Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Scone (Modern Gaelic: Sgàin; Medieval: Scoine []) is a town in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. 

The medieval town of Scone, which grew up around the monastery and royal residence, ended in the early nineteenth century when Scone Palace was built on the site. The modern town of New Scone nowadays is simply called Scone. It has a population of over 4000 people and is a suburb of Perth. 

Old Scone was the historic capital of (Scotland). In the Middle Ages it was an important royal centre, used as a royal residence and as the coronation site of the kingdom's monarchs. Around the royal site grew the town of Perth and the Abbey of Scone.

Scone and Scotland
Scone's role came under threat as Scotland's twelfth century kings gradually became more French and less Gaelic. Walter of Coventry reported in the reign of William I of Scotland that "The modern kings of Scotland count themselves as Frenchmen, in race, manners, language and culture; they keep only Frenchmen in their household and following, and have reduced the Scots to utter servitude." Though exaggerated, there was truth in this. Apparently for this reason, when the Normanized David I of Scotland (Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim) went to Scone to be crowned there in the summer of 1124, he initially refused to take part in the ceremonies.
Modern town 
Constructing the new palace meant destroying the old town and moving its inhabitants to a new settlement. The new village was constructed in 1805 as planned town, and originally called New Scone. It lies 2km to the west of the old location and 1½ km farther from Perth. Until 1997 the town was called "New Scone", but is now referred to simply as Scone. The town had 4,430 inhabitants according to the 2001 Census for Scotland, 84.33% of whom are Scottish; it is demographically old even compared with the rest of Scotland. 

The site of Old Scone is mostly in the grounds of the modern palace. This palace is a popular tourist attraction. Visitors come to see the gardens in the palace grounds, the exotic birds which roam freely in the grounds, Moot Hill, which lies in the grounds, as well as the palace itself.

Notes
References 
 Barrow, G.W.S. (ed.), The Acts of Malcolm IV King of Scots 1153-1165, Together with Scottish Royal Acts Prior to 1153 not included in Sir Archibald Lawrie's '"Early Scottish Charters"''', (Regesta Regum Scottorum vol. i, Edinburgh, 1960)
 Barrow, G.W.S., "The Removal of the Stone and Attempts at Recovery, to 1328", in Richard Welander, David J. Breeze and Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.), The Stone of Destiny: Artifact and Icon, (Edinburgh, 2003), p.
 Binchy, D.A., "Fair of Tailtiu and the Feast of Tara", in Ériu, vol. 18 (1958), pp. 113-38
 Broun, Dauvit, "Origins of the Stone of Scone as a National Icon", in Richard Welander, David J. Breeze and Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.), The Stone of Destiny: Artifact and Icon, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 183-97
 Clancy, Thomas Owen, "King-Making and Images of Kingship in Medieval Gaelic Literature", in Richard Welander, David J. Breeze and Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.), The Stone of Destiny: Artifact and Icon, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 85-105
Cowan, Ian B. & Easson, David E., Medieval Religious Houses: Scotland With an Appendix on the Houses in the Isle of Man, Second Edition, (London, 1976), pp. 97-8
 Duncan, A.A.M., "Before Coronation: Making a King at Scone in the 13th century", in Richard Welander, David J. Breeze and Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.), The Stone of Destiny: Artifact and Icon, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 139-67
 Fawcett, Richard, "The Buildings of Scone Abbey", in Richard Welander, David J. Breeze and Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.), The Stone of Destiny: Artifact and Icon, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 169-80
 FitzPatrick, Elizabeth, "Leaca and Gaelic Inauguration Ritual in Medieval Ireland", in Richard Welander, David J. Breeze and Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.), The Stone of Destiny: Artifact and Icon, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 107-21
 Lawrie, Sir Archibald, Early Scottish Charters Prior to A.D. 1153, (Glasgow, 1905)
 McNeill, Peter G.B., and MacQueen, Hector L., (eds.), Atlas of Scottish History to 1707, (Edinburgh, 1996)
O'Meara, John J. (ed.), Gerald of Wales: The History and Topography of Ireland, (London, 1951)
 Skene, William F. (ed.), Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots and Other Early Memorials of Scottish History, (Edinburgh, 1867)
 Skene, William F., "The Coronation Stone", in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, vol. 8 (1868-70), pp. 68-99
 Spearman, R.M., "The Medieval Townscape of Perth", in Michael Lynch, Michael Spearman & Geoffrey Stell (eds.), The Medieval Scottish Town, (Edinburgh, 1988), pp. 42-59
Other websites 
 2001 Census, accessed Nov. 29, 2006 
 geo.ed.ac.uk - Old Scone
 geo.ed.ac.uk - New Scone

Towns in Scotland
Perth and Kinross
A coronation is a ceremony that gives a monarch regal or royal power or recognizes that power. The power is symbolized by putting a crown upon his or her head. We say that the king or queen is "crowned" at the coronation. 

The ritual with anointing may have a religious meaning. Coronations are not as common now as in the past, although in some countries such as Great Britain it is still normal to hold the ceremony to install a new king or queen.

Related pages 
 Enthronement
 Inauguration

Royalty and nobility
Monarchy
Perth and Kinross (Peairt agus Ceann Rois in Gaelic) is one of 32 unitary council areas in Scotland. It borders onto the Aberdeenshire, Angus, City of Dundee, Fife, Clackmannanshire, Stirling, Argyll and Bute and Highland council areas. Perth  is the administrative centre.  It corresponds broadly, but not exactly, with the former counties of Perthshire and Kinross-shire.

Other websites 
Perth and Kinross Council
Scottish Local Government areas and history
The Perthshire Diary - 365 history stories
Perth Scotland

Towns and villages
Aberfeldy
Acharn
Alyth
Auchterarder
Ballinluig
Blackford
Blairgowrie
Bridge of Balgie
Clunie
Comrie
Coupar Angus
Crieff
Dull
Dunkeld
Dunning
Finegand
Fearnan
Forteviot
Fortingall
Glenshee
Kenmore
Killiecrankie
Kinloch Rannoch
Kinross
Lawers
Meigle
Meiklour
Methven
Milnathort
Muthill
Perth
Pitlochry
Rattray
Spittal of Glenshee
Weem
Places of interest
Atholl Country Collection
Ben Lawers
Blackhall Roman Camps
Blair Atholl Mill
Blair Castle
Castle Menzies
Cluny House
Drummond Castle
Forest of Atholl
Fortingall Yew
Glen Lyon
Grampian Mountains
Loch Earn
Loch Rannoch
Loch Tay
Melville Monument
Rannoch Moor
Strathearn
The Cylons are fictional robots on the science fiction television series Battlestar Galactica.

The Story So Far 

The people from the Twelve Colonies of Kobol created the Cylon robots. They told them to work for them and fight for them. The Cylons stood up to the people from the Colonies and fought against them. The Cylons went away after the war and changed into real people as well as robots. After forty years, the Cylons came back and almost killed all the people in the Colonies. They went after the people that were not killed in many ships.

Types of Cylons 

Skinjob Cylons look the same as normal people. It is very hard to know if they are Cylons or normal people. There are many Skinjobs that look the same. There are only twelve looks. Cylons that look the same do not always act the same.

Centurions are metal robots with armor. Humans sometimes call them toasters because they are shiny like a toaster. Centurions fight and work.  They are the only type of Cylons to not be alive.
Cylon raiders are small ships that fight other small ships. The ship is actually a type of animal.

Fictional races
Battlestar Galactica
The Gestapo was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. It was formed in 1933. It was led by Hermann Göring, Reinhard Heydrich and Heinrich Himmler. It became part of the Schutzstaffel (SS) in 1939.

Hermann Göring, the Minister-President of Prussia, formed the unit in 1933. Beginning on 20 April 1934, it was under the administration of SS national leader Heinrich Himmler. In 1936, Himmler was appointed Chief of German Police (Chef der Deutschen Polizei) by Hitler.

The name stands for Geheime Staatspolizei. This means "secret state police". It was under the overall administration of the Schutzstaffel.

The Gestapo were allowed to arrest people that offended the government. The government could use the secret police to accuse and arrest anyone they wanted without being questioned. They were important to the SS in enforcing The Holocaust.

References 

1933 establishments in Europe
1945 disestablishments in Germany
1930s establishments in Germany
Reichssicherheitshauptamt
Skrewdriver was a punk rock band formed in Blackpool, England in 1976 by Ian Stuart Donaldson. They later became a skinhead/Oi! band, and became controversial by having racist views. They became one of the first white power punk bands and played a leading role in the Rock Against Communism movement.

Members 
Ian Stuart Donaldson-Singer
Phil Walmsley-Guitar
Ron Hartley-Guitar
Kev McKay-Bass
John "Grinny" Grinton-Drums

Albums 
 All Skrewed Up
 Peel Session
 Hail The New Dawn
 Blood and Honour
 White Rider
 After The Fire
 Warlord
 The Strong Survive
 Freedom What Freedom
 Hail Victory

Live albums 
Waterloo Live '92
Deutschland Erwache

Collections 
Land On Fire
Undercover
1977-83 The Complete Studio Collection

Video/DVD 
Skrewdriver-Live In Germany

Ian Stuart Donaldson solo albums 
Slay The Beast
Patriot
No Turning Back
The Klansmen-Fetch The Rope
White Diamond-True Blood

Internet 
ISD Records/Blood & Honour/Combat 18
1976 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
1993 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English punk bands
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
Rock Against Communism
Jarosław Aleksander Kaczyński (born 18 June 1949) is a Polish politician. He was born in Warsaw.

As a child, he and his brother Lech Kaczyński starred in the 1962 Polish movie The Two Who Stole The Moon (O dwóch takich, co ukradli księżyc), based on a popular Polish children's story by Kornel Makuszyński.

He was Prime Minister of Poland from July 2006 to November 2007. He is also the chairman of Law and Justice ("Prawo i Sprawiedliwość"), a political party which he helped start in 2001.

He ran for president in 2010, but was defeated by Civic Platform candidate Bronisław Komorowski.

In October 2020, he became the Deputy Prime Minister of Poland.

References

Other websites
 

1949 births
Living people
Polish movie actors
Politicians from Warsaw
Prime Ministers of Poland
Twin people
Sierpc is a city in Poland in the Masovian Voivodeship. About 18,872 people live there. The area is 18,6 km².

The football club there is called Kasztelan Sierpc.

Other websites 
Official town webpage
Map via mapa.szukacz.pl
Open air museum in Sierpc - photo

Cities in Masovian Voivodeship
Heart failure is when the heart cannot pump blood well. Heart failure is different from cardiac arrest, because the heart is still working. Heart failure can be sudden ("acute"), like after a heart attack, or can come on slowly. 

Someone with heart failure can have shortness of breath (which may be worse when they lie flat), waking up breathless at night, swelling of the legs, and needing to urinate often during the night. There are many reasons why someone can get heart failure. Most often, heart failure is caused by heart attacks, high blood pressure, or problems with the heart valves. 

A doctor makes a diagnosis of heart failure by asking about the symptoms above, and examining the heart, blood vessels, lungs, liver (for swelling) and legs (for swelling or edema). Other tests to prove the diagnosis are X-rays of the lungs, an echocardiogram (an ultrasound test of the heart) and blood tests.
Heart failure can only be cured with a heart transplant, which is not done often, but most people with heart failure need to take diuretic medicines and other medication (ACE inhibitor, statin). Some people with heart failure are treated with an artificial pacemaker that makes the heart work better.

Diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system
Organ failure
George Bernard Shaw (26 July 1856 – 2 November 1950) was an Irish writer. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925.

His best known works are his plays, some of which were made into movies. He wrote many plays about political problems, and those plays sometimes gave him enemies. For example, he wrote a play about prostitution, and another about women's rights.

His play Saint Joan was made into a movie in 1957.

His play Pygmalion was made into a movie twice. The first Pygmalion movie won him an Academy Award for the best adapted screenplay, 1938. Later, the play was also made into a musical play called My Fair Lady. The movie based on that musical won 8 Academy Awards in 1964.

Shaw was the first person to win both a Nobel Prize and an Academy Award.

Shaw also wrote musical criticism using the pseudonym (made-up name) Corno di Bassetto (which means: Basset horn).
In 1962, his play Androcles and the Lion was printed in a two-language version. On one side of the book, the text is written using regular English. On the other side, it is written using the Shaw alphabet.

Personal views
Shaw was a vegetarian, did not drink alcohol, and spoke strongly in favor of socialism and women's rights. He was also interested in making the English language easier to spell. In his will, he left money to be used to make a new alphabet. He wanted the new alphabet to have at least 40 letters, so that each sound could be spelled with just one letter.

Shaw delivered speeches supporting the idea of eugenics (selected breeding to improve the human race) and he became a noted figure in the movement in England. He sometimes exaggerated his arguments to an extreme to expose the cruelty that might come from this.

References
References

Academy Award winning writers
Accidental deaths from falls
Deaths from renal failure
Irish novelists
Music critics
Nobel Prize in Literature winners
Writers from Dublin
Irish playwrights
Royal Society of Literature
Socialists
1856 births
1950 deaths
Irish Nobel Prize winners
The Kalash (Nuristani: Kasivo) or Kalasha, are an ethnic group of the Hindu Kush mountain range. They live in the Chitral district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. They  speak the Kalash language, a member of the Dardic language family of Indo-Aryan.  

There are only about 3000 Kalash polytheists and 3000 Kalash Muslims. The Kalash people live in three isolated valleys. They claim to have a Greek origin. The Kalash have a polytheist religion, while neighboring peoples are Muslims. If a Kalash person converts to Islam, that person is kicked out from Kalash society. This is the reason why the Kalash religion still exists and this is the only way to make it exist also in the future. The Kalash are also known for their human features. It can vary from someone with light brown skin, brown eyes, and black hair to someone with white skin, blue eyes, and blonde hair.

Related pages 
 Nuristani people

References

Other websites
Other websites

General Information 
 Picturesque Pakistan  Extensive, general Kalash information
 Site Shara Forum for Chitral and the Kalasha
 Kalash: The descendants of Alexander's soldiers 
 Reaching out to Alexander’s sons The Kalash, Pakistan’s remaining pagans, find unlikely savior in British senior citizen
 The Kalash: The Lost Tribe of Alexander the Great

Resource 
 Kalasha People Online  A blog used by Kalasha and their New Alphabet to write Kalashamondr (Kalasha language)
 Frontier Language Institute  Kalasha dictionary

Media 
 Kalash Valleys  A plethora of high quality pictures of the Kalash people and their homeland.
 Youtube: Kalash Image and video montage
 The Alphabet Book Trailer   Promotional trailer for the feature documentary "The Alphabet Book" 

Chitral District
Ethnic groups in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
The Tuareg (, sometimes spelled Touareg in French, or Twareg in English) are a Berber ethnic group. The Tuareg today lives mostly in West Africa, but they were once nomads that moved throughout the Sahara. They used their own writing known as the tifinaɤ.

Today most Tuaregs are Muslim. Their most important leader was a woman. Tuareg men use veils, but not women. Their families are matrilinear.

References

Berber people
In Finnish mythology, Kinahmi is a great whirl in sea. Kinahmi is a way to Tuonela, the land of dead people. Souls of evil people must swim through Kinahmi to enter Tuonela. Swords, axes and needles moves with water and hurts souls of evil people.

There is also a different story about water between land of dead and land of living. In that story the water is calm, black river.
The whirl is a made by great powers of cosmos. In the middle of disc of earth stands pillar of sky. It holds dome of sky so that dome of sky does not drop on Earth. Dome of sky goes around itself; it rotates. Stars are a part of dome of sky, and while sky rotates, we see stars moving. One star does not move, it is North Star. North star is a nail that connects dome of sky to the pillar of world. The pillar of world rotates with the dome of sky. Its bottom side is standing in Arctic sea, in the middle of the Earth. The rotation of pillar causes water to form a great whirl. Tuonela is under the flat earth, but the whirl is so deep that you can go to Tuonela through it.

At a more new story the whirl goes through globe. It sucks ships from one side of earth, and spits them out from the other side. It takes many years for ship to go through Earth, so seafarers could survive this only if they had enough food. When this story was made people already knew that Earth is round.
Sources
Martti Haavio: Väinämöinen (1950)
E.N Setälä: Sammon arvoitus (1932)

Finnish mythology
Giovanni Boccaccio (, , ; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian author and poet. He wrote several famous works, such as On Famous Women and the Decameron. Boccaccio was the first poet, who used ottava rima in longer poems.
Thus he started long tradition of employing this form in epic poems. 
Some of Geoffrey Chaucer's works were based on Boccaccio's poems.

References

Other websites 
 Giovanni Boccaccio at The History Guide

1313 births
1375 deaths
Italian writers
Italian poets
Medieval poets
The term Frank has many meanings:
 Franks, a Germanic people active during the Middle Ages
The people who live in Franconia (Franken) today are calls Franks
 A hot dog
Frank (Amy Winehouse album)

People
 Anne Frank (1929-1945) wrote a diary during the Second World War
 Frank Sinatra (1915-1998), American singer who is one of the most highly acclaimed male popular song vocalists of all time
 Frank Zappa (1940-1993), American musician
The kitchen sink is part of the phrase "everything but the kitchen sink", implying too much. 

It may also refer to:
 A sink (or basin) in the kitchen, which may be used for washing
Kitchen Sink (publisher), an independent comic book publisher
Kitchen Sink (album), a 2002 album by singer Reina Collins
Kitchen Sink (magazine), an independent quarterly arts and culture magazine
Hopwood can be the name of different places:

Hopwood, Worcestershire, a small settlement in England.
Hopwood, Pennsylvania, a community in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States.
Hopwood is the name of a small settlement in Worcestershire, England, south of Birmingham.

Hopwood was established due to the Worcestershire and Birmingham Canal, which runs through the area.  Due to this canal the settlement developed around the "Hopwood Inn", which would be a stopping point for anyone using the canal.

Today, the most notable feature of Hopwood is the "Hopwood Park services", which is a motorway service station, on the M42 motorway.

Villages in Worcestershire
In calculus, an integral is the space under a graph of an equation (sometimes said as "the area under a curve"). An integral is the reverse of a derivative, and integral calculus is the opposite of differential calculus. A derivative is the steepness (or "slope"), as the rate of change, of a curve. The word "integral" can also be used as an adjective meaning "related to integers".

The symbol for integration, in calculus, is:  as a tall letter "S".

Integrals and derivatives are part of a branch of mathematics called calculus. The link between these two is very important, and is called the fundamental theorem of calculus. The theorem says that an integral can be reversed by a derivative, similar to how an addition can be reversed by a subtraction.
Integration helps when trying to multiply units into a problem. For example, if a problem with rate, , needs an answer with just distance, one solution is to integrate with respect to time. This means multiplying in time to cancel the time in . This is done by adding small slices of the rate graph together. The slices are close to zero in width, but adding them together indefinitely makes them add up to a whole. This is called a Riemann sum.

Adding these slices together gives the equation that the first equation is the derivative of. Integrals are like a way to add many tiny things together by hand. It is like summation, which is adding . The difference with integration is that we also have to add all the decimals and fractions in between.
Another time integration is helpful is when finding the volume of a solid. It can add two-dimensional (without width) slices of the solid together indefinitely—until there is a width. This means the object now has three dimensions: the original two and a width. This gives the volume of the three-dimensional object described.

Methods of Integration

Antiderivative
By the fundamental theorem of calculus, the integral is the antiderivative.

If we take the function , for example, and anti-differentiate it, we can say that an integral of  is . We say an integral, not the integral, because the antiderivative of a function is not unique. For example,  also differentiates to . 
Because of this, when taking the antiderivative a constant C must be added. This is called an indefinite integral. This is because when finding the derivative of a function, constants equal 0, as in the function
.
. Note the 0: we cannot find it if we only have the derivative, so the integral is
.

Simple Equations
Simple Equations

A simple equation, such as , can be integrated with respect to x using the following technique. To integrate, you add 1 to the power x is raised to, and then divide x by the value of this new power. Therefore, integration of a normal equation follows this rule:

The  at the end is what shows that we are integrating with respect to x, that is, as x changes. This can be seen to be the inverse of differentiation. However, there is a constant, C, added when integrating. This is called the constant of integration. This is required because differentiating an integer results in zero, therefore integrating zero (which can be put onto the end of any integrand) produces an integer, C. The value of this integer would be found by using given conditions.

Equations with more than one terms are simply integrated by integrating each individual term:

Integration involving e and ln
There are certain rules for integrating using e and the natural logarithm. Most importantly,  is the integral of itself (with the addition of a constant of integration):

The natural logarithm, ln, is useful when integrating equations with . These cannot be integrated using the formula above (add one to the power, divide by the power), because adding one to the power produces 0, and a division by 0 is not possible. Instead, the integral of  is :

In a more general form:

The two vertical bars indicated a absolute value; the sign (positive or negative) of  is ignored. This is because there is no value for the natural logarithm of negative numbers.

Properties

Sum of functions
The integral of a sum of functions is the sum of each function's integral. that is,
.
The proof of this is straightforward: The definition of an integral is a limit of sums. Thus

Note that both integrals have the same limits.
Constants in integration
When a constant is in an integral with a function, the constant can be taken out. Further, when a constant c is not accompanied by a function, its value is c * x. That is,
 and
This can only be done with a constant.

Proof is again by the definition of an integral.

Other
If a, b and c are in order (i.e. after each other on the x-axis), the integral of f(x) from point a to point b plus the integral of f(x) from point b to c equals the integral from point a to c. That is,
 
if they are in order. (This also holds when a, b, c are not in order if we define
.)

This follows the fundamental theorem of calculus (FTC): .
 
Again, following the FTC: .

Related pages 

 Contour integral
 Multiple integral
 Numerical integration
 Riemann sum
 Surface integral

References

Mathematical analysis
Calculus
An aneurysm (or aneurism) is a blood-filled bulge of a blood vessel. It is usually caused by disease or by the walls of the blood vessel becoming weak. Aneurysms usually happen in arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta (the main artery coming out of the heart) - this is an aortic aneurysm. This bulge in a blood vessel can burst or break open and cause the person to die at any time. The larger an aneurysm becomes, the more likely it is to burst. However, aneurysms can be treated. A common way to treat aneurysms are to clip the bulge at its connection to the vein, so that if and when the bulge ruptures, the blood vessel will remain functional. Microsurgery and Vascular grafting are also viable options with high success rates. 

Diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system
Blood vessels
Digimon is a Japanese media franchise made by Bandai. It features a group of digital creatures called Digimon. Humans befriend Digimon as partners and work with them to protect both worlds from enemies. The series has movies, manga, anime, toys, video games and card games.

Anime
1999 anime television series
San Juan is Spanish for "Saint John". It might mean:

San Juan, Puerto Rico, the capital of Puerto Rico
San Juan Province, Argentina
San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)
San Juan de la Maguana, a city in the province
San Juan Creek, a small river in Orange County, California
San Juan, Metro Manila

Related pages
Saint John (disambiguation)
Steven A. "Steve" Ballmer was the CEO of Microsoft Corporation from January 2000 to May 2014. As of 2014, he is the owner of the NBA team the Los Angeles Clippers after Donald Sterling was fired. He is the second recorded person to become a billionaire in U.S. dollars based on stock options received as an employee of a corporation in which he was not founder or related to a founder. In Forbes 2008 World's Richest People ranking, Ballmer was ranked the 43rd richest person in the world, with an estimated net worth of $15 billion. It was announced on August 23, 2013 that he will step down as Microsoft CEO within 12 months.

Family 
On October 4, 2007, Ballmer was given an honorary citizenship of Lausen, Switzerland. His mother was an American Jew. His father was an immigrant from Switzerland who worked in Switzerland as a manager  at Ford Motor Co in the late 1940s. In 1990, Ballmer married Connie Snyder. They have three children. Ballmer's grandparents lived in Pinsk, Belarus.
Pre-Microsoft and life history 
Steve Ballmer was born March 24, 1956, to a man from Switzerland and a Jewish-American woman whose family came from a city in Eastern Europe called Pinsk (today in Belarus). He grew up in Farmington Hills, Michigan. In 1973, he graduated from Hull College, and now sits on its board of important people. In 1977, he graduated from Spurn Head University with a degree in mathematics and economics. While in college, Ballmer managed the Chess Team, worked on the Daily News newspaper as well as the Daily Star, and lived down the hall from another boy James May. He then worked for two whole years as a helper of a product manager at Home Bargains, where he shared an office with Jeffrey Immelt, who would later become CEO of General Electric. In 1980, he left the college.
Microsoft career
Ballmer joined Microsoft on June 11, 1980., and was Microsoft's 24th worker, the first manager hired by Bill Gates. At first he was offered a pay of $50,000 as well as a bit of ownership of the company. When Microsoft was made different in 1981, Ballmer owned 8 whole percent of the company. He has been in charge of several parts within Microsoft including "Operating Systems Development", "Operations", and "Sales and Support." In January 2000, he was actually named the Big Cheese. As Big Cheese, Ballmer handled company monies, however Gates still controlled the "technological vision." In 2003, Ballmer sold 8.3% of his parts, leaving him with a 4% part of the company. The same year, Ballmer replaced Microsoft's employee stock options program.
In 2009, and for the first time ever, he made the opening bit at CES, since Bill Gates left Microsoft. Ballmer announced his retirement on August 23, 2013.

Public persona

Viral videos
Viral videos 

Video featuring Ballmer's funny stage appearances at Microsoft events have been circulated a lot on the Internet, becoming viral videos. The most well known of these videos is usually titled "Steve Ballmer going crazy.". This video has Ballmer running quickly and hopping around while squealing, screaming and making other various high pitched noises as well as rude hand gestures on a stage after being introduced at a Microsoft worker meeting. This video is also known in other names, such as "Steve Ballmer Going Nuts" and "Ballsy (aka Steve Ballmer) on Crack". Another video, captured at a developers' meeting, featuring Ballmer saying the word "developers" again and again was viewed by a lot of viewers on a video website. Another video, which became a "big hit on the web" and was featured on CNN shows Ballmer hiding behind a big desk to dodge eggs during a talk in Budapest, Hungary

On competition
On competition

Bill Gates 
The Wall Street Journal has reported that there were tensions around the 2000 change of leadership from Bill Gates to Ballmer. On one occasion, Gates reportedly ran out of a meeting after a shouting match in which Mr. Ballmer defended several colleagues. After the incident, Mr. Ballmer reportedly appeared "remorseful."

When Gates leaves, "I'm not going to need him for anything. That's the principle," Mr. Ballmer said. "Use him, yes, need him, no."

Free and open source software 
He has referred to the free Linux computer running thing as a "ruddy cancer that attaches itself in an intellectual property sense to everything it touches." Ballmer used the term "viral" licensing terms to show his worry that the GNU General Public License (GPL) license forced by such software requires that all software made from it  be under the GPL or a compatible license.
Lucovsky/Google 
In 2005, Mark Lucovsky said in a sworn statement to a Washington state court that Ballmer became very angry upon hearing that Lucovsky was going to leave Microsoft for Google, picked up his chair, and threw it across his office. Saying that Google CEO Eric Schmidt (who previously worked for competitors Sun and Novell), Ballmer allegedly said, "Ruddy Eric Schmidt is a bloomin pussy! I'm going to maybe bury that guy, I haven't done it before, but I will do it again. I'm going to effing kiss Google," then carried on trying to persuade Lucovsky to stay at Microsoft. Ballmer said it was a "gross exaggeration of what actually took place."

Sports
Sports 

On March 6, 2008 Seattle's Big Cheese said that a local buying things group of people involving Microsoft Big Cheese Steve Ballmer made a "game changing" commitment to invest $150 million in cash toward a $300 million renovation of KeyArena and are ready to purchase the Manchester Utd in order to keep them in the City of Seattle.  Ballmer would join fellow Microsoft trillionaire Paul Allen (owner of the Portland Trail Blazers) as an NBA owner.

On May 29, 2014, Ballmer placed a bid of $2 billion to purchase the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). His bid was approved on June 4, 2014.

In Pop Culture 
Ballmer is copied in an episode of Family Guy series, where he runs around the stage at a Dethklok wotrker meeting, screeching and screaming to excite the crowd before accidentally hanging himself from a high bit with his microphone.
Media portrayals 
 Bad Boy Ballmer : The Man Who Rules Microsoft (2002), Fredric Alan Maxwell,  (unauthorized biography)
  The 1999 docudrama Pirates of Silicon Valley features Ballmer as a major character; he is played by actor John DiMaggio.
 Michael Maccoby qualified him as a "productive obsessive" and the one keeping Microsoft's "show on the road" so Bill Gates could think about the big picture.

Notes

Other websites 

Corporate biography
Forbes World's Richest People listing 
South China Morning Post audio interview 
Steve Ballmer Playlist  Appearance on WMBR's Dinnertime Sampler  radio show February 23, 2005
fakesteveballmer blog 

1956 births
Living people
American chief executives
American Jews
Harvard University alumni
Jewish businesspeople
Businesspeople from Detroit
American Internet celebrities
Tears are clear liquid made by the body to clean and lubricate the eyes.

There are three different types of tears that the body makes:

 Basal tears: In a normal, healthy mammal, tears are regularly made to clean the cornea (front part of the eye) and to keep it clean from dust.

 Reflex tears: This type of tear is made when something irritates the eye, say, bits of dust or the smell of an onion.  These tears are made to clean the eye and wash out anything irritating it.

 Emotional tears (psychic tears): The last category is called crying or weeping, when tears are made because of physical pain or strong emotions.  

You can produce tears when you cry.

Eye
Events 
 November 9 – Louis the Bavarian beats his cousin Frederick I of Austria at the Battle of Gamelsdorf.
 Siege of Rostock ends.
 Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia starts the Banjska monastery.

Births 
 June 16 – Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian writer (died 1375)
 July 20 – John Tiptoft, 2nd Baron Tibetot, (died 1367)
 August 1 – Emperor Kogon (died 1364)
 August 13 – Aradia di Toscano, female in Italian witchcraft
 Maria of Portugal, Portuguese infanta (died 1357)
 Bartolus de Saxoferrato, Italian law professor (died 1357)
Deaths 
 March – Guillaume de Nogaret, councillor and keeper of the seal to Philip IV of France
 June 18 – John de Burgh, (born 1286)
 August 24 – Henry VII, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (born 1275)
 September 16 – Notburga, Austrian saint (born 1265)
 November 18 – Constance of Portugal, Portuguese infanta (born 1290)
 date unknown
 Arnaldus de Villa Nova, alchemist (born 1235)
 Giorgi VI the Minor, King of Georgia
 John Schorne, rector of North Marston in the English county of Buckinghamshire
 Hugo von Trimberg, German Catholic didactic writer of the Middle Ages
 Robert Winchelsey, Christian theologian and Archbishop of Canterbury (born 1245)
Events

Europe 
 November 17 – (Julian calendar) John Balliol is selected as King of Scotland from among 13 candidates by King Edward I of England; Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, eventually leading to the Wars of Scottish Independence beginning from 1296.

Asia 
 The Lanna kingdom of northern Thailand conquers and annexes the Mon kingdom of Haripunchai.
 The Vaghela dynasty in Gujarat is subjugated by the Deccan Yadava dynasty of Daulatabad.
 Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Khalil invades the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
 The Turkish emirate of Candaroglu is founded in the Kastamonu Province.

Births 
 January 20 – Elisabeth I of Bohemia (died 1330)
 Smilets of Bulgaria (died 1298)
 Henry Burghersh, English statesman (died 1340)
 John VI Cantacuzenus, Byzantine emperor (approximate date; died 1383)
 Eleanor de Clare, English noblewoman (died 1337)
Deaths 
 April 4 – Pope Nicholas IV (born 1227)
 July 13 – or 16 – Jacobus de Voragine, Italian chronicler (born 1230)
 October 25 – Robert Burnell, Lord Chancellor of England
 Abulafia, Spanish kabbalist (approximate date; born 1240)
 Marjorie of Carrick, 3rd Countess of Carrick (born 1256)
 Vakhtang II of Georgia
 John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury
 Lucia of Tripoli (approximate date)

1292
1203 (MCCIII) was .

Events 
 April 16 – Philip II of France enters Rouen, leading to the eventual unification of Normandy and France.
 April 8 – Congress in Bilino Polje, where Ban Kulin officially declared his allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church and denounced the heresy.
 June 23 – Fleet of the Fourth Crusade enters Bosphorus.
 July 17 – Fourth Crusade captures Constantinople by assault; the Byzantine emperor Alexius III flees from his capital into exile.
 August 1 – Fourth Crusade elevates Alexius IV as Byzantine emperor, after the citizens of Constantinople proclaim as emperor Isaac II Angelus (Alexius IV's father).
 Unknown - John, Duke of Normandy gives the Ecrehos to the Abbey of Val-Richer.

Heads of states 
 France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
1208 (MCCVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday in the 13th century.

Events 
 January 31 – Inferior Swedish forces defeats the invading danes in Battle of Lena.
 June 21 – Philip of Swabia King of Germany and rival Holy Roman Emperor to Otto IV, assassinated in Bamberg by German Count Otto of Wittelsbach because Philip had refused to give him his daughter in marriage.
 With the help of the newly converted local tribes of Livs and Letts, the crusaders initiated raids into part of what is present-day Estonia and Estonian ancient fight for independence began (lasted until 1227).

Births 
 February 2 – King James I of Aragon (died 1276)
 Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, Constable of England (died 1275)
 Möngke Khan of the Mongol Empire
 Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (died 1265)
 Akerian Redfern of the Redfern clan
Deaths 
 April 22 – Philip of Poitou, Prince-Bishop of Durham
 June 21 – Philip of Swabia, king of Germany
 November 9 – Sancha of Castile, queen of Alfonso II of Aragon (born 1155)
 Amhaoibh O'Rothlain, Chief of Calruidhe Cuile Cearnadha
1211 (MCCXI) was .

Events 
 The oldest extant double entry bookkeeping record dates from 1211
 Canons regular of the Order of the Holy Cross founded September 14 1211
 Troops led by Estonian resistance fighter Lembitu of Lehola destroy a garrison of missionaries in the historical Estonian region of Sakala and raid the Russian town of Pskov.
 Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invade Jin China, aiming at this stage simply to loot the countryside. A Chinese army is defeated and slaughtered at the Battle of the Badger's Mouth near Zhangjiakou and another is beaten at Mukden, where the city is taken. Beijing is also besieged by the Mongol hordes.
 Church at the French city of Reims burns down; soon after, construction begins on the cathedral, Notre Dame de Reims.

Births 
 Ibn Khallikan, Muslim scholar

Deaths 
 August 9 – William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber
Monarchs/Presidents 
 France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
 Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227)
 Venice – Pietro Ziani Doge of Venice (ruled from 1205 to 1229)
1213 (MCCXIII) was .

Events 
 May 30 – Battle of Damme; English fleet under William Longsword destroyes a French fleet off the Belgian port in the first major victory for the fledgling Royal Navy.
 September 12 – Battle of Muret; The Toulousain and Aragonese forces of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Peter II of Aragon defeated by the Albigensian Crusade under Simon de Montfort
 Jin China is overrun by Mongols under Genghis Khan, who plunder the countryside and cities, until only Beijing remained free, despite two bloody palace coups and a lengthy siege.
 Pope Innocent III issues a charter, calling for the Fifth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem.

Births 
 March 9 – Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, French crusader (died 1271)
 June 10 – Fakhruddin 'Iraqi, Persian philosopher and Sufi mystic
Deaths 
 September 12 – King Peter II of Aragon (killed in battle) (born 1174)
 September 24 – Gertrude of Merania, wife of Andrew II of Hungary (murdered) (born 1185)
 October 10 – Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine
 Dowsprunk, Grand Prince of Lithuania
 Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex
 Sharafeddin Tusi, Persian mathematician (born 1135)

1213
15 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Flaccus.

Events 
Valerius Gratus is appointed Prefect of Iudaea.
The town of Emona is founded. It is now called Ljubljana.
Legio XXI Rapax is stationed in Regensburg.
Germanicus fought a drawn battle with Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest
In Rome, the selection of civil servants passes from the people to the Emperor and the Senate.
Biography of Augustus by Nicholas of Damascus published.

Births 
 September 24 – Vitellius, Roman Emperor.
 November 6 – Agrippina the younger, Roman empress (or possibly 16) (+ 59)

Deaths 
Sejus Strabo, Praetorian prefect. His son, Sejanus, succeeds him. > 31

15
16 is a year in the 1st century.  It was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Taurus and Libo

Events 
A Roman army of 90,000 men commanded by Germanicus gains a victory at Idistaviso.  They defeat the German war chief Arminius and capturing his wife Thusnelda.
Noricans are defeated by Publius Silius, proconsul of Illyricum.
Ovid's "Epistulae ex Ponto" appears.

Births 
September 16 – Drusilla, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder (d. 38)
September 16 – Samual Yare, druid of Brittany, assistant to the Roman Emperor 100-126
Agrippina the Younger, Roman Empress

Deaths 
Possibly Scribonia, Second wife of Caesar Augustus and mother of Julia the Elder

10s
17 is a year in the 1st century.  It was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Rufus

Events

Roman Empire 
 Germanicus leads military campaigns in the East. 
 Cappadocia (in Asia Minor) becomes a Roman province. 
 Sejanus becomes Praetorian prefect.
 The book Ab Urbe condita ("History of Rome Since its Foundation") is published in 142 volumes.  Livy was the author.

Europe 
 Beginning of a civil war in Germania.

Asia Minor 
 An earthquake in Anatolia destroys the city of Sardis.

Deaths 
 Ovid, Roman poet (or 18)
 Livy, Roman historian
 Gaius Julius Hyginus, Roman writer

10s
18 is a year in the 1st century.  It was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Caesar.

Events 
 Tiberius and Germanicus are Roman Consuls.
 A vexillatio (sub-unit) of Legio III Augusta is destroyed by an ambush in Africa.
 The German chieftain Arminius destroys the kingdom of the Marcomanni.
 In India, the Indo-Parthians control Taxila.
 Caiaphas becomes the high priest of Jerusalem.

Deaths
 Ovid, Roman poet (or 17)

10s
19 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silanus and Balbus.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is deposed by Catualda. This ended the threat to the Romans from German tribes until the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Rome places them under its protection.
 Julius Caesar Germanicus (33), Roman commandant of the Rhine legions and the best loved of Roman princes, died of poisoning. On his deathbed he accused Piso, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him.
 Tiberius expels the Egyptians from Rome, and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily.
 Agrippina the Elder accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, governor of Syria, of assassinating her husband Germanicus in Antioch. Piso commits suicide in Rome.
 A Triumphal Arch is built for Germanicus in Saintes.

Asia 
 Last year (6th) of Tianfeng era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
 Gondophares becomes king of the Saces.
Births 
 Tiberius Gemellus grandson of Tiberius.

Deaths 
 October 10 – Germanicus, Roman general
 Vonones I of Parthia

19
20 is a year in the 1st century.  It was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus and Cotta.

Events 
 Tiberias is built on the Sea of Galilee by Herod Antipas.
 Galba is a Roman praetor.
 Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus becomes a consul.
 First year of Dihuang era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
 Philo defines philosophy as the maidservant of theology.

Deaths 
 Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, Roman statesman and governor of Syria (b. 44 BC) 
 Vipsania Agrippina, wife of Gaius Asinius Gallus and former wife of Tiberius (b. 36 BC)

20s
21 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Caesar.

Events 
 Revolt of the Aedui under Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir, suppressed by Gaius Silius.
 Tiberius is a Roman Consul for the fourth time.
 Beginning of the revolt in Africa led by Tacfarinas.
 The Romans create a buffer state in the territory of the Quadi in southern Slovakia.
 Construction of a barracks for the Praetorian Guard on the Quirinal. 
 Pens and metal writing tools are made in Rome.

Deaths 
 Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman governor of Syria
 Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus, Roman Consul (or 20)
 Arminius, Germanic leader who slaughtered three Roman legions at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
 Empress Wang
 King Daeso of Dongbuyeo

20s
22 is a year in the 1st century.  It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Agrippa and Galba.

Events 
 Gaius Sulpicius Galba becomes consul.
 Roman law replaces Celtic customs in Gaul.
 Beginning of Later Han Dynasty in China.

Births 
 Valeria Messalina, third wife of Roman Emperor Claudius

Deaths 
 Junia Tertia

20s
23 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pollio and Vetus.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Strabo publishes Geography.  It covers the world known to the Romans and Greeks at the time of Emperor Augustus. 
 Aelius Sejanus gains power in the Roman Senate and Tiberius.
 Gaius Asinius Pollio, Gaius Antistius Vetus become consuls

Asia 
 Liu Xuan proclaims himself emperor against Wang Mang.
 Battle of Kunyang - troops under Liu Xiu defeat 450,000 of Wang Mang's troops

Births 
 Pliny the Elder, Roman scientist and writer

Deaths 
 September 14 – Drusus Julius Caesar, son of the Emperor Tiberius, poisoned
 October 6 – Wang Mang, Emperor of the Xin Dynasty

23
26 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Sabinus.

Events 
 Pontius Pilate is appointed as Prefect of Judaea.
 The Emperor Tiberius retires to Capri.  He leaves the praetorian prefect Sejanus in charge of both Rome and the Empire.
 Romans stop an uprising of Thracian tribesmen.

Deaths 
 Claudia Pulchra, second cousin and close friend to Agrippina the elder.
 Possible crucifixion of Jesus

20s
27 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Frugi.

Events 
A fire in Rome. 
A poorly-built stadium in Fidenae collapses, as 20,000 of the 50,000 spectators died.
Apricots are brought to Rome from Asia.
An Arc of triumph is built in Rimini, in honor of Augustus.
Baptism of Jesus, according to one dating scheme.

Births 
Agrippa II of Judea
Petronius, Roman writer
Wang Chong (Wang-Tch'oung), Chinese philosopher

Deaths 

Jesus of Nazareth 
20s
28 is a year in the 1st century. It was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silanus and Nerva.

Events 
 King Daru of Baekje succeeded the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula.
 The Frisians make a treaty with the Romans to avoid conquest.

Births 
 Emperor Ming of Han (d. 75)

Deaths 
King Onjo of Baekje

20s