Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
. Madison thought the Resolutions and Report were consistent with this principle while the Ordinance of Nullification was not.
References
 Brant, Irving. James Madison: Father of the Constitution, 1787–1800. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc., 1950. See especially pp. 466–471, which covers the period examined here; the book is the third volume of six in Brant's biography of Madison, which is the most detailed scholarly biography thus far published.
 Gibson, Alan. "The Madisonian Madison and the Question of Consistency: The Significance and Challenge of Recent Research." Review of Politics 64 (2002): 311–338.
 Gutzman, Kevin R. "A Troublesome Legacy: James Madison and 'The Principles of '98'." Journal of the Early Republic 15 (1995): 569–589.
 Gutzman, Kevin R. Constantine. "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered: 'An Appeal to the Real Laws of Our Country'." Journal of Southern History 66 (2000): 473-496.
 Koch, Adrienne and Harry Ammon. "The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson's and Madison's Defense of Civil Liberties." William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 5 (1948): 145–176.
Lash, Kurt T. "James Madison's Celebrated Report of 1800: The Transformation of the Tenth Amendment." George Washington Law Review 74 (2006): 165–200.
 Madison, James. The Papers of James Madison. Vol. 17: March 1797 through March 1801. Edited by David B. Mattern. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991. The Report appears in pp. 303–351. The editorial note on pp. 303–306 is used heavily in this article.
 McCoy, Drew. The Last of the Fathers: James Madison & the Republican Legacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
 Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC, 528 U.S. 377 (2000).
 Powell, H. Jefferson. "The Principles of '98: An Essay in Historical Retrieval." Virginia Law Review 80 (1994): 689–743.
 Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957).
 Thornhill v. State of Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940).
 Yarbrough, Jean. "Rethinking 'The Federalist's View of Federalism'." Publius 15 (1985): 31–53.
Notes

Other websites
 Complete Text 
 Excerpts of the Report

1800
18th century in the United States
United States law
Baykal (port) () is a rural locality in Russia, Irkutsk oblast, Sliudanskyy region.

Geography
The village is near Lake Baikal and is setted on the left coast of the river, Angara. In the right coast is Listvianka. The administrative centre Irkutsk is 60 kilometers north. There is an automobile ferry to Listvianka.

Population
In 2005, there were 400 people living in Baikal village. In USSR times there were about 10000 humans.

Rural localities in Russia
Irkutsk Oblast
Drumstick can mean:

 Drum stick, a tool for playing drums
 Drumstick (vegetable)
 Drumstick (ice cream), a brand of ice cream
 Drumstick (poultry), the leg bone of a chicken
 Drumstick (video game character), a video game character found in Diddy Kong Racing
A rudder is used to steer ships, boats, submarines, aircraft, hovercraft or other vehicles that move through air or water.

History of the rudder
Oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BC in Persia and Ancient Egypt in artwork, wooden models, and even parts of actual boats of that times. An early example of an oar mounted on the stern is found in the Egyptian tomb of Menna (1422-1411 BC). Stern-mounted oars were also quite common in Roman river navigation as proved from reliefs more than a millennium later.

A depiction of a sternpost-mounted rudder can be seen on a pottery model of a Chinese junk dating from the 1st century AD during the Han Dynasty, predating their appearance in the West by a thousand years. The technology of stern-mounted rudder in Europe and Islam World, which was introduced by travelers in the Middle Ages, was transferred from China

Foot notes
Foot notes

Literature
 Lawrence V. Mott, The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.

Ship building
The Exploration of Neptune started on August 25, 1989, when Voyager 2 became the first and so-far only spacecraft to visit the planet. Like the other gas giants, Neptune has no solid land on its surface so landing on Neptune would be impossible. 

NASA is thinking to send another spacecraft known as the Neptune Orbiter to study more about Neptune; the spacecraft is planned to be probably launched on 2035. It would release atmospheric probes, and possibly release a Triton Lander. NASA has said the earliest possible launch date is 2030. Budget cuts may eliminate this proposal.

Voyager 2

In Voyager 2's last visit with a planet before leaving the solar system, Voyager 2 came 3000 miles (5000 km) above Neptune's north pole, the closest approach it made to any planet after it left Earth. Voyager 2 studied Neptune's atmosphere, its rings, its magnetosphere, and its moons. Several discoveries were made, including the discovery of the Great Dark Spot and Triton's geysers.
Voyager 2 found that Neptune's atmosphere was very active, even though it gets only 3% of the sunlight Jupiter receives. Voyager 2 discovered an anticyclone called the Great Dark Spot, similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. However, pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope showed that the Great Dark Spot had disappeared. Also seen in Neptune's atmosphere at that time was an almond-shaped spot called "D2", and a bright, quickly moving cloud high above the cloud decks named Scooter.

Voyager 2 also found four rings of Neptune and found proof for ring arcs, or incomplete rings around Neptune. Neptune's magnetosphere was also studied by Voyager 2. The planetary radio astronomy instrument found that Neptune's day is sixteen hours, seven minutes. Voyager 2 also discovered auroras, like on Earth, but much more complicated.
Voyager 2 discovered six moons orbiting Neptune, but only three were photographed in detail: Proteus, Nereid, and Triton. Proteus turned out to be an ellipsoid, as large as an ellipsoid could become without turning into a sphere. Proteus is very dark in color. Nereid, although discovered in 1949, is still not well known even after Voyager 2 passed by. Triton was flown by at about 25,000 miles (40,000 km) away, and became the last object Voyager 2 would ever explore. Triton was shown to have extraordinary active geysers and polar caps. A very thin atmosphere was found, as well as thin clouds.

Related pages
 Neptune (planet)
 Voyager 2
 NASA

Other websites
 NASA Voyager website
 More information on the Neptune Orbiter 

Neptune
Kinder Scout is a plateau in Derbyshire, England. It is about 600 metres above sea level. It is near Hayfield to the west, Edale to the southeast, and the town of Glossop to the northwest.

The gritstone rock under the plateau is covered by a thick layer of peat, cut by a dense network of streams which flow off it. One of the main streams is the Kinder River, which drops off the Western edge at Kinder Downfall. Plants on the plateau are mainly heather, with some mosses and bilberry. Bracken grows on the slopes around the plateau. The highest point is Kinder Low at .

It can be approached from the southeast up a steep track called Jacobs Ladder. It is crossed by the  Pennine Way long-distance footpath which starts in nearby Edale. Several sections of the path have been surfaced with large stone slabs in this area, to try to minimise environmental damage to the delicate moorland ecosystem by the large number of hikers it attracts all year round.
In the 1930s, Kinder Scout was the scene of the first mass trespasses by ramblers (Sunday, 24 April 1932) protesting at the lack of public access to the open moorland in many parts of northern England, which were then kept for grouse shooting by the estates of a number of stately homes. Public rights of way were established later, and the 2000 Countryside and Rights of Way Act set a new legal framework in which the bulk of Kinder Scout is now "Access Land" where the public has a right to roam freely.

References 

Plateaus
Derbyshire
The stern is the rear part of a ship or boat. 

The stern area has always been the place near the steering apparatus (rudder,  tiller, ship's wheel, etc.), and by extension became the domain of the ship's captain and other officers. In particular, the stern was the location of the officers' quarters, and during the age of sail became the most luxurious part of the ship, with rows of windows, galleries, walkways, and fine decorations. That meant that this part was rather vulnerable, and the goal of much maneuvering in battle was to achieve the stern rake, in which a ship would pour its entire broadside into the stern.

Other features of the stern included lanterns and the ensign.

Gallery

Related pages
Bow

Ship building
The stern is the rear part of a ship or boat.

Stern could also mean:
 Stern (name), a family name (and list of people with that name)
 Stern (gaming company)
 Stern (magazine), a weekly news magazine in Germany
 Stern School of Business at New York University
 Lehi (group) or the Stern gang
 Stern Review
Urbain Le Verrier (March 11, 1811 – September 23, 1877) was a French astronomer and mathematician who was famous for co-discovering the planet, Neptune.

1811 births
1877 deaths
French mathematicians
French astronomers
John Gavin Malkovich (born December 9, 1953) is an American actor, producer and director. He was nominated for the Academy Award, and he also won an Emmy Award.

He was in the Robert Zemeckis' movie, Beowulf. That movie also starred Anthony Hopkins and Angelina Jolie.

Malkovich was married to actress Glenne Headly from 1982 until they divorced in 1988.

On June 6, 2013 in Toronto, Malkovich rescued a man after he was sliced in the neck. Malkovich helped the man until the paramedics arrived.

References

Other websites 

 
 
 Fisk:Why does John Malkovich want to kill me? 
 Profile: John Malkovich
 Life and taxes
 Finch and Partners (John's Management in the UK)
 John's official clothing design web site 
 Photographs of John Malkovich

1953 births
Living people
Actors from Illinois
American movie actors
American television actors
Movie directors from Illinois
Movie producers from Illinois
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American movie and stage actress. Close has been nominated for and won many awards in her career, for her acting in both movies and theater.

Awards

Oscar Nominations 
 1983 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, The World According to Garp
 1984 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, The Big Chill
 1985 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, The Natural
 1988 Best Actress in a Leading Role, Fatal Attraction
 1989 Best Actress in a Leading Role, Dangerous Liaisons

Emmy Award/Nominations 
 1995 Emmy Award: Lead Actress/ Miniseries - Serving in Silence
 2002 Emmy Nomination: Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series, Will & Grace

Golden Globe 
 2005 Golden Globe Award: Best Actress/ Miniseries - The Lion in Winter

Tony Awards 
 1984 Best Actress/ Play - The Real Thing
 1992 Best Actress/ Play - Death and the Maiden
 1995 Best Actress/ Musical - Sunset Boulevard
Other 
 1988 People's Choice Award - Favorite Motion Picture Actress
 1992 Golden Camera/ Germany - Best International Actress
 2005 Screen Actors Guild Award/ Outstanding Actress, Television - The Lion in Winter

Other websites 
 
 
 
 Glenn Close biography at thespiannet
 Performance  Working in the Theatre seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org, April 1992
 Performance  Working in the Theatre seminar video atAmerican Theatre Wing.org, April 1986
 TonyAwards.com Interview with Glenn Close 

American movie actors
American movie producers
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Actors from Greenwich, Connecticut
Tony Award winning actors
1947 births
Living people
People's Choice Award winners
Blaqk Audio is an electronic band, made by Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI. Blaqk Audio features Davey Havok as lyricist and vocalist, with Jade Puget writing all music and programming the synthesizers. Blaqk Audio was recently signed to Interscope Records, and their first album, CexCells, was released on August 14, 2007. The band describes themselves as "Two boys in love with synthesizers and software".

Related pages
 AFI (band)

References

Other websites
 Official Blaqk Audio Website 
 Official Interscope Blaqk Audio Site 
 Official Blaqk Audio MySpace
 Jade Puget's blog 

Musical groups from Oakland, California
Electronic music bands
Hugh John Mungo Grant (born 9 September 1960) is an English actor. He won a Golden Globe award in 1995 for his starring role in the movie Four Weddings and a Funeral. His other movies include: Nine Months, Notting Hill, Mickey Blue Eyes, Bridget Jones's Diary, About a Boy, Love Actually and Paddington 2.

Early life and ancestry 
Grant was born at Charing Cross Hospital in Hammersmith, London, the second son of Fynvola Susan MacLean (b. Wickham, Hampshire, 11 October 1933; d. Hounslow, London, July 2001) and Captain James Murray Grant (b. 1929). Grant's grandfather, Colonel James Murray Grant,DSO was decorated for bravery and leadership at Saint-Valery-en-Caux during World War II.
Grant's father was trained at Sandhurst, Berkshire and served with the Seaforth Highlanders for eight years in Malaya, Germany and Scotland. He ran a carpet firm, pursued hobbies such as golf and painting watercolours, and raised his family in Chiswick, west London, where the Grants lived next to Arlington Park Mansions on Sutton Lane. His mother worked as a schoolteacher and taught Latin, French and music for more than 30 years in the state schools of west London. She died at the age of 65, 18 months after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.

Education 
Grant started his education at Hogarth Primary School in Chiswick but then moved to St Peter's Primary School in Hammersmith, Grant was then educated at an independent prep school Wetherby School. From 1969 to 1978, he attended the independent Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith on a scholarship and played 1st XV rugby, cricket and football for the school.
In 1979, Grant won the Galsworthy scholarship to New College, Oxford where he starred in his first film, Privileged, produced by the Oxford University Film Foundation. He studied English literature and graduated with 2:1 honours. Actress Anna Chancellor, who met Grant while she was still at school, has recalled, "I first met Hugh at a party at Oxford. There was something magical about him. He was a star even then, without having done anything. Grant joined the exclusive Piers Gaveston Society at Oxford, a group with a reputation for debauchery and decadence."

Viewing acting as nothing more than a creative outlet, he joined the Oxford University Dramatic Society and starred in a successful touring production of Twelfth Night.
Screen roles 
Grant has mostly been a comedy (especially a romantic comedy) actor for almost all of his mainstream film career. He also never ventures to play characters who are not British. While some film critics, such as Roger Ebert, have defended the limited variety of his performances, others have dismissed him as a one-trick pony. Eric Fellner, co-owner of Working Title Films and a long-time collaborator of Grant, said, "His range hasn't been fully tested, but each performance is unique."  A majority of Grant's popular films in the 1990s followed a similar plot that captured an optimistic bachelor experiencing a series of embarrassing incidents to find true love, often with an American woman.

Other websites 

 
 Biography 
 The BBC's report on the Elton John dinner auction
 E! Online interview 

1960 births
Living people
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
English movie actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
James Langston Edmund Caan (March 26, 1940 – July 6, 2022) was an American movie, stage and television actor. He is known for his role of Sonny Corleone in 1972's The Godfather and for his role as Ed Deline on Las Vegas. He was nominated for many awards, including the Academy Award, Emmy and Golden Globe. He also played Frank in Thief, Paul Sheldon in Misery and Walter Hobbs in Elf.

Caan was the son of Sophie (née Falkenstein) and Arthur Caan, Jewish immigrants from Germany. He was a conservative and supported Donald Trump.

Caan died on July 6, 2022 at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 
 

1940 births
2022 deaths
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Jewish American actors
Actors from New York City
American voice actors
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Deaths from coronary artery disease
James Harrison Coburn (August 31, 1928 – November 18, 2002) was an American actor. He became famous in the 1960s when he made many Western movies, such as The Magnificent Seven. But after that, he acted in other different types of roles, and became a more complete and successful actor. He was very ill in the 1980s and he almost did not make any more movies in that decade. However, he got better and started acting again in the 1990s. He won an Academy Award in 1998.

References

Other websites 

 Find-A-Grave profile for James Coburn
 Gesprengte Ketten - The Great Escape, Behind the scenes , Photographs of cameraman Walter Riml. Helma Türk & Christian Riml, eds. House Publishing 2013, English/German

1928 births
2002 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Nebraska
American television actors
Actors from Compton, California
4 Vesta () is the second most massive asteroid in the solar system, with an average diameter of about 530 km (around 330 miles) and an estimated mass 9% the mass of the entire asteroid belt. Its size and unusually bright surface makes Vesta the brightest asteroid, and the only one ever visible to the naked eye from Earth. Vesta's astronomical symbol is .

Discovery 

Vesta was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers on March 29, 1807. He allowed the prominent mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss to name the asteroid after the Roman virgin goddess of home and hearth, Vesta.

After the discovery of Vesta in 1807, no asteroids were discovered for the next 38 years. During this time the four known asteroids were counted among the planets, and each had its own planetary symbol. Vesta was represented by a stylized hearth, currently . Old graphic variants include ,  and Symbol of Vesta. The modern form is a simplification of the last.

Physical characteristics
Vesta is the second-most massive body in the asteroid belt. Vesta does have a different interior compared to its surface. It is in the Inner Main Belt, at a distance of about 2.50 AU. It is similar to 2 Pallas in volume (although it is not confirmed), but somewhat more massive.

Vesta's shape is close to the shape of a sphere by its own gravity, but the large concavity and lump at the pole (see 'Surface Features' below) did not fit the criteria from being considered a planet under the IAU. In any case, this resolution was rejected by the IAU membership and Vesta will continue to be called an asteroid. However, it is possible that Vesta may be listed as a dwarf planet in the future, if it is convincingly determined that its shape is from hydrostatic equilibrium.

Its rotation is actually fast for an asteroid (5.342 h) and prograde, with the north pole pointing in the direction of right ascension 20 h 32 min, declination +48° with an uncertainty of about 10°. This gives an axial tilt of 29°.
Temperatures on the surface have been thought to be between about -20°C with the Sun overhead, dropping to about -190°C at the winter pole. Typical day-time and night-time temperatures are -60°C and -130°C, respectively. This estimate is for May 6, 1996, very close to perihelion, while details vary somewhat with the seasons.

Geology 
For Vesta, there is a large collection of possible samples available to scientists, in the form of over 200 HED meteorites, giving insight into Vesta's geologic history and structure.
Vesta is thought to consist of a metallic iron-nickel core, above with a rocky olivine mantle, and a surface crust. From the first appearance of Ca-Al-rich inclusions (the first solid matter in the Solar System, forming about 4567 million years ago), a likely timeline is as follows:
 Accretion completed after about 2-3 million years.
 Complete or almost complete melting due to radioactive decay of 26Al, leading to separation of the metal core at about 4-5 million years.
 Progressive crystallization of a convecting molten mantle. Convection stopped when about 80% of the material had crystallized, at about 6-7 million years.
 Extrusion of the remaining molten material to form the crust. Either as basaltic lavas in progressive eruptions, or possibly forming a short-lived magma ocean.
 The deeper layers of the crust crystallize to form plutonic rocks, while older basalts are metamorphosed due to the pressure of newer surface layers.
 Slow cooling of the interior.
Vesta is the only known intact asteroid that has been resurfaced in this procedure. However, the presence of iron meteorites and achondritic meteorite classes without identified parent bodies indicates that there once were other differentiated planetesimals with igneous histories, which have since been broken by impacts.

Surface features 

Some Vestian surface features have been resolved using the Hubble Space Telescope and ground based telescopes, e.g. the Keck Telescope.
The most notable surface feature is a very large crater that is 460 km in diameter centered near the south pole. Its width is about 80% of the entire diameter of Vesta. The floor of this crater is about 13 km below, and its rim rises 4–12 km above the surrounding area, with total surface relief of about 25 km. A central peak rises 18 km above the crater floor. It is thought that the impact responsible blew up about 1% of the entire volume of Vesta, and it is likely that a group of smaller asteroids known as the Vesta family are the remains of this collision. If this is the case, then the fact that 10 km fragments of the Vesta family have survived bombardment until the present indicates that the crater is only about 1 billion years old or younger. It would also be the original site of origin of the HED meteorites
. In fact, all the known V-type asteroids taken together account for only about 6% of the ejected volume, with the rest presumably either in small fragments, ejected by approaching the 3:1 Kirkwood gap, or perturbed away by radiation pressure. Spectroscopic analyses of the Hubble images have shown that this crater has penetrated deep through several distinct layers of the crust, and possibly into the mantle which is indicated by spectral signatures of olivine. Interestingly Vesta was not disrupted nor resurfaced by an impact of this magnitude.
Several other large craters about 150 km wide and 7 km deep are also present. A dark feature about 200 km across has been named Olbers in honour of Vesta's discoverer, but it does not appear in elevation maps as a fresh crater would, and its nature is presently unknown, perhaps an old basaltic surface. It serves as a reference point with the 0° longitude prime meridian defined to pass through its center.

The eastern and western hemispheres show markedly different terrains. From preliminary spectral analyses of the Hubble Space Telescope images, the eastern hemisphere appears to be have a highly reflective, heavily cratered "highland" terrain with old, dusty rocks, and craters probing into deeper plutonic layers of the crust. On the other hand, large regions of the western hemisphere are taken up by dark geologic units thought to be surface basalts.
Fragments 
Various small solar system objects are believed to be fragments of Vesta caused by collisions. The Vestoid asteroids and HED meteorites are examples. The V-type asteroid 1929 Kollaa has been determined to have a composition akin to cumulate eucrite meteorites, indicating its origin deep within Vesta's crust.

Because a number of meteorites are believed to be Vestian fragments, Vesta is currently one of only five identified Solar system bodies for which we have physical samples, the others being Mars, the Moon, comet Wild 2, and Earth itself.

Proof of HED meteorite origin 
This is based on data from the Dawn probe which orbited Vesta in the asteroid belt for 10 months.

Vesta is the source of the HED meteorites, which are about 6% of all the meteorites which fall to Earth. These meteorites have pyroxene, which is a mineral rich in iron and magnesium. This has been matched exactly to the mineral signatures on Vesta's surface captured by Dawn's instruments.
Visibility 
Its size and unusually bright surface make Vesta the brightest asteroid, and it is occasionally visible to the naked eye from dark (non-light polluted) skies. Recently, in May and June 2007, Vesta reached a peak magnitude of +5.4, the brightest since 1989.

At that time, opposition and perihelion were only a few weeks apart. It was visible in the constellations Ophiuchus and Scorpius.

Less favourable oppositions during late autumn in the Northern Hemisphere still have Vesta at a magnitude of around +7.0. Even when in conjunction with the Sun, Vesta will have a magnitude around +8.5; thus from a pollution-free sky it can be observed with binoculars even at elongations much smaller than near opposition.

References
References

Further information 
  — Horizons can be used to obtain a current ephemeris
 K. Keil, Geological History of Asteroid 4 Vesta: The Smallest Terrestrial Planet in Asteroids III, William Bottke, Alberto Cellino, Paolo Paolicchi, and Richard P. Binzel, (Editors), Univ. of Arizona Press (2002),

Other websites 

 Views of the Solar System: Vesta
 HubbleSite: Hubble Maps the Asteroid Vesta
 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vesta - full article
 HubbleSite: Hubble Reveals Huge Crater on the Surface of the Asteroid Vesta
 HubbleSite: short movie composed from Hubble Space Telescope images from November 1994.
 Adaptive optics views of Vesta from Keck Observatory
 Differentiated interior of Vesta
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java)
 4 Vesta images at ESA/Hubble
 Hubble views of Vesta on the Planetary Society Weblog  (includes animation)
 

Asteroids
The animal liberation movement or animal rights movement (sometimes called the animal personhood movement and animal advocacy movement), is the movement of activists, academics, lawyers, campaigns, and organized groups who oppose the use of non-human animals in research, as food, as clothing, or as entertainment.

History 

In some form or another, the concept of animal rights has been around for thousands of years. In Eastern religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Jainism, the concept of ahiṃsā, meaning non-violence, is a central principle. Jainism stresses non-cruelty towards animals, prohibiting adherents from working at a zoo, cutting trees, or using any fabrics, including silk, which are produced through harming other living beings. In Islam, cruelty towards any animal is a punishable sin.
Within Europe and North America, there were many precursors of the modern-day animal rights movement. The first animal cruelty legislation was passed in 1635, which prohibited tearing wool off of living sheep. In 1822, Richard Martin, known as “Humanity Dick”, passed Martin’s Act aimed at preventing cruelty towards cattle. Martin went on to be one of the founding members of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the world’s first animal welfare charity, in 1824.

References
References

Further reading 
 , undated, retrieved September 4, 2005
 "Burning Rage"  by Ed Bradley, CBS 60 Minutes, November 5, 2005
 "FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism", by Terry Frieden, CNN, May 19, 2005
 Animal Liberation Through Trade Unions? 
 Allegations of sexism within the animal liberation movement 
 Lawrence Finsen and Susan Finsen, The Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994). 
 Gary L. Francione, Rain without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996). 
 Harold D. Guither, Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998). 
 James M. Jasper and Dorothy Nelkin, The Animal Rights Crusade: The Growth of a Moral Protest (New York: The Free Press, 1992). 
 Peter Singer, Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement (Lanham, MD: Bowman & Littlefield, 1998).
Other websites
 Brute Ethics:  animal ethics encyclopedia
 Cruelty-Free Kitty a website that discusses products and weather or not they test on animals or not

Animal rights
A sex symbol is a famous or notable person, male or female, who is found sexually attractive by many people. Many actors, actresses, and popular musicians are considered to be sex symbols by their fans and the public.

Other websites 
 BBC: Men pip for the Posh type
 Google Zeitgeist  has a list of the most searched for female celebrities on Google

Feminism
Marketing
Sociology
Symbolism
Breakfast cereal is a breakfast food made from cereal grains.It is a common breakfast meal. This is made of grain, and usually eaten with milk in the United States. It is often sweetened with sugar, syrup, or fruit. There are many kinds of cereals.  Some names of breakfast cereal include Cheerios, Kellogg's, Cocoa Puffs and various other brands.  Most breakfast cereals are made for children, but there are many for adults as well.  Some adult cereals are made for diets or other health benefits.

History 
In the 19th century, Americans ate meat a lot for breakfast and usually did not eat grains and fiber. But after that, people who were interested in eating more healthy foods began a push for healthy breakfasts.
This brought up the creation of Granula. The name Granula comes from granulates, formed of grain. In 1863 this became the first breakfast cereal and included heavy nuggets made from bran, the outer husk of a grain that is taken out when making flour. The cereal had to be soaked overnight before being eaten. Simply pouring milk over it was not enough to make it eatable.

The cereals eaten today grew out of a health campaign that began in the 1860s. Thin baked dough served to patients in hospitals inspired two men, C.W. Post and W. K. Kellogg. These two men started their own companies, named them after themselves.

Related pages
 Corn
 Wheat
 Grain

References

Other websites 

 Cereal site - All About Cereal
 Cereals  by the Vegetarian Society
 Nutrition Facts on hundreds of cereals

Breakfast foods
Grains
Sexual attraction is an attraction to other members of the same species for sexual or erotic activity. In many species this does not always mean a sexual act; indeed, some sexual behavior among primates is mostly a social activity.

In humans 
What is sexually attractive to humans may change by culture or place. The sexual attraction of one person to another depends on both people. 

Much of human sexual attractiveness is physical (see beauty). This involves the impact one's appearance has on the senses, especially in the beginning of a relationship:

 Visual perception (how the other looks); 
 Olfaction (how the other smells, naturally or artificially; the wrong smell may be repellent);
 Audition (how the other's voice and/or movements sound).
 Vibes, sensory perception (generally biased) of another person based on one's own view or from influence from others. (negative or positive).

Types

Heterosexuality
Homosexuality
Gay
Lesbian
Bisexuality
Pansexuality
Related pages
Casual sex
Human bonding
Human sexuality
Interpersonal relationship
Intimacy
Love
Lust
Sexual arousal

References

Other websites 
 Sexual Attraction Among Humans 
 FaceResearch  – Scientific research and online studies on the role of faces in sexual attraction
 Reunions Set Off Sex Urges, Article on sexual attraction among birth relatives.
 www.lookism.info deconstruction of attraction and beauty standards

Human sexuality
Cheerios is a popular brand of cereal. It is manufactured by General Mills. It was founded in 1941 as CheeriOats, the first ready-to-eat oat cereal. They are still making cereal, and it is produced worldwide.

References

Other websites
Cheerios Official Site
Cheerios Ratings for Health, Environmental and Social Impact on GoodGuide 

Breakfast cereals
A rehearsal is a practice before a concert or play in a theatre or some other performance. The group of performers will get together to rehearse. They may rehearse together many times before the performance so that they get used to performing with one another.

A dress rehearsal is the last rehearsal before the performance. It is called a 'dress rehearsal' because in a theatre the actors will be wearing their costumes. When an orchestra or other music group have a 'dress rehearsal' this does not mean that they have to dress up. It simply means that it is the last rehearsal, and it will be in the hall where they are going to perform so that everything is as it will be for the performance.
Orchestras often have section rehearsals or sectionals. This means that each group of instruments rehearse separately, e.g. the string sectional will be all the string instruments rehearsing together. This can be useful because they can concentrate on the bits which are particularly difficult for them: the string instruments can talk about the bowing etc.

An open rehearsal is a rehearsal that the public can come and watch. In opera houses the dress rehearsal is often an open rehearsal. The entry may be free or the audience may have to pay, but not as much as for a ticket for a performance. The audience will have to understand that the performance may be stopped if something goes wrong and needs to be rehearsed. Singers will often save their voices by not singing as loudly as they will in the performance (this is called "marking").

A technical rehearsal in a theatre is a rehearsal for practising things such as lighting and using props.

Performing arts
The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is a British orchestra. It is one of the most famous orchestras of the world. The orchestra is based in London's Barbican Centre. They often tour to many other countries. The LSO became the first British orchestra to play overseas when it went to Paris in 1906.

The LSO started in 1904. Most of the players had been members of Henry Wood's Queen's Hall orchestra. They left that orchestra when Wood made a rule that they were not allowed to send deputies to rehearsals or concerts. The LSO was set up as an organization that governed itself. This means that the members organize everything. They decide things such as how much they are paid and who can be a member of the orchestra.
The LSO gave its first concert on 9 June 1904. Hans Richter was the conductor. He was principal (main) conductor until 1911, when Edward Elgar took over for a year. Some of the most famous conductors in the world have conducted the orchestra.  Since January 2007, Valery Gergiev has been the LSO's Principal Conductor. André Previn is the Conductor Laureate (Honorary conductor). In 2006, Daniel Harding became the co-principal guest conductor with Michael Tilson Thomas. Richard Hickox is the Associate Guest Conductor of the LSO. The leader of the orchestra is Gordan Nikolitch.

The LSO players nearly died in 1912 as they were sail on the RMS Titanic for a concert in New York. They changed the booking at the last minute. They did tour the United States and Canada that year. They were the first British orchestra to do so.

In 1966, the London Symphony Chorus (LSC) was formed to join the LSO for works with choirs.
For many years, the LSO did not allow women to become members. They thought the sound would not be as good. 

The LSO made their first gramophone recording in 1920. They have made many recordings since then.

Discography
Studio albums
 A Classic Case (1985)

Principal Conductors
The London Symphony Orchestra has had many principal conductors since it was created in 1904.

British orchestras
1904 establishments in the United Kingdom
An obtuse angle is an angle of greater than 90° and less than 180°. It is bigger than an acute angle. It is smaller than a straight angle, which measures 180°. Angles are measured with a protractor obtuse angle is specifically present in hexagon and pentagon and others.

Related pages
 Acute angle
 Right angle
 Reflex angle

Angles
The London Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. It is based in the Royal Festival Hall, London.

The orchestra was formed in 1932 by Sir Thomas Beecham, and played its first concert on October 7, 1932 at the Queen's Hall, London. The associate conductor at the time was Malcolm Sargent.

At one of the orchestra's early concerts in November 1932 the sixteen-year old Yehudi Menuhin played a programme of violin concertos including the concerto by Elgar which the composer himself conducted.

In the 1930s, when Beecham conducted at the Royal Opera House, the orchestra played for operas there. Beecham made many recordings with the orchestra.

In 1939 the orchestra's sponsors stopped giving money to the orchestra. The orchestra became a self-governing body, which meant that, like the London Symphony Orchestra, the players organized the orchestra themselves, deciding on their pay, their members, what music they should play etc.
During the Second World War they went round the country playing in places where people would not otherwise hear music.
Many of the players' instruments were destroyed when the Queen's Hall was bombed in May 1941, but lots of people gave money for them to buy new instruments.
 
After the war, Beecham returned to the LPO for eighteen months, but left to start a new orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic. The orchestra continued to play with several guest conductors until Eduard van Beinum was appointed. When he became ill they appointed Sir Adrian Boult who stayed until 1956, although he continued to work with the orchestra and became its President in 1965.

Through the late 1950s the orchestra did not have much money and had to stop paying the players regular salaries. They only got paid for the work they did. In 1958 the LPO appointed William Steinberg as chief conductor. He helped the orchestra to become better again.
In 1964 the LPO became the resident orchestra for Glyndebourne Festival Opera in the summer. They continue to do this today.

In 1967 the LPO appointed Bernard Haitink as its principal conductor. He stayed with the orchestra for 12 years and was followed by Sir Georg Solti.

Vladimir Jurowski is now the principal conductor.

Discography
Studio albums
 Symphonic Music of Yes (1993)

Principal Conductors
Sir Thomas Beecham (1932–1939)
Eduard van Beinum (1947–1950)
Sir Adrian Boult (1950–1957)
William Steinberg (1958–1960)
Sir John Pritchard (1962–1966)
Bernard Haitink (1967–1979)
Sir Georg Solti (1979–1983)
Klaus Tennstedt (1983–1990)
Franz Welser-Möst (1990–1996)
Kurt Masur (2000-2007)
Vladimir Jurowski (since 2007)

Other websites
London Philharmonic Orchestra official website

British orchestras
Vladimir Jurowski (born 4 April 1972 in Moscow) is a Russian conductor.  He is one of the most important young conductors of today. Jurowski studied at the Moscow Conservatory. In 1990, he moved with his family to Germany, where he continued to study music in Dresden and Berlin.

In 1995 he conducted at the Wexford Festival and in 1996 at the Royal Opera House.  He continued conducting in Berlin and Bologna.

In August 2000, Jurowski was named the Music Director of the Glyndebourne Festival Opera.  He is now the Principal Conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra.

In May 2007, Jurowski received the 2007 Royal Philharmonic Society Music Award for Conductor of the Year.

Jurowski, Vladimir
1972 births
Living people
Surrealism was an art and cultural movement which began in the early 1920s.

The name was first used in 1917. Guillaume Apollinaire wrote the program notes for the ballet Parade, which was created for the Ballets Russes of Serge Diaghilev. This was a collaborative work by Jean Cocteau, Erik Satie, Pablo Picasso and Léonide Massine. The program notes ran:
"From this new alliance... there has come about, in Parade, a kind of super-realism ('sur-réalisme'), in which I see the starting point of a series of manifestations of this new spirit".

The movement grew out of Dadaism. This was, amid the horrors of World War I, a protest at the meaninglessness of civilised life.

At the same time, the work of Sigmund Freud began to filter through, and affect the literary and art worlds. André Breton was trained in psychiatry, and during the war, he worked in a hospital where he used Freud's methods on shell-shock patients. Not surprisingly, Breton influenced many writers and artists after the war.
Freud's work placed emphasis on the subconscious mind, and its role in steering behaviour and emotion. His way of using free association, and dream analysis to get a clue to the subconscious was picked up by the surrealists. They painted dreamlike fantasies, and practised automatic drawing without sight: 'automatism'.

In 1924, Breton wrote a Surrealist Manifesto, which defined surrealism as:
"Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express -- verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner -- the actual functioning of thought. Dictated by the thought, in the absence of any control exercised by reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern".

Breton discussed his first encounter with the surreal, in a description of a hypnagogic state, in which a strange phrase inexplicably appeared in his mind: There is a man cut in two by the window. This phrase illustrates Breton's view of Surrealism as two distant realities brought together to create a new, uncanny union.
Surrealist works have an element of surprise: unexpected items are placed next to each other for no clear reason. Many Surrealist artists and writers see their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost. The works are an artifact, and André Breton said that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. From the 1920s in Paris it spread around the globe. It influenced films such as the Angel's Egg and El Topo.
TRANSCENDENTAL SURREALISM Is a new artistic approach, that stands as  the evolution and redefinition of Surrealism in its classical form, as it became internationally known by Andre Bretton's Manifest in the early 20th century. Transcendental Surrealism in Visual Arts, presented in 2018 by the greek visual artist - architect Giorgios (Gio) Vassiliou (b. 1970). It is based on a completely new theory and philosophy that is summarized in  three new foundamental  elements, that follow the evolution of ideas, that have emerged so far during the 21st century, in Visual Arts, Psychology, Physics, and the visual perception of the physical world. These three new foundamental elements are: 

a) Transcendental perception 

b) Creative imagination

c) Slow current of thought

Artists 
Max Ernst, Salvador Dali, Man Ray, André Masson, Joan Miró and Marcel Duchamp were some of the best-known surrealist artists.
Books 
 Baznani, Achraf. History of Surrealism. Edilivre, France 2018. 
 Hughes, Robert.  The shock of the new: art and the century of change. London: Thames & Hudson. Chapter 5 The threshold of liberty.

Surrealist films 
Man Ray made the first surrealist film: Return to reason (1923). Luis Buñuel and Dali made two well-known surrealist films: Un chien andalou (1929) and L'Âge d'or (1930). Jean Cocteau made three films, known as the Orphic Trilogy: Le Sang d'un poète (1930), Orphée (1950) and Testament of Orpheus (1960), which includes a cameo appearance by Pablo Picasso.

References 

Art movements
Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn, known as Pim Fortuyn (, 19 February 1948 – 6 May 2002) was a Dutch sociologist and politician. He was born in Driehuis. He was the leader of the LPF (Lijst Pim Fortuyn), a right-wing political party. He was very popular and was expected to win the 2002 elections. Fortuyn did not agree with some things the religion of Islam does, and did not want to let criminal Muslims from other countries come to the Netherlands. He was Roman Catholic and openly gay.

Nine days before the elections, he was assassinated during the 2002 Dutch national election campaign by Volkert van der Graaf, who is an extreme environmentalist and animal rights activist. In court at his trial, van der Graaf said he murdered Fortuyn to stop him from exploiting Muslims as "scapegoats" and targeting "the weak members of society" in seeking political power.
Early life and education
Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn was born on 19 February 1948 in Driehuis, as the third child to a Catholic family. His father worked as a salesman and his mother was a housewife. In 1967 he began to study sociology at the University of Amsterdam but transferred after a few months to the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. In 1971 he ended his study with the Academic degree Doctorandus. In 1981 he received a doctorate in sociology at the University of Groningen as a Doctor of Philosophy.

Death
On May 6, 2002, he was shot to death in a car park outside a radio studio where he had just given an interview to Ruud de Wild at 3FM by 32-year-old, Volkert van der Graaf. The attacker was pursued by Fortuyn's driver, Hans Smolders; he was arrested shortly afterwards while still in possession of the handgun used to assassinate Fortuyn.

Related pages
List of sociologists from Europe

References

Other websites
  Bio at Parlement.com
1948 births
2002 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch columnists
Dutch councillors
Dutch murder victims
Dutch party chairs
Dutch Roman Catholics
Dutch sociologists
Leaders of political parties in the Netherlands
Gay men
LGBT academics
LGBT Christians
LGBT politicians
LGBT scientists
Dutch LGBT writers
Murders by firearm
People from Rotterdam
People murdered in the Netherlands
Pim Fortuyn List politicians
Politicians from North Holland
Writers from North Holland
Cyrus the Great (, Kurush-e Bozorg, c. 590 BC or 576 — August 530 BC), was the founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in today's Iran. He was chosen as the leader of Persian people in Anshan, he defeated the Medes and was chosen as the Shah of the Persian Empire in 559 BC. Cyrus fought with the Lydian Empire and the Babylonian Empire. Before leaving Babylon, Cyrus also freed the Israelites who were imprisoned by Babylonians and allowed Jews to return to their native land.

He wrote the Cyrus Cylinder outlining his actions and policies.  Cyrus died, probably in battle, in Pasargadae.  His tomb remains in Pasargadae in Iran.  Cyrus was famous for justice and kindness.

References

6th-century BC births
530 BC deaths
Shahs of Iran
Rafał Sylwester Wiechecki (born September 25, 1978 in Piotrków Trybunalski) is a Polish politician.

He is member of the League of Polish Families. From May 5 2006 to August 13 2007 was the minister of Polish government. He was the youngest cabinet minister in Polish history.

Other websites 
 Rafał Wiechecki

1978 births
Living people
Polish politicians
Relative density is the ratio of the densities of two materials.   The term specific gravity is similar but not the same.  In specific gravity, the reference material is water. Mathematically, relative density is found with:

Other websites 
Weight Per Cubic Foot And Specific Gravity

Basic physics ideas
Čejov is small village near Humpolec in the Pelhřimov District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 473 people live there and it has 7,98 km².

Villages in Vysočina Region
Satsuma / sat-soo-muh/ .n. is a variety of tangerine with a loose skin. 
It is named after the former Satsuma Province of Japan.  In the United Kingdom it is often associated with Christmas.

Footnotes

Other websites 

 The Satsuma Tangerine - University of Florida 
 PLANTanswers - Texas Cooperative Extension

Mikan ('Citrus unshiu Marc.)