Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Delahaye's design-engineer Amadee Varlet came up with a twin-cam V6, that went into series production as the Type 44, in 1911. It was not successful enough to remain in production after 1914, when the first World war interrupted French automobile manufacturing. (Information obtained through Club Delahaye, the recognized global authority and permanent holder of the registered Delahaye trademark).

The first series production V6 was introduced by Lancia in 1950. Other builders soon started using V6 engines. In 1959, General Motors built a heavy-duty 305 in3 (5 L) 60° V6 for use in their pickup trucks and Chevrolet Suburban. The engine was later enlarged to 478 in3 (7.8 L) for heavy truck and bus use.

In 1962, the Buick Special offered a 90° V6 with uneven firing intervals. Consumers did not like this engine because of the vibration.
Balance and smoothness 
Due to the odd number of cylinders in each bank, V6 designs are unbalanced, whatever V-angle they use. Each bank in a V6 has an odd number of pistons. The V6 has an end-to-end rocking motion. Counterweights on the crankshaft and a counter rotating balancer shaft compensate for some of the rocking motion. 

The Lancia V6 in 1950 used a 60° angle between the cylinder banks and a six-throw crankshaft, to achieve equally spaced firing intervals of 120°. This still has some balance and secondary vibration problems. The first Buick V6 was a 90°, based on their 90° V8. This produced a rough-running design. This was unacceptable to many customers. Later designs have improved the engine and made it reasonably smooth.

V angles
V angles

60 degrees 
The most efficient cylinder bank angle for a V6 is 60 degrees. This makes the smallest size engine and reduces vibration. 60° V6 engines are not as well balanced. Modern design has reduced most of the vibration. 60 degree V6 engines do not need balance shafts. This design works well in larger cars where four-cylinder engines do not have enough power.

90 degrees 
Some 90° V6 engines are built. They are usually based on V8 engines. It takes little work to change a V8 into a V6 engine. The problem is these engines are wider and have more vibration than a 60° V6. More modern 90° V6 engine designs avoid vibration problems by changing the crankshaft's design and firing timing. Balancing shafts are often used to remove the remaining vibration.
120 degrees
120° could be thought of as the natural angle for a V6. Each cylinder fires a power stroke every 120° of crankshaft rotation. This allows pairs of pistons to share crank pins (a connection on the crankshaft). Unlike the V8, there is no way to arrange a V6 to balance the piston forces. Because of the odd number of cylinders in each bank, a balance shaft is needed.

The 120° design also creates a very wide engine. It is too wide for most cars. It is often used in race cars. Race cars are designed around the engine, and vibration is not as important.

180 degrees

The  flat-6 boxer engine (180°) is only slightly wider than the 120° V6, and it is fully balanced.

Odd and even firing
When the fuel in a cylinder is burned, it pushes the piston down and creates power. This is often referred to as firing.
Many early V6 engines were based on V8 engine designs. This made a firing pattern with groups of two cylinders with an odd-firing order. This resulting in rough-running engines with unpleasant vibrations at certain engine speeds.

More modern 90° V6 engines avoid this problem. They use a split crank pin where the piston connects to the crankshaft. This makes an even 120° firing pattern. A 'split' crank pin is weaker than a straight one. Modern metallurgical techniques can produce a crankshaft that is strong enough to not break.

Racing use 
The V6 engine was introduced into racing by Lancia in the early 1950s. They had some good results. Then Ferrari built the Dino V6. Alfredo Ferrari, the son of Enzo Ferrari, was nicknamed Dino. He suggested building a 1.5 litre V6 engine for Formula Two racing. The Dino V6 was updated several times, and increased to a 2.4 litre engine. The Dino V6 was used in the Ferrari 246 Formula One car in 1958.
Motorcycle use
Laverda showed a 996 cc V6-engined motorcycle at the 1977 Milan show. The motorcycle was raced in the 1978 Bol d'Or 24 hour race.

Notes

References

Other websites 

Understanding the odd-fire V6
AutoZine Technical School – V6 Engines  

V-06
Valtteri Filppula (born March 20, 1984) is a Finnish professional ice hockey centre and left winger. He currently plays for the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings and for Jokerit of the SM-liiga. His brother Ilari Filppula plays hockey for HC CSKA Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Filppula played two seasons with Jokerit of the SM-liiga. He was drafted with the 95th overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. Filppula won the Stanley Cup with the Detroit Red Wings in 2008 when they beat the Pittsburgh Penguins 4 games to 2.

On July 5, 2013, he signed a five-year, $25 million contract with the Tampa Bay Lightning.

Filppula won a bronze medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics with team Finland.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1984 births
Living people
American Hockey League players
Detroit Red Wings players
Finnish ice hockey players
Finnish Olympic bronze medalists
Grand Rapids Griffins players
Stanley Cup champions
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Vantaa
Ice hockey centres
Foolad Khuzestan Football Club  is an Iranian football club, based in Ahvaz, Khuzestan.

Season-by-season

The table below chronicles the achievements of Foolad in various competitions since 1997.

* Azadegan League.

** Iran Pro League.

Other websites
 Foolad F.C. Official Website 

Iranian football clubs
1973 establishments in Asia
1970s establishments in Iran
Rah Ahan Football Club  is an Iranian football club based in Shahr-e-Rey. They currently play in the IPL.

Season-by-season
The table below chronicles the achievements of Rah Ahan every season, from 2002 to the present day.

Iranian football clubs
1937 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Iran
Saba Qom Football Club  is a football team based in Qom, Iran.

Season-by-season

The table below chronicles the achievements of Saba Battery every season, from 2002 to the present day.

Other websites
 Official club website 

Iranian football clubs
2002 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Iran
Sepahan Esfahan  is an Iranian football club based in Isfahan, Iran. Sepahan is the last champion of the IPL in 2009-10 season.

Club honours
 Iran Pro League
Winners (2): 2002-03, 2009-10
Runner Up (1): 2007-08

Hazfi Cup
Winners (3): 2003-04, 2005-06, 2006-07

Asian Champions League 
Runner Up (1): 2007

Individual Honours 
Top Goal Scorer in the Iranian Premier League

 2002-03 :  Edmond Bezik - 13 Goals

 2009-10 :  Emad Mohammed Ridha - 19 Goals

Sister clubs
The following list of clubs are affiliated with Sepahan:
  Internazionale
  Kawasaki Frontale 
  Al Arabi Kuwait
  Jonac FC
  Sharjah FC
  Al-Minaa
  Adanaspor
  Fenerbahçe S.K.
  Al Ahed

References

Iranian football clubs
1953 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Iran
Isfahan
Sanat Mes Kerman Football Club () is an Iranian football team based in Kerman, Iran. The team is named after and sponsored by Kerman's copper industries.

First-team squad
as of August 27, 2010

References

Iranian football clubs
1998 establishments in Asia
20th-century establishments in Iran
Cameron Michael Neely (born June 6, 1965 in Comox, British Columbia, Canada) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played for the Vancouver Canucks for 3 seasons and the Boston Bruins for 10 seasons. Neely was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2005. He was named President of the Boston Bruins on June 16, 2010. His jersey number #8 was retired by the Boston Bruins.

Neely joined the 50 goals in 50 games club when he scored 50 goals in 44 games in 1993–94.

Both of Neely's parents died of cancer. He set up the Cam Neely Foundation. He helps cancer patients live at the "Neely House" while having cancer treatments.

1965 births
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from British Columbia
Living people
Portland Winterhawks players
Vancouver Canucks players
Memorial Cup winners
The notochord is a flexible, rod-shaped body found in embryos of all chordates. It forms the axis of the embryo. In some chordates, it persists throughout life as the main support down the length of the body. In most vertebrates it is replaced by the vertebral column. The notochord is found ventral (underneath) the neural tube (future spinal cord). 

Notochords were the first "backbones" in chordates. Notochords were advantageous to primitive fish-ancestors: they were a rigid structure for muscle attachment, but flexible enough to allow movement. Embryos of vertebrates have notochords, and develop the vertebral column later. 

Chordates
Animal anatomy
Developmental biology
Hurricane Diana struck Mexico in August of 1990 Atlantic hurricane season. Although the hurricane had winds speeding at only 100 miles an hour, the storm still killed more than 130 people. This hurricane also caused more than $100 million in damage (1990 USD). The name Diana was later retired in Spring of 1991 and then replaced by Dolly.

Related pages
Hurricane
1990

1990
Hurricanes in Mexico
Retired tropical cyclone names
1990s in weather
Hurricane Erin struck Florida twice: the eastern side and the Panhandle Region in the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm also struck Alabama. It was not a very severe storm, though the damage caused by Erin was over $700 million. Despite the damage, the name Erin did not get retired.

Hurricanes in the United States
Hurricanes in Florida
Category 2 Atlantic hurricanes
1995 Atlantic hurricane season
1990s in Alabama
1995 in Florida
Tropical Storm Alberto was a catastrophic storm in the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season. The cyclone was responsible for between 22 and 38 deaths and between $500 million and $1 billion in destruction (1994 USD). The storm struck Northwest Florida, southwest Georgia and Alabama. In spite of the destruction, the name Alberto was not retired.

Hurricanes in the United States
Atlantic tropical storms
1994 Atlantic hurricane season
1994 in the United States
1990s in Florida
1990s in Georgia (U.S. state)
1990s in Alabama
The Menai Strait (, the "River Menai") is a narrow stretch of water which separates the island of Anglesey from the mainland of Wales.  It is in the northwest corner of Wales.  The straight is about 25km long.  The water is not very deep.  There are two bridges over the strait.  The A5 road (which goes all the way to central London), goes across by the Menai Suspension Bridge.  There is also the Britannia Tubular Bridge. 

Anglesey
Geography of Wales
Straits
Zob Ahan Football Club  is an Iranian football club based in Esfahan, Iran.

Season-by-season
The table below chronicles the achievements of Zob Ahan since 1973.

* Relegated.

** Promoted.

Iranian football clubs
1969 establishments in Asia
1960s establishments in Iran
Isfahan
Paykan Football Club , is a football team based in Qazvin, Iran. 

Iranian football clubs
1967 establishments in Asia
1960s establishments in Iran
This is a list of Nick Jr.'s original series, Team Umizoomi episodes. Team Umizoomi is an animated mystery fantasy musical series with a focus on preschool mathematics. It has been made available on iTunes. It first broadcast on January 25, 2010 to the final broadcast on April 24, 2015.

The episode list is in broadcast order.

Overview

Episodes

Season 1: 2010

References

Lists of animated television series episodes
Hamish MacCunn (22 March 1868 – 2 August 1916), was a Scottish composer and conductor who lived in the later part of the romantic period.

Birth

He was born in Greenock.  His father was a shipowner.  He soon showed a great talent for music. In 1883 he got a scholarship to study  at the Royal College of Music, which had only just been founded. His teachers there included Sir Hubert Parry and Sir Charles Villiers Stanford.

Works
MacCunn became a professor of harmony at the Royal Academy of Music from 1888-1894.  He also taught at the Guildhall School of Music.

MacCunn composed several orchestral works as well as operas,  but he had to spend more and more time conducting in order to earn money.  For a time he conducted the Carl Rosa Opera Company.  He conducted Wagner’s opera Siegfried  and the first performance in English  of Tristan and Isolde.
In 1887 he conducted his overture The Land of the Mountain and the Flood'' at the Crystal Palace.  This was a very successful piece, and it remains the only composition of his which is still often performed.  The music has a Scottish feeling and sounds quite similar to the music of Mendelssohn.  Although he composed other pieces which were similar in mood, none of them were as successful as this one.

In 1888, he married Alison Pettie, daughter of the painter John Pettie who had painted MacCunn's portrait several times.  They had one son.  John Pettie liked music and helped MacCunn in his career by organizing concerts of his music.

He died aged only 48.

References
New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, edited Stanley Sadie, 1980;

Other websites
Biography from the British Musical Society 

1868 births
1916 deaths
20th-century British composers
Romantic composers
Scottish musicians
People from Greenock
This is a list of herbs.

Food-related lists
Lists of plants
Characters
 Yogi Bear (voiced by Daws Butler): A somewhat greedy and very hungry bear. He lives in the fictional Jellystone Park  and tries to steal picnic baskets from tourists.  His catchphrase is "I'm smarter than the average bear". He always wears a green hat and tie. He would then become one of the most iconic animated characters.
 Boo-Boo Bear (voiced by Don Messick): A small bear who's Yogi's sidekick and best friend. He always tries to stop Yogi from stealing picnic baskets, but always fails. He wears a blue bow tie. 
 Ranger Smith (voiced by Don Messick): The ranger of Jellystone National Park. He's Yogi's rival who always stops Yogi from stealing picnic baskets, but Yogi usually finds a way to trick the ranger. The ranger wears a ranger uniform as well as black shoes. 
 Cindy Bear (voiced by Julie Bennett): A female bear who's Yogi's girlfriend, but Yogi would say that they're just friends. She wears a blue skirt and frequently carries an umbrella.
Cast
 Daws Butler as Yogi Bear
 Don Messick as Boo-Boo Bear / Ranger Smith / The Narrtor
 Julie Bennett as Cindy Bear

References  

1960s American animated television series‏‎
1961 television series debuts
1962 television series endings
English-language television programs
Television shows about bears
REN21, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, is an organization which provides a forum for international leadership in renewable energy policy, in order to promote the rapid growth of renewable energy technologies in developing countries and industrialised economies.

The network was launched in June 2005 as a result of discussion held the previous year at the International Conference for Renewable Energies in Bonn, Germany.  Its secretariat operates from offices in Paris, France, and is provided by the United Nations Environment Programme and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (German Technical Cooperation), in collaboration with the International Energy Agency. 

REN21 has produced a number of internationally recognised reports on renewable energy policy and the development of the renewables marketplace. Since 2005 REN21 has produced an annual Renewables Global Status Report, with Eric Martinot and Janet Sawin as lead authors.

Energy
A transverse engine is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's crankshaft is at a right angle (90°) to the vehicle. Many modern front wheel drive vehicles use a transverse engine mounting design. The majority of rear wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinal engine design, where the engine's crankshaft axis is parallel to the vehicle.

History 
The first car known to use such an arrangement was a 1911 front-wheel drive car. It had a clutch at each end of the engine, driving the front wheels directly. The first successful transverse-engine cars were the two-cylinder DKW "Front" series of cars. These first appeared in 1931. After the World War II, SAAB used the configuration in their first model, the Saab 92, in 1947.

Placement of transverse engines 
Engines may be placed in two main positions within the motor car:
 Front engine mounted – for front-wheel drive vehicles
 Rear or mid-engine mounted  – for rear-wheel drive vehicles

Automotive technologies
A longitudinal engine is an engine mounted in a vehicle so that the engine's crankshaft is parallel with the vehicle, front to back. The majority of rear wheel drive vehicles use a longitudinal engine design. where the engine's crankshaft axis is parallel to the vehicle. Many modern front wheel drive vehicles use a transverse engine mounting design.

Placement of longitudinal engines 
Engines may be placed in three main positions within the car:
 front engine mounted - the engine is mounted under the hood, over the front axle
 rear engine mounted - the engine is mounted where the trunk would normally be, over the rear axle
 mid engine mounted - the engine is mounted between the front and rear axles, where the rear seats would be located

Automotive technologies
Stawki is a district of Toruń.

Streets
Włocławska
Łodzka
Kniaziewicza
Andersa
Hallera

Other websites 
Map districts (pl) 

Toruń
Orange County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed in 1824 when it was originally called Mosquito County.  As of 2020, 1,429,908 people lived there.  Its county seat is Orlando.

References

Florida counties
1824 establishments in Florida Territory
Monroe County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on July 3, 1823.  As of 2020, the population is 82,874.  Its county seat is Key West.

Monroe County includes a part of the Florida mainland, and many small islands called the Florida Keys. Almost nobody lives in the mainland of the county. It is all wetland, part of the Everglades. Nearly everybody in the county lives on the islands.

References

Florida counties
1823 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Florida Territory
Indian River County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on May 30, 1925. As of 2020, 159,788 people lived there.  Its county seat is Vero Beach.

References

Florida counties
1925 establishments in Florida
Gilchrist County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on December 4, 1925. As of 2020, 17,864 people lived there. Its county seat is Trenton.

References

Florida counties
1925 establishments in Florida
Santa Rosa County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida, and was formed on February 18, 1842. As of 2020, 188,000 people lived there. Its county seat is Milton.

References

Florida counties
1842 establishments in the United States
1840s establishments in Florida Territory
Escambia County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. It was formed on July 21, 1821. As of 2020, 321,905 people lived there. Escambia County's seat is Pensacola.

References

Other websites
 Official county website 

Florida counties
1821 establishments in the United States
1820s establishments in Florida Territory
Kauai County is a county in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It was formed in 1905. As of 2020, 73,298 people live there. It's county seat is Lihue.

References

Hawaii counties
1905 establishments in Hawaii
Dimethylmercury, sometimes called dimethyl mercury, is a chemical compound. It contains methyl and mercury ions. Its chemical formula is (CH3)2Hg.

Properties
It is a colorless liquid. It evaporates very fast. It is a very strong toxin to the nervous system. It doesn't react with water like other similar chemicals. It contains mercury in its +2 oxidation state. It can react with mercury(II) chloride to make a crystalline chemical compound.

Production
It is made by reacting a sodium amalgam with methyl iodide.

Uses
It has almost no uses. It is rarely used to test instruments that are used to detect mercury.

Safety
It is extremely toxic. If just a drip gets placed on human skin, it will poison the person. It gets into the brain easily when it goes through the skin. The poisoning does not happen quickly, though. It sometimes can take months before the poisoning effects show.

Related pages
Mercury compounds
Organic chemistry
Methane

Mercury compounds
is a Japanese stage, movie, and television actor. To English-speaking audiences, he is known for playing characters such as General Tadamichi Kuribayashi in Letters from Iwo Jima. He played Lord Katsumoto Moritsu in the 2003 movie The Last Samurai and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Among other awards, he has won the Japan Academy Prize for Best Actor twice, in 2007 for Memories of Tomorrow and in 2010 for Shizumanu Taiyō. He is also known for his acting in Christopher Nolan's movies, Batman Begins and Inception.

On February 9, 2016, it was revealed Watanabe, a leukemia survivor, had been diagnosed with stomach cancer.

References

Other websites 

1959 births
Living people
Japanese movie actors
Japanese television actors
Japanese stage actors
Japanese voice actors
People from Niigata Prefecture
Methyl is an ion. It is made by removing one of the hydrogen atoms from an atom of methane. It is an organic ion. Its chemical formula is CH3. It bonds with other ions, such as hydroxide, to make chemical compounds. The bonding with hydroxide makes methanol. If it bonds with mercury, it makes dimethylmercury.

Methyl groups added to cytosine are the basis of epigenetics. They change the way genes act, and so explain how (for example)  identical twins may turn out differently later in life. Or, they help understand how a mother's nutrition may have long-lasting effects on her offspring.

References

Related pages
Methylation
Chemical bond
Chemical reaction
-

Ions
Epigenetics
Functional groups
The idea behind Inception was first developed over nine years before it was released. But, there is also another anime film just like it called Paprika (2006 film). After the 2002 completion of Insomnia, Nolan wrote an 80-page treatment for a horror movie envisioning "dream-stealers", presenting the idea to Warner Bros. based on ideas of lucid dreaming and dream incubation.  
Deciding he needed more experience before tackling a production of this magnitude and complexity, Nolan shelved the project and instead worked on 2005's Batman Begins, 2006's The Prestige, and The Dark Knight in 2008. He spent six months polishing up the script for Inception before Warner Bros. purchased it in February 2009. Filming spanned in six countries, beginning in Tokyo on June 19 and finishing in Canada in November 22. It was officially budgeted at $160 million, a cost which was shared between Warner Bros. and Legendary. Nolan's success with The Dark Knight helped gain the movie $100 million to spend on advertising.
Inception was first screened in London on July 8, 2010 and was shown in standard and IMAX theatres on July 16, 2010. Inception grossed over $828 million worldwide, becoming the fourth-highest-grossing movie of 2010. Considered one of the best movies of the 2010s, Inception received critical praise for its screenplay, direction, themes, action sequences, visual effects, musical score, and ensemble cast. It won four Academy Awards (Best Cinematography, Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Visual Effects) and was nominated for four more: Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay, Best Art Direction, and Best Original Score.

Release dates

References
References

2010 action movies
2010 crime movies
2010 science fiction movies
American action movies
American crime movies
American science fiction movies
British action movies
British crime movies
British science fiction movies
Warner Bros. movies
IMAX movies
Movies composed by Hans Zimmer
Movies directed by Christopher Nolan
Movies about dreams
Movies set in California
Methyl iodide is a chemical compound. It is made of methyl and iodide ions. Its chemical formula is CH3I.

Properties
It is a liquid that evaporates easily. When it is exposed to light, it turns purple because of iodine. This can be stopped by keeping it with copper. It breaks down when heated to make carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen iodide.

Preparation
It is made by reacting iodine, red phosphorus, and methanol all at the same time. Phosphorus(III) iodide is formed during the reaction. Another way to make it is to react methanol with potassium iodide and some sulfuric acid.

Uses
It is used to add methyl to some organic compounds. It can also be used as a pesticide. It is used to make dimethylmercury and other chemicals.

Safety
It causes nausea and dizziness when breathed. It can cause burns when put on skin.

Related pages
Methane
Ethanol
Potassium iodide

References

Iodine compounds
Phosphorus(III) iodide, also known as phosphorus triiodide, is a chemical compound. It is made of phosphorus and iodide ions. It contains phosphorus in its +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is PI3.

Properties 
It is a red solid. It is very unstable and a powerful reducing agent. It reacts violently with water. The reaction with water makes phosphorous acid and hydrogen iodide. It is used in making chemicals. Some think that it is too unstable to be stored, but it can be stored and can be bought.

Preparation 
Phosphorus(III) iodide is made by reacting iodine with white phosphorus dissolved in carbon disulfide. It is dissolved in carbon disulfide because it does not dissolve in water. It can also be made by reacting phosphorus(III) chloride with hydrogen iodide or some other iodide.

Uses 
It reacts with alcohols such as methanol to make "alkyl iodides" such as methyl iodide. Many times phosphorus(III) iodide is made in the reaction. The alkyl iodides are used in many chemical reactions.
Related pages 
Phosphorus(III) oxide
Phosphorus compounds
Potassium iodide

Phosphorus compounds
Iodine compounds
Carbon disulfide, also known as carbon bisulfide, is a chemical compound. It consists of carbon and sulfide ions. It contains carbon in its +4 oxidation state and sulfur in its -2 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is CS2.

Properties
It is similar to carbon dioxide, although much more reactive. Sulfide is a much more powerful reducing agent than oxide. It burns very easily and catches fire at 90°C. It smells sweet but is often contaminated other chemicals that smell bad.

Preparation
It used to be made by reacting carbon and sulfur at a very high temperature. Now it is made by "burning" methane in sulfur (instead of oxygen). It is much harder to burn methane in sulfur. The waste product (carbon disulfide) is also much more reactive than carbon dioxide, the normal waste product.

Uses
It is used to make carbon tetrachloride. It is also used in making organic chemicals. It is used to dissolve things like phosphorus and iodine and to kill insects.
Safety
Carbon disulfide is very flammable and is also toxic in large amounts when breathed in.

Related pages
Iron sulfide

Carbon compounds
Sulfur compounds
Donovan Patton (born March 1, 1978) is an American host, actor, voice actor, and singer. Patton graduated from the Interlochen Arts Academy and acted in Shakespeare plays such as Much Ado About Nothing and Romeo and Juliet before he replaced Steve Burns as Joe, the second host of Nickelodeon's children's television program Blue's Clues in 2002. Series co-creator Angela Santomero stated that Patton brought Joe, his character, closer to the preschool viewer, as Joe was more willing to "jump into a problem rather than figure it out first like Steve". After Blue's Clues ended Patton voiced Bot on Nickelodeon's Team Umizoomi, for his work on children's television series, Patton has been described as a "household name" and an "unqualified star to the 5-and-under set and their parents".

Although most of his career has been in children's television, Patton has also appeared in independent films, such as Awake and Lies I Told My Little Sister, and in television shows.
He also appeared in video games, such as Grand Theft Auto V, Lego Jurassic World, Star Wars: The Old Republic - Knights of the Fallen Empire and Halo 5: Guardians.

Early career 
Donovan Patton graduated from the Interlochen Arts Academy in northwest Michigan. His first acting roles were in Shakespeare plays such as Much Ado About Nothing and Romeo and Juliet.
Patton's "big break" came in 2002, when he was cast to replace Steve Burns as Joe, the second host of the Nickelodeon children's television program Blue's Clues.  He was up for a part in Blair Witch Project 2 at the time, but considered the role as Joe "a happy accident".  Patton became a "household name"  and has been called "an unqualified star to the 5-and-under set and their parents".  He was subjected to "the same kind of scrutiny" as Burns, who was involved in Patton's selection and helped train him, to earn the role.  Patton was selected out of 1,500 auditions.  He had never seen the show before his audition, but like Burns was the favorite with preschool test audiences.  He said, "I am convinced that I got that part because of a Christopher Walken impression I sometimes do.  There's a tape out there, somewhere, with both Steve Burns and myself doing a Blue's Clues scene both as Christopher Walken, which we did at the screen test. I haven't seen the tape, but I know somewhere it still exists"
.  Beginning in September 2000, Burns trained Patton to take over the host spot and advised him not to "think of [the show] as children's TV", but rather as "acting and telling the truth".
According to Traci Paige Johnson, one of the producers and creators of Blue's Clues, Patton's character was more like a preschooler and more innocent than Steve. Angela Santomero, another producer and creator, stated that Patton's characterization as Joe brought him closer to the preschool viewer as Joe was more willing to "jump into a problem rather than figure it out first like Steve". Patton liked working on Blue's Clues because, as he stated, "I got to go be a kid for twelve hours a day".  He called the show's crew "a real fun little family" and a "well-oiled machine" by the time he joined the show. Patton remained on the show for 50 episodes, until it ended its run in 2006, and also appeared in its spin-off, Blue's Room, which premiered in 2004. Several years later, Patton said he had not yet grasped the enormity of replacing Burns, even after he became a parent and witnessed the show's effect on his own children.  He admitted that he preferred when his two-year-old daughter watched the Steve episodes.
Later roles 
In 2012, Patton appeared in the short films Awake and Pharmboy, the latter of which was directed by his longtime friend Lawrence Feeney.  Mark Finguerra, the director of Awake, was able to look past the potential typecasting of Patton's role in Blue's Clues to cast him in a darker role.  Patton had impressed him in an audition for an earlier feature film.  Finguerra called Patton a "complete professional [and a] tremendous actor", and enjoyable on set.  He appeared in the soap opera One Life to Live, in which he played, in a departure of his previous roles, "a very angry man".  In 2014, he appeared in a small movie shot mostly in New Jersey, entitled Lies I Told My Little Sister, directed by William Stribling and starring Lucy Walters.
Patton called his career, with its mixture of children's television and darker roles in independent films, "an odd experience" and told a reporter that he had spent half his life at Nickelodeon.  In 2009, he was cast as Bot, the robot superhero, on the children's show Team Umizoomi through the relationships he had made at Nickelodeon on Blue's Clues.  He found working on Team Umizoomi "comforting" because many of the same crew, producers, and creators had also worked on Blue's Clues.  It was the first time he had worked as a voice-over artist, unlike on Blue's Clues, when he was able to be more physical acting in front of a blue screen.  He said, about Team Umizoomi, "the work the animators have done on it has been superlative".  He stated that he enjoyed working on Team Umizoomi because it gave him the opportunity to participate in a show from its inception, which he had missed with Blue's Clues
.  Patton said his voice performance of Bot, which he modeled on Brent Spiner's performance as the android Data on Star Trek: The Next Generation and was influenced by Mel Blanc's work in the classic Warner Bros. cartoons, "ended up sounding more like my natural voice, with a teeny bit of superhero in there".  Despite both roles in Blue's Clues and Team Umizoomi requiring him to sing, he did not consider himself a natural singer and felt that he had to work hard at it.  He said, about being cast as Bot, "I get to be a superhero. Who doesn't want to be a superhero"?.
Patton is married and has two children.  He is active in several charities in the New York City area, including Literacy Inc., the Make-a-Wish Foundation, and the Columbia Presbyterian Hospital, a large children's hospital.

Filmography

References

1978 births
Living people
American voice actors
People from Guam
The Gilded Age is a time in the in history of the USA. It lasted from the end of the American Civil War, and up to the late 19th century. It corresponds to the latter part of the British Victorian era. 

The name Gilded Age was first used by writer Mark Twain in The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873).  The time saw rapid progress in technology and railroad expansions and industrialization.  Immigrants came in the millions.  The intense political partisanship of the day included disputes over currency, tariffs, political corruption and patronage, railroads and business trusts.

References

Other websites
Gilded Age Timeline

19th century in the United States
Periods and ages in history
Chemiluminescence (or Chemoluminescence) is a kind of luminescence. It is a process of making light from a chemical reaction. Chemiluminescence in biological systems is called bioluminescence. 

The light made in chemiluminiscence is not directly related to heat. A simple two step example of a reaction of A, and B, that produces; C, D, and light.
[A] + [B] → [C*] + [D]
[C*] → [C] + Light 
C* is an excited state of C. 

This reaction is simpler than most chemiluminesence reactions. The excited state happens when electrons are pushed into a  higher orbit by the energy of a chemical  reaction. The excited state is less stable than the ground state. The electrons in the excited state fall to the ground state (lower energy), emitting light. 

The amount of measurable light made is called radiant intensity: ICL (photons emitted per second).
Analytical applications
The device needed to measure the light made is simple. It needs something to hold the sample, and a photomultiplier tube. There are three ways for this to be used in chemical measurements. 
sometimes the product wanted makes light when it reacts with another compound, 
in another type the amount of light made drops when the wanted product is added, 
sometimes the wanted product when added to a chemiluminescence reaction makes more light(a catalytic reaction).

Analysis of gases 
The method measures small amounts of atmospheric pollutants. A common method measures the amount of nitrogen monoxide by reacting it with ozone. The light made has a wavelength range of 600 to 2800 nm.

Analysis of liquids 
Luminol is the most well known type of compound used for chemiluminescence in liquids.
Analysis of cell organelles 
Ca2+(calcium) inside of different parts of cells like the mitochondria can make light when it reacts with a protein from jellyfish named aequorin. Nitric oxide(NO) is in cells and is a way for cells to talk to each other, this can be measured with the compound luminol.

Other examples
An example of chemiluminescence molecules in nature is firefly luciferin.
The process is used to make glowsticks.

References

Daniel C. Harris. In Quantitative Chemical Analysis Seventh Edition: 2007 by W.H. Freeman and Company.
Douglas A. Skoog, James F. Holler, Stanley R. Crouch. In Principles of Instrumental Analysis Sixth Edition:2005 by Thomson, Brooks, Cole.

Chemical reactions
Light sources
Thilo Sarrazin (born 12 February 1945) is a German economist and former politician of the SPD. In 2000 and 2001, Sarrazin worked for the Deutsche Bahn. In 2002, he became the senator for finance in the German state of Berlin. In May 2009, he has become a member of the executive board of the Deutsche Bundesbank.

Sarrazin published the book Deutschland schafft sich ab ("Germany Abolishes Itself") with controversial comments about the German immigration system. The book was published on 30 August 2010. His book led the executive board members of the Bundesbank to ask to dismiss Thilo Sarrazin from his office. This must be done by the German Bundespräsident Christian Wulff. After an agreement with the German Bundesbank, Thilo Sarrazin will leave his post at the end of September.
Sarrazin is also known for statements such as the following:
"Integration needs performance from those that are to be integrated. I will not show respect for anyone that is not performing in that way. I do not have to acknowledge anyone who lives by welfare, denies the very state that provides that welfare, refuses to care for the education of his children and constantly produces new little headscarf-girls."

Life 
Sarrazin was born in Gera, Germany. His father was a doctor and the mother a daughter of a West Prussian landowner. His paternal family, a French Huguenot family, is originally from Burgundy. His grandmother was English-Italian. He has explained that his name means Saracen (i.e. Muslim) and is common in Southern France. It comes from the Arab pirates that were called “Saracens” in the Middle Ages. His mother has a Polish origin. He has referred to himself as "a European mongrel".
In 1975 Sarrazin started to work in the Federal Ministry of Finance.  Until 1981 he served as Head of Unit in the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs. In 1981, he returned to the Federal Ministry of Finance. In October 1981, he started to work as bureau chief and was a close collaborator of Federal Finance Minister Hans Matthöfer and his successor Manfred Lahnstein. Even after the end of the socialist-liberal coalition in October 1982, Sarrazin remained in the Finance Ministry. There he was director of several units, including (from 1989 to 1990) the "Innerdeutsche Beziehungen", which the German monetary, economic and social union prepared. During his time as Head of the Federal Ministry of Finance, he was partly responsible for German railways.

From 1990 to 1991, Sarrazin worked for the Treuhand. Then he was up to 1997 State Secretary in the Ministry of Finance in Rhineland-Palatinate.

Sarrazin is married to Ursula Sarrazin (née Breit) and has two sons.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1945 births
Living people
German bankers
German writers
Politicians from Thuringia
Politicians of the Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Turn of the Screw is an opera by Benjamin Britten.  It is a chamber opera (an opera for a small number of characters and very small orchestra).  The story is based on a story with the same title by Henry James.  The libretto (the words of the opera) were written by Myfanwy Piper.  The story of the opera is almost exactly the same as in Henry James’s book.   Britten was asked by the Venice Biennale to write the opera.  It was first performed on 14 September, 1954, at the Teatro La Fenice, Venice.  Its first performance in Britain took place a month later on 6 October 1954 at Sadler’s Wells Opera in London.
The opera is divided into two acts.  It is further divided into a prologue and sixteen scenes.  Before each scene starts we hear a variation on the 'Screw' theme.  This theme is based on twelve notes which are all the 12 notes in the octave.  This is called twelve-tone row, but it is tonally based (the music is in traditional keys, unlike the music of Schoenberg).  There are only 13 players in the orchestra.

Roles

The story of the opera
Time: The middle of the nineteenth century

Place: Bly, an English country house
Prologue
The prologue is just for a solo singer (tenor) and piano.  He tells us about a young governess he once knew who looked after two children at Bly House. The children’s parents were dead, and they were supposed to be cared for by their uncle.  The uncle, who lived in London, was far too busy to care for them, and he hired a governess for them.  He told the governess (who is just called “the governess” in the opera) that she must never write to him about the children.  She must make any decisions about them herself.  She must never ask him about the history of Bly House, and she must always continue to care for the children.
Act 1
The Governess wonders what the children will be like.  The children wonder what their new governess will be like.  When the Governess arrives at Bly House she is greeted by the housekeeper, Mrs. Grose, and the children who (bow and curtsey).  She thinks that the boy, Miles, looks strangely familiar.  Miles goes to a boarding school, but he has come home for the holidays.  A letter from his school arrives saying that he has been expelled because he had been threatening other children. The Governess is sure that Miles, like his sister Flora, is too kind and innocent to have done such terrible things.  Mrs Grose also thinks the same thing.  The Governess decides not to take any notice of the letter.
The Governess sings about her wonderful position at the house and the beautiful children she has in her care. But at night she hears strange footsteps and a cry outside her door.  Suddenly, she sees a pale-faced man sitting on a tower of the house. When the man disappears, she becomes frightened and wonders if she has seen a ghost.  But then she is comforted when she hears the children singing the nursery rhyme "Tom, Tom, the Piper's Son". The Governess doubts that she saw anything, but decides to tell Mrs. Grose. The housekeeper tells the Governess about Peter Quint, who used to be a servant at Bly House.  What Mrs. Grose says seems to suggest that Quint had done nasty things to Miles.  At that time Miles had a governess called Miss Jessel.  Mrs. Grose suggests that Quint had a sexual relationship with Miss Jessell, and that they both had sexual relations with the children
. The housekeeper said she could do nothing about it, as Quint cleverly found any letters that came for her and he threatened her with physical harm. But when Miss Jessel became pregnant and people found out how bad she was, she abandoned the children and ran away.  Soon afterwards she died.  Shortly after that Quint died a mysterious death on an icy road near Bly House.
The next morning, the Governess is teaching Miles Latin when he goes into a trance-like state and sings a song which shows that Quint had abused him.

Later that day, the Governess sits by the side of a lake with Flora. Flora names the seas of the world, finishing with the Dead Sea. Flora compares the Dead Sea (where nothing can live) to Bly House.  This worries the Governess. As Flora plays on the shore with her doll, the Governess suddenly sees a strange woman across the lake who seems to be watching Flora.  It is the ghost of Miss Jessel, who has returned to get Flora. The Governess hurries Flora home to safety.

That night, Miles and Flora slip out into the woods to meet Miss Jessel and Peter Quint. The children fantasize about a world where dreams come true. The Governess and Mrs. Grose arrive as the children are about to be possessed, and the spirits depart. Miles sings a song about how he has been a bad boy.
Act 2
The ghosts of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel reappear. They argue about who harmed whom first when they were alive, and accuse one another of not acting quickly enough to possess the children. In her room, the Governess worries about the evil she feels in the house.

The next morning, the family goes to church. The children sing a song which sounds like a song praising God. Mrs. Grose does not realize the meaning of the song until the Governess tells her they are singing about horrors.  The Governess runs off and goes to her room.  She can feel the presence of Miss Jessel and sees her sitting at her desk.  The Governess now knows that she cannot abandon the children.  She writes to the children’s uncles saying that she must see him.
When the Governess asks Miles what happened at school Quint’s voice is heard.  Miles shrieks and the candle goes out.  Miles is tempted by Quint to pick up the letter. He steals it and rushes off.  Miles distracts the grown-up’s attention by playing the piano, so they do not notice Flora going off to the lake.  Mrs Grose and the Governess find Flora by the lake.  The Governess tries to make Flora say that she can see Mrs Jessel, but she shouts that she can’t see anybody. Mrs Grose takes her home.

In the last scene Flora has become mad.  Mrs Grose tells the Governess that her letter to the uncle must have been stolen.  She asks Miles whether he stole it.  He denies it, but all the time he can see Peter Quint who is telling him he must not tell them the truth about him.  In the end Miles screams: “Peter Quint!  You devil!” and then dies.  The Governess is left holding the dead boy in her arms.
Instrumentation
The instruments used in the orchestra are: 2 violins, viola, cello, double bass, flute/alto flute/piccolo, clarinet/bass clarinet, harp, oboe/cor anglais, piano, celesta and percussion.

References
The New Kobbe’s Opera Book ed. The Earl of Harewood and Antony Peattie, 2000;  

Compositions by Benjamin Britten
1950s operas
1954 works
Demonic possession is a term used to describe a situation when a demon (a devil) controls a human being.  In many cultures and religions people often used to believe that a devil could enter the body of a person and control them.  They often thought this was happening when a person seemed to be mad, or when they had a fit, or when they fainted.

Related pages
 Demon
 Demonology
 Umbrella (song), a song that has been claimed to be about demonic possession.

Possession, Demonic
Occult
Christian terminology
PAS Hamedan Football Club () is an Iranian football club based in Hamedan, Iran.

First-team squad

References

Iranian football clubs
2007 establishments in Asia
2000s establishments in Iran
Malavan Bandar Anzali Football Club () is an Iranian football club based in Bandar-e Anzali, Iran.

Honors
Hazfi Cup
Winners (3): 1976, 1986, 1990
Runner Up (3): 1987, 1988, 1991

Azadegan League
Runner Up (1): 2003

Vahdat Cup (International Tournament hosted by Iran)
Third Place (1): 1981

Regional Construction Cup (International Tournament hosted by Pakistan)
Runner Up (1): 1973

Best non-Tehrani Iranian Football Team: 4: 1973, 1976, 1977, 1989

Iran's representative in Asian Club Championship
(1): 1987

References

Iranian football clubs
1969 establishments in Asia
1960s establishments in Iran
Cosworth is a high performance engineering company. It was founded in London in 1958. It builds engines and electronics for automobile racing, mainstream automotive and defence industries. Cosworth is based in Northampton, England. It has North American facilities in Torrance, California; Indianapolis, Indiana; and Mooresville, North Carolina. It also has a facility in Pune, India.

Cosworth has had a long and well respected career in Formula One, beginning in 1963. Cosworth stepped away from Formula One for three years when no team decided to use their engines for . Cosworth returned to F1 in , suppling engines to Williams, HRT, Lotus, and Virgin. The first Formula One engines shipped in January. Cosworth's 176 wins make it the second most successful engine manufacturers in F1, after Ferrari.