Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Do not [hit] back or curse if abused. ... Do not block entrances to stores outside [or] the aisles inside. [Be polite] and friendly at all times. Do sit straight; always face the counter. ... Do refer information seekers to your leader in a polite manner. Remember the teachings of Jesus, Gandhi, Martin Luther King. Love and nonviolence is the way.

Many of the Nashville students were attacked and abused by groups of white people; arrested; and even beaten by police. However, the students were always nonviolent. Their protests, and the attacks on them, brought more newspaper stories and attention. It also showed how the activists were truly nonviolent. After three months of sit-ins, all of the lunch counters in Nashville's downtown department stores were de-segregated.
Soon, there were sit-ins all over the country. Sit-ins even happened in Nevada, and in northern states like Ohio. Over 70,000 people, black and white, took part in sit-ins. They used sit-ins to protest all kinds of segregated places - not just lunch counters, but also beaches, parks, museums, libraries, swimming pools, and other public places.

The sit-ins even got the support of President Eisenhower. After the Greensboro sit-ins started, he said he was "deeply sympathetic with the efforts of any group to enjoy the rights of equality that they are guaranteed by the Constitution."

In April 1960, students who had led sit-ins were invited to a conference. At the conference, they decided to form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). SNCC would become an important group in the civil rights movement.
Freedom Rides (1961)
In 1960, the Supreme Court had ruled in Boynton v. Virginia that it was illegal to segregate people on public transportation that was going from one state to another. In 1961, student activists decided to test whether the Southern states would follow this ruling. Groups of black and white activists decided to ride buses through the South, sitting together instead of segregating themselves. They planned to ride buses from Washington, D.C., to New Orleans, Louisiana. They called these rides the "Freedom Rides."

The Freedom Riders were met with danger and violence. For example:
One bus in Alabama was firebombed, and the Freedom Riders had to run for their lives.
 In Birmingham, Alabama, Public Safety Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor let Ku Klux Klan members attack the Freedom Riders for 15 minutes before the police "protected" them. The Riders were badly beaten, and one needed 50 stitches in his head.
 In Montgomery, Alabama, the Freedom Riders were attacked by a mob (a large, angry group) of white people. This caused a huge riot that lasted two hours. Five Freedom Riders needed to go to the hospital, and 22 others were hurt.

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) brought in more Freedom Riders to keep the movement going. They were also met with violence:
In Montgomery, another mob attacked a bus. They knocked one activist unconscious and knocked another's teeth out.
 In Jackson, Mississippi, the Freedom Riders were arrested for using "white only" bathrooms and lunch counters.
 New Freedom Riders joined the movement. As they arrived in Jackson, they were arrested also. By the end of the summer, more than 300 had been put in jail.

A new law
However, people around the country began to support the Freedom Riders, who had never used violence, even when being attacked. Eventually, Robert Kennedy, the Attorney General in his brother John F. Kennedy's government, insisted on a new law about de-segregation. It said that:
 People could sit wherever they chose on buses
 There could be no "white" and "colored" signs in bus stations
 There could be no separate drinking fountains, toilets, or waiting rooms for whites and blacks
 Lunch counters had to serve people of all races
Voter registration (1961-1965)
Between 1961 and 1965, activist groups worked on trying to get black people registered (signed up) to vote. Since the end of Reconstruction, the Southern states had passed laws and used many strategies to keep black people from registering to vote. Often, these laws did not apply to white people.

Voter registration activists started out in Mississippi. All of Mississippi's civil rights organizations joined together to try to get people registered. Activist groups in Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina then started similar programs. However, when the activists tried to register black people to vote, police, white racists, and the Ku Klux Klan beat, arrested, shot, and even murdered them.

Meanwhile, black people who tried to register to vote were fired from their jobs, thrown out of their homes, beaten, arrested, threatened, and sometimes murdered.
In 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. It made discrimination illegal, and specifically said it was illegal to have different voter registration requirements for different races. However, even after this law was passed, the Southern states still made it very difficult for black people to vote. Finally, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed. This law included ways to make sure that all United States citizens were getting their right to vote.

Integrating Mississippi universities (19561965)
Starting in 1956, a black man named Clyde Kennard wanted to go to Mississippi Southern College. Kennard had served in the Korean War, and he wanted to use the GI Bill to go to college. The college's president, William McCain, asked state politicians and a local racist group who supported segregation to make sure Kennard never got into the college.
Kenner was arrested twice for crimes he never committed. Eventually he was convicted and sentenced to seven years in prison. After Kennard had spent three years in prison doing forced labor, Governor Ross Barnett pardoned him. Journalists had looked into Kennard's case, and wrote that the state did not give Kennard the treatment he needed for his colon cancer. Kennard died that same year. Later, in 2006, a court ruled that Kennard was innocent of the crimes he had been sent to jail for .

In September 1962, James Meredith won a lawsuit that gave him the right to go to the University of Mississippi. He tried three times to get into the university to sign up for classes. Governor Ross Barnett blocked Meredith each time. He told Meredith: "[N]o school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor."
Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent United States Marshals to protect Meredith. On September 30, 1962, Meredith was able to enter the college with the Marshals protecting him. However, that evening, students and other racist whites started a riot. They threw rocks and fired guns at the Marshals. Two people were killed; 28 marshals were shot; and another 160 people were hurt. President John F. Kennedy sent the United States Army to the school to stop the riot. Meredith was able to begin classes at the college the day after the Army arrived. Meredith survived harassment and isolation at the college and graduated on August 18, 1963, with a a degree in political science.

Meredith and other activists kept working on de-segregating public universities. In 1965, the first two African American students were able to go to the University of Southern Mississippi.
Birmingham Campaign (1963)
In 1963, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) started a campaign in Birmingham, Alabama. Its goals were to de-segregate the stores in downtown Birmingham; make hiring fair; and create a committee, including blacks and whites, that would make a plan for de-segregating Birmingham's schools. Martin Luther King described Birmingham as "probably the most [completely] segregated city in the United States."

Birmingham's Commissioner of Public Safety was Eugene "Bull" Connor. (A Commissioner of Public Safety is in charge of the police and fire department, and deals with emergencies that could be dangerous to people in the city.) Connor was very much against integration. He often let the police, Ku Klux Klan, and racist white people attack civil rights activists. He promised that blacks and whites would never be integrated in Birmingham.
The activists used a few different non-violent ways of protesting, including sit-ins, "kneel-ins" at local churches, and marches.p. 218 However, the city got a court order saying all protests like this were illegal. The activists knew this was illegal, and in an act of civil disobedience, they refused to follow the court order.p. 108 The protesters, including Martin Luther King, were arrested.

While in jail, King was held in solitary confinement. While there, he wrote his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail." He was let go after about a week.

The Children's Crusade
However, very few activists could afford to risk being arrested. One of SCLC's leaders then came up with the idea of training high school, college, and elementary school students to take part in the protests. He reasoned that students did not have full-time jobs to go to, they did not have families to take care of, and they could "afford" to be in jail more than their parents.
Newsweek magazine later named this plan the "Children's Crusade." On May 2, more than 600 students, including some as young as 8 years old, tried to march from a local church to City Hall. They were all arrested.

The next day, another 1,000 students started to march. Bull Connor let police dogs loose to attack them and used fire hoses to knock down the students. Reporters were there, and videos and pictures showing the violence were shown on television and printed across the country.

Agreement
People throughout the United States were so angry at seeing these videos that President Kennedy worked with the SCLC and the white businesses in Birmingham to work out an agreement. It said:
 Lunch counters and other public places downtown would be de-segregated
 They would create a committee to figure out how to stop discrimination in hiring
 All jailed protesters would be let go (labor unions like the AFL-CIO had helped raise bail money)
 Black and white leaders would communicate regularly
Some of Birmingham's whites were not happy with this agreement. They bombed the SCLC's headquarters; the home of King's brother; and a hotel where King had been staying. Thousands of blacks reacted by rioting; some burned buildings and one even stabbed and hurt a police officer.p. 301

On September 15, 1963, the Ku Klux Klan bombed a church in Birmingham, where civil rights activists often met before starting their marches. Since it was a Sunday, church services were going on. The bomb killed four young girls and hurt 22 other people.

"Rising tide of discontent" (1963)
During the spring and summer of 1963, there were protests in over a hundred United States cities, including Northern cities. There were riots in Chicago after a white police officer shot a 14-year-old black boy who was running away from the scene of a robbery. In Philadelphia and Harlem, black activists and white workers fought when the activists tried to integrate state-run construction projects. On June 6, over a thousand white people attacked a sit-in in North Carolina; black activists fought back, and a white man was killed.

In Cambridge, Maryland, white leaders declared martial law to stop fighting between blacks and whites. Attorney General Robert Kennedy had to get involved to create an agreement to de-segregate the city.
On June 11, 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace actually stood in the doorway of the University of Alabama to stop its first two black students from getting inside. President Kennedy had to send United States soldiers to make him get out of the doorway, and make sure that the black students could get into the school.

Meanwhile, the Kennedy government had become very worried. Black leaders had told Robert Kennedy that it was getting harder and harder for African Americans to be nonviolent when they were getting attacked, and when it was taking so long for the United States government to help them get their civil rights. On the evening of June 11, President Kennedy gave a speech about civil rights. He talked about "a rising tide  of discontent [unhappiness] that threatens the public safety." He asked Congress to pass new civil rights laws. He also asked Americans to support civil rights as "a moral issue ... in our daily lives."
In the early morning of June 12, Medgar Evers, a leader of the Mississippi NAACP, was murdered by a Ku Klux Klan member.p. 113 The next week, President Kennedy gave Congress his Civil Rights bill, and asked them to make it into law.p. 126

The March on Washington (1963)

In 1963, civil rights leaders planned a protest march in Washington, D.C. All of the major civil rights groups, some labor unions, and other liberal groups cooperated in planning the march. The march's full name was "The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom." The goals for the march were to get civil rights laws passed; to get the U.S. government to create more jobs; and to get equal, good housing, education, jobs, and voting rights for everyone. However, the most important goal was to get President Kennedy's civil rights law passed.p. 159
Many people thought it would be impossible for so many activists to come together without violence and rioting. The United States government got 19,000 soldiers ready nearby, in case of riots. Hospitals got ready to treat huge numbers of injured people. The government made selling alcohol in Washington, D.C., illegal for the day.p. 159

The March on Washington was one of the largest non-violent protests for human rights in United States history. Martin Luther King, Jr., thought that having 100,000 marchers would make the event successful. On August 28, 1963, about 250,000 activists from all over the country came together for the march. The marchers included about 60,000 white people (including church groups and labor union members), and between 75 and 100 members of Congress.p. 160 Together, they marched from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. There, they listened to civil rights leaders speak.
Martin Luther King, Jr., spoke last. His speech, called "I Have a Dream," became one of history's most famous civil rights speeches.

Historians have said that the March on Washington helped get President Kennedy's civil rights bill passed.

Malcolm X joins the movement (1964)

Malcolm X was an American minister who converted to Islam in prison, around 1948. He became a member of the Nation of Islam.p. 138 This group believed in black supremacy - that the black race was the best of all. They believed that blacks should be completely independent from whites, and should eventually return to Africa.pp.127–128, 132–138pp. 149–152 They also believed that black people had the right to fight back and use violence to get their rights. Because of this, Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam did not support the civil rights movement, because it was non-violent and supported integration.pp. 79–80
However, in March 1964, Malcolm X was kicked out of the Nation of Islam, because he had disagreements with the group's leader, Elijah Muhammad. He offered to work with other civil rights groups, if they accepted that blacks had the right to defend themselves.

On March 26, 1964, Malcolm met with Martin Luther King, Jr. Malcolm had a plan to bring the United States before the United Nations on charges that the U.S. violated African Americans' human rights. Dr. King may have been planning to support this.
Between 1963 and 1964, civil rights activists got more angry and more likely to fight back against whites. In April 1964, Malcolm gave a famous speech called "The Ballot or the Bullet." ("The ballot" means "voting.") In the speech, he said that if the U.S. government is "unwilling or unable to defend the lives and the property of Negroes," then African Americans should defend themselves.p. 43 He warned politicians that many African Americans were not willing "to turn the other cheek any longer."p. 25 Then he warned white America about what would happen if blacks were not allowed to vote:

Mississippi Freedom Summer (1964)
In the summer of 1964, civil rights groups brought almost 1,000 activists to Mississippi. Most of them were white college students.p. 66 Their goals were to work together with black activists to register voters, and to teach summer school to black children in "Freedom Schools." They also wanted to help create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). At the time, only white people could take part in the Mississippi Democratic Party. The MFDP was planned as another political party that would allow black and white Democrats to take part in politics.
Many white Mississippians were angry that people from other states were coming in and trying to change their society. Government workers, police, the Ku Klux Klan, and other racist whites used many strategies to attack the activists and black people who were trying to register to vote. The Freedom Summer project lasted for ten weeks. During that time, 1,062 activists were arrested; 80 were beaten; and 4 were killed. Three black Mississippians were murdered because they supported civil rights. Thirty-seven churches, and thirty black homes or businesses, were bombed or burned.

On June 21, 1964, three Freedom Summer activists disappeared. Weeks later, their bodies were found. They had been murdered by members of the local Ku Klux Klan - including some who were also police in the Neshoba County sheriff's department. When people were searching for their bodies in local swamps and rivers, they found the bodies of a 14-year-old boy and seven other men who also seemed to have been murdered at some time.
During Freedom Summer, activists set up at least 30 Freedom Schools, and taught about 3,500 students. The students included children, adults, and the elderly. The schools taught about many things, like black history; civil rights; politics; the freedom movement; and the basic reading and writing skills needed to vote.

Also during the summer, about 17,000 black Mississippians tried to register to vote. Only 1,600 were able to. However, more than 80,000 joined the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). This showed that they wanted to vote and take part in politics, not just let white people do it for them.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

John F. Kennedy's suggested civil rights bill had support from Northern members of Congress - both Democrats and Republicans. However, Southern Senators blocked the suggested law from passing. They filibustered for 54 days to block the bill from becoming a law. Finally, President Lyndon B. Johnson got a bill to pass.
On July 2, 1964, Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The law said:
 It was illegal to discriminate against people in public places or jobs, just because of their race, skin color, religion, sex, or home country
 If places broke the law, the Attorney General could file lawsuits against them to force them to follow the law
 Any state or local laws that made it legal to discriminate in public places or jobs were no longer legal

King awarded Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

In December 1964, Martin Luther King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. When giving him the award, the Chairman of the Nobel Committee said:

Selma to Montgomery Marches (1965)
In January 1965, Martin Luther King and the SCLC went to Selma, Alabama. Civil rights groups there had asked them to come help get black people registered to vote. At the time, 99% of the people registered to vote in Selma were white. Together, they started working on voting rights.
However, the next month, an African-American man named Jimmie Lee Jackson was shot by a police officer during a peaceful march. Jackson died.pp. 121–123 Many African-American people were very angry. The SCLC was worried that people were so angry that they would get violent.

The SCLC decided to organize a march from Selma to Montgomery. This would be a 54-mile (87-kilometer) march. Activists hoped the march would show how badly African-Americans wanted to vote. They also wanted to show that they would not let racism or violence stop them from getting equal rights.

The first march was on March 7, 1965. Police officers and racist whites attacked the marchers with clubs and tear gas. They threatened to throw the marchers off the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Seventeen marchers had to go to the hospital, and 50 others were also injured. This day came to be called Bloody Sunday. Pictures and film of the marchers being beaten were shown in newspapers and on television around the world.
Seeing these things made more people support the civil rights activists. People came from all over the United States to march with the activists. One of them, James Reeb, was attacked by white people for supporting civil rights. He died on March 11, 1965.

Finally, President Johnson decided to send soldiers from the United States Army and the Alabama National Guard to protect the marchers. From March 21 to March 25, the marchers walked along the "Jefferson Davis Highway" from Selma to Montgomery. On March 25, 25,000 people entered Montgomery. Martin Luther King gave a speech called "How Long? Not Long" at the Alabama State Capitol. He told the marchers that it would not be long before they had equal rights, "because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice."

After the march, Viola Liuzzo, a white woman from Detroit, drove some other marchers to the airport. While she was driving back, she was murdered by three members of the Ku Klux Klan.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965
On August 6, 1965, the United States passed the Voting Rights Act. This law made it illegal to stop somebody from voting because of their race. This meant that all the state laws that kept black people from voting were now illegal.

For almost 100 years, registrars (the government workers who had registered people to vote) were all white. They had total power over who they could register and who they would not register. If a registrar refused to let a black person register, that person could only file a lawsuit, which they were not likely to win. However, the Voting Rights Act finally made a change to this system. If a registrar discriminated against black people, the Attorney General could send federal workers to replace local registrars.
The law worked right away. Within a few months, 250,000 new black voters had signed up to vote. One out of every three of them was registered by a federal worker who replaced a racist registrar. In 1965, 74% of Mississippi's black voters actually voted, and more black politicians were elected in Mississippi than in any other state. By 1967, most African Americans were registered to vote in 9 of the 13 states in the South.

Politics in the South were completely changed by African Americans having the power to vote. White politicians could no longer make laws about African Americans without blacks having a say. In many parts of the South, black people outnumbered whites. This meant that they could vote in black politicians, and vote out racist whites. Also, black people who were registered to vote could be on juries. Before this, any time an African American was charged with a crime, the jury that decided whether they were guilty would be all-white.
Fair housing movements (1966-1968)
From 1966 to 1968, the civil rights movement focused a lot on fair housing. Even outside the South, fair housing was a problem. For example, in 1963, California passed a Fair Housing Act which made segregation in housing illegal. White voters and real estate lobbyists got the law reversed the next year. This helped cause the Watts Riots. (Later, in 1966, California made the Fair Housing Act the law again.)

Activists, including Martin Luther King, led a movement for fair housing in Chicago in 1966. The next year, young NAACP members did the same in Milwaukee. Activists in both cities got attacked physically by white homeowners, and legally by politicians who supported segregation.
The Fair Housing Bill
Of all the civil rights laws passed during the Civil Rights Movement, the Fair Housing Act was the hardest to pass. The law would make discrimination in housing illegal. This meant black people would be allowed to move into white neighborhoods. As Senator Walter Mondale said: "This was civil rights getting personal."

The suggested Fair Housing Bill was sent to the United States Senate first. There, most Senators - Northern and Southern - were against the bill. In March of 1968, the Senate sent a weaker version to the House of Representatives. The House was expected to make changes that would make the bill even weaker.

That did not happen. On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was murdered. This made many members of Congress feel like they needed to do something about civil rights quickly. The day after Dr. King's murder, Senator Mondale stood in front of the Senate and said:
On April 10, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968. President Johnson signed the law the next day. Part of the law is called the "Fair Housing Act." It makes it illegal to discriminate in selling, renting, or lending money for housing, based on a person's race, skin color, religion, or home country.

The King assassination and the Poor People's Campaign (1968)

In 1968, Martin Luther King and the SCLC were planning the Poor People's Campaign. People of all races took part in the movement. The movement's goal was to decrease poverty for people of all races.

As part of his work against poverty, Dr. King and the SCLC started to speak out against the Vietnam War. King argued that poor people in Vietnam were being killed, and that the War would only make them poorer. He also argued that the United States was spending more and more money and time on the War, and less on programs to help poor Americans.
In March 1968, Dr. King was invited to Memphis, Tennessee to support garbage workers that were on strike. These workers were paid very little, and two workers had been killed doing their jobs. They wanted to be members of a labor union. Dr. King thought this strike was a perfect fit for his Poor People's Campaign. As soon as he got to Memphis, King started getting threats.

The day before he was murdered, King gave a sermon called "I've Been to the Mountaintop." The next day he was murdered. After King was killed, people rioted in more than 100 cities across the United States.

Civil rights leader Ralph Abernathy continued the Poor People's Campaign after King's death. About 3,000 activists camped out on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., for about six weeks.
The day before Dr. King's funeral, his wife, Coretta Scott King, and three of their children led 20,000 marchers through Memphis. Soldiers protected the marchers. On April 9, Mrs. King led another 150,000 people through Atlanta during Dr. King's funeral. An old, wooden wagon, pulled by mules, pulled Dr. King's casket. The wagon was a symbol of Dr. King's Poor People's Campaign.

Mrs. King once said:

Deaths
Many people were killed during the Civil Rights Movement. Some were killed because they supported civil rights. Others were killed by the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) or other racist whites who wanted to terrorize black people. No one knows just how many people were killed during the Civil Rights Movement. However, here are some examples. People whose names are highlighted in blue were children or teenagers when they were killed.

An unknown number of other people died or were killed during the Civil Rights Movement.
Related pages
 History: Slavery; American Civil War; Reconstruction; Plessy v. Ferguson
 Causes: Racism; white supremacy; racial segregation; discrimination; Jim Crow laws; lynchings
 People: Martin Luther King, Jr.; Coretta Scott King; James Lawson; James Meredith; Little Rock Nine; Rosa Parks; Malcolm X
 Groups: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC); Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
 Law & government: Law of the United States; case law; federal law; legislation; Constitution of the United States; Supreme Court; United States Congress
 Rights: Civil rights; civil liberties; human rights; right to vote; social equality; social justice
 Other: Ku Klux Klan; sundown towns; White Citizens' Council

Notes

References

American civil rights
20th century in the United States
African-American history
Elżbieta Justyna Czyżewska (May 14, 1938 – June 17, 2010) was a Polish actress. She was active in both Poland and the United States. She was known for her role in The Saragossa Manuscript (1964).

She died on June 17, 2010 in Manhattan, New York City at the age of 72 from esophageal cancer.

References

Other websites
 
 Official website 
 Polish film database
 Elżbieta Czyżewska biodata 
 Elżbieta Czyżewska  at Culture.pl

1938 births
2010 deaths
Cancer deaths in New York City
Deaths from esophageal cancer
Entertainers from Warsaw
Polish movie actors
Polish television actors
Jerzy Skolimowski (, born 5 May 1938) is a Polish movie director, screenwriter, dramatist and actor. Skolimowski has directed more than twenty movies since 1960. His first movie was Oko wykol (The Menacing Eye). 

Skolimowski was born in Łódź, Poland. He was the son of Maria (née Postnikoff) and Stanisław Skolimowski, an architect.

References

Other websites

Jerzy Skolimowski  at culture.pl 
Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database 
 
 'Two Paths, Little Glory For This Polish Director', Anthony Paletta, The Wall Street Journal, 14 June 2011
 External Wandering, Michael Atkinson, movingimagesource.us
 Finding Zen in Poland: An Interview with Jerzy Skolimowski, Ben Sachs and Ignatiy Vishnevetsky, MUBI
 Photographs and literature on Jerzy Skolimowski

1938 births
Living people
Polish movie directors
Polish screenwriters
Polish movie actors
Polish playwrights
People from Łódź
John Guare  (rhymes with "air"; born February 5, 1938) is an American playwright.  He is best known as the author of The House of Blue Leaves, Six Degrees of Separation, and Landscape of the Body.

Guare was born in New York City and raised in Jackson Heights, Queens. He was raised a Roman Catholic.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Biography at theatredatabase.com
 John Guare with poster for his Caffe Cino production
 John Guare Papers at Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.

1938 births
Living people
American playwrights
Writers from New York City
Louis Malle (30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French movie director, screenwriter, and producer. His movie, Le Monde du silence, won the Palme d'Or and Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1956. He was also nominated multiple times for Academy Awards later in his career.

His most famous movies are Ascenseur pour l'échafaud (1958), Lacombe Lucien (1974), Atlantic City (1980), My Dinner with Andre (1981), and Au revoir, les enfants (1987).

Malle died from lymphoma at their home in Beverly Hills, California on 23 November 1995.

Other websites

Biography on newwavefilm.com
They Shoot Pictures, Don't They?
Rialto Pictures Website - entry for Elevator to the Gallows.

1932 births
1995 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
French movie directors
French movie producers
French screenwriters
Georg Friedrich Graf von Hertling (31 August 1843 – 4 January 1919) was German Bavarian politician. He served as Minister-President of Bavaria 1912–1917 and then as Minister-President of Prussia and Chancellor of the German Empire from 1917 to 1918 under Kaiser Wilhelm II during World War 1 until in 1918 when became the Weimar Republic . 

1843 births
1919 deaths
Chancellors of the German Empire
German nobility
German people of World War I
Members of the Reichstag (German Empire)
Ministers-President of Bavaria
Prime Ministers of Prussia
People from Darmstadt
Politicians from Hesse
David Alan Mamet (; born November 30, 1947) is an American playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and movie director. Mamet has won a Pulitzer Prize and received Tony nominations for Glengarry Glen Ross (1984) and  Speed-the-Plow (1988).

References

Pulitzer Prize winners
1947 births
Living people
American playwrights
American essayists
Movie directors from Chicago
Screenwriters from Chicago
Writers from Chicago
Alan Bennett (born 9 May 1934) is an English playwright, screenwriter, actor and author. His work includes The Madness of George III and its movie adaptation, the series of monologues Talking Heads, the play and the movie The History Boys, and popular audio books, including his readings of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Winnie-the-Pooh.

Bennett was born in Armley in Leeds. He has a degree in history from Exeter College, Oxford. He is openly gay.

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
Living people
Actors from Leeds
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English LGBT people
English movie actors
English playwrights
English screenwriters
English television actors
English television producers
English television writers
Gay men
LGBT actors
LGBT playwrights
LGBT screenwriters
Writers from Leeds
Randall Stout (May 6, 1958 – July 11, 2014) was an American architect.

Stout was born in Knoxville, Tennessee.

His best known works were the Hunter Museum of American Art in Chattanooga, Tennessee, the Taubman Museum of Art in Roanoke, Virginia, and the Abroms-Engel Institute for the Visual Arts in Birmingham, Alabama.

Stout died from renal cell carcinoma in Los Angeles, California, aged 56.

References

1958 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from kidney cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American architects
People from Knoxville, Tennessee
The John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge (previously called the Shelby Street Bridge or Shelby Avenue Bridge) is a truss bridge that spans the Cumberland River in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. It was originally opened on July 5, 1909. It was reopened as a pedestrian bridge on August 3, 2003. The bridge is  long. It is one of the longest pedestrian bridges in the world.

It was originally named the Shelby Street Bridge. It was renamed in April 2014 in honor of John Seigenthaler.

References

Other websites

John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge

Bridges in Tennessee
Nashville, Tennessee
1909 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Tennessee
Shelbyville is a city in Bedford County, Tennessee, United States. It had a population of 20,335 residents at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Tennessee
County seats in Tennessee
Bedford County, Tennessee
Parakeet is a name for any small to medium-sized species of parrot, often with long tail feathers. Basically, it is a common term for a small parrot. Another term used in America for parakeets is conure.

Parakeets breed better in groups, but are usually fine breeding in pairs. Having other parakeets encourages a pair to breed, which is why breeding in groups is more successful. However, many breeders choose to breed in pairs because that way they know which parents produced any given birds. If the parakeet does lay eggs, it produces about six to eight.
A conure is a term in aviculture referring to 2 genuses of parrot, Pyrrhura and Aratinga. In science, they are known as parakeets, because 'conure' is not a scientific name.

Conures are in the Psittacidae family (neotropical parrots). Their range goes from upper Brazil to southern Argentina. Conures are often kept as pets, and can be very friendly with people.

Conures are small birds. Many can grow up to 10 inches long, but some species can grow up to 20 inches long. Different types of conures have different colours, but the most common colour is green. Conures can eat many foods, including nuts, grains, fruits, and vegetables. Conures kept as pets must never be fed chocolate, avocado, salty foods, or caffeine.

Parrots
Typhoon Bopha (aka Typhoon Pablo) was a severe tropical cyclone in December 2012. It hit the Philippines. The typhoon struck Palau first. It destroyed homes and caused power outages.

The storm did a lot of damage to the Philippine island of Mindanao. Over 600 deaths were reported. 

The names Pablo and Bopha were retired because of the large number of deaths and the great destruction.

2012 disasters
2012 in Asia
2012 in weather
2010s in the Philippines
Pacific typhoons
Deadly storms
Retired tropical cyclone names
Helix is a genus of large air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.  

The genus Helix is known from the Oligocene onwards.
This genus is native to Europe and the regions around the Mediterranean Sea. 

The best-known species include Helix aspersa, the common, or brown garden snail, and Helix pomatia, the Roman snail, Burgundy snail, or edible snail.  H. pomatia and some other species are eaten as escargots.

Helix snails have been introduced throughout the world, where some, especially H. aspersa, have become garden pests.

Snails in this genus create and use love darts during mating.
Helix snails prefer cool, damp environments, as they easily get dry. Snails are most active at night and after rainfall. During unfavourable conditions, a snail will remain inside its shell, usually under rocks or other hiding places, to avoid being discovered by predators. In dry climates snails will naturally congregate near water sources, including artificial sources such as waste-water outlets of air conditioners.

The common garden snail (Helix aspersa) is herbivorous. These snails are able to digest most vegetation including carrots and lettuce. They also have a specialized crop of symbiotic bacteria that help their digestion, especially by breaking down the polysaccharide cellulose into simple sugars.

References 

Gastropods
Szymon Symcha Szurmiej (18 June 1923 – 16 July 2014) was a Jewish-Polish actor, director, singer, activist and theatre manager. He was the general manager of the Ester Rachel Kamińska and Ida Kamińska State Jewish Theater in Warsaw. He was also the director of the Yiddish Theater of Warsaw. He was later an activist for Jewish causes.

Szurmiej was born in Lutsk, Volhynian Voivodeship (now Ukraine). He was a member of the World Jewish Congress. He was married to actress Gołda Tencer and had four children.

Szurmiej died from natural causes on 16 July 2014 in Warsaw, aged 91.

References

Other websites

 

1923 births
2014 deaths
Jewish activists
Jewish actors
Jewish musicians
Polish filmmakers
Polish Jews
Polish movie actors
Polish singers
Polish stage actors
Polish television actors
John Ilhan (born Mustafa İlhan; 23 January 1965 – 23 October 2007) was an Australian businessman and philanthropist. He was best known as the founder and owner of Crazy John's, a mobile phone retail chain. He founded the company in 1991. In 2003, he was the richest Australian under the age of 40. After his sudden death, his wife sold the company to Vodafone.

Ilhan was born in Yozgat, Turkey to a Muslim family. His family moved to the Australian state of Victoria when he was five. He was married to Patricia and had four children.

Ilhan died from a heart attack on 23 October 2007, aged 42. He had been jogging in the Melbourne suburb of Brighton when he collapsed.

References

Other websites
 John Ilhan at Woopidoo

1965 births
2007 deaths
Australian businesspeople
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Disease-related deaths in Victoria (Australia)
Muslims
People from Melbourne
Australian philanthropists
The Helcionelloida are an extinct class of fossil molluscs.

They are among the earliest animals with mineralised shells. They are also the oldest known  molluscs wth a shell. Some members of this class were mistaken for Monoplacophorans.  The class was erected by Peel in 1991.

The latest word on this group is the classification of Parkhaev, who splits it into three subclasses.

References 

Molluscs
Rice Park is a public park located in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

History
Before it became a park, Rice Park was used as an open space to dry laundry and graze animals. The land was eventually made into a "public square" in 1849 by John R. Irvine, a territorial pioneer and Henry M. Rice, territorial delegate and United States Senator. The park was named after early Minnesota Senator Henry M. Rice. Rice park sits atop a small hill where glacial melt failed to erode completely. The park was mostly ignored until 1860 when Mayor John S. Prince had shade trees planted. In the 1870s the park got a fountain and a bandstand. A pair of squirrels were given to the park by the chief of police in Memphis, Tennessee as an act of goodwill. Eventually, electric lights were installed in 1883. This was on the occasion of the visit by President Chester A. Arthur, former president Ulysses S. Grant, and General William Tecumseh Sherman, at the opening of Northern Pacific's West Coast rail line
. The historic buildings, museums, and music halls that border the park were constructed over a period of nearly 100 years. On May 10, 1903 Saint Paul Globe reported that Rice Park was the traditional place in St. Paul for newly engaged couples to go and sit. The Women’s Institute of Saint Paul donated a new fountain to the park on June 14, 1965. Minnesota sculptor Alonzo Hauser designed the fountain, titled 'the Source', with a statue of a woman in the water. Rice Park has been honored as a Great Place in America by the American Planning Association in 2011.
Location and Features

Rice Park is about 2 acres in size. It is located at 4th Street and Washington Street in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota.
Rice Park sits above the Mississippi River’s highest flood level, so its surroundings are important buildings like the Federal Customs House (now Landmark Center), Central Public Library, and the grand St. Paul Hotel. More recently the park was given character sculptures from the Peanuts cartoons to honor the birthplace of Peanuts cartoonist Charles Schulz. It also has an ice rink during the winter months. Rice Park forms a pathway between eight different significant buildings, adding to its popularity.

Activities and Events
Rice Park was placed right in the heart of the busy city of Saint Paul. The park is used year-round. During the summer, music, specifically blues, jazz, and original composition, can be heard at noon on various Mondays starting in June. The park has an annual Winter Carnival, one of the oldest and largest winter festivals in the country. These activities include a tree lighting ceremony, ice skating, watching fireworks, listening to holiday music and family-friendly activities. Rice Park is also available for private parties and gatherings. It can accommodate a wedding party of up to 200 people.

In addition, several events have been located at Rice Park. For instance, the funeral of Charles Luth, a switchman who was murdered during the Pullman strike, was held at the park in 1894.

References

Other websites 
 Peanuts Statues, Rice Park
 Rice Park – Winter Carnival’s Center Stage
 Rice Park Powered by Xcel Energy

1849 establishments in Minnesota Territory
Parks in the United States
Saint Paul, Minnesota
Battleground (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by WWE. It took place on July 20, 2014 at the Tampa Bay Times Forum in Tampa, Florida. It was the second event under the Battleground chronology, with the event having originated in 2013.

Background
 
Battleground featured professional wrestling matches involving different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds, plots, and storylines that played out on WWE's primary television programs, Raw and SmackDown. Wrestlers portrayed heroes or villains as they followed a series of events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

Results

References

Other websites
Battleground Website

2014 in American television
Sports in Tampa, Florida
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view events
2014 in professional wrestling
2014 in Florida
2010s in Tampa, Florida
Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (MH17/MAS17) was a scheduled international passenger flight from Schiphol airport, Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. On 17 July 2014 the flight lost radar contact. It crashed near the village of Hrabove, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. The plane was a Boeing 777-200ER. All 283 passengers and 15 crew members onboard died.

It was suspected by Ukraine that the aircraft was shot down by a ground-to-air missile, fired by Pro-Russian separatists during war in Donbas. Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko called it an "act of terrorism." The cause of the crash has not yet been determined by the official investigation, which is being carried out by the Dutch Safety Board. Fighting delayed investigation, but in October 2018 Dutch investigators said the plane was destroyed as a result of the explosion of a BUK missile.

Gallery

Notes

References
Notes

References

 
2014 disasters
2014 in Europe
2010s disasters in Europe
2010s in Ukraine
2010s murders in Europe
Aviation accidents and incidents in the 2010s
Donetsk Oblast
July 2014 events
Murder in 2014
Lorraine Toussaint (born April 4, 1960) is a Trinidadian-American movie and television actress, and producer. She is known for her role as Rene Jackson in the televison drama Any Day Now (1998-2002). She was also in the movies Breaking In (1989), Hudson Hawk (1991), and Dangerous Minds (1995). For Middle of Nowhere (2012) she was nominated for a Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress. Toussaint was also in the television series Crossing Jordan (2002-2003), Saving Grace (2007-2010) and Orange Is the New Black (2012).

References 

1960 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Trinidad and Tobago people
Henry Mower Rice (November 29, 1816January 15, 1894) was a fur trader, commissioner and one of the first United States Senators from Minnesota.

Early life 

Henry Rice was born on November 29, 1816, in Waitsfield, Vermont. His parents were Edmund Rice and Ellen Durkee Rice. He went to school in Detroit and Kalamazoo, Michigan. He became a sutler at Fort Atkinson, Iowa. In 1847 he negotiated a treaty with the Winnebago and Chippewa Native American tribes. In 1848 he settled in St. Paul, Minnesota. He helped negotiate the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851. This opened up parts of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River to white settlers. In 1856 Rice, as a territorial delegate, worked hard to secure Congressional land grants for the railroads in Minnesota.

Political career
Political career

Rice lobbied for the bill to establish Minnesota Territory. He was the delegate to the 33rd and 34th Congresses from March 4, 1853 to March 4, 1857. His work on the Minnesota Enabling Act, passed by Congress on Feb. 26, 1857, facilitated Minnesota's statehood.

In 1858 Rice was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate. He served from Minnesota's admittance on May 11, 1858 to March 4, 1863 in the 35th, 36th, and 37th Congresses and was not a candidate for re-election. He supported John C. Breckinridge for president in 1860.

Rice also served as a member of the board of regents of the University of Minnesota from 1851 to 1859. Rice was president of the Minnesota Historical Society. In 1865 he ran for Governor of Minnesota, but lost the election. From 1878 to 1884 he was the treasurer of Ramsey County, Minnesota. As a United States Commissioner during 1887 – 1888, he continued to negotiate treaties with the Indians. He died on January 15, 1894, while on a visit to San Antonio, Texas.
Legacy

In 1916, the state of Minnesota donated a marble statue of Rice to the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United States Capitol. Rice County, Minnesota is named for him. His brother Edmund Rice served in the U.S. House of Representatives. Rice Park in St. Paul, Minnesota is named for him.

References

1816 births
1894 deaths
United States senators from Minnesota
People from Kalamazoo, Michigan
Politicians from Michigan
Fur traders
Birmingham is a city in Oakland County of the U.S. state of Michigan and a suburb of Detroit. As of the 2010 census, the population was 20,103.

References

Cities in Michigan
John Walton (1953 – 17 July 2014) was an Australian actor. He mostly appeared in miniseries and in soap operas.

Walton was born in Sydney, New South Wales.

He was best known for his role as Doctor Craig Rothwell in the television soap opera The Young Doctors during 1976 and 1977.
He also appeared in the miniseries Bodyline. Walton took the part of Sir Charles Kingsford Smith in the Australian mini-series A Thousand Skies.

Walton died after a long illness in Sydney, aged 62.

References

Other websites
 

1953 births
2014 deaths
Actors from Sydney
Australian movie actors
Australian television actors
Disease-related deaths in New South Wales