Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Osage is a city in Iowa in the United States.  It is the county seat of Mitchell County.

Notable residents 
 James Vincent Casey, Roman Catholic bishop
 Hamlin Garland, American writer
 Mike Johanns, former Governor of Nebraska and United States Secretary of Agriculture; current US Senator from Nebraska
 Gerald Leeman, 1948 Olympic silver medallist in wrestling
 Doug Schwab, 2008 Olympic Wrestler
 Troy Merritt, PGA Tour golfer

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Osceola is a city. Osceola is in the state of Iowa, in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Oskaloosa is a city in Iowa in the United States.  The population was 11,463 in the 2010 census.

Oskaloosa is the home of William Penn University, a private, liberal arts college. It was founded by members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in 1873 as Penn College.

References

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Ossian is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Osterdock is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Otho is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowacc
Oto is a city in Iowa, United States.  It is part of the Sioux City metropolitan area.

References

Cities in Iowa
Ottosen is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Ottumwa is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Wapello County. The city is split into northern and southern halves by the Des Moines River.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Owasa is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Oxford is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa

Oxford has a time zone of UTC-6:00
Oxford Junction is a city in Jones County, Iowa, United States. The population was 496 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Cities in Iowa
Oyens is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Pacific Junction is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Packwood is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Palmer is a city in the United States state of Iowa.

Cities in Iowa
Palo is a city in Iowa in the United States.

References 

Cities in Iowa
Panama is a city in Shelby County, Iowa, United States. The population was 221 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Iowa
Panora is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Panorama Park is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Parkersburg is a city of Butler County in the state of Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Parnell is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Paton is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Patterson is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Paullina is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Pella is a city in Iowa in the United States. It has a population of 9,832 as of 2000.

Cities in Iowa
Peosta is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Sources

Cities in Iowa
Perry is a city in Iowa in the United States.  It is in Dallas County.  It is by the North Raccoon River. There were 7,702 people living in Perry at the 2010 census.

Tyson Foods operates a pork plant in Perry.

Notable residents

 William Bell (1902–1971) premier American tuba player and teacher 
 Gertrude Mary Cox (1900–1978) influential American statistician 
 V. T. Hamlin (1900–1993) cartoonist, creator of "Alley Oop"

References

Cities in Iowa
Persia is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Harrison County.

References

Cities in Iowa
Peterson is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Pierson is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Pilot Mound is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Pioneer is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Pisgah is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Plainfield is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Plano is a city in Iowa in the United States. In 2000, about 58 people lived in 29 households in Plano.

Cities in Iowa
Pleasant Hill is a city in Iowa in the United States.  It is in Polk County.

References

Cities in Iowa
Pleasant Plain is a city in Iowa in the United States.  It is in Jefferson County.

Cities in Iowa
Pleasanton is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Pleasantville is a city in Iowa in the United States. The population is currently at 1,694 people.

Cities in Iowa
Plover is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Plymouth is a city in Iowa in the United States.

References

Cities in Iowa
Pocahontas is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Polk City is in Polk County, Iowa, United States. The population was 3,418 in the 2010 census, an increase from 2,344 in 2000 census. It is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Polk City is located along Saylorville Lake and near Big Creek State Park.

Cities in Iowa
Pomeroy is a city in Calhoun County, Iowa, United States. The population of Pomeroy was 710 in 2000.

Pomeroy was hit by a tornado on July 6, 1893, that was estimated to be F5 on the Fujita scale. There was a damage path of around 500 yards (460 m) wide and 55 miles (89 km) long and the tornado destroyed about 80% of the homes in Pomeroy. It killed 71 people and injured 200 others.

References

Other websites
Official City of Pomeroy website 

Cities in Iowa
Popejoy is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Portsmouth is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Postville is a city in Iowa in the United States.

References

Other websites

Official City Website
Postville Community Schools 
City-Data Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Postville

Cities in Iowa
Prairie City is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Prairieburg is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Prescott is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Preston is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Primghar is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Princeton is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Promise City is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Protivin is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Pulaski is a city in Davis County, Iowa, United States. The population was 260 at the 2010 census.

History
Pulaski was founded in 1856. It is named for Casimir Pulaski.

References

Other websites

Cities in Iowa
Davis County, Iowa
Quasqueton is a city in Iowa in the United States.

References

Cities in Iowa
Quimby is a city in Iowa in the United States.

References

Cities in Iowa
Radcliffe is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rake is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Ralston is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Randalia is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Randall is a city in Iowa in the United States.  It is in Hamilton County.

Cities in Iowa
Randolph is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rathbun is a city in Iowa in the United States.  It is in Appanoose County.  The population was 89 at the 2010 census.

Cities in Iowa
Raymond is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Readlyn is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Reasnor is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Jasper County. There were 152 people living there in 2010.

References

Cities in Iowa
Red Oak is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Redding is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Redfield is a city in Dallas County, Iowa, United States.  It is on the Middle Raccoon River. The population was 833 at the 2000 census.

Notable natives
 Rex Harvey, American decathlete

Cities in Iowa
Reinbeck is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Sources

Cities in Iowa
Rembrandt is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Remsen is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Renwick is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rhodes is a city in Iowa in the United States. The population was 305 at the 2010 census.

History
Rhodes was laid out in 1856, and it was incorporated in 1883. It was named after the famous hockey player Dustin Rhodes.

Geography
Rhodes is located at  (41.926536, -93.184884).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.

References

Cities in Iowa
Riceville is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Howard and Mitchell Counties.

Cities in Iowa
Richland is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rickardsville is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Ricketts is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Crawford County, Iowa
Cities in Iowa
Ridgeway is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rinard is a city in Iowa in the United States. The had had about 72 inhabitants as of 2000. In 2000, there were 28 households counted in Rinard.

References 

Cities in Iowa
Ringsted is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rippey is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Riverdale is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Riverside is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Robins is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rock Falls is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rock Rapids is a city in Iowa, United States.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Rock Valley is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rockford is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rockwell is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rockwell City is a city in Iowa in the United States.  It is the county seat of Calhoun County.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Rodman is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rodney is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Roland is a city of Story County in the state of Iowa, United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rolfe is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rome is a city in Iowa in the United States of america.

Cities in Iowa
Rose Hill is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Geography 
Rose Hill is located at 41°19′17″N 92°27′47″W (41.321389, -92.462952).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.14 square miles (0.36 km2), all of it land.

References

Cities in Iowa
Rossie is a city in Iowa in the United States.

References

Other websites
City-Data Comprehensive statistical data and more about Rossie

Cities in Iowa
Rowan is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rowley is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Royal is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rudd is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Runnells is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rushville is an unincorporated community of Iowa in the United States.  It is in Jasper County.

There are no longer any buildings in Rushville.  Only a few nearby farms exist.

Unincorporated communities in Iowa
Russell is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Ruthven is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Rutland is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Ryan is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sabula is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sac City is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Sageville is a city in Iowa in the United States. In 2008 there were 191 people living in Sageville. The town is named after Chester Sage who built a flour mill there in the 1830's.

References

Cities in Iowa
Salem is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Salix is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sanborn is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sandyville is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Scarville is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Schaller is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Schleswig is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Crawford County, Iowa
Cities in Iowa
Scranton is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Searsboro is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sergeant Bluff is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Seymour is a city in Iowa in the United States. Seymour is a very tiny city.

References

Cities in Iowa
Shambaugh is a city in Iowa in the United States.

References

Cities in Iowa
Shannon City is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sharpsburg is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sheffield is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Shelby is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sheldahl is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sheldon is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Shell Rock is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Shellsburg is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Shenandoah is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sherrill is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Shueyville is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sibley is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Sidney is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Sigourney (pronounced "SIGG-ur-nee") is a city in Keokuk County, Iowa, United States. At the 2012 census, 2,059 people lived there. It is the county seat of Keokuk County.

History
Keokuk County was opened for white people to live in, in 1843. The town got its start in 1844 when S.A. James built the first cabin there.  Other families began to settle there as well, and in 1844, the town was named by county commissioner Dr. George H. Stone, in honour of a popular poet named Lydia Sigourney.  A large oil-painted portrait of Lydia is still in the foyer of the county courthouse.

Geography
Sigourney's longitude and latitude coordinates in decimals are 41.333244, -92.203220. 

The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.6 km²). All of it is land.

Government
Sigourney is represented by Leonard Boswell in the United States House of Representatives.

References

Other websites

Official city website

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Silver City is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sioux Center is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Sioux City is a city in Iowa, United States. It is located in Woodbury County and Plymouth County, and is the county seat of Woodbury County. Sioux City is the fourth-largest city in Iowa, with a population of 82,684 at the 2010 census. The city sits near two major rivers, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River.

References

Other websites 
Sioux City website

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Sioux Rapids is a city in Iowa in the United States.

References 

Cities in Iowa
Slater is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Spy Kids is the first movie of the Spy Kids series. It is directed and written by Robert Rodriguez. The movie stars Alexa Vega and Daryl Sabara and was released in United States theaters on March 30, 2001 and on DVD on September 28, 2001.

Other websites
 
 
 

2001 movies
Multilingual movies
Movies directed by Robert Rodriguez
Spy Kids
Sloan is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Smithland is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Soldier is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Solon is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Somers is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
South English is a city in Keokuk County, Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Spencer is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Spillville is a city in Iowa in the United States. The city has over 300 people in it.

Cities in Iowa
Spirit Lake is a city in Iowa in the United States.

References 

Cities in Iowa
County seats in Iowa
Spragueville is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Spring Hill is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Springbrook is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
The University of Michigan Law School (Michigan Law) is the law school of the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor. Started in 1859, the school has about 1,200 students. The Law School has 81 full-time teachers.

University of Michigan campus
1859 establishments in Michigan
Springville is a city in Iowa in the United States.

References

Cities in Iowa
St. Ansgar is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
St. Anthony is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
St. Charles is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
St. Donatus is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Name
The city of St. Donatus is named after Saint Donatus of Muenstereifel. It used to be called Tetes de Morts, which is the name of a creek that flows through the town.

Location
The geographic coordinates of St. Donatus are  (42.360590, -90.538790).

St. Donatus is in Jackson County, Iowa.

Statistics
The United States Census Bureau says that the city's land takes up .

In the year 2000, the census showed that there were 153 people living in St. Donatus. These people lived in 53 households and were from 41 families. The average household earned $39,750 each year.

References

Cities in Iowa
St. Lucas is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
St. Marys is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
St. Olaf is a city in Clayton County in the state of Iowa, United States.

Cities in Iowa
St. Paul is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Stacyville is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Stanhope is a city of Hamilton County in the state of Iowa, United States. About 490 people were living in Stanhope as of 2000.

Cities in Iowa
Stanton is a city in Iowa in the United States.  It is in Montgomery County.

Geography
Stanton is located at .

References

Cities in Iowa
Stanwood is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
State Center is a city in Iowa in the United States with a population of 1,391 (2020).

Cities in Iowa
Steamboat Rock is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Cities in Iowa
Palomar Observatory is a privately owned observatory in San Diego County, California, 90 miles (145 km) southeast of Mount Wilson Observatory, on Palomar Mountain in the Palomar Mountain Range. It is owned and run by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). The observatory is made up of four main telescopes: the 200 inch (5.08 m) Hale telescope, the 48 inch (1.22 m) Samuel Oschin telescope, the 18 inch (457 millimeter) Schmidt telescope, and a 60 inch (1.52 m) reflecting telescope.  Also, the Palomar Testbed Interferometer is located at this observatory.

Name 
The word palomar is from the Spanish language, meaning pigeon house.  The name may be because of the many pigeons that can be seen in the spring and autumn months on Palomar Mountain, or it may be because of an old pigeon-raising building built there by the Spaniards.

References

Astronomical observatories in California
San Diego County, California
Addison is a city in Dallas County, Texas (United States).  About 14,160 people were living in Addison as of the year 2000.  It is really a city, but it calls themselves a town.  Addison has an area of 4.4 square miles.

References

Other websites 

 Addison official website 
 Addison community website

Cities in Texas
Settlements in Dallas County, Texas
A law school (also known as a school of law or college of law) is a school mostly for legal education. 

In the United States and Canada, law school is required to obtain a Juris Doctor degree which is required to become a lawyer.

Related pages
Harvard Law School

Law
Tertiary education
The European Southern Observatory (ESO, officially called the European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere), is a research group for astronomy, made up of fourteen countries from Europe. Made in 1962 to give state-of-the-art facilities and a view the Southern Sky to European astronomers, it is well known for using some of the largest and most advanced telescopes in the world, such as the New Technology Telescope (NTT), the telescope that helped create active optics technology, and the VLT (Very Large Telescope), made of four 8-meter class telescopes and four 1.8-m Auxiliary Telescopes.

Member countries 

Astronomical observatories in Chile
1962 establishments in Europe
Legal education is the education of people who wish to become legal professionals or those who wish to earn their law degree.

Education by subject
A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same area. These turbines turn moving air into electricity. A large wind farm has several hundred wind turbines, and covers an area of hundreds of square miles. A wind farm may also be offshore.

Many of the biggest onshore wind farms are in the USA. The Roscoe Wind Farm is the largest onshore wind farm in the world, producing 781.5 MW of power, followed by the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center (735.5 MW). The Thanet Offshore Wind Project in United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 300 MW, followed by Horns Rev II (209 MW) in Denmark.

References
The slide rule, or slipstick, is a mechanical analog computer. The slide rule is used mainly for multiplication and division, and also for "scientific" functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but usually not for addition or subtraction.

There are many different styles of slide rules. They are usually linear or circular. They have a standardised set of markings or scales. These scales are used for mathematical computations. Some slide rules have been made for special use, as for aviation or finance. Those slide rules have special scales for those applications, as well as normal scales.
The slide rule is based on the work on logarithms by John Napier and was invented by William Oughtred. Before electronic calculators were developed, slide rules were the tool used most often in  science and engineering. The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as digital computing devices were  gradually introduced; but around 1974 the pocket calculator made the slide rule largely obsolete and most suppliers left the business.

Basic concepts 
In its most basic form, the slide rule uses two logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of numbers. These common operations can be time-consuming and error-prone when done on paper. More complex slide rules allow other calculations, such as square roots, exponentials, logarithms, and trigonometric functions.
Mathematical calculations are done by aligning a mark on the sliding central strip with one on one of the fixed strips. 
The relative position of other marks can then be observed. Numbers aligned with the marks give the approximate value of the product, quotient, or other calculated result.

The user determines the location of the decimal point in the result, based on mental estimation. Scientific notation is used to track the decimal point in more formal calculations. Addition and subtraction steps in a calculation are generally done mentally or on paper, not on the slide rule.

Most slide rules have three linear strips of the same length. The strips are aligned in parallel and interlocked so that the central strip can be moved lengthwise relative to the other two. The outer two strips are fixed so that their relative positions do not change.
Some slide rules ("duplex" models) have scales on both sides of the rule and slide strip, others on one side of the outer strips and both sides of the slide strip, still others on one side only ("simplex" rules). A sliding cursor with a vertical alignment line is used to find corresponding points on scales that are not next to each other or, in duplex models, are on the other side of the rule. The cursor can also record an intermediate result on any of the scales.

Using a slide rule for calculation
Multiplication 
A logarithm transforms the operations of multiplication and division to addition and subtraction according to the rules  and .  
Moving the top scale to the right by a distance of , by matching the beginning of the top scale with the label  on the bottom, aligns each number , at position  on the top scale, with the number at position  on the bottom scale. Because , this position on the bottom scale gives , the product of  and . For example, to calculate 3 × 2 (represented as 3*2 on a calculator), the 1 on the top scale is moved to the 2 on the bottom scale. The answer, 6, is read off the bottom scale where 3 is on the top scale. In general, the 1 on the top is moved to a factor on the bottom, and the answer is read off the bottom where the other factor is on the top.
Operations may go "off the scale;" for example, the diagram above shows that the slide rule has not positioned the 7 on the upper scale above any number on the lower scale, so it does not give any answer for 2×7. In such cases, the user may slide the upper scale to the left until its right index aligns with the 2, effectively multiplying by 0.2 instead of by 2, as in the illustration below:

Here the user of the slide rule must remember to adjust the decimal point appropriately to correct the final answer. We wanted to find 2×7, but instead we calculated 0.2×7=1.4. So the true answer is not 1.4 but 14. Resetting the slide is not the only way to handle multiplications that would result in off-scale results, such as 2×7; some other methods are:
(1) Use the double-decade scales A and B.
 (2) Use the folded scales. In this example, set the left 1 of C opposite the 2 of D. Move the cursor to 7 on CF, and read the result from DF.
 (3) Use the CI inverted scale. Position the 7 on the CI scale above the 2 on the D scale, and then read the result off of the D scale, below the 1 on the CI scale. Since 1 occurs in two places on the CI scale, one of them will always be on-scale.
 (4) Use both the CI inverted scale and the C scale. Line up the 2 of CI with the 1 of D, and read the result from D, below the 7 on the C scale.

Method 1 is easy to understand, but entails a loss of precision. Method 3 has the advantage that it only involves two scales.
Division 
The illustration below demonstrates the computation of 5.5/2. The 2 on the top scale is placed over the 5.5 on the bottom scale. The 1 on the top scale lies above the quotient, 2.75. There is more than one method for doing division, but the method presented here has the advantage that the final result cannot be off-scale, because one has a choice of using the 1 at either end.
Other operations 
In addition to the logarithmic scales, some slide rules have other mathematical functions encoded on other auxiliary scales. The most popular were trigonometric, usually sine and tangent, common logarithm (log10) (for taking the log of a value on a multiplier scale), natural logarithm (ln) and exponential (ex) scales.  Some rules include a Pythagorean scale, to figure sides of triangles, and a scale to figure circles.  Others feature scales for calculating hyperbolic functions. On linear rules, the scales and their labeling are highly standardized, with variation usually occurring only in terms of which scales are included and in what order:

The Binary Slide Rule manufactured by Gilson in 1931 performed an addition and subtraction function limited to fractions.
Roots and powers 
There are single-decade (C and D), double-decade (A and B), and triple-decade (K) scales. To compute , for example, locate x on the D scale and read its square on the A scale. Inverting this process allows square roots to be found, and similarly for the powers 3, 1/3, 2/3, and 3/2. Care must be taken when the base, x, is found in more than one place on its scale. For instance, there are two nines on the A scale; to find the square root of nine, use the first one; the second one gives the square root of 90.

For  problems, use the LL scales. When several LL scales are present, use the one with x on it. First, align the leftmost 1 on the C scale with x on the LL scale. Then, find y on the C scale and go down to the LL scale with x on it. That scale will indicate the answer. If y is "off the scale," locate  and square it using the A and B scales as described above.
Trigonometry 
The S, T, and ST scales are used for trigonometric functions and multiples of trig functions, for angles in degrees.  Many slide rules have their S, T, and ST scales marked with degrees and minutes. So-called decitrig models use decimal fractions of degrees instead.

Logarithms and exponentials 
Base-10 logarithms and exponentials are found using the L scale, which is linear. Some slide rules have a Ln scale, which is for base e.

The Ln scale was invented by an 11th grade student, Stephen B. Cohen, in 1958. The original intent was to allow the user to select an exponent x (in the range 0 to 2.3) on the Ln scale and read ex on the C (or D) scale and e–x on the CI (or DI) scale. Pickett, Inc. was given exclusive rights to the scale. Later, the inventor created a set of "marks" on the Ln scale to extend the range beyond the 2.3 limit, but Pickett never incorporated these marks on any of its slide rules.
Addition and subtraction 
Slide rules are not typically used for addition and subtraction, but it is nevertheless possible to do so using two different techniques.

The first method to perform addition and subtraction on the C and D (or any comparable scales) requires converting the problem into one of division. For addition, the quotient of the two variables plus one times the divisor equals their sum:

For subtraction, the quotient of the two variables minus one times the divisor equals their difference:

This method is similar to the addition/subtraction technique used for high-speed electronic circuits with the logarithmic number system in specialized computer applications like the Gravity Pipe (GRAPE) supercomputer and hidden Markov models.

The second method uses a sliding linear L scale available on some models. Addition and subtraction are performed by sliding the cursor left (for subtraction) or right (for addition) then returning the slide to 0 to read the result.

Physical design
Physical design

Standard linear rules 
The length of the slide rule is quoted in terms of the nominal length of the scales. Scales on the most common "10-inch" models are actually 25 cm in length, as they were made to metric standards, though some rules offer slightly extended scales to simplify manipulation when a result overflowed. Pocket rules are typically 5 inches. Models a couple of meters long were sold to be hung in classrooms for teaching purposes. 

Typically the divisions mark a scale to a precision of two significant figures, and the user estimates the third figure. Some high-end slide rules have magnifying cursors that make the markings easier to see.  Such cursors can effectively double the accuracy of readings, permitting a 10-inch slide rule to serve as well as a 20-inch.
Various other conveniences have been developed. Trigonometric scales are sometimes dual-labeled, in black and red, with complementary angles, the so-called "Darmstadt" style. Duplex slide rules often duplicate some of the scales on the back. Scales are often "split" to get higher accuracy.

Specialized slide rules were invented for various forms of engineering, business and banking. These often had common calculations directly expressed as special scales, for example loan calculations, optimal purchase quantities, or particular engineering equations. For example, the Fisher Controls company distributed a customized slide rule adapted to solving the equations used for selecting the proper size of industrial flow control valves.

Circular slide rules
Circular slide rules come in two basic types, one with two cursors (left), and another with a movable disk and a single cursor (right). The dual cursor versions perform multiplication and division by maintaining a fixed angle between the cursors as they are rotated around the dial. The single cursor version operates more like the standard slide rule through the appropriate alignment of the scales.

The basic advantage of a circular slide rule is that the longest dimension of the tool was reduced by a factor of about 3 (i.e. by π). For example, the outer scale of a 10 cm circular would have a maximum precision equal to a 30 cm ordinary slide rule. Circular slide rules also eliminate "off-scale" calculations, because the scales were designed to "wrap around"; they never have to be re-oriented when results are near 1.0—the rule is always on scale. However, for non-cyclical non-spiral scales such as S, T, and LL's, the scale length is shortened to make room for end margins.
Circular slide rules are mechanically more rugged and smoother-moving, but their scale alignment precision is sensitive to the centering of a central pivot; a minute 0.1 mm off-centre of the pivot can result in a 0.2 mm worst case alignment error. The pivot, however, does prevent scratching of the face and cursors. The highest accuracy scales are placed on the outer rings. Rather than "split" scales, high-end circular rules use spiral scales for more complex operations like log-of-log scales. One eight-inch premium circular rule had a 50-inch spiral log-log scale.

The main disadvantages of circular slide rules are the difficulty in locating figures along a rotating disc, and limited number of scales. Another drawback of circular slide rules is that less-important scales are closer to the center, and have lower precisions. Most students learned slide rule use on the linear slide rules, and did not find reason to switch.
In 1952, Swiss watch company Breitling introduced a pilot's wristwatch with an integrated circular slide rule specialized for flight calculations: the Breitling Navitimer. The Navitimer circular rule, referred to by Breitling as a "navigation computer", featured airspeed, rate/time of climb/descent, flight time, distance, and fuel consumption functions, as well as kilometer–nautical mile and gallon–liter fuel amount conversion functions.

Materials 
Traditionally slide rules were made out of hard wood such as mahogany or boxwood with cursors of glass and metal. At least one high precision instrument was made of steel.
All premium slide rules had numbers and scales engraved, and then filled with paint or other resin. Painted or imprinted slide rules were viewed as inferior because the markings could wear off. Nevertheless, Pickett, probably America's most successful slide rule company, made all printed scales. Premium slide rules included clever catches so the rule would not fall apart by accident, and bumpers to protect the scales and cursor from rubbing on tabletops. The recommended cleaning method for engraved markings is to scrub lightly with steel-wool. For painted slide rules, and the faint of heart, use diluted commercial window-cleaning fluid and a soft cloth.

History
The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after John Napier's publication of the concept of the logarithm. Edmund Gunter of Oxford developed a calculating device with a single logarithmic scale, which, with additional measuring tools, could be used to multiply and divide. The first description of this scale was published in Paris in 1624 by Edmund Wingate (c. 1593 – 1656), an English mathematician, in a book entitled “L'usage de la reigle de proportion en l'arithmetique & geometrie”. The book contains a double scale on one side of which is a logarithmic scale and on the other a tabular scale. In 1630, William Oughtred of Cambridge invented a circular slide rule, and in 1632 he combined two Gunter rules, held together with the hands, to make a device that is recognizably the modern slide rule
. Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students, but delayed in publishing them, and like Newton, he became involved in a vitriolic controversy over priority, with his one-time student Richard Delamain and the prior claims of Wingate. Oughtred's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653.
In 1677, Henry Coggeshall created a two-foot folding rule for timber measure, called the Coggeshall slide rule. His design and uses for the tool gave the slide rule purpose outside of mathematical inquiry.

In 1722, Warner introduced the two- and three-decade scales, and in 1755 Everard included an inverted scale; a slide rule containing all of these scales is usually known as a "polyphase" rule.

In 1815, Peter Roget invented the log log slide rule, which included a scale displaying the logarithm of the logarithm. This allowed the user to directly perform calculations involving roots and exponents. This was especially useful for fractional powers.
Modern form 
The more modern form was created in 1859 by French artillery lieutenant Amédée Mannheim, "who was fortunate in having his rule made by a firm of national reputation and in having it adopted by the French Artillery." It was around that time, as engineering became a recognized professional activity, that slide rules came into wide use in Europe. They did not become common in the United States until 1881, when Edwin Thacher introduced a cylindrical rule there. The duplex rule was invented by William Cox in 1891, and was produced by Keuffel and Esser Co. of New York.

Astronomical work also required fine computations, and in 19th century Germany a steel slide rule about 2 meters long was used at one observatory. It had a microscope attached, giving it accuracy to six decimal places.
Throughout the 1950s and 1960s the slide rule was the symbol of the engineer's profession (in the same way that the stethoscope symbolizes the medical profession). German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun brought two 1930s vintage Nestler slide rules with him when he moved to the U.S. after World War II to work on the American space program. Throughout his life he never used any other pocket calculating devices; slide rules served him perfectly well for making quick estimates of rocket design parameters and other figures. Aluminum Pickett-brand slide rules were carried on five Apollo space missions, including to the moon, according to advertising on Pickett's N600 slide rule boxes .

Some engineering students and engineers carried ten-inch slide rules in belt holsters, and even into the mid 1970s this was a common sight on campuses. Students also might keep a ten-or twenty-inch rule for precision work at home or the office while carrying a five-inch pocket slide rule around with them.
In 2004, education researchers David B. Sher and Dean C. Nataro conceived a new type of slide rule based on prosthaphaeresis, an algorithm for rapidly computing products that predates logarithms. There has been little practical interest in constructing one beyond the initial prototype, however.

Decline 

The importance of the slide rule began to diminish as electronic computers, a new but very scarce resource in the 1950s, became widely available to technical workers during the 1960s. The introduction of Fortran in 1957 made computers practical for solving modest size mathematical problems. IBM introduced a series of more affordable computers, the IBM 650 (1954), IBM 1620 (1959), IBM 1130 (1965) addressed to the science and engineering market. John Kemeny's BASIC programming language (1964) made it easy for students to use computers. The DEC PDP-8 minicomputer was introduced in 1965.
Advantages 
 A slide rule tends to moderate the fallacy of "false precision" and significance. The typical precision available to a user of a slide rule is about three places of accuracy. This is in good correspondence with most data available for input to engineering formulas. When a modern pocket calculator is used, the precision may be displayed to seven or more decimal places, while in reality the results can never be of greater accuracy than the input data available.
 A slide rule requires a continual estimation of the order of magnitude of the results. On a slide rule 1.5 × 30 (which equals 45) will show the same result as 1,500,000 × 0.03 (which equals 45,000). It is up to the engineer to continually determine the reasonableness of the results, something that can be lost when numbers are carelessly entered into a computer program or a calculator.
When performing a sequence of multiplications or divisions by the same number, the answer can be often determined by merely glancing at the slide rule without any manipulation. This can be especially useful when calculating percentages, e.g., for test scores, or when comparing prices, e.g., in dollars per kilogram. Multiple speed-time-distance calculations can be performed hands-free at a glance with a slide rule.
 A slide rule does not depend on electricity.
 A slide rule is an easily replicated technology. From a given example of a slide rule, more can be constructed by a competent craftsperson from rudimentary materials using non-industrial processes.
 Slide rules are highly standardized, so there is no need to relearn anything when switching to a different rule.
Slide rules are versatile, and can be operated in situations and environments where a human user might have reduced dexterity (for example, due to requiring protective gloves). Conversely, a calculator can be difficult to operate in such situations – a slide rule is unlikely to result in an error similar to that resulting from mistakenly pressing the wrong button on a calculator.
 Slide rules can be made out of cardboard or paper. Many free charts or specialized calculating devices made out of cardboard are actually specialized linear or circular slide rules.
One advantage of using a slide rule together with an electronic calculator is that an important calculation can be checked by doing it on both; because the two instruments are so different, there is little chance of making the same mistake twice.

Disadvantages 
 Errors may arise from mechanical imprecision.
 Calculations using the slide rule are of limited precision because of their analog inputs and outputs. Conversely, because of the discrete numerical input and floating point electronic operations, even modest modern calculators have output resolutions of at least six significant figures.

Related pages
 Abacus
 Logarithm

Notes

Other websites
Other websites 

General information, history:
 International Slide Rule Museum – Galleries of slide rule scans, downloadable instruction manuals, slide rule encyclopedia and Glossary of Terms, historical dating of specimens, Slide Rule Course, Loaner Slide Rules for Schools, etc.
 The history, theory and use of the engineering slide rule – By Dr James B. Calvert, University of Denver
 Oughtred Society Slide Rule Home Page – Dedicated to the preservation and history of slide rules
 Early Calculators: Slide Rules – At the Museum of HP Calculators
 "How a slide rule works"  – From the Slide Rule Universe

How-to's:
 International Slide Rule Museum – Illustrated Self-Guided Course On How To Use The Slide Rule (with simulators)
 A Collection of Photo-realistic Pickett Slide Rule Simulators, by Derek Ross

Mathematical tools
Márcio Emerson Passos (born 6 December 1978) is a Brazilian-Qatari professional athlete.  He is best known as a football player. He has played for Qatar national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|São Paulo||rowspan="2"|Série A||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|1999||8||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||2

|-
|2000||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||34||31||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||31
|-
|2001||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||18||19||0||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||19||20
|-
|2001||rowspan="5"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||13||7||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||14||7
|-
|2002||24||15||0||0||6||6||colspan="2"|-||30||21
|-
|2003||25||18||0||0||9||8||colspan="2"|-||34||26
|-
|2004||26||27||0||0||6||4||colspan="2"|-||32||31
|-
|2005||12||4||0||0||5||5||colspan="2"|-||17||9

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Al-Sadd||rowspan="2"|Stars League||7||6||1||0||3||2||1||1||12||9
|-
|2006/07||25||18||3||1||8||6||2||2||38||27
|-
|2007/08||Stade Rennais||Ligue 1||3||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Al-Sadd||rowspan="2"|Stars League||2||0||2||2||3||2||4||2||11||6
|-
|2008/09||0||0||0||0||4||8||0||0||4||8

|-
|2009||Flamengo||Série A||14||7||5||3||colspan="2"|-||2||0||21||10

|-
|2009/10||Al-Ain||UAE League||||||||||||||||||||
25||9||5||3||colspan="2"|-||2||0||32||12
152||121||0||0||29||24||colspan="2"|-||181||145
34||24||6||3||18||18||7||5||65||50
3||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
214||154||11||6||47||42||9||5||281||207
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2008||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References 

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Qatari sportspeople
Albert Nađ (born 29 October 1974) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Partizan||rowspan="4"|First League||25||1
|-
|1993/94||30||2
|-
|1994/95||30||3
|-
|1995/96||25||1

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="2"|Real Betis Balompié||rowspan="2"|La Liga||30||0
|-
|1997/98||26||1
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="3"|Real Oviedo||rowspan="3"|La Liga||27||1
|-
|1999/00||16||0
|-
|2000/01||3||0
|-
|2000/01||Elche||Segunda División||16||1
|-
|2001/02||Real Oviedo||Segunda División||24||0

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="5"|Partizan||rowspan="4"|First League||10||0
|-
|2003/04||24||0
|-
|2004/05||20||2
|-
|2005/06||28||2
|-
|2006/07||Superliga||9||1

|-
|2007||Rostov||Premier League||7||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Čukarički||rowspan="2"|Superliga||7||0
|-
|2008/09||24||2
227||14
142||3
7||0
376||17
|}

International career statistics
|-
|1994||1||0
|-
|1995||6||1
|-
|1996||7||0
|-
|1997||6||0
|-
|1998||4||0
|-
|1999||5||2
|-
|2000||5||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||5||0
|-
!Total||44||3
|}

References

1974 births
Living people
Serbian footballers
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Moriyasu was born in Kakegawa on August 23, 1968. After graduating from Nagasaki Nihon University High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Mazda (later Sanfrecce Hiroshima) in 1987. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league, J1 League. The club won the 2nd place in 1994 J1 League and 1995 and 1996 Emperor's Cup. In 1998, he moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga on loan. In 1999, he returned to Sanfrecce. He played 271 matches and scored 34 goals for the club until 2001. In 2002, he moved to newly was promoted to J1 League club, Vegalta Sendai. He retired end of 2003 season.
On May 31, 1992, Moriyasu debuted for the Japan national team against Argentina. In 1992, he was selected the Japan for 1992 Asian Cup which held in Japan and Japan team won the champions. In 1993, he played at 1994 World Cup qualification in Doha. However Japan failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup. It was known as the "Agony of Doha" (ドーハの悲劇) in Japan. He played 35 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 1996.
After the retirement, Moriyasu started coaching career at Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 2004. In 2007, he became an assistant coach for the top team. In 2010, he moved to Albirex Niigata. In 2012, he returned to Sanfrecce and became a manager. The club won the J1 League champions in 2012, 2013 and 2015. However the club results were bad in the 2017 season and he resigned in July. In October, he became a manager for Japan U-23 national team. In April 2018, he also became an assistant coach under the manager Akira Nishino for Japan national team. After the 2018 World Cup, Moriyasu became a new manager as Nishino successor. In 2019, Japan won the 2nd place at 2019 Asian Cup.

Statistics