Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
"Mr. Know It All" is a breakup song by Kelly Clarkson, released in September 2011. Its theme focuses on people that think as though they know it all, but don't really know anything. Mr. Know It All is among many hit songs from Clarkson.

2011 songs
Kelly Clarkson songs
Andrej Aliehavič Kaścicyn (Belarusian: Андрэй Алегавiч Касціцын; born February 3, 1985), better known as Andrei Kostitsyn, is a Belarusian professional ice hockey forward. Kostitsyn plays for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has a younger brother who also plays in the NHL for the Nashville Predators named Sergei.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

Other websites
 

1985 births
Belarusian ice hockey players
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Nashville Predators players
Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a large group of 1600 species of fungi. 

Fungi are put into groups by the way they reproduce. The name Zygomycota comes from zygosporangia, where strong and tough round shaped spores are formed during sexual reproduction. 

They are mostly found living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals. Others form symbiotic relationships with plants, where the plant and the fungi need each other to grow. 

Zygomycete hyphae may be a syncytium, that is, having a mass of nuclei not divided into separate cells. On occasion these can be divided into separate parts by a cell wall called a septum. This only happens where gametes are formed, or to wall off dead hyphae.

References

Fungi
Sébastien Bordeleau (born February 15, 1975) is a Canadian-born French professional ice hockey forward, who plays for EHC Biel. NHL player Paulin Bordeleau is his father.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

Other websites
 

1975 births
American Hockey League players
Fredericton Canadiens players
French ice hockey players
Houston Aeros (1994–2013) players
Hull Olympiques players
Ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
Minnesota Wild players
Montreal Canadiens players
Nashville Predators players
Phoenix Coyotes players
Sportspeople from Vancouver
Springfield Falcons players
Worcester IceCats players
Philippe Bozon (born November 30, 1966 in Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, France) is a former professional ice hockey player who played for the St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League (NHL). Bozon was inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame in 2008.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

1966 births
American Hockey League players
French ice hockey players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
Saint-Jean Castors players
St. Louis Blues players
People from Haute-Savoie
The Nizari are the third biggest group of Shiite Ismailites. They emphasize social justice, pluralism and human reason in the framework of Islam. They are the second-largest group of Shiites. There are about 15-20 million, spread over many countries; in Pakistan up to 05% of the people may follow this faith. Nizari still have an imam that is descended from Ali, the current imam is Karim Aga Khan IV.

Islamic denominations
The Invisible College was the name given to themselves by a group of like-minded scientists and natural philosophers in England in the mid-17th century.  The informal association is considered to have been one of the origins of the Royal Society.

The purpose of the invisible college was to encourage each other to develop scientific knowledge through experiments and other kinds of investigation.

Some of the members of the Invisible College were among the founders of the Royal Society in 1660, including Robert Boyle, John Wilkins and Samuel Hartlib.

Modern use 
The concept of invisible college was developed in the sociology of science by Diane Crane, building on  de Solla Price's work on citation networks. It is related to, but significantly different from, other concepts of expert communities, such as "Epistemic communities", or "Communities of Practice".  Recently, the concept was applied to the global network of communications among scientists by Caroline S. Wagner.
In fiction it is mentioned in the novel The Lost Symbol by Dan Brown, and was the inspiration for the Unseen University in the works of Terry Pratchett.

Related pages
 Epistemic community

References 

History of science
Royal Society
17th-century establishments in England
The Divas Championship is a professional wrestling championship owned by the WWE. The wrestlers with the most reigns as Divas champion are Eve Torres and AJ Lee with 3 each. The longest reigning champion is Nikki Bella with the aid of her sister brie Bella, holding the championship for 301 days. There is no longer a current Divas champion as the WWE doesn't want the women to be classed as a diva and now calls them WWE Superstars like the men

Title history

Combined reigns

Related pages
WWE Women's Championship
WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)

References
General

Specific

World Wrestling Entertainment championships
Lists of professional wrestlers
Stephen "Steve" Gary Wozniak (born August 11, 1950) also known by his nickname "WOZ" is an American computer engineer, electronics engineer, computer programmer, and philanthropist. He co-founded Apple Computer with Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne which later became Apple.
Early life 
Steve Wozniak was born on August 11, 1950 in San Jose, California. He is the son of Jerry Wozniak and Margaret Kern. His father was an engineer at Lockheed Martin. Wozniak is of Polish,  German, English and Irish ancestry.  The family emigrated to the United States. He grew up with a strong interest in electronics. He experimented by making his own devices such as a voltmeter, ham radio and electronic games. School, however, bored him. He flunked out at the University of Colorado. He then enrolled at the University of California. In 1971, he and Steve Jobs met while working on a mainframe computer at Hewlett-Packard (HP). Like Wozniak, Jobs was interested in electronics and both hated school. Wozniak dropped out of the University of California.

Career
Wozniak and Jobs worked out of a family garage on developing a personal computer the average person could use. Wozniak worked on the designing and building the machines while Jobs worked on marketing the computers. In 1976 they founded the company called Apple Inc.. But Wozniak was working for Hewlett-Packard at the time. As a condition of his employment he had signed an Intellectual property agreement. This meant that anything he invented was the property of Hewlett-Packard. But HP was not interested in his "Apple I" computer invention which left him free to do what he wanted with it. They began selling Apple I computers that same year. In 1977, they made their second computer called the Apple II which was very successful. They went on to produce the Apple III. But the Apple I,  II and III computers were text-based machines. Jobs wanted to invent something completely new. The two were working on a new computer they called the Apple Lisa
. Jobs made a deal with Xerox who then owned PARC, the Palo Alto Research Center. In return for three days access to PARC, Xerox could buy 100,000 shares of Apple stock for $10 each. Wozniak and Jobs were amazed at what they saw at PARC. Xerox had built a computer called the  Xerox Alto but had not marketed it. The Alto had a Graphical user interface instead of being simply text-based. It used a computer mouse to point and click on objects on the computer's screen. Jobs decided all Apple computers from that time on would use a mouse.
In 1985, Wozniak left Apple and sold most of his stock. He remained an Apple employee and still received an annual salary. He returned to the University of California, Berkeley in 1986 to complete his degree in electrical engineering.

He also started a number of other projects. These include starting CL 9, which created a universal remote control. Wozniak founded Wheels of Zeus which developed wireless GPS-enabled products. He joined the board of directors of Danger Inc.  which produces mobile computing hardware and software. He also spent a few years teaching grade school.
Honors and awards
In 1985, US President Ronald Reagan presented Wozniak (with Steve Jobs) the National Medal of Technology. In December 1989, he received an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he studied in the late sixties. Later he donated funds to create the "Woz Lab" at the University of Colorado at Boulder. In 1997, the Computer History Museum named him one of its Fellows. Wozniak was a key contributor and benefactor to the Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose; the street in front of the museum has been renamed Woz Way in his honor.

In September 2000, Wozniak was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. In 2001 he was awarded the 7th Annual Heinz Award for Technology, the Economy and Employment. The American Humanist Association awarded him the Isaac Asimov Science Award in 2011.
In December 2005, Kettering University gave Wozniak an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree
He also received an honorary degrees from North Carolina State University, Nova Southeastern University, and the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology. In May 2011, Michigan State University gave Wozniak an honorary Doctor of Engineering degree.

On June 22, 2011, he was awarded an honorary degree at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada.

References

Other websites 
 Steve Wozniak’s Formative Moment; YouTube
 Steve Wozniak on teaching children how to use a computer; YouTube

1950 births
Living people
Engineers from California
American company founders
People from San Jose, California
American computer engineers
Krzysztof Artur Oliwa (pronounced ; born April 12, 1973) is a Polish former professional ice hockey player.

Career statistics

Other websites 
 
 VIDEO Fights Oliwa

1973 births
Albany River Rats players
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Calgary Flames players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Living people
New Jersey Devils players
New York Rangers players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Saint John Flames players
Polish ice hockey players
ECHL players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Edward "Eddie" Leier (born 3 November 1927) is a Polish-born former baseball player, track athlete, and ice hockey player. As a professional ice hockey player he played two seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League.

Career statistics

References

Other websites 
 

1927 births
Polish ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
2022 deaths
Canadian ice hockey centres
Knut Andresen (born 1959 in Asker, Norway) is a former Norwegian ice hockey player who played for the Norwegian national ice hockey team at the 1980 Winter Olympics.

References

1959 births
Living people
Norwegian ice hockey players
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Antropov (Russian: Николай Александрович Антропов; born February 18, 1980) is a former Kazakh professional ice hockey forward for the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

Other websites
 

1980 births
Atlanta Thrashers players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Kazakhstani ice hockey players
Living people
Naturalized citizens of Canada
New York Rangers players
St. John's Maple Leafs players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Winnipeg Jets players
Kevin Jonathan Dallman (born February 26, 1981) is a former Kazakhstani-Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that plays for and captains Barys Astana of the KHL. He also played for the Boston Bruins, St. Louis Blues, and Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Dallman became a citizen of Kazakhstan and is now eligible to play for the country in international competitions. Kevin has also expressed interest in playing for Kazakhstan internationally.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

Other websites 

1981 births
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kazakhstani ice hockey players
Living people
Los Angeles Kings players
Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players
Providence Bruins players
St. Louis Blues players
Ontario Hockey League players
Alliance, Nebraska is an average-sized city in the panhandle of Nebraska. The community consists of mostly farmers and ranchers.

Cities in Nebraska
County seats in Nebraska
Yelena Chernykh (née Kolesnichenko; August 24, 1979—October 4, 2011) was a Russian theatre actress.

Death 
32-year-old Yelena was killed in a car crash that took place October 4, 2011 in Novoanninsky. Together with her died her colleagues, 59-year-old Alexander Egorov and 52-year-old Valentin Yudina.

At the time her death Yelena was married to Yegor Chernykh with whom she had a daughter named Anastasia Chernykh (b.2002).

References 

1979 births
2011 deaths
Russian stage actors
Brian P. Schmidt (born February 24, 1967) is a Distinguished Professor, Australian Research Council Laureate Fellow and astrophysicist at the Australian National University Mount Stromlo Observatory and Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics.  He is widely known for his research in using supernovae as Cosmological Probes.  He currently holds an Australia Research Council Federation Fellowship.  Schmidt shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating.

Early life and education
Schmidt, an only child, was born February 24, 1967 in the Montana mountains. His father, Dana C. Schmidt, was a fisheries biologist. When he was 13, his family moved to Anchorage, Alaska.
Schmidt went to Bartlett High School in Anchorage, and graduated in 1985. He has said that he wanted to be a meteorologist "since I was about five-years-old" but "... I did some work at the US National Weather Service up in Anchorage and didn't enjoy it very much. It was less scientific, not as exciting as I thought it would be - there was a lot of routine. But I guess I was just a little naive about what being a meteorologist meant." He decided to study astronomy just before he started at university. He was graduated BS(Physics), BS(Astronomy) from the University of Arizona in 1989. He received his MA (1992) and then PhD from Harvard University in 1993. Schmidt's PhD thesis was supervised by Robert Kirshner and used Type II Supernovae to measure the Hubble Constant.
 
At Harvard, he met his future wife, an Australian, Jenny Gordon who was studying for a PhD in economics. In 1994, he moved to Australia.
Work
Schmidt was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (1993-94) before moving to Mount Stromlo Observatory in the Australian Capital Territory in 1995.
Schmidt is currently leading the SkyMapper telescope Project and the associated Southern Sky Survey.

Awards

Schmidt has received the Australian Governments Malcolm McIntosh Prize in 2000, Harvard University's Bok Prize in 2000, the Australian Academy of Science's Pawsey Medal Medal in 2001, and the Vainu Bappu Medal of the Astronomical Society of India in 2002. He was the Marc Aaronson Memorial Lecturer in 2005, and in 2006, he shared the Shaw Prize in Astronomy with Adam Riess and Saul Perlmutter.

Schmidt and the other members of the High-Z Team (the set defined by the co-authors of Riess et al. 1998) shared the 2007 Gruber Cosmology Prize, a $500,000 award, with Saul Perlmutter of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Supernova Cosmology Project (the set defined by the co-authors of Perlmutter et al. 1999) for their discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe.
Schmidt, along with Riess and Perlmutter, jointly won the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for their observations which led to the discovery of the accelerating Universe.

Related pages
 Cosmological constant
 Dark energy

References

Sources
Brian P Schmidt - Curriculum Vitae

Other websites
Brian Schmidt's Home Page 
 Nobel Prize in Phyics 2011 Announcement

Living people
Harvard University alumni
Australian scientists
Astrophysicists
1967 births
Australian Nobel Prize winners
American Nobel Prize winners
Australian academics
Scientists from Montana
Australian educators
People from Missoula, Montana
People from Anchorage, Alaska
Scientists from Alaska
The Crab Nebula (catalogue designations M1, NGC 1952, Taurus A) is a supernova remnant and 'pulsar wind nebula' in the constellation of Taurus. The nebula was observed by John Bevis in 1731; it corresponds to a bright supernova recorded by Chinese  and Islamic astronomers in 1054. In 1840, astronomer William Parsons gave it the name it has today.

The nebula is about 6,500 light-years (2 kpc) from Earth. It has a diameter of 11 ly (3.4 pc) and expands at a rate of about 1,500 kilometers per second.  It is part of the Perseus Arm of the Milky Way Galaxy.

At the center of the nebula lies the Crab pulsar, a neutron star (or spinning ball of neutrons), 28–30 km across, which emits pulses of radiation from gamma ray bursts to radio waves with a spin rate of 30.2 times per second. The nebula was the first astronomical object identified with a historical supernova explosion.
The nebula acts as a source of radiation for studying celestial bodies between it and us. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Sun's corona was mapped from observations of the Crab's radio waves passing through it, and in 2003, the thickness of the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan was measured as it blocked out X-rays from the nebula.

The cloudy remnants of SN 1054 are now known as the Crab Nebula. The nebula is also referred to as Messier 1 or M1, being the first Messier object catalogued in 1758.

Energy levels 
Previous analysis showed that with X-ray and gamma ray energies above 30 keV, the Crab is the strongest persistent source in the sky. Its flux (energy emission) was known to be above 1012 eV.

However, recent work has shown the energy levels are much higher than previously thought. Scientists found emissions at more than 100 GeV (gigaelectronvolts) – 100 billion times more energetic than visible light.
Origin 
The creation of the Crab Nebula corresponds to the bright SN 1054 supernova, which was recorded by Chinese astronomers in 1054 AD. The Crab Nebula itself was first observed in 1731 by John Bevis. The nebula was independently rediscovered in 1758 by Charles Messier as he was observing a bright comet. Messier catalogued it as the first entry in his catalogue of comet-like objects. The Earl of Rosse observed the nebula at Birr Castle in 1848, and referred to the object as the Crab Nebula because a drawing he made of it looked like a crab.
Recent analysis of historical records have found that the supernova that created the Crab Nebula probably appeared in April or early May, rising to its maximum brightness of between apparent magnitude −7 and −4.5 (brighter than everything in the night sky except the Moon) by July. The supernova was visible to the naked eye for about two years after its first observation. Thanks to the recorded observations of Far Eastern and Middle Eastern astronomers of 1054, Crab Nebula became the first astronomical object recognized as being connected to a supernova explosion.

References 

Nebulae
Supernovae
In computing, a trackball is a pointing input device. It consists of a ball held by a socket containing sensors to detect a rotation of the ball about two axes.  It is like an upside-down mouse with a ball that sticks out.  The user rolls the ball with the thumb, fingers or the palm of the hand to move a cursor and can click one of two buttons (identical to mouse buttons) near the trackball to select desktop objects or position the cursor for text entry.  Currently only three major companies: Logitech, A4Tech and Kensington make many of them.  Microsoft was once a major producer. 

Large trackballs are sometimes seen on computerized special-purpose workstations, such as the radar consoles in an  air traffic control room, or sonar equipment on a ship or submarine, or computer-aided design. Potentiometers capture the trackball orientation.
Many notebook and laptop computers in the late 20th century used a small trackball.  It was usually located in front of the keyboard toward the user.  IBM's ThinkPad series of notebook computers use a "pointing stick", called a TrackPoint, that is integrated into the middle of the keyboard keys.

Computer hardware
A binary pulsar is a pulsar with a binary companion, often a white dwarf or neutron star. In at least one case, the double pulsar PSR J0737-3039, the companion star is another pulsar as well.  

Binary pulsars are one of the few objects which allow physicists to test general relativity in the case of a strong gravitational field. Although the binary companion to the pulsar is usually difficult or impossible to observe, the timing of the pulses from the pulsar can be measured with extraordinary accuracy by radio telescopes. Binary pulsar timing has indirectly confirmed the existence of gravitational radiation and verified Einstein's general theory of relativity.

Relativity 
Two objects orbiting do not do so in absolutely circular paths. the paths are virtually always elliptical. So twice a circuit they are closest, and twice a circuit they are furthest away. This is obvious for the Earth and Sun, but the idea applies much more widely.
Binary pulsars are one of the few tools scientists have to detect evidence of gravitational waves. Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts that two neutron stars would emit gravitational waves as they orbit a common center of mass, which would carry away orbital energy, and cause the two stars to draw closer together. As the two stellar bodies draw closer to one another, often one pulsar will absorb matter from the other, causing a violent accretion process. This interaction can heat the gas being exchanged between the bodies and produce X-ray light which can appear to pulsate, causing binary pulsars to occasionally be referred to as X-ray binaries. This flow of matter from one stellar body to another is known as an accretion disk. Millisecond pulsars (or MSP's) create a sort of "wind", which in the case of binary pulsars can blow away the magnetosphere of the neutron stars and have a dramatic effect on the pulse emission.

History
History 

The first binary pulsar, PSR B1913+16 or the "Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar" was discovered in 1974 at Arecibo by Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse, for which they won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physics. Pulses from this system have been tracked, without glitches, to within 15 μs since its discovery.

The 1993 Nobel Prize was awarded to Joseph Taylor and Russell Hulse after they discovered two such stars. While Hulse was observing a new pulsar, named PSR B1913+16, he noticed that the frequency with which it pulsed fluctuated. It was concluded that the simplest explanation was that the pulsar was orbiting another star very closely at a high velocity. Hulse and Taylor determined that the stars were equally heavy by observing these pulse fluctuations, which led them to believe the other spacial object was also a neutron star.
The observations made of the orbital decay of this star system was a near perfect match to Einstein’s equations. Relativity predicts that over time a binary system’s orbital energy will be converted to gravitational radiation. Data collected by Taylor and his colleagues of the orbital period of PRS B1913+16 supported this relativistic prediction. They reported in 1983 that there was a difference in the observed minimum separation of the two pulsars compared to that expected if the orbital separation had remained constant. In the decade following its discovery the system’s orbital period had decreased by about 76 millionths of a second per year. This means the pulsar was approaching its maximum separation more than a second earlier than it would have if the orbit had remained the same. Subsequent observations continue to show this decrease.

References 

Binary stars
Relativity
Variable stars
Zacarias Moussaoui (, Zakariyyā Mūsawī; born May 30, 1968) is a French citizen who plead guilty to conspiring to kill citizens of the United States as part of the September 11 attacks. As a result of his conviction, he is serving a life sentence without parole at the Federal ADX Supermax prison in Florence, Colorado.

References

1968 births
Living people
Al-Qaeda people
French murderers
French prisoners
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
September 11 attacks
Sari Abboud () or simply known as Massari () which means "money" in Arabic, is a Lebanese-born contemporary R&B/hip-hop singer. Massari was born in Beirut, Lebanon on December 10, 1980. His family moved to Canada while he was teenager. Massari began performing at a young age. Massari released his debut album Massari in 2005. The album was certified gold by the CRIA for selling 50,000 copies in that country alone. In 2009, Massari released Forever Massari. The album sold over 120,000 copies in Lebanon and Canada, combined.

Discography

Studio albums

DVD 
2006: Massari: Road to Success

Singles

Awards and nominations 

  For the song "Be Easy".
  For the song "Real Love".

References

Other websites 

BlackBeatsFM Interview with Massari 

1981 births
Living people
 
Canadian singers
Lebanese Muslims
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Kid Nation was a reality show. It first aired on the CBS network on September 19, 2007. The show featured 40 children, aged 8–15, living in a ghost town named "Bonanza Town". No one had lived in the town since the 19th century. The children were required to create a functioning society in the town, as well as set up a government system used to solve problems in the town.

At the end of each episode the council awards a cash prize which is a "gold star" worth $20,000 to one of the kids.

Episodes 

 These gold stars were worth $50,000 and were awarded at the final town hall meeting.

References

Other websites
 Official Kid Nation Site (CBS)
 
 

2007 television series debuts
CBS network shows
American reality television series
English-language television programs
Big Brother 14 is the upcoming fourteenth season of the US reality television show Big Brother. The new season was announced during the season finale of Big Brother 13. Julie Chen will continue to host the season. The season premier is scheduled to air on CBS in July 2012.

References

Other websites 
CBS Official Site
Global TV Official Site 

2012 in American television
2012 television seasons
Big Brother seasons
American television seasons
The Austrian Hockey League (Erste Bank Eishockey Liga) for sponsorship reasons, is the top level of ice hockey in Austria. EC KAC has won the most league titles, with 23.

Teams

Austrian Champions 

 1923 Wiener EV
 1924 Wiener EV
 1925 Wiener EV
 1926 Wiener EV
 1927 Wiener EV
 1928 Wiener EV
 1929 Wiener EV
 1930 Wiener EV
 1931 Wiener EV
 1932 Pötzleinsdorfer SK
 1933 Wiener EV
 1934 Klagenfurter
 1935 Klagenfurter
 1936 Not Played
 1937 Wiener EV
 1938 EK Engelmann
 1939-1945 Not played
 1946 EK Engelmann
 1947 Wiener EV
 1948 Wiener EV

 1949 Wiener EG
 1950 Wiener EG
 1951 Wiener EG
 1952 Klagenfurter
 1953 Innsbrucker EV
 1954 Innsbrucker EV
 1955 Klagenfurter
 1956 EK Engelmann
 1957 EK Engelmann
 1958 Innsbrucker EV
 1959 Innsbrucker EV
 1960 EC KAC
 1961 Innsbrucker EV
 1962 Wiener EV
 1963 Innsbrucker EV
 1964 EC KAC
 1965 EC KAC
 1966 EC KAC
 1967 EC KAC
 1968 EC KAC
1969 EC KAC
 1970 EC KAC
 1971 EC KAC
 1972 EC KAC
 1973 EC KAC
 1974 EC KAC
 1975 ATSE Graz
 1976 EC KAC
 1977 EC KAC
 1978 ATSE Graz
 1979 EC KAC
 1980 EC KAC
 1981 Villacher SV
 1982 VEU Feldkirch
 1983 VEU Feldkirch
 1984 VEU Feldkirch
 1985 EC KAC
 1986 EC KAC
 1987 EC KAC
 1988 EC KAC

 1989 Innsbrucker EV
 1990 VEU Feldkirch
 1991 EC KAC
 1992 Villacher SV
 1993 Villacher SV
 1994 VEU Feldkirch
 1995 VEU Feldkirch
 1996 VEU Feldkirch
 1997 VEU Feldkirch
 1998 VEU Feldkirch
 1999 Villacher SV
 2000 EC KAC
 2001 EC KAC
 2002 Villacher SV
 2003 Black Wings Linz
 2004 EC KAC
 2005 Vienna Capitals
 2006 Villacher SV
 2007 Red Bull Salzburg
 2008 Red Bull Salzburg

 2009 EC KAC
 2010 Red Bull Salzburg
 2011 Red Bull Salzburg

bold - seasons in which league had teams outside Austria

Other websites

Erste Bank Eishockey Liga (EBEL) 
Austrian Hockey Association (ÖEHV)

Ice hockey leagues
is a city in Fukushima, Japan.  Tamura was created on March 1, 2005 by combining several towns towns and villages from the Tamura District.  They were Funehiki, Ōgoe, Takine, and Tokiwa, and Miyakoji. Between 1 March and 31 August 2011, many people moved to Tamura. The population actually went up by about 1,000 people, or 2%.

Landmarks
There are two well-known places to visit in Takine-cho. Abukuma Limestone Caves and the Hoshi no Mura ("Village of Stars") Observatory are popular with tourists.

Sister cities
Tamura has a only one international sister city:
  Mansfield, Ohio, United States

And, one sister city in Japan:
  Nakano, Tokyo

Related pages
 Futaba, Fukushima
 Kawauchi, Fukushima
 Namie, Fukushima
 Ōkuma, Fukushima
 Tomioka, Fukushima

References

Other websites

 Tamura official website 

Cities in Fukushima Prefecture
Mount Stromlo Observatory (MSO) just outside of Canberra, Australia, is part of the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Australian National University (ANU).

History
The observatory was built in 1924 as The Commonwealth Solar Observatory. Mount Stromlo had already been used for observations in the previous decade, with a small observatory being built in 1911 by Pietro Baracchi using the Oddie telescope. The dome built to house the Oddie telescope was the first Commonwealth building built in the new Australian Capital Territory. Until World War II, the observatory specialised in solar and atmospheric observations. During the war the workshops made gun sights, and other optical equipment. After the war, the observatory began stellar and galactic astronomy and was renamed The Commonwealth Observatory.

When ANU began in 1946 in nearby Canberra, they shared staff and started graduate studies. In 1957 the Mount Stromlo Observatory became part of the ANU.
Bushfire
On January 18, 2003, a huge bushfire hit Canberra and Mount Stromlo. The observatory was surrounded by a plantation pine forest. Five telescopes, workshops, seven homes and the historic administration building were destroyed. The only telescope to escape the fires was the 1868 15-centimetre Farnham telescope. Some items from the fire are on display in the National Museum of Australia. They include a melted telescope mirror and a piece of melted optical glass (flint). The latter has pieces of charcoal and wire fused into it from the fierce heat of the fire.

Rebuilding is largely completed and the Observatory is now a major partner in the construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope. A copy of the Oddie telescope has been put on display at the observatory.
Research
The MACHO project found the first example of the gravitational lensing of one star by another, known as Gravitational microlensing, in 1993 (Alcock et al. 1993; Paczynski 1996). This discovery was made by repeated imaging of the Magellanic Clouds with the 50-inch Great Melbourne Telescope using a mosaic of 8 2048 by 2048 pixel CCDs. The camera was made by the Centre for Particle Astrophysics in California (CFPA). At the time it was the largest digital camera ever built (Frame & Faulkner 2003). Between July 1992 and December 1999, the MACHO project made over 200 billion stellar measurements. The data was studied at the observatory and at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Brian Schmidt, an astrophysicist at Mount Stromlo, led an international group, the High-z Supernova Search Team, which looked at the rate of change of the Cosmic Expansion using type Ia supernovae. In 1998, the team discovered that cosmic expansion was accelerating, which was the opposite of the current theory. This universal acceleration means that dark energy must exist. The discovery was named the top science breakthrough of 1998 by Science magazine. In 2011, Brian Schmidt shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Adam Riess for finding the evidence for the accelerating Universe.

The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, co-led by Matthew Colless, began the largest galaxy red shift survey of its time. It was based at the Anglo-Australian Observatory (AAO) using the 3.9m Anglo-Australian Telescope between 1997 and 11 April 2002. The survey measured more than 245,000 galaxies. With the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, this provided the measurements of large scale structure in the low-redshift Universe.
Advanced instrumentation
The workshops at Mount Stromlo Observatory have built two instruments for the Gemini Telescope. This includes the near infrared integral field spectrometer, NIFS, used on Gemini-North, and the adaptive optics imager for Gemini-South, GSAOI. The NIFS was destroyed in the bushfires of 18 January 2003 and had to be rebuilt.

A new rapid survey telescope, SkyMapper, is under construction. SkyMapper will be built at the ANU's other observatory (Siding Spring) and operated remotely from Mount Stromlo.

Location

Mount Stromlo Observatory is at an altitude of  above sea level on Mount Stromlo.

References

Alcock, C. et al. 1993, Nature, 365(6447), 621-623Paczynski, B. 1996, Annu. Rev. Astro. Astrophys., 34(1), 419-459
Stromlo An Australian Observatory by Tom Frame and Don Faulkner, Allen and Unwin 1993,
Other websites
ANU Website
Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the ANU
SkyMapper  Website.
Mt. Stromlo. SLR Global Performance Report Card 
Most important of all has been the scientific output of the Observatory
The Legacy of Mt Stromlo 

Observatories in Australia
Buildings and structures in Canberra
1924 establishments
1920s establishments in Australia
Pietro Paolo Giovanni Ernesto Baracchi (1851–1926) was an Italian astronomer. He moved to Australia in the 1870s and worked at the Melbourne Observatory. In 1910 the Australian government asked him to find a suitable place for an observatory in the new Australian Capital Territory. Barrachi set up a small observatory on Mount Stromlo in May 1911. This was the first government building in Canberra and was the beginning of the Mount Stromlo Observatory. The observatory had a 9-inch (23 cm) telescope, donated by Ballarat gold miner, James Oddie.

References

1851 births
1926 deaths
Italian astronomers
The Melbourne Observatory, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, was built in 1861. It replaced an earlier observatory at Williamstown. The Melbourne Observatory is now part of Melbourne's Royal Botanic Gardens. The observatory had an important role as it used observations of the stars to keep accurate time. It also kept the weather records and scientists were able to make weather predictions.

In 1869 the observatory installed the Great Melbourne Telescope (48 inch) which at that time was the largest steerable telescope in world. There were problems with its size and image accuracy and by 1890 it was no longer used. As Melbourne increased in size the light from the city limited the use of the observatory for serious astronomy. The Great Melbourne Telescope was sold to the Mount Stromlo Observatory in Canberra in 1944. It was destroyed in a bushfire in 2003, but there are plans to rebuild it and set it up as a display at the Melbourne Observatory.
The Melbourne Observatory is no longer used, but the historic equipment is kept in working condition by the Astronomical Society of Victoria. This is an amateur group of volunteers interested in astronomy. They have regular tours, talks and observation nights using the telescopes. The historic buildings are now used as offices for the gardens, a cafe and a shop.

References

Other websites
 The Melbourne Observatory 

Observatories in Australia
Buildings and structures in Melbourne
1861 establishments in Australia
Matthew David Cooke (born September 7, 1978) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He plays for the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Vancouver Canucks, Washington Capitals and Pittsburgh Penguins.

He is known as a pest because of his way of aggravating opponents. He has also faced many suspensions by the NHL. In 2009, He won the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins.

Career statistics

Awards
He won a gold medal with Team Canada in the 2010 World Ice Hockey Championships.
He won the Stanley Cup in 2009. (Pittsburgh Penguins)

References

Other websites 

1978 births
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Minnesota Wild players
Ontario Hockey League players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Stanley Cup champions
Syracuse Crunch players
Vancouver Canucks players
Washington Capitals players
Mèng Kē (), who is usually known as Meng Zi ()，which means "Master Meng," or Mencius (which is the Latin form of Meng Zi), was not in the generation of students who worked directly with Confucius, but in the second generation after it. He lived from about 371 B.C. to about 289 B.C. Mencius regarded Confucius as the greatest teacher,<ref>Mencius;;, 2A:22</ref> and he wrote a book in which he tried to explain the full picture behind what Confucius taught. The book is just called by his name, so in English it is called the Mencius.In his book, Mencius taught that humans are born with four gifts: The first is the natural ability to feel what other people feel and to want to help and protect them. The second is to recognize when you are not doing your share of the job of maintaining a good society. The third is to recognize conflict situations before they grow big and to defuse them. The fourth is to recognize when some other people are hurting other people and want to obtain justice for those being hurt.
Mencius believed that just as the people owed things to the ruler, the ruler also owed things to the people. So if a man held the position of ruler but did not do the things for the people that a ruler should do, then it was acceptable for the people to get rid of the ruler, and even to kill him.

Cultural background
Mencius lived during the Zhōu dynasty.
The culture that Mencius came from believed that after people died they would have some kind of existence after life. That belief goes back to distant prehistorical times. At some time, people began to say that the dead go to 天 Tiān. Tiān has several meanings including "sky," "day," "Heaven," and "God." The earliest versions of the character 天 is a picture of a man with a very large head, which suggests "head man" or "leader." Since Chinese people believed that when any person dies he or she goes to Tiān, and that dead ancestors are more powerful than they were while still alive, it is possible that Tiān originally was the name of the earliest ancestor of the Zhōu ruling house from long before the fall of the previous dynasty, the Shàng. If that idea is correct, then "Tiān" first was a name for an ancestor. Later people may have forgotten that this very powerful spirit was originally a living human being, so Tiān became regarded as a god
. After that, "Tiān" could have been used to name the place where the god lived, and since that place was high above us, it came to mean not only "Heaven," but also "the heavens," "sky," "day," etc.
China has myths that go back long before the Shàng and Zhōu dynasties. There were several culture heroes who were regarded as ancient wise emperors. There were 黃帝 Huáng Dì, known in English as the Yellow Emperor, 堯 Yáo, 舜 Shùn, and 禹 Yǚ, who all came before what is called the first dynasty, the 夏 Xià.

The story of how Yǚ came to be made emperor is very important to the Confucians. The myth says that the world started to become flooded and the father of Yǚ (whose name was 鯀 Gǔn) tried to fix the problem by building dams. Gǔn was not successful because the water just kept coming and when it went over the top of the dams then all of the water that had built up came out very fast. So Yǚ took over the job of saving China and cleaned out all of the rivers so that the extra water could easily go to the sea.
The founders of the Zhōu dynasty believed in the idea that King Wen, the father of King Wu (who was the first to actually rule after the Shàng rulers were defeated), continued to be able to act in the world of human beings even after his death. He and his own father and grandfather were central figures in an important document called "The Brass-bound Coffer."   Another important document is called "The Announcement of Duke Shao."  Both of these documents introduce and support the idea that Tiān decides who will be the human to act as steward or helper to carry out the will of Tiān on earth, and the idea that Tiān will only let someone be king as long as he looks out for the welfare of all human beings.

Mencius told the story of Yü in his book at 3B:9:

當堯之時，水逆行，氾濫於中國。蛇龍居之，民無所定。下者為巢，上者為營窟。書曰：『洚水警余。』洚水者，洪水也。使禹治之。禹掘地而注之海，驅蛇龍 而放之菹﹔水由地中行，江、淮、河、漢是也。險社既遠，鳥獸之害人者消﹔然後人得平土而居之。
At the time of [the sage emperor] Yao, the rivers ceased their normal flow and flooded the Central Kingdom. Then snakes and dragons took up residence and humans had no fixed abodes. Those in lower places created nests in the trees for themselves, and those in higher places made underground redoubts.

書曰：『洚水警余。』洚水者，洪水也。使禹治之。禹掘地而注之海，驅蛇龍 而放之菹﹔水由地中行，江、淮、河、漢是也。險社既遠，鳥獸之害人者消﹔然後人得平土而居之。堯、舜既沒，聖人之道衰。
The Book of Records says: "The inundation alarms me."  "Inundation" means "flood waters." Yü was employed to manage  the flood. Yü dredged the earth and conveyed the water to the sea. He drove away the snakes and dragons and exiled them to the marshes. When water traveled through the land it formed the Yangze River, the Huai River, the Yellow River, and the Han River. Since the [marshes] were in remote and cut off places, the depredations visited upon humans by birds and beasts were eliminated, and after that humans got to live on the plains. [However,] after [people's memories of] both Yao and Shun fell into obscurity the way of the sages went into a steep decline.

At 4B:26, Mencius also said:
如智者若禹之行水也，則無惡於智也。禹之行水也，行其所無事，則 智亦大矣
If these wise ones could conduct themselves as did Yü in managing the flood waters, then what would there be to dislike about them? Yü managed the flood waters by doing his work in ways that involved no great fuss. If these wise ones could also conduct themselves without making any fuss, then their wisdom would be great.

For Mencius, Yü's way of doing things was the best. Yü was one of the great heroes of Mencius.

Was Mencius a religious leader, a philosopher, or what?

In the West there was a scientist named Konrad Lorenz (1903 - 1989) who studied animals. He was an ethologist, which means that he carefully studied the behavior of animals and tried to understand why they do the things that they ordinarily do. He saw, for instance, that if baby ducks see a human instead of a duck right after they hatch, they will ever after follow humans and take them to be their parents. He called this kind of learning "imprinting."
In modern times we separate philosophy from science, but in earlier times the kinds of studies we now call science were called "natural philosophy," and Mencius was basically a natural philosopher. His work led to the same general kind of knowledge that Lorenz learned about ducks and other animals. Mencius asked: what kinds of things do people do that keep families and communities working well, what kinds of things do they do that harm families and communities, and why do they do these thing?

The main observations made by Mencius
Mencius said that we do not need to teach people to love the taste of good food. The feeling we have for fine cooking is natural. Similarly, he said, we have other natural feelings that are good gifts that we are all born with.  We cannot really get rid of these gifts except by destroying ourselves, but we can allow them to be covered over so that they do not work right. It is a little like the way humans cannot just take off their noses and throw them away, but they can put plugs in their nostrils and spoil their ability to smell things. So it is important that humans not do anything that would prevent their four gifts from working well. It is too bad that people often let their four gifts get messed up. When humans are well nurtured and are protected from negative forces, then they will be good of their own free will.
The virtues or powers that humans have are things that they get directly from Heaven. These same things are in Heaven. When people do bad things, it is because their other parts have taken control away from their virtues/powers. Mencius gives a wonderful story that is called Ox Mountain as proof.

The Chinese word for what has been called "gifts" above is 德 dé. It is a cognate of a word that means "to get," so one way of explaining it is to say that a dé is something that we get from Heaven. It means "virtue," but only in the sense that it is the power to do something. ("Virtue" has this meaning in English, too.) Humans have four virtues or powers. Here are their Chinese names, a translation of each, and an explanation of each:
仁 rén means the ability to feel what other people are experiencing as if it were happening to you. So if you see a person putting his hand where it will surely get hurt, maybe someplace where a cobra is waiting coiled to strike, you will feel bad and want to prevent that person from doing it. In English there are many translations for this word, including "benevolence," "empathy," "human-heartedness," etc.
義 yì means the ability to feel bad about yourself when you know you are not doing your share of the work, you are not doing your duty, etc. If you went on a trip in the forest with a group of friends, and everybody agreed to take turns washing the dishes, but you never took your turn, you would feel shame for what you had failed to do. Some of the English translations for this word are "sense of duty," "sense of right and wrong," "sense of justice," etc. It is important to note, however, that Mencius is describing a feeling of a person about what that person himself or herself does, not a feeling about what other people do.
禮 lǐ means the ability to see your own position in society and the positions of other people in society, and to do things that let people get along well. For instance, it may be o.k. for you to go in the back door of your own family's house, or even to go in the back door of your grandmother and grandfather, without knocking. But if you go into the house of somebody else, they may become afraid or angry because you do not belong there. Sometimes we need to go into the house of someone else, and there is a lǐ for that situation. The guest may knock on the door and wait, scratch on the door of the tent and wait, or do something else to let the people inside know that there is somebody outside who has peaceful intentions and would like to come in. Different cultures may have different inventions to handle this kind of situation. The important thing is that all cultures will have found their own solutions, and whatever people decide to do is a lǐ
. It does not really matter whether people drive on the left side or the right side of the road. What is important is that everybody should agree to the same plan. Perhaps the best English translation for this word is "a sense of propriety," which just means that people have a way of figuring out what is proper. fitting, or appropriate to do in social situations to prevent unneeded fights. "It is not proper to just open a door to somebody else's house and walk in." "It fits the situation to knock on the door and ask permission to come in."
智 zhì means the ability to look at something happening between or among other people and see what is right and what is wrong. If one person sees a powerful adult walk up and take food away from a starving child, the reaction against the behavior of the adult will be immediate. Perhaps the best translation for this term is "wisdom," if we keep in mind that the wisdom of Solomon included the ability accurately assess the true facts of the cases brought before him. Zhì is that kind of wisdom, rather than being some kind of extreme intelligence. Someone who has zhì can tell what is fair and what is unfair.