Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1835 he published the Tamworth Manifesto, which told people how he wanted the government to be run. He came to power in 1841, defeating the Whig government of Lord Melbourne, and ruled the country until 1846. During this time, Peel's popularity with other party members became lower because many of them thought he was too proud, and disliked the way he changed his mind over some important issues, often without telling them first. The defeat of his Conservative Party in 1846 was followed by a brief period in the House of Commons until his death in 1851, in a horse riding accident.

Peel is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of The Beatles Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.  

Main Achievements 

Sir Robert Peel is most famous for creating the British Police Force. Early police men were sometimes called "Peelers" because he created them. He was born in Bury, 1788 - the town he was born in is so proud of him they built him a tower on Holcombe hill.

References
References 

1788 births
1850 deaths
Chancellors of the Exchequer
People from Bury
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852

Politicians from Greater Manchester
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Herodotus ( ; , ;  ) was an Ancient Greek historian. He was born in Halicarnassus, a town in south-west Asia Minor (now Bodrum, Turkey)

Herodotus was called the "Father of History" by Cicero. He wrote about the ancient empires of Babylon, Egypt, and Persia, and about the Ancient Greeks.

During his life, Herodotus probably told his stories in front of large numbers of people in Greek cities. Some men at the time did this for pay. He is now most famous for his writings about the wars between the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states. He told the story from the Greek side, although the war was mostly finished when he was still a child.

In his books, Herodotus tells us that he travelled a lot. He says that he went to what is now Italy (including Sicily), Ukraine, Egypt and Pakistan. He may also have travelled to Babylon in today's Iraq. He often used stories from people he met to write about other places and happenings.
Some people think that Herodotus wrote about things that were not true. That is possible, because he would have relied on information from various sources. His work is important because there is very little writing on these subjects before his works.

The works of Herodotus are available today in translations.

References

Other websites 
 Herodotus Citizendium

480s BC births
420s BC deaths
Ancient Greek historians
A chinook is a warm westerly wind that sometimes flows over Canada's Rocky Mountains in the winter. It can raise temperatures in southern Alberta by twenty or thirty degrees in an hour. A chinook is caused when air flowing off the Pacific Ocean is raised by the mountains and heated as the water vapor in the air condenses. Then it is warmed more as it flows down the other side of the mountains and is compressed. It flows out over the prairie, and may travel as far as the eastern border of Alberta if it is especially strong. The chinook is also called "snow eater", because it can melt snow so quickly.

Winds

ml:കാറ്റ്#ചിനൂക്ക്
Etoumbi is a town in a part of the Republic of the Congo called Cuvette-Ouest.

Recently, there were four outbreaks of the Ebola virus in Etoumbi. Some people think this is because the people that live there ate some dead animals from the forest. In 2003, 120 people died in an outbreak. Because of an outbreak in May, 2005 nobody was allowed in or out of the town.

Other websites 

 Multimap: Map of Etoumbi 

Towns in the Republic of the Congo
Chad (; , officially called the Republic of Chad), is a landlocked country in Central Africa. The capital is N'Djamena. 

It was a French colony until 1960. It suffers from poverty, illness, drought, and armed conflicts. In 2011, the population of Chad was 11,535,000.

Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.

Chad has one of the highest levels of hunger in the world. Food insecurity is common in the country. 80% live in total poverty on less than a dollar a day, and 90% are unemployed in Chad. Chad has a low life expectancy. Life expectancy is 54 years old in Chad.

Chad is home to 134 kinds of mammals, 141 bird species, 52 kinds of reptiles, 30 amphibians and 130 kinds of fish. Many animals such as elephants, hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, warthogs, giraffes, antelopes, lions, leopards, and cheetahs live in Chad.

Geography
Geography

Chad is the world's 21st-largest country. It is slightly smaller than Peru and slightly larger than South Africa.  To the north is Libya, to the south is the Central African Republic, to the east is Sudan, and to the west are Cameroon, Nigeria, and Niger.

The country's capital is  from the nearest seaport Douala, Cameroon. Due to this distance from the sea and the country's largely desert climate, Chad is sometimes called the "Dead Heart of Africa".

Lake Chad is the largest wetland in Chad and the second largest in Africa. Lake Chad was  7000 years ago.  Now it is . Chad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara.

The region's tall grasses and large amount of marshes make it good for birds, reptiles, and large mammals. Chad's major rivers are the Chari and Logone.

Regions
Since 2002, the Republic of Chad has been divided into regions. It was previously divided into prefectures, and then departments.

Below is a list of the 23 regions as of 2012.

ad since 2012
ad since 2012

Cities
The largest cities in Chad are:
N'Djamena - 704,200
Moundou - 136,900
Sarh - 100,100
Abéché - 72,500
Kélo - 41,500
Koumra - 35,400
Pala - 34,600
Am Timan - 28,200
Bongor - 27,100
Mongo - 27,100

Languages
Chad's official languages are Arabic and French, but over 100 languages and dialects are spoken. Due to the important role of Arab traders and merchants, Chadian Arabic has become a lingua franca, a language for all to use.

Education
Attending primary school is required in Chad, though only about 50% of children attend school. Adult literacy is only 35%.

The University of N'Djamena provides higher education.

References

Other websites
 
 

 
French-speaking countries
Least developed countries
Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1960 establishments in Africa
Anal sex is a sex act performed on the anus. Anal sex can involve a penis inserted in the anus, oral stimulation of the anus, using fingers for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.

Overview 
The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. Lubrication is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.

For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the prostate that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the clitoral legs/G-Spot or the cervix. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the anus has many nerve endings.

References

Sexual acts
Year 1248 (MCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar.

Events 
 Cologne Cathedral built.
 King Louis IX of France starts the Seventh Crusade. He leaves with an army of 20,000 toward Egypt.
 Roger Bacon publishes the formula for black powder in Europe.
Honor Blackman (22 August 1925 – 5 April 2020) was an English actress. She was born in Plaistow, Essex. She is best known for her roles in the movie Goldfinger and on the television programmes, The Avengers and The Upper Hand (the British version of Who's the Boss).

Blackman died at her home in Lewes on 5 April 2020. She was 94.

References

Other websites 

1925 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Essex
Actresses who played Bond girls
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is a tragedy play by William Shakespeare. It is one of his best-known plays, and many lines have become famous quotations. The play is often just called Hamlet.

Hamlet was written between 1600 and 1602, and first printed in 1603. With 4042 lines and 29551 words, Hamlet is the longest Shakespearean play.

Plot 
Hamlet is a young prince in Denmark who was supposed to become king when his father (also named Hamlet) died. Instead, Hamlet's uncle Claudius took the throne for himself and married Hamlet's mother, Gertrude. Hamlet meets a ghost of his dead father, who tells him that he was poisoned by Claudius. The ghost demands that Hamlet kill Claudius in revenge.
Characters 
The characters in the story are:
 Hamlet, the prince of Denmark
 Ghost, the ghost of king Hamlet
 Gertrude, the Queen, prince Hamlet's mother
 Claudius, the King, brother of dead King Hamlet and now married to Gertrude
 Horatio, Hamlet's trusted friend
 Polonius, the royal advisor
 Laertes, the son of Polonius
 Ophelia, the daughter of Polonius and Hamlet's past lover
 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, two members of Claudius' royal court, who spy on Hamlet for Claudius

Acting Hamlet 
Hamlet is one of the hardest parts for an actor to perform. It is one of the largest roles written by Shakespeare. Many people disagree about what Hamlet is really thinking. For many actors, playing Hamlet is one of the most important parts of their career.
Hamlet in movies 
There have been many movies made of the play. Most of them show only part of the play, because the entire play is very long. Some of the most famous movies include:
 1948 Hamlet played by Laurence Olivier. Directed by Laurence Olivier.
 1960 A version made for German television. This version was later an episode of Mystery Science Theatre 3000.
 1990 Hamlet played by Mel Gibson. Directed by Franco Zeffirelli.
 1996 Hamlet played by Kenneth Branagh. Directed by Kenneth Branagh. Unlike most movies, Branagh's Hamlet did not leave out any of the play to make the movie shorter.
 2009 Hamlet played by David Tennant. Directed by Gregory Doran, a three and a half hour Television adaptation for the BBC. An adaptation of the folio text with changes from the first and later quarto's to fit the dramatisation.
 2014 Bollywood movie "Haider" directed by Vishal Bhardwaj, where role of Hamlet played by Shahid Kapoor.

References
References

Other websites 
 HyperHamlet - research project at the University of Basel
 BBC production of Hamlet in 2009

Plays by William Shakespeare
1600s plays
A director is someone who is in charge of something. It can mean slightly different things in different places.

Art director, a position in theatre, movies, television, and related areas
Board of directors, the people in charge of a company
Movie director, the person who controls how a movie is made
Television director, the person who directs different types of television programs.
Theatre director, the person in charge of deciding how a stage play should be performed.
1605 was a common year.

Events 
 Don Quixote, part 1, is written by Miguel De Cervantes
Bias means that a person prefers an idea and possibly does not give equal chance to a different idea. Bias can be influenced by a number of factors, such as popularity (for example, a newspaper might be biased towards a particular political party due to their employees sharing the same political beliefs as that party). 

Bias in an article or editorial would show one point of view, using selected facts and quotes to support that point of view.  Facts or opinions that do not support the point of view in a biased article would be excluded.  For example, an article biased toward riding a motorcycle would show facts about the good gas mileage, fun, and agility.  An article biased against motorcycle riding would show facts about risk of injury and noise, and ignore positive facts about motorcycles.
An article biased against guns would show only facts and information that support the author's position.  They would list suicides, accidental shootings and other facts showing guns in a negative way.  An article biased for guns should show only information that supports the author's position.  The positively biased article would discuss 'lives saved' by guns, numbers of crimes prevented by civilian gun use, and other facts and data that put gun ownership and guns in a good light.

Bias in writing can also be shown by using bad or slang words to refer to groups of people or things.  "Broads" rather than "women"; "murdercycles" rather than "motorcycles".  Words or phrasing that make wide assumptions about races or groups of people also indicates bias.  "All Chinese people are good at math".
Bias also means mistakes in measurements. For example, a person may measure the height of another person wearing shoes.  The shoes make the height more than the same person without shoes.  If the extra height of the shoes (extra bias) was not explained, someone might think that the person had been measured without shoes on.  Data with extra parts not explained is called biased data.

Related pages 
Cognitive bias
Prejudice

Other websites 
Examples of Bias in Writing
1701 was a common year.

Births 
 September 7 – Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French naturalist (d. 1788)
Some small harpsichords were called "virginals", perhaps because they were played by young girls. There are also spinets which were very small and sometimes wing-shaped. They could be picked up and put on a table.

Harpsichords were very important in music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods. They were used as solo instruments as well as to accompany an orchestra. Some of the most famous composers of harpsichord music are William Byrd (1543-1623), François Couperin (1668-1733), Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757) and Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750). The last of these composers wrote The Well-Tempered Clavier, which has a prelude and fugue in every major and minor key. It is said that Bach wrote this collection of music to show how keyboard instruments like the harpsichord can be tuned in a way to make playing in any key possible.

Other websites

Keyboard instruments
Early musical instruments
Plucked string instruments
The Kingston Trio was a folk music group from Palo Alto, California who were popular in the 1950s and 1960s.

References

Musical groups from California
Folk music groups
Palo Alto, California
The Passion of the Christ is the title of a movie that was produced and directed by Mel Gibson based on sister Catherine Emmerich's visions. It was released in 2004. The movie shows the last 24 hours in the life of Jesus of Nazareth (called by his followers Jesus Christ) as told in the Gospel accounts contained in the New Testament that Christians regard as a part of the Holy Bible.

The Passion of the Christ was unusual and controversial for many reasons. All of the speech was in three languages that were spoken at the time of Jesus: Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The movie spent a lot of time showing details of the suffering and death of Jesus, with lots of violent scenes. Mel Gibson said that this was a realistic showing of what happened, though others thought it showed too much violence.
Jewish groups and Christians objected to the movie because it showed the Jewish leaders arranging to have Jesus killed. There were also other depictions in the film of Jews that many Jews and Christians felt was controversial. They said that this would cause people to think that modern-day Jews were guilty because of this and increase antisemitism and inaccurate beliefs of Jews. The movie makers said that this was not their intention, however criticism from both sides continued and still persists to this day.

Mel Gibson was unable to get support from movie studios for this movie, and so supplied the money for it (around $25 million) mostly himself. The movie made much more money than expected -around $370 million.

References

Other websites
Other websites 
 

2004 drama movies
2000s epic movies
2000s historical movies
American drama movies
American epic movies
Fiction set in the past
Movies set in Ancient Rome
Movies set in Asia
Movies based on the Bible
Movies about capital punishment
Multilingual movies
Movies directed by Mel Gibson
Movies set in the 1st century
Controversies
Depression might mean:

Depression (mood), when a person is very sad
Depression (mental illness), a type of mood disorder
Depression (economics), when the economy is shrinking instead of growing
Great Depression, a major economic depression in the 1930s
Historically, cavalry have been soldiers who fought while riding horses. In modern times, "cavalry" means the branch of the military that fight in armored vehicles such as tanks. They differ from the infantry in that the Infantry fight on foot.

Soldiers have fought on horses ever since people have ridden horses. Before that, they fought in chariots pulled by horses. Because horses are strong, cavalry troops can wear more armor than infantry and carry heavier weapons. Because horses are fast, cavalry can ride into battle more quickly than infantry.

Army
Horse riding
Military animals
Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th president of the United States. He served as president from 1849 until his death in 1850. He was a second cousin to James Madison.

General years
Taylor was a general in the United States Army. He led an army during the Mexican-American War. He was selected by the Whigs to be their candidate because he was a famous general. He was the last President to own slaves while in office.

Presidency
During his term, slavery was a big issue because the Northerners wanted no slavery in the U.S. and wanted to stop newly formed states from allowing slavery. The southerners believed that they had the right to keep their slaves and people feared that they would choose to not be a part of the United States anymore (which they would eventually do in 1860).

Taylor did not like the idea of the southern states leaving the United States at all. He threatened to use military force against them if they were to do that.
Taylor never voted until he was 62 years old. He was never a resident of a particular location in the United States long enough to register to vote.

Sixteen months into his presidency, Taylor died of cholera and his vice-president Millard Fillmore became president to take his place.

The Compromise of 1850 (a proposal several laws that would calm down the slavery issue by pleasing both the north and the south) was voted on in Congress shortly after his death. This was negotiated by Kentucky's Congressman, Henry Clay, who was a distant cousin of the Taylors and Lincolns.

References

Other websites 
 Taylor's White House biography 

1784 births
1850 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Politicians from Virginia
Military people from Virginia
 
19th-century American politicians
Gianni Rodari (October 23, 1920 in Omegna (Novara) - April 14, 1980 in Rome) was an Italian writer. He was famous for his books for children.

Rodari, Gianni

1920 births
1980 deaths
Montgomery is the capital city of the state of Alabama in the United States. It is on the Alabama River. In 2020, 200,603 people lived there, making it the third-most populated city in Alabama after Huntsville which had 215,006, and Birmingham which had 200,733.

History 
Montgomery was started on December 3, 1819 by merging New Philadelphia and East Alabama Town. The city became a county seat in 1822. On January 28, 1846, the state capital was moved from  Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. For a few months in 1861 Montgomery was the capital of the Confederate States of America.

Notable natives and residents 
 Nat King Cole, jazz pianist & singer
 Martin Luther King, Jr., civil rights advocate
 Bart Starr, Pro Football Hall of Famer
 Rosa Parks

References

Other websites 

 Montgomery -Wikivoyage
 City of Montgomery, Alabama

Former national capitals
 
County seats in Alabama
State capitals in the United States
1819 establishments in Alabama
Omaha is a major US city located in the state of Nebraska in the center of the United States. The city is home to 486,051 people, making it the 39th largest city in the United States as of 2020. It is also the state's largest city both in population and geography.

Music
Omaha is known for its Indie music scene. Bright Eyes and 311 are some of the most well known bands to come out of the city. Local music venues include the Slowdown in NoDo and The Waiting Room in Benson.

Connor Oberst, lead singer of Bright Eyes, started Saddle Creek Records in Omaha. The label is named after a street in Midtown Omaha, despite the label being housed in downtown. Saddle Creek Records is the owner of the Slowdown.
Business
Omaha is home to a number national and global headquarters including TD Ameritrade, Berkshire Hathaway, Con Agra Foods, Mutual of Omaha, Woodmen of the World, and Hayneedle. First National Bank of Omaha's headquarters are located downtown at One First National Place, the state's largest building. Billionaire Warren Buffett calls the city home and hosts the annual Berkshire Hathaway shareholders meeting at the Century Link Center in downtown Omaha.

Sports
The city hosts the College World Series every year at TD Ameritrade Park, since 2011. The series was formerly hosted at Rosenblatt Stadium prior to its condemnation in September 2010 and subsequent demolition in late 2012. The Series was first held in Omaha in 1947.

Climate
Omaha has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot and quite wet; winters are cold and quite dry.

References

 
County seats in Nebraska
1854 establishments in Nebraska Territory
Toledo is a city in Spain with a population of 85,000. It is a historical city with a lot of monuments. The city was important from the Roman period to the 18th century. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha and the Toledo province. Many famous people and artists were born or lived in this city, including Garcilaso de la Vega, Alfonso X and El Greco. A city in Ohio was named after this.

Sinagoga del Tránsito

Notes

Further reading

Other websites

Municipality
Exhibit on Toledo, Ohio Sister City Agreement 
 Photography of Toledo by Antony Marsh
 http://lahistoriadefermosa.com  "La Historia de Fermosa" Abraham S. Marrache, Hebraica Ediciones 2009, a historical novel in Spanish about the love affair in 1179 between King Alfonso VIII of Castile and the young Toledan Jewess, Fermosa.
Sunset in Toledo , Eretz Acheret  Magazine
Legends of Toledo
 Free Audio Guide of Toledo ES/EN
Spain's official website - Info about Toledo 

Capital cities in Spain
 
World Heritage Sites in Spain
Tommy Tutone was a 1980s pop music group. They are best known for their 1982 song 867-5309-Jenny.

Discography

Studio albbums 
 Tommy Tutone (1980)
 Tommy Tutone 2 (1981)
 National Emotion (1983)
 Nervous Love (1996)
 Tutone.rtf (1998)

Singles 
 Angel Say No (1980)
 867-5309/Jenny (1981)
 Which Man Are You (1982)
 Get Around Girl (1983)
 My Little Red Book (2017)
 Time Won’t Let Me (2018)

American rock bands
American pop music groups
new wave bands
Musical groups from California
Judas Priest are an English heavy metal band. They formed in Birmingham, England in 1969. They have sold over 50 million albums. They are famous for having two guitar players, named Glenn Tipton and K.K. Downing. The singer, Rob Halford, left the band in the early 1990s because of problems with the other people in the band. He came back to the band in 2003.

On 7 December 2010, the band said they would play their last concert tour during 2011. They are still a band since saying that. Since then, they have made two albums: Redeemer of Souls and Firepower. In 2022, they became members of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

History

1970s
History

1970s

Forming
Judas Priest used to be a different band to the one that is together now. The lead singer for this old band was named Al Atkins. Around the same time, guitar player K.K. Downing and bass player Ian Hill put together their own band named Freight. When they were looking for a lead singer, they found Al Atkins. Atkins' band had broken up by then, and he suggested that K.K. and Ian should rename Freight to Judas Priest. They kept using the name even after Atkins left in 1973.

When the band was looking for another singer, Ian Hill discovered the singing talents of his girlfriend's brother, Rob Halford. He joined the band.

During the seventies, the band went through several drummers, including Alan Moore, John Hinch, Simon Phillips and Les Binks.
First five albums
Before Judas Priest recorded their first album, a second guitar player, Glenn Tipton, joined the band. Their first album, Rocka Rolla, came out in 1974. It was not very successful, probably because it didn't have many of the songs that the band were known for playing in live concerts back in those days. They would later be on the band's next album, Sad Wings of Destiny in 1976. That album was followed up by Sin After Sin in 1977. These three albums had a hard rock and psychedelic style that was familiar to bands like Led Zeppelin.
The band's fourth album, Stained Class, sounded more like rock music. This was the first album to have drummer Les Binks, who had a drumming style that was liked by many fans. It is thought of as important for improving the band's sound. Their fifth album, Killing Machine (called Hell Bent for Leather in America because of the original title suggesting murder) also sounded more like rock. It had shorter songs than Stained Class. "Hell Bent for Leather" from the album is one of the band's more popular songs. Les Binks left after this album.

It was also during the late 1970s and early 1980s that Rob Halford started putting together stage costumes made of leather and studs. This was done to express that he was gay. He felt like he needed to keep this from the fans in case it would hurt the band's popularity, and he did not come out until 1998. The style was not thought at the time by fans to be a symbol of homosexuality, and it was copied by many other metal bands.

1980s
1980s

Sucess with British Steel and similar albums

Les was replaced by Dave Holland, who drummed with the band on all their albums in the 1980s. The band gained much more fame with album #6 in 1980, called British Steel. The album is said to be important for building on what we know as the heavy metal sound and is one of their most popular, including hit songs like "Metal Gods" "Breaking the Law" and "Living After Midnight". The next album, Point of Entry, didn't do as well.

The band's eighth album, Screaming For Vengeance, was a return to success. It had the hits "Electric Eye" and "You've Got Another Thing Coming". They then released Defenders of the Faith, which had a similar style.
Change to pop-metal sound
The band's tenth album, called Turbo, had more of a pop-metal sound with synthesizers on all the songs and lyrics with sexual themes. This is best demonstrated in the first song "Turbo Lover". It received mixed critic reviews who had doubts about the change in sound. The next album, Ram It Down, mixed the pop metal sound of Turbo with the heavy metal sound of the band's more popular albums.

Dave Holland left the band in 1989, and was replaced with the American Scott Travis - the first non British person to play for the band.

1990s
1990s

The trial against the band
In the summer of 1990, the band was involved in a trial where they were blamed for causing two young men to try to kill themselves. These men were 20-year-old James Vance and 18-year-old Raymond Belknap, both American. On 23 December 1985, Vance and Belknap, after hours of drinking beer, smoking weed and listening to Judas Priest, went to a playground at a church with a shotgun to kill themselves. Belknap died instantly after shooting himself, but Vance survived with a disfigured face. Vance died three years later.
Their parents thought they heard "do it" being sung in the band's song "Better By You, Better Than Me" from Stained Class (actually a cover of a Spooky Tooth song). They said the words in the song made them shoot themselves. The trial was dismissed in August 1990 when Rob Halford played a clip from their song called Exciter in reverse, so it sounded like Halford was singing "I asked her for a peppermint, I asked her to get one" (the actual words were "Stand by for exciter, salvation is his task"). He did this to show how any reverse messages in their songs suggesting suicide were accidental.

Painkiller, Halford leaves
The band released one of their most popular albums in 1990 called Painkiller. The title song did very well and is a popular Judas Priest song. Fans and critics liked Scott Travis' fast and heavy drumming style, feeling it was better than the more simple slower drumming of Dave Holland.
Halford wanted to make heavier music in the style of newer bands like Pantera, but the band wanted to carry on with the style they were playing. Halford and the rest of the band started arguing which led to his leaving of the band, starting new bands called Fight and 2wo.

New singer: Tim 'Ripper' Owens
The band didn't play together for a few years, until 1996 when they found American singer Tim Owens, who nicknamed himself 'Ripper' after an early Priest song. Owens had been playing in a Priest tribute band before joining the actual band.

They released Jugulator in 1997. The album was a lot heavier and darker than Painkiller and had lyrics describing the end of the world. Reviews were negative about Owens' singing style and the heavier musical style.

2000s

Halford and the band make up and Demolition

Halford and the rest of Judas Priest started speaking again after K.K., Glenn and Ian were invited to a wedding of a relative of Halford's. KK and Ian attended and made up with Halford.
However, Tim Owens was still in the band until 2003, bringing out Demolition in 2001. The album has a larger variety of musical styles than Jugulator, but was no more successful.

Halford re-joins

Their next album was Nostradamus in 2008, which was a concept album (an album telling a story) about a prophet, also called Nostradamus. Reviews were more critical, with negativity towards the album's length of two discs.

Modern Era

Epitaph tour and new album
Around 2010, media reported that the band planned to break up after one last tour. However, eventually, the band confirmed that they would not be breaking up after the tour but would be doing a lot less touring. K.K. Downing left the band in 2011, after 41 years. He was replaced by Richie Faulkner.

During the tour, the band played at least one song from every studio album apart from the two with Ripper Owens.
The band made a new album after the tour called Redeemer of Souls, which came out in 2014. The band are still touring although their tours will not last as long due to the elderly ages of some of the band members.

Discography

Studio albums
 Rocka Rolla (1974)
 Sad Wings of Destiny (1976)
 Sin After Sin (1977)
 Stained Class (1978)
 Killing Machine / Hell Bent for Leather (1978)
 British Steel (1980)
 Point of Entry (1981)
 Screaming for Vengeance (1982)
 Defenders of the Faith (1984)
 Turbo (1986)
 Ram It Down (1988)
 Painkiller (1990)
 Jugulator (1997)
 Angel of Retribution (2004)
 Nostradamus (2008)
 Redeemer of Souls (2014)
 Firepower (2018)

References

1960s establishments in England
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English heavy metal bands
Hard rock bands
Musical groups established in 1969
Musical groups from Birmingham
Speed metal bands
Palo Alto is a city in the American state of California in Santa Clara County that has a population of about 65,000 people. It is the birthplace of the region called Silicon Valley and includes Stanford University. It is the home of many innovators and entrepreneurs. "Palo Alto" means "tall stick" in Spanish after a famous redwood, El Palo Alto, along the banks of San Francisquito Creek. The tree was struck by lightning in 1955 but much of it remains standing. The tree is over 1,080 years old. A diverse population thrives in a city known for its schools, parks, libraries, restaurants and mild climate. 

Palo Alto is where Apple CEO, Steve Jobs died on October 5, 2011.
Phil and Don Everly (Phil January 19, 1939 – January 3, 2014 and Don February 1, 1937 – August 21, 2021) were two brothers from the U.S. state of Iowa. They started performing in the 1950s and had a lot of famous songs in the 1950s and 1960s. They are considered very influential in rock and roll.

Don was born in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. He died on August 21, 2021 in Nashville, Tennessee of heart attack at the age of 84.

Phil was born in Chicago, Illinois. He died at age 74 on January 3, 2014 in Burbank, California from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Related pages
List of country musicians from Iowa

References

Other websites
Other websites

1957 establishments in the United States
Musical groups disestablished in 2014
1950s American music groups
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Country bands
Musical duos
Entertainers from Iowa
20th-century establishments in Iowa
2014 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1957
Warner Bros. Records artists
Events 
 The first modern Olympic Games takes place in Athens.
 Alden J. Blethen buys The Seattle Times.
 On January 4, Utah became a state in the United States.

Births 
 February 9 – Alberto Vargas – Pin-up artist
 May 30 - Howard Hawks, American director (d. 1977)
 August 27 – Miyazawa Kenji Japanese poet, writer of children's literature
 September 21- Walter Breuning, among the oldest people
42 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Piso.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Romans take control of Ceuta.
 Lands now known as Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province. 
 The Dalmatian legate Furius Camillus Scribonianus revolts. His troops do not support him and the rebellion quickly ends. 
 Claudius starts building the Port of Ostia.

Asia 
 Suro becomes the first king of Geumgwan Gaya in the Korean peninsula.
 Chinese General My Yuan puts down the rebellion of the Trung sisters in Tonkin.

Religion 
25 January: the apostle Paul becomes a  Christian. The exact date is not known, but the Catholic Church has chosen to celebrate it on this date.

Births 
 Herennius Philo (approximate date) (d. 141)
 Pope Sixtus I (d. 124)

Deaths 
 Arria
 Gaius Appius Junius Silanus

40s
Willie Hugh Nelson (; born April 29, 1933) is an American country music singer-songwriter, as well as an author, poet, actor, and activist.

In 1961, a song that he wrote was recorded by Faron Young, and became a number one song on Billboard's Hot Country Songs music chart. In 1975, he had his first number one song, as a singer, on Billboards Hot Country Songs music chart.
Willie Nelson was born in Abbott, Texas on April 29, 1933, during the Great Depression to Myrle Marie (née Greenhaw) and Ira Doyle Nelson. He was born on April 29, 1933, but his birth was recorded by doctor F. D. Sims on April 30. He was named Willie by his cousin Mildred, who also chose Hugh as his middle name, in honor of her recently deceased younger brother. Nelson's ancestry includes English, Irish, and Cherokee. His parents moved from Arkansas in 1929, to look for work. Nelson's grandfather, William, worked as a blacksmith, while his father worked as a mechanic. His mother left soon after he was born, and his father remarried and also moved away, leaving Willie and his sister Bobbie to be raised by their grandparents. The Nelsons, who taught singing back in Arkansas, started their grandchildren in music. Nelson's grandfather bought him a guitar when he was six, and taught him a few chords, and with his sister Bobbie, he sang gospel songs in the local church
.  He wrote his first song at age seven, and when he was nine, played guitar for the local band Bohemian Polka. During the summer, the family picked cotton along with other citizens of Abbott.  Nelson didn't like picking cotton, so he earned money by singing in dance halls, taverns, and honky tonks from age thirteen, and continuing through high school. Nelson's musical influences were Hank Williams, Bob Wills, Lefty Frizzell, Ray Price, Ernest Tubb, Hank Snow, Django Reinhardt, Frank Sinatra, and Louis Armstrong.
Personal life
Nelson is the co-chair of the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) advisory board.

Discography

Singles
Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain (1975)
"Always on My Mind" (1982)

Writing of songs
Crazy (song) (1961)
Christmas Blues

Sources

1933 births
Living people
American country singers
American country guitarists
American movie actors
American songwriters
American television actors
Musicians from Texas
Singers from Texas
Africa-Eurasia (also called Afro-Eurasia, Eurafrasia, Afrasia and the Old World) is the world's biggest landmass. Around 85% (approximately 5.5 billion) of the world population lives there. It is split between the two continents of Africa and Eurasia, the latter of which has been historically further subdivided into Asia and Europe.  

In geopolitics, the mainland of Africa-Eurasia (excluding islands such as the British Isles, Japan, Madagascar, and the Malay Archipelago) has been referred to as World Island.

The Old World includes Africa-Eurasia and its surrounding islands:

 Africa
 Northern Africa
 Sub-Saharan Africa
 Eastern Africa
 Middle Africa
 Southern Africa
 Western Africa
 Eurasia
 Asia
 Central Asia
 Eastern Asia
 Northern Asia
 South-eastern Asia
 Southern Asia
 Western Asia
 Europe
 Eastern Europe
 Northern Europe
 Southern Europe
 Western Europe
In geological terms, Africa-Eurasia (or Eurafrasia) may be a supercontinent if Africa collides with Europe. One estimate suggests it will happen in 600,000 years, when the southern tip of Spain reaches Africa. If this happens, the Mediterranean Sea will be isolated from the Atlantic Ocean. Africa is expected to collide with Europe completely in 50 million years, closing the Mediterranean.

References 

Supercontinents
Events 
 January 1
 The Royal Army Medical Corps does the first successful blood transfusion.
 Impressionist painter Monet paints 'Water Lilies'.
 January 5 – Heavy rain – allegedly caused by rainmaker Charles Hatfield – begins; it will cause flooding around San Diego, California
 January 8 – Allied forces withdraw from Gallipoli
 January 12 - The Gilbert and Ellice Islands become a British colony
 January 13/14 – A heavy storm sweeps through the Zuiderzee in the Netherlands, causing extensive damage. This storm helped the Dutch parliament to decide to build the Afsluitdijk and build polders in the current IJsselmeer.
 January 17 – The Professional Golfers Association of America (PGA) is formed
 January 18 – A 611 gram chondrite type meteorite struck a house near Baxter, Stone County, Missouri.
 January 23 to January 24 In Browning, Montana, the temperature drops from +6.7 °C to -48.8 °C (44 °F to -56 °F) in one day, the greatest change ever on record for a 24-hour period.
January 24 – In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad the Supreme Court of the United States upholds the federal income tax
 January 28 – Louis D. Brandeis becomes the first Jew appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States.
 January 29 – World War I: Paris is bombed by German zeppelins for the first time.
 February 3 – Parliament buildings in Ottawa, Canada are burned down.
 February 9 – 6.00 PM – Tristan Tzara "founds" Dadaism (according to Hans Arp)
 February 11
 Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control.
 Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presents its first concert
 February 21 – World War I: In France the Battle of Verdun begins.
 March 20 – Albert Einstein publishes his Theory of Relativity, which explains the relationship between mass and energy.
Births

January 

 January 7 – Elena Ceaușescu, Deputy Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1989)
 January 12 – P. W. Botha, State President of South Africa (d. 2006)
 January 24 – Rafael Caldera, President of Venezuela (d. 2009)

February 

 February 26 – Jackie Gleason, American comedian and actor (d. 1987)

March 

 March 11 – Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)

April 

 April 5 – Gregory Peck, American actor (d. 2003)
 April 28 – Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (d. 1993)

May 

 May 1 – Glenn Ford, Canadian-American actor (d. 2006)
 May 8 – João Havelange, 7th President of FIFA (d. 2016)
 May 16 – Ephraim Katzir, 4th President of Israel (d. 2009)

June 

 June 6 – Hamani Diori, 1st President of Niger (d. 1989)
 June 8 – Francis Crick, English chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
 June 14 – Dorothy McGuire, American actress (d. 2001)

July
July 

 July 1 – Olivia de Havilland, British-American actress (d. 2020)
 July 9 – Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005)
 July 11 – Gough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2014)
 July 28 - David Brown, American producer (d. 2010)

August

September 

 September 13 – Roald Dahl, British writer (d. 1990)
 September 23 – Aldo Moro, 38th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1978)
 September 28 – Peter Finch, British-born Australian actor (d. 1977)

October 

 October 4 – Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist (d. 2009)
 October 14 – C. Everett Koop, American politician and spokesperson (d. 2013)
 October 26 – Francois Mitterrand, President of France (d. 1996)

November 

 November 4 – Walter Cronkite, American broadcast journalist (d. 2009)
 November 20 – Evelyn Keyes, American film actress (d. 2008)
 November 23 – Michael Gough, British actor (d. 2011)
 November 28 – Ramón José Velásquez, President of Venezuela (d. 2014)

December
December 

 December 6 – Kristjan Eldjarn, 3rd President of Iceland (d. 1982)
 December 9 – Kirk Douglas, American actor, director and producer (d. 2020)
 December 18 – Betty Grable, American actress (d. 1973)
 December 25 – Ahmed Ben Bella, 1st President of Algeria (d. Ahmed Ben Bella)

Deaths 
 June 4 - Lord Kitchener, British Secretary of State for War, drowned.
 August 5 - George Butterworth, English composer, killed in battle.
 November 21 - Franz Joseph I, emperor of Austria and king of Hungary

 

nv:1901 – 1950
A cemetery or a graveyard is a place, usually surrounded by a fence, where people bury dead bodies and honor the dead people. Many of them have gardens and other greenery in them to symbolise life and to honor those who are dead.

Related pages 
Burial
Catacomb
Mausoleum
Necropolis

Death customs
Linda Blair (born January 22, 1959 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American actress. She is best known for her role in the movie The Exorcist (1973).

Other websites 

1959 births
Living people
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
American movie actors
American television actors
David Van Cortland Crosby (August 14, 1941 – January 18, 2023) was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. He was most famous as a founding member of the bands The Byrds and Crosby, Stills, and Nash. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

In the 2020 presidential election, Crosby supported Vermont United States Senator Bernie Sanders.

Crosby died suddenly on the night of January 18, 2023 at his home in Santa Ynez, California. He was 81. The cause of death was problems caused by COVID-19.

References 

American guitarists
Musicians from Los Angeles
American folk musicians
American rock musicians
Organ transplant recipients
Singers from Los Angeles
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
1941 births
2023 deaths
Paul Harvey Aurandt (September 4, 1918 – February 28, 2009) was an American radio host. He was best known for his short radio program called "The Rest of the Story" that was broadcast on many radio stations in the United States. He worked in the radio industry from 1933 to 2009. He also had news programs two times a day, in which he would comment on the headlines and tell some odd news stories.

Death
Harvey died on February 28, 2009 at a hospital in Phoenix, Arizona. His son, Paul Harvey Jr., said, "millions have lost a friend".

References

American historians
American radio personalities
Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
1918 births
2009 deaths
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a chemical compound and is acidic. It is a gas at room temperature. It is made of one carbon and two oxygen atoms. People and most animals release carbon dioxide when they breathe out. Also, every time something organic is burnt (or a fire is made), it makes carbon dioxide. Plants use carbon dioxide to make food. This process is called photosynthesis. The properties of carbon dioxide were studied by the Scottish scientist Joseph Black in the 1750s.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Greenhouse gases trap heat energy. Greenhouse gases change the climate and weather on our planet, Earth. This is called climate change. Greenhouse gases are a cause of global warming, the rise of Earth surface temperature.

Its concentration in Earth's atmosphere since late in the Precambrian was regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena (mainly volcanos).
Biological role 
Carbon dioxide is an end product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism. This is a process known as cellular respiration. This includes most  animals, many fungi and some bacteria. In higher animals, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body's tissues to the lungs where it is breathed out. Plants take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to use in photosynthesis.

Dry ice 
Dry ice, or solid carbon dioxide, is the solid state of CO2 gas below -109.3 °F (-78.5°C). Dry ice does not occur naturally on earth but is man made. It is colorless. People use dry ice to make things cold, and to make drinks fizzy, kill gophers, and freeze warts. The vapor of dry ice causes suffocation and eventually, death. Caution and professional assistance is recommended whenever dry ice is in use.
At usual pressure it will not melt from a solid to a liquid but instead changes directly from a solid to a gas. This is called sublimation. It will change directly from a solid to a gas at any temperature higher than extremely cold temperatures. Dry ice sublimates at normal air temperature. Dry ice exposed to normal air gives off carbon dioxide gas that has no color. Carbon dioxide can be liquified at pressure above 5.1 atmospheres.

Carbon dioxide gas that comes off of dry ice is so cold that when it mixes with air it cools the water vapour in the air to fog, which looks like a thick white smoke. It is often used in the theater to create the appearance of fog or smoke.
Isolation and production 
Chemists can get carbon dioxide from cooling air. They call this air distillation. This method is inefficient because a large amount of air must be refrigerated to extract a small amount of CO2. Chemists can also use several different chemical reactions to separate carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is made in the reactions between most acids and most metal carbonates. For example, the reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate (limestone or chalk) makes carbon dioxide:

 

The carbonic acid (H2CO3) then decomposes to water and CO2. Such reactions cause foaming or bubbling, or both. In industry, such reactions are used many times to neutralize waste acid streams.

Quicklime (CaO), a chemical that has widespread use, can be made heating limestone to about 850 °C. This reaction also makes CO2:
Carbon dioxide is also made in the combustion of all carbon-containing fuels, such as methane (natural gas), petroleum distillates (gasoline, diesel, kerosene, propane), coal or wood. In most cases, water is also released. As an example the chemical reaction between methane and oxygen is:

 

Carbon dioxide is made in steel mills. Iron is reduced from its oxides with coke in a blast furnace, producing pig iron and carbon dioxide:

 

Yeast metabolizes sugar to produce carbon dioxide and ethanol, also known as alcohol, in the production of wines, beers and other spirits, but also in the production of bioethanol: