Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Other differences between MOSFETs 
There are lots of different MOSFETs available. When choosing a MOSFET, once you have decided among the 4 main types, there are lots of other things to think about. Differences between MOSFETs include:
 VGSS - The allowed voltage between the gate and source. If you apply too large a voltage, the MOSFET will break.
 VDSS - The allowed voltage between the drain and source. If you apply too large a voltage, the MOSFET will break.
 ID - The allowed current between the drain and source. If you are trying to power a large load, such as a motor, then you need a MOSFET designed for high currents.
 VGS(TH) ("Threshold voltage") - Approximately how big a voltage you need to apply to the "gate" for it to switch. How much the MOSFET is "on" depends on the exact voltage at the "gate", the temperature, and the voltage at the "drain". The datasheet for the MOSFET will have details.
RDS(ON) - When the MOSFET is fully "on", it will act like a resistor with this value. A higher value means, when the MOSFET is fully "on", there is more wasted power and more heat. Smaller is better.
 PD - The largest amount of heat that the MOSFET can give off every second without breaking. (The "power dissipation"). If you make the MOSFET give off heat faster than this, then the MOSFET will overheat and break.
 RθJA - How bad the MOSFET is at transferring that heat to the air. Lower numbers are better. For MOSFETs that use a heatsink, they will say how bad they are at transferring heat to the heatsink.
 TJ - The working temperature of the part of the MOSFET that is generating the heat. If you make it go above the limit, the MOSFET will break.
 tD(ON) and tD(OFF) - The time it takes to turn the MOSFET on and off. Smaller, low voltage and low current MOSFETs, can be fast enough to use in the fastest computers. Larger, higher power MOSFETs, tend to be slower.
Static electricity can break a MOSFET. Some MOSFETs include protection against static electricity.
 Some parts include several MOSFETs on a single device. This can be smaller than having separate MOSFETs. It can also be cheaper to make an electronic circuit board with less parts.
There are many different ways to make MOSFETs on the semiconductor. The simplest method is shown in the diagram to the right of this text. The blue part represents P-type silicon, while the red part represents N-type silicon. The intersection of the two types makes a diode. In silicon semiconductor, there is a quirk called the "Depletion Region". In doped silicon, with one part being doped N-Type, and one part being doped P-Type, a depletion region will naturally form on the intersection between the two. This is because of their acceptors and donors. P-type silicon has acceptors, also known as holes, which attract electrons towards them. The N-Type silicon has donors, or electrons, which are attracted to holes. In the border between the two, the electrons from the N-Type fill the holes in the P-type. This results in the acceptor, or P-type atoms becoming negatively charged, and since negative charges attract positive charges, acceptors, or holes, will flow towards the "junction"
. On the N-Type side, there is a positive charge, which results in the donors, or electrons, flowing towards the "junction." When they get there, they will be repelled by the negative charge on the other side of the junction, since alike charges repel. The same will happen on the P-Type side, the donors, or holes will be repelled by the positive area in the N type side. No electricity can flow between the two, since no electrons can move to the other side.
MOSFETs use this to their advantage. The "Body" of the MOSFET is powered negatively, which widens the depletion region, since the holes are filled with the new electrons, so the opposite force to the electrons on the N side becomes much larger. The "Source" of the MOSFET is powered negatively, which shrinks the depletion zone in the N type entirely, since there are enough electrons to fulfill the positive depletion zone. The "Drain" has a positive power. When the "Gate" is supplied with positive power, it will make a small electromagnetic field, which will remove the depletion zone directly below the gate, since there will be a "spray" of holes, which will make something called an "N-Channel". The N-Channel is a temporary region of the P-Type silicon area where there is no depletion zone. The positive electric field will neutralize all of the spare electrons that make up the depletion zone
. The electrons in the source area will then have a clear way to move to the "Drain", which would make electricity flow from source to drain.
References

Other websites 
 Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor Citizendium

Electronic components
The First Punic War started in 264 BC. It lasted for 23 years, ending in 241 BC. It was the first of three wars fought between ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic. They were rivals for trade and influence in the Mediterranean. For more than 20 years the two powers struggled for supremacy. Key areas were the island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also North Africa. Rome eventually won control of Sicily.

With the help of her own allies and rebels among the indigenous African allies of Carthage, Rome won the First Punic War after 23 years. In the end it became the dominant naval power of the Mediterranean. To get terms for peace, the Carthaginians had to pay a large amount of money (in silver), and give up a number of islands in the Mediterranean. They kept Sardinia and Corsica.

References 

3rd century BC
Punic Wars
Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
Scott Westerfeld (born May 5, 1963) is an American author of science fiction and young adult literature. One of his most famous book series was Uglies.

Books

Adults
Polymorph (1997)
Fine Prey (1998)
Evolution's Darling (2000)

Succession series 
 The Risen Empire (2003)
The Killing of Worlds (2003)
The two books were re-published in 2005 in one volume, also titled The Risen Empire.

Young adults 
So Yesterday (2004)
Afterworlds (2014)
Horizon (2017)

Midnighters trilogy
The Secret Hour (2004)
Touching Darkness (2005)
Blue Noon (2006)

Peeps series 
Peeps (2005) (also known as Parasite Positive in Britain and V-Virus or Peeps in Canada)
The Last Days (2006)

Uglies series
Uglies (2005)
Pretties (2005)
Specials (2006)
Extras (2007)
Impostors (2018)
Shatter City (2019)
Mirror's Edge (2021)
Youngbloods (2022)
Related works 
Bogus to Bubbly: An Insider's Guide to the World of Uglies (2008)
Graphic novel retellings from Shay's point of view:
Uglies: Shay's Story (with Devin Grayson and Steven Cummings) (2012)
Uglies: Cutters (with Devin Grayson and Steven Cummings) (2012)

Leviathan series (illustrated by Keith Thompson) 
Leviathan (October, 2009)
Behemoth (October, 2010)
Goliath (September, 2011)

Related works 
The Manual of Aeronautics (illustrated guide) (August, 2012)

Spill Zone graphic novel series (illustrated by Alex Puvilland) 
 Spill Zone (May, 2016)
 Spill Zone: The Broken Vow (July, 2019)

Related works 
 Spill Night (short story for Free Comic Book Day) (March 2017)

Zeroes trilogy (with Margo Lanagan and Deborah Biancotti)  
 Zeroes (2015)
 Swarm (2016)
 Nexus (2018)

References

Other websites

1963 births
Living people
Writers from Dallas
Partial differential equations (abbreviated as PDEs) are a kind of mathematical equation. They are related to partial derivatives, in that obtaining an antiderivative of a partial derivative involves integration of partial differential equations.

Numerical methods

Since PDEs have appeared in mathematics and physics, many scientists have studied methods to solve them. But unfortunately, no one could establish methods to solve any kind of PDE. Therefore, numerical methods for PDEs (such as the finite element method) are widely studied since the appearance of computers.

Related pages
Differential equation
Functional analysis
Ordinary differential equation
Navier–Stokes equations

People who studied about partial differential equations

 Kyuya Masuda
 Peter Lax
 Ryogo Hirota
 Shinichi Oishi
 Sofya Kovalevskaya
 Terence Tao
Literature
 Partial Differential Equations (Graduate Studies in Mathematics) Lawrence C. Evans, American Mathematical Society, 2010/04/.
 Egorov, Y. V., & Shubin, M. A. (2013). Foundations of the classical theory of partial differential equations. Springer Science & Business Media.
 Olver, P. J., Introduction to partial differential equations. Berlin: Springer.
 Partial Differential Equations I-III (Applied Mathematical Sciences) Michael Taylor, Springer.

References
Trade paperbacks, or "trades" as they are commonly called, are collections of comic books that are usually bound in a better format than the comic magazines, using the same materials and methods as printed books. They are generally sold in bookstores and specialty comic book shops rather than at newsstands. 

Unlike graphic novels, the material in a trade paperback is reprinted from comic magazines that were released in the standard 32-page format. Unlike comic books, which only tell one small part of a story, trade paperbacks usually collect a complete story, story arc, or a large part of a story. They usually reprint the material from 4 to 12 comic books, depending on the size of the trade and the story being collected.

Some famous examples of trade paperbacks:
 Watchmen
 V for Vendetta
 Batman: Year One

Comics
Mathematical induction is a special way of proving a mathematical truth. It can be used to prove that something is true for all the natural numbers (or all positive numbers from a point onwards). The idea is that if:

 Something is true for the first case (base case); 
 Whenever that same thing is true for a case, it will be true for the next case (inductive case),

then
 That same thing is true for every case by induction.

In the careful language of mathematics, a proof by induction often proceeds as follows:
 State that the proof will be by induction over . ( is the induction variable.)
 Show that the statement is true when  is 1.
 Assume that the statement is true for any natural number . (This is called the induction step.)
 Show then that the statement is true for the next number, .

Because it is true for 1, then it is true for 1+1 (=2, by the induction step), then it is true for 2+1 (=3), then it is true for 3+1 (=4), and so on.

Examples of proof by induction

Sum of the first n natural numbers
Prove that for all natural numbers n:

Proof:

First, the statement can be written as:

    (for all natural numbers n)

By induction on n,

First, for n=1:
,

so this is true.

Next, assume that for some n=n0 the statement is true. That is,:

Then for n=n0+1:

can be rewritten as

Since 

Hence the proof is complete by induction.

The sum of the interior angles of a polygon
Mathematical induction is often stated with the starting value 0 (rather than 1). In fact, it will work just as well with a variety of starting values. Here is an example when the starting value is 3: "The sum of the interior angles of a -sided polygon is  degrees."

The initial starting value is 3, and the interior angles of a triangle is  degrees. 
Assume that the interior angles of a -sided polygon is  degrees. Add on a triangle which makes the figure a -sided polygon, and that increases the count of the angles by 180 degrees  degrees. Since both the base case and the inductive case are handled, the proof is now complete.
There are a great many mathematical objects for which proofs by mathematical induction works. The technical term is a well-ordered set.

Inductive definition

The same idea can work to define a set of objects, as well as to prove statements about that set of objects.

For example, we can define th degree cousin as follows:
A st degree cousin is the child of a parent's sibling.
A st degree cousin is the child of a parent's th degree cousin.

There is a set of axioms for the arithmetic of the natural numbers which is based on mathematical induction. This is called "Peano's Axioms". The undefined symbols are | and =.
The axioms are
| is a natural number.
 If  is a natural number, then  is a natural number.
If  then .

One can then define the operations of addition and multiplication and so on by mathematical induction. For example:

Related pages 
 Mathematical proof
 Proof by contradiction

References 

Mathematics
Hossein Sadjadi Ghaemmaghami Farahani (, better known by his pen name Kader Abdolah () (Arak, 12 November 1954), is a Dutch author who was born in Iran.

Kader Abdolah was born Hossein Sadjadi Ghaemmaghami Farahani () in Arak, Iran. Since 1988 he has been living in the Netherlands.

His books are often written in Dutch.  He adds ideas from Persian literature.  He wrote "De reis van de lege flessen", "The journey of the empty bottles".  The book is about an Iranian who goes to live in the Netherlands.  "The House of the Mosque" was voted second best Dutch novel ever in Holland. "My Father's Notebook: A Novel of Iran" and "The House of the Mosque" are available in English.

Honours and awards
 Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion
 Knight in the French Order of Arts and Literature

References

Other websites

1954 births
Living people
Naturalised citizens of the Netherlands
Dutch columnists
Dutch novelists
Pseudonyms
Polymerization or polymerisation is the process in which small molecules, called monomers, join chemically to produce a very large chain-like or network molecules, called a polymer. The monomer molecules may all be alike, or they may represent two, three, or more different compounds. Usually at least 100 monomer molecules must be combined to make a product that has certain unique physical properties—such as elasticity, high tensile strength, or the ability to form fibres—that differentiate polymers from substances composed of smaller and simpler molecules. Often, many thousands of monomer units are incorporated in a single molecule of a polymer. The formation of stable covalent chemical bonds between the monomers sets polymerization apart from other processes, such as crystallization, in which large numbers of molecules aggregate under the influence of weak intermolecular forces.
Uses of polymers: Polyethene- it is a cheap and useful plastic used for plastic bags and bottles, it is also very flexible and quite strong.

Polymer chemistry
Final Crisis is was a seven issue miniseries published by DC Comics from May 2008 to January 2009 written by Grant Morrison and drawn by JG Jones, Carlos Pacheco and Doug Mahnke.

In Final Crisis, the bad guys win. But after some fighting, Superman deep freezes the Earth's population. After he defeats a vampire god called the Dark Monitor, he brings the world back with his imagination.

DC Comics
This article is about the town. For the band with the same name, see Portishead (band).

Portishead is a town near the sea in North Somerset, England, where about 21000 people live (Local council update July 24, 2007).

Portishead has had a history since Roman times. Its name comes from the words ‘port at the head of the river’.  The town was built on the mouth of a small river; the main road in the town once met the water at the top of the river.

Lots of buildings in the town are of a Victorian style.

Portishead's dock and railway lines

Portishead dock

In the 1860s, in the middle of the iron and steel era, a pier and a dock were built for the big boats that could not easily get to Bristol Harbour. The ships brought in expensive items from around the world and took items made in the town to other countries. Many ships carried coal.

In the 1880s Portishead Dock was bought by Bristol Corporation, and was managed as part of the Port of Bristol until it closed.
Portishead power stations
The Portishead power stations were coal power stations built near the dock. The first power station was built in 1926. It began making electricity in 1929 for the Bristol Corporation. The power station was made bigger in 1948.

A 2nd power station was started in 1949 and began making electricity in 1955.

After 1949, the power stations became part of the country's electricity industry. They used some local coal produced in the Somerset coalfield which was moved by train along the Portishead Railway. The line had opened on 12 April 1867 as the Bristol and Portishead Pier and Railway Company; it opened to the dock on 5 July 1879.

The 1st power station closed in 1976, and the 2nd closed in 1982. The dock was closed in 1992.
Railway stations
Portishead had two train stations for people who lived in the town. The main station was near the centre of Portishead, and the other was at the Pier. The construction of the 2nd power station caused the 1st train station to be removed and another station was opened in the main street of the town on 2 January 1954. The new station closed on 7 September 1964. People who live in Portishead now want the train station to be opened again.

References

Further reading
 Awdry, Christopher, (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. London: Guild Publishing.
 Crowhurst, Ken, (2001). Images of England: Portishead, Stroud: Tempus Publishing. .
 Smith, Martin, (1992).  The Railways of Bristol & Somerset, Sherton: Ian Allan Ltd. .
 Winter, Michael T., (2005). The Portishead Coal Boats: A History of Osborn & Wallis Ltd, Bristol. Lydney: Black Dwarf Publications. .

Other websites

 
 Weston, Clevedon & Portishead Railway
 Portishead and Bristol Lifeboat 
 Photos of Portishead in 3d (Anaglyphs)
Okashina Okashi - Strange Candy is a webcomic drawn by Emily Snodgrass (Emi-chan) and written by Allison Brownlow (Tanzy),  Karen Olympia (Kourin), and J. Baird (Xuanwu).  It started in 2001, with Brownlow as its first writer and Olympia added to the team in October 2001. Snodgrass has appeared at conventions (large groups of people with a common interest), speaking as an amateur artist answering questions from an audience. Snodgrass is an amateur artist who does not earn a living from her online comic.

Okashina Okashi is hosted on Comic Genesis, a free online provider of webcomics.  Baird used his comics while teaching for Hess Educational Organization, an English education business in the Republic of China and Singapore. He used Okashina Okashi in the Create a Comic Project when he volunteered to teach a free after-school youth literacy library event in New Haven, CT.
In August 2007, Emi-chan added a new comic set in the Beauty Man Garden, a chain of restaurants featured prominently throughout Okashina Okashi. The new comic is called Mini BMG.

Story

A group of people who don't know each other are sucked into a different universe called UberTokyo. They must try to find a way home by using "plotholes" (holes in the air) to move between worlds. Each world is a parody of a kind of anime and manga, such as sports, sentai, and fantasy. The stories from beginning to present are:
The Beginning - The main cast is seen and must look around the world of UberTokyo.
Bikini Amazons - A parody of "warrior women" anime, such as Dirty Pair.
Shōjo High School - A parody of high school based shōjo dramas, such as Fushigi Yuugi and the works of Clamp. This is when Takeshi is introduced.
Pr0n Shop - The cast arrive in UberTokyo's red-light district and get jobs at a Pr0n Shop run by Takeshi's brother. Nyarr-chan and Ecchibi are introduced.
Galactic Sentai Adventure - The group is split up between two fighting space groups, the Hornwing Alliance and the Tokyoto Empire. One group learns to drive Tokyoto's giant robot while the others join the "Miss Wingmay" competition. This parodies space shows such as Voltron and Macross. In the end, Ho-chan and Daisuke end up separated from the others.
Sportsland - The cast are drawn into the world of Cutthroat Co-Ed Croquet. This parodies many sports and non-sports anime, such as Attack No. 1 and Jubei-chan: The Ninja Girl. It was during this arc that the current writer, Xuanwu, began.
The Convention - A parody of both anime conventions and role-playing games, such as World of Warcraft and Final Fantasy. Yamichi joins the main cast.
In addition to these stories, there are many smaller stories. The longest small story has Kerisu, an evil overlord, who needs new servants and wants the main cast to replace them. Ho-chan and Daisuke, who were left behind in the sentai adventure world, have been seen again a number of times for their own small story. A third small story has Professor Li and his assistant Terra.

The comic features a large number of references to many anime and video games, such as Neon Genesis Evangelion, Revolutionary Girl Utena, and Guilty Gear. It also uses male homoeroticism as fanservice. One of its important male characters, Eeichi, is bisexual. Another male character, Takeshi, frequently cross dresses. Two less important female characters, Jen Puni and Zuga Ma, are hinted to be lesbians.

Cast
Cast

Ellie James, aka Eri-chan - One of two main characters of the comic, Eri-chan is 16 years old and from a high school in America. She came to Japan for 14-weeks to study away from home, living with Keiko. She knows very well many anime and manga and often refers to examples or metaphors from uncommonly known shows and books. Her favorite part of anime is pretty boys (aka bishounen), making her a fan of the Beauty Man Garden. Her nickname, Eri-chan, was given to her by Keiko. First appearance: OO #1.

Keiko Hasegawa - Keiko and Eri-chan are the main characters of the comic. She first met Eri-chan when the Eri-chan came to Japan to study away from home. Keiko is the mature one of the group: she does not often allow herself to see things that aren't there and tends to be very controlled. She is also the one to talk about how hard to believe some events are. Her love with Takeshi ended badly, showing a more unkind side to her. First appearance: OO #1.
Petra - Petra is the most violent member of the group and has access to hammer space and its many weapons. While intelligent, she usually has a "wait and see" attitude, being calm during the travels. She seems to have made a friends with Lycidia and had a platonic (non-sexual) relationship with Lymaran, who shared her love of destruction. She doesn't like pretty things, though she romantic sometimes, as she was a sexual partner with Hammon. First appearance: OO #2.

Lycidia - Lycidia is the party's "evil very intelligent person." Her goal is to rule the world, using her large amounts of money and skill of intrigue. Daisuke became her first loyal servant, though she is still looking for more things to own. She is the most sarcastic of the group. First appearance: OO #4.
Eeichi Shinohara - Eeichi is a very perverted male. A singer and songwriter before joining the group, he has used a guitar a lot and some other music instruments. Eeichi's thoughts during the adventures has been to thinking about having "relations" (sex) with pretty people he meets - with different results. He was most often seen with Hoshiki, as they were both alike. First appearance: OO #3.

Hoshiko Yamano, aka Ho-chan - The most perverted female in the comic. She can even think of situations that make Eeichi blush and is well known for making lists of many events. She became queen of an entire galactic nation and used her power to promote clothes that don't cover a lot of skin for pretty boys. Her sexual events have been with guys and she does not like women. First appearance: OO #3. Where the name "Ho-chan" is from: OO #54.
Daisuke Dohmoto - Daisuke, 17, is the odd person who first brings the main cast to UberTokyo. He did it to create his own harem. He is Lycidia's loyal servant and is now Ho-chan's court jester. In his family, only his father has been seen and it's there may be something more to him than what has been seen so far. First appearance: OO #5.

Takeshi Shirokane - Takeshi was (is?) Keiko's cross-dressing boyfriend. An important person in the kendo team, he also worked as a female pop idol for short moments in time. He first met Keiko and the others in a shoujo-style high school where he was Keiko's boyfriend until he betrayed (lied to) her by not arguing against rumors started by his fiance (person he was pledged to marry), Himeko. He is deeply in love with Keiko and chased after her through the universe. He even asked her to marry him, only to be told no in a strong way. His current place is not known. First appearance: OO #89.
Yamichi - Yamichi is the newest member of the main cast. Seen for a short time in the Sportsland story, he works for Professor Li as his helper, testing the professor's creations such as the Plothole Generator that allows a person to travel between worlds. He is also the number one guitar player for the male band Kaze. In a meeting with Eri-chan, the GURPS Rifts (Plothole) Generator was hurt, which made Yamichi lost and forced to look around many worlds to get home (a parody of Sliders). He was seen again in the RPG video game the cast was trapped in and joined them. Eri-chan has a strong dislike for him, which is a plan by her to try to create a "love triangle" with herself, Yamichi, and her true love, Ulrich. His art design is based on Junichi from Tsunami Channel.
Kerisu - Kerisu is the evil leader of UberTokyo and other places. His home has music that plays "OOM OOM OOM" to make it clear he's evil. His servants are Tim, Dom, Ed, and his pet Teneko. He also has a robot named Minami, who he had built to take the place of his fans (they left). His goal, though he seems to have forgotten it, is to have the female cast of OO become his new fans, a job he gave to Dom to perform. He is knows the "Advice for the Evil Overlord" list, so that he has a five-year old helper.

Loyal Minion Tim - Tim is the number one servant of Kerisu and is always next to him. He has wings, a polo shirt, and khakis. Tim may be the bets behaved member of the cast and is also the one who does many small jobs that he dislikes. He is made to do the jobs Kerisu says are too low for himself, be it having robots made, picking up cards, or burning villages in an online game. He gets paid, but was did not know until Kerisu said he would take money out of that pay.
Dom - Dom (the same Dom that is in Megatokyo) is one of Kerisu's servants. He has been given the job of finding the main cast to turn them into Kerisu's new fans, but has forgotten this job and is following the group from world to world. So far, he has gone through many things that make him feel bad, such as being made to cross dress, jello wrestling, and dressed as a sports mascot. He has a competition with Ed (who is also the same Ed from Megatokyo).

Teneko - Kerisu's pet cat(girl). She can turn into a cat or a catgirl by choice, though she is the same in both bodies. Teneko is playful and curious, and somewhat perverted. She loves Kerisu very much, and gets jealous if he looks at other people. Teneko hates Minami, Kerisu's robot. Teneko is also the "mascot" of the comic, as her face appears on several pictures.
Minami - The first of many "Combat Bondage Elf Schoolgirl Android Maid with Glasses" robots that Ty creates for Lord Kerisu. She works as one of Kerisu's fans. She has many personalities, such as a "Uber-Obsequious Slave Girl mode," "Fangirl mode," and "Rei mode." She is also very good at karaoke. Teneko hates her for taking away the love of Lord Kerisu.

Professor Li - The number one mad scientist of the comic. He is has done many things in the comic. It's been said that he may have caused the main cast first coming to UberTokyo, how is not known. He has also caused the fall of a sports arena in the Sports Arc World and made the tentacle-bringing magical powers that Teneko used in to try and destroy Minami. Yamichi, who works as his helper, relates that Li is working on magical girls. His art design is based on a character made by Xuanwu in early 2001.

References on other web sites
Tang, the writer and artist of Tang's Weekly Comic as well as others, says OO is a comic he checks occasionally.
 OO has been talked about by many other webcomics, such as:
 And Shine Heaven Now
 The KAMics
 Magiversity 
 Mindmistress
 Sharing a Universe
 Sublunary
 Sunday Morning Coffee
 Two characters from OO, Professor Li and Kuro, were shown in the September 2008 cover art of ComixTalk.

References

Other websites
Okashina Okashi - Main site
Mini-BMG  - Main site of spin-off comic, Mini-BMG
OO on Comixpedia
Strange English #1

Webcomics
Science fiction
2001 establishments
Works about sexuality
Adverse possession is a rule in property law. This rule says that if property is not being used by its owner while another person is using the property, this other person (called an "adverse possessor") becomes the new owner of the property. To get these rights, the adverse possessor usually must use the property in the way a normal owner would do for a period of time, typically 20 years. In some jurisdictions, a form of adverse possession exists in which the adverse possessor ends up with sharing some rights to property with the owner, such as a right-of-way, instead of getting all the rights.

Property law
The Rule against Perpetuities is one of the most complicated rules in property law and wills and trusts.  In general, the rule states that a gift of a will (or a trust) will not be enforced if the subject of the gift is to be given to a person who can not be known now, and will not be able to be known, by the end of 21 years after the death of everyone who was alive (including children in their mother's uterus but not yet born) at the time the gift was created.  

For example, if a woman says in her will that her house is to be given "to the children of her children when they graduate from college" this would not be enforced by a court. It would not be enforced because one (or more) of her children's children might not graduate from college until 21 years after everyone who was alive at the time of the woman's death has died.
The purpose of the rule is to prevent property from being tied up for "perpetuity" (a very long time).  The courts (and many people in society) do not want to hold property to see who will receive it after a complicated set of rules from the gift-giver. First, this would result in a waste of the courts' time and resources. Second, it would be a waste of the property that is being given through the gift.  If a gift in a will violates the Rule against Perpetuities, the court will simply strike that gift and transfer the subject of the gift as if the will had not mentioned it.

However, many countries and states have changed this rule, and it does not apply at all, or in a changed way, in those countries and states.
Property law
A polypeptide is a string or linear chain of amino acids linked together. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins.  A single polypeptide chain might make up the entire primary structure of a simple protein; more complex proteins are formed when two or more polypeptides link together. Each protein is a polymer of amino acids.

Polypeptides are made when mRNA is translated, a process involving ribosomes, tRNA and amino acids.

References

Peptides
Amino acids
Solipsism ( ) is the view that a person has no reason to believe anything exists except their own mind. It is a theory that first appeared in ancient philosophy. It mainly means to reject or doubt that other people exist. "" and "" are the Latin words for "alone" and "self", which is where the word "solipsism" comes from. Some kinds of solipsism say that everything outside a person's own mind (including other people) is only imaginary. Other kinds of solipsism instead say that nothing outside a person's own mind is certain.

Denial of material existence, in itself, is not solipsism. Solipsism also rejects or doubts that other people exist. As an epistemological view, it is the concept that nothing but one's own mind can be certain to exist. The existence of other minds, in this view, is considered a possibility, but not certainty. And even time does not stop just because there would be nobody to experience it (which is probably going to happen in the end of the universe when there would be simply nothing)
Related pages 
 Egoism
 Idealism
 Nihilism

References 

Epistemology
Philosophical movements and positions
SS Nomadic is a steamship of the White Star Line, launched on 25 April 1911 in Belfast. She was built as a tender to the liners RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic, and is the last remaining boat built for the White Star Line still afloat.

History
The keel of Nomadic was laid down in the Harland and Wolff shipyards, Belfast in 1910 (yard number 422). She was launched on 25 April 1911 and delivered to the White Star Line on the 27 May. The ship was 67 meters (220 ft) long and 11.3 meters (37 ft) wide, with a gross tonnage of 1,273 tons. She had two three-bladed screws, propelling her to a maximum speed of 12 knots.

With her sister ship SS Traffic, Nomadic was used as a tender for Titanic and Olympic at Cherbourg in France. This meant she would ferry the passengers from Cherbourg to Titanic Olympic as they were too big to fit into the port at Cherbourg.
Nomadic was fitted with a luxurious interior and was used for the first and second class passengers, whilst Traffic served the third class travellers.
During World War I Nomadic saw service in carrying American troops at Brest (France).

In 1927, she was sold to Compagnie Cherbourghoise de Transbordement and then sold again to the Société Cherbourghoise de Remorquage et de Sauvetage in 1934. Then under the name Ingenieur Minard, she again served as troop ship in World War II.

After the war she continued tendering Cunard White Star (White Star Lines and Cunard merged in 1934) ships until November 1968. She then served RMS Queen Elizabeth for the last time.

In 1974, Nomadic was bought by a private individual and converted into a restaurant on the Seine in Paris, where she remained docked and semi-abandoned after the closure of the restaurant, until she was moved to the port of Le Havre in 2003.
Preservation of Nomadic
A public appeal for donations to return Nomadic to the Harland and Wolff shipyard for restoration was organised by Belfast Industrial Heritage (BIH), a non-profit organisation in Northern Ireland in collaboration with enthusiasts through the SaveNomadic.com Appeal.

On 26 January 2006, SS Nomadic was purchased at auction in Paris by the Department for Social Development, part of the Northern Ireland Office. She cost £171,320 (the reserve price being £165,000).

SS Nomadic left Le Havre to return to Belfast on 12 July, and arrived back close to where she was built on 18 July 2006. The vessel was welcomed back by the Social Development Minister David Hanson MP and the Deputy Lord Mayor of the City of Belfast, Councillor Ruth Patterson and a number of well wishers. The Nomadic arrived "piggy backed" on a marine transportation barge, which had been contracted from Anchor Marine Transportation Limited.
A study by Belfast City Council has estimated the cost of restoring Nomadic at £7 million. Belfast Harbour Commissioners have agreed to provide a temporary berth for the ship, and a charitable trust to co-ordinate fundraising for the restoration has been set up.
Now that the vessel is on the United Kingdom's National Register of Historic Vessels, the project should qualify for a National Lottery grant application, which should greatly enhance existing funds of £60,000 from a public appeal and £100,000 from Belfast City Council.

The Nomadic Appeal Public Website has now founded the Nomadic Preservation Society.

Location
On her return to Belfast, SS Nomadic was moored at Queen's Quay just outside the Odyssey Arena in Belfast and opened with a temporary exhibition. In late 2008 the ship was closed to the public and moved to Barnett's Dock for internal maintenance.  It is expected she will soon enter Hamilton Graving Dock for drydocking and complete restoration.
In January 2009, the company Frazer-Nash has been appointed to manage the Conservation Management Plan.  The level of restoration will then be decided.

It is planned that the restoration of SS Nomadic will be completed in time for the 100th anniversary of the sinking of Titanic in 2012.

References

Further reading
 Vanhoutte, Fabrice and Melia, Philippe (2004). Le S/S Nomadic: Petit frère du Titanic. Cherbourg: Editions Isoète.

Other websites
Other websites

 Nomadic Preservation Society 
 Nomadic Charitable Trust
 SS Nomadic Forum, Run by The Nomadic Preservation Society 
 SS Nomadic History
  SS Nomadic and her sister ship, SS Traffic 
 Maritime Matters - Nomadic 
 National Register of Historic Vessels 
 BBC News - "Titanic link ship set for Belfast"
 Anchor Marine Transportation Limited 
 Pictures of the Nomadic 
 Department for Social Development 
 Nomadic in 2000 - photo from 2000 with brief description
  Nomadic Home at Atlantic Liners
 French Titanic Society - Association Française du Titanic
 - The French book by P. Melia & F. Vanhoutte 

Ships of the White Star Line
A dipstick is a tool which can be dipped into liquid to measure how much of it there is, or to test it for things.

Testing dipstick 
A testing dipstick is usually made of paper or cardboard. It contains substances which change colour when something is found in a liquid.

Measuring dipstick 

 
Measuring dipsticks show the amount of liquid in a container. These containers are usually hard to access. Measuring dipsticks are used by inserting and removing the stick and then checking how much of the stick is covered by the liquid. The oil level dipstick is an example of a measuring dipstick found on most internal combustion engines.

Tools
An elliptic curve is a curve of degree 3 that can be described using the following formula:

,

where  and  are integers.

Algebraic geometry
Number theory
Abstract algebra
The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, also called the Stealth Bomber, is an American strategic bomber. It has a lot of stealth technology, and it is designed to get through many anti-aircraft defenses. It can drop both conventional and nuclear weapons. Two people fly the bomber, and it can drop up to 80 -class JDAM GPS-guided bombs, or sixteen  B83 nuclear bombs. 

The bomber began being designed as the "Advanced Technology Bomber" (ATB) during the Carter administration. The designing of the ATB continued during the Reagan administration. The bomber was designed and is made by Northrop Grumman, with help from Boeing. Each aircraft cost US$737 million (in 1997 dollars).
Because the bomber is very expensive, the project was controversial in the U.S. Congress. The end of the Cold War meant that the bomber was not really needed anymore. Congress wanted to buy 132 bombers, but during the late 1980s and 1990s, Congress reduced this to 21. In 2008, a B-2 was destroyed in a crash shortly after takeoff. The crew got out safely. 20 B-2s are being used by the United States Air Force. 

Although the B-2 was supposed to be a mainly nuclear bomber, it was first used in combat to drop normal bombs on Serbia during the Kosovo War in 1999. It was used during the Iraq War and it was used in the war in Afghanistan.

In 2023, it landed for the first time on the European mainland; The plane is expected to leave Norway after training with air forces in Europe.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 B-2 Spirit fact sheet and gallery on U.S. Air Force site 
 B-2 Spirit page on Northrop Grumman site 
 B-2 Spirit Stealth bomber on airforce-technology.com
 B-2 Stealth Bomber article on How It Works Daily
 B-2 Spirit page at GlobalSecurity.org

United States Air Force aircraft
Diapause is a delay in development which has evolved in response to regular periods of adverse environmental conditions.

It is a physiological state with very specific conditions. Diapause is a mechanism used as a means to survive predictable, unfavourable environmental conditions, such as temperature extremes, drought or reduced food availability. It is most often observed in arthropods, especially insects, and in the embryos of many of the oviparous species of fish in the order Cyprinodontiformes.

Not only is diapause started by specific stimuli or conditions, but once it is started, only certain other stimuli are capable of bringing the organism out of diapause. This distinguishes diapause from other forms of dormancy such as hibernation.
Activity levels of diapausing stages can vary considerably among species. Diapause may occur in a completely immobile stage, such as the pupae and eggs, or it may occur in very active stages that undergo extensive migrations, such as the adult Monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. In cases where the insect remains active, feeding is reduced and reproductive development is slowed or halted.

References 

Physiology
An electric field is a vector field that shows the direction that a positively charged particle will move when placed in the field. More precisely, if a particle has an electric charge  and is in an electric field , the electric force the charge will feel is . Electric fields are produced around objects that have electrical charge, or by a magnetic field that changes with time. Electric field lines are used to represent the influence of electric field.  The idea of an electric field was first made by Michael Faraday.

Electric fields are caused by electric charges, described by Gauss's law, or varying magnetic fields, described by Faraday's law of induction.  The equations of both fields are coupled and together form Maxwell's equations that describe both fields as a function of charges and currents.

References 

Electromagnetism
Audiobooks or "talking books" are books that have been read aloud by someone and recorded. Nowadays, they are usually recorded onto compact discs (CDs), although some older editions remain on cassette tapes. (This is why many texts in this format were first called books-on-tape.) More recently, audiobooks have been available to download from the internet (free or paid-for) and pre-recorded on special MP3 players.

While audiobooks can be used by anyone, they serve as a main resource for people who are blind or cannot see well.

Many popular books are often chosen to be turned into audiobooks. The original author may or may not be involved in choosing the narrator for the reading. Some authors often use the same reader for many books, so that their audiobooks have a similar sound or style.

References

Disability
Books
The power spectrum of a signal is the power or more simply the energy of the signal at each frequency that it contains. It can also be considered as the range or spectra of energy or power of the given signal derived from the signals' range of frequencies. For example, white noise, which contains all frequencies at the same power, has a flat power spectrum. The power spectrum of the sound of the bottom key on a piano would have a high value at the frequency corresponding to its note, and low values elsewhere.

Electronics
The Slovak Wikipedia (In Slovak: Slovenská Wikipédia) is the Slovak-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition began in October 2003.

As of October 2015, it is the 37th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.

It has over 120,000 articles.

References

Other websites 

 Slovak Wikipedia main page

Wikipedias
A potato gun or Potato cannon is a type of cannon that uses combustion or air pressure to fire a projectile. They are called potato guns because potatoes are a commonly used projectile.

There are two main types of potato guns. Combustion guns use a flammable fuel and igniter to move an object. Another type uses compressed air. Potato guns are usually built of PVC or ABS (a type of plastic) piping. If using air to power your potato cannon you need around 50 to 70 psi to shoot a potato.

Combustion potato guns
Parts
Combustion potato guns have 4 parts. These are the barrel, combustion chamber, a cap, and an igniter.
Barrel: The barrel is the part of the gun which the projectile is fired from. It is usually a smaller diameter than the combustion chamber.
Combustion chamber: This is the part where the fuel is put. The igniter is also in the combustion chamber.
Igniter - A device which set the flammable fuel on fire. Electric grill igniters and magnesium latern lighters are often used. This could be called a trigger.
Cap - The cap is connected to the combustion chamber. It is removed to add fuel and replaced when the gun is fired.
Operation
the operator will put a projectile into the barrel. A ramrod is often used to push it all the way down to the end of the barrel. The projectile must fit tightly into the barrel so that the pressure of the expoding fuel is strong enough to move it. This is why potatoes are often used. With a large potato, the unneeded part of potato would be cut off when the potato is forced into the barrel. This creates a projectile that is almost the exact size as the inside of the barrel.
The cap is removed and a flammable fuel is put in the combustion chamber. Aerosol hairspray is a popular fuel because it ignites easily. Once fuel is added, the cap is replaced.
The cannon is pointed at its target and the igniter triggered. This causes the fuel to burn. The rapidly expanding gasses force the projectile out of the end of the barrel.

A potato cannon can move a 2" diameter potato projectile over 100 yards at a speed of 40 mph. This makes potato guns dangerous.

Air powered potato guns
Parts
 A source of compressed air (such as air compressor) 
 Barrel: 
 Air reservoir - This is where compressed air is held before being released. It serves the same job as the combustion chamber in the other version.
Release - a type of valve. It is placed between the air reservoir and the barrel. This could be called a trigger.

Operation
the operator will put a projectile into the barrel. A ramrod is often used to push it all the way down to the end of the barrel. The projectile must fit tightly into the barrel so that the pressure of the air is strong enough to move it.
The air reservoir is filled by connecting it to a compressed air source. The release be closed at this time.
the cannon is aimed and the release is pulled. This causes the compressed air to rush into the barrel. The high pressure forces the projectile out of the end of the barrel.
A air powered potato cannon is much stronger than a combustion cannon. A combustion potato gun will launch projectiles at a pressure of about 10-20 psi. Air powered guns often use pressures over 100 psi.

Other websites 
Instructables.com 
Howstuffworks.com

Weapons
A parsec is a unit of distance used in astronomy. It is the distance that light travels in 3.26 years, or just under 31 trillion kilometres (about 19 trillion miles). 

This is from the definition: a parsec is the distance from the Sun to an object which has a parallax angle of one arcsecond. The technique used in the calculation is trigonometry. 

It takes 3.26 years for the light to come from a parsec away.

Astronomical distances
Units of length
A deterministic algorithm is a computer science term. Functions are deterministic when if you never change what you give it (the input), that what you get out (the output) never changes either; and you can do this as many times as you want.

Algorithms
Puget Sound is a sound in Western Washington State. It is a large area of salt water that is partially cut off from the rest of the Pacific Ocean. Many of Washington's cities, like Seattle and Tacoma are next to the sound. Many boats travel on the sound. Some of the boats are Ferries which take people from the main part of Washington to the islands in the sound. Many boats come from across the ocean from places like Japan, and China to trade in Washington.

References

Geography of Seattle
Bodies of water of the United States
The Legacy of Heorot is a science fiction novel written in 1987 by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle and Steven Barnes.

This is the first book in the Heorot series. It is about a human space colony at the star Tau Ceti.

Plot Summary 

Hundreds of years in the future, people travel to the star Tau Ceti. It takes 100 years to fly there. To live that long the people go to sleep and freeze each other. When they get there they unfreeze, but some people do not wake up. Some people wake up but are not as smart as they were.

They land on the fourth planet from the sun and build a town on a big island. Everything is peaceful until they are attacked by a large animal. The animal is like a cross between a frog and an alligator. It is big but also very fast and smart. They call it a Grendel. The Grendel kills several people but then it is killed.