Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In February 1860 Gottschalk produced a huge work La nuit des tropiques in Havana. The work used about 250 musicians and a choir of 200 singers plus a drum group from Santiago de Cuba. He produced another huge concert the following year, with new material. These shows probably dwarfed anything seen in the island before or since, and no doubt were unforgettable for those who attended.

It was Ignacio Cervantes (1847–1905), who was probably most influenced by Gottschalk. Trained in Paris, he did much to assert a sense of Cuban musical nationalism in his compositions. Aaron Copland once referred to him as a "Cuban Chopin" because of his Chopinesque piano compositions. Cervantes' reputation today rests almost solely upon his famous forty-one Danzas Cubanas, of which Carpentier said "occupy the place that the Norwegian Dances of Grieg or the Slavic Dances of Dvořák occupy in the musics of their respective countries".

Popular music
Popular music

Musical theatre 
From the 18th century to modern times, popular theatrical formats used, and gave rise to, music and dance. In addition to staging some European operas and operettas, Cuban composers gradually developed ideas which better suited their creole audience. Recorded music was the way for Cuban music to reach the world. The most recorded artist in Cuba up to 1925 was a singer at the Alhambra, Adolfo Colombo. Records show he recorded about 350 numbers between 1906 and 1917, of which very few survive today.

The first theatre in Havana opened in 1776. The first Cuban-composed opera appeared in 1807. Musical theater was hugely important in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. Radio, which began in Cuba in 1922, helped the growth of popular music because it provided publicity and a new source of income for the artists.
Zarzuela is a small-scale light operetta format. Starting off with imported Spanish content, it developed into a running commentary on Cuba's social and political events and problems. A string of front-rank composers, such as Ernesto Lecuona, produced a series of hits for the theatres in Havana. Great stars like the vedette Rita Montaner, who could sing, play the piano, dance and act, were the Cuban equivalents of Mistinguett and Josephine Baker in Paris.

Bufo 
Cuban Bufo theatre is a form of comedy, ribald and satirical. It uses stock types that might be found anywhere in the country. Bufo had its origin around 1800–1815: Francisco Covarrubias 'the caricaturist' (1775–1850) was its creator. Gradually, the comic types threw off their European models and became more and more creolized and Cuban. Alongside, the music followed. Slang from slave barracks and poor barrios found its way into lyrics:

Una mulata me ha muerto!
Y no prendan a esa mulata?
Como ha de quedar hombre vivo
si no prendan a quien matar!
La mulata es como el pan;
se deber como caliente,
que en dejandola enfriar
ni el diablo le mete el diente!

(A mulata's done for me!
What's more, they don't arrest her!
How can any man live
If they don't take this killer?

A mulatta is like fresh bread
You gotta eat it while it's hot
If you leave it till it's cool
Even the devil can't get a bite!)

Guaracha 
The guaracha is a genre of rapid tempo and with lyrics. It originated in Bufo comic theatre, and during the early 20th century was often played in the brothels of Havana. The lyrics were full of slang, and dwelt on events and people in the news.
Contradanza 
The contradanza is an historically important dance. It arrived in Cuba in the late 18th century from Europe. The contradanza is a communal sequence dance, with the dance figures in a set pattern. The tempo and style of the music was bright and fairly fast. The earliest Cuban composition of a contradanza is San Pascual bailon, published in 1803. The Cubans developed a number of creolized version, which is an early example of the influence of African tradition in the Caribbean. Most of the musicians were black or mulatto: even early in the 19th century there were many freed slaves and mixed race persons living in Cuban towns.

"The women of Havana have a furious taste for dancing; they spend entire nights elevated, agitated, crazy and pouring sweat until they fall spent".

The contradanza supplanted the minuet as the most popular dance until from 1842 on, it gave way to the habanera, a quite different style.
Danza 
This, the child of the contradanza, was also danced in lines or squares. It was also a brisk form of music and dance which could be in double or triple time. This type of dance was eventually replaced by the danzón, which was, like the habanera, much slower and more sedate.

Habanera 
The habanera developed out of the contradanza in the early 19th century. Its great novelty was that it was sung, as well as played and danced. Its development was at least partly due to the influence of French-speaking immigrants. The Haitian revolution of 1791 led to many colonial French and their slaves fleeing to Oriente. The cinquillo is one important rhythmical pattern which made its first appearance at this time.
The dance style of the habanera is slower and more stately than the danza; by the 1840s there were habaneras written, sung and danced in Mexico, Venezuela, Puerto Rico and Spain. Since about 1900 the habanera has been a relic dance; but the music has a period charm, and there are some famous compositions, such as Tu, versions of which have been recorded many times.

The Waltz 
The waltz (El vals) arrived in Cuba by 1814. It was the first dance in which couples were not linked by a communal sequence pattern. It was, and still is, danced in 3/4 time with the accent on the first beat. It was originally thought scandalous because couples faced each other, held each other in the 'closed' hold, and, so to speak, ignored the surrounding community. The waltz entered all countries in the Americas. The walz has another characteristic: it is a 'travelling' dance, with couples moving round the arena. In Latin dances, progressive movement of dancers is unusual, but does occur in some.
Zapateo 
A typical dance of the Cuban campesino or guajiro. A dance of pairs, involving tapping of the feet, mostly by the man. Illustrations exist from previous centuries, but the dance is now defunct.

Trova 
In the 19th century here grew up in Santiago de Cuba a group of itinerant musicians, troubadors, who moved around earning their living by singing and playing the guitar. They were of great importance as composers, and their songs have been used in all types of Cuban music

Pepe Sánchez (1856–1918), was the father of the trova and the creator of the Cuban bolero. He had no formal training in music. With remarkable natural talent, he composed numbers in his head and never wrote them down. As a result, most of these numbers are now lost for ever, though some two dozen or so survive because friends and disciples transcribed them. He also created advertisement jingles before radio was born. He was the model and teacher for the great trovadores who followed him.
The first, and one of the longest-lived, was Sindo Garay (1867–1968). He was an outstanding composer of songs, and his best have been sung and recorded many times. Garay was also musically illiterate – in fact, he only taught himself the alphabet at 16 – but in his case not only were scores recorded by others, but there are recordings. He broadcast on radio, made recordings and survived into modern times. He used to say "Not many men have shaken hands with both José Martí and Fidel Castro!" 

Chicho Ibáñez (1875–1981) was even longer-lived than Garay. Ibáñez was the first trovador to specialize in the Cuban son; he also sung guaguancos and pieces from the abakuá (a black secret society).

Many of the early trovadores, such as Manuel Corona (who worked in a brothel area of Havana), composed and sung guarachas as a balance for the slower boleros.
Bolero 
This is a song and dance form quite different from its Spanish  namesake. It originated in the last quarter of the 19th century with the founder of the traditional trova, Pepe Sánchez. He wrote the first bolero, Tristezas, which is still sung today. The bolero has always been a staple part of the trova muusician's repertoire. The bolero proved to be exceptionally adaptable, and led to many variants. Typical was the introduction of syncopation, leading to the bolero-son, bolero-mambo and bolero-cha. The bolero-son became for several decades the most popular rhythm for dancing in Cuba, and it was this rhythm that the international dance community picked up and taught as the wrongly-named 'rumba'.
Danzón 
The European influence on Cuba's later musical development is represented by danzón, an elegant musical form that was once the most popular music in Cuba. It is a descendent of the creollized Cuban contradanza. The danzón marks the change which took place from the communal sequence dance style of the late eighteenth century to the couple dances of later times. The stimulus for this was the success of the once-scandalous walz, where couples danced facing each other and independently from other couples, not as part of a pre-set structure. The danzón was the first Cuban dance to adopt such methods, though there is a difference between the two dances. The walz is a progressive ballroom dance where couples move round the floor in an anti-clockwise direction; the danzón is a 'pocket-handkerchief' dance where a couple stays within a small area of the floor.
The danzón was exported to popular acclaim throughout Latin America, especially Mexico. It is now a relic, both in music and in dance, but its highly orchestrated descendents live on.

Son

The son, said Cristóbal Díaz, is the most important genre of Cuban music, and the least studied. It can fairly be said that son is to Cuba what the tango is to Argentina, or the samba to Brazil. In addition, it is perhaps the most flexible of all forms of Latin-American music. Its great strength is its fusion between European and African musical traditions. Its most characteristic instruments are the Cuban guitar known as the tres, and the well-known double-headed bongó; these are present from the start to the present day. Also typical are the claves, the Spanish guitar, the double bass, and early on, the cornet or trumpet and finally the piano.
The son arose in Oriente, the eastern part of the island, merging the Spanish guitar and lyrical traditions with African percussion and rhythms. We now know that its history as a distinct form is relatively recent. There is no evidence that it goes back further than the end of the nineteenth century. It moved from Oriente to Havana in about 1909, carried by members of the Permanente (the Army), who were sent out of their areas of origin as a matter of policy. The first recordings were in 1918.

There are many types of son. Odilio Urfé recognised these variants:

son montuno
changuí
sucu-sucu
pregón
bolero-son
afro-son
son guaguancó
mambo
and one can certainly add
salsa (in large part)
timba

In addition, the son has again and again changed the older danzón to make it more syncopated and creole in style, starting in 1910 through the danzón-mambo and the cha-cha-cha to complex modern arrangements which are almost impossible to categorize.
The son varies widely today, with the defining characteristic a syncopated bass pulse that comes before the downbeat, giving son its distinctive rhythm; this is known as the anticipated bass.

Cuban jazz 
The history of jazz in Cuba was obscured for many years; however it has become clear that its history in Cuba is virtually as long as its history in the USA.

Much more is now known about early Cuban jazz bands, though a full assessment is plagued by the lack of recordings. Migrations and visits to and from the USA and the mutual exchange of recordings and sheet music kept musicians in the two countries in touch. In the first part of the 20th century there were close relations between musicians in Cuba and those in New Orleans. The orchestra leader in the famous Tropicana Club, Armando Romeu Jr, was a leading figure in the post-WWII development of Cuban jazz. The phenomenon of cubop, and jam sessions in Havana and New York, created genuine fusions which still influence musicians today.
The Buena Vista experience 
World-wide interest in Cuban music was rekindled by a remarkable CD album entitled the Buena Vista Social Club. An American guitarist, Ry Cooder, a British music producer, Nick Gold, and a Cuban musician, Juan Marcos Gonzáles, worked together on a new venture. They put together a group, mostly of older Cuban musicians, with the idea of recreating the Cuban music of the golden era of the 1950s. The first album, released in 1997, became a huge hit, selling over five million copies, and winning a Grammy in 1998. In 2003 it was listed by Rolling Stone magazine as #260 in their list of The 500 Greatest Hits of All Time. A dozen more CDs have followed the first one, mostly issued by Nonesuch Records or World Circuit.

A documentary movie, Buena Vista Social Club, directed by Wim Wenders, was released in 1999. It grossed $23 million worldwide by 2007. A younger generation had discovered why Cuban music was so popular.

References
Dune is a fictional story set in a space empire far in the future. It is written by Frank Herbert. The book focuses on how politics, religion, technology and many other things interact.

In the world of the Dune series, computers are banned (they are not allowed anywhere). Some humans are taught how to think as fast as computers; they are known as 'Mentats'. The ruler of a planet is controlled by a House. The Houses must obey House Corrino, because the leader of House Corrino is also the Emperor.
Dune focuses on Paul Atreides, the 15-year-old heir to House Atreides. His family is forced by the Emperor who rules the Known Universe to leave the planet Caladan and to take control of the planet Arrakis. Arrakis is currently controlled by House Harkonnen, and is the only place that a spice called Melange is found. Melange is the most important thing in the universe. It lets you see the future and think much faster. If you take melange, you live much longer, sometimes even hundreds of years longer. It also lets you travel far distances at great speeds.

Arrakis is a planet that is almost covered in desert. This large desert is very dangerous because it does not have potable (drinkable) water, but mainly because giant worms live in the sand. There are many groups of native humans living there - they are called the Fremen. The Fremen have many rituals that keep water safe. This is important, or they would all die of dehydration (too little water to stay alive).
After his father is killed, Paul and his mother escape and take refuge with the Fremen. They use their abilities to achieve power over the Fremen and eventually use them to attack the Harkonnen armies, who have taken back control of the planet.

In the books, there are the Bene Gesserit sisterhood, a religious group with only women as its members. This is because men do not have the right kind of mind to learn their ways correctly. They have much more control over their minds and bodies than normal people. Their goal is to protect the human race forever. They have a secret goal, which they want to achieve by their breeding program. It is to make a man that can be a Bene Gesserit. They call him the Kwisatz Haderach. They want to use the Kwisatz Haderach to control people more easily. Paul's mother, Lady Jessica, is a member of the sisterhood and trains her son to use mental and physical powers.
Multiple films and TV series have been based on the Dune series, such as the 1984 film version directed by David Lynch, and the 2021 film directed by Denis Villeneuve.

Other websites

 Official website for Dune and its sequels
 DuneAudio.com - The Official Dune Audiobook Site  ~ news and contests for Dune audiobooks
 Complete Book Summary of Dune .

1965 books
Dune universe
Hugo Award winning books
Series of books
20th-century American novels
The Jim Crow laws were a number of laws requiring racial segregation in the United States. These laws were enforced in different states between 1876 and 1965. "Jim Crow" laws provided a systematic legal basis for segregating and discriminating against African Americans. The laws first appeared after the Civil War and the Reconstruction Era and were enforced through the mid-twentieth century. They were about segregating black and white people in all public buildings. "Jim Crow" was a racist term for a black person. Black people were usually treated worse than white people. This segregation was also done in the armed forces, schools, restaurants, on buses and in what jobs blacks got. In 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled that such segregation in state-run schools was against the US Constitution. The decision is known as Brown v. Board of Education. The other Jim Crow laws were abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965
. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) fought against the Jim Crow laws.
Background

After the Civil War, the U.S. government tried to enforce the rights of ex-slaves in the South through a process called Reconstruction.  However, in 1876, Reconstruction ended.  By the 1890s, the Southern states' legislatures were all-white again.  Southern Democrats, who did not support civil rights for blacks, completely ruled the South.  This gave them a lot of power in the United States Congress.  For example, Southern Democrats were able to make sure that laws against lynching did not pass.
Starting in 1890, Southern Democrats began to pass state laws that took away the rights African Americans had gained.  These racist laws became known as Jim Crow laws.  For example, they included:
 Laws that made it impossible for blacks to vote (this is called disenfranchisement).  Since they could not vote, blacks also could not be on juries.
 Laws that required racial segregation - separation of blacks and whites.  For example, blacks could not:
 Go to the same schools, restaurants, or hospitals as whites
 Use the same bathrooms as whites or drink from the same water fountain

In 1896, the United States Supreme Court ruled in a case called Plessy v. Ferguson that these laws were legal.  They said that having things be "separate but equal" was fine.  In the South, everything was separate.  However, places like black schools and libraries got much less money and were not as good as places for whites.  Things were separate, but not equal.

Photo gallery

References
References

 "Jim Crow Laws". Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. History: Government and Politics. Detroit: Gale, 2009. Student Resources In Context. Web. November 7, 2013.

African-American history
Racism
United States law
The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small breed of dog of the spaniel type. Unlike their larger spaniel cousins, they are not now used for hunting and are mostly kept as pets.

History
These dogs were developed in England about 100 years ago and are closely related to their even smaller relation the King Charles Spaniels (known in the United States of America as Toy Spaniels).  One of the main people involved in creating this breed was the British general and politician John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. They were developed to resemble dogs  that were kept as pets and hunting dogs by many members of the royal family in England during the 16th century. King Charles II liked that breed, so this is how the dog was named.

Colour
There are four different colours that this dog breed come in which are:
 Black and a brown colour called Tan in dogs.
 Ruby, which is a dark red.
 Blenheim, which is brown and white.
 Tricolour, which is black, white with some tan markings.
Temperment
Cavaliers are usually happy dogs that like to stay very close to their human minders, they also like lots of exercise as they still keep some of their gundog family instincts.

Health issues and lifespan
Cavaliers typically live about ten years. Heart problems are common in Cavaliers.

References

Spaniels
FCI breeds
Dog breeds originating in England
Sturm und Drang (also called Storm and Stress) was a time in German literature that was popular from 1770 to 1784. It is named after a play by Friedrich Maximilian Klinger.

German literature
The national flag of Angola came into use at independence on November 11, 1975. It is split horizontally into an upper red half and a lower black half.

References 

Angola
National symbols of Angola
Joseph Eric Thornton (born July 2, 1979) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre currently playing for the Florida Panthers.

Other websites

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Art Ross Trophy winners
Boston Bruins players
Florida Panthers players
Canadian ice hockey centres
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Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
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Ontario Hockey League players
Oleg Dmitriyevich Kononenko () is a Russian cosmonaut.

1964 births
Living people

Cosmonauts
Ville Peltonen (born May 24, 1973 in Vantaa, Finland) is a Finnish professional ice hockey forward. He plays for the HC Dynamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

1973 births
Living people
Finnish ice hockey players
Kentucky Thoroughblades players
American Hockey League players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
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Vantaa
Alexei Valeryevich Yashin (; born November 5, 1973) is a former Russian professional ice hockey player. Yashin played in the NHL for the Ottawa Senators and the New York Islanders.

Other websites

 

1973 births
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Living people
New York Islanders players
Ottawa Senators players
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is a prefecture in the Kantō region on the island of Honshu, Japan. The capital is the city of Utsunomiya.

History 
Tochigi was made from the lands of Shimotsuke Province.

There is a World Heritage Site in Nikkō. It is called Nikko Toshogu.

Geography
Tochigi shares borders with Ibaraki Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, and Fukushima Prefecture.

National Parks
National Parks are in about 21% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Futarasan jinja and Futarayama jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Tochigi S.C.

References

Other websites 

 Tochigi Prefecture website ;
The Dominican city of Hato Mayor del Rey, or usually just Hato Mayor, is the head municipality of the Hato Mayor province.

In English, Hato Mayor del Rey means the largest cattle ranch of the King.

Population
The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 44,900: 22,225 men and 22,675 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

History
The town grew around a small church built in 1520 in lands given by the Dávila family; for that reason, in old times the town was called Hato Mayor de Dávila.

It was made a municipality by the Haitian government in 1843. After the Dominican independence in 1844, Hato Mayor was not a municipality until 1848 when it was made one in the El Seibo province.

In 1984, when the Hato Mayor province was made, the city of Hato Mayor del Rey became its capital city.

Geography
Hato Mayor del Rey has a total area of . It has three municipal districts (a subdivision of a municipality): Guayabo Dulce, Mata Palacio and Yerba Buena.
Hato Mayor del Rey is at  to the northwest of Santo Domingo and at  to the west of El Seibo. It is at an elevation of  above sea level.

The municipality is  in the eastern part of the country, just to the south of the Cordillera Oriental (in English, "Eastern mountain range") in the region known as Llano Costero del Caribe (in English, "Caribbean Coastal Plain").

Hato Mayor del Rey has the municipality of El Valle to the north, the El Seibo province to the northeast and east, the San Pedro de Macorís province to the south and the Monte Plata province to the west.

Climate
Hato Mayor del Rey has a tropical monsoonal climate (Köppen climate classification : Am), with a dry season and a heavy monsoon the rest of year.

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . Most rains fall during the end of summer. The month with the most precipitation on average is October with  of rainfall, followed by May with .
The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of  and the second is January with .

Hato Mayor del Rey is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

Administrative division
The municipality of Hato Mayor del Rey has three municipal districts:

Economy
Farming is the only economic activity in the municipality, except for some small industries. Cattle raising is very important in the region because there are many savannas with grasses around the city and to the south of it; the dairy industry is important, with an important production of different types of cheese.

References

Settlements in the Dominican Republic
1520s establishments in North America
16th-century establishments in the Spanish Empire
3 World Trade Center (also known as 175 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper built as part of the World Trade Center reconstruction in New York City. It is located at 175 Greenwich Street. The new 3 World Trade Center opened in June 2018. It is 1,079 ft (329 m) high, with 80 stories. It is taller than the Empire State Building's roof and, as of 2023, is the ninth tallest building in New York City as measured to its pinnacle. The building was designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, and is managed by Silverstein Properties.

The building is the second building with this name. The original 3 World Trade Center was called the Marriott World Trade Center. Opened in July 1981 as the Vista International Hotel, the building was a hotel located in the southwest corner of the World Trade Center complex. It was destroyed in the September 11 attacks, alongside the other World Trade Center buildings.
3 World Trade Center was originally going to be 1,240 feet (378 m) tall. Construction of the building started in January 2008. Constuction stopped as there was no anchor tenant (a big business that gets a lot of customers). In 2014, construction continued after a company called GroupM became the anchor tenant. In August 2016, the concrete core of the building topped out, followed by the steel structure in October. The building opened on June 11, 2018.

References

Skyscrapers in New York City
September 11 attacks
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
4 World Trade Center (also known by its street address, 150 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the World Trade Center site reconstruction in New York City. The lowest floors are retail space; the rest are office space. The building was designed by Fumihiko Maki.

The building is the second building to have the same address and name. The original 4 World Trade Center was a nine-story building located at the southeast corner of the World Trade Center complex. It was destroyed along with the rest of the original World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks in 2001.

Construction of the current building started in January 2008. It opened to tenants and the public on November 13, 2013. The building has 2.3 million square feet (210,000 m2) of space.

References 

Skyscrapers in New York City
September 11 attacks
2014 establishments in New York (state)
2010s establishments in New York (state)
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
Five World Trade Center, also referred to as 130 Liberty Street, is a planned building to be located in New York City. It was planned to be on the site of the Deutsche Bank Building. The original building was demolished in 2002 after it was heavily damaged in the September 11 attacks. In June 2007, it was announced that financial service JPMorgan Chase planned to develop the building as a new J.P. Morgan Investment Bank world headquarters. The bank changed their mind and the site became a parking lot in 2014.

Sources 

Skyscrapers in New York City
September 11 attacks
Buildings and structures in Manhattan
John Tavares (born September 20, 1990) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is the current captain of the Maple Leafs.

Other websites 

 
 

1990 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian Olympic gold medalists
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
New York Islanders players
Ontario Hockey League players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Ralph Fletcher (born March 17, 1953) is a writer of children's picture books, young-adult fiction, and poetry as well as books for both children and teachers on the art of writing.

Biography
Ralph Fletcher grew up in Marshfield, Massachusetts.  He is the oldest of nine children.  Each of his parents were one of eight children.  He got his B.A. degree from Dartmouth College in 1975 and his M.F.A degree in writing from Columbia University in 1983.  In college he studied in Tonga in the South Pacific and Sierra Leone, South Africa.  After getting his masters degree, Ralph worked in New York City classrooms as part of the Teacher College writing project.  Fletcher now lives in Lee, New Hampshire.  He is married to JoAnn Portalupi, with her he has written several books for teachers. Together they have four sons.
Awards
His young adult novel Uncle Daddy won a Christopher Medal in the Books for Young People, ages 10-12 category in 2002.  Fig Pudding, a young adult book by Fletcher, was recommended as one of the ten best books of 1995 by the American Library Association.  Fletcher's poetry book I Am Wings was chosen by School Library Journal as one of their best books of 1994.

Books

Children's picture books
Twilight Comes Twice - illustrated by Kate Kiesler (1997)
Grandpa Never Lies - illustrated by Harvey Stevenson (2000)
The Circus Surprise - illustrated by Vladimir Vagin (2001)
Hello, Harvest Moon - illustrated by Kate Kiesler (2003)
The Sandman - illustrated by Richard Cowdrey (2008)

Poetry books
The Magic Nest (1980)
Water Planet (1991)
I Am Wings (1994)
Ordinary Things (1997)
Buried Alive (book) (1998)
Room Enough for Love (1998) - Compilation of I Am Wings and Buried Alive
Relatively Speaking (1999)
Have You Been to the Beach Lately? (2001)
A Writing Kind of Day (2005)
Moving Day (book) (2007)
Memoir
Marshfield Dreams: When I Was a Kid (2005)

Young adult books
Fig Pudding (1995)
Spider Boy (1997)
Flying Solo (1998)
Tommy Trouble and the Magic Marble (2000)
Uncle Daddy (2001)
The One O'Clock Chop (2007)

Books for teachers
Walking Trees (1991)
What a Writer Needs (1993)
Breathing In, Breathing Out (1996)
Craft Lessons: Teaching Writing K-8 (with JoAnn Portalupi) (1998)
Nonfiction Craft Lessons (with JoAnn Portalupi) (2001)
Writing Workshop (with JoAnn Portalupi) (2001)
Teaching the Qualities of Writing with JoAnn Portalupi (2004)
Lessons for the Writer's Notebook with JoAnn Portalupi (2005)
Boy Writers: Reclaiming Their Voices (2006)

Books on writing for children
A Writer's Notebook (1996)
Live Writing (1999)
How Writers Work (2000)
Poetry Matters (2002)
How to Write Your Life Story (2007)
Reflections: Author at Work (2007)

Notes

Other websites
Ralph Fletcher's website

1953 births
American novelists
American poets
Living people
Columbia University alumni
writers from Massachusetts
Werner Naumann (16 June 1909 in Guhrau - 25 October 1982 in Lüdenscheid) was a German State Secretary in the Propaganda Ministry during the Third Reich. He was appointed head (minister) of the Propaganda Ministry by Hitler in his political testament. This was because Goebbels was promoted to be the Chancellor of Germany.

He was a member of the NSDAP and the SA. During the war he was also engaged in battle activities, first as an officer in the Luftwaffe, later on in the Waffen-SS and the SS in general.

Naumann was in the Führerbunker during the last days of Hitler in April 1945.

1909 births
1982 deaths
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
People from former German territories
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Sturmabteilung people
SS officers
Waffen-SS people
A Gauleiter was the party leader of a regional branch of the NSDAP. This persons were the head of a Gau or of a Reichsgau. The German word Leiter means leader. A Gau is the old German word for a region in Germany.
Hedingen is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 

Municipalities in Affoltern
Typhus is unrelated to both typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever

Typhus is the name for a number of diseases, caused by bacteria called Rickettsiae. These bacteria are parasites that cannot survive outside their host organism. Depending on the species the host organisms are, fleas (on rats), harvest mites (on several rodents and humans), or lice (on humans). It is an epidemic disease.

When the term is commonly used, it usually means endemic typhus, which is spread by lice. The name typhus comes from Greek, where it means smoky or hazy. This was the word used to describe the state of mind the patients are in. 

Typhus can be treated with antibiotics.

Diseases caused by bacteria
The Troglodytae () or Troglodyti (meaning "cave goers"), used to be a group of people talked about by many old Greek and Roman historians and map makers.  The early references call them Trogodytes, which looks like it was changed from the Greek trōglē meaning "cave". They were either placed in the desert along the African side of the Red Sea coast or North of Greece in what they called Getae.

References 

Ancient history
Hershel Wayne Gober (born December 21, 1936)  is a former government official and Vietnam War veteran. He served as acting United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (VA) two times during the Clinton administration. The first time was from July 1, 1997 until January 2, 1998 between the resignation of Secretary Jesse Brown and the appointment of Togo D. West, Jr. as Acting Secretary.  The second time came on July 25, 2000 and lasted until January 20, 2001 after the resignation of Secretary West; this time Gober served in the post until the end of the Clinton presidency.

He started out in the VA as Deputy Secretary, serving from February 4, 1993 until August 10, 2000.  Gober was also Secretary-designate, when Clinton named him on July 31, 1997 to replace Jesse Brown. However, the nomination was withdrawn before Senate action began. That happened on October 27 the same year.
During his time as Secretary, Gober headed a delegation that traveled to Vietnam to try to find information about missing veterans there. He also worked to improve health care and create more clinics for veterans. 

Before serving in the VA, Gober was Director of the Arkansas Department of Veterans Affairs from January 4, 1988 to February 4, 1993 during President Clinton's time as Governor.

In Vietnam
Gober served two tours in Vietnam. He also worked with an American/Vietnamese team that made Vietnamese songs. Later, in 1969, he was hurt while serving as a company commander.

References

Other websites 
Department of Veterans Affairs biography of Acting Secretary Gober
Profile at American President: An Online Reference Resource 

United States Secretaries of Veterans Affairs
Politicians from Arkansas
1936 births
Living people
Purple Heart recipients
Hazel Reid O'Leary (born May 17, 1937) was the seventh United States Secretary of Energy, from 1993 to 1997. She is the first and only woman and first and only African American to hold the position.

Early life and education
Born Hazel Reid in Newport News, Virginia, she was the daughter of doctors Russell E. and Hazel Reid. She has two sisters, Edna Reid and Marina Morse; and two brothers, Louis and William Morse.

After earning a bachelor's degree at Fisk University in Nashville, O'Leary earned her law degree from Rutgers School of Law—Newark.

Marriage and family
Reid married John F. O'Leary on April 24, 1980. He was a former deputy energy secretary and  died in 1987.  They have a son named Carl.
Career
O'Leary worked as a prosecutor in New Jersey and later worked for the consulting/accounting firm of Coopers & Lybrand.  During the Carter Administration, O'Leary was made assistant administrator of the Federal Energy Administration, general counsel of the Community Services Administration, and administrator of the Economic Regulatory Administration at the Department of Energy.  

In 1981, O'Leary and her husband established the consulting firm of O'Leary & Associates, where she served as vice president and general counsel.  From 1989 to 1993, she worked as an executive vice president of the Northern States Power Company.  

In 1993 President Bill Clinton picked O'Leary as Secretary of Energy.  

In 2004, O'Leary was selected as President of her undergraduate alma mater, Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.

1937 births
Living people
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
United States Secretaries of Energy
Politicians from Virginia
People from Newport News, Virginia
Mount Whitney or Tumanguya is a mountain in eastern California. The mountain is about 14,505 feet (4,421 m). This makes Mount Whitney the tallest mountain in the contiguous United States. Mount Whitney is only 76 miles from Badwater in Death Valley National Park, which is the lowest point in the United States. Mount Whitney is in the Sierra Nevada. Mount Whitney was named by the California Geological Survey in 1864, they named it after Josiah Whitney.

References

Mountains of California
Inyo County, California
Tulare County, California
Federico Fabian Peña (born March 15, 1947) was United States Secretary of Transportation from 1993 to 1997 and United States Secretary of Energy from 1997 to 1998, during the presidency of Bill Clinton.

Early life
Born in Laredo, Texas, Peña earned a B.A. (1969) and a J.D. (1972) from the University of Texas at Austin and The University of Texas School of Law. Moving to Colorado, where he became an attorney, Peña was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1979, where he became the Minority Leader. In 1983, Peña became the first Hispanic Mayor of Denver, and he was re-elected in 1987.
Career
Peña advised Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton on transportation issues during Clinton's successful 1992 presidential campaign, and Clinton chose Peña to head the United States Department of Transportation. Although he was going to leave Clinton's cabinet after Clinton's first term, Peña also served as Secretary of Energy for one year, from 1997 to 1998. In 1995 the Justice Department began a preliminary investigation into a California transit agency's awarding of a pension management contract to Peña's former investment management firm. However, Peña had cut all connections to his former company both before the contract and before becoming Transportation Secretary. On March 17, 1995 Janet Reno ended the investigation.

Later career
When Peña left the Clinton administration, he returned to Denver and joined investment firm Vestar Capital Partners in August 1998, as Senior Advisor. On January 18, 2000, Vestar announced that Peña had become one of the firm's Managing Directors.
Personal life
Peña is the father of three children: Nelia, Cristina, and Ryan Peña. The divorce of Federico Peña and his first wife, Ellen Hart Peña, became final on September 10, 2001. Federico Peña married Cindy Velasquez on September 2, 2006. Cindy Velasquez is a former broadcast executive for Channel 7, KMGH-TV, and Channel 9, KUSA-TV, in Denver, Colorado.

On September 7, 2007, Peña announced that he would support Sen. Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, and also serve as Obama's National Campaign Co-chair. The move was important in that Peña did not support Sen. Hillary Clinton, the wife of the president under whom he served. On November 5, 2008, he was named to the advisory board of the Obama-Biden Transition Project.

Honors
Peña Boulevard, a freeway in Denver connecting Denver International Airport to Interstate 70, is named for him. As mayor of Denver, Peña led the effort to build the airport.

References
References

1947 births
Living people
Mayors of Denver
People from Laredo, Texas
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
United States Secretaries of Energy
United States Secretaries of Transportation
Politicians from Texas
20th-century American politicians
Cynognathus was a cynodont (a mammal-like reptile, not a dinosaur) that was the size of a wolf. This therapsid lived on open plains during the early to middle Triassic period, roughly 230-245 million years ago. It was probably warm-blooded and may have given birth to live young. Fossils have been found in South Africa and Argentina.

Theriodonts
Natural units are ways of measuring things that depend on some basic characteristics of nature that do not change. Which of these basic quantities to choose can depend on the physics problems being investigated, and sometimes choosing one thing as a natural unit means that the size of something else does not become used as a natural unit in that system.

The old system of English measurements such as the pound are based on convenient objects in the natural world. The "grain" is the smallest of these objects, and originally it meant the weight of a grain of wheat or barley. Each individual grain might be slightly larger or smaller than the next, but the more grains were added together to make a larger measure, the more these little differences would even out. Even so, these measures were not entirely precise and did not relate to other measures such as the inch or the foot.
In order to make calculations simpler and units more precise, the Metric system was based on facts of nature such as the size of the Earth, the length of a day, and the density of water. Difficulties later developed and other standards are used now for the old measures.

Eventually it turned out that the mass of an electron or the mass of a proton were more useful standards to use for mass. All electrons are believed to have the same mass, and all protons are believed to have their own standard mass. But there is no simple mathematical relationship between the two masses.

The speed of light, c, is a constant. So c is a very natural choice to use as a standard for measuring velocity.

One choice for a standard of length is the Bohr radius. The simplest atom, hydrogen, only has one electron, and its smallest possible orbit, that with the lowest energy, is at a distance from the nucleus called the Bohr radius.
With a standard for measuring distances and a standard for velocity, it would be possible to derive one standard unit of time. In practice, there are several ways of defining units of time. One of the most widely known ways to measure time by natural cycles is by using atomic clocks.

Physics
Fulacunda is a town in center of Guinea-Bissau.

Towns in Africa
Geography of Guinea-Bissau
Fur seals are any of nine species of pinnipeds in the Otariidae family.  One species, the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) inhabits the North Pacific, while eight species in the Arctocephalus genus are found primarily in the Southern hemisphere.

Therefore they are not a single taxonomic unit.

Pinnipeds
Hugh A. Robertson (May 28, 1932 – January 10, 1988) was an African-American movie director and editor.

Other websites 

1932 births
1988 deaths
American movie directors
Mike Rodriguez (born April 20, 1989) is an Ecuadorian football playmaker who plays for Ecuadorian giants Barcelona SC.

1989 births
Living people
Ecuadorian footballers
Morlaix () is a commune in Finistère department in Brittany in north-western France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.

Communes in Finistère
Subprefectures in France
Bristol Filton Airport or Filton Aerodrome  lies on the border between Filton and Patchway, within South Gloucestershire, north of Bristol, England.

Airports in England
22171 Choi (2000 WK179) is a Main-belt Asteroid discovered on November 26, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.

Choi
Hólmar Örn Eyjólfsson (born August 6, 1990) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a defender for Rosenborg.

References

 
1990 births
Living people
Icelandic footballers
Žigmund "Ziggy" Pálffy (born May 5, 1972) is an ethnic Hungarian Slovak professional ice hockey player currently playing for HK 36 Skalica of the Slovak Extraliga.

Other websites 

1972 births
Living people
Greg Egan (born 20 August 1961) is an Australian science fiction author. His first novel was published in 1983.

1961 births
Australian science fiction writers
Living people
People from Perth, Western Australia
Australian novelists
William "Billy" Abercromby (born 14 September 1958 in Ruchill) is a retired Scottish football player.

He and Fraser Kirkwood wrote "Aber's Gonnae Get Ye: The Billy Abercromby Story".  It was published in 2009.

References

1958 births
Living people
Scottish footballers
Association football midfielders
Sportspeople from Paisley, Renfrewshire
Jürgen Seeberger (born 25 March 1965 in Konstanz) is a German football manager currently managing V.f.B. Stuttgart II.

1965 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
People from Konstanz
Alemannia Aachen managers
Caroline van Dommelen (9 November 1874 – 4 March 1957) was a Dutch movie actress of the silent era. She appeared in eleven movies between 1911 and 1918.

Filmography 
 Oorlog en vrede - 1918 (1918)
 Oorlog en vrede - 1916 (1918)
 Oorlog en vrede - 1914 (1918)
 Een danstragedie (1916)
 Het geheim van het slot arco (1915)
 Silvia Silombra (1913)
 Don Juan (1913)
 Roze Kate (1912)
 Vrouwenoogen (1912)
 De bannelingen (1911)
 Ontrouw (1911)

1874 births
1957 deaths
Dutch movie actors
People from Rotterdam
Silent movie actors
Samuel Shepard Rogers III (November 5, 1943 – July 27, 2017) was an American playwright, actor, and television and movie director.  He is the author of several books.  He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1979 for his play Buried Child. Shepard was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of pilot Chuck Yeager in The Right Stuff (1983).

Early years 
Born Samuel Shepard Rogers IV in Fort Sheridan, Illinois, he worked on a ranch as a teenager. His father, Samuel Shepard Rogers, Jr., was a teacher and farmer.  His father was in the United States Army Air Forces as a bomber pilot during World War II. His mother, Jane Elaine (née Schook), was a teacher and from Chicago, Illinois. After high school, Shepard went to college for a little while.  He quit to join a travelling theater group. He was also a drummer for the different late-1960s rock band The Holy Modal Rounders.  The band was in the movie Easy Rider (1969).

Awards and honors
Awards and honors

Death
Shepard died on July 27, 2017 at his home in Midway, Kentucky from complications of ALS, aged 73.

Bibliography

Filmography

Actor

Screenwriter

Director

References

Other websites
 

Screenwriters from Illinois
American movie directors
American television directors
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Illinois
American playwrights
Deaths from motor neurone disease
1943 births
2017 deaths
Terry Ellis (born September 5, 1963 in Houston, Texas, U.S.) is an African-American R&B singer best known for her work with the quartet En Vogue.

Singers from Houston
1963 births
Living people
Jan Aage Fjörtoft (born 10 January 1967 in Ålesund) is a former Norwegian footballer.

1967 births
Living people
Norwegian footballers
Bob's Full House is a British quiz programme hosted by Bob Monkhouse which was based on the popular game 'Bingo' and aired on BBC One from 1 September 1984 until 27 January 1990.

1984 television series debuts
1990 television series endings
1980s British television series
1990s British television series endings
BBC Television programmes
British television game shows