Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Sulfur dichloride, also known as sulfur(II) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SCl2. It contains sulfur in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

Properties
Sulfur dichloride is a red liquid. It has a strong odor. It is a common sulfur chloride. It reacts with water to make hydrochloric acid and sulfur dioxide. When it is old, it might have some chlorine in it. It reacts with fluorides to make sulfur tetrafluoride.

Preparation
It is made by reacting chlorine with sulfur. Disulfur dichloride is an intermediate. It is also a common impurity in sulfur dichloride.

Related pages
Sulfur hexafluoride
Disulfur decafluoride

Sulfur compounds
Chlorine compounds
Disulfur dichloride, also known as sulfur(I) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S2Cl2. It contains sulfur in its +1 oxidation state. It contains chlorine in its -1 oxidation state.

Properties
It is a yellow or orange liquid. It smokes in air because it reacts with water. It releases sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and hydrochloric acid when reacted with water. It reacts with chlorine to make sulfur dichloride. It can dissolve sulfur.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a little chlorine with sulfur. A lot of chlorine would make sulfur dichloride.

Uses
It is used to place sulfur atoms some organic compounds.

Related pages
Tetrasulfur tetranitride
Sulfur tetrafluoride

Sulfur compounds
Chlorine compounds
Sulfur fluoride can refer to any of these chemical compounds:

Sulfur tetrafluoride
Disulfur decafluoride
Sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur chloride can refer to any of these chemical compounds:

Disulfur dichloride, yellow liquid
Sulfur dichloride, red liquid
Tetrasulfur tetranitride, also known as tetrasulphur tetranitride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S4N4. It contains sulfur in its +3 oxidation state. It also contains nitride ions.

Properties
It is a gold solid. It is an explosive, releasing sulfur and nitrogen when detonated. The purer the substance is, the more easily it explodes. It is pale yellow when cold, orange at normal temperature, and red when hot. It reacts with bases. It can be split into disulfur dinitride when it is reacted with silver. It does not dissolve in water.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting disulfur dichloride with ammonia. It can also be made by reacting ammonium chloride with disulfur dichloride.

Uses
It can be used to react with many organic compounds.

Safety
It is an explosive, so it should not be ground. Explosion releases harmless nitrogen and sulfur.

Related pages
Nitrate
Sulfate

Sulfur compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Sulfur nitride can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

Disulfur dinitride, explosive
Tetrasulfur tetranitride, two disulfur dinitrides connected, explosive
Disulfur dinitride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S2N2. It contains sulfur in its +3 oxidation state. It also contains nitride ions.

Properties
Disulfur dinitride is a colorless crystalline solid. It is explosive, similar to tetrasulfur tetranitride. It easily evaporates. It does not dissolve in water. It turns back into tetrasulfur tetranitride when exposed to water.

Preparation
Disulfur dinitride is produced by reacting elemental silver with tetrasulfur tetranitride. This forms silver(I) sulfide, which acts as a catalyst. This reaction happens in a vacuum.

Uses
It reacts with some chemical compounds that are acids.

Related pages
Sulfur nitride
Sulfur hexafluoride

Sulfur compounds
Nitrogen compounds
I puritani is an Italian opera in three acts by Vincenzo Bellini, first performed in Paris, on January 25, 1835, libretto by Carlo Pepoli, after Jacques Ancelot and Xavier Boniface Saintine's Têtes Rondes et Cavaliers, itself based on Sir Walter Scott's Old Morality. Bellini's last work and one of his greatest triumphs.

Principal characters
 Elvira - soprano
 Arturo - tenor
 Riccardo - baritone
 Giorgio - bass
 Enrichetta - mezzo-soprano
 Bruno - tenor
 Gualtiero - bass

Reference
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

1830s operas
Compositions by Vincenzo Bellini
La sonnambula is an Italian opera in two acts by Vincenzo Bellini, first performed at La Scala in Milan, on March 6, 1831, libretto by Felice Romani, after Eugène Sribe's ballet-pantomime La somnanbule. Bellini's most pastoral work, it was an immediate success and is still regularly performed.

Principal roles and voice types
 Amina - soprano
 Elvino - tenor
 Count Rodolfo - bass
 Lisa - soprano
 Teresa - mezzo-soprano
Discography
 1952: Lina Pagliughi (Amina), Ferruccio Tagliavini (Elvino), Cesare Siepi (Rodolfo), Wanda Ruggeri (Lisa), Anna Maria Anelli (Teresa); Coro e Orchestra Sinfonica della RAI di Torino, Franco Capuana - (Preiser Records)
 1955: Maria Callas (Amina), Cesare Valletti (Elvino), Giuseppe Modesti (Rodolfo), Eugenia Ratti (Lisa), Gabriella Carturan (Teresa); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Leonard Bernstein - (EMI Classics)
 1957: Maria Callas (Amina), Nicola Monti (Elvino), Nicola Zaccaria (Rodolfo), Eugenia Ratti (Lisa), Fiorenza Cossotto (Teresa); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Antonino Votto - (EMI Classics)
 1962: Joan Sutherland (Amina), Nicola Monti (Elvino), Fernando Corena (Rodolfo), Sylvia Stahlman (Lisa), Margreta Elkins (Teresa); Orchestra e Coro del Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Richard Bonynge - (Decca)
1980: Joan Sutherland (Amina), Luciano Pavarotti (Elvino), Nicolai Ghiaurov (Rodolfo), Isobel Buchanan (Lisa), Della Jones (Teresa); London Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Richard Bonynge - (Decca)
 2006: Natalie Dessay (Amina), Francesco Meli (Elvino), Carlo Colombara (Rodolfo), Sara Mingardo (Lisa), Jael Azzaretti (Teresa); Chœur et Orchestre de l'Opéra National de Lyon, Evelino Pido - (Virgin Classics)
 2008: Cecilia Bartoli (Amina), Juan Diego Flórez (Elvino), Ildebrando D'Arcangelo (Rodolfo), Gemma Bertagnolli (Lisa), Liliana Nikiteanu (Teresa); Chor des Opernhauses Zürich, Orchestra La Scintilla, Alessandro de Marchi - (L'Oiseau-Lyre)
Reference 
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

1830s operas
Compositions by Vincenzo Bellini
Dame Barbara Mary Quant CH DBE (11 February 1930 – 13 April 2023) was a British fashion designer. In 1963, she won the Sunday Times International Fashion Award, and was chosen as Woman of the Year. 

Quant is famous as a designer who invented the miniskirt and hot pants. She was also instrumental in the mod fashion movement, and known for her use of pop art in fashion.

Born to Welsh parents in Blackheath, London, Quant went to Blackheath High School, then studied illustration at Goldsmiths College. Her first employment was as a couture milliner (hat maker).

Career 
In November 1955, she teamed up with her husband, Alexander Plunket Greene, and a former solicitor, Archie McNair, to open a clothes shop on the Kings Road in Chelsea called Bazaar. Bazaar's best sellers were small white plastic collars to brighten up black dresses or t-shirts. Black stretch stockings were also popular.

Miniskirt
Miniskirt 

Skirts had been getting shorter since about 1958 – a development Mary Quant thought was practical and liberating, allowing women to run for a bus. The miniskirt, which she is most famous for, became one of the defining fashions of the 1960s. The miniskirt was also developed separately by André Courrèges and John Bates, and there is disagreement as to who came up with the idea first. Like most fashion, the short- and ever-shorter skirt was evolving already among fashion-minded young women: the designers who adapted it just helped spread the style and, in Quant's case, gave it a name. Mary Quant named the miniskirt after her favourite make of car, the Mini. She loved the car so much, she had one designed especially for her.

Undergarments and tights 
Quant's first collection of underwear was designed to be worn with the miniskirt look. She renamed the basics "booby traps and bacon savers" (bras and tights), which appealed to her young customers.
In addition to the miniskirt, Mary Quant is often credited with inventing the coloured and patterned tights (pantyhose) that often went with the miniskirt. These are also attributed to Cristobal Balenciaga or John Bates. 

Tights worn over briefs or bikini panties were an essential accessory to the miniskirt, because the older method of stockings plus suspenders was no longer suitable, and legs need to be covered for most of the year in Britain. Often there would be a second pair of coloured short pants on top of the tights, for show. A range of materials and colours were used for the tights.

Later career 
In the late 1960s, Quant popularised hot pants. Through the 1970s and 1980s she concentrated on household goods and make-up, rather than just her clothing lines. At a talk at the Victoria and Albert Museum in 2007 she claimed to have invented duvet covers.
She is a Fellow of the Chartered Society of Designers, and winner of the Minerva Medal, the Society's highest award. In 1963 Quant was the first winner of the 'Dress of the Year' award.

In 2000 she resigned as director of Mary Quant Ltd., her cosmetics company, after a Japanese buy-out. There are over 200 Mary Quant Colour shops in Japan, where Quant fashions continue to enjoy popularity.

References

Other websites 
Mary Quant at the V&A Museum  
V&A Museum History of 1960s fashion and textiles 

British fashion designers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from London
1934 births
2023 deaths
Roméo et Juliette is a French opera in five acts by Charles Gounod, first performed in Paris, on April 27, 1867, libretto by Jules Barbier et Michel Carré, after Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. One of Gounod's most successful works, it contains his most beautiful and melodious music. It is still regularly performed.

Principal roles

 Juliette - soprano
 Roméo - tenor
 Frère Laurent - bass
 Mercutio - baritone
 Stephano - soprano
 Gertrude - mezzo-soprano
 Thybalt - tenor
 Capulet - baritone

Reference

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

1860s operas
Roberta Peters (May 4, 1930 – January 18, 2017) is an American soprano. She had a long and successful career at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City. She was particularly associated with light coloratura roles in Italian, French and German operas.

Life and career

Born Roberta Peterman in New York City, she began vocal study at the age of 13 with William Herman, encouraged by tenor Jan Peerce, a family friend. 

She made her unscheduled debut (as an emergency replacement) at the Metropolitan Opera, on November 17, 1950, as Zerlina in Don Giovanni, aged only 20 and having no previous stage experience. The success was immediate. Her well schooled voice, good looks and charming personality quickly made her a great favorite of this theatre where she was to sing regularly for 35 seasons.
Some of her most performed roles include; Susanna (Le nozze di Figaro), Despina (Cosi fan tutte), The Queen of the Night (The Magic Flute),  Rosina (Il barbiere di Siviglia), Adina (L'elisir d'amore), Norina (Don Pasquale), Lucia (Lucia di Lammermoor), Gilda (Rigoletto), Oscar (Un ballo in maschera), Nanetta (Falstaff), Olympia (Les contes d'Hoffmann), Sophie (Der Rosenkavalier), Zerbinetta (Ariadne auf Naxos), etc.

She also appeared abroad, notably at the Royal Opera House in London in 1951, as Arline in The Bohemian Girl, and later appeared at the Vienna State Opera, the Salzburg Festival, the Bolshoi in Moscow. She also made several appearances on television, notably on The Ed Sullivan Show. 

Roberta Peters retired from the stage in 1985, but continued to give recital until recent years. She was briefly married to baritone Robert Merrill.

Peters died from Parkinson's disease on January 18, 2017 in Rye, New York. She was 86.

References
References

 The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia, edited by David Hamilton, Simon & Schuster, 1987.

1930 births
2017 deaths
American opera singers
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Disease-related deaths in New York (state)
Singers from New York City
Sopranos
Hannibal Alkhas (1930 – 2010) was a sculptor, painter and author. He was born in 1930 in Iran into an ethnic Assyrian and Christian family and spent his childhood and teenage years in Kermanshah, Ahwaz and Tehran. In 1951, Hannibal Alkhas moved to the United States in pursuit of his education and studied philosophy for three years at Loyola University of Chicago, Illinois.

From 1953 to 1958 he attended the Art Institute of Chicago where he earned his Bachelor's and Masters of Fine Arts.
 
In 1959, after the death of his father, the famous Assyrian writer Rabi Adai Alkhas, Hannibal Alkhas returned to Iran and began to teach painting, drawing, and art history at the Tehran School of Fine Arts for the next four years. During this time he established the successful Gilgamesh gallery, the first modern art gallery in Iran where aspiring young artists were introduced.
In 1963 he returned to the United States and taught a Monticello College in Illinois where he became the chairman of the art department.
In 1969 Hannibal again returned to Iran and spent the next eleven (11) years teaching at Tehran University [6].

He taught at Islamic Azad University in Iran.

Hannibal Alkhas has also created book illustrations, written poems and translated many poems to and from Assyrian. His works have been displayed in numerous exhibitions in Iran, Europe, Canada, Australia and the US.

Hannibal Alkhas died on September 14, 2010 at the age of 80 in the United States. He was suffering from cancer.

References 

1930 births
2010 deaths
Assyrian people
Iranian artists
Iranian writers
The blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) is a passerine songbird in the family Paridae. It is 10.5 to 12 cm (4.2 to 4.8 inches) long. 

The blue tit is a widespread and common resident breeder. It lives throughout temperate and subarctic Europe and western Asia in deciduous or mixed woodlands. It is a resident bird; most do not migrate.

Behaviour
Blue and great tits form mixed winter flocks, and the former are perhaps the better gymnasts on the slender twigs. A blue tit will often ascend a trunk in short jerky hops, imitating a treecreeper. As a rule the bird roosts in ivy or evergreens, but in hard weather will shelter in a hole. Blue tits are very agile and can hang from almost anywhere.

The blue tit has an average life expectancy of 1.5 years

Diet
Diet

The blue tit is a destroyer of pests. It is fond of young buds of various trees, and may pull them to bits in the hope of finding insects. No species, however, destroys more coccids and aphids, the worst foes of many plants. It also eats leaf miner grubs and green tortrix moths (Tortricidae). Seeds are eaten, as with all this family.

Learning
An interesting example of culturally transmitted learning in birds was the phenomenon dating from the 1960s of blue tits teaching one another how to open traditional British milk bottles with foil tops, to get at the cream underneath. This behaviour has declined recently because of the replacement of doorstep delivery by supermarket purchases of milk, and by hard-topped containers instead of the old bottles.

Sources

Other websites 

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (Blue tit)
 Blue tit videos, photos & sounds  on the Internet Bird Collection.

Passeri
Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia
Crows form the genus Corvus in the family Corvidae. They are medium to large sized birds, carnivores and scavengers.

The genus includes the crow (carrion crow or hooded crow), the rook, jackdaw, and the large common raven. The genus has 40 or so members on all temperate continents except for South America, and some islands. 

The Corvus makes up a third of the species in the Corvidae. Crows appear to have evolved in Asia from corvid stock which had evolved in Australia. The collective name for a group of crows is a flock or, more poetically, a murder.

Intelligence 
Some crow species not only use tools but also make tools.  Crows are now thought to be, with parrots, among the world's most intelligent birds. 

They have a brain size (adjusted for body size) as large as some apes. The jackdaw and the European magpie have a nidopallium about the same relative size as the equivalent neocortex in chimpanzees, and significantly larger than is found in the gibbon.
A story of how a girl fed crows, and in return they brought her tiny gifts, shows what the birds are capable of.

References 

Corvids
Silver(I) sulfide, also known as silver sulfide and silver sulphide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ag2S. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains sulfide ions.

Properties
It is a black solid. It reacts with acids. It is heavy. It can irritate the skin.

Occurrence and preparation
It exists in the ground as acanthite and argentite. It is also made when silver is in air containing hydrogen sulfide. The oxygen in air cannot oxidize the silver directly; the hydrogen sulfide helps it. It is the tarnish on silver items.

Uses
It is mostly an unwanted product when silver tarnishes.

Related pages
Silver(I) oxide

Sulfur compounds
Silver compounds
Silver nitrate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgNO3. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state as an ion. It also has nitrate.

Properties
Silver nitrate is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. Most silver compounds do not dissolve in water. It can get dark if light shines on it. It is an oxidizing agent. Most of the time the silver ion is reduced, but sometimes the nitrate ion is reduced. It reacts with copper to make silver crystals and copper(II) nitrate. It turns into silver, nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen when it is heated. It is the least expensive silver compound. It reacts with bases to make dark brown silver(I) oxide.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving silver in nitric acid. This produces nitrogen dioxide, so it should be done where the person can get fresh air.
Uses
It was used to separate silver and gold. Gold does not dissolve in nitric acid. It is used to make other silver compounds. It reacts with chloride, bromide, and iodides to make white, cream, and yellow-colored solids. It is also used as an oxidizing agent. It can also be used to kill germs.

Safety
Silver nitrate is an oxidizing agent and should be kept away from chemicals that can burn. It can burn and stain skin. If too much is eaten, it can turn the skin blue.

Related pages
Silver bromide
Silver iodide
Silver chloride
Silver(II) fluoride

Silver compounds
Nitrogen compounds
Smokey Bear (also sometimes called Smokey the Bear) is a mascot of the United States Forest Service. He was made to teach people that forest fires are dangerous and how people can prevent them.  An advertising campaign featuring Smokey was started in 1944 with the slogan, "Smokey Says – Care Will Prevent 9 out of 10 Forest Fires".  Smokey Bear's later slogan, "Remember... Only YOU Can Prevent Forest Fires", was made in 1947 by the Ad Council.  In April 2001, the message was changed to "Only You Can Prevent Wildfires". According to the Ad Council, Smokey Bear and his message are recognized by 95% of adults and 77% of children in the U.S.

Smokey's correct name is Smokey Bear. In 1952, the songwriters Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins made a famous song named "Smokey the Bear". The pair said that "the" was added to Smokey's name to keep the song's rhythm. This small change has made people curious ever since. Smokey's name is spelled differently from the word smoky on purpose.
The fictional character Smokey Bear is run by three groups: the United States Forest Service, the National Association of State Foresters, and the Ad Council. Smokey Bear's name and image are protected by U.S. federal law, the Smokey Bear Act of 1952 (16 U.S.C. 580 (p-2); 18 U.S.C. 711).

Beginning the campaign
Though the US Forest Service fought wildfires long before World War II, the war made doing it even more important. The forest service began using colorful posters to teach Americans about the dangers of forest fires.  Since most physically fit men who were able to already were serving in the armed forces, there were few people who could stay back and put them out as a job. The hope was that local communities, educated about the danger of forest fires, could prevent them from starting in the first place. However, Japan saw wildfires as a possible weapon. Forest fires could waste the time of people in the United States who could otherwise be involved in the war. They could also destroy natural resources.

The government made advertisements about fire safety. It decided to use a bear in the advertisement. The bear was named "Smokey" after "Smokey" Joe Martin, a New York City Fire Department hero who suffered burns and blindness during a brave 1922 rescue.
Smokey's first poster was released on August 9, 1944. It was drawn by Albert Staehle. In the poster, Smokey was wearing jeans and a "forest ranger's hat"  (a campaign hat), pouring a bucket of water on a campfire. The message underneath reads, "Smokey says – Care will prevent 9 out of 10 forest fires!" 
Knickerbocker Bears got a license to make Smokey bear dolls in 1944. 
Also in 1944, Forest Service worker Rudy Wendelin became the full time campaign artist; he was considered Smokey Bear's "caretaker" until he retired in 1973.

In 1947, the saying now associated with Smokey Bear was first said: "Remember...only YOU can prevent forest fires."

The living symbol of Smokey
The living symbol of Smokey Bear was an American black bear who, in the spring of 1950, was caught in the Capitan Gap fire, a wildfire that burned  in the Capitan Mountains of New Mexico. The cub was in the Lincoln National Forest. Smokey had climbed a tree to get away from the fire, but his paws and hind legs had been burned. He was rescued by a game warden after the fire.
At first, he was called "Hotfoot Teddy," but he was later renamed Smokey, after the mascot. A local rancher who had been helping fight the fire took the cub home with him, but he needed care from a veterinarian. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Ranger Ray Bell took him to Santa Fe. His wife, Ruth, and their children, Don and Judy, took care of the cub. News services around the country wrote stories about the cub, and he became famous. Soon after, Smokey was flown in a Piper Cub airplane to the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., where he lived for 26 years. After he died on November 9, 1976, Smokey's remains were returned by the government to Capitan, New Mexico, and buried at what is now the Smokey Bear Historical Park.

Smokey as popular character 
The character became a big part of American popular culture in the 1950s. He appeared on radio programs, in comic strips and in cartoons.
In 1952, Congress passed the Smokey Bear Act, an act of Congress, was passed to remove the character from the public domain and place it under the control of the Secretary of Agriculture. This meant that people had to have permission from the government to use pictures of Smokey.

In the 1960s, so many people wanted to write letters to Smokey that the US Postal Service issued him his own ZIP Code. That code is 20252. Parts of those letters have been published online.

Legacy
Legacy 

In 2004, Smokey's 60th anniversary was celebrated. According to Richard Earle, author of The Art of Cause Marketing, the Smokey Bear campaign is recognized one of the most powerful and lasting of all public service advertising. "Smokey is simple, strong, straightforward," Earle writes. "He's a denizen of those woods you're visiting, and he cares about preserving them.  Anyone who grew up watching Bambi realizes how terrifying a forest fire can be.  But Smokey wouldn't run away.  Smokey's strong.  He'll stay and fight the fire if necessary, but he'd rather have you douse it and cover it up so he doesn't have to."

In 2009, new commercials with Smokey made in CGI came out.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 SmokeyBear.com
 Smokey Bear on Facebook
 U.S. Forest Service National Symbols Program
 The Real Smokey Bear  - slideshow by Life magazine
 Smokey Bear and Fire Prevention via US Forest Service
 Inventory of the Rudolph Wendelin Papers, 1930 - 2005  in the Forest History Society Library and Archives, Durham, NC
 Smokey Bear Historical Park in Capitan, New Mexico 
 A collection of Smokey Bear and other forest fire-related posters

Safety
Mascots
Forestry
Burt Munro (25 March 1899 – 6 January 1978) was a motorcycle racer from New Zealand. He began riding motorcycles when he was 15. He is famous for setting a world record on 26 August 1967 with his motorcycle. The speed was 295.453 km/h (183.59 mph). To qualify he made a one-way run of 305.89 km/h (190.07 mph), the fastest-ever officially recorded speed on an Indian.

References

Other websites 
  Letters from the hand of Burt Munro
Burt Munro: A New Zealand Legend
E Hayes and Sons: The World's Fastest Indian Exhibition (original motorcycles), The World's Fastest Indian Legend 
A Tribute to H.J Munro, a.k.a "Burt" Munro
Indian Motorcycle website

, a documentary

1899 births
1978 deaths
New Zealand motorcycle racers
Lilongwe River is a river in Malawi flowing through Lilongwe. Its length is near . At mouth of the Lilongwe River is Malawi Lake.

Rivers of Africa
Geography of Malawi
Finches are passerine songbirds in the family Fringillidae. They are mostly seed-eaters. The scientific name Fringillidae comes from the Latin word fringilla for the Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), which is common in Europe.

Most species are native to the Southern Hemisphere, but one subfamily is endemic to the Neotropics, one to the Hawaiian Islands, and one genus is found only in the Palaearctic (Eurasia and north Africa).

Many birds in other families are also commonly called "finches" They include 
• some species in the very similar-looking waxbills (family Passeridae, of the Old World tropics and Australia;
• several groups of the bunting and American sparrow family (Emberizidae);
• Darwin's 'finches' of the Galapagos Islands, which provided evidence of natural selection. They are now recognized to be peculiar tanagers (Thraupidae).

Some species are being imported or smuggled into other countries and sold as exotic pets.
Sub-families 
Fringillinae: Fringilla
Carduelinae:
Grosbeaks
American rosefinches
Bullfinches
Arid-zone clade
Asian rosefinches
Goldfinch-canary-crossbill clade
Drepanidinae: Hawaiian honeycreepers
Euphoniinae: Euphonious finches

References
Third Way tries to create consensus that restores friendly relations between the two parties, right-wing and left-wing, in an effort to settle their differing standpoints.

Supporters of the Third Way include Bill Clinton and Tony Blair.

Political philosophy
Silver(II) fluoride, also known as argentic fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgF2. It has silver in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

Properties
It is a white or gray crystalline solid. It is usually black or brown because of impurities. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is one of the only silver compounds that is in the +2 oxidation state. Most of the silver compounds are in the +1 oxidation state. It can react with glass. It should be stored in certain fluorinated plastics.

It is extremely reactive. It reacts with xenon. It also reacts with water to make oxygen and hydrofluoric acid. It reacts with acids to make ozone. It reacts with iodide to make iodide. It also reacts with hydrogen peroxide to make oxygen.

It is very expensive. Only a little is made each year.

Preparation
Silver(II) fluoride is made by reacting fluorine with silver(I) oxide. It can also be made by reacting silver(I) fluoride or silver chloride with fluorine.
Uses
Silver(II) fluoride is used to add fluoride to certain chemical compounds. It is not used much because it is very expensive.

Safety
Silver(II) fluoride is very corrosive and toxic. It reacts with water to make toxic hydrofluoric acid. It also corrodes glass.

Related pages
Potassium fluoride

Fluorine compounds
Silver compounds
The best-known of these designs are those by Marianne Cusato, whose original "Katrina Cottage" made the term popular and received in 2006 the first annual People's Design Award from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of the U.S. Smithsonian Institution. As Cusato's design and others gained increasing media attention, the number of designs has increased.  The home-improvement retailer Lowe's offers pre-packaged Katrina Cottage kits, including plans and all materials needed for construction. A Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) pilot program accommodating 900 Mississippi coast families encountered some opposition from local government officials opposed to permanent small housing units, although Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour urged local officials to accept the cottages as safer than trailers, in high winds or moderate floods.
Other websites
 "The house that Katrina built", St. Petersburg Times, January 28, 2006.
 "The little house that roared", San Francisco Chronicle, March 4, 2006.
 "Lowe's Makes Katrina Cottages Available for Purchase", Architectural Record Digest, November 3, 2006.

Notes

Houses in the United States
Hurricane Katrina
Silver fluoride can refer to either of these chemical compounds:

Silver(I) fluoride
Silver(II) fluoride
Silver(I) fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgF. It contains silver in its +1 oxidations state. It also contains fluoride ions.

Properties 
It is a yellow-brown solid. It can turn black when in moist air. It dissolves easily in water. It is an oxidizing agent because of the silver ion.

Preparation 
It is made by reacting silver(I) carbonate with hydrofluoric acid.

Uses 
It is used to add fluoride to organic compounds.

Safety 
Silver compounds can stain skin. They are also oxidizing agents and should be kept away from metal.

Related pages 
Silver(II) fluoride
Silver chloride

Fluorine compounds
Silver compounds
Silver(I) carbonate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ag2CO3. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains carbonate ions.

Properties 
It is a yellow solid. It reacts with acids to make carbon dioxide and a silver(I) salt. It does not dissolve in water.

Preparation 
It is made by reacting sodium carbonate with silver nitrate.

Uses 
It is used as a catalyst.

Safety 
Silver compounds can irritate skin. If consumed, they may turn the skin blue.

Related pages 
Silver oxide
Silver chloride

Silver compounds
Silver chloride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgCl. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It does not dissolve in water. When it is exposed to light, it turns back into silver and chlorine. It dissolves in several solutions, such as ammonia.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting a common chloride such as sodium chloride with silver nitrate.

Uses
It is used in photographic film. It darkens when exposed to light, which makes a picture. It is also used in electrochemistry. It is used as a disinfectant in bandages. It is also used to make stained glass. It can be used when someone is poisoned with mercury.

Safety
It can irritate skin. It can also stain the skin. It is a weak oxidizing agent.

Related pages
Silver bromide
Silver iodide

Silver compounds
Chlorine compounds
Silver bromide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgBr. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains bromide ions.

Properties
It is a light yellow solid. It does not dissolve in water. It darkens when light shines on it. The darkening is because it turns into silver metal and bromine gas. It reacts with ammonia to dissolve.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a bromide such as potassium bromide or sodium bromide with silver nitrate.

Uses
It is used in photographic film. Many science studies are on this. Scientists are figuring out how it changes color when light shines on it.

Related pages
Silver chloride
Silver fluoride
Silver iodide

Silver compounds
Bromine compounds
Potassium bromide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KBr. It contains potassium and bromide ions.

Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It dissolves easily in water. When it is dilute, it tastes sweet; when it is a little concentrated, it tastes bitter; when it is very concentrated, it tastes salty. This taste is because of the potassium ion.

Preparation
It can be made by reacting hydrogen bromide with potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by reacting bromine and potassium metal. This is very difficult, though.

Uses
It is used to put people to sleep (sedative). It is also used to stop convulsions. This is because of the bromide ion, not the potassium ion. It is used to make silver bromide. It is used to treat various animals.

Safety
Bromide ions can be toxic in large amounts. Potassium ions can burn, similar to salt when someone eats too much.

Related pages
Potassium iodide
Sodium bromide

Potassium compounds
Bromine compounds
Silver iodide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgI. It contains silver in its +1 oxidation state. It also contains iodide ions.

Properties 
Silver iodide is a yellow solid. It does not dissolve in water. It turns dark when light is shined on it. The darkening is caused by a chemical reaction. The silver iodide turns into silver and iodine.

Preparation 
It is made by reacting an iodide such as sodium iodide with silver nitrate.

Uses 

Silver iodide is sprinkled in clouds to make rain. It can also be used in photographic film.

Safety 
Silver iodide is toxic. It can stain skin. It is not as toxic as other silver compounds that dissolve in water. The iodide also is toxic.

Related pages 
Silver fluoride
Silver chloride
Silver bromide

Silver compounds
Kasana, Kushana kusana,Kisana or kusane is a Royal Gurjar clan. They mostly live in Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan.An important subcaste of Gurjar or Gujjar clan that are mostly found in (Indian and Pakistani) Punjab.
Kasana (कसाणा) derived from Kushan(कुषाण) )[1] [2] [3] also known as kushane(कुसाणे) are a Gujjar clan of Agnivanshi kshatriya lineage.Kasana is also used by Muslim and Sikh gujjars. The believer of the myth, that Gurjars are foreigners, like Sir James Campbell, General Crook, Colonel Todd, Mr. forbs, Dr. Bhagwan Lal Inder Ji and all other has agree that present Kasana gotra of Gurjars are successors of great Kushans .

References 
 

Ethnic groups in Asia
Ethnic groups in Afghanistan
Ethnic groups in India
Ethnic groups in Pakistan
Drosera regia, also known as the King sundew, is a carnivorous plant of the sundew family. In the wild, it only grows in two places in a single valley in South Africa. Its leaves can grow to a size of 70 cm in length. It also has features which are not found in many other sundews, such as wooded rhizomes and special covered pollen. These features have been combined with a genetic analysis, and it was found that D. regia is among the older species of sundew. The Venus Flytrap, another carnivorous plant, shares some of the features, which suggests a close relationship between the two.
The leaves of the plant are covered with tentacles. They are able to capture large prey, such as beetles, moths and butterflies. The tentacles of all Drosera species are specialized glands, capable of producing sticky mucus. The leaves are active flypaper traps: they capture prey by surrounding it. In its native habitat, the plants compete for space with native marsh grasses and low evergreen shrubs. There are two known populations of the plant in the wild. The higher-altitude site is overgrown, and D. regia no longer grows there. On the lower-altitude site, there are about 50 mature plants. For this reason, D. regia is the most endangered Drosera species, since it is threatened with extinction in the wild. It is often grown by people who like carnivorous plants and a single cultivar, "Big Easy", has been registered.

References

Other websites 

Caryophyllales
Traction motor refers to a type of electric motor. A traction motor is used to make rotation torque on a machine. It is usually changed into a straight line motion.

Traction motors are used in electrically powered rail vehicles such as electric multiple units and electric locomotives. They are also used in electric vehicles, such as electric milk floats, elevators, and conveyors. Vehicles with electrical transmission systems such as Diesel-electric locomotives, electric hybrid vehicles and battery powered electric vehicles.

Transportation applications

Railroad 
Railroads first used DC motors. These motors usually ran on about 600 volts. High-powered semiconductors were developed to control the switching of AC motors. They have made AC induction motors a better choice. An induction motor does not require contacts inside the motor. These AC motors are simpler, and more reliable than the old DC motors. AC induction motors known as asynchronous traction motors.
Before the mid-20th century, a single large motor was often used to drive multiple wheels through connecting rods. This was the same way that steam locomotives would turn their drive wheels. Now, the normal practice is to use one traction motor to drive each axle through a gear drive.

Usually, the traction motor is mounted between the wheel frame and the driven axle. This is called a "nose-suspended traction motor". The problem with this mounting is that some of the motor's weight is on the axle. This causes the track and frame to wear out faster. The "Bi-Polar" electric locomotives built by General Electric for the Milwaukee Road had direct drive motors. The rotating shaft of the motor was also the axle for the wheels.
The DC motor is made in two parts; the rotating armature and the fixed field windings. The field windings, also called the stator, surrounds the armature. The field windings are made of tightly wound coils of wire inside the motor case. The armature, also called the rotor, is another set of coils of wire wound round the central shaft. The armature is connected to the field windings through brushes. The brushes are spring loaded contacts pressing against the commutator. The commutator sends the electricity in a circular pattern to armature windings. A series-wound motor has the armature and the field windings connected in series. A series-wound DC motor has a low electrical resistance. When voltage is applied to the motor, it makes a strong magnetic field inside the motor. This produces a high amount of torque, so it is good for starting a train. If more current than needed is sent to the motor, there would be too much torque and the wheels would spin
. If too much current is sent to the motor, it could damage the motor. Resistors are used to limit the current when the motor starts.
On an electric train, the train driver originally had to control the speed by changing the resistance manually. By 1914, automatic acceleration was being used. This was achieved by an accelerating relay in the motor circuit. This was often called a notching relay. The relay would watch the fall of current and control the resistance. All the driver had to do was select low, medium or full speed. These speeds are called shunt, series and parallel from the way the motors were wired.

Road vehicles 

Traditionally road vehicles (cars, buses and trucks) have used diesel or gasoline engines with a transmission. In the latter part of the 20th century, vehicles with electrical transmission systems began to be developed. These vehicles have a source of electricity from batteries or fuel cells. They may also be powered by an internal combustion engines. 

A benefit from using electric motors is that some types can generate energy. They act as a dynamo during braking. This helps improve the efficiency of the vehicle.
Cooling 
Because of the high power levels used by traction motors, they create a lot of heat. They usually require cooling, often with forced air.

References

Other websites 
 "Deconstructing a traction motor - Associated Rewinds (Ireland) Limited"
 Image of a nose mounted traction motor on an R46 New York City Subway car. The motor can be clearly seen behind the axle with the gear box with the writing on it in the center.
 Another nose mounted traction motor on a wrecked R38 Subway car.
 Coney Island Truck Repair shop; many pictures regarding traction motors
 Detached truck with Traction Motors.
 Information About Electric Vehicles

Motors
Locomotives
Vehicles
Electricity
Morelia viridis, also called the green tree python, is a species of python found in New Guinea, islands in Indonesia, and Cape York Peninsula in Australia.

References

Pythons
Snakes of Australia
There are some materials which offer some resistance to the current flow; they are not good Electrical conductors or good Electrical insulators. They are resistive materials, for example graphite, iron, and certain synthetic materials.

The magnitude that represents this characteristic is the resistance, and it is measured in ohms. An ohm (referred to by the Greek letter Ω (Omega)) is the SI unit of resistance (R). It can be defined by Ohm's law and the equation: 

where  is resistance in ohms,  is voltage in volts, and  the current in amperes.

The ohm was named after Georg Ohm.

Further reading 

    Resistors Basics : Everybody is able to understand electronics

SI derived units
Electricity
The Cathedral Prep Events Center is an outdoor multi-purpose sports stadium in Erie, Pennsylvania. It is home to the Cathedral Prep Ramblers. The field name is Dollinger Field. It has an official seating capacity of 1,800. That makes it the second largest football stadium in the City of Erie.

Buildings and structures in Pennsylvania
Stadiums in the United States
Erie, Pennsylvania
2010 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in Pennsylvania
Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally known as quotes and speech marks) are punctuation marks used in pairs to mark a section of text as speech, a quotation, a phrase, or an unusual word. They are used in groups of 2, as a pair of opening and closing marks. They are used in either of two forms:  or .

Depending on the typeface, the opening and closing quotation marks may be identical in form (called “vertical” or “straight” or “typewriter” quotation marks), or they may be distinctly left-handed and right-handed (“typographic” or, colloquially, “curly” quotation marks).  The closing single quotation mark is identical or similar in form to the apostrophe, and similar to the prime symbol.  However, these three characters have quite different purposes.  See also: ditto mark.

Usage
Usage

Quotations and speech 
Quotation marks show that part of the text is either a person speaking or a quotation. Double quotation marks are used as a rule in the United States, while both single and double quotation marks are used in the United Kingdom and other commonwealth countries. A publisher’s or author’s style can be considered as more important than national preferences. However, the style of opening and closing quotation marks must be matched:

 ‘Good morning, Frank,’ said HAL.
 “Good morning, Frank,” said HAL.

For speech within speech, the other mark is used for inner quotations, within a quotation:

 Frank reported that ‘HAL said, “Good morning, Dave,”’.
 Frank reported that “HAL said, ‘Good morning, Dave,’”.
Sometimes, quotations are nested in more than two levels. Nesting levels up to five can be found in some translations of the Bible. In these cases, questions arise about the form (and names) of the quotation marks to be used. The most common way is to simply alternate between the two forms, thus:

 “…‘…“…‘ …   … ’……’…”

If such a passage is further quoted in another publication, then all of their forms have to be shifted over by one level.

In most cases, quotations which span multiple paragraphs should be set as block quotations, and thus do not require quotation marks. Quotation marks are used for multiple-paragraph quotations in some cases, especially in narratives. The convention in English is to put an opening quotation mark at the first and each subsequent paragraph, but use a closing quotation mark only for the final paragraph of the quotation, as in the following example from the book Pride and Prejudice:
As noted below, in some older texts, the quotation mark is repeated every line, rather than every paragraph. The Spanish convention uses closing quotation marks at the beginning of all subsequent paragraphs beyond the first.

When quoted text is interrupted, such as with the phrase he said, a closing quotation mark is used before the interruption, and an opening quotation mark after. Commas are also often used before and after the interruption, more often for quotations of speech than for quotations of text:

 “HAL,” noted Frank, “said that everything was going extremely well.”

It is incorrect to use quotation marks for paraphrased speech.  This is because a paraphrase is an indirect quote, and in the course of any composition, it is important to document when one is using a quotation versus when one is using a paraphrased idea.

If HAL says: “All systems are functional,” then:

 Incorrect: HAL said that “Everything was going extremely well.”
 Correct: HAL said that everything was going extremely well.
However, another convention when quoting text in the body of a paragraph or sentence—for example, in an essay—is to recognize double quotation marks as marking an exact quotation, and single quotation marks as marking a paraphrased quotation or a quotation where grammar, pronouns, or plurality have been changed in order to fit the sentence containing the quotation (see reported speech).

Irony 
Another common use of quotation marks is to indicate or call attention to ironic or mis-used words:

 He shared his “wisdom” with me.
 The lunch lady plopped a glob of “food” onto my tray.
 She attempted to use her “strength” to lift the weight.

Quotes indicating irony, or other special use, are sometimes called scare quotes. They are sometimes gestured in oral speech using air quotes.

Signaling unusual usage 

Quotation marks are also used to indicate that the writer realizes that a word is not being used in its current commonly accepted sense.

 Crystals somehow “know” which shape to grow into.
In addition to conveying a neutral attitude and to call attention to a neologism, or slang, or special terminology (also known as jargon), quoting can also indicate words or phrases that are descriptive but unusual, colloquial, folksy, startling, humorous, metaphoric, or contain a pun:
	 
Dawkins’s concept of a meme could be described as an “evolving idea”.
	 
People also use quotation marks in this way to:
 distance the writer from the terminology in question so as not to be associated with it. For example, to indicate that a quoted word is not official terminology, or that a quoted phrase presupposes things that the author does not necessarily agree with.
 indicate special terminology that should be identified for accuracy’s sake as someone else’s terminology, for example if a term (particularly a controversial term) pre-dates the writer or represents the views of someone else, perhaps without judgement (contrast this neutrally-distancing quoting to the negative use of scare quotes)
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), 15th edition acknowledges this type of use but cautions against overuse in section 7.58, “Quotation marks are often used to alert readers that a term is used in a nonstandard, ironic, or other special sense […] They imply ‘This is not my term,’ or ‘This is not how the term is usually applied.’ Like any such device, scare quotes lose their force and irritate readers if overused.”

Use–mention distinction 

Using either quotation marks or italics can emphasize that an instance of a word refers to the word itself, rather than its associated concept.

 Cheese is derived from milk.
 “Cheese” is derived from a word in Old English.
 Cheese has calcium, protein, and phosphorus.
 Cheese has three es in the spelling.

A three-way distinction is occasionally made between normal use of a word (no quotation marks), referring to the concept behind the word (single quotation marks), and the word itself (double quotation marks):

 When discussing ‘use’, use “use”.