Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Tagged Image File Format (also known as TIFF) is a container format for storing images, including photographs and line art. It is now under the control of Adobe. Originally created by the company Aldus for use with what was then called "desktop publishing," TIFF is a popular format for color and black and white images. The TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition and other applications.  Adobe Systems, which acquired Aldus, now holds the copyright to the TIFF specification. TIFF has not had a major update since 1992, though several Aldus/Adobe technical notes have been published with minor extensions to the format, and several specifications, including TIFF/EP, have been based on the TIFF 6.0 specification.

References
Other websites 
 Adobe TIFF Resources page : Adobe links to the specification and main TIFF resources
 LibTIFF Home Page : Widely used library used for reading and writing TIFF files as well as TIFF file processing command line tools
 TIFF File Format FAQ and TIFF Tag Reference: Everything you always wanted to know about the TIFF File Format but were afraid to ask
 The BigTIFF File Format Proposal: Breaking the 4 gigabyte boundary
 TIFF description at Digital Preservation (The Library of Congress)
 TIFF Revision 4.0: Specification for revision 4.0, in HTML (warning: for historical purposes only, the TIFF 6.0 spec contains the full 4.0 revision)
 TIFF Revision 5.0: Specification for revision 5.0, in HTML (warning: for historical purposes only, the TIFF 6.0 spec contains the full 5.0 revision)
TIFF Revision 6.0: Specification for revision 6.0, in PDF (warning: there is an outdated and flawed section (jpeg compression), corrected in supplements, and there are additions to this PDF too – for the full specification, see link to Adobe TIFF Resources)
 TIFF Central  More TIFF links and information.
Computer graphics
Adobe Inc.
The ounce (abbreviated: oz, the old Italian word onza, now spelled oncia) is a unit of mass or of weight in a number of different systems, including various systems of mass that form part of the imperial and United States customary systems. Its size can vary from system to system. The most commonly used ounces used today are the international avoirdupois ounce of about 28.35 grams, and the international troy ounce of about 31.1 grams.

Related pages 
 Fluid ounce

Other websites 
 Dictionary of Units: Ounce 

Imperial units
Units of mass
Units of volume
Camino was a free, open source web browser, that was designed for the Mac OS X operating system.  It was developed by the Camin0 Project, a community organization. It was based on Mozilla's Gecko rendering engine.

Version history

Web browsers
Mozilla
Pixels per inch (PPI) or pixel density is a measurement of the resolution of a computer display, related to the size of the display in inches and the total number of pixels in the horizontal and vertical directions. This measurement is often referred to as dots per inch, though that measurement more accurately refers to the resolution of a computer printer. PPI may also be used to describe the resolution of an image scanner or digital camera; in this context, it is synonymous with samples per inch.

Other websites
 All About Photo Printing - The Differences between DPI and PPI

Display technology
An arm is an upper limb of the body.

Arm (or arms) can also mean:

 Coat of arms
 Armenia, via its country code
 Armenian language, via its language code
 ARM architecture for computers
Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. which can be downloaded free of charge.  It also comes with a Mac computer.  It is based on the WebKit engine, which is a fork of KDE's KHTML engine.

History 
Apple Inc. replaced the previous default web browser, Internet Explorer, with their Safari many years ago. Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple, said that it would be released in Jan 2003. Since then, 15 types of Safari have been made. The newest one was made in Sep 2023 for iOS, iPadOS, and macOS.

Features 
Safari has several features. Some are specific to certain operating systems or platforms.
Here is a list of some of Safari's features:
Email webpage (macOS only)
Save webpage
Topsites (pages most visited)
Support for HTML5
Development features
Extension support
Profiles
Opening webpage with another browser
Changing user agent
Web Inspector
Error console
Disable CSS

Notes

Apple software
Web browsers
Netscape Navigator (or just Netscape) was a closed source web browser between 1994 to 1998. In 1999, they made it open source. It was first released in 1994. It was very popular during the 1990s until Internet Explorer gained more market share due to Microsoft bundling Internet Explorer with Windows 98. Netscape Communications Navigator Version 0.9B (Mosaic Netscape Navigator 0.9b) was released June 13, 1994 (at dejavu.org/1994win.htm).

Other websites 
 browser.netscape.com 
 Netscape Navigator -Citizendium

Web browsers
This is a list of Treehouse of Horror episodes from the animated television series The Simpsons. Treehouse of Horror episodes have aired every year since the second season (1990). Each episode has three separate segments. These segments usually involve the family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting. They always take place outside the normal continuity of the show and are therefore considered to be non-canon.

The first "Treehouse of Horror" episode aired on October 25, 1990 and was inspired by EC Comics Horror tales. Before "Treehouse of Horror XI", which aired in 2000, every episode was aired in the week preceding or on October 31; "Treehouse of Horror II" and "Treehouse of Horror X" are the only episodes to air on Halloween. However, due to Fox's current contract with Major League Baseball's World Series, every episode since has aired in November, with the exception of "Treehouse of Horror XX", which aired on October 18, 2009.
From "Treehouse of Horror" to "Treehouse of Horror XIII", all three segments were written by different writers. In some cases there was a fourth writer that wrote the opening and wraparound segments. For "Treehouse of Horror", there were even three different directors for the episode. However, starting with season fifteen's "Treehouse of Horror XIV", only one writer was credited as having written a Treehouse of Horror episode, and the trend has continued since.

As of 2019 there are 30 Treehouse of Horror episodes, with one airing every year. They are known for being more violent than an average Simpsons episode and contain several different trademarks, including the alien characters Kang and Kodos who have appeared in every episode. Quite often the segments will parody well-known films, books, radio shows, and television shows. The Twilight Zone has been parodied quite often and has been the inspiration for many segments. The 31st season made a Thanksgiving themed episode named "Thanksgiving of Horror".
Episodes 
Key
 In the # column:
 The first number refers to the order it aired during the entire series.
 The second number refers to the episode number within its season: for example, 706 would be the sixth episode of the seventh season.
 The production code refers to the code assigned to the episode by the production team. The first two characters refer to the season the episode was made for. The second season is 7Fxx, the third is 8Fxx and the fourth is 9Fxx. After that, the fifth season started with 1F and continued in order until season nine (which was 5F). Starting with season ten, the production codes started with AABF, with the first letter changing for each season (i.e. BABF, CABF, etc.) The number at the end of the code is the order in which that episode was produced during that production run.

Notes

References

Related pages
 List of The Simpsons episodes
Other websites 
 Official episode guide at the Fox website TheSimpsons.com. Retrieved on November 10, 2007
 Treehouse of Horror I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII
 Episode guide from Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood's book "I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide" on the BBC website. November 10, 2007
 Treehouse of Horror I, II , III, IV , V, VI , VII , VIII , IX 

 
Lists of animated television series episodes
The term English literature means literature written in the English language.

English literature began in Old English with the epic poem Beowulf, which dates from sometime between the 8th to the 11th centuries. It is not written in language people can understand today, but there are several good translations into modern English. It is the most famous work in Old English, despite being set in Scandinavia. The poem is written with no rhymes but with alliteration. The next important landmark is the works of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343–1400), especially The Canterbury Tales. That is in Middle English 1066 to the middle/late 1400s. Chaucer introduced into English poetry rhyme royal that is a seven-line stanza rhymed ababbcc.
Modern English literature began in 16th century. Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey wrote first English sonnets. The last-mentioned invented also blank verse. Edmund Spenser wrote The Faerie Queene, a long epic poem while Philip Sidney wrote a sequence of sonnets Astrophel and Stella.
The next stage is Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, Shakespeare and John Milton, sometimes described as Early Modern English (1470 to 1650).
William Shakespeare is the author of the most famous sentence written in English: To be, or not to be, that is the question:. It is the first line of prince Hamlet's monologue from drama The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark that was published in 1603.
King James Version of Bible was published in 1611. John Bunyan wrote The Pilgrim's Progress which is one of the most popular books ever published.
In 18th century first modern novels were written by Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Laurence Sterne and Horace Walpole.
T.S. Eliot was perhaps the most important poet in 20th century who wrote in English. His best known work is the poem The Waste Land that was published in 1922. Another book by him was The Four Ouarters. The poet himself regarded it as his best work.

Not all English literature was written by writers born in England. Joseph Conrad was Polish, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, Hilaire Belloc was French, Emma Lazarus was Jewish, Salman Rushdie is Indian, V. S. Naipaul is Trinidadian, and Vladimir Nabokov was Russian. The greatest Portuguese poet of 20th century, Fernando Pessoa wrote some poems in English, too. In other words, English literature includes all the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world.

English is a language known by many million people. They can read literary works from any country in English translation.

References
References

Bibliography 
Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, Introduction to the History of English Literature (1863).

Other websites 
 A Website of the Romantic Movement in English Literature 
 Luminarium: Anthology of Middle English Literature (1350-1485)
 Luminarium: 16th Century Renaissance English Literature (1485-1603)
 Luminarium: Seventeenth Century English Literature (1603-1660)
 BritishLit.com
 Norton Anthology of English Literature 
 A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology Ed. José Ángel García Landa, (University of Zaragoza, Spain)
 Groves of Academe A literary theory and criticism discussion board
Georges Auguste Escoffier (28 October 1846 – 12 February 1935) was a French chef, restaurateur and writer who updated traditional French cooking methods and made them more popular. He was important in the development of modern French cuisine.

A lot of Escoffier's ideas and ways of working were based on Antoine Carême's. Careme wrote about French Haute cuisine. Escoffier simplified and modernised Carême's complicated recipes and style.

As well as recording and inventing recipes, Escoffier made cooking a respected profession.

He organised his kitchens into sections run by chefs de partie. He also carried on Careme's habit of service à la russe (serving each dish in the order printed on the menu) instead of service à la française (serving all dishes at once).
Gregor Von Görög, Chef to the Royal family at Buckingham Palace, was quick to assume this form of service, and soon all 'High Society' was adopting 'Russian-style' service.
Early life 
He was born in the village of Villeneuve-Loubet, near Nice. At thirteen he became an apprentice at his uncle's restaurant, Le Restaurant Français, in Nice. In 1865 he moved to Le Petit Moulin Rouge restaurant in Paris. He stayed there until the start of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870, when he became an army chef. His army experience led him to study the ways of canning food.

Some time before 1878 he opened his own restaurant, Le Faisan d'Or (The Golden Pheasant) in Cannes. In 1880 he married Delphine Daffis. In 1884 the couple moved to Monte Carlo, where Escoffier took control of the kitchen at the Grand Hotel.

César Ritz and the London Savoy 
During the summers he ran the kitchen of the Hotel National in Lucerne, where he met César Ritz. At that time the French Riviera was a winter resort.
The two men formed a partnership and in 1890 moved to the Savoy Hotel in London. From the Savoy they started a number of famous hotels, including the Grand Hotel in Rome, and many Ritz Hotels around the world.

At the London Savoy, Escoffier created many famous dishes. For example, in 1893 he invented the Pêche Melba (Peach Melba) in honour of the Australian singer Dame Nellie Melba. Another of his creations was Tournedos Rossini, in honour of the Italian composer Gioacchino Rossini. He left the Savoy Hotel after taking money from food suppliers.

Ritz and Carlton 
In 1898 Escoffier and Ritz opened the Hôtel Ritz in Paris. The Carlton in London followed in 1899, where Escoffier first introduced the practice of the à la carte menu. Ritz had a nervous breakdown in 1901, leaving Escoffier to run the Carlton until 1919, shortly after Ritz's death. For a time one of his pupils was Ho Chi Minh who was training as a pastry chef.
Le Guide Culinaire 
In 1903 Escoffier published his first major book, Le Guide Culinaire. This "Guide to Cooking" had 5,000 recipes. Even today it is used as both a cookbook and textbook for classic cooking.

In 1904 and 1912 Escoffier was hired to plan the kitchens for ships belonging to the steam-ship company Hamburg-Amerika Lines. On the second voyage, Kaiser William II congratulated Escoffier, telling him "I am the Emperor of Germany, but you are the Emperor of chefs."

Legion d'honneur 
In 1919, Escoffier became the first chef to receive the Legion of Honour and in 1928 was made an Officer of the Legion.

Death 
He died at the age of 88 in Monte Carlo a few days after his wife.
Publications 
 Le Traité sur L'art de Travailler les Fleurs en Cire (Treatise on the Art of Working with Wax Flowers) (1886)
 Le Guide Culinaire (The complete guide to the art of modern cookery) (1903)
 Les Fleurs en Cire (new edition, 1910)
 Le Carnet d'Epicure (A gourmet's notebook) (1911)
 Le Livre des Menus (Recipe book) (1912)
 L'Aide-memoire Culinaire (1919)
 Le Riz (Rice) (1927)
 La Morue (Cod) (1929)
 Ma Cuisine (1934)
 2000 French Recipes (1965, Translated to English by Marion Howells) 
 Memories of my life (1996, from his own life souvenirs published by his grandson in 1985 and translated into English by L. Escoffier, his great granddaughter in-law), 
 Les Tresors Culinaires de la France (2002, collected by L. Escoffier from the original Carnet d'Epicure)

References

Books 
 Chastonay, Adalbert. Cesar Ritz: Life and Work (1997) 
 Escoffier, Georges-Auguste. Memories of My Life (1997) 
 Shaw, Timothy. The World of Escoffier. (1994)
Other websites 
 Fondation Auguste Escoffier  (French and English)
 Escoffier Society
 Escoffier Biography from the World Culinary Institute 
 The Escoffier Room  at the Culinary Institute of America
 Culinary History- Auguste Escoffier at the Chef's Toque Culinaire

1846 births
1935 deaths
French chefs
Legion of Honour
Restaurateurs
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
People from Alpes-Maritimes‎
29 Amphitrite is one of the biggest S-type asteroids, probably third in diameter after Eunomia and Juno, although Iris and Herculina are similar in size.

It is probably not a fully solid body, since its density is too low for a solid silicate object and much lower than Eunomia or Juno. Its orbit is less eccentric and inclined than those of its bigger cousins - being indeed the most circular of any asteroid found up to that point - and as a consequence it never becomes as bright as Iris or Hebe, especially as it is much farther from the Sun than those asteroids. It can reach magnitudes of around +8.6 at a favorable opposition, but more usually is around the binocular limit of +9.5.

Amphitrite was found by Albert Marth on March 1, 1854. It was the only asteroid he found. It is named after Amphitrite, a sea goddess in Greek mythology.

A moon is suspected based on the lightcurve data.

References

Other websites 
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

Asteroids
31 Euphrosyne is one of the biggest main belt asteroids, found by James Ferguson on September 1, 1854. It was the first asteroid found from North America. It is named after Euphrosyne, one of the Charites in Greek mythology.

It is the eighth biggest main belt asteroid and contains around 1% of the mass of the entire asteroid belt, but is a very dark body near the belt's farther edge. Because of that, Euphrosyne is never visible with binoculars, having a maximum magnitude at the best possible opposition of around +10.2, which is actually fainter than any of the thirty asteroids previously found.
It has not been studied a lot despite being one of the biggest asteroids. It is a normal C-type asteroid with a primitive surface. Its orbit, however, is quite unusual. It's orbit is similar to that of 2 Pallas in its high inclination and eccentricity. Whereas Pallas and Eris - the only bigger bodies with comparably tilted orbits - have nodes near perihelion and aphelion, Euphrosyne's perihelion lies at the northernmost point of its orbit. During a rare perihelic opposition Euphrosyne is very high in the sky from northern latitudes, but invisible from such countries as New Zealand and Chile.

Its apparently low density suggests that, unlike 10 Hygiea, 704 Interamnia and 52 Europa, Euphrosyne is a loosely-packed rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken apart by a collision with all the pieces pulled together by gravity). Its rotation period is very common for big asteroids, but nothing is known of its axial tilt.

References 

 Orbital simulation

Asteroids
Chemistry is a Japanese band. This group is made up of two members: Douchin and Kawabata.They were the winners of the Asayan audition (similar to the American Idol series) in 2000 organized by Sony Music Entertainment Japan. It was formed in 2001. The first single is "PIECES OF A DREAM".

Members
 Yoshiyuki Dochin (1978.11.17)
 Kaname Kawabata (1979.1.28)

Discography

Albums

Singles

Videos 
2002-04-10 R.A.W. ~Respect and Wisdom- Chemistry Acoustic Live (in DVD and VHS)
2003-02-14 Chemistry the Videos: 2001-2002 ~What You See is What You Get~ (in DVD and VHS)
2003-09-10 Two as We Stand ~Live and Documentary 2002-2003~ (in DVD and VHS)
2005-01-26 Chemistry in Suntory Hall ~Hibiki~ (in DVD and Universal Media Disc|UMD)
2006-08-09 Chemistry the Videos: 2003-2006 ~We Sing, Therefore We Are~ (in DVD and VHS)
2006-11-22 Chemistry 2006 Tour Fo(u)r (Blu-ray Disc)

References
References

Other websites
 Chemistry website on Sony Music Online Japan
 Chemistry Official Website
 Chemistry Club 
 Kaname Kawabata Official Website
 Yoshikuni Dohchin Official Website

J-pop bands
R&B bands
Musical groups established in 2001
Japanese pop music groups
MISIA (born July 7, 1978 in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Kyūshū, Japan) is a Japanese singer who is most popular in Japan. One of her most famous songs is called "Everything". She served as an honorary ambassador on the 10th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP10) and the TICAD V (5th Conference on African Development) .

Other websites 
 Rhythmedia Misia Web Official site (in Japanese)
 Rhythmedia  Official site (in Japanese)
 Rhythmedia Tribe  Label Site (in Japanese)
 Wiki.theppn page on Misia 

1978 births
Living people
Singers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Pikaia is an extinct genus of prehistoric lancelet. It is regarded as the earliest known primitive chordate from the Middle Cambrian fossil found near Mount Pika in the Burgess Shale of British Columbia. It was discovered by Charles Walcott in 1911. Walcott classified it as a polychaete worm.
It was about 40 mm in length and swam above the sea-floor. Pikaia may have filtered particles from the water as it swam along. Only 60 specimens have been found to date.

Fossils
Opabinia is a fossil animal found in Cambrian fossil deposits. Its sole species, Opabinia regalis, is known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. The discoverer of Opabinia, Charles Doolittle Walcott, named it after a local mountain, Opabin Peak in the Canadian Rockies.
Thirty specimens of Opabinia are known and each ranges in size from 40 to 70 mm. The most intriguing feature of Opabinia are its five eyes found on the dorsal surface of the head. These eyes were used to search for food. Because of its flexible body it is not known whether Opabinia was pelagic or benthic.
References 
 Bergström, J. (1986). Opabinia and Anomalocaris, unique Cambrian arthropods. Lethaia 19, 241–246.
 Bergström, J. (1987). The Cambrian Opabinia and Anomalocaris. Lethaia 20, 187–188.
 Briggs, D. E. G. & Whittington, H. B. (1987). The affinities of the Cambrian animals Anomalocaris and Opabinia. Lethaia 20, 185–186.
 Budd, G. E. (1996). The morphology of Opabinia regalis and the reconstruction of the arthropod stem-group. Lethaia 29, 1–14.
 Whittington, H. B. (1975). The enigmatic animal Opabinia regalis, Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale, British Columbia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 271, 1–43.
 Zhang, X. & Briggs, D. E. G. (2007). The nature and significance of the appendages of Opabinia from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. Lethaia 40, 161–173.

Fossils
Cambrian
Arthropods
Extinct species
Wiwaxia corrugata is an extinct species of animal known only from fossils found in Canada's Burgess Shale deposits. 

Wiwaxia somewhat resembles a very small porcupine (about 30 mm in diameter) with its quills pulled out. The body is covered by both spines and scales. The spines are believed to have been used for defence purposes. Wiwaxia probably grazed or scavenged by walking or crawling along the sediment. One hundred and forty specimens are known from the Burgess Shale. Similar scales and spines have turned up in similarly aged sediments from elsewhere around the world suggesting that Wiwaxia was widespread during the Cambrian.

Fossils
The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Palaeozoic era and the Phanerozoic eon. It lasted from 541 million years ago to 485.4 million years ago. Before it came the Ediacaran, and after it the Ordovician.

Biologists have learnt quite a lot about the soft parts of Cambrian animals. This is because places have been found where soft parts of organisms are preserved as well as their more resistant shells. This means our understanding of the Cambrian biota is better than that of some later periods.
Life on Earth changed greatly during the Cambrian period. Before the Cambrian, life was mostly small and simple. Complex organisms (metazoa) evolved during the Proterozoic era. But during the Cambrian period, some organisms used carbonate minerals for shells, so they had hard parts which could become fossils. There were many different kinds of life during the Cambrian period. This increase in the diversity of lifeforms was relatively rapid, and is called the Cambrian explosion. This adaptive radiation produced the first members of the main groups of animals, called phyla.

Almost all of this new life was in the oceans. There was little life on land except a layer of microbes. There were shallow seas near several continents, because a supercontinent called Pannotia had broken into smaller pieces. The seas were warm, and there was no ice at the North and South Pole. Many animals with hard shells appeared for the first time during the beginning of the Cambrian.
Change in the sea floor 
At the start of the Cambrian, the earlier animals (the Ediacaran biota) may have become extinct. It seems these older life forms were affected by new types which burrowed into the sea floor. This changed the conditions of life for the older types. The burrowing must have disturbed the mat of bacteria and algae which covered the sea-floor. About this time we find the first examples of many phyla. There are also some fossil traces on what was land at the time, so perhaps a few Cambrian organisms did leave the water.

Fossils
Fossils 

Fossils from the Cambrian period sometimes show what the soft parts were like, unlike most fossils where the soft parts disappear. Fossils from the Burgess Shale in Ontario, Canada are examples of fossils with soft parts. Here are some life forms that first appeared in the Cambrian period, with the oldest ones first:
 First Cnidaria, and probable annelids, about 580 million years ago, in the Ediacaran period.
 Small shelly fossils (SSF), including first molluscs and brachiopods, about 537 million years ago.
 First trilobites, about 526 million years ago.
 First echinoderms, about 522 million years ago.
 First crustaceans, about 510 million years ago.

It is not always clear which phylum a fossil should be put into. So there are some fossils which are still being discussed, years after they were discovered.

References
A conjecture is an idea in mathematics that appears likely to be true but that has not been proven to be true.

After a conjecture is proven to be true, it becomes a theorem.

Famous conjectures
Until recently, one of the most famous conjectures was Fermat's Last Theorem. The name was incorrect, because although Fermat said he had a proof for it, none could be found in his notes. In 1992, British mathematician Andrew Wiles found a proof for it, making it a theorem and not a conjecture.

Other famous conjectures include:

 There are no odd perfect numbers
 Goldbach's conjecture
 The twin prime conjecture
 The Collatz conjecture
 The Riemann hypothesis
 P versus NP
 The Poincaré conjecture (proven by Grigori Perelman)

Undecidable conjectures
Not every conjecture can be proven true or false. The continuum hypothesis, which describes the size of certain infinite sets, is an example. It was shown to be independent of the generally accepted axioms of set theory, which means that it cannot be proven true or false using those axioms. It is therefore possible to take this statement, or its negation, as a new axiom in a consistent manner (much as we can take Euclid's parallel postulate as either true or false).

In this case, if a proof uses this statement, researchers will often look for a new proof that does not require the hypothesis The one major exception to this in practice is the axiom of choice -- unless studying this axiom in particular, the majority of researchers do not usually worry whether a result requires the axiom of choice.
The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is a passenger aircraft made by Boeing. Its first flight took place on 15 December 2009. It was planned to be released earlier, but the first passenger flight of the airplane was in October 2011. Because of delays some airlines got their aircraft more than two years late.

The aircraft has had some problems.  On January 16, 2013, the FAA said that no 787s were allowed to fly in the U.S. due to batteries catching fire. Several other countries also banned the 787 from flying in their country. The problem was fixed and the airplanes returned to flight in April.
History 
In the late 1990s Boeing wanted to make a plane called the Sonic Cruiser, which would go very fast. According to Boeing, the 787 consumes 20% less fuel than the similarly-sized 767. But after the September 11, 2001 attacks fuel prices went up, so airlines wanted more efficient planes rather than faster ones. Boeing cancelled the Sonic Cruiser and replaced it in January 2003 with the "7E7," which was the code name for the 787 at the time. In July 2003, Boeing decided to call the new plane the "Dreamliner."

On April 26, 2004, Japanese airline All Nippon Airways became the launch customer for the 7E7, and they expected to have the plane delivered in 2008. In 2005 it was renamed the 787.
The 787 was designed to be much more efficient. It did this by using composite to build most of the plane instead of aluminum, which made the plane lighter. It also used two new engine types, the General Electric GEnx and the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000. According to Boeing this made the 787 20% more efficient than the 767.

In December 2006 Boeing said that the 787 was heavier than they expected, so the plane was delayed. Also, Boeing had tried to shorten the time to make the plane by asking parts suppliers to assemble parts of the plane. These parts manufacturers were not used to the extra work though, and this delayed the 787 even more.
Boeing started to test the 787 on the ground. They found more problems and the plane was delayed even more. Finally on December 15, 2009 the 787 went on its first flight. Boeing began testing the plane in the air. There were more problems, like a failure of one of the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engines, and an in flight fire, which delayed the plane even more. Some airlines wanted to be paid back for all the delays. Finally in July 2011, Boeing delivered their first 787 to ANA.

Features 
The Boeing 787 has a common type rating as the Boeing 777, which means that a pilot who trains in one of the planes can easily switch to the other with very little additional training.

One of the most interesting features of the 787 is the sawtooth pattern at the back of the engine. According to Boeing this makes the plane quieter for people on the plane and on the ground. The engines also have sound absorbing material at the front of the engine to make the plane even quieter.
The fact that the plane is made of composites instead of aluminum makes the passengers more comfortable. Most passenger planes fly so high that they need to pump air into the cabin so the passengers can breathe. Most planes pump in enough air so that the passengers feel like they are at about 8000 feet (2400 meters). But since the 787 uses composites, which are stronger than aluminum, the plane can pump in more air so the passengers feel like they are at about 6000 feet (1800 meters). The composite is also less vulnerable to corrosion, so the plane can have a higher humidity than most other planes. Boeing says that these improvements will make passengers feel better after a long flight.

Variants 
Boeing makes 3 variants of the Dreamliner: the 787-8, the 787-9, and the 787-10. The 787-10 is in testing. They were also going to make the 787-3, but it was later cancelled due to low airline demand.
787-8 
The -8 is the shortest 787 variant, flying 210 people about 15200 km. It started flying in 2011. The -8 will replace the Boeing 767-200ER and Boeing 767-300ER aircraft. It is meant for very long trips with fewer passengers, where a bigger plane will not make enough money for the airline.

787-9 
The -9 is a larger 787 and has a range of about 15750 km.  It can fly about 270 people and started production in 2014.  It can carry more weight than the -8, and is longer than the -8.  It competes against the Airbus A330-300 and  A330-200 aircraft. It will replace the Boeing 767-400ER.

787-10 
The -10 is larger than both the 787-8 and the 787-9. It will carry about 300 people, but to do that it will have less range. It will compete with the Airbus A350, and it will also replace the Boeing 777-200ER aircraft.
787-3 (Cancelled) 
The -3 was going to be the smallest and would have the shortest range at about 5000 km, and would fly about 290 people. It would have replace the Boeing 747-400D (the D stands for domestic, which means flights that take-off and land in the same country) that was used by two Japanese airlines. At first these Japanese airlines had ordered the 787-3, but since the plane was late the airlines cancelled their orders. This made Boeing scrap the 787-3.

References 

787
Buddha Akshobhya is one of the five Dhyani buddhas. In Chinese, he is called Ah-Chu-For. In Japanese, he is called Ashuku Nyoral and In Tibetan, he is called Mi Kyu Pa, or Sang Gye.

According to the scripture, Akobhyavyha Sutra, it is written that a monk wished to practice the Dharma and made a vow- not to feel angry or disgust at another being and he will manage anger appropriately. When he succeeded, he became Buddha Akshobya, an immovable one. He was given charge over the eastern paradise Abhirati Pure Land (the land of Joyous). It is believed that those who are reborn in this Pure Land will not be born in lower realms of consciousness and are never to be born again. In the Akshobhya sutra, it is also mentioned that the Buddha Shakyamuni, himself praised the patience of Akshobhya and making his determination a reality.
Akshobya represents Dharma that changes hatred and dislike into wisdom. He is shown touching the earth with his right hand and holding an upright thunderbolt in his left hand. Akshobya's blessings enables us to develop wisdom and understand the true nature of reality.

Akshobhya, meaning unshakeable, is one of many Buddhas found in Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. He is described in the Mahayana Sutras of Northern Buddhism and in the Tantra literature. Although a relatively minor figure in the Sutras Akshobhya is of major importance in the Tantras occupying a central role in Vajrayana Buddhism at all levels. He is easily recognized in paintings by having a buddha-like form, blue body colour and the left hand supporting an upright vajra scepter. There are no other Buddhist figures that have this same iconographic appearance. Tantric depictions of Buddhas are commonly shown with jewel ornaments and a crown.

References 

Buddhas
In the Buddhist religion, Jambhala is the wealth-giving form of Avalokiteśvara or Chenrezig, the bodhisattva of compassion. 

Jambhala's blessings are to help others by eliminating poverty, so that they may practice the Dharma. There are five Jambhalas - Yellow Jambhala (overcomes pride), White Jambhala (overcomes attachment), Black Jambala (overcomes resentment), Green Jambhala (overcomes jealousy) and Red Jambhala (overcomes greed). For instance, the White Jambhala is shown sitting on a turquoise dragon and his left hand holds a mongoose that spews out precious jewels.

Buddhist gods and goddesses
Bodhi (Sanskrit) or Enlightenment refers to full awakening where all limitations have been removed from the mind. All positive potential including unlimited compassion, skill and wisdom are said to be realized. The enlightened being is free from samsara.

Buddhist terminology
Combinatorics is a branch of mathematics. It is concerned with finite or countable infinite sets. Combinatorics is part of discrete mathematics. Combinatorics are about graph theory, or Partitions of sets. According to George Pólya, combinatorics looks at counting the number of possibilities, and about the questions whether certain configurations exist, and how to get to them.

Permutation 

Permutation is concerned with the following problems:
 Determining how many different ways there are to arrange a number of objects.
 Determining how many ways there are to select a number of objects from a larger set.

There are variations in the problems as follows:
 The objects may or may not be distinguishable.
 The order in which the objects are selected may or may not matter.

Examples
Examples 

 There are 6 different ways to arrange three distinguishable objects (as shown in the graphic).
 There are three different ways to select one particular orange from a basket with three oranges.
 There is only one possible way to select the apple from a basket that has one orange, one apple and one pear in it.
Enrique Granados (born Lérida, Spain, 27 July 1867;  died in the English Channel, 24 March 1916) was a Spanish composer and pianist.  He lived most of his life in Barcelona.  His favourite painter was Goya and his best work, the piano pieces called Goyescas, are inspired by Goya’s paintings.

Life

Early career

Granados started having piano lessons in Barcelona and then went to Paris where he studied privately with Charles de Bériot.  He returned to Barcelona  in 1889 and the following year gave his first piano recital.    He wrote a zarzuela (light opera) called Maria del Carmen.  The king liked it very much and gave him an award.

During the following years he composed a lot and performed with famous musicians such as Jacques Thibaud, Pau Casals and Camille Saint-Saëns.  His piano suite  Goyescas was first performed in Barcelona in 1911 and then in Paris in 1914 where it soon became extremely popular.

Goyescas and the fateful voyage
He was persuaded to make Goyescas into an opera.  The opera was going to be performed at the Paris Opéra but, because of World War I it was performed in New York instead.  Granados was invited to go to New York to watch the first performance of his opera.  He was very frightened of the sea, but eventually was persuaded to go.  The opera was a great success when it was performed on 26 January 1916.  Granados felt that he was at the beginning of a successful career.  President Wilson invited him to play the piano at the White House.  Because of this invitation he missed the ship that would have taken him back to Spain.  He took a ship to England instead.  In Liverpool, he got off the ship and got onto another one which would take him to Dieppe in France.  The ship was called the Sussex.  When the Sussex was in the middle of the English Channel it was torpedoed by a German submarine
.  Granados managed to get onto a lifeboat, but then he saw his wife in the sea and he jumped in to try to save her, but they both drowned.
His music
Granados wrote mainly piano works and songs.  He was influenced by Romantic composers such as Grieg, Schumann and Liszt, but he was starting to make his music sound very Spanish.  His songs include some of the best written by a Spanish composer.  His piano works include Ten Spanish Dances, which are not too difficult to play, and the suite Goyescas which is mostly quite difficult to play.  The most popular piece in this suite is called Lament, or The Maiden and the Nightingale. It has a very romantic tune which is repeated several times.

References

Notes

Bibliography 

1867 births
1916 deaths
20th-century Spanish composers
Spanish pianists
Manuel de Falla (born Cádiz, Spain, 23 November 1876; died Alta Gracia, Argentina, 14 November 1946) was a Spanish composer. Falla (pronounce: “FA-ya”), together with Albéniz and Granados, helped to make Spanish music important again after three centuries during which there had been no important Spanish composers.

Life

Early years 
Falla had his first music lessons in Cádiz. At first he did not know whether he wanted to take music or literature as a career. When he was ten he started to go to music evenings where he heard chamber music being played. Then he started to go to the opera, and he heard church music and orchestral music. He liked the music of Grieg and decided that he wanted to do something similar with Spanish music. He went to Madrid where he studied very hard and won prizes. His first compositions were played in Cádiz. He studied with Pedrell who had also taught Albéniz and Granados.
He wrote a song called Tus ojillos negros which became very popular, and he won a prize for a piano composition, but it was his opera La vida breve (1904-1905) which really showed his genius, although it was not performed at the time. No one in Spain wanted to perform his zarzuelas, so he went to Paris in 1907. He soon made friends with Dukas, Debussy and Ravel. He made changes to La vida breve and it was performed in Paris in 1913. His piano works and songs were also performed in Paris, and in Madrid.
Mid career 
In 1915 he wrote El amor brujo. It was a work with dances, songs and spoken passages. He soon turned it into a ballet. The music uses the songs of Andalusia and the rhythms of Spanish folkmusic. He wrote a work for solo piano and orchestra called Noches en los jardines de España (Nights in the gardens of Spain). Later he changed it to a ballet for Diaghilev, calling it El sombrero. It was performed in London in 1919 with designs by Picasso. The music is very lively and often sounds like a guitar. He wrote a piano piece called Fantasia bética (1919) which is the most important Spanish piano work after Albéniz’s Iberia.

Falla had many friends, including Lorca. They liked small theatre pieces and Falla wrote El retablo and set it as a puppet opera. He liked the music of the past centuries, and wrote a concerto for harpsichord and five other instruments.
Final years 
During his final years Falla was composing a very large work called Atlántida. It was a long oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra. The words were in Catalan. Falla did not live long enough to finish the work. He became very depressed because of World War II. In the end he was invited to Argentina where he settled. He continued to work at Atlántida, but he had not finished it when he died. A man called Ernesto Halffter spent many years trying to finish it and prepare it for a performance. It was performed on stage at La Scala, Milan, in 1962, but it does not work well as an opera. Occasionally it is performed as a concert piece.

References 
 The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980

1876 births
1946 deaths
20th-century Spanish composers
People from Cádiz
Joaquín Turina Pérez (9 December 188214 January 1949) was a Spanish composer of classical music.

Biography
Turina was brought up in Seville, and the music of this town always had a big influence on his music. His father was a painter. As a small boy Turina’s favourite toy was a small toy accordion. He started to study medicine, but he wanted to be a musician, so his father let him study music instead. He had piano lessons with Enrique Rodriguez and studied harmony with Garcia Torres, who was in charge of music at the cathedral in Seville.

Soon Turina started to compose. He met Falla and the two musicians became lifelong friends. He moved to Paris in 1905 where he studied with Moskowski and d’Indy. One of the his first works to be performed was piano quintet. The style was similar to César Franck. Albéniz heard it and advised the young composer to make his music sound Spanish.
Turina’s music started to be performed widely. In 1914 both Turina and Falla returned to live in Spain. They were two of the most important Spanish composers. He was choirmaster at the Teatro Real and he had an opera Jardin de oriente performed there. He became director of the Madrid Conservatory and received many honours. He died after a long illness.

Turina’s music always sounds very Spanish, although he used the forms of main European composers. He wrote many short piano pieces which often describe a person. He wrote songs and guitar music.

References

Other websites

1882 births
1949 deaths
20th-century Spanish composers
Edouard Lalo (born Lille, 27 January 1823; died Paris, 22 April 1892) was a French composer.

His life

His family originally came from Spain.  Edouard learned to play the piano and violin at the Lille Conservatory, but his parents did not want him to take music as a profession.  So he left home when he was 16 and went to Paris.  He took some lessons and earned money by teaching and playing the violin.  He liked chamber music.  Not many people in France were interested in chamber music at that time.  With three friends he formed a string quartet and they helped to make the string quartets of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven better known in France.  He played the viola in his quartet, and later he played second violin.  In 1859 he composed a string quartet.
It was not until the 1870s, when he was already in his 50s, that he started to become really well known.  Some famous conductors such as Pasdeloup, Lamoureux and Colonne and the violinist Sarasate took an interest in his orchestral works and performed them.  He wrote a violin concerto and a work called Symphonie espagnole (Spanish Symphony) which was also for solo violin and orchestra.  Sarasate played both these works.  He wrote a cello concerto in 1877.

He wrote an opera Le roi d’Ys, but no opera house wanted to perform it.  They asked him to write a ballet instead.  He did not know anything about ballet, but he composed one called Namouna.  It had some good music, although people who did not like him said it sounded like Wagner or like the music of someone who is used to writing symphonies.
In 1888 his opera Le roi d’Ys was performed at last.  It was an enormous success, but Lalo only had four more years to live, and he did not compose anything more of importance.  He had married one of his pupils in 1865 and they had a son.

His music
In France Lalo is mainly remembered for his opera Le roi d’Ys, but in other countries his best known work is his Symphonie espagnole.  It is not really a “symphony”,  it is a violin concerto.  It has  five movements and there are lots of lively, Spanish rhythms.  His cello concerto is also an excellent work.

References
The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980

1823 births
1892 deaths
19th-century French composers
Romantic composers
People from Lille
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| current= 2020 Las Vegas Raiders season
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| founded =1960
| city = Allegiant StadiumParadise, Nevada
| misc = Headquartered in Henderson, Nevada
| logo = 
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| nicknames = 
The Silver and Black
The Team of the Decades
The Third World's Team
America's Most Wanted
| uniform = 
| colors = Silver, Black
  
| mascot = The Black Hole
| coach = Jon Gruden
| owner = Mark Davis (majority owner)
| ceo = Amy Trask
| general manager = Mike Maylock
| hist_yr = 1995
| song = The Autumn Wind
| hist_misc =
 Oakland Raiders (1960–1981)
 Los Angeles Raiders (1982–1994)
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AFL Championships (1)1967 (VIII)
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| conf_champs =
AFC: 1976, 1980, 1983, 2002
| sb_champs = 1976 (XI), 1980 (XV), 1983 (XVIII)
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AFC West: 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1983, 1985, 1990, 2000, 2001, 2002
† - Does not include the AFL or NFL Championships won during the same seasons as the AFL-NFL Super Bowl Championships prior to the 1970 AFL-NFL Merger
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Frank Youell Field (1962–1965)
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (1982–1994)
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The Las Vegas Raiders are a professional American football team. They are in the National Football League. They play in Paradise, Nevada, USA. Their stadium is Allegiant Stadium. They were created in 1960 as an American Football League team. They play in the Western Division of the American Football Conference (AFC). The other teams in the Western Division are the Denver Broncos, Kansas City Chiefs, and Los Angeles Chargers. The Raiders have won three Super Bowls.