Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Other Websites 

 Falcon 9 official page
 SAOCOM 1B | Launch and Landing
 Test firing of two Merlin 1C engines connected to Falcon 9 first stage, Movie 1, Movie 2 (18 January 2008)
 Press release announcing design (9 September 2005)
 SpaceX hopes to supply ISS with new Falcon 9 heavy launcher (Flight International, 13 September 2005)
 SpaceX launches Falcon 9, With A Customer  (Defense Industry Daily, 15 September 2005)

SpaceX
2010 establishments
Rockets
The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) is the third-level military medal given to members of the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force and other services. It was also given to members of other Commonwealth countries. The medal was awarded for "an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying in active operations against the enemy".

History 
The award was established on 3 June 1918, shortly after the formation of the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was originally awarded to RAF officers. During the Second World War, it was also awarded to Royal Artillery officers serving with the RAF as pilots and artillery observers. In 1993 the medal replaced the Distinguished Flying Medal, which had until then been awarded to other ranks. People awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross are allowed to use the post-nominal letters "DFC". A bar is added to the ribbon for holders of the DFC who received a second award.
During the First World War, about 1,100 DFCs were awarded, with 70 first bars and 3 second bars. During the Second World War, 20,354 DFCs were awarded, the most of any award, with about 1,550 first bars and 45 second bars.

Honorary awards were made on 964 occasions to people from other non-Commonwealth countries.

Description 
The decoration is a cross flory and is 2⅛ inches wide. The horizontal and bottom bars have bumps at the end, while the upper bar has a rose. The front of the medal has aeroplane propellers, placed on the vertical arms of the cross, and wings on the horizontal arms. In the centre is a laurel wreath around the RAF monogram, with a heraldic Imperial Crown on the top.

The back of the medal has the Royal Cypher in the centre and the year of issue engraved on the lower arm. The decoration is issued named.

The ribbon was originally white with purple broad horizontal stripes. This was changed in 1919 to the current white with purple broad diagonal stripes.
The decoration was designed by Edward Carter Preston.

Notable award winners
John Balmer, RAAF pilot
 Roy Calvert; RNZAF pilot who was awarded the DFC three times.
 Major General Levi R. Chase; American flying ace, awarded DFC with Bar (WWII and Korea)
 Flight Lieutenant Pierre Clostermann, French RAF officer; in 1945 who was awarded RAF DFC & Bar.
 Harry Cobby; flying ace of the Australian Flying Corps who was awarded the DFC three times.
 Gordon Cochrane; RNZAF pilot who was awarded the DFC three times.
 Flight Lieutenant Michelle Goodman; in 2008, she became the first woman to be awarded the DFC.
 Peter Stanley James, RAF
 Philip Robinson, RAF pilot who was awarded the DFC three times.
 Arjan Singh; Indian Air Force was awarded the DFC. He later become Marshal of Indian Air Force
 Mohinder Singh Pujji; Indian Air Force was awarded the DFC.
Group Captain Peter Woolridge Townsend; Royal Air Force CVO, DSO, DFC & Bar (22 November 1914 – 19 June 1995) was a British Royal Air Force officer, flying ace, courtier and author. He was Equerry to King George VI 1944–1952 and held the same position for Queen Elizabeth II 1952–1953. Townsend also had a romance with Princess Margaret.
 Harold Whistler; Royal Flying Corps flying ace who was awarded the DFC three times.
References

Other websites 

 Search recommendations for the Distinguished Flying Cross on The National Archives website.

Military honors
Hughes was born in Numeralla, New South Wales. He joined the Royal Australian Air Force in 1936. After graduating as a pilot, he joined the RAF. In July 1937, he joined No. 64 Squadron, which operated Hawker Demon and, later, Bristol Blenheim fighters. Posted to No. 234 Squadron at the start of World War II, Hughes began flying Supermarine Spitfires. He shared in the squadron's first victory on 8 July 1940, when with two other Spitfires, he shot down a German Junkers Ju 88 attacking ships near Lands End. Hughes was known for attacking his targets at extremely close range. He probably died after his Spitfire was struck by parts from a German Dornier Do 17 bomber that he had just shot down near London. Hughes was able to get out of the plane, but his parachute did not open. After his death he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. Hughes was buried in England.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 National Archives of Australia: Personal File 
 Sutton & Wawne Museum: A brief biography of the Australian fighter pilot killed during the Battle of Britain, and buried in Sutton churchyard in 1940
 Battle of Britain Historical Society: Saturday, September 7th 1940

1917 births
1940 deaths
Australian military people
Bamboo Airways is a Vietnamese airline. The headquarters are in Hanoi. The center of activity is from Phu Cat Airport in Qui Nhon. The company was founded in 2017. VietJet Air will begin operation in October 2018. It will have flights to most of airports in Vietnam and some international airports. On 26th March 2016, it signed a purchase order with Airbus to buy 24 Airbus A320neo, signed a purchase order with Boeing to buy 20 Boeing 787. The aircraft will be delivered from 2020.
It will mainly serve tourists to resort towns in Vietnam, where its parent company FLC Group has resorts (Ha Long, Thanh Hoa, Dong Hoi, Nha Trang, Phu Quoc).

References 

Airlines of Vietnam
The Big Four was a name used to describe the four largest railway companies in the United Kingdom in the period 1923–47. The name was coined by The Railway Magazine in its issue of February 1923: "The Big Four of the New Railway Era".

The Big Four were:

 Great Western Railway (GWR)
 London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS)
 London and North Eastern Railway (LNER)
 Southern Railway (SR)

The companies were formed as a result of the Railways Act 1921, in a process known as "The Grouping" (of the railways), which came into effect on 1 January 1923.

On 1 January 1948, the companies were nationalised to form British Railways as a result of the Transport Act 1947.

Related pages
 List of railway companies involved in the 1923 Grouping

Big Four (British railway companies)
The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) was one of the Big Four British railway companies from 1923 to 1948. It was formed on 1 January 1923 under the Railways Act of 1921, which required the grouping of over 120 separate railways into four. The companies merged into the LMS included the London and North Western Railway, the Midland Railway, the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (which had previously merged with the London and North Western Railway on 1 January 1922), several Scottish railway companies (including the Caledonian Railway), and numerous other, smaller ventures.

For the Modern Company, see London Midland.

Big Four (British railway companies)
1923 establishments in the United Kingdom
An Electro-diesel locomotive is an electric locomotive which also has a diesel engine. The diesel engine is used when an electricity supply from overhead lines or a third rail is not available. 

Locomotives
Caledonian Sleeper is the collective name for overnight sleeper train services between London and Scotland, in Great Britain, Since 2015 it has been operating as its own company.

Rail transport in Scotland
Christina Marie Kirkman (born February 25, 1993, in Melrose, Massachusetts, USA) is an American actress and comedian. She was best known for her roles in the final two seasons of All That.

In 2003, she entered R U All That?: Nickelodeon's Search for the Funniest Kid in America competition and won the highly-coveted spot as a regular performer on All That.

As part of her audition, Kirkman was asked to do a skit in which she met Jay Leno. She had never heard of Leno because she had never stayed up late, so she said, "Who the heck is Jay Leno?" and instead pretended to talk to Leno's bodyguard.

When asked if she thought she was going get into the All That cast, Kirkman responded, "I thought I had no chance!" with a laugh.

Kirkman joined the cast of All That in Season 9 after Bryan Hearne left the show. She replaced Jamie Lynn Spears as the youngest cast member of All That. She remained on All That until the show was canceled.
After All That came to an end, Kirkman returned to Massachusetts where she experienced bullying. This caused her to temporarily stop acting to focus on school. She graduated from Bishop Finwick High School. In 2015, she graduated from Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts where she studied broadcast journalism and also participated in several different on campus productions.

After completing college, Kirkman moved back to Los Angeles to pursue acting and as of 2016, she completed filming the movie "Night Shadow".

Other websites
 
 Emerson students former stars of Nickelodeon and Disney shows 

1993 births
American comedians
The 1998 Kissimmee tornado outbreak, also known as the Central Florida tornado outbreak or The Night of The Tornadoes was a deadly tornado event in Florida during the night of February 22-23, 1998 in the central part of the state, including the Orlando area. The outbreak killed 42 people and injured 260, the worst such tornado event in Florida since March 31, 1962. The first major tornado hit Winter Garden  at 11:40 p.m., and the deadliest tornado struck the Kissimmee area at 12:40 a.m. before dissipating at 1:28 a.m. EST.

Tornadoes 

Tornadoes in the United States
1998 in Florida
1990s in weather
To short an asset means to bet that the asset will lose value, or that the current price is overvalued (higher than its supposed value). If the asset in question does indeed lose value, the person who shorted it will win the bet, and make a profit. This can be done by borrowing assets and selling them at a higher price, returning the asset once you can buy it back at a lower price. 

For example, if you think that Tesla stock will lose 10% of its value, you could short the stock, and make a 10% profit once it goes down by 10%. However, if Tesla stock gains value, then you will lose the equivalent amount.

Finance
Stock market
Richard Girnt Butler (February 23, 1918 – September 8, 2004) was a white supremacist and American Christian religious leader. Butler founded the neo-Nazi Aryan Nations and would become one of the most well known and influential leaders of the American far-right.

Butler was a former member of the Silver Shirts, an American fascist organization modeled after Nazi Brownshirts and active until its suppression following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

Butler was convicted of conspiracy by the United States Department of Justice, but was not convicted because the grand jury failed to prosecute him.

References

1918 births
2004 deaths
Deaths from congestive heart failure
People from Denver
American Christians
American military personnel of World War II
Writers from Colorado
Writers from Idaho
Military people from Colorado
Alan Harrison Berg (January 1, 1934 – June 18, 1984) was an American Jewish attorney and talk radio show host in Denver, Colorado. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Berg was known for his mostly liberal views. His programs could be received in more than 30 states. He was lastly hired by KOA and debuted on February 23, 1981. He worked at KOA until his assassination.

Death
On June 18, 1984, Berg was shot dead in the driveway of his Denver home by members of the white supremacist group. He was 50 years old.

References

Other websites
Alan Berg at the Internet Movie Database
Talk Radio Assassination!, WFMU website 1996
"Living Out Loud: Death of a Radiohead" , Cincinnati CityBeat July 14, 2004
Judith Lee Berg, a profile of Alan Berg's widow

1934 births
1984 deaths
Murders by firearm in the United States
American crime victims
Lawyers from Chicago
Jewish American writers
Journalists from Chicago
Radio personalities from Chicago
Writers from Denver
North Barrington is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States. The population was 3,171 at the 2020 census.

References

Other websites
Village of North Barrington official website
Barrington Area Library

Villages in Illinois
The Waco siege was the siege of a compound belonging to the Branch Davidians, carried out by American federal and Texas state law enforcement, as well as the U.S. military, between February 28 and April 19, 1993.

The Branch Davidians were led by David Koresh and were headquartered at Mount Carmel Center ranch in the community of Axtell, Texas, 13 miles (21 kilometers) east-northeast of Waco.

The incident began when the ATF attempted to raid the ranch. An intense gun battle erupted, resulting in the deaths of four government agents and six Branch Davidians. Upon the ATF's failure to raid the compound, a siege lasting 51 days was initiated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Eventually, the FBI launched an assault and initiated a tear gas attack in an attempt to force the Branch Davidians out of the ranch. During the attack, a fire engulfed Mount Carmel Center. In total, 76 people died, including David Koresh.

References
References

1993 in the United States
Murders by firearm in the United States
1990s in Texas
Waco, Texas
Lockport is a city in Niagara County, New York, United States. The population was 21,165 at the 2010 census. It is so named from a set of Erie Canal locks (Lock Numbers 34 and 35) within the city. Lockport is the county seat of Niagara County. It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.

References

Cities in New York (state)
County seats in New York (state)
George Peabody ( ; February 18, 1795 – November 4, 1869) was an American financier and philanthropist. He was widely thought as the father of modern philanthropy. He founded the Peabody Trust in Britain and the Peabody Institute and George Peabody Library in Baltimore.

Peabody was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and made a Freeman of the City of London, among many other honors. He was given a funeral and temporary grave in Westminster Abbey.

References

Other websites

Phillips Library , Peabody Essex Museum. Repository of 145 linear feet of Peabody's business and personal papers.

1795 births
1869 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in London
Philanthropists from Massachusetts
Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Slavers
A torque converter, or torque multiplier, is a device for multiplying torque. It is widely used in transmission systems for road and rail vehicles with internal combustion engines.

Operation
The diagram shows a hydraulic torque converter.  It contains two turbines and a stator.
 Green = pump turbine, turned by the engine
 Blue = stator
 Yellow = driven turbine, connected to the wheels of the vehicle
 Red = direction of flow of the hydraulic fluid

The driven turbine can deliver high torque at low speed.  As the vehicle accelerates, the speed goes up and the torque goes down.  This happens automatically, so there is no need for the driver to change gear.

Engineering
William Martin Hendon (November 9, 1944 – June 20, 2018) was an American author, activist, and politician. He was born in Asheville, North Carolina. He served as a two-term Republican U.S. representative from North Carolina's 11th District.

Hendon died on June 20, 2018 under hospice carer in Forest City, North Carolina after suffering from Parkinson's disease at the age of 73.

References

Other websites
 
Biography, The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
A Finding Aid to Records Relating to American Prisoners of War and Missing in Action from the Vietnam War Era, 1960-1994, The National Archives, compiled 1996

1944 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
United States representatives from North Carolina
American political writers
American political activists
Writers from North Carolina
People from Asheville, North Carolina
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Forest City, formerly known as "Burnt Chimney," is a town in Rutherford County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 7,476 as of the 2010 census, making it the largest municipality in Rutherford County.

References

Towns in North Carolina
Frank Evans Heart (May 15, 1929 – June 24, 2018) was an American computer engineer. He was born in New York City, but was raised in Yonkers, New York. Heart designed the first routing computer for the ARPANET, the predecessor to the Internet. In 2014, Heart was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.

Heart died of melanoma on June 24, 2018 in Lexington, Massachusetts at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
 Internet Hall of Fame bio
 A History of Computer Communications: 1968-1988 

1929 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from melanoma
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
American computer scientists
Engineers from New York (state)
Scientists from New York City
People from Yonkers, New York
Ljubuški is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is in the West Herzegovina Canton, a unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Demographics

Ljubuški Municipality

Ljubuški populated place

References

Other websites 

 Ljubuški official webpage  
 www.ljubuski.info 
 www.ljubusaci.com 
 www.ljubuski.com

Settlements in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Given some data, it is easy to calculate a checksum over the data.  Special hash functions can be designed to calculate this checksum. These functions can be designed to return a value that always has the same length, which is not dependent on the length of the input. This value is called hash value, or message digest. The functions also have another property: Given the same input, they must return the same output (hash value/message digest).
 In addition to the hash values, a block typically also contains a timestamp, and some payload. Each block uses a digital signature, which allows detecting any change in the data since the signature was made. When new blocks of data are created, the newly created block will also contain the hash value of the previous block.
In most cases, a blockchain is managed by a peer-to-peer network. All peers use a common protocol that specifies how they should communicate with each other, how a new block is created and validated. Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be changed easily any more. Changing the block means all the blocks after it need to be changed as well. Depending on the protocol, this will require a majority of the peers, or even all the peers, to agree.

Blockchains are secure by design. Blockchain technology is used where keeping a correct record is important. Use cases include medical records, identity management, food traceability, gaming and voting.

Blockchain was invented by Stuart Haber and Scott Stornetta in 1991 as a means to assure the integrity of digital records. Haber and Stornetta launched the world's first commercial blockchain; Surety in 1995.
In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto included as references 3 and 4 of Bitcoin: A Peer to Peer Electronic Cash System, the two papers by Haber and Stornetta   to serve as the public transaction ledger of the cryptocurrency bitcoin.  Because of its blockchain, bitcoin became the first digital currency to solve the double-spending problem without the need of a trusted authority or central server.  The bitcoin design has inspired other applications.

References

External links
 ETH Blockchain Initiative – ETH Blockchain Initiative | ETH Zurich

Computer science
Cryptocurrency
The Supreme Court of India is the highest court of India under the Indian Constitution. It provides justice to people, protects the fundamental rights of citizens, decides on cases involving federal disputes and protects the Constitution of India.

India
Law of India
Then Shall of the Mourning is an American alternative metal band formed in 1998.

Discography
Studio albums
 Next (November 23, 2001)
 The Darkest Plague (January 9, 2009)

American musical groups
The Fabian strategy is a military strategy in which one side avoids the other and avoids pitched battles and frontal assaults. 

The object is to wear down the opponent by a "war of attrition" and to harass the enemy by skirmishes to weaken it, disrupt its supply and affect its morale. 

The strategy is employed by a side that believes that time is on its side, but it may also be adopted when no other strategy is possible.

War
Sainte-Croix-aux-Mines is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.

Coal mines were operating in the village until 1849.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

References 
INSEE commune file

Other websites

Communes in Haut-Rhin
Pattensen is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is about  south of Hanover.

Pattensen is twinned with Saint-Aubin-lès-Elbeuf in France.

References

Other websites
Under the Railways Act 1921 the majority of the railway companies in Great Britain (along with a few in Northern Ireland) were grouped into four main companies, often termed the Big Four. The grouping took effect from 1 January 1923.

The Big Four
The Big Four and their constituent companies, showing route mileage, were:
Great Western Railway (GWR)
 Great Western Railway 
 Alexandra (Newport and South Wales) Docks and Railway (ADR) 
 Barry Railway (Barry)  
 Cambrian Railways (Cambrian)  
 Cardiff Railway (Cardiff)  
 Rhymney Railway (RhyR)  
 Taff Vale Railway (TVR) 
 for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituents of the Great Western Railway
London and North Eastern Railway (LNER)
 Great Central Railway (GCR)  
 Great Eastern Railway (GER)  
 Great Northern Railway (GNR) 
 Hull and Barnsley Railway (H&BR) 
 North Eastern Railway (NER) 
 Great North of Scotland Railway (GNSR)  
 North British Railway (NBR) 
 for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituents of the London and North Eastern Railway 
London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS)
 London and North Western Railway (LNWR); 
 including Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) amalgamated from 1 January 1922
Furness Railway (Furness); 
 Midland Railway (MR) 
 North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) 
 Caledonian Railway (CalR) 
 Glasgow and South Western Railway (GSWR) 
 Highland Railway (HR) 
 for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituents of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway
The Railways Act 1921 did not extend to Ireland, but Irish lines owned by constituent companies became part of the LMS:
 Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway (DNGR)  (owned by the LNWR)
 Northern Counties Committee lines (NCC)  (owned by the Midland Railway)
 The NCC and Great Northern Railway (Ireland) (GNR(I)) operated the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee lines jointly, and these became joint lines of the LMS and GNR(I) after grouping.
Southern Railway (SR)
 London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR)  
 London and South Western Railway (LSWR) 
 South Eastern and Chatham Railways' Managing Committee: a working union of the South Eastern Railway and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway
Companies not covered by the grouping
Over fifty railway companies were not covered by the grouping. These small railway companies kept their independence.

Big Four (British railway companies)‎
Jagjivan Ram (5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986), mostly known as Babuji, was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar. He was instrumental in foundation of the All-India Depressed Classes League, an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables in 1935. He was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937 after which he organised the rural labour movement.

References

1908 births
1986 deaths
Indian activists
Bihari politicians
Indian Deputy Prime Ministers
Andrey Dmitriyevich Dementyev (; July 16, 1928 in Tver  – June 26, 2018 in Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet poet, a laureate of Lenin’s Young Communist League Award (1981), a USSR State Prize (1985), and Bunin Prize (2007). In October 1993, he signed the Letter of Forty-Two.

Dementyev died on June 16, 2018 in Moscow from prostate cancer, aged 89.

References

Other websites
 Andrey Dementyev, Peoples.ru 
 Online Encyclopedia 'Krugosvet' 
 Andrey Dementyev poetry at Stihipoeta.ru

1928 births
2018 deaths
Cancer deaths in Russia
Deaths from prostate cancer
Russian poets
Soviet writers
For other uses see: Gradient (disambiguation)

The grade (or gradient) of a road or railway line is a measure of its steepness. It may be expressed as a percentage or in other ways.  For example, a gradient of 1% may also be expressed as 1 in 100.  This means that the road rises or falls by 1 metre for every 100 metres of forward travel.

Physical geography
Henri Namphy (November 2, 1932 in Cap-Haïtien, Haiti – June 26, 2018) was a Haitian general and politician. He served as President of Haiti's interim ruling body, the National Council of Government, from February 7, 1986 to February 7, 1988. He served again as President of Haiti from June 20, 1988 until his deposition on September 17, 1988 in the September 1988 Haitian coup d'état.

References

1932 births
2018 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Presidents of Haiti
Matthieu Prosper Avril (born December 12, 1937) is a Haitian politician. He was President of Haiti from 1988 to 1990. Avril led the September 1988 Haitian coup d'état against a transition military government installed after Jean-Claude Duvalier's 1986 overthrow.

Avril was president until March 1990. He was arrested under human rights violation in 2001, but released in March 2004 after the 2004 Haitian coup d'état overthrew Jean-Bertrand Aristide.

References

Presidents of Haiti
Generals
1937 births
Living people
The President of the Republic of Haiti (, ) is the head of state of Haiti. They serve as the executive power in Haiti. The power is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti.  The current acting President is Ariel Henry, who took office on July 20, 2021.

Qualifications
To be elected President, a candidate must:
 be a native-born Haitian and never renounced that nationality;
 have reached the age of 35 by election day;
 be the owner of a real property and have one's habitual residence in the country;
 reside in the country at least 5 years before election day;
 have been discharged of responsibilities if previously handling public funds.

Heads of State of Haiti

Saint-Domingue (1791–1804)

First Empire of Haiti (1804–1806)

State of Haiti (1806–1811)

Kingdom of Haiti (1811–1820)

Republic of Haiti (1806–1822)

Republic of Haiti during the unification of Hispaniola (1822–1844)

Republic of Haiti (1844–1849)

Second Empire of Haiti (1849–1859)
Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)

Republic of Haiti during the Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)
Symbols
 Presidential referendum
 Constitutional referendum
 Died in office

Republic of Haiti (1986–present)
Symbols
 Indirect election
Status

References

Sources
Jovenel Moïse (26 June 1968 – 7 July 2021) was a Haitian politician. He served as the 42nd President of Haiti from February 2017 until his death. In 2019, political unrest and calls for his resignation became a crisis.

Death

Moïse was shot to death at his home while sleeping in Pétion-Ville, Haiti on 7 July 2021. His wife, Martine was also shot but she survived. He was shot with 12 bullets in his chest, arms, right leg, and left hip, and had a shattered left eye.

References

Other websites

1968 births
2021 deaths
Presidents of Haiti
Assassinated people
Murders by firearm
Vladimir A. Uspensky (Russian: Влади́мир Андре́евич Успе́нский; 27 November 1930 – 27 June 2018) was a Russian mathematician, linguist, writer, doctor of physics and mathematics (1964). He was born in Moscow. He was the author of numerous papers on mathematical logic and linguistics. In addition, he also penned a number of memoir essays. He led linguistic reform in Russian education.

Uspensky died in Moscow of heart failure on 27 June 2018, aged 87.

References

Other websites
 Mathematics Genealogy Project entry
 MSU home page 
 Dynkin Collection entry with video interviews

2018 deaths
1930 births
Deaths from heart failure
Russian mathematicians
Russian physicians
Russian physicists
Writers from Moscow
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (; born October 13, 1989), also known by her initials as AOC, is an American democratic socialist politician and activist. She became the U.S. Representative for New York's 14th congressional district in 2019. This includes the eastern part of the Bronx and parts of north-central Queens in New York City. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

Ocasio-Cortez won the Democratic Party's primary election on June 26, 2018, when she beat Democratic Caucus Chair Joe Crowley. Her victory was a surprise and many saw it as an upset victory. In November 2018, she would go on to win the general election. She beat Republican nominee Anthony Pappas.
At age 29, she became the youngest woman to become a member of the United States Congress. She is well known for her use of social media. She studied international relations and economics at Boston University. She worked for Bernie Sanders's first presidential campaign as an activist. She also worked part-time as a waitress and bartender before running for Congress in 2018.

Ocasio-Cortez is one of the first female members of the Democratic Socialists of America elected to Congress. She is a progressive and supports Medicare for All, federal jobs guarantee, a universal basic income, and the Green New Deal. She also supports ending the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, free public college and trade school, and a 70% marginal tax rate for incomes above $10 million.
Early life
Ocasio-Cortez was born into a Catholic family in the Bronx borough of New York City on October 13, 1989. She is the daughter of Blanca Ocasio-Cortez (née Cortez) and Sergio Ocasio. She has a younger brother named Gabriel. Her father was born in the Bronx to a Puerto Rican family. Her mother was born in Puerto Rico. She lived with her family in an apartment in the Bronx neighborhood of Parkchester until she was five. Her family later moved to a house in suburban Yorktown Heights.
Ocasio-Cortez went to high school in Yorktown Heights. She graduated in 2007. In high school and college, she was known as "Sandy." She came in second in the Microbiology category of the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair. Her microbiology research project was about the effect of antioxidants on the lifespan of the nematode C. elegans. MIT Lincoln Laboratory named a small asteroid after her because of her science project. In high school, she took part in the National Hispanic Institute's Lorenzo de Zavala (LDZ) Youth Legislative Session. She later became the LDZ Secretary of State while she attended Boston University. Ocasio-Cortez had a John F. Lopez Fellowship.
In 2008, while Ocasio-Cortez was a sophomore at Boston University, her father died of lung cancer. After he died, Ocasio-Cortez had many legal problems to settle his estate. She has said that the experience helped her learn how attorneys are corrupt. She said that they make themselves rich while their clients, like families, were being ignored.

During college, Ocasio-Cortez was an intern for U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy. She said that she was the only Spanish speaker at the office. Ocasio-Cortez said that because of this, people would talk to her about ICE and deportations.

Ocasio-Cortez graduated cum laude from Boston University with a BA in 2011. She majored in international relations and economics.

Early career

After college, Ocasio-Cortez moved back to the Bronx. She began working as a bartender and waitress to help her mother pay for their home. She later created Brook Avenue Press, a publishing company that printed positive stories about the Bronx. She also worked for the National Hispanic Institute.
During the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries, Ocasio-Cortez volunteered for Bernie Sanders's first presidential campaign. After the general election, she traveled to places like Flint, Michigan, and Standing Rock Indian Reservation in North Dakota by car. She spoke to people affected by the Flint water crisis and the Dakota Access Pipeline. While in Standing Rock, she said her trip there was an important reason why she ran for Congress. Before that, she believed that the only way to run for office and win was to have money and power. In North Dakota she saw others "putting their whole lives and everything that they had on the line for the protection of their community". This was the reason for her to begin to work for her own community. One day after she visited North Dakota, she got a phone call from Brand New Congress. They were looking for progressive candidates. Her brother had nominated her soon after the 2016 election.

2018 campaign
2018 campaign

Ocasio-Cortez began her campaign in April 2017. At the time, she was working at Flats Fix, a taco restaurant in New York City's Union Square. Her campaign was small. She was the first person to run in the primary against Joe Crowley, the Democratic Caucus Chair. She did not have much money for the campaign. She said that candidates like here must have very new and different kinds of campaigns and cannot win just by spending more money Ocasio-Cortez's campaign did not take money from big companies or rich people. She did this because it was how Bernie Sanders's presidential campaign did it. Revolutionary posters from the past inspired her campaign posters.
Ocasio-Cortez was supported by progressive and civil rights groups such as MoveOn, Black Lives Matter, and Democracy for America, and by actress Cynthia Nixon. Governor Andrew Cuomo, both of New York's U.S. Senators, Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand, as well as New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio and Planned Parenthood supported Crowley. California Representative Ro Khanna at first supported Crowley, but later supported Ocasio-Cortez.

During her campaign, Ocasio-Cortez held town halls where people who lived in her congressional district would talk about political issues. She focused her campaign on Latino communities of her district and criticized ICE. Her campaign used digital political ads more than actual rallies and events. She would also go to many houses in her district and talk about her campaign in person.

Primary victory and reaction
On June 26, 2018, Ocasio-Cortez won 57.13% of the vote to Joe Crowley's 42.5%. Time called her victory a big surprise during the 2018 elections. CNN made a similar comment. The New York Times said Crowley's shocking loss was "the [biggest] loss for a Democratic incumbent in more than a decade." The Guardian called it "one of the biggest upsets in recent American political history." Crowley raised more money, $1.5 million, compared to Ocasio-Cortez's $83,000. Merriam-Webster said that searches for the word "socialism" went up 1,500% after she won. Crowley accepted his loss but did not call Ocasio-Cortez that night to wish her good luck. Many people thought he was going to run against her in the general election with a third party.
Bernie Sanders and Noam Chomsky wished her good luck and were happy about the results. Many people said that her victory over Crowley was like when Dave Brat, a Tea Party movement candidate, beat House Majority Leader Eric Cantor in the Republican primary in 2014. Cantor was also a longtime congressman and important Republican politician. After her primary win, Ocasio-Cortez supported many progressive candidates who decided to run against current Democratic politicians across the country.

Ocasio-Cortez won the Reform Party nomination without campaigning for it. She won it as a write-in candidate in a congressional district nearby hers. She won only nine votes. She did not accept the nomination.

General election
General election

Ocasio-Cortez ran against Republican nominee Anthony Pappas in the November 6 general election. Pappas is an economics professor at St. John's University. Ocasio-Cortez was supported by many progressive organizations and politicians, including former President Barack Obama and U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders.

Joe Crowley stayed on the ballot, as the nominee of the Working Families Party (WFP) and the Women’s Equality Party (WEP). Neither Crowley nor the WFP party campaigned in the election. Both supported Ocasio-Cortez after her Democratic primary victory. Ocasio-Cortez said that the WEP was a centrist group that supported male politicians more than female politicians. Nixon ran against Governor Cuomo in the primary for New York Governor. Former Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman wanted Crowley to campaign on the WFP ballot to beat Ocasio-Cortez. Dan Cantor, executive director of the WFP, asked voters not to vote for Crowley if his name was on the general election ballot.
Ocasio-Cortez won the election with 78% of the vote to Pappas' 14%. Crowley, on the WFP and WEP ballots, won 6.6% of the votes. Her election was part of a larger wave of Democratic victories in the 2018 midterm elections. The party won control of the United States House of Representatives.

Media coverage

The Young Turks (TYT) was the first media network who talked about Ocasio-Cortez and give her time to talk about her campaign. After her primary win, she quickly had media attention from everywhere in the country. A rally with Ocasio-Cortez and Bernie Sanders in Wichita had to be moved from a theater with a seating capacity of 1,500 when more people said they would go to the rally. 4,000 people went to the event, with some sitting on the floor. The New Yorker wrote that she had made Sanders's progressive ideas more popular to a larger group of people.
Ocasio-Cortez had little media attention until she beat incumbent Joe Crowley in the 2018 Democratic primary. Many people believed the media did a bad job on covering the election because no one paid attention to her primary campaign.

The Young Turks has defended Ocasio-Cortez from political critics.

She was one of the people talked about in the 2018 Michael Moore documentary Fahrenheit 11/9.

Twitter user "AnonymousQ" tried to embarrass Ocasio-Cortez when they shared a video of her dancing during her college years. Many social media users defended her, and the video inspired memes. After the video was shared, Ocasio-Cortez posted a video of herself dancing to Edwin Starr's War.
In 2019, Elizabeth Warren wrote about Ocasio-Cortez for that year's Time 100. In May 2019 the documentary Knock Down the House came out on Netflix. It is about four female Democrats, without political experience, running for Congress in the 2018 midterms premiered. Ocasio-Cortez was the only one of the women in the documentary to win their election.

In September 2021, Ocasio-Cortez went to the 2021 Met Gala. Ocasio-Cortez wore a long white dress with the phrase "Tax the Rich" painted in red on the back of her dress. As an elected official in New York City, she was a guest of the museum and she did not have to buy a ticket, which costs at least $35,000. Many people, both conservative and liberal, criticized Ocasio-Cortez for attending an event where guests were not required to wear masks.
2020 campaign
In 2020, journalist Michelle Caruso-Cabrera ran against Ocasio-Cortez in the Democratic primary. After Ocasio-Cortez won the nomination, Caruso-Cabrera ran in the general election as a third-party candidate. Other people running against her is Republican John Cummings, a former police officer, and Antoine Tucker, a write-in.

Ocasio-Cortez's re-election campaign was mainly focusing on workplace organizing, fighting eviction, and organizing childcare.

On October 20, 2020, Ocasio-Cortez hosted a Twitch stream of the mobile game Among Us, with fellow congresswoman Ilhan Omar. The stream had over 400,000 viewers.

On November 4, 2020, Ocasio-Cortez won her re-election with nearly 69% of the vote to Republican John Cummings's near 31%.

United States representative, 2019–present

Time in office

On January 3, 2019, Nancy Pelosi swore in Ocasio-Cortez. Ocasio-Cortez became the youngest woman to become a United States Representative.
She began her career with a popular social media, having more followers than all of the newly elected congress members combined. , she had 6.3 million Twitter followers, up from 1.4 million in November 2018. She passed Nancy Pelosi's number of followers. By July 2019 that had risen to almost 4.8 million, or about seven times the population of her congressional district. She had 2.2 million Instagram followers, and 500,000 followers on Facebook when she began. Some Representatives asked her to teach them social media lessons when she arrived in Congress.

In an interview Ocasio-Cortez said she had stopped using her private Facebook account and was not using all of her social media accounts as often. She believes that social media is not healthy for the public.
Trump falsely said that she called "our country and our people 'garbage'"; she had actually said that Americans should not be happy with average ideas that are "10% better from garbage." Trump also falsely claimed that she said "illegal immigrants are more American" than Americans who tried to keep them out. She actually said that "women and children on that border that are trying to [find] refuge and opportunity" in America "are acting more American" than those who tried to keep them out.

In January 2020, Ocasio-Cortez created a political action committee called Courage to Change. Courage to Change was created to help progressive candidates running for office.
In February 2021, Ocasio-Cortez helped raise money to give food, water, and shelter to Texans affected by the power crisis. She was able to raised $2million on her first day of raising money and $5million by February 21. The money went to organizations such as to state and local food banks. Ocasio-Cortez also traveled to Houston to help volunteers with recovery.

On November 5, 2021, Ocasio-Cortez was one of six House Democrats to vote against the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, because she did not support the Build Back Better Act.

In 2023, Ocasio-Cortez was among 56 Democrats to vote in favor of H.Con.Res. 21, which directed President Joe Biden to remove U.S. troops from Syria within 180 days. Ocasio-Cortez was among the 46 House Democrats who voted against final passage of the Fiscal Responsibility Act of 2023.
Arrival
In November 2018, on the first day of congressional orientation, Ocasio-Cortez was part of a climate change protest outside of House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi's office. Also that month, she supported Pelosi becoming Speaker of the House. She said would support Pelosi if Pelosi "remains the most progressive candidate for speaker." She also said that all the other candidates for speaker were more conservative than Pelosi was. Pelosi was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives after the Democratic Party gained the majority.

In December 2018, Ocasio-Cortez went to an event for new members of the House hosted by the John F. Kennedy School of Government. She wrote on Twitter about the effects of business interests by groups such as the American Enterprise Institute and the Center for Strategic and International Studies: "Lobbyists are here. Goldman Sachs is here. Where's labor? Activists? Frontline community leaders?"
In January 2019, when she made her first speech on the floor of Congress, C-SPAN tweeted the video. Within 12 hours, the video of her four-minute speech set the record as C-SPAN's most-watched Twitter video by a member of the House of Representatives.

Hearings
Ocasio-Cortez questioned the ethic regulations that both the president and members of Congress had during a congressional hearing in February 2019. She said that no laws that stop politicians from taking money from rich business people. With more than 37.5 million views, the clip became the most-watched political video posted on Twitter.

When President Donald Trump's former lawyer Michael Cohen was at a Congressional hearing in February 2019, Ocasio-Cortez asked him if Trump rose property values for bank or insurance purposes. Cohen said that Trump may have done tax evasion and fraud in his personal and business tax returns and real-estate documents. The New York Times supported her because she asked specific questions for a specific answer.
Media coverage

According to reports in March 2019, Ocasio-Cortez continued to get media coverage early in her congressional career similar to a 2020 presidential candidate. She was called one of the best known Democratic politicians and one of the most talked-about politicians in the United States. Between July 8 and July 14, 2019, she had more social media attention than any of the Democratic presidential candidates, with news articles on Ocasio-Cortez had 4.8 million views, while no Democratic presidential candidate got more than 1.2 million.

Ocasio-Cortez has been talked about many times on Fox News, being mentioned every day from February 25 to April 7, 2019, for a total of 3,181 mentions in 42 days. CNN found that from January to July 2019, she had nearly three times as many mentions on Fox News as on CNN and MSNBC. In a CBS News poll of almost 2,100 people found that more Republicans talked about Ocasio-Cortez than Democrats. She was very unpopular among Republicans and very popular among Democrats.
In March 2019, PolitiFact reported that she is "one of the most targeted politicians for hoax claims, despite the fact that she just entered Congress as a freshman." Fake quotes, fake photos, and false rumors about her have spread on social media.

On July 18, 2019, Charlie Rispoli, a police officer from Gretna, posted on Facebook a threat to shoot her. He called her an "idiot" who "needs a round, and I don't mean the kind she used to serve" as a bartender. Rispoli posted the comment in response to a "fake news" article that falsely quoted Ocasio-Cortez as saying "We pay soldiers too much." Rispoli was fired for his post and his Facebook account was deleted.

Green New Deal
Green New Deal

On February 7, 2019, Ocasio-Cortez wrote her first piece of legislation, the Green New Deal, and sent it to the Senate. Senator Ed Markey of Massachusetts supported the deal, laying out the main ideas of a 10-year economic plan that would slowly remove fossil fuel use. The plan would create jobs and boost the economy. The first version of the Green New Deal wanted the completely stop using fossil fuels. The plan set a goal of having the United States "creating 'net-zero' greenhouse gases in 10 years." Ocasio-Cortez said that "We set a goal to get to net-zero, rather than zero emissions, in 10 years because we aren’t sure that we’ll be able to fully get rid of farting cows and airplanes that fast."
Ocasio-Cortez wanted a marginal tax as high as 70% on income above $10 million to pay for the Green New Deal. Tax experts said in The Washington Post, that this tax would bring in more money of $720 billion every ten years. She used the Modern Monetary Theory as a reason for higher deficits to pay her agenda. She said that the Green New Deal needs a large amount of money like President Franklin D. Roosevelt's original New Deal during the Great Depression.

Not one Republican supported the Green New Deal. The plan had support from some Democratic senators, including Elizabeth Warren, Bernie Sanders and Cory Booker. Other Democrats, such as Senator Dianne Feinstein and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi did not support it. Pelosi called it "the green dream, or whatever they call it."
On March 26, Senate Republicans called for an early vote on the Green New Deal without letting anyone talk before the vote. Senator Ed Markey said Republicans were not being serious about voting for the Green New Deal. In protest, Senate Democrats voted "present" or against the bill, resulting in a 57–0 defeat on the Senate floor. In March 2019, a group of activists, inspired by Ocasio-Cortez, in the United Kingdom wanted the Labour Party to create a similar plan, "Labour for a Green New Deal."

In May 2020, Ocasio-Cortez was picked by then-Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden to be in charge of his climate task force. Ocasio-Cortez would help Biden's campaign talk about climate change related problems and solutions.

Name calling incident