Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Endoscopy means to look inside. This often means looking inside the body for medical reasons with an endoscope.

An endoscope is a medical instrument that is made to see parts inside a patient's body. This has the advantage that observations and certain operations can be done without opening up the body. Whatever precautions are taken, an open body part is always at risk of infection.

The endoscope has a long tube to enter the patient's body and a tiny camera or lens attached to the front of this tube. It is usually inserted into patient's nose, mouth, or anus, so surgeons can see what is going on. If necessary, various actions can be taken.
Parts 
An endoscope has at least some of these parts:
a rigid or flexible tube.
a light, which is usually outside the body and delivered by an optical fibre system.
a lens system which takes the image from the objective lens to the viewer. This can be done by a relay lens system in the case of rigid endoscopes or a bundle of fiberoptics in the case of a fibrescope.
an eyepiece. Modern instruments may be videoscopes, with no eyepiece. In these a camera transmits image to a screen. This has the advantage that the image can be seen by all in the operating theatre. 
an additional channel to carry medical instruments or manipulators.
Uses 
Endoscopy can involve 
 The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract):
 esophagus, stomach and duodenum 
 small intestine
 colon 
 Bile duct
 The respiratory tract
 The nose 
 The lower respiratory tract (bronchoscopy)
 The urinary tract 
 The female reproductive system
 The cervix 
 The uterus 
 The Fallopian tubes 
 Normally closed body cavities (through a small incision):
 The abdominal or pelvic cavity 
 The interior of a joint
 Organs of the chest 
 During pregnancy
 The amnion 
 The foetus 
 Plastic Surgery
 Panendoscopy (or triple endoscopy)
 Combines larynx, esophagogus, and bronchoscopy
 Non-medical uses for endoscopy
 The planning and architectural community have found the endoscope useful for pre-visualization of scale models of proposed buildings and cities 
 Internal inspection of complex technical systems 
 Endoscopes are also a tool helpful in the examination of improvised explosive devices by bomb disposal personnel.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses endoscopes for conducting surveillance in tight spaces.
Medical imaging
Medical procedures
A supercomputer is a computer with great speed and memory. This kind of computer can do jobs faster than any other computer of its generation. They are usually thousands of times faster than ordinary personal computers made at that time. Supercomputers can do arithmetic jobs very fast, so they are used for weather forecasting, code-breaking, genetic analysis and other jobs that need many calculations. When new computers of all classes become more powerful, new ordinary computers are made with powers that only supercomputers had in the past, while new supercomputers continue to outclass them. 

Electrical engineers make supercomputers that link many thousands of microprocessors.
Types 
Supercomputer types include: shared memory, distributed memory and array. Supercomputers with shared memory are developed by using a parallel computing and pipelining concept. Supercomputers with distributed memory consist of many (about 100~10000) nodes. CRAY series of CRAYRESERCH and VP 2400/40, NEC의 SX-3 of HUCIS are shared memory types. nCube 3, iPSC/860, AP 1000, NCR 3700, Paragon XP/S, CM-5 are distributed memory types.

An array type computer named ILIAC started working in 1972. Later, the CF-11, CM-2, and the Mas Par MP-2 (which is also an array type) were developed. Supercomputers that use a physically separated memory as one shared memory include the T3D, KSR1, and Tera Computer.
Supercomputing centers, organizations 
Organizations
 DEISA Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications, a facility integrating eleven European supercomputing centers.
 NAREGI  Japanese NAtional REsearch Grid Initiative involving several supercomputer centers
 TeraGrid , a national facility integrating nine US supercomputing centers
Centers
 BSC Barcelona Supercomputing Center - Spanish national supercomputing facility and R&D center
 CESCA  Supercomputing Centre of Catalonia - Centre de Supercomputacio de Catalunya
 CESGA Galicia Supercomputing Center - Centro de Supercomputación de Galicia
 CeSViMa Supercomputing and Visualization Center of Madrid
 CINECA CINECA Interuniversity Consortium, Italy
 CINES Centre Informatique National de l'Enseignement Superieur, France
 CSAR UK national supercomputer service operated by Manchester Computing
 EPCC Edinburgh Parallel Computing Centre. Based in the University of Edinburgh.
GSIC Global Scientific Information and Computing Center at the Tokyo Institute of Technology
 HECToR UK national supercomputer service provided by a consortium of EPCC, Cray and Numerical Algorithms Group (NAG)
 HPCx  UK national supercomputer service operated by EPCC and Daresbury Lab
 IRB 
 Minnesota Supercomputer Institute (Formerly Minnesota Supercomputer Center) operated by University of Minnesota
 NASA Advanced Supercomputing facility 
 National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
 National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA)
 National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)
 Ohio Supercomputer Center (OSC)
 Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center operated by University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University.
 San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC)
 SARA  (Stichting Academisch Rekencentrum Amsterdam), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
 System X  at Virginia Tech
 Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC)
 DCSC Danish Centre for Scientific Computing. Based at the University of Copenhagen.
PSNC (Poznan Supercomputing and Networking Center), Poznan, Poland
 NSC National Supercomputer Centre in Sweden at Linköping University, Sweden
Specific machines, general-purpose 
 Linux NetworX press release: Linux NetworX to build "largest" Linux supercomputer
 ASCI White press release 
 MCR @ LLNL Linux NetworX Supermicro based Supercomputer "3rd largest supercomputer in 2004" 
 Article about Japanese "Earth Simulator" computer 
 "Earth Simulator" website (in English) 
 NEC high-performance computing information 
 Superconducting Supercomputer 
 Blue Waters Petascale Computing System

Specific machines, special-purpose 
 Papers on the GRAPE special-purpose computer 
 More special-purpose supercomputer information 
 Information about the APEmille special-purpose computer
 Information about the apeNEXT special-purpose computer
 Information about the QCDOC project, machines

Related pages
 Cluster (computing)
 Grid computing

Computers
A hydrogen car is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as fuel. A hydrogen car does not have to be a car. It can be any vehicle that uses hydrogen in a similar way, such as an aircraft.

Hydrogen energy

Hydrogen is the simplest and the most abundant element in the universe.  Even though it is simple and there is so much of it, hydrogen does not occur naturally as a gas on Earth. It is always combined with other elements.  Hydrogen has a large amount of energy. An engine that uses pure hydrogen as fuel makes almost no pollution.

Advantages of hydrogen energy

 Hydrogen comes from water by splitting it into oxygen and hydrogen, so supplies are almost limitless.

 The only thing made from using hydrogen as fuel is water. Using hydrogen does not make the harmful gases that gasoline and diesel cars make, such as carbon dioxide.

 Hydrogen is not poisonous. This means hydrogen is safer to use as fuel than any other gas.

Disadvantages of hydrogen energy
It is hard to store the large amount of hydrogen that is needed to fuel a car. Hydrogen has a low energy density. This means it needs larger vessels and connections with higher pressure.

 Hydrogen is often taken from resources that are not renewable, such as fossil fuels.

Fuel cells 

In principle, fuel cells are electrochemical devices similar to batteries that convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly and very efficiently into electricity (DC) and heat, thus doing away with combustion.   Unlike a battery, a fuel cell does not run down or require recharging. It will produce energy in the form of electricity and heat as long as fuel is supplied.
A fuel cell consists of two electrodes sandwiched around an electrolyte.  Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, generating electricity, water and heat.  Layers of materials with distinct electrochemical properties are sandwiched together to form a single galvanic cell.  At the heart lies a membrane that can only be crossed by charged molecules.  Gas-permeable electrodes coated with a catalyst adhere to this membrane, adding a layer on either side.  The electrodes are in turn connected to a device that can utilize electricity.  Hydrogen gas flows into channels on one face of the cell and migrates through that electrode, while the same occurs with oxygen gas along the opposite electrode.  Spurred by a catalyst, favorable chemistry causes the hydrogen to oxidize into hydrogen protons and give up its electrons to the neighboring electrode, which thereby becomes the anode
.  This buildup of negative charge then follows the path of least resistance via the external circuit to the other electrode.  It is this flow of electrons through a circuit that creates electricity.
Problem to solve for the practical use of hydrogen car

Most important problem involved in the practical use of hydrogen car is hydrogen storage materials. If it uses a fuel cell that generates electricity through reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, it does not matter. However, if method is that hydrogen is sprayed to internal-combustion engine, it does matter. Now hydrogen storage tank with highest possibility is method using metal hydride. Metal hydride is that reversible reaction between metal and hydrogen make new form of compound. Now Hydrogen storing technology using Hydrogen storage compound metal comes to practical use step in the side of technical, however, hydrogen storing capacity per weight is no match for demand of user, so this technology is not widely used yet. Therefore, that problem should be solved.

References

Car classifications
Standard-Definition Television is a kind of television system that provides lower resolution than HDTV and higher resolution than analog TV does. 
The word 'SDTV' is generally used at the digital television broadcasting system that has a similar or litle bit higher state of resolution to the 'analog television system'. Digital broadcasting system uses digital signals when they receive sound and movie. It is compared to analog TV that uses analog signals.

Broadcasting
Broadcasting 

According to an NTSC standard, SDTV broadcasts in three ways.
First, at ratio of length and width 16:9 and resolution 720x480.
Second, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 704x480 
Lastly, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 640x480.
The first one has best quality, second one is next, and the last one is the worst.
The screen's frame can be 24, 30, 60 per second. These are similar level with DVD.
As mentioned at the 'Definition' tab, it has a better resolution than analog TV system, and has lower resolution than HDTV.
Because it is a kind of digital broadcasting system, it can broadcast not only analog TV programs but also HDTV program (Of course there exists a difference in resolution).

Merit
Merit 

SDTV has a similar state of resolution compared to analog TV. But SDTV is more vivid than
analog TV because it has less noise. And it has better sound. The point that SDTV uses a digital broadcasting system makes SDTV have many accompaning functions. For example, multitasking, electronic program guide, and so on. This functions are 
impossible at analog TV. Compared to HDTV, it has lower resolution. But in fact, HDTV programs are not spread widely yet, and the cheaper price of SDTV makes consumers to use SDTV.

Comparison 

Generally, there are three types of TV. They are analog TV, SDTV and HDTV.Price : AnalogTV < SDTV < HDTVQuality : AnalogTV ≒ SDTV < HDTVAnalogTV only can be compatible with analog signals, but both SDTV and HDTV can be compatible with not only analog but also digital signals.

Digital definition resolution 

Television technology
A thermocouple, TC for short, is a device that converts heat directly into electricity. A thermocouple can also work in reverse - using an electric current to transform into heat as well as cold.

How do thermocouples work? 
Imagine that two wires made of different types of metal are connected at one end. If the junction of the two wires is heated, electricity will flow through the wire. 

Electrons, when heated, will begin to cross the junction on their own. Because of the different properties of the different metals, the electrons will lose potential energy and gain kinetic energy, just like a ball rolling over a hill to a lower area. Although the voltage created by a thermocouple is very small (in the millivolt range), many thermocouples can be hooked together to make a larger voltage. This is called a thermopile.
Use of thermocouple 
Gas heaters with pilot flames are one of the most famous examples for the use of thermocouples. Thermocouples are stacked to make a thermopile, which can generate enough voltage from the heat of the pilot flame to keep the gas valve open which in turn supplies the gas for the pilot flame. If the gas runs out, the flame extinguishes and the voltage across the thermopile decreases, which causes the electric gas valve to close. Many space probes get their electric power from a thermocouple in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator.

Thermocouples are also used in other ways. For instance, they monitor temperatures in air conditioning and refrigerators, and of CPUs in computers, which could be destroyed by overheating.
Some kinds of thermocouple 
There are hundreds of thermocouples, but only eight of them are standardized internationally.Type E (chromel–constantan), type J (iron–constantan), type N (nicrosil–nisil), type T (copper–constantan) and type K (chromel–alumel) are base metals.Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum–rhodium.

Thermometers
Control engineering is the engineering field that focuses on mathematical modeling of dynamical systems, and uses control theory to create controllers that cause the systems to behave in some desired manner. Modern control engineering is closely related to electrical, electronic, and computer engineering.  As engineering continues to develop, control engineering is often wanted.

In most cases, control engineers make use of feedback when designing control systems. For example, in an automobile with sail control, the machine's speed is continuously checked and fed back to the system, which then adjusts the motor's spin power on the fly. Recently, control systems are also used in nanotechnology. In chemical engineering, control engineering is known as process control. Many advancements in science, finance, and even human action, can be attributed to control engineering.
Many control systems rely on feedback. However, there are also control systems that work without feedback. Such a system is known as an open-loop control. An open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback controller, relies only on the model and the input signal fed to the system.  An example of open-loop control can be found in washing machines, which work by running pre-programmed cycles but, most importantly, do not rely on any measurements of the speed of the barrel or water volume to adjust the machine on the fly.

Control engineering
DKNY (Donna Karan New York) is the label of fashion designer Donna Karan.

American clothing companies
1989 establishments in New York (state)
Companies based in New York City
Lanett is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 6,970. Lanett is located in eastern Alabama, on the Chattahoochee River, northeast of Montgomery. One of the major industries is cotton milling. The city's name is derived from Lanier and Bennett, founders of the West Point Pepperell Co.

References

Cities in Alabama
LaFayette is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States.  It is 47 miles (76 km) northwest of Columbus, Georgia. It is the county seat of Chambers County. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 2,684.

Education
The Chambers County School District provides public education for LaFayette. Within the city limits are two high schools (Lafayette High School and the Chambers County Career Technical School), one middle school (JP Powell Middle School), and one elementary school (Eastside Elementary School).

Chambers Academy (grades pre-K through 12) is a private school in LaFayette.

Notable residents
 James Thomas "Cotton Tom" Heflin, member of the United States House of Representatives and original sponsor of Mothers Day legislation
 Johnson J. Hooper, author and humorist
Joe Louis, Heavyweight boxing champion
Hoyt L. Sherman, art professor and principle mentor to pop artist Roy Lichtenstein

References

Cities in Alabama
County seats in Alabama
Leeds is a city in Jefferson, St. Clair, and Shelby Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, 12,324 people lived there.

Famous natives
 Charles Barkley, Basketball Hall of Famer

References

Cities in Alabama
Charles Wade Barkley (born February 20, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player. Nicknamed "Sir Charles" for his aggressive and outspoken behavior, and "The Round Mound of Rebound" for his unusual build and talent as a player, Barkley established himself as one of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) most dominating power forwards.

For a power forward, Barkley had an extremely versatile offensive game. He was not considered a great player at the defensive end. He is referred to as Chuck Barkley by many of his friends.

Barkley had many nicknames over the course of his college and pro career, making him one of the basketball players, and persons, with the most nicknames. Some of the other nicknames include "The Chuckster" and "The Chuck Wagon". Barkley is regarded as one of the best rebounders in the history of the game.
Many people view him as the greatest player who did not win an NBA championship during his career, although others argue for players such as Karl Malone, John Stockton and Patrick Ewing. Often considered the best power forward in the league (NBA), people did not agree with his totalitarian views. He is an analyst on the television show Inside the NBA. The program features host Ernie Johnson with analysts Kenny Smith and Shaquille O'Neal.

Other websites

 Charles Barkley: NBA.com Profile
 Charles Barkley: NBA.com historical playerfile
 Charles Barkley: NBA.com Historical Biography
 Charles Barkley: Hall of Fame Profile 
 

1963 births
African-American basketball players
Living people
Houston Rockets players
Philadelphia 76ers players
Phoenix Suns players
Sportspeople from Alabama
National Basketball Association players with retired numbers
American basketball players
Space Jam characters
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
William Calvin Oates (either November 30 or December 1, 1833 – September 9, 1910) was a Confederate colonel during the American Civil War. He became a brigadier general in 1898, and also fought in the Spanish–American War.

In between he was a Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1870 to 1872, a member of the United States House of Representatives for Alabama from 1881 to 1894, and Governor of Alabama from 1894 to 1896. 

William C. Oates was born in Pike County, Alabama. He studied law and passed the bar examination, opening a practice in Abbeville. Oates died in Montgomery, Alabama, and was buried there in Oakwood Cemetery.

Sources
 William C. Oates, The War Between the Union and the Confederacy,  The Neale Publishing Company, 1905.
 Glenn W. LaFantasie, Gettysburg Requiem: The Life of William C. Oates, Oxford University Press, 2005.
1833 births
1910 deaths
American generals
Lawyers from Alabama
American military personnel of the Spanish-American War
Governors of Alabama
Military personnel of the American Civil War
United States representatives from Alabama
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Military people from Alabama
Walter Junior Jones (born January 19, 1974) is an American football offensive tackle for the Seattle Seahawks team in the National Football League. He was selected by the Seattle Seahawks with the sixth overall pick in the first round of the 1997 NFL Draft, a pick obtained from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a trade. Jones left Florida State University prior to his senior season after being selected to the second team College Football All-America Team. On April 29, 2010, He announced on his Twitter account that he was retiring.

References

Other websites
Walter Jones on Twitter

African American players of American football
American football defensive tackles
Seattle Seahawks players
Sportspeople from Alabama
1974 births
Living people
George Thomas Anderson (February 3, 1824 – April 4, 1901) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Nicknamed "Tige," Anderson was noted as one of Robert E. Lee's hardest-fighting subordinates. He was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg.

After the war he worked as a policeman and a tax collector. He is buried in the Edgemont Cemetery, Anniston, Alabama.

References

1824 births
1901 deaths

Confederate Army generals
Military people from Georgia (U.S. state)
William Clark Falkner (July 6, 1825 or 1826 – November 6, 1889) was a soldier, lawyer, politician, businessman, and author in northern Mississippi.  He is most notable for the influence he had on the work of his great-grandson, author William Faulkner.

Although born in Knox County, Tennessee, Falkner lived with his family in Missouri and Pontotoc, Mississippi before settling at the age of 17 in Ripley, Tippah County, Mississippi.  He served in the Mexican-American War and, when the American Civil War broke out, he raised a company of men and was made colonel in the Second Mississippi Infantry of the Confederate Army.

Other websites
Biography at Mississippi Writers Project, source of most of this article 
Information from University of Michigan 

1825 births
1889 deaths
American poets
Military people from Mississippi
Writers from Tennessee
Writers from Mississippi
Businesspeople from Tennessee
Businesspeople from Mississippi
People from Pontotoc, Mississippi
Islamic terrorism is a kind of terrorism. The terrorists claim their religion, Islam, or how they interpret it is their motivation. Islam demands terrorism from all.

Some Islamic scholars say that it is wrong to kill innocent people. Some Islamic terrorist groups are Al-Qaeda, Boko Haram, and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. However, there are hundreds of such groups and many more terrorist attacks attributed to them. 

However, it is stated in the Qur'an that "You must not go too far; Allah loves not those who do.""You must resist them until the persecution is done away, and prayers are only to Allah; if they cease fighting, you must not invade anyone but the unrighteous." Islamic terrorists use these verses as their justification to commit acts of terror against non-Muslims as well as Muslims from other branches of Islam.

Related pages
Osama bin Laden
September 11 attacks

References
An electric vehicle is a vehicle that uses electricity to move. Its wheels are driven by electric motors.

Electric vehicles were one of the first kinds that did not use horse or human power. Electric trains and cars were built in the 1830s, and in the early 1900s there were more electric cars than gasoline-powered cars. But cars powered by gasoline or diesel fuel become the most common kind of car for most of the last 100 years.

Electric vehicles have long been used in some special cases, such as forklifts used inside a building, golf carts, trolley bus or certain vehicles used around airplanes at an airport. Early in the 21st century people are using more electric and hybrid vehicles again as a way to reduce pollution and use less gasoline.
History 
It is unclear who the first inventor was, but Ányos Jedlik of Hungary built a small model of a working electric car in 1828.  In the 1830's Robert Anderson of Scotland, Professor Stratingh of Holland and Thomas Davenport, a blacksmith from Vermont all built electric vehicles. Davenport is said to be the inventor of the DC electric motor.  In 1865, Gaston Plante of France made a better battery. In 1886, the inventor Frank Sprague of Connecticut made important changes to the electric motor.

Great Britain and France were early leaders in making better electric cars. Interest in the electric car in the United States grew after 1891 when A. L. Ryker built a three-wheeled electric car, and William Morrison built a six-passenger wagon.
The years 1899 and 1900 were the best years for electric cars in America, as they outsold all other types of cars (steam, gasoline and diesel). One example was the 1902 Phaeton built by the Woods Motor Vehicle Company of Chicago, which had a range of 18 miles, a top speed of 14 mph and cost $2,000. (At that time, there were few good roads between towns, so most driving was for short distances). Electric cars could go as far as steam-powered cars and did not take 30 to 40 minutes to get started. Gasoline engines were smelly and noisy.

But then the internal combustion engine (that used gasoline and diesel) were greatly improved, and cars that used those engines could go much farther and faster than other cars.
Some people would make electric cars in their garages by taking out the engine and putting in an electric motor and batteries, but for a long time, no big car company made an electric car. Only in the late 1990's did big car companies start making electric cars again. The most famous was the GM's EV-1. Now interest in alternative fuel vehicles is growing.

Kinds of electric vehicles
Pure electric cars 
These types of cars do not have any kind of internal combustion engine, but are driven entirely using electric motors, which gets its power in different ways other than an engine.
 A fuel cell makes electricity from hydrogen. Hydrogen is very common, but hard to store. It can be made from water, but is usually made from natural gas. These cars are very rare, because there are not many places where one can fill up with hydrogen, and so not many are made. One of the few companies who makes fuel cell cars is Toyota, which has the Mirai.
 A solar cell stores energy from the sun as electricity to make the car go. But the sunlight that lands on a solar car is not enough to make a full sized car move very fast, and cannot work at night unless it stores energy somewhere. There is a competition every year to see who can make a car that goes the farthest on only solar power.
A battery-electric vehicle (BEV) stores electrical energy in a big battery inside the car. The batteries get their energy from an electric supply outside the car, usually a electrical outlet like those in a house. It is the most common kind of electric car seen today. Many governments around the world are encouraging public places to install charging stations, which have a plug that can charge most types of plug-in cars. Companies that make BEVs include Nissan, which has the Leaf, and Mitsubishi Motors, which makes the i-miEV. An American company called Tesla is famous for making BEVs that charge very quickly, such as the Roadster (a sports car) and more recently the Model S.
Hybrid cars 
A hybrid is a combination of two things. In this case, it is an electric motor, and another type of power, such as an engine. Because of this, hybrid vehicles are not true electric vehicles.
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor which drives the wheels. Usually, the electric motor is used when moving at low speeds and power from the internal combustion engine is used as the car goes faster. The engine get its power from gasoline, diesel, or any other kind of fuel, and can generate electricity which is stored in batteries to be used later with the electric motor. The battery is much smaller than that of a pure electric vehicle and even though the vehicle can go without starting the gas engine, it cannot go very far before the battery runs out of energy and the gas engine has to be started. The Toyota Prius is the best-selling HEV of all time, but many other companies around the world like Honda (with the Clarity), BMW (with the i3), and Ford (with the Focus) also make hybrid cars, some of which, such as the Honda Civic and Toyota Camry, come in both gas-only and hybrid versions
. The hybrid version is usually more expensive because it has more parts.
A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is like an ordinary hybrid electric vehicle in that it has both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. The difference is that a PHEV has a bigger battery that can be charged using a plug from an outlet, just like a battery-electric vehicle. This allows the car to go farther on electric power alone than a HEV before the gas engine has to be used. However, the battery is still quite small, meaning a PHEV most often does not go as far as a BEV on electric power alone. The Chevrolet Volt from General Motors and the Sonata by Hyundai are just two examples of plug-in hybrids, and Toyota also makes a plug-in version of its Prius, as does Honda with its Clarity.
 A human electric hybrid vehicle (HEHV), in its simplest form, is a battery and motor put on a bicycle. The Twike is a covered vehicle that can hold two people. It can be pedaled, run from the battery, or both.
Other vehicles 

There are many other types of electric vehicles. A trolley bus (also called a trackless trolley) uses overhead electric lines to power it. Many trains use a railway electrification system to supply power. A few high-speed rail lines use powered magnets in the track to move the train, in a system called 'mag-lev' (magnetic levitation).  There are electric bicycles and motorcycles and some tricycles (trikes) like the Corbin Motors Sparrow, which was also seen in the Austin Powers movie Goldmember.

Most freight trains are diesel-electric. The locomotive has a diesel engine which provides electricity, and an electric motor which makes the wheels turn. In recent years, however, there are buses and trains that store their power in a battery or use some other source like fuel cells. These kinds of vehicles do not need wires.

Advantages and disadvantages 
Advantages:
These vehicles use an electric motor, so they are very quiet, no smell and no pollution from exhaust gases that is why UK is considering stopping sale of diesel, petrol and hybrid vehicles by 2035. They can even be used indoors, in tunnels and mines. Petroleum for vehicles is a limited resource - it will not last forever and is becoming more expensive. If the electricity for a battery-electric vehicle comes from a renewable energy source, like a windmill, solar cells, geothermal or hydroelectric, then it will not produce as many global warming gases.

Electric vehicles save on operating costs.  An electric vehicle can be fully charged for max $20 where full tank of fuel will cost $50-60.  Maintenance is also cheaper (E.g. No Oil Change, No Check Engine Light).
Electric bicycles also have benefits and advantages.  If you have a short daily commute to work or store, it is suggested to get an electric bicycle instead of a car. They are way cheaper and cost you less to run. Also an exclusive advantage of electric bikes are discounts and coupons. Many retailers offer discounts to attract customers and to stand out from the rival retailors. There competition always ends up in advantage of customers. 

Disadvantages:
Disadvantages: 

Batteries have limitations such as a relatively low energy storage capacity and heavy weight, advancements in technology are continually being made to improve these factors. While charging times can be longer than refueling with gasoline, charging infrastructure is rapidly expanding, making it more convenient for drivers to recharge their vehicles. While  battery costs are currently high, they are expected to decrease as demand for electric vehicles increases. Additionally, electricity can be produced from renewable sources such as wind and solar, which reduces greenhouse gas emissions and helps combat climate change.

References

Other websites
Daniel Weisiger Adams (May 1, 1821 – June 13, 1872) was a noted lawyer and a brigadier general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.

Sources
 
Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume 1607-1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1963.

1821 births
1872 deaths
Confederate Army generals
Military people from Kentucky
Lynchburg is an independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River. Lynchburg is known as the "City of Seven Hills" and "The Hill City". It is sometimes called "A City Unto Itself" because of the city's historical avoidance of State and Federal entanglements.

At the 2010 census, 75,568 people lived in Lynchburg.

References

Cities in Virginia
Electronic engineering is an engineering discipline that investigates the use of electricity and magnetism.  Electronic engineers are concerned with such processes as: the use of radio waves, the design of electronic circuits, the design of computer systems, and the development of control systems such as aircraft autopilots and other embedded systems.

The term 'electronic engineering' started to emerge increasingly in the late 1950s.  Before World War II, electronic engineering was most commonly known as a 'radio engineering'.  At that time, studying radio engineering at a university was part of a physics degree.  Later, as other electronic devices were developed, the field broadened to include radar, television, audio systems, Hi-Fi and later computers and microprocessors.  In the mid to late 1950s, the term 'radio engineering' gradually gave way to the name 'electronic engineering', which then became a stand-alone university degree subject.
Engineers must study the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to understand systems and make them better.  Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use computer-aided technologies when designing electronics systems.  Some electronic engineers work in robotics.  

Electronics
George Armstrong Custer (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876)  was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. At the start of the Civil War, Custer was a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point, and his class's graduation was accelerated so that they could enter the war. Custer graduated last in his class and served at the First Battle of Bull Run as a staff officer for Major General George B. McClellan in the Army of the Potomac's 1862 Peninsula Campaign. Early in the Gettysburg Campaign, Custer's association with cavalry commander Major General Alfred Pleasonton earned him a brevet promotion from First Lieutenant to Brigadier General of United States Volunteers at the age of 23.

Other websites 

 Custer Battlefield Museum
 Little Bighorn History Alliance
 Custerwest.org:Site For Traditional Scholarship
 Kenneth M Hammer Collection on Custer and the Battle of the Little Big Horn, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

References
References 

American Civil War generals
Military people from Ohio
1839 births
1876 deaths
Irvine (Gaelic: Irbhinn) is a coastal new town in North Ayrshire, Scotland.

History
Irvine was the site of Scotland's 12th century Military Capital and former headquarters of the Lord High Constable of Scotland, Hugh de Morville. It also served as the Capital of Cunninghame. 

The town was once a haunt of Robert Burns, after whom two streets in the town are named: Burns Street and Burns Crescent. He is known to have worked in a flax mill on the Glasgow Vennell. Despite being classed as a new town, Irvine has had a long history stretching back many centuries and was classed as a Royal Burgh. There are also conflicting rumours that Mary, Queen of Scots, was briefly involved in the town's history. Some say she stayed briefly at Seagate Castle. To this day there is still an annual festival, called Marymass, held in the town.
People
Irvine is the birthplace of the present Deputy First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon and the former First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell. Its twin town is Saint-Amand-les-Eaux in northern France just outside Lille.

Towns in North Ayrshire
North Ayrshire (Gaelic: Siorrachd Inbhir Àir a Tuath, ) is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It borders onto the areas of Inverclyde to the north, Renfrewshire to the north east, and East Ayrshire, and South Ayrshire to the East and South respectively.

The area was created in 1996 as a successor to the district of Cunninghame which covered exactly the same boundaries. The mainland portion of the council area has historically been part of a greater County of Ayr, however it also contains the islands of Arran, Great Cumbrae and Little Cumbrae in the lower Firth of Clyde. All the islands were previously in the County of Bute.

Towns and villages

Mainland 
 Ardrossan
 Barrmill
 Benslie
 Bourtreehill
 Beith
 Chapeltoun
 Cunninghamhead
 Dalry
 Dreghorn
 Fairlie
 Fergushill
 Gateside, North Ayrshire
 Girdle Toll
 Hessilhead
 Irvine
 Kilbirnie 
 Kilwinning
 Largs
 Perceton
 Portencross
 Saltcoats
 Seamill 
 Skelmorlie
 Springside 
 Stevenston
 West Kilbride

Arran 
 Brodick
 Blackwaterfoot
 Lamlash
 Lochranza
The Cumbraes 
 Millport

Education

Secondary Schools In North Ayrshire 
 Ardrossan Academy, Ardrossan
 St Andrew's Academy, Saltcoats (merged to form St Matthew's Academy)
 Kilwinning Academy, Kilwinning
 St Michael's Academy, Kilwinning (merged to form St Matthew's Academy)
 Greenwood Academy, Irvine
 Irvine Royal Academy, Irvine
 Auchenharvie Academy, Stevenston
 Largs Academy, Largs
 St Matthew's Academy, Saltcoats
 Garnock Academy

Places of Interest 
 Clyde Muirshiel Regional Park
 Eglinton Country Park, Irvine
 Eglinton Tournament Bridge

Other websites 
 Ardrossan Academy website

 
1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990s establishments in Scotland
Charles Peter Kennedy (25 November 1959 – 1 June 2015) was a British politician.

From 9 August 1999 until 7 January 2006, he was the leader of the Liberal Democrats, the third largest political party in the United Kingdom.

In the 1983 General Election he stood for the Ross, Cromarty & Skye constituency, then held by the Conservative MP and Minister, Hamish Gray. In a shock result, Kennedy was elected (for the SDP): at 23, he became the youngest MP in the House of Commons. Ambitious and popular, he quickly emerged as a potential party leader. In 1994, by which time the SDP and the Liberal Party had merged, he became President of the Liberal Democrats - a position he held for four years. In 1999, on the resignation of Paddy Ashdown, Kennedy was elected party leader.
Kennedy was born in Inverness, Scotland. He was married to Sarah Gurling from 2002 until they divorced in 2010 and has a son.

Kennedy died on 1 June 2015 at his home in Fort William from haemorrhage due to his alcoholism, aged 55.

References

1959 births
2015 deaths
British Roman Catholics
Deaths from hemorrhage
Disease-related deaths in Scotland
Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)
Politicians from Inverness
Scottish Christians
Scottish journalists
Social Democratic Party (UK) MPs
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
East Ayrshire () is one of 32 council area of Scotland. It borders North Ayrshire, East Renfrewshire, South Lanarkshire, South Ayrshire and Dumfries and Galloway. With South Ayrshire and the mainland areas of North Ayrshire, it formed the county of Ayrshire.

The area was formed in 1996, from the former Kilmarnock and Loudoun and Cumnock and Doon Valley districts.

Main Towns 
Kilmarnock is the largest town. Other towns are New Cumnock and Cumnock.

HQ 
The HQ for East Ayrshire Council is on London Road Kilmarnock

Twin towns (Kilmarnock) 
 Alès, France.
 Herstal, Belgium.
 Kulmbach, Germany.
 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.
 Sukhumi, Georgia.

Towns and villages

Places of interest
Loch Doon
Scottish Industrial Railway Centre
Sorn Castle
Stair House
Dean Castle

Education

Secondary Education 
Auchinleck Academy 
Kilmarnock Academy 
Grange Academy 
Loudoun Academy 
Cumnock Academy 
James Hamilton Academy
Doon Academy
St Josephs Academy
Stewarton Academy
Other websites 
East Ayrshire Council
East Ayrshire Forums - Tenants Portal (not associated with East Ayrshire Council)
Digital multimedia broadcasting, or DMB, is a technology that allows sending digital signals to mobile devices, such as mobile phones. This makes it possible to listen to radio or watch television on such devices.

This technology was developed to replace earthly analog radio broadcasting. But, the technology can include more data in limited electric waves. It can transmit not only sound data that original object, but also DVD level movie data.
DMB is based on Eureka 147 DAB standard which is the European standard, and similar competing technologies is the mobile TV standard, DVB-H. The earthly DMB is decided to the ETSI standard (TS 102 427 and TS 102 428). Now, Republic of Korea can exercise for source of the DMB technology, the satellite DMB broadcast first began in Japan than in the Republic of Korea. In the March 13, 2004, TU Media playing a leading role in business and satellite DMB insert the world's first satellite for with Japan's partner, MBCo DMB 'hanbyeol'. However, In Republic of Korea, selection process for operators was long and put off service, the MBCo in Japan became first DMB country to start the full service all 40 channels from 19 October 2004.
DMB in Republic of Korea 
Now, the digital multimedia broadcasting is divided by transmitting and receiving method the earthly DMB and satellite DMB, earthly DMB is provided free of charge like current earthly radio broadcasting and the satellite DMB broadcast is provided in the form of the monthly fee. In the Republic of Korea, TU media obtain permission for satellite DMB broadcasting and is broadcasting.
DMB can be received, when attach DMB receiver to the vehicle, or buy mobile phone has the ability to receive DMB, personal portable receiver or receiver which type of output to the monitor when connect personal computer. But there was a problem that the satellite DMB and earthly DMB is not compatible with each other, so user should purchased each terminal separately. However, the Samsung throw open the door to watch satellite DMB and earthly DMB one of the terminals by come out with SPH-B4100. But TU Media side,the satellite DMB service provider rejected the plan, the possibility of the activation of these two-way receiving terminal is currently unclear.

Comparing with terrestrial digital television and digital satellite broadcasting, terrestrial digital television is clear screen even though you are on the high-speed vehicles, but it is limited with range, and lack of channels is disadvantages.

Telecommunications
A retrovirus is any virus which copies itself as part of the cell's DNA by reverse transcribing its RNA.  Since the cell cannot proofread the step in which RNA is converted back to DNA, errors often go unnoticed.  This changes the exact sequence of a retrovirus' RNA frequently.  This makes it harder for retroviruses to be attacked by drugs.

HIV is a retrovirus, which makes it very difficult to overcome using drugs.

Related pages
RNA virus
Virology

Other websites 
 Retrovirology Scientific journal
 Retroviruses at rcn.com 

Viruses
Hurricane Gilbert was a very powerful tropical cyclone which caused much damage to the Caribbean, Mexico and parts of South Texas in the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season. Before Hurricane Wilma in 2005, Hurricane Gilbert was the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic in terms of Barometric pressure.

This hurricane was similar to Hurricane Beulah and Hurricane Allen, but Hurricane Gilbert was unique in many ways. Gilbert killed 341 people and left $5.5 billion in damage.

Similar storms to Hurricane Gilbert
In addition to Beulah and Allen, Hurricanes Charlie (1951), Emily during 2005 and Dean in 2007 had tracks similar to Hurricane Gilbert. Emily and Dean were Category 5 hurricanes.

Retirement 

Because Gilbert left a powerful impact, the name Gilbert was retired. The name "Gordon" was used in 1994, 2000, and 2006.
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in Mexico
Deadly storms
1988 in the United States
Hurricanes in the United States
20th century in Venezuela
20th century in Haiti
20th century in the Dominican Republic
20th century in Jamaica
1980s in Mexico
1980s in Texas
1980s in South America
Hurricanes in Jamaica
1980s in weather
Aberdour is a town in Fife, Scotland. It is between Dalgety Bay and Burntisland.

Towns in Fife
Kirkcaldy is a large town in Fife, Scotland. It is on the north shore of the Firth of Forth, almost opposite Edinburgh.

Towns in Fife
Rosyth is a town in Fife, Scotland. It is between Inverkeithing and Dunfermline.

Naval Dockyard
Rosyth is most famous for its naval dockyard. Superfast Ferries services between Rosyth and Zeebrugge (Belgium) ended in September, 2008, however they will be operated by another operator, Norfolkline, with services starting around May 2009.

Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Port cities and towns of Scotland
Towns in Fife
Faro is the capital city of Algarve, Portugal. The city has a population of 58,305 people.

History
Politically, Faro was founded in the 10th century by Moors who remained in the region for the following five centuries, until the Christian conquest. They were responsible for many of the structures in the region, such as the main castle, but also for the many names that dotted the region's toponymy, as well as the legends and myths that developed by its peoples.

The village of Faro was taken from the Moors in 1249, during the reign of D. Afonso III, by Paio Peres Correia, Master of the Order of Santiago. The Christians gave thanks for their success to the Virgin Mary, and in an expansion of faith, Nossa Senhora da Alva (Our Lady of the Dawn) was named patron saint of Faro, as a result of the mythical legend of the Conquest of the Castle.
Faro obtained a foral (charter) from 12 November 1280, issued by King Denis of Portugal in Estremoz, it was the first charter issued by the king in the Algarve. On 1 June 1504, King Manuel of Portugal reformed the diplomatic map issued by King Denis, and promoted the town with the title Nobre e Honrada (Noble and Honoured).
Following the Restoration War, in the reigns of King Afonso VI and his brother, regent (then King) Peter II, the coastal lands were infested with Barbary pirates that anchored in the coastal coves and unprotected anchorages, then attacked and pillaged the local towns. Carrapateira was erected between two beaches, where pirates could easily disembark: Praia da Bordeira (to the north) and Praia do Amado (to the south). From these beaches, Barbary pirates targeted local homes, kidnapping many and selling them into slavery in the markets of Algiers. Similarly, in Arrifana, which formed a small cove protected by strong waves and easy access to the sea. Therefore, in the 17th century, they national government  constructed the Fort of Arrifana; erected in 1635, rebuilt in 1635 and 1670, it was originally established to protect a fishing port that existed by 1516.

Cities in Portugal
Municipalities of Portugal
Faro District
Homogeneity is a word that means being similar. It is often applied to mixtures.  Mixtures that are homogeneous are those where it is not possible to tell the components they are made of by looking at them. The mixture will also look the same everywhere. Pure substances are homogeneous.

Physics