Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Iran 
 On 28 February 2020, the BBC reported COVID-19 deaths in Iran were at least 210.
 March 3, 2020 multiple Iranian government officials including deputy health minister Iraj Harirchi and vice president of women and family affairs Masoumeh Ebtekar, who served as a spokesperson during the Iran hostage crisis, had contracted COVID-19.

Canada 
 The first case of COVID-19 in Canada was detected in a man from Toronto on January 25, 2020.
 On March 12, 2020, Sophie Grégoire Trudeau, the wife of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, tested positive for coronavirus. The Prime Minister and his wife isolated for 14 days.
 On April 6, 2020, Canada’s Chief Public Health Officer, Theresa Tam, said that people should use simple cloth facemasks to help slow the spread of the virus.
 On May 1, 2020, Canada surpassed 200 daily coronavirus deaths.
 On November 12, 2020, Canada surpassed 5,000 daily COVID-19 cases.
 On December 26, 2020, Canada confirmed first two cases of mutant coronavirus strain from England.

South Africa
South Africa 

 The new coronavirus strain, called the 501.V2 Variant, was first discovered in South African province Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape. It spreads more rapidly.

Australia
 First case reported on 25 January 2020.
 See COVID-19 pandemic in Australia

New Zealand

 The first case of COVID-19 in New Zealand was detected in late February 2020 in a person in their 60s.
 On March 24, 2020, New Zealand reported over 100 daily coronavirus cases for the first time.
 From April to November 2020, New Zealand reported between 0 and 50 daily cases.
 Between August 25, 2021 and August 31, 2021, the whole of New Zealand had been temporarily increased to its maximum lockdown level, Level 4, due to the delta variant. Most of the cases during August 2021 were originated from New South Wales. As of September 6, 2021, all of New Zealand has dropped to Level 2, while Auckland remains at Level 4.
Cruise ships 
 On the Diamond Princess cruise ship, out of 3,711 total passengers and crew members, 621 people, or 17% of all the people on board the ship tested positive for COVID-19. The ship ended its quarantine on February 18th.

Africa
 In late February 2020, Nigeria had it's first case in Sub-Saharan Africa which negatively affected Nigeria's economy, education, religion and social relationships.
 In November 2020, Africa surpassed 2 million cases.

Food and hunger

The pandemic made it more difficult for millions of people all over the world to get enough food. People lost their jobs, so they did not have money to buy food. Farms were shut down, so there was less food made. Processing plants and food factories were shut down, so less food was made ready for people to eat.
In April, Arif Husain of the United Nations' World Food Program said that 130 million more people could go hungry, in addition to the 135 million who were already hungry before the pandemic began. He said that poorer countries would be more affected than rich countries because the way they move raw food from farms to cities and other places where people live is less organized and relies more on human beings than on automatic systems.

This hunger crisis is different from crises in other years because it happened to the whole world at the same time. That meant that people working in other countries could not help by sending money home.

All over the world, children who ate meals at school had less access to food when the schools were shut down.
Scientists from the University of Michigan said the pandemic was making it harder for people to find food. In a study published in May, they said one in seven Americans over age 50 said they had trouble getting enough food before the pandemic, and it got worse when senior centers that provided meals were closed. Federal and state governments started programs to bring food to older people and children. There were also more food donation drives in towns.

Elderly

In the United States, nursing homes had some of the highest rates of infection and death,

40% of all COVID-19 deaths in the country. Nursing homes are group homes for old people who need medical care, for disabled people who need medical care, and for people recovering from severe sickness or injury, like stroke patients.
Many people who live in nursing homes pay through the government program Medicaid, which pays less than Medicare or regular insurance companies. In June, many American nursing homes were caught throwing their regular patients out so they could make room for COVID-19 patients who could pay them more. Because nursing homes had stopped allowing visitors, it took longer for them to get caught. United States law requires nursing homes to warn patients 30 days before kicking them out, but the nursing homes did not do this.

Some of the nursing homes took the COVID-19 patients because state governments asked them to and they say they sent their elderly residents away because they were worried they would catch COVID-19 from the sick patients.

Environment
Environment

Because so many governments told people to stay at home, there was less air pollution than usual for that time of year. Pollution in New York fell by 50% and the use of coal in China fell by 40%. The European Space Agency showed pictures taken from a satellite of China's pollution disappearing during quarantine and coming back when everyone went back to work.

The pandemic and shutdowns made people use less electricity. In the United States, people got less of their electricity from coal power but kept using gas and renewable power like wind and solar power. This was because coal plants are more expensive to run, so power companies used them less.
Not all ocean mammals did well. According to marine biologists in Florida, manatee deaths in April and May were 20% higher than in 2019. They say this was because many people decided to go boating because other things to do were closed.

Protests in China 
In November and December 2022, people in China started protesting against the Chinese government for their strict COVID-19 rules. Since China has not had any protests since the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989, these new protests were note worthy.

The protests started happening after a fire outbreak in Urumqi on November 25, 2022. The fire killed 10 people, who could not escape their apartments because of pandemic lockdown measures required by the Chinese government. The fire took over three hours to put out because of blocked-off entrances and locked doors. The pandemic lockdown measures also limits public transportation.
In Urumqi, protesters shouted, "if we die, let's die together". The protesters wanted their government to lift the lockdown measures in neighbourhoods with little or no active cases of COVID-19. In Nanjing, university students held blank sheets of paper to show the little freedom of expression and autonomy they felt from the strict COVID-19 policies. In Shanghai, people gathered on the city's Urumqi Road to remember the victims of the fire and requested the government to free arrested protesters. In Beijing, protesters asked for democratic changes and the end to the strict COVID-19 rules.

Stopping the next pandemic
Avoiding traveling and staying home will greatly reduce your risk from catching COVID-19. Staying home doesn't apply if one is sick and needs medical care. Get enough rest and stay hydrated. Wearing a mask and washing your hands can prevent the virus from spreading. Masks should not be placed on children under 2 years of age, people who have trouble breathing, have a respiratory or other medical condition which renders one unable to wear a mask safely, or anyone who is unable to remove the mask without help. Covering coughs and sneezes also reduce the risk of spreading the virus, but one can infect someone else by touching things with coughed/sneezed-in hands. Making sure not to share drinking glasses, cups and particularly other objects which people will drink or eat out of is important if one assumes they are infected or tested positive in the past. Washing eating utensils and other oral eating objects is preferable and cleaning surfaces or possessions which have been repeatedly touched is also important
. These include, according to the Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, phones, remote controls, counters, tabletops, doorknobs, bathroom fixtures, toilets, keyboards, tablets, and bedside tables. Avoid touching your face, nose, or mouth with your hands. Avoiding public transportation, taxis or taking rides with others can stop one's exposure to the virus. Rumors spread about high doses of Vitamin C preventing COVID-19, but these as of October 14, 2020, there has been no conclusive evidence to support this idea. However, there has been evidence pointing to the fact that dosing patients with Vitamin C, either through mouth or IV can reduce time on mechanical ventilators for seriously ill patients by 14%. Drinking tea such as black tea and green tea can inhibit the virus
. Staying home for the holidays, having a small gathering of close friends and family members who are consistently taking measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and celebrating virtually through social media can prevent being infected by the virus. Airports, bus stations, train stations, public transport, gas stations, and rest stops are all places travelers can be exposed to catching the virus. Eating a healthy diet that is high in fruits and vegetables, getting rest and sleep, exercising, consuming raw honey, probiotics, garlic, mushrooms and elderberry can boost the immune system. Playing video games to pass time during quarantine can prevent the virus from spreading. Flavanols and proanthocyanidins which are chemicals found in dark chocolate, grapes and green tea may block SARS-CoV-2 proteins
. Places you are most likely to catch the virus are churches, hair and nail salons, cruise ships, hospitals and the doctor’s office, restaurants and bars, theaters, sporting events, concert venues, buses, restrooms, elevators, the gym, airplanes, hotels, public swimming pools, nightclubs and the beach. Vaccinated people still need to wear a mask. Flying in a private jet can prevent the spread of coronavirus. Smoking marijuana and tobacco can further damage your lungs. Getting vaccinated can prevent new virus strains.
List of terminology associated with COVID-19 
 SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes COVID-19
 2019-nCoV is the old name for SARS-CoV-2
 Coronavirus disease 2019 is the complete name for COVID-19
 Community spread is the spread of the disease without a known travel connection
 Clusters are groups of COVID-19 cases in which many people in the same area became infected with COVID-19

References

Other websites

 WHO site for COVID-19
 CDC site for COVID-19
 WHO questions on COVID-19
 Novel Coronavirus Map Infographics, Channel News Asia
 Johns Hopkins University coronavirus statistics (until March 10, 2023)
Diseases caused by viruses
2019 disasters
2019 in Asia
December 2019 events
2020 disasters
January 2020 events
February 2020 events
March 2020 events
April 2020 events
May 2020 events
June 2020 events
July 2020 events
August 2020 events
September 2020 events
October 2020 events
November 2020 events
December 2020 events
January 2021 events
February 2021 events
March 2021 events
April 2021 events
May 2021 events
June 2021 events
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July 2022 events
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September 2022 events
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SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA coronavirus which causes the disease COVID-19. It used to be known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by the World Health Organization (WHO).

The virus started the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak. The first suspected cases were reported to the WHO on December 31, 2019.
Many early cases of this new coronavirus were linked to Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, a large seafood and animal market in Wuhan, China. The virus may have come from infected animals. It is not certain that this place was the source of the pandemic.

Origins
Origins

The genetic material of this virus showed many similarities to SARS-CoV (79.5%) and bat coronaviruses (96%). This means the virus may have originally come from bats. Scientists did more experiments that showed the virus probably went from bats to an intermediate host, meaning another animal in between bats and humans.  The viruses in that other animal changed over time until they could infect humans.  Scientists are close to sure that the original animal was a bat but not sure what the intermediate animal was.  Some scientists think it could have been a pangolin because there are coronaviruses that live in pangolins even though they are not exactly the same as SARS-CoV-2 or the ones in bats.  Pangolins are an endangered species and buying, selling or moving them from place to place is illegal in China and many other countries.  But their scales are an ingredient in many traditional Chinese medicines, so they are often sold on the black market.
Although SARS-CoV-2 began in bats, scientists noticed that the bats do not get sick and die from it.  They think this is because the bats have very careful immune systems that fight the virus without causing inflammation.  Scientists are studying bats because of this.

Scientists are still looking at SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals, but only a variant strain has been confirmed to spread to minks. It is also inducing fear in humans as there are cases being reported of transmission of COVID-19 from minks to humans. Cats, dogs and other mammals are said to at relative risk but how they can get infected is still a mystery.

Name
Name

In early February 2020, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses' Coronavirus Study Group gave SARS-CoV-2 its official name, for sudden acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus number two. Before that, people called the virus "2019-nCoV," for "novel (new) coronavirus that appeared in 2019." The study group chose this name because the new virus was so similar to another virus that was already called SARS-CoV with no number.

How the virus causes disease
First, the virus enters the cell with the help of the S protein or spike protein expressed on the surface of the virus beyond its envelope.  The spike protein attaches to the human cell receptor hACE2 or  human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 . ACE2 is found on the cells of the epithelial cell linings of the lungs, kidneys, and intestines. After the attachment of the S- protein to the virus, the S protein splits into its two components- S1 head and S2 stalk . The S1 head is now able to bind to the TMPRSS2 receptor which is a serine protease enzyme containing a transmembrane domain. The interaction of TMPRSS2 and S1 trigger the cell membrane of the human cell to merge with that of the virus leading to viral genome entry into cells via endosomes. The viral genome in the endosomes which convert to lysosomes is then processed by cathepsin, which is then replicated in the human cells and released after viral packaging and maturation in the cells to infect others
. In October 2020, scientists said they had seen SARS-CoV-2 use another receptor, Neuropilin-1, to enter cells with the help of the furin cleavage site in its genome which was not found in any of its previous ancestors.
SARS-CoV-2 can infect many kinds of cells, but it mostly infects cells in the respiratory system, such as the cells of the nose, pharynx and lungs.  Because it is in cells inside the nose, it can spread via aerosol or droplets when people breathe, talk, cough or sneeze.

The expanding part of the lungs, pulmonary alveoli, have two main types of cells. One cell, type I, absorbs oxygen from the air, i.e. gas exchange. The other, type II, produces surfactants, that help keep the lungs fluid, clean, infection free, etc. COVID-19 finds a way into a surfactant producing type II cell, and smothers it by reproducing COVID-19 virus within it. Each type II cell which is killed by the virus causes an extreme reaction in the lungs. Fluids, pus, and dead cell material flood the lung, causing the coronavirus pulmonary disease.

Lung damage
Lung damage

Scientists looked at the lungs from people who died of COVID-19. They compared them to lungs from people who died of influenza A and to lungs from people who died but not from any problem with their lungs.  They saw the cells that made up the skins of the blood vessels in the lungs were more badly damaged in the lungs from COVID-19 patients, and there was more blood clotting.  The most important difference the scientists saw was that the lungs had begun to grow new blood vessels.

COVID-19
In February 2020, the World Health Organization announced they had chosen a name for the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19. "Covi" for "coronavirus," "D" for "disease," and "19" for the year 2019.  They said they did not want the name to have any person, place, or animal in it, like "Wuhan," or “pangolin,” because then people might blame the disease on that place, person, or animal.  They also wanted the name to be easy to say out loud.

Symptoms
Symptoms

According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 makes people feel sick in different ways, but it usually affects the lungs.  People usually cough and have difficulty breathing.  They often also have a fever, chills, headache, pain in their muscles, or trouble tasting or smelling things.

According to an April 2020 study by the American Gastroenterological Association, COVID-19 can make sick people vomit or have diarrhea but this is rare.  They said about 7.7% of COVID-19 patients threw up, about 7.8% had diarrhea and about 3.6% had pain in their stomachs.

Painkilling

A study from the University of Arizona found that SARS-CoV-2 can prevent an infected person from feeling pain.  It does this by giving off vascular endothelial growth factor-A, which binds to the human body's neuropilin receptor.  This way, sick people do not feel pain, do not know they are sick, and spread the virus more than if they could feel pain.

Shape
Shape

The SARS-CoV-2 virus looks like a round ball with spikes all around it. There are four parts to the virus: the spikes, a membrane, an envelope, and the virus' genetic material, or ribonucleic acid (RNA)  Each of these four parts is a different protein molecule. The spikes, membrane, and envelope are together called the viral envelope, or outer layer, of the virus.

SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-strand RNA virus, meaning that it uses ribonucleic acid (RNA) to hold the patterns to make the proteins it needs instead of using DNA the way humans and other multicellular living things do.

Conspiracy theories
In early 2020, some people began to think that the SARS-CoV-2 may have been made on purpose in a laboratory at the Wuhan Institute of Virology and released in Wuhan like a weapon.  When the leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei, said that he did not want the United States to help his country against coronavirus, he named the idea that Americans had made the virus on purpose to harm Iranains as one of his reasons: "I do not know how real this accusation is but when it exists, who in their right mind would trust you to bring them medication?" said Khamenei.

One survey by Pew Research showed 29% of Americans who answered, thought SARS-CoV-2 could have been made in a lab on purpose and 23% thought it could have been made in a lab by accident. A survey of people in the United Kingdom showed many of them thought COVID-19 was caused by 5G wireless networks.
On March 17, 2020, scientists from Columbia University and other places published a paper in Nature Medicine showing that SARS-CoV-2 was almost surely not made by humans in a laboratory.  They did this by comparing the genomes of different viruses to each other. The scientists saw that SARS-CoV-2 did not match any of the viral backbones that already exist for virologists to use. The paper in Nature Medicine soon became one of the most cited scientific papers of all time.

Medicines
There are no fixed cures for the treatment of COVID-19,  but there are various drugs that have been approved for use such as Hydroxychloroquine and Remdesivir which are detailed below. Other antiviral drugs, interferon therapy and combination of anti-viral and interferons are also being experimented on to get the best possible outcome for patients. These treatments are used to reduce the symptoms and to keep the patients comfortable.
In April 2020, scientists from the University of Pittsburgh said they had made a vaccine, called PittCoVacc and tested it in mice.

Another team of scientists led by Dr. Josef Penninger of the University of British Columbia invented a medicine called  APN01 and tested it in engineered human tissue, meaning human cells put together in a lab to look and act like they were inside a body. The scientists learned that adding human soluble recombinant angiotensin  converting  enzyme 2 (ACE2) to these tissues infected with SARS-CoV-2 made it harder for the virus to reproduce.
In late April 2020, a team from Oxford University announced that they had developed a COVID-19 vaccine.  The United States National Institutes of health tested it in rhesus monkeys, and it worked.  The Oxford scientists said because they had already been working on a vaccine against a different coronavirus, they had a head start working on one for SARS-CoV-2.  The scientists said they would try to test their vaccine on 6000 people by the end of May 2020, and that their vaccine could be ready for people to use in September 2020.
In mid-May 2020, a company called Moderna said they tested their mRNA vaccine in forty-five people and eight of them produced antibodies but they did not publish the specific data or publish an article in a scientific journal. Anna Durbin of Johns Hopkins University said it was too soon to tell if people would keep the antibodies long enough for the vaccine to work. The United States Food and Drug Administration gave Moderna permission to test the vaccine again in more people.  Moderna's chief medical officer said the vaccine could be ready in January 2021.

Hydroxychloroquine
Hydroxychloroquine

Some people think hydroxychloroquine, a medicine given to people with malaria, lupus, and arthritis, could work against COVID-19 and some do not.  One study from China showed that COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine got better faster, but the study was not peer reviewed.  Other studies in France and China seemed to show hydroxychloroquine helped, but the studies did not include control groups, meaning the doctors did not compare patients who took hydroxychloroquine to patients who did not, so they could not be sure it was the hydroxychloroquine that was helping them or whether it was something else. In March, the United States Food and Drug Administration gave doctors permission to give hydroxychloroquine to COVID-19 patients.
United States President Donald Trump suggested the malaria drug hydroxychloroquine could help cure COVID-19, but Dr. Anthony Fauci, who is part of the White House's official coronavirus team said no one could know if hydroxychloroquine worked against SARS-CoV-2.  In early April, the New York Times reported that President Trump has "a small personal financial interest" in Sanofi, one of the companies that makes hydroxychloroquine, meaning that if the company sold more hydroxychloroquine, he would have more wealth.
In early April, Fauci said, "The data are really just at best suggestive. There have been cases that show there may be an effect and there are others to show there's no effect." Dr. Megan L. Ranney of Brown University said that hydroxychloroquine can cause heart attacks and other problems.  Other doctors worry that if people take hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19, there will not be enough left for people with malaria, lupus, and arthritis.  Still, some hospitals have given hydroxychloroquine to COVID-19 patients who are very sick because the doctors think it is worth the risk.

Scientists in France and China performed more studies on larger groups of patients taking hydroxychloroquine.  They watched patients who were taking the medicine and other treatment together and at patients who were only taking the other treatment.  Both studies showed that hydroxychloroquine did not help and did cause side effects.  Both studies were published in May 2020.

Remdesivir
Remdesivir

Some scientists thought the drug remdesivir, which was invented as a medicine for Ebola, could work against SARS-CoV-2.  Remdesivir works against some viruses.  Remdesivir had already been tested in humans, so the doctors already knew it would not hurt the patients even if it did not make them better.  Because scientists already knew remdesivir was safe, they were able to start testing it in humans right away.

In one study, doctors gave a drug called remdesivir to 61 COVID-19 patients on a compassionate basis, meaning they gave them the drug because there was no other treatment available.  Scientists studied 53 of these patients and found that 68% of the patients got better, 13% died, and 25% had serious side effects.  But because the study had no control group, meaning these patients were not compared to other COVID-19 patients who were not taking remdesivir, and because only 53 people were in the experiment, scientists must run more studies before they can be sure remdesivir works.
The chairman and CEO of the company that makes remdesivir, David O'Day, said that remdesivir might work better in some patients than in others and asked scientists to perform many different kinds of studies.

In October 2020, the National Institutes of Health told the world the results of its tests: They studied 11,000 people and found that remdesivir did not help keep COVID-19 patients alive.

Related pages 
The BA 2.86 variant (or Pirola)

References

Other websites

 WHO site for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
 CDC site for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

Coronaviruses
Pulmonology
Zoonoses
Clayton Magleby Christensen (April 6, 1952January 23, 2020) was an American academic, businessman, and religious leader. He was the Kim B. Clark Professor of Business Administration at the Harvard Business School of Harvard University. He was best known for his theory of "disruptive innovation". His best known work is the 1997 book The Innovator's Dilemma.

Christensen was also a co-founder of Rose Park Advisors.

Christensen died on January 23, 2020 from leukemia treatment-related problems in Boston at the age of 67.

References

1952 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from leukemia
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
Educators from Boston
Writers from Salt Lake City, Utah
Businesspeople from Salt Lake City, Utah
Businesspeople from Boston
Writers from Boston
Educators from Salt Lake City, Utah
Franz Mazura (22 April 1924 – 23 January 2020) was an Austrian bass-baritone opera singer and actor. He performed at the Bayreuth Festival from 1971 for 25 years and at the Metropolitan Opera for 15 years. 

He was made a Kammersänger in 1980 and an Honorary Member of the Nationaltheater Mannheim in 1990. His best known role was as Klingsor in Wagner's Parsifal. 

Two of his recordings received Grammy Awards.

Mazura died on 23 January 2020 in Mannheim, Germany at the age of 95.

References

1924 births
2020 deaths
Austrian singers
Austrian actors
Grammy Award winners
Seamus Frederick Mallon (; 17 August 1936 – 24 January 2020) was an Irish Gaelic footballer and politician. He was deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland from 1998 to 2001 and Deputy Leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party from 1979 to 2001. He also was a Seanad Éireann in 1986 and MP from 1986 to 2005. 

Mallon was born in Markethill, Northern Ireland. He studied at St Mary's University College, Belfast. 

He first played club football for Middletown during the 1950s then with Keady Dwyers, Queen's University and Crossmaglen Rangers.

Mallon died in Markethill, County Armagh, Ireland on 24 January 2020 of cancer, aged 83.

References

1936 births
2020 deaths
Social Democratic and Labour Party MPs
Northern Irish footballers
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
Cohasset is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 7,542.

References

Towns in Massachusetts
Municipalities
Suburbs, hamlets and other subdivisions of a municipality are indicated in small characters.
Altlichtenwarth
Asparn an der Zaya
Altmanns, Michelstetten, Olgersdorf, Schletz
Bernhardsthal
Bernhardsthal, Katzelsdorf, Reintal
Bockfließ
Drasenhofen
Drasenhofen, Fünfkirchen, Kleinschweinbarth, Steinebrunn, Stützenhofen
Falkenstein
Fallbach
Fallbach, Friebritz, Hagenberg, Hagendorf, Loosdorf
Gaubitsch
Altenmarkt, Gaubitsch, Kleinbaumgarten
Gaweinstal
Atzelsdorf, Gaweinstal, Höbersbrunn, Martinsdorf, Pellendorf, Schrick
Gnadendorf
Eichenbrunn, Gnadendorf, Oedenkirchenwald, Pyhra, Röhrabrunn, Wenzersdorf, Zwentendorf
Groß-Engersdorf
Großebersdorf
Eibesbrunn, Großebersdorf, Manhartsbrunn, Putzing
Großharras
Diepolz, Großharras, Zwingendorf
Großkrut
Althöflein, Ginzersdorf, Großkrut, Harrersdorf
Hausbrunn
Herrnbaumgarten
Hochleithen
Bogenneusiedl, Traunfeld, Wolfpassing an der Hochleithen
Kreuttal
Hautzendorf, Hornsburg, Ritzendorf, Unterolberndorf
Kreuzstetten
Kreuzstetten
Niederkreuzstetten, Oberkreuzstetten, Streifing
Laa an der Thaya
Hanfthal, Kottingneusiedl, Laa an der Thaya, Ruhhof, Ungerndorf, Wulzeshofen
Ladendorf
Eggersdorf, Garmanns, Grafensulz, Herrnleis, Ladendorf, Neubau, Pürstendorf
Mistelbach an der Zaya
Ebendorf, Eibesthal, Frättingsdorf, Hörersdorf, Hüttendorf, Kettlasbrunn, Lanzendorf, Mistelbach, Paasdorf, Siebenhirten
Neudorf bei Staatz
Kirchstetten, Neudorf bei Staatz, Rothenseehof, Zlabern
Niederleis
Helfens, Kleinsitzendorf, Niederleis, Nodendorf
Ottenthal
Guttenbrunn, Ottenthal
Pillichsdorf
Poysdorf
Altruppersdorf, Erdberg, Föllim, Ketzelsdorf, Kleinhadersdorf, Poysbrunn, Poysdorf, Walterskirchen, Wetzelsdorf, Wilhelmsdorf
Rabensburg
Schrattenberg
Staatz
Ameis, Enzersdorf bei Staatz, Ernsdorf bei Staatz, Kautendorf, Staatz, Waltersdorf bei Staatz, Wultendorf
Stronsdorf
Oberschoderlee, Patzenthal, Patzmannsdorf, Stronegg, Stronsdorf, Unterschoderlee
Ulrichskirchen-Schleinbach
Kronberg, Schleinbach, Ulrichskirchen
Unterstinkenbrunn
Unterstinkenbrunn
Wildendürnbach
Alt-Prerau, Neuruppersdorf, Pottenhofen, Wildendürnbach
Wilfersdorf
Bullendorf, Ebersdorf an der Zaya, Hobersdorf, Wilfersdorf
Wolkersdorf im Weinviertel
Münichsthal, Obersdorf, Pfösing, Riedenthal, Wolkersdorf im Weinviertel
Marion County is a county in the northeastern U.S. state of Missouri. The county seat is Palmyra. In 2020, 28,525 people lived there.

References

1820s establishments in Missouri
1826 establishments in the United States
Missouri counties
Noble County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 47,457 people lived there. The county seat is Albion.

References 

1836 establishments in Indiana
Indiana counties
Mount Tengu is a mountain in Japan. It is named after a creature in Japanese folklore called the Tengu. It is the tallest mountain in the Northern Yatsugatake Volcanic Group.

References

Other websites

Mountains of Japan
Nagano Prefecture
Adolf Holl (13 May 1930 – 23 January 2020) was an Austrian Catholic writer and theologian. He was born in Vienna. He became a priest in 1954. He served as chaplain of the University of Vienna and as a lecturer in its department of Catholic theology. Because of clashes with church officials, he was suspended from his teaching and priestly duties in 1973. He wrote many books, including Jesus in Bad Company and The Last Christian: A Biography of Francis of Assisi.

Holl died on 23 January 2020 in Döbling, Vienna. He was 89.

References

1930 births
2020 deaths
Austrian academics
Austrian Roman Catholics
Christian theologians
Roman Catholic priests
Writers from Vienna
Sydney Cove is a small harbour in Sydney, New South Wales in Australia. When the Europeans arrived, they landed there. They arrived on the 26 of January, 1788.

Geography of New South Wales
Summit is a city in Union County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 21,457.

References

Cities in New Jersey
Linden is a city in Union County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 40,499.

References

Cities in New Jersey
Rahway is a city in Union County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 29,556.

References

Cities in New Jersey
Westfield is a town in Union County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 30,316.

References

Towns in New Jersey
Union County is a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 575,345. The county seat is Elizabeth.

References

19th-century establishments in New Jersey
1857 establishments in the United States
New Jersey counties
Frederic Alan Schepisi  (born 26 December 1939) is an Australian movie director, producer and screenwriter. His credits include The Devil's Playground (1976), The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith (1978), Plenty (1985), Roxanne (1987), Evil Angels (1988), The Russia House (1990), Mr. Baseball (1992), Six Degrees of Separation (1993), Fierce Creatures (1997) and Last Orders (2001).

Schepisi was born in Melbourne, Victoria. He has been married three times and has seven children.

References

Other websites

1939 births
Living people
Australian movie directors
Australian movie producers
Australian screenwriters
Writers from Melbourne
Robert William Young (born 16 March 1933) is a British television and movie director. His credits include Vampire Circus (1972), Soldier's Home (1977), Splitting Heirs (1993), Fierce Creatures (1997) and Blood Monkey (2007). He also directed episodes of Minder, Bergerac and Jeeves and Wooster. Young was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire.

References

Other websites

1933 births
Living people
English movie directors
English television directors
People from Gloucestershire
Dana Frederick White Jr. (born July 28, 1969) is an American businessman. He is the current president of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). The UFC is the largest mixed martial arts (MMA) organization in the world. Under the leadership of White, the UFC has become a multi-bullion dollar company and very popular across the globe. White's net worth is reportedly US $500 million.

White was born in Manchester, Connecticut. He grew up in Ware, Massachusetts. He has been married to Anne Stella since 1996. The couple have three children.

References

Other websites

1969 births
Living people
American chief executives
Businesspeople from Connecticut
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Manchester is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town had a population of 59,713.

References

Towns in Connecticut
Ware is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 9,872.

References

Towns in Massachusetts
Robert Michael Archibald (29 March 1980 – 23 January 2020) was a British professional basketball player. He played as a power forward and a center. Between 2002 and 2004, he played in the NBA for Memphis Grizzlies, Phoenix Suns, Orlando Magic and Toronto Raptors. He later played in Europe from 2004 for Valencia, Scavolini Pesaro, Joventut Badalona, Azovmash Mariupol, Unicaja Málaga and CAI Zaragoza.

Career 
Archibald played for both Scotland and Great Britain internationally. He played for Great Britain at Eurobasket 2011 and at the 2012 Summer Olympics. 

Archibald was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire. He died on 23 January 2020 in Illinois, at the age of 39. At the time of his death, he lived in Lincoln Park, Chicago.

References

Other websites

1980 births
2020 deaths
Orlando Magic players
Phoenix Suns players
Memphis Grizzlies players
Toronto Raptors players
Sportspeople from Paisley, Renfrewshire
Joseph Payne (1984 – January 2020) was an American heavy metal bassist and guitarist. He was born in Tampa, Florida. Until 2011, Payne played bass in the heavy metal band Divine Heresy. He was also a member of death metal band Nile from 2005 to 2007.

Payne died in January 2020 at the age of 35.

References

1984 births
2020 deaths
American bass guitarists
American heavy metal musicians
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
Benton County is a county in the U.S. state of Tennessee. In 2020, 15,864 people lived there. The county seat is Camden.

References

Tennessee counties
Benton County, Tennessee
Millennial Women is a 1978 book containing several science fiction stories. All the stories are written by women and have a female character as the main character. Virginia Kidd edited the book. Themes in the stories are: feelings about what is alien or other, uses of language, careers, Family relationships, sexual politics, how society creates gender, political freedom and equality.

Contents
 "Prayer for My Daughter" by Marilyn Hacker (prefatory poem)
 "Introduction" by Virginia Kidd
 "No One Said Forever" by Cynthia Felice (short story)
 "The Song of N'Sardi-El" by Diana L. Paxson (short story)
 "Jubilee's Story" by Elizabeth A. Lynn (short story)
 "Mab Gallen Recalled" by Cherry Wilder (short story)
 "Phoenix in the Ashes" by Joan D. Vinge (novelette)
 "The Eye of the Heron" by Ursula K. Le Guin (novella)
 Biographical Notes (not in all editions).

Awards and nominations
 1979, Locus Award, Best SF Anthology category, 12th place.
Publication history
 1978, Millennial Women, edited by Virginia Kidd, U.S., Delacorte Press (Dell Publishing), , , pp. 305, 1978, hardcover
 1979, Millennial Women, edited by Virginia Kidd, U.S., Dell Publishing, , , April 1979, softcover
 1980, The Eye of the Heron and Other Stories, edited by Virginia Kidd, UK, Panther Books (Granada Publishing), , pp. 251, 5 June 1980, softcover

Footnotes

Other websites

Short story collections
1978 books
Duje Bonačić (10 April 1929 – 24 January 2020) was a Croatian rower. He won a gold medal in the coxless four event at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Bonačić was born in Split.

Bonačić died in Split on 24 January 2020 after a short illness, aged 90.

References

1929 births
2020 deaths
Sportspeople from Split
Yugoslavian Olympic gold medalists
Rowers
Christopher Wilson (May 16, 1978 – January 24, 2020) was an American professional wrestler better known by his ring name, Justice Pain. Pain was best known for his time in Combat Zone Wrestling, as well as Xtreme Pro Wrestling and Pro Wrestling Unplugged. He had many titles in his CZW career and was the real life brother of CZW wrestler and former tag team partner Nick Gage. 

Pain died in Yonkers, New York on January 24, 2020 at the age of 41.

References

Other websites
 Online World of Wrestling profile 

American professional wrestlers
2020 deaths
1978 births
Leila Janah (October 9, 1982 – January 24, 2020) was an American businesswoman. She was the Founder and CEO of Samasource and LXMI. She was also the author of Give Work: Reversing Poverty One Job at a Time and co-author of America's Moment: Creating Opportunity in the Connected Age. Janah was born in Lewiston, New York.

Janah died on January 24, 2020 in San Francisco, California from a rare-form of soft-tissue sarcoma, aged 37.

References

1982 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from soft-tissue sarcoma
Cancer deaths in San Francisco
Businesspeople from New York (state)
Businesspeople from San Francisco
Writers from San Francisco
Writers from New York (state)
Lewiston is a town in Niagara County, New York United States.  The population was 16,262 at the 2010 census.

The Town of Lewiston is on the western border of the county.  The Village of Lewiston is within the town.

References

Towns in New York (state)
Lewiston is a village in Niagara County, New York, United States. The population was 2,701 at the 2010 census.  

The village is named after Morgan Lewis, an early 19th-century governor of New York. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The town supervisor is Steve Broderick. The village mayor is Anne Welch.

References

Villages in New York (state)
Morgan Lewis (October 16, 1754 – April 7, 1844) was an American lawyer, politician, and military commander.  He was in the New York State Assembly (1789, 1792) and the New York State Senate (1811–1814) and was State Attorney General (1791–1801) and Governor of New York (1804–1807).

References

1754 births
1844 deaths
State legislators of the United States
Lawyers from New York City
Governors of New York (state)
Military people from New York (state)
Politicians from New York City
Elizabeth Bruenig (née Stoker; born December 6, 1990), also known as Liz Bruenig, is an American writer. She works as an opinion writer for The New York Times. She worked as an opinion writer and editor for The Washington Post, writing about ethics, politics, theology, and economics.

References

1990 births
Living people
American political writers
American political commentators
American editors
Journalists from Texas
The Tottenham Marshes are in Tottenham in the London Borough of Haringey. The marshes cover over  and became part of the Lee Valley Park  in 1972. The marsh has three main areas: Clendish Marsh, Wild Marsh West and Wild Marsh East. The River Lea flows between Wild Marsh West and East.

Description 
The  marshes are one of the last examples of semi-natural wetland in Greater London. They contain many plants such as neutral grassland types, sedge marsh, reed swamp, sallow scrub and areas of tall herb vegetation. Plants and animals that are rare in other parts of London live here.

Ecology 
Plants

Many species of plants are in the marsh including:
Wall bedstraw (Galium parisiense)
Yellow vetchling (Lathyrus aphaca)
Bee orchid (Ophrys apifera)
Babington's poppy (Papaver dubilum)
Wurzell's wormwood  (Artemisia vulgaris × verlotiorum)

Butterflies

Brown argus (Aricia agestis)

Birds

Skylark (Alauda arvensis)
Short-eared owl (Asio flammeus)

References
References

Other websites
 Friends of Tottenham Marshes
 Tottenham Marshes information 

Marshes
Armando Uribe Arce (28 October 1933 – 22 January 2020) was a Chilean writer, poet, lawyer and diplomat. He was born in Santiago. He served as Chile's ambassador to the People's Republic of China from 1971 to 1973. He published many works on politics, religion, criminal law and mining. He was a member of the Chilean Academy of Language and the Royal Spanish Academy. Uribe won his country's National Prize for Literature in 2004.

Uribe died on 22 January 2020 in Santiago. He was 86.

References

1933 births
2020 deaths
Ambassadors to China
Writers from Santiago
Diplomats
Chilean lawyers
Politicians from Santiago
The Stage is a British weekly newspaper and website about theatre.  It was first printed in 1880. It contains news, reviews, opinion, features, and job adverts, for people who work in theatre and the performing arts.

The first edition of The Stage was published (under the title The Stage Directory – a London and Provincial Theatrical Advertiser) on 1 February 1880 at a cost of 3 old pence for twelve pages. Publication was monthly until 25 March 1881. It was then printed weekly. The name was shortened to The Stage and the publication numbering restarted at number 1.

The Stage competed with other theatre newspapers (including The Era). The price was dropped to one penny and was soon the only remaining theatre newspaper.

The newspaper has remained in family ownership. Upon the death in 1937 of Charles Carson's son Lionel, who had assumed the joint role of managing director and editor, control passed to the Comerford family. The current managing director, Hugh Comerford, is founder Maurice's great-grandson.
The Stage and Television Today

In 1959 The Stage was changed to The Stage and Television Today. It had a pull-out supplement of TV news and features. Derek Hoddinott, the main paper's TV editor, became editor of the new supplement.

In 1995, TV coverage was put back into the main paper. The name changed back to The Stage.

In 2006, the paper introduced a blog on television, named TV Today.

Recent history

From 1995, the newspaper has awarded The Stage Awards for Acting Excellence at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.

In 2004, 96-year-old contributor Simon Blumenfeld was recognised by Guinness World Records as the world's oldest weekly newspaper columnist. The column continued until shortly before his death in 2005.

In 2010, The Stage Awards were started. They are given each year. They recognise outstanding organisations working in theatre and beyond. They have the following categories: London theatre, regional theatre, producer, school, fringe theatre, theatre building, unsung hero and international.
In August 2013 The Stage started The Stage Castings, an online casting service with a video audition function.

In May 2019, The Stage partnered with the Andrew Lloyd Webber Foundation and UK Theatre to start Get Into Theatre, a website dedicated to theatre careers.

Careers started via The Stage
In 1956, writer John Osborne submitted his script for Look Back in Anger in response to an advertisement by the soon-to-be-launched Royal Court Theatre.

Dusty Springfield responded to an advertisement for female singers in 1958.

Harold Pinter gained his first job after responding to an advert in The Stage

In April 1981 the Editorial of The Stage announced the founding of Internationalist Theatre founded by Angelique Rockas with patron Athol Fugard  implementing   "a multi-racial drama policy, with an even mix of performers drawn from different cultural groups", starting  with the revival of the London performance of Genet`s The Balcony.
Ricky Tomlinson responded to an ad for United Kingdom, another Play for Today, in 1981.

Television presenter Maggie Philbin won her first major role, as a co-presenter of Multi-Coloured Swap Shop, after answering an advertisement in The Stage.

A number of pop groups have recruited all or some of their members through advertisements placed in the newspaper, most notably the Spice Girls in 1994, Scooch in 1998 and 5ive in 1997.

Lee Mead got his first professional job, working on a cruise ship, through a recruitment ad in the paper.

Television presenter Ben Shephard auditioned for GMTV children's show Diggit following an advert in The Stage. While he did not get the part, he met Andi Peters, who subsequently hired him for the Channel 4 youth strand T4.

Charles Dance landed his first role in a Welsh theatre after seeing an advert in The Stage.
Alexandra Burke stated in an interview her family purchased the paper to find auditions when she was starting out: "My mum used to buy The Stage all the time for auditions for me. That’s how I got to go on [BBC TV talent show] Star for a Night with Jane McDonald."

Olivier Award-winning actor Sharon D Clarke found her first role at Battersea Arts Centre through an audition advert in the paper.

Lisa Scott-Lee revealed pop band Steps were formed through an advert in The Stage.

Sir Michael Caine stated in an interview with Steve Wright on BBC Radio 2 that at the beginning of his career he applied for acting roles he found in The Stage newspaper

Editors
 1880–1901 Charles Carson
 1901–1904 Maurice Comerford
 1904–1937 Lionel Carson
 1937–1943 Bernard Weller
 1943–1952 S.R. Littlewood
 1952–1972 Eric Johns
 1972–1992 Peter Hepple
 1992–1994 Jeremy Jehu
 1994–2014  Brian Attwood
 2014–2017 Alistair Smith (print) and Paddy Smith (online)
 2017-present Alistair Smith
Digital archive
The paper's full content from 1880 to 2007 is available digitally via subscription.

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 The Stage reviews of Internationalist Theatre productions London during the editorship of Peter Hepple

1880 establishments in the United Kingdom
Screen One is a British television anthology drama series, produced by BBC Studios and distributed by BBC Worldwide. It was shown on BBC1 between 1991 and 1998. Sixty films were made over six series. Some were shown as stand-alone specials. 

The BBC's Play for Today ran from 1970 to 1984. After it ended, Kenneth Trodd was asked to make a new series of one-off television dramas. These became Screen Two. They were shown on BBC2 in 1985. Play for Today had often been a  studio-based form of theatre on television. Screen Two was shot entirely on film.