Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Iolani Palace was made an official National Historic Landmark on December 29, 1962.  On October 15, 1966, it was added as site 66000293 to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Oahu. Government offices left the Palace in 1969 and moved to the new Hawaii State Capitol building.

Many things that used to be in the palace have been returned. Money from the government and private donations paid to help make rooms in the palace look like they did during the monarchy era. Iolani Palace opened to the public in 1978. In the basement is a photographic display of the Palace, the Hawaiian crown jewels, awards given by the monarchs, and regalia worn by the high chiefs of the islands.
The grounds of Iolani Palace are managed by the Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources. The palace building itself is managed as a historical house museum by the Friends of Iolani Palace, a non-profit non-governmental organization. The birthdays of King Kalākaua (November 16) and Queen Kapiolani (December 28) are celebrated with ceremonies.

References

Other websites

  Friends of Iolani Palace
 Iolani Palace oral history on Pacific Worlds
 Iolani Palace and the Overthrow of the Monarchy on Pacific Worlds

Palaces
Honolulu
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Museums in the United States
Buildings and structures in Hawaii
1879 establishments in North America
19th-century establishments in Hawaii
Gesso is a primer or foundation for art painting on wood or canvas. It is a white paint mixture. It has a binder mixed with a pigment. Traditionally, the binder is glue or gelatin, the pigment is chalk, plaster or gypsum. 

Gesso is used in art to prepare a surfaces (wood panels, canvas and sculpture) for painting. Paint and/or other materials are applied on top of the gesso. One reason for covering the surface with gesso is that wood or canvas has a rough or uneven surface, and a colour. Gesso "priming" lets the artist's chosen subject show more clearly than it would otherwise. 

Even if a surface has no roughness, many artists still prime it before starting the painting proper, though they might use a paint or "wash" of their own choosing. They do this because the primer, though it cannot be seen directly, may change and help the quality of light reflected from the surface. Gesso, however, is specially useful for a rough or uneven surface.
Acrylic gesso  
Acrylic gesso, a widely used "ground", is a modern version which is cheaper and easier to use than the traditional type of gesso. It is a combination of calcium carbonate with an acrylic polymer medium latex, a pigment and other chemicals to ensure flexibility and increase life. It is technically not gesso at all.p321

The Painter's Handbook notes a problem with using oil paints over an acrylic gesso ground instead of a traditional oil ground, citing a mismatch in flexibility over time that could cause the oil paint to delaminate (flake off).p60

References 

Paints
Viktor Alexandrovich Hartmann (5 May 1834, St Petersburg – 4 August 1873, Kireyevo near Moscow) was a Russian architect and painter. 

Russian architects
Russian painters
1834 births
1873 deaths
Frances Eliza Hodgson Burnett (24 November 1849 – 29 October 1924) was a writer. She is famous for her children's books Little Lord Fauntleroy, A Little Princess, and The Secret Garden.

Sources 

1849 births
1924 deaths
American children's writers
19th-century American novelists
20th-century American novelists
United World College of South East Asia (UWCSEA) is an independent school in Singapore. It is branch of an international school called United World College. UWCSEA has two campuses that are based in Singapore, one on Dover Road at the Mid-West of the city and one at Tampines Avenue in the Tampines District. UWCSEA is a kindergarten, elementary, middle and high school. Many famous people like Akihiko Hoshide, who has gone into space, have graduated from UWCSEA.

Schools in Singapore
A Little Princess is a children's book by Frances Hodgson Burnett. It was published in 1905. The story is about a rich little girl who suddenly becomes poor. The book has been made into stage plays, television programs, and movies.

In 2007, the National Education Association named the book one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."

References

Books by Frances Hodgson Burnett
English children's books
1905 books
Jessica Walter (January 31, 1941March 24, 2021) was an American actress. She played Lucille Bluth in the television sitcom Arrested Development. She also played Tabitha Wilson in the series 90210.

Walter received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or TV Movie. She won that award for playing Amy Prentiss in the police drama television series of the same name.

She was married to Ron Leibman from 1983 until his death in 2019.

Walter was born in Brooklyn, New York.

She died on March 24, 2021 at her apartment in Manhattan, aged 80.

References

Actors from New York City
American television actors
1941 births
2021 deaths
Emmy Award winning actors
American movie actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Judith McConnell (born April 6, 1944 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American actress. She acts in soap operas. She played Sophia Wayne Capwell on the soap opera Santa Barbara. She also played Nurse Augusta McLeod on the series General Hospital.

Other websites

 

Actors from Pittsburgh
American television actors
1944 births
Living people
Little Lord Fauntleroy is a children's novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett. The story was first published in parts (serialization) in St. Nicholas Magazine between November 1885 and October 1886. It was published in book form by Scribner's in 1886. It was illustrated by Reginald B. Birch. The book has been translated into several languages. The story is about a poor American boy who inherits a great English estate. The story has been made into stage plays, television programs, and movies.

References

1886 books
Books first published in serial form
Books by Frances Hodgson Burnett
American children's books
19th-century American novels
The Secret Garden is a children's novel by Frances Hodgson Burnett. It was published in parts (serialization) in The American Magazine in 1910. It was published in book form in 1911. The story is about three children whose lives are changed while tending a neglected garden. The story has been made into stage plays, television programs, and movies.

Other websites

 (plain text and HTML illustrated)
The Secret Garden, available at Internet Archive. New York : F. A. Stokes, 1911 (color scanned book)

Books by Frances Hodgson Burnett
American children's books
20th-century American novels
Books first published in serial form
1910 books
Ragged Dick; or, Street Life in New York with the Boot Blacks is a boys' book by Horatio Alger, Jr. It was published in parts (serialization) in the magazine Student and Schoolmate in 1867. It was then published as a book in 1868 by A. K. Loring of Boston, Massachusetts. It was the first of six books in the Ragged Dick series. It was Alger's bestselling book.

Story
Ragged Dick is a poor bootblack (shoe shine boy) in New York City. He makes his life better by working hard and being honest. He opens a bank account and takes a frail boy named Fosdick into his little apartment. Fosdick teaches Dick to read, write, and do arithmetic. One day, Dick saves a rich man's child from drowning. He is rewarded with money and a clerk's job in the man's firm.

References

1868 books
Books by Horatio Alger, Jr.
Books first published in serial form
American children's books
American novels
Beyond: Two Souls is an interactive drama and action-adventure game developed by Quantic Dream and released for the PlayStation 3 in 2013. The game was later remastered and re-released for the PlayStation 4 in 2015, and was also made available for Microsoft Windows in 2019. It is directed and written by David Cage, the founder of Quantic Dream, and features performances by actors Elliot Page and Willem Dafoe. The player controls Jodie Holmes through 15 years of her life from age eight to age 23 as she goes on a journey to discover the true meaning of the entity Aiden, who has been alongside her throughout her life.

The game received mixed reviews upon release.
Development
The game was announced at Sony's press conference during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012 by David Cage. At that conference, Page was confirmed to star in the game. The game's soundtrack was composed by Normand Corbeil, who died of pancreatic cancer on 25 January 2013 before the game's release. The soundtrack was later completed by Lorne Balfe.

Reception
Beyond: Two Souls received mixed reviews upon release. Critics praised Page's performance, with IGN's Colin Moriarty writing "Beyond: Two Souls is compelling enough, principally thanks to a remarkable performance from [Elliot] Page. But never before have I felt like such a passive participant in a video game, my choices and actions merely icing on a dense, multi-layered cake." Similarly, Eurogamer's Tom Bramwell stating that "Beyond is [...] poorly served by the limited interactivity and stodgy controls of Quantic's interactive drama formula."
Remaster
Along with Heavy Rain, which was also made by Quantic Dream, Beyond: Two Souls received a remaster on PlayStation 4, which released on 24 November 2015.

PC port
The game was released alongside Heavy Rain and Detroit: Become Human for PC's running Microsoft Windows on 22 July 2019.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

2013 video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 4 games
Windows games
Quantic Dream
The Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King is an American helicopter built by Sikorsky. It was used by the U.S. Navy between 1961 and 2006 for finding and destroying submarines, search and rescue, and utility. It produced under licence in Italy, Japan, and United Kingdom for military users. Civil helicopters are known as Sikorsky S-61.

Design 
Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King is a twin-engines helicopter, with a five-blade rotor. It is made of metal. It can carry torpedos or naval missiles like American Harpoon or French Exocet. It can carry up to 15 passengers or injured on board. The cockpit is for two people, pilot and co-pilot.

Military users 
Sea King is (or was) used in 2013 by : Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, India, Iran, Iraq, Italy, Japan, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Spain, and USA. Countries that used British versions of Sea King are not included, see at Westland Sea King.
Bibliography 
 Jackson, Robert, Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .
 Biass, Eric H. World Helicopter Systems. Geneva, Switzerland : Interavia Data, 1985.

Helicopters
United States Navy aircraft
Sikorsky aircraft & helicopter
Westland Sea King is a British helicopter built by Westland. It is a licence-built version of the American SH-3 Sea King. Transport duty versions are known as Westland Commando.

Utility 
Westland Sea King is used for finding and destroying submarines, search and rescue, VIP air transport, utility, electronic warfare, and special forces support.

Users 
In 2013 Westland Sea King is (or was) in service in Australia, Belgium, Egypt, Germany, India, Norway, Pakistan, Qatar, UK. In the UK, the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy used this helicopter.

Bibliography  
 Jackson, Robert, Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
 Gaillard, Pierre, Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .

Helicopters
Royal Air Force aircraft
Indian military aircraft
The Louvre Pyramid is a pyramid built of glass and metal. It is in the Musée du Louvre, in Paris. The architect I. M. Pei designed the building. It opened to visitors in 1989. French president François Mitterrand spoke at the opening.

Buildings and structures in Paris
Pyramids
A contrail (condensation trail) is a cloud-like trail of water vapor or ice crystals left by an airplane. When jet fuel burns, it produces water vapor and carbon dioxide. The water vapor condenses (turns from gas to liquid) because of the low temperature at the high altitude that the plane is flying. The chemtrail conspiracy theory claims that these trails may contain harmful chemicals being sprayed by government organizations.

Aviation
Neufchâtel is a French cheese product from Neufchâtel-en-Bray, in Seine-Maritime, Normandy. It generally takes the form of a heart or a small brick. It has a salty taste, and a similar texture to Camembert cheese. It is made from unpasteurized cow's milk. This cheese is protected by an Appellation d'origine contrôlée - meaning that no other area can claim to make it.

French cheeses
Seine-Maritime
The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006 was the fourth edition of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. It was for young singers aged 8 to 15. The contest was broadcast live from Bucharest, Romania on 2 December 2006. It was the second time the contest had been held in a capital city. It was organised by the Romanian national broadcaster, Romanian Television (TVR), in co-operation with the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). TVR won the rights to host the contest over AVRO of the Netherlands (who hosted the next contest). Croatia also showed an interest in hosting this contest.

Results

Score sheet

12 points
Below is a summary of all 12 points received:

 All countries were given 12 points at the start of voting. This is so no country gets nul points.

Commentators
  - Pavlo Shylko (DJ Pasha)
  - Fernando Argenta & Lucho
  - André Vermeulen (VRT), Maureen Louys (RTBF)
  - Olga Shelest
  - Adam Alsing (TV4)
Spokespersons 
 - Joana Galo Costa
 - George Ioannidies
 - Tess Gaerthe (Represented Netherlands in 2005)
 - Andrea Nastase
 - Assol
 - Lucia
 - Milica Stanišić
 - Jack Curtis
 - Dennis Dimoski
 - Amy Diamond
 - Alexandros Chountas
 - Liza Anton-Baychuk
 - Sander Cliquet
 - Lorena Jelusić
 - Roman Kerimov

References

Other websites
Official websites
Official Junior Eurovision Song Contest website
TVR website 

News sites
Junior Eurovision coverage by ESCKaz, in English and Russian
ESCToday.com news

2006 in music
Bucharest
2000s in Romania
Junior Eurovision Song Contest
2006 in Europe
Green Mansions: A Romance of the Tropical Forest is a book by W. H. Hudson (William Henry Hudson). It was published in 1904. The story is about a jungle-dwelling girl, Rima, and Abel, the man who loves her. The story has been adapted to opera, a movie starring Audrey Hepburn, and comic books.

More reading
.

Books with jungle settings
British novels
1904 books
A radionuclide is a naturally or artificially produced radioactive isotope of an element. They are often referred to as radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes. Radionuclides produce ionizing radiation. Some are used in nuclear medicine.

Nuclear physics
Kidnapped is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1886. It tells the story of the 18th-century "Appin Murder" following the Jacobite Rising. Some of the characters in the book were based on real people. The book has been adapted to movies many times and to comic books.

Related pages
 Kidnapped (movie)

References

1886 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
British novels
A Child's Garden of Verses is a book of poems by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1885. The book's subject is childhood. Well-known poems include "My Shadow", "The Swing", and "The Land of Counterpane".

Other websites
 "A Child's Garden of Verses" at Bartleby.com

1880s books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
19th-century British poems
The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1888.  It has been adapted to movies, comic books, and other media.

References

1888 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
British novels
Island Nights' Entertainments is a book of three short stories by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1893. It is also known as South Sea Tales. The stories are "The Beach of Falesá", "The Bottle Imp", and "The Isle of Voices". The book was one of the last books Stevenson wrote. He died in 1894.

References

1893 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
British short stories
The Master of Ballantrae: A Winter's Tale is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1889. It has been adapted to movies, comic books, and other media.

References

1889 books
Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
British novels
The Young Acrobat of the Great North American Circus is a boys' book by Horatio Alger, Jr. It was first published in parts (serialization) in the magazine Golden Argosy in 1887. It was published as a book in 1888 by Frank A. Munsey of New York. The setting of the book was suggested to the writer by his friend, circus showman P. T. Barnum.

Story 
Kit, a young teen boy, is an orphan. He is cheated of his inheritance by his guardian. His guardian sends him off to work with a brutal, stupid blacksmith. The boy runs away. He joins the circus. He is followed by the blacksmith. The boy stays away from him. He becomes a big star in the circus. Later, he is restored to his rightful place with the help of a man who was his father's friend.

References

1888 books
Books by Horatio Alger, Jr.
Books first published in serial form
Books with circus settings
American children's books
Nintendo Direct is an online presentation produced by Nintendo. It is used to give information about upcoming Nintendo content and products such as video games and consoles. It is hosted by different people depending on the country where it airs. In Japan, it was hosted by Nintendo president Satoru Iwata but ever since he died in July 2015, It has been hosted by Yoshiaki Koizumi. In North America, it is hosted by Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils-Aime. In Europe, it is hosted by Nintendo of Europe president Satoru Shibata. It began in Japan on October 21, 2011. It started to air in other countries later on. There are five different types of Nintendo Direct presentations:
Nintendo Direct: A 30-50 minute presentation about all different types of Nintendo products. They take place every two months.
Wii U Direct: A 30-50 minute presentation about the Wii U.
Nintendo 3DS Direct: A 30-50 minute presentation about the Nintendo 3DS.
Nintendo Direct Mini: A 5-10 minute presentation about all different types of Nintendo products.
Special Nintendo Direct editions: A 30-50 minute presentation about a specific Nintendo or third-party (not directly tied to Nintendo) franchise.

References

Nintendo
2011 establishments in Asia
2010s establishments in Japan
William Henry Hudson (4 August 1841 – 18 August 1922) was a writer, naturalist, and ornithologist. He wrote ''Green Mansions.

Related pages
List of biologists

Other websites
  (plain text and HTML)

1841 births
1922 deaths
British novelists
British naturalists
British ornithologists
C-3PO is a fictional character in the Star Wars series. He is a translator droid/robot that speaks over 6 million languages. He has a humanoid form and is present in every movie of the saga with the exception of Solo. His companion is R2-D2. Anthony Daniels plays C-3PO and is the only person to appear in all 11 Star Wars films.

Fictional characters introduced in 1977
Star Wars characters
Star Wars Anthology characters
Star Wars Skywalker Saga characters
Jack and Jill: A Village Story is a children's book by Louisa May Alcott. It was published in 1880.

Story
Jack Minot and Janey Pecq are best friends who live next door to each other.  They are always seen together. Janey gets the nickname of Jill, to mimic the old Jack and Jill rhyme.  Seriously injured in a sledding accident, they recover from their physical injuries, while learning life lessons along with their many friends. They are helped along their journey to recovery by various activities created by their mothers.

References

Other websites
Original text at Project Gutenberg
Literature Network
Daily Lit 

1880 books
Books by Louisa May Alcott
American children's books
Neil Simon (July 4, 1927 – August 26, 2018) was an American playwright and screenwriter. He wrote more than thirty plays and almost the same number of movie screenplays, most adapted from his plays. He has received more Oscar and Tony Award nominations than any other writer.

Simon was born on July 4, 1927 in The Bronx, New York City to a Jewish family. He studied at New York University and at the University of Denver. Simon was married five times. The first four ended in divorce. He was married to Elaine Joyce from 1999 until his death in 2018. Simon had three children, including one adopted child. 

Simon died on August 26, 2018 of complications from pneumonia after being on life-support while hospitalized for renal failure in Manhattan, aged 91. He also had Alzheimer's disease.

References

Other websites

 
 
 video: "Neil Simon's Broadway", 6 minutes
 Neil Simon Theatre Festival
 PBS article, American Masters
1927 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in New York City
People with Alzheimer's disease
American playwrights
American television writers
Comedians from New York City
Jewish American actors
Jewish American writers
New York University alumni
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Golden Globe Award winning writers
Kennedy Center honorees
Movie producers from New York City
Pulitzer Prize winners
Screenwriters from New York City
Tony Award winners
Writers from the Bronx
Angus Stanley King, Jr. (born March 31, 1944) is an American politician and the junior United States Senator from the state of Maine.  A political independent, he served as the 72nd Governor of Maine from 1995 to 2003.

King won Maine's United States Senate election in Maine, 2012 and took office on January 3, 2013. For committee assignment purposes, he caucuses with the Democratic Party.

King was born on March 31, 1944 in Alexandria, Virginia. He studied at Dartmouth College and at University of Virginia. King has been married to Mary Harman since 1984. They have five children. He now lives in Brunswick, Maine.

References

Other websites

U.S. Senate website
Angus King for U.S. Senate official campaign site
 June 2006 Speech by Angus King on the Maine laptop program 
 King family site documenting the motorhome trip. (retrieved September 13, 2006)
1944 births
Living people
Lawyers from Virginia
Governors of Maine
United States senators from Maine
Independent politicians in the United States
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Lawyers from Maine
Politicians from Alexandria, Virginia
A game in game theory is a mathematical model, which is used to describe a process, as follows:
There are several actors
Each actor can influence the state of the model by choosing one among several options
This choice influences the state of the system, and the choices the other actors have
This definition excludes all "games" where there is only one actor. Game theory developed from describing very specific games into a model that is used for strategic decision-making. John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern first described game theory. Other people known for their work in game theory include Émile Borel.

Game theory
Archimedes' screw is a machine. It is a type of pump used for raising water up. It is a screw inside a fairly tight-fitting cylinder. With the bottom end in water, the screw lifts water up to the top, where it pours out of a spout. The screw can be turned by hand, or by a windmill, or by an engine. The screw is often used for filling irrigation ditches.

Archimedes wrote about it when he was in Alexandria, Egypt. It is not known for certain whether he did invent it, but it is always attributed to him. The Archimedes screw is still much in use all over the world.

There is also a kind of reverse Archimedes' screw. Water poured in on top turns the screw. The turning drives an electric generator, which makes electricity. It is good for rivers with modest water drops ('low heads'). The reverse screw has the same benefits as using the screw for pumping: it can handle very dirty water and widely varying rates of flow, with high efficiency.
References 
 P. J. Kantert: „Manual for Archimedean Screw Pump“, Hirthammer Verlag 2008, .
 P. J. Kantert: „Praxishandbuch Schneckenpumpe“, Hirthammer Verlag 2008, .

Machines
Mechanics
History of technology
Archimedes
Ezra (; , Ezra; fl. 480–440 BC), is a highly respected figure in Judaism.

Name
He is called Ezra the Scribe (, Ezra ha-Sofer) and Ezra the Priest in the Book of Ezra. In an early Greek translation of the bible, the Septuagint, the name is written as Esdras (), from which comes . His name may be an abbreviation of , "God-helps".

In Islam he is known as Uzair (). He was mentioned in the Qur'an.

Early bible history
The Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah are the oldest sources for the history of Ezra,. Many of the other books they say are written by Ezra (First Esdras, 3-6 Ezra) are written after that. Those books take the story from the books of Ezra and Nehemiah.

Ezra was a member of the family of Seraiah the high priest. He lived in Babylon when in the seventh year (~ 457 BCE) of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, the king sent him to Jerusalem to teach the laws of God to any who did not know them.
Ezra led a large group of exiles back to Jerusalem. He discovered that Jewish men had been marrying non-Jewish women. He worked to stop this from happening again.

Some years later the king Artaxerxes sent a Jewish nobleman, Nehemiah, to Jerusalem. He had to rebuild the city walls. Once this was done, Nehemiah asked Ezra to read the Law of Moses (the Torah) to the people. The people and priests agreed to keep to this law and to separate themselves from all other peoples.

Later literature
The second book of Esdras was written a lot later, c. AD 100. In this book, Ezra talks with an angel or God three times and has four visions. At the end, he is taken up to heaven like Enoch and Elijah. Ezra is seen as a new Moses in this book.

Ezra in rabbinic literature

Judaism believes Ezra started the Great Assembly of scholars and prophets. Later, this would become the Sanhedrin, the authority when it comes to religious law.

It is said that Ezra was the writer of the Books of Chronicles.
Ezra's tomb
His tomb at Al-ʻUzair on the banks of the Tigris near Basra, Iraq, is a pilgrimage site for the local Marsh Arabs.

Related pages
Esdras -  about the classification of the books ascribed to Ezra
Book of Ezra and Book of Nehemiah - the non-rabbinical tradition
1 Esdras and 2 Esdras - the Greek version of the texts

References

Other websites 

 Jewish Encyclopedia: Ezra the Scribe
 Catholic Encyclopedia: Esdras

Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people
5th-century BC deaths
Olga Borisovna Prokhvatylo (; July 18, 1968 – June 8, 2013) was a Russian actress and comedian most famous for her roles in Russian TV Series of 2000s.

Death 
After having back pains, Prokhvatylo died in Moscow on June 8, 2013 from heart failure.

References

Other websites

1968 births
2013 deaths
Russian comedians
Russian movie actors
Russian television actors
Deaths from heart failure
Turkana boy, or Nariokotome boy, is the fossil KNM-WT 15000. It is a nearly complete skeleton of a hominid who died in the early Pleistocene 1.5 million years ago (mya), near present-day Lake Turkana in northwest Kenya. This specimen is the most complete early human skeleton ever found. It was first classified as Homo erectus; after much heated debate, it was re-classified as Homo ergaster.

His age at death has been estimated from 7 years six months to as old as 15 years. The most recent scientific review suggests 8 years of age. It was first thought that he would have grown to 1.85 m tall, but recently a height of 1.63 m was proposed. Research showed that his growth differed from that of modern humans: he would have had a shorter and smaller adolescent growth spurt.

The skeleton was discovered in 1984 by Kamoya Kimeu, a member of a team led by Richard Leakey, at Nariokotome near Lake Turkana in northwest Kenya.
Adolescence and maturity 
The shape of the pelvis identifies that the specimen was a male. His estimated age at death depends upon whether the maturity stage of his teeth or skeletal is used, and whether that maturity is compared to that of modern humans or chimpanzees.

A key factor here is that while modern humans have a marked adolescent growth spurt, chimpanzees do not. While initial research assumed a modern human type of growth, more recent evidence from other fossils suggests this was less present in early Homo. This affects the estimation of both his age and his likely stature as a fully grown adult.

Morphology
The pelvis is narrower than in Homo sapiens, which might indicate more efficient running, whether to run down small game or to avoid predators. The Boy was relatively tall, which would have increased his surface area and helped him to lose heat.
Body hair may also have been thinner to hasten cooling. Body hair was lost in the shift towards savanna living. In equatorial Africa, modern humans evolved this trait an estimated one million years ago.

The skeleton still had features (such as a low sloping forehead, strong brow ridges, and the absence of a chin) not seen in H. sapiens. The arms were slightly longer. Turkana Boy had a projecting nose rather than the open flat nose seen in apes.

References

Sources
 
  – Good popular level presentation
  – Technical papers
 

Hominins
Fossils
Kenya
Prehistoric Africa
Archaeological sites in Africa
The Heinkel He 114 is a Nazi German two-seated biplane seaplane. It is used by Luftwaffe, and Romanian, Spanish, and Swedish air forces for aerial reconnaissance. Maiden flight was in 1936 and it started on unit on 1939. It was built by Heinkel.
World War II German aircraft
The Short 330 is a British twin-engines airliner used for regional and domestic flights. It can carry about 30 passengers. It was built between 1974 and 1992 by Short Brothers in Belfast. It is used by the US Army and US Air Force as C-23 Sherpa. Short 360 is a modernized variant.

Short C-23 Sherpa
Short C-23 Sherpa
Civil aircraft
The Short 360 is a twin-engines British airliner built by Short Brothers in Belfast. Used for domestic flights, it can carry about 30 passengers. It is a variant of the Short 330. Its first test flight was in 1981. It was built between 1981 and 1991.

Civil aircraft
The Technische Universität München (TUM; University of Technology, Munich; Technical University of Munich) is a research university with campuses in Munich, Garching and Freising-Weihenstephan. It was founded in 1868. The university alumni and professor list include 17 Nobel Prize winners. As of winter semester 2018 TUM has 41.375 students, 566 professors, and 10.501 staff members.

References

1868 establishments in Europe
Buildings and structures in Munich
Munich
Munich
1860s establishments in Germany
The Prelude Op. 28, No. 15, by Frédéric Chopin is known as the "Raindrop" prelude. It is one of the 24 Chopin preludes.  This is the longest of the preludes.  It lasts between five and seven minutes. The prelude is famous for its repeating A-flat. This note appears throughout the piece. It sounds like raindrops to many listeners. It is known for it's repetitive raindrop motif.
Composition
Some of the Preludes were written during Chopin and George Sand's stay at a monastery in Valldemossa, Majorca in 1838.  In her Histoire de ma vie, Sand told how one evening she and her son Maurice, returning from Palma, Majorca, in a terrible rainstorm, found a frantic Chopin who cried, "Ah! I knew well that you were dead." While playing his piano he had a dream:
"He saw himself  drowned in a lake. Heavy drops of icy water fell in a regular rhythm on his breast, and when I made him listen to the sound of the drops of water indeed falling in rhythm on the roof, he denied having heard it. He was even angry that I should interpret this in terms of imitative sounds. He protested with all his might – and he was right to – against the childishness of such aural imitations. His genius was filled with the mysterious sounds of nature, but transformed into sublime equivalents in musical thought, and not through slavish imitation of the actual external sounds."
Sand did not say which prelude Chopin played for her at that time. Most music critics think it was no. 15, because of the repeating A flat, with its suggestion of the "gentle patter" of rain. Peter Dayan points out that Sand accepted Chopin's protests that the prelude was not an imitation of the sound of raindrops, but a translation of nature's harmonies within Chopin's "génie". Frederick Niecks says that the prelude "rises before one's mind the cloistered court of the monastery of Valdemosa, and a procession of monks chanting lugubrious prayers, and carrying in the dark hours of night their departed brother to his last resting-place.

Description
Description

The prelude opens with a "serene" theme in D flat. It then changes to a "lugubrious interlude" in C sharp minor, "with the dominant pedal never ceasing, a basso ostinato". The repeating A flat, which has been heard throughout the first section, here becomes more insistent. Following this, the prelude ends with a repetition of the original theme. Niecks says, "This C sharp minor portion...affects one like an oppressive dream; the re-entrance of the opening D flat major, which dispels the dreadful nightmare, comes upon one with the smiling freshness of dear, familiar nature – only after these horrors of the imagination can its serene beauty be fully appreciated.

Related pages
Preludes (Chopin)

References

Other websites
, performed by Martha Argerich
, performed by Valentina Igoshina

Compositions by Frédéric Chopin
‪Solo piano pieces‬
Sisseton is a city in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Roberts County, and 2,740 people lived there at the 2010 census. Sisseton became a city in 1907.

References

Other websites 
City of Sisseton website

County seats in South Dakota
Cities in South Dakota
1907 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in South Dakota
A GSSP, more fully a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point,  is an internationally agreed point which defines the start of a stage on the geologic time scale.

The work is done by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, a part of the International Union of Geological Sciences. As of 2012, 64 of the 101 stages that need a GSSP have been decided.

Rules for GSSP 
A geologic section has to follow the rules to be adapted as a GSSP by the ICS. The list below are the rules:
A GSSP has to decide the lower boundary (start of a geological period) of a geologic stage.
 The lower boundary (start of a geological period) has to be decided using a primary (main) marker (usually first appearance datum of a fossil specie).
 There should also be secondary markers (other fossils, chemical, geomagnetic reversal).
 The horizon in which the marker appears should have minerals that can be radiometrically dated.
 The marker has to have regional and global correlation in outcrops of the same age
 The marker should be independent of facies.
 The outcrop has to have an acceptable thickness
 Sedimentation has to be constant without any changes in facies
 The outcrop should not be affected by tectonic and sedimentary movements, and metamorphism
 The outcrop has to be accessible to research and free to access.
List 

This list shows some of the GSSPs.

Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSAs)

Because defining a GSSP depends on finding well-preserved geologic sections and identifying key events, this task becomes more harder as one goes farther back in time.  Before 640 million years ago, boundaries on the geologic timescale are defined simply by reference to fixed dates, known as "Global Standard Stratigraphic Ages". The oldest GSSP is the one that marks the start of the Ediacaran at 635 million years ago.

References

Earth sciences
Geological periods
Neurodiversity is a word for differences in people's brains. It is a type of biodiversity (diversity in living creatures).

Examples of neurodiverse conditions include autism, Tourette syndrome, ADHD, and dyslexia.

Movement 
The neurodiversity movement is an approach to mental disability in which some neurological conditions are variations of the human brain. The term was first used in the late 1990s as a challenge to the idea that neurological differences are disorders instead of features. The movement believes that these variations should be recognised as a social category along with gender, human race and sexual orientation.

Some people claim that neurodiversity would not be good for individuals with severe disabilities, such as low-functioning autism.  They state that the difficulties are far greater than any potential strengths.

Related pages 
Autism rights movement
Biodiversity

References 

Controversies
Neurology
Luo Meizhen (July 9, 1885 – June 11, 2013) was a Chinese woman who claimed to be the world's oldest person. It is unknown if Meizhen was the world's oldest person since there China did not keep birth certificates when she was born. She was allegedly the world's oldest woman. 

Meizhen died of natural causes at the claimed age of 127 on June 11, 2013 in Guangxi.

References 

1885 births
2013 deaths
Longevity claims
Chinese supercentenarians
People from Guangxi
Hamstead Heath is a large park Hampstead, North London, which is taken care of by the City of London.

See
Website

City of London
Milton Conrad Schmidt (March 5, 1918 – January 4, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre, coach and general manager, mostly for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. He was an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. From 2014 until his death in 2017, Schmidt was the oldest living former NHL player.

Schmidt was born on March 5, 1918 in Kitchener, Ontario. He was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Schmidt died on January 4, 2017 from a stroke in Needham, Massachusetts, aged 98.

References

1918 births
2017 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Ice hockey people from Toronto
Gordon Bitner Hinckley (June 23, 1910 – January 27, 2008) was an American religious leader and author. He was the 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from March 12, 1995 until his death. Considered a prophet, seer, and revelator by church members. Hinckley was the oldest person to preside over the church in its history.

Hinckley was born on June 23, 1910 in Salt Lake City, Utah. He studied at the University of Utah. Hinckley was married to Marjorie Pay in 1937. She died in 2004. They had five children. Hinckley died on January 27, 2008 in Salt Lake City, Utah from cancer, aged 97.

References

Other websites
Other websites

Obituary in The Times, January 29, 2008
 Official Church History - Basic Facts about Gordon B. Hinckley
 A biography of three recent Church Presidents: Ezra Taft Benson, Howard W. Hunter and Gordon B. Hinckley
 Larry King Live - Gordon Hinckley: Distinguished Religious Leader of the Mormons (Aired December 26, 2004)
 Transcript: National Press Club Q&A with President Gordon B. Hinckley  (Questions from Jack Cushman, The New York Times)
 Feature story — President Gordon B. Hinckley on lds.org
 Official Church tribute to Gordon B. Hinckley
 Quotes, teachings, stories, and videos of President Hinckley
 Grandpa Bill's G.A. Pages: Gordon B. Hinckley 
 

1910 births
2008 deaths
American activists
Cancer deaths in Utah
Writers from Salt Lake City, Utah
was a Japanese supercentenarian who was the world's oldest living person since the death of 116-year-old Japanese man Jiroemon Kimura on 12 June 2013 until her own death on 1 April 2015. She was the world's oldest living woman since the death of 115-year-old Japanese woman Koto Okubo on 12 January 2013 until 1 April 2015. She was the oldest verified Japanese and Asian person ever, until being exceed the record by Nabi Tajima in 2017.

Biography 
Okawa was born on 5 March 1898, in the Tenma district (present-day Kita-ku) of Osaka, and in her latter years lived at a nursing home in Higashisumiyoshi-ku, Osaka. She married Yukio in 1919, and had three children, two of whom were still alive at the time of her death. She also had four grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.

Longevity 
On 27 February 2013, a few days before her 115th birthday, Misao Okawa was officially recognized by Guinness World Records as the oldest living woman in the world, and was presented with a certificate at her nursing home in Osaka.
References 

1898 births
2015 deaths
Japanese supercentenarians
People from Osaka
World record holders
Happy Feet Two is a 2011 Australian-American 3D computer-animated family musical movie directed by George Miller. It is a sequel to Miller's 2006 movie Happy Feet. It stars Elijah Wood, Robin Williams, Hugo Weaving, Magda Szubanski, and Anthony LaPaglia reprising their roles from the first movie. Brad Pitt also stars in the movie.

References

2011 animated movies
2010s musical movies
2010s computer-animated movies
American animated movies
American musical movies
Movies about birds
Movies set in Antarctica
Australian movies
English-language movies
Warner Bros. movies
Movies directed by George Miller
Mario Kart 8 (stylized as MARIOKART8) is a racing video game released on May 30, 2014 for the Wii U game console. It is part of the Mario Kart series.

The game is like the other Mario Kart games, where characters from the Mario series race each other in go-karts. Players are able to use items from item boxes to keep their opponents from winning. Along with go-karts, the game also has motorcycles. There are 12 players in a race. Like in Mario Kart 7, karts have hang-gliding attachments, and players are able to drive underwater. For the first time in the series, players are able to drive on walls and ceilings. There is one new types of vehicles: and four-wheel buggies. There is local and online multiplayer for up to 12 players. Players include Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, etc. The first DLC track pack was revealed in October 2014.
A port remake titled Mario Kart 8 Deluxe was released on the Nintendo Switch in 2017, having pre-installed and changed some in-game mechanics such as the battle mode. All characters are unlocked from the start except Gold Mario. The port received widespread critical acclaim due to big improvements over the original game.

Mario Kart 8 sold 8.45 million copies and Mario Kart 8 Deluxe sold 33.41 million copies.

References

2014 video games
2017 video games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
Mario Kart games
Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U are two fighting video games for the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U game consoles. They were developed by Sora Ltd. and Namco Bandai Games and published by Nintendo. They act as the fourth game in the Super Smash Bros. series. The 3DS game was released on September 13, 2014. The Wii U game was released on November 21, 2014.
Like the past games in the series, Super Smash Bros. involves characters from Nintendo series fighting against each other, with the object of knocking opponents off of the stage in some way. Characters from past Super Smash Bros. games that are in these games include Mario, Luigi, Bowser, Princess Peach, Yoshi, Link, Princess Zelda, Sheik, Toon Link, Fox McCloud, Kirby, King Dedede, Pikachu, Lucario, Charizard, Donkey Kong, Diddy Kong, Samus Aran, Zero Suit Samus, Marth, Ike, Pit, Sonic the Hedgehog, and Olimar. There are six new characters: Villager from the Animal Crossing series, Mega Man from the Mega Man series, the Wii Fit Trainer, Rosalina from the Mario series., Little Mac from the Punch-Out!! series, Greninja from the Pokémon series, the Mii, Palutena from the Kid Icarus series, and Pac-Man from the Pac-Man series. There are also many hidden characters which can be unlocked. These are called "Secret Characters" by the official Super Smash Bros. Website.
The Wii U version has high-definition graphics. The Nintendo 3DS version has cel-shaded (computer graphics made to look like they were drawn by hand) graphics. Both versions have the same number of characters, but have stages that are only in either version. The Nintendo 3DS version has more stages based on Nintendo's handheld video games. The Wii U version has more stages based on their console video games. For the first time in the series, players can change the movesets of characters. They can play with characters they have changed the movesets of in single-player and with friends.

Characters
Characters 

Some characters in the game were released as downloadable content. Mewtwo, who had last appeared in Melee, was released on April 28, 2015 and was made available on April 15, 2015 for members of Club Nintendo who had purchased and registered both 3DS and Wii U versions of the game before March 31, 2015. Lucas from Mother 3, who had last appeared in Brawl, and Roy from Fire Emblem: The Binding Blade, who last appeared in Melee, made their returns and were released on June 14, 2015. Ryu from the Street Fighter series was also announced as a new character and was released alongside Lucas and Roy. On November 12, 2015, it was announced that Cloud Strife from Final Fantasy VII would be joining as a newcomer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ca.ign.com/articles/2015/11/12/final-fantasy-7s-cloud-coming-to-super-smash-bros-wii-u-3ds|accessdate=2015-11-12|title=Final Fantasy 7'''s Cloud Coming to Super Smash Bros Wii U, 3DS|date=12 November 2015|publisher=IGN}}</ref>
On April 1, 2015, a ballot was launched on the official Smash Bros website, which allowed players to nominate video game characters to be added as playable characters. The ballot's deadline was on October 3, 2015. On December 15, 2015, a special Smash Bros. broadcast was shown. Cloud Strife was released after the broadcast. Corrin from Fire Emblem Fates and Bayonetta from the series of the same name were announced as the last downloadable characters. They were released on February 3, 2016. Bayonetta was chosen as the winner of the Smash Bros.'' ballot. She ranked first in Europe and was among the top five in North America among "realizable" characters.

References

Other websites
Official website

Super Smash Bros.
Nintendo 3DS games
Wii U games
2014 video games
The Holden Monaro was a sports car created by Holden. It was produced between 1968 and 1977 and again between 2001 and 2006. The Monaro was named after a region of New South Wales.

The 1968 Monaro came in 7 different models, ranging from a straight-six cylinder engine up to a V8 engine. The Monaro had eight different models over two generations.
The HK, HT and HG, were first generation models. It was also sold in South Africa as the Chevrolet SS. The HQ, HJ, HX, HX Limited Edition and HZ GTS form the second generation.

The 2001 Monaro came in two models over four years, with both platforms being based Holden Commodore that was produced at the time. It came with a 3.8-litre supercharged V6 engine or a 5.7-litre V8 engine. It was also sold in the United States as the Pontiac GTO and in England as the Vauxhall Monaro. It was also modified by Holden Special Vehicles and sold as the HSV Coupé.

Automobiles
Holden
Super Mario 3D World is a 2013 platform video game released for the Wii U. It is part of the Mario series. It is the sequel to the 2011 Nintendo 3DS game Super Mario 3D Land. It was released in Japan on November 21, 2013, in North America on November 22, 2013, in Europe on November 29, 2013, and in Australia on November 30, 2013. A Nintendo Switch remaster, Super Mario 3D World + Bowser's Fury, was announced during a Super Mario Bros. 35th Anniversary themed Nintendo Direct and was released worldwide on February 12, 2021.
Gameplay
Players control Mario, Luigi, Princess Peach, and Toad. Like in Super Mario Bros. 2, each character has its own unique abilities. Luigi can jump higher than other characters, Princess Peach can float in midair for a short time, and Toad can run fast. Rosalina also appears as a fifth playable character, who needs to be unlocked in order to play as her. She can use the spin attack move that is seen in Super Mario Galaxy and Super Mario Galaxy 2, but is the slowest character. There is a new item called the Super Bell that turns the player into their cat form, which allows players to climb up walls, run faster, perform unique attacks, and run up to the top of the goal pole at the end of each level. The game features a multiplayer mode.

References

2013 video games
2021 video games
Wii U games
Nintendo Switch games
Mario platform games