Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Amateur radio is a hobby for people who like to talk using radio transmitters. Many people enjoy using amateur radio to talk to other amateur radio hobbyists in other countries. Amateur radio hobbyists also use their radio transmitters to get help in emergencies. Amateur radio is often called Ham Radio. Many people use their amateur radios for fun. People who use Amateur radio are often called amateur radio operators, hams or amateurs.

During a disaster or emergency, amateur radio can be used to get help. When telephones do not work, it may be the only way to communicate. Some radio hobbyists volunteer to listen to emergency band frequencies in case there are distress calls. If the volunteers hear a distress call, they notify the appropriate authorities (for example the police or the Coast Guard).
License
People must have a license to use Amateur radio. In most countries users must pass a test to get a license. In some countries there is more than one license grade. In some countries, people can use Amateur radio if they have a license from their home country.

There are many clubs for Amateur radio in many countries. These clubs do many things as a group and help people get their Amateur radio license.

Talking
Amateur radio operators talk to each other in many ways. Some people talk with their voice, others use computers, television, or Morse code. They use many ways to get their signals to others. Most use shortwave radio signals that bounce off the sky. Some bounce off the moon or a satellite. Amateur radio operators have many ways to talk using the radio. Amateur radio satellites are called OSCAR's - Orbital Satellites Carrying Amateur Radio. Hams can also talk to astronauts and cosmonauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS).

Fun
Fun

There are many ways to have fun with amateur radio. There are many games and contests. Amateur radio operators try to talk with as many others as possible. They then mail each other postcards called QSL cards to confirm the contact. Contesters may try to see how far they can talk, or to how many different people they can talk.

Some hide a transmitter which sends out a signal and others try to find it using receivers. This is called radio direction finding or fox hunting. Sometimes the event is done with cars, or as a foot race.

In India
Amateur radio is practised by over 15,000 licensed users in India. The first amateur radio operator was licensed in 1921. By the mid-1930s, there were around 20 amateur radio operators in India. Amateur radio operators have played an important part in the Indian independence movement with the setting up of pro-independence radio stations in the 1940s.

Radio
The humanities include languages, literature, music, philosophy, politics, history, media, the classics, religion, and the visual and performing arts. Additional subjects sometimes included in the humanities are anthropology, area studies, communications and cultural studies, although these are often regarded as social sciences. It was popular in the Renaissance ages.

The arts are usually considered as part of the humanities. These include visual arts such as painting and sculpture, as well as performing arts such as theatre and dance, and literature. Other humanities such as language are sometimes considered to be part of the arts, for example as the language arts.

The humanities study the human condition and mostly use methods that are analytic, critical, or speculative and not as empirical as natural and social sciences.

Related pages 
 Human nature
 Human science
 Liberal arts
 Trivium
Other websites 
 The Humanities Association - UK
 UK Humanities Hub 
 Australian Humanities Review 
 Australian Academy of the Humanities
 Virginia Foundation for the Humanities
 Mass Humanities / Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities

References
Sir John Hawkins (also spelled as John Hawkyns) (Plymouth 1532 – 12 November 1595) was an English shipbuilder, merchant, navigator, and slave trader. In 1571 he helped uncover a plot against Queen Elizabeth I of England.

1532 births
1595 deaths
English businesspeople
Slavers
The coconut is a palm tree in the family Arecaceae (palm family). It is a large palm, growing to 30 m tall. It has leaves that are 4–6 m long. The term coconut refers to the fruit of the coconut palm.

There are many coconut palms on the coasts of Indonesia, India, America, South Sudan, Bangladesh and Tanzania. People of this area use coconut milk in cooking. Women use coconut oil as oil for their hair. The coconut's shell is relatively hard, but can be broken. Because its shell is hard, it can be used as an ingredient to make craftworks. 

Coconut milk is also used in many drinks. Coconut oil is often in food and soaps. People in Sri Lanka use coconut flowers for wedding celebrations. In the Maldives it is the National tree.

The coconut is not actually a nut, but is in fact a drupe. Coconuts grow in tropical countries. The flesh of a coconut is white and can be eaten raw or used in cooking. It is used in many of the foods we eat for flavour. It is native to tropical areas.
Seed dispersal  
Coconuts floats on water and can float to another island and germinate there. It has often been noted that coconuts can travel up to 110 days, or 3000 miles, by sea and are still able to germinate.

Trees
Arecaceae
National symbols of the Maldives
Shawarma (; in ) is a meat sandwich eaten by people of the Arab world and the Middle East. It is served in round Arabic bread with meat and vegetables, with some spice or sauce of choice in it. Normally, the meat can either be lamb, beef, turkey, or chicken. Shawarma can also be spelled chawarma, shwarma, shawerma, or shoarmais.

It was first introduced by people from Turkey. They call it çevirme, which means "turning", because the meat can be turned around in the oven, but the Arabs changed its recipe from the Turkish Doner kebab. 

Sandwiches
Middle Eastern foods
Merchants deal with trade. That means they deal goods that they do not produce themselves, in order to get profit.

Merchants can be two types:

 A wholesale merchant works between producer and retail merchant. Some wholesale merchants only organise the movement of goods rather than move the goods themselves.
 A retail merchant sells goods to consumers (including businesses), commonly known as retailers. A shop owner is a retail merchant.

In the US, "merchant" is  any person while engaged in a business or profession or a seller who deals regularly in the type of goods sold.  Under the common law in the United States, merchants are held to a higher standard in the selling of products than those who are not engaged in the sale of goods as a profession. For example, when a merchant sells something, he or she is expected to give a warranty, guaranteeing that the product is fit to be sold, even if there is nothing in writing to this effect.

Related pages
 capitalism

Commerce
Business occupations
In commercial and consumer transactions, a warranty is an obligation that an article or service that is sold has the quality the buyer can reasonably expect from the seller.

That often means that there must be a remedy. That means repair or replacement if the article or service is not as good as the warranty says. It is a breach of the warranty when the promise is broken, i.e., a product is defective or not as good as should be expected by a reasonable buyer.

In business and legal transactions, a warranty is an assurance by one party to the other party that certain facts or conditions are true or will happen. The other party is allowed to rely on that assurance and seek some type of remedy if it is not true or followed.

A warranty may be express or implied.

Express warranty
Express warranty

An express warranty is typically a guarantee from the seller of a product that specifies the extent to which the quality or performance of the product is assured and states the conditions under which the product can be returned, replaced, or changed.

Implied warranty

An implied warranty is one that arises from the nature of the transaction, and the understanding by the buyer.
To be "merchantable", the goods must reasonably conform to an ordinary buyer's expectations, i.e., they are what they say they are. For example, a fruit that looks and smells good but has hidden defects would violate the implied warranty of merchantability if its quality does not meet the standards for such fruit "as passes ordinarily in the trade".
Breach of warranty
A warranty is violated when the promise is broken; when goods are not as should be expected, at the time the sale occurs, whether or not the defect is apparent. Most warranties exclude parts that normally wear out, and supplies that must be periodically replaced as they are normally used up (e.g., tires and lubrication on a vehicle). 

Many people do not realize that extended warranties are not always provided through the manufacturer, but in some circumstances it may work to the consumer's benefit. For instance, when an auto warranty is provided through a dealership from the manufacturer, repairs on the vehicle are reimbursed at a lower negotiated rate.

Legal aspects of warranties and disclaimers

In the United States, the rights and remedies of buyers and sellers of goods are governed by the Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) as it has been adopted with variations from state to state.
Car warranty 
A car warranty is at least one year. Three years is more common. Five years is an extended warranty.

Home warranty 
A home warranty protects against the high costs of home and appliance repair by offering insurance coverage for appliances and equipment in the house.

Other websites 
(US) Federal Trade Commission: Warranty Information 
Home Warranty Companies
Introduction to Laptop Warranties 
American Home Shield

References

he:ערבות
Business law
Giuseppe Verdi (born Roncole near Busseto, 9 or 10 October 1813; died Milan 27 January 1901) was an Italian composer of operas.

Verdi and Richard Wagner were the greatest composers of opera in the 19th century although they were completely different from one another. When Verdi was a young man the most famous opera composers in Italy were Gaetano Donizetti and Vincenzo Bellini who wrote in the bel canto tradition. This meant that their operas had beautiful tunes which were written for singers to show off their voices, even if what they sang did not suit the story. During his long life, Verdi changed opera so that it did not have to obey old-fashioned rules.

Early years
Early years 

The small village where Verdi was born lies in the valley of the Po River in the north of Italy. It was a poor district. His father was an innkeeper who had a small farm. The young boy must have been very talented. He was given a small harpsichord which he kept all his life. At the age of 9 he often played the organ for church services in the village when the organist was away.
A few years later he composed music for the amateur orchestra in Busseto. A man called Antonio Barezzi knew many important people and he helped Verdi a lot. Later Verdi married a daughter of a friend. Barezzi sent him to Milan so that he could study, but Verdi had not been taught the piano properly and he did not get a place in the music conservatory. He had some private lessons and learned a lot about opera as well as about literature and politics. In 1839 he composed an opera: Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio, which was performed in La Scala, the world-famous opera house in Milan. It is not one of his greatest operas, but it helped him to become well-known and he was asked to write three more operas for La Scala. When his next opera was produced it was not a success: the audience did not like it and they hissed and booed. There was also tragedy in his personal life at this time: his two children and his wife all died.

Early fame
Early fame 

Verdi managed to overcome his unhappiness in 1842 when he produced his opera Nabucco. This was a great success and made him world-famous. He started to work very hard, composing two operas a year. He not only had to write the music but organize all the people to perform it. It was a huge workload. His opera Ernani (1844) was one of the best from this period. In 1847 he had another big success with Macbeth. This opera, based on Shakespeare’s famous play, is still one of the best-loved of all operas. He was becoming a success.
For centuries Italy had been a collection of several countries, each with their own ruler. In the 1850s there was a lot of political unrest in the country. Verdi often wrote music for large choruses in his operas. The words of these choruses were often about fighting for freedom, and it was often thought that the songs were encouraging people to revolt. The song Va pensiero from his opera Nabucco was about the Hebrew slaves who were captive in Babylon. People chanted it in the streets with the words suitably changed. Verdi became a great national hero. Italy eventually became one country in 1861.
Giuseppina Strepponi was the soprano who sang the part of Abigaille in Nabucco. Verdi fell in love with her. She had lived with another man and had three children so she felt that she was not good enough for Verdi. They eventually married in 1859. She was a great support to him until her death in 1897 although Verdi was not an easy husband to live with. He moved back to Busseto with her. He continued to travel a lot but did not let his wife come with him, leaving her behind in Busseto where she was not happy because many people there did not like her.
Three more famous operas were written at this time: Rigoletto in 1851 and Il trovatore (The Troubadour) and La traviata, both in 1853. These operas have many tunes which became famous. They are full of exciting drama in which the characters are very skilfully described by the music. The music is not divided so clearly into recitative and aria like it had been for two centuries. Instead, the music is developing all the time, the arias run straight into the following music. He had a brilliant sense of drama, but he often had to fight hard to stop producers making changes to what he had written.
Verdi often had trouble with the censors (the officials who decide whether the opera should be allowed to be performed). His opera Rigoletto was based on a story called Le roi s’amuse by Victor Hugo. The attempted murder of a king was not thought to be a suitable subject. Verdi had to change the king into a duke in his story and make some other changes before the opera could be performed. The story of his opera Traviata, based on a novel by Alexandre Dumas fils, was also thought to be immoral. At the first performance the audience laughed because the heroine, who is supposed to be dying of tuberculosis, then called "consumption", was very fat. However, the opera soon became enormously popular.
Regarding the instruments that Giuseppe Verdi was using for composing, there are a few known pianos that he had in different periods of his life. The instrument that Giuseppe Verdi was playing as a kid at the Bazezzi’s house, was a piano by Anton Tomaschek. Later, from the time of Rigoletto in 1851 to Aida in 1871 he was using the Viennese 6-pedal piano from Johann Fritz. This exact piano can be seen in the composer's Villa Verdi in the Italian province of Piacenza.

International fame
Verdi had become very famous by now, and was asked to compose for the Opéra in Paris. He had to write operas in the French style: operas with five acts and a ballet based on a serious story. None of the operas he wrote at this time for Paris belong to his best works. He was more inspired when writing for the Italian theatres. Simon Boccanegra has a complicated plot, but the characters are described beautifully by the music. Un ballo in maschera (The masked ball) was about the murder of King Gustav III of Sweden. Again the censors did not like it and he had to change the story to a setting in Boston which rather spoiled the story. In the 1860s his best works were La forza del destino (The Force of Destiny), written for St Petersburg, Don Carlos written for the Paris Opéra, and Aida for the new opera house in Cairo in Egypt. Aida is considered one of his most perfect works
. The first performance was not without difficulties: Verdi was having a long argument with the conductor Mariani who refused to go to Cairo to conduct it. The argument was made worse by the newspapers who accused Verdi of taking Mariani’s girlfriend. This caused a great scandal.
Last years 
Verdi retired in the 1870s. He was a rich man who owned a lot of land. He gave a lot of money to charities, particularly to one charity for elderly musicians. Even in retirement he was persuaded by his publishers to write two more operas. He became fascinated by Shakespeare and he wrote Otello to a libretto by Arrigo Boito. This was a brilliant libretto and it helped him to write a great masterpiece in which every little detail of the story is beautifully described by the music. His very last opera, Falstaff (1893) is based on Shakespeare’s Merry Wives of Windsor. Verdi continued to write a few religious pieces in his old age. He died of a stroke in Milan in 1901.

References

19th-century Italian composers
Romantic composers
1813 births
1901 deaths
A blue box is a device that someone could use to make free telephone calls. It worked by playing back the same sounds that the telephone company employees used to program their equipment.

The most famous person to use a blue box was John Draper, who went by the name Captain Crunch. Draper taught Steve Wozniak how to build them. Wozniak and Steve Jobs sold blue boxes to fellow students at the University of California, Berkeley. One time, Wozniak used a blue box to call the Pope.

Related pages
 Red box

Telephone
Electronics
A red box is a device that people used illegally in the 20th century to make free telephone calls at a payphone. It worked by playing back the same sounds that the payphone sends to the phone company when coins are put into it.

Related pages
Blue box

Other websites 
 "Frequently Asked Questions About Red Boxing" by Mr. Sandman
 All about the Red Box and related devices 
 Red Boxing For Dummies 

Telephone
Electronics
Silicon Graphics, Inc. (SGI) is a company that makes high-end computers.  The company was founded by Jim Clark and Abbey Silverstone in 1982 to make graphics display terminals. SGI was famous for making very good computers for 3D animation working on video and pictures. They invented many things that other companies still use today.

American computer hardware manufacturers
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
1991 establishments in California
2009 disestablishments in the United States
Defunct companies of the United States
Constituent may mean:

 Constituent (linguistics)
 Constituent (politics)
A constituent is a voting member of a community or organization and has the power to appoint or elect. A constituency is all of the constituents of a representative. Constituents also have the power to remove their representative from the position to which they have appointed him or her. All of the constituents who are registered to vote are called the electorate.

In the United Kingdom, a parliamentary constituency is a district that elects a member of parliament. It is sometimes called a Parliamentary seat or a Division. Constituencies for local government elections are called either Wards or electoral divisions.

As of 2020, there are 650 House of Commons constituencies in the UK:
 List of Parliamentary constituencies in the United Kingdom
 MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005 lists the constituencies after that election.

Northern Ireland has 18 constituencies, each of which elect six MLAs to  the Northern Ireland Assembly under the Single Transferable Vote system.
The Scottish Parliament has 73 single-member constituencies, with the remaining 56 seats being selected by the Additional Member System (AMS).  Until the passage of the Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004, the constituencies of the Scottish Parliament were identical to those of the House of Commons.

The National Assembly for Wales has 40 constituencies which are identical to the Welsh constituencies of the House of Commons.  Its remaining 20 seats are selected by AMS.

The London Assembly has 14 single-member constituencies.  Its remaining 11 seats are selected by AMS.

The United States House of Representatives has 435 constituencies called "Congressional districts" each electing one member.  

The term "constituency" is usual in many countries, especially in members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Democracy
Cohesion may mean:

 Cohesion (chemistry): the intermolecular attraction between like-molecules.
 Cohesion (computer science): a measure of how well the lines of source code within a module work together to provide a specific piece of functionality.
 Cohesion (geography): the part of shear strength that is independent of the normal effective stress in mass movements.
 Cohesion (linguistics): the linguistic elements that make a discourse semantically coherent.
 Cohesion (music): a Manchester-based four-piece band playing uplifting indie guitar pop.
 Cohesion (structural): the sociological and graph theoretical conception and measurement for maximal group or graphical boundaries where related elements cannot be disconnected except by removal of a certain minimal number of other nodes
Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a state or province.  The term is used to contrast with offices at nation-state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate) federal government.

What a local government does changes depending on what country it is in, and even when they are similar what it is called often varies.  Common names for local governments include state, province, région, départment, county, prefecture, district, city, township, town, borough, parish, municipality, shire and village.  However all these names are often used informally in countries where they do not describe a legal local government.

Related pages 
 Local Government Area

References

Other websites

 Department of Local and Regional Democracy and Good Governance—Council of Europe
  Local Governments at USA.gov 
  Japan Local Government Center
This is a list of the 646 constituencies currently represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Parliament, as at the United Kingdom 2005 general election. Each constituency is represented by a single Member of Parliament (MP).

England

East Midlands

Derbyshire

 Amber Valley
 Bolsover
 Chesterfield
 Derby North
 Derby South
 Erewash
 High Peak
 North East Derbyshire
 South Derbyshire
 West Derbyshire

Leicestershire

 Blaby
 Bosworth
 Charnwood
 Harborough
 Leicester East
 Leicester South
 Leicester West
 Loughborough
 North West Leicestershire
 Rutland and Melton

Lincolnshire

 Boston and Skegness
 Gainsborough
 Grantham and Stamford
 Lincoln
 Louth and Horncastle
 Sleaford and North Hykeham
 South Holland and The Deepings

Northamptonshire

 Corby
 Daventry
 Kettering
 Northampton North
 Northampton South
 Wellingborough

Nottinghamshire

 Ashfield
 Bassetlaw
 Broxtowe
 Gedling
 Mansfield
 Newark
 Nottingham East
 Nottingham North
 Nottingham South
 Rushcliffe
 Sherwood

East of England
East of England

Bedfordshire

 Bedford
 Luton North
 Luton South
 Mid Bedfordshire
 North East Bedfordshire
 South West Bedfordshire

Cambridgeshire

 Cambridge
 Huntingdon
 North East Cambridgeshire
 North West Cambridgeshire
 Peterborough
 South Cambridgeshire
 South East Cambridgeshire

Essex

 Basildon
 Billericay
 Braintree
 Brentwood and Ongar
 Castle Point
 Colchester
 Epping Forest
 Harlow
 Harwich
 Maldon and East Chelmsford
 North Essex
 Rayleigh
 Rochford and Southend East
 Saffron Walden
 Southend West
 Thurrock
 West Chelmsford

Hertfordshire

 Broxbourne
 Hemel Hempstead
 Hertford and Stortford
 Hertsmere
 Hitchin and Harpenden
 North East Hertfordshire
 St Albans
 South West Hertfordshire
 Stevenage
 Watford
 Welwyn Hatfield

Norfolk

 Great Yarmouth
 Mid Norfolk
 North Norfolk
 North West Norfolk
 Norwich North
 Norwich South
 South Norfolk
 South West Norfolk

Suffolk

 Bury St Edmunds
 Central Suffolk and North Ipswich
 Ipswich
 South Suffolk
 Suffolk Coastal
 Waveney
 West Suffolk
Greater London

North East London Boroughs
 Barking
 Bethnal Green and Bow
 Chingford and Woodford Green
 Dagenham
 East Ham
 Edmonton
 Enfield North
 Enfield Southgate
 Hackney North and Stoke Newington
 Hackney South and Shoreditch
 Hornchurch
 Hornsey and Wood Green
 Ilford North
 Ilford South
 Islington North
 Islington South and Finsbury
 Leyton and Wanstead
 Poplar and Canning Town
 Romford
 Tottenham
 Upminster
 Walthamstow
 West Ham

North West London Boroughs
 Brent East
 Brent North
 Brent South
 Chipping Barnet
 Cities of London and Westminster
 Ealing, Acton and Shepherd's Bush
 Ealing North
 Ealing Southall
 Finchley and Golders Green
 Hammersmith and Fulham
 Hampstead and Highgate
 Harrow East
 Harrow West
 Hayes and Harlington
 Hendon
 Holborn and St. Pancras
 Kensington and Chelsea
 Regent's Park and Kensington North
 Ruislip-Northwood
 Uxbridge
South East London Boroughs
 Beckenham
 Bexleyheath and Crayford
 Bromley and Chislehurst
 Camberwell and Peckham
 Croydon Central
 Croydon North
 Croydon South
 Dulwich and West Norwood
 Eltham
 Erith and Thamesmead
 Greenwich and Woolwich
 Lewisham Deptford
 Lewisham East
 Lewisham West
 North Southwark and Bermondsey
 Old Bexley and Sidcup
 Orpington

South West London Boroughs
 Battersea
 Brentford and Isleworth
 Carshalton and Wallington
 Feltham and Heston
 Kingston and Surbiton
 Mitcham and Morden
 Putney
 Richmond Park
 Streatham
 Sutton and Cheam
 Tooting
 Twickenham
 Vauxhall
 Wimbledon

North East England

Cleveland, England|Cleveland

 Hartlepool
 Middlesbrough
 Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland
 Redcar
 Stockton North
 Stockton South

Durham

 Bishop Auckland
 City of Durham
 Darlington
 Easington
 North Durham
 North West Durham
 Sedgefield

Northumberland

 Berwick-upon-Tweed
 Blyth Valley
 Hexham
 Wansbeck

Tyne and Wear
Tyne and Wear

 Blaydon
 Gateshead East and Washington West
 Houghton and Washington East
 Jarrow
 Newcastle upon Tyne Central
 Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend
 Newcastle upon Tyne North
 North Tyneside
 South Shields
 Sunderland North
 Sunderland South
 Tyne Bridge
 Tynemouth

North West England

Cheshire

 City of Chester
 Congleton
 Crewe and Nantwich
 Eddisbury
 Ellesmere Port and Neston
 Halton
 Macclesfield
 Tatton
 Warrington North
 Warrington South
 Weaver Vale

Cumbria

 Barrow and Furness
 Carlisle
 Copeland
 Penrith and The Border
 Westmorland and Lonsdale
 Workington

Greater Manchester
Greater Manchester

 Altrincham and Sale West
 Ashton-under-Lyne
 Bolton North East
 Bolton South East
 Bolton West
 Bury North
 Bury South
 Cheadle
 Denton and Reddish
 Eccles
 Hazel Grove
 Heywood and Middleton
 Leigh
 Makerfield
 Manchester Blackley
 Manchester Central
 Manchester Gorton
 Manchester Withington
 Oldham East and Saddleworth
 Oldham West and Royton
 Rochdale
 Salford
 Stalybridge and Hyde
 Stockport
 Stretford and Urmston
 Wigan
 Worsley
 Wythenshawe and Sale East

Lancashire

 Blackburn
 Blackpool North and Fleetwood
 Blackpool South
 Burnley
 Chorley
 Fylde
 Hyndburn
 Lancaster and Wyre
 Morecambe and Lunesdale
 Pendle
 Preston
 Ribble Valley
 Rossendale and Darwen
 South Ribble
 West Lancashire

Merseyside

 Birkenhead
 Bootle
 Crosby
 Knowsley North and Sefton East
 Knowsley South
 Liverpool Garston
 Liverpool Riverside
 Liverpool Walton
 Liverpool Wavertree
 Liverpool West Derby
 St Helens North
 St Helens South
 Southport
 Wallasey
 Wirral South
 Wirral West

South East England
South East England

Berkshire

 Bracknell
 Maidenhead
 Newbury
 Reading East
 Reading West
 Slough
 Windsor
 Wokingham

Buckinghamshire

 Aylesbury
 Beaconsfield
 Buckingham
 Chesham and Amersham
 Milton Keynes South West
 North East Milton Keynes 
 Wycombe

East Sussex

 Bexhill and Battle
 Brighton Kemptown
 Brighton Pavilion
 Eastbourne
 Hastings and Rye
 Hove
 Lewes
 Wealden

Hampshire

 Aldershot
 Basingstoke
 East Hampshire
 Eastleigh
 Fareham
 Gosport
 Havant
 New Forest East
 New Forest West
 North East Hampshire
 North West Hampshire
 Portsmouth North
 Portsmouth South
 Romsey
 Southampton Itchen
 Southampton Test
 Winchester

Isle of Wight
 Isle of Wight

Kent

 Ashford
 Canterbury
 Chatham and Aylesford
 Dartford
 Dover
 Faversham and Mid Kent
 Folkestone and Hythe
 Gillingham
 Gravesham
 Maidstone and The Weald
 Medway
 North Thanet
 Sevenoaks
 Sittingbourne and Sheppey
 South Thanet
 Tonbridge and Malling
 Tunbridge Wells

Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire

 Banbury
 Henley
 Oxford East
 Oxford West and Abingdon
 Wantage
 Witney

Surrey

 East Surrey
 Epsom and Ewell
 Esher and Walton
 Guildford
 Mole Valley
 Reigate
 Runnymede and Weybridge
 South West Surrey
 Spelthorne
 Surrey Heath
 Woking

West Sussex

 Arundel and South Downs
 Bognor Regis and Littlehampton
 Chichester
 Crawley
 East Worthing and Shoreham
 Horsham
 Mid Sussex
 Worthing West

South West England

Avon (county)|Avon

 Bath
 Bristol East
 Bristol North West
 Bristol South
 Bristol West
 Kingswood
 Northavon
 Wansdyke
 Weston-Super-Mare
 Woodspring

Cornwall

 Falmouth and Camborne
 North Cornwall
 St Ives
 South East Cornwall
 Truro and St Austell

Devon

 East Devon
 Exeter
 North Devon
 Plymouth Devonport
 Plymouth Sutton
 South West Devon
 Teignbridge
 Tiverton and Honiton
 Torbay
 Torridge and West Devon
 Totnes

Dorset

 Bournemouth East
 Bournemouth West
 Christchurch
 Mid Dorset and North Poole
 North Dorset
 Poole
 South Dorset
 West Dorset

Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire

 Cheltenham
 Cotswold
 Forest of Dean
 Gloucester
 Stroud
 Tewkesbury

Somerset

 Bridgwater
 Somerton and Frome
 Taunton
 Wells
 Yeovil

Wiltshire

 Devizes
 North Swindon
 North Wiltshire
 Salisbury
 South Swindon
 Westbury

West Midlands (region)|West Midlands

Hereford and Worcester

 Bromsgrove
 Hereford
 Leominster
 Mid Worcestershire
 Redditch
 West Worcestershire
 Worcester
 Wyre Forest

Shropshire

 Ludlow
 North Shropshire
 Shrewsbury and Atcham
 Telford
 The Wrekin

Staffordshire

 Burton
 Cannock Chase
 Lichfield
 Newcastle-under-Lyme
 South Staffordshire
 Stafford
 Staffordshire Moorlands
 Stoke-on-Trent Central
 Stoke-on-Trent North
 Stoke-on-Trent South
 Stone
 Tamworth

Warwickshire

 North Warwickshire
 Nuneaton
 Rugby and Kenilworth
 Stratford-on-Avon
 Warwick and Leamington

West Midlands (county)
Aldridge-Brownhills
 Birmingham Edgbaston
 Birmingham Erdington
 Birmingham Hall Green
 Birmingham Hodge Hill
 Birmingham Ladywood
 Birmingham Northfield
 Birmingham Perry Barr
 Birmingham Selly Oak
 Birmingham Sparkbrook and Small Heath
 Birmingham Yardley
 Coventry North East
 Coventry North West
 Coventry South
 Dudley North
 Dudley South
 Halesowen and Rowley Regis
 Meriden
 Solihull
 Stourbridge
 Sutton Coldfield
 Walsall North
 Walsall South
 Warley
 West Bromwich East
 West Bromwich West
 Wolverhampton North East
 Wolverhampton South East
 Wolverhampton South West

Yorkshire and Humberside

Humberside

 Beverley and Holderness
 Brigg and Goole
 Cleethorpes
 East Yorkshire
 Great Grimsby
 Haltemprice and Howden
 Kingston upon Hull East
 Kingston upon Hull North
 Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle
 Scunthorpe

North Yorkshire

 City of York
 Harrogate and Knaresborough
 Richmond (Yorks)
 Ryedale
 Scarborough and Whitby
 Selby
 Skipton and Ripon
 Vale of York

South Yorkshire
South Yorkshire

 Barnsley Central
 Barnsley East and Mexborough
 Barnsley West and Penistone
 Don Valley
 Doncaster Central
 Doncaster North
 Rother Valley
 Rotherham
 Sheffield Attercliffe
 Sheffield Brightside
 Sheffield Central
 Sheffield Hallam
 Sheffield Heeley
 Sheffield Hillsborough
 Wentworth

West Yorkshire

 Batley and Spen
 Bradford North
 Bradford South
 Bradford West
 Calder Valley
 Colne Valley
 Dewsbury
 Elmet
 Halifax
 Hemsworth
 Huddersfield
 Keighley
 Leeds Central
 Leeds East
 Leeds North East
 Leeds North West
 Leeds West
 Morley and Rothwell
 Normanton
 Pontefract and Castleford
 Pudsey
 Shipley
 Wakefield

Northern Ireland

 Belfast East
 Belfast North
 Belfast South
 Belfast West
 East Antrim
 East Londonderry
 Fermanagh and South Tyrone
 Foyle
 Lagan Valley
 Mid Ulster
 Newry and Armagh
 North Antrim
 North Down
 South Antrim
 South Down
 Strangford
 Upper Bann
 West Tyrone

Scotland
Scotland

Highlands and Islands
 Argyll and Bute
 Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross
 Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey
 Na h-Eileanan an Iar (formerly Western Isles)
 Orkney and Shetland
 Ross, Skye and Lochaber

North East Scotland
 Aberdeen North
 Aberdeen South
 Angus
 Banff and Buchan
 Dundee East
 Dundee West
 Gordon
 Moray
 West Aberdeenshire and Kincardine

Central Scotland
 Falkirk
 Ochil and South Perthshire
 Perth and North Perthshire
 Stirling

Fife
 Dunfermline and West Fife
 Glenrothes
 Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath
 North East Fife

Lothian
 East Lothian
 Edinburgh East
 Edinburgh North and Leith
 Edinburgh South
 Edinburgh South West
 Edinburgh West
 Linlithgow and East Falkirk
 Livingston
 Midlothian

South of Scotland
 Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk
 Dumfries and Galloway
 Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale

Ayrshire
 Ayr, Carrick and Cumnock
 Central Ayrshire
 Kilmarnock and Loudoun
 North Ayrshire and Arran
Lanarkshire
 Airdrie and Shotts
 Coatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill
 Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East
 East Kilbride, Strathaven and Lesmahagow
 Lanark and Hamilton East
 Motherwell and Wishaw
 Rutherglen and Hamilton West

Glasgow
 Glasgow Central
 Glasgow East
 Glasgow North
 Glasgow North East
 Glasgow North West
 Glasgow South
 Glasgow South West

Dunbartonshire
 East Dunbartonshire
 West Dunbartonshire

Renfrewshire
 East Renfrewshire
 Inverclyde
 Paisley and Renfrewshire North
 Paisley and Renfrewshire South
Wales
 Aberavon
 Alyn and Deeside
 Blaenau Gwent
 Brecon and Radnorshire
 Bridgend
 Caernarfon
 Caerphilly
 Cardiff Central
 Cardiff North
 Cardiff South and Penarth
 Cardiff West
 Carmarthen East and Dinefwr
 Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire
 Ceredigion
 Clwyd South
 Clwyd West
 Conwy
 Cynon Valley
 Delyn
 Gower
 Islwyn
 Llanelli
 Meirionnydd Nant Conwy
 Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney
 Monmouth
 Montgomeryshire
 Neath
 Newport East
 Newport West
 Ogmore
 Pontypridd
 Preseli Pembrokeshire
 Rhondda
 Swansea East
 Swansea West
 Torfaen
 Vale of Clwyd
 Vale of Glamorgan
 Wrexham
 Ynys Môn (formerly Anglesey)

Related pages
List of former United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies
Constituencies in the next United Kingdom general election - constituencies created by the four Boundary Commissions, including recommendations still pending final approval

Other websites 
ONS Map of Constituencies
ONS List of Constituencies (CSV file)
UK Elections Directory 
TheyWorkForYou.com

 
 
United Kingdom-related lists
A stain is a spot that has another color than the material on which it is found. It can be occur without intention in the case of domestic stains on fabric, cloth, or other material, or it can be intentional. Stains are used intentionally in a variety of fields, including research (biochemical staining), technology (metal staining), and art (wood staining, stained glass.)

Different types of material can be stained by different substances, and stain resistance is an important characteristic in modern textile engineering.  Various laundry techniques exist to attempt to remove or minimize existing stains, and stain removers are an important type of chemical in laundry detergents. Some stand-alone stain removers also exist.
Substances that may create stains
 blood
 chocolate 
 coffee
 fruits and their juices, particularly orange juice
 grass
 grease
 ink (notably permanent marker)
 oil
 sauces (particularly tomato based)
 soda (particularly orange soda)
 sweat
 wine
 table salt
 talc, cornstarch or chalk
 borax
 lemon juice or lemon

Fabrics
 carpet
 cotton
 leather
 silk
 various fabrics in shoes
 wool

Stain removers

 bleach  (do not mix with ammonia)
 ammonia (do not mix with bleach)
 vinegar
 baking soda
 rubbing alcohol
 hydrogen peroxide
 cream of tartar
 sun
 club soda

References

Everyday life
Stainless steel, also known as inox steel, is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5 or 11% chromium content by mass.  

Stainless steel does not stain, corrode, or rust as easily as ordinary steel, but it is not stain-proof.

The term 'corrosion resistant steel' is used when the alloy has less than the 12% minimum of chromium, for example in the aviation industry. There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel, depending on where it will be used. Stainless steels have a higher resistance to oxidation (rust) and corrosion in many natural and man-made environments, Different stainless steels have different amounts of different metals in them, and they are good for different purposes. There are over 150 grades of stainless steel, of which fifteen are the most used.
The idea behind stainless steel was discovered in the first part of the 19th century, but it took about 80 years to develop a reliable industrial method. French, British and American inventors worked on this until a genuine stainless steel was produced. The invention of modern stainless steel can be dated to 1913, and it was done by Harry Brearley in Sheffield, Yorkshire. A common use for stainless steel is cutlery (knives, forks, and spoons). Stainless steel cutlery was a big industry in the mid-20th century Sheffield. Stainless steel is also used in future space rockets, like Starship and Terran R.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Articles about stainless steel  by International Stainless Steel Forum
What is stainless steel  by BSSA
Euro Inox (multilingual portal)
Comprehensive information about stainless steel by The Stainless Steel Information Center
Comprehensive information about metallurgy of stainless steel by Cambridge University
Life cycle costing of stainless steel 
Introduction to stainless steel by KOSA

Alloys
Iron
Ferrous is an adjective coming from the Latin ferrum (iron). One uses this word to indicate the presence of iron, mostly in metallurgy or related industries.
There are also non-ferrous metals, which are metals that have no iron in them at all.

Ferrous can also refer to iron in its +2 oxidation state.

"Ferrous" is also the name of a song by Peter Gabriel.

Related pages
Iron compounds

Metals
Iron
Carbon steel or plain-carbon steel, is a metal alloy. It is a combination of two elements, iron and carbon. Other elements are present in quantities too small to affect its properties. The only other elements allowed in plain-carbon steel are: manganese (1.65% max), silicon (0.60% max), and copper (0.60% max). Steel with a low carbon content has the same properties as iron, soft but easily formed. With more carbon the metal gains hardness and strength but becomes less ductile and more difficult to weld. Higher carbon content lowers steel's melting point and its temperature resistance in general.

Types of carbon steel 
Typical compositions of carbon are:
Mild (low carbon) steel: approximately 0.3% carbon content with up to 0.4% manganese content (e.g. AISI 1018 steel). Less strong but cheap and easy to shape; surface hardness can be increased through carburizing.
 Medium carbon steel: approximately 0.30% to 0.45% carbon content with 0.60 to 1.65% manganese content(e.g. AISI 1040 steel). Balances ductility and strength and has good wear resistance; used for large parts, forging and car parts.
 High carbon steel: approximately 0.45% to 0.75%  carbon content with 0.30 to 0.90% manganese content. Very strong, used for springs and high-strength wires.
 Very high carbon steel: upto 1.5% carbon content, specially processed to produce specific atomic and molecular micro structures.
Steel can be heat-treated which allows parts to be fabricated in an easily fordable soft state. If enough carbon is present, the alloy can be hardened to increase strength, wear, and impact resistance. Steels are often wrought by cold-working methods, which is the shaping of metal through deformation at a low equilibrium or meta stable temperature.

Metallurgy 
Mild steel is the most common form of steel as its price is relatively low while it provides material properties that are acceptable for many applications. Mild steel has a low carbon content (up to 0.3%) and is therefore neither extremely brittle nor ductile. It becomes malleable when heated, and so can be forged. It is also often used where large amounts of steel need to be formed, for example as structural steel. Density of this metal is 7861.093 kg/m³ (0.284 lb/in³) and the tensile strength is a maximum of 500 MPa (72500 psi)
Carbon steels which can successfully undergo heat-treatment have a carbon content in the range of 0.30% to 1.70% by weight. Trace impurities of various other elements can have a significant effect on the quality of the resulting steel. Trace amounts of sulfur make the steel "red-short", which is a fault: the steel is brittle and crumbly. Low alloy carbon steel, such as A36 grade, contains about 0.05% sulfur and melts around 1426–1538 °C (2600–2800 °F). Manganese is often added to improve the hardenability of low carbon steels. These additions turn the material into a low alloy steel by some definitions, but AISI's definition of carbon steel allows up to 1.65% manganese by weight.

Hardened steel usually refers to quenched or quenched and tempered steel.
Silver Steel or high-carbon bright steel, gets its name from its appearance, due to the high carbon content. It is a very-high carbon steel, or can be thought of as some of the best high-carbon steel. It is defined under the steel specification standards BS-1407. It is a 1% carbon tool steel which can be ground to close tolerances. Usually the range of carbon is minimum 1.10% but as high as 1.20%. It also contains trace elements of 0.35% Mn (range 0.30%-0.40%), 0.40% Cr (range 0.4%-0.5%), 0.30% Si (range 0.1%-0.3%), and also sometimes sulfur (max 0.035%) and phosphorus (max 0.035%). Silver steel is sometimes used for making straight razors, due to its ability to produce and hold a micro-fine edge.

Heat treatments 

The purpose of heat treating plain-carbon steel is to change the mechanical properties of steel, usually ductility, hardness, yield strength, and impact resistance.

Footnotes
Footnotes

References 
 Oberg, E. et al., (1996). "Machinery's Handbook," 25th ed., Industrial Press Inc.
 Smith, W.F. & Hashemi, J. (2006). "Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering," 4th ed., McGraw-Hill.

Alloys
Iron
Yellowcake is a type of uranium powder. Yellowcake is made from rocks and minerals with uranium inside, like uraninite, after they are changed in a factory. Yellowcake can be made into fuel for nuclear reactors, or it can be used in making atomic bombs.

Uranium
Nuclear energy
Ductility is when a solid material stretches under tensile strain. If ductile, a material may be stretched into a wire. Malleability, a similar property, is a material's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened by hammering or rolling.  

Both of these properties are aspects of plasticity.  Plasticity is how far a solid material can be deformed without fracture.  These properties are commonplace in metals, and are dependent on temperature and pressure.  This was investigated by Percy Williams Bridgman as part of his 1946 Nobel Prize–winning work on high pressures.

Ductility and malleability do not always go together. Gold has high ductility and malleability, but lead has low ductility and high malleability.  The word ductility is sometimes used to embrace both types of plasticity.

Gold, copper, aluminium, and steel have high ductility.

References

Related pages 
 Stress (mechanics)

Materials science
MI could mean:
 Myocardial infarction, commonly called a "heart attack"
 Michigan, a United States state
 Mission: Impossible - 1996 movie
 Mutual information
Defibrillation works by carefully sending a strong electric current to the heart, which resets the heart, and hopefully returns the heart to a normal,coordinated heart rhythm. It needs to depolarise (take away the existing electric charge) from a large part of the heart muscle, which stops the arrhythmia and allows the normal heartbeat to return. Defibrillators can work from outside the body with the use of an external defibrillator or an automated external defibrillator, or inside the body with an implantable defibrillator.

History
The first use of the technique on a human was in 1947 by Claude Beck, a professor of surgery at Case Western Reserve University. The patient was a 14-year-old boy named Mickey.

Defibrillation is now used during open heart surgery, when the heart is stopped on purpose. In1980 the first implanted defibrillator was put into a patient. Implanted defibrillators are put into the chests of people at risk of going into fibrillation.
Arrhythmias
Not all arrhythmias need defibrillation. Some arrhythmias still push blood to the body, not well, but still enough to keep a person alive. Other types, like ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, will cause a person to die within minutes unless treated. These are what need to be treated by defibrillation.

Fibrillation is when the heart muscle is contracting, but not in any organized way, and blood is not pumped. Pulseless tachycardia is when the heart is beating too fast to collect any blood to push.

Asystole is when the heart is not working at all (flat-line). Defibrillation does not work on asystole, but CPR might help.

Success rate
Defibrillation is most successful when done right when the problem starts. Success in the first minute is about 90% and drops by 10% every minute after that. This time can be made longer by giving the person CPR, but having a defibrillator close by is very important.

Related pages
 Defibrillator
 Cardiac arrest

References
References

Other websites 

 Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology
 American Red Cross: Saving a Life is as Easy as A-E-D
 FDA Heart Health Online: Automated External Defibrillator (AED)
 Resuscitation Council (UK)
 History of defibrillation 
 How an internal defibrillator is implanted  from Children's Hospital Heart Center, Seattle.

Cardiology
Emergency medicine
A defibrillator is a machine that can help when ventricular fibrillation happens in the heart of a human. A defibrillator is a life saving device.

Fibrillation happens when many different cells in the heart begin to act as pacemaker cells. This means that many thousands of cells tell the heart to beat, all at different times and with no rhythm. This confusion causes the heart to become unable to move blood around the body. This causes cardiac arrest and death.

A defibrillator sends a high energy pulse from the top-right of the heart to the bottom-middle of the heart. This causes the whole heart to stop all activity. The heart's normal pacemaker then can try and restart normal beating. Defibrillation does not always work.

Types of defibrillators
Internal defibrillators 
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) are defibrillators that are designed to help patients from inside their body. They are put inside people that are at high-risk of going into cardiac arrest and monitor a person's heart rate, rhythm, and waveform. By comparing the activity in the different chambers of the heart, an icd can detect cardiac arrhythmias and treat them quickly.

External defibrillators 
External defibrillators are often used in hospitals and ambulances. They are now also being used outside of medical environments more as automated external defibrillators (see below) become safer and cheaper. There are many different types of external defibrillators, and progress in cardiac research has led to big improvements in the underlying technology.

Biphasic defibrillation 
Until the 1990s, external defibrillators relied on monophasic (one phase) shock waves. Electrical pulses are quickly sent from one electrode to the other in one direction.
Biphasic (two phases) defibrillation, however, changes the direction of the pulses. It completes one cycle in approximately 10 milliseconds. This means less energy is needed for successful defibrillation. That means less risk of burns and other damage. The small capacitor (battery) size required for the defibrillator can result in large cost and size savings.

Automated external defibrillators