Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A bond is a contract between two parties (companies or government.)

Companies or governments issue bonds because they need to borrow large amounts of money. They issue bonds and investors buy them (so giving money to the people who issued the bond). 

Bonds have a maturity date. This means that at some point, the bond issuer has to pay back the money to the investors. They also have to pay the investors a bit more than they paid for the bond. Bonds are used when needed to keep the company running smoothly. It is protection if their stock drops drastically.

Bonds are usually traded through banks and other financial entities and are part of a financial instrument group called Fixed Income.
Banks and financial institutions offer loans on different terms against the security of assets.

Simply put, a bond is a receipt given by a government or organization as an agreement to borrow money from another organization which will be returned at a later date with certain amount of interest or increment.

Finance
Taki () is an Israeli game which is an expansion of Crazy Eights. It is made by Shafir games. The game's creator is Haim Shafir. The game takes about 20 minutes, is for 2-10 players, and is for ages 5 and up. It is very popular in Israel.  It is similar to the American game Uno.  

The Taki cards consist of the colors red, blue, green, and yellow.  The objective of the game is to get rid of all your cards before everyone else.

Card games
The scissor-tailed hummingbird (Hylonympha macrocerca) is a species of hummingbird. It is found only in Venezuela. Its habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It was first listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN. Research has shown it to be rarer than it was thought. Because of this, it was listed as "Endangered status" in 2008.

Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
The greenish puffleg (Haplophaedia aureliae) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama. Its habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and fairly degraded former forests.

References 
 BirdLife International 2008.  .   2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 12 Juni 2009.

Birds of Central America
Birds of South America
Hummingbirds
Yellow journalism or the yellow press is a type of journalism that does not report much real news with facts. It uses shocking headlines that catch people's attention to sell more newspapers. Yellow journalism might include exaggerating facts or spreading rumors.

Yellow press newspapers have several columns and front-page headlines about different types of news, such as sports and scandals.  They use bold layouts (with large illustrations and perhaps color), and stories reported using unnamed sources.  The term was often used to talk about some large New York City newspapers around 1900 as they fought to get more readers than the other newspapers.
In 1941, Frank Mott said that there were five things that made up yellow journalism:
 headlines in huge print that were meant to scare people, often of news that wasn't very important
 using many pictures or drawings
 using fake interviews, headlines that didn't tell the whole truth, pseudoscience (fake science), and false information from people who said they were experts
 full-color parts of the newspaper on Sundays, usually with comic strips (which is now normal in the United States)
 taking the side of the "underdog" against the system.

Origins: Pulitzer vs. Hearst
The term came from the American Gilded Age of the 1890s when new technology made newspapers cheaper. Two newspaper owners in New York fought to get more readers and sell more newspapers than the other. These were Joseph Pulitzer with the New York World and William Randolph Hearst with the New York Journal. The most important part of this fight was from 1895 to about 1898. When people talk about "yellow journalism" in history, they are often talking about these years.

Both papers were accused of sensationalizing the news (making it seem much more important than it really was) in order to sell more newspapers, although they did serious reporting as well.  The New York Press used the term "Yellow Kid journalism" in early 1897 after a then-popular comic strip, to talk about the newspapers of Pulitzer and Hearst, which both published versions of it during a circulation war.  Ervin Wardman, publisher of the New York Herald (which was not "yellow journalism") invented it.
Joseph Pulitzer bought the New York World in 1883 after making the St. Louis Post-Dispatch the biggest daily newspaper in that city. Pulitzer tried to make the New York World fun to read, and filled his paper with pictures, games and contests that brought in new readers. Crime stories filled many of the pages, with headlines like "Was He a Suicide?" and "Screaming for Mercy." Also, Pulitzer only charged readers two cents per issue but gave readers eight and sometimes 12 pages of information (the only other two cent paper in the city was never longer than four pages).

While there were many sensational stories in the New York World, they were by no means the only stories, or even the biggest ones. Pulitzer believed that newspapers were important and had a duty to make society better, and he tried to do this with his newspaper.
Just two years after Pulitzer took it over, the World sold more copies than any other newspaper in New York. Part of this was because he was connected to the Democratic Party. Older publishers, who were jealous of Pulitzer's success, began saying bad things about the World. They talked about how he had crime stories and stunts but ignored its more serious reporting. Charles Anderson Dana|Charles Dana, editor of the New York Sun, attacked The World and said Pulitzer was "deficient in judgment and in staying power."
William Randolph Hearst, a mining heir who bought the San Francisco Examiner from his father in 1887, noticed what Pulitzer was doing. Hearst read the World while studying at Harvard University. He decided to try to make the Examiner as bright as Pulitzer's paper. While he was in charge, the Examiner gave 24 percent of its space to crime, presenting the stories as morality plays, and put adultery and "nudity" (by 19th century standards) on the front page. A month after Hearst took over the paper, the Examiner ran this headline about a hotel fire:
HUNGRY, FRANTIC FLAMES. They Leap Madly Upon the Splendid Pleasure Palace by the Bay of Monterey, Encircling Del Monte in Their Ravenous Embrace From Pinnacle to Foundation. Leaping Higher, Higher, Higher, With Desperate Desire. Running Madly Riotous Through Cornice, Archway and Facade. Rushing in Upon the Trembling Guests with Savage Fury. Appalled and Panic-Striken the Breathless Fugitives Gaze Upon the Scene of Terror. The Magnificent Hotel and Its Rich Adornments Now a Smoldering heap of Ashes. The Examiner Sends a Special Train to Monterey to Gather Full Details of the Terrible Disaster. Arrival of the Unfortunate Victims on the Morning's Train — A History of Hotel del Monte — The Plans for Rebuilding the Celebrated Hostelry — Particulars and Supposed Origin of the Fire.
Hearst could be over the top in his crime coverage. One of his early stories, about a "band of murderers", attacked the police for forcing Examiner reporters to do their work for them. But while doing these things, the Examiner also increased its space for international news, and sent reporters out to uncover corruption and inefficiency in the city government. In one story, Examiner reporter Winifred Black went into a San Francisco hospital as a patient and discovered that the women there were treated with "gross cruelty". The entire hospital staff was fired the morning the story was printed.

New York
With the Examiner''' having success by the early 1890s, Hearst began looking for a New York newspaper to buy, and bought the New York Journal in 1895, a newspaper that sold for one penny which Pulitzer's brother Albert had sold to a Cincinnati publisher the year before.
After noticing what Pulitzer had done by keeping his newspaper at two cents, Hearst made the Journal's only cost one cent, while providing as much information as rival newspapers.  This worked, and as the Journal's had 150,000 people subscribe to it, Pulitzer cut his price to a penny, hoping to make Hearst (who was subsidized by his family's fortune) run out of money. Hearst then hired many people who were working for  World in 1896.  While most sources say that Hearst simply offered more money, Pulitzer — who had grown more abusive to his employees — had become a very difficult man to work for, and many World employees were willing to switch newspapers just to get away from him.
Although the competition between the World and the Journal was fierce, the newspapers had a lot in common.  Both were Democratic, both took the side of organized labor and immigrants (unlike publishers like the New York Tribune's Whitelaw Reid, who blamed their poverty on moral defects), and both spent a lot of money making their Sunday publications, which were like weekly magazines, going beyond just daily journalism.
Their Sunday entertainment features included the first color comic strip pages, and some think that the term yellow journalism originated there, while as noted above, the New York Press left the term it invented undefined. Hogan's Alley, a comic strip about a bald child in a yellow nightshirt (nicknamed The Yellow Kid), became very popular when cartoonist Richard F. Outcault began drawing it in the World in early 1896.  When Hearst hired Outcault away, Pulitzer asked artist George Luks to continue drawing the strip with his characters, giving the city two Yellow Kids. The use of "yellow journalism" as a term for over-the-top sensationalism in the U.S. apparently started with more serious newspapers commenting how far "the Yellow Kid papers" went.
Spanish-American War 
Pulitzer and Hearst are often credited (or blamed) for drawing the nation into the Spanish-American War with their sensationalism. However, most of Americans did not live in New York City, and the decision makers who did live there probably read less sensationalist newspapers like the Times, The Sun or the Post.  The most famous example of the exaggeration is the story, which probably is not actually true, that artist Frederic Remington sent Hearst a telegram to tell him that not much was going on in Cuba and "There will be no war."  Hearst responded "Please remain. You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war."  The story (a version of which appears in the Hearst-inspired Orson Welles film Citizen Kane) first showed up in the memoirs of reporter James Creelman in 1901, and there is no other source for it.
But Hearst did want the United States to go to war after a rebellion broke out in Cuba in 1895.  Stories about Cubans being good people and Spain treating Cuba badly soon showed up on his front page.  While the stories were probably not very accurate, the newspaper readers of the 19th century did not expect, or necessarily want, his stories to be pure nonfiction.  Historian Michael Robertson has said that "Newspaper reporters and readers of the 1890s were much less concerned with distinguishing among fact-based reporting, opinion and literature."
Pulitzer, although he did not have Hearst's resources, kept the story on his front page.  The yellow press published a lot about the revolution (much of which was not quite true), but conditions on Cuba were bad enough.  The island was in a bad economic depression, and Spanish general Valeriano Weyler, sent to crush the rebellion, herded Cuban peasants into concentration camps leading hundreds of Cubans to their deaths.  Having fought for a fight for two years, Hearst took credit for the conflict when it came: A week after the United States declared war on Spain, he ran "How do you like the Journal's war?" on his front page.  In fact, President William McKinley never read the Journal, and newspapers like the Tribune and the New York Evening Post. Also, journalism historians have noted that yellow journalism mostly only happened in New York City, and that newspapers in the rest of the country did not do it
. The Journal and the World were not among the top ten sources of news in regional papers, and their stories did not catch people's attention outside New York City.
Hearst sailed to Cuba, when the invasion began, as a war correspondent, providing sober and accurate accounts of the fighting.  Creelman later praised the work of the reporters for writing about how Spain treated Cuba, arguing, " no true history of the war . . . can be written without an acknowledgment that whatever of justice and freedom and progress was accomplished by the Spanish-American war was due to the enterprise and tenacity of yellow journalists, many of whom lie in unremembered graves."
After the war
Hearst was a well-known Democrat who promoted William Jennings Bryan for president in 1896 and 1900 (Bryan did not win either election). He later ran for mayor and governor and even tried to get nominated for president, but his reputation was hurt  in 1901 after columnist Ambrose Bierce and editor Arthur Brisbane published separate columns months apart that suggested that President William McKinley be assassinated. When McKinley was shot on September 6, 1901, critics accused Hearst's Yellow Journalism  of driving Leon Czolgosz to the deed. Hearst did not know of Bierce's column and claimed to have pulled Brisbane's after it ran in a first edition, but the incident would haunt him for the rest of his life and all but destroyed his dream to be president.
Pulitzer, haunted by what had happened," returned the World to its crusading roots in the new century .   By the time of his death in 1911, the World'' was a widely-respected publication, and would remain a leading progressive paper until its demise in 1931.

Related pages 

 Tabloid

Notes

References 

 (Asserts that Indiana papers were "more moderate, more cautious, less imperialistic and less jingoistic than their eastern counterparts.")

 (Sylvester finds no Yellow journalism influence on the newspapers in Kansas.)

Other websites

  Charte de Munich (1971) Déclaration des devoirs et des droits des journalistes

Journalism
Lavatory – Lovestory is a short movie that is about a lavatory attendant that finds a bunch of flowers in her tip jar (a tin where customers give her money as a reward for a good job). The movie was nominated for an Academy Award in the 81st Annual Academy Awards and won many awards at movie festivals.

References 

2007 movies
Short movies
Animated movies
The University of Notre Dame (or simply Notre Dame) is a private Catholic university near South Bend, Indiana. It was founded in 1842 by Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross. Sorin was also the school's first president. In the beginning, it was an all-male school. In 1972 females were admitted. The university has five colleges and one professional school. Notre Dame offers master's degrees and doctoral degrees. The university's undergraduates live on campus in single-gendered residence halls. Alumni are located around the world. The school's athletic teams are known as the Fighting Irish.

Related pages
 Notre Dame Stadium

Notes

Other websites 

 University of Notre Dame
 Notre Dame Fighting Irish, the Official Athletic Site 
 Campus map

Colleges and universities in Indiana
Atlantic Coast Conference
Hockey East
1842 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Indiana
A campus is land where a college or university buildings are placed.  Campuses can have libraries, lecture halls, and parks. Campuses can consist of both academic (school and studying-related) buildings and non-academic buildings.

References 

Educational institutions
Pleasant Grove Township is a township in the County of Des Moines in Iowa. The population is 457 with 227 males and 230 females.

Important places in Pleasant Grove

Churches 
Cedar Grove Church
Shaver Church
Agape Fellowship Church

Cemeteries 
Wilcox Cemetery
Infant Cemetery

Reservoirs 
Sixmile Creek Watershed Site Three Reservoir
Sixmile Creek Watershed Site Two Reservoir
Watson Lake

Creeks 
Shaver Creek
Caney Creek
Little Creek

References 

Settlements in Iowa
Townships in the United States
Blocked is a puzzle game for the iPhone and iPod Touch.

Description
The player has to move around gray blocks until a blue rock is free and the blocks can only go left and right or up and down. The game has many challenges and levels.  There are five difficulty levels in Blocked: easy, medium, hard, harder, and hardest.

References

Mobile games
Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730 – 4 April 1774) was a writer, poet, and physician famous for his novel, The Vicar of Wakefield(1776). His first successful literary work was The Traveller (1764), a poem about British rule. Like Jonathan Swift, Goldsmith  society, but he did not use satire like Swift. Goldsmith's greatest poem, The Deserted Village (1770), was a sad poem about how country life was being destroyed by landowners. The same theme is inside The Vicar of Wakefield. Goldsmith's biggest work at that time was a collection of soft-satire essays on English life seen by an imaginary Chinese visitor. He also wrote two plays, The Good Natured Man (1768), and She Stoops to Conquer (1773).(He is also thought to have written the classic children's story, The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes.)

Life
Life 

It is not known for sure when he was born. Most people now think that he was born in 10 November 1730. He was the second son of Charles Goldsmith, curate of Kilkenny West in West Meath in Ireland. In 1745 he went to Trinity College Dublin. He quickly spent all his money by gambling, which he became  to. After spending some time at the Universities of Edinburgh and Leyden he spent 1755 – 1756 travelling in Europe, where it is said that he lived by playing the flute. Before starting to write he worked in London as a doctor's helper, a doctor, and a school . He died in 1774 and was buried in Temple Church.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 
 Essays by Oliver Goldsmith at Quotidiana.org
 The Deserted Village
 Oliver Goldsmith: A Biography  by Washington Irving from Project Gutenberg
 Goldsmith  (English Men of Letters series) by William Black  from Project Gutenberg
 An Essay on the Theatre; or, A Comparison Between Laughing and Sentimental Comedy
 Goldsmith Hall - student accommodation and lecture theatre, Trinity College, Dublin.
 Information on Goldsmith 
 Oliver Goldsmith Resource 
 Works by Oliver Goldsmith in e-book version
 The Goldsmith International Literary Festival Info on the Festival held annually in Goldsmith's Home County
 Poems and essays, Oliver Goldsmith, 1839, (William Smith, London)
 

1730 births
1774 deaths
Sea spiders are marine arthropods of the class Pycnogonida. 

There are about 1,300 species of sea spiders, which are found around the world. Sea spiders are found in all oceans, including the Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea, and the Arctic Ocean. Species found in coastal waters are usually small and have a leg span of about 1 inch (2.5 cm), those living at great depths, up to 24 inches (60 cm).

Sea spiders are not true spiders, or even arachnids. Their traditional classification as chelicerates would put them closer to true spiders than to other well-known arthropod groups, such as insects or crustaceans. 

However, recent genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods.
Description 
The sea spider has a small, narrow body. It usually has four pairs of long, thin legs attached to the abdomen. Attached to the head there are usually three other pairs of appendages—a pair called chelicerae, used for grasping food; a pair of sensory projections called palps; and a pair of egg-carrying legs (sometimes underdeveloped or absent in the female). The female lays round masses of eggs on the egg-carrying legs of the male, which carries the eggs until they hatch.

Distribution 
On top of its head, the sea spider has a knobby projection bearing two, three, or four simple eyes. The head ends in a snout with a sucking mouth. Sea spiders feed by sucking the body juices of such marine animals as sea anemones, sponges, and sea squirts.

References 

Chelicerata
Caving (or spelunking) is the hobby of exploring caves. People who explore caves are called spelunkers.

Spelunkers and their equipment
Wise spelunkers explore in groups, to prevent being lost or stranded in a cave. Spelunkers need reliable equipment, because the descent into a cave is like mountain climbing in the opposite direction. Basic spelunking equipment is similar to what mountain climbers use. Strong ropes make climbing possible and special tools attach ropes to cave walls. Special footwear makes it easier to explore hard-to-reach places, and hard hats protect spelunkers from falling rocks above. Caves are extremely dark, so spelunkers have to carry light sources (like torches and flares). One torch attaches to a spelunker's helmet so it is with him or her at all times. Caves are also very cold, so most spelunkers wear warm clothing.
Spelunkers tie their ropes with different kinds of knots, like the farmer's hitch knot and the alpine butterfly knot. Spelunkers choose different knots for different purposes. Some knots work well to hold people as they climb. Other knots are best for tying ropes together.

Modern caving
Caving today has become a hobby for many different reasons. Some cavers are interested in conservation. Others are interested in gathering hard data about caves (called speleology). Geologists explore caves for the purpose of learning about the formation of rocks. But, for most of the rest, the purpose of caving is just to have fun.
Caves can generally be explored during any season of the year. Most caves remain at the same temperature all year round. The common rules of thumb apply:
Always wear protective headgear.
Always check to be sure there is no danger of flooding while you plan to be in the cave.
Never go alone. A minimum of three cavers is best.
Always make sure someone on the surface knows where you are caving.
Carry a minimum of three light sources per person.
The cave environment is more fragile than people realize. And, since water that flows through a cave eventually comes out in streams and rivers, any pollution will wind up in someone's drinking water and can seriously affect the surface environment as well.
Remember the cavers motto: Take nothing but pictures. Leave nothing but footprints. Kill nothing but time.

References
References

Other websites 
The National Speleological Society  American organization devoted to caving, cave science, and cave conservation
 Speleological Abstract (SA/BBS) Annual review of the world's speleological literature, edited by the Bibliography Commission of the UIS.
The latest news from the caving scene. 
Photos of caving in the UK
Caving Photos 

Hobbies
Caves
Poygan is a town in Winnebago County of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  1,037 people were living in Poygan as of the 2000 census.  Poygan has a total area of 41.9 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

References

Towns in Wisconsin
Winnebago County, Wisconsin
Winnebago County is a county of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  156,763 people were living in Winnebago County as of the census of 2000. The county seat of Winnebago County is Oshkosh.

Geography
Winnebago County has an area of , says the U.S. Census Bureau.

Nearby counties
 Waupaca County - northwest
 Outagamie County - northeast
 Calumet County - east
 Fond du Lac County - south
 Green Lake County - southwest
 Waushara County - west

Divisions
The following is a list of cities, villages, and towns found in Winnebago County:

Unincorporated places
 Butte des Morts
 Eureka
 Larsen
 Pickett
 Metz (partial)
 Minden
 Waukau
 Winnebago

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Commemorative Biographical Record of the Fox River Valley Counties of Brown, Outagamie and Winnebago

Winnebago County, Wisconsin
1840 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Wisconsin Territory
Taxobox fossil range image Tonicella lineata jpg
image caption Lined chiton, Tonicella lineata The eight plates on this chiton's shell are easy to see regnum Animalia
subregnum  Metazoa
branch Bilateria
phylum Mollusca
classis Polyplacophora
classis authority Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville Blainville 1816 subclassis †Multiplacophora, Paeleoplacophora Neoloricata
Chitons are primitive Ocean|marine molluscs in the class biology class Polyplacophora ormerly the class Amphineura There are 900 to 1,000 living species of chitons Their size ranges from 0.5 to 30 cm in length most are quite small ITIS ID 78807 rename Barnes Barnes Robert D1982. Invertebrate Zoology Philadelphia PA Holt Saunders 381389 ISBN 0-03-0567475 All the living species are in the subclass Neoloricata and so may be called loricates Popular names are sea cradles or coat of mail shells They have a single shell that sticks to rocks, like a limpet The shell is made of hard plates that fit tightly together, overlapping one another The shell plates are surrounded by a structure known as a girdle
Description 
Polyplacophora means "many plates". The plates refer to the shell, which is made of aragonite, a calcium carbonate mineral. The shell is quite flexible, and the chiton can even roll into a ball. The chiton has eight plates, and underneath the plates is a muscular foot that moves the chiton over rocks and other structures, both in and out of the water. It also has a tongue-shaped structure called the radula, which has many rows of 17 teeth each. Some use it to scrape algae off rocks, while others are carnivorous, catching tiny zooplankton and other small animals that live in shallow water.

Chitons can be less than an inch long, or up to a foot long. They come in many different colors: black, red, pink, and even blue. The shell might be shiny or dull, or smooth, hairy, scaly, or spiny depending on the species.

Anatomy
Anatomy 

If a chiton was picked up and turned over, there would be no eyes, legs, or arms. There would only be a wide foot with a radula that it uses for scraping surfaces. Its mantle is right under the shell, with the lowest part of the mantle coming out under the edge of the shell to help its foot grip the surfaces on which it clings or slides along. The part of the mantle which sticks out is called the girdle. Like the moon snail, the girdle may extend out over the bottom part of the shell covering the bottom half of the chiton.

Habits 

Most chitons are nocturnal, so they feed at night, and hide under rocks during the day. Their main habitat is the intertidal zone. They live on hard surfaces, such as on or under rocks, or in rock crevices. Some species live quite high in the intertidal zone and are exposed to the air and light for long periods. Others live subtidally. A few species live in deep water, as deep as 6,000 m (about 20,000 ft).

Evolutionary origins
Chitons have a relatively good fossil record, stretching back 400 million years to the Devonian. Before this, some organisms have been interpreted (tentatively) as stem-group polyplacophora; the record of polyplacophora stretches back to the Upper Cambrian.

Kimberella and Wiwaxia  of the Precambrian and Cambrian may be related to ancestral polyplacophora. Matthevia is a late Cambrian polyplacophoran preserved as individual pointed valves, and sometimes considered to be a chiton. The polyplacophorans may have formed when an aberrant monoplacophoran was born with multiple centres of calcification, rather than the usual one. Selection acted on the resultant conical shells to form them to overlap into protective armour. Their original cones are homologous with the tips of the plates of modern chitons.

References

Other websites 

 Extensive list of species, classified by families 

Molluscs
The Sand dollars are species of flattened, burrowing sea urchins belonging to the order Clypeasteroida. Echinarachnius parma, the Common Sand Dollar, is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere, from the intertidal zone to considerable depths. Sand dollars can be found in temperate and tropical zones, but not in Great Britain.p76

All sand dollars have a rigid skeleton known as a test. This is the typical white disk found washed up on beaches. The living animals have a skin of movable spines on the test. Movement is done by the action of the spines. Like other sea urchins, sand dollars have five paired rows of pores. The pores are arranged in a petal-like pattern. These pores are perforations in the endoskeleton through which the tube feet, used in gas exchange, project from the body.

Description
Description 

Living sand dollars have small spines covering its entire body. They are softer and much shorter than those of the sea urchin. Like all echinoderms, sand dollars have tube feet. They are not used to move around, but simply to breathe. The sand dollar's tube feet actually stick out of the top of the sand dollar. On a sand dollar test, there is usually a pattern that looks like the petals of a flower. That pattern is made up of many tiny holes, and it is through these holes that the sand dollar's tube feet came out when it was alive.

A sand dollar uses its tiny spines to move around, and to dig into the sand. It often does this to bury itself in the sand. Sometimes, a sand dollar will only partially bury itself in the sand, and ends up poking up from the sand, standing on its side.
On the underside of a sand dollar, there is a star pattern spreading out from the center where the mouth is. This star pattern is made up of grooves that are called food grooves. Sand dollars filter sand and water, catching plankton and other things on their spines. Then, with cilia, the spines move the food into a food groove, and the food travels down the food groove to the mouth. Its food consists of crustacean larvae, small copepods, diatoms, algae and detritus.

Life style 
The sand dollars are the most specialised sea urchins. All their features are adaptations for burrowing. They live just beneath the sand, either flat or at an angle. At an angle they keep the edge facing the oncoming currents, presumably to catch food. This excellent habitat has been taken up by other groups of sea urchins. The heart urchins, another order, are even more effective in burrowing.p76 Sand dollars can live for up to 10 years.
Colours 
Most living sand dollars have dark colours, like brown or purple. Their darker color helps them stay camouflaged, easily hiding in the sand or mud or on the sea floor. The tests of sand dollars do not have bristles and tube feet, and because of the sun, they usually become bleached white.

References

Other websites 

 
 The Common Sand Dollar by Cheryl Page 
  The Biogeography of the Western Sand Dollar - Dendraster excentricus
 Video showing the life cycle of Clypeaster subdepressus 

Echinoderms
In astrodynamics, a hyperbolic trajectory (which is also an escape trajectory) refers to an object (such as an asteroid) which follows a path similar to a hyperbola around a central object. This motion follows Kepler's Laws. A hyperbolic trajectory occurs when the eccentricity of its orbit is greater than 1.

Other types of motion in astronomy include circular orbit, elliptical orbit, and parabolic trajectory.

Orbits
Goole can be any of the following:
 The town of Goole, in the East Riding of Yorkshire
 Goole A.F.C., an amateur (or semi-professional) English football club
Babcock is an unincorporated community in Wood County of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  The ZIP code of Babcock is 54413.

References

Wood County, Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin
Green County is a county that is found in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  33,647 people live in Green County as of the 2000 census.  The county seat of Green County is Monroe.

Geography
Green County has an area of 585 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

Nearby counties
 Dane County, Wisconsin - north
 Rock County, Wisconsin - east
 Winnebago County, Illinois - southeast
 Stephenson County, Illinois - south
 Lafayette County, Wisconsin - west
 Iowa County, Wisconsin - northwest

Divisions
The following is a list of the cities, towns, villages, and unincorporated communities that are found in Green County:

Unincorporated communities
Attica
Clarence
Jordan Center
Juda
Postville

References

Other websites

Green County government website

1837 establishments in Wisconsin Territory
Kefalonia (and Kephalonia or Cephalonia) is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea. It is the largest of the Ionian islands and the sixth largest Greek island after Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Rhodes and Chios. Its area is 781 square metres and its population is 36,404 according to a 2001 Greek census.

Geography
Kefalonia is home to the highest mountain in the Ionian islands. The mountain is named Ainos and its altitude is 1, 628 metres. The biggest town on the island is Argostoli which is the capital of the Kefalonia prefecture. The second biggest town is Lixouri which is located opposite Argostoli. Beside Kefalonia is the island Ithaca, the place of birth of ancient hero Odysseus. Some archaeologists believe that Kefalonia is the place of birth of Odysseus.
Sites
Kefalonia has many beautiful beaches and it is one of the most popular tourist destinations. The most popular beach on the island is Myrtos which is located in the north-west of the island. Kefalonia hosts a truly beautiful natural environment with many forests mainly on Ainos mountain. Also in Kefalonia there is a famous cave-lake which is named Melissani and is located in the east of the island

References

Islands of Greece
Tommy Lee (born October 3, 1962) is an American musician and drummer for the band Mötley Crüe. In 1999 he started a band called Methods of Mayhem. They have released two albums. He has also released two solo albums.

He was married to Pamela Anderson from 1995 until they divorced in 1998. They had two sons, Brandon and Dylan. He is a proud dog lover and owns 10 miniature chihuahuas.

1962 births
Living people
American heavy metal musicians
American rock drummers
Musicians from Athens
Mötley Crüe members
William Avery "Billy" Bishop (8 February 1894 – 11 September 1956) V.C. was a Canadian flying ace from World War I. He won 72 fights, making him the top Canadian flying ace.In 1919 Bishop was photographed with Canadian Ace William George Barker V.C.

References

1894 births
1956 deaths
Aviators
Military people from Ontario
The 2050s decade will begin on January 1, 2050 and will end on December 31, 2059.

Notable predictions and known events 
 World population is expected to reach 9.3 billion people.
China, United States, India, Brazil and Mexico will be the largest economies in the world, according to a Goldman Sachs study.
According to Business Insider, Space tourism could be feasible in 2050, but likely only for the very wealthy.
It is expected to have everything connected to the cloud and to the internet.
Fictional events
 The Dexter's Laboratory movie, Ego Trip, has some scenes that take place in 2055.
 The movie Minority Report takes place in 2054.
 The movie Renaissance takes place in Paris in 2054.
 The movie Red Planet takes place in 2057.
 The movie Lost In Space begins in 2058.
 John Christopher's novel The Guardians takes place during the years 2052 and 2053.
 J.D. Robb's In Death mystery series takes place during the years 2058–59.
 The computer game Deus Ex takes place in 2052.
 The short story A Sound of Thunder takes place in 2055.
 According to the movie Star Trek: First Contact, World War III will end in 2053.
 The Disney movie Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century takes place in the late 2040s. The second movie Zenon: The Zequel takes place in 2051, two years after the first movie, and the 3rd movie in the series, Zenon: Z3 takes place in 2054.
 The racing video game Wipeout takes place in the year 2052.
 The movie Love Story 2050 takes place in 2050.
 The anime Macross Frontier takes place in 2059.
The Waters of Mars episode of Doctor Who takes place in 2059.
 The movie Repo! The Genetic Opera takes place in 2057.
Joseph Kim Mitchell (born July 10, 1952) is a Canadian guitarist. Mitchell was the singer and guitarist for the band Max Webster and now hosts a radio show for CILQ-FM (Q107) in Toronto.

References

Other websites
Official website

1952 births
Living people
Canadian guitarists
Canadian radio personalities
Canadian rock musicians
Musicians from Ontario
People from Sarnia
Ot en Sien (Ot and Sien) are two little children who appear in a series of stories which were written in the Dutch language more than a hundred years ago.   Ot (short for “Otto”) is a little boy and Sien (pronounced like the English word “seen”), whose name may be short for “Francine”, is the little girl who lives next door.  Although they are now very old-fashioned, the books are still popular in Holland.  They were written in rhyme and were illustrated with colourful pictures.

The author of the stories was called Hendricus Scheepstra.  The ideas for the stories were given to him by Jan Ligthart.  Cornelis Jetses made the illustrations.
The stories are set in Drenthe, which is in the north-eastern part of the Netherlands.  Drenthe was a very poor part of the country, but Ot and Sien live in a nice house and are quite well-off.  They are often seen playing in the garden with their toys which include a wooden horse on wheels and a doll in a dolly’s pushchair.  The cat is often in the picture.  They are also seen at school.

The authors wrote the stories to show a happy family life.  Everyone is very friendly in the book, and strangers help them when they get lost in the street.  The family have a servant who helps in the house.
The stories were widely read by children in schools in the Netherlands until after the Second World War.  By then they had become very old-fashioned.  The daily life of Ot and Sien seemed to belong to a time long ago in history.   Hardly any Dutch children now live in a family with a servant.  No Dutch child nowadays goes for a walk dressed in sailor’s costume with a father who wears a cloak and hat.  The books are no longer read in schools, but they continue to be popular with Dutch people at home.  In 2004, one hundred years after the first book was written, a special exhibition about Ot and Sien was held.

There is a statue to Ot and Sien in The Hague, made in 1930.

Dutch expressions referring to Ot and Sien 

In the Dutch language there are expressions which refer to Ot and Sien.
 Als Ot en Sien, (Like Ot and Sien) means: “in a simple, child-like way”
 Uit de tijd van Ot en Sien (from the time of Ot and Sien) means: “a long time ago”, like the English expression “in the good old days”.
Dutch children's books
Characters in written fiction
Drenthe
1902 books
Pulaski is a village in the Brown, Oconto, and Shawano counties of the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  3,060 people were living in Pulaski as of the 2000 census.  The parts of Pulaski that are in the Oconto and Brown Counties are part of the Green Bay metropolitan area.  Pulaski has an area of 2.5 square miles, says the United States Census Bureau.

References

Other websites
Pulaski Chamber of Commerce

Villages in Wisconsin
Brown County, Wisconsin
Oconto County, Wisconsin
Shawano County, Wisconsin
Norah Jones (born March 30, 1979) is an American singer and pianist. Her first album, Come Away with Me was released in 2002. It was a mix of contemporary jazz, folk, and country music. The album won five Grammy Awards in 2003. She released her second album, Feels Like Home in 2004, which sold over a million copies in its first week of its release. "Sunrise" won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance at the 2005 Grammy Awards. Her third album, Not Too Late was released in 2007. That year Jones also acted in a movie for the first time. The movie, Blueberry Nights, had a song by Jones on its soundtrack. In 2009, The Fall was released. According to Billboard, Jones is the 60th highest-selling artist of the 2000s. In 2011 Jones sung on Seth MacFarlane's first album. Jones' fifth album Little Broken Hearts was released in 2012. It was produced by Danger Mouse. On November 25, 2013, an album Jones made with Billie Joe Armstrong called Foreverly was released.
Early life
Jones was born Geetali Norah Jones Shankar in 1979 in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York, to Indian sitar player Ravi Shankar and American concert producer Sue Jones. When Jones was sixteen she changed her name to Norah Jones.

Discography
 Come Away with Me (2002)
 Feels Like Home (2004)
 Not Too Late (2007)
 The Fall (2009)
 Little Broken Hearts (2012)

References

Other websites

1979 births
Living people
American blues musicians
Country musicians from New York (state)
American folk musicians
American guitarists
American jazz musicians
American pianists
American pop musicians
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)
Brit Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from New York City
Singers from New York City
An exhibition is an organized event in which a collection of special objects can be viewed by the public.  The objects are often brought together from many places for the period of the exhibition.  The objects on show are called exhibits.

Museums often organize special exhibitions, such as paintings by a famous painter.  These paintings will mostly be “on loan”, i.e. specially borrowed from other museums.  Exhibitions can be about anything.  They may be to do with art, or they can also be science exhibitions.

Some exhibitions show things which can be bought.  Firms exhibit the things they have made, hoping to encourage business.  These exhibitions are called trade fairs.  They are sometimes called expositions or expos.  They may be open to the public, but others are just for invited business people.

Related pages
Art exhibition
The Great Exhibition
Convention center
World's Fair
Come Away with Me is the first album by American jazz singer Norah Jones. It was released on February 26, 2002 on Blue Note Records. The main genre is considered contemporary jazz. The album is actually contemporary jazz with some country, folk music, and pop. Some jazz musicians do not think that the album is actually jazz, because of the changes Norah Jones made to some of the jazz songs she covered.

Come Away with Me reached number 1 on the Billboard 200 chart and won eight Grammy Awards. It sold over 10 million copies in the first three years of its release. It is Norah Jones' best-selling album, and the best-selling jazz album of all time.

Track listing

Awards
Grammy Awards

Other websites
 Come Away with Me at Discogs
 Come Away with Me  at Metacritic
 Album Review at All About Jazz

2002 albums
Debut albums
Jazz albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Ruben Bierer (Dr. Rubin Bierer, often: Reuben Bierer; born about 1845 in Lviv; died 1931, Lviv) was a doctor in Sofia and one of the first pioneers of the Jewish nationalism and one of the first active Zionists in Galicia and Bulgaria, adherent of Hovevei Zion in Galicia, Austria and Bulgaria.

In 1867 he was in Lviv a co-founder of the first Jewish-political association of Austria-Hungary, Shomer Israel. As an opponent against Polish assimilation of the Jews he established for the 1873 elections of the Reichsrat a Jewish-ruthenian electoral alliance. In 1879 he separated from the Shomer Israel and went to Vienna for the purpose of medical studies where he – together with Peretz Smolenskin – found the Jewish-political association Ahavath Zion (for the reason of colonisation of the holy land).

In 1882 he was a cofounder of the Viennese Kadima Studentenverbindung. In 1883 he returned to Lviv where he founded the first Jewish-national association of the Austrian east, Miqra Kodesh.
In 1885 he went to Serbia, in 1900 he returned to Lviv where he  successless tried to reactivate the Shomer Israel. 

Nathan Birnbaum coined the word Zionism about the year 1890. But he is not the creator of this word, it was already in use, e.g. you can find in a letter of Ruben Bierer from the 9th December 1888 the expression Zionist brother's greeting. The word Zionist is found already in the year 1877 in an Roumanian written pamphlet (annual report of the order "Zion" in Bucharest).

References

1845 births
1931 deaths
Austrian Jews
Bulgarian Jews
People from Sofia
Physicians
Zionists
People from Lviv
Hezekiah (meaning God will strengthen) or   Ḥizqiyyāhu (Hebrew), also translated as Ḥizkiyyahu (and sometimes as Ezekias (Greek), Khizkiyahu, Yəḥizqiyyāhu, Y'khizkiyahu), was a king of Judah that appears in the book of 2 Chronicles, chapters 18 to 32, and the book of 2 Kings chapters 18 to 20. He was one of the few kings who is compared favorably with David, and is unique for his trust in the Lord: "There was no one like him among all the kings of Judah, either before him or after him. He held fast to the LORD and did not cease (stop) to follow him" (NIV).

Hezekiah was the son of Judah's King Ahaz, and is best known for turning his people away from the sins of his father Ahaz, restoring worship in the temple, and having his life made 15 years longer. The Book of 2 Chronicles tells more about Hezekiah than any other king after Solomon, and suggests that he is a "second Solomon" in his celebration of the Passover, his wealth, his honor, and his land.
Toward the end of his reign, he became very sick and close to death. He prayed to the Lord, who healed him miraculously. The king of Babylon heard about it and sent men with a letter and gift to Hezekiah. Because Hezekiah was proud of his riches, he showed all of his treasures to the visitors. The prophet Isaiah predicted that it all would later be taken by the Babylonians. His prediction came true.

References

Other websites 
"Hezekiah." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
King Hezekiah  from Jerusalem Mosaic
Hezekiah  See all Bible verses pertaining to King Hezekiah
The Reign Of Hezekiah  by John F. Brug
 Sennacherib's Invasion of Hezekiah's Judah in 701 BCE - by Craig C. Broyles
 Interactive Map of Sennacherib's Invasion of Hezekiah's Judah, including the accounts of Sennacherib, Herodotus, 2 Kings, Isaiah and Micah 

Old Testament people
Kings of ancient Israel
Kings of ancient Judah
8th-century BC births
7th-century BC deaths‎
Tine Thing Helseth (Norwegian:ˈtiːnɛ tɪŋ hɛlsɛt; born 1987 in Oslo) is a Norwegian trumpet soloist who specialises in playing classical music.

Helseth began playing trumpet when she was seven years old and stuides at the Barratt Due Institute of Music in Oslo. She has studied under both Heidi Johanessen (a member of the Norwegian National Opera Orchestra) and, since 2002, Arnulf Naur Nilsen (member of the Oslo Philharmonic).

Honours
National Soloist Championship of Norway no-age-limit open class 1st Prize 2004 
International Trumpet competition "Theo Charlier" Brussels, Belgium 2nd prize 2005 
Oslo Music Teachers Foundation Prize of Honour 2005 
Yamaha Music Foundation Europe Scholarship 2006 
Eurovision Young Musicians Competition 2006 2nd place 
NRK Radio P2 Prize for 2006/2007
Performances
Helseth has played concerts with such orchestras as the Wiener Symphoniker, Beethoven Academie, Capella Cracowiensis, The Norwegian Chamber Orchestra, Shanghai Symphony Orchestra, Slovenian Radio Symphony Ljubljana, Oslo Camerata, Camerata Nordica, Württemberg Philharmonic, the Trondheim Soloists, Norwegian symphony orchestras, Norwegian Army bands and other brass and wind groups.

She has appeared at many different music festivals, including the Bergen International Festival, Kissinger Summer Festival and Usedomer Music Festival.

She performed at the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize Concert and is the leader of an all-female brass group, tenThing.

Recordings
Helseth has put out two CDs. Her self-titled debut album was released January 1, 2007 and contained the trumpet concertos of both Johann Nepomuk Hummel and Josef Haydn. Her second album was released November 23, 2009 and contains musical works by Gustav Holst, Georg Friedrich Händel and J.S. Bach.

References
References

Other websites
MySpace Site
Personal website (in English)
TenThing homepage

1987 births
Living people
Trumpeters
Musicians from Oslo