Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
On June 28, 2014, the Blues traded Polák to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Carl Gunnarsson and a fourth-round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

On June 15, 2020, Polák decided to sign a three-year contract and return to his old team, the HC Vítkovice of the Czech Extraliga (ELH).

References

Other websites 

1986 births
American Hockey League players
Czech ice hockey players
Dallas Stars players
Kootenay Ice players
Living people
Peoria Rivermen (AHL) players
San Jose Sharks players
St. Louis Blues players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Ice hockey defencemen
In law, evidence is an object of some kind, a document of some kind, or the testimony of a person in a court of law.  Evidence is used to show something is either true or false. Evidence has to follow rules in most jurisdictions. In the United States, for example, evidence was based on legal precedent until 1975. In that year Congress created the Federal Rules of Evidence. They became the official rules that all forms of evidence must follow in federal courts. Most states in the US use rules based on the federal rules. China, while a civil law country, has followed much of the US Federal Rules of Evidence in their " Uniform Provisions of Evidence".

A subpoena can be used to require a person or organization to provide documents used for evidence.
Admissibility of evidence 
In most jurisdictions there are exclusionary rules that automatically suppress certain kinds of evidence. For example, in the US, this may be evidence that violates the constitutional rights of a defendant. To be admissible in most jurisdictions, evidence must be relevant and it must be reliable. In most cases evidence that may prejudice a jury or judge against a defendant is inadmissible.
Kinds of evidence 
Testimony is a statement made by a witness in a court. It is accepted as true or false based on other evidence.
Real evidence (also called Physical evidence). Real evidence is a thing, an object of some kind, that can be inspected. This may to be to see it actually exists or that it makes an inference of some kind.
Hearsay evidence is when a witness or other person makes a statement outside of court. It is a statement by a witness in court regarding something not of the person's own knowledge but that they heard from someone else. Generally, hearsay evidence is rarely admitted in court.
Documentary evidence is any document presented as evidence so it may be inspected in court.
Demonstrative evidence can be a model or demonstration of what happened at a particular time or place.
Eyewitness testimony is an account given under oath to events the person witnessed. It depends on human memory and can be affected by a number of factors which may make the accounts inaccurate.
Circumstantial evidence (also called Indirect evidence) is evidence that does not directly prove a fact of a case but may be inferred or presumed to have a bearing on a case. Circumstantial evidence can make a defendant appear to be guilty without directly proving guilt. Many courts consider circumstantial evidence to be more powerful than eyewitness testimony.
Corroborating Evidence is evidence used to strengthen other pieces of evidence already given.
Expert testimony is evidence given by experts in their fields. This may include "skilled witnesses" who by their experience may testify. Examples include bankers or landowners testifying to the value of a piece of land.
References 

Legal terms
Gourds are from the pumpkin  family. They are about 15 to 12 inches long. Gourds are mostly found in the United States or in Mexico. Their shape is like a squash. Their color is orange, brown, or green. It is eaten in curries, spaghetti, tacos, and salad.

Other websites

Vegetables
Cucurbitaceae
An essential part of any of the world's legal systems is impartiality. It is important for tribunals, judges, juries and arbitrators to be impartial. It is equally important for the legal systems themselves to be impartial.

Judges and tribunals 
Judges cannot favor one party over another or give more weight to one side's claims than the other. Judges learn about the law from outside the courtroom and before a trial begins. Because of this a judge may have an opinion regarding the law. When a judge expresses these views he or she is not being impartial.
In the US legal system, juries are screened and individuals selected by a process called voir dire. Both the prosecution and the defense question jury candidates before a judge. This is to see if they can remain impartial. Any person having a personal interest in the outcome of the trial or who is obviously biased may be removed. This is called striking a juror. It is rare to have more than 10% of potential jurors struck from a trial. Trial by jury began in the United Kingdom. Except for cases where there is a provision by the law, it is the right of every person accused of a crime to have an impartial jury trial. More and more criminal trials are held without a jury. The less severe crimes are tried by magistrates. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right to a fair trial. In Canada juries are made up of 12 ordinary persons, male or female, who are expected to be impartial triers of fact. They decide whether the Crown (the prosecution) has made its case
. Judges have the option of increasing the jury to 13 or 14 jurors, but only 12 may vote on the guilt or innocence of the accused.
Juries in Scotland have 15 jurors. In many European civil law countries and Japan, juries can be made up of laypersons and judges. Also the opposing council may not be able to strike jurors as in the United States. 

Many believe the Magna Carta first guaranteed a right to trial by one's peers. The Latin judicium parium does not mean a trial by jury. The word judicium in the language of the day meant a judge. The term liber homo, usually translated as freeman, at that time were a limited class in England. So it did not mean every person.

References 

Law
Legal terms
Charles Russell (1817-1892), known as "Black Douglas", was an Australian bushranger, who became famous for robbing miners on the road between Bendigo and Melbourne.

Early life 
Russell was born in Bristol, England in 1817. After coming to Australia, he was well known as a prize fighter, boxing for money. He began robbing people on their way to and from the goldfields at Bendigo. One report claimed he robbed 16 people and chained them to a log.

In 1860, Wilhelmine Guischard wrote a book called Black Douglas: An Australian Romance.

In 1926, his pistol was given to the police. Russell had forgotten it during a robbery in 1857. It was planned to be presented in the Castlemaine Art Gallery.

References

Bushrangers
The Black Douglas may refer to:
 Charles Russell, an Australian bushranger.
 James Douglas, Lord of Douglas, a Scottish soldier and knight.
Vivian Alferetta Dandridge (April 26, 1921 – October 26, 1991) was an American singer, dancer and actress. She was the older sister of actress Dorothy Dandridge. She was a member of the Dandridge Sisters music group until it ended in 1940. She played Melisse in the movie I Walked with a Zombie (1943). She was in the 1940 movie Irene.

Dandridge was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She died of a stroke at age 70 in Seattle, Washington.

References

Other websites

1921 births
1991 deaths
Actors from Cleveland
American movie actors
Deaths from stroke
Singers from Cleveland
Moda Domani Institute was a French higher studies establishment. The school was in Paris, France. It started in 2014. Moda Domani Institute was specialist in the fields of luxury, fashion and design.

The school closes in September 2020, replaced by ISG Luxury Management.

References

Other websites
 Official

Education in France
Shigeru Yoshida (22 September 1878 – 20 October 1967) was a Japanese diplomat and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954. 

He was the Ambassador to England in 1936. By 1939 he had fallen out of favor with the government. He was against the military expansion Japan was engaged in at the time. All he felt he could do was retire. He was later imprisoned for these same views. When General Douglas MacArthur became the military governor of Japan, Yoshida was called to Tokyo to become the new foreign minister.

References 

Prime Ministers of Japan
1878 births
1967 deaths
Politicians from Kanagawa Prefecture
University of Tokyo alumni
Japanese diplomats
Andrew Gregory Dalton (born October 29, 1987) is an American football quarterback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL).  He played college football at Texas Christian University (TCU).  In his final college game, the 2011 Rose Bowl against the Wisconsin Badgers, Dalton led the Horned Frogs to a 21–19 victory.  He left the TCU program as its all-time leader in wins. He also holds several statistical passing records.

Dalton was selected by the Bengals in the second round (35th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He signed a four-year, $5.2 million contract.  Under a West Coast-style offensive scheme, Dalton and receiver A.J. Green, the Bengals' 2011 first-round selection from the University of Georgia, have become a great quarterback/receiver combination. Dalton and Green broke NFL records for completions (completed passes) and yards for a rookie quarterback/receiver combination.
Dalton is one of five quarterbacks in NFL history to have thrown for over 3,000 yards in each of his first three seasons. The others are Cam Newton, Peyton Manning, Andrew Luck, and Russell Wilson. Dalton is also one of five to have passed for at least 20 touchdowns in each of his first three seasons. He joins Manning, Luck, Wilson, and Dan Marino. Dalton is the only quarterback to lead the Cincinnati Bengals to four consecutive Playoffs. He is just one of five quarterbacks to lead his team to the playoffs in each of his first four seasons. He is also the Bengals franchise record holder for passing yards and touchdowns in a season. 

Due to his red hair, Dalton has been nicknamed "The Red Rifle" by Bengals fans.

References 

1987 births
Living people
American Christians
American football quarterbacks
Cincinnati Bengals players
Sportspeople from Texas
Lisa Anne Jardine, CBE FRS FRHistS (née Bronowski; 12 April 1944 – 25 October 2015) was a British historian of the early modern period.

Early life
Jardine was born in Oxford, England. She studied at Cheltenham Ladies' College, Newnham College, Cambridge, and the University of Essex.

Career
From 1990 to 2011, she was Centenary Professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London. From 2008 to January 2014 she was Chair of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

Personal life
In 1969, she married scientist Nicholas Jardine, with whom she had a son and a daughter/ In 1982, she married the architect John Hare with whom she had one son. She was the cousin of television director Laurence Moody and actress Clare Lawrence Moody.

Death
Lisa Jardine died of cancer on 25 October 2015, aged 71.

References

Other websites

1944 births
2015 deaths
English historians
Writers from Oxford
Ed Walker (April 23, 1932 – October 26, 2015) was an American radio personality from Washington, D.C..  He hosted a weekly four-hour Sunday night program, The Big Broadcast, on WAMU-FM, featuring vintage radio programs from the 1930s to 1950s, such as Gunsmoke, The Jack Benny Show, The Lone Ranger, Fibber McGee and Molly, and Superman. 

Walker began hosting The Big Broadcast in 1990 when his friend John Hickman retired hosting due to illness. The show, which started in 1964 as Recollections, has been the longest running program on WAMU.  The show ranks first in its timeslot, and its audience is "remarkably young for a public radio crowd." Walker was blind. 

Walker died in Rockville, Maryland from cancer, aged 83.

References

1932 births
2015 deaths
Cancer deaths in Maryland
American radio personalities
People from Illinois
People from Washington, D.C.
Marsha Virginia Hunt (October 17, 1917 – September 7, 2022) was an American movie, theater, and television actress. She was blacklisted by Hollywood movie studio executives in the 1950s. She was known for her roles in Johnny Got His Gun, Raw Deal, Born to the West, Pilot #5, and in Pride and Prejudice.

Hunt was born on October 17, 1917, in Chicago. She turned 100 in October 2017.

She was also supportive of humanitarian causes such as fighting world hunger. She has also donated to homeless shelters, supported same-sex marriage, raised awareness of climate change and supported peace in Third World countries.

In 1960, Hunt received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Hunt married producer Jerry "Jay" Hopper from 1938. They divorced in 1943. Hunt married her second husband, screenwriter and radio director Robert Presnell Jr. in 1946. She had a premature daughter who died in 1947. She and her second husband later became foster parents. They remained together until his death in 1986.
Hunt died on September 7, 2022 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 104.

References

Other websites

 Marsha Hunt documentary film 

 Interview with Glenn Lovell for 50 YEARS: SAG REMEMBERS THE BLACKLIST
 Interview with Elizabeth Farnsworth on PBS's "Newshour" about Blacklisting 
 Attitude Toward Aging with Marsha Hunt, WebMD Live Events Transcript 
Marsha Hunt on the cover of Life magazine ; March 6 1950
 Interview October, 2014 in the Indianapolis Star

1917 births
2022 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American centenarians
Actors from Chicago
American environmentalists
American political activists
Ann Marie Blyth (born August 16, 1928) is an American actress and singer. Her performance as Veda Pierce in the 1945 movie Mildred Pierce, she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

Blyth also appeared in Our Very Own (with Farley Granger), The Great Caruso (with Mario Lanza), One Minute to Zero (with Robert Mitchum), The World in His Arms (with Gregory Peck), Rose Marie, The Student Prince, Kismet, The Buster Keaton Story, and The Helen Morgan Story (with Paul Newman).

Other websites

Ann Blyth "Women's International Centre" biography and more recent photograph
Photographs of Ann Blyth

1928 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York (state)
Singers from New York (state)
People from Mount Kisco, New York
Janis Paige (born September 16, 1922) is an American movie, musical theatre and television actress. She was born in Tacoma, Washington. Her career began in 1944. She retired in 2001. Paige made her live dramatic TV debut June 27, 1957, in "The Latch Key" on Lux Video Theatre. 

Paige appeared in many television shows during her career such as 87th Precinct (TV series),The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, Trapper John, M.D., All in the Family, Columbo and Caroline in the City, and in the 1975 television movie John O'Hara's Gibbsville (also known as The Turning Point of Jim Malloy).

References

Other websites
 
 
 

1922 births
Living people
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Tacoma, Washington
Barbara Hale (April 18, 1922 – January 26, 2017) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as legal secretary Della Street on more than 270 episodes of the long-running Perry Mason television series. She was also known for her roles in The Window, The Giant Spider Invasion, Jolson Sings Again, and in Last of the Comanches. She won an Emmy Award in 1959.

Hale died at her home in Sherman Oaks, California on January 26, 2017 of complications from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aged 94.

References

Other websites

Barbara Hale Home Page
 Barbara Hale Annex

Emmy Award winning actors
1922 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from COPD
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Illinois
Zwolle is a small town in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the second most populous municipality in Sabine Parish (after Many)

References 

Settlements in Sabine Parish, Louisiana
Towns in Louisiana
Ringgold is a small town in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the second most populous municipality in Bienville Parish (after Arcadia)

References 

Towns in Bienville Parish, Louisiana
Gibsland is a small town in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the third most populous municipality in Bienville Parish (after Arcadia and Ringgold).

References 

Towns in Bienville Parish, Louisiana
An injunction is a court order that either commands or prevents a party from doing a specific act.

US law 
Injunctions can be temporary or permanent. A restraining order and a preliminary injunction are examples of temporary injunctions. Either may be issued early in a lawsuit to prevent either party from doing anything that might unfairly influence the outcome of the litigation. A permanent injunction is usually issued after a case is settled. It enforces the final decision of the court.

Australian apprehended violence orders
In the state of New South Wales, an apprehended violence order (AVO) may be issued against a person from whom another person fears violence. They can be issued to prevent physical abuse, harassment or stalking. Any person who violates an AVO may be charged with a criminal offence.
UK injunctions and super-injunctions 
While the United Kingdom has injunctions much the same as other countries they also have super-injunctions. This is an injunction (sometimes called a gag-order) that prevents journalists from writing anything about a court case. It also prevents them from reporting that the injunction itself has been issued. If any injunction in the UK prevents details of the order from being known it is also called a super-injunction.

Anti-suit injunctions 
In common law countries anti-suit injunctions are court orders used to prevent a court or tribunal from assuming jurisdiction or taking over an ongoing lawsuit. An anti-suit injunction may also be used to prevent a party from filing a second lawsuit in another jurisdiction at the same time as the first case.

Related pages 
 Burden of proof
 Civil litigation
 Equity (law)
 Equity court
 Lawsuit
 Peace bond
 Anti-social behaviour order

References

Legal terms
Tullos is a small town in La Salle and Winn Parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana

Towns in La Salle Parish, Louisiana
Settlements in Winn Parish, Louisiana
Abita Springs is a town in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, United States.

Towns in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana
Colville  (Ktunaxa: xapqǂinik̓) is a city in Stevens County, Washington, United States. The population was 4,673 at the 2010 census.  It is the county seat of Stevens County.

References

Cities in Washington (state)
County seats in Washington (state)
Vivian is a town in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, United States and is home to the Red Bud Festival. The population was 3,671 at the 2010 census. it is the fourth most populous municipality in Caddo Parish (after Shreveport, Blanchard and Greenwood).

Towns in Caddo Parish, Louisiana
Harvey Scott Barr, Jr. (August 21, 1916 – October 26, 2015) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Washington. Barr was born in Spokane. He served the 7th district in the Washington House of Representatives from 1977 to 1983, and the same district from 1983 to 1993 in the Washington State Senate. His term ended with his resignation in December 1993. He was a Republican.

Barr died in Colville, Washington on October 26, 2015 from natural causes, aged 99.

References

1916 births
2015 deaths
Politicians from Spokane, Washington
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Coushatta is the parish seat of Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the most populous municipality in Red River Parish.

Suburbs

Incorporated 

 Edgefield, Louisiana
 Hall Summit, Louisiana
 Martin, Louisiana

Unincorporated 

 Armistead, Louisiana
 Cross Roads, Louisiana
 East Point, Louisiana
 Fairview Alpha, Louisiana
 Grand Bayou, Louisiana
 Hanna, Louisiana
 Harmon, Louisiana
 Lake End, Louisiana
 Liberty, Louisiana
 Piermont, Louisiana
 Redoak, Louisiana
 Womack, Louisiana

References 

Towns in Louisiana
Settlements in Red River Parish, Louisiana
Parish seats in Louisiana
In law, a judgment is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding. Judgments also generally provide the court's explanation of why it has chosen to make a particular decision.

The phrase "reasons for judgment" is often used interchangeably with "judgment." The former refers to the court's reasons for arriving at the judgment it did. The latter refers to the final court order. a judgement, whether by a court or a tribunal, is the final part of a court case. The judgement is also called a legal decision.

References 

Legal terms
Common law 
Judges make judicial decisions based on precedent, and their own understanding when there are few or no precedents. This is "judge-made law" as compared to statuary law, which is made by legislatures, and governments. In the United States the courts can rule statutes, and regulations unconstitutional if they go beyond the authority given by the constitution. In the United Kingdom judge-made law, or common law cannot rule against statutes made by an act of Parliament. The judiciary, and legislative branches are not coequal. Judges, however, have traditionally used one of three ways of interpreting statutes: 
 They may be interpreted literally or simply as the law was written.
 They may use the "golden rule" meaning that if the law is difficult to interpret the judiciary may use a less obvious meaning.
 They may apply the "mischief rule". If the act lends itself to more than one interpretation, choose the interpretation that best deals with the problem.
Civil law 
Judges make decisions by decisions based on the appropriate laws. They then investigate to learn all the facts. Finally they make a decision. Under civil law, judiciary decisions are not a critical part of forming civil laws. Under Dutch civil law for example, there are so many civil laws that it becomes difficult for lawyers and judges to know if they have found all the laws that apply to a case. Even with all the laws, not every situation is covered. The civil court will research everything it can on the subject, then make a decision. For this reason those who start a legal case never know for certain what the decision will be.

References

Other websites 
 Case law (or Common law), Library of Congress
 Case Law in the United Kingdom 
Legal terms
A lien ( or ) is a form of security interest attached to property to secure the payment of a debt to a creditor. A lien is usually a public record. The owner of the property is called the lienee. The creditor or person holding the lien is called the lienor or lien holder.

In the United States, the term lien generally refers to a wide range of legal interests. It includes other forms of mortgage or charge.  In the USA, a lien is a non-possessory security interests meaning the lien holder does not usually possess the property.

In other common law countries, the term lien refers to a very specific type of security interest. The holder of a lien right to retain (but not sell) property until the debt or other obligation is discharged.  In contrast to the usage of the term in the USA, in other countries it refers to a purely possessory form of security interest. When possession of the property is lost, the lien is released.

References 

Real estate

Business law
Lanfranc (1005  1010 at Pavia — 24 May 1089 at Canterbury) was a cleric, teacher and jurist who became Archbishop of Canterbury under William the Conqueror.

This celebrated Italian jurist gave up his career to become a monk at Bec in Normandy.  In 1070 he became the Archbishop of Canterbury in England. This was the peak of an extraordinary life.

Life 
Lanfranc was born in the early years of the 11th century at Pavia in Italy. His father, Hanbald, held a rank equivalent to a magistrate.  He was orphaned at an early age. Lanfranc was trained in the liberal arts. He crossed the Alps, and took up the role of teacher in France and eventually in Normandy. About 1039 he became the master of the cathedral school at Avranches. He taught for three years with much success.
In 1042 he gave this up to become a monk in the newly founded Bec Abbey. He became the first prior of Bec Abbey in 1045. He became a friend of William, Duke of Normandy and by 1050 his counselor. Lanfranc then became the abbot of St Stephen in Normandy. 

In 1067, when Maurilius, Archbishop of Rouen, died, Lanfranc declined the position.  He would not have been able to do so without the consent of William I. It is likely William had something bigger in mind for Lanfranc. In 1070 Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury was deposed by papal legates. William brought Lanfranc from Normandy to England to become the Archbishop of Canterbury.

References 

1000s births
1080s deaths
Archbishops of Canterbury
Italian Roman Catholic priests
Christian monks
People from Pavia
Five Nights at Freddy's is an American horror multimedia franchise created by Scott Cawthon, which began with the eponymous 2014 video game.

The original game (Five Nights at Freddy's), was followed by the sequels Five Nights at Freddy's 2 (2014), Five Nights at Freddy's 3 (2015), Five Nights at Freddy's 4 (2015), Sister Location (2016), Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator (2017), Ultimate Custom Night (2018), Help Wanted (2019),  Security Breach (2021)’’Security Breach RUIN  (2023)
The franchise has been expanded into four spin-off series, Five Nights at Candy's, One Night at Flumpty's, The Joy of Creation, Popgoes; Into Madness, an upcoming AAA game; Five Nights at Freddy's Plus, an upcoming remake of the first game; Special Delivery, a mobile game; novels, comic books, short films, a television series; Freddy & Friends: On Tour!, and an upcoming film of the same name, comprising an all-encompassing fictional universe. The franchise maintains an active fanbase, known for its production of fan art and fangames, and merchandise for the games is available internationally. A horror attraction based on the franchise was featured in The Fright Dome for Halloween in 2016, and it also appeared in Guinness World Records 2017: Gamer's Edition, where it set a record for the largest amount of sequels released in a year.

Video games

Main series
Main series 

 Five Nights at Freddy's (2014)
 Five Nights at Freddy's 2 (2014)
 Five Nights at Freddy's 3 (2015)
 Five Nights at Freddy's 4 (2015)
 FNaF World (2016)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location (2016)
 Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator (2017)
 Ultimate Custom Night (2018)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Help Wanted (2019)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Help Wanted-The Curse of Dreadbear DLC (2019)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Security Breach (2021)
   Five Nights at Freddy’s: Security Breach RUIN  (2023)
 Five Nights at Freddy’s: Help Wanted 2 (2023)

Five Nights at Candy's series 

 Five Nights at Candy's (2015)
 Five Nights at Candy's 2 (2016)
 Five Nights at Candy's 3 (2017)

 Five Nights at Candy's 4 (TBA)

One Night at Flumpty's series 

 One Night at Flumpty's (2015)
 One Night at Flumpty's 2 (2015)
 One Night at Flumpty's 3 (2021)

The Joy of Creation series 
 The Joy of Creation (2015)
 The Joy of Creation: Reborn (2016)
 The Joy of Creation: Story Mode (2017)

Popgoes series
Popgoes series 

 Popgoes Arcade (2020)
 Popgoes Evergreen (TBA)

Other games 

 FNaF World (2016)
 Five Nights at Freddy's AR: Special Delivery (2019)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Into Madness (TBA)
 Five Nights at Freddy's AAA game (TBA)
 Five Nights at Freddy's Plus (TBA)

Novels

Main series 

 Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes (2015)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: The Twisted Ones (2017)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: The Fourth Closet (2018)

Fazbear Frights series
Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights #1: Into the Pit (2019)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights #2: Fetch (2020)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights #3: 1:35 AM (2020)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights #4: Step Closer (2020)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights #5: Bunny Call (2020)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights #6: Blackbird (2020)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights #7: The Cliffs (2021)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights #8: Gumdrop Angel (2021)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights #9: The Puppet Carver (2021)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights #10: Friendly Face (2021)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights #11: Prankster (2021)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights #12: Felix the Shark (2022)

Tales from the Pizzaplex series
Five Nights at Freddy's: Tales from the Pizzaplex #1: Lally's Game (2022)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Tales from the Pizzaplex #2: Happs (2022)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Tales from the Pizzaplex #3: Somniphobia (2022)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Tales from the Pizzaplex #4: Submechanophobia (2022)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Tales from the Pizzaplex #5: The Bobbiedots Conclusion (2023)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Tales from the Pizzaplex #6: Nexie (2023)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Tales from the Pizzaplex #7: Tiger Rock (2023)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Tales from the Pizzaplex #8: B-27 (2023)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Tales from the Pizzaplex #9 (2024)

Comic books

Main series 

 Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes: The Graphic Novel (2019)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: The Twisted Ones: The Graphic Novel (2021)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: The Fourth Closet: The Graphic Novel (2021)

Fazbear Frights series
Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights: Graphic Novel Collection #1 (2022)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights: Graphic Novel Collection #2 (2023)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights: Graphic Novel Collection #3 (2023)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights: Graphic Novel Collection #4 (2023)
 Five Nights at Freddy's: Fazbear Frights: Graphic Novel Collection #5 (2024)

Short films 

 FNAF Plus #1 - Connection Error (2020)
 FNAF Plus #2 - Routine Check (2021)
 FNAF Plus #3 - Quiet Hours (2021)
 FNAF Plus #4 - Stage Performance (2021)
 FNAF Plus #5 - Night Mode (2021)
 FNAF Plus #6 - Breaking + Entering (2021)
 FNAF Plus #6(B) - Help Wanted (2021)

Other media 

 Freddy & Friends: On Tour! (2021)
 Five Nights at Freddy's (2023)
A security interest is a legal claim on collateral. The collateral can be real estate, personal property or any asset. Collateral is usually used to secure a loan. 

The borrower is the party who borrows the funds. The lender is the one who lends the money in return for a security interest. The lender can repossess the asset if the borrower fails to repay the loan. The lender can then sell the asset to repay the loan. A loan secured by collateral is called a secured loan (also called a lien). A loan with no collateral (such as a credit card) is an unsecured loan. There is nothing for the lender to repossess.
Different types 
There are different types of security interest or liens:
 Consensual agreements are entered into consensually between a borrower and a lender. For example, a borrower may want to purchase a car or house and the property purchased secures the buyer's obligation to pay for the property.
Statutory liens are security interests that may be secured by statutes. 
Mechanic's Liens are those that come about when a mechanic or contractor is not paid for work they performed. The owner may not sell the property (real or personal) until the debt is paid.
Tax Liens are a type of lien that is placed against property by the local, state or federal government. They are authorized by statute, for delinquent taxes, including property, income and estate taxes. If the taxes remain unpaid for a specified period of time, the property may be sold by the government in what is called a tax sale.

References 

Legal terms
Finance
William Benjamin Carpenter MD MRCS CB FRS (29 October 1813 – 19 November 1885) was an English physician, invertebrate zoologist and physiologist. He was instrumental in the early stages of the unified University of London.

Carpenter was born on 29 Oct 1813 in Exeter, the eldest son of Dr Lant Carpenter, an important Unitarian preacher who influenced a "rising generation of Unitarian intellectuals". From his father, Carpenter inherited a belief in the essential lawfulness of the creation: this meant that natural causes were the explanation of the world as we find it. William embraced this "naturalistic cosmogeny" as his starting point.

Although qualified medically, he was best known for his work on marine zoology, notably the lower organisms such as Foraminifera and crinoids. These researches gave an impetus to deep-sea exploration, such as the 1868 oceanographic survey with HMS Lightning and later the more famous Challenger Expedition.
In the long term, however, he has become known as a founder of idea of the adaptive unconscious. He observed that the human perceptual system almost completely operates outside of conscious awareness. These same observations were also made by Hermann Helmholtz. Perhaps because these views were in conflict with the theories of Descartes, they were neglected for a hundred years. Carpenter noticed that the more he studied the mechanism of thought, the more clear it became that it operates largely outside awareness. He noticed that the unconscious prejudices can be stronger than conscious thought and that they are more dangerous since they happen outside of conscious.
He also noticed that emotional reactions can occur outside of conscious until attention is drawn to them:
"Our feelings towards persons and objects may undergo most important changes, without our being in the least degree aware, until we have our attention directed to our own mental state, of the alteration which has taken place in them".
In the popular mind, he was perhaps better nown for his work against alcoholism, for which he won a prize of 100 guineas. It was one of the first temperance books.

In 1856 Carpenter became Registrar of the University of London, and held the office for twenty-three years. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath.
Works 
Carpenter, William Benjamin 1839. Principles of general and comparative physiology. London. 
Carpenter, William Benjamin 1842 [first edition]; 1843 [first American edition]. Principles of human physiology. London and Philadelphia. 
Carpenter, William Benjamin 1844. Vegetable and systematic botany. London: Orr.
Carpenter W.B. 184445. Zoology: being a systematic account of the general structure, habits, instincts and uses of the principal families of the animal kingdom. 2 vols: London: Rees.
Carpenter, William B. 1848. Animal physiology. 2nd ed, London: Wm. S. Orr, p. 579. The first edition was 1843, dedicated to Sir James Clark.
Carpenter, William Benjamin 1850. Condie, David Francis, ed. On the use and abuse of alcoholic liquors, in health and disease. London: Churchill.
Carpenter, William Benjamin 1852. On the influence of suggestion in modifying and directing muscular movement, independently of volition. Proceedings of the Royal Institution of Great Britain: 147–153.
Carpenter W.B. 1856. The microscope and its revelations. London: Churchill.
Carpenter, William Benjamin 1862. Introduction to the study of Foraminifera. London: Ray Society.
Carpenter, William Benjamin 1874. Principles of mental physiology. London: Henry S. King. (facsimile by Thoemmes Press 1998. ; reissued by Cambridge University Press 2009. ).
Carpenter, William Benjamin 1887. Mesmerism, spiritualism, etc: historically and scientifically considered. New York: Appleton.
Carpenter, William Benjamin & Carpenter, J. Estlin 1888. Nature and man: essays scientific and philosophical. London: Kegan Paul & Trench. A posthumous collection of his writings in periodicals.
References 

1813 births
1885 deaths
English biologists
English physicians
British physiologists
Unitarians
A particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to , , and/or  high-energy particles. These particles can be made by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. Particle detectors are used in particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering. Modern detectors are also used as calorimeters to measure the energy of radiation. They can measure other things, such as the momentum, spin, or charge of the particles.

Description
Detectors designed for modern accelerators are very big. They are also very expensive. They are called counters when they simply count particles, but do not measure anything else. Usually, particle detectors can also track ionizing radiation (high energy photons or even visible light).
Examples and types
Many of the detectors invented so far are ionization detectors (such as gaseous ionization detectors and semiconductor detectors) and scintillation detectors. Other principles, such as Čerenkov light and transition radiation, have also been applied to detect particles.

Some detectors are used to measure the amount of radiation so that people can protect themselves from it. Others are used to study nuclear and particle physics.

Related pages
Subatomic particle

References

Further reading
Movie instruction media
 "Radiation detectors". H. M. Stone Productions, Schloat. Tarrytown, N.Y., Prentice-Hall Media, 1972.

General Information

Physics
Subatomic particles
In international law, civil and political rights are those rights a person has over their own autonomy (civil) and their right to have a part in their government (political). Civil and political rights are guaranteed to every person by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).

Civil rights
Universal civil rights include:
The right to life - Every human being has right to their life. It is protected by law and no one has a right to take another person's life arbitrarily. This means without a legal reason.
The right to a fair trial - Every person has a right to a fair trial. They have the right to be equal before courts and tribunals. They have a right to a fair and public trial before a competent and impartial court.
The freedom from torture - Every person has the right to be free from torture. They have the right to be free of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
The freedom of speech - Article 19 of the ICCPR guarantees the right to free expression. But it is a derogable right, meaning it can be regulated if that regulation serves a vital public interest. An example is the US Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. in the case Schenck v. United States (1919). The case was about limiting free speech during wartime to serve the greater good. He is famously quoted as saying: "The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic."
The right to privacy - Article 17  of the ICCPR protects all persons from any interference, unlawful or arbitrary, with their "privacy, family, home or correspondence."
The rights of liberty and security - Article 9(1) of the ICCPR uses the expression "Liberty and security of the person." It says no one may be arbitrarily arrested or detained. No one may have their liberty taken away except by lawful process.
The right of asylum - When the UDHR was first drafted, one of the rights granted was the right to enjoy asylum. This status right was included with the right to a nationality and the right to be recognized before the law.
The rights were made in 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Political rights 
Political rights include:
The right to natural justice - Includes the principals of a fair hearing. It is also called Audi alteram partem. Latin for "hear the other side". 
The right to due process - The right to due process in criminal proceedings under the law. Currently it is not a derogable right (see freedom of speech above).
The right to seek legal redress - This is a right all people have to the court system. It is the right to bring a lawsuit against another person, organization or government.
The right to Political participation - A right granted UDHR. It states: "Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives."
The right to assemble - The right of assembly is provided by the UDHR. It says: "Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association". It adds: "No one may be compelled to belong to an association".
The right to petition - This is a right to complain about injustices and to have those complaints heard. Several international conventions provide the right to petition to individuals. 
The right of self-defense - This applies to persons and is a right to defend themselves against immediate harm. It applies when a person is charged with a crime. It also applies to collective self-defense against attack.
The right to vote - This was first granted by the UDHR. The ICCPR expanded this right to include the rights to vote, to be elected, to vote by secret ballot and universal suffrage (the right for all adults to vote regardless of race or sex).
References

Other page 
Civil Rights Movement
Human rights
Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen () is a district in Bavaria, Germany.

Towns and municipalities

References

Districts of Bavaria
Carl Wilhelm Hugo Schnars-Alquist (October 29, 1855 – August 20, 1939) was a German painter who painted scenes of the sea. His family were merchants and he started working as a merchant himself. Schnars-Alquist was a self-taught painter. In 1886 he was a student of Hans Gude at the Berlin Art Academy. In 1893 he was the German representative for the fine arts at the World's Columbian Exposition. Schnars-Alquist made many sea voyages which taught him how to paint the sea at different Latitudes and from rough sea to calm. He was a member of the jury at the Chicago and Melbourne art exhibitions. He received a Gold medal at Melbourne. Schnars-Alquist was a member of the Hamburg Geographical Society. He also belonged to the Institute for Maritime Studies at the University of Berlin.

References

Other websites 

Hugo Schnars-Alquist (1855 - 1939)

1855 births
1939 deaths
German painters
People from Hamburg
Pleading is usually the first step in a lawsuit. This is when parties formally submit their claims and defenses. A complaint is the first pleading filed by a plaintiff which starts the lawsuit. A complaint lists the  relevant allegations of fact which leads to one or more legal causes of action. It also has a prayer for relief and sometimes a statement of damages claimed. This is called an ad quod damnum clause.  In some situations, a complaint is called a petition. In this case the party filing a complaint is called the petitioner and the other party is the respondent.  In equity, sometimes called chancery, the initial pleading may be called either a petition or a bill of complaint in chancery.

Other terms 
 When used in civil proceedings in England and Wales, the term "complaint" refers to how civil proceedings are started in the magistrates' court. The complaint may be either written or oral.
A demurrer is a pleading (usually filed by a defendant). It objects to the legal sufficiency of the opponent's pleading and demands that the court rule immediately about whether the pleading is legally adequate. This is before the party must plead on the merits in response.  Since demurrer procedure required an immediate ruling like a motion, many common law jurisdictions therefore went to a narrower understanding of pleadings. They are seen as framing the issues in a case but not being motions in and of themselves. The demurrer is replaced with the motion to dismiss for failure to state a cause of action or the application to strike out particulars of claim.

 An answer is a pleading filed by a defendant. It admits or denies the specific allegations listed in a complaint. It also serves as a general appearance by a defendant.  In England and Wales, the equivalent pleading is called a defence.
A defendant may also file a cross-complaint or third-party complaint. This is to bring other parties into a case by the process of impleader.

 A defendant may file a counter-claim. This raises a cause of action to defend, reduce or set off the claim of the plaintiff.

References 

Law
Legal terms
In some jurisdictions, specific types of criminal cases may also be started by the filing of a complaint. This is also called a criminal complaint or felony complaint. All criminal cases are prosecuted in the name of the governmental authority. This is the same authority whose criminal laws were broken and who enforces criminal statutes. The government is sometimes called the state, the People or the Crown (in Commonwealth realms). In the United States, the complaint is often associated with misdemeanor charges presented by the prosecutor without the grand jury process. In most US jurisdictions, the document presented to and authorized by a grand jury is called an indictment.

References 

Legal terms
Vitamin B12 (or vitamin B-12) is also called cobalamin. It has a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and in the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins. 

B12 is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body, especially DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Fungi, plants and animals (including humans) cannot produce vitamin B12. Only bacteria and archaea have enzymes for its synthesis, although animals can convert it to the version they need. 

Many foods are a natural source of B12 because of bacterial symbiosis. It is produced by some of the gut flora of herbivores. Carnivores, of course, eat herbivores. Also algae and plants get it from symbiosis. So, by one route or another, animals must get vitamin B12 from bacteria (and archaea).

The vitamin is the largest and most structurally complicated vitamin. It can be produced industrially only by bacterial fermentation-synthesis.
Vitamin B12 is a group of chemically related compounds, all of which have vitamin activity. It contains the biochemically rare element cobalt sitting in the center of a ring called a corrin ring. In the human body it is converted to the human physiological forms.

Vitamin B12 was discovered by its relationship to pernicious anemia, which is an autoimmune disease. Because an "intrinsic factor" is needed for B12 to be absorbed, its lack causes a vitamin B12 deficiency. Many other kinds of vitamin B12 deficiency have since been found.

References 

B vitamins
Organometallic chemistry
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (May 28, 1807 – December 14, 1873) was a Swiss-born and European-trained biologist and geologist. His work on natural history in Europe and the Americas was important.

His reputation now is less good, because he fought against the theory of evolution, and held wrong ideas about human races. He thought the different human races were of different origins. This idea is called "polygenism". Darwin's comment at the end is interesting:
"...when the principle of evolution is generally accepted, as it surely will be before long, the dispute between the monogenists and the polygenists will die a silent and unobserved death".

After visiting Harvard University in mid-career, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1847 and became a professor of zoology and geology at Harvard. He founded its Museum of Comparative Zoology.

Agassiz made extensive contributions to ichthyology (including extinct species). He founded glaciology, the study of ice fields and ice ages.

References
References 

1807 births
1873 deaths
Swiss biologists
American zoologists
American geologists
People from the canton of Fribourg
MAPS.ME (formerly named MapsWithMe) is a mobile app for Android, iOS and BlackBerry that provides offline maps using OpenStreetMap data. In November 2014 it was acquired by Mail.Ru Group and became part of its My.com brand. In September 2015 the app was open sourced. MapsWithMe was created by Yury Melnichek, Alexander Borsuk and Viktor Govako.

Other websites 
 
 
 Source code in GitHub

Software