Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
After Nixon signed this change, about 17 states refused to change their minimum voting ages to 18.

Oregon v. Mitchell
After Nixon signed the change to the Voting Rights Act, Oregon and Texas challenged the law in court.  The case, Oregon v. Mitchell, made it to the Supreme Court in October 1970.  This was just four months after Nixon signed the change.  By this time, four states had lowered their minimum voting ages: Georgia, Kentucky, Alaska, and Hawaii.

In Oregon v. Mitchell, the Supreme Court looked at whether the voting age changes that Congress added to the Voting Rights Act were constitutional.  This means they looked at whether the changes agreed with the rules in the Constitution, or broke them.  The judges on the Supreme Court strongly disagreed with each other in this case.  Eventually, five out of the nine judges agreed on a decision - just enough to reach the majority needed for a decision.  However, most of the judges did not agree on which legal reason was behind their decision.
The Court ruled that Congress could set a voting age for federal elections, but not state or local elections.  This meant that for state and local elections, states could keep the voting age at 21 if they wanted to.  However, they would have to keep two different voting registers (lists of people who had signed up to vote): one for federal elections, which would include people as young as 18, and another for state and local elections, which would only include people over age 20.

The Amendment

After the Supreme Court's decision, both Congress and the states wanted to find a way to lower the minimum voting age throughout the country.  Congress decided to propose a Constitutional amendment that would set the minimum voting age at 18 everywhere in the country.  This would be different than the change to the Voting Rights Act in a few ways.
First of all, the states did not want to deal with the cost and difficulty of having to keep two different voting registers, so they supported the idea of a Constitutional amendment.  Also, when they changed the Voting Rights Act, Congress had made a law about state and local elections without the states having any say.  However, for an amendment to be added to the Constitution, two-thirds of both Houses of Congress, and then three-fourths of the state legislatures, have to agree on it.  (These rules are set out in Article Five of the Constitution.)  An amendment would be something that both Congress and the states agreed on.  Congress would not be over-using its power and breaking the Constitution by making laws for the states.
Opinion polls said that most Americans wanted the Twenty-sixth Amendment to pass.  Younger people were most likely to support the Amendment.  However, even in people over age 50, over half of Americans supported the Amendment.  Even the New York Times changed its official opinion and supported the Amendment.

Approval by Congress
On March 10, 1971, the United States Senate voted 94–0 in support of proposing an amendment that would lower the minimum voting age to 18 everywhere in the country. On March 23, the United States House of Representatives voted 401–19 for the amendment.  Congress sent the amendment to the states.

Ratification
For the Twenty-sixth Amendment to be added to the Constitution, three-fourths of the state legislatures (38 out of the 50) would have to ratify the Amendment.  It took just three months for 38 states to ratify the Amendment.  After the Amendment was added to the Constitution, another five states ratified it.  Seven states never did.
The states ratified the Amendment in this order:

Ceremony
On July 5, 1971, President Richard Nixon held a ceremony at the White House, where he signed the Twenty-sixth Amendment just to show his support.  (The President does not have to sign an amendment in order for it to be added to the Constitution.)  During the signing ceremony, he talked about his confidence in the United States' young people:

Notes

References

26
Voting in the United States
Tray Walker (August 5, 1992 – March 18, 2016) was an American football cornerback. He played for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas Southern, and was drafted by the Ravens in the 4th round of the 2015 NFL draft. He was born in Miami, Florida.

Walker died in Miami, Florida when he was dirt biking when his bike was hit by a car. He died the next day on March 18, 2016 from his injuries. He was aged 23.

References

1992 births
2016 deaths
Road accident deaths in the United States
Baltimore Ravens players
Sportspeople from Miami
Lothar Späth (16 November 1937 – 18 March 2016) was a German politician of the CDU.

From 30 August 1978 to 13 January 1991, Späth was the 5th Minister President of Baden-Württemberg and chairman of the CDU Baden-Württemberg. He served as the 36th President of the Bundesrat in the 1980s.

References

1937 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Ministers-President of Baden-Württemberg
Politicians from Baden-Württemberg
A separation process is a method used in science to separate two substances, that once formed a mixture. The type of separation process used depend on the mixture's properties and components. Here are examples of separation techniques: distilliation, evaporation, chromatography, filtration, fractional distillation and magnetism. The end product of the separation process is one or more pure compounds.

Physics
Chemical processes
Leonid (Les) Stepanovych Tanyuk (, August 7, 1938 – March 18, 2016) was a Ukrainian theatre and movie director. He was a dissident and the head of the Club of Creative Youth. After 1991's Ukrainian independence Tanyuk became a multiple re-elected member of the Ukrainian parliament.

Tanyuk died on March 18, 2016 in Kiev, Ukraine from stomach cancer at the age of 77.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
Ukrainian movie directors
Politicians from Kyiv
Cancer deaths in Ukraine
Deaths from stomach cancer
Jan Němec (12 July 1936 – 18 March 2016) was a Czech movie director and screenwriter. His important work dates from the 1960s. Movie historian Peter Hames has called him as the "enfant terrible of the Czech New Wave." He was known for directing the 1966 movie A Report on the Party and the Guests.

References

Other websites
 Facebook Profile
 
 Czech Film: Jan Nemec's post-1989 films 
 Interview with Němec 
 Jan Němec: Interviews 1964–2014 (Rozhovory 1964–2014) (Camera obscura, Svatá Hora, Příbram, Czech Republic) (Czech)

1936 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Czech movie directors
Czech screenwriters
Writers from Prague
The real was the former currency of Argentina. It was in circulation from 1813 to 1881 and was also the country's first currency used. During its period, the sol was also used and its value was equal to that of the real. The peso was worth 8 reales and the escudo was worth 16 reales.

References 

Currency of South America
Economy of Argentina
1813 establishments
19th-century establishments in Argentina
1810s establishments in South America
The 2012 Democratic presidential primaries and caucuses is how voters of the Democratic Party chose the candidate for United States presidential election, 2012. The incumbent president, Barack Obama, won the primaries and caucuses after winning 88.87% of the popular vote, and all of the states and territories. No other candidates could challenge Obama.

Candidates 

Barack Obama was the only candidate who was on the ballot in all 50 states.

Results

Related pages 

United States presidential election
Republican Party presidential primaries, 2012

Democratic Party (United States)
United States presidential primary elections
2012 United States presidential election
The Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XXVII) has to do with the salaries paid to members of the United States Congress.  

Congress is made of two "Houses," and the members of each House serve different terms (amounts of time in office).  Members of the United States Senate serve six-year terms, and members of the United States House of Representatives serve two years each.  The Twenty-seventh Amendment says that no law can change Congresspeople's salaries until a new two-year term for Representatives starts.
As of 2022, the Twenty-seventh amendment is the last amendment that has been added to the Constitution.  It took longer for the states to ratify this amendment than any other in history.  The 1st United States Congress sent the suggested amendment to the states for their approval on September 25, 1789.  It was not until May 7, 1992, that enough states ratified the amendment for it to be added to the Constitution.  The ratification process had taken 202 years, 7 months, and 12 days  the longest in United States history.

Text
When Congress first proposed the amendment in 1789, this is the text they suggested:
History
On September 25, 1789, the first United States Congress gave a group of 12 amendments to the states for their approval.  Written by James Madison, these were the first 12 Constitutional amendments ever written.  One of them was an amendment about salaries for Members of Congress.  Madison wanted to protect against Congresspeople being able to give themselves raises whenever they wanted to, while they were in the middle of their terms and the people could not vote them out.

In 1791, the states ratified ten of the 12 suggested amendments.  These ten amendments became the Bill of Rights.  However, the states did not ratify the other two amendments out of the 12  including the one on limiting pay for Congresspeople.

Proposal and ratification
Proposal by Congress 
James Madison first proposed this amendment in the United States House of Representatives on June 8, 1789.  On August 24, 1789, the House passed the suggested amendment and sixteen others. The proposals went next to the United States Senate, which made 26 different changes to the House's suggested amendments.  After taking out some parts of the House amendments, and combining others, the Senate approved a package of twelve suggested amendments on September 9, 1789.

Now a committee of House and Senate members had to meet to figure out a compromise and come up with amendments that they could all agree on.  After three days, they had come up with 12 suggested amendments, which they brought back to the full House and Senate.  That same day  September 24, 1789  the House agreed on the 12 proposed amendments.  The next day, the Senate agreed too.  The 12 amendments included the one on Congressional pay.

Ratification by the states
Congress sent the package of 12 amendments to the states on September 25, 1789.  For these amendments to be added to the Constitution, three-fourths of the state legislatures would have to ratify (approve) the amendments.  At the time, there were only 11 states (North Carolina and Rhode Island had not ratified the Constitution yet).  This meant just nine states would have to approve the amendments to add them to the Constitution.

On December 15, 1791, the states ratified ten of the twelve suggested amendments.  These got added to the Constitution together as the Bill of Rights.  However, at this time, only six states had ratified the Congressional pay amendment.
Over the next 186 years, only two more states ratified the Amendment.  Meanwhile, many more states joined the United States.  This meant that a larger number of states would need to ratify the amendment to get it added to the Constitution, since three-fourths of the state legislatures needed to ratify it, and there were more and more states as time went on.

The states ratified the Amendment in this order:

Notes

Reference

27
1992 in the United States
1990s in law
1780s in the United States
1789
Hide or hides may refer to:

 Hide (skin), the cured skin of an animal
 Bird hide, a structure for watching birds without disturbing them
 Hide (unit), an old unit of land area
 hide (musician) (1964–1998), Japanese musician
Cast
 Sean Connery as James Bond: Secret Intelligence Service Agent 007.
 Daniela Bianchi as Tatiana Romanova (voiced by Barbara Jefford): Soviet Embassy clerk and Bond's love interest. Fleming based Romanova on Christine Granville.
 Pedro Armendáriz as Ali Kerim Bey: British Intelligence station chief in Istanbul.
 Lotte Lenya as Rosa Klebb: A former SMERSH colonel, now chief operations officer for SPECTRE.
 Robert Shaw as Donald "Red" Grant: Cunning SPECTRE assassin and one of the principal Bond enemies.
 Bernard Lee as M: Chief of British Intelligence.
 Walter Gotell as Morzeny: SPECTRE thug who trains personnel on SPECTRE Island.
 Vladek Sheybal as Kronsteen: Chess grandmaster, and chief planning officer for SPECTRE.
 "?" (anonymous credit for Anthony Dawson (body) and Eric Pohlmann (voice)) as "Number 1" (Ernst Stavro Blofeld): Chief of SPECTRE and Bond's nemesis.
 Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny: M's secretary.
Desmond Llewelyn as Major Boothroyd: Head of "Q" Section (British Intelligence gadgetry department).
 Eunice Gayson as Sylvia Trench: Bond's semi-regular girlfriend.
 Francis de Wolff as Vavra: Chief of a Gypsy tribe used for dirty work by Kerim Bey.
 George Pastell as the Orient Express train conductor.
 Fred Haggerty as Krilencu: A Bulgarian assassin who works as a killer for the Soviets in the Balkans.
 Aliza Gur and Martine Beswick as Vida and Zora, respectively: Two jealous Gypsy girls who are disputing the same man.
 Nadja Regin as Kerim Bey's lonely girlfriend.
References

Other websites 
 IMDb release dates
 From Russia With Love (1963) Official Trailer - Sean Connery James Bond Movie HD; YouTube

James Bond movies
1963 movies
Movies set in Scotland
Movies set in Venice
Movies set in Croatia
Movies set in Istanbul
Cold War movies
Movies directed by Terence Young
Movies composed by John Barry
Maha Vajiralongkorn (born 28 July 1952) became the King of Thailand on October 13, 2016. He is the only son of former King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit. In 1972, the king gave him the title "His Royal Highness Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn" . The title made him the third Crown Prince of Thailand and heir apparent to the throne. Vajiralongkorn was also a marshal in the Thai military.

King of Thailand
After his father's death on 13 October 2016, he succeeded to the throne of Thailand, with a delay, saying he needed "time to prepare before being proclaimed as the new king".  He accepted the throne on December 1, 2016. The coronation was held in May 2019.

At aged 64, Vajiralongkorn became the oldest Thai monarch to ascend to the throne.

He is the wealthiest monarch in the world, with a net worth said to be between  and .
Personal life
Vajiralongkorn has been married and divorced three times. He has three daughters and five sons. His four eldest sons were born before he married their mother. They are not able to succeed as king, because their titles have been removed. Dipangkorn Rasmijoti, born in 2005, is heir presumptive.

On 1 May 2019, three days before his coronation, Vajiralongkorn married Suthida Tidjai, former acting commander of Royal Thai Aide-de-Camp Department.

Titles and styles 
 28 July 1952 – 28 December 1972: His Royal Highness Prince Vajiralongkorn
 28 December 1972 – 13 October 2016: Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn
 13 October 2016 - present: King Vajiralongkorn

References 

Notes

1952 births
Living people
Monarchs of Thailand
People from Bangkok
Thai military people
Thai nobility
Current national leaders
On Her Majesty's Secret Service is a James Bond movie. It was released in 1969. It stars George Lazenby as Bond. It also stars Diana Rigg and Telly Savalas. It is the sixth movie in the James Bond series. It is based on the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. Louis Armstrong sings the song of the movie.

Cast 
 George Lazenby as James Bond
 Diana Rigg as Countess Tereza di Vicenzo
 Telly Savalas as Ernst Stavro Blofeld
 Bernard Lee as M
 Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny
 Gabriele Ferzetti as Marc-Ange Draco
 Ilse Steppat as Fraülein Irma Bunt
 Angela Scoular as Ruby Bartlett
 George Baker as Sir Hilary Bray
 Bernard Horsfall as Shaun Campbell
 Desmond Llewelyn as Q
 Yuri Borienko as Grunther
 Catherine Schnell as Nancy
 George Lane Cooper as Braun
 Irvin Allen as Che-Che
 James Bree as Gebrüder Gumbold
 Julie Ege as Helen
 Virginia North as Olympe
 Leslie Crawford as Felsen
 John Gay as Hammond
 Geoffrey Cheshire as Toussaint
 Terence Mountain as Raphael
1969 movies
1960s action movies
James Bond movies
Movies directed by Peter R. Hunt
Movies composed by John Barry
Movies set in Portugal
Movies set in Switzerland
Anti may refer to:

 Anti-, a prefix meaning "against"
 Anti (mythology), a boatman in Egyptian mythology
 Änti, or Antaeus, half-giant in Greek and Berber mythology
 Antiparticle, a particle with the same mass but opposite charges in particle physics
 Anti addition in organic chemistry
 Anti (album), an album by Rihanna

Related pages
Special:Prefixindex/Anti (an automatically generated list of pages beginning with anti)
Lyubka Vasileva Rondova, Ljubka Rondova or Lubka Rondova () (24 September 1936 – 15 March 2016) was a Bulgarian folk singer. She best known for performing and recording many of the traditional song from Macedonia as a folklore region. She was born in Sidirochori, Greece to Bulgarian parents. She was awarded the highest Bulgarian order Stara planina, First Degree in 2002.

Rondova died in Sofia, Bulgaria at the age of 79.

References

Other websites
 A folk song "Black death appeared" at Vbox7

1936 births
2016 deaths
Bulgarian singers
Robert Henry "Bob" Michel (pronounced "Michael"; March 2, 1923 – February 17, 2017) was an American Republican Party politician.

He was a member of the United States House of Representatives for 38 years. He represented central Illinois' 18th congressional district, and was the GOP leader in Congress during the Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton presidencies from 1981 through 1995. He as Minority Leader from 1981 through 1995. He was also Minority Whip for 6 years from 1975 through 1981.

Michel was born and raised in Peoria, Illinois. He studied in Bradley University. Michel died on February 17, 2017 in Arlington, Virginia from pneumonia, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 
 Information about Michel's Leadership positions (PDF File)
1923 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Virginia
United States representatives from Illinois
Politicians from Peoria, Illinois
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Minority leaders of the United States House of Representatives
Joe Santos (born Joseph John Minieri, Jr.; June 9, 1931 – March 18, 2016) was an American movie and television actor. He was born in The Bronx, New York. He played Sergeant Dennis Becker in The Rockford Files, and Lt. Frank Harper in the TV series Hardcastle and McCormick. He appeared on The Sopranos as Angelo Garepe in seven 2004 episodes.

Santos suffered a heart attack on March 14, 2016, according to his son. He died four days later in Santa Monica, California at the age of 84.

References

Other websites
 

1931 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from the Bronx
José Luis Artetxe Muguire (26 June 1930 – 19 March 2016) was a Spanish footballer who played as a striker. He was born in Algorta, Spain. His career began in 1947.

Artetxe played for Getxo from 1949 through 1950, for Athletic Bilbao from 1950 through 1965 and for Spain national football team in 1953 and again from 1954 through 1959. He retired in the 1960s.

Artetxe earned six caps for Spain, during five years. His debut came on 17 March 1954 in a 2–2 draw against Turkey for the 1954 FIFA World Cup qualifiers. He scored the game's first goal in Rome.

Artetxe died in Bilbao, Spain from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 85.

References

Other websites

Spain stats at Eu-Football

1930 births
2016 deaths
Spanish footballers
Bilbao
The Titles of Nobility Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. It was approved by the 11th Congress on May 1, 1810, and submitted to the state legislatures for ratification. It would strip United States citizenship from any citizen who accepted a title of nobility from a foreign country. On two occasions between 1812 and 1816, it only needed ratifying by two states to become a valid part of the Constitution. Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification, so the amendment is still pending before the states. Now, since the number of states has increased, ratification by an additional 26 states would be needed for this amendment to be adopted.

Text

Background
This proposed amendment would amplify both Article I, Section 9, which prohibits the federal government from issuing titles of nobility or honor, and Section 10, which prohibits the states from issuing them.
There is speculation that the Congress proposed the amendment in response to the 1803 marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte's younger brother, Jerome, and Betsy Patterson of Baltimore, Maryland. She gave birth to a son for whom she wanted aristocratic recognition from France. The child, named Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte, was not born in the United States, but in Great Britain on July 7, 1805. Nevertheless, he would have held U.S. citizenship through his mother. In turn, his son, Charles Joseph Bonaparte, was born in 1851 and died 1921. He graduated from Harvard Law School, and became Secretary of the Navy and then, in the Theodore Roosevelt Administration, Attorney-General – and created the FBI. Another theory is that his mother actually desired a title of nobility for herself. She is referred to as the "Duchess of Baltimore" in many texts written about the amendment. The marriage had been annulled in 1805. This was well before the amendment's proposal by the 11th Congress
. Nonetheless, Representative Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina is recorded to have said that "he considered the vote on this question as deciding whether or not we were to have members of the Legion of Honor in this country."
Notes

References

Other websites 

 N.H. Republican Lawmakers Allege Missing Constitutional Amendment Was Purposely Deleted in 1871

Proposed amendments to the United States Constitution
The First United States Congress, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, met from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791. This was during the first two years of George Washington's presidency. Congress met first at Federal Hall in New York City and later at Congress Hall in Philadelphia. With the initial meeting of the First Congress, the United States federal government officially began operations under the new (and current) frame of government established by the 1787 Constitution. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution. Both chambers had a Pro-Administration majority. Twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution were passed by this Congress and sent to the states for ratification. The ten ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791 are collectively known as the Bill of Rights (Amendments one through ten).

Major events
Major events

 April 1, 1789: House of Representatives first achieved a quorum (required minimum number) and elected its officers
 April 6, 1789: Senate first achieved a quorum and elected its officers.
 April 6, 1789: The House and Senate, meeting in joint session, count the Electoral College ballots, then certify that George Washington has been unanimously elected President of the United States and John Adams (having received 34 of 69 votes) elected as Vice president.
 April 30, 1789: George Washington was inaugurated as the nation's first president at Federal Hall in New York City
 January 8, 1790: President Washington gave the first State of the Union Address
 June 20, 1790: Compromise of 1790: James Madison agreed to not be "strenuous" in opposition for the assumption of state debts by the federal government; Alexander Hamilton agreed to support the capital site being above the Potomac River.

Major legislation
Major legislation

Session 1 
Held March 4, 1789, through September 29, 1789, at Federal Hall in New York City
 June 1, 1789: An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths, ch. 1, 
 July 4, 1789: Hamilton Tariff, ch. 2, 
 July 27, 1789: United States Department of State, was established, originally named the Department of Foreign Affairs, ch. 4, .
 July 31, 1789. Regulation of the Collection of Duties on Tonnage and Merchandise, ch.5, .
 August 7, 1789: Department of War was established, ch. 7, .
 September 2, 1789: United States Department of the Treasury was established, ch. 12, 
 September 24, 1789: Judiciary Act of 1789, ch. 20, , which created courts, district attorneys and the Attorney General
Session 2 
Held January 4, 1790, through August 12, 1790, at Federal Hall in New York City
 March 1, 1790: Made provisions for the first Census, ch. 2, 
 March 26, 1790: Naturalization Act of 1790, ch. 3, 
 April 10, 1790: Patent Act of 1790, ch. 7, 
 April 30, 1790: Crimes Act of 1790, ch. 9, 
 May 31, 1790: Copyright Act of 1790, ch. 15, 
 July 6, 1790: Residence Act, ch. 28, , established Washington, D.C. as the seat of government of the United States.
 July 22, 1790: Indian Intercourse Act of 1790, ch. 33, , regulated commerce with the Indian tribes.

Session 3
Held December 6, 1790, through March 3, 1791, at Congress Hall in Philadelphia
 February 25, 1791: First Bank of the United States, ch. 10, 
 March 3, 1791: Whiskey Act, ch. 15, , which triggered the Whiskey Rebellion
Constitutional amendments
 September 25, 1789: Twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution passed Congress (without recorded vote). They were officially submitted to the legislatures of the several states for consideration on September 28, 1789. Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, and are collectively known as the Bill of Rights. Article Two was ratified on May 7, 1992, becoming the Twenty-seventh Amendment, and Article One is still technically still pending before the states.

States admitted and territories organized
 November 21, 1789: North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution and thereby joined the Union
 May 26, 1790: Territory South of the River Ohio organized from land ceded by North Carolina
 May 29, 1790: Rhode Island became the 13th state to ratify the United States Constitution and thereby joined the Union

Party summary
Party summary

There were no political parties in this Congress. Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.

Details on changes are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.

Senate
During this congress, two Senate seats were added for North Carolina and Rhode Island when each ratified the Constitution.

House of Representatives

During this congress, five House seats were added for North Carolina and one House seat was added for Rhode Island when they ratified the Constitution.

Leadership

Senate
 President: John Adams (P)
 President pro tempore: John Langdon (P)

House of Representatives
 Speaker: Frederick Muhlenberg (P)

References

Other websites 
 1st Federal Congress Project
 Statutes at Large, 1789–1875
 Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
 House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

Legislative branch of the United States government
On 13 March 2016, three gunmen opened fire at a beach on Grand-Bassam, Ivory Coast. They attacked the Étoile du Sud hotel which was occupied at the time. 19 people were killed. Thirty-three people were injured.

It had been the third attack on a tourism resort in West Africa for four months.

Attack 
The attack started when three armed assailants attacked the Étoile du Sud hotel. Agence France-Presse writes that it was occupied by numerous expatriates at the time. According to officials, 15 civilians and three special forces soldiers were killed. The attackers were described as Africans. The had grenade belts and Kalashnikov rifles. They were dressed in casual clothes and balaclavas. 

A shootout started between the attackers and police when the assailants reached the La Paillote Hotel. Army personnel evacuated local residents and tourists from the beach to nearby hotels. The hotels were placed on lockdown by that time.
Government officials as said that security forces had killed six armed men. The terrorists shouted "Allahu Akbar".        

An American embassy delegation was at Grand-Bassam on the date of the attack. But the US Embassy in Abidjan said on Twitter that there is "no evidence that U.S. citizens were targeted". French authorities had warned Ivory Coast and Senegal weeks earlier of the danger of a terrorist attack.

After the attack 
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and al-Mourabitoun claimed responsibility for the attack. AQIM released the names of the attackers: Hamza al-Fulani and Abu Adam al-Ansari from al-Mourabitoun and Abderrahmane al-Fulani from the "Emirate of the Desert" on 17 March.

Reactions

Domestic 

 President Alassane Ouattara: "These cowardly attacks by terrorists will not be tolerated".

International
International 

 : Global Affairs Canada: "Canada condemns the terrorist attack at Grand-Bassam beach resort in Côte d'Ivoire. Our thoughts and prayers are with you." 
: Prime Minister Narendra Modi wished the injured a speedy recovery.
: Prime Minister David Cameron stated on Twitter: "I'm appalled by the devastating terror attacks in Ankara and the Ivory Coast. My thoughts are with all those affected."
: In a statement by the National Security Council of the White House, the U.S. condemned the terrorist attack in Grand-Bassam. t also commended "the bravery of the Ivorian and French security personnel who responded to the situation and prevented even worse loss of life."

References 

2016 mass shootings
2016 in Africa
Al-Qaeda
Attacks on buildings and structures in Africa
Attacks on hotels
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2016
Islamic terrorist incidents in Africa
Ivory Coast
March 2016 events
Mass murder in 2016
Mass murder in Africa
2010s mass shootings in Africa
Terrorist incidents in Africa in the 2010s
Republicanism in the United States is a set of ideas that guides the government and politics.  These ideas have shaped the government, and the way people in the United States think about politics, since the American Revolution.

The American Revolution, the Declaration of Independence (1776), the Constitution (1787), and even the Gettysburg Address (1863) were based on ideas from American republicanism.

"Republicanism" comes from the word "republic."  However, they are not the same thing.  A republic is a type of government (one where the people can choose their leaders).  Republicanism is an ideology  set of beliefs that people in a republic have about what is most important to them.

Definition

Republicanism in the United States grew out of some very old ideas.  It includes ideas from ancient Greece, ancient Rome, the Renaissance, and England.
Some of the most important ideas of republicanism are that:
 Liberty and "unalienable" rights (natural rights) are some of the most important things in a society
 Government should exist to protect these rights
 The people who live in a country, as a whole, should be sovereign (they should be able to choose who leads them and have a say in how their government is run)
 Power must always be given by the people, never inherited (like in a monarchy)
 People must all play a role in their government by doing things like voting
 Political corruption is terrible and has no place in a republic
Republicanism is different than other forms of democracy.  In a "pure" democracy, the majority rules.  If a majority of the people voted to take rights away from a certain group, that is what would happen.  Alexis de Tocqueville, a famous French political thinker, called this the "tyranny of the majority."  He meant that a pure democracy could still turn into an unfair, unequal, corrupt society if the majority of the people decided to take away others' rights.

However, republicanism says that people have "unalienable" rights that cannot be voted away.  Republican governments are different than "pure" democracies, because they include protections to make sure people's rights are not taken away.  In a true republican government, one group - even if it is a majority - cannot take another group's unalienable rights away.
The American Revolution
American republicanism was created and first practiced by the Founding Fathers in the 18th century. For them, "republicanism represented more than a particular form of government. It was a way of life, a core ideology, an uncompromising commitment to liberty, and a total rejection of aristocracy."  Republicanism shaped what the Founders thought and did during the American Revolution, and after.

Creating American republicanism
The leaders of colonial America in the 1760s and 1770s read history carefully.  Their goal was to compare governments and how well different types of governments worked. They were especially interested in the history of liberty in England.  They modeled American republicanism partly after the English "Country Party."  This was a political party which opposed the Court Party, which held power in England.
The Country Party was based on ancient Greek and Roman republicanism.  The Party criticized the corruption in the "Court" Party, which focused mostly on the King's court in London.  It did not focus on the needs of regular people in England, or on areas outside of the capital city.

By reading history, The Founders came up with a set of political ideas that they called "republicanism."  By 1775, these ideas were common in colonial America.  One historian writes: "Republicanism was the distinctive political [way of thinking] of the entire Revolutionary generation."

Another historian explains that believers of American republicanism saw government as a threat.  He writes that colonists felt constantly "threatened by corruption."  Government, to them, was "the [biggest] source of corruption and operat[ed] through such means as patronage, faction, standing armies ( [instead of] the ideal of the militia); [and] established churches" which people would have to belong to.

Cause of Revolution
By the 1770s, most Americans were dedicated to republican values and to their property rights.  This helped cause the American Revolution.  More and more, Americans saw Britain as corrupt; hostile; and a threat to republicanism, freedom, and property rights.  Many people thought that the greatest threat to liberty was corruption  not just in London, but at home too.  They thought corruption went along with inherited aristocracy, which they hated.

During the Revolution, many Christians connected republicanism with their religion.  When the Revolution started, there was a major change in thinking that "convinced Americans ... that God was raising up America for some special purpose," according to one historian.  This made the Revolutionists believe that they had a moral and religious duty to get rid of the corruption in the monarchy.
Another historian, Gordon Wood, writes that republicanism led to American Exceptionalism: "Our beliefs in liberty, equality, constitutionalism, and the well-being of ordinary people came out of the Revolutionary era. So too did our idea that we Americans are a special people with a special destiny to lead the world toward liberty and democracy."

In his Discourse of 1759, Revolutionist Jonathan Mayhew argued that people should only obey their governments if they "actually perform the duty of rulers by exercising a reasonable and [fair] authority for the good of human society."  Many American colonists were convinced that British rulers were not using their power "for the good of human society."  This made them want to form a new government which would be based on republicanism.  They thought a republican government would protect  not threaten  freedom and democracy.

Founding Fathers
Founding Fathers

The "Founding Fathers" were strong supporters of republican values, especially Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, George Washington, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.

For example, Thomas Jefferson once wrote that a government that had the most possible participation by "its citizens in mass" (all the people together) was the safest kind.  He said a republic is:

The Founding Fathers often talked about what "republicanism" meant.  In 1787, John Adams defined it as "a government, in which all men, rich and poor, magistrates and subjects, officers and people, masters and servants, the first citizen and the last, are equally subject to the laws."

Other ideas
Other ideas

Some other ideas also affected the Founding Fathers.  For example, in the 1600s, John Locke, an English philosopher, had created the idea of the "social contract."  This idea said that people agree to obey governments, and in return, those governments agree to protect the people and their rights.  This is like a contract made between the people and the government.  If the government breaks this contract, and does not protect the people's rights, then the people have the right to overthrow their leaders.  This idea was important to the Revolutionists.
When they were writing state and national constitutions, the Americans used ideas from Montesquieu, an 18th-century French political thinker.  Montesquieu wrote about how the perfect British constitution would be "balanced."  The idea of a balance of power (also called "checks and balances") is a very important part of the Constitution.  It is one of the strategies the Founders used to make sure their government would be republican and protect the people from government corruption.

The Constitution

The Founding Fathers wanted republicanism because its ideas guaranteed liberty, with limited powers checking and balancing each other.  However, they also wanted change to happen slowly.  They worried that in a democracy, the majority of voters could vote away rights and freedoms.  They were most worried about poor Americans (who made up most of the United States) turning against the rich.  They worried that democracy could turn into "mob rule."
To guard against this, the Founders wrote many protections into the Constitution.  For example:

 They made sure the Constitution can only be changed by a "supermajority": two-thirds of the United States Congress and three-fourths of the state legislatures  
 They set up a court system that could help protect people's rights if the majority of Americans decided to take a group's rights away  
 They created an Electoral College, where a small number of elite people would select the President
 Soon, political parties controlled elections more than the Electoral College did
 They gave the states control of the United States Senate by letting state legislatures choose Senators (this changed over time)
 They set up a House of Representatives to represent the people
Most adult white males were able to vote.  In 1776, most states required people to own property to be able to vote.  However, at that time, America was 90% rural, and most people owned farms.  As cities grew bigger and people started doing work in the cities, most states dropped the property requirement.  By 1850, this requirement was gone in every state.

Republican motherhood
Under the new government after the Revolution, "republican motherhood" became an ideal.  Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren were held up as the perfect "republican mothers."  This idea said that a republican mother's first duty was to teach her children republican values.  Her second job was to live simply and avoid luxury, which the Founders linked with corruption.

Democracy
Democracy

Many of the Founders did not think "democracy" was a good idea.  Their idea of "democracy" was the "pure democracy" that de Tocqueville had described.  They worried often about the problem of 'tyranny of the majority' that de Tocqueville had warned about.  They wrote many protections into the Constitution to prevent this from happening.  As historians Richard Ellis and Michael Nelson write: "The principles of republican government embedded in the Constitution represent an effort by the framers to [make sure] that the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness would not be [destroyed] by majorities."  Thomas Jefferson warned that "an elect[ed] despotism is not the government we fought for."
James Madison, in particular, worried about this, and wrote about it in The Federalist Papers.  The Federalist Papers talk about democracy as being dangerous, because it allows a majority to take away the rights of a smaller group.  However, Madison thought that as more people came to the United States, the country would get more diverse, and it would be harder to form a majority big enough to do this.  In Federalist No. 10, Madison also argued that a strong federal government would help protect republicanism.  The United States' first constitution, the Articles of Confederation, gave most power to the states and had a very weak federal government that could not get anything done.  In Federalist No. 10, Madison argued that a small but powerful group might be able to take control of a small area, like a state.  However, it would be much harder to take over an entire country.  The bigger the country, he argued, the safer republicanism would be.
As late as 1800, the word "democrat" still had a very bad meaning to most Americans.  It was mostly used to attack an opponent of the Federalist party.  In 1798, George Washington complained that a "Democrat ... will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country."  This changed over the next few decades.

Property rights
United States Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story (1779–1845) made the protection of property rights by the courts a major part of American republicanism. James Madison appointed Story to the Court in 1811.  Story and Chief Justice John Marshall made the Court a protector of the rights of property against runaway democracy. Story believed that "the right of the citizens to the free enjoyment of their property" (if they got it legally) was "a great and fundamental principle of a republican government."  Historians agree that Story—as much or more than Marshall or anyone else—reshaped American law in a conservative direction that protected property rights.
Military service
Republicanism saw military service as one of a citizen's most important duties.  John Randolph, a Congressman from Virginia, once said: "When citizen and soldier shall be synonymous terms, then you will be safe."

However, at this time, the word "army" meant "foreign mercenaries."  After the Revolutionary War, Americans did not trust mercenaries.  Instead, they came up with the idea of a national army, made of citizens.  They changed their definition of military service from a choice of careers to a civic duty  something every good republican should do.  Before the Civil War, people saw military service as an important show of patriotism, and a necessary part of citizenship.  To soldiers, military service was something they chose to do, something they had a say in, and it showed that they were good citizens.

Legal terms
Legal terms

Republic
The term republic is not used in the Declaration of Independence.  However, it does appear in Article Four of the Constitution, which "guarantee[s] to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government."

The United States Supreme Court has created a basic definition of what a "republic" is.  In United States v. Cruikshank (1875), the court ruled that the "equal rights of citizens" were inherent to the idea of a republic.  Later, the Court's decision from In re Duncan (1891) ruled that the "right of the people to choose their government" is also part of the definition of a republic.

Democracy

Over time, most Americans changed their opinion about the word "democracy."  By the 1830s, most Americans saw democracy as a great thing, and members of the new Democratic Party proudly called themselves "Democrats."
After 1800, the limitations on democracy (like rules that limited who could vote) were removed one by one:
 By the 1820s, most states had ended rules saying that people had to own property in order to vote.  By 1850, all of them had.  
 In 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment gave all men in the United States the right to vote, including ex-slaves.  
 In 1913, the Seventeenth Amendment allowed the people to elect their own United States Senators (before this, the state legislatures had chosen U.S. Senators).  
 The Nineteenth Amendment, passed in 1920, gave women the right to vote.  
 The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made the last rules that kept black people from voting illegal.  
 Finally, in 1971, the Twenty-sixth Amendment gave adults ages 18 to 20 the right to vote.

Notes

References

18th century in the United States
American Revolutionary War
Political philosophy
United States Constitution
Defence Intelligence  (DI) is part of the United Kingdom "intelligence Community", with the SIS, GCHQ, and the Security Service. 

It is not a stand-alone organisation, but a part of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The organisation employs  civilian and military staff. The organisation was formerly known as the Defence Intelligence Staff or DIS, but changed its name in 2009.

Defence Intelligence gets information from many sources. This information is used to support military operations, planning, and defence policy. It notes politico-military, scientific and technical developments which may affect the UK. DI's assessments support the work of the Joint Intelligence Committee  (JIC), other Government departments, and international partners such as NATO and the European Union.
It is this 'all-source' information which distinguishes Defence Intelligence from other organisations such as SIS and GCHQ. They focus on the collection of 'single-source' human intelligence (HUMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) respectively.

References 

Military of the United Kingdom
British intelligence agencies
Water purification is the process of removing contaminants from water. One reason is to make it safe for humans to consume. Another is industrial use such as cleaning and cooling microchips during manufacturing. Unclean water is not only harmful to your health but equally damaging for the plumbing, home appliances, kitchen, washroom, and everything. According to a 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) report, 1.1 billion people do not have access clean drinking water.

References 

Water pollution
The Corwin Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. It was passed by the Congress on March 2, 1861 and sent to the state legislatures for ratification. Senator William H. Seward of New York introduced the amendment in the Senate. Representative Thomas Corwin of Ohio introduced it in the House of Representatives. It was one of several bills considered by Congress in an unsuccessful attempt to attract the seceding states back into the Union and to convince border slave states to stay. Technically still pending before the states, it would, if ratified, shield "domestic institutions" of the states (which in 1861 included slavery) from the constitutional amendment process and from interference by Congress.

Text

Ratification history
The Corwin Amendment was ratified by:
 Ohio — May 13, 1861 (Rescinded ratification – March 31, 1864)
 Maryland — January 10, 1862 (Rescinded ratification – April 7, 2014) 
 Illinois — February 14, 1862 (questionable validity)
In 1963, more than a century after the Corwin Amendment was sent to the state legislatures by the Congress, a joint resolution to ratify it was introduced in the Texas House of Representatives by Dallas Republican Henry Stollenwerck. The joint resolution was sent to the House's Committee on Constitutional Amendments on March 7, 1963, but received no further consideration.

Possible impact if adopted
The Corwin Amendment, when viewed through the lens of the plain meaning rule (literal rule), would have made institutionalized slavery unable to be affected by the amendment process. As a result, the later Reconstruction Amendments (Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth) would not have been allowed, as they abolish or interfere with the domestic institution of the states.