Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Geography 
Australia
Miranda, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney
Brazil
Miranda, Mato Grosso do Sul, a town in the Mato Grosso do Sul state of Brazil named for sitting on a river of the same name
Colombia
Miranda, Cauca, a town in Cauca province
Italy
Miranda, Italy, a city in the province of Isernia
New Zealand
 Miranda, New Zealand, historical fort and small village in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand, best known as the location of the Miranda Shorebird Centre
Portugal
Miranda do Corvo, town and municipality
Miranda do Douro, a municipality
Terra de Miranda, the historical name of a mesa in northeastern Portugal
Spain
Belmonte de Miranda, also called Miranda in Asturian language, a municipality in Asturias
Miranda de Arga, town and municipality in northern Spain
Miranda de Ebro, an industrial city in the Burgos province of Spain
Venezuela
Miranda (state), one of the twenty-three states of Venezuela
United States
Miranda, California, a census-designated place in Humboldt County, California
In biology 
 The scientific name for the yellow garden spider is Miranda aurantia
 Miranda herba another name for the pitcher plant Nepenthes distillatoria

Other uses 
Miranda (moon), a moon of Uranus
Miranda (programming language), a functional programming language
Miranda IM, an open source multiprotocol instant messaging application for Microsoft Windows
Miranda Camera Company, a former Japanese camera manufacturer which ceased operations in 1976
Miranda House, a residential college for women, forming part of Delhi University, India
 Miranda Do Douro language, see Mirandese language spoken in parts of Portugal
 Miranda railway station in Sydney, Australia
 A character from British science fiction television series Doctor Who
 Miranda (TV series), British television series
Estado Miranda is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital is Los Teques.

Miranda State covers a total surface area of 7,950 km². It is the second largest state in population after Zulia Venezuela, approximately 3,028,965 (2011).

Administrative divisions

Municipalities and municipal seats

Miranda state is sub-divided into 21 municipalities,. given below with their areas, populations and administrative seats:

Other important towns

Geography

Hidrography

Rivers

El principal río del estado es el río Tuy. Nace a 2.100 m de altitud y recorre de 250 km.  Otros ris del estado son: Guaire, Grande, Curiepe, Capaya, Guapo, Chupaquire, Panapo, Uchire, Chuspa and Aricagua.

Lagoons

In the state there are various gaps: Laguna de Tacarigua, Merecuere, Agua salud, El Conflicto y el Rosario.

National parks

 El Ávila National Park.
 Guatopo National Park.
 Laguna de Tacarigua National Park.
 Macarao National Park.

Natural monuments
 Cueva Alfredo Jahn.
 Pico Codazzi.
 Cuevas del Indio Park.
Other sites of interest

 Acuario Agustín Codazzi.
 Birongo.
 El Pueblo El Jarillo.
 Higuerote.
 Playa de Carenero.
 Playa de Chirimena.
 Playas de Barlovento.
 Playas de Buche y Los Totumos.
 Puerto Francés.
 Tren El Encanto.

References

Other websites

 Gobernación del Estado Miranda
 Instituto Autónomo de Bibliotecas e Información del Estado Miranda 
 Estación Meteorológica de los altos mirandinos 
 Information about the region of the Tuy Valley 
 Notices about the region of Barlovento at Barloventoardiente.com 
 Guatire.net
 Guarenas.com

States of Venezuela
Miranda is a novel written by Antoni Lange in 1924. It is the last great work of Lange  and his most famous book today. It is said that Miranda is an "occultic fiction" and a "romance ranked to a philosophical treaty". The novel is also known as a mix of dystopia and utopia. 
The novel was translated into English (in 1968), French, Spanish and Italian.

Explanation of the novel's title
The novel's title refers to the character Miranda, from Shakespeare's play The Tempest. Miranda also has been influenced by work such as: Men Like Gods by Herbert George Wells; The City of the Sun by Tommaso Campanella; Lenore by Edgar Allan Poe,;Genezis z Ducha by Juliusz Słowacki; poems by Cyprian Kamil Norwid; writings of Friedrich Nietzsche (criticism of concept of the Übermensch); Arthur Schopenhauer; Plato; and Sanskrit epics of ancient India.
Plot summary
The novel tells about a civilization of Brahmans who have powerful skills. They can speak with their minds, and levitate (float in the air). The Brahmans in the book think the most important things are anarchy, freedom, peace, and free love. Their country is led by the Ministry of Love, Ministry of Power and Ministry of Wisdom. The Brahmans use a strange chemical named Nivridium to keep their self-perfect idea. The story is the of a Polish emigrant named Jan Podobłoczny (Lange's own parte-parole) falling in love with a woman named Damayanti. The book ends in a tragedy. In the last chapter of the novel, Damayanti sacrifices her body in order to let her spirit fly to a greater level of though.

Miranda is a Scottish spiritual medium, who lives in Warsaw. She can talk with the soul of Damayanti and make a woman named Lenore appear. She meets Jan Podobłoczny when he is close to his death. In the moment when Damayanti dies, Miranda disappears.

References

1924 books
Novels
Polish literature
The capybara or Greater capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is a semi-aquatic rodent native  South America. It weighs about a hundred pounds, and is about two feet tall at the shoulder. The capybara is the world's largest rodent. 

Capybaras are closely related to guinea pigs and to chinchillas. When they are full-grown, they weigh about 55 kg, or 100 pounds. The capybara's stocky body is about a meter, or 3 feet, long, and its shoulder is about 60 centimeters, or about two feet high off the ground. Females are usually bigger and heavier than males. Capybaras have brown or reddish-brown fur. When they are old their fur is thin, their skin can get sunburned easily. Their eyes and ears and nostrils are high on their heads, so they can easily be kept above water when the capybara is swimming. It is a giant cavy rodent living in South America.
Lifestyle 
Capybaras live in grassy wetlands or close to rivers in many parts of South America.   In the morning, evening, and at night they eat grass, mostly on land. They spend the hottest hours of the day in the water.   They are good swimmers and divers. Webs between their toes help them swim. They can only hold their breath underwater for about five minutes at a time. Sometimes they hide in water for much longer, with only their noses sticking out to breathe. Many predators like to eat them. They are a favourite food for jaguars, eagles, anaconda snakes, and many other animals.
Capybaras eat plants, mostly grass. Their babies are usually born in litters of four at one time. They can start to eat grass once they are about a week old, but they will also keep nursing from their mothers and even from other grown females until they are about four months old. They live in large groups, usually 10-30 capybaras together. Some groups have even had 100 capybaras.  They talk to each other using many sounds: clicks, grunts, whistles, and barks.
Conservation and contact with humans 
Capybaras are not endangered. Their population is stable, not increasing or decreasing very much. They can live in towns or zoos. Humans can touch them, but it is not common, as it can cause disease. Sometimes humans eat capybaras. They are hunted for meat, and sometimes they are raised on farms. Also, their tough skin is sometimes used to make high quality leather, especially for gloves. Capybaras are sometimes kept as pets. They can be kept pets in the United States, but not in some places. They are also very liked in Japan, and are kept as pets there too.

Notes

References 

Rodents
Mammals of South America
Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, born Martha Wayles (October 30, 1748 – September 6, 1782) was the only wife of her second husband, Thomas Jefferson.  

She was a widow at her second wedding, as her first husband had died young.  When her second husband, Jefferson, was Governor of Virginia, she served as First Lady of Virginia from 1779 to 1781.
   
The Jeffersons had six children together. Only two daughters survived to adulthood, and only one past the age of 25. Weakened by childbirth, Martha Jefferson died several months after the birth of her last child, twenty years before her husband became the third President of the United States.  At her wishes, he never married again.

Other websites
 Colonial Williamsburg: Interview of Martha Jefferson, YouTube
 Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson , Monticello: For accurate, up-to-date information written and moderated by historians at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello.
 Martha Jefferson at Find-A-Grave
 "Martha Jefferson", First Lady Biography
1748 births
1782 deaths
18th-century American people
Thomas Jefferson
People from Virginia
Deaths in childbirth
The Great Awakenings were a few periods of religious revival in United States history. The term is used sometimes to refer to events like the Protestant Reformation, as well as to identify general trends within U.S. religious culture.  

There are four generally accepted Great Awakenings in U.S. history:

The First Great Awakening (1730s - 1740s)
The Second Great Awakening (1800s - 1830s)
The Third Great Awakening (1880s - 1900s)
The Fourth Great Awakening (1960s - 1970s)

History of the United States
Christianity in the United States
Lycopene is the pigment of tomato. Its chemical formula is  C40H56.

Ketchup contains high concentrations of bioavailable lycopene.

Sources

Hydrocarbons
Housefly is the common fly often found in houses. The Latin name for the housefly is Musca domestica. This species is always found near humans. It is the most common species found on hog and poultry farms, horse stables and ranches. Not only are house flies a nuisance, but they also carry disease-causing organisms. Flies are not only an irritant to farm workers but may be a public health concern. Houseflies are pests and can carry diseases.

Each female fly can lay about 9,000 eggs in its life, in several batches of about 75 to 150. The eggs are laid on or near meat, often dead animals. Within a day, larvae (maggots) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed on dead and decaying organic material, such as garbage, carrion or faeces. They are pale-whitish, and have no legs. Their life cycle is from 14 hours to 36 hours.
At the end of their third instar, the maggots crawl to a dry, cool place and turn into pupae. These are coloured reddish-brown and about 8 mm long. From the pupae emerge adult flies. The whole cycle is known as complete metamorphosis. 

Adults live from two weeks to a month in the wild. After they come out from the pupae, the flies do not grow. Small flies of the same species did not get enough food when they were larvae.The function of an adult fly is to reproduce.

References 

Flies
Landfall can mean:

 Landfall, an arrival at land on a sea or air journey
 Landfall (meteorology), the time at which a storm passes over shore
 Landfall, Minnesota
 Landfall (journal), a New Zealand literary journal
 Landfall (movie), a 1977 New Zealand movie
 "Landfall", a track from Mike Oldfield's Tres Lunas album
Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering dealing with chemistry that came to existence in the early 20th century. Before this time, chemical plants were designed by chemists, who were trained to work on a small scale only. A chemical engineer typically works in the design and supervision of chemical manufacturing processes. Various problems in the chemical production systems of food, medicine, leather, or fuel factories are solved through it.

Chemical engineering combines the jobs of a chemist and that of industrial engineer. This makes factories more efficient and chemicals much cheaper. Chemical engineering uses physics (the science of moving objects and forces), chemistry (the science of substances), and mathematics. There are many different types of jobs for people with degrees in chemical engineering.
Some new topics in chemical engineering include:
 environmental sanitation at factories (making certain that nature is not hurt by the factories); 
 developing types of energy other than those from gas or oil;
 biomedical engineering.

Notes 

Branches of chemistry
Engineering disciplines
Descendants of Victoria
Queen Victoria I married Prince Albert, a son of Duke Ernst I of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Therefore her descendants are members of the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Victoria's eldest son, Edward VII and his son George V reigned as members of this house. But during World War I there was a lot of hatred of anything German. A lot of this feeling was stirred up by newspapers. People with German names were beaten up, and shops with German names had their windows broken.  Even the Royal Family were accused of supporting Germany. On 17 July 1917 George V ordered the Royal Family to give up their German titles, and change German-sounding titles and house names for English-sounding versions. Prince Louis of Battenberg became Lord Louis Mountbatten. The Duke of Teck became the Marquis of Milford Haven and the name of the royal house, and the royal surname was changed to Windsor, after the town of Windsor and Windsor Castle.
When he heard about the change of name, German Emperor William II joked that he wanted to see Shakespeare's play The Merry Wives of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.

Descendants of Queen Elizabeth II
In April 1952, Queen Elizabeth II said that her descendants will keep the name and House of Windsor.

On 8 February 1960, the Queen decided instead to keep the House and Family of Windsor, however for non-royal male line descendants, the surname "Mountbatten-Windsor" was created.  Mountbatten is the surname adopted by Prince Philip before his marriage, an anglicization of his mother's family name of Battenberg.

List of monarchs in the House of Windsor
King George V of the United Kingdom (died 1936)
King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom abdicated  (died 1972)
King George VI of the United Kingdom (died 1952)
Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom (died 2022)
King Charles III of the United Kingdom (2022-)

The next in line for the throne is Prince William; if so he may be known as King William V of the United Kingdom.
Related pages
 British Royal Family
 Windsor, Berkshire

Further reading
Longford, Elizabeth Harman (Countess of Longford). The Royal House of Windsor. Revised ed. Crown, 1984.
Roberts, Andrew. The House of Windsor. University of California Press, 2000.

Other websites
 Royal Family Name from royal.gov.uk
 House of Windsor from royal.gov.uk
 Royal Family of Great Britain  including the Houses of Hanover, Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Windsor.
Jocelyne Saab (30 April 1948 – 7 January 2019) was a journalist and movie director from Beirut, Lebanon.

Saab died on 7 January 2019 from endometrial cancer in Paris, aged 70.

Movies
 1975: Portrait d'un mercenaire français
 1975: Lebanon in a Whirlwind
 1976: Les Enfants de la guerre
 1976: Sud-Liban - Histoire d'un village
 1976: Pour quelques vies
 1976: Beyrouth, jamais plus
 1978: Égypte, la cite des morts
 1979: Lettre de Beyrouth
 1985: Adolescente, sucre d'amour
 1995: Kanya Ya Ma Kan, Beyrouth
 2005: Dunia

Awards 
 Nomination for Grand Prix des Amériques 2005.
 Nomination for the Grand Jury Prize of the Sundance Film Festival 2006

References

Other websites 

1948 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from endometrial cancer
Cancer deaths in France
Journalists
Movie directors
People from Beirut
Ulva or the Isle of Ulva (Gaelic: Ulbha) is an island in the Inner Hebrides in Scotland. Around 16 people live there. At the beginning of the 19th century, 600 people lived there. Lachlan Macquarie who is sometimes known as the "Father of Australia", came from here.

Argyll and Bute
Inner and Outer Hebrides
Sugar Ray Robinson (born Walker Smith Jr., May 3, 1921 – April 12, 1989) was an American boxer. He won the welterweight and middleweight world championships. Many boxing historians rank Robinson as the best boxer who ever lived.

Early life 
Robinson was born in Ailey, Georgia. He moved to Harlem, New York City when he was 12.
Career 
He had no losses as an amateur boxer. He became a professional boxer in 1940 and won the welterweight title from Johnny Bratton in 1946. He then beat Jake LaMotta (who had, up to that time, been the only man to beat him) for the middleweight championship in 1951. He lost and regained the title from Randy Turpin before trying, and failing, to beat Joey Maxim for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. He retired later that year. He made a comeback, however, and won the middleweight title again in 1955. He lost it to Gene Fullmer in 1957, but defeated him in a rematch. Later that year Carmen Basilio also beat Robinson for the title, but Robinson defeated him in 1958 to get the championship back.

Death 
Robinson continued to fight until the 1960s. He died of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease at the age of 67 in Culver City, California in 1989.

Other websites 
 Boxing record 
 The Official Site of Sugar Ray Robinson
1921 births
1989 deaths
African-American boxers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from diabetes
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
Sportspeople from New York City
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Randolph Adolphus ('Randy') Turpin (7 June 1928 – 17 May 1966) was an English boxer who was the middleweight champion of the world in 1951.

Turpin was born in Leamington Spa to a white British mother and black Guyanan father. He became a professional boxer in 1946. In 1951, Sugar Ray Robinson traveled to England and gave Turpin an opportunity to fight for his middleweight championship. Turpin became only the second man to defeat Robinson when he won a fifteen-round decision.

Robinson and Turpin had a rematch in September 1951 where Robinson regained the title by a tenth-round knockout. 

He stopped boxing in the mid-1960s. He lived in Leamington Spa with his wife and four daughters. On 17 May 1966 in Leamington Spa he shot one of his daughters (who survived), then shot himself dead.

References

Other websites
Boxing record 
Tribute website
1928 births
1966 deaths
Black British sportspeople
British boxers
British criminals
Criminals who committed suicide
Sportspeople from Warwickshire
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides by firearm
Suicides in the United Kingdom
Maple (Latin name Acer ) is a genus of trees or shrubs. Sometimes they are put into a family of their own, the Aceraceae. At other times they are included in the Sapindaceae. To include them in the Sapindaceae is the more modern classification. There are between 100 and 200 species of maples. Most species are native to Asia, but some also occur in Europe, Northern Africa, and North America. 

The word Acer comes from a Latin word meaning "sharp". It was given because of the characteristic sharp points on the maple leaves. The first person to talk about the genus that way was French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1700. The type species of the genus is Acer pseudoplatanus (the sycamore maple).

''Theophrastus began the daunting task of applying specific names to plants, such as the maple, which was previously called several different names by various communities in ancient Greece''.
Seed dispersal  
The maple's distinctive fruit are called samaras, and known by many children as "helicopters" by the way they spin as they fall. Inside the fruit are found their seeds, which are in pairs. Each one is enclosed in a "nutlet" attached to a flattened wing of papery tissue. They are shaped to spin as they fall and carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind. One tree can release hundreds of thousands of seeds at a time. Some seeds can remain in the soil for several years before germinating.

What are maples used for? 
Maple trees are often planted as ornamental trees in cities. Some species resist the cold rather well. Sugar maples are grown to make maple syrup. Some maples are grown for timber (wood that is used for furniture).

Symbolism 
The flag of Canada shows a maple leaf.

References 

      2. edited by Tom Jackson, BIOLOGY : an illustrated history of life science 

Trees
Sapindaceae
Tilde Maria Henny Märta Fröling (born May 15, 1980) is a Swedish television personality and actress. She is the daughter of actress Ewa Fröling.  Fröling was born in Stockholm.

References

Other websites

1980 births
Living people
Swedish actors
Swedish singers
Swedish television presenters
Reality television participants
Marie Picasso (born 24 April 1979) is a Swedish reality show star, model and singer who rose to fame in 2002 when she was a housemate on Big Brother. She later got a job as a game show host on TV4 leading two different game shows. In 2007 she entered Idol 2007 where she is currently in the top 10 of the Swedish version of Pop Idol. Picasso won Pop idol on 7 December 2007 in Globen Arena in Stockholm with 51,3% of the votes and she won over the first runner up Amanda Jenssen. Her debut single is called "This Moment".

Source 
From Big Brother to Idol 2007

Other websites

1979 births
Big Brother contestants
Living people
Reality show winners
Swedish models
Swedish singers
The Eulipotyphla is an order of mammals. It was formed from those insectivorous mammals which are monophyletic, a single clade. The old order Insectivora is now abandoned because it was polyphyletic. The new order Eulipotyphla has been shown to be monophyletic.

The term insectivorous (insect eating) can still be used to describe lifestyle. It explains the food habits of this and some other groups of mammals, They are more closely related to Carnivora (cats, dogs, bears), Pholidota (pangolins), Chiroptera (bats), and Perissodactyla (equids). As part of the superorder Laurasiatheria.

Lifestyles
Although moles and shrews are not all strictly insectivorous, insects and other small animal life make up the main food of most members of the group. Some kinds, the otter shrews of Africa and the star-nosed mole of North America, for example, feed also upon fish. The Townsend mole of the Pacific Northwest often is a nuisance to bulb growers because of its fondness for the bulbs of many kinds of plants.
Moles, as a group, are subterranean in habit. They spend most of their lives in the darkness of underground tunnels which they dig for themselves. The eyes of all moles are very small, in some species actually not opening to the outside, and of little value to them: vestigial organs. On the other hand, their senses of touch and smell are highly developed.

Classification
 ORDER Eulipotyphla (old 'Insectivora')
 Family Erinaceidae
 Subfamily Erinaceinae: hedgehogs
 Subfamily Hylomyinae: moonrats and gymnures
 Family Soricidae (true shrews)
 Subfamily Crocidurinae: white-toothed shrews
 Subfamily Soricinae: red-toothed shrews
 Subfamily Myosoricinae: African white-toothed shrews
 Family Talpidae
 Subfamily Desmaninae: desmans
 Subfamily Talpinae: moles
 Subfamily Uropsilinae: shrew moles
 Family Solenodontidae: solenodons
 Family Nesophontidae: extinct West Indian shrews

Discards
The following groups are now placed in other orders:
Order Afrosoricida 
 Suborder Chrysochloridea
 Family Chrysochloridae (golden moles)
 Suborder Tenrecomorpha
 Family Tenrecidae (tenrecs)
 Order Macroscelidea
 Family Macroscelididae (elephant shrews)
 Order Scandentia
 Family Tupaiidae (treeshrews)
 Order Dermoptera
 Family Cynocephalidae (colugos)

References

Notes
Bad Kissingen is a city in Bavaria, Germany. About 22,421 people lived there in 2020.

History 
It was first mentioned in 801 CE. It is a "spa town", a place where people go to rest and relax. The well that is the source of the spa was first mentioned in 823 CE.

Well-known people 
 Jack Steinberger (born 1921), American physicist and Nobel Prize winner

References

Other websites 

Spa towns in Germany
Bad Kissingen (district)
A hostel is a place that rents beds to travelers. They are cheaper than hotels and offer less privacy and a community experience.

References 

Accommodations
Travel
Reuters ( ) is a British news agency owned by Thomson Reuters Corporation. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world.

The agency was established in London in 1851 by the German-born Paul Reuter. It was bought by the Thomson Corporation of Canada in 2008.

History

19th century 
Paul Reuter worked at a book-publishing firm in Berlin. He gave out radical pamphlets at the beginning of the Revolutions in 1848. In 1850, Reuter developed a news service in Aachen using homing pigeons and electric telegraphy from 1851 on.

Reuter moved to London in 1851 and established a news wire agency at the London Royal Exchange. Reuter's company covered topics like commercial news, serving banks, brokerage houses, and business firms. Reuter's company started becoming famous for reporting on important topics first many times. For example, it was the first in Europe to report Abraham Lincoln's assassination in 1865.
In 1872, Reuter's expanded into the Far East, followed by South America in 1874. In 1878, Reuter retired as managing director. He was replaced by his eldest son, Herbert de Reuter. In 1883, Reuter's began transmitting messages electrically to London newspapers.

20th century 
Reuter's son Herbert de Reuter continued as general manager until his death by suicide in 1915. The company returned to private ownership in 1916 and the company was renamed to "Reuters Limited", removing the apostrophe. In 1925, the Press Association (PA) of Great Britain became very interested in Reuters and some years later got full ownership. In 1945, Reuters was the first broadcasting company to broadcast news of Heinrich Himmler's attempts to negotiate with the western allies through Count Bernadotte, a Swedish nobleman.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 
 Times of Crisis – multimedia interactive charting the year of global change
 Bearing Witness award-winning multimedia reflecting on war in Iraq
 Reuters – The State of the World – News imagery of the 21st century
 Thomson Reuters Foundation  – philanthropic foundation
 

Media in the United Kingdom
Webby Award winners
1851 establishments
The Associated Press (also called the AP and AP Wire) is an American non-profit news media company. It is based in New York City. The AP is a non-profit cooperative owned by the newspapers, radio and Television stations who share its news stories. Most articles are written by staff members belonging to the Newspaper Guild Union, a part of the AFL-CIO. Many news organizations that are not members pay a fee to use the stories. The AP has more than 250 local news offices in more than 100 countries. 

In 2013 the United States Department of Justice announced it had secretly obtained records of telephone calls by AP a few months before the 2012 United States presidential election. Associated Press CEO Gary Pruitt called the DOJ action: a 'massive and unprecedented intrusion' of Freedom of the Press rights, according to Fox News. Eric Holder, the United States Attorney General, claimed that he was not involved.

See
AP official website
Media in the United States
Companies based in New York City
Manhattan
News media
AP can mean:
Associated Press - a news agency
Advanced Placement - a program that allows college level classes to be taken at school
BBC News is a free news channel, broadcast by BBC. It began on 9th November 1997 as BBC News 24 until it was rebranded to its current name on 21st April 2008. The BBC's website, bbc.co.uk, also features a section called BBC News. This section contains news articles and videos of broadcasts from the news channel.

Other websites 

BBC News at TV ARK 
The BBC News Styleguide 

1997 establishments in the United Kingdom
News
News
The Duchy of Saxe-Jena was one of the Ernestine duchies of the House of Wettin.

Part of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar was given to Bernhard, the fourth son of Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1672. The second duke had no male heirs to inherit the title, so the territory was taken back by Saxe-Weimar when the second duke died in 1690. .

Dukes of Saxe-Jena 
 Bernhard (1672 – 1678)
 Johann Wilhelm (1678 – 1690)
Reincorporated into Saxe-Weimar

States of the Holy Roman Empire
Thuringia
The Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach () was created in 1809 when the Ernestine duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were formally joined into one state. The two duchies had shared the same ruler since 1741, which is when the Saxe-Eisenach line had died out. It became a Grand Duchy in 1815.

In 1877, the Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach officially became the Grand Duchy of Saxony (), but this name was not often used. The Grand Duchy was abolished in 1918 with the other German monarchies, and the state joined others to form the new state of Thuringia in the Weimar Republic.

The Grand Dukes full title was Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Landgrave in Thuringia, Margrave of Meißen, Princely Count of Henneberg, Lord of Blankenhayn, Neustadt and Tautenburg.

Rulers of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1809 – 1815 
 Carl August, 1809 – 15; Duke of Saxe-Weimar and of Saxe-Eisenach from 1758
Grand Dukes of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1815 – 1918 
 Carl August, 1815 – 28
 Carl Friedrich, 1828 – 53
 Carl Alexander, 1853 – 1901
 Wilhelm Ernst, 1901 – 18

Heads of the House of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, 1918 – present 
 Grand Duke Wilhelm Ernst, 1918 – 23
 Hereditary Grand Duke Carl August, 1923 – 88
 Prince Michael, 1988 – present

Related pages
 Ernestine duchies

References

Other websites 
 

1809 establishments
1918 disestablishments in Germany
House of Wettin
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the German Confederation
States of the German Empire
States of the Holy Roman Empire
States of the North German Confederation
States of the Weimar Republic
Thuringia
Weimar
1800s establishments in Germany
Alligators and Caimans make up the second largest family of the crocodilians, Alligatoridae. There are 4 genera and about 7 known species of Alligatorids. Alligatorids range in size depending on species. The Chinese alligator (Aligator sinensis) is usually about  while the American Alligator (A. mississippiensis) is usually . The largest American alligator was  long. The Black Caiman of the Amazon can reach as much as .

Alligatorids live in the southern United States, Central America, northern South America and near the Yangzee river in China.
Alligators vs crocodiles
There are several differences between alligators and crocodiles. Alligators have shorter and wider snouts. They prefer fresh water to saltwater. Crocodiles have a gland that removes much of the salt. Alligators do not have this gland. In alligators, the fourth tooth of their lower jaw fits into a pit in the upper jaw. In crocodilians this tooth fits into a groove on the outside of the jaw. Alligators are also less aggressive than crocodilids. Usually only the largest of the species are a threat to humans.
Species 
 ORDER Crocodilia
 Family Alligatoridae
 Genus Leidyosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Deinosuchus (extinct)
 Subfamily Alligatorinae
 Genus Albertochampsa (extinct)
 Genus Chrysochampsa (extinct)
 Genus Hassiacosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Navahosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Ceratosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Allognathosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Hispanochampsa (extinct)
 Genus Arambourgia (extinct)
 Genus Procaimanoidea (extinct)
 Genus Wannaganosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Alligator
 Alligator prenasalis (extinct)
 Alligator mcgrewi (extinct)
 Alligator olseni (extinct)
 Chinese Alligator, Alligator sinensis 
 Alligator mefferdi (extinct)
 American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis
 Subfamily Caimaninae
 Genus Necrosuchus (extinct)
 Genus Eocaiman (extinct)
 Genus Paleosuchus
 Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman, Paleosuchus palpebrosus 
 Smooth-fronted Caiman, Paleosuchus trigonatus
 Genus Purussaurus (extinct)
 Genus Mourasuchus (extinct)
 Genus Orthogenysuchus (extinct)
 Genus Caiman
 Yacare Caiman, Caiman yacare
Spectacled Caiman, Caiman crocodilus 
 Rio Apaporis Caiman, C. c. apaporiensis 
 Brown Caiman, C. c. fuscus
 Caiman lutescans (extinct)
 Caiman sorontans (extinct) - Not reported in the literature, probably a nomen nudum
 Broad-snouted Caiman, Caiman latirostris 
 Genus Melanosuchus
 Melanosuchus fisheri (extinct)
 Black Caiman, Melanosuchus niger
References

Crocodilia
Gaza (, transliterated Ġazzah; , transliterated: Azzah) is the largest city inside the Gaza Strip and in the Palestinian territories. The city has a population of about 400,000. It is often named "Gaza City" to distinguish it from the larger Gaza Strip.

References

Cities in Palestine
Gaza Strip
A grand duchy is a country whose head of state is a Grand Duke or Grand Duchess.

The only grand duchy in existence today is Luxembourg. Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 when the Netherlands became an independent kingdom, and King William I of the Netherlands was made Grand Duke of Luxembourg. In 1890, the two countries separated.  William III of the Netherlands had no male heir, so in the Netherlands he was succeeded by Queen Wilhelmina but Luxembourg followed Salic law, which meant only a man could rule.  The present Grand Duke of Luxembourg is Henri.

However there are other houses of Europe that style themselves as Grand Dukes even if not wholly recognised by the rest of society.

The independent republics of Finland and Lithuania, and the Dutch province Limburg (Duchy of Limburg) have been Grand Duchies at certain times in their history.
The title and origins of grand duchies
The title Grand Duke (Latin: Magnus Dux, German: Großherzog, Italian: Gran Duca, French: Grand-Duc, Swedish: Storhertig, Lithuanian:Didysis kunigaikštis, Polish: Wielki książę, Czech: Velkovévoda) ranks in honour below King but higher than a sovereign Duke (Herzog) or Prince (Fürst). 

A Grand Duke (or Grand Duchess) is a person who rules a Grand Duchy.  But in the English language "Grand Duke" can also mean a type of prince who does not rule a country, but is related to the monarch.  In the Russian language Velikiy Knjaz are "Grand Princes", relatives of the Tsar, other princes were noblemen who ranked above a duke.  English says Grand Duke  instead of Grand Prince.

List of grand duchies
Between the Napoleonic Wars and World War I there were at least eight grand duchies in Europe: 

A lot of grand duchies were created in the Napoleonic era and by the Congress of Vienna and the German Confederation.
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569-1860, part of Italy afterwards)
 The Grand Duchy of Berg (1806-1813, part of Prussia afterwards)
 The Grand Duchy of Würzburg (1806-1814, part of Bavaria afterwards)
 The Grand Duchy of Baden (1806-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
 The Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt (1806-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
 The Grand Duchy of Finland (1809-1917 in Personal Union with Russia, Republic since 1917)
 The Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (1810-1813, part of several German states afterwards)
 The Grand Duchy of Poznan (1815-1848 as part of Prussia)
 The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (since 1815 in Personal Union with the Netherlands until 1890)
 The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
 The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1815-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871) 
 The Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1815-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (1829-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
 The Grand Duchy of Cracow (1846-1918 in Personal Union with Austria, part of Poland)
The Duchy of Warsaw(1807-1813) is sometimes called a Grand Duchy but it was not.  

Today Luxembourg is the only remaining grand duchy.  However some old Grand Duchies still retain the titles granted to them usually in the Congress of Vienna.

Form of address
Most reigning Grand Dukes were called Royal Highness. Titles and styles for other members of the families were different.  In Hesse-Darmstadt and in Baden, junior members were called Grand Ducal Highness. 

The only current grand ducal family in existence, Luxembourg, styles calls its junior members Royal Highnesses, but they were also Princes of Parma.

A Russian Grand Duke or Grand Duchess was an Imperial Highness.

Related pages
 Duchy
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania
 Nobility

Forms of government
Royalty and nobility
António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, (April 28, 1888 – July 27, 1970) was the Prime Minister and dictator of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. He was the President of the Republic in 1951, as interim. He started and led the Estado Novo ("New State"), the authoritarian, right-wing government that ruled Portugal from 1932 to 1974.

Early life 
Salazar was born in Vimieiro, Santa Comba Dão, Portugal. His father had been a farm worker who became the farm manager for the Perestrelos family. His great grandfather had been a landowner and nobleman. He studied at the Viseu Seminary from 1900 to 1914 with the hope of becoming a priest. He changed his mind and studied Law at University of Coimbra.
Following a military revolution in 1926 which overthrew a civilian government of squabbling politicians and a country close to failure, Dr. Salazar was invited to take control of the finances of the then-failed state. Dr. Salazar was Finance Minister for 13 days, but resigned in disgust over interference by politicians and soldiers and went back to his university. He was again persuaded to take over as Finance Minister in 1928, which he did conditionally on an assurance of greater powers for himself with minimal interference from the military. Salazar continued as minister until 1932, and was widely credited with turning the fledgling economy around.

As Prime Minister 

Dr Salazar was Prime Minister from 1932 until 1968.
He ruled Portugal for almost 40 years, managing to keep Portugal away from the Second World War as well as preventing a Spanish invasion by keeping friends with both sides. Salazar died in 1970. Often called a fascist by his opponents, Dr Salazar's regime was instrumental in issuing Portuguese travel documents to thousands of Jews fleeing though Europe and to Portugal a boarding point for the ultimate destination in North America. Unfortunately Dr. Salazar's contribution to this humanitarian cause was never acknowledged as this activity had to be toned down in the later years of the war. Instead, the overzealous Consul to France Aristides de Sousa Mendes is often given credit, despite the fact that it was he who recklessly endagered the operation by issuing a flood of travel documents in assembly line fashion. Tens of thousands of such documents were issued by him in the months of June and July of 1940. Salazar's cease-and-desist orders to Mendes are often highlighted
. Incidently, the United States had issued similar instructions to all its missions abroad many years earlier, purportedly because of the fear that Germany would smuggle in spies amongst fleeing Jewish refugees. President Hoover ordered U.S. consuls to strictly interpret the LPC clause of the immigration law. President Franklin Roosevelt failed to push for a change in immigration laws and policy.
A little known fact is that Salazar's Portugal was the only European nation at the time to have non-white people at all levels of administration and judiciary. Dark-skinned people termed "colonial subjects" by other contemporary colonial powers very rarely qualified for rights similar to those enjoyed by the citizens of their colonial masters. Portugal accorded its subjects full civil status. It was the only state anywhere in the western world to have non-European non-white Members of Parliament. This status, however, was not universally available to the black people of the African territories i.e. those who were not "assimilados" (which literately translates to "assimilated") which meant those Africans who had not given up their tribal customs nor reached minimum educational standards
. Roughly 4% of the African populace was considered "assimilado" while the people native to the overseas colonies of Cape Verde, India, and China were considered universally "assimilados" even though in the latter two territories, people were not largely Roman Catholic nor did most speak the Portuguese language.
In the mid-sixties, Portugal and its colonies found themselves in the front line of the Cold war, with a proxy war which drained Portugal of its resources. Salazar was blamed for a war he had no control over as well as the consequent impoverishment of his country. Thousands from mainland Portugal fled into neighbouring European countries, particularly France, to avoid the military draft and the war in Africa. Most took up menial jobs and were a convinient source of low cost labour to Europe. This expatriate segment of society became increasingly empowered after a military coup overthrew the government of Salazar's successor Marcello Caetano in 1974. Many returned to Portugal to become next generation politicians.

The term "fascist regime" probably stems from an attempt by this sizable group to demonize the fallen regime and justify their flight from a country at war.
The colonies 
In 1945 Portugal had large colonial Empire, including Cape Verde Islands, São Tomé e Principe, Angola (including Cabinda), Portuguese Guinea, and Mozambique in Africa; Goa, Damão (including Dadra and Nagar Haveli), and Diu in India; Macau in China; and Portuguese Timor in Southeast Asia. Salazar was determined to keep control of Portugal's territories. After the war the colonies were in a mess. The Indian nationalists in Goa wanted their country to join with the new independent state of India. There strikes and protests by the local people against the Portuguese. The Indian Armed Forces invaded and took over Goa, Daman and Diu in 1961. Revolutions against the Portuguese were started in Mozambique, Angola, and Portuguese Guinea.
Death 
In 1968, Salazar suffered a major stroke, reportedly caused by falling from his chair at his summer house.  President Américo Thomaz was forced to replace him with Marcelo Caetano on September 27, 1968.  Salazar died in Lisbon on July 27, 1970.  Tens of thousands of people went to the funeral and the Requiem Mass and watched the journey of the special train that carried his coffin to his hometown of Santa Comba Dão. He was buried next to his ancestors and the farmers of the region, in a plain ordinary grave.Decades as a "dictator" and Salazar's worldly possessions were almost the literal "shirt on his back" . He died without ever having purchased a motor car, the modest house he lived in Lisbon belonged to the State and is reported as having had two pairs of suits in his wardrobe.

References 

1889 births
1970 deaths
Former dictators
Prime Ministers of Portugal
The format saw Grahame attempt several jobs on each show, which included various unpleasant tasks such as rubbish collecting, deep sea fishing, and waste management. The show's premise was to see whether or not she would perform the tasks given to her and keep her job for a day, or whether she would quit or be sacked due to her infamous tantrums. The concept of the show was taken from one of the tasks Nikki undertook while in the Big Brother house. During the task, she was assigned as Big Brother's personal assistant and had to carry out various duties, which often resulted in Nikki throwing a tantrum and refusing to comply.

The theme music for the programme has been adapted from the 1982 hit single "Hey Mickey!" by Toni Basil, with the lyrics "Hey Nikki!" used as a replacement.

Contrary to rumors, no second season is planned. Creative director Philip Edgar-Jones confirmed the series is finished in an interview with Brother's Bar.
2006 British television series debuts
2006 British television series endings
2000s British television series
Channel 4 reality television programmes
James William Van Der Beek, Jr. (born March 8, 1977) is an American television and movie actor. He was born in Cheshire, Connecticut. He is best known for his role as Dawson Leery in Dawson's Creek. Was also cameo ed in the show (Inside job) as one of the protagonist "Bret"

Other websites 

1977 births
Living people
Actors from Connecticut
American movie actors
American television actors
Dawson's Creek is an American primetime television drama which aired from January 20, 1998, to May 14, 2003, on The WB Television Network. The lead production company was Sony Pictures Television. Reruns of the show are currently seen in the US in syndication on TBS and on The N. with Katie Holmes in one of the leading roles. It is set in Massachusetts.

Other websites 

1998 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
1990s American drama television series
1990s teen television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s teen television series
American teen drama television series
Television series set in Massachusetts
WB network shows
English-language television programs
The WB original programming
General Hospital (commonly abbreviated GH) is the longest-running ABC Daytime American soap opera broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company television network. It is also the longest-running serial produced in Hollywood (having been taped at the Prospect Avenue ABC Television Center West and Sunset-Gower Studios).

Set in the fictional city of Port Charles, New York, General Hospital debuted on April 1, 1963, the same day that rival network NBC launched its own medical daytime drama, The Doctors. The show originally aired for a half-hour until the network expanded it to the unusual length of 45 minutes in 1976, and then to a full hour in 1978. The serial was created by soap writers Frank and Doris Hursley, a husband-and-wife team.
General Hospital is credited for starting several trends in the soap opera genre in the 1980s, most notably that of the fast-paced action-adventure plotlines that were remarkably different from the more traditional domestic and social issues that had been the sole focus of most soap operas during the previous decades. In 2003, when GH was celebrating its 40th anniversary, TV Guide named it "The Greatest Soap Opera Of All Time." In addition, GH was also named as one of TIME Magazine's "Top 100 Television Shows of All Time."

Cast

Current cast members

Recurring cast

Upcoming cast changes

Debuting and returning

References
References 

1960s American television series
1963 television series debuts
1960s drama television series
1970s American television series
1970s drama television series
1970s American workplace television series
1980s American drama television series
1980s American workplace television series
1980s soap operas
1980s workplace drama television series
1990s American drama television series
1990s American workplace television series
1990s soap operas
1990s workplace drama television series
2000s American drama television series
2000s American workplace television series
2000s soap operas
2000s workplace drama television series
2010s American drama television series
2010s American workplace television series
2010s soap operas
2010s workplace drama television series
American medical television series
American soap operas
American workplace drama television series
Television series set in New York (state)
English-language television programs
Popstars is a reality show where a number of people audition of a spot in a new popgroup. The concept has been sold to most parts of the world.
Also solo artists has been searched for in this show, Girls Aloud are one of the most famous groups coming out from the reality show also Nicole Scherzinger from Pussycat Dolls audition for a spot on Edens Crush on American Popstars.

Reality television series
Nicole Elikolani Valiente Prascovia Scherzinger (born June 29, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter, television personality, and philanthrophist.

Early life 
Her father is of Filipino ancestry. Her mother is of Hawaiian and Ukrainian ancestry. Her Catholic parents separated when she was a baby. At age six, she moved to Louisville, Kentucky. She took her German American stepfather's surname when he adopted her.

Personal life 
Since 2006, Scherzinger has had an on-off relationship with Lewis Hamilton. She has had bulimia nervosa.

Career 
Scherzinger was one of the group members in Edens Crush after winning a spot from the reality show Popstars. Scherzinger was later a member of the Pussycat Dolls. On November 16, 2007, she released her first solo album, Killer Love.