Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
After 1992, the discovery of many small icy objects with similar or even wider orbits than Pluto led to a debate over whether Pluto should remain a planet, or whether it and its neighbours should, like the asteroids, be given their own separate classification. Although a number of the larger members of this group were initially described as planets, in 2006 the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto and its largest neighbours as dwarf planets, leaving only eight planets in the Solar System.  Pluto was taken as a model for a dwarf planet.
Existence of Planet X 
Today, the astronomical community widely agrees that Planet X, as originally envisioned, does not exist. A number of astronomers have used the concept of Planet X to explain other anomalies observed in the outer Solar System. In popular culture, and even among some astronomers, Planet X has become a stand-in term for any undiscovered planet in the outer Solar System, regardless of its relationship to Lowell's hypothesis. Other trans-Neptunian planets have also been suggested, based on different evidence.

Possibilities beyond Neptune 
Beyond the orbit of Neptune, there is a structure called the Kuiper belt. It contains objects called centaurs. Plutinos have also been discovered beyond the orbit of Neptune. Many of these were discovered between 1980 and 1992.
In 2004, the media again talked about the subject, when Sedna was discovered, twice as far from the sun than Pluto. Sedna is not a planet. In 2005, the discovery of Eris was announced. This was called a planet at first; but later reclassified. Today it is the biggest of the dwarf planets. Many other objects were discovered, but none of these is made of solid rock, they more resemble asteroids and comets.

As of 2013, it is possible that a planet outside the orbit of Neptune exists.  If it does, it would have to meet the following conditions:
If the planet is about the size of the earth, it would have to be as far out as 100 AUs, about 2.5 times the distance of Pluto to the sun.
As an alternative, its orbit would have to be very elliptic or be very much outside the ecliptic.
Different hypotheses have been put forward: A hypothetical star, located at about 50,000 AU distance, has been called Nemesis. Nemesis might be either a red dwarf or a brown dwarf. In the original article, it was claimed Nemesis would orbit the sun at about 95,000 AU. The existence of Nemesis could explain events of mass extinction on earth which seem to occur at intervals of 26 million years. However, its existence is not necessary to explain the extinctions. There are actually fewer brown dwarfs in our cosmic neighborhood than previously thought. Rather than one star for every brown dwarf, there may be as many as six stars for every brown dwarf. The majority of solar-type stars are single.

A hypothetical planet, located in the Oort cloud has been called Tyche.  Tyche would be at least as  large as Jupiter, and could be up to ten time as large. Originally, it was postulated to be hundreds of times farther than Neptune, at a distance of between 30,000 to 50,000 AU.
In the year 2013, neither hypothesis could be proved.

Related pages
 Tyche (planet)

References

Solar System
Pietro Antonio Stefano Mascagni (December 7, 1863 – August 2, 1945) was an Italian composer. He was born in Livorno, Tuscany and died in Rome. In 1890, he wrote the one-act opera, Cavalleria rusticana. This famous opera is often paired with Ruggero Leoncavallo's I pagliacci. Mascagni also wrote Iris, L'amico Fritz, and other operas. He married Lina Carbognani in 1889. They had two sons and one daughter.

1863 births
1945 deaths
19th-century Italian composers
People from Livorno
20th-century Italian composers
Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) is an independent professional wrestling company founded in 1999 by John Zandig. The company is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They are known for their hardcore wrestling style which is dubbed as "ultraviolence". The company holds an annual Tournament of Death show that highlights the ultraviolent style of CZW and their annual Best of the Best highlights the technical and aerial style of professional wrestling. They hold annual shows at the Asylum Arena which was the former home to Extreme Championship Wrestling.

Champions

Current championships

Former championships

References

Other websites

Official CZW website

1999 establishments in the United States
American professional wrestling promotions
Sports in Philadelphia
1990s establishments in Pennsylvania
Jean de Venette (circa 1307 – after 1360) was born in Venette, France. He was a chronicler of the Hundred Years' War. He also recorded the events of the Black Plague, the revolt of the  Jacquerie, and other historical events that occurred in his lifetime.  Venette studied at the University of Paris. He became a Carmelite friar and shared his knowledge with his fellow monks.  Jean de Venette realized the importance of education and taught many monks how to read and write.  He also wrote a history of the Order of the Carmelites.

Jean de Venette became the Prior of the Carmelite monastery in Paris from 1339 to 1342, and was the Provincial Superior of France from 1341 to 1366. This later title made him the head of all of the Carmelite monasteries in the Province.
About 1340, he began to write down historical events happening around him.  He said he recorded them   "...in great measure as I have seen and heard them". He describes a great famine that he witnessed at age seven or eight years old.  He states it started on the 15th day of March in 1315 and lasted more than two years and ended in 1318."

In that same year of 1340 he describes a great comet that appeared in Gaul. He believed, as did many people in his time, that these events were warnings from God of bad things that would happen.

In 1341, de Venette states Prince John II of Brittany died.

In 1346 he announces that "King Edward of England set sail for Normandy with a great many armed men". 

In 1348, de Venette described the Black Plague and how brave the nuns were that cared for the people. Also how many of them died as a result of their dedication.
He wrote of battles between England and France during the Hundred Years' War where he was so close, "the arrows darkened the sky around him”.  Some of these battles he described were the siege of Calais in 1347 and the Battle of Poitiers (1356) where the French King and his son were captured.  He gives an account of what happened after Poitiers where he states that there seem to be no rule in the kingdom.  He wrote that "thieves and robbers rose up everywhere in the land and the Nobles also robbed and pillaged the peasants and took no thought for the people but rather for their own profit".

He states that in 1356, he witnessed the people of Paris building walls around their city because they did not trust the Nobles to protect them.  De Venette goes into great detail, stating that the "citizens placed iron chains across the streets and crossways of Paris".  They also built new walls, dug great ditches and tore down houses near the walls whether they were new or old.
Jean de Venette's writings are considered very important because he was an eye witness to many historical events.  His writings are detailed and vivid.  Many of the other well-known chroniclers wrote about events much later then they actually happened and relied upon one-sided accounts.  They were often commissioned by Kings and Nobles who wanted their particular point of view to be stressed.

Jean de Venette died after 1360.

References 

French historians
Christian monks
Writers from Hauts-de-France
1307 births
1360s deaths
People from Oise
Athelheard, also spelled Æthelheard († 740), was a West Saxon nobleman and atheling. He was the King of Wessex from 726 until his death. He took the powerful kingdom of Wessex left to him by his father, Ine and gained a bit more from Mercia. He was seen as one of Wessex’s most powerful kings. 

In 740, he died probably due to food poisoning & was succeeded by his son, Cuthred.

King of Wessex 

When Ine stepped down as King of Wessex it caused a problem of succession. Ine's son had been killed rebelling against Ine a year earlier. Ine was now in his sixties and retired to Rome. He 'commended his kingdom to younger men'. It came down to a struggle between the two athelings, Oswald and Athelheard, Oswald was descended from Ceawlin. The same entry calls Athelheard kinsman to Ine. The two fought and Athelheard became king. In one charter Athelheard is called the brother of Ine's wife Atelburh.
In 733 Somerton was lost to King Aethelbald of Mercia. This was quickly followed by the territory beyond Selwood being lost to Mercia. Athelheard's authority was so weak that Aethelbald was able to give the Archbishop of Canterbury a gift of the monastery of Cookham in Berkshire (Wessex). Aethelbald also took Wiltshire, Sussex and much of the heartlands of Wessex. Athelheard could do nothing to prevent this loss. He also took part in Athelbald's wars with the Welsh. It seems Athelbald's wife, Frithugyth, was Mercian herself. In 737 she made a pilgrimage to Rome along with bishop Forthhere of Sherborne. Athelheard died in 740, his successor was his kinsman Cuthred.

Family 

He married Frithugyth. They had no known children.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
740 deaths
Kings of Wessex
"Blurred Lines" is an R&B song by Robin Thicke. It has vocals by Pharrell and T.I. and was produced by Pharrell. It was released on March 26, 2013. It was the lead single from his album Blurred Lines. It has reached number one in 14 countries. It became Thicke's most successful song, being his first to reach number one on the Hot 100. He had already peaked number 14 in 2007 with "Lost Without U".

"Blurred Lines" sold more than any other single in 2013. It sold over 1.44 million copies.

Two versions of the music video were made. The first version of the video was removed from YouTube for showing topless models Emily Ratajkowski, Elle Evans, and Jessi M'Bengue.  In the second version the models are not topless. Several parodies were made. On November 12, the English pop singer Lily Allen released the video for her single "Hard Out Here". It featured Mylar balloons spelling out "Lily Allen has a baggy pussy", spoofing the balloons in Thicke's video saying "Robin Thicke has a big dick".
The song was banned by twenty UK universities. Essex University students started a petition to have the song banned there too. Alice Smart, a Leeds Student Union officer, said, “I’m proud that we’ve taken the decision to stop playing ‘Blurred Lines’ in our bars and clubs because the song undermines real and dangerous issues around consent. Just because the song has been commercially successful doesn’t mean we have to play it knowing that it offends a high proportion of our students.” Thicke responded on The Today Show to feminist criticism of the song by saying, "If you listen to the lyrics it says 'That man is not your maker.' It's actually a feminist movement in itself". He also said in an interview with the BBC that criticism of the lyrics by a rape charity is 'ridiculous'.

Thicke has said that he would like to do another song with T.I. and Pharrell.

On December 26, 2013, Rob Sheffield wrote for Rolling Stone that "Blurred Lines" was the worst song not just of the year, but of any year.
In December 2013, "Blurred Lines" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards.

The video for "Blurred Lines" was the seventh most watched video on VEVO in 2013.

References

2013 songs
Controversies
Funk songs
Plagiarism
Soul songs
Songs about sexuality
R&B songs
Pharrell Williams songs
In immunology, the Arthus reaction is a kind of local allergic reaction, when antibodies react to a chemical or protein in a person's blood, and have the antibodies get stuck in the walls of blood vessels in organs such as the heart, in joints, and kidneys.

History
The Arthus reaction was discovered by Nicolas Maurice Arthus in 1903. Arthus repeatedly injected ingredients of horse blood under the skin of rabbits. After four injections, he found that there was swelling and that the mixture was absorbed slowly.  Further injections eventually led to dying of cells.

Arthus reactions have been infrequently reported after diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccinations. They are rare and can cause pain, swelling, bleeding, and occasionally death of tissue within 4–12 hours after the vaccine is given.

Related pages
 Serum sickness

References

Immunology
Installation art is a style of visual art that uses three-dimensional objects. These artworks are usually meant to change the perception of a space (the way a space is seen). Installation artworks can be permanent or temporary and are shown in museums, galleries or in public spaces.

Some of the earliest installation artworks were Marcel Duchamp's readymade objects. However, the real development started in the 1970s. Today, with the improvement of technology, artists use and mix new medias and may involve sensors too in order to make the visitors interact with the installations.

Gallery
Gallery

Bibliography
 Bishop, Claire. Installation Art a Critical History. London: Tate, 2005.
 Coulter-Smith, Graham. Deconstructing Installation Art. Online resource
 “Installation.” Oxford English Dictionary. 2006. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 30 January 2006  .
 “Install, v.” Oxford English Dictionary. 2006. Oxford English Dictionary Online. 30 January 2006  .
 Reiss, Julie H. From Margin to Center: The Spaces of Installation Art. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001. 
 Rosenthal, Mark. Understanding Installation Art: From Duchamp to Holzer. Munich: Prestel Verlag, 2003. 
 Suderburg, Erika. Space, Site, Intervention: Situating Installation Art. Minneapolis London: University of Minnesota Press, 2000. 
 Ferriani, Barbara. Ephemeral Monuments: History and Conservation of Installation Art. Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2013. 

Art movements
Joakim Nordström (born February 25, 1992) is a Swedish professional ice hockey centre. He is currently playing for Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks and in the Elitserien (SEL) for AIK IF.

Career
He debuted in the SEL on 23 September 2010 in a game against Södertälje SK. He was drafted 90th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. On January 5, 2012, he won the gold medal with Sweden during the 2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

On May 29, 2012, he was signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Blackhawks but remained with AIK for the 2012–13 season.

On March 13, 2015, Nordström was suspended for two games for boarding after hitting Arizona Coyotes defenseman Oliver Ekman-Larsson.

On June 15, 2015, he won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning in six games.
On September 11, 2015, Nordström was traded along with Kris Versteeg to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for a 3rd round draft pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft. Nordström and Versteeg were traded because the Blackhawks had to make cap space for Marcus Kruger.

References

Other websites 

1992 births
American Hockey League players
Carolina Hurricanes players
Charlotte Checkers (2010–) players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Living people
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
Stanley Cup champions
Swedish ice hockey centres
Swedish Hockey League players
commonly called , is a manga series written by Nico Tanigawa. It was made into an anime series which is directed by Shin Ōnuma.

Plot
The series follows fifteen-year-old Tomoko Kuroki during her time in high school as she tries to change from an unsociable loner into a popular teenager.

Anime
The anime started broadcasting in Japan on July 8, 2013 and ended on September 23, 2013. The anime was directed by Shin Ōnuma and is written by Takao Yoshioka. An original video animation episode was released with the seventh manga volume on October 22, 2014.

References

Other websites
Official website  (manga) 
Official website (anime) 

Anime
2013 television series debuts
2013 establishments in Japan
Vampire Weekend is an indie rock band. They have released three albums. Their 2011 album Contra was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the Grammy Awards. Their third studio album, Modern Vampires of the City, was released on May 14, 2013. It was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 9.3 out of 10. Rolling Stone put it at number one on their list of 50 Best Albums of 2013.

Members
Ezra Koenig – lead vocals, guitar, lyrics
Rostam Batmanglij – producer, keyboards, guitar, backing and lead vocals, lyrics
Chris Tomson – drums, percussion
Chris Baio – bass guitar, backing vocals

References

2006 establishments in New York (state)
Indie rock bands
Musical groups established in 2006
Pentatomidae, Greek pente meaning five and tomos meaning  section, is a family of stink bugs. There are about 4,700 species in the family.

In agriculture, many stink bugs and shield bugs are considered pest insects, because they can damage crops, and are not easily killed by pesticides.

References

Other websites

Pentatomidae 

Hemiptera
Draco (7th century BC) , also known as Dracon was the first legislator of the city of Athens in Ancient Greece. He wrote laws that were to be enforced only by a court. This constitution replaced the system of oral law and blood feuding that had ruled Athens since the city was founded. Draco's laws were known for being harsh. The word draconian has come to mean unforgiving rules or laws.

Draco created this legal system during the 39th Olympiad, in about 622 or 621 BC. The laws ( - thesmoi) he set formed the first written constitution of Athens. They were displayed in public, so that nobody would be unaware of them. The death penalty was the punishment for most crimes, even minor ones. Plutarch states: "It was a lot for himself, when asked why he had fixed the punishment of death for most offences, answered that he considered these lesser crimes to deserve it, and he had no greater punishment for more important ones."
Not much is known about Draco's life or who he was. The 10th-century Suda text tells a legendary story of his death. He was said to have died on the stage of the theatre in Aegina. In a traditional ancient Greek show of approval, his supporters threw so many hats and pieces of clothing onto his head that he suffocated.

All of Draco's laws, except the law concerning murder, were abolished by Solon in the early 6th century BC.

Related pages 
 Athenian democracy

References 

7th-century BC births
7th-century BC deaths
Ancient Greek politicians
People from Athens
Draco can mean several things:

 Draco, the Latin word for dragon
 Draco (genus), a genus of lizards
 Draco (lawgiver), the first lawmaker of ancient Athens
 Draco GNU/Linux, a Linux distribution
 Draco Malfoy, a character in the Harry Potter series of books and movies
 Draco, a warlord character in the television series Xena: Warrior Princess
The Lunar Society was an important club in the Midlands of 18th century England. It was a dinner club, and a learned society. Its members were industrialists and inventors, natural philosophers (scientists), and other intellectuals. They met regularly in Birmingham and elsewhere from 1765 to 1813. 

The name arose because the society met during the full moon. The extra light made the journey home easier and safer in the absence of street lighting. The members cheerfully referred to themselves as "lunarticks", a pun on lunatics. Venues included Erasmus Darwin's home in Lichfield, Matthew Boulton's home, Soho House, and Great Barr Hall.
It leading members were Matthew Boulton, Erasmus Darwin, Thomas Day, Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Samuel Galton, Jr., James Keir, Joseph Priestley, William Small, Jonathan Stokes, James Watt, Josiah Wedgwood, John Whitehurst and William Withering. Other great men of the day visited, or corresponded with, the Society. It had no formal membership list, and was flexible in its arrangements. Anyone could be invited.

The club was seriously affected by the Priestly Riots of July 1791, which started in Birmingham, and spread. Some of the Society were personally attacked; Priestley's house was burned to the ground. The causes of the riots are not entirely clear, but for sure the rioters were against "freethinkers and dissenters". They were stirred up by being told that the dissenters were in favour of the French Revolution.

References 

 
Organisations based in Birmingham
Matthew Boulton FRS (3 September 1728 – 17 August 1809) was an English manufacturer and the business partner of Scottish engineer James Watt.

In the last quarter of the 18th century, the partnership installed hundreds of Boulton & Watt steam engines. A great advance on the state of the art, they made possible the mechanisation of factories and mills. Boulton applied modern techniques to the minting of coins, striking millions of pieces for Britain and other countries, and supplying the Royal Mint with up-to-date equipment.

Born in  Birmingham in 1728, Boulton was the son of a Birmingham manufacturer of small metal products who died when Boulton was 31. By then Boulton had managed the business for several years, and he expanded it considerably at the Soho Manufactory, built by him near Birmingham.
When Watt's business partner, John Roebuck was unable to pay a debt to Boulton, he accepted Roebuck's share of Watt's patent as settlement. He then successfully lobbied Parliament to extend Watt's patent for an additional 17 years. This enabled the firm to market Watt's steam engine. The firm installed hundreds of Boulton & Watt steam engines in Britain and abroad, initially in mines and then in factories.

Boulton was a key member of the Lunar Society, a group of Midlands men in the arts, sciences, and theology.  Members included Watt, Erasmus Darwin, Josiah Wedgwood and Joseph Priestley.  The Society met each month near the full moon.  Members of the Society developed concepts and techniques in science, agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport that laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution.
Boulton founded the Soho Mint, which he adapted to steam power.  He sought to improve the poor state of Britain's coinage. After several years of effort obtained a contract in 1797 to produce the first British copper coinage in a quarter century.  His "cartwheel" pieces were well-designed and difficult to counterfeit, and included the first striking of the large copper penny, which continued to be coined until decimalisation in 1971. He retired in 1800, though continuing to run his mint, and died in 1809. His image appears alongside James Watt on the Bank of England's new Series F £50 note.

References 

1728 births
1809 deaths
British mechanical engineers
English businesspeople
People from Birmingham
Members of the Lunar Society
English inventors
Fellows of the Royal Society
The Peasants' Revolt was a rebellion of peasants in England, in 1381. It was the biggest rebellion of farmers in medieval England.  

The Peasants’ Revolt is also called Wat Tyler's Rebellion, after Wat Tyler, who was a local leader of the peasants in the rebellion.  It has also been called the Great Rising. 

The causes of the rebellion are unclear today, but there are different candidates:
There was a large epidemic of the Black Death, which lasted from 1347 to 1353. This reduced the number of workers and caused economic problems.
To finance Hundred Years' War, the English crown raised taxes several times within a short period of time.
The central government in London was weak at the time.

Life of peasants 
There were two types of peasants: serfs and free peasants.
Serfs were tenant farmers who worked without pay for a lord.  In exchange, they got permission to live on the lord’s land.  They also got protection from the knights living on the lord’s manor.  Under feudalism, serfs had many difficulties.  They barely had enough food to live on, and they had few possessions.  They were not slaves, but they were not completely free.  Serfs had less than any of the other social classes in medieval society.

Though they had more freedoms than serfs, life was also difficult for free peasants.  Even though they were "free," they were still controlled by the higher social classes.  They had to pay rent to live "free."  They had to pay for many other things too, like collecting water or getting married.

Most peasants lived in houses which also housed the animals of the village.
Timeline 
 May 30th: The peasants of Essex chase Thomas Bampton out of Fobbing.
 June 1st: The revolt spreads through Essex, Hertfordshire, and Suffolk.
 June 7th: Maidstone and Rochester castles surrender to the revolt.
 June 10th: A new leader, Wat Tyler, appears. The rebels of Kent and Essex march on London to explain their grievances.  However, Wat Tyler has a different plan: to attack London. King Richard II of England is completely surprised, and only has a few hundred troops in London.
 June 13th: The peasants kill many lawyers under the command of Wat Tyler. Most of London is not destroyed. King Richard agrees to meet the rebels at Mile End.
 June 14th: Richard meets with Tyler, and Tyler gives him the peasants’ demands. The king agrees to all of these demands. Meanwhile, a group of peasants goes to the Tower of London and beheads some of their worst enemies. These include Simon Sudbury, Robert Hailes, and John Legge.
June 15th: Wat Tyler wants to meet with the king again to make more demands.  When they meet, Tyler is killed.  It is not clear what happened to cause Tyler’s death.  King Richard orders his troops to destroy the rebels; they kill over a thousand.
Fifty years later, most of Wat Tyler's demands were put into place by the king.

References

14th century in England
1381
Rebellions in Europe
Leas Cliff Hall is an entertainment and function venue in Folkestone, on the Kent coast of England.

History
The Leas Shelter was built in 1894. In 1924, it was decided that a larger hall was needed. 28 months later, the building was finished. It was opened on 13 July 1927 by Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester.

The opening concert was performed by the Folkestone Municipal Orchestra. One thousand people attended.
It was closed for modernisation and refurbishment on 16 September 1980. It re-opened on 6 May 1981 in the form that it is today.
Concert halls in England

Buildings and structures in Kent
Dirty rap (also called porn rap or dirty hip hop) is a type of music that mixes rap with sexual content. Some notable artists include Plies, Lil Wayne, Lil' Kim, The Notorious B.I.G., Ludacris and Nicki Minaj.

Rap music
East Coast hip hop is a type of hip hop music that comes from the East Coast of the United States. It originated in New York during the 1970s. East Coast hip hop only became a distinct subgenre after artists from other regions of the United States emerged with different styles.

Notable East Coast hip hop artists 
 50 Cent
 Jay-Z
 Nas
 Wu-Tang Clan
 The Notorious B.I.G.
 Big L
 A Tribe Called Quest
 Eric B. & Rakim
 Public Enemy
 Mobb Deep
 DMX
 Busta Rhymes
 Gang Starr
East Coast hip hop record labels 
 American King Music, founded in 2006 by Mims
 ASAP Worldwide, founded in 2011 by ASAP Rocky and ASAP Yams
 Babygrande, founded in 2001 by DJ Chuck Wilson
 Bad Boy Records, founded in 1993 by Sean Combs
 Blacksmith Records, founded in 2005 by Talib Kweli and Cory Smith
 Bloodline Records, founded in 2000 by DMX
 Cold Chillin' Records, founded in 1987 by Tyrone Williams
 D-Block Records, founded in 2001 by The Lox
 Dame Dash Music Group, founded in 2005 by Damon Dash
 Def Jam Recordings, founded in 1983 by Rick Rubin and Russell Simmons
 Definitive Jux, founded in 1999 by Jaime "El-P" Meline and Amaechi Uzoigwe
 Desert Storm Records, founded in 1997 by Duro and DJ Clue
 Diplomat Records, founded in 2002 by Cam'ron 
 Dream Chasers Records, founded in 2012 by Meek Mill
 Duck Down Records, founded in 1995 by Dru Ha and Buckshot
 Enjoy Records, founded in 1962 by Bobby Robinson
 Flipmode Records, founded in 1994 by Busta Rhymes
Fort Knocks Entertainment, founded in 2004 by Just Blaze
 Full Surface Records, founded in 2001 by Swizz Beatz
 G-Unit Records, founded in 2003 by 50 Cent
 Get Low Records, founded in 1999 by Memphis Bleek
 Good Hands Records, founded in 2002 by DJ Truth and Art Beeswax
 Griselda Records, founded in 2014 by Westside Gunn and Conway the Machine
 Ill Will Records, founded in 1999 by Nas
 Infamous Records, founded in 2000 by Mobb Deep
 Murder Inc. Records, founded in 1998 by Irv Gotti and Chris Gotti
 Loud Records, founded in 1991 by Steve Rifkind
 M3 Records, founded in 2003 by Masta Ace
 MVB Records, founded in 2006 by Abdel Russell
 Rawkus Records, founded in 1995 by Brian Brater and Jarret Myer
 Relativity Records, founded in 1982 by Barry Kobrin
 Roc-A-Fella Records, founded in 1995 by Jay-Z , Damon Dash and Kareem Burke
 Ruff Ryders, founded in 1988, by The Dean Family
 RSMG, founded in 2005 by Russell Simmons
 Select Records, founded in 1981 by Fred Munao
Streetsweepers Entertainment, founded in 2000 by DJ Kay Slay
 Terror Squad Entertainment, founded in 1997 by Fat Joe
 Tommy Boy Entertainment, founded in 1981 by Tom Silverman
 TrapHouse Icon, founded in 2001 by Mark. R
 TVT Records, founded in 1985 by Steve Gottlieb
 Uptown Records, founded in 1986 by Andre Harrell
 Violator, founded by Chris Lighty
 ZNO Records, founded in 2001 by Benzino
Related pages
 West Coast hip hop

References

Hip hop genres
Food photography is art made by taking photos of food. These photos are sometimes used for menus in restaurants, but they can also be used for advertising, or in a cookbook. System catering also needs images of their food. There are a number of techniques that are used when taking pictures of food, for example, when taking pictures of soft drinks, fake ice cubes are put in the drink instead of real ones, because real ice cubes would melt quickly.

Photography
Food and drink
Ine (26 March 670 - 728) was a West Saxon nobleman who was King of Wessex from 688 to 726. He established Wessex as a true kingdom by introducing a code of laws. He strengthened the position of the Church in Wessex. He was seen as one of Wessex's greatest & most powerful kings especially his long & successful reign & ahead of his predecessor. That is until Alfred the Great took that title away & made Ine second.

Just like Caedwalla, in 726, Ine abdicated the throne to go to Rome in Italy where he died there 2 years later. He was succeeded by his son, Athelheard.

Atheling 

Ine was the son of Cenred, an underking of Wessex. Bede says of Ine that he was "an atheling". His brother was Ingild, ancestor of Alfred the Great. His sister Cuthburh was married to King Aldfrith of Northumbria. She was the founder of Wimborne abbey.

King of Wessex
King of Wessex 

The former king, Caedwalla, was one of Wessex's more important military leaders. When he abdicated in 688 it left a power vacuum. Wessex was broken up into several sub-kingdoms. Each was ruled by a underking. Ine many have started as a sub-king but before long was able to establish himself as the sole ruler of Wessex. Ine reorganized Wessex and established a system of shires. He removed the positions of sub-kings, or underkings, and replaced them with ealdormen. In many respects Ine was the first true king of Wessex.
Ine wrote his laws between 688 and 694 He mentions in the preamble bishop Erconwald who helped him. This is Erconwald who from 675 to 694 was bishop of Essex (London). He was replaced in 994 by Waldhere. But the mention of Ine's father still being alive points to the laws being written earlier in this period rather than later. The laws of Ine are the first set of laws for the Saxons of Wessex. There were earlier law codes in Wessex. But none covered as wide a range of situations as a king or his officers might have to deal with. For the next two centuries there were no law codes written after those of Ine. Not until Alfred the Great was a more extensive law code created.
In 705 the king of Essex was sheltering exiles from Wessex. This created a serious problem between the two kings. But finally the exiles were expelled after a threat by Ine to invade the East Saxon territory. A similar situation occurred in 722 when an exile named Ealdbert was received in Sussex. Ine invaded sussex as a result. In 725 Ine invaded again and this time Ealdberht was killed. 
In 710 Ine was at war with Geraint, king of Dumnonia. This was part of his campaign against the Britons and expanding the borders of Wessex west to the River Tamar. But he was unable to conqueror Cornwall. Ine was defeated by the Cornish in 722 at the Tamar river. All through his reign Ine seems to have been on good terms with the Mercians. There is only one incident; a battle at Wodnesbeorg in 715 between Ine and Ceolred, King of Mercia. But the only source for this informaiton, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not say who won.
In spite of his power and all the things he did near the end of his long reign he had internal problems. There was dissension among several of the West Saxon athelings. In 721 Ine killed a Cynewulf. For what reason is not clear, but it was at this time Ealdbert fled Wessex. In 722 he was besieged by Ine's queen, Ethelburg at Taunton. The queen's involvement seems to indicate Ealdbert was a member of the family, possibly their son. He escaped only to be killed three years later (see above). Whatever their relationship, Ine seems to have become very tired. In 726 he abdicated the throne and went to Rome. Less than two years later (728) he died there. He stated he was leaving the kingdom "to younger men" and made no attempt to name an heir. He was succeeded by Athelheard.

Family 

There is no mention in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of Ine's wife or children. Ine's brother and two sisters are recorded:

 Ingeld (died 718), was Ine's brother.
 Cuenburg, Ine's sister.
 Cuthburh, Ine's sister.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Other websites 
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex 

Year of birth unknown
728 deaths
Kings of Wessex
Hitachi is a large Japanese manufacturing company. It was created in Tokyo in 1910. Hitachi is involved with small electrical items and large-scale projects, including one of the nuclear reactors at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.

Other websites
Official site

Manufacturing companies of Japan
Companies based in Tokyo
On 21 September 2013, ten gunmen attacked Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya. The attack lasted until 24 September. The attackers held hostages and later fought in gun battles with Kenyan security forces. A total of 72 people were killed, including 61 civilians, 6 Kenyan soldiers and 5 attackers. Over 200 people were injured.

The Islamist group al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack. It said that it was in retaliation for the Kenyan military's role in the Somali Civil War. Newly released intelligence report named Kenyan commander and chief in attack.

References

Al-Shabaab (militant group)
Attacks on buildings and structures in Africa
Attacks on buildings and structures in the 2010s
Attacks on shops

Islamic terrorist incidents in Africa
Islamic terrorist incidents in the 2010s
Mass murder in Africa
Mass murder in the 2010s
2010s mass shootings in Africa
Murder in 2013
Nairobi
September events
Terrorist incidents in 2013
Terrorist incidents in Africa in the 2010s
The  Eurovision Song Contest was held in Copenhagen, Denmark. The competition went to Denmark, after Emmelie de Forest won the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. The first semifinal took place on 6 May 2014, the second semifinal on 8 May 2014 and, the Grand final was held on 10 May 2014.

Semi-final 1
Spain, France, and Denmark will vote in this semi-final. The top 10 countries will qualify to the final.

1.The song is in English; however, there are some phrases in Latvian.

Semi-final 2 
Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom will vote in this semi-final. The top 10 countries will qualify to the final.

Finalists 

2.The song is in French; however, there is one sentence in English and one sentence in Spanish.

References 

2014 in Europe
2014 in music
2010s in Denmark
21st century in Copenhagen
2014
May 2014 events
An AMBER Alert is a system that warns people about children who have been kidnapped. It started in the United States in 1996. It was named for Amber Hagerman, a nine-year-old girl who was kidnapped and killed in Arlington, Texas. It is a backronym for America's Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response. Similar systems have been started in other countries, including Canada, Mexico, Australia, and Europe.

AMBER alerts are often shown on electronic message signs on highways. This often causes bad traffic due to drivers stopping to look at the message. They are also shown on television and heard on radio.

AMBER alerts are issued by police organizations in the state that the kidnapping happens in. They have the name and a description of the child who was kidnapped, a description of the person who police think kidnapped the child, and if available, a description and license plate number of the vehicle of the person who kidnapped the child.

References
References

Other websites
 U.S. government AMBER alert site
 Crime Library on Amber Hagerman 

1996 establishments in the United States
Child safety
Emergency services
Law enforcement techniques
Kidnapping
Aníbal António Cavaco Silva, GCC (born 15 July 1939) served as the 19th President of Portugal. He served from 2006 to 2016. He won the Portuguese presidential election on 22 January 2006 and was re-elected on 23 January 2011, for a second five-year term. Cavaco Silva was sworn in on 9 March 2006.

He was previously Prime Minister of Portugal from 6 November 1985 to 28 October 1995. His tenure of ten years was the longest of any Prime Minister since Salazar, and he was the first Portuguese Prime Minister to have won an absolute parliamentary majority under the current constitutional system (which was established after the country's redemocratization following the Carnation Revolution).

Silva was born on 15 July 1939 in Boliqueime, Portugal. He studied at Technical University of Lisbon and at the University of York. Silva has been married to Maria Cavaco Silva since 1963. They have two children. He lived in Belém Palace.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1939 births
Living people
Presidents of Portugal
Prime Ministers of Portugal
Portuguese Roman Catholics
Jalal Talabani (12 November 1933 – 3 October 2017) was a leading Kurdish politician. He served as President of Iraq from 2005 to 2014. He was the first non-Arab president of Iraq, although Abdul Karim Qasim was of partial Kurdish heritage.

Talabani was the founder and secretary general of one of the main Kurdish political parties, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). He was a prominent member of the Interim Iraq Governing Council, which was established following the overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime by the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Talabani has been an advocate for Kurdish rights and democracy in Iraq for more than 50 years.

Apart from his native Kurdish, Talabani is fluent in Arabic, Persian, and English.  Talabani is a member of the Socialist International.

Talabani was born on 12 November 1933 in Kelkan, Iraq. He studied at the University of Baghdad. He is married to Hero Ibrahim Ahmed. They have one son, Qubad.
On 18 December 2012 Talabani suffered a stroke and was in intensive care in Baghdad where his condition eventually stabilized after reports that he was in a coma. A statement on the President's official website said that he was being treated for blocked arteries. On 20 December, Talabani's condition has improved enough to allow travel to Germany for treatment.

Talabani died of a cerebral hemorrhage as complications from a stroke at a hospital in Berlin on 3 October 2017 at the age of 83.

References

Other websites

 Kurdistan Regional Government 

1933 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Deaths from stroke
Presidents of Iraq
Kurdish politicians
Prime Ministers of Iraq
The British Darts Organisation is a group that organises darts tournaments for amateurs and professionals.  It is also called BDO. There are 66 member counties in Britain.

The BDO was founded on 7 January 1973 by Olly Croft.  The BDO is a founder member of the World Darts Federation.   The BDO organised the first World Professional Darts Championship in 1978.

Other websites
 

Sports governing bodies in the United Kingdom
1973 establishments in the United Kingdom
Darts
Fishbourne Roman Palace (or Fishbourne Villa) is a huge Roman villa from the 1st century AD, about thirty years after the Roman conquest of Britain. It is near the south coast in the village of Fishbourne, Chichester in West Sussex. It was built on the site of a Roman army supply base built during Claudian invasion in 43 AD. 

The palace is by far the largest known Roman residence north of the Alps. At about 500 feet (150 m) square, it is larger than Buckingham Palace. It is about the size of Nero's Golden House in Rome or the Roman villa at Piazza Armerina in Sicily. In plan it closely mirrors the layout of the emperor Domitian's palace, the Domus Flavia, completed in AD 92 on the Palatine Hill in Rome.
The rectangular palace surrounded formal gardens, the northern half of which have been reconstructed. There were extensive alterations in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, with many of the original black and white mosaics being overlaid with more sophisticated coloured work, including the perfectly preserved dolphin mosaic in the north wing. More alterations were in progress when the palace burnt down in around 270, after which it was abandoned.

One theory is that it was built for Sallustius Lucullus, a Roman governor of Britain of the late 1st century. Two inscriptions recording the presence of Lucullus have been found in nearby Chichester and the dating of the palace to the early AD 90s, would fit. If the palace was designed for Lucullus, then he may have only used it for a few years: the Roman historian Suetonius says Lucullus was executed by the delusional emperor Domitian in or shortly after AD 93.

References

Other websites 
 Official webpage
Buildings and structures in West Sussex
Archaeological sites in England
Roman buildings and structures
Mosaics
1st-century buildings and structures
Bugsy Malone is a British criminal comedy musical movie from 1976. It was directed by Alan Parker. It is set in 1929 in New York City. The story is very loosely based on events in New York City from the early 1920s to 1931 in the Prohibition Era. It is about gangsters like Al Capone and Bugs Moran. The movie feature only child actors. The singing voices are provided by adults. It was aimed at an audience of children. Jodie Foster and Scott Baio acted in the movie.

Other websites 

1976 comedy movies
1976 crime movies
1970s musical movies
British criminal comedy movies
British family movies
British musical movies
English-language movies
Gangster movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in the 1920s
Movies directed by Alan Parker
Funk Volume was an independent record label and production company. It produced hip hop music. It was founded in 2009 by rapper Hopsin and Damien "Dame" Ritter. So far, Funk Volume has signed artists such as Dizzy Wright, Jarren and Hopsin. They have released 2 albums under Funk Volume.

Funk Volume began in 2009 after Hopsin left Ruthless Records. Before he launched it, he made a mixtape to promote the label.

References

2009 establishments in California
Companies based in Los Angeles
Independent record labels
Samuel Ruben (born Charles Rubenstein, November 5, 1913 – September 28, 1943) was an American scientist who discovered more things about photosynthesis. With Martin Kamen, he co-discovered the synthesis of the isotope carbon-14 in 1940.

1913 births
1943 deaths
Scientists from California
American biochemists
Boxgrove Quarry, once a gravel quarry, is now a Palaeolithic archaeological site. It is at Boxgrove in the English county of West Sussex. It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

When excavations began in 1983, flint tools 500,000 years old were discovered. At that time this was the oldest evidence of humans discovered in the UK. In 2005 flint tools 700,000 years old were discovered at Pakefield, and in 2010 flint tools at least 800,000 years old were discovered at Happisburgh. However, Boxgrove remains a site of great importance, for many reasons. The tools were found in a largely undisturbed state, in situ in their prehistoric landscape. The tools and evidence of the landscape were buried several metres down.
There were many well-preserved animal bones, many flint artifacts, and hominid bones which are among some of the most ancient found in Europe. Several of the animal bones are the oldest found specimens of their species, such as the wing bone of the Great Auk found at the site in 1989. The combination of bones, stone artifacts, and the geology of the landscape gives a very complete picture of the coastal plain as it existed half a million years ago.

Parts of the site complex were excavated between 1983 and 1996 by a team led by Mark Roberts of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. The site is in an area that features a buried chalk cliff that overlooked a flat beach (which contained a waterhole) stretching around half a mile (1 km) south to the sea.
Boxgrove Man
In 1994 archaeologists unearthed a lower hominin tibia bone at the Boxgrove quarry site. This partial leg bone is dated to between 478,000 and 524,000 years old. Several  teeth were also found. These remains were assigned to Homo heidelbergensis, an early proto-human species which occupied France and Great Britain. Both were connected by a land bridge at the time.

References 

Archaeological sites in England
West Sussex
Stone Age
Tools
Armide is an opera. The music was written by Jean-Baptiste Lully. The words were written by Philippe Quinault. The story of the opera is based on Jerusalem Delivered by Torquato Tasso. It was first performed February 15, 1686 by the Paris Opéra at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal. It was revived several times in the 18th century. The story is about an enchantress named Armide and her love for a knight named Renaud.

17th-century operas
1680s works
Tartuffe, or The Imposter () is a play in verse by Molière. It was first performed on May 12, 1664 at Versailles. It is about a religious hypocrite.

Plays by Molière
1660s plays
The Imaginary Invalid is a play by Molière. It was first performed on February 10, 1673 at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris. It is about a man who thinks he is very ill and spends his money on doctors. The play has short ballets with music by Marc-Antoine Charpentier.

Plays by Molière
1670s plays
The Misanthrope, or The Cranky Lover is a play by Molière. It was first performed on June 4, 1666 at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal, Paris. The play is about a man with idealistic but unrealistic values. He always tells the truth. His friends are not pleased with this trait because they think he should tell little white lies to spare others the truth.

Plays by Molière
1660s plays
Dom Juan, or The Feast with a Stone Statue is a play by Molière. It was first performed on February 15, 1660, in the Theatre of the Palais-Royal, Paris. The play is about the legendary libertine, Don Juan. It ends with him going to Hell when he refuses to repent his sins. The play was one of the source materials used by Lorenzo da Ponte and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart when they wrote the opera, Don Giovanni. 

Plays by Molière
1660s plays
The Miser is a play by Molière. It was first performed on September 9, 1668, in the theatre of the Palais-Royal in Paris. The play is based on the Latin comedy Aulularia by Plautus. It is also based on Italian comedies of Molière's times. The play is about the silly situations in the home of a penny-pinching old man. 

Plays by Molière
1660s plays
Viktor Aleksandrovich Zinger (29 October 1941 — 24 September 2013) was an ice hockey goaltender who played in the Soviet Hockey League. Zinger was a five-time world champion and also won the gold medal with the Soviet ice hockey team at the 1968 Winter Olympics. Zinger was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1967.

He died on September 24, 2013 in Moscow, Russia.

References

Other websites 
Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame bio

Soviet Olympic gold medalists
1941 births
2013 deaths
Russian ice hockey goaltenders