Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1989 Vettriano had two canvases in the Royal Scottish Academy annual show. Both paintings sold on the first day and Vettriano was approached by several galleries. Further exhibitions followed in Edinburgh, London, Hong Kong and Johannesburg. In November 1999, Vettriano’s work was shown for the first time in New York City, when 21 paintings were displayed at The International 20th Century Arts Fair at The Armory. More than 40 collectors from the UK flew out for the event and 20 paintings were sold on the opening night.

His easel paintings cost between £48,000 and £195,000 new. According to The Guardian he earns £500,000 a year in print royalties. Vettriano's 1992 painting, The Singing Butler, has been the best-selling image in Britain. On 21 April 2004 the original canvas of The Singing Butler sold at auction for £744,500. It had been rejected in 1992 by the Royal Academy summer exhibition.
In March 2010, Days Of Wine And Roses was opened by Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond at the Kirkcaldy Museum. The exhibition then transferred to Vettriano's gallery in London.

In February 2011, it was announced that Vettriano's self-portrait The Weight would be displayed at the re-opened Scottish National Portrait Gallery from November 2011, the first time he had exhibited at a national gallery. Deputy director Nicola Kalinsky said Vettriano was "a figure we have wanted on our wall for a while for obvious reasons". First Minister, Alex Salmond said of Vettriano, "He is a wonderful artist of considerable talent and achievement and this is a magnificent tribute to the special place he holds in the hearts of people in Scotland."

In September 2013, a major retrospective of Vettriano's work opened at Glasgow's Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum. 'Jack Vettriano: A Retrospective' ran until 23 February 2014 and featured over 100 works.
Books
Fallen Angels, edited by W. Gordon Smith, Pavilion Books, 1999. 
Lovers and other Sostrangers, text by Anthony Quinn, Pavilion Books, 2003. 
Jack Vettriano: a life, text by Anthony Quinn, Pavilion Books 2004.  (A reduced format version was published in 2007)
Studio Life, foreword by Ian Rankin, photographs by Jillian Edelstein, text by Tom Rawstorne, Pavilion Books, 2008. .
Women in Love, Pavilion Books, 2009. 
A Man's World, Pavilion Books, 2009

References 

1951 births
Living people
Scottish painters
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Devendra Jhajharia (born 10 June 1981) is an Indian Paralympic javelin thrower competing in F46 events. The first Indian Paralympian to win two gold medals at the Paralympics, he won his first gold in the javelin throw at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, becoming only the second gold medalist at the Paralympics for his country.[1] At the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, he won a second gold medal in the same event, bettering his previous record.[2] Devendra is currently being supported by the GoSports Foundation[3] through the Para Champions Programme.

1981 births
Living people
Indian athletes
Javelin throwers
The Umayyad conquest of Hispania was the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate over Hispania, from 711 to 788.

The conquest destroyed the Visigothic Kingdom and set up the Emirate of Cordova under Abd ar-Rahman I. This completed al-Andalus, the unification of Muslim-ruled Iberia (756–788). The conquest was the westernmost expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate and Muslim rule into Europe. Charles Martel defeated them in the Battle of Tours, so they did not conquer France.

The conquering army was made up mainly of Berbers (north-western Africa). They had only recently come under Muslim influence. They arrived in early 711 at Gibraltar.

The Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus was overthrown around 750 AD, but continued in al-Andalus until 1031.

The period from 710 to the fall of the last Islamic state in the Battle of Granada in 1492 is called the Reconquista.

References 

Al-Andalus
Caliphates
8th century
John Brown's Body is an epic poem by American poet Stephen Vincent Benét.

History 
In 1925 Stephen Vincent Benét decided to write a long poem. With this proposal he approached the Guggenheim Foundation. He asked for 2 500 dollars and got it. Then he went to France. He settled in Paris and began to write. The poem was published in 1928. At once it became very popular. No American poem gained such popularity earlier. Ever Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's works were not so widely read. 130 000 copies of the book were sold during two years. For this poem the poet received the Pulitzer Prize in 1929. Many years later he got the second Pulitzer Prize for the poem Western Star.

Form 
The poem in written in many measures. The poet employs both regular blank verse, free verse and different stanzas. This fragment is an example of classical blank verse.
Jack Ellyat had been out all day alone, 
 Except for his new gun and Ned, the setter, 
 The old wise dog with Autumn in his eyes, 
 Who stepped the fallen leaves so delicately 
 They barely rustled. Ellyat trampled them down 
 Crackling, like cast-off skins of fairy snakes. 
 He'd meant to hunt, but he had let the gun 
 Rest on his shoulder.

From time to time the poet uses alliteration.

 Where the skyscrapers lift their foggy plumes
 Of stranded smoke out of a stony mouth
 You are that high stone and its arrogant fumes,
 And you are ruined gardens in the '''South''

The story told 
John Brown's Body is a poem about Civil War in America. The story begins with John Brown and his deeds. It ends with general Lee’s surrender at Appomattox. In this work historical and fictional persons are presented together. In 1953 Charles Laughton turned the poem into a play. It was performed in many theatres in America.

References
References

Bibliography 
Project Gutenberg: John Brown's Body (1928) (full text)
 John Brown's Body by Stephen Vincent Benét, 1928.

Epic poems
1928 works
20th-century American poems
Background 
Slavery in America began in the English colony of Jamestown in 1619. It started with the purchase of 20 Africans from an English warship named the White Lyon. The Colonists in the Virginia Colony bought the contracts of the Africans as indentured servants. Not long after this it became a custom to hold slaves for life in the colonies. During the 17th and 18th centuries, slaves were used to raise crops of tobacco and food crops. After the invention of the cotton gin in 1793, cotton became the most important crop. At this point slavery became a critical part of the South's economy.
After 1850, Southern slaveholders had been lobbying for the reopening of the slave trade. So that charge seemed valid. Abolitionists had ample evidence Slave Power wanted to extend slavery to all the states and even the hemisphere. The third claim, that white men would become slaves to the Slave Power was harder to prove even though many believed it was true. 

Those who defended slavery had a number of arguments to justify the institution. They said it would destroy the economy of the South. Without slave labor they could not raise cotton, tobacco or rice. Freeing the slaves would cause widespread unemployment, it would lead to uprisings, bloodshed and complete chaos. They pointed to the French Revolution as an example. They pointed out slavery had existed all through history. It was in the Bible and even Abraham had slaves. Their legal argument pointed to the Supreme Court of the United States who decided in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) that blacks were not citizens but were property.
Economic power 
Southern plantations could be extremely profitable. Sources differ as to just how profitable they were. According to one source, between 1770–1860, land was abundant and easy to obtain making it virtually worthless by itself. It was hard to get rich by just owning land. The Southern elite got very wealthy by owning the labor force that produced the crops on the land. The value of the slaves themselves equaled between one and two years of the entire national income of the United States. When you consider that only a small minority held slaves and that it was limited to the Southern United States, slaves were the real wealth.

A study by Alfred Conrad and John Meyer computed the rate of return for "slave capital". They calculated that slave ownership was at least equal to other forms of investments and higher than most. Slave ownership alone could return as high as 13% per year while railroad bonds would return 6–8%.
The slave trade was banned in the United States after January 1, 1808. Slave ownership was still legal, but no more African slaves could be brought into the country. Until that time slave traders had become very wealthy by transporting slaves.

Examples of the enormous wealth of Southern slave owners includes Joshua John Ward of Georgetown County, South Carolina. He owned 1,130 slaves and controlled six large plantations. In 1850, he grew  of rice earning his nickname as the "King of the Rice Planters". Another was Stephen Duncan. He was the wealthiest cotton planter before the Civil War. Over his lifetime he owned more than 2,000 slaves. He owned 15 plantations, the largest one used 858 slaves.
Political power 
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was a large political concession given to the South. It created a new commission that acted similar to the United States Marshals Service but with several differences. They were paid a reward by the federal government for each slave (or those who were claimed to be slaves) that was captured. They quickly became the largest federal employer at the time. The new act was anything but pro-States' rights as Northern state laws were ignored. There was no due process of law. In short, the Fugitive Slave act gave Southern states the power over the laws of Northern states by using the federal government to do their bidding.
Northern Free-Soilers and Republicans had their differences. But one thing they agreed on was they both opposed slavery expanding to the territories. Both opposed the Southern planters who they called "slave oligarchs". Together they had an advantage over earlier attempts by political parties to oppose slavery. Earlier, Northern politicians had to go easy on slavery issues because they needed the political power of the Southerners to win national elections. For that reason they supported slaveholding presidents, congressmen and senators. But the Republicans and Free-Soilers did not need to please the Southern politicians and they attacked their power at every opportunity. They brought up old arguments that Slave Power had too long held power in American politics. That argument was used when Thomas Jefferson had been elected president. It came up when Missouri was admitted as a slave state in 1820 and again in 1845 when Texas was annexed. This time the Republicans hammered the idea hard
. It hurt Northern Democrats the most. Republicans won many offices in the North that had been held by Democrats for decades. In the 1860 election, the Democrats split between North and South with each supporting their own candidate. This allowed Lincoln to win even though he did not have a majority. This ended the Slave Power dominance in politics and was a contributing factor to the American Civil War.
Most Antebellum Period presidents were not only from the South, but also owned slaves themselves. Many figured prominently in maintaining the economics of slavery. One reason for so many Southern presidents is that they benefited from the electoral college advantage they held, especially those from the largest slaveholding state, Virginia. In the Constitutional Convention (1787) delegates from Northern states did not want slaves counted as each being one person for the purposes of a state's representation in Congress. Southern delegates wanted slaves to count as individuals even though they could not vote. The delegates finally arrived at the Three-Fifths Compromise. In Article I, section 2 of the United States Constitution, calling slaves by the euphemism "all other persons", the founders counted each slave as three-fifths of a person. This gave slave states one-third more seats in Congress than they would otherwise have based on the number of citizens they had
. This factor was decisive in the 1800 presidential election giving Thomas Jefferson the win by the House of Representatives.
One of the key reasons Washington, D.C. was selected as the United States Capitol was that it located around a slave town, Alexandria, Virginia. New York City was in a free state and in Philadelphia a slave could only be kept for six months before being freed. This was inconvenient for slave owning politicians. Also, Washington D.C. was promoted by George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison—three key Southerners who owned slaves.

References

Other websites 
 Slave Power 

Origins of the American Civil War
Abolitionism
Neotribalism (neo-tribalism; modern tribalism) is a sociological concept. The idea is that human beings have evolved to live in tribal society, as opposed to mass society. So they will naturally form social networks of new "tribes".

References 

Sociology
Rory's Place is an American children's television series produced by Johnny Devon. The series premiered on Ready Set Learn as part of the TLC programming block on September 27, 1997 and ended on January 23, 1999.

The series premiered on Ready Set Learn as part of the TLC programming block on September 27, 1997 and ended on January 23, 1999.

Characters

 Rory, a flamingo
 Manna, an emu

Episodes

1997 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
1990s American animated television series
American children's television series
Protests against Donald Trump occurred in the United States in 2016. They occurred because of Trump's presidential campaign, and because of the results of the 2016 presidential election.

During Trump's presidential campaign, activists organized demonstrations inside Trump rallies who sometimes called for the rallies to be shut down.

After Trump won the presidential election, students and activists made larger protests in several major cities across the United States. The protesters chanted that Trump is "Not my President!" and other slogans.

References

2010s protests
Donald Trump

Politics of the United States
Daystar Peterson (born July 27, 1992), better known by his stage name Tory Lanez, is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. Lanez was perhaps first recognized for his 2014 mixtape Lost Cause and his single "Say It" (2015). Lanez is signed to Mad Love Records and Interscope Records. His single "Say It" peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Legal trouble
On July 12, 2020, Lanez was charged with carrying a concealed weapon. While being arrested, he was pulled over in a limo with fellow rapper Megan Thee Stallion. Megan exited the car with an injured foot. She said it was because of broken glass but she later said that it was from a bullet.

He denied shooting Megan on his fifth studio album Daystar.
In October 2020, he was charged with felony counts of assault with a semiautomatic firearm, personal use of a firearm, and carrying a loaded, unregistered firearm in a vehicle. On December 23, 2022, a jury convicted him on three charges. On August 8, 2023, he was sentenced to 10 years in prison.

Discography

Studio albums 
 I Told You (2016)
 Memories Don't Die (2018)
 Love Me Now? (2018)
 Chixtape 5 (2019)
 Daystar (2020)
 Alone at Prom (2021)
 Sorry 4 What (2022)

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

1992 births
Living people
21st-century Canadian singers
Canadian criminals
Canadian hip hop singers
Canadian rappers
Interscope Records artists
People convicted of assault
Pop rappers
Singers from Toronto
R&B singers
People from Brampton, Ontario
Turkification was the process of turning a culturally, linguistically, or ethnically non-Turkish area into a cultural, linguistic, or Turkish area. Turkification was sometimes voluntary and sometimes forced. Turkey was once the home to many different ethnic groups before the arrival of the Turks. Among these groups were Greeks, Kurds, Armenians, and many more. These groups had been subjected to centuries of cultural assimilation. However, under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, these groups were subjected to a second wave of forced Turkification, this time targeting their languages.

Turkification partially explains why Turkish culture is a mixture of Western, Islamic, and Shamanistic cultures.

References

Turkey
Nationalism
The Zugangserschwerungsgesetz was a German law which aimed to make the access to child pornography over the internet more difficult. It was in use in 2010 and 2011.

German legislation‎
Newton Aycliffe is a town in County Durham, England. It is about 5 miles north of Darlington. It  makes up a part of the civil parish of Great Aycliffe. It has a town centre, Beveridge Way, and has a few superstores and supermarkets including Aldi and Tesco. 

Towns in County Durham
An NP-hard problem is a type of mathematical problem used in computer science. It is a yes/no problem where finding a solution for it is at least as hard as finding a solution for the hardest problem whose solution can quickly be checked as being true. Some NP-hard problems are ones where a working solution can be checked quickly (NP problems) and some are not. NP-hard problems that are also NP problems fit into a category called NP-complete.

Examples
An example of a problem that is at least as hard to solve as any other problem that we can quickly check solutions for, which is also quickly checkable (it is both NP-hard and NP):             

A travelling salesman wants to visit 100 cities by driving, starting and ending his trip at home. He has a limited supply of gasoline, so he can only drive a total of 10,000 kilometers. He wants to know if he can visit all of the cities without running out of gasoline.
People don't know how to solve this problem faster than testing every possible answer, but if a solution is found that allows the salesman to do this, we can use an algorithm check that it is true. This problem is also known as Travelling salesman problem.

An example of a problem that is at least as hard to solve as any other problem that we can quickly check solutions for, but that can not be checked quickly (it is NP-hard, but it is not NP):

if someone starts a program that simply goes,
 while(true){ continue; }
and never stops it, will it run forever?

There is no known way to find a solution to all problems of this kind, and this also cannot be checked.

Theoretical computer science
Vernamiège was a municipality in the district Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Vernamiège, Mase and Nax merged into the new municipality of Mont-Noble.

Former municipalities of Valais
Lake Louise, also called Lake of the Little Fishes by the Stoney Nakota First Nations people, is a glacial lake within Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada. The village of Lake Louise is on the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1), which is   west of Banff, Alberta. The emerald color of the water comes from rock flour carried into the lake by melt-water from the glaciers that overlook the lake.  The lake has a surface of  and is drained through the 3 km long Louise Creek into the Bow River. Moraine Lake and Lake Agnes are also accessible from Lake Louise.

Lake Louise was originally named "Emerald Lake". In 1884 the name was changed, naming it after the daughter of Queen Victoria, Princess Louise Caroline Alberta.

References 

Lakes of Alberta
Anastasio Somoza García (1 February 1896 – 29 September 1956) was the President and dictator of Nicaragua from 1937 until his death in 1956. He ran one of the most corrupt governments in history. But because his administration was anti-communist he was supported by the United States. García was the son of a wealthy coffee planter. He was educated in Philadelphia where he met and married Salvadora Debayle Sacasa. She was also from a wealthy Nicaraguan family. He became very wealthy through investments in land, transport, real estate and manufacturing. After winning the 1936 Presidential Election, he took control of the National Guard. He placed family members in key positions of the government. He and his family controlled the Nationalist Liberal Party which controlled the legislature and Judiciary. This gave him absolute control of the country. On September 21, 1956 he was shot in León, Nicaragua by a poet. He died eight days later. His family continued to rule in Nicaragua for two more decades.

References
References 

1896 births
1956 deaths
Presidents of Nicaragua
Todorčević was born at Ubovića Brdo, Bosnia and Herzegovina where he lived until the second grade of primary school. After, his family moved to Banatsko Novo Selo where he finished primary school. He enrolled "Uroš Predić" grammar school in Pančevo. He demonstrated his talent and affinity toward mathematics in the third and fourth years of the grammar school. After finishing grammar school he enrolled Faculty of Science, Belgrade University, where he studied pure mathematics. During his undergraduate studies he attended Đuro Kurepa's advanced mathematical classes. In 1978 he finished graduate studies. Kurepa validated Todorčević's master thesis as good enough to be accepted as a doctoral thesis. Regardless, Todorčević wrote his doctoral thesis in 1979 with Kurepa as his advisory
. In his address, preceding the oral defense of the doctoral thesis, Kurepa stressed that he was not able to find external readers of the Stevo's doctoral thesis in Yugoslavia, capable of fully understanding and evaluating Stevo's work, and turned to two university professors from England. Kurepa added that Stevo's talent was a miracle and that Stevo was the most talented out of the 40 Ph.D. students he advised in the past.
According to the Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, the Fields Institute and the Pacific Institute for Mathematical Sciences announcement, as of December 14, 2014,his work is recognized for its striking originality and technical brilliance. He was an invited speaker at the 1998 ICM in Berlin for his discovery and work on rho-functions. He made major contributions to the study of S- and L-spaces in topology, proved a remarkable classification theorem for transitive relations on the first uncountable ordinal, made a deep study of compact subsets of the Baire class 1 functions thus continuing work of Bourgain, Fremlin, Talagrand, and others in Banach space theory. Together with P. Larson he completed the solution of Katetov’s old compact spaces metrization problem
. Among the most striking recent accomplishments of Todorčević (and co-authors) are major contributions to the von Neumann  and Maharam problems on Boolean algebras, the theory of non-separable Banach spaces, including the solution of an old problem of Davis and Johnson, the solution of a long-standing problem of Laver, and the development of a duality theory relating finite Ramsey theory and topological dynamics.
Further, Todorčević is known for his the side-condition method in set-theoretic forcing, the invention and development of walks on ordinals and their characteristics, and other research that bridge between different areas of mathematics.

Todorčević's first recognized contribution to Set theory was given in his 1978 Master’s Thesis. He constructed a model of  in a way to allow him to make the continuum any regular cardinal and derived a variety of topological consequences of  Here  is an abbreviation for Martin's Axiom and – for  weak Kurepa Hypothesis.

Todorčević earned his doctoral degree in 1979 at the University of Belgrade with Đuro Kurepa as advisor and Keith Devlin as outside reader. Devlin attended the defense; he encouraged Todorčević to visit Jerusalem where he attended Saharon Shelah's lectures on forcing.
In the July–August 1980 Todorčević attended the six-week summer school called Settop held in Toronto. At the conference, Todorčević along with Abraham had proved the existence of rigid Aronszajn trees and the consistency of  + there exists a first countable -space.  is an abbreviation for the Continuum Hypotesis.

He gave a survey of work on trees from combinatorial and set-theoretic perspectives, in the 1980s., and continued this work on exploring consistent possibilities for various types of trees, looking for results for trees on multiple cardinals, or with required or forbidden types of subtrees. The elegance of his presentation drew a wide audience for this work.

As to the partition calculus in 1980’s, "Todorčević proved a startling square bracket partition result for the uncountable and introduced new technology whose ramifications are still unfolding, and proved a stepping up lemma for negative square bracket partition relations."
Todorčević was a Miller Research Fellow in Berkeley from 1983 to 1985. In the 1985/6 academic year, he was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study.

For his proof of the partition relation , Todorčević earned explicit appreciations. Paul Erdös wrote, "This certainly is an unexpected and sensational result." and Jean A. Larson added, "... (it) was a wonderful shock that introduced a wide audience to the walks on ordinals and the oscillation function." Todorčević obtained this partition relation in September 1984, while lecturing on it in the Berkeley seminar, wrote up the notes of his lectures and circulated them in January 1985 and published the result later, in 1987. The walks on ordinals method Todorčević devised in May 1984 when he came up with a new proof of the existence of a Countryman line.
In order  to establish this partition relation, Todorčević discovered an entirely new mathematical object called rho functions.  Sierpinski in 1933 coloured the edges of the complete graph  whose vertices are the elements of the smallest uncountable cardinal number. He coloured the edges of  with 2 colours in such a way that each colour appears on some edge of any uncountable subgraph of . Galvin and Shelah in 1980s had increased the number of colours from 2 to 3. Improving 3 to 4 seemed beyond any available methods. Todorčević used  his newly discovered rho functions to increase  the colours  not just to 4, but all the way up to the smallest uncountable cardinal, which is the maximum conceivable number. This was one of the results for which he was invited to the Berlin ICM.
The discovery of rho functions (and the various applications they have found), an entirely new mathematical object, one out of the five in Set theory in the twentieth century, is celebrated as  a major advance in understanding of mathematics and an extended period of exciting progress. 

In 1989 Todorčević published a monograph, Partition  Problems in Topology. He wrote that proof techniques developed for solving
the S-space problem and the L-space problem turn out to be useful in many other problems in general topology, writing "this is so because Ramsey-type theorems are basic and so much needed in many parts of mathematics and (S) and (L) happen to be Ramsey-type properties of the uncountable most often needed by the topologist".

He became a corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts as of 1991 and a full member of the Academy in 2009.

He was invited to deliver the Tarski Lectures in 2014.
Todorčević is the Royal Society of Canada fellow. In the 2016 RSC fellowship nomination detailed appraisal it was written:
"Dr. Todorcevic has been a brilliantly creative and productive mathematician for almost forty years, and is now clearly a world leader in set theory and its applications to pure mathematics."

Advisory work
Advisory work

One of his Ph.D. students, Ilijas Farah, won the 1997 Sacks Prize for his Ph.D. dissertation. The Ph.D. was received on June, 1997, at the University of Toronto. Farah, now a York University professor, was an invited speaker on the ICM, Seoul 2014, Logic session where he presented his work related to the Logic and operator algebras. Another Todorčević's Ph.D. student, Justin Tatch Moore, won the "Young Scholar's Competition" award in 2006, in Vienna, Austria. The Competition was a part of the "Horizons of Truth" celebrating the Gödel Centenary 2006. Moore, now a Cornell University professor, was an invited speaker on the ICM, Hyderabad 2010, Logic session where he presented his work related to the Proper forcing axiom.

Awards
Awards

Todorčević is the winner of 
the first prize of the Balkan Mathematical Society for 1980 and 1982,
the 2012 CRM-Fields-PIMS prize in mathematical sciences, 
the Shoenfield prize for 2013, and 
the twenty-seventh annual Gödel lecturer (2016) of the Association for Symbolic Logic.

References

Notes

Sources
[Gabbay, Kanamori and Woods, 2012] Sets and Extensions in the Twentieth Century by Dov M. Gabbay, Akihiro Kanamori, and John Woods (editors), Elsevier, 2012
Other websites
CRM-Fileds-PIM Prize Lecture: Stevo Todorcevic on Walks on Ordinals and Their Characteristics by Assaf Rinot
CRM Fields PIMS Prize Lecture: Prof. Stevo Todorcevic (photo album)
CRM-Fields-PIMS Prize Lecture: Stevo Todorcevic (University of Toronto)
CRM–Fields–PIMS Prize 2012 Awarded to Stevo Todorcevic
Papers by Stevo Todorcevic 
Stevo Todorcevic at Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu - Paris Rive Gauche  
Todorčević najcenjeniji (Todorčević most respected) 
Stevo Todorcevic on Set theory axiomatic systems in Dispute over Infinity Divides Mathematicians by Natalie Wolchover, Quanta Magazine,  November 26, 2013 
Stevo Todorcevic at the Institute for Advanced Study
Prof. Todorčević Interview (in Serbian)
Basis problems in set theory by Stevo Todorcevic, Leeds, August 3, 2016
Distinguished Lecture Series: Stevo Todorčević March 15 - 17, 2023, The Fields Institute

Living people
1955 births
Topologists
Set theorists
Mont-Noble is a municipality of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Mase, Nax and Vernamiège merged into the new municipality of Mont-Noble.

Villages
Nax, Vernamiège and Mase.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

2011 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities in Hérens
Bratsch is a village and former municipality of the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Bratsch and Gampel merged into the new municipality of Gampel-Bratsch.

Villages in Valais
Former municipalities of Valais
Ergisch (Walliser German: Ärgisch) is a municipality of the district Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Leuk
Erschmatt was a municipality of the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipality of Erschmatt merged into the municipality of Leuk.

Former municipalities of Valais
Selkingen is a village and former municipality in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2001 the former municipalities of Selkingen, Biel and Ritzingen merged into the new municipality of Grafschaft.

Villages in Valais
Former municipalities of Valais
Burlington County is a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Its county seat is Mount Holly. As of the 2018 Census Bureau estimate, the county's population was 445,384, making it the 11th-largest of the state's 21 counties.

References

17th-century establishments in New Jersey
1690s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
1694
New Jersey counties
Judea was a small third-class province in the Roman Empire. It occupied the same area as modern Israel and Palestine. For centuries Judea had been under the rule of the Seleucid Empire. As that empire broke down, Rome gradually took control of the eastern parts of the Mediterranean. By 64 BC, after nearly two centuries of independent rule, those struggling for the Judean crown asked Emperor Pompey the Great to decide. Pompey stepped in and made Judea a client state. It briefly became a procuratorship between 41 and 44 AD under King Herod Agrippa. After his death it was returned to a province again. It was the scene of several wars called the Jewish–Roman wars. In 70 AD it was the scene of the Great Jewish Revolt resulting in the institution of the Fiscus Judaicus. After Bar Kokhba's revolt (132–135), the Roman Emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina. The name Jerusalem was changed to Aelia Capitolina.

References 

Provinces
Mut was an ancient Egyptian goddess.  Mut meant mother in the ancient Egyptian language. Her name can also be spelled Maut or Mout. She is associated with the waters from which everything was born.

Some of Mut's many titles included World-Mother, Eye of Ra, Queen of the Goddesses, Lady of Heaven, Mother of the Gods, and She Who Gives Birth, But Was Herself Not Born of Any.

In art, Mut was pictured as a woman with the wings of a vulture. She holds an ankh and wears the united crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. Her dress is bright red or blue. There is a feather of the goddess Ma'at at her feet.

Mut is sometimes shown as a cobra, a cat, a cow, or as a lioness as well as the vulture.

References

Egyptian gods and goddesses
In Egyptain mythology Sopdet was the goddess of the star Sothis. Sothis is thought to be the star Sirius. 

The name Sopdet means sharp in Egyptain. This is a reference to the brightest star in the night sky. In art she is shown as a woman with a five-pointed star upon her head.

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Monthu is a god of war in Egyptian mythology. He is usually shown as a falcon-headed man with two long feathers and a sun disk.

Monthu's name can be written in English as Mont, Montu, Montju, or Menthu.

Montu had several partners, including the goddess Tenenet, the goddess Iunit, and a female form of Ra.

References

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Qetesh was a goddess in the ancient Egyptian religion, popular during the New Kingdom.

Qetesh was a fertility goddess of sacred ecstasy and sexual pleasure.  She was adopted from Canaan in what is now Syria.

References

Egyptian mythology
There are 3 arrondissements in the Var department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Var are:

 Arrondissement of Draguignan, (subprefecture: Draguignan), with 58 communes.
 Arrondissement of Toulon, (prefecture: Toulon), with 34 communes.
 Arrondissement of Brignoles, (subprefecture: Brignoles), with 61 communes.
History
Since its creation, the Var department has had few changes:
 1790 : creation of the department with six districts: Toulon, Grasse, Hyères, Draguignan, Brignoles, Saint-Maximin, Fréjus, Saint-Paul-lès-Vence and Barjols; the capital was Toulon but it was moved, in 1793, from Toulon to Grasse and, in 1795, from Grasse to Brignoles. In 1797, the capital was moved again, to Draguignan.
 1800 : creation of four arrondissements: Brignoles, Draguignan, Grasse and Toulon.
 1860 : the arrondissement of Grasse passed to the new department of Alpes-Maritimes.
 1926 : the arrondissement of Brignoles was eliminated.
 1974 : Brignoles was made again an arrondissement and the capital was moved from Draguignan to Toulon.

Related pages
List of arrondissements of France

References

Var
Wosret is an Egyptian goddess with a cult centre at Thebes in Upper Egypt. She is initially a localised guardian diety whose cult rose widely to prominence during the stable 12th dynasty when three pharaohs were named as her son; for example, Senwosret the man of Wosret.

Egyptian mythology
In late Egyptian Mythology Wepwawet (also rendered Upuaut) was originally a war deity whose cult centre was Asyut in Upper Egypt. His name means opener of the ways and he is often depicted as a wolf standing at the prow of a solar boat. Some interpret that Wepwawet is seen as a scout going out to clear routes for the army to proceed forward. One inscription from the Sinai states that Wepwawet "opens the way" to king Sekhemkhet's victory.

Over time, the connection to war, and thus to death, led to Wepwawet also being seen as one who opened the ways to, and through, Duat, for the spirits of the dead. 

Egyptian mythology
East Africa Time or EAT is a time zone used in Eastern Africa. It is often named as UTC+3. There is no daylight saving time since it is so near the equator.

Countries using EAT

Related pages
Moscow Time, an equivalent time zone covering Belarus and most of European Russia, also at UTC+03:00
Arabia Standard Time, an equivalent time zone covering Bahrain, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, also at UTC+03:00
Eastern European Summer Time, an equivalent time zone covering European and Middle Eastern countries during daylight savings, also at UTC+03:00

Time zones
The arrondissement of Draguignan is an arrondissement of France, in the Var department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Draguignan.

History
When the Var department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Draguignan was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Draguignan is the most eastern of the arrondissements of the Var department. It is bordered to the north by the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, to the east by the Alpes-Maritimes department, to the south by the Toulon arrondissement and to the west by the Brignoles arrondissement.

The arrondissement of Draguignan is the largest arrondissement of the department in area, , but the second in population (321,569 inhabitants).

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
There are 9 cantons in the arrondissement of Draguignan and 3 of them do not have all their communes in the arrondissement:

 La Crau (8302) (partly)
 Draguignan (8303)
 Flayosc (8304) (partly)
 Fréjus (8305)
 Le Luc (8309) (partly)
 Roquebrune-sur-Argens (8311)
 Sainte-Maxime (8313)
 Saint-Raphaël (8315)
 Vidauban (8323)

Communes
The arrondissement of Draguignan has 54 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Les Adrets-de-l'Estérel (83001)
 Ampus (83003)
 Les ArcsLes Arcs (83004)
 Bagnols-en-Forêt (83008)
 Bargème (83010)
 Bargemon (83011)
 La Bastide (83013)
 Le Bourguet (83020)
 Brenon (83022)
 Callas (83028)
 Callian (83029)
 Cavalaire-sur-Mer (83036)
 Châteaudouble (83038)
 Châteauvieux (83040)
 Claviers (83041)
 Cogolin (83042)
 Comps-sur-Artuby (83044)
 La Croix-Valmer (83048)
 Draguignan (83050)
 Fayence (83055)
 Figanières (83056)
 Flayosc (83058)
 Fréjus (83061)
 La Garde-Freinet (83063)
 Gassin (83065)
 Grimaud (83068)
 Lorgues (83072)
 La Martre (83074)
 La Môle (83079)
 Mons (83080)
 Montauroux (83081)
 Montferrat (83082)
 La Motte (83085)
 Le Muy (83086)
 Le Plan-de-la-Tour (83094)
 Puget-sur-Argens (83099)
 Ramatuelle (83101)
 Roquebrune-sur-Argens (83107)
 La Roque-Esclapon (83109)
 Sainte-Maxime (83115)
 Saint-Paul-en-Forêt (83117)
 Saint-Raphaël (83118)
 Saint-Tropez (83119)
 Salernes (83121)
 Seillans (83124)
 Sillans-la-Cascade (83128)
 Tanneron (83133)
 Taradeau (83134)
 Tourrettes (83138)
Tourrettes (83138)
 Trans-en-Provence (83141)
 Trigance (83142)
 Vidauban (83148)
 Rayol-Canadel-sur-Mer (83152)
 Saint-Antonin-du-Var (83154)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Var department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Draguignan
Tatenen is the god of primordial mound in the ancient Egyptian religion. His name mean risen land or exalted earth, as well as referring to the silt of the Nile. As a primeval chthonic deity, Tatenen is identified with creation. He is an androgynous protector of nature from the Memphis area the ancient capital of the Aneb-Hetch nome in Lower Egypt.

Egyptian mythology
Heka was the deification of magic in ancient Egypt. The name is the Egyptian word for "magic" . According to Egyptain writing Heka existed "before duaity had yet come into being". The term "Heka" was also used to refer to the practice of magical rituals.

Egyptian gods and goddesses
The arrondissement of Brignoles is an arrondissement of France, in the Var department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Brignoles.

History
When the Var department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Brignoles was part of that original department.

The arrondissement was eliminated in 1926 but it was made again an arrondissement in 1974.

Geography
The arrondissement of Brignoles is in the northwest of the Var department. It is bordered to the north by the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, to the east by the Draguignan arrondissement, to the south by the Toulon arrondissement and to the west by the Bouches-du-Rhône department.

The arrondissement of Brignoles is the second largest arrondissement of the department in area, , but the one with fewest people living in it (150,974 inhabitants).

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Brignoles there are 6 cantons but only 2 of them have all their communes in the arrondissement:

 Brignoles (8301)
 Flayosc (8304) (partly)
 Garéoult (8307) (partly)
 Le Luc (8309) (partly)
 Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer (8312) (partly)
 Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume (8314)

Communes
The arrondissement of Brignoles has 67 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aiguines (83002)
 Artignosc-sur-Verdon (83005)
 Artigues (83006)
 Aups (83007)
 Barjols (83012)
 Baudinard-sur-Verdon (83014)
 Bauduen (83015)
 Besse-sur-Issole (83018)
 Bras (83021)
 Brignoles (83023)
 Brue-Auriac (83025)
 Cabasse (83026)
 Camps-la-Source (83030)
 Le Cannet-des-Maures (83031)
 Carcès (83032)
 Carnoules (83033)
 La Celle (83037)
 Châteauvert (83039)
 Correns (83045)
 Cotignac (83046)
 Entrecasteaux (83051)
 Esparron (83052)
 Flassans-sur-Issole (83057)
 Forcalqueiret (83059)
 Fox-Amphoux (83060)
 Garéoult (83064)
 Ginasservis (83066)
 Gonfaron (83067)
 Le Luc (83073)
 Les Mayons (83075)
 Mazaugues (83076)
 Méounes-lès-Montrieux (83077)
 Moissac-Bellevue (83078)
 Montfort-sur-Argens (83083)
 Montmeyan (83084)
 Nans-les-Pins (83087)
 Néoules (83088)
 Ollières (83089)
 Pignans (83092)
 Plan-d'Aups-Sainte-Baume (83093)
 Pontevès (83095)
 Pourcieux (83096)
 Pourrières (83097)
 Puget-Ville (83100)
 Régusse (83102)
 Rians (83104)
 Rocbaron (83106)
 La Roquebrussanne (83108)
 Rougiers (83110)
Rougiers (83110)
 Sainte-Anastasie-sur-Issole (83111)
 Saint-Julien (83113)
 Saint-Martin-de-Pallières (83114)
 Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume (83116)
 Saint-Zacharie (83120)
 Les Salles-sur-Verdon (83122)
 Seillons-Source-d'Argens (83125)
 Tavernes (83135)
 Le Thoronet (83136)
 Tourtour (83139)
 Tourves (83140)
 Le Val (83143)
 Varages (83145)
 La Verdière (83146)
 Vérignon (83147)
 Villecroze (83149)
 Vinon-sur-Verdon (83150)
 Vins-sur-Caramy (83151)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Var department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Brignoles
Cree  (also known as Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi) is an Algonquian language spoken by about 117,000 people across Canada from the Northwest Territories and Alberta to Labrador. This makes it the aboriginal language with the highest number of speakers in Canada. Despite having a large number of speakers within this wide-ranging area, the only region where Cree has any official status is in the Northwest Territories. This is along with eight other official aboriginal languages.

References 

Languages of Canada
The arrondissement of Toulon is an arrondissement of France, in the Var department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Toulon.

History
When the Var department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Toulon was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Toulon is in the southern part of the Var department. It is bordered to the north by the Brignoles arrondissement, to the east by the Draguignan arrondissement, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea and to the west by the Bouches-du-Rhône department.

The arrondissement of Toulon is the smallest arrondissement of the department in area, , but the one with more people living in it (565,669 inhabitants).

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
There are 14 cantons in the arrondissement of Toulon and 4 of them do not have all their communes in the arrondissement

 La Crau (8302) (partly)
 La Garde (8306)
 Garéoult (8307) (partly)
 Hyères (8308)
 Le Luc (8309) (partly)
 Ollioules (8310)
 Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer (8312) (partly)
 La Seyne-sur-Mer-1 (8316)
 La Seyne-sur-Mer-2 (8317)
 Solliès-Pont (8318)
 Toulon-1 (8319)
 Toulon-2 (8320)
 Toulon-3 (8321)
 Toulon-4 (8322)

Communes
The arrondissement of Toulon has 32 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Bandol (83009)
 Le Beausset (83016)
 Belgentier (83017)
 Bormes-les-Mimosas (83019)
 La Cadière-d'Azur (83027)
 Carqueiranne (83034)
 Le Castellet (83035)
 Collobrières (83043)
 La Crau (83047)
 Cuers (83049)
 Évenos (83053)
 La Farlède (83054)
 La Garde (83062)
 Hyères (83069)
 Le Lavandou (83070)
 La Londe-les-Maures (83071)
 Ollioules (83090)
 Pierrefeu-du-Var (83091)
 Le Pradet (83098)
 Le Revest-les-Eaux (83103)
 Riboux (83105)
 Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer (83112)
 Sanary-sur-Mer (83123)
 La Seyne-sur-Mer (83126)
 Signes (83127)
 Six-Fours-les-Plages (83129)
 Solliès-Pont (83130)
 Solliès-Toucas (83131)
 Solliès-Ville (83132)
 Toulon (83137)
 La Valette-du-Var (83144)
 Saint-Mandrier-sur-Mer (83153)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Var department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Toulon
The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), based in Washington, D.C., is an American nonprofit organization that does activism against animal cruelty. It was founded in 1954. They do this by organizing campaigns to get laws passed and by investigating companies.

HSUS opposes cruelty against animals used for food.
The organization works on a full range of animals, including pets, wildlife, farm animals, horses, and animals used in research, testing and education.

HSUS works with another organization, the Fund for Animals, to operate animal sanctuaries in five states. However, it does not operate animal shelters itself. HSUS also trains rescue groups and shelters.

HSUS has been criticized for the way it spends its money.

History
History

In 1954, there were disagreements in the American Humane Association (AHA), another animal rights organization. The AHA thought that animals could be used in experiments, but some members disagreed. Many of the staff were fired, including Larry Andrews, Marcia Glaser, Helen Jones, and Fred Myers. These people set up HSUS in Washington, DC. At first, it was called the "National Humane Society". This organization focused on national policy. Their first goal was to get laws about humane slaughter passed.

Humane slaughter legislation
In 1958, the Humane Methods of Slaughter Act passed. This law required slaughterhouses to use humane slaughter methods.
Exposure of cruelty in the dog trade
In 1961, HSUS employee Frank McMahon began an investigation of dog dealers around the United States. In February 1966, Life magazine published an article about some of the poor conditions he found. Tens of thousands of Americans read the article and wrote letters to Congress members, asking them to protect animals more. Later that year, the U.S. Congress approved the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act.

Recent history

Animal Protection Litigation section

In 2005, HSUS started an Animal Protection Litigation Section. This is a part of the organization that works with attorneys around the country to participate in legal cases. This group had won approximately three dozen cases by 2015. In 2010, the section estimated that it had filed more than 50 legal actions in 25 states, and won 80% of its cases.