Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Michael Shawn Hickenbottom (born May 31, 1966), better known by the ring name Shawn Michaels, is an American television presenter, actor, and retired  professional wrestler, he has been given the nickname of "The Heartbreak Kid" (sometimes referred to as HBK). He used to performs on the Raw brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Michaels retired from wrestling after a loss to The Undertaker. He is a 2011 inductee in to the WWE Hall of Fame.

Michaels is one of the two wrestlers that performed on the very first episode of WWF Monday Night RAW that is still part of the company, the other being The Undertaker.

References

Other websites
Official website 
WWE profile

1965 births
American Christians
American professional wrestlers
American television actors
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Actors from San Antonio, Texas
Sportspeople from Arizona
Sportspeople from San Antonio, Texas
WWE Hall of Fame
Denali, also formerly known as Mount McKinley, is the highest mountain peak in both the United States and North America. It is exactly 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m) high. It is in the highest part of the Alaska Range. Denali means "the high one" in the Athabaskan language.

Location 
Denali is in the middle of the Alaska Range. It is about 130 miles (209 km) north-northwest of Anchorage and 155 miles (249 km) southwest of Fairbanks. The summit is about 35 miles (56 km) from the nearest major road, the George Parks Highway.

References 

Mountains of the United States
Geography of Alaska
In physical geography, a dune is a hill or ridge of sand, usually deposited by eolian processes (wind) or sometimes by the flow of water. Dune fields cover large parts of some deserts, and some beaches have dunes. Mars has many dunes. Sand dunes have different forms and sizes based on their interaction with the wind. Sometimes they migrate downwind. 

 

Landforms
A detective is a person who investigates crime. Most detectives are police officers. Some are hired by a private person or company, for example to stop theft. Those are called private investigators. There are many stories about detectives. Some famous fictional (not real) detectives are Sherlock Holmes, Inspector Clouseau, Nancy Drew, The Hardy Boys.

Detectives will search public and private databases, investigate people and examine evidence in order to solve the case.

Other websites 
 Detective -Citizendium

Law enforcement occupations
Criminal investigation
Kieran Richardson (born 21 October 1984) is an English football player. He plays for Sunderland, a team in the Premier League in England.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Manchester United||rowspan="3"|Premier League||2||0
|-
|2003/04||0||0
|-
|2004/05||2||0
|-
|2004/05||West Bromwich Albion||Premier League||12||3
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Manchester United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||22||1
|-
|2006/07||15||1
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Sunderland||rowspan="3"|Premier League||17||3
|-
|2008/09||32||4
|-
|2009/10||||
102||12
102||12
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2005||4||2
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
!Total||8||2
|}

References

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from London
Premier League players
People from Greenwich
Juan Pablo Montoya (born September 20, 1975 in Bogotá, Colombia) is an IndyCar Series racecar driver. He used to race in NASCAR and Formula 1. His wife is Connie and he has a son and a daughter. He was  a CART champion winning the Indianapolis 500., his first win in NASCAR came in 2007 and the second in 2010 for Chip Ganassi's racing team. Before 2007, he was in Formula One from 2000 to 2006 winning at 7 Grand Prix's one of them in Monte Carlo, Monaco.  While in NASCAR, he drove for Earnhardt Ganassi Racing (his old CART Team), and his teammate was Jamie McMurray. He left Ganassi and NASCAR in 2014 to race IndyCars for Penske Racing. In 2014, he won his first race since leaving NASCAR when he won a race at Pocono Raceway.

Weblinks
http://www.nascar.com/drivers/dps/jmontoya00/cup/ Official Website NASCAR Website Juan Pablo Montoya
http://www.jpmontoya.com/2011/ Juan Pablo Montoya Official Personal Website

1975 births
Living people
People from Bogotá
Colombian sportspeople
NASCAR drivers
Formula One drivers
Riyo Mori (born 24 December 1986 in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Japan) is a pageant titleholder best known for crowning Dayana Mendoza as Miss Universe 2008.

She also won the Miss Universe 2007 title in May 2007. She was the second woman from Japan to hold the title. (The first Miss Universe winner from Japan was Akiko Kojima in 1959.) Mori is the eleventh Asian woman to win the pageant.

Crowning Dayana Mendoza 
In 2008, Mori received the grand honour of crowning Dayana Mendoza of Venezuela as Miss Universe 2008. 

Miss Universe winners
1986 births
Living people
People from Shizuoka Prefecture
Eolian (or aeolian or æolian) is an event that occurs in nature. It is related to the winds and its ability to modify the surface of the Earth and other planets.

Winds cause erosion, and move sand and other materials. Wind is powerful in dry regions with sparse vegetation, such as deserts.  Although water is, generally speaking, a much more powerful eroding force than wind, aeolian processes are primary in deserts.

Sand dust from the Sahara gets all over Europe, and even as far as the Amazon basin. Winds and global air movements are what causes this widespread travel of materials from the ground.

Related pages 
 Dune

References 

Winds
Erosion
Landforms
The American Girl series is a series of books and accompanying dolls about fictional girls who live in different time periods in America's history. The American Girl series was first created by The Pleasant Company in 1986, founded by Pleasant T. Rowland. Today, the dolls and books are made by Mattel, a large toy company. Each doll has her own line of accessories that includes a series of books about her life, furniture, clothing, pets, and things that she would use or play with. For some dolls, a doll of her best friend is included in the collection. Four of the dolls have had movies made about their stories.

Current Historical Dolls

Kaya (1760s)
Josefina (1820s)
Addy (1860s)
Samantha (BeForever) (1900s)
Rebecca (1910s)
 Claudie (1920s)
 Kit (1930s)
 Nanea (1940s)
 Molly (1940s)
 Maryellen (1950s)
 Melody (1960s)
Julie (1970s)
Courtney (1980s)

'Retired' dolls
There have also been some dolls who have been "retired":
Felicity & Elizabeth (1770s)
Caroline (1810s)
Cécile & Marie-Grace (1850s)
Kirsten (1850s)
Samantha & Nellie (1900s), however Samantha was re-released in 2014 as part of American Girl's BeForever Collection.
Kit's best friend, Ruthie (1930s)
 Molly & Emily (1940s), however Molly was re-released in 2022.
 Julie's best friend, Ivy (1970s)

Girl of the Year
There is also another line of dolls called "Girl of the Year," (called "American Girl of Today" before 2006). Each girl stars in her two book (one book before 2007) series. Their stories take place in modern times in the year they are released. The line was made starting in 2001. However, there wasn't a Girl of the Year in 2002 and 2004 due to low sales of Lindsey. These are the Girls of the Year:

 Lindsey Bergman (2001) 

Kailey Hopkins (2003)

Marisol Luna (2005)

Jess McConnell (2006)

Nicki Fleming (2007)

Mia St. Clair (2008)

Chrissa Maxwell (2009) (released along with her friends Gwen Thompson and Sonali Matthews)

Lanie Holland (2010)
Kanani Akina (2011)

McKenna Brooks (2012)

Saige Copeland (2013)

Isabelle Palmer (2014)

Grace Thomas (2015)

Lea Clark (2016)
Gabriela McBride (2017)
Luciana Vega (2018)
Blaire Wilson (2019)
Joss Kendrick (2020)
Kira Bailey (2021)
Corinne Tan (2022) (released along with her sister Gwynn Tan)

Other websites
Official American Girl web site
Society of American Girl Collectors
Archived Article about the uniqueness of the American Girls Doll. 
On-Set Pictures : ''Molly: An American Girl Victory
Kit's Movie Headed For Theatres 

Series of books
American children's books
Dolls
A hot spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater from the Earth's crust.  Hot springs are in many places, especially in mountains.

Definitions 

There is no universally accepted definition of a hot spring. For example, one can find the phrase hot spring defined as 
 any geothermal spring 
 a spring with water temperatures above its surroundings 
 a spring with water temperatures above  
 a natural spring with water temperature above body temperature – normally between  
 a natural spring of water greater than  (synonymous with thermal spring) 
 a natural discharge of groundwater with elevated temperatures

Sources of heat 
The water issuing from a hot spring is heated by geothermal energy, i.e., heat from the Earth's mantle.

Related pages 
Geyser
Hydrothermal vent

References 

Geology
Sergei Parajanov ( Sargis Hovsepi Parajanyan;  Sergej Iosifovich Paradzhanov; also spelled Paradzhanov or Paradjanov), (January 9, 1924 – July 20 1990), is considered by many to be one of the most original and critically acclaimed filmmakers of the 20th century. His work reflected the ethnic diversity of the Caucasus where he was raised.

Early life 
He was born to Armenian parents Iosif Paradjanyan and Siranush Bejanyan, in Tbilisi, Georgia. In 1945, Parajanov traveled to Moscow, enrolled in the directing department at VGIK, one of the oldest and highly respected film schools of Europe, and studied under the tutelage of directors Igor Savchenko and Aleksandr Dovzhenko.
Personal life 
In 1950 Parajanov married his first wife, Nigyar Kerimova in Moscow. She came from a Muslim Tatar family and converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity to marry Parajanov, to terrible consequences: she was later murdered by her relatives in retaliation for her conversion. As a result of this tragic event Parajanov moved to Kyiv. There he produced several documentaries (Dumka, Golden Hands,
Natalia Uzhvy) and a handful of narrative films based on Ukrainian and Moldovan folktales, such as Andriesh, Ukrainian Rhapsody, and Flower on the Stone. He became fluent in Ukrainian, remarried (Svetlana Ivanovna Sherbatiuk in 1956) and had a son (Suren, 1958).

Filmography

 1967: Sayat Nova
 1984: SURAMI BERD
 1986: ASHUGH GHARIB

1924 births
1990 deaths
Movie directors from Georgia (country)
Armenian movie directors
Artavazd Peleshyan (born November 22, 1938) is an Armenian movie director. He makes documentaries.

Peleshyan is also the author of many books, such as his 1988 book Moyo kino (My Cinema).

Peleshyan's work has not been recognized by world cinema until after the fall of the Soviet Union. Since then, he has been able to make two more short films, Life (1993) and The End (1994). He is now living in Moscow and suffering from a severe mental illness.

Films directed 
 My I Nashi Gory - 1969

1938 births
Living people
Armenian movie directors
Armenian writers
A dress is one of the basic styles of female clothing. It is a garment of a skirt (bottom half) with an attached bodice (top half). The colouring and style of the dress gives the effect of a one-piece garment. A dress is also known as a frock or a gown. In Europe and the Americas, dresses are worn by females of all ages as an alternative to a separate skirt and blouse or trousers.

There are many types of dresses. A dress is usually worn at formal occasions, such as a wedding or a dance. It is also worn in the summer to keep cool. Younger females tend to prefer shorter skirts than older females.

Type of dress
Cocktail dress
Evening dress
Saree

History 
In the 11th century, women in Europe wore dresses that were like men's tunics and were loose with the hem(the very bottom cloth of a dress) below the knees or lower.
Later in the 1550s French women were inspired by Spanish-style bodices and also wore ruffs(a frilly circle worn on the neck). In England, Queen Elizabeth said what kinds of dresses women could wear. 

During the 17 century, Lace and slashing(when fabric is layered and cut so it feels like velvet) became popular decorations. Skirts were full, and the overskirt(the skirt worn over all the others) allowed the display of an underskirt of contrasting fabric. Necklines became lower as well.

Skirts were wide and supported by hoop underskirts in the 18th century. One-piece gowns were popular until the middle of the century. During the 1760s in France, hoop petticoats(undergarments like skirts) were reduced in size. Women also liked lighter colors and lighter fabrics.
Women's dresses in the 19th century began to be sorted by the time of day or purpose of the dress. Dresses with high waists were popular until around 1830. Europeans styles in dresses increased quickly to the hoop skirt and the crinoline using styles of the 1860s. Dresses had "day" bodice with a high neckline and long sleeves, and an "evening" bodice with a low neckline and very short sleeves. Skirts of the 1860s had a lot of decoration.

References

Other websites
Stylopedia -- an online dictionary of fashion details 
ApparelSeach glossary of textile and apparel terms
An international dress size converter
Giza or Gizah (Arabic, الجيزة, transliterated al-Gīzah; pronounced in dialect of Cairo of Egyptian Arabic eg-Gīza; also sometimes spelled in English as Gizeh, Ghizeh, or Geezeh) is a town in Egypt. It is on the west bank of the Nile river. It is about 20 km southwest of central Cairo. Today it is  part of the greater Cairo metropolis. It is the capital of the Al Jizah Governorate, and is  near the northeast border of this governorate in coordinates . It is right on the banks of the Nile River. It had 4,779,000 people living in it in 1998.

Giza is known for being the place where the Giza Plateau is. The plateau is the site of some of the most impressive ancient monuments in the world. There are  a complex of ancient Egyptian royal mortuary and sacred structures there. These include the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large pyramids and temples.
The Great Pyramid of Giza was once advocated (1884) as the location for the Prime Meridian, a reference point used for determining a base longitude.

History 
Giza's most famous archaeological site, the Giza Plateau, holds some of the most astonishing monuments in Egyptian history. Once thriving with the Nile that flowed right into the Giza Plateau, the Pyramids of Giza were built overlooking the ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis, which was near modern-day Cairo.

The Giza Plateau is also home to many other Ancient Egyptian monuments, including the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First dynasty as well as that of Pharaoh Ninetjer of the Second dynasty.
International access 
Access to the city of Giza, which has its own Governorate adjacent to the governorate of Cairo, is dependent on Cairo International Airport, since no official International Airport is located in Giza.

Fictional references 
Giza is also known for its appearance as a dig and discovery site in the fictional universe of Stargate.  An interplanetary transportation device is found and is the central basis for a movie and 2 popular television shows.

Twin towns – sister cities 
 Los Angeles, United States
 Bergen, Norway
 Rinkeby, Stockholm, Sweden
 Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam

References

Related pages 
 Giza Plateau
 Great Sphinx
 Pyramids of Giza

Other websites 

 Giza Archives Project
 Giza on Wikivoyage
Thorn has several meanings:
 Thorns, spines and prickles, a sharp structure or growth on plants
 Thorn tree
 Hawthorn, Crataegus
 Thorn (letter) (Þ, þ), a letter in the Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic alphabets

Places
 Thorn, Netherlands
 Toruń, Poland (known as Thorn in German)

United Kingdom
 Thorn, Bedfordshire
 Thorn, Devon
 Thorn, Herefordshire
 Thorn, Powys

USA
 Thorn, California, in San Bernardino County
 Thorn, Mississippi, in Chickasaw County
 Thorn, Utah, in Salt Lake County
Persons, Characters
 Andy Thorn
 Brad Thorn, Australian/New Zealand rugby league and rugby union footballer
 Damien Thorn
 Erin Thorn
 Gaston Thorn (b. 1928), Luxembourg politician
 George Thorn
 Colonel Herman Thorn (1783–1859), called "the millionaire of New York", brother of Jonathan Thorn
 Jan Thorn-Prikker
 John Thorn
 John Thorn (musician)
 Jonathan Thorn
 Matt Thorn
 Nautica Thorn
 Philip Thorn
 Robyn Thorn
 Rod Thorn
 Stuart Thorn, President of the Fat People United Group
 Tracey Thorn
 Victor Thorn
 Viktor Thorn
 Rose and Thorn is a character with a split personality in DC comics
 Thorn, the main character of the online fantasy story Darksoul Kingdom
 Thorn Harvestar, a main character in Jeff Smith's Bone comic series
 Thorns (band), a Norwegian black metal band
 The Thorns, an American acoustic rock band
 Thorn (Inheritance) a dragon from the Inheritance Trilogy
Companies
 Thorn EMI
 THORN Electrical Industries
 Thorn Cycles, British bicycle manufacturer
 Thorn guitars, guitar manufacturer
 Thorn Lighting, luminaire manufacturer, part of Zumtobel Lighting Group

Other uses
 Thorns (novel), a 1967 science fiction novel by American writer Robert Silverberg
 Thorn (horse), racehorse that won the Kentucky Futurity in 1897
 Thorn (video game)
 Thorn (Inheritance), the red dragon on the cover of the book Eldest
Botanists use three different words for sharp things on plants. They are thorns, spines, and prickles. Thorns are the ends of branches that are hard and sharp. Spines are hard structures with sharp ends. There are many different kinds of spines. Some are on leaves, and some grow instead of leaves. Prickles are on the outside of stems. 

Spines, prickles, and thorns protect plants from plant-eating animals (defence against herbivory). Some plants and animals, such as the acacia tree and giraffe have evolved in response to each other. The plants grow very long spines and the animals develop very long tongues to reach past the spines and feed on the leaves.

Gallery

References 

Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 767 pp.
Llamas, K. A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber Press, Portland. 423 pp.

Plant anatomy
Pope Pius IX (, ; May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Feretti, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 256th Pope, from 1846 until his death.  Only Saint Peter himself led the church longer than the 32-year reign of Pius IX.

In 2000, he was beatified, which is a step in the process of naming a saint of the Catholic Church.

Career
Mastai-Feretti was ordained as a priest in 1819.

Bishop
Father Mastai-Feretti was named Bishop of Spoletto in 1827.  In 1877, the Golden Jubilee celebrations recalled the 50 years since he was named a bishop.

Cardinal
In 1840, Pope Gregory XVI made Bishop Mastai-Feretti a cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Mastai-Feretti was elected Pope in 1846; and he took the name Pius IX.

In 1846, Piux IX declared an amnesty for political prisoners.

In 1848 he ordered that the gates to the Jewish ghetto in Rome be knocked down.
 
Pius formally defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception.
Papal States
In 1849, Pius was deposed as the temporal ruler of the Papal States.  As a result of Italian nationalism and the Risorgimento, the Papal States and all of the pope's land outside the Apostolic Palace were seized in 1870 and pope spent his last years a virtual prisoner within the Vatican.

First Vatican Council
In 1869-1870, Pope Pius brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called the Vatican Council.    The council defined the dogma of papal infallibility.

Pius died at age 85.

After his death
The process of recognizing Pius IX as a saint began in 1907.

The body of Pope Pius IX was exhumed in 1956.<ref> "Body of Pope Pius IX Exhumed in Ceremony," New York Times." October 26, 1956; retrieved 2011-10-30.</ref>  This was part of a ceremony of "recognition".

Preparations for beatification were almost finished in 1962; and they were completed in 1984.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References
References

More reading
 Kertazer, David I. (1997). The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara.'' New York: Knopf. ; ;  OCLC 35829023

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius IX
 Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Mastai-Feretti

1792 births
1878 deaths
Deaths from epilepsy
Italian popes
Beatified people
A sickle is a curved cutting tool used in agriculture for harvesting grain crops. It is a hand tool and was used before machines for harvesting. It has a curved blade with an attached handle. The inside part of the curve is sharp, so the user can swing the blade against the crop's base, catching it in the curve and slicing it. Some sickles have a serrated blade like a saw.

A sickle is sometimes used as a weapon. In Greek mythology, Cronus and Perseus did this.

A sickle and a hammer are the symbols of the Soviet Union.

Farming tools
Cutting tools
Kilometres per hour is a unit of measurement, which measures speed or velocity. The unit symbol is km/h or km·h−1. By definition, an object travelling at a speed of 1 km/h in a straight line for 1 hour moves 1 kilometre. The unit is the most commonly used unit of speed worldwide, more common than the SI unit of speed, metres per second.

Conversions
 3.6 km/h ≡ 1 m/s, the SI unit of speed, metre per second
 1 km/h ≈ 0.277 78 m/s
 1 km/h ≈ 0.621 37 mph ≈ 0.911 34 feet per second
 1 knot ≡ 1.852 km/h (exactly)
 1 mile = 1.609344 km (~1.61 km)
 n km/h ≈ ( 1.61 * n ) mph (where n is a quantity of speed in km/h)
 1 mph = ~1.6 km/h

Other websites
A conversion calculator for Units of Speed

Units of velocity
Amanda Laura Bynes (born April 3, 1986) is an American actress, program host on Nickelodeon and fashion designer. After being in several successful television series on Nickelodeon in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Bynes has moved into a movie career. She starred in several movies aimed at teenage audiences. These included Big Fat Liar, She's the Man, Hairspray, and Easy A. She was on the 2007 Forbes list as the 5th highest paid celebrities under 21 earning $2.5 million.

Bynes has been described by The Boston Globe as having an "everygirl" appeal, embodying "both everything her teen fans dream of being and everything they know they really are, and they love her for it." In 2006, she was named one of Teen People's "25 Hottest Stars Under .

Career
On June 19, 2010, Bynes said on her Twitter that she is retiring from acting saying she does not like it as much as she used to. A month later, Bynes changed her mind and returned to acting.

Again in 2012 she said that she is retiring from acting.
Personal life
In April 2012 Bynes was arrested for side-swiping a police car. In June 2012 she was charged with driving under alcohol or drugs when she was arrested in April.

In May 2013 Bynes was arrested at her house in Manhattan for having marijuana. In July she was arrested after she set fire to a stranger's driveway. The police decided that she should be kept for psychiatric evaluation for her own safety. Since September 2013 Bynes has been in The Canyon rehab in Malibu for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder treatment.

On March 20, 2023 Bynes was found roaming the streets of Downtown Los Angeles unclothed. Bynes waved down a car and told them she was "coming down from a psychotic episode". After calling 911 herself, Bynes was taken to a nearby police station and after an evaluation by mental health officials, she was placed under a psychiatric hold. This comes merely days away from her one-year anniversary of being released from her conservatorship held by her parents Rick and Lynn Bynes.
Filmography

Film

Television

References

Other websites
 

1986 births
Living people
Actors from Ventura County, California
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
People from Thousand Oaks, California
People with bipolar disorder
People with schizophrenia
An exclamation mark (!) is a punctuation mark. It is used to show strong emotion at the end of a sentence or after an interjection.

Putting a space before an exclamation mark is incorrect.

In coding, "!" sometimes means not. In mathematics, the use of an exclamation mark can be used for the factorial function (for example, ).

Related pages

 Ampersand
 Interjection
 Punctuation
 Question mark
 Quotation mark

References 

Punctuation
The Yupik (in the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, Yup'ik, plural Yupiit) people are a group of native people who mainly live in certain parts of Alaska, somewhere near Fairbanks.  The 1918 influenza pandemic killed many of the indigenous people in Alaska. Many died during famines and the culture suffered when the Soviet government made villagers move. Some of the Yupi'k people's traditions are celebrating the dead. They celebrate by having ceremonies with a shaman, where they connect with the dead. They also name the next child born after the most recent person who has died.

References

Alaska Natives
Anna Sergeevna Kournikova (born June 7, 1981, in Moscow, Russia, then USSR) (Russian: Анна Сергеевна Курникова) is a Russian model and retired professional tennis player. She won two Grand Slam doubles tournaments, both with Swiss player Martina Hingis. In 1999, the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) said she was the best doubles player in the world. She also played tennis for Russia in an international competition called the Fed Cup.

Kournikova played in her last Grand Slam tournament in 2009. Since then, she modeled clothes and played in exhibition tennis matches. Although she was born in Russia, she lives in Miami, Florida, in the United States. She appeared in several advertisements mainly about tennis. As of July 2008, her boyfriend is Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias.
Personal life 
Kournikova was born in Moscow, Russia, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1981. Her mother is called Alla, and her father is called Ser. She first picked up a tennis racket when she was five years old and joined the Spartak Tennis Club. She improved very much and when she was 10 years old she moved to Florida to train at an academy.

In 2000, it was reported that she was going to marry Russian NHL player Pavel Bure. Another Russian ice hockey player, Sergei Fedorov, who played for the Detroit Red Wings said he married Kournikova in 2001, but they divorced later that year. In 2002, she was in a music video with Enrique Iglesias for his song Escape. She was Iglesias's girlfriend after this video, but she later said she did not want to get married. Iglesias said Kournikova kept saying no when he would ask her to marry him. He said "I always try, but she doesn't want to." Kournikova has said that she is not interested in getting married: "I'm never getting married. Everything is good."
In 2002, she was the second most popular athlete searched for on Google, and was voted the "Sexiest Woman In The World" by FHM readers. However, some experts working for ESPN voted her the 18th biggest sports failure from 1979 to 2004.

It is estimated Kournikova earned about £50 million in her career as of 2007, but most of this did not come from tennis. She said "You cannot just be a great tennis player or just be a beautiful person to succeed in the game any more. You have to have it all: the talent, the looks, the brains and the drive."

On December 16, 2017, Anna and Enrique Iglesias welcomed twins, a boy named Nicholas Iglesias and a girl named Lucy Iglesias born in Miami after a very private pregnancy.

Playing style 
Kournikova holds her racket in her right hand but uses both hands when she plays backhand shots. She is a good player at the net. She has several different types of shots, some of which are her hard shots from the back of the court and drop shots which land just over the net.
Professional tennis career

Overview 

Kournikova became a professional tennis player in October 1995 when she was 14 years old. In 1996, the WTA gave her a prize for being the best new player in the world. She won the first of her 16 WTA tour doubles titles in September 1998 in Tokyo, in Japan. Her partner for the victory was American player Monica Seles. After this, Kournikova would often play her doubles matches with Swiss player Martina Hingis. She finished the year in the top 20 women tennis players in the world. In 1999, the pair won five doubles tournaments, one of which was the Australian Open, and they came second in the French Open. That year, the WTA gave them an award for being the best doubles pair in the world. Kournikova won six doubles tournaments in 2000, four of them with Hingis.
In 2001, Kournikova suffered an injury to her foot which meant she was unable to play in many tournaments that year. She got better and won the doubles tournament at the Australian Open in 2002, again with Hingis. Other injuries like a bad back meant that in 2003, Kournikova played very few tournaments and said "I do not want to go on playing unless I can participate 100%".

Kournikova also played tennis for Russia in the Fed Cup. She played both singles and doubles and won 12 out of 19 matches between 1996 and 2000.

Grand Slam record

Singles 

The following table shows how far Kournikova progressed in each of the Grand Slam singles tournaments she has played in.
Doubles 
Kournikova won two doubles tournaments. She won the 1999 Australian Open with Swiss player Martina Hingis when they defeated Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva. Kournikova and Hingis won the 2002 Australian Open, when they defeated Daniela Hantuchová and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario. They were also runners-up in the 1999 French Open where they lost to the American pair Venus and Serena Williams. At the end of 1999, Kournikova was the best doubles player in the world.

Kournikova has also played mixed doubles. She was runner-up with Swede Jonas Björkman in 1999 at the Wimbledon Championships. She also finished runner-up with Max Mirnyi from Belarus in the 2000 US Open.

Victories 

The following table is a summary of the Women's Tennis Association and Grand Slam tournaments won by Kournikova.

Special achievements 
 1996 – WTA Newcomer of the Year Award
 1999 – WTA Doubles Team of the Year Award (with Martina Hingis)

Modeling and sponsorship
Kournikova began to be a model while she was still playing tennis. When she lost in the first round at Wimbledon in 2002, she had an interview with a reporter from the BBC. The reporter suggested that her modeling was making her concentrate less on tennis. This upset her and she nearly walked out of the interview. She said she was "100% committed to tennis".

Kournikova sponsored a video game called "Anna Kournikova's Smash Court Tennis" for the Sony PlayStation in 1999. She was also sponsored by sportswear manufacturer Adidas and sports bra manufacturer Berlei. She made more than ten times as much money from her sponsors than from playing tennis that year. She made a £7 million agreement to be in an advertising campaign for the internet company Lycos. In 2002, Adidas said they were worried she was not concentrating on tennis enough.

As of July 2008, she is sponsored by sportswear manufacturer K-Swiss.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Anna Kournikova's official website
 Annasquare – Anna Kournikova pictures gallery 
 
 

1981 births
Russian tennis players
Living people
Participants in American reality television series
Russian models
Sportspeople from Moscow
Sk8er Boi is a single by pop-punk singer Avril Lavigne. It is one of her most famous songs.

Song information
In this song, she tells the story of a relationship between a "sk8er boi" (skater boy) and a more preppy girl who does ballet. Although both of them "want" each other, the girl rejects him against her own secret feelings because of peer pressure. In the end, the skater boy becomes famous and is with another punk girl (Avril sings in that girl's point of view) who cares for him, leaving the preppy girl behind.

Track listing
"Sk8er Boi"
"Get Over It"
"Nobody's Fool (live)"
"Sk8er Boi" (video)
Music video
The music video begins with what may be the "Sk8er Boi" in the alley of a city with a bunch of spray paint on the ground. The music video goes along with posters that have a star on them advertising a concert Avril hosts, where people use their cars and amplifiers to have the concert on the streets. The concert gets so wild the police come in trying to stop it. At the end of the video, Avril crashes her guitar into the car windshield. A police helicopter comes in, leaving a mystery as to what they will do.

Movie adaptation
In 2003, Paramount Pictures optioned the song for adaptation into a feature film. However, as of December 2006, the film has apparently been abandoned or is stuck in development hell.

Charts

References

2002 songs
Avril Lavigne songs
Pay may refer to:
A wage or salary earned for work (see also minimum wage)
The process of payment for goods and services, an aspect of trade
Waterproofing the seams of a wooden ship
A talk show is a radio or television program where one or more hosts discuss current issues or other topics with guests. Many talk shows (especially those on radio) allow members of the public to join in, through telephone calls, letters, e-mail and Internet chat. Talk shows are often meant to entertain, and many feature comedy or  performing. Many shows, though, do a , by informing the public and discussing issues openly. While some are locally based, and serve only one station's audience, others become  and play on many stations, or are broadcast by a regional or national network.
Television 
Johnny Carson hosted NBC's The Tonight Show for thirty years, with guests from every walk of life, including many old and new celebrities. (Comedian Jay Leno took over The Tonight Show when Carson retired.) Singer Mike Douglas hosted a popular, long-running show, co-hosted by weekly guests. Merv Griffin, David Frost and Dick Cavett also had long-running talk shows. Dr. Joyce Brothers was one of the first women to host a national talk show. Other women followed as hosts, including Oprah Winfrey, Joan Rivers, Ricki Lake, Rosie O'Donnell, and Ellen DeGeneres.
Many celebrities host a talk show after they finish work on a television series, to change the direction of their career or to promote things they think are important. Many such series last only a season or two, and some even less. Actresses Gabrielle Carteris, Caroline Rhea and Megan Mullally each hosted short-lived talk shows, after leaving successful series. Nearly every show aired at the same time as The Tonight Show has been cancelled after a short run, including shows hosted by Chevy Chase and Dennis Miller. Arsenio Hall came close, with a show lasting five seasons. Late Show with David Letterman has been the most successful, and is still airing. (Ironically, David Letterman was a hopeful to take over The Tonight Show from Carson when he retired in 1992.)
Radio 
Talk shows became more and more popular on  from the 1970s onward, as AM stations began to play less music. Today talk shows are heard on AM, FM, and also  radio stations, , and the Internet. Larry King began his career on radio, and "crossed over" to television after many years as a popular host. Howard Stern led the trend of "", using profanity and personal topics to make his show more exciting. Art Bell talked about controversial topics, like UFOs and possible government conspiracies.

Call-in shows are meant especially for members of the public to join in, by telephone. Callers may wish to talk about current topics in politics, economics or social trends, or to seek advice, or help with a personal problem. Dr. Laura Schlesinger, Dr. Joy Browne, and Bruce Williams help callers with problems, while Michael Savage and many other hosts discuss current issues, on their radio shows.

Television programs
Radio
A graduated cylinder (also called measuring cylinder) is a piece of laboratory glassware used to measure the volume of liquids. It is used to accurately measure the volume of chemicals for use in reactions. 

Often, the biggest graduated cylinders are made of polyethylene or other stiff plastic, making them lighter and less fragile than glass, but more difficult to sterilize.

Laboratory equipment
Edmond Keosayan (; Leninakan, now Gyumri, October 9, 1936 - Moscow, April 21, 1994) was an Armenian Soviet movie director and musician. From 1954 to 1956 Keosayan studied in Plekhanov Moscow Institute of Economy. From 1956 to 1958 he studied in Yerevan Fine Arts and Theatre Institute. In 1964, he graduated from the Directing Department of VGIK (E.Dzigan's master class). Since 1964 Keosayan has been a director at Mosfilm Studio. He has worked worked a few times for Armenfilm Studio.
He was also a Master of Ceremonies of the Soviet State Variety Orchestra. 
His films are mainly in the Armenian and 
Russian languages.
Filmography
1964: Where are you quiet Maxim? (Gde ty teper, Maxim?)
1966: The Elusive Avengers (Neulovimye mstiteli/Неуловимые мстители)
1968: The New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers (Novye priklyucheniya nuelovimykh/Новые приключения неуловимых)
1971: The Crown of the Russian Empire or Once again the Elusive Avengers (Korona Rossiyskoy imperi, ili snova neulovimykh
1973: Tghamardik (Russian: Muzhchiny, English The Men)
1975: Moratsvatz heqiatneri kirtche (Russian: Ushchele pokinutykh skazok, English: The Canyon of Deserted Tales)
1975: When September comes (Kogda nastupayet sentyabr)
1978: Huso Astgh (Star of Hope, Russian: Zvezda nadezhdy, alternative Armenian title: Mkhitar sparapet)
1980: Legend tzaghratzui masin (Russian: Legenda o skomorokhe, English: Legend of the Clown)

References

Armenian movie directors
1936 births
1994 deaths
Amerigo Vespucci (9 March 1451- 22 February 1512) was an Italian merchant, explorer and cartographer. He was the first person to explain that the places discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 were not part of east Asia, but an unknown continent which he called "The New World". America got its name when other cartographers used a feminized and latinized version of his first name, Americus. 

Not much is known of Vespucci's life. Two books were published saying he wrote them. Some letters exist, also saying he wrote them. He visited the New World at least twice, and died of malaria.

References

Other websites 

 Canaday, James A. The Life of Amerigo Vespucci .
 Account of 'The First Voyage', 1497: Letter of Amerigo Vespucci To Pier Soderini - Fordham University (U.S.) Internet Modern History Sourcebook
 A scale model  - A scaled wooden model of the Amerigo Vespucci.
 
 'I am America.' - New York Times: Five hundred years ago, our continent was given a name.
1454 births
1512 deaths
Deaths from malaria
Italian explorers
People from Florence
Titanic is a 1997 American epic romantic disaster movie. It was directed, written, and co-produced by James Cameron. The movie is about the 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic. It stars Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio. The two play characters who are of different social classes. They fall in love after meeting aboard the ship, but it was not good for a rich girl to fall in love with a poor boy in 1912. Titanic ran for 200 days in cinemas. Production of the movie began in 1995. Cameron recorded footage of the real Titanic wreck. The reconstruction of the Titanic was created at Playas de Rosarito in Baja California. To create the sinking of the ship, scale models and computer-generated imagery were used. Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox helped with half of the funding for the movie. At the time when the movie was released, it was the most expensive movie ever made. It had a budget of $200 million.
The movie was released on December 19, 1997. It received positive critical reviews. The movie won 11 Academy Awards, and was nominated for fourteen total Academy Awards. It was also a commercial success with a total worldwide gross of $2.196 billion.

Story 
A 100-year-old woman named Rose DeWitt Bukater tells a story about her voyage on the famous ship Titanic. She is sharing the story with her granddaughter, Lizzy Calvert, and a crew of men who are interested in the Titanic shipwreck. The members of the crew are named Brock Lovett, Lewis Bodine, Bobby Buell, and Anatoly Mikailavich. She tells the story while on the Keldysh. The men are on the Keldysh trying to find a famous necklace called "The Heart of the Ocean" that they think sank with the ship. She goes on to explain the whole story from the ship's departure to the sinking of Titanic on its first (and last) voyage at 2:20 in the morning on April 15, 1912. Most of the movie is not Old Rose telling the story, but Young Rose actually living the story.
On April 10th 1912, Young Rose boards a ship called Titanic with the upper-class passengers, her mother, Ruth DeWitt Bukater, and her fiancé, Caledon 'Cal' Hockley. Meanwhile, a drifter and artist named Jack Dawson and his best friend Fabrizio De Rossi win third-class tickets to the ship in a game.
In 1996, treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team has reached the most famous shipwreck of all - the RMS Titanic. Emerging with a safe believed to contain a famous diamond called the "Heart of the Ocean", he discovers that the safe does not hold the diamond, but a drawing of a beautiful young woman wearing it. When Lovett is later interviewed on television, he shows the drawing to the cameras, and Rose Dawson Calvert, now 101, recognizes the young woman in the drawing - herself. She and her granddaughter Lizzy visit Lovett on his research ship over the wrecksite, and tells her story of the Titanic and its ill-fated maiden voyage.
In 1912, 17-year-old society girl Rose DeWitt Bukater boards the ship's first class suites with her fiancé, Pittsburgh Steel tycoon owner Caledon Hockley, and her mother, Ruth DeWitt Bukater, in Southampton. Also boarding are poor artist Jack Dawson and his best friend Fabrizio De Rossi, after a lucky poker game wins them in steerage. When Rose attempts suicide by jumping off the stern in third class, Jack pulls her back onto the ship... and a bond is forged between them as Jack is invited by her into first class the following day. Rose's mother and Cal try desperate measures to keep them apart as Jack and Rose fall in love, until the Titanic collides with an iceberg and is critically damaged. Now Jack and Rose must fight to stay alive, as their passionate romance becomes a struggle for survival, but Jack eventually freezes to death due to spending too much time in extremely cold water.

Main cast

Production
Production 

The movie scenes of the ship's journey were taken on the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in July 1996. Principal photography for Titanic began in September 1996. The location was at the newly built Fox Baja Studios. The poop deck was built on a move-able machine. This allow it to rise from zero to ninety degrees in a few seconds. This was used during the sinking scene of the movie. Many props were made of foam rubber. The material was used for the safety of the stuntmen. On November 15, the boarding scenes were recorded. Cameron decided to build his RMS Titanic on the starboard side. This was because weather data showed north-to-south winds. This caused the funnel smoke to move in one direction.
Coach
A full-time etiquette coach was hired. He taught the cast on the manners of the upper class during the year 1912. However, several critics noticed that some cast members were not very good. They also noticed the two main stars on the movie were not well trained. Cameron sketched Jack's nude portrait of Rose for the nude scene. He said "You know what it means for her, the freedom she must be feeling. It's kind of exhilarating (happy) for that reason." The nude scene was DiCaprio and Winslet's first scene together. Cameron said, "It wasn't by any kind of design, although I couldn't have designed it better. There's a nervousness and an energy and a hesitance [unsure] in them." This was the first scene to be recorded. Cameron said that the "big set" was not yet ready. The crew members had to record something so they decided to do the nude scene first.
Incident
An angry crew member put the dissociative drug PCP into the soup that Cameron and other members ate one night. This caused more than 50 people to be rushed to the hospital. "There were people just rolling around, completely out of it. Some of them said they were seeing streaks and psychedelics," said actor Lewis Abernathy. Cameron had vomited before the drug began working. Abernathy was shocked at the way he looked. "One eye was completely red, like the Terminator eye. A pupil, no iris, beet red. The other eye looked like he'd been sniffing glue since he was four." The person who poisoned the cast members was never found.
Schedule
Filming was scheduled to last 138 days. However, it grew to 160. Many cast members came down with colds, flu, or kidney infections. This happened during the many hours they spent in the cold water. Winslet, who also had these symptoms, decided she would not work with Cameron again unless she earned "a lot of money". Several other cast members left the movie. Three stuntmen broke their bones. The Screen Actors Guild decided to begin an investigation. They concluded that there was nothing unsafe going on on the set.

Budget
The movie's budget reached $200 million. Fox executives were worrying. They suggested an hour of different scenes to be removed from the three-hour movie. James Cameron did not accept this. He told Fox that if they want to remove some scenes out that they would need to fire him. The executives did not want to start over. This would mean they will loose their entire investment.
Soundtrack 
The soundtrack of the movie was written, orchestrated and conducted by James Horner. The soundtrack was released by Sony Classical on November 18, 1997. When the movie was released, the soundtrack topped the charts in two-dozen countries. It sold over 30 million copies. It then became one of the best-selling albums of all time. It was also the highest-selling orchestral soundtracks ever. Horner wrote the song "My Heart Will Go On". He wrote the song in secrecy because Cameron did not want any songs with singing in the movie. Céline Dion agreed to record a demonstration. Her husband, René Angélil, asked Dion many times to do it, since she did not want to record it at first. Horner waited until Cameron was in a happy mood. After playing it several times, Cameron approved of the song. However, Cameron feared that he might be criticized for "going commercial at the end of the movie".
James Cameron announced that Titanic was being converted to 3D. The 3D version came out on April 6, 2012. This was the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the Titanic. It took $18 million to produce it. The 3D conversion was done by Stereo D. Sony Music with Slam Content's Panther Records, re-worked the soundtrack. The movie grossed $4.7 million on the first day of its re-release in North America. It went on to make $17.3 million during the weekend. It then became the third most-watched movie for that week. The movie earned $35.2 million worldwide. It then became the second most-watched movie for that week. The following week saw an increase of the movie's earnings. It became the number one movie for that week with $98.9 million. It was more successful in China. It earned $11.6 million on its opening day in that country. It then earned a record-breaking $67 million for that week. The re-release earned a total of $343.4 million worldwide. In China the total was at $145 million
. In Canada and the United States, it made $57.8 million from those countries.
References

Books

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Titanic at The Numbers

1990s disaster movies
1997 romantic drama movies
1990s epic movies
1990s historical movies
2012 3D movies
20th Century Fox movies
1990s American disaster movies
American epic movies
American romantic drama movies
Best Picture Oscar
Movies with underwater settings
Movies based on real life events
Movies composed by James Horner
Movies directed by James Cameron
Movies set in the 1910s
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
Murder-suicide in movies
RMS Titanic
Survival movies
3D re-releases
Rip Slyme is a Japanese hip hop group formed in 1994. It has 5 members - 4 MCs and 1 DJ.

Albums

Indies albums
Lip's Rhyme (1995)
Talkin' Cheap (1998)

Warner albums
Five (2001)
Tokyo Classic (2002)
Orchestra Plus (2003) - a recorded album completely of orchestra songs & poetry recitals from celebrities
Time To Go (2003)
Masterpiece (2004)
Epoch (2006)
FUNFAIR (2007)

Musical groups from Kanagawa Prefecture
Hip hop bands