Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Many, many centuries before the RigVeda and before Zoroaster, a name that sounds like "Asura" was the proper name of a very mighty god. Some scholars say his name was "Ansu" but this is not sure. So that is why they write the name as *Ansu. That '*' means it is not sure. *Ansu was the god of life from which the name 'asura' and 'ahura' comes. We know that this god existed because far, far away in Northern Europe there was also a god named 'Aesir', who was also a giver of life. It sometimes can happen that a similar name appears in two or three places. But it is very rare that the same name with the same function appears. So, that is why 'Asura' and 'Ahura' and 'Aesir' must be all come from '*Ansu'. And we know that such a god must have been very powerful because he was very popular for so very long.
Although the Asuras and the Ahuras are related, they should not be mixed up. This is not only because their names are slightly different. It is also because they are very different. But the most important thing is that they are from different cultures. Even if they came from the same place, that was very long ago. After such a long much time, people have very different ideas about them.

Hindu gods and goddesses
Buddhist gods and goddesses
ICBM is an acronym. It stands for Intercontinental Ballistic Missile. It is a missile that can travel so far that it be used from one continent to another. The missile is primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery. The missile is guided, which means it can be controlled to hit a target, usually by an inertial guidance system.  The missile carries a warhead, which is usually a nuclear weapon but it can also be a chemical or biological weapon.  ICBMs can be launched from silos in the ground or underwater from submarines.  Some can be launched from large ground vehicles.

References

Missiles
When talking about geography the elevation of a certain point is how high it is compared to some reference point. Very often, the reference point is mean sea level, the level of the ocean midway between high and low tide on an average day. Most land has a positive elevation, which means it is above sea level. A few desert places are below sea level, thus have negative elevation.

Sometimes elevation is measured against the center of the earth. The problem there is that the geoid, the shape of the earth, does not really look like a ball, it is slightly squashed (an oblate spheroid). This means, that while still at mean sea level (at the equator), some points are farther away from the center of the earth than others. That way the peak of Chimborazo, a volcano in Ecuador is farther away from the center of the earth than the peak of Mount Everest. Yet, Mount Everest is higher above sea level.

Related pages 
 Altitude

Physical geography
Bastila Shan is a character from the Star Wars universe.

Bastila Shan was born in the year 3,979 BBY. She is the daughter of Helena Shan and an unknown treasure hunter who joined the Jedi Order despite her protests. She became a valuable member to the Jedi Order despite her young age due to her mastery of Battle Meditation. During the Jedi Civil War, she was responsible for the capture of Darth Revan, with whom she fell in love. 

After the amnesic Darth Revan was given an entirely new identity, they worked together for a long time, searching for the Star Forge.
After Revan learnt of his true identity she was captured and tortured by Darth Malak and turned to the dark side. During a confrontation, she tried to persuade the redeemed Revan to return to the dark side and reclaim his rightful place. After being rejected and forced to flee to the Star Forge, Bastila confronted Revan again and lost. She begged him to kill her, but he refused and used the power of their love to bring her back to the light and help the Republic in the Battle of Rakata Prime. 

She later married Revan and soon had a child called Vaner. When Revan left to stop a war he was sure was coming, she stayed behind to look after her child. She is also one of the surviving Jedi to survive the purge that followed it. She died of old age.

Star Wars characters
Darth Revan is a fictional character from the Star Wars universe and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic.

Revan was a Jedi Knight and general who turned to the dark side in the Mandalorian Wars. After the death of Mandalore the Ultimate, Revan claimed the title of "Dark Lord of the Sith". He then founded a powerful new Sith Empire, and declared war on the Republic and the Jedi themselves. After defeating almost all of the Republic territories, Revan was captured by the Jedi due to the betrayal of his apprentice Darth Malak. He almost died (a small spark of the Force kept him alive) and was brought to the Council to have his mind replaced by a new identity that was loyal to the Republic. Even after discovering his former identity, he rejected the dark side. Revan ended the war he had begun by killing Malak. After the Jedi Civil War, Revan was given back his rank as Jedi Knight at age 26.
He was the lover of Bastila Shan. A year later, all his memories returned. He later left to the Unknown Regions to face this new threat known as the "True Sith".

Star Wars characters
Video game characters
Kraft Foods () is a business that makes packaged food. They own Oscar Meyer and Nabisco.

Other websites 
 Kraft Corporate Website 	
 Kraft Foods Inc. Fact Sheet from Hoover's

1903 establishments in the United States
1900s establishments in Illinois
American food companies
Companies based in Illinois
Soft drinks (also known as pop, soda, tonic, soda pop, fizzy drinks, or minerals) are "fizzy" drinks made from concentrates and sugar. When they are made, carbon dioxide gas is added which makes them "fizzy". This process is called carbonation. Some soft drinks have flavors. Some popular types of soda are Sprite, Mountain Dew, 7 Up, Pepsi, Dr Pepper and Coca-Cola. Most soft drinks are sweetened with sugar, that is what makes them so unhealthy.

References
Lexington is the second largest city in Kentucky. In 2010, 295,803 people live there. It is called "the Horse Capital of the World".

History
Lexington was first named by a party of Virginians who camped here in June, 1775, after they heard the news about the Battle of Lexington, Massachusetts in April of that year starting the American Revolution against the British government. A fort was begun at the same spot in 1779, and by 1782 there was a town here known as Lexington, Virginia. This is because Kentucky was still part of Virginia then, and was not made into a state of its own until 1792.

References

 
County seats in Kentucky
1782 establishments in North America
1780s establishments in Virginia
Toby Keith Covel (born July 8, 1961) is an American country music singer-songwriter, record producer and actor.

In June 2022, Keith announced that he was diagnosed with stomach cancer six months before.

Albums
1993 - Toby Keith
1994 - Boomtown
1996 - Blue Moon1997 - Dream Walkin'1999 - How Do You Like Me Now?!2001 - Pull My Chain2002 - Unleashed2003 - Shock'n Y'all2005 - Honkytonk University2006 - White Trash with Money2007 - Big Dog Daddy2008 - That Don't Make Me a Bad Guy2009 - American Ride2010 - Bullets in the Gun2011 - Clancy's Tavern2012 - Hope on the Rocks2013 - Drinks After Work2015 - 35 MPH TownChristmas albums
 Christmas to Christmas (1995)
 A Classic Christmas'' (2007)

Related pages
List of country musicians from Oklahoma

References

Other websites
Toby Keith's official website

1961 births
Actors from Oklahoma
Country musicians from Oklahoma
American guitarists
American record producers
American singer-songwriters
Living people
Singers from Oklahoma
Redhead is a person with red or reddish-tinted hair. Approximately 1 to 2% of the world's population has red hair.

In Iceland people that have red hair are called Anton Einar or short name for it lúði and came from the Greek gods, Zues and Hades.

Red hair is made by genes. The gene for red hair is recessive, meaning to be weaker than other genes, like the brown hair gene, for example. Because of this, in order to have natural red hair a person needs to have red-haired ancestors present on both the maternal (mother's) and paternal (father's) side of the family.

Red hair is said to be most common close to the Northern European coasts and islands of the Atlantic Ocean, like British Isles, and in particular among Celtic people.
Depite all this, the US has the largest number of redheads living there in the world (up to 18 million compared to 650,000 redheads living in Scotland).

In some countries, particularly the British Isles, despite the high proportion of redheads there, redheads are sometimes given rude names such as "carrot-top" and "ginga", and are in some cases heavily ridiculed (made fun of) by their peers. In some extreme cases, people have been harassed (others have behaved threateningly towards them) for having red hair.

References

Hair
Owen Spencer-Thomas was born on 3 March 1940 in Braughing, Hertfordshire, England. He is perhaps best known as a television and radio news journalist over three decades. Spencer-Thomas combined this career with that of ordained Anglican clergyman and charity fundraiser. He is married to Maggie; they have three adult children, two sons and a daughter.

Biography

Early life

He graduated in sociology at The Polytechnic, Regent Street, (now the University of Westminster) where he helped to establish its Students' Union and became its first elected president in 1966. He continued his studies at Westcott House and Fitzwilliam College in the University of Cambridge. His father, Ivor Spencer-Thomas, held the feudal barony of Buquhollie and Freswick in Caithness, Scotland.

Media
Media

He has wide experience in the field of communications - mainly in television and radio broadcasting as a news journalist. Joining Anglia Television in 1978 as senior reporter on the regional magazine programme About Anglia, he became news bulletin editor of Anglia News in 1992. He also presented Anglia Television’s late night religious programme Reflections. He has been a regular contributor to BBC Radio 4's You and Yours and Sunday programmes and has presented religious and ethics programmes on Thames Television  and Southern Television. He has reported for Independent Television News.

He devised and presented the popular Sounding Brass radio phone-in programme which was later fronted by Gloria Hunniford on BBC Radio 2. His radio biographies appealed to a wide audience and his portrayal in 1978 of the outspoken television personality, panellist and quizmaster, Gilbert Harding, was widely acclaimed.
An innovative programme producer, Spencer-Thomas recorded two half-hour interview programmes with Kenneth Williams in which the comic actor, who rarely revealed his private life, spoke frankly about his early days and his feelings of loneliness, despondency and underachievement. Carry On Kenneth also featured skilfully chosen clips from the famous Carry On films, in which Williams starred, adding a gentle humour to the probing interview questions.

His award-winning documentary Underneath the Arches broke tradition by enabling London’s homeless people to tell their own stories without any links from a programme presenter. Instead, short clips from catchy music hall songs were used to establish each location and, with careful editing, the interviewees related their own experiences and introduced each other. The unique presentation won the Unda award for the best religious radio programme in 1977.

Charity Work
Charity Work

As well as giving practical support to families with disabled children, Owen Spencer-Thomas headed several successful major charity appeals and raised millions of pounds for adult accommodation. He was the Founder Chairman of the East Anglian Autistic Support Trust (EAST) which established the first and desperately needed specialised accommodation and daycare for adults with autism in Cambridgeshire. He served on the National Autistic Society (NAS) Council from 1996 until 2002 and continues to raise funds for a range of other charities.

Anglican Church

He became Director of Communications for the Diocese of Ely in 2002. He was Chaplain of Christ's College from 1997 - 2001  and was made an Honorary Canon of Ely Cathedral in 2004. During the Lent Term 2005, he was Acting Dean of
Clare College, and in 2006 was Acting Dean of Trinity Hall, in the University of Cambridge.

Awards
Awards

Spencer-Thomas was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours. He was invested by HM Queen Elizabeth II on 4 March at Buckingham Palace for services to the Church of England and to the community in Cambridgeshire.

The University of Westminster awarded him an honorary degree, Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.) in January 2010 in recognition of his services to journalism and the voluntary sector.

References

Other websites 
 Official homepage
 Official site of the Diocese of Ely 
 Official site of Christ’s College, Cambridge 

1940 births
Living people
People from Hertfordshire
English journalists
Anglicanism
Frederick John Inman (28 June 1935 – 8 March 2007) was an English actor. He is best known for his role as Mr Humphries in the 1970s/early 1980s BBC comedy series, Are You Being Served?.

Other websites 

1935 births
2007 deaths
Actors from Lancashire
Deaths from hepatitis
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English LGBT people
Infectious disease deaths in London
LGBT actors
Edward Paul Abbey (January 29, 1927 – March 14, 1989) was an American nature writer. He is known for books including Desert Solitaire, Black Sun, The Journey Home, The Fool's Progress, and Hayduke Lives.

Early life and education 
He was born in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States in 1927. He grew up in Pennsylvania, in a small town in the mountains near the city of Pittsburgh. He later moved to the American Southwest and wrote several books. He spent most of his adult life in the states of New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. Most of his books are about the Southwest.

During World War II, he was in high school. He took a trip hitchhiking to see the American West. During his trip through Arizona and New Mexico, he fell in love with the Southwest. He enlisted near the end of World War II and was stationed in Italy as a military policeman. When he came back to the United States, he moved to New Mexico and got a college degree. Then he started writing books.
Writing works 
Abbey's first book was titled Jonathan Troy. It did not sell well and Abbey did not like it very much, and it was taken out of print. His second book was The Brave Cowboy. This book sold better and made him known as a writer of western fiction. It was also made into a movie called Lonely are the Brave. Fire on the Mountain was his third book. The Brave Cowboy and Fire on the Mountain are about cowboys who loved the old American West and did not like it becoming modernized.

He moved to New Jersey for a short time but did not like it, and moved back to the Southwest. He took a job as a park ranger in Utah. He wrote about his job as a park ranger in his fourth book, Desert Solitaire. Desert Solitaire became a bestseller and made him a popular nature writer. He also took other jobs in the Southwest. He worked as a fire lookout at the Grand Canyon in Arizona, and as a park ranger in other National Parks.
After Desert Solitaire became a bestseller, he wrote several books of nature essays. Some of these include The Journey Home, Abbey's Road, Down the River, Beyond the Wall, and One Life At a Time, Please. He also kept writing novels. His next novel was Black Sun, which is about a fire lookout at the Grand Canyon falling in love but then seeing his girlfriend disappear. His next novel after that was The Monkey Wrench Gang. This was his most controversial novel because it was about four people using sabotage to stop development in the Southwest. He also wrote a science fiction novel called Good News.

His last two novels were The Fool's Progress and Hayduke Lives. The Fool's Progress is a long novel that is based on Edward Abbey's own life. Hayduke Lives is a sequel to The Monkey Wrench Gang.

Abbey died in 1989 and was buried in the desert in Arizona.

Other websites 

 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Edward Abbey
 Pennsylvania state historical marker for Abbey at Home
1927 births
1989 deaths
Writers from Pennsylvania
Green thinkers
American anarchists
American environmentalists
American novelists
American philosophers
American political writers
Yale University alumni
This is a list of Members of Parliament (MPs) elected to the House of Commons for the Fifty-Fourth Parliament of the United Kingdom at the 2005 general election, held on 5 May 2005. The list is arranged by constituency.

List of MPs elected in the general election
The following table is a list of MPs elected on 5 May, 2005, ordered by constituency. The previous MP and previous party column shows the MP and party holding the seat at dissolution on April 11, 2005.

Note that most Scottish constituency boundaries were considerably changed from the previous general election, due to a decrease in the number of Scottish seats from 72 to 59. In this case, the previous MPs cannot be shown, and the previous party column shows the notional winner of the new seat, based on analysis of the 2001 general election result.



M
Lists of British politicians
2005 in the United Kingdom
May 2005 events
Rio de Janeiro is one of the 26 states of Brazil. Its capital is the city of Rio de Janeiro.

Rio de Janeiro is in the Southeast Region of Brazil. It shares borders with Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and São Paulo as well as the Atlantic Ocean. Rio de Janeiro has an area of .

The state's largest cities are Rio de Janeiro, Nova Iguaçu, Niterói, Duque de Caxias, São Gonçalo, São João de Meriti, Campos dos Goytacazes, Petrópolis and Volta Redonda. Its main rivers are the Guandu River, the Piraí, the Paraíba do Sul, the Macaé and the Muriaé. Its climate is tropical.

Geography 
The state is made up of both mountains and plains. It is between the Mantiqueira Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean. The bays of Guanabara, Sepetiba, and Ilha Grande are on the coastline of Rio de Janeiro.

Rio de Janeiro is the smallest state in the Southeast Region and one of the smallest in Brazil. Its coastline is , the third longest coastline in the country.
Ethnic groups 
 White - 54.7% (Mostly Portuguese, Italian and German)
 Mixed Race - 33.5% (mainly Mulattos and also some Mestizos)
 Black - 10.6% (Mostly Bantu and Yoruba ancestry)
 Amerindian - 0.3%
 Asian - 0.2%
 Undescribed - 0.7%

References

Other websites 
 
 Official homepage
Sampling could mean:

Sampling (signal processing), changing a continuous signal into a discrete signal
Sampling (music), re-using parts of sound recordings in a piece of music
Sample (statistics), selection of observations to get some knowledge of a statistical population
Sampling (case studies), selection of cases for single or multiple case studies
Sampling (for testing or analysis), taking a representative portion of a material or product to test (e.g. by phyisical measurements, chemical analysis, microbiological examination), typically for the purposes of identification, quality control, or regulatory assessment
Specific types of sampling include:
Chorionic villus sampling, a method of detecting fetal abnormalities
Food sampling, the process of taking a representative portion of a food for analysis, usually to test for quality, safety or compositional compliance. (Not to be confused with Food, free samples, a method of promoting food items to consumers) 
Theoretical sampling, the process of selecting comparison cases or sites in qualitative research
Water sampling, the process of taking a portion of drinking water for analysis, e.g. to check that it complies with relevate water quality standards, or river water to check for pollutants, or bathing water to sheck that it is safe for bathing, or intrusive water in a building to identify its source.
The Bretons are a distinct ethnic group in the region of Brittany in France.  They trace much of their heritage to groups of ancient Britons who settled the area from south western Great Britain in the 4th–6th centuries. The region of Brittany is named after them and many speak Brezhoneg, a Brythonic language closely related to Cornish and a bit more distantly to Welsh. The Breton language as such is part of the Insular Celtic language group. In eastern Brittany, a regional langue d'oïl named Gallo developed; it shares certain points of vocabulary, idiom, and pronunciation with Breton.

Celtic peoples
The West Midlands is an official Region of England, covering the western half of the Midlands.

Geography 

The official region contains the large conurbation that includes Birmingham and Wolverhampton and includes also the mainly rural shire counties of Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire.
(Unofficially the West Midlands region also spreads as far as Cheshire, Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire, but these are not part of the official region.) 

There is some confusion in the use of the term "West Midlands", as the name is also used for the much smaller West Midlands county, and is still used by various organisations within that area such as West Midlands Police and West Midlands Fire Service.

The highest point in the region is Black Mountain, at 703 metres.

Towns and cities 

Major towns and cities in the West Midlands region include:
Birmingham, Bromsgrove, Burton upon Trent 
 Coventry
 Droitwich Spa, Dudley
 Evesham
 Hereford
 Kenilworth, Kidderminster
 Leamington Spa, Lichfield
 Newcastle-under-Lyme, Nuneaton
 Redditch, Rugby
 Shrewsbury, Stafford, Stoke-on-Trent, Stratford-upon-Avon, Solihull,Sutton Coldfield
 Tamworth, Telford
 Walsall, Warwick, West Bromwich, Wolverhampton, Worcester

Regional Assembly 

The official representative body of the region is the West Midlands Regional Assembly which has limited administrative functions such as regional planning and economic development. The assembly is not an elected body, but is made up of members appointed from local councils across the region, and members from regional interest groups such as business and environmental groups and trade unions.

Local government 

The official region consists of the following subdivisions:

Key: shire county = † | metropolitan county = *
Economy 
Coal mining used to be the main industry of the Black Country. Nationally famous companies in the West Midlands are Cadbury's in Bournville, Birmingham; the brewing companies such as Coors Brewers in Burton on Trent, as well as Marmite; JCB is based in Staffordshire.

Local media 
 The West Midlands region of the BBC is based at the Mailbox in Birmingham. From there, the regional programme Midlands Today is produced. ITV Central broadcasts from Birmingham, with its Central Tonight regional programme.
 BBC Radios WM, Coventry & Warwickshire, Stoke, Hereford & Worcester and Shropshire.
 Commercial radio stations: BRMB, Beacon Radio in Wolverhampton, Mercia FM in Coventry, Touch FM (Burton, Lichfield and Tamworth) in Tamworth, Touch FM (Coventry), Kerrang! 105.2 in Birmingham, Wyvern FM in Worcester, 100.7 Heart FM in Birmingham, and Signal 1 from Stoke.
 Newspapers - the Birmingham Post, Birmingham Mail, Express & Star in Wolverhampton, The Sentinel in Stoke-on-Trent and Coventry Evening Telegraph.
Other websites 
 Advantage West Midlands - Regional Development Agency
 Government Office for the West Midlands 
 West Midlands Regional Assembly 
 Government's list of councils in the West Midlands 
 MLA West Midlands - Museums, Libraries and Archives Regional Agency 
 West Midlands NO! - campaign against regional government in the West Midlands
Midlands could be in general the central region of any territory. In Britain and Ireland, the term is reseved for the "middle" in the north–south ("vertical") direction (countries that are oriented more east–west use "Mid" with a "horizontal" meaning.)

In the United Kingdom, Scotland and England both have midland areas that are famous enough to be called the "Midlands" (as a name, not just as a description). In Wales the term for the central region is "Mid Wales" (not "The Welsh Midlands").

The rest of this article deals with the English Region known simply as The Midlands, which is more or less the territory of the early-medieval kingdom of Mercia.
The area lies between Southern England, Northern England, East Anglia and Wales, and includes the counties of Derbyshire, Herefordshire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland, Shropshire, Staffordshire, Warwickshire, the West Midlands and Worcestershire. The 2001 census also included Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire in the Midlands but these are not generally considered to be part of the Midlands but East Anglia.

There are two administrative regions of England in the Midlands: West Midlands and East Midlands. Taken together, these regions do not fully cover the traditional Midlands:
 Part of Northern Lincolnshire is now in Yorkshire and the Humber;
 Peterborough has been removed from Northamptonshire and included with Cambridgeshire in the East of England;
 Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire are now in the South West and South East respectively.
 Bedfordshire is now in the East of England.
The "midland" status of Cheshire is often debated. South Cheshire has strong links with North Staffordshire (definitely in the Midlands), and North Cheshire with Merseyside and Manchester (both definitely in Northern England). Officially Cheshire is now part of the North West region.

The largest Midlands conurbation, which includes the cities of Birmingham and Wolverhampton, is approximately covered by a metropolitan county (which also includes Coventry) also called the West Midlands. Thus, there are two West Midlands, a Region and a (smaller) County.

Parts of the East Midlands are also densely populated, particularly the triangle formed by the cities of Leicester, Nottingham and Derby.

The South Midlands have an own government for development. They include Northamptonshire and Bedfordshire with northern Buckinghamshire. In other context Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire are not considered part of the Midlands. They are in the administrative regions of the South East and the East of England.
Notable cities and towns

 Belper, Birmingham, Boston, Burton upon Trent, Buxton
 Chesterfield, Corby, Coventry
 Derby, Dudley
 Gainsborough, Gloucester, Grantham
 Hereford,
 Kettering, Kidderminster
 Leamington Spa, Leicester, Lichfield, Lincoln, Loughborough
 Mansfield, Matlock
 Newark, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Northampton, Nottingham, Nuneaton
 Redditch, Rugby
 Shrewsbury, Stafford, Stoke-on-Trent, Stratford-on-Avon, Solihull
 Tamworth, Telford
 Walsall, Warwick, Wolverhampton, Worcester,

References

Other websites 

 Official map of the Midlands, ODPM 

Regions of England
There are several regions in the world known as the Midlands. These include:

 Midlands, Tasmania, Australia.
 Midlands, England.
 Midlands, South Carolina, United States.
 Natal Midlands, South Africa.
 Midlands, Zimbabwe.
 Mittelland, Switzerland, see Swiss plateau.
 Vidzeme, Latvia.
Jaworzno is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 96 600 inhabitants and 152,2 km².

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
For the electric plug-in hybrid concept car, see Chevrolet Volt.
For the record label, see Volt Records
The volt (symbol: V) is the SI derived unit of electric potential difference or electromotive force (also known as voltage). It is named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), who invented the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery.

Definition 
The volt is defined as the potential difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power. Hence, it is the base SI representation m2 · kg · s−3 · A−1, which can be equally represented as one joule of energy per coulomb of charge, J/C.
Hydraulic analogy 
In the hydraulic analogy sometimes used to explain electric circuits by comparing them to water-filled pipes, voltage is like water pressure - it determines how fast the electrons will travel through the circuit. Current (in amperes), in the same analogy, is a measure of the volume of water that flows past a given point, the rate of which is determined by the voltage, and the total output measured in watts. The equation that brings all three components together is: volts × amperes = watts

Common voltages
Common voltages 

Nominal voltages of familiar sources:
 Nerve cell action potential: around 30 mV
 Single-cell, rechargeable NiMH or NiCd battery: 1.2 V
 Mercury battery 1.355 V
 Single-cell, non-rechargeable alkaline battery (e.g. AAA, AA, C and D cells): 1.5 V
 Lithium polymer rechargeable battery: 3.75 V
 Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) power supply: 5 V
 PP3 battery: 9 V
 Automobile electrical system: 12 V (nominal)
 Household mains electricity: 230 V RMS in Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa, 120 V RMS in North America, 100 V RMS in Japan (see List of countries with mains power plugs, voltages and frequencies)
 Rapid transit third rail: 600 to 700 V (see List of current systems for electric rail traction)
 High speed train overhead power lines: 25 kV RMS at 50 Hz, but see List of current systems for electric rail traction for exceptions.
 High voltage electric power transmission lines: 110 kV RMS and up (1150 kV RMS is the record as of 2005)
 Lightning: Varies greatly, often around 100 MV.
Note: Where 'RMS' (root mean square) is stated above, the peak voltage is  times greater than the RMS voltage for a sinusoidal signal.

History of the volt 
In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta developed the so-called Voltaic pile, a forerunner of the battery, which produced a steady electric current. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of dissimilar metals to produce electricity was zinc and silver. In the 1880s, the International Electrical Congress, now the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), approved the volt for electromotive force. The volt was defined as the potential difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power.

Related pages
 SI for unit prefixes
 SI electromagnetism units
 Voltmeter
 Watt
 Ampere

References

Other websites 
 Volt -Citizendium 

Electricity
SI derived units
A music competition is an event in which people compete for prizes by performing music.  Music competitions can be for solo performers or for small or large groups such as orchestras, bands or choirs.  Some competitions are for young people who are starting to make a professional career in music.  Other music competitions may be for amateurs, which means that professional musicians are not allowed to compete. 

The person who decides who is the winner is called the adjudicator.  Some big festivals have a team of several adjudicators who decide together on the winner.

The British and International Federation of Music Festivals organizes music competitions for amateurs in many parts of the British Isles.  Children and adults can take part, competing in classes for music, speech and drama and dance.  Competitions like these are often called "festivals" because the main reason for taking part is to enjoy performing rather than just to win.
There are many big international competitions for some of the most talented musicians from all over the world.  Winning a big competition can help a young musician to start a successful career.  Some people think it can also be a bad thing to win a big competition, especially for musicians who are still very young.  It may make them a star for a short time but they still have to get better and mature as a musician and a person.

Some of the most famous international music competitions are:
Leeds International Pianoforte Competition held in Leeds, England
International Tchaikovsky Competition held in Moscow
BBC Young Musician of the Year held in England.
Super Girl in China

In popular music one of the great European events is the Eurovision Song Contest.
An adjudicator is someone who decides on a winner at a competition for music or theatre.  The adjudicator will always be somebody who has a lot of experience in what he is adjudicating.  In big international festivals, a team of several adjudicators may decide together on the winners.  In amateur competitions, the adjudicator may also talk to the competitors after they have performed and give them advice.  Competitors are often given first, second and third prizes.

In Law, an adjudicator is someone who decides who is right when a group of people cannot agree on something.

Occupations
Competitions
Criticism is a word used in two senses. Originally, it meant "a scholarly analysis and balanced judgement". Later (mid-20th century) it came to mean "a hostile attack" pointing out the bad features of the topic. 

Constructive criticism: criticism to evaluate and improve. This is when somebody points out aspects of something else that could be improved or made better. This is an important activity, especially when dealing with young people. Parents and teachers often use this kind of criticism. In adult life it is widely used in literature, the arts and science.
Negative or destructive criticism: criticism as an attack on a person or idea. Negative criticism is often interpreted as an attack against a person (ad hominem), and appears often in debates between political opponents.
History of the word 
In ancient Greek kritos meant judge, and kritikos meant the critic. Related Greek terms are krinein (separating out, deciding), krei- (to sieve, discriminate, or distinguish). The word moved from Greek to Latin (Criticus, a judge) to French (critique) to English. The words "critic" and "critical" existed in the English language from the mid-16th century, and the word "criticism" first made its appearance in English in the early 17th century.

Related pages 
Art critic
Critic
Critical thinking
Textual criticism

References
Arthur is a male name that can also mean:

Fictional characters
 King Arthur
 Arthur Teller
 Arthur Read

Other
 Arthur (TV series)
Arthur (1981 movie), a movie starring Dudley Moore
Eduard Hanslick (born Prague September 11, 1825; died Baden, Austria, August 6, 1904) was a famous music critic.  He wrote about music that was being composed in his time.  He liked the music of composers like Brahms and Schumann but hated the music of Wagner and Liszt.  Their music sounded too modern for his taste.

He was born into a German-speaking family.  His father was a music teacher.  When he was 18 Hanslick went to study music with Tomášek, one of Prague's most important musicians. He also studied law at Prague University.  He did not study music at university but he knew a lot about music and played the piano very well.  He started writing music reviews (writing about concerts that had taken place).  For many years he wrote reviews in a paper called Neue freie Presse.  He became professor of history and music at the University of Vienna and was an adjudicator at lots of music festivals.  His most famous book was called Vom Musikalisch-Schönen (About Beauty in Music).
Hanslick's tastes were conservative (he did not like new ideas).  We remember him today for writing good things about Brahms and bad things about Wagner.  A lot of musicians took sides on this matter.  It is sometimes called: The War of the Romantics.  Musicians had long arguments in the music journals about which kind of music was better.

Although in some ways he was narrow-minded he had a lot of influence on music.  His books on music are very interesting showing great knowledge.  He knew most of the great musicians of his day.

Wagner made a caricature of Hanslick in his opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg in which the town clerk Beckmesser criticizes the young singer Walther who sings songs which break the traditional rules of composition.

1825 births
1904 deaths
Music critics
Czech people
The Fairly OddParents is an American animated television series. It was created by Butch Hartman in 2001 for the Nickelodeon cable television network. The series is about a ten-year-old boy named Timmy Turner who has fairy godparents. These godparents are named Cosmo and Wanda. He also has a fairy godbrother named Poof. The fairies have the power to grant wishes to Timmy. When granting his wishes, they must still following "Da Rules", the fairy rule book.
The Fairly OddParents was the fourth longest-running Nicktoons series. In 2017, it ended with the half-hour episode "Hare Raiser / The Kale Patch Caper". The series was originally set to continue, but ended with the tenth season. The series was cancelled by Nickelodeon in 2018. A live-action-animation hybrid reboot by Paramount+ and Nickelodeon Productions was announced to be in development in February 2021. The series The Fairly OddParents: Fairly Odder premiered on March 31, 2022. and an upcoming untitled computer-animated series by Nickelodeon Animation Studio, this version features an African-American character named Hazel.

Cast
 
 Tara Strong as Timmy Turner, Poof
 Daran Norris as Cosmo, Mr. Turner, Jorgen Von Strangle
 Susanne Blakeslee as Wanda, Mrs. Turner
 Grey DeLisle as Vicky, Tootie
 Carlos Alazraqui as Denzel Crocker
 Matthew W. Taylor as Sparky
 Kari Wahlgren as Chloe Carmichael
Recurring voice actors include Jim Ward, Rob Paulsen, Dee Bradley Baker, Tom Kenny, Eric Bauza, Jason Marsden, Jeff Bennett, Dionne Quan, Gary LeRoi Gray, Kevin Michael Richardson, Frankie Muniz, and Ibrahim Haneef Muhammad.

Episodes

TV Movies 
The Fairly OddParents had some Made for TV Movies including Abracatastrophe, Channel Chasers, School’s Out the Musical, Fairy Idol, A Fairly OddBaby and Wishology. It also had three live action movies with Drake Bell as Timmy Turner.

References

Nickelodeon television series
2000s American animated television series
2010s American animated television series
American television series revived after cancellation
2001 American television series debuts
2017 American television series endings
Television series created by Butch Hartman
English-language television programs
The Fairly OddParents
The Invasion of Poland in 1939 was a military offensive in which Nazi Germany and, two weeks later, the Soviet Union invaded Poland. That was the start of World War II in Europe.

The invasion started on 1 September 1939. The invasion of Poland caused the United Kingdom and France to declare war on Germany on 3 September, but they did little to affect the September Campaign.  Fighting ended on 6 October.  Germany and the Soviet Union conquered Poland and divided it according to their Molotov-Ribbentrop pact.

It is often called the first time that blitzkrieg was tried on the battlefield, but similar methods had been used earlier.  The German surprise attack was successful and was very effective against the ineffective and demobilized Polish Army, whose tanks and airplanes were few and mostly old.  The Poles were outflanked, outmaneuvered, and outnumbered in September 1939 and easily destroyed by the Germans.  The Poles, if they had been well prepared, could have had two million soldiers in the fight.
In the first few days of the German invasion, Poland proved to be more difficult to invade than the Germans had expected. In the Battle of Mokra on September 2nd, the Poles repulsed an attack by a German Panzer division and forced its retreat. The German air force, unlike their invasions of other countries, did not easily overcome the outnumbered Polish Air Force. However, their great superiority in numbers made them gain air superiority after five to six days.

Surrounded by German territories north, west, and south of Poland, the Poles had little space for tactical retreat. The Germans reached Warsaw and attacked on September 7 but were repulsed. They had suffered heavy tank losses and so were forced to retreat.
The Battle of Bzura, on September 9, was the largest attack by the Poles during the war. The Poles had great initial success by decimating two German divisions and taking 3500 German prisoners. Polish infantry fought well, but by September 19, the overwhelming German reinforcements had defeated the Poles.

The Poles realized the British and French were in a phoney war and had no intention of assisting Poland, and the Soviet Red Army invaded Poland from the east on September 17.  The Polish High Command ordered troops and equipment to the Romanian Bridgehead to enter Romania with the intention to continue their resistance by moving as much of their army to France as possible.  Most of the Polish Navy escaped to Britain.  Polish cryptographers who had cracked the German Enigma machine went to France and later to Britain, to continue their work.
Polish politicians set up a government-in-exile in France and later escaped to Britain. In 1945, when the Allied armies invaded Germany and forced its surrender, the Polish Army was the fourth largest allied army.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives - The Invasion of Poland, 1939 
 The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database 
 Fall Weiß - The Fall of Poland 
 BBC portal dedicated to the start of WW II in Europe
 German Invasion of Poland -Citizendium

1939 in Europe
1930s in Poland
Invasions of World War II
The Winter War (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940) was a conflict fought between the Soviet Union and Finland.  It began when the Soviet Union invaded Finland soon after the invasion of Poland.  The Soviet military forces expected a victory over Finland in a few weeks because the Soviet Army had many more troops, tanks and planes than the Finnish Army.

However, the Finnish forces resisted better and much longer than expected. They had good winter clothes and wore white coats, which camouflaged them in the snow.  As well, the Finnish soldiers moved around on skis, which made it easy for them to sneak up on the Soviet soldiers.  The Soviets did not have good winter clothes, and they wore dark green coats, which were easy to see in the snow.

The peace treaty that ended the war in March 1940 left Finnish independence intact.

Related pages
World War II

Notes

References

Other websites

1939 in Europe
1940 in Europe
1940s in Finland
Wars involving the Soviet Union
World War II
For "joinery" in North American sense see: Woodworking joints

A joiner is a person who makes woodwork that is used for buildings. That includes things that are called "Finish carpentry" and "millwork" in the United States. Joiners make and install parts of building, for example doors, windows, stairs, wooden panelling, mouldings, shop cabinets, kitchen cabinets, and other wooden items.  The skills of a joiner are somewhat between a carpenter and a cabinetmaker.

The terms joinery and joiner are not used often in the United States any more, but the main carpenters' trade union still calls itself the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.

Woodworking
Construction occupations
Stairs, staircase, stairway, stairwell, and flight of stairs are connected steps leading up or down. Stairways may be straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces connected at angles.

Special stairways include escalators and ladders. Alternatives to stairways are elevators and inclined moving sidewalks.

Components and terminology

Step 

The step is composed of the tread and riser.
tread: The part of the step that is stepped on. It is constructed to the same specifications (thickness) as any other flooring. The tread "length" is measured from the outer edge of the step to the vertical "riser" between steps.
 riser: The vertical portion of the step between steps. This may be missing for an "open" stair effect.
 nosing: An edge part of the tread that protrudes from the riser beneath. If it is present, this means that horizontally, the total "run" length of the stairs is not simply the sum of the tread lengths, the treads actually overlap each other slightly
 bullnose: Where stairs are open on one or both sides, the first step above the lower floor may be wider than the other steps and rounded. The rounded portion of the step is called a "bullnose". A double bullnose can be used when both sides of the stairs are open.
winders: Winders are steps that are narrower on one side than the other. They are used to change the direction of the stairs without landings. A series of winders form a circular or spiral stairway. When three steps are used to turn a 90° corner, the middle step is called a kite winder due to its similarity to a diamond-shaped kite.
 stringer, stringer board or sometimes just string: The structural member that supports the treads. There are typically two stringers, one on either side of the stairs; though the treads may be supported many other ways.
trim: Trim (e.g. quarter-round or baseboard trim) is normally applied where walls meet floors. Within a flight of stairs there is no trim as the trim thickness will significantly eat into the tread width. Shoe moulding may be used between the lower floor and the first riser. Trimming a bullnose is a special challenge as the last riser above the lower floor is rounded. Today, special flexible, plastic trim is available for this purpose. Scotia is concave moulding that is underneath the nosing between the riser and the tread above it.
The railing system 

The balustrade is the complete system of railings and pickets that prevents people from falling over the edge.
banister, railing or handrail: The angled member for handholding, as distinguished from the vertical pickets which hold it up for stairs that are open on one side; there is often a railing on both sides, sometimes only on one side or not at all, on wide staircases there is sometimes also one in the middle, or even more. The term "banister" is sometimes used to mean just the handrail, or sometimes the handrail and the balusters or sometimes just the balusters  .
 volute: A handrail for the bullnose step that is shaped like a spiral. Volutes may be right or left-handed depending on which side of the stairs they occur when facing up the stairs.
 turnout: Instead of a complete spiral volute, a turnout is a quarter-turn rounded end to the handrail.
 gooseneck: The vertical handrail that joins a sloped handrail to a higher handrail on the balcony or landing is a gooseneck.
 rosette: Where the handrail ends in the wall and a half-newel is not used, it may be trimmed by a rosette.
easings: Wall handrails are mounted directly onto the wall with wall brackets. At the bottom of the stairs such railings flare to a horizontal railing and this horizontal portion is called a "starting easing". At the top of the stairs, the horizontal portion of the railing is called a "over easing".
 core rail: Wood handrails often have a metal core to provide extra strength and stiffness, especially when the rail has to curve against the grain of the wood. The archaic term for the metal core is "core rail".
baluster: A term for the vertical pickets that hold the handrail. Sometimes simply called guards or spindles. Treads often require two balusters. The second baluster is closer to the riser and is taller than the first. The extra height in the second baluster is typically in the middle between decorative elements on the baluster. That way the bottom decorative elements are aligned with the tread and the top elements are aligned with the railing angle. However, this means the first and second balusters are manufactured separately and cannot be interchanged. Balusters without decorative elements can be interchanged.
newel: A large picket or post used to anchor the handrail. Since it is a structural element, it extends below the floor and subfloor to the bottom of the floor joists and is bolted right to the floor joist. A half-newel may be used where a railing ends in the wall. Visually, it looks like half the newel is embedded in the wall. For open landings, a newel may extend below the landing for a decorative newel drop.
 baserail or shoerail: For systems where the baluster does not start at the treads, they go to a baserail. This allows for identical balusters, avoiding the second baluster problem.
 fillet: A decorative filler piece on the floor between balusters on a balcony railing.