Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In times of war, the Coast Guard or individual components of it can operate as a service of the Department of the Navy. This arrangement has a broad historical basis, as the Coast Guard has been involved in wars as diverse as the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, and the American Civil War, in which the cutter Harriet Lane fired the first naval shots attempting to relieve besieged Fort Sumter. The last time the Coast Guard operated as a whole within the Navy was in World War II. More often, military and combat units within the Coast Guard will operate under Navy or joint operational control while other Coast Guard units will remain under the Department of Homeland Security.

Notes

References 

 
1790 establishments in the United States
Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques (born 9 January 1973) is a Jamaican rapper, singer, songwriter and actor. Sean Paul appeared as himself in the 1998 movie Belly. In 2000 he released his first album, Stage One. In 2003 Sean Paul had his first number one single. He was featured on Beyoncé Knowles' 2003 number one single "Baby Boy". In 2003 he also rapped on Blue Cantrell's UK number one single "Breathe". In 2006 Sean Paul rapped in Rihanna's single "Break It Off". He rapped on Pitbull's 2011 single "Shake Señora" with T-Pain. Sean Paul's sixth album Full Frequency will be released on February 18, 2014. The first single off the album, "Other Side of Love", was released to iTunes on September 10, 2013. It reached number one in the UK R&B Chart. Full Frequency includes songs with Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, Juicy J, and Iggy Azalea.

Filmography

Discography 
 Stage One (2000)
 Dutty Rock (2002)
 The Trinity (2005)
 Imperial Blaze (2009)
 Tomahawk Technique (2012)
 Other Side of Love (2014)

Filmography
Filmography

Awards 
 2004: Grammy Award - Best Reggae Album (Dutty Rock)
 2005: Billboard Music Award - Best selling Reggae Artist of the Year
 2005: Billboard Music Award - Top Selling Reggae Album of the Year (The Trinity)
 2006: Priya Awards - Best Hardman
 2006: American Music Awards- Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist
 2006: Billboard Music Awards - Hot 100 single of the year "Temperature"
 2007: Jamaican Awards - Best male reggae singer
 2012: MTV Video Music Awards Japan - Best Reggae Video
 2012: MOBO Awards - Best Reggae Act
 2013: MOBO Awards - Best reggae act

References

Other websites 
 Official site
 

Grammy Award winners
Jamaican singers
Jamaican reggae musicians
R&B singers
Rappers
Hip hop musicians
1973 births
Living people
Bamberg (; Main-Franconian: ) is a district in Bavaria, Germany. About 145,000 people live there.

Coat of arms

Towns and municipalities 
(in 2007)

Towns

Market Towns

Municipalities

Verwaltungsgemeinschaften (Collective Municipalities)

References

Other websites 

Official website (German)
Links to municipalities

 
Districts of Bavaria
Theo Jörgensmann (born Bottrop, 29 September 1948) is a German jazz clarinet player and composer.

Discography
 Contact 4tett Loud Enough To Rock The Kraut (2015)
 Cinemascope  Oriental Traces  (2010)
 Trio Hot Jink (2009)
 Oles Jörgensmann Oles Live in Poznan 2006 (2007)
 Theo Jörgensmann Fellowship (2005)
 Theo Jörgensmann Quartet Hybrid Identity (2002)

Other websites 
  Theo Jörgensmann Quartet 
Allmusic Guide

1948 births
Living people
Clarinetists
Jazz composers
Musicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
20th-century German composers
21st-century German composers
The Italian Plague of 1629-1631 was a group times when many people in northern Italy caught bubonic plague from 1629 to 1631. This epidemic, often called the Great Plague of Milan, killed about 280,000 people. Very many people died in the cities in Lombardy. This was one of the last outbreaks of the pandemic of bubonic plague that began with the Black Death.

German and French soldiers carried the plague to the city of Mantua in 1629 because of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Venetian troops, infected with the disease, retreated into northern and central Italy, spreading the disease to more people.
In October 1629, the plague reached Milan, Lombardy's commercial center. In the city Milan, it killed about 64,000 people, which was 25% of Milan's people.  It killed between 12% and 60% of all the people in Italy. The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy. 

Later outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy include the city of Florence in 1630-1633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656-1657.

References
 Cipolla, Carlo M. Fighting the Plague in Seventeenth Century Italy.  Madison:  University of Wisconsin Press, 1981.
 Prinzing, Freidrich. Epidemics Resulting from Wars.  Oxford:  Clarendon Press, 1916.

1620s in Europe
17th century in Italy
Plague pandemics
1630s in Europe
1629
1630
1631
Zama can be:

Places
Zama, Kanagawa, a city of Kanagawa prefecture, Japan
Zama City is a hamlet in Alberta, Canada

Other places
Camp Zama, a United States Army base in Kanagawa prefecture, Japan
Other name of Tulum, a Maya site in Mexico
Zama Lake is a large lake in northern Alberta, Canada

Other meanings
Battle of Zama fought in Zama Minor
Zama alloy is a name for an alloy made of zinc, aluminium, copper and magnesium
Zama, a Spanish/Argentinean film
Norwich is the county city of Norfolk, a county in the East of England. In 2005, 127,600 people lived in Norwich. It is one of the oldest cities in England.

Norwich International Airport provides many flights out of the city, internationally to places such as Amsterdam, Spain and also other locations within the United Kingdom.

Norwich is the biggest settlement in East Anglia, after Ipswich, located in Suffolk.

 
County towns in England
Pir Sultan Abdal (ca. 1480 - 1550) was an Alevit poet. Alevits are the members of the Alevitism, a faith community in Islam. He lived in Turkey and wrote his poems in Turkish. In his poems, he used a direct and clear language. The richness of his thoughts and the beauty of his writing made him very popular to the Turks and Kurds and also the members of the Suni sect of Islam. Pir Sultan Abdal wrote about the social, cultural and religious life of the people. He was a humanist, and wrote about love, peace, death and God. He was also rebellious against Ottoman Empire.

Poetry

References 

1480 births
1550 deaths
Turkish poets
Ottoman writers
William Byrd (born probably 1539 or 1540; died Stondon Massey, 4 July 1623) was an English composer.  He wrote music of all types that were popular then: keyboard music for virginals and for the organ, vocal music, especially choral music, both for the church (“sacred”) as well as non-sacred (“secular”).

Byrd lived in a time of great changes.  Henry VIII had broken away from the Roman Catholic church and had founded the Anglican Church.  The monarch (king or queen) was the Head of the Church of England.  During Byrd’s lifetime the monarchs who reigned had different ideas about what church music should be like.  Byrd was always a Catholic.  This sometimes made life difficult for him, but he was always faithful to the monarchy, and he had a lot of tact in dealing with people.

Byrd grew up in the Renaissance period.  He lived into the 17th century which is the period known in music as the Baroque period.

His Story
His Story

Youth
We know very little about Byrd’s early life.  Most books say that he was born in 1543, but a document that was found recently makes us think he was probably born late in 1539 or in 1540.  He may have come from Lincoln which is where his first job was, but he probably had some of his education in London. This is likely because we know he was a pupil of Thomas Tallis who worked in London.  Tallis was in charge of the music of the Chapel Royal which was the best choir in England, and it is likely that Byrd sang in the choir when he was a boy.  Queen Mary was on the throne at the time.  She was Catholic and she liked church music to be quite long and complicated, with Latin words.  This gave composers lots to do, and the young Byrd started composing church music at this time.
Lincoln period
Around 1563 Byrd got the job of Organist and Choir Master of Lincoln Cathedral.  This was an important job for such a young man, and he had an extra-large salary, so people must have thought he was a very good musician.  By this time Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne.  She had different ideas from Mary.  She was Protestant, and liked church music to be simpler, although she still liked the Latin service. In Lincoln Byrd was sometimes told off for playing organ music that was too long and complicated.  Byrd composed a lot of music for the cathedral.  He also married in 1568 and they had at least seven children.

Chapel Royal

In 1570 he got a job as Gentleman of the Chapel Royal in London.  He may have done both jobs for a year or two, and he certainly continued to write music for Lincoln for some years after that.  He settled in London and started to make many friends.  He was very careful to get to know lots of important people who would be able to help him in his career.
In 1575 Queen Elizabeth gave William Byrd and Thomas Tallis together a patent for music publishing.  This meant that they earned some money for every bit of music that was published, printed or sold in England.  Music publishing had only just started in England.  It was still very expensive to have music printed.  Byrd thanked the Queen by publishing some of his Latin motets and dedicating them to her.  They were called Cantiones Sacrae (Sacred Songs).  He also wrote a collection of Psalmes, Sonets and Songs (1588) and Songs of Sundrie Natures (1589).  His church music includes settings of the Service and many anthems such as the popular  Sing joyfully.

Later years

In 1593 he moved with his family to Stondon Massey in Essex.  He spent the rest of his life there.  Most of his church music from that time on was in Latin.  He wrote three settings of the Mass and two books of Gradualia which were large collections of music for the whole year.
Byrd also wrote a lot of keyboard music.  Some of it was for a collection called My Ladye Nevells Booke, some of it was for the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book.

He died on July 4, 1623, and is buried in an unmarked grave in the Stondon churchyard.

His music

Byrd’s music has a lot of variety, largely because of the different ideas people had various times during the period.  There were lots of political and religious arguments between groups of people.  In the early 17th century people were often sent to prison for writing Catholic music.  Byrd seems to have escaped such punishment, although he was involved in several lawsuits.  He was lucky that he was able to continue to live as a free man and compose.  Being on good terms with the Queen must have helped him.
Byrd wrote music for the Anglican church and for the Roman Catholic Church.  His  Cantiones Sacrae published in 1589 and 1591 are collections of Latin motets.  These are the very best of Byrd’s works, and better than anything that was being written in Europe at that time.  He probably wrote them for private (illegal) gatherings of Catholics, so this meant that he could write in whatever style he wanted.  His music is very contrapuntal, representing the best of the English Renaissance style.

His Latin church music was forgotten after his death.  It only became popular in the early 20th century when it was rediscovered.

Byrd also wrote very beautiful music for viols as well as a lot of keyboard music.

Recordings 
Byrd Cradle Song

Other websites 
 Complete list of Byrd's works from stainer.co.uk (PDF)

1540 births
1623 deaths
Renaissance composers
English composers
English Roman Catholics
Cuneiform script is one of the earliest known systems of writing. It used wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by a reed stylus. The name cuneiform itself means "wedge shaped", from the Latin cuneus "wedge" and forma "shape". It came into English usage probably from the Old French cunéiforme.

It was first used in Sumer in the late 4th millennium BC (the 'Uruk IV' period). Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. In the third millennium, the signs became simplified and more abstract. Fewer characters were used, from about 1,000 in the early Bronze Age to about 400 in late Bronze Age (Hittite cuneiform). The system  used a combination of phonetic, consonantal alphabetic (no vowels) and syllabic signs.
The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hattic, Hurrian, and Urartian languages, and it inspired the Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets. Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. By the 2nd century BC, the script was extinct. All knowledge of how to read it was lost until it began to be deciphered in the 19th century.

References 

Writing systems
Mesopotamia
4th millennium BC
Menes was a pharaoh of the first dynasty of ancient Egypt. He lived ca. 3100-3000 BC. He brought together Upper and Lower Egypt to make an empire. He wore the Pschent or double crown: the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red crown of Lower Egypt. He built the city of Memphis and made it the capital.

There is a lot of archeological evidence that there was a pharaoh named Narmer, but little evidence for a pharaoh named Menes.  It is now believed that Menes was either Narmer, the pharaoh before Narmer, or Hor-Aha, who ruled after him.

More than 2000 years later Manetho, an Egyptian historian, wrote that Menes ruled for 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus.

An image of Menes holding an ankh is on the frieze on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building.

References 
 Kinnaer, Jacques. What is Really Known About the Narmer Palette?, KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt, Spring 2004.
Toby A. H. Wilkinson, Early Dynastic Egypt, Routledge, London/New York 1999, , 70-71

Notes
Notes

Other websites 
Narmer: Titulary

4th-millennium BC pharaohs
Bastet was the ancient Egyptian goddess of protection and cats. She was the warrior daughter and defender of Ra, who sent her to fight his archenemy Apep. As protectress, she was seen as defender of the pharaoh, after Sekhet, the lioness, and consequently of the chief god Ra.

Bast is also known as Bastet, Ubasti, and Pasch. She was worshiped at least since the Second Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. The centre of her cult was in Per-Bast (Bubastis in Greek), which was named after her. Originally she was seen as the protector goddess of Lower Egypt and her image was that of a fierce lion. The name Bast means '(female) devourer'.
In later times Bast became the goddess of protection and blessing and was the protectress of women, children and domestic cats. She was the goddess of sunrise, music, dance and pleasure as well as family, fertility and birth.  When Anubis became the god of embalming, Bast, as goddess of ointment, was connected to him (sometimes viewed as his wife and sometimes as his mother) until Anubis became Nephthys' son. 

This gentler characteristic, of Bast as goddess of perfumes, following Lower Egypt's loss in the wars between Upper and Lower Egypt, meant that in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt she became seen as a domestic cat and not as a lioness.  Owing to associations with the maternal nature of cats, Bast was also regarded as a good mother and she was commonly depicted with kittens. Sometimes Egyptian women who wanted children wore an amulet showing the goddess with kittens; the number of kittens on the amulet would correspond to how many children the woman wanted to have.
Worship  
Bastet (Bast) was the most honored feline deity in Ancient Egypt. The cult of Bastet started around the town of Bubastis, located in the Eastern Delta in Lower Egypt (around 3,200 B.C.), and was an important town from the Old Kingdom through the Late Period. During early Egyptian times the city was called Per-Bast which translates into “the domain of Bast”. Later the city was called Bubastis and is today known as Tell Basta.  Bastet was worshipped throughout other regions of the Egyptian region as well. Bast was worshipped in Memphis (during the Old Kingdom), where she was associated with Sekhmet; in Heliopolis (during the Old Kingdom) where she was called the “Daughter of Tem” (connected to Tefnut); in a city called “Hill of Bast” in the precinct of Mut in Thebes (during the New Kingdom) and in the city of Nit during the Late Period. Festivals celebrating Bastet were held in the cities of Bubastis, Memphis, Thebes (Luxor) and Esna.
Relatives 
Bastet’s father was Ra, the God of the Sun and All Creation. Hathor (Sekment), the cow-headed god of the sky and women, was also a daughter of Ra. Hathor had two sons named Nefertem (meaning 'water lily' or 'the sun' or 'he who is beautiful'), the God of Healing, and Maahes, a solar lion-headed God of War. Bastet did not have a mother because Ra, as the Creator deity, was called “The Great He-She” and was considered to be able to be both male and female. Bastet's husband was Ptah, the god of Craftsmen, Rebirth and Creation. When associated with Isis, Bastet was sometimes called the “Soul of Isis”.
References 
Remler, Pat Egyptian Mythology A to Z, pages 23 – 24
Adil, Janeen Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, page 18
Millmore, Mark Imagining Egypt, page 21
Wilkinson, Richard H. The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, pages 177 – 178
Redford, Donald B. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Vol. 1, pages 512 – 516
The World Book Encyclopedia 2010, Vol. 3 C-Ch, pages 284 – 297
Ars Mundi Magazine, Germany, Christmas 2009, page 94

Other websites 
 Moggies website: in honour of Bast, ancient Egyptian goddess 

Cats
Egyptian gods and goddesses
This article is about the Egyptian Sun god Ra or Re. For the chemical element, see Radium

In Egyptian mythology, Ra was the god of the sun. He was the most important god in Ancient Egypt. He had many names, such as Amun-Ra, and Ra-Horakhty. It was said he was born each morning in the East, and died each night in the West. In the night he travelled through the underworld. This is why the west side of the Nile was known as the land of the dead. He had the head of a Falcon, the body of a man, and was the king of the Egyptian gods.

Name 
Ra was thought to be the god of the sun and creation. Ra’s name came from Re and Amun. The name Re was from Upper Egypt and the name Amun came from Lower Egypt. When Upper and Lower Egypt came together they changed the name to Amun-Re. Over thousands of years the name Amun-Re evolved into Amun-Ra and then just to Ra. From then on people called him Re or Ra. Ra used to mean “mouth” in the Egyptian language. Some names are: Re, the Creator, Khepry, etc.

Looks
Looks 

Ra has many forms. His best-known form is the man with the head of a falcon and the sun disk above him. He may also be depicted as a scarab beetle or a man. One is Amun-Ra, which is a ram and the other, Ra-Hakorthaty which is a sky sun god.

Friends and enemies 
Some time around the Middle Kingdom, Ra and Osiris became friends. This was unusual because Osiris lived in the Underworld and Ra lived in the Heavens. All the other gods wanted to be friends with Ra. They hoped that if they were friends with Ra, Ra would tell them his hidden name. But Ra did have some enemies. Seth was sometimes Ra’s enemy, but Seth did help Ra fight Apep, a snake god. The fact that Seth helped Ra reminded all of the gods that Seth was not all bad. Isis was another enemy of Ra, she had tricked him into giving her his hidden name so her husband Osiris could be king of the gods.
Worship 
The cult of Ra began to grow from around the time of the II Dynasty, establishing Ra as the sun god. By the IV Dynasty, the Pharaohs were seen as "Sons of Ra". His worship increased much in the V Dynasty, when he became a state deity. Pharaohs had pyramids, obelisks, and solar temples built in his honor.

Powers 
Ra was believed to be the greatest Egyptian god when it came to powers. His powers live in his hidden name. Only he knew his hidden name so only he could use the powers. It was said that he had the best powers throughout the land. He could make anything, he made people, he made the world, and he made the heavens. That is how great his powers were. One day Isis wanted to have his powers so she sent a serpent to poison him on his daily walk. The serpents venomous bite was so painful that Ra gave in and told her his secret name of creation.Then Isis banished Ra to the Duat, (Spirit World), so Osiris her husband could be king.
Family 
Ra's daughter with Nut (his granddaughter) was named Hathor, the goddess of love. Ra had two children Shu, the god of air and Tefnut, the goddess of morning dew. They had two children named Nut, the goddess of the sky and Geb, the god of earth. They had four children named Isis, the goddess of home, Nephthys, the goddess of mourning, Set, the god of the desert, and Osiris, god of the afterlife. They paired up and had two more children, Anubis, god of embalming, and Horus, god of the sky.

References 
 Remler, Pat, Egyptian Mythology from A-Z 180-181
 Watterson, Barbara, Gods of ancient Egypt
 Wilkinson, Richard, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt
 John, Banes and Jaromir, Malek, The Cultural Atlas of the World: Ancient Egypt 173

Other websites 

 http://www.fruitofthenile.com/Ra.htm
 http://www.egyptartsite.com/Ra.html
 http://ancient-egypt-online.com/egypt-god-amon-re.html 
 http://www.ancient-mythology.com./egyptian/ra.php

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Gods and goddesses of the sky
James Douglas (Jim) Morrison (December 8, 1943 – July 3, 1971) was an American musician. He was the lead singer of rock band The Doors.

Early years 
Morrison was of English, Scottish and Irish descent. His father was an officer for the United States Navy. This meant that he moved around very often. Morrison did not have many friends and read many books. When he went to high school in 1962, his teacher was amazed by his culture. In 1964 he went to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
The Doors 
One day in Venice Beach, Morrison saw Ray Manzarek. Manzarek had also gone to UCLA. Morrison sang some verses of Moonlight Drive. Manzarek liked the intensity of the words to the song and asked Morrison to form a rock band with him. Morrison agreed and came up with the name "The Doors". The name was a reference of the Aldous Huxley book The Doors of Perception whose name came from a verse of the famous poet William Blake; "If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite."). The Doors was formed by Jim Morrison, Ray Manzarek, John Densmore and Robby Krieger. In the beginning, Morrison would sing without looking the audience. After a while, he learned the play with them instead. He would jump and fall at stage with screams and jokes, inspired by rock idol Nick Serven.
Morrison became very famous all over the world as a poet, singer and sex symbol. Morrison had a problem with alcohol. He drank a lot and later albums were not as good as the first one. He wrote more poems and thought about stopping his career with The Doors. He took some drugs (mainly LSD) and become an addict. In 1969, in Miami, it was said that he was drunk and "exposed" himself.

Morrison was inducted, as a member of The Doors, into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993.

Death 
The last album, L.A. Woman was released in 1971. It is thought to be one of the band's best albums. That year Morrison decided to take a break and go to Paris. On July 3, he was found dead in his bathroom. The cause of his death is still not clear. Some believe that his heart failed or it was an overdose. Other people think it could have been a murder. His grave is at the Père-Lachaise, at the same place as Oscar Wilde, Molière and many other great poets and authors.

Other websites
Other websites 

 The Doors Official Webpage
 MusicChain - Jim Morrison 
 Earliest film of Jim Morrison
 Morrison interviewed at the Miami trial (video) 

American rock singers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
American musicians
Singers from Florida
The Doors members
1943 births
1971 deaths
Anchovies are a family (Engraulidae) of small but common schooling saltwater plankton-feeding fish.  They are found in scattered areas throughout the world's oceans. Anchovies are concentrated in temperate waters, and are rare or absent in very cold or very warm seas.

Biology 

The anchovy is a small green fish with blue reflections. These reflections are due to a silver stripe that runs  along the length of the fish from the base of the caudal fin.  It is maximum  in length. The body shape is variable with more slender fish in northern populations.  The snout is blunt with small, sharp teeth in both jaws.  The mouth is larger than those of herrings and silversides, two fish which they closely resemble.  It eats plankton and fish larvae.

The Anchovy can tolerate  a wide range of temperatures and salinity. Large schools can be found in shallow, brackish areas with muddy bottoms, as in estuaries and bays.
Spawning occurs between October and March, but not in water colder than 12 °C.  The anchovy appears to spawn 100 kilometers from the shore, near the surface of the water.

Habitat 
There are many Anchovies in the Mediterranean. They are regularly caught on the coasts of Sicily, Italy, France and Spain. The range of the species also extends along the Atlantic coast of Europe to the south of Norway.

As a food source 

The anchovy is a good food source for almost every predatory fish in its environment, including the California halibut, rock fish, yellowtail, sharks, chinook, and coho salmon.  It is also extremely important to marine mammals and birds; for example, California brown pelicans and elegant terns. The breeding success of these birds is strongly connected to anchovy abundance. As time progresses and the anchovy population drops, the population of the predatory species are also expected to decline.
They are also eaten by humans.  Anchovies preserved by being gutted and salted in brine, matured, then packed in oil, are an important food fish, both popular and infamous for their strong flavor. In Roman times, they were the base for the fermented fish sauce called garum that was a staple of cuisine and an item of long-distance commerce produced in industrial quantities. Today they are a key ingredient in Caesar salad and Spaghetti alla Puttanesca, and are often used as a pizza topping. Because of the strong flavour they are also an ingredient in several sauces, including Worcestershire sauce and many fish sauces, and in some versions of Café de Paris butter.  They are most commonly marketed in small tins, either as "flat" filets, or as "rolled anchovies" where each fillet is rolled around a caper.  Both are quite salty. The flat fillets are usually more salty than the rolled anchovies.  They are also marketed in jars and tubes as a paste, mostly for use in making sauces, such as anchovy essence
. Fishermen also use anchovies as bait for larger fish such as tuna and sea bass.
The strong taste that people associate with anchovies is due to the curing process.  Fresh anchovies, known in Italy as alici, have a much softer and gentler flavor.  In English-speaking countries, alici are sometimes called "white anchovies", and are often served in a weak vinegar marinade.
This particular preservation method is associated with the coastal town of  Collioure in south east France. The white fillets (a little like marinated herrings) are sold in heavy salt, or the more popular garlic or tomato oil and vinegar marinade packs.

The European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, is the anchovy of commerce. Morocco now leads the world in canned anchovies. The anchovy industry along the coast of Cantabria now dwarfs the traditional Catalan salters, though the industry was only started in Cantabria by Sicilian salters in the mid 19th century.
Setipinna taty or ikan bilis is the anchovy commonly used in South-East Asian cooking to make fish stock or sambals. Anchovy is also used to produce budu, by fermentation process.

Anchovies can concentrate domoic acid which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning.

Fishing 
Overfishing of anchovies has been a problem. Since the 1980s, large mechanized anchovy fishing vessels based in France have caught the fish in fine-mesh dragnets.

Spain beaching incident 
On September 29th, 2006, it was reported in the Associated Press that millions of anchovies with a weight of over three tons, had beached themselves in northern Spain, near Colunga, Asturias.  Tests on the dead fish did not detect any toxic chemical that could have caused the beaching, and the current working theory is that the school beached itself trying to escape from "hungry dolphins or tuna."  If the beached specimens had grown to maturity, it would have been more than "100 tons of potential breeders."

References 

Fisheries.vims.edu 
PSMFC.org
Clupeiformes
Edible fish
Indigenous Australians are the native people of Australia. They include the Aboriginal Australians as well as Torres Strait Islanders, and are often known together as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

In the past, Indigenous Australians used weapons like boomerangs sticks and spears to kill animals for food. It is unknown where they came from and how they appeared in Australia. It is estimated they first arrived in their homeland between 50,000 and 65,000 years BP. Aboriginal people have their own type of art.

Many indigenous Australians suffered when Europeans from Britain and Ireland arrived in Australia. Disease and the loss of their hunting lands are two of the reasons.

History of Aboriginal Australia 

The first people of Australia were nomadic people who came to Australia from southeast Asia. Scientists do not know exactly when they arrived but it is at least 60,000 years ago. They were hunter-gatherers.
When the British came to Australia in 1788, they called these native people "aboriginals", meaning people who had lived there since the earliest times.

There are now about 650,000 Aboriginal people living in Australia.

Dreamtime 

Aboriginal Australians believe that they have  animal, plant, and human ancestors who created the world and everything in it. This process of creation is called Dreamtime.  There are many songs and stories about Dreamtime, which generations of Aboriginal people have passed down to their children.

Art  

The modern-day art of the Aboriginal Australians is mostly based on old stories about Dreamtime. Paintings of the people, spirits, and animals of Dreamtime cover sacred cliffs and rocks in tribal territories. Some of the pictures are made in red and yellow ochre and white clay, others have been carved into the rocks. Many are thousands of years old.

Boomerangs
Boomerangs 

The typical boomerang is designed to be self-returning, but it has to be properly thrown. Modern computer-designed boomerangs may have three or four wings instead of the traditional two. 

Boomerangs have been discovered in cultures with no connection with Australia (such as ancient Egypt), so their design was presumably mutually independent. Boomerangs are one of a group of weapons known as "throwsticks".

Land claims 
When British people came to live in Australia, they decided that the land was empty: that nobody "owned" the land, in the way Europeans used that word. This was called "terra nullius", Latin words for "empty land".
In 1976, the Australian government agreed that Aboriginal people have rights to the land where their tribes were originally located and gained the right to use the land. On 3 June, 1992, the High Court of Australia said that the idea of terra nullius was wrong, and the government brought in new laws, to set up Native Title. If Aboriginal people can prove they have always used particular land, it has not been sold, or changed by government acts, then the land could be claimed as Aboriginal land.

Population by region
Other websites 
Ceremony The Djungguwan of Northeast Arnhem Land
Aborigines win 'native title' over Perth
Australia's largest circulating Indigenous Affairs Newspaper 
Latest Indigenous news from ABC News Online
Indigenous Australians - State Library of NSW 
Aboriginal Studies Virtual Library
Department of Indigenous Affairs (Australian Government) 
European Network for Indigenous Australian Rights
Indigenous Australia - Australian Museum educational site 
KooriWeb
Norman B. Tindale's Catalogue of Aboriginal Tribes 
Reconciliation Australia
Australian, Bosnian and Norwagian Cross-Bred Children

References
Ian Thorpe (born 13 October 1982 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian swimmer. He won five gold medals at Olympic Games. He was the only swimmer who has won six gold medals in one World Championships (which he did in 2001) until Michael Phelps won seven in 2007.  He is known for having large feet. At the age of 14, he became the youngest male ever to represent Australia,

A large baby, Thorpe weighed 4.1 kg (9.02 lb) and measured 0.59 m (1 ft 11 in) in length at birth.

On 12 July 2014, Thorpe revealed he is gay.

References

Other websites

1982 births
Living people
Australian LGBT people
Australian Olympic bronze medalists
Australian Olympic gold medalists
Australian Olympic silver medalists
Australian swimmers
Gay men
LGBT Olympians
Sportspeople from Sydney
Cathy Freeman, OAM (born 16 February 1973) is a retired Australian sprinter. She ran mostly in the 400 metres event. She became the Olympic champion for the women's 400 metres at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She lit the Olympic Flame at the beginning of the 2000 games. She has won several medals at the Commonwealth Games, the Olympics, and the IAAF World Championships. She retired from athletics in 2003.

Freeman was born in Slade Point, Mackay, Queensland. She is Aboriginal. Her mother was born in the Manbarra community on Palm Island. Freeman was raised as a Bahá'í.

In 1998, she was awarded Australian of the Year. In 2001, she was given both the World Sportswoman of the Year and the Medal of the Order of Australia.

References

Other websites

1973 births
Living people
Australian Olympic gold medalists
Australian Olympic silver medalists
Bahá'ís
Commonwealth Games medallists
Indigenous Australian sportspeople
Order of Australia
Sportspeople from Queensland
World champions
Australian athletes
Paris Whitney Hilton (born February 17, 1981) is an American socialite, media personality, model, singer, author, fashion designer, actress, businesswoman and DJ. Her great-grandfather founded the Hilton Hotels. She is an heiress (meaning she will receive part of the Hilton Hotel fortune which her family runs). Right now she lives in the city of Los Angeles, which is in the state of California. She used to have a little dog named Tinkerbell, who was a small type of Chihuahuha.

Hilton has been in the media for various reasons. She has become well known for the bad behaviour she sometimes shows in public. Another reason for her fame is that a home-made sex video (with her former boyfriend, Rick Salomon) leaked onto the Internet in 2003. Hilton and her friend Nicole Richie were the stars of the reality show The Simple Life for five seasons.
Early life and background 
Paris Hilton was born in New York City. Paris is the oldest of four children. Her father is Richard and her mother is Kathy. She has a sister named Nicky who is three years younger than she is, and younger brothers, Conrad and Barron. Her grandfather is Barron Hilton and her great-grandfather was Conrad Hilton. Her step-great-grandmother was actress and socialite Zsa Zsa Gabor.
Paris Hilton lived in the Waldorf-Astoria area of Manhattan, which is part of New York City. She also lived in Beverly Hills, which is part of Los Angeles, and the Hamptons, which is on Long Island in New York. As a child she was good friends with Nicole Richie and Kim Kardashian. Her other childhood best friend is Nicky Hilton, her sister, who she spent a lot of time with and she still does. She went to her first year of high school at the Marywood-Palm Valley School in Rancho Mirage, California. Then she went to the Dwight School in New York for her second and third years of high school. She then had to move to the Canterbury Boarding School, in New Milford, Connecticut. Hilton played ice hockey there. She was forced to stop going to the school in the year 1999 because she did not follow the school rules.

Hilton has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Career
Career

As a model 
When Paris Hilton was a child she began modeling, most often at charity events. When she was 19, she joined with Donald Trump's modeling agency, T Management. Hilton has also worked with Ford Models in New York, Models 1 Agency in London, Nous Model Management in Los Angeles, and Premier Model Management in London. Her picture is in many advertisements, and some of them are Iceberg Vodka, GUESS, Tommy Hilfiger, Christian Dior, and Marciano. In 2001, people started looking at her as a socialite, and everyone called her "New York's leading 'It Girl'" (a girl who is good at knowing what clothes are stylish to wear and knows the latest gossip).
Actress film roles 
Paris Hilton has appeared in a few movies. Her biggest role was in a scary movie called The House of Wax.  She also played small roles, called cameo roles, in the movies Zoolander, Wonderland, and The Cat In The Hat. She played supporting roles in Nine Lives, Raising Helen, and The Hillzu. She was the hottie in the 2008 movie The Hottie and the Naughty. More recently, Hilton plays Amber Sweet, the surgery- and painkiller-addicted daughter of a biotech magnate in the goth/rock musical Repo! The Genetic Opera. Hilton is most famous in her movie career for a sex tape she filmed with then-boyfriend Rick Salomon. The tape was soon leaked onto the internet and became very famous. It features Hilton performing oral sex on Solomon and copulating with him and features some night-vision camera.
Reality television 
Paris Hilton is known for television shows the Simple Life and The Simple Life 2. She did the show with her friend Nicole Richie. It was broadcasted on FOX TV until 2004 and was then picked up by E! Network for two more seasons before cancellation in 2006. Hilton mclaren p1 has also played guest roles, in episodes of The O.C., The George Lopez Show, Las Vegas, American Dreams, Dogg After Dark, and Veronica Mars. Also, she was in a few music videos, for example "It Girl" by John Oates and "Just Lose It" by clawfinger zeroes and heroes . In April 2008, she guest starred on the My Name is Earl episode "I Won't Die with a Little Help from My Friends". Another famous show she is on right now is Paris Hilton's My New BFF. On this show girls try to become Paris's new best friend.

Singer 
Paris released her debut studio album which is called Paris. They include the songs Screwed, and Stars are Blind, which was a hit in 17 different countries.
Author 
In early 2004, Paris Hilton began selling a book about herself, Confessions of an Heiress: A Tongue-in-Chic Peek Behind the Pose, which was mostly written by Merle Ginsberg. The book has hundreds of photographs of her and contains her advice on life as an heiress. Hilton reportedly received a $100,000 advance payment for this book.  The book was made fun of by Robert Mundell on The Late Show with David Letterman. The book became a New York Times bestseller. Hilton then made a designer diary, also mostly made by Merle Ginsberg, called Your Heiress Diary: Confess It All to Me.

References

1981 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American socialites
American television actors
American television producers
American R&B singers 
American pop singers
American dance musicians
American hip hop singers
American reggae musicians
American blue-eyed soul singers
American DJs
American fashion designers
Participants in American reality television series
Singers from New York City
Amun was one of the eight ancient Egyptian gods who formed the Ogdoad of Hermopolis. He was the god of the air and his consort was Ament (Amaunet).

In Egyptian mythology, Amun was a very powerful god. He was often combined with Ra to form the god Amun-Ra. At one point in Egyptian history, he was called the "King of the Gods".

Amun (also spelled Amon, Amoun, Amen, and sometimes Imen, Egyptian Yamanu) was the name of a deity, in Egyptian mythology, who became one of the most important deities in Ancient Egypt. In later years, bined with Horus into one god.

He began as a Theban wind and fertility god and ended up the supreme deity, with most of Egypt's vast wealth dedicated to his temple. Around the second millennium B.C.E., Thebes and its cult of Amun grew so powerful that it threatened worship of the sun god, Ra. The two deities merged. Amun-Ra was hailed as a national god, the creator of the universe, the pharaoh's personal protector, and the god of war.
Origin of name
Amun's name is first recorded as imn. That means "The hidden (one)". Vowels were not written in Egyptian hieroglyphics, but Egyptologists think the name survives into the Coptic language as Amoun.

Creator

It was thought that he had created himself and then created everything else while remaining distant from the rest of the world. In that sense, he was the original inscrutable and indivisible creator.  

Amun was shown in human form, seated on a throne, wearing on his head a plain deep circlet from which rise two straight parallel plumes, maybe meant as had no father  

 the tail feathers of a bird. That would remind of his earlier status as a wind god. 

When Amun had become more important than Menthu, the local war god of Thebes, Menthu was called the son of Amun. However, as Mut was infertile, it was believed that she, and thus Amun, had adopted Menthu instead.
The worship of Ammon as creator was introduced into Greece at an early period, probably through the medium of the Greek colony in Cyrene, which must have formed a connection with the great oracle of Ammon in the Oasis soon after its establishment. When Alexander the Great invaded Egypt in 332 BC, he was pronounced the metaphorical son of Amun at this oracle, thus conquering Egypt without a fight. Henceforth, currency depicted him adorned with the horns of Ammon. This tradition continued for centuries, with Alexander being referred to in the Qur'an as "Dhu al-Qarnayn" (The Two-Horned One), a reference to his depiction on Middle Eastern coins.

References

David Klotz, Adoration of the Ram: five hymns to Amun-Re from Hibis Temple (New Haven, 2006therwebAnint gypt: th Myth Clasical Dictionary: 

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Aten is the disk of the Sun in ancient Egyptian mythology, and an aspect of the Sun-god Ra. Aten was pictured as a sun with rays that ended in hands.

The deified Aten is the focus of the  monotheistic religion of Atenism established by Amenhotep IV, who later took the name Akhenaten in worship and recognition of the Aten. In his poem Great Hymn to the Aten, Akhenaten praises Aten as the creator, and giver of life. Akhenaten was the first person to attempt to make a monotheistic religion.

The worship of Aten was eradicated by Horemheb.

References 

Collier, Mark and Manley, Bill.  How to read Egyptian hieroglyphs. 2nd ed, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

Egyptian gods and goddesses
A clam is a type of shellfish. Clams can be found in saltwater and freshwater. This is a common usage term, and so includes quite a variety of shellfish. Clams are a fairly common form of bivalve, therefore making it part of the phylum Mollusc. There are many clams in the ocean, but some can also be found in some lakes, streams, and rivers.

The word 'clam' is often applied to those that are edible and live almost of their lives halfway buried in the seafloor. Clams have two shells of equal size connected by two aductor muscles and have a powerful burrowing foot. 

Clams for cooking do not live attached to rocks (whereas oysters and mussels do). Clams are often got by digging and cooked and served as clam chowder. They may be found on menus in restaurants that serve seafood.

Clams eat plankton, and are eaten by small sharks and squid. 
Clams have a burrowing foot that they use to dig down into the sand or mud to hide.
The shell has three layers. The top one is called mother-of-pearl because it is a coating of pearl material.  

A living freshwater clam can work like a filter in fish tanks to keep the water clean.

Life span 
Some clams have life cycles of only one year, while at least one may be over 500 years old. All clams have two calcareous shells or valves joined near a hinge with a flexible ligament, and all are filter feeders.

References

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Bivalves
Seafood
Bes was the ancient Egyptian god of protection of pregnant women, newborn babies and the family. He was a dwarf wearing a lion's skin. Bes does not look like he is Egyptian. He is like gods found in other parts of Africa.

To scare away demons during birth, Bes would dance around the room, shaking his rattle and yelling to scare away demons that might put a curse on the child. After the child was born, Bes would stay by him/her. When a baby laughed or smiled for no reason, Egyptians believed that Bes was somewhere in the room making funny faces.

His name appears to be connected to a Nubian word for cat, besa, which literally means protector.  Egyptians kept cats in order to attack snakes, and creatures that might ruin crop stores, such as mice, and so Bes was naturally singled out as worthy of worship in Egypt.
Worship
Images of the god were kept in homes to protect from evil and so he was shown quite differently from the other gods. Normally gods were shown in profile, but instead Bes appeared in portrait, and sometimes in a soldier's tunic, so as to appear ready to launch an attack on any approaching evil.

In the New Kingdom, tattoos of Bes could be found on the thighs of dancers, musicians and servant girls.

Like many Egyptian gods, the worship of Bes was exported overseas, and he was popular with the Phoenicians and the (ancient) Cypriots.

Purpose 
 
Bes, the family god, protected children from the dangers of snakes and scorpions. Like the hippopotamus god Taweret, Bes was the protector of women in childbirth. The Egyptians put a statue in their room or a carving over their bed to protect them from bad dreams.  He brought good luck and good health to all that honored him. This household deity was also the god of music, dance and pleasure.

Physical Description
Bes was shown in full-face, unlike the other gods who were drawn in profile. This bandy-legged, large bellied dwarf wore an animal pelt and feathered headdress. He brandished a weapon or played a musical instrument while hopping about. Bes’ tail and lion’s mane stood out from his dwarfish features. With his tongue sticking out or teeth bared, this god had a place in every home.

History 

Bes started out as multiple demons, which morphed to form a rearing lion as his first combined form. His power increased from the Old Kingdom to the New Kingdom. He started out as the protector of the pharaoh but shifted to being worshiped by civilians. In the New Kingdom, the female form, Beset developed from Bes. Items with his depiction were common in a very broad field, which included Sub-Sahara Africa, modern Turkey, Cyprus, Syria and Assyria. This implies that Bes was highly popular in the Middle East. The fact that Bes was depicted full-face suggests he originated from Africa.

References
References 

 The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt, Richard H. Wilkinson. 
 The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Ian Shaw. 
 Millmore, Mark.Imagining Egypt
 Braines, John. Ancient Egypt
 Gahlin, Lucia. Egypt
 Remler, Pat. Egyptian Mythology A-Z
 Remlar, pat. Egyptian Mythology A-Z revised edition
 Ades, Harry A Travelers History of Egypt

Notes

Other websites 

touregypt.net
http://www.ancient-egypt.org/index.html
http://www.fruitofthenile.com/bes.htm
http://www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/bes.html
http://home.swipenet.se/~w~63448/egymyth.htm

Egyptian gods and goddesses
The Hokkaido wolf (Canis lupus hattai) is a subspecies of Gray Wolf. Scientists believe it became extinct in 1889. There are people who said to have seen some Hokkaido wolves after that year, but there is no proof that they actually did.

In the Meiji Restoration in Japan, Japanese farmers wanted to have American-style ranches for raising livestock. A US farmer named Edwin Dun started to import livestock to Japan. When the wolves began attacking the livestock, the farmers started to kill them, by using poison.

Related pages
 Werewolf

References

Wolves