Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
from Romance languages
 from Latin: abio (fir), sed (but), okulo (eye), akvo (water)
 from French: dimanĉo (Sunday), frapi (to knock), ĉevalo (horse)
 from Italian: ĉielo (sky), fari (to do), voĉo (voice)
 from more Romance languages: facila (easy, simple), fero (iron), tra (through), verda (green)
 from Germanic languages
 from German: baldaŭ (in a short time), bedaŭri (to regret), jaro (year), nur (only)
 from English: birdo (bird), ŝarko (shark), jes (yes)
 from more Germanic languages: fiŝo (fish), fremda (foreign), ofta (frequent)
 from Slavic languages
 from Polish: ĉu (word for yes/no questions)
 from Russian: barakti (to fight), vosto (tail)
 from Czech: ne (no, not), roboto (robot), ĉerpi (to pump)
 from more Slavic Languages: krom (except), celo (finish, goal, target)
 from other Indo-European languages
 from Greek: hepato (liver), kaj (and), biologio (biology), politiko (politics)
 from Lithuanian: du (two), tuj (at once)
 from Sanskrit: budho (buddha), nirvano (Nirvana), pado (path, way)
from Finno-Ugric languages
 from Finnish: saŭno (sauna)
 from Hungarian: ĉardaŝo (Csárdás - Hungarian national dance), ĉuro (semen)
 from Semitic languages
 from Hebrew: kabalo (Kabbalah)
 from Arabic: aŭ (or)
 from other languages
 from Japanese: cunamo (tsunami), zeno (Zen)
 from Chinese: tofuo (tofu), teo (tea)
 from Hawaiian: vikio (wiki)
Criticism 
Some of the criticism of Esperanto is common for any project of constructed international language: a new language has little chance to replace today's international languages like English, Arabic and others.

The criticism, which is specific for Esperanto, targets various parts of the language itself (the special Esperanto letters, the -n ending, sound of the language, and so on).

Some peoplesay that use of the diacritics (the letters ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ) make the language less neutral than it would be using only the basic letters of Latin alphabet. No other language uses the letters ĉ, ĥ and ĵ. The letter ĥ is the least used letter in Esperanto and ĵ is not used frequently either, leading people to question how necessary they are.

Critics of Esperantoalso say that the same ending of an adjective and a noun (such as "", "", "") is unnecessary. English, for example, does not have the requirement that an adjective and noun must agree in tense, and has no indicator for accusative cases.
They also criticize the fact that most of the words in Esperanto come from Indo-European languages, which makes the language less neutral.

One of the common criticisms from both non-Esperanto-speakers and those who speak Esperanto, is that there is language sexism in Esperanto. Some words by default refer to males, and the feminine counterparts have to be constructed by adding the -in- suffix to the masculine root. Such a words are words like  (father) and  (mother),  (son) and  (daughter),  (uncle) and  (aunt), and so on. The majority of all Esperanto words have no specific meaning on the basis of sex. Some people proposed the suffix -iĉ- with male meaning in order to make the meaning of the basic word neutral. However this proposal is not widely accepted by Esperanto speakers.

Criticism of some parts of Esperanto motivated the creation of various new constructed languages like Ido, Novial, Interlingua and Lojban. However, none of these constructed languages have as many speakers as Esperanto does.
Example of text 
Normal sample: Ĉiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj laŭ digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.

Version in h-system: Chiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj lau digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.

Version in x-system: Cxiuj homoj estas denaske liberaj kaj egalaj laux digno kaj rajtoj. Ili posedas racion kaj konsciencon, kaj devus konduti unu la alian en spirito de frateco.

Simple English translation: All people are free and equal in dignity and rights. They are reasonable and moral, and should act kindly to each other.

Lord's Prayer
Lord's Prayer

Metaphoric use of the word "Esperanto" 
People sometimes use the word "Esperanto" in a metaphoric way (not in its literal sense). They use it to say that something aims to be international or neutral, or it uses a wide mixture of ideas. They say the programming language Java is "independent of specific computer systems [e.g. Windows, Android] like Esperanto is independent of ... nations". Similarly, they call the font Noto "the Esperanto of fonts" because it tries to work well for every culture's writing.

References

Other websites 

 Esperanto on Citizendium
 Lernu! A popular website to learn Esperanto.
 Mp3 files of Esperanto radio broadcasts
 Plena Manlibro de Esperanta Gramatiko
 Music videos in Esperanto from Mauritius and Madagascar 
 Learn Not To Speak Esperanto , a piece criticizing Esperanto's problems; and Why not to learn Esperanto, Claude Piron's answer to it.
Barbara Pierce Bush (June 8, 1925 – April 17, 2018) was an American literacy advocate who served as the first lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993 as the wife of President George H. W. Bush. She also served as the second lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989 when her husband was vice president under Ronad Reagan.

Early life
Bush was born at NewYork–Presbyterian Queens in Flushing, Queens on New York. Her parents were Pauline Robinson (1896-1949) and her husband, Marvin Pierce (1893-1969). Her mother died in a car accident. Her ancestor Thomas Pierce, an early New England colonist, was also an ancestor of Franklin Pierce, the 14th President of the United States. She is a fourth cousin, four times removed of Franklin Pierce.

Bush spent her early childhood in Rye, New York. She began her studies in a school there. Then she studied in a boarding school at Ashley Hall in Charleston, South Carolina.
Family
At a dance party, Barbara met George H. W. Bush. At that time she was 17 years old, and George Bush was a student at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. They got engaged just before Bush went to fight in World War II. He was a torpedo bomber of the United States Navy. George named three of his airplanes after Barbara: Barbara, Barbara II, and Barbara III. In December 1944, Bush returned to the USA on leave. Two weeks later, they married on January 6, 1945. After World War II, Bush graduated from the Yale University. They moved to Midland, Texas. In 1953, the Bushes' daughter Robin died of leukemia. On April 13, 2013, she became a great-grandmother after her granddaughter Jenna Bush Hager gave birth to a daughter.
Children
Bush had six children:
 
 George W. Bush (born July 6, 1946) 43rd President of the United States and 46th Governor of Texas
 Pauline Robinson "Robin" Bush (December 20, 1949 - October 11, 1953, died of leukemia); 
 John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born February 11, 1953); 43rd Governor of Florida
 Neil Mallon Bush (born January 22, 1955); 
 Marvin Pierce Bush (born October 22, 1956) 
 Dorothy Bush Koch (born August 18, 1959).

Personal life
Over the years, the Bush family moved 29 times. George H. W. Bush had become a successful person and had founded Zapata Corporation. He had a variety of government jobs. George H. W. Bush became the 41st President of the United States in 1989 and served until 1993.

While First Lady

Bush became the First Lady of the United States when her husband was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. She made a paw print of her pet Millie for a holiday card in 1991.
After being First Lady
After her husband's presidency, they moved to Houston, Texas. They also had a big house in Kennebunkport, Maine.

On March 18, 2003, two days before the beginning of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, when her son George W. Bush was president, ABC's Good Morning America asked her about her family's television viewing habits. She replied:
I watch none. He [former President George H.W. Bush] sits and listens and I read books, because I know perfectly well that, don't take offense, that 90 percent of what I hear on television is supposition, when we're talking about the news. And he's not, not as understanding of my pettiness about that. But why should we hear about body bags and deaths, and how many, what day it's gonna happen, and how many this or that or what do you suppose? Or, I mean, it's not relevant. So, why should I waste my beautiful mind on something like that, and watch him suffer.
While visiting a Houston relief center for people displaced by Hurricane Katrina, Bush told the radio program Marketplace,
Almost everyone I've talked to says, 'We're gonna move to Houston.' What I'm hearing, which is sort of scary, is they all want to stay in Texas... Everybody is so overwhelmed by the hospitality, and so many of the people in the arenas here, you know, were underprivileged anyway, so this (as she chuckles slightly) is working very well for them. Audio clip.

The remarks were controversial. In 2006, it was revealed that Barbara Bush donated an undisclosed amount of money to the Bush–Clinton Katrina Fund on the condition that the charity do business with an educational software company owned by her son Neil Bush.

In November 2008, Bush was hospitalized for abdominal pains. On November 25, a dime-sized hole in her small intestine was found by surgeons. She was released on December 2, 2008 and was reported to be doing well.
Bush underwent aortic valve replacement surgery on March 4, 2009; she was released from the hospital on March 13, 2009.

In a November 2010 interview with Larry King, Bush was asked about former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. Bush remarked, "I sat next to her once, thought she was beautiful, and I think she's very happy in Alaska, and I hope she'll stay there." Palin responded, "I don't want to, sort of, concede that we have to get used to this kind of thing, because I think the majority of Americans don't want to put up with the blue-bloods – and I say it with all due respect, because I love the Bushes – but, the blue-bloods, who want to pick and choose their winners, instead of allowing competition to pick and choose the winners."

Barbara Bush was portrayed by Ellen Burstyn in the 2008 movie W..

Health and death
In November 2008, Bush was hospitalized for abdominal pains. She had surgery on her small intestine. Bush underwent aortic valve replacement surgery in March 2009.
On April 15, 2018 it was reported by a source close to the Bush family that Barbara was in "failing health". She decided to have only "comfort care", which is placing end-of life patients under comfort care until they die. She chose to be at home with her family rather than go back to the hospital for treatment. She suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure (COPD) and Grave's disease. Bush died on April 17, 2018 in Houston of complications from COPD and congestive heart failure at the age of 92. She was buried at the George Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas on April 21, 2018.

References

1925 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from COPD
Deaths from congestive heart failure
Bush family
George H. W. Bush
First Ladies of the United States
Second Ladies of the United States
Yale University alumni
People from Rye, New York
Kadis-kot is a fictional board game in the TV show Star Trek: Voyager.  It is played on a six-sided board with three sets of coloured stones. 

The characters of Naomi Wildman and Seven of Nine played the game sometimes, after the events of the episode "Infinite Regress".

Other websites
 A summary of the game at Memory Alpha

Star Trek: Voyager
Board games
Kenny Rogers (August 21, 1938 – March 20, 2020) was a Grammy Award-winning American singer and songwriter. His best known songs include "The Gambler" and "Lucille". He acted in several movies and television series. He owned a franchise of roast chicken restaurants called "Kenny Rogers Roasters".

On March 20, 2020, Rogers died under hospice care in Sandy Springs, Georgia from natural causes at age 81.

References 

1938 births
2020 deaths
Actors from Houston
Writers from Houston
Native American singers
American country singers
American movie actors
American songwriters
American television actors
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Houston
Singers from Houston
Moundou is the capital of the Logone Occidental in Chad.  It has a population of 99,530 as of 2003.  Moundou lies on one of the main roads in southern Chad.  It is the main city of the Ngambai people.  Moundou is a center for industry and makes cotton and oil.

Cities in Chad
Andrew Aagesen or Andreas Aagesen (August 5, 1826 - October 26, 1879) was a Danish lawyer and politician. The Danish laws of the Sea, of the 1882 was mostly his work.

Biography 
Andrew Aagesen studied law at Christianshavn and Copenhagen. He stopped his studies in 1848 to take part in the First Schleswig War. He served as the leader of a reserve battalion.

In 1855, he became a professor of jurisprudence at the University of Copenhagen. In 1879, he was elected as a member of the Landsting. He was Carl Christian Hall's successor as a lecturer on Roman law at the University of Copenhagen.

1826 births
1887 deaths
Danish politicians
Danish businesspeople
Danish educators
Teachers
Lawyers
Heart is a rock band which started in Seattle in the 1960s. It became famous with the release of "Dreamboat Annie" in 1976 when the band-members were living in Vancouver.

Heart was started by Steve Fossen and brothers Roger and Mike Fisher in Seattle. Ann Wilson joined the band in Seattle in 1970. Nancy Wilson joined the band in 1974. From then, Ann and Nancy wrote almost all of the band's songs. From 1976, the band was very successful, and sold many millions of records.

Ann Wilson was the lead singer and sometimes played the flute. Roger Fisher played the lead guitar and sang. Steve Fossen played the bass guitar. Nancy Wilson played lots of different types of guitar and sang. Mike Fisher managed the band and also looked after the sound and the lights. In 1975 some extra people joined the band. Michael DeRosier played the drums. Howard Leese played lots of different instruments and stayed with the band until 1998.
Barracuda 
Their best known song is called Barracuda. It was written in 1977 by Ann and Nancy Wilson, Michael DeRosier, Sue Ennis (a friend of Ann and Nancy) and Roger Fisher. Some of the places it has been and used are:
2000 - the American TV series "Friends"
2000 - the American movie "Charlie's Angels"
2002 - the American TV series "King of the Hill"
2004 - the American TV series "The Sopranos"
2004 - the American TV series "Reno 911!"
2004 - the computer game "Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas"
2005 - the live album A Radical Recital by the group "Rasputina"
2007 - the American movie "Shrek the Third"  (The song is sung by "Fergie" from the "Black Eyed Peas")
2007 - the video game "Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock"
2008 - during a TV commercial for the Honda "Odyssey" car
Records
The band's first album went on sale in 1976. It was given the name "Dreamboat Annie". A lot of people liked the album and more than one million (1,000,000) copies of it were sold. The album had the ballads "How Deep It Goes" and "(Love Me Like Music) I'll Be Your song."  In addition it had the songs "Magic Man" and "Crazy On You". After lots of people had bought copies of the "Dreamboat Annie" album, Heart changed to a new record company.

Their second album in 1977 was given the name "Little Queen". It had the hard rock song "Barracuda". "Barracuda" and "Dreamboat Annie" are Heart's best known early songs.
A third album was called "Magazine". It was given to the shops by the old record company before "Little Queen" was made. Heart did not like this, and wanted all copies of "Magazine" to be destroyed. They took the old record company to court. The judge ordered that the old record company must stop selling the album. The judge also ordered that Heart must make a new album for the old record company. This new album was also called "Magazine". It was given to the shops after "Little Queen" was made.

In 1978, the band released "Dog & Butterfly". It was very different in musical style from the first three albums. Sue Ennis was a friend of Ann and Nancy Wilson. She helped write a lot of the songs on "Dog & Butterfly". Two of the songs were named "Straight On" and "Dog & Butterfly". Heart did not sell as many copies of this album. The next two or three albums were not very good. Roger Fisher and Steve Fossen left the band.
In 1985 the band had new people in it, and had a new record company. They made an album called "Heart", and it sold lots of copies. The sort of music that Heart played was different. In the 1970s, the music was hard rock. In the 1980s the music was Top 40 pop. Some of the songs were "How Can I Refuse", "What About Love", "Alone", "Never", "These Dreams"  and "All I Want To Do Is Make Love To You".

In the 1990s, as well as performing and touring as Heart, the Wilson sisters started another band with Sue Ennis. They called this band "The LoveMongers". The also set up a recording studio in Seattle which they called "Bad Animals". Bad Animals is also the name of an album they made in 1987.

In 1999, Nancy made a solo album called "Live at McCabes Guitar Shop". In 2007, Ann made a solo album called "Hope & Glory".

Roger Fisher also continues to perform, and has recorded and released several albums of his own.

Discography
Discography

Studio albums
1976 - Dreamboat Annie 
1977 - Little Queen 
1978 - Magazine 
1978 - Dog and Butterfly 
1980 - Bebe le Strange 
1982 - Private Audition 
1983 - Passionworks 
1985 - Heart
1987 - Bad Animals
1990 - Brigade 
1993 - Desire Walks On 
2004 - Jupiter's Darling
2010 - Red Velvet Car
2012 - Fanatic
2016 - Beautiful Broken

Live albums
1980 - Greatest Hits Live 
1991 - Rock the House! Live 
1995 - The Road Home 
2003 - Alive in Seattle 
2007 - Dreamboat Annie Live
2014 - Fanatic Live from Caesar's Colosseum 
2014 - Heart & Friends – Home for the Holidays 
2016 - Live at the Royal Albert Hall with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra 
2019 - Live in Atlantic City

Compilation and Holiday albums
1997 - These Dreams: Heart's Greatest Hits 
1998 - Greatest Hits 
2000 - Greatest Hits: 1985-1995 
2001 - Heart Presents A Lovemongers' Christmas 
2002 - The Essential Heart 
2006 - Love Songs 
2008 - Playlist: The Very Best of Heart
2012 - Strange Euphoria
2013 - Icon
Singles
1976 
"Crazy on You" (Album: Dreamboat Annie)
"Magic Man" (Album: Dreamboat Annie)
"Dreamboat Annie"(Album: Dreamboat Annie)
1977
"(Love Me Like Music) I'll Be Your Song" (Little Queen)
"Barracuda" (Little Queen)
"Little Queen" (Little Queen)
"Kick it Out" (Little Queen)
"Love Alive" (Little Queen)
1978 
"Crazy on You" (re-issue) (Dreamboat Annie) 
"Heartless" (Magazine)
"Straight On" (Dog and Butterfly)
1979
"Dog and Butterfly" (Dog and Butterfly)
"Magazine" (Magazine)
"Without You" (Magazine)
1980
"Even it Up" (Bebe le Strange)
"Bebe le Strange" (Bebe le Strange)
"Break" (Bebe le Strange)
"Raised on You" (Bebe le Strange)
"Sweet Darlin'" (Bebe le Strange)
"Tell it Like it Is" (Greatest Hits Live)
1981
"Unchained Melody" (Greatest Hits Live)
1982 
"This Man Is Mine" (Private Audition)
"City's Burning" (Private Audition)
"Bright Light Girl" (Private Audition)
1983 
"The Situation" (Private Audition)
"How Can I Refuse?" (Passionworks) 
"Sleep Alone" (Passionworks)
"Allies" (Passionworks)
1984
1984 
"The Heat" (Up the Creek soundtrack) 
1985
"What About Love" (Heart )
"Never" (Heart )
1986
"These Dreams" (Heart )
"Nothin' at All" (Heart )
"If Looks Could Kill" (Heart )
1987
"Alone" (Bad Animals)
"Who Will You Run To" (Bad Animals)
"There's the Girl" (Bad Animals)
1988 
"I Want You So Bad" (Bad Animals)
"Wait for an Answer" (Bad Animals)
"Never" / "These Dreams" (Heart)
"What About Love"
"Nothin' at All" (Heart)
1990
"All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You" (Brigade) 
"Wild Child" (Brigade)
"Tall, Dark, Handsome Stranger" (Brigade)
"I Didn't Want to Need You" (Brigade)
"Stranded" (Brigade)
1991 
"Secret" (Brigade)
"You're the Voice" (Rock the House! Live) 
1993 
"Black on Black II" (Desire Walks On )
"Will You Be There (In the Morning)" (Desire Walks On )
1994 
"Back to Avalon" (Desire Walks On )
"The Woman in Me" (Desire Walks On )
1995 
"Alone" (The Road Home) 
"The Road Home"  (The Road Home)
1998 
"Strong, Strong Wind" (Greatest Hits)
2004
"The Perfect Goodbye" (Jupiter's Darling)
"Oldest Story in the World" (Jupiter's Darling)
"Make Me" (Jupiter's Darling)
2010
"Hey You" (Album: Red Velvet Car)
"WTF" (Album: Red Velvet Car)’
2012
"Walking Good" (Album: Fanatic)
"Fanatic" (Album: Fanatic)’
2013
"Dear Old America" (Album: Fanatic)
"Stairway to Heaven" (Album: "Stairway to Heaven (Live at the Kennedy Center Honors)" (single) )’
´**"All Through the Nigh" (Album: Home for the Holidays (Christmas single))
2016
"Beautiful Broken" (Album: Beautiful Broken)
Other websites
 Official site

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hard rock bands
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Folk music groups
Musical groups from Seattle
Musical groups established in 1973
1973 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Washington (state)
Golden Earring is a Dutch rock band. They began in 1961 in The Hague; named the Golden Earrings. In 1969, they became just Golden Earring, (dropping the "s"). They gained worldwide fame with their hit song "Radar Love" in 1973. The single was number one on the Dutch charts, in the top ten in the United Kingdom and number thirteen on the American music charts.

"Twilight Zone" in 1982, and "When the Lady Smiles" in 1984 were also hit singles. During their career they had nearly 30 top-ten singles on the Dutch charts. Over the years they produced 25 studio albums. All musicians in the band have been members of the band since 1970. Other musicians, however, have come and gone during all these years.

In March 2009, Golden Earring celebrated its comeback in the United Kingdom with two concerts in Ipswich and London. Golden Earring's newest studio album was recorded live in a studio in London.  It was released in May 2012. The album, named Tits 'n Ass, went to number one in the Dutch album charts.
Career 
Golden Earring went on their first major US tour in 1969 and 1970. Between 1969 and 1984, the band completed thirteen US tours.

Golden Earring enjoyed a brief period of international stardom but were unable to get further chart success until 1982's "Twilight Zone". This was followed by "The Lady Smiles" in 1984.

The Russian rock band Aria made a successful cover version of a single, "Going To The Run". From 1992 to 2004 the band released three acoustic live "unplugged" albums which were successful. Since 1992, the band has performed popular acoustic unplugged theater-shows. The acoustic albums feature unplugged versions of famous hits of the band.
Hit singles 
"Radar Love", from the album Moontan, became a hit in both Europe and the US in 1973. The album Moontan itself was awarded a gold record in the States. This is the band's best known song. There have been more than 200 cover versions of this classic rock song. It was voted "best car song ever" by readers of USA Today in 2005 and second-best "greatest driving song" in a poll of BBC's programme Top Gear.

George Kooymans, the band's vocalist and guitarist, wrote "Twilight Zone". It was released in 1982 and brought Golden Earring more success. This song also had one of the first music videos. It was aired on the new music television channel, MTV, which began in 1981. This helped "Twilight Zone" become a Top Ten hit in the States. The song was inspired by the popular TV series The Twilight Zone.
"When the Lady Smiles", from the album News, was the next international hit in 1984. It became a top hit in Europe and Canada with the help of a music video.  It was not as successful in the States. The music video was banned from MTV because it showed nudity and the rape of a nun.

Discography 

The complete discography of Golden Earring is 25 studio albums, 8 live albums, 2 compilation albums, and 74 singles. 
This is a list of the studio albums:
 Just Ear-rings (1965)
 Winter-Harvest (1967)
 Miracle Mirror (1968)
 On the Double (1969)
 Eight Miles High (1969)
 Golden Earring (1970)
 Seven Tears (1971)
 Together (1972)
 Moontan (1973)
 Switch (1975)
 To the Hilt (1976)
 Contraband (1976)
 Grab It for a Second (1978)
 No Promises...No Debts (1979)
 Prisoner of the Night (1980)
 Cut (1982)
 N.E.W.S. (1984)
 The Hole (1986)
 Keeper of the Flame (1989)
 Bloody Buccaneers (1991)
 Face It (1994)
 Love Sweat (1995)
 Paradise in Distress (1999)
 Millbrook U.S.A. (2003)
 Tits 'n Ass (2012)

References
References

Other websites 
 Official Golden Earring website
 Radar Love

Musical groups established in 1961
1960s music groups
1970s music groups
1980s music groups
1990s Dutch music groups
2000s Dutch music groups
2010s music groups
Rock bands
The Hague
1960s establishments in the Netherlands
1961 establishments in Europe
Richard Springthorpe (born August 23, 1949), known better by his stage name Rick Springfield, is an Australian musician and actor. He was extremely popular in the 1980s thanks to a string of hit songs including "Jesse's Girl", and a recurring role on the TV show, General Hospital.

Early life 
Rick Springfield was born on the 23rd of August in 1949.

References

1949 births
Living people
Australian pop musicians
Australian rock musicians
Australian singer-songwriters
Australian television actors
Australian movie actors
Musicians from Sydney
Actors from Sydney
The anus is the opening in the human body that is between the buttocks. It is at the end of the gastrointestinal system (including the organs that digest food), where feces or stool comes out of the body.

Related pages
 Anal fissure
 Hemorrhoid

Other websites

Anatomy of the digestive system
An orgasm is a sexual climax (or high point). An orgasm happens because of continued sexual touching. During an orgasm, there is a strong feeling of excitement and pleasure. Sexual touching may be sexual intercourse, rubbing or squeezing by hand (called masturbation), or other actions that make the sex organs feel good. 

During an orgasm, a person's body sometimes spasms (shakes or trembles), and the person may appear to be in pain or get a strange look on their face.

The person's brain activity changes quickly. The parts of the brain responsible for fear, worry, and self-control become less active. Many people moan, shout, or say strange things during orgasm. Usually, people's minds focus almost completely on the pleasure of the orgasm and become less aware of what is going on around them than usual.

Orgasms may sometimes happen when people are asleep, this is called a wet dream.

Other mammals may have orgasms when they have sex.
Male orgasm 
The penis usually becomes erect (hard) before an orgasm, and flaccid (soft) again after. When a man has an orgasm, his penis spasms and undergoes a series of rhythmic contractions, during which he feels a very strong and enjoyable feeling in his penis and groin, and sometimes in all of his body. In a man, an orgasm usually happens at the same time as an ejaculation, which is a release of semen through the penis that can't be stopped. Young boys can orgasm, but there may be no semen because semen release usually occurs (happens) only after puberty has started. After an orgasm, men usually have a deep sense of relaxation, usually felt in the groin and the thighs. Usually the stronger the orgasm is, the deeper the relaxation and the longer the relaxation will last. This is due to the dopamine surge in the brain.

Female orgasm
Female orgasm

A woman's orgasm begins in her clitoris, which is the counterpart of the man's penis. It is preceded by an erection of the clitoris and a moistening of the opening of the vagina. When a woman goes through a full orgasm, her uterus, vagina, anus and pelvic muscles undergo a series of rhythmic contractions. Most women find these contractions very pleasurable. Rubbing or applying other consistent pressure against the clitoris is usually needed to help the woman have an orgasm.

Orgasm and reproduction
Orgasm plays an important role in human reproduction. It is the most exciting moment of sexual intercourse, so it is an important factor that makes men and women want to have intercourse, which allows reproduction to happen. It is also the moment at which the man releases semen into the woman to begin the process of fertilization.
The woman may also have one or more orgasms during intercourse as well. Unlike a man, who usually can have only one orgasm during intercourse, a woman may have more than one. During intercourse, she may rub her clitoris, or she may have her man do so. This can make the woman have an orgasm. The shaft of the penis may also stimulate the clitoris in some positions.   Scientists are not sure why women have orgasms. Some believe that the orgasm helps the sperm in the man's semen to swim up the vagina into the cervix so that it is more likely that a sperm cell will fuse with an egg cell. Others think that the woman's orgasm is designed to help make the man reach orgasm. During her orgasm, a woman may moan, cry, or scream, which usually excites her man, and her vagina may contract, gripping the penis more tightly and making sex more exciting for him
. These reactions may cause the man to ejaculate more quickly or to produce more semen; when a woman reaches orgasm during intercourse, it often makes her man have an orgasm at that point as well. Orgasm may also encourage a woman to have sex more often as it feels good, increasing the chances of pregnancy.
Related pages
 List of sex positions

References

Further reading
Banker-Riskin, Anita; Grandinetti, Deborah (1997). Simultaneous Orgasm: And Other Joys of Sexual Intimacy. Hunter House. ISBN 0-89793-221-8, ISBN 978-0-89793-221-9.
PARTRIDGE, Eric (2001). Shakespeare's bawdy: Classics Series Routledge classics. 2nd ed., Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25400-0, ISBN 978-0-415-25400-7.
Plato (2001). The Banquet. (P.B. Shelley, Trans., J. Lauritsen, Ed., Foreword). Provincetown, MA: Pagan Press.
WEBB, Timothy (1976). The violet in the crucible: Shelley and translation, 1976. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Gabriele Froböse, Rolf Froböse, Michael Gross (Translator): Lust and Love: Is it more than Chemistry? Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry, ISBN 0-85404-867-7, (2006).
Komisaruk, Barry R.; Beyer-Flores, Carlos; Whipple, Beverly. The Science of Orgasm. Baltimore, MD; London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8018-8490-X).

Other websites

Men's Health: Male Orgasm 
Net Doctor: Female Orgasm
Ted Talk by Mary Roach on 10 things you didn't know about orgasm

Human sexuality
The prostate is a gland of the male body that adds part of the fluid to semen and acts as the valve between semen and urine. A healthy human prostate is slightly larger than a walnut. It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting elderly men in developed (also known as first world) countries and a major cause of death. Regular rectal exams are recommended for older men to detect prostate cancer early. Prostate cyst is very common in men. With age, the risk of developing this disease increases significantly. A cyst is a kind of cavity formed from the tissue of the prostate itself, inside which fluid accumulates. 

The prostate is often referred to as the male G-spot, which is a spot inside the female vagina that causes intense pleasure when it is stimulated. The prostate can be massaged by using a finger or during anal sex. Some males are able to orgasm with prostate stimulation alone.
Other websites 
 University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo  This article includes general information on the prostate, related medical conditions, and information on stimulating the prostate for sexual pleasure.

References 

Anatomy of the male reproductive system
Glands
A fossil is the remains or trace of an ancient living thing.

Fossils of animals, plants, or protists occur in sedimentary rock. 

In a typical fossil, the body form is retained, but the original molecules that made up the body have been replaced by some inorganic material, such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) or silica (SiO2). The fossil feels like, and is, made of rock. It has been mineralised or petrified (literally, turned into rock). 

A fossil may also be an imprint or impression of a living thing remaining in the fossilised mud of a long-gone age. 

Some organisms fossilise well, others do not. The most common fossils are those left behind by organisms that produce hard materials. The hard, calcitic shells of molluscs (such as clams and snails) and of now-rare brachiopods (also known as lampshells) are examples. These sea-dwelling shellfish have produced many fossiliferous (that is, fossil-bearing) chalky layers of limestone in the earth.
Soft-bodied organisms can fossilise in special circumstances: the Ediacaran biota is a good example. 

The best-known fossils for the general public are those of the giant, prehistoric dinosaurs. The fossilized bones and fossilized tracks of these huge, ancient reptiles can be seen in many museums of natural history and earth science. 

The study of fossils by geologists and biologists is known as paleontology. If the study puts living things in their ecological context it is called paleobiology.

Examples of fossils include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved in amber, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA remnants.

Human uses 

People have found many uses for fossils. Some fossils are found and sold. Other fossils like those in the Tamiami formation are used in the construction of roads. In some places fossils are used as a mulch- material used to cover soil. Some fossils are used as a marker to determine formation .
Some fossils are used as a source of fuel, these fossils are referred to as a fossil fuel.

Places of special preservation 
There are some sites where fossils have been found with remarkable details, or in large numbers. Palaeontologists call these sites by the German term Lagerstätten. The La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles, California, is such a place. So are the Solnhofen limestone quarries in Bavaria.

In the Earth’s structure a very important place for fossils is the Burgess Shale. It is known for its many important fossil discoveries.

Types of fossils 
Microscopic, or very tiny’', fossils are called “microfossils”. Larger, macroscopic fossils — such as those of seashells and mammals — are called "macrofossils". Sometimes natural stones look like fossilized organisms, but they are not fossils at all. Rather, they are called "pseudofossils".
Although most fossils are formed from the hard parts of organisms, there are also indirect signs of prehistoric life. Examples such as a worm's trail or an animal's footprint are quite common. These are known as  trace fossils. Fossilized excrement, faeces or dung is known as a coprolite. A chemical trace of prehistoric organisms is called a chemofossil. Objects made by prehistoric people are called artifacts but these are not fossils.

Even when the remains of soft-bodied animals are gone, there may be impressions, molds or carbon traces which remain permanently. So, in special cases, we can see fossils of even small, soft invertebrate animals. 

Sometimes a fossil is produced because of dryness (desiccation), freezing, or pine resin. Mummified animals, ice-covered wooly mammoths, and insect-filled amber are examples of such fossils.
Living fossils, however, are not'' fossils at all. Instead, they are modern-day organisms which look like their prehistoric ancestors of many millions of years ago. The ginkgo tree, the coelacanth and the horseshoe crab are good examples.

Early notice taken of fossils 
Many pre-scientific peoples noticed fossils, but not all thought they were the remains of living things. Perhaps the first to leave a record of his thought was the Ancient Greek philosopher Xenophanes (about 570BC–470BC).p. 387 His ideas were reported by later writers:
"Shells [are] found in the midst of the land, and on mountains. In the quarries of Syracuse the impressions of a fish and seaweed have been found; on Paros the impression of a bay-leaf in the depth of a stone, and on Malta the flattened shape of sea-creatures [have been found]. These, he says, were formed when everything, long ago, was covered in mud, and the impression dried out in the mud". Guthrie p. 387
These ideas were rediscovered in the 17th century in Europe. Nicolas Steno in the Netherlands and Robert Hooke at the Royal Society in London both wrote and gave lectures about fossils. In the 18th century fossil-collecting began, and serious thinking on geology began to make progress. In the 19th century geology became a modern science, and fossils played a part in the theory of evolution.

Related pages 
 Extinction
 Evolution
 Palaeontology
 Earth history
 List of extinction events
 Lagerstätten

Other websites 

 Fossil – Citizendium

References

More reading
 </ref>

Paleontology
Nine Inch Nails (also known as NIN) is an industrial metal band. Trent Reznor writes all the band's music, and plays most of the music himself. He started the band in 1988 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. Nine Inch Nails has been nominated for twelve Grammy Awards.

History

Pretty Hate Machine (1989-1991) 
Pretty Hate Machine was Nine Inch Nails' first album. It came out in 1989. The songs "Down In It", "Head Like A Hole", and "Sin" became famous from the radio and MTV.
Broken and Fixed (1992-1993) 
In 1992, Nine Inch Nails made an extended play (EP) called Broken. It had eight songs. The song "Wish" won a Grammy Award. Another album, called Fixed, has some of the same songs as Broken, but other musicians have changed the music and added new sounds. It was going to be one album (with eleven tracks, the eight tracks on Broken as tracks 1-8 and tracks 4-6 on Fixed as tracks 9-11), making it the second studio album and The Downward Spiral the third studio album, but decided to split it in half due to personal reasons and it was not the second studio album.

Nine Inch Nails played the first Lollapalooza tour with Jane's Addiction and other bands.
The Downward Spiral (1994-1996) 
A new album called The Downward Spiral came out in 1994. It is the most popular and famous Nine Inch Nails album. Music stores have sold more than 4 million copies of The Downward Spiral all together. The songs "Closer", "March Of The Pigs", and "Hurt" were very popular on MTV and radio stations. Trent Reznor asked many other musicians to make remixes of the songs. The remixes were released on a new album called Further Down The Spiral.

In 1994, Nine Inch Nails played at the Woodstock '94 concert in New York. After that, they became one of the most famous bands in the world. For five years, there were no Nine Inch Nails albums or concerts. Many fans worried that the band they liked would stop making music forever.
Other works and The Fragile (1997-2001)  
Finally, a new album came out in 1999. It was called The Fragile. It was the longest album Nine Inch Nails had ever made, and the music was very different from their other albums. It was going to release in late 1997 (and was also going to include "The Perfect Drug"), but got pushed back due to personal problems. "The Perfect Drug" was never put on the album. Many of the songs were only music with no words. Songs like that are called instrumentals. Writers who write about music wrote good things about The Fragile in many magazines and newspapers. People knew the music of Nine Inch Nails had changed, but many people thought it was better than before.
Even though many people liked the album, it took Trent Reznor another five years to make another one. This was due to Reznor drinking and becoming addicted to other drugs. He is now healthy. Trent also argued with his manager John Malm over how much money he should make. The court agreed with Trent and John is no longer Trent's manager.

With Teeth (2002-2006) 
Nine Inch Nails' next album was called With Teeth. When the song "The Hand That Feeds" was first played on the radio, fans were very happy that Nine Inch Nails had come back. The second song on the album to be played on the radio is "Only" and the third is "Every Day Is Exactly The Same".

Year Zero, Ghosts I-IV and hiatus (2007-2010) 
Year Zero came out on April 17, 2007. Before it came out, there was a game that people could play. You could find clues to discover more about the story. That kind of game is called an Alternate Reality Game. Only one single came out. That song is called "Survivalism".
On March 2, 2008, the albums Ghosts I-IV (1 to 4) came out. It was made of 4 small albums: Ghosts 1, 2, 3 and 4. All the songs on these albums were instrumentals. The first album was free to download from the website, or available cheaply to download. This was new in the way that music is sold, because usually music is sold for lots of money, and the money is given to many people, most who did not make the music, but helped give money to the people who did, or sent the music to shops to be sold, or made adverts for it.

After two months since the release of Ghosts I-IV, a new album came out called The Slip  on May 5, 2008. The Slip was released in three formats for free.

Hesitation Marks (2011-present) 
Hesitation Marks (2013) was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards.

Band 
Trent Reznor makes almost all of the music for Nine Inch Nails. He is the only member.
When Nine Inch Nails plays at concerts, other musicians are also part of the band. The musicians who play in Nine Inch Nails are not always the same. Now, Trent Reznor sings and plays some instruments, Robin Finck plays the guitar, Justin Meldal-Johnsen plays the bass guitar, and Ilan Rubin plays the drums.

Discography 

 1989: Pretty Hate Machine
 1994: The Downward Spiral
 1999: The Fragile
 2005: With Teeth
 2007: Year Zero
 2008: Ghosts I–IV
 2008: The Slip
 2013: Hesitation Marks
 2018: Bad Witch
 2020: Ghosts V: Together
 2020: Ghosts VI: Locusts

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Grammy Award winners
Alternative metal bands
Musicians from Cleveland
musical groups from Ohio
 
Musical groups established in 1988
1988 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Ohio
In remixing, a person (often a recording engineer or record producer or lyrics producer) takes a familiar song, splits it into different parts called tracks, and changes the song's music, instruments, layout, and or vocals to create a new version of the same song. It is called remixing due to mixing being the putting together of all the parts of a song, and remixing being the putting together of the parts of the song differently than the original.

Remixers, that is, people who remix, are musicians who use a variety of tools, primarily electronic, to create the new song versions. Remixing can be simply moving song parts around; it can also be creating new music for an old song lyric. There are two common kinds of remixing: production and mashups. Production remixing uses new instruments with the old song vocal, and mashups use two old songs mixed together to create a new song.
It is pertinent to mention that the remix of R. Kelly and Beyonce's song "If I were a boy" shows that remixing also involves the editing of the words of a music to publicize more enlightenment gained from over time listening and attuning of the soul to the music by the general public. This tells musicians to be cautious about the wordings of their music. The wordings are as beautiful as the sound the soul hears, because the soul listens to the music and not the ears necessarily. A fine captivating lyrics with poor musical sound can last for many uncountable centuries as most captivating music than a music with a captivating sound but poor lyrics. Events of our daily life can be used to produce remix for most music we have lived out innocently. This is a very green field opportunity for upcoming remixers. E.g
. E.g. One can do a remix about Dolly Parton's song - Jolene capturing the insecurity of a woman in keeping her man because of her inferior outlook to that of a woman who in her seemed inferior outlook discovers the confidence that Jolene in her air of superiority can never and will never ever be able to take her man even if she looks like the moon on a very dark night or the twinkle stars decorating the dark clouds at night.
Then after some years of listening to it, another remixer releases another insight on why Jolene has to stop exerting that air of superiority on the women around her, seeing she has done so much harm to the concept 'love'. And it can go on and on, bringing out the best styles, tactics and ideology to love better in diversified ways making us more sane with love rather than being insane.

An African can choose to do a remix where Jolene is welcomed by Dolly Parton to share her man with her seeing that it is part of our African religion and we have it as a responsibility to polish it to gold. Music without its lyrics properly guided is dead, this is majorly the essence of remixing. Sounds would be exhausted but knowledge cannot be exhausted and knowledge is an embodiment of the lyrics and not the sound. Tu-face Idibia, P-Square and the rest can explore this.
Production
Production remixing requires more musical knowledge than mashups, because one must make their own music. This music generally is within the same key and has the same rhythm or melody as the old song.

Many electronic music artists (music made with computers or other electronic instruments) use computer software to make new music parts, called "tracks". The music parts contain notes which are arranged with a computer program called a sequencer. The actual notes are played by instruments, usually synthesizers, a type of electronic musical instrument that makes sounds by changing the shape of a sound wave. It is also possible for a remixer to use a drum sample kit, a set of sounds of fake or real drums recorded for use on a computer.

Rendering
Rendering

When the remixer has a proper sequence in the sequencer, he or she can then render the audio part, or track. Rendering requires the sequencer to talk to the musical instrument, usually by computer software or a computer-to-computer talking language called MIDI to an actual electronic keyboard. The sequencer tells the instrument which note to play, and then the instrument plays the note. The sequencer writes this note to a music file on the computer.

Mashups
A mashup is a remixing style in which a remixer takes two songs and mixes them with each other in a clever way to create a new song. Usually, it is the vocal of the song they want to remix with the other musical parts of an older song.
Instead of using a sequencer and a musical instrument, a remixer can use either record-playing turntables or a computer with an audio sequence editor, for example the program named ACID music. He or she also needs an audio editor, a computer program that allows someone to record sounds into a computer as well as cut them down to smaller bits.

Usually, a small bit of the old song is "cut" in an audio editor into a loop, a piece of music that when played on repeat does not have any skips or musical pauses. This loop is usually called a sample in the world of remixing. This sample is then looped (played over and over) in a sequence to create a new sound. The remixer then mixes the vocal of another song over that loop.

It is also possible that a mashup style remixer will take the entire musical part of one song without its vocal - called an instrumental - and take a vocal from another song without the non-voice part - called an acapella, and put them together to create one song.

R