Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
An obstacle course is a series of obstacles a person, vehicle or team must navigate. This is usually while being timed. Obstacle courses can include running, climbing, jumping, crawling, swimming, and balanceing with the aim of testing speed and endurance. Sometimes a course involves mental tests. In an off-road obstacle course, the driver is presented with a variety of different terrain to get over, around or through.

Types of courses

Military
The military/Army obstacle course is used (mostly in recruit training). The purpose is to familiarize recruits with the kind of military tactics they will use in combat. It is also for physical fitness, building teamwork, and evaluating problem solving skills. Typical courses involve obstacles the participants must climb over, crawl under, balance, hang, jump, etc. Puddles of muddy water, ropes, nets, and "no touch" restrictions are often used to make the course more difficult.

Off-road
Off-road 

Off-road obstacle courses may be set up with a variety of different challenging situations. More common obstacles are hills, rockcrawling gates, log crawls, and mud pits. Some include underground tunnels, balance beams and water slides. Others are for the purposes of teaching high-speed driving on unimproved roads. Features include different kinds of turns, changes in elevation, navigating high speed straightaways and maneuvering vehicles through tight S-turns (so called because from above they resemble a letter "s").

References

Other websites 
 Commando Training Centre Royal Marines assault course, YouTube
 Jeff Daniel's Jeep Show Offroad Obstacle Course, YouTube

Training
Entertainment
The furcula ("little fork" in Latin) is commonly called the wishbone. It is a forked bone in birds and
some extinct dinosaurs.

It is a strut between a bird's shoulders, and connects to each of the bird's scapulae (shoulder blades). A strut is a structure which resists compression (pushing together) along its length.

It is formed by the fusion of the two clavicles (shoulder blades). In birds, its main function is to strengthen the thoracic skeleton to withstand the forces of flight.

X-ray films of starlings in flight have shown that the furcula expands when the wings are pulled downward, and snaps back as they are raised. Acting like a spring, the furcula stores some of the energy generated by contraction of the breast muscles. Then it releases the energy during the upstroke as the furcula snaps back to the normal position. This, in turn, draws the shoulders toward the midline of the body.
Surprisingly, the furcula is not essential for flying, and there are a number of birds which can fly well, but have a reduced furcula, or none at all.

Several groups of theropod dinosaurs had furculae.

References 

Birds
Bones
Animal anatomy
Wilfredo León Venero  (born 31 July 1993) is a Cuban volleyball player with Polish citizenship (since July 14, 2015), a member of Cuba men's national volleyball team in 2007–2012 and Russian club Zenit Kazan, silver medalist of the World Championship 2010, NORCECA Champion (2009, 2011), Cuban Champion (2009, 2010, 2011), Russian Champion (2015, 2016).

Other websites
 Highlights  (movie)
 FIVB profile

1993 births
Living people
Cuban volleyball players
Polish volleyball players
Sportsmen
Bartosz Kamil Kurek (born 29 August 1988) is a Polish volleyball player, a member of Poland men's national volleyball team and Japanese club JT Thunders Hiroshima, a participant of the 2012 Summer Olympics, 2009 European Champion, a gold medalist of the 2012 World League, a silver medalist of the 2011 World Cup, a bronze medalist of the 2011 World League, 2011 European Championship and 2015 World Cup, three-time Polish Champion (2009, 2010, 2011) and Italian Champion (2014).

Other websites
 Highlights  (movie)
 FIVB Profile
 PlusLiga player profile

1988 births
Living people
Competitors at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Polish Olympians
Polish volleyball players
Sportsmen
Frans Jeppsson Wall (born 19 December 1998), more commonly known as Frans, is a Swedish singer and songwriter. He won Melodifestivalen 2016 and will represent Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 in Stockholm, Sweden with the song "If I Were Sorry". He is of both English and Nigerian descent.

References

1998 births
Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Swedish singers
Living people
The Eurovision Song Contest 2016 was the 61st edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Stockholm, Sweden in May 2016. Forty two countries participated, and Australia participated for the second time. The winner was Jamala with the song 1944 representing Ukraine.

People around the world watched the contest on television, and people in the participating countries could vote on their telephones for their favourite song. Each country added up their votes, and gave 1-8, 10 and 12 points to their favourite countries.

Results

Semi-final 1

Semi-final 2

Final

References 

2016 in Europe
2016
2010s in Stockholm
May 2016 events
The arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse is an arrondissement of France in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital, and the prefecture of the department, is the city of Bourg-en-Bresse.

History
When the Ain department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse was part of that original department.

Geography
It is found in the western half of the department with an area of , the largest arrondissement of the department. It is the arrondissement with more people living in it, with 354,177 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse is bordered to the northwest by the Saône-et-Loire department, to the northeast by the Jura department, to the west by the arrondissements of Nantua and Belley, and to the southwest by the  Rhône department.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
In the arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse,  there are 12 cantons whose communes are in the arrondissement:
 
 Attignat (19 communes)
 Bourg-en-Bresse-1 (1 commune and part of Bourg-en-Bresse)
 Bourg-en-Bresse-2 (3 communes and part of Bourg-en-Bresse)
 Ceyzériat (22 communes)
 Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne (26 communes)
 Meximieux (15 communes)
 Miribel (8 communes)
 Replonges (32 communes)
 Saint-Étienne-du-Bois (28 communes)
 Trévoux (12 communes)
 Villars-les-Dombes (25 communes)
 Vonnas (19 communes)

The canton of Lagnieu has 22 communes in the arrondissement of Belley and 4 in the arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse; and the canton of Pont-d'Ain has 4 communes in Bourg-en-Bresse and 20 in the arrondissement of Nantua.

Communes
The arrondissement of Bourg-en-Bresse has 201 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
L'Abergement-Clémenciat (01001)
 Ambérieux-en-Dombes (01005)
 Arbigny (01016)
 Ars-sur-Formans (01021)
 Asnières-sur-Saône (01023)
 Attignat (01024)
 Bâgé-la-Ville (01025)
 Bâgé-le-Châtel (01026)
 Balan (01027)
 Baneins (01028)
 Beaupont (01029)
 Beauregard (01030)
 Béligneux (01032)
 Bény (01038)
 Béréziat (01040)
 Bey (01042)
 Beynost (01043)
 Birieux (01045)
 Biziat (01046)
 Bohas-Meyriat-Rignat (01245)
 La Boisse (01049)
 Boissey (01050)
 Bouligneux (01052)
 Bourg-en-Bresse (01053)
 Boz (01057)
 Bressolles (01062)
 Buellas (01065)
 Certines (01069)
 Ceyzériat (01072)
 Chalamont (01074)
 Chaleins (01075)
 Chaneins (01083)
 Chanoz-Châtenay (01084)
 La Chapelle-du-Châtelard (01085)
 Châtenay (01090)
 Châtillon-la-Palud (01092)
 Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne (01093)
 Chavannes-sur-Reyssouze (01094)
 Chaveyriat (01096)
 Chevroux (01102)
 Civrieux (01105)
 Cize (01106)
 Coligny (01108)
 Condeissiat (01113)
 Confrançon (01115)
 Cormoranche-sur-Saône (01123)
 Cormoz (01124)
 Corveissiat (01125)
Courmangoux (01127)
 Courtes (01128)
 Crans (01129)
 Cras-sur-Reyssouze (01130)
 Crottet (01134)
 Cruzilles-lès-Mépillat (01136)
 Curciat-Dongalon (01139)
 Curtafond (01140)
 Dagneux (01142)
 Dommartin (01144)
 Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne (01146)
 Dompierre-sur-Veyle (01145)
 Domsure (01147)
 Drom (01150)
 Druillat (01151)
 Étrez (01154)
 Fareins (01157)
 Feillens (01159)
 Foissiat (01163)
 Francheleins (01165)
 Frans (01166)
 Garnerans (01167)
 Genouilleux (01169)
 Gorrevod (01175)
 Grand-Corent (01177)
 Grièges (01179)
 Guéreins (01183)
 Hautecourt-Romanèche (01184)
 Illiat (01188)
 Jassans-Riottier (01194)
 Jasseron (01195)
 Jayat (01196)
 Journans (01197)
 Laiz (01203)
 Lapeyrouse (01207)
 Lent (01211)
 Lescheroux (01212)
 Lurcy (01225)
 Malafretaz (01229)
 Mantenay-Montlin (01230)
 Manziat (01231)
 Marboz (01232)
 Marlieux (01235)
 Marsonnas (01236)
 Massieux (01238)
 Meillonnas (01241)
 Messimy-sur-Saône (01243)
 Mézériat (01246)
 Mionnay (01248)
 Miribel (01249)
 Misérieux (01250)
 Mogneneins (01252)
Mogneneins (01252)
 Montagnat (01254)
 Montceaux (01258)
 Montcet (01259)
 Monthieux (01261)
 Montluel (01262)
 Montmerle-sur-Saône (01263)
 Montracol (01264)
 Montrevel-en-Bresse (01266)
 Neuville-les-Dames (01272)
 Neyron (01275)
 Niévroz (01276)
 Nivigne et Suran (01095)
 Ozan (01284)
 Parcieux (01285)
 Péronnas (01289)
 Perrex (01291)
 Peyzieux-sur-Saône (01295)
 Pirajoux (01296)
 Pizay (01297)
 Le Plantay (01299)
 Polliat (01301)
 Pont-de-Vaux (01305)
 Pont-de-Veyle (01306)
 Pouillat (01309)
 Ramasse (01317)
 Rancé (01318)
 Relevant (01319)
 Replonges (01320)
 Revonnas (01321)
 Reyrieux (01322)
 Reyssouze (01323)
 Romans (01328)
 Saint-André-de-Bâgé (01332)
 Saint-André-de-Corcy (01333)
 Saint-André-d'Huiriat (01334)
 Saint-André-le-Bouchoux (01335)
 Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc (01336)
 Saint-Bénigne (01337)
 Saint-Bernard (01339)
 Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon (01343)
 Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg (01344)
 Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat (01346)
 Saint-Didier-de-Formans (01347)
 Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne (01348)
Sainte-Croix (01342)
 Sainte-Euphémie (01353)
 Sainte-Olive (01382)
 Saint-Étienne-du-Bois (01350)
 Saint-Étienne-sur-Chalaronne (01351)
 Saint-Étienne-sur-Reyssouze (01352)
 Saint-Genis-sur-Menthon (01355)
 Saint-Georges-sur-Renon (01356)
 Saint-Germain-sur-Renon (01359)
 Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux (01362)
 Saint-Jean-sur-Reyssouze (01364)
 Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle (01365)
 Saint-Julien-sur-Reyssouze (01367)
 Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle (01368)
 Saint-Just (01369)
 Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône (01370)
 Saint-Marcel (01371)
 Saint-Martin-du-Mont (01374)
 Saint-Martin-le-Châtel (01375)
 Saint-Maurice-de-Beynost (01376)
 Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux (01380)
 Saint-Nizier-le-Désert (01381)
 Saint-Paul-de-Varax (01383)
 Saint-Rémy (01385)
 Saint-Sulpice (01387)
 Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes (01388)
 Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans (01389)
 Salavre (01391)
 Sandrans (01393)
 Savigneux (01398)
 Sermoyer (01402)
 Servas (01405)
 Servignat (01406)
 Simandre-sur-Suran (01408)
 Sulignat (01412)
 Thil (01418)
 Thoissey (01420)
 Tossiat (01422)
Tossiat (01422)
 Toussieux (01423)
 Tramoyes (01424)
 La Tranclière (01425)
 Trévoux (01427)
 Valeins (01428)
 Val-Revermont (01426)
 Vandeins (01429)
 Verjon (01432)
 Vernoux (01433)
 Versailleux (01434)
 Vescours (01437)
 Vésines (01439)
 Villars-les-Dombes (01443)
 Villemotier (01445)
 Villeneuve (01446)
 Villereversure (01447)
 Villette-sur-Ain (01449)
 Viriat (01451)
 Vonnas (01457)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Ain department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Bourg-en-Bresse
There are 4 arrondissements in the Ain department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The 4 arrondissements of Ain are:

History
Since its creation, the Ain department has had some changes:
 1790 : creation of the Ain department with nine districts: Pont-de-Vaux, Bourg, Nantua, Gex, Belley, Saint-Rambert, Montluel, Trévoux and Châtillon-les-Dombes.
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Bourg, Belley, Nantua and Trévoux.
 1815 : creation of the arrondissement Gex.
 1926 : the arrondissements of Gex and Trévoux were eliminated.
 1965 : Gex is again an arrondissement of the department.

References
References

Ain
Mustafa Badreddine, (‎; 6 April 1961 – c. 12 May 2016), also known as Mustafa Badr Al Din, Mustafa Amine Badreddine, Mustafa Youssef Badreddine, Sami Issa and Elias Fouad Saab, was a Lebanese military leader. He was a member of Hezbollah. He both the cousin and brother-in-law of late Imad Mugniyah. He was nicknamed Dhu al-Fiqar.

Badreddine escaped from the prison in 1990 during the invasion of Kuwait or the Iraqis released the imprisoned Badreddine and the others.

On 12 May 2016, it was said that Badreddine had been killed by an explosion causes by an airstrike near the Damascus International Airport. The cause and timing of which is unclear.

References

1961 births
2016 deaths
Deaths by airstrike
Lebanese military people
Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese nationalists
Lebanese terrorists
Muslim terrorists
Rodrigo Federico Espíndola (29 July 1989 – 13 May 2016) was an Argentine professional footballer. He played for Chacarita Juniors, Racing Club and most notably Nueva Chicago. He played as a defender. He was born in Monte Grande, Argentina. He began his career in 2009.

Espíndola died on 13 May 2016 after being shot during a robbery in Monte Grande, Argentina, aged 26.

References

1989 births
2016 deaths
Deaths by firearm
Murder victims
Argentine footballers
Jean François de Noailles, Marquis of Noailles 28 August 1658 - 23 June 1692) was a French nobleman and was known by his title of "Marquis of Noailles" (marquis de Noailles)  He was a member of the influential House of Noailles. He was also a "Maréchal de camp"

Children

Noailles married Marguerite Thérèse Rouillé in 1687 and had two daughters. 

Louise Antoinette de Noailles (25 February 1688 - 21 August 1690) died in infancy.  
Anne Catherine de Noailles (28 September 1694 - 7 November 1716) married Armand de Vignerot du Plessis, Duke of Richelieu but had no children.

1658 births
1692 deaths
House of Noailles
École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées Bretagne is a renowned graduate engineering school in France.

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
 Ingénieur ENSTA Bretagne (ENSTA Bretagne Graduate engineer Masters level program)
 Master of Science & PhD
 Mastères Spécialisés (MS)
 Massive Online Open Course.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSTA Bretagne. It is in Brest.

Most of the 900 graduate engineer students at ENSTA Bretagne live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

Research labs 
Research activities at ENSTA Bretagne relate to the following topics:
 Boat Design
 Vehicles Design
 Mechanical Design
 Renewable energy
 Hydrography ; oceanography
 Pyrotechnics ; propulsion
 Embedded systems
 Engineering and organizational management

References

Further reading
Further reading 

 Official website

Technical colleges and universities in France
1971 establishments in France
Edith Madeleine Carroll (26 February 1906 – 2 October 1987) was an English and American actress. At the peak of her success, she (at that time) was the highest paid actress in the world. She earned just over $250,000 in 1938. She acted in movies and radio. She starred in several Alfred Hitchcock thrillers including The 39 Steps (1935) and Secret Agent. She also played Gail in Honeymoon in Bali (1939).

Carroll was born in West Bromwich, England. She died from pancreatic cancer at age 81 in Marbella, Spain.

References

English radio actors
English movie actors
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Spain
1906 births
1987 deaths
Gertrude Lawrence (4 July 1898 – 6 September 1952) was an English actress, singer, dancer and musical theater performer. She appeared on stage in Broadway, New York City and West End, London.

Lawrence was in the children's play Where the Rainbow Ends. She also acted in The King and I. She won a Tony Award for that performance. In 1928–29 she starred in the stage play Treasure Girl.

Her best-known American movie role was in The Glass Menagerie. She played Amanda Wingfield, who had a southern American accent.

On 16 August 1952, Lawrence fainted backstage. The doctors said she was suffering from hepatitis.

Lawrence was born in London, England. She died from abdominal and liver cancer in New York City at age 54.

References

English stage actors
English movie actors
Actors from London
Deaths from liver cancer
1898 births
1952 deaths
A roll cage is a specially designed protective frame built in (or sometimes around) the passenger compartment of a vehicle. Generally made of welded steel tubing, a roll cage is a safety feature in the event of a rollover or crash. Roll cages are used mainly in auto racing and off-road sports such as rockcrawling. The roll cage also stiffens and adds strength to the vehicle which improves handling. When the cage is constructed on the outside of a vehicle it is usually called an "exo-cage".

Designs 

There are many different roll cage designs depending on the application. Different racing organizations have differing requirements and regulations for roll cages. A roll bar is a single bar behind the driver that provides some protection.  Due to the lack of a protective top, some modern convertibles use a strong windshield frame which acts as a roll bar. Also, a roll hoop may be placed behind both front headrests.
A newer form of rollover protection, pioneered on the Mercedes-Benz R129 in 1989, are hidden roll hoops.  When sensors detect the vehicle is about to roll over, the roll hoops quickly extend and lock in place.  Cars that have this kind of "deployable rollover protection" system include the Peugeot 307 CC, Volvo C70, Mercedes-Benz SL 500, and Jaguar XK.

Roll bars are also used historically on row crop tractors, and roll cages are common as part of the cab on modern tractors.

Construction 
A roll cage is not just steel tubing welded together. It must be designed to hold the weight of the vehicle should it roll over or land upside down. A basic roll bar usually has 4 points of contact with the vehicle chassis. A typical roll cage may be an 8-point or more design. In many cases a roll cage designed for a particular car or truck may be purchased from a professional roll cage manufacturer. Kits are available which are easier to transport and must be welded together inside the vehicle.

References
References

Other websites 
 Roll Cage Installation, YouTube
 Designing a Roll Cage, YouTube

Safety
Auto racing
Moab is a city in Grand County, in eastern Utah, United States. The population was 5,366 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat and largest city in Grand County. Moab attracts a large number of tourists every year. Many come to visit the nearby Arches and Canyonlands National Parks. The town is a popular base for mountain bikers who ride the large number of trails. It also attracts many off-roaders who come for the annual Easter Jeep Safari.

History

Early years
Early years

The Biblical name Moab refers to an area of land located on the eastern side of the Jordan River. Some historians believe the city in Utah came to use this name because of William Pierce, the first postmaster. He believed that the biblical Moab and this part of Utah were both "the far country". However, others believe the name has Paiute origins, referring to the word "moapa" meaning mosquito. Some of the area's early residents attempted to change the city's name because in the Christian Bible, Moabites are demeaned as being incestuous and idolatrous. One petition in 1890 had 59 signatures and requested a name change to Vina. Another effort attempted to change the name to Uvadalia. Both attempts failed.
In 1883 the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad main line was built across eastern Utah. The rail line did not pass through Moab. Instead, it passed through the nearby towns of Thompson Springs and Cisco,  to the north. Later, other places to cross the Colorado were constructed, such as Lee's Ferry, Navajo Bridge and Boulder Dam. These changes shifted the trade routes away from Moab. Moab farmers and merchants had to adapt from trading with passing travelers to shipping their goods to distant markets. Soon Moab's origins as one of the few natural crossings of the Colorado River were forgotten. Nevertheless, the U.S. military deemed the bridge over the Colorado River at Moab important enough to place it under guard as late as World War II.
In 1943, a former Civilian Conservation Corps camp outside Moab was used to confine Japanese American internees labeled "troublemakers" by authorities in the War Relocation Authority. The Moab Isolation Center for "noncompliant" Japanese Americans was created in response to growing resistance to WRA policies within the camps. A December 1942 clash between guards and inmates known as the "Manzanar Riot," in which two were killed and ten injured, was the final push. On January 11, 1943, the sixteen men who had initiated the two-day protests were transferred to Moab from the town jails where they had been locked up (without charges or access to hearings) after the Riot. Having closed just fifteen months prior, all 18 military-style structures of the CCC camp were in good condition. The site was converted to its new use with minimal renovation. 150 military police guarded the camp, and director Raymond Best and head of security Francis Frederick presided over the administration
. On February 18, thirteen transfers from Gila River, Arizona were brought to Moab, and six days later, ten more arrived from Manzanar. An additional fifteen Tule Lake inmates were transferred on April 2. Most of these new arrivals were removed from the general camp population because of their resisting internment policies. The Moab Isolation Center remained open until April 27, when most of its inmates were taken by bus to the larger and more secure Leupp Isolation Center. In 1994, the "Dalton Wells CCC Camp/Moab Relocation Center" was added to the National Register of Historic Places. Even though no historical marker exists on the site, an information plaque at the current site entrance and a photograph on display at the Dan O'Laurie Museum in Moab mention the former isolation center.
Later years

Moab's economy was originally based on agriculture, but gradually shifted to mining. Uranium and vanadium were discovered in the area in the 1910s and 1920s. Potash and manganese came next, and then oil and natural gas were discovered. In the 1950s Moab became the so-called "Uranium Capital of the World" after geologist Charles Steen found a rich deposit of uranium ore south of the city. This discovery came at about the same time as nuclear weapons and nuclear power in the United States began to be developed. With these later discoveries Moab became prosperous.

The city population grew nearly 500% over the next few years, bringing the population to near 6,000 people. The explosion in population caused much construction of houses and schools. Charles Steen donated a great deal of money and land to create new houses and churches in Moab.
With the winding down of the Cold War, Moab's uranium boom was over. The city's population drastically went down. By the early 1980s a number of homes stood empty and nearly all of the uranium mines had closed.

In 1949, Western movie director John Ford was persuaded to use the area for the movie Wagon Master.  Ford had been using the area in Monument Valley around Mexican Hat, Utah, south of Moab. This is where he filmed Stagecoach there 10 years earlier in 1939.  A local Moab rancher (George White) found Ford and persuaded him to come take a look at Moab. There have been numerous movies filmed in the area since then, using Arches National Park and Canyonlands National Park as backdrops.
Since the 1970s, tourism has played an increasing role in the local economy. Partly due to the John Ford movies, partly due to magazine articles, the area has become a favorite of photographers, rafters, hikers, rock climbers, and most recently mountain bikers. Moab is also an increasingly popular destination for four-wheelers as well as for BASE jumpers and those rigging highlining, who are allowed to practice their sport in the area.  About 16 miles south of Moab is the Hole N' The Rock, a 5,000 square foot 14 room home carved into a rock wall which National Geographic has ranked as one of the top 10 roadside attractions in the United States.  Moab's population swells temporarily in the spring and summer months with the arrival of numerous people employed seasonally in the outdoor recreation and tourism industries.
In recent years Moab has experienced a surge of second-home owners. The relatively mild winters and enjoyable summers have attracted many people to build such homes throughout the area. In a situation mirroring that of other resort towns in the American West, controversy has arisen over these new residents and their houses, which in many cases remain unoccupied for most of the year. Many Moab citizens are concerned that the town is seeing changes similar to those experienced in Vail and Aspen in neighboring Colorado. These include rapidly rising property values, an increase in the cost of living, and the effects felt by local low- and middle-income workers.

Sunset Magazines March 2009 issue listed Moab as one of the "20 best small towns in the West," a distinction corroborated by similar articles in other magazines.

Since 2011 Moab has hosted an LGBT Pride festival. The first festival included a march which drew more than 350 people. The second year's festival had over 600 in attendance.
Climate
Moab has an arid climate characterized by hot summers and chilly winters. Precipitation is evenly spread over the year (usually less than one inch per month). There are an average of 41 days with temperatures reaching , 109 days reaching , and 3.6 days per winter where the temperature remains at or below freezing. The highest temperature was  on July 7, 1989.  The lowest temperature was  on January 22, 1930.

Average annual precipitation in Moab is . There are an average of 55 days annually with measurable precipitation.  The wettest year was 1983 with  and the driest year was 1898 with . The most precipitation in one month was  in July 1918.  The most precipitation in 24 hours was  on July 23, 1983.

Average seasonal snowfall for 1981–2011 is . The most snow in a season was  during 1914–15, but the snowiest month is December 1915 at .

References 

Cities in Utah
County seats in Utah
19th-century establishments in Utah
1878 establishments in the United States
Grand County is a county located in the U.S. state of Utah. As of the 2020 census, the population was 9,669. Its county seat and largest city is Moab. The county was named for the Colorado River, which at the time of statehood was known as the Grand River. It is west from the Colorado state line.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.3%) is water. The Green River forms the western boundary and Colorado lies on the eastern boundary.  The Colorado River flows through the southeast corner.  Deserts, cliffs and plateaus make up the scenery, with few settlements apart from the city of Moab, a Colorado River oasis. Arches National Park lies in the southern part of the county, just north of Moab. Also, the northernmost extension of Canyonlands National Park lies in the southwest corner of the county.
Adjacent counties
 Uintah County (north)
 Garfield County, Colorado (northeast)
 Mesa County, Colorado (east)
 San Juan County (south)
 Emery County (west)
 Carbon County (northwest)

National protected areas
 Arches National Park
 Canyonlands National Park (part)
 Manti-La Sal National Forest (part)
 McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area (part)

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 8,485 people, 3,434 households, and 2,170 families residing in the county.  The population density was 2 people per square mile (1/km²).  There were 4,062 housing units at an average density of 1 per square mile (0/km²).  The racial makeup of the county was 92.65% White, 0.25% Black or African American, 3.85% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.66% from other races, and 1.32% from two or more races.  5.55% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 3,434 households out of which 29.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them. In addition, 48.60% were married couples living together, 10.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.80% were non-families. 29.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.06.

In the county, the population was spread out with 26.90% under the age of 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 27.90% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 12.50% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.30 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.10 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $32,387, and the median income for a family was $39,095. Males had a median income of $31,000 versus $21,769 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,356.  About 10.90% of families and 14.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.20% of those under age 18 and 8.40% of those age 65 or over.

References 

Utah counties
19th-century establishments in Utah
1890 establishments in the United States
Fabrice "Fab" Morvan (born 14 May 1966) is a French singer-songwriter, dancer and model. He was half of pop duo Milli Vanilli, with Rob Pilatus. The duo sold multi-platinum albums around the world. But in the early 1990s, he and Pilatus were involved in one of the largest scandals in the history of pop music. It was revealed that neither he nor Pilatus really sang on any of Milli Vanilli's music whatsoever, but were lip synching.

After the scandal, the duo got themselves back together as Rob & Fab, though with limited success. Pilatus died of an overdose in 1998. Morvan had a solo comeback in the 2000s, with his album Love Revolution.

Morvan was born in Paris, France.

References

1966 births
Living people
Models from Paris
French pop singers
Musicians from Paris
French singer-songwriters
Singers from Paris
Writers from Paris
Expeditions
When going 4-wheeling, people can either go alone, or join up in a group. Groups usually meet up early in the day, at a certain location in the city. First waivers are signed and collected, then the drivers are given instruction and told to comply with any and all Bureau of Land Management regulations (i.e. stay on the trail, avoid walking on protected soil, etc.). Groups will then head out to the trails for the day. Once a group arrives at a trail, they will partially deflate ("air down") their tires to get better traction on sand or slick rock. Once the air down is completed they will begin through the trail and depending on the trail and the number of stops, it can take anywhere from a few hours to all day.
Many groups do radio introductions, over the CB radio, where a person (often the driver) will introduce his/her self and any passengers in the car. They may also tell if they have driven the trail before, or if it's their first time. When a group approaches a really difficult obstacle, a few will get out and act as a spotter to ensure everyone makes it up or down safely.

Groups will usually stop around noon or 1:00 P.M. for a lunch break. Drivers and passengers usually chat, take pictures, or do some work on their Jeep/4X4 vehicle. Once lunch is completed they will take off again.

Trails

Trails rank from easy to difficult (1 through 5). The classification system is the same used in skiing: Circle is Easy, Square is Moderate, and Diamond is Hard.  Many trails have several obstacles to get through.  Some of the most famous are Kenny's Climb, and White Knuckle Hill. Many involve rockcrawling.
Usage 
The Event is often attended by media representatives who cover outdoor and recreation events including representatives from Jeep. The Moab variant of the Jeep Wrangler
is named after Moab, UT.

Danger
Some trails, specifically the higher difficulty ones can be dangerous for inexperienced drivers, especially if they try to go alone. A basic rule for driving off-road is to never travel alone. Traveling in groups of two or more vehicles makes it more certain at least one vehicle can get back for help. Those who do venture out into the backcountry alone should have good communications (two-way radio, mobile phone or satellite device). Inexperienced groups are advised to bring a spotter along on the more difficult trails to avoid injuries and rollovers.

References

Other websites 
 Red Rock 4-Wheelers

Events in the United States
Christy O'Connor (21 December 1924 – 14 May 2016) was an Irish professional golfer. He was one of the leading golfers on the British and Irish circuit from the mid-1950s. He was born in Galway, Ireland. O'Connor won over 20 important British and Irish tournaments and finished in the top 10 in the Open Championship 10 times. 

In team events he played in 10 successive Ryder Cup matches and played in 15 Canada Cup/World Cup matches for Ireland, winning the Canada Cup in 1958 in partnership with Harry Bradshaw. His nephew was golfer Christy O'Connor Jnr who died in January 2016.

O'Connor Snr died at the age of 91 in a hospital in Dublin, on 14 May 2016.

References

1924 births
2016 deaths
Irish golfers
Darwyn Cooke (November 16, 1962 – May 14, 2016) was a Canadian comic book writer, artist, cartoonist and animator. He was born in Toronto, Ontario. He was known for his work on the comic books Catwoman, DC: The New Frontier, The Spirit and Richard Stark's Parker: The Hunter. 

Cooke died at his home in Florida after suffering from lung cancer on May 14, 2016, aged 53.

References

1962 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Cancer deaths in Florida
Comics artists
Canadian animators
Canadian cartoonists
Writers from Toronto
Unknown Worlds Entertainment is an independent game development company. It is based in San Francisco, California. The company wants to "unite the world through play". They are best known for Natural Selection.

History 
Unknown Worlds was created in 2001. They started development of a free mod Natural Selection.

They decided to create the second game Natural Selection 2. They soon after officially created Unknown Worlds Entertainment. To help raise money for Natural Selection 2, they created Zen of Sudoku in November 2006. Soon after, a small group of investors backed the project after a meeting at GDC in San Francisco.

In October 2006, Max McGuire became the first employee. He became the Technical Director. A year later, they released Decoda, a commercial debugger. The studio later switched from the Source Engine to their own engine, which was named "Evolution". It was later changed to "Spark" because "Evolution" was already being used.
In June 2008, Cory Strader was hired as an art director. In May 2009, Unknown Worlds started to accept pre-orders for the game. Natural Selection 2 was released on October 31, 2012.

On December 17, 2013, they announced Subnautica. Charlie Cleveland was the game director and lead gameplay. Hugh Jeremy was the producer. They decided to switch to the Unity game engine. It was released on Steam Early Access on December 16, 2014. It is planned for Xbox One. It was released in August 2016.

In October 2021, South Korean video game developer Krafton announced that it would acquire Unknown Worlds and continue to operate as an independent game studio.

Games 
 Natural Selection (2002)
 Zen of Sudoku (2006)
 Natural Selection 2 (2012)
 Subnautica (2016)
 Subnautica Below Zero (2021)
 Future Perfect (TBA)
Awards 
Natural Selection
 2002 : Best Newcomer - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2002 : Mod of the Year - 'Game of the Year' Awards, Gamespy
 2003 : Most Improved Mods - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2003 : Mods You Should Never Leave Home Without - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2003 : Best Overall Mods - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2004 : Best Level Design - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2005 : Players' Choice #10 - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
 2006 : Honourable Mention - 'Mod of the Year' Awards, Mod Database
Natural Selection 2
 2012 : Best Indie Game - PC Gamer’s Best of E3 Awards
 2012 : Best Indie Game - Gamespy's Best of E3 Awards
 2012 : Best PC Multiplayer Game (People's Choice) - IGN Best of 2012 Awards

References

American video game companies
Companies based in San Francisco
Lars Anders Fredrik "Lasse" Mårtenson (24 September 1934 – 14 May 2016) was a Finnish singer, composer, actor and theater conductor. He was born in Helsinki. He performed at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1964 with the song "Laiskotellen" ("Idling").

Mårtenson died of a cerebral haemorrhage, aged 81.

References

1934 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Finnish singers
Finnish composers
Conductors
Actors from Helsinki
Ground rules 
 Once a driver agrees to have help from a spotter, only one spotter at a time should guide the driver. Others may watch, but should not interfere.
 An exception is that in difficult situations a second spotter may stand at the rear of the vehicle. His or her input is limited to "stop", "wait" or "hope".
 Hand signals are the best communication. Engine noise, others talking or other sounds do not interfere with hand signals. The spotter remains in clear sight of the driver and uses only those signals that were previously agreed to. 
 Signals should not be just pointing a finger. Signals need to be large, clear gestures that are not easily confused with other commands.
Basic commands/signals 
 Come forward! In a clear voice the spotter tells the driver to move the vehicle forward leaving the wheels pointed where they are. The hand signal is both hands up, palms held towards the spotter (away from the driver), gesture to move forward.
Turn driver! The spotter tells the driver to turn towards the driver's side (which is left in the US and many other countries). The words left and right are relative to the driver or the spotter who are facing each other and may cause confusion. The hand signal is pointing to the driver's left.
Turn passenger! The spotter tells the driver to turn the wheels towards the passenger side of the vehicle. The hand signal is pointing to the driver's right.
Stop! Is a clear command to halt the vehicle where it is and maintain control. The spotter should not use ambiguous words such as "OK", "that's good", "hold up" or "wait". The hand signal is usually both hands held up, palms toward the driver, and do not move the hands or fingers.
Backup! The spotter is telling the driver to put the vehicle in reverse gear and slowly back up keeping the wheels pointed where they were. The hand signal is usually both hands held up, palms towards the driver, moving the hands back and forth gesturing to back up.
If spectators are giving the driver signals or shouting commands or advice, the spotter should step in and take control of the situation. Otherwise the driver will not know who's advice to follow. Other signals may be used as well as long as they are agreed to by both the driver and spotter.

Advanced spotting 
If a vehicle gets into a situation where one or more wheels are "hanging air" (off the ground and have no traction), the spotter may try to re-balance the vehicle. The most dangerous way is to hang on the side of the vehicle using the spotter's weight to bring it back down. Here the spotter is acting as a 'Rock surfer'. A much safer method is to use straps or ropes to bring the wheel or wheels down to earth again.

The spotter may be the agreed-on person to handle the winch line. Here again, clear signals between the spotter and driver need to be maintained in order to keep everyone safe.

References
References

Other websites 
 5 Jeep Spotting Principles, YouTube
 A Sampling of Uses for Winches and Spotter Lines for Off-Road Recovery, YouTube
Vehicles
Sports
In mathematics, a monomial is a polynomial which has only one term. A monomial cannot have a variable for a denominator.
 

Algebra
Saruê is a mammal animal, of the Opossum family, existing in northeastern Brazil.

References

Marsupials of South America
Cho Bong-am (, 25 September 1898 – 31 July 1959) was a South Korean independence activist and politician. He was the first Agriculture Minister of South Korea, 1948 - 1949.

Other websites 
 KBS 인물현대사 제32회 '진보,사형당하다-조봉암' 
 KBS 역사스페셜 -반세기만의 무죄판결 - 조봉암 죽음의 진실!-
 경작자에 땅 돌려준 사회구조 변혁 - 위클리 경향 824호

1898 births
1959 deaths
South Korean politicians
Communist politicians
Anti-communists
Executed people
South Korean autobiographers
People from Incheon
Nouvelle-Aquitaine () is one of the administrative regions of France. Its capital is Bordeaux. By land area, it is the largest region of France.

It is in the southwest of France formed in 2014 by three old regions: Aquitaine, Limousin and Poitou-Charentes. Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes was the temporary name for the region.

Geography

The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is the largest region of France with an area of . It is in southwestern France and borders to the northwest with the Pays de la Loire region, to the north with the Centre-Val de Loire region, to the east with the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, to the southwest with the Occitanie region and to the south with Spain.

The Nouvelle-Aquitaine has about  of coast along the Atlantic Ocean.

The distances from Bordeaux, the capital of the region, to other cities are:

 Paris, the national capital, 
 Toulouse, 
 Marseille, 
 Lyon, 
 Montpellier, 
 Nice,
Rivers
The only main drainage basin in the region is the Atlantic basin; some of the rivers in region, from south to north, are:
 Adour - 
 Garonne - 
 Dordogne - ; it joins the Garonne river to form the Gironde estuary
 Charente - 
 Sèvre Niortaise -

Mountains
The territory of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is formed mostly by large plains and low plateaus ( high). In the northern part of the region, the highest point is Mont Bessou with an elevation of , in the Massif Central. In the southern part of the region, there are higher mountains in the Pyrenees.

The Pic Palas (), at , is the highest mountain of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is in the Pyrenees mountain range of southern Pyrénées-Atlantiques.

The highest point of the different departments in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region are:

Departments
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region is formed by 12 departments:

Arr. = Arrondissements          Cant. = Cantons          Comm. = Communes
Demographics
The Nouvelle-Aquitaine region had, in 2014, a population of 5,879,144, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

The main cities with more than 30,000 inhabitants (2014) in the region are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Aquitaine
 Limousin
 Poitou-Charentes
 Regions of France

References

Other websites

 Regional Council website  
 Prefecture of the region

 
2016 establishments in France
Grand Est (; Alsatian: Grossa Oschta; Moselle Franconian/; Rhine Franconian: Groß Oschte;  ; ) is an administrative region in northeastern France. It was made from  three former administrative regions, Alsace, Champagne-Ardenne, and Lorraine, on 1 January 2016 under the short-lived name of Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL or ALCA) because of territorial reform which had been passed by the French law in 2014. The region sits along three water basins (Seine, Meuse and Rhine), spanning an area of , the 5th largest in France, and includes two mountain ranges (Vosges and Ardennes). It shares borders with Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, and Switzerland, and stands partly within the European Megalopolis.  The administrative capital and largest city, by far, is Strasbourg. The East of France has a interesting culture. It is between the Latin and Germanic areas, so many different languages spoken there (Alsatian, Champenois, Lorraine Franconian etc.)
.). Most of today's Grand Est region was thought to be "Eastern" as early as the 8th century, when it owned the southern part of the Francian territory of Austrasia. The city of Reims , would later play a ceremonial role in French history as the traditional site of the coronation of the kings of France. The Champagne fairs played an important part in the economy of medieval Europe as well. Alsace and Lorraine did well in the influence of the Holy Roman Empire for most of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. The region is home to traditions (the celebration of Saint Nicholas Day, Christmas markets, or traditions involving the Easter hare in Alsace and Lorraine). Alsace-Moselle has to follow local law for historical reasons. With a long industrial history as well and its agriculture and tourism (arts, cuisine, sightseeing etc.), the East of France has one of the largest economic production levels in the country.
Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine was the old name for the region.

References

 
2016 establishments in France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (Franco-Provençal: Ôvèrgne-Rôno-Ârpes; ) is an administrative region of France that was created on 1 January 2016 from the former French regions Auvergne and Rhône-Alpes. It is in the central and eastern parts of southern France.

Its capital is the city of Lyon.

Geography
The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region is the third largest region of Metropolitan France, after Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Occitanie, with an area of . It borders five French administrative regions: Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the north, Centre-Val de Loire to the northwest, Nouvelle-Aquitaine to the west, Occitanie to the southwest and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur to the southeast. It also borders two countries: Italy to the east and Switzerland to the northeast.

The region has the Massif Central to the east and the Alps to the east, with the valley of the Rhône river between them. Half of the Ain department is occupied by the Jura Mountains.
The extreme points for the region are in the communes:
 North : Château-sur-Allier, Allier ()
 East : Bonneval-sur-Arc, Savoie ()
 South : Ferrassières, Drôme ()
 West : Siran, Cantal ()

Its capital, Lyon, is at  to the southwest of Paris, the national capital, at  to the northwest of Marseille and at  to the west of Bordeaux.

The distances from the different departmental capitals to Lyon, the regional capital, are:

 Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain) - 
 Moulins (Allier) - 
 Privas (Ardèche) - 
 Aurillac (Cantal) - 
 Valence (Drôme) - 
 Grenoble (Isère) - 
 Saint-Étienne (Loire) - 
 Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire) - 
 Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme) - 
 Chambéry (Savoie) - 
 Annecy (Haute-Savoie) -

Rivers
There are two main drainage basin in the region; some rivers in those basins are:

 Atlantic basin
 Loire
 Allier

 Mediterranean basin
 Rhône
 Saône

Mountains
The Mont Blanc (), at , is the highest mountain of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, France, Italy and of Western Europe.
The highest points in the different departments of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region are:

Departments
The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region is formed by 13 departments:

Arr. = Arrondissements          Cant. = Cantons          Comm. = Communes

Demographics
The Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region had a population, in 2014, of 7,820,966, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The department with more people living in it is Rhône with 1,801,885 inhabitants.

The main cities in the region are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Auvergne
 Rhône-Alpes
 Regions of France

References

Other websites

 Official website of the region 
 Prefecture of the region 

 
2016 establishments in France