Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
When using a source, make sure the content is in the same context as the paper. Try to avoid using biased sources. Always take the time to find the correct information about a source. For example, some web pages may be part of a larger website. While a web page article may seem fair and balanced, it can be affected by the overall bias or reputation of the publisher. Using something out of context can also lead to charges of plagiarism. Taking the time to properly cite all sources in a paper or work is paying respect to the original ideas of others. This is all part of doing good work.

Related pages 
 Copyright
 Copyright infringement
 Academic dishonesty
 Fair use
 Wikipedia:Citing sources (Wikipedia guideline)
 Ghostwriter
 Pastiche

References

Other websites 
 Avoiding Plagiarism: Writing With Integrity; YouTube
 What is plagiarism and how to avoid it: YouTube
 Avoiding plagiarism: Purdue University

Plagiarism
Copyright infringement
A riksha or rickshaw is a kind of vehicle that has two wheels. They are usually pulled by a human but there are types that have been changed to be pulled by a bicycle or have their own motor, Rickshaws are popular vehicles in Bangal Pradesh  (Bangladesh) and Japan.

Other websites

Rickshaw! A blog collecting the inscriptions on the back of rickshaws, cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws
Rickshaw : dekh magar pyar se  A blog entry glancing past, present and future of rickshaw

Public transport
Human-powered vehicles
Dew point, which is a temperature that occurs when atmospheric humidity reaches 100% and the air can hold no more moisture
 Market saturation, in economics, a situation in which a product has become diffused (distributed) within a market
 Saturated model, a concept in mathematical logic
 Saturation (album), an album by the alternative rock band Urge Overkill
 Saturation (biology), in mutation studies, the observed number of mutations relative to the maximum amount possible (usually undefined).
 Saturation (chemistry), multiple definitions for chemistry
 Saturation (color), the intensity of a specific hue
 Saturation (magnetic), the state when the material cannot absorb a stronger magnetic field
 Oxygen saturation, a clinical measure of the amount of oxygen in a patient's blood
 Saturation (telecommunications), a number of meanings
 Saturation arithmetic, in arithmetic, a version of arithmetic in which all operations are limited to fixed range
In the earth sciences, saturation generally refers to the water content in the soil, where the unsaturated zone is above the water table and the saturated zone is below.
 A saturated liquid or saturated vapor contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling or condensing.
 A saturated transistor is a  BJT transistor that is fully turned on.
Water content means the amount of water present in a porous substance, such as soil. This term is used in hydrogeology, soil science and soil mechanics. In saturated groundwater aquifers, all available spaces are filled with water. Above a capillary fringe, pore spaces have air in them too.

Gaps between soil particles are called pore spaces or voids. These voids contain various amounts of either water or air. Soil moisture content can be expressed in different basis:
Gravimetric: the mass of water/mass of solid material
Volumetric: the volume of soil/total porosity

The amount of void space within a soil depends on the distribution of particle sizes, and is quantified by soil porosity.

Soil moisture is the water stored in soil from after rain or melted snow soak into the ground.  This water can be used by plants in a process called evapotranspiration or it can continue to move deeper into the ground to become part of the groundwater in a process called groundwater recharge.

Related pages
 Humidity
Content
Soil
Milo Anthony Ventimiglia (born July 8, 1977) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the hero, Peter Petrelli, on the television series, Heroes. He played Jess Mariano on the television series Gilmore Girls.  He was born in Anaheim, California.

American television actors
Actors from Anaheim, California
1977 births
Living people
Black metal is an extreme style of Heavy metal that started in the early 1980s. Lyrics are often for religions such as Satanism. Various black metal bands have relations to satanism in their lyrics and even in outlook. Lyrics may also have subjects such as Paganism. The majority of black metal vocalists are male, although there are a few notable exceptions – for example Cadaveria, Astarte and Lucifugum.

Black metal is divided into two waves. The first wave began in the early 1980s by bands such as Venom, Bathory, Hellhammer, Celtic Frost and Mercyful Fate. Venom's first albums, Welcome to Hell and Black Metal are usually said to be the first black metal records. The second wave is the most popular wave of black metal and it started in the early 1990s. It started from Norway and includes bands such as Darkthrone, Enslaved, Burzum, Satyricon, Mayhem, Gorgoroth, Immortal, and Emperor.
Black metal is also very controversial, especially in Norway. During the early 1990s, certain black metal musicians burned old churches in Norway. One of the people who was found guilty for burning churches, Varg Vikernes, was also found guilty for murdering Øystein Aarseth, a fellow black metal musician.

Subgenres 

 Ambient black metal (also atmospheric black metal) is a type of black metal that uses synthesizers to create a dark atmosphere.
 Symphonic black metal is a type of black metal that uses symphonic elements in the music.
 Viking metal is a type of black metal that focuses on Norse mythology instead of Satanism and the occult. Bands in this subgenre often use some folk instruments as well. Bathory is usually given credit for creating the subgenre with their album, Blood Fire Death.
 National Socialist black metal (also known as Nazi black metal or NSBM) is a title used to refer to black metal acts with an emphasis on Nazi beliefs in their music. Nazi black metal artists are a small minority.
References 

Heavy metal subgenres
Darkness is when there is absence of  light. In practice, out in the open air, there is always almost some light, however slight. The darkness of the night sky is estimated by a nine-point scale known as the Bortle scale.

Darkness is made by blocking light from the sun or some other source of light, which makes shadow. At night the Earth blocks the sun, and casts a shadow over one entire side of the world. There is heat radiation even in the dark. 

In mythology, darkness is often connected with evil. Many people are uncomfortable or afraid when in the dark, especially children.

In religion, darkness is considered as beginning of the world, before the light appeared.  At the same time, the darkness was "the second to last plague" (Exodus 10:21).

Darkness in art 
Many artists used and still use darkness to fill the void spaces on the canvas. Also it used for chiaroscuro. To create darkness, all colored paints are mixed. Every color absorbs light frequencies.  

Light
Desmond "Des" Bernard O'Connor (12 January 1932 – 14 November 2020) was an English television presenter and singer. He was born in Stepney, London. O'Connor presented the long running game show Countdown on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, from January 2007 to December 2008.

O'Connor died on 14 November 2020 from problems caused by a fall, aged 88.

References

Other websites 

English autobiographers
British game show hosts
English singers
English television presenters
Singers from London
1932 births
2020 deaths
Writers from London
Accidental deaths from falls
Antonio "Tony" Ramiro Romo (born April 22, 1980 in San Diego, California) is an American football quarterback who plays for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League. He played college football at Eastern Illinois. He is viewed by many as the top quarterback in the NFL.

 

Romo was signed by the Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2003. He has had success with Dallas, and is well known by the media. He has the 3rd highest passer rating in NFL history.

1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
American football quarterbacks
Carmelo Kyam Anthony (born May 29, 1984 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American professional basketball small forward. He is currently a free agent. Anthony also played for the Denver Nuggets and the New York Knicks from 2003-2011 to 2017 and the Houston Rockets from 2018 to 2019.

References

Other websites

 Carmelo Anthony's Official website 

1984 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
American Olympic gold medalists
Denver Nuggets players
New York Knicks players
Sportspeople from New York City
American basketball players
The Dallas Mavericks are an American professional basketball team from Dallas, Texas. They play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They were founded in 1980. They play their home games at the American Airlines Center. Their owner is Mark Cuban. Though they have had good teams for most of the 2000s, they only made the NBA Finals once in 2006, where they lost to the Miami Heat 4-2. Dallas Mavericks players include Dirk Nowitzki, Jason Kidd, Jason Terry, Shawn Marion, Caron Butler, and Peja Stojakovic. They won their first NBA Championship in 2011 when they beat the Miami Heat in a 4-2 series in a rematch from 2006. After the championship, the Mavericks would not make it past the first/second rounds until 2022.

References

Other websites

National Basketball Association teams
Mavericks
1980 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Texas
Walter Payton (July 25, 1954 – November 1, 1999) was an American football player. He was born in Columbia, Mississippi. Payton played for the Chicago Bears from 1975 to 1987. The Bears won Super Bowl XX in 1985. Payton was made a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993. He died of cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) in 1999.

Other websites 
Payton34.com - Walter and Connie Payton Foundation
Walter Payton's Roundhouse.com
Walter Payton Cancer Fund.org - official site

1954 births
1999 deaths
Deaths from cholangiocarcinoma
American football running backs
Chicago Bears players
Sportspeople from Mississippi
Christopher Benfey (born October 28, 1954) is an American writer. He is a Professor of English language at Mount Holyoke College. He has written several books that people liked a lot. He was born in Marion, Pennsylvania. He later moved to Richmond, Indiana where he grew up. He has attended many colleges including the Putney school, Guilford College, Earlham College, and Harvard University.

1954 births
Living people
People from Richmond, Indiana
Writers from Indiana
Writers from Pennsylvania
Harthacanute (Canute the Hardy, sometimes Hardicanute, Hardecanute; Danish: Hardeknud) (1018 – 8 June 1042) was King of Denmark from 1035 to 1042 and England from 1040 to 1042. He was the only son of Canute the Great and Emma of Normandy.

He followed his father as King of Denmark in 1035, becoming Canute III. Fighting with Magnus I of Norway stopped him from sailing to England to take up his throne. His older, illegitimate half-brother, Harold Harefoot, became regent of England.

Harold took the English crown for himself in 1037. After Harthacanute had settled the situation in Scandinavia he prepared an invasion of England to take over his kingdom. Harold died, and Harthacanute was able to take back his throne peacefully.
Harthacanute was a harsh and unpopular ruler. To pay for his ships, he greatly increased the rate of taxation. In 1041, the people of Worcester killed two of Harthacanute's men who had been collecting the tax. Harthacanute burned the city. The story of Lady Godiva riding naked through the streets of Coventry to persuade the local earl to lower taxes, may come from the reign of Harthacanute. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says of him: "He never accomplished anything kingly for as long as he ruled".

In 1041, Harthacanute asked his half-brother Edward the Confessor (his mother Emma's son by Ethelred the Unready) back from exile in Normandy to become a member of his household, and probably made Edward his heir. Harthacanute was unmarried and had no children. On 8 June 1042, he died at Lambeth— he "died as he stood at his drink, and he suddenly fell to the earth". He was buried at Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire. Edward became the new king.

References
References 

1018 births
1042 deaths
Canute III
People buried in Winchester Cathedral
11th century in England
Harold Harefoot, also Harold I, (c. 1015 – 17 March 1040) was King of England from 1035 to 1040. He was justthe son of Canute the Great, King of England, Denmark, Norway, and some of Sweden, by his wife Aelgifu of Northampton. There was skepticism about his being Canute's son.

Upon Canute's death (12 November 1035), Harold's younger half-brother Harthacanute, the son of Canute and his queen, Emma of Normandy, was legitimate heir to the thrones of both the Danes and the English. He was unable to travel to his coronation, because his Danish kingdom was under threat of invasion by King Magnus of Norway and King Anund Jacob of Sweden. Therefore, he was installed temporarily as regent though Godwin the Earl of Wessex and the Queen was against it.

Harold died at Oxford on 17 March  1040, just as Harthacanute was preparing an invasion force of Danes, and was buried at the abbey of Westminster.

References

Other websites 
 Harold Harefoot At Find A Grave

1010s births
1040 deaths
11th century in England
The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War. It began with the execution of Charles I in 1649 and ended when Charles II became king, after Oliver Cromwell died in 1660.

This era in English history can be divided into four periods.
 The first period of the Commonwealth of England from 1649 until 1653
 The Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell from 1653 to 1658
 The Protectorate under Richard Cromwell from 1658 to 1659
 The second period of the Commonwealth of England from 1659 until 1660
Life during the Interregnum
Oliver Cromwell was a Puritan and during the Interregnum, he imposed a very strict form of Christianity upon the country.  Although a main cause of the English Civil War was oppression under Charles I, England during the Interregnum became oppressive in its own fashion. Cromwell granted religious freedom otherwise previously unknown in England, but other forms of expression were suddenly limited (for instance, theatre, which had thrived under the Stuart kings and Elizabeth I, was banned).  Cromwell also made certain that his own personal vision of Christianity was enforced upon the masses. Many of Cromwell's actions were called "harsh, unwise, and tyrannical" by some commentators.  

His son and successor, Richard Cromwell gave up his position as Lord Protector with little hesitation, resigning or "abdicating" after a demand by the Rump Parliament. This was the beginning of a short period of restoration of the Commonwealth of England.
Related pages
Richard Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell
Commonwealth of England
The Protectorate

17th century in England
An interregnum is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, Polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic. It can also refer any gap in the continuity of a government, organization, or social order. The period of interregnum may be peaceful, or it may collapse into chaos and anarchy.

In some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, an interregnum is usually avoided due to a rule described as "the king is dead, long live the King", i.e. the heir to the throne becomes a new monarch immediately on his predecessor's death or abdication. This famous phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty. This is not so in other monarchies where the new monarch's reign begins only with coronation or some other formal or traditional event.
Pope's interregnum (or sede vacante) 
An interregnum occurs also upon the death of the Roman Catholic Pope, though this is generally known as a sede vacante (vacant seat).  The interregnum ends immediately upon election of the new Pope by the College of Cardinals.

Related pages
 English Interregnum

Periods and ages in history
Monarchy
Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 – 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England and primarily because of ethnic cleansing activities in Ireland euphemistically called as Cromwellian Genocide.

Cromwell's actions during his career seem confusing to us today. He supported Parliament against the King, yet he ordered his soldiers to break up parliament. Under his rule, the Protectorate said that people's religious beliefs should be respected, but people who went against what most people believed were sometimes tortured and imprisoned.

Cromwell was the first ruler of England to be a Puritan. He created a new model army. Many English people today think he was one of their greatest leaders.
Early life 
Cromwell started off as a gentleman from Huntingdon. He first studied at Huntingdon Grammar School. He had a bad relationship with his father. He went on to Sidney Sussex College at the University of Cambridge. This was a new, small college where he had the chance to talk about his new Puritan ideas. However, he never took a degree because his father died in 1617 while he was studying.

The English Civil War
In 1628, Cromwell became an MP and a Puritan and supported Parliament in its quarrel with the King. When war broke out, the King's army was stronger and better-prepared than the army of Parliament. Cromwell saw this, and he decided to train men to fight better. Soon the "New Model Army" he had trained began to win battles. As a result, Parliament won the war. By the end of the war, Cromwell was very powerful.
The Commonwealth: 16491653
During the following years, Oliver Cromwell conducted two campaigns to subdue the Irish Catholics (1649-1650), and in the battles of Dunbar and Worcester (1650-1651) crushed the Scottish royalists, who had proclaimed King Charles II. , first-born of the executed sovereign.

The Rump Parliament
After the execution of the King, a republic was declared, known as the Commonwealth of England. A Council of State was appointed to manage affairs, which included Cromwell among its members. His real power base was in the army.
Takeover of Ireland
In 1652, Cromwell took over Ireland. Many historians believe that Cromwell committed an ethnic cleansing against the Irish Catholic people. Cromwell wanted the Irish Catholics to move out of eastern Ireland into the northwest. According to these historians, Cromwell and his army used massacres, starvation, and threats of execution to force the Irish to leave. Historian Frances Stewart says that 600,000 Irish people  43% of the Irish population  died from these policies.
The Protectorate:  16531658
The House of Commons tried hard to control the army, but could not: in 1653, Cromwell dissolved the House of Commons, yielded legislative power to 139 people of his confidence and took the title of Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, with powers wider than those enjoyed by the monarch. During his tenure he reorganized public finances, promoted the liberalization of commerce in order to ensure the prosperity of the mercantile bourgeoisie, promulgated the Navigation Act (1651), through which he imposed on the Netherlands the English maritime supremacy, defeated the United Provinces (1654), snatched Jamaica from Spain (1655), persecuted the Catholics and placed England at the head of the European Protestant countries.

A new constitution known as the Instrument of Government made Cromwell Lord Protector for life. He had the power to call and dissolve parliaments.
In 1657, Cromwell was offered the crown by Parliament. Cromwell thought about the offer for six weeks. Then he rejected it and was ceremonially re-installed as "Lord Protector" (with greater powers than had previously been granted him under this title) at Westminster Hall.

Cromwell is thought to have suffered from malaria (probably first contracted while on campaign in Ireland). He died at Whitehall on 3 September 1658, the anniversary of his great victories at Dunbar and Worcester.

After Cromwell's death 
At his death (3 September 1658), however, the Republic was immersed in a period of chaos, which ended with the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Charles II of England by the Parliament (1660). Despite his prudence, the new monarch did not hesitate to order the exhumation of the corpse of the man who had signed the death sentence of his father, to cut off his head and expose it in the Tower of London.
He was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard. Although Richard was not entirely without ability, he had no power base in either Parliament or the Army, and was forced to resign in the spring of 1659, bringing the Protectorate to an end. A year later Parliament restored Charles II as king.

When the Royalists returned to power, Cromwell's corpse was dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded. It is said that his head was lost for months until a soldier found it. His skull was passed around as a token until it was buried at Tyburn.
References
 
 Adamson, John (1987). "The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647", in Historical Journal, 30, 3.
 Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) (1904 edition). Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations  ;  
 
 Durston, Christopher (1998). The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals, in English Historical Review 1998 113(450): pp. 18–37, ISSN 0013-8266 .
 Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901). Oliver Cromwell, .  
 
 
 
 Kishlansky, Mark (1990), "Saye What?" in Historical Journal 33, 4.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Worden, Blair (2000). "Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell", in Proceedings Of The British Academy 105: pp. 131–170. ISSN 0068-1202 .

Footnotes

Bibliography
Bibliography

Biographies 
 
 Ashley, Maurice (1958). The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell (Macmillan).  
 
 
 
 
 
 Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901). Oliver Cromwell, . Classic biography.  
 
 
 
 
 Morrill, John (2004). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press) 
 
 Paul, Robert (1958). The Lord Protector: Religion And Politics In The Life Of Oliver Cromwell.

Military studies
 Durston, Christopher (2000). "'Settling the Hearts and Quieting the Minds of All Good People': the Major-generals and the Puritan Minorities of Interregnum England", in History 2000 85(278): pp. 247–267, ISSN 0018-2648 . Full text online at Ebsco.
 Durston, Christopher (1998). "The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals", in English Historical Review 1998 113(450): pp. 18–37, ISSN 0013-8266
 
 
 
 
 
 Woolrych, Austin (1990). "The Cromwellian Protectorate: a Military Dictatorship?" in History 1990 75(244): 207-231, ISSN 0018-2648 . Full text online at Ebsco.
Surveys of era
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1967). Oliver Cromwell and his Parliaments, in his Religion, the Reformation and Social Change (Macmillan). online

Primary sources
 Abbott, W.C. (ed.) (1937-47). Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell, 4 vols. The standard academic reference for Cromwell's own words.  .
 Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) (1904 edition), Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations.  ;  
 Haykin, Michael A. G. (ed.) (1999). To Honour God: The Spirituality of Oliver Cromwell (Joshua Press), Excerpts from Cromwell's religious writings.
 Morrill, John (1990). "Textualizing and Contextualizing Cromwell", in Historical Journal 1990 33(3): pp. 629–639. ISSN 0018-246X . Full text online at Jstor. Examines the Carlyle and Abbott editions.
 
 Worden, Blair (2000). Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell, in Proceedings Of The British Academy 105: pp. 131–170, ISSN 0068-1202 .

Other websites
Other websites

 The Cromwell Association
 The Cromwell Museum in Huntingdon 
 Chronology of Oliver Cromwell World History Database 
 Biography at the British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website 

1599 births
1658 deaths
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
English heads of state
Former dictators
Interregnum could mean:

 Interregnum, a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, or between consuls of the Roman Republic
 Interregnum (solitaire), a solitaire card game
 Interregnum (documentary) a documentary with and about the drawings of George Grosz
Interregnum (fiction), the period between the first and the second Galactic Empires, in the fictitious future world of Isaac Asimov's Foundation Series
The Incredibles is a 2004 animated movie. It was written and developed by Brad Bird, who once directed The Simpsons and was best known for directing the animated movie The Iron Giant. The movie was produced by Pixar Animation Studios, and has won an Academy Award. The Incredibles was originally developed as a traditionally-animated movie, but after Warner Bros. shut down its animation division, Brad Bird moved to Pixar and took the story with him.
The movie depicts a world where there are superheroes, but after an intense court hearing, the government decides that all 'supers' must now go undercover and live normal lives. The main character is Robert Parr (Mr Incredible). The sequel Incredibles 2 was released to the public on June 15, 2018.
Plot
In the 1950s, superheroes are now scorned by the public because of the collateral damage caused by their crime-fighting. After several lawsuits, the government initiates the Superhero Relocation Program, in which superheroes must give up crime-fighting and live under secret identities. Many years later, in the mid-1960s, Bob Parr (Craig T. Nelson) and his wife Helen (Holly Hunter)-formerly Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl-live in the suburbs of Metroville with their children Dash (Spencer Fox), Violet (Sarah Vowell) and Jack-Jack (Eli Fucile). Although Bob loves his family, he secretly resents his white-collar job and his mundane suburban life. Along with his friend Lucius Best (Samuel L. Jackson)-formerly known as Frozen-Bob occasionally moonlights as a vigilante to relive his "glory days".
With the help of Mirage, the family escape. Due to the Omnidroid's advanced intelligence, it recognizes Syndrome as a threat to itself, shooting off the controller from his wrist, rendering him unable to control it, and knocking him out. The Incredibles team up with Frozone, and defeat the Omnidroid. Helen acquires the controls, and Bob destroys the robot's power source. Upon arriving home, the Incredibles discover Syndrome, who plans to capture Jack-Jack and raise him as his apprentice out of revenge. As he travels to his jet, Jack Jack's power manifest and he escapes him in mid-air, being caught by Helen. Bob throws his car at Syndrome's plane, and the villain is incinerated when his cape is caught in the plane's turbines.

Three months later, the Incredibles are confronted by the supervillain Underminer; they wear their masks, ready to confront the new threat together.

Voice cast

Other websites 
 
 Official site
 The Incredibles -- The Official DVD Website
 
 Pixar Wiki: The Incredibles
Pixar movies
Disney animated movies
2004 movies
2004 animated movies
2004 computer-animated movies
American action movies
Fictional families
Movies composed by Michael Giacchino
Movies directed by Brad Bird
Movies set on islands
Movies that won the Best Animated Feature Academy Award
Multilingual movies
Superhero comedy movies
The Incredibles
American superhero movies
In art, returning something to a better state, see art conservation 
 In history, a restoration is a historical episode under which a previous government of an area is reinstated
 The Restoration: a period in the history of the British Isles when the House of Stuart returned to power in England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1660.
 A period in the History of France, the Bourbon Restoration after 1814
 The Spanish Restoration
 The Swiss Restoration known as the Restauration (Switzerland) after the fall of Napoleon in 1814
 The Restoration period in Germany after the failed revolution of 1848
 Meiji Restoration, a period in Japanese history after 1866
 In literature and media:' Restoration (Tremain novel), a 1989 novel by Rose Tremain set during the English Revolution
 Restoration (novel), a 2002 novel by Carol Berg
 The Restoration (movie), a 1909 movie by D.W. Griffith, based on the novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky
 Restoration (movie), a 1995 movie set after the English Revolution starring Robert Downey Jr
Restoration (TV series), a BBC TV show in the UK highlighting buildings at risk
 Restoration (newspaper)'', a Catholic newspaper published by the Madonna House Apostolate
 In Christianity:
 Restoration of a person. An example of this can be found in John 21:15-19 where Peter is restored by Christ
 Restorationism was a religious movement in 19th century eastern United States and Canada
 In architecture, building restoration consists of work performed on a building in order to return it to a previous state of conservation, from which...
 In ecology, restoration represents the return of a landscape, ecosystem, or other ecological entity to a predefined historical state. See Restoration Ecology
 In criminal justice, restoration is another term for restorative justice
 In telecommunications, circuit restoration,  action taken to repair and return to service one or more telecommunications services
 In dentistry Dental restoration, the shaped replacement material for lost tooth structure
Restoration of vehicles, furniture, appliances, equipment, etc.
 Restoration Branches, independent organizations that have left the Community of Christ
The Restoration was an time in the history of the British Isles that started in 1660. In 1660 the House of Stuart was restored to power after the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Restoration came after The Protectorate, when Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard Cromwell had led the government. The kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland started to have a monarchy again. "The Restoration" means both the events at the start of Charles II's reign and the period of time after they happened.

Charles II came back to England after his exile and he became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Before this, the British Isles's monarchy had stopped after Charles I's execution. The three kingdoms became a republic, without a monarchy: the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Literature and culture of the Restoration period can also have the name "Restoration". (For example, Restoration drama is the theatre and plays of the Restoration period.)
Other websites 
 http://www.debretts.co.uk/royal_connections/sovereigns_england_17_century.html 
 Review of 'Revolution and Counter-Revolution in England, Ireland and Scotland 1658-60', by Brian Manning 
 Chapter V. The Stewart Restoration  By Sir Charles Harding Firth

History of the British Isles
1660s
The Commonwealth of England was the republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. After the execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649, the Commonwealth was declared (An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth) by the Rump Parliament on May 19, 1649. The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called The Protectorate, and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard, as Lord Protector. The term Commonwealth is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, the years of the English Interregnum.

Other websites 
 British flags of the period
 Commonwealth of England: Heads of State: 1649-1660

History of the British Isles
Declaration can mean:
Declaration of independence, a proclamation of the independence of an aspiring state
Declaration of war, a formal declaration saying that two nations are at war
A type of sentence (linguistics)
Declaration (law), a type of relief that may be ordered by a court or tribunal
Declaration of trust, the act of settling property on trust
Open Declaration, the act of notification in a public forum by formal documentation
Declaration and forfeiture, a captain stating his inning's closed in the sport of cricket
Declaration (computer science), the specification of a variable's type in computer science
Declarative programming, a computer programming methodology
Declaration (poker), a formal expression of intent to take some action in the card game poker
Declarative memory, an aspect of human memory
A declaration of independence is a claim of independence of an aspiring state or states. States like these are usually formed from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation, or are breakaway territories from within the parent state.

Declarations of independence are typically made without the consent of the parent state, and hence are sometimes called unilateral declarations of independence (UDI), particularly by those who question the validity of the declarations.
Presbyterianism is a kind of Protestant Christianity.  It was started in Scotland by John Knox during the 16th century.  It became powerful in England during the Civil War.  Today there are Presbyterian churches across the world.

Presbyterians (followers of Presbyterianism) believe that the Bible is the most important thing in their church because it was given to humans by God and has no errors in it. They believe that God has control over everything and has chosen to make some people follow Jesus Christ but not others, and that only followers of Jesus may get into heaven. (See Calvinism)

Presbyterian churches may be led by men called Ministers, Rectors or Elders. Some Presbyterian churches have women as elders. "Presbyter" means "elder" and they rule in committees.
There is no overall leader and there are no bishops in the Presbyterian tradition. On Sunday, the Bible, which they consider the 'Word of God', is read and a sermon preached by the minister is at the heart of a morning worship service, which also includes group singings of some worship songs.

Around the world 
There are Presbyterian churches on every continent except Antarctica, but they do not always agree with each other. There have been many splits ("schisms") caused by various disagreements: some about what they believe, some about how they should be organised. In some cases these splits have been healed but many have not.

In Scotland, where Presbyterianism started, there are at least seven different groups ("denominations"); there are three main groups in England, one in Wales and five in Northern Ireland.
There are dozens of different groups in North America, almost all in the USA.  They arrived during the 17th century, mostly from Scotland and already disagreeing with each other.  Most countries in South America have had Presbyterian churches since the 19th century.

At least 23 countries in Africa have Presbyterian churches, also since the 19th century.

In Asia, the Korea Presbyterian Church was started through the mission of the Presbyterian Church (USA).  After Korean independence, the division was formed afresh as 'Presbyterian Church in Korea (KoRyuPa)' advocating the views of Dutch Reformed churches.  In 2012 a new General Assembly of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church of Korea declared authentic historical succession of John Knox.

Related pages 
 Wee Frees
 Ian Paisley
A declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation, and one or more others.

Declarations of war have been used in diplomacy since the Renaissance, when the first formal declarations of war were issued.

In an effort to force nations to resolve issues without warfare, the United Nations Charter attempted to commit member nations to using warfare only under limited circumstances, such as to defend when attacked. Wars continued to begin and end, but powerful states no longer declared them.

Related pages
Casus belli

Other websites
 Declarations of war during World War II

War
The Cyrillic script, sometimes called the Slavonic script or Slavic script, is a native Slavic alphabet. It is now used to write Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Rusyn, Bulgarian, Macedonian and for most South Slavic languages. It was developed in the Bulgarian empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I. The Soviet Union made many non-Slavic languages in the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia and in northern Russia to be written in Cyrillic.

History 
Old Church Slavonic was the original language of the Slavic people, and it was used for Russian Orthodox Church. In the 9th century, two monks, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, were missionaries in Eastern Europe. When they preached to the Slavic peoples, they invented the Glagolitic alphabet, an early form of Cyrillic. 

During the 18th century, Nikolay Karamzin added Э, Й and Ё.

In 1708, Peter the Great added lowercase forms to the letters.
After the October Revolution, the Communist Party changed the Cyrillic alphabet for the Russian language so it would be easier for Soviet citizens to learn how to read and write. The letters I/i, Ѣ/ѣ, Ѳ/ѳ, Ѵ/ѵ were all removed from Russian.

In 1991, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan decided to drop the Cyrillic script and to adopt the Latin script.

Related pages 
 Roman alphabet

References 

 
9th-century works
Silent Spring is the name of a book by Rachel Carson. It was published in 1962. It tells of the damage done to the environment by the use of chemicals to kill pests. The book is widely credited with helping launch the modern American environmental movement.

The book documented detrimental effects of pesticides such as DDT on wildlife, particularly birds. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically.

References

Other websites 
 Silent spring studyguide: summary, analysis, historical context, retrieved April 26, 2006
 New York Times report of chemical industry's campaign  July 22, 1962
 Jim Norton, "Silencing Silent Spring
 Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC): The Story of Silent Spring 

1962 books
Biology books
In zoology, a nymph is the young stage of some kinds of invertebrates, especially insects.

Insects grow by metamorphosis. In incomplete metamorphosis, an insect egg hatches, and a small nymph comes out. The nymph usually looks just like the adult insect but is much smaller. Nymphs do not become pupae before becoming adults. They just grow larger. They moult through various stages called instars.

Some insects have nymphs that are aquatic, which means they live in water. These nymphs look very different from the adults. Dragonflies have nymphs that live in water, such as in lakes and rivers. Nymphs that live in water are sometimes called naiads.

The other way insects grow is by complete metamorphosis. This way has no nymphs. The adult form is prepared in the pupa, and comes out perfect.

Some insects that are nymphs when they are young are grasshoppers, cockroaches, true bugs and dragonflies.

Insects
Developmental biology
Saab is a Swedish car and airplane maker, started in Trollhattan, Sweden in 1937. Saab started to make cars in 1947. The automobile part of the business is now owned by Spyker Cars. The aviation and defense parts of Saab are owned by the Wallenberg family.

Models
 Saab 9-3

References

Other websites
YouTube page

Aircraft companies
Automobile companies of Sweden
Military organizations
The Protectorate was the period of British history during which the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland was governed by a Lord Protector, which was from 1653 to 1659.

Before the Protectorate, England (and then Scotland and Ireland) had been ruled directly by Parliament since it had declared England to be a Commonwealth in 1649. The Rump Parliament had been sent away in April 1653 by soldiers led by Oliver Cromwell. Although the replacement Barebones Parliament (July–December 1653), was nominated by Cromwell and the leaders of the army, it was just as difficult to control.
The post of Lord Protector was created by a constitution passed in December 1653, which gave Cromwell the position for life. Although the constitution divided power between the Lord Protector, the Council of State and Parliament, there was in practice again the strong executive power that had been absent since the end of the monarchy. Cromwellian government has been called 'one of the first experiments in (de facto) military dictatorship' (Abbott).

During the Protectorate, there was Puritan legislation. Religious toleration was extended to Jews and most Protestants but not Anglicans or Roman Catholics.

After Cromwell's death in September 1658, the new Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell, was unable to control the army and resigned in May 1659. After the chaotic English Interregnum, the monarchy was restored in May 1660 through the initiative of General George Monck.

Other websites 
 United Kingdom: Flags of the Interregnum, 1649–1660

History of the British Isles
Vibrator could mean several different types of devices:
 Vibrator (sensual) - a device used for massage or masturbation
 vibrator (mechanical) - a class of devices that creates mechanical vibrations
 vibrator (electronic) – an old-fashioned electronic component
 vibrator (music) – a musical instrument

Vibrator could also mean:
The Vibrators a British punk band
Vibrator (album), a 1995 album by Terence Trent D'Arby
"Vibrator," a song on Motörhead's self-titled album
Other websites 
 British Civil Wars: Rump Parliament 
  Full text of the Act erecting a High Court of Justice for the Trial of Charles I January 6, 1649
 Full text of the Sentence of the High Court of Justice upon the King, 27 January, 1649 
 Full text of The Death Warrant of Charles I, 29 January, 1649
 Full text of the Act appointing a Council of State, 13 February, 1649
 Full text of the Act abolishing the Office of King, 17 March, 1649
 Full text of the Act abolishing the House of Lords, 19 March, 1649
 Full text of the Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth, 19 May, 1649
 Full text of the Act declaring what Offences shall he adjudged Treason under the Commonwealth, 17 July, 1649
 Chambers' Book of Days:April 20th With a censored version of Cromwell's 1653 speech ending the Parliament.
 http://castorblog.com/archives/000275.html  with an uncensored version of Cromwell's speech.
17th century in England
Parliaments
A vibrator is a device that is made to vibrate against the body, thereby stimulating the nerves and giving a pleasurable and possibly erotic feeling.

History

The electrically powered vibrator was invented in the 1880s by doctors, who were treating women for "hysteria" for centuries by performing what today would be considered masturbation. At the time, however, not only did doctors regard the "vulvular stimulation" as having nothing to do with sex, they reportedly found that it took a lot of time to do and it was hard work. The vibrator did it more quickly and easily, and because of this it was very popular with doctors.
Home versions soon started being made and they were also popular, with adverts in places like Needlecraft, Woman's Home Companion, Modern Priscilla and the Sears catalog. These disappeared in the 1920s, as their appearance in pornography made it harder for polite society to avoid the sexual connotations of the devices.
As "body massagers", millions of vibrators have been sold to both men and women.

Some people that buy vibrators only use them for pains. However, many people who purchase vibrators marketed as "body massagers" — and, presumably, most people who purchase vibrators marketed as adult toys — use them to get sexual pleasure, most often in masturbation. Vibrators often allow people to achieve orgasm more quickly and easily, and are often said to give stronger orgasms. They are often recommended by sex therapists for women who have difficulty reaching orgasm by other means. Couples also use them sometimes.
Harper's Magazine notes a Durex survey that says 46% of women have vibrators near 2006. This may have been market research relating to their vibrating condom base product.

The sale of vibrators and similar items was forbidden up until recently in several states in the southern United States. In Texas, the sale of vibrators and dildos is technically illegal, but many stores will sell such items provided that the customer signs a statement that the device will be used only for educational purposes. The law’s current status in real life is not certain. The states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Indiana, Virginia, Louisiana and Massachusetts have all had laws that prohibit vibrators, but most of them have been struck down by courts or are not enforced. Only the law in Alabama is generally enforced.

Types of erotic vibrators
An enormous range of vibrators exist, falling into several broad categories:
 Clitoral – Often sold as "back massagers", these are powerful vibrators such as the Hitachi Magic Wand or the Acuvibe.
 Dildo-shaped – Approximately penis-shaped. Can be made of plastic, silicone or latex.
 Waterproof – Can be used wet, such as in the shower. Although marketed as waterproof, most should not be submerged.
 Rabbit, 'Jackrabbit' or 'Rampant Rabbit' – Two pronged for stimulation of both the vagina and the clitoris.
 G-spot – Similar to the usual vibrator, but with a curve and often a soft jelly-like coating. The curve makes it easier to use to stimulate the g-spot or prostate. Male penises or normal traditional vibrators sometimes are unable to reach the g-spot. It is possible to do only in some positions. The shape of a g-spot vibrator makes it easy to touch the g-spot. The size of a g-spot vibrator is usually 5-7 inches.
 Simple g-spot vibrator - straight shaft and curved tip.
G-spot vibrator with teasers - allows stimulating several erogenous zones at the same time.
 G-spot vibrator with heads - have heads of different types that can be changed at will.
 Exotic g-spot vibrators - do not have the usual shape, but an exotic one; for example, a stick with a curve or semi-ring.
 Egg – Egg shaped vibrator which can be used for stimulation of the clitoris or insertion into the vagina. The egg can be inserted into the vagina or rectum, or it can be used to vibrate against another erogenous zones in men and women. Egg vibrators are normally 2.5 to 5 centimeters long and 2 centimeters in width. They are normally made of metal, rubber, silicon, plastic, chrome, or a mixture of materials. There are several types of egg vibrators:
 Single egg vibrator - includes one vibrating item.
 Double egg vibrator - includes two vibrating items for double stimulation.
Egg vibrator without wire. Some egg vibrators can be used with a remote control and do not have any wires. They have a cord for pulling out the egg.
 Egg vibrator with sleeves. The sleeves are removable covers, which can be sold separately. They are made of various elastic materials for intensive stimulation.
 Pocket rocket – Shaped like a cylinder, one of its ends has some vibrating bulges. It is meant to stimulate the clitoris or nipples, not for vaginal insertion.
 "Undercover" vibrators – Vibrators shaped as every-day objects, such as lipstick tubes, cell phones, or art pieces.
 Anal vibrators – Vibrators made for anal use have either a flared base or a long handle to grip, to prevent them from slipping inside and getting lost.
Butterfly – vibrator strapped around legs and waist for hands-free clitoral stimulation during sexual intercourse
 Vibrating Cockring – vibrator (usually cordless) inserted in or attached to a cock ring, usually for stimulation of the clitoris
Most vibrators use internal batteries, but some of them have a power cord and must be plugged into an power socket to work.

References

 Joani Blank, with Ann Whidden. Good Vibrations: The New Complete Guide to Vibrators, Down There Press, 2000. .

Other websites 

Antique Vibrator and Quack Medical Museum

Sex toys