Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
James William Ercolani (born June 8, 1936), known by his stage name James Darren, is an American television and movie actor, television director, and singer. He was known for his roles as  Moondoggie in Gidget, Tony Newman in The Time Tunnel, and as Vic Fontaine in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.  One of Darren's successful top ten songs was "Angel Face," ca. 1960. 

Darren was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

References

Other websites

Official website

Interview with James Darren about Frank Sinatra

1936 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
American television directors
Actors from Philadelphia
Singers from Philadelphia
Léa Cristina Lexa Araújo, better known by the stage name Lexa, is a singer, composer and Brazilian dancer. Her first single, the "Posso Ser" song, was released in December 2014 and became one of the most played tracks on Brazilian radio in 2015. This song is part of the EP of the same title released by Lexa in March 2015 and disclosed as a preview of her first studio album. In September 2015, the singer released her debut album, titled Disponível.

Career

2014-2015: Disponível
Lexa was discovered by Batutinha music producer, who, after watching it on YouTube, introduced her to entrepreneur Kamilla Fialho, who hired through K2L Entertainment Artistic agency. Thus, in December 2014 is released the first single from Lexa, the "Posso Ser" song, which reached the Top 30 on parade Hot 100 Airplay, Billboard Brazil, and became the 93rd most played song in the Brazilian radio stations in 2015.

Discography
 Posso Ser (2015)
 Disponível (2015)

Other websites
Other websites

 

1995 births
Living people
Brazilian singer-songwriters
Singers from Rio de Janeiro
Pop singers
Writers from Rio de Janeiro
Merrick Brian Garland (born November 13, 1952) is an American federal judge and politician. Garland is the 86th and current United States Attorney General during the Joe Biden administration since 2021. He was the chief judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 2013 to 2020. He was on that court from 1997 until 2021 after being nominated by President Bill Clinton.

In 2016, Garland was nominated by President Barack Obama to the Supreme Court to replace Antonin Scalia following his death. However, in a Republican-controlled senate, a confirmation hearing was never held and his nomination expired on January 3, 2017.

In January 2021, President-elect Joe Biden nominated Garland to be the United States Attorney General in his cabinet. He was confirmed by the United States Senate and sworn-in in March 2021.

Early life
Garland was born in Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from Harvard College and from Harvard Law School.
Judicial career
Garland practiced corporate litigation at Arnold & Porter and worked as a federal prosecutor in the U.S. Department of Justice, where he played a leading role in the investigation and prosecution of the Oklahoma City bombers.

In 1995, Garland was appointed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and (following a delay in Senate confirmation) took the bench in 1997. In 2009 and 2010, Garland was considered by President Barack Obama for two openings on the Supreme Court.

Supreme Court nomination
On March 16, 2016, Obama nominated Garland to serve as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy created by the death of Antonin Scalia.

Garland has more federal judicial experience than any Supreme Court nominee in history. He is the oldest Supreme Court nominee since Lewis F. Powell, Jr. in 1971.
After Republicans refused to give Garland a confirmation hearing, Garland's nomination expired in January 2017 shortly before the inauguration of Donald Trump. Trump said he will announce his Justice nominee for the Supreme Court on January 31, 2017.

United States Attorney General
On January 6, 2021, then President-elect Joe Biden said that we would nominate Garland to be the United States Attorney General during his administration.

On March 1, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted 15-7 to advance Garland's nomination to a full Senate vote. On March 10, the Senate confirmed Garland by a vote of 70-30 to become the next Attorney General.

Personal life
Garland married Lynn in 1977. He lives in Bethesda, Maryland.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

1952 births
Living people
American judges
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Chicago
Politicians from Maryland
Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Independent politicians in the United States
United States Attorneys General
Lawyers from Chicago
Lawyers from Maryland
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Article Three of the United States Constitution creates the judicial branch of the United States government.  It creates the Supreme Court of the United States, and allows the United States Congress to create less powerful federal courts.  It also sets out the powers that these courts have.

Section 1: Federal courts 

Section 1 of Article Three starts out by creating the Supreme Court  one court that will be more powerful than any other court in the country.  It also gives Congress the power to create "inferior" (less powerful) federal courts.

It allows judges in these courts to get a regular salary for their work.  Section 1 protects the judges by saying that their salaries will not be decreased while they are in office (working as a federal judge).

Tenure
Section 1 says that judges "shall hold their Offices [keep their jobs] during good Behavior."  This is meant to protect federal judges, and also to make sure that the federal judiciary is independent.
Before it won its independence in the American Revolutionary War, America was a colony of the British Empire.  The Founding Fathers wrote the Constitution just four years after the War ended.  They still remembered what the courts in the American colonies were like.  As Thomas Jefferson wrote in the Declaration of Independence, Britain's King George III "made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries."

This meant that the judges could not be independent or impartial.  If they made a decision that King George did not like, they could be fired, or not paid.  Judges who wanted to keep their jobs made decisions based on what King George would want, not based on what the law said.  If judges are cannot be independent, or do not follow they law, courts are not fair, and there is no way for regular people to get justice.
The Constitution makes sure that this will not happen to United States federal judges.  By saying judges "shall hold their Offices during good Behavior," Section 1 is basically allowing judges to keep their jobs for the rest of their lives.  In Article Two, Section 4, the Constitution does say that Congress can take away a judge's job  but only after being convicted in a trial, and only for "Treason, Bribery, or other High crimes and Misdemeanors."  (This is what Section 1 means by behavior that is not "good.")  In other words, the Constitution makes sure that all judges will lose their jobs for making even the slightest unpopular decision.  This denies judges the freedom to be independent, and to make the decisions that they think are fair, and makes them choose between right and reelection.
Number of courts 
Article III clearly allows only one Supreme Court.  However, it does not say how many Supreme Court Justices (judges) there should be.  Congress solved this problem in 1948 by passing a law.  The law says that the Supreme Court will have 9 Justices, including one Chief Justice.

In both Section 1 and in Article One, Section 8, the Constitution gives Congress the right to create courts that are "inferior" to the Supreme Court.  However, the Constitution does not say how many "inferior" courts there should be, or how they should be set up.  It leaves those decisions to Congress.  Congress decided to create two different kinds of "inferior" courts (also called "lower courts").  In the Judiciary Act of 1789, they created:
"Article III courts," also called "constitutional courts."  These are the courts with "judicial power":
 The United States Supreme Court
 The federal courts of appeals and district courts (federal courts which cover certain areas)
 The United States Court of International Trade
 "Article I courts," also called "legislative courts."  These courts help Congress enforce some of the powers Article One gives it.  They also help review decisions made by executive departments.  For example:
 The U.S. Tax Court, which deals with disagreements between taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service.  This helps Congress with its power to collect taxes.
 The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, which hears appeals of some cases that were tried in military courts.  This helps Congress with its power to regulate the military.
The U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, which can review the decisions of the Board of Veterans' Appeals (an executive department).  For example, if a veteran files for disability benefits and the Board refuses them, the Court of Appeals could hear the case.
 The U.S. Court of Federal Claims, which hears cases that involve claims for money damages against the Federal government.
Section 2: Judicial power, jurisdiction, and trial by jury

Clause 1: Cases and controversies 

Clause 1 of Section 2 explains the powers the federal court has, and the limits of those powers.

Clause 1 gives the federal courts the power to hear and judge actual "cases and controversies" only.  For example, they cannot hear a case about a situation that might come up in the future.

Clause 2: Original and appellate jurisdiction 

When Clause 2 talks about "jurisdiction," it is talking about who has the power to hear a case.

Original jurisdiction
"Original jurisdiction" is the power to hear a case first, before any other court.  Clause 2 gives the Supreme Court original jurisdiction in:
 Cases that involve ambassadors, government ministers, and consuls (diplomats)
 Cases where a state is a party (a plaintiff or a defendant; for example, a case where a person sues the state government)
 This includes cases where the United States itself will be a party (for example, United States v. Texas)
Appellate jurisdiction

In all the other cases mentioned in Clause 2, the Supreme Court has "appellate jurisdiction."  That means another court has the power to hear the case first.  If somebody appeals that court's decision, the Supreme Court can take the case on appeal.  Clause 2 gives the Supreme Court the power to hear appeals on:
 Cases that have to do with federal laws, the Constitution, or treaties
 Cases about things that happened at sea
 Cases between people who live in different states
 Cases between people who live in the same state, but are fighting over land grants in different states
 Cases between people in a state who are fighting with people from another country

However, the Supreme Court can only review a case on appeal if it thinks the lower court's decision breaks a law or goes against the Constitution.

Jurisdiction over state courts
There is one specific power that Clause 2 does not give the federal judiciary.  Clause 2 says that the federal judiciary has power over "the laws of the United States."  However, it does not say that the federal courts have power over the laws of individual states.  Also, when Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789, they also never gave the federal courts this power.  This means that the federal courts can only review or change the decisions of state supreme courts if the state decision may have broken a federal law or the Constitution.  The federal courts had no power to review or change state supreme court decisions that were just based on state laws.  Basically, this gave each state supreme court the final say over the laws in their state.  Different states could decide completely different things, so the laws might be completely different in one state than another.
Changes
In 1795, the Eleventh Amendment changed part of Clause 2.  It took away the federal judiciary's power to get involved in lawsuits between states and citizens of other states or countries.

In Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress cannot change the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction.  However, the appellate jurisdiction of the Court is different. Congress is able to make the rules for the federal courts' appellate division, including rules about their jurisdictions.

Marbury v. Madison also created an important power called judicial review.  This is the Supreme Court's ability to review whether a law, treaty, or executive rule breaks a law that already exists, a state Constitution, or the United States Constitution.  After Marbury, the Supreme Court started keeping an eye on what the state and federal governments were doing, instead of just trying cases that people brought to them.
Clause 2 says that the Supreme Court has "judicial power [over] all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution [and] the Laws of the United States...."  However, it does not say exactly what this means.  The Supreme Court clarified this in a case called Osborn v. Bank of the United States (1824).  Supreme Court Justice John Marshall wrote an opinion about what a "federal" case is, and what "arising under" the Constitution or federal laws means.  Basically, he said a case is federal  and under the federal courts' original jurisdiction  if:
 The answer to the lawsuit depends in some way on the Constitution or on federal law
 The plaintiff's argument has to do with the Constitution or federal law

Clause 3: Federal trials
Clause 3 of Section 2 says that federal crimes have to be tried in front of a jury, unless the defendant does not want a jury.  The only type of federal crime that is not tried before a jury is an impeachment.  (Article One, Section 3 of the Constitution says that only the United States Senate can try impeachment cases.)

Clause 3 also says the person's trial must be held in the state where they did the crime.  If they did not do the crime in any particular state, then Congress gets to choose where the trial will be held.

Several of the Constitutional Amendments in the Bill of Rights talk more about the rights of people who are on trial in criminal or civil court.

Section 3: Treason

Clause 1: Definition and conviction
The last section of Article 3 talks about treason and how it should be punished.  The Founding Fathers wanted to make sure that Americans' rights were protected.  They also knew that in the past, in England, some kings had gotten rid of their political opponents just by accusing them of treason.  For these reasons, the Founders wanted to make sure the Constitution said specifically what crimes were treason; what would be needed to find people guilty; and what the punishments could be.

The Constitution is very specific about what crimes are treason:
 "Levying [making] War against" the United States;
 "Adhering to [joining or being loyal to]" the United States' enemies; or
 "Giving [enemies] aid and comfort."
Section 3 also makes it clear that treason must be an "overt act."  This means that to commit treason, a person must actually do something, not just plan to do it.  For example, if a group of people got together and planned to attack part of the United States, that would not be treason because they had not actually done anything yet to hurt the country.  If they did attack the United States, that would be an overt act, and it would be treason.

It also says that there are only two ways for a person to be convicted of treason.  Two different witnesses must say in court that they saw the person do that overt act.  If there are not two witnesses, then the person must admit in court that they committed treason.  If neither of these things happen, the person cannot be found guilty of treason.  Parts of this rule came from a British law called the Treason Act 1695.

Clause 2: Punishment
Finally, Section 3 talks about punishment for people found guilty of treason.  It gives Congress the power to decide the punishment.  However, there is one punishment that the Constitution does not allow: punishing a person's family and descendants for that person's crime.  In English law, if a person was convicted of treason, their punishment would include an "Attainder" (also called a "Corruption of Blood").  This meant that not only the person, but their family and heirs, would be punished and thought of as guilty.  Once a person was "attainted," they would be executed.  However, their heirs would also lose the right to inherit that person's land, property, or money.
The end of Section 3 specifically says that this punishment is not allowed.  When the Founders wrote "no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted," they meant: "No heirs may be punished, and Congress can make the traitor forfeit (give up) their property, but only during their lifetime."  Their heirs would have to be able to inherit their property when the traitor died.

Notes

References

United States Constitution
Ralph W. Ketner (September 20, 1920 – May 29, 2016) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was known for being the founder of Food Lion (founded as Food Town). He founded the grocery store chain in the 1950s. During his career, Ketner has given away 35% of his profit to charity.

Ketner was born in Rimertown, North Carolina. He grew up during the Great Depression. He studied at Tri-State College in Angola, Indiana. Ketner is married to Anne Blizzard. They have two children. In March 2016, Ketner was hospitalized and diagnosed with colon cancer. He died on May 29, 2016 in Salisbury, North Carolina from the disease at the age of 95.

References

Other websites
 Mr. Ralph W. Ketner, D.B.A  at Catawba.com

1920 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Philanthropists from North Carolina
Businesspeople from North Carolina
Samuel Hollingsworth Young (December 26, 1922 – September 23, 2017) was an American politician. He was a U.S. Representative from Illinois. He represented Illinois's 10 congressional district as a Republican. He served as a representative from January 3, 1973 through January 3, 1975. He was replaced by Abner J. Mikva.

Young was born in Casey, Illinois. He studied at the University of Illinois. Young died at his home in Glenview, Illinois on September 23, 2017 from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
 

1922 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Disease-related deaths in Illinois
United States representatives from Illinois
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Louise Arner Boyd (September 16, 1887 – September 14, 1972) was an American explorer. She explored Greenland and the Arctic. She wrote many articles about her journeys and published two successful books. 

Boyd was a photographer on the trip over the Arctic Ocean in 1941. The crew on the trip to the Arctic called her the "Ice Woman".
Boyd was the first person to fly over the North Pole. She did this in 1955.

She was born in San Rafael, California. She died in San Francisco.

American explorers
1887 births
1972 deaths
People from California
Sir Ranulph Twistleton-Wykeham-Fiennes (born 7 March 1944) is an English explorer. 

Fiennes was born in Windsor, Berkshire. He was educated at Eton College.

Fiennes wrote many books. He wrote 'The sett','Mad,bad and dangerous to know' , 'The secret Hunters' and much more.

Fiennes has led over 30 expeditions. Ranulph did the first unsupported walk across Antarctica. Fiennes holds many records for his 52,000-mile expedition. It ended successfully on August 29, 1982. Fiennes is the only man alive ever to have travelled around the Earth's circumpolar.

He became an English explorer after joining the armed forces.

Fiennes was brought up in South Africa and lived in England for the rest of his life. He climbed Mount Everest successfully in 2009.

Works
A Talent for Trouble (1970), 
 Ice Fall in Norway (1972), 
 The Headless Valley (1973), 
 Where Soldiers fear to tread (1976), 
 Hell on Ice (1979), 
 To the Ends of the Earth: The Transglobe Expedition, the First Pole-to-pole Circumnavigation of the Globe (1983), 
 Race to the Pole: Tragedy, Heroism, and Scott's Antarctic Quest (2005), Hyperion; Reprint edition, 
 Living Dangerously (1988), Time Warner Paperbacks, 
 The Feather Men (1991) The book upon which the 2011 film Killer Elite is based.
 Atlantis of the Sands (1992), Bloomsbury, 
 The Sett (1997), Mandarin, 
 Discovery Road (1998), TravellersEye Ltd, , (with T. Garratt and A. Brown)
 Fit for Life (1999), Little, Brown & Co, 
 Home of the Blizzard: A True Story of Antarctic Survival, Birlinn Ltd, , (by Sir Douglas Mawson, foreword by Ranulph Fiennes)
 Just for the Love of it: The First Woman to Climb Mount Everest from Both Sides (2000), Free to Decide Publishing, , (by Cathy O'Dowd, foreword by Ranulph Fiennes)
Across the Frozen Himalaya: The Epic Winter Ski Traverse from Karakoram to Lipu Lekh (2000), Indus Publishing Company, , (by Harish Kohli, foreword by Ranulph Fiennes)
 The Antarctic Dictionary: A Complete Guide to Antarctic English, (2000) Museum Victoria Publishing, , (by Bernadette Hince, foreword by Ranulph Fiennes)
 Beyond the Limits (2000), Little, Brown & Co, 
 The Secret Hunters (2002), Time Warner Paperbacks, 
 Captain Scott (2003), Hodder & Stoughton, 
 Above the World: Stunning Satellite Images From Above Earth (2005), Cassell Illustrated, a division of the Octopus Publishing Group,  (foreword by Ranulph Fiennes)
 Moods of Future Joys (2007), Adlibbed Ltd,  (by Alastair Humphreys, foreword by Ranulph Fiennes)
 Extreme Running (2007) Pavilion Books, , (by Dave Horsley and Kym McConnell, foreword by Ranulph Fiennes)
 Travels with My Heart: The Essential Guide for Travellers with Heart Conditions (2007) Matador, , (by Robin Liston, foreword by Ranulph Fiennes)
Face to Face: Polar Portraits (2008), The Scott Polar Research Institute with Polarworld,  (with Huw Lewis-Jones, Hugh Brody and Martin Hartley (photographer))
 8 More Tales from the Travellers: A Further Collection of Tales by Members of the Travellers Club, M. Tomkinson Publishing,  (with Sir Chris Bonington, Sandy Gall and others)
 Mad, Bad and Dangerous to Know (2008), Hodder & Stoughton, 
 Mad Dogs and Englishmen: An Expedition Round My Family (2010), Hodder & Stoughton, 
 Running Beyond Limits: The Adventures of an Ultra Marathon Runner (2011), Mountain Media, , (by Andrew Murray, introduction by Ranulph Fiennes)
 Killer Elite (2011), Hodder & Stoughton Ltd,  (previously published as "The Feather Men")
 My Heroes: Extraordinary Courage, Exceptional People (2011), Hodder & Stoughton Ltd, 
 The Last Expedition (2012), Vintage Classics  (by Captain Robert Falcon Scott, new edition introduction by Ranulph Fiennes)
 Cold: Extreme Adventures at the Lowest Temperatures on Earth (2013) Simon & Schuster
Agincourt: The Fight for France (2015) Pegasus 
 Fear: Our Ultimate Challenge (2016) Hodder & Stoughton
1944 births
Living people
British military people
English explorers
People educated at Eton College
People from Berkshire
Windsor, Berkshire
State ratifying conventions are one of the two ways established by Article Five of the United States Constitution for ratifying proposed constitutional amendments. Ratifying conventions have only been used on one occasion. This was in 1933 and was used to ratify the 21st Amendment. All other proposed constitutional amendments have been offered to the state legislatures for ratification.

The Constitution also provides that state ratifying conventions may also be used to propose a constitutional amendment. However, to date, none of the 27 amendments to the Constitution have been proposed by state conventions. A state ratifying convention may be called by a two-thirds vote by a state legislature.

References 

United States Constitution
Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? (; ) is an Indian soap opera. It is shown during the daytime on weekdays, on Star Plus. It originally ran from 6 June 2011 until 30 November 2012. The show is mainly about the romance between Arnav Singh Raizada (Barun Sobti) and Khushi Kumari Gupta (Sanaya Irani).

The series is done in Hindi. The actors' voices have been recorded over (dubbing) in Tamil (as Idhu Kadhala), Telugu (as Chuppulu Kalisina Shubhavela), Malayalam (as Mounam Sammadham), Turkish (as Bir Garip Ask) and Arabic (as Men Nazra Thanya).

The show stopped being made in 2012. This was because Sobti, who plays the main character, quit the show. Three years later, in November 2015, a web series of eight episodes was released. It continued the story, and Sobti returned to play Arnav. The web series was successful. Because of its success, the television series was renewed for another 30 episodes. It is to be shown on Star Plus in March 2016.
Plot
Arnav Singh Raizada (Barun Sobti) is a successful businessman in India. He is the owner of AR Designs. He is popularly known as ASR in the business world. He is ruthless and egoistic though sophisticated in his behaviour. He believes that money is the most important thing in the world. He is an atheist and does not believe in rituals, customs and traditions. He does not believe in marriage and wanted to maintain a living relationship with his ex-girlfriend Lavanya Kashyap. Besides this, he loves his elder sister Anjali (Daljeet Kaur Bhanot) and respects his elders. He suffers from diabetes from an early age. He has hobbies of planting and gardening. However his arrogant and ruthless attitude changes when he falls in love with Khushi Kumari Gupta (Sanaya Irani).
Khushi is hired as Arnav's assistant. She is a simple, traditional girl. She is also an orphan, but she believes in the power of love and maintains a strong faith in God. Despite their differences, they are attracted to each other. They eventually get married.

Cast

Main
 Barun Sobti as Arnav Singh Raizada: Khushi's husband, Anjali's younger brother, Akash's paternal cousin, Aarav's adoptive father (2011–2012)
 Sanaya Irani as Khushi Arnav Singh Raizada (née Kumari Gupta): Arnav's wife, Garima's sister's daughter, Garima and Shashi's adopted daughter, Payal's younger sister, Aarav's adoptive mother (2011–2012)
Recurring
 Dalljiet Kaur as Anjali Singh Raizada : Shyam's ex wife, Arnav's elder sister, Akash's paternal cousin (2011–2012)
 Abhaas Mehta as Shyam Jha: Anjali's husband, Arnav's brother-in-law, Khushi's former fiancé (2011–2012)
 Deepali Pansare as Payal Singh Raizada (née Kumari Gupta): Akash's wife, Shashi's daughter, Garima's daughter, Khushi's elder sister (2011–2012)
 Akshay Dogra as Akash Singh Raizada: Payals' husband, Manorama and Manohar's son, Anjali and Arnav's maternal cousin (2011–2012)
 Sanjay Batra as Shashi Gupta: Garima's husband, Payal's father, Khushi's adopted father and maternal uncle, Madumati's younger brother (2011–2012)
 Tuhinaa Vohra/Pyumori Mehta as Garima Gupta: Shashi's 2nd wife, Payal's mother and Khushi's adopted mother, Khushi's maternal aunt (2011–2012)
 Abha Parmar as Madhumati Gupta: Shashi's elder sister, Payal's paternal aunt, Khushi's adopted paternal aunt (2011–2012)
Jayshree T. as Devyani Devi: Anjali and Arnav's maternal grandmother and Akash's paternal grandmother, Manorama's mother-in-law, Khushi's maternal grandmother-in-law, Payal's paternal grandmother-in-law, Subhadra's childhood friend (2011–2012)
 Utkarsha Naik as Manorama Singh Raizada: Manohar's wife, Akash's mother, Payal's mother-in-law, NK's maternal aunt, Anjali and Arnav's maternal aunt (2011–2012)
 Rajesh Jais as Manohar Singh Raizada: Manorama's husband, Devyani's son, Akash's father, Anjali and Arnav's maternal uncle, Payal's father-in-law. (2011–2012)
 Karan Goddwani as Nand Kishore aka NK: Manorama's sister's son, Akash's maternal cousin. (2011–2012)
 Dinesh Nag as Hari Prasad "HP" Yadav (2011)
 Sana Makbul as Lavanya Kashyap, Arnav's ex-girlfriend. (2011)
 Roshni Rastogi as Aradhya Naveli (2011)
 Zuber Khan as Rahim Mirza (2011)
 Amit Dua as Vikrant, co-organizer of the Ms. India Contest (2012)
 Gaurav Muskesh as reporter
 Yogesh Tripathi as Kamlesh Khabari (2011)
Swati Chitnis as Subhadra Devi: Anjali and Arnav's paternal grandmother, Khushi's paternal grandmother-in-law, Devyani's childhood friend (2012)
 Dhriti Bhatia as Bubbly (2012)
 Madhura Naik as Sheetal Kapoor (2012)
 Vishesh Bansal as Aarav Singh Raizada, Arnav and Khushi's adopted son. (2012)
Guest appearances
 Manasi Parekh as Gulaal, Guest (2010)
Hanif Hilal as Guest (Dance performance to Character Dheela for Anjali-Shyam's anniversary) (2010)
Nicole Alvares as Guest (Dance performance to Character Dheela for Anjali-Shyam's anniversary) (2010)
Krystle D'Souza as Jeevika, Guest (2010)
Nia Sharma as Manvi, Guest (2010)
Karan Tacker as Viren, Guest (2010)
Deepika Singh as Sandhya, Guest (2010)
Pooja Gor as Pratigya, Guest (2010)
Devoleena Bhattacharjee as Gopi, Guest (2012)
Disha Parmar as Pankhuri, Guest (2012)

References

Other websites
 Official website
 

Soap operas
2011 Indian television series debuts
Hindi-language television series
2012 television series endings
2010s disestablishments in India
Validated on December 5, 1933, the Twenty-first Amendment (Amendment XXI) to the United States Constitution canceled the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and ended the Prohibition Era in the United States. It is the only Amendment to repeal another amendment. It is also the only Amendment to have been ratified by state ratifying conventions rather than by state legislatures.

Text
The Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution had started a period in the US known as Prohibition. During this time the manufacture, distribution, and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal. Passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919 was the chief goal of the temperance movement. but it soon proved highly unpopular. Crime had soared under Prohibition as gangsters, such as Chicago's Al Capone, became rich from a very profitable black market for alcohol. The federal government was unable to enforce the Volstead Act. In 1932, wealthy industrialist John D. Rockefeller, Jr. stated in a letter: As more and more Americans opposed the Eighteenth Amendment, a political movement grew for its repeal. However, repeal was complicated by grassroots politics. Although the U.S. Constitution provides two methods for ratifying constitutional amendments, only one method had been used up until that time. This was ratification by the state legislatures of three-fourths of the states
. However, the wisdom of the day was that the lawmakers of many states were either obligated to or simply afraid of the temperance lobby. For that reason, when Congress formally proposed the repeal of Prohibition on February 20, 1933, it chose the other ratification method established by Article V. That is by state conventions.
Implementation

State and local control 
The second section bans the importation of alcohol in violation of state or territorial law. This has been interpreted to give states essentially absolute control over alcoholic beverages. Many U.S. states still remained "dry" (with state prohibition of alcohol) long after its ratification. Mississippi was the last, remaining dry until 1966. Kansas continued to prohibit public bars until 1987. Many states now delegate the authority over alcohol granted to them by this Amendment to their municipalities or counties (or both), which has led to many lawsuits over First Amendment rights when local governments have tried to revoke liquor licenses.

Court rulings 
Section 2 has been the source of every Supreme Court ruling directly addressing Twenty-first Amendment issues. Early rulings suggested that Section 2 enabled states to legislate with exceptionally broad constitutional powers.
In State Board of Equalization v. Young's Market Co., (1936), the Supreme Court held that a state could require a license fee for importing beer from other states and also for manufacturing beer within the state. The court recognized that "Prior to the Twenty-first Amendment it would obviously have been unconstitutional" for a state to require a fee for such a privilege. 

In Craig v. Boren (1976), the Supreme Court addressed the issue of proposed legislation with different ages for males and females regarding alcohol consumption in Oklahoma (age 18 for females, age 21 for males). The Court overturned the motion because of a presumed violation of the Equal Protection Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment.
In South Dakota v. Dole (1987), the Supreme Court upheld the withholding of some federal highway funds to states in which the legal drinking age is less than twenty-one years of age is lawful. The Court held that the limitations on spending power in the Twenty-First Amendment did not prohibit Congress to indirectly achieve federal objectives.

In 44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996), Rhode Island passed a law that banned liquor advertising from places that did not sell liquor. The petitioners based their suit on their First Amendment right to free speech. In a unanimous decision the Court held that states cannot use the Twenty-first Amendment to abridge freedom of speech protections under the First Amendment. However, the Court acknowledged the state was empowered to regulate the sale of liquor under the Twenty-First Amendment.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 National Archives: Twenty first Amendment
 CRS Annotated Constitution: Twenty first Amendment

21
December events
1933 in the United States
The election of the President and Vice President of the United States is an indirect vote in which citizens cast ballots for a set of members of the U.S. Electoral College. These electors then cast direct votes for the President and Vice President. If both votes result in an absolute majority, the election is over. If a majority of electors do not vote for President, the House of Representatives chooses the President; if a majority of electors do not vote for Vice President, the Senate votes. Presidential elections occur quadrennially on Election Day, which since 1845 has been the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, coinciding with the general elections of various other federal, state, and local races. The most recent United States presidential election was held on November 3, 2020.

Eligibility 
To be eligible to be president, a candidate must:
 Be a natural-born citizen of the United States
 Be at least 35 years old
 Have been a resident of the United States for 14 years

Notes

References
Litomyšl is a town in the Czech Republic. The population is 10,000. It is in the Pardubice Region in eastern Bohemia. A famous composer, Bedřich Smetana, was born there in 1824. Litomyšl Castle is on the UNESCO Heritage List.

Landmarks 
The most important landmarks there are Litomyšl Castle, Knights´ Hall, Church of the Raising of the Holy Cross, Piarist Church of the Discovery of the Holy Cross and Piarist college, New Church of the Church of the Brethren, Portmoneum (Museum), Smetana´s Cultural House, Indoor swimming pool.
Litomyšl Castle 
The dominant feature of Litomyšl is a monumental Renaissance castle. It was built from 1568 to1581 by the House of Pernštejn. Litomyšl Castle was originally a Renaissance arcade-castle of the Italian type. Its design and decoration is fantastic. There is a rich sgraffito decoration on the walls. Later, the Baroque features were added in the 18th century. The architect of the building was Giovanni Battista Aostalli. The first owner and the donator was Vratislav II. from Pernštejn. In the castle grounds there is Castle Brewery, too. In Catle Brewery there was born Bedřich Smetana, a famous composer. The castle was written on the UNESCO Heritage list in 1999. The International Smetana´s Opera Festival takes place there every June.
Knights´ Hall: the oldest house in Smetana Square 
This is one of the most beautiful houses in Litomyšl square. It was built by a stonemason Blažek after a fire in 1540. It was finished in 1546. The stone facade is decorated with decorative and figurative motives. On the sides of the middle window there are 2 statues of the knights. They are famous from story by a popular writer Alois Jirásek. The house is decorated with other figures (a merchant, a mermaid, a lion, a unicorn). There is a town gallery today.

Church of the Raising of the Holy Cross 
The church was founded in 1378 (638 years ago) in gothic style. Most of equipment is from the second half of the 18th century. The main altar was built in 1767, sculpture decoration was made by František Pacák. The altar image of the Holy Cross was painted by Ignác Raab. There was a massive renovation of the building from 1995 to 2000. In May 2000, the new organs were instaled there The church is a dominant of the historical part of the town, now.
Church of the Discovery of the Holy Cross and Piarist college 
This church is located opposite Litomyšl Castle. The church was built in baroque style. It was designed by Giovanni Battista Alliprandi. He was a famous architect from Italy. The church was constructed from 1716 to 1726. There is a former piarist college on the left of the church.

It is a Catholic church. It was demaged in the 20th century. The renovation was done at the beginning of the 21st century. Now people come here to pray, listen to the concerts and visit exhibitions. You can climb up to the roof and have a look around the historical town centre.

In front of the church there is Regional Museum Litomyšl. The museum building used to be a grammar school.

Behind the church there is Monastery garden. It is a renovated garden which is a very popular park now.
New Church of the Church of the Brethren 
This modern building was built from 2008 to 2010. The church was designed by an architect Zdeněk Fránek. There are artworks by Karel Malich and Vojtěch Cígler as well. The church has got a room for 150 people, 2 clubs and a social lobby. Worship takes places there every Sunday at 9:30. Sometimes you can visit concerts or exhibitions there. Eeverybody can come there.

Portmoneum (Museum) 
The history of the Museum of Jan Vachal began in 1920 when an artist Váchal decorated a house of his friend. Vachal's wall paintings in the Portmoneum are very complicated.The paintings are citations from Váchal´s stories. The painted topics are a country and a number of devils, spirits and ghosts. The museum was opened thanks to the Paseka publishing house in the honour of Vachal's work. It was opened in 1993. It was called the Portmoneum after the house owner Portman.
Smetana´s Cultural House 
The construction of this cultural hall began in 1903. The chief builder was J. Kreml from Litomysl. The foundation stone was laid on April 4, 1903. Smetana’s house is named after a famous composer Bedřich Smetana. He was born in Litomyšl in 1824. Smetana’s house is a theater and a cultural centre. Smetana’s house consists of a big auditorium, a small auditorium and a lounge. Its style is the Art Nouveau. You can visit concerts, balls and theatre performances there.

Regional Museum 
The building of the museum was originally the piaristic grammar school. Alois Jirásek taught there. It is situated next to the Piaristic Church and opposite the castle. There was a big reconstruction of the building from 2012 to 2014. Today you can visit a new interactive display show of the history of the town, smaller displays of the Cabinet ancient history or Guild of shooters to target. Other contemporary exhibitions often take place there.

References

Towns in the Czech Republic
Pardubice Region
The Twenty-third Amendment (Amendment XXIII) to the United States Constitution extends the right to vote in the presidential election to citizens residing in the District of Columbia by granting the District electors in the Electoral college, as if it were a state.  The amendment was proposed by the 86th Congress on June 16, 1960, and ratified by the states on March 29, 1961.

According to the terms of the amendment, the district is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state, but no more electors than the least populous state (currently Wyoming, which has three electors); thus, the district cannot have more than three electors. Even if it were a state, the district's population would entitle it to only three electors.  Since the passage of this amendment, the District's electoral votes have been cast for the Democratic Party's presidential and vice presidential candidates in every election.

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Background
When the Constitution was ratified, the nation's capital was New York City. However, Article one, Section 8, Clause 17 of the Constitution states:

Selecting the site for the new capital was a political compromise. Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury and bankers, mainly from the northeast, got the Bank of the United States located in Philadelphia. In exchange, a special District of Columbia would be located on the Potomac River, closer to the southern states and controlled by Congress.

Washington DC was founded on July 16, 1790 on a site selected by George Washington. He appointed three commissioners to prepare the city for the new government, scheduled for 1800. While this was taking place, from 1790 until 1800, the capital was Philadelphia.
In 1800, as planned, the District of Columbia became the nation's capital. At the time the population was only about 5,000 residents. As a district and federal territory, the population did not have a local or state government. They also could not vote in federal elections.

Passed by Congress on June 17, 1960, and ratified by the states on March 29, 1961, Amendment XXIII, for the purposes of the Electoral College, treats the District of Columbia the same as if it were a state. This gives the citizens of the District the right to vote in presidential elections. The Amendment does not make the district a state, it gives the residents the same number of electors the same number as if it were a state. But, per the amendment, no more than the smallest state. The Amendment does not give district citizens any representation in Congress. Congress continues to govern the district.
Political impact 
While the District of Columbia is considered politically neutral at the time of passage in 1961, the District swung dramatically toward the Democratic Party since. African-Americans have voted in greater numbers than they had in the 1940s and 1950s. According to the 1970 census, 71% of the Federal District was black, a dramatic jump. As a result, the District has sent its 3 electoral votes to the Democratic candidate in every single presidential election since 1964. However, the District's electoral votes have yet to prove decisive in a presidential election. The smallest Electoral College majority won by a Democratic president since the Twenty-third Amendment's ratification was the 56 vote majority achieved by Jimmy Carter in 1976.

References

Other websites 

 National Archives: 23rd Amendment
 CRS Annotated Constitution: 23rd Amendment

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Newton Edward Daniels (6 April 1938 – 17 March 2016), known by his stage name Paul Daniels, was an English magician and television performer. 

He was known for his show The Paul Daniels Magic Show. It ran on the BBC from 1979 to 1994. He was known for his catchphrase of "You'll like this ... not a lot, but you'll like it". He also hosted three game shows on the BBC, Odd One Out from 1982 to 1985, Every Second Counts from 1986 to 1993 and Wipeout from 1994 to 1997.  

He was born in South Bank, Middlesbrough. He married Jacqueline Skipworth in 1960. The couple had three sons: Gary, Paul and Martin. Daniels was married to his assistant Debbie McGee from 1988 until his death. 

Daniels died of a brain tumor in Wargrave, Berkshire, aged 77.

References

1938 births
2016 deaths
BBC television presenters
Cancer deaths in Berkshire
Deaths from brain cancer
English television presenters
People from Middlesbrough
Television personalities from Yorkshire
Suaad Allami (Arabic: سعاد اللامي) or Suaad Abbas Salman Allami (Arabic: سعاد عباس سلمان العلمي ) is an Iraqi lawyer from Sadr City in Baghdad. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.   Alami started a women's center in Baghdad with the NGO Women For Progress.  Women for Progress was the first legal clinic for women in Iraq.

Life 

Allami graduated from Baghdad University School of Law in 1992. She worked as a lawyer in Iraq's family courts for seventeen years. 

In 2010 Allami received a Master's Degree (LLM) in Law and Human Rights from the University of Minnesota Law School.

Work 

Allami was in the Baghdad Provincial Council and Sadr City District Council from 2004 to 2009.  She wrote laws for the District and Sub-District Councils of Baghdad Province. 

Allami opened the first all female legal clinic in Iraq. She runs five women’s centers in Baghdad.

Awards 

Allami was named Female Lawyer of the Year by the Iraqi Women's Foundation in 2008.
Allami received the International Women of Courage Award in 2009. 

From 2009 to 2010, Allami was the Distinguished Hubert Humphrey Fulbright Fellow at University of Minnesota Law School. 

She received the Massachusetts Bar Association Public Service award in 2010. 

In 2014, Allami received the vital voices Global Leadership award.

References  

 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Iraqi human rights activists
Iraqi politicians
Lawyers
People from Baghdad
Women who received the International Women of Courage Award
Superior is a city in northwestern Wisconsin, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 27,244. Superior is at the western end of Lake Superior. It is also the county seat of Douglas County.

Superior was the last place that the Edmund Fitzgerald visited before it sank.

References

Cities in Wisconsin
County seats in Wisconsin
The Twenty-fifth Amendment (Amendment XXV) to the United States Constitution says that if the President becomes unable to do his or her job, the Vice President becomes the President (Section 1) or Acting President (Sections 3 or 4).  This can happen for a short period of time, if the President is just sick or disabled for a short time.  It could also happen until the end of the President's term (the President's time in office), if the President died, resigned, or is "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office".

The Twenty-fifth Amendment also says what should happen if there is a "vacancy" in the Vice President's office (meaning there is no Vice President).

The Amendment was ratified by the states and became part of the U.S. Constitution on February 10, 1967.

Background
Article Two, Section 1, Clause 6 of the Constitution says:
This means that if the President is fired, dies, resigns, or is unable "to discharge [their] Powers and Duties" (unable to do the things a President has to do), the Vice President will take over their job.  The Vice President will do the President's job until they get better (if they are just sick or disabled), or until the next Presidential election (if the President resigned or is dead).  If neither the President nor the Vice President can do the President's job, Congress can decide who takes over the President's job.  This is all the Constitution says about this subject.
This clause was not very specific.  It did not say:
 Who had the power to say a President was unable to do their job
 Whether the Vice President would actually become President if he/she had to take over, or would just be "Acting President" (someone who did the President's job, but never got the title of "President")
 Who would take the Vice President's job if he/she died, resigned, could not do his/her job, or had to take over for the President
 How (or who) in Congress should decide who would take over if neither the President or the Vice President could do the President's job
In 1841, the ninth President, William Henry Harrison, became the first United States President to die in office.  Before this, Representative John Williams had suggested that the Vice President should become Acting President if the President died. Also, after Harrison died, his Cabinet had met and decided that Vice President John Tyler would become "Vice-President Acting President." However, Tyler did not like this idea.  He announced that he had become the President, and was not just doing the old President's job.  He refused to look at any papers that were addressed to him as "Acting President."