Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
There were many changes in the text in later editions. In the fifth edition of 1869 Darwin used Herbert Spencer's phrase 'survival of the fittest' for the first time, in the heading of chapter 4.

In the sixth and last edition, Darwin uses the word 'evolution' for the first time in this book. There is a new chapter 7 inserted:
Miscellaneous objections to the theory of natural selection

The Origin was translated during Darwin's lifetime into Danish, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Serbian, Spanish and Swedish, and into 18 more languages since. Translations into some languages, such as French and German, were done more than once.

Reference works 
There are some reference works which help scholars to do research on the Origin.

Peckham, Morse (ed) 1959. The Origin of Species: a variorum text. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. A variorum contains all variants of a text; this records every change made by Darwin to the first edition up to 1890.
Horblit H.D. 1964. One hundred books famous in science. Grolier Club. Contains the first full bibliographic description of the first edition.

Barrett, Paul H., Weinshank D.J. and Gottleber T.T. 1961, reprint 1981. A concordance to Darwin's Origin of Species, first edition. Cornell, Ithaca & London. This takes every substantive word in the book in alphabetical order, and lists every occurrence with context and page number. Same idea as concordances to the Bible.

Stauffer R.C. (ed) 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Edited from manuscript. Cambridge.
Freeman, Richard Broke 1965, 2nd ed 1977. The works of Charles Darwin: an annotated bibliographical handlist. Dawson, Folkestone. Includes all the editions and reprints of all Darwin's works, as far as could be ascertained. Also, an on-line version with a few later corrections:
The complete work of Charles Darwin online: Table of contents bibliography of On the Origin of Species: Both web pages provide links to text and images of all editions of The Origin of Species, including translations in German, Danish, and Russian.

Contemporary reviews of the Origin 
. Published anonymously.
. Extract from Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 4 (1860): 411–415.
Gray, Asa (1861). A free examination of Darwin's treatise on the Origin of Species, and of its American reviewers. Reprinted from the Atlantic monthly for July, August, and October, 1860. London: Trübner & Co., Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
.
. Published anonymously.
. Published anonymously.
.
. Published anonymously.
. Published anonymously.

For further reviews, see

Related pages 
Charles Darwin's books

References 

Evolutionary biology
Biology books
1859 books
Books by Charles Darwin
Armitage Shanks is a porcelain sanitary-ware company that started in 1969. Its headquarters are in Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom. Its main product is toilets, but they also make bathroom fixtures and plumbing supplies. They have eight factories. A punk rock music band from the 1990s is named after them.

Armitage Shanks is made up of two older companies. Armitage started in 1817, when Thomas Bond started a pottery at Armitage, in Staffordshire. They began making toilets in the 1850s. The second company was Shanks which started making toilets at Barrhead near Glasgow, Scotland in 1878. The two companies joined together in 1969.

References

1817 establishments
Ceramics
1810s establishments in the United Kingdom
Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Stoke-on-Trent
Companies based in Staffordshire
Standard of living usually refers to the economic level of an individual, family, or nation.  People can measure it by the value of the goods and services produced or used by the individual, family, or nation in a period of time.

Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms a good standard of living as a human right with enough food, clothing, housing, social security and aid when having difficult situation, such as joblessness, illness, disability, losing one's partner, and being old. Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights affirms this as well.

Quality of life
Some measures try to take non-material things into account when trying to understand how people live. In an Economist study in 2005 Ireland was rated highest in quality of living, while Zimbabwe was seen as having one of the worst quality of life rates in the world.

Related pages
Economic development
Quality of life
Right to an adequate standard of living

Economics
Human rights
Canaanites were a people mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament. Most of their land, called Canaan, later became known as Israel.  

The Canaanites settled in the region about 2000 BCE. They were the main inhabitants until about 1200 B.C. The Book of Joshua says that the Israelites conquered Canaan. However, archaeology and the Bible suggest that the Israelites only gradually became the area's main people.  Archaeology also suggests that many Canaanite cities were destroyed by the Sea Peoples, or Philistines, in the 1100s BCE. The Sea Peoples may have sailed to Canaan from the area around the Aegean Sea.  

The Canaanites were a Semitic people related to the Phoenicians, Amorites, Assyrians and Israelites.  The Canaanites had a developed civilization.  Their main political group was the city-state. In a city-state, a king ruled a city or town and the villages and land around it.  The Bible mentions a number of Canaanite tribes.
The chief Canaanite gods were El (a creator god) and Baal (a storm god).  The main goddesses were Anat, Asherah, and Astarte.  They were fertility goddesses.

Bible
In the U.S. state of California, U.S. Route 101 (US 101) is one of the last remaining and longest U.S. Routes still active in the state, and the longest highway of any kind in California.  US 101 was also one of the original U.S. Routes established in 1926.

This route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System.

US 101 starts at Olympia, Washington, runs south through the rest of Washington, through Oregon and then through California to Los Angeles.

The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is part of US 101.

Southern Californians usually refer to the highway as The 101 (where it is mostly a freeway). In Northern California, people simply call it 101.

References

Other websites
Drive the 101  - Contains historical information.

101
Roads in California
Yelp, Inc. is a company that operates a social networking, user review, and local search web site of the same name. Over 31 million people access Yelp's website each month, putting it in the top 150 of U.S. Internet web sites.

References

Other websites
 Yelp USA
 Yelp Canada
 Yelp United Kingdom
 Yelp Ireland
 Yelp business owner portal

2004 establishments in the United States
Internet culture
Companies based in San Francisco
Social networking
Web 2.0
John Stalberg, Jr.  is an American movie director and screenwriter.

The first movie Stalberg directed was the comedy High School. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. It was released theatrically by Anchor Bay Entertainment on June, 1, 2012. He is also developing the project "Spanking Shakespeare", which he is writing and directing.

References

Other websites
 

Living people
American movie directors
American screenwriters
1976 births
Free State Stadium is a sports stadium in Bloemfontein, South Africa.

FIFA World Cup 
The stadium co-hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup matches were played. 

2010 World Cup Matches

All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).

Other websites 

 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

FIFA World Cup stadiums
Football stadiums in South Africa
Bloemfontein
1952 establishments
20th-century establishments in South Africa
Peter Mokaba Stadium is a sports stadium in Polokwane, South Africa.

FIFA World Cup 
The stadium hosted four games at the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup games were played. 

2010 World Cup Matches

All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).

Other websites 

 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

FIFA World Cup stadiums
Football stadiums in South Africa
Limpopo
Royal Bafokeng Stadium is a sports stadium in Rustenburg, South Africa.

FIFA World Cup 
The stadium co-hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup matches were played.

2010 World Cup Matches

All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).

Other websites 

 Official Soccer City Site
 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)

FIFA World Cup stadiums
Football stadiums in South Africa
North West (South African province)‎
The Dirty Energy Dilemma is a 2008 book by academic Benjamin K. Sovacool.  In the book Sovacool discusses some of the "big energy challenges" facing the United States, and suggests that the fix for these problems is 'clean energy' in the form of energy efficiency and renewable energy. Sovacool sees no role for nuclear power in a clean energy transition.

The Dirty Energy Dilemma won a 2009 Nautilus Award.

Related pages
 An Inconvenient Truth
 Winning the Oil Endgame

References

Non-fiction books
Energy
2008 books
is a train station of East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Keisei Electric Railway. It is in Narita, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. This station is the main access point of Narita International Airport.

Adjacent stations

References

1991 establishments in Japan
Nobuhiro Sadatomi (born 5 July 1979) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1999||8||0||1||0||0||0||9||0
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||5||0||2||0||0||0||7||0
|-
|2001||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2002||Montedio Yamagata||J. League 2||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Okinawa Kariyushi||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||||||2||1||colspan="2"|-||2||1
|-
|2004||||||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||||
|-
|2005||Yokohama||J. League 2||18||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
|-
|2006||Arte Takasaki||Football League||33||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||35||2
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Nagano Parceiro||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||11||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||11||1
|-
|2008||13||8||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||13||8
106||11||8||1||0||0||114||12
106||11||8||1||0||0||114||12
|}

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Veljko Paunović (born 21 August 1977) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994/95||Partizan||First League||13||1

|-
|1995/96||Marbella||Segunda División||15||0
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||16||1
|-
|1997/98||14||6
|-
|1998/99||Mallorca||La Liga||24||5
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||La Liga||17||2
|-
|2000/01||Segunda División||5||0
|-
|2000/01||Real Oviedo||La Liga||22||4
|-
|2001/02||Mallorca||La Liga||34||3
|-
|2002/03||Tenerife||Segunda División||38||18
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||25||5
|-
|2004/05||10||0

|-
|2004/05||Hannover||Bundesliga||6||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Getafe||rowspan="2"|La Liga||30||10
|-
|2006/07||14||0

|-
|2007||Rubin Kazan||Premier League||16||1

|-
|2007/08||Almería||La Liga||7||2

|-
|2008/09||Partizan||SuperLiga||9||1
22||2
271||56
6||0
16||1
315||59
|}

International career statistics
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||1||1
|-
!Total||2||1
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Serbian footballers
Sebastián Battaglia (born 8 November 1980) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Boca Juniors and Argentina national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="7"|Boca Juniors||rowspan="7"|Primera División||1||0
|-
|1998/99||3||0
|-
|1999/00||18||0
|-
|2000/01||19||0
|-
|2001/02||18||3
|-
|2002/03||24||3
|-
|2003/04||18||3

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Villarreal||rowspan="2"|La Liga||15||0
|-
|2004/05||14||1

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Boca Juniors||rowspan="5"|Primera División||18||0
|-
|2006/07||15||2
|-
|2007/08||30||1
|-
|2008/09||32||3
|-
|2009/10||||
196||15
29||1
225||16
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||2||0
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||10||0
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Sportspeople from Santa Fe, Argentina
Boca Juniors managers
Piotr Sowisz (born 10 September 1971) is a former Polish football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 2||11||1||1||0||12||1
11||1||1||0||12||1
11||1||1||0||12||1
|}

1971 births
Living people
Polish footballers
Frédéric Kanouté (dorn 2 Speetbbmmbre 1977) is a Malian football player. He plays for Sevilla and Mali national team. hewas from

Club career statistics 

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||18||6||1||0||0||0||11||2||30||8
|-
|1998/99||9||2||0||0||0||0||2||1||11||3
|-
|1999/00||13||1||0||0||2||0||2||0||17||1

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|West Ham United||rowspan="4"|Premier League||8||2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||2
|-
|2000/01||32||11||4||3||3||0||colspan="2"|-||39||14
|-
|2001/02||27||11||1||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||28||12
|-
|2002/03||17||5||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||5
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="3"|Premier League||27||7||1||3||3||2||colspan="2"|-||31||12
|-
|2004/05||32||7||5||0||4||2||colspan="2"|-||41||9
|-
|2005/06||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Sevilla||rowspan="5"|La Liga||32||6||2||2||colspan="2"|-||12||7||46||15
|-
|2006/07||32||21||5||4||colspan="2"|-||11||5||48||30
|-
|2007/08||30||16||2||4||colspan="2"|-||10||6||42||26
|-
|2008/09||34||18||6||2||colspan="2"|-||2||2||42||22
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
40||9||1||0||2||0||15||3||58||12
144||43||11||7||10||4||colspan="2"|-||165||54
128||61||15||12||colspan="2"|-||35||20||178||93
312||113||27||19||12||4||50||23||401||159
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2004||12||7
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
|2006||3||2
|-
|2007||3||2
|-
|2008||9||6
|-
|2009||6||4
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||35||21
|}

References 

Malian footballers
1977 births
Living people
Cosmin Contra (born 15 December 1975) is a Romanian football player. He plays for Timişoara and Romania national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="3"|Politehnica Timişoara||Divizia A||12||0
|-
|1994/95||Divizia B||28||1
|-
|1995/96||Divizia A||11||0
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="4"|Dinamo Bucureşti||rowspan="4"|Divizia A||12||1
|-
|1996/97||32||2
|-
|1997/98||28||3
|-
|1998/99||29||2

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Deportivo Alavés||rowspan="2"|La Liga||33||2
|-
|2000/01||33||4

|-
|2001/02||Milan||Serie A||29||3

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||31||0
|-
|2003/04||3||0

|-
|2004/05||West Bromwich Albion||Premier League||5||0

|-
|2004/05||Politehnica Timişoara||Divizia A||14||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Getafe||rowspan="5"|La Liga||24||0
|-
|2006/07||21||0
|-
|2007/08||13||1
|-
|2008/09||27||2
|-
|2009/10||3||0

|-
|2009/10||Timişoara||Liga I||||
166||9
188||9
29||3
5||0
388||21
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1996||3||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||4||0
|-
|2000||10||0
|-
|2001||10||2
|-
|2002||7||3
|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
|2007||5||2
|-
|2008||9||0
|-
|2009||3||0
|-
!Total||72||7
|}

References

1975 births
Living people
Romanian footballers
Romania at UEFA Euro 2000
Manu del Moral (born 25 February 1984) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Getafe.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002/03||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||0||0
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Recreativo Huelva||rowspan="2"|Segunda División||5||1
|-
|2004/05||20||3
|-
|2005/06||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||5||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Getafe||rowspan="4"|La Liga||30||8
|-
|2007/08||34||7
|-
|2008/09||29||5
|-
|2009/10||||
131||24
131||24
|}

References

1984 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Miguel de las Cuevas (born 19 June 1986) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Sporting Gijón.

Club career statistics

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Hércules||Segunda División B||36||3
|-
|2005/06||Segunda División||33||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="3"|La Liga||0||0
|-
|2007/08||13||0
|-
|2008/09||11||0
|-
|2009/10||Sporting Gijón||La Liga||||
93||3
93||3
|}

References

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Alicante
Fabiano Eller (born 19 November 1977) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Internacional.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||rowspan="5"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="5"|Série A||1||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||12||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||19||3
|-
|2002||Palmeiras||Série A||9||1
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||27||2
|-
|2004||25||0

|-
|2004/05||Al-Wakrah||Stars League||0||0

|-
|2005||Fluminense||Série A||6||0

|-
|2005/06||Trabzonspor||Süper Lig||11||0

|-
|2006||Internacional||Série A||29||5

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||12||1
|-
|2007/08||18||0

|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Santos||rowspan="2"|Série A||18||1
|-
|2009||6||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||14||2
|-
|2010||||
168||14
0||0
11||0
30||1
209||15
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2005||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1977 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Julien Escudé (born 17 August 1979) is a French football player. He plays for Sevilla and France national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998/99||Cannes||Division 2||21||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Stade Rennais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||21||0
|-
|2000/01||28||0
|-
|2001/02||33||0
|-
|2002/03||Ligue 1||30||0

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Ajax||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||31||1
|-
|2004/05||28||5
|-
|2005/06||2||0

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Sevilla||rowspan="5"|La Liga||16||0
|-
|2006/07||30||1
|-
|2007/08||16||0
|-
|2008/09||26||1
|-
|2009/10||||
132||0
61||6
88||2
281||8
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||4||0
|-
|2008||2||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||12||0
|}

References

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Centre-Val de Loire‎
People from Chartres
Antonio Puerta (26 November 1984 – 28 August 2007) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="5"|Sevilla||rowspan="5"|La Liga||1||0
|-
|2004/05||6||1
|-
|2005/06||17||2
|-
|2006/07||30||2
|-
|2007/08||1||0
55||5
55||5
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1984 births
2007 deaths
Spanish footballers
Nélson Marcos (born 10 June 1983) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Real Betis Balompié and Portugal national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002/03||Vilanovense||Second Division||32||1
|-
|2003/04||Salgueiros||Liga Honra||27||2
|-
|2004/05||Boavista||Portuguese Liga||23||1
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="3"|Benfica||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||25||0
|-
|2006/07||28||0
|-
|2007/08||19||0

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Real Betis Balompié||La Liga||35||0
|-
|2009/10||Segunda División||||
154||4
35||0
189||4
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2009||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1983 births
Living people
Portuguese footballers
Fumiaki Iwamoto (born 23 April 1968) is a former Japanese football player.

References

1968 births
Living people
Footballers from Nagasaki Prefecture
Leandro Somoza (born 26 January 1981) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Vélez Sársfield.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="6"|Vélez Sársfield||rowspan="6"|Primera División||1||0
|-
|2001/02||20||0
|-
|2002/03||19||0
|-
|2003/04||24||1
|-
|2004/05||32||0
|-
|2005/06||28||3

|-
|2006/07||Villarreal||La Liga||25||0
|-
|2007/08||Real Betis Balompié||La Liga||15||0

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Vélez Sársfield||rowspan="2"|Primera División||12||3
|-
|2009/10||||
136||7
40||0
176||7
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Buenos Aires
was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Takayama was born in Tokyo Metropolis on June 24, 1904. He played for Kobe Icchu Club which was consisted of his alma mater high school players and graduates. At the club, he won the 1927 Emperor's Cup with Takeo Wakabayashi and so on.

In May 1930, when Takayama was a Tokyo Imperial University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship. At this competition, on May 25, he debuted against Philippines. On May 29, he also played and scored a goal against Republic of China. He played 2 games and scored 1 goals for Japan in 1930.

After retirement, Takayama worked at Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. He also served as a professor at Hamamatsu College of Technology and Mukogawa Women's University.

July 1, 1980, Takayama died in Tokyo Metropolis at the age of 76.

Statistics

|-
|1930||2||1
|-
!Total||2||1
|}
References

Other websites

1904 births
1980 deaths
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Sylvain N'Diaye (born 25 June 1976) is a Senegalese football player. He has played for Senegal national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Rodez||||11||0
|-
|1994/95||||29||2
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="2"|Division 1||0||0
|-
|1996/97||1||0
|-
|1997/98||Martigues||Division 2||34||1

|-
|1998/99||Gent||First Division||11||0

|-
|1998/99||Monaco||Division 1||11||2
|-
|1999/00||Toulouse||Division 2||37||2
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Lille||rowspan="2"|Division 1||28||2
|-
|2001/02||25||1
|-
|2002/03||Ligue 1||35||0
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||20||0
|-
|2004/05||22||1

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Levante||Segunda División||26||2
|-
|2006/07||La Liga||17||0
|-
|2007/08||Tenerife||Segunda División||29||1

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Stade Reims||Ligue 2||21||0
|-
|2009/10||National||13||0
287||11
11||0
72||3
370||14
|}

International career statistics
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||6||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||10||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
!Total||24||0
|}

References

1976 births
Living people
Senegalese footballers
Footballers from Paris
Ramesses II was one of the greatest Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. He was the third Pharaoh of the Nineteenth dynasty. His successors and later Egyptians called him the "Great Ancestor".

When he was 14, Ramesses was appointed successor by his father Seti I. He ruled Egypt from 1279 BC to 1213 BC.p165 This is a total of 66 years and 2 months. It is likely that he died in his 90th or 91st year. On his death, he was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings; his body was later moved to a royal cache (hidden wall slot) where it was discovered in 1881. It is now on display in the Cairo Museum.

Ramesses II led several expeditions north into the lands east of the Mediterranean (the location of the modern Israel, Lebanon and Syria). He also led expeditions to the south, into Nubia.

The early part of his reign was focused on building cities, temples and monuments. He established the city of Pi-Ramesses in the Nile Delta as his new capital and main base for his campaigns in Syria.
Campaigns & Battles
Early in his life, Ramesses went on campaigns to get land back from Nubian and Hittite hands, and to secure Egypt's borders. He also stopped Nubian revolts and ran a campaign in Libya. During Ramesses's reign, the Egyptian army may have included about 100,000 men, a force that he used to strengthen Egyptian influence over neighbouring lands.

Battle against Sherden sea pirates
In his second year, Ramesses defeated the Sherden sea pirates. They were causing problems along Egypt's Mediterranean coast by attacking cargo-laden vessels on the sea routes to Egypt.p250 Ramesses posted troops and ships at strategic points along the coast, and allowed the pirates to attack their prey. He then caught them by surprise in a sea battle, capturing them all in a single action.p53  A stele says they came "in their war-ships from the midst of the sea, and none were able to stand before them". Shortly afterwards Sherden are seen in the Pharaoh's body-guard with their horned helmets, round shields and the great Naue II swords.

Peace treaty with the Hittites

The Hittite Mursili III fled to Egypt, after he failed to take his uncle's throne. The uncle, Hattusili III, demanded that Ramesses extradite (send back) his nephew back to Hatti.p74
This caused a crisis between Egypt and Hatti, when Ramesses said he did not know where Mursili was. The two empires came close to war. Eventually, in the twenty-first year of his reign (1258 BC), Ramesses decided to make an agreement with Hattusili III, to end the conflict. The document they agreed is the earliest known peace treaty in world history.p256
The peace treaty was recorded in two different versions, one in Egyptian hieroglyphs, the other in Akkadian, using cuneiform script; both versions survive. Such dual-language recording is common to many treaties. This treaty differs from others in that the two language versions are differently worded. Although the majority of the text is identical, the Hittite version claims that the Egyptians came suing for peace, while the Egyptian version claims the reverse.p73–79; 62–64 The treaty was given to the Egyptians in the form of a silver plaque. This 'pocket-book' version was taken back to Egypt, and a copy carved into the Temple of Karnak and Abu Simbel temples.

Tomb of Nefertari 

The most important and famous of Ramesses' Queen consorts was discovered in 1904. The tomb of Nefertari is extremely important, because its magnificent wall painting is  regarded as one of the greatest examples of ancient Egyptian art.
A flight of steps cut out of the rock makes it possible to go to the antechamber. This is decorated with paintings based on chapter 17 of the Book of the Dead. The astronomical ceiling represents the heavens and is painted in dark blue, with many golden five-pointed stars. The east wall of the antechamber is interrupted by a large opening with paintings of Osiris and Anubis. This leads to the side chamber, decorated with offering scenes. A vestibule with paintings shows Nefertari being presented to the gods, who welcome her. On the north wall of the antechamber is the stairway that goes down to the burial chamber. This is a vast quadrangular room covering a surface area of about , the astronomical ceiling of which is supported by four pillars entirely covered with decoration.

Death & Aftermath
Death & Aftermath 

Ramesses’ mummy has been extensively studied ever since it was discovered and preserved in a museum. His mummy reveals that he had dental problems, severe arthritis, and artery hardening before dying of either old age or heart failure. Ramesses was buried in the Valley of the Kings, and like Queen Nefertari, Ramesses had a magnificent burial chamber.

Egypt's power peaked during Ramesses the Great's reign. Several challenges arose following his death. Members of the ruling dynasty were at odds with one another. Furthermore, a group known as the Sea Peoples repeatedly invaded Egypt. The Sea Peoples fought a long war that left Egypt's civilization weak and unsteady even though they never succeeded in conquering Egypt.

References 

2nd-millennium BC pharaohs
David Rozehnal (born 5 July 1980) is a Czech football player. He plays for Hamburg and the Czech Republic national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Sigma Olomouc||rowspan="4"|Gambrinus liga||4||0
|-
|2000/01||13||1
|-
|2001/02||28||1
|-
|2002/03||27||0

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Brugge||rowspan="2"|First Division||26||0
|-
|2004/05||24||1

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Paris Saint-Germain||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||38||0
|-
|2006/07||37||1

|-
|2007/08||Newcastle United||Premier League||21||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Lazio||rowspan="2"|Serie A||10||0
|-
|2008/09||28||0

|-
|2009/10||Hamburg||Bundesliga||||
72||2
50||1
75||1
21||0
38||0
0||0
256||4
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||9||0
|-
|2006||13||0
|-
|2007||10||0
|-
|2008||12||0
|-
|2009||7||1
|-
!Total||60||1
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Czech footballers
The Ballonmuseum Gersthofen was started in 1985 on appr.  exhibition area in Gersthofen near Augsburg.

Other websites
 Museum web site 
 Ballonmuseum Gersthofen via Augsburg-Wiki  

Buildings and structures in Bavaria
Museums in Germany
The Governor of New South Wales is the oldest political office of Australia. Captain Arthur Phillip RN became the first Governor of New South Wales on 7 February 1788. The Colony of New South Wales was the first British settlement in Australia. The first governors had almost autocratic powers due to the distance from and poor communications with Great Britain. In 1824 the New South Wales Legislative Council, Australia's first legislature, was appointed to help the governor.

Between 1850 and 1861, the Governor of New South Wales was also called the Governor-General. All letters between the Australian colonies and the British Government were meant to go through the Governor-General. The other colonies had Lieutenant-Governors. As they became independent, South Australia in 1836, Tasmania January 1855 and Victoria May 1855 replaced their Lieutenant-Governors with Governors. Sir William Denison kept the title of Governor-General until h is retirement.
The Governor acts on the advice of the head of the elected government, the Premier of New South Wales. The Governor does have power of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier. This power was last used in 1932, when Sir lachlan mendham dismissed toby erin rodgers

If the Governor dies, resigns or is absent their duties are carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales.

The Governor of New South Wales used Government House as a home, office and official reception space until 1996. The Governor's office is now in the historic Chief Secretary’s Building at 121 Macquarie Street. In 2011, the Premier of New South Wales, Barry O'Farrell, said that this would change and the governor would move back into Government House.
The first Australian-born Governor of New South Wales (or of any Australian state) was Lieutenant General Sir John Northcott in 1946. All governors since then have been Australian-born except for Gordon Samuels, who was born in the United Kingdom but came to Australia at an early age. Northcott's successor, Lieutenant General Sir Eric Woodward (1957), was the first born in New South Wales.

List of Governors of New South Wales

References

Other websites
 The Governor of NSW  from the Parliament of NSW website
is one of Japan's traditional regions.  The Japanese conventions of geography and history divide the nation into eight regions, including the Chūbu region.  These have been used since 1905 as basic units for description and comparison and as cultural markers.

The regions of Japan are a fusion of historical divisions and modern administrative needs".  The significance of the region in Japan is geographical, cultural and administrative.

History
In the late 7th century, the Hokuridō was identified as one of the eight largest administrative areas of the Imperial system (ritsuryo seido).

Gokishichidō is an ancient system of names for parts of the country, including Hokuridō.  Chūbu covers a central part of the island of Honshū in roughly the same area as the traditional Hokuriku, Kōshin'etsu and Tōkai.
In the Meiji period, the modern regional system was made by Imperial decree.  Japan was divided into regions (chihō ), including the Hokuriku and Tokai or Chūbu region. A regional council  (chihō gyōsei kyōgisai) was headed by the governor of the most powerful prefecture in the regional grouping.  The council also included regional chiefs of central government ministries.

Table: Chūbu region

Over time, Chūbu has developed its own regional dialects, customs and unique traditional culture.

Geography
The Chūbu region is a large area of Honshū. Chūbu has traditional subddivisions, including Hokuriku, Kōshin'etsu, Shin'etsu, and Tōkai.

Related pages

 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Chūbu region
Honshū
The space bar, also called the 'spacebar' or 'space key', is one of the most commonly used keys on a computer keyboard. It is used to put a space into something being typed. It is at the bottom of most standard keyboard layouts, such as the QWERTY keyboard. The space bar is wider than all of the other keys on the keyboard.

On many computers, pressing the space bar at the same time as the ALT or CTRL key can activate many useful functions. For example, it can minimize a window in some operating systems. In some web browsers, pressing the space bar makes a window scroll down.

Computer keyboard
AZERTY is a keyboard layout. It is very similar to the QWERTY keyboard layout. It is mainly used in France and Belgium.

It is almost the same as the QWERTY keyboard, but it swaps the letter Q and A, as well as W and Z. The letter M is moved from right to N to the position of the semicolon on QWERTY keyboards.

Computer keyboard
Parintins is a Brazilian city of the state of Amazonas. It has 107,250 inhabitants and an area of 5.952 km². It was founded in 1852 and it is one of the most important cities in state of Amazonas.

Born in Parintins
Below is a list of famous people born in Parintins.
 David Assayag
 João Pedro Gonçalves da Costa
 Ivana Bentes

Other websites 
 Parintins Official Home Page 

Cities in Amazonas State
1852 establishments
19th-century establishments in Brazil
1850s establishments in South America
Itacoatiara is a Brazilian city of the state of Amazonas. It has 89.840 inhabitants and an area of 8.600 km². It was founded in 1874 and it is one of the most important cities in state of Amazonas.

Other websites 
 Itacoatiara Official Home Page  (in Portuguese)

Cities in Amazonas State
1874 establishments
1870s establishments in Brazil
The East River is a  tidal strait in New York City.  It connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates Long Island, including the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn, from the island of Manhattan and the Bronx. Several bridges and tunnels cross the East River. The Brooklyn Bridge is the oldest and most famous. 

Geography of New York City
The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) founded on November 5, 1852 to represent members of the civil engineering profession worldwide is the oldest national engineering society in the United States. Its world headquarters is in Reston, Virginia.

Mission 
ASCE's mission is to provide essential value to its members and their careers; to its partners and to the public. ASCE seeks to provide value by:
Developing leadership skills in its members and supporting civil engineer leaders; 
Facilitating advancement of the technology utilized by the profession;
Encouraging and providing tools for lifelong learning within the profession;
Advocating infrastructure and environmental stewardship; and
Promoting professionalism and the civil engineering profession.
Other websites 
 ASCE (Official Website)
 Levees.Org Grassroots organization critical of the ASCE's investigation into the New Orleans area levee failures.
 YouTube video Satire spoofing cozy relationship between ASCE and Army Corps of Engineers
 Video about ASCE selected Seven Wonders of the Modern World. A virtual satellite tour made with Google Earth (02:38)
 Report Card Official Web Page 2009 Report Card for America's Infrastructure.

Notes

Civil engineering
Tarbosaurus was a large carnivorous theropod dinosaur from Asia, especially Mongolia and China. It was a tyrannosaurid dinosaur which flourished between 70 and 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period.

Tarbosaurus lived in a humid floodplain criss-crossed by river channels. In this environment, it was a predator at the top of the food chain, probably preying on other large dinosaurs like the hadrosaur Saurolophus or the sauropod Nemegtosaurus.

Tarbosaurus is known from dozens of specimens, with several complete skulls and skeletons. These remains have allowed scientific studies on its phylogeny, skull mechanics, and brain structure.

Comparison with T. rex

Skull 
Like its close North American relative Tyrannosaurus rex, it had a large head and powerful jaws, but was not top heavy. Its huge skull was comparatively light, with large air pockets. Many of its bones were hollow, making them strong but light, so they did not add excessive weight to this large predator.
Its skull was similar to that of Tyrannosaurus, but more rigid. Also, because its skull was not so broad at the back, it did not have binocular vision like Tyrannosaurus.

In the lower jaw, a ridge on the outer surface of the angular bone articulated with the rear of the dentary bone, creating a locking mechanism unique to Tarbosaurus and Alioramus. Other tyrannosaurids lacked this ridge and had more flexibility in the lower jaw.

Limbs 
Its forlimbs were small with two fingers, as with its larger relative. The small, two-fingered, front limb is absolutely distinctive of tyrannosaurids.

The three-toed hind limbs were long and thick, supporting the body in a bipedal posture. The long, heavy tail served as a counterweight to the head and torso and put the center of gravity over the hips.
Palaeobiology 
Some scientists think the more rigid skull of Tarbosaurus was an adaptation to hunting the massive sauropods found in Asia, which did not exist in most of North America during the later Cretaceous. 
"Both Asiatic and North American... tyrannosaurines [NAT] hunted large prey, whilst also being opportunistic scavengers. However, the prey available to them were obviously different... the adult T. rex... probably specialized in bringing down large horned dinosaurs, like Triceratops... but this group was absent outside North America. Thus, the Mongolian tyrannosaurines were forced to feed on sauropods... These differences in typical prey items might have exerted different selective pressures, concerning hunting strategy and mechanical requirements maximizing their success rate as predators".
"The new material studied in this paper allows us to speculate if the tyrannosaurines can be divided into NATs and an Asiatic group".

References 

Theropods
Tyrannosaurids
Dinosaurs of Asia
Torosaurus (meaning "pierced lizard") was a large, quadrupedal, plant-eating Ceratopsian dinosaur with three horns on its large head. Torosaurus hatched from eggs and may have lived in herds.

Torosaurus lived during the Upper Cretaceous, about 70–65 million years ago, in what is now western North America. It was similar to Triceratops. Some had thought that Triceratops was a younger form of Torosaurus.
However, latest thinking is that the two are definitely different genera.<ref>Bowdler, Neil 2012. BBC News Science & Environment. Triceratops and Torosaurus dinosaurs 'two species, not one''' </ref> In 2011, 2012 and 2013, studies of external features of known specimens decided that shape and development differences mean the two genera are not synonyms. The main problems in the "one genus" idea are: Farke A.A. 2011. Anatomy and taxonomic status of the chasmosaurine ceratopsid Nedoceratops hatcheri from the Upper Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming, U.S.A. PLoS ONE 6 (1): e16196. 
A lack of good transitional forms, 
The apparent existence of authentic Torosaurus'' subadults, different skull proportions independent of maturation 
The hole formation at an adult stage is not part of a normal ceratopsian growth sequence.

References 

Ceratopsids
Dung beetles are beetles that feed partly or only on the dung of mammals. They are a kind of scarab beetle. All these species belong to the superfamily Scarabaeoidea, and most of them to the family Scarabaeidae. The subfamily Scarabaeinae alone has more than 5,000 species. There are dung-feeding beetles in other related families, such as the Geotrupidae (the 'earth-boring dung beetles'). 

Many dung beetles, known as rollers, roll dung into balls, which are used as a food source or brooding chambers. Other dung beetles, known as tunnelers, bury the dung wherever they find it. A third group, the dwellers, neither roll nor burrow: they simply live in dung. They are often attracted by the dung burrowing owls collect.
Taxonomy 
Dung beetles are not a single taxonomic group: dung feeding is found in a number  of beetle families. The behaviour probably evolved more than once.
 Coleoptera (order), beetles
 Scarabaeoidea (superfamily), scarabs (most families in the group do not use dung)
 Geotrupidae (family), "earth-boring dung beetles".
 Scarabaeidae (family): scarab beetles (not all species use dung)
 Scarabaeinae  (subfamily): true dung beetles.
 Aphodiinae (subfamily): small dung beetles (not all species use dung).

Ecology and behavior 
Dung beetles live in many different habitats, including deserts, farmlands, forests, and grasslands. They do not like extremely cold or dry weather. They are found on all continents except Antarctica.
Dung beetles eat the dung of herbivores and omnivores, and prefer it to any other kind of dung. They may also feed on mushrooms and rotting leaves and fruits. One species living in South America, Deltochilum valgum, is a carnivore which eats millipedes. Those that eat dung do not need to eat or drink anything else, because the dung provides all the necessary nutrients.
Most dung beetles search for dung using their sensitive sense of smell. Some of the smaller species simply attach themselves to the dung-providers to wait for their reward. After capturing the dung, a dung beetle will roll it, following a straight line despite all obstacles. Sometimes dung beetles will try to steal the dung ball from another beetle, so the dung beetles have to move rapidly away from a dung pile once they have rolled their ball to prevent it from being stolen. Dung beetles can roll up to 50 times their weight.  Male Onthophagus taurus beetles can pull 1,141 times their own body weight: the equivalent of an average person pulling six double-decker buses full of people. In 2003, researchers found one species of dung beetle (the African Scarabaeus zambesianus) navigates by using polarization patterns in moonlight. The discovery is the first proof any animal can use polarized moonlight for orientation.
The "rollers" roll and bury a dung ball either for food storage or to make a brooding ball. In the latter case, two beetles, one male and one female, will be seen around the dung ball during the rolling process. Usually it is the male that rolls the ball, with the female hitch-hiking or simply following behind. In some cases the male and the female roll together. When a spot with soft soil is found, they stop and bury the dung ball. They will then mate underground. After the mating, both or one of them will prepare the brooding ball. When the ball is finished, the female lays eggs inside it. Some species do not leave after this stage, but remain to safeguard their offspring.   

The dung beetle goes through a complete metamorphosis. The larvae live in brood balls made with dung prepared by their parents. One idea is that the dung helps to keep parasitoids at bay. During the larval stage, the grub feeds on the dung surrounding it.
The behavior of the beetles was much misunderstood until the studies of Jean Henri Fabre. Fabre corrected the myth that a dung beetle would seek aid from other dung beetles when confronted by obstacles. By painstaking observations and experiments, he found the seeming helpers were, in fact, robbers awaiting an opportunity to steal the roller's food source.

References 

Polyphaga
Bombardier beetles are ground beetles in the family Carabidae. There are more than 500 species which are notable for their defence mechanism. Most of them are found in rainforests.

When disturbed, the beetle squirts a poisonous chemical spray from special glands in its abdomen. The ejection makes a popping sound.

Mechanism 
A bombardier beetle produces and stores (separately) two chemical compounds which react with each other: hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide. 

When threatened, the beetle contracts muscles that force the two reactants through tubes into a mixing chamber containing water and enzymes. The reactants undergo a violent chemical reaction which gives off heat. This raises the temperature to near the boiling point of water.
 
The beetle swivels the tip of its abdomen around, and shoots a spray of boiling hot, poisonous chemicals at its attacker.

References 

Carabidae
Luigi Delneri (born 23 August 1950) is a former Italian football player.

References

1950 births
Living people
Footballers from Friuli Venezia-Giulia
A.S. Roma managers
Toshikazu Kato (born 28 May 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||8||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2003||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2004||Thespa Kusatsu||Football League||15||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||2
|-
|2005||Mitsubishi Motors Mizushima||Football League||19||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||22||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|V-Varen Nagasaki||rowspan="3"|Regional Leagues||15||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||16||1
|-
|2007||16||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||19||2
|-
|2008||8||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Football League||26||5||2||0||colspan="2"|-||28||5
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
107||10||12||0||0||0||119||10
107||10||12||0||0||0||119||10
|}

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
Hidekazu Tajiri (born 19 April 1975) is a former Japanese football player.

References

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Kumamoto Prefecture
Wataru Tagami (born 7 May 1982) is a Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="5"|V-Varen Nagasaki||rowspan="4"|Regional Leagues||||||||||||
|-
|2006||15||1||1||0||16||1
|-
|2007||20||0||3||2||23||2
|-
|2008||18||2||colspan="2"|-||18||2
|-
|2009||Football League||34||3||2||0||36||3
87||6||6||2||93||8
87||6||6||2||93||8
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Yoshihiro Saisho (born 20 November 1982) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="5"|V-Varen Nagasaki||rowspan="4"|Regional Leagues||||||||||||
|-
|2006||16||8||1||0||17||8
|-
|2007||9||0||0||0||9||0
|-
|2008||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2009||Football League||0||0||0||0||0||0
25||8||1||0||26||8
25||8||1||0||26||8
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Kagoshima Prefecture
Valentino Mazzola (26 January 1919 – 4 May 1949) was an Italian football player. He has played for the Italy national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1939/40||rowspan="3"|Venezia||rowspan="3"|Serie A||6||1
|-
|1940/41||27||6
|-
|1941/42||28||5
|-
|1942/43||rowspan="5"|Torino||rowspan="5"|Serie A||30||11
|-
|1945/46||35||16
|-
|1946/47||38||29
|-
|1947/48||37||25
|-
|1948/49||30||16
231||109
231||109
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1942||2||1
|-
|1943||0||0
|-
|1944||0||0
|-
|1945||1||0
|-
|1946||1||1
|-
|1947||4||1
|-
|1948||2||0
|-
|1949||2||1
|-
!Total||12||4
|}

References

1919 births
1949 deaths
Footballers from Lombardy
Guillermo Barros Schelotto (born 4 May 1973) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team. Currently the First Team Coach of the Los Angeles Galaxy

Club career statistics

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="6"|Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata||rowspan="6"|Primera División||22||4
|-
|1992/93||36||8
|-
|1993/94||34||6
|-
|1994/95||29||6
|-
|1995/96||24||6
|-
|1996/97||33||14
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="10"|Boca Juniors||rowspan="10"|Primera División||33||6
|-
|1998/99||28||10
|-
|1999/00||27||11
|-
|2000/01||17||6
|-
|2001/02||22||8
|-
|2002/03||18||9
|-
|2003/04||15||6
|-
|2004/05||14||2
|-
|2005/06||22||3
|-
|2006/07||15||1

|-
|2007||rowspan="4"|Columbus Crew||rowspan="4"|Major League Soccer||22||5
|-
|2008||27||7
|-
|2009||24||12
|-
|2010||||
379||106
73||24
452||130
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1995||1||0
|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||8||0
|-
!Total||10||0
|}

References

1973 births
Living people
Argentine footballers
Boca Juniors managers