Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Troyes is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .

The average temperature for the year in Troyes is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administration
Aube is managed by the Departmental Council of Aube in Troyes. The department is part of the Grand Est region.

Administrative divisions
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 17 cantons and 431 communes (municipalities) in Aube.

This is a list of the 17 cantons of the Aube department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Aix-en-Othe (1001)
 Arcis-sur-Aube (1002)
 Bar-sur-Aube (1003)
 Bar-sur-Seine (1004)
 Brienne-le-Château (1005)
 Creney-près-Troyes (1006)
 Nogent-sur-Seine (1007)
 Les Riceys (1008)
 Romilly-sur-Seine (1009)
 Saint-André-les-Vergers (1010)
 Saint-Lyé (1011)
 Troyes-1 (1012)
 Troyes-2 (1013)
 Troyes-3 (1014)
 Troyes-4 (1015)
 Troyes-5 (1016)
 Vendeuvre-sur-Barse (1017)

Demographics
People who live in Aube are called Aubois (women: Auboises).

Aube had a population, in 2014, of 308,094, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Troyes, with 225,184 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Aube

The communes with more inhabitants in the Aube department are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Aube department
 Communes of the Aube department

References

Other websites

 Departmental Council website 
 Prefecture of the Aube department 
 Tourism in Aube en Champagne

Aube
Aude is a department in the region of Occitanie in southern France. It is named after the Aude river.

The inhabitants of the Aude are known, in French, as Audois (women: Audoises).

History
Aude was created in 1790 during the French Revolution, when the whole of France was divided into departments, replacing the old provinces. Aude was formed with part of the old province of Languedoc.

It was divided in six districts: Castelnaudary, Carcassonne, Narbonne, Lagrasse, Limoux and Quillan, with Carcassonne as is capital.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into four arrondissements: Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Limoux and Narbonne. On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of  Castelnaudary was eliminated.

Early forms of habitation
A skull was found, and named Homme de Tautavel (Tautavel Man). It was found in a cave on the site called Caune de l'Arago, near Tautavel. The fossils are between 300.000 and 450.000 years old. There are over 80 fragments; the skull belonged to a man in his twenties. He was about 1.65 m, and weighed around 45–55 kg. Other remains are two mandibles, belonging to a woman in her fifties, and to a man, about 20 to 25 years old. It looks like they did not know how to use fire yet. It also looks like they might have been cannibals, or that they preferred to scavenge for food, rather than hunt. Some bones of rhinoceros, horses, wild sheep (called Mouflon), Tahrs (resemble wild goats), Muskox (a type of bovine), deer, and reindeer were found in the cave. There is an ongoing debate if this hominian is directly related to the Neanderthal. If they are not they would be Homines erecti (currently they are classified as H. erectus Tautavelensis)
. If they are direct predecessors of the Neanderthals, they would be Homo heidelbergensis.
Geography
Aude has an area of . It is surrounded by the departments of Pyrénées-Orientales, Ariège, Haute-Garonne, Tarn, and Hérault, with the Gulf of Lion (Mediterranean Sea) on the east.

The main river in the department is the Aude river which gives its name to the department. Other important rivers are Fresquel and Orbieu; these two rivers are tributaries of the Aude river.

The highest point in the department is the Pic de Madrès (), in the French Pyrenees; it is  high.

Administration
The département is managed by the Departamental Council of Aude in Carcassonne. Aude is part of the region of Occitanie.

Administrative divisions
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 19 cantons and 436 communes (municipalities) in Aude.

The following is a list of the 19 cantons of the Aude department (with their INSEE codes), following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
La Piège au Razès (1101)
 Carcassonne-1 (1102)
 Carcassonne-2 (1103)
 Carcassonne-3 (1104)
 Le Bassin chaurien (1105)
 Les Basses Plaines de l'Aude (1106)
 Les Corbières (1107)
 Le Lézignanais (1108)
 La Région Limouxine (1109)
 La Malpère à la Montagne Noire (1110)
 Narbonne-1 (1111)
 Narbonne-2 (1112)
 Narbonne-3 (1113)
 La Haute-Vallée de l'Aude (1114)
 Le Haut-Minervois (1115)
 Le Sud-Minervois (1116)
 Les Corbières maritimes (1117)
 La Montagne d'Alaric (1118)
 La Vallée de l'Orbiel (1119)

Demographics
The Aude department has a population, in 2014, of 365,478, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Carcassonne, with 161,442 inhabitants, is by far the largest. The other two arrondissements, Limoux and Narbonne, have respectively 44,467 and 159,569 inhabitants.

Evolution of the population in Aude

The main cities in the department are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Aude department
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Other websites
Other websites

 General council website 
 Prefecture website 
 Aude official tourism website 
 Photos of the Aude Department
Tautavel man is the name of an extinct hominian. They lived about 300.000-450.000 years ago.,, It is named after fossils found in a cave on the site named Caune de l'Arago, near Tautavel, France. The first fossils were found there in 1971. The fossils date from between 300.000 and 450.000 years ago. They consist of over 80 fragments; the skull found (pictured) belonged to a man in his twenties. He was about 1.65 m, and weighted around 45–55 kg. Other remains are two mandibles, belonging to a woman in her fifties, and to a man, about 20–25 years old. It looks like they did not know how to use fire yet. It also looks like they might have been cannibals, or that they preferred to scavenge for food, rather than hunt. Bones of rhinoceros, horses, wild sheep (called Mouflon), Tahrs (resemble wild goats), Muskox (some kind of bovine), deer, and reindeer have been found in the cave.
There is an ongoing debate if this hominid is directly related to the Neanderthal. If they are not, they would be Homines erecti. If they are direct predecessors of the Neanderthals, they would be Homo heidelbergensis. It has been proposed to classify them as Homo erectus Tautavelensis.

References

Hominins
Aude
A baseball glove, or mitt, is a leather glove that baseball players use to catch a baseball that are hit by a batter or thrown by a fielder.

History 

Catcher Doug Allison in 1870 was the first ever to wear baseball gloves. Doug's hands were split and cracked open from catching in other games earlier in the week.  He chose to wear something that would protect his hands so that they wouldn't be damaged more, so he wore baseball gloves, but he was laughed at and mocked by his teammates.
Five years later in 1875, Charlie Waitt, a St. Louis outfielder and first baseman who in 1875 used a pair of flesh-colored gloves, but he was also laughed by his teammates. Although baseball gloves were not used very much at first when they were first made, more and more baseball players started to use baseball gloves over time, probably when baseball star Albert Spalding began playing first base with a baseball glove. When he started to wear them, more infielders started to use gloves also because he was famous. Before the mid  1890s, baseball gloves were worn normally by baseball players. Soon, all baseball players started to wear baseball gloves.

In , Bill Doak, a pitcher for the St. Louis Cardinals, suggested that a web be placed between the first finger and the thumb in order to create a pocket. This design soon became added to baseball gloves and webbed gloves were starting to be used by all baseball players.
Since the baseball glove was invented, they have grown to what they look like today. While catching in baseball was two handed, gloves grew to a size that made it easier to catch the ball in the webbing of the glove, and use the off-hand to keep it from falling out. A glove is worn on the non-dominant hand, leaving the dominant hand for throwing the ball; for example, a right-handed player would wear a glove on the left hand. By convention, the type of glove that fits on the left hand is called a "right-handed" or "RH" glove.

The shape and size of the baseball glove is decided by official baseball rules; Section 1.00, Objectives of the Game, defines limits of catcher's, first baseman's and fielder's glove in parts 1.12, 1.13 and 1.14.

Major glove manufacturers
 Louisville Slugger
 Nokona
 Rawlings
 Spalding
 Kelley Athletic
 Wilson
 Nike, Inc
 Easton
 Mizuno
 Akadema

References
References

Other websites
 "Playing The Field." Popular Mechanics. May 2001.
 "Glove History." Baseball Glove.net. 
 "How Products Are Made: Baseball Glove." www.science.enotes.com 
 "Baseball Glove Leather" 
 "MLB Rules 1.0".

Baseball equipment
Sports gloves
A product is the result of a chemical reaction. 

An example:
H+ + H2O -> H3O+

where H3O+ is the product

Chemistry
In baseball, the Cy Young Award is an honor given to the best pitcher in the Major League Baseball.  The award was first introduced in 1956 by Commissioner Ford Frick in honor of Hall of Fame pitcher Cy Young, who died in 1955.  The award was given to the best pitcher in the major leagues. In 1967, the year after Frick retired as Commissioner, the practice began of honoring one pitcher in each league, the American League, and the National League. The 2021 American League Cy Young Award winner was Robby Ray of the Toronto Blue Jays, and the 2021 National League Cy Young Award winner was Corbin Burnes of the Milwaukee Brewers.
Each league's award is voted on by two members of the Baseball Writers Association of America in each league city, meaning 28 ballots are cast for the American League winner, and 32 for the National League.  Each places a vote for first, second, and third place among the pitchers of each league.  The formula used to calculate the final scores is a weighted sum of the votes: Score = 5F + 3S + T, where F is the number of first place votes, S is second place votes, and T is third place votes.  The pitcher with the highest score in each league wins the award. If two pitchers receive the same number of votes, the award is shared between the two.

The current formula started with the 1970 season.  Prior to that, writers only voted for the best pitcher and used a formula of one point per vote.

Other websites
 Cy Young Award on Baseball Almanac
 Full Voting Results for the Cy Young Award

Major League Baseball awards
Ke Huy Quan (born August 20, 1971) is a Vietnamese-American actor, stunt choreographer and former child actor.

In the 1980s, he appeared in several movies. His best known roles were as Short Round in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) and Data in The Goonies (1985). After he stopped acting, he worked as a stunt coordinator on many movies, for example X-Men. 

He became well known for his role in the 2022 movie Everything Everywhere All at Once, which won him multiple awards such as the Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He is the first Vietnam-born actor to win an Academy Award.

References

Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Golden Globe Award winning actors
1971 births
Living people
Vietnamese actors
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Joseph Chamberlain (8 July 1836 – 2 July 1914), was an important businessman and a politician. He worked to improve education, and cities. He was a Member of Parliament from 1876 to 1914, and Colonial Secretary (controlling British colonies) from 1895 to 1903. His son Austen won the Nobel Peace Prize and another son Neville was Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940.

Early life 
Chamberlain was born in Camberwell in London. His father had a successful shoe company. Joseph was a good student, and won prizes at school in French and mathematics. He left school when he was 16 years old, and became an apprentice in his father's company. When he was 18, he moved to Birmingham to work in his uncle's screw company. He worked for the company until he was 38, and the company became very successful.
Early political life 
Chamberlain was a Unitarian, a Christian who believes Christ was an example of the way to live life, but was not divine (not a part of God). Unitarians try to work to help society. There were many problems in Birmingham after the industrial revolution, and many men were not allowed to vote. In 1868 Chamberlain helped a liberal man to become the Member of Parliament for Birmingham. In 1869, he started a group working for free primary education for all children.

In November 1869, he became a member of Birmingham City Council. There he worked for cheaper land prices for rural (countryside) workers, and became very popular. In 1873 he became the Mayor of Birmingham. He bought the gas companies and water companies for the city, so people were able to have clean and safe water. He made parks, roads, schools museums and built new houses for poor people.
In June 1876 he became the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham. In parliament he worked to unite radical M.P.s (MPs that wanted change) against the Whig party who were in power. His work helped William Ewart Gladstone to become Prime Minister in 1880. Chamberlain often spoke about education in parliament.

Government life 
In 1880, Chamberlain became the President of the Board of Trade, the government minister working to improve trade. He made laws to help other cities to buy private companies, as he had done in Birmingham. He worked to make rents cheaper in Ireland, which was a British colony. At that time, many people believed that Ireland should have its own parliament, but many other people, including Chamberlain strongly disagreed. Chamberlain worked to help trade unions, but warned against socialism, saying that it would bring class war.
Colonial Secretary 
In June 1895, Chamberlain became Colonial Secretary of the government, controlling what happened in British Colonies. Because many European countries, especially Germany and France were growing stronger, Chamberlain wanted all countries in the British Empire to work together. He also wanted Britain to take more land in Africa. He built a railway along a part of the river Niger to help the British Royal Niger Company to grow. This land, together with the area Sokoto, became modern Nigeria in 1901.

Chamberlain also wanted Britain to control South Africa. He asked for more British soldiers in South Africa. He asked many British colonies to help, and in return helped Australia to get its own constitution. The Boers (Dutch farmers) did not want Britain to control their land, and in 1899 they attacked the British. This was the start of the Second Boer War. At first, Britain had problems fighting the Boers, but in 1900 the British became stronger.
In Autumn 1900, Britain had a General Election. Chamberlain asked people to vote for (choose) the same government (with Prime Minister Salisbury) to help win the war. Because Chamberlain was very popular, many people voted for the government, and they stayed in control. Chamberlain helped Winston Churchill to become a Member of Parliament.

In May 1902, Britain won the Second Boer War. Chamberlain visited South Africa to try to help make a better relationship between the two countries. Back in Britain, he also spoke to Zionist Jews (Jews who wanted their own country) and spoke about giving land in Kenya to them. This plan was never realised. Chamberlain tried to make an alliance with Germany, but when this did not work he made an alliance between France and Britain. This was called the Entente cordiale, and ended hundreds of years of fighting between the two countries.
Later life 
Chamberlain believed that the countries in the British Empire should do business with each other to become strong. To do this, Britain needed to tax imports (goods from other countries). This was called Tariff Reform. The government disagreed, so Chamberlain resigned from (quit) the government. He worked with other MPs to ask for Tariff Reform.

In 1906, just after his 70th birthday, Chamberlain had a stroke that made him very sick. He could not work hard, so his son, Austen Chamberlain (who was also an MP) helped him with his work. He died of a heart attack on the 2nd July 1914.

Memorials 

The city of Birmingham changed a lot because of Chamberlain's work. There are many places in Birmingham that have Chamberlain's name. Birmingham University, which he helped to start, has a clock tower with his name. Chamberlain Square in the centre of Birmingham also has a memorial for him.
Other websites 
Highbury Hall 
Imperial Union and Tariff Reform: Speeches Delivered from May 15 to Nov. 4, 1903 by Joseph Chamberlain
The Radical Programme By Joseph Chamberlain
Mr. Chamberlain's Defence of the British Troops in South Africa Against the Foreign Slanders 

Businesspeople from London
1836 births
1914 deaths
Liberal Party (UK) MPs
Zack & Wiki: Quest for Barbaros' Treasure is a video game made by Capcom in 2007 for the Wii game console.

Plot

Characters
Zack - The star of the game. He and Wiki discover Barbaros, and go on a quest to rebuild his body while being pursued by the Rose Rock Pirates.
 Wiki - Zack's companion and a flying monkey. He has the ability to transform into a bell, and when he is rung, living creatures can be turned into items.
 Barbaros - The former Captain who once owned Treasure Island before he was cursed into the form of a golden skeleton and had his parts scattered across the world. Promises Zack and Wiki his ship and Treasure Island if they return him to normal.
 Captain Rose - The leader of the Rose Rock Pirates. She has a rivalry with Zack and Wiki, and tries to beat Zack and Wiki to the treasure throughout the game.
 Johnny Style - A member of The Sea Rabbits who joins Zack and Wiki often, and is able to pilot a plane. He gives advice and often runs away from danger. 
 The Sea Rabbits - A group of pirates that Zack, Wiki, and Johnny Style belong to.
A pirate called Zack and a monkey called Wiki search for treasure and meet a pirate called Barbaros (who is a flying skull) after their plane was destroyed. Zack and Wiki agree to help him get his body back if he gives them his ship and treasure. Throughout the journey, Zack and Wiki collect pieces of his skeleton (all of them resembling objects used by pirates), while solving puzzles and fighting enemies, the most important being Captain Rose and her pirates. After Zack and Wiki find all of Barbaros's parts and revive him, Barbaros betrays Zack and Wiki to keep his ship and treasure, and returns to Treasure Island. Zack, Wiki, and Johnny Style join forces with the Rose Rock Pirates and travel to Treasure Island. Barbaros kidnaps Wiki to bring back his pirates, while Zack and the Rose Rock Pirates are captured. Zack breaks out and fights Barbaros, rescues Wiki and the Rose Rock Pirates, and escape in Barbaros' ship. They beat Barbaros and his giant robot when he chases them and he is sucked into a black hole
Gameplay 

Zack & Wiki uses the Wii Remote by itself to play the game. The Wii Remote is pointed at the screen, and a star icon is shown. The player uses the star to move to a spot he or she picks, to pick up stuff, or to check things. The level is seen zoomed out from Zack. The player can do many things to look around the level, including zooming out more or zooming in. The main goal of almost every level is to reach a treasure chest at the end, most containing a part of Barbaros. The player also has to get as many points, or "HirameQ", as he or she can to rank the player on how well he or she did. This is done by solving puzzles quickly and making as few mistakes as possible.
Most levels have enemies in them. They are often able to kill or capture Zack and Wiki, while others are harmless and can be turned into items. Each world ends with a boss level, where the player has to either battle a boss or survive it to beat the level. Zack & Wiki has many parts where the player can get a game over. The game does not have a health bar, and falling in a pit of spikes or getting crushed is instant death, and it makes the player have to start the level over unless he or she has a Platinum Ticket.

Development

Controversy 
Capcom's video of Zack & Wiki at E3 in 2007 had a sound effect in it that sometimes plays when the player does something good. The sound effect is the Islamic prayer "Allahu Akbar" ("God is Great"), and after The Council on American-Islamic Relations complained, Capcom removed the phrase.

Reception
Reception 

Zack & Wiki received mostly positive reviews, gaining a score of 87 on metacritic. Praised for reviving the point-and-click genre, IGN called it "an unpredictably top-quality undertaking whose winning marriage of sometimes-genius environmental puzzles and beautiful graphics will suck you in."

IGN gave Zack & Wiki their "Adventure Game of the Year" 2007 award, while Nintendo Power ranked it was 7th on their best Wii games list.

References 

2007 video games
Capcom games
Point-and-click adventure games
Puzzle video games
Wii games
Wii-only games
A pendulum is a mass (any object usually metal) on an arm. The arm is attached to a pivot, which is a point to swing from. The mass will naturally hang down because of gravity, but if it is pushed to one side it will oscillate, which means that it will swing from side to side.  The frequency of the swinging pendulum stays the same.

We can work out the time taken for one full oscillation (for example, swinging from left to right and back to left). We shall call this time  the period. If the pendulum length is , and the acceleration due to gravity is , then:

where π (a Greek letter pronounced 'pi') is a mathematical constant. This equation gives a good approximation for the period when the mass does not swing far from the middle. The period of a pendulum does not depend on the mass of the object.

The mechanical energy of a pendulum is constant and is the sum of the kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy.
The regular motion of the pendulum can be used for timekeeping, and pendulums are used to regulate pendulum clocks.

Related pages 
Foucault pendulum
Pendulum clock

Hardware (mechanical)
Finnix is a Debian based Live CD Linux distribution, developed by Ryan Finnie and intended for system administrators for tasks such as filesystem recovery, network monitoring and OS installation. Finnix is a small Linux Distribution, with an ISO download size of approximately 100 MiB.

History 
Finnix was created in 1999, making it one of the oldest Linux distributions with the intent of being run completely from a bootable CD (the other Live CD around at the time was the Linuxcare Bootable Business Card CD, first released in 1999). Finnix 0.01 was based on Red Hat Linux 6.1, and was created to help with administration and recovery of other Linux workstations around Finnie's office..

On 23 October 2005, Finnix 86.0 was released. Earlier unreleased versions (84, and 85.0 through 85.3) were "Knoppix remasters", with support for Linux LVM and dm-crypt being the main reason for creation. However, 86.0 was a departure from Knoppix, and was derived directly from the Debian "testing" tree.
Usage 
Finnix is released as a small bootable CD ISO. A user can download the ISO, burn the image to CD, and boot into a text mode Linux environment. Finnix requires at least 32MiB RAM to run properly, but can use more if present. Most hardware devices are detected and dealt with automatically, such as hard drives, network cards and USB devices. A user can modify files nearly anywhere on the running CD via UnionFS, a filesystem that can stack a read-write filesystem (in this case, a dynamic ramdisk) on top of a read-only filesystem (the CD media). Any changes made during the Finnix session are transparently written to RAM and discarded upon shutdown. In addition, Finnix uses SquashFS to keep distribution size low.

Finnix can be run completely within RAM, provided the system has at least 192 MiB RAM available.
Notes:
 "Code names" in Finnix refer to the development cycle leading up to the release, and not the release itself. Releases are signified by version number.
 Versions with two package counts in the table above represent x86 and PowerPC package counts, respectively.

References

Other websites 
 Finnix homepage

Linux distributions
Live CD
X86-64 Linux distributions
Debian-based Linux distributions
The mandible is a bone found in all jawed vertebrates. The name comes from Latin mandibula. 

In bony fish the lower jaw is made of a number of bones, but these were gradually reduced in evolution. 

In humans and other mammals the mandible is simply the jawbone or dentary, which is the largest and strongest bone of the face. 

In mammals bones formerly in the lower jaw have become the ear ossicles.

References

Bones of the skull
Head (body part)
Homo heidelbergensis ("Heidelberg Man") is the name given to a number of human fossil remains that are older than fossils of Neanderthals.  Homo heidelbergensis is abbreviated H. heidelbergensis.

Scientists are not sure whether these remains are from a distinct species. They are fragments (small pieces of bones), and most cannot be dated exactly. In the older texts they were simply called archaic humans or "early Homo sapiens."

There have been relatively well-defined remains of Homo erectus found in Africa from very early in human history.  There have also been well-defined remains of Homo neanderthalensis found in Europe from later in history.  Some scholars use the terms "archaic humans," "early Homo sapiens," or Homo heidelbergensis to describe remains that seem to come from between these two periods in history.  Some authors use it for all early species of Homo, including Neanderthals.
Discovery 
In 1907, an archaeologist found a fossil of a lower jaw in Mauer, near Heidelberg, Germany.  Some scientists thought this lower jaw was so different from any other species that it belonged to an undiscovered species.  They named this species Homo heidelbergensis.

Later, archaeologists found remains in Arago, France, and Petralona, Greece, that they said were from Homo heidelbergensis. The best evidence found for these hominids is from between 600,000 and 400,000 years ago. The stone tools used by H. heidelbergensis were very similar to the Acheulean tools used by Homo erectus.

Homo heidelbergensis may be the direct ancestor of both Homo neanderthalensis in Europe and Homo sapiens.  Some experts believe that "Rhodesian Man," found in Africa, belongs to the group Homo heidelbergensis.
Interpretations 
Homo antecessor and H. heidelbergensis may have had the same ancestor: Homo ergaster from Africa.  Mostly, H. ergaster was not very different from H. heidelbergensis.  However, H. heidelbergensis had a larger brain-case.  On average, their skulls had a volume of 1100 – 1400 cm³ of space inside.  (The average modern human has 1350 cm³ of space inside his or her skull.)  H. heidelbergensis also had more advanced tools and behavior than H. ergaster.  For these reasons, H. heidelbergensis has been classified as a separate species.

H. heidelbergensis was taller and more muscular than modern humans.  Male heidelbergensis averaged about  tall and .  Females averaged  and .

They were good hunters 
Cut marks on wild deer, elephants, rhinos, and horses show that H. heidelbergensis hunted, killed, and butchered these animals. Some of these animals weighed as much as 700 kg (1,500 lb) or more.
During this era, now-extinct wild animals like mammoths, European lions, and Irish elk lived on the European continent.

They may have buried their dead 
Recent findings in Atapuerca suggest that H. heidelbergensis may have been the first species of the Homo genus to bury their dead.  However, scientists still argue over whether this is true.

Some experts believe that H. heidelbergensis, like its descendant H. neanderthalensis, learned a primitive form of language.

Scientists have not found any forms of art or sophisticated artifacts made by H. heidelbergensis, other than stone tools. However, archaeologists have found red ochre, a mineral that can be used to create a red pigment which can be used as a paint.  They found this possible paint at Terra Amata excavations in the south of France.

Modern finds
Modern finds

Boxgrove Man
In 1994, British scientists unearthed a lower hominin tibia bone just a few miles away from the English Channel.  They found the bone with hundreds of ancient hand axes, at the Boxgrove Quarry site. A partial leg bone is dated to between 478,000 and 524,000 years old.

The discoverers believe these remains are from H. heidelbergensis.  However, some other scientists believe the remains are from early H. neanderthalensis. Before a discovery at Gran Dolina, Boxgrove was the site of the earliest hominin remains in Europe.

The tibia had been chewed by a large carnivore.  This suggests two possibilities.  The individual may have been killed by a lion or wolf.  He also may have died of some other cause, and his unburied corpse may have been scavenged after his death.
Sima de los Huesos
Beginning in 1992, a Spanish team has located more than 5,500 human bones that are at least 350,000 years old in the Sima de los Huesos site.  This site is in the Sierra de Atapuerca, in northern Spain. The pit contains fossils of perhaps 28 individuals, together with remains of Ursus deningeri, other carnivores, and a biface called Excalibur.  Some scientists think that this Acheulean axe, made of red quartzite, was some kind of ritual offering for a funeral.  If so, it would be the earliest known evidence of a funerary practice.
Ninety percent of all known H. heidelbergensis remains have come from this site. The fossil pit bones include:
A complete cranium (skull 5), nicknamed Miguelón, and pieces of other skulls, such as skull 4, nicknamed Agamenón, and skull 6, nicknamed Rui (from El Cid, a local hero).
A complete pelvis (pelvis 1), nicknamed Elvis, in remembrance of Elvis Presley.
Mandibles, teeth, and many postcranial bones (like femurs, hand and foot bones, vertebrae, and ribs) 
Indeed, nearby sites contain the only known and controversial Homo antecessor fossils.
Suffolk, England
In 2005, teeth and flint tools from the water vole Mimomys savini, which is used to date other species, were found in the cliffs at Pakefield near Lowestoft in Suffolk, England. This suggests that hominins existed in England 700,000 years ago.  These hominims may have been a cross between H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis.<ref name="nature1">Parfitt S. et al 2005. 'The earliest record of human activity in northern Europe'. Nature'''' 438 1008-1012.</ref>Parfitt S. et al 2006. '700,000 years old: found in Pakefield' , British Archaeology. Retrieved 2008-12-24.Tools unlock secrets of early man, BBC news website, 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2011-04-15.

 References 

Other websites

 Homo heidelbergensis'' – The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program

Hominins
Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain, KG (16 October 1863 – 17 March 1937) was a British politician.  He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925.  His father was another important politician, Joseph Chamberlain, and his half-brother (they had a different mother) was Neville Chamberlain, British Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940.

Early life 
Austen was born in Birmingham on the 16 October 1863, but two days later his mother died.  His grandparents looked after him and his sister, Beatrice.  Austen went to Rugby school, a famous private school, and then studied at the University of Cambridge.  He then studied in a political college in Paris and at a university in Berlin. He returned to Britain in 1888.
Parliament 
In 1892, Chamberlain became a Member of Parliament for Worcestershire, as a member of his father's party, the Liberal Unionist Party.  The Liberal Unionists worked to keep Ireland as a part of the United Kingdom.  Chamberlain worked hard for his father, and in 1895 the prime minister gave him a job helping to run the Royal Navy.  Chamberlain became important very quickly.  In 1903 the new prime minister, Balfour gave him the job of controlling the Post Office.  Then in 1904 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer, responsible for the economy.
In 1906, the government lost the general election, and Chamberlain lost his job in the government.  When his father became ill because of a stroke, he helped his father by fighting against Home Rule, the plan to make Ireland independent.  In the First World War, Chamberlain got the job responsible for India, and after the war he became Chancellor of the Exchequer again.  Here he helped Britain to recover from the war.  He was leader of the Conservative Party from 1921 to 1922.
Foreign Secretary 
In 1924, the Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin gave Chamberlain the job of Foreign Secretary, working with important people from other countries.  In 1925. At this time, France and Germany were arguing about war reparations, money paid by the Germans to the countries that won the First World War. Many people were worried that war might start again.  Chamberlain met with Gustav Stresemann, the German Foreign secretary. Together with Aristide Briand, they signed the Locarno Pact, an agreement never to use the military to solve problems again. For this, all three men won the Nobel Peace Prize, Chamberlain in 1925, Briand and Stresemann in 1926.
Warnings about Hitler 
After the 1929 general election, Chamberlain lost his job as Foreign Secretary. He stayed in parliament, and often argued with the government about their foreign policy (plans). From 1934 until his death in 1937, Chamberlain warned the government about the Nazi Germany, who were building a larger military. Together with Winston Churchill, he argued that Britain should build its military too.

Austen Chamberlain died on 17 March 1937, shortly before his half-brother, Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister.

Books 
 David Dutton, Austen Chamberlain – Gentleman in Politics, Bolton: R. Anderson, 1985.

Other websites 
 Nobel biography
1863 births
1937 deaths
Alumni of the Institut d'études politiques de Paris
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British Nobel Prize winners
British people of World War I
Chancellors of the Exchequer
English Christians
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Knights of the Garter
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Politicians from Birmingham
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1910
UK MPs 1910–1918
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Unitarians
Silent trade, or barter, is when traders (who do not speak each other's language) trade without talking to each other. This was used in many parts of ancient Africa. Silent bartering was used during 500 A.D to 1500 A.D. and probably had a much longer history.

To do a silent barter, one group of traders would go to a certain place, leaving whatever they are offering to trade. The other group of traders would then decide if they would like to accept the goods (usually salt or gold) that were left. If the goods met with approval, the second group would then take the goods, leave their own goods in return, and leave because the person accepted the offer. This system of trading was used mostly in ancient Ghana.       The popular things they sold were gold and salt. Another system was face-to-face trading using hand signals.
Gold mined south of the Sahel was traded, pound for pound, for salt mined in the desert. The salt from the desert was needed by the people of Sahel to flavor and preserve their food and gold has always had value for adornment (wearing). Because of this trade, cities grew and flourished and parts of West Africa became commercial centers. West Africa produced gold until about 1500 AD.

References 

Trade
Non-verbal communication
Simple living
A petal is a coloured part of a flower. With bright colours and scent, they often bring insects and birds to pollinate the flowers. Petals are made of cellulose and other organic matter. 

Petals are modified leaves which surround the reproductive parts of flowers. Together, all of the petals of a flower are called a corolla. 

The role of petals and the evolution of flowers is an important part of botany. It has been studied from the 18th century to the present day.

The most common types of pollination are:
Wind pollination: flowers are small and dull, with little or no scent, and often no petals at all. They produce large amounts of pollen which is scattered by the wind.
Insect pollination: flowers show well in the ultraviolet range, and often have honey guides. These are lines leading from the petal to the nectar. Use of scent is also common.
Bird pollination: large, colourful flowers with nectar.

References 

Flowers
Plant anatomy
Marigold could mean:

Plants
 Calendula officinalis (marigold or pot marigold)
 Tagetes (Mexican marigold, African marigold or French marigold)
 Glebionis segetum (syn. Chrysanthemum segetum; corn marigold)
 tree marigold = Tithonia diversifolia
 Peruvian marigold = usually Helianthus ssp. or rarely Tagetes tenuifolia
 desert marigold = Baileya multiradiata
 marsh marigold; Caltha palustris in the Buttercup family Ranunculaceae

literature and entertainment
"Marigolds", a short story by Eugenia Collier
"Marigold" (song) by the band Nirvana
Marigold (2007 film), a Hindi film
A character in The Witcher
A character in a Streetlight Manifesto song called "The Receiving End of It All".
A myth describing what seems to be creation of the marigold is mentioned in the story of Clytie and Apollo, although the plant concerned is often considered to the heliotrope.

Other
Marigold, California
In British English slang, a marigold is a rubber glove, especially a yellow or orange one used for washing dishes.
A moisturizer (or moisturiser) is a liquid that is used for softening the skin, especially for naturally dry skins. They increase the skin's water content by reducing evaporation. The thickness of a moisturizer is actually what keeps the hydration concealed into the skin, which then creates the moisturizing effect. Due to its thickening agents, moisturizers typically only come in lotion or night cream form.

Unlike a serum, a moisturizer does not penetrate deeply into the skin. The main job of a moisturizer is to seal products into the skin, locking all the moisture and nutrients your skin needs.

They can be quite a complicated chemical mixture. They may contain naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols, artificial or natural oils, emollients, lubricants,etc.

Moisturizers are not always needed or used. They are most useful for persons with dry skin.
Moisturizers are designed to either impart or restore hydration in the stratum corneum, which is an interactive, dynamic structure, and maintenance of hydration can impact its barrier function.

How they act 
Ways that a moisturizer affects the body include:
 Occlusives work by forming a thin film on the surface of the skin to prevent loss of moisture.
 Humectants attract water vapor from the air to moisturize the skin.
 Some add deficient materials. These aim to restore natural moisturizing factors on the skin.

References

Dermatology
Cosmetics
Vidalia onions are a variety of onions. They are native to Toombs County, Georgia. They are unique from other onions in that they are sweeter in taste. Southeast Georgia's mild climate, the area's sandy, low sulfur soil, exclusive seedvarieties, and precise farming practices make this original sweet onion, mild and flavorful.

Other websites 
Vidalia Onion Committee, the official website

Root vegetables
Georgia (U.S. state)
Straw is the stems of cereal grains like oats or wheat, after the seeds have been removed. It is often used as bedding for animals (hay is used to feed animals). It can also be used as fuel, to make baskets, and many other things.  In older times, it was used for thatch roofs, or mixed with clay and sand for the cob and adobe used in building houses.

Related pages 
 Drinking straw
 Hay
 Thatching

Other websites 

Natural materials
A cheeseburger is a hamburger with cheese on it and sometimes lettuce. The cheeseburger is usually found at fast food restaurants, such as Burger King and McDonald's.

References

Other websites 
 The Tale of the Cheeseburger 

Sandwiches
The calorie is a pre-SI unit of energy, most common in heat.

It is the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of water by one Kelvin.

When on a food label, the term "Calorie" refers to kilocalories, or 1000 calories. In this case, the word "Calorie" is usually written with a capital C.

For a layman, calories are the parameters of energy consumption. Think of them like the gasoline in the car. But unlike the car, the body stores the excess gas for long. The reaction to the calorie depends on which macronutrient did that calorie came from.

References

Units of energy
Portland is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maine. The city's population was 64,249 as of the 2000 Census

References

 
County seats in Maine
1632 establishments
1630s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Coweta County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia.  As of 2020, 146,158 people lived there. The county seat is Newnan, Georgia. It was named for a Creek Indian Tribe that lived in the area.

References

Georgia (U.S. state) counties
1826 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Intoxication is the state of being affected by one or more psychoactive drugs. It can also refer to the effects caused by the ingestion of poison or by the overconsumption of normally harmless substances.

People who drink too much alcohol become intoxicated. They may become impaired in some or all of their senses like touch or even eyesight. Long term drinkers develop tolerance to alcohol. This high tolerance means it takes more alcohol to produce the outward signs of intoxication. Intoxication may bring delirium or make people do or say things that are not normal for them. The level of harm done usually depends on the substance and the amount. Mild intoxication usually is not permanently harmful. Mild stimulants like caffeine usually do not harm the person.
Types
Some types of intoxication:
Alcohol intoxication
Caffeine intoxication
Cannabis intoxication
Heroin intoxication
Water intoxication
Intoxication can cause a state of mind that remains once the person is no longer intoxicated that can be used as a legal defense:
Settled insanity

Symptoms
Often taking a mild depressant or stimulant does not have much effect on the person who took it. But more serious drugs, substances, or even medications can have a large effect on the person. Usually stimulants keep the person awake and energetic. Depressants work the opposite way; they decrease the heart rate of the person and relax them. Sedatives give the same effect. More of these substances can carry harm or even life-threatening effects, if ingested in large amounts. Mixing alcohol with prescription drugs often leads to increased or hastened impairment. Alcohol can produce hazardous side effects, reduce heart rate, and drop blood pressure to a dangerous level.

References

Related pages
 Toxin
 Disability
Physiology
Health problems
The Gilgit District is bounded by the Wakhan Corridor of (Afghanistan) in the north, Xinjiang (China) in the north and northeast, Skardu District in the south and southeast. The capital of the Gilgit District is Gilgit town.

The district includes Gilgit town, Naltar, Hunza, Gojal (Upper Hunza) and Shimshal. It also includes many small villages like Minapin, Hopar, and Hispar. The Haramosh valley, now in the Gilgit District, was previously in the Skardu District.

The highest peak in the Gilgit District is Distaghil Sar , which is the 19th-highest mountain in the world.

Demography
Main languages are Balti, Erina, Shina, Burushaski and khowar.

Tehsils
Aliabad Tehsil
Gojal Tehsil
Gilgit Tehsil
Nagar I Tehsil
Nagar II Tehsil

Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan
Zoe is a character from the TV show Sesame Street. She is an orange monster who is 3 years old and is very energetic. Her introduction was in 1993.

Zoe was originally unclothed except her barrettes, bracelets, and necklace. She has regularly been dressed in a tutu since 2001, as like many girls of her age, Zoe is obsessed with ballet. Her love of dance in general resulted in the video Zoe's Dance Moves. In Season 49, she wears her tutu less frequently, and more consistently in illustrations and merchandise.

 She is currently played by Jennifer Barnhart, but was first played by Fran Brill.

References

Sesame Street characters
Olympia Jean Snowe (née Bouchles; born February 21, 1947) is an American politician and former United States Senator from Maine. She is a member of the Republican Party.

She was the first woman to serve in both houses of a state legislature and in both houses of the United States Congress. She was the first woman to be elected Senator in the history of Maine. She is the first Greek woman ever elected to the United States Congress. Senator Snowe is a member of the United States Republican Party. Snowe also served in the United States House of Representatives. She retired in 2013, after deciding not to seek reelection in 2012. She was succeeded by Former Independent Governor of Maine Angus King.

References

Other websites
Other websites

U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe  official U.S. Senate site
Olympia Snowe for Senate  official campaign site
Profile  at SourceWatch
U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe video clips from the Senate Republican Conference .
U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe audio clips from the Senate Republican Conference 
"The Anguished Moderate," The Washington Post, July 15, 2007.

1947 births
Living people
United States senators from Maine
United States representatives from Maine
Republican Party (United States) politicians
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Ghanche District is the easternmost district of the Northern Areas, Pakistan. To its northeast is Xinjiang, China, to the north and northwest is Skardu District, to its west is Astore District and to its south is Leh District (Ladakh Division) in the Indian occupied territories of Jammu and Kashmir. The line of control along the eastern most region of Ghanche District cuts through the Siachen Glacier and is not permanent because of the conflict (It has been proposed by moderates in Pakistan and India to make the Siachen Glacier region a Peace Park).

The capital of Ghanche District is Khaplu. This is the coldest place within Pakistan also called the "Third Pole" with temperatures reaching below  in the winter. Khaplu and Hushe valleys form the gateway for the great Baltoro Muztagh, the subrange of Karakoram that includes the mighty peaks of K2 (8,611 m), Broad Peak (8,047 m), Gasherbrums (8,000+ m) and Masherbrum (7,821 m) (all of which are included in the Skardu District).
Tehsils
Khaplu Tehsil
Mashabrum Tehsil

Districts of Gilgit-Baltistan
Polyester is a type of man-made material. It is a synthetic polymer. With 18% market share of all plastic materials produced, it is third after polyethylene (33.5%) and polypropylene (19.5%).

Uses 
Polyester can be made into thread , yarn or clothes . Woven into synthetic fabrics, they are often used to make clothes and home furnishings. These include shirts, trousers, pants, jackets, hats, bedding and upholstered furniture. Polyester fiber is used as cushioning and insulating material in pillows, comforters and upholstery padding. It can be used in curtains to insulate windows and keep heat indoors. Polyester is used to make insulating carpet.

Industrial polyester fibers, yarns and ropes are used in tires, fabrics for their use, and safety belts.

Chemistry