Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Aswan Low Dam or Old Aswan Dam is a dam across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. It is built of masonry and held in place just by gravity. It was the first dam across the Nile, and was built by the British between 1899 and 1902. When it was done, it was the largest masonry dam in the world. This type of dam is called a buttress dam.

The dam was built at the former first cataract of the Nile, and is about 1000 km up-river and 690 km (direct distance) south-southeast of Cairo. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever been attempted.

The dam was designed to provide storage of annual floodwater. The water was used to help dry season flow and support more irrigation. Its height was originally limited because of concern  for the Temple of Isis at Phillae (Philae Temple). That temple was later moved to Agilkia Island in Lake Nasser.
The dam provided inadequate storage capacity for planned development and was raised twice, between 1907–1912 and again 1929–1933. These heightenings still did not meet irrigation demands and in 1946 it was nearly over-topped by water in an effort to maximize pool elevation.

This eventually led to the construction of the Aswan High Dam  upstream.

The second function of the dam is to provide electricity. The dammed water drives a water turbine and generator. It still works today. This technology (hydroelectricity) had been invented in the 19th century in England and Germany, and was by 1900 used in the USA and most European countries.
Egypt got access to the technology because she was, at that time, under British control.   The Khedive was Abbas II, who usually had to do what the British wanted.

References 

Buildings and structures in Egypt
Dams in Africa
Nile
1902 establishments
1900s establishments in Egypt
Billboard is an American magazine that lists the top albums and singles of the week. It is most famous for the Billboard charts.

The magazine was started on November 1, 1894 in Cincinnati, Ohio by William H. Donaldson and James Hennegan. It was originally called Billboard Advertising.

It started doing music charts in the 1930s.

Picture gallery

Other websites
 Official Billboard website

1894 establishments in the United States
Cincinnati
Music magazines
Thomas Anderson "Tom" Brosseau (born November 3, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist.

Life 
He was born and grew up in Grand Forks, North Dakota. His song "How to Grow a Woman from the Ground" was covered by Chris Thile, who released a 2006 album of the same name.

Right now, Brosseau is touring the United States playing his new album, Cavalier.

Albums
North Dakota (2002)
Late Night at Largo (2004)
What I Mean To Say Is Goodbye (2005)
Empty Houses Are Lonely (2006)
Tom Brosseau (2006)
Grand Forks (2007)
Cavalier (2007)

Other websites
Tom Brosseau official website
Official MySpace page

American singer-songwriters
American guitarists
Singers from North Dakota
American folk musicians
Musicians from North Dakota
1976 births
Living people
People from Grand Forks, North Dakota
The Strokes are an American band formed in 1998. They became famous in the early 2000s as a leading group in the garage rock revival. The members of the band are Julian Casablancas, Nick Valensi, Albert Hammond Jr., Nikolai Fraiture and Fabrizio Moretti. The band has released six studio albums, but their first album, Is This It is their most famous.
Band history
Casablancas, Moretti and Valensi were the first members of the band and started playing together when they were still in high school. In 1998, Hammond joined the band. They spent two years playing live in New York City, but no one really listened to them. They recorded some songs and sent them to record labels, but their offers were not accepted. On October 2000, the band went to Gordon Raphael's studio and recorded songs, but with no extra effects. Rough Trade Records founder Geoff Travis found out the songs and released them as The Modern Age EP. The Strokes were also featured in a famous magazine, the NME. Because of these, the band was noticed by a lot of people, but most of those people were in the UK.

Discography 
 Is This It (2001)
 Room on Fire (2003)
 First Impressions of Earth (2006)
 Angles (2011)
 Comedown Machine (2013)
The New Abnormal (2020)

References
References

Other websites 
 The Strokes Official Website
 The Strokes on imeem
 The Strokes Official MySpace
 NME Artist page
 Guardian Unlimited bio from December 16, 2001

Musical groups from New York City
The Henry Head Battery is found on the La Perouse side of the inlet to Botany Bay near the edge of a cliff that drops down into the ocean on Henry Head, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia.

History
This fort and bunker building was built in-between 1892 - 1895 with a large disappearing gun emplacement (a special hole in the ground that the cannon shoots from and then disappears into). The fort was used until 1910, upon which the fort became useless.

The fort that had 2 six inch gun emplacements and special lookout positions was reused during World War II to protect the entrance to Botany Bay. The underground bunker and tunnels inside the fort had vaulted weapons storage rooms with double walls and ceilings. The doubling up of walls and ceilings was a special way of stoppng the walls from collapsing if the fort suffered a direct hit from a missile (rocket) fired from an enemy ship. The battery is currently not in use.

References
References

Forts in Australia
Buildings and structures in Sydney
Military of Australia
1890s establishments in Australia
The Georges Head Battery, also called the Georges Head Military Fortifications is a fort on the Georges Head, in the suburb of Mosman in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Georges Head fort is one of many forts that were built on Sydney Harbour meant to defend the colony of New South Wales, just in case another country tried to invade our country Australia. The fort became the boss of all other forts in the 1890s organizing all of Sydney's harbour forts.

History

The area where the fort is was once home to Aborigines that lived in the area for thousands of years and long before Europeans visited and decided to stay.

Georges Head fort was built in 1871 after the British Army decided to leave Australia in 1870. When they left the responsibility for protecting Sydney and Sydney Harbour was now in the hands of rich colonies like New South Wales and Victoria who now had to organise its own defences.
The planning of defence was planned using telescopes and plotting boards sitting in the middle of the second gun pit. From the telephone exchange, the Port Jackson District Commandant could talk with all the other forts around the harbour. Telephone wires ran through tunnels, down the cliff and under the harbour to forts on the other side.

Georges Head was later chosen as the best place to spy and fire mines which were laid underwater. In 1888 Georges Head battery was upgraded for the latest in harbour defences in the form of submarine bombs. Minefields were laid across the main shipping channels of Port Jackson from 1876 to 1922 and a base was built at Chowder Bay for the submarine miners. From Georges Head, miners watched for ships entering the harbour. Their job was to explode the mine closest to an approaching enemy ship. Each underwater mine was attached to an electric cable that ran up the cliff to the firing post.
The work of the submarine miner was secretive, technical and dangerous. During a demonstration in 1891, a crowd of several thousand watched as a terrible accident killed four miners and injured another eight.

Gallery

References

Other websites
www.harbourtrust.gov.au Middle Head history. 
Australian Bunker and Military Museum. 

History of Australia
Buildings and structures in Sydney
Military of Australia
Forts in Australia
1871 establishments
1870s establishments in Australia
Virgin Records is a British record label. It was started by Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell in 1972. They sold it to Thorn EMI. In 2006, they came together with Capitol Records to become Capitol Music Group.

In 2013, the British Virgin Records joined Mercury Records to start a new label: Virgin EMI.

British record labels
Virgin Group
Death Cab for Cutie (Death Cab or DCFC) is an American indie band. The band was started in 1997 in Bellingham, Washington. The band members are Ben Gibbard (singer, guitar), Dave Depper (singer, guitar), Chris Walla (guitar, production), Nick Harmer (bass) and Jason McGerr (drums).

The band's name was taken from the song "Death Cab for Cutie", written by Neil Innes and Vivian Stanshall and performed by their band the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band in The Beatles' 1967 film Magical Mystery Tour.

Members 
 Ben Gibbard - vocals, guitar, piano (1997-present)
 Dave Depper - guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2016-)
 Nick Harmer - bass (1997-present)
 Jason McGerr - drums (2003-present)
 Zac Rae – keyboards, guitar (2016–present)

Former
 Nathan Good - drums (1997-1999)
 Michael Schorr - drums (2000-2003)
 Chris Walla - guitar, production, piano (1997-2014)

Discography
Discography

Studio albums 
 Something About Airplanes (1998)
 We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes (2000)
 The Photo Album (2001)
 Transatlanticism (2003)
 Plans (2005)
 Narrow Stairs (2008)
 Codes and Keys (2011)
 Kintsugi (2015)
 Thank You for Today (2018)

Other websites 
 
 

American rock bands
American pop music groups
Indie bands
Musical groups from Washington (state)
Musical groups established in 1997
1997 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Washington (state)
Dave Matthews Band (DMB) is a band from the United States. In 1991, Dave Matthews started the band in Charlottesville, Virginia. The other band members are Stefan Lessard, Boyd Tinsley, and Carter Beauford. Saxophone player LeRoi Moore was in the band until he died in 2008. Since 1998, they usually performed with Butch Taylor, too. Rashawn Ross also performed with the band from 2006-2007. Dave Matthews Band has written 235 songs (included cover songs). They have sold over 31 million albums in the United States, and are one of the Top 100 Highest Selling Music Acts of all time.  The Dave Matthews band has a unique style that stretches across many genres.  Thus, they have a fan-base that stretches across many generations and types of people.

Chicago River incident
In August 2004, about 800 pounds of human waste was dumped from the band's tour bus into the Chicago River and onto passengers aboard a sightseeing boat below. The band donated $50,000 to the Friends of the Chicago River and $50,000 to the Chicago Park District as part of the legal settlement.

Studio albums 
 Under the Table and Dreaming (1994)
 Crash (1996)
 Before These Crowded Streets (1998)
 Everyday (2001)
 Busted Stuff (2002)
 Stand Up (2005)
 Big Whiskey & the GrooGrux King (2009)
 Away from the World (2012)
 Come Tomorrow (2018)

References

1991 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Bluegrass bands
Funk bands
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from Virginia
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical quartets
Musical quintets
Fużūlī (فضولی) was the pen name of the poet Muhammad bin Suleyman (محمد بن سليمان) (c. 1483 – 1556). He is one of the greatest contributors to the Dîvân tradition of Azerbaijani literature,

Fuzûlî wrote his collected poems (dîvân) in three different languages: Azerbaijani, Persian, and Arabic. Although his Turkic works are written in Azerbaijani, he knew both the Ottoman and the Chagatai Turkish literary traditions as well.  He was also very able in mathematics and astronomy.

Life

Fuzûlî was born around 1483 in what is now Iraq; he was probably born in either Karbalā’ or an-Najaf. Fuzûlî's ancestors had been of nomadic origin, but his family had long since settled in towns.

Fuzûlî was educated by his father—who was a mufti in the city of Al Hillah — and then by a teacher named Rahmetullah. It was during this time that he learned the Persian and Arabic languages in addition to his native Azerbaijani.
One of the few things that is known of Fuzûlî's life during this time is how he arrived at his pen name. In the introduction to his collected Persian poems, he says: "In the early days when I was just beginning to write poetry, every few days I would set my heart on a particular pen name and then after a time change it for another because someone showed up who shared the same name". Eventually, he decided upon the Arabic word fuzûlî—which literally means "impertinent, improper, unnecessary"—because he "knew that this title would not be acceptable to anyone else".Despite the name's pejorative meaning, however, it contains a double meaning—what is called tevriyye (توريه) in Ottoman Divan poetry — as Fuzûlî himself explains: "I was possessed of all the arts and sciences and found a pen name that also implies this sense since in the dictionary fuzûl (ﻓﻀﻮل) is given as a plural of fazl (ﻓﻀﻞ; 'learning') and has the same rhythm as ‘ulûm (ﻋﻠﻮم; 'sciences') and fünûn (ﻓﻨﻮن; 'arts')".
In 1534, the Ottoman sultan Süleymân I conquered the region of Baghdad, where Fuzûlî lived, from the Safavid Empire. Fuzûlî now had the chance to become a court poet under the Ottoman patronage system, and he composed a number of poems in praise of the sultan, and as a result, he was granted a stipend. But he did not really get it. Therefore he citicized bureaucracy in one of his best-known works, the letter Şikâyetnâme (شکايت نامه; "Complaint"):

سلام وردم رشوت دگلدر ديو آلمادىلر
Selâm verdim rüşvet değildir deyü almadılar.
I said hello, but they didn't accept it since it wasn't a bribe.

The loss of his stipend meant that Fuzûlî never became secure. He died during a plague outbreak in 1556, in Karbalā’, either of the plague itself or of cholera.
Works in Azerbaijani
 Dîvân ("Collected Poems")
 Beng ü Bâde (بنگ و باده; "Hashish and Wine")
 Hadîkat üs-Süedâ (حديقت السعداء; "Garden of Pleasures")
 Dâstân-ı Leylî vü Mecnûn (داستان ليلى و مجنون; "The Epic of Layla and Majnun")
 Risâle-i Muammeyât (رسال ﻤﻌﻤيات; "Treatise on Riddles")
 Şikâyetnâme (شکايت نامه; "Complaint")

Works in Persian
 Dîvân ("Collected Poems")
 Anîs ol-qalb (انیس القلب; "Friend of the Heart")
 Haft Jâm (هفت جام; "Seven Goblets")
 Rend va Zâhed (رند و زاهد; "Hedonist and Ascetic")
 Resâle-e Muammeyât (رسال ﻤﻌﻤيات; "Treatise on Riddles")
 Sehhat o Ma'ruz (صحت و معروض; "Health and Sickness")

Works in Arabic
 Dîvân ("Collected Poems")
 Matla' ul-İ'tiqâd (مطلع الاﻋﺘﻘﺎد; "The Birth of Faith")

References
Primary
 Fuzulî. Fuzulî Divanı: Gazel, Musammat, Mukatta' ve Ruba'î kısmı. Ed. Ali Nihad Tarlan. İstanbul: Üçler Basımevi, 1950.
 Fuzulî. Leylâ ve Mecnun. Ed. Muhammet Nur Doğan. .
Secondary
 Andrews, Walter G. "Fuzûlî" in Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology. pp. 235–237. .
 "Fozule, Mohammad b. Solayman". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 25 August 2006.
 "Fuzuli, Mehmed bin Süleyman." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 23 Aug. 2006  <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035730>.
 Kudret, Cevdet. Fuzuli. .
 Şentürk, Ahmet Atillâ. "Fuzûlî" in Osmanlı Şiiri Antolojisi. pp. 280–324. .

Notes

Other websites
 FUZULİ 
 Muhammed Fuzuli—a website with a brief biography and translated selections from Leylî vü Mecnûn
 Fuzûlî in Stanford J. Shaw's History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey

1480s births
1556 deaths
Azerbaijani poets
Turkish poets
Pen names
Suleiman I or Suleiman the Magnificent (6 November 1495 – 5/6 September 1566), was the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He became sultan when he was 26 years old. He reigned for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566, which was longer than any other Ottoman sultan. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the Muslim world, as the Lawgiver (in Turkish Kanuni; Arabic: القانونى, al‐Qānūnī), because he changed the organization of the Ottoman legal system. This nickname shows how important he was in the Ottoman Empire. Some people even considered Suleiman as the “World Emperor and Messiah of the Last Age”.

He also led many wars in Europe, including wars in Hungary, Austria, the Mediterranean, and parts of North Africa.
Childhood 
Suleiman was the only son of Sultan Selim I and Ayşe Hafsa Sultan. Suleiman spent his childhood in the city of Trabzon, where he got a basic education from his personal teachers. One of his first known teachers was Hayreddin Efendi. Suleiman spoke eight languages fluently. He also wrote Persian poetry and his hobby was composing lute music. Besides battle, he also enjoyed philosophical debate.

During his childhood, Suleiman became friends with Damat Ibrahim Pasha, who was a slave of the sultan. Later during Suleiman’s reign Ibrahim became an important adviser and grand vizier.

When Suleiman was 10 years old, he was expected to take over an administrative position (sancak) in the Ottoman government, but the sons of Beyazid II held him back. Suleiman followed his father Selim I to become emperor of the Ottoman Empire in September 1520.
Siege of Vienna 
Suleiman tried to capture Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Austrian Empire, two times. The first time was in 1529 after he destroyed and captured the Kingdom of Hungary in the 1526 Battle of Mohács. The second time was in 1532. Both times Suleiman failed. The Siege of Vienna resulted in the end of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. After these failed attempts, Suleiman started to focus on growing his Empire into Asia and the Mediterranean instead of Central Europe.

Characteristics of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman
The empire that Suleiman ruled over had Ottoman Turkish as its main language. The religion of Islam played a central role during his reign.  The Ottoman Empire ruled a diverse population.  They were separated by differences in race, language, religion, and customs.  Muslims were favored, because they followed the state religion, which was Islam.  Others, for example Jews and Christians, had a lesser position but still were allowed to have their own religion.  Throughout Suleiman's reign, the government was made up of the Ruling Institution.  This institution included the family of the sultan, the ministers of the sultan, and the army.  During Suleiman’s reign, it can be said that the Muslim Institution had more power and influence than the Ruling Institution.  However, the Muslim Institution was aiming to catch up with the Sharia Institution.

Accomplishments in the Ottoman Empire
Suleiman hired people who were very talented and smart to help him govern.
 Suleiman captured a very big territory and the Ottoman Empire’s size doubled during his reign. His navy was successful in the Mediterranean, and he captured almost all of North Africa except for Tunis.
 Suleiman captured Belgrade in 1521, and Rhodes in 1522. He captured Hungary after destroying the Hungarian Kingdom in 1526 and he also captured some parts of Southern Slovakia and laid siege to the Austrian capital city of Vienna in 1529 and again in 1532 although he failed. Suleyman did this to show how powerful he was.
 One of Suleiman’s first actions as a sultan was to give freedom of movement to 600 important families. Those families had been deported by Selim I to Cairo in 1517. Suleiman gave those families the chance to move back to the Ottoman Empire if they wanted to. Suleiman also played a role in the protection of the Jewish people and other non-Muslims under his empire.
At the start of his reign, Suleiman decided to strengthen Ottoman military power against the Christian enemies of the Ottoman Empire.
Successor of Suleiman 
Suleiman wanted to keep the power to himself. To prevent his son Mustafa from taking power with a coup, Suleiman had Mustafa strangled in 1553. Several other sons also died. Suleiman’s successor was his son Selim II. He came to the throne during civil conflicts with his surviving brothers. Selim II had the urge to live a life of pleasure, instead of focusing on the difficult task of governing. He assigned affairs of state to his grand vizier (chief minister) and son-in-law, Mehmed Sokullu.

After Selim II came to power to follow Suleiman, the reign of the Ottoman Empire steadily went downhill, because Selim II was more focused on his personal pleasure.

Death of Suleiman 
Suleiman died on September 7th 1566. He died during the war with Austria. After his death, his body was moved back to Istanbul. He was buried in Mimar Sinan’s biggest mausoleum.

Notes

Sources

Further reading

Other websites 
 Sultan Suleyman Tomb 

1494 births
1566 deaths
Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
Kālidās (Devanāgarī: कालिदास), was the author of Meghadoot, Shākuntal, and other works in Sanskrit. He has a similar place in Sanskrit as a poet and a dramatist, as Shakespeare in English.

Kālidās's plays and poetry are based on Hindu mythology and philosophy.

Life 

There is very little known for certain about the life of Kālidās. It is not clear where he lived, and the time he might have lived is anywhere from 130 BC to 600 CE.

Kālidās did not mention in his works any king as his patron.

Works

Plays 

Kālidās wrote three plays: Mālawikāgnimitra ("Mālavikā and Agnimitra"), Abhijñānashākuntala ("The Recognition of Shakuntala"), and Vikramorwasheeya ("Pertaining to Vikram and Urwashi"). Abhijñānashākuntala, that is regarded as a masterpiece was the first to be translated into English and German.
Mālawikāgnimitra tells the story of King Agnimitra, who falls in love with the picture of an exiled servant girl named Mālavikā. When the queen discovers her husband's passion for a servant girl, she becomes very angry and orders that this girl is sent to prison; but it turns out that the girl is a princess, therefore the affair is accepted in the end.

Abhijñānashākuntala tells the story of a king, Dushyanta, who meets in the forests Shakuntalā, the adopted daughter of a wise man who lives with him in a cottage in the forests. 
Dushyanta and Shakuntalā fall in love with each other and get married. Dushyanta stays with Shakuntalā in the forests for while until he gets called back to his court for some pressing matter. After many difficulties there follows a happy end.

Vikramōrwasheeya is more mystical than the above two plays.

Poetry
Poetry 

Kālidās wrote two very good epic poems, Raghuvamsha ("Dynasty of Raghu") and Kumārasambhawa ("Birth of Kumar Kartikeya"), and the lyrical Meghadoota ("Cloud Messenger") and Rutusamhāra ("The Exposition on the Seasons").
                                         
Some historians credit Kālidās with a few other works, including the following; however, scholars commonly believe that they were the creations of some other authors writing under the name Kālidās:

 ShrungaraTilaka
 ShrungaraRasāshta
 SetuKāwya
 KarpuraManjari
 PushpabānaWilāsa
 ShyāmalaDandaka
 PrashnottaraMālā
 JyotirWiddyābharana

Notes

Further reading 
 K.D. Sethna. Problems of Ancient India, p. 79-120 (chapter: "The Time of Kalidasa"), 2000 New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.  (about the dating of Kalidasa)
Other websites 
 Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works by Arthur W. Ryder
 Biography of Kalidasa
 Kalidasa and Ancient India 
 
 Clay Sanskrit Library  publishes classical Indian literature, including the works of Kalidasa with Sanskrit facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials.
 Kalidasa at The Online Library of Liberty

Indian writers
Indian poets
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
Sanskrit
Ancient writers
The water organ or hydraulic organ is a kind of pipe organ.  As in the pipe organ, the sound is made by air blowing through the pipes, but power to make the air blow does not come from bellows or from electricity as in the modern organ, but from water, for example from a waterfall.

A hydraulis is an early type of pipe organ that was powered by water.  It was invented in the 3rd century B.C., probably by  the Hellenistic scientist Ctesibius of Alexandria.  It was the world's first keyboard instrument.  Many centuries later it developed into the modern pipe organ.

The water organ works by having water and air arriving together in the camera aeolis (wind chamber). Here, water and air separate and the compressed air is driven into a wind-trunk on top of the camera aeolis, to blow the organ pipes.  Two perforated ‘splash plates’ or ‘diaphragms’ stop the water spray from getting into the organ pipes.
The water, having been separated from the air, leaves the camera aeolis at the same speed as it enters.  It then drives a water wheel, which in turn drives the musical cylinder and the movements attached.  To start the organ, the tap above the entry pipe is turned on and, given a continuous flow of water, the organ plays until the tap is closed again. 

During the Renaissance many Italian gardens had water organs.  The most famous water organ of the 16th century was at the Villa d'Este in Tivoli. It was about 6 metres high and was powered by a beautiful waterfall.  It could play three pieces automatically, but there was also a keyboard.

Musical instruments
A User interface allows a user to interact with a machine. User interfaces mainly provide two things:
input The user can change things; he or she can change how the machine works, or give more information to the machine.
output After the user has given some input, the machine will do something, and then provide some output

Many machines can be very dangerous. A machine should have a user interface that can be handled easily, even if the person operating the machine has panicked. The user interface should therefore be intuitive, and simple to use. An example of such a user interface is that of the kill switch. A kill switch must shut off the machine at all costs - the idea is to avoid injury or harm to people. This is very different from shutting off the machine at the end of the shift, or when it is no longer needed.

According to EN ISO 13850, the kill switch has to be red on a yellow background.  

The colors used to mark different states are close to those used by signals used on the road.
There may be additional symbols, for example:

In many cases, such symbols are better, because some people are color blind. They need to be explained, like warnings, though.

Computers
Pizza Hut is an American pizza restaurant, or pizza parlor. Pizza Hut also serves salads, pastas and bread sticks. In 2008, Pizza Hut serves chicken wings as a part of the Wingstreet restaurant franchise logo. Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney. The company is known for its Italian-American cuisine menu, including pizza and pasta, as well as side dishes and desserts.

History
Pizza Hut was founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas, by Dan and Frank Carvey. The first Pizza Hut location was at a intersection in Wichita.

References

Other websites
Official website
PiDubai website 
Official Pizza Hut Indonesia website

1958 establishments in the United States
American fast food restaurants
Companies based in Texas
Plano, Texas
20th-century establishments in Kansas
An intersection is where two or more roads come together. Intersections are also known as junctions. At an intersection, there can be stop signs on one or both sides of the intersection. There can also be a traffic light.

Kinds of intersections
There are two major types of intersections.
3-way intersection
Also called a T intersection, 3-way intersections make a T-like shape.
4-way intersection
4-way intersections make a cross- or +-like shape.

Related pages
Interchange

Roads
Package or packaging can mean:
a container such as a box or parcel
Software package, in computing, a type of file format where software programs and installation material are grouped together
Java package, a concept in computer programming where related classes and interfaces are grouped together
Chip carrier, in electronics, the material added around a component or integrated circuit so it can be handled without damage and put into a circuit
Automotive package, in automobile building and advertising, a group of features all sold together
Package holiday, in tourism, a holiday or package tour where travel and accommodations are advertised and sold together
Movie packaging, in movie industry terminology, when a top talent agency starts a film or television project using its own talent
Media packaging, a set of clips about one particular story, often used in news broadcasts and narrated by an anchor or a field reporter
as a verb, meaning packing
A chrysalis is the pupa of a butterfly.  The word chrysalis comes from the Greek language word for gold because butterflies often have a brighter pupa than other insects.

Butterflies
Developmental biology
Artibonite is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. It is named Artibonite because the Artibonite river flows across the department from east to west. Its capital is Gonaïves.

The independence of Haiti was proclaimed in the Place d'Armes of Gonaïves on 1 January 1804 by Jean Jacques Dessalines.

Geography 
The Départment de l'Artibonite, with an area of 4,895 km², is the largest department of Haiti.

The main river of the department is the Artibonite. Other rivers are Ennery, de l'Estère, Montrouis, Quinte.

The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the Chaine de Terre-Neuve and the Montagnes Noires (in English, "Black Mountains"). There is also part of the Chaine des Mattheux.

It is bordered to the northwest by the Nord-Ouest Department, to the north and northeast by the Nord Department, to the east by the Centre Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. The Gulf of Gonâve is to the west.
Population 
The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 1,299,398 persons: 625,690 men and 673,708 women, with 422,476 (32.51%) living in cities and towns.

The main cities are Gonaïves (the capital) and Saint-Marc.

Administrative division 
The department is divided into five arrondissements (like districts) and 15 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
 Dessalines
 Desdunes
 Dessalines
 Grande Saline
 Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite
 Gonaïves
 Ennery
 Estère
 Gonaïves
 Gros-Morne
 Anse Rouge
 Gros-Morne
 Terre-Neuve
 Marmelade
 Marmelade
 Saint Michel de l'Attalaye
 Saint-Marc
 La Chapelle
 Saint-Marc
 Verettes

Economy 
Most of the rice of Haiti is grown in the Artibonite department, along the valley of the River Artibonite.

References 

Departments of Haiti
Cities in Haiti
During the 20th century, many cities apart from Paris have areas where people have lived Bohemian lifestyles. One of the problems is that these areas often become fashionable for rich people. This soon drives away the poor artists and students, because they can no longer afford the rent.

Bohemian areas 
                

Bohemian areas in different cities are: 
 Paris- Montmartre and Montparnasse 
 Istanbul- Pera (Beyoglu)
 London- Chelsea, Camden Town, and Soho
 Munich- Schwabing 
 Belgrade- Skadarlija 
 Madrid- Lavapiés in Madrid 
 Milan- Isola and Colonne di San Lorenzo 
 New York City- Greenwich Village, the East Village and Chelsea
 Massachusetts- Provincetown 
 California- Carmel-by-the-Sea, 
 San Francisco- the Mission District 
 Chicago- Logan Square 
 New Orleans- the French Quarter 
 Toronto- Kensington Market 
 Mexico City- Coyoacán and Condesa 
 Sydney- Kings Cross and Newtown
 Tokyo - Shimokitazawa 
 Vancouver- Commercial Drive
Bohemians in culture 
 Bohemian people and places have very often been shown in paintings. Famous bohemian artists of Paris include Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent van Gogh and Maurice Utrillo. 

 La bohème means "the Bohemian". It is the name of a famous opera written by Giacomo Puccini. 
 Moulin Rouge! is a movie by Baz Lurhmann.

Related pages 
 Avant-garde
 Counterculture
 Montmartre 
 Moulin Rouge 
 Henri Toulouse-Lautrec 
 La bohème

Lifestyles
Many organists who gave organ recitals liked Henry Willis’s organs because they had lots of different sounds which helped to make the organ sound like an orchestra. He made organs for churches where the architects were getting rid of the central screen so that the organ could be heard better in the main part of the church (the nave). He used ideas that had been created by the French organ builder Cavaillé-Coll and by Barker. He made several inventions himself, including the thumb piston, which made it possible for an organist to change the combination of stops without taking his hands off the keyboard.

Four generations of the Willis family continued the family tradition of organ building until 1997, when Henry Willis IV retired and the new Managing Director of the firm was not a member of the Willis family. The Company, founded in 1845, Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd. still makes organs in Liverpool.

Other websites
 Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd., Organ Builders
 Biography 
 Groves Music Online
Organ builders
People from London
1821 births
1901 deaths
Drug addiction, also called substance dependence or dependence syndrome, is a condition where a person feels a strong need to take a drug. Addiction also involves other behaviours. These include finding it difficult to control the need to use the drug and feeling the use of the drug to be more important than more normal things such as family or work. When the person does not use the drug for an amount of time, they may suffer from withdrawal.

When a person is addicted, they are usually addicted to a class (a specific kind) of drug. For example: Heroin is a drug that is in the Opiate class. Which means that a person addicted to Heroin may also be seen to have an addiction to other opiates such as Morphine.

A person who may easily become addicted to drugs is said to have an addictive personality. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines drug addiction as a mental disorder. Drug addiction is often linked with other mental disorders.

Symptoms
Symptoms 

 Neglecting responsibilities at school, work, or home in favor of drug.
 Wanting to quit using drugs, but being unable to stop.
 Experiencing significant cravings or irritability when not using drugs.
 Using drugs despite the impact on relationships, jobs, finances, and physical and mental health it may cause.
 Using more of a substance than intended, or needing to use more of a substance in order to achieve the same result/feeling as when you first began using, which is referred to as tolerance.
 Experiencing mental and/or physical withdrawal symptoms when you stop using drugs, which is referred to as dependence. drugs also make people lash out
The health effects of drug abuse are not just a concern for the individual using drugs. In the case of a woman who is abusing drugs while pregnant, the long-term health of the child can be adversely affected as well. A study from Pediatrics reports that babies born to women who abuse drugs during pregnancy may have physical, emotional, and mental health issues during childhood and even throughout their lives, including:

 Slowed or impeded physical growth.
 Delayed development of language abilities.
 Long-term neurological impairments such as chemical imbalances, slowed cognitive development, learning disabilities, and decreased intellectual capabilities.
 Increased risk of behavioral issues, including hyperactivity, attention deficit, and delinquency.
 Increased risk of mental health disorders later in life, including substance abuse.

Related pages 
 Alcoholism - addiction to ethanol

References 

Social issues
Drugs
Addiction
Diseases of despair
Aristide Cavaillé-Coll (born in Montpellier, 4 February 1811; died in Paris, 13 October 1899) was a French organ-builder. He invented many new mechanical devices and his organs changed the way that composers could write for the instrument. César Franck, Alexandre Guilmant, and Charles-Marie Widor, in particular, were strongly influenced by the new type of organ that he was building.

Cavaillé-Coll grouped the stops of the organ into different families, so that the result was similar to the families of instruments in an orchestra.  He made the lowest of the manuals (keyboards) the most important one.  It was called the “Great” (French: “Grande Orgue”).  The other manuals - there were usually two others, but sometimes three - could be “coupled” to the Great.  He made changes to the English swell box, improved its operation, and divided the windchests on which the pipes were resting.  This made it possible to have louder reed stops because of the higher wind pressure.
Other websites
 Association Aristide Cavaille-Coll 

1811 births
1899 deaths
Organ builders
French businesspeople
People from Montpellier
Gottfried Silbermann (born Kleinbobritzsch, 14 January 1683; died Dresden, 4 August 1753) was a very important German builder of keyboard instruments. He built harpsichords, clavichords, organs, and pianos.

Life 
He was born in Kleinbobritzsch. He learnt to build organs from his brother in Straßburg. In 1711 Silbermann opened his own workshop in Freiberg. Then, in 1723 got the title "Honorary Court and State Organ Builder to the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony" from Frederick Augustus I. Gottfried Silbermann designed and built approximately 50 organs. He had different ideas about organ building from Arp Schnitger who was an organ builder in the north of Germany. Silbermann's organs were some of the best instruments in the south of Germany, some of them still exist. The Hofkirche organ and that of Freiberg Cathedral are considered his greatest works.
Silbermann's pianos 
Silbermann also played a big role in the history of the piano. He built the first German fortepiano in 1732. During the 1740s, King Frederick the Great of Prussia became familiar with Silbermann's pianos and bought a number of them. He employed Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach who was playing Silbermann fortepianos and wrote music for this particular fortepiano model. They were also played by Johann Sebastian Bach during his visit to Potsdam where during his second visit Silbermann pianos met Bach's "complete approval".

References

Other websites
 www.silbermann.org  Gottfried-Silbermann-Society

1683 births
1753 deaths
People from Saxony
Organ builders
Piano makers
The Gulf of Gonâve () is a large gulf along the western coast of Haiti. It is at . Port-au-Prince, the capital city of Haiti, is on the coast of the gulf. Other cities on the gulf coast include Gonaïves, Saint-Marc, Miragoâne, and Jérémie.

Several islands are in the gulf; the largest is Gonâve Island, followed by the much smaller Cayemites. The Artibonite River flows into this gulf.

Gonâve Island splits the gulf in two channels (a channel is a narrow part of the sea): the Saint-Marc Channel to the north and the Gonâve Channel to the south.

Geography of Haiti
Gulfs
Arp Schnitger (born 2 July 1648; buried 28 July 1719) was a very important German builder of pipe organs. He mostly worked in Northern Europe, especially the Netherlands and Germany, where a number of his instruments survive to the present day. His organs are different from those of Gottfried Silbermann who worked in south Germany. Arp Schnitger had great influence on later organ builders, in particular in the 20th century when people wanted a change from the Romantic 19th century organs and tried to make instruments that sounded like they had done in the Baroque period.

Gallery

Other websites
 Organs of Arp Schnitger

German businesspeople
Organ builders
1648 births
1719 deaths
Hello Kitty is a Japanese character of a cat. It was made in 1974 by a Japanese company named Sanrio. Her real name is Kitty White. The character has a large head. She usually has a red bow between her ears. She has no mouth. Sanrio said that she was not given a mouth because she communicates by using the heart instead of speaking one particular language. Hello Kitty is known all over the world.

Hello Kitty became very popular with young schoolgirls during the 1980s. In the 1990s Sanrio made more products with the picture of the cat which would appeal to teenagers and young women.

Hello Kitty has become very successful. The character's picture is on over fifty thousand products sold in most countries.  Sanrio’s amusement park Puroland opened in 1990. It is visited by more than 1.5 million visitors each year. Hello Kitty has been an animated character, such as in Hello Kitty’s Furry Tale Theatre, shown on United States television during 1987 and 1991.
Famous stars such as Mariah Carey and Britney Spears were photographed with products that had her picture. Hello Kitty is an example of a Japanese kawaii (cute in English) character.

Characters

Kitty White
Kitty was born in London, England on November 1st, and to this day she lives there with her family. She likes the apple pie her mother makes. Her mother has her wear a ribbon on her left ear, in order to tell the difference between twins Kitty and Mimmy. She enjoys baking cookies and playing the piano; she aspires to be a pianist or a poet when she is older. Her height is as same as five apples and her weight is as same as three apples. Her childhood friend is Daniel Starr.

Mimmy White
She is the twin sister of Kitty White. She wears a yellow ribbon on her right ear. She is shy and feminine.
Daniel Starr
He is Kitty's childhood friend, born on May 3rd. He is often called "Dear Daniel", resembling "Hello Kitty". He has a naïve and loving personality. His favorite foods are cheesecake and yogurt, and his talents include dancing and playing the piano. He wishes to be a photographer someday.

Mary White
Mary is Kitty and Mimmy's mother. She is very generous and good at cooking, cleaning and washing. Her birthday is September 14th.

George White
George is Kitty and Mimmy's father. He is a very reliable and humorous man. His birthday is June 3rd.

Related pages
 Sanrio

References

The Independent, 21 May 2008 pp22–23.
Sanriotown website

Other websites
 Official Website
 Puroland 
 

Fictional cats
Japanese art
Herman's Hermits were a rock band from England. They were part of the "British Invasion" of bands during the 1960s, and were most popular in that decade. Their business manager was an American named Allen Klein, who also worked for Donovan, The Animals, and later The Rolling Stones and The Beatles.
None of the members was really named Herman. Lead singer Peter Noone (pronounced "noon") was nicknamed Herman, because his bandmates thought he looked like Sherman, from The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show. Noone was an actor before he became a singer. The other band members were Derek "Lek" Leckenby (guitar), Keith Hopwood (guitar, keyboards), Karl Green (bass guitar) and Barry Whitwam (drums). The band began as amateurs, playing at parties for friends, but turned professional as they improved. They made records, appeared on television, and also made movies.
The Hermits's hit records included "I'm Into Something Good", "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat?", "There's A Kind Of Hush (All Over The World)", "I'm Henry VIII, I Am", "Listen People", and cover versions of "Silhouettes", "Sea Cruise", and "The End Of The World". "Hold On" was the title song of their first movie. "Mrs. Brown, You've Got A Lovely Daughter" was a hit song first, that was later fitted to a movie storyline.

Herman's Hermits stopped having hits as music trends changed, but their old songs were well loved. They are still played today. The band members went on to other careers in the 1970s. Peter Noone went back to acting, but still appeared as a singer.

In the 1980s, Leckenby and Whitwam formed a new band, to tour under the old name. The singer sounded like Noone, and many fans did not know the difference. Other original members also sometimes rejoined. During the 1990s, Noone took over the name for his band, that appeared with him at oldies concerts.

References
References

English rock bands
English pop music groups
Grand'Anse, or Grande Anse, is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti. Its capital is Jérémie.

Geography 
The Départment de la Grand'Anse has an area of 2,091 km². It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Gonâve, to the east by the Nippes Department, to the south by the Sud Department, and by the Caribbean Sea to the west.

The Massiff de la Hotte, an important Haitian mountain range, runs from west to east along the south of the department, with the Plymouth, Macaya and Casetaches mountain ranges. Because of this, rivers here are short; some of them are Baradères, Dame-Marie, de la Grande-Anse, de Nippes, des Roseaux and Voldrogue.

Administrative division 
The department is divided into three arrondissements (like districts) and 11 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
 Anse d'Hainault
 Anse-d'Hainault
 Dame-Marie
 Les Irois
 Corail
 Beaumont
 Corail
 Pestel
 Roseaux
 Jérémie
 Abricots
 Bonbon
 Chambellan
 Jérémie
 Moron
References 

Departments of Haiti
Nippes is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti.

It is the newest and smallest Haitian department; it was created in 2003 with the eastern part of the Grand'Anse Department. It has an estimated population of 266,379 (2003) and its capital city is Miragoâne.

Nippes has an area of 1,219 km2. It is bordered to the south by the Sud Department, to the east by the Ouest Department, to the west by the Grand'Anse Department and to the north by the Gonâve Channel, the southern part of the Gulf of Gonâve.

Administrative division 
The department is divided into three arrondissements (like districts) and 11 communes (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
 Miragoâne
 Miragoâne
 Petite-Rivière-de-Nippes
 Fonds-des-Nègres
 Paillant
 Anse-à-Veau
 Anse-à-Veau
 L'Asile
 Petit-Trou-de-Nippes
 Plaisance-du-Sud
 Arnaud
 Baradères
 Barradères
 Grand-Boucan

References 

Departments of Haiti
Lara Veronin is a Russian-Taiwanese-American singer born on 2 May 1988. She is famous for being the lead vocalist of the C-Pop band Nan Quan Mama. The band's first album Treasure Map and second album Nan Quan Mama, Version 2 both peaked at #4 on the Taiwanese Album Charts. She has also appeared as a featured voicalist on Jay Chou's sixth album November's Chopin on the track Coral Sea.

Biography

Veronin was born and raised in Monterey Park, California, America and moved to Taiwan in her teens. Her father is a Russian American, and her mother a Taiwanese. She speaks fluent English and Mandarin as shown in her songs, but says she is unable to speak Russian.

Reportedly, Veronin's talent was discovered when she met C-pop singer Jay Chou at a restaurant where she was working. He was interested in her voice and recruited her for his band, Nan Quan Mama. Her role as the lead singer of Nan Quan Mama gave her instant fame.
She gained greater recognition as her songs "靠近一點點 Kao Jin Yi Dian Dian" and "Say You Love Me" were chosen to be theme songs for It Started With A Kiss, a Chinese romantic comedy television series in 2005.

In 2006, Veronin was cast in the television series Engagement for Love, co-starring Alex To and Ambrose Hsu.

As of now, Veronin is studying in college in Taipei while continuing her music career.

Style
Her musical style is often disputed (argued about). This is because most of her songs when she performs solo are in the alternative or pop-rock genre, but when she performs as a vocalist in the band Nan Quan Mama, she often sings blues- and soul-influenced dance music.

References

Other websites
 Nan Quan Mama Official Site 
 Veronin UN-Official Xanga Blog
 Veronin UN-Official Myspace
 Rockers Union

1988 births
Living people
Singers from California
C-pop singers
American pop musicians
American R&B singers
American rock musicians
Russian singers
Taiwanese singers
Super Girl (; lit. Super Female Voice) is an annual national singing contest in People's Republic of China for female competitors. The official name is The Mengniu Yoghurt Super Girl Contest, after the company that sponsored the show. It is now one the most popular entertainment shows in China. However, after the third season, the show was banned by the Chinese government. The show was the feature of a 2007 documentary titled Super, Girls!, produced and directed by independent Chinese filmmaker Jian Yi on the 2006 Super Voice Girls contest, released at the Cambridge Film Festival. An ARTiSIMPLE Studio production, "Super, Girls!" is the only independent feature-length documentary ever made about the "Super Girls."

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