Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Royal family

For a time the heir to the throne was given the title of "Hereditary Prince of Naples". But this was later changed to the Duke of Calabria after the uniting of the two kingdoms. Collectively the royal family generally lived at the Palace of Caserta. Children of the monarch were born with the style of Royal Highness as well as the title of Prince/ss of the Two Sicilies. Several males in the family were given titles such as "Duke of Castro", "Count of Caserta", "Prince of Salerno", a majority of which were lost due to a lack of male heirs. The present pretending monarch is Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria, who does use the title of Duke of Calabria.
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* The city of Benevento was formally included in this department, but it was occupied by the Papal States and was de facto an exclave of that country.

References
References

19th century in Italy
1816 establishments in Europe
1861 disestablishments
Former monarchies in Italy
House of Bourbon
19th-century establishments in Italy
1860s disestablishments in Italy
Black Rain is a 1989 American-Japanese crime action movie. It stars Andy Garcia, Michael Douglas and Ken Takakura. It was released in September 1989. The movie is about the Japanese underworld of crime with American crimes mixed in.

Other websites 

1989 action movies
1989 crime movies
1989 thriller movies
1980s crime thriller movies
American action movies
American crime thriller movies
English-language movies
Gangster movies
Japanese action movies
Japanese crime movies
Japanese thriller movies
Movies set in New York City
Movies set in Japan
Movies directed by Ridley Scott
Paramount Pictures movies
"Our Fatherland" (, ) is the national anthem of Armenia. The words of the song were written by by Mikael Nalbandian in 1861, and the melody for his words were composed by Barsegh Kanachyan. It is based on a poem called "The Song of an Italian Girl".

History
The national anthem of Armenia is based on certain parts of the poem "The Song of an Italian Girl". It was first adopted in 1918 as the anthem of the First Republic of Armenia. But when the Soviets invaded their territory and gained control over the country in 1922, the Soviets banned this song and suppressed Armenian nationalism. Instead, the Armenians were forced to have the Anthem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic as a part of their identity, in praise of the Soviet Union. Decades later, late into 1991, the USSR broke up. This anthem was successfully restored, with minor changes to the lyrics.

Lyrics

Current official
Current official

Original version
The original lyrics of the Armenian national anthem is based on the first, third, fourth, and sixth stanzas of "The Song of an Italian Girl". They are quite similar to the current lyrics.

References

1860s songs
Asian anthems
European anthems
National symbols of Armenia
The Yazidi (also Yezidi) are a Kurdish ethnoreligious group with Iranian peoples roots, originally from Yazd province. They are a separate branch of the Abrahamic religion tree. Their religion blends monotheism with Zoroastrianism and the religions of ancient Mesopotamia. Infant boy circumcision and Infant baptism are practised.

They mostly live in the Nineveh Province of northern Iraq alongside the Christian Assyrians. In Lalish, they have there old Yazidi Temple. More people are in Transcaucasia, Armenia, Turkey, and Syria. They have been fewer since the 1990s. Their religion is Yazidism. The Yazidis believe in a single god who created the world. They believe that he placed the world under the care of seven holy beings or angels. The main angel is Melek Taus, the peacock angel.

The Yazidis got worldwide attention in 2014. They face religious persecution and expulsion from their ancient home in Iraq by the jihadist Islamic State (ISIL).

References
References

Abrahamic religions
Ethnic groups in the Middle East
Kurdish people
Serzh Azati Sargsyan (born June 30, 1954) is the third President of Armenia. He won the February 2008 presidential election. He took office in April 2008.

Political career
Sargsyan was in the Soviet Armed Forces from 1971 to 1972. He is the chairman of the Chess Federation of Armenia. Besides speaking Armenian, he also can speak in Russian.

Even though the former Prime Minister of Armenia, Tigran Sargsyan, has the same last name, they are not related.

He became the Armenian defense minister in 1993.  In 1995 he was head of Armenian state security department and minister of national security in 1996.  In 1999, he became Robert Kocharyan's chief of staff, then secretary of the national security council, and defense minister. He became prime minister in 2007.

On 17 April 2018, Sargsyan became Prime Minister of Armenia. Following mass-scale protests, he resigned from the office six days later on 23 April. Former Prime Minister Karen Karapetyan succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister.
Personal life
In 1983, he married socialite Rita Sargsyan. She died in 2020 from COVID-19.  They have two daughters, Anush and Satenik, and one granddaughter, Mariam.

References

Other websites

1954 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Armenia
Presidents of Armenia
The Prime Minister of Armenia is the most senior minister in the Armenian government.  They "oversee the Government's regular activities and coordinate the work of the Ministers."  The President of Armenia chooses the Prime Minimster. The office of President is generally thought to be more powerful than the office of Prime Minister.

List of Heads of Government of Armenia (1918 – present)

Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
Prime Ministers
Hovhannes Katchaznouni (30 June 1918 – 28 May 1919) (in Tbilisi, Georgia until 19 July 1918)
Alexander Khatisyan (28 May 1919 – 5 May 1920)
Hamo Ohanjanyan (5 May 1920 – 25 November 1920)
Simon Vratsian (25 November 1920 – 2 December 1920)
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936) and Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
Sergey Lukashin (21 May 1922 – 24 June 1925)
Sarkis Ambartsumyan (24 June 1925 – 22 March 1928) (1st time)
Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan (22 March 1928 – 10 February 1935)
Abram Guloyan (10 February 1935 – February 1937)
Sarkis Ambartsumyan (March 1937 – May 1937) (2nd time)
Stepan Akopyan (May 1937 – 21 September 1937)
Aram Piruzyan (23 November 1937 – October 1943)
Agasi Sarkisyan (October 1943 – 1946)
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
Agasi Sarkisyan (1946 – 29 March 1947)
Saak Karapetyan (29 March 1947 – November 1952)
Anton Kochinyan (20 November 1952 – 5 February 1966)
Badal Muradyan (5 February 1966 – 21 November 1972)
Grigory Arzumanyan (21 November 1972 – 28 November 1976)
G.A. Martirosyan (28 November 1976 – 17 January 1977) (acting)
Fadey Sarkisyan (17 January 1977 – 16 January 1989)
Vladimir Markaryants (16 January 1989 – 13 August 1990)
Vazgen Manukyan (13 August 1990 – 25 September 1991)

Republic of Armenia (1991 – present)
Prime Ministers

Armenia
Government of Armenia
 
1918 establishments in Europe
20th-century establishments in Armenia
Tigran Sargsyan (born January 29, 1960) was the Prime Minister of Armenia from 9 April 2008 to 13 April 2014. 

From 1980 to 1983, Sargsyan attended Leningrad's Voznesenski Financial and Economic Institute. 

On April 9, 2008 he became Prime Minister of Armenia.  He was selected by President Serzh Sargsyan.

Sargsyan is married and has three children (daughter Nelly Sargsyan and two sons Armen and Abgar Sargsyans) and a grandchild. He is of no relation to the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan.

References

1960 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Armenia
The National Assembly of Armenia is the official name of the legislative branch of the government of Armenia.  There are 131 members.  They are elected for four-year terms.

Armenia
Government of Armenia
Unicameral legislatures
Hovik A. Abrahamyan (born 24 January 1958) is an Armenian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Armenia from 13 April 2014 to 8 September 2016. He is a member of the National Assembly of Armenia from the Republican Party. Before he was the speaker of the National Assembly.

Hovik Abrahamyan was born on 24 January 1958 in Mkhchyan village, Ararat Marz of Armenia. He is married and has three children and five grandchildren.

Abrahamyan graduated from the Armenian State University of Economics.

On November 21, 2011 Hovik Abrahamyan resigned as the Speaker. Samvel Nikoyan was then elected as the Speaker.

References 

1958 births
Prime Ministers of Armenia
Living people
Legislative speakers
Soviet military people
Samvel Nikoyan is the current speaker of the parliament of Armenia. In 2005 he was awarded the "Andranik Ozanyan" medal of the Armed Forces of Armenia.  He was also given the RA Prime Minister Commemorative Medal. Nikoyan is married with three children.

Other websites
Samvel Nikoyan - National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia

Armenian politicians
1958 births
Living people
Legislative speakers
The 25th century BC is a century which lasted from the year 2500 BCE to 2401 BCE.

Events
c. 2900 BCE – 2334 BCE: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period.
c. 2500 BCE: Rice was first introduced to Malaysia
c. 2500 BCE: Scribal schools do well throughout Sumer.
c. 2500 BCE: Cylinder seal from Sumer and its impression are made. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
c. 2500 BCE: Excavation and development of the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni at Paola, Malta, a subterranean temple complex subsequently used as a necropolis.
c. 2500 BCE: Valley Temple of Khafra, Giza, is built.
c. 2500 BCE: Khafra from Giza Valley, Temple of Khafra is made. Fourth dynasty of Egypt. Discovered by Auguste Mariette. It is now kept in Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
c. 2500 BCE: People in Peru rely on fish and mussels for food.
c. 2500 BCE – 2000 BCE: Mohenjo-Daro is about  in size and has a population of c. 20,000 to 50,000.
c. 2494 BCE: End of Fourth Dynasty, start of Fifth Dynasty in Egypt. Construction of the Pyramids begins.
c. 2494 BCE – 2345 BCE: "Sculptors at work", relief from Saqqara, Fifth Dynasty. It is now at Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt.
c. 2494 BCE – 2345 BCE: "Seated Scribe" from tomb of vizier, Saqqara, sculpture, Fifth dynasty of Egypt is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
2492 BCE: Traditional date for the legendary foundation of the Armenian nation (see Haik).
c. 2450 BCE: End of the Early Dynastic IIIa Period and beginning of the Early Dynastic IIIb Period in Sumer.
c. 2450 BCE: Kish is lost to Khamazi tribesmen of the Kurdistan mountains; Elamites from Awan occupy parts of Sumer.  (Roux 1980)
c. 2410 BCE: By this time, kings in Sumer have stopped to be automatically high priests of the city deity.  (Roux 1980) Semitic infiltration and conquest of Mesopotamia begins.  (1968 RD Almanac)
c. 2400–2200 BCE: Construction of Stonehenge
Megalithic Culture begins to spread through Europe and the western Mediterranean. (1968 RD Almanac)
Celts begin invading Europe from the east. (1968 RD Almanac)
Earliest signs of Battle Axe Culture from the Caucasus. (Encyc. Americana)
Southeastern Spain is settled from the Mediterranean, by people using Predynastic Egyptian-style pottery. (Encyc. Americana)
Amorites and Canaanites occupy Syria and Lebanon. (Encyc. Americana)
Significant persons
2492 BCE—Hayk founds Armenia
2491 BCE—Mythical Chinese Emperor Zhuanxu
2490 BCE—Menkaura is Pharaoh. (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2475 BCE—Shepseskaf is Pharaoh. (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2465 BCE—Fifth dynasty of Egypt; Userkaf is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2458 BCE—Sahure is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2446 BCE—Neferirkare Kakai is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2426 BCE—Shepseskare Isi is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
c. 2425 BCE—Death of Eannatum of Lagash; succeeded by his nephew, Entemena, whose ally, Lugal-kinishe-dudu, unites Uruk and Ur (Roux 1980)
2419 BCE—Ra'neferef is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2416 BCE—Nyuserre Ini is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
 Harappan civilisation, at its peak, covered an area of around 480,000 km² (298 258.172 mi²). Its heartland lay in the Indus river valley in Pakistan, but settlements spread as far as the Makran coast, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, eastern Punjab, Kutch and Saurashtra. They included cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Kalibangan, Dholavira, ports like Lothal, Sutkagen-dor and Sotka-koh and many villages as well. They used irrigation to farm and built cities. The two main cities had sewage systems, bronze, trade tokens (early coins), and hieroglyphs. There were even baths at one of the villages, besides the great baths of brick in each city. Geometry of shrines and altars tends to identify these with the cities of the Yajur Veda: they might easily be a thousand years older than this conservative date.
Cycladic marble figures show the use of both the musical pipe and the kithara form of lyre. (Archaeology of the Olympics 1988)
Earliest surviving ski is left in a peat bog at Hoting, Sweden, about this time. (Encyc. Americana)
Sumerians use domestic asses on war chariots (Standard of Ur), not onagers as early interpreters claimed. (Clutton-Brock)
Agriculture at Prieta Huaca includes cotton and bottle-gourds. (Bailey 1973)
Year 336 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Persian Empire 
 The young king of Persia, Arses, objects to being controlled by Bagoas and attempts to poison him. Instead, Arses and all his children are killed by Bagoas.
 Bagoas then seeks to install a new monarch who will be easier to control. He chooses Codomannus, a distant relative of the royal house, who takes the name Darius III. When Darius tries to assert his independence from Bagoas' control, Bagoas attempts to poison him. The king is warned and makes Bagoas drink the poison himself.
Greece 
 Following Philip II of Macedon's marriage to Eurydice, Alexander and his mother, Olympias, flee to Epirus, with Alexander later moving to Illyria. However, shortly afterward, father and son are reconciled and Alexander returns.
 Macedonian troops, commanded by Parmenion, trusted lieutenant of Philip II, arrive in Asia Minor.  They are driven back by Persian forces under the command of the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes.
 At a grand celebration of his daughter Cleopatra's marriage to Alexander I of Epirus (brother of Olympias), Philip II is assassinated at Aegae by Pausanias of Orestis, a young Macedonian noble with a bitter grievance against the young queen's uncle Attalus and against Philip for denying him justice. Pausanias is killed on the spot.
 Philip II of Macedon is succeeded by his son Alexander III. One of the leading generals in Macedonia at the death of Philip II, Antipater, helps to secure the succession to the Macedonian throne for Alexander.
The Macedonian general Parmenion declares for Alexander III.  He helps to murder the princes of the Lynkestis region, who are alleged to be behind Philip's murder, along with other possible rivals and members of factions opposed to Alexander. Olympias, Alexander's mother, has Philip's last wife Eurydice, her infant daughter and her influential uncle, Attalus, killed.
 Alexander immediately has Amyntas IV, son of King Perdiccas III and cousin of Alexander, executed.
 Alexander puts down a rebellion in Macedonia and crushes the rebellious Illyrians. He then appears at the gates of Thebes and receives the city's submission. After that he advances to the Corinthian isthmus and is elected by the assembled Greeks as their commander against Persia.
 Conscription is introduced in Athens. Young men are required to perform duties which are part military and part civic.
Deaths 

 Philip II, King of Macedonia (b. 382 BC)
 Arses, King of Persia
 Bagoas, Vizier of Persia
 Attalus, Macedonian general (b. c. 390 BC)
 Pausanias of Orestis, personal bodyguard of Philip II of Macedon
 Eurydice, 5th wife of Philip II, queen of Macedonia
 Amyntas IV, usurper king of Macedon

336 BC
Year 331 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events 
 By place 

 Macedonia 
 Alexander leaves Egypt and leads his forces towards Phoenicia. He leaves Cleomenes of Naucratis as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt.
 October 1 – Alexander of Macedonia wins the Battle of Gaugamela (near ancient Ninevah) over the Persian King Darius III. Darius turns his chariot and flees. Alexander chases the  Persian forces to Arbela. Darius escapes with his Bactrian cavalry and Greek mercenaries into Media.
 Alexander encounters for the first time war elephants.
 Alexander becomes the master of the Persian Empire.  This ends the Achaemenid dynasty. Babylon and Susa open their gates to him. In the capital, Susa, Alexander gets huge treasures amounting to 50,000 gold talents.
Greece 
 Agis III of Sparta leads some of the Greek cities in a revolt. He holds Crete against Macedonian forces. In the Peloponnesus he routes a force under the Macedonian general Coragus. Athens stays neutral, but he is joined by Elis, Achaea (except Pellene) and Arcadia, with the exception of Megalopolis.

 Italy 
 Alexander of Epirus takes Heraclea from the Lucanians, and Terina and Sipontum from the Bruttii.
 Tarentum turn against Alexander of Epirus when they realize that he wants to make a kingdom of his own in southern Italy. Alexander is defeated and killed in the Battle of Pandosia on the banks of the Acheron.

 Roman Republic 
 The Gallic tribe of the Senones and the Romans enter a period of friendly relations which lasts the rest of the century.

Deaths 

 Alexander I of Epirus, Aeacid dynasty king of Epirus (b. c. 370 BC)
 Vahe, legendary king of Armenia and last of the Hyke dynasty

331 BC
The  in Japan was a set of six pretenders to the throne of Japan during the Nanboku-chō period from 1336 through 1392.

List of pretenders
Emperor Kōgon, 1331–1333
Emperor Kōmyō, 1336–1348
Emperor Sukō, 1348–1351
Emperor Go-Kōgon, 1352–1371
Emperor Go-En'yū, 1371–1382
Emperor Go-Komatsu, 1382–1412

After 1392, Go-Komatsu was the 100th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession..

List of pretender-created eras
During the Nanboku-chō period, the Northern Court pretenders recognized 19 Japanese era names (年号, nengō, lit. year names), including
 Gentoku, 1329–1332
 Shōkyō, 1332–1334
 Kemmu, 1334–1338
 Ryakuō, 1338–1342
 Kōei, 1342–1345
 Jōwa, 1345–1350
 Kannō, 1350–1352
 Bunna, 1352–1356
 Enbun, 1356–1361
 Kōan, 1361–1362
 Jōji, 1362–1368
 Ōan, 1368–1375
 Eiwa, 1375–1379
 Kōryaku, 1379–1381
 Eitoku, 1381–1384
 Shitoku, 1384–1387
 Kakei, 1387–1389
 Kōō, 1389–1390
 Meitoku, 1390–1394

Related pages
 Southern Court
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese era name

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Metropolitan Museum of Art,  Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392),  Muromachi Period (1392–1573)

14th century in Japan
1336 establishments in Japan
1390s disestablishments in Japan
1392 disestablishments
201 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Carthage 
 On Hannibal's advice, Carthage asks for peace with the Romans.  This ends the Second Punic War. Carthage is made a client state of Rome. 
 After peace with Rome, Hannibal is elected as suffet, or chief magistrate, of Carthage. The office was insignificant in Carthaginian politics, but Hannibal makes it powerful.

Roman Republic 
 The Romans remove the Carthaginians from Malta.
 In Rome, land is given to veterans of the Second Punic War.

Greece 
 Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then makes war on  Chios to the north.
 Rhodes and its allies Pergamum, Cyzicus, and Byzantium combine their fleets and defeat Philip V in the Battle of Chios. His flagship is trapped and rammed by two enemy ships. 
 The Spartan king, Nabis, once more invades and captures Messene. The Spartans leave when the Achaean League army of Philopoemen helps. Nabis' forces are defeated at Tegea by Philopoemen.
China 
 The construction of Nanchang begins.

Deaths 

 Gnaeus Naevius, Latin epic poet and dramatist (b. c. 264 BC)

200s BC
Year 185 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events 
 By place 
 Roman Republic 
 The Roman general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius are accused by Cato the Elder of receiving bribes from the late Seleucid king Antiochus III. 

 Egypt 
 The civil war between the northern and southern areas of Egypt ends with the arrest of Ankmachis by the Ptolemaic general Conanus.

 India 
 Pusyamitra Sunga kills the Mauryan emperor Brhadrata.  He forms the Sunga dynasty.

Births 

 Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, leading general and politician of the Roman Republic. As consul he will be the commander of the final siege and destruction of Carthage and will be the leader of the senators opposed to the Gracchi (d. 129 BC)
 Panaetius of Rhodes, Greek philosopher (d. 110 BC)

Deaths 

 Brhadrata, Indian emperor, last ruler of the Indian Mauryan dynasty (from 197 BC)

180s BC
Year 77 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

Roman Republic 
 Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, consul and leader of the democratic party, is defeated by Quintus Lutatius Catulus outside Rome.
 Pompeius marches to Spain to join with Quintus Metellus Pius.  They try to stop the revolt of Quintus Sertorius, but do not succeed.
 The city of Tigranakert is built.

Births 

 Liu Xiang, Chinese scholar, editor of the Shan Hai Jing, compilator of the Lienü zhuan, and father of Liu Xin (died 6 BC)

Deaths 

 King Duttagamani of Sri Lanka

70s BC
The  in Japan was a set of four emperors during the Nanboku-chō period from 1336 through 1392.

List of monarchs
Emperor Go-Daigo, 1318–1339
Emperor Go-Murakami, 1339–1368
Emperor Chōkei, 1368–1383
Emperor Go-Kameyama, 1383–1392

After 1392, Go-Komatsu was the 100th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

List of monarch-created eras
During the Nanboku-chō period, the Southern Court monarchs recognized 11 Japanese era names (年号, nengō, lit. year names), including
 Gentoku, 1329–1331
 Genkō, 1331–1334
 Kemmu, 1334–1336
 Engen, 1336–1340
 Kōkoku, 1340–1346
 Shōhei, 1346–1370
 Kentoku, 1370–1372
 Bunchū, 1372–1375
 Tenju, 1375–1381
 Kōwa, 1381–1384
 Genchū, 1384–1392

Related pages
 Northern Court
 List of emperors of Japan
 Japanese era name

References

Other websites

 Metropolitan Museum of Art,  Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392),  Muromachi Period (1392–1573)

14th century in Japan
1336 establishments in Japan
1390s disestablishments in Japan
1392 disestablishments
Year 120 (CXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.
 Foss Dyke is constructed in Britain.
 An Indian ambassadorial contingent visits with Hadrian. 
 Suetonius becomes Hadrian's secretary ab epistolis.
 Market Gate of Miletus, from Miletos, is built. (approximate date) It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.

Asia 
 Change of era name from Yuanchu (7th year) to Yongning of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
 The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujerat and a portion of central India.

Births 

 February 8 – Vettius Valens, Hellenistic astrologer
 Irenaeus, Christian bishop and apologist
 Lucian, Syrian rhetorician and satirist, writing in the Greek language

Deaths
Deaths 

 Dio Chrysostom, Greek historian
 Nicomachus of Gerasa, Greek mathematician (approx. date)
 Sextus Pedius, Roman jurist
 Saint Matthias of Jerusalem, Bishop of Jerusalem
 Marcian of Tortona (or in 117), martyred saint
 Getulius, Saint Hermes, martyred saints

120
Year 69 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

By place

Roman Republic 
 Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Quintus Hortensius.
 Antiochus XIII Asiaticus is made king of Syria.
 Roman troops under Lucius Lucullus defeat the army of Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Tigranocerta.  They capture Tigranocerta, capital of Armenia.
 Parthians and Romans re-establish Euphrates as a frontier.
 Gaius Julius Caesar is a quaestor in Spain.

Egypt 
 Ptolemy XII deposes Cleopatra V, and becomes sole ruler.

Greece 
 Kydonia, an ancient city on the island of Crete falls to Roman military forces.
 Rhodes becomes a safe place against pirates.  The Rhodians are unable to stop piracy in the Aegean Sea. Delos gets the status of a free port.

Births 

 January – Princess Cleopatra of Egypt, later Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (or December, 70 BC) (d. 30 BC)
 Octavia Minor, grandniece of Julius Caesar (d. 11 BC)
 Wang Zhengjun, Empress of the western Han Dynasty of China (d. 13)

Deaths
Deaths 

 Julia, wife of Gaius Marius (b. c. 130 BC)

References
Year 330 (CCCXXX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

Roman Empire 
 May 11 – Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates Constantinople, or Nova Roma (modern Istanbul), and moves the capital of the Roman Empire there from Rome. He spent 4 years building the city on the site of ancient Byzantium.  He chose the site for its location (a seaport with easy access to Anatolia and the Danube).  
 The Goths devastate the city of Tanais in the Don River delta.

Africa 
 Ezana, king of Axum, extends his area of control to the west. He defeats the Nobates, and destroys the kingdom of Meroë.

By topic

Religion 
 Frumentius is the first bishop of Ethiopia (approximate date).
 Eustathius, Patriarch of Antioch, is banished to Trajanopolis.
 The Bible is translated into the Gothic language by Wulfila. 
 Pagan temples are starting to be abandoned, destroyed or left to fall into disrepair, except those that are turned into Christian churches.

Births
Births 

 Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea Mazaca (d. 379)
 Macrina the Younger, Christian nun and saint (d. 379)
 Moses the Black, Christian monk and priest (d. 405)
 Victricius, missionary and bishop of Rouen (approximate date)

 Iamblichus, neoplatonist philosopher

330
Year 8 BC was either a common year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Censorinus and Gallus.

Events 
 King Maroboduus becomes ruler of the Marcomanni.  He fights against the Roman expansion in Bohemia.
 Arminius, son of a Cheruscan chieftain, is taken hostage to Rome where he receives a military education.

Births 

 Empress Wang (d. AD 23)

Deaths 

 Horace, Roman poet (b. 65 BC)
 Maecenas, Roman politician and patron of the arts (b. 70 BC)
 Empress Xu

8 BC
Year 336 (CCCXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Emperor Constantine I is able to gain back most of Dacia for the Roman Empire.
 The first recorded customs tariff is in use in Palmyra.

By topic

Religion 
 January 18 – Pope Mark succeeds Pope Sylvester I as the 34th pope.
 Pope Mark begins to build the basilica of San Marco. The church is devoted to St. Mark.
 Arius, Alexandrian priest, collapses in the street at Constantinople (approximate date).
 Pope Mark dies at Rome after an 11-month reign. No successor is immediately found.

Births 

 Murong De, emperor of the Xianbei state Southern Yan (d. 405)

Deaths 

 Arius, founder of Arianism
 October 7 – Pope Mark
 Rhescuporis V, king of Bosporus

References 

336
Year 428 (CDXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

Roman Empire 
 Bonifacius, Roman governor of Africa, asks for help from the Vandals in his revolt.
 Flavius Felix is elected consul for the Western Empire.

Europe 
 King Gunderic, age 49, dies after a reign of 21 years.  He is succeeded by his half-brother Genseric.
 King Vortigern asks Germanic warriors to help him strengthen his position in Britain.  He hires Saxons as mercenaries to fight against the Picts and the Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall.
 Chlodio, king of the Salian Franks, invades Northern Gaul.  He defeats the Roman army at Cambrai. He extends his kingdom south to the River Somme. Tournai (modern Belgium) becomes his residence.

Asia 
 Artaxias IV, last king of Greater Armenia, is deposed by Bahram V. The Arshakuni Dynasty ends and the kingdom becomes a province of the Persian Empire.

By topic

Astronomy 
 October 26 – The planet Venus occults the planet Jupiter.
Religion 
 April 10 – Nestorius is made patriarch of Constantinople. He preaches a new doctrine that will be called Nestorianism. It comes under immediate attack from pope Celestine I and Cyril of Alexandria.
 Hydatius becomes bishop of Aquae Flaviae in Gallaecia (modern Chaves) in Portugal.
 John succeeds Theodotus as patriarch of Antioch, and gives his support to Nestorius.
 Euthymius the Great builds a monastery in Palestine, near the Dead Sea.

Births 

 Tuoba Huang, prince of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 451)

Deaths 

 Gunderic, king of the Vandals and Alans (b. 379)
 Qifu Chipan, prince of the Xianbei state Western Qin
 Theodore of Mopsuestia, bishop and theologian

References 

 

428
422 (CDXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.

Events

Roman Empire 
 End of the Roman–Sassanid War: Emperor Theodosius II signs a 100-year peace treaty with Persia after 2 years of war. Both give freedom of religion in their territories.
 March 3 – Theodosius II issues a law to form provisions in peacetime. Theodosius pays an annual tribute of 350 pounds of gold to the Huns to buy peace.
 Theodosius II receives a statue at Hebdomon. On its base (fragments are now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum), writing praises him as “everywhere and forever victorius.”
 The walls of Rome's Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) crack during an earthquake.

Europe 
 The Roman army invade Gaul. They capture and execute the Frankish king Theudemeres with his family.

Asia 
 Shao Di, age 16, eldest son of Wu Di succeeds his father as emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (China).

By topic

Art 
 Petrus, bishop of Illyria, starts construction of Church of Santa Sabina (approximate date).
Religion 
 September 4 – Pope Boniface I dies after a 4-year reign. His time was interrupted for 15 weeks by the faction of the antipope Eulalius. He is succeeded by Celestine I as the 43rd pope.

Births 

 Casper, ruler of the Maya city of Palenque
 Genevieve, patron saint (approximate date)
 Licinia Eudoxia, Roman empress (d. 462)

Deaths 

 Abraham of Cyrrhus, Syrian hermit and bishop
 Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler (approximate date)
 September 4 – Pope Boniface I
 Theudemeres, king of the Franks (approximate date)
 Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 363)

References 

420s
Year 84 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

Events

Roman Republic 
 The First Mithridatic War comes to an end.

Births 

 Catullus, Roman poet (approximate date) (d. c. 54 BC)
 Surena, Parthian general (d. 52 BC)

Deaths 

 Lucius Cornelius Cinna, consul, killed by mutinying troops

80s BC
Year 34 BC was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Antonius and Libo.

Events 
 Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian made Dalmatia and Pannonia happy by forming the province of Illyricum.  
 Antony regained Armenia from Parthia. Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona.  He sets up siege works and forces them to surrender.
 Antony goes into Armenia with an army.  He marches to the capital Artaxata. He arrests king Artavasdes II and takes him to Alexandria.
 The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra VII of Egypt.  Antony made Cleopatra a Hellenistic monarch at Alexandria.  He gave her the title "Queen of Kings".

Deaths 

 Sallust, historian of the fall of the Roman Republic (b. 86 BC)

30s BC
Yu Gamdong (, ? - ?), also written as Yu Gam-don, was a dancer, poet, artist, writer, and prostitute during the Korean Joseon Dynasty.

She was the first dancer of from the nobles and a divorced women, but her dancing was condemned as obscene or disorderly.

Related pages
 Uhwudong
 Hwang Jinyi
 Shin Saimdang
 Heo Chohui
 Na Hye-sok

Other websites 
 http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=748101
 http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOa_A9999_2_0018457&curSetPos=1&curSPos=0&isEQ=true&kristalSearchArea=B 
 '에너벨 청'과 조선의 '유감동' - 오마이뉴스 2000.04.29 
 조선 성 풍속사 <제11화>:일요서울 
 유감동의 奸夫가 되다, 초수리 성달생  충북일보 2011.12.23 
 풍기문란죄로 교수형에 처해진 기생, 어우동(어을우동)과 살아남은 유감동  

15th-century births
15th-century deaths
Korean dancers
Korean painters
Korean poets
Prostitutes
Prince Yangnyeong or Grand Prince Yangnyeong (, 1394 – 1462) was a politician, prince, writer, and poet during the Korean Joseon Dynasty. He was the first son of Taejong of Joseon and first enclosed Crown Prince of Korea. His real name was Yi Je (; also written Lee Je).

Related pages 
 Sejong the Great
 Taejong of Joseon

Other websites 
 Prince Yangnyeong 
 Prince Yangnyeong 
 Prince Yangnyeong 
 Prince Yangnyeong 
 역사인물 재조명:풍운아인가 처세의 달인인가, 양녕대군

Korean princes and princesses‎
Korean poets
1394 births
1462 deaths
was a  after Keiun and before Reiki.  This period started in January 708 and ended in September 715. The reigning empress was .
Events of the Wadō era
 5 May 708 (Wadō 1, 11th day of the 4th month): A sample of copper from Musashi Province was given to the empress.
 708 (Wadō 1, 3rd month):  is named Minister of the Right (udaijin).  Iso-kami Marō is given the office of Minister of the Left (sadaijin).
 709 (Wadō 2, 3rd month): There was an uprising in Mutsu Province and in Echigo Province.
 709 (Wadō 2, 5th month): An ambassador was received from the Korean kingdom of Silla.
 710 (Wadō 3): Japan's capital city was established in Nara (Heijō-kyō).
 712 (Wadō 5): The Kojiki was finished.
 712 (Wadō 5): Dewa Province and Mutsu are separated.
 713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month):  Tamba Province was separated from Tango Province. Mimasaka Province was divided from Bizen Province. Hyūga Province was divided from Ōsumi Province.
 Wadō 6, 5th month, 2nd day (713): Empress orders work to begin on official reports (fudoki} about the history and geography of the provinces.
713 (Wadō 6): Road between Mino Province and Shinano Province was made wider.  Also, the road was made wider the Kiso District of what is today Nagano Prefecture.
 715 (Wadō 8): Empress Gemmei abdicated in favor of her daughter.
Gallery

Related pages 
 Asuka period
 Nara period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
700s establishments in Japan
710s disestablishments in Japan
708 establishments
715 disestablishments
ISO 639 is a set of international standards that lists short codes for language names. First there was ISO 639-1. To list more languages, ISO 639-2 was made. Later versions include ISO 639-3 and ISO 639-5.

Each language has a 3 letter code.  The list below shows all the codes in ISO 639-2.

List
The following is a complete list of three-letter ISO 639-2 codes. Where two ISO 639-2 codes are given in the table, the one with the asterisk is the bibliographic code (B code) and the other is the terminological code (T code).

Entries in the Notes column show:
 ancient languages (extinct since ancient times);
 collections of languages;
 constructed languages;
 languages extinct in recent times;
 historical languages (distinct from their modern form);
 macrolanguages.

References
 

ISO 639
The ISO 639-3 is the third version of a set of international standards that lists short codes for language names. Such codes are also known as language codes. Before this version was out, there was already ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2, but due to the increase in languages being added to the database, ISO639-3 was therefore released, and all language codes have three letters, unlike the previous two, which allowed two letters in the code.

Each known language has a 3 letter code, and requests to add additional languages into the database can be made at the SIL International website. The standard was published by ISO on 2007-02-05.

References

Other websites 
 SIL International website for ISO639-3 language codes

ISO 639
A vehicle registration plate is a metal or plastic plate on a motor vehicle or trailer.  It is used for official identification purposes. There is a numeric or alphanumeric (meaning that the code is made up of numbers and letters) code that identifies the vehicle. In some countries, the identifier is unique in the entire country.  In other countries, it is unique in a state or province. Sometimes the identifier is for a person and sometimes for a vehicle. Each country calls a vehicle registration plate something different. Some examples are license plate or tag (US), licence plate (Canada), number plate or registration plate (UK).
The dram (Armenian: Դրամ) is the money of Armenia. It is divided into 100 luma. The word "dram" translates into English as "money".  It is similar to the Greek drachma and the Arabic dirham. The Central Bank of Armenia is the only place that can print drams.

The first time the word dram was used for money in Armenia was from 1199 to 1375.  The current dram began to be used 22 November 1993. This was after Armenia was no longer part of the Soviet Union.

References

Other websites 

 Central Bank of Armenia
 Armenian Currency Exchange 
 Central Bank of Armenia next day USD to AMD exchange rate prediction Engine
 Armemian Dram Sign History, shape, and promotion of Armenian Dram Sign
 Coin Types from Armenia Lists, pictures, and values of Armenian coin types
 The banknotes of Armenia 

Currency of Europe
Currency of Asia
1993 establishments in Europe
1990s establishments in Armenia
Below is how the telephone numbering system in Armenia works.  The calling code for Armenia is +374.

Dialing plan
The dialing plan is as below:

Calling Armenia from abroad
From abroad to Yerevan, marzes, mobile network, Nagorno-Karabakh fixed tel. network and unrecognised Nagorno-Karabakh mobile network:
   + 374 + Destination Code + Subscriber Number           (to Yerevan, regions(marzes))
   + 374 + Mobile Network Code + Mobile Subscriber Number (to mobile network)
   + 374 + 47 + Subscriber Number                         (to NK fixed telephone network)
   + 374 + 97 + Subscriber Number                         (to NK mobile network)

Calling from Armenia
From Yerevan, marzes, mobile network and Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan) to abroad:
   00 + Country Code + Destination Code + Subscriber Number

Calling within Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh
   0 + Destination Code + Subscriber Number
Calling Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia
From Yerevan, marzes and mobile network to Nagorno-Karabakh fixed tel. network and Nagorno-Karabakh mobile network:
   0 + 47 + Subscriber Number                      (to NK fixed telephone network)
   0 + 97 + Subscriber Number                      (to NK mobile network)

Telephone numbers
Armenia
Aragatsotn is a province (marz) of Armenia.  It is in the west of the country.  The capital is Ashtarak. The name means "a foot of Aragats".  During the Arsacid Dynasty of the Kingdom of Armenia, the region was part of the Ayrarat province.  It was ruled by the Amatuni noble family with its capital at Oshakan.

Aragatsotn's western edge forms part of Armenia's border with Turkey.

There are 3 urban communities and 111 rural communities.

References

Provinces of Armenia
The Kingdom of Armenia also known as Greater Armenia (Armenian: Մեծ Հայք,  Mets Hayk), was an Armenian kingdom ruling in the Ancient Near East from 321 BC to 428 AD. It's history is divided into reigns by three royal dynasties: Orontid (321 BC–200 BC), Artaxiad (190 BC–12 AD) and Arsacid (52 AD–428 AD).

History

Orontids and Artaxiads
The Kingdom of Armenia was ruled by the Orontid (also known as Yervanduni or Eurandids) dynasty from 321 BC to 200 BC. The Orontids (Eurandids) were an Armenian dynasty of probably Iranian origin. Around 200 BC a coup by the Armenian noble family of Artaxias toppled the Orontid (Yervanduni) dynasty, Thus the Artaxiad dynasty came to power, as depending on the Seleucids. The Artaxiad dynasty was been identified as a branch of the Orontid (Eurandid) dynasty. The Seleucid Empire's influence over Armenia had weakened after it was defeated by the Romans in the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. A Hellenistic Armenian state was thus founded in the same year by Artaxias I alongside the Armenian kingdom of Sophene led by Zariadres. Artaxias seized Yervandashat, united the Armenian Highlands at the expense of neighboring tribes and founded the new royal capital of Artaxata near the Araxes River
. After the defeat of Antiochus III the Great at the hands of the Romans, in 188 BC, both Artaxias and Zariadres established themselves as Kings, with Artaxias ruling over the former lands of the Armenia Strategia, while Zariadres continues his rule over Sophene. The new city was laid on a strategic position at the juncture of trade routes that connected the Ancient Greek world with Bactria, India and the Black Sea which permitted the Armenians to prosper.
After the death of Mithridates II of Parthia his son Gotarzes I succeeded him. He reigned during a period coined in scholarship as the "Parthian Dark Age," due to the lack of clear information on the events of this period in the empire, except a series of, apparently overlapping, reigns. This system of split monarchy weakened Parthia, allowing Tigranes II of Armenia to annex Parthian territory in western Mesopotamia. This land would not be restored to Parthia until the reign of Sinatruces (r. c. 78–69 BC). In 83 BC, after bloody strife for the throne of Syria, governed by the Seleucids, the Syrians decided to choose Tigranes as the protector of their kingdom and offered him the crown of Syria. He then conquered Phoenicia and Cilicia, effectively putting an end to the last remnants of the Seleucid Empire, though a few holdout cities appear to have recognized the shadowy boy-king Seleucus VII Philometor as the legitimate king during his reign. The southern border of his domain reached as far as Ptolemais
. Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were sent to his new metropolis of Tigranocerta.
Under reign of Tigranes the Great, Kingdom of Armenia stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean and the Kingdom of Armenia was called the "Armenian empire" during her reign. At one time, the domains of Tigranes the Great stretched from the shores of the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean, from Mesopotamia up to the Pontic Alps. The vast empire, formed of a varied mixture of diverse tribes, with their own dialects and cultures, could hardly be turned over- night into a cohesive and durable political structure. Inner disunity aided the designs of the Romans, who launched a series of onslaughts on the Armenian dynasty, beginning with the invasion by Lucullus in 69–8 B.C, and culminating in the campaigns of Pompey in Armenia, Iberia and Colchis in 66–5 B.C. The downfall of Tigranes the Great was precipitated by the flight of his son, Tigranes the Younger, to the court of the Parthian king Phraates III, who supplied him with an army with which to invade Armenia, and join forces with the victorious Romans
. Armenia became a Roman client kingdom in 66 BC, after the final defeat of Armenia's ally, Mithridates VI of Pontus by Pompey at the Battle of the Lycus.
Arsacids 
Approximately half a century after the collapse of the Artaxiad dynasty Armenia was under the rule of the Arshakunis, the Armenian branch of the Parthian Arsacids. Next, in 314, under King Tiridates (Trdat) the Great and through the apostolate of St. Gregory the Illuminator, Armenia, nearly simultaneously with the Roman empire, officially accepted Christianity, a turning point in its history. An event of importance in the Arshakuni period was the invention, on the threshold of the fifth century, of the Armenian alphabet by St. Mesrop. With this Armenian became the language of the educated; it was introduced into the liturgy; and national literature was born (under Hellenistic and Syrian influences). Armenia’s identity and individuality were thus saved and an absorption by either Byzantine or Iranian civilization was precluded.
The Arsacid dynasty was overthrown by the Sasanid Empire in 428, and this was the end of the Kingdom of Armenia.
Culture 
During the Orontid period, despite the Hellenistic invasion of Persia, Persian and local Armenian culture remained the strongest element within society and the elites. While the culture of Armenia was dominated by Hellenism under the Artaxiads, the reign of the Arsacids marked the predominance of Iranianism in the country, with Parthian replacing Greek as the language of the educated. However, Armenian Hellenism was not eradicated, as the Arsacids of Iran were proud philhellenes. Armenian was considered a "vulgar" language, and thus Parthian language was spoken amongst the upper class and at the court. It was during this period that Classical Armenian incorporated most of its Iranian loanwords. However, with the invention of the Armenian alphabet, Armenian became the language of the educated people; introduced into liturgy and national literature was born.
Religion 
Until the late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian-adhering land. With the advent of Christianity, both paganism and Zoroastrianism gradually started to diminish. The founder of the Arsacid branch in Armenia, Tiridates I was a Zoroastrian priest or magus. A noted episode which illustrates the observance by the Armenian Arsacids is the famous journey of Tiridates I to Rome in A.D. 65–66. With the adoption of Christianity in the early 4th century, Zoroastrianism's influence in the kingdom gradually started to decline.

Kings of Armenia

References

Sources 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Ancient Armenia
Former monarchies of Asia
Former countries in the Middle East
Ararat is a province of Armenia.  The capital is Artashat.  It is named after Mount Ararat.  The province borders Turkey to the west and Azerbaijan to the south.

Two former Armenian capitals are in this region (Artashat (Artaxata) and Dvin).  The Khor Virap monastery was the place of Gregory the Illuminator's 13-year imprisonment.

In 1993 and again in 1995, CYMA (Canadian Youth Mission to Armenia) worked in Ararat province. They built community centers, fixed schools, had a children's day camp and gave aid to families affected by the Nagorno-Karabakh War.  CYMA co-founders Archbishop Hovnan Derderian and Ronald Alepian chose Ararat due to its well-organized youth movement.

There are 4 urban communities and 93 rural communities.

References

Provinces of Armenia
Armavir is a province of Armenia.  The capital is Armavir. It is in the west of the country, between Mount Ararat and Mount Aragats. It shares a 45-mile border with Turkey to the south and west. The province has the Holy City of Echmiadzin.  Echmiadzin is the center of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the seat of the Catholicos of Armenia and of All Armenians.  Also in this region is the historic city of Sardarapat.  It was the site of the 1918 Battle of Sardarapat.

Armavir is the smallest province of the country.  There are 3 urban communities and 94 rural communities.

References

Provinces of Armenia
The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City. It is the second largest public library in the United States.

The library has branches in the boroughs of Manhattan, Bronx and Staten Island.  The branch libraries are open to the general public.

History

John Astor gave $400,000 for the creation of a public library. which was built in 1854.

The size and importance of the library grew along with the city.

References

Other websites

 New York Public Library website
 New York Times, "British Architect to Redesign City Library," October 22, 2008; "Sacking a Palace of Culture,"  April 21, 2012

Buildings and structures in New York City
Libraries in the United States
1854 establishments in the United States
1850s establishments in New York (state)
was a  after Wadō and before Yōrō.  This period started in September 715 and ended in November 717. The reigning empress was .

Events of the Reiki era
 715 (Reiki 1): In the 7th year of Gemmei's reign, the empress abdicated; and her daughter received the succession (senso).  Soon after, Empress Genshō's new role as empress is confirmed with ceremonies (sokui).

Related pages
 Nara period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
710s establishments in Japan
710s disestablishments in Japan
715 establishments
717 disestablishments