Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Catherine Anne O'Hara,  (born March 4, 1954) is a Canadian-American movie, television, stage, voice actress, writer and comedian. She is well known for her roles in SCTV, and her roles in movies such as in After Hours, Beetlejuice, Home Alone, and The Nightmare Before Christmas. She has won an Emmy Award.

O'Hara is also known for her role as Moira Rose in the award-winning series Schitt's Creek.

O'Hara was born on March 4, 1954 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. O'Hara studied at Burnhamthorpe Collegiate Institute. She has been married to Bo Welch since 1992. They have two children and currently reside in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1954 births
Living people
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Canadian television writers
Canadian stage actors
Canadian voice actors
Canadian comedians
Writers from Ontario
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American radio actors
Comedians from Los Angeles
American television writers
American television personalities
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Actors from Toronto
Emmy Award winners
{{Infobox person
|name            = Christopher Guest
|image           = guest4.jpg
|imagesize       =
|image_alt       =
|caption         = Guest speaking at Vancouver Film School in 2008
|pseudonym       =
|birth_name      = Christopher Haden-Guest
|birth_date      = 
|birth_place     = New York City, New York, US
|death_date      =
|death_place     =
|occupation      = Actor, comedian, director, musician, screenwriter
|education       = The High School of Music & Art
|alma_mater      = New York University
|years_active    = 1971–present
|nationality     = British-American
|citizenship     = United StatesUnited Kingdom
|subject         =
|spouse          = Jamie Lee Curtis (1984–present; 2 children)
|domesticpartner =
|relations       = Tony Curtis (father-in-law),Janet Leigh (mother-in-law),Kelly Curtis (sister-in-law)
|notable_works   = This Is Spinal TapThe Princess BrideBest In ShowA Mighty WindFor Your Consideration
|signature       =
|website         =
|footnotes       =
|current_members =
|past_members    =
|module          =
}}
Christopher Haden-Guest, 5th Baron Haden-Guest (born February 5, 1948), usually simply known as Christopher Guest, is an English-American actor, comedian, director, musician, and screenwriter. He is known for his work in This Is Spinal Tap, The Princess Bride, Best in Show, A Mighty Wind, and in For Your Consideration''. He has won an Emmy Award.
Early life
Guest was born on February 5, 1948 in New York City, New York. He studied at The High School of Music & Art and at New York University.

Marriage and family
Guest married Jamie Lee Curtis in 1984. They have two adopted children.

References

Other websites

1948 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
Comedians from New York City
American composers
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
English comedians
English composers
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Lipid bilayers form cell membranes. They form a continuous sheet around all cells, and they surround most cell organelles. Lipid bilayers form automatically from phospholipids by self-assembly.

The phospholipids have  heads which mix with water and tails which reject water. So the tails come together in the centre of the double layer, and the heads on the outside are surrounded by water. 

The lipid bilayers stop most water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules passing through. They also stop most ions.

In cells, proteins are put in the bilayer by enzymes. The proteins decide which molecules come in and which go out of the cell. For example, cells control salt concentrations and pH by pumping ions across their membranes using proteins called ion pumps. 

Biochemistry
Cell biology
Plant anatomy
John Letford MBE (born 29 August 1935) is a Scottish politician.  He was the Lord Provost of Dundee from 2003 to 2012. The new Lord Provost is Bob Duncan.

On 24 March 2009, Letford resigned from the Labour Group on Dundee City Council. He became an independent councillor.

References

1935 births
Politicians from Aberdeen
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Living people
Alcester Grammar School is a grammar school in a town called Alcester, in the county of Warwickshire. It is a local authority school, which means it is not fee-paying. It is, however, selective. This means it is meant for pupils of above average intelligence.

The youngest children are 11. The oldest are 18. Children join when they are 11 or when they are 16. When they are 11 they take a test to get in. The test is called the Eleven plus. 16 year old children can join if they have good GCSE exam grades elsewhere.

Children at Alcester Grammar School take the GCSE exams. GCSEs are exams that all children who live in England take.

About the school 
Alcester Grammar is a very successful, selective, rural, grammar school. It offers courses at National Curriculum and post 16 levels. The school has a large VI form and offers one of the widest ranges of both 'A' and 'AS' levels in the country.
The school website says: The school sets out to provide a relaxed and constructive atmosphere, in which pupils are encouraged to develop their individual talents. Since it is school, boys and girls are jointly involved in most aspects of school life. We have no doubt that co-education is a fitting preparation for life.

There are about 1000 children.

School Awards
Alcester Grammar School got an 'outstanding' rating in their OFSTED inspection.

Famous people who went to Alcester Grammar School
 Sarah Douglas, actress
 Simon Davis, comics artist
 Andrew Pozzi, Olympic hurdler

References

Other websites
 Alcester Grammar School's Website
 Alcester Grammar School Sixth Form Website
 The Warwickshire County Council page for AGS 
 The OFSTED page for AGS, including their Inspection Report

Grammar schools in England
1499 establishments
15th-century establishments in England
Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria, with about 190 species.The genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae). Mycobacteria are immobile and are rod-shaped. They are mostly found in water, soil, and dust.

The colony colour ranges from white to orange to pink (Iivanainen, 1999). Most mycobacteria need oxygen to survive (aerobic organisms), although some species require very little amounts of oxygen, less than what is present in the air, are called (microaerophilic bacteria) (Falkinham, 1996).

Categorization 
Mycobacteria can be categorized into three groups:

1. 
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex – causative pathogen of tuberculosis

2.     Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM)

3.     Mycobacterium leprae – causative pathogen of leprosy
Characterstics 
The Greek prefix myco means "fungus". When they are cultured on the surface of liquids, mycobacteria growth is  similar to that of moulds, a kind of fungus.

Mycobacteria have an external membrane, contain no layer that lies outside the bacteria (capsules). The special characteristic about all Mycobacterium species is having a thicker cell wall than many other bacteria, which is to maintain the shape of the plasma membrane. The cell wall is waxy and rich in specific types of fats (lipids), called mycolic acids or mycolates.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can occupy different environments. However, they grow so slowly that their duplication time exceeds 18 hours. Surprisingly, mycobacterium leprae have the longest doubling time of all bacteria. In comparison, bacteria E. coli only takes as short as 20 minutes to double.
Clinical Manifestation 
Mycobacteria can colonize their hosts without the hosts showing any adverse signs. Many people around the world have infections of M. tuberculosis without showing any signs of it.

Mycobacterial infections are difficult to treat. The organisms are tough due to their cell wall. In addition, they are naturally resistant to a number of antibiotics that disrupt cell-wall building, such as penicillin. With their unique cell wall, they can survive long exposure to acids, alkalis, detergents, oxidative bursts, lysis by complement, and many antibiotics.
Mycobacterial infections are complex diseases and are more common in individuals with weakened immune systems, for example people undergoing treatment for cancer or that are HIV positive. One third of the planet’s population currently carries the M. tuberculosis bacteria. However, only 25 per cent will develop disease. They can cause tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pulmonary infections, other localized NTM or disseminated infections, leprosy, and chronic ulcers (Buruli ulcer).

Most mycobacteria are susceptible to the antibiotics clarithromycin and rifamycin, but antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged.

References 

6. Antonini, J. (2014) "Sarcoidosis", Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. Available at: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/mycobacterium>
7. Rice, L. and Jung, M. (2018) "Neutrophilic Leukocytosis, Neutropenia, Monocytosis, and Monocytopenia", Hematology, pp. 675–681. Available at: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/mycobacterial-infection>

Bacteria
Thutmose II (sometimes Thutmosis, or Tuthmosis II, which means Born of Thoth) was the fourth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. He built some small monuments and began two small military campaigns but did little else during his rule and was probably strongly influenced by his wife, Hatshepsut. He ruled from 1493 BC to 1479 BC. Thutmose II's body was found in the Deir el-Bahri Cache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut with many other pharaohs. It can be viewed today in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
Family
Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and a minor wife, Mutnofret. He may married his fully royal half-sister, Hatshepsut, in order to secure his kingship. His armies stopped rebellions in Nubia and the Levant and defeated a group of nomadic Bedouins. But these campaigns were led by the king's Generals, and not by Thutmose II himself. This is often seen as evidence that Thutmose II was still a child at his when he became king. Thutmose II fathered Neferure with Hatshepsut, and a male heir, the famous Thutmose III, by a lesser wife named Iset before his death.
Some archaeologists believe that Hatshepsut was the real power behind the throne during Thutmose II’s rule. Domestic and foreign policies were similar and she claimed that her father wanted them to rule together. She is pictured in several scenes from a Karnak gateway dating to Thutmose II's reign, both together with her husband and alone. She later had herself crowned Pharaoh several years into the rule of her husband's young successor Thutmose III. "The queen's agents actually replaced the boy king's name in a few places with her own cartouches" on the gateway.

The ancient historian Manetho wrote that Thutmose II ruled for 13 years. This figure is highly disputed among scholars. Some modern historians believe he ruled for only three years.
Achievements
Most pharaohs are remembered because of the number of monuments and buildings they created. However Hatsehput had his name removed replaced with her own. Thutmose III had Thutmose II's name added to all kinds of monuments.  This makes it hard for people studying Thutmose II to know what he really created.

There are several surviving buildings built for the king at Semna, Kumma, and Elephantine. His biggest monument was a limestone gateway at Karnak that was once at the front of the Fourth Pylon's forecourt. But this monument was not completed in Thutmose II's reign but in the reign of his son Thutmose III. This suggests that Thutmose II did not rule for very long. The gateway was later pulled down and its building blocks used for the foundation of the Third Pylon by Amenhotep III.
When Thutmose II became king, there was a rebellion by the Kush. The Egyptians retreated into the fort built by Thutmose I. Thutmose II was too young for battle, but he sent an army into Nubia. The rebellion was easily crushed with the help of his father's military generals.  

Thutmose also seems to have fought against the Shasu Bedouin in the Sinai.  This was a minor raid, but the army went as far as Upper Retenu, or Syria. This quite possibly indicates that the raid against the Shasu was only fought on the way to Syria.

Mummy

Thutmose II's mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahri cache, in 1881. He was in a tomb with other 18th and 19th kings including Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose III, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II, and Ramesses IX.
The mummy was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero on July 1, 1886. The face and shape of the head was very similar to the mummy of Thutmose I, his likely father. The body of Thutmose II been badly damaged by ancient tomb robbers. His left arm was broken off at the shoulder-joint, the forearm separated at the elbow joint, and his right arm chopped off below the elbow. His abdomen and much of his chest looked as if it had been hacked with an axe. His right leg had been cut from his body. All of these injuries had taken place after his death. The body also showed signs that Thutmose II did not have an easy life:

He had scarcely reached the age of thirty when he fell a victim to a disease of which the process of embalming could not remove the traces. The skin is scabrous in patches, and covered with scars, while the upper part of the skull is bald; the body is thin and somewhat shrunken, and appears to have lacked vigour and muscular power.

References

2nd-millennium BC pharaohs
1479 BC deaths
The Mantoux test is a test developed to detect tuberculosis. In the year 1890, Robert Koch developed tuberculin, as a treatment for tuberculosis. The substance proved ineffective to treat the disease, today it is commonly used to detect it, though. Tuberculin is a substance based on the pathogen that causes tuberculosis. Charles Mantoux, a French physician, developed a test method, based on the work of Koch. 

A positive test result simply says that the immune system came in contact with Mycobacteria - this does not necessarily mean that people with a positive test result have been infected with tuberculosis. Such a result, which shows as positive, even though the outcome should be negative is called false positive.
The test shows the reaction of the immune system to tuberculin. This requires an intact immune system: People whose immune system is weakened, for example those with a HIV infection, may also show a false negative: Their immune system may simply be too weak to react. Similarly, the use of certain substances, such as steroids may lead to false negatives.

Immunization
Dermatology
Medical tests
Radiology is a field of medicine that uses medical imaging methods of ionizing radiation to detect and treat diseases. Examples include ultrasound, X-rays, Computed tomography, Positron emission tomography and Magnetic resonance imaging.

In the English National Health Service  a lot of radiology is outsourced to private forms, which were paid £120 million in 2021.   Some are actually limited liability partnerships of NHS staff.  Demand for radiology is increasing by about 10% a year.

Notable people
William Frates (1934-2019), American radiologist.
Marie Curie (1867-1934), Trailblazing chemist, physicist, and radiologist

References

Related pages
Medical physics

Medical specialties
Medical imaging
Bacillus Calmette–Guerin is a vaccine against tuberculosis. It is often abbreviated BCG. The vaccine is based on a bovine strain of the bacterium. It was developed by Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin in the 1930s. It looks like the vaccine can also be used to treat certain forms of bladder cancer.

References

Immunization
Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (born Joseph-Desiré Mobutu; 14 October 1930 – 7 September 1997) () was the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The country was known as Zaire for much of his rule.

Mobutu is commonly known as Mobutu or Mobutu Sese Seko. While in office, he formed an authoritarian regime, amassed vast personal gain, and attempted to purge the country of all colonial cultural influence. He was an anti-communist.

During the Congo Crisis, Mobutu led a coup against the nationalist government of Patrice Lumumba. He wanted to take control of the government of Congo-Léopoldville. He soon became the army chief of staff. In 1965 he led a second coup to be Prime Minister. Then in 1967 he established a presidential form of government headed by himself. As part of his program of “national authenticity,” Mobutu changed the Congo's name to Zaïre in 1971. He changed his own name to Mobutu Sese Seko in 1972. Mobutu established a one-party state and a cult of personality.
During his reign, Mobutu built a highly centralized state. He amassed a large personal fortune through economic exploitation and corruption. Because of this some people called his rule “kleptocracy.” The nation suffered from uncontrolled inflation, a large debt, and massive currency devaluations. By 1991 economic deterioration and unrest led him to agree to share power with opposition leaders. He used the army to stop this change. In May 1997 rebel forces, led by Laurent Kabila, removed him from the country.

Mobutu Sese Seko is notorious for the corruption, nepotism, and embezzlement of billions of dollars that took place during his reign. He also had extravagances such as Concorde-flown shopping trips to Paris. Mobutu presided over the country for some four decades, despite many reports of abuses and human-rights violations. As such, many have described him as the "archetypal African dictator".

Mobutu died in 1997 of prostate cancer in Morocco.

References
References

1930 births
1997 deaths
African military people
Anti-communists
Generals
Presidents of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Roman Catholics
Michael Gregory "Mike" Rowe (born March 18, 1962) is an American actor, singer, television host, and narrator. He is best known for his voice-over work on commercials and as the host of the television program Dirty Jobs. Rowe has acted on television, stage and movies as well as radio. He does a large amount of work as a narrator and has even been an opera singer.

Rowe was born on March 18, 1962 in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at Overlea High School, at Essex Community College, and at Towson State University. He now lives in San Francisco, California.

References

Other websites

 Mike Rowe's official website
 

1962 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American television personalities
American radio personalities
American activists
Actors from Baltimore
Singers from Maryland
Bryan Jay Singer (born September 17, 1965) is an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. Singer is known for his works in The Usual Suspects, the X-Men movies and Superman Returns. He has won a Saturn Award.

Singer was born on September 17, 1965 in New York City. He was adopted and raised in West Windsor Township, New Jersey. He studied at West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South, at School of Visual Arts, and at the USC School of Cinematic Arts in Los Angeles. Singer is openly gay.

On April 16, 2014, Singer was accused of sexually abusing a 17-year-old boy in a federal lawsuit filed in Hawaii. The accuser said Singer provided him with drugs and alcohol to encourage him to have sex on more than one occasion in 1999.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1965 births
Living people
American adoptees
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
Gay men
LGBT directors
LGBT people from New Jersey
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT producers
LGBT screenwriters
Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New Jersey
Movie producers from New York City
Saturn Award winners
Screenwriters from New Jersey
Screenwriters from New York City
People accused of child sexual abuse
James Paul Marsden (born September 18, 1973) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor, singer, and a former model. Marsden is known for his role as Scott Summers or Cyclops in the first three X-Men movies. He is also known for his roles in Hop, Superman Returns, Hairspray, Enchanted, The Notebook, and in 27 Dresses.

Marsden was born on September 18, 1973 in Stillwater, Oklahoma. He studied at Hefner Middle School, at Putnam City North High School, and at Oklahoma State Univerity. Marsden was married to Lisa Linde from 2000 until they divorced in 2011. They had two children.

References

Other websites

 

1973 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Models from Oklahoma
Actors from Oklahoma
Singers from Oklahoma
Brandon James Routh (born October 9, 1979) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actor and former fashion model who is known for his roles as Daniel Shaw in Chuck and as Superman in Superman Returns. He won a Saturn Award in 2006.

Routh is also known for his roles in Zack and Miri Make a Porno and Scott Pilgrim vs. the World.

In 2013, Routh voiced David "Hesh" Walker in the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts. In 2014, he starred on Arrow as Ray Palmer/Atom which spun off into a guest role on The Flash and a starring role on Legends of Tomorrow.

Routh was born on October 9, 1979 in Norwalk, Iowa. Routh studied at the University of Iowa for a year to be a writer. During this time, he modeled and acted in order to earn his tuition fee.

Routh has been married to Courtney Ford since 2007. They have a son, Leo James.

References

Other websites

 
 Interview
Interview 

1979 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American video game actors
Models from Iowa
Actors from Iowa
Saturn Award winners
Richard Joseph "Dick" Durbin (born November 21, 1944) is the senior United States Senator from Illinois. He is also the Senate Majority Whip, the second highest position in the Democratic Party leadership in the Senate.

Durbin was born on November 21, 1944 in East St. Louis, Illinois. He graduated from the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and Georgetown University Law Center. Durbin is married to Loretta Schaefer. They had three children. In 2008, their daughter died from heart problems.

Working in state legal counsel throughout the 1970s, he made an unsuccessful run for Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in 1978. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, representing the Springfield-based 20th congressional district.

In 1996 he won election to the U.S. Senate by an unexpected 15 points. He became the Senate Democratic Whip in 2005. From January 3, 2007 to January 3, 2015, he was the Senate Majority Whip because his party had the majority.
Durbin is the only the fifth United States senator from Illinois to serve the position of United States Senate Minority Whip.

References

Other websites

 United States Senator Dick Durbin official U.S. Senate site
 Dick Durbin, U.S. Senator official campaign site

1944 births
Living people
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
United States representatives from Illinois
United States senators from Illinois
People from East St. Louis, Illinois
21st-century American politicians
American Roman Catholics
Politicians from Springfield, Illinois
Lawyers from Illinois
Finger painting is a form of artwork done by using ones fingers to make a piece of art.  The paint usually comes in pots.  Finger painting is generally done by children.

Painting techniques
Madison Bumgarner (b. August 1, 1989) nicknamed "MadBum" or "Big Country" is a Major League Baseball player for the San Francisco Giants. He was born in Hickory, North Carolina. He is a left handed pitcher.

Bumgarner was selected in the first round in the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft.  He was named a starting pitcher on Baseball America's 2010 All-Rookie Team.

References

1989 births
Living people
San Francisco Giants players
Sportspeople from North Carolina
Tedy Lacap Bruschi (born June 9, 1973) is a former NFL New England Patriots player. Bruschi won three Super Bowl rings and was a two-time All-Pro selection.

Bruschi joined ESPN as an analyst after leaving football.

References

1973 births
Living people
New England Patriots players
Sportspeople from San Francisco
Benjamin Kogo (30 November 1944 – 20 January 2022) was a Kenyan athlete. His main sport was 3000 metre steeplechase running. He won a silver medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

He won gold at the first All-Africa Games held in 1965 in Brazzaville.

Kogo was born in Arwos, Nandi District. He died from prostate cancer on January 20, 2022 at the age of 77.

References

1945 births
2022 deaths
Kenyan athletes
Kenyan Olympic medalists
Olympic silver medalists
Deaths from prostate cancer
Leslie Jean Mann (born March 26, 1972) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles in Funny People, ParaNorman, This Is 40, Knocked Up, and in The Change-Up.

Mann was born on March 26, 1972 in San Francisco, California. She studied at Corona del Mar High School. She has been married to Judd Apatow since 1997. They have two children. She is the older sister of Anderson Mann.

References

Other websites

 

1972 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from San Francisco
Polio vaccines are vaccines that prevent poliomyelitis (or polio). Two types of polio vaccines are used throughout the world.

The first type was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it is an injection of inactivated (dead) poliovirus. The second type was an oral vaccine developed by Albert Sabin, using attenuated poliovirus. An attenuated virus is a much less harmful strain of the same virus. Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957 and it was licensed in 1962.
There is no long term carrier for poliovirus (carriers are people who carry the virus but have no symptoms of the disease), and polioviruses have no non-primate reservoir in nature. The virus cannot survive in the open environment for a long time.  Therefore, interruption of person to person transmission of the virus by vaccination is the key step in removing polio entirely. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most countries in the world. Polio worldwide has dropped from about 350,000 cases in 1988 to 1,652 cases in 2007.

References 

Immunization
Nicholas John Frost (born 28 March 1972) is an English actor, comedian and screenwriter. He is best known for his roles Spaced, as Ed in Shaun of the Dead, Danny Butterman in Hot Fuzz, Clive Gollings in Paul, and as Ron in Attack the Block. He is also known for working with Simon Pegg.

Frost was born on 28 March 1972 in Dagenham, London, England. He studied at Bell High School. He is married to Christina Frost.

References

Other websites

1972 births
Living people
Actors from London
Comedians from London
English movie actors
English screenwriters
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
People from the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
Writers from London
This is a list of cities in The Bahamas.

The following table lists the city or town name, the geographic coordinates, the population as of the 1990 census, an estimate of the population as of 2009, and the island name.

References

city
Bahamas
Bahamas
He was called "Cecil Calvert." Cecil was a Roman Catholic and the colony of Maryland was officially Catholic. He managed Maryland from his home in England. Maryland was known for its religious toleration. At the time, there was a lot of religious persecution in England. Many Catholics fled (ran away to) Maryland because their religion was accepted there. Calvert was governor of Maryland for forty-two years. He died in England on November 30, 1675, aged 70 years. The city of Baltimore is named for him.

Sources 

Baltimore
Colonial Americans
British Barons
Gabourey "Gabby" Sidibe (born May 6, 1983) is an American movie and television actress who started her career in the 2009 movie Precious as Claireece "Precious" Jones, for which she won many awards and was nominated for an Academy Award.

Sidibe was born on May 6, 1983 in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York City. She studied at Borough of Manhattan Community College, at City College of New York, and at Mercy College.

References

Other websites

1983 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
African American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
America Georgine Ferrera (born April 18, 1984) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress and  television producer. She is best known for her role as Betty Suarez in Ugly Betty. For her role as Betty Suarez, she won an Golden Globe Award, Emmy Award, and an Screen Actors Guild Award.

Ferrera was born on April 18, 1984 in Los Angeles, California. She studied at the University of Southern California. She is married to Ryan Piers Williams since 2011. Ferrera is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.

References

Other websites

 

1984 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
Democrats (United States)
Actors from Los Angeles
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
William Thomas "Bill" Hader Jr. (born June 7, 1978) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer and writer.

He is best known for his roles in Saturday Night Live, Barry, Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs, Superbad, Hot Rod, Tropic Thunder, Adventureland, Paul, Forgetting Sarah Marshall, Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, Inside Out, Star Wars: The Force Awakens, The BFG and as adult Richie Tozier in It – Chapter Two.

He married Maggie Carey in 2006 and they had 3 children. Hader and Carey separated in 2017 and Hader later filed for divorce several months later in December 2017. The divorce was finalized in 2018.

References

Other websites

 

1978 births
Living people
Actors from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Comedians from Oklahoma
American movie actors
American movie producers
American stage actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American television producers
American voice actors
Writers from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Jack Gilford (July 25, 1908 – June 4, 1990) was an American movie, television, stage actor, and comedian. He was known for his roles in Cocoon, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Movie, Caveman, They Might Be Giants, and in Catch-22.

Gilford was born on July 25, 1908 in New York City, New York. He was married to Madeline Lee from 1949 until his death in 1990. Gilford died on June 4, 1990 in New York City, New York from stomach cancer, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 
 

1908 births
1990 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Comedians from New York City
Actors from New York City
Berry Gordy Jr. (born November 28, 1929) is an American entrepreneur and producer. He founded Motown Records. He is associated with musical acts, such as Smokey Robinson, Diana Ross, The Supremes, and Stevie Wonder. His son Kennedy Gordon was signed to Motown. Gordy was born in Detroit.

References

African American musicians
American R&B musicians
Musicians from Detroit
1929 births
Living people
'Tchoukball'  is an indoor team sport. It was created in the 1970's by Swiss biologist Hermann Brandt. Brandt believed that "The objective of all physical activities is not to make champions, but make a contribution to building a harmonious society". He wanted to create a team sport which did not involve the injuries which he saw as being a problem in other sports.
The sport is usually played on an indoor court that is  by }. At each end, there is a 'frame' (a device similar to a trampoline off which the ball bounces). This frame measures . There is also a semicircular D-shaped area measuring  in radius around the frame which players can not enter. The game is played with two teams of 12 players on each team. Of the twelve players on a team, seven may be on the court at any one time. Each team can score on both ends on the field. In order to score a point, the ball must be thrown by an attacking player, hit the frame and bounce outside the 'D' without being caught by the defending team. Physical contact is not allowed, and defenders may not try to stop the attacking team's passes. Players may take three steps with the ball and can hold the ball for at most three seconds. Teams may not pass the ball more than three times before shooting at the frame.
Tchoukball has become an international sport. It is played in Brazil, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Macau, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United States. It is governed by the Féderation Internationale de Tchoukball (FITB, founded in 1971). Taiwan hosted the 2004 World Championships and won both the women's and junior championships. The Swiss won the men's championship. The 2006, European Championships were held in Switzerland. Great Britain won both the Men's and Under-18's titles. Switzerland won the Ladies event.

Team sports
David Wayne Spade (born July 22, 1964) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, and television personality, known for his roles as Dennis Finch in Just Shoot Me!, Marcus Higgins in Grown Ups, and Russell Dunbar in Rules of Engagement. He is also known as the voice of Kuzco in The Emperor's New Groove and Kronk's New Groove.

Spade was born on July 22, 1964 in Birmingham, Michigan. Spade moved to Scottsdale, Arizona at age four. He studied at Arizona State University. Spade has a daughter named Harper. The mother is Jillian Grace, a Playboy Playmate.

Movies

References

Other websites

 
 

1964 births
Living people
American voice actors
American screenwriters
American radio personalities
American radio actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American television personalities
American stage actors
People from Scottsdale, Arizona
Actors from Arizona
Actors from Michigan
Comedians from Arizona
Comedians from Michigan
This is a list of the largest cities in Brazil.  Capitals are in bold.

Brazil
Brazil
city
Lee Dong-hae () (born 15 October 1986 ), commonly known as just Donghae (), is a South Korean singer,  songwriter and actor. He is best known as a member of the K-pop boy band Super Junior and its subgroup, Super Junior-M and Super Junior-Donghae & Eunhyuk. He is also one of the first four Korean artists to appear on Chinese postage stamps.

References

1986 births
Living people
South Korean singers
South Korean actors
J-pop singers
K-pop singers
Kristine Sutherland (born Kristine Young on April 17, 1955, in Boise, Idaho) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Buffy Summers' mother Joyce Summers on the television series Buffy The Vampire Slayer.

Early life
Sutherland was born Kristine Young. She changed her name because she was often confused with another actress with a similar name. The last name "Sutherland" was after her cat, whom she named "Donald" after Donald Sutherland She attended high school in Lexington, Kentucky. After graduating, she studied at the University of Kentucky.

Kristine Sutherland is not related to Donald Sutherland or his son Kiefer Sutherland.
Career
Sutherland's first movie role was as Mae Thompson in the 1989 movie Honey, I Shrunk the Kids. In 1997, she tried out for the role of Joyce Summers on The WB Television Network's television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Creator Joss Whedon later said that one of the reasons he chose Sutherland for the role was the fact that she had a warm demeanor, as well as what he felt she look similar to actress Sarah Michelle Gellar, who was to play her daughter in the series. She was on the series often for the first five seasons. After she left at the end of season five, she returned for three more guest appearances. In April 2008, she had a guest starring role on New Amsterdam.

Personal life
Sutherland is married to actor John Pankow. He is best known as "Ira" on Mad About You. They have one daughter named Eleanore.

Filmography
1986 Legal Eagles 
1989 Honey, I Shrunk the Kids 
2002 The Cat Returns 
2012 The Perfect Wedding

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

1955 births
Living people
Actors from Idaho
American television actors
American movie actors
People from Boise, Idaho
A mirage is an image that is distorted by the atmosphere so that its form and location can look very different from the actual object. It is caused by the way light bends as it passes through layers of air of different temperatures.

The words "mirage" and "mirror" come from the same root word, which means "to look at."

Cause
Normally, light travels in a straight line, but it will change direction depending on what it passes through. This bending is called "refraction." Gases, such as air, become thinner as they get warmer. As a result, light tends to curve (or refract) towards the colder layer of air. This makes the image appear to come from a different direction than the original object.

There are two basic types of mirage, depending on which direction the temperature changes, inferior and superior.
Inferior
An inferior mirage is arguably the most common type seen over land. In daytime, air near solid ground is typically warmer than the air above it. When light from the sky passes through it, a shimmering, fragmented image of the sky may appear to come from the ground, resembling water.

Superior
Sometimes a mirage can appear to come from higher up than the original object. When the colder air is lower (called an inversion layer), as it often is over large bodies of water or ice, the apparent direction of the mirage will be opposite that of an inferior mirage. For example, the distorted image of a ship or an island may appear on or above the surface, even if the original object is hidden below the horizon.
A "Fata Morgana" is a complex superior mirage whose appearance can change quickly and dramatically. Its name refers to Morgan le Fay, a mythical enchantress strongly associated with Arthurian legends. In times past, the disturbing images seen as part of the mirage were attributed to illusions created by magic.

Artificial
A mirage-like effect can be achieved by allowing a soluble substance like sugar or salt to slowly dissolve in a deep container of water, so that there is more sugar in the water near the bottom than in the water above it. This can refract the image of an object seen through it in a similar manner as a superior mirage often seen over open water.

Other websites

 The Happy Scientist explains mirages.
 How to make a mirage with sugar water.
 Another way to make a mirage with salt water.

Optics
Atmosphere
Sir Titus Salt, first baronet (20 September 1803 – 29 December 1876), was born in Morley near Leeds. He was a manufacturer, politician and a phillanthropist in Bradford, West Yorkshire.

His father Daniel Salt was a dry salter and then he decided to become a farmer. His mother died when he was quite young. Titus Salt had 11 children.

Career
After working as a woolen stapler for two years at a mill near Wakefield he became his fathers business partner-Daniel Salt and son. The company used Russian Donskio wool, which was widely used in the woollens trade, but not in worsted cloth. Titus visited the millers in Bradford.

After working for two years as a wool-stapler in Wakefield he became his father's partner in the business of Daniel Salt and Son. He set up as a spinner and manufacturer.
In 1836, Titus came upon some bales of Alpaca wool in a warehouse in Liverpool and, after taking some samples away to experiment, came back and bought the consignment. Though he was not the first in England to work with the fibre, he was the creator of the lustrous and subsequently fashionable cloth called 'alpaca'. (The discovery was described by Charles Dickens in slightly fictionalised form in Household Words).

In 1833 he took over his father's business and within twenty years had expanded it to be the largest employer in Bradford. In 1848 Titus Salt became mayor of Bradford. Smoke and pollution came from mills and factory chimneys. Salt tried unsuccessfully to clean up the pollution using a device called the Rodda Smoke Burner.
Around 1850, he decided to build a mill large enough to consolidate his textile manufacture in one place, but he "did not like to be a party to increasing that already over-crowded borough". So he bought land three miles from the town in Shipley next to the River Aire, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Midland Railway and began building in 1851. He opened it with a grand banquet on his 50th birthday, 20 September 1853, and set about building houses, bathhouses, an institute, hospital, almshouses and churches, that make up the model village of Saltaire. He built the Congregational Church which is now Saltaire United Reformed Church, at his own expense in 1858–59, and donated the land on which the Wesleyan Chapel was built.

References 

1803 births
1876 deaths
People from Bradford
British chief executives
, also known as "cloistered rule," is an ancient Japanese term which means a special form of Imperial government. 

In the Insei system, the monarch abdicated or retired and a new emperor was named; however, the old emperor held on to significant power and influence in the court and in the nation.  The emperors who withdrew from public life did not give up any of their many powers.  In practice, the retired emperor only gave up the time-consuming burden of his ceremonial roles and formal duties.

There were emperors who abdicated before and after the Heian period; however, the term Insei is most often used to mean the kind of Imperial system put in place by Emperor Shirakawa in 1086. This system was very important in the years before the rise of the Kamakura shogunate in 1192.

Heian period 
The succession of power in the Insei system was complex.

Edo period
The last retired emperor with an Insei title was Emperor Reigen in the Edo period.

Notes

History of Japan
11th century
12th century
Fingerspelling is making an alphabet with your hands. Many deaf people learn fingerspelling. They use it when they want to sign a word but there is no sign in the sign language, or when they don't understand what the sign means. Other people also use fingerspelling to talk in secret, to help remember something, or to talk without making sound (for example in a church).

Fingerspelling is a part of some sign languages. Writing systems are not the same everywhere, and fingerspelling is also different. Different countries have different ways of fingerspelling. Some alphabets use one hand, some use two hands.

References

Other websites 

ASL Fingerspelling Resource Site Free online fingerspelling lessons, quizzes, and activities.
Fingerspell Flashcards Practice ASL, German and Swiss German alphabets online.
British Sign Language Fingerspelling Alphabet  Information and pictures about the British 2-handed fingerspelling alphabet.

Sign languages
The  Siege of Sidney Street, or the "Battle of Stepney", was a notorious gunfight in London's East End on 3 January 1911.

It happened after a jewellery robbery went bad two weeks before. Three policemen had been killed, and others wounded, and one of the gang was also killed. This event is known as the Houndsditch murders.

The gang were said to be international anarchists led by Peter Piatkow, a.k.a. "Peter the Painter". It is still not clear who their leader actually was.

The end took place at a house in Sidney Street, where word came that a gang of foreigners had moved in. In the fire that ended the siege, one fireman and two robbers died. The fates of other members of the gang, and its leader, are not known.
The Houndsditch murders 
On 16 December 1910, a gang of Jewish immigrants attempted to break into the rear of a jeweller's shop at 119 Houndsditch. A nextdoor shopkeeper heard their hammering, and told the City of London Police (in whose area the shop was). Nine unarmed officers — three sergeants and six constables (two in plain clothes) — moved towards the jewellers.

Sergeants Bentley and Bryant knocked at the door of No. 11 Exchange Buildings, behind the jeweller's shop. The gang's leader, George Gardstein, opened the door, but when he did not answer their questions they assumed he did not understand English and told him to fetch someone who did. Gardstein left the door half-closed and disappeared.

The house had a single ground-floor room, into which the front door directly opened, with a staircase leading to the upper floors on the left, and a door to the open yard at the back on the right.
Growing impatient, the two sergeants entered the house to find the room apparently empty, before they became aware of a man standing in the darkness at the top of the stairs. After a short conversation, another man entered through the yard door, rapidly firing a pistol, while the man on the stairs also started shooting.

Both officers were hit, with Bentley collapsing across the doorstep, while Bryant managed to stagger outside. In the street, Constable Woodhams ran to help Bentley, but was himself wounded by one of the gang firing from the cover of the house, as was Sergeant Tucker, who died almost instantly.
The gang then attempted to break out of the cul-de-sac, Gardstein being grabbed by Constable Choate almost at the entrance. In the struggle Choate was wounded several times by Gardstein, before being shot five more times by other members of the gang, who also managed to hit Gardstein in the back. They then dragged Gardstein ¾ of a mile to 59 Grove Street, where he died the next day. Constable Choate and Sergeant Bentley died in separate hospitals the same day. An intense search followed, and a number of the gang or their associates were soon arrested.

The Siege of Sidney Street 
On 2 January 1911, an informer told police that two or three members of the gang, possibly including Peter the Painter, were hiding at 100 Sidney Street, Stepney. The police were worried the suspects were about to flee, but expected heavy resistance to any attempt to capture them. On 3 January, two hundred police officers cordoned off the area and the siege began. At dawn the battle started.
The defenders, though heavily outnumbered, had better guns and stores of ammunition. The Tower of London was called for backup, and word got to the Home Secretary, Winston Churchill. Churchill arrived on the spot to see the situation at first hand, and to offer advice. Churchill authorised calling in a detachment of Scots Guards to assist the police.

Six hours into the battle, and just as the field artillery piece that Churchill had authorised arrived, a fire began in the building. When the fire brigade arrived, Churchill refused them access to the building. The police stood ready, guns aimed at the front door, waiting for the men inside to attempt their escape. The door never opened. Instead, the remains of two members of the gang, Fritz Svaars and William Sokolow (both were also known by numerous aliases), were later discovered inside the building.

No sign of Peter the Painter was found. Besides the three policemen, a London firefighter also died of his injuries.

References
References

Further reading
The Houndsditch murders and the Siege of Sidney Street, Donald Rumbelow. 
The Battle of Stepney, Colin Rogers. 

1911
1910s in England
20th century in London
Anarchism
Deaths by firearm in England
Murder in London
Provence is a region in southern France. It lies. Historically, it is limited by the river Rhône to the west, and the border with Italy to the east. It makes up the biggest part of the modern administrative region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. In the past, the capitals were Arles, Aix-en-Provence and Avignon. Today, the regional capital is Marseille. Other important cities (prefectures) are Digne-les-Bains, Gap, Nice and Toulon.

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur