Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Gilmar was putted out of the squad after Brazil lost one point to Argentina in the South American Championship in 1959, he had also been sidetracked at Corinthians. It was only after his change to the successful Santos that he was included in the national team again. He also played at the World Cup in Chile, where the title was extended. He was given the jersey number 1. After star player Pelé was sidelined in the group stage, Brazil had to do the job defensively and not offensively. He conceded five goals and again became world champion. He is so far the only goalkeeper to become world champion twice as a starting player. In the election of goalkeeper of the century, he was in first place in Brazil and fourth in South America. In 1965 he had to give way to goalkeeper Manga, but was given another chance at the 1966 FIFA World Cup in England. He played against Bulgaria and Hungary, but was replaced by Manga for the third group match against Portugal
. After all, Gilmar was the head of jut in the media for the 1-3 defeat against Hungary. He achieved a total of 14 World Cup appearances in goal, playing his last game on 12 June 1969 in a 2-1 win against England. In total, Gilmar kept 94 matches for Brazil.
The goalkeeper was active in the 1958 FIFA World Cup in Sweden, when Brazil became world champions for the first time. He was preferred over Carlos José Castilho, who started that tournament with the number 1. Gilmar was also in Brazil's title prolongation at the World Cup in Chile four years later. He is so far the only goalkeeper to become world champion twice as a starting player. He played again at the 1966 World Cup in England, but Brazil was eliminated in the first round. Colleague Manga relieves him during the tournament. In total, Gilmar played 94 matches for Brazil.

International career statistics 

|-
|1953||1||0
|-
|1954||0||0
|-
|1955||2||0
|-
|1956||16||0
|-
|1957||9||0
|-
|1958||9||0
|-
|1959||6||0
|-
|1960||10||0
|-
|1961||5||0
|-
|1962||11||0
|-
|1963||11||0
|-
|1964||4||0
|-
|1965||0||0
|-
|1966||8||0
|-
|1967||0||0
|-
|1968||1||0
|-
|1969||1||0
|-
!Total||94||0
|}

Honours

Club 
Corinthians
Campeonato Paulista: 1951, 1952, 1954
Santos
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968
Campeonato Paulista: 1962, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968
Taça Brasil: 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965
Copa Libertadores: 1962, 1963
Intercontinental Cup: 1962, 1963

International
Brazil
FIFA World Cup: 1958, 1962
South American Championship Runner-up: 1953, 1957, 1959
South American Championship Fourth place: 1956
Copa Oswaldo Cruz: 1955, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1962, 1968
Taça Atlântico: 1956, 1960
Roca Cup: 1957, 1960, 1963
Bernardo O'Higgins Cup: 1955, 1959, 1961
Copa Rio Branco: 1968

Individual

IFFHS Brazilian Keeper of the 20th Century: (1st place)
IFFHS South American Keeper of the 20th Century: (4th place)
IFFHS World Keeper of the 20th Century: (11th place)
Brazilian Football Museum – Hall of Fame

References 

1930 births
2013 deaths
Brazilian association football goalkeepers
José Maria Fidélis dos Santos (born 13 March, 1944) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1971||rowspan="4"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="4"|Série A||13||0
|-
|1972||15||0
|-
|1973||10||0
|-
|1974||28||0
|-
|1975||América||Série A||0||0
|-
|1976||rowspan="2"|ABC||rowspan="2"|Série A||12||0
|-
|1977||17||0
95||0
95||0
|}

References

1944 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Hilderaldo Bellini (7 June 1930 – 20 March 2014) was a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. He is of Italian origin who played as a defender and he was known in Brazil to be considered as one of the nation's most solid central defenders ever. Widely regarded to be one of the best Brazilian centre-backs of his generation. Bellini was known as a solid and reliable defender and was known for his marking and covering. Bellini was a strong, lean defender who stood out in the box. He compensated for limited technique with seriousness and loyalty to opponents, which earned him the post of captain for the national team in 1958.
Club career
In 1947, Hilderaldo Bellini joined the newly founded Sociedade Esportiva in his hometown of Itapira – located around 180 km east of the state capital of São Paulo on the border with Minas Gerais – which that year took part in the state’s interior championship, the Campeonato do Interior. From 1949 he played for Esportiva in nearby São João da Boa Vista. At the end of 1952 he was brought to the CR Vasco da Gama in the then federal capital Rio de Janeiro. With the state championship in 1952, the Maltese cruisers won the last title of their era as Expresso de Vitória, the golden era of the club. He went through his club career until 1961 at Vasco da Gama, FC São Paulo (until 1968) and ended his active career in 1969 at Athletico Paranaense.
He made his debut for the national team on July 13, 1957 in Lima against Peru (1-1), During his career in the national team, which lasted 9 years, he played 51 matches for Brazil. As part of the national team, he was a participant in the 1957 Copa América draw in Peru, where together with the team he won "silver", Bellini was captain and central defender in the Seleção at the 1958 World Cup in Sweden, when Brazil won the World Cup for the first time with exciting combination football and a surprising 4-2-4 system for the Europeans. The defender, nicknamed "Eisenfuss", ensured that Vicente Feola's team went through the preliminary round and the quarter-finals in Sweden without conceding a goal and only conceded their first two goals in the semi-final against France. His greatest strength wasn't necessarily on the field, but in his personality, which made him a leading figure at Vasco and in the national team
. The defensive formation of the tournament in Sweden with goalkeeper Gilmar, the full -back pair Djalma Santos and Nílton Santos as well as in central defense with Bellini and Orlando and the defensive boss in midfield, Zito, was among the best that world football has ever seen in previous world tournaments. The outstanding defensive skills of Brazil's first world champion team took a back seat to the outstanding attacking players Garrincha, Didi, Vavá, Zagallo and Pelé. Brazil won 5-2 against the host Sweden, Bellini is credited with starting the tradition of lifting the trophy into the air in football. He initially did this so that photographers could have a better view of the trophy and, as the photos were published around the world, the gesture became associated with victory
. He was named to participated during the Copa América in 1959 and Brazil finished as runners-up, Bellini still took part in the 1962 FIFA World Cup in Chile - there he was only a reserve for his successor Mauro and followed the title defense from the bench - and came in his third World Cup participation in 1966 in England again in two group games, after Brazil was eliminated, Bellini was no longer called up to play for Brazil.
Death
Bellini died on 20 March 2014, aged 83, in São Paulo, due to complications caused by Alzheimer's disease ending with cardiac arrest.

International career statistics 

|-
|1957||6||0
|-
|1958||8||0
|-
|1959||8||0
|-
|1960||10||0
|-
|1961||2||0
|-
|1962||3||0
|-
|1963||0||0
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||8||0
|-
|1966||6||0
|-
!Total||51||0
|}

Honours

Club
Vasco da Gama	
Campeonato Carioca: 1952, 1956, 1958
Torneio Octogonal Rivadavia Corrêa Meyer: 1953
Torneio Internacional de Santiago: 1953
Copa Rivadavia: 1953
Quadrangular Internacional do Rio de Janeiro: 1953
Triangular Internacional do Chile: 1957
Torneio Quadrangular de Lima: 1957
Torneio de Paris: 1957
Troféu Teresa Herrera: 1957
Torneio Rio – São Paulo: 1958

International
Brazil
FIFA World Cup: 1958, 1962
Copa Roca: 1957, 1960, 1963
Copa Oswaldo Cruz: 1958, 1961, 1962
South American Championship Runner-up: 1957, 1959
Taça Bernardo O'Higgins: 1959, 1961
Copa Atlântica: 1960
Individual
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1958
IFFHS Brazilian Player of the 20th Century (19th place)
IFFHS South American Player of the 20th Century (37th place)
The Best of The Best – Player of the Century: Top 50
Brazilian Football Museum Hall of Fame

References 

1930 births
2014 deaths
Brazilian footballers
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Disease-related deaths in Brazil
Altair Gomes de Figueiredo (22 January 1938 – 9 August 2019) was a Brazilian football player. He played for Fluminense and Brazil national team.

de Figueiredo died on 9 August 2019 in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro at the age of 81.

References

1938 births
2019 deaths
Brazilian footballers
Orlando Peçanha de Carvalho (20 September, 1935 – 10 February,  2010) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. With the Brazilian national team he became world champion in 1958. At club level, he has played in Brazil with CR Vasco da Gama and FC Santos and in Argentina with Boca Juniors great achievements. With his powerful style of play and ability to read the game, he is regarded as one of the best defenders in Brazilian football history.
Club career
Orlando started his professional career in 1953 with the Vasco da Gama club where he played until 1961, winning 2 Rio championships and the Rio São Paulo tournament. In February 1961, he made his debut with Boca Juniors, in which he played 119 matches (105 in the league and 14 in the Copa Libertadores ), but did not score a single goal. With Boca, the team that he took to the field with the captain's armband, he won 3 Argentine championships. In 1965, Orlando returned to Brazil and began playing for Santos. With Santos, Orlando won 4 Paulista championships, Rio São Paulo tournament, Copa Brazil, Roberto Gómez Pedrosa and Recopa Sudamericana Tournament  Orlando ended his career in 1970, playing for his first club, Vasco da Gama, for three months.
In May 1958, Orlando Peçanha also made his national team debut. In São Paulo, the Seleção won 3-1 against Bulgaria. A month later he was taken on a trip to Sweden for the 1958 FIFA World Cup. There Orlando Peçanha, together with Bellini, formed the defensive backbone of the Seleção, who impressed the world with the brilliant attacking players Garrincha, Didi, Vavá, Zagallo and the 17-year-old Pelé and brought the title to Brazil for the first time with a brilliant 5-2 final victory over Sweden. In 1959 he took part in the Copa America in Argentina with Brazil. When the score was 0-1, he was dismissed from the field in the game against Uruguay along with another Brazilian and two Uruguayans. Brazil ended up winning 3-1. Overall, it was only enough for second place behind the hosts. In 1960 he won the Taça do Atlântico with the Seleção, in which the national teams of Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay also took part that year. He was not considered for the 1962 FIFA World Cup in Chile because he played abroad
. 1966 FIFA World Cup, Orlando Peçanha was again in Brazil's squad. But he was only used once. Deputizing for Bellini, he was captain of the Brazilian team that lost the decisive group game against Portugal with players like Eusébio and Mário Coluna 3-1 and thus had to say goodbye to the tournament. With his only defeat in the national jersey, his international career ended at this point. In total he made 31 appearances for Brazil.
Club career statistics 

|-
|1961||rowspan="5"|Boca Juniors||rowspan="5"|Primera División||26||0
|-
|1962||28||0
|-
|1963||20||0
|-
|1964||30||0
|-
|1965||1||0
105||0
105||0
|}

International career statistics 

|-
!Total||31||0
|}

Honours

Club
Vasco da Gama
Copa Internacional Rivadavia: 1953
Campeonato Carioca: 1956, 1958
Torneio Internacional de Paris: 1957
Torneio Internacional do Chile: 1957

Boca Juniors
Campeonato Argentino: 1962, 1964

Santos
Campeonato Paulista: 1965, 1967
Taça Brasil de Futebol: 1965

International
Brazil
FIFA World Cup: 1958
Taça Oswaldo Cruz: 1958, 1961, 1962
South American Championship: 1959
Taça Bernardo O'Higgins: 1959
Taça do Atlântico: 1960
Roca Cup: 1960, 1963

Individual
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1958
World Soccer World XI: 1965

References 

1935 births
Brazilian footballers
Paulo Henrique Souza de Oliveira (born 5 January, 1943) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1971||Botafogo||Série A||0||0
|-
|1971||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||15||0
|-
|1972||0||0
|-
|1973||Avaí||||0||0
15||0
15||0
|}

References

1943 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Rildo da Costa Menezes (23 January 1942 – 16 May 2021) was a Brazilian football player. He played for Brazil national team.

Rildo died in Los Angeles, California on 16 May 2021, aged 79.

Club career statistics

|-
|1971||rowspan="2"|Santos||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||0
|-
|1972||0||0
|-
|1972||ABC||Série A||15||0
|-
|1973||rowspan="2"|Central Brasileira||rowspan="2"|Série A||27||1
|-
|1974||18||1
79||2
79||2
|}

International career statistics

|-
!Total||38||1
|}

References

1942 births
2021 deaths
Brazilian footballers
Sportspeople from Recife
Aílton Corrêa Arruda (born 26 April, 1937) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1974||rowspan="3"|Internacional||rowspan="3"|Série A||2||0
|-
|1975||30||0
|-
|1976||20||0
|-
|1977||Operário||Série A||12||0
|-
|1978||Coritiba||Série A||24||0
|-
|1979||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||19||0
|-
|1980||0||0
107||0
107||0
|}

References

1937 births
Living people
Brazilian association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Recife
Denílson Custódio Machado (born 28 March, 1943) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1971||rowspan="3"|Fluminense||rowspan="3"|Série A||16||0
|-
|1972||28||1
|-
|1973||0||0
|-
|1975||Vitória||Série A||14||0
58||1
58||1
|}

References

1943 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Antônio Lima dos Santos (born 18 January, 1942) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1971||rowspan="3"|Santos||rowspan="3"|Série A||7||1
|-
|1972||0||0
|-
|1973||0||0
|-
|1974||Fluminense||Série A||3||0
|-
|1975||rowspan="2"|Portuguesa Desportos||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1976||0||0
10||1
10||1
|}

References

1942 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Early life
Born in Roseira, São Paulo, Zito initially intended to become a schoolteacher, and attended technical schools in his hometown, before pursuing a career as a footballer.

Club career
Zito joined Santos in 1952, after finishing his formation at hometown amateur club Roseira FC, and spending two years at Taubaté. He made his debut for Peixe on 29 June 1952 in a 3–1 friendly win against Madureira.

Zito appeared regularly for Santos in the following 15 years, playing 727 games and scoring 57 goals. He was the captain of the Os Santásticos team of the late 1950s and 1960s, playing alongside Pelé, Pepe and other Brazilian stars.

Zito was nicknamed Gerente (manager in Portuguese) by the media during his playing days, due to helping the manager Lula while outfields. Despite missing the two last games of 1963 Intercontinental Cup due to an injury, he acted as Lula's assistant during both matches as his team won the second title in a row.
Zito played his last match on 7 November 1967, a 5–0 win against a mix between Ferroviário and Fortaleza at the Estádio Presidente Vargas.

International career
At international level, he earned 52 caps and scored 3 goals for Brazil. Zito made his for the national team in 1955. He was selected to play for Copa América in 1956, Brazil had an unsuccessful tournament and finished fourth. In 1957 he was selected again for the Copa América where Brazil finished as runners-up where he showed his great style of play, he was renowned as a playmaker and a incredible passer and a good dribbler. He partnered Didi in midfield duo, and was part of the squad which won the 1958 FIFA World Cup Final against hosts Sweden; after starting the tournament as a reserve, he finished it as an undisputed starter. In 1959 edition of Copa América Zito was called up, Brazil ended up as runners-up again and they were undefeated. In the 1962 edition in Chile, he was named in the Team of the Tournament. In the 1962 FIFA World Cup Final, Zito headed Brazil into the lead as they came from behind to win 3–1 against Czechoslovakia with Pelé absent through injury
. Zito was called up to play during 1966 FIFA World Cup but he was unable to play and Brazil were eliminated after a 2-0 victory against Bulgaria and 3-1 defeat against Hungary and Portugal, Zito never played for Brazil again after the elimination.
Life after football
After retiring Zito was a vice-president at Santos between 1978 and 1982. After one year away from the club, he was named director of football by president Milton Teixeira, but left the post in 1987. In 2000, he was named a youth coordinate, helping the club to promote youngsters Robinho and Diego to the first team.

Zito was credited with bringing 11-year-old Neymar to the club in 2003. With Gabriel, he was also the scout who saw the player and brought him to the club's youth system.

Death
Zito suffered from Alzheimer's disease and had memory lapses. Following a stroke the year before, Zito died on 14 June 2015 aged 82 in Santos, São Paulo, leaving Pelé, Pepe and Zagallo as the last three living Brazilian veterans of the 1958 World Cup final.

In his honour, Santos decided to use the "Z" letter in the captain's armband (instead of the regular "C" used by most teams) from 2015 onwards.

Honours
Honours

Club
Santos
 Torneio Rio – São Paulo: 1959, 1963, 1964, 1966
 Campeonato Paulista: 1955, 1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1967
 Taça Brasil: 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965
 Copa Libertadores: 1962, 1963
 Intercontinental Cup: 1962, 1963

International
Brazil
 FIFA World Cup: 1958, 1962
 Copa Oswaldo Cruz: 1955, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1962
 O'Higgins Cup: 1955, 1961
 Atlantic Cup: 1956, 1960
 Roca Cup: 1957, 1960, 1963
 South American Championship fourth place: 1956, runner-up: 1957, 1959

Individual
 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1962
 World Soccer World XI: 1962

References

1932 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Brazilian footballers
Alcindo Martha de Freitas (born 31 March, 1945) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1971||rowspan="3"|Santos||rowspan="3"|Série A||8||2
|-
|1972||14||3
|-
|1973||0||0

|-
|1973-74||rowspan="2"|Jalisco Guadalajara||rowspan="2"|Primera División||0||0
|-
|1974-75||0||0
|-
|1975-76||América||Primera División||38||24

|-
|1976||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1977||1||0
|-
|1978||Francana||||0||0
23||5
38||24
61||29
|}

References

1945 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Wálter Machado da Silva (2 January 1940 – 29 September 2020) was a Brazilian football player. He played for Brazil national team.

Batuta died on 29 September 2020 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 80.

Club career statistics

|-
|1969||Racing Club||Primera División||28||18

|-
|1971||rowspan="3"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="3"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1972||23||0
|-
|1973||0||0
28||18
23||0
51||18
|}

References

1940 births
2020 deaths
Brazilian footballers
Adhemir de Barros (born 21 March, 1942), better known as Paraná, is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1971||rowspan="3"|São Paulo||rowspan="3"|Série A||19||0
|-
|1972||24||1
|-
|1973||0||0
|-
|1973||Tiradentes||Série A||18||2
|-
|1974||Operário||Série A||10||1
|-
|1975||rowspan="2"|Colorado||||0||0
|-
|1976||||0||0
|-
|1976||Londrina||Série A||10||1
|-
|1977||Francana||||0||0
|-
|1978||São Bento||||0||0
91||5
91||5
|}

References 

1942 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Vicente Feola (born 20 November, 1909) was a Brazilian football manager.

References

1909 births
1975 deaths
Brazilian footballers
Boca Juniors managers
Brazil at the 1958 FIFA World Cup
Brazil at the 1966 FIFA World Cup
The Cyrillic letter lje (Љ, љ) is a combination of Л and Ь and is used in Serbian and Macedonian. It is used to denote the palatal lateral approximant , a sound similar (but not equal) to the palatalized alveolar lateral  represented by the digraph Ль. It was created by Vuk Karadžić and is same to the Latin digraph  in Serbian language and Croatian language. It is romanized using the letter L with caron (Ľ ľ). It also takes the form of Ль.
A countdown is a series of numbers getting lower in value towards zero. Usually something will happen when the counter finishes.

Time
A Higher is a level of study in the Scottish educational system.  It is studied by students in their last two years at secondary school aged fifteen to seventeen and is slightly harder than the English GCSE.

Education in Scotland
San Cristóbal is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is along the south coast of the country. Its capital city has the same name, San Cristóbal.

Name
The province has the name of the capital city, San Cristóbal, but it was created with the name Trujillo, after the dictator Rafael Trujillo who was born in that city.

History
The province of San Cristóbal was created on 1932 with the municipalities of San Cristóbal, Baní, Monte Plata, Yamasá, Villa Mella, La Victoria, San José de Ocoa and Bonao; its capital was the city of San Cristóbal.
In 1934, the name was changed to Provincia Trujillo with the municipalities of San Cristóbal, Baní, Monte Plata, Yamasá, Villa Mella, La Victoria, Guerra and Bayaguana. In 1961, the name was changed again to the present one, Provincia San Cristóbal. When the Monte Plata province was created in 1982, the San Cristóbal province had the municipalities of San Cristóbal, Villa Altagracia, Bajos de Haina and Yaguate, and the municipal districts of Cambita Garabitos and Sabana Grande de Palenque.

Cambita Garabitos became a municipality in 1987, Sabana Grande de Palenque in 1997, San Gregorio de Nigua in 2001 and Los Cacaos in 2004. In 2004, Hato Damas became a municipal district; El Carril in 2001; San José del Puerto, Medina and La Cuchilla in 2002; and Cambita el Pueblecito in 2005.
Location
The San Cristóbal province is in the southern part of the country. It is bordered to the north by the Monseñor Nouel province, to the northeast by the Monte Plata province, to the east by the Santo Domingo province and to the west by the Peravia and San José de Ocoa province. The Caribbean Sea is to the south.

Population
In  (last national census), there were  people living in the San Cristóbal province, and 295,539 () living in towns and cities. The population density was  persons/km².

Its population represents  of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 4th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

, the total estimated propulation of the province is 611,677 inhabitants.

The largest city of the province is San Cristóbal, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 138,455 inhabitants.
Geography
The San Cristóbal province has a total area of . It has  of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 19st (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

The altitude of the city of San Cristóbal, provincial capital, is  above sea level.

The most important rivers are:
Haina, in the eastern border of the province;
Nigua, that crosses the provincial capital city; and
Nizao, in the western border of the province.

Municipalities
There are 8 municipalities and 6 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

References

Provinces of the Dominican Republic
1932 establishments in North America
1930s establishments in the Dominican Republic
Reading Football Club are an football club in Reading, Berkshire.
The team plays in the  Football League. The team play at the Madejski Stadium, named after their owner, John Madejski. They are currently managed by José Manuel Gomes.

History 
Reading were formed on 25 December 1871 and were known for many years as 'the Biscuitmen' because of the local biscuit factory in the town.

League position

Former position

References

Premier League clubs
1871 establishments in the United Kingdom
1870s establishments in England
The Oxalidales is a group of six families of flowering plants. This family has about 1300 species. These include some herbs, shrubs and trees.

References

Related pages
 Oxalidaceae

Oxalidales
The Edict of Nantes was a law that allowed people to be Protestants in France from 1598 to 1685. It was signed in Nantes by King Henry IV in April 1598, although some provinces blocked it until 1610. The purpose of the law was to make peace after the French Wars of Religion. Henry IV was a former Huguenot (French Protestant) who had changed his religion to being Catholic so that he could be the king of France.

The edict was an early example of freedom of religion in Europe. However, it did not make Catholics and Protestants equal. It said that the Catholic Church was the national religion of France. It only allowed people to be Protestants in certain areas, where they were allowed to defend their own fortress towns. They also still had to pay money to the Catholic Church and have Catholic holidays. Many Catholics in France hated the idea of allowing people to be Protestant, while the Protestants thought that it did not go far enough.
The Edict of Nantes was weakened during the reign of King Louis XIII, with many of the fortress towns being captured by the government. In 1685, King Louis XIV replaced the Edict of Nantes with the Edict of Fontainebleau, which banned people from being Protestant. This made many Huguenots leave the country, and a hundred years later there were not many left. In 1787, King Louis XVI made it legal for people to be Protestant again. During the French Revolution a few years later, France gave people full freedom of religion.

Opposition
Louis XIV did not like the Edict of Nantes. Being an absolute ruler, Louis thought that there should be one king, one nation, and one church only - and that church had to be the Roman Catholic Church. The king let Roman Catholics persecute Huguenots even after the Edict. He hoped the Huguenots would become Roman Catholics. Finally, in 1685 King Louis withdrew the Edict of Nantes.
The government declared that no one could believe in any religion except Roman Catholicism. Anyone joining in a Protestant service could die. Because of this, many Huguenots died for their faith. Some, though, gave up and became Roman Catholics. Others, refusing to stop being Protestants, ran away from France.

Louis XIV was horrified when he lost the Huguenots. They were among the most skilled workers in France. Many bankers, weavers, and merchants were Huguenots. Louis XIV ordered that France's borders be closed, and said that nobody could leave the country without his permission. However, Protestants still found ways to escape. Some hid in barrels on ships sailing away from France. Others disguised themselves as peasants and escaped. All together, probably more than two hundred thousand Huguenots ran away.
Protestant countries in Europe were glad to have such hard-working subjects: over a third of the Huguenots went to the Netherlands. From there many of them went to the Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope. Many went to England, and from there to America, especially Virginia and the Carolinas.

These immigrants were very valuable to their new home countries. They were hard working, obedient, and talented. They also brought many secrets of French manufacturing with them: for example, they introduced silk production to the rest of Europe.

References 

Nantes
1598
16th century in France
17th century in France
The cross product is a mathematical operation which can be done between two three-dimensional vectors. It is often represented by the symbol . After performing the cross product, a new vector is formed. The cross product of two vectors is always perpendicular (it makes a corner-shaped angle) to both of the vectors which were "crossed". This means that cross product normally works only in three-dimensional space; that is, anywhere where you can go up or down, left or right, and forward or backwards.

Information about vectors
A vector is information that describes two things: which way (direction), and how much (magnitude). Usually, the simplest vector can be an arrow. How long is the line, and which way does the line and the pointed end of the arrow go?
Importance of the cross product
Being a vector operation, the cross product is extremely important in all sorts of sciences (particularly physics), engineering, and mathematics. One important example of the cross product involves torque (pushing or pulling in a circle, like twisting off a bottle cap.) or moment. Another important application involves the magnetic field.

Visualizing the cross product in three dimensions

The cross product of  and  is a vector that we shall call :

The vector  is perpendicular to both  and . The direction of  is determined by a variation of the right-hand rule.  By holding your right hand as shown in the picture, your thumb points in the direction of  (the cross product of  and ), with the index finger pointing in the direction that  points, and the middle finger pointing in the direction that  points.  If the angle between the index (your pointer finger) and middle (second finger away from your thumb) fingers is greater than 180°, then you need to turn the hand upside down.
How to calculate the cross product in vector notation
Like any mathematical operation, the cross product can be done in a straightforward way.

Two dimensions
Since cross products usually only work for three-dimensional vectors, the calculation of cross product in two dimensions thinks of the vectors as if they are on a flat surface (like a sheet of paper) in three dimensions (like a room or a large cube).

More specifically, if

and

then

or

and

where  is just a symbol indicating that the new vector is pointing up (in the z-direction). If one "crosses" two vectors which are both in the xy-plane, then the product, being perpendicular to both vectors, must point in the z direction. If the value of  is positive, then it points out of the page; if its value is negative, then it points into the page.

Three dimensions
There are two ways to find the cross product of two 3D vectors: with coordinate notation or with angle.

Coordinate notation
Given vectors  and , where 

and
and 

Then the cross product of  and  is: 
.

With angle
Given vectors  and , where 

and 

Then the cross product of  and  is: 
,
where  is the angle between  and , ‖a‖ and ‖b‖ are the magnitudes of vectors  and , and n is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing  and .

Basic properties of the cross product

 Anti-commutativity: 
 Distributivity over addition: 
 Scalar commutavity:

Related pages 

 Cartesian product
 Dot product

References 

Linear algebra
Vectors
Knowth is the name given to a number of passage graves, in the Boyne valley in Ireland. It consists of a bigger tumulus with two passages, and of 20 smaller ones. Of the smaller graves, 17 remain, 3 have been destroyed. Knowth is approximately 1 km west of Newgrange. It is probably older than Newgrange, which has been dated to about 3.150 BCE, but not as old as Dowth.  The main tumulus is one of the biggest to be found in Ireland.

County Meath
A kill switch, sometimes called an emergency stop, is a part of a user interface. User interfaces allow people to operate machines. The kill switch is there for security. Its purpose is to switch off the machine as quickly as possible, or to bring it into a state where it can no longer do harm. It is used in an emergency. In many ways, switching off the machine in an emergency is different from switching it off normally, as it has to avoid injury or harm at all costs.

Safety
Engineering
The Communist Party of Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশের কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি) is a Marxist-Leninist political party in Bangladesh, founded in 1968 as the Communist Party of East Pakistan.

Related pages
Bangladesh-Soviet Union relations

Political parties in Bangladesh
Bangladesh
1968 establishments
20th-century establishments in Bangladesh
Trial by ordeal was a way to decide if someone was guilty or innocent of a crime. This was usually done by causing the accused person to do a painful task. If that task was completed without injury or if the injuries healed fast, this taken as a sign of God, which meant that the accused was innocent. People believed that God would not allow innocent people to be harmed. He would therefore help them by doing a miracle. There were three common types of Trial by Ordeal: 

Ordeals had to be watched over by a religious person, such as a priest, because each ordeal was supposed to show the judgement of God. In England, Ordeals were common up to and including the reign of Henry II, who introduced Trials by Jury.
In pre-modern society, the ordeal typically was done together with the oath and witness accounts as the central means by which to reach a verdict. The term ordeal itself, Old English ordǣl, has the meaning of "judgment, verdict" (German Urteil, Dutch oordeel), from Proto-Germanic *uzdailjam "that which is dealt out".

In Europe, ordeals commonly required an accused person to test himself or herself against fire or water. How this was done varied in detail, and was different at different places and times. In England, ordeals were common under both the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans. Fire was the element typically used to test noble defendants, while water was more commonly used by lesser folk.
Priestly cooperation in trials by fire and water was forbidden by Pope Innocent III at the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, and replaced by compurgation. Trials by ordeal became more rare over the Late Middle Ages, often replaced by confessions extracted under torture, but the practice was discontinued only in the 16th century. Johannes Hartlieb in 1456 reports a popular superstition for how to identify a thief by an ordeal by ingestion practiced privately without judicial sanction. 

Trial by ordeal has existed in polytheistic cultures as far back as the Code of Hammurabi and the Code of Ur-Nammu, and in animist tribal societies, such as the trial by drinking "red water" (calabar bean) in Sierra Leone. There the intended effect is magical rather than calling forth justice from a god.

References 

Trials
Kurt Ferdinand Friedrich Hermann von Schleicher (7 April 1882 ; Brandenburg an der Havel- 30 June 1934 ; Babelsburg) was chancellor of Germany in the last days of the Weimar Republic, before Adolf Hitler became Chancellor and Führer (dictator). He was also earlier known for being a general during World War I, under Paul von Hindenburg, the President of Germany whilst Schleicher was Chancellor. General Schleicher cooperated with the Nazis in the 1920s. He helped  them with weapons and military training. 

He was killed as a main target during the Night of the Long Knives by the SS. Hitler justified his actions the next day by announcing that Von Schleicher and Ernst Röhm were plotting to overthrow him. His wife, Elizabeth, was also killed in the attack.

References
References 

 

1882 births
1934 deaths
Assassinated German politicians
Chancellors of the Weimar Republic
German generals
German military personnel of World War I
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
Ministers-President of Prussia
Murders by firearm in Germany
Politicians from Brandenburg
Victims of Nazism
The Vienna Philharmonic (in German: die Wiener Philharmoniker) is an orchestra based in Vienna,  Austria.  It is thought of as one of the greatest orchestras in the world.

The orchestra play in a concert hall called the  Musikverein.  Before becoming a member of the Vienna Philharmonic the musicians have to work for at least three years in the opera house (the Vienna State Opera).  Then they are allowed to try to become a member of the Vienna Philharmonic.

History
The orchestra started in 1842, when Otto Nicolai formed the Philharmonische Academie.  The members of this orchestra made all the decisions about how the orchestra should be organized, and the orchestra still works in this way today.

When Nicolai left in 1847, the orchestra nearly came to an end.  They did not play very much until 1860, when Karl Anton Eckert joined as conductor.  Since then, the orchestra has given concerts all the time.
From 1875 to 1898 Hans Richter was principal conductor, except for the season 1882-1883 when he had an argument with the orchestral committee.  During the time Richter was conductor the orchestra gave the first performances of several very famous works, including Symphonies no 2 and 3  by Brahms and Symphony no 8 by Anton Bruckner.

Gustav Mahler was their conductor from 1898 to 1901.  During this time the orchestra played abroad for the first time.  They played at the 1900 Paris World Exposition.  The next conductors of the orchestra were Felix Weingartner, Wilhelm Furtwängler and Clemens Krauss.
Since 1933, the orchestra has not had one main conductor, but instead it has many guest conductors who have stayed for short periods.   These have included a great many of the world's best known conductors, including Richard Strauss, Arturo Toscanini, Hans Knappertsbusch, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Karl Böhm, John Barbirolli, Herbert von Karajan, Carlo Maria Giulini, Georg Solti, Erich Kleiber, James Levine, Zubin Mehta, Carlos Kleiber, Leonard Bernstein, Claudio Abbado, Riccardo Muti, Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Pierre Boulez, Lorin Maazel, Mariss Jansons, Daniel Barenboim and Valery Gergiev. Three conductors, however, gave many concerts with the orchestra during the period after World War II: Karajan and Böhm, who were made honorary conductors, and Bernstein, who was made an honorary member of the orchestra.
Since 1941 the orchestra has played the New Year's Day concert every January 1, in their concert hall Musikverein.  The concert is dedicated to the music of the Strauss family composers, especially Johann Strauss II.  The concert is watched on television by people all over the world.

In recent years the orchestra has been criticised because they did not allow women to become full members of the orchestra.  This is now gradually starting to change.  They were also criticised for racism because they only took people who were white.   In 2001 they appointed a violinist who was half-Asian.

Conductors

Guest Conductors (since 1933) 

 Bruno Walter
 Fritz Busch
 Arturo Toscanini
 Richard Strauss
 Josef Krips
 Wilhelm Furtwängler
 Hans Knappertsbusch
 Sir John Barbirolli
 Erich Kleiber
 Karl Böhm
 Herbert von Karajan

 Rafael Kubelík
 George Szell
 Carl Schuricht
 Carlos Kleiber
 Wolfgang Sawallisch
 Carlo Maria Giulini
 Sir Adrian Boult
 Leonard Bernstein
 Seiji Ozawa
 Claudio Abbado
 James Levine
Lorin Maazel
 Simon Rattle
 Mstislav Rostropovich
 André Previn
 Giuseppe Sinopoli
 Václav Neumann
 Riccardo Muti
 Georges Prêtre
 Valery Gergiev
 Nikolaus Harnoncourt
 Pierre Boulez

 John Eliot Gardiner
 Roger Norrington
 Marcello Viotti
 Christian Thielemann
 Franz Welser-Möst
 Daniele Gatti
 Gilbert Kaplan
 Mariss Jansons
 Daniel Barenboim
 Simone Young
 Pierre Monteux

 Jonathan Nott
 Daniel Harding
 Zubin Mehta
 Willi Boskovsky
 Georg Solti
 Gunter Wand
 Eugene Ormandy

Related pages
Arnold Rosé

Other websites

 Vienna Philharmonic website

Orchestras
Vienna
History of the orchestra 
The beginnings of the orchestra go back to 1743, when a society called the Grosses Concert began performing in private homes. In 1744 the Grosses Concert moved its concerts to the "Three Swans" Tavern. Their concerts continued there for 36 years. Gradually more and more people started to complain about the noise and the behaviour in the tavern, so in 1780 the mayor and city council of Leipzig offered to let the orchestra use part of the Gewandhaus, the building where the merchants were selling textiles. The orchestra gave its first concert in the Gewandhaus in 1781. It is the oldest orchestra in Germany, apart from private orchestras who belonged to rich people.
In 1835 the great composer Felix Mendelssohn became the orchestra's main conductor (music director). He was called the Gewandhauskapellmeister. He kept this position, apart from one year, until his death in 1847. In 1885, the orchestra moved into a new hall which was given the same name. This was destroyed by bombing in World War II in 1944. The present Gewandhaus is the third building with the name. It was opened in 1981.

The orchestra gives concerts in Leipzig and all over the world, and makes many recordings. They also play at the Thomaskirche, the church where Johann Sebastian Bach used to work, and as the official opera orchestra of the Leipzig Opera.

Later principal conductors included Arthur Nikisch, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Bruno Walter, and Václav Neumann. From 1970 to 1996, Kurt Masur was Gewandhauskapellmeister. From 1998 to 2005 their conductor was Herbert Blomstedt.
In 2005, Riccardo Chailly took over as both Gewandhauskapellmeister and music director of the Leipzig Opera. They have released recordings on the Decca label of Felix Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, and the Robert Schumann symphonies in the re-orchestrations by Gustav Mahler.

Music director (Gewandhauskapellmeister)

Conductors laureate 
 1996-present Kurt Masur
 2005-present Herbert Blomstedt

Other websites 
 Gewandhausorchester Leipzig official website

German orchestras
Leipzig
For the Wikipedia essay, see "What is a troll?". For other uses see Troll (disambiguation)

A troll is someone who tries to make people angry by saying things on the Internet. The purpose is to excite strong emotion in an online community. This is to get a reaction from other online users, or to cause problems. In social networks platforms, a troll is a user who make inflammatory or inappropriate comments for the sole purpose of upsetting other users and provoking a response.  

Sometimes trolling can get a user banned from a website or platform as it can be disruptive. Some users do it to be humorous when they know others will be angry. The best solution is to ignore trolls and to not give them the attention they want. This has become known as "don't feed the trolls".
In October 2012, the internet news site Gawker, publicly revealed the name of an internet troll who had called himself "Violentacrez". Michael Brutcsh had collected photos of young girls from Facebook, often in bikinis or short skirts, and them posted them on the site Reddit. He also posted photos of women, taken without their permission, which focused on their breasts or bottoms. His actions made many people very angry. Brutsch said he was an internet troll because "...I just like riling people up in my spare time."

There are a lot of efforts to detect and ban trolls on social network platforms such as "TrollSpot" in which Li a user of the website and other members of the team whom are also users of the social media website use machine learning techniques or what is known as a computer robot to propose a wide approach to detect trolls.

Notes 

Human behavior
Internet slang
Santalales is an order of flowering plants. It has eight families, 151 genera, and about 1,000 species. All the families in Santalales are parasitic to some degree. They attach either to the roots or branches of their hosts.

Mistletoe is the common name for some of the parasitic plants in the order.

 
Parasitic plants
Chivalry is a word from Old French in medieval times when it meant the use of a horse, thus cavalry and knighthood. Later, it meant the qualities of honour and love. Today, the terms chivalry and chivalrous are used to describe courteous behavior, especially that of men towards women.

Related pages
 Chivalric romance
Cross-cultural comparison
 Samurai
 Bushido

Knights
A digraph (from the , dís, "double" and γράφω, gráphō, "write"), also known as a bigraph, digram or bigram, is a string of two letters where the number of written characters does not match the number of sounds that are spoken. In other words, two graphemes (units of writing, or letters) are used to represent one phoneme (distinct sound). For example, since there are no single letters in English alphabet to represent the sounds /ʃ/, /tʃ/, and /θ/, English uses a string of two letters to represent the sounds in the same order sh, ch, and th. While other sounds such as /f/ and /w/ already have letters that correspond to the sounds, f and w, digraphs ph and wh are used in some words to show their etymologies (origins of words) rather than their current pronunciation.

List of English digraphs 
 Ch corresponds to /tʃ/ in English.
 Sh corresponds to /ʃ/ in English.
 Th corresponds to /θ/ and /ð/ in English.
 Ph corresponds to /f/ in English.
 Wh corresponds to /w/ in English.
Related pages 
 Trigraph, a similar string of three letters

Linguistics
The Cyrillic letter nje (Њ, њ) is a something like a combination of Н and Ь. It is used in Macedonian and Serbian and pronounced like Spanish ñ in "señor" (cf. Polish ń, Czech and Slovak ň). Like Љ, Nje has been created by Vuk Karadžić. It also takes the form of Нь.
Politika (sr. Политика) is a daily newspaper that is very popular in Serbia. It is the longest-published newspaper in this country. It is over one hundred years old (established in 1904). This newspaper costs around  30 Dinars in Serbia. Its founder is Vladislav Ribnikar.

Other websites 
 Official web address

Serbia
Newspapers in Europe
1904 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Serbia
"Bože pravde" ;  ; "God of Justice") is the national anthem of Serbia, enshrined in Article 7 of the Constitution. It has been around since the 19th century; the music was composed by Slovene musician Davorin Jenko (Davorin Yenko) and the lyrics were written by Jovan Đorđević (Yovan Gyorgyevich) in 1872. Ten years later, it was first adopted when the Kingdom of Serbia was formed, which then lasted until 1919, a year after the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (then known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) was formed. It was fully relinquished in 1945 and was replaced by "Hej, Slaveni!".
Shortly after Serbia and Montenegro split, "Bože pravde" was readopted in November 2006.

Lyrics

References

Other websites 

 Parliament of Serbia  A page featuring sheet music for Brass Band, and for Orchestra with mixed choir, as well as an instrumental file

1870s songs
European anthems
National symbols of Serbia
Mitrovica can also refer to Kosovska Mitrovica, a city in Kosovo

Sremska Mitrovica is a city in the Vojvodina province of Serbia. Today, about 39.000 people live in the city, about 85.000 in its urban area. The city has a long history going back to the Romans. Many Roman emperors were born in or around the city.

Cities in Serbia
Mitrovica is a term which can apply with to cities in Serbia:

Sremska Mitrovica a city in Srem, province of Serbia
Kosovska Mitrovica a city on north of the new unilateral declared state of Kosovo
Mačvanska Mitrovica а city in province of Vojvodina, Serbia
A Troll is a Nordic mythological creature, may be: elves, dwarves, or monsters. Is a usually a giant that lives in caverns or undergrounds. It is also a well known internet meme.

They are quite short in stature and are violent in nature as their name suggests. Their appearance is similar to that of a goblin. They tend to live in caves and under bridges. Some say they are huge others say they're dwarves. These monsters live under bridges, in burrows underground or in caves. They rarely leave their lairs during the day because sunlight turns them into stone. Water trolls are agile in water but clumsy on land. But they all have strong teeth and jaws.

Gallery 
Gallery of trolls as imagined by various Nordic artists.

Other websites

Legendary creatures
Dinornis is an extinct genus of ratite birds. They are ostrich-like birds of gigantic size, known as Moa. They were unique to New Zealand. The genus has five species:

D. novaezealandiae North Island Giant Moa
D. giganteus South Island Giant Moa
D. struthoides
Dinornis new lineage A (undescribed taxon)
Dinornis new lineage B (undescribed taxon)

Large birds 
Elephant bird 
Aepyornis 
Terror birds 
Phorusrhacos
Brontornis
Dromornis
Gastornis (Diatryma)

Fossils
Moa
Extinct birds
Troll can mean:

Troll, a legendary creature
Troll, the movie
Troll 2, a different movie
Troll 3, another horror movie
Troll (internet), internet trolling