Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The tribute the subjects had to pay varied.  It could be money but subsistence farming meant most had no money.  They could pay by doing work for their lord, or pay a certain part of what they earned (like one tenth).  That meant that if they grew a crop such as some form of corn, the lord got a tenth of their earnings in corn.  This is also called payment in nature or sharecropping.

Common features
Manors each had up to three different classes of land: 
 Demesne, the part directly controlled by the lord and used for the benefit of his household and dependents;
 Dependent (serf or villein) holdings carrying the obligation that the peasant household supply the lord with specified labour services or a part of its output (or money instead), subject to the custom attached to the holding; and
 Free peasant land, without such obligation but otherwise subject to manorial jurisdiction and custom, and owing money rent fixed at the time of the lease.
Sometimes the lord had a mill, a bakery or a wine-press. This could be used by the peasants against a fee. Similarly, the right to hunt or to let pigs feed in his woodland was subject to a fee. The peasants could use the lord's legal system to settle their disputes - for a fee. Single payments were due on each change of tenant. On the other side of the account, manorial administration involved significant expenses. This might be one of the reasons why smaller manors tended to rely less on villein tenure.  

Dependent holdings were held by agreement of lord and tenant, but tenure became in practice usually hereditary, with a payment made to the lord on each succession of another member of the family. Villein land could not be abandoned, at least as long as every fleeing peasant was likely to starve to death; nor could they be passed to a third party without the lord's permission, and the customary payment.
Though not free, villeins were definitely not slaves: they enjoyed legal rights, subject to local custom, and had recourse to the law, subject to court charges which were an additional source of manorial income. Sub-letting of villein holdings was common, and labour on the demesne might be commuted into an additional money payment, as happened increasingly from the 13th century.  

This description of a manor house at Chingford, Essex in England was recorded in a document for the Chapter of St Paul's Cathedral when it was granted to Robert Le Moyne in 1265:

Variation among manors
Feudal society is based on two principles, that of feudalism and manorialism. The structures of manorialism varied though. In the later Middle Ages, areas of incomplete or non-existent manorialisation persisted while the manorial economy underwent substantial development as economic conditions changed.
Manors varied also in their geographical arrangement: most did not coincide with a single village. Often, parts of two or more villages belonged to the manor, or were shared between several manors. In those places, peasants living far from the lord's estate sometimes paid cash instead of working for the lord. 

The demesne was usually not a single plot of land. It consisted of some land around the central house and estate buildings. The rest of the demesne land was in the form of strips dispersed through the manor. In addition, the lord might lease free tenements belonging to neighbouring manors, as well as holding other manors some distance away to provide a greater range of produce.
Not all manors were held by laymen lords who rendered military service or paid cash to their superior.  A survey done in 1086 estimates that 17% belonged directly to the king, and that a greater proportion (rather more than a quarter) were held by bishops and monasteries.  These church manors were usually larger, with a significantly greater villein area than the lay manors next to them. 

The effect of circumstances on manorial economy is complex and at times contradictory: upland conditions have been seen as tending to preserve peasant freedoms (livestock husbandry in particular being less labour-intensive and therefore less demanding of villein services); on the other hand, some such areas of Europe have been said to show some of the most oppressive manorial conditions, while lowland eastern England is credited with an exceptionally large free peasantry, in part a legacy of Scandinavian settlement.
Similarly, the spread of money economy is often seen as having stimulated the replacement of labour services by money payments, but the growth of the money supply and resulting inflation after 1170 initially led nobles to take back leased estates and to re-impose labour dues as the value of fixed cash payments declined in real terms.

Historical development and geographical distribution
Today, the term is used most to refer to medieval Western Europe. A similar system was used in the rural parts of the late Roman Empire. The birthrate and population were declining. Labor was therefore the most important factor for production. Successive administrations tried to stabilise the imperial economy by freezing the social structure into place: sons were to succeed their fathers in their trade.
Councillors were forbidden to resign, and coloni, the cultivators of land, were not to move from the demesne they were attached to. They were on their way to becoming serfs. Several factors conspired to merge the status of former slaves and former free farmers into a dependent class of such coloni. Laws of Constantine I around 325 reinforced both the negative semi-servile status of the coloni and limited their rights to sue in the courts. Their numbers were augmented by barbarian foederati who were permitted to settle within the imperial boundaries.
As the Germanic kingdoms succeeded Roman authority in the West in the fifth century, Roman landlords were often simply replaced by Gothic or Germanic ones, with little change to the underlying situation. The process of rural self-sufficiency was given an abrupt boost in the eighth century, when normal trade in the Mediterranean Sea was disrupted. The thesis put forward by Henri Pirenne, disputed by many, supposes that the Arab conquests forced the medieval economy into even greater ruralisation and gave rise to the classic feudal pattern of varying degrees of servile peasantry underpinning a hierarchy of localised power centres.

Related pages
Allodial title
Feudalism
Manor house
Seigneurial system of New France in 17th century Canada
Shōen (Japanese Manorialism)
Heerlijkheid (Dutch manorialism)
Junker (Prussian manorialism)
Other websites 
Archibald R. Lewis, The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050
Estonian Manors Portal - the English version gives the overview of 438 best preserved historical manors in Estonia
Medieval manors and their records  Specific to the British Isles.

Feudalism
Economic systems
Badin District () is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Administration 
The district is administratively subdivided into the following talukas:

 Badin Tehsil
 Matli Tehsil
 Shaheed Fazil Rahu Tehsil
 Talhar Tehsil
 Tando Bago Tehsil

With the introduction of the devolution System the talukas have been sub-divided into the Union Councils numbering 49, Tapas 109 and Dehs 511.

References
Dadu () is a district of Sindh Province, Pakistan. The district was created in 1933 during British rule.

Tehsils (Counties)
 Mehar Taluka
 Khairpur Nathan Shah Taluka
 Dadu Taluka
 Johi Taluka

Districts of British India
Hyderābād District (), is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. It used to be an administrative division of Sindh (known as Hyderabad Division) until the year 2000 when divisions were abolished. The capital is the city of Hyderabad.  The Kirthar National Park is in Hyderabad district. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan. it had a population of 4,339,445 of which 50.07% were urban, making it the second-most urbanised district of Sindh.

Related pages
 Hyderabad Rural
 Hyderabad City
 Latifabad Tehsil
 Qasimabad Tehsil

References 

Districts of British India
Thatta District (, ) is in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 1,113,194 of which 11.21% were urban.

Tehsils
 Ghora Bari Tehsil
 Jati Tehsil
 Mirpur Bathoro Tehsil
 Mirpur Sakro Tehsil
 Shah Bander Tehsil
 Sujawal Tehsil
 Thatta
 Kharo Chan Tehsil
 Keti Bander Tehsil

Districts of British India
Districts of Sindh
Karachi District () Largest city and chief port of Pakistan, lying on the Arabian Sea, northwest of the Indus River Delta; population (1998 est) 9,269,300; 4 million live in makeshift settlements. It is the capital of Sindh province, and Pakistan's leading centre for commerce, finance, industry, and transport. Its port handles most of the international trade of the country, as well as of the neighbouring landlocked state of Afghanistan. It is also served by a major international airport. Industries include shipbuilding, engineering, chemicals, plastics and textiles, including the manufacture of cotton and jute. It was the capital of Pakistan 1947-59, when it was replaced by Islamabad.

Towns of Karachi

 Malir Town
 Shah Faisal Town
 Landhi Town
 Korangi Town
 Muhammad Bin Qasim Town
 Gadap Town
 Gulshan-e-Iqbal Town
 Jamshed Town
 Gulberg Town
 Liaquatabad Town
 North Nazimabad Town
 New Karachi Town
 Orangi Town
 Baldia Town
 SITE town
 Lyari Town
 Saddar Town
 Keamari Town

Districts of Karachi
Jacobabad District () is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census, 1,425,572 people lived there, of which 24.10% were urban. The city of Jacobabad is the capital of the District.

Administration
The district is administratively subdivided into the following talukas:

 Ghari Khairo Tehsil
 Khairo Tehsil
 Jacobabad Tehsil
 Thull Tehsil

References
Kirby Super Star, known in Europe as Kirby's Fun Pak and in Japan as  is a platform video game made by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Super NES game console. 

A remake called Kirby Super Star Ultra was released for the Nintendo DS in 2008 and 2009.

Reception
Kirby Super Star was liked by critics and fans. It sold more than one million copies in Japan. A lot of people say that it one of the best Kirby games. Someone from Nintendo Life played the Virtual Console version. They liked the music in the game and how the game looks.

References

1996 video games
Cooperative video games
S
Nintendo DS games
Kirby Super Star Ultra
Virtual Console games
Platform games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Larkana or Larkano (, ) is a district of Sindh province of Pakistan.

 Dokri Tehsil
 Bakrani Tehsil
 Larkano Tehsil
 Ratodero Tehsil

Districts of British India
Mirpur Khas District () is one of the districts in the province of  Sindh, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 1,569,030 of which 18.60%

Administration
 Digri Tehsil
 Kot Ghulam Muhammad Tehsil
 Mirpurkhas Tehsil

References
Sanghar District () is one of the largest districts of Sindh province, Pakistan. 

 Jam Nawaz Ali Tehsil
 Khipro Tehsil
 Sanghar Tehsil
 Shahdadpur Tehsil
 Sinjhoro Tehsil
 Tando Adam Khan Tehsil

Districts of British India
Tharparkar (, ) district is in Sindh, Pakistan.

Tehsils
 Deeplo Tehsil
 Chachro Tehsil
 Mithi Tehsil
 Nagarparkar Tehsil

Districts of Sindh
Districts of British India
Umerkot or Umarkot () is a district of Sindh province, Pakistan.

Tehsils
 Kunri Tehsil
 Pithoro Tehsil
 Samaro Tehsil
 Umerkot Tehsil
Ghotki District (, ) is a district of Sindh Province, Pakistan.

Administration
The district is administratively subdivided into the following talukas:

 Ghotki Tehsil
 Khan Garh Tehsil 
 Adilpur Tehsil
 Mirpur Mathelo Tehsil  
 Ubauro Tehsil
 Daharki Tahsil
Khairpur District () is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The district has an area of 15,910 square kilometres and is headquartered at the city of Khairpur.

Administration
The district has eight Talukas (counties):

 Khairpur
 Nara Tehsil
 Kot Diji Tehsil
 Sobho Dero Tehsil
 Mirwah Tehsil
 Kingri Tehsil
 Faiz Ganj Tehsil
 Gambat Tehsil

Khairpur District
, (born August 3, 1970) is a video game designer who worked at HAL Laboratory from 1991 to 2003. Sakurai is the creator of game franchises, Kirby and Super Smash Bros. He founded Sora Ltd in 2005.

References

1970 births
 
Living people
People from Tokyo
Japanese video game designers
Nintendo people
Naushahro Feroze District () is a district in the province of  Sindh,  Pakistan.

Local governments
 Bhiria Tehsil
 Kandioro Tehsil
 Moro Tehsil
 Naushahro Feroze
 Mehrabpur Tehsil
Plot
Kirby is happily eating his cake, when it is suddenly stolen from him. He believes King Dedede is the culprit, and makes his way to King Dedede's castle. There, he discovers it was not Dedede who stole it, but the Squeaks, a band of mouse thieves. Kirby travels through several areas looking for his cake and fighting the Squeaks several times. He eventually confronts Daroach, the Squeaks' leader. After defeating Daroach, the mouse hands over the treasure chest he believes to contain Kirby's cake. Metaknight suddenly swoops in and nabs the chest, and goes through a sealed door. Kirby follows him through, and he confronts Metaknight. When Kirby opens the chest, an ancient evil comes out and infests Daroach. Kirby fights this evil being using the Star Staff, which grants him the "Triple Star" power. After freeing Daroach, Kirby is finally reunited with his piece of cake, and starts to eat it.

2006 video games
S
S
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Platform games
Nawabshah District () (or Nawab Shah) is one of the  districts in the province of Sindh, Pakistan, named after Syed Nawab Shah. The Syed family is a political power in local politics. The city's airport has one of the largest runways in Pakistan. The climate is dry and hot but sometimes falls to 0 degrees Celsius in winter.

Local government 
 Daulatpur Tehsil
 Nawabshah Tehsil
 Sakrand Tehsil
 Daur Tehsil
 Qazi Ahmed Tehsil

Nawabshah District
Shikarpur district () is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city of Shikarpur is the capital.

Political Divisions

Shikarpur has 4 tehsils, as listed below:

 Garhi Yaseen Tehsil
 Khan Pur Tehsil
 Lakhi Tehsil
 Shikarpur Tehsil

Districts of Sindh
Sukkur district () (talqa) in Sindh Province in Pakistan is divided into 5 administrative areas (tehsils), namely; Sukkur City, New Sukkur Tehsil, Rohri Tehsil, Saleh Pat Tehsil and Pano Akil Tehsil. Among them Sukkur city and new Sukkur are urban centre while Pano Akil is famous for having one of largest military cantonment of the country. Rohri is the smallest tehsil of the Sukkur district, both in area and population but is has one of ancient and important railway junction.

Other websites
Sukkur City 

Sukkur District
The official name of Qambar District is Qamber-Shahdad Kot District (). This name was chosen by much conflict between the people of Qambar Ali Khan City and Shahdad Kot City in the days of Chief Minister of Sindh Arbab Ghulam Rahim in 2004. This district of Sindh province, Pakistan was originally part of Larkana District, which was later divided into two districts. At first its name was Shahdad Kot District but after much protests by Qambar City it was renamed to Qambar Shahdad Kot District.

Districts of Sindh
Kashmor District () is a district in the Sindh province of Pakistan, the city of Kashmore is the capital. Because of its location and its roads connecting borders with 3 provinces Kashmore has a unique identity. Kashmore has always been a hub of trade for its agricultural produce. The main tribes of Kashmore are the Mazari, Sabzoi, Teghani, Dahani, Nindwani, Bahalkani, Bijarani, khoso and the Domki etc.

Administration
Kashmore District is administratively subdivided into 3 taulukas:

 Kandhkot Tehsil
 Kashmor Tehsil
 Tangwani Tehsil
Matiari District () is in Sindh, Pakistan. The city of Matyari is the capital. The district is administratively subdivided into three talukhas:

 Hala Tehsil
 Matiari Tehsil
 Saeedabad Tehsil

References
Jamshoro District (, ) is a district of Sindh province, Pakistan. Jamshoro is the capital of Jamshoro District.

Administration
The district is administratively subdivided into the following talukas:

 Kotri Tehsil
 Manjhand Tehsil
 Sehwan Sharif Tehsil
 Thana Bulla Khan Tehsil
Tando Muhammad Khan () is one of the districts in the province of Sindh province, Pakistan.

Tehsils
 Bulri Shah Karim Tehsil
 Tando Ghulam Hyder Tehsil
 Tando Muhammad Khan

Districts of Sindh
Tando Allah Yar District (, ) is a district of Sindh province, Pakistan, the city of Tando Allahyar is the capital. 

The district is divided into two talukas these are:

 Chamber Taluka
 Jhando Mari Taluka
 Tando Allahyar Taluka
Keyshia Miesha Cole (born October 15, 1981) is an R&B singer-songwriter known for her soulful voice. She released her platinum selling debut album The Way It Is in 2005, and her second album Just like You in 2007. She is currently in the process of making a third album entitled "A Different Me" coming out in December 2008.

Discography

Albums
 2005: The Way It Is
 2007: Just like You
 2008: A Different Me
 2010: Calling All Hearts
 2012: Woman to Woman
 2014: Point of No Return
 2017: 11:11 Reset
Singles
 2004: "Never"
 2005: "I Changed My Mind" (featuring Kanye West)
 2005: "(I Just Want It) to Be Over"
 2005: "I Should Have Cheated
 2006: "Love"
 2007: "Last Night" (featuring Diddy)
 2007: "Let It Go" (featuring Lil' Kim and Missy Elliott)
 2007: "Shoulda Let You Go" (featuring Amina)
 2007: "I Remember"
 2008: "Heaven Sent"
 2008: "Fallin' Out"
 2013: "I Choose You"
 2014: "Next Time (Won't Give My Heart Away)"
 2014: "Rick James (featuring Juicy J)"
 2014: "She"
 2017: "You (featuring Remy Ma and French Montana)"
 2017: "Incapable"
 2021: "I Don't Wanna Be in Love"
 2023: "Forever is a Thing"

References 

1981 births
Living people
Singers from California
The Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA) is a group of colleges and universities in the Midwestern United States that play NCAA Division I women's ice hockey against one another every season. The champion is automatically invited to the NCAA Division I women's hockey tournament. When the WCHA ran a men's league, the men's champion was also automatically invited to the Division I men's tournament.

Founded in 1951 as a men's hockey league, the WCHA added a women's division in the 1999–2000 season. The league would expand far beyond its traditional Midwestern base, adding teams in Alabama, Alaska, Colorado, and Indiana at different times. The WCHA shut down its men's division after the 2020–21 season when seven of its 10 members left to start a new Central Collegiate Hockey Association.

Today, eight schools are members of the now women-only WCHA.

Current members

Former members

Final men's members 
Ten schools were members of the WCHA men's league in its final season.

Other former men's members
Former women's member

References
This is a list of colleges and universities who play hockey in Atlantic Hockey:
United States Air Force Academy ("Air Force")
American International College
United States Military Academy ("Army")
Bentley University
Canisius College
University of Connecticut (sometimes called "UConn")
College of the Holy Cross
Mercyhurst College
Niagara University
Robert Morris University
Rochester Institute of Technology (often "RIT")
Sacred Heart University

UConn will leave the conference in July 2014 to join Hockey East. Its women's hockey  team is already a member of that conference.

References
Original league
The first version of the CCHA was launched in 1971 by four schools—Bowling Green, Ohio, Ohio State, and Saint Louis. They would add Lake Superior State a year later, but lost the two Ohio schools in 1973. The CCHA recovered from this early blow in 1975 when Ohio State returned and Western Michigan joined for the first time. Saint Louis would stop playing hockey in 1979, but the Billikens were immediately replaced by Ferris State. In the last years of the decade, the CCHA became viewed as a major conference, and by 1980 Northern Michigan, which had joined in 1977, reached the championship game of the NCAA tournament. Later that year, another Ohio school, Miami, joined.
1980s
In 1981, the CCHA attracted four schools from the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA)—Michigan, Michigan State, Michigan Tech, and Notre Dame. While Notre Dame shut down its men's hockey team in 1983, and Michigan Tech left the following year to return to the WCHA, the other two schools remained in the CCHA until the original league folded. UIC joined in 1982. The CCHA continued to gain respect, with Bowling Green becoming the CCHA's first NCAA champion in 1984.

1990s
The league stayed mostly stable through the 1990s. In 1992, Kent State joined, and Notre Dame brought back its hockey program and rejoined. While Kent State folded its hockey team two years later, and UIC did the same in 1996, the CCHA added three more members in that decade. Alaska joined in 1995, Northern Michigan returned the same year, and Nebraska–Omaha (now known for sports as simply "Omaha") joined in 1999. From that point, the league lost only one member (Nebraska–Omaha to the WCHA in 2010) before its demise.
Disestablishment
The trigger for the end of the original CCHA was a large donation by energy billionaire Terry Pegula to his alma mater of Pennsylvania State University (Penn State). This donation funded the startup expenses for varsity men's and women's hockey teams at the university, plus a new arena for both teams. Once Penn State's teams took the ice in 2012–13, it gave the Big Ten Conference the six schools it needed to begin sponsoring men's ice hockey. Among these six were three of the CCHA's most important members in Michigan, Michigan State, and Ohio State. The Big Ten announced in 2011 that it would start a men's hockey league in 2013–14, and the three Big Ten members announced they would leave the CCHA at that time.
Soon after the Big Ten announcement, a group of six schools—five from the WCHA plus CCHA member Miami (Ohio)—formed the National Collegiate Hockey Conference (NCHC), which began play in 2013–14. Within a few months, all of the other CCHA schools said they would also leave, with Western Michigan joining the NCHC, Notre Dame joining Hockey East, and the rest joining the WCHA.

Throughout its history, the original CCHA only sponsored men's ice hockey—only one of its 11 final members had a varsity women's hockey team, namely Ohio State. The champion was automatically invited to the NCAA Division I men's hockey tournament.
2012-13 CCHA members
The CCHA members in its final season of 2012–13 were:
 University of Alaska Fairbanks ("Alaska") — now in the WCHA
 Bowling Green State University ("Bowling Green") — now in the WCHA
 Ferris State University — now in the WCHA
 Lake Superior State University — now in the WCHA
 Miami University (often called "Miami (Ohio)" to avoid confusion with the University of Miami in Florida, although that school does not play hockey) — now in the NCHC
 University of Michigan — now in the Big Ten hockey league
 Michigan State University — now in the Big Ten hockey league
 Northern Michigan University — now in the WCHA
 University of Notre Dame — moved to Hockey East, now in the Big Ten hockey league
 Ohio State University — now in the Big Ten hockey league
 Western Michigan University — now in the NCHC
New CCHA
In June 2019, seven of the 10 men's members of the WCHA, all Midwestern schools, announced that they would leave that league at the end of the 2020–21 season. By this time, the men's WCHA featured these schools, plus Alabama–Huntsville, Alaska, and Alaska–Anchorage. Their announcement stated that they were considering forming a new, more geographically compact league. On February 18, 2020 these seven schools announced they would begin competing in a new CCHA in 2021–22.

On July 30, 2020, St. Thomas, a Twin Cities school that would eventually start a move from NCAA Division III to Division I in July 2021 by joining the Summit League (which does not sponsor hockey), was announced as the eighth member of the new CCHA.

Members

References
 

Central Collegiate Hockey Association
1971 establishments in the United States
2013 disestablishments in the United States
2020 establishments in the United States
College Hockey America (CHA) is a group of American colleges and universities who play NCAA Division I women's ice hockey against one another every season. It was founded in 1999 as a men's hockey conference, with women's teams joining in 2002. The men's side of CHA folded after the 2009–10 season. As of the current 2013–14 season, CHA has six members, which is the minimum needed to earn an automatic place in the NCAA women's tournament. However, because three of these schools only joined in July 2012, CHA will not get an automatic tournament place until at least the 2014–15 season.

CHA has close ties with Atlantic Hockey, a men's hockey-only conference. Although the conferences do not share offices, they have the same commissioner, and three current CHA members are also in Atlantic Hockey.

Current members
 Lindenwood University
 Mercyhurst University
 Pennsylvania State University ("Penn State")
 Rochester Institute of Technology ("RIT")
 Robert Morris University
 Syracuse University
Of the current members, Mercyhurst, RIT, and Robert Morris have varsity men's teams in Atlantic Hockey. Penn State has a men's varsity team that plays in the school's all-sports conference, the Big Ten. Syracuse has a men's team, but it plays at club level, outside the NCAA structure.

Former members

Men's teams
 United States Air Force Academy ("Air Force") (1999–2006) — now in Atlantic Hockey
 University of Alabama in Huntsville ("Alabama–Huntsville" or "UAH") (1999–2010) — now in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA)
 United States Military Academy ("Army") (1999–2000) — now in Atlantic Hockey
 Bemidji State University (1999–2010) — now in the WCHA
 University of Findlay (1999–2004) — dropped men's and women's hockey
 Niagara University (1999–2010) — now in Atlantic Hockey 
 Robert Morris University (2004–2010) — now in Atlantic Hockey
 Wayne State University (1999–2008) — dropped men's hockey
Women's teams
 University of Findlay (2002–2004) — dropped men's and women's hockey
 Niagara University (2002–2012) — dropped women's hockey
 Quinnipiac University (2004–2005) — now in ECAC Hockey
 Wayne State University (2002–2011) — dropped women's hockey

References

 
1999 establishments in the United States
ECAC Hockey is a group of colleges and universities in the Northeastern United States who play NCAA Division I hockey against one another every season.. It is the only NCAA Division I hockey conference whose members all have varsity men's and women's teams. The league's champions are automatically invited to the NCAA Division I men's and women's hockey tournaments.

Another unique feature of the conference is its unofficial relationship with another conference, the Ivy League. Six of the Ivy league's eight schools have both men's and women's hockey teams; all six are members of ECAC Hockey. Although the Ivy League does not officially sponsor hockey, it still has a conference hockey champion—it uses the results of its members in ECAC Hockey to determine a winner.
During the major hockey conference realignment of 2011 and 2012 triggered by the decision of the Big Ten Conference to start a men's hockey league in 2013, the ECAC was the only Division I men's hockey conference that neither gained nor lost a member.

Current members are:
 Brown University
 Clarkson University
 Colgate University
 Cornell University
 Dartmouth College
 Harvard University
 Princeton University
 Quinnipiac University
 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
 St. Lawrence University
 Union College
 Yale University

References
Hockey East is a group of American colleges and universities who play NCAA Division I hockey against one another every season. Before the Notre Dame men's hockey team (in Indiana) joined in 2013, all of the members were in New England. The champions are automatically invited to the NCAA Division I men's and women's hockey tournaments.

In all, 12 schools are members of Hockey East. Seven of these have men's and women's teams that both play in the conference. Four do not have a women's team playing at the NCAA level, although one of these four will move its women's club team to the NCAA level in 2015. One school has its women's team only in Hockey East, with its men's team in another conference.
The current members are listed below. Unless otherwise noted, these schools have both men's and women's teams in the conference.
Boston College
Boston University
University of Connecticut (women only; men play in Atlantic Hockey through the 2013–14 season)
University of Maine
University of Massachusetts Amherst (sometimes called "UMass") (men only)
Merrimack College (men only; women will join in 2015–16)
University of New Hampshire
Northeastern University
University of Notre Dame (men only)
Providence College
University of Massachusetts at Lowell (often called "UMass Lowell") (men only)
University of Vermont

In July 2014, Connecticut, now a member only for women's hockey, will move its men's team into Hockey East. One year later, Merrimack, a member in men's hockey only, will upgrade its women's team from club to full varsity status and move that team into the conference.

References

 
1984 establishments in the United States
The Mezquita (Spanish for "mosque") of Cordoba is a Roman Catholic cathedral. It used to be a mosque  in the Andalusian city of Córdoba, Spain.  At first the site had been used for a temple, then a Christian cathedral. Under the rule of Islam, it was built as the second-largest mosque in the world. It is perhaps the most accomplished monument of the Umayyad dynasty of Cordoba. It changed into mosque in Middle Ages. After the Spanish Reconquista, it was changed back into a church, and some of the Islamic columns and arcs were replaced by a basilica in early Baroque style. Many early mosques have a square or rectangular plan. They also have a prayer hall and an enclosed courtyard. This is known as Arab-plan. The first mosques of this type were built during the Umayyad Dynasty.
In the warm Mediterranean and Middle Eastern climates, the courtyard served to hold the large number of worshippers during Friday prayers. Often, hypostyle mosques have outer arcades. They allow the visitors to enjoy the shade. Arab-plan mosques were built mostly during the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties. The Arab plan was very simple, which did not allow for much further development. This caused that style of mosque to fall out of favour. The flat roof of the prayer hall was supported by columns. Many rows of columns were needed to support such roofs;. this is called "hypostyle architecture". Today it houses the main church of the diocese of Cordoba in Spain.  One of the most famous hypostyle mosques, it is supported by over 850 columns.

References

12 Treasures of Spain
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Spain
Córdoba, Andalusia
7th-century buildings and structures
Christopher Joseph Park (born October 4, 1973) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is signed to WWE as a producer and on-screen personality. Park is best known for his time with Impact Wrestling under the ring name Abyss. He has won the NWA World Heavyweight Championship one time. He is the heaviest wrestler to win the X Division Championship. Parks w also and was the Television Champion for the longest time. In the tag team division, he was the NWA World Tag Team Champion once with A.J. Styles. He was the TNA World Tag Team Champion two times, once with James Storm as The Revolution, and once with Crazzy Steve as Decay.

Park was the fourth man to be a Triple Crown Champion. He was the second Grand Slam Champion. He was a member of the Impact Wrestling roster for longer than anyone else. He was with the company from 2002 to 2019. In 2018, he was added to the Impact Hall of Fame by his longtime manager, James Mitchell.

Career
Career

Ring of Honor (2004 - 2006)
Abyss first appeared in Ring of Honor (ROH) in 2004. He was a bodyguard in the stable Special K. Abyss appeared only once because TNA pulled all of their wrestlers from ROH.

Abyss returned in the summer of 2005. This time, he was a member of Prince Nana's stable, The Embassy. They were fighting with Generation Next. This lasted for the rest of 2005. There were several matches and fights between both teams. The feud ended in a Steel Cage Warfare match at December's Steel Cage Warfare. In the match, Abyss teamed with Alex Shelley, Jimmy Rave and Prince Nana to take on Austin Aries, Roderick Strong, Jack Evans and Matt Sydal. Abyss was eliminated by Jack Evans. Generation Next won the match and the feud.
In January 2006, Abyss teamed with Embassy members Jimmy Rave and Alex Shelley to wrestle in the Trios Tournament. They won the tournament. This meant that all three of its winning members had won a chance to wrestle for the World Championship. Abyss left ROH before this happened.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2003 - 2019)
Parks was on TNA's first show using the ring name "Justice". He took part in a gauntlet match for the new NWA World Heavyweight Championship. He did not win the match. Parks returned to TNA as "The Monster Abyss" in June 2003. He started by attacking Jeff Hardy. His feud with Hardy did not last long. Hardy had been suspended before their their first match. Parks was used as a bodyguard to Kid Kash. He was an ally to Kash until October, when Kash yelled at Abyss for losing a match. This caused Abyss to attack Kash. Abyss won a match against Kash, but then lost a First Blood Steel Chair on a Pole match to him. The feud between the two ended soon after the match.
About a month later, Abyss got a new manager, Goldy Locks. She used Abyss to win the contract of her ex-boyfriend Erik Watts. She kept using Abyss to win contracts for her. She also added Alex Shelley to her group to help them win the title. Goldy Locks treated Shelley very good but treated Abyss poorly. Watts returned for revenge. Abyss, Shelley, and Goldy Locks wrestled against Watts, Sonny Siaki and Desire. During the match, Abyss turned on his team. He attacked Goldy Locks and left match and her.

Not long after separating from Goldy Locks, Abyss began to feud with Monty Brown and Raven. This led to the first ever Monster's Ball match at TNA's first monthly pay per view, Victory Road. At Victory Road, Brown won the match when he pinned Raven. Abyss and Brown continued to feud in a match at Turning Point. Brown won the match.

In wrestling
In wrestling

As Abyss
Finishing and signature moves
Black Hole Slam (180°, 270°, or a 360° spinning side slam)
Shock Treatment (Backbreaker rack drop)
Superbomb - Independent circuit
Chokeslam
Twisting chinlock sleeper hold
Sidewalk slam
Running corner body splash
Military press dropped into a flapjack
Overhead belly to belly suplex
Spear
Big boot
Running hip attack to the head of an opponent seated against the bottom turnbuckle

Signature foreign objects
Steel chain
Thumbtacks
Broken glass shards

As Prince Justice
Death Penalty (Chokebomb pin)
Royal Decree (Sidewalk slam)

Managers

Nicknames
The Monster - as Abyss
The Weapon of Mass Destruction - as Abyss
The Power Child - as Eric Justice

Theme music
"Down in the Catacombs" by Dale Oliver
Unidentified new theme

Championships and accomplishments
1 Pro Wrestling
1PW World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)

Border City Wrestling
BCW Can-Am Heavyweight Championship (|1 time, current)

Buckeye Pro Wrestling
BPW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
International Wrestling Association
IWA Hardcore Championship (3 times)
IWA Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
IWA World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Miguel Pérez, Jr. (2) and Shane the Glamour Boy (1)

Mountain Wrestling Association
MWA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

NWA Cyberspace
NWA Cyberspace Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

NWA Midwest
NWA Iowa Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Missouri Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

NWA Wildside
NWA Wildside Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

Northern Wrestling Federation
NWF Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

Ring of Honor
Trios Tournament winner (2006) – with Alex Shelley and Jimmy Rave

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
NWA World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with A.J. Styles
Fight for the Right (2006)

Universal Wrestling Alliance
UWA Heavyweight Champion (1 Time)

References

Other websites
TNA Profile 
Canoe.ca biography
1973 births
American professional wrestlers
Living people
Impact Wrestling alumni
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
WWE people
The American Lacrosse Conference (ALC) was a group of colleges and universities in the eastern half of the United States that played NCAA Division I women's lacrosse against one another each season. Women's lacrosse was the only sport that this conference ever played—all members were (and still are) in other conferences for other sports. The conference champion earned a spot in the NCAA Division I women's lacrosse tournament.

The ALC was founded in 2001 by seven schools, with play starting in 2002. Nine schools were members at one time or another, but no more than seven played in any season. The conference folded after the 2014 season, mainly because the Big Ten Conference, home to four of the ALC's final seven members, planned to start a women's lacrosse league in the 2015 season.

Members
Nine schools were members of the ALC during its history.

Note that because NCAA women's lacrosse is a spring sport, the year of joining is the year before the first season of play.

Notes

References
Notes

References

2001 establishments in the United States
2014 disestablishments in the United States
Dante Gabriel Rossetti (12 May 1828 – 9 April 1882) was an English poet, illustrator, painter and translator. His sister was the poet Christina Rossetti. He was a leading light of the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood.

1828 births
1882 deaths
English writers
English poets
English painters
Artists from London
Writers from London
British translators
British illustrators
The Mediterranean Ridge is a wide ridge in the floor of the Mediterranean Sea. It is next to a rough quarter circle from Calabria, south of Crete, to the southwest corner of Turkey, and from there eastwards south of Turkey, with Cyprus. 

From what tectonic theory says, it is caused by the African Plate subducting under the Eurasian and Anatolian plates. As the African Plate moves slowly north-northeastward, it plows up the floor of the Mediterranean, lifting it from the seabed, and then above sea level, making the island of Cyprus.

If the northward movement of Africa continues, the Ridge might grow into a long and high mountain range and destroy the Mediterranean Sea.

Other websites 
Map of the Mediterranean Ridge 

Plate tectonics
Oceanography
Mediterranean Sea
Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land, called  in Japan, is a Game Boy Advance platform video game and the remake of Kirby's Adventure.

2002 video games
Game Boy Advance games
N
Video game remakes
Platform games

en:Kirby's Adventure#Remake
Kirby's Adventure, called  in Japan, is a platform video game made by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It was remade for the Game Boy Advance as Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land.

Plot
After waking up without dreams, Kirby goes to the Fountain of Dreams to investigate. In doing so, he learns that King Dedede has stole the Star Rod, by splitting it into seven pieces and giving six fragments to his allies and keeping one himself. Without the Star Rod, all of the inhabitants of Dream Land became restless and cannot dream. Kirby retrieves all fragments, in order to restore the rod and the dreams.
Gameplay
The player can get to the end of each level by walking, jumping and flying. Each level has enemies and things that get in the way, but sometimes these things also help Kirby. If Kirby touches an enemy, he loses a health point (he has six). Sometimes Kirby defeats  mini-boss, before heading farther. Unlike the first Kirby game, it saves the game after each level.  Players can go back to any level in the world that they have played by going through doors.  There are seven worlds, and each world has between four and six levels, as well as a boss door and a Warp Star door.  (Players can visit other worlds using Warp Stars). Except for World 7, each world also has one or more mini-games, a place to pick up powers, and an arena where Kirby fights a mini-boss.

Kirby can walk, jump, fly and inhale. Kirby can go as high as he wants as long as nothing blocks him, and he can fall back to the ground by exhaling.  The puff of air can hurt enemies and break blocks.
Kirby can also inhale enemies and other things.  He eats any food that he inhales, but enemies and other things remain in his mouth.  He can either spit them back out and send them flying (hurting or destroying anything in their path), or he can swallow them.  He also has a sliding move where he can kick enemies and blocks. When Kirby swallows an enemy, he "copies" that enemy's power. It is the first game in the series to do this, and Kirby has a lot of powers he can use.  Once he has a special power, he can use it to fight enemies and solve puzzles.  One example of a puzzle is where Kirby uses the Fire ability to light a cannon.

Music
An official soundtrack was released on July 21, 1994. The vocalist was Mako Miyata.
Remakes
In 2002, a remake titled Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land was released for the Game Boy Advance. The new version has, in addition to new visuals and sound, different minigames, a multiplayer mode, and other new features. However, it also had some criticism for the omission of certain materials that pushed the NES to the limit, and replaced by what is often considered lazy for the Game Boy Advance. For instance, the rotating pseudo-3D towers in Butter Building were removed. In addition, the difficulty is significantly lower. A demo of the game is available in Super Smash Bros. Brawl. In 2011, a re-release of Kirby's Adventure named 3D Classics: Kirby's Adventure was released for the Nintendo 3DS. It is a 3D version of the game.

1993 video games
A
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Virtual Console games
Platform games
Single-player video games
is an action role-playing video game made by Vanpool for the Nintendo DS game console. It is the first game starring Tingle and the first The Legend of Zelda spin-off.

2006 video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
The Legend of Zelda games
Video game spin-offs
Link's Crossbow Training is a shooter video game made by Nintendo for the Wii game console. It is a spin-off video game in The Legend of Zelda series. It uses the Wii Zapper, which is included with the game.

References

2007 video games
Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development games
The Legend of Zelda games
Video game spin-offs
Wii games
Wii-only games
is a character in The Legend of Zelda video games. She often gets captured by Ganon and has to be saved by Link.

Other forms

Sheik
Princess Zelda becomes Sheik in The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time seven years in the future to hide from Ganondorf. Princess Zelda's disguise is a ninja-like person, and one of the last members of the Sheikan race, a race of people in The Legend of Zelda series. She never fights as Sheik, only helping Link out a lot. Sheik appears in Super Smash Bros. Melee and Brawl as a character that Zelda can turn into. Sheik appears as a separate character from Zelda in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U.

Tetra
Tetra is a female pirate in The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker and The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass. She joins with Link to get to the Forsaken Fortress to save his sister, Aryll. Tetra does not know who she really is, and later finds out that she is Princess Zelda. After The Wind Waker, she still goes by Tetra and is still a pirate.

References
References

The Legend of Zelda characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1986
Fictional princesses
"Free Bird" is a rock anthem by the American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd.

References 

1974 songs
Rock songs
Lynyrd Skynyrd songs
, also known as  is a character in The Legend of Zelda video games. He is the most common villain of the series, and often kidnaps Princess Zelda and battles with Link. He has been revived from the dead several times, and has two forms - Ganondorf, his humanoid form, and Ganon, his pig form.

Ganon also appears in the Super Smash Bros. series as a playable character. He first appeared as an unlockable character in Super Smash Bros. Melee and returned in both Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. His design in Brawl and the 3DS and Wii U versions are based on his Twilight Princess design.

In 2013, he was ranked #1 on GamesRadar's list of 100 best villains in video games.

References

The Legend of Zelda characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1986
Tingle, known as  is a character in The Legend of Zelda video games. He first appeared in The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask. He has his own series, starting with Freshly-Picked Tingle's Rosy Rupeeland.

References

The Legend of Zelda characters
In Christianity, the words born again, regenerated or transformed are synonymous with spiritual rebirth and sometimes salvation from the Holy Spirit. It means having a "personal" faith in Jesus Christ. The term is most often used by Evangelical, Fundamentalists, Pentecostal and some Mainline branches of Protestant Christianity. 

The term came to be in the New Testament, where: "Jesus replied, “Very truly I tell you, no one can see the kingdom of God unless they are born again."

Other websites 
 Why should anyone need to be born again?
 Sermon #45: The New Birth  by John Wesley

Protestant theology
Evangelicalism
Kirby's Dream Land 3, known in Japan as , is a platform video game made by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Super NES game console.

1997 video games
D
Virtual Console games
Nintendo DS games
Platform games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) is Australia's national census and statistical office. It was first called the Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, and began on December 8 1905. The Australian Constitution gave the government the power to collect census and statistical information. Since 1975, the person in charge of the ABS has been called the Australian Statistician.

The job of the ABS is to help the Australian government make the right decisions based on the right information. The ABS holds a census every 5 years and collects information about every person in Australia. The last census was held on August 8 2006. Results from the 2006 Census are available on the ABS web site.

Year Book Australia 
Every year the ABS makes a book for Australia, called the Year Book Australia. It provides details of the economy and living conditions in Australia.
It also has details about Australia’s geography and climate, government, international relations, defense, education, and the health and welfare systems.

In April 2008, the ABS said it did not have enough money to prepare the 2009 Year Book

References 

Bureau of Statistics
A record chart (sometimes called a music chart) is a way of giving music a rank. The rank comes from the popularity of the music. The Billboard Hot 100 is a popular chart. The information on charts comes from some different sources, like the number of objects sold, the number of times a song was played on radio, the number of times a song or album was downloaded, and other criteria. Charts are sometimes made for a special genre, for example "Top 10 Rock Songs".