Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Toad and the species were first seen in the game Super Mario Bros.. Toad's design was made directly from the power up, the Super Mushroom as well as the game's general use with mushrooms. Shigeru Miyamoto, the creator of the Mario series, made a reason that Toad's creation was that of being a character that has a simplistic design; yet, still appears cute and lovely and pleases to everybody. In the game, the peaceful Toads of the Mushroom Kingdom had been turned into various objects such as bricks and pipes by the evil King Bowser; however, some of Princess Toadstool's loyal servants, known as the "Mushroom Retainers" were simply kidnapped. During the making of New Super Mario Bros. Wii, the developers at Nintendo decided between four characters to be playable in the game: Princess Peach, Toad, Wario and Waluigi (all suggestions made by fans). Two Toads (yellow and blue) were eventually included as playable characters in New Super Mario Bros. Wii due to their physical similarity to Mario and Luigi.
Promotion and reception
Toad is considered one of the major Mario series characters, because he is playable and appears in many of the games. Toad appears in lots of Mario merchandise, such as toys, plushies, and keychains, among other things. Toad is featured in Nintendo's board games such as being on the protagonist side in the Mario themed chess set, as well as being a purchasable character in the Nintendo Monopoly game. In Animal Crossing: City Folk, Toad's hat is available after getting 3000 points in Tom Nook's Point Tracking system.
Black Pear Tree, an EP by The Mountain Goats and Kaki King, features a song titled "Thank You Mario But Our Princess is in Another Castle," sung from the view of Toad. Toad ranked in the seventh slot on Game Daily's top 10 Nintendo characters that deserve their own games list; the site explained that he has a strong appeal that Nintendo has yet to tap into. Toad is listed as number two in the most neglected Mario Bros. characters list as he has been described by the site to have been ignored by Nintendo for quite a while due to the lack of starring roles he gets in the more recent games. In an Oricon poll from 2008, Toad was voted as the eighth most popular video game character in Japan. IGN editor Matt Casamassina criticized Nintendo for including the Toads over more notable characters in the Mario series for New Super Mario Bros. Wii, arguing that the developers were being lazy to not include other characters because the Toads were easier to make.

References
References

Fictional characters introduced in 1985
Mario series characters
Itanagar is the capital of the Indian  state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Ita Fort is one of the most important historical sites in the state of Arunachal Pradesh.

Capital cities in India
Arunachal Pradesh
Redwall is a series of books written by Brian Jacques.  The first book was written in 1986, and the people are all animals, like mice, rats, moles, otters, stoats, and weasels.  The story is about an abbey called Redwall, and the animals that live there.  Redwall has been made into an opera, and an animated TV series based on three of the novels (Redwall, Mattimeo, and Martin the Warrior), which first aired in 1999. The books are mainly aimed at older children. There were twenty-two novels and two picture books published. The twenty-second, and last novel, The Rogue Crew, was published on May 3, 2011, after Jacques' death.

Overview
Overview

The book series does not happen in one particular timeframe. Instead, it is set in many different times in the history of the world of Redwall. Some of the books focus on characters who, in another book, are historical figures (e.g., Martin the Warrior's father, Luke, in The Legend of Luke). Usually, those books are set before Redwall Abbey was started. There is a timeline in the Redwall series, but it often places the books in a completely different order than the order they were written. However, there were two times when the novels were published in chronological order.
Books
There are twenty-two books.
 Redwall (1986)
 Mossflower (1988)
 Mattimeo (1989)
 Mariel of Redwall (1991)
 Salamandastron (1992)
 Martin the Warrior (1993)
 The Bellmaker (1994)
 Outcast of Redwall (1995)
 The Pearls of Lutra (1996)
 The Long Patrol (1997)
 Marlfox (1998)
 The Legend of Luke (1999)
 Lord Brocktree (2000)
 The Taggerung (2001)
 Triss (2002)
 Loamhedge (2003)
 Rakkety Tam (2004)
 High Rhulain (2005)
 Eulalia! (2007)
 Doomwyte (2008)
 The Sable Quean (2010)
 The Rogue Crew (2011)

References
Lommiswil is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lebern District
Lostorf is a municipality in the district Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Gösgen District
Luterbach is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Wasseramt District
Lüsslingen was a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Lüsslingen and Nennigkofen merged to form the new municipality of Lüsslingen-Nennigkofen.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Solothurn
Matzendorf is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Thal District
Redwall is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1986.  It was illustrated by Gary Chalk, and was translated into nine different languages.  Redwall is the first book in the Redwall series.

Awards
 Lancashire Libraries Children's Book of the Year Award
 Western Australian Young Readers' Award

References

1986 books
Redwall
Mossflower is a fantasy book that was written in 1988 by Brian Jacques.  It is the second book in the Redwall series, and was translated into eight different languages besides English.

Redwall
1988 books
LeToya Nicole Luckett (born March 11, 1981), known professionally as LeToya, is an Americansinger, actress, producer and songwriter. She is a former member of the R&B female group, Destiny's Child with whom she won two Grammy Awards, but when the group was successfully prompted in the world she was forced to leave.

When interviewed by MTV News, Luckett said that she and LaTavia Roberson created a new group called Anjel. Auditions were made, then Naty Quinones and Tiffany Beaudoin were selected as members. The group recorded demo songs. Their production company which handled the group fell through, and the members of Anjel went on to pursue solo projects.
In 2004, Capitol Records signed Luckett, then she started her solo career. Her solo debut album, LeToya, topped the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart in July 2006 and was certified platinum by the RIAA in December 2006. The album spawned five singles. Two were released with promotional purpose, to see the audience reaction towards her, but "Torn" would be her most notable song. It achieved records on BET's top ten countdown show 106 & Park. She was also named "One of the Best New Artists of 2006" by AOL and the "Top Songwriter of 2006" by ASCAP. Luckett's second album, Lady Love, was scheduled for a spring 2008 release.  It was released in 2009. She is now on road with the stage play tour "Rumors".

Discography

Albums CD
1998: Destiny's Child as Destiny's Child
1999: The Writing's on the Wall as Destiny's Child
2002: This Is the Remix as Destiny's Child
2005: #1's as Destiny's Child
2005: What It Do!
2006: LeToya
2008: Lady Love
2015: Lucky Girk Soundtrack (with Various artists)
2016: Until Then
2017: Back 2 Life

Singles
2004: "You Got What I Need"
2005: "All Eyes on Me"
2006: "Torn"
2006: "She Don't"
2006: "Obvious"
2007: "Almost Made Ya" (with Ali & Gipp)
2007: "Swagger" (featuring UGK, Killa Kyleon and Slim Thug)
2008: "I Miss You" (with Webbie)
2011: "When I Had the Chance" (with Boney James)
2014: "Don't Make Me Wait"

Tour
1998:"Boyz 2 Men Tour" as opening act (with Destiny's Child)
1999:"TLC: FanMail Tour" as opening act (with Destiny's Child)
1999:"The Writing's on the Wall promotional tour" (with Destiny's Child)
2006:"The Breakthrough Tour" as opening act

References

Other websites
LeToya's Myspace
Official fansite 

1981 births
Living people
Singers from Houston
American movie actors
American television actors
American pop musicians
American R&B singers
Actors from Houston
Annie Oliv (born 12 October 1987 in Jönköping, Sweden) is a Swedish beauty queen, cello player and personal assistant to a disabled person.

On September 8, 2007, Oliv won the "Miss Sweden World" title. She later represented her country at Miss World 2007. She placed 4th in the competition. She won the title "Miss World Europe 2007". Annie Oliv played cello during Melodifestivalen 2008 in Mickey Huskics entry in semifinal number three on February 23.

1988 births
Living people
Beauty pageant winners
Swedish musicians
Cellists
Swedish models
People from Jönköping
The musical movie is a movie genre in which several songs sung by the characters are linked into the story line. The songs are used to advance the plot or develop the movie's characters.

The musical movie was a natural development of the stage musical. Typically, the biggest difference between movie and stage musicals is the use of expensive and impressive background scenery which would not be in a theater. Musical movies usually contain elements similar of theater; performers often treat their song and dance numbers as if there is a live audience watching.

 
Movie genres
Julie Taymor (born December 15, 1952) is an American director of Broadway theatre and movies. Taymor's work has received lots of praise from critics. She has won two Tony Awards out of four nominations, an Emmy Award, and an Academy Award nomination for her work, known for its visual flair and colorful costuming choices. She lives in New York City with her partner Elliot Goldenthal, who she has been with for over 20 years.

Filmography
The Tempest (1986)
Fool's Fire (1992) (TV)
Oedipus Rex (1993) (TV) 
Titus (1999)  
Frida (2002)
Across the Universe (2007)

1952 births
Living people
American movie directors
Emmy Award winners
Tony Award winners
People from Massachusetts
Evan Rachel Wood (born September 7, 1987) is an American movie, television and theater actress. She began acting in the late 1990s, appearing in several television roles, including American Gothic and Once and Again. Wood's first role as a leading movie actress was in 2002's Little Secrets, and she became well known after changing to a more adult-orientated Golden Globe-nominated role in the critically acclaimed Thirteen (2003).

Wood continued acting in mostly independent films, including Pretty Persuasion (2005), Down in the Valley (2006), and in the big studio production Across the Universe (2007). Critics have praised Wood's acting, such as The Guardian newspaper describing her as being "wise beyond her years" and as "one of the best actresses of her generation". Her personal relationship with singer Marilyn Manson received media coverage. She is openly bisexual.

Filmography

References

Other websites

Interview, 2003, Girl.com
Interview, 2001, CNN.com
American LGBT people
American movie actors
American television actors
Bisexual people
LGBT actors
Actors from Raleigh, North Carolina
1987 births
Living people
James Sturgess (born 1981) is a British actor. He has acted in both television and movies as well as radio. He is perhaps most famous for playing Jude in Across the Universe and the younger Charlie in The Quest series of television movies.

Sturgess was born in London. He is a former member of the National Youth Music Theatre (1993-95) and studied at the University of Salford's School of Media, Music and Performance. 

Sturgess recently worked on the movie Fifty Dead Men Walking. In the movie, he plays Martin McGartland, the writer of the book on which the movie is based.
Performances 
 The Browning Version (1994) as Bryant
 The Scarlet Pimpernel (1999, TV series) as Erik (2 episodes)
 Thursday the 12th (2000, TV movie) as Martin
 A Touch of Frost (2003, TV series) as Laurence (1 episode)
 Turning the Hut (2003, radio play) as Jimmy
 Hawk (2004, short movie)
 Heading It Like Mooney (2004, radio play)
 Measure for Measure (2004, radio play) as the Duke
 Mouth to Mouth (2005) as Red
 Little Pictures (2005, radio play) as Gal
 Caesar! (2005, radio series) guest starring
 Troilus and Cressida (2005, radio play) as Patroclus
 Across the Universe (2007) as Jude
 The Other Boleyn Girl (2008) as George Boleyn
 21 (2008) as Ben Campbell
 Fifty Dead Men Walking (2008) as Martin McGartland
 Crossing Over (2009) as Gavin Kossef
 Heartless (2009) as Jamie Morgan
 The Way Back (2010) as Janusz
 Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole (2010) as Soren
 Upside Down (2011) as Adam
 The Promised Land (2011) as Thomas Wilkin
 One Day'' (2011) as Dexter Meyhew
Other websites 
Jim Sturgess on Twitter

JimSturgessOnline.com

1981 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Singers from London
Actors from London
Joe Anderson (born 1982) is an English actor.

He attended Richmond upon Thames College and later the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London. Both his parents work in the movie industry.  Anderson  has acted professionally since childhood. His skills include photography, guitar and gymnastics.

Anderson has worked in movie, television and on the stage at the Chichester Festival Theatre. He appeared in Copying Beethoven, playing Ludwig van Beethoven's nephew. He also appeared  in Across the Universe as Max, an American teenager drafted into the Vietnam War. Anderson is also starring as Joy Division bass player Peter Hook in Anton Corbijn's 2007 movie Control.

Filmography
Filmography 

 The Crazies (2010)
 Rogues Gallery (2009)
 Amelia (2009)
 Brand New Day (2009)
 High Life (2009)
 The 27 Club (2008)
 The Ruins (2008)
 Across the Universe (2007)
 Control (2007)
 Becoming Jane (2007)
 Little Box Of Sweets (2006)
 Copying Beethoven (2006)
 Silence Becomes You (2005)
 Afterlife (2005), 1 episode
 Midsomer Murders (2005), 1 episode
 Creep (2004)

Other websites 

Agency CV 
Joe Anderson Online 

1982 births
Living people
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Dana Fuchs (born January 10, 1976) is an American singer, songwriter, actress and voice over talent.

The youngest of six musical children, Fuchs was born and raised in Wildwood, Florida. It is a small rural town. She is the daughter of Sandy and Don Fuchs. At the age of twelve she joined the First Baptist Gospel Choir and began singing in public. At sixteen she became the lead singer of a popular local band at a roadside Holiday Inn. She moved to New York City at nineteen and began working with Jon Diamond, a guitarist who had toured with Joan Osborne and W.C. Handy Award winner Debbie Davies. They formed the Dana Fuchs Band. The band was a feature act at a number of clubs, performing with people like John Popper, James Cotton, and Taj Mahal.

Fuchs plays Sadie in the Julie Taymor movie Across the Universe. She also played the singing Janis Joplin in the Eric Nederlander production of Randall Myler's off Broadway musical Love, Janis.

References

Other websites
 DanaFuchs.com
1978 births
Living people
American songwriters
Singers from Florida
American voice actors
Actors from Florida
Martin Luther McCoy is an American musician and actor.  He worked with The Roots a lot and appears as one of the six lead characters in the 2007 Beatles musical Across the Universe in the role of "JoJo". 

McCoy goes by the stage name of "Martin Luther" in his music career.  For his acting work he is known under his full name. 

Martin Luther released his first solo album The Calling in 1999 and followed it with an independent release of his second album Rebel Soul Music in 2004 on his own label Rebel Soul Records. His third album Love is the Hero was supposed to be released in 2011

1970 births
Living people
Musicians from San Francisco
American movie actors
Actors from San Francisco
Teresa Victoria Carpio, more commonly known as T. V. Carpio, is a Chinese / Filipina singer, songwriter and actress.  She is the daughter of Asian singing star Teresa Carpio, with whom she has performed on stage as a backup singer. 

Carpio played Prudence in the 2007 musical movie Across the Universe.  She has also appeared on television, including a TV movie and episodes of The Jury and Law & Order.  She made her Broadway debut in  Rent as Alexi Darling and others, appearing from December 2006 until April 2007.

Filmography
Limitless (2011) .... Valerie
Across the Universe (2007) .... Prudence
Sucker Free City (2004) (TV) .... Angela Tsing
She Hate Me (2004) .... Gail
The Jury .... Esme Kingman (1 episode, "Mail Order Mystery," 2004)
Law & Order .... Laundry Lady (1 episode, "Patriot," 2002)
Popstars .... Top 26 Finalist (TV) (2001)

Other websites

1981 births
Living people
Filipino actors
Filipino singers
Musical theater actors
Joe Cocker, OBE (20 May 1944 – 21 December 2014) was an English rock/blues singer who came to popularity in the 1960s, and was most known for his gritty voice and his cover versions of popular songs, particularly those of The Beatles. The cover of their song With A Little Help From My Friends, sung by Cocker at the Woodstock Festival, initially made him famous.

Death
On 22 December 2014, Cocker died of lung cancer at his home in Crawford, Colorado at the age of 70.

Discography
Discography

Albums
 With a Little Help from My Friends (1969)
 Joe Cocker! (1969)
 Mad Dogs & Englishmen (1970)
 Cocker Happy (1971) (Australian compilation release, 1971)
 Double Cocker Power (Australian release, 1972)
 Joe Cocker: Something to Say (also known as just Joe Cocker) (1972)
 I Can Stand a Little Rain (1974)
 Jamaica Say You Will (1975)
 Stingray (1976)
 Greatest Hits (1977)
 Luxury You Can Afford (1979)
 Sheffield Steel (1982)
 The Best of Joe Cocker (1983 - Australia / NZ only)
 Civilized Man (1984)
 Cocker (1986)
 Unchain My Heart (1987)
 One Night of Sin (1989)
 Joe Cocker Live (1990)
 Night Calls (1991)
 The Best of Joe Cocker (1992)
 Have a Little Faith (1994)
 The Long Voyage Home (1995)
 Organic (1996)
 Across from Midnight (1997)
 Greatest Hits (1998)
 The Anthology (1999)
 No Ordinary World (1999)
 Respect Yourself (2002)
 Ultimate Collection (2004)
 Heart & Soul (2004)
 Hymn for My Soul (2007)
 ''Come Together (album) Across the Universe Motion Picture Soundtrack (2007)

Singles
Singles

References

Other websites
The Official Website of Joe Cocker

1944 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Colorado
Deaths from lung cancer
English rock singers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Sheffield
Movie works
 1979 - Cocaine Cowboys
 1980 - Blank Generation
 1989 - Drugstore Cowboy score
 1989 - Pet Sematary score
 1991 - Grand Isle
 1992 - Fools Fire (TV) - directed by Julie Taymor
 1992 - Alien³ score
 1993 - Demolition Man score
 1993 - Golden Gate score
 1994 - Interview with the Vampire score
 1994 - Roswell (TV)
 1994 - Cobb score
 1995 - Batman Forever score
 1995 - Heat score
 1996 - Michael Collins score
 1996 - A Time to Kill score
 1997 - The Butcher Boy score
 1997 - Batman & Robin (score not commercially released)
 1998 - In Dreams score
 1998 - Sphere score
 1999 - Titus score - movie directed by Julie Taymor
 2001 - Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within score
 2002 - Frida score - movie directed by Julie Taymor
 2002 - The Good Thief score
 2003 - S.W.A.T. score
 2007 - Across the Universe soundtracks - movie directed by Julie Taymor
Concert Music Works
 1980 - Brass Quintet No. 1, Brass Quintet No. 2 (No. 2 has been recorded recently by Extension Ensemble, New York)
 1988 - Pastime Variations
 1990 - Shadow Play Scherzo
 1996 - Fire Water Paper: A Vietnam Oratorio (recorded in 1995, featuring Yo Yo Ma)
Theatre Works
 Play "The King Stag" (1984 production of Carlo Gozzi's play by Andrei Serban)
 Musical "Liberty's Taken" (an original 1985 musical co-created with David Suehsdorf and Julie Taymor)
 Musical "The Transposed Heads" (adapted in 1986 by Sidney Goldfarb and Julie Taymor from the novel by Thomas Mann)
 Play (Commedia) "The Serpent Woman" (1988 production of Carlo Gozzi's Commedia)
 Musical "Juan Darien: A Carnival Mass" (1988 off-Broadway, reworked and recorded for Broadway in 1996)Co-Bookwriter, lyricist, arranger of the Latin text.
 Ballet "Othello" (a 1998 ballet with choreography by Lar Lubovitch)
 Musical "The Green Bird" (1999 on Broadway production of production of Carlo Gozzi's work)Stage director: Julie Taymor
 Opera "Grendel" (opened 2006 June at Los Angeles Opera; not released on CD yet as of August 2007)Libretto: Julie Taymor and J D. McClatchy, after the novel Grendel by John Gardner, and the poem BeowulfStage director: Julie Taymor

Awards and nominations
Other websites
 Elliot Goldenthal at Variety.com
 
 Elliot Goldenthal at the Internet Broadway Dabatase
 "A Website for the Composer" 
 Elliot Goldenthal at SoundtrackNet
 Elliot Goldenthal at Moviemusicuk.us 
 Elliot Goldenthal at Theoscarsite.com 
 Elliot Goldenthal at the All Music Guide
 An Interview with both Taymor and Goldenthal at their apartment in New York with the New York Times
 An interview with Goldenthal about his 'Titus' and 'Heat' scores et al.
 An interview with him on his score for Frida and other scores.

1954 births
Living people
Goldenthal, Elliot
Academy Award winning composers
Golden Globe Award winning composers
Musicians from New York City
Corte () in is a city (a "commune" in French) in the Haute-Corse département in central area of  Corsica, in France. It is the fourth-largest city in Corsica (after Ajaccio, Bastia, and Porto-Vecchio), with a population of  6,329 inhabitants in 1999. Corte was the capital of the Corsican independent state during the period of Pasquale Paoli.

Geography
 Area: 149.27 km²
 Average altitude: 486 m

Important places in Corte
 The Fortress (A citadella)
 The Museum of Corsica (Museu di a Corsica),

Roads
Corte is connected to Ajaccio, Bastia and Calvi by the Corsican railway.

University
Corte has become a major University town in Corsica since the Pasquale Paoli University opened  1980.

Famous people born in Corte
 Joseph Bonaparte (1768-1844), the eldest brother of the French Emperor Napoleon I.

Other websites
 Official website 
 Tourist office website 
 University of Corsica

Communes in Haute-Corse
Subprefectures in France
Sartène (), is a town (a "commune" in French) of Southern Corsica, in the Corse-du-Sud département, in France. The city is famous since medieval times for granite buildings in 16th century. One of the main incidents in the town's history was an attack by pirates from Algiers in 1583, after which 400 people were taken away. These attacks continued into the 18th century. 

The town is centered around the Place de la Libération (previously the Place Porta), at the edge of which is the church of Sainte Marie. The town allows good views across the valley. Sartene wine is well known amongst wine buffs as being a good drop.

Sartene has given its name to one of the southern-Corsican dialects that are most like the Sardinian language.

Climate 
The highest temperature ever recorded in Sartène was  on 23 July 2009.

Important places 
 Church of Sainte Marie

Other websites 
A page on the history of the town

Communes in Corse-du-Sud
Subprefectures in France
Saint-Florent () is a commune in Haute-Corse, Corsica, France. It is a fishing port located near the gulf of the same name (Saint-Florent Gulf).

Today, it is a popular summer vacation spot for many tourists for one of the most beautiful beaches on the Mediterranean coast, Saleccia.

Climate

Saint-Florent has a typically Mediterranean climate - mild winters with temperatures rarely under zero, warm, dry summers with temperatures at around 35°C in July and August.

History

Saint-Florent was created by the Genoese in the 16th century as a base for to fight the Corsican patriots in their villages. The colonial state and imperialist France later used it for getting troops of mercenaries and colonists during August 1764. After the defeat at Ponte Novu Bridge, the army of Pasquale Paoli, helped by Horatio Nelson, reconquered Saint-Florent in 1793 during the brief Anglo-Corsican rule.

Important places
The Genoise citadel constructed in 1440.

Gallery
View of Saint-Florent
Other websites
 Picture of Saint-Florent Cathedral 

Communes in Haute-Corse
Calvi is a small town and commune of the Haute-Corse, in France. It is on the northwest coast of the island of Corsica, 95 km from Bastia and 24 km from L'Île-Rousse. The town has 5,177 people (1999), and is the fifth-largest commune in Corsica. There is a legend that Christopher Columbus was from Calvi, which at the time was part of the Genoese empire. The 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment of the French Foreign Legion is based in Calvi.

The economy of Calvi is mainly based on tourism, which started in 1950.

Airports
 The Ste-Catherine International Airport of Calvi.

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 Calvi travel information at Wikivoyage

Gallery

Communes in Haute-Corse
Subprefectures in France
L'Île-Rousse () is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of Corsica, France. It has a permanent population of around 2,500. It was founded in 1758 by Pasquale Paoli to create a port that would not be in the hands of the Genoese like Calvi.

Famous people born in the city 
 Pascal Paoli

Other websites 
 Map of L'Île-Rousse on Mapquest

In French:
 L'Île-Rousse on the site of the Institut Géographique National 
 L'Île-Rousse on the site of INSEE 

Communes in Haute-Corse
1758 establishments
1750s establishments in Europe
18th-century establishments in France
The term carbon footprint is how much carbon goes into the air because of something done by people or that is not done by nature. Doing something that burns fuel will make carbon dioxide gas (CO2).  It is the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide.  Just as walking on the sand leaves a footprint, burning fuel leaves carbon dioxide in the air, which is called a carbon footprint.  Total carbon footprint/emission would include energy emissions from human activities - that is, from heat, light, power, and refrigeration and all transport related emissions from cars, freight, and distribution.
Where it comes from 
Oil, gas, and coal are called "fossil fuels" because they come from fossils of ancient plants and animals.  Those plants and animals had carbon in them.  When we burn oil, gas, and coal, the carbon becomes carbon dioxide and goes into the air.  This makes the greenhouse effect, which means that the carbon dioxide makes the earth warmer, like a greenhouse. A carbon footprint is the carbon dioxide that is put into the air because of a person, a group of people, an event, or a product.
Remedies 
The most common way to reduce the carbon footprint of humans is to Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse. Another easy option is to drive less. By walking or biking to the destination rather than driving, not only is a person going to save money on gas, but they will be burning less fuel and releasing fewer emissions into the atmosphere. However, if walking is not an option, one can look into carpooling to use public transportation options in their area.
Yet another option for reducing the carbon footprint of humans is to use less air conditioning and heating in the home. By adding insulation to the walls and attic of one's home, and installing weather stripping or caulking around doors and windows, one can lower their heating costs more than 25 percent.
The Louisiana Purchase was a land purchase made by President Thomas Jefferson in 1803.  He bought the Louisiana territory from France, which was being led by Napoleon Bonaparte at the time, for 15,000,000 USD (about $320,000,000 in 2020 dollars).  First, the men sent to France were allowed to spend up to 10 million USD in order to buy New Orleans and, if possible, the west bank of the Mississippi River.  But then the French government said that for 5 million more dollars they would sell all of the Louisiana territory.  Thomas Jefferson approved the deal and used his constitutional power to sign treaties to buy the land. Nowhere in the constitution does it say the president has the power to buy land from other countries, so he bought it with his power to make treaties.
Napoleon Bonaparte sold the land because he needed money for the Great French War. The British had re-entered the war and France was losing the Haitian Revolution and could not defend Louisiana.  Thomas Jefferson took the French offer as an opportunity to make America larger, even if it meant going against his Republican principles of small government (some would say he exceeded his constitutional power by accepting the deal on his own).

 
The purchase added 828,394 square miles and doubled the size of the U.S.. This included all of the states of Oklahoma, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, and part of the states of Louisiana, Texas, Minnesota, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota. It also included a small piece of land that is now part of Canada.
The Louisiana Purchase gave the U.S. control of the Mississippi River and the port city of New Orleans, both of which were used by farmers to ship their crops and get paid. It also ensured that France and other European countries would not try to take the land. France only controlled small bits of the territory.  Because of that, the United States had to make other agreements with and payments to other governments and groups.  The total amount paid for the Louisiana Purchase and all of these other agreements was about 2.6 billion USD.

The Lewis and Clark expedition explored the Louisiana Purchase and the Oregon Territory. They started from St. Louis. Their route traced the Missouri River.

References

Other websites
 Lewis and Clark website
 Article on the Louisiana Purchase
 Article about the history and the purchase of the Louisiana territory 
 Louisiana Purchase -Citizendium

1803 in the United States
Thomas Jefferson
Mattimeo is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1989. It is the third book in the Redwall series.  It was also translated into six different languages.

1989 books
Redwall
Mariel of Redwall is a fantasy book, written by Brian Jacques in 1991.  It is the fourth book in the Redwall series. Mariel of Redwall has also been translated to seven different languages.

Redwall
1991 books
Salamandastron is a fantasy book, written by Brian Jacques in 1992.  It is the fifth book in the Redwall series, and has been translated into four different languages.

Plot introduction
Salamandastron, the mountain ruled by Badger Lord Urthstripe the Strong, and guarded by forty hares of the Long Patrol, is under siege by the weasel Ferahgo the Assassin, his son Klitch, and his vermin army of "Corpsemakers". Meanwhile, two stoats at Redwall Abbey accidentally kill a Brother of Redwall and then run away with the sword of Martin the Warrior. Mara (Urthstripe's adopted daughter) and Pikkle Ffolger, her trusted hare friend, are fooled by Klitch and his lackey, and Mara and Pikkle leave Salamandastron. Meanwhile, the deadly Dryditch Fever breaks out in Redwall...

Redwall
1992 books
Martin the Warrior is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1993.  It is the sixth book in the Redwall series, and has been translated into nine different languages.

Redwall
1993 books
Zionism is a nationalist movement that advocates for the creation and support of a homeland for the Jewish people in the Land of Israel. 

The modern movement started in the late 19th century in Europe, as a reaction to increasing antisemitism and to ideas of assimilation. Zionism has had many different varieties that all shared the goal of creating a homeland for the Jewish People. The dominant variety at first was political Zionism, led by Theodor Herzl, but it later lost ground to the socialist Labor Zionism. 

In 1948, Zionism resulted in the creation of the state of Israel.

History
Herzl and Political Zionism
The word "Zionism" was first used in 1890. It comes from Zion, meaning Jerusalem, though it can also symbolically mean the Land of Israel as a whole. Jewish people at the time lived as minority groups among other nations all across the world, in what was called the diaspora. In the early 19th century, assimilation and legal emancipation were popular ideas among Jews in western Europe. However, in the late 19th century anti-Semitism became a bigger threat, with the 1881 Russian pogroms and the Dreyfus affair in France. This caused some Jewish thinkers to lose faith in the idea of ever being accepted in gentile societies. One of these thinkers was Theodor Herzl, who is often considered the father of modern Political Zionism. In his book, the Jewish State, Herzl writes that the distinct status of Jews neither can, nor should, be changed. Instead he believed that antisemitism could be stopped by making the Jewish people a nation like any other, through giving them their own land
. At the time there were multiple territories up for consideration, the most important being Argentina and Palestine. Herzl argues in favor of Palestine, thinking it would attract more people because of its status as the historic homeland of the Jews. Political Zionism was a secular movement and it was out of pragmatic considerations, rather than religious beliefs, that Palestine was chosen. In 1897 Herzl led the First Zionist Congress. There the Basel Program was adopted, espousing political Zionism and a Jewish homeland in the Land of Israel. The World Zionist Organization was created at the congress to support this goal. There were many more congresses after this, and at the fifth Zionist Congress in 1901 the Jewish National Fund was established with the goal of purchasing land in Palestine.
Political Zionism wanted to work with the established powers to get a publicly recognized and legally assured homeland. Palestine at the time was under the control of the Ottoman Empire, but Herzl's attempts to get support from the Ottomans failed, and he had to appeal to the imperial powers of Europe. Herzl negotiated with British and Russian officials to use their influence to get official support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, but this failed as well. In 1903 the British offered Herzl a Jewish homeland in Uganda instead, but this was eventually rejected by the Zionist congress. Only during World War I did the Zionist movement get the great power support they had been seeking. In 1917 the British signed the Balfour Declaration, wherein they declared that they "favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people". Part of the British motivation in signing was getting support of Jews in Russia and the U.S.A. for the allied cause
. After the war, the British Empire took control of Palestine and administered it as their own colony, the Mandate of Palestine. During this time the cooperation between the Zionist movement and the British continued, though there were still tensions. The alliance would fall apart just before World War II.
Labor Zionism in Ottoman and British Palestine
Organized Jewish migration into Palestine began after the pogroms of 1881 with the Hibbat Zion movement. However, even when they later joined forces with the Zionist congress it remained a small movement, as most Jewish migrants went to the United States. Only 3% of the Jews fleeing eastern Europe between 1881 and World War I went to Palestine. In the first wave of migration, known as the first Aliyah, the Jewish immigrants established agricultural colonies called moshavot. These settlements were poor, and so the immigrants turned to outside sponsors for help, who funded the development of other systems. The farms were turned into wine and citrus plantations based on the model of French Algeria, where they employed mostly cheaper Palestinian labor. Jewish workers had to compete with Palestinian workers, which lowered their wages. The immigrants of the second Aliyah of 1905 included many socialists
. They thought that they needed higher wages for the Jewish workers in order to attract immigrants for the Zionist project. They wanted a "conquest of labor", fighting the landowners for better working conditions, but also trying to exclude Arab workers from these jobs to give them to Jewish workers.
Current views 
Some Zionists believe that Israel should control the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Other Zionists support a Two-state solution in which Israel and Palestine are separate countries. The entire region is the subject of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

Out of the conflict and segregation in Palestine, African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights of African Union condemns Zionism as human rights violation, as well as apartheid and colonialism.

Related pages 
 Kibbutz
 Religious Zionism

References
The Bellmaker is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1994. It is the seventh book in the Redwall series.  The Bellmaker has been translated into six different languages, including Finnish, French, German, Italian, Swedish, and Russian.

Redwall
1994 books
Outcast of Redwall is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1995. It is the eighth book in the Redwall series.  Outcast of Redwall has been translated into six different languages, including Finnish, French, German, Italian, Swedish, and Russian.

Redwall
1995 books
The Pearls of Lutra is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1996. It is the ninth book in the Redwall series.  The American edition of the novel was titled  Pearls of Lutra.  The Pearls of Lutra has been translated into six different languages, including Finnish, French, German, Italian, Swedish, and Russian.

Redwall
1996 books
The Long Patrol is a children's fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1997. It is the tenth book in the Redwall series.  The Long Patrol has been translated into four different languages including Finnish, French, Italian, and Swedish.

Plot summary
A young hare named Tammo wants to join the Long Patrol, the army of fighting hares that serves the Ruler of the mountain Salamandastron. But meanwhile Damug Warfang the rat and his evil army of cruel Rapscallions are coming. 

Redwall
1997 books
Shinshushinmachi is a town in Nagano Prefecture, Japan.  It is south of Nagano city.  It is famous for mutton, beautiful fireworks on August 15th, wasabi, soba, canoe polo, the Sai River, apples, and the fossil museum.

Towns in Japan
Settlements in Nagano Prefecture
Félix Rubén García Sarmiento (January 18, 1867 – February 6, 1916) was a Nicaraguan journalist, diplomat, and poet who wrote under the pseudonym of Rubén Darío and is also known as The Father of Modernism.

Quotations 
 "My pick is working deep in the soil of this unknown America, turning out gold and opals and precious stones, an altar, a broken statue. And the Muse divines the meaning of the hieroglyphics. The strange life of a vanished people emerges from the mist of time." — Rubén Darío
 "Si la patria es pequeña, uno grande la sueña."
 "If the homeland is small, one dreams it large."

Further reading
Further reading 

English:
Poet-errant: a biography of Rubén Darío / Charles Dunton Watland., 1965
Ruben Dario centennial studies / Miguel Gonzalez-Gerth., 1970
Critical approaches to Rubén Darío / Keith Ellis., 1974
Rubén Darío and the romantic search for unity / Cathy Login Jrade., 1983
Beyond the glitter: the language of gems in modernista writers / Rosemary C LoDato., 1999
An art alienated from itself: studies in Spanish American modernism / Priscilla Pearsall., 1984
Modernism, Rubén Darío, and the poetics of despair / Alberto Acereda., 2004
Darío, Borges, Neruda and the ancient quarrel between poets and philosophers / Jason Wilson., 2000
The meaning and function of music in Ruben Dario a comparative approach / Raymond Skyrme., 1969
Spanish:
Miradas críticas sobre Rubén Darío / Nicasio Urbina., 2005
La poesía de Rubén Darío : ensayo sobre el tema y los temas del poeta / Pedro Salinas., 2005
Luis Cernuda y Rubén Darío : modernismo e ironía / James Valender., 2004
Rubén Darío / Julio Ortega., 2003
Rubén Darío visto por Juan de Dios Vanegas / Juan de Dios Vanegas., 2003
Rubén Darío, puente hacia el siglo XXI y otros escritos / Carlos Tünnermann Bernheim., 2003
Rubén Darío y su vigencia en el siglo XXI / Jorge Eduardo Arellano., 2003
Rubén Darío / Blas Matamoro., 2002
Paralelismo entre Rubén Darío y Salomón de la Selva / Nicolás Navas., 2002
Bases para una interpretación de Rubén Darío / Mario Vargas Llosa., 2001
La angustia existencial en la poesía de Rubén Darío / Roque Ochoa Hidalgo., 2001
Rubén Darío, addenda / José María Martínez Domingo., 2000
Aproximación a Rubén Darío / Teodosio Muñoz Molina., 2000

Primary Texts:
Rubén Darío's Emelina: novella
Rubén Darío's Sus Mejores Poemas

References
Orringer, Nelson R. (2002) "Introduction to Hispanic Modernisms", Bulletin of Spanish Studies LXXIX: 133-148.
 Ramos, Julio (2001) Divergent Modernities: Culture and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Latin America trans. John D. Blanco, Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 
 Mapes, Edwin K. (1925) L'influence française dans l'oeuvre of Rubén Darío Paris, republished in 1966 by Comisión Nacional para la Celebración del Centenario del Nacimiento de Rubén Darío, Managua, Nicaragua OCLC 54179225
 Rivera-Rodas, Oscar (1989) "El discurso modernista y la dialéctica del erotismo y la castidad" Revista Iberoamericana 146-147: 45-62
 Rivera-Rodas, Oscar (2000) "'La crisis referencial' y la modernidad hispanoamericana" Hispania 83(4): 779-90
 Schulman, Iván A. (1969) "Reflexiones en torno a la definición del modernismo" In Schulman, Iván A. and Gonzalez, Manuel Pedro  (1969) Martí, Darío y el modernismo Editorial Gredos, Madrid, OCLC 304168
Ward, Thomas (1989) "El pensamiento religioso de Rubén Darío: Un estudio de Prosas profanas y Cantos de vida y esperanza" Revista Iberoamericana 55: 363-375.
 Ward, Thomas (2002) "Los posibles caminos de Nietzsche en el modernismo"  Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 50(2): 489-515.
1867 births
1916 deaths
Nicaraguan writers
Pen names
Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez, also known as Gabo (March 6, 1927 – April 17, 2014) was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter, and journalist.

Márquez was concieved in a small town in Colombia, Aracataca. He originally studied to become a journalist. He began writing at the age of eighteen. His first books were based on his life.

He was best known for his novels One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975) and Love in the Time of Cholera (1985). His books were mainly about satire, solitude, magic realism, realism, and violence.

He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in December 1982. The reason was "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts".

Márquez wrote his last book in 2004. He retired in May 2008 because of his age and health.
Since 2012, Márquez was sick with Alzheimer's disease. He lived with his wife, Mercedes Barcha in Mexico City. Márquez died in Mexico City from pneumonia. He was 87 years old.

Early life 

Márquez was born in Aracataca, Colombia. His parents were Gabriel Eligio García and Luisa Santiaga Márquez. His father was a pharmacist. His mother left him at a young age and he was raised by his grandparents and father. He studied at the University of Cartagena.

Career 
He started as a journalist, and wrote many famous non-fiction works and short stories. Márquez began writing at the age of eighteen. He began writing about living in an old house with grandparents.

He is best known for his novels, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975), Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1981) and Love in the Time of Cholera (1985).

Most of his books are based or set in his birth_place, Aracataca. He mostly wrote books about realism or magical realism. His motifs included solitude and violence.
Nobel Prize 

In 1982, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts". When he was accepting the award, Márquez gave a speech called "The Solitude of Latin America".

Recent Work 
In 2002, he published the memoir Vivir para contarla; the first of a projected three-volume autobiography. In 2004, he published another book named Memories of My Melancholy Whores. It caused many problems and controversies in Iran. This book is banned in Iran.

Movies 
Several of his stories have inspired other writers and directors. In 1987, the Italian director Francesco Rosi directed the movie Cronaca di una morte annunciata, based on Chronicle of a Death Foretold, written by Márquez.
A number of movies have been made of García Márquez's work. He also wrote some scripts for movies. He often worked with Carlos Fuentes for writing scripts. His famous book, Love in the Time of Cholera was also made into a movie in 2007.

Personal life 

Márquez met his wife, Mercedes Barcha, when they were in college. They wanted to get married when they both finished college but Márquez was sent to Europe. When he returned, Márquez married Barcha in 1958.

Márquez had two sons with Barcha. His first son, Rodrigo García, was born in 1959, one year after Márquez and Barcha were married. His second son, Gonzalo, was born in 1962 in Mexico. Rodrigo is a movie director and Gonzalo is a graphic designer.

Márquez and his family traveled by bus to Mexico. They settled in Mexico City. Márquez had always wanted to see the Southern United States because it inspired the writings of William Faulkner.  Márquez lived with his family in Mexico City.
Health 
In 1999, García Márquez was diagnosed with lymphatic cancer. He went through chemotherapy and made a quick recovery. But, Márquez began developing side effects of old age which drove to his retirement in May 2008.

In 2012, Márquez became sick from Alzheimer's disease. On April 3, 2014, Márquez was hospitalized in Mexico. He had infections in his lungs and his urinary tract and was suffering from dehydration. Márquez later had pneumonia.

Death 
Márquez died of pneumonia at age 87 in Mexico City, Mexico. His remains were cremated the next day.

Literary Work

Novels 
 Leaf Storm (1958)
 No one writes to the Colonel (1961)
 In Evil Hour (1962)
 One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967)

 The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975)
 Chronicle of a Death Foretold (1981)
 Love in the Time of Cholera (1985)
 The General in His Labyrinth (1989)
 Of Love and Other Demons (1994)
 Memories of My Melancholy Whores (2004)
Short Story Collections 
 Big Mama's Funeral (1962)
 Innocent Eréndira (1972)
 Eyes of a Blue Dog (1974)
 Strange Pilgrims (1992)

Non-fiction 
 The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (1970)
 Clandestine in Chile (1986)
 News of a Kidnapping (1996)
 Living to Tell the Tale (2002)

References

Further reading

Other websites 

 
 Garcia Marquez at The Modern Word 

1927 births
2014 deaths
Autobiographers
Magdalena Department
 
Colombian journalists
People with Alzheimer's disease
Screenwriters
Short story writers
Come On Over is the first album released by Plain White T's.

Track listing
 "Skinny Dipping"
 "Behind"
 "Kitty Kat Shirt"
 "All Dressed Up"
 "Maybe Another Day"
 "Cinderella Story"
 "I-88"
 "Come On Over"
 "Aud."
 "Round"
 "Show Your Face"
 "Rave"
 "Comin' with the Quickness"
 "Go Back"

Other websites
 Official Website

2000 albums
Debut albums
Plain White T's albums
Pop punk albums
Stop is the second album released by the band Plain White T's. It was the first plain White T's album to be released on Fearless Records. The album was released August 20, 2002.

Track listing

 "Stop"
 "Please Don't Do This"
 "What If?"
 "Fireworks"
 "Leavin'"
 "Shine"
 "Your Fault"
 "Happy Someday"
 "A Lonely September"
 "Can't Turn Away"
 "Penny (Perfect For You)"
 "Radios In Heaven"

2002 albums
Plain White T's albums