Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Nothofagus is a kind of plant, also called southern beech. It is a tree which can reach 35 m tall. Nothofagus is found in South America, New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea.
There are 34 species, considering pollen morphology four sections are recognized, i.e. Brassospora, Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Nothofagus.
 Nothofagus, Southamerican species;
 Nothofagus Antarctica
 Nothofagus betuloides
 Nothofagus dombeyi
 Nothofagus nitida
 Nothofagus pumilio
 Brassospora, New Guinea and New Caledonia species;
 Nothofagus aequilateralis
 Nothofagus balansae
 Nothofagus baumanniae
 Nothofagus brassii
 Nothofagus carrii
 Nothofagus codonandra
 Nothofagus crenata
 Nothofagus discoidea
 Nothofagus flaviramea
 Nothofagus grandis
 Nothofagus nuda
 Nothofagus perryi
 Nothofagus pseudoresinosa
 Nothofagus pullei
 Nothofagus resinosa
 Nothofagus rubra
 Nothofagus starkenborghii
 Nothofagus stylosa
 Nothofagus womersleyi
 Fuscospora, Southamerican, Australian and in some Oceania Island;
 Nothofagus alessandri
Nothofagus fusca
 Nothofagus gunnii
 Nothofagus solandri
 Nothofagus truncata
Lophozonia, in places of Southamerica and Oceania.
 Nothofagus alpina
 Nothofagus cunninghamii
 Nothofagus glauca
 Nothofagus macrocarpa
 Nothofagus menziesii
 Nothofagus moorei
 Nothofagus obliqua

Fagales
Ancient Greek was an Indo-European language spoken in Ancient Greece from about 1500 BC to about 300 BC. Ancient Greek and Latin are very important languages. Although they are no longer spoken, they influenced almost all modern European languages.

Greek had many different dialects. Attic Greek was spoken in Athens, the largest city, and the rest of the region of Attica. It was thought to be the purest form of Greek. Later, in the educated Roman world, children were taught Greek as a second language, just as many people now learn English as their second language. Koine Greek was the common language of Greeks. It was Attic Greek mixed with several other dialects.
Homer spoke and wrote in an old dialect that was somewhat different from Attic Greek. The Iliad and the Odyssey are long poems that tell exciting stories about warfare, travel and the Greek gods. In the 5th century BC, some great plays were written by Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. The Golden Age of Ancient Greece inspired literature that has been read for centuries.

Attic Greek 
Attic Greek was the dialect that was spoken in Athens and the rest of the region of Attica. It was the dialect most similar to later forms of Greek since it was the standard form of the language. It is studied in Ancient Greek courses because it was the most common dialect.

Changes 
All languages change with time, and Greek has changed a great deal over 2500 years. Modern Greek is often said to have started in 1453 AD after Medieval Greek was spoken.
Unlike Latin, Ancient Greek did not split into many languages, but it is still considered to be a separate language from Modern Greek. The pronunciation has changed; for instance, beta was pronounced "b" in Ancient Greek, but it is pronounced "v" and is called "vita" in Modern Greek. The spelling has not changed much, which gives the appearance of less change than has actually happened. Also, many different vowels and diphthongs merged into "i", the vowel sound in the English word "ski". The tonal system of Ancient Greek has disappeared, but Modern Greek had only recently changed its spelling to match that change.

Despite those changes, much of the language has remarkably survived intact through the centuries. There is a community near Trabzon, Turkey, that speaks a dialect that is closer to Ancient Greek than to Standard Modern Greek.

Related pages 
 Greek alphabet
 Greek language

References 

Greek language
Ancient Greece
Autobahn (German, word translation car [rail] way) is the controlled-access highway system in Germany.
They are famous because if there is no speed limit shown with road signs, drivers can drive as fast as they want to if following the general rule of due care. About 30 % of all autobahn sections have a speed limit.

Design 
An autobahn is designed for fast travel.
Curves are very large.
Slopes are not too steep.
There are many tunnels and bridges to avoid curves and big slopes.
The street surface is solid.
There are no traffic lights or (same-height) intersections.

Main road 
Except for ramps, an autobahn has at least two lanes in each direction.
Each direction is separated by a median strip.
The median strip usually has a metal barrier.
There are small plants like bushes.
This blocks lights of cars driving in opposite direction.
Sometimes there is a , instead.
Near cities or in other high-traffic areas, there may be more than two lanes for one direction.
Except for very few low-traffic areas, an autobahn has one additional lane that is not for moving traffic, but for vehicles having mechanical failures ().
Except for some city autobahns, there are no streetlights.

Other things 
At a German autobahn, every  there is an emergency telephone.
The direction of the closest emergency phone is shown by a triangle on the reflector posts.

Junctions between two autobahns are called
  if one autobahn ends there or
 , an interchange.
Junctions with normal roads are called .
On the autobahn the traffic sign reads .
All junctions of an autobahn are numbered sequentially.
Junctions that were build after the autobahn was completed may have one letter, too.
This prevents giving all other junctions new numbers.
All autobahns have rest stops.
These are parking lots.
Most parking lots also have big space for trucks.
Occasionally the rest stop has a toilet, too.
There are also gas stations.
Frequently, gas station and rest stop are combined, some have a (fast-food) restaurant or even a hotel or church.
Both, rest stops and gas stations, can usually only be accessed from the autobahn, so the area cannot be used as an unofficial .

Law enforcement 
The German autobahn has its own police, the .
They have very fast police cars.
There are police stations on the autobahn.

There are no active border checkpoints anymore.
Since the reunification of the Germanies, the German Democratic Republic and Federal Republic of Germany, the Helmstedt–Marienborn border crossing on the A2 has lost its function.
Since the Schengen Agreement there are also no checkpoints to neighboring countries.

Rules
Rules

Order 
Germany has right-hand traffic.
All drivers are supposed to drive in the outer-most lane.
This is the right-most lane.
Only for moving past other cars or trucks that are going slower the right-most lane may be left.

Speed 
It is forbidden to stop on an autobahn, unless there is a situation asking for it (for example a car crash).
It is forbidden to park on an autobahn.
It is forbidden to reverse or turn around, except if the police asks for it.

Pedestrians or bicyclists are not allowed on an autobahn.
All vehicles must by design be able to go faster than .
This is not a minimum speed.
If the situation asks for it, for example a traffic jam or whiteout (very strong snow) condition, a slower speed can be driven.
During the 1973 oil crisis there was a general speed limit of  in West Germany.
Because of criticism, four months later the speed limit was removed.
Today, about 50 to 70% of autobahns in Germany have no speed limit shown by a traffic sign.
There is only a speed recommendation of  per hour.
The traffic law says, drivers must adjust their speed to the road condition and go only as fast as they can safely stop within the area they can see.
However, if you are involved in an accident while driving faster 130 km/h, you are automatically attributed contributory negligence of about 30%.

Fee 
Driving on a German autobahn is free for cars.
Since 2005, trucks (12.5 tons and above) do have to pay a toll of about a twelve cents (€0.12) per kilometer.
Discussion about general maximum speed 
There have been many discussions about introducing a general speed limit on all German roads.
Some people say it will improve traffic safety.
The German Road Safety Council (DVR) has found that on average there are 25% more deaths on sections of the autobahn without speed limits compared to those with a limit.
Data analysis performed by Der Spiegel has found that a speed limit applied across all German motorways would save 140 lives a year.

In Germany, many cars and trucks use an internal combustion engine.
Some people say a maximum speed was necessary because of the environmental pollution.

Read also 
 Schnellzug

References 

Transport in Germany
Roads
Arnold Schoenberg (originally written 'Schönberg') (13 September 1874 – 13 July 1951) was an Austrian-born composer. He was known for his twelve-tone system of writing music.

History
Schoenberg came from a strict Jewish family who had moved to Austria from Hungary. They were quite poor and Schoenberg taught himself about music. When he was grown up he had to do a lot of teaching to try and earn enough money to live. In later life he went to live in the United States. It took a long time before he was recognized world-wide as a great composer. His two most famous pupils were Alban Berg (1885-1935) and Anton Webern (1883-1945). He taught them how to write twelve-tone music and they became famous composers.
When Arnold Schoenberg was a young man he was living in the late 19th century. If you look at the way composers wrote music at this time you will find that their compositions became more and more chromatic. This means that more and more sharps and flats were used during the piece, and the music went from one key to another (modulated) very quickly. Richard Wagner wrote very chromatic music, especially in his opera Tristan and Isolde.

Religion 
In 1898 Schoenberg converted to Christianity in the Lutheran church. According to MacDonald, this was partly to connect with Western European cultural traditions, and partly as a means of self-defence "in a time of resurgent anti-Semitism".

In 1933, after long thought, he returned to Judaism, convert by because he realised that "his racial and religious heritage was inescapable", and to take up an unmistakable position on the side opposing Nazism. He would self-identify as a member of the Jewish religion later in life.
Early work
Schoenberg’s early works are mostly Late Romantic. His piece Verklärte Nacht (which can be played by six string instruments or by a whole orchestra) has very beautiful harmonies which go quickly from one key to another. Gradually Schoenberg’s music changed. It became so chromatic that it was no longer in any key at all. Music like this (called “atonal”) is much harder to understand. His Five Orchestral Pieces were played by the conductor Sir Henry Wood at a Promenade Concert in 1912. The audience did not like it at first and took some time to get used to the sound.

Twelve-tone system
In 1923 Schoenberg developed the twelve-tone system for which he is famous. This is music which is based on a particular row of notes. Twelve-tone music is atonal because there is no feeling of being in any key, because of the equal use of every pitch.

References 

1874 births
1951 deaths
Austrian composers
20th-century composers
War of the Roses may refer to:

 Wars of the Roses, a civil war in England between the House of York and the House of Lancaster
The War of the Roses (movie), a 1989 movie
Full Metal Jacket is a 1987 British-American war drama movie  directed by Stanley Kubrick. It is based on the Gustav Hasford book The Short-Timers. The name of the movie comes from the full-metal jacketed bullets used in the military. The movie follows soldiers who are drafted to fight in the Vietnam War. The story is set in the late 1960s and follows the characters from their time in recruit training and them fighting in the war.

Release dates

Other websites 

 Full Metal Jacket at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
 Full Metal Jacket screenplay

1987 drama movies
1980s war movies
American drama movies
American war movies
British drama movies
British war movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Stanley Kubrick
Movies set in the 1960s
Murder-suicide in movies
Multilingual movies
Vietnam War movies
Warner Bros. movies
Cambridgeshire is a county in England. It is located in the East part of the country. The counties around Cambridgeshire are Lincolnshire to the north, Norfolk to the northeast, Suffolk to the east, Essex and Hertfordshire to the south, and Bedfordshire and Northamptonshire to the west. The county town is Cambridge.

Ceremonial counties of England
Births 
 February 29 – Pope Paul III (d. 1549)

Deaths 
 February 3 – Johann Gutenberg
The English Channel is a body of water that separates the island of Great Britain from the rest of Europe. People who live in the UK and want to visit Europe, or people from Europe who want to visit the UK, can take a ferry across or ride a train under the channel in a special tunnel called the Channel Tunnel (nicknamed the Chunnel). Both the ferries and trains carry cars. It is 563 km long, 246 km wide, and its narrowest part (34 km) is the Strait of Dover. On a clear day, it is possible to see the cliffs of Dover from Calais on the French side.

In 1875, Matthew Webb became the first known person to swim the English Channel, crossing it in just under 22 hours. The first woman to do this was Gertrude Ederle. In 2004, over 600 people were recorded making the crossing. The fastest time was achieved by Bulgarian swimmer Peter Stoychev in 2007, who managed it in 7 hours. Recently, officials have outlawed swimming in the English Channel.

In France, it is known as La manche (The Sleeve).

Waterways
Upminster is a place in the east London Borough of Havering, England. It is the eastern end of the London Underground system, on the District line which is green. It is also a station on the c2c line, but Oyster cards  and travel cards are not valid beyond Upminster. Nearby places include Hornchurch, Upminster Bridge and Cranham.

Saint Laurence Church in Upminster is where William Derham measured the speed of sound.

Areas of London
London Borough of Havering
Colin Baker (born 8 June 1943) is an English actor. He is most famous as the Sixth Doctor on Doctor Who from 1984 to 1986. He has no relation to Tom Baker, who played the fourth incarnation of the Doctor. He also played Paul Merroney in The Brothers.

References 

1943 births
Living people
English stage actors
English television actors
Boxing is one of the world's oldest combat sports. It is held in a ring and played by two boxers (people who fight in boxing fights). They wear padded gloves and try to hit one another.

There are different ways to win in boxing. One is by way of a knockout, which is when a fighter is punched and falls to the ground and cannot get back up within ten seconds. Another way is by a technical knockout, which is when the fighter can not continue fighting thus the referee stops the fight. Technical knockout wins and losses are also knockout wins or losses for a boxer. Another possibility is winning on points, which a boxer gets by outboxing his or her opponent by hitting the opponent more often, harder, and more accurately.
There are also draws in boxing. What in other sports is called a "tie", in boxing is called a "draw". A referee can announce a technical draw due to an accidental cut or an accidental wound like a headbutt. Generally, it is considered a "no contest" (NC), in which case the fight is considered as not having taken place at all and not counting as a fight. However, after the fourth round, if the scorecards for both fighters are equal, the fight could be called a draw. 

Each round lasts 3 minutes for men and 2 minutes for women.

Famous boxers 
 Muhammad Ali 
 Mike Tyson
 Rubin "Hurricane" Carter
 Nonito Donaire
 Jack Dempsey
 George Foreman
 Joe Frazier
 Evander Holyfield
 Lennox Lewis
 Joe Louis
 Rocky Marciano
 Manny Pacquiao
 Willie Pep
 Sugar Ray Robinson
 Max Schmeling
 Floyd Mayweather, Jr.
 Wilfredo Gómez
 Wilfred Benitez
 Sugar Ray Leonard
 Roberto Duran
 Oleksandr Usyk
 Vasiliy Lomachenko

Related pages 
Punching bag

 
Summer Olympic sports
The 1900s was a decade in the Anno Domini and Common Era in the Gregorian calendar. It began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1909. It was the first decade of the 1900s century. It is distinct from the decade known as the 191st decade which began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 1910.

Events
 1901 – Independence of Australia.
 1903 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers flies an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, in the United States.
 1904-1905 – Russo-Japanese War.
 1905 – First Russian Revolution.

World leaders
 Prime Minister Edmund Barton (Australia)
 Prime Minister Alfred Deakin (Australia)
 Prime Minister Chris Watson (Australia)
 Prime Minister Sir George Reid (Australia)
 President William McKinley (United States)
 President Theodore Roosevelt (United States)
 President William Howard Taft (United States)

 Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
 Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, 1896–1907
 Mohammad Ali Shah, 1907–1909
 Ahmad Shah Qajar, 1909–1925
Tux Racer is a video game made by Sunspire Studios where the player moves Tux, the Linux Penguin . In the game, Tux goes down a hill on his belly and collects fish. There are many things that slow Tux down. There are also things that may be hard for Tux to get past.

Controls 
 Turning: Left and Right buttons
 Paddling (makes Tux go faster): Up button
 Braking (makes Tux slow down): Down button
 Jumping: Hold down the "E" button, then let go
 Hard Turn (makes Tux turn when he is moving fast or when you want him to turn a lot): Down and Right or Left buttons at the same time
 Reset (makes Tux Get out when he is stuck): Backspace Button
 Quit (exits the game): "Q" Button

Updated version 
The developers of Tux Racer have long abandoned making and programing the game. But some programmers took the source code and they call their new version Extreme Tux Racer, it is much newer and has many improvements over the old Tux Racer.

Other websites 
 Official website

2000 video games
The Northwest Territories is a territory in Northern Canada. 44,541 people live there as of 2018. It is 1,171,918 square kilometers.

The capital of the Northwest Territories is Yellowknife. Yellowknife was the capital since 1967. The Northwest Territories have many geographical features, like the Great Bear Lake, the Mackenzie River and Nahanni River, which is a national park and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Northwest Territories entered the Canadian Confederation in 1870. The Hudson's Bay Company gave the land to the Dominion of Canada. The Northwest Territories have one person in the House of Commons and the Canadian Senate. A lot of parts of the Northwest Territories were given to other provinces, including British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. In 1999, the eastern part of the Northwest Territories became the territory of Nunavut.

References

Other websites
The word straight means something that goes in one direction without turns, bends, or curves.  

Lines can bend in a curve. If lines do not bend, they are straight. For example, the edge of a circle is not straight. The edge of a circle bends in a curve. 

Light bends in a curve in air and water, but travels in a straight line away from the earth or other bodies in outer space where there is no air.
The word "straight" is also a slang term for "heterosexual"

Basic English 850 words
The SS Richard Montgomery was an American ship built during World War II. Montgomery was wrecked off the coast of Sheerness, near Kent, England in 1944 with around 1,400 tonnes of explosives on board, which continue to be a hazard to the area.

Controversy
Montgomery sank in the Thames estuary on August 20, 1944. It was loaded with 15,000 tons of explosive munitions. The Admiralty decided to leave the wreck and its dangerous cargo untouched. The wreck lies just a few hundred yards offshore between an oil refinery and the several towns. Southend-on-Sea is just a couple of miles away on the other side of the Thames estuary. Rumors about the ship and its cargo have spread in these towns ever since. Denials have been issued by ministers in the House of Commons in response to MPs questions about the fact biological, chemical and gas warheads are on board. Nevertheless, rumors continue that the real reason the wreck was not made safe was because of the fact of "dirty weapons" being on board.

References
References

Other websites

 Information on the SS Richard Montgomery

Ships
World War II
The "Pontifical Anthem" is the national anthem of the Vatican City, a tiny country located smack-dab in the city of Rome. It is also known as the "Papal Anthem".

History
This song comes from the 19th century. The song's music was composed in 1869 by a French composer named Charles Gounod. For a long time, this song did not have words; lyrics weren't written for it until 1949, when the Italian organist Antonio Allegra made words for it. In that same year, this song was adopted as the anthem of the Vatican City and the Holy See, now with the Italian lyrics. To preserve the region's Roman and Christian identity, words in the Latin language were made for it 1991, by Raffaello Lavagna.

Lyrics

The original Italian version

The Latin version

The more common Latin version

References

Vatican City
1949 songs
Italian anthems
The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, usually shortened to the Northern Mariana Islands, is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean that are a political division controlled by the United States. Its capital is Saipan.

Spain owned the islands until 1899 and sold them to the German Empire. Germany lost them to Japan in World War I and the United States took them in World War II.
Geography
The Northern Mariana Islands, together with Guam to the south, compose the Mariana Islands. The southern islands are limestone, with level terraces and fringing coral reefs. The northern islands are volcanic, with active volcanos on Anatahan, Pagan and Agrihan. The volcano on Agrihan has the highest elevation at . 
Anatahan Volcano is a small volcanic island  north of Saipan. It is about  long and  wide. Anatahan began erupting suddenly from its east crater on May 10, 2003, at about 6 p.m. (0800 UTC). It has since alternated between eruptive and calm periods. On April 6, 2005, approximately  of ash and rock were ejected, causing a large, black cloud to drift south over Saipan and Tinian.

People

In 2020, 47,329 people lived on the Northern Mariana Islands. This was down from 69,221 in 2000.
The official languages on the Northern Mariana Islands are English, Chamorro, and Carolinian. Only a few people speak the Tanapag language. Many people also speak Philippine languages, Chinese, and other Pacific island languages. Many people still have Spanish family names, but the people do not often speak Spanish, as they did in the past.

Most people in the Northern Mariana Islands are Roman Catholic. There are also communities of Buddhist and Protestant people. Many people have traditional beliefs, also referred to as folk religion.
According to the Pew Research Center, 2010:
 Roman Catholic 64.1%
 Protestants 16%
 Buddhists 10.6%
 Folk religions 5.3%
 Other Christians 1.2%
 Other religions 1.1%
 Unaffiliated 1.0%
 Eastern Orthodox <1%
 Hindu <1%
 Muslim <1%
 Jews <1%
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints reported 865 members in the Northern Mariana Islands.

Notes

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Northern Mariana Islands  official government website
The CNMI Covenant 
The CNMI Constitution 
CNMI Office of Resident Representative Pedro A. Tenorio 
H.R. 873 - the Northern Mariana Islands Delegate Act 
H.R. 5550 - The United States-Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Human Dignity Act 
U.S. Census Bureau: Island Areas Census 2000

 
Micronesia
The 1890s was the decade that began on January 1, 1890 and ended on December 31, 1899.

Events

Births 
 May 19, 1890 – Ho Chi Minh, prime minister (1946–1955) and president (1955–1969) of North Vietnam
 September 15, 1890 – Agatha Christie, English writer
 October 2, 1890 – Groucho Marx, American comedian
 October 14, 1890 – Dwight D. Eisenhower, president of the United States 1953–1961
 November 22, 1890 – Charles de Gaulle, president of France 1958–1969
 June 9, 1891 – Cole Porter, American musician
 January 3, 1892 – J.R.R. Tolkien, English author
 May 7, 1892 – Josip Broz Tito, president of Yugoslavia 1953–1980
 December 26, 1893 – Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Communist Party of China
World leaders 
 Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson (Canada)
 Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier (Canada)
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Kaiser Wilhelm II (German Empire)
 Chancellor Leo von Caprivi (German Empire)
 King Umberto I (Italy)
 Pope Leo XIII
 Czar Alexander III (Russia)
 Czar Nicholas II (Russia)
 Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
 Prime Minister Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
 Prime Minister Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery (United Kingdom)
 President Benjamin Harrison (United States)
 President Grover Cleveland (United States)
 President William McKinley (United States)
 Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah, 1848–1896
 Mozzafar-al-Din Shah, 1896–1907

Deaths
Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901) was the 23rd president of the United States (1889-1893). He was the grandson of President William Henry Harrison and the only grandson of a president to himself become president. His home was in Indianapolis, Indiana. He was a member of the Republican party and was elected to the White House in 1888, beating the incumbent, Grover Cleveland.  He was the first president of the United States to use electricity in the White House. After Harrison served one full four-year term as president, Cleveland ran again. This time, he beat Harrison. 

Harrison's first wife was Carrie Harrison. After she died, he married Mary Dimmick Harrison. During the American Civil War Harrison was a colonel in the Union Army (later a brevet brigadier general). He was also a successful lawyer, arguing many cases before the United States Supreme Court. he died of influenza related pneumonia at age 67 in Indianapolis Indiana
Presidency 
Benjamin Harrison as president wanted to increase tariffs (a tax on goods that come into the country) for two reasons:
 First, it gave more money to the U.S. government, so it could fund important things.
 Second, because he believed in protectionism. He thought a high tariff would encourage Americans to make more of their own things instead of buying them from foreign countries.

Harrison spent the money received from the tariffs to give money to injured American Civil War veterans.

Harrison was the first president to have a billion dollar budget for the government.  People criticized him for that.

He also signed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act which gave the U.S. government the power to regulate big businesses.

References

Other websites 
 Benjamin Harrison's White House biography
1833 births
1901 deaths
American Civil War generals
 
Deaths from pneumonia
Deaths from influenza
Politicians from Ohio
United States senators from Indiana
Republican Party (United States) politicians
19th-century American politicians
Military people from Ohio
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor. He created over 20,000 works of art. He was 91 when he died.

He is considered one of the greatest artists of the 20th century. He co-founded the style of art called cubism. In cubist art, the artist breaks objects into pieces and reassembles them in abstract and geometric form. Picasso could draw and paint when he was very young. His first word was lápiz, the Spanish word for "pencil".

Perhaps his most famous painting is Guernica, which shows the horrors of war after the bombing of the town of Guernica. He spent most of his life in France when he was an adult.

He was 90 years old when the Louvre in Paris showed many of his works. He was the first living artist to have an exhibition at the Louvre.

Picasso had four children with three women. He died of heart failure in Mougins, France, on April 8 1973.
Childhood 
Pablo Picasso was born on October 25, 1881 in Málaga, Spain. His father was a painter and teacher José Ruiz Blasco and his mother was María Picasso López. Until 1898, he signed his pictures with the names of his father and of his mother. After around 1901, he only used his mother's name. At the age of eight, Picasso created his first oil painting called "The Picador". In 1891, Pablo moved with his family to Northern Spain, where his father taught at the Instituto da Guarda. One year later, Pablo studied at this institute. Pablo's father was his teacher at this time. In 1896, he started to attend the art school in Barcelona after passing the entrance examination. One year later in 1897, Picasso started to study at the Academia San Fernando in Madrid. In 1898, he left the academy and went to a rest to Horta de Ebro. In 1900, he published his first illustrations in a newspaper in Barcelona. This exhibition had over 60 portraits.
Beginning of the career 
Picasso first travelled to Paris in 1900. In Paris, he lived with Max Jacob, a poet and journalist. When Max was working during the day, Pablo slept and when Max slept at night, Pablo worked. Picasso had to burn his paintings to keep himself warm. Lovers in the Street and Moulin de la Galette are examples of his Paris work from this time. Both pictures were painted in 1900.

He went back to Madrid in 1901 where he worked for a newspaper called Arte Joven. He was responsible for illustrations. At this time, he shortened his signature from "Pablo Ruiz y Picasso" to "Picasso". This is the time his so-called Blue Period started. The two 1903 paintings, The Soup and Crouching Woman, are examples. His Blue Period ended in 1904 when he settled in Paris.
In 1905, Picasso made a trip to Holland. In the same year, Pablo's "Rosa Period" started. During this period, Picasso mostly painted circus performers. Girl Balancing on a Ball and The Actor are two early paintings from this time. This period lasted until 1907.

Picasso's Cubism period started in 1909 and ended around 1912. This period was inspired by the French painter Paul Cézanne. This period is called Cubism because of the use of cubes and other shapes. During this time, Picasso painted musical instruments, still life objects, and also his friends.

Picasso had his first exhibition in the United States in 1911. One year later in 1912, he had his first exhibition in Great Britain. Pablo's father died in May 1913.
During the First World War 
From 1912 to 1919 was Picasso's so called Synthetic Cubism Period. During this time, he started to use collages in his paintings. His works from this time are called papiers collés. He spent his time during the First World War in Rome. In 1914, Picasso spent the whole summer in Avignon. In 1915, he started to paint realistic again. At the end of 1915, his wife Eva died. During the World War, he also worked as a designer for Sergey Diaghilev.

In 1917, Picasso met Olga Koklova, a Russian dancer. In the same year, he painted several realistic portraits of her and their friends. One year later, he married her. The last summer of the wartime, Picasso and his wife spent in Barcelona and Biarritz.

After the First World War
In 1921, Picasso's son Paul was born. After this, he painted several paintings with his wife and his son. Paul was Picasso's only legitimate son (only son born to a woman he had married). In 1925, his art was in the first Surrealist exhibition in Paris. Between 1924 and 1926, Picasso preferred to paint abstract still lives. In 1927, he met Marie-Thérèse Walter. She became his model and mistress. In 1928, he began to make sculptural works. In 1931, he left his wife and moved with his mistress to Boisgeloup. There they lived in a country home. There, Picasso had a room for his sculptures only. Since 1932, he used Marie-Thérèse as a model. During a travel in Spain, he started to paint bullfights. In 1935, Picasso's daughter, Maïa, was born. At this time, he got divorced from his wife because of the birth of Maïa. In 1936, Picasso got a job as director of the Prado-Museum in Madrid. During this time, the Spanish Civil War started. German  bombs fell on Guernica in Spain on 26 April 1937
. Picasso used this impact to paint one of his most famous paintings, Guernica. This painting was completed in about 2 months. It was first shown in the Spanish Pavilion in Paris in 1937.
During the Second World War 
In 1938, Picasso's mother died. When the Second World War started on the 1st of September 1939, Picasso returned to Paris. Around 1943, he met the painter Françoise Gilot. She bore him one son and one daughter. In 1941, he wrote his first play "Le désir attrapé par la queue" (English: Desire Caught by the Tail). It was first shown in 1944. Also in 1944, Picasso joined the communist Party. Picasso spent almost the full war time in Paris.
After the Second World War
After the liberation of Paris, Picasso resumed exhibiting his work, notably at the Salon d’Automne of 1944 (“Salon de la Libération”), where his canvases of the preceding five years were received as a shock. That plus the announcement that Picasso had just joined the Communist Party led to demonstrations against his political views in the gallery itself. At the same time, Picasso opened up his studio to both new and old writer and artist friends, including Jean-Paul Sartre, Pierre Reverdy, Éluard, the photographer Brassaï, the English artist Roland Penrose, and the American photographer Lee Miller, as well as many American GIs.

Death 
On 8 April 1973, Pablo Picasso died due to heart failure at the age of 91 years in Mougins, France.

Related pages 
List of Spanish painters

References 

1881 births
1973 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
People from Malaga
Spanish painters
Spanish sculptors
Former Roman Catholics
The 1880s was the decade that began on January 1, 1880 and ended on December 31, 1889.

Events 
 The first commercial Macadamia nut farm opens in Australia.
 Railroads help industrialize many western countries.
World leaders 
 Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
 Prime Min Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
 Guangxu Emperor (China)
 Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
 Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
 Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
 King Umberto I (Italy)
 Pope Leo XIII
 Emperor Meiji (Japan)
 General Porfirio Díaz (Mexico)
 Czar Alexander II (Russia)
 King Alfonso XII (Spain)
 Queen - Empress Victoria (United Kingdom)
 Prime Min William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
 Prime Min Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury (United Kingdom)         
 President James Garfield (United States)
 President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
 President Chester A. Arthur (United States)
 President Grover Cleveland (United States)
 Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
 Emperor Pedro II (Brazil)
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats Slovenes later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a state in south-eastern and central Europe which existed from 1918 until 1941. In 1903, King Alexander I of Serbia was murdered and replaced with Peter I of Serbia. After this, Serbia became more nationalist. Tensions with Austria-Hungary heightened when it conquered Bosnia in 1908. During this period Serbia managed to extend its borders and reconquer Kosovo and North Macedonia from the Ottoman Empire. Many Serbian nationalists wanted to create a unified state for the Slavs of the Balkans. Covert gangs attempted to assassinate Austro-Hungarian officials, like the Bosnian governor. In June 1914, a Bosnian Serb called Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Bosnia. This event eventually led to World War I.

History
History

Creation
Yugoslavia came into existence in 1918 after World War I. Most of its northern territories were given to it from Austria-Hungary when it collapsed during the war. Its territories were reconquered by Serbia from the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars (1912-13). The reigning king in Serbia became the king of all Yugoslavia.

For ten years, it was known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. It began using the name 'Yugoslavia' in 1929. The name 'Yugoslavia' is Serbo-Croatian for 'Land of the Southern Slavs'. The Kingdom was invaded by the Axis Powers in 1941 and quickly fell during World War II. A Federal Democratic Republic was declared in 1943 with the King's approval, but the monarchy was abolished shortly after.

References
References

1918 establishments in Europe
1941 disestablishments
20th century in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Communism
Former countries of the Interwar period
Former monarchies of Europe
History of Croatia
History of North Macedonia
History of Serbia
20th century in Slovenia
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
World War II
History of Yugoslavia
1881 was a common year.

Events 
 The Hamleys Toy Store opens on Regent's Street in London.

Births 
 February 11 – Arthur Davidson, American business man (d. 1950)
 February 21 - Kenneth J. Alford, British composer (d. 1945)
 October 25 – Pablo Picasso (d. 1973)
 November 25 – Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)

Deaths 
 September 19 – United States President James A. Garfield (b. 1831)
Wake Island is an atoll (a type of island) in the Pacific Ocean, near Hawaii. It is controlled by the United States Army and United States Air Force. It is a territory of the United States, part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. From December 1941 to August 1945 the Empire of Japan ruled Wake Island.

Geography 
Wake is located to the west of the International Date Line and sits in the Wake Island Time Zone, one day ahead of the 50 U.S. states.

Referring to the atoll as an island is the result of a pre-World War II desire by the United States Navy to distinguish Wake from other atolls, most of which were Japanese territory.

Population

There is no permanent population on Wake Island, so there are no schools for children.  About 100 people live there at any given time, though.  Most are contractors who keep the roads and other infrastructure working.  One man has been there since 1991.

Reference
Reference

Other websites 
 Current Weather, Wake Island
 AirNav – Wake Island Airfield – Airport details, facilities and navigational aids
 Rocket launches at Wake Island (link broken)
 The Defense of Wake – United States Marine Corps historical monograph
 Surrender of Wake by the Japanese – Marines in World War II
 U.S. Army Strategic and Missile Defense Command  – Logistics, flight schedules, facilities
 Photographic history of the 1975 Vietnamese refugee camp on Wake Island
 
 Wake Island – Pacific Wreck Database
 
 

Atolls
William McKinley Jr. (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901) was the 25th president of the United States, from 1897 until his assassination in 1901.

Before he became president, McKinley was a congressman of Ohio.

Presidency
McKinley was inaugurated in 1897. This was the first presidential inauguration to be filmed.

When the USS Maine was sunk, the public wanted war. Congress declared war against Spain in Latin America. This was the Spanish-American War. It started the era of imperialism for the United States.

During his presidency, McKinley also supported higher tariffs (taxes on countries which trade with the US).  During his term, the United States annexed Hawaii, Cuba, the Philippines, and Wake Island.

McKinley was elected to a second term as president in 1900. His second term did not last very long.

Death
Death

McKinley was shot by an anarchist named Leon Czolgosz on September 6, 1901. His abdominal gunshot wounds became infected and resulted in gangrene. He died eight days later and Czolgosz said that the President committed war crimes in the Philippines and was an enemy of the people. Czolgosz was executed in the electric chair on October 29, 1901. McKinley was the third American president to be assassinated.

After McKinley's death, his vice president Theodore Roosevelt became president.

Praise 
McKinley's biographer, H. Wayne Morgan remarks that McKinley died the most beloved president in history.

Kenneth F. Warren emphasizes the national commitment to a pro-business, industrial, and modernizing program, represented by McKinley.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 William McKinley's White House biography
1843 births
1901 deaths
Deaths from gangrene
Assassinated presidents of the United States
Murders by firearm in New York (state)
People from Canton, Ohio
People murdered in New York (state)
Politicians from Ohio
Presidents of the United States
 
20th-century American politicians
19th-century American politicians
Republican Party (United States) politicians
Nationalists
A record producer (or music producer) is a person who takes charge of a recording session, in the same kind of way that a movie director is in charge of filming movies. Record producers help musicians and recording artists to make singles and albums. The producer controls the recording sessions, coaches and guides the musicians and supervises the recording, mixing and mastering processes to make the music finalized. 

In a professional context, there are two types of music producers:

 In-House - the more common type of the two are in-house producers. They come included in a studio rental fee and they get credited in a song’s copyrights. It’s mainly for their involvement in the entire process. Studios might use producers as a way to get more people to use their services. 

 Independent Music Producer - the second producer type is an independent producer. They may have gained a desirable reputation in the industry and would be directly hired by a band or artist.
Famous record producers
Brian Eno produced music for U2, David Bowie and Talking Heads.
George Martin produced almost all of the music by The Beatles in the 1960s. He also worked with America, Shirley Bassey, and many other artists. He also made comedy records with Peter Sellers and Peter Ustinov.
Phil Spector was the producer for many "girl groups" in the 1960s, like the Ronettes and The Crystals. He also worked with The Righteous Brothers. Later he produced records for Ike and Tina Turner, and the Beatles' album Let It Be. Spector invented the idea of a "wall of sound", which was a way of producing so that every space in the recording was filled with music. 
Timbaland is a man who produced popular rap, pop and R&B music, mostly in the 2000s. He worked with people like Justin Timberlake, Nelly Furtado, Madonna and many more artistes, including the late Aaliyah.
Todd Rundgren is not only a record producer but a singer and songwriter. He produces all of his own work, and other famous albums like Meat Loaf's Bat Out of Hell.
References

Music industry
Gliwice is a city in south Poland, in Silesian Voivodeship and along the Kłodnica River.  According to a count in 2004, it has a population of 200,361 people.

History of Gliwice 
In the late Middle Ages, around 1276, was the first known time that there was a reference to Gliwice in history.  At first, it was ruled by Polish dukes, but later became a part of Bohemia in 1335.  Later on, in 1526, it was conquered by Austria.

In the middle of the 18th century, Gliwice was taken from the Austrian ruling family and became a part of Prussia.  However, in the unification, or coming together, of Germany in 1871, Gliwice became a part of the German empire.

In the 19th century, Gliwice became more developed and was home to many businesses, including one of the most famous theaters in Germany at the time.

In 1945, Gliwice passed into Polish rule.

Other websites 
 http://www.gliwice.zobacz.slask.pl 
 http://www.gliwice.uc.gov.pl 

Cities in Silesian Voivodeship
First aid is promptly helping people who are suddenly sick (illnesses) or hurt (injuries or body damage).  For example, first aid is used at accidents to help an injured person until they get medical treatment (help by doctors, nurses or ambulances).  First aid is also used to help people who suddenly become sick, until help arrives or they can be taken to medical care.

A person does not need much equipment to give first aid. A package of things useful to give first aid is called a first aid kit. Lives can be saved even without a first aid kit. What is required is basic knowledge. First aid can be done just about anywhere that an emergency requires. In places far from hospitals, first aid may be the only help possible until the person can be taken to a hospital or clinic.

Emergency medical dispatchers are trained in first aid, so that if there is an emergency, they can give the caller some information on what to do until the ambulance arrives.  This can include the “C–A–B" listed below.
Goals of first aid 
First aid skills are kept simple on purpose so that people can remember and use them in an emergency to save at least one life.
One set of goals of first aid is called the "Three P's":
 Preserve life – stop the person from dying
 Prevent further injury – stop the person from being injured even more.  If possible, an injured person should not be moved.  First aid can include how to safely move injured people  or move them anyway with less harm if there is no choice.
 Promote recovery – try to help the person heal their injuries
Another set of goals for keeping a badly hurt person alive is sometimes called "C–A–B" :
 circulation (or Compressions) – keep blood inside the body and the heart beating.  Compressions refers to a part of CPR called Hands Only CPR, where someone pushes with their hands on the center of a person's chest over and over again to keep blood flowing to the brain.  This requires no kit and only a little training.  Emergency medical dispatchers can tell a person how by telephone or radio.
Keeping blood inside the body can be done using a piece of cloth (which soaks up blood) to apply firm pressure to the bleeding area(s).  This "direct pressure" is the simplest and most effective way to stop bleeding.  Others such as a tourniquet, are taught in first aid classes.  If a first aid kit is not there, a cloth "dressing" for direct pressure can be made from ripped or cut clothing.  Traditionally it was taught to use the patient’s clothing, if practicable, as any bacteria will be familiar to the patient.
 Airway – keep a path open for air to go from the mouth to the lungs.  Turning an ill person on their side if they have vomited ("thrown up") may help keep the airway open so they can breathe.  Moving a hurt person can make their injuries worse.  But without an airway, a person cannot breathe and will soon die unless an airway can be re-opened.  A choking person with no airway can be helped with abdominal thrusts, sometimes called the Heimlich maneuver.
Breathing – move air from the outside into the lungs.  "Giving breaths" is blowing air into someone else's mouth while holding their nose shut and watching their chest rise from the air you blow in.  This is taught as part of CPR.  A helper could get sick from "giving breaths" to someone who has a disease.  A CPR class can teach how to use a CPR mask to make this much safer.  A first aid kit may include a CPR mask or barrier device.
Training 

People can learn about first aid from books ("manuals") and videos.  A good first aid kit will often include a simple First Aid Guide.

It is best to have good training to give first aid.  In addition to books and videos, good training includes a good teacher and the chance to practice.  For example, CPR is practiced on a dummy called a mannequin, so a student can learn to push down on someone's chest in an emergency without actually doing it to a person.  The teacher makes sure the first aid student is doing the skill correctly.

Training can be given by an organization or by a professional medical person, like a doctor, a nurse, or a paramedic.  Organizations that teach first aid include the International Red Cross, schools, hospitals, the military, Scout groups, and rescue groups such as fire departments.
The level of training needed to be a first aid helper changes from country to country.  For example, in the United Kingdom and the United States, you can go on a 1-day course to become a first aid giver.  In the U.K., you can go on a 4-day course for emergencies in a place of work.  All firefighters, police officers, and soldiers are trained in first aid during their basic training.