Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Alger loved the attention, but he needed money. He rewrote some of his old stories. One became his third boys' book Charlie Codman's Cruise. Although readers liked the book, it did not make much money. Alger made more money with the boys' stories he published in Student and Schoolmate. His writings for boys satisfied his two biggest concerns at this time—the need for a good income and the need to atone for his crimes in Brewster.

Alger met many poor boys on the docks and streets of New York City. These boys had been made homeless by the Civil War. They had drifted to the city looking for work. Alger collected material from them about their lives in the city and the lives of the poor.  He put this material into his books.
Some of these real boys became characters in his books. Johnny Nolan, for example, was one of the first boys Alger met in New York City. He appears in several of Alger's early books as a lazy, carefree street boy. Alger often had a crowd of street boys in his apartment. They would play while Alger sat calmly at his desk writing a page or two for his latest book. There is no record of sexual misconduct on Alger's part during this period.

Newsboys Lodging House

In 1866, Alger began visiting the shelters for homeless boys in the city such as the YMCA, the Five Points Mission, and the Newsboys Lodging House. This last shelter was opened in 1854 by people concerned about the welfare of street children.

At this shelter, a homeless boy could have a hot meal and a clean bed for a few pennies. He could come and go as he pleased. There was even something like a savings bank at the shelter.
Alger had his own room, a desk, and a bed at the Newsboys Lodging House. He wandered about in slippers and an old sweater talking to the boys. In this way, he gathered the material he needed for his stories. In the introductions to his books, Alger asked his readers to give generously to such shelters.

Success with Ragged Dick

In October 1866, Reverend Henry Morgan published Ned Nevins, the Newsboy; or, Street Life in Boston. It was a great success. Alger sharpened his pencils and began a similar story. He wanted readers to believe his story was a realistic picture of street life, but it was actually a sentimental story that carefully avoided any mention of the sex and violence that threatened street boys every day.
In January 1867, Alger's Ragged Dick began serialization (publication in parts) in Student and Schoolmate. The story is about a poor shoe shine boy's rise to middle class comfort and security. The book was a huge success. Boys' loved it. It had all sorts of exciting adventures in a big city. It had lots of street slang. It exposed the swindles and crimes practiced by big city crooks. The story surprised and delighted boys in small town America. They had never read of such things.

The parts of the story were gathered together and published as a book in 1868. It became Alger's all-time bestseller. It is the first in the 6-volume Ragged Dick Series. This series follows the further adventures of Ragged Dick and his friends. Alger wrote almost entirely for boys after the success of Ragged Dick. He had found his place in literary America.

Trips West
Trips West 

In 1875, Alger's stories about street boys were growing stale. Boys' tastes had changed. They wanted exciting stories about hunters, cowboys, and Indians. Alger went West to look for material.

He arrived in California in February 1877. He travelled the length of the West Coast, then returned to New York late in the year.  In 1878, Alger went West again.

These two trips had little impact on his stories.  He wrote a few dull books with western settings in the following years, but remained stuck in his "poor boy makes good" formula.

Backlash
In the early 1870s, librarians, teachers, ministers, and others interested in the well being of the young said the stories by Alger and other boys' writers were not suitable for children. These people thought such books were too violent.
Critics said his popularity among boys was due to his "sensational" style. In 1877, one minister wondered why the public library allowed children to read books that could only demoralize and weaken them. He complained about "the endless reams of such drivel poured forth by Horatio Alger, Jr." In 1879, a public library in Vermont was the first library in America to throw away Alger's books. Other public libraries then did the same.

Alger's publisher A. K. Loring of Boston, Massachusetts was a victim of this censorship effort. The company had relied on Alger's stories to make them money, but Loring went bankrupt in 1881. These efforts to get rid of Alger's books were defeated. People started reading them again after his death.
Biographies 
In 1881, Alger wrote President James A. Garfield's biography, From Canal Boy to President. He thought this was serious literary work. He hoped the book would make him famous. He paid no attention to the facts however. Instead, he filled the book with exciting details to thrill boy readers. The book was a success. It sold 20,000 copies. The publisher wanted to bring out an entire series about the great men of America.

Alger was hired to write Abraham Lincoln's biography. Once again, he paid no attention to the facts. He wrote thrilling details for boy readers. The book did not sell well. He went on to write a biography of Daniel Webster. Then he stopped writing biographies. He said such books were time-consuming and required too much work. The publisher dropped the idea of a series.

Last years
Last years

Alger led a quiet life in the years before his death. He dined out, went to the theater, and visited old friends. He kept in touch with the boys he had taken an interest in over the years. He read parts of Ragged Dick to boys' groups.

He was a Republican, and took an interest in politics. He forgot his past life in Brewster, and wrote of his days as a clergyman: "I studied theology chiefly as a branch of literary culture and without any intention of devoting myself to it as a profession."

The quality of his writing deteriorated in his last years. He reworked his old books. Times had changed. Boys wanted more excitement and violence in books. Alger gave them what they wanted.

Critics complained of the sameness in his characters, themes, and other details. Alger defended his work. He said that his readers did not object to the "family resemblances", so why should the critics?
Death
In the last years of the 1890s, Alger's books did not sell well. His income dwindled. In 1896, he had (what he called) a nervous breakdown. He moved to his sister's house in South Natick, Massachusetts. He died there on July 18, 1899 after an asthma attack. He was almost forgotten by the public in his last years. His death received little attention in the newspapers.

Alger once estimated that he made no more than $100,000 during his New York years (1866–1896). He was paid about US$250 for each of his stories published in parts in magazines. He received a small amount of money when each story was published in book form. He was not rich at the end of his life, but he was not poor either. He left only small amounts of money to family and friends. He also left them his copyrights, his manuscripts, and his personal library.

Renewed interest
Renewed interest 

People became interested in Alger's books in the twenty years after his death. This was the Progressive Era. It was a time when people wanted honest business practices, equal opportunity, and a return to old-fashioned values. About seventeen to twenty million Alger books were printed and sold during this time.

People lost interest in Alger's books in the early 1920s. His leading publisher stopped printing the books.
Alger was competing at that time with The Rover  Boys, Tom Swift, and other popular books for boys. Surveys in 1932 and 1947 indicated that very few children had read or even heard of Alger. In 1932 (one hundred years after Alger's birth), The Literary Digest declared him "forgotten".
Just before his death, Alger claimed to have sold 800,000 books during his years as a writer. After his death, his books sold at one million per year. More Alger books were sold per year after his death than were sold during the writer's lifetime. Edward Stratemeyer, the head of a company that published a great amount of boys' fiction, adopted Alger's heroic moral stance to his own books for boys. Other writers adjusted Alger's morality and ethics to suit more money-focused times. These revisions remained strong until the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929.

Boys' books
Boys' books 

The quality of his literary allusions however makes his writing distinctive. These allusions set his work apart from the books cranked out in the "fiction factories" of the day. Great authors alluded to in Alger's boys' book include Shakespeare, Milton, Longfellow, Cicero, Horace, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison, and dozens of others. The Bible is referenced in more than half of his works. These allusions reveal Alger's knowledge of literature and "enhance the literary quality of his work".
The most prevalent theme in Alger's novels is the "rise to respectability".  Business success was important to the young Alger hero, but even more important was becoming a respected citizen. This does not mean a rise to wealth and riches. Many of Alger's books end with their young heroes getting modest clerical jobs in large firms. These jobs offer chances to rise further. Alger's heroes deserve their good fortune because they are virtuous young men. Alger was mainly a moral instructor for the young. He was content to guide boys on the path of piety and moral virtue rather than business success. Other themes in his works include Strength through Adversity, Beauty versus Money, the Country versus the City, the Old World versus the New World, and the Search for an Identity.
Alger's books are filled with stereotypical characters and dramatic highpoints (setpieces) played over and over again in book after book. One such setpiece is the struggle between the virtuous young hero and a snobbish youth. These setpieces always end with the snobbish youth getting his just deserts. This particular setpiece likely has its source in the childhood bullying Alger suffered from neighborhood boys in Chelsea.

Other setpieces include the cold, unfeeling lawyer threatening the young hero and his widowed mother with foreclosure (another setpiece taken from Alger's childhood), and the brutal poorhouse staff making the young hero's life miserable while he dwells under their roof. Alger's young readers never tired of these stock characters and setpieces.
In the 1970s Alger's work was regarded by readers and scholars as almost unreadable. He received a new lease on literary life when his homosexuality became known. Edwin Hoyt speculated in Horatio' Boys (1974) that Alger might become of interest to communities outside the literary one, and may even attain a status to rival that of Oscar Wilde.

Literary influences 
Alger's success stories provided material for satirists. One of the earliest satires is William Dean Howells' The Minister's Charge; or, The Apprenticeship of Lemuel Barker (1887). This novel satirizes in a serious, realistic way Alger's "country boy makes good" theme. Stephen Crane satirizes the Alger success story with a ridiculous version of one in "A Self-Made Man: An Example of Success That Anyone Can Follow" (1899).
In the 20th century, F. Scott Fitzgerald satirized Alger in his play The Vegetable: or From President to Postman (1922), the Dan Cody episode in The Great Gatsby (1925), and the short story "Forging Ahead" (1929). Nathaniel West parodied Alger in A Cool Million (1934). John Seelye did the same in Dirty Tricks; or, Nick Noxin's Natural Nobility (1973). Glendon Swarthout followed the sexual misadventures of an Alger anti-hero in Luck and Pluck (1973). William Gaddis took the Alger success story to absurd lengths in JR.

Legacy
The Horatio Alger Association is a "nonprofit educational organization, [that] was established in 1947 to dispel the mounting belief among the nation's youth that the American Dream was no longer attainable." The Association awards scholarships to young people who pursue their own idea of the American Dream.
An annual street fair (once the Horatio Alger Street Fair) was held annually in October in Marlborough, Massachusetts. The Fair became the Heritage Festival in 2006, and Alger's name dropped from the event. It originally used Alger's name because he lived in a house in the town as a teenager, but accusations of child sexual abuse forced fair organizers to part company with Alger.

Notes

References

Other websites 

 Works by or about Horatio Alger at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
  (plain text and HTML)
 The Complete "Ragged Dick" Series on kindle.
 Horatio Alger Books On-Line 2  18 of Alger's works (with A Fancy of Hers, unique to this collection)
 Horatio Alger Books On-Line 3  3 of Alger's works (with The Maniac's Secret, unique to this collection)
 Horatio Alger research page at the University of Rochester
 Horatio Alger Society Home Page
 The Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans
 The Horatio Alger Collection at Northern Illinois University
1832 births
1899 deaths
19th-century American children's writers
19th-century American novelists
19th-century American poets
Harvard University alumni
Writers from Massachusetts
Berlin is a city next to the Androscoggin River in Coos County, New Hampshire. It was first settled in 1823-1824 by William Sessions and Cyrus Wheeler. It was Incorporated as a city in 1897. In 2020, 9,425 people lived in Berlin.

References 

Cities in New Hampshire
1820s establishments in New Hampshire
Cryptobranchoidea is a suborder of salamanders.  They are found in eastern North America, China, Taiwan, and Japan.  They are known as primitive salamanders. This is in contrast to Salamandroidea, or advanced salamander.

Description
This suborder has only two families. Other families went extinct in the past and are only known as fossils.
Cryptobranchidae
Hynobiidae

References

Salamanders
Salamandroidea is a suborder of salamanders, the advanced salamanders. The members of the suborder are found worldwide except for Antarctica, Southern Sahara, and Oceania. 

All members use internal fertilization. The female is fertilized by a spermatophore, a sperm-containing cap put by the male in her cloaca. The sperm is stored in on the roof of the cloaca until it is needed at the time of egg laying.

The earliest known salamandroid fossils are from the Tiaojishan Formation.  They are dated to the late Jurassic period about 157 million years ago.

References

Salamanders
Wendy Schaal (born July 2, 1954) is an American actress. She starred in Seth MacFarlane's animated series American Dad! She was born in Chicago, Illinois. She is currently married. Her father was actor Richard Schaal. Valerie Harper is her former step-mother.

Filmography

Animated television
The Fairly OddParents – Additional voices
American Dad! – Francine Smith
Powerpuff Girls – Woman Walla, Imaginary Rabbit

Other websites

 

1954 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
American voice actors
Actors from Chicago
Comedians from Chicago
Scott Christopher Richard Grimes (born July 9, 1971) is an American actor and songwriter. He played Archie Morris in ER, Will McCorkle in Party of Five, Donald Malarkey in Band of Brothers, and Steve Smith in American Dad!. Grimes was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. He married Dawn Bailey-Grimes for ten years.

Other websites

 
 INTERVIEW: Robin Hood's Merry Men | Rip It Up Magazine 

1971 births
Living people
American movie actors
American voice actors
American television actors
American musicians
American singer-songwriters
People from Lowell, Massachusetts
Actors from Massachusetts
Singers from Massachusetts
Musicians from Massachusetts
Rachael Ann MacFarlane (born March 21, 1976) is an American voice actress best known for her voice roles in Codename: Kids Next Door as supreme leader Numbuh 362, Nutri Ventures, The Powerpuff Girls voicing various characters and Blossom in outside of media series, and the FOX television animated series Family Guy and American Dad!, both created by her brother Seth MacFarlane. She was born in Kent, Connecticut. She has been married to Spencer Laudiero since 2008. They have two daughters.

Other websites

1976 births
Living people
American television actors
American voice actors
American video game actors
Actors from Connecticut
Caeciliidae is the family of common caecilians.  They are found in Central and South America, equatorial Africa and India.  Like other caecilians, they look like worms or snakes. 

Although they are the most diverse of the caecilian families, the caeciliids do have a number of features in common that make them different from other caecilians. In particular, their skulls have few bones.  The ones tey have are fused to form a solid ram.  This helps in digging through the soil. The mouth is beneath the nose area.  There is no tail.

Many caeciliids lay their eggs in moist soil. The eggs then hatch into aquatic larvae. However, some species do not have a larval stage.  The eggs hatch into juveniles with the same form as the adults.  In some they lack eggs and give birth to live young.

Species
Genus Boulengerula – Boulenger's Caecilians
Boulengerula boulengeri
Boulengerula changamwensis
Boulengerula denhardti
Boulengerula fischeri
Boulengerula niedeni
Boulengerula taitana
Boulengerula uluguruensis 	
Genus Brasilotyphlus – Brazilian Caecilians
Brasilotyphlus braziliensis
Brasilotyphlus guarantanus
Genus Caecilia – Common Caecilians
Caecilia abitaguae
Caecilia albiventris
Caecilia antioquiaensis
Caecilia armata
Caecilia attenuata
Caecilia bokermanni
Caecilia caribea
Caecilia corpulenta
Caecilia crassisquama
Caecilia degenerata
Caecilia disossea
Caecilia dunni
Caecilia flavopunctata
Caecilia gracilis
Caecilia guntheri
Caecilia inca
Caecilia isthmica
Caecilia leucocephala
Caecilia marcusi
Caecilia mertensi
Caecilia nigricans
Caecilia occidentalis
Caecilia orientalis
Caecilia pachynema
Caecilia perdita
Caecilia pressula
Caecilia subdermalis
Caecilia subnigricans
Caecilia subterminalis
Caecilia tentaculata
Caecilia tenuissima
Caecilia thompsoni
Caecilia volcani
Genus Caecilita
 Caecilita iwokramae
Genus Dermophis – Mexican Caecilians
Dermophis costaricensis
Dermophis glandulosus
Dermophis gracilior 	 	 	
Dermophis mexicanus
Dermophis oaxacae
Dermophis occidentalis
Dermophis parviceps
Genus Gegeneophis – Forest Caecilians
Gegeneophis carnosus
Gegeneophis danieli, Daniel's caecilian	 	 	
Gegeneophis fulleri
Gegeneophis goaensis
Gegeneophis krishni
Gegeneophis madhavai
Gegeniophis mhadeiensis
Gegeneophis nadkarnii
Gegeneophis ramaswamii
Gegeneophis seshachari
Genus Geotrypetes – West African Caecilians
Geotrypetes angeli
Geotrypetes pseudoangeli
Geotrypetes seraphini, Gaboon caecilian	 	 	
Genus Grandisonia – Seychelles Caecilians
Grandisonia alternans 	
Grandisonia brevis
Grandisonia larvata
Grandisonia sechellensis
Genus Gymnopis – Wet Forest Caecilians
Gymnopis multiplicata
Gymnopis syntrema
Genus Herpele – Congo Caecilians
Herpele multiplicata
Herpele squalostoma
Genus Hypogeophis – Frigate Island Caecilian
Hypogeophis rostratus
Genus Idiocranium – Makumuno Assumbo Caecilian
Idiocranium russeli
Idiocranium russeli
Genus Indotyphlus – Battersby's Caecilians
Indotyphlus battersbyi
Indotyphlus maharashtraensis
Genus Luetkenotyphlus – São Paulo Caecilian
Luetkenotyphlus brasiliensis
Genus Microcaecilia – Tiny Caecilians
Microcaecilia albiceps
Microcaecilia grandis
Microcaecilia rabei
Microcaecilia supernumeraria
Microcaecilia taylori
Microcaecilia unicolor
Genus Mimosiphonops – Worm Patterned Caecilians
Mimosiphonops reinhardti
Mimosiphonops vermiculatus
Genus Oscaecilia – South American Caecilians
Oscaecilia bassleri
Oscaecilia elongata
Oscaecilia equatorialis
Oscaecilia hypereumeces
Oscaecilia koepckeorum
Oscaecilia ochrocephala
Oscaecilia osae
Oscaecilia polyzona
Oscaecilia zweifeli
Genus Parvicaecilia – Columbian Caecilians
Parvicaecilia nicefori
Parvicaecilia pricei
Genus Praslinia – Cooper's Caecilian
Praslinia cooperi
Genus Schistometopum – Guinae Caecilians
Schistometopum gregorii
Schistometopum thomense
Genus Siphonops – Ringed Caecilians
Siphonops annulatus
Siphonops hardyi
Siphonops hardyi
Siphonops insulanus
Siphonops leucoderus
Siphonops paulensis
Genus Sylvacaecilia – Aleku Caecilian
Sylvacaecilia grandisonae
References

Frost, Darrel R. 2004. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 3.0 (22 August 2004). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2004. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. Retrieved 26 August 2004

Caecilians
Sylvester Laflin "Pat" Weaver, Jr. (December 21, 1908 – March 15, 2002) was an American radio advertising executive, who became president of NBC between 1953 and 1955. He has been well-known for his commercial broadcasting's format and philosophy as radio gave way to television as America's dominant home entertainment. He was married to Elizabeth Inglis from 1942 until his death in 2002, they had two children; a son Trajan Victor Charles and a daughter Sigourney Weaver.

Weaver was born in Los Angeles, California on December 21, 1908. He was the son of actor/director Sylvester Laflin Weaver, Sr. (1874-1964) and actress Eleanor Isabel Dixon (1879-1966), Sylvester Jr.'s grandfather was Peter Laflin Weaver (1841-1912), a businessman, his great-grandfather was Henry Laflin Weaver (1808-1894), also a businessman, his great-great-grandfather was Charles Laflin Weaver (1708-1816), a manufacturer, Sylvester, Jr. died on March 15, 2002 in his home in Santa Barbara, California from natural causes, he was 93 years old.
References

Other websites
 The Museum of Broadcast Communications (formal bio) 
 Television Heaven (brief bio) 
 Pat Weaver: Television Advertising Visionary (biographical essay) 
 "NBC (Radio) Monitor" tribute
 Sylvester Weaver  interviewed by Mike Wallace on The Mike Wallace Interview
 Laflin & Rand Powder Company 

1908 births
2002 deaths
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
Emmy Award winners
Elizabeth Inglis (born Desiree Mary Lucy Hawkins, 10 July 1913 – 25 August 2007), also known as Elizabeth Earl, was an English movie actress, best known for her role in The Letter, along with actress Bette Davis. She is also known for her role in Alfred Hitchcock's The 39 Steps, she was the last known survivor of the movie before her death in 2007. 

Inglis was born in Colchester, England on July 10, 1913. She was married to Sylvester Weaver from 1942 until his death in 2002, they had two children, Trajan Victor Charles Weaver and Sigourney Weaver. Inglis died on August 25, 2007 in Santa Barbara, California from natural causes, she was 94 years old.

Other websites

1913 births
2007 deaths
English movie actors
English television actors
English stage actors
Ichthyophiidae is the family of Asiatic tailed caecilians or fish caecilians. They are found in south-east Asia.

They are primitive caecilians. They do not have some of the features found in the other families. For example, the mouth is not back underneath the head, they have tails, and have many scales on their body. They have two sets of muscles for closing the jaw.  This is a feature unique to caecilians, but absent in the related family Rhinatrematidae.

They lay their eggs in small holes in moist soil.  The eggs hatch into larvae.  They live in streams or underground seepages.  They the change into adults. There is some evidence that the female may protect the eggs until they hatch.

Taxonomy
Family Ichthyophiidae
 Genus Caudacaecilia
Caudacaecilia asplenia - Broad-striped Caecilian
Caudacaecilia larutensis - Larut Hills Caecilian
Caudacaecilia nigroflava - Kuala Lumpur Caecilian
Caudacaecilia paucidentula - Kapahiang Caecilian
Caudacaecilia weberi - Malatgan River Caecilian
 Genus Ichthyophis
Ichthyophis acuminatus - Elongate-headed Caecilian
Ichthyophis alfredii
Ichthyophis atricollaris - Long Bloee Caecilian
Ichthyophis bannanicus - Banna Caecilian
Ichthyophis beddomei - Yellow-striped Caecilian
Ichthyophis bernisi - Indonesian Caecilian
Ichthyophis biangularis - Angular Caecilian
Ichthyophis billitonensis - Billiton Island Caecilian
Ichthyophis daribokensis 
Ichthyophis bombayensis - Bombay Caecilian
Ichthyophis davidi
Ichthyophis dulitensis - Mount Dulit Caecilian
Ichthyophis elongatus - Elongated Caecilian
Ichthyophis garoensis
Ichthyophis glandulosus - Basilan Island Caecilian
Ichthyophis glutinosus - Ceylon Caecilian
Ichthyophis humphreyi - Humphrey's Caecilian
Ichthyophis husaini - Husain's Caecilian
Ichthyophis hypocyaneus - Bantam Caecilian
Ichthyophis javanicus - Javan Caecilian
Ichthyophis khumhzi
Ichthyophis kodaguensis - Kodagu Striped Caecilian
Ichthyophis kohtaoensis - Koa Tao Island Caecilian
Ichthyophis laosensis - Upper Laos Caecilian
Ichthyophis longicephalus - Long-headed Caecilian
Ichthyophis malabarensis - Malabar Caecilian
Ichthyophis mindanaoensis - Mindanao Island Caecilian
Ichthyophis monochrous - Western Borneo Caecilian
Ichthyophis moustakius
Ichthyophis orthoplicatus - Pattipola Caecilian
Ichthyophis paucisulcus - Siantar Caecilian
Ichthyophis peninsularis
Ichthyophis pseudangularis - Taylor's Caecilian
Ichthyophis sendenyu
Ichthyophis sikkimensis - Sikkimese Caecilian
Ichthyophis singaporensis - Singapore Caecilian
Ichthyophis subterrestris
Ichthyophis sumatranus - Sumatran Caecilian
Ichthyophis supachaii - Supachai's Caecilian
Ichthyophis tricolor - Three-coloured Caecilian
Ichthyophis youngorum - Doi Suthep Caecilian
 Genus Uraeotyphlus
Genus Uraeotyphlus
Uraeotyphlus gansi
Uraeotyphlus interruptus - Kerala Caecilian 
Uraeotyphlus malabaricus - Malabar Caecilian 
Uraeotyphlus menoni - Menon's Caecilian 
Uraeotyphlus narayani - Narayan's Caecilian 
Uraeotyphlus oommeni - Bonnacord Caecilian 
Uraeotyphlus oxyurus - Red Caecilian
References

Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Mark Wilkinson (1989). "On the Classification and Phylogeny of Caecilians." Herpetological Monographs, (3), 1-42

Frost, Darrel R. 2004. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 3.0 (22 August 2004). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2004. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. Retrieved 26 August 2004

Caecilians
Rhinatrematidae is the family of neotropical tailed caecilians or beaked caecilians. They are found in the equatorial countries of South America.

They are usually said to be the most primitive of the caecilian families.  They have many features other groups do not. For example, they still have a tail, and the mouth is not to the back on the underside of the head. They lay their eggs in small holes in the soil. The larvae have external gills.  They live in seepages until they change into adults. The adults live in moist soil and leaf litter.

Taxonomy
There are nine species in two genera.
Family Rhinatrematidae
 Genus Epicrionops - Beaked Caecilians
 Epicrionops bicolor - Two-coloured Caecilian (Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela, and Colombia).
 Epicrionops columbianus - El Tambo Caecilian (Colombia).
 Epicrionops lativittatus - Eastern Peru Caecilian (Peru).
 Epicrionops marmoratus - Marbled Caecilian (Ecuador).
 Epicrionops niger - Black Caecilian (Guyana, Venezuela, and possibly Brazil).
 Epicrionops parkeri - Parker's Caecilian (Colombia).
 Epicrionops peruvianus - Marcapata Valley Caecilian (Peru).
 Epicrionops petersi - Peters' Caecilian (Ecuador, Peru, and possibly Brazil and Colombia).
 Genus Rhinatrema
 Rhinatrema bivittatum - Two-lined Caecilian (Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, and Suriname).
 Rhinatrema shiv - Shiv’s Rhinatrema (Guyana).

References

 Nussbaum, Ronald A. and Mark Wilkinson (1989). "On the Classification and Phylogeny of Caecilians." Herpetological Monographs, (3), 1-42
Frost, Darrel R. 2004. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 3.0 (22 August, 2004). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA
 AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2004. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. Retrieved 26 August 2004

Caecilians
Emily Jacir (, born 1970 in Bethlehem) is a Palestinian artist. She uses movies, photography, video and performance art. Her work was first shown in 1994. Since then, it has been shown in exhibitions around the Americas, Europe and the Middle East. It is held in museums in Italy, Palestine, England, San Francisco, and several museums in New York.

Jacir won the Golden Lion for artists under 40 () at the Venice Biennale in October 2007. She also won the Prince Claus Award in 2007. In 2008, the won the annual Hugo Boss Prize.

References

More reading 
 Memories in exile , Columbia University

 Emily Jacir: Artist Profile at IMEU.net 

1970 births
Living people
Palestinian artists
People from Bethlehem
Photographers
Jeff Fischer (born 1968) is an American voice actor. He is known for his work in commercials, cartoons, and video games. In 2005 he was chosen to announce the Teen Choice Awards. He is mostly known for his role as Jeff Fischer in American Dad!.

Other websites
Jeff Fischer at the Internet Movie Database.

American voice actors
American television actors
1968 births
Living people
Meles Zenawi Asres (8 May 1955 – 20 August 2012) was the Prime Minister of Ethiopia since 1995 till his death on 20 August 2012. He was President of Ethiopia from 1991 to 1995. Since 1985, he was the chairman of the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front, and the head of the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front.

Meles was born in Adwa, Tigray in Northern Ethiopia, to an Ethiopian father from Adwa, Ethiopia, and a mother from Adi Quala, Eritrea. Meles Zenawi was married to Azeb Mesfin and was the father of three children. Meles died on August 20, 2012 in a hospital in Brussels, Belgium after having a brain tumor removed. Zenawi's health was in question for weeks until his death. Meles was admitted to hospital in July 2012. He was 57 years old.

References

Other websites

Biography with child photos 
Biography
Column archive at The Guardian

1955 births
2012 deaths
Deaths from brain cancer
Deaths from surgical complications
Prime Ministers of Ethiopia
Presidents of Ethiopia
Just for Laughs: Gags  is a Canadian quiet comedy show. In 2000 the Gags began airing on French and Canadian television Télé Québec. In the next years, the show was picked up by TVA, CBC and The Comedy Television in Canada.

This series' format is the hidden camera filming the jokes. Music plays in the background, but there is no sound or speech other than some sound effects and laughter. It is mostly filmed in downtown Montreal and rural Quebec although some parts have been filmed in Mexico. British and Asian versions have also been produced in the UK and Singapore respectively.

With its quiet format and no translation required, Just for Laughs Gags has been purchased for use in over 100 countries throughout the world as well as in airports and airlines.

Canadian television series
Comedy television series
English-language television programs
Neon Trees is an American alternative rock band from Provo, Utah. Neon Trees has four members in the band; the current band members are Tyler Glenn, Chris Allen, Branden Campbell and Elaine Bradley.

The band was formed in 2005 by band members and neighbours at the time; Tyler Glenn and Chris Allen. The bands name originates from the lighted trees on the In-N-Out Burger signs.

They released an EP titled "Start a Fire" in 2009 and it was limited to one pressing of 600 units and was only available for sale at shows in their late 2009. They released their debut album "Habits" on March 16, 2010, under Mercury and Def Jam Recordings. They are currently signed to Mercury Records and Def Jam Recordings. They released their second studio album "Picture Show" on April 17, 2012. They released their third album, "Pop Psychology", on April 22, 2014.

Discography 
So far as of 2014, Neon Trees have released three albums and one EP:
Albums
Habits (2010)
Picture Show (2012)
Pop Psychology (2014)
I Can Feel You Forgetting Me (2020)

EPs
Becoming Different People 2006
Start a Fire (2009)
iTunes Live from SoHo (2010)
iTunes Live: SXSW (2011)

Other websites 
Official website

2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American new wave bands
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups from Utah
Provo, Utah
Musical groups established in 2005
Victor Ponta (b. 20 September 1972, Bucharest) is a Romanian politician. He was president of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) from February 2010 until July 2015 when he resigned. On 7 May 2012, he became Prime Minister of Romania. He resigned on 5 November 2015.

He studied law in Bucharest, finishing in 1995. He was PSD's candidate for the Romanian presidential elections in 2014, but since then has left the Social Democratic Party and created his own party which he called the Pro Romania Party.

References

Sources
Victor Ponta's official site

Prime Ministers of Romania
1972 births
Living people
Politicians from Bucharest
Steering is the collection of mechanical parts which allow a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (truck, car, motorcycle or bicycle) to follow the desired course. Rail transport vehicles (trains and trams or streetcars) are steered by their rail tracks.

In vehicle steering, the person turning the steering wheel directly controls the rate of the turn. Response is immediate. Submarines and ships operate in water, and use control surfaces that work on the fluid. There is a delay between the steering controls and the time it takes for the system to respond.

Some land vehicles such as tanks, and some boats, can use differential steering, in which one side is pushed forward.

References 

Mechanics
Physics
Vehicles
A game controller is a device used to play video games.

Types of game controllers

Gamepad 
A gamepad, also known as a joypad, is a common type of game controller. They are held in both hands with thumbs and fingers used to press buttons on the gamepad. Gamepads can have a number of action buttons with one or more control sticks. Gamepads is part of playing a video game console. A player must use a gamepad in order to play any video game. Gamepads were first used on early computers.

On a Nintendo gamepad, the action buttons are colored with letters (A, B, X, Y). There is a start and a select option on the gamepad. On the left of the gamepad, there are arrows which the player uses to move in the video game.

Paddle 
A paddle is a game controller with a round wheel and one or more fire buttons. The wheel is used to control movement in a video game. The paddle was not liked by many gamers. This type of controller was used on the Atari 2600 and Indy 500.

Joystick
Joystick 

A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it is controlling. Joysticks are often used to control video games and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. A popular variation of the joystick used on modern video game consoles is the analog stick.

The joystick has been the principal flight control in the cockpit of many aircraft, particularly military fast jets, where centre stick or side-stick location may be employed. Joysticks are also used for controlling machines such as cranes, trucks, underwater unmanned vehicles and zero turning radius lawn mowers. Miniature finger-operated joysticks have been adopted as input devices for smaller electronic equipment such as mobile phones.

Other websites 
 An article about pioneering games and controllers designed for disabled gamers
 Simulation game controller comparison.
is a Japanese language video game magazine. It is published by Enterbrain, Inc. and Tokuma. Currently, there are five Famitsū magazines:  Shūkan Famitsū, Famitsū PS3 + PSP, Famitsū Xbox 360, Famitsū Wii+DS, and Famitsū Wave DVD.   is the original Famitsū magazine. It is known as the mostly read and respected video game news magazine in Japan.

References

Other websites 

Official website 

Monthly magazines
Florin Georgescu (born 25 November 1953, in Bucharest) is a Romanian politician. He was the Vice Prime Minister and Minister of Finances in Romania from 7 May 2012 to 21 December 2012.

1953 births
Living people
Politicians from Bucharest
Crin  Antonescu (b. 21 September 1959, Tulcea) is a Romanian liberal politician. Antonescu was the President of PNL but in 2014 quit the presidency and now is only a member of the party.

On 3 July 2012, he was elected President of the Romanian Senate. In 2014 he resigned and was replaced by Cătălin Popescu Tăriceanu

References

1959 births
Living people
Presidents of the Senate of Romania
Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu (born 22 September 1968, Iași) is a Romanian politician, historian and diplomat. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2004 to 2007 and director of the Foreign Intelligence Service from 2007 to 2012. He was Prime Minister of Romania from 9 February 2012 until 9 May 2012.

Education
He learned at Mathematics-Physics high school "Costache Negruzzi" from Iași.

References

1968 births
Living people
Romanian diplomats
Romanian historians
Prime Ministers of Romania
A magnetostatic loudspeaker is a dipole speaker. It is quite similar than electrostatic loudspeaker but it doesn't use high voltages, it uses high currents.

The impedance of a magnetostatic speaker may be so low that an amplifier has to be ready to feed low impedance. Sound quality about current speaker type is respected.

References

Audio technology
The Pursuit of Happyness is a 2006 American biographical drama movie. The movie's story was about an entrepreneur, Chris Gardner, and his time while he was homeless. The movie's director was Gabriele Muccino. The movie starred Will Smith. He played Gardner in the movie. Smith's son, Jaden Smith also starred in the movie. He played Gardner's son, Christopher Jr.

Release dates

Cast 
 Will Smith as Chris Gardner
 Jaden Smith as Christopher Gardner Jr.
 Thandie Newton as Linda Gardner
 Brian Howe as Jay
 Dan Castellaneta as Alan Frakesh
 James Karen as Martin Frohm
 Kurt Fuller as Walter Ribbon
 Takayo Fischer as Mrs. Chu

Music 
The soundtrack of the movie was released on January 9, 2007.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 
 

2006 drama movies
2000s biographical movies
American drama movies
American biographical movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Movies set in San Francisco
English-language movies
The Constitutional Court of Romania (CCR) is independent of any other public authority. It has, according to the Romanian Constitution, the guardian of constitutional rule. This means the court has the power to make decisions, if the meaning of official laws is questioned (or challenged). This could happen if the laws are written so that they might harm the rights and freedoms of the Romanian people.

Judges
 Augustin Zegrean (from 2007), President  2010.
 Iulia Motoc (from 2010) 
 Mircea Stefan Minea (from 2010) 
 Petre Lăzăroiu (from 2008)
 Mona Pivniceru (from 2013)
 Valer Dorneanu (from 2013)
 Daniel Morar (from 2013)
 Valentin-Zoltán Puskás (from 2007)
 Tudorel Toader (from 2006)

Former judges (from 2013)
 Ion Predescu (from 2004 to 2013)
 Aspazia Cojocaru (from 2004 to 2013) 
 Acsinte Gașpar (from 2004 to 2013)

References
Augustin Zegrean (born 29 March 1954, in Sânmartin, Cluj) is a Romanian lawyer. Since 13 July 2007, he has been a judge at the Constitutional Court of Romania. On 17 July 2010 he was chosen as President of the Constitutional Court of Romania. He graduated from the University of law Babeș-Bolyai from Cluj în 1980.

1954 births
Living people
Romanian lawyers
Constitutional Court of Romania
CCR might mean:

 Constitutional Court of Romania
 Creedence Clearwater Revival
Dwight Filley Davis (July 5, 1879 - November 28, 1945) was an American tennis player and politician. He was the founder of the  international tennis competition "Davis Cup".

He served as United States Secretary of War from 1925 to 1929.

Davis died at his home in Washington, D.C. on November 28, 1945, after a six-month illness.

References

1879 births
1945 deaths
American tennis players
American military personnel of World War I
American Olympians
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Harvard University alumni
History of tennis
Politicians from Missouri
Sportspeople from St. Louis, Missouri
United States Secretaries of War
Military people from Missouri
Josef Blatter, mostly known as Sepp Blatter, (born 10 March 1936) is a Swiss association football administrator.  He is best known as the 8th President of FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). He served as president from 1998 until his resignation in 2016. He replaced the popular João Havelange. His presidency ended when he was banned from FIFA on 21 December 2015. He officially left office after Gianni Infantino replaced him on 26 February 2016.

Early life
Blatter was born in Visp, Switzerland. He studied at the University of Lausanne.

President of FIFA (1998-2016)
Blatter was elected President of FIFA on 8 June 1998 succeeding João Havelange. He was re-elected in 2002, 2007,  2011 and 2015.  But on 2 June, just days after being re-elected, he announced that he would resigned after a new president would be elected due to corruption accusations. On 8 October 2015, Blatter and other top FIFA officials were suspended amid the investigation.
On 21 December 2015 it was announced that Blatter would be banned for a period of eight years amid the corruption case. He left office on 26 February 2016 after Gianni Infantino replaced him.

Personal life
Blatter was married to Liliane Biner, but the marriage didn't last. Then he married Barbara Käser in 1981. The couple divorced in 1991. Then he married Graziella Bianca in 2002. The couple divorced in 2004. He was in a relationship with Ilona Boguska from 1995 through 2002. He is now in a relationship with Linda Barras as of 2014. Blatter has one daughter, Corinne.

Blatter lives in Zürich, Switzerland with Boguska and his daughter.

Honors
 Order of the Companions of OR Tambo, South Africa
 Order of the Rising Sun, Japan

References

Other websites

 FIFA President's page on official website of FIFA 

1936 births
Living people
Swiss football managers
People from Valais
Presidents of FIFA
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Kieren John Perkins OAM (born 14 August 1973), is an Australian professional sportsman.  He is best known as a swimmer.

Perkins won two Olympic gold medals in 1992 and 1996 in the 1500-metre freestyle, and a silver medal in 2000.

References

Other websites
 

1973 births
Living people
2000 Summer Olympics
Australian Olympic gold medalists
Australian Olympic silver medalists
Commonwealth Games medallists
Australian swimmers
Tracy Austin (born 12 December 1962, in Palos Verdes, California) is a former American tennis player. She is youngest ever US Open female singles champion and the youngest person to become a member in the International Tennis Hall of Fame.

References 

1962 births
American tennis players
Living people
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California
US Open (tennis) champions
World No. 1 tennis players
Alexandra Elizabeth "Ally" Sheedy (born June 13, 1962) is an American movie and television actress who was once tied to the Brat Pack in the 1980s. She was born and raised in New York City. Notable movies in which she starred include: The Breakfast Club, Short Circuit and WarGames. The actress was born in New York City. Her father is of Irish Catholic background; her mother is Jewish.

On April 12, 1992, Sheedy married actor David Lansbury, the nephew of actress Angela Lansbury and son of Edgar Lansbury, the original producer of Godspell. They have a son, Beckett, born 1994. In 2008, Sheedy announced that she and Lansbury had filed for divorce.

Other websites 
 

Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Writers from New York City
1962 births
Living people
Royal Mail Ship (RMS) is the ship prefix used for seagoing vessels that carry mail under contract to the British Royal Mail.

History 
In the early 19th century, the British Admiralty provided RMS service.

The designation "RMS" has been used since 1840.

In 1850 contracts were awarded to private companies. Having the title "RMS" was seen as a mark of quality and a competitive advantage, because the mail had to be on time.

List of RMS ships

 HMHS Britannic
 RMS Carpathia
 RMS Laconia
 RMS Lusitania 
 RMS Queen Elizabeth 
 RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 
 RMS Queen Mary
 RMS Queen Mary 2
 Titanic
RMS Empress of Ireland

References 

Ships
Postal services in the United Kingdom
Royal Medical Society (RMS) is the oldest medical society in the United Kingdom.

The RMS is a British professional society engaged in the moving forward of medical knowledge.

History
It was called "the Medical Society" when it was established in 1737.  The Society was granted a Royal Charter in 1778.  

RMS is based in Edinburgh, Scotland. The society has members throughout the world.

Notable members
This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it.
Charles Darwin
Benjamin Franklin
Joseph Lister

Related pages 
 List of Royal Societies

References

Other websites
RMS website 

1737 establishments
Medical
18th-century establishments in Great Britain
1730s establishments in Europe
Royal Microscopical Society (RMS) is a British and international scientific society.  RMS promotes the scientific field which uses microscopes.

Publications
 Journal of Microscopy
 infocus Magazine
 Royal Microscopical Society Microscopy Handbooks

Related pages 
 List of Royal Societies

References

Other websites
Royal Microscopical Society
Journal of Microscopy
infocus Magazine

1839 establishments in Europe
Scientific organisations based in the United Kingdom
Microscopical
1830s establishments in the United Kingdom
List of Royal Societies includes organizations with a royal charter and permission to use the term "Royal" in the official name.  These include

List

 Royal Academy (RA), 1768
 Royal Asiatic Society (RAS), 1824, 
 Royal Geographical Society (RGS), 1830
 Royal Medical Society (RMS), 1773
 Royal Microscopical Society (RMS), 1839 
 Royal Society, 1660
 Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), 1824
 Royal Society of Arts (RSA), 1754

References

United Kingdom-related lists
Agnieszka is the Polish equivalent of the forename Agnes. The moniker Agnieszka has its roots in the Greek name Agnes, which translates to "pure" or "chaste." It gained popularity in Poland in the Middle Ages and has remained a common name for Polish girls ever since. In Polish, the name is pronounced as "ahg-NYESH-kah," and it is frequently abbreviated as "Aga" or "Nieszka" for convenience.
People 
Agnieszka Arnold, Polish documentary filmmaker
Agnieszka Baranowska (1819–1890), Polish playwright and poet
Agnieszka Bednarek (born 1986), international Polish volleyball player
Agnieszka Brustman (born 1962), female Polish chess master
Agnieszka Brzezańska (born 1972), artist based in Warsaw
Agnieszka Brugger (born 1985), German politician
Agnieszka Chylińska (born 1976), Polish rock singer and columnist
Agnieszka Domańska (born 1970), Polish ice dancer
Agnieszka Dowbor-Muśnicka (1919–1940), Polish WWII resistance fighter
Agnieszka Duczmal (born 1946), Polish conductor
Agnieszka Dulej (born 1983), Polish ice dancer
Agnieszka Dygant (born 1973), Polish actress
Agnieszka Graff (born 1970), Polish writer, translator, publicist, feminist and activist
Agnieszka Holland (born 1948), Polish film and TV director and screenwriter
Agnieszka Karpiesiuk (born 1982), Polish track and field sprinter
Agnieszka Kołakowska (born 1960), Polish philosopher, philologist, translator and essayist