Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Chazeuil (21163)
 Chenôve (21166)
 Cheuge (21167)
 Chevigny-Saint-Sauveur (21171)
 Cirey-lès-Pontailler (21175)
 Clénay (21179)
 Cléry (21180)
 Collonges-lès-Premières (21183)
 Corcelles-les-Monts (21192)
 Courlon (21207)
 Courtivron (21208)
 Couternon (21209)
 Crécey-sur-Tille (21211)
 Crimolois (21213)
 Cuiserey (21215)
 Curtil-Saint-Seine (21218)
 Cussey-les-Forges (21220)
 Daix (21223)
 Dampierre-et-Flée (21225)
 Darois (21227)
 Diénay (21230)
 Dijon (21231)
 Drambon (21233)
 Drée (21234)
 Échannay (21238)
 Échevannes (21240)
 Échigey (21242)
 Épagny (21245)
 Étaules (21255)
 Étevaux (21256)
 Fauverney (21261)
 Fénay (21263)
 Flacey (21266)
 Flagey-lès-Auxonne (21268)
 Flammerans (21269)
 Flavignerot (21270)
 Fleurey-sur-Ouche (21273)
 Foncegrive (21275)
 Fontaine-Française (21277)
 Fontaine-lès-Dijon (21278)
 Fontenelle (21281)
 Fraignot-et-Vesvrotte (21283)
 Francheville (21284)
 Frénois (21286)
 Gemeaux (21290)
 Genlis (21292)
 Gergueil (21293)
 Gissey-sur-Ouche (21300)
Grancey-le-Château-Neuvelle (21304)
 Grenant-lès-Sombernon (21306)
 Grosbois-en-Montagne (21310)
 Hauteville-lès-Dijon (21315)
 Heuilley-sur-Saône (21316)
 Is-sur-Tille (21317)
 Izeure (21319)
 Izier (21320)
 Jancigny (21323)
 Labergement-Foigney (21330)
 Labergement-lès-Auxonne (21331)
 Lamarche-sur-Saône (21337)
 Lamargelle (21338)
 Lantenay (21339)
 Léry (21345)
 Licey-sur-Vingeanne (21348)
 Longchamp (21351)
 Longeault (21352)
 Longecourt-en-Plaine (21353)
 Longvic (21355)
 Lux (21361)
 Magny-Montarlot (21367)
 Magny-Saint-Médard (21369)
 Magny-sur-Tille (21370)
 Les Maillys (21371)
 Mâlain (21373)
 Marandeuil (21376)
 Marcilly-sur-Tille (21383)
 Marey-sur-Tille (21385)
 Marliens (21388)
 Marsannay-la-Côte (21390)
 Marsannay-le-Bois (21391)
 Maxilly-sur-Saône (21398)
 Le Meix (21400)
 Mesmont (21406)
 Messigny-et-Vantoux (21408)
 Mirebeau-sur-Bèze (21416)
 Moloy (21421)
 Montigny-Mornay-Villeneuve-sur-Vingeanne (21433)
 Montmançon (21437)
 Montoillot (21439)
 Neuilly-lès-Dijon (21452)
Noiron-sur-Bèze (21459)
 Norges-la-Ville (21462)
 Oisilly (21467)
 Orain (21468)
 Orgeux (21469)
 Orville (21472)
 Ouges (21473)
 Panges (21477)
 Pasques (21478)
 Pellerey (21479)
 Perrigny-lès-Dijon (21481)
 Perrigny-sur-l'Ognon (21482)
 Pichanges (21483)
 Plombières-lès-Dijon (21485)
 Pluvault (21486)
 Pluvet (21487)
 Poiseul-la-Grange (21489)
 Poiseul-lès-Saulx (21491)
 Poncey-lès-Athée (21493)
 Poncey-sur-l'Ignon (21494)
 Pont (21495)
 Pontailler-sur-Saône (21496)
 Pouilly-sur-Vingeanne (21503)
 Prâlon (21504)
 Premières (21507)
 Prenois (21508)
 Quetigny (21515)
 Remilly-en-Montagne (21520)
 Remilly-sur-Tille (21521)
 Renève (21522)
 Rouvres-en-Plaine (21532)
 Ruffey-lès-Echirey (21535)
 Sacquenay (21536)
 Saint-Anthot (21539)
 Saint-Apollinaire (21540)
 Saint-Jean-de-Bœuf (21553)
 Saint-Julien (21555)
 Saint-Léger-Triey (21556)
 Sainte-Marie-sur-Ouche (21559)
 Saint-Martin-du-Mont (21561)
 Saint-Maurice-sur-Vingeanne (21562)
 Saint-Sauveur (21571)
 Saint-Seine-l'Abbaye (21573)
Saint-Seine-sur-Vingeanne (21574)
 Saint-Victor-sur-Ouche (21578)
 Salives (21579)
 Saulx-le-Duc (21587)
 Saussy (21589)
 Savigny-le-Sec (21591)
 Savigny-sous-Mâlain (21592)
 Savolles (21595)
 Selongey (21599)
 Sennecey-lès-Dijon (21605)
 Soirans (21609)
 Soissons-sur-Nacey (21610)
 Sombernon (21611)
 Spoy (21614)
 Talant (21617)
 Talmay (21618)
 Tanay (21619)
 Tarsul (21620)
 Tart-l'Abbaye (21621)
 Tart-le-Bas (21622)
 Tart-le-Haut (21623)
 Tellecey (21624)
 Thorey-en-Plaine (21632)
 Til-Châtel (21638)
 Tillenay (21639)
 Tréclun (21643)
 Trochères (21644)
 Trouhaut (21646)
 Turcey (21648)
 Val-Suzon (21651)
 Varanges (21656)
 Varois-et-Chaignot (21657)
 Vaux-Saules (21659)
 Velars-sur-Ouche (21661)
 Vernois-lès-Vesvres (21665)
 Vernot (21666)
 Véronnes (21667)
 Verrey-sous-Drée (21669)
 Vieilmoulin (21679)
 Vielverge (21680)
 Viévigne (21682)
 Villecomte (21692)
 Villers-les-Pots (21699)
 Villers-Rotin (21701)
 Villey-sur-Tille (21702)
 Villotte-Saint-Seine (21705)
 Vonges (21713)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Côte-d'Or department
 Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Dijon
The arrondissement of Montbard is an arrondissement of France, in the Côte-d'Or department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Its capital is the city of Montbard.

History 
When the Côte-d'Or department was created on 17 February 1800, Montbard was not one of the original arrondissements of that department. The arrondissement of Montbard was made in 1926 with the merging of the arrondissements of Châtillon-sur-Seine and Semur-en-Auxois.

Geography
It is the largest in area of the arrondissements of the department, with an area of , but the one with the lowest population with 60,699 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement of Montbard is bordered to the north by the Aube and Haute-Marne departments, to the east by the arrondissement of Dijon, to the south by the arrondissement of Beaune, to the southwest by the Nièvre department and to the west by the Yonne department.

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Dijon, there are only three cantons and they have all its "communes" are in the arrondissement:

 Châtillon-sur-Seine (107 communes);
 Montbard (57 communes); and
 Semur-en-Auxois (89 communes).

Communes
The arrondissement of Montbard has 253 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aignay-le-Duc (21004)
 Aisey-sur-Seine (21006)
 Aisy-sous-Thil (21007)
 Alise-Sainte-Reine (21008)
 Ampilly-le-Sec (21012)
 Ampilly-les-Bordes (21011)
 Arnay-sous-Vitteaux (21024)
 Arrans (21025)
 Asnières-en-Montagne (21026)
 Athie (21029)
 Autricourt (21034)
 Avosnes (21040)
 Baigneux-les-Juifs (21043)
 Balot (21044)
 Bard-lès-Époisses (21047)
 Beaulieu (21052)
 Beaunotte (21055)
 Belan-sur-Ource (21058)
 Bellenod-sur-Seine (21061)
 Beneuvre (21063)
 Benoisey (21064)
 Beurizot (21069)
 Bierre-lès-Semur (21073)
 Billy-lès-Chanceaux (21075)
 Bissey-la-Côte (21077)
 Bissey-la-Pierre (21078)
 Boudreville (21090)
 Bouix (21093)
 Boussey (21097)
 Boux-sous-Salmaise (21098)
 Brain (21100)
 Braux (21101)
 Brémur-et-Vaurois (21104)
 Brianny (21108)
 Brion-sur-Ource (21109)
 Buffon (21114)
 Buncey (21115)
 Bure-les-Templiers (21116)
 Busseaut (21117)
 Bussy-le-Grand (21122)
 Buxerolles (21123)
 Cérilly (21125)
 Châtillon-sur-Seine (21154)
 Chambain (21129)
 Chamesson (21134)
 Champ-d'Oiseau (21137)
Champeau-en-Morvan (21139)
 Champrenault (21141)
 Channay (21143)
 Charencey (21144)
 Charigny (21145)
 Charny (21147)
 Charrey-sur-Seine (21149)
 Chassey (21151)
 Chaugey (21157)
 La Chaume (21159)
 Chaume-lès-Baigneux (21160)
 Chaumont-le-Bois (21161)
 Chemin-d'Aisey (21165)
 Chevannay (21168)
 Clamerey (21177)
 Corpoyer-la-Chapelle (21197)
 Corrombles (21198)
 Corsaint (21199)
 Coulmier-le-Sec (21201)
 Courban (21202)
 Courcelles-Frémoy (21203)
 Courcelles-lès-Montbard (21204)
 Courcelles-lès-Semur (21205)
 Crépand (21212)
 Dampierre-en-Montagne (21224)
 Darcey (21226)
 Dompierre-en-Morvan (21232)
 Duesme (21235)
 Échalot (21237)
 Époisses (21247)
 Éringes (21248)
 Essarois (21250)
 Étais (21252)
 Étalante (21253)
 Étormay (21257)
 Étrochey (21258)
 Fain-lès-Montbard (21259)
 Fain-lès-Moutiers (21260)
 Faverolles-lès-Lucey (21262)
 Flavigny-sur-Ozerain (21271)
 Flée (21272)
 Fontaines-en-Duesmois (21276)
 Fontaines-les-Sèches (21279)
 Fontangy (21280)
 Forléans (21282)
 Fresnes (21287)
 Frôlois (21288)
Frôlois (21288)
 Genay (21291)
 Gevrolles (21296)
 Gissey-le-Vieil (21298)
 Gissey-sous-Flavigny (21299)
 Gomméville (21302)
 Les Goulles (21303)
 Grancey-sur-Ource (21305)
 Grésigny-Sainte-Reine (21307)
 Grignon (21308)
 Griselles (21309)
 Gurgy-la-Ville (21312)
 Gurgy-le-Château (21313)
 Hauteroche (21314)
 Jailly-les-Moulins (21321)
 Jeux-lès-Bard (21324)
 Jours-lès-Baigneux (21326)
 Juillenay (21328)
 Juilly (21329)
 Lacour-d'Arcenay (21335)
 Laignes (21336)
 Lantilly (21341)
 Larrey (21343)
 Leuglay (21346)
 Lignerolles (21350)
 Louesme (21357)
 Lucenay-le-Duc (21358)
 Lucey (21359)
 Magny-la-Ville (21365)
 Magny-Lambert (21364)
 Maisey-le-Duc (21372)
 Marcellois (21377)
 Marcenay (21378)
 Marcigny-sous-Thil (21380)
 Marcilly-et-Dracy (21381)
 Marigny-le-Cahouët (21386)
 Marmagne (21389)
 Massingy (21393)
 Massingy-lès-Semur (21394)
 Massingy-lès-Vitteaux (21395)
 Mauvilly (21396)
 Menesble (21402)
 Ménétreux-le-Pitois (21404)
 Meulson (21410)
 Millery (21413)
 Minot (21415)
 Missery (21417)
Missery (21417)
 Moitron (21418)
 Molesme (21419)
 Molphey (21422)
 Montbard (21425)
 Montberthault (21426)
 Montigny-Montfort (21429)
 Montigny-Saint-Barthélemy (21430)
 Montigny-sur-Armançon (21431)
 Montigny-sur-Aube (21432)
 Montlay-en-Auxois (21434)
 Montliot-et-Courcelles (21435)
 Montmoyen (21438)
 Mosson (21444)
 La Motte-Ternant (21445)
 Moutiers-Saint-Jean (21446)
 Mussy-la-Fosse (21448)
 Nan-sous-Thil (21449)
 Nesle-et-Massoult (21451)
 Nicey (21454)
 Nod-sur-Seine (21455)
 Nogent-lès-Montbard (21456)
 Noidan (21457)
 Noiron-sur-Seine (21460)
 Normier (21463)
 Obtrée (21465)
 Oigny (21466)
 Origny (21470)
 Orret (21471)
 Planay (21484)
 Poinçon-lès-Larrey (21488)
 Poiseul-la-Ville-et-Laperrière (21490)
 Pont-et-Massène (21497)
 Posanges (21498)
 Pothières (21499)
 Pouillenay (21500)
 Précy-sous-Thil (21505)
 Prusly-sur-Ource (21510)
 Puits (21511)
 Quemigny-sur-Seine (21514)
 Quincerot (21516)
 Quincy-le-Vicomte (21518)
 Recey-sur-Ource (21519)
 Riel-les-Eaux (21524)
 La Roche-en-Brenil (21525)
La Roche-Vanneau (21528)
 Rochefort-sur-Brévon (21526)
 Roilly (21529)
 Rougemont (21530)
 Rouvray (21531)
 Saffres (21537)
 Saint-Andeux (21538)
 Saint-Broing-les-Moines (21543)
 Sainte-Colombe (21544)
 Sainte-Colombe-sur-Seine (21545)
 Saint-Didier (21546)
 Saint-Euphrône (21547)
 Saint-Germain-de-Modéon (21548)
 Saint-Germain-le-Rocheux (21549)
 Saint-Germain-lès-Senailly (21550)
 Saint-Hélier (21552)
 Saint-Marc-sur-Seine (21557)
 Saint-Mesmin (21563)
 Saint-Rémy (21568)
 Saint-Thibault (21576)
 Salmaise (21580)
 Saulieu (21584)
 Savoisy (21594)
 Seigny (21598)
 Semond (21602)
 Semur-en-Auxois (21603)
 Senailly (21604)
 Sincey-lès-Rouvray (21608)
 Souhey (21612)
 Source-Seine (21551)
 Soussey-sur-Brionne (21613)
 Terrefondrée (21626)
 Thenissey (21627)
 Thoires (21628)
 Thoisy-la-Berchère (21629)
 Thorey-sous-Charny (21633)
 Thoste (21635)
 Torcy-et-Pouligny (21640)
 Touillon (21641)
 Toutry (21642)
 Uncey-le-Franc (21649)
 Vannaire (21653)
 Vanvey (21655)
 Velogny (21662)
 Venarey-les-Laumes (21663)
Verdonnet (21664)
 Verrey-sous-Salmaise (21670)
 Vertault (21671)
 Vesvres (21672)
 Veuxhaulles-sur-Aube (21674)
 Vic-de-Chassenay (21676)
 Vic-sous-Thil (21678)
 Vieux-Château (21681)
 Villaines-en-Duesmois (21685)
 Villaines-les-Prévôtes (21686)
 Villargoix (21687)
 Villars-et-Villenotte (21689)
 Villeberny (21690)
 Villedieu (21693)
 Villeferry (21694)
 La Villeneuve-les-Convers (21695)
 Villeneuve-sous-Charigny (21696)
 Villers-Patras (21700)
 Villiers-le-Duc (21704)
 Villotte-sur-Ource (21706)
 Villy-en-Auxois (21707)
 Viserny (21709)
 Vitteaux (21710)
 Vix (21711)
 Voulaines-les-Templiers (21717)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Côte-d'Or department
 Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Montbard
Early life
Glyndŵr was born into an Anglo-Welsh family in about 1355. His family were reasonably rich and had large properties in the north east of Wales. He was educated in England, and later joined the English army. He took part in an attack on Scotland, and then later went back to Wales. After Richard II was overthrown by Henry IV there was a period of confusion, and Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn took the opportunity to take some of Glyndŵr's lands. Grey was a supporter of Henry IV, while Glyndŵr had supported Richard II.
Rebellion
Glyndŵr sought help from Henry IV to deal with his land being taken, but Henry refused to take action against his supporters. Glyndŵr also failed to supply soldiers to the king for another attack on Scotland. Grey called him a traitor. Glyndŵr decided to take action against Henry IV. He gave himself the title of Prince of Wales in September 1400, and began a series of attacks against Grey and towns along the borders with England. Henry IV sent his army to Wales to fight Glyndŵr and regain control, but it had the opposite effect. It became a widespread rebellion against England.

In April 1401 Glyndŵr's army captured Conwy Castle. The next year, at the Battle of Bryn Glas, also known as the Battle of Pillethl, Glyndŵr defeated the English army, and captured its leader, Edmund Mortimer. By 1404 a French army had landed, and together with the Welsh army they attacked Worcester.
By 1408 the English forces were able to defeat the Welsh, and support for the rebellion collapsed. Glyndŵr still kept up attacks and raids on the English, but this was more of a guerrilla campaign than a full scale revolt. The last mention of Glyndŵr is when the English offered terms if he surrendered in 1416. It is believed that he was already dead.

Family

Owain married Margaret Hanmer (). Her father was Sir David Hanmer. Margaret had five sons and four daughters with Owain. These children were:

Gruffudd - He was born around the year 1375. He was captured by the English people and had to live in Nottington Castle. He was then taken to the Tower of London in 1410. He died in jail in 1412 from the bubonic plague. 
Madog
Maredudd
Thomas
John
Alys, married Sir John Scudamore in secret during the rebellion. After the rebellion, Alys and Scudamore lived in Kentchurch.
Jane
Janet - She married Sir John de Croft of Croft Castle
Margaret - She married Sir Richard Monnington
All of Owain's sons either died while fighting in war, taken prisoner and died as prisoners, or died with no children of their own. Owain also had children from other women who were not his wife. They were named: David, Gwenllian, Ieuan, and Myfanwy.

After his death

Tudor Dynasty

After Owain died, most people did not care if the English people ruled the country anymore. During the time of the Tudor's, men from Wales, called Welshmen, started to become more famous in English society.

A hero in Wales
A hero in Wales

Many people forgot about how important Owain was until the 1800s, when people started to celebrate his life. The "Young Wales" group made him the symbol of Welsh nationalism. Things that were owned by Owain were found in the National Library of France during this time period. They found his "Great Seal" and letters he had written to French people. A statue of him was made and put at Cardiff City Hall during World War I. Postcards were sold with Owain on them. The postcards were sold to make money to help soldiers who were injured in war. 

In 1808, the Royal Navy named a Fifth-rate frigate after Owain. It was called the HMS Owen Glendower. The boat served in the Gunboat War. It helped take over the island of Anholt. During the years 1822 and 1824, the boat was in the West Africa Squadron, where it chased slave ships. It captured two ships.
Nationally, Owain is as famous as King Arthur. Organizations use his name and drawings of him as their symbols to celebrate Wales as a country and Welsh culture. In the 1980s, a group of people called "Meibion Glyndŵr" burned down vacation homes owned by English people. They used Owain as their logo. In the year 2000, parties were held across Wales to celebrate the 600th anniversary of Owain's revolt. In 1974 and 2008, stamps were made with Owain on them. There is an award that is given every year for arts and writing called the Glyndŵr Award. The band Manic Street Preachers wrote a song about Owain in 2007 called "1404". There are many statues throughout Wales of Owain. 

There is a building at the University of Cape Town, called Glendower Residence, that is named after Owain. It used to be a hotel, and is now where students live.

References

1350s births
1410s deaths
Princes and Princesses of Wales
Welsh people
Marie Claire is a major monthly magazine for women. It was first published in France, although it later expanded into other countries. The edition in the United States focuses mostly on women. Marie Claire, however, also covers health, fashion and beauty topics. The magazine was started in 1937 by Jean Prouvost and Marcelle Auclair.

References

Other websites
Marie Claire's American website

1937 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in France
Fashion magazines
Monthly magazines
Tromsø (; ) is a city in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. It is located on the island of Tromsøya, just off the mainland of Northern Norway. The city has an estimated population of 64,492 people and an area of . It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway.

Economy 
The University of Tromsø and University Hospital of North Norway are the largest workplaces in the city. The fishing industry is also important, and Tromsø is home to the headquarters of Norges Råfisklag and Norges sjømatråd (seafood council).

Geography 
Tromsø is situated in the Arctic region on the island Tromsøya. It is surrounded by mountains. The highest one, called Tromsdalstinden, has an elevation of  above sea level.

Tromsø is also surrounded by fjords. The Ullsfjorden is a notable one east from Tromsø. These fjords make it possible to engage in activities such as fishing, boating, and wildlife observation.
Wildlife 
The waters around Tromsø are home to different types of sea animals, such as Atlantic cod, herring, seals, and whales. The yearly whale migration can be seen in Tromsø. Humpback whales, orcas, and fin whales can be seen in the fjords during the migration.

Tromsø is also home to many land animals. The mountains and forests are a place to live for reindeer, Arctic foxes, and many types of birds. Seabirds like puffins, kittiwakes, and guillemots can be seen.

Climate 
Tromsø is warmer than other places at the same latitude, thanks to the warming effect of the Gulf Stream. However, the Gulf Stream is showing signs of uncertainty due to global warming. The city center of Tromsø has the highest number of old wooden houses in Northern Norway, with the oldest house dating back to 1789. The city is a cultural center for the region, with several festivals taking place in the summer.
History 
Tromsø has a long history, with evidence of people living there dating back to at least 10,000 years ago. The area was first settled by the indigenous Sámi, who still live there today. In the 13th century, Norwegians began to settle in the area and Tromsø grew into an important trading post. The city became a centre for fishing and whaling, which were important industries for many years.

Tromsø has also played a significant role in polar exploration. Many expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic regions began in Tromsø, including those of Roald Amundsen and Fridtjof Nansen. During World War II, Tromsø was occupied by the Germans, and there were many battles fought in the area.

References

 
Settlements in Troms og Finnmark
The Principality of Capua ( or , ) was a state in the south of the Italian Peninsula. It existed from the 9th century to the 11th century. For most of its history, it was independent in practice, but officially under the suzerainty of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires.

Capua was originally a gastaldate within the Principality of Benevento, and then a county within the Principality of Salerno. The rulers of Capua were Lombards until 1058, when it was conquered by Normans.

Origins
Old Capua was an ancient Etruscan city. It was the one of the most important cities in southern Italy during the Roman Empire. When the Lombards invaded Italy in the second half of the 6th century, Capua was sacked. Later, it was made a part of the Duchy of Benevento, and ruled by a Lombard official with the title of gastald. Little is known of this part of its history.
Lando III and his brother Landenulf I spent their reigns defending Capua against Naples. Their other brother, Atenulf, had joined with Naples against them. By early January 887, Atenulf established himself as the Prince of Capua. He then turned his attention to conquering Benevento.

Union with Benevento
In 899, Atenulf I defeated Radelchis II and conquered Benevento. He was proclaimed Prince of Benevento in January 900. He united the principalities of Capua and Benevento and declared them to be inseparable. He also introduced a diarchy-style system for the throne. Under this system, the sons and brothers of the prince would have equal status, and would rule alongside the prince. By doing this, Atenulf hoped to prevent future disputes over succession.
Under Landulf IV's sons, the union of Capua and Benevento broke down. Although they remained united by law, Pandulf ruled in Capua and Landulf V ruled in Benevento. However, all of the Lombard states in Italy were eventually unified under Pandulf, who was called "Ironhead". The Emperor Otto I gave the Duchy of Spoleto and Camerino to Pandulf in 967. When Landulf V died in 969, Pandulf seized Benevento from his nephew, Pandulf II. He then became Prince of Salerno in 978, when the reigning prince died without any children. Before Pandulf died, he split the country between his sons; Benevento–Capua was given to his eldest son, Landulf VI.

11th century
11th century

Soon, Benevento and Capua were divided by the Emperor Otto I. Landulf VI kept Capua, while Benevento was given back to his cousin, Landulf V's son Pandulf II. In the 990s, Capua experienced a period of instability. Landenulf II was murdered by his brother Laidulf, who took the throne for himself. When the Emperor Otto III found out, he had Laidulf removed. His replacement was then overthrown by the citizens of Capua. The old dynasty was reinstalled in 1000 under Landulf VII, the second son of Landulf V. He made his brother, Pandulf II of Benevento, regent for his son and heir. Pandulf reigned alongside his nephew as Pandulf III of Capua. Thus, Capua and Benevento were briefly united for the last time.
Capua regained some of its earlier power under Pandulf IV. He was deposed twice between his succession in 1016 and his death in 1050. He was originally an ally of the Byzantines and remained allied with them against all his neighbours until the end. He was constantly in dispute with the church, and with the coastal duchies of Naples, Gaeta and Amalfi. For all this, he was nicknamed the "Wolf of the Abruzzi". He wanted to give Capua a seaport. He deposed the dukes of Naples and Gaeta, and went to war against Guaimar IV, the Prince of Salerno. The Emperor Henry II had him removed and imprisoned, but he eventually won back his throne.

The city became less important under Pandulf's successors. It was eventually taken by the Norman allies of Guaimar IV.
Norman rule
The Norman count Richard of Aversa conquered Capua in 1058. He left the city itself in the control of Landulf VIII for another four years, until 12 May 1062. Richard became an ally of the Popes, but was later excommunicated. His son and successor, Jordan I, captured an area of Papal territory for the principality. He was also excommunicated. When Richard died, his family was very powerful, with strong influence over central Italy.
When Jordan I died in 1091, the Capua's power declined quickly. From 1091 to 1098, the city of Capua itself was controlled by Lando IV. Lando was a Lombard who was put on the throne by the citizens in opposition to the young Richard II. Richard II was only reinstalled with the help of his fellow Normans from Sicily and Apulia. Capua became dependent on Sicily. The princes continued to try and influence papal elections and act as papal protectors. When Jordan II died in 1127, the principality became a target for Roger II of Sicily, who had united Sicily, Apulia and Calabria. For 20 years from 1135 to 1155, Capua and Sicily were at war with each other until Capua was finally annexed into the Kingdom of Sicily.

Rulers
Below are listed the rulers of Capua from 840 to 1172.
Legend
 To the left of each ruler's name is the period in which they ruled. Where periods overlap with each other, it is because the rulers were reigning at the same time as each other.
 Some rulers also had a nickname, or were styled with a certain description (the first ruler, for example, was known as "Landulf the Old"). If the ruler had one, it is listed after his name.
 In brackets is noted each ruler's relationship to the man who ruled immediately before him (prec. = preceding or predecessor).
 Also in brackets it may be noted whether the ruler was an usurper (that is, that they took the throne from the rightful heir); or whether they themselves were deposed (had their throne taken from them), or reinstated (that is, restored to their throne after having had it taken from them).

Lombard rulers
Lombard rulers

Gastalds and counts
The gastalds (or counts) of Capua were originally vassals of the Dukes of Benevento. In the early 840s, Gastald Landulf I declared independence from Benevento after Salerno had done the same. That caused a civil war in Benevento, which lasted for more than 10 years. At the end of it, Capua was made a vassal of Salerno by the Holy Roman Emperor Louis II. However, this did not last, and by the end of the 9th century Capua was effectively independent.
840–843: Landulf I, called "the Old"
 843–861: Lando I (son of prec.)
 861: Lando II, called Cyruttu (son of prec., deposed)
 861–862: Pando, called "the Rapacious" (uncle of prec., usurper)
 862–863: Pandenulf (son of prec., deposed)
 863–866: Landulf II, called "the Bishop"; also Bishop of Capua (uncle of prec., usurper, deposed)
 866–871: Lambert I, also Duke of Spoleto (unrelated, put on the throne by Emperor Louis II, deposed)
 871–879: Landulf II, called "the Bishop" (reinstated)
 879–882: Pandenulf (reinstated)
 882–885: Lando III (cousin of prec., usurper)
 885–887: Landenulf I (brother of prec.)

Princes
In 899, the principalities of Benevento and Capua were united by Atenulf I. Until 982, all of the rulers below were Prince of both Capua and Benevento. Atenulf also developed a new system for the throne where fathers would rule with their sons or brothers.
887–910: Atenulf I, called "the Great" (brother of prec.)
 901–910: Landulf III, co-ruler (son of Atenulf I)
 910–943: Landulf III, called "Antipater" (had co-ruled from 901)
 911–940: Atenulf II, co-ruler (brother of Landulf III)
 933–943: Atenulf III, called "Carinola"; co-ruler (son of Landulf III)
 940–943: Landulf IV, co-ruler (son of Landulf III)
 943–961: Landulf IV, called "the Red" (had co-ruled from 940)
 943–961: Pandulf I, co-ruler (son of Landulf IV)
 959–961: Landulf V, co-ruler (son of Landulf IV)
 961–968: Landulf V, co-ruling with his brother, below (had co-ruled from 959)
 961–981: Pandulf I, called "Ironhead", co-ruling with his brother, above (had co-ruled from 943). Also Duke of Spoleto (from 967) and Prince of Salerno (from 978).
 968–981: Landulf VI, co-ruler (son of Pandulf I)

In 982, the principalities were finally separated by Pandulf Ironhead and the Emperor Otto I.
981–982: Landulf VI
 982–993: Landenulf II (brother of prec.)
 993–999: Laidulf (brother of prec., deposed)
 999: Adhemar (unrelated, put on the throne by Emperor Otto III, deposed)
 999–1007: Landulf VII (cousin of prec.)
 1007–1022: Pandulf II, called "the Black" or "the Young" (son of prec.)
 1009–1014: Pandulf III, co-ruler, also Prince of Benevento (brother of Landulf VII)
 1016–1022: Pandulf IV, co-ruler (cousin of Pandulf II, deposed)
 1022–1026: Pandulf V, also count of Teano (unrelated, put on the throne by Emperor Henry II, deposed)
 1023–1026: John, co-ruler (son of Pandulf V, deposed)
 1026–1038: Pandulf IV (reinstated, deposed)
 1038–1047: Guaimar, also Prince of Salerno (unrelated, usurper, deposed)
 1047–1050: Pandulf IV (reinstated)
 1050–1057: Pandulf VI (son of prec.)
 1057–1058: Landulf VIII (brother of prec.)

Norman princes
These princes were of the Drengot line.
1058–1078: Richard I
 1078–1091: Jordan I (son of prec.)
 1091–1106: Richard II (son of prec.)
 1092–1098: Lando IV, (unrelated, held Capua in opposition to Richard II)
 1106–1120: Robert I (brother of prec.)
 1120: Richard III (son of prec.)
 1120–1127: Jordan II (uncle of prec.)
 1127–1156: Robert II (son of prec.)

Notes

References
 Ferdinand Chalandon. Histoire de la domination normande en Italie et en Sicile. Paris, 1907. 
 Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Rome, 1960–present. 
 Charles Oman. The Dark Ages: 476–918. Rivingtons: London, 1914. 
 H. M. Gwatkin, J. P. Whitney (ed.) et al. The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume III. Cambridge University Press, 1926.
 John Julius Norwich. The Normans in the South 1016–1130. Longmans: London, 1967.
Historia Langabardorvm Beneventarnorvm at the Latin Library

Other websites
Medieval Capua
Former monarchies in Italy
Former principalities
States of the Holy Roman Empire
9th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Italy
11th-century disestablishments
Disestablishments in Italy
Badulla is a district in the Uva Province of Sri Lanka. The entire land area of the Badulla district is 2,861 square kilometres. A total of 837,000 people live there. The district borders the districts of Monaragala and Rathnapura on the east and south, Ampara and Kandy districts on the north and Nuwara Eliya and Rathnapura on the west.

The economy of the district mostly depends on farming and livestock. Tea and vegetables are grown in the upper, hilly areas of the district. Paddy fields cover much of the lower parts.

Places

Towns
 Badulla, largest city
 Bandarawela

Major villages
 Haputale
 Mahiyanganaya
 Diyatalawa
 Hali-Ela
 Ella
 Haldummulla
 Beragala
 Welimada
 Kandaketiya
 Meegahakivula
 Passara
 Lunugala
 Pangaragammana

References 

Districts of Sri Lanka
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is an international organisation made in 1997 in order to watch countries according to Chemical Weapons Convention. The main office of OPCW is in The Hague, Netherlands. On October 11, 2013, OPCW was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Related pages 
Laws of war
Chemical weapon

References

Other website 
Official site of OPCW

International organizations
1997 establishments
The Hague
Nobel Peace Prize winners
Chemical warfare
An actuator is a type of motor that either pushes, pulls, or rotates.

Linear Actuators
Linear actuators are actuators that move in a straight line. They can be made to move by electricity, or by pushing water or air very hard. When water (or oil or another liquid) is used, it is called hydraulic, and when air is used, it is called pneumatic. Hydraulic systems are used for moving very heavy things, like in cranes, excavators, or bulldozers.

Machines
The First Battle of the Marne was a battle in the First World War. It was fought between the German Empire on one side, and

the French and British on the other. The battle ended with a tactical retreat of the German army. It was one of the first signs that the Schlieffen Plan had failed. The battle cost the lives of over one million French and British soldiers. It also cost the lives of over 750,000 soldiers on the German side. The battle was fought from 5 - 12 September 1914. The battle marked the end of the German advance into France. It marked the beginning of trench warfare that World War I became famous for.
Prelude 
The Schlieffen Plan called for an attack through Belgium. The Germans were to avoid the main French fortifications, on the German frontier. They invaded Belgium on August 3rd 1914. The Germans pushed through the Belgium army with little difficulty. After destroying the main fortifications in Liege and Namur, the German First Army and Second Army under the command of Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bülow, moved toward Paris. At the Battle of Mons the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) halted the German forces temporarily. They inflicted heavy casualties on the Germans. But the French army and the BEF finally retreated towards the River Marne where they waited for the Germans.  With no real opposition the Germans moved as quickly as possible and prepared to face the French and British at the Marne River.

The battle
The battle

The German advance 
The Germans moved to within  of Paris. The French government fled the capital for the safety of Bordeaux. The Germans were so close that they could fire their massive railway guns (massive cannons mounted on railroad cars) right into Paris.

The Parisian taxis  
During the battle there was not any way to move French troops fast enough to the front. But there was a solution. General Gallieni called for every taxi and driver to report for duty. Paris had about 10,000 taxis but because of the war only had about 7,000 drivers. Gallieni's plan was to move the troops by taxi, which at the time was a very new invention. The taxis moved through the night and day to carry soldiers. The drivers received 0.20 francs (₣) per kilometer. But by September 8, the taxis had only brought about 5,000 soldiers from Paris. In a battle with over a million men, 5,000 could not make a great difference. Also, most of the soldiers that came by taxi were held in reserve.
A critical mistake 
The German Second Army led by Bülow decided to move south to destroy the French Fifth Army. General Von Kluck did not know about this so he continued to move up and engage the French. With this movement a large gap was created between the two German armies. The British and French counterattacked into the gap and by September 10 the Germans retreated. Paris was saved.

The Germans retreated forty miles from the Marne. Since their plan had failed they did not know what to do. They had not been trained in trench warfare but their only recourse was to dig in and wait for the allies. Eventually the trenches they dug reached 300 miles in length.

References

Other websites 
 PBS: The Outbreak of War 

1914 in Europe
1910s in France
Battles involving France
Battles involving Germany
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Marne 1
September events
Casville Records (often stylized as Ca$hville Records) is an independent record label based in Nashville, Tennessee. It was started by rapper Young Buck in 2006. It was originally called G-Unit South. However, since Buck and 50 Cent had engaged in a feud while Buck was signed to G-Unit Records, he was kicked out and had to change the label's name because he could no longer use the G-Unit logo to distribute his music. Its artists are gangsta rap or southern rap musicians. It has so far signed acts such as Outlaws and Lil Scrappie and is currently being distributed by RED distrubution.

Other websites 
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American record labels

2006 establishments in the United States
G-Unit is a hip hop group from New York. It consists of rappers 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo. They are signed to 50 Cent's record label G-Unit Records. They have released several albums. The have also engaged in feuds with other musicans in the industry including Ja Rule, Game and Young Buck.

2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American hip hop bands
Musical groups from New York (state)
Božidar "Boki" Milošević () is a renowned Serbian and Yugoslav clarinetist.

Biography

Birth
He was born in Prokuplje to father Krsta, a farmer, and mother Vidosava, a housewife. After completing primary school in 1947, self-taught, he began playing the clarinet.

Education
In  he came to Belgrade. This is where he started studying the English language at the Faculty of Philology. At the same time, he worked at the National Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade, which was then led by the famous Vlastimir Pavlović Carevac. Since that year, he has launched into a successful music career. The same  he passed I preparatory class at the School of Music Josip Slavenski in Belgrade, under professor Franjo Partlić, and automatically entered the second grade. He became a member of the sextet Duško Radetić in Radio Belgrade from its founding in .
In  music editor of Radio Belgrade, Djordje Karaklajić, formed the Great National Orchestra RTB and was its principal conductor. He arranged the Yugoslav folk melodies. The Orchestra was also conducted by Dušan Skovran, a rector of the Music Academy in Belgrade, and Djura Jakšić, a headmaster of the Music School Slavenski in Belgrade. Božidar Milošević regularly performed in this Orchestra.

From  to  he continued musical education in the High Music School Slavenski under professor Franjo Partlić. During –, he used to play in the String Orchestra RTB under the direction of Ilija Genić – Baćka.

After the death of Carevac in , the violinist Rade Jašarević was appointed as the new head of the National Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade. Božidar Boki Milošević was still playing in the Orchestra as a soloist on the clarinet.
From  to  he studied at the Music Academy in Belgrade. He was with the first generation of clarinetists (Ernest Ačkun, Mihailo Živanović, Milenko Stefanovic and Božidar Milošević) in the class of Bruno Brun. Then, under Bruno Brun, he entered postgraduate studies (–).

Works
From  to  he worked as a professor of clarinet at the Music School Slavenski which  was a part of the Music Academy in Belgrade. In  he moved to Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra and became its member and soloist.

After the death of the violinist Rade Jašarević in a car accident, Bozidar Milošević had become  the head of the famous National Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade and worked there until his retirement in . He had been an instrumental soloist of the orchestra for 30 years.
Tours and concerts
As a soloist performer, he had tours  and concerts all over the world. In the s in Israel, London, Vienna, Berlin, across the United States, Colombia, Guatemala, Canada, Mexico and ... Touring the Soviet Union in , he visited more than half of the Soviet Union. There he  composed his first composition Vlaska storm.

Recordings, phonograph records, CDs and reviews

With  the sextet Duško Radetić, the Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade, the Grand National Orchestra RTB and others, he made many lasting and valuable recordings of the Yugoslav national heritage.
As an instrumental soloist, he made countless shows in radio and television programs in many European countries as well as in the New York NBC television. Here, in the country, in addition to regular appearances, his two special TV shows in which he presented himself as a complete musician performing at a high level classical, jazz, evergreen, and folk music are still remembered.
He has made a lot of records and CDs, mostly for record label PGP RTB.

Both domestic and foreign music critics gave very high ratings and opinions about Milosevic's music-making.

Significance and contribution

With his original style of playing the clarinet, Božidar Milošević has worked in the development of folk music and setting  of its standards, criteria, and evaluation.

He is a role model and measure of value for many young  generations of clarinetist. He has introduced a severe-educated way of playing the clarinet in folk music, not from any element of academic level of playing the clarinet and his approach.
He has made many valuable recordings of all genres (from Mozart's Divertimento and the A major concert for the clarinet and orchestra, to jazz concert of Artie Shaw, through melodies eternally living, to melodious Vranje and his featuring compositions of southern Serbia...) for Radio Belgrade, Radio Novi Sad, Radio Titograd, Radio Sarajevo, Radio Skopje, Radio Zagreb and Radio Ljubljana.

Prizes and awards
Third prize in the Youth Competition of Clarinetists in Ljubljana, 
 Special prize at the Competition of Young Artists of Yugoslavia (classical music) in Zagreb, 
 He received the Order of Labour with silver wreath for outstanding contributions to the spread of music culture from President Tito in 
 Oscar of popularity in , Radio Television Review in , ,  and 
 Viktor Award ("Yesenin") for the best instrumentalist in  and , RTV Novi Sad.
 Melko (17 consecutive years, starting from ), the best instrumental performer in the folk music, the Association of folk and  pop music, Belgrade.
 Status of an exceptional artist, the Union of folk and pop music, Belgrade
 The award for fostering musical heritage of the Serbs, Yugoslav Club the Serbian people around the world to Boki New York – Chicago, .
 Meastro International Award in , the International Music Center of Belgrade.
Association for fostering tradition and heritage preservation of Nis Old Nis – Nis Europe Concert awarded Master's letter for Lifetime Achievement to Božidar Milošević, for the remarkable and entire contribution to the preservation of Serbian tradition and culture and fostering original folk songs and music of the Serbian people, 
 Golden Chain Award for constant contribution to the culture of Belgrade, , Belgrade Cultural and Educational Association
Festivals, composition and awards

Božidar Milošević is a multiple winner at numerous festivals in the country and abroad. There is almost no such music event, where the audience and the jury did not award him first prize:
At the Belgrade Sabor in , his composition Cuno’s Round Dance won the first prize.
 At the International Music Festival of Clarinetists in Tunisia in , in the category of clarinetists from around the world (25 nations took part), his composition Kostana’s Mekam Dance won the first prize. The award was handed  out to him by the president of Tunisia, Habib Bourguiba.
 At the Ilidza Festival  in Sarajevo, with the composition Koštanin mekam čoček, he won the first prize.
 At the Ilidza Festival , with the composition Pastoral Ballad, he became a triple winner and was awarded the first prize for composition, arrangement and performance.
 At the Belgrade Sabor in , with the composition Oriental Elegy he won the first prize.
 At the Folk Music Festival in Paris in , with the composition Call from the Mountain, he won the first prize of the jury.
 At the Belgrade Sabor in , with Radivoj Lazić’s composition Pupil’s Round Dance, he won the first prize.
Related pages
 Bruno Brun
 Vlastimir Peričić, Students of Bruno Brun, .

References

More reading
 Lexicon of Yugoslav music, Zagreb, , vol. II, 15
 40 years of Faculty of Music (Music Academy) –, University of Arts, Belgrade, , p 98
 50 years of Faculty of Music (Academy of Music), University of Arts, Belgrade, , 153 pages.

Other websites
 All about the clarinet and clarinetists

Biography

Birth
He was born in Prokuplje to father Krsta, a farmer (1892–1968), and mother Vidosava, a housewife (1896–1971). After completing primary school in 1947, self-taught, he began playing the clarinet.
Education
In 1950 he came to Belgrade. This is where he started studying the English language at the Faculty of Philology. At the same time, he worked at the National Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade, which was then led by the famous Vlastimir Pavlović Carevac. Since that year, he has launched into a successful music career. The same 1950 he passed I preparatory class at the School of Music Josip Slavenski in Belgrade, under professor Franjo Partlić, and automatically entered the second grade. He became a member of the sextet Duško Radetić in Radio Belgrade from its founding in 1951.

In 1951 music editor of Radio Belgrade, Djordje Karaklajić, formed the Great National Orchestra RTB and was its principal conductor. He arranged the Yugoslav folk melodies. The Orchestra was also conducted by Dušan Skovran, a rector of the Music Academy in Belgrade, and Djura Jakšić, a headmaster of the Music School Slavenski in Belgrade. Božidar Milošević regularly performed in this Orchestra.
From 1952 to 1956 he continued musical education in the High Music School Slavenski under professor Franjo Partlić. During 1955–1958, he used to play in the String Orchestra RTB under the direction of Ilija Genić – Baćka.

After the death of Carevac in 1956, the violinist Rade Jašarević Rade Jašarević was appointed as the new head of the National Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade. Božidar Boki Milošević was still playing in the Orchestra as a soloist on the clarinet.

From 1956 to 1960 he studied at the Music Academy in Belgrade. He was with the first generation of clarinetists (Ernest Ačkun, Mihailo Živanović, Milenko Stefanovic and Božidar Milošević) in the class of Bruno Brun. Then, under Bruno Brun, he entered postgraduate studies (1960–1963).

Works
From 1960 to 1966 he worked as a professor of clarinet at the Music School Slavenski which  was a part of the Music Academy in Belgrade. In 1966 he moved to Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra and became its member and soloist.
After the death of the violinist Rade Jašareviđ in a car accident, Bozidar Milošević had become 1976 the head of the famous National Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade and worked there until his retirement in 1980. He had been an instrumental soloist of the orchestra for 30 years.

Death
Milošević died on 15 April 2018 in Belgrade at the age of 86.

Tours and concerts
As a soloist performer, he had tours  and concerts all over the world. In the 1950s in Israel, London, Vienna, Berlin, across the United States, Colombia, Guatemala, Canada, Mexico and ... Touring the Soviet Union in 1971, he visited more than half of the Soviet Union. There he  composed his first composition Vlaska storm.

Recordings, phonograph records, CDs and reviews

With  the sextet Duško Radetić, the Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade, the Grand National Orchestra RTB and others, he made many lasting and valuable recordings of the Yugoslav national heritage.
Third prize in the Youth Competition of Clarinetists in Ljubljana, 1956
 Special prize at the Competition of Young Artists of Yugoslavia (classical music) in Zagreb, 1959
 He received the Order of Labour with silver wreath for outstanding contributions to the spread of music culture from President Tito in 1971
 Oscar of popularity in 1999, Radio Television Review in 2001, 2005, 2006 and 2008
 Viktor Award ("Yesenin") for the best instrumentalist in 2002 and 2003, RTV Novi Sad.
 Melko (17 consecutive years, starting from 1981), the best instrumental performer in the folk music, the Association of folk and  pop music, Belgrade.
 Status of an exceptional artist, the Union of folk and pop music, Belgrade
 The award for fostering musical heritage of the Serbs, Yugoslav Club the Serbian people around the world to Boki New York – Chicago, June 1994.
 Meastro International Award in 2008, the International Music Center of Belgrade.
Association for fostering tradition and heritage preservation of Nis Old Nis – Nis Europe Concert awarded Master's letter for Lifetime Achievement to Božidar Milošević, for the remarkable and entire contribution to the preservation of Serbian tradition and culture and fostering original folk songs and music of the Serbian people, 5 December 2008
 Golden Chain Award for constant contribution to the culture of Belgrade, 26 January 2000, Belgrade Cultural and Educational Association
At the Belgrade Sabor in 1972, his composition Cuno’s Round Dance won the first prize.
 At the International Music Festival of Clarinetists in Tunisia in June 1973, in the category of clarinetists from around the world (25 nations took part), his composition Kostana’s Mekam Dance won the first prize. The award was handed  out to him by the president of Tunisia, Habib Bourguiba.
 At the Ilidza Festival 1973 in Sarajevo, with the composition Koštanin mekam čoček, he won the first prize.
 At the Ilidza Festival 1974, with the composition Pastoral Ballad, he became a triple winner and was awarded the first prize for composition, arrangement and performance.
 At the Belgrade Sabor in 1974, with the composition Oriental Elegy he won the first prize.
 At the Folk Music Festival in Paris in 1975, with the composition Call from the Mountain, he won the first prize of the jury.
 At the Belgrade Sabor in 1975, with Radivoj Lazić’s composition Pupil’s Round Dance, he won the first prize.
Related pages
 Bruno Brun
 Vlastimir Peričić, Students of Bruno Brun, 1978.

References

More reading
 Lexicon of Yugoslav music, Zagreb, 1984, vol. II, 15
 40 years of Faculty of Music (Music Academy) 1937–1977, University of Arts, Belgrade, 1977, p 98
 50 years of Faculty of Music (Academy of Music), University of Arts, Belgrade, 1988, 153 pages.

Other websites
 All about the clarinet and clarinetists 

Yugoslavian musicians
Clarinetists
Serbian songwriters
Musicians from Belgrade
1931 births

2018 deaths