Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Cast 
 Kathryn Beaumont as Alice
 Ed Wynn as Mad Hatter
 Richard Haydn as Caterpillar
 Sterling Holloway as Cheshire Cat
 Jerry Colonna as March Hare
 Verna Felton as Queen of Hearts
 J. Pat O'Malley as Tweedledum and Tweedledee; Walrus; Carpenter; Mother Oyster
 Bill Thompson as White Rabbit; The Dodo
 Heather Angel as Alice's sister
 Joseph Kearns as Doorknob
 Larry Grey as Bill the Lizard, Card Painter
 Queenie Leonard as Mother Pigeon in the Tree, Snooty Iris
 Dink Trout as King of Hearts
 Doris Lloyd as Rose
 Jimmy MacDonald as The Dormouse
 The Mellomen (Thurl Ravenscroft, Bill Lee, Max Smith, and Bob Hamlin) as Card Painters
 Don Barclay as Other Cards
 Pinto Colvig as Flamingos (uncredited)
 Norma Zimmer as White Rose (uncredited)
 Mel Blanc as Dinah, Wonderland creatures (uncredited)

References
References

American animated movies
American family movies
Disney animated movies
1950s English-language movies
Movies composed by Oliver Wallace
1951 comedy movies
1950s American adventure movies
American coming-of-age movies
1950s American drama movies
American fantasy-comedy movies
1950s American musical fantasy movies
Movies based on books
1951 drama movies
Movies about dreams
A cable modem is a modem that can be used to deliver (usually digital) data over Cable television infrastructure. Most of the time, cable modems are used to get access to the internet using the cable television network. To do this, cable modems use some channels of the Cable TV network. A cable modem usually translates the signals it receives from Ethernet or USB into Radio frequency channels. With Voice over IP (VoIP) technology, most cable modems can now also provide telephone lines. 

In terms of network technology, a cable modem is a network bridge. It operates at layer 2 of the OSI model.

Computer hardware
Internet
Nobuhiro Ishizaki (born 14 March 1958) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Toshiba.

Club career statistics

|-
|1980||rowspan="14"|Toshiba||rowspan="9"|JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|1981||||||||||||||||
|-
|1982||||||||||||||||
|-
|1983||||||||||||||||
|-
|1984||||||||||||||||
|-
|1985/86||||||||||||||||
|-
|1986/87||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 2||22||1||||||||||22||1
|-
|1990/91||9||0||||||2||0||11||0
|-
|1991/92||5||0||||||0||0||5||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Football League||||||||||||||||
|-
|1993||||||||||||||||
36||1||0||0||2||0||38||1
36||1||0||0||2||0||38||1
|}

References

1958 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima
Shimizu S-Pulse managers
Frank de Boer (born 15 May 1970) is a Dutch football manager and former soccer player. He played for Netherlands national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="11"|Ajax||rowspan="11"|Eredivisie||27||0
|-
|1989/90||25||0
|-
|1990/91||34||1
|-
|1991/92||30||1
|-
|1992/93||34||3
|-
|1993/94||34||1
|-
|1994/95||34||8
|-
|1995/96||32||3
|-
|1996/97||32||4
|-
|1997/98||31||5
|-
|1998/99||15||3

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="5"|Barcelona||rowspan="5"|La Liga||19||2
|-
|1999/00||21||0
|-
|2000/01||34||3
|-
|2001/02||34||0
|-
|2002/03||35||0

|-
|2003/04||Galatasaray||Süper Lig||15||1

|-
|2003/04||Rangers||Premier League||15||2

|-
|2004/05||Al-Rayyan||Stars League||16||5
|-
|2005/06||Al-Shamal||Stars League||0||0
328||29
143||5
15||1
15||2
16||5
517||42
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1990||3||0
|-
|1991||2||1
|-
|1992||7||0
|-
|1993||7||0
|-
|1994||14||0
|-
|1995||6||0
|-
|1996||5||1
|-
|1997||6||3
|-
|1998||15||1
|-
|1999||7||0
|-
|2000||13||4
|-
|2001||6||1
|-
|2002||7||1
|-
|2003||10||1
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
!Total||112||13
|}

References

1970 births
Living people
Dutch football managers
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from North Holland
Twin people
Eredivisie managers
FC Barcelona players
Netherlands at UEFA Euro 1992
Netherlands at UEFA Euro 2000
Netherlands at UEFA Euro 2004
Netherlands at UEFA Euro 2020
Ronald de Boer (born 15 May 1970) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1987/88||rowspan="4"|Ajax||rowspan="4"|Eredivisie||1||1
|-
|1988/89||17||5
|-
|1989/90||20||7
|-
|1990/91||14||1
|-
|1991/92||rowspan="2"|Twente||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||33||11
|-
|1992/93||16||1
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="7"|Ajax||rowspan="7"|Eredivisie||15||5
|-
|1993/94||28||5
|-
|1994/95||25||5
|-
|1995/96||30||7
|-
|1996/97||28||5
|-
|1997/98||30||7
|-
|1998/99||15||2

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||19||0
|-
|1999/00||18||1

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Rangers||rowspan="4"|Premier League||17||6
|-
|2001/02||25||8
|-
|2002/03||33||16
|-
|2003/04||16||2
272||72
37||1
91||32
400||105
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1993||4||3
|-
|1994||11||3
|-
|1995||7||0
|-
|1996||10||3
|-
|1997||4||0
|-
|1998||13||3
|-
|1999||7||0
|-
|2000||7||1
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
!Total||67||13
|}

References
References

1970 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
Sportspeople from North Holland
Twin people
FC Barcelona players
Ichi the Killer is a Japanese movie by Takashi Miike. It was based on the manga by Hideo Yamamoto.

Plot 

Ichi the Killer is a Japanese movie about a man named Kakihara who is part of a Japanese gang. He enjoys giving and receiving pain. When his gang boss goes missing, Kakihara is angry because he thinks nobody else will be able to give him as much pain and pleasure as his boss did. It turns out Kakihara's boss was murdered by a violent killer called Ichi (Japanese for the number one). 300 million yen was stolen by the group that arrived to clean the mess up. Kakihara has convinced himself that his boss is alive and tortures a member of a rival gang for information. The man turns out to be innocent and Kakihara is kicked out of his gang.
Kakihara hears about Ichi and becomes excited at the idea of somebody who can inflict more pain on him than his boss ever could. Kakihara becomes obsessed with finding Ichi.
He finally meets Ichi at the end of the movie. He is surprised and disgusted that Ichi is not the evil, cold man he imagined. He is a weak and scared teenager that only kills when he becomes upset about something. Ichi fails to kill Kakihara and lies on the floor crying. Kakihara realises Ichi cannot hurt him the way he wanted and tries to commit suicide by sticking pins in his ears. He loses his hearing and looks up to find Ichi jumping at him. Ichi knocks him off the edge of the building and Kakihara falls to his death. When we see Kakihara's body, he is apparently unharmed by Ichi's attacks. It is suggested that Kakihara imagined the attack as a result of poking his brain with the needles and fell off the building.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 Official UK website of Ichi the Killer 

Japanese movies
2001 movies
Wallisian language is a Polynesian language spoken in Wallis and Futuna. it is also named Uvea. It local name is Fakaʻuvea. Nine thousand peoples speak it in Uvea Island.

Reference 

Polynesian languages
Languages of Oceania
Wallis and Futuna
Chrome OS is a project by Google to develop a light computer operating system. It is devoted to using the World Wide Web.  The operating system was announced on July 7, 2009, and it is based on Google's Chrome web browser as it visually similar, and the Linux kernel. When first released, it was targeted at netbooks but has also been present on laptop computers (known as "Chromebooks"). It was released to technology journalists in December 2010 after being delayed. It runs on systems with either x86 or ARM processors.

Google had stated before release that the Google Chrome OS project will be open source by the end of 2009. Although it is based on the Linux kernel, it will use "a new windowing system" (a way to display applications on a computer screen).

Upon release, some technology journalists were unsure on what it could do that a Microsoft Windows PC with the Google Chrome browser installed could not.
The Chrome OS has now been the default for previously mentioned Chromebooks and very few other Laptops from other brands than Google, these are all labeled as Chromebooks, the only difference being the Hardware

References

Other websites 
 Official announcement
 Google Chrome OS - FAQ
 Google Chrome Blog
 Chrome OS Could Offend the Open Source Community  PC World (Friday, July 10, 2009)

Chrome OS
Skew lines are straight lines that are neither parallel nor intersecting. Skew lines cannot be in the same plane. This means they exist only in at least three-dimensional geometry.

Geometry
The riyal is the official money used in Saudi Arabia. A shorter name for it is SR (). The riyal is divided into 100 halala ().

The riyal has been Saudi Arabia's money since Saudi Arabia became a country. It was the currency of Hejaz before Saudi Arabia was a country.

There are 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 halala coins; and 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 riyal banknotes.

Exchange rate 

The riyal is fixed to be the same as 0.266667 United States dollars.

References

Saudi Arabia
Currency of Asia
Pathology is the study and medical diagnosis of disease, especially after death. A person who does this work is called a pathologist. Techniques include dissection, microscopic examination of tissues and chemical analysis of fluids. A pathologist may perform an autopsy, to discover the cause of death. 

Pathology is a science that concerns with finding the cause (etiology) or presence of a disease by careful examination of a tissue or sample of any component of the body by scrutinizing it.

Pathologists often work with biochemists in hospital laboratories.

Pathology
Cardiology (from Greek , kardiā, "heart"; and , -logia) is a medical field that deals with disorders of the heart and blood vessels. Physicians in this field are called cardiologists. Cardiologists are different from cardiac surgeons who do cardiac surgery.

Other websites 
 American College of Cardiology

Cardiology
Annual Tree Mallow is a flowering plant. The genus Lavatera includes annual and perennials.

References

Other pages
http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Malva/treemallow.php?1
Jennifer Tate et al. 2005; Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data. American Journal of Botany. 92:584-602 
Malvaceae
Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence, (November 29, 1338 — October 7, 1368), born in Antwerp, was the third son of  Edward III. When he was only a child he was married to Elizabeth de Burgh (d.1363), daughter of William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (d.1332). The ceremony took place on August 15, 1342, at the Tower of London. He became properly married to her in 1352, when he was aged 14, and took over all her lands in Ireland. The famous English poet, Geoffrey Chaucer, was a page to Elizabeth.
He was Edward III's representative in England and in 1355 he was made the Earl of Ulster. He went to Dublin in 1361 to be the Chief Governor of Ireland. His father made him Duke of Clarence in 1362, and tried to have him made King of Scotland. Lionel and the government in Dublin were concerned about how the English settlers in Ireland were slowly become Irish. He brought in laws, the Statute of Kilkenny, in 1366, which made it against the law:
 for English people to marry Irish people
 to adopt Irish children
 to use Irish names
 to wear Irish clothes
 to play the game of hurling
 to play Irish music.

Lionel found it difficult to get control over Ireland and went back to England in 1367.

After the death of Elizabeth, Lionel married Violante, the daughter of Galeazzo Visconti, Lord of Pavia (d.1378), in Milan during June 1368. While travelling around Italy, Lionel became sick and died at Alba on October 7, 1368. He was buried at the Clare Priory, Suffolk, England.
His daughter,  Philippa Plantagenet,  married Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March (1351-1381), in 1368. This made Lionel an ancestor of  Edward IV.

References

1338 births
1368 deaths
English Dukes
House of Plantagenet
People from Antwerp
Ottmar Hitzfeld (born 12 January 1949) is a former German football player and football manager.

1949 births
Living people
German football managers
German footballers
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
Borussia Dortmund managers
FC Bayern München managers
FC Aarau managers
Switzerland at the 2010 FIFA World Cup
Switzerland at the 2014 FIFA World Cup
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Matsumoto was born in Utsunomiya on November 3, 1941. After graduating from Waseda University, he joined Toyo Industries in 1964. In 1965, Toyo Industries joined new league Japan Soccer League. The club won league champions in 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1970. The club also won 1965, 1967 and 1969 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1973. He played 88 games and scored 31 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1966.

In December 1966, Matsumoto was selected the Japan national team for 1966 Asian Games. At this competition, on December 10, he debuted against India. In 1968, he was selected Japan for 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. He played 4 matches and Japan won Bronze Medal. In 2018, this team was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. He played 11 games and scored 1 goal for Japan until 1969.
After retirement, Matsumoto became a manager for Toyo Industries as Kenzo Ohashi successor in 1976. He also named a manager for Japan U-20 national team. He managed at 1979 World Youth Championship in Japan. In April 1999, he signed with J2 League club Kawasaki Frontale. He led the club to won the champions and promoted to J1 League. In 2004, he signed with Sagan Tosu and managed in 3 seasons. In 2009, he was selected Japan Football Hall of Fame. In 2010, he became a manager for Sagan Tosu again. In September 2013, when he was 71 years old, he signed with his local club, Tochigi SC. He became the first manager for the 70s in J.League.

Statistics

|-
|1966||4||1
|-
|1967||3||0
|-
|1968||2||0
|-
|1969||2||0
|-
!Total||11||1
|}

References

Other websites

Japan Football Hall of Fame at Japan Football Association
Japan Football Hall of Fame (Japan team at 1968 Olympics) at Japan Football Association
1941 births
Living people
Footballers from Tochigi Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japanese football managers
Japan Soccer League players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Footballers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in football
Japanese Olympic bronze medalists
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Ligue 2 is a football league which is second division in France.

Club 2009/10
Caen
Nantes
Le Havre
Strasbourg
Metz
Tours
Angers
Dijon
Sedan Ardennes
Vannes
Bastia
Clermont Auvergne
En Avant Guingamp
Stade Brestois
Châteauroux
Ajaccio
Nîmes Olympique
Istres Ouest Provence
Stade Lavallois Mayenne
Arles-Avignon

Related pages
Ligue 1
Championnat National

1933 establishments in France
Football leagues in France
Gilberto Carlos Nascimento (born 14 June 1966) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1988||rowspan="2"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="2"|Série A||13||4||||||||||13||4
|-
|1989||18||2||||||||||18||2
|-
|1990||rowspan="3"|Palmeiras||rowspan="3"|Série A||20||6||||||||||20||6
|-
|1991||17||4||||||||||17||4
|-
|1992||16||3||||||||||16||3
|-
|1992||Cruzeiro||Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|1993||rowspan="4"|Bellmare Hiratuska||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||17||11||1||0||6||3||24||14
|-
|1994||37||24||5||3||0||0||42||27
|-
|1995||50||25||2||1||colspan="2"|-||52||26
|-
|1996||28||7||3||1||14||1||45||9
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="2"|Football League||28||19||3||3||colspan="2"|-||31||22
|-
|1998||4||1||0||0||3||1||7||2
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||20||3||||||||||20||3
|-
|1999||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1999||Guarani||Série A||7||0||||||||||7||0
|-
|2000||São José||Série A||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|2000||Gama||Série A||5||1||||||||||5||1
116||23||||||||||116||23
164||87||14||8||23||5||201||100
280||110||14||8||23||5||317||123
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1988||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References 

1966 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ryukyu.

Club career statistics
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|1993||20||3||0||0||7||3||colspan="2"|-||27||6
|-
|1994||15||0||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|1995||Fukuoka Blux||Football League||12||3||1||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||13||5
|-
|1996||Shimizu S-Pulse||J. League 1||29||3||3||0||16||5||colspan="2"|-||48||8
|-
|1997||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||19||2||1||0||5||2||colspan="2"|-||25||4
|-
|1998||Yokohama Flügels||J. League 1||32||12||5||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||41||14
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||22||5||2||0||4||2||colspan="2"|-||28||7
|-
|2000||21||0||0||0||5||1||colspan="2"|-||26||1
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Tokyo Verdy||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||20||5||3||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||25||6
|-
|2002||11||2||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||15||2
|-
|2004||Oita Trinita||J. League 1||2||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||5|0|
|-
|2005||Ryukyu||Regional Leagues||8||4||4||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||12||5
|-
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Tokyo Verdy||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||29||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||31||1
|-
|2007||18||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||3
|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Ryukyu||rowspan="3"|Football League||9||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|-
|2009||25||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||3
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||||||
292||47||22||6||54||13||1||0||369||66
292||47||22||6||54||13||1||0||369||66
|}
References

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Oita Prefecture
A cross-platform interchange is a type of interchange between different lines in a railway system.

Rail infrastructure
The Northern line is a deep-level tube line on the London Underground, coloured black on the Tube map. It carries more passengers than any other Underground line; 206,734,000 a year.

For most of its length it is a deep-level tube line. The portion between  and  opened in 1890 and is the oldest section of deep-level tube line on the Underground network. There were about 252 million passenger journeys recorded in 2011/12 on the Northern line, making it the second-busiest on the Underground. (It was the busiest from 2003 to 2010.) It is unique in having two different routes through central London. Despite its name, it does not serve the northern-most stations on the network, though it does serve the southern-most station, Morden, as well as 16 of the system's 29 stations south of the River Thames. There are 50 stations in total on the line, of which 36 have platforms below ground.
The line has a complicated history, and the current complex arrangement of two main northern branches, two central branches and the southern route reflects its genesis as three separate railways, combined in the 1920s and 1930s. An extension in the 1920s used a route originally planned by a fourth company. Abandoned plans from the 1920s to extend the line further southwards, and then northwards in the 1930s, would have incorporated parts of the routes of two further companies. From the 1930s to the 1970s, the tracks of a seventh company were also managed as a branch of the Northern line. An extension from Kennington to Battersea is currently under construction, which may either give the Northern line a second southern branch or may see it split into separate distinct lines with their own identities. It is coloured black on the current Tube map.

History
History

Early History
The City and South London Railway (C&SLR) was the first deep-level underground "tube" railway in the world, and the first major railway to use electric traction. The railway was originally intended for cable-hauled trains, but owing to the bankruptcy of the cable contractor during construction, a system of electric traction using electric locomotives—an experimental technology at the time—was chosen instead. Given the small dimension of the tunnels as well as the difficulty of providing sufficient ventilation, steam power, as used on London's other underground railways, was not feasible for a deep tube railway. Like Greathead's earlier Tower Subway, the CL&SS was intended to be operated by cable haulage with a static engine pulling the cable through the tunnels at a steady speed. Section 5 of the 1884 Act specified that:
The solution adopted was electrical power, provided via a third rail beneath the train, but offset to the west of centre for clearance reasons. Although the use of electricity to power trains had been experimented with during the previous decade, and small-scale operations had been implemented, the C&SLR was the first major railway in the world to adopt it as a means of motive power. The system operated using electric locomotives built by Mather & Platt collecting a voltage of 500 volts (actually +500 volts in the northbound tunnel and −500 volts in the southbound) from the third rail and pulling several carriages. A depot and generating station were constructed at Stockwell. Owing to the limited capacity of the generators, the stations were originally illuminated by gas. The depot was on the surface, and trains requiring maintenance were initially hauled up via a ramp although, following a runaway accident, a lift was soon installed
. In practice, most rolling stock and locomotives went to the surface only for major maintenance.
When opened in 1890, the line had six stations and ran for  in a pair of tunnels between the City of London and Stockwell, passing under the River Thames:
Stockwell
The Oval (now Oval)
Kennington
Elephant & Castle
Borough
King William Street
The original service was operated by trains composed of an engine and three carriages. Thirty-two passengers could be accommodated in each carriage, which had longitudinal bench seating and sliding doors at the ends, leading onto a platform for boarding and alighting. It was reasoned that there was nothing to look at in the tunnels, so the only windows were in a narrow band high up in the carriage sides. Gate-men rode on the carriage platforms to operate the lattice gates and announce the station names to the passengers. Because of their claustrophobic interiors, the carriages soon became known as padded cells. These trains were however, preserved in London Transport Museum as the first static exhibit to the metro train.
The diameter of the tunnels restricted the size of the trains, and the small carriages with their high-backed seating were nicknamed padded cells. The railway was extended several times north and south, eventually serving 22 stations over a distance of  from Camden Town in north London to Morden in Surrey.

Although the C&SLR was well used, low ticket prices and the construction cost of the extensions placed a strain on the company's finances. In 1913, the C&SLR became part of the Underground Group of railways and, in the 1920s, it underwent major reconstruction works before its merger with another of the Group's railways, the Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway, forming a single London Underground line called the Morden-Edgware line. In 1933, the C&SLR and the rest of the Underground Group was taken into public ownership. Today, its tunnels and stations form the Bank Branch of the Northern line from Camden Town to Kennington and the southern leg of the line from Kennington to Morden.
During the early 1920s, a series of works was carried out to connect the C&SLR and CCE&HR tunnels to enable an integrated service to be operated. The first of these new tunnels, between the C&SLR's Euston station and the CCE&HR's station at Camden Town, had originally been planned in 1912 but had been delayed by World War I. The second connection linked the CCE&HR's Embankment and C&SLR's Kennington stations and provided a new intermediate station at Waterloo to connect to the main line station there and the Bakerloo line. The smaller-diameter tunnels of the C&SLR were expanded to match the standard diameter of the CCE&HR and the other deep tube lines.

Extensions
In conjunction with the works to integrate the two lines, two major extensions were undertaken: northwards to Edgware in Middlesex (now in the London Borough of Barnet) and southwards to Morden in Surrey (then in the Merton and Morden Urban District, but now in the London Borough of Merton).
The engineering of the Morden extension of the C&SLR from Clapham Common to Morden was more demanding, running in tunnels to a point just north of Morden station, which was constructed in a cutting. The line then runs under the wide station forecourt and public road outside the station, to the depot. The extension was initially planned to continue to Sutton over part of the route for the unbuilt Wimbledon and Sutton Railway, in which the UERL held a stake, but agreements were made with the Southern Railway to end the extension at Morden. The Southern Railway later built the surface line from Wimbledon to Sutton, via South Merton and St. Helier. The tube extension opened in 1926, with seven new stations, all designed by Charles Holden in a modern style. Originally, Stanley Heaps was to design the stations, but after seeing these designs Frank Pick, Assistant Joint Manager of the UERL, decided Holden should take over the project
. With the exception of Morden and Clapham South, where more land was available, the new stations were built on confined corner sites at main road junctions in areas that had been already developed. Holden made good use of this limited space and designed impressive buildings. The street-level structures are of white Portland stone with tall double-height ticket halls, with the famous London Underground roundel made up in coloured glass panels in large glazed screens. The stone columns framing the glass screens are surmounted by a capital formed as a three-dimensional version of the roundel. The large expanses of glass above the entrances ensure that the ticket halls are bright and, lit from within at night, welcoming. The first and last new stations on the extension, Clapham South and Morden, include a parade of shops and were designed with structures capable of being built above (like many of the earlier central London stations)
. Clapham South was extended upwards soon after its construction with a block of apartments; Morden was extended upwards in the 1960s with a block of offices. All the stations on the extension, except Morden itself, are Grade II listed buildings.
The resulting line became known as the Morden–Edgware line, although a number of alternative names were also mooted in the fashion of the contraction of Baker Street & Waterloo Railway to "Bakerloo", such as "Edgmor", "Mordenware", "Medgway" and "Edgmorden". With Egyptology very much in fashion after the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun in 1922, there was also a proposal to call the line the Tootancamden Line as it passed through both Tooting and Camden. It was eventually named the Northern line from 28 August 1937, reflecting the planned addition of the Northern Heights lines.
After the UERL and the Metropolitan Railway (MR) were brought under public control in the form of the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) in 1933, the MR's subsidiary, the Great Northern & City Railway, which ran from Moorgate to Finsbury Park, became part of the Underground as the Northern City Line. In preparation for the Northern Heights Plan, it was operated as part of the Northern line, although it was never connected to it.

The Northern Heights
In June 1935, the LPTB announced the New Works Programme, an ambitious plan to expand the Underground network which included the integration of a complex of existing London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) lines north of Highgate through the Northern Heights. These lines, built in the 1860s and 1870s by the Edgware, Highgate and London Railway (EH&LR) and its successors, ran from Finsbury Park to Edgware via Highgate, with branches to Alexandra Palace and High Barnet. The line taken over would be extended beyond Edgware to Brockley Hill, Elstree South and Bushey Heath with a new depot at Aldenham. The extension's route was that planned for the unbuilt Watford and Edgware Railway (W&ER), using rights obtained from the earlier purchase of the W&ER (which had long intended an extension of the EH&LR Edgware route towards Watford)
. This also provided the potential for further extension in the future; Bushey's town planners reserved space in Bushey village for a future station and Bushey Heath station's design was revised several times to ensure this option would remain available in the future.
Work began in the late 1930s, and was in progress on all fronts by the outbreak of World War II. The tunnelling northwards from the original Highgate station (now Archway) had been completed, and the service to the rebuilt surface station at East Finchley started on 3 July 1939, but without the opening of the intermediate (new) Highgate Station, at the site of the LNER's station of the same name. Further progress was disrupted by the start of the war, though enough had been made to complete the electrification of the High Barnet branch onwards from East Finchley over which tube services started on 14 April 1940; the new (deep-level) Highgate station opened on 19 January 1941. The single track LNER line to Edgware was electrified as far as Mill Hill East, including the Dollis Brook Viaduct, opening as a tube service on 18 May 1941 to serve the barracks there, thus forming the Northern line as it is today. The new depot at Aldenham had already been built and was used to build Halifax bombers
. Work on the other elements of the plan was suspended late in 1939.
The implemented service from High Barnet branch gave good access both to the West End and the City. This appears to have undermined traffic on the Alexandra Palace branch, still run with steam haulage to Kings Cross via Finsbury Park, as Highgate (low-level) was but a short bus ride away and car traffic was much lighter than it would become later. Consequently, the line from Finsbury Park to Muswell Hill and Alexandra Palace via the surface platforms at Highgate was closed altogether to passenger traffic in 1954. This contrasts with the decision to electrify the Epping-Ongar branch of the Central line, another remnant of the New Works programme, run as a tube-train shuttle from 1957. A local pressure group, the Muswell Hill Metro Group, campaigns to reopen this route as a light-rail service
. So far there is no sign of movement on this issue: the route, now the Parkland Walk, is highly valued by walkers and cyclists, and suggestions in the 1990s that it could, in part, become a road were met with fierce opposition. Another pressure group has proposed using the track bed further north, as part of the North and West London Light Railway. The connection between Drayton Park and the surface platforms at Finsbury Park was opened in 1976, when the Northern City Line became part of British Rail.
Recent developments
In 1975, the Northern City Line, known by that time as the Highbury branch, was transferred from London Underground to British Rail; it is now served by Great Northern. In the past, before the introduction of the 1995 stock, the Northern line was sometimes nicknamed the "Misery Line" in the press because of its perceived unreliability.

In 2003, a train derailed at Camden Town. Although no one was hurt, points, signals and carriages were damaged, and the junctions there were not used while repairs were under way: trains coming from Edgware worked the Bank branch only, and trains from High Barnet and Mill Hill East worked the Charing Cross branch only. This situation was resolved when the junctions reopened, after much repair work and safety analysis and testing by contractor, on 7 March 2004.
On 7 July 2005 a defective train on the Northern line (causing its subsequent suspension) saved a Northern line train from being blown up as part of a terrorist attack on the London Underground and bus systems. Three trains on the Circle and Piccadilly lines were blown up. The Northern line bomber-to-be instead boarded a bus, which he later blew up.

On 13 October 2005 the Northern line service was suspended due to maintenance problems with the emergency braking system on the entire train fleet. A series of rail replacement buses was used to connect outlying stations with other Underground lines. Full service was restored on 18 October.
On 13 August 2010, a defective rail maintenance train caused disruption on the Charing Cross branch, after it travelled four miles in 13 minutes without a driver. The train was being towed to the depot after becoming faulty. At Archway station, the defective train became detached and ran driverless until coming to a stop at an incline near Warren Street station.  This caused morning rush-hour services to be suspended on this branch. All passenger trains were diverted via the Bank branch, with several not stopping at stations until they were safely on the Bank branch.
The Northern line was originally scheduled to switch to automatic train operation in 2012, using the same SelTrac S40 system as used since 2009 on the Jubilee line and for a number of years on the Docklands Light Railway. Originally the work was to follow on from the Jubilee line so as to benefit from the experience of installing it there, but that project was not completed until spring 2011. Work on the Northern line was contracted to be completed before the 2012 Olympics. It is now being undertaken in-house, and TfL predicted the upgrade would be complete by the end of 2014. The first section of the line (West Finchley to High Barnet) was transferred to the new signalling system on 26 February 2013 and the line became fully automated on 1 June 2014 with the Chalk Farm to Edgware via Golders Green section being the last part of the line to switch to ATO.

References

Notes
References

Notes 

London Underground lines
Transport in the London Borough of Barnet
Transport in the London Borough of Merton
Transport in the City of London
Transport in the City of Westminster
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the London Borough of Haringey
Transport in the London Borough of Islington
Transport in the London Borough of Lambeth
Transport in the London Borough of Southwark
Transport in the London Borough of Wandsworth
Tunnels underneath the River Thames
1890 establishments in the United Kingdom
1890s establishments in England
Circle Line can mean:

 The Circle line, in London
 The Linea 6 (Line 6) of Madrid Metro,which is a circular line in the centre of Madrid.
 The Circle MRT Line, in Singapore
 The Koltsevaya Line, in Moscow
 The Yamanote Line, in Tokyo
 The Osaka Loop Line, in Osaka
 Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises and Circle Line Downtown, sightseeing ferry companies in Manhattan, New York
 Line 2, Beijing Subway
 Shanghai Metro Line 4, in Shanghai
 Seoul Subway Line 2, in Seoul
 The Koltsevaya Line (Saint Petersburg) in Saint Petersburg (under construction)
 The Circle Line, a proposed rapid transit line in Chicago
 The Fife Circle Line, in Scotland
 Copenhagen Metro Line M3, is a future metro circle line, also called the City Circle Line
 The Ringbahn Berlin (Circle Line)
The Circle line, coloured yellow on the tube map, is the eighth busiest line on the London Underground. It forms a loop line around the centre of London on the north side of the River Thames. Platforms are 120 metres long in the south and 130 metres long on the part of the track shared with the Metropolitan line.

History

Origins
In 1863 the Metropolitan Railway opened in London between Paddington and Farringdon. It was the world's first underground railway. It connected the Great Western Railway's relatively remote terminus at Paddington with Euston and King's Cross stations and the City, London's financial heart. In the same year a  report recommended an 'inner circle' of railway lines between the London termini that had been built or were under construction. In the next year the Metropolitan District Railway (commonly known as the District Railway) was formed to build and operate a railway from South Kensington to Tower Hill. The Metropolitan western extension opened in 1868 from a new station at Paddington to South Kensington. By May 1870 the District railway had opened its line from West Brompton to Blackfriars via Gloucester Road and South Kensington, services being operated at first by the Metropolitan. In 1871 the District had built a terminus at Mansion House, and on 18 November 1876 the Met opened its terminus at Aldgate
. Due to conflict between the two companies it took an Act of Parliament before further work was done on the inner circle. In 1882 the Metropolitan extended its line from Aldgate to a temporary station at Tower Hill and the District completed its line to Whitechapel. On 6 October 1884 the temporary station was replaced with a joint station and the inner circle was complete. The Metropolitan provided the clockwise or 'outer rail' trains, the District the 'inner rail' or anti-clockwise.
Other circle routes
As well as the inner circle, other routes circumnavigated London, although these were not complete loops. From 1872 the L&NWR began an "outer circle" service from Broad Street to Mansion House via Willesden Junction and Earl's Court, diverting an earlier service that had run to Victoria; and the GWR began a "middle circle" service from Moorgate to Mansion House via Latimer Road and Earl's Court. Both of these routes were cut back to Earl's Court: the "middle circle" in 1900 and the "outer circle" in 1909. The GWR service survived as a shuttle service from the Hammersmith & City line to Addison Road, now Kensington (Olympia), until 1940.

The Midland Railway briefly ran a "super outer circle" from St Pancras to Earl's Court from 1878 to 1880. Today London Overground runs services between Clapham Junction, Willesden Junction and Dalston Junction and between Dalston Junction and Clapham Junction.

Electrification
Wooden carriages were originally hauled by steam locomotives leading to smoke-filled stations and carriages, unpopular with passengers. At the start of the 20th century the District and Metropolitan were seeing increased competition in central London from the new electric underground tube lines and trams, and conversion to electric traction was seen as the way forward. Experiments were carried out on the Earl's Court to High Street Kensington section, and a jointly-owned six-carriage train began passenger service in 1900. Following this an AC system was suggested, and this was accepted by both parties. However, the District was looking for a way to raise the finance needed and in 1901 found an investor, the American Charles Yerkes. He formed the Underground Electric Railways of London (UERL), and his experience in the United States led him to favour DC, with third-rail pick-up similar to that in use on the City & South London Railway and Central London Railway
. After arbitration by the Board of Trade the DC system was taken up, and the railways began electrifying the routes, using multiple-unit stock.
The District and Metropolitan Railways bought different designs of electric multiple unit. Both had open saloons; the Metropolitan trains with gated ends, the District B Stock with sliding doors in the middle of each car. When their introduction was attempted on 1 July 1905, a Metropolitan train overturned the third rail on the District Railway, requiring all Metropolitan trains to be modified before running again on the District lines. Full electric service started on 24 September, initially with 6-car trains, later reduced to 4-car. The Metropolitan trains were soon modified to enclose the gated end and eventually to add sliding doors in the middle. Trains were increased to 5 cars in 1918 and the Metropolitan introduced new stock in 1921, with three pairs of sliding double doors on trailer cars. In 1926 the Metropolitan took over all inner circle workings except for three trains on Sundays.

London Transport
London Transport

On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan and the District Railways were amalgamated with other Underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board. Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units were refurbished in 1934 at Acton Works to become eighteen 5-car trains of Circle Stock, at first painted red and cream, later painted red all over to reduce costs. These trains included first-class accommodation, but this was downgraded in 1940. From 1947 these were replaced by 5-car trains of O and P Stock, with doors remotely operated by the guard, released by the transfer of F Stock to the Uxbridge line. The 1933 London Underground Beck map shows a Metropolitan line north of  and  stations and a District line south of these points. On the 1947 map the Metropolitan and District lines were shown together in the same colour and two years later in 1949 the Circle line was shown separately on the map.
On 7 July 2005, at about 08:50, bombs exploded on two Circle line trains. One was travelling between Liverpool Street and Aldgate and the other was at Edgware Road. The bombs killed 15 people, including the two suicide bombers. Following the attacks, the whole of the Circle line was closed until 8 August.

A day before a ban on drinking alcohol on public transport in London came into force, a party was held on 31 May 2008, mainly on the Circle line. Thousands of people attended and 17 were arrested by police due to disorderly behaviour, eventually causing several stations to be closed.

Extension
Prior to 13 December 2009, Circle line trains travelled in both directions around a simple loop with 27 stations and  of track. In 2006 there were fourteen trains in service on the line with an interval between trains of  minutes during peak hours and 8 minutes off-peak; the minimum running time around the circle off-peak was  minutes, although timetabled stops at stations extended this.
In December 2009 the Circle line was extended to include the Hammersmith & City route from Edgware Road to Hammersmith. Rather than continuously running around the circle, trains now travel from Hammersmith to Edgware Road, generally going around the circle once before terminating at Edgware Road, and returning via the same route; occasionally, trains may also continue clockwise through Edgware Road to additional stations. The change was made to improve reliability and increase the service frequency on the Hammersmith branch.

The first S7 Stock train entered passenger service on the Hammersmith & City line on 6 July 2012, running a shuttle service between Hammersmith and Moorgate, and first ran on the Circle line on 2 September 2013. By June 2014 all services were provided by S7 Stock trains.

Notes

References
Notes

References

London Underground lines
Transport in the City of London
Transport in the City of Westminster
Transport in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the London Borough of Islington
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
1949 establishments in Europe
1940s establishments in England
The Hammersmith & City line is a line of the London Underground, colored salmon pink on the London Underground Map, running between Hammersmith in West London and Barking in East London.

Notes

References

London Underground lines
Transport in the London Borough of Camden
Transport in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham
Transport in the London Borough of Islington
Transport in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Transport in the City of Westminster
Transport in the City of London
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Transport in the London Borough of Newham
Transport in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
1990 establishments in England
The Metropolitan line is part of the London Underground. It is coloured in TfL's Corporate Magenta  on the Tube map and in other branding. It was the first underground railway (or subway) in the world, opening on 10 January 1863. Today, part of that section are no longer served by the Metropolitan line, but by the Hammersmith & City, District and Circle lines. The main line runs from Aldgate in the City of London to Amersham, with branch lines to Uxbridge, Watford and Chesham. The line once went as far as Verney junction. After it was bought by the London Passenger Transport Board, the line was first cut back to Aylesbury, then to Amersham

The line runs parallel to Chiltern Railways London to Aylesbury line from Finchley Road to Amersham. Chiltern railways continues to run services to Aylesbury.

History

Metropolitan Railway
The Metropolitan Railway (also known as the Met) was a passenger and goods railway that served London from 1863 to 1933, its main line heading north-west from the City to what were to become the Middlesex suburbs. Its first line connected the mainline railway termini at ,  and King's Cross to the City, built beneath the New Road using the cut-and-cover method between Paddington and King's Cross, and in tunnel and cuttings beside Farringdon Road from King's Cross to near Smithfield. It opened on 10 January 1863 with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, the world's first underground railway. In 1871, when plans were presented for an underground railway in Paris, it was called the Métropolitain in imitation. The modern word metro is a short form of the French word.
The railway was soon extended from both ends and northwards via a branch from Baker Street. It reached Hammersmith in 1864 and Richmond in 1877, and completed the Inner Circle in 1884, but the most important route became the line north into the Middlesex countryside, where it stimulated the development of new suburbs. Harrow was reached in 1880, and the line extended as far as  in Buckinghamshire, more than  from Baker Street. From the end of the 19th century, the railway shared tracks with the Great Central Railway route out of Marylebone station.
Electric traction was introduced in 1905 with electric multiple units operating between Uxbridge, Harrow-on-the-Hill and Baker Street. To remove steam and smoke from the tunnels in central London, the railway purchased electric locomotives, exchanged for steam locomotives at Harrow from 1908. In 1910, a seventeen-minute silent film recording was made showing large portions of the journey from Baker Street to Aylesbury and Uxbridge, seen from the cab of a train. The film survives and is publicly available.

Unlike other railways in the London area, the Met developed land for housing, thus benefitting from the increase in the value of its land caused by the building of the railway. After World War I it promoted its housing estates near the railway with the "Metro-land" brand.

To improve services, more powerful electric and steam locomotives were purchased in the 1920s. A short branch opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925. After World War I, the  Stanmore branch was built from Wembley Park.
London Transport 

On 1 July 1933 the Metropolitan was amalgamated with other Underground railways, tramway companies and bus operators to form the London Passenger Transport Board, and a period of rationalisation followed.
While the Metropolitan was run as an outer suburban route with steam-hauled trains and goods services, the LPTB wished to focus on electrified trains and suburban traffic. Goods services were passed to the London and North Eastern Railway, which also took over the role of providing steam locomotives for trains beyond the end of electrification at Rickmansworth. All services north-west of  were withdrawn by 1936 though services returned to  between 1943 and 1948.