seal Beach, California
 Seal Island, a small islet about 5.7 km off the northern beaches of False Bay near Cape Town in South Africa
 Seal Island (South Shetland Islands), a group of small islands and rocks lying 3 to 6 miles northwest of Elephant Island in the South Shetland Islands
 Machias Seal Island at  under disputed sovereignty between the United States and Canada
 Seal Island Bridge, an arch truss bridge crossing the Great Bras d'Or channel in Victoria County, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia
 Seal Rock, a prominent rock offshore at the North end of Ocean Beach, San Francisco, United States
 Seal Rocks, a small settlement in New South Wales, Australia
Seal, Kent, a village in Kent, England. (Origin: probably Anglo-Saxon sēale = "copse of sallow-trees")
 Seals, Georgia
As an acronym
 United States Navy SEALs, special forces of the United States Navy. (Origin: acronym from "SEa, Air, Land")
Advanced SEAL Delivery System, a midget submarine providing stealthy submerged transportation for special forces, primarily U.S. Navy SEALs
SEAL Recon Rifle, rifle developed to provide SEAL snipers with a portable, lightweight system with greater lethality
 Semantics-directed Environment Adaptation Language, a computer programming language
 SEAL (cipher), (Software-Optimized Encryption Algorithm), a fast cryptographic cipher
 Safety Evidence Assurance Level, US government
 SEAL (Computer Language), the Semantics-directed Environment Adaptation Language
 SEAL (Sea Scout Leadership Training), a leadership training course for Sea Scouts youth in the Boy Scouts of America
 Software Engineering and Ada Lab, NASA
Ships
 HMS Seal (N37), a submarine of the Royal Navy
 USS Seal has been used as the name of two submarines of the United States Navy
 Red seal ships (朱印船), Japanese armed merchant sailing ships with a red-sealed patent (early 17th century)

In computers
SEAL GUI, an open source Graphical User Interface for DOS
Tachycardia is the fast beating of the heart. In adults, it refers to heart rates higher than 100 beats per minute. Tachycardia may be a normal physiological response to stress, but depending on the cause and how healthy the patient is, tachycardia could be harmful and need medical treatment. In some cases, tachycardia can cause death.

Tachycardia can be harmful in two ways. First, when the heart beats too rapidly, it may perform inefficiently. Second, the faster the heart beats, the more oxygen and nutrients the heart requires. This can be especially problematic for patients suffering from ischaemic heart disease.

Medical emergencies
Cardiovascular system
A fracture is the separation of a body into more than one piece under the action of stress.

The word fracture is often applied to bones of living creatures or to crystals or crystalline materials, such as gemstones or metal. Sometimes, fractures can happen without the object actually separating into two or more pieces.

Materials science
Shear stress is a stress state where the stress is parallel to the surface of the material, as opposed to normal stress when the stress is perpendicular to the surface. 

Shear stress is relevant to the motion of fluids upon surfaces, which result in the generation of shear stress.
Also constructions in soil can fail due to shear; e.g., the weight of an earth-filled dam may cause the subsoil to collapse, like a small landslide.

Related pages
 Scissors work by shear stress

Materials science
Tension may mean:
 Tension (mechanics), in physics, a force related to the stretching of an object
 High-tension line, sometimes used to refer to electrical voltage
 Stress (biology), physiological or mental stress
 Tension (music), the perceived need for relaxation or release created by a listener's expectations
 Suspense, in a dramatic work, leaving the audience feeling uncertain and interested about the outcome of certain actions
 Tenseness, in phonetics, describes a certain sound quality
 Tension (band), a rock band

Related pages
 Surface tension
 Tensile stress
 Tensile architecture
Tension is a reaction force applied by a stretched string (rope or a similar object) on the objects which stretch it. The direction of the force of tension is parallel to the string, towards the string.

Tension exists also inside the string itself: if the string is made up of two parts, tension is the force which the two parts of the string apply on each other. The amount of tension in the string determines whether it will break, as well as its vibrational properties, which are used in musical instruments.

Related pages

 Force (physics)
 Pulley
 Stress (physics)

Force
Mechanics
Shear as a noun could mean:
Bias (textile), in clothing design, fabric may be cut on the shear
Cosmic shear, an effect of distortion of image of distant galaxies due to deflection of light by matter, as predicted by general relativity (see also weak lensing and gravitational lens)
Geological shear, a form of fault
Guillotine (metalwork), also called a shear, a machine used to cut sheet metal
Shear line (locksmithing), in lockpicking, where the inner cylinder ends and the outer cylinder begins in a cylinder lock
Shear line (meteorology), an area of wind shear
Shear (mathematics), a particular kind of linear mapping, also called transvections
Shear stress in physics, refers to a stress state that will cause shearing (see verb below) when it exceeds a material's shear strength,
Wind shear, a difference in wind speed or direction between two wind currents in the atmosphere
Shear as a verb or shearing could mean:
Sheep shearing, the process of removing the wool from a sheep
Shearing interferometer, in optics, a simple and very common means to check the collimation of beams by observing interference
Shearing (physics), the deformation of a material substance in which parallel internal surfaces slide past one another,
Skin, specifically, the tearing and splitting of the layers
Flow, another name for "flux" in physics, which is the rate at which something travels through a given cross section
In fluid mechanics, the word flow is often used to mean a complete description of the motion of a fluid.  See also volumetric flow rate
In circulatory physiology, the word flow (e.g. of blood or lymph fluid) is commonly used as shorthand for regional flow, i.e., flow standardised to the volume or mass of a region of tissue under study (SI units: mL/s/mL or mL/s/g)
Flow cytometry, abbreviated "flow", in certain laboratory applications, is a technique for counting, examining and sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid
 Environmental flow, in ecology, the discharge or level of water necessary in a river or water source to sustain a healtly ecosystem
Dataflow and workflow, terms that describe the flow of data in a mostly non-linear succession of computing steps
Flow (mathematics), the one-dimensional (continuous, differentiable) action of a group, usually arising in the solution of differential equations
Examples include geodesic flow, Hamiltonian flow and Anosov flow
Network flow, an assignment of flow to the edges of a directed graph in graph theory
Flow (psychology), the feeling of complete and energized focus in an activity, with a high level of enjoyment and fulfillment (a concept popularised by the book Flow by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi)
Flow (television), in television studies and programming, the sequence of television material from one element to the next
Flow (journal), an online journal of television and media studies
FLOW (band), a J-Pop group
Flow binding system, abbreviated "flow", a US based manufacturer of proprietary snowboard bindings*flOw, a Flash game that will be available on the PlayStation 3
Flow, the total value of sales or purchases in an accounting period, usually a quarter or a year in economics and accounting
"Flow", in hip hop and poetry, a verb or noun described as the ability to start and maintain a verse of lyrics
"Flow", the section of a skatepark which is meant to be ridden without pushing, usually consisting of banks, hills, funboxes, etc.
IOU means "I Owe You" or "I Owe Unto". It is a note between two people that is used to say that one person owes something to the other as debt. It is usually used for currency. I.O.U.'s are most often only used between people that know each other very well, for example, friends.

Money
In engineering mechanics, deformation is a change in shape that is result of a force that influences the object.  

It can be a result of tensile (pulling) forces, compressive (pushing) forces, shear, bending or torsion (twisting).

Types of deformation 

Depending on the type of material, size and shape of the object, and the forces used, various types of deformation may result.

Elastic deformation

This type of deformation is reversible. Once the forces are no longer applied, the object returns to its original shape. As the name implies, elastic (rubber) has a rather large elastic deformation range. The thermoplastics and metals have moderate elastic deformation ranges while ceramics, crystals, and hard thermosetting polymers undergo almost no elastic deformation. Malleable materials do not undergo elastic deformation.

Metal fatigue
Metal fatigue

A phenomenon only discovered in modern times is metal fatigue, which occurs primarily in ductile metals. It was originally thought that a material deformed only within the elastic range returned completely to its original state once the forces were removed. However, faults are introduced at the molecular level with each deformation. After many deformations, cracks will begin to appear, followed soon after by a fracture, with no apparent plastic deformation in between. Depending on the material, shape, and how close to the elastic limit it is deformed, failure may require thousands, millions, billions, or trillions of deformations. 

Metal fatigue has been a major cause of aircraft failure, especially before the process was well understood.

Plastic deformation
This type of deformation is not reversible.  But an object in the plastic deformation range will first have undergone elastic deformation, which is reversible, so the object will return part way to its original shape.  Soft thermoplastics have a rather large plastic deformation range as do ductile metals such as copper, silver, and gold.  Steel does, too, but not iron.  Hard thermosetting plastics, rubber, crystals, and ceramics have minimal plastic deformation ranges.  Perhaps the material with the largest plastic deformation range is wet chewing gum, which can be stretched dozens of times its original length.

Fracture

This type of deformation is also not reversible.  A break occurs after the material has reached the end of the elastic, and then plastic, deformation ranges.  At this point forces accumulate until they are sufficient to cause a fracture.  All materials will eventually fracture, if sufficient forces are applied.

Misconceptions
Misconceptions

A popular misconception is that all materials that bend are "weak" and all those which do not are "strong".  In reality, many materials which undergo large elastic and plastic deformations, such as steel, are able to absorb stresses which would cause brittle materials, such as glass, with minimal elastic and plastic deformation ranges, to break.  There is even a story to describe this observation (paraphrased below):

"The mighty oak stands strong and firm before the wind, while the willow yields to the slightest breeze.  However, in the strongest storm, the oak will break while the willow will bend, and thus survive.  So, in the end, which is the stronger of the two ?"

Solid mechanics
Materials science
Ceramic is the name for some materials that are formed by the use of heat. The word ceramic comes from the Greek word  (). Chemically, it is an inorganic compound of  metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms held together by chemical bonds. 

Ceramics are commonly made by hand or by using a pottery wheel. 

Up to the 1950s or so, the most important were the traditional clays, made into pottery, bricks, tiles and the like, also cements and glass. Clay-based ceramics are described in the article on pottery. A composite material of ceramic and metal is known as cermet. 

The word ceramic can be an adjective, and can also be used as a noun to refer to a ceramic material, or a product of ceramic manufacture. Ceramics may also be used as a singular noun referring to the art of making things out of ceramic materials. The technology of manufacturing and usage of ceramic materials is part of the field of ceramic engineering.
Many clay-based ceramic materials are hard, porous, and brittle. The study and development of ceramics includes methods to deal with these characteristics, to accentuate the strengths of the materials and investigate novel applications.

Types of ceramic materials

For convenience ceramic products are usually divided into four sectors, and these are shown below with some examples:
Structural, including bricks, pipes, floor and roof tiles
Refractories, such as kiln linings, gas fire radiants, steel and glass making crucibles
Whitewares, including tableware, wall tiles, decorative art objects and sanitary ware
Technical ceramics is also known as engineering, advanced, special, and in Japan, fine ceramics. Such items include tiles used in the Space Shuttle program, gas burner nozzles, bullet-proof vests, nuclear fuel uranium oxide pellets, bio-medical implants, jet engine turbine blades, and missile nose cones. Frequently the raw materials do not include clays.
Examples of ceramics 
Porcelain
'Hard-paste' porcelain, fired at a higher temperature.
'Soft-paste' porcelain, fired at a lower temperature: Bone china
Earthenware, which is often made from clay, quartz and feldspar
Stoneware

Classification of technical ceramics 
Technical ceramics can also be classified into three distinct material categories: 
 Oxides: alumina, zirconia
 Non-oxides: carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides
 Composites: particulate reinforced, combinations of oxides and non-oxides

Each one of these classes can develop unique material properties.

Properties of ceramics
Mechanical properties 
Ceramic materials are usually crystalline (having a repeating shape) or amorphous (no repeating shape). They are usually held together with covalent or ionic bonds. Thus, they tend to fracture (break) before any plastic deformation (permanent damage) happens. So they have poor toughness (resistance to breaking).  Second, ceramics have pores (small holes) which focus stress on smaller areas.This decreases the toughness even more and reduces the tensile strength. For these two reasons, ceramics fail far more catastrophically (suddenly) than metals.                  

Ceramics do show plastic deformation, but because of how slow it is it is usually ignored.  Crystalline materials are stiff, having few places where the deformation can spread.  Amorphous materials have mainly viscous flow, which is also very slow.

Electrical properties
Semiconductors 
Some ceramics are semiconductors. Most of this type of ceramic are "II-VI semiconductors", which are a combination of an alkaline earth or Group 12 metal and a non-metal from Group 16. A major example of these is zinc oxide.

Some people are thinking about making blue LEDs from zinc oxide.  But ceramic researchers focus on electrical properties that affect boundaries between individual grains. One of the most common examples of this is the varistor. 

Semiconducting ceramics are also used as gas sensors. Semiconducting ceramics are also employed as gas sensors. When we pass gases over a polycrystalline ceramic, its electrical resistance changes. If we know the possible gas mixtures, we can produce very cheap devices.

Superconductivity 
Under some conditions, such as extreme cold temperatures, some ceramics show superconductivity. We do not know the exact reason. But we have discovered two major families of superconducting ceramics.
Piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and ferroelectricity 
Piezoelectricity is an electric charge caused by mechanical stress. It appears in many ceramic materials, such as quartz. We use quartz to measure time in watches and other electronics. This kind of device turns electricity into mechanical motions and back, making a stable oscillator.
The piezoelectric effect is generally stronger in materials that also show pyroelectricity. (Pyroelectricity is the ability of a material to generate electricity if its temperature changes.) All pyroelectric materials are also piezoelectric. We can use these materials to convert between thermal, mechanical, and electrical energy. For instance, we can put a pyroelectrical crystal in a furnace. If we take out and let it cool without applying any force to it, it will generate a large static charge.  This type of crystal is most common in motion sensors. That is because the tiny rise in temperature from a warm body entering a room is enough to produce a voltage in the crystal. A motion sensor reads that voltage and converts it to data.
In turn, pyroelectricity is strongest in materials which also display the ferroelectric effect. This is when we can reverse or move a stable electric polarization by applying an electrostatic field. If a material is ferroelectric, it is also pyroelectric. We use this effect to store information in ferroelectric capacitors and random-access memory. 

The most common piezoelectric materials are lead zirconate titanate and barium titanate.  We use them for high-frequency loudspeakers, sonar, and atomic-force and scanning-tunneling microscopes.
Grain-boundary insulation at critical temperatures
In some semiconducting ceramics a gain in temperature causes grain boundaries to become insulating. This is most common in mixtures of heavy metal titanates. We can adjust the transition temperature (the temperature at which this happens) over a wide range by changing the chemistry. In this kind of material, current passes through the material until it reaches the transition temperature, at which point the circuit breaks and current flow stops. We use these ceramics as self-controlled heating elements in, for example, rear-window defrosting circuits in cars.

At the transition temperature, the material's dielectric response approaches infinity. We cannot use the material near its critical temperature because it is hard to control temperature at that range. Despite this, the dielectric effect remains strong even at much higher temperatures. For this reason as well as because of how low their critical temperatures are, we use titanates as ceramic capacitors.
Classification of ceramics 

Non-crystalline ceramics:
Non-crystalline ceramics, being glasses, tend to be formed from melts.  The glass is shaped when either fully molten, by casting, or when in a state of toffee-like viscosity, by methods such as blowing to a mold.  If later heat-treatments cause this class to become partly crystalline, the resulting material is known as a glass-ceramic.
Crystalline ceramics:
Crystalline ceramic materials are not amenable to a great range of processing.  Methods for dealing with them tend to fall into one of two categories – either make the ceramic in the desired shape, by reaction in situ, or by "forming" powders into the desired shape, and then sintering to form a solid body.  Ceramic forming techniques include shaping by hand (sometimes including a rotation process called "throwing"), slip casting, tape casting (used for making very thin ceramic capacitors, etc.), injection molding, dry pressing, and other variations. (See also Ceramic forming techniques. Details of these processes are described in the two books listed below.) A few methods use a hybrid between the two approaches.
In situ manufacturing 
The most common use of this method is in the production of cement and concrete.  Here, the dehydrated powders are mixed with water.  This starts hydration reactions, which result in long, interlocking crystals forming around the aggregates.  Over time, these result in a solid ceramic.

The biggest problem with this method is that most reactions are so fast that good mixing is not possible, which tends to prevent large-scale construction.  However, small-scale systems can be made by deposition techniques, where the various materials are introduced above a substrate, and react and form the ceramic on the substrate.  This borrows techniques from the semiconductor industry, such as chemical vapour deposition, and is very useful for coatings.

These tend to produce very dense ceramics, but do so slowly.
Sintering-based methods 
The principles of sintering-based methods is simple.  Once a roughly held together object (called a "green body") is made, it is baked in a kiln, where diffusion processes cause the green body to shrink. The pores in the object close up, resulting in a denser, stronger product.  The firing is done at a temperature below the melting point of the ceramic.  There is virtually always some porosity left, but the real advantage of this method is that the green body can be produced in any way imaginable, and still be sintered.  This makes it a very versatile route.
There are thousands of possible refinements of this process.  Some of the most common involve pressing the green body to give the densification a head start and reduce the sintering time needed.  Sometimes organic binders such as polyvinyl alcohol are added to hold the green body together; these burn out during the firing (at 200–350 °C).  Sometimes organic lubricants are added during pressing to increase densification.  It is not uncommon to combine these, and add binders and lubricants to a powder, then press. (The formulation of these organic chemical additives is an art in itself. This is particularly important in the manufacture of high performance ceramics such as those used by the billions for electronics, in capacitors, inductors, sensors, etc. The specialized formulations most commonly used in electronics are detailed in the book "Tape Casting," by R.E. Mistler, et al., Amer. Ceramic Soc. [Westerville, Ohio], 2000
.) A comprehensive book on the subject, for mechanical as well as electronics applications, is "Organic Additives and Ceramic Processing," by D. J. Shanefield, Kluwer Publishers [Boston], 1996.
A slurry can be used in place of a powder, and then cast into a desired shape, dried and then sintered.  Indeed, traditional pottery is done with this type of method, using a plastic mixture worked with the hands.

If a mixture of different materials is used together in a ceramic, the sintering temperature is sometimes above the melting point of one minor component – a liquid phase sintering.  This results in shorter sintering times compared to solid state sintering.

Other applications of ceramics 
 Some knives are ceramic. The ceramic knife blade will stay sharp for much longer steel will, although it is more brittle and can be snapped by dropping it on a hard surface.

 Ceramics such as alumina and boron carbide have been used in body armor to repel bullets.  Similar material is used to protect cockpits of some military airplanes, because of the low weight of the material.
Ceramic balls can be used to replace steel in ball bearings. Their higher hardness makes them last thrice as long. They also deform less under load meaning they have less contact with the bearing retainer walls and can roll faster. In very high speed applications, heat from friction during rolling can cause problems for metal bearings; problems which are reduced by the use of ceramics. Ceramics are also more chemically resistant and can be used in wet environments where steel bearings would rust. The major drawback to using ceramics is high cost.
In the early 1980s, Toyota researched an adiabatic ceramic engine which can run at a temperature of over 6000 °F (3300 °C).  Ceramic engines do not require a cooling system and hence allow a major weight reduction and therefore greater fuel efficiency.  Fuel efficiency of the hotter engine is also higher by Carnot's theorem. In a metallic engine, much of the energy released from the fuel must be dissipated as waste heat so it won't melt the metallic parts. Despite all of these desirable properties, such engines are not in production because the manufacturing of ceramic parts in the requisite precision and durability is difficult.  Imperfection in the ceramic leads to cracks, which can wreck the engine, possibly by explosion.  Mass-production is not feasible with current technology.
Ceramic parts for gas turbine engines may be practical. Currently, even blades made of advanced metal alloys used in the engines' hot section require cooling and careful limiting of operating temperatures. Turbine engines made with ceramics could operate more efficiently, giving aircraft greater range and payload for a set amount of fuel.
Bio-ceramics include dental implants and synthetic bones. Hydroxyapatite, the natural mineral component of bone, has been made synthetically from a number of biological and chemical sources and can be formed into ceramic materials. Orthopedic implants made from these materials bond readily to bone and other tissues in the body without rejection or inflammatory reactions. Because of this, they are of great interest for gene delivery and tissue engineering scaffolds. Most hydroxyapatite ceramics are very porous and lack mechanical strength and are used to coat metal orthopedic devices to aid in forming a bond to bone or as bone fillers. They are also used as fillers for orthopedic plastic screws to aid in reducing the inflammation and increase absorption of these plastic materials
. Work is being done to make strong, fully dense nano crystalline hydroxyapatite ceramic materials for orthopedic weight bearing devices, replacing foreign metal and plastic orthopedic materials with a synthetic, but naturally occurring, bone mineral. Ultimately these ceramic materials may be used as bone replacements or with the incorporation of protein collagens, synthetic bones.
High-tech ceramic is used in watch cases. The material is valued for its light weight, scratch-resistance, durability and smooth touch.  IWC is one of the brands that initiated the use of ceramic in watchmaking.

References

Other websites

Advanced Ceramics – The evolution, classification, properties, production, firing, finishing and design of advanced ceramics
How pottery is made
How sanitaryware is made
World renowned ceramics collections at Stoke-on-Trent Museum  Click on Quick Links in the right-hand column to view examples.
The Gardiner Museum  – The only museum in Canada entirely devoted to ceramics
introduction, scientific principles, properties and processing of ceramics
The American Ceramic Society The American Ceramic Society
Lucideon Limited (formerly CERAM Research Limited and previously the British Ceramic Research Association)
Worldwide Ceramics Directory
An inorganic compound is a chemical compound that does not have carbon–hydrogen bonds that is, it is not an organic compound. That means it is not a carbon-based compound.

Types of inorganic compounds 
The division between the two types of compound is not absolute. Some carbon-containing compounds are traditionally considered inorganic. Many chemicals in nature are not compounds, but are ions. Sodium, chloride, and phosphate ions are essential for life, as are some inorganic molecules such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water and oxygen. Aside from these simple ions and molecules, virtually all compounds covered by biochemistry contain carbon and can be considered organic or organometallic.

Major types of inorganic compounds may  include:
 Minerals, such as salt, asbestos, silicates, ...
 Alloys, like brass, bronze, ...
 Most compounds involving non-metallic elements, like silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, oxygen, for example water

Chemical compounds
Applied mechanics, also known as theoretical and applied mechanics, is a branch of the physical sciences and the practical application of mechanics.  Applied mechanics examines the response of bodies (solids and fluids) to external forces.  Some examples of mechanical systems include the flow of a liquid under pressure, the fracture of a solid from an applied force, or the vibration of an ear in response to sound.  A practitioner of the discipline is known as a mechanician.  

Applied mechanics, as its name suggests, bridges the gap between physical theory and its application to technology.   

Mechanical engineering
Mechanics is a branch of physics which looks at objects that are moved by forces (including other bodies, or forces of nature).

The discipline has its roots in ancient Greece where Aristotle studied the way bodies behaved when they were thrown through the air (e.g. a stone). However it was Galileo, Kepler and especially Newton who laid the foundations for much of the so-called Newtonian mechanics we know today.

A person working in the discipline is known as a mechanician.

Significance 
Mechanics is the original discipline of physics, dealing with the macroscopic world that humans perceive. It is therefore a huge body of knowledge about the natural world. Mechanics encompasses the movement of all matter in the universe under the four forces: gravity, the strong and weak interactions, and the electromagnetic interaction.

Mechanics also constitutes a central part of technology.
Some aspects of classical mechanics 
 Astrodynamics, spacecraft navigation, orbital eccentricity, etc.
 Solid mechanics, elasticity, the properties of (semi-)rigid bodies
 Acoustics, sound in solids, fluids, etc.
 Hydraulics, fluids in equilibrium
 Applied / Engineering mechanics
 Statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles
 Relativistic or Einsteinian mechanics, universal gravitation

Newton 
Newton proposed three laws of motion. 
An object will stay at a constant speed unless a force acts on it. 
F= Ma: the overall force acting on an object = the mass of the object multiplied by the object's acceleration.
For every action there is an equal but opposite reaction.
Quantum mechanics 
The following are categorized as being part of Quantum mechanics:
 Particle physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of particles
 Nuclear physics, the motion, structure, and reactions of nuclei
 Condensed matter physics, quantum gases, solids, liquids, etc.
 Quantum statistical mechanics, large assemblies of particles

Related pages
 Kinematics
 Mechanical engineering
 Physics

Other websites 
Blogs:
 iMechanica: the web of mechanics and mechanicians
 Mechanics Blog by a Purdue University Professor
 The Mechanics program at Virginia Tech
Newton may refer to many things:

Physics 

 Newton (unit), the SI unit of force (named in honour of Isaac Newton)
 Newton scale, a temperature scale devised by Isaac Newton
 Newtonian mechanics

People 

Newton was the name of some famous people:
Bert Newton, Australian television personality
 Bridgett Newton, actress, Play by Play, Bones, Silicon Valley, House
 Cam Newton, an American football player
 Chris Newton, youth golfer, skier, and philosopher
 Frances Newton, American convicted murderer from Texas
 Helmut Newton, a German photographer
 Huey P. Newton, founder of the Black Panther Party
 Sir Isaac Newton, a famous English physicist
 John Newton, British slave trader-turned-hymn writer and anti-slavery campaigner
 John Newton (ACW), American Civil War general and Chief Engineer of the US Army
 Juice Newton, American singer
 Keith Newton, English footballer
 Lauren Newton, Bert Newton's daughter
 Matthew Newton, Bert Newton's son
 Nate Newton, former NFL offensive lineman
 Newton, Australian pop artist musician, famous for his song, Streamline
 Newton (Billy Myers), a singer from the UK best known for the hit "Sky high"
 Olivia Newton-John, pop-icon and singer-actress of the 70s and 80s
 Patti Newton, Bert Newton's wife
Syvelle Newton, a college football player
 Thandie Newton, British actress
 Wayne Newton, American singer and entertainer
 Scott Newton, English entrepreneur and pro Cannabis advocate
Objects 

 Fig Newton, a soft cookie with a center of fig fruit. It usually includes fig seeds, providing a crunchy mouth feel.
 Newton OS,  operating systems made by Apple, for their MessagePad personal digital assistants (PDAs).
 XMM-Newton,  an orbiting X-ray observatory (named in honor of Sir Isaac Newton).

Places 

Newton is also the name of several places:

Australia

 Newton, South Australia

New Zealand
Newton, New Zealand

Singapore
Newton, Singapore

United Kingdom

 The Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences
 Newton, Bridgend county borough, Wales
 Newton, Cambridgeshire, England
 Newton, Cheshire, England
 Newton, Herefordshire, England
 Newton, Lancashire, England
 Newton, Suffolk, England
 Newton, Swansea, Wales
 Newton, near Rugby, Warwickshire
 Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside known as Newton to locals
 Newton-le-Willows, North Yorkshire, England
 Newton under Roseberry, North Yorkshire

United States
United States

 Newton (wine estate), a wine estate in California
 Newton, Alabama
 Newton, Georgia
 Newton, Illinois
 Newton, Iowa
 Newton, Kansas
 Newton, Massachusetts
 Newton, Mississippi
 Newton, New Hampshire
 Newton, New Jersey
 Newton, North Carolina
 Newton, Texas
 Newton, Utah
 Newton, Wisconsin
 Newton Township, Michigan
 Newton County, Georgia

Other uses 
 Newton (the centaur in The Mighty Hercules cartoon)
 Newton Abbot, Devon, England
 Newton Game Dynamics
 Newton Mearns, Scotland
Paleobiology is a branch of science which studies animals, plants and microbes  buried in rock.  These stoney items are called fossils. Paleobiology  combines biology with the study of these fossils. There are several branches of paleobiology:

 Paleobotany – Study of ancient plants
 Paleozoology
 Micropaleobiology
 Paleobiochemistry
 Paleoecology – Uses fossils to learn about how the environment was long ago
 Taphonomy
 Paleoichnology
 Stratigraphic paleobiology
 Evolutionary developmental paleobiology – Studies how animals changed over time

History
Baron Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás started paleobiology in the late 19th century while working at the University of Vienna. He tried to learn how the animals lived, rather than merely put together their bones, as many geologists were doing at the time.

Branches of biology
A central venous catheter (CVC) or "central line" is a catheter put in a large vein in the neck, chest, or groin when a patient needs close cardiovascular monitoring, for assessment of fluid status, and so that intravenous drugs and fluids can be given to the patient more effectively.  The veins most commonly used are the internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein, and the femoral vein.

Medical equipment
Central line or Central Line may refer to:

Railway lines
 Central Line (Cape Town), a commuter rail service in Cape Town, South Africa
 Central line (London Underground), a line northwest/west to northeast through central London, England 
 Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway), a public transit system serving Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
 Central Line (Newark), a former streetcar line in New Jersey, United States 
 Central Line (Sweden), a railway line between Sundsvall and Storlien
 Central Line (Tanzania), a rail line that runs west from Dar es Salaam to Kigoma
 Central Link, a light rail service in Seattle, Washington, United States 
 Central Subway, a light rail service in San Francisco, California, United States
 Chūō Line (Central Line), one of several train lines in Japan
 Jungang Line (disambiguation) (Korean Central Line railways)
 Moscow Central Circle, a commuter line encircling central Moscow, Russia
Other
 Central Line (band), a 1980s British R&B, funk, disco band
 Central line (geometry), certain lines related to a given triangle
 Central line (medicine), a catheter placed into a large vein in the neck, chest or groin
 Central Artery, a section of freeway in Boston, Massachusetts
Macroscopic means physical objects that are measurable and can be seen by the naked eye.

When one uses macroscopic for abstract objects, one thinks of the world as we see it without any help. Lengths scales are called macroscopic if they fall in the range of more or less than 1 mm or up to 1 km.

One may use the term macroscopic also for a "larger view", namely a view only available from a large perspective. A macroscopic position could be considered the "big picture".

Examples 

 A macroscopic view of a ball is just that: a ball. A microscopic view could reveal a thick round skin seemingly composed entirely of cracks and fissures (as viewed through a microscope) or, further down in scale, a collection of molecules in the rough shape of a sphere.

Macroscopy in physics
In physics macroscopy is a relative term. If one looks at a galaxy, a star is microscopic in comparison with the whole galaxy, even if it is many, many orders of magnitude larger than us. macroscopy can also be described as a relation between any two objects in terms of its magnification on a scale of some sort. A macroscopic object is something that we are able to see in plain sight through our own field of vision no matter where we are located. In spacetime light must also come into contact with our eyes and the object we are observing in order for it to be visible.

Related pages
 Length

Basic physics ideas
If something can be seen with the naked eye, it means that it can be seen without using a microscope, binoculars, glasses or a telescope. In astronomy, a naked-eye object is something, such as a star, that the general public can see without using these tools.

Other websites 
 Naked Eye Observing in Astronomy
 Naked-Eye Stargazing: Learning the Sky and its constellations
 Naked Eye Navigation , Polynesia Voyages

Astronomy
An order of magnitude is an approximation of the logarithm of a value relative to some contextually understood reference value, usually ten, interpreted as the base of the logarithm and the representative of values of magnitude one. Logarithmic distributions are common in nature and
considering the order of magnitude of values sampled from such a distribution can be more intuitive. When the reference value is ten, the order of magnitude can be understood as the number of digits in the base-10 representation of the value. Similarly, if the reference value is one of certain powers of two, the magnitude can be understood as the amount of computer memory needed to store the exact integer value.

If two numbers have the same order of magnitude, they are about the same size. 

But if one would compare the surface of an orange with that of the earth, one would say the surface of the earth is many orders of magnitude larger than that of the orange.
Orders of magnitude are used to make approximate comparisons.  If numbers differ by one order of magnitude, x is about ten times different in quantity than y.  If values differ by two orders of magnitude, they differ by a factor of about 100. Two numbers of the same order of magnitude have roughly the same scale: the larger value is less than ten times the smaller value.

List

Related pages
Magnitude (mathematics)

Other websites 
 Powers of 10, a graphic animated illustration that starts with a view of the Milky Way at 1023 meters and ends with subatomic particles at 10-16 meters.
 Orders of Magnitude - Distance
 What is Order of Magnitude?

Mathematics
The Nokia N-Gage is a mobile phone and handheld game console. It was first sold on October 7, 2003.

Other websites 
 Nokia's official N-Gage site 
 Project NeXt – Portal with N-Gage Next Generation information (inoff.)

Handheld video games