Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Jordan Hendry (born  February 23, 1984 in Nokomis, Saskatchewan) is an Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for Straubing Tigers of the DEL.

He played college ice hockey with the University of Alaska Fairbanks Nanooks. Hendry has played in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Blackhawks from four seasons and the Anaheim Ducks for 2 games. He has also played for HC Lugano of the National League A.

Hendry won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks on June 9, 2010 which he took to his hometown of Nokomis.

References

Other websites 

1984 births
Living people
Anaheim Ducks players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Norfolk Admirals players
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
Stanley Cup champions
American Hockey League players
Swedish Hockey League players
Harriet Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and writer. Her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) showed the lives of African-Americans slaves. It was very popular as a novel and a play, and had a great influence in the United States and Britain, helping people who did not like slavery and making many people disagree with slavery.

Biography
Stowe was born Harriet Elisabeth Beecher in Litchfield, Connecticut, on June 14, 1811. Her parents were religious leaders Lyman Beecher (a leader of the Second Great Awakening) and Roxana (Foote) Beecher. Her mother died when Harriet was five years old. She had a sister, Catharine Beecher, who was an educator and author, and three brothers Henry Ward Beecher, Charles Beecher, and Edward Beecher.
Harriet went to the girls' school run by her sister Catharine. She received an education in the classics, including study of languages and mathematics. At 21, she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio to join her father. He had become the president of Lane Theological Seminary. She also joined the literary salon and social club called the Semi-Colon Club.

Harriet married Calvin Ellis Stowe on January 6, 1836. He was a widower and professor at the seminary. They had seven children together, including twin daughters. Calvin Stowe was a critic of slavery. The Stowes supported the Underground Railroad. They briefly sheltered several fugitive slaves in their home.

Uncle Tom's Cabin and the American Civil War
In 1850, the Stowe family moved to a house near the campus of Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine. Calvin Stowe was teaching in the college. On March 9, 1850, Stowe wrote to the  editor of the antislavery journal National Era. She told him that she was planning to write a story about slavery. In June 1851, the first installment of her book, Uncle Tom's Cabin, was published in the National Era. She originally used the subtitle "The Man That Was A Thing". It was changed to "Life Among the Lowly". Installments were published every week from June 5, 1851, to April 1, 1852.
For the newspaper serialization (published in parts) of her novel, Stowe was paid only $400. Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in book form on March 20, 1852, by John P. Jewett with an initial print run of 5,000 copies. Each of its two volumes included three illustrations and a title-page designed by Hammatt Billings. In less than a year, the book sold an unprecedented 300,000 copies. By December 1851, sales began dropping off. A cheap edition was published to stimulate more sales.

Americans were captivated by the book. It provoked more debate about abolition and slavery. Southerns hated the book. Within a year of the book's publication, 300 babies were named "Eva" in Boston alone.
Lincoln and Stowe
After the start of the American Civil War, Stowe went to Washington, D.C. She met President Abraham Lincoln on November 25, 1862. Stowe's daughter Hattie reported, "It was a very droll time that we had at the White House I assure you ... I will only say now that it was all very funny—and we were ready to explode with laughter all the while."

Lincoln greeted Stowe by saying, "So this is the little lady who made this big war."

Harriet's own accounts are vague, including a letter reporting the meeting to her husband: "I had a real funny interview with the President."

Death

Harriet Beecher Stowe died on 1 July 1896 in Hartford, Connecticut. She is buried in the cemetery at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts.

References

Other websites
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin: an Electronic Edition of the National Era Version – Edited by textual scholar Wesley Raabe, this is the first edition of the novel to be based on the original text published in the National Era
 Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture – A multimedia archive edited by Stephen Railton about the Stowe's novel's place in American history and society
 Harriet Beecher Stowe House & Center – Stowe's adulthood home in Hartford, Connecticut
 Meet Harriet Beecher Stowe, renowned author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin  – A live performance showcasing the life and times of this historical woman.
 Harriet Beecher Stowe Society – Scholarly organization dedicated to the study of the life and works of Harriet Beecher Stowe
 Brief biography at Kirjasto (Pegasos) 
 The Online Books Page (University of Pennsylvania)
 
 
 Harriet Beecher Stowe's brief biography and works
 History's Women: Harriet Beecher Stowe
 Uncle Tom's Cabin , online text with audio. (PDF )
"Uncle Tom's Cabin: the book that ignited a nation" 
Top-rated online version  Black Freighter Productions' free online version of Stowe's "Queer Little Folks" (entire text, professional layout, PDF.)
"How To Live on Christ" a pamphlet by Harriet Beecher Stowe, taken from her Introduction to Chistopher Dean's "Religion As It Should Be or The Remarkable Experience and Triumphant Death of Ann Thane Peck" published in 1847  Hudson Taylor sent a pamphlet using the words of this preface out to all the missionaries of the China Inland Mission in 1869.
Barron's BookNotes for Uncle Tom's Cabin - The Author and Her Times
1811 births
1896 deaths
19th-century American novelists
19th-century writers from Connecticut
American abolitionists
Educators from Hartford, Connecticut
Writers from Hartford, Connecticut
Joe McElderry (born 16 June 1991) is an English singer. He was born in South Shields, Tyne and Wear. He won the 2009 series of singing competition The X Factor UK. He is openly gay.

References

1991 births
Living people
English pop musicians
English singers
English LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT musicians
Musicians from Tyne and Wear
The X Factor contestants
In mathematics, the absolute value of a real number , written as  or , is the value of  when the sign is dropped (or  without its sign). That is,  for a positive ,  for a negative , and  

For example, the absolute value of 3 is 3, and the absolute value of −3 is also 3 (). The absolute value of a real number may be thought of as its distance from zero. It can be defined as follows:

Because a distance is always positive, the absolute value of a number is always positive.

Similarly, the absolute value of a complex number may be thought of as its distance from the origin.

It is defined by the equation

Properties

Real numbers 
For any real number , its absolute value is denoted by  (a vertical bar on each side of the quantity), and is defined as
The absolute value of  is always either positive or zero, but never negative. From an analytic geometry point of view, the absolute value of a real number is that number's distance from zero along the real number line. The absolute value of the difference of two real numbers is the distance between them.

In calculus, the absolute value function is differentiable except at 0. It is continuous everywhere.

In linear algebra, the norm of a vector is defined similarly as the distance from the tip of the vector to the origin. This is similar to the way the absolute value of a complex number is defined.

The square root notation without sign represents the positive square root. So, it follows that:

which is another definition of absolute value.

The absolute value has the following four main properties:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width: 250px" |
| style="width: 100px" | ()
| Non-negativity (the absolute value of a number is never negative)
|-
|
| ()
|Zero-definiteness (the absolute value of a number is zero if and only if this number is zero)
|-
|
| ()
|Subadditivity (the absolute value of  plus  is less than or equal to the absolute value of  plus the absolute value of )
|-
|
| ()
|Multiplicativeness (the absolute value of  times  is equal to the absolute value of  times the absolute value of )
|}

Other important properties of the absolute value include:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width:250px" |
| style="width: 100px" | ()
|Idempotence (the absolute value of the absolute value is the absolute value)
|-
| style="width:250px" |
| style="width: 100px" | ()
|Symmetry (the absolute value of a number is the same as the absolute value of its opposite)
|-
|
| ()
|Identity of indiscernibles (equivalent to zero-definiteness)
|-
|
| ()
|Triangle inequality (equivalent to subadditivity)
|-
|
| ()
|Double absolute value (equivalent to subadditivity)
|-
|
| ()
|Preservation of division (equivalent to multiplicativeness)
|}

Two other useful properties related to inequalities are:

These relations may be used to solve inequalities involving absolute values. For example:

Complex numbers 
For a complex number , where  is the real part of  and  is the imaginary part of ,

Related pages 

 Magnitude (mathematics)

References 

Mathematics
Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (born March 28, 1986), better known as her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, activist, record producer, businesswoman, fashion designer, philanthropist, actress, dancer and model. She has a mezzo-soprano vocal range. Her albums are The Fame, The Fame Monster, Born This Way, Artpop, Cheek to Cheek, Joanne, Chromatica, and Love for Sale.  In the US, she has earned five number-one singles and six number-one albums.  She has won 13 Grammy Awards, an Academy Award, three American Music Awards, and various BRIT Awards.

Gaga is known for her versatility in music. She got her stage name from the song "Radio Ga Ga" by the band Queen. She won a Golden Globe Award for her acting role in the television series American Horror Story: Hotel in 2016. Gaga played the female lead, Ally, in the 2018 movie A Star Is Born, where she stars alongside Bradley Cooper.  She additionally portrays Patrizia Reggiani in the 2021 Ridley Scott film, House of Gucci.

Life and career
Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta was born at the Hospital Northwell Health in Upper East Side, New York City, on March 28, 1986. She is the oldest daughter of Joseph Germanotta, an internet businessman, and Cynthia (née Bissett). She has a younger sister named Natali, who is a fashion student. Lady Gaga is of Italian (her paternal grandfather was from Naso, in the province of Messina and he came up to the United States on 1908) and French Canadian ancestry. She learned to play piano at the age of four. She wrote her first piano song at 13. She started performing live by age 14. At the age of 11, Gaga went to the Convent of the Sacred Heart. This is a private Roman Catholic school on Manhattan's Upper East Side. Her family wasn't rich. She has said that her parents "both came from lower-class families, so we've worked for everything my mother worked eight to eight out of the house, in telecommunications, and so did my father
." In high school, Gaga played lead roles in Guys and Dolls and in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum. Gaga said her high school life was "very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined". She also said that it was "insecure". She said in an interview that, "I didn’t fit in, and I felt like a freak."
Gaga was 17 when she went to New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. She lived in a NYU dorm on 11th Street. She studied music. She helped to write essays on art, religion, social issues and politics. Gaga felt that she was more creative than some of her classmates. "Once you learn how to think about art, you can teach yourself," she said. By the second semester of her sophomore year, she left school to focus on her musical career. Her father agreed to pay her rent for a year, if she agreed to go back to Tisch if she failed. "I left my entire family, got the cheapest apartment I could find, and ate shit until somebody would listen," she said. Gaga has said she has had bulimia and anorexia since she was 15.

2005–07:  Career beginnings
In 2005, Gaga began a band called the Stefani Germanotta Band. The band played in local dive bars during 2005-2007 where they performed her debut EP, Red and Blue. Gaga revisited these locations during her Dive Bar Tour during 2016.
2008 – January 2011:  The Fame and The Fame Monster
Gaga started her creative team, the Haus of Gaga, in 2008. On August 19, 2008, her first album The Fame was released.  It included the hit singles "Just Dance" (featuring Colby O'Donis), "Poker Face", "LoveGame", and "Paparazzi". The first two singles became number-one hits for Gaga in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and several other countries. Gaga's follow-up EP, The Fame Monster, was released on November 18, 2009. It contained the singles "Bad Romance", "Telephone" (featuring R&B singer Beyoncé), and "Alejandro". They became hits worldwide. All seven of these songs got into the top ten of the US Billboard Hot 100. The first six reached number one on Billboard'''s Mainstream Top 40/Pop Songs chart. January 1 2011 Lady Gaga Announced to return music for !ore than 1 year
2011–2014:  Born This Way, Artpop, and Cheek to Cheek
Gaga released her second studio album, Born This Way, on May 23, 2011. Before that, Gaga released the song of the same name on February 11, 2011. The song entered the charts at number 1 in America, becoming her third number-one single there. Born This Way became Gaga's first number-one album in the United States, selling over one million copies there in its first week. Following the song "Born This Way", the singles "Judas", "The Edge of Glory", and "Yoü and I" reached the top ten in the US. The album's final single, "Marry the Night", became a top-thirty hit there.

In 2012, Gaga bought 55 items from an auction for Michael Jackson's possessions. She also released her first fragrance, Fame.  The liquid of the perfume is black but sprays clear, which is "like the soul of fame."
On November 6, 2013, her third studio album, Artpop, was released and became Gaga's second American number-one album. The song "Applause" was released as Artpop's lead single and reached number 4 in the US and Canada, while peaking within the top ten around the world. The second single, "Do What U Want", featuring R&B singer R. Kelly, was released as the album's second single, peaking at number 13 in America, number 9 in the UK, and number 3 in Canada.  A remixed version of the song featuring American singer Christina Aguilera was released on New Year's Day, 2014. Gaga released the third single, "GUY.", in March 2014. It peaked at number 76 on the Billboard Hot 100.

In September 2014, Gaga released a collaborative album with jazz artist Tony Bennett titled Cheek to Cheek. Two singles have been released, "Anything Goes" and "I Can't Give You Anything but Love".
2015:  American Horror Story: Hotel and The Hunting Ground
In 2015, Gaga was supposed to be the artist to perform the first concert in space; however, this never came into fruition.  She performed a tribute to British singer-actress Julie Andrews at the 2015 Academy Awards. Gaga became engaged to her boyfriend of nearly four years, actor Taylor Kinney, over the weekend of Valentine's Day, 2015.  However, the couple broke up in July 2016.

Throughout that year, Gaga toured with Tony Bennett to promote Cheek to Cheek.  Gaga also starred in the FX series, American Horror Story: Hotel.
At the end of 2015, Gaga released the single "Til It Happens to You", co-written with songwriter Diane Warren (who has written songs for Céline Dion, Cher, and Aerosmith, among others) for the documentary The Hunting Ground, which documents sexual abuse on college campuses. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media, along with an Academy Award for Best Original Song. She performed the song at the 2016 Academy Awards with 50 sexual assault survivors.

For her role in American Horror Story, Gaga won a Golden Globe Award.

 2016–17:  Joanne and Super Bowl LI halftime show 
Gaga performed the National Anthem of the United States at Super Bowl 50 on February 7, 2016.
Gaga released her fifth studio album, Joanne, on October 21, 2016. The style of the album is very different compared to her previous music. It entered at number one on the Billboard 200, and it became Gaga's fourth number-one album of the 2010's decade (2010-19). She worked with producer RedOne again on Joanne, along with artists like Mark Ronson, Beck, and country songwriter Hillary Lindsey. The album includes the singles "Perfect Illusion" and "Million Reasons". The first single reached the top twenty around the world. The second reached as high as #52 in the US when it first charted.
Gaga performed in the Super Bowl LI (51) Halftime Show on February 5, 2017, in Houston, Texas. This became the most-watched halftime show in history across all platforms (the second-most watched on television, behind Katy Perry's 2015 halftime show). After Gaga's performance, "Million Reasons" entered the Billboard Hot 100 again at number four, tying the record for the highest re-entry on the Hot 100. It became her 14th top-ten hit and her 10th top-five in the US. It was later certified Platinum by the RIAA.

After Beyoncé announced that she could not perform the Coachella Festival due to her expecting twins, it was revealed that Gaga would perform instead. She performed her old hits along with a new song, "The Cure", that was released the next day. It reached number one on the iTunes charts of 62 countries on the day it was released.
From August 2017 to February 2018, Gaga performed on the Joanne World Tour. Some shows in November, along with the final ten shows on the tour, were canceled due to Gaga's fibromyalgia. A Netflix documentary about her life, called Gaga: Five Foot Two, was released on September 22, 2017. The documentary won the award for Best Music Documentary at the 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards.

On November 19, 2017, Gaga performed "The Cure" from the Joanne World Tour during the 2017 American Music Awards. She won the award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist later that night.
2018–19: A Star Is Born, Lady Gaga Enigma, and Haus Laboratories 
Gaga starred in a remake of the film A Star Is Born alongside Bradley Cooper, which was released on October 5, 2018. Two singles from the movie's soundtrack were released: "Shallow" (with Bradley Cooper) and "Always Remember Us This Way". "Shallow" topped charts in Australia and the UK while initially reaching the top five in the US and Canada. It won two Grammy Awards for Best Song Written for Visual Media and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance. The soundtrack entered at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart, giving Gaga the most number-one albums in the 2010's decade for a woman (with five US number-one albums).

Gaga is currently performing in a residency show in Las Vegas at the MGM Park Theater, called Lady Gaga Enigma. It began on December 28, 2018.
In February 2019, it was reported that Gaga and Christian Carino, her boyfriend of two years, had called off their engagement. Later that month, Gaga won her first Academy Award, known as an Oscar, in the Best Original Song category for "Shallow". She performed the song alone at the 61st Grammy Awards but joined with Cooper at the Oscars. After the Oscars performance, the song became Gaga's fourth number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 and Cooper's first.

On March 12, 2019, Gaga responded on Twitter to tabloid rumors that she was pregnant, writing, "Rumors I'm pregnant? Yeah, I'm pregnant with #LG6," referring to her sixth studio album.
On May 6, 2019, Gaga was one of the chairpersons of the Met Gala, a yearly dinner held by Vogue editor-in-chief Anna Wintour at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. It is known for its celebrity guests and themes. The 2019 theme was Camp: Notes on Fashion. Gaga wore four layers: a long fuchsia coat with a hair bow, a black gown, a fuchsia dress, and black lingerie.

In July 2019, Gaga revealed her beauty collection, called Haus Laboratories. It was released for pre-order on its website and Amazon, whose Prime Day sale occurred July 15 and 16 of that year.
2020–present: Chromatica, Love for Sale, and House of Gucci
A song by Gaga, titled "Stupid Love", leaked online in January 2020.  Gaga later released the final version of the song on February 28, 2020, as the first single from her upcoming sixth studio album, revealed to be called Chromatica. The song entered the top ten of charts in several countries.  It became Gaga's sixteenth top-ten and twelfth top-five hit on the Billboard Hot 100 when it debuted at number five. Chromatica was planned for release on April 10, 2020, but was postponed to May 29 because of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak.
On April 18, 2020, Gaga performed the song "Smile" as part of the TV special One World: Together at Home, which featured appearances from many entertainers, such as Jennifer Lopez, Beyoncé, Taylor Swift, and Elton John.  The program, which was organized by Gaga and Global Citizen in an effort to raise money for those affected by COVID-19, raised over $127 million. It earned the Guinness World Record for "Most Money Raised for Charity by a Remote Music Festival."
On May 22, a week before the album's new release date, she released "Rain on Me", a duet with Ariana Grande, as the album's second single. It entered at the top of the Billboard Hot 100, giving Gaga her fifth number-one song in the US.Chromatica entered at the top of the Billboard 200 album chart in the US, giving Gaga her sixth US number-one album.  She also earned six number-one albums faster than any other female in Billboard history. Scheduled for 2020, the Chromatica Ball Tour was rescheduled for 2021 and then rescheduled a second time until 2022 because of the coronavirus pandemic.

On August 30, 2020, at the MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga won the first Tricon Award, along with Artist and Song of the Year and Best Collaboration and Best Cinematography for "Rain on Me". With these five wins, Gaga's career VMA awards total 18.

Gaga released a short film for the Chromatica song "911" on September 18, 2020.
Gaga won Favorite Electronic Dance Music (EDM) Artist at the 2020 American Music Awards, becoming the first female artist to do so.

Gaga performed the US national anthem at the inauguration of President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris on January 20, 2021.

On March 14, 2021, "Rain on Me" won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance.  Chromatica was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album.

Gaga appeared in the 2021 Apple TV+ documentary series The Me You Can't See, which was executive-produced by Oprah Winfrey and Prince Harry. It discusses the topic of mental health.  In one episode, Gaga revealed that she had been raped and left pregnant by a music producer at the age of 19 and was threatened that her music would be burned if she did not take off her clothes.

The Chromatica remix album, Dawn of Chromatica, was released September 3, 2021. It features collaborations from several artists.
Originally scheduled for a spring 2021 release, Gaga's second album with Tony Bennett, Love for Sale, was released October 1, 2021.  Their cover of Cole Porter's "I Get a Kick Out of You" was released August 3, 2021, Bennett's 95th birthday.

Gaga stars as Patrizia Reggiani (with Adam Driver as Maurizio Gucci) in the Ridley Scott-directed film House of Gucci, released November 24, 2021.

On April 3, 2022, Love for Sale won the Grammy Awards for Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album and Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical.  Since the second award is an engineer's award, this brings Gaga's total Grammy wins to 13.  The album and its single "I Get a Kick Out of You" were nominated in four further categories.
2021 dognapping 
On February 24, 2021, it was reported that Ryan Fischer, a friend of Gaga, was in Hollywood walking Gaga's three French bulldogs: Asia, Gustav, and Koji.  Two men exited a white car, and Fischer was shot four times in the chest; Gustav and Koji were stolen.  Asia was rescued by the Los Angeles Police Department.  Fischer was sent to the hospital, and it was announced later that he would fully recover.  Gaga, while filming a movie in Italy, announced a $500,000 reward for anyone who turned in the dogs.

Two days later, the dogs were turned in to a Los Angeles police station, unharmed, and returned to one of Gaga's representatives.

 Public image 
Fashion and style

Gaga has a striking fashion sense. The New York Post said her early look was like "a refugee from Jersey Shore''" with "big black hair, heavy eye makeup and tight, revealing clothes." Gaga has naturally brown hair. She bleached her hair blonde so she wouldn't look like Amy Winehouse.
LGBT fans
Much of Gaga's early success is due to her gay fans. She is often called a "rising gay icon." Early in her career she had trouble being played on the radio, and stated, "The turning point for me was the gay community. I've got so many gay fans and they're so loyal to me and they really lifted me up. They'll always stand by me and I'll always stand by them. It's not an easy thing to create a fanbase."

Discography

Filmography

Films

Television

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 

1986 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American LGBT rights activists
American movie actors
American pop singers
American dance musicians
American television actors
American voice actors
Bisexual people
Brit Award winners
Golden Globe Award winners
Academy Award winning composers
BAFTA Award winners
Grammy Award winners
 
LGBT people from New York (state)
LGBT singers
LGBT songwriters
Musicians from Manhattan
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Singers from New York City
Synth-pop singers
Art Garfunkel (born November 5, 1941) is an American singer of Jewish descent. Along with Paul Simon, he was part of the duo Simon and Garfunkel, a popular group in the 1960s and early 1970s. After that, he made several solo albums. He has also acted in a few movies.

Albums
 The Animal's Christmas - (1986) with Amy Grant, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Kings College School Choir, songs by Jimmy Webb.
 Angel Clare (1973)
 Breakaway (1975)
 Watermark (1978)
 Fate For Breakfast (1979)
 Scissors Cut (1981)
 The Art Garfunkel Album (1984)
 Garfunkel (1988)
 Lefty (1988)
 Up 'Til Now (1993)
 Across America (1996)
 Songs From A Parent To A Child (1997)
 The Best of Art Garfunkel (1998)
 Everything Waits To Be Noticed (2002)
 Some Enchanted Evening (2007)
Movies
 Catch-22 (1970), directed by Mike Nichols, with Alan Arkin, Orson Wells, Martin Sheen, Anthony Perkins, Martin Balsam and Jon Voight.
 Carnal Knowledge (1971), directed by Mike Nichols, with Jack Nicholson.
 Bad Timing - A Sensual Obsession (1980), by Nicholas Roeg, with Theresa Russell and Harvey Keitel.
 Good to Go, also called Short Fuse (1986), by Blaine Novak.

Other websites
 The official Art Garfunkel website

References

1941 births
Living people
American pop singers
Jewish American musicians
Singers from New York City
Plattsburgh is a town in New York in the U.S.  It is in upstate New York, near Lake Champlain.

Cities in New York (state)
County seats in New York (state)
WTC can mean:
World Trade Center (1973–2001), the name of several large buildings in New York destroyed in 2001.
World Trade Center (2001–present), the new complex built at the same place as the old one.
Wu-Tang Clan, a group of hip-hop singers.
Well-Tempered Clavier, music written by Bach.
Only Time, is a song by Celtic new age singer, Enya. It is one of her most famous songs.

2000 songs
George Rodrigue (March 13, 1944 – December 14, 2013) was an American artist who grew up in New Iberia, Louisiana. He went to an all-boys high school and then later studied at two art colleges, one in Louisiana and one in California. He later trained in New York. He began by painting outdoor scenes at family gatherings, using an oak tree as his main subject in hundreds of paintings. Later he started abstract painting of Louisiana legends and the history of its people. 

He is best known for his Blue Dog series of paintings. He modeled the Blue Dog after his own pet named Tiffany. She had died a couple years before the first painting was ever made. That first painting was made for the cover of a scary book. It was a little eerie, the subject being a pale scruffy dog with red eyes. Eventually they became friendlier images of the Blue Dog. He died of prostate cancer on December 14, 2013, aged 69.

References

1944 births
2013 deaths
Deaths from prostate cancer
American painters
JSGF stands for Java Speech Grammar Format or the JSpeech Grammar Format.  It is a special format used to describe a set of text that fits into a certain language.

References

Programming languages
Ocean pollution is pollution in the sea. It is a form of water pollution. "Ocean pollution" and "marine pollution" mean the same thing.

Sources of ocean pollution 

Marine pollution occurs when harmful effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Most sources of marine pollution are land based. The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff, wind-blown debris and dust. Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algae growth.

Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by plankton and benthos animals, most of which are either deposit or filter feeders. In this way, the toxins are concentrated upward within ocean food chains.
When pesticides are incorporated into the marine ecosystem, they quickly become absorbed into marine food webs. Once in the food webs, these pesticides can cause mutations, as well as diseases, which can be harmful to humans as well as the entire food web.

Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine food webs. These can cause a change to tissue matter, biochemistry, behaviour, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life. Also, many animal feeds have a high fish meal or fish hydrolysate content. In this way, marine toxins can be transferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairy products.
Every time we wash a car or use fertilizer on our lawns we are polluting the ocean. People often think that water pollution comes from big factories, but most of the pollution comes from everyday people doing everyday things. This kind of pollution is called nonpoint-source pollution because we cannot point out where it came from directly. All waste water, in time, enters a body of water (usually a stream). Every stream leads to a river, and every river leads to an ocean.

Oil spills
Oil spills 

Because so many people use oil, large ships must take billions of barrels of it across the oceans. If it is not handled carefully, these trips can be very bad. In 1989, the United States experienced a large oil spill in Prince William Sound, a waterway on the Alaskan coast. The Exxon Valdez, a very big ship, hit a reef and spilled more than 260,000 barrels of oil. The results were very bad. A great number of animals were covered in oil and began dying immediately. Animals that ate these oil-filled animals also died. Many Alaskans who lived by fishing these animals lost their businesses. Even though many animals were saved, and the Exxon Oil Company spent 2.5 billion dollars trying to clean up the oil, Alaska's wildlife still suffers.

References

Other websites 

Mercury pollution
How Oil Spill Absorbent Products Work
 Facts about Marine Mercury Pollution from Oceana.org 
Science News / Marine Pollution Spawns 'wonky Babies' 

Water pollution
Stewie Griffin is a character in the television comedy Family Guy.

Overview 

He is the youngest child of Lois and Peter Griffin. He has two older siblings, Meg and Chris. They are an American family, although Stewie is the only one in his family with a British accent. Seth MacFarlane, is the man responsible for voicing (imitating) and creating the voice for Stewie Griffin. Seth said in an interview that Stewie's voice was inspired by that of Rex Harrison's voice.

Stewie is known for his evil scheme-plotting. During the earlier seasons of Family Guy, Stewie often planned on killing Lois, however, this has since stopped. Stewie built his own time machine that is stored in his room. In the time machine, he has gone to places such as Leonardo da Vinci's house, Poland during the beginnig of World War 2, and even traveled back to the 1st of January 1999 (the first ever episode of Family Guy).

Stewie is often with his stuffed teddy bear called Rupert.
With Stewie being a baby, only a few main characters can actually understand him. The characters that can understand him include: Brian Griffin and Chris Griffin. There is much debate over which characters in Family Guy can understand Stewie. In an interview, the shows creator Seth MacFarlane said that everyone can understand him, but they ignore him or just think to themselves "oh how cute" when he talks. 

However, at the 2011 Comic-Con panel, he would say that Brian always hears Stewie, and more recently so does Chris, but the writers usually try to have Peter, Lois, and Meg not hear him. 

Once Stewie leaves the house, the question of who can hear him depends on the story. MacFarlane also states that these rules can be broken for the sake of comedy, so this usually changes from one episode to another.

Family Guy characters
Animated human characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1999
Tikkakoski is a town in Jyväskylä, Finland. In 2010, 6,000 people live in Tikkakoski. 2,321 of them live in Tikkakoski's downtown.

References

Other websites 

Towns in Finland
MSX was the name of a home computer in the 1980s. It was Microsoft's attempt to create a standard for hardware makers, conceived by Microsoft Japan executive Kazuhiko Nishi. Even with Microsoft's involvement, MSX machines were rare in the United States and Britain, but they were popular in other markets. Eventually 5 million MSX-based units were sold worldwide.

Historical computers‎
The Family Computer Disk System was a disc add-on for the Nintendo Entertainment System that was only released in Japan despite being announced in America. It used floppy disks which made it very easy for piracy to occur.

Other websites 
 Video of Disk System features at Powet.TV
 More Disk System video at Powet.TV
 Video Game Den - Disk System game reviews, screenshots, boxart
 Famicom World - More information on the Disk System
 N-sider.com - NintendOnline  - 4 page article about Nintendo's online history

Storage devices
Nintendo hardware
The ColecoVision was a second generation home video game console known mostly for its expansion packs including the Expansion Module #1 which gave it the largest library of games for its time by having compatibility with Atari 2600 games.  The system competed with other game systems popular at the time such as Atari 2600 and the Intellivision. The ColecoVision offered arcade-quality graphics and gaming style, and the means to expand the system's basic hardware. River West Brands currently owns the ColecoVision brand name. It was released in 1982 and was discontinued in 1985.

Related pages
Video game console

Video game consoles
Fashion in the 15th century, in Europe was characterized by a series of extremes and extravagances, from the voluminous gowns called houppelandes with their sweeping floor-length sleeves to the revealing doublets and hose of Renaissance Italy. Hats, hoods, and other headdresses assumed increasing importance, and were swagged, draped, jewelled, and feathered. Full-bodied houppelandes with voluminous sleeves worn with elaborate headdresses are characteristic of the earlier 15th century.

As Europe continued to grow more prosperous, the urban middle classes, skilled workers, began to wear more complex clothes that followed, at a distance, the fashions set by the elites. National variations in clothing seem on the whole to have increased over the century.
Silk-weaving was well-established around the Mediterranean by the beginning of the century, and figured silks, often silk velvets with silver-gilt wefts, are increasingly seen in Italian dress and in the dress of the rich throughout Europe. Stately floral designs featuring a pomegranate or artichoke motif had reached Europe from China in the previous century and became a dominant design in the Ottoman silk-producing cities of Istanbul and Bursa, and spread to silk weavers in Florence, Genoa, Venice, Valencia and Seville in this period. 

Fur was worn, mostly as a lining layer, by those who could afford it. The grey and white squirrel furs of the Middle Ages, vair and miniver, went out of style except at court, first for men and then for women; the new fashionable furs were dark brown sable and marten. Toward the end of the century, wild animal furs such as lynx became popular. Ermine remained the prerogative and hallmark of royalty.

Fashion
Fashion
An example of a Markov chain are the dietary habits of a creature who only eats grapes, cheese or lettuce, and whose dietary habits conform to the following (artificial) rules:
 It eats exactly once a day.
 If it ate cheese yesterday, it will eat lettuce or grapes today with equal probability for each, and zero chance of eating cheese.
 If it ate grapes yesterday, it will eat grapes today with probability 1/10, cheese with probability 4/10 and lettuce with probability 5/10.
 Finally, if it ate lettuce yesterday, it won't eat it again today, but will eat grapes with probability 4/10 or cheese with probability 6/10.

This creature's eating habits can be modeled with a Markov chain since its choice depends on what it ate yesterday, not additionally on what it ate 2 or 3 (or 4, etc...) days ago. One statistical property one could calculate is the expected percentage of the time the creature will eat cheese over a long period.
Another classical example of a Markov chain is the 1995 model of cocaine use in Los Angeles designed by the RAND Corporation. The model is governed by a series of equations, which describe the probability of a person being a non-user, light user (L) or heavy user (H) of cocaine at time t+1, given their prior probabilities at time t:

L(t+1) = I(t)-aL(t) +fH(t)-bL(t)

H(t+1) = bL(t)-fH(t)-gH(t)

I(t)+L(t)+H(t)=1

References

Mathematics
Statistics
Mary Anning (21 May 1799 – 9 March 1847) was an early 19th-century British fossil collector, dealer and paleontologist. She earned her living finding and preparing fossils, in the rich Jurassic marine strata at Lyme Regis, Dorset where she lived. She made many important finds. These included the first ichthyosaur skeleton to be correctly identified (Temnodontosaurus platyodon); the first two plesiosaur skeletons ever found (Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus); the first pterosaur skeleton found outside Germany (Dimorphodon macronyx); and some important fish fossils.
Her observations played a key role in the discoveries that belemnite fossils contained fossilized ink sacs, and that coprolites, known as bezoar stones at the time, were fossilized faeces. When the geologist Henry De la Beche painted Duria Antiquior, he based it largely on fossils Anning had found. He sold prints for her benefit. Her work played a key role in the growth of scientific biology in the early 19th century. It showed without question that previously unknown forms of life had existed in the Jurassic seas, all of which were long extinct.

Anning's sex and social class—her parents were poor religious dissenters (non-Anglican Protestants)—prevented her from fully participating in the scientific community of early 19th century England, dominated as it was by rich Anglican gentlemen. Some of the men she worked with and for did give her full credit for her contributions, but some did not.
The fossil shop 
Tourists used to visit Lyme Regis, which had become a popular seaside resort. As their father had before them, Mary and her brother Joseph Anning set up a table of 'curiosities' near the coach stop at a local inn to sell their wares to tourists. After Joseph made an important find of an ichthyosaur skull in 1810 and Mary found the associated skeleton a year later, they became known to the geologists and amateurs interested in fossils. Their passion for fossils grew to be the main source of income for their family.

Her stock in trade were invertebrate fossils such as ammonite and belemnite shells, which were common in the area and sold for a few shillings. Vertebrate fossils were much rarer, and exceptional specimens like an almost complete ichthyosaur skeleton could sell for much more.
As Mary Anning continued to make important finds her reputation grew. In 1826, at the age of 27, she managed to save enough money to buy a home with a glass store front window for her shop, called Anning's Fossil Depot. The move was covered in the local paper, which noted that the shop currently had a fine ichthyosaur skeleton on display. Many geologists and fossil collectors from Europe and America visited Anning at Lyme to purchase specimens. These included the geologist George William Featherstonhaugh who purchased fossils for the newly opened New York Lyceum of Natural History in 1827.  King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony visited her shop in 1844 and purchased an ichthyosaur skeleton for his extensive natural history collection.
A publication 
Lady Harriet Silvester visited Lyme in 1824. She remarked in her diary:
... the extraordinary thing in this young woman is that she has made herself so thoroughly acquainted with the science that the moment she finds any bones she knows to what tribe they belong. She fixes the bones on a frame with cement and then makes drawings and has them engraved. . . It is certainly a wonderful instance of divine favour – that this poor, ignorant girl should be so blessed, for by reading and application she has arrived to that degree of knowledge as to be in the habit of writing and talking with professors and other clever men on the subject, and they all acknowledge that she understands more of the science than anyone else in this kingdom.
As time passed, her confidence in her knowledge increased, and in 1839 she wrote to the Magazine of Natural History to question their claim that a hooked tooth of the prehistoric shark Hybodus represented a new discovery. She had discovered years ago the existence of fossil sharks with both straight and hooked teeth. The extract from the letter that the magazine printed was the only thing that Anning ever published.
Major finds 

Ichthyosaur 1810/11
several Ichthyosaurs 1815/19
Plesiosaurus 1820/21
Ink-sac of belemnite 1826
Pterosaur 1828
Fossil fish 1828/29
Plesiosaur 1830

Her later fame 
Mary Anning is the subject of the old tongue-twister, "She sells sea shells on the sea shore."  It was composed in 1908, more than a half century after her death, by Terry Sullivan who was inspired by her life story. The lyrics have changed over time, but the original text was:
She sells seashells on the seashoreThe shells she sells are seashells, I'm sureSo if she sells seashells on the seashoreThen I'm sure she sells seashore shells.
Anning's life story was seen as inspirational by a number of writers in the 20th century. Most of this material was intended as inspirational literature for children, and tended to focus on her childhood and early career, neglecting her later accomplishments. Much of it was also romanticized and not always historically accurate. She appeared as a character in historical novels, perhaps most notably in The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969) by John Fowles, which was made into a feature film in 1981. Fowles observed critically that no British scientist had named a species after Anning in her lifetime.

However, in the 1840s the Swiss-American expert on fossil fish Louis Agassiz did name two fossil fish species, Acrodus anningiae, and Belenostomus anningiae, after her, and another after her friend Elizabeth Philpot. Agassiz was grateful for the help the two women had given him in examining and understanding fossil fish specimens, during his 1834 visit to Lyme Regis.

References
References 

1799 births
1847 deaths
Fossils
People from Dorset
British biologists
British palaeontologists
The prevalence of cyberbullying is shocking, especially for youth: Over 59% of teenagers in the US have experienced cyberbullying, and globally 33% of parents report having or knowing a child within their community who had been cyberbullied. Cyberbullying is not only limited to children and teenagers however. 41% of adults in the US report having personally experienced online harassment, with 66% reporting that they have seen this negative behavior directed at others. High profile cases of celebrities being harassed online often end up on the news.

Some schools have started programs to teach students about cyberbullying and how to deal with it.

Effects of Cyberbullying 
Victims may experience the following effects after being cyberbullied:
Decreased Self-Esteem: Bullying of all kinds is often detrimental to the victim’s self-esteem. Victims may believe that all of their peers dislike them and develop issues with trust and confidence.
 Emotional Distress: Cyberbullying can lead to a shift in mood or emotion in the victim. The constant stress of the attacks can make victims prone to outbursts of frustration, sadness, or anger as they try to cope with the bullying.
 Depression: Cyberbullying can cause victims to develop depression. The constant stress and lowered self-esteem can cause them to feel hopeless, unloved, and sad.

Legal status
In 2006, a 13 year old girl in Missouri killed herself after receiving mean messages on MySpace from a woman pretending to be a teenage boy. The state of Missouri then made using technology like the Internet or text messages to harass someone illegal.

In New Hampshire, a law was passed in 2010 that said that schools must have rules against cyberbullying.
On October 12, 2012, a Canadian girl named Amanda Todd killed herself. A few years before this happened, she showed her breasts on a video chat, and a man later messaged her saying that if Todd did not show more parts of her body then he would post the pictures he had taken of her from the video chat to the Internet. She faced a lot of bullying on the internet afterwards. It is clear that both adults and children all over the world can be affected by cyberbullying, which sometimes lead to disturbing consequences.

Related pages
 Internet troll
 Bullying
 Cybercrime

References

Other websites
  "Tips to Help the Bullying Bystander" at education.com 

Types of crime
Bullying
Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis (BWV) is a list of all the pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach that are known.  In English it means Bach Works Catalogue.

The catalogue was made by Wolfgang Schmieder in 1950. He took all the music that is known by Johann Sebastian Bach (some of Bach's music has been lost) and gave each piece a number. Each piece of music by Bach therefore has a BWV number. For example, the Mass in B minor is BWV 232. Giving each piece a number helps musicians to know exactly which piece of music we are talking about. For example, there are several Preludes and Fugues in G major, but putting Prelude and Fugue in G major, BWV 550 makes it clear which one it is.

The BWV numbers are not listed chronologically (in the order they were written). They are grouped according to what kind of music it is: all the cantatas together, all the concertos together, etc.