Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The pot calling the kettle black is an informal fallacy also called Tu quoque. 
Another name is appeal to hypocrisy. 

It happens when a person is guilty of the very thing of which they accuse another.

A fable, perhaps by Aesop, has a mother crab and its young, where the mother tells the child to walk straight, and is asked in return to demonstrate how that is done.

A present-day example:

Peter: "It is morally wrong to use animals for food or clothing".
Bill: "But you are wearing a leather jacket and you have a roast beef sandwich in your hand! How can you say that using animals for food and clothing is wrong?" 

It is a fallacy because a person's actions or character do not affect the logic of the argument.

References

Logical fallacies
An association fallacy  is a logical fallacy that occurs when someone says that a quality of one thing must apply to another just because they both share a similar quality or belief. It can be used in a positive or negative way.

It follows the general outline, A is a B, A is also a C, therefore, all Bs are Cs.

An example of an association fallacy being used in positive way (called pro hominem, or honour by association) is as follows:
 Citizens of Country X won more Nobel Prizes, gold medals, and literary awards than citizens of Country Y. Therefore, a citizen of Country X is superior to a citizen of Country Y.

An example of an association fallacy being used in a negative way (called guilt by association) is as follows:
 John is a shoplifter. John has black hair. Therefore, all people with black hair are shoplifters.

References

Logical fallacies
The arrondissement of Rochechouart is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Rochechouart.

History
When the arrondissements were created in 1800 in France, the arrondissement of Rochechouart was one of those in the Haute-Vienne department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Rochechouart is the most western arrondissement of the Haute-Vienne department. It is bordered to the west and north by the Charente department, to the northeast by the arrondissement of  Bellac, to the east by the arrondissement of  Limoges and to the south by the Dordogne department.

The arrondissement of Rochechouart is the smallest arrondissement of the department, with area of only , and it is the one with fewest people living in it with a population of 37,877 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

There are only two cantons in the arrondissement of Rochechouart and both have all their comunes in the arrondissement. These cantons are:
 Rochechouart, with 22 communes; and
 Saint-Junien, with 8 communes.

Communes
The arrondissement of Rochechouart has 30 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Chaillac-sur-Vienne (87030)
 Champagnac-la-Rivière (87034)
 Champsac (87036)
 Chéronnac (87044)
 Cognac-la-Forêt (87046)
 Cussac (87054)
 Dournazac (87060)
 Gorre (87073)
 Javerdat (87078)
 La Chapelle-Montbrandeix (87037)
 Les Salles-Lavauguyon (87189)
 Maisonnais-sur-Tardoire (87091)
 Marval (87092)
 Oradour-sur-Glane (87110)
 Oradour-sur-Vayres (87111)
 Pensol (87115)
 Rochechouart (87126)
 Saillat-sur-Vienne (87131)
 Saint-Auvent (87135)
Saint-Bazile (87137)
 Saint-Brice-sur-Vienne (87140)
 Saint-Cyr (87141)
 Saint-Junien (87154)
 Saint-Laurent-sur-Gorre (87158)
 Saint-Martin-de-Jussac (87164)
Saint-Mathieu (87168)
 Saint-Victurnien (87185)
 Sainte-Marie-de-Vaux (87162)
 Vayres (87199)
 Videix (87204)

The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Haute-Vienne department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Rochechouart
Rajasthani language belongs to the Indo-Aryan languages group. It is estimated to be spoken by 80 million speakers throughout the world. Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana and Gujarat are the states where Rajasthani language is spoken. In Pakistan, Provinces of Sindh and Punjab. Rajasthani language is thought to be emerged or descended from the Old Gujarati language.

References

Indo-Aryan languages
Languages of India
Languages of Pakistan
"LoveWave" is a song by Armenian-German singer Iveta Mukuchyan. It was released as a single on March 30, 2016. It represented Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016. The video for "LoveWave" premiered on March 2, 2016.

Eurovision Song Contest
On 25 January 2016, Armenia was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 10 May 2016, and was announced to perform in the first half of the show. Mukuchyan performed "LoveWave" in position 7, following the entry from the Netherlands and before the entry from San Marino. The song gained second place in the first semi-final and competed in the final on May 14, 2016, where she performed the song last, following the entry from United Kingdom. The song achieved 7th place with 249 points.

Charts

References

Other websites

2016 songs
Eurovision Song Contest
The oblique order, also called the oblique attack is a military tactic to bring a larger force against one of the enemy's flanks. At the same time the remainder of the force is used to distract and keep the enemy line in place. This is a good tactic if the attacking force is larger in size. Frederick the Great is credited with inventing the oblique order. He would use a large number of troops on one of the flanks to destroy that section, then drive into the enemy from two directions. The word oblique comes from the Middle English word oblike, which comes from the Latin word oblīquus meaning "slanted". In military usage, oblique usually means at an angle, often 45 degrees.
History 
 
Frederick the Great was not the first battlefield commander to put more forces on one side of his battle lines. But in the past the maneuver had to be done at night or out of sight of the enemy. If a commander put more troops on one flank (or "wing"), the opposing commander seeing this, would simply move his forces to counter the move. Shifting forces during a battle took time. There was also the risk of the enemy attacking while forces were being moved around. Frederick overcame these problems. The most important thing he did was train his soldiers to march quickly. When his Prussian army reached the battlefield, they would form the standard (for the time) two lines parallel to the enemy's two lines. But Frederick's army had been trained to "quarter-wheel" (turn at an angle) by sections, then in a fluid movement, quickly form into columns. Each unit of the Prussian army did this at the same moment which allowed his entire force to perform such a movement in under two minutes.
Related pages 

 Flanking maneuver
 Turning movement
 Pincer movement (also called a double-envelopment)
 Attrition warfare
 Feigned retreat
 Shock tactics
 Envelopment
 Rearguard
 Ambush

References

Other websites 
 Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics (#4 Oblique Order); YouTube

Military terminology
Military tactics
Haut-Bocage is a commune in the Allier department of central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.

The town hall is in Maillet.

History
The Haut-Bocage was established on 1 January 2016 with the former communes of Maillet, Givarlais and Louroux-Hodement.

Geography
Haut-Bocage is in the western part of the Allier department, in the valley of the Cher river at  to the north of Montluçon, the subprefecture of the arrondissement.

It has an area of  with an altitude of .

Composition
The commune is formed by:

Related pages
 Communes of the Allier department
 Arrondissement of Montluçon

References

Communes in Allier
Miami Lakes is a town in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. At the 2020 U.S. Census, 30,467 people lived in Miami Lakes.

References

Towns in Florida
Armenia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with the song "LoveWave" written by Lilith Navasardyan, Levon Navasardyan, Iveta Mukuchyan and Stephanie Crutchfield. The song was performed by Iveta Mukuchyan, who was selected internally by the Armenian broadcaster Public Television of Armenia (AMPTV) to represent Armenia in the 2016 contest in Stockholm, Sweden. Mukuchyan's selection as the Armenian artist was announced on 13 October 2015, while the song "LoveWave" was later presented to the public on 2 March 2016.

Points awarded to Armenia

Points awarded by Armenia

Split voting results
The following five members comprised the Armenian jury:
Hayko (Hayk Hakobyan) – Chairperson – musician, songwriter, producer, represented Armenia in the 2007 contest
Naira Gyurjinyan – musician, songwriter
Erik (Erik Karapetyan) – singer, songwriter
DJ Dale (Vardan Babayan) – DJ, producer, head of "Armenian DJs Association", "The Sunside Band" owner
Miqayel Voskanyan – musician, composer

References

Other websites
Other websites

 

Eurovision Song Contest
21st century in Armenia
2016 in entertainment
A social issue (or social problem, social conflict, or social illness) is an issue which affects many people in a society. 

Examples of social issues are economic issues. However, some issues, such as immigration, have both social and economic aspects. Racism, unemployment, poverty, violence, human rights are examples of social issues.

Social issues
Poplar may refer to:

Trees
 Populus, a genus of tree

Places

United Kingdom
 Poplar, London
 Poplar DLR station

United States
 Poplar Bluff, Missouri
 Poplar Forest, the retreat home of Thomas Jefferson, third president of the United States 
 Poplar Hills, Kentucky
Sir Martin Ryle (27 September 1918, Brighton, Sussex  14 October 1984, Cambridge) was a British radio astronomer. 

Ryle developed revolutionary radio telescope systems. He used them for to locate weak radio sources more accurately. With better equipment, he observed the most distant known galaxies of the universe. Ryle and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974. That was the first Nobel Prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research.

Nobel Prize in Physics winners
1918 births
1984 deaths
British Nobel Prize winners
British astronomers
People from Brighton
Monte Cimone is the highest mountain in the northern Apennines, in Italy

Geography
The Monte Cimone,  high, in the province of Modena, comuni of Fiumalbo, Sestola, Fanano and Riolunato. It is the highest point in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. It can be seen from very far away.

It has the form of a low pyramid with a flat summit on its top. The pyramid has three sides with the three ridges pointing towards the west, northeast and south. There is road on the northeastern ridge that gets to the summit.

The Parco regionale dell'Alto Appennino Modenese, also known as Parco regionale del Frignano, is near Monte Cimone.

History
On the top of Monte Cimone, Roman objects have been found, indicating that the mountain has been climbed very early on. The first touristic climb has been recorded in 1567, when Guidinello Montecuccoli, a local nobleman got to the top. Later, the Jesuits made several trips to study the atmospheric conditions at an elevation of more than .
In 1908 a chapel was built dedicated to Madonna delle nevi ("Our Lady of the Snow"). On the very summit, there is a statue of the Madonna facing south.

Skiing
It is a frequented winter ski resort. In the peak there are 31 ski trails for a total length of more than  (the longest trail is ) served by 26 ski lifts. Ski season starts usually at the beginning of December (often in the last weekend of November) and ends in the middle of April.

Gallery

Related pages
List of Italian regions by highest point

References

Other websites

 Europe Ultra-Prominences
 Mount Cimone GAW Global Station
 Consorzio Stazione Invernale del Cimone 
 Parco regionale dell'Alto Appennino Modenese  

Mountains of Italy
Emilia-Romagna
Richie Rich is a fictional character created by Alfred Harvey and Warren Kremer, and published by Harvey Comics in the 1950s.  Richie Rich is called the poor little rich boy, or also the richest kid in the world. He appeared in comic book titles such as Richie Rich Millions (1961) and Richie Rich Dollars & Cents (1963).

References

Other websites 
 Richie Rich  at the Internet Movie Database

Comics characters
A preemptive war is one in which a country takes military action against another country or group that poses a real threat of waging a war against them. The purpose is to stop the threat before the country or group has a chance to strike. This is an old philosophy of war or of preventing a war. Sun Tzu, the ancient Chinese general, military expert and philosopher, said a supreme country would break resistance in its enemies without needing to fight them, but if fighting is needed, then a country should consider attacking first if doing so would gain them an advantage (since that increases their chance of ending the conflict quickly). A declaration of war may or may not come before the preemptive first strike.  Preemptive war is thought of as a defensive act. This is true when it is clear an enemy is threatening an attack and that attack will do great harm. Also, a country which preemptively attacks another to defend itself can claim it was a moral act and avoid the label of an aggressor.
Difference from preventive war 
There is often confusion between preemptive war and a preventative war. A preemptive war is one in which striking first gives a country an advantage over an enemy whose intentions are clearly to strike and do great harm. An example is the 1967 Six-Day War. When it became clear that Egypt and Syria were about to attack, Israel attacked them first in a preemptive strike.

To satisfy the justification for a first strike, certain conditions should exist including:
 The enemy shows an obvious intention to do harm.
 The enemy is actively acting on the intentions so as to become a clear danger.
 Not striking first will greatly increase the chances of being defeated.
A preventive war is one in which a country attacks another in order to prevent them from having the capability of making war. A preventive war is one based on the idea that it is possible to tell with certainty the events that will take place. Article 51 of the United Nations Charter recognizes “the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs”. For example, under the Bush Doctrine, the United States may attack any nation or group that may attack the country in the future even if it does not currently have that capability. By calling it "preemptive", it does not change if from being preventive.

There are a few cases in which a preventive war may have been justified. For example, when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he openly said he would rearm Germany and seize the lands necessary for German "living space." Nazi Germany claimed it wanted only what was due and then it would live in peace, but many in Europe already thought that was not true.
When World War II started, nearly everyone had realized that the earlier statements had not been true, but it was too late to stop Hitler except by a costly and destructive war. Later, when the Japanese Empire decided to invade British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies for resources, they also attacked Pearl Harbor so the United States could not join the resulting war.

Related pages 

 Attrition warfare
 Shock tactics
 Rearguard
 Blockade
 Ambush

References

Other websites 
 Noam Chomsky - 'preemptive war'; YouTube
 THE BEST DEFENSE: Preventive War:YouTube

Military terminology
Military tactics
The 2006 Lebanon War, also named The Second Lebanon War, was a conflict between the paramilitary forces of the Hezbollah and the Israeli army. It lasted 34 days between the 12th of July 2006 and the 14th of August 2006, triggered by the killing of eight Israeli soldiers and abduction of two additional Israeli soldiers by the Hezbollah. 

The war was particularly characterized by the amount of air strikes and rockets launched by each side. It caused the death of 1,109 Lebanese and 159 Israelis. In addition, over a million people were forcibly displaced. 

The United Nations Resolution 1701, adopted by the United Nations Security Council on the 14th of August 2006, put an end to the conflict.
Background 
Hezbollah (also known as "the Party of God") is a Shi'a Lebanese political party with a military branch. It emerged as a movement of resistance against the second Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982. Israel did not withdraw from south Lebanon until May 2000. Their departure was depicted as an important victory for Hezbollah. 

In the aftermath of the withdrawal Hezbollah pursued its attack against Israel. In October of 2000, the Hezbollah conducted an operation on the disputed territories of the Sheba'a Farms, during which it kidnapped three Israeli soldiers. The conflict was settled through an exchange of prisoners.  

With a few exceptions, from 2000 to July 2006 the situation in South Lebanon was stable, with minor episodes of attacks and retaliation between Israel and Hezbollah.

The war
The war

Start of the war 
On July 12th 2006, Hezbollah launched an attack against an Israeli division while it was patrolling along the border. During this operation, later named "Operation Truthful Promise," Hezbollah killed three Israelis and two were captured. In addition to the first three casualties, five other Israeli fighters were killed due to a Hezbollah anti-tank mine while trying to rescue their colleagues.  Hezbollah hoped for the exchange of Palestinian and Arab prisoners held by Israel in return for the captured Israeli soldiers. Israel responded to this attack with a bombardment of artillery and airstrikes on Hezbollah targets and began a ground invasion of southern Lebanon.
Israeli response
Only few hours after the initial Hezbollah attack, Israeli authorities decided to retaliate and launched the "Operation Change of Direction". This bombing not only targeted military objectives but also civilian ones. Israel bombed South Lebanon villages, as well as numerous building blocks in the South of Beirut. One of the most significant of these attacks was the bombing of the Beirut airport, which killed 44 civilians. Early in the hours of the next day, Israeli forces conducted Operation Density, an aerial attack lasting 34 minutes that wiped out much of Hezbollah's missile and rocket supply, though Israeli reports often exaggerated the toll. Much of the war was conducted in the air, with the Israeli Air Force flying 11,897 missions in total and the Israeli artillery firing 170,000 shells. These were unprecedented numbers for the military.
Hezbollah during the war 
From the 13th of July onward, Hezbollah retaliated to Israeli airstrikes by launching hundreds of rockets over the Israeli territory. This offensive targeted military as well as civilian objectives. The Hezbollah fired between 3,970 and 4,228 rockets in total.

On the ground, Hezbollah fighters were able to resist Israeli offensives. Indeed the IDF found itself unable to take Lebanese cities facing well-organized Hezbollah militias. The Hezbollah was able to face the Israeli army through the use of guerrilla tactics.

End of the war

United Nations Resolution 1701 
The conflict between Israel and Hezbollah was ended by the United Nation Resolution 1701. The resolution was approved by the United Nations Security Council on the 11th of August 2006. It was asked to the Hezbollah and Israeli forces to stop the hostilities. The resolution was accepted by both sides and the cease-fire took effect the 14th of August.
In addition, the Resolution included the establishment of a "buffer zone" between Israel and Lebanon. It called for the deployment of the Lebanese Army in the South of the country with the assistance of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. In parallel, the Israeli military forces were asked to withdraw from the Lebanon.

Hezbollah perception 
Following the cease-fire, the Hezbollah side typically framed the war as a victory. During and after the war, they created posters and spread the message of a "divine victory".

Israel perception 
The Israeli government claimed victory over Hezbollah. However over the years, the conflict has increasingly been considered a defeat.

Consequences

Human consequences 
The war resulted in the death of 1,109 Lebanese and the injury of 4,399 persons. As for Israel, about 159 Israelis were killed during the conflict and 1,500 were injured.
In addition to the numerous people killed, the fighting also resulted in the displacement of over a million of Lebanese. Additionally, between 300,000 and 500,000 Israeli citizens were relocated to other parts of the country.   

The bodies of the two Israeli soldiers who were abducted at the start of the conflict were returned two years later on July 16th, 2008. This was part of the 2008 Israel-Hezbollah prisoner exchange in which Israel also returned Lebanese prisoners and the bodies of nearly 200 fighters who had been captured.

Material consequences 
In light of the number of air strikes and rockets launched during the 34 days of war, there was significant material damage. The estimated damages for Lebanon were about 3.5 billion U.S. dollars. On the Israeli side, the cost of the damage was estimated to be about 1.5 billion U.S. dollars.

References

2006 in Asia
21st century in Israel
2006 War
August events
Golan Heights

July 2006 events
Wars involving Israel
2006
2000s conflicts
Howard Joel Wolowitz is a character on the sitcom The Big Bang Theory. He is played by Simon Helberg.

Television characters
Vladimir "Vanja" Grbić (born 14 December 1970) is a retired Serbian volleyball player. He is  tall. He played as passer-side attacker.

Grbić was born in Klek in Socialist Republic of Serbia, Yugoslavia. He is Nikola Grbić's brother. He is a member of the Volleyball Hall of Fame.
With the national volleyball team of Yugoslavia, he won a gold medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics and a bronze medal in 1996 at Atlanta. His international victories include a silver medal in the 1998 World Championship and a gold medal in the 2001 European Championship.

Grbić Yugoslav Olympic Committee has declared him for the best sportsman of the year in 1996 and 2000. In 1999 and 2000, he received a Golden Badge, award for best athlete in Yugoslavia.

References

 FIVB profile 

1970 births
2004 Summer Olympics
Living people
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Yugoslavian Olympic bronze medalists
Yugoslavian Olympic gold medalists
Serbian volleyball players
Sportsmen
Judy Martz (July 28, 1943 – October 30, 2017) was an American politician who was the 23rd Governor of Montana from 2001 to 2005. She was elected Governor of Montana on 7 November 2000. She was the first woman to be elected Governor in Montana. She served only one term in office, from January 1, 2001 to January 3, 2005.

History
Judy Martz was born on July 28, 1943 in Big Timber, Montana. She graduated from Butte High School in 1961. She also attended Eastern Montana College.
She was a member of the US Olympic speed skating team and competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics. She married her husband, Harry Martz, in 1965.

Governorship
Judy Martz was the 22nd Governor of Montana.

After leaving office
On April 1, 2005, Judy Martz was appointed to the board of directors of TASER International. As of September of 2016, she was still on the board.
Illness and death
On November 11, 2014, it was announced that Judy Martz had stage 2 pancreatic cancer and was undergoing treatment in Arizona. She died of the disease on October 30, 2017 in Butte, Montana at the age of 74.

References

1943 births
1964 Winter Olympics
2017 deaths
American Olympians
Governors of Montana
People from Butte, Montana
American speed skaters
Sportswomen
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Lieutenant Governors of Montana
Subliminal stimuli are sensations just "below the threshold" of a person's conscious perception. They may be designed to influence the mental processes or the behavior of the individual without beiing noticed.

A recent review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies shows that subliminal stimuli activate certain parts of the brain, but the subjects do not notice the stimulus. Visual stimuli may be quickly flashed before an individual can process them, or flashed and then masked, thereby interrupting the processing. Audio stimuli may be played below audible volumes or masked by other stimuli.

Related pages 
Unconscious mind

References 

Psychology
Rodolfo Illanes (19 August 1958 - 25 August 2016) was a Bolivian politician. In 2016 he was the deputy Interior Minister when he was kidnapped by striking miners. He had gone to meet with the miners at Pandura. The miners were demanding more mining, the right to work for private companies, and greater union representation. When talks between the government and the miners failed, Illanes was beaten to death by his kidnappers.

References

Deaths by beating
2016 deaths
Bolivian politicians
1958 births
Sonia Rykiel (25 May 1930 – 25 August 2016) was a French fashion designer and writer. She created the Poor Boy Sweater, which was featured on the cover of French Elle magazine. She was given the nickname "Queen of Knits" because of her knitwear designs. The Sonia Rykiel label began in 1968 when she opened her first store, making clothing, accessories and perfumes. Rykiel was also a writer and her first book was published in 1979. In 2012, Rykiel said she was suffering from Parkinson's disease. She died from complications of the disease on 25 August 2016.

References

1930 births
2016 deaths
French fashion designers
Eddy Silitonga (born Charles Edison Silitonga in Siantar, Sumatra, January 17, 1949 - died in Jakarta, August 25, 2016) was an Indonesian singer. He was known for his high-pitched voice. He won several song contests, including Champion Pop Singer in Medan and the Popular Song Festival held at Taman Ismail Marzuki in Jakarta. Silitonga won the first Minang Song Contest in 1983. He studied at Mapua Institute of Technology in the Philippines. He formed his own group, "Eddy's Group", which was at its peak in 1976 - 1979. He suffered from heart disease and diabetes.

Some of his popular songs included "Bunga Tanjong", "Lancang Kuning", "Bunga Pujaan", and "Jatuh Cinta".Some of his popular songs included "Bunga Tanjong", "Lancang Kuning", "Bunga Pujaan", and "Jatuh Cinta".

References

1949 births
2016 deaths
Indonesian singers
Rudolph "Rudy" Van Gelder (November 2, 1924 – August 25, 2016) was an American recording engineer who specialized in jazz. 

He has been described as the most important recording engineer of jazz. Over a period of more than 50 years, Van Gelder recorded several thousand jazz sessions. Some of these recordings are recognized as classics. He recorded many of the great jazz musicians, including John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk, Sonny Rollins, Art Blakey, Joe Henderson, Freddie Hubbard, Wayne Shorter, and Horace Silver. He worked with many record companies but was most closely associated with Blue Note Records.

References

2016 deaths
Engineers from New Jersey
American audio engineers
1924 births
Background 
For some time during the war, the Shenandoah Valley had been a series of problems for the Union Army. In 1862, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson, in a series of six small battles, had tied up federal forces that could have been used against Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. Just a year later, Lee's army had used the valley to move north to invade Pennsylvania. In addition to providing the food necessary to keep Lee's army going, it remained a very real threat to Washington, D.C.. The Shenandoah Valley was strategically the left flank of Lee's defense of Richmond. Jackson had said early in the war, "If the Valley is lost, Virginia is lost."
Grant placed Major General Philip Sheridan in charge of clearing the Shenandoah Valley. He gave Sheridan the order "to put himself south of the enemy and follow him to the death…" Siegel, under Sheridan's command, was ordered to march up the valley to Staunton from Martinsburg (now in West Virginia). Siegel was a political general and had not been trained at West Point. He had been appointed to his position to attract support from German Immigrants for the Union cause. Siegel had shown poor tactical and strategic skills and had lost a number of battles. Also, when he was under stress, he would bark out his orders in German, confusing his men. Yet he was Grant's choice for this mission. Confederate General Brekenridge was also a political general, but proved to be more than Siegel could handle.

The battle
The battle 

Siegel was sent into the Shenandoah Valley while Grant was fighting Lee, first at the Battle of the Wilderness then at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. Siegel's main purpose was to prevent Breckinridge from reinforcing Lee.
Aftermath 
There were about 831 Union casualties. About 96 were killed, 479 wounded, and 256 were reported captured or missing. The Confederates had about 577 casualties. Of these, 43 were killed, 534 were wounded, captured or missing. In total, 10 VMI cadets lost their lives. The Battle of New Market is mainly remembered for the VMI Corps of Cadets who fought there and for those who died there. Beginning in 1878, VMI has held a formal ceremony every year. About the same time they began the French custom of the roll call (reading the names out loud) of the dead who had been killed at New Market. At each ceremony, a cadet is selected to answer for each of the 10 cadets who were killed. On the name being called, the cadet answers: "Died on the field of honor."

Notes

References

Other websites 
 The Battle Of New Market: 150th Anniversary; YouTube
 Battle of New Market: Field of Lost Shoes; YouTube

New Market
1864 in Virginia
May 1864 events
Amnesic shellfish poisoning is an illness caused by poisoning with a particular toxin called domoic acid.

At times, some diatoms produce domoic acid in ocean water. Shellfish accumulate this poison, and when they are eaten by people, the people get poisoned. The symptoms may be very severe: they include permanent memory loss, brain damage, and vomiting.

This disease was discovered in 1987 in eastern Canada when many people got poisoned after eating shellfish in a restaurant. Several people died of this disease then.

Birds can get this disease too when they eat poisoned shellfish. Such birds lose the coordination ability, and may crash into car and house windows.

Scientists found that the incidents of this disease occur more frequently in the recent years.

In the United States it is illegal to catch and sell shellfish without a license. Caught shellfish have to be frequently tested. When this toxin is found in the shellfish, government bans fishing and selling it in the area.
In the UK, all shellfish caught for restaurants or sale to the public are put in clean water for at least two days before being brought to market. This is the standard way to protect from poisoning.

References 

Toxicology
Protista
Salak fruit is grown in southeast Asia. It has a spiky look and has a leathery rap and a nut shaped inside. You can eat it with a little sugar or salt or even make it into a helpful eye cream.

References

Other websites
https://migrationology.com/snake-fruit-salak/

Fruits
Arecaceae
The Reno () is a river of northeastern Italy that starts in the Northern Apennines mountain range in Tuscany but flows mainly through the Emilia-Romagna region. It is one of the longest river in Italy.

Geography
The Reno river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Course

The Reno river starts in the Apennines to the northwest of the city of Pistoia, Pistoia province (Tuscany). The Reno is formed by the confluence, at about  above sea level, of two streams: Reno di Prunetta (with its source at an altitude of ) and the Reno di Campolungo.

Its upper course, going to the west, marks the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. In this part, there are  several artificial reservoirs whose dams are used for hydro-electric energy production.

In Sant'Agostino, the river turns to the southwest and passes west of Bologna, at Casalecchio di Reno.
In its lower course the Reno receives the water of numerous streams, some of which are seasonal (they have water only when it rains)
The Reno was a tributary of the Po until the middle of the 18th century when the course was changed to avoid the frequent floods. It now joins the Adriatic Sea near Casalborsetti, south-east of the Valli di Comacchio, a lagoon in the commune of Comacchio.

The Reno flows through many municipalities; some of them in the lower course, in the Emilia-Romagna region, are:
 Province of Bologna
 Porretta Terme
 Vergato
 Marzabotto
 Sasso Marconi
 Casalecchio di Reno
 Bologna
 Province of Ferrara
 Cento
 Argenta
 Comacchio

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Reno river are:

Left tributaries:
 Silla - 18 km
 Samoggia - 44 km

Right tributaries:
 Limentra di Sambuca- 19.4 km
 Eastern Limentra - 41 km
 Setta - 47 km
 Idice - 80 km
 Savena - 54 km, tributary of the Idice
 Sillaro- 66 km
 Santerno - 103 km, the most important by its length and its discharge of 16 m³/s (570 cu ft/s).
 Senio - 92

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of Italy

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Gruppo di Stude Pianura del Reno website 
 Biblioteca idraulica italiana 

Rivers of Italy
Fatih Terim (born 4 September 1953) is a Turkish football manager. He managed the Turkey national football team from 2013 to 2017.
He has been the manager of Galatasaray S.K. since 2017.

Club career statistics

References

1953 births
Living people
Turkish footballers
Turkish football managers
Galatasaray S.K. (football) managers
Turkey at UEFA Euro 1996
Turkey at UEFA Euro 2008
Turkey at UEFA Euro 2016
An agglutinative language is a type of language where words are made up of different types of morphemes to determine their meaning. (A morpheme is the smallest part of a word that has a meaning.) What makes these languages different from others, is that if one removes the morphemes from the word, they will be able to stand on their own.

Examples

Chinook

a–č–i–m–l–ud–a: (future–he–him–thee–to–give–future): "He will give it to you"

Hungarian

szent: holy
szentség: holiness
szentségtelen: holinessless

Turkish

ev–ler–den: (home–plural–from): "from the houses"

Kazakh
бару: (baru) — to go
бара алмау: (bara almau) — not being able to go
бара алмаған: (bara almağan) — the one that couldn't go
бара алмағандар: (bara almağamdar) — the ones that couldn't go

List 

Below is a list of modern agglutinative languages:

 Algonquian languages, namely Cree and Blackfoot
 Athabaskan languages
Austronesian languages
 Bantu languages (see Ganda)
 Berber languages
 Dravidian languages, most well-known of which are Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and Tulu
 Eskimo–Aleut languages, namely Aleut, Inuktitut, and Yupik
 Esperanto
 Igboid languages
 Japanese language
 Kartvelian languages
 Korean language
 many Tibeto-Burman languages
 many Uralic languages, namely Hungarian, Finnish and Sami languages
 Mongolic languages
 Muskogean languages
 Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages
 Quechua languages and Aymara
 Siouan languages, namely Lakota and Yuchi
 some Mesoamerican and native North American languages including Nahuatl, Huastec, and Salish
 Tungusic languages
 Turkic languages
 Vasconic languages namely Basque, and the extinct Aquitanian
 Somali language

References 

Languages
Suffocation is an American brutal death metal band from Centereach, New York, United States. The band members are Frank Mullen (vocalist), Terrance Hobbs and Charlie Errigo (both guitarisits), Eric Morotti (drummer) and Derek Boyer (bassist). Their 1991 album, Effigy of the Forgotten, created a blueprint for the genre for the 1990s. The band has a raw death metal style that uses growled vocals with a downtuned guitar sound, fast and complex guitar riffs and drumming, open chord notes, breakdowns, and a complex sense of songwriting. Decibel Magazine has stated that Suffocation's music completely influenced the creation of deathcore.

Discography

Members

Current members
 Frank Mullen – vocals (1988–1998, 2002–present; semi-retired since 2013)
 Terrance Hobbs – lead guitar (1988–1998, 2002–present)
 Derek Boyer – bass guitar (2004–present)
 Ricky Myers – vocals (2014–present)
 Charlie Errigo – rhythm guitar (2016–present)
 Eric Morotti– drums (2016–present)
Former members
 Mike Smith – drums (1988–1994, 2002–2012)
 Josh Barohn – bass (1988–1991, 2002–2004)
 Guy Marchais – rhythm guitar (1988–1990, 2002–2016)
 Doug Cerrito – rhythm guitar (1990–1998)
 Chris Richards – bass (1991–1998)
 Doug Bohn – drums (1994–1996)
 Dave Culross – drums (1996–1998, 2012–2014)
 Kevin Talley – drums (2014–2016)

Live members
 Bill Robinson – vocals (2012)
 John Gallagher – vocals (2013)

Timeline

References 

Musical groups established in 1988
Musical groups from New York (state)
Steve Hickner is an American animator and director who directed Bee Movie and The Prince of Egypt.

References

American movie directors
American animators
Living people
Paul Steven Bostaph (born 4 March 1964 in San Francisco, California) is an American metal drummer who is currently performing with the thrash metal band Slayer. He began his drumming career in 1984, and has since worked with bands like Forbidden, Exodus, Systematic, and Testament. Metal-Rules.com described Bostaph as "a true professional and one of the best drummers on today's metal music scene."

Career

Early years 

Bostaph first wanted to play the bass guitar, but later chose the drums because he found a kit that was cheaper than a bass. He listened to The Beatles and The Beach Boys, but AC/DC got him into rock drumming. He bought his first drum kit at the age of 15 and decided to become a metal drummer after listening to Killers by Iron Maiden. He was also influenced by bands like ELO, Blue Öyster Cult and Black Sabbath. His biggest drumming inspirations are Phil Rudd, Clive Burr, Tommy Aldridge, Nicko McBrain, Cozy Powell, Jeff Porcaro, Steve Smith, Dave Lombardo, and Tommy Lee.

Forbidden (1985–1992)
Bostaph played drums for Forbidden from 1985–1992, playing on their first two studio albums, Forbidden Evil and Twisted into Form.  He also played on their 1989 live EP Raw Evil: Live at the Dynamo.  He is regarded as their most prolific 'permanent' drummer to date.

Slayer and solo work
Bostaph recorded four albums with Slayer; his least favorite is 1994's Divine Intervention. This is due to the guitars not being loud enough as they were in the recording session, the band moving around to several recording studios, and a producer who had never done any heavy metal music. The producer changed near the end of recording to Toby Wright – Bostaph stating "that record never had any consistency to it although a lot of fans still like it." Bostaph left the band in 1996 to concentrate on his solo project, Truth About Seafood, and was replaced by Jon Dette; however, he returned in 1997. His second favorite album is 2001's God Hates Us All; "The whole era that I was with the band that was the album that was the most well-rounded and mixed the best" with Diabolus in Musica.
Bostaph left Slayer after the release of God Hates Us All, after a chronic elbow injury he had received restricted his ability to play. (although he later said that he actually left because "Musically, I wanted to do something else".) His third last performance with the band is recorded on the DVD War at the Warfield recorded on December 7, 2001. Bostaph is yet to watch it as he feels "It's like breaking up with a girlfriend" and needs to move on with his life. He remained friends with the Slayer members, and when asked if he would work with them in the future, he replied "sure". Bostaph was temporarily replaced by original Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo, which later proved to be a permanent arrangement until 2013, when the band announced he has replaced Lombardo for the second time.

Discography
      

Slayer
 Divine Intervention (1994)
 Live Intrusion (1995)
 Undisputed Attitude (1996)
 Diabolus in Musica (1998)
 God Hates Us All (2001)
 War at the Warfield (2003)
 Repentless (2015)
Systematic
 Pleasure to Burn (2003)

Testament
 Return to the Apocalyptic City (1993) (EP of live tracks)
 The Formation of Damnation (2008)

Forbidden
 Forbidden Evil (1988)
 Raw Evil: Live at the Dynamo (1989) (live EP)
 Twisted into Form (1990)
 Point of No Return (1992) (compilation)

Exodus
 Shovel Headed Kill Machine (2005)

Queensrÿche featuring Geoff Tate
 Frequency Unknown (2013)

References

Other websites 

 Official website

1964 births
American musicians
In chemistry, a homologous series is a series of chemical compounds with the same general formula. Usually these compounds vary by a single parameter such as the length of a carbon chain. Examples of such series are the straight-chained alkanes (paraffins), and some of their derivatives (such as the primary alcohols, aldehydes, and (mono)carboxylic acids). 

Compounds within a homologous series typically have a fixed set of functional groups that gives them similar chemical and physical properties. For example, the series of primary straight-chained alcohols has an hydroxyl at the end of the carbon chain. These properties typically change gradually along the series, and the changes can often be explained by small differences in molecular size and mass.

References 

Organic chemistry
The Canada national volleyball team represents Canada in international volleyball competitions.

Honors 
 Pan American Games: Bronze medal (1979) - (1999) - (2015)

References 

Official website
FIVB profile

National volleyball teams
National sports teams of Canada
The Czech Republic national volleyball team represents Czech Republic in international volleyball competitions.

Honors 
 Olympic Games: Bronze medal (1968) - Silver medal (1964)
 World Championship: Gold medal (1956 - 1966)
 European Championship: Gold medal (1948 - 1955 - 1958)

References 

Official website
FIVB profile

National volleyball teams
Sport in the Czech Republic
The Egypt national volleyball team represents Egypt in international volleyball competitions.

Honors 
 African Championship: Gold medal (1976 - 1983 - 2005 - 2007 - 2009 - 2011 - 2013 - 2015)

References 
Official website 
FIVB profile

National volleyball teams
Sport in Egypt
Sports organizations based in Egypt
The Tunisia national volleyball team represents Tunisia in international volleyball competitions.

Honors 
 African Championship: Gold medal (1967 - 1971 - 1979 - 1987 - 1995 - 1997 - 1999 - 2003  - 2017 - 2019 - 2021)

References 
FTVB 
FIVB profile

National volleyball teams
Sport in Tunisia
The Shenandoah Valley  (nicknamed  "The Big Valley" ) is a geographic valley and cultural region of western Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia in the United States. The valley is bounded on the east by the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the west it is bounded by the eastern front of the Appalachians. To the north it goes to the Potomac River and to the south by the James River. The cultural region covers a larger area that includes all of the valley plus the Virginia highlands to the west, and the Roanoke Valley to the south. The Valley is about  long. It is the home of two well-known universities, James Madison and Shenandoah University.
History 
For nearly 11,000 years before the Europeans came, Native Americans lived in the Shenandoah Valley. The first European to visit the area was probably a Jesuit priest in 1632. However, the first European credited with exploring the Valley was a German doctor named John Lederer in 1669. In the 1600s, Englishmen were told about the large forests which included chestnut trees as tall as .

Jackson's Valley Campaign Was fought here in 1862.

Geography
It is named for the river that stretches much of its length. The Shenandoah Valley has eight counties in Virginia and two counties in West Virginia.

Frederick County, Virginia
Clarke County, Virginia
Warren County, Virginia
Shenandoah County, Virginia
Page County, Virginia
Rockingham County, Virginia
Augusta County, Virginia
Rockbridge County, Virginia
Berkeley County, West Virginia
Jefferson County, West Virginia

The cultural region includes five more counties in Virginia:

Highland County
Bath County
Alleghany County
Botetourt County
Roanoke County
At Harpers Ferry the Shenandoah River joins the Potomac. The Valley's cultural region contains 10 independent cities:

Winchester
Harrisonburg
Waynesboro
Staunton
Lexington
Buena Vista
Covington
Roanoke
Salem

References

Other websites 
 Slide show of The Shenandoah Valley!!!; YouTube
 Shenandoah Valley in 1861: Prior to Yankee Invasion; YouTube

Valleys of the United States
Reductio ad Hitlerum, also known as playing the Hitler card, is a logical fallacy described  by Leo Strauss, a philosopher, in 1951. It happens when someone compares their opponent's view with Hitler or something that he did.

It is a form of ad hominem, distracting from the argument by criticizing the opponent. It works because in the modern world, people think of Nazism as a bad thing.

During the 2016 US Presidential Election, Republican candidate Donald J. Trump has been repeatedly compared to Hitler by commentators and comedians.

An example is as follows:
 Person 1 suggests that X is true.
 Person 2 says that Hitler said that too, and so X is not true.

As person 2 has criticized the opponent as opposed to the argument by comparing them to Hitler without giving any reasons as to why X is not true, they have committed reductio ad Hitlerum.

References
	

Logical fallacies
Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 – October 18, 1973) was a German-American political philosopher and classicist who became an expert on political philosophy. He was born in Germany to Jewish parents and later went to the United States. He spent most of his time as a teacher of political science at the University of Chicago, where he taught students and put into print 15 books.

He was particularly concerned with the idea of whether freedom and excellence could go together, but his ideas were criticised by Nicholas Xenos as wanting to go back to an era of fascism.

He was against the idea of a world state as he thought it would lead to tyranny.
Recent research has criticized his ideas in Persecution and the Art of Writing. Strauss argues that writing in a secretive way is needed to protect revolutionary ideas from the general public. But the evidence shows that most people during the time when Strauss's philosophers lived were illiterate, and only a few could understand complicated philosophical works. This contradicts Strauss's hypothesis. Moreover, the complexity of language make it unnecessary to devise additional ways, as Strauss suggests, to hide messages, as language itself can have multiple interpretations. Therefore, it is important to reassess these theories based on the evidence and insights, which question Strauss's argument.

References
References

1899 births
1973 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
American political scientists
Continental philosophers
German military personnel of World War I
20th-century German philosophers
Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish American writers
Jewish German scientists
Jewish German writers
Jewish philosophers
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Refugees from Nazism
Writers from Hesse
Wachseldorn is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Thun
Wahlern was a municipality in Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, Wahlern and Albligen joined together to become the new municipality, Schwarzenburg.

Former municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Schwarzenburg is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

It was created on 1 January 2011 through the merger of the municipalities of Wahlern and Albligen.

References

Other websites

  

2011 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Mosen was a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it became part of the municipality of Hitzkirch.

Former municipalities of Lucerne
Müswangen was a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it became part of the municipality of Hitzkirch.

Former municipalities of Lucerne