Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The national flag of Chile was adopted in 1817.

Appearance 
The flag shows two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center.

Protocol dictates that it can hang horizontally or vertically, but the star must always be located in the top-left corner. 

The colors have meanings:

 Red: represents blood of patriots who fought for independence.
 White: represents snow of the Andes.
 Blue: represents the blue of the skies.
 Single star: stresses the fact that Chile is an unitarian republic.

Note: the Chilean flag is similar to the flag of the state of Texas.

Related pages 
 Chile

Other websites 
 Description in Flags of the World

Chile
National symbols of Chile
The Coat of Arms of Chile consist of a shield holding the national symbol of a star in a blue and red field.  This shield is supported by a condor and huemul.  

At the top of the shield are three feather plumes in the colors of the national flag.  The center shield has the star found on the national flag on a blue and red background.  The blue represents the sky, and the red represents the blood of martyrs, as well as the Andes.  The condor and huemel are animals found in Chile.  The crowns they wear are naval crowns, and represent the rich naval history of Chile.

Related pages 
 Chile

Other websites 

Chile
National symbols of Chile
The peso is the money of Chile. It was divided into 100 centavos. The number is written with a $  sign and then the number.

In 2011, 483.36 pesos were equal to one United States dollar.  In 2014, 570.01 pesos are equal to one United States dollar.

Related pages
 Chile

Other websites
 Banknotes of Chile

Currency of South America
Chile
Ayora is a town in the Community of Valencia. It has 5,303 people. It is in the district of Valle de Ayora and the province of Valencia.

Ayora is in the inland and near Castilla-La Mancha. Sierra Palomera and Sierra del Mugrón are the mountains to the west. Muela de Cortes and Pico Caroig are the mountains to the east. The flat land to the south connects with Almansa. The river valley runs to the north. It connects with Confrentes.

Other websites 

Municipalities in the Valencian Community
Province of Valencia
Nicholas "Nick" Menza (July 23, 1964 – May 21, 2016) was a German-born American professional drummer and songwriter. He was best known for his work in Megadeth from 1989 to 1998 and in 2004. He recorded drums on four of Megadeth's albums: Rust in Peace (1990), Countdown to Extinction (1992), Youthanasia (1994) and Cryptic Writings (1997).

Menza died on May 21, 2016 from heart failure while performing with his band, OHM, in Los Angeles, California, aged 51.

References

1964 births
2016 deaths
American heavy metal musicians
American rock drummers
American rock guitarists
American songwriters
Deaths from heart failure
German rock musicians
Musicians from Munich
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Megadeth members
Alexander Van der Bellen (born 18 January 1944) is an Austrian politician and economist. He is the President of Austria since 2017. He won the 2016 election after multiple court battles and narrow victories. He was sworn into office on 26 January 2017 officially becoming the president. Van der Bellen is the country's second green president and the first to be directly elected by popular vote. He was re-elected in 2022.

Early life
Van der Bellen was born in Vienna. His father was Russian and his mother was Estonian.

In 1962, he graduated from the Akademisches Gymnasium in Innsbruck. He studied economics at the University of Innsbruck. He received a doctorate in 1970.

Political career
Van der Bellen is a retired professor of economics at the University of Vienna. He is a member of the Austrian Green Party. He served as a member of the National Council from 1994 to 2012. He was the chairman of the parliamentary club and federal spokesperson of his party from 1997 to 2008.
Presidency (since 2017)
He ran as a nominally independent candidate supported by the Green Party in the 2016 presidential election, and finished second in the first round before winning the second round against far-right candidate Norbert Hofer. A second election was ordered since the votes were too narrow. In December 2016, Van der Bellen won the election with more votes. He became the first Austrian president to be directly elected by popular vote. He took office on 26 January 2017.

He was re-elected in October 2022 with almost 57% of the vote.

Political views
Van der Bellen supports green and social liberal policies, and is supportive of the European Union.

References

Other websites

1944 births
Living people
Austrian academics
Current national leaders
Economists
Presidents of Austria
Scientists from Vienna
Politicians from Vienna
John Brophy (January 20, 1933 – May 23, 2016) was a Canadian ice hockey coach and former hockey player. He was born and raised in Antigonish, Nova Scotia.

Brophy spent most of his career in minor professional leagues, including 18 years as a player in the Eastern Hockey League and 13 seasons as a coach in the East Coast Hockey League. From 1986 to 1988, he was head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League.

Brophy died in his sleep at his home in Antigonish on the morning of May 23, 2016 from a long-illness, aged 83.

References

1933 births
2016 deaths
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Nova Scotia
Toronto Maple Leafs
Arie "Aar" de Goede (21 May 1928 – 16 May 2016) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Democrats 66. He served in the House of Representatives (1967–1973), European Parliament (1979–1984) and Senate (1986–1987). As part of the executive he was State Secretary of Finance between 1973 and 1977.

De Goede died in Zoeterwoude on 16 May 2016, aged 87.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
Democrats 66 politicians
Deputy government ministers of the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands
Members of the Senate of the Netherlands
MEPs for the Netherlands
People from Vlaardingen
Politicians from South Holland
Suberin is a waxy, waterproof substance that is found in plants. It is described as having a 'rubbery' material. Suberin blocks the movement of water and solutes. It is in the walls of cork cells. Suberin is named after the cork oak, Quercus suber.

Plant anatomy
Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansoor ( Akhtar Muḥammad Manṣūr; pronounced  or ; born probably in 1968) was the Emir (leader) of the Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan also known as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (a recently created title).

On 21 May 2016, it was reported by a  United States Department of Defense official that Mansour had been killed in a U.S. drone strike in Pakistan.

References

Other websites
 T.A.C. – link published November 2009
 P. Tomsen – text published by PublicAffairs, November 25, 2013, 912 pages, 

1960s births
2016 deaths
Heads of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
Taliban
Muslim scholars
The Scream is Edvard Munch's most famous painting.  It is an example of modern art.

The picture shows an imaginary creature with its mouth and eyes open.

Munch got the idea for the painting when he was walking with friends. It was sunset and the sky was red, like the color of blood. Munch heard a sound in his ears, like the sound of nature screaming.

The painting was made with oil, tempera and pastel on cardboard.  The size of the painting is 91 x 73.5 cm (35 7/8 x 29").  The painting is in the Nasjonalgalleriet (National Gallery) in Oslo, Norway.

From 1893 to 1910, Munch made four paintings of “The Scream”. Three of the paintings are in Norwegian museums.  The fourth painting has a private owner.

In 1994, thieves stole the painting from the Norwegian National Gallery. Three months later, the painting was found.  The value of the painting is about $55 million.

References 

1890s paintings
Lamboing was a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Lamboing, Diesse and Prêles merged into the new municipality of Plateau de Diesse.

Former municipalities in Jura bernois
Steffisburg is a municipality in Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, the municipality Schwendibach became part of Steffisburg.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Steffisburg  
 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Thun
Hebron Jewish Cemetery is an ancient cemetery in Hebron. the cemetery was open in 1290 near the "Cave of the Patriarchs (Tel Rumeida of today)".

Gallery

Other websites 

Cemeteries in Israel
West Bank
The Last Judgment is a fresco by Toma din Suceava at the Moldovita Monastery in Romania. The name of the work in Romanian is "Judecata de Apoi".

The Last Judgment covers the west wall of the monastery.  It shows the day of judgment with a river of fire and the dead coming out of the sea. Prince Mohammed is one of the heretics. There are 105 paintings of angels near the roof.

The Moldovita Monastery also has famous frescos of the Siege of Constantinople and the Tree of Jesse, showing Christ's genealogy.

Prince Rares and the artists 

The Moldovita Monastery is a UNESCO site.  It was started in 1532 by Prince Petru Rares, the illegitimate son of Stephen the Great. It was built on the location of an old stone church built by Alexandru cel Bun (1400-1432).  The old church fell in the early 16th century because of rain and landslides.
Petru Rares ruled Moldavia between 1527-1538 and 1541-1546.  He had new ideas for the churches in Bukovina. Rares hired artists to cover the walls of the churches with complicated designs of saints, prophets, and scenes from the life of Jesus.

The best preserved monasteries are in Sucevita, Moldovita, Voronet, Humor, Suceava, Pătrăuţi, and Probota.  Seven monasteries were put on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1993. The Moldovita Monastery was consecrated to the Annunciation (Romanian: "Bunei Vestiri") on March 25.  It is one of five monasteries in northern Moldavia with frescoes painted on the outside walls.

The monastery is in the style of Moldavian Gothic architecture.  It combines Gothic and Byzantine elements. It is a Romanian Orthodox monastery.

The Moldoviţa frescoes were completed by Toma of Suceava in 1537.  Toma of Suceava's painting is in the Italian Renaissance style, with humanized characters.

The Last Judgment in art
The theme of death is a common subject for religious art, but the frescos in the monasteries in northern Moldavia are special.  These frescos are more complex than art in other areas of the former Byzantine Empire.  The Moldovan work was a model for Mount Athos.

The oldest image of the Last Judgment is from the seventh century CE.  It is in the Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes. The manuscript is in the Vatican library. The first known frightening picture of the Judgment in fresco are from 1075.  They are in the church "San Angelo in Formis" near Naples.  The oldest mosaic with this theme is in Venice, in the church of Torcello. It is probably from the twelfth century.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Churches of Moldavia photo gallery (UNESCO--public domain)
 The Christian Topography  by Cosmas Indicopleustes  fol 89r plate iii, scan of Codex Vat.gr.699 on Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana website

16th-century paintings
Capellen () is a canton in Luxembourg.  Its capital is Capellen.

History
On 1 January 2012, the communes of Bascharage and Clemency were combined to make the new commune of Käerjeng.

Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 47,209, the Capellen canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The canton has the Redange canton to the north, the Mersch canton to northeast, the Luxembourg canton to the east and the Esch-sur-Alzette canton to the south. The canton borders, to the west, the arrondissement of Arlon in Belgium.

Communes
The Capellen canton consists of the following 10 communes (2017 population).
Dippach (4,178)
Garnich (2,099)
Hobscheid (3,518)
Käerjeng (10,232)), formed January 1, 2012 from:
Bascharage and 
Clemency
Kehlen (5,903)
Koerich (2,528)
Kopstal (3,673)
Mamer (9,185)
Septfontaines (812)
Steinfort (5,081)

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Districts of Luxembourg (a type of subdivision that no longer exists)
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References
Emergency medical services (EMS), also known as ambulance services or paramedic services, are agencies that deal with medical emergencies, mostly by sending ambulances or other vehicles to help people who are severely ill or injured. Their job is to treat these people at the incident and to take them to a hospital if needed. There are two types of staffing. Paramedics provide Advanced levels of Emergency Medical Care. This is called Advanced Life Support (ALS). Some ambulances have staff with more basic training,and they are known as Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs). They provide Basic levels of Emergency Medical Care. This is called Basic Life Support (BLS). Sometimes there are both on Ambulances. Doctors sometimes assist with care.
The exact role of the emergency medical services varies by country. In some countries like the US and UK, their job is seen as bringing the patients from an incident to treatment. Until the 1970s, their ambulances carried patients to hospital and gave them little medical care. Since then, paramedics have been trained to give some medical care before they get to hospital. Other countries like France and Germany run them in a different way, where their job is seen as bringing treatment to the patients. In those countries, doctors work on ambulances and they try to treat patients at the scene rather than take them to the hospital.

The type of organization that provides emergency medical services also varies by country. This may be:
A government EMS agency
A fire department
A hospital
A business
A non-profit organization, such as Red Cross and St John Ambulance

Related pages 
Emergency medicine
First aid

Emergency services
Clervaux () is a canton in Luxembourg. Its capital is Clervaux.

Geography
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 17,631, the Clervaux canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

It is bordered on the north by the arrondissement of Verviers in Belgium, to the east by the German district of Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm (part of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate), to the southeast by the Vianden canton, to the south by the Diekirch canton, to the southwest by the Wiltz canton, and to the west by the arrondissement of Bastogne in Belgium.

Communes
The Clervaux canton has 5 communes (2017 population).
Clervaux (5,069)
Parc Hosingen (3,434)
Troisvierges (3,141)
Weiswampach (1,760)
Wincrange (4,227)

Related pages
 Cantons of Luxembourg
 Districts of Luxembourg (former)
 List of cities in Luxembourg

References

Other websites
Adolf Born (12 June 1930 – 22 May 2016) was a Czech painter, illustrator, caricaturist, animator and film-maker. He was known as a children's illustrator for most of his career. Born was a finalist for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2008. The asteroid 17806 Adolfborn is named after him.

Born died on 22 May 2016 in Prague at the age of 85.

References

Other websites

Born at Galerie Krause 
Born at ArtForum
2008 Exhibition in Greece 
Interview in Athens News 

Recently illustrated world classics  
Review by Czech Business Weekly

1930 births
2016 deaths
Czech entertainers
Illustrators
Animators
Czech painters
Cartoonists
Lucjan Avgustini (August 28, 1963 – May 22, 2016) was an Albanian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sapë.

Avgustini was born in Ferizaj, SFR Yugoslavia. Avgustini was a priest of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Prizren from 1989 to 2006. In 2006, he was made the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sapë in Albania.

Avgustini died on May 22, 2016 from a brain tumor in Vau i Dejës, Albania, aged 52.

References

1963 births
2016 deaths
Albanian people
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Roman Catholic bishops
Velimir "Bata" Živojinović (Serbian Cyrillic: Велимир "Бата" Живојиновић; 5 June 1933 – 22 May 2016) was a Serbian actor and politician. His best known movie was Valter brani Sarajevo. He become popular in China for his role in the movie. In 1990 he was elected for the Serbian Parliament, as a member of the Socialist Party of Serbia. He was a candidate in the September-October 2002 presidential election, receiving 3.27% of the popular vote.

Živojinović died on 22 May 2016 in Belgrade from complications of gangrene at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 

1933 births
2016 deaths
Serbian politicians
Movie actors
Serbian actors
The Veiled Christ (Italian: Cristo velato) is a statue made of marble. It was made by Giuseppe Sanmartino. It is in Cappella Sansevero, Naples.

The sculpture, made in 1753, is considered one of the world's masterpieces. Antonio Canova who once tried to acquire the work declared that he would willingly give up ten years of his own life to produce a similar masterpiece.

History and description 
The order for the Veiled Christ was given to Antonio Corradini.  However, he died a short time later.

Sanmartino took over the work. He decided to place the Christ figure on a couch, covered by a veil. It was to show the suffering that Christ has undergone.

At the sculpture's feet, finally, the artist also carves the instruments of his torture: the crown of thorns, pliers, and some shackles.

Legend of the veil
An analysis shows that the work is completely made in marble. A receipt of payment to Sanmartino dated 16 December 1752, signed by the prince, is preserved in the historical archive of the Bank of Naples. It states:

References 

 Elio Catello, Giuseppe Sanmartino (1720-1793), Napoli, Electa, 2004.

Other websites 
 Official website of the Museum of the Cappella Sansevero

Sculptures
18th-century works
Ljubiša Samardžić (19 November 1936 – 8 September 2017) was a Serbian actor and director. He was best known as Šurda in the popular television series Vruć vetar. He was a popular cinema actor in the Serbian movie industry. Samardžić was a member of the Central Committee of Yugoslav Communist Party in late 1980s.

Samardžić was born in Skopje, Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2017 deaths
Yugoslavian communists
Movie actors
Movie directors
Serbian actors
Television actors
People from Skopje
Isaac Charles Parker (October 15, 1838 – November 17, 1896) was an American politician and jurist. He served as the United States Congressman for Missouri's 7th congressional district for two terms and presided over the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas for 21 years. He was known as the "Hanging Judge". 

Parker died of complications due to Bright's disease in Fort Smith, aged 58.

In 21 years on the federal bench, Parker tried 13,490 cases; more than 8,500 defendants either pleaded guilty or were convicted at trial. He sentenced 160 people to death and 79 were executed; the others died while incarcerated, were acquitted, pardoned, or their sentences were commuted.

References

Other websites

 National Park Service (National Historic Site) entry about Judge Isaac Parker
 
 Judge Isaac Parker reference on About.com 
 
 List of men executed at Fort Smith while Isaac Parker presided
1838 births
1896 deaths
American judges
Deaths from Bright's disease
Politicians from Arkansas
Politicians from Ohio
United States representatives from Missouri 
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Clash of Clans is a freemium mobile strategy game made by the Finnish company Supercell. It was released to the App Store for iOS platforms on August 2, 2012 and to Google Play for Android on October 7, 2013.

Clash of Clans is a massively multiplayer online game where players train their troops and attack other players' towns to earn gold and elixir, the in-game currency. Gold and elixir can be used to build defenses for the player's town, make upgrades, and more. Also, players can join a group called a clan to help its members or to receive help from them.

References 

Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
2012 video games
IOS games
Android (operating system) games
Mario Almada Otero (born January 7, 1922 – October 4, 2016) was a Mexican actor. His career has lasted for over 70 years. He has appeared in over 300 movies. He was most known for his roles in urban westerns and action movies.

Almada died in his sleep of natural causes in Mexico City, Mexico, aged 94.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2016 deaths
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Manuel "El Loco" Valdés (29 January 1931 – 28 August 2020) was a Mexican actor and comedian. He was member of the Valdés family. He was the brother of Ramón Valdés (aka "Don Ramón"), from the sitcom "El Chavo", and Germán Valdés (aka "Tin Tan"). 

He was also the father of singer Cristian Castro and Marcos Valdés.

He was known for his roles in La Carabina de Ambrosio, La pulquería, La leyenda de la Nahuala, Caperucita y Pulgarcito contra los monstruos and Calabacitas tiernas. He was in three telenovelas: Amy, la niña de la mochila azúl (2004), Entre el amor y el odio (2002) and Siempre te amaré (2000).

Valdés died on 28 August 2020 from problems caused by pancreatic cancer in Mexico City, aged 89.

References

Other websites

1931 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Mexico
Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
Mexican comedians
Pasir Ris is a place in the east of Singapore. It is near Changi. The Pasir Ris MRT Station is located here.

Places in Singapore
An acid-base reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base. The products of such a reaction are a salt and water. This reaction may also regarded as neutralization reaction.

The reaction can be simplified to
(aq) + (aq) → 
The other ions remain constant because they are not affected by the reaction. They are called spectator ions.

Acids and oxides 
An example of an acid-oxide reaction is sulfuric acid and copper(II) oxide reacting to form copper sulfate and water:

H2SO4 + CuO —> CuSO4 + H2O

Another example of an acid-oxide reaction is nitric acid reacting with sodium oxide to form sodium nitrate and water:

2 HNO3 + Na2O —> 2 NaNO3 + H2O

The general equation is:

acid + oxide = salt + water

Acids and hydroxides 
This is one of the more common acid-base reactions. This reaction is one of the few processes to make sodium chloride using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide:

HCl + NaOH —> NaCl + H2O
Acids and carbonates 
An acid can also react with a carbonate, which is a relatively weak base. An example is 
acetic acid reacting with calcium carbonate to form calcium acetate, carbon dioxide and water:

 2 CH3COOH + CaCO3 —> Ca(CH3COO)2 + CO2 + H2O

The products of an acid-carbonate reaction is a soluble salt, carbon dioxide and water. 

Chemical reactions
Acids
Auswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Auswil 

Municipalities in Oberaargau
The Parish Church of St. Lawrence in Radymno is a historic church in Poland. It is in the Przemyśl archdiocese.

The church was built in the years 1724-1730 in the Baroque style. The bishop Aleksander Antoni Fredro was the prime mover of this facture. By the church there is a belfry from the year 1729, an antique manse and a nuns' home. During the First World War St. Lawrence's church was vastly damaged but shortly after the war it was renovated. After the Second World War the aim was to embellish the temple which is why, the front of the church and the belfry renovations. The temple's historic door was rebuilt as well.

The interior has got 7 altars. Some of the altars are: St. Anna's altar, Jezus's Sacred Heart altar, St. Agnes's altar and St. Nicholas's altar. Inside the church there is a solid pulpit which has got a rich wood carving decoration. There is also the fontal source with figures of Jesus and John the Baptist. It comes from the first half of the 19th century.
References 
http://radymno.przemyska.pl/historia/

Churches in Poland
18th-century buildings and structures‎
Ballmoos was a municipality of the district of Fraubrunnen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010, the municipality of Ballmoos merged into the municipality of Jegenstorf.

Former municipalities of Bern
The Scion FR-s is a sports car developed by Toyota and Subaru. It features a rear wheel drive drivetrain and 2+2 seating.

It is sold worldwide under three different brands with respective model names:
 Toyota 86 in Asia, South Africa, North America (from August 2016), South America and Australia; GT86 in Europe; New Zealand; FT86 in Nicaragua and Jamaica;
 Subaru BRZ worldwide;
 Scion FR-S in the US and Canada. After August 2016, the Scion FR-S will be renamed as the Toyota 86.

References 

Sports cars
Subaru
Great Seal might refer to the official seal of a political unit, such as:
Great Seal of Vermont
Great Seal of the United States
Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond (Welsh: Edmwnd ap Owain ap Maredudd ap Tudur; 11 June 1430 — 3 November 1456) was a Welsh knight and nobleman who was the Earl of Richmond from 1452 until his death in 1456. Edmund was the father of Henry VII, who invaded England and became king of England in 1485. He was the oldest child of Owen Tudor and his wife, the dowager queen Catherine of Valois. He was also a half-brother to Henry VI.

In 1455, he married the 12-year-old woman, Lady Margaret Beaufort, who would become one of the most powerful women in Europe. He was a brave knight. He participated in the War of the Roses fighting for the Lancaster side. However, while he was fighting, he was captured by a Yorkist soilder and was imprisoned at Carmarthen Castle where he was murdered there at the age of 26. He was buried at St David's Cathedral in Pembrokeshire. His only child would be born two months after his death.

House of Tudor
House of Lancaster
Earls and countesses
1430 births
1456 deaths
The Crow (also known as Apsáalooke in their own Siouan language, or Absaroka) are Native Americans. In the past, they lived in the Yellowstone River valley, which is in Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota. Today, they are federally recognized as the Crow Tribe of Montana.

During their history, the Crow have changed their territory many times because of conflicts with the Ojibwe, Cree, Cheyennes, and Lakota (Sioux) peoples. They were generally friendly with the whites. Since the 19th century, most Crow people have lived on their reservation that is south of Billings, Montana. Although they have lost land, it is over 9300 km2. They also live in several major western cities. The tribe's headquarters are located at Crow Agency, Montana.
History
The name Apsáalooke means "children of the large-beaked bird". The French translated the name as gens du corbeaux ("people of [the] crows"), and they became known in English as the Crow. Other tribes also refer to the Apsáalooke as "crow" or "raven" in their own languages.

In 1743 the Crow first encountered people of European descent. They were French fur traders.

In the Northern Plains 
The Crow and Hidatsa used to be the same tribe. They were nomadic hunters and farmers. The earliest known home of the Crow-Hidatsa tribe was in present-day Ohio. They were pushed out by stronger neighbors and moved to Manitoba. Later, they moved to North Dakota, where they split from the Hidatsa. The Crow were then pushed westward, mostly by the Cheyenne and Sioux.
To gain control of their new home in the Yellowstone River valley, they fought against the Shoshone and drove them westward. They were allied with some of the Kiowa and Kiowa Apache. The Crow were an important tribe in this area through the 18th and 19th centuries, the era of the North American fur trade.

After they started living in this area, the Crow divided into four groups: the Mountain Crow, River Crow, Kicked in the Bellies and Beaver Dries its Fur. They adopted the nomadic lifestyle of the Plains Indians, becoming gatherers and bison hunters.

Enemies and allies
Around 1740, the Plains tribes, including the Crow, started using horses. This allowed them to hunt buffalo more actively. The Crow became well-known horse breeders and dealers. Sometimes, their horses were stolen by tribes like the  Blackfoot Confederacy, Gros Ventre, Assiniboine, Pawnee, and Ute. Later they had to fight the Lakota and their allies, the Arapaho and Cheyenne. The tribes in the Blackfoot Confederacy and the Lakota-Cheyenne-Arapaho alliance became their greatest enemies.

The Crow were generally allies with the northern Plains tribes of the Nez Perce, Kutenai, Shoshone, Kiowa and Kiowa Apache. They were also allies with the Flathead, although sometimes they had conflicts with them. The powerful Iron Confederacy (Nehiyaw-Pwat), an alliance of northern plains Indian nations developed as enemies of the Crow. It included the Plains Cree and Assiniboine peoples, and later included the Stoney, Saulteaux, Ojibwe, and Métis.

Gradual displacement from tribal lands
When a large number of white Americans arrived, the Crows were fighting enemies who greatly outnumbered them. In the 1850s, a boy named Plenty Coups had a vision. The tribal elders said the dream meant that the whites would become dominant over the entire country, and that the Crows would need to remain friendly with the whites.

By 1851, the Lakota and Cheyenne were fighting the Crow for their hunting lands. They took over the eastern hunting lands, and pushed the Crow to the west and northwest upriver on the Yellowstone. After about 1860, the Lakota Sioux had all the former Crow lands. They threatened Americans who were moving into these areas.

The Crow signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 with the United States. This treaty recognized a large area around the Big Horn Mountains as Crow lands. But the Cheyenne and Lakota Sioux were still moving westward and pushing the Crows.
After Red Cloud's War (18661868) between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, the Lakota controlled territory from the Black Hills to the Big Horn Mountains. Bands of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne began to hunt and raid in ancestral Crow territory.

Crow warriors fought for the US Army in the Great Sioux War (1876–1877). This war ended with the defeat of the Sioux and Cheyenne. Some of the Sioux and their allies went to Canada, while others were removed to reservations.

Culture

Gender and kinship system 

The Crow had a matrilineal system. After marriage, the husband moved to the wife's mother's house. Women held a significant role within the tribe.

Like other Plains tribes, the Crow historically had three defined gender roles: male, female and baté (trans female / "two-spirit").

The modern Crow Tribe Apsáalooke Nation

Geography
Geography 

The Crow Indian Reservation is in south-central Montana. Its area is about , making it the fifth-largest Indian reservation in the United States. The 2000 census reported a total population of 6,894 on reservation lands.

Government 

The seat of government and capital of the Crow Indian Reservation is Crow Agency, Montana.

In 1948, a Constitution was adapted. It organized the tribe as a General Council (Tribal Council). The General Council had the executive, legislative, and judicial powers of the government. It was made up of all adult members of the Crow Nation. To be members of the General Council, females had to be 18 years or older and males had to be 21 or older. The General Council was a direct democracy, similar to that of ancient Athens. A chairperson was elected once every two years.
At a 2001 Council Meeting, four officials of the General Council established a three-branch government. The new government is known as the 2001 Constitution. The General Council is still the governing body of the tribe, but it has not met since 2001. Its powers were given to the three-branch government. The 2001 Constitution has been controversial because its establishment did not follow the rules of the 1948 Constitution. Opponents also say that it gives too much power to the US Bureau of Indian Affairs over the Crow government.

The officials who established the 2001 Constitution became the Executive Branch. These officials are known as the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Secretary, and Vice-Secretary. The Chairperson's term lasts four years. The current Chairman is Darrin Old Coyote.
The Legislative Branch has three members from each district on the Crow Indian Reservation. The Crow Indian Reservation is divided into six districts known as The Valley of the Chiefs, Reno, Black Lodge, Mighty Few, Big Horn, and Pryor Districts.

The Judicial Branch consists of all courts established by the Crow Law and Order Code. It consists of an elected Chief Judge and two Associate Judges. The Crow Court of Appeals receives all appeals from the lower courts. The Chief Judge of the Crow Nation is Julie Yarlott.

Notable Crow

 Joe Medicine Crow, war chief, educator, historian, author, and World War II veteran

Notes
References
 The Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1983, paperback, 
 The World of the Crow Indians: As Driftwood Lodges, Rodney Frey, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1987, hardback, 
 Stories That Make the World: Oral Literature of the Indian Peoples of the Inland Northwest.  As Told by Lawrence Aripa, Tom Yellowtail and Other Elders. Rodney Frey, edited.  University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1995, paperback, 
 The Crow and the Eagle: A Tribal History from Lewis & Clark to Custer, Keith Algier, Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho, 1993, paperback, 
 From The Heart Of The Crow Country: The Crow Indians' Own Stories, Joseph Medicine Crow, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2000, paperback, 
 Apsaalooka: The Crow Nation Then and Now, Helene Smith and Lloyd G. Mickey Old Coyote, MacDonald/Swãrd Publishing Company, Greensburg, Pennsylvania, 1992, paperback,
Parading through History: The Making of the Crow Nation in America 1805-1935, Frederick E. Hoxie, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1995, hardcover, 
 The Handsome People: A History of the Crow Indians and the Whites, Charles Bradley, Council for Indian Education, 1991, paperback, 
 Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, AMS Press, 1980, hardcover, 
 Social Life of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, AMS Press, 1912, hardcover, 
 Material Culture of the Crow Indians, Robert H Lowie, The Trustees, 1922, hardcover, ASIN B00085WH80
 The Tobacco Society of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, The Trustees, 1919, hardcover, ASIN B00086IFRG
 Religion of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, The Trustees, 1922, hardcover, ASIN B00086IFQM
 The Crow Sun Dance, Robert Lowie, 1914, hardcover, ASIN B0008CBIOW
 Minor Ceremonies of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, American Museum Press, 1924, hardcover, ASIN B00086D3NC
Crow Indian Art, Robert H. Lowie, The Trustees, 1922, ASIN B00086D6RK
 The Crow Language, Robert H. Lowie, University of California press, 1941, hardcover, ASIN B0007EKBDU
 The Way of the Warrior: Stories of the Crow People, Henry Old Coyote and Barney Old Coyote, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2003, 
 Two Leggings: The Making of a Crow Warrior, Peter Nabokov, Crowell Publishing Co., 1967, hardcover, ASIN B0007EN16O
 Plenty-Coups: Chief of the Crows, Frank B. Linderman, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1962, paperback, 
 Pretty-shield: Medicine Woman of the Crows, Frank B. Linderman, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1974, paperback, 
 They Call Me Agnes: A Crow Narrative Based on the Life of Agnes Yellowtail Deernose, Fred W. Voget and Mary K. Mee, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1995, hardcover,
Yellowtail, Crow Medicine Man and Sun Dance Chief: An Autobiography, Michael Oren Fitzgerald, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991, hardcover, 
 Grandmother's Grandchild: My Crow Indian Life, Alma Hogan Snell, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2000, hardcover, 
 Memoirs of a White Crow Indian, Thomas H. Leforge, The Century Co., 1928, hardcover, ASIN B00086PAP6
 Radical Hope. Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation, Jonathan Lear, Harvard University Press, 2006,
Other websites

 Crow Nation, Apsaalooké
 Crow Indians - Their Lands, Allies and Enemies
 Little Big Horn College Library 
 Smithsonian
 2001 Constitution 
 1948 Constitution 
 Photo exhibition on Crow Indians, with short account of 21st century lifestyle , Untold London
 Collection of historical Crow photographs 
 List of Crow Chiefs , Little Big Horn College Library.
 Crow Indian Recipes and Herbal Medicine, by Pretty Shield's granddaughter, Alma Hogan Snell

Native Americans
Joaquín Castro (born September 16, 1974) is an American politician. He has served in the United States House of Representatives for Texas's 20th congressional district since 2013.

Julián Castro was the 16th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the Cabinet of President Barack Obama and is a candidate for President in the 2020 election.

In July 2022, Castro was diagnosed with small intestine cancer which had spread to his liver. He had surgery in February 2023 to remove the tumors.

References

Other websites

Congressman Joaquin Castro official U.S. House website
Joaquin Castro for Congress

 

1974 births
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Thomas Fahr "Tom" Steyer (born June 27, 1957) is an American hedge fund manager, politician, philanthropist, and environmentalist. Steyer is the founder and former Co-Senior Managing Partner of Farallon Capital Management, LLC and the co-founder of Beneficial State Bank.

In 2017, Steyer spent around $10 million for a television ad campaign advocating the impeachment of President Donald Trump and plans to spend millions more on a digital ad campaign to call for Trump's impeachment. Steyer thought about running for Governor of California in the 2018 gubernatorial election as a stance against President Trump.

Steyer was on the Board of Trustees at Stanford University from 2012 to 2017.
On July 9, 2019, Steyer announced his candidacy for President of the United States in the 2020 election. He stated that he would be running in the Democratic primaries in an online campaign video. He dropped out of the race after losing the South Carolina primary on February 29, 2020. Steyer spent $250 million of his own money on his campaign. This was more than any other candidate in history, except Mike Bloomberg's campaign.

References

Other websites
Farallon Capital Management 
Hellman & Friedman LLC
 OneCalifornia Bank
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Herbert W. "Burt" Kwouk, OBE (pron. "Kwok"; ; 18 July 1930 – 24 May 2016) was a British actor.

Kwouk was born in Warrington to Chinese parents. He was raised in Shanghai.

Kwouk was known for his role as Cato (spelled "Kato" in the 1964 release A Shot in the Dark) in the Pink Panther movies. He was also known for his role of Major Yamauchi in the British drama series Tenko and, later, as Entwistle in Last of the Summer Wine.

In the 2011 New Year Honours List, Burt Kwouk was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to drama.

Kwouk died on 24 May 2016 in London, England of cancer of unknown primary origin, aged 85.

References

Other websites
 

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Howard D. Schultz (born July 19, 1953) is an American businessman. He is best known as the chairman and CEO of Starbucks and a former owner of the Seattle SuperSonics. He was a member of the Board of Directors at Square, Inc..

In 1998, Schultz co-founded Maveron, an investment group, with Dan Levitan. In 2012, Forbes magazine ranked Schultz as the 354th richest person in the United States, with a net worth of $1.5 billion.

On June 4, 2018, Schultz announced his retirement as executive chairman. However, he returned to the role in March 2022.

In January 2019, it was reported that Schultz was considering running as an independent candidate in the election. Schultz announced on January 27, 2019 that he would explore a bid as an independent candidate. However in June 2019, he ruled out a presidential bid citing health concerns. In September 2019, Schultz formally said he would not run saying he would not want to risk re-electing President Donald Trump.

References
References

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Gert Bals (18 October 1936 – 20 May 2016) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a goalkeeper.

Bals became the first Dutch goalkeeper in an UEFA Cup final, when he played for Ajax in the 1969 European Cup Final against Milan.

He played 216 official matches for Ajax after making his debut for them in August 1965 and won 4 league titles with the club. He won the Dutch Footballer of the Year Award in 1969.

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References

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Alfredo Siojo Lim (; 21 December 1929 – 8 August 2020) was a Filipino politician. He served as Mayor of the City of Manila from 1992 to 1998 and 2007 to 2013. He also served as senator of the Philippines from 2004 to 2007. He ran for president in 1998, but lost to Joseph Estrada.

He lost his re-election campaign in 2013, but lost to former President of the Philippines Joseph Estrada. He ran again in 2016, but narrowly lost to Estrada again by less than 1%.

On 7 August 2020, Lim was hospitalized in Manila with COVID-19. He died the next day from the infection at the age of 90.

Notes

Other websites

Alfredo Lim's Assets and Liabilities
The Mayor's Page 
The Official Website of the City of Manila 
Alfredo S. Lim - WikiPilipinas 

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Gender equality is a belief that both men and women should receive equal treatment. People should not be discriminated against because of their gender. It can also be called sex equality, gender egalitarianism, sexual equality or equality of the genders. 

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Echternach () is a canton in east Luxembourg. Its capital is Echternach.

Geography
Its area is . The population in 2017 was 18,702. The Echternach canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².

It is bordered on the north by the German district of Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm (part of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate), to the east by the Trier-Saarburg district (also part of Rhineland-Palatinate), to the south by the Grevenmacher canton and to the west by the Diekirch and the  Mersch cantons

Part of this canton is a natural region called the Little Switzerland.

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The Echternach canton has 8 communes (2017 population).
Beaufort (2,699)
Bech (1,287)
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Consdorf (1,953)
Echternach (5,530)
Mompach (1,303)
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References
Jazz dance is a dance genre which is easy to recognise, but not easy to define. It is, like some other forms of dance and music, an African influence in western culture.

"[Jazz dance was] developed by African Americans in the first part of the twentieth century".

Its origins were in social dancing to the music of jazz, but it developed into a type of stage dancing.

Today, jazz dance is taught to students of stage dancing. The ISTD (Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing) lists jazz dance under 'Modern Theatre', and the IDTA (International Dance Teachers Association) lists it in their 'Theatre Branch'. Professional stage dancers are certain to have some kind of jazz dance training.

Modern ballet has also been influenced by jazz dance. Balanchine's ballet Slaughter on Tenth Avenue was the climax of the Broadway musical On Your Toes (1936), Kathleen Dunham and Bob Fosse were famous jazz dancers and choreographers.

References 

Dance types
Jazz music
African-American history
Bangerten was a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2016 the former municipality of Bangerten merged into the municipality of Rapperswil.

Former municipalities in Seeland
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Bannwil is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

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Viktor Kulikov (July 5, 1921 – May 28, 2013 in Moscow) was a Marshal of the Soviet Union and commander-in-chief of the Warsaw Pact from 1977 until 1989.

Kulikov first served in the military during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945). After that, he was given the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.  

In 1983, he was honored with the Lenin Prize.

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Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad (born 22 March 1939; also known as Kāntapuraṃ Ě.pi. Abūbakkar Musliyār) is Grand Mufti of India. He is the President of the Islamic Community of India, Founder and Chancellor of the Jamia Markaz and General Secretary of the All India Sunni Jamiyyathul Ulama.

Religious and social views 
In August 2014, he has condemned Islamic extremism saying "Militant groups such as the Islamic State (IS) are trying to defame a religion that advocates peace and tolerance."

In November 2015, he commented on gender equality saying women could never equal men

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The University of Hong Kong (also called Hong Kong University or HKU) is a university in Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong. It is the oldest university in Hong Kong. In 2016, it was listed as the 45th best university in world reputation rankings.

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Computer science
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A direct tax is a tax paid directly to the government by a person or organization. A direct tax may not be passed on to another person or entity but must be paid by the entity responsible for the tax. A direct tax is different from an indirect tax, which is paid by someone other than the person or entity who would normally be responsible for it. For example, a tax owed on a piece of property is a direct tax. A tax on the sale of that property would be considered an indirect tax.

Income tax 
An income tax is a tax that governments levy on individuals and businesses on their income. In the US and other countries, businesses and individuals need to file an Income Tax Return every year. This is to report all forms of income and to see if they owe any tax or can get a tax refund. Income tax is an important source of funds to most levels of government.
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In the United States Constitution, the difference between indirect and direct taxes was important enough to require a Constitutional amendment in order for the federal government to levy an income tax. This was the Sixteenth Amendment which was ratified in 1913. Before the Sixteenth Amendment, any direct tax levied by the federal government had to be apportioned among the states by population. As apportionment by population proved to be virtually impossible, levying direct taxes was prevented by this article of the Constitution until it was changed in 1913. So the federal government relied on indirect taxes such as tariffs and Duties on imported goods and materials.