Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Sonora is a Mexican state, in the northwestern Mexico region. Sonora borders the states of Chihuahua to the east, Sinaloa to the south, and Baja California to the northwest. To the north Sonora accounts for a long stretch of the U.S.-Mexico border adjacent to the U.S. states of Arizona and  New Mexico; to the west it borders the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez).

Description 
There are various explanations as to the origin of the word Sonora. Here, we will tell you some of the most widely accepted versions. One of these says that when the Spaniards arrived in the lands occupied by the Opata people, they built a chapel and painted an image of the Virgin on a buffalo skin. Over time, when the Opatas began to worship the Virgin, they used to call her Senora instead of the Spanish word Señora (Our Lady). Finally, it would seem that this word became Sonora as we know it today.
A monsoon is a seasonal wind which lasts for several months. The word was first used in English for the seasonal rains in the Indian subcontinent. These rains blow in from the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area.

Monsoons also occur in other regions such as in North America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Brazil and East Asia.

Monsoons happen because of a simple fact: land heats up faster than water. The temperature difference between the land and sea can be as much as 20°C – land temperatures in India can be hotter than 45°C, while the surrounding water in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea remains in the low 20s. The heat absorbed by the land warms the air above it. The hot air rises, and cooler ocean air rushes inland to replace it. As it moves, it carries moisture with it, releasing it over land as the summer monsoon (also known as southwest monsoon).
The hot air over the land tends to rise, creating an area of low pressure. This creates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it. Rainfall is increased by the moist ocean air being lifted upwards by mountains, as with the Tibetan Plateau, and by surface heating.

References 

Winds
Weather by continent
Baja California is a Mexican state in the northern section of the Baja California Peninsula. It borders the state Baja California Sur to the south, and Sonora to the east. It also borders the U.S. state of California to the north. It means "Lower California".

Baja California is both the furthest north and furthest west state in Mexico.
Verizon Ladies First Tour is a 2004 joint concert tour by American R&B/soul singers Beyoncé and Alicia Keys and American rapper Missy Elliott.

Tour dates

2004 in the United States
Alicia Keys
Beyoncé concert tours
The Dangerously In Love World Tour was singer Beyoncé's first solo concert tour, intended to showcase songs from her debut solo album, Dangerously in Love.

The show 

The stage was simple and featured a large LED screen in the back that moved up and down throughout the entire show and displayed video images of Beyoncé and her dancers, as well as some images from her music videos and some prerecorded images with special effects. 

The set list included not only Dangerously in Love material, but also contained a special segment of her show dedicated to her erstwhile group Destiny's Child. This concert also featured songs from Beyoncé's 2003 film The Fighting Temptations ("Fever" and "Summertime"). A highlight for many fans was her performance of "Dangerously in Love 2".

Setlist
Setlist 

"Baby Boy"
"Naughty Girl"  Costume Change
"Fever"  Costume Change
"Hip Hop Star"
"Yes"
"Work It Out"  Costume Change
"Gift from Virgo" 
"Be with You"
"Speechless"
"DC Medley": "Bug a Boo"/"No, No, No Part 2"/"Bootylicious"/"Jumpin' Jumpin'"/"Say My Name"/"Independent Women Part I"/"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"/"Survivor"
"Me, Myself and I"
"Summertime"  Costume Change
"Dangerously in Love 2"  Costume Change
"Crazy in love"

Tour dates 

Beyoncé concert tours
2003 in Europe
2000s in Manchester
2000s in London
History of Dublin
History of Amsterdam
November events
Déjà Vu is a funk song written by Beyoncé, Rodney Jerkins, Delisha Thomas, Makeba, Keli Nicole Price, and Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter for Knowles' second solo album, B'Day (2006). It features rapper Jay-Z and production by Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, utilizing the bass, hi-hat, and the 808 instruments and sound system, reminiscent of many popular Rich Harrison productions. Released as the album's lead single in the third quarter of 2006, "Déjà Vu" reached number one in Brazil, China, Poland, and the United Kingdom. While the song failed to match the success of 2003's "Crazy in Love", it entered the top ten on the majority of the charts it appeared on. It also was nominated for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration and Best R&B Song at the 2007 Grammy Awards.

Charts

References

Beyoncé songs
Jay-Z songs
2006 songs
Hip hop songs
Funk songs
R&B songs
If is an R&B ballad by Beyoncé Knowles. The song is her final single from her second album B'Day: Deluxe Edition. The song was most likely chosen due to the fact that originally it was not available in the U.S. as it was an international track, but due to the Des'ree law suit, the U.S. version of the album with the track "Still In Love (Kissing You)" was replaced by a version with "If". A CD single of the song was created for her official fan club and is available for purchase from their online store.

References

2007 songs
2000s ballads
R&B songs
Beyoncé songs
#1's is a compilation album released by R&B group Destiny's Child. It was released on October 25, 2005 charting at #1 on the Billboard album chart, and at #6 on the UK album chart. It is the best selling greatest-hits album by a female group. Despite the album's title, only 5 of the singles went to the #1 spot on the Billboard Hot 100, and one single, ("Check On It") was sung solely by Beyonce with an additional rap from Slim Thug.

Track listing 
 Stand Up for Love (2005 World Children's Day Anthem)
 Independent Women Part I
 Survivor
 Soldier (feat. T.I. & Lil Wayne)
 Check on It (Beyoncé feat. Slim Thug)
 Jumpin' Jumpin'
 Lose My Breath
 Say My Name
 Emotion
 Bug A Boo
 Bootylicious
 Bills, Bills, Bills
 Girl
 No, No, No|No, No, No Part 2 (feat. Wyclef Jean)
 Cater 2 U
 Feel The Same Way I Do

Bonus Tracks 
 "Brown Eyes" (Int. bonus track)
 "So Good" (Japan bonus track)
 "Nasty Girl" (Japan bonus track)

Charts 

Destiny's Child albums
Beyoncé albums
2005 albums
Compilation albums
In 2004, Ciara released her debut studio album Goodies, which produced three hit singles: "Goodies," "1, 2 Step," and "Oh." The album was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and earned her four nominations at the 48th Grammy Awards. She released her second studio album, Ciara: The Evolution, in 2006 which spawned the hit singles "Get Up," "Promise," and "Like a Boy." The album reached number one in the US and was certified platinum. Her third studio album Fantasy Ride, released in 2009, was considerably less successful than Ciara's first two albums. However, it produced the worldwide top-ten hit "Love Sex Magic"  featuring Justin Timberlake, which earned her a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. The following year, Ciara released her fourth studio album Basic Instinct, which was met with low sales and continued a downward trend in her commercial success
. In 2011, she signed a new record deal with Epic Records, and  she released her  fifth studio album, Jackie, which is preceded by the lead single, "Sorry” in 2015. In 2019, she released her sixth studio album, Beauty Marks, which is preceded by the hit lead singles, "Level Up", “Thinkin  Bout You” and the album titled song “Beauty Marks “.
Personal life
On Ciara's 28th birthday, Future asked her if she would marry him. They became engaged but was the engagement was called off later that year. January 14, 2014 Ciara said on The View that she was pregnant with Future's child. In June 2016, she married Seattle Seahawks  NFL star quarterback Russell Wilson. They had their  first child, Sienna Princess Wilson, on April 29, 2017.

Discography

 Goodies (2004)
 Ciara: The Evolution (2006)
 Fantasy Ride (2009)
 Basic Instinct (2010)
 Ciara (2013)
 Jackie (2015)
 Beauty Marks (2019)

Tours
Headlining
 2006: The Evolution Tour
 2007: Screamfest '07 (with T.I.)
 2009: Jay-Z & Ciara Live (with Jay-Z)
 2010: Basic Instanct Tour
 2015: Jackie Tour
 2019: ''Beauty Marks Tour

Supporting act
 2005: Harajuku Lovers Tour 2005
 2007: Good Girl Gone Bad Tour
 2009: The Circus Starring Britney Spears
 2010: Summerbeatz

References
References

 
1985 births
Living people
Actors from Austin, Texas
African American actors
African-American singers
American dancers
American movie actors
American record producers
Grammy Award winners
Singer-songwriters from Texas
American composers
American contemporary R&B singers
American dance musicians
American funk singers
American hip hop musicians
American hip hop singers
American models
American pop singers
Mezzo-sopranos
Musicians from Atlanta
Musicians from Austin, Texas
Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)
Sopranos
Warner Bros. Records artists
Mykolaiv (, also referred to as or Mykolayiv, Nikolaev, or Nikolayev; ) is a major city in southern Ukraine. 

The city is located 65 kilometers from the Black Sea along the estuary of the Southern Buh river (where it meets the Inhul River) at around . Population 514,000 (as of 2001 Ukrainian Census).

Administrative status 

It is the administrative center of the Mykolaiv Oblast (province), as well as of both the Mykolaivsky and Zhovtnevy raions (districts) within the oblast. However, Mykolaiv is a city of oblast subordinance, thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the raion administration housed in the city itself.

History
History 

The town was founded in 1789 by the Russian Governor General of  Novorossiya Knyaz Potemkin initially as a shipyard called simply a New Shipyard on the Ingul river. Knyaz Potemkin signed an order to construct a shipyard on August 27, 1789, which is considered to be a city birth date. The shipyard was to serve for the repair of the Russian Navy ships in the Russo-Turkish war. Later Potemkin ordered the shipyard to be named Nikolaev to commemorate the date of fall of Ochakov to the Russian troops under his command on December 6, 1788, close to the day of Saint Nicholas (Nikolay) December 19, in the Russian Orthodox Church. 

The history of the city has always been closely connected to the ship building.

The only  Russian Navy aircraft carrier currently in commission, Admiral Flota Sovetskogo Soyuza Kuznetsov, was built in Mykolaiv.

Economy
Economy 

Today Mykolaiv is a major ship building center of Ukraine (as, earlier, of the whole Soviet Union) and an important riverport. The city has 3 major shipyards some of which are capable of building large navy ships.  Other important industries are mechanical engineering, power engineering, metallurgy and cosmetics.

Unlike the city, in the region one of the leading areas is agricultural production. This industry ranks first in the structure of production of the region in terms of employment of labor resources. One of the leading centers of the State Institution "Mykolayiv State Agricultural Research Station " of the Institute of Agrarian Farming of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine" founded in 1956

Other websites 

 Website 
 Wikimapia - Satellite map of Mykolaiv at Wikimapia

Cities in Ukraine
1789 establishments
Establishments in Ukraine
1780s establishments in Europe
Port cities and towns of the Black Sea
Akkad  or the Akkadian Empire (Sumerian: Agade, Bible: Accad) was the oldest empire in history.  It was located in Mesopotamia. The Akkadian empire reached its peak during the rule of Sargon of Akkad in the 24th and 22nd centuries BCE, and it eventually collapsed in 2154 BCE. The ruins have not been found, but it is believed to be on the River Euphrates. The empire comes after a long relationship with Sumer, and before the ethnic Akkadian empires of Babylonia and Assyria. 

According to the Sumerian king list, Akkad (Agade) was built by Sargon of Akkad, 23th century BC, and is often called the first empire in history. Even so, it is known from older cuneiform writings that the city was already there before Sargon, in the time of the kings of Uruk. According to the Bible (Genesis 10:10), it was one of the cities started by Nimrod. Also, in the earliest records, when Mesopotamian kings started calling themselves "lord of the four quarters" around Sumer, these were listed as: Martu, Shubar, Elam, and Uri-ki.
As the capital city of the Akkadian Empire beginning with Sargon, the city ruled from around 2300 to 2215 BC, when it was destroyed by the Gutians who invaded from the mountains.

Sargon 
Sargon conquered many of the surrounding regions. He created an empire which reached as far as the Mediterranean Sea and Anatolia, and extended his rule to Elam, and as far south as Oman. He ruled over this area for 56 years. Trade extended from the silver mines of Anatolia to the lapis lazuli mines in Afghanistan, the cedars of Lebanon and the copper of Oman. This consolidation of the city-states of Sumer and Akkad reflected the growing economic and political power of Mesopotamia. The empire's breadbasket was the rain-fed agricultural system of northern Mesopotamia and a chain of fortresses was built to control the imperial wheat production.
Images of Sargon were erected on the shores of the Mediterranean, in token of his victories, and cities and palaces were built at home with the spoils of the conquered lands. Elam and the northern part of Mesopotamia (Subartu)  were also subjugated and rebellions in Sumer were put down. Contract tablets have been found dated in the years of the campaigns against Canaan and against Sarlak, king of Gutium.

Akkadian language 
The Akkadian language was one of the Semitic languages, and at the time of the Akkadian Empire it was made official in both Mesopotamia and Elam. Akkadian remained the main diplomatic language of Mesopotamia for centuries.
During the 3rd millennium BC, an intimate cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism. Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the 1st century AD.

Collapse of the Empire 
The fall of the empire established by Sargon seems to have been as sudden as its rise, and little is known about the Gutian period. From the fall of Akkad ca. 2083 BC until the Sumerian renaissance ca. 2050 BC, there is much that is still dark. It has recently been suggested that the regional decline at the end of the Akkadian period (and also in the Ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom) was associated with rapidly increasing aridity, and failing rainfall in the region of the Ancient Near East.

References
References 

Mesopotamia
Former empires
Former countries in the Middle East
3rd millennium BC
The Faisal Mosque is a mosque in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. It is the National mosque of Pakistan, and one of the largest mosques in the Islamic world. It is named after King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. It was the biggest mosque for over six years between 1986 and 1993).

Gallery

References

Other websites 

 Click here  to see a highly detailed 3D Model of Faisal Masjid in Google Earth.
 Faisal Mosque - ArchNet Digital Library 
 Faisal Mosque - World is Round 

Buildings and structures in Islamabad
Mosques in Asia
National symbols of Pakistan
Religious buildings and structures in Pakistan
1986 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Pakistan
A song cycle in classical music is a group of songs that belong together.  Although each song may be sung separately, the composer really imagined that they would be performed together as one work.  Sometimes they tell a story, but sometimes they just belong together because they are about the same idea (e.g. the sadness that can be caused by love).  They are often for solo voice and piano accompaniment, but they can also be without accompaniment, or with several instruments or even a whole orchestra. The words of a cycle are often by the same poet, but this is not always the case.

Song cycles started to become popular with composers in the Romantic period. Although there were examples of song cycles written before that, it was the German composers of the 19th century who are most often thought of as writers of song cycles. Their songs are called "Lieder".
The great composer Franz Schubert wrote about 600 songs. These include two long song cycles: Winterreise (Winter’s Journey) and Die schöne Müllerin (The beautiful miller’s daughter).  Each of these song cycles is long enough for a whole concert. Robert Schumann wrote song cycles including two which he simply called Liederkreise (Song Cycles), and his well-known Dichterliebe (Poet’s Love) and Frauenliebe und -Leben (Women’s Love and Life).  Brahms wrote Vier ernste Gesänge (Four Serious Songs), and Gustav Mahler, who became very interested in folk song, wrote several song cycles with orchestra accompaniment, including Das Lied von der Erde (The Song of the Earth).
French composers who wrote song cycles include Jules Massenet, Gabriel Fauré and Claude Debussy.  Russian composers include Modest Mussorgsky and Dmitri Shostakovich, and English and American composers in the 20th century include Michael Tippett, Benjamin Britten and Aaron Copland as well as the South American Alberto Ginastera, Juan María Solare and Heitor Villa-Lobos.

Related pages
Lied

Song forms
Quetta () is the capital and largest city of Balochistan province in Pakistan. It is famous for its climate and buildings. It is to the north of Balochistan, 133 kilometers away from Spin Buldak, Afghanistan.

In 1935, a powerful earthquake hit Quetta. The earthquake was felt between 2:30 am to 3:40 am. It resulted in the collapse of buildings, that is why there is no historical building in Quetta.

History 
Quetta is also spelled Kuwatah which is a variation of Kot, a Pashto word meaning "fortress".

Quetta was captured by Mehmood Ghaznavi in the 11th century. The Khans of Kalat ruled Quetta until 1556 when the Persians conquered the city, only to have it retaken by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1595. Despite all this, the Khans of Kalat were successful in restoring their rule in the region by the 18th century.

The predominantly Muslim population supported the Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement. On joining Pakistan, Quetta was made the capital city of the newly created province of Balochistan.
Geography 
Quetta lies close to the borders of Afghanistan. Traders and invaders have passed through Quetta since pre-historic times. Quetta is 1,645 meters above the sea level. It is near the Hazarganji-Chitan National Park.

It has a cold and windy in winter moderate summers.

References

Other websites
 Quetta, Google Maps

Capital cities in Pakistan
Gilgit () is the capital and largest city of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. About 216.000 people live there.

Hill stations in Pakistan
Capital cities in Pakistan
Cities in Gilgit-Baltistan
The frottola (plural: frottole) was the most popular kind of secular (non-religious) song in Italy during the late 15th and early 16th centuries.

Frottole were quite simple and fun.  They were often sung by small groups of singers.  They were not contrapuntal, but they had a tune in the top part while the other singers sang chords to accompany the tune.  Sometimes they might have been sung by a solo voice with a lute accompaniment.

The most famous composer of frottole was Bartolomeo Tromboncino.  The great composer Josquin also composed frottole, although that is not what he called them.  For example, there is a well-known one called El Grillo ( The Cricket) in which the singers try to sound like the chirping of a cricket in the grass.

About the year 1530 the frottola developed into the madrigal.

Song forms
Bartolomeo Tromboncino (born Verona around 1470; died in or near Venice in 1535 or later) was an Italian composer.  He lived in the Renaissance period.  He is famous as a composer of songs called frottole.  He is also remembered because he murdered his wife.

We know very little about his life.  He probably grew up in Mantua.  In a letter he says that he came from Verona. Until around 1500 he lived and worked in Mantua, but sometimes he went to other towns when he was in trouble. In 1499 he found his wife with another man, so he murdered her.  He may also have murdered the other man.  We cannot be sure about this.
He does not seem to have been punished.  This may be because a rich lady called Isabella d'Este liked him.

From 1502 Tromboncino was employed by a rich lady called Lucrezia Borgia.  She is remembered today because she was a very bad woman.  He  wrote music for the court and for her wedding to Alfonso d'Este. Sometime before 1521 he moved to Venice, where he probably spent the rest of his life.
His frottole are very lively and full of fun.  He played the trombone.  This is how he got his name.  He also wrote some serious sacred music.

1470s births
16th-century deaths
17th-century Italian composers
People from Verona
De jure is an expression from the Latin words meaning "in law".

It is often used in contrast to de facto (which means "in fact", or "in practice") when talking about law, governance, or technique. When talking about law, "de jure" is used to describe what the law says, and "de facto" is used to describe what actually happens.

Examples 

  This means that legally the territory of Abkhazia is a part of the country of Georgia, but that it is in effect independent.

The de jure name of Bill Clinton is William Jefferson Clinton.  This is his name according to official records.  His de facto name is Bill Clinton because this is what he is usually called.

References 

Latin phrases
Legal terms
George Alan O'Dowd, better known as Boy George (born 14 June 1961 in Bexley, Kent) is a rock singer-songwriter and Club DJ. He grew up in a large, working-class Irish family. The family which originally came form Thurles, in Co. Tipperary, Ireland.

O'Dowd was a part of the British new romantic movement which emerged in the late 1970s and was popularised in the early 1980s. He and Marilyn (born Peter Robinson) were regulars at 'The Blitz' a very popular nightclub in London.  It was run by Steve Strange of the musical group Visage.  The Blitz was a starting place for many early 1980s pop stars such as Spandau Ballet. The new romantics based their image on the coolness of David Bowie and high fashion. They liked the music of Bowie, Kraftwerk, Marc Bolan and post punk New Wave.
O'Dowd gained fame with his group Culture Club during the 1980s. His music is often called blue-eyed soul. He was heavily influenced by Rhythm and Blues and reggae. Early recordings with Culture Club showed that O'Dowd's vocals had an emotional quality which was like American soul music of the 1960s and 1970s. His later solo work has also touched on glam rock influences and was particularly influenced by David Bowie and Iggy Pop.

O'Dowd is also known for his flamboyant and androgynous appearance during the 1980s and early 1990s.

On 11 May 2009, Boy George was released from prison at HMP Edmunds Hill in Newmarket, Suffolk.  He was four months into a fifteen-month sentence for the assault and false imprisonment of a male escort, in his East London flat. He was tagged and placed on a curfew for the rest of the sentence.
Boy George told the BBC on 27 January 2011 that there will be a 30th anniversary Culture Club reunion tour sometime later in the year.  He also said they would be releasing a new album in 2012.  Culture Club did play two live concerts, in Dubai and Sydney, but did not have a tour.

In 2018, George, along with Culture Club, released an album called Life. They did an accompanying tour, called the Life Tour. ￼

Harper Collins published his first autobiography, Take It Like a Man, in 1995, written with Spencer Bright. It was a bestseller in the UK. In 2005, Century published Straight, his second autobiographical book. This one was written with author Paul Gorman.

References

1961 births
Living people
British autobiographers
British people convicted of assault
English LGBT people
Gay men
LGBT singers
Musicians from Kent
New wave musicians
Singers from London
New wave singers
Culture Club
Bon Jovi is an American hard rock band that formed in Sayreville, New Jersey in 1983.  They are one of the world's best-selling bands of all time, having sold over 130 million records worldwide.

Band history

The first years 

The song "Runaway" which was written by Jon Bon Jovi and George Karak reached the first place in a radio talent contest in 1983. So Jon became the possibility to sign a recording contract. Coincidentally he founded Bon Jovi in 1983 with Richie Sambora, Alec John Such, Tico Torres, and David Bryan. The self-titled debut album "Bon Jovi" was released in 1984. The single "Runaway" was the band's first hit and reached #39 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1984.
Slippery When Wet 
Bon Jovi's second album 7800° Fahrenheit (1985) had also only moderate success. In fact, every member of the band had lost their girlfriend at the time, they were all heartbroken; those feelings were showing in the songs. Some members, especially Richie, were afraid because they had not put out a hit song since "Runaway". The band then went to Vancouver to record another album. They lived together while they were recording.

In 1986, Bon Jovi's third album Slippery When Wet was released. It brought them some of the band's most successful songs, including "You Give Love a Bad Name", "Livin' On A Prayer", and "Wanted Dead or Alive". Also involved was Desmond Child, Bruce Fairbairn, and Bob Rock, and Desmond co-wrote some of the songs on the album. "Slippery When Wet" has sold over 28 million copies worldwide. The Slippery When Wet Tour let the band become even more famous in Europe and North America.
The song "Livin' on a Prayer" is the one that had the most success. In the beginning, Jon Bon Jovi did not like the original song. Richie Sambora, however, convinced him that the song was good. They rewrote the entire musical piece together, added a guitar solo, different drum fills and a talk box to make it a hit song.

Jon gave everything he had to sing "Livin' on a Prayer" during the first part of the Slippery When Wet tour, and it was seriously damaging his voice. He was barely able to sing at the end of the tour and he had to use a lot of backing tracks to fill out the parts that he could not sing. He also used the services of a vocal coach and some steroids to help him finish the tour without losing his voice completely. At the end of the tour, they had played 206 shows all around the world. The band members took a break before going back into the studio to make another album.
After the enormous success with "Slippery When Wet" and the following tour, Bon Jovi released their fourth album 1988's "New Jersey". It was also successful and contained the hit "Bad Medicine" and the ballad "I'll Be There for You". Between 1990 and 1992, the band members went their separate ways for a while. Jon Bon Jovi released his first solo album "Blaze of Glory", that served as the soundtrack for the movie "Young Guns II". In 1992, "Keep the Faith" was released. The album signified a music genre change. Bon Jovi turned away from heavy drums and wild guitar solos, and their new sound was lighter and calmer than in the eighties. The piano had a bigger influence now and the lyrics had a different meaning. The song "Keep the Faith" is about social and religious problems. The singles "Bed of Roses", "Keep the Faith" and "In These Arms" reached the Top 40 in the United States. In 1994, Bon Jovi's first greatest hits album was released: "The Best of  Bon Jovi, Cross Road"
. It includes the hits from 1983 to 1992 and two new songs. One of them, "Always", became one of the most successful songs of Bon Jovi. "Always" is a love song and a power ballad written by Jon Bon Jovi alone. The 1995 album "These Days" was the band's sixth studio album. "This Ain't a Love Song" was the lead single of "These Days" who sold over 11 million copies all around the world.
"Crush" and "Bounce" 
From 1995, till, 2000, Bon Jovi had a longer break. The band members focused on solo projects and family. In 2000 the first album after 5 years was released: "Crush". The album itself was not as prosperous as "Slippery When Wet" and "Keep The Faith". But the hit-single "It's my Life" became the most successful song of Bon Jovi. It reached the first place in the charts of many countries. The next album was "Bounce" in 2002. It's was influenced by the September 11 attacks.

"The Circle" 
"The Circle" was released in 2009. They were on tour in 2010 in places like New Jersey. It consists of songs like "We Weren't Born To Follow", "Thorn In My Side", and "Bullet".

"What About Now" 

What About Now was released in 2013.

Discography
Discography 

1984 - "Bon Jovi"
1985 - "7800° Fahrenheit"
1986 - "Slippery When Wet"
1988 - "New Jersey"
1992 - "Keep The Faith"
1994 - "Crossroad"
1995 - "These Days"
2000 - "Crush"
2002 - "Bounce"
2004 - "100,000,000 Bon Jovi Fans Can't Be Wrong..."
2005 - "Have a Nice Day"
2007 - "Lost Highway"
2009 - "The Circle"
2010 - "Greatest Hits"
2013 - "What About Now"
2015 - "Burning Bridges"
2016 - "This House Is Not For Sale"
2020 - "2020"

Members

Current members 
 Jon Bon Jovi - lead vocals, rhythm guitars (1983-present)
 Tico Torres - drums, percussion (1983-present)
 David Bryan - keyboards, backing vocals (1983-present)
 Hugh McDonald - bass guitar, backing vocals (1994-present)
 Phil X - lead guitar, backing vocals (2011-present)

Touring members
 Bobby Bandiera - rhythm guitars, backing vocals (2003-present)
 Lorenza Ponce - violin, fiddle, backing vocals (2007-present)
 Kurt Johnston - pedal steel, backing vocals (2007-present)
Former members 
Richie Sambora - lead & rhythm guitars, backing vocals, lead vocals (1983-2013)
Alec John Such - bass guitar, backing vocals (1983-1994; died 2022)
 Jeff Kazee - Additional keyboards, backing vocals (Touring musician 2003-2007)

Other websites

 Bon Jovi.com
 The Official Bon Jovi Website

References

American hard rock bands
Glam metal bands
Musical groups from New Jersey
Musical groups established in 1983
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in New Jersey
Anastasia is a movie made in 1956 by 20th Century Fox.
The movie was directed by Anatole Litvak. The movie stars Ingrid Bergman, Yul Brynner, and Helen Hayes. Other players include Akim Tamiroff (who earlier worked with Ingrid Bergman in the movie For Whom the Bell Tolls), Martita Hunt (who has a comic part as a fussy lady-in-waiting), and, in a small role, Natalie Schafer (familiar to television audiences from her later role on Gilligan's Island). This movie was one of many European movies directed by Litvak into the 1950s and 1960s. It earned an Academy Award for Bergman, who did more movies after this movie. It was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay.
Historical Basis 
The movie is based upon the story of Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. The youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II, Anastasia was brutally murdered along with her parents and siblings by the Bolsheviks, in an attempt to prevent them from reclaiming power, should they ever escape from captivity. Despite the testimony of Yakov Yurovsky and others present at the shooting, many failed to believe that every member of the family had been killed. This rumor was made worse by stories of one or more of them escaping, thanks to sympathetic guards at the Ipatiev House, where they were being held. Also complicating the truth was the fact the location of the bodies remained a mystery, as they had been burned and buried in a remote forest.
The movie 
The movie tells the story of a young, confused woman in 1920s France, played by Ingrid Bergman.  She is found by a group of Russian people who have left their country.  They want her to pretend to the world that she is Anastasia, in order to retrieve her inheritance. The real Anastasia, if she were alive, would inherit millions of pounds which had been left in an English bank by the Tsar.
The Russians, led by General Bounine (played by Yul Brynner), teach her how to behave as the Grand Duchess Anastasia would.  They teach her everything she ought to know about her childhood.  They teach her to walk like a Duchess, practicing with a book on her head.  When they think she is ready, she is introduced to several people who knew Anastasia.  None of them believe she really is Anastasia.  The real test comes when she is taken by General Bounine (Brynner) to Denmark to meet the Dowager Empress, Maria Feodorovna, mother of the Tsar, played by Helen Hayes.  At first the old Empress does not believe the young woman is her granddaughter, but when Anastasia coughs because she is nervous, the Empress remembers that Anastasia used to do this as a child.  She now believes she is her granddaughter. Meanwhile, Prince Paul wants to marry Anastasia.  He's obviously after the money he thinks she will inherit.   In the final scene, there is a party
.  The Dowager Empress is going to announce the engagement between Paul and Anastasia, but Anastasia and General Bounine have suddenly disappeared.  The Dowager realizes that Anastasia does not desire fame, but simply love, with the man of her choosing.  She says very bravely that she will go in to where all the guests are waiting and tell them that the party is over and that they should go home.
Animated feature 
 An animated musical version of Anastasia was made in 1997 by Fox Animation Studios. See: Anastasia (1997 movie).

Other websites 
 

1956 drama movies
1950s American drama movies
Movies set in Russia
Movies set in France
Movies set in the 1920s
Movies about amnesia
20th Century Fox movies
Multilingual movies
Movies directed by Anatole Litvak
Valdivia is a city, commune and municipality in southern Chile. Valdivia is the capital of Los Ríos Region (Spanish for Region of the Rivers), one of Chile's 16 regions. Valdivia is most known for being the city most affected by the Great Chilean Earthquake.

Images

References

Other websites

Cities in Chile
Los Ríos Region
Capitals of Chilean regions
The Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport (short name: SSR Airport) is the biggest airport in Mauritius.
Before, it was known as Plaisance Airport.

Location 
The SSR Airport is near the city Mahebourg in Mauritius. It is also the only big airport in this country. 

Mauritius
Airports in Africa
Syed Pervez  Musharraf () (11 August 1943 – 5 February 2023) was a Pakistani politician and Four-star general of the Pakistan Army. He was a military dictator and the tenth President of Pakistan from 20 June 2001 to 18 August 2008, when he resigned to avoid impeachment. Previously, he was Chief Executive of Pakistan as well as former Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. He took over power in Pakistan in 1999, by removing the elected government of Nawaz Sharif. 

He has charged with multiple murders in April 2013 and was given bail in October 2013. Then he was arrested again. In 2019, Musharraf was sentenced to death in absentia over his treason charges.
Musharraf rose to national prominence when he was promoted to a Four-star general by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 1998. This made Musharraf the head of the armed forces. He led the Kargil infiltration that almost brought India and Pakistan to a full-fledged war in 1999.

On 5 February 2023, Musharraf died due to amyloidosis. He was 79. He had been hospitalised a year prior due to the disease. His body is set to be returned to Pakistan from Dubai on 6 February.

References 

1943 births
2023 deaths
Politicians from Karachi‎
Pakistani generals
People from Delhi
Pakistani Muslims
Presidents of Pakistan
Bas-relief is a type of relief (sculpture) that has less depth to the faces and figures than they actually have, when measured proportionately (to scale).  This technique keeps the natural shapes of the figures and allows the work to be seen from many angles without twisting the figures themselves. 

There is a continuation of the bas-relief technique into the next category, altorilievo, or high relief. High relief makes deeper images than bas-relief. Instead of shallow backgrounds that are a few inches (cm) deep at most, they can be up to several feet (a few meters) deep in altorilievo. 

Some of the best examples of bas-relief are the Assyrian Lion Hunt Reliefs, which are housed at the British Museum. The attention to detail and appearance of the lions moving make them stand out, especially for the time period they were made in.

Images
These images are made to be seen in 3D with the use of colored glasses and might not appear correctly without them.

Related pages
Relief

Other websites
Other websites

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02341a.htm

References 


Sculpture
Dogfights is a TV show on The History Channel. It uses computer animation to show dogfights from wars and talks with the pilots.

2006 television series debuts
English-language television programs
A dogfight is a close air fight between fighter planes. It often involves turning, climbing, and swirling.

Dogfights started during World War I when the fighter planes did not have many weapons.

The first aerial dogfight occurred during the Battle of Cer (15–24 August 1914), when Serbian aviator Miodrag Tomić encountered an Austro-Hungarian plane while performing a reconnaissance mission over Austro-Hungarian positions. The Austro-Hungarian pilot initially waved, and Tomić waved back. The Austro-Hungarian pilot then fired at Tomić with his revolver.  Tomić produced a pistol of his own and fired back. Tomić managed to escape, and within several weeks, all Serbian and Austro-Hungarian planes were fitted with machine-guns.
In modern air combat, there are many long range weapons that can be used before dogfighting. Homing missiles can be fired much further away from the target than machine guns, and will automatically try to follow the target. These types of weapons make dogfighting less common, but modern planes still have Gatling guns, which are more advanced kinds of machine guns. This is because dogfighting still happens sometimes.

References

Military aviation
The "1911" in the name is because the pistol was adopted by the United States Army in the year 1911.  M1911A1 pistols have an 'A1' added because they were changed from the original design in the 1920s in military service.  The pistol was made first by Colt Manufacturing but was produced by many other companies during World War II. Because the M1911 is so popular, several gun companies make their own version of this gun which are still sold today.

Bibliography 
 Colt 1911 & Early prototypes by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2003)
 The Colt 1911A1 Explained by Gerard Henrotin (H&L Publishing - HLebooks.com 2004)

Pistols
The Artaxiads (Georgian: არტაშესიანი, Artašesiani), a branch of the dynasty of Armenia that ruled Iberia (ancient Georgia) from c. 90 BC to 30 AD. Little is known about the early years of the Iberian Artaxiad rule. They seem to have been under the influence of their Armenian cousins to whom Iberia had gotten a significant portion of its territory. In 65 BC, their kingdom was attacked by Rome and the dynasty was forced to sign a peace treaty.

History of Georgia (country)
Royal dynasties
A stocking is a piece of women's clothing, worn like socks. They are made of stretchy materials. They are often worn instead of  tights or socks.

Stockings that are similar to woman's stockings are also made as parts of sport uniforms.

Underwear
Bottoms (clothing)
A robe is a type of clothing. It is loose-fitting and sometimes ties in the front.

Types of robes 
There are different types of robes. These include the following:

 Bathrobe - usually worn at home after taking a bath. They are also sometimes worn at night, or in the morning.
 Graduation robe - A gown traditionally worn at a high school graduation, or college graduation.
 Judge's robe - Part of a judge's clothing. Other jobs may call for robes, such as a barrister.
 Wizard's robe - in fantasy, wizards are usually shown wearing robes.

Clothing
Geraldine Estelle "Geri" Halliwell (born 6 August 1972) is an English pop music singer. She is a former member of pop group the Spice Girls.  She made $30 million during her last two years in the group.

She left the Spice Girls in May 1998 and continued singing as a solo artist. In 2007, she reunited with the Spice Girls to do a world tour.

Nude photos of Halliwell were in a number of magazines in 1992 and 1995 including Playboy and Penthouse.         

In 2012, Halliwell was a guest judge at The X Factor auditions in Liverpool. On 26 June she reunited with Spice Girls to promote the brand new musical Viva Forever based on their songs and career. 12 August 2012, she performed with the girls from the group in the closing ceremony of the Olympic Games in London.
Personal and media life
Halliwell's father was half-Swedish, half-English; her mother is Spanish. On 14 May 2006, Halliwell gave birth to her daughter, Bluebell Madonna Halliwell. Sacha Gervasi is said to be the child's father, but this has not been said by Halliwell. Victoria Beckham and Emma Bunton are Bluebell's godmothers. There are rumors that Halliwell is dating Russell Brand. but in May 2015 she married racing driver Christian Horner.

Discography
 1999: Schizophonic
 2001: Scream If You Wanna Go Faster
 2005: Passion
 2012: Putting On the Bling

Bibliography
1999 – If Only
2002 – Just for the Record
2008 – Ugenia Lavender

Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

1972 births
Living people
English pop singers
Musicians from Hertfordshire
People from Watford
Spice Girls
The Crucible is a 1950s play about the Salem Witch Trials by Arthur Miller. 

Miller wrote this play during the time of McCarthyism in America. Many people were afraid that communism would stop the American way of life. Some people falsely accused their enemies and even their friends of being communists during this time. Miller writes about the ideas of fear and false accusation which affected him during this time.

A "crucible" is a severe test or trial, which is exactly what happens in the play. Miller intended "The Crucible" as an allegory to McCarthyism. The events that took place during the time the play was written were very similar to the Salem witch hunts. This is why Miller named the book "The Crucible" after the Salem Witch Trials.
Characters
Many of the characters in the Crucible are based on real people who were at the Salem Witch trials.  Some are also based on people in the 1950s Red Scare, such as Joseph McCarthy and Julius Rosenberg
John Proctor- Farmer in the town, had an affair with Abigail Williams, has three sons, is accused of being a witch, refuses to say he was wrong, and dies for his dignity.
Abigail Williams- Niece of Samuel Parris, former servant to John and Elizabeth Proctor.  Uses the trials to gain status in the town and get revenge on Elizabeth.
Reverend Parris- The local Congregational minister, who starts the witch issue by bringing Rev. Hale.  Uncle of Abigail
Betty Parris- His daughter, who becomes sick after dancing in the woods
Elizabeth Proctor- John Proctor's wife, accused of being a witch by Abigail Williams after she fired her for sleeping with her husband
Reverend John Hale-An outsider who knows a lot about witches and the devil.  Rev. Parris brings him in.  Though he first is trying to find as many witches as possible, he later quits the witch trials because he finds out that there is no devil, but that unspoken revenge is working its way through the trials
Giles Corey-Old man who owns a lot of land and often argues with his neighbors.  Accidentally implies that his wife is a witch because she reads books and when she does, he can not pray.  Arrested for not naming names, then killed by being crushed by large rocks
Deputy Governor Danforth-One of the judges at the witch trials, who wants to end all bad practices in Salem, is sure there is a devil in Salem at the beginning but at the end has his doubts as well
Thomas Putnam- Owns a lot of land, takes to the witch idea to explain the death of his children and to buy other people's land after they are hung
Ann Putnam-Thomas Putnam's wife
Tituba- Servant to Reverend Parris, from the Barbados Islands.  She practices some sort of voodoo.
Martha Corey-Wife of Giles Corey, who is said to be a witch because she reads
Rebecca Nurse-Old and religious woman who is killed for not thinking the witch trials were a good idea, charged because Mrs. Putnam was jealous she had so many kids when all but one of the baby Putnams died
Cheever-the recorder of the trials, he writes down what happens and is told to arrest people
Plot (theatre version) 
In the beginning of the story, Reverend Parris is looking at his daughter, Betty, while weeping and praying. She is asleep on her bed and cannot wake up. They know that she is not dead, but she does not move or speak. She just lies there. Parris heard that Betty and other girls were dancing in the woods. (This was a very bad thing at the time because that implied they knew the devil.)

Reverend Parris's slave, Tituba, is from Barbados. Abigail says that she put a spell on Betty so she would not wake up. Parris is angry with Tituba. He makes her say that she was a witch, and the devil made her curse Betty. Suddenly, Abigail and Betty both say that they were with the devil too, so they would get out of trouble. They say that other people like Goody Osborne and Goody Good are witches too.
In the end, he signs a letter of confession stating that he works with the devil. Then he destroys the letter instead of lying. He wants to live so he could look after his family, but chose to keep his respect and honor instead. He is tried and the court kills him by hanging. However, the court allows Elizabeth to live because she is pregnant. Abigail runs away to Boston with Mercy Lewis, after stealing her uncle's money because she thinks that people know she told lies.

Salem Witch Trials
American plays
1953 works
1950s plays
Rush Hudson Limbaugh III (, ;  January 12, 1951 – February 17, 2021) was an American conservative radio talk show host and writer. He was the host of The Rush Limbaugh show where callers could call in and express their opinions.

Criticisms
Leftist critic Media Matters said some of his views were sexist. The 2015 documentary The Brainwashing Of My Dad discusses how his program could radicalize people into sharing such views.

Works and honors
In the 1990s, Limbaugh's books The Way Things Ought to Be (1992) and See, I Told You So (1993) made The New York Times Best Seller list.  

He was one of the most highly paid people in the US media.

President Donald Trump awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom in February 2020 during the State of the Union Address.

Health and death
He went deaf and received a cochlear implant in 2001.
Limbaugh was diagnosed with advanced lung cancer in January 2020. Nine months later in October, he said that his cancer was terminal. Limbaugh died from problems caused by the disease in Palm Beach, Florida on February 17, 2021, a month after his 70th birthday.

References

Other websites 
 The Rush Limbaugh Show

1951 births
2021 deaths
Actors from Missouri
American journalists
American political activists
American political writers
American radio personalities
Cancer deaths in Florida
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from Missouri
Deaf people
People from Cape Girardeau, Missouri
Republicans (United States)
American voice actors