Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Manning was called the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XLII, which was played on February 3, 2008. In that game, he led the New York Giants to an unexpected win over the previously undedeated New England Patriots. When New York won Super Bowl XLVI, Manning was the MVP of that too.

Personal life 
Eli Manning's home is in Hoboken, New Jersey. He is the son of former NFL quarterback Archie Manning.  Eli is the younger brother of Peyton Manning.

When Eli Manning was young, it was difficult for him to learn how to read. He almost had to do one year of school twice. Manning said that his mother helped him a lot when he was learning how to read. His brother, Peyton Manning, and father Archie Manning have also been successful quarterbacks.

In 2007, Manning asked Abby McGrew to marry him. He met her while they were in college. On April 19, 2008 Manning and McGrew were married in San José del Cabo|San José del Cabo, Mexico.
When he is not playing football, Manning likes collecting antiques with his mother and wife.

On April 30, 2008, Eli Manning and the rest of the people who play for the New York Giants visited United States President George W. Bush at the White House for the Super Bowl champions celebration.

Manning plays golf with his father and brothers several times a year.

References 

1981 births
Living people
Sportspeople from New Orleans
American football quarterbacks
New York Giants players
Paul Anthony Pierce (born October 13, 1977 in Oakland, California) is a retired American basketball player of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball at the University of Kansas. Pierce won an NBA championship with the Celtics in 2008, and won the NBA 3-Point Shooting Contest in 2010. He was the Most Valuable Player of the 2008 NBA Finals.

References

1977 births
Living people
Basketball players from California
Boston Celtics players
Sportspeople from Oakland, California
William Scott "Scotty" Bowman (born September 18, 1933 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a former National Hockey League head coach. He holds the record for most wins with 1,244.

Early years
Bowman was born on September 18, 1933 in Verdun, Quebec. He played minor league hockey until a fractured skull resulting from a slash by Jean-Guy Talbot ended his playing aspirations.

References

Other websites 

 

1933 births
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Jack Adams Award winners
Living people
Nigel Ernest James Mansell OBE (born 8 August 1953 in Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire) is a British racing driver from England who won both the Formula One World Championship (1992) and CART World Series (1993). He is the only person in history to hold both titles simultaneously, and was the first person to win the CART title in his debut season. During the early nineties, Mansell was commonly known, by the British media especially, as Our Nige.

His career in Formula One spanned 15 seasons, with his final two full seasons of top-level racing being spent in the CART series. Mansell remains the most successful British Formula One driver of all-time in terms of race wins with 31 victories, and is eighth overall on the Formula One race winners list. He was rated in the top 10 Formula One drivers of all time by Murray Walker, who was a Formula One commentator for 50 years. In 2008, American sports television network ESPN ranked him 24th on their top drivers of all-time.
Mansell raced in the GP Masters series and signed a one-off race deal for the Scuderia Ecosse GT race team to drive their number 63 Ferrari430 GT2 car at Silverstone on 6 May 2007.

References 

1953 births
Living people
English Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from Worcestershire
Norman Graham Hill (15 February 1929 – 29 November 1975) was a British racing driver and two-time Formula One World Champion. He was born in Hampstead, London and died in a plane crash in Arkley, London.  

His son Damon Hill and Damon's son Josh Hill are racing drivers.

Accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
Aviation deaths
English Formula One drivers
Sportspeople from London
1929 births
1975 deaths
Besiktas (Turkish: Beşiktaş) is a district in the European part of İstanbul. Beşiktaş is on the coast of the Bosphorus.

Beşiktaş has a football team called Beşiktaş Jimnastik Kulübü (BJK) (English: Besiktas Gym Club). BJK is one of the biggest and one of the most popular football team in Turkey.

Historical buildings
Dolmabahçe Palace is an Ottoman palace located in Besiktas along the coast. This is the palace where the founder of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, died.

Districts in Istanbul
Eusociality is a term in animal behaviour for the more complex kinds of social organisation. The term "eusocial" was introduced in 1966 by Suzanne Batra. E.O. Wilson gave it a more precise meaning.

Meaning of the term 
At the start, it was used for invertebrates only, usually social insects. These are its main features:
 Different animals have different jobs to do. There is a division of labour. Some castes may be sterile.
 Animal generations overlap. There are different generations in the hive or nest.
 Animals cooperate to care for the young.

Presociality is a term for simpler (basal) kinds of sociality.

Definition debates 
After Wilson's original definition, others discussed it, and some wanted to change its details.

Examples 
The most familiar examples of eusociality are insects such as ants, bees, wasps, and termites. All of these are colonial animals which have queens for reproduction. The animals that are workers or soldiers are usually sterile - they cannot have offspring.
There were only two known mammal species which are eusocial. These are the naked mole rat and the Damaraland mole rat.

Eusociality with sterile individuals is the most extreme form of kin altruism. They do specialized tasks, often caring for the reproductive members. It includes individuals whose behaviour, body shape and function is modified for group defence, including self-sacrifice (altruism).

Eusociality played a key role in the development of theories in sociobiology.

Naked mole rat 

Naked mole rats are eusocial mammals. Colonies averaging 75-80 individuals live together in complex systems of burrows in arid African deserts. The tunnel systems built by naked mole rats can stretch up to two or three miles in cumulative length.
Other examples 
Recently, some species of gall-making aphids (Order Hemiptera) and thrips (Order Thysanoptera) are eusocial, with many separate origins of the state (convergent evolution). These species have extremely high relatedness between individuals. This is due to their mode of reproduction: sterile soldier castes are of the same clone as the reproducing female. The gall-inhabiting behavior gives these species a resource which sets them apart from related species with similar genetics. In these groups, therefore, high relatedness alone does not lead to the evolution of social behavior, but requires that groups occur in a restricted, shared area.
Similarly, eusociality occurs in some crustaceans and other arthropods. On some tropical reefs, several species of minute Synalpheus pistol shrimp are eusocial. They depend on certain sponges for the survival of their colony, and have a single breeding female and a number of male defenders armed with large snapping claws. Again, there is a single shared domicile for the colony members, and the non-breeding members act to defend it.

Theories of social evolution 
In colonies of eusocial animals, some animals are sterile. They can not pass on their genes at all. How can these animals evolve and persist? Since they do not breed, their fitness should be zero and any genes causing this condition should be eliminated from the population immediately. In On the Origin of Species, Darwin called this eusocial behavior the "one special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my theory". Darwin thought that the resolution to the paradox would lie in the close family relationship.
Darwin could not say more because he did no know what the mechanism of heredity was. The first explanations were kin selection, and inclusive fitness. Both rely on the discovery of how genes are inherited. This discovery was made after Darwin had published On the Origin of Species, and not understood until after 1900.

Early ideas on eusociality included suggestions that trophallaxis or food sharing was a basis for sociality. The most widely accepted model to explain eusociality is based on W.D. Hamilton's idea of inclusive fitness.

Inclusive fitness 
Haplodiploidy determines the sex in all members of the insect order Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), and the Thysanoptera ('thrips').p408

In this system, sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. An offspring formed from the union of a sperm and an egg develops as a female, and an unfertilized egg develops as a male. This means that the males have half the number of chromosomes that a female has, and so are haploid.
The haplodiploid sex-determination system has a number of peculiarities. Most importantly, the relatedness between the sisterhood of worker bees in a hive or nest is 0.75. This means the workers are significantly more closely related than siblings in other sex determination systems. It is this point which drives the kin selection theory of how eusociality evolved.p465

Consequences 
If the theory of inclusive fitness is accurate, the haplodiploidy makes kin selection easier. Sisters are more related to each other than to any offspring they might have. Hamilton called them supersisters. On average, two supersisters have 75 percent of the same genes. If they  breed, they would share only half of their genome with their offspring. From the selfish gene's point-of-view, it is better to raise more sisters. Even though workers often do not reproduce, they are potentially passing on more of their genes by caring for sisters than they would by having their own offspring.
This unusual situation may explain why eusociality evolved several times in the haplodiploid group Hymenoptera — ants, bees and wasps. As of 2009, 11 separate cases are known. However, Hymenoptera is a large group and the majority of its species are not social. Furthermore, highly developed eusociality also exists in non-hymenopterans, perhaps most obviously in termites. Most such cases involve organisms that display high levels of inbreeding, so that colony members share more than half of their genes. Therefore the same model is considered to apply to these species.

Reeve and Holldobler put forward a theory of a superorganism. They look at competition and co-operation between groups as well as within groups. In their model, an individual's inclusive fitness varies according to how much it invests in within-group competition (e.g. hoarding a private food cache) versus between-group competition (e.g. contributing to common foraging); and on its relatedness to the other group members.
In a colony with one breeder (queen) and many workers, the evolutionarily stable state is for each individual to invest entirely in helping the group. This leads to a perfect "superorganism". In other words, the eusociality is stable, a result that agrees with Hamilton's findings. Also, they show that the effect is reinforced if there are many groups competing for the same resources.

Related pages 
Presociality
Leaf-cutter ant

References

Other websites
 International Union for the Study of Social Insects

Evolutionary biology
Genetics
Insects
Zoology
Scuderia Ferrari is the name for the Gestione Sportiva, the division of the Ferrari automobile company for  racing. Though the Scuderia and Ferrari Corse Clienti continue to manage the racing activities of numerous Ferrari customers and private teams, Ferrari's racing division has completely devoted its attention and funding to its Formula One team, Scuderia Ferrari. Scuderia is Italian for "Stable", and Ferrari is the name of its founder. The prancing horse was the symbol on Italian World War I ace Francesco Baracca's fighter plane, and became the logo of Ferrari after the fallen ace's parents, good friends with Enzo Ferrari, asked him so, to continue his tradition of sportsmanship, gallantry and boldness.
Scuderia Ferrari was founded in 1929, and raced for Alfa Romeo until 1939. Ferrari first competed in F1 in 1948 (the team's first F1 car was the Tipo 125 F1), making it the oldest and arguably the most successful team left in the championship. The team's numerous and ardent Italian fans are known as tifosi, though the team also has a vibrant international following.

One of the most popular Ferrari drivers was Michael Schumacher, who won five titles with Ferrari. He drove in this team from 1996 through 2006. Schumacher worked with Ferrari in a consulting role after he quit driving. In , Kimi Räikkönen won the Driving Championship for Ferrari. In  Felipe Massa lost the Championship Title to Lewis Hamilton by one point. Ferrari won the Constructors Championship in 2007 and 2008.

See also 
Ferrari Grand Prix results

References 

Formula One constructors
Formula One current
Formula One engine manufacturers
1929 establishments
The TRT (Turkish Radio and Television Corporation) is the first television broadcaster and national public broadcaster of Turkey. Launched on 1926 as TR (Radio) 1964 May 1th as TRT (Radio) 1968 January 31 (Television) Currently it has 14 channels. (one of HD)

Turkish media
Cnbc-e is a TV channel which broadcasts financial and entertainment programs in Turkey. Cnbc-e broadcasts TV series and movies in original languages (mostly American series and movies) with Turkish subtitles.

TV series
Desperate Housewives
Cold Case
Prison Break
24
How I met your mother
Gilmore Girls
The Simpsons
My Name is Earl
Pushing Daisies
Heroes
Smallville
Family Guy

Turkish media
Kanal D is a popular Turkish television channel broadcasting nationally. Euro D broadcasts Kanal D programmes to all Europe.

TV Series 

Aşk-ı Memnu
Arka Sokaklar 
Geniş Aile   
Yaprak Dökümü  
Hanımın Çiiftliği 
Kavak Yelleri
Bir Bulut Olsam
Akasya Durağı
Küçük Kadınlar
Küçük Sırlar

Turkish media
CNN Türk is the Turkish version of international CNN. CNN Türk broadcasts nationwide in Turkey.

Programmes
News
Sports

Turkish media
CNN
NTV Turkey is a Turkish nationwide television channel which consists of news, sports programmes and documentaries.

Other websites

Official site
NTV Turkey at LyngSat Address 

Turkish media
Television channels in Asia
Milliyet is a major Turkish daily newspaper founded in 1950. Abdi İpekçi, the editor of Milliyet, was murdered in 1979 when coming from the newspaper to his home.

References

Other websites 
Milliyet's official website 

Turkish-language newspapers
Newspapers published in Turkey
Istanbul
Damon Graham Devereux Hill OBE (born 17 September 1960) is a British retired racing driver.

He was the 1996 Formula One World Champion. As the son of double Formula One world champion Graham Hill, he is the only son of a world champion to win the title, until Nico Rosberg, son of 1982 World Champion Keke Rosberg, clinched the title in 2016 . Despite the famous family name, Hill had an uphill struggle to reach the ranks of F1.

Damon Hill came to professional motorsports relatively late: he began racing motorcycles in 1983 at the age of 23. The following year, he won the 350 cc Clubman's cup at Brands Hatch. In 1985, he moved on to four-wheel single-seater racing with Team Van Diemen in the Formula Ford championship, before moving up into the UK Formula 3 championship in 1986. After three seasons in Formula 3, where he won four races, Hill ascended another tier of open-wheel racing by joining Mooncraft in the International Formula 3000 championship, where, although often competitive, he never won a race.
Hill started his Formula One career in 1992 with the then uncompetitive Brabham team. His debut race was at the British Grand Prix where he qualified on the back row. He took the first of his 22 victories at the 1993 Hungarian Grand Prix for the Williams team the following year. In 1994, he won the British Grand Prix, a race his father had never won in his long and successful career. During the mid 1990s, Hill was Michael Schumacher's main rival for the Formula One Driver's Championship, finishing runner-up in the German's 1994 and 1995 title seasons. The two had a series of controversial clashes on and off the track, including the collision at the 1994 Australian Grand Prix that gave Schumacher his first title by a single point. Hill took eight victories and the world championship in 1996. Despite this, Williams decided in mid-1996 not to renew Hill's contract for 1997
. He went on to record the Jordan team's first ever win at the 1998 Belgian Grand Prix, and came within a few miles of being the only driver to win a Grand Prix for the Arrows team and their Yamaha engine supplier at the 1997 Hungarian Grand Prix. He retired from the sport at the end of the 1999 season, after 122 races. In 2006, Hill became president of the British Racing Drivers' Club, succeeding Jackie Stewart.
Hill's son Josh is a racing driver.

Formula One results
Races in bold indicate pole position

1960 births
Living people
Sportspeople from London
English Formula One drivers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
There is a list of newspapers published in Turkey.

Sözcü (The Spokesman)
Milliyet (The Nation)
Sabah   (The Morning)
Hürriyet (The Independence)
Birgün  (One day)
Evrensel  (Universal)
Fanatik (Fanatic)
Akşam (The Evening)
Cumhuriyet (The Republic)
Bugün (Today)
Güneş (The Sun)
Zaman (The Time)
Posta (The Mail)
Şalom (Peace)

Turkey
Turkey-related lists
Aphids are small bugs which feed on plants. Aphids cause more plant damage than any other insects. There are over 4,000 different species of aphid.

About 250 species are serious pests for agriculture and forestry as well as an annoyance for gardeners. They vary in size from 1-10 mm long.

Important natural enemies include the predatory lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), hoverfly larvae, lacewings (Neuroptera),  larvae of the aphid midge Aphidoletes aphidimyza, crab spiders, and insect-eating fungi like Lecanicillium lecanii.

Aphids are found many places on earth. Aphids are most common in temperate zones.
Aphids can travel far in the air. For example, the lettuce aphid spread from New Zealand to Tasmania.  They have also been spread by human transportation of infested plant materials.

References

Hemiptera
Agricultural pests
Aigle is the capital of the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The town has a population of 8,100 people.

References

Other websites 

 Official Website of the Commune of Aigle 
 
 Webcam on the Rue de la Gare 

Municipalities in Aigle
Cities in Switzerland
British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, and later become responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One. Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm. Midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the UK Serious Fraud Office.

Formula One constructors
The Afrotheria is a group of mammals, (a superorder or a clade). It includes the golden moles, elephant shrews, tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants and manatees. 

Biologists made this group based on DNA sequence analysis. Afrotheria are one of four major groups in the Eutheria (placental mammals). Afrotheria means "African animals", "afro" for Africa and "theria" for animals. 

More recent genomics suggests that Afrotheria and Xenarthra are sister taxa at the base of the placental mammal radiation.

Relations between the various afrotherian orders are still being studied. Elephants and manatees seem to be related, and likewise elephant shrews and aardvarks. These findings are compatible with the work of earlier anatomists.
Organization
Afrotheria is a clade of placental mammals.
 Afrotheria
†Ocepeia: (basal)  
†Hyopsodontidae: (possible member of stem group) 
Clade Afroinsectiphilia
Order Macroscelidea: elephant shrews (Africa)
Order Afrosoricida: tenrecs and golden moles (Africa)
Order Tubulidentata: aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara)
Order †Bibymalagasia: (probable member)
Order †Ptolemaiida: poorly understood carnivorous mammals (extinct).
 Order †Afredentata: Pangolin (probable member) 
Clade Paenungulata
Order Hyracoidea: hyraxes or dassies (Africa, Arabia)
Order Proboscidea: elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia)
Order Sirenia: dugong and manatees (cosmopolitan tropical)
Order †Desmostylia
Order †Embrithopoda

References 

Afrotheria
Kimi-Matias Räikkönen () (born October 17, 1979 in Espoo, Finland) is a race car driver, currently driving for Alfa Romeo Racing. He is the 2007 Formula One World Drivers' Champion.

Räikkönen entered Formula One as a regular driver for Sauber-Petronas in 2001. Having previously only raced in very junior open-wheel categories, he was given his Super Licence from the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) after a performance delivery promise from his team boss, Peter Sauber. He joined McLaren Mercedes in 2002, and became a title contender by finishing runner-up in the 2003 and 2005 championships to Michael Schumacher and Fernando Alonso, respectively.

Switching to Ferrari in 2007, Räikkönen became the highest paid driver in the sport, and secured his first Formula One World Drivers' Championship, beating McLaren drivers Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso by one point.
Räikkönen is very calm, cool, and calculating in his race strategy—prompting the nickname "Iceman", which is subtly written on the side of his current helmet design. His other nicknames include Kimppa, Räikkä and Kimster (used by his mechanics).

NASCAR 
Räikkönen joined the ranks of former F1 drivers who have moved to NASCAR in 2011. His first race was the Camping World Truck Series on May 20 at the Charlotte Motor Speedway in Charlotte, North Carolina. He finished in 15th place on the lead lap. He hopes to work his way up to the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.

Räikkönen's second NASCAR race was also at Charlotte. He raced in the Nationwide Series. He received a penalty for speeding on pit lane, and finished in 27th place. After the race, he returned to Europe to compete in some more rally races. Räikkönen said his plans are to "see what happens."

Results and records

Career summary 

 Season in progress
 As a guest driver, Räikkönen was ineligible for points
Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.
* Season still in progress.

Complete WRC results 

 Season in progress

References 

1979 births
Living people
Finnish racecar drivers
Formula One drivers
NASCAR drivers
Espoo
La Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, usually called the FIA, is a non-profit association established as the Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus (AIACR) on June 20, 1904 to represent the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. Most people know the FIA as the governing body for motor racing events. 

Headquartered at 8, Place de la Concorde, Paris, the FIA has 213 national member organisations in 125 countries worldwide. Its current president is Mohammed ben Sulayem since 2021. 

As is the case with football's FIFA, the FIA is generally known by its French name and acronym, even in English-speaking countries, but is sometimes called the International Automobile Federation.

References

Formula One
Non-profit organizations of France
1904 establishments in France
Presociality is a term which applies to animal behaviour. Presocial animals have close family relationships, more than just sexual interactions with members of the same species. However, they do not form the extreme colonies of eusocial insects, such as ants.

Presocial animals can live together and take care of their young. They may have some division of labor, but they do not have all the three essential traits of eusocial animals, which are: 
There are many generations that are alive at the same time.
There is extreme division of labour. Some animals may be specialised for a certain function. Some animals may be sterile.
The older animals cooperate to care for the young.

Presocial behavior is much more common in the animal kingdom than complete eusociality. Examples include canines that live in packs, numerous insects, especially hymenoptera, humans, many birds, chimpanzees, and many other animals that display social behavior.
The concept of presociality can be further divided:
Subsocial: parents interact with young. This applies to all mammals without exception, almost all birds, many reptiles and fish, and quite a few insects.
Parasocial: individuals of the same generation live in a single, cooperative dwelling and interact with each other
Communal: each individual care exclusively for her or his own young
Quasisocial: individuals care cooperatively for all brood; however, all members of the colony are reproductive
Semisocial: a few individuals reproduce, yet the arrangement is not quite eusocial. For example, adult generations might not overlap, the reproductive dominance might be temporary.
Among the Vespid wasps, the pressures of predators and parasites selected subsocial behaviour. It is easier to guard the eggs and grubs when the mother wasp stays in her nest to watch over her larva. More so if other adults stay with her. Then the other adults need to collect more food than just for themselves. And so on. It becomes less likely that parasites will be successful in preying on the nest.

Related pages  
Eusociality
Collective animal behaviour

References

Zoology
The Murrumbidgee River is a big river in New South Wales, Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory.  It joins in with the Murray River. The word Murrumbidgee is from the Wiradjuri language (Indigenous Australian) and means "big water", "track goes down here" or "very good place". There are many large towns built next to the river, Gundagai, Wagga Wagga, Narrandera, Hay and Balranald.

References 

Rivers of New South Wales
Australian Capital Territory
Neotominae is a subfamily of the family Cricetidae. It consists of three tribes, 16 genera, and many species of New World rats and mice. Most of them are found in North America. Among them are the well-known deer mice, white-footed mice, packrats, and grasshopper mice.

Neotomines are related to the other two subfamilies of mice in the New World, Sigmodontinae and Tylomyinae. Many authorities place them all in a single subfamily, Sigmodontinae.

Taxonomy
Subfamily Neotominae
Tribe Baiomyini
Baiomys - Pygmy Mice
Scotinomys - Brown Mice
Tribe Neotomini
Neotoma - Pack Rats
Xenomys - Magdalena Rat
Hodomys - Allen's Woodrat
Nelsonia
Tribe Ochrotomyini
Ochrotomys - Golden Mouse
Tribe Peromyscini
Peromyscus - Deer Mice
Reithrodontomys - New World Harvest Mice
Onychomys - Grasshopper Mouse
Neotomodon - Mexican Volcano Mouse
Podomys - Florida Mouse
Isthmomys - Isthmus Rats
Megadontomys - Giant Deer Mice
Habromys
Osgoodomys - Michoacan Deer Mouse

Related pages
New World rats and mice
References
Reeder, S. A., D. S. Carroll, C. W. Edwards, C. W. Kilpatrick, R. D. Bradley.  2006. Neotomine-peromyscine rodent systematics based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40:251-258.
Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents
Kusadasi (Turkish Kuşadası) is a town in the province of Aydın in Turkey. The town is a tourist resort and is near the ancient city of Ephesus. It has a population of about 65,000 people.

Cities in Turkey
Aydın Province
Ayvalik (Turkish Ayvalık) is a seaside town in the west of Turkey in the province of Balıkesir. The town had an important number of Greek people living there. After the Turkish Independence War the population changes with Turkish and Greek population and Greek population have gotten smaller.

Cities in Turkey
Bregenz (Vorarlbergian: Breagaz)  is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. About 27.000 people live in the city proper, its agglomeration has about 60.000 people. Together with Lindau, the settled area (which reaches into the south of Germany, and into Switzerland) has about 120.000 people. The city has a port on Lake Constance and is a railway hub. 

Humans have lived in the area since about 1500 BC. During Roman times, there was an Oppidum. Parts of the city are fortified. Bregenz has the right to hold a market once a week since 1330. 

The borders of Switzerland and Germany are less than 10 km away. 

The main ethnic groups are Austrians, Turkish, Italians, Serbians, and Germans.

Settlements in Vorarlberg
Austrian state capitals
Cities in Austria
The Togo mouse (or Büttner's African forest mouse or the Groove-toothed forest mouse, Leimacomys buettneri) is a unique muroid rodent. It is known from only two specimens, which were taken near the locality of Bismarckburg, near Yege, Togo in 1890.

Description and natural history 
The entirety of known material for this species consists of a single poor quality dry skin, a fluid preserved animal, and a cranium and mandible.  The cranium and mandible are from different animals.  The material is deposited in the Zoologisches Museum of Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany.

The head and body length is 118 mm with a tail of 37 mm.  This tail is unusually short relative to the body length (ratio of 37%) and is considered an important diagnostic feature.  The animal is dark to grey brown above and pale grey brown below.  Ears are small and hairy.  Feet are also somewhat hairy.  The tail may be naked or slightly haired.
Incisors are shallowly grooved.  The snout is long and wide, interorbital width broad, and zygomatic plate large (Musser and Carleton, 2005).  

Based upon skull morphology, the Togo Mouse is presumed to be insectivorous (Dieterlen, 1976).  Very little is known about the habits of this unusual mouse.

Classification 
Leimacomys has been transferred back and forth between the Dendromurinae and the Murinae since its discovery.  It most closely resembles Lophuromys which has been transferred to a newly erected Deomyinae on the basis of molecular data.  The association with Lophuromys is thought to be due to convergent evolution due to a similar diet (Dieterlen, 1976).  Tooth characters resemble dendromurines, Mystromys or basal gerbils.  Denys et al. (1995) generated a phylogeny that suggested with limited support that Leimacomys is a sister taxon to the Gerbillinae.
Musser and Carleton (2005) chose to erect a new subfamily, Leimacomyinae, to house this species.  They placed it in the family Muridae due to its potential connection to either the Gerbillinae or Deomyinae, but emphasized that a broad phylogenetic study including Leimacomys, and a host of  nesomyids and murids is needed to determine its appropriate position.

Conservation status 
The Togo Mouse is considered to be either critically endangered or extinct depending on the authority.  Schlitter (1989) classified it as extinct, because subsequent surveys to the area failed to recover it.  Grubb et al. (1998) noted that these surveys inadequately sampled appropriate habitat in Togo and neighboring Ghana, and they were reluctant to declare the species extinct.  Musser and Carleton (2005) emphasized that insectivorous muroids as a group have proven difficult to capture, and that intense surveys of high elevation forest in this region are required to determine if it still persists.
The IUCN currently describes the Togo Mouse as "data deficient".

References 
  Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as data deficient
 Denys, C., J. Michaux, F. Catzeflis, S. Ducrocq, and P. Chevret. 1995. Morphological and molecular data against the monophyly of Dendromurinae (Muridae: Rodentia). Bonner Zoologische Beitrage, 45:173-190.
 Dieterlen, F. 1976. Bemerkungen über Leimacomys büttneri Matschie, 1893 (Dendromurinae), Cricetidae, Rodentia). Säugetierkunde, 39:229-231.
 Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 1993. Family Muridae. Pp. 501-755 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C.

Rodents
Mammals of Africa
Nazimiye is a district of Tunceli Province in Turkey. Its old name is Kisle. The district has a total population of about 2000 people. There is no industrial activity in Nazimiye. Agriculture and state ownership institutions are the only jobs there.

Districts of Turkey
Tunceli Province
Yalova is a Turkish city in the northwest, which was affected in the earthquake of 17 August 1999. The city is along the coast of the Marmara Sea. Yalova has a better quality of life from other Turkish cities. It has a population of 77,000.

The first people settled in this region in the Prehistoric Period.

Twin cities of Yalova are Bonn in Germany and Mahachkala in Russia.

Cities in Turkey
Marmara Region
Mudanya is a town along the Sea of Marmara and also a district of Bursa Province in Turkey. It is located in Gulf of Gemlik.  The town has a road transportation with Bursa and seaway transportation by ferries with Istanbul.

Mudanya has industrial sector and agriculture sector especially oil production. The town also has a seaport.

Settlements in Turkey
Districts of Bursa Province
Marmara Region
Gemlik is a harbor town in Turkey. It has 70,000 people living there. Gemlik is a district of Bursa Province. It has a free industrial zone. This zone helped the development of industry in Gemlik. Agriculture is mostly olives for eating. Olive oil is important to the economy of Gemlik.

There is a seaport in the town. Gemlik is between Bursa and İstanbul. Because of this location, the town developed rapidly after the 1990s.

Districts of Bursa Province
Cities in Turkey
The family Chinchillidae contains the chinchillas, viscachas, and their fossil relatives.  They are restricted to southern and western South America. Often they can be found in the Andes. They are large rodents, weighing from 800 grams to 8 kilograms. They have strong hind legs and large ears. All species have thick, soft fur. Their fur is considered valuable in some species.

Classification 
There are three extant and three fossil genera currently recognized.
†Eoviscaccia incertae sedis
Subfamily Chinchillinae
Chinchilla –  chinchillas
Lagidium –  mountain viscachas
Subfamily Lagostominae
Lagostomus –  plains viscachas
†Pliolagostomus
†Prolagostomus

References

McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. 
 Woods C. A. and C. W. Kilpatrick.  2005. Hystricognathi pp. 1538–1600 in D. E. Wilson and M. A. Reeder, eds. Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, p. 1553.

Rodents
Suborder Myomorpha has 1,137 species of mouse-like rodents, almost a quarter of all mammals. mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, lemmings and voles are in the group. They are grouped according to how the jaw looks like and how the molar teeth look like. They are very good at biting and chewing. Myomorphs are found all around the world, except Antarctica, in almost all land places. They are usually animals who are more active at night and they are seed-eaters.

Most myomorph species belong to superfamily Muroidea:
 Superfamily Muroidea
 Family Platacanthomyidae
 Family Spalacidae
 Family Calomyscidae
 Family Nesomyidae
 Family Cricetidae
 Family Muridae
 Superfamily Dipodoidea
 Family Dipodidae

Rodents
Eumuroida are a group of all muroid rodents, or the true muroids. It was made in 2004. The group is not in the standard taxonomic classification, but it is between superfamily and family. The Eumuroida is the clade including all organisms which evolved from the most recent ancestor of the Calomyscidae, Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, and Muridae.

Taxonomy
Taxonomy

Family Calomyscidae
Subfamily Calomyscinae (mouse-like hamsters)
Family Nesomyidae
Subfamily Cricetomyinae (pouched rats and mice)
Subfamily Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, gerbil mice, fat mice and forest mice)
Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mice and the climbing swamp mouse)
Family Cricetidae
Subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings and muskrat)
Subfamily Cricetinae (true hamsters)
Subfamily Neotominae (North American rats and mice)
Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice)
Subfamily Tylomyinae
Family Muridae
Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
Subfamily Lophiomyinae (crested rat)
Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice including vlei rats)
References
Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

McKenna, M. C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.

Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972-978.

Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents
Mouse-like hamsters are a group of small rodents found in Syria, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.  They are found in rocky and slightly high areas in desert regions.

The mouse-like hamsters are not real hamsters, although they look like hamsters.  They were once thought to be hamsters based on the shape of their teeth, but they do not have the cheek pouches, and short tail of the true hamsters. All animals in this genus were part of the same species before, Calomyscus bailwardi, but they are now separate species because they have big differences in chromosome number, skull length and weight, and other differences.

In Europe, species of Calomyscus can be kept as a pet. They are called Calomyscus bailwardi mystax or Calomyscus bailwardi. Only special people sell them, not pet shops. And so only people who really like mice will buy them.
Mouse-like hamsters live the longest of all the mouse species.  They have been recorded as living 9 years, 3 months and 18 days in captivity.  They regularly live over 4 years in captivity.  The species which lives the second longest in the muroids lives 7 years, 8 months, which is the Canyon Mouse, Peromyscus crinitus.

Species 
Calomyscus bailwardi - Zagros Mountains mouse-like hamster from Iran
Calomyscus baluchi - Pakistan mouse-like hamster from Pakistan and Afghanistan
Calomyscus elburzensis Goodman's mouse-like hamster from northeastern Iran and southern Turkmenistan
Subspecies Calomyscus elburzensis zykovi Zykov's mouse-like hamster from southeastern Turkmenistan
Calomyscus grandis - Noble mouse-like hamster from near Teheran
Calomyscus hotsoni Hotson's mouse-like hamster from southern Pakistan
Calomyscus mystax Great Balkhan mouse-like hamster from Turkmenistan
Calomyscus tsolovi Syrian mouse-like hamster from Syria
Calomyscus urartensis Urar mouse-like hamster from Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran
References 
Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894-1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Volf, J. 2003. Rekord dlouhovekosti kreckovitych savcu (Cricetidae). Gazella 30:69-72.

Other websites 
 Animal Diversity Web: Detailed description
 Photos of the Turkmen Mouse-like hamster (German page)
Nesomyidae is a family of African rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea.  It includes many subfamilies, which all live in Africa. Malagasy rats and mice, climbing mice, African rock mice, swamp mice, pouched rats, and the white-tailed rat are in this family.

Characteristics

Nesomyids are small to medium rodents, and the largest is the size of a rat. They may look like mice, rats, voles, or hamsters, depending on the species and subfamily. They can either eat plant and meat totally, or insects totally. Their habits are also different, with some species climbing trees, and others digging holes in the ground to hide. They can give birth to the most four babies after being in the mother's womb for about six weeks.

Classification
Classification

Many of these animals were once thought to be related to other groups of muroid rodents, but this African-based group has been confirmed to be different from the other muroids based on genetic studies.  Still, all members of the Nesomyidae are placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the Muroidea.

The Nesomyids are classified in 5 subfamilies, 22 genera and 55 species.

Subfamilies
Cricetomyinae (pouched rats)
Delanymyinae (Delany's Mouse)
Dendromurinae (climbing mice)
Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
Petromyscinae (African rock mice)

References

Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.

Rodents
Manisa is a large city in western Turkey in Asia Minor.

Other websites 

Cities in Turkey
Manisa Province
Eskişehir (eskē'shehēr, , "Old City") is a city that can be found in the northwestern part of Turkey. It is the capital district of Eskişehir Province.

References

Other websites 
 Eskişehir Photo Gallery

Cities in Turkey
Central Anatolia Region
The Cricetidae are a family of rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea. It includes true hamsters, voles, lemmings, and New World rats and mice. With almost 600 species, it is the second largest family of mammals, and has animals in it in the New World, Asia, and Europe.

Characteristics 
The cricetids are small mammals, ranging from just 5 to 8 cm and 7 grams in weight in the New World Pygmy Mouse, up to 41 to 62 cm and 1,100 grams in the Muskrat. How long the tail is depends on how big the body is, and the tails can be either with hair or a little hair. Most species have brown fur, with a white colored underbelly, but there are also many other patterns, especially in the cricetine and arvicoline subfamilies.
Like the Old World Mice, cricetids live in a wide range of habitats, in the high Arctic to tropical rainforests and hot deserts. Some are good at climbing, with long balancing tails and other way to help them to climb, while others can swim, with webbed feet and small external ears. Yet others are burrowing animals, or ground-dwellers, which live in the ground.

Their diet is also variable, with herbivorous, omnivorous, and insectivorous species known. They all have large, biting and chewing, incisors separated from grinding molar teeth by a gap, or diastema. 
There can be a lot of these animals in a very short time, because the mother gives birth to them after 15 to 50 days, and they have a lot of babies at one time. The young are usually born blind, hairless, and helpless.

Taxonomy
Taxonomy 

The cricetids are thus classified to contain one prehistoric and 5 living subfamilies, around 112 living genera and approximately 580 living species:
 Arvicolinae - voles, lemmings, muskrat
 Cricetinae - hamsters
 Democricetodontinae (fossil)
 Neotominae - North American rats and mice, including deer mice, pack rats, and grasshopper mice
 Sigmodontinae - New World rats and mice, predominantly South American genera such as brucies.
 Tylomyinae - New World climbing rats and relatives
References 
  (1984): Cricetidae. In: : The Encyclopedia of Mammals: 640-655, 672-673. Facts on File, New York. 
  (2004): Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31(1): 256-276.  PDF fulltext 
  (2001): Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Mol. Biol. Evol. 18(11): 2017-2031. PDF fulltext
  (2004): The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 31(3): 972-978. 
  (1986): Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide. Facts on File, New York. 
  (2004): Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology 53(4): 533-553.  PDF fulltext

Rodents
Gaziantep is a city in the southeast of Turkey. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification) but is influenced by the continental climate due to its inland location. Gaziantep is well known for its dessert baklava. Gaziantep is the ninth biggest city in Turkey.

Gazantiep has had terrorist attacks in 2012, May 2016 and August 2016.

The city was badly damaged and many people died in the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.

Cities in Turkey
Southeastern Anatolia Region
Baklava (Greek: Μπακλαβάς) is a traditional sweet made from pastry and often eaten as a dessert, a popular dessert in Greece. Also It is known in many countries of the Middle East, Western Asia and the Balkan Peninsula. It is also developed from the cookery of the Ottoman Empire. 
Baklava is made of thin pastry layers filled with nuts, pistachios or walnuts. It sweetened with special syrup or honey.

References

Other websites 

 

Middle Eastern food
Greek food
Desserts
Radikal was a nationwide newspaper in Turkey. Radikal was a center-left newspaper. It shares social liberal ideas. 
On Sundays it gave an extra called Radikal2.

Other websites 
Radikal's official website 

Turkish-language newspapers
Newspapers published in Turkey
Istanbul
Ahmet Necdet Sezer (born September 13, 1941 in Afyonkarahisar) is a Turkish politician who was the tenth President of Turkey. He was president from May 16, 2000 until August 28, 2007. He was a republican and supporter of secularism in Turkey.

Presidents of Turkey
1941 births
Living people
Kamer Genç (February 23, 1940 – January 22, 2016) was a Turkish politician. He was a member of parliament as a member of the Republican People's Party in the 18th, 19th, and 23rd election cycles, and in the 20th and 21st as a member of the True Path Party. He was born in Nazımiye, Tunceli Province.

Genç died of cancer in Istanbul, Turkey on January 22, 2016 at the age of 75.

References

Other websites

1940 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Turkey
Turkish politicians
Zaza
Emine Erdoğan, born as Emine Gülbaran, (born February 16, 1955 in Üsküdar, Istanbul) is the First Lady of Turkey and the wife of current Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. They were married on July, 4 1978. She is an arabic  descent.

Her familya is originally from Siirt in southeast Turkey. She went to Istanbul Mithatpaşa Vocational Institute for Girls.

References 

1955 births
Living people
Arab people
First Ladies
People from Istanbul