Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Buddha statue formal name is : Puttamingmongkol Akenakkiri(พระมิ่งมงคลเอกนาคคีรี') It is a buddha being built in Phuket island of Thailand. Once complete, it will be 45 metres tall with a base diametre of 25 metres. It looks towards Phang Nga Bay in the east and backs towards Andaman Sea in the west. The partially completed Buddha is open to visitors and there is no charge to enter the site, although there are many opportunities to make voluntary donations. It is believed to cost no less than 30 million Thai baht.

References

Other websites 

 เว็บไซต์ทางการ
 Phuket Post  Report The construction of Giant Budha
 The history of Phuket budha and Chamlong Temple  history written by Nongpor

Buddhism
Thai culture
Although it takes a very long time for the pole to make a whole circle in the sky (almost 26,000 years), even over the time period that humans have had writing, this has made a big difference in what star is seen as the north star. When the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids about 4,000 years ago, they used the stars to make the edges line up with north and south. However, they did not use the same north star that we do because Earth's North Pole pointed at a different star than it does today. 

Astronomers have known about this movement for a very long time, calling it the precession of the equinoxes. Most people think that Hipparchus discovered it in ancient Greece in about 130 BC, but some people think that even the ancient Egyptians may have known about it.

Astronomical phenomena
Harem means the women and the place where they live in a polygynous household. Most men are not allowed in there. The word harem comes from the Turkish word haram, meaning a sacred, forbidden place. Harems were meant for the royal upbringing of the future wives of noble and royal men. These women would be educated so that they were ready to appear in public as a royal wife. 

In the West people thought that harems (especially those in the Ottoman Empire) were brothels full of women who gave themselves up to please rich men. 

In modern terms the word maybe used to describe a group of admiring women attracted to one man.

Islamic culture
Chlorpromazine, also known by its trade name Thorazine, is an antipsychotic drug. It is typically used to treat Schizophrenia. It has also been used to treat bipolar disorder. It has been shown to help uncontrollable hiccups disappear. It is also used to help with nausea and vomiting. Chlorpromazine was developed in 1950, making it the oldest antipsychotic drug.

References

Drugs used in psychiatry
Organochlorides
Organonitrogen compounds
Organosulfur compounds
K'naan (born Kaynaane Warsame in Somalia in 1978) is a Somali-Canadian poet, rapper and musician. Warsame started writing music in 2002 when recorded songs for his first album released in 2005 called The Dusty Foot Philosopher. He then made a live album in 2007 called The Dusty Foot in the Road. In February 2009, he released his third studio album Troubadour. 

K'naan including a bunch of Canadian singers called "Young Artists for Haiti" remade the song "Wavin' Flag" for the Earthquake in Haiti.

Albums 
 2004 - My Life is a Movie
 2005 - The Dusty Foot Philosopher
 2007 - The Dusty Foot in the Road (Live album)
 2009 - Troubadour
 2012 - Country, God or the Girl
Singles 
 2004-2005 - Soobax
 2005 - Strugglin
 2005 - In the Beginning
 2008 - ABC's
 2008 - Dreamer
 2008 - If Rap Gets Jealous
 2009 - Wavin' Flag'''
 2009 - Bang Bang - released February 24th 2009. The single was released on iTunes February 24th, 2009, as the "Single of the Week". The song features front-man Adam Levine of Maroon 5. Bang Bang was from the album Troubadour.
 2012 - Is Anybody Out There N/A - Take a Minute''

1978 births
Living people
Canadian rappers
Canadian singers
Musicians from Ontario
Somali people
The East Anglia Transport Museum is a transport museum that is completely outside. It has lots of old public transport vehicles. Lots of them are also able to operate. It is the only place in England where visitors can ride on buses, trams trolleybuses and a narrow gauge railway in the same museum.

Related pages
List of transport museums
List of trolleybus systems in the United Kingdom
The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft
Black Country Living Museum - also with trolleybuses and trams
Crich Tramway Village - Large collection of Tramcars

Other websites
 Museum website

Museums in England
Transport in England
Buildings and structures in Suffolk
Terence Ian "Terry"  Butcher, born 28 December 1958 in Singapore, is the manager of the Scottish Premier League side Inverness Caledonian Thistle.

He was once a professional player. He played as defender with Ipswich Town and Rangers in the 1980s. He was also a captain of England and won 77 caps in his career of ten years.

Early life
He was born in Singapore but spent his childhood in Lowestoft, Suffolk. There he attended The Denes High School. He also met his wife Rita there. He got a chance to join Norwich City youth team, but refused it.

Playing career

Club career
Butcher made his debut for Ipswich against Everton in the First Division on 15 April 1978. Over the next eight seasons, he became the club's central defender. His good performance was noticed by then England coach Ron Greenwood. He gave him his debut in a friendly against Australia in 1980.
In 1981, Butcher played in the Ipswich side that won the UEFA Cup under Bobby Robson. That year the club cape close to its first League title since 1962. However Aston Villa defeated them and won the title.

In 1986, Butcher left Ipswich when they were relegated. He became one of the first 'English invasion' players to join Scottish club Rangers. This was after Graeme Souness became its manager. Souness, the former Liverpool player, paid Ipswich £725,000 for him in July 1986.

As captain, he led them to three League titles in four seasons. They also won two Scottish League Cups.

In November 1987 he broke his leg during Scottish Premier Division fixture against Aberdeen. He could not play for the rest of the season. Before he was injured, Butcher was close to signing a £1million return to England with Manchester United. His injury cancelled this signing. United manager Alex Ferguson signed Norwich City's Steve Bruce instead.
His last Rangers game came in September 1990. Rangers lost 2-1 league against Dundee United in the match. His performance in that match was bad and he was dropped from the side. Leeds United manager Howard Wilkinson talked with Graeme Souness about bringing Butcher back to England, but when Butcher did depart from Ibrox it was in a £400,000 deal to become player-manager of Coventry City on 15 November 1990.

References

Other websites
 Terry Butcher's WTFC.net manager profile 
 Terry Butcher on RSSSF-site
 Butcher is unable to resist chance to live high life Down Under (Times Online)

1958 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
Sportspeople from Suffolk
The system is was made bigger on the western part of the Yonge–University Line with new tracks and stations being made north to York University, Steeles Avenue, and Vaughan Corporate Centre in York Region. The Government of Ontario said on March 23, 2006 that it will give $670 million for this new work, which is less than one-third of the total money needed. The new track is about 8.6 km long and was built with six new stations: Downsview Park, Finch West, York University, Pioneer Village, Highway 407, and the Vaughan Metropolitan Centre. It was expected to cost about $2 billion.

Toronto's subway network

History 

The first part of the subway, replaced a very busy streetcar route, and followed Yonge Street from Eglinton Avenue south to Front Street, then turned west for one block to end at Bay Street, next to the city's main railway station Union Station and so the subway station was also called Union. This line was finished in 1954 and was 7.4 km long.
In 1963 another part was added, that went north from Union station, below University Avenue and Queen's Park to near Bloor Street, where it turned west to end at St. George and Bloor Streets.

The Bloor-Danforth Line opened up in 1966 along Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue from Keele Street to Woodbine Avenue, and was made longer in 1968 to run from Islington Avenue to Warden station at Warden and St. Clair Avenues.  

The routing of the line across the Don Valley was possible because of a choice made more than forty years before. When the Prince Edward Viaduct was built across the Don River in 1919, its design included twin decks below the road to allow for future rail lines. This made it possible for the subway to cross the Don Valley to Danforth Avenue on the east side.

The Yonge-University line was extended north 8.7 km from Eglinton Avenue to Finch Avenue and Yonge in 1973 and 1974.
More track (9.9 km) was added to the Yonge-University Line in 1978 when it was extended from St. George and Bloor, north and northwest to Eglinton Avenue and Allen Road, then north along the middle of Allen Road to Wilson Avenue. 

In October 1976, an arson (a fire set on purpose) destroyed subway cars and damage to Christie station. This caused the closure of the Bloor-Danforth Line for three days, and closed Christie station for some time for repairs. More track was added in 1980 at both ends of the Bloor-Danforth Line. These extensions each added one station, bus bays, and, on the eastern end, room to connect to the Scarborough RT.
With six stations on 6.8 km of track, the Scarborough RT is a line built almost all above the ground, and which has no direct tracks that connect to the other lines and uses a different trains. It uses the Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS) trains which are very different from subway trains. The route is fully separate from road traffic and pedestrians, the stations are fully covered, and the trains have many doors that use high platforms. 

An extra 1.6 km was added to the north end of the Spadina part of the Yonge-University-Spadina Line, adding one station (Downsview), with parking for buses. 

In August 1995, the TTC had a really bad subway accident in what it calls the Russell Hill accident, on the Yonge-University-Spadina Line south of St. Clair West station. Three women died and 100 people were injured, a few badly.
The subway's newest line, Sheppard, opened in 2002. It runs 5.5 km east, under Sheppard Avenue from Sheppard station on the Yonge line (now called Sheppard-Yonge), to Don Mills station at Sheppard and Don Mills Road. The Sheppard line has less users than the other two subway lines, and shorter trains run on it.

In its over fifty-year history, the first baby to be born on a TTC subway station platform only occurred recently on February 6, 2006.  This incident occurred at Wellesley station and caused delays on the subway system.  It was front-page news for many days.

An automatic voice system was added to announce each station (such as; "The next station is Bloor, Bloor station.") which ended the need for the train operator to announce each stop. The automated system is used in the whole subway and RT system.
Plans for the future
Until recently, the TTC did not have plans to expand the subway during the last twenty years but only had plans to build new above-ground rapid transit lines based upon streetcars travelling in closed lanes on streets. Today there are plans to build new subway lines under the ground, including extensions to the Spadina-University line and two lines in the central section of the city south of Bloor-Danforth.

Operations and procedures
Like most subways, the Toronto subway/RT trains get electricity from a third rail that runs next to the tracks. 'Shoes' (pieces of metal that touch the third-rail) mounted on both sides of each coach for contact. Power is supplied at 600 V DC.

A train guard opens and closes the subway car doors, and makes sure no one is trapped in a door as the train leaves a station. The train guard tells the driver when it is okay to leave. The car carrying the guard can be identified by the white or the orange light outside the subway car.
Hours and frequency of operation

On weekdays and Saturday, subway service runs from approximately 6:00 am to 1:30 am, but Sunday service begins at 9:00 am. Start times on holidays may vary.

Stations

For complete lists and details of stations, lines, and their locations in the Toronto subway/RT system, see List of Toronto subway and RT stations.

Current stations
Most stations are named for the nearby road crossed by the line in question. A few are named for major landmarks, such as shopping centres or other transportation stations near the station. 

All trains stop at every station along their route and run the entire length of their line from end to end.

Emergencies

 TTC Special Constable Services are special constables who provide security and some law enforcement on the subway. The Toronto Police Service are still called for all other law enforcement needs
 Emergency medical services as dealt with by the Toronto EMS
 Fires are dealt with by the Toronto Fire Services

Notes
Notes

References
 
 
 
 Welcome Aboard - Tomorrow's Transit Today - UTDC 1985

Other websites

 Official TTC site
 Official TTC LRT expansion proposals
 News, history and discussion
 Rider efficiency guide 
 CBC Digital Archives: Going Underground: Toronto's Subway and Montreal's Metro
 The TTC on Freewebs 
 The TTC's Official Subway Travel Time Chart
 The New "T35A08" Train
 The TTC ride guide as searchable Google Map
 Yonge Subway North - Finch-407 Subway Link 

Toronto Transit Commission
Rapid transit systems
Rail transport in Canada
Nicole Gale Anderson (born August 29, 1990 in Rochester, Indiana) is an American actress.

Biography 
Nicole has been performing and acting since she was younger. She had enrolled in gymnastics at 3-years-old, after 10 years of gymnastics, she took state championships and one national championship.

Nicole had won a scholarship to the Barbizon modeling school in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 13. She had several printing ads and commercials such as: "Mary Kate and Ashley Online Clothing", "Every Girl", "Stand Up", and "Bratz-Pretty 'n' Punk & Treasures".

Later on, Nicole had a few roles in TV shows as: Unfabulous, Zoey 101, Nobody, Hannah Montana, iCarly, Sunday! Sunday! Sunday!, the ABC Family "Make It Or Break It", and the ABC Family movie Princess. She did co-star in the Jonas Brothers' Disney Channel Original Series JONAS playing "Macy Misa", the brothers' #1 fan.
Trivia 
 Her ethnicity is Spanish and Filipino
 She has two siblings, a brother name Kenn and a sister name Nadine.
 She's a psychology major in college.

Television 
 JONAS (2009) - Macy Misa
 Make It or Break It (2009) -Kelly Parker

Guest appearances 
 Unfabulous (2005) - Cheerleader #3.
 Hannah Montana (2007) - Marrissa Hughes.
 Zoey 101 (2007) - Maria.
 iCarly (2007) - Tasha (2 episodes).
 Beauty & the Beast (2012) - Heather Chandler (3 episodes)

Filmography 
 Nobody (2007) - Leila.
 Sunday! Sunday! Sunday! (2008) - Dana.
 Princess (2008) - Jitterbug/Calliope.

References

Other websites 
 

1990 births
Living people
Actors from Indiana
American movie actors
American television actors
Disney actors
American child actors
American gymnasts
Singers from Indiana
Tar is a sticky black liquid made of thick oil. It is a natural substance, oozing out of the ground in places like the La Brea tar pits. Usually it is made by heating coal inside a chemical apparatus.

Most tar is produced from coal as a byproduct of coke production, but it can also be produced from petroleum, peat or wood. The "destructive distillation" of a ton of coal can produce 700 kg of coke, 100 litres of liquor ammonia, 50 litres of coal tar and 400 m3 of coal gas.

It used to be one of the products of gasworks. Tar made from coal or petroleum is considered toxic. It causes cancer because of its high benzene content. In low concentrations, however, tar is used as a medicine on the skin.
Tar kilns are dry distillation ovens, used in Scandinavia for producing tar from wood. They were built close to the forest, from limestone or from more primitive holes in the ground. The bottom is sloped into an outlet hole, to allow the tar to come out. The wood is split to dimensions of a finger and stacked densely, and finally covered tight with dirt and moss to stop air entering. On top of this, a fire is stacked and lit. After a few hours, the tar starts to pour out, and continues to do so for a few days.

Uses 
Tar is used in treatment of the skin disease psoriasis, where coal tar is the most effective. Tar is a general disinfectant. Petroleum tar was also used in ancient Egyptian mummification circa 1000 BC.
Tar was a vital component of the first sealed, or "tarmac", roads. The streets of Baghdad were the first to be paved with tar from the 8th century AD. It was also used as seal for roofing shingles and to seal the hulls of ships and boats. For millennia wood tar was used to waterproof sails and boats, but today sails made from inherently waterproof synthetic substances have negated the need for tar. Wood tar is still used to seal traditional wooden boats and the roofs of historical shingle-roofed churches, as well painting exterior walls of log buildings.

Mixing tar with linseed oil varnish produces tar paint. Tar paint can be used to protect wood from weather. Tar paint can also be toned with various pigments, producing translucent colours and preserving the wood texture.

Related pages 
Asphalt

References

 
Details history and uses of "Rangoon Tar" 
Hydrocarbons
Natural materials
The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) runs the public transport system that has buses, streetcars, subways, and rapid transit lines in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Started in 1954, the TTC has grown to three subway lines and an elevated rapid transit line with a total of 75 stations, as well as 149 surface routes (buses and streetcars). Of these 149 routes 148 make 243 connections with a subway or rapid transit station during weekday rush hours.

The TTC operates the third most used urban public transport system in North America (after the New York City Transit Authority and the Mexico City Metro).

The TTC also runs a door-to-door (they pick people up at home, the shops or work, and take them anywhere they wish to go) system for people with physical disabilities known as Wheel-Trans; about 5,500 trips are made by this service daily. This service costs the same as any other trip on the TTC even though it is door-to-door. The TTC had 11,235 people working for it in 2007.
Related pages
 Toronto subway and RT
 Toronto buses and trolley buses
 Toronto streetcar system
 Signals on the TTC
 Russell Hill subway accident
 List of Toronto subway and RT stations

References

Other websites

Route information
 
 
 TTC schedules by route name 
 The TTC Ride Guide as searchable Google map

Multimedia
 CBC Archives - audio and video about the TTC.
 69: TTC station photos
 Transit Toronto's YouTube channel
Viscosity is a physical property of fluids. It shows resistance to flow. In a simple example, water has a low viscosity, as it is "thin". Syrup and tar, on the other hand, have a high viscosity, as they are "thick". A way to test for viscosity is the speed at which the substance runs down a slope. Syrup would reach the bottom very slowly, and water would be much quicker.

There are two types of viscosity: dynamic viscosity, measured in pascal seconds, and kinematic viscosity, measured in metres per second squared.

Viscosity is used as a way to predict when volcanoes erupt. When the lava comes out very thickly (viscous), there is more chance that it will erupt violently. This is because the lava has a hard time getting out and may burst out when it can. If the lava is thin (low viscosity), then it just flows out like water.

The word viscous comes from the Latin root viscum, meaning sticky.

References 

Fluid mechanics
A passenger is a term that is used for a person who travels in a vehicle, but not the driver or a person working in the vehicle. 

There are two common ways in which the term is used:

 The first is for persons who ride in cars or vans. The term is used for these type of passengers if they have or have not paid for the ride.
 The second is for persons who pay to ride in public transport vehicles such as buses, trains, aircraft, and ships. People who work on the vehicle are crew, not passengers. 

In most places the company who owns the vehicles and the people who work on them have legal obligations to the passengers riding with them. 

Transport
The Additions to Daniel are three chapters that have been held by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox churches since the council of Rome (380). These books were removed in most Christian Bibles since Martin Luther's decision to include them in his bible as "Apocrypha" due to the supposed contradiction of the Hebrew Old Testament (the Apostles and Early Church onward using the Septuagint). The chapters are listed in Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England as good but not sacred reading. Most Protestant Bibles do not have these chapters because most Protestant churches believe these chapters are apocryphal.

The Additions to Daniel are not found in the Hebrew or Aramaic text of Daniel. These stories are in the Greek Septuagint and a translation by the writer Theodotion. However, most Protestant Bibles use only the text in the Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts, so they do not have these chapters.
The additions are:
 The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children : Azariah prays for God's protection. Later on, he and his friends sing a prayer of thanks. These prayers make up Daniel 3:24-90, put between verses 23 and 24 (v. 24 becomes v. 91).
 Susanna and the Elders : Two men want to have sex with Susanna but she does not want to. The men lie to other people and make them want to kill her. A boy named Daniel shows that the men lied, and they are killed instead. This story is found before Daniel 1:1 as a prologue in very old Greek texts. It is found as chapter 13 in the Vulgate and modern Catholic Bibles.
 Bel and the Dragon : This chapter has three stories about how Daniel fights against the worship of idols, and how he escapes from lions. These stories come after Daniel 12:13 in the Greek texts, and they make up chapter 14 in the Vulgate.

References
References

Other websites
 NRSV: Prayer of Azariah
 NRSV: Susanna
 NRSV: Bel and the Dragon
 Old Greek and Septuagint translations and text notes from NETS 
 
 
 
 The Unity of the Old English Daniel
 
 
 
 

Daniel, Additions to
2nd-century BC books
19521 Chaos is a Kuiper belt object. Chaos was found in 1998 by the Deep Ecliptic Survey, with Kitt Peak's 4 m telescope. It is big at about 560 km, and bright at H=4.755. It is named after the primeval state of existence in Greek mythology, from which the first gods appeared.

Trivia 
A jazz-fusion/progressive-rock band from Connecticut got their name from this minor planet.

References 

 original MPEC circular 1998-X08 and  the revision, 1999-V03
 AstDys
 

Chaos
In professional wrestling, a heel is a "bad guy". It is the opposite of a face, which is the word for a "good guy".

The job of the heel is to be booed by the audience (this is called getting heat), which helps to gain sympathy for the face. This can be done in many ways. One common way is to break the rules when the referee is not looking. Another way is to act in a nasty way towards the audience. 

Sometimes in American professional wrestling, a person from a foreign country will play the role of a heel who hates America. The Iron Sheik, who is Iranian, is one example. He had a rivalry with Hulk Hogan, who is American and acted as a patriot as one part of his character. It is not necessary for the foreign heel to really be from a foreign country. For example, Fritz Von Erich played the role of an evil German, despite really being from Texas.
WWE has said that it has stopped making it clear whether a wrestler is a face or a heel. This is partly because audiences know professional wrestling is scripted. Because of this, they might cheer a heel who puts on good matches. Also, they may boo a face who they think is being featured (pushed) too much and is not skilled enough for it, and so any heel facing them in a match would be cheered.

In lucha libre (Mexican professional wrestling), heels are called rudos. Rudos tend to use moves that show off their strength and power. This contrasts with técnicos (faces or good guys), who use a fast-paced style and high-flying moves.

References 

Professional wrestling

es:Anexo:Términos de lucha libre profesional#H
pl:Wrestling#Podział na postacie i style walki
The Yonge-University-Spadina Line is the oldest and most used subway line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission, has 32 stations and is 30.2 km in length. It opened in 1954, and had new stations added in 1963, 1973, 1974, 1978, and 1996. 

The line runs from about 6:00 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. Monday to Saturday and 9:00 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. on Sunday. The subway runs every 4–5 minutes, with extra services (2–3 minutes) during rush hour times. 

The 320 Yonge bus runs late at night when the subway is closed. 

This Line starts from Finch in North York to Vaughan Metropolitan Centre in the York Region.

This line is a U-Shaped Line .

References

Other websites 
 TTC website
 TTC Transit City LRT proposal
 Spadina line extension
 Transit Toronto (not affiliated with the Toronto Transit Commission)

Toronto Transit Commission
Rail transport in Canada
is a Japanese new religion that believes in one God (monotheism). It was founded in Japan in the 19th century by Miki Nakayama, a Japanese woman who heard instructions from God. Believers of Tenrikyo call her "Oyasama", which means the "Great Parent", because she acts as a parent to all people. In Tenrikyo, God is called "Oyagami", which means "God the Parent".

The goal of Tenrikyo is for all people to live a joyous life. Oyasama stated that the way to save yourself is by saving others. In other words, to be truly happy you must make other people happy.

Today, Tenrikyo is centered in the city of Tenri in central Japan. There is a general hospital, a college, three schools, and a central temple there. Once a month, there is a big ritual in this central city and many people come from all over the country to pray. There are two million believers of Tenrikyo in Japan and around the world.

References

 
13 Shinto Sects
Steeles Avenue is an east-west street that forms the northern city border of Toronto and the southern border of York Region, Ontario, Canada. It is 38.75 km within Toronto, between Albion Road and the Scarborough-Pickering border.

West of Albion Road, Steeles continues into Peel Region, where it is also known as Peel Regional Road 15. It runs through Brampton and into the Halton Region town of Milton. It stops at Appleby Line on top of the Niagara Escarpment due to the Crawford Lake Conservation Area being there, and then the road starts again just east of Guelph Line and goes until the Milborough Townline on the border of Milton and Hamilton. East of the Toronto-Pickering border, it becomes Taunton Road.

Name
Steeles is named after J. C. Steele, who owned a tavern on the street where it joins with Yonge Street.
Ontario's Worst Road
Steeles Avenue was listed as the worst road by the CAA in October 2006, and as the fifth worst road in October 2007. In October 2008, it was re-listed as worst road in Ontario. Reasons are potholes and the quality of the road. Soon after the CAA's listing, some parts of the road between Dufferin Street and Bayview Avenue were resurfaced.

References

Toronto
Roads in Ontario
Aconitum, known as aconite, monkshood, wolfsbane, leopard's bane, women's bane, Devil's helmet or blue rocket, is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). There are over 250 species of Aconitum.

Ranunculales
Tim Hortons Inc. is a Canadian fast food restaurant known for its coffee and doughnuts. It was started in 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario by Canadian hockey player Tim Horton. In 1967 Tim Horton joined with investor Ron Joyce, who quickly took over running the company and expanded the chain into a multi-million dollar franchise.

Tim Hortons stores quickly spread and together with Subway, became bigger than McDonald's and is now Canada's largest chain of fast food restaurants. The company opened twice as many Canadian stores as did McDonald's and sales also are bigger than those of McDonald's Canadian restaurants as of 2002. The chain got 22.6% of all fast food industry revenues in Canada in 2005.  Tim Hortons also has 76% of the Canadian market for baked goods (based on the number of customers) and has 62% of the Canadian coffee market (compared to Starbucks, who is the second largest with 7%). Tim Hortons had 2,733 restaurants in Canada as of July 1, 2007.
Tim Hortons also has international restaurants with 500 in the United States as of December 2008, with one opened in Detroit and owned by former NBA player Derrick Coleman and one on a Canadian military base outside Kandahar, Afghanistan. Tim Hortons' other international efforts include a small outlet at the Dublin Zoo. Tim Hortons also made a deal with the SPAR store chain in the UK and Ireland, with Tim Hortons coffee and doughnuts being sold at small self service counters in 16 SPAR stores.

History

Tim Horton and Ron Joyce 

The company's first store opened in 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario under the name "Tim Horton Donuts" (the word donut would later be dropped and the company name ended up as just "Tim Horton's", and later was changed to "Tim Hortons" without the apostrophe). The business was started by Tim Horton, who played in the National Hockey League from 1949 until his death in a car accident in 1974.
Soon after Horton opened the store, he met Ron Joyce, a former Hamilton police constable. In 1965, Joyce took over the Tim Horton Donut Shop on Ottawa Street North in Hamilton. By 1967, after he had opened up two more stores, he and Tim Horton became full partners in the business. After Horton's death in 1974, Joyce bought the company from the Horton family and took over as the only owner of the now forty stores. Joyce expanded the chain quickly in geography and in product selection, opening the 500th store in Aylmer, Quebec, in 1991.

Ron Joyce's very fast expansion of the Tim Hortons business brought about two major changes in the coffee and doughnut restaurant market: independent doughnut shops in Canada were almost wiped out, and Canada's per person ratio of doughnut shops rose past those of all other countries.
By the 1990s, the company name had changed to The TDL Group Ltd but the name of the restaurants are still called Tim Hortons. This was because the company wanted to also go into other types of business, and not just be seen as a doughnut company.  In March 2006, shares of the company were first sold to the public.

Expansion and takeover 

TDL Group had $1.48 billion in sales in 2005 and has expanded across Canada and also in New York, Ohio, Michigan, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Maine.
Tim Hortons and the Canadian military 
Tim Hortons has many stores on or near many Canadian Forces Bases. TDL Group said in March 2006, that because they were asked by Chief of the Defence Staff, General Rick Hillier, it would open a store at the Canadian Forces operations base in Kandahar, Afghanistan.  The new Kandahar store opened on June 29 2006, in a 40 ft trailer on the military base.
Growth of the Tim Hortons Chain 
Store #1 - Hamilton, Ontario - May 1964
Store #100 - Thunder Bay, Ontario - December 1978
Store #200 - Hamilton, Ontario - December 1984
Store #300 - Calgary, Alberta - February 1987
Store #400 - Halifax, Nova Scotia - February 1989
Store #500 - Aylmer, Quebec - January 1991
Store #700 - Moncton, New Brunswick - October 1993
Store #1000 - Ancaster, Ontario - August 1995
Store #1500 - Pickerington, Ohio - March 1997 (this was also Wendy's 5000th store)
100th US store – Columbus, Ohio - July 31 1998
Store #2000 - Toronto, Ontario - December 2000
Store #2500 - Cayuga, Ontario - September 2003
Store #3000 - Orchard Park, New York - December 14, 2006

(Source: Tim Hortons Official History)

Menu
Menu 

Tim Hortons' first stores only sold two products - coffee and doughnuts. As well as its coffee, tea, hot chocolate, and doughnuts, the Tim Hortons menu now includes a number of other baked goods, such as Timbits (small balls of doughnut dough), muffins, croissants, tea biscuits, cookies, rolls, danishes, and bagels (Tim Hortons now sells one out of every two bagels in the whole Canadian food industry). Cakes to take home are offered in some locations.
Since the mid-1990s, the chain has moved into other areas, such as flavoured cappuccino, iced cappuccino, iced coffee, New York-style cheesecake, and lunch items such as soup, chili, and submarine sandwiches. In fall 2006, Tim Hortons began selling a breakfast sandwich. This is made of an egg patty, processed cheese slice, either bacon or sausage, and either a biscuit or bagel, it has sold well. In October 2007 Tim Hortons began to sell a Chicken Fajita Wrap, which has spiced chicken and sautéed vegetables.  In December 2007, they began to sell hash browns and the Bagel B.E.L.T., a breakfast sandwich that has lettuce and tomato.

Along with the expansion of stores and the expanded menu came the outsourcing of baked goods. Doughnuts, which used to be made at night so that they were ready for the next morning, are now fully cooked and then frozen and sent to every restaurant from Windsor, Ontario. The restaurants now bake them during the day.
The company used to sell Coca-Cola products but Tim Hortons switched over to Pepsi in 2007.

Criticism 
Throw away cups made by the company are one of the most common litter items in Canada. Company spokespersons claim that customers are the problem, not Tim Hortons.

In May 2008, the chain came under fire after an employee in London, Ontario was fired for giving away a single $0.16 Timbit to a baby. A manager was blamed for the incident. The employee was hired at a different nearby location.

References

Other websites 

Tim Hortons official site

1964 establishments in Canada
Canadian fast food restaurants
Companies based in Ontario‎
The Alveolata is a grouping of protists. One view is that it is a superphylum with at least four phyla.

Phyla 

 Ciliates, very common protozoa, with many short cilia arranged in rows
 Chromerida – a marine phylum of photosynthetic protozoa
 Apicomplexa, parasitic protozoa that lack locomotive structures except in gametes
 Dinoflagellate, mostly marine flagellates, many of which have chloroplasts
Ice cubes are small pieces of ice that are often cubes. These pieces are sometimes used to cool drinks. Ice cubes are used in mixed drinks, when the drink has the words "on the rocks."

Ice cubes are made by filling a tray with water and putting it in a freezer. Many freezers also have an icemaker. Icemakers make ice cubes and put them in a bin. After that, they can be put in a glass.

Ice cubes are also made commercially and sold in large amounts. These ice cubes are usually cylindrical, and might have holes through the center. Commercially made ice cubes are very clear, as the water doesn't have much air dissolved in it.

Ice cubes can also be crushed into different-shaped flakes, which some people think makes some kinds of cocktails look better. Crushed ice is also used to cool a drink or other liquid quickly because the speed of cooling depends on the amount and average radius of the ice particles.

First artificial ice cubes
American physician and humanitarian John Gorrie built a refrigerator in 1844 to be able to cool air. His refrigerator made ice, which he hung from the ceiling in a basin. Gorrie is the creator of ice cubes, even though he was not trying to cool drinks. Instead, he used the ice to cool the room's temperature. During that time, people thought that bad air quality made people sick. So, to help treat sickness, he advocated for the draining of swamps and the cooling of sickrooms.

Ice cube tray 

Ice cube trays are designed to be filled with water, then put in a freezer until the water freezes to ice, thus creating ice cubes. Trays are often flexible, so the ice cubes can be removed easily by flexing the tray. Another design is an aluminum tray with a lever that raises the ice cubes up, releasing them from the tray. A motorized kind of this is in most automatic ice-making freezers.
Even though ice cubes are usually shaped like cubes, there are trays that make spherical or cylindrical shapes. These are sometimes called ice tubes. Some novelty trays make blocks of ice in seasonal, festive, or other shapes.

The first flexible, stainless steel, all-metal ice cube tray was made by Guy L. Tinkham in 1933. The tray bent sideways to remove the ice cubes.

The first rubber ice cube tray was made by Lloyd Groff Copeman. One day in 1928, while walking through some woods getting sap for maple syrup, Copeman saw that slush and ice came off of his rubber boots instead of sticking to them.  After talking about it with his patent attorney at lunch, he did experiments using rubber cups. Later, he made and patented several kinds of tray: a metal tray with rubber separators, a metal tray with individual rubber cups, and a tray made of only rubber.

References

Water
A machete is a long cutting tool. The blade is usually 20-24 inches (50-60 cm) long and less than .2 inches thick. The machete is a large knife often used in jungles because it can easily cut through plants and vines. It can be used to open coconuts and cut down small trees (sometimes the back side has edges for sawing wood).  It is also used occasionally outside of jungles.  One such use is in surveying when a line of sight is needed through brush.  It is a lot like the Japanese katana and larger than the American Bowie knife, and is sometimes used in warfare.

Blades
Cutting tools
Gardening tools
Michail Leontievich Bulatov (Михаил Леонтьевич Булатов),  (1760 in Rjazan, 2 May 1825 in Omsk), was a Russian military who fought during the Russo-Turkish War (1787-1992) and became Major General in 1799 during the Napoleonic Wars and lieutenant-general in 1823.

1760 births
1825 deaths

Russian generals
Ecstasy is an emotion, and an altered state of consciousness. The word comes from Greek  έκστασις, ékstasis, which means to step outside oneself. People who have this emotion feel very happy.

Emotions
King Lear is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. He based it on an old British story about a king named Leir or Lyr. The play might have been first performed in December 1606. It was first printed in 1608. It was printed again in 1623 in the First Folio. This is a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays. Many great actors over the years have played the part of King Lear.

Story
The play is about an old king named Lear. He wants to divide his kingdom between his three daughters. To get the kingdom, they must tell him how much they love him. His youngest daughter Cordelia will not say how much she does, although she's the one who loves him most.

She says words will not be able to describe her love. King Lear does not realise this is true love.  Lear gets angry at her and will not give her land, and says she is not his daughter anymore. He gives his land to his other daughters Regan and Goneril.
The king soon finds out that Regan and Goneril do not love him. They only wanted his land. The King becomes very mad. The two daughters, and their husbands, throw him out of the land that is now theirs.  Lear goes on a  trip around the land that was once his as he becomes insane. Regan poisons Goneril out of jealousy. She also kills herself. Lear dies after discovering that Cordelia was the one who always cared for him as she came with a French army to help him but she and King Lear were caught by Edmund; who gave an order to get them both hanged, which happens to Cordelia and causes Lear's grief and death.

Plays by William Shakespeare
1600s plays
Mutual information measures how much more is known about one random value when given another. For example, knowing the temperature of a random day of the year will not reveal what month it is, but it will give some hint. In the same way, knowing what month it is will not reveal the exact temperature, but will make certain temperatures more or less likely. These hints or changes in likelihood are explained and measured with mutual information.

Calculating mutual information

Required information 
To calculate mutual information, the probability (chance) of all possible events, and the probability of them happening at the same time, is needed. For example, to measure mutual information between month and temperature we would need to know how many days in the year are 10 degrees Celsius, how many days out of the year are March and finally how many days are 10 degrees Celsius in March.
Formula 
The formula requires the summation, or adding up, of many terms or numbers. Every possible outcome has its own term. From the above calculation of mutual information between month and temperature, we will use the following variables:
 p(x,y) = probability of it being x degrees Celsius in month y
 t(x) = probability of it being x degrees Celsius (on any day of the year)
 m(y) = probability of it being month y

This means m(3) equals the probability of a randomly selected day being in March. This is 31/365, or about 0.085, since 31 out of 365 days in the year are in March.

One term would be as follows:

In this formula, "log" means logarithm.

Adding all possible terms together gives the value for mutual information.

Understanding mutual information

Possible values 
The larger the mutual information, the more you would learn about one random value (e.g. month) when told another (e.g. temperature).
If mutual information is zero, you cannot determine anything about one value when given another.
 For example, knowing if you got heads or tails in a coin flip last time will not tell you anything about what will happen next time.

 If mutual information is small, there may still be no mutual information. Sometimes random events seem to have a pattern in the short term, but overall there is no mutual information.

 If mutual information is large, there is likely some connection between the two things being looked at.
 Since temperature and month are connected, their mutual information would be a lot larger than zero.
 It is not easy to know if mutual information is significant or large.

 If mutual information is one, then knowing one value will exactly tell you the other.
 For example, if a random desk is selected in a classroom, a teacher can know exactly which student will sit there. Knowing which desk was selected tells us exactly which student is connected to it.
Important facts 
Mutual information does not change based on which of the two random values is revealed. This means we know just as much about temperature when told the month as we know about the month when told the temperature.

Mutual information is difficult to compare. If we calculate mutual information for weather and another value for a card game, the two values cannot easily be compared.

Related pages
 Information theory

Mathematics
A praetor was a person who served as a judge in Ancient Rome during the time of the Roman Republic. Also, when a Roman consul was away, the praetor would act as consul. Praetors were officials in Rome that were responsible for rendering justice. Some of them could also be responsible for the administration of a province.

References 

Ancient Rome
Yoshi's Island DS (called  in Japan) is a platform video game made by Artoon, and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. It is the sequel to Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island.

How the game is played
The gameplay of Yoshi's Island DS is much the same as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game, but with some small add-ons. The player moves Yoshi through many stages. Yoshi has to get through these stages by not getting hit by enemies or losing the baby he is holding.

Reception
Yoshi's Island DS received good scores from lots of video game websites, including IGN and GameSpot who gave separate reviews of the game of 8.0 and 9.1.

References

2006 video games
Platform games
Nintendo DS games
Yoshi games
The Tillamook are a Native American tribe from the state of Oregon. The word Tillamook means "people of Nekelim" in the Chinook language. Also, Tillamook can mean "Land of Many Waters" but it is not as widely used. Tillamook can also be spelled Calamox, Gillamooks, and Killamook.

Language
The Tillamook tribe used to speak Tillamook. After a while they learned to speak English. The last person that spoke Tillamook died in 1970. This made the Tillamook language gone forever. Starting in 1965, a group of scientists tried to protect the Tillamook language by talking with the Tillamook people and creating a Tillamook language dictionary.

History
The Tillamook tribe used to live between the Necanicum River and Tillamook Bay. The Tillamook were coastal Native Americans. Their  name, Tillamook, means "Land of Many Waters" in their language. The first Tilamook people lived around the 1400s. In the 1700s, the population was counted at about 2200 people.

Native Americans
People from Oregon
A stick figure, also known as a stick man, is a very simple drawing of a 
person or an animal, composed of a few lines, curves, and dots.   It is often drawn by children, and known for its simplistic style. On a stick figure, the head is most often represented by a circle, which can be either a solid color or sometimes embellished with details such as eyes, a mouth, or hair. The arms, legs, torso, and abdomen are usually represented with these straight lines. Details such as hands, feet, and a neck may be present or absent; simpler stick figures often display an ambiguous emotional expression or disproportionate limbs, however, most stick figures can be drawn with four or three fingers.
The stick figure is a universally recognizable symbol, in all likelihood one of the most well known in the world. It transcends language, location, demographics, and can trace back its roots for almost 30,000 years. Its simplicity and versatility led to the stick figure being used for a variety of purposes: info graphics, signage, comics, animations, games, film storyboards, and many kinds of visual media all employ the stick figure. With the advent of the World Wide Web, the stick figure became a central element within an entire genre of web-based interactive entertainment known as flash animation. Over a period of more than two decades, stick figure animation impacted and shaped the visual landscape of the internet.

Animations 
Stick figures have also become popular to make simple, and often violent, animations. YouTube channels such as Alan Becker and Hyun's Dojo community create small series of videos.

References

Art
Animation
Hans Michael Frank (23 May 1900 – 16 October 1946) was a German lawyer. He worked for the Nazi party during the 1920s and 1930s. Later he became a high-ranking official in Nazi Germany. He was prosecuted during the Nuremberg trials for his role in the Holocaust. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and executed on 16 October 1946.  Before his execution, Frank repented and returned to the Catholic Church.

1900 births
1946 deaths
Executed German people
Executed Nazis
German lawyers
German Roman Catholics
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Holocaust perpetrators
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
People executed by hanging
People from Karlsruhe
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
Politicians of the Nazi Party
SS officers
The First Folio is the common name for the first collection of William Shakespeare's plays. It was published in 1623. Its title is Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies.  The collection was assembled by Shakespeare's theatrical colleagues, John Heminges and Henry Condell.  

Four plays are missing: Pericles, Prince of Tyre, The Two Noble Kinsman, and the "lost plays" Cardenio and Love's Labours Won. It is believed about 750 copies were originally published. Two hundred twenty-eight remain in existence. The Folger Library in Washington, D. C. holds the most copies at 82. Copies that arrive at auction realize prices in the millions. 

William Shakespeare
1620s books