Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Métis (pronounced 'maey-TEE' in English and 'may-tis' in French), also known historically as Bois Brule, mixed-bloods, or Countryborn (Anglo-Métis), are one of the three divisions of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Their home land is part of Eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, North Western Ontario, as well as the Northwest Territories. The Métis Homeland also includes parts of the northern United States (specifically Montana, North Dakota, and northwest Minnesota). 

The Métis Nation are descendants the marriages of mainly Cree and Ojibwe Indigenous peoples with French, Scottish or English settlers. Their history starts in the 18th century in the Western Canada. Historically, many western Métis spoke a mixed language called Michif. Michif is the Métis pronunciation of Métis. The Métis today mostly speak English, with French as a strong second language, as well as many native language. The use of Michif is growing again thanks to the work of the provincial Métis councils.
The word métis is a French word derived from métisser, and is slightly related to the Spanish word mestizo.

Métis culture 
Métis culture is a unique culture with similarities to First Nations, French Canadian, English, and Orkney/Scottish cultures. The Métis are known for their love of fiddle playing, but traditional instruments also included the concertina, the harmonica, and the hand drum. Their music has gone together with a kind of dancing called jigging. Traditionally, dancing included such moves as the Waltz Quadrille, the Square dance, Drops of Brandy, the Duck, La Double Gigue and the Red River Jig.

Métis people were famous for their horsemanship and breeding of horses. The RCMP Musical Ride horses dance the Quadrille as begun by the Métis and their horses.

As the Métis culture grew, a new language called Michif was spoken. This language combined mostly French nouns and mostly Cree verbs.
The clothing worn by Métis in the 19th century included the sash or ceinture flechée. It is traditionally about three metres in length and is made by weaving yarn together with one's fingers. The sash is worn around the waist, tied in the middle, with the fringed ends hanging. Vests with Métis beadwork are also popular. The Red River Coat came from the Metis culture.

The Métis were important in Canada's past, as fur traders who came from the east coast, voyageurs (coureur de bois), frontiersmen, pioneers, and interpreters between the First Nations peoples and the European colonists.
Prominent Métis 
The most famous Métis was Louis Riel, who led two rebellions which John A. Macdonald hated, the Red River Rebellion in 1869 in the area now known as Manitoba, and the North-West Rebellion in 1885 in the area now known as Saskatchewan. Some say these were not really rebellions. For example, in 1869 Riel was the leader of a government recognized by Canada as controlling territory that did not belong to Canada; Canada worked on the Manitoba Act with this government. After these "rebellions", land claimers and other non-Métis took away the Métis' land by taking advantage of a government program for buying it, with the government letting this happen. The province of Alberta gave some land to Métis in 1938 to fix what it thought was not fair, but Saskatchewan and Manitoba have not done the same.

Two other famous Métis leaders were Cuthbert Grant and Gabriel Dumont.

Actor August Schellenberg is of Métis descent.
Born in 1940, in northern Saskatchewan, Metis writer and filmmaker Maria Campbell brought attention to the struggles of modern-day Metis and Aboriginal people with her book, Halfbreed (1973), and the play, Jessica (1982). She has shown the sound and song of traditional stories through her work in dialect, Stories of the Road Allowance People (1996).

On May 7, 2004, Métis Todd Ducharme became a judge of the Ontario Supreme Court of Justice.

Other well known Canadians of Métis descent are Sharon Bruneau, a Canadian female bodybuilder and fitness model, and Kevin O'Toole, 1996 North American Lightheavyweight bodybuilding champion.

British Columbia New Democratic Party Leader Carole James is of partly Métis ancestry.

NHL star defenceman Sheldon Souray is of Métis ancestry.

Architect Douglas Cardinal is of Métis and Blackfoot ancestry.
Novelist Sandra Birdsell is the daughter of a Métis man and a Russian Mennonite woman and wrote her award-winning novel Children of the Day partly on her parents' experience in Manitoba in the 1920s-50s.

Notes

Other websites

Métis Nation

 Métis National Council
 Métis Nation of Ontario
 Manitoba Métis Federation 
 Métis Nation-Saskatchewan
 Métis Nation of Alberta 
 Métis Provincial Council of British Columbia

Government of Canada
 Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
 Métis - The Kids' Site of Canadian Settlement 

First Nations
In Buddhism, the word sangha means "assembly" or "community."  For Buddhists, there are two sanghas that are very important:
 the community of Buddhist monks and nuns
 the community of noble disciples

In Buddhism, there are three things that a Buddhist shows the greatest respect: the Buddha, the Dharma (the Buddha's teaching), and the Sangha (the Buddha's community).  So, for example, when the sangha is talked about in very old Buddhist books, the following words are often used:
"The Sangha of the [Buddha]'s disciples who have practiced well... who have practiced straightforwardly... who have practiced methodically... who have practiced masterfully ... they are the Sangha of the [Buddha]'s disciples: worthy of gifts, worthy of hospitality, worthy of offerings, worthy of respect, the incomparable field of merit for the world."

Notes
Notes

References
 Bullitt, John T. (2005). Sangha. Retrieved 2007-11-11 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/sangha.html.
 Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-25). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/. 
 Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (1997). Mahanama Sutta: To Mahanama (1) (AN 11.12). Retrieved 2007-11-11 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an11/an11.012.than.html.
 American Buddhist Sangha

Buddhist terminology
Courteney Bass Cox (born June 15, 1964) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Monica on the television series Friends and for her role in the movie Scream and its sequels. Cox married David Arquette between seasons 5 and 6 of Friends, and changed her name to Courteney Cox Arquette. She later changed it back in honor of her parents.

Early life
Courteney Cox was raised in Mountain Brook, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham. She is the daughter of businessman Richard Lewis Cox (January 28, 1931 – September 3, 2001) and his wife Courteney (née Bass, later Copeland). She has two older sisters, Virginia and Dottie, and an older brother, Richard, Jr. Her parents divorced in 1974 and her mother then married businessman Hunter Copeland (uncle to music promoter and business manager Ian Copeland). After graduating from Mountain Brook High School, Cox left for Mount Vernon College in Washington, D.C., but did not complete her architecture course. She instead pursued a career in modeling and acting.
Cox is of English, French, Welsh, Irish and German ancestry.

Marriage and family
In 1996, Cox began dating actor David Arquette. The couple married on June 12, 1999. They have one child together, a daughter named Coco Riley Arquette (born June 13, 2004). Coco's godmother is family friend Jennifer Aniston. Cox had seven miscarriages between 2001 and November 2010. She and her husband separated on December 31, 2011. Arquette filed for divorce on June 8, 2012.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Courteney Cox at Tv.com

1964 births
Living people
Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
American movie actors
American television actors
Arquette family
Real Madrid won the Champions League the first five times it was held, still a record. They have also won the Champions League/European Cup 14 times, which is also a record.

A total of 23 clubs from 10 European countries won the Champions League. 12 clubs won it more than once: Real Madrid, Milan, Bayern, Liverpool, Barcelona, Ajax, Manchester United, Inter Milan, Juventus, Benfica, Porto, Chelsea and Nottingham Forest.

Records and statistics

Winners and runners-up

By nation

Final venues

All-time top goalscorers

Other websites 

Official website

 
1955 establishments in Europe
The FA Cup (known as The Emirates FA Cup for sponsorship reasons) is a national football competition. It is played between teams in the English league system. It is organized by the Football Association. The winner of the FA Cup qualifies for the next season's UEFA Europa League. If the winner of the FA Cup has already qualified for a European competition, then the Europa League place goes to the runner-up. If the runner-up has also qualified for a European competition, then the Europa League place goes to 6th or 7th place, depending on who won the Football League Cup. The FA Cup semi-finals and final is held at Wembley Stadium. The FA Cup is the oldest football competition in the world and first took place in 1871.

The current holders are Leicester, who have won the FA Cup once.

Winners and finalists
Results by team
Since its establishment, the FA Cup has been won by 43 different teams. Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence. Additionally, Queen's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887.

References

Other Websites

 The FA Cup Archive – England's official Football Association site, all results with dates, including all qualifying rounds
 The official FA Cup website
 Thomas Fattorini Ltd. makers of the 1911 FA Cup – manufacturers of the 1911 FA Cup and other sporting trophies
 FA Cup going under the hammer – BBC News story on the sale of the second trophy
 FA Supporters – Independent FA Cup Supporters Club

The Football Association
Football competitions in the United Kingdom
1871 establishments in the United Kingdom
Old Trafford is a football stadium in Trafford. Its nickname is "The Theatre of Dreams". It is home to the club Manchester United F.C.. It is the biggest club stadium in Great Britain and second biggest stadium in Great Britain, with Wembley Stadium being the biggest. Old Trafford hosted most of England's home matches while Wembley was being built. It was built in 1910. It cost about £60,000,000 to build.

1910 establishments in the United Kingdom
1910s establishments in England
Football stadiums in England
Sport in Greater Manchester
Buildings and structures in Greater Manchester
Manchester United F.C.
A stadium is a building in which lots of people may watch an event. They are often used for football and athletics. Some stadiums are paid to add a company name to the name of their stadium. For example, Comerica Park in Detroit, Michigan, or the ALLTEL Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida. When people do this the company has the naming rights to the stadium. The given name of a stadium can change when another company buys the naming rights to that stadium. 

An arena is a small indoor stadium. Arenas are often used for many different types of events. These include sports and music.

Other websites 
 worldstadia.com
A disaster is something bad that happens.  Disasters can destroy homes and many kinds of work.  Disasters can be of different kinds, but most are caused by forces of nature.

Natural disasters
These may include avalanches (where snow comes down a mountain), cold (where animals and people freeze), diseases (sicknesses), droughts (when there is no water), earthquakes (where the ground moves), famine (where there is not enough food), fire (that burns things and people), flood (where rivers grow too big and invade land), hail (hard ice falls like rain), heat that lowers the water supply, hurricanes that break everything, the hyper nova of a star that kills life, an impact event where meteors hit the earth, a limnic eruption (where bad chemicals come from lakes and can kill people), landslides and mudslides (where the top of the ground moves because of extra water), sink holes (where a cave falls in), solar flares (where the sun reaches out at the earth and burns it), storm surge (where water piles up and then suddenly comes on land), thunderstorms (rain with lightning and thunder), tornadoes (currents of wind that break things), tsunami (where a wall of water comes on land)
, volcanoes (where lava from inside the earth comes out slowly or shoots into the air), a waterspout (like a tornado on water), or winter storms (where snow falls thick and you cannot see)
Human-caused disasters
Disasters caused by humans include aviation (flying) accidents, arson, CBRNs (where a country has a powerful weapon), civil disorder (where people riot or do crimes), power outages (where electricity is interrupted), public relations crises where a company must tell bad news, radiation accidents, disasters in space, a telecommunications outage (not being able to communicate), terrorism (where a group attacks civilians or says they will attack to gain something), and war (fighting with weapons between large groups).

Living through a disaster
To live through a disaster, it is important that your family and your city prepare in advance.  This may be making a pack of things you need in an emergency, it may be a government sending soldiers to help, or it may be something in between. It is recommended to keep a disaster survival kit with canned goods, in the advent of such a disaster.

Related pages
Car accident
Civil defence
Disaster recovery

Other websites
Other websites 

 Department of Homeland Security 
 London Prepared 
 Disaster Psychiatry Outreach
 Preparing an emergency survival kit
 EM-DAT: The International Disasters Database includes information on man-made and natural disasters, basic definitions and a database of disasters occurrence and impact from 1900 to today
 Disasters factsheet
 Assisting Children and Adolescents in Coping with Disasters
Robert Gordon "Bobby" Orr (born March 20, 1948 in Parry Sound, Ontario) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman.

Bobby Orr's ice hockey skills were evident at a very early age. He was signed by the Boston Bruins at twelve. As a 14-year-old, he played junior hockey against eighteen, nineteen and twenty-year-olds. He signed his first pro contract with the Boston Bruins in 1966.
In his first professional season, he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as top rookie in the league. Orr only played 46 games in the 1967-68 NHL season because he was injured, but won the Norris Trophy. In the 1969-70 season, he scored 120 points and became the only defenseman in history to win the Art Ross Trophy, for leading the league in scoring. He also won the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Conn Smythe Trophy. In 1976, Bobby Orr was named the most valuable player in the inaugural Canada Cup Tournament. Orr was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in 1976. He would only play 26 games over the next three seasons because of problems with his knees. 

Orr was inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979.

Other websites
 
 Order of Canada Citation
 Bobby Orr Hall of Fame website
1948 births
Art Ross Trophy winners
Boston Bruins players
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Chicago Blackhawks players
Conn Smythe Trophy winners
Hart Memorial Trophy winners
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Ontario
James Norris Memorial Trophy winners
Living people
Ontario Hockey League players
Sportspeople from Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
The Muppet Show is a variety television series. It aired from 1976 until 1981. The series starred Jim Henson's Muppet characters. Each episode featured a famous guest star. A revival of the show, Muppets Tonight, aired from 1996 to 1998.

The main characters on the series are Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear and Gonzo the Great.

Performers
 Jim Henson - Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, Waldorf, Swedish Chef, Dr. Teeth, Additional Muppets
 Frank Oz - Fozzie Bear, Sam the Eagle, Animal, Additional Muppets
 Richard Hunt - Scooter, Statler, Additional Muppets
 Dave Goelz - Gonzo the Great, Zoot, Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, Beauregard, Additional Muppets
 Steve Whitmire - Rizzo the Rat, Lips, Additional Muppets
 Jerry Nelson - Camilla the Chicken, Floyd Pepper, Additional Muppets
 Paul Winchell - Additional Muppets

Other websites
Other websites 

1970s American comedy television series
1976 television series debuts
Muppets
First run syndicated television programs
1981 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Events

Europe 

 December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, dies
 King Afonso III of Portugal captures the Algarve from the Moors.
 Valdemar, becomes King of Sweden.
 University of Valladolid is founded in Spain.
 The Rialto Bridge in Venice, Italy is changes from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden bridge.
 Vincent of Beauvais completes his encyclopedic work, The Greater Mirror.
 The Parlement law courts of ancien régime France are created.
 A sickness breaks out in the city Naples (In what is now Italy), called the Naple's Plague

Africa 
 July 3 – Louis IX of France is captured by Baibars' Mamluk army at the Battle of Fariskur while he is in Egypt at the Seventh Crusade.
 The Bahri dynasty of Mamluks seize power in Egypt.
 The Walayta state is founded in present-day Ethiopia (see Rulers of Walayta)
Births 
 Pietro d'Abano, Italian physician, philosopher and astrologer (died 1316)
 Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet (died 1300)
 Dmitry of Pereslavl, Grand-duke of Vladimir-Suzdal (d. 1294)
 Pierre Dubois, French publicist (approximate date; died c. 1312)
 Moses de Leon, compiler of the Zohar (approximate date; died 1305)
 Giovanni Pisano, Italian sculptor (approximate date; died 1314)

Deaths 
 February 2 – King Eric XI of Sweden
 February 8 – Robert I of Artois, French crusader (killed in battle) (born 1216)
 February 8 – William II Longespee, English crusader
 June 18 – Teresa of Portugal
 August 9 – King Eric IV of Denmark (born 1216)
 October 4 – Herman VI, Margrave of Baden
 December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1194)
 Leonardo of Pisa, Italian mathematician
 Matej Ninoslav, Croatian ban

Eras and population estimates 
The population of the world in 1250 was around 400 to 416 million people.
The Valencian Community (Valencian: Comunitat Valenciana), also unofficially called the Valencian Country (País Valencià), is an autonomous community in the eastern Spain with a population of around 5,000,000. Its capital and biggest city is Valencia, with a population of nearly 800,000 people.

Demographics 
The second-largest city of the Valencian Community is Alicante, with a population of 332,000. The city of Elche, located in the Alicante province, is an important industrial centre, with a population of 230,000. Castellón de la Plana, the capital of the Castellón province, have a population of around 170,000.

References
Elx (in Catalan) or Elche (in Spanish) is the third biggest city in Valencia, and the second in the Alicante province, in eastern Spain. The city has 215,000 inhabitants and is famous for its palm trees and the Mystery of Elx, a theatrical piece.

Cities in the Valencian Community
Municipalities in the Valencian Community
Province of Alicante
Java is the name of a programming language created by Sun Microsystems. This company was bought out by Oracle Corporation, which continues to keep it up to date. It is designed to be platform-independent, which means that code written in Java can run on any device or operating system that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed. This makes Java a popular choice for developing cross-platform applications and games. Additionally, Java has a large and active community, and a wide range of libraries and frameworks available for use. , Java 20 is the latest version (will be supported until September 2023), while Java 17, 11 and 8 are the current long-term support (LTS) versions. Being an LTS version means that it will continue getting updates for multiple years. The next planned LTS version is Java 21 (LTS), planned for September 2023.
Being an open-source platform, Java isn't just supported by Oracle, e.g. Eclipse Adoptium also supports Java (JVM), to at least May 2026 for Java 8, and at least September 2027 for Java 17.

Java, which was called Oak when it was still being developed, is object oriented, meaning it is based on objects that work together to make programs do their jobs. Java code looks similar to C, C++, or C#, but code written in those languages will not work in Java in most cases without being changed.
Java runs on many different operating systems, including Android, the world's most popular mobile operating system (while Java continues to be used on Android, even by its maker Google, they no longer prefer Java; now Kotlin is their preferred language, though it can also be used with all Java code). This makes Java platform independent. It does this by making the Java compiler turn code into Java bytecode instead of machine code. This means that when the program is executed, a Java Virtual Machine interprets (or just-in-time compiles) the bytecode.

Java is both a language, but its also a platform, and a number of languages compile to the same bytecode meant for that JVM platform, and can then work alone (without Java, the language, or with it). Google, that previously recommended Java, now recommends Kotlin language over Java for its Android platform, and it, like any JVM language, can also work with or without Java in all other contexts where Java alone would have been used.

High-profile JVM languages
Java, a statically-typed object-oriented language
 Groovy, a dynamic programming language (also with static typing) and scripting language
 Kotlin, a statically-typed language from JetBrains, the developers of IntelliJ IDEA and Google's preferred language for Android
 Scala, a statically-typed object-oriented and functional programming language
 Clojure, a dynamic, and functional dialect of the Lisp programming language (ClojureScript is an implementation targeting the web with JavaScript, not the JVM.)

Java concepts
Java was developed to achieve five main goals. These are:
 Java should be easy to learn, object-oriented, and distributed.
 Java should be safe and strong.
 Java should not depend on any computer architecture or platform.
 Java should function well.
 Java should be able to have an interpreter written for it (for better portability), support parallelism, and use dynamic typing.
Java platform
The Java platform refers to a group of software products from Sun Microsystems. The platform is used to develop and run Java programs. The platform includes the execution engine (called a Java Virtual Machine) that allows Java programs to do the same thing on different computer systems.

This capability of being able to develop software on one platform and running it on other platforms is called "cross-platform capability".

There are many resources available for learning Java programming, including books, tutorials, and online courses.

Programming example
An example of a "Hello World" Java program:

// This is a simple program in Java. It shows "Hello World!" on the screen. 
public class HelloWorld {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
         System.out.println("Hello World!"); 
    }
}

Types of Java programs
There are many types of Java programs which run differently:
Java application – executes on a client computer.  If online, it has to be downloaded before being run.
 Java applications do not generally run on mobile platforms, but Android has historically also used Java, and Android apps written in Java, to run on Android still work; those applications do not work on other operating systems in general, unlike regular Java applications, and Google now recommends using the Kotlin language over using Java to write such applications.
 JAR file (Java archive) – used to package Java files together into a single file (almost exactly like a .zip file).
 Servlet – runs on a web server and helps to generate web pages.
 Swing application – used to build an application that has a GUI (windows, buttons, menus, etc.).
 EJB – runs on a web server and is used to develop large, complex websites.
Java Applet – small program written in Java and that was automatically downloaded from a website and historically could be executed within a web browser on a client computer; such applets were introduced in 1995, could run in most web browers, but beginning in 2013, major web browsers began to phase out support for the underlying technology applets used to run, with applets becoming completely unable to be run by 2015–2017. Java applets were deprecated by Java 9 in 2017.
Benefits
Java is commonly used to teach students how to program as a first language, but is still also used by professionals.
Java requires that each variable be initialized.  Some older languages such as C, allow variables to go uninitialized, which can cause random failures with mysterious bugs.
 Java requires that each method declares a return type—the method should always return a value, except if its return type is void. This also prevents bugs.
 Java comes with a large set of classes and methods, the Java API that can be used without having to develop as much code "from scratch".
 Unlike C, Java primitive types, such as int, are always the same size in the number of bits which helps achieve cross-platform compatibility.
 Java used to be thought of as being slower than C, but that's become less important in recent years because computers are faster.
 Java has exception-handling that requires a programmer to handle error-conditions such as Input/Output errors.
Code compiled on one Java platform can be run on other platforms that support Java without modification of either the source-code nor the byte-code.  This means that a person can make a Java program for a Windows computer and have it run a Linux computer or a Mac computer.
Criticism
Java has also been criticized. Some of the criticisms are:

 Generics were added to Java in such a way so that existing code would still keep running. This was done using type erasure. This means that during compilation, the actual type of a generic argument is removed. This can lead to the Java interpreter to behave in unexpected ways at times.
 Java has no unsigned integer types, which languages like C heavily use. This also means that it is impossible to directly exchange numeric data between C and Java programs. Cryptography also relies on such types to some extent; this makes it more difficult to write applications that use cryptography in Java.
 The IEEE has defined a standard for floating-point arithmetic, IEEE 754. Java only supports a part of the features of this standard.

References

Other websites
 Java home page

Java
Sun Microsystems
Oracle Corporation
Cross-platform software
An eon (or aeon) is a term in Earth science for the longest periods of time. It describes a part of the Earth's existence lasting hundreds of millions to billions of years.

A geologic eon is part of Earth's existence, made up of a number of eras of different lengths. A geologic era is made up of two or more shorter times called geologic periods. A geologic period is, in turn made up of yet shorter times called epochs. 

Geologists have given names to all of the eons, eras, periods and epochs that they have found by looking at rocks. The names given to each eon describe something about that time, or the rocks that were made at that time.

For example, we are now in the Phanerozoic eon, which comes from the Greek words for life that we can see, that is, there were animals and plants big enough to see without a lens. This era started about 545 million years ago.

The four eons

References 

Geology
Units of time
The Bhagavad Gita is one of the holiest books of Hinduism. The Bhagavad Gita (romanized: bhagavad-gītā, lit. 'The Song by God'), often referred to as the Gita (IAST: gītā), is part of the ancient Hindu epic Mahabharata. It is considered to be written in the first millennium BCE. It has teachings said to be given by Sri Krishna, who is considered a Supreme divine being. In the book (Bhagvat Gita), Krishna answers questions from Arjuna, a Pandava prince, about a human's moral duties (called dharma) regarding a broad range of philosophical and metaphysical matters.
The Bhagavad Gita is set in a narrative framework of a dialogue between the Pandava prince Arjuna and his charioteer guide , Krishna. At the start of the Kurukshetra War between the Pandavas and their cousins, Kauravas, Prince Arjuna is in doubt, thinking about the violence the war will cause. Wondering if he should renounce the war, Arjuna seeks the counsel of Krishna, whose answers and their discourse constitute the Bhagavad Gita. Krishna counsels Arjuna to "fulfill his warrior duty" for the upholding of dharma. The Krishna–Arjuna dialogue covers a broad range of spiritual topics, touching upon moral and ethical dilemmas, and philosophical issues that go far beyond the war that Arjuna faces.
The Gita posits the existence of an individual self (Atman or Soul) and the supreme self (Brahman or Supreme Soul) within each being. The dialogue between the prince and his charioteer has been interpreted as a metaphor for an immortal dialogue between the human self and God. The text covers the philosophy of Yoga in terms of Gyan (Knowledge) yoga, Bhakti (devotion) yoga, Karma (action) yoga, and Rāja (governance) yoga,.

A key chapter is Sankhya Yoga, The Book of Doctrines, Self-Realization, or The Yoga of Knowledge (and Philosophy). Filled with questions about the meaning and purpose of life, Prince Arjuna asks Krishna about the nature of life, Self, death, afterlife, and whether there is a deeper meaning and reality. The chapter summarizes the ideas eternal Self in each person (Soul), and the Universal-Self present in everyone (Supreme Soul), along with concept of re-birth This chapter is an overview of the remaining sixteen chapters of the Bhagavad Gita.

References
References

Other websites 
 Bhagvat Geeta – Dialogues of Kreeshna and Arjoon by Charles Wilkins
 Bhagavad Gita

Hindu texts
2nd-century BC books
The Upanishads are some of the sacred books of the Hindu people. The Upanishads are part of a large collection of sacred books of Hindu people, called the Vedas. They are placed at the end of the Vedas and they primarily deal with knowledge or wisdom. Because they deal with knowledge portion of the Vedas, they are called Jnana-Kanda (Jnana means knowledge). Also because they come at the end portion of the Vedas they are often called texts of Vedanta (veda: of vedas, anta: at the end). Upanishads form the foundation of the philosophy of Hindu religion. 
Many scholars believe that originally Upanishads are rebellion against Vedas and it has added to Vedas by its unique spiritual quest.
Upanishad means "sit down with" master to learn about the Atman(soul).
The Upanishads do not belong to a specific period of Sanskrit literature. The oldest, such as the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad and Chandogya Upanishad, may be as old as 8th century BC, while the youngest, depending on the specific Upanishad, may date to the medieval or early modern period. More than 300 text about Upanishad have been found but we have  108 Upanishad in written.
Geeta which is the most religious book of Hindu's is also a Greatest Upanishad.
Other websites 
 Philosophia Ultima:Osho commentary on Mandukyopanishad 

Hindu texts
A concert (as in a "concert tour") is a performance in which a musician or many musicians play music together to a group of listeners (called an audience). In the case of a concert of classical music there may be an orchestra. There is often an important visual element to the performance, such as with a rock concert. However, if acting out a story is an important part of the performance, then this is called "musical theater" or "opera" but some concerts have dramatic, theatrical music, with lights and special effects. Informal names for a concert include "show" or sometimes, "gig" for musicians who play in lots of different concerts, with different groups. A concert tour is a set of concerts where the performers travel to different cities or towns.
The performers at a concert are usually raised above the level of the audience on a stage. Concerts may be held in concert halls which are built for the purpose, or they may be held in any other suitable large building such as a school hall, a nightclub, a barn or a large house or castle. Some concerts are given to very large audiences in the open air. They may take place in a field or in a stadium. The music for these “open-airs” is usually amplified by loudspeakers so that large audiences can hear it.

A concert given by just one performer (or perhaps two) is usually called a recital.

A group of concerts in one place or in one area that takes place for several days may be called a "festival". Examples are: The Proms, the Edinburgh Festival, the Glastonbury Festival etc.

Before the days of recording, a concert would have been the only opportunity most people would have of hearing concerts given by groups.
Usually people who go to a concert have to pay an admission charge. The money that is made from the ticket sales will usually go to paying the performing artistes, producers, and organisers. However, there are also benefit concerts where either the proceeds (all the ticket money) or profits (the money earned) will go to charity. Tickets for concerts can often be bought at the box-office of the concert hall or bought online. Sometimes concerts are free.

Types of concert
Types of concert

The nature of a concert will vary by musical genre and the individual performers. Concerts by a small jazz combo or small bluegrass band may have the same order of program, mood, and volume, but vary in music and dress. In a similar way, a particular musician, band, or genre of music might attract concert attendees with similar dress, hairstyle, and behavior. For example, the hippies of the 60s often toted long hair (sometimes in dread lock form), sandals and inexpensive clothing made of natural fibers. The regular attendees to a concert venue might also have a recognizable style, comprising that venue's "scene".

Theatrical
Theatrical

Some performers or groups put on very elaborate and expensive affairs, with parts of the show being similar to a theater performance. In order to create a memorable and exciting atmosphere and increase the spectacle, artists will have additional entertainment devices within their concerts. These tend to include: elaborate stage lighting; an image-magnification (IMAG) system and/or pre-recorded video; inflatables, artwork or other set pieces; various special effects, such as theatrical smoke and fog and pyrotechnics; and unusual costumes or wardrobe. Some singers, especially in genres of popular music, augment the sound of their concerts with pre-recorded accompaniment, back-up dancers, and even broadcast vocal tracks of the singer's own voice. Activities which may take place during these concerts include dancing, sing-alongs, and moshing. Some performers well known for including these elements in their performances include: Pink Floyd, Jean Michel Jarre, Sarah Brightman and KISS.

Festivals
Festivals

Concerts involving a greater number of artists, especially those that last for days, are known as festivals. Unlike other concerts, which typically remain in a single genre of music or work of a particular artist, festivals often cover a broad scope of music and arts. Due to their size, festivals are almost always held outdoors. A few examples of the hundreds of festivals include: Bayreuth Festival, Big Day Out, Coachella, Falls Festival, Glastonbury Festival, Mostly Mozart Festival, Newport Jazz Festival, Oxegen, Parachute Music Festival, Rock In Rio, Rockwave Festival,  Salzburg Festival, Summer Sonic Festival, Tanglewood Music Festival, Woodstock Music and Art Festival, the Warped Tour, or the Umbria Jazz Festival.

Concert tour
Concert tour

A concert tour is a series of concerts by an artist or group of artists in different cities or locations. Often, concert tours are named, to differentiate different tours by the same artist and associate a specific tour with a particular album or product (for example: Michael Jackson's Bad Tour). Especially in the popular music world, such tours can become large-scale enterprises that last for several months or even years. They are seen by thousands or millions of people, and bring in millions of dollars (or the equivalent) in ticket revenues.
Different segments of longer concert tours are known as "legs". The different legs of a tour are denoted in different ways, dependent on the artist and type of tour, but the most common means of separating legs are dates (especially if there is a long break at some point), countries and/or continents, or different opening acts. In the largest concert tours, it is becoming more common for different legs to employ separate touring production crews and equipment, local to each geographical region. Concert tours are often managed on the local level by concert promoters or by performing arts presenters.

Revenue
While admission to some concerts is free, charging for tickets is very common. Historically, concerts were the main source of revenue for musicians. Revenue from ticket sales typically goes to the performing artists, producers, venue and organizers. In the case of benefit concerts, a portion of profits will often go towards a charitable organization.
Additional revenue is also often raised through in-concert advertising, from free local concerts for local sponsorships to sponsorships from corporations during major tours, such as 2009's "Vans' Warped Tour Presented by AT&T". Both Vans and AT&T would have paid significant amounts to have their company names included at the forefront in all marketing material for the Warped Tour.

Concessions and merchandise are also often sold during and after concerts, often by the venue in the case of the former, and by the performing band or artist in the case of the latter.

The highest-grossing concert tour of all time is The Rolling Stones' A Bigger Bang Tour which earned approximately $558 million in between 2005 and 2007. The highest earning tour by a solo artist is the Sticky & Sweet Tour by pop artist Madonna, which earned $408 million in 2008 and 2009.

Related pages
 Concert hall
 Music festival
 Audience
 Applause

References

Other websites
Other websites

  National Memorial Day Concert - PBS webpage for U.S. concert on Memorial Day
Palm tree is a common name of perennial lianas, shrubs, and trees. They are the only members of the family Arecaceae, which is the only family in the order Arecales. They grow in hot climates.

Well known palm trees are:
 Coconut palm
 Date palm
 Oil palm

There are about 2600 species of palm trees, most of them living in tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate climates.

Palms are one of the best known and most widely planted tree families. They have held an important role for humans throughout much of history. Many common products and foods come from palms. They are often used in parks and gardens that are in areas that do not have heavy frosts.

In the past palms were symbols of victory, peace, and fertility. Today palms are a popular symbol for the tropics and for vacations.
Range 
Most palm trees grow in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They occur from about 44° northern latitude to about 44° southern latitude. The dwarf palm (Chamaerops humilis) occurs in southern France, the Nikau (Rhopalostylis sapida) is a species of palm growing in New Zealand. The hardiest palm in the world is known as the needle palm (Rhapidophyllum Hystrix) and is able to handle temperatures below -18 °C (0 °F).

Shapes and flowers
Where palms live 
More than two-thirds of palms live in tropical forests, where some species grow tall enough to form part of the canopy and other shorter palms form part of the understory. Some kinds form pure stands in areas with poor drainage or regular flooding. Other palms live on tropical mountains above 1000 meters, Palms may also live in grasslands and scrublands, usually where there is water, and in desert oases. A few palms are adapted to extremely basic lime soils, while others are similarly adapted to very acidic soils.
Unusual palms 
The Coco de mer has the largest seeds of any plant, 30-50 centimeters in diameter and weighing 15-30 kilograms each. Raffia palms, with leaves up to 25 meters long and 3 meters wide, have the largest leaves of any plant. The Corypha palms have the largest inflorescence (flowering part) of any plant, up to 7.5 meters tall and containing millions of small flowers. The wax palm, Colombia's national tree, is the tallest palm in the world, reaching heights of 70 meters.

Palm fossils 
Palms first appear in the fossil record around 80 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous period. Some descendants from that period are still to be seen today, such as the nipa palm or mangrove palm.

Palms in danger
Palms in danger 

Some palms are in danger of dying out because of human activity. The greatest dangers are from large cities, mining, and turning forests into farmland. The harvesting of the heart of a palm for food also poses a threat, because it comes from the inner core of the tree, and harvesting it kills the tree. The use of rattan palms in furniture has caused a big fall in the number of rattan palms, as they are collected from the wild instead of being farmed.

At least a hundred species are in danger, and nine are said to have recently died out.

It is difficult to save palm seeds. They are killed by cooling them, which is the normal way of keeping rare seeds for the future. Also, planting rare species in parks can never truly recreate the wild areas they come from, and the plants may not do well in these parks.
The Palm Specialist Group of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) started in 1984, supported by the WWF. The group gathered a lot of information from different parts of the world. An action plan to save rare palms was made by this group in 1996.

Pest species 
Pests that attack species of palm trees include:
 Raoiella indica, the red palm mite
 Caryobruchus gleditsiae, the palm seed beetle or palm seed weevil

Palm farming and use

Date palms in history 
Human use of palms is as old as, or even older than, civilization itself, starting with the growing of date palms by Mesopotamians and other Middle Eastern peoples 5000 years or more ago. The Date Palm had a great effect on the history of the Middle East. Historian W.H. Barreveld wrote:
"Had the date palm not existed, the expansion of the human race into the hot and barren parts of the "old" world would have been much more restricted. The date palm not only provided a concentrated energy food, which could be easily stored and carried along on long journeys across the deserts, it also created a more amenable habitat for the people to live in by providing shade and protection from the desert winds. In addition, the date palm also yielded a variety of products for use in agricultural production and for domestic utensils, and practically all parts of the palm had a useful purpose".

The early importance of palms in the Middle East is shown in scripture. They are mentioned more than 30 times in the Bible, and more than 22 times in the Qur'an.
Palms used for food and drink 
Apart from the well-known coconut and date, there are other kinds of food from palms. Palm oil, Sago, heart of palm and palm wine are all eaten or drunk in different parts of the world. Palm oil is used in everything, from cosmetics to food ingredients.

Use in war 
South Carolina is nicknamed the Palmetto State, after the sabal palmetto, logs from which were used to build the fort at Fort Moultrie. During the American Revolutionary War their spongy wood helped stop the British cannonballs.

Other uses of palms 

Coir is a coarse, water-resistant fibre from the outer shell of coconuts. It is used in doormats, brushes, mattresses, and ropes. 'Dragon's blood' is a resin used in dyes, varnishes and incense, can come from the fruit of the rattan. The Washingtonia robusta trees line Ocean Avenue in Santa Monica, California.
Today, palms are popular in parks and gardens in countries outside the tropics. two of the most cold-tolerant species are the Chusan palm, from eastern Asia, and the needle palm from the United States.

The palm as a symbol 

The palm branch was a symbol of triumph and victory in Roman times. The Romans rewarded champions of the games and celebrated success in war with palm branches.

Jews also had a tradition of carrying palm branches during festive times.

The motto of the University of Southern California is Palmam qui meruit ferat, which means in Latin, "Let him bear the palm who has deserved it".

Palms appear on the flags and seals of several places where they are native, including those of Haiti, Guam, Florida, South Carolina, and Samoa.

In religion 
The palm has many meanings in both ancient and modern Middle Eastern religions.
Christianity 
Early Christians used the palm branch to symbolize the victory of the faithful over enemies of the soul, as in the Palm Sunday festival celebrating the triumphal entry of Jesus into Jerusalem.

In Christian art, martyrs were usually shown holding palms representing the victory of spirit over flesh, and it was widely believed that a picture of a palm on a tomb meant that a martyr was buried there. Origen calls the palm "the symbol of victory in that war waged by the spirit against the flesh. In this sense it was especially applicable to martyrs, the victors par excellence over the spiritual foes of mankind; hence the frequent occurrence in the Acts of the martyrs of such expressions as "he received the palm of martyrdom".
In other faiths 
The sacred tree of the Assyrians was a palm that represents the god Ishtar connecting heaven, the crown of the tree, and earth, the base of the trunk. The Mesopotamian goddess Inanna, who had a part in the sacred marriage ritual, was thought of as the one who made the dates abundant.

The palm tree was a sacred sign of Apollo in Ancient Greece because he had been born under one.

Modern times 
The palm, especially the coconut, remains a symbol of tropical island paradise.

The palm tree also represents Oasis.

At the birth of a child in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, a coconut palm was planted to count the age of the child.

Cultural significance 
Rabindranath Tagore wrote a famous poem about a special genus of palm tree.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Guide to Palms  A collection of palm images, scientific data, and horticultural information hosted by Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Miami.
 Kew Botanic Garden's Palm Genera list  A list of the currently acknowledged genera by Kew Royal Botanic Gardens in London, England.
 PACSOA Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia palm species listing with images.
 Palm & Cycad Societies of Florida, Inc. (PACSOF), which includes pages on Arecaceae taxonomy  and a photo index .

Trees
The Bailiwick of Guernsey is a territory belonging to the British Crown in the Channel Islands. The bailiwick includes the islands of Guernsey, Alderney and Burhou, Herm and Jethou as well as Sark, Little Sark and Brecqhou. 

A bailiwick is a territory governed by a bailiff. The Bailiff of Guernsey is the head of the parliament, the States of Guernsey, which makes the laws for the Bailiwick. Sark and Alderney also have their own parliaments and pass some of their own laws.

Other rocks and islets 

The Casquets (49°43.′4″N, 2°22.′7″W) are a group of rocks 13 km northwest of Alderney and are part of an underwater sandstone ridge. Other rocks which appear above the water are the islets of Burhou and Ortac. Not many plants grow on them.
Lihou is a small tidal island (95 vergees; 7ha) that is part of the Channel Islands. It lies off the west coast of Guernsey and is the most westerly point in the Channel Islands. Coordinates: 49°27′38.16″N, 2°40′4.44″W. The island was bought by the States of Guernsey in January 1995. Lihou is joined to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone path between the island and L'Eree headland. It is part of the Parish of St. Peter's.

The country code (also used for internet) is GG.

Other websites 
 "History of Little Lihou" 
 Archeology on Lihou