Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Victoria Principal (born January 3, 1950) is an American actress and businessperson. She was born in Japan, where her father was stationed in the U.S. forces.

In 1970, Principal moved to Hollywood. She won her first film role as Marie Elena, a Mexican mistress, in John Huston's The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972) (opposite Paul Newman). She got a Golden Globe nomination as Most Promising Newcomer for this role.

She starred in many movies and TV programs. Her most notable acting was playing Pamela Barnes Ewing in the nighttime television series Dallas. She spent nine years on the long-running series, leaving in 1987.

References

1950 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Winton is a small town nine kilometres north east of Benalla, Victoria. About 2,800 people live in the town and the other small towns in the area. It is home to the Winton Motor Raceway, a three kilometre motor racing track. Winton was first settled in 1853, and the town was surveyed in 1857. The Hume Highway from Melbourne to Sydney passed through the town, but the Hume Freeway bypassed Winton in 1987.

References

Towns in Victoria (Australia)
Grevillea is a genus of about 360 species of evergreen flowering plants in the protea family Proteaceae. It comes from Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Sulawesi. It was named after Charles Francis Greville. The species are quite different from each other, from low growing shrubs less than 0.5 m tall to trees 35 m tall. Common names include Grevillea, Spider Flower, Silky-oak and Toothbrush.

Grevilleas are closely related to the genus Hakea, the genus gives its name to the subfamily Grevilleoideae. Many species of grevilleas are popular garden plants, especially in Australia but also in other temperate and subtropical climates. Many grevilleas interbreed freely, and some specially picked hybrids have been grown for sale. Among the best known are Grevillea 'Robyn Gordon', a small shrub up to 1.5 metres high and wide which can flower 12 months of the year in subtropical climates.

Proteaceae
Western European Time (WET, UTC±00:00) is a time zone covering parts of western Europe, with countries using UTC±00:00 (also known as Greenwich Mean Time, called GMT). It is one of the three standard time zones in the European Union, with Central European Time and Eastern European Time.

References

Time zones
Agnès Sorel (1421 – 9 February 1450), was a favourite mistress of King Charles VII of France.  Charles VII was the father of her three daughters.

She was the subject of several contemporary paintings and works of art, including Jean Fouquet's Virgin and Child Surrounded by Angels.

Life in the royal court 
Sorel was twenty years old when she was first introduced to King Charles. She was a very beautiful young woman, and was also of above-average intelligence. The French king  immediately fell in love, and she soon became his mistress. The King gave her the Château de Loches (where he had been persuaded by Joan of Arc to be crowned King of France) as her private residence.

Sorel's presence was alleged to have brought the king out of a protracted depression. She had a very strong influence on the king, and that, in addition to her extravagant tastes, earned her a number of powerful enemies at court.

Suspicious death
Suspicious death 

Agnès gave birth to three daughters fathered by the King: Marie de France, Charlotte de France, and Jeanne de France. While pregnant with their fourth child, she journeyed from Chinon in deep midwinter to join Charles on the campaign of 1450 in Jumièges, wanting to be with him as moral support. There, she suddenly became ill and died at the age of 28. While the cause of death was originally thought to be dysentery. In 2005 French forensic scientist Philippe Charlier examined her remains and found that the cause of death was mercury poisoning.  This did not mean Sorel was murdered, because mercury was sometimes used in cosmetic preparations and also to treat worms.  this could therefore have been the reason for her death.

Sorel's cousin Antoinette de Maignelais took her place as mistress to the king after her death.
Agnès Sorel in the Arts
 Agnès Sorel plays a main part in Voltaire's epic La Pucelle.
 Two Russian operas from the late 19th century portray Agnès Sorel (and Charles VII) among the dramatis personae.  These are Pyotr Tchaikovsky's The Maid of Orleans and César Cui's The Saracen.

Foods
Woodcock salmis Agnès Sorel was a dish probably created by herself, but many chefs have name recipes after her because she was known to be interested in food

References

Publications

 Duquesne, Vie et Aventures galantes de la belle Sorel, (Paris, 1909)
 Autheman, Marc, Agnès Sorel: l'inspiratrice,(2008), 

1421 births
1450 deaths
House of Valois
People with foods named after them
Deaths in childbirth
French models
French nobility
People from Indre-et-Loire
Strip Me is the third album by Natasha Bedingfield. It was released exclusively in the United States and Canada on December 7, 2010. The record was not as successful as the previous records Unwritten and Pocketful of Sunshine, although the song, also titled "Strip Me", reached number 23 on the Adult Contemporary format.

Natasha Bedingfield albums
2010 albums
Phrenologists and ethnographers used both death masks and life masks (taken from living people) for scientific and pseudoscientific purposes. A death mask is a wax or plaster cast made of a person’s face. Death masks may be mementos of the dead, or used for creation of portraits. It is sometimes possible to tell if paintings have been copied from death masks, because shape of the face is altered by the weight of the plaster during the making of the mould. In some cultures a death mask may be a clay or other item placed on the face of the dead person before burial rites. The best known of these are the masks used by ancient Egyptians as part of the mummification process, such as Tutankhamon’s burial mask. In the 17th century in some European countries, it was common for death masks to be used as part of the effigy of the deceased, displayed at state funerals. During the 18th and 19th centuries they were also used to keep a record the faces of unknown bodies. This is now done with photographs.

History
History

Sculptures
Masks of dead people are a tradition in many countries. The most important process of the funeral ceremony in ancient Egypt was the mummification of the body. After prayers and consecration, the body was put into a sarcophagus decorated with gold and gems. A special part of the rite was a sculpted mask, put on the face of the dead person. This mask strengthened the spirit of the mummy and guarded the soul from evil spirits on its way to the afterworld. The best known mask is that of Tutankhamun. Made of gold and gems, the mask shows the highly stylized features of the ancient ruler. Such masks were not, however, made from casts of the features. The mummification process itself kept the features of the dead person.
In 1876 the archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann discovered in Mycenae six graves, which he believed were those of kings and ancient Greek heroes—Agamemnon, Cassandra, Evrimdon and others. To his surprise, the skulls were covered with gold masks. It is now thought by some unlikely that the masks actually belonged to Agamemnon and other heroes of the Homeric epics.

The lifelike character of Roman portrait sculptures has been linked to the earlier Roman use of wax to keep the features of dead family members. The wax masks were then remade in stone.

Casts
Casts

In the late Middle Ages, a shift took place from sculpted masks to true death masks, made of wax or plaster. These masks were not buried with the dead. Instead, they were used in funeral ceremonies and were later kept in libraries, museums and universities. Death masks were taken not only of dead royalty and nobility (Henry VIII, Sforza), but also of important people—poets, philosophers, and dramaturges, such as Dante, Filippo Brunelleschi, Torquato Tasso, Blaise Pascal and Voltaire. Like in ancient Rome, death masks were often then used in making marble sculpture portraits, busts or engravings of the deceased.

Oliver Cromwell’s death mask is kept at Warwick Castle. Another famous death mask is that of Napoleon Bonaparte, taken on the island of Saint Helena and displayed at London’s British Museum.
In Russia, the death mask tradition dates back to the times of Peter the Great, whose death mask was made by Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli. Also well known are death masks of Alexander I, Nicholas I and Alexander II.

One of the first real Ukrainian death masks was that of the poet Taras Shevchenko, made by Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg in St. Petersburg, Russia.

Science

Death masks were used by scientists from the late 18th century onwards to record differences in human physiognomy. The life mask was also increasingly common at this time, taken from living persons. Anthropologists used such masks to study physiognomic features in famous persons and notorious criminals. Masks were also used to collect data on racial differences.

Forensics

Before the invention of photography, the faces of unknown bodies were sometimes kept by making death masks so that relatives of the dead could recognize them if they were looking for a missing person.
One such mask, known as L'Inconnue de la Seine, recorded the face of a young woman who had drowned in the Seine River at Paris around the late 1880s. A worker at the Paris morgue was so taken by her beauty that he made a plaster cast of her face. She was considered so beautiful that in the following years copies of the mask became a fashionable item in Parisian Bohemian society. The face of Resusci Anne, the world’s first CPR training mannequin, introduced in 1960, was modeled after L'Inconnue de la Seine.

Related pages
Portrait
Sculpture

References

Other websites

 Laurence Hutton Collection of Life and Death Masks 
 Before and After Death  Photographic portraits of people before, and immediately after, they die
 Collection of Death Masks  History of death masks, Pictures of death masks and historical resources
 Ancient Egyptian Masks by Egy King

Death customs
Alfred Emanuel Smith, Jr. (December 30, 1873 – October 4, 1944), known in private and public life as Al Smith, was an American statesman who was elected the 42nd Governor of New York four times, and was the Democratic US presidential candidate in 1928. He was a leader of the Progressive Movement, and was noted for making a wide range of reforms as governor in the 1920s.  He was also linked to the Tammany Hall machine that controlled Manhattan politics; he was a strong opponent of prohibition.
Smith was the first Catholic to run for President, and attracted many thousands of ethnic voters.  However he was especially unpopular among Southern Baptists and German Lutherans, who feared the pope would dictate his policies. It was a time of national prosperity, and Smith lost in a landslide to Republican Herbert Hoover. Smith tried for the 1932 nomination, but was defeated by his former ally Franklin D. Roosevelt.  Smith entered business in New York City, and became an increasingly vocal opponent of Roosevelt's New Deal.

In 1939 he was appointed a Papal Chamberlain of the Sword and Cape, one of the highest honors the Papacy bestowed on a layman, which today is styled a Gentlemen of His Holiness.

Smith died at the Rockefeller Institute Hospital on October 4, 1944 of a heart attack, at the age of 70, broken-hearted over the death of his wife from cancer five months earlier. He is interred at Calvary Cemetery.
Namesake
Alfred Smith is the namesake of buildings, schools, a playground, a fireboat, a park, a youth center, a military camp and a philanthropic foundation.
Alfred E. Smith Building, a 1928 skyscraper in Albany, New York
Governor Alfred E. Smith Houses, a public housing development in Lower Manhattan, near his birthplace
PS 1 Alfred E. Smith School, a school in Manhattan's Chinatown.
PS 163 Alfred E. Smith School, a school on the Upper West Side of Manhattan
Alfred E. Smith Career and Technical Education High School in the South Bronx.
Governor Alfred E. Smith Park, a playground in the Two Bridges neighborhood in Manhattan, near his birthplace
Governor Alfred E. Smith, a former front line and current reserve fireboat in the New York City Fire Department fleet.
Governor Alfred E. Smith Sunken Meadow State Park, a state park on Long Island
Alfred E. Smith Recreation Center, a youth activity center in the Two Bridges neighborhood, Manhattan.
Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner, a fundraiser held for Catholic Charities and a stop on the presidential campaign trail
Smith Hall, a residence hall at Hinman College, SUNY Binghamton.
Camp Smith, a State owned military installation of the New York Army National Guard in Cortlandt Manor near Peekskill, NY, about  north of New York City, at the northern border of Westchester County, and consists of .
Alfred E. Smith IV, former member of the New York Stock Exchange, philanthropist, Chairman of the Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center
Big Hearted Al candy bar, named after Smith by a supporter who owned a candy factory
References

1873 births
1944 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Governors of New York (state)
Politicians from New York City
People with foods named after them
20th-century American politicians
Edwardstone is a village and civil parish in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. In 2011, there were 352 people living in Edwardstone civil parish. The parish contains the villages and hamlets of Mill Green, Priory Green, Round Maple and Sherbourne Street.

History 
The name Edwardstone means Farmstead of a man called Edweard. Edwardstone was listed in the Domesday Book as Eduardestuna. Edwardstone was once in the Babergh hundred.

Edwardstone Hall was a country house located in the village. It was demolished in 1952, but there are several other buildings still located on its land, including two listed buildings described below: the Church of St Mary the Virgin and Temple Bar.
Population 
Edwardstone civil parish had a population (population is the number of people living in a place) of 352 in 2011, 343 in 2001, 299 in 1961, 349 in 1951, 368 in 1931, 341 in 1921, 415 in 1911, 416 in 1901, 420 in 1891, 438 in 1881, 479 in 1851, 495 in 1841, 503 in 1831, 416 in 1821, 374 in 1811 and 362 in 1801. In 1086 there were 32 households in Edwardstone, which was quite large compared to other settlements.
Features 
The parish contains the villages and hamlets (a hamlet is a settlement without a church) of Mill Green, Priory Green, Round Maple and Sherbourne Street. Edwardstone has a church called the Church of St Mary the Virgin. Edwardstone is on a tributary (a tributary is a smaller river that flows into another) of the River Stour. Edwardstone civil parish has 31 Listed buildings. Edwardstone has a Cricket Team in Hunts County Division 2. The team plays its home games at Homefields, Boxford. In the "History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Suffolk, and the Towns Near Its Borders" Edwardstone had 1872 acres of land which was mostly arable (land that can be used for growing crops), but it also included 105 acres of woodland.

The forest surrounding the village is called Edwardstone Woods. It is mainly broadleaved, mixed and yew woodland. It has been classified as scientifically important by the British government.

Listed buildings 

There are 31 listed buildings in Edwardstone.
Barn to the North of Lynn's Hall (Grade II)
 Borehouse Manor Farmhouse (Grade II)
 Christmas House (Grade II)
 Church of St Mary the Virgin (Grade I)
 Crossways (Grade II)
 Earls Cottages (Grade II)
 Edwardstone House (Grade II)
 Edwardstone Lodge (Grade II)
 Garden Wall to Sherbourne House (Grade II)
 General Stores (Grade II)
 Hathaway Cottage Little Thatch (Grade II), a cottage with a thatched roof. It has two gabled dormers and a ridge chimney stack.
 Hideaway Corner (Grade II)
 Home Farmhouse (Grade II)
 Juglans (Grade II)
 Lynn's Hall (Grade II)
 Manora (Grade II)
 Mill Green Cottage (Grade II)
 Mill Green End (Grade II)
 Moat Farm Cottage (Grade II)
 Priory Cottage (Grade II)
 Priory Green Cottage (Grade II)
 Quicks Farmhouse (Grade II), was a farmhouse and is now a house. It has a red-brick front. The inner part has bridging beams with lamb's tongue (or ogee) stops and ceiling joists. The upper part of the front range has been changed, probably in 1859.
 Sans Souci (Grade II)
Seasons (Grade II), an 18th/19th century building, which has 1 story and a thatched roof. It has been renovated.
 Sherbourne Cottage (Grade II)
 Sherbourne House (Grade II)
 Sideways (Grade II)
 Temple Bar (Grade II), a red-brick gatehouse with an archway. It formed the entrance to Edwardstone Hall.
 The Flushing (Grade II), an 18th-century or early 19th-century building, which has been renovated and has 2 storeys. It also has a central gabled porch.
 The Thatched Cottage (Grade II)
 Tudor Cottage (Grade II)
Notable people 
 John Winthrop was born in Edwardstone.

References 
GENUKI

Other websites 

 Edwardstone Estate 
 Designer Vertical gardens

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
Groton is a village and civil parish in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. Groton has a church called St Bartholomew Church. The parish contains the hamlets of Broad Street, Castling's Heath, Gosling Green, Horner's Green and Parliament Heath. In 2001, there were 222 people living in Groton.

History 
The name Groton might mean sandy or pebbly stream. Groton was listed in the Domesday Book as Grotena.

References 

Villages in Suffolk
Civil parishes in Suffolk
Settlements in Babergh
Booker T. Jones (born November 12, 1944) is an American musician, songwriter, record producer and arranger. He is famous as the leader of the band Booker T. & the M.G.'s. He has also worked in recording studios with some of the highest regarded musicians of the 20th and 21st centuries, and in 2007 was given a Grammy Award for a lifetime of good work.

Albums
 Green Onions (1962)
 I Want You (1981)
 Potato Hole (2009)

References

Other websites
 Official homepage
Booker T. interview May 2009
Article
AV Club: article
wtop.com: article

African American musicians
American R&B musicians
American songwriters
American soul musicians
Musicians from Memphis, Tennessee
1944 births
Living people
Louis Gabriel Suchet, 1st Duc d'Albufera (2 March 1770 – 3 January 1826) was a Marshal of France and one of Napoleon's most brilliant generals.

Early career
He was the son of a silk manufacturer at Lyon, where he was born, originally intended to follow his father's business; but as a volunteer in the cavalry of the national guard at Lyons in 1792 his military ability got him rapid promotion. As chef de bataillon he was present at the Siege of Toulon in 1793, where he took General O'Hara prisoner.
|A divisional commander in the campaigns against the Third and Fourth Coalitions
Suchet was one of the few senior French officers serving in Spain who managed to preserve their reputation intact.
In the campaigns of 1805 and 1806 he greatly enhanced his reputation at Austerlitz, Saalfeld, Jena, Pułtusk and Ostrolenka. He obtained the title of count on 19 March 1808, married on 16 November of the same year Mlle. Honorine Anthoine de Saint-Joseph (Marseille, 26 February 1790 – Paris, 13 April 1884), a niece of Julie Clary, the wife of Joseph Bonaparte, and soon afterwards was ordered to Spain. He was named commander of the army of Aragon and governor of that region, and in two years brought the area into complete submission. Beaten by the Spanish at Alcañiz, he sprung back and soundly defeated the army of Blake at María on 14 June 1809, and on 22 April 1810 defeated Henry Joseph O'Donnell, Count of La Bisbal at Lleida.
He was made marshal of France (8 July 1811). In 1812 he captured Valencia, for which he was rewarded with the ducal victorious title  of duc d'Albufera da Valencia in 1813.

The restored Bourbon king Louis XVIII made him a peer of France on 4 June, with a seat in the upper house, but, having commanded one of Napoleon's armies on the Alpine frontier during the Hundred Days, he was deprived of his peerage on 24 July 1815. He died near Marseille on 3 January 1826.

Personal life
He married in 1808 Honorine de Saint-Joseph (1790 – 1884) and had 3 children:
Louise-Honorine (1811 – 1885)
Louis-Napoleon (1813 – 1877)
Anne-Marie (1820 – 1835)

Foods
Carême named several dishes after Albufera, including
Poularde Albufera, a chicken dish designed to be accompanied by
Albufera Sauce

1770 births
1826 deaths

Marshals of France
People with foods named after them
Porter Wayne Wagoner (August 12, 1927 – October 28, 2007) was an American country music singer and songwriter. 

Wagoner made 53 studio albums. He had 80 singles, including three number one singles.

Wagoner was part of Grand Ole Opry. He was nicknamed, Mr. Grand Ole Opry.

Wagoner won three Grammy Awards.

He was elected into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2002.

On October 28, 2007, Wagoner died of lung cancer in Nashville, Tennessee.

Other websites 
 Porter Wagoner's Official website

American singer-songwriters
Musicians from Missouri
Singers from Missouri
American guitarists
Country musicians
Grammy Award winners
1927 births
2007 deaths
Ernest Jennings Ford (February 13, 1919 – October 17, 1991) was an American country music and gospel singer and actor. 

He served in World War II as a bombardier and flew missions over Japan.

He made 57 studio albums and had 83 singles during the course of his musical career.  In 1955 he sang the song Sixteen Tons.  He snapped his fingers on the recording.  The song sold over a million copies.

He won a Grammy Award in 1964 for best album.

He hosted a daytime talk/variety show from 1962 to 1965 known as The Tennessee Ernie Ford Show (later Hello, Peapickers).

He was elected into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1990 and was also elected into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1994.

He died of liver failure on October 17, 1991 in Reston, Virginia.

Other websites 
Tennessee Ernie Ford's Official website

References
References

1919 births
1991 deaths
Singers from Tennessee
American television actors
Musicians from Tennessee
American guitarists
Country musicians
American gospel musicians
Grammy Award winners
American television personalities
Actors from Tennessee
Vevey is a town in Switzerland. Vevey is the site of the world headquarters of  Nestlé, founded in 1867. Milk chocolate was invented in Vevey by Daniel Peter in 1857.

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities in Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut
Cities in Switzerland
Sandra Kay "Sandy" Duncan (born February 20, 1946) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She starred in many television programs and movies. She has also been doing stage acting during her career. Sandy starred in the television sitcom The Hogan Family. She was born in Henderson, Texas.

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Texas
Singers from Texas
1946 births
Living people
Steven Lee Cropper (born October 21, 1941 in Willow Springs, Missouri), also known as Steve "The Colonel" Cropper, is an American guitarist, songwriter and producer. He is best known as the guitarist with Booker T. & the M.G.'s who made instrumental music for singers such as Otis Redding, Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas, Rufus Thomas and Johnnie Taylor. He sometimes also helped make records by these singers. He also became known as a member of the Blues Brothers band. Rolling Stone lists him 36th on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.

References

1941 births
Living people
American soul musicians
American R&B musicians
American funk musicians
Musicians from Missouri
American guitarists
Jesse Royal Carmichael (born 2 April 1979) is an American musician, guitarist & keyboardist. He is best known as the secondary guitar player and keyboardist for the Grammy Award winning band Maroon 5. In 1994, he joined with Maroon 5 frontman Adam Levine and Mickey Madden, current bassist, and formed Kara's Flowers. He recorded the debut album Songs About Jane with the rest of the band Levine, Madden, James Valentine, and Ryan Dusick.

Personal life
Carmichael was born in Boulder, Colorado, United States on April 2, 1979. He went to Five Towns College with the rest of his band mates. While he was in college he began getting interested in playing the piano and keyboards. He then joined Kara's Flowers and released the album The Fourth World in 1998. Kara's Flowers then disbanded and re connected years later in 2002 and began recording material with Maroon 5.

1863
As a solo artist, Carmichael uses a stage name 1863. He released his debut EP album Five Songs on June 4, 2012 digitally.
1979 births
Living people
American rock guitarists
American keyboardists
American punk musicians
Maroon 5
Musicians from Colorado
People from Boulder, Colorado
Alexander I of Russia (, Aleksandr I Pavlovich) ( – ), also known as Alexander the Blessed (, Aleksandr Blagoslovennyi) was Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and the first Russian King of Poland from 1815 to 1825. He was also the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland and Lithuania.

He was born in Saint Petersburg to Grand Duke Paul Petrovich, later Emperor Paul I, and Maria Feodorovna, daughter of the Duke of Württemberg. He succeeded to the throne after his father was murdered, and ruled Russia during the Napoleonic Wars.

His sudden death in Taganrog, under allegedly suspicious circumstances, caused the spread of the rumours that Alexander did not die in 1825, but disappeared to live the rest of his life in anonymity.

Early life and throne ascension 
Alexander was born in 23th December (O.S. 12 December) 1777 in Saint Petersburg. He was the eldest son of Tsar Paul I and one of Catherine the Great's grandchildren. In 1801, he began to reign Russia after his father Paul I was murdered.
Private life
On 9 October 1793, Alexander married Louise of Baden, known as Elisabeth Alexeyevna after her conversion to the Orthodox Church. He later told his friend Frederick William III that the marriage, a political match devised by his grandmother, Catherine the Great, regrettably proved to be a misfortune for him and his wife. Their two children of the marriage died young.
 Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (29 May 1799 – 8 July 1800) – rumoured to be the child of Adam Czartoryski
 Grand Duchess Elizabeth Alexandrovna of Russia (16 November 1806 – 12 May 1808); died of infection

Alexander had nine illegitimate children.

With Sophia Vsevolojsky (1775–1848)
 Nikolai Loukache (11 December 1796 – 20 January 1868)

With Maria Naryshkina (1779–1854)
 Zenaida Naryshkina (1806 – 18 May 1810)
 Sophia Naryshkina (1808 – 18 June 1824)
 Emanuel Naryshkin (30 July 1813 – 31 December 1901)
With Marguerite-Josephine Weimer (1787–1867)
 Maria Alexandrovna Parijskaia  (19 March 1814–1874)
 Wilhelmine Alexandrine Pauline Alexandrov (1816 – 4 June 1863)

With Veronica Dzierzanowska
 Gustave Ehrenberg (14 February 1818 – 28 September 1895)

With Princess Barbara Tourkestanova (1775 – 20 March 1819)
 Maria Tourkestanova (20 March 1819 – 19 December 1843)

With Maria Ivanovna Katatcharova (1796–1824)
 Nikolai Vassilievich Isakov (10 February 1821 – 25 February 1891)

Mysterious death

 Alexander became increasingly suspicious of those around him, especially after an attempt was made to kidnap him when he was on his way to the conference in Aachen, Germany.
The unexpected death of the Emperor far from the capital caused rumours that his death and funeral were staged so he could spend the rest of his life in solitude.  Some say the former emperor became a monk in Pochaev Lavra or Kievo-Pecherskaya Lavra or elsewhere.  A mysterious hermit, Feodor Kuzmich, (or Kozmich) emerged in Siberia in 1836, died near Tomsk in 1864 and was eventually glorified as a saint of the Orthodox Church.  Many people, including some historians, have theorized that he was Alexander I under an assumed identity.  While there are testimonies that "Feodor Kozmich" in his earlier life might have belonged to a higher level of society, claims that he was Alexander I were never proved.

Other

Alexander I was the godfather of future Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom who was christened Alexandrina Victoria in honour of the tsar.

Alexander I was the namesake for the Alexanderplatz in Berlin, Germany, and of the Alexandertorte.

References
References 

 Ghervas, Stella. Réinventer la tradition. Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte-Alliance. Paris, Honoré Champion, 2008. 
 Henri Troyat, "Alexandre 1er", Flammarion, 1981.

1777 births
1825 deaths
Emperors and Empresses of Russia
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
People from Saint Petersburg
People with foods named after them
19th century in Russia
Valerie  Harper (August 22, 1939 – August 30, 2019) was an American movie and television actress. She was best known for playing Rhoda Morgenstern on The Mary Tyler Moore Show and starring in the sitcom Valerie. She also did stage acting. She began her career as a dancer and chorus girl on Broadway in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

Personal life
Harper was born in Suffern, New York. She was Wendy Schaal's former step-mother. She was married to Richard Schaal from 1964 until they divorced in 1978. She married Tony Cacciotti in 1987.

Illness
On March 11, 2013, Harper announced that she had an incurable brain tumor. Doctors said that she had less than three months to live.  Although the disease is incurable, her doctors said they were treating her with chemotherapy in an effort to slow its progress. On July 30, 2015, Harper was hospitalized in Maine after falling unconscious. Later on the 30th she was taken via medevac to a larger hospital for further treatment. She was later released.
Harper died on the morning of August 30, 2019 from meningitis caused by brain cancer, in Los Angeles a week after her 80th birthday.

References

Other websites

 Valerie Harper official website
 FilmReference profile
 
 Archive of American Television
 

Golden Globe Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Deaths from brain cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
Deaths from meningitis
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American dancers
American autobiographers
Actors from New York (state)
Comedians from New York (state)
Writers from New York (state)
1939 births
2019 deaths
Jack Leroy "Jackie" Wilson, Jr. (June 9, 1934 – January 21, 1984) was an American singer and performer. He was called "Mr. Excitement".  Wilson helped to change rhythm and blues into soul. He was a master showman, and a dynamic singers. He was a member of the R&B vocal group Billy Ward and His Dominoes.  On his own, beginning in 1957, he recorded over 50 hit singles.  These songs included R&B, pop, soul, doo-wop and easy listening. During a 1975 benefit concert, he collapsed on-stage from a heart attack.  Then he  fell into a coma.  The coma lasted nearly nine years until his death in 1984. By then, he had become one of the most influential artists of his generation.
A two-time Grammy Hall of Fame Inductee, Jackie Wilson was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Jackie Wilson #68 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. At the 1984 Grammy Awards Michael Jackson dedicated his Album of the Year Grammy for Thriller to Wilson. After this Tarnapol released the first Wilson album in nearly nine years.

Discography
For a detailed listing of singles and albums, see Jackie Wilson discography.

Hit singles

Hit albums

References

Other websites
 
 Jackiewilson.net
 Jackie Wilson at history-of-rock.com
 Jackie Wilson Tribute Artist 
 
 The Rise and Fall of Jackie Wilson 
 Spinning Soul.com -The Tragic Life of Jackie Wilson
 Jackie Wilson on the Soul Patrol website 
 The Soul Guy website: Jackie Wilson 
 Jackie Wilson: "A history in pictures" from the Soulwalking U. K. website
Brunswick Records Album Discography (including Jackie Wilson) 
  Michigan Rock and Roll Legends
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
Deaths from pneumonia
Singers from Detroit
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees
1934 births
1984 deaths
The Alaska Interior covers most of the U.S. state's territory. It is largely wilderness. Mountains include Mount McKinley (Denali) in the Alaska Range, the Wrangell Mountains, and the Ray Mountains.

The largest city in the interior is Fairbanks, which is Alaska's second-largest city. Other towns include North Pole, Eagle, Tok, Glennallen, Delta Junction, Nenana, Anderson, Healy and Cantwell.

Climate
Climate 

Temperatures in Interior Alaska change a lot between the seasons. Winter temperatures in Fairbanks are usually around −12 °F (−24 °C) and summer temperatures  are around 62 °F (17 °C). Temperatures there can get as low as −65 °F (−54 °C) in mid-winter, and as high as 99 °F (37 °C) in summer. Both the highest and lowest temperature records for the state were set in the Interior, with 100 °F (38 °C) in Fort Yukon and −80 °F (−64 °C) in Prospect Creek. Temperatures within a given winter can ghange a lot also. Long cold snaps can be followed by sudden warmth with temperatures above freezing.  this is because of changes in the  wind.

Summers can be warm and dry for a long time. This can make it easy for wildfires to start. Weak thunderstorms can produce lightning that starts a fire. These fires are often left to burn if they are far away from where people live. The 2004 season had the most fires. Over  were burned.
The average annual precipitation in Fairbanks is 11.3 inches (28.7 cm).  Most of this is snow during the winter.  Most storms in the interior of Alaska originate in the Gulf of Alaska. Most of these storms are  blocked or weakened by passing over the mountains. 

The months from May to July in the summer have no darkness at night. They only have a twilight during the night hours. The months of November to January are the other way around. They have little daylight.  It is light for about 21 hours every day between May 10 and August 2. It is light less than four hours each day between November 18 and January 24. On clear winter nights, the aurora borealis, or "Northern lights" can often be seen dancing in the sky.
A lot of the ground in the Interior has permafrost, meaning that there is a layer of soil that is always frozen.

References 

Geography of Alaska
Polymorphism  in biology is when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species. The words forms or morphs are sometimes used.

Polymorphism is common in nature. The most common example is sexual dimorphism, which occurs in many organisms. 
Another example is sickle-cell anaemia.

In order to be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a population with random mating.

The switch 
The mechanism which decides which of several morphs an individual displays is called the switch. This switch may be genetic, or it may be environmental. Taking sex determination as the example, in man the determination is genetic, by the XY sex determination system. In Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), sex determination is by haplo-diploidy: the females are all diploid, the males are haploid.
However, in some animals an environmental trigger determines the sex: alligators are a good example. In ants the distinction between workers and guards is environmental, by the feeding of the grubs. Polymorphism with an environmental trigger is called polyphenism.

The polyphenic system does have a degree of environmental flexibility not present in the genetic polymorphism. However, such environmental triggers are the less common of the two methods.

Genetic polymorphism 
Since all polymorphism has a genetic basis, genetic polymorphism has a particular meaning:
 Genetic polymorphism: two or more distinct forms at the same time and place. The proportion of the rarest form must be above mutation rate (and so it is supported by selection of some kind).

The definition has three parts: a) sympatry: one interbreeding population; b) discrete forms; and c) not maintained just by mutation.
Genetic polymorphism is actively and steadily maintained in populations by natural selection. This contrasts with transient polymorphisms where a form is progressively replaced by another.

By definition, genetic polymorphism relates to a balance or equilibrium between morphs. The mechanisms that conserve it are types of balancing selection.
Balancing selection 
Heterosis (or heterozygote advantage): "Heterosis: the heterozygote at a locus is fitter than either homozygote".
Frequency dependent selection: The fitness of a particular phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population. Example: prey switching, where rare morphs of prey are actually fitter due to predators concentrating on the more frequent morphs.
Fitness varies in time and space. Fitness of a genotype may vary greatly between larval and adult stages, or between parts of a habitat range.
Selection acts differently at different levels. The fitness of a genotype may depend on the fitness of other genotypes in the population: this covers many natural situations where the best thing to do (from the point of view of survival and reproduction) depends on what other members of the population are doing at the time.

Examples

Humans
Examples

Humans

Sickle-cell anaemia 
Such a balance is seen more simply in sickle-cell anaemia, which is found mostly in tropical populations in Africa and India.

An individual homozygous for the recessive sickle haemoglobin, HgbS, has a short expectancy of life. The life expectancy of the standard haemoglobin (HgbA) homozygote and also the heterozygote is normal (though heterozygote individuals will suffer periodic problems).

The sickle-cell variant survives in the population because the heterozygote is resistant to malaria and the malarial parasite kills a huge number of people each year.
This is heterozygote advantage, a  kind of balance between fierce selection against homozygous sickle-cell sufferers, and selection against the standard HgbA homozygotes by malaria. The heterozygote has a permanent advantage (a higher fitness) so long as malaria exists; and it has existed as a human parasite for a long time. Because the heterozygote survives, so does the HgbS allele survive at a rate much higher than the mutation rate.

Lactase persistence 
Mammals normally produce lactase only as long as the mother has milk. Then the enzyme lactase is cut off. Modern humans are different.

The human ability to drink milk during adult life is supported by a lactase mutation. Human populations have a high proportion of this mutation wherever milk is important to the diet. The spread of milk tolerance is promoted by natural selection: it helps people survive where milk is available.
Genetic studies suggest that the oldest mutations associated with lactase persistence only reached appreciable levels in human populations in the last ten thousand years. Therefore, lactase persistence is often cited as an example of recent human evolution. As lactase persistence is genetic, but animal husbandry a cultural trait, this is gene–culture coevolution.

Ants 
Ants exhibit a range of polymorphisms. First, there is their characteristic haplodiploid sex determination system, whereby all males are haploid, and all females are diploid.

Second, there is differentiation based mostly on feeding of larvae. This determines, for example, whether the adult is capable of reproduction.

Lastly, there is differentiation of size and 'duties' (particularly of females), which are usually controlled by feeding and/or age, but which may sometimes be genetically controlled. Thus the order exhibits both genetic polymorphism and extensive polyphenism.

Heterostyly
Heterostyly 

An example of a botanical genetic polymorphism is heterostyly, in which flowers occur in different forms with different arrangements of the pistils and the stamens.

Pin and thrum heterostyly occurs in dimorphic species of Primula, such as P. vulgaris. There are two types of flower. The pin flower has a long style bearing the stigma at the mouth and the stamens half-way down; and the thrum flower has a short style, so the stigma is half-way up the tube and the stamens are at the mouth.

So when an insect in search of nectar inserts its proboscis into a long-style flower, the pollen from the stamens stick to the proboscis in exactly the part that will later touch the stigma of the short-styled flower, and vice versa.
Another most important property of the heterostyly system is physiological. If thrum pollen is placed on a thrum stigma, or pin pollen on a pin stigma, the reproductive cells are incompatible and relatively little seed is set. Effectively, this ensures outcrossing, as described by Darwin. Quite a lot is now known about the underlying genetics; the system is controlled by a set of closely linked genes; these act as a single unit, a so-called super-gene.ch10p86

All sections of the genus Primula have heterostyle species, altogether 354 species out of 419. Since heterostyly is characteristic of nearly all races or species, the system is at least as old as the genus.

Between 1861 and 1863, Darwin found the same kind of structure in other groups, such as flax (Linum) and in Purple Loosestrife and other species of Lythrum.

Heterostyly is known in at least 51 genera of 18 families of Angiosperms.
Drosophila 
Studies over many years have shown that natural populations of Drosophila are polymorphic for chromosome inversions. The inversions are so common that they must be kept in the population by natural selection.

Related pages 
Evolution
Adaptation
Mimicry
Genetics
Leaf-cutter ant

References 

Evolutionary biology
Classical genetics
Kid A is the fourth album by the band Radiohead. It was released in October 2000 on the Parlophone label. It was a success, and was certified platinum in the United Kingdom after only one week. Kid A was the band's first number one in America, and was named as 'The best album of the 2000s' by Rolling Stone magazine.

Track listing 
All tracks written by Radiohead except where noted.

 "Everything in Its Right Place" – 4:11
 "Kid A" – 4:44
 "The National Anthem" – 5:51
 "How to Disappear Completely" – 5:56
 "Treefingers" – 3:42
 "Optimistic" – 5:15
 "In Limbo" – 3:31
 "Idioteque" (Radiohead, Paul Lansky) – 5:09
 "Morning Bell" – 4:35
 "Motion Picture Soundtrack" – 6:59

References

2000 albums
Radiohead albums
Hail to the Thief is an album by the band Radiohead. It was released in June 2003.

Track listing
All songs written by Radiohead.

 "2 + 2 = 5 (The Lukewarm.)" – 3:19
 "Sit Down. Stand Up. (Snakes & Ladders.)" – 4:19
 "Sail to the Moon. (Brush the Cobwebs out of the Sky.)" – 4:18
 "Backdrifts. (Honeymoon is Over.)" – 5:22
 "Go to Sleep. (Little Man being Erased.)" – 3:21
 "Where I End and You Begin. (The Sky is Falling in.)" – 4:29
 "We Suck Young Blood. (Your Time is up.)" – 4:56
 "The Gloaming. (Softly Open our Mouths in the Cold.)" – 3:32
 "There There. (The Boney King of Nowhere.)" – 5:23
 "I will. (No man's Land.)" – 1:59
 "A Punchup at a Wedding. (No no no no no no no no.)" – 4:57
 "Myxomatosis. (Judge, Jury & Executioner.)" – 3:52
 "Scatterbrain. (As Dead as Leaves.)" – 3:21
 "A Wolf at the Door. (It Girl. Rag Doll.)" – 3:23
Personnel
 Colin Greenwood – bass guitar, string synth, sampler
 Jonny Greenwood – guitar, analogue systems, ondes Martenot, laptop, piano, glockenspiel
 Ed O'Brien – guitar, effects, backing vocals
 Phil Selway – drums, percussion, backing vocals
 Thom Yorke – vocals, lyrics, guitar, piano, laptop

References

2003 albums
Radiohead albums
The King of Limbs is an album by the band Radiohead. It was released in 2011. No singles were released from the album, but a video was released for "Lotus Flower". The album got good reviews from critics. PopMatters gave it 9/10 and called it "a beautiful record". It was nominated for five Grammy Awards.

Track listing
"Bloom" – 5:15
"Morning Mr Magpie" – 4:41
"Little by Little" – 4:27
"Feral" – 3:13
"Lotus Flower" – 5:01
"Codex" – 4:47
"Give Up the Ghost" – 4:50
"Separator" – 5:20

References

Other websites 
Official The King of Limbs website

2011 albums
Radiohead albums
Amnesiac is an album by the band Radiohead. It was released in June 2001. It went straight to No.1 in the UK Albums Chart. Most critics gave it good reviews. Pitchfork gave it 9/10.

Track listing
All tracks written by Radiohead.

 "Packt Like Sardines in a Crushd Tin Box" – 4:00
 "Pyramid Song" – 4:49
 "Pulk/Pull Revolving Doors" – 4:07
 "You and Whose Army?" – 3:11
 "I Might Be Wrong" – 4:54
 "Knives Out" – 4:15
 "Morning Bell/Amnesiac" – 3:14
 "Dollars & Cents" – 4:52
 "Hunting Bears" – 2:01
 "Like Spinning Plates" – 3:57
 "Life in a Glasshouse" – 4:34

References

2001 albums
Radiohead albums
The Bends is an album by the band Radiohead. It was released in April 1995.

Track listing
All songs written by Radiohead.

"Planet Telex" – 4:19
"The Bends" – 4:06
"High and Dry" – 4:17
"Fake Plastic Trees" – 4:50
"Bones" – 3:09
"(Nice Dream)" – 3:53
"Just" – 3:54
"My Iron Lung" – 4:36
"Bullet Proof..I Wish I Was" – 3:28
"Black Star" – 4:07
"Sulk" – 3:42
"Street Spirit (Fade Out)" – 4:12

References

1995 albums
Radiohead albums
Pablo Honey is an album by the English alternative rock band Radiohead. It was released in April 1993. Three singles were released from it. "Creep" was released in 1992 and was not successful. In 1993 it was released again and became popular around the world. The album reached No.22 in the UK charts. In 2009 the album was re-released with an extra CD of demos and live songs.

Track listing
All songs written by Radiohead.

 "You" – 3:29
 "Creep" – 3:56
 "How Do You?" – 2:12
 "Stop Whispering" – 5:26
 "Thinking About You" – 2:41
 "Anyone Can Play Guitar" – 3:38
 "Ripcord" – 3:10
 "Vegetable" – 3:13
 "Prove Yourself" – 2:25
 "I Can't" – 4:13
 "Lurgee" – 3:08
 "Blow Out" – 4:40

References

1993 albums
Radiohead albums
Debut albums
Rock albums
Main characters
 SpongeBob SquarePants  is a yellow sea sponge and the main character of the show. He lives in an pineapple under the sea. He works as a fry cook at a fast food restaurant called the Krusty Krab. He is talented at making burgers called Krabby Patties. He is voiced by Tom Kenny.
 Squidward Tentacles is an octopus and SpongeBob's grumpy next-door neighbor. He plays the clarinet but is not very good at it. He works at the Krusty Krab as the cashier. He says he does not like SpongeBob, but SpongeBob thinks they are friends. Squidward is not friendly and thinks that he is better than almost everyone. He is voiced by Rodger Bumpass.
 Patrick Star is a pink starfish who is SpongeBob's best friend. He lives under a rock and is not very smart. He likes to have fun and be silly, but sometimes gets himself and SpongeBob in trouble. He usually does not have a job. He is voiced by Bill Fagerbakke.
Mr. Krabs is a crab who is the owner of the Krusty Krab restaurant, and SpongeBob and Squidward's boss. He is a single father with one daughter, a whale named Pearl. He and Pearl live in a big anchor. He is very greedy and loves money. He never wants to spend a lot of his money, and sometimes cheats to make more of it. He is voiced by Clancy Brown.
 Sheldon J. Plankton is an evil green plankton. He and his talking computer, Karen, own a restaurant called the Chum Bucket. Plankton is an evil genius and Mr. Krabs' rival. His goal is to steal the secret recipe for Krabby Patties. The Chum Bucket is very unpopular and they never get customers. He is voiced by Mr. Lawrence.
Karen Plankton is a talking computer who is Plankton's helper, sidekick, and wife. She gives him his evil plans to steal the Krabby Patty recipe. She lives in the laboratory of the Chum Bucket which is labeled from the outside as the "kitchen." Karen does not have a face, but her screen shows a wavy green line that moves when she talks. She is voiced by Jill Talley.
 Sandy Cheeks is a squirrel from the state of Texas. She lives in a glass house called a Treedome that lets her breathe under water. When she is out of the dome, she wears a space suit and a fishbowl-like glass helmet around her head filled with fresh air. She is very athletic and works as a scientist. She is voiced by Carolyn Lawrence.