Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Poppy Montgomery (born 19 June 1972) is an Australian actress. She is best known for playing Samantha Spade on the television series Without a Trace. She acts mostly on television but has done a small number of movies. She played Caroline Tate in The Other Sister in 1999. Montgomery was born in Sydney.

References

Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Actors from Sydney
1972 births
Living people
Discography
Det går som en dans 5 (1973)
Här kommer Vikingarna (1974)
Kramgoa låtar 1 (1975)
Kramgoa låtar 2 (1975)
Kramgoa låtar 3 (1976)
Kramgoa låtar 4 (1977)
Kramgoa låtar 5 (1977)
The Vikings Export (1978)
Kramgoa låtar 6 (1978)
Kramgoa låtar 7 - Djingis Khan (1979)
Greatest Hits (1979)
Vikingarnas julparty (1979)
Kramgoa låtar 8 - Mot alla vindar (1980)
Kramgoa låtar 9 - Hallå Västindien (1981)
Kramgoa låtar 10 - Den stora dagen (1982)
Kramgoa låtar 11 - Save Your Love (1983)
Kramgoa låtar 12 - Albatross (1984)
Kramgoa låtar 13 (1985)
Julens sånger (1985)
Kramgoa låtar 14 (1986)
Kramgoa låtar 15 (1987)
Kramgoa låtar 16 (1988)
Kramgoa låtar 17 (1989)
Kramgoa låtar 18 (1990)
Kramgoa låtar 19 (1991)
Gitarrgodingar (1991)
Kramgoa låtar 20 (1992)
Vikingarna Gold! (1993)
Kramgoa låtar 1995 (1995)
Kramgoa låtar 1997 (1997)
Kramgoa låtar 1998 (1998)
Kramgoa låtar 1999 (1999)
Kramgoa låtar 2000 (2000)
100% Vikingarna (2000)
Kramgoa låtar 2001 (2001)
Kramgoa låtar 2002 (2002)
100% Guldfavoriter (2003)
References

Swedish musical groups
1950s music groups
Dansbands
1958 establishments in Europe
2004 disestablishments in Sweden
1950s establishments in Sweden
Discography
 Kära Rut, 1970 (single)
 Ett snurrande hjul, 1972 (single)
 Vad tiden går, 1974
 Spelmansminnen, 1975
 Strandpartajj, 1976
 Sunshine, 1977
 Darlin', 1978
 Vid en liten fiskehamn, 1981
 Oh, Julie!, 1982
 Marie Marie, 1983
 Elaine, 1984
 Fredens duva, 1985
 Den lilla klockan, 1986
 Nere på Söder, 1987
 Det här är bara början, 1988 (Mariann)
 Peppelinos Bar, 1988
 Livets ljusa sida, 1988
 Mot nya mål, 1989
 Vindarnas sång, 1990
 Tic Tac Toe, 1992
 På begäran, 1992
 Min ängel, 1994
 Bara du, 1995
 Sommardansen, 1995
 Dig ska jag älska 1996
 Sommardansen 2, 1997
 I ett fotoalbum, 1998
 Över en kopp i vår berså, 1999
 Sommardansen 3, 2000
 Emelie, 2001
 I tomteverkstan, 2001
 Mi Vida Loca, 2002
 Det här är bara början, 2003
 Röd Chevrolet, 2004
 Pickup-56, 2006
 Vagabond, 2007
 Rallarsväng, 2008
 Svängjul, 2008
 En vän som du, 2009
 Truck Stop, 2009
 Texas, 2010
 Lasse Stefanz Goes 70's, 2010
 Cuba Libre, 2011
 Vår bästa country, 2012
 Rocky Mountains, 2012
 Kärlek & rock'n'roll, 2013
Trouble Boys, 2013
 Lasse Stefanz stora julparty, 2013
 Honky Tonk Rebels, 2014
 Whiskey Barrel, 2015
DVD / VHS  
 Från Österlen till Oklahoma, 2003
 Ingen dans på rosor, 2009
 På väg till Malung med Lasse Stefanz, 2010

References

Other websites 

 Official website

1960s music groups
1967 establishments in Europe
Dansbands
Swedish musical groups
A point mutation is a single base substitution. It is the smallest type of mutation possible.

In a point mutation, either:
a single base nucleotide is changed for another nucleotide of the genetic material (normally DNA), or
a single base pair is inserted or deleted.

A nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a DNA sequence that leads to an early stop codon. This appears as a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA. Most of the time, the protein that is translated from this mRNA does not work.

References 

Genetics
DNA
The Peugeot P4 is a car made by Peugeot. It is a 4WD vehicle used mainly by militaries. It was based on the Mercedes-Benz G-Class. It is used by the French Army. Some versions are used by French Gendarmerie, French Navy, and French Air Force troops. The P4 was first built for use in 1981.

Peugeot automobiles
Military of France
The Boeing VC-25 is a military variant of the 747-200B airliner. It is used by the United States Air Force for the president of the United States and U.S. federal government transport. It is called Air Force One, when the president is on board. Only two examples were built.

VC-25
United States Air Force aircraft
The SOCATA TB-30 Epsilon is a military training light aircraft designed and built by SOCATA in Tarbes, France. With one engine and a crew of two, teacher and student, it looks like many other training aircraft. It is used by France, Portugal, Senegal, and Togo.

Bibliography 
 

French military aircraft
The Embraer Emb-121 Xingu is a twin-engines light transport plane. It is both civilian and military aircraft. It's built by Embraer in Brazil. From 1982, it is used by the French Air Force and the French Navy as a training aircraft.

Brazilian military aircraft
Civil aircraft
French military aircraft
121
The Nakajima Ki-43 was one of the major fighter aircrafts of the World War II in Japan. Called Oscar by the Allies it was used in all major Japaneses operations between 1942 and 1945. After the war it was used by China, France, Indonesia, and North Korea.

World War II Japanese aircraft
The Fiat CR.42 Falco is a biplane fighter aircraft used by fascist air force in the World War II and before in the Spanish Civil War. Built by Fiat, it was used until 1943. Some of them were captured by Royal Air Force. "Falco" is the Italian word for "falcon".

World War II aircraft
Italian military aircraft
Discography
 
 Dans ikväll (1966)
 Nu är vi här... igen (1968)
 Sven-Ingvars i Carnegie Hall (1970)
 Sven-Ingvars i Frödingland (1971)
 Man borde inte sova (1972)
 På turné (1973)
 Allt går igen (1973)
 Guld (1975)
 Playa blanca (1976)
 Åh, va skönt (1977)
 Ett vykort från Sven-Ingvars (1978)
 Apropå (1980)
 Sven-Ingvars jubileums à la carte (1981)
 Å vilka tider (1982)
 Våga - vinn (1983)
 Exposé (1985)
 Nya vindar (1987)
 Sven-Ingvars kvartett rainbow music (1989)
 Dansparty (1992)
 Allt går igen (1993)
 Två mörka ögon (1994)
 På begäran (1994)
 Byns enda blondin (1994)
 En dröm om våren (1995)
 Du flicka med vind i ditt hår (1995)
 Septemberbarn (1995)
 Kärlekens alla färger (1995)
 Lika ung som då (1996)
 Hus till salu (1997)
 Nio liv (1998)
 Älskar du mig (1999)
 Retro aktiv (2000)
 Här nere på jorden (2001)
 Guld & glöd (2002)
 Musik vi minns (2003)
 Livet är nu (2005)
 Högt i det blå (2007)
 Lycklig (2009)

References

Other websites 
 Official website
Swedish musical groups
1950s music groups
Dansbands
HV71 is an ice hockey club that plays its home games in the Husqvarna Garden in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. The club was established on 24 May 1971. It was a result of two local clubs Husqvarna IF and Vätterstads IK joining forces on their ice hockey sections.

HV71 won the Swedish national championship in 1995, 2004, 2008, 2010 and 2017. They also lost the finals of 2009.

References

Other websites

 
 Official website

Ice hockey teams in Sweden
1971 establishments in Sweden
Sport in Jönköping
Luleå HF is an ice hockey club in the town of Luleå in Sweden. The club was established on 2 May 1977.

Luleå HF won the Swedish national championship in 1996. It also lost the finals in 1993, 1997 and 2013.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Ice hockey teams in Sweden
1977 establishments in Sweden
Luleå
Malmö Redhawks is an ice hockey club in Malmö, Sweden. The club started on 28 February 1972, out of the Malmö FF ice hockey section. The original name was Malmö IF. The name was changed in 1996.

The club won the Swedish national championship in 1992 and 1994. It also  won the IIHF European Cup in 1992.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Ice hockey teams in Sweden
1972 establishments in Sweden
Sport in Malmö
IF Björklöven is an ice hockey club in the town of Umeå in Sweden. The club was established on 15 May 1970 as IFK/SSK, Umeå when the clubs of IFK Umeå and Sandåkerns SK merged their ice hockey sections. The name was changed in 1971.

IF Björklöven won the Swedish national championship in 1987. They also lost the finals of 1982 and 1988.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Ice hockey teams in Sweden
1970 establishments in Sweden
Umeå
Linköping HC is an ice hockey club in the town of Linköping in Sweden. The club was established on out of the BK Kenty ice hockey section 4 August 1976.

Linköpings HC progressed to the Swedish top division for first time in 1999. The club made it to the Swedish national finals in 2007 and 2008. They lost both times.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Ice hockey teams in Sweden
1976 establishments in Sweden
Linköping
Mora IK is an ice hockey club in the town of Mora in Sweden. The club was established in 1935. The club lost the Swedish national championship final of 1950 wih 2-7 to Djurgårdens IF.

The club played several seasons the old Swedish top division, Divison 1 between the mid-1940s and the mid-1970s. In 2004, Mora IK qualifyed for the Swedish top division, playing four straight seasons before being relegated in 2008.

References

Other websites

Official website

1935 establishments in Sweden
Ice hockey teams in Sweden
Hockeyallsvenskan is the second division for ice hockey in Sweden, where the best teams qualify for Kvalserien, a qualifying competition for the Swedish Hockey League (formerly Elitserien).

Allsvenskan was established in 1983 as an Elitserien pre-qualifying competition, back then starting after Christmas consisting of the autumn season's most successful Divison 1 teams. From the 1999/2000 season, Allsvenskan became played throughout the entire regular seasons, consisting of a northern and a southern group. From the 2005/2006 season, both groups were merged into one.

Other websites

 Official website

1983 establishments in Sweden
Ice hockey leagues
Ice hockey in Sweden
Vasaloppet is an annual cross-country skiing competition in Sweden. It started off in 1922 and has been a part of Worldloppet as long as Worldloppet has been around. Nowadays it is held the first Sunday in March each year.

The competition runs from Sälen to Mora. Women were banned from participating between 1924 and 1980, due to the length of the race (90 kilometers). In 1997, an official women's award was established.

The race is held to commemorate the historical events related to Gustav Vasa back in the early 1520's.

Sister races
Botniavasan (Finland)
Vasaloppet China
Vasaloppet Japan
Vasaloppet USA
Vasaloppet de la Sergerie (Canada)

Related pages
Tjejvasan

References

Other websites

 Official website
The event at SVT's open archive 

1922 establishments in Sweden
Sports competitions
Skiing in Sweden
Malmö FF is an association football club in the town of Malmö in Sweden. The club was established on 24 February 1910.

The club has won the Swedish national championship twenty times: in 1944, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1965, 1967, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1986, 1988, 2004, 2010, 2013 2014 2016 2017 2020 2021. They have won the Swedish cup fourteen times  (1944, 1946, 1947, 1951, 1953, 1967, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1980, 1984, 1986 and 1989), which makes them the most successful team in Sweden in history, in terms of the number of titles in these competitions.

References

Other websites

 Official website

1910 establishments in Sweden
Swedish football clubs
Sport in Malmö
Walter Stewart (1292–1327) a Scottish nobleman and knight, he was the 6th hereditary High Steward of Scotland. He was also the father of King Robert II of Scotland.

Biography

Walter was born in 1292. He was the son of James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland and Gilles (or Egidia) de Burgh. Walter was one of the Scottish leaders at the Battle of Bannockburn. Just before the battle began Walter along with his cousin James Douglas, Lord of Douglas were knighted by King Robert the Brucealong with many others. Both he and James Douglas were both leaders of the left battalion in the battle. He took part of all the Wars of Scottish Independence between Robert the Bruce and Edward II of England.

The king sent Walter to bring home his wife Queen Elizabeth and daughter princess Marjory from Berwick. They had been held prisoner by the English for eight years. Walter then married the princess Marjory.
During the king's absence in Ireland the High Steward and Sir James Douglas managed government affairs and spent time defending the Scottish Borders. Upon the capture of Berwick-upon-Tweed from the English in 1318 he was placed in command of the town. On 24 July 1319 the town was attacked by King Edward II of England. Several of the siege engines were destroyed by the Scots' garrison and the Steward suddenly rushed in force from the town to drive off the enemy. In 1322, with Douglas and Thomas Randolph, he made an attempt to surprise the English King at Byland Abbey, near Malton, Yorkshire. Edward, however, escaped, pursued towards York by The Steward and 500 horsemen.

Walter, Steward of Scotland, made a charter to John St. Clair, his valet, of the lands of Maxton, Roxburghshire, circa 1320/1326, one of the witnesses being "Roberto de Lauwedir  (Robert de Lauder) tunc justiciario Laudonie" (Justiciar of Lothian).
Family and issue
Walter married, in 1315, Marjorie, only daughter of Robert I of Scotland by his first wife Isabella of Mar. The Lordship of Largs, taken from John Balliol, was given to Walter by Robert the Bruce, who also gave him the Farme Castle lands in Rutherglen as well as other lands and the barony of Bathgate, Linlithgowshire. Walter and Marjorie had one son:
 Robert II of Scotland

Walter later married Isabel de Graham, daughter of Sir John Graham of Abercorn and Mary of Strathearn. They had three children:
 John Stewart of Ralston
 Andrew Stewart
 Egidia Stewart. She married first, James Lindsay of Crawford. She married second Hugh Eglinton of Ardrossan and third to James Douglas of Dalkeith.

Notes

References

Further reading
 Dunbar, Sir Archibald H., Bt., Scottish Kings, a Revised Chronology of Scottish History, 1005 - 1625, Edinburgh, 1899, pps: 126 - 144.
 Weis, Frederick Lewis, et all, The Magna Charta Sureties 1215, 5th edition, Baltimore, 2002, p. 50.
1290s births
1327 deaths
House of Stuart
Signatories to the Declaration of Arbroath
Scottish nobility
Modo Hockey is an ice hockey club in the town of Örnsköldsvik in Sweden. The club was established in 1921 as Alfredshems IK before becoming Modo AIK in 1963 and Modo HK (or Modo Hockey) in 1987.

Modo Hockey won the Swedish national championship in 1979 and 2007. They also played in the finals and lost in 1994, 1999 and the year 2000.

References

Other websites

 Official website

1921 establishments in Sweden
Ice hockey teams in Sweden
The Sweden men's national ice hockey team () represents the country of Sweden in men's ice hockey. The team started in 1920. It won the world championships in 1953, 1957, 1962, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1998, 2006, 2013, 2017 and 2018. They also became Olympic champions in 1994 and 2006.

References

Other websites

Ice hockey teams in Sweden
1920 establishments in Sweden
National ice hockey teams
Grace Lee Boggs (June 27, 1915 – October 5, 2015) was a Chinese-American social rights activist, philosopher, and author. She took part in numerous women's rights, civil rights, labor rights, environmental justice, and black power movements. Boggs got a Ph.D. in philosophy at the age of 25, which was very uncommon at the time, especially for a Chinese-American. In 1992, Boggs and her later husband James Boggs started a program called Detroit Summer, which was made as a recreation of the Freedom Summer Program (otherwise known as the Mississippi Summer Program), but for youths. The program was an opportunity for local youth to grow leadership skills and to empower them to improve their communities. In 2013, Boggs was featured in a PBS documentary "American Revolutionary: The Evolution of Grace Lee Boggs", which focused on her political views, actions, and steps she took to make a difference in the community and in the world
. Boggs also founded an organization called the Boggs Center and helped start a charter school called the James and Grace Lee Boggs School a few years ago.
References

1915 births
2015 deaths
American centenarians
American feminist writers
Writers from Providence, Rhode Island
Writers from Queens
Örebro HK is an ice hockey club in the town of Örebro in Sweden. The club was established in 1990 as HC Örebro 90, before changing name in 2005.

In 2013, Örebro HK qualifyed for the Swedish Hockey League.

Other websites

 Official website

1990 establishments in Sweden
Ice hockey teams in Sweden
Örebro
Färjestad BK is an ice hockey club in the town of Karlstad in Sweden. The club was established on 10 November 1932 a bandy club. It adopting the game of ice hockey in 1956.

Färjestads BK won the Swedish national championship in 1981, 1986, 1988, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2009, 2011 and 2022. They also lost the national finals in 1976, 1977, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1990, 1991, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2014.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Farjestads BK
Farjestads BK
Karlstad
Rögle BK is an ice hockey club in the town of Ängelholm in Sweden. The club was established in 1921 as a bandy club, even if no governing body was established until 18 December 1932. The club won the Scanian bandy district championship in 1948, before adopting the game of ice hockey in 1950.

In 1992, Rögle BK qualifyed for the Swedish top division for first time. They continued playing in the top division until 1996. Rögle qualifyed for the top division in 2008 and again in 2012 but after failing to requalify, the club will play in the second-tier Hockeyallsvenskan.

The most famous player ever played in Rögle is probably Kenny Jönsson.

Other websites

 Official website

Rogle BK
Rogle BK
Muhammad Siddiq Al-Minshawi or Mohamed Siddiq El-Minshawi (, 1 January 1920 – 20 June 1969) was an Egyptian Qur'anic reciter. He was born in Suhaaj. He was the son of Siddiq El-Minshawi and the brother of Mahmoud El-Minshawi, who is also a famous reciter and a well known scholar of the Qur’an in Egypt, Cairo.

Background 
Muhammad Siddiq El-Minshawi has become a household name across the Muslim world. He traveled to many countries outside of his homeland, including Indonesia, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Palestine (Al-Aqsa Mosque), Saudi Arabia and Syria. He helped children with the Quran.

He was significantly influenced by his father, Muhammad Siddiq El-Minshawi, also a protégé of Mohamed Salamah, a famous reciter of the 20th century. He studied the rules of recitation under Ibrahim As-Su'oodi at a young age.

1920 births
1969 deaths
Egyptian Muslims
Quran reciters
Nicholas David Offerman (born June 26, 1970) is an American actor, writer, and carpenter. He is best known for his breakout role as Ron Swanson in the NBC sitcom Parks and Recreation.

Offerman was raised in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He has been married to Megan Mullally since 2003.

References

Other websites

1970 births
Living people
Actors from Chicago
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Carpenters
Writers from Chicago
People from Champaign, Illinois
Cook County is a county in the American state of Illinois. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County. Los Angeles County, California is the only county with a higher population than Cook County.

About 5,276,000 people live in Cook County. This is 41 percent of all the people who live in Illinois. Cook County's population is more than the population of 28 U.S. states. More people live in Cook County than in the six smallest U.S. states combined.  There is a tax on canned beverages in Cook County.

References

Other websites

 Cook County History Pages 

 
1830s establishments in Illinois
1831 establishments in the United States
Marjorie Bennett (15 January 1896 – 14 June 1982) was an Australian actress. She was born in York, Western Australia, and died in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.

Her many movies include small parts in the Joan Crawford movies Autumn Leaves (waitress), Female on the Beach (Mrs. Murchison), and What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (Dehlia Flagg); a voice part in Disney's One Hundred and One Dalmatians (Duchess); and a speaking part in Mary Poppins (Miss Lark).

Her many television appearances include the recurring parts of Mrs. Neimeyer in The Bob Cummings Show; Birdie Brockway in the early years of Lassie, Mrs. Downey in CHiPs; and Mrs. Kenny in The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis.

Australian television actors
Australian movie actors
1896 births
1982 deaths
Actors from Western Australia
Autumn Leaves is a 1956 movie starring Joan Crawford, Vera Miles, Lorne Greene, and Cliff Robertson. It was directed by Robert Aldrich. It is about a lonely woman who marries an attractive younger man. She is forced to confine him to a mental hospital for her own safety. Nat King Cole sings the movie's theme song.

American drama movies
1956 drama movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Robert Aldrich
The 2010 Brooklyn/Queens tornadoes were a severe weather event that happened in the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens in New York City. Two tornadoes touched down in Park Slope, Brooklyn and Flushing, Queens. It happened between 5:37 PM to 5:57 PM EDT on September 16, 2010. The tornadoes were the second to hit New York City that year, after a tornado that hit Queens on July 25. The stronger of the two tornadoes hit Flushing and was rated an EF1 with winds of up to 100 mph.

The thunderstorm hit New York City during the evening rush hour. It brought strong winds, heavy rain, and hail. The strong winds brought down over 30,000 trees and power lines. In addition to the tornadoes, a macroburst hit Middle Village and Forest Hills in Queens. The macroburst had heavy rain and strong winds of up to 125 mph.

References

Other websites
New Yorkers Document the Storm - New York Times
2010 in New York (state)
2010s in New York City
Brooklyn
Queens (New York City)
Tornadoes in the United States
September 2010 events
Disasters in New York (state)
Robert "Bob" Aldrich (August 9, 1918 - December 5, 1983) was an American movie and television director,  second unit director or assistant director, and producer. He was born Robert Burgess Aldrich in Cranston, Rhode Island. He died in Los Angeles, California, age 65. 

Aldrich directed Joan Crawford and Bette Davis in What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Olivia de Havilland and Bette Davis in Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte  (1964), Lee Marvin, Charles Bronson, and football star Jim Brown in The Dirty Dozen (1967), and Burt Reynolds and Eddie Albert in The Longest Yard (1974) and Hustle (1975). Television credits include (among others) five episodes of Four Star Playhouse and five episodes of The Doctor in the 1950s.

Other websites
 

1918 births
1983 deaths
American movie directors
American television directors
People from Cranston, Rhode Island
Shelby Lynne (born Shelby Lynne Moorer; 22 October 1968) is an American country musician who has done lots of hit songs. She began singing around 1988, although it was 1999 that she released her debut studio album I am Shelby Lynne. She received a Grammy Award for Best New Artist on that studio album. Lynne was born in Virginia, though was raised in Mobile, Alabama.

References

Singers from Alabama
Singers from Virginia
Country musicians from Virginia
1968 births
Living people
Country musicians from Alabama
Mercy Lavinia Warren Bump (October 31, 1841 - November 25, 1919) was an American entertainer. She was the wife of Charles S. Stratton (aka General Tom Thumb), the star attraction of P. T. Barnum's American Museum in New York City.

Early years 
Warren was born in Middleborough, Massachusetts to James Bump and his wife. She stopped growing at age 10. In adulthood, Warren stood 32 inches tall, weighed 30 pounds, and was perfectly formed in every way.

She had seven siblings. Her sister "Minnie" was even smaller than she. Lavinia claimed descent from William the Conqueror and five Mayflower Pilgrims.

In her middle teens, Warren briefly taught school in Middleborough, then began appearing as an exhibit in a relative's "floating palace of curiosities" on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
P. T. Barnum and the American Museum
American showman P. T. Barnum heard of Warren in 1862. He invited her and her parents to visit him in his Bridgeport, Connecticut home. They did so, and Barnum found Warren, "a most refined and intelligent young lady, well educated, and an accomplished, beautiful and perfectly developed woman in miniature."

He hired her for his American Museum in New York City. She lived quietly in the home of one of his daughters in New York while he made arrangements for her debut. He assembled "a very splendid wardrobe" for Warren and provided her with "costly jewelry". She made her debut and created a sensation with the public.

Unfortunately, she was exhibited with Commodore Nutt, another little person several years her junior. He fell in love with her. She however did not reciprocate his feelings, and considered him nothing more than a "nice little boy".
Barnum gave Warren a ring, which did not fit properly, so he told her that she might give the ring to Nutt while he provided her with another. She gave the ring to Nutt, and he regarded it as a love token. Warren was in great distress. She did not want to offend Nutt by repelling his attentions, but she did not want to encourage him either.

General Tom Thumb
Barnum offered her $1,000 a week to exhibit herself at his Museum. She accepted and was an instant hit. The press adored her. She rivaled Stratton in popularity, and earned $3,000 a day for the Museum.

Marriage
Warren met Stratton in 1861. They were married in Grace Episcopal Church, New York City, on February 10, 1863. Two thousand people attended their wedding, including the most celebrated persons of the day.
Their "round the world" honeymoon included meetings with the Lincolns in Washington, D.C., and Queen Victoria in London. Barnum manufactured a hoax of the couple becoming parents (fueled with photographs), but Warren was, in fact, unable to bear children.

Later years and death
The couple travelled widely. They returned to Barnum's employ in 1881. Thumb died in 1884, leaving his wife penniless and depressed.  On April 6, 1885, Lavinia married Count Primo Magri, an Italian miniature person who had come to America seeking his fortune. 

The couple toured, then exhibited themselves at Lilliputia (aka Midget City) on Coney Island. She met United States President William Howard Taft in 1911. She once boasted that she had met Lincoln and every president after him. Lavinia died in Middleborough in 1919.

Notes
Notes

References
 Bogdan, Robert. 1988 (hbk)/1990 (pbk). Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit. University of Chicago Press. 
 Hartzman, Marc. 2006.  American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers. Penguin. pp. 97-98.
 Hornberger, Francine. 2005. Carny Folk: The World's Weirdest Sideshow Acts. Citadel Press. pp. 19-25.

Other websites
 Lavinia Warren's Autobiography, 1906

1841 births
1919 deaths
Entertainers from Massachusetts
American circus performers
19th-century American sideshow performers
Barnum's American Museum attractions
People with dwarfism
In America, a soccer mom is a middle-class woman in the suburbs who spends a lot of time taking her school-aged children to sports events and other activities. The soccer mom often drives a minivan, SUV or station wagon. Soccer moms are often completely involved and coach their children from the sidelines.The term soccer mom dates back to the early or mid 1980s. The term became more popular when newspapers began using it a lot in 1994 or 1995. It became very popular around 1996, when politicians were constantly using it during the presidential election of 1996, including then-President Bill Clinton.

Family
American culture
General Tom Thumb (January 4, 1838 – July 15, 1883) was an American entertainer. He was a four year old child when P. T. Barnum introduced him to show biz. The boy (who was passed off as a young adult) created a sensation at Barnum's American Museum in New York City. He toured Europe, appeared before royals, and returned to America rich. Thumb married Lavinia Warren in 1863, and continued to tour. Show biz took its toll on his health however. He died of a stroke in 1883.

Early life
General Tom Thumb was born Charles Sherwood Stratton in Bridgeport, Connecticut, to Sherwood Edward Stratton, a carpenter, and Cynthia (Thompson) Stratton, an inn worker. He stopped growing at 18 months. He was 25 inches tall and weighed 16 pounds in 1842 when P. T. Barnum persuaded his parents to exhibit him at $3 a week. The boy was four years old when he left home for Barnum's American Museum in New York City.
Barnum
Barnum molded the boy into an entertainer, and provided the child with an expensive and exquisitely tailored wardrobe. He was presented as General Tom Thumb and his age bumped up to eleven years. 

He debuted on December 8, 1842. At first, he was shy about appearing in public, but he took to the stage and began imitating famous little people like Napoleon and Cupid. The General was a hit. Thirty thousand people attended his first week performances.

Barnum and Thumb toured Europe in 1844 with an appearance before Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Buckingham Palace. Other European royals also fêted him.  In America, Thumb remained the principal attraction at the American Museum for many years.

Marriage
In 1847, Thumb returned to America very rich. Thumb eventually bought a mansion in Bridgeport, and toured alone for a time. He teamed up with Barnum at times when the showman's bank account was running low.
In 1862, Thumb met Lavinia Warren, another of Barnum's oddities, and the miniature couple were married on February 10, 1863, in Grace Episcopal Church, New York City. The wedding was attended by 2,000 guests, many of them the A-list celebrities of the day.

Later life and death
The couple toured for many years, and made a large fortune. In 1881, Thumb and his wife were caught in a hotel fire that almost took their lives. They joined the Barnum & London Circus. Show biz took its toll on Thumb, however. His health declined. On July 15, 1883, Thumb died following a stroke, age 45. He is buried in Bridgeport, Connecticut. More than 10,000 people attended his funeral.

Gallery

Notes

References
 Hartzman, Marc. 2005. American Sideshow. Penguin. unpaged.
 Hornberger, Francine. 2005. Carny Folk: The World's Weirdest Sideshow Acts. Citadel Press. pp. 14-18.

Other websites
Other websites

"Sideshow Ephemera Gallery: General Tom Thumb" by James G. Mundie - biographical essay with photos
Harper's portrait and report on General Tom Thumb's Wedding
Details of a museum in Middleboro, MA. A town where they made their home. - Link points to RoadsideAmerica.com
"Tom Thumb" at the Disability History Museum

 

1838 births
1883 deaths
Entertainers from Connecticut
American circus performers
19th-century American sideshow performers
Barnum's American Museum attractions
Deaths from stroke
People with dwarfism
Milo Đukanović (; born 15 February 1962) is a Montenegrin politician. He has been the country's President from 2018 to 2023. Đukanović has previously served as Prime Minister four times, from 1991 to 1998, from 2003 to 2006, from 2008 to 2010 and from 2012 to 2016. He also served as President from 1998 to 2002. Đukanović is the leader of the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro. In 2023, he lost his re-election to Jakov Milatović.

References

1962 births
Current national leaders
Living people
Presidents of Montenegro
Prime Ministers of Montenegro
Extended family means a family including aunts, uncles and cousins. It also means married people living under parents of their husbands or wives. Within an extended family are several immediate families.

A family with more than two adults is called a complex family. This includes extended families or families where there are more than just one mother and one father.

Family
Juvénal Habyarimana (8 March 1937 – 6 April 1994) was the second President of Rwanda. He was president for almost twenty years, from 1973 until 1994. During his government, he favoured his own ethnic group, the Hutus. He was nicknamed "Kinani", a Kinyarwanda word meaning "invincible". Habyarimana was a dictator. He was suspected to have cheated in all of his elections.

On 6 April 1994, he was killed when his airplane was shot down close to Kigali. It was also carrying the President of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira. His assassination caused tensions between Hutus and Tutsis to worsen, and helped start the Rwandan Genocide. Within 100 days, somewhere between 800,000 and 1 million Rwandans were massacred.

References

Other websites

1937 births
1994 deaths
Assassinated people
Aviation deaths
Presidents of Rwanda
Roman Catholics
Emmett Leo Kelly (December 9, 1898 - March 28, 1979) was an American circus performer. He created the clown, "Weary Willie".

1898 births
1979 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American circus performers
American entertainers
Clowns
Jumbo (about Christmas 1860 – September 15, 1885) was the first international animal superstar. He was the first African bush elephant to reach modern Europe alive. He was born in eastern Africa, and captured there by Arabian hunters in early 1862. He was sold first to a traveling zoo in Germany, then to the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. He was traded to the London Zoological Gardens for a rhinoceros.

Jumbo lived in the London Zoo about 16 years. He was the biggest elephant in captivity. American circus showman P. T. Barnum simply had to have this huge elephant in his circus. He bought Jumbo in 1882.  The elephant made his debut in the United States on Easter Sunday 1882 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. He toured with Barnum's circus for three years. In September 1885, he was killed in a railroad accident in Canada.
Jumbo attracted as much attention after his death as he did in life. His hide was stuffed and his bones preserved. His hide and skeleton were displayed first with Barnum's circus and then with museums. His hide was destroyed in a fire at Tufts University in 1975. His skeleton was displayed for many years in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. As time passed, children forgot about him. His skeleton was put away.

Jumbo's sale in 1882 created public anger in Britain. It drew the attention of people around the world. "Jumbomania", a fad for all things Jumbo, was born. The civilized world was flooded with Jumbo neckties, jewelry, and other souvenirs. People around the world were sad when he died. Jumbo's greatest legacy is his name. In the English language, it is now a word that means "very large".
Early life
It is impossible to know exactly where or when Jumbo was born. In February 1862, a British explorer met Jumbo in the desert camp of Arabian elephant hunters. This camp was on the border of eastern Sudan and Abyssinia (now, Eritrea). The hunters had been hired to capture wild animals for export to European zoos.

The explorer estimated that Jumbo was  tall and weighed about . Based on his height and weight, Jumbo was about one year old. He was probably born at Christmas 1860.

Jumbo had a long, hot journey ahead of him. He walked several hundred miles with other wild animals to the Red Sea. At the port of Suakin, the little elephant was put aboard a steamship. In time, he arrived in Trieste, Italy. From Italy, he was taken by train to Dresden, Germany. He was then sold to a traveling zoo.

Jardin des Plantes
Jardin des Plantes

In late 1862, Jumbo was sold to the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Jumbo was probably brought to his new home in either late 1862 or early 1863. The French were disappointed with him; they thought he would be larger. Jumbo lived in the Rotunda for Large Herbivores with two Asian elephants, several camels and giraffes, and a hippopotamus.

In October 1863, two more baby African elephants and several camels were brought to the Rotunda. The little elephants were called Castor and Pollux. They played together and slept together. Children loved the new elephants. The two animals came to be called "the pets of young Paris". Jumbo did not want attention from people; he stayed in his stable. Five elephants now lived in the Rotunda of the Jardin.
In April 1865, the government found that the living conditions in the Jardin were very bad. Officials thought some of the elephants should be sent to zoos in other countries. The officials of the London Zoological Gardens in Regent's Park wanted an African elephant. They traded an Indian rhinoceros and a few other animals for Jumbo. He was brought to the London Zoo in June 1865. Jumbo was lucky. Castor and Pollux were killed during a war with Prussia in 1871. They were eaten by the French.

London Zoological Gardens

Jumbo was very ill when he arrived at the London Zoo. He had not been fed properly. His hide was covered with filth that had to be scraped and scrubbed off. The nails on his feet were overgrown, and the soles of his feet were covered with sores.
Abraham Bartlett, the Superintendent of the London Zoological Gardens, put the little elephant into the care of animal keeper Matthew "Scotty" Scott. Scotty had a talent for understanding and managing animals. Jumbo grew stronger and healthier under Scotty's care.

The little elephant was named Jumbo. There is no record of the origin of this name. He may have been named after Mumbo Jumbo, a west African tribal holy man. This is not certain though. Bartlett may have named the elephant Jumbo because he liked the sound of the word. He had once named a gorilla Mumbo. There is a very slim possibility that Jumbo may have been named in Paris.

Jumbo became a great attraction in the London Zoo. Queen Victoria and members of the Royal Family adored him. Children rode in the saddle (howdah) on his back for a penny. The young Winston Churchill (and probably Queen Victoria's children Prince Leopold and Princess Beatrice) rode in Jumbo's howdah.
By the time Jumbo was seven years old, he had a huge appetite. Every day he ate  of hay, a barrel of potatoes, two bushels of oats, fifteen loaves of bread, and lots of onions. He also drank several pails of water. If Scotty thought Jumbo needed some medicine, the elephant was given a gallon or two of whiskey.

In 1880, Jumbo hit his iron cage doors with his tusks and broke both off near the jawbone. He was in pain. He stopped eating. He leaned against the walls for support. Bartlett and Scotty were forced to perform some crude surgery with a harpoon-like tool they had made. Bartlett was disappointed with the damage to Jumbo's tusks.  He had been hoping that Jumbo would grow to be a "tusker"  an elephant with huge tusks. After the surgery, Jumbo kept his tusks worn away by rubbing them against the walls of the Elephant House. They never grew more than a few inches long.
In 1882, Jumbo was  tall at the shoulder. He weighed more than . His trunk was  long. It could reach high into the trees. In the magazine Harper's Weekly, Jumbo was said to be "as gentle with children as the best-trained poodle dog." The magazine said he gently took biscuits and lumps of sugar from zoo visitors.

Jumbo is sold

When Jumbo was brought to the zoo in 1865, Bartlett had wanted to raise the elephant himself. He needed a keeper who would obey him. He chose Scotty because he was rather inexperienced. Bartlett would be disappointed. Scotty had his own opinion on how to raise Jumbo. The close relationship that grew between the keeper and the elephant was something Bartlett hated.
In 1882, Jumbo was the biggest elephant living in captivity. Bartlett thought it best to find a new home for Jumbo for two reasons. First, he thought Jumbo was about to enter musth. This is a difficult time in a male elephant's life. Certain glands in the elephant's head become inflamed causing the animal to behave violently. The other reason Bartlett wanted to move Jumbo was the elephant's close relationship with Scotty. Bartlett thought Jumbo might go on a dangerous rampage if Scotty should die.
Jumbo had tantrums. He would try to damage the Elephant House at night. He may have been frightened and angry because Scotty went home every night. He was only calm during the day when Scotty was nearby or when he carried children around the zoo in his howdah. Jumbo's behavior only made Bartlett more sure that he must find another home for the elephant. Years after Jumbo's death, zoologists studied casts of the elephant's teeth. They discovered that his molars were erupting abnormally and probably causing him pain. This was likely the reason for Jumbo's tantrums.

Bartlett and members of the London Zoological Society were happy when P. T. Barnum, a circus showman from the United States offered to buy Jumbo for $10,000. Barnum had once owned two museums in New York City. They had burned to the ground. He was now part-owner of the Barnum, Bailey, & Hutchinson Circus. Barnum knew the huge elephant would make him a fortune if he appeared with the circus.
Barnum's partner Hutchinson did not want to buy Jumbo. "What difference does it make if an elephant is seven feet high or eleven or twelve feet high? An elephant is an elephant!" he said. But Barnum wanted Jumbo more than he wanted any other elephant in the world because Jumbo was the biggest elephant in the world. Bartlett and the London Zoological Society took only two days to decide that Jumbo would be sold to Barnum.

When the British learned that their beloved Jumbo was going to be sold, they were outraged. Bartlett received many angry letters. Children begged Bartlett to keep Jumbo in London. Art critic John Ruskin wrote that the English were not "in the habit of selling their pets." An effort was made to stop the sale by going to court, but Barnum won. The British courts said he was the legal owner of Jumbo.
A large wheeled box was built to hold Jumbo during his journey to America. It was made of heavy pine boards bolted to a strong oak base, and made even stronger with iron straps. It measured  long,  wide, and  high. It was large enough for Jumbo to stand in it, but it was not large enough for him to lie down or turn around. Although the ends of the box were open, they were made strong with iron bars. Jumbo could look out the open end and swing his trunk.

Plans were made to move Jumbo on February 18. Jumbo would not get into the box. A second attempt was made on February 19 with the same result. Jumbo laid down in the street. Crowds of people cheered for Jumbo. He stayed in the street for a week. Bill Newman, Barnum's agent in London, sent the showman a telegram. "Jumbo won't get up", it read. Barnum sent a telegram back reading, "Let him stay there as long as he wants. It's great publicity."
Bartlett thought Scotty was controlling Jumbo with a secret signal to keep him from getting into the box. He told Scotty 
he would be fired if Jumbo did not get into the box. The next day, Scotty got Jumbo to enter the box. Barnum hired Scotty to take care of Jumbo even though he had many elephant keepers in the United States.

Jumbomania

People around the world were interested in the sale of Jumbo. Souvenirs such as Jumbo neckties, fans, and hats were sold in England and America. Jumbo's picture was printed on thousands of advertisements. Some of these advertisements showed Jumbo in strange places like the opera house and a saloon in the Wild West.

Potholders, cigars, and a large sewing machine were all named after Jumbo. Soap, thread, and baking powder were sold using Jumbo's name. One advertisement from this time shows Jumbo in leather boots running across a desert. Another picture shows Jumbo feeding a baby elephant a laxative called Castoria.
Thousands of letters were sent to London Zoo officials. The writers of these letters wanted Jumbo to live at peace in England. A "Jumbo Retention Fund" was set up to keep Jumbo in the London Zoo. One lady sent her new sewing machine to the fund. A bride sent Jumbo a piece of her wedding cake. Thousands of children wrote to Barnum begging him to leave Jumbo in his London home. Barnum refused.

Jumbo leaves England

Jumbo lived sixteen years and nine months in the London Zoo. He was now about to start a new life in another land. His trip to America started on the cold morning of March 22, 1882. Jumbo was put into a harness early in the morning. He was led to the box. He did not want to get into it, but he did. It took two hours to chain the fighting elephant inside the box.
Six horses pulled the box from the yard at the Elephant House. It sank into the soft soil of a path. It took three hours to pull the box from the path. It sank into soft soil two more times on its way to the zoo gates. Four more horses were harnessed to the box. It passed through the main gate about 1:30 a.m. The five-mile trip to the London docks started.

The most level way to the Thames was chosen because the horses could not pull the box up any hills. Crowds were watching. Scotty rode on the front of the box. He comforted Jumbo and stroked his trunk. Jumbo was quiet through most of the journey. The box started down a steep hill near the old Clerkenwell House of Detention at the top of Farrington Road. Jumbo shook his head in alarm.  The box was forced to move very slowly.
At St Katharine's Dock, east of the Tower of London, the box was lifted with a winch at 7 a.m. on March 23. It was put on the barge, Clarence. Workers made the box secure. Jumbo was given a big breakfast. An old lady who had walked behind the box all the way from Regent's Park brought Jumbo some beer. She said good-bye through her tears.

Three hours later, the tide was favorable. The barge was towed into the river by tugboats bearing the Union Jack and the Stars and Stripes. Thousands of people had gathered in every empty space to say good-bye to Jumbo. The barge floated downstream to the Isle of Dogs.

Jumbo took alarm again when the barge passed Dundee Docks. He rammed the bars of his crate. The bars were loosened. The engines were cut. Scotty comforted the frightened elephant. The trip was resumed. At the Millwall Docks, the box was lifted by crane about 3:45 p.m. to the quayside. It was here that Jumbo would spend the night.
The box was weighed as it was lifted. It weighed twelve and a half tons. It was known that the wood and iron of the box weighed six and a half tons. Jumbo therefore weighed six tons. Scotty and Bartlett had always thought Jumbo weighed six tons. But this was the first time Jumbo had actually been weighed mechanically. On Friday March 24, it took only eight minutes to lower Jumbo and his box to the Assyrian Monarch.

There were 600 passengers on the Assyrian Monarch. They were mostly Russian Jews going to the United States. There were 90 crew members. Food was brought on the ship for Jumbo's 13–14 day voyage. There were 65 bales of hay,  of ship's biscuits, 50 loaves of white bread, three sacks of oats, three sacks of bran, and two sacks of onions.
A lunch party was held on the ship for London Zoo officials, the Sheriff of London, businessmen, Barnum's agents, and others interested in the adventure. Barnum's agent Bill Newman was given the Zoological Society's Gold Medal for calmly and skillfully handling Jumbo. Scotty  the man who had given Jumbo devoted care and love for 18 years  was ignored. The ship left the next morning. Lady Angela Burdett-Coutts was Jumbo's great friend. She came from London to Gravesend with friends to feed the elephant his last English buns. When the visitors left, the ship put out to sea.
Scotty took off most of Jumbo's chains to make him comfortable. His head, body, and trunk were free. His feet were chained. The elephant leaned against the side of the box. He fell asleep for the first time in several days. Jumbo's box got plenty of fresh air. Passengers fed him bread and fruit. Barnum had news stories about Jumbo put in rubber bags then dropped into the sea. Weeks later, the first bag washed ashore in southern Ireland. A telegram was sent to London after passing the last point of British soil called the Lizard. It read, "Jumbo well; very quiet; unchained."

Jumbo arrives in America