Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Kickboxing is a descriptive term for martial arts that, while similar to boxing, use the feet just like the hands to hit. Kickboxing can be practiced for general health, or as the fight sport. The word kickboxing represents a set of disciplines or sports of combat that use the feet and the fists. Especially, kickboxing is one of the disciplines of Boxe pieds-poings which was developed at first by the Japaneses and afterwards by the North Americans. There are different kinds of kick boxing, most popular form is one where kicks are allowed towards head & torso only.

In the middle of the years 1960, the Japanese Kurosaki, who trained in Kyokushinkai Karate, travelled to Thailand discovering Thai boxing. In his returning to the Japan decided to combine his techniques of karate with that of Thai boxing, removing elbow strikes (the Americans also removed knee strikes), so a new sport called "kickboxing" was born.
Among the non-Japaneses that gained more successes, a special consideration should be given to Frenchman Christian Guillaume who in 1969 gained four victories and two draws; and American Benny "The Jet" Urquidez who in 1977 defeated Tatsuyuki Suzuki in four rounds. 

In 1973 Urquidez and Howard Hanson created the W.K.A. (World Karate Association), changing years after the "K" de karate for that of Kick-Boxing. 

The more known champions are Rob Kaman, Benny Urquidez, Dennis Alexio, Ernesto Hoost, and Marek Piotrowski.

Rules 
The punches and kicks are permitted for above the waist, the sweepings and the low kicks (kicks to the thigh) also are permitted. 

The "amateur" combats take place in three rounds, and the professional ones last five rounds; 10 in championships of Europe and 12 in the championships of the world, with a one-minute half-time (break) between rounds. 

The kicks to the thigh (low kick) usually decide about the difference in the combats.
Equipment 
Pants (long or short), boxing gloves and protectors for the teeth and for the genitals; in the female combats, women should also wear protector of chest and boots (not required in the professional combats).

Other websites 
 World association of all styles Kickboxing Organizations (W.A.S.K.O.) 
 The World Kickboxing & Karate Association (W.K.A.)- Prof & Amateur Kickboxing 
 International Sports Kickboxing Association (I.S.K.A)- Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
 International Kickboxing Federation (IKF) - Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
 International Kickboaxing Board of Control (IKBC)
 World Kickboxing Network (W.K.N.) 
 World Kickboxing Union (W.K.U.) 
 World Kickboxing Federation (W.K.F.)
 World Federation of Kickboxing (WFK) 
 World International kickboxing league (I.K.L.) 
 Professional Kickboxing Association (P.K.A) 
 Muay Thai Kickboxing (M.T.K) 
 Kickboxing Guide (Premier)
Robert Józef Kubica (born 7 December 1984 in Krakow) is a Polish racing driver.

On 1 December 2005, Kubica got to test in Formula One for the Renault F1 Team. After the test, he was hired by the BMW Sauber F1 team as the test and reserve driver for the 2006 F1 season. 

Robert Kubica got the chance to race in the Hungarian Grand Prix replacing the departing Jacques Villeneuve for the remainder of the 2006 season. On 10 September 2006 he drove to an impressive third place and became the first Polish driver on the podium in Formula 1. This led to Kubica getting a full-time drive for the BMW outfit in 2007.

In 2008 Kubica has good season. He took the first pole position for BMW Sauber. At the Canadian Grand Prix Kubica won after a long fight with teammate Nick Heidfeld. It was first win in the race for BMW.

After BMW announced they were leaving Formula 1 in 2009, Kubica joined the French team Renault F1.

2011
2011 

On February 6, 2011, Kubica was in a bad crash while competing in a rally race. He was driving a Škoda Auto in the Ronde di Andora. His car ran off the road and crashed at high speed into a wall. He was removed from the car, and air-lifted to hospital by helicopter. His co-driver, Jacub Gerber, was unhurt. Gerber was able to get out of the wrecked car.

Kubica's condition was reported to be serious. Reports say that he has several fractures to his right arm, leg and hand. It was reported that his hand was crushed. Doctors are trying repair the damage to his hand.

On February 6, Kubica had seven hours of surgery to repair his injures. Lotus Renault GP has reported that he is doing better and his recovery encouraging. He was able to talk to his doctors and family. Kubica "is ready to fight for his comeback." He will need several more surgeries to repair the damage. He will also need to stay in the hospital for about three weeks.
Renault announced that Nick Heidfeld will replace Kubica starting at the test in Barcelona. Eleven weeks after his accident, Kubica was released from the hospital. He plans a short rest at his home before starting the rehabilitation treatment. He is optimistic about his progress.

Racing record

Career summary 

 Season in progress.
 As Kubica was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.

Complete Formula Renault 2000 Eurocup results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

Complete Formula Three Euroseries results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

* Season still in progress.
 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Kraków
Formula One drivers
Formula One current
Bietigheim-Bissingen (German pronunciation: [ˌbiːtikʰhaim ˈbisiŋən]) is a city in the northern centre of Baden-Württemberg in Germany, about  north of Stuttgart and  south of Heilbronn. It is the second biggest city in the district of Ludwigsburg; only Ludwigsburg City is bigger.

Twin towns 
Bietigheim-Bissingen is twinned with:
  Kusatsu, Japan, since 1962
  Sucy-en-Brie, France, since 1967
  Surrey Heath, United Kingdom, since 1971
  Szekszárd, Hungary, since 1989
  Overland Park, USA, since 1999

References

Other websites
Grady Sizemore III (born August 2, 1982) is a retired American baseball player. He played for four Major League Baseball teams: the Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, Philadelphia Phillies, and Tampa Bay Rays. He was a center fielder.

Sizemore graduated from Cascade High School in Everett, Washington in 2000. A notable high school star in football, basketball, and baseball, Sizemore signed a letter of intent to play football and baseball at the University of Washington. At the time of his high school graduation, Sizemore was the Cascade all-time leader in rushing yards with 3,081 yards and interceptions with 16.

Sizemore did not play for the college because the Expos selected Sizemore in the 3rd round of the 2000 Draft. The team offered him a $2 million signing bonus for him not to play for the college. Sizemore signed and almost immediately began his quick climb to the big leagues. 

In 2002, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians by the Montreal Expos.
In 2006, Sizemore was selected to his first All-Star Game as a reserve outfielder.

Sizemore currently resides in Mill Creek, Washington and Tempe, Arizona.

Other websites 

 

1982 births
Living people
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Seattle
Tempe, Arizona
Boston Red Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Joachim Sauer (born 19 April 1949) is a German professor of physical and theoretical chemistry. He was born in Hosena, Brandenburg. Sauer has two sons by his first wife. He married Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel on 30 December 1998.

1949 births
Living people
East German people
German academics
German chemists
People from Brandenburg
Everett is a city in the American state of Washington.  It is the county seat of Snohomish County. 103,019 people live there.

The city is where Boeing builds many of its airplanes, like the Boeing 747 and Boeing 787. It is also where the United States Navy has a base called Naval Station Everett.

Other websites 
 City website

County seats in Washington (state)
Tempe is an American city in the central part of the southwestern state of Arizona. A spring training team plays baseball in Tempe in March. Grady Sizemore resides here when not playing baseball and traveling with his team. Tempe, Arizona is also home to Arizona State University and many businesses. It features attractions such as Tempe Town Lake and The Light Rail.

Tempe, Arizona
Hoyerswerda (Upper Sorbian: Wojerecy, Lower Sorbian: Wórjejce) is a city in the north of the Saxonian Upper Lusatia, lying  north east of Cottbus and  from Dresden, (Saxony). It is in the Sorbian settlement area. The city is one of the six centers of the Free State of Saxony and is a member of the Euroregion Neisse, a group which helps international trade and cooperation in the area.

History

First mention of Hoyerswerda
The first time Hoyerswerda was mentioned in a document was in 1268. In the year 1371 the emperor Karl IV. made it a market place. The people were allowed to choose their own council . This right was given to them by Baron von Duba. In the year 1705 the Elector of Saxony August the Strong gave Hoyerswerda to Katharina of Teschen. She was an important person in the small town. She helped the town to develop its trade and handicraft.

In 1759, during the Seven-Years War between Prussia and Saxony, there was a fight between Austrian and Prussian troops which is called: the Battle of Hoyerswerda.
The Prussian invaders
After the Congress of Vienna in the year 1815 Hoyerswerda was given to Prussia. In 1825 it became part of Selesia. In 1873 the railway came to Hoyerswerda – opening up access to other parts of the country. This brought economic prosperity. A large repair workshop was built. In 1912 the Sorbians formed an organization called "Domowina" in Hoyerswerda. In the year 1945 a lot of Hoyerswerda was destroyed because it was a military stronghold of the German army. The invading troops of the Red Army set parts of the city on fire.
In 1955 the brown coal industry developed close to the city. Today this industry is partly in Brandenburg. Houses were built here for the families of the people working in the industry. From 1957 the need of for housing increased even more. The first large blocks of flats were built. Altogether ten residential complexes were built creating housing for tens of thousands of people. In the year 1981 the number of inhabitants of the city reached its maximum of 71.124. At this time Hoyerswerda had the highest birth rate in the GDR. In 1990 the former Prussian province of Lower Saxony decided by popular vote to go over to the Free State Saxony.

After the GDR
In 1991 rioting took place in Hoyerswerda outside a hostel for foreign asylum-seekers. People used the word Ausländerfrei (foreigner-free). This word was voted the Unwort (politically incorrect word) of 1991.
Since the fall of the Iron Curtain many people have left the town. Since the number of inhabitants continued to decrease after 1999, many iron buildings were pulled down. From 1 January 2008 Hoyerswerda will no longer be able to rule itself as there will be changes to the administration of Saxony, and Hoyerswerda will become part of a district (Kreis) instead of being a kreisfreie Stadt.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Bautzen Rural District
Cities in Saxony
The Hamburger Sport-Verein (short HSV) is German Sportsclub from Hamburg and became known particularly by its football crews. The man crew of the HSV created it thereby as an only soccer association, 43 years long continuously in the Bundesliga to play and was always first-class since the establishment union in the year 1919 as only German association. The woman football crew Hamburg sports association plays likewise in the 1. Federal league. The football team is playing their homegames in the HSH Nordbank Arena.

The first ice hockey woman crew plays in the first federal league.

The first table tennis gentleman crew plays for many years in the second federal league.

Further kinds of sport of the association are Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Cricket, Golf, Gymnastics, Handball, Ice hockey, Roller hockey, Carats, Athletics, Rugby, swimming, tennis, Tournament dance and Volleyball.

The HSV is with 40.000 members the third biggest association of Germany.

League position

Former position
Former position 

Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Sport in Hamburg
1887 establishments in Europe
1880s establishments in Germany
Borussia Dortmund (BVB) is a German Sports club in Dortmund. It is most noted for its football team that plays in the Bundesliga. Dortmund is one of the most successful clubs in German football history.

Besides football, the club has handball and table tennis departments since the end of 2004, the club also has a fan section, which represents the interests of the team supporters. In the 2010/11 season the matches were visited by an average of 79.151 people. This means that 98,1 percent of the seats were sold.

The official name reads ball play association Borussia 1909 registered association Dortmund and frequently shortened with BVB or BVB 09. The club was the first German team to win an international title (1965 Cup Winners Cup against Liverpool FC) and also the first to win the newly installed UEFA Champions League (1997, final 3-1 win about Juventus).
Football 
The football (soccer) team plays their home games in the Signal Iduna Park (formerly Westfalen Stadion) in Dortmund. Borussia Dortmund competes in the highest German league, the Bundesliga.

League position

Former position

Players

Current squad

Out on loan

1997 UEFA Champions League Winning Squad

Manager history since the start of the German Bundesliga

Honors

Domestic
*German Champions:
Winners (8): 1955–56, 1956–57, 1962–63, 1994–95, 1995–96, 2001–02, 2010–11, 2011–12
Runners-up (4): 1948–49, 1960–61, 1965–66, 1991–92, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2015-16, 2018-19, 2019-20

 DFB-Pokal
Winners (2): 1964–65, 1988–89, 2011-12, 2016-17, 2020-21
Runners-up (2): 1962–63, 2007–08, 2013-2014, 2014-15, 2015-16

 DFB-Supercup/DFL-Supercup
Winners (3): 1989, 1995, 1996, 2013, 2014, 2019
Runners-up (1): 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2020, 2021

 DFB-Ligapokal
Runners-up (1): 2003

European

 UEFA Champions League
Winners (1): 1996–97
Runners-Up (1): 2012-13

 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
Winners (1): 1965–66
UEFA CupRunners-up (2): 1992–93, 2001–02

 UEFA Super CupRunners-up (1): 1997

Worldwide
 Intercontinental Cup'Winners (1)'': 1997

References

Other websites 

Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Dortmund
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
1909 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Germany
The Palace of Soviets (Russian: Dvorjez Sovjetov / Дворец Советов) was a building project planned by the government of the Soviet Union. A contest was held for the architectural design of the building from 1931 until 1933. Construction was started on the building in 1937, but was stopped in 1941 because of World War II. The building was going to be used as a administrative center and meeting place. It was to be built in Moscow near the Kremlin. The palace would have had a height of 415m. This would have made it the largest building of the world at that time.

The building was designed by the architect Boris Iofan. During its design, there were many changes to how it would look and to the location of the palace in Moscow.

1930s in the Soviet Union
Palaces in Russia
The Battle of the Somme took place in World War I. The battle began on 1 July 1916, and ended on 18 November 1916. The battle was named after the French River Somme where it was fought.

On the first day the British Army had 57,470 casualties, of whom 19,240 were killed. The French Army had 1,590 casualties and the German Army lost 10,000–12,000 men. The Allies planned to attack together, but the French were busy with the Battle of Verdun, so the main attackers were British. The cost of the battle, and the small gains, have been a source of grief and controversy in Britain. In German and French writing, the first day of the Battle of the Somme has been little more than a footnote to the mass losses of 1914–1915 and the Battle of Verdun.

During the battle of the Somme more than 1.5 million people either died, were wounded or went missing. This battle was the worst battle in WWI, especially from the point of view of Britain.
For five days the British fired shells at the German trenches to destroy them. At 7:30 am on 1 July the British generals ordered the British soldiers out of their trenches and to advance towards the German trenches. The German trenches were unusually deep, and the German soldiers were able to take the machine guns down during the bombardment, and bring them up afterwards.

Whole books have been written about this disaster, but it is still not clear why it happened. It is very clear, though, that the artillery barrage failed in its objective. Where enough German machine-gunners survived, supported by their artillery, the British attack failed, with many casualties. The effectiveness of the defensive weapons decided the result. In such an environment, a soldier with a bayonet was obsolete and infantry formations useless.

Weapons
Weapons

Poison gas 
The Germans used poisonous gases as weapons at first. (This is now called chemical warfare.) Germany first used chlorine gas. Death from chlorine gas was very painful, causing the victim to suffocate after suffering from burning pains in their chest. However, because of its green color and strong smell, chlorine gas was easy for the enemy to detect. It also blew back on the Germans when they used it. To protect themselves, they began to wear dampened material over their mouths and noses. Soldiers dampened this material with urine because it made these masks more effective. The British soldiers were given cotton pads and respirators.  

The Germans began to mix chlorine gas with a different gas, called phosgene. Phosgene gas is colorless, more deadly than chlorine, and smells like mouldy hay. A person does not get sick as soon as they inhale phosgene gas; it does not take effect until 24 hours later. Then the person’s lungs fill with fluid, which can cause them to drown.
Rifles (guns)
The soldiers in the trenches used rifles.  Most soldiers used was the bolt-action rifle, which could fire 15 rounds per minute and could kill a person as far as 1.4 kilometres away.  This rifle was invented in the United States by a Scottish man called James Paris Lee. The bolt-action rifle had a metal box where the cartridges were put on top of a spring.  As the bolt opened, the spring forced the cartridges up against a stop and the bolt pushed the top cartridge into the chamber as it closed.  After the rifle was fired, the opening of the bolt ejected the empty cartridge case and the return stroke loaded a fresh round.  The cases held 3, 5 or 29 cartridges each.

Machine guns
Both sides also used machine guns. These were so large that four men were needed to operate each one. They had to be put on a flat surface. They had the power of one rifle.
Larger field guns needed up to 12 men to operate them.  They fired shells which exploded when they hit. The machine guns were a major force for the Germans, who used them to their full effect as the British forces simply walked over no man's land straight into open gun fire. The British did not have access to many machine guns, which made their task even more difficult. The Germans were in a higher position than the British, which gave them the upper hand.
Tanks
The first tank was called 'Little Willie', and it had a crew of three men.  The maximum speed that it could travel was three mph and it was not able to cross the trenches.  The first tank battle, Flers-Courcelette named after the two villages that were the objectives for the attack, started on 15 September 1916.  Out of the 49 tanks that should have been there only 36 arrived.  This was the first time that tanks had been used in World War I, but because they were only armed lightly and the mechanics of them often went wrong they did not make a great impact.  However, casualties were low in the tank crews.
Mines
Mines are a way to blow up the enemy and really shock them. Anti-infantry land mines have been in use since the invention of gunpowder and were used in the defense of breaches of fortresses in the 18th and 19th century (the British assault on the breach at Badajoz suffered many casualties from mines).  However these were activated remotely by a defender lighting a very fast burning fuse at the appropriate moment.  The British used 11 mines on the first morning of the Battle of Somme to startle and damage the German front line.  The holes left by the mines were used by the Germans for machine guns afterwards. The soldiers that set the land mines were called sappers.

Trenches
There was a lot of disease in the trenches. The toilets in the trenches were mainly buckets and holes.  This made it easy for diseases to spread quickly. For example, many soldiers got dysentery, which causes bloody diarrhoea. The diarrhoea is severe and can make a person so dehydrated that they die.
The water supply in the trenches was not very good.  Soldiers collected rain water from the holes made by enemy shells. They added chloride of lime to purify this dirty water. However, the soldiers did not like the taste of the chloride of lime (which tasted a bit like modern swimming pool water).

The soldiers in the trenches suffered from lice. One man described them as "pale fawn in colour, and they left blotchy red bite marks all over the body.”  Another soldier said: 

"The things lay in the seams of trousers, in the deep furrows of long thick woolly pants, and seemed impregnable in their deep entrenchment. A lighted candle applied where they were thickest made them pop like Chinese crackers. After a session of this, my face would be covered with small blood spots from extra big fellows which had popped too vigorously."
Lice caused severe itching and also carried a disease called trench fever (pyrrexhia). The first symptoms were shooting pains in the legs. This was followed by a very high fever.  This disease did not kill the soldiers, but it did stop them from fighting.  It was very common. From 1915 to 1918, between one-fifth and one-third of all British troops who got sick had trench fever; about one-fifth of ill German and Austrian troops had the disease.

Another common problem was trench foot. This was another infection, caused by standing in wet conditions for a long time and not being able to dry out shoes and socks. Trench foot caused soldiers’ feet to go numb, then turn red or blue. It can cause gangrene, which sometimes requires the foot to be amputated.
Brigadier-General Frank Percy Crozier argued that “The fight against the condition known as trench-feet had been incessant [never-ending] and an uphill game."  The only way to get rid of trench foot was to dry the feet and change into dry socks several times a day. This was not possible in the trenches.
 
Mines and shells injured tens of thousands of soldiers on both sides. In many cases, soldiers were so badly injured that doctors had to amputate parts of their bodies.

Because there were so many corpses in the trenches, rats were a serious problem. The rats carried disease and ate the corpses of dead soldiers. They ate the eyes first, then burrowed into the corpse and ate the insides. One soldier, Harry Patch, claimed the rats in the trenches were as big as cats. Another said: “The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself!"
The area between the two sides was called No Man’s Land. It was very dangerous because there was lots of barbed wire and shell-holes. Also, no man’s land was usually a sea of mud.  The soldiers that “went over the top” (left the trenches to attack the enemy) were easy targets for machine gunners. On both the German and Allied sides, about 600,000 soldiers died in the battle.

The Prince of Wales
The Prince of Wales served on the Somme as a Staff Officer. He was genuinely disappointed not to be involved in the fighting. However, his service influenced the rest of his life as Prince of Wales and Edward VIII.

Today
Today, there are cemeteries, war memorials and museums on the battle site.

When farmers living near the battle site plow their fields, they often find remnants of barbed wire, bullets, shrapnel, and unexploded bombs. This is called "iron harvesting."

References 

1916 in France
Somme
Somme
Somme
Somme
Somme
Somme
Somme
Somme
Somme
Somme
Pas-de-Calais
Ravicherla is a village in Nuzvid Mandal, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is a peaceful village with about 1300 people living in it. Most of the people living here work on agriculture. The main crops are mango and paddi. This village has different religions including Hinduism, Christianity and Islam.

In recent times, youths in this village are very interested in Information techology (IT) and getting good education and income in this field. Its a great place to learn many things in life. No of people are settled in IT profession from this small village. There are MBA's, MCA's and B.tech minds which come from this village, mainly favouritism for Tekugu Desam Partty and Nandamuri fans especially for Junior NTR

Villages in Andhra Pradesh
San Marino is a residential town in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Its population is 12,513 as per the 2020 United States Census.

References
For the ballade as a musical (instrumental) form see ballade (musical form). 

A ballade is a medieval French verse or song which tells a story.  Like the rondeau and the virelai it was very popular in 14th and 15th century France.  All these three songs were originally dances.  Famous composers like Guillaume de Machaut wrote ballades.  

Ballade verses often had three stanzas which had the same metre and rhyme scheme, and the last line was often the same.  They might end with an envoi which meant that it was addressing a king or prince.  The great English poet Geoffrey Chaucer wrote ballades.

Musical forms
Poetry forms
This article is about the instrumental ballade that was popular in the 19th century.
For the medieval French ballade see Ballade.

A ballade is a piece of music, usually for piano. It has several tunes, and one can easily imagine that it is telling a story (a ballade is a medieval French song which tells a story).

The first composer who used the title “ballade” for his piano pieces was Frédéric Chopin. He wrote four ballades. They are quite free in form. Chopin does not tell us about any particular story he had in mind. Perhaps they are just musical stories. They are four of his finest works.

Later on other composers also wrote ballades: César Franck and Franz Liszt in particular. Johannes Brahms wrote ballades for piano which are quite like songs in their form. Edvard Grieg wrote a ballade which was based on a Norwegian song.

Gabriel Fauré wrote a ballade for piano and orchestra. Some composers wrote ballades for orchestra, but they are really like short symphonic poems.

Musical forms
RAF may refer to:
 Royal Air Force - Air force of the United Kingdom
 Red Army Faction
Westfalenstadion (German for "Westphalia Stadium"), officially known since November 2005 as Signal Iduna Park, is an association football stadium in Dortmund, Germany. With 80,708 spectator places, it is the largest football stadium in Germany, and is classified by UEFA as an "elite stadium", allowing it to host the finals of major club competitions. It is home to the German Bundesliga Team Borussia Dortmund, whose spectator set up a new European record there to million spectators (average approx. 76,500 per play) in the season 2003/2004 with 1,35. The stadium is south B 1 to the Strobelallee beside the stadium red ones earth and in the proximity that Westfalen resounding.

History 

The stadium was established between 1971 and 1974 for the soccer world championship with a spectator capacity by 54.000 spectators. The stadium with a friendship game between Borussia Dortmund and Schalke 04 (0 was opened: 3). To the season 1974/75 Borussia Dortmund of the stadium red one earth moved into the new arena.
The first federal league play, which was delivered in this stadium, found between VfL Bochum (during the new building of the Ruhr stadium in April here 1976 moved) and Schalke 04 instead of. The Borussia at this time still kickte in the regional league.

History Westfalenstadion

Change 

The stadium remained structurally almost unchanged to beginning of the 90's. In the 1992 was reequipped on the north grandstand being located present into seats, whereby the capacity was reduced to 42.800. Between 1995 and 1999 successively the grandstands were supplemented. One began with west and east grandstand at the long sides of the playing field, in which second stage of development became also north and south grandstand covered (capacity: 68.600).
2003/2004 the stadium corners were removed. As standing place grandstand the south grandstand seizes 25,000 spectators and is the largest thereby in Europe. With international plays seats can be used here. Altogether itself the capacity of the stadium amounted after the change to scarcely 83,000 spectators.
The south grandstand signal of the Iduna park
increase

The exterior of the north grandstand glassed, on the inside are catering trade ranges and the BVB museum. Remarkable structural characteristic are, bright the yellow steel girders led outside, which exceed far over daas roof and are visible from many points of the city.

A last stage of development for the preparation of the stadium on the football world cup 2006 took place in the summer break 2005. It took place the installation of an electronic entrance system, which revaluation of the places for handicapped ones, the change of the VIP ranges, the cabs and the sanitary mechanisms.
Due to the structural alteration measures of the grandstands 1,500 spectator places were omitted and the stadium offer still place for 81.264 spectators. The south grandstand of the stadium offers today 25,000 places. It is thereby the largest standing place grandstand of Europe.

Renaming 
On 1 December 2005 the Westfalenstadion was named in Signal Iduna Park. For the rights of the use of a name of the stadium Borussia Dortmund releases estimated 20 million euro with optimal sporty success. The contract over renaming between Borussia Dortmund and the signal Iduna group of insurance applies up to the season 2010/2011. The Dortmunder fan scene is divided opinion over this step, since he offers on the one hand the financial safety device, but on the other hand a tradition break represents.
The district agency city center west decided at the beginning of the year 2006 to call a road in stadium proximity at the Westfalenstadion. The association rated this decision as unsensibel opposite the sponsor, while many BVB fans and Dortmunder were pleased that the steeped in tradition name remained now with the road.

Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Dortmund
Football stadiums in Germany
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
Allianz Arena (; known as Fußball Arena München for UEFA competitions) is a football stadium in the north of Munich, Germany. Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 München and the Germany national football team use this stadium. The stadium offers 69,901 seats.

The stadium was used for the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final.

Construction 

The stadium took about 340 million Euros to make. The stadium was made with real grass. The architect was Herzog & de Meuron and ArupSport.

International tournament matches

2006 FIFA World Cup 
The stadium was one of the venues for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. However, due to sponsorship contracts, the arena was called FIFA World Cup Stadium Munich during the World Cup.

The following games were played at the stadium during the World Cup of 2006:

UEFA Euro 2020 
The stadium hosted three group stage matches and one quarter-finals match at the UEFA Euro 2020.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Official website of Allianz Arena Facts and Figures Section provides details like the amount of concrete used, composition of the facade, facade lighting etc.
 
 Seat Plan of the Allianz Arena
 Allianz Arena – video
 Allianz Arena Guide and Images

Buildings and structures in Munich
Football stadiums in Germany
Sport in Bavaria
Allianz
The Imtech Arena is a concert and sports arena in Hamburg, Germany. It is owned and used by the Hamburger SV football team. Many Hamburg residents still refer to the arena as the Volksparkstadion (Peoples Park Stadium), though AOL bought the naming rights for 30 million marks or 15.3 million euros in 2001. From July 2007 until July 2010 the name was HSH Nordbank Arena.

Museum 
The stadium houses a museum which presents the history of the Hamburger SV club.

The HSV museum is open daily from 10 am to 8 pm.

Other websites
Official site of the Imtech Arena
Pictures of the Imtech Arena 

Buildings and structures in Hamburg
Football stadiums in Germany
Sport in Hamburg
The Veltins-Arena (between 2001 and 2005 Arena AufSchalke) in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, is the stadium of the German member of the soccer federal league FC Schalke 04. The Veltins arena is one of the most modern stages of the world and possesses since June 2015 a capacity of 62.271 spectators with plays on national level, with international plays due to the standing place prohibition of 54,740 spectators. Apart from the actual use as football stadium of the FC Schalke 04 also different meetings, like concerts, take place in this multi-function arena. Due to the outline of the Rhine stadium in Duesseldorf the arena became occasionally also venue of the Home plays of the American football crew Rhine Fire.

The Veltins arena got 2004 lent of the UEFA the status of a 5-Stars-Stadium. The comment of the UEFA delegation read even: The place of event will the requirements more than fair and could even than ‚six star Stadion' be evaluated. It may align thereby final games of the UEFA champions League and the UEFA cup.
Buildings and structures in North Rhine-Westphalia
Football stadiums in Germany
Gelsenkirchen
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
The Fußball-Club Gelsenkirchen-Schalke 04, commonly known as FC Schalke 04, is a successful and popular German football  club.

It plays in Gelsenkirchen. With more than 80.313 members (15. Dezember 2009) at present it is the second largest Sportsclub of Germany and has departments for football, basketball, table tennis, handball and athletics. Since August 2001 the association plays its home plays in the Veltins arena (to 30 June 2005 Veltins Arena), one of the most modern stages of the world. In the coat of arms a white G is to be recognized, which stands for Gelsenkrichen.

There exists a great rivalry between Schalke 04 and Borussia Dortmund. The reason is the honorable competition of these clubs which live in neighborhood. Since the first match in 1925 there have been 135 matches. Schalke won 55 of them, Dortmund won 45 and 35 ended in a draw. In the 2009–10 Bundesliga season Schalke won both matches.
Football 
The football team is playing their home plays in the Veltins Arena. 61,673 people can visit the stadium for football matches in national, or 54,442 in internation competitions. During other events as for example concerts or opera plays 79,296 people can take place in the stadium. Its was also one of the 12 venues for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany and the final of the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League between FC Porto and AS Monaco has been played there.

The players in the season 2021-22

Squad

Coach 
The current coach (and Manager) of Schalke 04 is Dimitrios Grammozis.

Success 

International
 UEFA-Cup-Sieger
o 1997 (1:0 und 0:1 (4:1 i.E.) gegen Inter Mailand)
 UI-Cup-Sieger 2003, 2004

Championship
 German champion (seven times):
o 1934 (2:1 vs 1. FC Nürnberg)
o 1935 (6:4 vs VfB Stuttgart)
o 1937 (2:0 vs 1. FC Nürnberg)
o 1939 (9:0 vs Admira Wien)
o 1940 (1:0 vs Dresdner SC)
o 1942 (2:0 vs Vienna Wien)
o 1958 (3:0 vs Hamburger SV)
o Schalke was eight times runner-up
DFB-Cup
 DFB-Pokalsieger:
o 1937 (2:1 vs Fortuna Düsseldorf)
o 1972 (5:0 vs 1. FC Kaiserslautern)
o 2001 (2:0 vs 1. FC Union Berlin)
o 2002 (4:2 vs Bayer 04 Leverkusen)
o 2011 (5:0 vs MSV Duisburg)
 DFL-Ligapokalsieger 2005

References

Other websites 
 Official site of Schalke 04
 Official site of Schalke's Veltins Arena

Gelsenkirchen
Fußball-Bundesliga
German football clubs
Sport in North Rhine-Westphalia
1904 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in Germany
Michael Ballack (born 26 September 1976 in Görlitz, Germany) was  a German football player and is the retired captain of the Germany national team. He last played for Chelsea, an English club.

Ballack started his career in a small club in Eastern Germany. He later turned to several German clubs, including Bayern Munich. In 2006/07 he arrived England to join the big club, Chelsea.

Ballack has attended the World Cup Twice in 2002 and 2006, but has not won it with the Germany national football team. He is considered as one of the strongest midfield players to ever play for the German national team. Also he is regarded as the current talent on German national team, and very few German football players achieve this.

Club career statistics
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Chemnitzer FC||2. Bundesliga||15||0||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|1996/97||Regionalliga||34||10||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||34||10
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Kaiserslautern||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||16||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|1998/99||30||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0||37||4
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||23||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||2||25||5
|-
|2000/01||27||7||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||1||34||8
|-
|2001/02||29||17||4||1||colspan="2"|-||15||7||48||25
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||26||10||5||4||colspan="2"|-||7||1||38||15
|-
|2003/04||28||7||3||2||colspan="2"|-||8||0||39||9
|-
|2004/05||27||13||4||3||colspan="2"|-||9||2||40||18
|-
|2005/06||26||14||5||1||colspan="2"|-||6||1||37||16
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Chelsea||rowspan="4"|Premier League||26||5||3||1||6||0||10||2||45||8
|-
|2007/08||18||7||2||0||3||0||7||2||30||9
|-
|2008/09||29||1||6||3||1||0||10||0||46||4
|-
|2009/10||32||4||4||1||2||0||7||0||45||5

|-
|2010/11||Bayer Leverkusen||Bundesliga||1||0||0||0||||||1||1||0||0
282||85||27||11||||||57||14||366||110
105||17||15||5||9||0||34||4||163||26
387||102||42||16||9||0||91||18||510||136
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||9||0
|-
|2001||9||6
|-
|2002||11||6
|-
|2003||5||2
|-
|2004||13||8
|-
|2005||11||7
|-
|2006||14||6
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
|2008||12||4
|-
|2009||8||3
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
!Total||98||42
|}

References

1976 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Saxony
The coat of arms of Germany (German Wappen Deutschlands) is a symbol of Germany; the coat of arms feature an eagle. The coat of arms are similar to those of the flag of Germany (black, red and gold ). It is the oldest existing state symbol in Europe and is one of the oldest insignia in the world. Its history as an emblem is far longer, however. To the Germanic tribes the eagle was the bird of the god Odin, and by the Romans, too, it was revered as the symbol of the supreme god, of the emperor and of invincibility. From there and through its religious significance in Christendom it came to be incorporated into medieval symbolism.

 
Germany
National symbols of Germany
Plauen is the biggest city of the Vogtlandkreis in the southwest of Saxony. It is the fifth-largest city in the state. Only Leipzig, Dresden, Chemnitz and Zwickau are larger.

Plauen was a Kreisfreie stadt until July 2008. Since 1. August 2008 Plauen ist Part of the Vogtlandkreis.

The nearest large cities are Zwickau, about  northeast and Gera, about  north of Plauen.

History

Plauen was already settled in the Bronze Age, but the first written record of the city was in 1122, when the oldest church (named Johanniskirche) was build. About 1224 Plauen has get the Town privileges. 1632 a big part of the city was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. Since about 1830 Plauen grow because of the textile-industry. In the Second World Warabout three quarters of the city was destroyed by the United States Army Air Force and the Royal Air Force.

1989 Plauen was the first city in the German Democratic Republic were happens a big demonstration against the Government. This leads to the Wende.
Population change
Plauen became a large city in 1904 when the population reached 100.000. In 1912 it reached its biggest ever population with 128.000.

After the Second World War Germany was divided. Plauen was in the border area. Laws about living in the border areas of East Germany meant the population fell greatly.

According to the statistics office of the Free State of Saxony, on 31 December 2009 Plauen's population was 66,412.

References

Vogtlandkreis Rural District
Braunau am Inn is a town in the Innviertel region of Upper Austria (Oberösterreich), the north-western state of Austria. It lies about 90 km west of Linz and about 60 km north of Salzburg, on the border with the German state of Bavaria. It has a continental climate (Dfa in the Koeppen climate classification). The population in 2001 was 16,372. A port of entry, it is connected by bridges over the Inn River with its Bavarian counterpart, Simbach am Inn. It is the birthplace of Adolf Hitler. It was in the American Occupation Zone of Austria from 1945 to 1955 .

References

Settlements in Upper Austria
Berlin Hauptbahnhof (English: Berlin Central Station) is the central railway station of the German capital Berlin. It began full operation two days after a ceremonial opening on 26 May 2006.

It is on the site of the old Lehrter Bahnhof. Until it opened as a main line station, it was a stop on the Berlin S-Bahn suburban railway, temporarily named Berlin Hauptbahnhof - Lehrter Bahnhof in 2002.

The station has the largest traffic volume for a through-station in Europe. Paris Gare du Nord is the largest station in Europe measured by traffic volume but it is regarded as a terminus.

The longest route that runs through Berlin Central railway station is the Sibirjak. It links Berlin to some cities in Russia. It passes through Poland, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. The longest route offered goes to Novosibirsk. This takes almost four days to travel.

References

2006 establishments in Germany
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Railway stations in Germany
The Mazurka is a Polish country dance.  It comes from an area called Mazovia near Warsaw where the people are called Mazurs.  It was known in the 16th century.  In the 17th century its popularity spread all over Poland and by the 19th century it was becoming known in England and then the United States.  The Mazurka is very similar to the Kujawiak which is a dance from another district near Warsaw.

The Mazurka is a lively dance in 3/4 metre.  It has lots of dotted rhythms and the fourth note of the scale is often sharpened.   The dancers often click their heels on the 2nd or 3rd beat of the bar.  The speed is not always fast, it can be slow, but it is a wilder dance than the waltz which is also in 3/4 time and had become very popular as a ballroom dance.
The composer Frédéric Chopin wrote more than 50 mazurkas for the piano.  Chopin really shows his genius in these pieces.  They are very beautiful  and there is a lot of variety and interest in them.  Many of them are not all that difficult to play.  Some of them have very chromatic bits in them.

There were other classical composers who wrote Mazurkas, but none of them are as good as those of Chopin.  Some Russian composers like Glinka and Tchaikovsky wrote several mazurkas.  It was danced a lot in Russia in the 19th century and it is mentioned a lot in Russian novels.  In the 20th century Karol Szymanowski wrote several mazurkas.

Ballroom dances
Musical forms
Bundesliga is the name of the highest level of play in many different sports. Bundesliga literally means "Federal League", or league of the whole country. The word is used in the countries Germany and in Austria.  Soccer is the most popular sport in these countries. That is why Germany's soccer league is the best-known Bundesliga.
Bundesligen in Germany
 Other association football leagues:
 Frauen-Bundesliga – Women's top division association football in Germany (1990–present)
 Under 19 Bundesliga – Men's under 19 football (2003–present)
 Under 17 Bundesliga – Men's under 17 football (2007–present)
 Badminton Bundesliga
 Baseball-Bundesliga (1984–present)
 Basketball Bundesliga (1966–present)
 Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga (founded 1947), women's basketball
 Billard Bundesliga, carom billiards (1967–present)
 Bundesliga (artistic gymnastics)
 Bundesliga (baseball) (1984–present)
 Feldhockey Bundesliga (Men's field hockey)
 Feldhockey Bundesliga (Women's field hockey)
 Bundesliga (handball) (1965–present)
 Handball-Bundesliga (women) (founded 1975), women's handball
 Bundesliga (shooting) (1997–present)
 Bundesliga (speedway)
 Bundesliga (table tennis) (1966–present)
 Tennis Bundesliga (men) (1972–present)
 Bundesliga (volleyball)
 Bundesliga (weightlifting) (1964–present)
 Bundesliga (wrestling) (1964–present)
Chess Bundesliga (1980–present)
 Cricket Bundesliga
 German Football League (1979–present), American football Bundesliga, renamed in 1999
 Ruder-Bundesliga (2009–present), rowing (eight)
 Roller Hockey Bundesliga (founded 1967), men's roller hockey
 Go-Bundesliga , Go
 Ice hockey
 Deutsche Eishockey Liga (1995–present)
 Ice hockey Bundesliga (1958-1994)
 German women's ice hockey Bundesliga (founded 1988), women's ice hockey
 Rugby
 Rugby-Bundesliga, rugby union (1971–present)
 Women's Rugby Bundesliga (1987–present), women's rugby union
 Unihockey-Bundesliga, Floorball
 World League eSport Bundesliga (2005-2006), video games
Bundesligen in Austria
 Austrian Football Bundesliga – men's football
 Austrian Football League – men's American style football
 Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga – men's basketball
 1. Rugby Bundesliga - men's rugby
 Austria women's ice hockey Bundesliga (founded 1988), women's ice hockey
The Weserstadion is a stadium in Bremen, Germany. It lies to the right side of the Weser, in the Pauliner Marsch, a flooding area in the quarter of Peterswerder. It is the homeground of the Werder Bremen football club.

History 
The Weser stadium was built in 1909 by Bremen's Allgemeiner Bremer Turn- und Sportverein as a sports field. After its first change in the year 1926, it was given the name ATSB Kampfbahn. Today's name, which goes back to the direct situation at the Weser river, exists since the year 1930. Since this time there also the sports association Werder Bremen makes its plays. At the beginning of the first season of the soccer Bundesliga in the year 1963 the stadium received its first roofed grandstand. In the following decades also the other grandstands were built and modernized gradually. 1992 for the first time in a stadium a VIP Loge was inserted.

Bremen (city)
Football stadiums in Germany
Sport in Bremen (state)
A belt is a piece of clothing worn around a person's waist. They can be used to hold up trousers(pants, men) or skirts(women) or for carrying things in pockets, such as on a utility belt, which police use. Belts are commonly made using cloth or leather. They are worn by men and women, however men wear them more casually and formally. The most common colors are black and brown. Belts have buckles. Belts are thread around belt loops on trousers(usually Jeans and dress pants for men). Belts have holes which the buckle is put into., making them looser to tighter. Cowboys often wear belt and customize/pick their buckles.

Other websites

Accessories
The Zugspitze (Bavarian: Zugspitz) is located in Bavaria, Germany. It is the highest mountain in Germany. It is  above sea level. It attracts thousands of visitors every year.

Literature 

 Toni Hiebeler: Zugspitze: Von d. Erstbesteigung bis heute Mosaik-Verlag, 
 Heinrich Schott: Die Zugspitze : Gipfel d. Technik, Triumphe u. Tragödien Süddeutscher Verlag, München 1987, 

Alps
Geography of Bavaria
Mountains of Austria
Mountains of Germany
Tyrol (state)