Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Current use 

Obsidian is used in heart surgery, as well-crafted obsidian blades have a cutting edge many times sharper than high-quality steel surgical scalpels, with the edge of the blade being only about 3 nm wide. Even the sharpest metal knife has a jagged, irregular blade when viewed under a strong enough microscope. When examined under an electron microscope an obsidian blade is still smooth and even. One study found that obsidian produced narrower scars, fewer inflammatory cells, and less granulation tissue in a group of rats.

Obsidian is also used for ornamental purposes and as a gemstone. It possesses the property of presenting a different appearance according to the manner in which it is cut. When cut in one direction it is a beautiful jet black; when cut across another direction it is glistening gray.

References

Other websites 

 USGS Obsidian photo glossary
 Jim Miller, Obsidian is Hot Stuff, Volcano World 
 Obsidian: Mineral galleries 
 Mindat with location data

Gemstones
Igneous rocks
Obsidian can refer to:
Obsidian, a volcanic glass
Obsidian (comics), a DC Comics character
Obsidian (1986 Game), a 1986 game written for the Amstrad CPC.
Obsidian (computer game), a 1996 adventure game developed by Rocket Science Games
Obsidian (Transformers), a Transformers character
Obsidian Entertainment, a software developer
Obsidian (RPG), a roleplaying game
Obsidian Order, the fictional Cardassian intelligence agency from Star Trek
Cursed Obsidian, the GEM used by the Valkyrjies in My-Otome.
Arran or the Isle of Arran  is the largest island in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland.

With an area of  it is the seventh largest Scottish island. Just over 5,000 people live there.

Arran shares with the Hebrides cultural and physical similarities. Arran is mountainous and has been described as a "geologist's paradise".p11/17

People have lived there since the early Neolithic period, from which time on there are numerous prehistoric remains.

From the 6th century on peoples from Ireland colonised the island and it became a centre of religious activity. During the troubled Viking Age, Arran became the property of the Norwegian crown before becoming formally absorbed by the Kingdom of Scotland in the thirteenth century.

The 19th century "clearances" led to significant reductions in population and the end of the Gaelic language and way of life.
The economy and population have recovered in recent years, the main industry being tourism. There is diversity of wildlife, including three species of tree endemic to the area. There are regular field trips in the summer by geology and biology students.

Geology 
The island is sometimes referred to as "Scotland in miniature", as it is divided into "Highland" and "Lowland" areas by the Highland Boundary Fault which runs northeast to southwest across Scotland.p297/301

The island is a popular destination for geologists, who come to see intrusive igneous landforms such as sills and dykes as well as sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks ranging in age from Precambrian to Mesozoic.

Most of the interior of the northern half of the island is taken up by a large granite batholith that was created by substantial volcanic activity around 60 million years ago in the Tertiary period. There is an older outer ring of coarse granites and an inner core of finer grained material.
Sedimentary rocks dominate the southern half of the island, especially Old and New Red Sandstone. Sand dunes are preserved in Permian sandstones near Brodick, there are localised outcrops of Triassic rocks,p143/4/9 and even some Cretaceous chalk.

Visiting in 1787, the geologist James Hutton found his first example of an unconformity to the north of Newton Point near Lochranza. It showed evidence for his Plutonist theories of uniformitarianism, and about the age of the Earth. This spot is one of the most famous places in the study of geology.

The Pleistocene glaciations almost entirely covered Scotland in ice. After the last retreat of the ice at the close of the Pleistocene epoch sea levels were up to  lower than at present and it is likely that circa 14,000 years ago the island was connected to mainland Scotland.p68/69

Sea level changes and the isostatic rise of land makes charting coastlines a complex task, but  the island is clearly ringed by post glacial raised beaches.p28
What this means is that the huge weight of ice pressed down the Earth's crust here, and so the beaches were much higher up than now. Gradually, long after the ice melted, the island came back up.

King's Cave on the south west coast is an example of such a raised beach. This cave, which is over  long and up to  high, lies well above the present day sea level.

There are tall sea cliffs to the north east including large rock slides under the heights of Torr Reamhar and at Scriden (An Scriodan) at the far north end of the island. The Scriden rocks fell "some two hundred years ago, with a concussion that shook the earth and was heard in Bute and Argyllshire".p19

References 

Islands of Scotland
Kurud is a town found in the center of the state of Chhattisgarh in India.

Towns in Chhattisgarh
Germanic paganism was a religion. It was a form of paganism. It was practiced in Central and Northern Europe before Christianity came there. The best documented form is called Norse mythology today. The religion was polytheistic, there were many gods. The main ones seem to have been Odin and Thor. Beforehand, the most important one may have been Tyr.

Modern influence

The Germanic gods have affected elements of every day western life in most countries that speak Germanic languages. An example is some of the names of the days of the week. The days were named after List of Germanic deities. In English and Dutch, Saturn was not replaced. Saturday is named after the Sabbath in German, and is called "washing day" in Scandinavia.

Also, many place names such as Woodway House, Wansdyke, Thundersley and Frigedene are named after the old deities of the English people.

More recently, people have created a modern form of Germanic paganism, called Asatru.

Paganism
Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (October 19, 1899 - June 9, 1974) was a writer and diplomat from Guatemala. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1967 for his Banana Trilogy. He also wrote El Hombre que lo tenía todo todo todo.

He was very important for literature in his country.

References

Other websites 
 prizes/literature/laureates/1967/asturias-bio.html Nobel org

1899 births
1974 deaths
Guatemalan writers
Guatemalan politicians
The term Hindustan may relate to various aspects of three geographical areas:
 India
 Indian subcontinent
 Land of the Indus River or "Indus land" to the Persians.
 A region in northern India, east and south of Yamuna river, between the Vindhya mountains and the Himalayas, where Hindi/Hindustani language is spoken

Hindustan can also refer to the following:
 Hindustan Motors, an Indian car manufacturer
 HMS Hindustan, one of the eight ships of the King Edward VII class battleships
 "Hindustan" (1918), a popular published song written and composed by Oliver G. Wallace and Harold Weeks
 Hindustan Times, a major Northern Indian English language daily newspaper
 HAL Airport (Hindustan Airport), the major airport of Bangalore, Karnataka, India
 Hindustan, Indiana, United States, a small town just south of Martinsville, Indiana

Related pages
 Hindustani language

Other websites
Plymouth Colony was an English colony in North America. It existed from 1620 to 1691.  At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern part of the modern state of Massachusetts.

History 
The first settlement of the Plymouth Colony was at New Plymouth. This settlement served as the capital of the colony. It is today the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts. 

Separatists and Anglicans (together, the "Pilgrims") founded the colony. With Jamestown and other settlements in Virginia Colony, it was one of the earliest successful English colonies in North America.  It was the first sizable permanent English settlement in the New England region. 

The colony made a treaty with Chief Massasoit. This helped to make the colony a success. The colonists played a role in King Philip's War. The colony merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other territories in 1691. Together they formed the Province of Massachusetts Bay.
Plymouth holds a special role in American history. Many of the Plymouth colonists left England for a place to worship in their own way. The social and legal systems of the colony became tied to their religious beliefs, as well as English custom. Many of the people and events surrounding Plymouth Colony have become part of American folklore. These include Thanksgiving and Plymouth Rock.

Related pages
European colonization of the Americas
British Empire

References

Other websites
 Timeline of Plymouth Colony 
 Colonial America:Plymouth Colony 1620 A short history of Plymouth Colony hosted at U-S-History.com, includes a map of all of the New England colonies.
 The Plymouth Colony Archive Project a collection of primary sources documents and secondary source analysis related to Plymouth Colony.
 Pilgrim ships from 1602 to 1638 Pilgrim ships searchable by ship name, sailing date and passengers.

 
1620 establishments
1691 disestablishments
An open proxy is a proxy server which any Internet user can use. Generally, a proxy server allows users within a network group to store and forward Internet services such as DNS or web pages, so that not as much bandwidth is used and it is more controlled. With an "open" proxy, however, any user on the Internet is able to use this forwarding service.

By using some open proxies ("anonymous" open proxies), users can hide their true IP address.  Anonymous open proxies will also make the user more anonymous and secure when browsing the web or using other internet services: a user's true IP address can be used by a hacker to get information from the user's computer.

Sometimes people will abuse open proxies, and so they are often seen as a problem.  Using open proxies can be sometimes dangerous as person providing them can be collecting user information.

Other websites 

Open Proxy Network 
Service VPN
List of sites that provide lists of open proxies 

Computer networking

es:Proxy#Proxy Abierto
A zombie computer (often shortened as zombie) is a computer attached to the Internet that has been compromised by a hacker, a computer virus, or a trojan horse. 

Generally, a compromised machine is only one of many in a botnet, and the hacker will make the computer do unwanted things from far away. Most owners of zombie computers do not know that their system is being used in this way. Because the owner tends to not know, these computers are compared to zombies.

Computing
The Rapture (meaning "to carry to another place") is a future event in Christian theology where Jesus Christ will return to Earth to bring his followers to Heaven. In Christianity it is believed that following this amazing event, the world will go through what is called the tribulation. Then later following, will come the millennium (a thousand years).

Tribulation 
The tribulation (or the great tribulation) is supposed theory of a period of time somewhere around the rapture, where the Antichrist comes to power and controls the world. It is not entirely agreed among Christians whether the rapture occurs before (Pre-tribulation view), in the middle of (Pre-wrath view), or after the end of (Post-tribulation view) the tribulation, but most Christians seem to hold a Pre-tribulation view. Most Christians agree that the period lasts around seven years.
Millennium 
The Millennium is the period following the rapture, and the tribulation, that Christians believe they will live in glory on the Earth. They also believe that Jesus Christ will be in total control over earth for 1,000 years (a millennium).

Books and movies

Books 
In 1950, the novel Raptured by Ernest Angley was published, and in 1995, the first of the Left Behind series was published. These and other books have made the story of the rapture and the tribulation popular.

Movies 
The Rapture story has been retold in many movies. The most well-known production company is Cloud Ten Pictures. Which have created the Left Behind film series (Left Behind: The Movie, Left Behind II: Tribulation Force, and Left Behind: World at War), as well as several other movies. Some other notable end times movies are A Thief in the Night and The Omega Code.

References

Other websites 
RaptureReady
RaptureAlert 
ReligiousTolerance 
NewFoundationsPubl 

Christian eschatology
Zeeland (also called Zealand) is a province in Netherlands. It is on the south-western part of the country. About 385,000 people are living in Zeeland (2021).

Geography 
Zeeland is a good example of land partly reclaimed from water or marshes. It is a large river delta at the mouth of several major rivers. 

Most of the province lies below sea level and was reclaimed from the sea. What was a muddy landscape, flooding at high tide and reappearing at low tide, became a series of small man-made hills that stayed dry. The people of the province connected the hills by making dikes. This made a chain of dry land which grew bigger, and gave the province its present shape.
The North Sea flood of 1953 swamped vast amounts of land. Building the protective Delta Works also changed the face of the province. Dams, tunnels and bridges are a vital part of the province's road system. The final touch to this process came in 2003 when the Western Scheldt Tunnel was opened. It was the first solid connection between both banks of the Western Scheldt and ended the era of water separating the islands and peninsulas of Zeeland.

Municipalities 
Location of the municipalities of Zeeland.

Other websites 
 
 Zeeland Tourist Board
 
 GCatholic - Breda diocese
, also called the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 Tokugawa-jidai), is the time between 1600 and 1868 in the history of Japan.  During this long time Japanese society was ruled by the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional feudal lords.

These years come after the Azuchi-Momoyama period and before the Meiji Restoration and the development of modern Japan.

The Tokugawa shogunate was established at Edo in 1603 by the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. The period was marked by the influence of neo-Confucianism and Shinto. The 15th and last shogun was Tokugawa Yoshinobu.

The period ended with the Meiji Restoration, which was the restoration of imperial rule. The Edo period is also known as the beginning of the early modern period of Japan.
Timeline
In 1600, the Battle of Sekigahara establishes a context for the next two centuries. Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats a coalition of daimyo and establishes hegemony over most of Japan.
 1603 ( Keichō 8): The emperor appoints Ieyasu as shogun.
 1605 ( Keichō 10): Ieyasu resigns as shogun and is succeeded by his son Tokugawa Hidetada.
 1607 ( Keichō 12): Korean Joseon Dynasty sends an embassy to Tokugawa shogunate.
 1611 ( Keichō 16): Ryūkyū Islands become a vassal state of Satsuma domain.
 1613 ( Keichō 16):  to Americas and Europe.
 1614 ( Keichō 17): Shogunate bans Christianity from Japan.
 1615  ( Keichō 18):  Battle of Osaka; Ieyasu destroys Osaka Castle and the Toyotomi clan.
 June 1, 1616 (Genna 2, 17th day of the 4th month): Ieyasu died at Suruga Castle.
 1623 (Genna 9): Tokugawa Iemitsu becomes the third shogun.
 1633 (Kan'ei 12) Shogunate forbids travelling abroad and reading foreign books.
 1635 (Kan'ei 12): Shogunate formalizes the system of mandatory alternate residence (sankin kotai) in Edo.
1637 (Kan'ei 14): Shimabara Rebellion (1637-38) mounted by overtaxed peasants.
 1638 (Kan'ei 15): Shogunate forbids ship building.
 1639 (Kan'ei 16): Edicts establish a policy of National Seclusion (Sakoku).
 1641 (Kan'ei 18): Shogunate bans all foreigners, except Chinese and Dutch, who may only live in Nagasaki.
 1650 (Kei'an 3): With peace, there evolved a new kind of noble, literate warrior according to bushido ("way of the warrior").
 1657 (Meireki 3): T The Great Fire of Meireki destroys most of the city of Edo.
 1700 (Genroku 13): Kabuki and ukiyo-e become popular.
 December 16, 1707 (Hōei 4, 23nd day of the 11th month): Eruption of Mt. Fuji,
 1774 (An'ei 3): Kaitai shinsho, the first complete Japanese translation of a Western medical work, is published by Sugita Gempaku and Maeno Ryotaku.
 1787 (Tenmei 7): Matsudaira Sadanobu becomes the shogunate's senior official (rōjū).
 1792 (Kansei 4): Russian envoy Adam Laxman arrives at Nemuro in eastern Ezo (now Hokkaidō).
1804 (Kyōwa 4): Russian envoy Nikolai Rezanov reaches Nagasaki and unsuccessfully seeks the establishment of trade relations with Japan.
  1837 (Tenpō 8): Ōshio Heihachirō  and Ikuta Yorozu lead uprising was known as Tempo Jiken
 1841 (Tenpō 12): Tempo Reforms
 1854 (Kaei 7): Commodore Perry forces the Japanese agreement to the Treaty of Kanagawa.  The chief Japanese negotiator was Hayashi Akira.
 1855 (Ansei 2):  Russia and Japan establish diplomatic relations.
 September 5–6, 1864 (Genji 1, 5th-6th day of the 8th month): Bombardment of Shimonoseki by British, French, Dutch and American warships
In 1868, Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigns, the Tokugawa shogunate ends. This marks the end of the Edo period. Emperor Meiji establishes his Imperial capital in Edo, which is renamed Tokyo ("eastern capital").

Picture gallery

Economy Trade Diplomacy
In the Edo period, Japan developed very much economically, and accumulation of the capital became the driving force of the economic development after the Meiji Restoration.

Because many daimyos stayed at the inn along the highway by daimyo's alternate-year residence in Tokyo, the circulation of the economy became active.

And due to the stable economy, Japanese special culture such as Nou or Kabuki or Ukiyoe had also developed very well.

The Shogunate instituted a foreign policy of isolationism.

Therefore trade relations carried out by the Shogunate are only  in Nagasaki, and the Netherland in Dejima.

Related pages
 List of Japanese eras

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Metropolitan Museum of Art,  Art of the Edo Period (1615–1868)
 British Museum,  Edo period (AD 1600-1868) 
 Japan-guide.com,  Edo Period (1603 - 1867)

Periods in Japanese history
Samurai
1603 establishments
17th-century establishments in Japan
1868 disestablishments in Japan
1600s establishments in Asia
Graduation is the third studio album by American hip hop recording artist and producer Kanye West. It was released on September 11, 2007 on Roc-A-Fella Records. It is also West' last album to be influenced by a college theme in both the albums title and artwork.

Critical reception 

Graduation received general acclaim from music critics.

Track listing 

 (*) designates co-producer
 (**) designates additional production
Notes:
 "Good Morning" contains samples of "Someone Saved My Life Tonight" by Elton John
 "Champion" contains elements of "Kid Charlemagne" by Steely Dan
 "Stronger" contains samples of "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger" by Daft Punk
 "I Wonder" contains samples of "My Song" by Labi Siffre
 "Good Life" contains samples of "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" by Michael Jackson
 "Barry Bonds" contains samples of "Long Red" by Mountain
 "Drunk and Hot Girls" contains elements of "Sing Swan Song" performed by Can
 "Everything I Am" contains elements of "If We Can't Be Lovers" by Prince Phillip Mitchell and "Bring the Noise" by Public Enemy
 "The Glory" contains samples of "Save the Country" by Laura Nyro, "Long Red" by Mountain
 "Good Night" contains samples of "Nuff Man a Dead" by Super Cat, "Wake The Town" by U-Roy
 "Bittersweet Poetry" interpolates "Bittersweet" by Chairmen of the Board

Personnel 
Credits adapted from liner notes.
Kanye West – executive producer, primary artist (All Tracks),  producer (All Tracks except 13)
 Lil Wayne - featured artist (Track 7)
 Mos Def – featured artist (Track 8), backing vocals (8, 11)
 T-Pain – featured artist (Track 5)
 Dwele – featured artist (Track 9)
 DJ Premier – featured artist (Track 10)
 Jay-Z – featured artist, additional rap vocals (Track 1)
 Chris Martin – featured artist, additional vocals (sung by) (Track 12)
 Connie Mitchell – featured artist, additional vocals (Tracks 1-2, 6, 9)
 Tanya Herron – featured artist, additional vocals (Track 8)
 John Legend – featured artist, backing vocals (Tracks 5, 11)
 Ne-Yo – featured artist, backing vocals (Track 5)
 Jalil Williams – featured artist, additional backing vocals (Track 11)
 Jehireh Williams – featured artist, additional backing vocals (Track 11)
 Daphne Chen – violin (Tracks 5, 8)
 Eric Gorfain – violin (Tracks 5, 8)
 Luigi Mazzocchi – violin (Tracks 4, 9)
 Charles Parker – violin (Tracks 4, 9)
 Igor Szwec – violin (Tracks 4, 9)
Emma Kummrow – violin (Tracks 4, 9)
 Olga Konopelsky – violin (Tracks 4, 9)
 Gloria Justen – violin (Tracks 4, 9)
 Peter Nocella – viola (Tracks 4, 9)
 Leah Katz – viola (Tracks 5, 8)
 Alexandra Leem – viola (Tracks 4, 9)
 Alma Fernandez – viola (Track 5)
 Mike Dean – keyboards (Track 3, 7), music arranger (3), string arrangements (5, 8), recording engineer (3), guitar (3), mixing (5-8, 10, 12), producer (3, 5)
 Jon Brion – keyboards (Track 4), percussion (12), record producer (8)
 Darryl Beaton – keyboards (Track 6)
 Andy Chatterly – keyboards (Tracks 1, 3, 8, 11)
 Chris Rob – keyboards (Track 6)
 Richard Dodd – cello (Tracks 5, 8)
 John Krovoza – cello (Track 5)
 Jennie Lorenzo – cello (Tracks 4, 9)
 Tim Resler – bass (Tracks 4, 9)
 Omar Edwards – piano (Tracks 4-5, 10),  keyboards (3, 11)  synthesizer (4-5, 8), synthesizer bass (8).
Nottz Raw –producer (Track 7), recording engineer (Track 7)
 Tony Rey – recording engineer (Track 6)
 Seiji Sekine – recording engineer (Track 3)
 Greg Koller – recording engineer (Tracks 4, 8, 12)
 Bruce Buechner – recording engineer (Track 12)
 Andrew Dawson – recording engineer (All Tracks),  mixing (Tracks 2, 4-6, 9, 12-13)
 Anthony Kilhoffer – recording engineer (Tracks 1-6, 9-12),  mixing (1, 11)
 Anthony Palazzole – assistant recording engineer (Track 2, 5-10, 12)
 Andy Marcinkowski – assistant recording engineer (Tracks 2, 5-10, 12-13)
 Richard Reitz – assistant recording engineer (Tracks 3, 6)
 Jared Robbins – assistant recording engineer (Track 3)
 Kengo Sakura – assistant recording engineer (Track 3)
 Bram Tobey – assistant recording engineer (Tracks 1-6, 8, 10-11)
 Matty Green – assistant recording engineer (Tracks 1, 9, 11-12)
 Nate Hertweck – assistant recording  engineer (Tracks 1-6, 10-11)
 Jason Agel – assistant recording engineer (Tracks 1-6, 8, 10-11)
 Tracey Waples – marketing
Al Brancch – marketing
 Takashi Murakami – artwork
 Carol Corless – package production
 Eric Hudson – all other instruments (Track 9),  producer (9)
 Warryn Campbell – producer (Track 12)
 Larry Gold – string arrangements, string conductor (Tracks 4, 9)
 Rosie Danvers – string arrangements (Track 11)
 Sandra Campbell - project coordinator
 Sean Cooper – sound designer (Track  12)
 Tommy D – string section producer (Track 11)
 Vlado Meller – mastering
 Terese Joseph – A&R
 Kyambo Joshua – executive producer
 Manny Marroquin – mixing (Track 3)
 Kazuhiro Mizuno – design
 Patrick "Plain Pat" Reynolds – A&R, producer (Track 11)
 Timbaland – additional drum machine (Track 5), additional music programming (3)
 Gus Dudgeon - producer (Track 1)
 Daft Punk - music arranger (Track 3), producer (3)
 Edwin Birdsong - music arranger (Track 3), producer (3)
Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References 

2007 albums
Kanye West albums
Hip hop albums
Electronica albums
R&B albums
Savior (or Saviour) refers to a someone who has saved another from danger. It can also refer to someone who has helped people achieve Salvation. Many religions have a Savior, though the way they use the idea varies. 

Christianity's savior is Jesus, the Christ.(Gospel of Matthew 1:21) In Judaism, Jesus is not considered a savior. They believe that the Messiah, their own concept of a savior, has not yet come. In Islam, their savior is Mahdi. In Hinduism, Shiva, Vishnu, and Devi are referred to as saviors.

Theology
A pebibyte (peta binary byte, abbreviated PiB) is a large unit of measurement of bytes (computer memory). 
1 pebibyte = 250 bytes = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes = 1,024 tebibytes. It is related to the petabyte which is 1015 bytes.

1024 pebibytes make one exbibyte.

Units of information
An exbibyte (EiB) is a large unit of measurement for computers of the future. Exbibytes hold 1024 pebibytes (PiB) or 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes. The exbibyte is closely related to, but not the same as, the exabyte.

1024 exbibytes make 1 zebibyte.

Units of information
Okrouhlička is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 199 people live there. It covers 6,84 km². Okrouhlička was first documented in 1307.

Villages in Vysočina Region
Water buffaloes are a kind of bovine. There are Wild Asian Water Buffaloes and domestic buffaloes or domestic Asian water buffalo. They are bred in Asia, South America and in Southern Europe. They were bred from the Wild Asian Water Buffalo, which is now an endangered species.

Today, these buffaloes are used for their milk, which has more fat than that of cows. The milk is processed to make Mozzarella, and curd. Feral populations are sometimes used to manage uncontrolled growth of vegetation around wetlands. They will simply graze it off. This keeps such bodies of water usable by birds and other wildlife.

Females normally give birth to calves every other year. Young bulls  usually stay with herds of mothers, which have about 30 buffalo, for three years after birth. They then go on to form small all-male herds.

Water buffalo have been kept by humans for more than 5,000 years. They have helped humans with their meat, horns, hides, milk, butterfat, and power, plowing and transporting people and crops.
Wild water buffalo are endangered. They live only in a small number of protected areas in countries like India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Thailand.

References 

Bovines
Mammals of Asia
Lípa is a village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 1024 people live there. It covers 14,7 km². Lípa was first documented in 1351.

Villages in Vysočina Region
Věžnička is a village in the Jihlava District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 116 people live there. It covers 4.51 km². Věžnička was first documented in 1502.

Villages in Vysočina Region
Kamenná  is a village in the Jihlava District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 171 people live there. It covers 6,33 km². Kamenná was first documented in 1308.

Villages in Vysočina Region
Větrný Jeníkov is a village in the Jihlava District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 582 people live there. It covers 12,22 km². Větrný Jeníkov was first documented in 1226.

Villages in Vysočina Region
Florida State University is a large school in Tallahassee, in the north part of Florida, U.S.A. It is one of the two most important public universities in Florida, together with the University of Florida. More than 40,000 students go to school there, usually starting after high school (secondary school) at an age of about 18 years. About 9,000 of the students already have a degree (diploma) from college, and are learning even more, to earn an advanced degree.

The University is made up of 16 colleges: Arts and Sciences; Business; Communication; Criminology and Criminal Justice; Education; Engineering; Human Sciences; Information; Law; Medicine; Motion Picture, Television and Recording Arts; Music; Nursing; Social Sciences; Social Work; and Visual Arts, Theatre and Dance.

Florida State University is more than 150 years old. The fees to attend the school (tuition) in 2006 were $3,175 for people from Florida and $16,306 for people from other places, for each term (about 4 months).
Their athletics program, the Seminoles have 17 varsity teams and have claimed 3 national championships (1993, 1999, 2013) in football.

References

Other websites 

 F.S.U. website
 F.S.U. sports website

Atlantic Coast Conference
Florida State University
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
Tallahassee, Florida
1851 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in Florida
The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests were protests in April and June of that year. China calls this the June Fourth Incident, but to most of the world it is the Tiananmen Square massacre . It was part of the Revolutions Of 1989 during the end of the Cold War .

Overview 
The Tiananmen Square protests were student-led demonstrations calling for democracy, free speech and a free press in China. There were other protests on Tiananmen square in 1919 and 1976. The protests of 1989 were organised by groups of students, intellectuals and labour activists. There was no common cause or leadership in the protests. However, most protesters did not like the way the Communist party of China ran the economy. Some people also wanted a change towards more democracy. Most people protested on Tiananmen Square in Beijing, but some also did in other cities, like Shanghai. The protests in cities other than Beijing stayed peaceful.
On June 4, 1989, the government used force to end the protests. This left many people injured or dead. The exact number is not known today. The Chinese government speaks about 200 - 300 victims, the New York Times says there were between 300 and 800, and the Chinese Red Cross talks about 2,000 - 3,000.

The official Chinese position on the events was that the protests needed to be dispersed in order not to harm the stability of the country.

Many of the scenes were shown around the world over western media (the most famous image is that showing a man standing in front of a file of tanks in the middle of the square).

The protests had various causes. The corruption of the Communist Party was a main issue. The control of the economy was working badly. The country was poor, and city dwellers got the worst of it.
Ironically, this all happened under the rule of Deng Xiaoping. He was Mao Zedong's successor in 1978 and launched the economic reforms. These reforms helped life for farmers and people who lived in the countryside, but was bad for city dwellers. Intellectuals, students, and industrial workers, feared unemployment rising and social problems. They felt disenfranchised. This means people felt they could do nothing about these problems.

When reformer Hu Yaobang suddenly died of a heart attack on (15 April  1989), students reacted strongly. Hu's death provided the reason for students to gather in large numbers. In university campuses, many posters appeared eulogizing Hu, calling for a revival of Hu's legacy. Within days, most posters were writing about broader political issues, such as freedom of the press, democracy, and corruption.

It is said this was one of the largest specific-purposed, overcrowded demonstrations there has been in all of modern history.

Memorials
Memorials 

After 1989, memorials have traditionally been held every year to honor the June 4, 1989 student-led pro-democracy protests in Tiananmen Square. 

In 2019, there were months of anti-government protests in Hong Kong, which is a partly independent Chinese territory. The 2019 protests led Beijing to approve a national security law in Hong Kong in 2020. Under the law, anyone believed to be involved in terrorism or the weakening of state power could be tried and face life in prison.
In 2020, China banned the annual ceremony for the first time in 30 years. Police said the ban was needed for public health reasons related to COVID-19, but critics say the ban is part of ongoing measures to stop political dissent. More than 12 activists first attended the June 4 ceremony despite the ban and thousands came later. The crowds broke through barriers set up around Victoria Park to light candles and sing songs. Police later arrested over 20 activists, including leaders of the Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements of China, the group that organizes the yearly ceremony.

Related pages
Movies banned in China

References 

1989 in Asia
1980s in China
April 1989 events
Beijing
Mass murder in the 1980s
Massacres in Asia
Politics of the People's Republic of China
Evangelism is the Christian practice of preaching about Jesus Christ to both Christians and non-Christians. The purpose of most evangelism is to help others receive eternal (forever) salvation to people who have not heard of, or have denied God. Evangelism is done in obedience to the Great Commission, a command from Jesus to his disciples to convert others, as recorded in the New Testament. 

Christians who are superior at evangelism are known as evangelists, whether in their areas or to far away places. Some Christian traditions consider evangelists to be in a leadership position, and they may be found preaching to large meetings.

Notable evangelists
Charles Finney was an evangelist in the 19th century. He was a leader in the Second Great Awakening, a time when many in America came to the Christian faith. Dwight L. Moody preached in the last half of the 19th century and also started a Christian school, the Moody Bible Institute. Aimee Semple McPherson  preached in the 1920s and 1930s. In the middle years of the 20th century Festo Kivengere, an Anglican Bishop preached in Africa with great results. A prominent evangelist in the 20th century was Billy Graham. His son Franklin Graham followed him, preaching in the 21st century.  Reinhard Bonnke (1940-2019) was an evangelist, largely in Africa. He preached to as many as 100,000  persons at a time. Many missionaries are evangelists, although missionaries also have done other work to promote their faith.

Types of Evangelism

Preaching can be done in churches or in special meetings.  Well known evangelists can draw crowds of many thousands of persons to hear their message.
Literature is used to spread the message.  Small papers with a one or two page message are called "tracts".  Some Christians give these to friends or even strangers. Many books have also been written to spread the Gospel.  Some are overtly Christian and others are less obviously so. C.S. Lewis has written extensively using both genres. The translation, printing and distribution of the Bible can also be a form of evangelism. 

Personal Evangelism refers to people simply talking one on one to others about their faith. 

Radio is widely used to present the Christian message. 

Television has been used to broadcast both preaching and dramatic programs with an Evangelistic message. 

Film Many films have been made with a Christian message.  "Jesus" was a film of the life of Christ based on the Gospel of Luke. It was funded by Bill Bright's Campus Crusade for Christ. It is probably the most watched  and most translated film of all time.
Christian Web Sites are often Evangelistic. Many Churches have Facebook pages or web sites with a link to something like "How to find God".

Music is used to attract listeners to hear a message.  Often the message of the song itself is a form of Evangelism.  Amazing Grace is a song with a Christian message that has found its way into popular culture. The Salvation Army has long used brass bands playing in public places to attract an audience to hear the gospel message.

Medicine is sometimes used in Evangelism.  Many Hospitals were founded by Christians to serve the physical needs of the public and at the same time showing them Christian love. This often leads to patients asking about the meaning of life and suffering.
Healing through prayer is sometimes promoted as a way of attracting interest in the Christian message.  It is recorded in the Bible that Jesus often did this.  Modern "faith healers" have been criticized for making false claims about persons being healed. But the practice is still common in Pentecostal circles. Catholic and mainline Protestant churches sometimes have healing services also. 

Social programs are used by many churches to help persons in need of food, clothing and short term housing.  Some churches do this without any attempt to "preach" to those receiving the benefits.  Others, such as some "Rescue Missions" may require attendance at preaching meetings to receive the help.  

Education has historically been a tool for Evangelism.  Many famous schools were founded to help spread the Christian message, even though many of them became secular over time.
Although most Christian denominations perform some sort of evangelism, Evangelical and Pentecostal denominations are very focused on this issue.

References 

Christian theology
Evangelicalism
The Southern Baptist Convention (SBC)] is a United States-based Christian denomination. While most of the churches that make up the SBC are in the USA, some are outside of the USA. The Convention began in the Southern United States, it is now "in name only" that the denomination is Southern and more members are in that region other regions. The name Southern Baptist Convention refers both to the denomination and to its annual meeting of members. They split from the northern Baptists in 1845 over the slavery question. At the time, the SBC was against ending slavery. In 1995 the SBC apologized and denounced slavery as evil and sinful. Some Southern Baptists refer to the convention as the Great Commission Baptist Convention, which the denomination also accepts.
The Southern Baptist Convention is the largest protestant denomination and has many avenues of ministry, including but not limited to compassion ministries such as Disaster Relief and children's homes, seminaries for training and equipping men and women for ministry and theological/philosophical education, the International Mission Board and North American Mission Board equipping and sending missionaries to spread the Gospel and seek the lost and glorify God. The SBC is different from other denominations as it respects and upholds each individual church's right of autonomy. This means the SBC has no jurisdiction, power, or direct influence on how a state convention, local association, or church operates. In fact, the SBC is the only denomination operating with a bottom-to-top leadership and voting style. Each church sends messengers (voters) to the associational meeting (if applicable), state convention, and the meeting of the SBC
. One of the goals of this style of operation is to keep everything clear, above reproach, and (above all) biblical.
References

Other websites 
Official SBC website

 
1845 establishments in the United States
Christian organizations based in the United States
Times Square is a section of Manhattan, New York City. It is a major center for tourism, show business and commerce. The square is at the meeting point of Broadway, 7th Avenue and 42nd street. One of the biggest stations in the New York City Subway system is under Times Square. The well-known city street area is probably most famous for its New Year's Eve ball drop that happens every year. It is one of the most famous sights of New York.

Early history

When Dutch people first came to Manhattan, there were three small streams. They came together near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th Street. These three streams were part of a big stream called the "Great Kill" (Dutch: Grote Kill). From there the Great Kill went through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and other water animals. Its end was a deep bay in the Hudson River at present-day 42nd Street. People lived in a small area named Great Kill, where carriages were made. The higher land to the south and east was called Longacre.
When the American Revolution was happening, John Morin Scott owned the land. Scott was in the army, which was led by George Washington. During the early 1800s, John Jacob Astor bought the land, then built houses and hotels for the rich on the land. By 1872, carriages were mainly made in Longacre. The city government named the area Longacre Square after Long Acre, a place in London where carriages were also made. Soon after, Broadway theaters were created around Longacre Square.

In 1904, New York Times moved to a new building on 42nd Street at Longacre Square. Under there, a New York City Subway station was built. The area has been called "Times Square" since April 8, 1904. The square took its name from the newspaper. In 1913, the Times moved again. The old Times Building, One Times Square, is best known for the Times Square Ball drop that happens every December 31.
Since 1913, the Lincoln Highway, the first road across the United States, has ended in Times Square. During the early 20th century, theatres, music halls, and very fancy hotels were built here. People called the area The Tenderloin because many people wanted to come to Times Square. Still, there were some gangsters in Times Square.

By the 1930s, Times Square was becoming a bad place to visit.

Later history
By the 1960s, The New York Times said that 42nd Street in Times Square was "the 'worst' [block] in town", By 1984, 2,300 crimes happened in Times Square; 460 were very bad crimes like murders. The NYPD did not help to get rid of the crime in Times Square. People moved out of Times Square, and it became empty.

In the 1980s through the mid-1990s, Rudolph Giuliani cleaned up the area. People did not want to go to Times Square in the 1970s. Giuliani got rid of prostitutes and drug dealers, and put in Disney stores and other places that tourists wanted to go.
There are many big signs on buildings in Times Square. There are as many big signs in Times Square than in Las Vegas.

After the September 11, 2001 attacks, more than seven thousand police officers came to Times Square. Before, there were only 3,500 officers.

On March 6, 2008, a bomb went off in Times Square. No one was hurt. On May 1, 2010, another bomb was found in Times Square, and everyone was asked to leave. The bomb did not go off.

On February 26, 2009, Mayor Michael Bloomberg closed Broadway to cars for a year. On February 11, 2010, Bloomberg said that Broadway in Times Square would be closed to cars forever.

Starting in February 2011, New York City stopped people from smoking in Times Square.

Number of visitors
Times Square is the most visited place in the world. 360,000 people come here in a day, and 131 million visit Times Square in a year.
Even if people who live here are not counted, Times Square is the second most visited place in the world, behind the Las Vegas Strip. Because of the high number of visitors, Times Square gets $1 Dollar per year from stores, hotels, and attractions.

References

Other websites 
 
 Official Times Square website
 https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square

Town squares in the United States
Manhattan
FutureSex/LoveSounds is the second solo studio album by American pop singer Justin Timberlake. It was released on September 12, 2006 through Jive Records and Zomba Records. Timberlake started the FutureSex/LoveShow tour in support of the album in January 2007. He worked with several notable producers including: Danja, Rick Rubin, Timbaland and will.i.am.  The album originally sold slightly more than his first solo album, Justified, with worldwide sales in excess of 9 million, 4 million of which have been sold in the United States alone. As of February 2018 the album has sold over 15 million units CSPC.
Track listing
"FutureSex/LoveSound" (Justin Timberlake, Tim Mosley, Nate Hills) – 4:02
"SexyBack" (featuring Timbaland) (Timberlake, Mosley, Hills) – 4:02
"Sexy Ladies/Let Me Talk to You (Prelude)" (Timberlake, Mosley, Hills) – 5:32
"My Love" (featuring T.I.) (Timberlake, Mosley, Hills, Clifford Joseph Harris) – 4:36
"LoveStoned/I Think She Knows (Interlude)" (Timberlake, Mosley, Hills) – 7:24
"What Goes Around.../...Comes Around (Interlude)" (Timberlake, Mosley, Hills, Michael Jackson, Jackie Jackson) – 7:28
"Chop Me Up" (featuring Timbaland and Three 6 Mafia) (Timberlake, Mosley, Hills, Jordan Houston, Paul Beauregard) – 5:04
"Damn Girl" (featuring will.i.am) (Timberlake, Will Adams/J.C. Davis) – 5:12
"Summer Love/Set the Mood (Prelude)" (Timberlake, Mosley, Hills) – 6:24
"Until the End of Time" (featuring The Benjamin Wright Orchestra) (Timberlake, Mosley, Hills, Prince, Static Major, Smoke E. Digglera, Digital Black) – 5:22
"Losing My Way"  (featuring Hezekiah Walker and The Love Fellowship Choir) (Timberlake, Mosley, Hills) – 5:22
"(Another Song) All Over Again" (Timberlake, M. Morris, Rick Rubin) – 5:45
Deluxe Edition
Disc 1
 "FutureSex/LoveSound" - 4:01
 "SexyBack" (featuring Timbaland) - 4:02
 "Sexy Ladies/Let Me Talk to You (featuring Timbaland) (Prelude)" - 5:32
 "My Love" (featuring T.I., additional vocals by Timbaland) - 4:36
 "LoveStoned/I Think She Knows (Interlude)" - 7:24
 "What Goes Around.../...Comes Around (Interlude) (additional vocals by Timbaland)" - 7:28
 "Chop Me Up" (featuring Timbaland and Three 6 Mafia) - 5:04
 "Damn Girl" (featuring will.i.am) - 5:12
 "Summer Love/Set the Mood Prelude" - 6:24
 "Until the End of Time" - 5:22
 "Losing My Way"  (featuring Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Choir) - 5:22
 "(Another Song) All Over Again" - 5:45
 "Until the End of Time"(duet with Beyoncé Knowles) - 5:22
 "SexyBack" (DJ Wayne Williams Ol' Skool Remix)  (featuring Missy Elliott & Timbaland) - 4:16
 "Sexy Ladies" (Remix)  (featuring 50 Cent, additional vocals by Timbaland) - 3:51
 "My Love" (Siik Let Go Remix) - 5:11
Disc 2
DVD
 Making of SexyBack
 Interview with Michael Haussmann (Director of Sexyback)
 SexyBack (Music Video)
 Interview with Paul Hunter (Director of My Love)
 Let Me Talk To You/My Love (Music Video)
 Behind The Scenes: What Goes Around.../...Comes Around
 What Goes Around.../...Comes Around (Clean Version New)
 Interview with Robert Hales (Director of Lovestoned/I Think She Knows)
 Lovestoned/I Think She Knows Interlude (Music Video)
 Lovestoned/I Think She Knows (Live from Concert Prive, Paris)
 My Love (Parkinson UK TV Performance)
 SexyBack/My Love/LoveStoned/I Think She Knows (MTV Europe Music Awards Performance)
 My Love/SexyBack (MTV VMA Performance)

References

2006 albums
Justin Timberlake albums
Pop albums
R&B albums
"Dilemma" is the 2002 hit single by the rapper Nelly. The song featured Kelly Rowland from Destiny's Child. It was  released from the 2002 album Nellyville. "Dilemma" was Kelly Rowland's first international solo song away from Destiny's Child. She had previously appeared on Avant's "Separated", which was released in the United States only. It was also the first single from her debut album Simply Deep.  It is based melodically on and uses lyrical elements of Patti LaBelle's "Love, Need and Want You" from her 1983 album I'm In Love Again. LaBelle also plays a part in the music video, as Kelly Rowland's mother. Kelly Rowland's part in "Dilemma" was originally offered to Christina Aguilera, but Aguilera declined the offer. Two years later, Nelly approached Aguilera once again for the recording of "Tilt Ya Head Back", a critically-acclaimed but less successful track (in terms of the Billboard Hot 100 chart) on Nelly's later album Sweat.

Formats and tracklistings
International Vinyl
Side A
 "Dilemma" (radio edit) 
 "Dilemma" (UK Garage radio edit) 

Side B
 "Dilemma" (Jason Nevin's club remix)

International CD

 "Dilemma" (radio edit)
 "Dilemma" (Jason Nevin's remix edit)
 "King's Highway"
 "Dilemma" (video)

2002 songs
2000s ballads
Kelly Rowland songs
Nelly songs
Billboard Hot 100 number one songs
"Bring Me to Life" is the first single from Evanescence's multi-platinum first album "Fallen". At the 2004 Grammy Awards the song won the award for Best Hard Rock Performance.

Track listing 
The single for "Bring Me to Life" was released shortly before Evanescence's debut album Fallen. These are two of the most widely available versions of the single; other, mainly localized, versions have also been released worldwide.

CD Single (First pressing; Australia only) (Released 22 April 2003)
"Bring Me to Life" (Album version) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) — 3:56
"Bring Me to Life" (Bliss mix) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) — 3:59
"Farther Away" (Album version) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) — 3:58
"Missing" (Album version) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) — 4:15
CD Single (Subsequent pressings) (Released 20 May 2003)
"Bring Me to Life" (Album version) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) — 3:56
"Bring Me to Life" (Bliss mix) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) — 3:59
"Farther Away" (Album version) (Lee, A./Hodges, D./Moody, B.) — 3:58
"Bring Me to Life" (Music video) — 4:14

References

2003 songs
Daredevil (movie series)
Grammy Award winning songs
Music memes
Evanescence songs