Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Harry Von der Horst (1850 or 1851, Baltimore, Maryland  - 1905) was an American businessman. He was an executive in Major League Baseball and a former owner of the Baltimore Orioles and Brooklyn Superbas. He was one of the principal founders and owners of the old 19th century Baltimore Orioles. He eventually sold the team, but remained as the club secretary until his death in 1905.

References

Other websites
Obituary

Ned Hanlon biography mentioning Von der Horst
Dodgers historical essay 

1850s births
1905 deaths
Sportspeople from Baltimore
Baseball executives
A center fielder, abbreviated CF, is the outfielder in baseball who plays defense in center field – the baseball fielding position between left field and right field. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the center fielder is assigned the number 8.

Baseball positions
Thomas Peter Daly (February 7, 1866, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - October 29, 1938, in Brooklyn, New York) was a catcher and second baseman who played in the Major Leagues from 1887 to 1903. He played for the Chicago Cubs, Washington Nationals, Brooklyn Dodgers, Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds.

Cincinnati Reds players
Chicago White Sox players
1866 births
1938 deaths
Sportspeople from Philadelphia
An LP record (or long-play record) is a type of gramophone record. It is a 33⅓ rpm vinyl disc with little lines called grooves that go around the center. It is generally either 10- or 12-inches in diameter. They are played by a turntable. A turntable spins the record while a lever with a small needle on the bottom. The needle goes in between the little grooves.  When this happens, music is played.

The LP record was introduced by Colombia Records in 1948. It then became the new way the music industry released recordings. In the 1960s, cassettes were introduced. This was a cheaper way to record music and not hear the noise that came from the LP record. However, the LP record continued to be more popular until the 1970s when the compact disc was introduced.
The long-playing record is an analog recording format. The digital recording of sound was only made practical by the technical advances in microprocessors and computing which occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. LP's sound quality, it contains more distortion than many other modern music formats.

Audio disc
The Canadian Hot 100 is a music chart that ranks popular music. It is published on Billboard magazine weekly. The Canadian Hot 100 ranks songs that have gained popularity in radio airplay in Canada. The Canadian Hot 100 is similar to the US Hot 100 chart. The Canadian Hot 100 ranks rock, country, adult contemporary and Top 40 genres.

References 

Record charts
Texas Monthly is a monthly magazine that is published in Texas. Texas Monthly was founded in 1973 by Michael R. Levy. Texas Monthly talks about life, music, politics, environment, industry and education in Texas. The magazine has over 300,000 subscribers and is read by 2,500,000 people monthly. The magazine also won ten "National Magazine Awards".

References

 . Retrieved Apr. 13, 2005.
 Texas Monthly Awards . Retrieved Apr. 13, 2005.

Other websites
 TexasMonthly.com—Official site
 Texas Monthly Mobile 
 Texas Monthly Archives at The Wittliff Collections of Southwestern Writers, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX

American weekly magazines
Organizations based in Texas
1973 establishments in the United States
1970s establishments in Texas
"Dulce Amor" () is a song by the American singer Selena. The song was nominated "Song of the Year" at the 1989 Tejano Music Awards. Selena's brother, A.B. Quintanilla III had written the song. It was the lead single from the album of the same name (1988). The songs lyrics are about a girl expressing her emotions about a guy she really loves. The song was mixed with Cumbia music and Jazz fusion.

References 

Selena songs
Gloria Estefan songs
1988 songs
Alberto Aguilera Valadez, commonly known as Juan Gabriel, was a Mexican singer and songwriter. He was also regarded as the "most famous living representatives of Mexican music".

Death
On August 28, 2016, it was reported that Gabriel died  at the age of 66 from a heart attack earlier that day in Santa Monica, California.

Discography

Albums

 2010: Boleros 
 2003: Inocente de Ti
 2001: Por Los Siglos
 2000: Abrázame Muy Fuerte
 1999: Todo Está Bien
 1999: Romanticos!
 1996: Del Otro Lado
 1988: Debo Hacerlo
 1986: Pensamientos
 1983: Todo
 1982: Cosas De Enamorados

 1981: Con Tu Amor
 1980: Ella
 1979: Me Gusta Bailar Contigo
 1978: Siempre Estoy Pensando en Ti
 1977: Te Llegará Mi Olvido
 1976: Juan Gabriel con, Mariachi Vol. II
 1976: A Mi Guitarra
 1974: Juan Gabriel Con El Mariachi Vargas De Tecalitlan
 1973: El Alma Joven Vol. III
 1972: El Alma Joven Vol. II
 1971: El Alma Joven...

Singles
"No tengo dinero" ("I Have No Money") 1971
 "Se me olvidó otra vez" ("I've Forgotten Again") 1974
 "He venido a pedirte perdón" ("I Have Come To Ask for Forgiveness")
 "Siempre en mi mente" ("Always On My Mind") 1978
 " Te lo pido por favor" ("I'm asking you, please")
 "Querida" ("My Dear")
 "Mañana, mañana" ("Tomorrow, Tomorrow")
 "La diferencia" ("The Difference")
 "El Noa Noa"
 "Mis ojos tristes" ("My Sad Eyes")
 "Perdóname, olvídalo" ("Forgive me forget it")
 "Amor, amor es amor" (Love love is love")
 "El México que se nos fue" ("The Mexico That Got Away From Us")
 "Yo no nací para amar" ("I Wasn't Born To Love")
 "Insensible"  (Impervious)
 "Yo no sé que me paso" ("I don't Know What Happened to Me") 1986
 "Qué lástima" ("What a pitty") 1987
 "Hasta que te conocí" ("'Til I Met You") 1987
 "Debo hacerlo" ("I Have to Do It") 1988
 "Sólo sé que fue en marzo" ("I Only Know It Happened In March") 1988
 "No me vuelvo a enamorar" ("I Won't Fall In Love Again") 1988
 "Amor eterno" ("Eternal Love") 1991
"Pero, ¿qué necesidad?" ("What's the Point") 1994
 "Lentamente" ("Slowly") 1994
 "El palo" ("The stick")1995
 "Canción 187" ("Song 187") 1995
 "Muriendo de amor" (Dying of Love")1995
 "Mi bendita tierra" ("My blessed land") 1996
 "Mi pueblo" (with Paul Anka) 1996
 "Te sigo amando" ("I Still Love You") 1997
 "El destino" ("Destiny") 1997
 "La incertidumbre" (with Rocío Dúrcal) 1997
 "Así fue" ("So It Was") 1998
 "Adorable mentirosa" (with Banda El Recodo) 1999
 "Te doy las gracias" (with Banda El Recodo) 1999
 "Infidelidad" (with Banda El Recodo) 1999
 "El sinaloense" (with Banda El Recodo) 1999
 "Todo está bien" ("Everything is fine") 1999
 "Abrázame muy fuerte" ("Embrace Me Very Tight") 2001
 "Inocente pobre amigo" ("My Poor Naive Friend") 2001
 "Inocente de ti" ("How Naive You Are") 2003
 "Yo te recuerdo" ("I Remember You") 2004
 "¿Por qué me haces llorar?" ("Why do you make me cry?") 2010

References

Other websites
 Official Website
1950 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Latin singers
Mexican singer-songwriters
People from Michoacán
Latin Grammy Award winners
"Costumbres" is a song by American singer Selena. The song was written by Juan Gabriel, a Mexican songwriter, who gave the rights to Selena to record. The song first appeared on Dulce Amor (1988). It became a single off of Siempre Selena (1996). The remix version is included in Siempre Selena.

Chart performance

La India version

"Costumbres" is a song by Puerto Rican singer La India. She recorded the song as a tribute for Selena. It was included as a cover version on her album Sobre el Fuego. It peaked on the Hot Latin Tracks chart at number eight. La India also performed the song during the Selena ¡VIVE! tribute concert in 2005.

Chart performance

References

1996 songs
Selena songs
Spanish-language songs
Sony Music Latin is a record company that specializes in Latin music. It is owned by Sony Music Entertainment.

List of artists on Sony Music Latin

Alexis & Fido
Ana Gabriel
Banda Machos
Calle 13
Camila
Chayanne
Cumbre Norteña
Da' Zoo
Daddy Yankee
Draco Rosa
Dyland & Lenny
Ednita Nazario
El Canto Del Loco
El Compa Chuy
El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico
Fito Paez
Fey

Franco De Vita
Gerardo Ortiz
Gilberto Santa Rosa
Gustavo Cerati
Ha*Ash
Ian Tresidder
Intocable
Julieta Venegas
Kalimba
Kany Garcia
La Quinta Estacion
Lila Downs
Los Originales De San Juan
Los Pikadientes de Caborca
Los Reyes De Arranque
Marc Anthony
Mennores
NG2
NOTA

Noel Schajris
Oscar D'León
Pedro Capo
Pitbull
Playa Limbo
Raphael
Reik
Ricky Martin
Rocio Durcal
Shakira
Thalía
Toby Love
Vicente Fernandez
Vicentico
Voltio
Yanni
Yuridia

Other websites 
Official website
Official Facebook Page
Official twitter

Latin music
Sony
Companies based in Miami
1980 establishments in the United States
Ranchera is a Latin music genre. Ranchera is usually sung by one or more people with a guitar. It is popularized in Mexico. This type of music can be traced back to the Mexican Revolution. It is also similar to Mariachi music.

Ranchera singers 

Miguel Aceves Mejía
Antonio Aguilar
Pepe Aguilar
Lola Beltrán
Rocío Dúrcal
Alejandro Fernández
Pedro Fernández
Vicente Fernández
Pedro Infante
José Alfredo Jiménez

Lorenzo de Monteclaro
Jorge Negrete
Lucha Reyes
Cuco Sánchez
Javier Solís
Chavela Vargas
Lucha Villa
Yolanda Del Rio
Aida Cuevas
Selena

References
 Brenner, H. (1996). Música ranchera. Das mexikanische Äquivalent zur Country and Western Music aus historischer, musikalischer und kommerzieller Sicht (Música ranchera: El equivalente mexicano de la música country y la música del Oeste) (Musikethnologische Sammelbände 14). Foreword by Thomas Stanford. Tutzing: Verlag Hans Schneider, 1996 [].den suger balle

Other websites
Rancheras  - music
Musical analysis
Northern ranchera lyrics

Latin music
Mariachi is a Latin music genre. It is popularized in Mexico and its culture. This type of music includes instruments such as the violin, trumpet, guitar, vihuela, guitarrón and sometimes a harp. Mariachi is sung and performed mostly in bands. However, some solo artists such as Selena and Alejandro Fernández have recorded and performed Mariachi songs.

Mariachis and artists 

José Alfredo Jiménez
Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán
Jorge Negrete
Pedro Infante
Vicente Fernández
Antonio Aguilar
Pepe Aguilar
Pedro Fernández
Alejandro Fernández
Ana Gabriel
Chayito Valdez
Miguel Aceves Mejía
Tito Guízar
Shaila Dúrcal
Los Caballeros
Selena
Mariachi Mi Mexico

Other websites 

A Brief History on the Mariachi Tradition
Mariachimusic.com Online
Tucson's Ronstadt Family
"Mariachi Women"
"Mariachi Directory"

Latin music
Joseph Serchuk (1919 in Chełm - 6 November 1993) was the commander of the Jewish partisan unit in the Lublin area in Poland during the Holocaust. After the war, he testified at trials of Nazis and he received special recognition from the State of Israel.

Biography
After his parents and other family members were killed in the ghetto in 1941, Joseph and his brother David were taken to Sobibor extermination camp.  After one day in the camp, he fled with his brother to the nearest forest and together with others fleeing he founded the core of the partisan group.  During the war, the group led by Jews who had escaped from the ghettos caught nearby and from Sobibor. The group also included the writer Dov Freiberg.

After the war, Joseph took part in locating fleeing Nazi war criminals in Europe, and served as a witness in the Nuremberg Trials. Then he returned to Poland and applied to emigrate to Israel, but was declined.
In 1950, Serchuk obtained a passport and went to Israel.  Immediately upon arrival in Israel, he was drafted as a soldier in the army. After service, he married, settled in Yad Eliyahu in Tel Aviv and began business industry and entrepreneurship.

Over the years, Serchuk went to Europe several times to testify in the trials of Nazi war criminals. In one, the trial of Oberscharführer Hugo Raschendorfer, he was the only prosecution witness.  After Raschendorfer was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, Serchuk was awarded a special award from Nazi Crimes Investigation Department of the Israel Police.

In 1967, Levi Eshkol, the Israeli Prime Minister, gave him the Fighters against Nazis Medal, and in 1968 he received in addition the State Fighters Medal.

He saw the establishment and strengthening of the Israel Defense Forces and the State of Israel and the Jewish birthrate - his revenge against the Nazis who slaughtered all of his extended family.
Joseph Serchuk died in 1993 in Tel Aviv at age 74.  He was married, and left behind nine children and more than one hundred grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

Further reading 
 Dov Freiberg, To Survive Sobibor, New York, 2007.
 Dov Freiberg, A Journey To The Past With Dekel Shibolim, Ramla, 1993.
 Dov Freiberg, A Man as Any Other, Ramla, 1996.
 Mark Paul: Polish-Jewish Relations in Wartime Northeastern Poland and the Aftermath  PEFINA Press, Toronto 2008

Other websites 
 About Oberscharführer Hugo Raschendorfer and his sentence 
 Joseph Serchuk at Organization of Partisans Underground Fighters and Ghetto Rebels  (Hebrew)

1919 births
1993 deaths
Holocaust survivors
Israeli Jews
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Polish Jews
World War II people
Angry Birds is a puzzle video game developed by Rovio Entertainment from Finland. In the game there are wingless birds. The player uses a slingshot to launch them at pigs that are on or in different structures. The player has to destroy all the pigs in the map to unlock another level. A spin off game, in which you play as the pigs, was also released called Bad Piggies on September 27, 2012.

Game

There are several kinds of wingless birds and green pigs in Angry Birds:

There are pigs with and without helmets, small and big pigs, pigs with and without moustaches, and the pig’s king. They are all green.

Rovio Mobile has supported their games with many free updates that add more features and levels. There are 7 themed groups of levels. Every group has a simple story, the pigs stole the birds’ eggs so they try to get them back.The birds eventually get the eggs back in every part.
Characters
Types of Birds:
Red - Does nothing but does make various battle cries when tapped and does great at popping pigs.
The Blues - Splits into three smaller birds. Works best against glass.
Chuck - Picks up speed and distance when tapped. Best against wood.
Bomb - Explodes when tapped or shortly upon impact. Best against stone.
Matilda - Drops an egg bomb that explodes on impact when tapped and does great on wood and stone.
Hal - Comes back like a boomerang when tapped and does great on wood and glass.
Terence - No special abilities when tapped, but destroys materials with ease.
Bubbles - (Introduced in Angry Birds Seasons in the Ham'o'Ween Update.) - Inflates to huge size like a balloon when tapped or upon impact, then deflates a little later. Best against wood.
Stella - (Introduced in Angry Birds Seasons in the Back to School Update.) - When tapped makes a bubble around her, and lifts up objects like blocks and pigs. The bubbles last for about 3 seconds.
Silver - (Introduced in Angry Birds 2 in 2015) - Loops in the sky and dives downwards.
Melody - (Introduced in Angry Birds 2 in 2022) - Inhales nearby objects and spits them out.
Mighty Eagle - You first launch sardines and when it hits the ground, the Mighty Eagle will come down, destroy everything in his path hit the ground and cause an earthquake, popping all pigs he missed, then come back up, while also destroying everything in his path; kind of like a V but wider. He must be purchased in-game for 99 cents to use him. He has unlimited use, except for Angry Birds Friends.
Types of Pigs (strongest to weakest):
King Pig (strong)
Moustache Pigs (weak)
Helmet Pig (medium)
Large Pig (weak)
Medium Pig (weak)
Small Pig (weak)

Versions

The first version of this game was released in December 2009 for Apple’s mobile operating system iOS (iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch). That release was a huge success so they decided to make versions for other mobile platforms (Maemo, webOS, Android, Symbian, Series 40 and Windows Phone). They also made versions even for computer operating systems (Mac OS, Windows) and gaming consoles (PlayStation, Xbox 360). There is also a version for Google’s social network Google Plus.
Because so many people liked this game, Rovio Mobile released special editions of Angry Birds called Angry Birds Seasons, Angry Birds Rio and Angry Birds Magic. The special versions are basically the same game with some differences. In Angry Birds Seasons there are levels inspired by holidays or seasons. Angry Birds Rio is set in Rio de Janeiro and instead of pigs and wingless birds there are monkeys and birds from the movie Rio. Angry Birds Magic is just a special edition for Nokia and for more levels you have to use NFC.

Levels

Angry Birds

Angry Birds Seasons

Angry Birds Rio

Angry Birds Space

Popularity

From December 2009 to November 2011 people downloaded more than 500 million copies of this game. It is the number one game in 79 countries. People played 266 billion levels and shot 400 billion birds. They played 200,000 years of Angry Birds in total and 300 million minutes daily.
Removal From App Store 
In early 2019, the Original game, Rio, Star Wars 1 and 2 and others were removed, this caused mass outrage among the fanbase. Rovio responded confirming that the reason was due to Software Rot.

On March 31st 2022, The Remastered version of the original was released to the App store and Google play store.

Related pages 
 Angry Birds Space
 Angry Birds Go!
 Angry Birds Epic
 Bad Piggies
 Amazing Alex

References

Mobile games
A fishmonger is someone who sells fish and seafood. Fishmongers can be wholesalers or retailers. In many places there are fewer fishmongers than there used to be. Supermarkets have often replaced independent seafood sellers. Female fishmongers used to have a separate name, fishwife.



Worshipful Company of Fishmongers

The fishmongers guild was started in the City of London by a Royal Charter from Edward I soon after he became king in 1272. Guild members could not have foreign partners. Selling fish was tightly controlled to make sure it was fresh and to keep profits low. However, the guild grew rich. After Edward's victory over the Scots, they put on a great show, including one thousand mounted knights.
While Edward II was king, the fishmongers lost political power. Parliament made a rule that a fishmonger could not become mayor of the city.  This rule was soon canceled, though. The fishmongers guild became richer so that while Edward III was king the guild could give £40 to the war against the French. This was a large amount of money at that time.

The guild was then reformed as the Mystery of the Fishmongers of London.  They were the only ones allowed to advertise or sell fish. They also regulated catching fish in the Thames. The river had many fish such as salmon at that time. The guild still continues today as one of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies.

Fishmongers in culture 

Some believe that the word fishmonger in Shakespeare's Hamlet was  a euphemism for a "fleshmonger," or pimp.
In the English translation of the Asterix series, the village fishmonger is called Unhygienix. 
In the film The Beach, the island's chef has only fish for meat, and is named Unhygienix after to the Asterix character.

Charles Fort included the story of the Mad Fishmonger or "St. Fishmonger" in his book Lo! According to the story St. Fishmonger made crabs and periwinkles fall from the sky. The story later appears in the Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy by Robert Anton Wilson. 

Dr. Ahmed Fishmonger is a writer and artist active in the Church of the Subgenius.

In many countries, the fishwife had a reputation for speaking boldly. In Medieval France, fishwives in Paris were allowed to speak honestly and directly to the King himself when he went into the marketplace. They could be critical without fear of punishment.
Historic fishmongers 
 Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian Anarchist executed in 1927 following a controversial American trial
 Dolly Peel
 Dolly Pentreath the last native speaker of Cornish
 Marretje Arents
 Molly Malone

Notes

Food-related occupations
Deep frying is a way of cooking food by putting it in hot oil or fat. Deep frying cooks food very quickly. Deep frying is popular in the United Kingdom - one dish popular in the United Kingdom is fish and chips.

Technique 

If done well, deep-frying does not make food too greasy, because the moisture in the food repels the oil. The hot oil heats the water in the food, steaming it from the inside out. The water vapor pushes the bubbles toward the surface of the oil. As long as the oil is hot enough and the food is not in the oil for too long, oil will only enter the surface of the food. However, if the food is cooked in the oil for too long, much of the water will be lost and the oil will begin to penetrate the food. The correct frying temperature depends on the thickness and type of food, but is usually between 175 and 190 °C (345–375 °F).
Some fried foods are given a coating of batter or breading prior to frying. This makes the outside of the food crispy and browned, while the inside becomes tender, moist, and steamed. Some foods – such as potatoes or whole, skin-on poultry – have a natural coating and do not require breading or battering.

Disadvantages 
Deep frying makes large amounts of waste oil. Getting rid of the oil properly may be a problem. Waste oil is increasingly being recycled into biodiesel.

Some deep fry shortenings have trans fat.

Cooking oil can burn well  and may catch fire if it is used at too high a temperature. Trying to put out an oil fire with water makes the fire worse. Instead, oil fires must be put out with a fire extinguisher or by smothering.

Related pages
 French fried potatoes

References

Cooking methods
The Corruption Perceptions Index is an index that shows how corrupt certain countries are. Denmark has been the least corrupt nation eight times, while Somalia has been the most corrupt nation six times. All the information on this page is from Transparency International.

2010 (Top 30)

The Least Corrupt Country by Year 

* The nation in bold is the nation with the most titles.

The Most Corrupt Country by Year 

* The nation in bold is the nation with the most titles.

Lists of countries
Newhall is the southernmost district  of Santa Clarita, California. It is the oldest district of Santa Clarita. Before 1987, Newhall was an independent but unincorporated town.  It was the first permanent Anglo settlement in the valley.

It is named after businessman Henry Newhall. Newhall is home to the William S. Hart County Park. It has tours of the famous silent movie maker's mansion. Over the years, Newhall has been the location for many movies, including Suddenly (1954) and Disney's The World's Greatest Athlete (1973).

Other websites 
Santa Clarita Guide - An Official Guide to the Santa Clarita Valley
 (Photos, text, TV shows)

Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
George Andrew Olah (May 22, 1927 – March 8, 2017) was an Hungarian-born American chemist. His research involves the generation and reactivity of carbocations using superacids. For this research, Olah was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1994.  The American Chemical Society gave him its highest honor, the Priestley Medal.

Life
Olah was born in Budapest, Hungary, on May 22, 1927. He studied high school at Budapesti Piarista Gimnazium (Scolopi fathers). He studied, then taught, at what is now Budapest University of Technology and Economics. Following the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, he and his family moved briefly to England, They then moved to Canada. He joined Dow Chemical in Sarnia, Ontario, with another Hungarian chemist, Stephen J. Kuhn. During Olah's eight years with Dow, he started to study carbocations. In 1965, he left Dow for Case Western Reserve University. He joined the University of Southern California faculty in 1977. In 1971, Olah became a naturalized citizen of the United States.
Olah was a distinguished professor at the University of Southern California and the director of the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute. In 2005, Olah wrote an essay promoting the methanol economy.

The Olah family formed an endowment fund (the George A. Olah Endowment). It grants annual awards to outstanding chemists. The American Chemical Society selects and administers the awards.

Olah died on March 8, 2017 at his home in Beverly Hills, California, aged 89.

Work

The search for stable carbocations led to the discovery of protonated methane. (Protonated methane is a methane molecule (CH4) with an extra proton giving it a positive charge.) Protonated methane was stabilized by superacids, like FSO3H-SbF5 ("Magic Acid").  
CH4  +  H+  →  CH5+

Olah also studied how hydrocarbons are used as fuel.
Olah also disagreed for many years with Herbert C. Brown of Purdue University over the existence of so-called "nonclassical" carbocations – such as the norbornyl cation. They can be shown as cationic character shared (delocalized) over several bonds.

In recent years, his research has shifted from hydrocarbons (including hydrocarbon fuel) to the methanol economy.  He joined Robert Zubrin, Anne Korin, and James Woolsey in calling for a Flexible-fuel vehicle mandate initiative.

References
References

Technical Publications
Olah, G.   "Superacid Catalyzed Depolymerization and Conversion of Coals. Final Technical Report. [HF:BF{sub 2}/H{sub 2}]", University of Southern California, United States Department of Energy, (1980).
Olah, G. A.   "Superacid Catalyzed Coal Conversion Chemistry. 1st and 2nd Quarterly Technical Progress Reports, September 1, 1983-March 30, 1984.", University of Southern California, United States Department of Energy, (1984).
Olah, G. A.  "Superacid Catalyzed Coal Conversion Chemistry. Final Technical Report, September 1, 1983-September 1, 1986.", University of Southern California, United States Department of Energy, (1986).
Other websites
Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
Methanol as an alternative fuel Recording of a discussion with George Olah broadcast on NPR.
My Search for Carbocations and Their Role in Chemistry Nobel Lecture, December 8, 1994 by George A. Olah
The Institute for the Analysis of Global Security 

1927 births
2017 deaths
Scientists from Budapest
American chemists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Hungarian Nobel Prize winners
American Nobel Prize winners
Serie D is the top level of the non-professional football clubs in Italy. Serie D ranks just below Serie C.

Teams
From the 1990's the league had 162 teams.  The teams were split into 9 regional divisions, called Gironi.  The divisions were usually formed of 18 teams. Teams were grouped based on location.

In the 2012–13 season there were 166 teams. Two groups are formed of 20 teams. The regions are divided as shown below:

 Girone A - teams from Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria & Lombardy.
 Girone B - teams from Lombardy & Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
 Girone C - teams from Friuli-Venezia Giulia & Veneto.
 Girone D - teams from Emilia-Romagna & Tuscany.
 Girone E - teams from Lazio, Tuscany & Umbria.
 Girone F - teams from Abruzzo, Lazio, Marche & Molise.
 Girone G - teams from Campania, Lazio & Sardinia.
 Girone H - teams from Apulia, Basilicata & Campania.
 Girone I - teams from Calabria, Campania  & Sicily.

Past Winners
Past Winners

1952-53 - Catanzaro
1953-54 - Bari
1954-55 - BPD Colleferro
1955-56 - Siena
1956-57 - Sarom Ravenna
1957-58 - Cosenza, Ozo Mantova & Spezia (ex-aequo)
1958-59 - Cascina
1959-60 to 1961-62 - Title assigned to the winning groups of Prima Categoria
1962-63 to 1991-92 - Title not assigned
1992-93 - Eurobuilding Crevalcore
1993-94 - Pro Vercelli
1994-95 - Taranto
1995-96 - Castel San Pietro 
1996-97 - Biellese
1997-98 - Giugliano
1998-99 - Lanciano
1999-00 - Sangiovannese
2000-01 - Palmese
2001-02 - Olbia
2002-03 - Cavese
2003-04 - Massese
2004-05 - Bassano Virtus
2005-06 - Paganese
2006-07 - Tempio 
2007-08 - Aversa Normanna
2008-09 - Pro Vasto
2009-10 - Montichiari
2010-11 - Cuneo
2011-12 - Venezia

Notes

Football leagues in Italy
Linear algebra talks about types of functions called transformations. In that context, an eigenvector is a vector—different from the null vector—which does not change direction after the transformation (except if the transformation turns the vector to the opposite direction). The vector may change its length, or become zero ("null"). The eigenvalue is the value of the vector's change in length, and is typically denoted by the symbol . The word "eigen" is a German word, which means "own" or "typical".

Basics
If there exists a square matrix called A, a scalar λ, and a non-zero vector v, then λ is the eigenvalue and v is the eigenvector if the following equation is satisfied:

In other words, if matrix A times the vector v is equal to the scalar λ times the vector v, then λ is the eigenvalue of v, where v is the eigenvector.

An eigenspace of A is the set of all eigenvectors with the same eigenvalue together with the zero vector. However, the zero vector is not an eigenvector.
These ideas often are extended to more general situations, where scalars are elements of any field, vectors are elements of any vector space, and linear transformations may or may not be represented by matrix multiplication. For example, instead of real numbers, scalars may be complex numbers; instead of arrows, vectors may be functions or frequencies; instead of matrix multiplication, linear transformations may be operators such as the derivative from calculus. These are only a few of countless examples where eigenvectors and eigenvalues are important.

In cases like these, the idea of direction loses its ordinary meaning, and has a more abstract definition instead. But even in this case, if that abstract direction is unchanged by a given linear transformation, the prefix "eigen" is used, as in eigenfunction, eigenmode, eigenface, eigenstate, and eigenfrequency.
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors have many applications in both pure and applied mathematics. They are used in matrix factorization, quantum mechanics, facial recognition systems, and many other areas.

Example
For the matrix A

the vector 

is an eigenvector with eigenvalue 1. Indeed, one can verify that:

On the other hand the vector 

is not an eigenvector, since

and this vector is not a multiple of the original vector x.

Related pages 
Matrix analysis
Numerical linear algebra
 Singular value decomposition

Notes

References
 .
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 .  (hardback),  (paperback)
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 Pigolkina, T. S. and Shulman, V. S., Eigenvalue (in Russian), In:Vinogradov, I. M. (Ed.), Mathematical Encyclopedia, Vol. 5, Soviet Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1977.
 .
 .
 Curtis, Charles W., Linear Algebra: An Introductory Approach, 347 p., Springer; 4th ed. 1984. Corr. 7th printing edition (August 19, 1999), .
 .
 .
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Other websites
Other websites 

 What are Eigen Values? — non-technical introduction from PhysLink.com's "Ask the Experts"
Introduction to Eigen Vectors and Eigen Values  – lecture from Kahn Academy

Theory
 Eigen Vector Examination working applet
 Same Eigen Vector Examination as above in a Flash demo with sound
 Computation of Eigenvalues
 Numerical solution of eigenvalue problems, edited by Zhaojun Bai, James Demmel, Jack Dongarra, Axel Ruhe and Henk van der Vorst

Online calculators
 arndt-bruenner.de
 bluebit.gr 
 wims.unice.fr
Basic physics ideas
Linear algebra
A superacid is an acid with an acidity greater than that of 100% pure sulfuric acid. According to the modern definition, a superacid has a chemical potential of the proton higher than that of pure sulfuric acid.

Chemists use strong acids to break down other molecules. Some molecules are so strong (held together with strong chemical bonds) that they resist attack by common acids. Superacids can break down molecules that stand up to most other acids.

Commercially available superacids include trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF3SO3H), also known as triflic acid, and fluorosulfonic acid (FSO3H). Both superacids are about a thousand times stronger (that is, have more negative H0 values) than sulfuric acid. The strongest superacids are prepared by the combination of two components, a strong Lewis acid and a strong Brønsted acid. The strongest known superacid is fluoroantimonic acid.

Related pages
Superbase

References

Acids
Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a combination of illnesses (a syndrome) associated with a human's place of work (office building) or dwelling. A 1984 World Health Organization report into suggested up to 30% of new and remodeled buildings around the world may be linked to symptoms of SBS. Most of the sick building syndrome is related to poor indoor air quality.

SBS can be caused by flaws in the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Other causes have been contaminants produced by outgassing of some types of building materials, volatile organic compounds (VOC), molds (see mold health issues), improper exhaust ventilation of ozone (byproduct of some office machinery), using light industrial chemicals in the building, or lack of adequate fresh-air intake/air filtration (see Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value).
People try to fix SBS symptoms by increasing the overall turn-over rate of fresh air exchange between the building's air and the outside air. But the new green building design goals should be able to avoid most of the SBS sources in the first place. Cleaners should lower their use of dangerous VOC cleaning compounds, and get rid of conditions that cause allergenic, potentially-deadly mold growth.

Symptoms
Building occupants complain of symptoms such as irritation of the eyes, nose, throat; neurotoxic or general health problems; skin irritation; nonspecific hypersensitivity reactions; and odor and taste sensations.
Prevention
The following steps can avoid SBS:
 Cleaning roof shingles for non-pressure removal of algae, mold & Gloeocapsa magma.
 Pollutant source removal or modification to storage of sources.
 Replacement of water-stained ceiling tiles and carpeting.
 Use paints, adhesives, solvents, and pesticides in well-ventilated areas, and use of these pollutant sources only during periods of non-occupancy.
 Increase the number of air exchanges, The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Engineers recommend a minimum of 8.4 air exchanges per 24 hour period.
 Proper and frequent maintenance of HVAC systems
 Installing a UV-C light in the HVAC plenum
 Regular vacuuming with a HEPA filter vacuum cleaner to collect and retain 99.97% of particles down to and including 0.3 micrometres.
Gender differences
There might be a gender difference in reporting rates of sick building syndrome because women tend to report more symptoms than men. Along with this, some studies found that women have a more responsive immune system and are more prone to mucosal dryness and facial erythema. Also, women are alleged by some to be more exposed to indoor environmental factors, because they have a tendency to have more clerical work where they are exposed to unique office equipment and materials (example: blueprint machines), while men may more often have jobs based outside of offices.

Related pages
 Aerotoxic syndrome

Notes

References
 Martín-Gil J, Yanguas MC, San José JF, Rey-Martínez and Martín-Gil FJ. "Outcomes of research into a sick hospital". Hospital Management International, 1997, pp 80–82. Sterling Publications Limited.
Further reading
 Murphy, Michelle. Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty: Environmental Politics, Technoscience, and Women Workers (Duke University Press, 2006) . .
 Research Committee Report on Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Caused by Exposure to the Interior Environment of Water-Damaged Buildings (PDF) 

Syndromes
Environment
Air pollution
Buildings and structures
Andrea Eva Libman (born July 19, 1984 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian voice actress, television writer and singer who is best known for voicing Chi-Chi in Dragon Ball, Emmy in Dragon Tales, and Pinkie Pie and Fluttershy in My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. She also made on-screen appearances in the television shows Highlander: The Series, Susie Q, The Lotus Eaters, and Lyddie.

Other websites
Andrea Libman at the Internet Movie Database

1984 births
Living people
Singers from Toronto
Canadian voice actors
Actors from Toronto
17 Again is a 2009 American comedy-drama fantasy movie that was produced by Adam Shankman, Richard S. Wright, Jennifer Gibgot, Tom Rosenberg and Gary Lucchesi and was directed by Burr Steers. 17 Again is about a 37-year-old man who becomes 17 again. It was released on April 17, 2009 in North America. The movie received mixed to positive reviews with a 55% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 48 out of 100 from Metacritic
Cast 
 Zac Efron as Mike O'Donnell (17 years old)
 Matthew Perry as Mike O'Donnell (37 years old)
 Thomas Lennon as Ned Gold (37 years old)
 Michelle Trachtenberg as Margret "Maggie" O'Donnell
 Sterling Knight as Alex O'Donnell
 Leslie Mann as Scarlet O'Donnell (37 years old)
 Hunter Parrish as Stan
 Katerina Graham as Jamie
 Melora Hardin as Principal Jane Masterson
 Jim Gaffigan as Coach
 Drew Sidora as Cameron
 Tiya Sircar as Samantha
 Vanessa Lee Chester as Karla
 Nicole Sullivan as Naomi
 Adam Gregory as Dom
 Brian Doyle-Murray as The Janitor
 Margaret Cho as Health Teacher
 Allison Miller as Scarlet O'Donnell (17 years old)
 Tyler Steelman as Ned Gold (17 years old)
 Josie Loren as Nicole

References

Other websites 
17 Again's official website

2009 comedy-drama movies
2000s fantasy-comedy movies
2000s teen comedy movies
2000s teen drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American fantasy-comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
American teen drama movies
English-language movies
Four Christmases is an 2008 American romantic comedy movie that was produced by Gary Barber, Roger Birnbaum, Jonathan Glickman, Vince Vaughn and Reese Witherspoon and was directed by Seth Gordon. Four Christmases was released on November 26, 2008 in North America. The movie received negative reviews, with a 25% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 41 out of 100 from Metacritic.

Plot 
Brad and Kate, a couple avoiding their dysfunctional families, get trapped at the airport and are forced to visit all four of their families for Christmas. Along the way, they learn embarrassing secrets about each other that strain their relationship. Kate realizes she wants marriage and children, which initially frightens Brad. However, after heartfelt conversations with their respective parents, they both come to the same realization. They decide to get married and later welcome their first child on New Year's Day, inadvertently revealing the news to their families once again.
Cast 
 Vince Vaughn as Bradford 'Brad' McVie
 Reese Witherspoon as Kate
 Robert Duvall as Howard McVie
 Sissy Spacek as Paula
 Jon Voight as Creighton
 Mary Steenburgen as Marilyn
 Kristin Chenoweth as Courtney
 Jon Favreau as Denver McVie
 Tim McGraw as Dallas McVie
 Katy Mixon as Susan McVie
 Dwight Yoakam as Pastor Phil
 Carol Kane as Aunt Sarah
 Colleen Camp as Aunt Donna
 Jack Donner as Grandpa
 Steve Wiebe as Jim
 Skyler Gisondo as Connor McVie
 Patrick Van Horn as Darryl
 Brian Baumgartner as Eric
 Cedric Yarbrough as Stan
 Creagen Dow as Sheep
 Zachary Gordon as Kid In Jump-Jump (Cameo)
 Noah Munck as screaming kid

References

Other websites 
Four Christmases' Official website
 

2008 comedy-drama movies
2008 romantic comedy movies
2008 romantic drama movies
2000s English-language movies
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
German drama movies
Christmas movies
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies set in San Francisco
An automatic firearm is a firearm which will keep firing as long as the trigger is being pulled and there is still ammunition in the magazine.

An automatic weapon works by firing, automatically removing the cartridge case from the chamber, ejecting it from the side of the gun, and then loads a new cartridge into the chamber.

Uses 
An "automatic pistol" or "automatic shotgun" usually means that it has a semi-automatic design. However, fully automatic pistols (for example the Steyr TMP) and shotguns (such as the Daewoo USAS-12 and the AA-12) do exist. "Automatic rifle" usually means that the rifle has a fully automatic design, not semi-automatic.

In most countries, automatic firearms are usually only allowed for the military and police to use. In countries where automatic firearms can be used by the public, there are usually very strict rules on their use.
A fully automatic weapon (a machine gun) is one that keeps firing bullets as long as the trigger is pulled. It stops when the trigger is let go or the ammunition is all gone. In some countries, any weapon that shoots more than one shot at a time when the trigger is pulled once is legally called a machine gun. Some firearms fire more than one bullet after each trigger pull, but only a limited number. This is called burst fire.

Submachine guns are fully automatic weapons that fire a pistol cartridge. They can also be used by only one person. Sometimes they are called machine pistols.

Patents 
 :  Automatic gun

Related pages
 Machine gun
 Submachine gun
 Assault rifle
 Automatic rifle

Notes 

Firearms
In computing, an input device is computer hardware which is used to enter data for processing. Examples of input devices include keyboard, mouse, image scanner, digital cameras and joysticks. A touchscreen is a combined input and output device.

Related pages 
 Output device

References 

Computer hardware
Data input
In computing, an output device is a peripheral equipment device that is used to give the results of processed data.

Examples 
 Video card and monitor (screen): displays information on the screen for you to look at.
 Computer printer: It takes information from a computer and prints it out so that you can see it.
 Sound card and speaker: that play sounds and music. 
 Computer terminal
 numerical controlled machine tools.

Related pages
 Input device

References 

Computer hardware
Computer science
In baseball, a player hits for the cycle when they hit a single, a double, a triple, and a home run in the same game. It does not have to be in that order. Collecting the hits in that order is known as a natural cycle.

Baseball statistics
In baseball, a doubleheader is when two teams play two games against each other on the same day. This usually happens because a game that was supposed to be played on a previous day had to be  postponed because of bad weather. 

Baseball
The Louisville Colonels were a Major League Baseball team that played from 1882 to 1899. The Colonels represented the city of Louisville, Kentucky, in the United States. 

The team played in the American Association (AA). This was an early American major league baseball league from the 1800s. The team was first called the Louisville Eclipse from 1882 to 1884. Then it was renamed the Louisville Colonels in 1885. The name the Colonels comes from the Kentucky colonel, a title of honor in the Commonwealth of Kentucky.

In 1891, the AA folded (stopped existing). The Colonels then joined the National League. The team played for the National League through 1899. 

Notable Colonel players include Fred Clarke, Honus Wagner, and Rube Waddell.

Major League Baseball teams
Sportspeople from Louisville, Kentucky
1882 establishments in the United States
1880s establishments in Kentucky
1899 disestablishments
1890s disestablishments in the United States
A player-coach, in sports, is a member of a sports team who simultaneously holds both playing and coaching duties. The term can be used to refer to both players who serve as head coaches, or as assistant coaches.

Player-manager 
Player/manager is a sports term used to described a manager of a team who is also registered to play for the team. In association football, this situation usually arises when a manager leaves a team suddenly, and the chairman has to make a quick decision to appoint someone new as a caretaker manager. The chairman will usually either ask a coach to take temporary charge or turn to the club's most senior player. If this particular player gains good results for the team during his time in charge, he may be appointed full-time manager, which leaves him a player/manager.

However, there are instances when a free agent is signed by a new team as a manager and offers his playing abilities.
In the United States, player/managers and player-coaches were once common, especially in the early days of baseball. The last player-manager in Major League Baseball was Pete Rose, who began managing the Cincinnati Reds in 1985, the second-to-last season of his playing career. Fred Clarke spent the longest time as a player-manager.

Sports words
Batting average is a statistic that is used in cricket and baseball measuring the batting of cricket batsmen or baseball hitters.

Cricket 
In cricket, a batsman's average is the total number of runs he has scored divided by the number of times he has been got out. The statistic can be classified by the level of the cricket. Top batsmen will have separate averages for test cricket, first class cricket, one-day cricket and so on. The highest batting average is by Sir Donald Bradman which is 99.96.

Baseball 
In baseball, the batting average, abbreviated BA or sometimes AVG, is defined as the number of hits divided by at bats. For example, if a player had 50 hits over 175 at bats, their batting average would be .286.

References

Baseball statistics
Cricket
The New World rats and mice are a group of rodents from the family Cricetidae. They are mammals with fur and long tails. These animals live in the wild in North and South America. The group is very large, with about 500 different species. Biologists are not sure whether the group is descended from a common ancestor, so there is no scientific name for it. There are three subfamilies, Neotominae, Sigmodontinae and Tylomyinae.

Members of the New World rats and mice have occupied different ecological niches. Because of this, they have developed different forms. Most of them resemble rats or mice in appearance, but some look like voles, moles, gerbils or shrews. The biggest of them are Kunsia, with about 16–30 cm body length, and about 8–16 cm tail. Among the smallest are Baiomys, with about 5–8 cm body length, and about 5 cm tail.
Most of the New World rats and mice live on the ground, but are good climbers. Some live in trees. Others dig holes in the ground, or live part of their life in the water. New world rats and mice do not hibernate, but on cold days in winter, they sometimes fall into a torpor.

The New World rats and mice have many predators, and usually live only a short time. In the wild, these animals usually live for less than a year, but they have reached ages of up to five years old when kept indoors and protected by people. Some species have adapted to humans, and are hemerophile. This has also shown in some common names, such as the Cotton rat, Marsh rice rat, Brown Cane Mouse or Short-tailed Cane Mouse.

Rodents
Susana Alejandra González del Río (born on October 2, 1973 in Calera de Víctor Rosales, Zacatecas) is a Mexican actress known for her talent, beauty and docile character.

When she was 18 years old, she won a scholarship to Televisa's acting academy. She won the hearts of the people because of her charisma and sweetness.

She has two children, Santiago and Susana. Her parents are Refugio and Elvira, and her siblings are José and Erica.

Filmography
 Por Siempre mi Amor (2013-2014) - Isabel Lopéz Cerdán
Amores verdaderos (2012-2013) - Beatriz
La que no podia amar (2011-2012) - Cynthia Montero Baez
Para Volver a Amar (2010–2011) - Doménica
Los Exitosos Perez (2010) - Alexandra 'Alex' Rinaldi
Mujeres Asesinas (2009) - Desconfiada
Pasión (telenovela) (2007) - Camila Darien
S.O.S.: Sexo y otros Secretos - Tania
Chinango (2007) as Sofia
Heridas de Amor (2006) as Liliana Lopez Reyna
El Amor No Tiene Precio (2005) as Maria "Liz" Elizabeth González 
Cicatrices (2005) - Diana
Hospital el paisa - La Ex-Cita (2004) - Lucía Gordillo
Al otro lado (2004) - Caridad, Angel's mother
Silencio profundo (2003)
Velo de novia (2003) - Andrea Paz
Entre el amor y el odio (2002) - Ana Cristina Robles
Chinango (2002) - Sofia
Amigas y rivales (2001) - Angela
Rayito de luz (2000)
Amor gitano (1999) - Zokka
Cuento de Navidad (1999)
Mujeres engañadas (1999) - Ivette
Que vivan los muertos (1998)
Preciosa (1998) - Felina
Atómica (1998) - Chica Podium
María Isabel (1997) - Elisa
Sentimientos Ajenos (1996) - Norma

Telenovelas

Sources