Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Age and origin
Even though the rock types are different, Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are thought to be about the same age. They have both been exposed because of folding, faulting and the erosion of surrounding rock.

The park is in a geological area called the Amadeus sedimentary basin. The basin was formed about 900 million years ago. Over hundreds of millions of years, it was covered by layer after layer of sediment, until about 300 million years ago. About 550 million years ago, the mountain ranges to the south and west were pushed up out of the ground in a mountain-building event. These mountains quickly crumbled and huge chunks of sediment were pushed northward by rivers. The rivers flattened out into at least two alluvial fans. It is the remains of these alluvial fans that are seen today as Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa.
By about 500 million years ago, a shallow inland sea formed in the basin. Over many hundreds of years, sand and mud fell to the bottom of the sea, covering the alluvial deposit. This layer cemented everything together, forming the arkose over Uluṟu and the conglomerate over Kata Tjuṯa. The sea dried up between 400 and 300 million years ago. A long period of folding tilted the horizontal rock layers. The layers of Uluṟu arkose were folded to the near vertical position they are in today. The conglomerate of Kata Tjuṯa was tilted about 15 to 20 degrees from the horizontal. This means that Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa are the exposed tips of huge rock slabs that run far below the ground.

A valley was formed between the two rocks about 65 million years ago. Newer layers of sediment were added to the old ones. These were covered by the red sand that can be seen today, which was brought in by wind.
Shaping
The big canyons of Kata Tjuṯa are thought to be evidence of faults that formed while the rock was being folded millions of years ago. Many years of weathering has made the faults bigger and water has eroded the rock into the valleys and domes seen today. Uluṟu has deep parallel fractures that run down its sides. These are caused by erosion, mostly from rainwater running off the domed top. The caves around the base of Uluṟu were formed by water weathering, though the exact process is still not known. Erosion of the rock is very slow, because the surface is very hard, and because there is no major jointing or parting at its base.

Colour changes
Colour changes

The bright orange-red colour of the rock surfaces comes from the oxidation (or rusting) of the iron in the arkose. When fresh (not exposed to the air), the arkose has a grey colour. Uluṟu appears to change colour at different times of the day and year. It glows a deep red colour during sunrise and sunset. The red light that comes across the sky at these times reflects off the rock, sand and clouds to make a bright glowing effect.

Hydrology
Hydrology

Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa is normally arid (dry). Most of the water in the park is under the ground. It can stay under the park for thousands of years. In the end, it all drains through the ground to Lake Amadeus in the north. Knowing where to find this underground water has always been important for human survival in the area. It is the only supply of water in the area that people can rely on. Both Muṯitjulu and Yulara get their water from ancient aquifers under the park. The water contains salt, which is removed before it is used. The aquifers being refilled depends on rare major rains, normally happening every ten years or so.
There are no proper watercourses in the park. Creek beds and gullies are mostly found in the valleys around Kata Tjuṯa. These are usually dry, except after heavy rains, but water can stay under the sand for months. The soils in the park contain high levels of clay, which stops water from soaking into the ground too quickly. The only lasting surface water in the park is Muṯitjulu Waterhole (), at the base of Uluṟu. It has many waterholes (pockets of water) that have formed by rain running off the rock down its fracture lines. They are the only lasting spots of water above the ground for hundreds of kilometres in any direction. They normally have some water in them for the whole year.
Climate and seasons
Uluṟu–Kata Tjuṯa has a mostly dry climate. Rainfall is usually low, very hard to predict. The park gets an average of  of rain per year, but each year can be very different. Rain is most common between November and March. Droughts are common and can be very long. The most rain recorded in one year was  in 1974. The least amount was  in 1965. The year 1965 was also the end of the longest drought that has been recorded here, which lasted six and a half years. Major rainfalls (periods with lots of rain) are rare, happening about every ten years. They are very important for refilling the groundwater supply and can put a lot of life into the ecosystems. The last major rainfall was in 2009, which got  of rain.

The average relative humidity is a lot lower than in coastal areas. It normally lowers as the temperature rises. The average rate of evaporation per year is high at about . The levels of UV on most summer days reach between 11 and 15.
The Aṉangu say the park has five seasons:
Piriyakutu or piriya-piriya (usually August to September) – Breeding season, plants grow food, and a hot wind comes in from the northwest.
Mai wiyaringkupai or kuli (around December) – The hottest season, when food becomes hard to find. Bushfires are a danger.
Itjanu or inuntjji (usually January to March) – Rainy season, when storms are common. If there is lots of rain, plants grow lots of food.
Wanitjunkupai (usually April, May) – The start of cool weather. Cold-blooded animals in the area go into hibernation. Clouds come in from the south, but don't normally bring rain.
Wari (late May to July) – The cold season, with mist or dew in the mornings, but not much rain.
Ecology
The park is ranked as one of the most important arid land ecosystems in the world. It is one of 15 biosphere reserves in Australia under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere system. The landscape looks quite barren, but is actually a complex ecosystem with many forms of life. Plants and animals have adapted to the area's extreme conditions. As a result, it supports some of the most unusual flora and fauna on the planet.

Much of the park land is made up of flat plains dotted with many kinds of spinifex grasses. There are also large areas of sand dunes, rocky scrubland and open woodland. The gullies and creek lines that fan out from the rock formations form their own unique habitats, because of the concentration of water in the ground there.

Management
The park is managed jointly (together) by the Aṉangu and Parks Australia. Parks Australia is the government body that looks after national parks in Australia. It is a part of the Department of the Environment. The Aṉangu own the land, and lease it to the government. The lease began in 1985 and lasts for 99 years. Decisions are made by the Board of Management, a group of people. Under the lease terms, the Aṉangu always hold a majority on the management board. There are 12 people on the board.
 eight are from the Aṉangu community
 one represents the ministry of tourism
 one represents the ministry of the environment
 one represents the Northern Territory government
 the Director of National Parks, who represents Parks Australia
Tjukurpa, the Aṉangu legal code, makes up the basis for the park's management. It says how to deal with problems, and sets penalties for people who break the rules. The Aṉangu have used the Australian legal system to enforce tjukurpa and protect their sacred values. Sacred sites are registered under Territory law; it is against the law for visitors to enter them. Laws also protect traditional designs from being copied. Aṉangu have the right to forage and hunt in the park.

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

References

Notes

Bibliography

Other websites

 Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Department of the Environment
 World heritage listing for Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park
 Uluru Kata Tjuta & surrounds , Travel Northern Territory
 A report on the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park, Sacred Land Film Project
  List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

National parks in Australia
Protected areas of the Northern Territory
Pitjantjatjara
George Willis, MD JP (1828-1898) was a British medical doctor and politician.

Early life
Willis was born in County Cavan, Ireland.  He earned his medical degree at the University of Glasgow in 1850.

He was the elder brother of Dr. William Willis who taught medicine at the University of Tokyo and founded the medical school at the University of Kagoshima.

Career
He was one of the founders of the Monmouth Hospital and Dispensary at Monmouth in Wales.   

He was three times elected mayor of Monmouth.

References

1828 births
1898 deaths
English politicians
People from the Republic of Ireland
British medical doctors
Death row is a place where people convicted of bad things go to be executed using different methods. Some are lethal injection or a gas chamber, or even an electric chair. Death row is often known as capital punishment because many years ago, people who were convicted of really bad things such as killing were executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered, firing squad, gas chamber, guillotine, or shooting.

Punishments

Gas chamber 
Gas chamber is a tool used to kill somebody by breathing in the gas and choking to death.

Guillotine 
Guillotine is a tool that was used long before other tools were created. It is an object designed to cut off the head of a person by dropping a cutting tool that is controlled by a pulling object.

Firing squad 
Firing squad is a killing method used in the early 1900s, including World War II. The method is used when army officers shoot a person to death.
Electric chair 
The electric chair is a tool that is still used now. It is a chair with electricity flowing through it designed to shock a person and kill them in minutes.

Lethal injection 
Lethal injection is a killing method that is also used to this day. It is made to inject a person with one or more drugs that will kill them in minutes, or even seconds if the drugs are very bad, or a large dose is given.

Related pages
Death penalty

Imprisonment and detention
Punishments
Capital punishment
Animation Domination is a group of television shows that is shown on Fox. It began on September 11, 2005 and airs on Sunday nights. In Canada, it is known as Animation Rules. It airs from 7 to 10 PM when The OT is not on, when The OT is airing, Animation Domination is broadcast from 8 to 10 PM, unless the NFL game runs for longer, which might cause the block not to air until the following week.

History
Animation Domination started on May 1, 2005 with back-to-back episodes of The Simpsons, Family Guy then American Dad! (created with the block).

Shows

Current schedule
 Shows in bold are currently airing new episodes.

Current shows
 The Simpsons (2005–present)
 Family Guy (2005–present)
 American Dad! (2005–present) (Moving to TBS in late 2014)
 Bob's Burgers (2011–present)
 Duncanville (2020-present)
 The Great North (2021-present)
 HouseBroken (2021-present)
Past shows
 King of the Hill (2005–2009, final 4 episodes aired in syndication in 2010)
 Sit Down, Shut Up (2009)
 The Cleveland Show (2009-2013)
 Allen Gregory (2011)
 Napoleon Dynamite (2012)
 Bordertown (2016)

International versions
It airs in Australia on Fox8, and on other Fox channels in Italy, Portugal and Spain, putting it in their own languages.

Saturday nights
Fox announced plans to air a late Saturday night block of adult animation (11pm-12:30am ET/PT), which would compete with Saturday Night Live on NBC and replace reruns of their programming. It is by Nick Weidenfeld, who used to be at Adult Swim. It launched in January 2013.

Related pages
 Fox Broadcasting Company

References

Other websites
 Official website

Fox television series
2005 television series debuts
American animated television series
Television programming blocks in the United States
William Willis (1837–1894) was a British medical doctor and professor at the University of Tokyo.

Early life
Willis was born in Ireland in 1837.  He was awarded his medical degree at the University of Edinburgh in 1859.

He was the younger brother of Dr. George Willis of Monmouth in Wales.

Career
In 1861, Willis became the doctor of the British legation in Edo, Japan in 1861.

In 1869, Willis was named professor and head of the medical school at the Tokyo Imperial University.

In 1870, Willis became head of the hospital at Kagoshima.  He founded the medical school at the University of Kagoshima.

Willis returned to the United Kingdom in 1881.  He practiced in Wales with his brother until 1885.

References

Further reading
 Cortzzi, Hugh, (1985). Dr. Willis in Japan, 1862-1877: British medical pioneer London: Athlone Press. 

1837 births
1894 deaths
British medical doctors
Ernani is an Italian opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi, with a libretto by Francesco Maria Piave, based on Victor Hugo's play Hernani. It was first performed in Venice, on March 9, 1844.

Principal roles

 Ernani - tenor
 Elvira - soprano
 Carlo - baritone
 Silva - bass

Sources
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

1840s operas
Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
La forza del destino (The Force of Destiny) is an Italian opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi, with a libretto by Francesco Maria Piave and later Antonio Ghislanzoni, based on Angel de Saavedra Ramirez de Baquedano's Don Alvaro o la Fuerza del Sino. It was first performed in Saint Petersburg, Russia, on November 10, 1862, A revised version was performed in Milan, on February 27, 1869. One of Verdi's richest "middle-period" works, with one of the finest of all operatic overtures.

Principal roles

 Leonora - soprano
 Preziosilla - mezzo-soprano
 Don Alvaro - tenor
 Don Carlo - baritone
 Padre Guardiano - bass
 Fra Melitone - baritone

Discography

1869 revised version
1941: Maria Caniglia (Leonora), Ebe Stignani (Preziosilla), Galliano Masini (Don Alvaro), Carlo Tagliabue (Don Carlo), Tancredi Pasero (Padre Guardiano), Saturno Meletti (Fra Melitone); Orchestra Sinfonica e Coro dell’E.I.A.R di Torino, Gino Marinuzzi - (EMI Classics)
 1954: Maria Callas (Leonora), Elena Nicolai (Preziosilla), Richard Tucker (Don Alvaro), Carlo Tagliabue (Don Carlo), Nicola Rossi-Lemeni (Padre Guardiano), Renato Capecchi (Fra Melitone); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Tullio Serafin - (EMI Classics)
 1955: Renata Tebaldi (Leonora), Giulietta Simionato (Preziosilla), Mario Del Monaco (Don Alvaro), Ettore Bastianini (Don Carlo), Cesare Siepi (Padre Guardiano), Fernando Corena (Fra Melitone); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia di Roma, Francesco Molinari-Pradelli - (Decca)
1958: Zinka Milanov (Leonora), Rosalind Elias (Preziosilla), Giuseppe Di Stefano (Don Alvaro), Leonard Warren (Don Carlo), Giorgio Tozzi (Padre Guardiano), Dino Mantovani (Fra Melitone); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Fernando Previtali - (RCA Victor, later Decca/London)
 1964: Leontyne Price (Leonora), Shirley Verrett (Preziosilla), Richard Tucker (Don Alvaro), Robert Merrill (Don Carlo), Giorgio Tozzi (Padre Guardiano), Ezio Flagello (Fra Melitone); RCA Italiana Orchestra and Chorus, Thomas Schippers - (RCA Records)
 1969: Martina Arroyo (Leonora), Biancamaria Casoni (Preziosilla), Carlo Bergonzi (Don Alvaro), Piero Cappuccilli (Don Carlo), Ruggero Raimondi (Padre Guardiano), Geraint Evans (Fra Melitone); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, Lamberto Gardelli - (EMI Classics)
1976: Leontyne Price (Leonora), Fiorenza Cossotto (Preziosilla), Plácido Domingo (Don Alvaro), Sherrill Milnes (Don Carlo), Bonaldo Giaiotti (Padre Guardiano), Gabriel Bacquier (Fra Melitone); John Alldis Choir, London Symphony Orchestra, James Levine - (RCA Records)
 1985: Rosalind Plowright (Leonora), Agnes Baltsa (Preziosilla), José Carreras (Don Alvaro), Renato Bruson (Don Carlo), Paata Burchuladze (Padre Guardiano), Juan Pons (Fra Melitone); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, Philharmonia Orchestra, Giuseppe Sinopoli - (Deutsche Grammophon)
 1986: Mirella Freni (Leonora), Dolora Zajick (Preziosilla), Plácido Domingo (Don Alvaro), Giorgio Zancanaro (Don Carlo), Paul Plishka (Padre Guardiano), Sesto Bruscantini (Fra Melitone); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Riccardo Muti - (EMI Classics)
Sources

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

1860s operas
Compositions by Giuseppe Verdi
Mirella Freni (February 27, 1935 – 9 February 2020) was an Italian soprano, one of the leading lyric sopranos of her era. She had a beautiful and well-schooled voice and a charming stage presence.

Life and career

Born Mirella Fregni, in Modena, Italy, she studied at the Bologna Music Conservatory with Ettore Campogalliani. She made her debut in her hometown in 1955, as Micaela in Carmen. That same year, she married pianist Leone Magiera, with whom she had a daughter, whom she called Micaela.

After winning the Viotto vocal competition in 1957, she sang with the Netherlands Opera, then was invited at the Glyndebourne Festival, and the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in 1961. She made her debut at La Scala in Milan in 1962. Her New York Metropolitan Opera debut came in 1965, as Mimi in La bohème, a role she will remain closely associated with throughout her career. She then sang at most of the great operatic centers ot the world, such as Paris, Chicago, Salzburg, etc.
She began her career by singing soubrette roles, such as Susanna, Zerlina, Adina, Nanetta, etc., and then moved to more lyric roles such as Mimi, Marguerite, Juliet, etc., and eventually more dramatic roles such as Violetta, Amelia, Desdemona, Cio-Cio-San, Tosca, Medea, Wally, Maddalena, Giulia etc., with equal success. 

After her divorce from Magiera, she married Bulgarian bass Nicolai Ghiaurov in 1981.

Freni died on 9 February 2020 in Modena after suffering multiple strokes and a degenerative disease, aged 84.

Notes

Sources
 Le Guide de l'Opéra, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouverox, Fayard, 1986.
 The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia, edited by David Hamilton, Simon & Schuster, 1987.

Sources
 Le Guide de l'Opéra, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouverox, Fayard, 1986.
 The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia, edited by David Hamilton, Simon & Schuster, 1987.
1935 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from neurodegenerative disease
Deaths from stroke
Italian singers
Musicians from Emilia-Romagna
Italian opera singers
People from Modena
Sopranos
Rachel Crow (born January 21, 1998) is an American singer, actress, and comedienne. She has been on many television programs, including Brain Surge, Inside Edition, and The Wendy Williams Show. In 2012, she was in the comedy series Fred: The Show.

References

Other websites
 Rachel Crow on X Factor 

1998 births
Living people
Singers from Colorado
American television actors
Comedians from Colorado
African American actors
African American comedians
Actors from Colorado
The X Factor contestants
Rachel Anne McAdams (born November 17, 1978) is a Canadian actress. She was nominated for the Orange Rising Star Award in 2006. 

She was born in London, Ontario and grew up in St. Thomas, Ontario. 

She had major roles in The Hot Chick, Mean Girls, The Notebook, Wedding Crashers, Red Eye, The Family Stone, State of Play, The Time Traveler's Wife, Sherlock Holmes, Morning Glory, Midnight in Paris, The Vow About Time and Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga.

References

Other websites 

Actors from London (Ontario)
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
1978 births
Living people
Actors from Toronto
Canadian stage actors
Canadian voice actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
York University alumni
Big Momma's House is an American crime comedy movie, made in 2000. It was directed by Raja Gosnell. It stars Martin Lawrence as the main character, "Malcolm Turner", and Nia Long as "Sherry Pierce".

The storyline is about an FBI named Malcom Turner going undercover as an elderly woman called Hattie Mae "Big Momma" Pierce (Sherry's grandmother). Sherry decided to stay her grandmother's house while her grandmother is out of town. His job is to protect Sherry after her violent ex-boyfriend is released from prison.

It had two sequels: Big Momma's House 2 (2006) and Big Mommas: Like Father, Like Son (2011).

Release Dates

Other websites
 
 
 
 

2000 movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
20th Century Fox movies
The Cape Henry Lighthouse is a lighthouse in Virginia. It is near Virginia Beach, Virginia. For a long time, it has been important for the large amount of shipping entering the Chesapeake Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. The first building was the first lighthouse authorized by the U.S. government. It was built in 1792.  The lighthouse was also the first federal construction project under the Constitution. It was expected to cost $15,200 to build. Another $2,500 was needed to finish the lighthouse. A second lighthouse was built in 1881 a short distance away. It was built because people were worried the first building was not stable.
History
The Cape Henry Lighthouse was the first work of the new U.S. Federal government. It was built of stone by John McComb, Jr.. The building was finished in October, 1792. McComb was one of the architects that helped build New York City Hall. He also designed other lighthouses. The lighthouse's design was based on the 1767 Cape Henlopen Light.  The lighthouse was damaged by Confederate forces during the American Civil War. It was repaired by Union forces in 1863. Union forces needed the light for navigation.  In the 1870s, people worried about the condition and safety of the old lighthouse at Cape Henry. Because of this, the New Cape Henry Lighthouse was built in 1881. The new lighthouse is  southeast of the old lighthouse. The old tower was not destroyed. It is still standing. The old lighthouse is still a daymark used for triangulation.  The lighthouse was fully automated in 1983.
Description
In 1798, Benjamin Latrobe visited Cape Henry Lighthouse and described it as "an octangular truncated pyramid of eight sides, rising 90 feet to the light..."  The Old Cape Henry Lighthouse is 26 feet in diameter at its base and 16 feet at its top.   It was built with Aquia Creek sandstone. The sandstone came from the same source as the White House.

The new lighthouse is  tall. It was built of cast iron and wrought iron. It also has a more powerful light.

Preservation
Preservation Virginia took control of the older lighthouse in 1930. Preservation Virginia was known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities at the time.  A brick lining and an iron stairway have been added to the lighthouse. The lighthouse is open to the public.  It was made a National Historic Landmark on January 29, 1964.  In 2002 the American Society of Civil Engineers listed the lighthouse a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.
The lighthouses are located in the city of Virginia Beach within the boundaries of Joint Expeditionary Base East, a Navy base.  The Cape Henry Memorial is next to the lighthouses.

References

Other websites

 Lighthousefriends: Cape Henry Lighthouse
 Cape Henry Lighthouse webpage on the Preservation Virginia website 
 Cape Henry Lighthouse info 
Chesapeake Bay Lighthouse Project – Old Cape Henry Light
Chesapeake Bay Lighthouse Project – New Cape Henry Light

Buildings and structures in Virginia
Virginia Beach, Virginia
Lighthouses
1792 establishments in the United States
1881 establishments in the United States
Washington Irving was an American writer. He was born in New York City on April 3, 1783.  He began his literary career writing humorous newspaper sketches. He edited magazines. He went to Europe on family matters as a young man. He remained there for 17 years. He served as the United States ambassador to Spain from 1842 to 1846. He wrote biographies. He regarded his 5-volume life of George Washington as his masterpiece. He died in his home, Sunnyside, in Tarrytown, New York on November 28, 1859.

Irving and his contemporary James Fenimore Cooper were America's first internationally acclaimed authors. Irving encouraged American authors and supported stronger copyright laws. He is best known today for two short stories: "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow". They have been adapted to the stage, to television, and to animated and live-action movies.

The Chicago community area Irving Park is named after him.
Selected works 
 A History of New-York (1809)
 The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (1819-20)
 Bracebridge Hall (1822)
 Tales of a Traveller (1824)
 Tales of the Alhambra (1832)
 The Life of George Washington (1855-59)

References

1783 births
1859 deaths
Writers from New York City
Ambassadors of the United States
Sunnyside is a house in Tarrytown, New York. It was once the home of American writer Washington Irving. He wrote many books, but he is best known for the short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle". Irving bought the property on June 7, 1835 for $1,800. He described it to his brother as "a beautiful spot, capable of being made a little paradise ... I have had an architect up there, and shall build upon the old mansion this summer. My idea is to make a little nookery somewhat in the Dutch style, quaint, but unpretending. It will be of stone." In its day, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. said that Sunnyside stood "next to Mount Vernon, the best known and most cherished of all the dwellings in our land." The public interest in the home drew several gawkers hoping to catch a glimpse of Irving working. Irving died of a heart attack in his bedroom at Sunnyside on November 28, 1859. Irving's descendants lived in the house until 1945. In that year, John D. Rockefeller, Jr. bought it
. bought it. He opened the house to tourists in 1947. Sunnyside is now a museum. An admission fee is charged. The house contains furniture that once belonged to Irving. Sunnyside became a National Historic Landmark in 1962.
Buildings and structures in New York (state)
National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Houses in the United States
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is a short story by Washington Irving. The story was published in 1820 in a collection of Irving's literary pieces called The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. The story was one of the first fictional works by an American author to become popular outside the United States. Adaptations include Walt Disney's animated movie The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad of 1949 and, more recently, Tim Burton's Sleepy Hollow of 1999 starring Johnny Depp.

Story 
A lanky school teacher named Ichabod Crane arrives in the village of Sleepy Hollow. He is very superstitious. He falls in love with pretty Katrina Van Tassel (and her father's large farm).

Katrina has a suitor though. His name is Brom Bones. Brom is a rowdy and boisterous young man. He does not like Ichabod. He does not like Ichabod hovering about Katrina.
One autumn night after a party at the Van Tassel's, Ichabod sets off for home alone. He thinks he sees the Headless Horseman, a dead soldier of the Revolution whose head was blown off by a cannon ball. His ghost haunts the countryside in search of his head.

He chases Ichabod. Ichabod is terrified and runs away. He is never seen again. Villagers find Ichabod's hat, saddle, and a smashed Jack-o'-lantern. Whenever the story is told, Brom gives a knowing wink. It is implied that he frightened away his rival by posing as the Headless Horseman.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

The Legend of Sleepy Hollow  original text with human-read audio.
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" from The Harvard Classics (1917), hosted online at Bartleby.com.
"Sleepy Hollow" , a non-fiction update on the story's locale, written by Washington Irving in 1839.
Old Dutch Burying Ground of Sleepy Hollow , the churchyard where Ichabod Crane sought sanctuary.
List of locations related to "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" .
"Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" - Irving's Fictions of Revolution
.
 (directed by Tim Burton).
"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" Brickfilm (Lego movie).
 The unabridged "Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (Episode Number 174) is read in its entirety in Mister Ron's Basement Podcast
 A Librivox Podcast version of "Legend of Sleepy Hollow"  can be found here as well

19th-century American short stories
Works by Washington Irving
George Li (Chinese: 黎卓宇, Pinyin: Lí zhuōyǔ), born August 24, 1995 in Boston, Massachusetts, is a Chinese-American pianist.

Li has been performing since he was nine years old, and is known as a recitalist, a chamber musician, and a soloist with orchestra. At the age of eleven, he played at New York's Carnegie Hall. The performance was featured in the new TV series by NPR, From the Top.

Career 
Li won first prizes in the Massachusetts Music Teachers Association state competitions at the age of 6 and 7. In 2005, Li won second prizes in both the Virginia Waring International Piano Competition  and the Cincinnati World Piano Competition at the age of nine. 

In 2008, Li won the second prize in the Gina Bachauer International Piano Junior Artist Competition. In 2010, Li won the first prize in the Cooper International Piano Competition  Li has also won the first prize in the Young Concert Artists International Auditions.
On June 7, 2011, Li played for Barack Obama and his wife Michelle Obama, and German Chancellor Dr. Angela Merkel and her husband Dr. Joachim Sauer at a state dinner in the White House Rose Garden. On June 23, 2011, Li was one of the two recipients of the 2012 Gilmore Young Artist Award. He is currently the youngest person who got the award.

Li lives in Lexington, Massachusetts. He is a student of Walnut Hill School and the New England Conservatory Preparatory School, where he learns with Wha Kyung Byun. Li's previous piano teachers include Dorothy Shi (杨镜钏) and Yin Chengzong (殷承宗).

References

Other websites 
George Li's official website
George Li on YouTube

Living people
American pianists
1995 births
Yin Chengzong (Chinese: 殷承宗, Pinyin: Yīn Chéngzōng) (born 1941 in Gulangyu Island, Xiamen, Fujian, China) is a Chinese pianist and composer. He is famous for composing the Yellow River Piano Concerto he arranged based on the Yellow River Cantata.

References 

1941 births
Living people
Chinese pianists
Fou Ts'ong (; 10 March 1934 – 28 December 2020) was a Chinese-born British pianist. He was perhaps best known for winning third prize and the Special Mazurka prize at the International Chopin Competition at Warsaw. He was born in Shanghai.

Fou died of COVID-19 on 28 December 2020 in London, aged 86.

References 

1934 births
2020 deaths
Chinese pianists
British pianists
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
People from Shanghai
Kipper may refer to:

Kipper, salted and smoked fish
Kippering (The verb, to kipper, kippering, kippered)
Kipper the Dog, an animated children's television series
kipper (medieval tournament), a speciality in Medieval tournaments
Kipper (musician), producer, keyboardist, mostly known from cooperation with Sting
The Kipper Kids, a performing artist duo
Kipper tie, an unusually wide necktie
Miikka Kiprusoff, a National Hockey League goaltender 
Kipper and Wipper period, aka Tipper and See-Saw Time, a European financial crisis in the 17th century
The Flying Kipper, a fictional train from The Railway Series
Raduga K-10S Soviet nuclear tipped supersonic anti-shipping cruise missile, NATO reporting name AS-2 Kipper
Singular form of kippers, Kid In Parents' Pockets Eroding Retirement Savings (British term for the Boomerang Generation)
"Mr Kipper", person sought by London police in connection with a possible abduction

Distinguish this from
Gipper, as in "Win one for the…"
Kippah
Yom Kippur
Philipp Eberhard Hermann Kohlschreiber  (born 16 October 1983 in Augsburg) is a German tennis player. He turned professional in 2001. , his highest ranking has been number 16 in the world.

References

Other websites 
Official Website 
ATP-profile
Kohlschreiber Recent Match Results 
Kohlschreiber World Ranking History 

1983 births
Living people
German tennis players
Male tennis players
People from Augsburg
Sportspeople from Bavaria
Murray Perahia KBE (born April 19, 1947) is an American pianist and conductor. 

Murray Perahia was born in New York City to a family of Sephardi Jewish origin. According to the biography on his Mozart piano sonatas CD, his first language was Judaeo-Spanish. The family was from Thessaloniki, Greece. His father moved to the United States in 1935.   

In 1965, Perahia won the Young Concert Artists International Auditions. In 1972, he was the first North American to win first prize at the Leeds Piano Competition.

Awards 
Seventh International Schumann Festival
2000 Robert Schumann Society Claudio Arrau Memorial Medal

Grammy Award for Best Chamber Music Performance
1989 Bartók: Sonata for Two Pianos & Percussion 

Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra)
2003 Chopin: Études, Opp. 10, 25 
1999 Bach: English Suites Nos. 1, 3 and 6

References 

1947 births
Living people
American classical pianists
American conductors
The General Strike is a 2012 album by American punk rock band Anti-Flag. It is their 9th album.

Track listing 
 "Controlled Opposition" – 0:22
 "The Neoliberal Anthem" – 3:18
 "1915" – 2:52
 "This Is The New Sound" – 2:46
 "Bullshit Opportunist" – 2:36 
 "The Ranks of The Masses Rising" – 2:29
 "Turn a Blind Eye" – 1:19
 "Broken Bones" – 3:01
 "I Don't Wanna" – 2:27
 "Nothing Recedes Like Progress" – 2:18
 "Resist" – 1:02
 "The Ghosts of Alexandria" – 2:54

Bonus tracks
 "Wrong Colour" – 2:44 (Bonus on iTunes)
 The band gave away an exclusive five-song download card to everyone who attended any of the band's album release shows from March 6–14, 2012. The download features three tracks from the album and two previously unreleased tracks.
 Unreleased bonus tracks:

 "SKATE" – 1:18
 "Whistleblower" – 2:39

Personnel 
Anti-Flag
 Justin Sane – guitar, vocals
 Chris #2 – bass, vocals
 Chris Head – guitar, vocals
 Pat Thetic – drums

2012 albums
Punk albums
The Études by Polish composer Frédéric Chopin are three sets of études for piano.

Composition

Chopin's Études (studies) are some of the hardest pieces of all the works in concert piano repertoire. Because of this, the music remain famous and are often played at concerts. Some of them have been given nicknames (but not by Chopin himself) - for example, the last Étude from Op. 10 has been called the Revolutionary because it was inspired by the November 1830 Uprising, when the Poles were defeated by the Russian Empire.

All twenty-seven Études were published during Chopin's lifetime; Opus 10, the first group of twelve were written between 1829 and 1832, and were published in 1833, in France, Germany, and England. The twelve Études of Opus 25 were composed at various times between 1832 and 1836, and were published in the same countries in 1837. The final three, part of a series called "Méthode des méthodes de piano" compiled by Moscheles and Fétis, were composed in 1839 but with no opus number.
The first Études of the Opus 10 set were written when Chopin was still in his teens. Chopin's Études elevated the musical form from purely utilitarian exercises to great artistic masterpieces. At a concert in which Chopin performed his opus 25, Robert Schumann said "À la Chopin".

List of Études

Études Op. 10

Études Op. 25

Trois nouvelles études

References 

Compositions by Frédéric Chopin
Solo piano pieces
The Mono Lake Tufa State Reserve is a nature reserve near Yosemite National Park within Mono County, California. This reserve was founded in 1981 by the California State Legislature, to protect the formations of the natural limestone "Tufa" at Mono Lake.

References

State parks in the United States
Geography of California
Lev Ivanovich Ivanov (1834-1901) was a Russian ballet dancer and choreographer. He became Second Balletmaster of the Imperial Ballet. Ivanov is credited with choreographing The Nutcracker in 1892 due to the ill health of Ballet Master Marius Petipa. The extent of his work is disputed. Only Petipa's name appeared on posters for the first production. Ivanov also worked with Petipa on a restaging of Swan Lakein 1895. He choreographed Acts 2 and 4, and the Italian and Hungarian dances in Act 3. Other ballets choreographed by Ivanov as the Second Balletmaster to Petipa include "The Enchanted Forest" (1887), and "The Tulip of Haarlem" (1887). Ivanov is credited with the choreography for the "Polovetsian Dances" in the first production of Borodin's Prince Igor in 1890. Late in life, Ivanov petitioned the Imperial Theatres for financial assistance on the strength of his 50 years of service. He died in poverty.
Ballets 
 The Enchanted Forest (1887)
 The Tulip of Haarlem (1887)
 Polovetsian Dances in the opera Prince Igor (1890)
 The Nutcracker (1892)
 Acts 2 and 4 of Swan Lake for the St Petersburg restaging (1895)

References 

 Goodwin, Noël (Ed.) Stanley Sadie, "Ballet (2. 19th Century)," The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Second Edition. (London: MacMilian, 2001), 29 vols. .

Other websites 
 The Ballet Encyclopedia entry for Lev Ivanov.
 Balletmet.org notes for Lev Ivanov. 
 Archive film of Alexandra Danilova performing the Sugar Plum Fairy variation from The Nutcracker after Lev Ivanov in 1952 at Jacob's Pillow 

Russian choreographers
1834 births
1901 deaths
Arthur Robert Ashe, Jr. (July 10, 1943 – February 6, 1993) was an American tennis player. He started playing tennis professionally in 1969. He won three singles Grand Slam titles: the US Open in 1968, the Australian Open in 1970 and Wimbledon in 1975. He won two Grand Slam doubles titles: the French Open in 1971 and the Australian Open in 1977. Arthur Ashe was ranked no 1. for being the best tennis player, the first African American to be number one. He retired in 1980. Arthur Ashe raised awareness about HIV and AIDs. He also was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1993.

Ashe was born and raised in Richmond, Virginia. He died of AIDS in New York City.

References

Other websites 
Official website
1943 births
1993 deaths
African-American tennis players
American activists
American tennis players
Deaths from AIDS
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in New York City
Male tennis players
People from Richmond, Virginia
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Sportspeople from Virginia
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
The "Italian" Concerto (or, Concerto in the Italian style) is a piece of music for harpsichord composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. It was published in 1735 with the French Overture in the second volume of Bach's  (English: "Keyboard Practice"). Both pieces are Bach's interpretations of popular musical forms of the day. The Italian Concerto is a three-movement composition written specifically for a two-manual harpsichord (see image).

The first movement is written in F major. It has a time signature of 2/4, but has no tempo marking. It is always played Allegro (fast). The second movement is written in D minor. Its time signature is 3/4, and its tempo marking is Andante (slow). The third movement is written in F major. Its time signature is cut-time (2/2), and its tempo is marked Presto (very fast). The first and third movements are composed in ritornello style. This means a theme particular to the movement returns time and again. The second movement is a very florid arioso-like piece.
An orchestral Italian concerto relies upon contrasts between the full orchestra and a small group of instruments which act as soloists. Bach achieves this effect by using the lower manual on the harpsichord as the "full orchestra" and the upper manual as the "small group of instruments".

References 
 Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. All Music Guide to Classical Music. All Media Guide, LLC. pp. 45–46. .

Compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach
Concertos
Steps are a British vocal pop group who formed in 1997. The members of the quintet are Lee Latchford-Evans, Claire Richards, Lisa Scott-Lee, Faye Tozer and Ian "H" Watkins. Steps have released four albums. They released their first single "5,6,7,8" in 1997.

Other websites 
Official website

1997 establishments in England
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
British pop music groups
Musical groups established in 1997
Musical groups from London
This page is about the Shakespearean character.  For the opera by Verdi see Falstaff (opera)

Sir John Falstaff is a fictional character who appears in three plays by William Shakespeare. In two of the Henry IV plays, he is a friend of Prince Hal, the man who becomes King Henry V.  

Falstaff is very fat.  He thinks he is very important and is always boasting.  He is also a coward.  Falstaff makes Prince Hal get into trouble.  When Hal becomes king Falstaff is rejected.

Falstaff is a comic figure, but Shakespeare makes him say some things which tell us a lot about human nature. For example: before a battle in Henry IV he explains that his cowardice is actually common sense, because honour in battle is not really worth anything. Honour would not stop other people saying he was a coward and it would not help him if he got injured.

Falstaff also appears in The Merry Wives of Windsor.
Shakespeare’s character inspired several musicians to compose music about him.  Carl Otto Nicolai wrote an opera called Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor (1849). Verdi’s wrote an opera Falstaff based on the same play.  It is often thought to be Verdi’s greatest opera. Ralph Vaughan Williams wrote an opera called Sir John in Love, (1924–1928).  Elgar wrote a brilliant piece for orchestra called “Falstaff” which he called: “a symphonic study”.

It is likely that Shakespeare based the character of Falstaff on a real person.  Many ideas have been discussed but no one can be sure who Shakespeare may have had in mind.

Characters in Shakespeare's plays
Laura Leggett Linney (born February 5, 1964) is an American actress. She has acted in movies, on television and theater. She won a Golden Globe Award for playing Abigail Adams in John Adams. She is best known for playing the central role of Cathy Jamison in The Big C, for which she won a Golden Globe Award.

She was born in Manhattan, New York City. She is the elder daughter of Romulus Linney (1930-2011).

Other websites 

1964 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Sammy Davis Jr. (December 8, 1925 – May 16, 1990) was an American singer, dancer, actor, comedian, film producer and television director.entertainer. He was born in Harlem, New York City. Davis became hugely successful as a stage singer and recording artist and when asked to play at segregated places (where African-Americans were not allowed) he refused. Because of this some popular venues began to allow African-Americans to attend just so they could have Davis and other popular black musicians play. Before that black singers like Davis and Nat King Cole could play at the hotels and casinos but not stay or gamble there.

Davis led an unhealthy lifestyle of drinking, smoking and cocaine use but was one of the most popular musicians and actors of the time. He converted to Judaism while in the hospital in 1954 and 1955. He was also a member of the Rat Pack with friends Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin.

The Kennedy Center honored Davis in 1987.

Davis died of throat cancer in Beverly Hills, California.

References
References

Other websites

Sammy Davis, Jr.'s Grave

1925 births
1990 deaths
Actors from New York City
African American actors
African American musicians
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Converts to Judaism
Deaths from throat cancer
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish businesspeople
Kennedy Center honorees
Musicians from New York City
Singers from New York City
People from Harlem
Early life
Lang Lang, which means "brilliance of the sky", was born in Shenyang, China, and is of Manchu ethnicity. His father Lang Guoren (郎国任) is also a musician, who plays the erhu. At the age of two, Lang watched the Tom and Jerry episode The Cat Concerto which features the Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 by Franz Liszt. According to Lang, this first contact with Western music is what wanted him to learn piano. He began lessons with Professor Zhu Ya-Fen at age three. At the age of five, he won first place at the Shenyang Piano Competition and played his first public recital.
Awards and outreach
Lang has won lots of Awards and has been seen by millions of television viewers throughout the world. He appeared in Time Magazine's 2009 list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World. In 2008, the Recording Academy named him their Cultural Ambassador to China. More recently, Lang Lang has been chosen as an official worldwide ambassador to the 2010 Shanghai Expo. The United Nations' Children's Fund (UNICEF) chose Lang Lang as an International Goodwill Ambassador in 2004. The Chinese government also recognized his achievement by selecting him as a vice-president of the All-China Youth Federation.
Lang said that his mission is to share classical music around the world, and to train children and young musicians through education. The Financial Times noted that he is "evangelical in his efforts to spread the popularity of classical music." In October 2008, he launched the Lang Lang International Music Foundation in New York with the support of the Grammys and UNICEF. In May 2009, Lang Lang and his three chosen scholars from the foundation, aged between 8 and 10 years old, performed together on The Oprah Winfrey Show in connection with her search for the world's "smartest and most talented kids."

In June 2011, Lang Lang became a global ambassador for Telefónica.

References 

Chinese pianists
1982 births
Living people
The erhu (二胡; pinyin: èrhú) is a two-stringed bowed musical instrument which may also be called a "southern fiddle", and sometimes known in the Western world as the "Chinese violin" or a "Chinese two-stringed fiddle". It is used as a solo instrument as well as in small ensembles and big orchestras. It is the most popular of the huqin family of bowed string instruments used by various ethnic groups of China. The erhu is used in both traditional and contemporary music arrangements, such as in pop, rock, jazz, etc.

References 

String instruments
Chinese culture
"Billie Jean" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson. It is a song on his 1982 album, Thriller. The song was released as a single on January 2, 1983. "Billie Jean" was one of many hits by the singer. It was number one on the Billboard Hot 100. At the 1984 Grammy Awards, Jackson was given awards for Best R&B Song and Best R&B Male Vocal Performance for the song. In 2008, Kanye West remixed the song for Thriller 25. This was a new version of Thriller made for its 25th anniversary.

References 

Pop songs
Funk songs
1983 songs
Grammy Award winning songs
Michael Jackson songs
Chris Cornell songs
Evgeny Igorevitch Kissin ( Yevgeniy Igorevich Kisin; born in Moscow, 10 October 1971) is an Israeli-Russian-British pianist.  He has been an Israeli citizen since 2013. He is famous for his playing of the works of the Romantic repertoire, such as Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt.

Awards and recognitions
 Musical America, Instrumentalist of the Year, 1994
 Triumph Award, Outstanding Contribution to Russia's Culture (Youngest Awardee), 1997
 Honorary Doctorate of Music by the Manhattan School of Music, New York 2001
 Honorary Membership of the Royal Academy of Music 2005
 Herbert von Karajan Award, Baden-Baden, Germany (2005)
 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra), 2006
 Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli Award, Brescia, Italy 2007
 Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra), 2009
 Honorary Doctoral Degree by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2010

References 

3. Evgeny Kissin's fanpage on Facebook

1971 births
Living people
Russian pianists
Camryn Manheim (born March 8, 1961) is an American actress. She is best known for her role in the television show The Practice. She also acted in movies, mostly independent movies. She was in the 1997 movie Romy and Michele's High School Reunion. She also acted in Ghost Whisperer.

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New Jersey
1961 births
Living people