Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Pinscreen animation is a technique used for making animated movies with a device called a pinscreen. This device is a screen lit by the two vertical sides and filled with a vast number of movable pins. The pins can be pushed back and forth, casting their shadows on the screen to create images. It makes unique visual effects, but because of the carefulness the technique requires and its time-consuming side, it has been and always remains very rarely used.

Origins

The pinscreen is a device invented in the early thirties by Alexandre Alexeïeff, a French engraver, illustrator, and filmmaker of Russian origin. Alexeïeff conceived this device to make animation movies showing the same kind of textural effects that its engravings.
Pinscreen device description
The device is a white screen with a multitude of little holes on all its surface. Each hole is filled with a pin that can slide back and forth and the screen is lit by the two vertical sides, allowing the pins to cast their shadow on the screen. If all the pins are pushed in the screen, they can't cast any shadow and the screen appears entirely white. Conversely, if all the pins are pushed out of the screen, it's total darkness. Depending on how far the pins point out of the front of the screen, their shadows are shorter or longer, allowing the artist to create images in different tones of gray.

Animation technique

Each of the frames created on the pinscreen is photographed before creating the next frame. When strung together, the frames create the illusion of movement.

Pinscreen movies and legacy
Alexeïeff and his partner Claire Parker completed, in 1933, the animated movie "Night on Bald Mountain", before making another movie in 1943, "En passant", for the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). Many years later, The NFB acquired a full-sized pinscreen and in 1972, Alexeïeff and Parker were invited back to the NFB and gave several workshops on pinscreen animation to a group of filmmakers. One of the most interested Quebecer filmmaker in pinscreen animation is probably Jacques Drouin. He made several animated movies using that technique : "Trois exercices sur l'écran d'épingles d'Alexeïef" in 1974, "Mindscape" in 1976, "Nightangel" in 1986 that was co-directed with Bretislav Pojar, "Ex-child" in 1994, "A Hunting Lesson" in 2001 and "Imprints" in 2004. It's with his movie "Mindscape" that Drouin expressed his own style with the pinscreen technique for the first time, a style different from Alexeïeff's
. On the technical plane, Drouin also innovated with "Nightangel", in which he colours the pinscreen images by filtering the light sources. Recently, animator and illustrator Michèle Lemieux has made "Le grand ailleurs et le petit ici" with the NFB's pinscreen.
References

Animation
Movie industry
When they reach adolescence, children leave their family houses to live in a ghotul. A ghotul is like a mixed-sex dormitory where adolescents practice sexual intercourse, sometimes with a single partner and sometimes with multiple partners. Pregnancy should be avoided and they are obligated to regularly change partners, in order to avoid affection. In the ghotul, the minors govern themselves and it is important to maintain social and traditional order in the group. If the rules are not respected, the children will be punished. They can be expelled from the ghotul and this can be almost as bad as death.
In the ghotul, there is no bond of affection because they want to avoid too much love before the marriage. The objective of all this organisation is to avoid divorce. For the Muria, it is considered important to govern sexuality in their community, because they believe that the sexuality is the biggest problem of humans and that society will not be able to achieve equilibrium if they don't figure prominently in sexuality.

References

Other websites

Ethnic groups in India
Chhattisgarh
Karen Lucille "Lucy" Hale (born June 14, 1989 in Memphis, Tennessee) is an American actress and singer. Her movies include Scream 4, Bionic Woman and Privileged. She also acted in the TV series Pretty Little Liars.

References

American movie actors
American television actors
singers from Memphis, Tennessee
Actors from Memphis, Tennessee
1989 births
Living people
Victoria Rowell (born May 10, 1960 inPortland, Maine) is an American actress and writer. She stars mostly on television programs. She played the character Drucilla in the CBS soap series The Young and the Restless. She also did other television programs.

References and notes

American television actors
Actors from Portland, Maine
Writers from Portland, Maine
1959 births
Living people
Ashley Victoria Benson (b. December 18, 1989 in Anaheim, California) is an American actress. She plays the character Abby Deveraux on the soap opera Days of Our Lives. She also played the character Hanna in the TV series Pretty Little Liars. She began her acting career with commercials. Benson is one of the stars in Spring Breakers.

References

American television actors
Actors from Anaheim, California
1989 births
Living people
Love's Labour's Won was probably the name of a play William Shakespeare wrote before 1603. One theory is that it was a sequel to another play, possibly Love's Labour's Lost. Another theory is that the play survived, but with a different name. Today, no copies of the play exist.

Plays by William Shakespeare
This article is about a medical condition. For an article about the movie with the same name, see Vertigo (movie). 

Vertigo means a person feels as if the world around them is spinning, or that they are spinning, or the spinning is in their head. Vertigo can be caused by different medical conditions; when it happens because of a migraine it is called migraine-associated vertigo. It may happen before a migraine headache starts or during the headache, but vertigo is most common during the period of time between headaches. Many people who have migraines have vertigo or dizziness as the main symptom instead of a headache. You can experience vertigo when you get dizzy.

There are different ways of vertigo associated with migraines, making a person feel; from feeling lightheaded or: 
Episodic true vertigo: 
Positional vertigo: which happens when a person holds their head in a certain positions.
Constant imbalance: 
Movement associated dysequilibrium: different types of movement may cause vertigo.

References
Thomas Jerome Hudner, Jr. (August 31, 1924 – November 13, 2017) was a retired officer of the United States Navy. He is also a former naval aviator. He rose to the rank of captain. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions trying to save the life of his wingman, Ensign Jesse L. Brown. It was during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir in the Korean War.

Biography
He was born in Fall River, Massachusetts. He was a student at Phillips Academy and the United States Naval Academy. At first he was not interested in aviation, but later he learned to fly and joined Fighter Squadron 32. He flew a F4U Corsair at the start of the Korean War. Arriving near Korea in October 1950, he flew support missions from the .
On 4 December 1950 Hudner and Brown were among a group of pilots on patrol near the Chosin Reservoir. Brown's Corsair was shot by Chinese troops and crashed. In an attempt to save Brown from his burning aircraft, Hudner intentionally crash-landed his own aircraft on a snowy mountain in freezing temperatures to help Brown. In spite of these efforts, Brown died of his injuries and Hudner was forced to leave, having also been injured in the landing.

Later, Hudner served aboard several U.S. Navy ships and with a number of aviation units, including a short time as Executive Officer of the  during the Vietnam War, before retiring in 1973. After retiring, he worked for veterans organizations in the United States. He lived in Concord, Massachusetts. The  guided missile destroyer  is named for him.

Hudner died at his home in Concord, Massachusetts on November 13, 2017 at the age of 93.
Medal of Honor citation
Hudner was one of 11 men awarded the Medal of Honor during the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. He was the first of seven U.S. Navy servicemen, and the only Naval aviator, to be awarded the Medal of Honor in the Korean War.

Related pages
 List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients
 List of living Medal of Honor recipients

References

Sources
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Online sources

Other websites

 
 Historic footage of Thomas Hudner receiving Medal of Honor from President Harry Truman.

1924 births
2017 deaths
American aviators
American military personnel of the Korean War
American military personnel of the Vietnam War
Military people from Massachusetts
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Malpiya Davey (born 1959), also known as Irpintiri Davey, is an Aboriginal Australian artist from Pukatja, South Australia. She is best known for her ceramic artworks, but she also does painting, printmaking and weaving. Davey works for Ernabella Arts, the community arts co-operative in Pukatja. Ernabella Arts opened a ceramic studio in 2003, and Malpiya has since become one of its most prolific artists. She specialises in ceramic sgraffito.

Malpiya is Pitjantjatjara. Her parent's country is to the west of Pukatja between Watarru and Iltur, close to the border with Western Australia. She decorates the ceramic with glazed or painted designs. Her designs depict various traditional bush foods from her family's country, such as  (desert raisins),  (quandong) and  (wild figs). These are the subject of many of her sgraffito pieces.
Malpiya's ceramic work has been shown in several major exhibitions around Australia, including at Flinders University, Cudgegong Gallery, Strathnairn Homestead Gallery, and the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory. It was also featured twice at the annual Desert Mob exhibition in Alice Springs, in 2003 and 2004. Examples are held in the permanent collections of the Grafton Regional Gallery in New South Wales, the Art Gallery of South Australia, and the National Gallery of Australia. The National Museum of Australia also contains examples of Malpiya's screen prints.

References

Other websites
Malpiya Davey at Prints and Printmaking

1959 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Artists from South Australia
Pitjantjatjara
Australian printmakers
Weavers
Ceramists
Malya Teamay is an Aboriginal Australian artist. He is also an administrator of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, serving as a member of its Board of Management. As an artist, Teamay works for Walkatjara Art Uluṟu. This art centre is part of the Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa Cultural Centre located inside the national park. Examples of Teamay's paintings are held in the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, and the Museum of Victoria.

Teamay was born in 1947, at Curtin Springs, a cattle station in the southwest of the Northern Territory. His family was Pitjantjatjara. He grew up at Uluṟu, Areyonga and Ernabella. He worked as a stockman for most of his early life. Teamay moved to Muṯitjulu after it was established in the mid-1980s. He began painting soon after, originally as a way of telling others about the history of his people. His first painting was about the problem of petrol sniffing. He has made several different versions of this painting since.
Like most other artists from this region, Teamay also paints the  associated with his country. These are stories about his spiritual ancestors from the Dreamtime and their journeys across the land. Teamay's paintings focus on the Seven Sisters, and the Liru and Kuniya Dreamings. His work Tjukurpa of Uluṟu is pictured on the admission tickets to the park. It depicts the spiritual law associated with Uluṟu. The other subjects he commonly paints are stories from the Australian gold rush, social problems faced by his community, and the effects of destructive habits on the environment.

Malya is a very active member of the Aboriginal community and has travelled widely around Australia to speak on Anangu issues. He has also served as the chairman of the Nyangatjatjara Aboriginal Corporation, which governs employment, educational and economic opportunities for Aboriginal people in the southwestern Northern Territory.

References
References

1947 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Artists from the Northern Territory
Pitjantjatjara
A dress code is a rule about what people should, must or mustn't wear. Many times these rules are obvious: they do not need to be written. For example, when walking around a city or going to work one needs to have appropriate clothes. These can change depending on different countries and cultures. At other times a dress code can be a written rule: this can happen for important events. Some private places might also have a dress code that people need to follow to be allowed in - for example churches and nightclubs. Many organizations require a uniform.

The way a person chooses their clothes can be very important in a social environment. Different types of clothes can give an idea of how much money a person has, what religion he follows, marital status, etc.
Western dress codes 
In the Western world, there are the following dress codes for important events. These can include, for example, State dinners (when important people of different countries meet over dinner), weddings or the Nobel Prize ceremony.
Casual attire is a relaxed dress for more freedom. Examples of casual garments and accessories include t-shirts, shorts, jeans, baseball caps, most sunglasses
Ceremonial dress or Court dress: this depends on the country and occasion
Formal or White tie. Men have a black suit, a white shirt and a white bow tie. Women have a long dress; they can't wear trousers.
Semi-formal or Black tie. It is similar to a white tie, but the suit is a bit different and the bow tie needs to be black.
Informal or Business attire. Men have a simple business suit with a shirt of any colour and a tie. Women can wear a short dress or even a business suit if they like.

Clothing
MI5, also called Security Service is one of three British intelligence agencies. It is the security agency responsible for counter-intelligence inside the United Kingdom. It gives the government information about hostile activities inside the UK. The slang term for MI5 inside the security services is "Box 500", after its old wartime postal address. Priorities are set by the Joint Intelligence Committee. All its employees are bound by the Official Secrets Act.

The Secret Intelligence Service (or MI6) is responsible for intelligence collection outside the UK, and the Government Communications Headquarters is responsible for providing signals intelligence.

The arm of the law which works for MI5 is known informally as Special Branch. They have been rearranged as part of the Metropolitan Police's Counter Terrorism Command. MI5 staff do not have the power of arrest: what they do is instruct Special Branch, who then do the leg-work and interrogation of suspects.
Gretchen Mol (born November 8, 1972 in Connecticut) is an American actress. She has been in many movies and in television programs. She starred in Rounders, Celebrity and Girl 6. Gretchen began her acting career during the mid 1990s.

Actors from Connecticut
American movie actors
1972 births
Living people
In mathematics, function composition is a way of making a new function from two other functions through a chain-like process.

More specifically, given a function f  from X to Y and a function g from Y to Z, then the function "g composed with f", written as g ∘ f, is a function from X to Z (notice how it is usually written in the opposite way to how people would expect it to be).

The value of f given the input x is written as f(x). The value of g ∘ f given the input x is written as (g ∘ f)(x), and is defined as g(f(x)).

As an example. let f be a function which doubles a number (multiplies it by 2), and let g be a function which subtracts 1 from a number. These two functions can be written as:

Here, g composed with f would be the function which doubles a number, and then subtracts 1 from it. That is:

On the other hand, f composed with g would be the function which subtracts 1 from a number, and then doubles it:
Composition of functions can also be generalized to binary relations, where it is sometimes represented using the same  symbol (as in ).

Properties

Function composition can be proven to be associative, which means that:

However, function composition is in general not commutative, which means that:

This can be also seen in the first example, where (g ∘ f)(2) = 2*2 - 1 = 3 and (f ∘ g)(2) = 2*(2-1) = 2.

Related pages 

 Chain rule

References

Mathematics
Double may mean:

 Multiplication by 2
 Body double, someone who substitutes for an actor
 Doppelgänger, someone who looks almost identical to someone else
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring is a 2001 fantasy epic movie directed by Peter Jackson, serving as the first part to the Lord of the Rings trilogy, which is based on J.R.R. Tolkien's book The Lord of the Rings. The film  is set in Tolkien's fantasy world of Middle-earth and tells the story of Frodo Baggins, who is a small humanlike creature known as a "hobbit". Frodo receives a powerful ring from his uncle Bilbo. The ring is sought after by its original creator, the evil Lord Sauron, who wants to use its power to conquer Middle-earth. Frodo and eight companions, who form a group known as the "Fellowship of the Ring", find themselves on a quest to the volcano Mount Doom in Sauron's territory Mordor, which is the only place where the ring can be destroyed. It was highly praised by critics and audiences, and, like its sequels, is now considered one of the best movies ever made. It got nominated for 14 Academy Awards.

Plot
Plot

The movie's prologue, narrated by the elf Lady Galadriel, explains that thousands of years ago, during the Second Age of Middle-earth, the rulers of elves, dwarves, and humans (known in Middle-earth as "Men") were given magical rings known as the "Rings of Power". But the evil Lord Sauron created the powerful One Ring in Mount Doom in his land of Mordor so he could rule all the other rings and conquer Middle-earth. An alliance of Elves and Men then defeated Sauron and his armies in Mordor, with Sauron being defeated by Isildur, a man of the kingdom Gondor. Isildur took the Ring and was corrupted by it, but the ring left him, allowing him to be killed by orcs. Thousands of years later, it was found by a hobbit, Smeagol, who kept it for centuries and became very attached to it; the ring slowly drew him mad, and turned him into the monster Gollum. However, the ring left him, too, and was found by the hobbit Bilbo Baggins, who was on an adventure when he found it.
Frodo begins his journey with his friend and gardener, Samwise Gamgee, better known as "Sam". Meanwhile, Gandalf meets with the wizard Saruman in his fortress Isengard, but discovers Saruman has allied with Sauron. Saruman battles with Gandalf and imprisons him. As Frodo and Sam continue their journey, they are joined by two other hobbits, Merry and Pippin. The four hobbits find themselves being chased by the Nazgûl, a group of evil Men under Sauron's control who are drawn to the ring. They arrive at Bree, but Gandalf never arrives because he was imprisoned. They meet a mysterious man named "Strider", who promises to guide them to the elf land of Rivendell. However, the Nazgûl ambush the hobbits at one point. Strider rescues them and fights them off, but not before the Witch-King, the Nazgûl leader, stabs Frodo with a Morgul blade, which will slowly turn him into one of the Nazgûl if he isn't healed
. Arwen, an elf and Strider's love interest, finds the group and helps Frodo to Rivendell, where the elves heal him. Gandalf escapes Isengard on a large eagle to Rivendell. Arwen's father, Lord Elrond, holds a council meeting of elves, men, dwarves, and Frodo and Gandalf. The council decides the Ring must be destroyed in Mount Doom. Frodo decides to take the Ring, accompanied by Gandalf, Sam, Merry, Pippin, elf Legolas, dwarf Gimli, Boromir of Gondor, and Strider, who is revealed to actually be Aragorn, who is meant to be the king of Gondor. The group is named the "Fellowship of the Ring". The night before the Fellowship leaves, Bilbo, who now lives in Rivendell, gives Frodo his sword, Sting, which glows blue when orcs are nearby, and a chainmail shirt made of a strong material known as "mithril".
Grieved, the Fellowship reaches Lothlórien, a place of elves. Galadriel, the queen of Lothlórien, tells Frodo that only he can complete the quest and one member of the Fellowship will try to take the Ring. Meanwhile, in Isengard, Saruman has created an army of Orc/Men hybrids known as "Uruk-hai" to find and kill the Fellowship. The Fellowship travels by river to the lawn Parth Galen, where Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo, as Galadriel predicted. Then, the Uruk-hai scouts, led by a Uruk-hai named "Lurtz", attack the Fellowship. Merry and Pippin distract them to protect Frodo, but are then surrounded; Boromir then comes to their rescue, but Lurtz shoots him multiple times with his bow. The Uruk-hai take Merry and Pippin as they flee. Aragorn then kills Lurtz and comforts Boromir as he dies.
Cast
 Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
 Ian McKellen as Gandalf the Grey
 Liv Tyler as Arwen
 Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn
 Sean Astin as Samwise Gamgee
 Billy Boyd as Pippin Took
 Dominic Monaghan as Merry Brandybuck
 Orlando Bloom as Legolas
 Craig Parker as Haldir
 Sean Bean as Boromir
 Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins
 Hugo Weaving as Elrond
 Marton Csokas as Celeborn
 Cate Blanchett as Lady Galadriel
 Andy Serkis as Gollum
 Christopher Lee as Saruman the White
 Lawrence Makoare as Lurtz
 Harry Sinclair as Isildur
 Bret McKenzie as Figwit
 Peter McKenzie as Elendil

References

2001 fantasy movies
New Zealand fantasy movies
2000s American fantasy movies
Movies directed by Peter Jackson
Movies that won the Best Makeup Academy Award
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
New Line Cinema movies
The Lord of the Rings (movie series)
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers is a 2002 fantasy epic movie directed by Peter Jackson, serving as the second part to the Lord of the Rings trilogy.

Cast
 Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
 Ian McKellen as Gandalf the White
 Liv Tyler as Arwen
 Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn
 Sean Astin as Samwise Gamgee
 Cate Blanchett as Lady Galadriel
 John Rhys-Davies as Gilmi/Treebeard
 Bernard Hill as Theoden
 Christopher Lee as Saruman the White
 Billy Boyd as Pippin Took
 Dominic Monaghan as Merry Brandybuck
 Orlando Bloom as Legolas
 Craig Parker as Haldir
 Hugo Weaving as Elrond
 Miranda Otto as Eowyn
 Karl Urban as Eomer
 Brad Dourif as Grima Wormtongue
 John Noble as Denethor (extended version only)
 Sean Bean as Boromir
 David Wenham as Faramir
 Andy Serkis as Gollum
 Bruce Hopkins as Gambling
 John Bach as Madril
 Alistair Browning as Damrod
 Jed Brophy as Sharku/Snaga

References
References

2002 fantasy movies
New Zealand fantasy movies
2000s American fantasy movies
Movies directed by Peter Jackson
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
New Line Cinema movies
The Lord of the Rings (movie series)
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King is a 2003 fantasy epic movie directed by Peter Jackson, serving as the end to the Lord of the Rings trilogy. It notably won all 11 Academy Awards it got nominated for, including Best Picture.
Cast
 Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
 Ian McKellen as Gandalf the White
 Liv Tyler as Arwen
 Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn
 Sean Astin as Samwise Gamgee
 Cate Blanchett as Lady Galadriel
 John Rhys-Davies as Gilmi/Treebeard
 Bernard Hill as Theoden
 Christopher Lee as Saruman the White (extended version only)
 Billy Boyd as Pippin Took
 Dominic Monaghan Merry Brandybuck
 Orlando Bloom as Legolas
 Hugo Weaving as Elrond
 Miranda Otto as Eowyn
 Karl Urban as Eomer
 Brad Dourif as Grima Wormtongue (extended version only)
 John Noble as Denethor
 Sean Bean as Boromir
 David Wenham as Faramir
 Craig Parker as Guritz
 Andy Serkis as Gollum
 Ian Holm as Bilbo Baggins
 Bruce Spence as Mount of Sauron (extended version only)
 Lawrence Makoare as Witch-king of Angmar/Gothmog
 Paul Norell as King of the Dead
 Marton Csokas as Celeborn
 Harry Sinclair as Isildur
 Ian Hughes as Irolas
 Bruce Hopkins as Gamling
 Bruce Phillips as Grimbold
 Bret McKenzie as Figwit
 Joel Tolbeck as Orc Lieutenant
 Sawdyn Brophy as Eldarion
References

2003 fantasy movies
New Zealand fantasy movies
2000s American fantasy movies
Best Picture Oscar
Movies directed by Peter Jackson
Movies that won the Best Makeup Academy Award
Movies that won the Best Original Song Academy Award
Movies that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award
New Line Cinema movies
The Lord of the Rings (movie series)
Deborah Jo Hunter (also known as Hunter Tylo; born July 3, 1962, in Fort Worth, Texas) is an American actress. She works mostly in television soap operas. Her first appearance was in All My Children in 1985. She was fired three years later. She played Taylor Hayes in The Bold and the Beautiful. She also acted in other television programs.

Other websites

Hunter Tylo Official Site
Hunter Tylo's Charity

Hunter Tylo on the Net 
Retinoblastoma International 

Actors from Texas
1962 births
Living people
is a rural district in Mittelfranken in the middle of Bavaria, Germany. Neighbor districts are: Roth, Ansbach, Eichstätt and Donau-Ries; Weißenburg i.Bay. is the capital of the district Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen.

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites

 Official website  (German)
Familial hemiplegic migraine is a rare type of migraine headache with aura. It is an inherited medical disorder that causes paralysis on one side of the body.

References

Migraine
The Aqdas (, ; , ) is the central holy book of the Baha'i Faith. It was written by Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Baha'i Faith and it deals with various topics including ethics, prophecies and devotion.

Bahá'í Faith
Religious texts
1873 books
Rene Kulitja (born 1958), also known as Wanuny Kulitja, is an Aboriginal Australian artist. She works with a range of media, including paint, glass and ceramics. Her most famous design is probably Yananyi Dreaming, which covers a Qantas Boeing 737.

Life
Rene was born in 1958, in Ernabella, South Australia. Her family are Pitjantjatjara people, and her Pitjantjatjara name is Wanuny. She grew up in northern South Australia, and then moved to Docker River after she got married. When Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park was handed back to traditional owners in 1985, the couple moved to Muṯitjulu to work in tourism. Rene became involved in arts and crafts at the women's centre shortly after. She was a founding director of Walkatjara Art.
During the mid-1990s, Kulitja worked with other women artists on the interior design of the park's cultural centre. She also took a course on glasswork techniques at the University of South Australia, along with three other women. After a successful exhibition of work made using these new skills, Kulitja and the other women got a commission from the Ayers Rock Resort at Yulara for a panel of glass decorated with traditional designs.

In 2000, Kulitja was one of over 300 Aboriginal women from Central Australia to perform at the Opening Ceremony of the Summer Olympic Games in Sydney.
In 2002, Kulitja worked with Balarinji Studio in Sydney to design the outside surface of Qantas Boeing 737. The design she painted was of Uluṟu. It was based on traditional designs and sacred Dreaming legends. The fleet was launched on 14 February 2002, with a special ceremony performed by singers and dancers from Muṯitjulu. The word (y) means "to go" or "to travel" in Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara. It was the third Qantas aircraft to be painted in an Aboriginal design. Kulitja did something similar again in 2010, when a semi-trailer truck was decorated with another of her designs as part of a national roadshow by Maṟuku Arts.
Kulitja has held an important position within her community for several years. She has been a member of both the Muṯitjulu Community Council and the Board of Management of Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. In 2006, she became the chairperson of Maṟuku Arts. In October 2007, she was elected for a two-year term as a director on the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara (NPY) Women's Council.

Rene's husband, Richard Kulitja, worked in the tourist industry for many years. In 2004, he accepted an international tourism award in Washington, D.C. on behalf of Aṉangu Tours. Several members of their family have been badly affected by petrol sniffing, which is a widespread problem amongst Aboriginal communities in central Australia. Their son was addicted to sniffing, and was reported to be getting help in 2006. Rene's two brothers also have permanent brain damage caused by their past addictions to the substance. Rene has spoken strongly about addressing the issue within the community.
Art
Kulitja works with a range of media, including paint, glass, ceramics and  (desert grass). She makes paintings, woven baskets, and glass and ceramic sculptures. An example of her glass work is shown in the National Gallery of Australia. It is a coolamon made of glass (rather than the traditional wood), and has been exhibited in several Australian galleries. She is also known for making traditional-style jewellery using modern techniques and media. Some of her jewellery work was featured on The Oprah Winfrey Show when Winfrey visited Uluṟu in December 2010.

Kulitja's work has been shown in many exhibitions across Australia. It has also been exhibited in Belgium and Japan.

References

1958 births
Living people
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Artists from South Australia
Artists from the Northern Territory
Pitjantjatjara
Ceramists
Pokémon X and Y are two role-playing games (RPGs) in the Pokémon series made by Game Freak for the Nintendo 3DS. 

The games were announced by Nintendo on January 8, 2013. They were released on October 12, 2013. X and Y are the first ever full 3D games in the main Pokémon series.
New starting Pokémon were revealed in the announcement video for the game. The starters for X and Y are the Grass-type Pokémon, Chespin, the Fire-type Pokémon, Fennekin, and the Water-type Pokémon, Froakie. The announcement video also showed two new legendary Pokémon, Yveltal,(Yah-val-tal) a bird-like Pokémon which has a shape kind of like the letter Y, and Xerneas, a deer-like Pokémon which has X-shapes in its eyes. Another Pokémon, Sylveon, is both a new Eevee evolution and an entirely new type called the Fairy-type, which is strong against Dragon-type Pokémon. Some older Pokémon, like Jigglypuff, Marill, and Gardevoir, have also been changed to be part Fairy-type. There is also a new gameplay element called Mega Evolution. Some Pokémon like Mewtwo, Blaziken, and Lucario are able to power up during a battle if they are holding a Mega Stone. Mega forms of Pokémon are stronger than their normal forms.

References

Other websites
Nintendo's announcement video for Pokémon X and Y
2013 video games
Nintendo 3DS games
X and Y
Uri () is a town and sub-district of the Baramulla District in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is located along the Jhelum River.

Towns in Jammu and Kashmir
Kepler is a space observatory launched by NASA to discover Earth-like planets orbiting other stars. The spacecraft, named in honor of the 17th-century German astronomer Johannes Kepler, was launched on 7 March 2009. It was active for  as of  , .
 
The Kepler mission is "specifically designed to survey a portion of our region of the Milky Way galaxy to discover dozens of Earth-size planets in or near the habitable zone and determine how many of the billions of stars in our galaxy have such planets". It works by the occultation method. A photometer continually monitors the brightness of over 145,000 main sequence stars in a fixed field of view. This data is transmitted to Earth, then analyzed. The aim is to find periodic dimming caused by extrasolar planets which cross in front of their host star. As of January 2013, there are a total of 2,740 candidates.
Kepler retires 
The Kepler space telescope has had to give up its planet-hunting mission because its pointing system has problems which the engineers cannot fix.

References 

NASA spacecraft
Dawn Elberta Wells (October 18, 1938 – December 30, 2020) was an American actor, producer and author. She worked mostly in television. She played Mary Ann Summers in the TV series Gilligan's Island during the 1960s. Before that, she was Miss Nevada in 1959 and competed in the Miss America Pageant in 1960.

Wells died on December 30, 2020 at the age of 82 in Los Angeles, due to problems caused by COVID-19.

References 

Actors from Nevada
1938 births
2020 deaths
People from Reno, Nevada
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
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The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the person in charge of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Parliament of Australia. The person in charge of the upper house is the President of the Senate.

The current speaker is Milton Dick. There have been three female speakers, Joan Child, Anna Burke and Bronwyn Bishop.

The office of speaker was created by section 35 of the Constitution of Australia. The role of speaker was copied from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

Unlike the Speaker of the House of Commons in the United Kingdom, the Speaker of the House of Representatives is allowed to be a member of a political party (normally the party that forms government provides the Speaker). The current Speaker, Milton Dick, is a member of the Labor Party, the party that currently forms government.

Election
Election

The speaker is elected by the House of Representatives in a secret ballot. The Clerk of the Australian House of Representatives holds the election. There must always be a speaker, and if the position becomes vacant, then an election must take place before the parliament can do anything else.

In Australia the speaker generally remains an active member of their party. They continue to attend party meetings, and at general elections they stand as party candidates. However, Sir Frederick Holder and Peter Slipper resigned from their parties and sat as independents.
The speaker can be opposed at a general election.  Three speakers, Groom in 1929, Nairn in 1943 and Aston in 1972 have been defeated at general elections. Because the speaker is always a member of the governing party, they have not continued as speaker following a change of government. The opposition sometimes selects one of its own members for speaker after a general election. This is a symbolic act, and the governing party always supports its own candidates.

Speakers do not have to resign from Parliament at the end of their term. Two speakers, Makin and Scholes, have become cabinet ministers after having been speaker.

Most speakers have been long serving party members. Four speakers have been former government ministers Watt, Groom, Cameron and Sinclair. Martin had been a former parliamentary secretary. Snedden had been both a former minister and Leader of the Opposition.  Holder and Watt were former state premiers.
Origin
The name "speaker" comes from early times in the House of Commons of England. "Mr Speaker" was the Member of Parliament chosen to speak for them to the king. The first recorded use of the term "speaker" was in 1377.

In earlier times when the king was very powerful, he would usually only call the parliament together in order to get it to agree to new taxes. The speaker would report parliament’s decisions to the king. This was dangerous if it was not what the king wanted to hear. It was not uncommon for early speakers to be beheaded, with another being "murdered".  This has led to the modern symbolic show of refusal by a member on being elected speaker. In early days a member’s struggle to avoid being forced into the chair could have been completely genuine. In Australia the tradition is continued by the act of the new speaker being escorted to the chair.
Role
The Speaker's main duty is to be the person in charge of the House. The Speaker is helped by two Deputy Speakers and a group of Acting Speakers. The second Deputy Speaker is elected from an opposition party. These often take charge during routine debates. The Speaker's role is to:
 keep order in the House
 uphold the Standing Orders (rules of procedure) 
 rule on points of order
 protect the rights of backbench members. 
 be in charge of Parliament House, with the President of the Senate.
Australian parliaments can be very noisy and often members behave badly. The Speaker has powers to control their behaviour as part of the Standing Orders. The Speaker can tell a Member to leave the House for one hour. For more serious offences, the Speaker may "name" a Member. The Speaker will say "I name the Honourable Member for X." In Parliament Members are always called by the name of their electorate. The House then votes on a motion to remove the Member for 24 hours. The House also had the power to permanently expel a Member. This happened once to Hugh Mahon in 1920. In 1987 a new law was passed and Members can no longer be expelled from the Parliament.

Impartiality
Australian speakers are supposed to be impartial; they are meant to be fair and not to take sides in arguments. They do not take part in debates and they do not usually vote, unless in a rare case the vote is tied. They do not speak out in public about party politics except as part of their own election campaign.
Although not an active political position, the speakers see it as part of their duty to get the government's legislation passed through the house. They usually agree with the government on points of order brought up by opposition members. If the members are unhappy with the speaker they can try to pass motions of dissent, or even of no confidence. These are nearly always defeated as members vote to support their party. 

There have been several famous clashes between speakers and the government.
In 1929 Speaker Sir Littleton Groom would not come come into the house and vote. His vote would have saved the Bruce government from defeat. He was expelled from the Nationalist Party and defeated in his constituency at the subsequent election.
In 1975 the Whitlam government refused to support Speaker Jim Cope when he named government minister Clyde Cameron. Normally the minister would have been suspended. The speaker resigned on the spot. This is the only occasion on which a government failed to support a speaker after a member had been named.
In 1982 Speaker Sir Billy Snedden refused to make Bob Hawke take back his claim that the Prime Minister, Malcolm Fraser, was a liar. Snedden stood his ground despite furious demands from government members that Hawke either be made to retract or be named.
Independent and non-government speakers
There have been speakers who were not members of the government. Former LNP member Peter Slipper became an independent when the Labor government offered him the job in 2011. Frederick Holder was elected for the Free Trade Party at the first federal election in 1901. He resigned from the party and was an independent speaker until his death in 1909.  After the 1940 election, the United Australia Party's Walter Nairn was speaker during the John Curtin's Labor government that was formed in 1941. Opposition MP Carty Salmon was the speaker for Andrew Fisher's Labor government  after the 1910 election. At the 1913 election, Labor's Charles McDonald was asked to remain as speaker by the incoming one-seat-majority Commonwealth Liberal Party. He refused but became speaker again after Labor won the 1914 election. McDonald stayed in the job even when the Nationalist Party took government.

Benefits
Benefits

A member who is elected speaker is given the title 'The Honourable'. With the approval of the sovereign, this title can be used for life. It is usually only given to those who have served as speaker for three years or more. Harry Jenkins, was the first speaker to ask that "The Hon." not be used for him.
The speaker, currently, no longer wears the full traditional dress. Billy Snedden (1976–1983) was the last speaker to do so. The Labor practice resumed from 1983 until the election of the Howard Government in 1996. The new speaker Bob Halverson chose to wear the court dress of the speaker upon his election in April 1996, but without the wig. Speaker Ian Sinclair chose to wear normal business clothes during his brief term in 1998. However speakers Andrew and Hawker brought back the wearing of the silk gown. Speaker Jenkins resumed Labor practice from 2007 until the election of Peter Slipper in late 2011. Speaker Slipper wore traditional dress with a white long tie or bow tie. He wore a wing collar with white bow tie and bands on the occasion of his first formal procession into parliament. Speaker Burke returned to the Labor practice of wearing normal business clothes.

List of speakers

References

Government of Australia
Michelle Forbes (born January 8, 1965 in Austin, Texas) is an American actress who has performed in many movies and television programs. She was in the series True Blood, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Guiding Light and Homicide: Life on the Street; she was also in Swimming with Sharks and Escape from L.A.. She also had other projects besides these.

Actors from Texas
1965 births
Living people
Huell Burnley Howser (October 18, 1945 – January 7, 2013) was an American actor, comedian, and television personality who is best known for the travel television show California's Gold.

Early life
Howser was born Huell Burnley Howser in Gallatin, Tennessee on October 18, 1945. He studied at University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee. He was raised in both Knoxville, Tennessee, and in Los Angeles, California.

Death
On January 7, 2013, at 1:11 AM, Howser died in Palm Springs, California of prostate cancer at the age of 67.

References

Other websites

 
 Huell Howser Productions
 Huell's Interactive L.A.  from the KCET website
 Huell Howser - California's Dreamer , from the KVIE website
 PBS host Huell Howser on life, death and an unscheduled visit with ‘The Simpsons’ 
 Lunch With Huell  Q&A with Huell Howser by Aaron Proctor in the Pasadena Weekly August 20, 2008.
1945 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Knoxville, Tennessee
Comedians from Tennessee
American movie actors
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William Everett "Bud" Luckey (July 28, 1934 – February 24, 2018) was an American animator, artist, cartoonist, composer, designer, musician, singer and voice actor. He was known for designing some of the Disney-Pixar characters such as in Toy Story, Monsters, Inc., Ratatouille, Toy Story 2, and in Toy Story 3. He won an Clio Award and an Annie Award in 2004.

Luckey was born on July 28, 1934 in Billings, Montana. He studied at Chouinard Art Institute and at University of Southern California. He had a son, Andy Luckey. Luckey died after stroke in Newtown, Connecticut on February 24, 2018.  He was 83 years old. Incredibles 2 was dedicated to his memory.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

1934 births
2018 deaths
Actors from Montana
American animators
American cartoonists
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David Richard Ellis (September 8, 1952 – January 7, 2013) was an American child actor, movie director, and stuntman. He is known for directing Snakes on a Plane, Final Destination, Cellular, and Shark Night.

Ellis was born on September 8, 1952 in Santa Monica, California. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Ellis was the brother of Annie Ellis. He had a son, Twany Ellis. Ellis died aged 60 in his hotel room on January 7, 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa. At the end of his life he was directing Kite.

References

Other websites

1952 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Santa Monica, California
American child actors
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Hailee Steinfeld (born December 11, 1996) is an American actress and singer. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress on the 2010 remake movie True Grit.

Biography
Hailee Steinfeld was born in Tarzana, Los Angeles. Her mother is Cheri (née Domasin), an interior designer. Her father is Peter Steinfeld, a personal fitness trainer. Her father is Jewish and her mother is of African American, English, Filipino, Irish, Scottish and German descent. Her maternal grandfather, Ricardo Domasin is a Filipino, from Bohol, Philippines. Her older brother, Griffin, is a stock car driver. Steinfeld calls him her best friend on some of her Tweets. She was raised in Agoura Hills and in Thousand Oaks, California. She attended Ascension Lutheran School, Conejo Elementary, and Colina Middle School. She has been home-schooled since 2008, because of bullying.
Hailee Steinfeld started acting when she was ten years old, appearing in various short films, like the role of Talia Alden in "She's a Fox." She also had several appearances in TV shows and commercials. At the age of thirteen, she was chosen to play Mattie Ross in the Coen brothers' western movie "True Grit," which was released in December 2010. Her performance was praised by critics, with Richard Corliss from Time magazine calling it one of the top 10 film performances of 2010. He noted that Steinfeld delivered her lines naturally, portrayed the character convincingly, and won the hearts of the audience. Roger Ebert, the Los Angeles Times, and Rolling Stone also gave positive reviews of her performance. This role earned Hailee Steinfeld an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress in 2011. Just five months after "True Grit" was released, she was chosen as the new face of the Italian designer brand Miu Miu.

Filmography

Movies

Television

Awards and nominations

References
References

1996 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
African American actors
Jewish American actors
Free as a Bird may mean:
 "Free as a Bird" (song), a song by The Beatles
 Free as a Bird (album), an album by Supertramp
Erin Gray (born January 7, 1950, Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American actress. She acts mostly in television programs. She played Kate Summers in the 1980s sitcom Silver Spoons. She also acted in a few movies.

American television actors
Actors from Honolulu
1950 births
Living people
Patrice Lumumba Malcolm Oneal (December 7, 1969 – November 29, 2011) was an American comedian, radio and television personality, and actor who is known for his type 2 diabetes health jokes and for his insult comedy.

O'Neal was born on December 7, 1969 in New York City, New York. He was raised in Boston, Massachusetts. O'Neal studied at West Roxbury High School and at Northeastern University. During his career he was influenced by George Carlin, Eddie Murphy, and by Richard Pryor. O'Neal had one child, Aymilyon. O'Neal died on November 29, 2011 from a diabetic stroke in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 41.

References

Other websites

"Official Site"
"Patrice O'Neal" . Comedy Central
March 26, 2009 interview 

"Patrice O'Neal on the Opie and Anthony radio show"
1969 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Deaths from diabetes
Comedians from Boston
American radio personalities
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American television actors
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African American comedians
African American actors
Actors from New York City
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Comedians from New York City
Plessis-Saint-Jean is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Accolay is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Deux Rivières.

References

Former communes in Yonne
Aigremont is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Communes in Yonne
Aillant-sur-Tholon is a former commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Montholon.

References

Former communes in Yonne