Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Pope Innocent III (; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 177th Pope from 1198 until his death in 1216.

Early life 
Lotario di Conti was born at Anagni in central Italy. His father was Count Trasimund of Segni who was a member of the Conti family.

During the short reigns of Pope Lucius III, Pope Urban III, Pope Gregory VIII, and Pope Clement III, he served in the church bureaucracy.

Cardinal
In 1190, Clement III raised him to the rank of Cardinal.

Pope
Cardinal Segni was unanimously elected pope on January 8, 1198; and he took the name of Innocent III.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Pope Innocent promoted the theory that the spiritual power of the church was greater than than any king or emperor. Innocent was the first pope to form a Papal state.

Crusades
Innocent III was responsible for starting the Fourth Crusade, the Albigensian Crusade, and the Fifth Crusade.
Lateran Council
In 1215, Innocent brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called the Fourth Lateran Council.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Conti family

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope in sequence
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Segni 

1160s births
1216 deaths
Italian popes
Debby Boone (born Deborah Ann Boone on September 22, 1956) is a singer, songwriter, and children's book author. She is the daughter of singer Pat Boone. She has won three Grammy Awards; in 1977, 1980 and 1984.

Awards
 1977: Grammy Award: Best New Artist of the Year, for the song "You Light Up My Life"
 1980: Grammy Award: Best Inspirational Performance for the song "With My Song I Will Praise Him"
 1984: Grammy Award: Best Performance by a duo or group for the song "Keep The Flame Burning" with Phil Driscoll

References

1956 births
Living people
Grammy Award winners
Singers from New Jersey
Christian music singers
American pop musicians
People from Hackensack, New Jersey
FLOPS is an acronym for "Floating point Operations per Second". The FLOPS is a measure of a computer's performance, especially in the fields of calculations that make heavy use of floating point calculations. It is like the older measure of instructions per second.

Computing
Units of frequency
A satyr is a creature from Greek mythology. They are usually depicted with the upper half of a human and the legs of a goat, and horns on their heads. Satyrs were usually companions of Dionysus and Pan. They are often shown in art chasing after nymphs and were associated with nature and fertility. Sometimes satyrs were figured as the leader of drunks and pageantry.

Gallery

Related pages
Satyr play

Other websites 

Greek legendary creatures
This page is about the music of the Icelandic band Sigur Rós.

Albums

Studio albums

References

Other websites
 Sigur Rós official website
 Sigur Rós official UK website
 The Spy Machine  Sigur Rós discography
 
 

Discographies
The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer, is a type of deer that is found throughout most of North America, and only some in South America. The white-tailed deer were also brought over to Europe and New Zealand.

The white-tailed deer is normally between around 57 and 137 kilograms (125 to 301 pounds) in weight.  Its body is between 160 and 220 centimeters (63 to 86 inches) long.  It is mostly colored brown, but can also be greyish in winter and reddish in summer.  Male white-tailed deer have large antlers. These fall off in the winter.  The white-tailed deer mostly lives between two and three years long.  Sometimes, though, they will live for more than ten years. They typically live happy lives until Anna hits them with her car.

This type of deer is quite shy.  When they are scared, they run very fast, and wave their tails.  They mostly stay alone and in the same location throughout the year.  During the autumn, the deer engage in mating.
They mostly eat vegetation like tree leaves or smaller plants.  The deer feed mostly during the morning and evening.

Predators of the white-tailed deer include wolves, coyotes, bears and mountain lions, as well as humans.

References

Mammals of North America
Deer
National symbols of Costa Rica
Great Northern beans are beans that are white colored. They are also light in flavor. They have a shape like a Lima bean except it is a little bit shorter than a Lima bean.

References

Beans
Frederick de Houtman (1571 – 21 October 1627) was a Dutch explorer. In 1619, on his way to Batavia, he sailed the western coast of Australia.

1571 births
1627 deaths
Dutch explorers
Houtman Abrolhos
A jigsaw puzzle is a puzzle with pieces in it. Most people think it is harder than normal puzzles. It is usually used as children's toy.

Variations
Jigsaw puzzles come in many variations, for example they can vary in number of pieces. Standard puzzles contain from 300 to 1000 pieces. The largest commercially sold puzzle had 32,256 pieces. Versions designed for children come in great variety of puzzle piece sizes. Some puzzles are made double-sided so they contain 2 different puzzles on each side. 

There are also 3D jigsaw puzzles. Most of them are made of wood or styrofoam.

There are many jigsaw games available for computers and mobile devices too. Computers have the advantage of interactivity, for example some companies offer you to make custom puzzles based on your photo sent to them.

There is also the last type of a jigsaw puzzle, it is considered a 3D puzzle but made from a 2D pieces. After you assemble pieces in 2D, you bend and adjust the whole creation to make to 3D model.

References

Toys
Googie is the term given to a type of architecture and art in the United States in the 20th century.  It is also called Doo Wop, Atomic age, or populuxe.   It was very futuristic, echoing themes of the 1950s as a whole.  Some of Googie architecture was based on what spaceships look like.  It started in California soon after World War II and spread to the rest of the United States in the 1950s.  Many of the buildings built in the Googie style were coffee shops, bowling alleys and motels.  

Here are a few famous Googie buildings:

 The Space Needle
 Los Angeles International Airport
 The first Tomorrowland at Disneyland
 The first McDonald's
 Many of the early casinos in Las Vegas  

Architectural styles
Sharecropping is a term for when one person farms another person's land, and then the two share what is produced.  Sharecroppers are almost always poor, and are often in debt to landowners or other people.  Sharecropping was very common in the Southern United States after the Civil War and the end of slavery. At that time, many African-Americans sharecropped on the land that they had once farmed as slaves.  Sharecropping was part of the system of "Jim Crow", which kept blacks poor and not really citizens.

Sharecropping became more common in the Southern United States when slavery was abolished. During the 20th century it became rare there.

History of the United States
Labor
Agriculture
Property
This is a list of the presidents of South Korea.

Since the creation of the Government of the Republic of Korea which is commonly known as South Korea in 1948, twelve people have served nineteen terms as President of South Korea. The president is the country's head of state as well as its head of government. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces.

Presidents

Presidents
South Korea
The President of the Republic of Korea () is the head of state, leader of the executive of the South Korean government and the commander-in-chief of the South Korean Armed Forces

The president is directly elected by the people to a five-year term, with no possibility of re-election. While in office, the chief executive lives in Cheong Wa Dae (the "Blue House").

If the National Assembly votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately.

Powers and duties of the president
The president is required to:
 uphold the Constitution
 preserve the safety and homeland of South Korea
 work for the peaceful reunification of Korea, typically act as the Chairperson of the National Unification Advisory Council

List of presidents

Living former presidents
As of , three former presidents are alive:

The longest-lived President was Yun Bo-seon, who died on July 18, 1990 (at the age of ).

The most recent President to die was Chun Doo-hwan, who died on November 23, 2021.

References
References

Other websites
 Official Website of the President of the Republic of Korea 

 
Lists of heads of state
Pierre Auguste Cot (17 February 1837 – 2 August 1883) was a French painter. Today he is counted as being part of the Academic art movement. He is also known for his portraits. He studied painting in Toulouse and Paris. His teachers were  Léon Cogniet, Alexandre Cabanel and William Bouguereau, amongst others. He won various prizes for his paintings, and in 1874, he is made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He died at the age of 46.

1837 births
1883 deaths
French painters
Legion of Honour
Normal force is the force that the ground (or any surface) pushes back up with; If there was no normal force, you would slowly seep into the ground.

The normal force on a object is always perpendicular (at a right angle) to the surface the object is on.

On a flat surface, the normal force of an object is  (the object's weight, that is its mass multiplied by the force of gravity).

On an inclined plane, the normal force is reduced by the angle, and the normal force is .

Note that on a flat surface,  (angle)would be 0, and so  would be 1. Thus, the two equations are equal.

Mechanics
The Zeebo is a video games console. It was released by Zeebo Inc in 2009 in Brazil and Mexico. It has wireless capabilities. Players cannot online with the console anymore. 

Video game consoles
Grades                                               

are a teacher's evaluation of a student's performance. They are often letters (e.g. A, B, C, D, F,) or numbers (e.g. 1-10.), although in some countries they do not use either of these systems.

Letter grades are most commonly used in the United States and some others. The grades D or C are usually enough to pass.

Grades can also be on a number scale. Typically a midpoint score is a pass. Sometimes the numbers can go in descending order to indicate better performance.

A Grade Point Average, or GPA, takes the grade(s) of a student and assigns point values to them. These points are added up and divided to calculate the GPA.

Simple grades can be found with this formula:

The grade is the answer to that formula turned into a percent.

This is the type of grading the United States commonly uses.:

References 

Education
Elaphrosaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 150 million years ago. It was 15 feet long, and weighed 450 pounds. 

Elaphrosaurus was a slender, fast, and agile predator that probably preyed on small ornithopods, such as Dryosaurus. 

The type specimen was found in the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. It was a nearly complete skeleton, but unfortunately, it lacked a skull. Since its body was similar to ornithomimids, it was originally thought to be the earliest ornithomimid. However, later studies showed that it is actually a ceratosaur. There is one named species, Elaphrosaurus bambergi. Remains very similar to it have also been found in the Morrison Formation in the western United States. These may possibly belong to Elaphrosaurus, indicating that this dinosaur had a wider range than previously thought.

Dinosaurs of Africa
Ceratosaurs
Jurassic dinosaurs
The United States Numbered Highways (also known as U.S. Highways) is a national system of roads in the United States. These roads connect to places across the country. Some of the roads are freeways, which means cars must use ramps in order to get on or off the road, but others are surface roads. Many U.S. Highways, such as U.S. Route 66, have had their numbers removed because of the creation  of the Interstate Highway System.

Numbering
Numbering

U.S. highways have a special way to figure out their numbers. The main U.S. Highways usually have numbers with 1 or 2 digits. An exception is U.S. Route 101, which is a 3-digit route that is treated like a 2-digit route with a first digit of "10". U.S. Highways that run east/west are even numbers (2, 4, 6, 8, or 0), and north/south U.S. Highways are odd numbers (1, 3, 5, 7, or 9). For east/west U.S. Highways, the small numbers are in the north and the big numbers are in the south. For north/south U.S. Highways, the small numbers are in the east and the big numbers are in the west. The important east/west U.S. Highways usually have numbers ending in "0" and the important north/south U.S. Highways have numbers ending in "1". Many of the routes ending in "0" or "1" used to go across the country, but no longer do because of the Interstate Highway System.
Examples
U.S. Route 20 is an important east/west U.S. Highway in the north part of the United States from Newport, Oregon to Boston, Massachusetts
U.S. Route 90 is an important east/west U.S. Highway in the south part of the United States from Van Horn, Texas to Jacksonville Beach, Florida
U.S. Route 1 is an important north/south U.S. Highway along the east end of the United States from Key West, Florida to Fort Kent, Maine
U.S. Route 101 is an important north/south U.S. Highway along the west end of the United States from Los Angeles, California to Olympia, Washington

Three-digit U.S. Highways
U.S. Highways that have 3-digit numbers are spurs of a 1 or 2 digit highway. For example, U.S. Route 201 is a spur of U.S. Route 1.

Exceptions
U.S. Route 2 is considered a major U.S. Highway even though it does not end in "0". U.S. Route 163, U.S. Route 400, U.S. Route 412, and U.S. Route 425 have 3-digit numbers that do not act as a spur of a 1 or 2 digit route.
Route 20 is an important east/west U.S. Highway in the north part of the United States from Newport, Oregon to Boston, Massachusetts U.S. Route 90 is an important east/west U.S. Highway in the south part of the United States from Van Horn, Texas to Jacksonville Beach, Florida The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly known as the Interstate Highway System, is a network of controlled-access highways that forms part of the National Highway System in the United States. The system extends throughout the contiguous United States and has routes in Hawaii, Alaska, and Puerto Rico.

References

Other websites

AASHTO Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering
U.S. Numbered Highways - 1989 Edition (AASHTO)
Highway History - Other Articles (Federal Highway Administration)
U.S. Highways: From US 1 to (US 830) 
US Highway Ends: maps and terminus photos
Indentured servitude is a form of labor. A person would agree to work for another person for a given length of time, usually without being paid much. The contract was called indenture. It was common between the 16th and the 18th century. People could enter the contract voluntarily, for example to repay debt. Sometimes, courts imposed indentured servitude as a form of punishment. 

It was common for apprenticeships: An apprentice agreed to work for free for a master tradesman to learn a trade.
An indentured servant was a worker in a contract with an employer for a certain length of time. Usually a laborer or craftsman would have to work three to seven years in exchange for the cost of transportation across the ocean, food, clothing, land, a place to live and other things they needed to live or work during their contract. This kind of contract was called "indenture."  Indentures were quite common in Colonial America in the 17th and 18th centuries. Indentured servants were different from slaves in that their captivity was temporary.

Like any loan, an indenture could be sold; most employers had to depend on middlemen to recruit and transport the workers, so indentures (indentured workers) were commonly bought and sold when they arrived at their destinations. Like prices of slaves, their price went up or down depending on supply and demand. When the indenture (loan) was paid off, the worker was free. Sometimes they might be given a plot of land.
This type of contract has been common throughout world history in different forms. Usually, the worker became an indentured servant by choice.

Restrictions 
There were also some restrictions. Indentured servants were not allowed to marry without the consent of their master. They would be physically punished, like many servants. They were also required to work, an obligation enforced by courts. Female indentured servants in particular might be raped and/or sexually abused by their masters. To make sure that they really worked for the time that was in their contract, a female sevant who became pregnant had her contract lengthened by two years. 

Unlike slaves, servants were guaranteed to be eventually released from bondage. At the end of their term they received a payment known as "freedom dues" and became free members of society. One could buy and sell indentured servants' contracts, and the right to their labor would change hands, but not the person as a piece of property.
Both male and female laborers could be subject to violence, occasionally even resulting in death. Richard Hofstadter notes that, as slaves arrived in greater numbers after 1700, white laborers in Virginia became a "privileged stratum, assigned to lighter work and more skilled tasks". He also notes that "Runaways were regularly advertised in the newspapers, rewards were offered, and both sheriffs and the general public were enlisted to secure their return. ... The standard penalty in the North, not always rigorously enforced, was extra service of twice the time the master had lost, though whipping was also common."

Comparison with debt bondage and slavery 
Indentured servitude is comparable to debt bondage or slavery in many ways.
It was also easy to exploit. Indentured servants had agreed to work for a given time, usually in exchange of getting a place to live, some clothing, and to be nourished. With their work, they earned little to no money. At some point, the servant might need special goods he or she could not afford. These might be things like drugs to treat a disease, or a doctor's visit. The employer would then provide these goods or services, but the servant had to agree that the contract be extended, with some extra time added.   

Historical Dictionary of Oceania describes  indentured labour as a  Labour Trade. It says "the system of indentured labour, developed as a scaled-down but legal replacement of slave labour."

Colonial America
Colonial America

Many immigrants arrived in Colonial America as indentured servants. Their new master paid a ship's captain for the worker's trip across the Atlantic Ocean. Most were young men and women from England, Scotland and Germany under the age of 21. Their parents often made the arrangements. In the 17th and the early 18th centuries, most people who came to America were indentured servants.

Indentured servants often had to do very hard labor on a farm or in a household. Often, they were no more than slaves for their indentures. During the 17th century, over half of indentured servants died before their indentures had ended.
In the 17th century, when people had served an indenture, they usually received a piece of land, usually 40 acres. However, by 1676, indentured servants were not getting land as often. That led to an attack on the Virginia government by Nathaniel Bacon and other indentured servants. After Bacon's Rebellion, the number of indentured servants decreased, and the South turned to slaves for its labor.

Numbers 
Between one-half and two-thirds of European immigrants to the American Colonies between the 1630s and the American Revolution came under indentures. At any time, there were more people whose indenture had expired or who never had an indenture. These people were free workers, who were paid a wage for the work they did. Europeans in the colonies were free workers more often than indetured servants.
Indentured people were important mainly in the region between  Virginia to north of New Jersey. In total, about  500,000 Europeans immigrated to the American colonies before 1775. About 55,000 of these were prisoners.  The remaining 450,000 came voluntarily.  Tomlins estimates that 48% were indentured. About 75% of these were under the age of 25. The age of adulthood for men was 24 years (not 21); those over 24 generally came on contracts lasting about three years.

Regarding the children who came, Gary Nash reports that "many of the servants were actually nephews, nieces, cousins and children of friends of emigrating Englishmen, who paid their passage in return for their labor once in America."
Several cases of kidnapping for transportation to the Americas are recorded, such as that of Peter Williamson (1730–1799). As historian Richard Hofstadter pointed out, "Although efforts were made to regulate or check their activities, and they diminished in importance in the eighteenth century, it remains true that a certain small part of the European colonial population of America was brought by force, and a much larger portion came in response to deceit and misrepresentation on the part of the spirits [recruiting agents]." One "spirit" named William Thiene was known to have spirited away 840 people from Britain to the colonies in a single year. Historian Lerone Bennett Jr. notes that "Masters given to flogging often did not care whether their victims were black or white."

Also, during the 18th and early 19th centuries, children from the UK were often kidnapped and sold into indentured labor in the American and Caribbean colonies (often without any indentures).

Indenture today
Indenture today

Examples
Some people claim that practices in the United Arab Emirates are examples of modern-day indentured servitude. Many workers from India and Pakistan must pay agents in their own countries for jobs in the Emirates. The recruiting agents take the workers passports after they enter the country. The workers do not know when they will get their passports back. The indentured servants get basic food and housing and transportation to the work place.

Laws about indenture
The United Nations passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. Article 4 of the Declaration says that indenture, or servitude, is illegal. However, only laws in each country can stop it. In America, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 expanded the definition of servitude.

References
Further reading
 Immigrant Servants Database 
 Abramitzky, Ran; Braggion, Fabio. "Migration and Human Capital: Self-Selection of Indentured Servants to the Americas," Journal of Economic History, Dec 2006, Vol. 66 Issue 4, pp 882–905,
 Brown, Kathleen. Goodwives, Nasty Wenches & Anxious Patriachs: gender, race and power in Colonial Virginia, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
 Frethorne, Richard. The Experiences of an Indentured Servant in Virginia (1623)
 Jernegan, Marcus Wilson Laboring and Dependent Classes in Colonial America, 1607-1783 Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980.
 Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. New York: Norton, 1975.
 Salinger, Sharon V.  'To serve well and faithfully': Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682-1800. New
 Khal Torabully and Marina Carter, Coolitude: An Anthology of the Indian Labour Diaspora Anthem Press, London, 2002,
Saxton, Martha. Being Good: Women's Moral Values in Early America New York: Hill and Wang, 2003.
Zipf, Karin L. Labor of Innocents: Forced Apprenticeship in North Carolina, 1715-1919 (2005).
 Whitehead, John Frederick, Johann Carl Buttner, Susan E. Klepp, and Farley Grubb. Souls for Sale: Two German Redemptioners Come to Revolutionary America, Max Kade German-American Research Institute Series, .
 Marion, Pascal. Dictionnaire étymologique du créole réunionnais, mots d'origine asiatique, Carré de sucre, 2009,
Other websites
 GUIANA 1838 - a film about indentured labourers 
Human rights abuses
Debt bondage
Domestic work
The National Organization for Women (NOW) is the largest feminist organization in the United States.   It was founded by Betty Friedan in 1966. About half a million people are members. It was one of the groups that wanted the Equal Rights Amendment and other ways to make women equal to men.

Presidents
The following women have led the National Organization for Women;
 Betty Friedan (1966–1970)
 Aileen Hernandez (1970–1971)
 Wilma Scott Heide (1971–1974)
 Karen DeCrow (1974–1977)
 Eleanor Smeal (1977–1982)
 Judy Goldsmith (1982–1985)
 Eleanor Smeal (1985–1987)
 Molly Yard (1987–1991)
 Patricia Ireland (1991–2001)
 Kim Gandy (2001–2009)
 Terry O'Neill (2009–Present)

Opposition to equal rights

The National Organization for Women has opposed tries to make men and women equal in the law. One of the biggest things they have opposed is shared parenting.

Other websites
 National Organization for Women, Official website

References
References

Feminism
1966 establishments in the United States
Human rights organizations in the United States
Cnemidophorus is a genus of lizards which belong to the family of Teiidae, which are commonly referred to as whiptail lizards or racerunners. Over 30% of the Cnemidophorus genus are parthenogenic.

Lizards
Reptiles of South America
Reptiles of North America
Toxicofera (Greek or Latin for "those who carry toxins"), is a hypothetical clade of living Squamata (lizards and snakes). It includes about 4600 living species. This is all venomous reptile species, plus related non-venomous species.

The clade was identified when research showed that the evolution of venom was very ancient, and that it might have occurred only once.

Cladistics 
The Toxicofera combines the following groups from traditional classification:

 Suborder Serpentes (snakes)
 Suborder Iguania (iguanas, agamid lizards, chameleons, etc.)
 Infraorder Anguimorpha, consisting of:
 Family Varanidae (monitor lizards)
 Family Anguidae (alligator lizards, glass lizards, etc.)
 Family Helodermatidae (Gila monster and Mexican beaded lizard)

References 

scaled reptiles
Balaur is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in southern Europe during the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago. 

The specimen is unique: unlike most other dromaeosaurs, it had two sickle claws on each foot, not just one. It had a reduced and presumably nonfunctional third finger, consisting of only one rudimentary phalanx.

The specimen was discovered in 2010. Balaur lived on a large prehistoric island called Hateg Island. Seventy million years ago, sea levels were much higher than they are today. Europe was an archipelago of islands. 

Possibly because it was relatively isolated from other dinosaurs, Balaur developed unique features. It was a small . This is an example of island dwarfism.

There is one known species, Balaur bondoc. Balaur was a velociraptorine. Studies have shown that it is most closely related to the famous Asian dromaeosaurid Velociraptor.

References 

Dromaeosauridae

Cretaceous dinosaurs
The Book of Optics is a book that was written by Ibn al Haytham (965–1040 CE), an Arabic scientist and polymath. It was a seven-volume treatise on optics, physics, mathematics, anatomy and psychology, from 1011 to 1021. It was originally written in Arabic and was later translated into Persian, Latin and Italian within the next several centuries. The book had an important influence on the development of optics and on science in general because it introduced the experimental scientific method. Ibn al-Haytham has been called the "father of modern optics". Ibn al-Haytham wrote more than 200 works on a wide range of subjects, of which at least 96 of his scientific works are known.

Science books
11th-century books
A letter is a message in writing that is sent to others, often by post (mail). The sender addresses it to the intended reader. For example:

Letter is more personal and official than phone conversation or an email.

Related pages 

 Electronic mail
 Envelope
 Gallows letter
 Letter box
 Postcard
 Telegram
Tobolsk () is part of the Tyumen Oblast in Russia. It is near many rivers. It is one of the few towns in Russia that have stone fortresses, known as kremlins. According to the census in 2002, 92,880 people live inside it. Its economy depends mostly on its oil. In February 1917, Nicholas II abdicated the throne, and his family, including his youngest daughter Anastasia, were moved to Tobolsk.

References

Further reading 
 Brumfield, William Tobolsk: Architectural Heritage in Photographs Moscow: Tri Kvadrata, 2006  (in English and in Russian)

Cities and towns in Tyumen Oblast
Princess Helen of Serbia (4 November 1884 – 16 October 1962) was the daughter of King Peter I of Yugoslavia and his wife Princess Zorka of Montenegro. She was the older sister of George, Crown Prince of Serbia and Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Helen was also a niece of Anastasia of Montenegro, or Stana, wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia, and of Milica of Montenegro. They were the women who introduced Grigori Rasputin to Tsarina Alexandra. She was born as Princess Jelena of Serbia. Her mother died when she was younger, so she was brought up mostly by her aunts. After she was married, she was known as Elena Petrovna, Jelena Petrovna, Hélène Petrovna or Ellen Petrovna. Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia liked her very much. After the Imperial family died, she was questioned about Anastasia Nikolaevna. When she was put in prison for a short time at Perm in 1918, she said that a guard took a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked her if the girl was the Tsar's daughter
. When she did not recognize the girl, the guard took her away.
References 

1884 births
1962 deaths
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Princes and princesses
Lithography (from Greek λίθος - lithos, 'stone' + γράφω - graphο, 'to write') is a method for printing using a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal (steel or aluminium) plate with a completely smooth surface.

Lithography was invented in 1796 by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder as a low-cost method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material.

Introduction
Lithography originally used an image drawn in wax or other oily substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to the printed sheet. In modern times, the image is often made of polymer applied to a flexible aluminium plate.
The flat surface of the plate or stone is slightly roughened, or etched, and divided into hydrophilic (= water-loving) regions that accept a film of water and repel the greasy ink, and hydrophobic regions which repel water and accept ink. The image may be printed directly from the stone or plate (in which case it is reversed from the original image) or may be offset by transfer to a flexible sheet, usually rubber, for transfer to the printed article.

This process is different from gravure or intaglio printing where a plate is engraved, etched or stippled to make cavities to contain the printing ink, and in woodblock printing and letterpress where ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images.
In the early days of lithography, a smooth piece of limestone was used (hence the name "lithography"—"lithos" (λιθος) is the ancient Greek word for stone).  After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, the gum sticking only to the non-oily surface. During printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and avoided the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite.

Chromolithography 
Chromolithography (colour lithography) was invented by Engelmann and son, who were granted a patent in 1837. After that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development.

By using more than one stone, different colours can be added to the same picture. Each colour needs a separate stone. The great posters of such artists as Alphonse Mucha and Toulouse-Lautrec are made like this. Complicated graphics may need twenty or more stones.

References 

History of printing
Books
Printmaking
Eve's Plum was an American rock band. The band existed from 1991 to 1998.

Members 
 Colleen Fitzpatrick (vocals)
 Michael Kotch (guitar)
 Theo Mack (bass, 1994)
 Chris Giammalvo (bass, 1992-1994)
 Ben Kotch (drums)

Discography 
 Envy (1993)
 Cherry Alive (1995)

American rock bands
American punk bands
Grunge bands
Musical groups established in 1991
1991 establishments in New York (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 1998
1998 disestablishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
Musical groups from New York (state)
1990s disestablishments in New York (state)
Lucius Cornelius Sulla <ref>L•CORNELIVS•L•F•P•N•SVLLA•FELIX</small> is his name in Latin; In English, it means "Lucius Cornelius Sulla, son of Lucius, grandson of Publius, the lucky".</ref> (c. 138 BC – 78 BC), usually called Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He was a praetor (a commander o an army) in 97 BC, and held the office of Consul twice. He was the only man in history to have attacked and kept both Athens and Rome.

Sulla unconstitutionally marched his armies into Rome and defeated his enemy Gaius Marius in battle. After his second march on Rome, he revived the office of dictator. Sulla was made Dictator in 81 or 82 BC. He had the Senate draw up a list of those he considered enemies of the state and published the list in the Roman Forum. Plutarch states in his Life of Sulla (XXXI): "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit".

This was remembered when Caesar became Dictator.

References
References 

130s BC births
78 BC deaths
Former dictators
Roman generals
Doric is a dialect of Scots spoken in northeastern Scotland.

Scotland
Dialects of Scots
Norman Steven Maciver (born September 1, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League as a member of the New York Rangers, Hartford Whalers, Edmonton Oilers, Ottawa Senators, Pittsburgh Penguins, and the Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix Coyotes franchise.

Career 
MacIver was never drafted by an NHL franchise and instead took the university route in order to reach the NHL. The defenceman played four seasons with the University of Minnesota Duluth and in 1985-86 was a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award, awarded to the NCAA's top player. While playing at the University of Minnesota, MacIver earned a communications degree and signed as a free agent with the NHL's New York Rangers upon graduation.
He played 500 regular season games in the NHL, scoring 55 goals and 230 assists for 285 points and collecting 350 penalty minutes. A career highlight came during the Ottawa Senators' debut season of 1992-93, when Maciver led the team in scoring with 17 goals and 46 assists for 63 points in 80 games. In the spring of 1996, he scored the final goal in Winnipeg Jets' history prior to the team's relocation to Phoenix in the sixth game of a first round playoff series against the Detroit Red Wings. After retirement he became an assistant coach for the American Hockey League's Springfield Falcons from 2000 to 2003, and then the NHL's Boston Bruins from 2003 to 2006.

Maciver is currently an amateur scout with the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks.

Other websites
Other websites
 
 

1964 births
Living people
Binghamton Whalers players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cape Breton Oilers players
Edmonton Oilers players
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New Haven Nighthawks players
New York Rangers players
Ottawa Senators players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Phoenix Coyotes players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–96) players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Shortening is a semisolid fat used in baking. It makes foods crumbly. Shortening doesn't smoke as easily as butter or oil, and it is 100% fat. Butter is 80% fat. It works by stopping long gluten polymers from forming in the food. It does not need to be refrigerated. It also is cheaper than butter. It can make foods last longer. 

Shortening is mostly made from hydrogenated oils, which have trans fats in them. Trans fats can cause heart attacks. People making shortening try to take out the trans fats.

References 

Cooking fats
Baking
A semi-solid is a state of matter. It is a substance that is in between a solid and a liquid. Another name for a semi-solid is a quasi-solid. 

Mayonnaise is an example of a semi-solid. Mayonnaise does not hold its shape like a solid but does not flow like a liquid. Gel or cream are terms often used of a semi-solid. 

Normally semi-solids are covalent in their chemistry. Covalent substances get softer and softer until they melt. Ionic substances melt at one temperature and do not get softer. 

Butter is a semi-solid when it is warm. Butter does not hold its shape but it does not flow like a liquid. Paint is also a semisolid, since it is highly viscous. The shape of curd is semi-solid, and is different from milk, which is liquid.

Related pages 
Thixotropy
Viscosity

References 

Chemistry
Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to organic compounds. It is done to alkenes. 

Vegetable oils have alkenes in them. Alkenes are liquid and spoil easily. People making shortening add hydrogen to the alkene, turning it into an alkane. The alkanes are more solid and stable. A catalyst is used to react the hydrogen with the oil. This makes trans fats, though. Margarine is an example of a hydrogenated spread.

Other things can be hydrogenated, too. Hot nitrogen is reacted with hydrogen under high pressure with a catalyst, usually nickel to make ammonia gas.

Hydrogen compounds
A quiche (Pronounced: keesh) is a type of pie. It is savory. It normally has a pie crust. The filling is made of eggs. Meat and/or vegetables and cheese are sometimes also in the filling.

The name is French.

Savoury pies
French food
Egg dishes
Brigid is the Irish goddess of fire. She is also called Bride, Bridey, Brighid, Brigit, Briggidda, Brigantia, and Breo-saighead. According to legend she was born at dawn, rising into the sky with fire streaming from her head. The daughter of an Irish god, Dagda, she later married an Irish king, Bres.

References

Other websites
 Brigid, Celtic Goddess of Inspiration and Healing

Paganism
Bradyons, also known as tardyons or ittyons, are very small particles that travel below the speed of light, as opposed to hypothetical tachyons (which travel above the speed of light). All known subatomic particles which have mass are bradyons.

Subatomic particles
The Higgs field is a field of energy that is thought to exist in every region of the universe. The field is accompanied by a fundamental particle known as the Higgs boson, which is used by the field to continuously interact with other particles, such as the electron. Particles that interact with the field are "given" mass and, in a similar fashion to an object passing through a treacle (or molasses), will become slower as they pass through it. The result of a particle "gaining" mass from the field is the prevention of its ability to travel at the speed of light.

Mass itself is not generated by the Higgs field; the act of creating matter or energy from nothing would violate the laws of conservation. Mass is, however, gained by particles via their Higgs field interactions with the Higgs boson. Higgs bosons contain the relative mass in the form of energy and once the field has endowed a formerly massless particle, the particle in question will slow down as it has now become "heavy".
If the Higgs field did not exist, particles would not have the mass required to attract one another, and would float around freely at light speed. 

Giving mass to an object is referred to as the Higgs effect. This effect adds mass to any particle that interacts with the field.

The Higgs effect
The Higgs effect was first theorized in 1964 by writers of the PRL symmetry breaking papers. In 1964, three teams wrote scientific papers which proposed related but different approaches to explain how mass could arise in local gauge theories.

In 2017 the Higgs boson, and implicitly the Higgs effect, were tentatively proven at the Large Hadron Collider (and the Higgs boson was discovered on July 4, 2012). The effect was seen as finding a missing piece of the Standard Model.
A symmetry of a system is an operation done to a system, such as rotation or displacement, that leaves the system fundamentally unchanged. A symmetry also provides a rule for how something should always act unless acted on by an outside force. An example is a Rubik's Cube. If we take a Rubik's cube and scrambled it by making whatever moves we want, it is still possible to solve it. Since each move we make still leaves the Rubik's cube solvable, we can say that these moves are 'symmetries' of the Rubik's cube. Together, they form what we call the symmetry group of the Rubik's cube. Making any of these moves doesn't change the puzzle, always leaving it solvable. But, we can break this symmetry by doing something like taking the cube apart, and putting it back together in a completely wrong way. No matter what moves we try now, it is not possible to solve the cube
. Breaking the cube apart and putting it back together in the wrong way is the 'outside force': Without this outside force, nothing we do to the cube makes it unsolvable. The symmetry of the Rubik's cube is that it stays solvable whatever moves we make, as long as we do not take apart the cube.
Creation of Higgs boson
The way that the SU(2) symmetry is broken is known as "spontaneous symmetry breaking". Spontaneous means random or unexpected, Symmetries are the rules that are being changed, and Breaking refers to the fact that the symmetries are no longer the same. The result of spontaneously breaking the SU(2) symmetry can be a Higgs boson.

Reason for Higgs effect
The Higgs effect occurs because nature "tends" towards the lowest energy state. The Higgs effect will happen because gauge bosons near a Higgs field will want to be in their lowest energy states, and this would break at least one symmetry.
To justify giving mass to a would-be massless particle, scientists were forced to do something out of the ordinary. They assumed that vacuums (empty space) actually had energy, and that way, if a particle that we think of as massless were to enter it, the  energy from the vacuum would be transferred into that particle, giving it mass. A mathematician named Jeffrey Goldstone proved that if you violate a symmetry (for example, a symmetry with a Rubik's cube would be if you state that the corners must always be rotated 0 or 3 times to be solvable (it works)), a reaction will occur. In the case of the Rubik's cube, the cube will become unsolvable if violated. In the case of the Higgs field, something named after Jeffrey Goldstone (and another scientist who worked with him named Yoichiro Nambu) is produced, a Nambu-Goldstone boson. This is an excited or energetic form of the vacuum, which can be graphed revealing that shown above. This was first explained by Peter Higgs.

References 

Quantum mechanics
Lance Hoyt (born February 28, 1977 in Gause, Texas) is an American professional wrestler. Hoyt is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and wrestles under the ring name, Lance Archer. He also makes appearances for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW).

Career
Hoyt is known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he worked from 2004-2009 under the ring name Dallas.

In 2010, he was part or Florida Championship Wrestling under the ring name Vance Archer. He also competed on theie ECW brand.

In 2011, he moved to Japan where he became part of New Japan Pro Wrestling.

On February 26, 2020, Archer signed a multi-year contract with All Elite Wrestling (AEW). On the April 1 episode of Dynamite, Archer made his AEW in-ring debut, defeating Marko Stunt. He was managed to the ring by Jake "The Snake" Roberts.

Related pages 
 New Japan Pro Wrestling roster

References
References 

1977 births
Living people
All Elite Wrestling people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Impact Wrestling alumni
Sportspeople from Texas
The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution in the 1970s and 1980s.  It would give men and women full equality under the law.  Alice Paul first wrote the ERA. In 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time. It passed both houses of Congress in 1972 after the National Organization for Women protested outside the United States Senate.  Some people opposed it because women were already becoming equal in most areas, and women did not want to be drafted into the Vietnam War.  Though 35 states ratified it, the amendment did not pass (38 were needed).  Most of the states that did not ratify it were in the Southern United States, which is the most conservative and religious part of the country.

Twenty-one states have a version of the ERA in their state constitutions. Sixteen of those states ratified the federal ERA. Five did not.
The ERA was introduced into Congress each year from 1923 to 1972.  It has been reintroduced in every session of Congress since 1982. In 2011, it was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives by 159 House cosponsors and several senators.

Text

The following is the entire text of the Equal Rights Amendment:

Section 1. Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.
Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.

References

Proposed amendments to the United States Constitution
Feminism
Human rights
Tianhe-I is a supercomputer made and operated in the People's Republic of China and has been active since October 29, 2009. In 2010, it was the second fastest supercomputer in the world, replacing the Jaguar supercomputer. It has 98,304 GB of memory and has 2.507 petaflops at its peak. It uses a Linux operating system. It is being used for finding energy sources and doing simulations of aircraft right now.

Upgrade
It used to have 5,010 CPUs and 2,560 GPUs and was ranked the fifth-fastest supercomputer. After the upgrade, it now has 14,336 CPUs and 7,168 GPUs, making it the fastest.

Related pages
Tianhe-2

References

Computers
The Austrian State Treaty was a treaty that made Austria an independent country again after World War II. It was signed on May 15, 1955 at Vienna between the Allied powers from World War II and the Austrian government. It prohibited union with Germany. It also prohibited Nazi and fascist government. Austria also said that they would always be neutral in any wars. 

1955
1950s in Austria
1950s treaties
Vienna
Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa. It is widely used as a model organism in plant genetics. Arabidopsis is a member of the mustard (Brassicaceae) family, which includes cultivated species such as cabbage and radish. 

It was the first plant genome to be sequenced, completed in 2000 by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. The most up-to-date version of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome is maintained by The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR). 

Much work has been done to find out what its 27,000 genes and 35,000 proteins do.
Arabidopsis is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing.

References 

Brassicaceae
Model organisms
Genetics experiments