Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ragtime 
Ragtime and jazz came to Europe, and were great sensations. Both the music, and the many 'craze' dances contributed. After the war the big bands of Paul Whiteman took centre stage. He played 'arranger's jazz', meaning, the band played from charts rather than by ear. Whiteman's bands were hugely successful (there were several).

The craze dances 
"The decade between 1910 and 1920", said one writer, "was the period in which America went dance mad".p369 "From 1912 through 1914", said another, "over one hundred new dances found their way in and out of our fashionable ballrooms".p76
These are a few examples: The Shimmy, The Grind, The Turkey Trot, The Bunny Hug, The Texas Tommy, The Cakewalk... Almost all these dances originated in the black community in the United States, and some moved over into white society.p95
The English touch 
During the 1920s, English professional dancers and dance teachers set out to find ways of dancing to the new music. In their opinion, what was needed was separate dances for different tempos. So what happened was that the Foxtrot, which had started off as a mid-tempo dance influenced by ragtime, gradually split into two dances, a Slow foxtrot and a quick foxtrot. The difference in tempo allowed the dances to become, in time, different in style as well as music. The Quickstep (as it was soon called) was influenced by the Charleston, and the Slow foxtrot by ideas from the Boston. The syncopation which is still common in the quickstep is an example of ragtime influence on modern dancing.
The name 
Where did the name 'foxtrot' come from? It is often said that Foxtrot took its name from its inventor, the vaudeville actor Harry Fox; however the exact origins are not clear. The dance was premiered in 1914, quickly catching the eye of the talented husband and wife duo Vernon and Irene Castle, who lent the dance its signature grace and style.

W.C. Handy's Memphis Blues was said to be the inspiration for the Foxtrot. The Castles' music director would play the Memphis Blues during breaks from the fast paced Castle Walk and One-step. The Castles were intrigued by the rhythm. They introduced the 'Bunny Hug' in a magazine article. They went abroad and in mid-ocean sent a wireless to the magazine to change the Bunny Hug to the 'Foxtrot'.p226

Figures
For the International or English style foxtrot

Basic Figures
 Three Step
 Feather Step
 Natural Turn
 Reverse Turn
 Closed Impetus
Standard Figures
 Natural Weave
 Basic Weave
 Closed Telemark
 Open Telemark
 Hover Feather
 Hover Telemark
 Hover Cross
 Open Impetus
 Wave

References

Other websites 
Slow Foxtrot: Basic steps demonstrated by a top-class pair. The dancers are Marcus and Karen Hilton, nine times Professional World Ballroom Dance champions. 

Ballroom dances
The United Service Organizations Inc. (USO) offers recreational support for members of the U.S. military. The USO provides programs in 140 centers worldwide funded by private and public donations and support from the United States Department of Defense. It is not a government agency.

USO Tours

USO works to boost military morale. Since 1941, the USO became the soldier's "home away from home" and began a tradition of entertaining the troops with live performances called Camp Shows that continues today. These "tours" typically feature big name actors or actresses, comedians, pop musicians, and pin-up models.

Support and services

The USO serves both in time of war and during time of peace. During the 1990s, the USO provided services to 5 million active duty service members and their families, and more support after start of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars.

References

Other websites

 
 USO Clubs in World War II
 
 President Bush speech USO World Gala, 2008: Text and video, Oct. 1, 2008
United States Army
1941 establishments in the United States
Symphony No. 8 in E-flat major by Gustav Mahler (1860–1911) is one of the largest choral works in classical music.  It needs a huge orchestra to play it and a huge choir to sing.  Because so many performers are needed it is often called  "Symphony of a Thousand", but that is not a name that Mahler gave to it.

Mahler worked very hard at it, composing it in quite a short time at Maiernigg in southern Austria in the summer of 1906.  It was the last of Mahler's works that was to be given its first performance in his lifetime.  The symphony was given its first performance in Munich on 12 September 1910.

Symphonies are usually pieces of music played just by an orchestra, but Beethoven started a tradition of having singing in symphonies: his Ninth Symphony is the famous one with the Ode to Joy in the last movement.  Mahler took up this idea of combining singing with symphony.  His Symphonies Nos 2, 3, and 4 all have singing in them.  The next three are just for orchestra, but in No. 8 he uses singing again.
Symphony No. 8 is very unusual because he does not have the usual three or four movements with traditional forms such as sonata form.  The whole symphony is in two parts.  Part I is based on the Latin text of a ninth-century Christian hymn for Pentecost, Veni creator spiritus ("Come, Creator Spirit").  Part II is in German.  The words come from the closing scene of Goethe's Faust. 

The two parts have a common idea: the idea of being saved through the power of love. Musically Mahler does this by sharing tunes throughout the symphony.  The symphony expresses the confidence of the eternal human spirit.

For many years after Mahler’s death it was not often performed.  It is, of course, a very expensive symphony to perform because of the vast numbers of musicians needed.  It also needs to be performed in a very large concert hall.  Today it is played more often. The 100th anniversary of its first performance was celebrated in July 2010 in the opening concert of the BBC Proms is the Royal Albert Hall, London.
Opinions about the symphony have been divided.  Some people did not think the optimism expressed in the music was really convincing.  Other people have said it is one of the greatest musical expressions of humanity.

Mahler 8
Symphony No. 08 (Mahler)
Faust
Simon Boccanegra is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi.  It is divided into a  prologue and  three acts.  The libretto is by Francesco Maria Piave.  The story was based on a play Simón Bocanegra (1843) by Antonio García Gutiérrez.

Simon Boccanegra was first performed at Teatro La Fenice, Venice on 12 March 1857.  It was not very successful, and many years later Verdi made a lot of changes to it.  He was helped by the writer Arrigo Boito who made changes to the plot.  The new version was first performed at La Scala, Milan on 24 March 1881. This is the version that is normally performed today.

Roles

The story of the opera
The story is supposed to take place in the middle of the 14th century in Genoa.  Genoa (in Italian: Genova) is now a town in Italy, but in those days Italy was not yet one country, and Genoa, like Venice, was a small republic, ruled by a Doge (pronounced “Doadz” in English.  It is an Italian word meaning “duke”).  Until the time of this story the Doge had always been chosen from one of the rich patricians.  The ordinary, common people (the plebeians), could not be chosen to be the Doge.
At the beginning of the story Fiesco is the Doge of Genoa.  He has a daughter Maria.  Maria has fallen in love with Simon Boccanegra who is a plebeian, so he would not be important enough to be allowed to marry her, even though he has become a hero because he has fought lots of pirates.  Simon and Maria had a child, a young girl.  After she was born she was given to an old woman to look after, but one day the old woman died and the small child wandered off alone.  She was found wandering by the sea shore by Count Grimaldi who took her and looked after her as if she were his own child.

No one knows what has happened to the child.  Count Grimaldi does not know who she is.  He thinks she is an orphan.
Prologue
When the opera begins, Paolo, the leader of the Plebeian party, persuades Pietro to encourage the plebeians to vote for Simon Boccanegra as the new doge of Genoa. Boccanegra arrives and agrees that he would be doge if he were chosen.  Simon thinks this would make Fiesco allow him to marry Maria.  For the past three months Fiesco has locked his daughter in the palace because she had had a child with Simon.

Maria dies (we never see her in the opera).  Fiesco now laments the death of his daughter. Simon begs Fiesco to forgive him.  Fiesco does not tell him Maria has just died.  He promises to forgive him only if Simon lets him have his granddaughter. Simon explains he cannot because the child has disappeared.  He goes into Maria’s room and finds she is dead.  The people sing happily because Simon is the new Doge.

Act 1
Act 1

The story of Act I takes place 25 years later.  Simon is still the Doge.  He has sent many of his enemies into exile and taken away their property.  Count Grimaldi is one of the people who has been exiled.  In the Grimaldi castle, Fiesco is calling himself Andrea Grimaldi so that people do not know who he is.  He is plotting with Simon’s enemies to overthrow him.  He does not know that his granddaughter (Simon’s daughter) is the young lady called Amelia Grimaldi who is living in the castle.
At the beginning of Act I we see Amelia singing a beautiful song about the morning and the sea and the stars.  She has a lover, Gabriele Adorno.  When he arrives she warns him of the dangers of political plotting.  The news is brought that the Doge is coming. Amelia is worried that the Doge will make her marry Paolo, so she asks Gabriele to ask Andrea (who is actually Fiesco) immediately for permission for them to marry. Fiesco agrees.  He tells Gabriele that she was a poor orphan who had been found (he does not realize that it is his granddaughter).  Gabriele says that he does not care about that, so Fiesco blesses the marriage.
Simon enters. He tells her that Count Grimaldi is forgiven and can return home.  He asks her whether she would like to marry Paolo, but she refuses. She tells him that she is an orphan and she shows him a locket with a picture of her mother.  Simon realizes that Amelia is his long-lost daughter. They are very happy to have found one another. When Paolo enters, Simon tells him he cannot marry her.  Paolo is furious and decides to kidnap Amelia.
In the next scene we see Simon surrounded by the plebeian and patrician members of his Council.  They are discussing whether they should make peace with the republic of Venice.  Suddenly a crowd enters shouting for death to Simon.  They are chasing Gabriele.  Gabriele confesses that he killed Lorenzino for trying to kidnap Amelia.  As Lorenzino lay dying he had said that he had been told by an important person to kidnap her.   Adorno guesses that Simon must have ordered the kidnapping.  He is about to attack him when Amelia rushes in and stops the fight   Simon arrests Gabriele.  He realizes that Paolo must be the real kidnapper, and makes everybody (including Paolo) curse him.  Simon and his daughter are left alone on stage at the end of the act.
Act 2
Paolo is frightened.  He is furious with Simon and decides he must poison him.  Fiesco and Gabriele are brought in.  He tells Fiesco he can be free if he murders Simon.  Fiesco refuses.  Just as Fiesco and Gabriele are about to leave, Paolo asks Gabriele whether he knows Amelia is here in the palace having an affair with Simon.  Gabriele is furious.  When Amelia enters she denies the story.  She tells Gabriele she loves him and tries to persuade him to leave, but Simon is coming and Gabriele hides.

Amelia tells Simon that she would die for Gabriele.  Simon agrees to pardon him. He drinks from a poisoned glass of wine, which Paolo had put on the table, and falls asleep. Gabriele tries to kill him, but Amelia stops him. Simon wakes up.  He tells Gabriele that Amelia is his daughter. Gabriele begs Simon for forgiveness and promises he will fight for him.

Act 3
Act 3

This takes place in a great hall which looks out on the harbour.  Fiesco has been set free,  but Paolo is condemned to death for leading the uprising against the Doge. Paolo tells Fiesco that he has poisoned Simon. Fiesco goes to Simon, who is now dying (the poison is working slowly).  Simon recognizes his old enemy who he thought was dead.  He is happy to tell him that Amelia is his long-lost granddaughter. Fiesco feels terribly sad and tells Simon about the poison.  Gabriele and Amelia have just got married.  They find her father and grandfather are now friends. Simon asks for Gabriele to be the next Doge when he dies.  Fiesco goes to the window and announces to the crowd that Gabriele Adorno is now the new Doge and that Simon Boccanegra is dead.

References
Giuseppe Verdi – Simon Boccanegra. Dokumente – Materialien – Texte, Praesens Verlag, Vienna 2008. 
The New Kobbe's Opera Book, ed. The Earl of Harewood and Antony Peattie, 

Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
1850s operas
A fire hydrant, also known as a fire plug or johnny pump, is a tool used for fighting fires. They are usually found easily on streets, stuck to the road. The first fire hydrant recorded was in Philadelphia.

A fire hydrant is the primary method of firefighting in a municipal area. It is basically an outlet with a valve that provides water to the fire pumps or fire jeeps engaged in firefighting. Laws for keeping operational fire hydrants at specific intervals and with free access in buildings, factories, urban and developed areas are an important component of fire control and safety.

References 

Firefighting
Elizabeth Ruth Grable (18 December 1916 – 2 July 1973) was an American actress, pin-up girl, dancer, singer, and model who was born in St. Louis, Missouri.

Her swimsuit photo made her the number 1 pin-up girl during World War II. Her photo later appeared in LIFE magazine's "100 Photos that Changed the World".

She was awarded a star (a metal award plaque set in sidewalk cement) on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She died of lung cancer in Santa Monica, California at the age of 56.

Movies

She appeared in many movies:
(1929) Happy Days
 (1930) Let's Go Places
 (1930) New Movietone Follies of 1930
 (1930) Whoopee!
 (1931) Kiki
 (1931) Palmy Days
 (1932) The Greeks Had a Word for Them
 (1932) Probation
 (1932) The Age of Consent
 (1932) Hold 'Em Jail
 (1932) The Kid from Spain
 (1933) Cavalcade
 (1933) Child of Manhattan
 (1933) Melody Cruise
 (1933) What Price Innocence?
 (1933) The Sweetheart of Sigma Chi
 (1934) The Gay Divorcee
 (1934) Student Tour
 (1934) By Your Leave
 (1935) The Nitwits
 (1935) Old Man Rhythm
 (1936) Collegiate
 (1936) Follow the Fleet
 (1936) Don't Turn 'em Loose
 (1936) Pigskin Parade
 (1937) This Way Please
 (1937) Thrill of a Lifetime
 (1938) College Swing
 (1938) Give Me a Sailor
 (1938) Campus Confessions
 (1939) Man About Town
 (1939) Million Dollar Legs
 (1939) The Day the Bookies Wept
 (1940) Down Argentine Way
 (1940) Tin Pan Alley
 (1941) Moon over Miami
 (1941) A Yank in the RAF
 (1941) I Wake Up Screaming
 (1942) Song of the Islands
 (1942) Footlight Serenade
(1942) Springtime in the Rockies
 (1943) Coney Island
 (1943) Sweet Rosie O'Grady
 (1944) Four Jills in a Jeep
 (1944) Pin Up Girl
 (1945) Diamond Horseshoe
 (1945) The Dolly Sisters
 (1946) Do You Love Me
 (1947) The Shocking Miss Pilgrim
 (1947) Mother Wore Tights
 (1948) That Lady in Ermine
 (1948) When My Baby Smiles at Me
 (1949) The Beautiful Blonde from Bashful Bend
 (1950) Wabash Avenue
 (1950) My Blue Heaven
 (1951) Call Me Mister
 (1951) Meet Me After the Show
 (1953) The Farmer Takes a Wife
 (1953) How to Marry a Millionaire
 (1955) Three for the Show
 (1955) How to Be Very, Very Popular
References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Betty Grable: A Tribute 
 BettyGrable.net
 Vintage People 
 Betty Grable Photo Tribute
 Betty Grable Portraits
 St. Louis Walk of Fame 
 

1916 births
1973 deaths
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
American dancers
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from lung cancer
Singers from Missouri
A geyser is a hot spring which shoots out water and steam. They erupt when pressure has built up, often at regular intervals. There are about a thousand geysers around the world. About half are in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States.

Causes 
Geysers are made in special geological conditions. Only a few places on Earth have these conditions. Because of this, geysers are not very common. One place is the Yellowstone National Park, which is the remains of a gigantic volcano. Another is Iceland, which sits on top of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where new Earth's crust is formed.

Geysers are often near active volcanos. This is because the geyser is caused by magma. Surface water usually goes down to about . There, it mixes with hot rocks. The pressurized water begins to boil. When it is pressured enough, hot water and steam burst out of the geyser.

Form and function
Form and function 

Individual geysers do not last forever, but systems of geysers last as long as the geological situation continues. The oldest individual geysers are only a few thousand years old. Geysers are usually near volcanic areas. As the water boils, the pressure increases. This forces hot steam and water to the surface through the geyser. Geysers are usually made because of three things that are around volcanoes.

Great heat 
A geyser needs a lot of heat . This heat comes from magma. This magma needs to be near the surface of the earth. Geysers need much more heat than is usually found near the earth's surface. This is why they are often around volcanoes or volcanic areas.

Water
The water that bursts from a geyser must travel underground through deep, high-pressure cracks in the earth's crust.
A plumbing system
For the heated water to form a geyser, a plumbing system is needed. The water needs to be held while it is being heated. The plumbing system is made up of a system of fractures, fissures, spaces and sometimes cavities (holes).

Most importantly, the temperatures near the bottom of the geyser become high enough to start boiling the water. Steam bubbles come out of the top of the column. They burst through the geyser's vent. Some water flows or splashes out. This makes the weight of the column of water and the pressure on the water below less. When this pressure is released, the hot water turns into steam. It boils violently.

Solar system 
There are several bodies in the Solar System where jet-like eruptions, often called "geysers" and "cryogeysers", have been seen. Unlike geysers on Earth, these are eruptions of gas, together with dust or ice particles, but without liquid.
Water vapor streams have been seen near the south pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Nitrogen eruptions have been seen on Neptune's moon Triton. Carbon dioxide eruptions from the southern polar ice cap of Mars have also been seen.

Notes
References 
 Bryan, T. Scott (1995). The geysers of Yellowstone. Niwot, Colorado: University Press of Colorado. 
 Glennon, J.A., Pfaff, R.M. (2003). The extraordinary thermal activity of El Tatio Geyser Field, Antofagasta Region, Chile, Geyser Observation and Study Association (GOSA) Transactions, vol 8. pp. 31–78.
 Glennon, J.A. (2005). Carbon Dioxide-Driven, Cold Water Geysers , University of California, Santa Barbara. Originally posted February 12, 2004, last update 6 May 2005. Accessed 8 June 2007.
 Glennon, J.A. (2007). About Geysers ,  University of California, Santa Barbara. Originally posted January 1995, updated June 4, 2007. Accessed 8 June 2007.
 Glennon, J.A., Pfaff, R.M. (2005). The operation and geography of carbon-dioxide-driven, cold-water geysers, GOSA Transactions, vol. 9, pp. 184–192.
Kelly W.D., Wood C.L. (1993). Tidal interaction: A possible explanation for geysers and other fluid phenomena in the Neptune-Triton system, in Lunar and Planetary Inst., Twenty-Fourth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Part 2: 789-790.
 Rinehart, J.S. (1980) Geysers and Geothermal Energy. Springer-Verlag, 223 p.
 Schreier, Carl (2003). Yellowstone's geysers, hot springs and fumaroles (Field guide) (2nd ed.). Homestead Pub. 
 Soderblom L.A., Becker T.L., Kieffer S.W., Brown R.H., Hansen C.J., Johnson T.V. (1990). Triton's geyser-like plumes — Discovery and basic characterization. Science 250: 410-415.
 Allen, E.T. and Day, A.L. (1935) Hot Springs of the Yellowstone National Park, Publ. 466. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington, D.C., 525 p.
 Barth, T.F.W. (1950) Volcanic Geology: Hot Springs and Geysers of Iceland, Publ. 587. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Washington, D.C., 174 p.
Sir Charles Mackerras, (born 17 November 1925; died 14 July 2010) was an Australian conductor. He was very famous for his conducting of operas, especially the operas of Janáček and Mozart, and the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan.

Mackerras was born in Schenectady, New York, and was brought up in Sydney, Australia. He went to the New South Wales Conservatory to study oboe, piano and composing. He became an oboe player with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra during World War II, and was made the principal oboist in 1946. He conducted the orchestra at the opening of the Sydney Opera House in 1973. Five years later he was the first Australian conductor to be the orchestra's principal conductor.

Mackerras received many honours, including Companion of the Order of Australia, Order of the Companions of Honour, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1979).

He died from cancer in London, where he lived for many years.
Discography
Studio albums
 Gilbert & Sullivan: The Pirates of Penzance (1993)
 Mozart: Don Giovanni (1996)

References

1925 births
2010 deaths
People from Schenectady, New York
Australian conductors
Grammy Award winners
Oboists
Order of Australia
Gilbert and Sullivan
The Renault Mégane is a car produced by Renault in four generations since 1995.

First generation (1995–2003) 
The first Mégane arrived in late 1995 to replace the 19. It came in many bodystyles and engines, the model formed the basis for the Scénic, Europe's first compact MPV which arrived in late 1996. The range was facelifted in April 1999 and an estate/wagon version appeared but wasn't sold in the UK. Although a new Mégane arrived in late 2002, the original was sold into 2003 until all bodystyles were redesigned.

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.4 51 kW (69 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.4 16V 70 kW (95 hp)
 1.6 55 kW (75 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
 1.6 16V 79 kW (107 hp)
 1.8 16V 85 kW (115 hp)
 2.0 84 kW (114 hp)
 2.0 16V 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 IDE 103 kW (140 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.9 D 47 kW (64 hp)
 1.9 dT 66 kW (90 hp)
 1.9 dTi 59 kW (80 hp) and 72 kW (98 hp)
 1.9 dCi 75 kW (102 hp)
Second generation (2002–2010) 
The second Mégane arrived in late 2002 with the hatchback models, other versions appeared during 2003. The hatchback models became known for their distinctive rear end styling which resulted in Renault doing an advert for it based on that. It was facelifted in early 2006.

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.4 16V 60 kW (82 hp) and 72 kW (98 hp)
 1.6 16V 82 kW (112 hp)
 2.0 16V 99 kW (135 hp)
 2.0 16V Turbo 120 kW (163 hp)
 2.0 16V Turbo RS 165 kW (225 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.5 dCi 60 kW (82 hp), 63 kW (86 hp), 74 kW (100 hp) and 78 kW (106 hp)
 1.9 dCi 66 kW (90 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 85 kW (115 hp), 88 kW (120 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)
 2.0 dCi 110 kW (150 hp)
 2.0 dCi RS 127 kW (173 hp)

Third generation (2008–2016) 
The third Mégane arrived in late 2008 with the hatchback and coupé models. Other models arrived during 2009. It received a mild facelift in early 2012 then a more thorough one in late 2013. It entered its fourth generation in 2016.

Models

Engines
Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.6 16V 74 kW (100 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)
 1.4 TCe 96 kW (130 hp)
 2.0 16V 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 TCe 132 kW (180 hp)
 2.0 TCe Renault Sport 184 kW (250 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.5 dCi 66 kW (90 hp), 78 kW (106 hp) and 81 kW (110 hp)
 1.9 dCi 96 kW (130 hp)
 2.0 dCi 118 kW (160 hp)

Fourth generation (2016-present) 
The fourth Mégane arrived in late 2015 with the hatchback model. The estate and the revived saloon model arrived in 2016. The coupé and CC was discontinued. It was facelifted in 2020.

Models

Mégane E-Tech Electric (2022-present) 

The Mégane E-Tech was revealed in early 2022. It switched from a hatchback body style to a electric crossover SUV. 

Mégane
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
2020s automobiles
Ryan Atwood is a fictional character on the show The O.C. He is played by Benjamin Mckenzie. He is from Chino, California. He is with Marissa Cooper as his girlfriend. He also graduated from Berkely University.

Television characters

pl:Lista postaci serialu Życie na fali#Ryan Atwood
The Renault Laguna is a car produced by Renault in three generations from 1994 to 2015.

First generation (1994–2001) 

The first Laguna arrived in early 1994 to replace the 21, it came as a hatchback at first and then it was joined by an estate/wagon version in late 1995. It got a facelift in 1998.

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.6 16V 79 kW (107 hp)
 1.8 69 kW (94 hp)
 1.8 16V 88 kW (120 hp)
 2.0 84 kW (114 hp)
 2.0 16V 102 kW (139 hp)
 2.0 S 103 kW (140 hp)
 3.0 V6 123 kW (167 hp) and 140 kW (190 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.9 dTi 72 kW (98 hp)
 1.9 dCi 79 kW (107 hp)
 2.2 D 63 kW (86 hp)
 2.2 dT 83 kW (113 hp)

Second generation (2000–2007) 
The second Laguna arrived at the end of 2000 and again, hatchback and estate/wagon bodystyles were offered. In 2001, it became the first car to receive 5 stars in the Euro NCAP crash testing, making it one the safest models at the time. It received a facelift in March 2005.

Engines
Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.6 16V 79 kW (107 hp) and 82 kW (112 hp)
 1.8 16V 88 kW (120 hp)
 2.0 16V 99 kW (135 hp)
 2.0 IDE 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 16V Turbo 120 kW (163 hp), 125 kW (170 hp) and 151 kW (205 hp)
 3.0 V6 152 kW (207 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.9 dCi 68 kW (92 hp), 77 kW (105 hp), 79 kW (107 hp), 81 kW (110 hp), 88 kW (120 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)
 2.0 dCi 110 kW (150 hp) and 127 kW (173 hp)
 2.2 dCi 102 kW (139 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)

Third generation (2007–2015) 
The third Laguna went on sale in October 2007 and became available in hatchback, estate/wagon and coupe bodystyles. It received a mild facelift in late 2010. Then in 2015 it was replaced by a new model called the Talisman.

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.6 16V 81 kW (110 hp)
 2.0 16V 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 16V Turbo 125 kW (170 hp) and 150 kW (204 hp)
 3.5 V6 175 kW (238 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.5 dCi 81 kW (110 hp)
 2.0 dCi 96 kW (130 hp), 110 kW (150 hp), 127 kW (173 hp) and 131 kW (178 hp)
 3.0 V6 dCi 173 kW (235 hp)
Talisman (2015-2022) 
The Talisman was revealed in late 2015 as a successor to the Laguna. It switched from a liftback bodystyle to a convetional sedan. It was facelifted in 2020 and discontinued in 2022.

thumb|Laguna
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Tata Indica is a car produced by Tata Motors in two generations from 1998 to 2015. Between 2003 and 2005, it was sold in the UK as the Rover CityRover but the car was not a success there.

First generation (1998–2008)

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.2 49 kW (65 hp)
 1.4 52 kW (70 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.4 D 40 kW (44 hp)
 1.4 TD 46 kW (62 hp) and 51 kW (69 hp)
 1.4 Dicor 52 kW (70 hp)
 1.9 TD 52 kW (70 hp)

Second generation (2008–2015)

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.2 SaFire 48 kW (65 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.3 Quadrajet 16V 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.4 TD 16V 53 kW (72 hp)

1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Market capitalization (often market cap) is a measurement of the size of a business corporation. It is equal to the price of one share of stock, times the number of shares of stock in a public company. Owning stock in a company is owning a part of the company. Market capitalization shows the public opinion of a company's value. The total market capitalization of all publicly traded companies in the world was US$51.2 trillion in January 2007. In May 2008 it rose to US$57.5 trillion, but by September 2008 had dropped to a little more than US$40 trillion.

Valuation 
Market capitalization represents the public opinion of the value of a company's equity. A public corporation, including all of its assets, may be bought and sold as stock. These purchases and sales will define the price of the company's share price. Market capitalization is the share price times by the number of shares in issue. This provides a total value for the company's shares and the value the company.
Some companies have stock that is privately owned, and not publicly traded. Many Stock markets adjust the market cap on the value of the publicly traded part of the company. In this case, market capitalization is based on the publicly traded stocks.

Note that market capitalization is a market estimate of a company's value. It is based how the public believes the company will perform in the future. There are many things that can affect the stock price. These include economic conditions and mergers and acquisitions.

Categorization of companies by capitalization 
In the past, companies were separated into large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap. New categories 'micro-cap' and 'nano-cap' have been added. There are general guidelines to know what category a company is in. These guidelines are adjusted over time due to changes in the market and the economy. For example, $1 billion was a large market cap in 1950 but it is not very large now.
Different numbers are used by different stock markets. There is no official definition of the exact cutoffs. They also may be done by percentiles rather than fixed cutoffs.

Related measures 
Market cap reflects only the equity value of a company. A more comprehensive measure is enterprise value (EV), which includes debt and other factors.
Insurance firms use a value called the embedded value (EV).

References

Other websites 
 How to Value Assets - from the Washington State (U.S.) government web site

Business
Vernon and Irene Castle were a husband-and-wife team of ballroom dancers of the early 20th century. They were famous for developing and promoting dancing in the period of the First World War.

Vernon Castle (2 May 1887 – 15 February 1918) was born William Vernon Blyth in Norwich, Norfolk, England. Irene Castle (17 April 1893 – 25 January 1969) was born Irene Foote, the daughter of a prominent physician in New Rochelle, New York. 

Vernon chose 'Castle' as a stage name when he first performed as a comic, because his sister (also on the stage) already used the family name, Blyth. He had already taken the name before Irene met him in 1910.p33

Rise to fame
Vernon was initially trained to become a civil engineer. He moved to New York in 1906. There he became established as a comic actor and conjuror.
Irene studied dancing and performed in several amateur theatricals before meeting Vernon in 1910. The next year, over her father’s objections, the two were married. The English-born Vernon had already established himself as a dancer in comedic roles. His specialty was playing a gentleman drunk, who elegantly fell about the stage while trying to hide his condition. 

After their marriage, Irene joined Vernon in The Hen-Pecks (1911), a production in which he was a featured player. The two then travelled together to Paris to perform in a dance revue. The show closed quickly, but the couple were hired as a dance act by the Café de Paris. Performing the latest American dances, the Castles were soon the rage of Parisian society. They introduced American ragtime dances, such as the Turkey Trot and the Grizzly Bear.
When the Castles returned to the U.S. in 1912, their success was repeated on a far wider scale. Making their New York debut at a branch of the Cafe de Paris, the duo were soon in demand on stage, in vaudeville and in motion pictures. In 1914, the couple opened a dancing school in New York called Castle House, a nightclub called Castles by the Sea on the Boardwalk in Long Beach New York, and a restaurant, the Sans Souci.

Film and fashion
In addition to cabaret, the Castles also became staples of Broadway. The Castles' greatest success was on Broadway, in Irving Berlin's debut musical Watch Your Step (1914). In this extravaganza, the couple refined and popularized the Foxtrot, which vaudeville comedian Harry Fox may have invented. After its New York run, Watch Your Step toured through 1916.
The Castles appeared in a newsreel called Social and Theatrical Dancing in 1914 and wrote a bestselling instructional book, Modern Dancing, later the same year. The pair also starred in a feature film called The Whirl of Life (1915), which was well-received by critics and public alike. As the couple's celebrity increased in the mid-1910s, Irene Castle became a major fashion trendsetter, with her bobbed hair and shorter skirts. Her chic wardrobe was supplied almost exclusively by the couturière 'Lucile', (Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon) but Irene also designed some of her clothes herself.  

The slim, elegant Castles were trendsetters in many ways: they travelled with a black orchestra, had an openly lesbian manager, and were animal rights advocates long before it became a public issue.
The Castles endorsed Victor Records and Victrolas. They issued records by the Castle House Orchestra, led by James Reese Europe –– a pioneering figure in Black music. They also lent their names to advertising for other products, from cigars and cosmetics to shoes and hats. They were, in short, personalities of the modern kind, who had a gift for self-publicity. They were as famous as any film stars of the day.

World War I: Vernon's death
Vernon returned to the UK to become a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps during World War I. Flying over the Western Front he shot down two aircraft and was awarded the French Croix de Guerre in 1917. He was posted to Canada to train new pilots, and then promoted to Captain and posted to the US to train American pilots.
While flying at Benbrook Field, near Fort Worth, Texas, he took emergency action shortly after take off to avoid another aircraft. His plane stalled, and he was unable to recover control. Vernon was the only casualty. Fatally injured, he died soon after the crash, on . Irene paid tribute to Vernon in her memoir My Husband, 1919.

Life without Vernon
Irene starred solo in about a dozen silent movies between 1917 and 1924 and appeared in several stage productions before retiring from show business. She married three more times –– to Robert Treman, Frederic McLaughlin, and George Enzinger. 
 
In 1939, her life with Vernon was turned into a movie, The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle, produced by RKO and starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Irene served as a technical advisor on the movie, but clashed with Rogers, who refused to short bob or darken her hair. Irene also objected to white actor Walter Brennan playing their servant: "Walter was BLACK".
For the rest of her life, Irene was a staunch animal-rights activist, ultimately founding the Illinois animal shelter "Orphans of the Storm", which is still active. 

Irene died . Vernon and Irene Castle are interred together in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York. There is a large monument to Vernon Castle near the site of his crash in Benbrook, Texas.

Fashion gallery

Associated dances
Bunny hug
Castle Walk
Foxtrot
Grizzly Bear
Hesitation Waltz
Maxixe
Tango
Turkey Trot

Notes

Other websites

Irene Castle at the TCM Movie Database

Radio Nostalgia Network - "Radio Journeys" , Episode 17, including "The Life of Irene Castle"
United States Library of Congress; American Memory. Dance Instruction Manuals: Modern Dancing By Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Castle
Orphans of the Storm animal shelter founded by Irene Castle
People from Norwich
English dancers
English entertainers
People from New Rochelle, New York
Models from New York (state)
American dancers
American entertainers
Vaudeville performers
1887 births
1918 deaths
1893 births
1969 deaths
The Fiat Stilo is a car produced by Fiat from 2001 to 2007. The car was a modest sales success across Europe.

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.2 16V 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.4 16V 66 kW (90 hp) and 70 kW (95 hp)
 1.6 16V 76 kW (103 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 1.8 16V 98 kW (133 hp)
 2.4 20V 125 kW (170 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.9 JTD 59 kW (80 hp), and 85 kW (116 hp)
 1.9 Multijet 8V 74 kW (100 hp) and 88 kW (120 hp)
 1.9 Multijet 16V 103 kW (140 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)

Stilo
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Fiat Doblò is a car produced by Fiat in two generations since 2000.

First generation (2000–2009)

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.2 8V 48 kW (65 hp)
 1.2 16V 59 kW (80 hp)
 1.4 8V 57 kW (78 hp)
 1.6 16V 76 kW (103 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.3 Multijet 16V 51 kW (69 hp), 55 kW (75 hp) and 62 kW (84 hp)
 1.9 D 8V 46 kW (63 hp)
 1.9 JTD 8V 74 kW (101 hp)
 1.9 Multijet 8V 77 kW (105 hp) and 88 kW (120 hp)

BiPower engines 
 1.6 Natural Power 16V CNG 76 kW (103 hp)

Second generation (2009–present)

Models

Engines

Petrol engines 
 1.4 16V 70 kW (95 hp)
 1.4 T-Jet 88 kW (120 hp)

Diesel engines 
 1.3 Multijet 16V 66 kW (90 hp)
 1.6 Multijet 16V 66 kW (90 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
 2.0 Multijet 16V 99 kW (135 hp)

BiPower engines 
 1.4 Turbo Natural Power 16V CNG 88 kW (120 hp)

Doblò
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
A payment is the transfer of something from one party to another.  Giving money to a company is a payment, for example.  A payment is usually made for goods or services.

The oldest form of payment is barter.  Barter is a simple form of payment.  It is the transfer of one good or service for another. 

Today, payment is usually with money, cheque, debit, credit, bank transfer, or mobile payment.  In transfers between businesses, sometimes payments can be complicated, with stock and other things.

In law, the payer is the party that sends the payment and the payee is the party that gets the payment.

Money
Finance
Commerce
Pedro Jaime Abreu Martínez, known as Pedro Martínez (born October 25, 1971), is a Dominican pitcher who played for five Major League Baseball teams from 1992 to 2008—the Los Angeles Dodgers, Montreal Expos, Boston Red Sox, New York Mets, and Philadelphia Phillies. Martínez is one of 18 pitchers in MLB history with 3,000 career strikeouts, was named to eight All-Star Game rosters, won the Cy Young Award as the top pitcher in the National League once and the American League twice, and helped the Red Sox to a World Series victory in 2004, the team's first since 1918. Martínez was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015, the first year in which he could be elected.

He is also notable for having pushed aside New York Yankees bench coach Don Zimmer during a baseball brawl.

1971 births
Living people
Dominican Republic baseball players
Remy Zero was a alternative rock band. The band made the theme song for the television series Smallville. The band broke up in 2003.

References 

American rock bands
Post-grunge bands
Musical groups from Alabama
Entertainers from Birmingham, Alabama
Romeo might mean:

Romeo (Shakespeare), the main character of Romeo and Juliet, a play by William Shakespeare
Alfa Romeo, a car manufacturer.

Given name
Romeo Benetti, former Italian football player
Romeo Castelen, Dutch football player
Romeo Crennel, American football coach
Romeo Santos, American singer, lead singer of Aventura
Matthew Broderick (born March 21, 1962) is an American actor. He was born and raised in New York City. He is partly of Jewish descent (his mother was Jewish), and considers himself Jewish. He starred in many movies, including Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Godzilla and The Lion King. Broderick married Sarah Jessica Parker in 1997.

Filmography

Film

Television

Personal life

1987 car crash
In 1987, while driving a rented BMW 316 in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, Broderick crossed into the wrong lane and collided head-on with a Volvo. The driver, Anna Gallagher, 28, and her mother, Margaret Doherty, 63, were both killed instantly. He was vacationing with Jennifer Grey, whom he had begun dating in semi-secrecy during the filming of Ferris Bueller's Day Off; the crash publicly revealed their relationship. He suffered a fractured leg and ribs, a concussion, and a collapsed lung. Grey's injuries included severe whiplash, which later required surgery to avoid paralysis.
Broderick denied knowledge of the car crash. He was charged with causing death by dangerous driving and potentially faced five years in prison, yet received a lesser charge of careless driving.

Political beliefs

Broderick is a liberal.

References

Other websites

1962 births
Living people
Actors from Manhattan
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Jewish American actors
Tony Award winning actors
Everyone Says I Love You is a 1996 American movie directed by Woody Allen. It stars Allen, Alan Alda, Drew Barrymore, Tim Roth, Natalie Portman and Julia Roberts. It was released in December 1996.

References

1990s American musical movies
1996 comedy movies
American musical comedy movies
Movies directed by Woody Allen
English-language movies
Hurricane Allen was an extremely powerful hurricane in 1980. The storm smashed through the Caribbean, Mexico and South Texas in August 1980. Over 200 were killed and damages were $1 billion (1980 USD). The winds of this hurricane reached 190 miles an hour, tying Hurricane Camille for highest wind speeds in any Atlantic Tropical Cyclone. Allen was one of the most powerful Atlantic tropical storms in recorded history. The name Allen was later retired in Spring of 1981 and replaced with Andrew, which in turn was retired because of the destructive 1992 hurricane.

Hurricanes in Mexico
Deadly storms
Hurricanes in the United States
1980
1980s in Mexico
1980s in Texas
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Retired tropical cyclone names
1980s in weather
Housecleaning is what people do to remove mess, trash, and dirt from where they live and put things where they belong so the house looks neat.

Housecleaning makes it easier to see the floor and furniture without clutter in the way. It also leaves fewer places for spiders and insects to live and removes dust so that people in the house can breathe more easily. Housecleaning may be sweeping the floor with a broom, cleaning rugs with a vacuum cleaner, cleaning clothes and putting them away, and washing windows. Washing a sponge, squeezing out the water, and placing it on a dish rack to dry is also part of housecleaning.

Clutter 
Clutter is things that either should not be in the house at all or have been put in the wrong place.  A teacup in the middle of the floor is clutter.  A teacup on its shelf is not clutter.  Places people put things away on shelves, in drawers, and on hangers.
Health 
Cleaning the house removes germs, dust and other things that can harm health. Dust can make people sneeze, cough, and get watery eyes. Dust can give people rashes and trouble breathing. Dust can come from smoke, cotton, small bits of soap, pollen, mold spores, dried cat saliva, pieces of spider web, skin flakes, cloth fibers, insect fibers, or tiny bits of food.

Cleaning chemicals 
There are five main kinds of chemicals that people use for housecleaning:
 Surfactants help water get things wet faster. 
 Alkaline chemicals like soap and baking soda can make mud and grease easier to wash away.
 Acidic chemicals like vinegar and orange juice can make mustard, wine, tea, coffee, rust, dry soap suds, and limescale easier to wash away.
 Flammable solvents like turpentine can make paint easier to wash away.
 Disinfectants kill germs, fungus, and mold.
References 
 Bredenberg, Jeff, Managing Editor; Researchers, writers and others. 1998. Clean It Fast, Clean It Right: THE ULTIMATE GUIDE to Making Absolutely Everything You Own Sparkle & Shine. Emmaus, PA: Rodale, Inc     paperback www.rodalestore.com
Gove, P. B. and others. 1961. Housecleaning. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Company.

Other websites 
Bredenberg, Jeff. 1998. Clean It Fast, Clean It Right . . . Emmaus, PA: Rodale, Inc hardcover. 

Home
Tom Welling (born 26 April 1977) is an American actor. He is known for playing Clark Kent on Smallville from 2001 until 2011.

References

1977 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York (state)
Make Way for Ducklings is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Robert McCloskey. It was first printed in 1941. The book is about two mallard ducks who decide to raise their family on an island in the lagoon in Boston Public Garden, a park in the middle of Boston, Massachusetts.

Make Way for Ducklings won the 1942 Caldecott Medal for McCloskey's pictures, drawn in charcoal, then lithographed on zinc. In 2003, the book had sold more than two million copies. The book was so popular a statue of a mother duck and her eight ducklings were set up in the Public Garden. In 1991, Barbara Bush gave a copy of this statue to Raisa Gorbachev as part of the START Treaty, and the work is in Moscow's Novodevichy Park.

The book is the official children's book of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The book is still highly praised for over 60 years because of its pictures and pace. However, it was criticised for having a loose plot (story) and weak characters. The book is very popular around the world.
References 

1941 books
English-language picture books
Sequence dancing is a form of dance in which there is a preset pattern of movements, to music. The music is usually also preset. Sequence dancing may include dances of many different styles. The term may include ballroom dances, which move round the floor, as well as line, square and circle dances.

Sequence dancing in general is much older than modern ballroom dances. With the exception of the waltz, invented around 1800, all dances in ballrooms were sequence dances until the early 20th century. The quadrille was one example, the minuet another.

After modern ballroom dancing developed, in England, sequence dancing continued. It included so-called 'Old Time' dances and also adapted versions of the new ballroom dances, and then versions of Latin dances. Sequence dancing is a competitive sport as well as a social pastime.
The British Sequence Championships is the most famous annual sequence dance competition and is part of the Blackpool Sequence Dance Festival.  This is held in the Empress Ballroom, Winter Gardens, Blackpool, England, since 1949.

References 

Dance types
The Škoda Felicia was a car produced by Škoda Auto. It replaced the Favorit in 1994 with a facelift in 1998. Its successor, Škoda Fabia, was introduced in 1999, but the Felicia still continued until 2001 in estate form until it was replaced by the Fabia version.

Versions

Engines 
 1.3 40 kW (54 hp) and 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.6 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.9 D 47 kW (64 hp)

Felicia
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
Minos was the mythical first king of Crete,  son of Zeus and Europa.  The following stories are mythological, and have no real historical basis.

Every nine years, he made King Aegeus pick seven young boys and seven young girls to be sent to Daedalus' creation, the labyrinth, to be eaten by the Minotaur. After his death, Minos became a judge of the dead in the underworld. 

He once had a wife named Pasophae. Minos upset the Greek gods by cheating them in a sacrifice. He told Poseidon that he would sacrifice a beautiful bull that Poseidon gave him after he used it. Instead, he switched it with another bull. They punished him by having Pasophae fall in love with a bull.

Pasophae asked Daedalus to help her, so Daedalus made a mechanical cow for her, and she got into it. The bull mated with the wooden cow and Pasophae had a child. It was the Minotaur, half human, half bull.
King Minos took the Minotaur and put it in a labrynth, or maze, built by Daedalus.  When he was in possession of all of Crete he ordered that fourteen young people come to him to be sacrificed to the Minotaur.  Theseus volunteered to be one of them, and went there with daughter, Ariadne. He killed the Minotaur in the labyrinth.

The Minoan civilization was later named after him by Arthur Evans. Evans was the archaeologist who discovered and excavated the palace of Knossos in Crete.

References 

 http://www.makrigialos.com/default.php?param=minos
 http://www.maicar.com/GML/Minos2.html
 http://www.in2greece.com/english/historymyth/mythology/names/minos.htm

People in Greek mythology