Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Stuart, Bryan L. (2008): The phylogenetic problem of Huia (Amphibia: Ranidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 46(1): 49-60.  (HTMl abstract)
Other websites

AmphibiaWeb
Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia 

Frogs of South America
Frogs of Europe
Frogs of Asia
Frogs of North America
A roar is a sound that is made from certain animals. This sound is a deep outburst from an open mouth. Roaring is made by using the hyoid. The hyoid is a small bone that is not completely rigid in adults. Animals roar for a few reasons. These include when animals claim their territory (such as territorial dispute), communication with other members, and when they are angry.

Other websites
Other websites 

 Ananthakrishnan, Gopal, Robert Eklund, Gustav Peters, Gopal & Evans Mabiza. 2011. An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics. In: Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR, Volume 51, 2011. Proceedings from Fonetik 2011. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 8–10 June 2010, pp. 5–8.Download PDF from http://roberteklund.info.
 Eklund, Robert, Gustav Peters, Gopal Ananthakrishnan & Evans Mabiza. 2011. An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses. In: Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR, Volume 51, 2011. Proceedings from Fonetik 2011. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 8–10 June 2010, pp. 1–4. Download PDF from http://roberteklund.info.

Animal communication
is a Japanese Buddhist temple in Kyoto.

History
The earliest structures were built in the early Heian period as a villa of Emperor Saga (785-842). Osawa pond, the artificial lake in the Japanese garden, was created in Saga's lifetime.

After Saga's death, a Buddhist temple complex was established at the site.  Imperial princes were often appointed as abbot of the temple.

In the 14th century, the temple came to be associated with the Kameyama branch of the Imperial family.

Timeline
 July 16, 1324 (Genkō 4, 22nd day of the 6th month):: Former-Emperor Go-Uda died at the temple.
 August 38, 1338 (Ryakuō 1, 13th day of the 7th month): Ashikaga forces burned the temple.
 1626 (Kan'ei 3): Emperor Go-Mizunoo added an Edo period shinden.

Related pages
 History of Japan
 Daikakuji Seamount

References

Other websites

  Daikaku-ji website 
 Japan-guide.com, Daikaku-ji
 Kyoto National Museum  -- "Treasures of Daikaku-ji," including portrait of Go-Uda and the former-emperor's will
Buddhist temples in Japan
9th-century buildings and structures
Kyoto‎
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet is a British drama television program about English migrant builders. The show was created by Franc Roddam and mostly written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais. It was shown on ITV from 1983-1986 and on BBC One from 2002-2004. It stars Christopher Fairbank, Christopher Holton, Tim Healy, Gary Holton, Jimmy Nail, Pat Roach, Timothy Spall and Kevin Whately.

In the first series, the men work on a building site in Düsseldorf, Germany.

Other websites 

The Auf Wiedersehen, Pet homepage

1983 British television series debuts
2004 British television series endings
1980s British drama television series
2000s British drama television series
BBC Television programmes
ITV television programmes
English-language television programs
is an underwater volcano (seamount) of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean.  Daikakuji is an extinct volcano.  

The seamount is also known as the "Daikakuji Guyot" because it has a flat top. This undersea geologic feature is also called a "guyot" or "tablemount".

This seabed mountain is named after Daikaku-ji, which is a Buddhist temple long associated with the Imperial family.

The last eruption from Daikakuji seamount was 42 million years ago.

Related pages
 Submarine volcano
 Active volcano
 Dormant volcano

References

Other websites
 Seamount Biogeosciences Network,  database

Seamounts
Pacific Ocean
Volcanoes of Oceania
Robert William Hoskins (26 October 1942 – 29 April 2014) was a British actor. He was born in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk and raised in Finsbury Park, London. 

Hoskins' movies include: The Long Good Friday, Mona Lisa and Who Framed Roger Rabbit. He won a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award for his role as George in Mona Lisa. 

He was also awarded a doctorate degree (degree in acting) at the graduation ceremony of Royal Central School of Speech and Drama in London, England. 

On 8 August 2012, Hoskins said he had retired, having being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in late 2011. He died of pneumonia on the morning of 29 April 2014 in London.

Filmography

References

Other websites 

1942 births
2014 deaths
Actors from London
Actors from Suffolk
BAFTA Award winning actors
Deaths from pneumonia
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People with Parkinson's disease
People with dyslexia
was a  after the Taika era and before Shuchō in 686.  This period started in February 650 and ended in December 654.  The reigning emperor was .

History
In 650 (Taika 6,  The daimyo of Nagato Province brought a white pheasant to the court as a gift for the emperor.  It was considered to be a good omen, and the emperor caused the nengō to be changed to Hakuchi (meaning "white pheasant").

In Japan, this was the second nengō, which was developed from the Chinese system of eras (nianhao).   It became an example of growth in political power.

Timeline

The system of Japanese era names was not the same as Imperial reign dates.

Events of the Hakuchi era
 650 (Hakuchi 1):  Kōtoku commanded that all prisoners were to be granted liberty throughout the country.
 654 (Hakuchi 5, 1st month): A great number of rats moved into Yamato Province; and this was construed as a sign that the capital should be moved.
 654 (Hakuchi 5): Kōtoku died at the age of 59 after a reign of 5 years during Taika and 5 years during Hakuchi.
Related pages
 Asuka period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
 

Japanese eras
7th-century establishments in Japan
7th-century disestablishments in Japan
650 establishments
654 disestablishments
Tororo () is a sticky food made from grating a yam. Tororo is mixed with other food that typically includes dashi, wasabi, and green onions, and the amount of these ingredients can be adjusted to suit one's taste. In Japan, tororo is eaten as a side dish, or added to noodles (udon or soba). Tororo has a lot of vitamin B1, vitamin C, calcium, potassium, and other vitamins and minerals.

Mugitoro
Mugitoro () is a wheat dish made by pouring cold tororo on top of cooked wheat.

Yamakake
Yamakake () is a dish made from tororo and tuna (maguro). Tuna seasoned with soy sauce and tororo with dashi give a mild taste. Sometimes, it is put on rice as Donburi.

Tororo udon/soba
Tororo is also eaten with udon or soba. In tororo udon/soba, it is often eaten with a raw egg or a yolk.
Japanese people think it is very healthy to eat tororo, so it is added to many foods.

Tororo Nattō
The Japanese food nattō is often eaten with tororo, too.

Other websites

References

 

Japanese food
lego big morl is a Japanese rock band from Osaka, made up of four men: Takehiro Kanata(guitar & vocal), Hiroki Tanaka (guitar), Hiro Asakawa (drum), Shintarou Yamamoto (bass).
It is called merely "lego".

They started the band in Osaka in 2006, and had a tour a year later. After that, their song "Ray" was adopted as the featured song of a drama, "Akai ito". This made them a little famous and they made a major debut next year.

"Ray" was covered by Kou Shibasaki in 2010.

Members 
 Takehiro Kanata (1984.5.24)
 Hiroki Tanaka (1984.10.25)
 Shintarou Yamamoto (1984.10.18)
 Hiro Asakawa (1984.11.10)

History 
2006:

After Asakawa's band split up in March, he asked Kanata to form a band with him. Tanaka, who was in the same band as Kanata joined the new band, followed by Yamamoto, who was a friend of Kanata from high school.
They started to go into action mainly in Osaka.

2007:
2007:

They held a first live tour in Tokyo, Yokohama, Ibaraki, and Gunma in March.
They gave out free CDs "テキーラグッバイ(tequila goodbye)" at live studios.

2008:
The year of getting people to know them.
...They released a ¥100 SINGLE"moonwalk for a week", which reached number four on the indies chart.
They also released a first mini album "Tuesday and Thursday".
Starting from here, they attended many big music festivals and events.
In December, they released their first single "Ray", which became one of the soundtracks of the Fuji TV drama, and movie "赤い糸(akai ito)".

Discography

Single CDs
 ワープ(warp) (only sold at TSUTAYA)
 moonwalk for a week (only sold at TOWER RECORDS)
 Ray (1st single)
 溢れる (afureru) (2nd single) 
 ドリルドリル (drill drill) (3rd single)
 バランス (balance) (4th single)
 Flowers(5th single)
 knock to me (6th single)
Albums
 Tuesday and Thursday (1st mini album)
 Quartette Parade (1st full album)
 Mother Ship (2nd full album)
 for Flowers (studio album; only sold at TOWER RECORDS)
 Re:Union (3rd full album)

References

Japanese rock bands
is a Japanese baseball team in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture.   The Hawks play in Japan's .

History
The history of the Hawks dates to the 1930s.  The team has had several names, including
 Nankai Hawks (~1947)
 Fukuoka Daiei Hawks (1988~2004) 
 Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks (2005~)

SoftBank Hawks won the first prize in the Japan championship in 2011. The owner of the Hawks is SoftBank, an IT company. The Hawks are very popular in Fukuoka. The mascot character is Harry Hawk.

Home stadium
The Fukuoka Yahoo! Japan Dome in Fukuoka is their home stadium. This stadium is in the central ward of Fukuoka city,  near Tojinmachi subway station.

Notable players

Current Manager

Current players

Related pages
 Sports in Japan

References

Other websites

 Fukuoka Softbank Hawks website
 (@Hawks official)on Twitter

Baseball teams in Japan
Organizations based in Fukuoka Prefecture
1930s establishments in Japan
Shōten is a comedy Japanese television series. It is broadcast on Sunday afternoons in Nippon television Network corporation. The show started in 1966.

There are eight members of this TV program: Utamaru, Koyuuza, Kouraku, Kikuō, Rakutarou, Shōta, Taihei and Takao Yamada. They are very　famous comic storytellers except Yamada. Yamada carries Japanese cushion for other broadcaster. Yamada says "I carry not only cushion but also happiness."

References

Other websites 
 Shōten 
 

Japanese television series
Slalom skiing is a special event in the sport of Alpine skiing.

History
Slalom was first recognized as part of the Winter Olympic Games in 1936.

Analysis
Slalom is the most technical event in alpine skiing.

A slalom race involves skiing between and around a series of obstacles made of poles which are placed on the snowy slope.  These poles are called "gates".  There are many gates in a slalom run.

Smaller turns than Super G or Downhill are made because distance between gates is short.

World Cup
World Cup is the highest international competition of alpine skiing held by International Ski Federation (FIS).

Ingemar Stenmark (Sweden, his career 1973-1989) and Vreni Schneider (Switzerland, her career 1984-1995) are the record holder as the most World Cup titles in Slalom discipline. Stenmark won 8 times and Schneider won 6 times.
Equipment for competition
These are necessary items for the alpine skiing competitions.
Racing ski...Its length is different in each event and is fixed by FIS. 
In slalom (SL), 165 cm for men, 155 cm for ladies.
In giant slalom (GS), 195 cm for men, 188 cm for ladies.
In Super G (SG), 210 cm for men, 205 cm for ladies.
In Downhill (DH), 218 cm for men, 210 cm for ladies.
(Rules apply to 2012-2013 World Cup and Europe Cup)
Bindings
Helmet...All of the racers have a duty of wearing a helmet to protect the head. Especially for SL, racers absolutely need a helmet with a chin guard. 
Goggles
Poles...In SL, racers go through the course knocking down poles with their own hands, so they need poles with punch guards.
Shin guards...To protect racers' shins the same as punch guard.

References

Other websites

Skiing
Winter Olympic sports
Blood cancer is a type of cancer or tumor. Blood cancer hurts the blood, bone marrow, lymph, and lymphatic system. Sometimes more than one body part is hurt.

The cause is usually different from other types of cancer. The way to find out if a person has this cancer is also different. 

People with blood cancers see a kind of doctor called a hematologist (blood doctor) or oncologist (cancer doctor). There are other blood problems that are not blood cancers.  A blood doctor also helps people with those problems.

Medical terms 
Tumors of the hematopoietic (blood cell forming) and lymphoid tissues are local growths. Hematopoietic and lymphoid malignancies are cancers that affect the blood, bone marrow, lymph, and lymphatic system. As the blood and lymph connect through both the circulatory system and the immune system, a disease affecting one will often affect the others as well.

Types 
There are three types: 
 Leukemia
 Lymphoma
 Multiple myeloma
Finding out
A doctor will do some tests to find out if a person has a blood cancer.  One common test is a complete blood count.  The cells that circulate in the bloodstream are generally divided into three types: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).  The relative proportions is what picks up indications of a problem.

Sometimes the doctor will take a very small piece of the body out, to look at it.  This is called a biopsy.  Bone marrow is where new blood is made in the body. A bone marrow biopsy looks at the blood-making parts to see if they have cancer.

Treatment 
People with blood cancer often take drugs called chemotherapy or immunotherapy.  If the blood cancer is in one place, they may have radiotherapy.  A bone marrow transplant is a difficult way to kill blood cancers.

How many people get it
Thousands of people get blood cancers.  Each year, 30,000 people in the United Kingdom (UK) learn that they have blood cancer.
Lymphomas are more common than leukemias.

References

Other websites
 Leukemia & Lymphoma Society website

Cancer
Blood disorders
is common art in Japan.

History
Japanese Calligraphy started with introduction of Kanji from China.

After Buddhism was introduced into Japan, Calligraphy spread rapidly.

Emperors such as Shotokutaishi (聖徳太子) and Shoumu (聖武天皇)　wanted people to copy sutras by hand. Also, Japanese envoys to Tang Dynasty China took Chinese culture back to Japan. This affected the way of Japanese Calligraphy.

References

Other websites

Japanese art
Calligraphy
A picnic is an event to eat outdoors, have a break, enjoy the warm sunshine, and have fun in a free time. It is usually held in a park or other open places. People bring the food for picnics in lunch boxes or in picnic baskets. Food for picnics is prepared on location such as by grilling, or at home.  After the meal, people often play games and sports, for example, playing catch, badminton and Frisbee. As at other parties, some like to create their own original foods and games.A lakeside, park or other places with interesting view is perfect for a picnic. In picnic, we often get the freshness of the nature.

History
In the 12th century, a picnic was described in the Persian poetry of The Rubaiyat:
"A book of verse beneath the bough,
A loaf of bread, a jug of wine, and thou 
Beside me singing in the Wilderness – 
Ah, wilderness were paradise enough!"
  Omar Khayyam

In 1800, the Picnic Society in London was organized by people who met from time to time to dine together.

In art
In art

A famous painting of a picnic is Le déjeuner sur l'herbe (The Luncheon on the Grass). It was painted in 1862 by the French artist Édouard Manet.

Related pages 
 Hanami
 Bento

References 

Leisure
The Last Emperor is a biographical historical movie filmed and released in 1987.

Plot
The movie follows the life of Puyi, who was the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty and later the emperor of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.

Cast

Production
This movie was a collaboration by Italy, China, and the United Kingdom. It was entirely filmed in China, most notably in the Forbidden City in Beijing, as well as in Dalian and in Changchun.

Awards
The Last Emperor received Golden Globe Awards.

The movie won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

References

Other websites
1987 movies
1980s biographical movies
1980s epic movies
1980s historical movies
Chinese movies
British biographical movies
Italian movies
French biographical movies
American biographical movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Academy Award winning movies
1980s English-language movies
Mandarin-language movies
Multilingual movies
Movies directed by Bernardo Bertolucci
Movies about royalty
Movies set in China
Movies set in palaces
Movies set in prison
Movies set in the 1900s
Movies set in the 1910s
Movies set in the 1920s
Movies set in the 1930s
Movies set in the 1940s
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies set in 1987
is a Japanese city in Kyoto Prefecture. It is in western Kyoto in a wide, flat valley.

History
Kameoka city was built around a castle. It is in a rural area.

Development
The population of Kameoka city is about 90,000 people. 

Special products found in Kameoka include Botan nabe and Matsutake.

Sister cities 
Knittelfeld, Austria - April 14, 1964
Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA - November 3, 1985
Jandira, Brazil - November 3, 1980
Suzhou, China - December 31, 1996

Festivals
The Kameoka festival is held in the city from October 23rd to 25th every year. It is called the Gion Festival in Tamba, or Fall festival in Kameoka.

References

Other websites

Cities in Kyoto Prefecture
Soft tennis is major sport in Japan. It is usually played by two players with rackets. It is similar to normal tennis, but the ball is soft.
Young and old of both sexes can enjoy playing soft tennis because the racket and ball are light.

History
Tennis came to Japan from England in about 1880's.

Equipment
Racket
Ball
In Japan, people were not able to make good hard ball those days. Imported balls were expensive. Therefore Japanese people used a rubber ball.

References

Sport in Japan
Tennis
is a Japanese dish made with meat from wild boars. The name comes from the appearance of the meat as it is arranged before cooking. It looks like the flower "Botan (牡丹)" (English: peony). Another name for this food is Inoshishi-nabe (猪鍋).

Ingredients
It has a lot of ingredients: boar meat, vegetables, root vegetables, mushrooms, konyaku, fu, and tofu.

References

Other websites

 Tohoku University,  Botan-nabe (wild boar stew) party

Japanese food
Meat dishes
A monster is a type of creature in fiction. They are usually found in legends or horror stories. They are often ugly and may make people and other creatures scared. They also eat people sometimes. A monster could be anything really, like a vampire or a witch or even a werewolf. Figuratively, a monster is a very wicked person. Sometimes these creatures aren't bad or monsters as you would say because some protect other people and/or are inoffensive.   

Monsters
The Denmark Strait or Greenland Strait is an oceanic strait between Greenland (to its northwest) and Iceland (to its southeast). The Norwegian island of Jan Mayen is northeast of the strait.

It connects the Greenland Sea, an extension of the Arctic Ocean, to the Irminger Sea, a part of the Atlantic Ocean.  It is  long and  miles wide at its narrowest.

During World War II, the Battle of the Denmark Strait took place on 24 May 1941. 

It is the widest strait of the world found in the American continent. 

Straits
Arctic
Geography of Iceland
Geography of Greenland
Hudson Strait links the Atlantic Ocean to Hudson Bay in Canada. It is between Baffin Island and the northern coast of Quebec.  Its eastern entrance is Cape Chidley and Resolution Island. It is  long. Its width varies from  at its largest point, to a minimum of .

The strait was discovered by explorer Henry Hudson in the year 1609. It was long thought to be the fabled Northwest Passage.

References

Straits
Geography of Canada
Atlantic Ocean
The Kara Strait or Kara Gates is a 56 km (35 mi) wide channel of water between the southern end of Novaya Zemlya and the northern tip of Vaygach Island. This strait connects the Kara Sea and the Barents Sea in northern Russia. 

The Kara Strait was an important waterway in the early exploration of the Northern Sea Route.

Straits
Geography of Russia
Arctic
The variable antshrike (Thamnophilus caerulescens) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family found most in South America. It is (as its name) arguably the species of antbird with the most variable plumage. This leads to claims that it includes more than one species, but evidence suggests that this is incorrect.

The Variable Antshrike is about  long.

Distribution and habitat

The Variable Antshrike is found mostly in eastern and southern Brazil. It is also seen in Pernambuco and Alagoas. From southern Brazil, its range spreads through Uruguay, Paraguay, northern Argentina, Bolivia, and along the eastern slope of the Andes in Peru, as far north as the Amazonas Region.

It has many habitats, but most of it is found in foothills in north-eastern Brazil, and does not live in lands higher than 2600 meters (8500 ft).

References

Birds of South America
Tyranni
The Horned lizards (Phrynosoma) are a genus of lizard wlives in dry areas and deserts of North America. The female horned lizard lays her eggs in a hole in the ground.

Diet 
The horned lizard eats mostly ants or other crawling insects.

Description 
The horned lizard has strong armor to protect it from its enemies. It has pointed scales, as well as horns behind its head.

References 

Lizards
Reptiles of North America
The White-backed Vulture is a bird of the family Accipitridae which also includes eagles and hawks. They live in the African grasslands. They eat the leftovers of big cats. After their meal, they clean their feathers well so that they are always in good flying condition.

References 

Birds of Africa
Vultures
Accipitriformes
The checker-throated antwren (Epinecrophylla fulviventris), also known as the fulvous-bellied antwren or checker-throated stipplethroat, is a small passerine bird in the antbird family. As its name, the males have throats with a black and white "checkered" pattern. The Checker-throated Antwren is the only member of the genus that lives in the west of the Andes. The species is found from Honduras south to northern Colombia and to western Ecuador.

References 

Tyranni
Birds of Central America
Birds of South America
The white-flanked antwren (Myrmotherula axillaris) is a passerine bird in the antbird family. It is the only antwren with white flank patches. Vieillot named the species in 1817. Because it has a large range, it does not reach the status of vulnerable.

References

Other websites 

White-flanked Antwren videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Stamps (for Nicaragua) with RangeMap
White-flanked Antwren photo gallery VIREO
White-flanked Antwren Photo ; Article 

Tyranni
Birds of Central America
Birds of South America
The black-hooded antshrike (Thamnophilus bridgesi) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family.
It is found in Costa Rica and Panama. As its name, males are mostly black, with three rows of well-marked white spots on the wings. However, females are usually brown, and only its tail is black.

References 

 BirdLife International 2004.  Thamnophilus bridgesi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 27 July 2007.

Tyranni
Birds of Central America
3D is the final studio album by American girl group TLC. It was released on November 12, 2002 by Arista Records. This was six months after Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes died. The album debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 chart. 143,000 copies of 3D were sold in the first week of release. It was then certified Platinum by the RIAA for shipping 1,000,000 copies in the United States. The album was given two Grammy Awards nominations.

Track listing

Release history

Charts

References 

2002 albums
TLC (group) albums
Hip hop albums
Soul albums
R&B albums
The Top Latin Albums chart is a weekly music chart. It is published by Billboard magazine. It lists the top 50 albums released (primarily) by Hispanics in the United States.

Number one albums

Key
 – Best-selling Latin album of the year

References

 For information about every week of this chart, follow this link; in the chart date section select a date and the top ten positions for the week selected will appear on screen, including the number-one album, which is shown in the table above.

Billboard charts
American music
Latin music
2010s albums
Music-related lists
Alejandro Fernández () (born April 24, 1971) is a Mexican singer. He was nicknamed "El Potrillo" (The Colt) by the media and fans. He has sold over 30 million albums worldwide. Alejandro is the son of ranchera singer Vicente Fernández. Alejandro sings Mexican folk music. These include mariachi and ranchera music.

Alejandro Fernández has performed with artists such as Plácido Domingo, Marc Anthony, José Carreras, Chayanne, Amaia Montero, Joan Sebastian, Gloria Estefan, Malú, Julio Iglesias, Patricia Kaas, Miguel Bosé, Mario Frangoulis, Ednita Nazario, Yuri, Franco De Vita, Diego El Cigala, Nelly Furtado and Beyoncé Knowles.

Discography
Discography

Studio albums
 1992:  Alejandro Fernandez
 1993:  Piel De Niña
 1994: Grandes Exitos A La Manera De Alejandro Fernandez
 1995:  Que Seas Muy Feliz
 1996:  Muy Dentro de Mi Corazon
 1997:  Me Estoy Enamorando
 1999:  Mi Verdad
 2000:  Entre tus brazos
 2001:  Orígenes
 2003:  Niña Amada Mía 
 2004:  Zapata: El sueño del héroe
 2004:  A Corazón Abierto
 2007:  Viento A Favor
 2009:  Dos mundos: Evolución / Dos mundos: Tradición

Live albums
 1999:  Christmas in Vienna VI
 2002:  Un Canto De México
 2003:  En Vivo: Juntos Por Ultima Vez
 2005:  México – Madrid: En Directo Y Sin Escalas
 2010:  Dos Mundos: Revolución

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Alejandro Fernández at Univisión
 Foro Alejandro Fernández at Univisión

1971 births
Living people
Mexican movie actors
Folk musicians
Actors from Guadalajara
Latin Grammy Award winners
Baritones
Grammy Award winners
Mexican pop singers
Singers from Mexico City
Musicians from Guadalajara, Jalisco
Banda Los Recoditos is a Mexican band. The members of the group formed the band in Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico.

History 
In 1989, Banda Los Recoditos wad formed by a group of students. The band's name came from Banda el Recodo. This was because they were children of the band members from Banda el Recodo, a Mexican band formed by Cruz Lizárraga. Lizárraga invited the boys to perform at a birthday party for José Ángel Espinoza Ferrusquilla, a family friend. After they were done singing, everyone was amazed at their talents. This helped them realize their love for music.

They started out by singing in celebrations in Mazatlan and other neighborhoods close by. They began to become popular among the people in the city. The band recorded their first album A Bailar de Cabllito. This album helped the band to tour in the United States, where they were asked to play. After the released, Pancho Barraza, and Alfonso Lizárraga joined Banda el Recodo.
Carlos Perez, Luis Angel Franco, and Carlos Sarabia joined the band in 2004. They began recording Regional Mexican music. This was popularized by young Mexicans. In 2005, was given an award "Popular Breakthrough of the Year" at the Premios Oye!. This was for their third album Si No Existieras. In 2006, the band recorded an album with their parent's group Banda el Recodo called Dos Generaciones. In 2010, the band released ¡Ando Bien Pedo! their first major album. It reached to number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart. The single, which is the same name, reached number one on the Hot Latin Tracks chart as well. On September 19, 2010, Luis Angel Franco announced that the band is working on a new album. They released it in 2011 under the title A Toda Madre.

Band members

Source:
Source:

Discography
A bailar de Caballito (1990)
Lola la Bailera (1990)
Las rejas no matan (1991)
Tu abandono(1992)
Un Sólo Cielo (1993)
Adiós amor(1994)
Canto Para Tí (1995)
Siempre te voy a recordar (1996)
El Nylon (1997)
Y Todavia Hay Amor (1998)
Como La Primera Vez (2001)
Si No Existieras (2004)
Dos Enamorados (2005)
Vengo a Decirte (2007)
'¡Ando Bien Pedo! (2010)
''A Toda Madre (2011)

References

Mexican musical groups
1989 establishments in North America
1980s establishments in Mexico
Genchū (元中) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō, lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōwa.  This was the last Southern Court era.  This period started in April 1384 and ended in October 1392.  During this time, the monarch in Yoshino until 1392 was ..  Until 1392, the pretender in Kyoto was   After 1392, Go-Komatsu was the 100th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

Events of the Genchū Era
 1391 (Genchū 8): Yamana Ujikyo attacked Kyoto.
 1392 (Genchū 9), also known as Meitoku 3: Northern and Southern courts were reunited under Go-Komatsu.

Northern Court  nengō
 Shitoku, 1384-1387
 Kakei, 1387-1389
 Kōō, 1389-1390
 Meitoku, 1390-1394

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1384 establishments
1380s establishments in Japan
1392 disestablishments
1390s disestablishments in Japan
Elmer Figueroa Arce (born June 28, 1968 ) is a Puerto Rican Latin pop singer. He is best known by his stage name Chayanne. He has released 21 studio albums. He has also sold over 30 million albums worldwide. Figueroa's nickname "Chayanne" was given to him by his mother. This was because he liked the 1960s television series Cheyenne. In the 1970s, Chayanne tried out for Menudo. The producers told him that he was too young to be in the group. Because of this, he joined another group called Los Chicos (the guys).  They recorded several hit singles. These include "Puerto Rico Son Los Chicos" and "Ave Maria", which would later be recorded by Beyoncé Knowles. After the group separated in 1984, Chayanne started his solo career.
Chayanne signed with RCA Ariola. He released his first album Chayanne es mi Nombre (1984). His second album with RCA, Sangre Latina was released in April 1986. On May 5, 1987, Chayanne switched to Sony Music Latin. His self-titled album was released in that same year. The album features "Peligro de Amor" and "Fiesta en América" which ranked on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks charts. On Noviember 1, 1988, Chayanne released another self-titled album. After its release, Pepsi wanted him to be their spokesperson. On August 7, 1990, his album Tiempo de Vals was given a Grammy Award nomination. Chayanne has also been in several TV programs since 1984.
Movies 
2010: Tangled .... Flynn Rider (Voice in Spanish )
2008: Gabriel .... Gabriel Marquez (10 episodes, 2008)
2008: Premios Billboard de la música latina (TV)
2004: La niñera
2001: Provócame  .... Pedro Balmaceda-Linares Duncan
2001: Ally McBeal .... Sam Adams (2 episodes) "Hats Off to Larry"  "Mr. Bo"
1998: Dance with Me  .... Rafael Infante
1997: Siempre piel canela  (TV) .... Singer
1996: Al compas de un sentimiento  .... Singer
1994: Linda Sara  .... Young Alejandro
1994: Volver a Empezar.... Chayanne (Himself)
1986: Pobre juventud

Discography 
2014: En Todo Estaré
2012: A Solas Con Chayanne
2010: No Hay Imposibles
2008: De Piel a Piel
2008: Chayanne: Vivo (live)
2007: Mi Tiempo2005: Cautivo2005: Desde Siempre2003: Sincero2002: Grandes Éxitos 
2001: Simplemente1998: Atado a Tu Amor1996: Volver a Nacer1994: Influencias1992: Provócame1990: Tiempo de Vals1988: Chayanne II1987: Chayanne 
1986: Sangre Latina1984: Chayanne es mi Nombre''

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Puerto Rican singers
1968 births
Living people
Singers from Miami
American pop singers
For the Roman politician, see Mark Antony.

Marco Antonio Muñiz (born September 16, 1968), is an American singer-songwriter, actor, and producer. He is better known by his stage name Marc Anthony. Anthony is the top selling tropical salsa artist of all time. He has won two Grammy Awards and three Latin Grammy awards. He has also sold over 12 million copies worldwide. He is known for his Latin salsa songs and ballads.  

Anthony has won many awards. He won the 2009 Congressional Hispanic Caucus Institute (CHCI) Chair's Award. and its CHCI Chair's Lifetime Achievement Award.  Marc Anthony holds the record for having the most number one singles on the Billboard Tropical Songs chart. Marc Anthony is also the owner of the Miami Dolphins NFL team. 

Anthony worked with ex-wife Jennifer Lopez and director-choreographer Jamie King in late 2011 on a Latino talent series created by Simon Fuller, called Q'Viva! The Chosen. It follows Lopez and Anthony as they travel across 21 countries to find new talent.
He is a philanthropist.  He has won awards for his charitable work. He raises funds for orphanages in Latin America and for brain cancer.

Personal life
In 1994, Anthony's ex-girlfriend Debbie, a NYC police officer, gave birth to their daughter Ariana.

Marc married former Miss Universe Dayanara Torres on May 9, 2000. They have two sons. The marriage ended in October 2003.

Anthony married Nuyorican actress and singer Jennifer Lopez on June 5, 2004.   This was less than a week after his divorce. They had twins in 2008. Anthony filed for divorce on April 9, 2012.

On January 28, 2023, Anthony married Miss Universe Paraguay Nadia Ferreira.

He was raised Roman Catholic. Anthony is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.

Discography
Discography 

When the Night is Over (with Little Louie Vega) (1991)
Otra Nota (1993)
Todo a Su Tiempo (1995)
Contra la Corriente (1997)
Marc Anthony (1999)
Libre (2001)
Mended (2002)
Amar Sin Mentiras (2004)
Valió la Pena (2004)
El Cantante (2007)
Iconos (2010)
3.0 (2013)
Opus (2019)
Pa'llá Voy (2022)

Filmography

References

Other websites 

Official Website
Marc Anthony at Billboard.com

1968 births
Singers from New York City
Democrats (United States)
Grammy Award winners
Living people
Latin singers
Jennifer Lopez
Latin Grammy Award winners
Anthony "Romeo" Santos (born July 21, 1981) is an American singer. Romeo was the lead singer of the bachata group Aventura. As part of Aventura, Romeo became an important figure for making Bachata music popular. His songs were on the top of the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks charts and the top of music charts in Europe. In 2002, the band's song "Obsesión" was at number one in Italy for 16 weeks. 

Romeo was born in The Bronx, New York. His father is Dominican while his mother is Puerto Rican. When he was 12 years old, Romeo was a member of the church choir. On May 9, 2011, Romeo released his lead single "You" from his first album. The song debuted at number one on the Hot Latin Tracks and Tropical Songs chart. The second single, "Promise" a duet with Usher, reached number one on both charts as well.

Discography

Studio albums 
 2011: Formula, Vol. 1
 2012: The King Stays King: Sold Out at Madison Square Garden
 2014: Formula, Vol. 2
 2017: Golden
 2019: Utopía

Singles

References
References

Books 
 Rosen, Jody. "Crossover Dreams of a Bronx Bachatero". New York Times. Arts:Music. June 3, 2009
 Symkus, Ed. "Listen to the Tale of Aventura". The Edge. The Boston Herald.com December 1, 2009

Singers from New York City
American R&B singers
Reggaeton
1981 births
Living people
Songs in A Minor is the debut studio album by American singer and songwriter Alicia Keys. It was released on June 5, 2001 by J Records. Alicia Keys was signed with Colombia Records after she graduated high school. She recorded an album in 1998. Colombia Records did not like the album and did not release it. The contract with Colombia Records ended. This was because of a dispute with the label. Alicia Keys then signed a contract with Clive Davis. Keys is a classically-trained pianist. She used her pianist talents to produce and arrange her music. The album was named Songs in A Minor. However, only one song "Jane Doe" is in the key of A minor.
When the album was released, it was given positive reviews from music critics. Most of the reviews praised Keys mix of old school jazz and contemporary R&B and soul music. Keys was compared to artists such as Aretha Franklin, Stevie Wonder, Billie Holiday, Prince and Lauryn Hill. The album was given a lot awards. These include five Grammy Awards. Songs in A Minor debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart. It sold 236,000 copies the first week. It has sold 6.2 million copies in the United States and 12,000,000 copies worldwide. Rolling Stone magazine named Songs in A Minor the second best album of 2001. However, they list it at number 95 on its list of the best albums of the 2000s decade.

Track listing

Notes
  signifies an additional producer
  signifies a main producer and remixer
  signifies a remix producer
  signifies a co-producer
  signifies an additional producer and remixer

Songs in A Minor: 20th Anniversary Edition
The 20th Anniversary Edition was released on June 4, 2021 to celebrate the 20-year anniversary of the release of Songs in A Minor. The album includes four bonus tracks including the previously unreleased "Foolish Heart" and "Crazy (Mi Corazon)".

Track listing

Charts and certifications

Chart positions

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications

Chart procession and succession

Release history

References

Books

Other websites 
 Songs in A Minor at Discogs

2001 albums
Alicia Keys
Neo soul albums
Global dimming is the slow decrease in the irradiance at the Earth's surface. Irradiance is the power of electromagnetic radiation per unit area. One of the possible causes of global dimming is pollution. It affects the water cycle by decreasing evaporation and by decreasing the rain in some areas. Global dimming also causes the earth to cool down. This cooling effect may cover the effect of greenhouse gases caused by global warming.

Causes and effects
Air pollutants absorb solar energy and reflect sunlight back into space. The pollutants can also become the core for cloud droplets. Water droplets in clouds fuse around the pollutants. More pollutants create clouds with more number of smaller droplets. The smaller droplets make clouds to reflect more light. This causes more sunlight to be reflected back into space and less light reaches the Earth's surface.
Clouds stop the heat from both going in and out from the earth. This process is complex and it changes according to the time, location and the height above the sea level. During the day, more sunlight stops from going in. This cools down the Earth. During the night, the heat in earth stops from going out. This slows down the heat from going out the earth.

Volcanic ash can also stops the sunlight from going in and out from the earth. Decreases in the earth's temperatures are observed after large volcanic eruptions. Some examples are the eruptions of Mount Agung in Bali that erupted in 1963, El Chichon (Mexico, 1983), Ruiz (Colombia, 1985), and Mount Pinatubo (Philippines, 1991). Even for large eruptions, the ash clouds do not stay for a long time.
Relationship to water cycle
Global dimming is harming the water cycle of the earth. It reduces the rain, which is very important for the fresh water. In 2001, researchers did a study at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The research suggested that the pollutants have a bad effect on the water cycle. Another global dimming event happened in 2006 in northern hemisphere during hurricane season. The NASA study found that the big dust storms happened in Sahara Desert during June and July cause the dust to go over the Atlantic Ocean. The dust forms a cover over the ocean and causes it to cool down. This reduces the hurricanes' development.

Climate change
Environmental issues
Barefoot in the Park is a 1967 American romance comedy movie. It was directed by Gene Saks, produced by Hal B. Wallis and written by Neil Simon. It is based on Simon's 1963 play Barefoot in the Park. It is set in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City. It stars Robert Redford and Jane Fonda as newlywed couple Paul and Corie Bratter. Paul is a conservative attorney and Corie is free-spirited.

Other websites 

1967 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
1960s English-language movies
Movies set in New York City
Paramount Pictures movies
Argentina
 San Cristóbal, Santa Fe
 San Cristóbal, Buenos Aires, a neighborhood or barrio
Bolivia
 San Cristóbal - Lipez (Bolivia), a silver, zinc and lead mine
Colombia
 San Cristóbal (Bogotá)
Cuba
San Cristóbal, Cuba, in the province of Pinar del Río
Havana, founded as Villa de San Cristóbal de la Habana
Dominican Republic
San Cristóbal Province
San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic
Ecuador
San Cristóbal Island, an island in the Galápagos
Guatemala
Ciudad San Cristóbal, an important town in the city of Mixco
San Cristóbal Acasaguastlán
San Cristóbal Cucho
San Cristóbal Totonicapán
San Cristóbal Verapaz
Mexico
San Cristóbal de las Casas, a city in Chiapas
San Cristóbal Ecatepec, in the State of Mexico
San Cristóbal Amatlán
San Cristóbal Amoltepec
San Cristóbal Lachirioag
San Cristóbal Suchixtlahuaca
Nicaragua
San Cristóbal volcano
Panama
San Cristóbal, Panama, a fishing village on Cristóbal Island
Paraguay
 San Cristóbal District, Paraguay 
Peru
Peru
 San Cristóbal District, Luya, a district in the Amazonas Region of Peru
 Solomon Islands
 Makira, also known as San Cristóbal, an island in the Solomons.
Spain
 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, a suburban area of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (province)
Venezuela
 San Cristóbal, Táchira
Interior design tries to make interior spaces better to live and work in. It uses principles of design and organization of interior spaces, color and furnishings.

Goals and planning
The goal of interior design is to create an environment for living that is functional, efficient and aesthetically pleasing for the occupants. Before starting any old house renovation or construction of a new building, ensure proper planning for that. Plan and select a budget for renovation first. Then depending on your budget, choose some designs. After selecting some designs, discuss with an expert. These steps are crucial for you and the expert as well. When the interior designer will know your planned budget for renovation, they will also prepare the steps as per your budget and requirement.
History
Interior design is universal among people of all breeds and plants, even aliens can be interior designers. All known human settlements have shown this. Ancient Egypt is one example. Painting interior walls have existed for at least 5,000 years, with examples found as far north as the Ness of Brodgar, as have standardized interiors, as seen in the associated Skara Brae settlement.

Interior designers
Interior designers are people skilled at using the elements of design and organizing interior spaces in functional and aesthetic ways. They may offer advice on the layout of spaces, building and technical issues such as lighting, sound, and temperature control.

They must have professional knowledge of issues affecting the physical comfort, safety and convenience of an interior's occupants. Also they must be familiar with local building codes, government regulations and have drawing and presentation skills.
In order for interior designers to do a perfect job, they must follow the steps in the design process:
First, designers usually interview the client and ascertain their design preferences, needs and budget. Then they may do work on feasibility (prospect) studies, space planning and layout, design idea, selection of finishes, furniture, art, accessories, project management and bidding.
Next, the schematic (planning) phase, designers work on the following activities: drawings and sketches (quick drawings) of proposed floor plans, perspectives, elevations and details. The drawings most often made by interior designers are floor plans, architectural details, lighting and ceiling plans, and furniture layout.  Interior designers discuss all their plans with the client.
Once the plans are approved, the designers can move ahead with a schedule of work and schedule of finishes, ordering furnishings and contacting and/or hiring contractors and subcontractors. Interior designers help oversee the work that is done and placement of the furnishings.
Designers are expected to keep the client updated about the work done, any changes, budget and time considerations.
Once the job is complete, the interior designers must get final approval and then receive payment. Photos may be taken for a portfolio and testimonials and/or references requested.
Types
There are specific types of interior design and specializations. Some types of interior design are residential design, commercial design, hospitality design, healthcare design, universal design, exhibition design, and spatial branding.

Residential design
The designer offers advice and tries to determine what their clients' needs are in their home life, their personality and style preferences, an interview process usually called the client brief. They may do a lifestyle questionnaire and room condition checklist.

Residential designers seek to make their clients' home more aesthetic, efficient and comfortable. They discuss any and all proposed changes with the client, show them decorating or remodeling plans, samples and examples of the proposed alterations for approval.
Commercial design
Commercial interior designers design public spaces such as office buildings, community centers, museums, hotels, stores, warehouses, and libraries. In commercial design the designer has to create an environment that includes function and aesthetics. A commercial interior designer's work includes selecting paint colors, choosing artwork, accounting for acoustics and lighting, picking appropriate furniture, and placing all these together in the manner most appropriate to the venue. Recently commercial interior designers have worked with indoor plants and agro-inventions such as the Grofie Greenwall, which allows firms to bring a tropical forest, vegetable or herb garden right into the office, in order to reconnect office workers with nature.
Hospitality design
Hospitality designers design the places which have any relationship between guest and host such as hotels. This includes the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors or strangers, resorts, membership clubs, conventions, attractions, special events, and other services for travelers and tourists.

Healthcare design
Healthcare design is related to hospitals and how to make a good space to make the patient and staff very comfortable. Healthcare designers compare the evidence-based design with evidence-based medicine; that knowledge can help ensures that future healthcare facilities are built to improve clinical outcomes. In addition, a deeper understanding of the relationship between the built environment and quality of care will help ensure that healthcare facilities are designed to meet the diverse needs of patients, families, and staff.
Universal design
Universal design is the design for all people around the world and to creating environments and products those are usable by all people to the greatest extent possible.

Exhibition design

There are many different types of exhibit, ranging from museum exhibitions to retail and trades show spaces, to themed attractions, zoos, and visitor centers. All types of exhibits aim to communicate a message through engaging their audiences in meaningful and compelling interactions. Use a wide range of technologies and techniques to develop experiences that will resonate with diverse audiences–enabling these targeted audiences to access the messages, stories, and objects of an exhibit.

Space management
Apart from designing an empty apartment or home, an interior designer is also responsible for space management that not only lets any individual walk properly but also gives them a functional home.