Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Charley - Charley is one of Willy's only true friends.  Charley offers Willy a job, 
but Willy refuses.  He felt bad for Willy's bad financial situation, so he gives Willy 
money each week that Willy pretends is his pay.

Bernard - Bernard is the son of Charley.  While Bernard was in high school, Willy 
made fun of him for studying too hard and said that he was "liked, but not well liked".  
Bernard became a successful lawyer who got to argue a case in front of the  [[Supreme 
Court of the United States]].

Ben - Ben is Willy's brother who died.  Willy in his daydreams sees Ben 
as a person who entered the jungles of Africa at age 17, and came out of Africa as 
a very rich man.

Theme 
The theme of Death of a Salesman is Miller's criticism of capitalism and he tries to express that the American Dream does not happen to everybody.  He also tries to express that being well liked is not enough to succeed, because success requires skill also.
Suicide in fiction
American plays
1940s plays
1949 works
The continuum hypothesis is a hypothesis on continuum that there is no set that is both bigger than that of the natural numbers and smaller than that of the real numbers. Georg Cantor stated this hypothesis in 1877.

There are infinitely many natural numbers, the cardinality of the set of natural numbers is infinite. This is also true for the set of real numbers, but there are more real numbers than natural numbers.  We say that the natural numbers have infinite cardinality and the real numbers have infinite cardinality, but the cardinality of the real numbers is greater than the cardinality of the natural numbers.
This hypothesis is the first problem on the list of 23 problems David Hilbert published in 1900. Kurt Gödel showed in 1939, that the hypothesis cannot be falsified using Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. The Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory is the set theory commonly used in mathematics. Paul Cohen showed in the 1960s that the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory cannot be used to prove the continuum hypothesis, either. For this, Cohen was awarded the Fields Medal.

Set theory
Flexibility training refers to developing a wide range of movement in a joint or series of joints that is attainable in a momentary effort with the help of a partner or a piece of equipment. Human flexibility is not the same in all joints. Thus, some easily perform longitudinal splits but are very hard in transversal ones. Flexibility in some joints can be increased to a certain degree by stretching.

Flexibility training has long been underestimated and perhaps overlooked by health-care professionals. Quality of life is considerably enhanced by improving and maintaining a good range of motion in the joints.

Related pages
 Aerobics
 Calisthenics
 Exercise
 Strength training
 Training
 Weight training

Fitness
Washington Luiz Mascarenhas Silva (born 17 July 1978) is a Brazilian football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||Tokyo||J. League 1||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Kazuhiro Murata (born 12 May 1969) used to be a Japanese football player. He is now retired.

References
Cerezo Osaka 

1969 births
Living people
Footballers from Nagasaki Prefecture
is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992||rowspan="7"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="7"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||0||0||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1995||11||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
|-
|1996||7||0||2||0||1||0||10||0
|-
|1997||12||1||0||0||4||1||16||2
|-
|1998||5||0||||||||||5||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||32||2||||||||||32||2
|-
|2001||7||0||||||||||7||0
75||3||2||0||5||1||82||4
75||3||2||0||5||1||82||4
|}

References

Kagawa Soccer Library

1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Taku Watanabe (born 9 November 1971) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="4"|Fujita||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 2||5||0||||||0||0||5||0
|-
|1991/92||3||0||||||0||0||3||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="2"|Football League||17||1||||||colspan="2"|-||17||1
|-
|1993||16||1||1||0||6||0||23||1
|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||40||2||5||1||1||0||46||3
|-
|1995||41||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||43||0
|-
|1996||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 1||11||0||0||0||2||0||13||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||Football League||29||3||3||1||7||0||39||4
|-
|1998||J. League 1||14||1||0||0||4||0||18||1
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Mito Hollyhock||Football League||20||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||23||2
|-
|2000||J. League 2||33||0||3||1||2||0||38||1
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||28||2||3||0||2||0||33||2
|-
|2002||25||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||0
282||11||20||3||17||0||319||14
282||11||20||3||17||0||319||14
|}

References
is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Mochizuki was born in Otsu on May 18, 1964. After graduating from Osaka University of Commerce, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nippon Kokan (later NKK SC) in 1987. The club won the 2nd place at 1987/88 Japan Soccer League and the champions at 1987 JSL Cup. In 1992, he moved to J1 League club Urawa Reds. In 1995, he moved to Japan Football League club Kyoto Purple Sanga. In 1995, the club won the 2nd place and was promoted to J1 League. He retired in 1996.

On January 27, 1988, Mochizuki debuted for the Japan national team against United Arab Emirates. He also played at 1990 World Cup qualification in 1989. He played 7 games for Japan until 1989.

Statistics
Statistics

|-
|1987/88||Nippon Kokan||JSL Division 1||21||5||2||1||5||1||28||7
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|NKK||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 1||22||3||1||0||1||0||24||3
|-
|1989/90||14||2||1||0||2||3||17||5
|-
|1990/91||13||4||2||1||2||1||17||6
|-
|1991/92||JSL Division 2||28||16||0||0||2||0||30||16
|-
|1992||rowspan="4"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="4"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||4||1||9||1||13||2
|-
|1993||31||3||2||0||5||1||38||4
|-
|1994||6||1||2||0||0||0||8||1
|-
|1995||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||Football League||21||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||22||1
|-
|1996||J1 League||6||0||0||0||3||0||9||0
162||35||21||4||23||6||206||45
162||35||21||4||23||6||206||45
|}

|-
|1988||3||0
|-
|1989||4||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

References

Other websites

1964 births
Living people
Footballers from Shiga Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
Japan Soccer League players
NKK SC players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
Kyoto Sanga FC players
Koji Kataoka (born 19 July 1977) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="9"|Otsuka Pharmaceuticals||rowspan="9"|Football League||12||0||2||1||14||1
|-
|1997||23||3||0||0||23||3
|-
|1998||15||0||2||0||17||0
|-
|1999||17||6||2||3||19||9
|-
|2000||17||1||0||0||17||1
|-
|2001||25||6||3||0||28||6
|-
|2002||17||5||3||1||20||6
|-
|2003||27||2||2||1||29||3
|-
|2004||29||7||0||0||29||7
|-
|2005||rowspan="5"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="5"|J. League 2||38||5||2||0||40||5
|-
|2006||28||2||2||1||30||3
|-
|2007||32||3||2||0||34||3
|-
|2008||20||0||1||0||21||0
|-
|2009||1||0||0||0||1||0
301||40||21||7||322||47
301||40||21||7||322||47
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Jun Ideguchi (born 14 May 1979) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998||Yokohama Marinos||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1999||Yokohama F. Marinos||J. League 1||2||0||0||0||2||0||4||0
|-
|1999||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||1||0||3||1||0||0||4||1
|-
|2000||Yokohama F. Marinos||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||29||1||2||0||2||0||33||1
|-
|2002||Yokohama F. Marinos||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2002||Sanfrecce Hiroshima||J. League 1||7||0||0||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||11||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||1
|-
|2004||18||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
|-
|2005||30||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||32||1
|-
|2006||Tokushima Vortis||J. League 2||27||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||29||1
125||4||10||1||6||0||141||5
125||4||10||1||6||0||141||5
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Sugao Kambe (born 2 August 1961) is a former Japanese football player. Kambe started to coach JEF United Ichihara Chiba in October, 2011.

References

Kambe to coach Northern Mariana Islands

Other websites
Sugao Kambe  at FIFA.com

1961 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Salif Keïta (born 6 December 1946) is a former Malian football player. He has played for Mali national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1967/68||rowspan="5"|Saint-Étienne||rowspan="5"|Division 1||18||12
|-
|1968/69||33||21
|-
|1969/70||31||21
|-
|1970/71||38||42
|-
|1971/72||29||29
|-
|1972/73||Olympique Marseille||Division 1||18||10

|-
|1973/74||rowspan="3"|Valencia||rowspan="3"|La Liga||30||7
|-
|1974/75||22||11
|-
|1975/76||24||16

|-
|1976/77||rowspan="3"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||24||15
|-
|1977/78||21||7
|-
|1978/79||18||10

|-
|1979||rowspan="2"|New England Tea Men||rowspan="2"|NASL||21||6
|-
|1980||18||11
167||135
76||34
63||32
39||17
345||218
|}

References

1946 births
Living people
Malian footballers
People from Bamako
is a Japanese professional football club in Tosu on the island of Kyushu.

History
The club was founded in 1987.
1987-1994 PJM Futures
1995-1996 Tosu Futures
1997-present Sagan Tosu

League position
2011 : J2 League - 2nd
2012 : J1 League - 5th
2013 : J1 League - 12th
2014 : J1 League - 5th
2015 : J1 League - 11th
2016 : J1 League - 11th
2017 : J1 League - 8th
2018 : J1 League - 14th
2019 : J1 League - 15th
2020 : J1 League - 13th

Former position​

Related pages 
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Sagan Tosu players

References

Other websites

 http://www.sagantosu.jp/index.php 
  J.League Club Guide 

Japanese football clubs
Saga Prefecture
1987 establishments in Japan
The Fountainhead is a novel written by Ayn Rand. The book was first printed in 1943.

The theme of Rand's fictional story is the belief that selfishness can be ethically good for people in a workplace. Altruism can actually make a person a servant or slave to other people. This novel has many themes that support philosophies of objectivism, and capitalism.  There are themes that are against the idea of communism. The use of architecture and skyscrapers in this novel show that humans are able to do great things. Rand's belief in the novel is that a person should only work at something they love doing.
Plot 
It is 1922 in Stanton; one of America's best colleges for architects. Howard Roark has just been kicked out of Stanton because he wants to design modern buildings made with glass, concrete and steel. But his professors want him to just design the same old style buildings. Roark's roommate, Peter Keating, is given an award when he graduates, just after Roark is expelled. Keating is offered a job in New York at Francon & Heyer, a company that makes traditional old style buildings.

Roark goes to New York, so he can find Henry Cameron, the inventor of skyscrapers. Roark gets a job at Cameron's company. He is designing modern buildings, but he does not earn much money.  Keating is becoming rich because he designs traditional buildings for millionaires.
Keating meets his old girlfriend, Catherine Halsey. She tells him that her uncle is Ellsworth Toohey, a well-known writer for a Wynand newspaper, named the Banner. Even though Keating wants to meet Toohey, he wants to wait until he is more successful and famous. Then he can impress Toohey, who is an architecture expert, in the hopes of a new job with even more wealthy  income.

Roark loses his job because his boss, Cameron, gets sick and has to take retirement. Roark looks for new jobs but is told no, because he is too original. Keating wants Roark to work for him so that he can steal some of Roark's ideas. Keating decides to help Roark, because in the past, Roark helped him with his projects at college and also at Francon & Heyer. After Roark works for Francon & Heyer for a few days, he asks if he can design a building in a modern style. He is told he has to leave or design the building in an old fashion style.
He finally finds work with John Eric Snyte, an architect who hires Roark because Snyte likes to mix different styles. A famous writer, Austin Heller comes to Snyte and asks for a house. Snyte gives all the architects the task of designing the house. He then puts all the sketches together to be shown. Heller says he only likes the modern parts; so Roark tears up the drawings, telling Heller that wants to design the house on his own. Snyte fires Roark, but it is too late because Heller has accepted the deal. Roark then designs Heller's house, which leans over a cliff. He then also gets to design other buildings by himself.

Roark gets very proud of himself; so he turns down a lot of new jobs because he still hates designing old buildings. He becomes so poor he has to close his business and he refuses to take any money from Heller. He finally takes a job in Connecticut, working in a quarry.
Keating wants to marry Catherine, but the boss of Francon & Heyer, Guy Francon, tries to introduce him to his daughter, Dominique. She writes for the Banner and knows Ellsworth Toohey. Keating meets Dominique after she and Guy have an argument and she makes fun of Keating. She keeps writing bad reviews of buildings that are being made by architects who have no talent. She goes on holiday to her father's country house in Connecticut. Guy Francon owns the house and the quarry. She is walking one day and meets Roark. She is attracted to him because he is working at drilling granite and seems masculine to her. But she is always behaves rudely to him and never says how much she is attracted to him.
Dominique goes back to her house and breaks her fireplace so that Roark will have to come up and repair it and she can see him again. When Roark arrives, he rapes Dominique, even though he does not really want to hurt her. Roark then leaves and gets a phone call from a rich businessman asking him to design a new shop for him.This person had seen Heller's house and tried to find Roark. So Roark travels back to New York.

Characters 

Howard Roark is a gifted architect who is expelled from college for trying to have original ideas and think for himself.  He does not want to compromise in order to obey authority.  He does not care what people think about him.

Peter Keating is planning to get rich by just doing what was popular, instead of being original like Roark.  He says and thinks that because of that, he will be more successful than Roark.  In the end, Keating admits that he is a failure and he was being used by others.
Ellsworth Toohey is the antagonist (or the bad guy) of the story.  He tries to stop Roark from being successful by controlling people who are weaker or timid. He believes in collectivism (when people join a group and they lose their own identity). He only helps people who he thinks are not very smart and not very talented. Dominique believes he is trying to control the Wynand newspapers.

Gail Wynand is the owner of a newspaper that appeals to the opinion of the public.  He thinks he is a failure because he made his newspaper company just to be popular and so he can become rich. 

Henry Cameron is Roark's mentor. He invented skyscrapers and designed modern buildings that most architects hated, because they were not traditional enough. Cameron thinks that Wynand is his enemy, because he writes a newspaper that has different ideals. Wynand understands that he is unhappy and becomes friends with Roark because he respects him. Cameron becomes an alcoholic and dies early in the story.
Dominique Francon is a woman who is afraid of having great things such as love because society can destroy those great things. She marries Peter Keating first, then Gail Wynand. Roark changes her view of life and he also marries her.

Related pages 
 Objectivism (Ayn Rand)

20th-century American novels
1943 books
A Raisin In The Sun is an American play that was written by Lorraine Hansberry in 1959. It is about a poor African American family in Chicago who receives $10,000 in inheritance money. The family has to decide how to spend the money.

Characters 

Walter - He is the main character of the play and the father.  He is a cab driver who has the dream of being a bartender who is rich and successful.  He takes most of the $10,000 to invest it in a bar.  He realizes that he was scammed and he lost all of the money (which angered Mama).  He was offered thousands of dollars to move out of the neighborhood (because African Americans living in a white neighborhood lowered the value of the houses).  Throughout the play, he considers the offer, but at the end he says no.  Walter, at the end of the play, may have lost a lot of money, but he keeps his dignity and learns a big lesson.

Travis - Walter's 10 or 11-year-old son who admires his father.  He represents the theme of innocence.
Ruth - Walter's wife and emotional support of the family.  While Walter has his dreams and fantasies about being rich and successful, Ruth brings him back to reality.

Mama - The grandmother (wife of the grandfather).  She is very old fashioned and religious.  She is a strong-willed woman.

Beneatha - Beneatha is the sister of Walter.  She tries to be an independent person by trying to learn more about African cultures, rather than conforming to the style of living that Americans have been accustomed to.

Other websites 
Listen to the play online
Read analysis of play  by Alex Alonso

Chicago in fiction
American plays
1959 works
1950s plays
The Arctic fox, (or 'white fox', 'polar fox', 'snow fox'), is Vulpes lagopus. It is a small fox which lives in the Arctic. The fox is about 10-12 inches high (25–30 and it weighs from 6.5 to 21 pounds (2.7-4.5 kg).The females tend to be smaller than the males. The Arctic fox has a round body shape, short nose and legs, and short, fluffy ears.  It has a deep thick fur which is brown in summer and white in winter. Arctic foxes live for about 3 to 6 years.  
 
This fox can live in the cold north even when it is -30F. Their thick fur keeps them warm. The fur of the Arctic fox provides the best insulation of any mammal. Its broad, fluffy paws let it walk on ice and snow to look for food. The Arctic fox has very good ears so that it can hear small animals under the snow. When it hears an animal under the snow, it jumps and punches through the snow to catch its victim. Arctic foxes are omnivores. They feed on lemmings, arctic hares, fish, birds, eggs, fruit, insects, small seals, and carrion.
Arctic foxes do not hibernate. They grow thicker fur in the Autumn, and  put on more than 50% of their body weight as fat for insulation and as energy reserves.
 
It takes 53 days for the pups to grow in the mother before they are born. The mother can produce 5-8 cubs, and sometimes as many as 25 cubs. Both the mother and the father help to raise their young pups. The young females leave the family and form their own groups and the males stay with the family. Arctic foxes form pairs in the breeding season. Litters are born in the early summer. The parents raise the young in a large den under the ground. The pups are born with brown fur. As they grow older, their fur turns white. Arctic foxes sleep with their tails wrapped around themselves. Arctic foxes also have a keen sense of smell. They can smell carcasses that are often left by polar bears as far away as 10 to 40 km.

References 
 National Geographic. "Arctic Fox"
 Caleb, C Thinkquest. “Arctic Fox"
Foxes
Mammals of North America
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
The DFB-Pokal (until 1943: Tschammer-Pokal) is a German football competition.

Champions

Former champions

Football competitions in Germany
Rabah Madjer (born 15 February 1958) is a former Algerian football player. He has played for Algeria national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1983/84||rowspan="2"|RC Paris||Division 2||27||20
|-
|1984/85||Division 1||23||3
|-
|1985/86||Tours||Division 2||0||0

|-
|1985/86||rowspan="3"|Porto||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||19||11
|-
|1986/87||20||8
|-
|1987/88||11||10

|-
|1987/88||Valencia||La Liga||14||4

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Porto||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||24||6
|-
|1989/90||26||14
|-
|1990/91||8||1
50||23
108||50
14||4
172||77
|}

References

1958 births
Living people
Algerian footballers
Algerian football managers
Yulian Karol Sokhotski (February 2, 1842, Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire – December 14, 1927, Leningrad, Soviet Union) was a Polish-Russian mathematician.

1842 births
1927 deaths
Polish academics
People from Warsaw
Polish mathematicians
Russian mathematicians
The Wilson's storm-petrel (Oceanites oceanicus), also known as Wilson's petrel, is a small seabird of the storm petrel family, the Hydrobatidae. It is one of the most abundant bird species in the world and has a circumpolar distribution mainly in the seas of the southern hemisphere but extending northwards during the summer of the northern hemisphere. The world population has been estimated to be more than 50 million pairs. The name commemorates the Scottish-American ornithologist Alexander Wilson.

References 

Procellariiformes
Seabirds
The Red-billed Tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus, also known as the Boatswain Bird is a tropicbird, one of three closely related seabirds of tropical oceans. It occurs in the tropical Atlantic, eastern Pacific and Indian Oceans.

The Indian Ocean race of the Red-billed Tropicbird, P. a. indicus, was at one time considered a full species, the Lesser Red-billed Tropicbird from Pakistan and the western Republic of India.

References 

Birds of Pakistan
Seabirds
The red-tailed tropicbird (Phaethon rubricauda) is a seabird that nests across the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the rarest of the tropicbirds, but is  widespread and not considered threatened. It nests in colonies on oceanic islands.

Sources 

Seabirds
Aida (or, Aïda) is an Italian opera in four acts. The music was written by Giuseppe Verdi. The libretto (story and words) was written by Antonio Ghislanzoni. The opera is based on a story written by the French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette. Aida was first performed at the Opera House in Cairo on December 24, 1871. This production starred Antonietta Anastasi-Pozzoni as  Aida, Pietro Mongini as Radames, Eleonora Grossi as Amneris, and Francesco Seller as Amonasro. 

Aida (pronounced "ah-EE-dah") is the name of the main female character in the opera.  It is an Arabic girl's name meaning "visitor" or "returning".

BackgroundΣ 
In 1865, Verdi wrote Don Carlos for the Paris Opéra. The libretto for this opera was written by two young men, one of whom (Camille du Locle) would be instrumental in bringing Aida into the world.
Verdi had become increasingly dissatisfied with librettos during the 1860s. Du Locle sent him many librettos, both comic and tragic. None of these pleased Verdi. Du Locle sent him a sketch by Auguste Mariette of an invented story with an Egyptian theme.

In 1869, someone (possibly du Locle) asked Verdi to write an opera for a distant land. Verdi refused; he could not find a suitable plot. In early 1870, du Locle asked Verdi to accept the proposal made the previous winter. This opera was commissioned by the Khedive of Egypt who wanted to celebrate the construction of a new theater in Cairo that had been built in honor of the Suez Canal. Verdi refused. Du Locle continued to make suggestions for operatic treatment. Only one interested Verdi. This was an Egyptian sketch by Auguste Mariette, a French Egyptologist. Du Locle turned the sketch into French prose. Verdi asked his publisher for an Italian librettist and Antonio Ghislanzoni was chosen.

Story
Place: Ancient Egypt
Time: Unspecified, days of the Pharoahs
The Egyptians are at war with the Ethiopians. Aida is an Ethiopian who has been captured and made slave to Amneris, the daughter of the King of Egypt. Aida is the daughter of Amonasro, the King of Ethiopia. The Egyptians are unaware of this. Amonasro plans to invade Egypt to free his daughter. In the meantime, Aida and Radames, a young Egyptian soldier, have fallen in love. The jealous and suspicious Amneris loves Radames, too. She senses that he loves another, but she does not know it is Aida.

Act 1
Scene 1: A hall in the palace of the King of Egypt in Memphis.

Radames hopes to lead the Egyptian army against the invading Ethiopians. Ramfis, the high priest, tells him that the gods have chosen the leader of the army. Ramfis leaves to tell the King of the gods' choice. Radames would like to be made the head of the Egyptian army.  He wants this, not just to receive military glory, but because he hopes it will enable him to marry Aida. He sings of his love in "Celeste Aida" ("Divine Aida").
Amneris enters. She is in love with Radames.  She would like him to be a military hero.  She is worried that he is in love with someone else.  She notices how he looks disturbed when Aida comes in and wonders whether she is the girl Radames loves.

 

The King, the High Priest, Ramfis, and the whole palace court enter. A messenger announces that the Ethiopians, led by King Amonasro, are marching towards Thebes. The King says that the Egyptians must fight the Ethiopians. He makes Radames leader of the army. The crowd leaves for the Temple of Vulcan where Radames will be consecrated to his task.  

Aida, too, wants Radames to be a hero. Left alone, she calls out, "Ritorna Vincitor" ("Return the victor"). She is ashamed that her love for Radames conflicts with her love for her father and her people. She begs the gods to have pity on her, "Numi, pieta del mio soffrir!" ("Gods, pity my suffering!")

Scene 2: Inside the Temple of Vulcan
In the dark halls of the temple of Vulcan, sacred weapons are given to Radames. All pray for his coming trials and for his victory in battle. The priestesses perform a sacred dance. The solemnity of the scene is in sharp contrast to the emotional scenes that have preceded and follow it. As the scene ends, Radames joins the priests in other rituals.

Act 2

Scene 1: The chamber of Amneris
Act 2 takes place two years later.  Ramades and the Egyptian army have won their battle against the Ethiopians.  Dances take place to celebrate the victory.  Amneris wants to find out whether Aida and Radames really do love one another.  She talks to Aida.  She pretends to be sorry that the Ethiopians (Aida’s people) have lost their battle.  Aida says she cannot be happy until she knows what has happened to her father and brothers.  Amneris now tells Aida a lie.  She tells her that Radames has been killed.  When Aida breaks down in tears, Amneris tells her that it was not true, and that Radames is alive.  Aida is relieved to hear this.  Amneris is now angry.  She  tells Aida that she knows she and Radames are in love.  She tells her that she herself also loves him.  She threatens Aida, telling her that she, Aida, will crawl in the dust while she, Amneris, is made queen.

Scene 2: The grand gate of the city of Thebes
Radames and the Egyptian army march into the city to celebrate their victory.  The Ethiopians who have been captured are brought before the crowd.  One of them is the Ethiopian king, Amonasro, father of Aida, although the Egyptians do not know who he is.  Aida rushes to her father.  She explains to the crowd that Amonasro is her father.  Amonasro tells the Egyptians a lie: he says that the Ethiopian king (he himself, of course) has been killed in  battle. Aida, Amonasro and the captured Ethiopians all plead with the Egyptian King to save them, but the Egyptians want them to be put to death.  Radames pleads with the king to spare Aida and Amonasro.  The King rewards Radames by saying he can be King of Egypt and that he can marry his daughter, Amneris.

Aida and Amonasro remain as hostages to make sure that the Ethiopians do not take revenge for their defeat.

Act 3

On the banks of the Nile, near the Temple of Isis
As Amneris goes to pray before her wedding, the priests chant prayers.  Aida wonders why Radames wants to meet her.  Amonasro goes to Aida and tells her she must find out from her lover, Radames, which way the Egyptian army are going to march to fight the Ethiopians.  Aida refuses to do this at first, but her father says that, if she doesn’t  and her people are killed,  it will be her fault.  She changes her mind.

When Radames comes she suggests to him that they flee together.  Radames refuses at first, but Aida manages to persuade him.  He tells her the route the army are going to take.  Amonasro, who has been listening secretly, then comes out of hiding and reveals that he is the King of Ethiopia.  Radames feels he has betrayed his country because he revealed a military secret.  He refuses to flee with Aida and her father.  The guards capture him.

Act 4
Scene 1: A hall in the Temple of Justice. To one side is the door leading to Radames' prison cell
Amneris asks to see Radames. Radames refuses to defend himself.  He is relieved to hear Aida is still alive and that she hopes to get back to her own country.  Amneris does not like to hear him say this.  Radames is tried before the court.  He refuses to defend himself, and he is sentenced to death.

Scene 2: The Vault in the Temple

Amneris wants to try to save Radames, who is a prisoner in a dark vault.  Radames thinks he is alone.  He is astonished and unbelievably happy when he finds Aida there.  She had hidden herself in the vault.  She tells him that she wants to die with him.  That is their fate. As Amneris prays, Aida dies in Radames' arms. THE END

Roles
Roles

The Music
The music of the opera is excellent all the way through.  There are quiet songs of incredible beauty as well as big chorus numbers.  The music is all famous, but among the most well-known parts are the aria that Radames sings near the beginning of act One in which he dreams of victory in battle and marrying Aida, the Ethiopian slave.  The song is called Celeste Aida ("Heavenly Aïda").  The Chorus in Scene ii of Act II, Gloria all'Egitto, ad Iside ("Glory to Egypt, to Isis!") is one of the most famous marches ever written.

Adaptations
The opera has been adapted for movies  several times, e.g. in a film made in 1953 starring  Lois Maxwell and Sophia Loren, and a Swedish production in 1987.

In 1998, the opera was turned into a Broadway musical with music by Elton John.

Notes

References
 
 
 
 

Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
1870s operas
Atropine is a tropane alkaloid, that can be extracted from the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna), mandrake (Mandragora officinarum) and certain other plants. It is mainly used as a drug.  Atropine can be deadly.  The substance derives its name from Atropos, one of the three Fates. In Greek mythology, the Fates chose how a person was to die. Atropine is a core medicine in the World Health Organization's "Essential Drugs List", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.

The second part of the Latin name (belladonna, pretty woman) comes from the fact that it can be used to temporarily disable the eye's adaptation to light. This will lead to "big" pupils, which were considered pretty in a woman of the Renaissance. Atropine can also be used to resuscitate patients that have gone into cardiac arrest. It can also be used as an antidote to certain poison gases and insecticides.

References

Drugs
Organonitrogen compounds
Esters
Vladimir Vladimirovich Uzoykin (; born November 17, 1980) is a Russian football player. Since August 2009, he has played for FC (Football Club) Volga Tver.

Other websites
 Career summary at KLISF

1980 births
Living people
Russian footballers
Townsville (, ) is a city on the northern east coast of Queensland, Australia. It is the largest regional city in Queensland and in 2010 was made a second capital by Premier Anna Bligh to take the stress of governing off the southeast corner of Queensland.
Before the city was made a capital, Townsville was often referred to as the capital of North Queensland, but the split of the state never occurred.

Popular attractions include 'The Strand', a long tropical beach and garden strip; Riverway, a riverfront parkland attraction on the banks of Ross River; Reef HQ, a large tropical aquarium holding many of the Great Barrier Reef's native flora and fauna; the Museum of Tropical Queensland, built around a display of relics from the sunken British warship HMS Pandora; and Magnetic Island, a large neighbouring island, the vast majority of which is national park.
History 
English explorer James Cook went by the area where Townsville was established in 1770, but did not land. Townsville City was established in 1863 by English explorer Robert Towns to build a new port for Australia. Since then Townsville grew into a livable city as people began moving to up to the city.

World War II history 
During World War II, Townsville was used by the Americans as a military base. There were many airbases, bunkers, tunnels and fortifications around Townsville, some of these forts are still visible, where as others have been demolished.

These still standing forts include:

 No. 3 Fighter Sector RAAF
 Green Street Bunker
 Castle Hill Magazine
 Castle Hill Command Post
 Pallarenda Batteries

Townsville was once referred to as Australia's Saviour, but this slowly faded away as history from the war in Townsville was destroyed to hide tunnels from the public.
1970s onwards 
On Christmas Eve in 1971, Townsville was hit by Tropical Cyclone Althea, which destroyed the port almost completely. In 1982 Flinders Street in the CBD was closed to traffic and turned into a shopping mall. The Strand Beach was redeveloped into a tropical beach park with features such as a waterpark, the rockpool, and the War Museum.

References

Cities in Queensland
Tsai Ing-wen (; born 31 August 1956) is the president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) since 20 May 2016 and is the first female chosen to the position. She is the current Chairperson of the Democratic Progressive Party since 2008. Her nickname is Siao-Ing (小英).

Tsai won re-election in the 2020 Taiwan presidential election facing Han Kuo-yu (KMT).

Early years
Tsai Ing-wen was born in Mackay Memorial Hospital at Taipei, She grew up from a rich family in southern Taiwan. She worked hard and studied at National Taiwan University. She passed a test and became a lawyer in her junior year. She graduated from university in 1980.

References

1956 births
Living people
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Cornell University alumni
Government ministers
Presidents of the Republic of China
A pheromone is a scent given off by some animals. The scent causes a social response in members of the same species.

There are many types of pheromone, such as:
Sex pheromones (to attract a partner): e.g. butterflies and moths
Alarm pheromones (to warn the group): e.g. wasps
Food trail pheromomes (to let others know what has been found): e.g. ants
Territorial pheromones: e.g. cats and dogs
Various 'short-term' pheromones cause a rapid but brief behaviour: e.g.  releasing a cluster of nymphs, or positioning the body for sex.

All pheromones work by inherited instinct, not by learning. They occur in most animals, but are especially obvious in insects.

Zoology
Physiology
Hormones
Endocrinology
Kronborg is a castle near the town of Helsingør on the extreme north-east part of Zealand, Denmark. 

The castle is at the narrowest point of the Øresund, the sound between Denmark and Sweden. In this part, the sound is only 4 km wide. Because of this it was important to keep a fortress to command one of the few outlets of the Baltic Sea. The castle has for centuries been one of the most important Renaissance castles in Northern Europe. It was added to UNESCO's World Heritage Sites list on November 30, 2000. 

People know Kronborg well as "Elsinore". This is the place where the play Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, written by William Shakespeare, is supposed to have happened. Hamlet was performed in the castle for the first time on the 200th anniversary of the death of William Shakespeare. The soldiers from the castle were some of the players.

References 

Buildings and structures in Denmark
World Heritage Sites in Europe
Güstrow is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Güstrow. It had 30,500 people in 2008. It is the seventh largest town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Since 2006 Güstrow has the official suffix Barlachstadt.

Geography 

The town of Güstrow is 45 km south of Rostock at the Nebel. The Bützow-Güstrow-Kanal (Channel) is a connection to the Warnow. It is used by water tourists. There are 5 lakes (Inselsee, Sumpfsee, Parumer See, Grundloser See and Gliner See (See=lake)) and some forests around Güstrow.

References

Other websites
Christian IV (12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648) was the king of Denmark-Norway from 1588 until his death. He had a rule of more than 59 years. Because of this, he has the longest rule of all the kings of Denmark. He is sometimes referred to as Christian Firtal in Denmark and Christian Kvart or Quart in Norway.

Court life
Christian was the son of Frederick II, king of Denmark-Norway, and Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He was born at Frederiksborg castle in 1577. He succeeded the throne at 11, when his father died on 4 April 1588. While he was still growing up, chancellor Niels Kaas and the Rigsraadet council served as helpers of the royal power. He received a good education. He was a strong-willed and clever student. At the age of 19, Christian became king on 17 August 1596.
On 30 November 1597, he married Anne Catherine of Brandenburg, a daughter of Joachim Friedrich, margrave of Brandenburg and duke of Prussia. The queen died 14 years later, after giving birth to six children. Four years after her death the king privately married a beautiful young gentlewoman, Kirsten Munk. Through her he had 12 children. However, this marriage was to be very bad to Denmark.

In the course of 1628 he discovered an affair of his wife, Kirsten Munk, with one of his German officers. When he put her away she tried to cover up her own disgrace by suggesting an affair between one of her fired maids and the king. In January 1630 they separated completely. Kirsten went away to Jutland. Meanwhile, Christian openly declared Vibeke as his mistress. She gave birth to a large family. Vibeke's children were of course the natural enemies of the children of Kirsten Munk. The anger of the two families influenced the future history of Denmark.

References 

Kings and Queens of Denmark
1577 births
1648 deaths
Sex determination is a process of development by which the sex of an individual is settled. Sex is a method of reproduction which is widespread among living things. It requires two individuals of the same species.

Usually, the sexes are separate. Sex may be determined in one of two ways:
 Genetically, by genes and chromosomes the organism inherits from its parents.
 Environmentally, by some outside agent acting as a trigger to development.

Where both sexes occur on the same individual, that individual is an hermaphrodite. Hermaphrodite systems can be found in some animals, for example snails, and in most flowering plants.

Determination by the environment
For many species, sex is determined by environmental factors experienced during development. Many reptiles have temperature-dependent sex determination. The temperature embryos experience during their development determines the sex of the organism. In some turtles, for example, males are produced at lower incubation temperatures than females; this difference in critical temperatures can be as little as 1-2 °C.

Many fish change sex over the course of their life. This phenomenon is called sequential hermaphroditism. In clownfish, smaller fish are male, and the dominant and largest fish in a group becomes female. In many wrasse the opposite is true–most fish are female at birth and become male when they reach a certain size. Sequential hermaphrodites may produce both types of gametes over the course of their lifetime, but at any given point they are either female or male.
In some ferns the default sex is hermaphrodite, but ferns which grow in soil that has previously supported hermaphrodites are influenced by hormones remaining to develop as male.

Genetic determination 

The most usual way to determine sex is by genes. That way, an organism's sex is determined by the genome it gets. 
The alleles that influence sexual development may or may not be on the same chromosome. If they are, that chromosome is called a sex chromosome, and the genes on it are called 'sex linked'. Sex is determined either by the fact that there is a sex chromosome (which can be missing), or by the number of them. Because genetic sex determination is determined by matching chromosomes, there are usually the same number of male and female offspring.
Various genetic systems 
Humans and other mammals have an XY sex determination system: the Y chromosome carries factors responsible for male development. The default sex, in the absence of a Y chromosome, is female. XX mammals are female and XY are male. XY sex determination is also found in other organisms, including the common fruit fly and some plants. In some cases, including in the fruit fly, it is the number of X chromosomes that determines sex rather than the presence of a Y chromosome.
Birds have a system that works the other way round: It is called ZW sex-determination system. The W chromosome has factors for female development. By default (if the chromosome is missing), the organism will be male. In this case, ZZ individuals are male and ZW are female. The majority of butterflies and moths also have a ZW sex-determination system. In both XY and ZW sex determination systems the sex chromosome carrying the critical factors is often significantly smaller, carrying little more than the genes necessary for triggering the development of a given sex.
Many insects use a sex-determination system based on the number of sex chromosomes. This is called XX/XO sex determination–the O indicates the absence of the sex chromosome. All other chromosomes in these organisms are diploid, but organisms may inherit one or two X chromosomes. Infield crickets, for example, insects with a single X chromosome develop as male, while those with two develop as female. In the nematode C. elegans most worms are self-fertilizing XX hermaphrodites, but occasionally abnormalities in chromosome inheritance regularly give rise to individuals with only one X chromosome–these XO individuals are fertile males (and half their offspring are male).
Other insects, including honey bees and ants, use a haploid-diploid sex-determination system. In this case diploid individuals are generally female, and haploid individuals (which develop from unfertilized eggs) are male. This sex-determination system results in a highly biased sex ratio, as the sex of offspring is determined by fertilization rather than the assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.

Abnormalities 
Sometimes an organism develops the appearance of both males and females. It is then an intersex and is rare. Even though such organisms may be called hermaphrodites, this is not correct, because in intersex individuals either the male or the female aspect is sterile.

References 

Classical genetics
Developmental biology
Cell biology
Biological reproduction
Sketches by "Boz," Illustrative of Every-day Life and Every-day People (usually known as Sketches by Boz) is a collection of short pieces written by Charles Dickens. The book was published in 1836. The first edition was illustrated by George Cruikshank.

Publications
The first edition of Sketches by Boz was published by John Macrone in two series. The first series was a two-volume set which was published in February 1836. This was just a month before the publication of the first parts of The Pickwick Papers (1836-37). The "Second Series" was published in August 1836. After Dickens became famous, he could buy out his agreements with Macrone. Macrone died unexpectedly at 28. Dickens helped to publish a book called The Pic-Nic Papers to help Macrone's widow and children.
Contents of the installments
Most of the fifty-six sketches that appear in the 1839 edition were originally published individually in various newspapers and periodicals. These included The Morning Chronicle, The Evening Chronicle, The Monthly Magazine, The Carlton Chronicle and Bell's Life in London, from 1833 to 1836:
"Mr. Minns and his Cousin" (SB 46), originally, "A Dinner at Poplar Walk" in The Monthly Magazine, 1 December 1833.
"Mrs. Joseph Porter, Over the Way" (SB 53), originally in The Monthly Magazine, January, 1834.
"Horatio Sparkins" ( SB 49), originally in The Monthly Magazine, February, 1834.
"The Bloomsbury Christening" (SB 55), originally in The Monthly Magazine, April, 1834.
"The Boarding-House" (SB 45), originally in The Monthly Magazine, May & August, 1834.
"Sentiment" (SB 47), originally in Bell's Weekly Magazine, 7 June 1834.
"The Steam Excursion" (SB 51), originally in The Monthly Magazine, October 1834.
"A Passage in the Life of Mr. Watkins Tottle" (SB 54), originally "Chapter the First" and "Chapter the Second" in two numbers of The Monthly Magazine, January and February, 1835.
"The Four Sisters" (SB 3), Our Parish 3, originally, "Sketches of London No. 14" in The Evening Chronicle, 18 June 1835.
"The Election for Beadle" (SB 4), Our Parish 4, originally, "Sketches of London No. 16" in The Evening Chronicle, 14 July 1835.
"The Broker's Man" (SB 5), Our Parish 5, originally, "Sketches of London No. 18" in The Evening Chronicle, 28 July 1835.
"The Ladies' Societies" (SB 6), Our Parish 6, originally, "Sketches of London No. 20" in The Evening Chronicle, 28 July 1835.
"Miss Evans and the Eagle" (SB 36), (Scenes and Characters No. 2) originally in Bell's Life in London, 4 October 1835.
"The Dancing Academy" (SB 41), originally, "Scenes and Characters, No. 3" in Bell's Life in London, 11 October 1835.
"Making a Night of It" (SB 43), originally, "Scenes and Characters No. 4" in Bell's Life in London, 18 October 1835.
"The Misplaced Attachment of Mr. John Dounce" (SB 39), originally, "Scenes and Characters No. 5. Love and Oysters," in Bell's Life in London, 25 October 1835.
"Some Account of an Omnibus Cad" originally, "Scenes and Characters No. 6," later retitled and expanded into "The Last Cab-driver and the First Omnibus Cab"; in Bell's Life in London, 1 November 1835.
"The Mistaken Milliner. A Tale of Ambition" (SB 40) originally "Scenes and Characters No. 7. The Vocal Dressmaker," in Bell's Life in London, 22 November 1835.
"The New Year" (SB 35), originally in Bell's Life in London, 3 January 1836.
"The Great Winglebury Duel" (SB 52), originally in the First Series of Sketches by Boz, 8 February 1836.
"The Black Veil" (SB 50) originally in the First Series of Sketches by Boz, 8 February 1836.
"Our Next-Door Neighbour" (Our Parish 7), originally, "Our Next-Door Neighbours" in The Morning Chronicle, 18 March 1836.
"The Tuggses at Ramsgate" (Tales 4), originally in The Library of Fiction No. 1, 31 March 1836 (accompanied by two Robert Seymour woodcuts).
"The Hospital Patient" (SB 38), Characters 6, originally in The Carlton Chronicle, 6 August 1836.
"The Drunkard's Death" (SB 56), originally in the Second Series of Sketches by Boz, 17 December 1836.
Book Contents
The contents of Sketches by Boz are:
Our parish
The Beadle. The Parish Engine. The Schoolmaster.
The Curate. The Old Lady. The Half-pay Captain
The Four Sisters
The Election for Beadle
The Broker's Man
The Ladies' Societies
Our Next-door Neighbour
Scenes
The Streets - morning
The Streets - night
Shops and their Tenants
Scotland Yard
Seven Dials
Meditations in Monmouth-Street
Hackney-coach Stands
Doctors' Commons
London Recreations
The River
Astley's
Greenwich Fair
Private Theatres
Vauxhall Gardens by Day
Early Coaches
Omnibuses
The Last Cab-driver, and the First Omnibus cad
A Parliamentary Sketch
Public Dinners
The First of May
Brokers' and Marine-store Shops
Gin-shops
The Pawnbroker's Shop
Criminal Courts
A Visit to Newgate
Thoughts about People
A Christmas Dinner
The New Year
Miss Evans and the Eagle
The Parlour Orator
The Hospital Patient
The Misplaced attachment of Mr. John Dounce
The Mistaken Milliner. A Tale of Ambition
The Dancing Academy
Shabby-Genteel People
Making a Night of It