Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Other websites

Biography at GMU 
YouTube Reflections on the Life and Work of James Buchanan
Biography of James M. Buchanan at the Concise Encyclopedia of Economics
'The Hobbes Problem: From Machiavelli to Buchanan' by Deirdre McCloskey.

1919 births
2013 deaths
American economists
Educators from Chicago
Nobel Prize in Economics winners
Academics from Virginia
The Last Stand is a 2013 American action crime movie. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Forest Whitaker star. The earlier plays Ray Owens, and the latter plays John Bannister. This action drama also has Johnny Knoxville acting in it.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

2013 movies
American action movies
American crime movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Arizona
Lionsgate movies
Dr. Ronald Álex Gamarra Herrera (born December 10 1958) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. From 2008-2010 he was Executive Secretary of the Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos (National Coordinator for Human Rights of Peru) and one of the lawyers representing the civil parties -the families of the Barrios Altos and La Cantuta victims- in the proceedings against former president Alberto Fujimori.

Gamarra Herrera was born in Lima in 1958. He studied law at the National University of San Marcos. He studied for a Master's degree in Law from the National Defense University, funded by the United States Department of Defense. He is currently a professor at the Faculty of Law and Political Science at the National University of San Marcos.

References

Peruvian politicians
1958 births
Living people
Vincent Forrester (born 1952) is an Aboriginal Australian activist, artist and community leader. Forrester was a founding member of a number of Aboriginal organisations in central Australia. He lives at Muṯitjulu, where he has served as the chairman of the community council. During the 1980s, he served as an advisor on indigenous affairs to the governments of Malcolm Fraser and Bob Hawke.

Forrester has been a prominent political activist on issues affecting indigenous Australians for many years. He has been a strong critic of the Intervention in the Northern Territory, and the lack of economic and educational development in communities affected by it.
Early life
Forrester was born in 1952 in Alice Springs. His family is a mixture of Luritja and Arranda, but one of his grandfathers was Scottish. Vincent grew up on a cattle station in the Angas Downs area. He learned from his grandparents about the sacred legends associated with his country, and about bush foods and bush medicine. He went through initiation when he reached maturity.

As a young teenager, Forrester worked as a station-hand and stockman. Later, he worked in an abattoir. For three years, he served in the army in Townsville. At various other times he worked as a horse-riding clown and a rodeo rider.

Forrester's first language is Luritja, but he also speaks English and Arrernte.
Activism and politics
Forrester has been an activist for Aboriginal Australians for most of his life. While growing up in Angas Downs in the 1960s, Forrester grew angry with what he saw as a lack of human rights for indigenous people. He rebelled against the government's assimilation policies during his school years, and then joined the campaign for indigenous land rights.

During the 1970s, after returning from the army, Forrester helped to set up the Central Australian Aboriginal Congress (CAAC), a health care service for indigenous people. He served as a field officer, and then later as its secretary. He also helped to set up the Central Land Council. In 1982, he represented Australia at the first session of the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations, held in Geneva. In the middle of the 1980s, he helped to set up the Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (CAAMA). He has served as the organisation's treasurer, manager, and as a board member of its television network, Imparja.
National Aboriginal Conference
In November 1977, aged in his mid-20s, Forrester became a founding member of the National Aboriginal Conference (NAC). He was elected chairman for the Northern Territory in October 1981. In this position, he would serve as an advisor to the governments of Malcolm Fraser and Bob Hawke on matters relating to indigenous people.

In 1979, a group called the National Aboriginal Government occupied Capital Hill in Canberra and set up the Tent Embassy. Kevin Gilbert and other protesters demanded that the federal government enter into negotiations for a treaty with Aboriginal people. Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser said he would only discuss the matter with the NAC, since it was the only elected body representing Aboriginals. Shortly after, the NAC began working on a draft proposal for this treaty. The government was opposed to the word "treaty", so the NAC chose to use a Yolgnu word, Makarrata.
After his appointment as the NAC chairman for the Northern Territory, Forrester was put on the subcommittee in charge of drafting the Makarrata proposal. The proposal was for a treaty that recognised the sovereignty of Aboriginal nations in Australia. People wanted the government of Australia to deal with Aboriginal nations as it would deal with another sovereign nation under international law. Through the 1980s, the support for this treaty amongst Aboriginal people grew steadily. After talking with Aboriginal communities in his home region, Forrester was convinced that his people were in favour of a treaty. He argued, however, that the negotiations should be done under the oversight of the United Nations.
The NAC was dissolved by the Hawke government in 1985. Despite this, planning on the content and principles of the Makarrata proposal continued, with Forrester staying very involved. The campaign for the treaty remained strong through the 1980s, reaching its height in 1988. Forrester did an interview with Kevin Gilbert about it on CAAMA radio in 1989.

Economic apartheid

As more and more Aboriginal people around Uluṟu became involved in tourism, Forrester began working as a tour guide at Kings Canyon. He later became a ranger for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, and a mentor at Alice Springs Desert Park, training young Aboriginal people as guides and park rangers. He believed tourism and conservation had excellent opportunities for Aboriginal people. He was firmly against any economic development that comes from uranium mining. A lot of central Australian communities depend on grants to mining companies for income, but Forrester argues that this reliance must be broken.
While working in tourism, Forrester became outspoken about the lack of job opportunities for indigenous people living in the centre of Australia. Because of this, he said, the communities were living in poverty, and that the situation would continue to get worse until the federal government began talking to the communities directly. A lot of the problem, Forrester claimed, was due to racism. He called the situation "economic apartheid". He also acknowledged, however, that most people from indigenous-speaking communities lacked the literacy in English needed to keep a job. Most adults could not read and write, and the younger people did not have enough access to education. As a result, Forrester worked for several years in developing school curricula. In May 2011, the Ayers Rock Resort at Yulara was sold to the Indigenous Land Corporation. At the time of the sale, two out of the 700 people working at the resort were indigenous
. At the start of 2013, it was reported that the number of indigenous workers had risen to 170; 35% of them were from Muṯitjulu.
Despite being critical of Malcolm Fraser whilst he was in office, Forrester later reflected that Fraser was one of the few Prime Ministers who sat down to talk with indigenous communities about issues affecting them.

The Intervention

In 2006, an ABC television program reported that children in Muṯitjulu as young as five had contracted sexually transmitted diseases and that girls were being prostituted for petrol. Indigenous Affairs Minister Mal Brough claimed that children at Muṯitjulu were being sexually abused. This caused serious anger from Muṯitjulu leaders. When Brough visited the community in October, Forrester shouted at the minister and demanded that he say sorry.
A formal inquiry later found that alcoholism and child sexual abuse were widespread in remote Aboriginal communities of the Territory. In response, in 2007, the government of John Howard introduced a series of measures aimed at addressing the problem. It is often referred to as "the intervention". The measures were seen as racially discriminatory by many people, including Forrester. He was already a leader in Muṯitjulu at the time. In February 2008, he travelled to the Tent Embassy in Canberra to hear the new Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, formally say sorry to the members of the Stolen Generations. While he was there, he talked with other indigenous people from the Territory about the effects of the intervention. The group then met with politicians at Parliament House to discuss their demands. Forrester called the intervention an "occupation" of indigenous lands by the military, and demanded that the polices be stopped
. He encouraged Aboriginal people in the Territory to disobey the intervention laws in protest.
Forrester argued that the social problems can be avoided if the government provides the right kind of schools and services. Despite statistics showing that the number of sex crimes against children in Muṯitjulu was going down, Forrester maintained that the community was still in crisis. He pointed to the fact that the population of Muṯitjulu had also decreased by more than 40%; people were leaving. Forrester claimed that the government has been too slow in dealing with the source of the problem (jobs and education), and that life in Muṯitjulu has only gotten worse since the intervention laws.

In 2009, Forrester was made chairman of the Muṯitjulu Community Council. Around this time his brother was accused of corruption and Vincent with the rest of the community council board forced his brother's resignation. He now lives on the outskirts of Alice Springs semi-retired but also a member of the National First Nations Uluru Constitutional Convention Board
Artwork
Forrester began painting in the early 1990s. He paints stories from the Dreamtime. He has said that his art represents a story and a "spiritual legacy" for his descendants. Originally, he used acrylic paints, but he has since began using natural ground-up paint made at Uluṟu. Traditional methods, tools and techniques are used to grind natural pigments into powder form, and then mixed with a binder to become a thick, sticky paint. The colours Forrester uses in his paintings are the traditional colours used for ceremonial body paint.

His painting Resurrection at Mutitujulu Waterhole, done using these methods, was chosen as a finalist for the Togart Contemporary Art Award in 2012. It depicts the waterhole at Uluṟu, and the story of  (rainbow serpent). It was part of a series dedicated to women.

References

Other websites
 Vincent Forrester speaking about the "Stronger Futures" legislation
1952 births
Living people
Artists from the Northern Territory
Indigenous Australian artists
Arrernte
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian activists
Australian civil servants
People from Alice Springs
The Division of Warringah is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
It is located in the Northern Beaches region of Sydney. It covers most of the land between Middle Harbour and the Pacific Ocean. It extends from Port Jackson in the south to the suburb of Dee Why in the north. It includes the suburbs of Mosman, Balgowlah, Manly, Brookvale, Beacon Hill and Forestville.

The Division was named after the Warringah area of Sydney. This is an Aboriginal Australian word which means "rain", "waves" or "sea". The Division was created on 13 September 1922, for the 1922 Federal election. The seat is currently a safe Liberal seat. It has always been held by a member of a conservative party. It is currently held by Zali Steggall.

Members for Warringah

Election results

References
Division of Warringah - Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Tony Abbott's website

Warringah
New South Wales
1922 establishments in Australia
The Division of Lowe was a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was located in the inner western suburbs of Sydney, on the south shore of the Parramatta River. It included the suburbs of Drummoyne, Five Dock, Croydon, Croydon Park, Burwood, Enfield, Homebush, Strathfield, Concord, Rhodes, Canada Bay, Cabarita, Abbotsford and Mortlake.

The Division was named after the Rt Hon Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke. Lowe had been a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, and former Home Secretary of the United Kingdom. The Division was created in 11 May 1949, for the 1949 federal election. It was first held by Sir William McMahon, who held the seat for over 32 years, until 1982.  He was Prime Minister 1971-72.  

In 2009 the seat of Lowe was abolished. Most of the area was added to the nearby Division of Reid.

Members

Election results
 2004 election results
 2007 election results
There was a by-election in Lowe in 1982 after Sir William McMahon resigned from the parliament.

References
Psephos: Adam Carr's Election Archive
The Poll Bludger 
ABC Elections
Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
  (PDF, 184 kB)

Lowe
New South Wales
1949 establishments in Australia
2010 disestablishments in Australia
Maroada is a small village in Patti Kandwalsyun, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. It is in the mountains of Uttarakhand.  It is only 9 km away from Devpryag, on the way to Pauri. Devpryag is a very famous pilgrimage for Hindus as it is the starting point of the Holy river Ganga. The village is in the foot-hills of Jai Daanda Nagraja Mandir.

Settlements in Uttarakhand
Villages in India
Indelibly Stamped is the second studio album of Supertramp. A&M Records released it in June 1971. Indelibly Stamped was Supertramp's first album that was released in the United States. Supertramp recorded this album in April and May 1971 in London.

Track listing
All songs written by Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, except where noted.

All lead vocals by Rick Davies, except where noted.

"Rosie Had Everything Planned" is the only original song in the entire Supertramp catalog for which Rick Davies receives no writing or co-writing credit.

Personnel

 Rick Davies – acoustic and Wurlitzer pianos, organ, lead vocals, harmonica 
 Roger Hodgson – acoustic and electric guitars, bass guitar (Track 3), lead (Tracks 2, 3, 10) and backing vocals
 Dave Winthrop – flute, saxophone, lead vocals (Track 6)
 Frank Farrell – bass guitar, piano and accordion (Track 3)
 Kevin Currie – percussion, drums

Production
 Producer: Supertramp
 Engineer: Bob Hall

1971 albums
Supertramp albums
The Carrie Diaries is an American television series. It is a prequel to the program Sex and the City. The subject of this series is Carrie Bradshaw during the 1980s in Connecticut and New York City. Carrie is played by AnnaSophia Robb. The show was cancelled by The CW on May 8, 2014.

References

Other websites

2013 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
2010s American television series
American comedy-drama television series
American teen television series
Television series set in Connecticut
Television series set in New York City
English-language television programs
Udhampur () is a city and a sub-district of Udhampur District in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is the headquarters of the district's government.

Cities in Jammu and Kashmir
Udhampur district
Chloe Bridges (born December 27, 1991) is an American actress. She works mostly in movies. She has also done some television programs. She starred in the comedic drama Forget Me Nots, and played Donna in The Carrie Diaries. She was born in Houma, Louisiana.

Bridges married actor and comedian Adam DeVine in 2021.

References

American television actors
Actors from Louisiana
1991 births
Living people
American movie actors
American voice actors
The Palaeoptera is the group of primitive (basal) winged insects which do not fold the wings back over the abdomen, as Neoptera do. Most of them are extinct; the living ones are the Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies).

The Palaeoptera may not be monophyletic: the issue is not yet settled. On the other hand, the Neoptera definitely are monophyletic. 

The absence of wing-folding does not necessarily mean the Palaeoptera form a natural group. They may just be a group of insects that "are not Neoptera", in other words, a wastebasket taxon. As it stands, the relationship of the two living Paleopteran groups to the Neoptera is unclear.

Probably the concept of Palaeoptera will be changed to better reflect insect evolution. In any case, three main palaeopteran lineages, traditionally treated as superorders, are recognized. Of these, the Palaeodictyopteroidea themselves might also be a paraphyletic assemblage of very basal Pterygota.

Taxonomy
Taxonomy

Infraclass Palaeoptera
(probably paraphyletic)

Mayfly group
 Ephemeroptera (mayflies)
†Palaeodictyoptera group (all are extinct)
 †Palaeodictyoptera 
 †Megasecoptera 
 †Archodonata 
 †Diaphanopterodea 
Dragonfly group (sometimes all are placed in the Odonata)
 †Protodonata or Meganisoptera 
 †Protanisoptera 
 †Triadophlebioptera 
 †Protozygoptera or Archizygoptera 
 Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)

Related pages
Archedictyon
Palaeodictyoptera

References

Insects
Tracie Spencer (born July 12, 1976 in Waterloo, Iowa) is an American R&B and pop singer. She has had several hit singles. Her singles are This House, Hide & Seek and Tender Kisses. Her first album, Tracie Spencer, was in 1988. Her second album Make the Difference was in 1990.

American R&B musicians
Singers from Iowa
1976 births
Living people
People from Waterloo, Iowa
Musicians from Iowa
American R&B singers
Broughton (2001 pop.: 24) was a former town in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality about 12 miles from the former city of Sydney, Nova Scotia. Expected to be a boomtown when first settled, it was mostly abandoned when mining operations failed. 
During the First World War, Broughton was used by the 185th Cape Breton Highlanders as training ground. During this time the famous Broughton Arms Hotel burned to the ground in April 1916. The Hotel is believed to have had North America's first revolving door.

History
Broughton was first settled at the turn of the 20th century as a mining town for the Cape Breton Coal, Iron & Railway Company, started by British mining engineer Thomas Lancaster and British businessman Col. Horace Mayhew which intended to develop the coal seam at Cochrane's Lake (aka: Loon Lake).  The pair raised millions of dollars, mostly from English investors, and construction on the town was started, with streets laid out and a number of large official buildings constructed, including the Office Building, the Assistant Manager's House, the Broughton Arms Hotel and Crown Hotel. Remains of these substantial buildings can still be seen today, the scale of which giving an impression of the town's lofty ambitions.  A railway was built connecting to the Sydney & Louisburg Railway at False Bay Head, continuing through Broughton Junction to Broughton, a distance of 4 ½ miles, construction beginning in 1905 and completed in 1906
. Seemingly too much money and effort was spent on the details and modern conveniences of the "most up-to-date modern city", one of the first attempts at a planned community in Canada, and not enough attention to the actual mine operation.  The company went bankrupt in 1907 after it failed to secure rail transportation to get its coal to port.  It is said this was due to the opposition of the Dominion Coal Company, which would not allow its Sydney and Louisburg Railway to carry the coal produced by the mine.
The community remained active until its peak in 1916. The army had taken over the hotels to house officers and men during the First World War. After the end of the war the community declined rapidly. Some residents still live in the area.

A long article, detailing this company's history, appeared in the Montreal Daily Star, 25 May 1907.

References

Settlements in Nova Scotia
The Palaeodictyoptera were large flying insects which are now extinct. They were common in the Upper Carboniferous, and became extinct at the end-Permian extinction. Their size varied from large to huge. For example, Mazothairos had a wingspan of about .

Herbivores 
They were the first major group of herbivorous insects. They had long, beak-like, piercing mouthparts, and probably a sucking organ. The mouthparts match the signs of damage in fossil plant leaves and stems.

Flight 
In addition to the normal four wings, they had two "pronota" in front. These pronota were smaller than the regular wings, but had wing veins just like the real things. They did not move up and down, so maybe they helped gliding. The Palaeodictyoptera are sometimes whimsically called "six-winged insects". The actual wings are often boldly marked: the patterns of colour can be seen in fossils.
These insects had paired cerci (singular: cercus) on their rear segment. The function of these is not clear. Cerci often serve as sensory organs, but they may also be used as weapons or copulation aids, or they may simply be vestigial structures. The cerci on some species was longer than the rest of the insect.

References

 Carpenter F.M. 1992. Superclass Hexapoda. Volume 3 of Part R, Arthropoda 4;  Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America.

Other websites
Paleodictyoptera  at the Tree of Life project (list of taxa)
Google images for Palaeodictyoptera 

Insects
Fossils
Crime of the Century is the third studio album of Supertramp. A&M Records released it in September 1974. Ken Scott produced the music. There is a text saying "To Sam" on the back cover of the album. Supertramp dedicated this album to Stanley August Miesegaes. He supported Supertramp financially from 1969 until 1972. Crime of the Century got to number 38 on the American Billboard Pop Albums chart, and to number 4 on the UK Albums Chart. The songs "Bloody Well Right" and "Dreamer" were also released as singles. This album and these singles made Supertramp successful and well-known.

Songs

Credits 
 Bob C. Benbeg - drums, percussion
 Rick Davies - vocals, keyboards, harmonica
 John Anthony Helliwell - saxophones, clarinets, vocals
 Roger Hodgson - vocals, guitar, pianos
 Dougie Thomson - bass guitar

1974 albums
Supertramp albums
Rock albums
Robin Kankapankatja (born around 1930) is an Australian Aboriginal artist. He worked for most of his life as a labourer and conservationist. He is the manager and senior traditional owner of Walalkara, a homeland and Indigenous Protected Area on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. He began work as an artist in 2004, aged in his 70s. His artworks are now held in several major galleries in Australia.

Life
Robin was born at Walalkara, a place in the Great Victoria Desert near Kaltjiti, South Australia. His father was Pitjantjatjara from the land west of Watarru; his mother was Yankunytjatjara from Makiri, northwest of Walalkara. Robin grew up living a traditional, nomadic life in the area around Kaltjiti. The first time he saw a whitefella was when he was a young teenager. As a young man, he worked on the cattle stations at Welbourne Hill and Everard Park.
When he was much older, Robin moved back to Walalkara and set up an outstation for his family on his homelands. He lives there with his wife, Tyayangka, and his children. Kankapankatja is the senior traditional owner () of Walalkara. The people that live on this outstation are all part of his family. They are the land managers of Walalkara Indigenous Protected Area, a federally protected reserve created from an agreement between the Robin family and the Australian government. It covers  of the Great Victoria Desert. Until 2008, Kankapankatja and his wife Tyayangka worked as rangers of the reserve. When they retired, their children took over its management.

Artwork
Robin began working as an artist in July 2004, while he was at home recovering from surgery. His paintings and drawings are about Walalkara. They depict the landscape, animals, and spiritual Dreaming stories associated with it. He is also known for carving traditional tools, such as boomerangs, spears, spear-throwers and shields.
Since 2006, Robin's work has been shown in many exhibitions alongside other Kaltjiti artists. In 2007, he was featured at the Mossenson Galleries in Collingwood, Victoria. His work was featured as part of the annual Desert Mob exhibition in Alice Springs, in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. It was also exhibited in Adelaide at the Flinders University City Gallery in 2009, and the South Australian Museum in 2010.

In 2012, the Cross Cultural Art Exchange in Darwin held a solo exhibition of Robin's work. The exhibition was called : this is my life from long ago. It showcased a series of drawings that depict Robin's memories from growing up in the bush, and the legendary journeys of his ancestors. In the same year, his work was also shown at the annual Our Mob exhibition in Adelaide, at an exhibition of Kaltjiti Arts in the Darwin Aboriginal Art Fair, and in Germany, in an exhibition at the ArtKelch gallery in Freiburg im Breisgau.
Examples of Robin's work are held in the collections of the Araluen Arts Centre, Flinders University, and the National Gallery of Australia. Others are held in the national Artbank collection, and several private collections, such as the Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi in Melbourne.

References

1930 births
Australian painters
Indigenous Australian artists
Pitjantjatjara
Artists from South Australia
Living people
LinkedIn is a social networking website for people in professional jobs. The company started in December 2002, and the website opened May 5, 2003. Users can make connections with other people they have worked with, post their work experience and skills, look for jobs, and look for workers. The site is available in many languages, including most European languages, Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, and Malay. LinkedIn has more than 200 million members around the world.

In 2012, the LinkedIn website was attacked by hackers from Russia, who stole passwords for more than 100 million user accounts. In 2016, a suspect was arrested in the Czech Republic.

The company which owns LinkedIn, the LinkedIn Corporation, was bought out by Microsoft in 2016 for US$26 billion.

Statistics
In January 2013, the countries with the most LinkedIn users were:
United States with 74 million members
 India with 18 million members    
 United Kingdom with 11 million members
 Brazil with 11 million members 
 Canada with 7 million members

References

Other websites
 
 SEC Form S-1 Registration Statement – LinkedIn's IPO filing

Web 2.0
Social networking
2002 establishments in the United States
Leopold II may mean:
 Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Grand Duke of Tuscany
 Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria
 Leopold II, Margrave of Austria, fifth Margrave of Austria
 Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian general
 Leopold II, Prince of Lippe, eldest child of Leopold I and Princess Pauline
 Leopold II of Belgium, king of Belgium from 1835 until 1909
Integer overflow occurs in computers, when the number which is stored becomes larger than the capacity of the memory it is stored in. The most likely result is that the number will reset to 0 and start over.

For example, start with the number 14, using 4-bits integers. Add 1 a few times, this will result in an overflow, which causes it to reset the number to 0.

Another result is the number will reset to the most negative number, if the number has a sign. This is because negative numbers are represented by values after the maximum positive value.

For example, with signed 4-bit integers. Adding 1 will cause this type of overflow:

References

Computing
Slenderman is a fictional creature from an internet meme. It appears as a tall and thin man, wearing a black suit and red tie. Slenderman's face is usually blank, without any features. It is said to stalk, abduct, or scare people, especially children.

Slenderman was originally created on the Internet forum Something Awful in 2009. It has grown into a kind of urban legend.

Description 
Slenderman is described as very fictional tall and thin white creature with unnaturally long arms. It can extend its arms to scare people or capture them. It has a white, featureless head and appears to be wearing a black suit. In images, the figure is often out of focus and blurry. Slenderman is associated with the forest and has the ability to teleport.
Origins
Slenderman was created during a contest on the Something Awful forums in June 2009. The goal was to change photographs using digital manipulation so that the pictures showed something supernatural. On 10 June, a forum poster with the user name "Victor Surge" uploaded two images in black and white. They were photographs of groups of children, to which had been added an obscured figure in the background: a tall, thin man with a blank face. Surge included short stories to go with the images, describing the disappearance of the children in the images. It gave the character the name, "Slenderman":

One of two recovered photographs from the Stirling City Library blaze. Notable for being taken the day which fourteen children vanished and for what is referred to as “Slenderman”. Deformities cited as film defects by officials. Fire at library occurred one week later. Actual photograph confiscated as evidence.
1986, photographer: Mary Thomas, missing since June 13th, 1986.
These stories made it a work of fiction. Other users on the forum developed the character further, adding their own images or stories about "Slenderman". However, is it possible to find supposed records of the monster dating back to the 14th century, a notable example is a medieval German folktale entitled Der Ritter ("The Knight" in German), it tells the history of a brave knight appointed by the church to slay a great evil entity who had been stealing children from a local village from around the Black Forest, Württemberg, in Southern Germany, by which some people claim the existence of the entity.
Development 
Slenderman soon became very popular on the Internet. Many works of fanart, cosplay and fiction were created and spread from website to website. The first video series involving the Slender Man was published on YouTube. It is called Marble Hornets, and is now one of the most popular Slender Man creations. Other YouTube serials about the Slender Man followed, including EverymanHYBRID and Tribe Twelve. In 2011, Markus "Notch" Persson, creator of the sandbox indie game Minecraft, added a new character to the game. He named it the "Enderman" when many users on Reddit and Google+ commented on how similar it was to the Slender Man. A video game based on the Slender Man was released in 2012, named Slender: The Eight Pages. Several popular variants of the game followed, including Slenderman's Shadow and Slender Man for iOS, which became the second most-popular app download. The sequel to Slender: The Eight Pages, Slender: The Arrival, was released in 2013.
A horror movie about the Slender Man, Entity, was released in 2013. Another, The Slender Man, was released free online. On August 10, 2018, another movie about the character, Slender Man, directed by Sylvain White, was released. Marble Hornets is also being made into a movie.

The Slender Man was called "the first great myth of the web" by the BBC. The success of the idea has been ascribed to the Internet's ability to connect people with one another. It has allowed anybody to build on the story and develop the character, and also shape it into whatever frightens them most.

Related pages 
 Ghost

References

Other websites 
 The Something Awful forum thread in which the Slender Man was created
 Slender Man on KnowYourMeme.com

Internet memes
Fictional characters introduced in the 2000s
Monsters
Bethesda is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in southern Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is northwest of Washington, D.C. The National Institutes of Health main campus and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center are in Bethesda. There are also corporate and government headquarters.

In April 2009, Forbes put Bethesda second on its list of "America's Most Livable Cities."

Bethesda is an unincorporated area. It has no official boundaries. The United States Census Bureau says the center is at 38°59' North, 77°7' West. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2010, Bethesda had 60,858 people.

References

Other websites

 
1820 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maryland
The Division of East Sydney was a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.
The division was created in 1900. It was one of the original 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It was abolished in 1969. It was named for the suburb of East Sydney. It was located in the inner eastern suburbs of Sydney, including Darlinghurst, Paddington and Surry Hills.

After 1910 East Sydney was usually a safe seat for the Australian Labor Party. In the 1930s it was a stronghold of Lang Labor. Its most famous members were Sir George Reid, who was Prime Minister of Australia in 1904-05, and Eddie Ward, a long-serving Labor member and Cabinet minister.

Members

East Sydney
1901 establishments in Australia
1969 disestablishments in Australia
The Division of Bland was a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. The division was created in 1900. It was one of the original 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It was abolished in 1906. It was named for Dr William Bland, a New South Wales colonial politician. It is based in rural southern New South Wales, and included the towns of Narrandera, Wagga Wagga and West Wyalong. 

Bland was held by Chris Watson, the first Leader of the federal parliamentary Labor Party and Australia's first Labor Prime Minister. When Bland was abolished in 1906, Watson moved to South Sydney.

Members

Bland
New South Wales
1901 establishments in Australia
1900s disestablishments in Australia
The Division of Ballarat (Ballaarat until 1977) is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. The division was one of the original 75 divisions created in 1900. It was set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for the city of Ballarat.

The division includes Ballarat, Bacchus Marsh, Ballan, Daylesford, Creswick, Trentham and Clunes. In the past it has included Ararat, Maryborough, and Stawell.

Ballarat had the closest election result in Australian history.  Nationalist Edwin Kerby unseated Labor member Charles McGrath by a single vote in 1919.  However, McGrath said that the election had not been fair. It was challenged in court which resulted in a by-election in 1920 that was won by McGrath.

Members

The most famous member was Alfred Deakin, Prime Minister of Australia three times. Michael Ronaldson was the grandson of Archibald Fisken. Ronaldson later served as a Liberal senator.

Election results

References
Division of Ballarat - Australian Electoral Commission
Other websites
 Catherine King's website

Ballarat
Ballarat
Victoria, Australia
1901 establishments in Australia
Windows 3.0 is the third major release of Microsoft Windows, and was released on May 20, 1990. It is a graphical environment (a program that runs on top of an operating system), instead of an operating system by itself. It became the first successful version of Windows in the market. Windows 3.0 was the first version to be widely seen as a rival to Apple's Macintosh and Commodore's Amiga on the graphical user interface (GUI) front. It was followed by Windows 3.1.

Windows 3.0 was created in 1989, when David Weise and Murray Sargent independently decided to develop a protected mode Windows as an experiment. They compiled a prototype and showed it to Microsoft executives, who approved it as an official project.

Updates
Updates

Windows 3.0a 
On December 31, 1990, Microsoft released Windows 3.0a. This version contained an improved ability to move pieces of data greater than 64KB (the original release could only manipulate one segment of RAM at a time). It also improved stability by reducing Unrecoverable Application Errors (UAEs) associated with networking, printing, and low-memory conditions. This version appears as "Windows 3.00a" in Help/About Windows system dialogs.
Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions 
Based on Windows 3.0a, and originally called 3.0b, Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions 1.0 was released in October 31, 1991 to support sound cards, as well as CD-ROM drives, which were then becoming more available. This edition was released to Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), mainly CD-ROM drive and sound card manufacturers, and some PCs came preloaded with it. This edition added basic multimedia support for audio input and output, along with new applications: Media Player, CD audio player, more advanced Help format, screen savers, and a new clock. These new features were integrated into Windows 3.1x. Microsoft developed the Windows Sound System sound card specification to support these extensions. The new features were not accessible in Windows 3.0 Real Mode.
The MME API was the first universal and standardized Windows audio API. Wave sound events played in Windows (up to Windows XP) and MIDI I/O use MME. The devices listed in the Multimedia/Sounds and Audio control panel applet represent the MME API of the sound card driver.

MME does not have channel mixing, so only one audio stream can be rendered at a time. MME supports sharing the audio device for playback between multiple applications starting with Windows 2000, up to two channels of recording, 16-bit audio bit depth and sampling rates of up to 44.1 kHz with all the audio being mixed and sampled to 44.1 kHz.

References 

 

Microsoft operating systems
Windows Home Server is a home server operating system created by Microsoft. It was announced on January 7, 2007, at the Consumer Electronics Show by Bill Gates. Its purpose is to provide households with multiple PCs a centralized and user-friendly solution for file sharing, automatic backups, and remote access to resources. It is built on the code of Microsoft Windows Server 2003 R2.

Windows Home Server was officially launched on July 16, 2007.

It was replaced by Windows Home Server 2011 in April 2011.
DirectX is a computer program by Microsoft made so the computer can have better graphics, and play games like on the Xbox with improved graphics.

Microsoft software
Graphics software
Dr. William Bland (5 November 1789 – 21 July 1868) was a convict, doctor and surgeon, politician, farmer and inventor in New South Wales, Australia.

Early life
Bland was born in London in 1789. His father, Dr. Robert Bland, was an obstetrician. Bland joined the Royal Navy in 1810 as a surgeon and served on HM sloop Hesper. While in Bombay, India he got into an argument with another officer, Robert Case. He challenged Case to a duel with pistols on 7 April 1813, and Case was killed. Bland was found guilty of murder and sentenced to seven years prison in Van Diemen's Land.

Convict
Bland arrived in Hobart on the ship 'Denmark Hill' in January 1814. He was sent to Sydney on the 'Frederick' on 14 July 1814. He was kept in the Castle Hill gaol for a short time where he was able to work as a doctor. He was pardoned on 27 January 1815. He set up business as a doctor. He married Sarah Henry in 1817, but they separated after a few months.
In 1818 he wrote critical comments about Governor Macquarie's treatment of farmers. He also made fun of Macquarie's desire to have his name on foundation stones. Bland's handwriting was recognised. On 25 September 1818 he was found guilty of libel, fined £50 and sent to prison for a year.

Community life
In 1830 he opposed attempts to sell large areas of crown land. He joined the Australian Landowners Association in 1831 to fight new land laws. When the Sydney Free Grammar School closed after only one year in 1826, Bland came up with a scheme to start a new school to replace it. Sydney College began in 1830. The foundation stone of a new building was laid by the Chief Justice, Sir Francis Forbes, in 1830. Bland was treasurer of the of the college from 1835 to 1844. In 1845 he became president. The buildings were sold to the University of Sydney in 1853. Sydney Free Grammar School and Sydney College were the beginnings of the current Sydney Grammar School which began in 1854.
He worked at the Benevolent Society as well as having a private medical practice. He dispensed medicines from his house until a proper dispensary was begun. He gave the Society advice on building a room to be an operating theatre and mortuary. He continued to assist at the Society until 1863.

He gave land and money to build a church at Ashfield.

He was an active writer. he wrote articles on new medical techniques which were published in the Lancet magazine. He wrote articles for the Australian Medical Journal on snake bite and dislocations. He edited the book  "Journey of Discovery to Port Phillip, New South Wales" written by William Hovell and Hamilton Hume. He wrote a small book about how to prevent fires on ships carrying wool. He designed the "Atmotic Ship", a balloon filled with hydrogen and moved by propellors. A model of the atmotic ship was shown at the International Exhibition in London in 1851 and at Crystal Palace in 1854.
Politics
In 1835 the Australian Patriotic Association (APA) was formed. William Wentworth was president, and Bland was the secretary. His letters for the APA show Australia beginning to see itself as an independent nation. The main function of the APA was to draw up a constitution for New South Wales. The constitution was accepted by the British parliament and self government began in 1843.

He was an elected member to the new New South Wales Legislative Council twice (1843–1848, 1849–1850) and was appointed to the Council from 1858–1861

In 1849 Wentworth introduced a bill to create the University of Sydney. He named Bland as one of its first senators. Robert Lowe reminded members that Bland had been a convict and had killed a man in 1813. He said that such an important institution should not be run by convicts. The bill failed.  Bland wanted to fight a duel but Lowe avoided it. The bill was re-introduced without Bland’s name and was passed.
A banquet was held in July 1856 to celebrate the grant of a new Constitution by the British government. Bland was the guest of honour. On 5 November 1858 he was given money and a candelabrum for his services to the community. He resigned on 21 March 1861 from the Legislative Council.

Late life

In February 1846, Bland remarried a widow, Eliza Smeathman. He continued to work as a doctor until 1868. He was the founder and first president of the Australian Medical Association in 1859. A photograph was taken of him in 1845. This is the oldest surviving Australian photograph. In 1861 he was declared a bankrupt. He died in Sydney on 21 July 1868 of pneumonia, and was given a State Funeral.
Present day
 Bland County, New South Wales was named in his honour. 
 A seat in the first federal parliament, the Division of Bland, was named after him. This was abolished in 1906.
 The Bland Shire Council was named after him. 
 There are Bland Streets in suburban Ashfield and Haberfield where he purchased land in 1839.
 A public housing building on Victoria Road at Gladesville is named , Blandville Court.
 The suburb of Henley was originally called Blandville.
 The William Bland Centre is a 12 level building opposite Sydney Hospital built in 1960. 
 The headquarters of the Royal Australian Historical Society is in Bland's old home in Macquarie Street, Sydney.

References
 John Cobley, 'Bland, William (1789 - 1868)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 1, MUP, 1966, pp 112–115.

Other websites
Other websites

  William Bland biography (with picture)
  Shades of Light  (Australian Photography 1839 - 1988) the online version of the original Shades of Light published 1998, Gael Newton, National Gallery of Australia.
Australian History, volume 2 published by Grollier Society, Sydney 1956

1789 births
1868 deaths
Australian medical doctors
Australian murderers
British murderers
Criminals from London
Disease-related deaths in Sydney
English inventors
English physicians
Infectious disease deaths in Australia
Politicians from London
CeCe Peniston (born September 6, 1969, in Dayton, Ohio) is an American R&B singer and former beauty queen. She was very popular in the early 1990s. Her hit song "Finally" was released in 1991. A lot of other songs followed. Peniston was crowned Miss Black Arizona 1989 and Miss Galaxy 1990.

References 

American R&B singers
Singers from Ohio
1969 births
Living people
The South Pole–Aitken basin is a huge impact crater on the far side of Earth's Moon. Roughly  in diameter and  deep, it is one of the largest known impact craters in the Solar System. It is the largest, oldest and deepest basin on the Moon. The formation of the large lunar basins occurred before 3.8 billion years ago.

This moon basin was named after two features on opposing sides; the crater Aitken on the northern end and the southern lunar pole at the other end.

References 

Impact craters
Surface features of the Moon
Straw man is a type of incorrect reasoning, in which a changed (usually exaggerated)  version of someone else's argument is proved wrong, and it looks as if the real argument has been proved wrong.
Sometimes such an easy to disprove argument is simply invented. Straw man can be understood also as the mentioned argument itself. The name suggests a human figure made of straw that is easy to destroy.
  
The straw man argument can have many forms. The fallacy of attacking a straw man can also arise from an honest mistake.

Examples 
An everyday conversation:
Alice: Taking a shower is beneficial.
Bob: But hot water may damage your skin.
Bob attacked the non-existing argument: . And because such an argument is obviously false, Alice might start believing that she is wrong because what Bob said was clearly true. But her real argument was not disproved, because she did not say anything about the temperature.
Alice: I didn't mean taking an extremely hot shower.
Alice noticed the trick and defended herself.
History
The origins of the term are unclear. An 1898 definition refers to men who stood outside courthouses with a straw in their shoe in order to indicate their willingness to be hired to give evidence in a court trial.

In the 1900 US presidential election campaign, the issue of Imperialism became a "straw man" issue when President McKinley accepted his party's nomination.  Cartoonist William Allen Rogers focused on the destruction of this issue in a September issue of Harper's Weekly.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 "Straw Man" at FallacyFiles.org

Logical fallacies
André Roy (born February 8, 1975) is an American-born Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL).

Family
Roy was born Mamaroneck, near Port Chester, New York.

His mother, Heidi Golombeck, is from Germany. She moved to New York in 1969. There she met André's father, Gilles Roy. They got married a few weeks later. They left New York to go to Mamaroneck, near Port Chester, New York. They had three children: Marc, Kevin and André. When André was only two months old, the family moved to Sainte-Julienne, Quebec. This village is in the region of Lanaudière.
Hockey
André started to play hockey at the age of five. He started playing hockey in Novice A category but he was much better than the other players of his team. During his third season, he became an Atom CC player. Roy did not weigh as much as the other players, but he was one of the tallest. Martin Saint-Louis, another professional hockey player, said that when André was young, he was one of the best players in Lanaudière.