Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Battle of Belgium or Belgian Campaign was part of the greater Battle of France.  This was an offensive campaign by Germany during the Second World War. It took place over 18 days in May 1940.  It ended with the German occupation of Belgium following the surrender of the Belgian Army.

The Allied Armies tried to stop the German Army in Belgium.  They thought it was the main German attack. After the French had fully committed the best of the Allied Armies to Belgium between 10 and 12 May, the Germans went towards the English Channel. The German Army reached the Channel after five days. They encircling the Allied Armies. The Germans forced the Allies back to the sea. The Belgian Army surrendered on 28 May 1940, ending the battle.

The Battle of Belgium included the first tank battle of the war. It was the largest tank battle in history up to that date.  The battle also included the Battle of Fort Eben-Emael, the first strategic airborne operation using paratroopers.
Belgium was occupied by the Germans until the winter of 1944–1945. It was freed by the Western Alliance.

Notes

References

1940 in Europe
Battle of Belgium
Battles involving Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
Belgium
May 1940 events
Leopold III (born as Léopold Philippe Charles Albert Meinrad Hubertus Marie Miguel; 3 November 1901  25 September 1983) was King of the Belgians from 1934 until 1951.  He left the throne and his son Baudouin became King.

Leopold III went to the throne of Belgium on 23 February 1934 following the death of his father, King Albert I.

Early life and family

Crown Prince Leopold fought as a private during World War I while still a teenager.  He was sent by his father to Eton College in the United Kingdom, in 1915. After the war, in 1919, he went to St. Anthony Seminary in Santa Barbara, California. He married Princess Astrid of Sweden in Stockholm on 4 November 1926.

On 29 August 1935, the King and Queen were driving along the winding, narrow roads near their villa at Küssnacht am Rigi, Schwyz, Switzerland on the shores of Lake Lucerne. Leopold lost control of the car which plunged into the lake, killing Queen Astrid and her unborn fourth child.
Leopold married Lilian Baels on 11 September 1941 in a secret, religious ceremony.  It was not valid under Belgian law.

In 1944, Heinrich Himmler ordered Leopold deported to Germany. Princess Liliane followed the next day under an SS armed guard. The Nazis held the family in a fort at Hirschstein in Saxony from June 1944 to March 1945, and then at Strobl, Austria.

Leopold was freed by the United States in early May 1945. Because of the controversy about his conduct during the war, Leopold III and his wife and children were unable to return to Belgium.  They spent the next six years in exile at Pregny-Chambésy near Geneva, Switzerland. A regency under his brother Prince Charles had been made by the Legislature in 1944.
On his return to Belgium in 1950, Leopold was met with one of the most violent strikes in the history of Belgium. The country stood on the edge of civil war. Belgian banners were replaced by Walloon flags in Liège and other municipalities of Wallonia. To avoid tearing the country apart, and to keep the monarchy, Leopold decided on 1 August 1950 to withdraw in favour of his 20-year-old son Baudouin.

In retirement, he followed his passion as an amateur social anthropologist and entomologist and travelled the world. He went, for instance, to Senegal and he explored the Orinoco and the Amazon with Heinrich Harrer.

Leopold died in 1983 at Woluwe-Saint-Lambert.

References

1901 births
1983 deaths
Belgian people of World War II
Kings and Queens of Belgium
Knights of the Golden Fleece
People from Brussels
The Seventeen Provinces were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century.  The lands were about the same as the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France (Artois, French Flanders), and a small part of Western Germany.

The Seventeen Provinces were first held by the Dukes of Burgundy of the House of Valois.  Later they were held by the Habsburgs. From 1512 the Provinces formed the major part of the Burgundian Circle.

Composition 
The map matches to the following provinces:
the County of Artois
the County of Flanders, including the burgraviates of Lille, Douai, Orchies, the Lordship of Tournai and the Tournaisis
the Lordship of Mechelen
the County of Namur
the County of Hainaut
the County of Zeeland
the County of Holland
the Duchy of Brabant, including the Margraviate of Antwerp, the counties of Leuven and of Brussels, and the advocacy of the Abbey of Nivelles and of Gembloux
the Duchy of Limburg, including the counties of Dalhem and Valkenburg and the Lordship of Herzogenrath
the Duchy of Luxembourg
the Prince-Bishopric, later Lordship of Utrecht
the Lordship of Frisia
the Duchy of Guelders
the Lordship of Groningen (including the Ommelanden)
the Lordship of Drenthe, Lingen, Wedde, and Westerwolde
the Lordship of Overijssel
the County of Zutphen

It was not always the same Seventeen Provinces.

States of the Holy Roman Empire
The Bishopric of Liège or Prince-Bishopric of Liège was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries in present Belgium.  It got its status as a prince-bishopric between 980 and 985. Bishop Notger became Prince-Bishop after he received secular control of the County of Huy from the emperor .

The Prince-Bishopric belonged from 1500 on to the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle. It was headed by the Prince-Bishop of Liège. Its land included most of the present Belgian provinces of Liège and Limburg, and some exclaves in other parts of Belgium and the Netherlands. The capital was Liège. It was added into France in 1795.

History of Belgium
Liège
Liège (province)
States of the Holy Roman Empire
Egide Charles Gustave, Baron Wappers (23 August 1803 Antwerp – 6 December 1874 Paris), better known as Gustave Wappers, was a Belgian painter.

Biography
He studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp, and during 1826 in Paris. The Romantic movement with its new ideas about art and politics was happening in France. Wappers was the first Belgian artist to use this form.  His first painting, "The Devotion of the Burgomaster of Leiden," appeared at the right time.  It had much success in the Brussels Salon during 1830, the year of the Belgian Revolution.

Wappers was invited to the court at Brussels. In 1832 the city of Antwerp made him Professor of Painting.
He showed his masterpiece, "Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830" at the Antwerp Salon in 1834. He was then made painter to Leopold, King of the Belgians. At the death of Matthieu-Ignace Van Brée in 1839 he was raised to director of the Antwerp Academy. One of his students was Ford Madox Brown, another was the Czech history painter Karel Javůrek.

He has many works.  Some of them in traditional devotional modes, while others show the Romantic view of history.

After retiring as director of the Antwerp Academy, he lived in 1853 in Paris.  He died in 1873.

References

Other websites
 

1803 births
1874 deaths
Belgian nobility
Belgian painters
Flemish painters
People from Antwerp
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
The Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium is one of the most famous museums in Belgium.

The museum
The museums are in the capital of Brussels in the downtown area on the Coudenberg. There are four museums. Two of them, the Museum of Ancient Art and the Museum of Modern Art, Brussels, are in the main building. The other two, the Constantin Meunier Museum and the Antoine Wiertz Museum, are dedicated to specific Belgian artists.  They are much smaller and are a few kilometers from the city center.

The Royal Museum has over 20,000 drawings, sculptures, and paintings, which date from the early 15th century to the present. The museum has a large collection of Flemish painting, among them  paintings by Bruegel and Rogier van der Weyden, Robert Campin, Anthony van Dyck, and Jacob Jordaens. The museum is also proud of its "Rubens Room", which houses more than 20 paintings by the artist.
The building
The main building, which now houses the Museum of Ancient Art, was built as the Palais des Beaux-Arts.  It was designed by Belgian architect Alphonse Balat and paid for by King Leopold II. The building was completed in 1887.

Other websites

Official website

Art museums
Belgian culture
Buildings and structures in Brussels
Capuchin monkeys are a subfamily  of New World monkeys, the Cebinae. They are native to Central and South America. There are only two genera: Cebus and Sepajus. Cebus has the gracile capuchins, and Sepajus has the robust capuchins.

Capuchin monkeys are active during the day and generally live and travel through trees.

Habitat and lifespan
Capuchin monkeys live in Central America and South America.  They make their home in trees, traveling during the day and sleeping in the trees at night.

Capuchins live in groups of 10 to 40 members. These groups consist of related females and their offspring, as well as several males. Usually groups are dominated by a single male.  The Capuchins in a group will groom each other and vocalize to communicate.  The Capuchin group will be protective of its territory, marking a central area of their territory with urine and defending it against intruders.
Females bear young every two years following a 160 to 180 day gestation. The young cling to their mother's chest until they are larger, when they move to her back a Capuchin Monkey takes 18 - 24 months to grow into an adult. Adult male capuchins rarely take part in caring for the young. Within four years for females and eight years for males, juveniles become fully mature. In captivity, individual capuchins have reached an age of 45 years, although life expectancy in nature is only 15 to 25 years.

Intelligence
Capuchins are the most intelligent New World monkeys. The tufted capuchin uses tools in a similar way to chimpanzees. It is one of the few examples of primate tool use other than by apes.
When they see macaws eating palm nuts, cracking them open with their beaks, capuchins select a  few of the ripest fruits. They nip off the tip of the fruit and drink down the juice, then seemingly discard the rest of the fruit with the nut inside. When these discarded fruits are hardened and brittle, the capuchins gather them up. Then they take them to a large flat boulder where they already have a few stones from a river. They use these stones to crack open the fruit to get to the nut inside. Young capuchins watch this process to learn from the more experienced adults. It may take a capuchin up to eight years to master this skill.

During the mosquito season, they crush millipedes and rub the result on their backs. This acts as a natural insect repellent.

One experiment suggest they can distinguish between seeing and knowing, but this is not entirely accepted.

Relationship with humans
Capuchin monkeys can be recognized as the "organ grinder" or "greyhound jockey" monkeys.  Capuchins are sometimes kept as exotic pets.  Sometimes they plunder fields and crops and are seen as troublesome by nearby human populations. In some regions they have become rare due to the destruction of their habitat.

They are also used as service animals, sometimes being called "nature's butlers."  Some organizations have been training capuchin monkeys to assist quadriplegics as monkey helpers in a manner similar to mobility assistance dogs. After being socialized in a human home as infants, the monkeys undergo extensive training before being placed with a quadriplegic. Around the house, the monkeys help out by doing tasks including microwaving food, washing the quadriplegic's face, and opening drink bottles.
Capuchin monkeys are the most common featured monkeys in the movies Outbreak, Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (and its sequels), Zookeeper, George of the Jungle, and The Hangover Part II. Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) on the NBC sitcom Friends had a capuchin monkey named Marcel.  Crystal the Monkey is the famous monkey actress.

Food
The diet of the capuchins is more varied than other 'New World' monkeys such as spider monkeys. They are omnivores, eating not only fruits, nuts, seeds, and buds, but also insects, spiders, birds' eggs, and small vertebrates. Capuchins living near water will also eat crabs and shellfish by cracking their shells with stones.

Physical description
Capuchins are darkly black or brown except for the face, throat and chest, that are white coloured. They reach a length of 30 to 56 cm (12–22 in), with tails that are just as long as the body.

Behaviour
Capuchin monkeys have long naps during the day. Also they socialize in small groups up to 10 to 40 members.
Related pages
Monkey

References

New World monkeys
Mammals of North America
Mammals of South America
Lingtong District (, pinyin:Líntóng Qū) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in east of Xi'an, and about  from the center of Xi'an. Weinan Municipality is to the east. Gaoling District, Baqiao District and Xianyang Municipality are to the west. Lantian County is to the south. Yanliang District is to the north. The district covers . As of November 2010, 655,874 people lived there.

Long ago it called Yueyang (栎阳). Firstly, Lingtong District called Lingtong County, and belong to Weinan Municipality. Then it was given to Xi'an. In 1988, it renamed to Lingtong District.

Lingtong is famous for tours, there are many monuments. It's also important for Xi'an, in military.

References 

Shaanxi
Districts of China
Regional lockout is something used to prevent the playing of media for device, sold in another country. It can be programming practice, code, chip, or physical barrier. Regional lockout may be used in movies, video games and computer printers. The DVD, Blu-ray Disc, and UMD media formats all support the use of region coding

Related pages
 10NES
 NTSC
 PAL region

Cryptography
Censorship
Copyright
Computer security
The 10NES system is a lock-out system. It was designed for North American and European versions of the Nintendo Entertainment System video game console. It is used to prevent pirated games and games from other regions to be played, but various companies found ways to bypass the authorization chip.

Related pages 
 Regional lockout

Nintendo hardware
Copyright
A wastebasket taxon  is a term used by biologists for a taxon which has organisms that do not fit anywhere else. 

Species or groups are put in the wastebasket taxon when they do not fit into one of the regular taxa. Regular taxa are supposed to be monophyletic. By definition, wastebasket taxa are either paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Their name may still be very useful to biologists, because its members may be an important evolutionary grade. Antelopes are a group which is ecologically very important, and have many similar features. However, they are not monophyletic. Species are called 'antelopes' if they look like one.

Invertebrates are often called the "everything-else" category, meaning all animals without backbones. Little-known fossil groups are sometimes later found to be wastebasket taxa. The crocodile-like Triassic group Rauisuchia is an example.  

Loosely related animals often look rather alike. This is because they adapt to similar environments. This leads to convergent evolution.

References
Sir Thomas Makdougall Brisbane (July 23, 1773 – January 27, 1860) was the sixth Governor of New South Wales. Brisbane was very interested in astronomy and brought two assistant astronomers to Australia with him. When he went back to England, he left his books, telescopes and other equipment behind as gift, and these were the beginnings of the Sydney Observatory.

The Brisbane River was named after Sir Thomas, and the capital city of Queensland, takes its name from the river.

References 

1773 births
1860 deaths
British Army officers
British astronomers
Governors of New South Wales
Scottish politicians
People from Ayrshire‎
Lexington is a city in the state of North Carolina, United States. It is near the larger city of Winston-Salem. 18,978 people live in the city.

History

People from Europe first moved to the area in 1775.  The town is named after the city of Lexington, Massachusetts, where the first battle of the American Revolutionary War happened. Lexington became a city in 1828. Until the late 1990s, Lexington's economy was based on  textile and furniture manufacturing.  Since then, most local manufacturers have moved their production facilities to Asia and Mexico to reduce costs.   This caused most textile and furniture factories to close, creating economic difficulties in the area.

The oldest remaining house in Lexington is The Homestead, built by Dr. William Rainey Holt (1798–1868), a physician born in Alamance County.   Dr. Holt was the President of the North Carolina Agricultural Society and was one of the first to introduce purebred livestock to North Carolina.

Local Culture

Barbecue
Barbecue

Lexington calls itself the "Barbecue Capital of the World".  Starting in 1984, the city has the Lexington Barbecue Festival each year, one of the largest street festivals in North Carolina.  In 2012, the US News and World Report ranked Lexington as #4 on its list of the best cities for barbecue.  Lexington-style barbecue is made with pork shoulder cooked slowly over a hardwood fire, usually hickory wood. It is served with a sauce made with vinegar, ketchup, water, salt, pepper and other spices.  There are many different way to make this sauce, mild, tangy, sweet or spicy.
Pigs in the City 
Pigs in the City is a public art display managed by Uptown Lexington, Inc., a non-profit organization that has the goal of increasing the usage of the downtown area of Lexington.  Pigs in the City began in 2003 and 40,000 visitors from all over the state came to see the event in the first year. Since 2006, the event has been held every year. There are usually 20 or more of these statues on display during the event.  Companies pay $1,000 each to sponsor one of the pigs, which pays for the event.

High Rock Lake
High Rock Lake 

High Rock Lake is the second largest lake in North Carolina and located near Lexington.  Its water surface covers  and there are  of shoreline. It begins where the Yadkin River and the South Yadkin River come together.  High Rock Lake has long been considered one of the best fishing lakes of North Carolina.  There have been a number of national fishing tournaments held at the lake, such as  Bassmaster Tournaments, like the Bassmaster Classic in 1994, 1995, 1997 and 2007.  The lake has large numbers of fish, including channel, blue, and flathead catfish, plus crappie and several different sunfish such as bluegill, shellcracker and others.  Striper and their hybrids as well as white bass are also abundant.  The lake is best known for its quantity and quality of largemouth bass.
The Bob Timberlake Gallery 
The Bob Timberlake Gallery is in Lexington.  It opened in 1997, and features original artwork, reproductions, personal memorabilia, as well as home furnishings from the artist Bob Timberlake.

Geography 

Lexington is in the Piedmont. It is centered at 35°49'0" North, 80°15'31" West (35.816768, -80.258643), in the valley of the Yadkin River. Lexington is  northeast of High Rock Lake, part of the Yadkin-Pee Dee chain of lakes in central North Carolina.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which,  of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

It is bordered to the north and west by Interstate 85 Business, to the south and east by Interstate 85.  Both interstates come together just southwest of the city.  Additionally, 4 U.S. Highway Routes, U.S. Route 29, U.S. Route 64, U.S. Route 52, U.S. Route 70 and state highways NC Highway 8 and NC Highway 47 intersect the city.
Climate 
Thunderstorms are common during the spring and summer months, including some severe storms.  Being in central North Carolina, between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mid-Atlantic coast, Lexington has a humid subtropical climate, with moderate temperatures during spring and autumn and warm to hot summers. Winters are relatively mild and wet with highs typically in the 40s to 50s and overnight lows averaging just below freezing.

Demographics 

As of the census of 2010, there are 18,931 people in the city, organized into 7,376 households.  This represents a population reduction of 1022 persons, or 5%, when compared to the 2000 census.  The median age is 37.4 years for all persons (39.4 for females, 35.2 for males).
Of the total population, 15.1% are at least 65 years old, 24.6% are under the age of 18, with the remaining 60.3% of the population being persons from 18 to 64.  Males comprise 48.1% and females make up 51.9% of the total population.  Caucasians make up 54.7% of the total population (including 16.3% that are Latino), African-Americans 28.4% and Asians represent 2.9% of the population.  Fully 10.7% of the population identifies itself as Some other race while 2.6% are Two or more races.  Other races each represent less than 1% each of the total population.

Of the total 7,376 households, 4,581 are considered Family households, including 2067 that have children under 18. The average household size is 2.44 persons, and the average family size is 3.08 persons.   There are 8,938 total housing units, of which the 7376 are households, for an occupancy rate of 82.5%.  47.6% of these households are owner-occupied, while 52.4% are renters.
Notable people
Bob Timberlake, local artist,
Robert Sink, Lieutenant General for the United States Army during World World II. Sink was portrayed in the television miniseries Band of Brothers by Captain Dale Dye.
Johnny Temple,  6 time All-Star and former MLB 2nd Baseman for the Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians, Baltimore Orioles, and Houston Colt .45s
Perry Tuttle, former NFL wide receiver for the Buffalo Bills, Atlanta Falcons, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Deems May, former NFL tight end for the San Diego Chargers and the Seattle Seahawks
Mike Dillon, former NASCAR Busch Series race car driver. Spotter for RCR driver Clint Bowyer
Terry McMillan, musician
Rick Terry, NFL defensive tackle for the New York Jets and Carolina Panthers.
Richard "The Old Man" Harrison of the famous reality TV Show Pawn Stars.
Josh Williams of the band Your Name In Vain Tragic Hero Records.

Images gallery

References
References

Other websites
 Official website
 Lexington Area Chamber of Commerce
 Lexington Tourism Authority
 Lexington's Annexation
 About Lexington's annexation 
 Uptown Lexington, Inc.
 Arts United for Davidson County 
 Lexington's Barbecue Festival 
 Davidson Co. Tourism and Recreation
 Images and Feature Articles 
 Photographs of Lexington buildings from the Library of Congress "Built in America" collection

Cities in North Carolina
1828 establishments in the United States
County seats in North Carolina
19th-century establishments in North Carolina
The Brown Bunny is an explicit 2003 drama movie. It stars Vincent Gallo and Chloë Sevigny. Gallo wrote, produced and directed it. It was unrated when released but is extremely similar to an NC-17. It was controversial at the time of its release.

Cast
 Vincent Gallo as Bud Clay
 Chloë Sevigny as Daisy
 Cheryl Tiegs as Lilly
 Elizabeth Blake as Rose
 Anna Vareschi as Violet
 Mary Morasky as Mrs. Lemon
 Rick Doucette (uncredited) as Featured racer

References

Other websites 
 
 
 
 
 

2003 drama movies
2000s road movies
Obscenity controversies
English-language movies
American drama movies
American independent movies
Japanese drama movies
French drama movies
Andreas Vesalius (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was a Flemish anatomist, physician, and author.  He wrote one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). Vesalius is often called the founder of modern human anatomy. Vesalius is the Latinized form of Andries van Wesel. He is sometimes also called Andreas Vesal, André Vesalio and Andre Vesale.

Anatomies had been published before, but those of Vesalius were in a different class. They were based on actual dissections of human bodies (after death). And the drawings were artwork of the highest class.
Dissections of cadavers (dead human bodies) was forbidden for many centuries, and this limited previous work on anatomy. Before Vesalius, most information about the human body came from Galen.  By dissecting human bodies, Vesalius showed that many of the things Galen wrote about were wrong. Galen was primarily misinformed about the human heart, liver and lower jaw bone. It was found that Galen's work was based on Barbary apes, but he also dissected pigs, which led to even more inaccurate observations.

Vesalius was invited to be the Imperial physician of Emperor Charles V.  After the abdication of Emperor Charles V he continued at court in great favour with the Emperor's son Philip II.

References 

1514 births
1564 deaths
Anatomists
Belgian physicians
Belgian Roman Catholics
Writers from Brussels
Rembert Dodoens (29 June 1517 – 10 March 1585) was a Flemish physician and botanist.  He is also known by his Latinized name Rembertus Dodonaeus.

Biography
Dodoens was born in Mechelen.  In 1530 he began his studies in medicine, cosmography and geography at the University of Leuven. He graduated in 1535. He became a physician in Mechelen in 1538. He married Kathelijne De Bruyn(e) in 1539. He had a short stay in Basel (1542–1546). He turned down a chair at the University of Leuven in 1557. He also turned down an offer to become court physician of emperor Philip II of Spain. He became the court physician of the Austrian emperor Rudolph II in Vienna (1575–1578). He then became professor in medicine at the University of Leiden in 1582, and remained there until his death.

Dodoens wrote Cruydeboeck  in 1554. In his times, it was the most translated book after the Bible. It became a work of worldwide renown, used as a reference book for two centuries.
The plant genus Dodonaea was named after him by Carolus Linnaeus.

References

1517 births
1585 deaths
Belgian academics
Belgian botanists
Belgian physicians
People from Antwerp (province)
Unintended consequences are the surprising results of an action or decision.

When an outcome is not anticipated or foreseen, the situation at the end of a process may be different from what was intended.  In other words, purposeful action may create consequences which are 
 not intended (unintended)
 not anticipated (unanticipated) 
 not foreseen (unforeseen)

This concept is one of the building blocks of economics.  The term was coined and popularised in the 20th century. Its use has expanded into a range of contexts.

History
The idea of unintended consequences dates back at least to the 18th century when Adam Smith wrote about men who are "led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his invention".

American sociologist Robert K. Merton invented the phrase in 1936.
Types 
There are three types of unintended consequences:
 A positive, unexpected good effect is also described as good luck
 A negative, unanticipated bad effect in addition to what was expected
 A perverse, unforeseen effect which is outside the scope or opposite to what was intended

Causes 
Possible causes of unanticipated consequences include

Ignorance
 In other words, it is impossible to anticipate everything, and this leads to an analysis which is not detailed enough.

Error
 In other words, there is an incorrect or mistaken analysis.  For example, error might result from following a process or procedure which worked in the past but which does not work well enough or not at all in a new situation.

 Immediate interest
 In other words, the focus on short-term goals may be viewed as more important than long-term interests.

Basic values
 In other words, there may be factors which require or prohibit certain actions regardless of the long-term results.
Select examples 
There are examples and kinds of unanticipated consequences:

Unexpected and good
Aspirin is a pain reliever.  Among other things, aspirin affects the blood's ability to clot.  An unintended consequence is that aspirin is sometimes good for people with heart problems.

 Unexpected and bad 
 Rabbits were introduced in Australia and New Zealand; but without any natural enemies to slow the growth in numbers, there was an unanticipated consequence. There was a problem of too many rabbits in both countries.

 Unexpected and worse
 In India, the southern provinces had the problem of too many snakes.  The government tried to solve the problem by paying for dead cobras.  This was intended to bring down the number of cobras. Instead, it led to the breeding of cobras.  When the government stopped paying for dead cobras, the snakes were released—and the problem was worse than before the government tried to do something about it.
Cheaper and easier travel 
Cheaper travel, mostly in the form of air transport, is hugely beneficial to the economy by increasing tourism into a country. It accounts for 30% of the world's trade of services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and services. It also creates opportunities for employment in the services needed for tourism.

With increased tourism comes a variety of unlooked-for problems, such as increased illegal immigration. Perhaps even more serious is that returning tourists may bring back parasites and diseases which are not usual in the home country. Furthermore, many of these organisms are now resistant to most treatment.

Related pages 
 The road to hell is paved with good intentions
 Perverse incentive
 Moral hazard

References 

Sociology
Economics
Causality
Good Will Hunting is a 1997 American drama movie directed by Gus Van Sant, written by Matt Damon and Ben Affleck, and stars Robin Williams, Damon (who played Will Hunting), Affleck, Stellan Skarsgård and Minnie Driver. Filming in Boston, Massachusetts. it was released on December 5, 1997.

Other websites 

 
 
 
 
 

1997 drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about educators
Movies composed by Danny Elfman
Movies directed by Gus Van Sant
Movies set in Boston
Movies set in universities and colleges
Miramax movies
American independent movies
San Miguel River is a river in Ecuador and Peru. It forms an international border between the two countries.

References

Army Corps of Engineers (1998). ''Water Resources Assessment of Ecuador 
St. John, Ronald Bruce (1994). The Boundary Between Ecuador and Peru (Boundary and Territory Briefing). International Boundaries Research Unit. 

Rivers of Ecuador
Rivers of Peru
Mock the Week is a British topical celebrity comedy panel game. It was created by Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson. It is presented by Dara Ó Briain. It began on 5 June 2005 and is shown BBC Two. Two teams of three celebrities compete to answer questions about events during the past week. Its current regular panel member is comedian Hugh Dennis. Comedians Chris Addison, Rory Bremner, Frankie Boyle, Russell Howard and Andy Parsons previously served as regular panel members.

Other websites 
Official website

2005 British television series debuts
2000s British comedy television series
2000s satirical television series
2010s British comedy television series
2010s satirical television series
2020s British comedy television series
2020s satirical television series
BBC television comedy
British satirical television series
British television game shows
English-language television programs
Panel games
The Quasi-War was an undeclared naval war fought between the United States and the French Republic between 1798 and 1801.

Wars involving the United States
1790s in the United States
Wars involving France
1800s in the United States
18th century in France
18th-century conflicts
19th-century conflicts
1800s in France
The road to hell is paved with good intentions is an idiom or proverb. It is about the difference between what someone intends to do and what they actually do.  In other words, the road to failure is made easier by good intentions.

History
In the mid-12th century, Bernard of Clairvaux wrote, "L'enfer est plein de bonnes volontés et désirs" (hell is full of good wishes and desires). <ref>Amer, Christine. (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9re1vfFh04sC&pg=PA542 The American Heritage dictionary of idioms, p. 542].</ref>  The sentence has been repeated many times in other languages and contexts.

In 1775, Samuel Johnson commented on "the unhappy failure of pious resolves" when he is reported saying, "Sir, hell is paved with good intentions."
Select examples
 This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it. 1631: George Herbert wrote in Jacula Prudentum, "Hell is full of good meanings and wishings."
 1825: Walter Scott wrote in a letter to Miss Joauna Baillie, "I well intended to have written from Ireland, but alas! as some stern old divine says, " Hell is paved with good intentions" ... and so all my epistolary good intentions are gone to Macadamise, I suppose, "the burning marle" of the infernul regions."
 1857: George John Whyte-Melville wrote in The Interpreter, "... if hell be paved with good intentions, it might be roofed with lost opportunities."
 1942: C. S. Lewis explained in The Screwtape Letters'', "The safest road to hell is the gradual one – the gentle slope, soft underfoot, without sudden turnings, without milestones, without signposts.”
 Friedrich Hölderlin,  "What has always made the state a hell on earth has been precisely that man has tried to make it heaven."

Related pages
 Unintended consequences
References

Idioms

de:Liste geflügelter Worte/D#Der Weg zur Hölle ist mit guten Vorsätzen gepflastert
{{Infobox Weapon
|name=Heckler & Koch G11
|image=Gewehr G11 sk.jpg
|caption=G11
|origin=
|type=Assault rifle (G11)Light machine gun (LMG11)Personal defense weapon (G11 PDW)

|is_ranged=yes

|service=
|used_by=
|wars=

|designer=Heckler & Koch
|design_date=
|manufacturer=
|production_date=
|number=
|variants= Assault RifleLight Machine Gun (LMG11)Personal Defence Weapon (G11 PDW)

|weight=3.6 kg (8.0 lb) empty, 4.3 kg (9.5 lb) loaded
|length=750 mm (29.5 in)
|part_length=540 mm (155 mm per twist)

|cartridge=4.73x33mm caseless ammunition (DM11): G11 K2, LMG11
4.7x2mm, 4.3mm, 4.9mm for other G11 prototypes
4.73x25mm caseless: G11 PDW
|action=Gas operated, rotary breech (for G11 series), select fire
|rate= 460 rounds/min (full auto)  2000 rounds/min (3-round burst) 
|velocity=Approx. 930 m/s (3,050 ft/s)
|range=400 m
|max_range=
|feed=45 or 50-round detachable box magazine
|sights= Integrated optical sight
}}
G11 is a German assault rifle. It was invented by Heckler & Koch in the years between 1968 and 1990. It is able to shoot in semi automatic, or single shot, 3 round burst, or full auto. The magazine held 45 or 50  of the 4,73mm caseless rounds. The German army (Bundeswehr) and the US Army tested the weapon but they didn't want it because it was too expensive after the Cold War. So it stayed to be a prototype and never got into mass production.

References 

Assault rifles
Bullpup rifles
Rate of fire is how fast a weapon can fire or launch its projectiles. It is usually measured in rounds per minute (RPM or round/min), or per second (RPS or round/s). Pistols usually have a very slow RPM, which large machine guns may get up to 1000 RPM. The M61 Vulcan, a gatling-gun, could fire around 6000 RPM in tests.

Firearms
The Death of Socrates () is a 1787 oil on canvas painting by the French painter Jacques-Louis David.

It shows the death of Greek philosopher Socrates.  He was sentenced to die by drinking hemlock.  He was sentenced to die because his ideas were against those of Athens.  It was also for corrupting the minds of the youth. The painting also shows both Crito and Plato.  Crito is sitting sadly at the edge of the bed.  Plato is holding the knee of Socrates.  Socrates had the choice to go into exile or be sentenced to death by drinking hemlock. Socrates chose death. In this painting, a red-robed disciple hands a confident Socrates the goblet of hemlock. Socrates' hand pointing to the heavens is his love of the gods and fearless attitude to his death.

This painting is currently at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.

Other websites
Other websites

Europe in the age of enlightenment and revolution, a catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this painting (see index)
The Death of Socrates  on Google Art Project

1780s paintings
Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
French paintings
Ernest Gaston Joseph Solvay (16 April 1838 – 26 May 1922) was a Belgian chemist, industrialist, politician and philanthropist.

In 1861, he made the ammonia-soda process to make soda ash.  The process was an improvement over the earlier Leblanc process.

He founded the company Solvay & Cie.  The first factory was at Couillet in 1863. Soon, Solvay process plants were in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and Austria. Today, about 70 Solvay process plants are still working worldwide.

In 1903, he founded the Solvay Business School which is part of the Free University of Brussels.

He elected two times to the Belgian Senate. He was Minister of State at the end of his life. Solvay, New York and Rosignano Solvay, the locations of the first Solvay process plants in the United States and in Italy, are named after him.

Solvay died at Ixelles.

1838 births
1922 deaths
Belgian chemists
Belgian politicians
Belgian businesspeople
People from Hainaut (province)
European philanthropists
Simon Stevin (1548/49 – 1620) was a Flemish mathematician and military engineer. He translated many mathematical terms into Dutch. 

Stevin was born in Bruges, Flanders (now Belgium) around the year 1548.  It is thought that Simon was a Calvinist.  Very little has been recorded about his life. It is known that he left a widow with two children.

In Bruges there is a Simon Stevin Square which has his statue by Eugène Simonis.

1540s births
1620 deaths
Belgian mathematicians
Belgian engineers
People from Bruges
Zénobe Théophile Gramme (4 April 1826, Amay – 20 January 1901) was a Belgian electrical engineer. He invented the Gramme machine.  

The Gramme machine was a type of direct current dynamo.  It made smoother (less AC) and much higher voltages than other dynamos.

1826 births
1901 deaths
Belgian inventors
Belgian engineers
People from Liège (province)
Electrical engineers
A Gramme machine, Gramme ring, Gramme magneto, or Gramme dynamo is an electrical generator that makes direct current. It is named for its Belgian inventor, Zénobe Gramme. It was the first generator to make enough power for industry.  Gramme showed this machine to the Academy of Sciences in Paris in 1871.

Electricity
Russell Brand's Ponderland is a British comedy television programme. It is presented by Russell Brand and was first shown on Channel 4 in 2007 and 2008. Brand talks about a different topic in each episode, showing clips of archive footage and commenting on them.

Other websites 
 

2007 British television series debuts
2008 television series endings
2000s British comedy television series
Channel 4 comedy
Bakelite, or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, is an early plastic. It is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from an elimination reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. It was made in 1907 by Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland.

Bakelite was used for its electrically nonconductivity and heat-resistant properties in electrical insulators, radio and telephone casings.  It was also in products as kitchenware, jewelry, pipe stems, and children's toys.

Polymers
Philip Anthony Esposito, OC  (born February 20, 1942 ) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey centre.  He played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks, Boston Bruins and New York Rangers. He is an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame.  It is said he is one of the best players in the National Hockey League. Phil is the older brother of Tony Esposito.  Tony is a goaltender and he is also a Hall-of-Famer.

After retiring as a player, Esposito was head coach and general manager for the New York Rangers.  Then he started the Tampa Bay Lightning. He worked for the NHL on Fox from 1995 to 1998. He is now Tampa Bay's radio announcer.

References

1942 births
Living people
Art Ross Trophy winners
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
New York Rangers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Tampa Bay Lightning
Leo Hendrik Baekeland (Ghent , November 14, 1863 – February 23, 1944) was a Belgian chemist.  He invented Velox photographic paper (1893).  He also made Bakelite (1907), an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popular plastic, which marks the beginning of the modern plastics industry.

References

1863 births
1944 deaths
Belgian chemists
Belgian inventors
Scientists from Ghent
Scientists from Florida
The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763, by the Kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the Seven Years' War, which is known as the French and Indian War in North America. The British won the war against France and Spain.

The treaty gave control of the northern part of North America in what is now Canada to Britain. France was left with only two small islands, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, for its cod fishery.  

The treaty started an era of British power outside Europe.  The treaty did not include either Prussia or Austria, which signed the separate Treaty of Hubertusburg five days later.

References

Paris 1763
1763
18th century in Europe
Seven Years' War
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
History of Paris
1760s works
is a manga artist from Japan. He is from Osaka.

Works
Moyasimon: Tales of Agriculture

Living people
Japanese manga artists
1974 births
People from Osaka
A chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. This information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data.

Chemical structures 
Chemical structures are usually shown using lines (that indicate chemical bonds between atoms) and drawn on paper. Computer search algorithm and storage cannot use this method. Small molecules or ligands, are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. Large molecules like protein are shown using their building blocks, amino acids and the order of these.

Large chemical databases for structures allow users to store and search for millions of molecules. Therefore, they take up terabytes of memory.

Literature 

Chemical literature connect structures or properties of chemicals to academic papers or patents related to them. Examples of this type are STN, Scifinder, and Reaxys.

Crystallography
Crystallography 

Crystallography databases store x-ray crystal structure data.  Common examples include Protein Data Bank, Cambridge Structural Database, and COD+ Database .

NMR spectra 

NMR spectroscopy databases provide information to relate structure and NMR data.  They have information on FTIR and mass spectrometry which help in characterization.

Reactions 

Most chemical databases store information on stable molecules. In some databases, information about reaction intermediates and temporarily created products are also stored. Reaction databases contain information about products, educts, and reaction mechanisms.

Thermophysical 

Thermophysical data are information about
 phase equilibria such as vapor–liquid equilibrium, solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in solids (SLE), heats of mixing, vaporization, and fusion.
 caloric data like heat capacity, heat of formation and combustion,
 transport properties like viscosity and thermal conductivity

References
References 

Computational chemistry
Cheminformatics
Databases
Lantian County (, pinyin:Lántián Xiàn) is a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the southeast part of Xi'an. Qinling Mountains is south of it. It covers . As of November 2010, 514,026 people lived there. It is famous for Lantian jade. Its main work is agriculture and tourism.

References 

Shaanxi
Counties of China
Jamshedpur is a city of the Indian state of Jharkhand.  It has the most people of any city in Jharkhand.  According to the 2011 census of India, the Jamshedpur has a population of 1,337,131.  The city was founded by the late Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata. It is also called Steel City, TataNagar or simply Tata.

It is on the Chota Nagpur plateau and is surrounded by the picturesque Dalma Hills. The city is bordered by the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai on the north and west parts of the city.

The largest factory is that of Tata Steel.  It is almost at the center of the city. Tata Steel is the largest iron and steel producing plant in India, as well as the oldest.  The other major factory in the city is Tata Motors.  They make heavy vehicles and construction/earth moving equipment.

Jamshedpur has a high literacy rate, close to the highest in India. The Steel City has 183 schools and 13 colleges.
List of notable people from Jamshedpur
 Actor R. Madhavan
 Miss India World 2000; Miss World 2000 and Bollywood actress Priyanka Chopra
 Miss India Universe 2004 Top 10 Bollywood Actress Tanushree Dutta
 Imtiaz Ali, Hindi film director
 Indian national cricket team players Saurabh Tiwary and Varun Aaron.
 Arjun Munda former Chief Minister of Jharkhand
 Allama Arshadul Qaudri Author and spiritual leader
 Thakur ji pathak Indian activist politicain,bussnuisman

References

Cities in India
Jharkhand
Sean Young (born November 20, 1959) is an American actress. She had many roles in 1980s movies. Young was born in Louisville, Kentucky.

Filmography

References

American movie actors
Actors from Louisville, Kentucky
1959 births
Living people
George's Secret Key to the Universe is a children's book written by Stephen Hawking, his daughter Lucy Hawking and his research student Christophe Galfard. It was written to explain the universe and the laws of physics to children, in the form of an adventure story. It was published in 2007. There are another three books in the series, George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt (2009), George and the Big Bang (2010), and George and the Unbreakable Code (2014).

References

Other websites
 George's Secret Key website

English children's books
2007 books
Fast Times at Ridgemont High is a 1982 American coming-of-age teen comedy movie. It was written by Cameron Crowe, directed by Amy Heckerling, produced by Irving Azoff and Art Linson. It is set in and around a high school in Southern California and follows several students over the course of a year. It stars Sean Penn, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Judge Reinhold, Phoebe Cates, Brian Backer, Robert Romanus, Ray Walston, Forest Whitaker, Nicolas Cage and Anthony Edwards.

Other websites 

1982 comedy movies
1980s coming-of-age movies
1980s high school movies
1980s sex comedy movies
1980s teen comedy movies
American coming-of-age movies
American high school movies
American sex comedy movies
American teen comedy movies
Coming-of-age comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies about suburbia
Movies set in California
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Amy Heckerling
Aspergillus is a large genus of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota. There are several hundred species or types, some of which are important to medicine, science and industry. It grows as a mould, often on plants. The fungi make asexual spores in a structure called an aspergillum. About one third of types also have sexual reproduction.

Aspergillus species are highly aerobic and are found in almost all oxygen-rich environments. They are common contaminants of starchy foods (such as bread and potatoes), and grow in or on many plants and trees.

Species of Aspergillus are important medically and commercially. Some species can cause infection in humans and other animals. More than 60 Aspergillus species are medically relevant pathogens. For humans there is a range of diseases such as infection to the external ear, skin lesions, and ulcers classed as mycetomas.

Related pages 
Koji
Aspergillus flavus

References 

Fungi