Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
C-75s had the pressurization equipment removed to make the plane lighter. Some seats were taken off, and some other changes were made. Five  fuel tanks were put onto the plane. The landing gear was made stronger and the maximum take-off weight was made bigger (from ). The outside was painted olive drab.

History
The first Boeing 307 Stratoliner flew from Boeing Field, Seattle on December 31, 1938. However, it crashed on March 18, 1939, while KLM was looking at it.

The first delivery was made to Howard Hughes. He bought one Boeing 307 to fly around the world. He wanted to do it faster than he did before. Hughes' Boeing Stratoliner had more fuel tanks. It was ready to go, but then Nazi Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, so Howard Hughes did not make his flight. This 307 had its extra fuel tanks taken off. It also had more powerful engines added. It was supposed to be a "flying penthouse" for Hughes, but it was not used a lot. It was eventually sold.
Pam Am started getting its Boeing 307s in March 1940. TWA got its first 307 in April. TWA used its 307s to fly from Los Angeles to New York City. Pan Am's flew from Miami to Latin America. Ten 307s were made. Three were given to Pan Am (named Clipper Flying Cloud, Clipper Comet, and Clipper Rainbow) and five to TWA (named Comanche, Cherokee, Zuni, Navajo, and Apache). One went to Howard Hughes. The first 307 crashed.

After the United States joined World War II, Pan Am kept flying its planes to Central and South America, but the Army Air Force was in charge of them. TWA's Boeing 307s were sold to the U.S. government. They were called Boeing C-75 and used by the United States Army Air Forces.
The U. S. Army gave the five C-75s back to TWA in 1944. TWA sent them back to Boeing to be rebuilt. Boeing replaced the wings and put in more powerful engines. The electrics were replaced with electrics from the Boeing B-29 Superfortress. After these changes, the 307 could carry 38 passengers. TWA switched to the Lockheed Constellation, but the 307s were used until April, 1951.

TWA sold its Stratoliners to Aigle Azur.

C-75
The C-75 flew two main routes: Washington, D.C. to Cairo and New York to Scotland. They sometimes flew from Gander, Newfoundland to Prestwick, Scotland and between Natal, Brazil and Accra, Ghana. After July 1942, they could stop to refuel at Ascension Island. I

Different types of Boeing 307

307
had Wright Cyclone GR-1820-G102 engines and five crew 
307B
had Wright Cyclone GR-1820-G105A engines and seven crew
C-75
Boeing 307s used by the U.S. military

Users

Civilians

 Aigle Azur

 Royal Air Laos
Royal Air Laos 

 Howard Hughes bought one aircraft.
 Pan Am got three aircraft.
 TWA got five aircraft.

Military

 Haitan Air Force

 United States Army Air Forces

Boeing 307s which still exist

The only Boeing 307 Stratoliner which still exists is at the Smithsonian Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. On March 28, 2002, this plane was damaged a lot when it ditched in Elliott Bay in Seattle, Washington. That was its last flight before it went to the Smithsonian.

The main part of Howard Hughes' 307 also still exists, but it is now a house boat.

Details (Boeing 307)

Related pages

References

Notes

Bibliography
Bibliography

 Bowers, Peter M. Boeing Aircraft since 1916. London: Putnam, Third edition, 1989. .
 Bridgman, L. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1942. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co., 1942.
 Ford, Daniel. "First and Last 'Strat': Boeing's Model 307 and its Survivors". Air Enthusiast, No. 110, March/April 2004, pp. 54–60. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0143-5450.
 Hardy, Mike. "The Stratoliner Story (Part 1)." Air International, Vol. 46, No 1, January 2004, pp. 21–24. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0306-5634. 
 Hardy, Mike. "The Stratoliner Story (Part 2)." Air International, Vol. 46, No 2, February 2004, pp. 69–72.  Stamford, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0306-5634. 
 Munson, Kenneth. Bombers in Service, Patrol and Transport Aircraft Since 1960. London: The Macmillan Co., 1972. .
 Taylor, H.A. "Ten Big Boeings ... The Stratoliner Story". Air Enthusiast, Ten, July–September 1979, pp. 58–67. Bromley, UK: Fine Scroll.

Other websites
Other websites

 Video Courtesy of *Bomberguy Aviation Historian
 Coast to Coast on Four Motors September 1940 Popular Mechanics
 History of the Boeing 307 by Boeing Historical Division

307
Vladimír Čech (6 July 1951 – 22 March 2013) was an Czech actor, presenter and former politician. He was known for being the voice of Garfield in the Czech versions.

Čech was born on 6 July 1951 in Prague, Czechoslovakia. He studied at the Theatre Faculty of the Academy of Performing Arts. Čech died of Lynch syndrome (a type of colon cancer) and pneumonia on 22 March 2013 in his home in Prague, Czech Republic, aged 61.

References

Other websites
Biography of Vladimír Čech on ČT website 
Biography of Vladimír Čech on worldonline.cz website  

1951 births
2013 deaths
Czechoslovak politicians
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Deaths from pneumonia
Cancer deaths in the Czech Republic
Entertainers from Prague
Czech movie actors
Czech stage actors
Czech television actors
Czech television presenters
Voice actors
Robert Slerling "Ducky" Detweiler (February 15, 1919 – March 13, 2013) was an American professional baseball infielder and manager. Listed at 5' 11", 178 lb., he batted and threw right handed. He played for the Boston Braves (1942, 1946).

Detweiler was born on February 15, 1919 in Trumbauersville, Pennsylvania. He studied at Quakertown High School. Detweiler was married to Jean Cahall from 1944 until his death in 2013. They had one daughter, Gina. Detweiler died on March 13, 2013 in his home in Easton, Maryland from natural causes, aged 94.

References

Other websites
 Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles (1993). Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball. Baseball America. 

1919 births
2013 deaths
American baseball players
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Barnala is a city in Barnala District, Punjab in India.

Cities in Punjab, India
Islam is the state religion of the Afghanistan. About 99.7% of the Afghan population is Muslim. About 80-89% practice Sunni Islam and belong to the Hanafi Islamic law school. 10-19% are Shi'a, most of whom follow the Twelver branch with smaller numbers of Ismailis.

Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Pier 39 is a place in San Francisco. It is a popular place for tourists and has many things to do. There are many restaurants, shops, street performances, and a video arcade. Pier 39 is home to many sea lions and a two-level carousel at the end of the pier.

Pier 39 was first developed by Warren Simmons and opened October 4, 1978.

References

Other websites

Official site

Buildings and structures in San Francisco
Landmarks in San Francisco
1978 establishments in California
Keio University is one of the oldest universities in Japan. It started in Tokyo in 1858 as a school for Western studies.

Faculty & Graduate Schools
 Medicine
 Pharmacology & Pharmacy
 Science & Technology (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, etc.)
 Law
 Economics

Notable alumni
 Junichiro Koizumi (87th/88th/89th Prime Minister of Japan)
 Ryutaro Hashimoto (82nd/83rd Prime Minister of Japan)
 Akihiko Hoshide (astronaut)
 Yukari Yoshihara (Go player at Nihon Ki-in)

Campus Gallery

Other websites

Keio University website
Keio University, Institute for Advanced Biosciences/TTCK
Shonan Fujisawa Campus
Keio Academy of New York
Keio Organization for Global Initiatives (OGI)

References

Bibliography
 

Keio University
1858 establishments
19th-century establishments in Japan
1850s establishments in Asia
Jessica Lucas (September 24 1985) is a Canadian television and movie actress. She played Lily in the movie Cloverfield. She also acted in several notable television programs. She was born in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
1985 births
Living people
The Kennedys was an American-Canadian 2011 Emmy Award-winning miniseries.

About
The Kennedy's was about the political career and the personal life of John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.. The show was about how Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. made John F. Kennedy win his election for President.

As the show continued, they show the difficulties of Kennedy's presidency, Joseph's stroke and rough relationship with Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, and the assassination of both John and Robert Kennedy. The show also featured John's relationship with his wife Jacqueline Kennedy.
Cast
Greg Kinnear as John F. Kennedy
Katie Holmes as Jacqueline Kennedy
Barry Pepper as Robert F. Kennedy
Tom Wilkinson as Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.
Diana Hardcastle as Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy
Chris Diamantopoulos as Frank Sinatra
Charlotte Sullivan as Marilyn Monroe
Kristin Booth as Ethel Kennedy
Serge Houde as Sam Giancana
Enrico Colantoni as J. Edgar Hoover
Don Allison as Lyndon B. Johnson
Rothaford Gray as Abraham Bolden
Gabriel Hogan as Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites
 
  at History Television
  at History UK
  at ReelzChannel

2011 American television series debuts
2011 American television series endings
Emmy Award winning programs
English-language television programs
John F. Kennedy
American political drama television series
Ascot is a large village in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire. It is most famous as the location of Ascot Racecourse, which hosts the Royal Ascot meeting. Ascot Racecourse was founded in 1711 by Queen Anne, with the first race, ‘Her Majesty’s Plate’ running in August of that year.

The name Ascot is Anglo-Saxon and derives from East-Cote meaning the Eastern Cottage, probably a reference to being east of the royal estate at Easthampstead. Ascot has always been the western portion of Sunninghill parish (now called Sunninghill and Ascot) and, for most of its history, largely consisted of dangerous heathland frequented by highwaymen.
Ascot has 20% more Higher and Intermediate managerial, administrative or professional households than the national average. Ascot has a higher rate of home ownership, either outright or via a mortgage than the national average, which suggests that Ascot is a relatively affluent area. The population of Ascot as a whole, is older than the national average. The population of Ascot is also older than the average, making Ascot an older persons location.

References 

Villages in Berkshire
Lewis Shepard Stone (November 15, 1879 – September 12, 1953) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Judge James Hardy in fifteen movies of the Andy Hardy movie series. The first movie was You're Only Young Once (1937).

Stone was born on November 15, 1879 in Worcester, Massachusetts. He was married to Florence Oakley until they divorced. They had two children. Then he was married to Margaret Langham from 1907 until her death. Then he was married to Hazel Elizabeth Wolf from 1930 until his death in 1953. 

Stone died in Hancock Park, Los Angeles, California on September 12, 1953. He was chasing away some neighborhood children after they attacked his house. His wife Hazel tried to stop Stone from running. Stone managed to run until he suffered a fatal heart attack. He was 73 years old.

Other websites

Lewis Stone at The New York Times Movies
Lewis Stone at The International Silent Movie
Photographs of Lewis Stone
1879 births
1953 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
Actors from Massachusetts
People from Worcester, Massachusetts
The Wrigley Building (400-410 North Michigan Avenue, Near North Side, Chicago, Illinois) is a skyscraper in Chicago. It is directly across Michigan Avenue from the Tribune Tower on the Magnificent Mile. 

It was built to hold the corporate headquarters of the Wrigley Company. Construction began for the building in 1920. The building was Chicago's first air-conditioned office building.

The Wrigley Building was sold in 2011 to a group of investors that includes Zeller Realty Group and Groupon co-founders Eric Lefkofsky and Brad Keywell.

References

Other websites

History of the Wrigley Building from company website
projectchicago.org entry: Wrigley Building 

Skyscrapers in Chicago
20th-century architecture
Conrad Davis Totman (born January 5, 1934) is an American historian, academic, writer, translator and Japan studies expert.  Totman is a retired professor at Yale University.

Early life
Totman was born in Conway, Massachusetts.  He studied at the University of Massachusetts.  He was granted a Ph.D. in Asian history at Harvard University in 1964.

Career
Totman taught Japanese history at the University of California at Santa Barbara, at Northwestern University, and at Yale. He retired from Yale in 1997.

Select works
In an overview of writings by and about Totman, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 30+ works in 140+ publications in 4 languages and 7,800+ library holdings.
Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, 1600-1843, 1967
 The collapse of the Tokugawa bakufu, 1862-1868, 1980 
 Japan before Perry: a short history, 1981 
 Tokugawa Ieyasu, shogun: a biography, 1983 
 The origins of Japan's modern forests: the case of Akita, 1985 
 The green archipelago: forestry in preindustrial Japan, 1989 
 Tokugawa Japan: the social and economic antecedents of modern Japan, 1990
 Early Modern Japan, 1993 
 The lumber industry in early modern Japan, 1995 
 A History of Japan, 2000 
 Pre-industrial Korea and Japan in environmental perspective, 2004 
 Japan's imperial forest, Goryorin, 1889-1945: with a supporting study of the Kan/Min division of woodland in early Meiji Japan, 1871-76, 2007

References

Other websites 
  Yale faculty website

American Japanologists
Living people
1934 births
American historians
Gregory James Smits (born 1960) is an American historian, academic, writer and Japan studies expert.  He is a professor of Japanese history at Pennsylvania State University.

Early life
Smits was born 1960 in Columbia, Missouri.  He was earned an undergraduate degree at the University of Florida in 1983.  He was awarded a Masters Degree at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.  He was granted a Ph.D. at the University of Southern California.

Select works
In an overview of writings by and about Smits, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 8 works in 15+ publications in 2 languages and 1,100+ library holdings.

 The sages' scale in Japan: Nakae Tōju (1608-1648) and situational weighing, 1991
 Visions of Ryukyu identity and ideology in early-modern thought and politics, 1999
 Jahana Noboru: Ikinawan activist and scholar, 2002 
 The politics of culture in early twentieth century Okinawa, 2006
 Economic thought in early modern Japan, 2010

References

Other websites 
  Smits faculty website
American Japanologists
Living people
1960 births
American historians
John Charles Patrick Croghan Daly (February 20, 1914 – February 24, 1991) was an American journalist, personality, actor, and game show host. He was known for hosting What's My Line. He was also the Vice President of ABC during the 1950s. He was the son-in-law of Chief of Justice Earl Warren.

Early life
Daly was born on February 20, 1914 in Johannesburg, South Africa to an American family.  His parents were on a trip in Johannesburg when he was born. After his father died, Daly and his mother moved to Boston, Massachusetts. Daly studied at the Tilton School and at Boston College.

Personal life
He was married to Margaret Griswell Neal from 1937 until they divorced in 1959 or 1960. They had three children. Then he was married to Virginia Warren from 1960 until his death in 1991. Virginia was the daughter of Chief Justice Earl Warren.

Death
Daly died on February 24, 1991 in his home in Chevy Chase, Maryland from cardiac arrest, four days after his 77th birthday.
Awards
Daly won an Emmy Award in 1955, an Golden Globe Award in 1962, and three Peabody Award in 1954, 1956, and in 1957.

References

Other websites

Biography on TV.com 
Robert Trout discusses the CBS newscast of December 7, 1941
John Charles Daly at Find a Grave

1914 births
1991 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American radio actors
American voice actors
American journalists
American television personalities
American radio personalities
American television presenters
Actors from Boston
Writers from Boston
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Peabody Award winners
People from Johannesburg
Elaine Stritch (February 2, 1925 – July 17, 2014) was an American actress and vocalist. She was known for her role as Colleen Donaghy in 30 Rock. Stritch was nominated for five Tony Awards. She won three Emmy Awards and two Drama Desk Awards.

Stritch was born on February 2, 1925 in Detroit, Michigan to an Irish-Welsh family. She studied at The New School in New York City. Stritch was married to John Bay from 1973 until his death in 1982. She lived in Birmingham, Michigan.

Stritch died at her home in Birmingham, Michigan from complications of stomach cancer and diabetes on July 17, 2014 at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

 
 
 
 Just A Minute Transcript

1925 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from diabetes
Actors from Detroit
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Drama Desk Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Singers from Detroit
The Drama Desk Awards are theatre awards. They are given every year in a number of categories. They are the only major New York theatre honors in which productions on Broadway, Off-Broadway, and Off-Off-Broadway compete against each other in the same category. Presented since 1955, they are thought as one of the most important American theatre awards along with the Tony Award.

References

Other websites

1955 establishments
Sometimes, after a person commits suicide (kills themself), other people will copy them and also kill themselves. This is called copycat suicide. People may commit copycat suicide after a person they know commits suicide, or after hearing about a suicide through television or other media.

After a famous suicide, there may be more copycat suicides. This is called the Werther effect. Sudden rises in copycat suicides can spread through a home, schools, or even across an entire country. These are called cluster suicides.

Suicide
Joel Scott Osteen (born March 5, 1963) is an American author, televangelist, and the senior pastor of Lakewood Church in Houston, Texas. 

His ministry reaches over seven million broadcast media viewers weekly in over 100 nations around the world. His first book, “Your Best Life Now” has sold 5 million copies. Lakewood Church now occupies the former Compaq Center, once home to the NBA’s Houston Rockets. The venue seats 16,000 people.  

Osteen was born on March 5, 1963 in Houston, Texas. He has been married to Victoria Osteen since 1987. They have two children. He lives in Houston, Texas.

In August 2017, Osteen received significant backlash on social media after he did not initially open Lakewood Church as an emergency shelter following Hurricane Harvey. A post on the church's Facebook page and an Instagram post by associate pastor John Gray, which was later deleted, claimed that flooded highways had made the church inaccessible.

References

Other websites
Official Joel Osteen Ministries
1963 births
Living people
American Pentecostals
Christian religious leaders
American Christian writers
Television evangelists
Television personalities from Texas
Writers from Houston
Richard John Kind (born November 22, 1956) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in Mad About You (as Dr. Mark Devanow) and in Spin City (as Paul Thomas Lassiter). Kind voiced Riley's imaginary friend Bing Bong in Pixar's Inside Out.

Personal life
Kind was born on November 22, 1956 in Trenton, New Jersey to a Jewish family. He grew up in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Kind studied at Pennsbury High School and at Northwestern University. 

He married Dana Stanley in 1999 and they divorced in 2014. They have three children. Actor and director George Clooney is a close friend, and was best man at Kind's wedding. Kind now lives in Santa Monica, California and in Chicago, Illinois.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

References

Other websites

Fairfield Arts & Convention Center
1955 births
Living people
Jewish American actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York (state)
Actors from Pennsylvania
People from Rochester, New York
Actors from Santa Monica, California
Revelstoke is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Revelstoke is in southeastern in British Columbia and is 641 kilometers (398 mi) east of Vancouver. 

The population of Revelstoke was 7,139 in 2011. The mayor of Revelstoke is David Raven.

The Canadian Pacific Railway opened in the 1880s and ran through Revelstoke. The city was originally named Farwell after one of the local land owner and surveyors. It was then renamed Revelstoke after Lord Revelstoke, head of Baring Brothers & Co. The city of Revelstoke holds the Canadian record for snowiest single winter when 2447 cm (80 feet) of snow fell on Mt.Copeland outside town during winter of 1971-72.

References

Other websites
Official website

Cities in British Columbia
Clive Selsby Revill (born 18 April 1930) is a New Zealand actor who is best known for his roles in Avanti!, A Fine Madness, The Assassination Bureau, and in The Pickwick Papers. He also voiced Alfred Pennyworth in Batman: The Animated Series and Emperor Palpatine in Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back. He was nominated for an Golden Globe Award for his role in Avanti!.

Revill was born in Wellington, New Zealand to British parents. He was raised in London, England. He was married to Valerie Nelson from 1970 until they divorced in 1977. Then he was married to Suzi Schor from 1978 until they divorced in 1988. They had one daughter, Kate Selsby. Revill now lives in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 Clive Revill at Film Reference
1930 births
Living people
British movie actors
British television actors
British stage actors
British voice actors
New Zealand movie actors
New Zealand television actors
New Zealand stage actors
New Zealand voice actors
Actors from London
Actors from Wellington
Ronald P. Toby (1942 —   )  is an American historian, academic, writer and Japan studies expert.

Early life
Toby earned a doctorate in Japanese history from Columbia University in 1977.

Career
Toby has been a history professor at the University of California at Berkeley, Keio University and the University of Tokyo.

Select works
In an overview of writings by and about Toby, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 18 works in 30+ publications in 3 languages and 790+ library holdings.

 Korean-Japanese Diplomacy in 1711: Sukchong's Court and the Shogun's Title, 1974
 The Early Tokugawa Bakufu and Seventeenth Century Japanese Relations with East Asia, 1977
 State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1983
 Emergence of Economic Society in Japan, 1600-1870, 2004, with Hayami Akira and Osamu Saitō

Notes

American Japanologists
Living people
1942 births
American historians
Kindergarten Cop is a 1990 American action comedy movie directed by Ivan Reitman. It is about two undercover cops from Los Angeles pretending to be teachers at an elementary school in Astoria, Oregon to find the ex-wife of a drug dealer, who wants to kidnap their son. Arnold Schwarzenegger, Penelope Ann Miller, Pamela Reed, Richard Tyson, Carroll Baker, Linda Hunt and Matthew Lillard are in the cast. The movie was released in December 1990. It received mixed reviews by critics.  However, the movie earned over $200 million at the box office, making the movie very successful.

Release dates

References

1990 comedy movies
1990 crime movies
1990s criminal comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
English-language movies
Movies about children
Movies about drugs
Movies about abduction
Movies directed by Ivan Reitman
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies set in Oregon
Police comedy movies
Universal Pictures movies
The Division of Bendigo is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. The division was created in 1900 first federal election in 1901. It is named for the city of Bendigo. In the early years was covered only Bendigo, but on later boundaries the seat has included towns such as Echuca, Castlemaine, Maryborough and Seymour. It now includes Bendigo, Castlemaine, Kyneton and Maldon.

Members

Bendigo has often been held by both the Australian Labor Party and the conservative parties. Bendigo has had 15 members, the second-highest number (with Denison) of any federal electorate. Famous members have been its first member, Sir John Quick, who was a leading federalist, and Prime Minister Billy Hughes. Hughes, who came from Sydney, represented Bendigo for two terms at a time when the federal Parliament met in Melbourne. John Brumby, who held the seat from 1983 to 1990, later became Premier of Victoria.

Election results

References

Division of Bendigo – Australian Electoral Commission
Other websites
 Lisa Chesters' website

Bendigo
Victoria, Australia
1901 establishments in Australia
The Holyland Model of Jerusalem is a model of Old City of Jerusalem from the period of the Second Temple. It was first held in the Holyland Hotel in Jerusalem. It was opened in 1966, together with other models of ancient structure models of Israel. In 2006 the model was moved to a new site in the Israel Museum.

Other websites 

 Israeli museum website 

Temple Mount
Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
T.O.P. or Choi Seung-hyun (born November 4, 1987) is a Korean entertainer. He is a Top rapper, singer, songwriter, model, and actor. He was born on November 4, 1987. He is the oldest member of Big Bang.

Other website

South Korean singers
South Korean actors
1987 births
Living people
Rappers
Singer-songwriters
South Korean models
The Shrine of the Book (, ) is a famous building in the Israel Museum in Jerusalem. It shows the Dead Sea scrolls that were discovered in 1947 at Khirbet Qumran by the Archaeologist Dr. Yigael Yadin.

Other websites 

 The Shrine of the Book  at the Israel Museum, Jerusalem
 The Shrine of the Book  
 The Israel Museum, Jerusalem

Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Walytjatjata (also spelled Walytjatjara) is a place in the Northern Territory of Australia that is culturally important to the Pitjantjatjara Aboriginal community. It is located in the far south of the Territory, about  away from the border with South Australia. It is surrounded to the north by the western hills of the Mann Ranges. An outstation was built here in the 1980s, although nobody currently lives there permanently. Most of the families associated with the place live in Pipalyatjara, about  to the south-east. The houses there are sometimes used for hunting, foraging, painting and cultural events. Nearby are several rockholes and a sacred rock formation that is associated with the .

The name  refers to something having an owner in Pitjantjatjara.

References

Other websites
Walytjatjata on the Northern Territory Place Names Register

Geography of the Northern Territory
Indigenous Australian communities
Pitjantjatjara
Waterholes of Australia
QVC is a multinational group that represents shopping at home. The name QVC means Quality, Value and Convenience. 

The group are a television network that runs 24 hours a day and seven days per week. Celebrities on QVC have included Rachael Ray, Susan Lucci and Joan Rivers. This network specializes primarily in fashion, shoes and clothing. QVC serves almost 235 million customers in six countries. It was founded by Joseph Segel.

References

American television networks
The Home Shopping Network, or HSN, are a major American television group that sell primarily fashion, jewelry, shoes and clothing, although they may sometimes sell other products. HSN were launched in 1982, though did not become national until around 1985. HSN services are broadcasted in several countries around the world.

American television networks
1982 establishments in the United States
An evening gown is a fancy dress. It is usually worn to parties or formal dinners. These dresses are usually floor-length dresses

Dresses
Gloria Elizabeth Reuben (born June 9, 1964) is a Canadian actress and singer. She acts in both television series and movies. Reuben played Elizabeth Keckley in the 2012 movie Lincoln. She played Jeanie Boulet in the medical drama ER. Reuben was born in Toronto, Ontario.

Canadian television actors
Canadian movie actors
Actors from Toronto
1964 births
Living people
Wikivoyage is a free travel and tourism guide on the web. It is written by volunteer authors using a wiki. Anyone can edit articles. The name "Wikivoyage" is a combination of the words "wiki" and "voyage", the French word for travel, journey, or trip.

Wikivoyage started publicly in December 2006 as a German-language version that was supported by German and Swiss authors. It was owned by a German non-profit association named Wikivoyage e.V. The Italian version started in December 2007.

In 2012, the content of Wikitravel in other languages was copied to Wikivoyage. At the same time Wikivoyage became hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF), a non-profit organization that hosts other wikis such as Wikipedia. Wikivoyage was officially re-launched by Wikimedia on January 15, 2013. At that time Wikivoyage was available in German, Italian, English, French, Dutch, Russian, Swedish, Portuguese and Spanish languages. The English version is the biggest, with more than 27,400 articles in September 2016.
Description
Wikivoyage is written by the collaboration of Wikivoyagers from around the world. Articles cover different levels of geography, from continents to districts of a city. Articles mostly consist of: destinations, itineraries, phrasebooks, and travel topics.

Destinations
Geographical units are described in articles based on, "can you sleep there?"

The hierarchy includes:
 Continents
 Continental sections (like Southeast Asia)
 Countries
 Regions within countries (provinces, counties, states, groups of states etc.)
 Cities of any size, including small villages if they are tourist destinations
 Districts within large cities
 National parks provided they have accommodation for the traveller

Articles list attractions such as hotels, restaurants, bars, stores, nightclubs, tour operators, museums, statues or other works of art, city parks, town squares or streets, festivals or events, transport systems or stations, bodies of water, and uninhabited islands.

Itineraries
Itineraries

An itinerary describes a list of destinations and attractions to visit during a specific amount of time, with recommendations of how long to stay and routes to follow. Itineraries usually have a well-defined path.

Phrasebooks

A phrasebook has:
 An overview of a language, giving a brief history, where it is spoken, how many speakers, the alphabet or symbols, and other general information on the language.
 A pronunciation guide, with a description of each written symbol in the language (that is, its alphabet), and a pronunciation note for each symbol.
 A phrase list. Each entry includes the word or phrase being translated, the spelling in the local language symbols as it would be seen written down, and a pronunciation cue.

Travel topics
Travel topics

Travel topics include the following: Something that is too large or too detailed to go in a destination article. General travel information that applies to many destinations. Major events that occur in different places. Specialist information such as scuba-diving sites.

References

Other websites

 Wikivoyage in English
 Wikivoyage in many languages

Travel
Wikimedia Foundation
Wikis
Websites established in 2006
RR Lyrae is a pulsating variable star in the constellation Lyra. It is the model for the variable stars known as RR Lyrae variables. It pulses over a short cycle of 13 hours, 36 minutes. Each radial pulsation causes the radius of the star to vary between 5.1 and 5.6 times the Sun's radius.

Stars of this type are often found in globular clusters, and used as standard candles to measure distances to other galaxies.

RR Lyrae and its type are pulsating stars of spectral class A (and rarely F), with a mass of around half the Sun's. It is thought they previously shed mass and consequently, they were once stars with similar or slightly less mass than the Sun, about 0.8 solar masses.
RR Lyrae stars pulse in a manner similar to Cepheid variables, so the mechanism for the pulsation is thought to be similar. The nature and histories of these stars is thought to be rather different.
Unlike Cepheids, RR Lyraes are old, low mass, metal-poor "Population II" stars.  They are much more common than Cepheids, but also much less luminous. The average absolute magnitude of an RR Lyrae is about 0.75, only 40 or 50 times brighter than our Sun. Their period is shorter, typically less than one day, sometimes ranging down to seven hours.

The relationship between pulsation period and absolute magnitude of RR Lyraes makes them good standard candles for relatively near objects, especially within the Milky Way. They are extensively used in globular cluster studies, and also used to study chemical properties of older stars.
Knowing the period-luminosity relation for local RR Lyrae-type variable stars allows the distance of more distant stars of this type to be determined. The distance of RR Lyrae remained uncertain until 2002 when the Hubble Space Telescope was used to fix its distance within a 5% margin of error. The result was . When combined with measurements from the Hipparcos satellite and other sources, the result is a distance estimate of .

References 

Variable stars
Rosalind Russell (June 4, 1907 – November 28, 1976) was an American actress who acted in lots of stage plays and many movies. She played a fast talking newspaper reporter in the 1940 screwball movie His Girl Friday and Mame Dennis in the movie Auntie Mame. Russell was born in Connecticut. She died from breast cancer at age sixty-nine in Beverly Hills, California.

Actors from Connecticut
American movie actors
1907 births
1976 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
L'Osservatore Romano is the official newspaper of the Holy See. It was first published in 1861. It is not used for official publications, they appear in Acta Apostolicae Sedis. L'Osservatore Romano is published daily, in Italian. There are also weekly or monthly editions in many other languages.

Other websites
 The Holy See – L'Osservatore Romano 
 L'Osservatore Romano site index 
 The origins of L'Osservatore Romano 

Newspapers in Europe
Vatican City
"Mirrors" is a 2013 song by American singer Justin Timberlake. The song is on his third studio album The 20/20 Experience. "Mirrors" was released 11 February 2013. 

2013 songs
The Galactic Centre (or Galactic Center) is the rotational center of the Milky Way galaxy. 

It is a supermassive black hole of 4,100 ± 0.034 million solar masses. It powers the compact radio source Sagittarius A*. 

It is  away from Earth in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius, Ophiuchus, and Scorpius where the Milky Way appears brightest.

Baade's window 
Walter Baade searched for the centre of the Milky Way galaxy in the mid-1940s. He used the  Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory in California. 

Up until then the structure and position of the galactic center was not known for sure.

In 2006, the Sagittarius Window Eclipsing Extrasolar Planet Search (SWEEPS) conducted a survey of 180,000 stars for seven days. The objective was to detect extrasolar planets by the transit method.

OGLE and other observation programs have successfully detected extrasolar planets orbiting around central bulge stars in this area by the gravitational microlensing method.

References 

Milky Way
Black holes
Enterococcus is a genus of lactic acid bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes.

Enterococci are Gram-positive cocci that often occur in pairs or short chains. They look like streptococci. Two species are regular gut flora organisms in the intestines of humans: E. faecalis (90-95%) and E. faecium (5-10%).

Physiology and classification 
Enterococci are "facultative anaerobic organisms". This means they can live in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments.

Members of the genus Enterococcus were classified as Group D Streptococcus until 1984. Genomic DNA analysis showed they were a separate genus.

Pathology 
Important infections caused by Enterococcus include urinary tract infections, bacterial endocarditis, diverticulitis, and meningitis.
Sensitive strains of these bacteria can be treated with ampicillin, penicillin and vancomycin.<ref name=Baron>{{cite book | author = Pelletier LL Jr. | title = Microbiology of the circulatory system. in: Baron S et al. (eds) Baron's Medical Microbiology. | edition = 4th | publisher = Univ of Texas Medical Branch | year = 1996 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.5077 | isbn = 0-9631172-1-1 }}</ref> Urinary tract infections can be treated by antibiotics, but many virulent strains of Enterococcus'' are resistant. From a medical standpoint, an important feature of this genus is the high level of intrinsic antibiotic resistance. This rules out some important antibiotics.

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria. They do not have a cell wall around their cell membrane. 
They are gram-negative, and need sterols such as cholesterol for growth. Many common antibiotics such as penicillin that target cell walls do not affect mycoplasma. Mycoplasma are the smallest bacterial cells yet discovered. They are typically about 0.1  µm in diameter.

Many species are parasitic, pathogenic or saprophytic, and can survive without oxygen. In humans, M. genitalium causes urethritis, and M. pneumoniae is a common cause of pneumonia. Some live as saprophytes but the majority are parasites of plants and animals. The parasitic nature is due to the inability of mycoplasmal bacteria to synthesise the required growth factor.

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Micropaleontology (also sometimes spelled as micropalaeontology) is the branch of paleontology that studies microfossils. Microfossils are fossils generally not larger than four millimeters, and commonly smaller than one millimeter. A microscope is used to study them. Every kingdom of organisms is represented in the microfossil record. Microfossils can provide important information about the ecology in the past.

People who study micropaleontology are called micropaleontologists. Taxonomy and statistics are important parts of micropaleontology. 

Microfossils are most common in sediment that forms beneath water, particularly ocean water or lake water. Very old microfossils may be found in rock. Special techniques are used to separate microfossils from rock. For example, the shells of diatoms and some other organisms are made of silica; other materials in the rock can sometimes be removed with acid, leaving just the silica shells.
Micropaleontology can be divided into four areas of study. The different areas of study  use different techniques to separate the microfossils. This is because the microfossils are made of different minerals: 
 Silicon dioxide, for example in the shells of diatoms,
 Chalk, for example in the shells of coccoliths and foraminifera, 
 Phosphate, for example in bones of vertebrates, 
 Organic compounds, for example in pollen and spores.

The area of study for pollen and spores, including fossils, is called palynology.

Fossils
Subfields of paleontology
Palynology is the study of very small natural particles. The word literally means the "study of dust". A palynologist is someone whose job is to identify what the particles are. Samples of particles can come from the air or water or soil or rocks. They could be organic and inorganic. Micropaleontology is a related area of study; it involves very small fossils.

Methods
A palynologist uses a microscope. They may also use chemical tests to find out what a particle is made of.

The methods used to study fossils in micropaleontology and in palynology are often different. Micropaleontology often involves breaking and dissolving rocks. Palynology often involves soil or sediment.

The main work of a palynologist is to identify each particle. Many different kinds of particles might be in the same sample. They may include:
 clay
 pollen
 algae with hard shells such as Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, golden algae
 spores from plants, fungi, or bacteria
 small seeds
 pieces of larger organisms
 tiny fossils

Uses
Uses
 

When the palynologist knows what particles are present in a sample, they may be able to say what the temperature or environmental chemistry was like where the sample came from. They may also be able to say where the sample came from.

Palynology is used in forensic science to learn where something came from, by looking at the particles in or on it.

Palynology is also very important in the study of climate history. In bodies of water such as lakes, ponds, and the ocean, sediment builds up slowly, so that the oldest sediment is at the bottom. There are ways to take a sample of the sediment that doesn't disturb the layers (either using a tube, or by freezing).

In glacial lakes, the sediment may have varves, which are two layers per year that are different colours. If there are varves, a lot of detailed information can be discovered in a core sample.

Subfields of paleontology
Branches of botany
Fungi
Forensics
Delta Cephei (δ Cep, δ Cephei) is a binary star system about 887 light-years away in the northern constellation of Cepheus, the King. At this distance, the apparent magnitude of the star is reduced by 0.23 as a result of gas and dust along the line of sight. 

Delta Cephei, found by John Goodricke in 1784, was only the second Cepheid variable discovered. It is very important because its distance is extremely well known. This is partly because it is in a star cluster,<ref
name=dezeeuw1999>de Zeeuw P.T. et al 1999. A Hipparchus census of the nearby OB associations. Astronomical Journal  117 (1): 354–399. </ref> close enough for the precise Hubble Space Telescope/Hipparcos parallaxes to give a good result. As a result, it is known as a "fundamental distance calibrator", or absolute candle. Delta Cephei is a classical, or type I, Cepheid variable.

The only Cepheid variable closer to us is Polaris, the North Star, whose distance is still not exactly known.
Delta Cephei is emitting around 2,000 times the Sun's luminosity. This is producing a strong stellar wind, which, with the pulsations and shocks in the star's atmosphere, is ejecting mass at the rate of  masses per year. This is the equivalent to the mass of the Sun roughly every million years. The matter is flowing outward at a velocity of about 350 km s–1. This expelled gas forms a nebula about one parsec across, centered on Delta Cephei, and contains 0.07–0.21 solar masses of neutral hydrogen. A bow shock is being formed where the stellar wind is colliding with the surrounding interstellar medium.

References 

Variable stars
The quantum state of something is a mathematical tool that describes everything that can be physically measured about that thing. For example, the quantum state of a hydrogen atom, has all the physical information one can get from measuring a hydrogen atom, like its position, momentum, energy, angular momentum, spin, and so forth.

Related pages 
Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics
Inge Lønning (20 February 1938 – 24 March 2013) was a Norwegian Lutheran theologian, academic, and politician for the Conservative Party of Norway.

Lønning was born on 20 February 1938 in Fana, Bergen, Norway. He was raised in Oslo, Norway. Lønning studied at the University of Oslo. He served as a councilman in Oslo. Lønning died on 24 March 2013 from an illness after going on a trip in Beitostølen, Norway, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 Profile in Nordic Council

1938 births
2013 deaths
Norwegian academics
Christian theologians
Norwegian Lutherans
Norwegian politicians
People from Bergen
Haw or HAW may refer to:

 Many species of hawthorn (Crataegus)
 Hawaii, United States
 Hawaiian language
Saguia el Hamra was one of the two territories that made up the territory Western Sahara, when it was under Spanish rule, until 1978. At that time, Western Sahara was called Sahara Occidental. It makes up the northern part of the territory, that extends from about 26° northern longitude, to about 27° 50'. It covers an area of roughly . It is named after the river Saguia el Hamra, which only exists during part of the year - a wadi. During the rainy season, it turns into a lake, located near the capital, El Aaiún. The other territory was called Río de Oro

Western Sahara
Territories
Spanish Africa
Frank Thornton (Frank Thornton Ball; 15 January 1921 – 16 March 2013) was an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Captain Peacock in Are You Being Served? and in its sequel Grace & Favour (Are You Being Served Again), and as Truly in Last of the Summer Wine.

Thornton was born on 15 January 1921 in Dulwich, London, England. He studied at Alleyn's School and at the London School of Dramatic Art. Thornton was married to Beryl Jane Margaret Evans from 1945 until his death in 2013. They had a daughter, Jane Thornton. He died on 16 March 2013 in his home in Barnes, London, England from natural causes, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 
 Frank Thornton recalls his appearance on This Is Your Life

1921 births
2013 deaths
Actors from London
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
The Jackdaw is a large bird, a member of the crow family Corvidae. It is black, with the back of the head grey.

The jackdaw is common over the whole of Europe and much of Asia. It is mostly a resident, although northern and eastern populations migrate south in winter. It is about  in length,

The jackdaw is gregarious and vocal, living in small groups with a complex social structure. It is found in farmland, open woodland, on coastal cliffs, and in urban settings.

Behaviour 
Jackdaws are omnivorous and opportunistic. They eat a wide variety of plant material and invertebrates, as well as food waste from urban areas. Jackdaws are monogamous and build simple nests of sticks in cavities in trees, cliffs, or buildings. About five pale blue or blue-green eggs with brown speckles are laid and incubated by the female. The young fledge in four to five weeks.
In his book King Solomon's Ring, Konrad Lorenz described and analysed the complex social interactions in a Jackdaw flock which lived around his house in Altenberg, Austria. He ringed them for identification and caged them in the winter to prevent their annual migration.
Lorenz found that the birds have a hierarchy, with higher-ranked birds dominating lower-ranked birds. Pair-bonded birds share the same rank. Young males establish their individual status before pairing with females. Unmated females are the lowest members in the pecking order, and are the last to have access to food and shelter. Lorenz noted one case in which a male, absent during the dominance struggles and pair bondings, returned to the flock, became the dominant male, and chose one of two unpaired females for a mate. This female immediately assumed a dominant position in the social hierarchy and demonstrated this by pecking others. According to Lorenz, the most significant factor in social behaviour was the immediate and intuitive grasp of the new hierarchy by each bird in the flock.

References

Related pages 
RSPB Jackdaw page

Corvids
Birds of Europe
Birds of Asia
Peggy Sue Got Married is a 1986 American romantic fantasy comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Francis Ford Coppola. It stars Kathleen Turner and Nicolas Cage. Turner's character, Peggy Sue Bodell, goes back in time to 1960 when she attends her class of 1960 high school reunion in 1985.

Other websites 

1986 comedy-drama movies
1986 fantasy movies
1986 romantic comedy movies
1986 romantic drama movies
American comedy-drama movies
American fantasy movies
American romantic comedy movies
American romantic drama movies
1980s English-language movies
Movies set in the 1960s
Time travel movies
Movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola
A dry stone wall is a wall made of stone without using mortar. They are made by carefully choosing rocks that fit together. There are dry stone walls in the Yorkshire Dales in northern England.

Other websites
How to build dry stone walls

Walls