Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Thomas Tinker ( 1581–1620/21) and his wife and son were Separatists from the Netherlands who travelled on the Pilgrim Ship Mayflower in 1620.  Separatists were people who did not belong to the Church of England.<ref>[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Pilgrim 1911 Encyclopedia]</ref>Caleb H. Johnson, The Mayflower and her passengers (Indiana:Xlibris Corp., Caleb Johnson, 2006) p. 239

 Early life 
Most scholars believe that Tinker was born in 1581 in Norfolk, England.  He moved to Leiden and became a citizen there in the early 1600s.  He married in 1609 and had one son.Eugene Aubrey Stratton, Plymouth Colony: Its History and People, 1620–1691 (Salt Lake City:Ancestry Publishing 1986) p. 362
On the Mayflower 
  
Tinker, his wife and son left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They signed the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. The Mayflower'' was supposed to land in the Colony of Virginia, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.  Thomas Tinker was a signer to the "Mayflower Compact".

Death of Thomas Tinker and his family 
Bradford wrote they "died in the first sickness".  That was in December 1620 or January 1621. Thomas Tinker and his son was buried in Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth, with many passengers who died in the early days.  The place of Tinker's wife grave is unknown.

References

1621 deaths
Mayflower passengers
Year of birth unknown
Torture Ship is a 1939 American movie directed by Victor Halperin. The movie is about a mad scientist who performs experiments on captured criminals aboard his private ship. It stars Lyle Talbot as Lt. Bob Bennett, Irving Pichel as Dr. Herbert Stander, and Julie Bishop as Joan Martel. The movie is based on Jack London's short story,  "A Thousand Deaths".

1939 movies
1930s horror movies
American movies
Movies based on short stories
Movies directed by Victor Halperin
Mad scientist movies
English-language movies
A dog's coat is the hair covering its body. A dog can have a double coat that has short, soft hair underneath a layer of long, coarse hair, or a single coat that has only the long, coarse hair. A dog's coat may also be called hair or fur.

Four main coat attributes
Dog coats can come in many different colors, patterns, lengths, and textures.

Coat colors

Dog coats come in four main colors: black, brown, white, and red. The same main color can have many shades. These shades are sometimes common enough that they are given their own color names, such as gold, yellow, cream, blue, and grey.

There may be several of these colors on one dog.

Coat patterns

Dog coats can also have many different patterns based on spots, patches, and mixing colors.

Coat lengths and textures
 

A dog's coat can be long or short. For most dogs, their hair reaches one length and then stops growing, but there are some dogs whose hair will keep growing longer and longer.
Some breeds of dog do not grow hair on parts of their bodies. These dogs are called "hairless".  Examples of "hairless" dogs are the Xoloitzcuintli (Mexican Hairless Dog), the Peruvian Inca Orchid (Peruvian Hairless Dog) and the Chinese Crested.

Additional reading

Other websites

Dogs
Hair
The FMA IA-58 Pucará is an Argentine military aircraft. It is a twin-turboprops attack aircraft built in all-metal.

Operational history

Falklands War 
Argentina Air Force used the Pucarà for attacks against Port Stanley and the British Army and the Royal Navy. Several of them were shot down by Sea Harrier and British commandos.

Sri Lanka Civil War 
Sri Lanka used the Pucarà against the Tamils Tigers.

Users 
Argentina, Colombia, Sri Lanka, and Uruguay used this aircraft. Some are enough actives in Argentina in 2013. United Kingdom used one aircraft for trials, it was captured by British commandos.

References

Bibliography
 Frawley, Gerard, The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003 .  London: Aerospace Publication, 2002. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .
 Taylor, John WR, Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1982–83. London : Jane's Yearbooks, 1982.

References
References 

Transport in Argentina
Military aircraft
1976 establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Argentina
Orpheus is a hero in Greek mythology. When he played his lyre the world would sway to the music. It was noted he could charm mortals, Gods and even stones with his music. He was the son of a Muse. He was a companion of Jason and the Argonauts.

Orpheus was married to a dryad named Eurydice. In one version of the myth, while trying to get away from a satyr Eurydice was bitten by a snake and went to Hades. Orpheus rode the ferry across the river Styx to bring her back from the underworld. He played his lyre to make Cerberus fall asleep, and moved the wife of Hades, Persephone, with his music. She said he could take Eurydice back to the upper world if he didn't look back at Eurydice until they both got back up to the land of mortals. Racked by doubt, he did look back just before reaching the upper world, and so she was returned to the realm of Hades forever. He was killed by a group of Maenads when they became tired of his mournful music over Eurydice, and his head was cast into the sea.

Related pages 
Orphism
Ludmilla Ivanovna Tourischeva (Russian: Людми́ла Ива́новна Тури́щева; also transliterated as Ludmilla Turischeva, Ludmilla Tourischcheva, and Ljudmila Turichtchieva, born 7 October 1952) is a Russian former gymnast.  She won nine Olympic medals for the Soviet Union. She also won the World Championships all-around gold in 1970 and 1974.

She was known for her calmness.  In the 1975 World Cup in London, the uneven bars broke and fell as she was landing.  She saluted the judges and left the floor without even turning to see the damage.  She won all gold medals for the Cup including the all-around medal. Her trainer Vladislav Rastorotsky said about her: "Ljudmila would fight to death in any situation".

Tourischeva was also known for her graciousness. At the 1976 Olympics, she walked around the podium to personally congratulate champion Nadia Comăneci.  Tourischeve shook Comăneci's hand before accepting her own medal.
In 1977, she married sprinter Valeriy Borzov.  He was a two-time Olympic champion in 1972. Tourischeva keeps involved in gymnastics as a coach and an international judge.

Ludmilla Tourischeva is 1 of only 2 women to win the grand slam of all-around titles: Olympics, World Championships, World Cup, and European Championships.  Yelena Shushunova is the other.

References

1952 births
Living people
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics

Soviet Olympic gold medalists
Soviet Olympic silver medalists
Russian gymnasts
World champions
In geology, permafrost is soil that stays frozen all year.  To be called permafrost, soil must stay at or below  for two or more years. Permafrost is also called cryotic soil.  Most permafrost is on land close to the North and South poles.  Other permafrost is found in high mountain areas.  When permafrost melts, carbon dioxide is released which can be bad for the environment.

References

Other websites

Soil
Eva Green (born July 6, 1980) is a French actress and model. She acts in movies and in television series. She played Vesper Lynd in the 2006 James Bond movie Casino Royale. Green was born in Paris.

References

Other websites 

1980 births
Living people
Actors from Paris
Actresses who played Bond girls
French movie actors
French television actors
Margaret Cassidy "Maggie" Lawson (born August 12, 1980) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television. She played Juliet O'Hara in the hit series Psych. She played Alexa in Party of Five. Lawson was born in Louisville, Kentucky.

American television actors
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
1980 births
Living people
The Conair Firecat is a water bomber built in Canada from the American twin-engine Grumman S-2 Tracker. A modernized variant, called Turbo Firecat use two turboprops. This kind of aircraft is still active in 2013 in Canada, France, and the United States. 
It can carry 3395 litres of water inside the bomb bay.

References

Civil aircraft
Firefighting
Emily Rose Maier (born February 2, 1981) is an American actress. She acts mainly on television. She played Elena Fisher in the Uncharted video games. She plays multiple characters in the Syfy series Haven. Rose was born in Renton, Washington.

References

American television actors
1981 births
Living people
Actors from Washington (state)
A monal is a bird of the genus Lophophorus of the pheasant family, Phasianidae. The type species of this genus is the Himalayan monal (Lophophorus impejanus).

All the adult males have very atractive and shiny feathers of different metallic colors (colors appearing to be made of a metal). The females and the young males do not have feathers with many colors; they are reddish brown with some white parts.

Their diet consists of insects and plant parts such as roots, tubers, bulbs and seed.

They live in the rhododendron forests in the high altitudes of the Himalayas and of Sichuan (China).

Due to habitat destruction and hunting, they have already become quite rare and threatened in their existence.

There are three species and three subspecies within the genus Lophophorus:

 Himalayan monal Lophophorus impejanus
 Chinese monal Lophophorus lhuysii
 Sclater's monal Lophophorus sclateri
 L. sclateri arunachelensis
 L. sclateri orientalis
 L. sclateri sclateri

Gallery

References

Other websites
Other websites

 ARKive - Species in the genus Lophophorus 
 Animal Diversity Web - Lophophorus: CLASSIFICATION
 Catalogue of Life - Taxonomic tree
 ITIS
 Tree of Life - Lophophorus

Birds of Pakistan
Birds of China
Phasianidae
Channel drift, also called network decay, is when a television channel moves away from its original shows to get a new audience, or to get higher ratings. It often involves a move from shows aimed at viewers that know a lot about the channel's subject to shows aimed at a wider audience. Most examples of channel drift have a channel add infotainment or reality shows to their schedule.

A well-known example of channel drift is MTV. When it started in 1981, MTV was a channel that showed music videos. In the 1990s, it started adding entertainment and reality shows aimed at a young adult audience. This was the start of a move towards the channel's current focus on shows aimed at adolescents and young adults.

References

Other websites
 Network Decay - TV Tropes Wiki

Television
Sarah Clara Smith (1851–1947) was an American teacher and missionary from New York state. She started Smith Girls' School (now called Hokusei Gakuen Girls Junior High/High School ( Hokusei Gakuen Joshi Chugaku Koutou Gakkou) in 1887 in Sapporo, Japan.

Early life in Japan 
Smith came to Tokyo in 1880 with her missionary group, Association of Presbyterian Mission International. In 1883, she became sick from the weather, so she went north to Sapporo, Hokkaido. She became healthy again because the weather was like the weather in New York.

Smith Girls' School 

Smith wanted to start a Christian school in Sapporo because it was a new town. Sapporo didn't have many churches then. But her group didn't give her money, so she went to Hakodate. Hakodate was bigger than Sapporo. In 1886, she got an English teaching job at the Public Teacher’s College of Sapporo. The next year, she could start a Christian school by herself. It was called Smith Girls' School ( Sumisu Joshi Gakkou).
Farming and Lilacs 
In the Meiji Era (1868–1912), Hokkaido was a new land in Japan. Also the land was big, so there were many farms. Most schools were farming schools. Smith Girls' School had some farming and Christian education. In 1890, Smith introduced lilacs to Sapporo from the United States. Now, lilac is the official tree of Sapporo and the city has a lilac festival every year in downtown Odori Park.

References 

1851 births
1947 deaths
American teachers
Educators from New York (state)
Christian missionaries
This page shows the standings and results for Group D of the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying tournament.

Key:
Teams highlighted in green qualified for the finals.

References 

UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
This page shows the standings and results for Group F of the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying tournament.

Key:
Teams highlighted in green qualified for the finals.

References

UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying
Gastroenterology is a special type of medicine.  It is about the digestive system. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are the focus.  The tract includes the organs from mouth to anus.

Physicians in this type of medicine are called gastroenterologists.
The Great Observatories program is four large, powerful space-based telescopes.  They are a series of satellites placed by NASA.  Each Space observatory has been important to astronomy.

 The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) looks at visible light and near-ultraviolet.  It was launched in 1990. In 1997 ability to look at the near-infrared range was added.  In 2009 there was a mission to service Hubble. 

 The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) looks at gamma rays.  It also looks at some hard x-rays as well. It was launched in 1991.  It was deorbited in 2000.

 The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) looks at soft x-rays. It was launched in 1999.

 The Spitzer Space Telescope (SST) looks at the infrared spectrum. It was launched in 2003.
Telescopes

Astronomical observatories
House of Usher is a 1960 American International Pictures horror movie. It stars Vincent Price, Myrna Fahey, Mark Damon, and Harry Ellerbee. The movie was directed by Roger Corman. The screenplay was written by Richard Matheson. It is based on the short story The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe.

House of Usher was the first of eight Corman movies based on Poe's stories.  The movie is also known as Fall of the House of Usher and The Mysterious House of Usher. In 2005, the movie was listed with the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

1960 horror movies
Movies based on short stories
American horror movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Roger Corman
Movies produced by American International Pictures
English-language movies
Alberto Sordi (15 June 1920 – 24  February 2003) was an Italian actor, voice actor, singer, composer, comedian, director and screenwriter.Sordi won seven David di Donatello awards.  It is Italy's most honorable movie award.  He also received a Golden Lion for lifetime achievement at the Venice Film Festival in 1995.  He also won a Golden Globe Award.

References

Other websites  

1920 births
2003 deaths
Actors from Rome
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Italian movie actors
Italian movie directors
Italian screenwriters
Jessica Cauffiel (born March 30, 1976) is an American actress and singer. She works in movies and television. She played Tatiana in the television series My Name Is Earl. She also played Margot in the comedy movie Legally Blonde.

References

Actors from Michigan
1976 births
Living people
The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent is a 1957 movie. It is also known as The Viking Women and the Sea Serpent. It was directed by Roger Corman. It stars Abby Dalton, Susan Cabot, and June Kenney.  The movie is about Viking women who build a ship to search for their missing menfolk.

Other websites

1957 movies
American movies
B-movies
Movies directed by Roger Corman
English-language movies
Anne Marie Cancelmi (better known as Annie Parisse; born July 31, 1975) is an American television and movie actress. She also does stage plays. She played Alexandra Borgia in the television drama Law & Order.

Cancelmi was born in Anchorage, Alaska.

Actors from Anchorage, Alaska
American television actors
American movie actors
Living people
1975 births
Tiffany Cobb (also known as Blu Cantrell; born March 16, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter and a musician who has carried several hit singles. She released a debut album, So Blu, near 2001 which was a hit. Other albums then followed. Cantrell was born in Charleston, West Virginia.

References

People from Charleston, West Virginia
Singers from West Virginia
Writers from West Virginia
American R&B singers
1976 births
Living people
Actors from West Virginia
Angela Yvonne Davis (born January 26, 1944 in Birmingham, Alabama) is an African American political activist and author. She first became famous because she was a prominent member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) and was involved in Black Power movements in the 1960s and 1970s. Since then she has become known for her work as a writer and speaker while teaching at the University of California. She has done research in the areas of feminism and critical theory and is a prison abolitionist.

Davis grew up in Alabama, then went to college at Brandeis University and University of California, San Diego. She was involved in activism from her youth. After becoming a Doctor of Philosophy in Germany, she returned to the US and began teaching as a professor. In 1969, she was fired from teaching for being a member of the Communist Party. A judge decided it was an illegal firing and the school eventually hired her back.
In 1970 she was put in prison by FBI agents. Some black revolutionaries tried to break their allies out of prison by kidnapping a white judge and some jurors in Marin County, but the police didn't let them get away and the revolutionaries and judge were shot to death. The FBI suspected that she bought the gun one of the revolutionaries used and decided to accuse her of the murder of the judge. In 1971 she appeared at the Marin County Superior Court and said, "I now declare publicly before the court, before the people of this country that I am innocent of all charges which have been leveled against me by the state of California." She was released from jail in 1972. Ronald Reagan said that she should never be allowed to teach at a California university. The English rock band The Rolling Stones recorded a song called "Sweet Black Angel" that was on their 1972 album Exile on Main St. and dedicated to Davis.
In the 1990s, she left the Communist Party and began to focus her activism on prisons. She gave a speech in 1997 called "The Prison Industrial Complex". In it she said "prisons are becoming an integral part of the US economy." She said that fear of young people of color was being exploited to create a fast-growing industry, the prison-industrial complex (PIC). She created a prison abolitionist group called Critical Resistance in the same year. She wants there to be no prisons or police because she believes that the US prison system is more like a new form of slavery than a criminal justice system.

Since she started focusing on prisons, she has also supported Democrats like Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and Joe Biden in presidential elections.

Davis is Distinguished Professor Emerita at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

She was married to Hilton Braithwaite in the 1980s.

Notes

References 
 "Angela Davis, Sweetheart of the Far Left, Finds Her Mr. Right"  People, July 21, 1980.
1944 births
Living people
American political writers
American political activists
American communists
Bisexual people
LGBT African Americans
LGBT people from Alabama
American LGBT writers
People acquitted of murder
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
Connie Booth (born December 2, 1940, Indianapolis, Indiana) is an American actress, writer and psychotherapist. She has appeared on British and American television. She played Polly Sherman in the popular 1970s sitcom Fawlty Towers. Booth ended her acting career 1995. She began working as a psychotherapist in the late 1990s.

Booth married John Cleese in 1968. Their daughter, actress Cynthia Cleese, was born in 1971. The couple divorced in 1978. Booth has been married to critic John Lahr since 2000.

Other websites 

American television actors
American television writers
Actors from Indianapolis
Writers from Indiana
1944 births
Living people
Little Iodine was a popular comic strip published in the United States on Sundays. It was created by Jimmy Hatlo. It was published from 1943 until 1985.

The story is about a girl called "Little Iodine". She first appeared in an earlier comic strip by Hatlo, called They'll Do It Every Time. She was the daughter of the strip's main character, Henry Tremblechin. She constantly annoyed her father with pranks and practical jokes. The character of Iodine became very popular, so Hatlo promoted the character into her own strip in 1943.

Iodine's antics were on the Sunday comics page for over forty years. It came before Dennis the Menace. From 1943 to 1963, Little Iodine was written and drawn by Hatlo.
Movie adaptations
A movie based on the comic strip was released in 1946. It was by Comet Productions. The 56-minute movie stars Jo Ann Marlowe as Little Iodine, Hobart Cavanaugh as her father Henry, and Irene Ryan as her mother Cora.
 
In the movie, Iodine thinks that her mother is having an affair with Professor Simkins (played by Leon Belasco). She tries one antic after another to break up the couple. Her efforts backfire when they cause conflict between her father and his employer, Mr. Bigdome (Emory Parnell).

The movie was planned to be released earlier than October 20, 1946 (its actual distribution date), but that date was delayed due to an epidemic of polio that prevented children across the United States from attending movies. The movie is believed to be lost.

References

Other websites
Don Markstein's Toonopedia entry

American comic strips
Movies based on comic book characters
American movies
1947 movies
Movies directed by William A. Seiter
English-language movies
LisaGay Hamilton (born March 25, 1964 in Los Angeles) is an American actress, movie director and producer. She has performed in movies, television shows and theater. She played Rebecca Washington in the ABC drama series The Practice and Sethe in the 1998 movie Beloved. She also had other performances on the stage.

References 

Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
1964 births
Living people
Hassan Rouhani (, also transliterated Ruhani, Rohani, Rowhani; born Hassan Feridon ; 12 November 1948) is an Iranian politician, Mujtahid, lawyer, academic and diplomat, who was the President of Iran from 2013 until 2021. He has been a member of the Assembly of Experts since 1999, member of the Expediency Council since 1991, member of the Supreme National Security Council since 1989, and head of the Center for Strategic Research since 1992.

Rouhani has been also deputy speaker of the 4th and 5th terms of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) and secretary of the Supreme National Security Council from 1989 to 2005. In the later capacity, he was also heading Iran's former nuclear negotiating team and was the country's top negotiator with the EU three – UK, France, and Germany – on Iran's nuclear program.
On 7 May 2013, Rouhani registered for the presidential election that was held on 14 June 2013. He said that, if elected, he will prepare a "civil rights charter", restore the economy and improve rocky relations with the West. As early vote counts began coming in, Rouhani took a large lead. He was elected as President of Iran on 15 June, defeating Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf. He took office on 3 August 2013.

References

1948 births
Living people
Iranian clerics
Iranian Muslims
Presidents of Iran
Iranian lawyers
A mutjahid is a person qualified to decide in cases of Islamic law.

Islamic law
A Transistor radio is a radio receiver which uses transistors to amplify the sound. Transistor radios can be cheap and small and some use very little electric power. Some can amplify the weak radio waves that are usually not picked up by weaker vacuum tube radios. Transistor radio broadcasting receivers for portable use were sold in great numbers starting in the late 1950s. Soon, vacuum tube radios became rare. 

Radio receivers
Audio technology
A cargo aircraft is an aircraft that can carry cargo. In some cases, it may also carry passengers.

Civilian aircraft 

Civilian cargo aircraft carry cargo or mail.  This is generally a kind of airliner, designed for passengers but modified for cargo. Some civilians cargo aircraft are specially equipped for carrying oversized cargo  such as aircraft wings, tank-trucks, rocket pieces, or sometimes military heavy trucks and tanks.

Examples 
 Airbus A300-600ST,
 Antonov An-225,
 Boeing 747LCF,

Military aircraft 

Military transport aircraft can carry cargo and passengers.  Passengers are usually troops, including paratroopers.  The seats are usually simple.  These aircraft typically have a sloping loading door at the rear of the fuselage for quick loading and unloading.  Some use turbojets, others use turboprop engines.

Examples 
 Airbus A400M,
 Antonov An-26,
 Boeing C-17 Globemaster III,
 Casa C-295, 
 Douglas C-47 Skytrain,
 Lockheed C-5 Galaxy,
 Short 330UTT, 
 Transall C.160.
Bibliography 
 Frawley, Gerard, The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003 .  London : Aerospace Publication, 2002. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  . 
 Kaminsky, Tom, The United States Military Aviation Directory, London : Airtime Publishing, 2000. .
 Wilson, Stuart, Airliners of the world,  London: Aerospace Publication, 1999. .

References 

Aircraft
Subwoofer is a type of loudspeaker that is designed to produce low frequencies, example 20 - 200 Hz. Usually subwoofers are quite big and heavy. 
we can not typically hear frequencies below 20 Hz. In some cases, with enough sound pressure, the listener will not hear the sound but will be able to feel it.

Audio technology
The clipboard is the part of a computer's memory that can be used to temporarily store something when users copy. Users can paste the copied data to another place. It is used in copy and paste operations in computing.

Computer terminology
Liquor stores are retail shops which sell prepackaged alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, and spirits. Each country had different laws and regulations on liquor stores.

Liquor stores, like grocery stores, are essential businesses, meaning that they remained open during the COVID-19 pandemic. The reason they are essential businesses is because people who have alcohol use disorder consume alcohol to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

References 

Alcoholic drinks
Shops
Hoag's object is a  ring galaxy.   The galaxy is named after Arthur Allen Hoag who discovered it in 1950. He identified it as either a planetary nebula or an unusual galaxy. The object has about eight billion stars, and is ~600 million light-years away in the constellation Serpens.

Characteristics
A nearly perfect ring of young hot blue stars circles the older yellow nucleus of this ring galaxy. The inner core of the galaxy is about   (), while the surrounding ring has an inner 28″ diameter of  () and an outer 45″ diameter of  (), which is slightly larger than the Milky Way Galaxy. The gap separating the two stellar populations may contain some star clusters that are almost too faint to see.

As rare as this type of galaxy is, another more distant,reddish (and unnamed) ring galaxy can be seen through Hoag's object, between the nucleus and the outer ring of the galaxy, at roughly the one o'clock position in the picture to the right.
History and formation
Art Hoag suggested the visible ring was a product of gravitational lensing. This idea was later discarded: the nucleus and the ring have the same redshift, and  the ring shows knotty structure which would not be visible with gravitational lensing.

Many of the details of the galaxy remain a mystery, especially how it formed. "Classic" ring galaxies are usually formed by the collision of a small galaxy with a larger disk-shaped galaxy.  This collision produces a density wave in the disk which leads to a characteristic ring-like appearance. Such an event, 2–3 billion years in the past, may have formed polar-ring galaxies. However, there is no sign of any second galaxy which would have acted as the "bullet", and the core of Hoag's object has a very low velocity relative to the ring, making the typical formation hypothesis unlikely.
Noah Brosch suggested that Hoag's object might be a product of an extreme "bar instability" which occurred a few billion years ago in a barred spiral galaxy. Schweizer et al claims that this is unlikely because the nucleus of the object is spheroidal, whereas the nucleus of a barred spiral galaxy is disc-shaped. However, evidence is somewhat thin for this dispute to be settled. A few other galaxies share the characteristics of Hoag's object, including the bright detached ring of stars, but their centers are elongated or barred, and they may exhibit some spiral structure  While none match Hoag's object in symmetry, this handful of galaxies are known to some as Hoag-type galaxies.

References 

Galaxies
Ring galaxies
Forest Hill is an area of the London Borough of Lewisham in south London.

History 
Like much of London, Forest Hill was only sparsely populated until the mid-19th century. The name Forest Hill, originally simply "The Forest", referred to the woodland which once covered the area and which was a part of the Great North Wood.

References

Areas of London
London Borough of Lewisham
Lainie Kazan (born May 15, 1940 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American actress and singer. She has acted in many movies and plays. Her first Broadway play was The Happiest Girl in the World in 1961. Her movies include Married to the Mob in 1988.

References

Other websites
 http://www.lainiekazan.com - Official website
 https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0443577/bio - IMDB
 http://ibdb.com/person.php?id=47558 -Internet Broadway Database

Actors from New York City
American movie actors
1940 births
Living people
Singers from New York City
William White (b. unknown – February 1621) White was a Mayflower passenger who settled in Plymouth Colony in 1620 and signed the Mayflower Compact. He was born in England and died in the winter of 1621, in Plymouth Colony.

The Mayflower Voyage 

White married Susanna in about 1615, and their son, Resolved, was born soon after. They became passengers on the Mayflower which left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. They also took with them two servants, William Holbeck and Edward Thompson. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower spotted land. The Mayflower was supposed to land in the Colony of Virginia, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at what is now known as Provincetown Harbor. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.
Life in Plymouth 
White's second son, Peregrine White, was born on the Mayflower, while it was anchored at Cape Cod. He was the first English child born in Plymouth Colony. White and his servants, Holbeck and Thompson died soon after landing, in early 1621.

White's family 
White's widow, Susanna, married Edward Winslow in May 1621, which made her the first Plymouth Colony bride. Winslow had also been a Mayflower passenger and later became the second governor of Plymouth Colony. Together they had five children. She and Winslow are buried in the Winslow Cemetery.

Resolved White married Judith Vassall, the daughter of William Vassall.
Peregrine White married Sarah Bassett, daughter of William Bassett.

References

Mayflower passengers
1621 deaths
Haredi ( ) is the most conservative form of Orthodox Judaism and is known as Ultra-Orthodox Judaism

Haredi Judaism consists of many spiritual and cultural groups, and is divided into Hasidic sects with streams from Eastern Europe and Sephardic Haredim. The two are different in many aspects, including their beliefs, lifestyles, religious practice and philosophy, and isolation from the general culture where they live.

Most Haredi Jews currently live in Israel, North America and Western Europe. Their population is growing very fast due to a high birth rate. It doubles every 12 to 20 years. 

The estimates of the number of Haredim in the entire world are difficult to measure, because the definition of the word may or may not apply to some people. In addition there has been a lack of data collection and rapid change over time. One newspaper article estimated there were approximately 1.3 million Haredi Jews as of 2011.

The Me'a She'arim neighbourhood in Jerusalem is mainly populated by Haredi Jews.

References
References

Other websites
Haredi and technology
Hasidic and Haredi Jewish population growth 
Map of the main Haredi Communities in Jerusalem 
Dei'ah Vedibur – Online Haredi newsweekly

Jewish denominations
Modern Orthodox Judaism (also Modern Orthodox or Modern Orthodoxy) is a movement within Orthodox Judaism. It tries to mix Jewish values from the halakha with the secular, more modern world.

There are different forms of Modern Orthodoxy.  In Israel, for example, Modern Orthodoxy is dominated by Religious Zionism. Although they are not the same, these movements share many of the same values and many of the same people following them.

References

Jewish denominations
Yeshiva University is a private university in New York City. It has six campuses in New York and one in Israel. The university was founded in 1886. It is a research university.

Its campuses and schools include Yeshiva College, Stern College for Women, Syms School of Business, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law.

References

Colleges and universities in New York City
1886 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in New York (state)
Roger Corman (born April 5, 1926) is an American movie director, producer, and actor. He made dozens of low-budget B-movies such as Swamp Women (1955), The Little Shop of Horrors (1960), and The Saga of the Viking Women and Their Voyage to the Waters of the Great Sea Serpent.

He is best known for six movies based on the short stories of Edgar Allan Poe that include House of Usher (1960),  The Pit and the Pendulum (1961), and The Masque of the Red Death (1964).

1926 births
Living people
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American Roman Catholics
American movie actors
American television actors
American screenwriters
Cult movies
Movie directors from Los Angeles
Movie directors from Michigan
Movie producers from Michigan
Movies directed by Roger Corman
People from Detroit
Stanford University alumni
Swamp Women is a 1955 low-budget B-movie directed by Roger Corman. It stars Beverly Garland, Carole Mathews, Mike Connors, and Marie Windsor. The movie is about an undercover police officer who joins three escaped female convicts in a search for diamonds in the Louisiana swamps.

1955 movies
Movies directed by Roger Corman
B-movies
English-language movies
American independent movies
Loretta King (August 20, 1917 – September 10, 2007) was an American actress. She was born in Phoenix, Arizona. Her movie career was brief. She is best known for her appearance in Ed Wood's Bride of the Monster (1955). She married Herman Hadler in 1970. She died in Century City, California. King was portrayed in Tim Burton's 1994 bio-pic, Ed Wood, by actress Juliet Landau.

Movie list
 Dr. Harvey W. Wiley (January 1955, TV movie)
 The Pirate and the Lawyer (March 1955, TV movie)
 Bride of the Monster (1955, released February 1956)
 Tough (July 1974, as Loretta Hadler)
 Deliver Us from Evil (March 1977) 

1970 births
2007 deaths
Actors from Phoenix, Arizona
Uluburun is a sunken shipwreck that dates to the late 14th century BC. It was found in 1982 off the coast of south-western Turkey. It was found by chance by a scuba diver. The ship was 20 meters long and could carry up to 20 tons. Uluburun is the name of the cape where it was found nearby Kaş.

Shipwrecks
History of Turkey
14th century BC
The Illinois Executive Mansion is the official residence of the Governor of Illinois. It is at 410 E. Jackson Street in Springfield, Illinois and is open to tours on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday mornings, free of charge. The Georgian style Mansion was designed by Chicago architect John M. Van Osdel.  The Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.

The 16-room manor was completed in 1855 and was first occupied by governor Joel Aldrich Matteson, who held the official grand opening on January 10, 1856. It is the oldest historic residence in the state of Illinois and one of the three oldest continuously-occupied governor's mansions in the United States.   In 2011, a multimillion dollar renovation was planned because the last repairs to the mansion were in 1971.

References

Other websites
Illinois Executive Mansion Official Site 
Information about tours and photos
Buildings and structures in Springfield, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places
 
Houses in the United States
1855 establishments in Illinois
Illinois
JibJab is a website created by Evan and Gregg Spiridellis in 1999. JibJab was noticed in the 2004 U.S. presidential election with their video of George W. Bush and John Kerry singing "This Land is your Land" became so popular. The company creates original content. It has three main sections on the website: eCards; "Everyday Fun Sendables" such as funny videos; and "Originals," including "This Land," "Time for Some Campaignin'," and "Big Box Mart."

JibJab has also produced commercials for clients like Sony, Noggin, Disney and Cartoon Network.

Political comedy

Capitol III 
JibJab made a flash movie for the 2000 United States presidential election in July 2000, which featured a rap battle between the two main candidates, Vice President Al Gore and Texas governor George W. Bush. Presidents Bill Clinton and George H. W. Bush also make cameos.

Ahnuld for Governor 
In 2003, JibJab made a flash movie making fun of Arnold Schwarzenegger running for governor of California.
This Land 
For the 2004 United States presidential election, JibJab made a flash movie entitled "This Land", which is a parody of This Land Is Your Land. The two main candidates, President George W. Bush and US Senator John Kerry are the main stars. The parody was very popular.

Good to Be in DC 
JibJab followed up with another animation set to the tune of Dixie. In this video, animated versions of Bush, Kerry, and their running mates, Dick Cheney and John Edwards, singing about their hopes for the upcoming election.

Second Term 
Immediately after Bush's election victory, JibJab released a third video, "Second Term", in the tune of She'll be Coming 'Round the Mountain.

Time for Some Campaigning 
For the 2008 United States presidential election, JibJab released another animation. It is in the tune of Bob Dylan's The Times They Are a-Changin. Animated versions of the two main candidates, US Senators Barack Obama and John McCain, sing about their hopes for the election.
He's Barack Obama 
Upon Obama's election victory and him taking power, JibJab released another animation, where they showed Obama as a superhero. The music is a rock version of When Johnny Comes Marching Home, and it is about Obama's promises as President.

2012 election 
JibJab did not make another animation and instead focused on their e-card business. However, an election web-app released in October of that year.

Year in Review 
JibJab started the tradition of making animations reviewing the events that happened each year, with an animation released between Christmas and New Year's Eve, sung to all classic melodies. The tradition originally lasted from 2005 to 2014, however JibJab revived the tradition in 2020 due to popular demand.
"2-0-5" (2005) 
This is a parody of the songs Auld Lang Syne and Turkey in the Straw, and is sung in the perspective of George W. Bush. The events mentioned include:
 Kim Jong-il
 A space shuttle mission
 Israeli disengagement from Gaza
 The 2005 United States federal budget
 Decline of U.S. jobs
 Al-Qaeda insurgency
 Bush's declining popularity
 Plame affair grand jury investigation
 Karl Rove
 Energy Policy Act of 2005
 Michael D. Brown
 Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination
 United States housing bubble
 Gas prices
 Overseas job decline
 Hurricane Katrina
 Federal Emergency Management Agency
 Guantanamo Bay detention camp
 Avian influenza
 Camp Casey, Crawford, Texas protests
 Somalian piracy attack on the MV Seabourn Spirit
 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
 The increase in popularity of same-sex marriage in the United States and the 2005 Civil Marriage Act of Canada
 Stem cells
 Scooter Libby
 Tom DeLay
Nuckin' Futz (2006) 
This is a parody of Jingle Bells sung in an elementary-school Christmas concert. Notable events mentioned include:
 Iraqi Civil War (2006-2008)
 War in Afghanistan
 Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie having a baby
 Osama bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad
 Britney Spears undergoing rehab
 The trial and execution of Saddam Hussein
 Dick Cheney accidentally shooting friend Harry Whittington during a hunting trip
 The 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot and subsequent liquid bans
 Hugo Chavez's UN Speech
 Tom Cruise's appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show
 2006 Thai coup d'état
 Mel Gibson’s DUI incident
 Ted Haggard's sex scandal
 Death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
 Google buying YouTube
 Fidel Castro's failing health
 Ariel Sharon suffering a stroke
 The Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal
 Tom DeLay's trial
 The William J. Jefferson corruption case
 The Mark Foley scandal
 Paris Hilton swearing she never had sex
 Religious conflict in various parts of the world
 Kim Jong-il testing a bomb
Kenneth Lay's death following his trial
 Lance Bass coming out as gay
 Donald Rumsfield resigning from being Secretary of Defense
 2006 Lebanon War
 Iran's nuclear program
In 2007 (2007) 
This is a parody of Billy Joel's We Didn't Start the Fire, portrayed by angels, who were afraid God would be upsetted by the year's tragic events and would rather sugar-coat it in the song. Notable events mentioned include:
 Global warming
 Terrorism, especially from Osama bin Laden
 Oil prices
 Michael Vick's role in the Bad Newz Kennels dog fighting investigation
 Al Gonzales resigning as attorney general
 Lindsay Lohan's cocaine bust
 Dennis Kucinich swearing that he saw a UFO
 The 2007 Chinese export recalls
 The campaigning of Republican candidates Rudy Giuliani, Mitt Romney, John Boehner, John McCain, and Fred Thompson and Democratic candidates Hillary Clinton, John Edwards, and Barack Obama for the 2008 United States presidential election
 The War in Dafur
 The war in Iraq
 The Don Imus Rutgers University women's basketball team controversy
 The coverage of Anna Nicole Smith's death
 Blackwater USA
 Britney Spears' performance at the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards
The Barry Bonds perjury case
 The Malibu forest fires
 The first flight of the Airbus A380
 Bob Barker retiring as host of The Price is Right
 Karl Rove dancing
 The O.J. Simpson robbery case
 President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf
 President of Syria Bashar al-Assad
 President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
 Caitlin Upton winning the Miss Team USA pageant
 Cargill's beef recalls
 The Larry Craig scandal
 The rise of Facebook
 2007 Boston Red Sox season
 The release of Halo 3 for Xbox 360
 The rise of the Nintendo Wii
 Martin Scorsese winning at the Academy Awards
 Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie adopting another baby
 Knut the polar bear's debut to the public
 The initial release of the iPhone
 Sanjaya Malakar's performance on American Idol
The JibJab Year in Review 2008 
This is a parody of Miss Suzie sang by Baby New Year 2008. Notable events mentioned include
 The 2007-08 financial crisis
 The federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
 The liquidity crisis of the American International Group
 The bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers
 The continuing War in Afghanistan
 The automotive industry crisis's impact on the Big Three automobile manufacturers
 Jesse Jackson threatening to castrate Obama
 Rick Dyer and Matthew Whitton's YouTube video claiming to have seen Bigfoot's corpse in northern Georgia
 The Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal
 David Duchovny undergoing rehabilitation
 Dick Cheney having a heart attack
 Energy crisis
 Barack Obama defeating John McCain in the 2008 United States presidential election
 McCain forgetting how many houses he owned
 Sarah Palin being McCain's running mate, which shocked the press
 The Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing
 Bill Gates leaving day-to-day operations at Microsoft
Vladimir Putin's role in the Russo-Georgian War
 Hurricanes Ike and Gustav
 John Edwards cheating on his wife
Never a Year like '09 (2009) 
This is a parody of The Entertainer. Notable events mentioned include
 Barack Obama's inauguration
Obama being the first African-American president in American history
 Fraud in Afghanistan during a presidential election
 Protests over the Iranian presidential election
 The Henry Louis Gates arrest controversy
 John and Kate Gosselin getting divorced
 The finger-biting incident at a pro-Obama healthcare rally in Thousand Oaks, California
 The public health insurance option
 Sarah Palin resigns from her post as Governor of Alaska
 Bill Clinton picks up Laura Ling and Euna Lee during his trip to North Korea
 The swine flu pandemic
 The David Letterman extortion attempt
 The General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization
 The "Miracle on the Hudson" water landing of US Airways Flight 1549 by captain Sully Sullenberger
 The Michael Phelps marijuana scandal
 "Octomom" makes headlines for giving birth to octuplets
 Chicago's failed Summer Olympics bid
Michael Vick returning from his NFL suspension
 Brett Favre joining the Minnesota Vikings
 Joe Wilson yelling "You lie!" during Obama's speech to Congress
 The balloon boy hoax
 The California budget crisis
 The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
 Carrie Prejean
 Mark Sanford going to Argentina and cheating on his wife
 David Souter
 Sonia Sotomayor becomes the first Latina to go into the Supreme Court
 Obama wins a Nobel Peace Prize
 Muammar Gaddafi's United Nations speech
 The "Three-Wolved Moon"
 The deaths of Billy Mays, Patrick Swayze, Walter Cronkite, Farrah Fawcett, Ed McMahon, Ted Kennedy, and Michael Jackson
 Keyboard Cat
 Levi Johnston's Playboy cover magazine
 Kanye West interrupting Taylor Swift
So Long to Ya 2010 (2010) 
This is a parody of The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze portrayed by Barack Obama and Joe Biden. Notable events mentioned include:
 Tea Party movement
 The foreclosure crisis
 Obamacare
 Joe Biden swearing on national television while introducing Obama during the signing ceremony
 An earthquake in Haiti
 The eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland, disrupting air travel across Europe
 Greece's debt crisis
 The Deepwater Horizon oil spill
 The Mosque at Ground Zero
 WikiLeaks
 The campaign finance reform in the United States
 Elena Kagan
 Obama's popularity declining
 Charles B. Rangel, Stanley A. McChrystal, and Hamid Karzai
 The war in Iraq
 Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010
 Sarah Palin and Glenn Beck on Fox News
 Colleen LaRose
 Michelle Obama going to Spain
 JetBlue flight attendant incident
 Rahm Emanuel's resignation
 Russian spies
 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt
 Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act
 California legalizing marijuana
Inherited wars
 Debt
 Gridlocking politicians
 Iran's nuclear threats
 Presidential seal falls off podium during speech at women's conference