Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Nominees:
Babx – Cristal Ballroom
Birdy Nam Nam – Manual for Successful Rioting
Diving with Andy – Sugar Sugar
Dominique A – La Musique
Fredo Viola – The Turn
Hugh Coltman – Stories from the Safe House
Orelsan – Perdu d'avance
Piers Faccini – Two Grains of Sand
Yodelice – Tree of Life

2008
Winner: Aṣa – Aṣa

Nominees:
Arman Méliès – Casino
Barbara Carlotti – L'Idéal
Cocoon – My Friends All Died in a Plane Crash
Joseph D'Anvers – Les jours sauvages
Julien Doré – Ersatz
Moriarty – Gee Whiz But This Is a Lonesome Town
The Dø – A Mouthful
Thomas Dutronc – Comme un manouche sans guitare
Yael Naïm and David Donatien – Yael Naim

2007
Winner: Daphné – Carmin

Nominees:
AaRON – Artificial Animals Riding On Neverland
Florent Marchet – Rio Baril
Justice – †
Kaolin – Mélanger les couleurs
Keny Arkana – Entre ciment et belle étoile
Keren Ann – Keren Ann
Ours – Mi
Renan Luce – Repenti
Rose – Rose

2006
Winner: Abd Al Malik – Gibraltar
Nominees:
Anis – La chance
Ayo – Joyful
Clarika – Joker
Emily Loizeau – L'autre bout du monde
Grand Corps Malade – Midi 20
Jehro – Jehro
Katerine – Robots après tout
Olivia Ruiz – La femme chocolat
Phoenix – It's Never Been Like That

2005
Winner: Camille – Le fil

Nominees: 
Amadou & Mariam – Dimanche à Bamako
Anaïs – The Cheap Show
Bazbaz – Sur le bout de la langue
Bertrand Betsch – Pas de bras, pas de chocolat
Pauline Croze – Pauline Croze
Albin de la Simone – Je vais changer
Alexis HK – L’homme du moment
Franck Monnet – Au grand jour
Nosfell – Pomaïe klokochazia balek

2004
Winner: Cali – L'amour parfait

Nominees: 
Pierre Bondu – Quelqu'un quelque part
Jeanne Cherhal – Douze fois par an
Daniel Darc – Crève coeur
Feist – Let It Die
Florent Marchet – Gargilesse
JP Nataf – Plus de sucre
Ridan – Le rêve ou la vie
Tété – A la faveur de l'automne
Rokia Traoré – Bowmboï

2003
Winner: Mickey 3D – Tu vas pas mourir de rire
Nominees: 
A.S. Dragon – Spanked
Benjamin Biolay – Négatif
Carla Bruni – Quelqu'un m'a dit
Diam's – Brut de femme
Alexis HK – Belle Ville
Malia – Yellow Daffodils
Massilia Sound System – Occitanista
Raphael – La réalité
Emilie Simon – Emilie Simon

2002
Winner: Avril – That Horse Must be Starving

Nominees: 
Bumcello – Nude for love
Bénabar – Bénabar
Danyel Waro – Bwarouz
Dionysos – Western sous la neige
Gotan Project – La Revancha del Tango
Le Peuple de L'Herbe – P, H test/two
Renaud Papillon Paravel – La surface de réparation
Tiken Jah Fakoly – Françafrique
Vincent Delerm – Vincent Delerm

Other websites
  

Music awards
France
Milo of Croton was a 6th century BC Greek wrestler. He came from the Greek city of Croton in southern Italy. He had great success as a wrestler. He won many times in the most important sports festivals of ancient Greece.  He also led the people of Croton to a military victory over the neighboring city of Sybaris in 510 BC.

Milo was said to be a friend of Pythagoras. One story says the wrestler saved the philosopher's life when a roof was about to fall on him. Another story says that Milo may have married the philosopher's daughter. Like other successful athletes of ancient Greece, Milo was the subject of tales of strength and power. Among other tales, he was said to have carried a bull on his shoulders and to have burst a band about his forehead by inflating the veins of his temples.
The date of Milo's death is unknown. He was said to be splitting a tree in half when his hands became trapped in the tree. It was then that a pack of wolves surprised, killed, and ate him.   Milo is the subject of works of art by Pierre Puget, Étienne-Maurice Falconet and others. In literature, Rabelais wrote about him in Gargantua and Pantagruel and Shakespeare did the same in Troilus and Cressida.

References 

Ancient Greek wrestling
Ancient sportspeople
6th-century BC births
6th-century BC deaths
The Choice Music Prize is a yearly music prize awarded to the best album from Ireland.  It has been sponsored by Meteor since 2011.

It was formed by journalist Jim Carroll and manager Dave Reid in 2005.

The ceremony to announce the winner takes place at Vicar Street, Dublin in February or March each year.

Winners and shortlisted nominees

Related pages
 Mercury Prize (United Kingdom)
 Polaris Music Prize (Canada)
 Australian Music Prize (Australia)
 Prix Constantin (France)
 Shortlist Music Prize (United States)

References

Other websites
 Choice Music Prize official site

Irish culture
Music awards
2005 establishments in Europe
The Mercury Prize, called the Barclaycard Mercury Prize for sponsorship reasons, is a yearly music prize.  It is awarded for the best album from the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was formed by the British Phonographic Industry and British Association of Record Dealers in 1992.  It was an alternative to the Brit Awards. It used to be called the Mercury Music Prize.

The prize was first sponsored by Mercury Communications. It was later sponsored by Technics, from 1998 to 2001.  Then Panasonic, in 2002 and 2003, and the Nationwide Building Society, from 2004 to 2008.  Barclaycard became the Prize's current sponsor in March 2009.

Nominations are announced in July. Presentation of the award usually takes place in September.

Winners and shortlisted nominees

Related pages
 Choice Music Prize (Ireland)
 Polaris Music Prize (Canada)
 Prix Constantin (France)
 Shortlist Music Prize (United States)
 Australian Music Prize (Australia)

References

Other websites
Official site

British music
Music awards
Theogenes was one of the greatest athletes in Ancient Greece. He was born in the city of Thasos on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea in the early fifth century. He was a boxer and a pankrationiast. 

He had two victories at the Olympic Games. One was in boxing (480 BCE) and the other in the pankration (476). He won three times in boxing at the Pythian Games; nine times in boxing and once in the pankration at the Isthmian Games; and nine times in boxing at the Nemean Games. He also won the long distance race at Argos. He had 1300 other victories in lesser Games. 

It is certain that Theogenes was worshipped as a god in Thasos after his death. One of his enemies whipped his statue. It fell and crushed him to death. The people of Thasos threw the statue into the sea. It was stained with blood. The fields did not produce after this act. The people of Thasos pulled the statue from the sea and put it back in its place. Worship continued. Theogenes was said to heal diseases.

Notes

References
References
 
 

Ancient sportspeople
5th-century BC births
5th-century BC deaths
Ancient Greeks
Cougar Town is an American television sitcom. It was first on ABC on September 23, 2009. The show is set in Gulfhaven, Florida (nicknamed "Cougar Town" since its high school teams are the Cougars). The series focuses on a recently divorced woman in her forties.  The star is Courteney Cox who plays Jules Cobb.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites 

2000s American sitcoms
2010s American sitcoms
Television series set in Florida
English-language television programs
2009 American television series debuts
2015 American television series endings
Kleomedes of Astypalia was an Ancient Greek boxer, who had a successful boxing career all throughout the 5th century BC. However, in either the 71st or 72nd Olympic Games (496 or 492 BCE), using an illegal strike, he killed his opponent Ikos. Because of this offense, and not due to the murder of his opponent, which was not considered a punishable act, he was disqualified and heavily fined by the judges. 

Kleomedes mourned his loss greatly, because it put a stain on his record, consequently, while returning to his home town Astypalia, in a flash of Mania, he  pulled out the pillar supporting a school roof, purportedly killing at least 27 children. The people attempted to stoned him to death, but he fled into a temple and climbed into a holy chest. When the people opened it, he was gone. His confused persuers consulted the oracle of delphi, which told the people that Kleomedes had become a hero. From that moment onwards he was commemorated with annual sacrifices in his honour.
His mythos is interpreted to comment on the nature of Rules.

References 

 

Ancient sportspeople
5th-century BC deaths
4th-century BC births
Ancient Greeks
Hermann Emil Fischer (9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902.

Fischer was the founder of the chemistry of primary natural products: carbohydrates, purines and nucleosides, peptides and proteins. Amongst his many discoveries were the structure of carbohydrates, and he was the first to get synthetic peptides. He studied the active principles of tea, coffee and cocoa, namely, caffeine and theobromine.
 
Fischer also proposed the lock & key model of enzyme action.

Family 
Fischer was married to Agnes Gerlach in Feb. 1888, but she died seven years after their marriage. They had three sons, named Hermann Otto Laurenz Fischer (16. Dec. 1888 - 09. Mar. 1960) Walter (05. Jul. 1891 – 04. Nov. 1916) and Alfred (3. Oct. 1894 – 29. Mar. 1917). Alfred was killed in World War I, Walter committed suicide at the age of 25 as a result of compulsory military training.
His eldest son Hermann Otto Laurenz Fischer, was Professor of Biochemistry in the University of California, Berkeley from 1948 until his death in 1960.

Death 
At the end, suffering from terminal cancer, he is thought to have committed suicide in 1919.

Emil Fischer is burried at Friedhof Wannsee, Lindenstraße and since 1956 named as grave of honor for extraordinary services or achievements in his lifetimes.

References 

1852 births
1919 deaths
German academics
German chemists
German Nobel Prize winners
Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners
Suicides in Germany
Samosa is a popular snack originally from Central Asia. It further travelled, with the help of Muslim merchants of trade routes to India. It is famous in the Indian subcontinent as well as Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Southwest Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Mediterranean, the Horn of Africa, North Africa, as well as South Africa. 

It is generally prepared  in the shape of a triangle, however, the shape and sizes tend to vary from region to region. It can be either baked or fried and has an outer hard crust made of plain flour. It usually has a filling of potatoes and spices. It is usually eaten with a spicy sauce called chutney.

Etymology
The English word samosa derives from Hindi/Urdu word '',traceable to the Middle Persian word  () or Sagosha means (triangle), and has the meaning of the "triangular pastry".

History
 

The South Asian samosa has a Central Asian and/or Middle Eastern origin.

Regional varieties
Regional varieties

India 
The samosa is prepared with an all-purpose flour (locally known as maida) and stuffed with a filling, often a mixture of diced and cooked or mashed boiled potato (preferably diced), onions, green peas, lentils, ginger, spices and green chili.Samosas generally are deep-fried to a golden brown in vegetable oil. They are served hot and consumed with ketchup or chutney (mint, coriander, or tamarind), or are served in chaat, traditionally accompanied by yogurt, chutney, chopped onions, coriander, and chaat masala. Shingaras may be eaten as a tea time snack. They can also be prepared in a sweet form. Bengali shingaras tend to be triangular, filled with potato, peas, onions, diced almonds, or other vegetables, and are more heavily fried and crunchier than either shingaras or their Indian samosa cousins. Fulkopir shingara (shingara filled with cauliflower mixture) is a popular variation. 

Samosa is also an appetiser in Iran  and Pakistan.
It is commonly available in canteens, sweet shops and is also prepared at home.

Samosa can be vegetarian or non-vegetarian.

Origins

It is believed to have originated from the Central and West Asia.  The word samosa originates from the Persian word sanbosag or Sagoshag means small triangle .

References

Snack foods
Middle Eastern foods
Indian food
Pakistani food
Miss May I is an American metal band from Troy, Ohio. Miss May I has five members in the band; the current band members are Levi Benton, Ryan Neff, Jerod Boyd, Justin Aufdemkampe and B.J. Stead.

The band was formed in 2006. They released an EP titled "Vows for a Massacre" which was later followed by a demo in 2008. They were signed to Rise Records after the release of their debut album, Apologies Are for the Weak, on June 23, 2009. Their song "Forgive and Forget" appeared on the Saw VI: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. Their song "Apologies Are for the Weak" which is the title track from the album of the same name was featured in the 2011 video game Saints Row: The Third. The band was announced to appear at the Warped Tour 2012 which started June 16, 2012 and ends on November 10, 2012.

Band members
Band members 

Current
Justin Aufdemkampe - lead guitar (2006-present)
Levi Benton - lead vocals (2006-present)
Jerod Boyd - drums (2006-present)
Ryan Neff - bass guitar, clean vocals (2006–2007, 2009–present)
B.J. Stead - rhythm guitar (2006-present)

Former
Josh Gillespie - bass guitar, clean vocals (2007–2009)

Discography 
So far as of 2012, Miss May I have released 3 albums:

Albums
Vows for a Massacre (2007)
Demo 2008 (2008)
Apologies Are for the Weak (2009)
Monument (2010)
At Heart (2012)
Rise of the Lion (2014)

References

Other websites 
Miss May I  on Rise Records
Miss May I on Myspace
Miss May I on Facebook

2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Thrash metal bands
Metalcore bands
Musical groups from Ohio
The knockout stage of the UEFA Euro 2012 began on June 21, 2012 and ended on July 1, 2012. Eight teams qualified, two from each group. Poland and the Ukraine failed to qualify for the knockout stage.

Qualified teams

Results

Quarter-finals

Czech Republic vs Portugal

Germany vs Greece

Spain vs France

England vs Italy

Semi-finals

Portugal vs Spain

Germany vs Italy

Final

Spain vs Italy

References 

UEFA Euro 2012
Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás (December 16, 1863–September 26, 1952), also known as George Santayana,  was a Spanish American academic, philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist.

Santayana is known for his sayings, 
 "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it",
 "[O]nly the dead have seen the end of war."

Early life
Santayana was born on December 16, 1863 in Madrid. He spent his early childhood in Ávila. 

He attended Harvard University, where he studied with William James and Josiah Royce. 

He earned a Ph.D. at Harvard in 1889. He also studied in Berlin and Cambridge.

Career
Santayana taught philosophy at Harvard.  Some of his students were T. S. Eliot, Robert Frost, Gertrude Stein, Walter Lippmann, and W. E. B. Du Bois. 

Santayana influenced many others, including Bertrand Russell.
Selected works
In a summary based on writings by and about Santayana, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 1,040+ works in 2,980+ publications in 22 languages and 90,830+ library holdings.
 This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
1905–1906. The Life of Reason: Or, The Phases of Human Progress, 5 vols. Available free online from Project Gutenberg. 1998. 1 vol. abridgement by the author and Daniel Cory. Prometheus Books.
1910. Three Philosophical Poets: Lucretius, Dante, and Goethe.
1913. Winds of Doctrine: Studies in Contemporary Opinion.
1915. Egotism in German Philosophy.
1920. Character and Opinion in the United States: With Reminiscences of William James and Josiah Royce and Academic Life in America.
1920. Little Essays, Drawn From the Writings of George Santayana by Logan Pearsall Smith, With the Collaboration of the Author.
1922. Soliloquies in England and Later Soliloquies.
1923. Scepticism and Animal Faith: Introduction to a System of Philosophy.
1927. Platonism and the Spiritual Life.
1927–40. The Realms of Being, 4 vols. 1942. 1 vol.
1931. The Genteel Tradition at Bay.
1933. Some Turns of Thought in Modern Philosophy: Five Essays.
1936. Obiter Scripta: Lectures, Essays and Reviews. Justus Buchler and Benjamin Schwartz, eds.
1946. The Idea of Christ in the Gospels; or, God in Man: A Critical Essay.
1948. Dialogues in Limbo, With Three New Dialogues.
1951. Dominations and Powers: Reflections on Liberty, Society, and Government.
1955. The Letters of George Santayana. Daniel Cory, ed. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York. (296 letters)
1956. Essays in Literary Criticism of George Santayana. Irving Singer, ed.
1957. The Idler and His Works, and Other Essays. Daniel Cory, ed.
1967. The Genteel Tradition: Nine Essays by George Santayana. Douglas L. Wilson, ed.
1967. George Santayana's America: Essays on Literature and Culture. James Ballowe, ed.
1967. Animal Faith and Spiritual Life: Previously Unpublished and Uncollected Writings by George Santayana With Critical Essays on His Thought. John Lachs, ed.
1968. Santayana on America: Essays, Notes, and Letters on American Life, Literature, and Philosophy. Richard Colton Lyon, ed.
1968. Selected Critical Writings of George Santayana, 2 vols. Norman Henfrey, ed.
1969. Physical Order and Moral Liberty: Previously Unpublished Essays of George Santayana. John and Shirley Lachs, eds.
 1979. The Complete Poems of George Santayana: A Critical Edition. Edited, with an introduction, by W. G. Holzberger. Bucknell University Press.
1995. The Birth of Reason and Other Essays. Daniel Cory, ed., with an Introduction by Herman J. Saatkamp, Jr. Columbia Univ. Press.
2009. The Essential Santayana. Selected Writings Edited by the Santayana Edition, Compiled and with an introduction by Martin A. Coleman. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
References

Other websites

1863 births
1952 deaths
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
American novelists
American philosophers
American poets
Cancer deaths in Italy
Deaths from stomach cancer
Harvard University alumni
Spanish poets
Writers from Boston
Writers from Madrid
Works 
Una boccata d'aria (A Breath of Air)
 L'Esclusa (The Excluded Woman)
 Il Turno (The Turn)
 Il Fu Mattia Pascal (The Late Mattia Pascal)
 Suo Marito (Her Husband)
 I Vecchi e I Giovani (The Old and the Young)
 Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio (Serafino Gubbio's Journals)
 Uno, Nessuno e Centomila (One, No one and One Hundred Thousand)
 Sei Personaggi in Cerca d'Autore (Six Characters in Search of an Author)
 Ciascuno a Suo Modo (Each In His Own Way)
 Questa Sera Si Recita a Soggetto (Tonight We Improvise)
 Enrico IV (Henry IV)
 L'Uomo dal Fiore in Bocca (The Man With The Flower In His Mouth)
 La Vita che ti Diedi (The Life I Gave You)
 Il Gioco delle Parti (The Rules of the Game)
 Diana e La Tuda (Diana and Tuda)
 Il Piacere dell'Onestà (The Pleasure Of Honesty)
 L'Imbecille (The Imbecile)
 L'Uomo, La Bestia e La Virtù (The Man, The Beast and The Virtue)
 Vestire gli Ignudi (Clothing The Naked)
 Così è (Se Vi Pare) (So It Is (If You Think So))
Italian playwrights
Italian writers
1867 births
1936 deaths
Italian Nobel Prize winners
Albert "Al" Harrington (born February 17, 1980 in Orange, New Jersey) is an American professional basketball player.  He plays for the NBA's Denver Nuggets. The forward stands six feet nine inches (2.06 m), and weighs 250 pounds (113 kg).

At only 18 years of age, Al was selected by the Indiana Pacers.  He was the 25th pick of the 1998 NBA Draft.  On July 15, 2004, Harrington was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Stephen Jackson. After the 2005–06 NBA season he became a free agent. For the 2006–07 season he went with the Pacers again.

On January 17, 2007, Harrington was traded to the Golden State Warriors along with teammates Stephen Jackson, Šarūnas Jasikevičius, and Josh Powell for Troy Murphy, Mike Dunleavy, Ike Diogu, and Keith McLeod.   On November 21, Harrington was traded to the New York Knicks for guard Jamal Crawford.  On July 15, 2010, Al Harrington signed a contract with the Denver Nuggets

References

Other websites
Stats at basketball-reference.com
Indiana Pacers players
Living people
1980 births
Denver Nuggets players
Golden State Warriors players
New York Knicks players
National Basketball Association high school draftees
Andrew Michael Bogut  (born November 28, 1984) is an Australian professional basketball player.  He plays for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

He is 7 feet tall. He went to the University of Utah for college. Bogut was selected first overall by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2005 NBA Draft. Bogut is the first Australian player to be drafted number one overall. He was also the second Utah player to be drafted number one overall.

On March 13, 2012, Bogut, along with Stephen Jackson, was traded to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Monta Ellis, Ekpe Udoh and Kwame Brown.

References

Other websites
Stats at basketball-reference.com 

Australian basketball players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Living people
1984 births
Golden State Warriors players
Sportspeople from Melbourne
The  Egyptian plover is a wader.  It is the only member of the genus Pluvianus.

It is sometimes called the crocodile bird.  This is because of a story dating to Herodotus.  In the story the crocodiles lie on the shore with their mouths open.  The plovers fly into the crocodiles' mouths to feed on bits of meat between the crocodiles' teeth.  There is no evidence of this actually happening.

The Egyptian plover lives in tropical sub-Saharan Africa. It breeds on sandbars in large rivers. Its two or three eggs are buried in warm sand.  It feeds by pecking for insects. The call is a high-pitched krrr-krrr-krrr.

References

Other websites
Egyptian plover at encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com

Charadriiformes
Birds of Africa
A clandestine cell system is a way of organising a group of people so that it is kept secret. This is so the group are better able to resist infiltration or discovery by an enemy. If a person only knows the others in the person's cell, then they cannot betray the others outside of his or her cell, either accidentally, or under interrogation. The cell can range from a strict hierarchy of people to a team of people. It is used by spy agencies, criminal organisations and guerilla and terrorist groups.

Terrorism
Military terminology
Secrecy
Espionage
Boston is a trick-taking card game played by 4 people.  It is thought to have started in France in the 1770s. The game is similar to Whist.  It is a strategy game.  Each game takes about 25 minutes to play.

American Boston is a different way to play the game.  It is for 4 players in two partnerships with 2 packs of 52 cards.

References

Other websites
the card game at thefreedictionary.com

Card games
Paul Robin Krugman (born February 28, 1953) is an American economist and 2008 winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics.

Early life 
Krugman was born in Albany, New York.

He was awarded B.A. in economics from Yale University in 1974.
He earned a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1977.

Career
From 1982 to 1983, he spent a year working at the Reagan White House as a staff member of the Council of Economic Advisers.

Krugman taught at Yale, MIT, University of California, and Stanford University. He is still teaching at the City University of New York, the London School of Economics, and Princeton University. He is also a columnist for The New York Times.

The Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to Krugman in 2008.

Selected works
In a summary based on writings by and about Santayana, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 470+ works in 1,500+ publications in 24 languages and 44,600+ library holdings.
 This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
Academic books (authored or coauthored) 
The Spatial Economy – Cities, Regions and International Trade (July 1999), with Masahisa Fujita and Anthony Venables. MIT Press, 
The Self Organizing Economy (February 1996), 
EMU and the Regions (December 1995), with Guillermo de la Dehesa. 
Development, Geography, and Economic Theory (Ohlin Lectures) (September 1995), 
Foreign Direct Investment in the United States (3rd Edition) (February 1995), with Edward M. Graham. 
World Savings Shortage (September 1994), 
What Do We Need to Know About the International Monetary System? (Essays in International Finance, No 190 July 1993) 
Currencies and Crises (June 1992), 
Geography and Trade (Gaston Eyskens Lecture Series) (August 1991), 
The Risks Facing the World Economy (July 1991), with Guillermo de la Dehesa and Charles Taylor. 
Has the Adjustment Process Worked? (Policy Analyses in International Economics, 34) (June 1991), 
Rethinking International Trade (April 1990),
Trade Policy and Market Structure (March 1989), with Elhanan Helpman. 
Exchange-Rate Instability (Lionel Robbins Lectures) (November 1988), 
Adjustment in the World Economy (August 1987) 
Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition, and the International Economy (May 1985), with Elhanan Helpman.
Academic books (edited or coedited) 
Currency Crises (National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report) (September 2000), 
Trade with Japan : Has the Door Opened Wider? (National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report) (March 1995), 
Empirical Studies of Strategic Trade Policy (National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report) (April 1994), co-edited with Alasdair Smith. 
Exchange Rate Targets and Currency Bands (October 1991), co-edited with Marcus Miller. 
Strategic Trade Policy and the New International Economics (January 1986),

Economics textbooks 
Economics: European Edition (Spring 2007), with Robin Wells and Kathryn Graddy. 
Macroeconomics (February 2006), with Robin Wells. 
Economics , first edition (December 2005), with Robin Wells. 
Economics, second edition (2009), with Robin Wells. 
Microeconomics (March 2004), with Robin Wells. 
International Economics: Theory and Policy, with Maurice Obstfeld. 7th Edition (2006), ; 1st Edition (1998),

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1953 births
Living people
American columnists
American economists
American Nobel Prize winners
Jewish American academics
Jewish American scientists
Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
People from Albany, New York
American bloggers
Academics from New York (state)
Stanford University faculty
The Boston Navy Yard was one of the oldest shipbuilding places in the United States Navy. It was first called the Charlestown Navy Yard and later Boston Naval Shipyard.  It was started in 1801. It was officially closed as an active naval yard on July 1, 1974.  The USS Constitution is still docked there.  The USS Cassin Young, a World War II-era destroyer, is there and is a museum ship.

References

Other websites
info

Naval transport
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Buildings and structures in Massachusetts
1800 establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Massachusetts
Wouter "Wally" De Backer (born 21 May 1980), better known as Gotye (pronounced  ), is a Belgian-Australian multi-instrumental musician and singer-songwriter.

Gotye's 2011 single "Somebody That I Used to Know" with Kimbra was Number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. He has won 12 ARIA Awards, three Grammys and a nomination for an MTV EMA for Best Asia and Pacific Act. 

Gotye is bilingual, speaking both Dutch and English, and also speaks some Japanese, which he studied at University.

Discography
 Boardface (2003)
 Like Drawing Blood (2006)
 Making Mirrors (2011)

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites
more info at encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com

1980 births
Living people
Australian drummers
Australian guitarists
Australian rock musicians
Australian singer-songwriters
Belgian musicians
Grammy Award winners
Keyboardists
Multi-instrumentalists
Musicians from Melbourne
People from Bruges
The pick and roll, also known as a ball screen or screen and roll, is a play in basketball.  A player stops in front of a defender to block, then goes around and receives a pass from a teammate. In the NBA, the play started to be used in the 1990s.  It is now used very often.

References 

Basketball
Sports words
Moral hazard is a term used in economics.  Nobel laureate Paul Krugman explains moral hazard as "any situation in which one person makes the decision about how much risk to take, while someone else bears the cost if things go badly."

In other words, a "moral hazard" is a situation where the possible costs of a risky action are not borne by the one taking the risk. 
Example: A person buys insurance against automobile theft.  After buying the protection against this kind of loss, the same person may be less cautious about locking his or her car.  If so, this is a kind of moral hazard.  The expected consequences of vehicle theft are now partly the responsibility of the insurance company.  Will the person show the same degree of care in locking the car regardless of whether there is insurance or insurance policy?

"Moral hazard" is a kind of reverse incentive (perverse incentive).
History
The term "moral hazard" was first used in the 17th century.  The "moral" in "moral hazard" was understood to mean "subjective".  It was not used in a way that has anything to do with ethics.

In the 1960s, economists used the term to describe inefficiencies that occur because of information asymmetry. In economics, "moral hazard" as a special kind of market failure.

Related pages
 Conflict of interest
 Feedback
 Game theory
 Unintended consequences

References

Other websites
 PBS.org, Frontline: "Inside the Meltdown"

Market failure
Insurance
, also known as , was a very old province of Japan, in the area of Chikuzen and Chikugo provinces.  This province was located within Fukuoka Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Former provinces of Japan
Fukuoka Prefecture
Rate or rates may be:

 Rate (mathematics), a specific kind of ratio, in which two measurements are related to each other
 Rate of travel, or velocity
 Naval rating or rate, terms used to designate specialty or seniority of enlisted naval personnel.
 Rate of a ship, a term for a sail ship's firepower in the British Royal Navy
 Bit rate, number of bits that are processed per unit of time
 Rates, a Portuguese parish and town located in the municipality of Póvoa de Varzim
 Rates (tax) a type of property tax  in the United Kingdom

In science and finance
 Rate function, a function used to put a number to the probabilities of a rare event
 Rates (tax), a type of taxation system used to fund local government
 Reaction rate  in Chemistry
 Exchange rate, how much one currency is worth in terms of the other

In human growth
 Birth rate, the childbirths per 1,000 people per year
 Mortality rate, a measure of the number of deaths in some population
As an initialism
 Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, a project of creation geophysics
Therese Ann Rutherford (November 2, 1917 – June 11, 2012), known as Ann Rutherford, was a Canadian-American actress in television, radio and movies. She playied Polly Benedict during the 1930s and 1940s in the Andy Hardy series. She played Scarlett O'Hara's sister in the movie Gone With the Wind (1939).

References

1917 births
2012 deaths
Actors from Vancouver
American movie actors
American television actors
Maurice Papon (September 3, 1910 – February 17, 2007) was a French civil servant. He led the police in major prefectures and in Paris during the Nazi Occupation of France and into the 1960s.  In 1998 he was convicted of crimes against humanity.  This was because he helped in making more than 1600 Jews move to concentration camps during World War II. He died of congestive heart failure.

1910 births
2007 deaths
People from Seine-et-Marne
French businesspeople
French criminals
French mayors
French people of World War II
Government ministers of France
French police officers
Politicians from Île-de-France
The , also known as the , was a feudal Japanese feudal military government.  The heads of government were the shoguns. Each was a member of the Ashikaga clan.

These years are known as the Muromachi period.  The period takes gets its name from the district in Kyoto where the Ashikaga shoguns lived.

History
In 1336, the Ashikaga Takauji and the Ashikaga clan established a military government in Kyoto.

List of Ashikaga Shoguns 

 Ashikaga Takauji, ruled 1338–1358
 Ashikaga Yoshiakira, r. 1359–1368
 Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, r. 1368–1394
 Ashikaga Yoshimochi, r. 1395–1423
 Ashikaga Yoshikazu, r. 1423–1425
 Ashikaga Yoshinori, r. 1429–1441
 Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, r. 1442–1443
 Ashikaga Yoshimasa, r. 1449–1473
 Ashikaga Yoshihisa, r. 1474–1489
 Ashikaga Yoshitane, r. 1490–1493, 1508–1521
 Ashikaga Yoshizumi, r. 1494–1508
 Ashikaga Yoshiharu, r. 1521–1546
 Ashikaga Yoshiteru, r. 1546–1565
 Ashikaga Yoshihide, r. 1568
 Ashikaga Yoshiaki, r. 1568–1573

Related pages
 Kamakura shogunate
 Tokugawa shogunate

References
References

Other websites

 Ashikaga Bakufu from Washington State University website
 Kyoto City Web

Periods in Japanese history
Samurai
1336 establishments in Japan
1573 disestablishments
16th-century disestablishments in Japan
Weiyang District (, pinyin: Wèiyāng Qū) is in the north of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Xianyang Municipality is to the west and north. Lianhu District and Xincheng District are to the south. Baqiao District is to the east. The name is from Weiyang Square. The district covers . As of November 2010, 806,811 people lived there.

Shaanxi
Districts of China
Baqiao District (, pinyin: Bàqiáo Qū) is a district in the eastern part of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. The main work there is spinning. Its name is from Ba River. It covers . As of November 2010, 595,124 people live there.

Shaanxi
Districts of China
Dario Fo (Sangiano 3 March 1926 – 13 October 2016) was an Italian playwright, theatre actor and composer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1997. It highlighted him as a writer "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden".

His plays often depend on improvisation, Commedia dell'arte style. Fo owned and operated a theatre company with his wife, actress Franca Rame. His most famous works are Mistero buffo and Accidental Death of an Anarchist.

Fo died on 13 October 2016 at a hospital in Milan, Italy from a serious lung disease, aged 90.

References

Other websites

 Dario Fo  at Nobelprize.org 

1926 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung disease
Disease-related deaths in Italy
Italian actors
Italian playwrights
Italian writers
Italian Nobel Prize winners
Lianhu District (, pinyin: Liánhú Qū, meaning Lotus lake District) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the center, a little northwest of Xi'an. Its name is from Lianhu park. The Xi'an government is also here. The district covers . As of November 2010, 698,513 people live there.

Shaanxi
Districts of China
A perverse incentive is an incentive that creates an unplanned and unwanted result.  The outcome is not helpful or contrary to the interests of the incentive makers.  Perverse incentives are a type of unintended consequences.
Select examples 
 In India, the southern provinces had the problem of too many snakes.  The government tried to solve the problem by paying for dead cobras.  This was intended to bring down the number of cobras. Instead, it led to the breeding of cobras.
 In Thailand, the Bangkok police had the problem of too many small mistakes by its officers.  The police tried to solve the problem by using tartan armbands as a badge of shame.  Instead, the armbands were treated as valuable collectables. Since 2007, the Bangkok police has tried using pink armbands with the cute Hello Kitty cartoon character.
 In Vietnam during the colonial period, Hanoi had the problem of too many rats.  The French tried to solve the problem by paying for dead rats.  This was intended to bring down the number of rats. Instead, it led to the breeding of rats.

Related pages
 Cobra effect
 Conflict of interest
 Invasive species
 Moral hazard
 Tragedy of the commons

References

Economics
Flounders are a group of flatfish. The term is used for a number of flatfish who only related by being in the suborder Pleuronectoidei: (families Achiropsettidae, Bothidae, Pleuronectidae, Paralichthyidae, and Samaridae). It is a "form name", which means they are not necessarily close relations, they just look alike.

Flounders live at the bottom of coastal lagoons and estuaries of the Northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. When flounder are hatched they have one eye on each side of its head. As they grow one eye moves until they have both eyes on the same side of the head.

Industrial overfishing has reduced the population to one-tenth of its original size, and the individuals left are smaller. They rarely have the time to grow to full size.
Habitat
Flounder feed at soft muddy areas of the sea bottom, near bridge piles, docks and coral reefs. They have been found at the bottom of the Mariana trench, the deepest known ocean canyon. Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lt. Don Walsh reached a depth of .  They were surprised to discover flounder about 30 cm long.

A flounder's food is mainly fish spawn, crustaceans, polychaetes and small fish.  Flounder normally grow to a length of , and as large as . Their width is about half their length.

Camouflage 
Flounders are highly camouflaged, often more so than these examples. But they are fished by bottom trawls which scrape them off the sea-bed into the net.

Taxonomy
Flounder is a general term for many species.

Western Atlantic
Gulf Flounder - Paralichthys albigutta
Southern flounder - Paralichthys lethostigma
Summer flounder (also known as fluke) - Paralichthys dentatus
Winter flounder - Pseudopleuronectes americanus

European waters
European flounder - Platichthys flesus
Northwestern Pacific
Olive flounder - Paralichthys olivaceus

References 

Flatfish
Tecnológico de Antioquia - University Institution (TdeA), also known as Tecnológico de Antioquia, is an institution of higher education in Colombia, located in the department of Antioquia, which offers technical training programs, technological, professional and advanced training university . Its headquarters are located in the city of Medellín.

References 

 Tecnológico de Antioquia 
 TdeA-tv
 Tecnológico de Antioquia on Twitter

1983 establishments in South America
20th-century establishments in Colombia
Colleges and universities in Colombia
Antioquia Department
The Rossendale Valley (also called the Forest of Rossendale) is an area North West England, in Lancashire. The area is in Rossendale. It is made up of the steep valleys of the River Irwell and its tributaries. These flow from the Pennines. They then go south into Greater Manchester. They cut through the open moorland. The area has a lot of these, even though a long time ago they were called "forests".

There are two Marilyns in the hills. These are Hail Storm Hill and Freeholds Top.

The geology of the area is layers of gritstone, coal and sand and gravel left behind by glaciers. These rocks were cut by rivers, the Irwell and its tributaries, to make steep valleys. These are 600 feet high. Woodland on the steep slopes includes remnants of ancient woodland but other areas are more recently planted.
The Rossendale Valley is recognised by the steep valley of the River Irwell and its tributaries. Textile mills and chimneys and gritstone houses are what most buildings are. Roads are mostly found in the narrow valley.

The valley was part of the medieval Forest of Rossendale. People living there in the Middle Ages would have been in "booths" or farmsteads and movement into the forest would have turned them into small hamlets.

References

Other websites 
 Higher Mill Textile Museum 

Lancashire
Valleys
Herc's Adventures is a puzzle video game released for the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn by LucasArts Entertainment in 1997. While the PlayStation release was international, the Sega Saturn version was exclusive to North America.

PlayStation games
Sega Saturn games
1997 video games
An evolutionary grade is a group of species at the same level of organisation.

It refers to a group of animals or plants which are very similar, but which are not a clade. They have a similar morphological or physiological complexity, and they are often adapted to the same way of life.

The term was coined by Julian Huxley, to contrast with clade, which is a strictly phylogenetic unit. The use of 'grade' as a term in biology was strongly supported by Ernst Mayr, who also pointed out that the term had been used for some time before cladism.

Background 
An evolutionary grade is a group of species united by similarities. These similarities led to their being given a name. But now to be a clade, the whole group from the first known member to the present day must be included.
The most commonly cited example is that of reptiles. In the early 19th century, tetrapods were put in the four familiar classes of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. In this system, reptiles are defined by traits such as laying cleidoic eggs, having skin covered in scales or scutes, and having a 'cold-blooded' metabolism.

However, we now know that amphibia gave rise to early egg-laying amniotes. These gave rise to sauropsids (the ancestors of reptiles and birds) and synapsids (the ancestors of mammals. 'Reptile' is just a common term for those sauropsids which survived to the present day, minus the birds. As an everyday word, everyone understands it. But as a modern scientific term, it is no longer good, and is less used.

Paraphyletic and polyphyletic taxa often represent evolutionary grades. In some cases paraphyletic taxa are united simply by not being part of any other groups, and give rise to so-called wastebasket taxa.

Examples
Bryophytes were long considered a natural group, defined as those land plants which lacked vascular systems. Molecular evidence shows that the bryophytes are not monophyletic since mosses, liverworts and hornworts are in fact separate lineages, with mosses closest to vascular plants.  However, the three clades have a similar degree of complexity, and the "bryophyte grade" is a useful benchmark when analysing early plants  it gives information about the status of fossils which cannot always be classified into living groups.
 Fish represent a grade, as they have given rise to the land vertebrates. In fact, the three traditional classes of fish (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) all represent evolutionary grades. Obviously, everyone will go on using the word fish; this just makes the point that they are not a monophyletic clade.
 Dinosaurs plus birds are a proper monophyletic group. Otherwise they are not.
 Labyrinthodonts are an evolutionary grade, and the group is no longer a term in taxonomy.
Synapsids cannot be a clade unless the mammals are included.
 Nautiloids. Cladistically speaking, nautiloids are a paraphyletic group with shared primitive features not found in derived cephalopods. In other words, they are an evolutionary grade which is thought to have given rise to both ammonoids and coleoids.
References 

Taxonomy
Evolutionary biology
The national flag of Belgium has three equal vertical bands of black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the colours of the Duchy of Brabant.

National symbols of Belgium
was a very old province of Japan in the area of Hyūga Province on the island of Honshū.  Its boundaries are within Miyazaki Prefecture.

History
Komaso is part of the tale of Yamato Takeru which is recorded in the Kojiki.  The history of Komaso started and ended before the Taihō Code was established at the beginning of the 8th century.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

Notes

Other websites 
  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Miyazaki Prefecture
The coat of arms of Belgium has a lion as its charge. It is called the Leo Belgicus, Latin for the Belgian lion.  The colors used are red, yellow and black, the same as on the flag.  The motto is "Unity makes strength".

Belgium
Lions in heraldry

National symbols of Belgium
"Unity makes strength" (, ; ; ) is the national motto of Belgium.  It was also taken on by Bulgaria and Haiti.

History

Netherlands

The motto was first used in 1550. It came from the Latin phrase "concordia res parvae crescunt" (small states flourish by concord). The new Dutch Republic took over the phrase as its motto. It was on several of its coins and coats of arms. 

The French were in the Netherlands from 1795 to 1813, first as the Batavian Republic then the Kingdom of Holland. Early on the national motto was changed to "Gelykheid, Vryheid, Broederschap" (Equality, Liberty, Fraternity). From 1802 to 1810 'Unity makes strength' was used again. In 1816, it switched to the House of Orange motto 'Je maintiendrai'.
Haiti 
The motto was chosen  by the Republic of Haiti  after  the revolution and subsequent independence of  the  slaves of the French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1803. The newly created state of Haiti became officially independent on January 1st,1804 following the capitulation of the French troops at the Battle of Vertieres of November 18,1803. The coat of arms of the republic of Haiti carries the french version of the motto  "L'Union fait la force". The Republic of Haiti is often referred to as the world's First Black Republic.

Belgium 

The motto was used by Belgium after its Revolution of 1830.  It was first only in its French form "L'union fait la force".

USA

The motto of Brooklyn, a borough of New York City started by Dutch settlers, is still "Eendraght maeckt maght". The motto Eendragt maakt magt also appears on the badge of the police force of Holland, Michigan.
Bulgaria
After Ferdinand of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha took over the throne of the Principality of Bulgaria,  the country started to use Belgium's motto of L'union fait la force (in Bulgarian: Съединението прави силата). Although Unity makes strength meet in various projects on the coat of arms of Bulgaria in the post-liberation years, it officially became part of it only in 1927. After 1948, the motto dropped from the new Dimitrov Constitution, but remained on the facade of the National Assembly. Following the changes in 1989 and the adoption of a new Constitution of Bulgaria in 1991, the motto has been restored.

South African Republic
On 17 January 1852 the United Kingdom, ruler of the Cape Colony, made the South African Republic free. "Eendragt maakt magt" was the motto on the new state's shield. In 1888 the republic decided Dutch was its official language.
Malaysia
An early design of the coat of arms used between 1948 and 1963 used a variation of the motto, "Unity is Strength".  It was in both English and Jawi. After three more states were added into the federation in 1963, the English motto of the arms was replaced by a rough Malay translation, Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu (literally "Unity Improves Quality"). The Jawi motto remained unchanged.

National symbols of Belgium
National symbols of Bulgaria
National symbols of Haiti
Mottos
Belgians are people from the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe.

Related pages
List of Belgians

References

 
Ethnic groups in Europe
Monarchy in Belgium is constitutional and popular in nature. The monarch is the head of state.  The Monarch is officially called King of the Belgians. The current leader is Philippe I.  Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the first King of the Belgians.  To date all have belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

List
This is a list of Belgian monarchs since 1831.

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

Government of Belgium
Belgium
This is a list of prime ministers of Belgium.

Chairmen of the Cabinet (1831–1918)

Prime Ministers (1918–Present)

References

Belgium