Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Sriharikota is a barrier island off the coast of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh in India. It houses India's only satellite launch centre in the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (also known as SHAR) and is used by the Indian Space Research Organisation to launch satellites using multi-stage rockets such as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.

Sriharikota separates the Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal, and is home to the town of Pulicat. It is in Sri Amarajeevi Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh. The nearest town is Sullurpeta, which has the nearest railway station. The nearest business city is Sri City. It is also connected by expressways to Chennai.

Geography of India
Space agencies
Andhra Pradesh
As a Commonwealth realm, St Kitts and Nevis has the same monarch as several other Commonwealth countries, King Charles III.

In St Kitts, or when representing St Kitts in another country, he is known as the King of St Kitts and Nevis, His full official title being: Charles the Third, by the Grace of God, Kingof Saint Christopher and Nevis and of His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth.

When acting as King of St Kitts, Charles III only takes advice from the Government of St Kitts and Nevis.  This is because the Statute of Westminster of 1931 said that all Commonwealth countries were independent of each other, and that the British government no longer had the right to interfere or give orders to the other countries.

Usually the King's constitutional roles are carried out by the Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Royal succession (who is next in line to the throne) is governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701, which is part of constitutional law.

References
References

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Current monarchies
Wonder Pets! is a television series for children. It aired on Nick Jr. and Nickelodeon. The show is based on a series of short films, called Linny the Guinea Pig. The series won an Emmy Award in 2008 for Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition.

Josh Selig developed the idea for Wonder Pets! while working on his previous show, Oobi. The series began with two animated shorts called "Linny the Guinea Pig", which acted as a pilot episode. They featured Linny going on adventures set to classical music. Selig first screened the shorts at the wrap party for Oobis first season. The crew of Oobi was impressed with them and urged Selig to pitch them to a TV channel. He eventually decided to send the shorts to Nickelodeon executives. Selig called Nickelodeon "a great partner," saying "They're really the company that first believed in us when we pitched Oobi, and then they believed in us again on Wonder Pets!."
Overview
Each episode follows a similar structure, with many hallmarks and repeated elements. As each episode begins, children are heard from off-screen, leaving school at the end of the day. They say goodbye to the classroom pets. The classroom is always decorated with student artwork and other items related to a given episode's particular storyline, featured animal, or geographic location. Once the classroom is empty, a pencil holder rattles to create the ringing of a phone.
One by one, the classroom pets notice the ringing phone. As the phone rings, they put on their accessories (a hat for Linny, shoes and a sailor's cap for Tuck, and aviator goggles for Ming-Ming) and make their way towards the phone while singing their opening verses. The Wonder Pets answer the phone and find that an animal is in trouble somewhere. Linny, the Guinea Pig, explains the situation to the other two: Tuck Turtle and Ming-Ming Duckling. They all jump into a box filled with fabric scraps and jump back out wearing different outfits, often alluding to the area of the world they will be visiting. They make a quick joke and jump back into the box, emerging again in superhero capes.

Cast 
Sofie Zamchick (US) and Meisha Kelly (UK) as Linny the Guinea Pig
Teala Dunn (US) and Catherine Holden (UK) as Tuck the Turtle
Danica Lee (US) and Kaya Alexander (UK) as Ming-Ming the Duckling
Cooper Corrao (US) and T.J. Stanton (UK) as Ollie the Bunny

References

Other websites
Wonder Pets on nickjr.com
2006 American television series debuts
American children's television series
Nickelodeon television series
Emmy Award winning programs
English-language television programs
The giant impact hypothesis is that the Moon was created out of the debris from a collision between the young Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet. This is the favoured scientific hypothesis for the formation of the Moon.

Evidence for this hypothesis comes from Moon samples which show that:
the surface of the Moon was once molten 
the Moon's apparently relatively small iron core and a lower density than the Earth, and 
evidence of similar collisions in other star systems (which result in 'debris disks')

The colliding body is sometimes called Theia for the mythical Greek Titan who was the mother of Selene, the goddess of the moon.
There are several unanswered issues with this hypothesis. Lunar oxygen isotopic ratios are essentially identical to Earth, with no evidence of a contribution from another solar body. Also, lunar samples do not have expected ratios of volatile elements, iron oxide, or siderophilic elements (chemical elements which bond with iron), and there is no evidence that the Earth ever had the magma ocean implied by the hypothesis.

Context 
The Earth's relatively large natural satellite, the Moon, is unique. During the Apollo program, rocks from the Moon's surface were brought to Earth. Radiometric dating of these rocks has shown the Moon to be 4527 ±10 million years old, about 30 to 55 million years younger than other bodies in the Solar System. New evidence suggests the Moon formed even later, 4.48 ±0.02 Ga (billion years ago), or 70–110 Ma (million years ago) after the start of the Solar System.
Another notable feature is the relatively low density of the Moon, which must mean it does not have a large metallic core, which other terrestrial bodies in the solar system have. The Moon has a bulk composition closely resembling the Earth's mantle and crust together, without the Earth's core. This has led to the giant impact hypothesis: the idea that the Moon was formed during a giant impact of the proto-Earth with another protoplanet.

The impactor, sometimes called Theia, is thought to have been a little smaller than the planet Mars. Theia collided with Earth about 4.533 Ga. Models show that if an impactor this size struck the proto-Earth at a low angle and relatively low speed (), much material from the mantles (and proto-crusts) of the proto-Earth and the impactor was ejected into space. Much of it stayed in orbit around the Earth. This material would eventually form the Moon.
However, the metallic cores of the impactor would have sunk through the Earth's mantle to fuse with the Earth's core, depleting the Moon of metallic material. The giant impact hypothesis thus explains the Moon's abnormal composition. The ejecta in orbit around the Earth could have condensed into a single body within weeks. Under the influence of its own gravity, the ejected material became a more spherical body: the Moon.

The radiometric ages show the Earth existed already for at least 10 million years before the impact, enough time to allow for differentiation of the Earth's primitive mantle and core. Then, when the impact occurred, only material from the mantle was ejected, leaving the Earth's core of heavy elements untouched.
Consequences 
The impact had some important consequences for the young Earth. It released an enormous amount of energy, causing both the Earth and Moon to be completely molten. Immediately after the impact, the Earth's mantle was vigorously convecting, the surface was a large magma ocean. The planet's first atmosphere must have been completely blown away by the enormous amount of energy released. The impact is also thought to have changed Earth’s axis to produce the large 23.5° axial tilt that is responsible for Earth’s seasons (a simple, ideal model of the planets’ origins would have axial tilts of 0° with no recognizable seasons). The impact may also have sped up Earth’s rotation.
Recent evidence 
Analysis of lunar rock brought back by Apollo astronauts appears to show traces of Theia. The researchers claim this confirms the theory that the Moon was created by a cataclysmic collision. Some scientists are surprised that the difference between the Theian material found in the Moon rock and the Earth is so small.

Related pages 
Catastrophism

References 

Moon
Earth sciences
Hadean
COBOL is a programming language that was developed in the year 1959. It was one of the first computer programming languages. The name COBOL stands for COmmon Business-Oriented Language.

Background
COBOL was created because people wanted a language they could use to describe the problems in a way that is independent of the hardware used. Like SQL COBOL uses a syntax that is close to that of natural languages. As an example,  ADD YEARS TO AGE is a valid expression.

History
There are several different versions of COBOL. The newest is from 2002. In general, versions of the language before 1985 are not compatible with the newer versions, from 1985 and later. 

In his letter to an editor in 1975 titled "How do we tell truths that might hurt?", computer scientist and Turing Award recipient Edsger Dijkstra remarked that "The use of COBOL cripples the mind; its teaching should, therefore, be regarded as a criminal offense." In this letter, Dijkstra also criticised several other languages which were used at the time.
In recent years, COBOL has been extended to allow object-oriented programming, user-defined functions, and user-defined data types.

Reputation
The computer scientist Howard E. Tompkins disagreed, and defended structured COBOL: "COBOL programs with convoluted control flow indeed tend to 'cripple the mind'", but this was because "there are too many such business application programs written by programmers that have never had the benefit of structured COBOL taught well...".

References

Programming languages
Acronyms
Edsger Wybe Dijkstra (May 11, 1930 – August 6, 2002; ) was a Dutch computer scientist. He received the 1972  Turing Award  for fundamental contributions to developing programming languages, and was the Schlumberger Centennial Chair of Computer Sciences at The University of Texas at Austin from 1984 until 2000.

Shortly before his death in 2002, he received the ACM PODC Influential Paper Award in distributed computing for his work on self-stabilization of program computation. This annual award was renamed the Dijkstra Prize the following year, in his honor.

1930 births
2002 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch computer scientists
People from Rotterdam
Turing Award winners
3 Doors Down is an American Alternative rock band. They formed in 1994 in Escatawpa, Mississippi. The members of the group are Brad Arnold, the singer, Matt Roberts, who plays the lead guitar and backing vocals, Chris Henderson, who plays the rhythm guitar, Todd Harrell who plays the bass guitar and Greg Upchurch, who plays the drums.

Discography

Studio albums
2000: The Better Life
2002: Away from the Sun
2005: Seventeen Days
2008: 3 Doors Down
2011: Time of My Life
2016: Us and the Night

References

Other websites
3 Doors Down's official website

American rock bands
Musical groups from Mississippi
Post-grunge bands
The Third Treaty of San Ildefonso (short for the Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain, Concerning the Aggrandizement of His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the Retrocession of Louisiana) was a treaty between France and Spain. In it, Spain gave the territory of Louisiana to France.

San Ildefonso, third
Treaties of Spain
Viglen is an IT company based in the United Kingdom. Viglen is operated by UK businessman Lord Sugar and most schools in the UK own Viglen computers. Some of the products that Viglen have made are the Incepta II and the Genrie Pro.

References

Technology companies of the United Kingdom
Lotus Cars is a British builder of sports and racing cars. It is based at the old site of RAF Hethel, a World War II airfield in Norfolk. The company designs and builds race and production cars. The cars are built to have a low weight. The cars handle well (they can turn, start and stop quickly.)

Lotus Cars was founded and owned for many years by Colin Chapman. After his death and a period of financial instability, it was bought by General Motors, then by businessman Romano Artioli and DRB-HICOM through its subsidiary Proton. It is currently owned by Chinese multinational Geely.

History 
The company was started as Lotus Engineering Ltd. by engineer Colin Chapman in 1952 but had roots in 1948 when Chapman first started building racing cars in a garage.  The first factory was in old stables in Hornsey, North London. Team Lotus was started in 1954. It was split off from the Lotus Engineering company. Team Lotus was active and competitive in Formula One racing from 1958 to 1994.
The Lotus Group of Companies was formed in 1959. One company was Lotus Cars Limited which made road cars. The other company was Lotus Components Limited which worked on customer race cars. Lotus Components Limited became Lotus Racing Limited in 1971 but stopped building cars in the same year.

In 1959, the company moved to Cheshunt, Hertfordshire into a factory built to make cars. Since 1966 the company has been in a modern factory and road test facility at Hethel, near Wymondham. This site is the former RAF Hethel base. The test track uses parts of the old runway.

In its early days, Lotus sold cars aimed at privateer racers and trialists. Its early road cars could be bought as kits, in order to save on purchase tax. The kit car era ended in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the introduction of the Elan, the first car manufactured by the company.
In early 1982, Chapman came to an agreement with Toyota to exchange intellectual property and applied expertise. This resulted in Lotus collaborating in the design and development of Toyota sports cars and Toyota supplying parts to Lotus, making development and production of their new models, such as the Excel, cost effective.

Chapman died of a heart attack in 1982 at the age of 54. The car maker built tens of thousands of successful racing and road cars. They won the Formula One World Championship seven times. At the time of his death he was linked with the DeLorean scandal over the use of government subsidies for the production of DeLorean DMC-12 for which Lotus had designed the chassis.
In 1986, the company was bought by General Motors. On 27 August 1993, GM sold the company to Bugatti Automobili SpA owned by businessman Romano Artioli. In 1996, a majority share in Lotus was sold to Proton, a Malaysian car company. On 24 May 2017, Chinese multinational Geely announced that was taking a 51% controlling stake in Lotus. The remaining 49% was acquired by Etika Automotive.

The company is organized as Group Lotus. Group Lotus is divided into Lotus Cars and Lotus Engineering. Lotus Engineering builds suspension for other car builders. They also worked with General Motors to develop the 4-cylinder Ecotec engine.

The four letters in the middle of the logo stand for the initials of Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman.

Formula One 

The Lotus Cars helped its customers to race its cars. They entered Formula One through its sister company Team Lotus in 1958. In 1960, Lotus got its first win in F1. A Lotus 18 driven by Stirling Moss won at Monaco. The car was entered by privateer Rob Walker.
They had big success in 1963 with the Lotus 25. With Jim Clark driving, Lotus its first F1 World Constructors Championship. Clark was killed in a crash in a Formula Two Lotus 48 in April 1968. It was a severe blow to the team and to Formula One. Clark was the dominant driver with the best car at the time. He is an important part of Lotus' early years. The 1963 championship was won by Clark's teammate, Graham Hill.

Team Lotus made the mid-engine layout popular for IndyCars. They developed the first monocoque Formula One chassis. They also made the engine and transaxle a part of the chassis. A transaxle is a combination of the transmission and rear axle. Lotus was also among the first in Formula One to add wings and shaping the bottom of the car. This created aerodynamic downforce. They were the first to move radiators to the sides of the car. This improved the aerodynamic performance of the car. Team Lotus is also considered as the pioneer of the active suspension.
After Chapman's death, until the late 1980s, Lotus was still to be a major player in Formula One. Ayrton Senna drove for the team from 1985 to 1987. Senna won twice in each year and earned 17 pole positions. By the company's last Formula One race in 1994, the cars were not competitive. At the end of the 1994 season, Lotus left Formula One racing. Team Lotus won a total of 79 Grand Prix races. Team Lotus was the first team to achieve 50 Grand Prix victories.

Formula One Constructors' Championships (Drivers' Championship winner for Lotus)
 1963 (Jim Clark)
 1965 (Jim Clark)
 1968 (Graham Hill)
 1970 (Jochen Rindt)
 1972 (Emerson Fittipaldi)
 1973
 1978 (Mario Andretti)
In 1992, Team Lotus started Classic Team Lotus for the Works historic motorsport activity. Classic Team Lotus repairs and keeps Lotus F1 cars in running condition. They race them in the FIA Historic Formula One Championship. It keeps the Team Lotus archive and the Works Collection of cars. It is managed by Clive Chapman, son of company founder Colin Chapman.

The Lotus name returned to Formula One for the 2010 season. A new team in Malaysia was started called Lotus Racing. They used the Lotus name with license from Group Lotus. The new team was unrelated to the old Team Lotus. The new team was funded by a Malaysian Consortium (group of companies) including Proton, the former owner of Lotus.
After the 2010 season, Proton ended the license for Lotus Racing to use the Lotus name. Proton believed the team broke the license rules. Lotus Racing then bought Team Lotus Ventures Ltd. This company owned the rights to use the name Team Lotus. The Lotus Racing team announced they would be known as Team Lotus starting in 2011.

In December 2010 Group Lotus (Proton) purchased part of the Renault F1 team. They announced the team would be now be known as Lotus Renault GP. Lotus Renault GP will compete in Formula One starting in 2011.

Lotus also unsuccessfully participated in the 24 Hours of LeMans and in the Indianapolis 500 in 2011 and 2012.

Lotus car models

Concept cars
At the 2010 Paris Motorshow, Lotus announced five new models. These were to be introduced over the next five years.
 New Lotus Esprit. Due to be released in 2013. The Esprit was to be powered by a 5.0 litre Lexus V8 pressure charged engine rated at up to , capable of 0 to  in about 3.4 seconds.
 New Lotus Elan. Due to be introduced during the second half of 2013. The Elan was to be powered by a 4.0 litre V6 pressure charged engine rated at up to  with a weight of .
 New Lotus Elite. A 2+2 GT. It was to be offered with a front-mid positioned 5.0 litre V8 engine producing up to , capable of 0 to  in about 3.7 seconds. Due for release in spring 2014.
 New Lotus Elise. The replacement for the Lotus Elise S2. It was to be due in 2015. It will have a 2.0 litre inline 4 pressure charged engine producing up to , the Elise 2015 is stated to be capable of 0 to  in less than 4.5 seconds.
New Lotus Eterne.  A four-door, four seater sports GT. It was to be powered by a 5.0 litre pressure charged V8. It was designed to compete with the Porsche Panamera and the Aston Martin Rapide.
Out of the five models introduced, only the Elise reached the production stage with Lotus cancelling the rest of the models to focus on making lightweight sports cars.

Current car models
Current Lotus models include:
 Lotus Evija: The Lotus Evija is a limited production electric sports car, it is the first electric vehicle to be introduced and manufactured by the company. Codenamed "Type 130", production of the Evija will be limited to 130 units. Production is set to begin early-mid 2021 with delivery in early 2023. The Evija is powered by a 70 kWh battery pack developed in conjunction with Williams Advanced Engineering, with electric motors supplied by Integral Powertrain. The four individual motors are placed at the wheels and each is rated at , for a combined total output of 1,500 kW (2,039 PS; 2,011 hp)  and  of torque. Lotus claims that the Evija will be able to accelerate from 0 to  in under 3 seconds, from 0 to  in 9.1 seconds, and achieve a limited top speed of 350 km/h (217 mph).
Lotus Emira: Unveiled July 2021, production began March 2022 - this will be the firm's final vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine.
Lotus Eletre: The first high-performance electric SUV from Lotus.
Lotus Mark I (1948): Austin 7 based car
 Lotus Mark II (1949–1950): Ford-powered trials car
 Lotus Mark III (1951): 750 cc formula car
 Lotus Mark IV (1952): Trials car
 Lotus Mark V (1952 2): 750 cc formula car, never built
 Lotus Mark VI (1953–1955): The first "production" race, about 100 built
 Lotus Seven (1957–1970): Classic open sports car, without any unnecessary equipment. Designed to handle a racing circuit and nothing else. The rights to the Seven were sold in 1973 to Caterham Cars, who continue to produce it today. Updated versions of this 1957 design are also produced by other firms, including Westfield Sportscars and Donkervoort.
 Lotus Mark VIII (1954): Sports racer
 Lotus Mark IX (1955): Sports racer, based on the Mark VIII
 Lotus Mark X (1955): Sports racer, a more powerful Mark VIII
 Lotus Eleven (1956–1957): Sports racer
 Lotus 12 (1956–1957): Formula Two and Formula One race car
 Lotus 13: Never used
 Lotus Elite (Lotus 14) (1957–1963): First production street car, the Elite
Lotus 15 (1958): Sports racer—successor to the Eleven
 Lotus 16 (1958–1959): Formula One/Formula Two car based on the 12
 Lotus 17 (1959): Sports racer update of the 15, was not successful
 Lotus 18 (1960–1961): First mid-engined Lotus single seater, Formula Junior/Formula Two/Formula One
 Lotus 19 (1960–1962): Mid-engine sports racer, known as the "Monte Carlo"
 Lotus 20 (1961): Formula Junior
 Lotus 21 (1961): Formula One
 Lotus 22 (1962–1965): Formula Junior/Formula Three
 Lotus 23 (1962–1966): Small displacement mid-engined sports racer
 Lotus 24 (1962): Formula One
 Lotus 25 (1962–1964): Formula One World Champion
 Lotus 26 (1962–1971): Production street sports car, the original Elan.
 Lotus 27 (1963): Formula Junior
 Lotus Cortina (Lotus 28) (1963–1966): Lotus version of the Ford Cortina street car/race car
 Lotus 29 (1963): Indy car Ford stock block
 Lotus 30 (1964): Large displacement sports racer (Ford V8)
 Lotus 31 (1964–1966): Formula Three space frame racer
Lotus 32 (1964–1965): Monocoque F2 and Tasman Cup racer
 Lotus 33 (1964–1965): Formula One World Champion
 Lotus 34 (1964): Indy car, DOHC Ford
 Lotus 35 (1965): Formula Three, Formula Two, Formula B
 Lotus Elan (Lotus 36) (1965–1968): Fixed Head Coupe version of the original Elan, different from the Type 26 Elan which could be fitted with a removable hard top
 Lotus 38 (1965): Indy winning mid-engine car
 Lotus 39 (1965–1966): Tasman Cup formula car
 Lotus 40 (1965): Version of the 30
 Lotus 41 (1965–1968): Formula Three, Formula Two, Formula B
 Lotus 42 (1967): Indy car—raced with Ford V8
 Lotus 43 (1966): Formula One
 Lotus 44 (1967): Formula Two
 Lotus Elan (Lotus 45) (1966–1974): Convertible (Drop Head Coupe), a version of the original Elan with a revised body style. This version had permanent side window frames.
 Lotus 46 (1966–1968): Original Renault-engined Europa
 Lotus Europa (Lotus 47) (1966–1970): Racing version of Europa
 Lotus 48 (1967): Formula Two
Lotus 49 (1967–1969): Formula One World Champion
 Lotus Elan (Lotus 50) (1967–1974): Four-seat "Elan +2" production car
 Lotus 51 (1967–1969): Formula Ford
 Lotus 52 (1968): Prototype "Europa" twincam
 Lotus 53 (1968): Small displacement sports racer, never built
 Lotus Europa (Lotus 54) (1968–1970): Series 2 "Europa" production car.
 Lotus 55 (1968): Formula Three
 Lotus 56 (1968–1971): Indy turbine wedge/Formula One turbine (56B)
 Lotus 57 (1968): Formula Two design study
 Lotus 58 (1968): Formula One design study
 Lotus 59 (1969–1970): Formula Three/Formula Two/Formula Ford
 Lotus Seven (Lotus 60) (1970–1973): Greatly modified version of the Seven—AKA Seven S4
 Lotus 61 (1969): Formula Ford wedge
 Lotus 62 (1969): Prototype Europa racer
 Lotus 63 (1969): 4-wheel drive Formula One
 Lotus 64 (1969): 4-wheel drive Indy cars, did not compete
 Lotus 65 (1969–1971): "Federalized" Europa S2
 Lotus 66: Never used
 Lotus 67 (1970): Proposed Tasman Cup car, never built
 Lotus 68 (1969): F5000 prototype
Lotus 69 (1970): Formula Three/Formula Two/Formula Ford
 Lotus 70 (1970): F5000/Formula A
 Lotus 71: Undisclosed design study
 Lotus 72 (1970–1972): Formula One World Champion
 Lotus 73 (1972–1973): Formula Three
 Lotus Europa (Lotus 74) (1971–1975): Europa Twin Cam production cars
 Lotus Elite (Lotus 75) (1974–1982): Luxury 4 seat GT, "Elite II"
 Lotus 76 (1975–1982): Fastback version of Elite II, "Éclat S1"—also 1974 F1
 Lotus 77 (1976): Formula One
 Lotus 78 (1977–1978): Formula One ground effects car
 Lotus 79 (1978–1979): Formula One World Champion, also used for a street GT "Esprit" (1975–1980)
 Lotus 80 (1979): Formula One
 Lotus 81 (1980–1981): Formula One, also used for a Sunbeam Talbot rally car
 Lotus Esprit (Lotus 82) (1982–1987): Turbo Esprit street GT car
 Lotus Elite (Lotus 83) (1980): Elite series 2
 Lotus Eclat (Lotus 84) (1980–1982): Éclat series 2
 Lotus Esprit (Lotus 85) (1980–1987): Esprit series 3
 Lotus 86 (1980–1983): Formula One dual chassis, never raced
Lotus 87 (1980–1982): Formula One
 Lotus 88 (1981): Formula One dual chassis car, banned
 Lotus Excel (Lotus 89) (1982–1992): Lotus Excel Grand Tourer, basically a re-engineered Éclat
 Lotus 90: Unrealised project in collaboration with Toyota
 Lotus 91 (1982): Formula One
 Lotus 92 (1983): Formula One
 Lotus 93T (1983): Formula One Turbo
 Lotus 94T (1983): Formula One Turbo
 Lotus 95T (1984): Formula One Turbo
 Lotus 96T (1984): Indy car project, abandoned
 Lotus 97T (1985–1986): Formula One Turbo
 Lotus 98T (1986–1987): Formula One Turbo
 Lotus 99T (1987): Formula One Turbo, last Lotus F1 winner
 Lotus 100T (1988): Formula One Turbo
 Lotus Elan M100 (Lotus Elan (Type M100)) (1989–1995): Front-drive convertible Elan.
 Lotus 101 (1989): Formula One
 Lotus 102 (1990–1991): Formula One
 Lotus 103 (1990): Formula One, not produced
 Lotus Carlton (Lotus 104) (1990–1992): Lotus Carlton: Tuned version of the Vauxhall Carlton.
 Lotus 105 (1990): Racing X180R IMSA Supercars Drivers Champ Doc Bundy
Lotus 106 (1991): Esprit X180R roadgoing homologation special
 Lotus 107 (1992–1994): Formula One
 Lotus 108 (1992): A bicycle ridden by Chris Boardman to win a gold medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, also known as the "LotusSport Pursuit Bicycle".
 Lotus 109 (1994): Formula One, Last Lotus F1 car.
 Lotus 110: Production version of type 108 bicycle
 Lotus 111: The Lotus Elise
 Lotus 112: Final partial Formula One design
 Lotus 113: Never used
 Lotus 114 (1996): Lotus Esprit GT1
 Lotus Elise GT1 (Lotus 115) (1997–1998): Lotus GT Race Car, also known as the Lotus Elise GT1
 Vauxhall VX220 (Lotus 116): The Elise S2 based Vauxhall VX220/Opel Speedster, built in collaboration with GM
 Lotus Elise (Lotus 117): Lotus Elise S2
 Lotus 118: Lotus M250. Two-seater concept car. Unveiled in Autumn of 1999 as a mid-range sports car. The project was canceled in 2001.
Lotus 119: Soapbox derby car Light vehicle made of carbon and aluminum. It had disc brakes, and no engine. It was built for a race at the Goodwood Festival of Speed
 Lotus Elise (Lotus 120) (1998): Elise V6 code named M120, never produced
 Lotus Europa S (Lotus 121) (2006): Europa S
 Lotus 122: Lotus Evora
 Lotus 123: Lotus 2-Eleven
 Lotus 124: Evora Race Car
 Lotus 125: Exos—Ultimate track Car 
 Lotus Excel (1985–1992): Updated Eclat with Toyota running gear. 2,159 Excels were made.
 Lotus Eclat (1975–1982): Fastback version of the Elite. The rear roof line of the Elite was sloped down into a sporty fastback.
 Lotus Elite: Describes two cars, one an ultra-light two-seater coupé produced from 1957 to 1962, one an angular 3-door hatch with a back bone chassis produced from 1974 to 1982.
 Lotus Europa (1966–1975): Mid-engine sports car.
Lotus Esprit: A mid-engine sports car, launched in the early 1970s. It was styled by Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro. The Esprit started with a light, 4-cylinder design. It had several version with turbo-charging and electronic upgrades. Final version had an advanced V8. The last Lotus Esprit rolled off the production line on 20 February 2004, after 28 years in production. A total of 10,675 Esprits were built since production began in 1976.
 Lotus M250 (2000): Concept car, never reached production
 Lotus Europa S: A 2-seater grand tourer. Based on the same chassis as the Elise and Exige. Powered by a Lotus-tuned variant of the turbocharged four-cylinder engine which powers the VX220.
Lotus engines 

 Lotus-Ford Twin Cam
 Lotus 900 series
 Lotus 907
 Lotus 910
 Lotus 911
 Lotus 912
 Lotus 918 V8
 Range Extender Engine, an all aluminum, 1.2 litre, four-stroke, engine. It is designed to only turn an alternator. The alternator is connected directly to the crankshaft. This will generate electricity for series-hybrid cars.

Lotus Engineering 
Lotus Engineering Limited, is an offshoot of Lotus Cars. They consult with other companies that build cars and car equipment. In addition to the United Kingdom, Lotus Engineering has offices in China, Malaysia and United States.

APX and VVA
The APX (also known as the "Aluminum Performance Crossover") is a concept car made from aluminum presented at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show. It is built on Lotus Engineering's Versatile Vehicle Architecture (VVA).

The VVA design was to be used on a mid-engine sports car. The APX is a high performance 7 seat Multi Purpose Vehicle. It is four-wheel drive and has a front mounted V6 engine.
Cars produced using VVA:
 Lotus APX

Projects worked on by Lotus Engineering
Examples of work done by Lotus Engineering include:
 Lotus Talbot Sunbeam – Talbot's hot-hatch rally car of the early '80s.
 DeLorean DMC-12 – Redesigned the original concept car. Used many of the material and manufacturing techniques used by Lotus in the Lotus Esprit.
 Vauxhall Lotus Carlton (also Opel Lotus Omega) – At the time (early 1990s) this was the fastest saloon car available. Top speed was over 170 mph (274 km/h).
 The 1991 Dodge Spirit R/T – Used an engine with a 16-valve double overhead camshaft head designed by Lotus. Its engine was rated at over .
 Vauxhall VX220 (also Opel Speedster) – Built by Lotus and based upon the aluminum chassis design of the Lotus Elise.
 Lotus styled and assisted with the engineering of the Tesla Roadster, an electric sports car based on the Elise, as well as licensing some technologies to Tesla Motors and constructing the Roadster at their plant in Hethel.
Lotus was responsible for most of the design, development, and testing, of the LT5 DOHC V8 powerplant for the 1990 Chevrolet Corvette ZR-1.
 Lotus designed, developed and tested the GM Ecotec engine and its variants.
 Lotus was responsible for various aspects of the Sinclair C5 electric tricycle.
 Lotus was responsible for the suspension calibration of the Toyota MR2 Mk. I, the Toyota Supra Mk. II and Mk. III, the Isuzu Piazza, the Isuzu Impulse as well as newer Proton models.
 Lotus was responsible for the development of the Campro engine together with Proton, as well as its variable valve timing system, the Cam Profile Switching (CPS). Currently available in the 1.6-litre and 1.3-litre variants, the Campro engine now powers most of Proton's newer models.
 Lotus has worked on the suspension of the Mahindra Scorpio to make it more stable at high speeds.
 Lotus produced the revised Chassis of the Isuzu Piazza
 The Dodge EV concept electric vehicle from Chrysler is based on a Lotus Europa S.
Lotus has worked on the suspension and handling of the Nissan GT-R
 2009: Range Extender engine. This all aluminium, monoblock, 1,200cc, four-stroke engine is specifically designed to turn an alternator for series-hybrid cars. The engine is small and light having three cylinders and no detachable cylinder head.
 2010: Limo-Green project with Jaguar Cars. Lotus provided the Range Extender engine for a prototype XJ series-hybrid car. The car returned 58 mpg (imperial) running off the range extender alone.
 The Aston Martin DB9's chassis was developed with the help of Lotus Engineering.
 The 2006 Volkswagen GX3 features a chassis developed by Lotus.
 The Rinspeed sQuba amphibious roadster is based on an Elise.
 Lotus partnered with Jaguar for developing chassis system and engine management of the Jaguar C-X75. The engine is a supercharged 1.6 turbo petrol engine rated at  coupled with a 
 The 2015 Spyker B6 Venator is powered by a Lotus-built engine originating from a Toyota-sourced block.
Electric vehicles 
Lotus Engineering has established a group dedicated to hybrid and electric vehicles.

Lotus joined Jaguar Cars, MIRA Ltd and Caparo on a luxury hybrid executive sedan project called "Limo-Green"—funded by the UK Government Technology Strategy Board. The vehicle was a series plug-in hybrid.

Lotus unveiled their first series production electric sports car called the Evija in July 2019. The car is undergoing development under the codename Type 130. Production would be limited to 130 units and is scheduled to begin in Summer 2020. The Evija makes use of a 70 kWh battery pack developed in conjunction with Williams Advanced Engineering. There are 4 electric motors placed on each wheel supported by an Integral powertrain. The powertrain is rated at a total output of  and  of torque. The Evija has a range of .
Queen's Award for Enterprise
Lotus Cars were awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise for contribution to International Trade, one of 85 companies receiving the recognition in that category in 2002. Lotus cars wore the badge of the award for a number of years.

In popular culture

Lotus cars have appeared in several movies and TV shows. The most popular appearance of Lotus cars was in two James Bond movies namely The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and For Your Eyes Only (1981). The amphibious Lotus Esprit appearing in the 1977 movie was more popular of the two appearances.

Notes
Further reading 
 Gérard ('Jabby') Crombac, Colin Chapman: The Man and His Cars (Patrick Stephens, Wellingborough, 1986)
 Mike Lawrence, Colin Chapman: The Wayward Genius (Breedon Books, Derby, 2002)
 Ian H. Smith, The Story of Lotus: 1947-1960 Birth of a Legend (republished Motor Racing Publications, Chiswick, 1972)
 Doug Nye, The Story of Lotus: 1961-1971 Growth of a Legend (Motor Racing Publications, Chiswick, 1972)
 Robin Read, Colin Chapman's Lotus: The early years, the Elite and the origins of the Elan (Haynes, Sparkford, 1989)
 Anthony Pritchard, Lotus: All The Cars (Aston Publications, Bourne End, 1990)
 Doug Nye, Theme Lotus: 1956-1986 (Motor Racing Publications, Croydon, 1986)
 William Taylor The Lotus Book (Coterie Press, Luton, 1998, 1999, 2005)
 William Taylor The Lotus Book Collectibles (Coterie Press, Luton, 2000)
 Peter Ross, Lotus - The Early Years 1951-54 (Coterie Press, Luton, 2004)
 Rémy Solnon, Lotus Esprit - le grand tourisme à l'anglaise  (Editions Les Presses Littéraires, 2007)
Other websites 

 

British automobile companies
Formula One constructors
1952 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in the United Kingdom
1952 establishments
Automobile brands
Norfolk
Sports cars
Genetic counselling, or counseling, is how clients are advised about genetic disorders. Genetic disorders, by definition, can be passed on in heredity. Example: many descendents of Queen Victoria carried one or both alleles for haemophilia. It was a hereditary disease in European royal families.

Clients with a disorder may be interested in the probability of transmitting a genetic disorder to their children. They may ask what the options are to prevent, avoid or improve it.

Genetic counsellors
Facilities and rules vary in different countries. In the United States the National Society of Genetic Counselors defines genetic counselling as:  
 Interpretation of family and medical histories to assess the chance of disease occurrence or recurrence.
 Education about inheritance, testing, management, prevention, resources and research.
 Counselling to promote informed choices and adaptation to the risk or condition.
A genetic counsellor is an expert with a Master of Science degree in genetic counseling. In the United States they are certified by the American Board of Genetic Counseling. Most enter the field from biology, genetics, nursing, psychology, public health and social work. Genetic counsellors need to be expert educators, skilled in translating ideas into terms that are easy to understand.

Reasons and results
Families may choose to attend counselling or undergo prenatal testing for a number of reasons.
 Family history of inherited disease.
 Molecular test for a single gene disorder
 Increased maternal age (>35 years)
 Abnormal serum screening results or ultrasound findings

Training 
Training of genetic counselling is not done in all countries, and the service of genetic counselling is not available in all countries.

The basis 
The cost of complete genome analysis has come down so far that individual people can have their own genome analysed.
The problem is interpret what the analysis shows. At present there are many genes whose functions are not yet known, and many alleles whose effect is not known.

Practical consequences 
Already it is possible to identify the sex of a foetus in the womb, and to identify some of the most common disorders. This may, depending on legal and religious constraints, influence abortion of the foetus in some cases. In some cases, the effects of a defect can be anticipated and prevented or cured. These issues do not affect most people today, but as genomic analysis advances, genetic counselling will become of much greater significance.

Root causes 
A number of themes occur. Almost universal is: groups which marry a restricted set of partners tend to have more genetic defects. The two most obvious cases are:
The royal families of Europe
Ashkenazi Jews
In the case of royal families there were a number of marriages of cousins and other close relationships. They suffered a disproportionate number of haemophiliacs, 
and some distorted features such as the Habsburg jaw (prognathism). It has been suggested that the Ancient Egyptian pharaohs suffered short lives because of their frequent incestuous marriages. In this connection it is interesting that Tutankhamun's mother was the full sister of his father. However, the immediate cause of his death seems to be malaria.

Ashkenazi jewery has a very sophisticated understanding of the genetic problems they face, and maintain an excellent advice service. 

In both cases the key causal element is the restricted set of permissible partners available for marriage.

Related pages 
Gene therapy

References 

Genetics
Susan Margaret Collins (born December 7, 1952) is an American politician who is the senior U.S. Senator from Maine since 1997. She is a moderate in the Republican Party. Collins was elected to the Senate in 1996. The Senator was born December 7, 1952.

On February 13, 2021, Collins was one of seven Republican senators to vote Donald Trump guilty of starting an insurrection at the U.S. Capitol attack in his second impeachment trial.

References

1952 births
Living people
United States senators from Maine
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Politicians from Bangor, Maine
21st-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
The Frill-necked lizard (Chlamydosaurus kingii) has a large reptile, thin frill around its head, which it displays in order to frighten enemies. To appear even more impressive, it also opens its mouth wide and often rears up on its hind legs. When frightened, this lizard will run away, using its back-legs only, earning it the nickname, the "bicycle lizard."

Description 
These lizards spend most of their life in trees (they are primarily arboreal). They live in the north of Australia and in New Guinea. They inhabit moist tropical and warm-temperate forests and in woodlands with shrubby understory. When displayed, the frill is 9.5-14 inches (24-34 cm) wide. When the lizard is at rest, the frill folds down on its shoulders. Adults are over 8 inches (20 cm) long.

Diet 
Frill-necked Lizards are carnivorous (meat-eaters). They eat bugs (like cicadas, ants, spiders, termites) small mammals, and small lizards. They hunt in trees and on the ground.
Reproduction
Females lay 8 to 23 small eggs in an underground nest. These lizards hatch with the ability to be fully independent, hunt and to use their frill.
Reptiles of Australia
Iguania
Jodi Lynn Picoult (born 19 May 1966 in Nesconsent, Long Island, New York) is an American author. Picoult comes from what she calls a "non-practicing Jewish family". She was raised in her hometown in Long Island, but moved to the U.S. State of New Hampshire when she was 13 years old. She went to Princeton, a university in the U.S. state of New Jersey, where she studied writing and graduated from in 1987. She also went to Harvard University, where she earned a master's degree in education. She had many jobs, as a guest writer for magazines like Seventeen, to editing textbooks and teaching eighth grade English. She published her first novel Songs of the Humpback Whale in 1992. Her first book to debut as a New York Times best-seller was her 2007 novel Nineteen Minutes; the following year her novel Change of Heart became her second novel to debut as #1 on the New York Times Best Seller's list. Her last novel to be featured on the list was Handle With Care (2009)
. Four of her novels, The Pact (1998), Plain Truth (2000), The Tenth Circle (2006) and most recently, My Sister's Keeper, which published as a book in 2004 but released as a movie in 2009. She was awarded the New England Bookseller Award for fiction in 2003. Picoult currently has some 14 million copies of her books in print worldwide. In addition to writing novels, Picoult had written for DC Comics' third volume of Wonder Woman in 2007; she only wrote 5 issues. She lives with her husband, Tim Van Leer, their three children and pets in Hanover, New Hampshire.
Books by Picoult

References

1966 births
Living people
Writers from New York (state)
Shad Gaspard (January 13, 1981 – May 17, 2020) was an American professional wrestler and actor. He was best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). He teamed with JTG and they formed the tag team, Cryme Tyme. Gaspard later began an acting career which he stated in an interview for Right After Wrestling. He starred in Get Hard.

Gaspard was born in New York City.

Gaspard married his longtime girlfriend Siliana Gaspard in 2009, together the couple had a son, in April 2010.

On March 5, 2011, Gaspard was arrested by police in Columbus, Ohio for having allegedly refused the commands of a police officer and then resisting arrest for jaywalking. He was later cleared of all charges in July 2011.
On May 17, 2020, Gaspard was caught in a strong rip current at Marina del Rey beach in Venice Beach, California. On May 20, 2020, his body was found washed up in Venice Beach, California, three days after he had gone missing and identified by the Los Angeles County coroner's office. He was 39 years old.

References 

1981 births
2020 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning in the United States
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from New York City
Former WWE wrestlers
WWE Hall of Fame
Bukittinggi (Indonesian for "high hill", formerly called Fort de Kock) is a city in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The population of this city was estimated at 120,000 according to the 2010 census. Bukittinggi became the capital city of Indonesia from 1948 to 1949 when Indonesia was at war with the Netherlands.

References 

Cities in Indonesia
West Sumatra
Yogyakarta is a city in the Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Yogyakarta was the capital city of Indonesia from 1947 to 1948. The city is near two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Borobudur temple and Prambanan temple.

Education
Yogyakarta is a major center of education in Indonesia. Public universities in the city include:
 Gadjah Mada University one of Indonesia's best known state universities. 
 Yogyakarta State University
 Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University
 Indonesia Arts Institute

Private universities include:
 Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta
 Islamic University of Indonesia
 Atma Jaya University
 Sanata Dharma University

References 

Cities in Indonesia
Special Region of Yogyakarta
Kenzo Suzuki (born July 25, 1974) is a Japanese professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling for WWE and New Japan Pro Wrestling.  Suzuki is currently wrestling for All Japan Pro Wrestling and is part of the stable, Voodoo Murders. He is often managed to the ring by his real-life wife, Hiroko Suzuki.

Other websites
Kenzo Suzuki's OWOW profile

1974 births
Living people
Japanese professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Sportspeople from Aichi Prefecture
is a prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan. It is on the island of Honshu. Its capital is the city of Gifu.

Gifu is part of the Tōkai region. Shirakawa in Gifu is a UNESCO's World Heritage Site.

History
In the Meiji period, Gifu Prefecture was created by merging several old provinces, including Hida Province and Mino Province.

"Gifu" may have been named by Oda Nobunaga.

Geography
Gifu shares borders with seven other prefectures: Aichi Prefecture, Fukui Prefecture, Ishikawa Prefecture, Mie Prefecture, Nagano Prefecture, Shiga Prefecture and Toyama Prefecture.

Landmarks
 Kinkazan and Gifu Castle
 Takayama
 Joining hands-structure of Shirakawa-go
 Gero hot springs

Special products
 Ayu-cuisine
 Eel
 Hida beef
Cities 
 Ena, Gifu
 Gero, Gifu 
 Gifu, Gifu, capital
 Gujō, Gifu
 Hashima, Gifu
 Hida, Gifu
 Kakamigahara, Gifu
 Kani, Gifu
 Kaizu, Gifu
 Mino, Gifu
 Minokama, Gifu
 Mizuho, Gifu
 Mizunami, Gifu
 Motosu, Gifu
 Nakatsugawa, Gifu
 Ōgaki, Gifu
 Seki, Gifu
 Tajimi, Gifu
 Takayama, Gifu
 Toki, Gifu
 Yamagata, Gifu

National parks
National parks cover about 18% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Otaki Limestone Cave
Otaki Limestone cave is one of the biggest limestone caves in Japan. There is no daylight inside, so you may feel that the air in there is very still. If you go there in summer, you may feel cool, and if you go there in winter, you may feel much warmer than outside of it. The walls are made of limestone and look milky white.

Shrines and temples
Hidaichinomiya-Minashi jinja is the main Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 F.C. Gifu

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Gifu Prefecture's Official website 
A prefectural office of Gifu
Austin Watson (born September 4, 1986) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE where he competes under the ring name Xavier Woods. He is a member of The New Day stable with Kofi Kingston and Big E. He holds the WWE Tag Team Championship with Kingston and Big E. He defends the championship under the Freebird Rule. He has also wrestled for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) from 2007 to 2010 where he won the TNA World Tag Team Championship one time with Jay Lethal. Woods also is famous for a leaked   sexual intercourse video of himself and fellow wwe wrestler paige

Other websites
Consequences Creed's official website 
WWE profile

1986 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Georgia (U.S. state)
WWE wrestlers
People from Columbus, Georgia