Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Governance
Białystok, like other major cities in Poland, is a city county (powiat). The Białystok City Council has 28 elected members, one of whom is the mayor, or President of Białystok, elected every four years. The election of the City Council and of the local head of government, which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20 June 2002. The current President of Białystok, elected for his first term in 2006, is Tadeusz Truskolaski.

It is also the seat of government for the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The city is represented by several members of both houses of the Polish Parliament (Sejm and Senat). Białystok is represented by the Podlaskie and Warmian-Masurian constituency of the European Parliament.

Military units
The 18th Reconnaissance Regiment of the Polish Land Forces is based in Białystok. The heritage of the unit was the former 18th Territorial Defense Battalion and prior to that the former 18th Mechanized Brigade.
The Podlaska Cavalry Brigade was a military unit of the Polish Army, created on April 1, 1937. Its headquarters was in Białystok. It was formed from the Cavalry Brigade "Białystok", which existed between February 1929, and March 30, 1937. After the Soviet invasion of Poland, remnants of the Brigade fought both Wehrmacht and Red Army troops, surrendering on October 6, 1939.

Economy

In the 19th century Białystok was an important center for light industry. This was the reason for the substantial growth of the city's population. The tradition continued with many garment factories established in the 20th century, such as Fasty in the district of Bacieczki. However, after the fall of communism in 1989 many of these factories faced severe problems and subsequently closed down. Currently Białystok is a major center for the developed machine industry (electronics, machinery and metal), wood, alcoholic beverages, building materials, glass factory and power generation.
The city lies close to the Polish border with Lithuania and Belarus, with the nearest border checkpoint with Belarus in Bobrowniki only  away. Since the border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area, the city is a center for trade from countries to the east.

Culture

In 2010, Białystok was on the short-list, but ultimately lost the competition to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016.

Białystok is the largest cultural center in north-eastern Poland. Museums include the Historical Museum, the Museum of Sculpture Alfons Karny, and the Białystok Village Museum.

Approximately 32% of the city is occupied by green areas. Parks and squares and 1,779 ha of forest are located within the city which creates a unique and healthy climate. Within Białystok, there are two nature reserves with a total area of 105 ha, that are part of the Knyszyn Forest. Such a location of nature reserves in the immediate vicinity of the city is unique.

Sports
Sports

The city has a number of sports teams, both professional and amateur, and a number of venues across the city. Jagiellonia Białystok is a Polish football club, based in Białystok, that plays in Ekstraklasa league at the Białystok City Stadium. In 2010, Jagiellonia Białystok won the Polish Cup and the Super Cup, and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League. A new 22,500-seat stadium is expected to be completed by the end of 2012.

Media
Białystok has a wide variety of media outlets serving the city and surrounding region. There are two locally published newspapers in addition to two national papers with local bureaus. There are a number of national and locally produced television and radio channels available both over-the-air from the nearby RTCN Białystok (Krynice) Mast, the seventh highest structure in Poland, in addition to transmitter sites within the city and on the cable television network within the city.

Religion
Religion

In the early 1900s, Białystok was reputed to have the largest concentration of Jews of all the cities in the world. In 1931, 40,000 Jews lived in the city, nearly half the city's inhabitants.
The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Białystok. Establishment of the Diocese and the Archdiocese and the cities of Białystok ended the period of the temporary church administration in the Białystok region owned lands over the centuries to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vilnius, which after World War II remained in the Polish borders. The city is also the seat of the Białystok-Gdańsk Diocese of the Polish Orthodox Church. Białystok is the largest concentration of Orthodox believers in Poland.

Transport
Transport

The city is, and has been for centuries, the main hub of transportation for the Podlaskie Voivodeship and the entire northeastern section of Poland. It is a major city on the European Union roadways and railways to the Baltic Republics and Finland. It is also a main gateway of trade with Belarus due to its proximity to the border and its current and longstanding relationship with Hrodno, Belarus. Passenger trains connect from Suvalki (Poland), Hrodno and Lithuania to Warsaw and the rest of the European passenger network. An extensive public transportation system is provided within the city by three bus services, but no tram or subway exists.

A civil airport, Białystok-Krywlany Airport, lies within the city limits, but does not provide regularly scheduled service. There are plans to build a new regional airport, Białystok-Saniki Airport, in the next few years that will provide flights within Europe.

Education
Education

Higher education in the city can be traced back to the second half of the 18th century when the ownership of the city was inherited by Jan Klemens Branicki. As a patron of the arts and sciences, Branicki encouraged numerous artists and scientists to settle in Białystok to take advantage of Branicki's patronage. In 1745 Branicki established Poland's first military college, the School of Civil and Military Engineering, in the city.

Since the fall of communism many private-funded institutions of higher educations were founded and their number is still increasing. Currently Białystok is home to one principal public university (University of Białystok) and two other public specialist universities (Białystok Technical University and Medical University of Białystok). Some institutions, such as Musical Academy in Białystok, are branches of their parent institutions in other cities, usually in Warsaw.

Notable residents
Notable residents

Over the centuries Białystok has produced a number of persons who have provided unique contributions to the fields of science, language, politics, religion, sports, visual arts and performing arts. This environment was created in the mid-18th century by the patronage of Jan Klemens Branicki for the arts and sciences. A list of recent notable persons includes, but is not limited to:
 Ryszard Kaczorowski, last Polish government-in-exile President of the Republic of Poland
 L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto
 Albert Sabin, co-developer of the polio vaccine
 Izabella Scorupco, actress
 Max Weber, painter.
 Tomasz Frankowski, footballer
Popular culture references
 The asteroid 19981 Bialystock was named in the city's honour on 1 June 2007.
 The bialy, a bagel-like roll, derives its name from the city.
 The protagonist of Mel Brooks' film and musical The Producers is named Max Bialystock.
 A large part of the narrative of David Zagier's early memoirs, Botchki: when doomsday was still tomorrow centers on Białystok.

References

Cities in Podlaskie Voivodeship
Gdynia  (, ) is a city in northern Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship, and is an important and seaport of Gdańsk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. It has about 248 000 inhabitants and 135 km².

Cities in Pomeranian Voivodeship
() is a city in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. About 223,000 people live there, and it has an area of .

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
Mould (or mold) is a type of fungus. It grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae. In contrast, fungi that can adopt a single-celled growth habit are called yeasts.

Molds are a large group of fungi. The growth of their hyphae results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance, especially on food. The network of these tubular branching hyphae, called a mycelium, is considered a single organism. 

Mould grows from spores, which float around in the air. 
There are thousands of different kinds. Some molds cause disease or food spoilage. Sometimes people use them to make some kinds of cheese. Many antibiotics are developed from natural anti-bacterial substance made by moulds.
Mold or mould, also sometimes referred to as mildew, is a fungal growth that develops on wet materials. Mold is a natural part of the environment and plays an important part in nature by breaking down dead organic matter such as fallen leaves and dead trees; indoors, mold growth should be avoided and proper inspection should be done for effective mold removal.

Related pages 
Black bread mold
Oomycete
Slime mould
Penicillium

References
David James (born 1 August 1970) is an English retired footballer. He last played for Kerala Blasters FC and England national team.

Club career statistics
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Watford||rowspan="3"|Second Division||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1990/91||46||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||46||0
|-
|1991/92||43||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||43||0
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="7"|Liverpool||rowspan="7"|Premier League||29||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||29||0
|-
|1993/94||14||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||14||0
|-
|1994/95||42||0||0||0||1||0||0||0||43||0
|-
|1995/96||38||0||1||0||1||0||0||0||40||0
|-
|1996/97||38||0||2||0||4||0||0||0||40||0
|-
|1997/98||27||0||1||0||5||0||4||0||37||0
|-
|1998/99||26||0||2||0||0||0||5||0||33||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Aston Villa||rowspan="2"|Premier League||29||0||5||0||5||0||0||0||39||0
|-
|2000/01||38||0||3||0||1||0||4||0||46||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|West Ham United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||26||0||3||0||0||0||0||0||29||0
|-
|2002/03||38||0||2||0||2||0||0||0||42||0
|-
|2003/04||League Championship||27||0||1||0||3||0||0||0||31||0
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Manchester City||rowspan="3"|Premier League||17||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||17||0
|-
|-
|2004/05||38||0||1||0||0||0||0||0||39||0
|-
|2005/06||38||0||5||0||1||0||0||0||44||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Portsmouth||rowspan="4"|Premier League||38||0||2||0||1||0||0||0||41||0
|-
|2007/08||35||0||6||0||1||0||0||0||42||0
|-
|2008/09||34||0||3||0||1||0||5||0||43||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
661||0||37||0||26||0||18||0||742||0
661||0||37||0||26||0||18||0||742||0
|}
International career statistics

|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||11||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||1||0
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||49||0
|}

References

1970 births
Living people
Black British sportspeople
English association football goalkeepers
Liverpool F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Sportspeople from Hertfordshire
Martin Adams (born 1956) is an English professional darts player.  His nickname is Wolfie, referring to his hairy face and the fact that he likes wolves.

Adams is a top-ranked darts player. He is a three-time BDO World Champion and three-time World Masters champion. He was on the board of the British Darts Organisation for a short time.

World Championship results
British Darts Organisation 
1994: Quarter Final: (lost to Magnus Caris 2-4)
1995: Semi Final: (lost to Raymond van Barneveld 4-5)
1996: Quarter Final: (lost to Steve Beaton 1-4)
1997: 1st Round: (lost to Roger Carter 1-3)
1998: 1st Round: (lost to Robbie Widdows 2-3)
1999: Quarter Final: (lost to Chris Mason 4-5)
2000: 1st Round: (lost to Steve Coote 2-3)
2001: 2nd Round: (lost to Ronnie Baxter 1-3)
2002: Semi Final: (lost to Tony David 4-5)
2003: 2nd Round: (lost to Bob Taylor 1-3)
2004: 1st Round: (lost to Richie Davies 2-3)
2005: Runner Up: (lost to Raymond van Barneveld 2-6)
2006: Semi Final: (lost to Raymond van Barneveld 2-6)
2007: Winner (beat Phill Nixon 7-6)
2008: Semi Final: (lost to Mark Webster 4-6)
2009: Semi Final: (lost to Ted Hankey 4-6)
2010: Winner (beat Dave Chisnall 7-5)
2011: Winner (beat Dean Winstanley 7-5)
2012: Quarter Final: (lost to Tony O'Shea 2-5)
2013: 1st Round: (lost to Jimmy Hendriks 2-3)

References

Other websites 
Wolfie Darts Official Web Site
1956 births
Living people
Sportspeople from London
Darts
A heterotroph (Greek heteros = another and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development.

In food chains 
A heterotroph is known as a consumer in the food chain. Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food supply. They use the food that producers make, or they eat other organisms. Animals are consumers. To stay alive, consumers must get food from other organisms. There are three types of consumers:Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores.

Herbivores 
Consumers that only eat plants are called herbivores. The word herbivore comes from the Latin words herba, which means "grass or herb," and vorare, which means "to eat."  A giraffe is an example of a herbivorous consumer.

Carnivores 
Consumers that only eat animals are called carnivores. The word comes from the Latin carnis, which means "flesh", and vorare, which means "to eat." A tiger is an example of a carnivorous consumer.
Omnivores 
Consumers that eat both plants and animals are called omnivores. The word comes from the Latin omnis, which means "all" and vorare. Humans are a good example of an omnivorous consumer.

Related pages
 Autotroph
 Mixotroph

References 

Animals by eating behaviors
The Pittsburgh Steelers are an American football team in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.. They have won six Super Bowls in eight appearances. That is  most that any team has won, tied with the New England Patriots. They have a rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. Pittsburgh plays in the AFC North with Baltimore, the Cincinnati Bengals, and the Cleveland Browns.
The Steelers are most famous for their defense. In the 1970s, their defense was nicknamed the "Steel Curtain". It helped the Steelers to four Super Bowl wins. Other well-known Steelers defenses include the 1990s "Blitzburgh" defense and the 2000s defense (which was not nicknamed). The Steelers always have success so they are considered the best NFL team of all time. More recently, they acquired the best player in the NFL and single season sack record holder T.J. Watt. Other notable players on the team include quarterback Kenny Pickett, running back Najee Harris, wide receiver Diontae Johnson, wide receiver George Pickens, interior defensive lineman Cameron Heyward, free safety Minkah Fitzpatrick, and kicker Chris Boswell.

Other websites 
 Official Website

Pittsburgh Steelers
1933 establishments in the United States
1930s establishments in Pennsylvania
Alice Cooper (born February 4, 1948) is an American rock musician and singer. Originally, there was a band called Alice Cooper led by a singer named Vincent Damon Furnier. The band was one of the creators of a very theatrical and violent type of heavy metal music that was designed to shock and would come to be known as "shock rock."

Life
In 1974, Furnier legally changed his name to Alice Cooper and started making solo music. Cooper's solo career began with the 1975 album Welcome to My Nightmare. Over the years Cooper has played many different musical styles.

Alice Cooper is known for his social and witty persona offstage. The Rolling Stone Album Guide referred to him as the world's most "beloved" heavy metal entertainer. He helped to shape the sound and look of heavy metal. Cooper is also credited as being one of the first to bring movie-like looks to the rock concert stage in the late 1960s.

Away from music, Cooper is also an actor, a golfer, a restaurant owner and a popular radio DJ.
Alice Cooper keeps his professional life and home life separate, to the extent that, when his children see him on televison, they say "That's Alice Cooper," and not "That's Dad."

Alice Cooper is one of the few performing artists who still has money earned in the 1970s.

Alice Cooper wears one half of a pair of matching padlocks, and his wife wears the the other half.  This was part of their wedding ceremony, and if one wants to leave the marriage, they have to ask the other for the key.

The rock show, as it is known today, originated in Vincent Furnier's belief in what a rock show should be.

Alice Cooper lives on a budget agreed with his accountant.

Alice Cooper believes in personal hygiene, but uses only enough soap to clean himself, as he believes that too much soap is bad for your health.

Alice Cooper's mother used to send him $5.00 per week, as she believed that musicians do not make money.

References

Other websites 

 Official website
Official website

1948 births
Living people
Singers from Detroit
American singer-songwriters
Warner Bros. Records artists
Substrate may mean:
Substrate (biology), the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the surface or medium on which an organism grows or is attached
Substrate (marine biology), the earthy material in the bottom of a marine habitat, like dirt, rocks, sand, or gravel
Substrate (aquarium), the material used in the bottom of an aquarium
The stratum that is covered by another geologic stratum
Substrate (biochemistry), a molecule an enzyme has an effect on
Substrate (chemistry), the catalytic material upon which chemical species react
Substrate may also mean:
Wafer (electronics), material upon which integrated circuits are fabricated
Printed circuit board (electronics), or the electrically insulating portion of a PCB structure
Substratum, in linguistics, a language that influences but is supplanted by a second language
Neural substrate, in neuroscience, the set of brain structures that underlies a specific behavior or psychological state
A diagram is usually a two-dimensional display which communicates using visual relationships. It is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas, constructions, relations, statistical data, anatomy etc. It may be used for all aspects of human activities to explain or illustrate a topic.

Discussion 

 visual information device: Like the term "illustration" the diagram is used as a collective term standing for the whole class of technical genres, including graphs, technical drawings and tables.
 specific kind of visual display: This is the genre that shows qualitative data with shapes that are connected by lines, arrows, or other visual links.
In science the term is used in both ways. For example, Anderson (1997) stated more generally: "diagrams are pictorial, yet abstract, representations of information, and maps, line graphs, bar charts, engineering blueprints, and architects' sketches are all examples of diagrams, whereas photographs and video are not". On the other hand, Lowe (1993) defined diagrams as specifically "abstract graphic portrayals of the subject matter they represent".

Visual thinking 

Diagrams affect the mind so that the viewer comes to understand them, but not in the way one understands words. Visual thinking or problem-solving is very ancient, and largely automatic. One only has to remember that the brain puts together an image of the world around us based on sensory input, mostly sight. We do not make any conscious decisions: it is done without conscious thought. Diagrams most likely "tap in" to some of these ancient – but largely unknown – routines.
In fact these normally hidden brain processes do sometimes become apparent. When brain damage affects the visual cortex, or when visual illusions are created, are two classic examples.

The way some diagrams affect thinking is quite important. Mendeleev's periodic table summarised previous research on the elements. Far more important, though, was the way it suggested the properties of elements which were not yet discovered. This diagram stimulated creative thought, and other examples from the history of science could be given: see Feynman diagram.

Basic diagram types 
 Matrix
 Set
 Network diagram
 Flowchart
 Tree diagram
 Graph
 Exploded view

Examples 
 Circuit diagram
 Euler diagram
 Family tree
 Feynman diagram
 Gantt chart – shows the timing of tasks or activities (used in project management)
 Mind map – used for learning, brainstorming, memory, visual thinking and problem solving
 Organisation
 Piping and instrumentation diagram
 Venn diagram
Some main diagram types 
There are at least the following types of diagrams:
 Graph-based diagrams: relationships are expressed as connections between the items or overlaps between the items; examples:

 Chart-like diagram techniques, which display a relationship between two variables that take either discrete or a continuous ranges of values; examples:

Schematics and other types of diagrams, e.g.,

References 

 
Non-verbal communication
Radom is a city in Poland in Masovian Voivodeship. About 229,000 people live in the city which covers an area of 111 km².

Cities in Masovian Voivodeship
Kielce is a city in Poland in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. It has a population of about 215,000 inhabitants and 109 km² of land area.

Cities in Poland
Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Toruń is a city in Poland in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Districts
Districts of Toruń
 Starotoruńskie Przedmieście
 Barbarka
 Bielany
 Bydgoskie Przedmieście
 Wrzosy
 Koniuchy
 Chełmińskie Przedmieście
 Rybaki
 Stare Miasto
 Katarzynka
 Mokre
 Jakubskie Przedmieście
 Rubinkowo
 Winnica
 Grębocin nad Strugą
 Bielawy
 Na Skarpie
 Kaszczorek
 Piaski
 Podgórz
 Glinki
 Stawki
 Rudak
 Czerniewice

References 

 
World Heritage Sites in Poland
Zabrze is a city in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 188,000 inhabitants and an area about 109 km².

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
Bytom is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. About 193,000 people live there. The city is 69 km².

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
Gorzów Wielkopolski is a city in Poland in Lubusz Voivodeship. It has about 125,000 inhabitants and is  in size.

Cities in Poland
Lubusz Voivodeship
Zielona Góra  () is a city in Poland in Lubusz Voivodeship. It has about 118 000 inhabitants and covers 58 km². Zielona Góra received status of city in 1323. 

Cities in Poland
Lubusz Voivodeship
Opole is the biggest city in Opole Voivodeship in the southwest part of Poland. The German name of the city is Oppeln, and the Czech name is Opolí. The Oder River goes through the city. It has about 128,000 people living in it and is 149 km² in area. The mayor of the city is Arkadiusz Wiśniewski.

History 
Opole is over 1000 years old.  It was originally a Slavic town. In 990 it became a Polish city. During the Middle Ages it became a German city. It was called Oppeln for a long time. After the Second World War the city once again became Polish, and the German citizens were forced to leave. It has been called by its Polish name Opole ever since.

Famous people from Opole 
 Jerzy Buzek (born 1940), academic and politician, President of the European Parliament, former Prime Minister of Poland
 Bernhard Kempa
 Miroslav Klose
Twin towns 
 Belgorod (Russia)
 Bruntál (Czech Republic)
 Carrara (Italy)
 Grasse (France)
 Ingolstadt (Germany)
 Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine
 Kuopio (Finland)
 Alytus (Lithuania)
 Mülheim (Germany)
 Potsdam (Germany)
 Roanoke County (United States)
 Székesfehérvár (Hungary)

Cities in Opole Voivodeship
The Jutes were a Germanic people who are believed to have come from Jutland (called Iutum in Latin) in modern Denmark inclusive Southern Schleswig in Northern Germany and part of the Frisian coast. The Jutes, along with the Angles, Saxons and Frisians, were mentioned amongst the Germanic tribes who sailed across the North Sea to raid and eventually invade Great Britain. 

It is believed that the Jutes settled particularly in Kent and the Isle of Wight. The land where the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons settled became the country of England.

Other websites 
Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jute." Encyclopedia Britannica, December 21, 2016. 
Were the West Saxons guilty of ethnic cleansing?

Germanic tribes

Schleswig-Holstein
Grindcore is a type of heavy metal and hardcore punk music. It was invented in the 1980s by bands such as Napalm Death. Grindcore is a lot like black metal and death metal, but the guitar parts are very simple and are played over and over again in a song. The vocals are usually loud shouts and screams while the drums play fast and loud, around 200bpm. In most cases, grindcore songs will be very short in length - Napalm Death's song 'You Suffer' is the shortest in the world at 1.316 seconds long. Their lyrics are similar to death metal and hardcore punk, which usually sing about pain, suffering, blood, gore or politics, injustice and revolution.

One popular grindcore band is Anal Cunt, who go by "A.C." because their name has a sexual meaning. A.C. sings about racism, violence, and sexism. They produce very controversial songs such as 'You Were Pregnant So I Kicked You in the Stomach' and lyrics which make jokes of the Third Reich.
There are several offshoots of grindcore, including pornogrind, goregrind and deathgrind.

Music genres
Lorette may refer to the following places:

 Lorette, Loire, a commune in the Loire department, France
 Lorette, Manitoba, a community in Manitoba, Canada
 Lorette, Pommes, a fried potato dish from French cuisine.
Cannibal Corpse is an American death metal band. The band was formed in Buffalo, New York in 1988 by Bob Russay, the first guitarist (who left the band in 1993). The band's lyrics draw heavily on horror fiction themes which consist of necrophilia, the living dead, serial killers, gore, suicide, rape, cannibalism, and death; and are highly controversial within the media. The bands' first 3 albums were banned in Europe until 2006 because of their graphic artwork. They are considered by many to be one of the most influential Death Metal bands in existence. Since their formation in 1988, they have undergone several line-up changes.

Members

Current
Paul Mazurkiewicz (1988-present) - Drums
Alex Webster (1988-present) - Bass guitar
Rob Barrett (1993-1997, 2005-present) - Rhythm guitar
George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher (1995-present) - Lead vocals
Patrick O'Brien (1997-present) - Lead guitar
Former
Chris Barnes (1988-1995) - Lead vocals
Jack Owen (1988-2004) - Guitars
Bob Rusay (1988-1993) - Guitars
Jeremy Turner (2004-2005) - Guitars (live)

Discography

Studio albums
Eaten Back to Life (1990)
Butchered At Birth (1991)
Tomb of the Mutilated (1992)
The Bleeding (1994)
Vile (1996)
Gallery of Suicide (1998)
Bloodthirst (1999)
Gore Obsessed (2002)
The Wretched Spawn (2004)
Kill (2006)
Evisceration Plague (2009)
Torture (2012)
A Skeletal Domain (2014)
 Red Before Black (2017)
 Violence Unimagined (2021)

References

Other websites
 Official website

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Death metal bands
Musical quintets
Musicians from Buffalo, New York
La Grand-Croix is a town in France. It is near Lorette and Saint-Paul-en-Jarez.

Communes in Loire
Saint-Paul-en-Jarez is a town in France. It is near La Grand-Croix and Saint-Chamond.

Communes in Loire
Saint-Chamond is a town in France. It is near Saint-Paul-en-Jarez and Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds.

Communes in Loire
Guayana Esequiba is the name Venezuela gives to a region that it claims in the west of Guyana. Its area is 159,500 square kilometers.  For Guyana, this area is divided into the six administrative regions of Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo and Essequibo Islands-West Demerara. 

Spain made its first claim on this area in a report dated 10 July 1788:
Venezuela raised the issue again in 1962, four years before Guyana won independence from Britain. At a meeting in Geneva in 1966, the two countries agreed to hear ideas from a representative of the UN Secretary General on ways to settle the dispute peacefully. There are still diplomatic contacts between the two countries and the Secretary General's representative.

On recognizing the independence of Guyana on 26 May 1966, Venezuela said:
Venezuela recognizes as territory of the new State the one which is located on the east of the right bank of the Essequibo River, and reiterates before the new State, and before the international community, that it expressly reserves its rights of territorial sovereignty over all the zone located on the west bank of the above-mentioned river. Therefore, the Guyana-Essequibo territory over which Venezuela expressly reserves its sovereign rights, limits on the east by the new State of Guyana, through the middle line of the Essequibo River, beginning from its source and on to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean.

Venezuelan maps drawn since 1970 show all the area from the eastern bank of the Essequibo, including the islands in the river, as Venezuelan territory. On some maps, the western Essequibo region is called the "Zone of Reclamation".

References

History of Venezuela
Geography of Guyana
Sudeley Castle is a castle near Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England, United Kingdom. It was built in 1441 by Ralph Boteler, who had the castle confiscated by Edward IV of England. Edward gave Sudeley Castle to his brother, who later became Richard III of England, who then gave it to his uncle Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford.

By the time Henry VIII of England succeeded, the castle was the property of the Crown again. It had been visited by Henry in 1535, with his second wife Anne Boleyn, but had been empty and unattended for some time. When Henry died the castle became the property of his son, Edward VI of England, who gave it to his uncle, Thomas Seymour. Thomas was made Lord of Sudeley and married the King's stepmother, Catherine Parr. During this time Thomas began to regenerate the castle for Catherine's use, but only one room that he had built remains today.
Seymour and Catherine moved into the castle and brought with them ladies to attend on the Queen Dowager, as well as gentlemen of the household and Yeomen of the guard. The castle was then home to over 100 people. Another famous figure who came to live in the castle of Lady Jane Grey, who was a ward of Seymour's, as well as the young Elizabeth I of England.

Catherine died after she had given birth to a daughter, Mary, at Sudeley Castle and was buried in its St. Mary's Chapel. Her grave was discovered in 1728 after the castle and the chapel had been left in ruins by the English Civil War. She was later reinterred by the Rector of Sudeley in 1817. 

Seymour's ambitions led to him being arrested and beheaded, after which Sudeley Castle became the property of Catherine's brother William Parr, who was the Marquess of Nothampton. Parr was stripped of his property and title after being involved in the failed attempt to make Lady Jane Grey Queen of England.
In 1554 Mary I of England gave Sudeley Castle John Brydges, Lord Chandos and it remained as his property throughout the reign of Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth was entertained three times at Sudeley Castle, which including a spectacular feast in 1592 to celebrate the anniversary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Castles in England
Buildings and structures in Gloucestershire
15th-century buildings and structures
The Godfather trilogy refers to the three Mafia movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola about the fictional Corleone crime family;
The Godfather (1972)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
The Godfather Part III (1990)

Crime drama movies
Mafia
Series of movies
Cult movies
"Without You" is a song written by musicians Peter Ham and Tom Evans, which has become a standard since it was first recorded in 1970.

Ham and Evans were members of the rock band Badfinger, and they combined the verse of one unfinished song with the chorus of another, to complete "Without You". Badfinger included their version of the song on their second album, No Dice, which was released in 1970. Apple Records was Badfinger's record label, and the song was published by a related company, Apple Music.

The song got little attention at first, but when  Harry Nilsson recorded a  of it, his single became a worldwide hit. Nilsson, Ham and Evans all reached career peaks, and Nilsson won a Grammy Award for his recording.

"Without You" became, and remains, very popular around the world. Many other artists have recorded the song, and several have had hits with it, including Mariah Carey. Apple Music lost the American rights to the song, early in the 21st century.
1970 songs
1970s ballads
Rock ballads
Grammy Award winning songs
Hall & Oates songs
Harry Nilsson songs
Air Supply songs
Heart (band) songs
Badfinger songs
Mariah Carey songs
Apple Records was a record label founded in 1968, started by The Beatles. It was a division of the Beatles's company Apple Corps. EMI served as distributors for Apple.

Artists 
Recording artists who appeared on the Apple label included James Taylor, Mary Hopkin, Badfinger, Billy Preston, Yoko Ono, and members of the Beatles before and after their breakup in 1970.

History
While the Beatles and their business associates had high hopes for Apple at first, the tensions that caused the Beatles to split also hurt the label. Many of the records released on Apple failed to become popular, either because they did not go over well with listeners, or were not given the promotion they needed or deserved to become hit records. James Taylor "walked out" on his Apple Records contract, and signed with Warner Bros., where he began a long string of hits. Mary Hopkin retired from music after completing her contract. Billy Preston and Badfinger moved on to other record labels.
Apple Records released the last of its non-Beatles records in 1973, and when their distribution deal with EMI ended in 1975, the label went out of business.

Reissues 
The label came back into business  in the late 1980s, when the Beatles's music first appeared on compact disc. In 1992, most of Apple's other music also began to appear on CD. Yoko Ono's Apple recordings were not reissued by the label, because her husband John Lennon (a member of the Beatles) had to buy them back from Apple as part of a business settlement. After his death in 1980, Ono became the owner of the recordings. She later reissued them through another label, called Rykodisc.

Apple Records no longer signs new artists or groups, but new Beatles issues continue to appear on the Apple label.

1968 establishments in the United Kingdom
British record labels
The Beatles
The Germanic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples.  They came from Northern Europe and are identified by their use of the Germanic languages.  During the migration period Germanic peoples spread throughout Europe, mixing with existing local populations (like Celts, Slavs/Vends, and Romans).  They eventually formed the basis of many nations.  These nations are connected by similar languages, common history, and culture.

The Latin word Germani was first used by Julius Caesar.

The Germanic tribes did not have a name for themselves that described all Germanic-speaking people. In English, German is first attested in 1520, replacing earlier use of Almain or Dutch. Today, in English, “Dutch” means the language or people of the Netherlands.
In the 1st century CE, Roman authors like Caesar and Tacitus wrote that Germanic-speaking peoples had divided into tribal groupings. The different tribes lived in different areas:
 The East Germanic tribes lived around the rivers Oder and Vistula, in what is now Poland.
 The Istvaeones lived around the lower Rhine River.
 The Irminones lived around the Elbe River, in what is now Germany.
 The Ingvaeones lived in Jutland and other islands that now belong to Denmark.

The Irminones, Ingvaeones, and Sons of Mannus Istvaeones are called West Germanic tribes.  The Germanic people who remained in Scandinavia called North Germanic. The groups all developed separate dialects, which eventually developed into different Germanic languages.

The Germanic peoples did not call themselves West Germanic, East Germanic, or North Germanic.  Those categories were created in modern times.
Each Germanic tribe was politically independent, under a hereditary king.  Each tribe had a myth about who first created the tribe.  For example, myths stated:

 Angul created the Angles
 Aurvandil created the Vandals (though historians are not certain this actually happened)
 Burgundus created the Burgundians
 Cibidus created the Cibidi
 Dan created the Danes
 Nór created the Norwegians
 Gothus created the Goths
 Ingve created the Ynglings
 Irmin created the Irminones
 Longobardus created the Lombards
 Saxneat created the Saxons
 Valagothus created the Valagoths
 Suiones created the Swedes (Svear)

Some Germanic kings claimed that they should have power because they were related to their tribe’s mythical founders.

Origin 

The early Germanic tribes spoke different dialects, but could understand each other.  They shared a common culture and mythology (see Germanic mythology).  Beowulf and the Volsunga saga make this clear.
At this time, the Romans forced the different peoples of Italy to be part of one big empire.  Unlike Italy, no large empire forced Germanic people to unite.  Because of this, the various tribes remained free, led by their own hereditary or chosen leaders.

Other websites 
 Germanic Roots of Great Britain, A Genetic Study
 On the origins of Anglo-Saxons
 Anglo-Saxons and Britons

 
Ancient people
May (Fung-Yee) Pang (born October 24, 1950) is an American former music executive. She was a personal assistant to former Beatle John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono. She later became Lennon's companion and lover, when he separated from Ono in the mid-1970s. Pang was born in New York, New York to Chinese parents.

Pang was a secretary at ABKCO, a management company started by Allen Klein, in New York City. ABKCO's clients included three of the Beatles: Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. When Lennon and wife Ono needed an assistant, Pang was sent to England to work for them. She dated musician Peter Ham of Badfinger, and helped Lennon and Ono move to the United States, late in 1971.
During 1973, Lennon and Ono began to have problems in their marriage. Ono trusted Pang, and suggested her as a companion for Lennon, knowing he wanted to see other women. Lennon surprised Ono by taking Pang with him to Los Angeles, where he planned to record an album with Phil Spector. Lennon and Pang lived together for over a year, while he worked on new music, and tried to decide whether to divorce Ono or reconcile with her.

Lennon and Ono decided to reconcile early in 1975, and became the parents of Sean Lennon. Even though Pang had been involved with the marketing of several of Lennon's records, and also records by Harry Nilsson and Ringo Starr, she had a hard time finding a new job. She later found out the reason was because many companies were afraid Lennon would not want to do business with them, if he knew she worked there.
Pang finally found a job with Island Records, and later worked for RKO. She married record producer Tony Visconti, and they started a family. After Lennon's death in 1980, Pang wrote a memoir, titled Loving John. She also appeared on many talk shows, to discuss her relationship with Lennon.

People from New York City
The Beatles
1950 births
Living people
Indo-Europeans are those who lived in eastern Europe and central Asia thousands of years ago. They descended from the Ukrainian steppes, and spread out across Europe, western Asia, central Asia, and India.

Indo-Europeans are Bronze Age-speakers of Indo-European languages that had not yet split into language families we know today, like Centum and Satem dialects (speakers of languages predating Proto-Indo-Iranian, Proto-Greek, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Balto-Slavic etc.)

Speakers of Indo-European languages in historical times and nowadays often are not called by the name Indo-Europeans but with often by the name of their language family like: Anatolians, Tocharians, Aryans (Iranians, Indo-Aryans), Greeks, Celts, Italic peoples, Germanic peoples, Baltic peoples, Slavic peoples, Kurds, Armenians, Albanians (or subdivisions of these groups).

References
An urban area is an area where many people live and work close together. The population density is higher than in the surrounding area.  It is where buildings are close together. Urban is the opposite of rural, where farm lands and nature are. Urban areas are usually cities and towns.  Most of the work available in urban areas is factory and office work. Agricultural work is rare because buildings are close together and there is no space for farm lands. 

There are different urban area definitions for each country. The definitions mostly depend on how populated the country is and if the definition shows a true percentage of how urbanized the country is. For example, in Poland an urban area is any place that has the status of a town, whereas in China it is any district, city, or town with a population density higher than 1500 people per square kilometer. The urban population definition for Canadian and Scandinavian countries depends on density.  If there is a house every 200 meters it is classified as urban.
A large urban area, with all connected areas (usually developed around some city) is called a Metropolitan area.

Related pages 
List of largest cities (includes a list of urban areas)

Urban planning
Urban geography
Economic geography
Mary Hopkin (born 3 May 1950) is a Welsh folk singer. She was born in Pontardawe. She was most famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Her first and biggest hit was "Those Were The Days" in 1968.

When The Beatles started their own record label called Apple Records, they were looking for new artists to sign up. Twiggy, a model and friend of the band, recommended her. After Hopkin signed with Apple, Beatle Paul McCartney produced many of the songs for her first album, called Post Card. Singer-songwriters Donovan and Harry Nilsson, and record producer George Martin, also gave her songs to record.
"Those Were The Days" was McCartney's choice for Hopkin's first single. He chose well, and the song became a hit worldwide. Hopkin recorded other singles, including "Goodbye", "Temma Harbour", "Knock, Knock, Who's There", and a remake of Doris Day's "Qué Sera, Sera", but they were not as successful as her first record. McCartney moved on to a solo career after the Beatles disbanded, and no longer worked with her. Hopkin's second album, Earth Song/Ocean Song, was largely self-produced.

Hopkin disliked the way Apple Records had promoted her, as a kind of "squeaky-clean" schoolgirl. She left the label after two albums and a best-of compilation, also titled Those Were the Days. She retired from music after marrying producer Tony Visconti, but she did appear as a background singer on a few of his productions.

During the 1990s, Apple Records reissued many of their old records, including Hopkin's two original albums. She oversaw a new version of Those Were the Days, with bonus tracks and a detailed booklet.
References

Other websites
Official page

1950 births
Living people
British folk musicians
Musicians from Glamorgan
Welsh singers
The Champs-Élysées is a long and very famous street in Paris.

The street is 1910 m long and 70 m wide and links the Arc de Triomphe and the Place de la Concorde. It is a very popular street and has many famous cinemas, bars, boutiques, and restaurants. The Tour de France ends on the street. It is the second most expensive street of the world. Rent is more than 900 000 euros per 100m² per year.

On 20 April 2017, two gunmen opened fired and killed one police officer and injured another on the Champs-Élysées in a terrorist attack claimed by ISIS.

References

Paris
Thomas "Tom" Evans (5 June 1947 – 19 November 1983) was an English guitarist and songwriter, who had several hit records as a member of Badfinger, during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was also the cowriter of "Without You", with collaborator Peter Ham, another member of Badfinger.

Evans and Ham wrote most of Badfinger's hits together, including "No Matter What", "Day After Day", and "Baby Blue", which appeared on Apple Records. After leaving Apple, Badfinger's fortunes dipped. Ham committed suicide by hanging in 1975. Evans was devastated, and never got over losing his musical partner. He also hanged himself, in London in 1983.

"Without You" first became a hit in a cover version by Harry Nilsson in 1971, and the song became a standard as time went on. Badfinger's music was mostly forgotten by the 1980s, but became popular again in the 1990s when their old records appeared on compact disc.
1947 births
1983 deaths
English guitarists
English rock composers
Musicians from Liverpool
Musicians who committed suicide
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom
Solon was a statesman in Ancient Greece. He is one of Seven Sages (or Wise Men) of Greece, because of his political reforms to the laws of Athens. Many of these changes helped the poor people. He lived from 630 B.C.- 560 B.C. He introduced the court and judges. About 594 B.C., the nobles elected Solon to lead Athens. He made reforms that helped prevent a revolt by the poor. First he freed people who had become slaves because of debts. He made a law that no citizen could be enslaved. Solon also organized citizens into four classes based on wealth, not birth. Rich men had more power. Yet this was still a more fair system than the old one that limited power to nobles. Solon allowed all citizens to serve in the assembly and help elect leaders. He also reformed the laws to make them less harsh.

References

Ancient Greek politicians
Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds is a village in France near Saint-Paul-en-Jarez and Saint-Priest-en-Jarez.

Communes in Loire
Saint-Priest-en-Jarez is a town in France near Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds and Villars.

Communes in Loire
Villars may refer to:

In France
Villars, Dordogne
Villars, Eure-et-Loir
Villars, Loire
Villars, Vaucluse
Villars-les-Dombes, Ain
Villars-le-Sec, Territoire de Belfort
In Switzerland
Canton of Jura
 Villars, Jura, Switzerland in the municipality Fontenais
Canton of Fribourg
Villars-d'Avry in the municipality Pont-en-Ogoz
Villars-les-Joncs in the municipality Düdingen
Villars-sous-Mont in the municipality Bas-Intyamon
Villars-sur-Glâne
Villars-sur-Marly in the municipality Pierrafortscha
Canton of Vaud
Villars-sur-Ollon in the municipality Ollon
Villars Bozon in the municipality L'Isle
the municipality Bougy-Villars
the municipality Lussery-Villars
the municipality Villars-Bramard 
the municipality Villars-Burquin
the municipality Villars-Epeney 
the municipality Villars-le-Comte 
the municipality Villars-le-Grand
the municipality Villars-le-Terroir
the municipality Villars-Mendraz
the municipality Villars-Sainte-Croix
the municipality Villars-sous-Champvent
the municipality Villars-sous-Yens
the municipality Villars-Tiercelin

Related pages
Claude Louis Hector de Villars, a Marshal of France
Felix Villars (1921-2002), biophysicist
Villars-Maitre-Chocolatier
Logron is a village in France near Villars and Flacey. In 1999, about 500 people lived there.

Communes in Eure-et-Loir
Flacey is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

References
INSEE

Communes in Côte-d'Or
A diet is some form of assembly. People in the assembly meet (originally they did that daily, hence the name) to discuss and decide things. Common examples are the Diet of Worms or the Diet of Speyer.

Legislatures
An omelette (also spelled as omelet) is a type of food that is mainly eggs, with various fillings.  In the United States omelettes are usually eaten at breakfast. However omelettes can be eaten as a light lunch or late evening meal.

Making an Omelette 

An omelette is prepared from beaten eggs cooked with butter or oil in a frying pan. A thin, flat 'heavy' omelette is usually folded around a filling such as cheese, vegetables, meat, or some combination of these ingredients. In some traditions, omelettes are fried to cook the bottom and then flipped over or in half for final stage of cooking. However, in other traditions, omelettes is baked to cook it evenly or the top is cooked under a broiler. When making an omelette, it is best to use several eggs. Put a little water in with the eggs when you mix them up because the water helps the eggs to produce steam as they cook. The steam makes them lighter and fluffier. Using oil in the bottom of a nonstick omelette pan helps prevent the omelette from sticking.