Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
One of the most important debates over the sermon is how it should be applied to everyday life.  Almost all Christian groups have created their own ways to understand and use the Sermon in their lives. In a book called Understanding the Sermon on the Mount, Harvey McArthur lists twelve different views about the Sermon.

(1) The absolutist view 
The absolutist view says that people should do exactly what Jesus said in the Sermon, all the time. If doing this puts a person in danger, then that is what the person needs to be saved. 

People who believed this included:
 St. Francis of Assisi
 Dietrich Bonhoeffer
 Leo Tolstoy (when he was older)
Churches which believe this view include:
 The Oriental Orthodox Churches
 The early Anabaptists
 Modern Anabaptist groups, like the Mennonites and Hutterites
(2) Modify the text 
In ancient times, people would modify (change) the text of the Sermon to make it more popular. For example, in the Bible, Matthew 5:22 was changed from "[anyone who] is angry with his brother shall be in danger of the judgment" to "[anyone who] is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment."  

In recent centuries, it has been more common to change the words in the Sermon, to take out parts that people would have trouble accepting.

Almost every major Christian writer has made changes like this at some point.

This view is not supported by any specific Christian denomination.

(3) The hyperbole view 
One of the most common views is the hyperbole view.  It says that Jesus used hyperbole (which means he exaggerated) in parts of the Sermon. People who believe this think Jesus's teachings need to be made more realistic if they are going to be used in the real world.
Most people agree that there is some hyperbole in the Sermon, but they argue about which parts are hyperbole.

(4) The general principles view 
The general principles view says that Jesus was not giving instructions (telling people exactly how to act). Instead, he was giving examples of how a person should behave.

(5) The double standard view 
The double standard view says that part of Jesus's teachings are general ideas about how to act, and some are instructions. To be saved, most people just have to follow the general ideas about how to act.  Only a small number of holy people, like the clergy and monks, have to follow the instructions.

People who believed this view included:
 St. Augustine (he created the double standard view)
 St. Thomas Aquinas (who changed the double standard view later)
 Geoffrey Chaucer (he used this view in his book, Canterbury Tales (Wife of Bath's Prologue, v. 117-118)
The Roman Catholic Church believes in the double standard view.
(6) The two realms view 
Martin Luther did not believe the Catholic ideas about the Sermon. He created the two realms view. Luther divided the world into two realms, or sections: the religious realm, and the secular (non-religious) realm. He thought the Sermon only applied to the religious part of life. In the everyday world, people might have to do things the Sermon said they should not do. For example, in his secular job, a judge might have to punish a criminal instead of forgiving him. However, as a religious man, the judge should still feel sorry for what happens to the criminal.

(7) The analogy of scripture view 
The analogy of scripture view says that when the New Testament was written, parts of the Sermon got changed.  For example, Jesus said that it was wrong to make an oath. However, in the New Testament, Paul uses oaths at least twice.
(8) The attitudes not acts view 
The attitudes not acts view says that in the Sermon, Jesus was only telling people what he would do himself. He was not telling other people what they had to do to be good Christians.

Wilhelm Hermann created this view in the nineteenth century.

(9) The interim ethic view 
The [wikt:interim interim] ethic view says that when Jesus gave the Sermon, he thought the world was going to end very soon. Because of this, his teachings were only meant for that short time.

Albert Schweitzer created this view.

(10) The unconditional divine will view 
The unconditional divine will view says that Jesus meant for people to do exactly what he said and follow the ethics he talked about in the Sermon. However, with the way the world is now, people cannot do this. People try to follow the ethics from the Sermon, but they will always fail. This will change when the Kingdom of Heaven comes back to the world. At that time everyone will be able to live the way God wants.
Martin Sibelius, a German philosopher, created this view in the twentieth century.

(11) The repentance view 
The repentance view says that Jesus knew people would not be able to follow his teachings. People would try to follow them, but fail. This would teach them to repent. In this way, people would come to have faith in the Gospel.

(12) Dispensationalism 
Dispensationalism divides human history into separate groups. This view says that today, we live in a time where we cannot live up to the Sermon's teachings. However, sometime in the future, we will be able to. When that time comes, people will have to follow the Sermon's teachings to get salvation.
Other views 
E. Earle Ellis, a professor of theology, says that in the Sermon, Jesus is asking believers to live in a way that will be normal in the future kingdom of God.  As Ellis says, we are to speak Jesus' words, think his thoughts, and do his deeds.  Since this will be the ethic of the future kingdom of God, people should live their lives in a way that will help them be ready to live in God's kingdom.

In a book called Hiram Key, Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas say the Sermon on the Mount never happened. Knight thinks that Matthew 'stuck all kinds of passages together as though they were spoken one after another to a crowd on a mountain top.' He believes that 'the teachings were drafted into this one 'occasion' to avoid interrupting the flow of the overall story.'

References 
 McArthur, Harvey King. Understanding the Sermon on the Mount. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1978.

Speeches
Jesus
Gospels
Irmo is a town 12 miles outside of Columbia, South Carolina. There were 11,039 people living in Irmo as of the year 2000.

Geography
Irmo is found at  (34.092629, -81.186073).

The United States Census Bureau says the town has an area of 10.7 km² (4.1 mi²). There is no water in that area.

Festivals 
Irmo is home to the annual Okra Strut .

Origin 
Irmo was chartered on Christmas Eve in 1890 because of the opening of the Columbia, Newberry, and Laurens Railroad. The strange name of Irmo was the result of putting together the names of Captain C.J. Iredell and Henry Moseley, two important figures in the founding of the town. The town of Irmo does not have an actual downtown area. It is only several clusters of suburban neighborhoods.

References

Other websites 
 Town of Irmo

Cities in South Carolina
A  Mediterranean climate is a climate that has dry summers that are mild to hot as well as winters that are mild to cool with moderate or high rainfall. It includes the climate of much of the land near the Mediterranean Sea. Outside the Mediterranean, one can find this climate only in rather small areas. It is found in many places that are roughly between latitudes 30° to 45° north and south of the equator.

In the Köppen climate classification, it is split between hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa), warm-summer Mediterranean (Csb) and cool-summer Mediterranean (Csc). Examples of Csa are Rome, Lisbon and Adelaide. Examples of Csb are Porto, Cape Town and San Francisco. Csc only occurs at very high altitude.

Location 

Besides the Mediterranean Basin, regions which have a Mediterranean climate include the coastal areas of the Western United States, down to Los Angeles, the Western Cape in South Africa, central Chile, southern Western Australia and the coastal areas of South Australia.
Other websites 
 Explanation of Mediterranean Climate 

Köppen climate classifications
Hans Richter (born as Raab (now Györ) 4 April 1843; died Bayreuth 5 December 1916) was an Austro-Hungarian conductor.  His name was originally János Richter.

Richter came from a musical family and studied violin, horn and music theory at the Vienna Conservatory.  He became famous for his conducting of the music of Richard Wagner, Anton Bruckner and Johannes Brahms.

Richter helped Wagner to prepare the printed musical scores of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg and the four operas in the cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen.  He conducted a lot in Vienna and at the Bayreuth Opera House which Wagner had built for the performance of his own operas.

Later he became very popular in England and lived in Manchester.  He was conductor of the Hallé Orchestra and director of the Birmingham Music Festival.  He conducted German operas at Covent Garden and in 1909 he conducted Wagner’s Ring cycle which was being performed in English for the first time.

When he retired he lived in Bayreuth until his death.
Richter helped the English audiences to get to know the music of Wagner, Dvořák and Elgar.  Elgar dedicated his First Symphony to Hans Richter, describing him as a “true artist and true friend”.

1843 births
1916 deaths
Austrian conductors
Hungarian conductors
The thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) is an extinct species of mammal. It was a carnivorous marsupial animal. The Thylacine was also known as Tasmanian tiger, Tasmanian wolf and Tasmanian hyena. The last known Thylacine died in a Hobart zoo on 7 September 1936. They once lived across Australia and New Guinea. There are paintings of the animals in the north of Western Australia, and in the Northern Territory. At Riversleigh in north Queensland, scientists have discovered the fossil bones of thylacines that are at least 30 million years old.

Extinction
Extinction

Thylacines were common across Australia. Fossil remains have been found in Queensland, paintings have been found in Western Australia, and a mummified body was found in cave on the Nullabor Plain in South Australia. The body was dated as being 4,650 years old. The thylacine began to disappear from the Australian mainland about 5,000 years ago. This is about the same time as the arrival in Australia of the dingo. Because of rising sea levels 10,000 years ago, Tasmania was separated from the Australian mainland by Bass Strait which the dingo never crossed. By the time Europeans came to Australia in 1788, the Thylacine was only living in Tasmania.
Sailors on Abel Tasman's ship in November 1642 reported seeing "tiger" footprints.  The French explorer, Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, found a thylacine jaw bone in 1792. On May 13, 1792, he made the first confirmed sighting, which was described as being the size of a large dog, streaked with black. In 1805, Lieutenant Governor Paterson sent a description of a thylacine to Sydney. He said the animal was rare and uncommon.

Thylacines were hunted because farmers said they were killing sheep. The Tasmanian government gave money to farmers for each thylacine they killed. The last thylacine shot and killed was at Mawbanna, Tasmania, on 13 May, 1930, by farmer Wilfred Batty. The government brought in laws to protect them a few months before the last one died. They are now extinct, which means there are no thylacines left alive anywhere in the world.
Appearance 
The Thylacine was about 1.8 metres (71 inches) long and its tail was up to 53 cms (21 inches) long. It would have been about 58 centimetres (23 inches) tall and could be up to 30 kilograms (66 pounds) in weight. It was gray and brown in colour with 16 black or brown stripes on its back. It had the same shape as a dog, but the back, rump and tail were more like a kangaroo. Its tail was quite stiff. It had very short legs. It had teeth like a dog, but with more incisor teeth. The thylacine was able to open its mouth about 120 degrees. 

The thylacine was a nocturnal (night) hunting animal. They ate wallabies, rats, birds, echidnas, rabbits and sheep.

The thylacines were marsupials, which means the female carried the babies in a pouch. The pouch opened to the rear.

Other websites
 The Thylacine Museum

References 

Dasyuromorphia
Marsupials of Australia
Rock Against Communism (RAC) is a type of rock music. It started as a series of Neo-Nazi concerts in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s and 1980s. The first RAC concert was in Leeds, England in 1978.

RAC bands 
Skrewdriver
Bound For Glory
Skullhead
Landser
Mistreat
Blue Eyed Devils

Related pages
Blood and Honour
British National Front

Other websites 
Blood and Honour
This is a selected list of feature movies made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

1920s 
 Greed (1924) (MGM's first feature-length movie)
 He Who Gets Slapped (1924) (first movie featuring the MGM logo)
 Ben-Hur (1925, plus remake in 1959)
 The Big Parade (1925)
 The Unholy Three (1925)
 La bohème (1926)
 Flesh and the Devil (1926)
 The Scarlet Letter (1926)
 Love (1927)
 London After Midnight (1927)
 The Wind (1928)
 Our Dancing Daughters (1928, plus sequels, first movie featuring MGM's "Jackie the Lion")
 Show People (1928)
 The Crowd (1928)
 The Viking (1928, first color feature with a soundtrack)
 The Mysterious Island (1929)
 The Broadway Melody (1929, plus several more movies in that series)
 Hallelujah! (1929)
 The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929)
 Their Own Desire (1929)
1930s 
 The Rogue Song (1930, MGM's first all-color talkie)
 Anna Christie (1930)
 The Divorcee (1930)
 The Big House (1930)
 Min and Bill (1930)
 Good News (1930)
 The Champ (1931, plus remake in 1979)
 A Free Soul (1931)
 Mata Hari (1931)
 Grand Hotel (1932)
 Tarzan the Ape Man (1932, plus sequels)
 Freaks (1932)
 Smilin' Through (1932)
 Dancing Lady (1933)
 Dinner at Eight (1933)
 Queen Christina (1933)
 The Barretts of Wimpole Street (1934, plus remake in 1956)
 The Thin Man (1934, plus sequels)
 The Merry Widow (1934)
 Viva Villa! (1934)
 The Cat and the Fiddle (1934, first movie featuring MGM's "Tanner the Lion")
 Anna Karenina (1935)
 A Night at the Opera (1935)
 David Copperfield (1935)
 Mutiny on the Bounty (1935, plus remake in 1962)
 Naughty Marietta (1935)
 Ah, Wilderness! (1935)
 A Tale of Two Cities (1935)
 Broadway Melody of 1936 (1935)
 Romeo and Juliet (1936)
 Rose-Marie (1936)
 San Francisco (1936)
 Camille (1936)
 The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
 Libeled Lady (1936)
 Maytime (1937)
Maytime (1937)
 A Day at the Races (1937)
 Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937)
 Thoroughbreds Don't Cry (1937)
 Captains Courageous (1937)
 The Good Earth (1937)
 Conquest (1937)
 Rosalie (1937)
 The Firefly (1937)
 The Girl Of The Golden West (1938)
 Test Pilot (1938)
 Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938)
 Everybody Sing (1938)
 Listen, Darling (1938)
 Sweethearts (1938)
 Boys Town (1938)
 Marie Antoinette (1938)
 The Citadel (1938)
 Babes in Arms (1939)
 Gone With the Wind (1939, distribution only) (logo not shown)
 The Wizard of Oz (1939)
 Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939, plus remake in 1969)
 The Women (1939)
 Ninotchka (1939, plus remake in 1957)
 Broadway Serenade (1939)
1940s 
 The Shop Around the Corner (1940)
 The Philadelphia Story (1940, plus remake in 1956)
 The Mortal Storm (1940)
 Boom Town (1940)
 Waterloo Bridge (1940)
 Pride and Prejudice (1940)
 New Moon (1940)
 Bitter Sweet (1940)
 Andy Hardy Meets Debutante (1940)
 Little Nellie Kelly (1940)
 Strike Up The Band (1940)
 Blossoms in the Dust (1941)
 Ziegfeld Girl (1941)
 Smilin' Through (1941)
 Ziegfeld Girl (1941)
 Life Begins For Andy Hardy (1941)
 Babes on Broadway (1941)
 The Mark on the Road (1942) (UK Distribution only)
 Cairo (1942)
 I Married An Angel (1942)
 For Me and My Gal (1942)
 Woman of the Year (1942)
 Mrs. Miniver (1942)
 Random Harvest (1942)
 Madame Curie (1943)
 Cabin in the Sky (1943)
 A Guy Named Joe (1943)
 Lassie Come Home (1943)
 The Human Comedy (1943)
 Gaslight (1944)
 Meet Me in St. Louis (1944)
 Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944)
 The White Cliffs of Dover (1944)
 National Velvet (1944)
 The Valley of Decision (1945)
 Anchors Aweigh (1945)
 The Harvey Girls (1946)
 The Yearling (1946)
Ziegfeld Follies (1946)
 Till the Clouds Roll By (1946)
 The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946, plus Lorimar remake in 1981)
 Lady in the Lake (1947)
 The Pirate (1948)
 Easter Parade (1948)
 The Three Daring Daughters (1948)
 The Barkleys of Broadway (1949, first movie for MGM's Silver Anniversary)
 On the Town (1949)
 Adam's Rib (1949)
 Battleground (1949)
 Little Women (1949)
 The Sun Comes Up (1949, last movie for MGM's Silver Anniversary)
1950s 
 King Solomon's Mines (1950)
 Annie Get Your Gun (1950)
 Summer Stock (1950)
 Father of the Bride (1950, plus 1951 sequel)
 The Red Badge of Courage (1951)
 Show Boat (1951)
 An American in Paris (1951)
 Angels in the Outfield (1951)
 Quo Vadis (1951)
 The Great Caruso (1951)
 Singin' in the Rain (1952)
 The Bad and the Beautiful (1952)
 Ivanhoe (1952)
 The Band Wagon (1953)
 Kiss Me, Kate (1953)
 Knights of the Round Table (1953)
 Julius Caesar (1953)
 Mogambo (1953)
 Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954)
 The Student Prince (1954)
 Brigadoon (1954)
 Rhapsody (1954)
 The Last Time I Saw Paris (1954)
 The Long, Long Trailer (1954, co-production with Desilu Productions)
 Blackboard Jungle (1955)
 Hit the Deck (1955)
 I'll Cry Tomorrow (1955, last movie featuring MGM's "Jackie the Lion")
 Interrupted Melody (1955)
 The Prodigal (1955)
 Love Me or Leave Me (1955)
 Kismet (1955)
 The Adventures of Quentin Durward (1955)
 Forbidden Planet (1956, last movie featuring MGM's "Tanner the Lion")
Jailhouse Rock (1957, first movie featuring MGM's current lion)
 Raintree County (1957)
 Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958)
 Gigi (1958)
 The Brothers Karamazov (1958)
 Ben-Hur (1959)
 North by Northwest (1959)
1960s 
 Butterfield 8 (1960) 
 Where the Boys Are (1960)
 Cimarron (1960)
 The Last Voyage (1960)
 King of Kings (1961)
 How the West Was Won (1962)
 Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962)
 The Courtship of Eddie's Father (1963)
 The Haunting (1963)
 Viva Las Vegas (1964)
 The Americanization of Emily (1964)
 The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964)
 The Cincinnati Kid (1965)
 Doctor Zhivago (1965)
 Blow-Up (1966)
 Grand Prix (1966)
 The Glass Bottom Boat (1966)
 Point Blank (1967)
 The Dirty Dozen (1967)
 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
 Ice Station Zebra (1968)
 Where Eagles Dare (1968)
 The Green Slime (1968)
1970s 
 Ryan's Daughter (1970)
 The Phantom Tollbooth (1970)
 Shaft (1971)
 Travels With My Aunt  (1972)
 Soylent Green (1973)
 Westworld (1973)
 That's Entertainment! (1974, plus sequels)
 The Wind and the Lion (1975, with Columbia Pictures)
 The Sunshine Boys (1975)
 Logan's Run (1976)
 That's Entertainment, Part II (1976)
 Network (1976)
 The Goodbye Girl (1977, with Warner Bros.)
 International Velvet (1978)
 Corvette Summer (1978)Bianca Lady(1979)Banned in 1993.
1980s 
 Pennies From Heaven (1981)
 Clash of the Titans (1981)
 Diner (1982)
 Pink Floyd The Wall (1982)
 Victor/Victoria (1982)
 Rocky III (1982)
 Poltergeist (1982)
 A Christmas Story (1983) (company known as MGM/UA Entertainment Co.)
 WarGames (1983)
 Octopussy (1983)
 The Hunger (1983)
 You Can Do It (1984) (company known as MGM/UA Entertainment Co.)
 Have I Got a Story For You (1984) (company known as MGM/UA Entertainment Co.)
 Kooky Classics (1984) (company known as MGM/UA Entertainment Co.)
 2010: The Year We Make Contact (1984)
 Rocky IV (1985)
 A View to a Kill (1985) (company known as MGM/UA Entertainment Co.)
 Poltergeist II: The Other Side (1986)
 Spaceballs (1987)
 Hollywood Shuffle (1987) (company reverted to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer)
 Moonstruck (1987)
 The Living Daylights (1987)
 Overboard (1987)
 A Fish Called Wanda (1988)
 Poltergeist III (1988)
 Rain Man (1988)
 All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989)
 For Queen and Country (1989)
 The Mighty Quinn (1989)
 Licence to Kill (1989)
1990s 
 The Russia House (1990)
 Misery (1990, video distribution only) (co-production with Nelson Entertainment, Castle Rock Entertainment and Columbia Pictures)
 Shattered (1991)
 Thelma & Louise (1991)
 The Cutting Edge (1992)
 Benny & Joon (1993)
 Stargate (1994)
 Get Shorty (1995)
 Showgirls (1995)
 The Pebble and the Penguin (1995) (USA distribution only) (co-production with Don Bluth)
 GoldenEye (1995)
 All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 (1996)
 Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)
 Zeus and Roxanne (1997) (co-production with Rysher Entertainment)
 Ronin (1998)
 The World Is Not Enough (1999) (last MGM movie internationally distributed by United International Pictures)
2000s 
 Original Sin (2001, with Hyde Park Entertainment) (first MGM movie internationally distributed by 20th Century Fox)
 Antitrust (2001, with Hyde Park Entertainment)
 Hannibal (2001, with Universal Pictures)
 Vampire Hunter D: Bloodlust (2001, with Urban Vision Entertainment)
 Legally Blonde (2001, plus sequel in 2003)
 Bandits (2001) (co-production with Hyde Park Entertainment)
 Barbershop (2002)
 Die Another Day (2002)
 Agent Cody Banks (2003, plus sequel in 2004)
 Sakura Wars: The Movie (2003, with Geneon Entertainment)
 De-Lovely (2004)
 Agent Cody Banks 2 (2004)
 Walking Tall (2004)
 Swimming Upstream (2005)
 Be Cool (2005)
 Beauty Shop (2005)
 The Brothers Grimm (2005) (co-production with Dimension Films)
 Into the Blue (2005) (co-production with Columbia Pictures)
 Night Moves (2005) (co-production with Touchstone Pictures)
 Yours, Mine and Ours (2005) (co-production with Paramount Pictures, Nickelodeon Movies, and Columbia Pictures)
The Amityville Horror (2005) (co-production with Dimension Films, Platinum Dunes and Radar Pictures)
 My Favorite Knight (2006)
 Dark Angel (2006, co-production with Dimension Films)
 The Pink Panther (2006) (production only; distributed by Columbia Pictures)
 Basic Instinct 2 (2006) (co-production with Intermedia Films and C2 Pictures)
 Two Friends and a Bandits (2006)
 Staggle 2 (2006, co-production with Miramax Films)
 Lucky Number Slevin (2006, USA distribution only) (produced by The Weinstein Company)
 Stormbreaker (2006, USA distribution only) (produced by The Weinstein Company and Isle of Man movie)
 Casino Royale (2006) (co-production with Columbia Pictures)
 Material Girls (2006)
 Rocky Balboa (2006) (co-production with Columbia Pictures and Revolution Studios)
 Clerks II (2006) (USA theatrical distribution only, produced by The Weinstein Company)
 Flyboys (2006)
 School For Scoundrels (2006, with Dimension Films) (Produced by The Weinstein Company)
Breaking and Entering (2006) (co-production with Miramax Films produced by The Weinstein Company)
 Premonition (2007) (co-production with TriStar Pictures and Hyde Park Entertainment)
 Principal Parkinson's Opus'' (2007) (produced by Hyde Park Entertainment)
2010s

2020s

Upcoming films

Undated films

References 

Lists of movies

American movies by studio
Zoo Tycoon 2 is a 2004 simulation computer game. In the game, the player must create and run a zoo. This is done by managing its finances, employees and animal exhibits. The goal is to become a "zoo tycoon".

The game is a sequel the 2001 game Zoo Tycoon. Six expansion packs have been created for the game. The latest is Zoo Tycoon 2: Extinct Animals.

Zoo Tycoon
2004 video games
Zoo Tycoon is a simulation computer game. It was developed by Blue Fang Games and released by Microsoft Game Studios. It is a game in which the player must run a business, in this case a zoo, and try to earn money. Zoo Tycoon was followed by Zoo Tycoon 2 in 2004.

Zoo Tycoon
2001 video games
A chapel is a place for Christian worship. The word is used in several different ways. Generally, a chapel is a place of worship that is not a church which belongs to a parish in a village or town, but is more private or has a special purpose.

Private chapels

Small chapels
Some large houses and palaces have their own private chapel where the family and the servants of the house can worship.

Usually these chapels are small. As well as being used for prayers, the chapel might also hold the graves of members of the family, or else have memorials and statues around the walls.

Famous small family chapels are at Haddon Hall in Derbyshire and in the Riccardi Medici Palace in Florence. This small chapel has famous frescoes of the Three Kings by Benozzo Gozzoli.

Large chapels
Some private chapels are as large as very large churches. Because these large chapels can only be built by very rich people, they often have magnificent architecture or very rich decoration.
Some of the most famous large private chapels are St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, the Chapel Royal at Versailles Palace and the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican Palace. The Sistine Chapel is the chapel of the popes and is famous for its ceiling painted by Michelangelo.

College chapels
Many universities, colleges, schools, law courts, hospitals and prisons have their own chapels. These might be a grand and beautiful building like the Eton College Chapel, or just a small room that is set aside for prayer.

At many schools, Chapel Service is an important part of the week, when the whole school gets together to pray and to sing hymns. Sometimes a big important church or cathedral might also act as a chapel. Oxford Cathedral is the chapel for Christ Church College of the University of Oxford. St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney acts as the chapel to 900 pupils of the cathedral school.

Chapels at churches
Monastic chapels
A monastery or a convent generally has a chapel where the monks or nuns can worship. This might be a private chapel, just the right size for the people at the monastery, or it might be a big church that serves a village or town as well, or even a cathedral for the whole region.

Many cathedrals show evidence that they were once used by monks as well as the town people. One of the signs is a large stone screen that divides the church into two areas. Often these churches have a lot of small chapels because the monks or nuns would each say private prayers in one of the small chapels every day.

Family chapels
Family chapels

From the Middle Ages, rich families would often give money to a church or cathedral so that a family chapel could be built attached to the church. There were several reasons for this. The family might want a place where they could pray privately outsde the regular service time. They might want to give thanks to God that a member of the family had been healed or rescued. They might want to bury dead family members and have prayers said every day. They might want to give honour to a particular saint. They might want to avoid taxation by spending a lot of money quickly. They might want to beautify their favorite church and make it bigger. They might want to make something beautiful that the whole town can use.
Whatever the reason might be, there are a great number of family chapels attached to old churches, all over Europe. The Church of Santa Croce in Florence is famous for its many chapels named after important Florentine families. One of the most famous chapels of this type is the one built by Henry VIII to bury his father at Westminster Abbey.

Special chapels
Many chapels have a special purpose in the church. One of the most important uses for a small chapel within a church is to store the Sacrament, the wine and bread or wafer which is used for Holy Communion. Some chapels are designed to remind worshippers of a particular part of the Life of Christ, particularly the Crucifixion or Resurrection, or celebrate a certain Feast Day in the Church Year, such as the Assumption of the Virgin.

Other chapels might hold the relics of a saint or a precious painting or statue of a particular saint such as Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint Francis of Assisi or Saint Patrick.
Service chapels
It is usual for the armed services and other similar organisations to have special chapels at churches or cathedrals.

Most cathedrals have a chapel especially to remember local people who have served their country and perhaps died in a war. The chapel might have the colours or flags of the local regiment. Services may be held regularly, or on special days to remember a particular battle or a particular hero.

Protestant chapels
In many Protestant churches, the places where people gather for prayer and services are called chapels rather than churches. This is sometimes because the pastors of the congregation were not accepted as priests by the Roman Catholic or Anglican churches, or because they were set up in places where there was no priest to take services.

Wayside chapels
These are chapels built specially for the use of travellers who can drop in as they are passing by. They may be found in busy market places, deep in forests, on lonely mountain roads, and nowadays, at airports.
Funerary chapels
These chapels are found at cemeteries. Sometimes they are owned by a particular family and contain the tombs of family members, but in most large modern cemeteries the chapels are multi-denominational, meaning that they are for people of different Christian churches, and are used specifically for funeral services.

Related pages
 Sistine Chapel

References
 Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 5th Edition. 

Churches
Clandestine chemistry is chemistry that occurs in a lab that is used for making illegal drugs, usually using unsafe equipment. The use of this unsafe laboratory equipment will sometimes result in explosions, fires or heavy flows of noxious fumes. Meth labs are the main form of clandestine laboratories and are used for making methamphetamine (Crystal Meth), a kind of illegal drug. "Clandestine" means "secret". 

Branches of chemistry
Illegal drug production and trade
Flasks are used to contain substances. They are usually made of glass or borosilicate glass (Pyrex). This is to ensure that the substances inside the flask do not react with the flask itself, due to the volatile nature of many chemicals (such as hydrochloric acid), They can be used to heat a substance. There are many different types of laboratory flasks. They differ in their shape and what they are used for. The most common types of flask are:
 Erlenmeyer flask
 Florence flask
 Volumetric flask
 Büchner flask
 Fernbach flask

Flasks can be used to make and hold solutions, to measure chemicals, and to contain chemical reactions like boiling, precipitation and analysis.

Laboratory equipment
Glass
Containers
Ebermannstadt is a German town in the district of Forchheim, Bavaria, Germany. The population of the town is about 7,000. The next largest cities are: Forchheim, Bayreuth, Bamberg, Kulmbach and Erlangen. The city parts of Ebermannstadt are:
 Breitenbach
 Ebermannstadt
 Gasseldorf
 Niedermirsberg
 Rüssenbach
 Neuses-Poxstall
 Wohlmuthshüll
 Buckenreuth
 Moggast
 Wolkenstein
 Thosmühle
 Burggaillenreuth
 Windischgaillenreuth
 Eschlipp

References

Other websites

Forchheim (district)
The Franks or the Frankish peoples were one of several west Germanic federations of tribes. It was formed out of Germanic tribes: Salians, Sicambri, Chamavi, Tencteri, Chattuarii, Bructeri, Usipetes, Ampsivarii, Chatti. Most of them lived at the northern borders of the Rhine.

They entered the late Roman Empire from the north and east river bank of the Rhine into modern northern Belgium and southern Netherlands. Later invasions conquered and established a lasting kingdom in an area which eventually covered most of modern-day France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and the western regions of Germany. When the pagan Frankish king Clovis became Christian in the late 5th century that was an important event in the history of Europe.
Modern scholars of the period of the migrations are in agreement that the Frankish confederacy emerged  at the beginning of the third century. A region in the northeast of the modern-day Netherlands – north of the erstwhile Roman border – still bears the name Salland, and may have received that name from the Salians, who formed the core of the Frankish sea raiders.

Frankish Empire

From their heartland, the Franks gradually conquered most of Roman Gaul north of the Loire valley and east of Visigothic Aquitaine. At first they helped defend the border as allies; for example, when a major invasion of mostly East Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in 406, the Franks fought against these invaders. In the region of Paris, Roman control persisted until 486, a decade after the fall of the emperors of Ravenna, in part due to alliances with the Franks.

Merovingians
Merovingians 

In 451, Aëtius called upon his Germanic allies on Roman soil to help fight off an invasion by Attila the Hun. The Salian Franks answered the call; the Ripuarian Franks fought on both sides as some of them lived outside the Empire. The Merovingians had governors who lead the Franks to war and had many governing responsibilities.

Carolingians 

The Carolingian kingship begins with the deposition of the last Merovingian king, and the accession in 751 of Pippin the Short, father of Charlemagne.

Pippin reigned as an elected king. While in later France the kingdom became hereditary, the kings of the later Holy Roman Empire proved unable to abolish the elective tradition and continued as elected rulers until the Empire's formal end in 1806.

In 768 Charlemagne (Charles the Great), a powerful, intelligent, and modestly literate figure who became a legend for the later history of both France and Germany. Charles restored an equal balance between emperor and pope.
From 772 onwards, Charles conquered and eventually defeated the Saxons to incorporate their realm into the Frankish kingdom. 
Then (773–774), he conquered the Lombards and thus could include northern Italy in his sphere of influence. He renewed the Vatican donation and the promise to the papacy of continued Frankish protection.

Charles created a realm that reached from the Pyrenees in the southwest (actually, including an area in Northern Spain (Marca Hispanica) after 795) over almost all of today's France (except Brittany, which the Franks never conquered) eastwards to most of today's Germany, including northern Italy and today's Austria. 
On Christmas Day, 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charles as "Emperor of the Romans" in Rome. Though Charles preferred the title "Emperor, king of the Franks and Lombards", as he did not want to get in conflict with the Byzantine Empire, the Frankish Empire became the successor of the (Western) Roman Empire. Charles died on January 28, 814 in Aachen, where was buried.
Charles had several sons, but only one survived him. This son, Louis the Pious, followed his father as the ruler of a united Empire. When Louis died in 840, the Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the Empire in three:

 Louis' eldest surviving son Lothair I became Emperor and ruler of the Central Franks. His three sons in turn divided this kingdom between them into Lotharingia, Burgundy and (Northern) Italy. These areas would later vanish as separate kingdoms.
 Louis' second son, Louis the German, became King of the East Franks. This area formed the kernel of the later Holy Roman Empire, the cradle of Germany.
 His third son Charles the Bald became King of the West Franks; this area became the foundation for the later France.

Related pages
 Holy Roman Empire

Notes

Sources
Geary, Patrick J. Before France and Germany: the Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. .
James, Edward. The Franks. (Peoples of Europe series) Basil Blackwell, 1988. .

Franks
The Franks are medieval Germanic tribes.

Franks may also refer to: 
 Crusaders, or more broadly any persons originating in Catholic western Europe (medieval Middle Eastern history). See Farangi, firang, farang and barang for derived words.
 Frankfurter sausages, the filling for hot dogs 
 USS Franks (DD-554), a United States Navy warship
 Franc, a unit of currency (Frank in Dutch, German, and English)

Franks is a surname:
Augustus Wollaston Franks
Bob Franks
Bobby Franks
Bubba Franks
Carl Franks
Cecil Franks
Charles Franks
David Franks
Dick Franks
Fred Franks
Herman Franks
Lynne Franks
Michael Franks
Oliver Shewell Franks
Paul Franks
Randall Franks
Stephen Franks
Tanya Franks
Trent Franks
Tillman Franks
Tommy Franks
Wilbur R. Franks
William Sadler Franks

Franks may also be an alternative spelling or mistranslation of:
 Franconia, a region in Bavaria, Germany 
 Franken, a commune of the Haut-Rhin département, in France
 Al Franken (born 1951) United States satirist

Related pages
Frank
The zebra mussel is a small shellfish. It is a bivalve mollusc, a type called a mussel.

Color patterns vary, with only dark or colored shells or no stripes. They are typically found attached to objects, surfaces, or each other by threads underneath the shells. Although similar in appearance to the quagga mussel, the two species can be easily distinguished. When placed on a surface zebra mussels are stable on their flattened underside while quagga mussels, lacking a flat underside, will fall over. 

These musssels spread rapidly by sticking to boats. They spread by this passive method to many places where they have no natural predators. That explains their huge growth in numbers.
Zebra mussels are a problem in  Northern America's Great Lakes region because they reproduce fast. They colonize water supply pipes of hydroelectric and nuclear power plants, public water supply plants, and industrial facilities. As a result, they clog water sources.  They colonize pipes constricting flow, therefore reducing the intake in heat exchangers, condensers, fire fighting equipment, and air conditioning and cooling systems. It is estimated that zebra mussels will continue to populate the Great Lakes and even enter the Mississippi River region. 

Bivalves
San Marcos is a city in central Texas. Texas State University-San Marcos is there. It is in the Interstate 35 corridor, between Austin and San Antonio.

In 2013 and 2014, the United States Census Bureau named it the fastest-growing city in the United States. In December 2013, it was named #9 on Business Insider's list of the "10 Most Exciting Small Cities In America."

References 

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
A bar or measure is used in writing music.  It is a way of organizing the written music in small sections. Each bar is a small amount of time.  Most music has a regular beat (or pulse) which can be felt.  Each bar usually has the same number of beats in it.  Music that feels like 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4 will be divided into bars with four beats worth of music in each bar.

The bar line (or barline) is a vertical line written in the music which separates the bars. 

At the beginning of a piece of music there will be a time signature. The top number shows how many beats there are in each bar. The time signature tells you how long each measure is. 

A double bar does not mean "two bars".  It is two single bar lines drawn close together. These are simply ways of visually dividing the music into sections. A double bar line can be written with one being thicker than the other. This double bar line shows the end of a piece of music.
If there are two dots on the left of the double bar line, this is a repeat sign. The player should go back to the beginning and start again. If the composer only wants the performer to repeat a section of the music, and not go back to the beginning, they can put in a "start repeat" sign. This is a double bar line with two dots on the right.

The first beat of a bar feels stronger than the others.  When a conductor beats time, his hand (or baton) always goes DOWN for the first beat of the bar.  This feels strong.  The last beat of a bar is an "upbeat" because the conductor's hand always goes up.

Barlines have been used since around 1600.

Musical terminology
Musical notation
Rostov (Russian: Росто́в; Old Norse: Rostofa) is one of the oldest towns in Russia. It was first mentioned in the year 862 as an already important town. By the 13th century Rostov became the capital of an important area.

Now it is an important tourist centre of the so-called Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero in Yaroslavl Oblast. About 35,300 people lived there in 2002.

While the official name of the town is Rostov, it is better known to Russians as Rostov Veliky, i.e. Rostov the Great. This name is used to distinguish it from Rostov on Don, which is now a much larger city. Rostov Yaroslavsky is the official name of its railway station (due to its position in Yaroslavl Oblast), but not of the town itself.

Cities and towns in Yaroslavl Oblast
Golden Ring of Russia
Alaskan king crab fishing is an event done in the winter in the Bering Sea near Alaska. People fish for many King Crabs. The crabbers fish from boats between 40 and 250 feet (13-75m) in length. They throw steel cages, called pots, over the side of the boat, and the crabs are lured to bait placed in them. When the pots have been on the bottom of the sea long enough they are pulled back onto the boat using a special kind of crane. The crabs in the pots are examined and crabs that are not good enough are put back into the ocean and the rest are put into a tank. When the ship gets back to the shore, the crabs are sold to stores around the world for eating. 

The people working on the boat are paid a lot of money. The amount of money can be from nothing to tens of thousands of dollars depending on how many crab the fishermen caught. Alaskan crab fishing is one of the USA's most dangerous jobs. Because of the big waves and dangerous boats the fishermen work on, some people die every year.
To show people how dangerous crab fishing is, the Discovery Channel made a series called Deadliest Catch about the fishermen. And they also catch a lot of Crabs.

Ocean acidification threatens crabs.

References

Fishing
is a part of Legend of Zelda series of video games. It is for the Nintendo DS. The game is played only using the touch screen on the Nintendo DS. It is a sequel to the 2002/2003 GameCube game The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker. The game was released in Japan on June 23, 2007, in the United States on October 1, 2007, in Australia on October 11, 2007, and in Europe on October 19, 2007. It was followed by a sequel in 2009, The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks, also released for the DS.

The games story happens after The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker's story. The player plays as the main character of the Zelda games, Link. The game will let the player sail around a Ocean using a boat. The game also has an online mode.

2007 video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Virtual Console games
Phantom Hourglass
Link is the main character from The Legend of Zelda series.
The game was created by Shigeru Miyamoto. 47 million copies of the game have been sold since 2007.

Description 

Link wears a green shirt and a long, floppy green hat on his head. In the Legend of Zelda games, the player must use Link to fight against evil, especially Ganondorf. Although Link is the main character in the game, he never speaks (he does speak in the Legend of Zelda CD-I games). He is also left-handed, and has large ears, like most Hylians. He has also appeared in all 6 of the Super Smash Bros. games. Link mainly used a sword and a shield but he is able to use a large number of weapons like bombs, bow, hammer or a boomerang and the hook shot.

Reception
Reception 

Link has been in many GameFAQs "Character Battle" contests and is the only character to have won more than once. In one of IGN's 2007 "Hero Showdowns", Link was voted the favorite over Cloud Strife. Link ranked first on GameDaily's Top 10 Smash Bros. characters list. IGN asked its readers to vote for their favorite Nintendo character in which Link came first.

References

The Legend of Zelda characters
Fictional characters introduced in 1986
Soulcalibur series guest characters
A big new Solar power station in Victoria is planned. 

A company called Solar Systems has announced a large 154 MW photovoltaic (PV) solar power station for north-western Victoria. The A$420 million project will provide enough electricity for more than 45,000 homes. It will create jobs and will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Full completion is expected in 2013, with the first stage to be finished by 2010. 

Four smaller solar power stations have already been built in central Australia.

Related pages
 Global warming
 Photovoltaics
 Renewable energy
 Renewable resource
 Solar power

References

Other websites 
 Solar Systems home page
 Sunny outlook for solar power players 

Solar power plants
Buildings and structures in Victoria, Australia
Waldpolenz Solar Park, is a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, to the east of Leipzig in Germany. The power plant is a 40-megawatt solar power system using new technology. It is in the Muldentalkreis district in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany. The investment cost for the Waldpolenz solar park amounts to some Euro 130 million.

Related pages
 Photovoltaics
 Pocking Solar Park in Germany
 Renewable energy commercialization
 Solar cell
 Solar power station in Victoria
 Wind power in Germany

References

Other websites
 World’s largest solar power plant being built in eastern Germany 

Buildings and structures in Saxony
Power stations in Germany
Solar power plants
Masaccio (, , ; December 21, 1401 – summer 1428), born Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone, was a famous painter of the Italian Renaissance. He worked in Florence. Masaccio was a nickname that meant Fat Untidy Tom. He lived a very short life and only a few of his paintings exist, but they were so different to the style of other artists around him that they helped other painters to see things in a new way.

Biography

Youth
Masaccio was born on 21 December, 1401, in the town of San Giovanni Valdarno, in the valley of the Arno River, near Florence. He was the son of a notary, a person who writes legal documents. His older brother became a painter and moved to Florence to the workshop of a painter called Bicci di Lorenzo. It is not known for certain, but it is thought that Masaccio may have trained at the same workshop. Masaccio's brother was nicknamed Lo Scheggia which means The Splinter, so it is thought that he was a skinny as Masaccio.
In 1422, when he was 21, Masaccio was already known as a painter, because he joined the Company of Saint Luke, which was a guild that helped artists and set down the rules for their employment.

Earliest painting
The earliest known painting by Masaccio is the San Giovenale Triptych, dating from 1422. A "triptych" is a painting in three parts, most often used as an altarpiece. This altarpiece has in the middle panel the Virgin Mary and Christ Child on a throne. The wings, or side panels, each show two saints. Kneeling in front of the Virgin Mary are two little angels. One of the things that makes this painting different from most other paintings of the same time is that the angels are shown from the back. Their position is an invitation for the viewer to kneel down and worship the Virgin and Child as well. Masaccio used this way of making the viewer feel part of the scene in many of his paintings.
The plump solemn Baby Jesus with his fingers in his mouth, the three-dimensional look of the figures and the lack of rich decoration make this picture look very different from most other altarpieces of this time, which were painted in a style called International Gothic.

Portraits
In April 1422 an event took place in Florence that was to be important in Masaccio's life. A new church was opened, and there was a grand procession and feast to celebrate. The church was Santa Maria del Carmine and Masaccio went along with his good friends, the sculptor Donatello, the architect Brunelleschi and the painter Masolino.
After the feast day, it seems that Masaccio went to Rome, probably with his friends. Brunelleschi and Donatello like to spend a lot of time poking around among the ruins of Ancient Rome. It is believed that on this trip Masaccio also spent a lot of time poking around in the ruins. What he saw were the sculptures of a previous age- more lifelike and realistic than anything that he had ever seen before. Many of the sculptures showed pocessions of figures, but each figure was different from the next, so that they all looked like real individual people.