Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Bethlehem Housing Authority (BHA) provides social housing in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

The Bethlehem Housing Authority was formed in 1939. Its job was to build houses for the people living in Bethlehem, which is a city in eastern Pennsylvania.

The National Housing Act (1937) was one of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's first tries to make better the living conditions of Americans badly affected by the Great Depression of the 1930s. Bethlehem's Housing Authority was one of the first in the nation. Robert Nuemeyer became the Authority's first executive director in 1939. BHA's first board consisted of chairman (and mayor) Robert Pfeifle, Weir Jepson, Merritt Kreidler, Lt. Colonel William Coyle and Andrew W. Litzenberger.
After the end of WWII, Bethlehem had another housing crisis. Men were leaving the armed forces and going back home. From about the start of 1946, the population of the United States increased greatly. In Bethlehem the city population increased from 50,000 to 75,000 by 1960.

This meant that a lot of affordable housing was needed. The BHA decided to keep the Parkridge, South Terrace and Clearfield units and use them as public housing.

The BHA also planned to build another 500 - 600 units next to Pembroke on a former family farm along Pembroke Road. These buildings would increase Bethlehem's public housing stock to more than 1,400 units.

By June 1950, firms had offered to build Fairmount for $962,000.00. By the end of the year, the Marvine Village bid was also approved for $3.9 million. A lot of the Fairmount project was paid for by the State of Pennsylvania. It stayed part of the state's housing inventory until the late 1970s.
By 1952, Mr. Nuemeyer became ill and stepped down. He was replaced by Ralph J. Bartholomew, who was a longtime member of the banking community. During Mr. Bartholomew's tenure, the housing authority started an expansion program designed to help the growing needs of the elderly population.

1960 - 1974
In 1962, BHA showed plans for its first development designed for older people. The Robert Pfeifle Homes, was a 50 unit community in the northeast area. It had ten buildings.
They were among the very first of their type in the United States. In the next ten years, the BHA would design and build more public housing for seniors, including the Litzenberger House, the Bodder Building and the Bartholomew Building and the Monocacy Tower. BHA www.bha645.com  now has some 450 apartments to serve the older adults in need of affordable housing.
At around this time, Mr. Bartholomew died and his successor was brought in from the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Frank V. Loretti, with a background in labor relations became the BHA's third director.

1974 - 2003

Frank Loretti wanted to modernize the way the authority worked and was organized. He wanted to use computers for the authority's records and other functions. In addition, the board wanted to begin an authority-wide building modernization program.

During this time a plan was formulated to address the authority's aging infrastructure. The war-time era South Terrace, Parkridge and Clearfield projects were demolished. South Terrace and Parkridge were rebuilt between 1985 and 1991 and all other buildings were modernized, using capital fund money, which was made available by the federal government.
Also during this period, various management functions were centralized for greater organization and efficiency. The maintenance shops were also centralized within one modern facility in 1978. A Central Supply facility was dedicated in 1977.

Today
The current executive director is Clara A. Kendy (2004). Today, BHA's challenge is similar to all other housing agencies. Federal subsidy reductions of up to 15% have caused housing authorities to become leaner and to look toward innovation in order to succeed.

BHA has several new ideas, including homeownership initiatives where the authority connects eligible tenants with opportunities to help them own their own home. One such example is a partnership with Habitat For Humanity. Economic self-sufficiency is a goal that BHA continuously tries to help its residents achieve.
Today, the Bethlehem Housing Authority manages 1,430 conventional housing units within ten developments serving the city of Bethlehem. In addition, there are nearly 500 Housing Choice Vouchers available for eligible families. HCV was formerly known as "Section 8" housing. The authority also has various recreational and social programs for tenants of all ages.

In 2007, BHA's new First Tee Golf Learning program received a national merit award, recognizing it as an innovative recreation/learning program for children. During its 70th anniversary in 2009, it proudly broke ground for a brand new community in northeast Bethlehem. The first "Bayard Homes" will be rented during the first months of the year (2011).

Other websites
 Official website 

Organizations based in Pennsylvania
Accommodations
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
1939 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Pennsylvania
Les Six (pronounced "Le sees") is French for "The Six". Les Six were a group of six French composers who were friends around the year 1920. They were young at the time, and they shared a lot of ideas about music. The composer Erik Satie called them "Les Nouveaux Jeunes", but then a man called Henri Collet called them "Les Six" in an article he was writing, and that name was always used for them after that.

In their music they tried to be different from Richard Wagner and other composers of Romantic music, and different from Debussy and Ravel who had been writing Impressionistic music. They also wanted to write in a simple way instead of using complicated rhythms such as those of Stravinsky or twelve tone music like Arnold Schoenberg. Many of their pieces were quite short. They liked strong, masculine music, especially jazz. 

The six composers did not stay together for very long as they soon developed their own personal styles in their compositions.

Members
Georges Auric (1899–1983) wrote lots of rhythmic music which had lots of energy. He wrote music for movies.
 Louis Durey (1888–1979) did not want to follow fashion. He used traditional ways of composing and wrote in his own, personal way.
 Arthur Honegger (1882–1955) liked chamber music and the symphony. His popular piece Pacific 231 describes a train journey on the Canadian Pacific Railway.
 Darius Milhaud (1892–1974) was a very talented composer who wrote in several different styles. Some of his music uses bitonality and polytonality (writing in two or more keys at the same time. His love of jazz can be heard in popular pieces like Le Boeuf sur le Toit which he called a cinema-symphony.
 Francis Poulenc (1899–1963) was the most famous of the six composers. He continued to write in a style which was similar to the music of the 1920s. Many of his pieces are often performed today, e.g. Gloria, his ballet Les Biches, some of his chamber music and many songs.
Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983) was the only female in the group. She liked to use dance rhythms. She was the only member of Les Six to earn diplomas from the Paris Conservatory. She loved children and animals and wrote many works about them. She also wrote operas, concertos, and many works for the piano.
After 1920 

It was really only in 1920 that all six composers were together. They had all been inspired by Jean Cocteau and Eric Satie. By 1921 Louis Durey had already left the group. Les Six continued to be associated with the style of French music from around the 1920s. They still remained friends, and used to visit a bar known as "La Gaya" which became Le Boeuf sur le Toit (The Ox on the Roof): the title of Milhaud's ballet. The group published an album of piano pieces together called "Album des Six". Five of the members worked together on the music for Cocteau's work Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel 

The name "The Six" was a reference to the group of Russian composers who had been known as "The Five".

20th-century French composers
Georges Auric (born Lodève, France, 15 February 1899; died Paris 23 July 1983) was a French composer.  He was one of the six composers who became known as Les Six.

Childhood
Auric was a child prodigy.  He composed a lot of music from the age of 10, but most of these early works he destroyed later. He grew up in Montpellier.  In 1913, his parents moved to Paris so that he could study at the Paris Conservatoire. He studied with the composer Vincent D'Indy at the Schola Cantorum.

By the time he had joined Les Six he had already become a composer with a strong, personal style of writing. His music is often energetic and aggressive.

Works
Auric wrote ballet music for Diaghilev.  When Jean Cocteau started making motion pictures at the beginning of the 1930s Auric began writing film music. He wrote soundtracks for a number of French and British films, and then for Hollywood movies, too.  The Song from Moulin Rouge made it to the hit parade.
In 1962, he gave up writing for moving pictures when he became director of the Opéra National de Paris and then chairman of SACEM, the French Performing Rights Society. Auric continued to write classical chamber music, especially for wind instruments, for the rest of his life.

1899 births
1983 deaths
20th-century French composers
Musicians from Montpellier
The Left (), sometimes called the Left Party (), is a political party in Germany. It is a democratic socialist political party in Germany. It is considered to be left-wing populist by some researchers. The party is the direct descendant of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). It was formed on 16 June 2007, when The Left Party.PDS joined with WASG to form a unified party. The Left is a founding member of the Party of the European Left. It is also the largest party in the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) group in the European Parliament.

According to official party figures, the Left Party had 60,350 registered members as of December 2020. It is the fifth-largest party in Germany.

The party participates in governments in many states including Brandenburg, Thuringia, and Berlin. The Left parliamentarian Bodo Ramelow is the Minister-President of Thuringia.
While the PDS was considered by German authorities as extremist, the WASG was not considered extremist. The party is the most left-wing party of the six represented parties in the Bundestag. It has been called far-left by some news outlets. The German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (Verfassungschutz) states that the party is not regarded as extremely left or a threat to democracy. However, it does monitor some of its internal factions, such as Socialist Left.

Related pages
 Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice / WASG

References

Other websites 

 Official Website of Die Linke 
 The European Left site

2007 establishments in Germany
 
Organizations based in Berlin
Louis Durey (born Paris, 27 May 1888; died Saint-Tropez, France, 3 July 1979) was a French composer.  He was the oldest, but probably the least well-known of the six composers who are called Les Six.

Birth
Louis Durey was the son of a businessman.  He had no idea that he wanted to be a composer until he heard the opera Pélléas et Mélisande by Claude Debussy.  He was then already 19 years old. He taught himself how to compose.

Works
Durey became a member of the group called Les Six in 1920. However, he did not take part in the music they wrote together in 1921 called Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel.  This made Jean Cocteau very annoyed.
Durey became interested in left-wing politics and later joined the Communist Party.  During the years of the Nazi occupation of World War II, he worked with the French Resistance and wrote anti-Fascist songs. After the war he had strong Communist ideas.  This made it difficult for him to be successful in the world of music.
In 1950 he got the job of music critic for a communist newspaper in Paris.

He wrote a lot of music during his life, but there were many years when he wrote nothing.  He composed songs, chamber music and choral works.

Louis Durey died at Saint-Tropez, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.

1888 births
1979 deaths

20th-century French composers
Arthur Honegger (10 March 1892 - 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer, who was born in Le Havre, France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. He was a member of the group of composers called Les Six. His most popular piece of music is an orchestral work called Pacific 231, which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive.

His full name was Oscar-Arthur Honegger, but his first name was never used. He studied harmony and violin in Paris until his parents moved to Zürich, Switzerland, when he studied at the Conservatory there. He then went back to Paris to study with Charles-Marie Widor and Vincent d'Indy. He wrote a ballet Le dit des jeux du monde in 1918. In 1926 he married Andrée Vaurabourg, a pianist and fellow student at the Paris Conservatoire. They often went on tour together, and his wife played the piano parts to his compositions. The couple had one daughter, Pascale, born in 1932. Honegger also had a son, Jean-Claude (1926-2003) whose mother was the singer Claire Croiza.
In the early 1920s Honegger became famous with the "dramatic psalm" "Le Roi David" ("King David"), which is still often sung by choirs. He wrote a lot of music between the wars, including the oratorio Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher, one of his best works. It tells the story of Joan of Arc.

During World War II Honegger could not leave Paris. He joined the French Resistance. He continued to write very serious music, including four symphonies (numbers 2-5) and some religious music.

Honegger loved trains. As a student he had spent some time travelling to Paris twice a week by train from Le Havre. His popular orchestral work Pacific 231 describes a train on the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was an early piece, written in 1923. 

In 1947 Honegger suffered a severe heart attack, and after that he composed little. A second heart attack caused his death eight years later in Paris.
Honegger's music is different to that of the other members of Les Six, partly because Honegger liked the Romantic music of Wagner, Strauss and Reger. His music is tonal but with numerous strong dissonances. His musical style was also influenced by the music of Bach.

1892 births
1955 deaths
20th-century composers
Deaths from myocardial infarction
People from Le Havre
Swiss composers
Darius Milhaud (pronounced "DAR-yus MEE-oh") (born Marseille, 4 September 1892; died Geneva 22 June 1974) was a French composer. He was a member of the group called Les Six. He is one of the most important French composers of the 20th century. He wrote more than 400 compositions. His music is often influenced by jazz and polytonality (music in more than one key at once).

Life 

Milhaud's family were Jewish. He grew up in Aix-en-Provence. His father was an almond dealer. When he was very small he often listened to the songs that were being sung by the women who were sorting out the nuts. They were folksongs from the Provence. When he was a young man he liked to go for walks in the Provence country. This was an important part of his life.

Milhaud's parents liked music. His father was a pianist and often played at local music gatherings. His mother had a nice contralto voice. When he was seven he learned to play the violin. He loved the music of Claude Debussy, whom he met once.
Milhaud studied in Paris at the Paris Conservatory where he met Arthur Honegger and Germaine Tailleferre who were also to become members of Les Six. He studied composition under Charles-Marie Widor and harmony and counterpoint with André Gédalge. He also studied privately with Vincent d'Indy. He taught himself to play the piano. In Paris he was able to listen to music by a lot of great composers.

He was terribly sad when a close friend was killed in World War I. He decided to go to Brazil. He worked there for nearly two years, deciphering codes. He liked the sounds of the jungle. These sounds were to have an impact on his music. The other great influence was jazz, which he heard in 1922 in New York.

Milhaud returned to France and worked very hard. He often travelled. In 1940 he had to emigrate to the United States because the Nazis were arresting Jewish musicians. In America he gave lectures.
His health became poor. He had rheumatoid arthritis for nearly all his adult life, and by 1948 he was in a wheelchair. He still continued to travel, and to teach, for as long as possible. Probably his most famous student was Dave Brubeck.

In 1925 Milhaud married his cousin, an actress called Madeleine Milhaud. She often performed speaking parts in her husband's musical works. In his final years, she devoted herself to looking after him. She died in Paris on 17 January 2008 at the age of 105.

His works 

Milhaud's most popular works include Le Boeuf sur le Toit (ballet), La création du monde (a ballet for small orchestra with solo saxophone, influenced by jazz), Scaramouche (for Saxophone and Orchestra, also for two pianos), and Saudades do Brazil (dance suite). His autobiography is called Notes Sans Musique (Notes Without Music), later rewritten as Ma Vie Heureuse (My Happy Life).

References 
 Groves Dictionary online

1892 births
1974 deaths
20th-century French composers
French autobiographers
People from Aix-en-Provence
The Saône is a river in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône river. It starts in the Vosges department amd joins the Rhône in the city of Lyon.

Two French departments has the name of the river in their names: Haute-Saône and Saône-et-Loire, both in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

Geography
The Saône river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of . 

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Couzon-au-Mont-d'Or in the Metropolitan Lyon.

Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Couzon-au-Mont-d'Or (13 years)

Course
The Saône river starts  in the commune of Vioménil in the Vosges department, at an altitude of about . The river flows in general to the south-southwest.
The Saône river flows through the 3 regions and 6 departments. It flows through the following communes, among others:
 Grand Est region
 Vosges department: Darney, Monthureux-sur-Saône, Châtillon-sur-Saône.
 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region
 Haute-Saône: Jonvelle, Corre, Jussey, Port-sur-Saône, Scey-sur-Saône, Gray;
 Côte-d'Or: Auxonne, Saint-Jean-de-Losne, Seurre;
 Saône-et-Loire: Verdun-sur-le-Doubs, Chalon-sur-Saône, Tournus, Mâcon, Crêches-sur-Saône.
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Ain: Thoissey, Jassans-Riottier, Trévoux;
 Rhône: Belleville-sur-Saône, Villefranche-sur-Saône, Anse;
 Metropolitan Lyon: Neuville-sur-Saône, Fontaines-sur-Saône, Caluire-et-Cuire, Lyon, La Mulatière.

The Saône river flows into the Rhône river as a right tributary in the city of Lyon.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries, over 40 km long,  of the Saône river are:
Left tributaries:
 Côney - 55.2 km
 Lanterne - 64.3 km
 Durgeon - 42.4 km
 Ognon - 213.6 km
 Doubs - 452.8 km
 Seille - 100 km
 Reyssouze - 75.1 km
 Veyle - 66.8 km
 Chalaronne - 52.3 km

Right tributaries:
 Amance - 46.3 km
 Salon - 71.6 km
 Vingeanne - 93.3 km 
 Tille - 82.7 km
 Ouche - 95.4 km
 Dheune - 66.7
 Grosne - 95.6 km
 Azergues - 61.9 km

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Rivers of Grand Est
Rivers of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Hereford (pronounced  or )  (pronounced  "Henforth") is a city and civil parish in the West Midlands of England, close to the border with Wales and on the River Wye. It is the county town of Herefordshire.

The name Hereford comes from the Anglo Saxon here, meaning an army and ford which is a place where soldiers could cross.

Hereford has had a cathedral since 1059.

In 1997, Hereford Council lost its status as a city council, and had to appoint Charter Trustees. Its ancient city traditions are recognised and carried on by the parish council, which is led by the City Mayor.

Transport

Road 
The A49, A438, A465, A480, A4103, A4110, B4399, B4224 and B4359 roads pass through Hereford.

Rail 
Hereford has a train station.

Bus 
Hereford has a city bus station, for routes in the city, and a country bus station, for routes out of the city.

Related pages
Hereford Cathedral

References

County towns in England
The finger (also called "the bird", or most commonly "the middle finger") is a common insulting hand signal in some countries. 

If you put your middle finger up, you are saying something like "fuck you" or "fuck off". However, it may also be used humorously, for example between people who are close friends. Context is everything in these non-verbal gestures.

The gesture dates back to ancient Greece and it was also used in ancient Rome. Historically, it represented the phallus.

References 

Profanity
Non-verbal communication
Ariel is a moon of Uranus found on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell. It was found at the same time as Umbriel.

The moon is named after the leading sylph in Alexander Pope's poem Rape of the Lock. It is also the name of the spirit who serves Prospero in Shakespeare's The Tempest.

Uranus' moons
is a city and municipality in the county of Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. With  people that live there (as of August 2023), Trondheim is Norway's third largest municipality. It is also has the fourth biggest urban area in Norway, with a population of about .

History 
The city of Trondheim was founded in 997. It was frequently used as the seat of the king, and was capital of Norway until 1217. In the Middle Ages, Trondheim was the site of several battles, including the battle between King Sverre and Erling Skakke, in 1179. The city has experienced several major fires - the most devastating in 1651 and 1681. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of the buildings in Trondheim, and the 1681 fire led to a total reconstruction of the city.

The city of Trondheim became a municipality January 1, 1838. The rural municipalities of Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda and Tiller were joined into Trondheim on January 1, 1964.

Related pages
List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

References
References

Other websites 
 Municipality website (Norwegian only)
 Trondheim.no, Trondheim's official website in Norwegian and English
Ajax can mean different things:

AFC Ajax, a football club from Amsterdam
Ajax the Great, a hero from the Trojan war
Ajax the Lesser, another hero in the Trojan war
Ajax (programming), a technique used in web application development
Ajax, Ontario, a town in the Canadian province of Ontario
The Trondheim Region is a statistical metropolitan area in the counties of Sør-Trøndelag (population: 223,363) and Nord-Trøndelag (23,388) in Norway. It is centered around the city of Trondheim.

1/ km²2/ Population per km², population data from ssb ;3/ Orkdal has been added to region due to new road completed

Trondheim
Electric potential is electric potential energy (EPE) per unit of charge.  (The unit of energy is the joule and the unit of charge is the coulomb.)  Electric potential tells what the electric potential energy of a charged object will be for every coulomb of charge it has, or how many joules of energy there will be per coulomb.  The unit for electric potential, joule per coulomb, it is named the volt in memory of Alessandro Volta. One volt equals one joule per coulomb.
Introduction
A good analogy is water in a mill pond.  In a pond, water has gravitational potential energy because of how high it is above sea level.  When the water goes over a fall, it loses energy.  There might be a pond in the hills with 100 liters of water and 1000 joules of energy in the pond, and so there are 10 joules of energy per liter.  Another pond might have 100 liters of water but yet only 500 joules of energy because the pond is in a lower valley.  This pond has 5 joules per liter.  Similarly, we could have 100 coulombs of charge with 1000 joules of electric potential energy stored somewhere, maybe in an electric circuit.  The electric potential would be 10 joules of energy per coulomb.  In another place, maybe another place in the same electric circuit, there might be an electric potential of 5 joules per coulomb.
Just like a mass falls from a place where it has a higher potential energy, an airplane or someplace in the universe, to where it has a lower potential energy, the ground or a different place in the universe, so do charges.  Charges will always go to where they have lower electric potential  or potential.  This going is also called "falling".  A group of charges or a charged object will fall from where there is an electric potential of 10 joules per coulomb to where there is an electric potential of 5 joules per coulomb, or from a place with an electric potential of 10 volts to one with an electric potential of 5 volts.  If there are 20 coulombs of charge on an object, it will fall from having an electric potential energy (EPE) of 200 joules (20 c x (10 j/c) = 200 joules) at the place with an electric potential of 10 volts to an electric potential energy of 100 joules (20 c x (5 j/c) = 100 joules) at the place with an electric potential of 5 volts.
Gravity
While this concept is also valid for gravity, it is not used.  It is almost always more useful to think of and use the total gravitational potential energy, GPE, of an object and not use the GPE per kilogram.  In electricity, it is very often more useful to use electric potential, the EPE per charge, instead of using the total electric potential energy.

Electric potential energy
Electric potential is not the same as electric potential energy.  It is electric potential energy per unit charge.   Electric potential is not the same as electric potential difference.  Electric potential difference is also called voltage (see the voltage page).
Remarks
Please note that the volt and voltage are two different things.  The volt is a unit by which we measure something. Both electric potential and voltage are things we measure, and the volt is the unit of measure for both. Yes, a little confusing, but that is the way it is. The symbol for the unit volt is written with a V (9 volts or 9 V). When voltage is used in a formula, the symbol for voltage is a lowercase v. ( e.g. voltage = current x resistance or v = ir) This distinguishes the difference between volts (V) and voltage (v) when there is only a single letter symbol to go by. Electrical engineers use the symbol 'e' for voltage (e.g. e=ir) to distinguish the difference more clearly.

Electricity
Christine Teipel (1621 – 4 May 1630) was a 9 year old child who was executed as a witch. This execution happened in Schmallenberg-Oberkirchen in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Life 
She was questioned on March 7, 1630. She told about 15 other people who had taken part in a Witches' Sabbath, at night. There were 8 men, 6 women, and a little girl. During that year, there were 7 processes, from April to June of that year. During these processes, 58 people were sentenced to burn at the stake for witchcraft. 22 people of these were men, 2 were children. 

Christine Teipel was sentenced and executed in the third of seven rounds of trials. 

Near Oberkirchen there is a place where commemorative inscriptions have been erected.

Parts of what she had said during the trial

Pact with the devil
"bekend guetlich, daß Johan Bell...vor etzlicher zeit, weiß nit, wieviel jar, in Stephans backhaus sie die zauberei gelert, ...(Sie) Hette auch austrucklich dem teuffel zugesagt, waruf der teuffel in eins wackern jungen gestalt, ...zu ir kommen, ... zu ir gesagt, ob sie im auch stehen [zu ihm stehen] wolte. Sie im druff geandwortet: ja, wen er ir etzwas guts tun wölte, wilches er ir auch zu tun versprochen."

Approximate translation:

"confesses, that Johan Bell (...) had taught her to do magic, some time ago; she does not know how long ago.  This happened in Stephan's bakery. She had also committed to serving the devil. The devil had then appeared in the form of a vigorous young boy. The boy had asked her if she wanted to commit herself to him; she had agreed, under the condition that he should do something good for her, which he had promised (...)

Attending a Sabbat
"Sein boel (Teufelsbuhle) hett mit ir gedanzt... Der tanz hette woll zwei stunde geweret"
Translation:
"Her mate (sex partner) had danced with her... The dance had lasted about two hours"

Sex with the devil
"bekend, daß der bol (Teufelsbuhle) ein ding furm leib gehabt, damit ihr in ir schamb etc., hab kein freud dabei gehabt, were gewesen, als wens holz gewest; und so oft sie zum tanz gezogen, hette er erst zu ihr kommen und boliret [= Geschlechtsverkehr haben], und wen sie´s nit leiden wolten, hette er ir zu schlagen gedrauwet" [= gedroht].

Translation:
"confesses, that the mate (sex partner) had had a thing before him, to put into her (etc), that she did not enjoy it at all, it was like this thing were wood; And whenever she wanted to dance, he had first come, and had had sex; and when she did not want to, he had threatened to beat her (..)"

Books 
(All of them are in German)
Alfred Bruns, Die Oberkirchener Hexenprotokolle, in: Schieferbergbau-Heimatmuseum Schmallenberg- Holthausen: Hexen- Gerichtsbarkeit im kurkölnischen Sauerland, Dokumentation zur Ausstellung vom 21.7.- 4.8.1984, „Christinichen Teipeln aus Oberkirchen“, S. 26 ff
Tobias A. Kemper: "...der allnoch anwachsenden bluenden jugend zum abscheulichen exempel...". Kinderhexenprozesse in Oberkirchen (Duchy of Westphalia). In: SüdWestfalen Archiv Jg.4/2004. S.115-136.

Other websites
 Pact with the devil 

1621 births
1630 deaths
Executed German people
People executed for witchcraft
People from North Rhine-Westphalia
AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. It is a technique used to make webpages faster to use. If they are programmed with AJAX, they seem to react faster. They only send small bits of information to the web server. That way the whole web page does not need to reload, only small parts of it.

Good things
There is a clear separation between what the page shows (the content), how it looks (the style), and what it does (the function). Programmers that change what the page does do not need to concern themselves with how the page looks.
Pages done with Ajax only load small bits from the server. Most of the time, they execute code on the client. This makes the program load first so it can respond faster.
Ajax can be used to read XML or JSON among other file formats.
Problems
There are also some problems with Ajax. These are among other things:
It uses JavaScript. Some people have JavaScript disabled.
Because it does not reload the full page, it breaks the history function of the Web browser. The Back button does not work any more.
If the network is slow (there is a high latency), this becomes more obvious when the whole page needs to be reloaded. Users might not expect these delays.
Some web browsers do not support Ajax well, if at all.

References

Internet
JavaScript
Bradford is a major city in West Yorkshire, England. The city has a population of about 500,000 people. Bradford grew due to its excellence in the textile trades of nineteenth century England. Bradford is home to Bradford City Football Club who became the first English football club to win the current FA Cup trophy in 1911.

Bradford is near Leeds. The two cities share the Leeds Bradford International Airport.

References 

 
1847 establishments in Europe
1840s establishments in England
Lithuanian litas (Lithuanian: litas) was the national currency of the Republic of Lithuania. Litas became a currency of Lithuania in 1922, then again in 1993. In present days, there are 8 coins (1, 2, 5, 10, 50 cents and 1, 2 and 5 LTL) and 6 banknotes (10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 LTL) in use. It stopped being in use in 2015.

General information 

 ISO 4217 Code: LTL
 Inflation: 3.6 % (2006 estimate)
 Subunit: 1/100 (1 cent (centas))
 Symbol: Lt
 Central bank: Bank of Lithuania

Former currencies of Europe
Litas
Maria Holl (* 1549 in Altenstadt near Geislingen an der Steige, in Germany; † 1634) was an inn-keeper in Nördlingen. She was accused of witchcraft, but she did not confess to a crime, despite the torture. After this, she was released, and cleared of the accusations.

Because she was very successful running the tavern, she was accused of witchcraft. In total, she was tortured 56 times. At all times she only confessed to God. No matter what was done to her, she could not be made to say to have a pact with the devil. Many citizens of Nördlingen were in favor of her. She was cleared of the accusations on October 11, 1594. She was among the last people to be tried for Witchcraft, in Nördlingen.

Maria Holl died in 1634, probably from the Plague. 

1549 births
1634 deaths
German people
The Duduk is a traditional woodwind instrument of Armenian origins.

History 
The duduk is one of the oldest double reed instruments in the world which dates back over 3,000 years. Many different duduks can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus. The roots of Armenian duduk music go back to the times of the Armenian king Tigran the Great (95-55 BC). The instrument is seen in many Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Ages.

References

Other websites 
 Jivan Gasparyan, "Eshkhemed"
 Jivan Gasparyan & Nune Yesayan "Dle Yaman"
 Jivan Gasparyan "Tribute" 
 Jivan Gasparyan "Horovel" 
 Jivan Gasparyan "Hin U Nor Husher" 
 Vatche Hovsepyan "Duduk" 
Duduk.com
Duduk.co.uk 

Woodwind instruments
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Droopy Dog is a cartoon character created by Tex Avery for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1943. It first appeared on a cartoon titled Dumb Hounded (1943).

Anthromophic characters
Fictional dogs
Tom and Jerry
Iraqi Kurdistan or South Kurdistan is the part of Kurdistan which is in Iraq.

Iraqi Kurdistan is in the north of Iraq. The area is to the west of Iranian Kurdistan. To Iraqi Kurdistan's west is Syrian Kurdistan, and to the north is Turkish Kurdistan.

Gallery

References 

Kurdistan
Geography of Iraq
Biohazzard Records is a German based Independent record label. It was founded by music journalist Sascha Bahn and Alexander C.H. Lorenz (publisher of "MUMM" compilation). He has more as 20 years experience in management of bands. The label is distributed through "Alive!", edel.net (Digital Distribution) and DanseMacabre (Das Ich). They focus at Gothic, Gothic Metal and some kinds of Electro.

Releases 
 2000:  Sinnflut - Vergessene Melodien
 2001:  Sinnflut - Wortlosigkeit
 2003:  Silence - The p/o/u/r letters
 2003:  Sinnflut - Gefüge (Part I & II)
 2004:  Sinnflut - Im Anblick meines Augenblicks
 2006:  Eisenfunk - Funkferngesteuert
 2006:  Sanity Obscure - Resurrection
 2007:  Silence - the badtime stories e.p.
 2007:  Eisenfunk - Eisenfunk
 2007:  adoptedCHILD - geliebt-getötet

Artists 
 Eisenfunk
 PISCIDE
 adoptedCHILD
 Sanity Obscure
 Silence
 Sinnflut
 Die Braut
 Concrete/Rage
 Agapèsis
 Scarelett
 S.C. Inc

Other websites 
Biohazzard Records 
Biohazzard Records@myspace
Independent record labels
Entertainment in Germany
Companies of Germany
Arbil (also written Erbil or Irbil) is the capital of Kurdistan Region. In Kurdish, the city is called Hewlêr. 1,190,251 people live there, mostly Kurds. The city is 80 kilometers (50 miles) east of Mosul.

References

Cities in Iraq
Kurdistan
Round cities
The Ruhr Area () is an urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.  Many of the cities in the Ruhrgebiet used to have a lot of heavy industry.

The Ruhr Area is bordered by the rivers Ruhr River to the south, Rhine River to the west, and Lippe to the north. Southwest it borders the Bergisches Land.

The area has about 5.3 million inhabitants, and is part of the larger Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area of more than 12 million people.

The Ruhr Area consists of the cities of Duisburg, Oberhausen, Bottrop, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Bochum, Herne, Hamm, Hagen and Dortmund and the rural districts of Wesel, Recklinghausen, Unna and Ennepe-Ruhr

Culture
The city of Essen in the Ruhr area was selected as European Capital of Culture for 2010 by the Council of the European Union.

Sources

References
References

Bishop, Patrick.  Bomber Boys Fighting Back 1940–1945
 French Directorate for Economic Affairs, Memorandum on the separation of the German industrial regions , 8 September 1945.
Gareau, Frederick H.  "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany", Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp. 517–53 in JSTOR
Yoder, Amos. "The Ruhr Authority and the German Problem", Review of Politics, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jul., 1955), pp. 345–358 in JSTOR
Further reading
 Kift, Roy, The Complete Ruhrgebiet: The English language guide (2018)  () Klartext Verlag, Essen  
 Berndt, Christian. Corporate Germany Between Globalization and Regional Place Dependence: Business Restructuring in the Ruhr Area (2001)
 Crew, David.   Town in the Ruhr: A Social History of Bochum, 1860–1914 (1979) ()
 Fischer, Conan. The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924 (2003)
 Gillingham, John.  "Ruhr Coal Miners and Hitler's War", Journal of Social History Vol. 15, No. 4 (Summer, 1982), pp. 637–653 in JSTOR
 Chauncy D. Harris, "The Ruhr Coal-mining District", Geographical Review, 36 (1946), 194–221.
 Gillingham, John. Industry and Politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr Coal, Hitler, and Europe (1985) ()
 Pounds, Norman J. G. The Ruhr: A Study in Historical and Economic Geography (1952) online 
 Pierenkemper, Toni. "Entrepreneurs in Heavy Industry: Upper Silesia and the Westphalian Ruhr Region, 1852 to 1913", Business History Review Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring, 1979), pp. 65–78 in JSTOR
Royal Jae Schmidt. Versailles and the Ruhr: Seedbed of World War II (1968)
 Spencer, Elaine Glovka. "Employer Response to Unionism: Ruhr Coal Industrialists before 1914" Journal of Modern History Vol. 48, No. 3 (Sep., 1976), pp. 397–412 in JSTOR
 Spencer, Elaine Glovka.  Management and Labor in Imperial Germany: Ruhr Industrialists as Employers, 1896–1914.  Rutgers University Press. (1984) online 
 Todd, Edmund N. "Industry, State, and Electrical Technology in the Ruhr Circa 1900", Osiris 2nd Series, Vol. 5, (1989), pp. 242–259 in JSTOR
Other websites 

  Capital of Culture 2010 Official Site 
  ruhr.2010 Capital of Culture Blog
 Ruhrgebietsbilder: Photos about the Ruhr 

Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Regions of Germany
The Iraqi dinar is the currency of Iraq. One dinar equals 1000 fils (فلس).

Currency of Asia
Iraq
Massoud Barzani (born 16 August 1946) was the first president of Iraqi Kurdistan. He became president on 14 June 2005.

Masoud Barzani succeeded his father, the Kurdish nationalist leader Mustafa Barzani, as the leader of KDP in 1979. Working closely with his brother Idris Barzani until Idris's death, Barzani and various other Kurdish groups fought the forces of the Iraqi government in Baghdad during the Iran–Iraq War. For much of this time, the Kurdish leadership was exiled to Iran.

Barzani was born in Iranian Kurdistan, during the short-lived Republic of Mahabad.

1946 births
Living people
Iraqi politicians
Kurdish politicians
Presidents (government)
Nechervan Idris Barzani (Kurdish:نێچیرڤان بارزانی, Nêçîrvan Îdrîs Barzanî) (born 21 September 1966) has been the Prime Minister of Iraqi Kurdistan since March 2006.

1966 births
Living people
Iraqi politicians
Kurdish politicians
Prime ministers
A credit card is a card which allows people to buy items without cash. Each card has a unique number. Using this number, plus other details on the card (such as the validity date, or a code), the client can buy goods or services. The issuer of the card automatically transfers the money to the seller. The person using the card gets a credit. The  customer has a certain amount of time to pay the credit card bill. If the bill is left unpaid for some time, the customer will have to pay interest for the amount that is left unpaid. Payment using a credit card is one of the most common methods of electronic payment. A debit card similarly allows paying without cash, but it pays with money in the user's bank account.

Credit cards are usually small plastic cards with a unique number attached to an account. Most are magnetic stripe cards and many have an EMV chip for use by card readers.
Paying with a credit card means you borrow the money and must pay it back in a specified time. Users who fail to pay in time may have to pay much more.

Money
The Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) was a conflict that was significantly worsened by Lebanon's changing demographics. There was a conflict between Sunnis and Shias, between Christians and Muslims, and the involvement of Syria, Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) exacerbated existing issues. After a short break in the fighting in 1976 due to Arab League mediation and Syrian intervention, civil strife continued, with fighting primarily focused in south Lebanon, occupied first by the PLO, then occupied by Israel. On May 17, 1983, a US-backed agreement was reached for making peace between Lebanon and Israel. The agreement failed when Syria refused to withdraw its forces.

References 

1980s in Asia
1990 in Asia
Civil wars involving Asia
Wars involving Israel
Wars involving Lebanon
Wars involving Syria
1970s in Israel
20th century in Lebanon
20th century in Syria
1970s conflicts
1980s conflicts
Conflicts in 1990
Mosul ( , , ) is a city in the north of Iraq. Under the Ottoman Empire it was the capital of northern Iraq. More than a million people lived there when Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant conquered it in 2014. In 2017 the Iraqi Army with help from Kurdish Peshmerga troops and other militias took the city back.

Further reading
Published in the 19th century
 
 
 
 
 

Published in the 20th century
 
 
 

Published in the 21st century

References

Other websites

 ninava-explorer 
Iraq Image – Mosul Satellite Observation 
Detailed map of Mosul by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, from lib.utexas.edu
 

Cities in Iraq
Nineveh Governorate
Mayonnaise (also known as Mayo) is a thick sauce. It is an emulsion of vegetable oil and egg yolk, with either lemon juice or vinegar. It is often used as a condiment for food such as salads, sandwiches and french fries.

References 

Condiments
Francis Poulenc (7 January 1899 in Paris – 30 January 1963 in Paris) was a French composer. He was one of the group of six composers who became known as Les Six. He composed music in many different forms: song, chamber music, oratorio, opera, ballet music and orchestral music. His music is easy to enjoy at first hearing: it is much simpler than the music of many other composers who were writing modern music at the time. At first the music critics did not think he was a serious composer, but later people realized the importance of his music. He is the greatest writer of French song (mélodie) since Fauré.

Early life 
Poulenc came from a rich family. His father had a large pharmaceutical business. His mother, an amateur pianist, taught him to play the piano. The Catholic faith was important to him, as well as the artistic life. These two influences shaped his personality. The music critic Claude Rostand said that Poulenc was  "half monk and half naughty boy".
Poulenc felt that he needed more lessons and he studied with Charles Koechlin. He was asked by Diaghilev to write ballet music for Les Biches. He composed his Concerto for Two Pianos and the Organ Concerto. He was very upset by the death of Raymonde Linossier who was the only woman he ever wanted to marry. Poulenc was becoming aware that he was gay. He had a lot of emotional problems with big changes of mood.

His friendship with the singer Pierre Barnac was a great help to him professionally. Barnac was a baritone. Poulenc composed about 90 songs for him. They gave many concerts together.

Poulenc spent some periods of his life composing and other periods performing. He made a series of broadcasts on French radio. He composed a great deal of music during the 1950s. He died suddenly of a heart attack in 1963.
His music 
Poulenc was an excellent pianist and he wrote a lot of music for the piano, especially during the 1930s. He liked to create blurred effects by using the sustaining pedal a lot. Some of his best piano writing is in the accompaniment to his songs.

Poulenc’s early chamber music often uses jazz ideas. He wrote several sonatas for various instruments. He liked writing for wind instruments. His Piano Sextet is for piano and five wind instruments.

He wrote several works for orchestra as well as music for the stage and choral music. His Gloria is often performed by choirs. Children like his Story of Babar the Elephant. It is for a storyteller and piano. Jean Françaix made an arrangement for an orchestra.

1899 births
1963 deaths
20th-century French composers
Germaine Tailleferre (born Saint Maur Des Fossés, France, 19 April 1892; died Paris, 7 November 1983) was a French composer.  She was one of the members of the famous group Les Six.

Early years
She was called Marcelle Taillefesse when she was born. When she was grown up she changed her last name to "Tailleferre" just to annoy her father because he had refused to let her study music.  She studied piano with her mother at home, composing short works of her own and then began studying at the Paris Conservatoire.  There she met Louis Durey, Francis Poulenc, Darius Milhaud, Georges Auric and Arthur Honegger. She won several prizes at the Conservatoire.  She often met with her friends who became known as Les Six.
Works
In 1923 Tailleferre began to spend a great deal of time with Maurice Ravel at his home in Monfort-L'Amaury. Ravel encouraged her to enter the Prix de Rome Competition. In 1925, she married Ralph Barton, an American caricaturist, and moved to Manhattan, New York. She stayed in the United States until 1927 when she and her husband returned to France. They divorced shortly afterwards.

Tailleferre wrote many of her most important works during the 1920s, including her 1st Piano Concerto, The Harp Concertino, the Ballets "Le Marchand d'Oiseaux" (the most often performed ballet in the repertoire of the Ballets Suédoises during the 1920s) and "La Nouvelle Cythère" which Diaghilev had asked her to write for his ballet company.
In the 1930s she composed the Concerto for Two Pianos, Choeurs, Saxophones and Orchestra, the Violin Concerto, the Operas "Zoulaïna" and "Le Marin de Bolivar", and her masterwork, "La Cantate de Narcisse", which she wrote with Paul Valéry. Her work in film music included "Le Petit Chose".

When World War II started she had to escape across Spain to Portugal and from there to America.

After the war, in 1946, she returned to her home in France where she composed a lot more music, much of which was not published until after her death.  She was accompanist at a children's music and movement class.  She wrote shorter pieces towards the end of her life because her arthritis made writing difficult.

Tailleferre carried on composing until a few weeks before her death in November 1983.

Other websites 
 

1892 births
1983 deaths
20th-century French composers
Cladistics is the method of classifying organisms into groups called clades.

A clade (Greek = branch) is a group of organisms with a common ancestor and all its descendants (and nothing else). Such a clade is monophyletic. The term 'clade' was coined by English biologist Julian Huxley.

Examples
Birds, dinosaurs, crocodiles, and all other descendants (living or extinct) of their most recent common ancestor form a clade. In the terms of biological systematics, a clade is a single branch on the tree of life, a monophyletic group. Biological classification needs such a natural group of organisms to be put together and given a taxonomic name.

This brings classification in line with phylogeny (how living things evolved). In cladistics, clades are the only acceptable units.

Some versions of cladistics have been the subject of controversy.p226