Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Villefranche-de-Rouergue () is a commune in southern France in the Aveyron department, in the region of Occitanie. It is the sous-prefecture (capital) of the arrondissement of the same name in the Aveyron department.

History
In 1252, Alphonse de Poitiers, Count of Toulouse, sent Jean d'Arcis, Seneschal of Rouergue, to build a city along the Aveyron as a new capital for Rouergue (an old French province): Villefranche-de-Rouergue. From 1369 to the French Revolution, Villefranche-de-Rouergue was the capital of Rouergue.

Geography
Villefranche-de-Rouergue is in the valley of the Aveyron river along the line that separates the Causses (limestone plateaus) from the Ségala geographical region.

There are mines of copper, lead, tin, iron and silver.

The Alzou river joins in the city, as a right tributary, the Aveyron river.

Villefranche-de-Rouergue has an area of , and its average altitude in the city is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .
Villefranche-de-Rouergue is surrounded by the communes Saint-Rémy, Maleville, La Bastide-l'Évêque, Morlhon-le-Haut, Sanvensa, La Rouquette, Savignac and Toulonjac.

Climate
The climate of Villefranche-de-Rouergue, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Villefranche-de-Rouergue are known, in French, as Villefranchois (women: Villefranchoises).

With a population of 11,822, Villefranche-de-Rouergue has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Villefranche-de-Rouergue

Villefranche-de-Rouergue forms with Toulonjac the urban area of Villefranche-de-Rouergue with a population of 12,644 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Villefranche-de-Rouergue, formed by 16 communes with a population of 20,180 inhabitants and an area of .
Administration 
Villefranche-de-Rouergue is a subprefecture of the Aveyron department, the capital of the arrondissement of Villefranche-de-Rouergue and the administrative centre () of the canton of Villefranche-de-Rouergue, with 13,282 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Villefranchois ().

Sister cities 
Villefranche-de-Rouergue is twinned with:
  Bihać, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  Pula, Croatia
  Sarzana, Italy

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Aveyron department
 Communes of the Aveyron department

Other websites

Mairie de Villefranche-de-Rouergue - Official website  
 Office de Tourisme de Villefranche-de-Rouergue 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Aveyron
A façade () is usually one side of the outside of a building. It is very often the front, but also sometimes the sides and rear.  The word comes from French word  (), literally meaning "frontage" or "face".

Architectural elements
La Bastide-de-Bousignac  is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Communes in Ariège
Fourcès is a commune in southwestern France. It is more precisely in Gascony, in the Gers department, in the region  Midi-Pyrénées.

Demography 

This graph indicates the population of Fourcès over time (source: INSEE).

In 2005 there were 295 inhabitants (2005).

Character, monuments and history of the canton 
Fourcès is a typical medieval bastide, a little village where the houses are built in a circle to allow a proper defence.

Because of its landscapes and its  vineyards the Gers is now and then called by some the "Tuscany of France". The summers are long and warm; the winters are soft and short.

In the neighbourhood are numerous old castles, little medieval walled villages, small cities built around castles and "sacred" places, because the Via Podiensis and the Way of St. James of Compostela are going through the Montréal and left their traces.

Communes in Gers
This is a list of the communes in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne in France, in order by letter:

Tarn-et-Garonne
Gimont  is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

Communes in Gers
Montastruc-la-Conseillère is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department of southwestern France.

Communes in Haute-Garonne
Angeville is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region of southern France.

Communes in Tarn-et-Garonne
Asques is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region of southern France.

Communes in Tarn-et-Garonne
Auty is a commune of the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Midi-Pyrénées region. It can be found in the southern part of France.

Communes in Tarn-et-Garonne
Beaupuy can be any of the following communes in France:

 Beaupuy, Haute-Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne department
 Beaupuy, Gers, in the Gers department
 Beaupuy, Lot-et-Garonne, in the Lot-et-Garonne department
 Beaupuy, Tarn-et-Garonne, in the Tarn-et-Garonne department
Beaupuy is a commune of the Gers department. It can be found in the southwestern part of France.

Related pages
 Communes of the Gers department

Communes in Gers
The following is a list of communes in the Gers department of France, in order by letter:

Gers
Beaupuy is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department. It is in southwest France.

Communes in Haute-Garonne
The following is a list of communes of the Haute-Garonne department of France, in order by letter:

Haute-Garonne
Beaupuy is a commune of the Tarn-et-Garonne département in the Midi-Pyrénées région. It is found in the southern part of France.

Communes in Tarn-et-Garonne
The following is a list of communes of the Aveyron department in France, in order by letter:

Aveyron
The following is a list of communes of the Ariège department in France, in order by letter:

Ariege
A Daguerreotype is a method of creating photographs that is no longer in general use. A man called Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre invented the daguerreotype process in France in 1839. 

The new type of photography became very popular very quickly as it was capable of capturing a "truthful likeness." By 1850, there were over seventy daguerreotype studios in New York alone.

However the popularity of the daguerreotype was short lived as other cheaper processes were invented. By the late 1850s faster and less expensive processes such as the ambrotype, became available. A drawback of the Daguerreotype was that there was no negative from which to produce lots of images. Each picture was therefore unique, the only way to get a copy was to rephotograph the image.

Photographic film formats
Grenade, also called Grenade-sur-Garonne, is a commune of the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Monuments 

Communes in Haute-Garonne
Cordes-sur-Ciel () is a commune of the Tarn département, in France.

The fortified town (bastide) was built in 1222 by the Count of Toulouse. It is now a popular tourist spot. Until recently the town's name was Cordes, a word thought to come from the Indo-European root "corte" meaning "rocky heights."

Other websites

Communes in Tarn
The pygmy possums are species of small possums that together form the marsupial family Burramyidae. They weigh 6 to 8 grams.

There are five living species of pygmy possum, in two genera. Four of the species are endemic to Australia, with one species also occurring in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.

After the 2020 fires, pygmy possums survived on Kangaroo Island, Australia. Saving the species may depend on eliminating feral cats from the island.

References 

Diprotodonts
Mario Tennis is a video game released for the Nintendo 64 in 2000. It was developed by Camelot Software Planning and published by Nintendo.

Nintendo 64 games
Pavie  is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

Communes in Gers
Fleurance is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

Communes in Gers
Dowry started as gifts that were handed out to the bride at the time of marriage to make her stay at in-laws place more comfortable. It has hence taken an ugly turn, many parts of India still have a high incidence of dowry demands. Dowries have been illegal in India since 1961, but  90% of Indian marriages still have them.  Many people still continue dowry system for their own uses . Some states with a very poor reputation with regards to dowry are - Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu. This is a sad reality in Indian marriages and has gone unchecked.   35,493 brides were killed in India between 2017 and 2022 for bringing in insufficient dowry.

References

Marriage
Indian culture
A badge is a device, patch, or accoutrement which is given and/or can be displayed to indicate some feat of service. It can be for a special accomplishment, a symbol of authority granted by taking an oath (e.g., police and fire). It may also be a sign of legitimate employment or student status, or as a simple means of identification. They are also used in advertising and publicity.

Symbols
Philip IV (French: Philippe IV; 23 June 1268 — 29 November 1314) nicknamed the Fair (French: le Bel), the Handsome (French: le Beau), and the Iron King (French: le Roi Fer) was the King of France from 1285 until his death in 1314. As a result of his marriage to Queen Joan I of Navarre, he was also the King of Navarre and Count of Champagne (as Philip I) from their marriage in 1284 until Joan's death in 1305. He was the second son of King Philip III of France and Isabella of France. As the second son, he was never expected to become king. However, his older brother Louis died in 1276 when Philip was eight years old. Therefore, Philip became the Dauphin. In 1285, his father died and Philip became king.
Philip, seeking to reduce the wealth and power of the nobility and clergy, relied instead on skillful civil servants, such as Guillaume de Nogaret and Enguerrand de Marigny, to govern the kingdom. The king, who sought an uncontested monarchy, compelled his upstart vassals by wars and restricted their feudal privileges, paving the way for the transformation of France from a feudal country to a centralized early modern state. Internationally, Philip’s ambitions made him highly influential in European affairs, and for much of his reign he sought to place his relatives on foreign thrones. Princes from his house ruled in Hungary, and he tried and failed to make another relative the Holy Roman Emperor.
Domestically, his reign was marked by struggles with the Jews and the Knights Templar. In heavy debt to both groups, Philip saw them as a "state within the state" and a recurring threat to royal power. In 1306 Philip expelled the Jews from France, followed by the total destruction of the Knights Templar the next year in 1307. To further strengthen the monarchy, Philip tried to tax and take control of the French clergy, leading to a violent dispute with Pope Boniface VIII. The ensuing conflict saw the pope's residence at Anagni attacked in September 1303 by French forces with the support of the Colonna family. Boniface was captured and held hostage for a number of days. This eventually resulted in the transfer of the papal court to the  enclave of Avignon in 1309.
His final year saw a scandal amongst the royal family, known as the Tour de Nesle affair, in which Philip's three daughters-in-law were accused of adultery. His three sons were successively kings of France: Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV. Their rapid successive deaths without surviving sons of their own would compromise the future of the French royal house, which had until then seemed secure, precipitating a succession crisis that would eventually lead to the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453).

Philip was a successful king. His long struggle with the Roman papacy ended with the transfer of the Curia to Avignon, France, beginning the Avignon Papacy (1309–77). He also secured French royal power by wars on barons and neighbours and by restriction of feudal usages.
He was, by all accounts, an impressive ruler. Some Italian writers detested him and his line, but most contemporaries acknowledged his piety and good intentions, although many of them disapproved of his wars, his taxes, and his influential advisers. He left behind a stable and a powerful country.

1268 births
1314 deaths
Kings and Queens of France
People from Fontainebleau
Domme () is a commune in the Dordogne department in Aquitaine in southwestern France.

The town is an example of the medieval fortified town known as a bastide. It was founded by Philip the Bold in 1281. Graffiti by Knights Templar imprisoned here following the dissolution of the order in 1307 may be observed on the tower gates.

Other websites

Communes in Dordogne
Charles Higounet (13 January 1911 – 8 April 1988) was a French historian and medievalist. He specialised in bastides and the Middle Ages in the southwest of France. 

1911 births
1988 deaths
French historians
People from Toulouse
Domme can be any of the following:

 Domme, Dordogne
 A Dominatrix or female dominant.
The Love Dare is a non-fiction marriage-related book written by Alex and Stephen Kendrick. It is a 40-day Christian project that was created to make marriages stronger. Each day has scripture, a statement of principle, the day’s "dare," and a space to write notes. It is used in the storyline for the 2008 movie, Fireproof.

It has sold over one million copies, and has been on the New York Times Best Seller list, and 43rd on the USA Today best-seller list.

References

Other websites 
 The Love Dare Book – official book website

2008 books
Christian literature‎
American literature
The 1997 Atlantic hurricane season was an Atlantic hurricane season. It began on June 1, 1997 and ended on November 30, 1997. However, Subtropical Storm One formed on May 31, a day before June 1. The 1997 Atlantic hurricane season had only seven named storms.

1997 was also not very damaging or deadly, with only 11 deaths and $110 million in damage. Hurricane Danny was the only hurricane of 1997 that had caused any major affects to land.

Storms

Unnumbered Subtropical Storm

A subtropical storm formed from a low pressure area on June 1. It was not known at the time that it was a subtropical storm. The subtropical storm died on June 2.

Tropical Storm Ana

Ana started on June 30 as a tropical depression off the coast of South Carolina. It became a tropical storm the next day. By July 3, Tropical Storm Ana weakened back to a depression and it died on July 4.

Hurricane Bill
Hurricane Bill

Bill was a short lived hurricane that started on July 11. It quickly became a tropical storm on that same day. On July 12 it had become a hurricane, and Hurricane Bill died on July 13.

Tropical Storm Claudette

Claudette started on July 13, while it was a few hundred miles to the south-southeast of North Carolina. It stayed weak and for a few hours it weakened to a tropical depression, but it again got strong and became a tropical storm. Tropical Storm Claudette died on July 16. The remains were last seen on July 23 near the Azores.

Hurricane Danny
Hurricane Danny

Danny started in the northern Gulf of Mexico on July 16, as a tropical depression. It got stronger quickly, as it was a category 1 hurricane by July 18. Hurricane Danny made landfall in extreme southeastern Louisiana On July 18. Danny also made two landfalls as a category 1 hurricane in the Mobile Bay area on July 19. It weakened very fast over land, being only a tropical depression on July 20. Later on, Danny became a tropical storm again on July 24 and went into the Atlantic Ocean. Danny passed near Nantucket shortly before it died on July 26. Hurricane Danny killed 9 people and caused $100 million in damage.

Tropical Depression Five

Tropical Depression Five started on July 17. It moved to the northwest and showed some signs that it was dying on July 18. Tropical Depression Five died on July 19.

Hurricane Erika
Hurricane Erika 

Hurricane Erika started on September 3 as Tropical Depression Six. It moved to the north-north west and became a hurricane by the next day. Erika passed near the Virgin Islands on September 6, while it was a category 1 hurricane. On September 7, Hurricane Erika quickly strengthened, it peaked as a category 3 hurricane on September 8. Erika started getting weaker on September 9. It moved mainly to the east and northeast before it died on September 20 near Azores. Erika killed 2 people and caused $10 million in damage.

Tropical Storm Fabian

Fabian started on October 5 north of Puerto Rico. Tropical Storm Fabian moved to the north and died on October 8. Storms before it became Fabian may have caused heavy rain in the Lesser Antilles.

Tropical Storm Grace 

Tropical Storm Grace was the last storm of 1997. It started on October 16 near Dominican Republic. Grace made a sharp turn to the northeast and died on October 17.
Storm names
This is a list of names set aside for use in the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season. Names that did not get used in .

Retirement 

The World Meteorological Organization retired no names used in the 1997 season. All names on this list were used again in 2003 as a result.

Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season
1990s in weather
Lycoris is a genus of 13–20 species of flowering plants in the family Amaryllidaceae. In English they are also called hurricane lilies or cluster amaryllises.

Asparagales
Thammasat University (TU) is the second oldest university in Thailand. It was established on June 27, 1934. The university was initially named, by Dr. Pridi Banomyong, ‘Vichar Thammasat Lae Karn Muang’ – ‘The University of Moral Science and Politics’. At that time, there was only Chulalongkorn University in Thailand, so he thought that the university should have people who have knowledge of law, administration and social. It had started out as an open university, with 7,094 people for the first academic year. The main goal of the university’s foundation was "to teach students to love and cherish democracy". Only in the year 1952 was the name ‘Vichar Thammasat Lae Karn Muang’ changed to the present day ‘Thammasat University’.

References

Other websites 

 Thammasat University 
 

Colleges and universities in Thailand
Bangkok
University
20th-century establishments in Thailand
Romaine or cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) is a type of lettuce. It is green in colour and its flavour is similar to other varieties of lettuce. It is one of the few types of lettuces that can be fed to iguanas.

Leaf vegetables
Asteraceae
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), also known as the purple mangosteen, is a tropical fruit which comes from the rainforests of South East Asia. It grows on evergreen trees. It is one of the most popular tropical fruits. It is popular because it has such a sweet, juicy, acidic taste. It has a hard purple shell. Inside the shell, there are white segments, just like an orange. It has to be grown in temperatures of above 4 °C (40 °F). If it is grown in temperatures below that, the plants perish.

Tropical fruit
Malpighiales
Oldland Mill is an 18th century windmill. It can be found in the village of Keymer, near Hassocks, West Sussex.

History
Oldland Mill was built somewhere around 1700, the earliest record of a windmill in the area dates from 1703. The mill was originally an open trestle mill, the roundhouse being added at a later date. Records show a mill stood in Keymer in 1755 and the mill was marked on a map dated 1783, but not shown on one dated 1795. The 1801 National Defence Schedule records the mill but the 1813 Ordnance Survey and Greenwood's 1829 map omit the mill. Records show that the mill was standing in 1828. Oldland Mill was working by wind until 1912. The mill began to fall into disrepair in the early part of the 20th century and continued to deteriorate.
The Sussex Archaeological Society acquired the mill in 1927 and repairs were carried out by E Hole and Sons  of Burgess Hill in 1934. In 1976, at the Annual General Meeting of the Hassocks Amenity Association, there was a talk was given on the work of Weald and Downland Open Air Museum. The question of how to preserve Oldland Mill was raised. The mill was then in the ownership of the Sussex Archaeological Society. The mill was looked at in 1977 by millwrights Vincent Pargeter and Edwin Hole and found to be close to collapse. Following negotiations with  the Sussex Archaeological Society in 1979 the Hassocks Amenity Association leased the mill in 1980 and began a period of volunteer led restoration.

Restoration
Restoration

The first working party on 2 August 1980 cleared rubbish around the mill and made a temporary repair to the roof of the roundhouse. In 1981, the two remaining sails and stock were removed. The mill was restored over the next ten years, with much of the framing being replaced, including the trestle, crown tree, breast, tail and side frames. Since then the mill has benefited from a grant and substantial work has been completed. The mill was stripped to her bare essentials and many new parts completely and accurately built from scratch to replace rotten parts. The whole mill has been reclad and the four sails have been lifted into position. The mill ground its first batch of corn for many decades in October 2008. Today the mill is looked after by The Oldland Mill Trust, a registered charity.

References

Further reading
 Online version

Other websites
Oldland Mill website 
Windmill World Page on Oldland mill.
Charity Commission

Energy
Campagne-sur-Arize  is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Communes in Ariège
La Bastide-de-Sérou  is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Communes in Ariège
The rural district Mittelsachsen is a district in Saxony, Germany. It was founded in August, 2008. Mittelsachsen is made up of the former rural districts Freiberg, Döbeln and Mittweida.

Towns and municipalities 
{|
! align=left width=33%|Towns
! colspan=2 align=left width=67%|Municipalities
|- valign=top
||
Augustusburg
Brand-Erbisdorf
Burgstädt
Döbeln
Flöha
Frankenberg
Frauenstein
Freiberg
Geringswalde
Großschirma
Hainichen
Hartha
Leisnig
Lunzenau
Mittweida
Oederan
Penig
Rochlitz
Roßwein
Sayda
Waldheim
||
Altmittweida
Bobritzsch-Hilbersdorf
Claußnitz
Dorfchemnitz
Eppendorf
Erlau
Großhartmannsdorf
Großweitzschen
Halsbrücke
Hartmannsdorf
Königsfeld
Königshain-Wiederau
Kriebstein
Leubsdorf
Lichtenau
Lichtenberg
||
Mühlau
Mulda
Neuhausen
Niederwiesa
Oberschöna
Ostrau
Rechenberg-Bienenmühle
Reinsberg
Rossau
Seelitz
Striegistal
Taura
Wechselburg
Weißenborn
Zettlitz
Zschaitz-Ottewig
|}

References

Other websites 
 Official website (German)
The 1998 Atlantic hurricane season was the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane season. It began on June 1, 1998, and it ended on November 30, 1998. However, one storm lasted until after the end of the season. This season had 14 named storms, 10 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes. Storms during the season caused more than 12,000 deaths. Most of these were caused by Hurricane Mitch.

Storms

Tropical Storm Alex

On July 27, the first tropical depression started. By July 29, it became Tropical Storm Alex. Alex moved toward land but died on affect anywhere. Wind shear caused Alex to die on August 2.

Hurricane Bonnie
Hurricane Bonnie 

Hurricane Bonnie started on August 19, as a tropical depression. It had become a tropical storm by the next day. Bonnie became a hurricane after passing to the north of Puerto Rico. By August 27 it had slammed into Wilmington, North Carolina, as a category 3 hurricane. Hurricane Bonnie went back out into the Atlantic and died on August 30. Bonnie killed about 5 people and caused $1 billion in damage.

Hurricane Charley 

Tropical Storm Charley started in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico on August 21. It became a strong tropical storm before it made landfall near Corpus Christi in Texas. Charley had died by August 24 over western Texas. It killed between 20-26 people and caused $50 million in damage.

Hurricane Danielle
Hurricane Danielle

Hurricane Danielle started on August 24 as a tropical depression. By August 25 it was already a hurricane. It tracked across most of the Atlantic, switching between a category 1 and 2 hurricane for most of the time. Danielle headed for the United States, but missed as it turned north. The hurricane moved to the northeast and slowly weakened. On September 3, Danielle died. The remains continued until they were a few hundred miles north of Iceland on September 8.

Hurricane Earl 

Earl started in the southern Gulf of Mexico. It soon became a tropical storm and it became a hurricane about a day later. Hurricane Earl peak as a category 2 hurricane, but it weakened back to a category 1 as it made landfall in Panama City, Florida on September 3. It soon died after it crossed into Georgia. Earl killed 3 people and caused around $79 million in damage.

Tropical Storm Frances
Frances formed in the Gulf of Mexico on September 8. It soon became a tropical storm before it made landfall in Texas on September 11. Tropical Storm Frances last for two more days over land. The storm killed 2 people and caused $500 million in damage.

Hurricane Georges

Hurricane Georges was a very strong category 4 hurricane. Over its path it nearly became a category 5 hurricane on September 20. Notably, the storm made landfall in Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Cuba. Georges made landfall near Biloxi, Mississippi on September 28. Hurricane Georges died on October 1 just before entering the Atlantic near the Florida and Georgia border. It also caused over 350,000 people to become homeless in Cuba, Haiti, and Dominican Republic. The hurricane caused almost $6 billion in damage and it killed 604 people.

Tropical Storm Hermine
Hermine was a weak tropical storm that started on September 17 in the Gulf of Mexico. On September 20 it made landfall in Louisiana. It died that same day and it killed 2 people and caused only $85,000 in damage.

Hurricane Ivan

Ivan started on September 19 near Cape Verde Islands. It strengthened into a tropical storm soon after and head to the north. On September 23 it became a hurricane, and it soon slowly turned east. It passed just north of the Azores as a hurricane on September 26. Hurricane Ivan died on September 27.

Hurricane Jeanne

Jeanne started on September 21 near the coast of Africa. It became a tropical storm later that day and a hurricane soon after. Hurricane Jeanne began to turn to the east on September 25. On October 1 it crossed through the Azores before it died later that day. The remains of Jeanne reached Portugal on October 4.

Hurricane Karl
Hurricane Karl 

Hurricane Karl was, at first, Tropical Depression Eleven which formed on September 23. It later became Tropical Storm Karl and then Hurricane Karl. Hurricane Karl was one of four hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean on September 26. Karl died on September 28 near Ireland.

Hurricane Lisa

On October 5 Tropical Depression One formed, shortly after it became Tropical Storm Lisa. On October 9 Tropical Storm Lisa strengthened and became Hurricane Lisa. Hurricane Lisa became extratropical and dead out over the Atlantic that same day. At one point in time Hurricane Lisa moving speed was greater than 58 mph.

Hurricane Mitch

Hurricane Mitch was a very powerful storm. Mitch was a category 5 but it made landfall as a category 1. However Mitch still devastated Central America, causing at least 9,000 deaths and at least $5 billion in damage.

Hurricane Nicole
Hurricane Nicole

Nicole formed late in the season in the eastern Atlantic. It was named on November 24, the storm moved west-southwest for several days, and wind shear caused it to weaken to a tropical depression on November 26. However, it strengthened again and was again called a tropical storm on November 27.

Nicole was heading northeast toward the Azores as a weak hurricane. The storm then turned back to the north and was weakened to an extratropical storm on December 1. Hurricane Nicole never  affected land and no damage was reported.

Storm names
Below is a full list of names that was being used in 1998. There were four storm names used for the first time they were named: Alex, Lisa, Mitch, and Nicole for the first time in 1998. Alex was used for the first time because it was a replacement for the name Andrew. Names not used are marked in .

Retirement
Retirement

After the season there were two names that were retired: Georges and Mitch. Since they were retired, they will never be used for an Atlantic storm again. In 2004 the names: Gaston and Matthew, were used instead.

References

Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season
1990s in weather
Gaillardia (Blanket flower) is a genus of drought-tolerant annual and perennial plants from the sunflower family (Asteraceae), native to North America. It was named after M. Gaillard de Charentonneau, an 18th-century French magistrate who was a patron of botany. The common name refers to the inflorescence's resemblance to brightly patterned blankets made by native Americans.

References 
 Susan Fry Biddulph (1944). "A revision of the genus Gaillardia". Res. Stud. State Coll. Wash. 13: 195–256.

Asteraceae
Flowers
Oenothera is a genus of about 125 species of annual, biennial and perennial herbaceous flowering plants, native to North and South America. It is the type genus of the family Onagraceae. Common names include evening primrose, suncups, and sundrops.

Flowers
Myrtales
Mazères  is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Communes in Ariège
Rimont  is a village and commune in the Ariège département of south-western France.

Communes in Ariège
The 1999 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1999, and lasted until November 30, 1999. However, storms can form outside these dates. This season had average activity with 12 storms, 8 hurricanes, and 5 major hurricanes. This was not a deadly season, but it was a damaging season.

Storms

Tropical Storm Arlene

On June 11, the first storm of the season started. It started as a depression and later became a tropical storm. Tropical Storm Arlene passed about 115 miles from Bermuda. Wind shear caused Arlene to die on June 18.

Tropical Depression Two

Tropical Depression Two started on July 2. The depression made landfall in Tecolutla, Mexico early the next morning. Two died a few hours after landfall. There were no damage reports from Mexico.
Hurricane Bret
Main article: Hurricane Bret 
Hurricane Bret at first, started as Tropical Depression Three on August 18. It moved north across the Gulf of Mexico, becoming a tropical storm and hurricane as it did so. Bret curved a bit west and made landfall on Padre Island, shortly later it marked landfall on mainland Texas. It died over land on August 25. Hurricane Bret killed 7 people and caused on $15 million in damage. It didn't cause much damage because it hit an area with not many people.

Hurricane Cindy

Cindy started close to Africa on August 19. It became a tropical storm on August 20. The storm quickly became a hurricane before weakening back to a tropical storm. A few days later, it became a hurricane again as conditions got better. At this point Hurricane Cindy reached highest winds of 140 mph, a category 4 hurricane. It moved northeast and died on August 31. Hurricane Cindy stayed far from land during its life.

Hurricane Dennis
Hurricane Dennis

On August 24, Tropical Depression Four started. It soon became a tropical storm and was given the name "Dennis". Tropical Storm Dennis became a hurricane as it moved close to the Bahamas. It moved close to North Carolina and South Carolina. Dennis weakened and moved strangely. It eventually made landfall in North Carolina as a strong tropical storm on September 5. Dennis died on September 9 over New York.

Tropical Storm Emily

Tropical Storm Emily started on August 24. It head almost due north for much of its life. Wind shear from Hurricane Cindy caused Emily to die on August 28.

Tropical Depression Seven

Tropical Depression Seven just off of Mexico of September 5. On September 6, it made landfall in Mexico and died the next day.

Hurricane Floyd
Hurricane Floyd

Hurricane Floyd was the strongest, costliest, and deadliest hurricane of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season. Floyd, at first looked as if it were headed for Florida as a category 4 hurricane. Instead of striking Florida, Floyd struck North Carolina and caused flooding from North Carolina up to some states in New England. Floyd left $4.5 billion in damage from Florida to Maine. Floyd also killed about 76-86 people in the United States. One person was also killed in the Bahamas.

Hurricane Gert

Near Cape Verde a tropical depression started on September 11. It soon became a tropical storm and was named "Gert". By September 16 it was a strong category 4 hurricane. Hurricane Gert died on September 23 near Newfoundland. Gert may have killed 2 people in Maine, by the large waves.

Tropical Storm Harvey
Tropical Storm Harvey started in the Gulf of Mexico as a depression, on September 19. It made landfall in Everglades, Florida shortly before it died. Harvey killed no one, but caused $15 million in damage.

Tropical Depression Eleven

Tropical Depression Eleven could have been the deadliest storm of 1999. Though it was weak and didn't make landfall. This might have been from the edges of the depression or the remains, which tracked over to Mexico. Eleven could have killed almost 400 people.

Tropical Depression Twelve

Tropical Depression started on October 6 and headed northwest for its entire life. The depression died on October 8, while coming nowhere near land.

Hurricane Irene
Hurricane Irene

Irene formed just north of Honduras on October 12. It moved north and crossed Cuba as a tropical storm. The next day, as a hurricane, it tracked over the Florida Keys and the most of South Florida. It moved north coming close to North and South Carolina. Hurricane Irene got stronger as it did so. The hurricane moved very fast as it moved away from the United States. It died on October 19, south of Newfoundland. This hurricane killed 18 people, with 4 in Cuba and 14 in the United States. It also caused $800 million in damage.

Hurricane Jose

Jose started on October 17 as a tropical depression. It moved northwest and became a tropical storm soon. Not long later it became a hurricane. Hurricane Jose passed over the northern Lesser Antilles as a weak hurricane. The hurricane died by October 25. As it passed over the islands it left $5 million in damage and killed 2 people.

Tropical Storm Katrina
Tropical Storm Katrina started on October 27 as a tropical depression. It became a tropical storm very shortly before landfall in Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua. Tropical Storm Katrina soon weakened back to a depression. As a depression it made landfall in the Yucatán Peninsula. It died on November 1, just before it was going to enter the Gulf of Mexico. No one died and there is not much damage.

Hurricane Lenny

Hurricane Lenny was the strongest November hurricane on record in the Atlantic Ocean. This hurricane tracked east across the Caribbean. Later it tracked northeast, toward the northeastern Caribbean islands. It got stronger very fast, it was just shy of a category 5 hurricane. On November 17, it made landfall in Saint Croix. Lenny died on November 23. Hurricane Lenny killed 17 people and caused $330 million in damage.

Storm names
Below is a list of the names that were used in 1999 and also the names not used, those are marked in . This list is exactly the same as the list in 1993.
Retirement
In the spring of 2000 two names got retired: Floyd and Lenny. They will never be used again in the Atlantic Ocean. The names Franklin and Lee replaced them in 2005.

1999 Atlantic hurricane season
Golden Balls is a British television game show which was broadcast at 5.00pm to 6.00pm on ITV between June 2007 and December 2009 and repeated until February 2010 and at 3.00pm to 4.00pm on Challenge (repeats) from January 2010. It is presented by Jasper Carrott and is filmed at the BBC Television Centre. After 25 February 2008, the show was sponsored by ITV Bingo (powered by Party Gaming). It is still shown on Challenge.
Round 1  
At the back of the studio is the "Golden Bank", which is basically the same as lottery machines. Jasper starts the game by starting the ball machine, where 100 golden balls containing varied values from £10, to the £75,000 golden ball are. 12 of the golden balls are randomly drawn from the ball machine. But Amanda Grant, (The Balls Assistant), puts 4 "killers" into the bunch. This means that 16 golden balls, cash and killers, are shared equally between all 4 of the contestants who get 4 golden balls each. 2 for the front row and 2 for the back row. Once the contestant has been introduced, he/she shows Jasper and the other 3 contestants what they are. This is repeated with all the other 3 players.

The back row is kept secret to their owner,(who has to say what they claim is there), until the players secretly vote for the weakest player, and the player with the most votes is voted off.
Round 2  
The 3 remaining contestants' balls are put back into the ball machine by Amanda. 2 new cash balls and 1 killer are added into the game. Each contestant still gets balls at random, but in round 2 it is 2 for the front row and 3 for the back.

Again all the 3 contestants show their front balls to the other players. Then they say what they claim is on the back row. The contestants each vote for the weakest player off, and the player with the most votes is "binned".

Bin Or Win?  
Again the golden balls that the contestants bring through to the final, are put back into the ball machine. Again Amanda puts 1 more killer into the game. There are 11 balls, that are placed onto a table with 5 golden slots for the balls to win, and a hole for the balls to bin. The 2 contestants take it in turns to pick a ball to bin, (which means it is out of the game), and pick a ball to win, (which goes into 1 of the 5 winning golden slots).
If they get say the £75,000 ball, then the £9,500 ball into the winning slots and then get a killer, it will take a zero off the accumalated total. Once they get the number of money in the jackpot total for the day and have all 5 balls into the golden 5 slots, the contestants have to negotiate "Split Or Steal".

Split or Steal? 
Both contestants have 2 balls in front of them. 1 of them has the word "Split" inside it and the other has the word "Steal" inside it. If 1 of the contestants decides to Split and the other Steals, the player who Steals goes home with all of the money and the player who Splits goes home with nothing. If both players Split, they both split the jackpot total. If both contestants steal, they both go home with nothing.
Jasper asks the players to look inside both of the golden balls, to make sure they know which one is which. Once they know what they are, Jasper lets the players discuss what they are going to do for a short while. He then asks the players to pick 1 of the 2 balls in front of them. Jasper then counts down from 3, and the players reveal either their Split or their Steal ball.

The ending of the programme is usually signified with Jasper Carrott saying  "It's goodbye from ([the ball's assistant Amanda Grant, who say goodbye]), and it's goodbye from me: goodbye!"

List of Golden Ball values  
At the beginning of each game, Jasper tells the viewers and contestants that there are 100 golden balls in the Golden Bank. Below are the 101 cash values seen at least once up to 30 January 2009:
The following 45 amounts were observed in duplicate on a particular programme: £100, £125, £150, £175, £200, £250, £300, £400, £450, £500, £550, £600, £700, £750, £900, £950, £1,000, £1,100, £1,200, £1,250, £1,500, £1,600, £1,800, £1,900, £2,000, £2,500, £3,000, £4,000, £5,000, £5,500, £6,000, £6,500, £7,000, £7,500, £8,000, £9,000, £9,500, £10,000, £11,000, £12,000, £14,000, £15,000, £18,000, £20,000, £25,000

The following two amounts were observed in triplicate on a particular programme (giving a total of 148 known golden balls): £6,000, £10,000.
 
In the unaired pilot, the highest valued golden ball was £200,000 and £100,000 was also present.

2007 British television series debuts
2009 British television series endings
2000s British television series
ITV game shows
English-language television programs
Towns and municipalities 
{|
! align=left width=25%|Towns
! colspan=3 align=left width=75%|Municipalities
|- valign=top
|
Bad Muskau
Bernstadt auf dem Eigen
Ebersbach
Görlitz
Herrnhut
Löbau
Neugersdorf
Neusalza-Spremberg
Niesky
Ostritz
Reichenbach
Rothenburg
Seifhennersdorf
Weißwasser
Zittau
||
Beiersdorf
Berthelsdorf
Bertsdorf-Hörnitz
Boxberg
Dürrhennersdorf
Eibau
Gablenz
Groß Düben
Großhennersdorf
Großschönau
Großschweidnitz
Hähnichen
Hainewalde
Hohendubrau
Horka
||
 Jonsdorf
Kodersdorf
Königshain
Krauschwitz
Kreba-Neudorf
Lawalde
Leutersdorf
Markersdorf
Mittelherwigsdorf
Mücka
Neißeaue
Niedercunnersdorf
Obercunnersdorf
Oderwitz
Olbersdorf
||
 Oppach
Oybin
Quitzdorf am See
Rietschen
Rosenbach
Schleife
Schönau-Berzdorf
Schönbach
Schöpstal
Sohland am Rotstein
Strahwalde
Trebendorf
Vierkirchen
Waldhufen
Weißkeißel
|}

References

Other websites 
Official website
Stilton can refer to:
Stilton, Cambridgeshire
Stilton cheese, a type of blue cheese produced in England
Massive Attack is a music group from Bristol, England. Massive Attack are considered to be one of the most influential bands of the electronica music genres. They are also seen as one of the founders of trip hop.

Albums
Blue Lines (1990)
Protection (1994)
Mezzanine (1998)
100th Window (2003)
Collected (2006)
Heligoland (2010)

References

1988 establishments in England
Organisations based in Bristol
English musical groups
 
Musical groups established in 1988
Trip hop groups
Santa Catalina Island, or just Catalina Island, is an island in California near Los Angeles. The main town is Avalon.

The island is 22 miles (35 km) long and eight miles (13 km) wide. The highest point on the island is Mt. Orizaba (2126 feet or 648 meters). In 2000, there were 3,696 persons living there. 

The first people who lived there were American Indians named "Tongva". In 1919, William Wrigley, Jr., who sold chewing gum, bought the island. When he died he gave it to a trust.

The island has many plants and animals that live nowhere else on Earth. According to the National Resources Defense Council, Avalon Beach is one of the dirtiest beaches in the United States.

Other websites

 Catalina Island Museum for Island History
 The Catalina Island Conservancy
 USC Wrigley Institute
 Santa Catalina Island Interpretive Center 
 Collectors of Catalina Island Pottery & Tile

Islands of the United States
Geography of Los Angeles
Landforms of California
The 1990 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1990, and lasted until November 30, 1990. However, storms can form outside these dates. For example, Tropical Depression One formed on May 25. This season was very active with two depressions, six tropical storms, seven hurricanes, and one major hurricane. At that time it was the most active hurricane season.

This season was less deadly and damaging than other seasons, with only 116 deaths, and $150 million. The few deaths and little bit of damage were because most of the storms were relatively weak, and because most of the storms stayed at sea.

Storms
Tropical Depression One 
Tropical Storm Arthur 
Hurricane Bertha 
Tropical Storm Cesar 
Hurricane Diana 
Tropical Storm Edouard 
Tropical Storm Fran 
Hurricane Gustav 
Tropical Storm Hortense 
Hurricane Isidore 
Tropical Depression Eleven 
Hurricane Josephine 
Hurricane Klaus 
Hurricane Lili 
Tropical Storm Marco 
Hurricane Nana
Storm names
These are the names that were set aside for 1990. The names that did not get used are marked in .

Retirement

In the spring of 1991, Hurricane Diana and Klaus had their names replaced by Dolly and Kyle in 1996.

Atlantic hurricane seasons
Atlantic hurricane season
The 1991 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1991, and lasted until November 30, 1991. However storms can form outside these dates. This season experinced low activity with only 4 depressions, 4 tropical storms, 2 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes.

Storms
Tropical Storm Ana 
Tropical Depression Two 
Hurricane Bob 
Tropical Depression Four 
Tropical Depression Five 
Hurricane Claudette 
Tropical Storm Danny 
Tropical Storm Erika 
Tropical Storm Fabian 
Tropical Depression Ten 
Hurricane Grace 
Hurricane Eight

Unused names

Retirement
In the spring of 1992, Hurricane Bob was retired. It was replace by Bill for 1997.

1991 Atlantic hurricane season
Clapper Post () was an urban postal service, which existed in Vienna (since 1772), capital of Austria, and in other cities of that country. Its name refers to an instrument, clapper (type of a rattle), into which a mailman struck, notifying about his arrival. In Vienna, Clapper Post existed more than ten years.

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Photos of similar rattles are given that were used by English police in the 19th c.

Postal history
Vienna
Establishments in Austria
1772 establishments
1770s establishments in Europe
The 1992 Atlantic hurricane season started on June 1, 1992, and lasted until November 30, 1992. However, storms can form outside these dates. For example, Subtropical Storm One formed on April 21. 

This season did not have very many storms, with only 3 tropical depressions, 3 subtropical/tropical storms, and 4 hurricanes. One of the 4 hurricanes (Hurricane Andrew) become a major hurricane (category 3+).

This season was not very deadly, but it was very damaging. There was only 66 deaths, but there was $26 billion in damage, all of which caused by Hurricane Andrew. Hurricane Andrew was the most damaging hurricane in the history of the United States, until Hurricane Katrina in 2005.

Storms

Subtropical Storm One

Subtropical Storm One started on April 21, more than a month before June 1, the start of hurricane season. It lasted only 3 days, before wind shear caused it to die.  It was one of only two storms ever to form in April. The other was Tropical Storm Ana in 2003.

Tropical Depression One
Tropical Depression One was a short-lived tropical depression. It started on June 25 and died on June 26, not long after striking Florida. This tropical depression killed 5 people and caused $2.6 million in damage.

Tropical Depression Two

Tropical Depression Two started on July 24. A wind gust near 40 mph made it seem like it would become a tropical storm. But the National Hurricane Center did not call it a tropical storm because the pressure was at 1015, which is very high for a tropical storm. Two moved sharply northeast before it died two days later, on July 26.

Hurricane Andrew

Hurricane Andrew was the strongest hurricane of the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season. It started on August 16. Later it hit land twice in Florida and once in Louisiana. Andrew caused nearly $26 billion in damage. This made it, at the time, the costliest hurricane in the history of the United States.

Hurricane Bonnie
Hurricane Bonnie

Bonnie started on September 17. It moved mostly east across the Atlantic and passed into the Azores before it died. The hurricane caused no damage, but may have killed one person in the Azores.

Hurricane Charley

Hurricane Charley started on September 21 in the far eastern Atlantic Ocean. It became a category 2 hurricane and passed into the Azores. Charley died on September 27.

Tropical Storm Danielle

Danielle started on September 22. It soon became a tropical storm. Tropical Storm Danielle made landfall in the Delmarva Peninsula before it died on September 26. The storm killed two people.

Tropical Depression Seven

Tropical Depression Seven started on September 25 about halfway between Africa and South America. Seven lasted nearly a week before it died on October 1.

Tropical Storm Earl

Earl started on September 26 as a depression. This depression headed for Florida and became a tropical storm. It reversed course before hitting land in Florida. Tropical Storm Earl died on October 3.
Hurricane Frances

s

Frances started on October 23 as a tropical storm and quickly became a hurricane. It took a path far from land. Hurricane Frances died on October 27.

Storm names 
This is the list of names that were set aside for 1992. Name that were not used are marked with .

Retirement 
In the spring of 1993 Hurricane Andrew got retired. In 1998 the name Alex was used instead.

1992 Atlantic hurricane season