Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Draft oddities
In the 1974 entry draft, Buffalo Sabres General Manager Punch Imlach deliberately selected an imaginary Japanese center, Taro Tsujimoto, supposedly of the Tokyo Katanas of the Japanese Ice Hockey League, in the 11th round (183rd overall).  Only after weeks had passed did the league discover that Tsujimoto did not in fact exist.  Imlach later revealed that he had played the prank because of his frustration with the excessive tedium and length of that year's draft proceedings.  Today, the league officially records the 183rd selection of the 1974 entry draft as an "invalid claim".

Likewise, the Florida Panthers attempted to draft Russian hockey phenomenon Alexander Ovechkin in 2003, even though his birthday was two days after the cut-off. The Panther's GM claimed that, with the addition of extra days falling on Leap Year, Ovechkin was actually eligible to be drafted.
Player numbers by league summary
Below is a chart showing where players have been drafted from by year. The leagues represented are the Ontario Hockey League, Western Hockey League, Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, United States Colleges, United States High Schools, International players. Those player listed under Other do not fit any of the other listed categories. International players who were playing for teams in North American leagues are listed in the chart as being drafted from their respective league rather than being listed as international.

Player numbers by team
This is a ranking of the minor teams who have provided the most players to the NHL as of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft.
Rank - Team, League - Players
Peterborough Petes, OHL - 162
Oshawa Generals, OHL - 146
Kitchener Rangers, OHL - 140
London Knights, OHL - 140
Ottawa 67's, OHL - 132
Saskatoon Blades, WHL - 108
Regina Pats, WHL - 107
Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds, OHL - 107
Sudbury Wolves, OHL - 107
Kamloops Blazers, WHL - 105
Portland Winter Hawks, WHL - 105
Medicine Hat Tigers, WHL - 101
Brandon Wheat Kings, WHL - 97
Toronto Marlboros, OHL - 97 (defunct)
Kingston Frontenacs, OHL - 94
Seattle Thunderbirds, WHL - 91
Lethbridge Hurricanes, WHL - 87
Prince Albert Raiders, WHL - 80
Windsor Spitfires, OHL - 76
Shawinigan Cataractes, QMJHL - 74
Hull/Gatineau Olympiques, QMJHL - 72
Niagara Falls Thunder, OHL - 72 (defunct)
Victoria Cougars, WHL - 70 (defunct)
Minnesota, NCAA's WCHA - 68
Guelph Storm, OHL - 67
Michigan, NCAA's CCHA - 66
Calgary Wranglers, WHL - 66 (defunct)
Sherbrooke Castors, QMJHL - 63 (defunct)
Hamilton Steelhawks, OHL - 62 (defunct)
New Westminster Bruins, WHL - 62 (defunct)
CSKA Moscow, Russia - 60
Spokane Chiefs, WHL - 60
Belleville Bulls, OHL - 59
Moose Jaw Warriors, WHL - 58
Swift Current Broncos, WHL - 58
North Bay Centennials, OHL - 56 (defunct)
Plymouth Whalers, OHL - 54
Laval Titan, QMJHL - 54 (defunct)
Drummondville Voltigeurs, QMJHL - 53
Hamilton Fincups, OHA - 52 (defunct)
Chicoutimi Saguenéens, QMJHL - 51
Tri-City Americans, WHL - 51
Boston University, NCAA's Hockey East - 50
Quebec Remparts, QMJHL - 49
Michigan State, NCAA's CCHA - 47
Trois-Rivières Draveurs, QMJHL - 47 (defunct)
Dynamo Moscow, Russia - 46
Michigan Tech, NCAA's WCHA - 46
Cornwall Royals, QMJHL - 45 (defunct)
Denver, NCAA's WCHA - 43
Yale, NCAA's ECAC - 43
Wisconsin, NCAA's WCHA - 41
Red Deer Rebels, WHL - 40
Frölunda Indians, Sweden - 39
North Dakota, NCAA's WCHA - 39
Flin Flon Bombers, WCHL - 39 (defunct)
Edmonton Oil Kings, WCHL - 38 (defunct)
Djurgårdens IF, Sweden - 37
Cornwall Royals, OHL - 37 (defunct)
Boston College, NCAA's Hockey East - 36
HIFK Helsinki, Finland - 35
MODO Hockey Örnsköldsvik, Sweden - 35
Cornell, NCAA's ECAC - 34
Harvard, NCAA's ECAC - 34
 Jokerit Helsinki, Finland - 34
Providence, NCAA's Hockey East - 34
TPS Turku, Finland - 34
Winnipeg Warriors, WHL - 34 (defunct)
Colorado College, NCAA's WCHA - 33
HC Chemopetrol Litvínov, Czech Republic - 33
Clarkson, NCAA's ECAC - 32
Färjestads BK Karlstad, Sweden - 32
Notre Dame, NCAA's CCHA - 32
Montreal Junior Canadiens, QMJHL - 32 (defunct)
Ilves Tampere, Finland - 31
Krylya Sovetov Moskva, Russia - 31
New Hampshire, NCAA's Hockey East - 31
Victoriaville Tigres, QMJHL - 31
Granby Prédateurs, QMJHL - 30 (defunct)
Note: Totals for Canadian Hockey League teams include all teams from that city, regardless of franchise moves except for Toronto, Quebec City, Montreal, Calgary and Vancouver.

References

National Hockey League
Los Angeles International Airport  is the airport which serves Los Angeles, California, United States. It is often called LAX, its airport code. The letters are usually said by themselves. LAX is in southwestern Los Angeles in the neighborhood of Westchester,  from the downtown core.

With 65,924,298	 passengers in 2022, LAX was the sixth busiest airport in the world and is served by direct flights to North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East. The airport is a small hub for American Airlines and United Airlines and a focus city for Alaska Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines.

Statistics

Yearly traffic

Images

References 

Airports in California
Buildings and structures in Los Angeles
A cockpit is the open space, normally near the front of an aircraft, where a pilot controls the aircraft. A different name for the cockpit is the flight deck, flight deck can also refer to the flight deck on an aircraft carrier. Current cockpits have walls on all sides, this may not be the same for some small aircraft, and cockpits on aircraft with passengers have the cockpit separated from the passenger area of the aircraft. Motorboats also have cockpits.

Cockpit as a term for the pilot's space in an aircraft first appeared in 1914. From about 1935 cockpit also came to be used informally to refer to the driver's seat of a car, especially a high performance one, and this is official terminology in Formula One. The term is most likely related to the sailing term for the coxswain's station in a Royal Navy ship, and later the location of the ship's rudder controls.

Aircraft
This is a list of teams that once played in the National Hockey League but no longer exist.  This includes franchises which have moved to different cities.  The years of operation only reflect the time in which that team was in the NHL; it does not take into account any time in which the franchise operated in another league (such as the World Hockey Association).

Defunct and relocated teams
Notes
 This team was not affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball (MLB).
 This team was not affiliated with the present-day Ottawa Senators.
 The team was formerly known as the New York Americans (1925–1941), and was not affiliated with the Rangers, the Islanders, or the Devils. In addition, the Devils relocated from East Rutherford to Newark in 2007, while the Islanders relocated from Uniondale to Brooklyn in 2015. However, the Devils and the Islanders have never relocated out of the New York metropolitan area.
 The team was formerly known as the California Seals (1967), Oakland Seals (1967–1970), and Bay Area Seals (1970).
 This team was not affiliated with the Colorado Rockies of MLB.
 This team was not affiliated with the present-day Winnipeg Jets.
 The Wanderers played four games during the  before becoming defunct; a further two games were defaulted before the club folded.
 The Senators were on hiatus during the  due to financial problems.
References

Ice hockey related lists
In commercial aviation, the first officer is the second pilot (sometimes referred to as the "co-pilot") of an aircraft. The first officer is second-in-command of the aircraft, to the Captain who is the legal commander. In the event of incapacitation of the captain, the first officer will assume command of the aircraft.

Control of the aircraft is normally shared equally between the first officer and the captain, with one pilot normally designated the "Pilot Flying" (PF) and the other the "Pilot Not Flying" (PNF) for each flight. Even when the first officer is the flying pilot, however, the captain remains ultimately responsible for the aircraft, its passengers, and the crew. In typical day-to-day operations, the essential job tasks remain fairly equal.

The pilot is seated in the left seat of the cockpit, and the co-pilot is positioned in the right seat.

Generally one of the two will fly the airplane, while the other navigates and is in charge of radio communication.

Titles
In aviation, flight attendants — also known as cabin crew, stewards, air hosts/hostesses, or stewardesses, — are members of a cabin crew employed by airlines. They make sure that the passengers on commercial flights (or, sometimes, business jets) are safe and comfortable during the flight.

Occupations in aviation
The Western Conference () is one of two conferences in the National Hockey League (NHL) used to divide teams.  Its counterpart is the Eastern Conference.

Divisions 

Central
 Arizona Coyotes
 Chicago Blackhawks
 Colorado Avalanche
 Dallas Stars
 Minnesota Wild
 Nashville Predators
 St. Louis Blues
 Winnipeg Jets

Pacific
 Anaheim Ducks
 Calgary Flames
 Edmonton Oilers
 Los Angeles Kings
 San Jose Sharks
 Seattle Kraken
 Vancouver Canucks
 Vegas Golden Knights

Champions
Champions

Stanley Cup champions produced 
 1974–75 - Philadelphia Flyers†
 1979–80 - New York Islanders†
 1980–81 - New York Islanders†
 1983–84 - Edmonton Oilers
 1984–85 - Edmonton Oilers
 1986–87 - Edmonton Oilers
 1987–88 - Edmonton Oilers
 1988–89 - Calgary Flames
 1989–90 - Edmonton Oilers
 1995–96 - Colorado Avalanche
 1996–97 - Detroit Red Wings†
 1997–98 - Detroit Red Wings†
 1998–99 - Dallas Stars
 2000–01 - Colorado Avalanche
 2001–02 - Detroit Red Wings†
 2006–07 - Anaheim Ducks
 2007–08 – Detroit Red Wings†
 2009–10 – Chicago Blackhawks
 2011–12 – Los Angeles Kings
 2012–13 – Chicago Blackhawks
 2013–14 – Los Angeles Kings
 2014–15 – Chicago Blackhawks
 2022-23 - Vegas Golden Knights
 

† - The Philadelphia Flyers, New York Islanders, and Detroit Red Wings are no longer members of the Campbell/Western Conference. The Flyers and Islanders moved to the Wales/Eastern Conference prior to the 1981–82 NHL season, and the Red Wings moved to the Eastern Conference prior to the 2013–14 season.
Mohamed Atta ( (September 1, 1968 – September 11, 2001) was a known associate of al-Qaeda and the leader of the nineteen hijackers who carried out the September 11 attacks. He personally participated in the hijacking of American Airlines Flight 11, the first plane to crash into the World Trade Center during the September 11, 2001 attacks. He was said to be 'the best candidate for the job'.

References

1968 births
2001 deaths
Al-Qaeda people
Egyptian Muslims
September 11 attacks
Kafr El Sheikh Governorate
This is a list of Stanley Cup champions, including finalists and challengers. The Stanley Cup, donated by former Governor General of Canada Lord Stanley of Preston in 1892, is the oldest professional sports trophy in North America. Originally inscribed the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup, the trophy started out as an award for Canada's top-ranking amateur ice hockey club. Today, it is awarded to the top team in the National Hockey League, a professional ice hockey league.

Challenge era

Notes
A. Although the Montreal Victorias won the AHAC title in 1895, the Stanley Cup trustees had already accepted a challenge from the 1894 Cup champion Montreal HC and Queen's University. As a compromise, the trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match, the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions. The Montreals eventually won the game, 5–1, and their crosstown rivals were awarded the Cup.

B. Intended to be a best-of-three series, Ottawa Capitals withdrew their challenge after the first game.
C. The January 31 (a Saturday) game was tied 2–2 at midnight and the Mayor of Westmount refused to allow play to continue on the Sunday. The game was played on February 2 (a Monday) and the January 31 game was considered to be void.

D. For most of 1904, the Ottawa Senators were not affiliated with any league.

E. The Montreal Wanderers were disqualified as the result of a dispute. After game one ended tied at the end of regulation, 5–5, the Wanderers refused to play overtime with the current referee, and then subsequently refused to play the next game of the series in Ottawa.

F. Victoria did not formally challenge for the Stanley Cup with the Stanley Cup trustees. Toronto accepted the challenge directly.

Source

NHA/NHL vs. PCHA/WCHL/WHL  champions

NHL champion
The Conn Smythe Trophy is awarded to the player who is judged to be the most valuable player to his team during the playoffs. It was first awarded during the 1964–65 playoffs.
Playoff formats
1926–27 to 1927–28: After NHL became the only league to compete for the Cup, the playoff champion of the NHL Canadian Division faced the playoff champion of the NHL American Division in the Stanley Cup Finals.
1928–29 to 1937–38: The league changed the playoff format: In the Stanley Cup Quarterfinals, both second place teams faced each other, as did the two third place teams. Both first place teams received a bye and automatically advanced to the semifinals, but had to face each other in that playoff round. As a result, two teams from the same division occasionally played each other in the Stanley Cup Finals.
1938–39 to 1966–67: Before the start of the 1938–39 season, the league contracted to seven teams, causing the league to implement a one division format. The NHL contracted even further to only six clubs by the 1942–43 season, beginning a period that became known as the Original Six Era.
1967–68 to 1969–70: As a result of the 1967 NHL Expansion, the league realigned its teams into the East Division and the West Division, with the playoffs arranged so that teams from each division would meet in the Stanley Cup Finals.
1970–71 to 1973–74: The league changed the playoff format again so that an Eastern Division team would always face a Western Division team in the Stanley Cup Semifinals. Therefore, two teams from the same division could face each other in the Stanley Cup Finals.
1974–75 to 1980–81: The league expanded to 18 teams and realigned into two conferences: the Prince of Wales Conference and the Clarence Campbell Conference. Twelve teams qualified for the postseason, but were seeded 1–12 regardless of conference (the four division winners received first round byes). This type of seeding system would continue  after the league expanded the playoffs to 16 teams before the 1979–80 season.
1981–82 to 1992–93: The postseason format was altered so that once again the playoff champion of the Prince of Wales Conference faced the playoff champion of the Clarence Campbell Conference in the Stanley Cup Finals.
1993–94 to Present: The league's two conferences were renamed the Eastern and Western Conferences, respectively.
References
General
 
 
 
 
 

 

Specific

Further reading

Other websites
 

Ice hockey related lists
First class, sometimes called A1, is a luxury travel class on some airliners that exceeds "Business Class", "Premium Economy Class" and "Economy Class". On a passenger jetliner first class refers to a limited number (rarely more than 16) of seats or cabins located in the front of the aircraft which are notable for their comfort, service and privacy. Propeller airliners occasionally have first class in the rear.

Air travel
This list of National Hockey League (NHL) players is divided into the following lists:

By name 
A • B • C • D • E • F • G • H • I • J • K • L • M • N • O • P • Q • R • S • T • U–V • W • X–Z

By specific groups 
 List of members of the Hockey Hall of Fame
 List of members of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame
 List of undrafted NHL players
 List of players who played only one game in the NHL
 List of ice hockey players of black African descent
 List of ice hockey players of Asian descent
 List of ice hockey players of Latino descent
 List of ice hockey players of Middle Eastern descent
 List of ice hockey players of India

By NHL teams
By NHL teams

Current 
List of Anaheim Ducks players
List of Boston Bruins players
List of Buffalo Sabres players
List of Calgary Flames players
List of Carolina Hurricanes players
List of Chicago Blackhawks players
List of Colorado Avalanche players
List of Columbus Blue Jackets players
List of Dallas Stars players
List of Detroit Red Wings players
List of Edmonton Oilers players
List of Florida Panthers players
List of Los Angeles Kings players
List of Minnesota Wild players
List of Montreal Canadiens players
List of Nashville Predators players
List of New Jersey Devils players
List of New York Islanders players
List of New York Rangers players
List of Ottawa Senators players
List of Philadelphia Flyers players
List of Phoenix Coyotes players
List of Pittsburgh Penguins players
List of San Jose Sharks players
List of St. Louis Blues players
List of Tampa Bay Lightning players
List of Toronto Maple Leafs players
List of Vancouver Canucks players
List of Washington Capitals players
Defunct 
List of Atlanta Flames players
List of Atlanta Thrashers players
List of Cleveland Barons players
List of Colorado Rockies players
List of Hamilton Tigers players
List of Hartford Whalers players
List of Kansas City Scouts players
List of Minnesota North Stars players
List of Montreal Maroons players
List of Montreal Wanderers players
List of New York Americans players
List of original Ottawa Senators players
List of Oakland Seals players
List of Philadelphia Quakers players
List of Pittsburgh Pirates players
List of Quebec Nordiques players
List of St. Louis Eagles players
List of Winnipeg Jets (1972–96) players
Pakistanis are a blend of their Harappan, Vedic, Iranic, Dardic and other heritage. Waves of invaders and migrants settled down in Pakistan throughout the centuries, influencing the locals and being absorbed among them.The founder of Pakistan is Quaid-e-Azam.

Timeline

During the period 6000 BC and 2000 BC, late Neolithic culture and the start of the Bronze Age was taking shape in the Indus Valley.
 50,000 BC Stone Age civilisation of Soan river Valley near Rawalpindi

The Neolithic era 

About 7000 years before, by 5100 BC, early Neolithic culture had developed in ancient Pakistan. People had learned farming. They tended goats, lived in houses build of mud, and had learned to make baskets. Potteries were also made.
7000 BC Agricultural and farming started in Baluchistan, N.W.F.P. and Punjab areas 
 2600 BC Indus river Valley Civilisation started in Kot Diji, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa areas. The Indus Valley Civilization flourished from about 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. It marked the beginning of the urban civilization on the subcontinent. It was centred on the Indus River and its tributaries, which is in present-day Pakistan. It is thought that a gradual deforestation caused by geological disturbances and climate change caused the fall of the civilization. The civilization is famous for its cities that were built of brick, had a road-side drainage system and multi-storied houses 
 1700 BC Indus river Valley Civilisation ended as Aryans the rough cattle breeders invaded their cities. Aryans followed strict caste system which later became known as Hinduism in the 1830s. They wrote the first Hindu scripture as "Rig Veda" Book.
600 BC People get frustrated by Hinduism's caste system, as Buddha son of a Kashatriya king started to preach equality among the humans which was accepted by people of Northern sub-continent. Gandhara became major power in the region, with its city "Pushkalavati" (present Charsadda) and "Taxilla" center of civilisation and culture.
Persian and Greek invasion 

Around the 5th century BC, north-western parts of India faced invasion by the Achaemenid Empire and the Greeks of Alexander's army. Persian way of thinking, administration and lifestyle came to India. This influence became bigger during the Mauryan dynasty.

Achaemenid Empire 

From around 520 BC, Achaemenid Empire’s Darius I ruled large part of northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent. 
Then Alexander conquered these areas. Herodotus, a historian of that time has written that these areas were the richest areas of Alexander’s Empire. Achaemenid rule lasted about 186 years. In modern times, there are still traces of this Greek heritage to be found in parts of northwestern India.

Greco-Buddhist period
327 BC Alexander the Great invaded sub-continent through Khyber Pass. 
 323 BC Alexander the Great died in Iraq. 
 321 BC Chandragubta Maurya member of royal family of Magadha captured Punjab and formed Mauryan Empire. 
 297 BC Chandragubta Maurya succeeded in adding Deccan to Mauryan Empire with the help of his son Bindusara. After Bindusara, his son Ashoka ruled Mauryan Empire with great compassionately, and he spread Buddhism throughout sub-continent by building Buddhist monasteries and stupas. 
 195 BC Demetrius the great king of Bactria conquered Kabul river Valley. He rebuild Taxila and Pushkalavati (present Charsada) as capitals of Gandhara 
 75 BC Scythians the Persian nomads from central Asia followed Demetrius to capture sub-continent. 
 53 BC Parthians defeated Greeks and ruled northern Pakistan, They promoted art and religion and Gandhara school of art developed.
64 AD The kushana king, Kujula rular of nomad tribes from central Asia overthrew Parthians and took over Gandhara. The Kushans further extended their rule from Bay of Bengal to Bahawalpur, and up to Kashgar the Chinese frontier. They made Purushapura city of flowers (Peshawar) the capital. 
 128 AD Kanishka greatest of Kushans rules. Jewelry, perfumes, spices, textiles, medicine trade with Romans flourished during his rule. Thousands of stupas and monasteries were build, and Gandhara school of art produced the best sculpture. 
 151 AD Kanishka rule ended as he was killed during sleep. 
 300 AD Kushan Empire was eroded by Sassanian from North, and Gupta Empire from South. Then Kushan Empire was reduced to a new dynasty of Kidar (Little) Kushans with Purushapura as capital and center.
400 AD The White Hunes (horse-riding nomads from China) came from Central Asia, and invaded Gandhara. The sun and fire worshiping Hunes took the glory of school of art and Buddhism gradually disappeared from Northern Pakistan. 
 565 AD Sassanians and Turksdefeated Hunes, and the area was mostly left for small Hindu kingdoms with the Turki Shahi rulars controlling the area. Buddhism declined as more people were converted into Brahman Hindus. 
 870 AD Overthrowing Turki Shahis the central Asian Hindu Shahis established their rule. Their capital was Hund on Indus, and Kingdom extended from Jalalabad to Multan, and up to Northern Kashmir. 
 1008 AD Hindu Shahis rule ended.
Arrival of Islam 
16th July 622 Hijri calendar is considered to be started as Muhammad migrated to Madina. 
 712 AD Muhammad Bin Qasim arrived in Sindh through Daibal. 
 1097 AD Shaikh Ab-al-NajibSuhrawardi founder of Suhrawardi Order born 
 1162 AD Shaikh Ab-al-Najib Suhrawardi died
 1182 AD Sheikh Baha-ud-din Zakariya of Multan who introduced Suhrawardi order into Muslim controlled areas is born. 
 1191-92 AD Muhammad Ghauri defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan at the battles of Taraori.  
 1194 AD After the second battle Muhammad Ghauri returned to Ghazni. 
 1238 AD Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya who was appointed Khalifa by Baba Farid of Chishtiya order born 
 1206 AD Qutbuddin Aibak took controlof  the Sub-Continent after the death of Muizuddin Muhammad Ghauri, and laid the foundations of Sultanate of Delhi, first Islamic Empire of sub-continent. The Ilbari (or slaves from Turkish origin.) were the first ruling dynasty of Sultanate of Delhi.
1217 AD Shamsuddin Iltumish was real founder of Sultanate as he defeated his rivals, and saved his kingdom from Mongol invasions in 1217 AD. 
 1265 AD Ghiasuddin Balban of Turkish nobles seized the throne after invasions from Mongols in Northern Punjab in 1230. 
 1267-68 AD Sheikh Baha-ud-din Zakariya died
 1286 AD Ilbari dynasty ended as Ghiasuddin Balban died, who dealt severely with Turkish nobility and gave a centralized system of administration. 
 1290 AD Khaljis were the second dynasty of Sultanate of Delhi, also of Turkish origin, took control. 
 1320 AD  The third dynasty of Sultanate of Delhi, Tughluqs also Turkish, came. 
 1325 AD Sheikh Nizamuddin Auliya died
 1414 AD Saiyads, fourth dynasty of Sultanate of Delhi came. 
 1451 AD The Lodihs of Afghan origin ruled sub-continent as fifth dynasty of Sultanate of Delhi. 
 1526 AD The Lodhis were defeated by Zahiruddin Babur at the battle of Panipat in April 1526, this was the beginning of Mughal Empire.
16 March 1527 Kanwaha battle took place between forces of Babur and Rana Songa of Mewar, a Rajput prince. Babur forces defeated Rajput in this decisive battle. 
 1528 AD Babur captures Chanderi from Rajput chief Medini Rao. 
 1529 AD Babur forces continued by defeating Afghan chiefs under Mahmud Lodhi at the battle of Ghagra in Bihar state. 
 26 December 1530 Zaheeruddin Babur died at Agra. 
 1530 AD Humayun eldest son of Babur took control of Mughal Empire. 
 1540 AD Sher Shah Suri defeated Mughals in the battles of Chausa and Kanauj, and for nearly 15 years, Mughal king Humayun had to stay in exile. This was a setback to the great Mughal Empire by Sher Shah Suri. 
 1545 AD Sher Shah Suri died. Hasan Shah Sur his son continued the Suri dynasty after his death. 
 1555 AD Humayun regain the power.
1556 AD The real foundations of great Mughal Empire were laid by Akbar after the death of Humayun this year. Akbar was only 13 years old at that time but thanks to his guardian Bairam Khan who helped him to established great Mughal Empire through series of conquests, and area of Mughal Empire increased. 
26 June 1564 Sheikh Ahmad was born who joined Naqshbandya Silsilah under the decipline of Khawaja Baqi Billah. He gave the philosophy of Wahdat-ul Wujud and Wahdat-ush Shuhud in his dedication to Islam. 
 1572 AD Akbar conquired Gujrat and renamed it Fatehpur. He build Jamia Masjid with impressive gateway of red stone known as Buland Darwaza in this new capital. 
 1581 AD Akbar introduced Din-i-Ilahi, which gave a great threat to Islam at that time. 
 1583 AD British arrived in Sub-continent for the first time as traders which Queen Elizabeth sent in ship Tygar to exploit opportunities of trade with sub-continent.
1605 AD Jehangir's reign began after Akbar. Jehangir was Akbar's son and his original name was Salim. During his reign, Mughal Rule reached its climax through transition between two grand phases of architecture, phase of Akbar and the phase of his son Shah Jehan. The major feature of this period of Mughal architecture was that of substitution of red stone with white marble and great gardens including Shalimar Garden in Lahore and numerous other gardens around sub-continent. Mughal painting also reached its peak during Jehangir's reign which lost much of its glamour after his death. 
 1614 AD British East India Company opened its first office in Bombay.
1628 AD After Jehangir's death, his son Khurram took the name of Shah Jehan and further extended his Empire to Kandahar and conquered much of southern India, it was during Shah Jehan's reign when Mughal Empire was in its golden period. The Mughal architecture moved farther in this period and major feature was white marble, this include Dewan-e-Aam in Agra, Moti Masjid, Shish Mahal and Dewan-e-Khas in Lahore Fort. 
 1631 AD The exquisite concept of mausoleum of Shah Jehan's wife Arjumand Banu Begum, Taj Mahal was started. 
 1653 AD One of the wonders of World, Taj Mahal was completed showing all the glory of Mughal architecture. 
 1658 AD Auranzeb Alamgir's reign started after death of Shah Jehan. The largest mosque in the world of its time, Badshahi Mosque was a great achievement during Aurangzeb's reign. Despite this Aurangzeb gave many grants to Hindus by appointing them in commanding positions in government and allowing them to restore temples. Mughal Empire start declining after this period.
21 February 1703 Shah Wali Ullah son of Shah Abdul Rehman born 
 1707 AD Aurangzeb's death, and Mughal Empire started declining. Although Bahadur Shah Zafar son of Auranzeb took control, Marahattas power increased and they became invincible ruler of Deccan. In Punjab, Sikh power under Guru Gowind Singh also became a force. These power centers continually increased until 1857. Shah Wali Ullah reform movement also started at that time, which lasted until 1762 AD. 
 1738-39 AD The weakening of Mughal Empire invited Nadir Shah a Persian king. Afghans of Rohilkhand and Jats became other threats to Mughal Empire. 
 1757 AD East India Company became deeply enmeshed with politics of the Indian subcontinent, and after the battle of Plassey this year British begane the systematic conquest of sub-continent. 
 1830 AD Haji Shariatullah started Faraizi Movement in East Bengal. 
 1835 AD English was declared as official language of sub-continent by British.
1840 AD Haji Shariatullah of Faraizi Movement died. His son Muhammad Mohsin known as Dadhu Mian made this movement stronger after his death.
 1845 AD British Empire grown from Bengal to Sindh, excluding Punjab which was ruled by Sikhs. 
 1848 AD After the second Sikh War, British took control of Punjab and Indus Valley.
 1857, November 1st AD Pakistan becomes part of the foreign coloinal imperialistic romanic empire of British India or the British Raj.
 1860 AD Muhammad Mohsin (Dadhu Mian) died.
European colonization

Further reading

Qadir, Khuram. "The Turks and the Impact of Persian Civilization in Pakistan 1200-1300AD." Pakistan-Iran Relations in Historical Perspective (2004): 73.

Other websites
History of Ancient Pakistan

National Fund for Cultural Heritage  (Pakistan)
History Pak
Ancient Pakistan Facebook educational page
Business class (also known as executive class or upper class) is a high quality second-tier travel class available on some commercial airlines and rail lines. Its level of accommodation is higher than economy class and domestic first class but lower than international first class. However, many airlines offer only business class as the highest level of international service.

References

Travel
A runway (also abbreviated to RWY) is a strip of land on an airport, on which aircraft can take off and land. Runways may be a man-made surface (often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a natural surface (grass, dirt, or gravel).

Sections of a runway
The Runway Safety Area is the cleared, smoothed and graded area around the paved runway. It is kept free from any obstacles that might impede flight or ground roll of aircraft.
The Runway is the surface from threshold to threshold, which typically features threshold markings, numbers, centerlines, but not overrun areas at both ends.
Blast pads, also known as overrun areas or stopways, are often constructed just before the start of a runway where jet blast produced by large planes during the takeoff roll could otherwise erode the ground and eventually damage the runway. Overrun areas are also constructed at the end of runways as emergency space to slowly stop planes that overrun the runway on a landing gone wrong, or to slowly stop a plane on a rejected takeoff or a take-off gone wrong. Blast pads are often not as strong as the main paved surface of the runway and are marked with yellow chevrons. Planes are not allowed to taxi, take-off or land on blast pads, except in an emergency.
Displaced thresholds may be used for taxiing, takeoff, and landing rollout, but not for touchdown. A displaced threshold often exists because obstacles just before the runway, runway strength, or noise restrictions may make the beginning section of runway unsuitable for landings. It is marked with white paint arrows that lead up to the beginning of the landing portion of the runway.

Aviation infrastructure
Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air.  The main job of ATC is to separate aircraft to prevent crashes and to make sure aircraft are running on time and as fast as possible. In some countries, ATC may also play a security or defense role (as in the United States), or actually be run entirely by the military (as in Brazil). Air traffic control was first introduced at London's Croydon Airport in 1921. Archie League, who controlled aircraft using colored flags at what is today Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, is often considered the first air traffic controller.
Preventing crashes is done by what is called separation. This means that the aircraft are kept apart by a minimum distance at all times. Modern aircraft also have collision avoidance systems that see nearby aircraft and warn pilots if other planes are too close. This system is a backup for when air traffic control is not available or if something goes wrong with ATC. Air traffic controllers also can provide information to pilots. But pilots do not have to follow commands of ATC. They can make changes in order to keep plane safe.

Air traffic control service is not provided in uncontrolled airspace. Uncontrolled airspace is usually between ground and 1000 feet except areas near airports. These areas are part of controlled airspace.
Areas for ATC
 "Ground Control" is responsible for all aircraft and vehicles on all taxiways, inactive runways, holding areas and aprons.
 "Clearance Delivery" is the position that issues route clearances to aircraft. This is important for safe flying via planned route. Clearance Delivery has to cooperate with the Ground Control and the Area Control centre.
 "Tower Control" gives clearance to arriving and departing aircraft. All aircraft on runways and airfield traffic circuit are directed by Tower Control too.
 "Approach Control" is responsible for airplanes in airspace near airport. There is big density of airplanes. That is reason why approach is the most difficult job in compare to another ATC service.
"Area Control Centre" separates airplanes in controlled airspace between airports.

Other websites 
 Air Traffic control -Citizendium
Major functions
The FAA's roles include:
Regulating U.S. commercial space transportation
Regulating air navigation facilities' geometric and flight inspection standards
Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology
Issuing, suspending, or revoking pilot certificates
Regulating civil aviation to promote transportation safety in the United States, especially through local offices called Flight Standards District Offices
Developing and operating a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft
Researching and developing the National Airspace System and civil aeronautics
Developing and carrying out programs to control aircraft noise and other environmental effects of civil aviation

References

Other websites

 
 Records of the Federal Aviation Administration in the National Archives (Record Group 237) 
 Federal Aviation Administration in the Federal Register
Aviation authorities
United States Department of Transportation
United States government agencies
North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) is a joint organization of Canada and the United States that provides aerospace warning and defense for North America. It was founded on May 12, 1958, as the North American Air Defense Command. Its main technical facility has been the Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center in Colorado, and for this reason NORAD is sometimes unofficially referred to as Cheyenne Mountain.

References 

Military organizations
Lower Manhattan (or downtown Manhattan) is the southernmost part of the island of Manhattan, the main island and center of business and government of the City of New York. Lower Manhattan or "downtown" is defined most commonly as the area delineated on the north by 14th Street, on the west by the Hudson River, on the east by the East River, and on the south by New York Harbor (also known as Upper New York Bay). 

When referring specifically to the lower Manhattan business district such as Wall Street and its immediate environs, the northern border is commonly designated by thoroughfares approximately a mile-and-a-half (3 km) south of 14th Street and a mile (2 km) north of the island's southern tip: Chambers Street from near the Hudson east to the Brooklyn Bridge entrances and overpass. Two other major arteries are also sometimes identified as lower Manhattan's northern border: Canal Street, half a mile north of Chambers Street, and 23rd Street,  half a mile north of 14th Street.
Manhattan
Neighborhoods of New York City
Jules Clément Naudet (born Paris, France, April 26, 1973) and Thomas Gédéon Naudet (born Paris, France, March 27, 1970) are French directors, screenwriters and producers. The brothers, residents of the United States since 1989, were in New York City at the time of the September 11 attacks. Jules captured footage of the first plane flying into the North tower of the World Trade Center. Jules is married to Jacqueline Longa, with two children.

The brothers graduated from Tisch School of the Arts in 1995. Their first film, "Hope, Gloves and Redemption," (2000) on boxers in the Bronx, included coverage of the 1998 New York Daily News Golden Gloves tournament.

References 

French entertainers
French screenwriters
American screenwriters
French movie producers
French movie directors
American movie directors
A flight recorder is a recorder placed in an aircraft to help with investigating an aircraft accident or incident. For this reason, they have to be capable of surviving extremely rough treatment. They are usually built to withstand an impact of 3600 g and temperatures of over 1,000 °C (as required by EUROCAE ED-112), because a powerful impact followed by a very hot fire is what often happens in a plane crash. 

There are two types of protected Flight Recorder, Flight data recorder (FDR) and Cockpit voice recorder (CVR). In some cases, the two recorders may be combined in a single FDR/CVR unit. The first combined flight recorder was invented by Australian scientist, David Warren.

These recorders are often called "black boxes". They can be used in other vehicles including trains and cars. The car's recorder can monitor the speed of the car or the sharpness of turns. The train's recorder can be used to upgrade after a crash to reduce the chance of another crash. 

Aviation safety
A flight number, when combined with the name of the airline and the date, identifies a particular flight. This callsign should not be confused with the tail number of the aircraft, although both can be used as a call-sign as used in general aviation. A particular aircraft may fly several different flights in one day, and different aircraft may be used for the same flight number on successive days.

Sometimes when an airplane has an accident, the airline will retire the flight number and replace it with a new number.

Aviation
The Boeing 757 is a short to medium range narrow-body commercial passenger aircraft manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes. It was launched by Eastern Air Lines and British Airways to replace the Boeing 727 and entered service in 1983.  Production of the 757 ended on October 28, 2004 after 1,050 had been built. The final aircraft was delivered to Shanghai Airlines on November 28, 2005. As of July 2007, a total of 1,019 Boeing 757 aircraft were in airline service.

References

757
The following is a list of National Hockey League arenas including past, present, and future arenas:

Current arenas

 § Underwent extensive renovations from 2018 to 2021, resulting in a completely new arena bowl and concourses within the original structure.
 † Underwent extensive renovations from 2010 to 2013, resulting in a completely new arena bowl and concourses within the original structure.

Map of current arenas

Future and proposed arenas

Former arenas

Defunct teams

Outdoor venues
The following are outdoor venues that have hosted any of the following events:
 Starting in 2003, the frequent but not annual Heritage Classic.
 Starting in 2008, the annual (except 2013 and 2021) Winter Classic.
 Starting in 2014, the annual (except 2021) Stadium Series. 
 In 2017, the 100th anniversary of the NHL, the Centennial Classic and 100 Classic.

Neutral venues

The following are neutral venues that have hosted games that counted in the NHL regular season standings:

References

Arenas
Indoor arenas
DGamer (Disney Gamer) is an online service made by Disney for use with Nintendo DS games. DGamer can be seen via the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection or computer via Disney.com. The service is implemented by Disney Interactive.

It was started in North America on May 15, 2008, at the same time as the release of the DS-version of The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian. All future Disney Interactive Studios games will include DGamer features.

Supported games
The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian
Spectrobes: Beyond the Portals
Hannah Montana 3
Ultimate Band
The Cheetah Girls: Passport to Stardom
Disney Fairies: Tinker Bell
Phineas and Ferb
Club Penguin EPF

References

Other websites 
Official website

Disney video games
DGamer
The Eastern Conference () is one of two conferences in the National Hockey League (NHL) used to divide teams.  Its counterpart is the Western Conference.

Divisions

Atlantic
Boston Bruins
Buffalo Sabres
Detroit Red Wings
Florida Panthers
Montreal Canadiens
Ottawa Senators
Tampa Bay Lightning
Toronto Maple Leafs

Metropolitan
Carolina Hurricanes
Columbus Blue Jackets
New Jersey Devils
New York Islanders
New York Rangers
Philadelphia Flyers
Pittsburgh Penguins
Washington Capitals

Champions
Champions

Stanley Cup champions produced
 1975–76 - Montreal Canadiens
 1976–77 - Montreal Canadiens
 1977–78 - Montreal Canadiens
 1978–79 - Montreal Canadiens
 1981–82 - New York Islanders
 1982–83 - New York Islanders
 1985–86 - Montreal Canadiens
 1990–91 - Pittsburgh Penguins
 1991–92 - Pittsburgh Penguins
 1992–93 - Montreal Canadiens
 1993–94 - New York Rangers
 1994–95 - New Jersey Devils
 1999–00 - New Jersey Devils
 2002–03 - New Jersey Devils
 2003–04 - Tampa Bay Lightning
 2005–06 - Carolina Hurricanes
 2008–09 - Pittsburgh Penguins
 2010–11 - Boston Bruins
 2015–16 - Pittsburgh Penguins

National Hockey League
An undrafted sportsperson or undrafted free agent is a type of sportsperson who plays, or tries to play, in a professional sports league. Every eligible player who is not chosen in their league's draft is an undrafted sportsperson.

Notable undrafted sportsperson 
Note: These lists are not complete:

Undrafted basketball players
 Ben Wallace
 Raja Bell

Undrafted hockey players
Ed Belfour
Wayne Gretzky

Undrafted football players 
 Adam Vinatieri
 Antonio Gates
 Jake Delhomme
 Kurt Warner
 Priest Holmes
 Rod Smith
 Tony Romo

Sports words
Lists of sportspeople

en:Free agent#Undrafted free agent
John Vanbiesbrouck (born September 4, 1963 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American retired professional ice hockey goaltender, who was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 2007. He's played for the New York Rangers, Florida Panthers, Philadelphia Flyers, New York Islanders, and New Jersey Devils.

References

Other websites

Audio Life Story & Transcript 

1963 births
Central Professional Hockey League players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
New Jersey Devils players
New York Rangers players
Ontario Hockey League players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Sportspeople from Detroit
Vezina Trophy winners
American ice hockey goaltenders
Per-Erik "Pelle" Lindbergh (, May 24, 1959 – November 11, 1985) was a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender who played parts of five seasons in the NHL for the Philadelphia Flyers.

Awards 
 1980–81 Les Cunningham Award
 1980–81 Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award
 1980–81 Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award
 1982–83 NHL All-Rookie Team
 1984–85 Vezina Trophy
 1984–85 NHL First-Team All-Star
 1985–86 NHL All-Star Game (awarded posthumously)

The Philadelphia Flyers named an award, the Pelle Lindbergh Memorial, in his honor. Since 1993–94, it has been annually awarded to the most improved player on the team.

Career Statistics

Regular season

Post season

International Play 
1980 - Played for Sweden in the XIII Olympic Winter Games

Other websites 

 Official biographical homepage
 Flyers History Bio
 Pelle Lindbergh in Fatal Car Crash
 Pelle Lindbergh 31 Campaign
 Tribute to Pelle Lindbergh
1959 births
1985 deaths
American Hockey League players
Maine Mariners (AHL) players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Road accident deaths in New Jersey
Sportspeople from Stockholm
Springfield Indians players
Swedish ice hockey goaltenders
Swedish Olympic bronze medalists
Swedish Hockey League players
Vezina Trophy winners
Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr von Braun (23 March 1912–16 June 1977) was a German engineer and scientist. He worked as a rocket designer between the 1930s and 1970s. Some people say he was the most important rocket engineer of the 20th century.  He worked for the Nazis during World War II. After World War II, he went to the United States. There, he worked for NASA. In 1955, ten years after entering the country, von Braun became a US citizen.

He was one of the developers of the V-2 rocket, the first rocket to fly up to outer space. He also developed the Saturn V rocket, which took people to the moon in 1969.

Early life
Von Braun was born in Wirsitz (today: Wyrzysk) in Poland on 23 March 1912. His father was the General director of an important bank. During the Weimar Republic, his father was the minister for food and agriculture, Magnus Freiherr von Braun. Von Braun's mother was Emmy von Quistorp, the daughter of a member of the Prussian House of Lords.
In 1920, he moved to Berlin. During the first school years, von Braun attended a French secondary school in Berlin. At the age of 13, he got a telescope. This gift raised his interest in astronomy. Because of bad marks, von Braun had to attend a boarding school near Weimar, in 1925. He bought with his extra money the book Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (English: The Rocket into Interplanetary Space) by Hermann Oberth, which is the basis of the modern rocket research. In 1928, he attended the boarding school called Hermann-Lietz-Internat on the German island Spiekeroog. In 1930, he passed his final exams.

He started studying at the Technical University of Berlin in summer of 1930. Von Braun also studied at ETH Zurich, in 1931. At the end of September 1931, he went back to Berlin.
German career
In 1933 von Braun began working on rockets for the German Army. On 27 July 1934, he received a Ph.D. from the Technical University of Berlin. "Max" and "Moritz", two rockets developed by him, went as high as  in December 1934. The tests were made in a small village in Kummersdorf, Germany. In 1936, von Braun and his team developed the next generation of rockets, the A-3. The test area in Kummersdorf was too small for this newly-developed rocket. Together with his team of about 90 people, he had to move to a bigger test area in Peenemünde.
In 1937, with the Nazis in power, he joined the S.S.. Von Braun worked in Peenemünde between 1937 and 1945. There, he started to develop a new rocket called A4 (Aggregat 4). After some tests, the rocket was renamed to V-2. The "V" is for the German word "Vergeltung", which means revenge. This was the first long range ballistic missile to be used in war. It was able to carry a one ton warhead up to 50 miles into the air, and travel hundreds of miles to a target. In 1943, Germany started a mass production of this rocket using thousands of concentration camp prisoners as factory workers. They fired thousands of these rockets at targets in Antwerp and Great Britain, especially London. More than 1700 V-2 rockets landed on Antwerp, killing more than 3,700 people.  Von Braun and his team started to develop the new generations of these rockets, the V-9 and V-10, which were for targets in the US.

American career
American career

Early years
Von Braun and about 100 other scientists were brought to America in 1945 after they surrendered. They began to work for the United States Army at Fort Bliss, Texas, where they instructed American soldiers in launching captured V-2s. He became an American citizen in 1955. During the 1950s, von Braun tried to get support for an American space program. When the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the United States finally started a space program. At first, the Navy was in charge, but their first Vanguard satellite was destroyed when the rocket blew up on the launch pad in December 1957. The satellite program was given to the army, and the more experienced von Braun was able to start work with the rest of his team. The Redstone rocket put a satellite into orbit on January 31, 1958.