Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
On August 3, a tropical depression organized in the open ocean. Twelve hours later, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Georgette before weakening to a depression 6 hours later. It then accelerated to a very rapid speed of 20-39 knots. Due to its fast speed, Georgette could not maintain a closed circulation, and the tropical storm degenerated into a non-cyclonic disturbance. The disturbance kept up its rapid forward motion, crossed the dateline, and entered the western Pacific.

Five days later, Georgette reformed into a depression in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. As was customary, it kept its name. It eventually strengthened into a minimal typhoon (a hurricane in the West Pacific). It began to interact with a typohoon in the west Pacific, and thus cased it to dissipate.
1986 storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1986. No names were retired, so it was used again in the 1992 season. This is the same list used for the 1980 season. Storms were named Orlene, Paine, and Roslyn for the first time in 1986, although Orlene had been used on the old four-year lists. No central Pacific names were used; the first name used would have been Oka. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.

Related pages
1986 Atlantic hurricane season

Other websites
 Unisys Weather archive for the Eastern Pacific, 1986
 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
1980s in weather
The 1985 Pacific hurricane season was an  event in tropical cyclone meteorology. It officially started on May 15, 1985 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1985 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1985. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

At the time, the 1985 season was the most active on record in the eastern north Pacific (breaking a short-lived record set in 1983), with 25 tropical cyclones forming. Of those, 22 attained tropical storm intensity, 12 reaching hurricane intensity and 8 becoming major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. In addition, three additional systems formed in the central north Pacific, of which one became a hurricane and another became a typhoon before re-crossing the international dateline.
Despite the activity, there were few notable systems this year. The only cyclone to make landfall was Hurricane Waldo, which caused damage in Mexico. Elsewhere, surf from Hurricane Pauline caused damage in Hawaii and either Pauline or the following system sank a sailing vessel.

Notable storms

Hurricane Pauline
Hurricane Pauline caused heavy surf along the Big Island, which washed debris up onto roads. There was no damage reported. It threatened the islands enough to prompt a hurricane watch, which means winds of 74 mph or higher are possible during the next 36 hours. However, the hurricane turned away.

Hurricane Rick
Rick was the strongest storm of the season, and at the time had the second strongest winds recorded in a tropical cyclone in the Central Pacific. It may also have contributed to the sailing vessel being overdue.
Hurricane Terry
Terry was a powerful major hurricane that formed by the 15th of September. It became a major hurricane fours days later on the 19th, but it did not affect land while doing so. It eventually dissipated due to hostile conditions on the 24th, without ever impacting land.

Hurricane Waldo
Tropical Depression Twenty Three-E formed from a disturbance on October 7. In an environment over warm waters (86 °F), it rapidly intensified, reaching Tropical Storm intensity the same day it formed. Waldo moved towards the Mexican coast. Just after peaking as a Category 2 hurricane on the hurricane scale, Waldo made landfall southwest of Culiacán. Waldo rapidly dissipated over land. Major damage, but no deaths were reported in Mexico. It was the season's lone landfall.

Hurricane Xina
Hurricane Xina

The first recorded twenty-second storm of a season formed October 25. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Xina early October 27. Xina began to start tracing out a huge oblong loop beneath an anticyclone. Xina peaked as a minimal major hurricane on October 29. As it finished the loop and left the cover of the anticyclone, Xina started falling apart. Cool waters took their toll on the cyclone, and Xina dissipated on November 5.

Had the list of names not been extended, Xina would have been named "Alpha" instead. However, the anticipated exhaustion of the old list was averted, meaning that the east Pacific has never exhausted its list. Xina stayed at sea, and no casualties or damages were reported.
1985 storm names
The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1985. No names were retired, so it was used again in the 1991 season. The name "Dolores" was misspelled as "Delores" in 1991. This is the same list used for the 1979 season, except for the added names. Storms were named Kevin, Linda, Marty, Nora, Olaf, Pauline, Rick, Sandra, Terry, Vivian, Waldo, and Xina for the first time in 1985. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.

One name from the Central Pacific list was used – Nele. It was the first usage for this name. One storm, Typhoon Skip, formed in the central Pacific but did not receive a name until it reached the west Pacific, therefore only Nele was used from the central Pacific list.

Later during the '80s, the added names were made a permanent part of the Eastern Pacific lists, and other names were added for even-numbered years.
Had the names not been added, this season would have been the first Pacific or Atlantic hurricane season to exceed the list, and had to have used a Greek letter named storm. This would not occur until the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, which saw an unprecedented 28 storms and 6 Greek names.

Related pages
List of Pacific hurricane seasons
1985 Atlantic hurricane season

Other websites
 Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones of 1985
 CPHC Season Summary
 Unisys Weather archive for the Eastern Pacific, 1985
 ATCR for Tropical Storm/Typhoon Skip 

Pacific hurricane seasons
Pacific hurricane season
1980s in weather
Coordination geometry is a way of showing how atoms are put in molecules. Molecules can be arranged different ways. They can be in a cube, a line, a triangle, a pyramid, or other shapes.

Chemical bonding
A triclinic crystal is shaped almost like a rectangle. It is slightly bent, though. Copper sulfate makes triclinic crystals. It is the least symmetric (meaning that both sides are not very similar). 

. In the triclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal length, as in the orthorhombic system. 

Chemistry
Minerals
In crystallography, the crystal structure is how the atoms (or ions or molecules) are arranged in a crystalline material. Crystals occur naturally from the way the chemical bonds of the atoms connect. Symmetric repeating patterns occur in 3-D space in the crystal.

The crystal structure and symmetry cause many physical properties, such as cleavage (how the crystal splits) how it conducts electricity, and its optical properties..

The crystal structure of a chemical is the shape of the crystal at the molecular level. There are several shapes of crystals. Sodium chloride is cubic. Copper sulfate is triclinic. Most things, even metals, have crystal structures. Some crystals fit more atoms in them than others, and these crystals usually weigh more.
Each type of crystal structure has a unit cell, which is a small pattern of points that repeats through the whole crystal. For example, in a primitive cubic crystal, the unit cell is the eight corners of a cube. When many unit cells are next to each other, you get a crystal.

References 

Analytical chemistry
Minerals
Plot
Cameron joins up aboard the Russian research ship, "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh", with a group of NASA scientists, as well as some Russian marine biologists, to investigate ten hydrothermal vents in both the Atlantic and Pacific. The vents have their own unique ecosystem, which support diverse organisms such as giant tube worms, swarms of blind white crabs, and vast amounts of shrimp which are capable of "seeing" water that is heated by the vents. These creatures do not need sunlight like other organisms, and instead get their energy from the vents. They are able to survive in the superheated and sulfurous water. Because of this, the documentary suggests that this is what life beyond Earth might look like. As some alien ecosystems are likely to be a lot harsher than a typical terrestrial ecosystem, these exotic vents provide an insight into some of the forms that alien life might take.
The documentary shows Cameron's passion for exploring the oceans, as well as his interest in extraterrestrial life. It also shows the technology used to reach such depths.

The movie is similar to Cameron's earlier documentary, Ghosts of the Abyss (2003), which involves him journeying to the wreck of the RMS Titanic. It too was filmed in the 3-D IMAX format.

American documentary movies
English-language movies
A hazard is something that can be dangerous. Fire, Explosives and Fuel are all examples of hazards. Many chemicals can be a hazard. There are ways to get rid of hazardous things. There are different types of hazards; some can catch things on fire; some can burn skin; some can irritate the eyes, etc.

The term 'hazard' is used in driving instruction, and in some traffic-related laws. It simply means 'something a motorist should notice and drive accordingly'. For example, children playing on the pavement (U.S. = sidewalk; Austr. = footpath) are a potential hazard. If any go into the actual road, then they are a real hazard, and motorist should do whatever is safe.

Safety
Risk and Safety Statements are codes that show the hazards of certain chemicals. There are certain R (risk) phrases and S (safety) phrases. For example, R34 states that the chemical may cause burns. S36 says to wear protective clothing.

Related pages
List of R-phrases
List of S-phrases

Chemistry
Safety
Risk Phrases
R1: Explosive when dry
R2: Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
R3: Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition
R4: Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds
R5: Heating may cause an explosion
R6: Explosive with or without contact with air
R7: May cause fire
R8: Contact with combustible material may cause fire
R9: Explosive when mixed with combustible material
R10: Flammable
R11: Highly flammable
R12: Extremely flammable
R14: Reacts violently with water
R15: Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases
R16: Explosive when mixed with oxidising substances
R17: Spontaneously flammable in air
R18: In use, may form flammable/explosive vapour-air mixture
R19: May form explosive peroxides
R20: Harmful by inhalation
R21: Harmful in contact with skin
R22: Harmful if swallowed
R23: Toxic by inhalation
R24: Toxic in contact with skin
R25: Toxic if swallowed
R26: Very toxic by inhalation
R27: Very toxic in contact with skin
R28: Very toxic if swallowed
R29: Contact with water liberates toxic gas.
R30: Can become highly flammable in use
R31: Contact with acids liberates toxic gas
R32: Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas
R33: Danger of cumulative effects
R34: Causes burns
R35: Causes severe burns
R36: Irritating to eyes
R37: Irritating to respiratory system
R38: Irritating to skin
R39: Danger of very serious irreversible effects
R40: Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
R41: Risk of serious damage to eyes
R42: May cause sensitisation by inhalation
R43: May cause sensitisation by skin contact
R44: Risk of explosion if heated under confinement
R45: May cause cancer
R46: May cause heritable genetic damage
R48: Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure
R49: May cause cancer by inhalation
R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms
R51: Toxic to aquatic organisms
R52: Harmful to aquatic organisms
R53: May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment
R54: Toxic to flora
R55: Toxic to fauna
R56: Toxic to soil organisms
R57: Toxic to bees
R58: May cause long-term adverse effects in the environment
R59: Dangerous for the ozone layer
R60: May impair fertility
R61: May cause harm to the unborn child
R62: Possible risk of impaired fertility
R63: Possible risk of harm to the unborn child
R64: May cause harm to breast-fed babies
R65: Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed
R66: Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking
R67: Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness
R68: Possible risk of irreversible effects
Related pages
Risk and Safety Statements
List of S-phrases

Safety
Chemistry lists
R phrasesghhtht
(S1): Keep locked up
(S2): Keep out of the reach of children
S3: Keep in a cool place
S4: Keep away from living quarters
S5: Keep contents under ... (appropriate liquid to be specified by the manufacturer)
S6: Keep under ... (inert gas to be specified by the manufacturer)
S7: Keep container tightly closed
S8: Keep container dry
S9: Keep container in a well-ventilated place
S10: Keep contents wet
S11: Avoid contact with air
S12: Do not keep the container sealed
S13: Keep away from food, drink and animal foodstuffs
S14: Keep away from ... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer)
S15: Keep away from heat
S16: Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking
S17: Keep away from combustible material
S18: Handle and open container with care
S20: When using do not eat or drink
S21: When using do not smoke
S22: Do not breathe dust
S23: Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapour/spray (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturer)
S24: Avoid contact with skin
S25: Avoid contact with eyes
S26: In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice
S27: Take off immediately all contaminated clothing
S28: After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of ... (to be specified by the manufacturer)
S29: Do not empty into drains
S30: Never add water to this product
S33: Take precautionary measures against static discharges
S35: This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe way
S36: Wear suitable protective clothing
S37: Wear suitable gloves
S38: In case of insufficient ventilation wear suitable respiratory equipment
S39: Wear eye/face protection
S40: To clean the floor and all objects contaminated by this material use ... (to be specified by the manufacturer)
S41: In case of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumes
S42: During fumigation/spraying wear suitable respiratory equipment (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturer)
S43: In case of fire use ... (indicate in the space the precise type of fire-fighting equipment. If water increases the risk add - Never use water)
S45: In case of accident or if you feel unwell seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible)
S46: If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label
S47: Keep at temperature not exceeding ... °C (to be specified by the manufacturer)
S48: Keep wet with ... (appropriate material to be specified by the manufacturer)
S49: Keep only in the original container
S50: Do not mix with ... (to be specified by the manufacturer)
S51: Use only in well-ventilated areas
S52: Not recommended for interior use on large surface areas
S53: Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use
S56: Dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point
S57: Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination
S59: Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information on recovery/recycling
S60: This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste
S61: Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/safety data sheet
S62: If swallowed, do not induce vomiting: seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label
S63: In case of accident by inhalation: remove casualty to fresh air and keep at rest
S64: If swallowed, rinse mouth with water (only if the person is conscious)
Combinations 
(S1/2): Keep locked up and out of the reach of children
S3/7: Keep container tightly closed in a cool place
S3/7/9: Keep container tightly closed in a cool, well-ventilated place
S3/9/14: Keep in a cool, well-ventilated place away from ... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer)
S3/9/14/49: Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place away from ... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer)
S3/9/49: Keep only in the original container in a cool, well-ventilated place
S3/14 Keep in a cool place away from ... (incompatible materials to be indicated by the manufacturer)
S7/8: Keep container tightly closed and dry
S7/9: Keep container tightly closed and in a well-ventilated place
S7/47: Keep container tightly closed and at temperature not exceeding ... °C (to be specified by the manufacturer)
S8/10: Keep container wet, but keep the contents dry
S20/21: When using do not eat, drink or smoke
S24/25: Avoid any inhalation, contact with skin and eyes. Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves
S27/28: After contact with skin, take off immediately all contaminated clothing, and wash immediately with plenty of ... (to be specified by the manufacturer)
S29/35: Do not empty into drains; dispose of this material and its container in a safe way
S29/56: Do not empty into drains, dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point
S36/37: Wear suitable protective clothing and gloves
S36/37/39: Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection
S36/39: Wear suitable protective clothing and eye/face protection
S37/39: Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection
S47/49: Keep only in the original container at temperature not exceeding ... °C (to be specified by the manufacturer)
Related pages 
List of R-phrases
Risk and Safety Statements

Chemistry lists
Safety
is traditionally a prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan.   Okinawa Prefecture is made up of islands which are southwest of the island of Kyushu.  Recent government proposals recognize the prefecture as its own region.

The capital city is Naha which is on the island of Okinawa.

History

Timeline
 1429: Shō Hashi founded the Ryūkyū Kingdom
 1609: Shimazu of Satsuma Province invade Ryukyu Kingdom
 1853: Commodore Mathew Perry and US Navy ships at Naha
 1875 (Meiji 5): Ryūkyū Domain is created
 1879 (Meiji 12): Okinawa Prefecture was established.
 1945 (Shōwa 20): US administration after World War II
 1953 (Shōwa 28): Partial reversion to Japan
 1972 (Shōwa 47): Reversion to Japan
 2000 (Heisei 12): 26th G8 summit at Kyushu and Okinawa

Geography
Okinawa is a grouping of many islands along the border at the edge of the East China Sea and the Pacific Ocean from Kyūshū to Taiwan.  It is the southernmost prefecture in Japan.
Cities
Okinawa Prefecture has eleven cities. Okinawan names are in parentheses.
 Ginowan (Jinoon)
 Ishigaki (Ishigachi)
 Itoman (Ichuman)
 Miyakojima (Naaku)
 Nago (Nagu)
 Naha (Naafa) (capital)
 Nanjō (Nanjoo)
 Okinawa (Uchinaa) (formerly Koza)
 Tomigusuku (Timigushiku)
 Urasoe (Urashii)
 Uruma (Uruma)

Towns and villages
These are the towns and villages in each district.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 19% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Naminouegū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the Ryukyu Islands.  In 1890, the shrine was recognized in the system of State Shinto.  It is among the ranked, nationally significant shrines or  which includes five sanctuaries.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References
References

More reading
 Kerr, George H. (1958). Okinawa: the History of an Island People. Rutland, Vermont: Charles Tuttle Co. OCLC 722356
 ___. (1953). Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council. OCLC 5455582

Other websites

Okinawa Prefecture 
Okinawa Tourist Information 
Ryukyu Cultural Archives
Okinawa Prefecture Official Home-page 

 
Ryukyu Islands
is a prefecture of in the Kantō region of Japan on the island of Honshu. Its capital is Maebashi.

History
In the Meiji period, Gunma was created from land which was in Keno Province and Kōzuke Province.

Geography 
Gunma is in the northwestern part of the Kantō Plain. It is mostly mountainous. 

Gunma shares northern borders with Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture.  The prefecture's eastern border is shared with Tochigi Prefecture. To the west lies Nagano Prefecture. Saitama Prefecture is south of the prefecture.

Cities 
There are twelve cities in Gunma Prefecture:

Annaka
Fujioka
Isesaki
Kiryū

Maebashi (capital)
Midori
Numata
Ōta

Shibukawa
Takasaki
Tatebayashi
Tomioka

Towns and villages 

Towns and villages in each district:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 14% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Ichinomiyanukisaki jinja is the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.
Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Thespa Kusatsu

References

Other websites 

 (Japanese)
is a prefecture of Japan on the island of Kyushu. The capital city is Kagoshima.

History
Kagoshima Prefecture is made from the old provinces of Ōsumi and Satsuma, including the northern part of the Ryukyu Islands.

During the Sengoku period and Edo period, Ōsumi was controlled by the Shimazu clan of Satsuma.

This region played a key role in the Meiji Restoration.  Important historical figures from Kagoshima are Saigo Takamori and Tōgō Heihachirō.

Timeline
 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month) – Ōsumi Province was separated from Hyūga Province.
 1543 (Tenbun 12, 25th day of the 8th month): 1st gun is brought to Japan by the Portuguese
 1549 (Tenbun 18, 3rd day of the 7th month): Catholic Francis Xavier arrives in Kagoshima
 1914 (Taishō 3, 1st month): Eruption of the Sakurajima volcano
 2004 (Heisei 16): Kyushu Shinkansen line opens in Kagoshima

Geography
Kagoshima borders Kumamoto Prefecture and Miyazaki Prefecture. It is in the southern part of Kyushu facing the Pacific Ocean.

Cities
Cities

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 9% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Kagoshima jinja, Hirasaki jinja and Nitta Hachiman-gū are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

 http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/foreign/english/index.html ;
is a prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu.  The capital city is Osaka.

History 
Osaka prefecture was created by merging the area of Kawachi Province, Izumi Province and Settsu Province.

In 1994, the Kansai International Airport opened.  This is one of the main international airport hubs of Japan.

Geography 
Osaka Prefecture has borders with Hyōgo Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture in the north. Nara is east of Osaka. Wakayama Prefecture shares the prefecture's southern border. The west faces Osaka Bay. 

The  flows through the prefecture.

Cities 

Thirty-three cities are located in Osaka Prefecture:

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Hiraoka jinja, Ōtori jina, and Sumiyoshi taisha are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
Osaka based organizations
 Cerezo Osaka
 Gamba Osaka
 Kansai Ki-in (Largest Go organization in Osaka)
 Osaka University (One of the largest national university in Japan)

References

Other websites

 Osaka Prefecture website
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women is a convention and one of the international human rights law adopted by United Nations General Assembly on 18 December 1979 and entered into force 3 September 1981 established to prohibit all discrimination against women and to ensure their human rights and freedom on a basis of equality with men. As of 2017, 189 countries had ratified this Convention, that is, have made promise to realize this Convention. Countries which had not ratified it were Iran, Somalia, South Sudan, Tonga, the United States and Vatican City.

Main Contents 
Article 1 Discrimination against women means any distincting, excluding or limiting all kinds of the human rights and freedoms of women.

Article 2 Countries must prohibit all discrimination against women by anyone, any groups and any companies and must change any law to protect women from discrimination.
Article 4 Special measures to promote real equality between men and women and to protect mother women is not discrimination.

Article 5 Abolishing any prejudices and custom which are out of the idea insisting that either sex is inferior or superior or out of stereotyped roles for men and women.  

Article 6 Protection women from all forms of human trafficking and prostitution.

Article 7 The right to vote of women and to take part in government policy.

Article 8 Rights of women to represent their government and take part in the work of international organisation.

Article 9 Rights of women to change nationality and in marriage to an alien, women are not changed automatically changed her nationality according to that of the husband and have equal right as men about the nationality of her child.
Article 10 Abolishing discrimination against women in the field of education;
a) The same conditions for career and guidance for profession 
b) Access to the same education program, the same tests, and teaching staff
c) To abolish any stereotype of the role of men and women at all levels and all form of education.
d) The same chance to get scholarships
g) The same chance to take part in sports

Article 11 
1. To abolish discrimination against women in the field of working

2. To prevent discrimination against women in marriage motherhood, and ensure their right to work, countries have
a) to prohibit sanction or dismissal because of being pregnant or maternity leave. 
b) to give maternity leave with pay or social benefits without loss of former profession.
d) to protect pregnant women form harmful works.

Article 12 Abolishing discrimination in the field of health care.

Article 13 
a) The rights to family benefits
b) The rights to bank loan and credit card
Article 14 Abolishing discrimination in rural areas. 

Article 15 Equality of women with men before law, also in civil matters and legal capacity.

Article 16 
a) The rights to enter into marriage
b) The same right freely choose a spouse
c) The same right and responsibility during marriage
d) The same rights and responsibility as parents
e) The same rights to decide freely and with responsibility on the number and spacing of their children
g) The same personal rights as husband and wife, also the right to choose a family name, a profession and work

From Article 19 to 30, about the Committee that watch the realisation of this Convention by countries. The Committee is composed of 23 members elected by countries. They must be "of high moral standing". Countries must submit a national report, at least every four years to the Committee and the Committee submit reports to the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
The committee also give suggestion to the countries on matter about the abolition of discrimination against women.

Optional Protocol 
This Convention also have the "Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women". It admits women whose human rights written in this Convention are violated to claim to the Committee of the United Nations. Until now, September 2017, 109 countries have ratified it, that is, promised to United Nations to realize it.

Related pages
Woman
Women's rights
Discrimination
Right to education
United Nations Development Fund for Women

Other websites 
The full text of the Convention
The Optional Protocol

History of the United Nations
Feminism
Discrimination
Human rights
1979
'Garhwal Land ' () is a region. It is in the state of Uttarakhand India. Garhwal's name is taken from Garhs (or forts). This is because this region had 52 forts belonging to local chiefs who ruled small areas near their forts. People who belong to this region are known as Gharhwalis. Now, this region is being looked onto as a tourist hub of India. This land has the districts Tehri, Chamoli, Uttarakashi, Pauri, some parts of Dehradun, and other areas.

History
History 

The history of Garhwal goes back to the dawn of Hindu civilization, but most of history of Garhwal is fairly unknown or not given any importance by historians. Also, some facts known about this land are vague and taken from Garhwali folk songs and Hindu epics. Most historians say that the name of Garhwal comes from the ancient regimes and rulers. However, most of the facts are unknown, and the things that are known are very vague and unreliable.
MARODA is a very Important village of Pauri District. It is only  from Devprayag which is a holy place for Hindus as it is the starting point of the Holy river Ganga. Though the inhabitants of Maroda are well settled in Delhi and other cities for their studies and Jobs but still they are very deeply attached with this village and the tradition and culture of the Uttarakhand.

Religious Aspect
Religious Aspect 

Garhwal is mostly known as the land of sacred Devi Devta (gods) because the holy river Ganges, Yamuna comes from here and Char Dhams (Holy Pilgrimage) Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri are found here along with Panch Paryags (Lands where merging of Holy Rivers take place). These Paryags are Devprayag, Rudraparyag, Karanparyag, Nandparyag and Vishnuparyag. There are also some Shaktipeeths like Dhari Devi, Mathiyana, Kunjapuri, Surkunda and Punch Badri Kedarnath, Madhya Maheswer, Tungh Nath, Rudra Nath, Kalpeshwer and Panch Badri Adi Badri, Vridha Badri, Bhavisya Badri, Yog Badri, Badri Vishal.

People
People  

Garhwal is motherland of most of Gharwali people and language spoken by Garhwalis is also known as Garhwali. Most of the Garwalis are villagers and depends upon agriculture. Village in Garhwal are combine among some areas which is known as "Patti" for example Patti Bhillang may contain more than 30 villages. Garhwal land is facing troubles of unemployment and therefore most Garhwali youngsters migrate to the cities. Administration for education is fairly poor however some improvements are there but not so impressive as other states. Health and medical services need to be improved and cultivation is totally depends upon rain and rainfall is not consistent.

Culture 

The culture and dialect of Garhwal is different in different areas. The culture and dialect of one area can be different from another area but an important part of the culture is Hinduism. Hinduism is the soul of Garhwali culture. Garhwali culture is influenced a lot by Epics and Devi Devta.

References

Uttarakhand
The Singapore's National Pledge was written by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam in 1966, not long after Singapore's Independence. A draft was submitted to the then Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, before he made it better and passed it to the Cabinet.

The pledge 
These are the words of the pledge:

We, the citizens of Singapore, pledge ourselves as one united people, regardless of race, language or religion, to build a democratic society based on justice and equality so as to achieve happiness, prosperity and progress for our nation

Malay original
Kami, warganegara Singapura, sebagai rakyat yang bersatu padu, tidak kira apa bangsa, bahasa, atau agama, berikrar untuk membina suatu masyarakat yang berdemokratik, berdasarkan kepada keadilan dan persamaan untuk mencapai kebahagiaan, kemakmuran dan kemajuan bagi negara kami.

Chinese translation 
{| cell padding=6
!
!Pinyin
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|
我們是新加坡公民，
誓愿不分种族、言语、宗教， 
团结一致， 
建设公正平等的民主社会， 
并为实现国家之幸福、繁荣与进步， 
共同努力。
|
Wǒmen shì Xīn jia po gōngmín, 
shìyuàn bù fēn zhǒngzú, yányǔ, zōngjiào, 
tuánjié yīzhì, 
jiànshè gōngzhèng píngděng de mínzhǔ shèhuì, 
bìng wèi shíxiàn guójiā zhī xìngfú, fánróng yǔ jìnbù, 
gòngtóng nǔlì. 
|}

Tamil translation
சிங்கப்பூர் குடிமக்களாகிய நாம் இனம், மொழி, மதம் ஆகிய வேற்றுமைகளை மறந்து ஒன்றுபட்டு, நம் நாடு மகிழ்ச்சி, வளம், முன்னேற்றம் ஆகியவற்றை அடையும், வண்ணம் சமத்துவத்தையும் நீதியையும் அடிப்படையாகக் கொண்ட ஜனாயக சமுதாயத்தை உருவாக்குவதற்கு உறுதி மேற்கொள்வோமாக.

Rules for using the Pledge

These are the rules for using the pledge. They are set by the government.

We will recite the pledge in schools, on SAF Day and during the National Day Parade (NDP).
Everyone should put their right fist at their left part of the chest to be loyal to Singapore.
We cannot use the pledge for what it should not be used as.

Singaporean culture
Fish pie is a savory pie that has fish in it. It is normally eaten by British people, and made with white fish (cod, haddock, or halibut) in a white sauce. Hard boiled eggs are sometimes added as well, and the pie is made in a deep dish. The fish is not covered by a pie crust, but there are mashed potatoes over it instead. The pie is sometimes also called the "fisherman's pie" because it is similar to the shepherd's pie.

Related pages
Pot pie
Sweet potato pie

Other websites 
Recipes for luxury fish pie and fisherman's pie  from BBC Food.

Savoury pies
A boiled egg is an egg boiled in its shell. This is a common way of cooking eggs. If the shells are broken, it is called a poached egg. There are two different types of boiled eggs: hard boiled eggs and soft-boiled eggs.

Hard-boiled eggs
Hard-boiled eggs are completely cooked. The egg yolk is solid. They can be eaten warm or cold. Some dishes use them like egg salad. They can be stored for a long time in the refrigerator. Some machines called egg slicers can slice these easily.
Soft-boiled eggs
Soft-boiled eggs have firmly cooked eggwhites, while at the same time, the yolks are liquid. They can have salmonella in them if you don't prepare them correctly. In Europe, soft-boiled eggs are a traditional breakfast cousin, and you normally scoop them out of the shell and eat. In Asia, the soft-boiled egg is cracked into a cup with soy sauce and black pepper.
To make the perfect soft-boiled egg, bring the water up to a boil, then lower it to a rapid simmer. Add the eggs to the pot, and then begin timing. If you're just cooking one or two eggs, five minutes is perfect for a runny yolk, or cook as long as seven minutes for a more firmly set, but still spoonable, yolk.

Related pages
Fried egg

Egg dishes
The yolk is the yellow center of an egg. It is only one cell. It is commonly seen in fried eggs. When it is mixed with the whites, it makes scrambled eggs. It is sometimes used in cooking. It is much higher in calories than the egg white. It has fat-soluble vitamins in it. Some eggs have two egg yolks in them.

References

Egg
The egg white, also known as albumen, is the clear liquid part of the egg. The yellow part is called the egg yolk. The egg white holds the egg yolk in place. Most of the egg white is water. It is low in calories. They are high in protein. They can be whipped into a foam. The egg white foam is used to make many things like mousse and meringue. They are also used in baking.

It is rich source of protein without high calorie or fat/cholesterol intake. 

white
Spanakopita is a Greek savory pastry, a type of spinach pie. It is filled with spinach, feta cheese, eggs, onions, and seasoning. This filling is wrapped in a pastry with olive oil. It is normally eaten as a snack. 

Greek food
Savoury pies
The year 1861 in architecture involved some significant events.

Buildings 
 Arlington Street Church in Boston, Massachusetts, United States is completed.

Awards 
 Royal Gold Medal - J. B. Leseur.
 Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: (unknown).

Births 
 January 6 - Victor Horta (died 1947)

Deaths
The Old Schwamb Mill is the oldest continuously operating mill site in the United States. There has been a mill operating at this site since c.1650. The current mill is a 19th-century woodworking factory. The mill was built in 1861, and purchased by brothers Charles and Frederick Schwamb in 1864 for the manufacture of picture frames. It remained within the family's ownership and continued to operate, more or less unchanged in both equipment and processes, until 1969. Two wings were added during this time, however: one by 1881, and the other between that date and 1898. The mill still contains operational equipment and four preserved power systems.

References 
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) MASS, 9-ARL, 4-, Old Schwamb Mill, Stuart Campbell (historian) and Richard K. Anderson, Jr., (photographer), Library of Congress online collection. http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.ma1024

1861 architecture
Halifax Town Hall is a grade II listed, 19th century town hall in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. It is notable for its design and interiors by Charles Barry and his son, Edward Middleton Barry, and for its sculptures by John Thomas.

References

Other websites

 
 Halifax Town Online: Address and phone number of Town Hall.
 Hathi Trust: Building News and Engineering Journal vol 5, 28 January 1859, p.82, "The new town hall at Halifax" 

1861 architecture
Annisquam Bridge is a historic bridge in Annisquam, Massachusetts, a village within the city of Gloucester.

Built in 1861 to cross Lobster Cove, the bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is a wood pile bridge.

References

1861 architecture
Sleepy Hollow is a 1999 American horror movie directed by Tim Burton. It stars Johnny Depp, Christina Ricci, Christopher Walken, Ian McDiarmid, Sir Michael Gambon, Sir Christopher Lee, Michael Gough, Richard Griffiths, Jeffrey Jones, Martin Landau and Miranda Richardson. The movie is based on a book by Washington Irving called The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. The story is set in 1799. It is about the murders of Sleepy Hollow, New York which Ichabod Crane (Johnny Depp) has to investigate and find out who is the killer. When the movie went to box office it was a success and it made roughly $207 million worldwide.

Awards

References

Other websites 
 

1999 horror movies
1999 mystery movies
1990s supernatural movies
American horror movies
English-language movies
1990s ghost movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Tim Burton
Movies set in New York (state)
The area was first settled in 1834<ref name="Repository p.42">[https://books.google.com/books?id=jx8SAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42 The African Repository, Volume 14, p.42.] Retrieved March 13, 2010</ref> by freed African-American slaves and African-Americans who were born free. Most of them were from the U.S. state of Maryland, and were there under the authority of the Maryland State Colonization Society. In 1838, other African-American settlements were joined to the Commonwealth of Liberia, which said that it was independent and not a part of Liberia in 1847. The Maryland in Liberia colony remained apart, as the state colonization society did not want anyone else to be able to trade goods. On 2 February 1841, Maryland-in-Africa became the State of Maryland. The state said that it was independent on 29 May 1854, and that it would be called Maryland in Liberia with its capital at Harper.
History
In  December 1831, the Maryland state legislature said that it would give US$10,000 for 26 years to take free blacks and former slaves from the United States to Africa, and the Maryland State Colonization Society was started for this purpose.

Declaration of Independence, and annexation by Liberia

On 29 May 1854 The State of Maryland declared its independence, naming itself Maryland in Liberia (it was also known as the Republic of Maryland), with its capital at Harper, Liberia. It held the land along the coast between the Grand Cess and San Pedro Rivers. However, it would last just three years as its own country.
Soon afterwards, local tribes, including the Grebo and the Kru, attacked the State of Maryland. Unable to defend itself, Maryland asked Liberia, its more powerful neighbor, for help. President Roberts sent military help, and an alliance of Marylanders and Liberian militia troops stopped the local tribesmen. However, it was now clear that the Republic of Maryland could not survive on its own, and 18 March 1857 Maryland was added by Liberia, and became known as Maryland County.

References
Freehling, William H., The Road to Disunion: Volume I: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854 Retrieved March 12, 2010
 Hall, Richard, On Afric's Shore: A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857''
 Latrobe, John H. B., p.125, Maryland in Liberia: a History of the Colony Planted By the Maryland State Colonization Society Under the Auspices of the State of Maryland, U. S. At Cape Palmas on the South - West Coast of Africa, 1833-1853 (1885). Retrieved Feb 16 2010

Notes
Notes

Former countries in Africa
1854 establishments
1857 disestablishments
1850s establishments in Africa
Disestablishments in Africa
The Year of the Four Emperors was a year in the history of the Roman Empire, AD 69, in which four emperors ruled in a remarkable turnover. The four emperors were  Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian.

The suicide of emperor Nero, in 68, was followed by a brief period of civil war, the first Roman civil war since Mark Antony's death in 30 BC. Between June of 68 and December of 69, Rome witnessed the successive rise and fall of Galba, Otho and Vitellius until the final accession of Vespasian, the first ruler of the Flavian Dynasty.

This was an example of the political disturbances which occurred in the history of the  Roman Empire. The military and political anarchy created by this civil war had serious repercussions, such as the outbreak of the Batavian rebellion. The Jewish Revolt was already ongoing.

The succession

Nero to Galba
Nero to Galba 

By June of 68, the Senate took the initiative to rid itself of Nero, declaring him a public enemy and Galba emperor. The Praetorian Guard were bribed to betray Nero, and Nero committed suicide. Galba was recognized as emperor and welcomed into the city at the head of his legions

Galba did not remain popular for long. On his march to Rome, he either destroyed or took enormous fines from towns that did not accept him immediately. In Rome, Galba cancelled all the reforms of Nero, including benefits for many important persons. The army was not happy either. After his safe arrival in Rome, Galba refused to pay the rewards he had promised to soldiers who had supported him. The Roman treasury was indeed in a bad way after Nero's extravagances, but Galba did not handle the situation well.
Like Nero, Galba had a fear of conspirators and executed many senators and equites without trial. Moreover, in the start of the civil year of 69 on January 1, the legions of Germania Inferior refused to swear allegiance and obedience to the new emperor. On the following day, the legions acclaimed Vitellius, their governor, as emperor.

Marcus Salvius Otho bribed the Praetorian Guard, already very unhappy with the emperor, to his side. When Galba heard about the coup d'état he went to the streets in an attempt to normalize the situation. It proved a mistake, because he could attract no supporters. Shortly afterwards, the Praetorian Guard killed him in the Forum.

Otho to Vitellius 

Otho was recognized as emperor by the Senate that same day. The new emperor was saluted with relief. Although ambitious and greedy, Otho did not have a record for tyranny or cruelty and was expected to be a fair emperor. However, trouble in the form of Vitellius was marching down on Italy from Germany.
Vitellius had behind him the finest elite legions of the empire, composed of veterans of the Germanic Wars. These would prove to be his best arguments to gain power. Otho was not keen to begin another civil war and sent emissaries to propose a peace and inviting Vitellius to be his son-in-law. It was too late to reason; Vitellius' generals had half of his army heading to Italy. After a series of minor victories, Otho was defeated in the Battle of Bedriacum. Rather than flee and attempt a counter-attack, Otho decided to put an end to the anarchy and committed suicide. He had been emperor for a little more than three months.

Vitellius to Vespasian

On the news of Otho's suicide, Vitellius was recognised as emperor by the Senate. Given this recognition, Vitellius set out for Rome. He faced problems from the start of his reign. The city was left very skeptical when Vitellius chose a day of bad auspices (according to Roman superstition) to accept the office of Pontifex Maximus.
Events would seemingly prove them right. With the throne tightly secured, Vitellius engaged in a series of feasts, banquets and triumphal parades that drove the imperial treasury close to bankruptcy. Debts were quickly accrued and money-lenders started to demand repayment. 

Vitellius showed his violent nature by ordering the torture and execution of those who dared to make such demands. Vitellius took the step of killing citizens who named him as their heir, often together with any co-heirs. Moreover, he engaged in a pursuit of every possible rival, inviting them to the palace with promises of power only to have them assassinated.
Surrounded by enemies, Vitellius made a last attempt to win the city to his side, distributing bribes and promises of power where needed. The Danube army was now very near Rome. Vitellius went into hiding and prepared to flee, but decided on a last visit to the palace. There he was caught by Vespasian's men and killed. In seizing the capital, they burned down the temple of Jupiter.

The Senate acknowledged Vespasian as emperor on the following day. It was 21 December 69, the year that had begun with Galba on the throne.

Chronology

68 
 April – Servius Sulpicius Galba, governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, and Vindex, governor of Gallia Lugdunensis rebel against Nero
 May – The Rhine legions defeat and kill Vindex in Gaul
 June – Nero is declared a public enemy (hostis) by the senate (June 8) and commits suicide (June 9); Galba is recognized emperor.
 November – Vitellius nominated governor of Germania Inferior
69 
 January 1 – The Rhine legions refuse to swear loyalty to Galba
 January 2 – Vitellius acclaimed emperor by the Rhine
 January 15 – Galba killed by the Praetorian Guard; in the same day, the senate recognizes Otho as emperor
 April 14 – Vitellius defeats Otho
 April 16 – Otho commits suicide; Vitellius recognized emperor
 July 1 – Vespasian, commander of the Roman army in Judaea, proclaimed emperor by the legions of Egypt under Tiberius Julius Alexander
 August – The Danubian legions announce support to Vespasian (in Syria) and invade Italy in September on his behalf
 October – The Danube army defeats Vitellius and Vespasian occupies Egypt
 December 20 – Vitellius killed by soldiers in the Imperial Palace
 December 21 – Vespasian recognized as emperor.

Related pages
Tacitus, Histories
Year of the Five Emperors (193)
Year of the Six Emperors (238)
References
Roman Warfare, Adrian Goldsworthy
Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Suetonius, available from Project Gutenberg: The Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Complete
 The year of the four emperors'', Peter Greenhalgh (1975)

1st-century Roman emperors
69
Rockstar Games is a video game company that has created well-known games such as the Grand Theft Auto series of games and the MidnightClub Racing Game series. The company was formerly known as BMG Interactive in its early years.

RAGE

Rockstar Games have developed their own game engine called the Rockstar Advanced Game Engine (RAGE) to facilitate game development on the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Windows, and Wii systems.

Rockstar studios

American video game companies
1998 establishments in the United States