Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Of the total length of the railway routes 43% or  are electrified.

About 38% of the length of the railway routes or  has full automatic railway signaling systems and 16% or  are supported by the communications and repair employees who are responsible for getting and giving the right and trustworthy messages to the train drivers and railway stations on time, and following and repairing the trains and railway equipment.

The railway has 176 railway stations, 2 of which Biləcəri (in Baku) and Şirvan are completely automatic, 12 stations have extra places in railway storage areas for cargo containers with adapted mechanisms and machines, 3 stations – Keşlə (in Baku), Gəncə and Xırdalan are able to supply many cargo containers.

Of the total length of the railway routes 72% or  are for public transport and does not include railway routes for freight rail transport.
A lot of the railway track and trains have to be repaired or replaced. However, with the Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway, a regional rail link project that directly connects Turkey, Georgia and Azerbaijan, which was completed and opened in 2017, the railway lines are getting more modern in Azerbaijan with the newest technology and new and fast trains. These will replace the old trains which are still being used. The freight market share of the railways are also expected to rise quickly with the completion of the Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway in 2017.

The total length of the Azerbaijan Railways ranks 57th in length among the countries in the world.

International railway links with neighboring countries 
  Russia -  gauge.
  Georgia -  gauge - also  standard gauge link to Turkey since 2017.
  Iran - change of gauge  - .
  Turkey - no direct link - change of gauge  -  standard gauge via Georgia since 2017.
  Armenia -  gauge - closed for political reasons.

References
References

Other websites
 Azerbaijan Railways Official Site  
 Gallery and Information of the Electric Locomotives of the Azerbaijan Railways  
 Schematic Map of the Azerbaijan Railway Network 
 Gallery and Information of the Electric Locomotives of the Azerbaijan Railways 

Rail transport in Azerbaijan
Railway companies
1991 establishments in Azerbaijan
Companies of Azerbaijan
Before the British found India, Persian language was the country's second official language. It was also thought of as the cultural and scientific language. However, after the British found India in 1832, they replaced it with English.

Persian inscript 
There are many stone carved or plastered Persian inscript in India and thousands of hand written books.

Gallery

References
http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_parsi_language_history.php
http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasia/research/nilc/indopersian/

Related pages 
Persian language
Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments
Languages of India
Persian language
"Santa Baby" is a holiday themed song about a person who wants extravagant things for the Christmas season. It was first recorded in 1953 by Eartha Kitt, and many other musicians, including though not limited to Pussycat Dolls, Kylie Minogue, Taylor Swift, Ariana Grande and Madonna have covered this melody throughout the decades.

Original recording
"Santa Baby" was originally recorded by Eartha Kitt with Henry René and his orchestra in New York City in July 1953. The song was a huge hit for Kitt, and she later said that it was one of her favorite songs to record.

Ariana Grande version
"Santa Baby" is a song recorded by American recording artist Ariana Grande, featuring a guest appearance from American actress Liz Gillies. The song was released by Republic Records on December 10, 2013, as the fourth single from Grande's EP Christmas Kisses.

Track listing
 Digital download
 "Santa Baby (feat. Liz Gillies)" – 2:51

Charts

References
Charts

References

1953 songs
Christmas songs
Madonna (entertainer) songs
Taylor Swift songs
Ariana Grande songs
Trisha Yearwood songs
Kylie Minogue songs
Sugababes songs
"Blue Christmas" is a melancholy holiday themed song first recorded under Doye O'Dell around 1948 and made popular via Ernest Tubb in 1949. The song was featured in several Christmas specials and recorded by numerous other musicians, most notably Celine Dion, Elvis Presley, Kenny Rogers and countless others.

1948 songs
Christmas songs
Rockabilly songs
Elvis Presley songs
The Beach Boys songs
Celine Dion songs
Kenny Rogers songs
Martina McBride songs
Vince Gill songs
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The three founders were soon joined by William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner to form a seven-member "brotherhood". After they had broken up, John William Waterhouse painted in their style. Their influence shrank as the impressionists and post-impressionists became more important.

The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the 'mechanistic approach'. This was first adopted by the Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. The Brotherhood believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art. So, they are called Pre-Raphaelites.
In particular, they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts, whom they called "Sir Sloshua". To the Pre-Raphaelites, according to William Michael Rossetti, "sloshy" meant "anything lax or scamped in the process of painting ... and hence ... any thing or person of a commonplace or conventional kind".  In contrast, they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian and Flemish art.

The Pre-Raphaelites continued to accept the idea of history painting, and the imitation of nature, as central to the purpose of art. Despite this, they were a reform movement: they created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, The Germ, to promote their ideas. Their debates were recorded in the Pre-Raphaelite Journal.
The Brotherhood were highly praised by the art critic John Ruskin, and in turn they were influenced by his ideas. Rossetti's wife Elizabeth Siddal was their favourite model, and she developed into  an excellent artist herself.

References 

Art movements
British artists
"Pretty Vacant" is a song by the English punk rock band The Sex Pistols.  It was released in 1977, as the third single from their album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols.

The song is infamous for vocalist John Lydon's phrasing of the word "vacant", emphasizing the last syllable making it sound like the vulgar word "cunt".

The B-side is a cover of The Stooges' "No Fun" which they played on the spot without a proper rehearsal.

References

1977 songs
Sex Pistols songs
Piccadilly is a major street in central London, running from Hyde Park Corner in the west to Piccadilly Circus in the east. It is completely within the City of Westminster. St. James's lies to the south of the eastern section of the street, while the western section overlooks Green Park. The area to the north is Mayfair.

It is the location of Fortnum & Mason, the Royal Academy, The Ritz Hotel, the RAF Club and Hatchards book shop. Simpsons, once amongst the United Kingdom's leading clothing stores, opened on Piccadilly in the 1930s. The store closed in 1999 and the site is now the flagship shop of the booksellers Waterstone's.

History

The name Piccadilly may come from a tailor named Robert Baker, in the late 16th century and early 17th century. He amassed a large fortune by making and selling piccadills – stiff collars with scalloped edges and a lace border, which were then in fashion. With his great fortune he bought a large tract of what was then open country to the west of London.
After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, Piccadilly and the area to the north (Mayfair) began to be systematically developed as a fashionable residential locality. Some of the grandest mansions in London were built on the northern side of Piccadilly: Clarendon House, Berkeley House (later Devonshire House), and Sir John Denham's house (later Burlington House) were built in the 17th century. Later mansions included Melbourne House (now The Albany), Apsley House, Bath House  and Cambridge House. Several members of the Rothschild family had mansions at the western end of the street, and that part was colloquially referred to as Rothschild Row. 

By the 1920s most of these buildings had been demolished or were in institutional use.  The enlargement of Park Lane and the formation of Hyde Park Corner as a major traffic gyratory system has cut off the western stretch of Piccadilly, with the result that Apsley House has become detached from it.
21st century Piccadilly is not one of London's principal shopping streets, despite the presence of several famous shops. The Ritz Hotel is in the street, along with some other luxury hotels. There are also some offices and some very expensive flats. Piccadilly is one of the widest and straightest streets in central London.

City of Westminster
Roads in London
This is a list of all European countries:

References 

Lists of countries

countries
"Last Christmas" is a holiday song by the pop duo Wham!. It is about betrayal of the protagonist by a person he thought was there to stay. The song was released in 1984. Other singers have covered it since then, including Ashley Tisdale.

Christmas songs
Wham! songs
1984 songs
Ariana Grande songs
Billie Piper songs
Taylor Swift songs
Tina Arena songs
Lock picking is the art of opening a lock without the key and without damaging or destroying the lock or its door. It is usually used by locksmiths to let people back in who have lost their keys or locked them inside a car or house. Lock picking is very rarely used by criminals, because picking a lock is difficult and other ways of entering such as breaking a window are much easier. Some people pick their own locks as a hobby. In most places picking locks that you own is legal, but it is illegal to pick locks that you do not own or do not have permission to pick.

History 

History of keys and locks goes back for about 4,000 years. Ancient people also wanted to protect their possessions and keep them in places where other people cannot get access to them. The first locks and keys were made of wood and other easily accessible materials and they provided the small safeguard against theft or break-in. However, such locks at least let the owners know if someone tried to tamper with the lock.
The earliest known key and lock was discovered in the Nineveh ruins, which was the capital of ancient Assyria. They were dated to 704 BC. The first models of wooden locks and keys originate from Ancient Babylon and Egypt. These simple devices had small pins, controlling the movement of the security bolt. In order to unlock the bolt, it was necessary to lift the pins, by using bulky wooden keys. 

Roman age introduced many improvements of the Egyptian wooden locks. Ancient Romans created stronger and smaller locks than Egyptians, by using bronze and iron. The keys of locks from Roman era were small and light enough to be carried everywhere. Such small keys were often viewed as one of the effective ways of showing your wealth to other people. Rich Romans often kept their valuable things in secure boxes and wore the keys as finger rings.
The warded lock also comes from antiquity and is still the most recognizable lock and key type. Nowadays, there is a wide range of different locks, keys and other security systems available on the market. Among them are also keyless entry systems, that allow people to operate their locks without using the keys.

Methods

Warded locks

Warded locks are the simplest locks to pick and are picked by inserting a warded lock pick (also called a skeleton key) into the keyhole and turning it as if it were the key. A pick for warded locks can be made by filing down all of the teeth on a regular key except the last one, or for some locks, the last two.
Pin-tumbler and wafer-tumbler locks normally open when the correct key pushes all of the pins or wafers to the shear line. An incorrect key will push the pins or wafers too little or too far. These locks are more difficult to pick than warded locks and are picked by putting tension on the keyhole and pushing the pins or wafers up individually until they reach the shear line. When all of the pins have reached the shear line, the lock will turn as if the key were inserted. Other methods of raising the pins or wafers involve moving an S-shaped pick called a rake through the keyhole to vibrate the pins or wafers to the shear line, or using the pick gun, which bounces the pins to the shear line. It is also possible to pick a pin-tumbler lock with a bump key, which, when struck with a hammer, will bump the pins to the shear line. The force on the hammer should be slightly less than that used for driving a nail, because too much force will break off the head of the key, leaving the rest of the key stuck in the lock
. Many newer locks have special pins that make picking more difficult. The special pins are usually spool-shaped and work by wedging into the shear line when pushed up by the pick.
Most padlocks can be opened by inserting a thin piece of metal called a shim between the shackle and the body of the lock. This will need to be done on both sides if there are locking levers on both sides. The shim pushes the locking latch aside and allows the lock to open. High-security padlocks often use a ball-bearing latch, which can not be pushed aside with a shim. Some door locks can be shimmed with a credit card or similar thin plastic object. The card is placed between the door and doorframe, which pushes the latch aside. Combination locks can not be picked, but it is often possible to find the combination by feeling for certain clicks inside the lock, except on certain high-security safe locks. Some combination locks have small cracks through which the parts inside the lock can be seen, allowing the combination to be determined
. The Master Lock #175 brass combination lock has a very unique flaw allowing a small piece of metal to be inserted into the bottom of the lock, which pushes the locking bar aside, opening the lock. A special pick exists for disc-detainer locks, but it is only effective on inexpensive locks that do not have false gates. A well-made disc-detainer lock with false gates (such as the Abloy Protec) is considered almost impossible to pick. Lever locks are considered difficult, although possible, to pick and also require a special pick. Tubular locks can be picked with a special tubular pick. Some poorly-made tubular locks can be picked with an ordinary writing pen. Most car locks can be defeated by inserting a metal or plastic rod with a small hook on the end into the area between the rubber seal on the window and the car body, and using the hook to pull the lock lever that is normally pulled by hand from the inside of the car
. On most cars, it is possible to electrically connect the switch contacts on the ignition lock to start the car without a key, completely bypassing the mechanical lock. This is called hotwiring the car. Most cars use a wafer-tumbler based lock, so it is also possible to pick the door or ignition locks the traditional way. Some cars, such as many Honda and BMW models, have electronic protection against both hotwiring and traditional picking.
References

Other websites
 What Is Lockpicking?

Crime
Locks
This is a list of all Asian countries by population

References

Lists of countries
Romeo is the son of Lord and Lady Montague in William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. He is one of the two protagonists of the story.

Romeo falls in love with Juliet Capulet, and secretly marries her. Juliet fakes her death to rid herself of a parental marriage arrangement with Count Paris. Romeo is not aware of the fake death. He believes Juliet is truly dead and kills himself.

Leonardo DiCaprio, Leonard Whiting, Leslie Howard and Douglas Booth have played Romeo in movie adaptations of the play. Romeo is also a character in opera and ballet adaptions of the play.

Other websites
 Complete listing of all of Romeo's lines

Characters in Shakespeare's plays
Pope Benedict V (;   -died July 4, 965), was an Italian deacon of the Roman Catholic Church and the 133rd Pope for five weeks in 964.

Benedict was known as Grammaticus because of his learning.

Pope
After the death of Pope John XII, Cardinal Benedetto was elected pope by the Romans in 964; but the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I, did not approve.  Otto deposed Benedict who was then exiled.  

Otto forced Benedict to travel to Germany where he was placed under the care of Adaldag, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen.

After his death
Benedict was buried in the cathedral in Hamburg.  Later, his remains were transferred to Rome.

Although his status was questioned during his lifetime, Benedict V is considered to part of the traditional list of popes.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites

 

  Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope in sequence
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Benedetto 

Italian popes
Year of birth unknown
965 deaths
This is a list of all African countries by population:

Lists of countries

Africa-related lists
Heidi Lynne Fleiss (born December 30, 1965 in Los Angeles) is an American television personality and columnist, regularly featured in American media. She is often called "Hollywood Madam" (formerly she was a madam and for a short time a prostitute) and is a periodic guest on Fox News programs. Her father was Paul M. Fleiss. She is of Jewish descent.

Fleiss had been convicted of tax evasion and spent some time in prison. She was in a domestic partnership with Dennis Hof until his death in October 2018.

References

1965 births
Living people
American columnists
American prisoners
American prostitutes
American sex industry businesspeople
Brothel owners and madams
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Jewish American criminals
Jewish American entertainers
Jewish American writers
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish sex industry people
Television personalities from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was the biggest earthquake that has ever hit San Francisco on April 18, 1906. It was felt from Los Angeles to Oregon and Nevada. The earthquake was about a 7.8 on the Richter scale. Around 3,000 people were killed and between 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless. There were also fires because gas pipes were destroyed, and the gas caught on fire. Over 80% of the city was destroyed by the earthquake and fires that came later. The city is on the San Andreas Fault, which slid, causing the earthquake. Many people looted so then the Army had to come in to keep the peace, but there were reports of the army looting as well.

References
References

Other websites
 
 The 1906 Earthquake and Fire from the National Archives
 Before and After the Great Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco, 1897–1916 From American Memory at the Library of Congress.
 A geologic tour of the San Francisco earthquake, 100 years later from American Geological Institute
 The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire from the Museum of the City of San Francisco website

1906 in North America
1900s in the United States
Earthquakes in California
20th century in San Francisco
Natural disasters in the San Francisco Bay Area
April events
"Wonderful Christmastime" is a Christmas song which was first recorded by Paul McCartney and released in 1979. The single did not chart on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. It reached #6 on United Kingdom music charts. This single is played during the Christmas season worldwide. Other singers, including Kelly Rowland of Destiny's Child, Hilary Duff and Demi Lovato have covered this song throughout the years.

Christmas songs
1979 songs
Paul McCartney songs
Demi Lovato songs
Kylie Minogue songs
Douglas Joseph Ashton (19 November 1919 — 3 November 2011) was the owner of the world's longest family run circus, and the oldest surviving travelling circus. Ashton's Circus was started by Doug Ashton's great grandfather, Joseph Henry Ashton, in 1847. Doug Ashton was born into the circus and was on the road travelling when only six days old. Ashton, and his wife Phyllis, were both awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 1996 for their work for charity and the arts. He died in Perth, Western Australia, while travelling with his grandson's circus, Circus Joseph Ashton. Joseph Ashton trained Nicole Kidman to use the flying trapeze for Baz Lurhmann's movie, Moulin Rouge!.

References

1919 births
2011 deaths

Australian entertainers
Order of Australia
In medicine, saline refers to any solution of salt in water; that is, salt water. Such solutions are sterile when they are to be placed into the body by infusion or injection. If the solution has more salt in it than is found in the human body, it is called hypertonic saline. The normal salt level is 0.9% and any salt amount more than 0.9% is called hypertonic.

Drugs
Sodium compounds
Bobby Vinton (born April 16, 1935 in Pennsylvania) is an American musician of Polish descent. At first Vinton was not successful. Around 1963, he began making serious hit songs and albums. That continued into the 1970s and beyond.

1935 births
Living people
Singers from Pennsylvania
Pope Leo may mean:
Pope Leo I Leo the Great (440–461)
Pope Leo II (682–683)
Pope Leo III (795–816)
Pope Leo IV (847–855)
Pope Leo V (903)
Pope Leo VI (928)
Pope Leo VII (936–939)
Pope Leo VIII (964–965)
Pope Leo IX (1049–1054)
Pope Leo X (1513–1521)
Pope Leo XI (1605)
Pope Leo XII (1823–1829)
Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903)

Leo
Rodrigo y Gabriela (Rodrigo and Gabriela), also known as "El Rodri y La Gabi", are a Mexican musical duo. They play fast, rhythmic music on acoustic guitars. The duo is Rodrigo Sanchez, lead guitar, and Gabriela Quintero, rhythm guitar and percussion. 

They became well known playing in the hotels and bars of Dublin, Ireland. One reviewer said that "...Rodrigo y Gabriela's secret is maybe quite simple. They are resourceful musicians, and are open-hearted, happy entertainers. That, very often, is what people want." Both are vegans and support animal rights. They  play a mixture of many influences and styles.

They met in Mexico City while playing in a thrash metal band and later moved to Dublin. Their album, Rodrigo y Gabriela, entered the Irish Albums Chart at Number One.

Recordings

Studio albums
Foc (2001)
re-Foc (2002)
Rodrigo y Gabriela (2006)
11:11 (2009)
Area 52 (2012)

Live albums
Live: Manchester and Dublin (2004)
Live in Japan (2008)
Live in France (2011)

Extended plays
''Live Session (2007)
Live gigs
The Porterhouse, Dublin (2002)

References

Other websites
 Official Rodrigo y Gabriela site
 Video Channel  on MUZU TV
 An early career interview with Rodrigo y Gabriela
 Interview on WNYC's Soundcheck.
 Interview with Gabriela for Irish Migration Studies in Latin America journal, March 2007
 Interview on NPR's All Things Considered, October 10, 2009
 Rodrigo y Gabriela Rock the White House

Mexican musicians
2000s Mexican music groups
Musical groups established in 2000
20th-century establishments in Mexico
Andrew Aitken "Andy" Rooney (January 14, 1919 – November 4, 2011) was an American radio and television writer. His "A Few Minutes with Andy Rooney" was a part of the CBS News program 60 Minutes from 1978 to 2011. His final regular appearance on 60 Minutes aired October 2, 2011. He died one month later, on November 4, 2011, at age 92.

He started as a reporter covering World War II in Europe. Rooney joined CBS in 1949, as a writer for Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts, when Godfrey was very popular on radio and TV. He also wrote for The Garry Moore Show.

Rooney was an atheist.

References

Other websites
 
 
 CBS Biography
 Archive  of previous "A Few Minutes ..." segments
 Andy Rooney Podcast  among other CBS podcasts
 Snopes.com on Rooney E-Mail Snopes.com's article on false e-mail claims
 Andy Rooney Interview at Archive of American Television
 Some of Andy Rooney's Best Observations and Opinions
1919 births
2011 deaths
American atheists
American journalists
American television presenters
American television writers
Deaths from surgical complications
People from Albany, New York
Television personalities from New York (state)
Writers from New York (state)
Emmy Award winners
"Angels We Have Heard on High" is a well-known Christmas carol that represents the birth of Jesus found under Gospel of Luke in which shepherds outside Bethlehem find many angels praising children. The song has been covered and performed by many singers over the years.

Christmas carols
Aretha Franklin songs
Pulmonology is a type of medicine where doctors know about the lungs and the heart.  They work on keeping lungs healthy.  A doctor working in pulmonology is called a pulmonologist.  Pulmonologists also work with respiratory therapists to educate and help make lungs healthy.

Where do they work? 
 Hospitals
 Clinics (Regular doctors offices)
"O Tannenbaum", also known as "O Christmas Tree" in alternate name, is a holiday melody of German origin. The best known form of this song was written in 1824. Notable singers who have performed this song are Aretha Franklin, Johnny Mathis and Chicago.

German culture
Christmas carols
1820s works
Piccadilly Circus is a road junction and public space in London's West End in the City of Westminster.

The Circus links Piccadilly with Regent Street, and the theatres on Shaftesbury Avenue, as well as the Haymarket, Coventry Street (onwards to Leicester Square), and Glasshouse Street. 

The Circus is close to major shopping and entertainment areas in the West End. Its status as a major traffic intersection has made Piccadilly Circus a busy meeting place and a tourist attraction in its own right.
The Circus is particularly known for its video display and neon signs mounted on the corner building on the northern side, as well as the fountain and statue of an archer popularly known as Eros. Actually the statue is that of Anteros, who in legend was the brother of Eros. The fountain is a pedestrian area: it and the Circus there is surrounded by several noted buildings, the London Pavilion and the Criterion Theatre. Directly underneath the plaza is Piccadilly Circus tube station, part of the London Underground system.

Notes 

Roads in London
City of Westminster
The Dale–Chall formula is one of the ways to predict how difficult text is to read. It is a readability test. The Dale–Chall formula is a one-variable test: it measures the difficulty of the words used. It does not measure the difficulty of the sentence structure (the syntax).

One of the first readability tests, the Dale–Chall formula used a vocabulary list. It counted the number of listed words in a passage, and applied a formula which gave a grade level. It was used to rate textbooks for grade levels in US school districts. In 1995 the authors published an updated word list.

It is easy, in principle, to use a vocabulary list as part of a computer-based readability measure. The list is organised as a look-up table. The percentage of listed words in a passage gives the data for the formula, and the user is presented with a grade level.

Related pages 
List of readability tests
Textual difficulty

References 

Reading
A photogram is a photograph that is made without a camera. Something is placed on top of some photographic paper (or a similar material) and then shining light on it. At the end of this, you get a shadow picture. It usually has different tones. This depends on how transparent the object is.

Photography
Park Lane is a major road in the City of Westminster, in Central London.

Park Lane is about three quarters of a mile (1.2 km) in length, and runs north from Hyde Park Corner to Marble Arch, along the length of the eastern flank of Hyde Park.  

Despite the traffic noise, the road is upmarket. It features five-star hotels, such as The Dorchester, Grosvenor House Hotel and InterContinental London Park Lane Hotel, and showrooms for several makes of high-end sports car. The hotels are part of the area known as Mayfair.
History
Originally a country lane running north-south along what is now the eastern boundary of Hyde Park, it became a fashionable residential address from the eighteenth century onwards. It has views across Hyde Park and a position at the most fashionable western edge of London. It became lined with some of the largest privately owned mansions in London, including the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House and the Holford family's Dorchester House (demolished in 1929 and replaced by 1931 with The Dorchester, which are now both hotels, and the Marquess of Londonderry's Londonderry House, which has been demolished. 

On a corner with Oxford Street, Somerset House (No. 40), built in 1769-70, was successively the town house of Warren Hastings, a former Governor-General of India, the third Earl of Rosebery, and the Dukes of Somerset.
In the 1960s the Lane was widened to three lanes each way either side of a central reservation. This required the demolition of a number of houses at Hyde Park Corner. It claimed land previously in Hyde Park to make room for the multi-lane carriageway. The result was to diminish the appeal of Park Lane as a residential address, as it became one of the busiest and noisiest roads in central London. It has little or none of the countryside atmosphere that once made it popular. The widening of the road distanced the houses on the east side of Park Lane from Hyde Park itself, access to which is now by underpass.

References 

Roads in London
Transport in the City of Westminster
Alghero (Italian pronunciation: [alˈɡɛro]; , IPA: [ɫəɫˈɣe], locally: [lalˈɣe]; ; ), is a city of about 44,000 citizens in Italy. It lies in the province of Sassari in northwestern Sardinia, next to the sea.

In the 1930s, the Swedish writer Amelie Posse Brazdova wrote a book entitled Sardinia Side Show, where she told the complete story of 2 years she spent "interned" in Alghero old town during World War I.

References

Other websites
City of Alghero Official website 
Official Alghero tourism web site  
Alghero Tourist Informations and Webcam Live  
Alghero Tourism and Town Information  
Alghero Tourism and Hotels Informations 

Communes of the Province of Sassari
A triangulation station is a fixed surveying station, used in surveying. 

It may also be known as a triangulation pillar, trigonometrical station, trigonometrical point, trig station, trig beacon or trig point, and sometimes informally as a trig,

The names of triangulation stations vary regionally; they are generally known as trigonometrical stations in North America, trig points in the United Kingdom, New Zealand  and Australia, and trig beacons in South Africa; triangulation pillar is the more formal term for the concrete columns found in the UK.

Cartography
Trigonometry
Pope Leo XI (; 2 June 1535 – 27 April 1605), born Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 233rd Pope for only 26 days in April 1605.

Early life
He was born in Florence.  His grandmother was a sister of Leo X.

Priest
In 1567, Medici was ordained as a priest.

In 1569, Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, sent Father Medici to be the ambassador of Florence in the court of Pope Pius V.  For 15 years in Rome, Father Medici was the representative of the city and the Medici family.

Bishop
Gregory XIII made him Bishop of Pistoia in 1573.  He was named Archbishop of Florence in 1574.

Cardinal
Gregory raised him to the rank of cardinal in 1583.

In 1596, Clement VIII sent Cardinal Medici as ambassador to the court of Henry IV of France.

Pope
On 1 April 1605, Cardinal Medici was elected pope.  He chose to be called Leo XI in honor of his uncle Pope Leo X.
When he was elected, Leo XI was almost seventy years of age, and he died within the month.  His death came as a result of fatigue and cold in the ceremony of taking possession of the Basilica of St John Lateran.  He was called Papa Lampo ("Lightning Pope") because his papacy was so short.

Related pages 
 List of popes
 List of popes from the Medici family
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites

 

  "Leo XI" in Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Leo XI
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Medici 
 Leo XI at St Peter's Basilica

Italian popes
House of Medici
People from Florence
1535 births
1605 deaths
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim is a  football club based in Hoffenheim, a suburb of Sinsheim, Baden-Württemberg. They play in the German Bundesliga In the year 2000 they played in the 5th division but in  2008 they promoted to the Bundesliga. It was possible with the financial help of the software mogul Dietmar Hopp, who had played in the club's youth system. The financial help was widely criticized by other clubs, fans and by some in the German press. The most important points were the lack of tradition and the small fan base. Hoffenheim has only 3,300 inhabitants, and Sinsheim, where they play their home games, has only about 35,000 residents.
.

Honors
The club's honours:

League
 2. Bundesliga
 Runners-up: 2008
 Fußball-Regionalliga
 Runners-up: 2007
 Oberliga Baden-Württemberg (IV)
 Champions: 2001
 Runners-up: 2010‡
 Verbandsliga Nordbaden (V)
 Champions: 2000
 Runners-up: 2003‡

Cup
 North Baden Cup
 Winners: (4) 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
 Runners-up: 2007
Youth
 'German Under 17 championship
 Champions: 2008
 U17 Bundesliga South/Southwest
 Champions: 2008
 Runners-up: 2011
 ‡ Won by reserve team.

Current squad

Players out on loan

Staff

First team

Coaching history
Recent coaches of the club:

*As caretaker coach.

References

Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Sport in Baden-Württemberg
1899 establishments in Germany
Mimosa pudica  is a 
well-known species of Mimosa. It is a creeping annual or perennial herb often grown for its curiosity value: the compound leaves fold inward and droop when touched or shaken, re-opening minutes later. The species is native to South America and Central America, but is now a widespread weed.

Description
The stem is erect in young plants, but becomes creeping or trailing with age. The leaves of the Mimosa pudica are compound leaves.

The leaves are bipinnately compound, with one or two pinnae pairs, and 10-26 leaflets per pinna.  The round-shaped flower heads, which are inflorescences, are 8–10 mm in diameter (excluding the stamens). The floret petals are red in their upper part and the filaments are pink to lavender. The fruit consists of clusters of 2-8 pods from 1–2 cm long each.  The pods break into 2-5 segments and contain pale brown seeds some 2.5 mm long. The flowers are pollinated by the wind and insects. The seeds have hard seed coats which restrict germination.
Plant movement 
Mimosa pudica is well known for its rapid plant movement.
Like a number of other plant species, it undergoes changes in leaf orientation termed "sleep".  The foliage closes during darkness and reopens in light.
The leaves also close when touched, warmed, blown, or shaken. When the plant is disturbed, specific regions on the stems release potassium ions which force water out of the cell vacuoles. The water diffuses out of the cells, producing a loss of cell pressure and cell collapse; this differential turgidity between different regions of cells results in the closing of the leaflets and the collapse of the leaf petiole. This is quite a common trait in the Mimosoideae subfamily of the legume family, Fabaceae. The stimulus can also be transmitted to neighbouring leaves.  The function of this trait is not known. The plant may use its ability as a defense from predators. Animals may be afraid of a fast moving plant and would rather eat a less active one.  Another possible explanation is that the sudden movement dislodges harmful insects.

References
References 

Barneby, R.C. 1992. "Sensitivae Censitae: a description of the genus Mimosa Linnaeus (Mimosaceae) in the New World." Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 65.
[change]

Mimosoideae
Rapid plant movement
Pope Leo XII (; 22 August 1760 – 10 February 1829), born Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola Sermattei della Genga, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 253rd Pope from 1823 to 1829.

Life
Della Genga was born in a family of Papal States nobility.

Priest
Della Genga was ordained as a priest in 1783.  

Pope Pius VII made him his private secretary.

Bishop
In 1793, he was made Archbishop of Tyre; and he was sent as papal nuncio to Lucerne.  

He was the papal nuncio in Cologne between 1794 and 1805.

After 1805, he retired to the abbey of Monticelli near Florence.

Cardinal
Tn 1816, Pius VII created him  cardinal. 
 
In 1820, Cardinal della Genga became Vicar-General of Rome.

Pope
Cardinal della Genga was elected pope 1n September 1823.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

Other websites

  "Leo XII", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
  Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Leo XII
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal della Genga 

Italian popes
1760 births
1829 deaths
James Albert "Jim" Varney (June 15, 1949 - February 10, 2000) was an American  actor and comedian. He was born and raised in Lexington, Kentucky. Varney is best remembered for his role as Ernest P. Worrell in many movies and television programs. He died of lung cancer in White House, Tennessee.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Other websites
 

1949 births
2000 deaths
Actors from Kentucky
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cancer deaths in Tennessee
Musicians from Kentucky
Deaths from lung cancer
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Pope Damasus II (; died August 9, 1048), born Poppo, was a German priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 152nd Pope for only 24 days from July 17 to August 9, 1048. 

He was the third German to become pope.

Early life
He was born in Bavaria.

Bishop
Poppo was Bishop of Brixen in the Tyrol Mountains of Germany..

Pope
Bishop Popo became pope on July 17, 1048; and he took the name Damasas II.  He died within a month of his election.

Related pages
 List of popes
 List of popes by length of reign

References

Other websites

 
  Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence

German popes
1048 deaths
Muhammad Ali Pasha, also known as Muhammad Ali of Egypt and the Sudan (,  , ; ; ; 4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was an Albanian commander in the Ottoman army and governor of the province of Egypt. He became Wāli, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan.

Though not a modern nationalist, he was the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms he made to the army, economy, and culture of Egypt. He also ruled some Levantine territories outside Egypt. The dynasty he established ruled Egypt and Sudan until the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.
The French Capitulation of Alexandria left a power vacuum in the Ottoman province. Mamluk power had been weakened, but not destroyed, and Ottoman forces clashed with the Mamluks for power. During this period of anarchy Muhammad Ali used his loyal Albanian troops to play both sides, gaining power and prestige for himself. As the conflict drew on, the local populace grew weary of the power struggle. A group of prominent Egyptians demanded that the then Wāli, Ahmad Khurshid Pasha, step down and Muhammad Ali be installed as the new Wāli in 1805.

The Mamluks were still powerful, so in 1811 he massacred their leaders and sent troops to chase the followers out of Egypt.

Reforming Egypt 
Muhammad Ali’s goal was to establish a powerful, European-style state. To do that, he had to reorganize Egyptian society, streamline the economy, train a professional bureaucracy, and build a modern military.
In practice, Muhammad Ali’s land reform amounted to a monopoly on trade in Egypt. He required all producers to sell their goods to the state. The state in turn resold Egyptian goods, and kept the surplus. This was very profitable for Egypt, especially with their cotton, which was of high quality. The new-found profits also extended down to the individual farmers, as the average wage increased fourfold.

Beyond building a more modern economy, Muhammad Ali started to train a professional military and bureaucracy. He sent promising men to Europe to study. Students were sent to study European languages, primarily French, so they could translate military manuals into Arabic. He then used both educated Egyptians and imported European experts to establish schools and hospitals in Egypt.  European education also provided talented Egyptians with social mobility. Bright boys from poor families could work their way up, and become successful.
A byproduct of Muhammad Ali’s training program was the establishment of a Civil service. Establishing an efficient central bureaucracy was needed for Muhammad Ali’s other reforms. In the process of destroying the Mamluks, the Wāli had to fill the posts that the Mamluks had previously filled. He divided Egypt into ten provinces, each leader responsible for collecting taxes and maintaining order. Muhammad Ali installed his sons in most key positions; however, his reforms did offer Egyptians opportunities beyond agriculture and industry.

Horse stud 
He loved Arabian horse, he built a very big Horsestud in Egypt at Shoubra, and from this Horses, they are descendants until today.

Military campaigns 

At the start, Muhammad Ali waged war on behalf of the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud II, in Arabia and Greece.  Later, he came into open conflict with the Ottoman Empire.
His first military campaign was an expedition into the Arabian Peninsula. The holy cities of Mecca, and Medina had been captured by the House of Saud, who held a form of Islam called Wahhabism.  Armed with their new religious zeal, the Muhammad ibn Saud began conquering parts of Arabia.

With the main Ottoman army busy in Europe, Mahmud II turned to Muhammad Ali to recapture the Arabian territories. Muhammad Ali in turn appointed his son, Tosun Pasha, to lead a military expedition in 1811.  The campaign was turned back in Arabia; however, a second attack was launched in 1812 that recaptured Hejaz.p43-44 After a two-year campaign, the Saudis were crushed and most of the Saudi family was captured. The family leader, Abdullah ibn Saud, was sent to Istanbul, and executed.p48
Muhammad Ali next turned his attention to military campaigns of his own design, beginning with the Sudan which he viewed as a valuable addition of territory, gold, and slaves. Sudan at the time had no real central authority and used primitive weaponry in its tribal infighting.

In 1820 Muhammad Ali dispatched an army of 5,000 troops commanded by his third son, Ismail, south into Sudan with the intent of conquering the territory and subjugating it to his authority.p51 Ali's troops made headway into Sudan in 1821, but met with fierce resistance. Ultimately, Egyptian troops and firearms ensured the conquest of Sudan. Ali now had an outpost from which he could expand to the source of the Nile in Ethiopia, and Uganda. His administration captured slaves from the Sudan, who were then made into a foot regiment of soldiers. Ali's harsh reign in Sudan, and that of his immediate successors, led eventually to the popular independence struggle of the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammed Ahmed, in 1881.
As Muhammad Ali was expanding his authority into Africa, the Ottoman Empire faced ethnic rebellions in its European territories.  The Greek rebellion against Ottoman rule began in 1821.  The Ottoman army failed to put down the revolt, and ethnic violence spread as far as Constantinople.  Sultan Mahmud II offered Muhammad Ali the island of Crete in exchange for his support in putting down the revolt.

Muhammed Ali sent 16,000 soldiers, 100 transports, and 63 escort vessels under command of his son, Ibrahim Pasha.p71. Britain, France, and Russia intervened to protect the Greeks. On 20 October 1827 at the Navarino, the entire Egyptian navy was sunk by the European Allied fleet under the command of Admiral Edward Codrington (1770–1851). Muhammad Ali suffered the loss of his competent, expensive navy. With its fleet destroyed, Egypt had no way to support its forces in Greece and was forced to withdraw. Ultimately the campaign cost Muhammad Ali his navy for no gains.
A new fleet was built, a new army was raised and on 31 October 1831, under Ibrahim Pasha, the Egyptian invasion of Syria started the First Turko-Egyptian War. The Egyptians overran most of Syria with ease. The strongest and only really significant resistance was put up at the port city of Acre. The Egyptian force eventually captured the city after a six-month siege.  Unrest on the Egyptian home front increased during the course of the siege.  Ali was forced to squeeze Egypt more and more to support his campaign, and his people resented the increased burden.

After the fall of Acre, the Egyptian army marched north into Anatolia. At the Battle of Konya (21 December 1832), Ibrahim Pasha soundly defeated the Ottoman army led by the Grand Vizier Reshid Pasha. There were now no military obstacles between Ibrahim's forces and Constantinople itself.
Through the course of the campaign, Muhammad Ali watched the European powers carefully. Fearing another intervention that would reverse all his gains, he proceeded slowly and cautiously. For example, he continued the practice of using the Sultan’s name at Friday prayers in the newly captured territories. He continued to circulate Ottoman coins instead of issuing new ones bearing his likeness.p111 So long as Muhammad Ali’s march did not threaten the complete collapse of the Ottoman state, the powers in Europe remained passive observers.

Despite this show, Muhammad Ali's goal was now to remove the current Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II and replace him with the sultan's son, the infant Abdülmecid. This possibility so alarmed Mahmud II that he accepted Russia's offer of military aid. This led to the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi.p72 Russia's gain dismayed the British and French governments, so they worked for a negotiated solution. In May 1833 the Convention of Kutahya was signed.
The terms of the peace were that Muhammad Ali would withdraw his forces from Anatolia and receive the territories of Crete and the Hejaz as compensation.  Ibrahim Pasha would be appointed Wāli of Syria.  The peace agreement fell short, however, of granting Muhammad Ali an independent kingdom for himself, leaving him wanting.p122

Notes

References

Sources
Ahmed, Jamal Mohammed. The Intellectual Origins of Egyptian Nationalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1960.
 Berger, Morroe. Military Elite and Social Change: Egypt Since Napoleon. Princeton, New Jersey: Center for International Studies: Woodrow Wilson School for Public and International Affairs, 1960.
 Beška, Emanuel Muhammad Ali´s Conquest of Sudan (1820-1824). Asian and African Studies, 2019, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 30–56. https://www.academia.edu/39235604
 Bowring, John. Report on Egypt 1823-1838. Projectis Publishing, London. 1840 (reprint 2021) 
 Dodwell, Henry. The founder of modern Egypt: A study of Muhammad'Ali (1931) online. 
 Fahmy, Khaled. 1997. All The Pasha's Men: Mehmed Ali, his army and the making of modern Egypt. New York: American University in Cairo Press. .
Fahmy, Khaled. 1998. "The era of Muhammad 'Ali Pasha, 1805–1848" in The Cambridge History of Egypt: Modern Egypt, from 1517 to the end of the twentieth century. in M.W. Daly, ed. pp. 139–179, Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  online
 Goldschmidt, Arthur, Jr. Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1988.
 Hill, Richard. Egypt in the Sudan 1820–1881. London: Oxford University Press, 1959.
 Hourani, Albert. 2002. A History of the Arab Peoples. London: Faber and Faber. 
al-Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman. 1994.  'Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. 4 vols. T. Philipp and M. Perlmann, translators. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. 
Jarvis, H. Wood. Pharaoh to Farouk. London: John Murray Limited, 1956.
 Lacouture, Jean and Simonne Lacouture. Egypt in Transition. Translated by Francis Scarfe. New York: Criterion Books, 1958.
 Marlowe, John. A History of Modern Egypt and Anglo-Egyptian Relations 1800–1953. New York: Praeger, 1954.