Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) was a war between France and Prussia, which was helped by German allies of Prussia. The war was provoked by Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck, who wanted to unite Germans under Prussian rule by making them fight together against a common enemy. Bismarck irritated French Emperor Napoleon III into declaring war on 19 July 1870. The war ended by a Prussian victory on 10 May 1871.

Causes 
The French feared a Protestant country on their border.  France had helped Prussia beat Austria during the Austro-Prussian War (1866), but it would not allow the North German Confederation and South German states to unify.  In 1869, the throne of Spain was offered to a prince of the Catholic branch of the Prussian Hohenzollern royal family.
France found out about the offer, and demanded for Prussia to reject it since France did not want to be surrounded by Hohenzollerns. The prince refused, but the French wanted Prussia to do the same. Prussian King Wilhelm I sent a telegram from Ems that assuring French Emperor Napoleon III that the prince would not become king of Spain. Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck publicly released a version that he had edited or doctored to make it seem that his king had insulted the emperor's ambassador. That was part of his plan to unify the German states. Both sides exchanged angry words, and France declared war. On July 19 1870 the war started, and Prussia was fully supported by the South German states.

Results
Results 

With its German allies and universal conscription, Prussia brought together a bigger army than the French. The Prussian Army also had better weapons, training and leadership. For example, the Prussian General Staff were very well organised. The army had some old-fashioned equipment like the Dreyse needle gun, but its Krupp mobile artillery (heavy-duty guns) were far better than the old French muzzleloaders. Notable victories occurred at Sedan, Mars-la-Tour, Gravelotte and Metz. The Germans captured Napoleon in Metz, but French Republicans overthrew the Second French Empire and continued the war for a few months. The Germans conquered Paris and then made peace.

After the war, France had to give Prussia some regions that had been under French control. They were most of Alsace and some of Lorraine, most of which spoke German dialects. Prussia took steps to unite the independent German states into one country, the German Empire. The historical term for that is the Unification of Germany.

References
References 

1870s in France
1870s in Germany
Prussia
Wars involving France
Wars involving Germany
1870
1871
19th-century conflicts
Kaohsiung City (Traditional Chinese: 高雄市, Hanyu Pinyin: Gāoxióng, Tongyong Pinyin: Gaosyóng, POJ: Ko-hiông; coordinates 22°38'N, 120°16'E) is the third largest city of Taiwan, after New Taipei City and Taichung City, and the main city in Southern Taiwan.

History
In 2014, 32 people were killed by a series of explosions. In 2021, 46 people were killed in a fire.

Subdivisions
Kaohsiung is divided originally into 11 districts, after the administrative division's adjustment in 2010, the subdivisions of Kaohsiung has increased to 38 districts, most of them are added from the former county of Kaohsiung.

Two islands in the South China Sea are governed by Kaohsiung City and is a part of Cijin District:
 Taiping (island) (太平島)
 Dongsha Islands or Pratas Islands (東沙群島)

Related pages

List of counties of Republic of China
Taipei City (The largest city in Taiwan)
Keelung City

Cities in Taiwan
Ports and harbours of Taiwan
Fernando Alonso Díaz (born July 29, 1981 in Oviedo, Spain) is a racing driver in Formula One. He is from Spain. He won his first F1 title in 2005 and then became the youngest ever Formula 1 World Champion at the age of 24.

Alonso drove until 2006 in Formula 1 for the Renault F1-Team, with which he achieved the driver world championship in the year 2005 and had a major part to play in the Renault F1 Team winning the constructor championship in the same year.

The Drivers' Championship was won again by Fernando with Renault F1 for the second year in a row in 2006 (interestingly, had Alonso not become the youngest World Champion in 2005, he would have still achieved this feat with his 2006 victory) edging out Michael Schumacher of Scuderia Ferrari by 13 points. Renault also retained the Constructor's Championship, beating Ferrari by only five points.
In 2007 Alonso joined Team Vodafone McLaren-Mercedes and entered a four-way battle for the World Championship with his team-mate, the rookie Lewis Hamilton, and Ferrari drivers Kimi Räikkönen and Felipe Massa. Halfway through the season, with wins in Sepang and Monaco, Alonso trails his rookie team-mate by 14 points. The second half of the season should prove interesting.
In the second part Alonso won at Europe and Italy but missed the title by 1 point.

Racing record

Career summary 

* Season still in progress.

Complete International Formula 3000 results 
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula One results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.
 Season in progress.

References 

1981 births
Living people
Spanish Formula One drivers
Formula One current
People from Oviedo
Peter James Crouch (born 30 January 1981) is a former English football player and a current television judge for the ITV reality singing version of the United Kingdom The Masked Singer. He was born in Macclesfield and was raised in Singapore and Ealing, west London. At 6 feet, 7 inches (201 cm), he is one of the tallest people to ever play in the Premier League. Crouch played for Liverpool and England. He was the first player to score 10 goals for England in a single year. He is known for his famous robotic dance celebration, which he first performed after his goal against Hungary in May 2006.

Club career statistics

International career statistics

|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||12||11
|-
|2007||8||3
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
|2009||6||4
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||36||18
|}

References

1981 births
Living people
English footballers
Liverpool F.C. players
Sportspeople from Cheshire
Sportspeople from London
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Premier League players
Delhi is a tobacco town in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada that has fewer than 5000 people. It has a public library, a convience store, a cemetery, a funeral home, various other stores, and a tobacco museum.

The town also has a high school that has been threatened with closure numerous times by the school board for lack of attendance. Children from this town participate in little league baseball, ice hockey, and competitive swimming.

Towns in Ontario
Dushanbe (, ) is the capital city of Tajikistan. About 562,000 people live in Dushanbe as of 2000. The name is borrowed from the Persian word for "Monday" (du "two" + shamba or shanbe "day", lit. "day two") and refers to the fact that it was a popular "Monday" market place.

National capitals in Asia
Geography of Tajikistan
The Taiwan Strait or Formosa Strait is a 180 km-wide strait between mainland China and the island of Taiwan. The strait is part of the South China Sea and attaches to East China Sea to the northeast. The thinest part is 131 km wide. The Taiwan Strait is often incorrectly called the "Taiwan Straits". 

The Strait has been the theatre for several military confrontations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China since the last days of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 when the Kuomintang forces led by Chiang Kai-shek retreated across the Strait and relocated its government on its final stronghold of Taiwan.

Geography of Taiwan
Straits
Character could mean:
Character (persona), a social role
Fictional character, a character who exists in fiction.
Non-fictional character, usage of a real person in a fictional context
Moral character
Sacramental character, a Catholic teaching
Character structure, personal traits

In symbols:
Letter, a symbol used to write a language
Chinese character, a written language symbol
Character (computing), a unit of information roughly corresponding to a grapheme
Character (mathematics)

In accounting and mathematics:
Character (income tax), a type of income for tax purposes in the USA

In entertainment:
Character (1997 movie) a 1997 Dutch movie based on Bordewijk's novel
Character (album), by Dark Tranquillity
Characters (album), by Stevie Wonder
Character Options, a toy company
The Characters, a book by the Greek philosopher  Theophrastus

In biology:
 a trait, a characteristic feature of an organism.
Tashkent (, )) is the capital city of Uzbekistan. It is also the most populated city in Central Asia, with a population of 2,603,000 in 2023. Its name means "Stone City" in English.

Tashkent has been inhabited by people for thousands of years. It was destroyed by Genghis Khan in 1219, but later profited from the Silk Road. Tashkent was conquered by the Russian Empire in 1865, and became the capital of Russian Turkestan. Under the Soviet Union, Tashkent grew in population.

In 2008, Uzbeks accounted for 63% of the population, and the city has large minorities of Russians, Tatars, Koreans, and Tajiks.

Geography 

Tashkent is west of the Altai Mountains, and is next to the Chirchiq River. Tashkent is situated at around 430 m (1,411 ft) above sea level. Tashkent also suffers from earthquakes, and the major 1966 earthquake destroyed most of the city.
Tashkent has a mediterranean climate with continental climate influences. Winters are cold and snowy, while summers are hot, sunny, and dry. The record high temperature was 44.6 °C (112.3 °F), and the record low temperature was −29.5 °C (−21.1 °F). The city has an average of 427 mm (17 inches) of precipitation each year.

Main sights 
Tashkent is full is historical sights, and this article will just mention a few.

The Amir Timur Museum was opened in 1996, and is dedicated to Mongol conqueror Timur. There are at least 5,000 artifacts on display at the museum. Around 2 million people visit the location each year, and the museum is featured on the 1,000 soʻm bank note. The museum is located downtown next to the Amir Temur Square.
The Kukeldash Madrasah (Tashkent) is an ancient madrasa located close to the Chorsu metro station. It was built in the 16th century during Shaybanid rule. Throughout its existence, it functioned as a caravanserai, museum, and fortress. It was one of the few buildings to survive the 1966 earthquake.

The Navoi Theater, formally the Alisher Navoi Opera and Ballet Theatre, is the possibly the most notable opera house and theatre in Uzbekistan. It was designed by Alexey Shchusev, who also designed Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow. It was partially built by the Japanese prisoners of war from 1945 to 1947. The theatre can house at least 1,400 spectators.

Sports 
Tashkent is home to some of the most successful Uzbek football clubs. These include Pakhtakor Tashkent, Lokomotiv Tashkent, Bunyodkor, and Spartak Tashkent.

Some notable athletes from Tashkent include cyclist Djamolidine Abdoujaparov, gymnast Elvira Saadi, and footballer Maksim Shatskikh.

References
References

Other websites 
 All about capital of Uzbekistan – Tashkent
 Photos of historical monuments and modern buildings in Tashkent
 Recent photos of Tashkent with comments in English

National capitals in Asia
Cities in Uzbekistan
Aşgabat (; , UniPers: Ešq-âbâd;  - Ashkhabád) is the capital city of Turkmenistan. It also spelled as Ashgabat, Ashkabat, Ashkhabad, Ashgabad. Aşgabat has a population of 695,300 (2001) and is between the Karakum desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range. The name is believed to borrow from the Persian Ashk-abad meaning "the City of Arsaces". Another explanation is that the name is a corruption of the Persian Eshq (Love) + abad (natured place or city), and therefore loosely translates as "The city built by/from love". Aşgabat is at 37°58′N 58°20′E (37.9667, 58.333). Aşgabat's major ethnic groups are: Turkmen, Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. Arsaces was king of Persia and his name appears between 3 and 4 times in the Bible.

More images

References

National capitals in Asia
Cities in Turkmenistan
The term wedge may mean many things. Some of them are as noted below:

Wedge (mechanics) is a simple machine. People use this machine to separate two things. Sometimes, people use a wedge to split a thing into two or more parts, or  to fix things tightly
Wedge product is a term in mathematics
Wedge Antilles is a character in many Star Wars films
Wedge hairstyle, a hairstyle used by the skater named Dorothy Hamill
A crew is a group of people that work as a team within a common organization and perform similar activities. Crews can be found in places like ships and airplanes. It is common for members of a crew to have a special role. Different positions within a crew are commonly organized on a scale of power, like a hierarchy, so that there is a clear chain of command. Aboard a ship, for example, every member of the crew has someone else above them, and this chain of power ends at the captain who is in charge of everyone below them. Teams who work backstage in theaters, on movie sets, and in television studios are also called crews. Such crews are distinct from the cast.

Occupations
Cargo or freight means goods which people transport, often using a vehicle made for that purpose rather than for passenger service. The vehicle is usually a truck or freighter or cargo aircraft or freight train.

Prefabricated cargo is a type of cargo for transportation in prefabricated batches, which are completed at the expense of piece units and container volumes.  

The noun is used as not countable; people will talk about some freight.  Today, goods other than bulk cargo are usually packed in shipping containers, which are carried.  A place which loads or unloads cargo is usually called a cargo terminal.

Related pages 
 Cargo plane
 Cargo ship

References

Other websites 
 The Gallery of Transport Loss -- Photos & Lessons of Disaster

Transport
Ransom can mean two things:
Holding a person against their will, in order to get some money (or some other things)
The money, or the goods which (could possibly) be obtained in such a way.

If people talk about that they need to pay money to the state or the police, to get free, the correct legal term used is usually bail.

Often in piracy, pirates would steal something or someone important and demand a ransom payment.

Piracy
Kidnapping
Paraphilia is a word used in sociology and medicine.  Like many other medical terms it comes from Ancient Greek. It means that someone is sexually aroused by people (or by things) that are unable to return their affection. The word can also be used to refer to sexual practices which are bad for the mind or body and are mental disorders.

When doctors talk about paraphilia, they usually mean one of the following, among other things:
Dendrophilia - Sexual attraction to trees
 Emetophilia - Sexual arousal from vomiting or watching others vomit
 Exhibitionism- Wanting to expose oneself to strangers
 Fetishism- Sexual arousal by non-sexual objects, like lamps or boxes.
 Frotteurism- Sexual arousal by rubbing against strangers
 Infantilism - Wanting to be treated like an infant or a toddler
 Incestophilia - Wanting to have sex with relatives
 Klismaphilia - Sexual arousal from enemas
 Masochism- Wanting to be hurt physically
 Necrophilia - Sexual attraction to corpses
 Chronophilia- Wanting to have sex with a specific age group
 Sadism- Wanting to hurt people
 Urolognia - Enjoying urinating on people, and/or having people urinate on them
 Voyeurism- Sexual arousal by looking at strangers doing sexual things
 Zoophilia - Feeling sexually attracted to animals

The respective behaviour is only classified as paraphilia if it is the only means for the person involved to get sexually aroused, for a considerable time.
When normal people talk about paraphilia, they usually mean non-mainstream sexual behaviour.

Homosexuality (LGBT) used to be considered a paraphilia, but this is no longer the case in a lot of countries. However, in a lot of other countries it is still considered abnormal. The opposite of paraphilia is normophilia. An example of a normophilia is teleiophilia.

References

Mental illnesses
Sociology
Belo Horizonte is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Minas Gerais. About 2.4 million people live in the city. It has an area of 330.9 km². It is the third largest metropolitan area in the country.

Colleges and Universities
 Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG);
 Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais (UEMG);
 Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC-MG);
 Universidade José do Rosário Vellano (UNIFENAS);
 Centro Universitário Newton Paiva;
 Universidade Salgado de Oliveira (UNIVERSO);
 SKEMA Business School

Culture and Architecture
  ARQBH
Sister Cities
 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 Porto, Portugal (1986)
 Milan, Italy
 Havana, Cuba
 Bethlehem, Palestine
 Boston, Massachusetts, United States (2007)
 Fort Lauderdale, United States (2003)
 Newark, New Jersey, United States (2006)
 Masaya, Nicaragua (2002)
 Granada, Spain (1975)
 Minsk, Belarus (1987)
 Luanda, Angola (1968)
 Tegucigalpa, Honduras (2004)
 Zahle, Lebanon (1974)
 Homs, Syria (2001)
 Tripoli, Libya (2003)
 Cuenca, Ecuador (2004)
 Córdoba, Argentina (2007)
 São Paulo,  Brazil
 Lisbon, Portugal (2007)
 Wuxi, China (1996)

 
Capitals of Brazilian states
Bohemia is one of the regions of the Czech Republic. Poland is to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south, and the Czech province of Moravia to the east. The capital city of Prague is in Bohemia. 

Bohemia is well known for its glasswares and other handicrafts, its beer and its cuisine.

During the Middle Ages, Bohemia was sometimes an independent duchy or kingdom. In 1526, it came under control of the House of Habsburg. After Austria-Hungary was defeated during World War I, Bohemia became part of Czechoslovakia.
Rhododendron is a large genus of flowering plants. It includes 1,024 species of woody plants in the heath family (Ericaceae). Some are evergreen, and some are deciduous. They are found mainly in Asia. 

Most of them have quite showy flowers. What gardeners know as Azalea is in fact a kind of rhododendron. Many people have rhododendrons in their garden or flower pot. It is the national flower of Nepal.  One rhododendron, Rhododendron ponticum, has become an Invasive species in North America.

Rhododendron
National symbols of Nepal
Jasmine is a genus of plants, Jasminum. They are shrubs or vines that grow in moderately warm climates. 

There are about 200 different species of Jasminum. They are also a favourite in gardens. Tea can be made from the flowers. Some species are used to make special oil, perfumes or incense. Women, especially from Asia sometimes wear jasmine flowers in their hair.

Jasmine flowers are white or yellow in colour, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. Jasmine flowers are well known for their lovely smell. Jasmine is also a female name.

Gallery

Oleaceae
Plants of Asia
Plants of Australia
The word article can mean several things:

 Something written for an encyclopedia or newspaper on a particular topic. This page is an article about the word "article".
 Article (grammar), a little word before a noun, like "the", "a" or "an"
Yaren is the largest settlement on the island country Nauru. Nauru has no official capital, but many government buildings can be found in Yaren, so some people call it the capital. In 2003, 1,100 people lived there.

National capitals in Oceania
Nauru
Nupedia was an English-language  online encyclopedia. Its articles were written by volunteers and checked by experts. They were licensed as open content. It was founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger. Nupedia was online from March 2000 until September 2003. It is mostly known as the website which came before Wikipedia.

Unlike Wikipedia, Nupedia was not a wiki. It also had a long peer-review process for all of its articles. This was supposed to make its articles as good as professional encyclopedias. Nupedia wanted scholars to help build it. Before it shut down, Nupedia had 25 articles that completed its own review routine.

In June 2008, CNET said that Nupedia was one of the greatest closed websites in Internet history.

History 
In late 1999, Jimmy Wales began thinking about an online encyclopedia built by volunteers. In January 2000, he hired Larry Sanger to manage it. The project went online on March 9, 2000.
By November 2000, only two full articles had been published.
From when it started, Nupedia was a free content encyclopedia. Bomis, Jimmy Wales' company, was going to get money from adverts on the Nupedia website. At first, the project used a license that was made up by Wales and Sanger. Later, it began using the Nupedia Open Content License. In January 2001, it switched to the GNU Free Documentation License. This was because Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation said they should.

Also in January 2001, Nupedia started Wikipedia. At first, it was not meant to be an encyclopedia. Instead, it was meant as a side-project to allow people to work on articles for Nupedia before they were peer reviewed. As Wikipedia got bigger and attracted new users, it began to run without Nupedia. However, Larry Sanger first led activity on Wikipedia. This was because he was the chief editor on Nupedia.
Wikipedia led to the gradual shutdown of Nupedia. Jimmy Wales decided to stop paying Sanger in December 2001. Sanger then left both Nupedia and Wikipedia. After Sanger left, Nupedia became even less noticed than Wikipedia. As Nupedia was used less and less, the idea of changing its articles into Wikipedia articles was sometimes proposed. However, it was never done. After it closed down, Nupedia's articles were moved in to Wikipedia.

Peer review
Nupedia's articles were all peer reviewed. These were the steps they had to follow:
Assignment
Finding a lead reviewer
Lead review
Open review
Lead copyediting (when articles had their grammar, punctuation and layout changed to look better)
Open copyediting
Final approval and markup
People who wrote for Nupedia were supposed to be experts in what they wrote about. However, some articles could be written by a good writer, rather than an expert. People who changed content on Nupedia were expected to be "true experts in their fields and (with few exceptions) possess PhDs", which means that they should be experts in what they are changing and (generally) have PhDs.

Related pages
 Wikipedia
 Bomis

References

Other websites

 Earlier versions of Nupedia (from the Internet Archive)
 Larry Sanger: The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir Part 1 and Part 2. Slashdot, April 2005
 http://nunupedia.sourceforge.net

2000 establishments in the United States
2003 disestablishments
2000s disestablishments in the United States
Websites established in the 2000s
Encyclopedia websites
An article is a word that is used with a noun. There are two kinds of articles: definite articles and indefinite articles.

In English there is just one definite article: the. There are two indefinite articles: a and an. The word an is used before a word starting with a vowel sound (which does not have to be a vowel letter): we say a horse, a child, a European (European has a "Y" sound, /j/, which is a consonant sound), a university, but an orange, an elephant.
Some languages have more than one word for the. In some languages, this is because each noun is either masculine or feminine or, in some languages it can be masculine, feminine or neuter. For example: in French le is used for masculine nouns (le jardin - the garden) and la for feminine nouns (la table - the table). The becomes les in front of plural nouns. The indefinite articles in French are un (masculine) and une (feminine). German, Dutch and Ancient Greek have masculine, feminine and neuter nouns, but in the case of Dutch the word for the is the same for masculine and feminine (de) so you do not need to know which it is. The Māori language uses one word for the for when the subject or object to which the the refers is one in number, and uses another word for the when the subject or object to which the the refers numbers more than one.
There are also many languages that do not have articles. Some examples include Russian, Hindi, Japanese, and Chinese. When speakers of these languages are learning English, it is often difficult to explain to them what an article is because English speakers use them naturally. Even though these languages do not have articles, they still have grammatical features that allow them to show definiteness.

In general: the in English is used for something you already know about or have already been talking about. The word a is used when introducing a new idea:

"The tired woman was looking for her cat. Suddenly she saw the cat up a tree". (We are already talking about the cat. The tree is a new idea).

"The tired woman was walking along when she suddenly saw a cat up a tree". (She had not been thinking about cats until then).

Sometimes we do not need an article, for example when talking about something in general:
"The dogs do not bite" (meaning: dogs that you are thinking about).
"Barking dogs do not bite" (barking dogs in general).

Parts of speech
Basic English 850 words
Waterfront is the land by the side of a body of water (E.g. Lake or Ocean).

Geography
East Asia or Eastern Asia is part of the continent Asia. East Asia covers about , or 15% of the continent. 

These are the countries and territories in East Asia:
 
 
  China
 
 
  Guangxi
  Hainan
 
 
  Inner Mongolia
 
 
  Korea
 
 
 
 
 
  Siberia
  Taiwan
 
 
  Yunnan

Population
About 1,575,784,500 people live in East Asia ().

Related pages
 Central Asia
 Southeastern Asia
 South Asia
 Middle East

Other websites
Taiwan Province is divided into 13 counties (縣; hsien) and 3 provincial cities (市; shih):

Note:The cities of Taipei and Kaohsiung are managed directly by the central government and are not part of Taiwan province, though the counties of the same name all around these cities are part of the province. The People's Republic of China, which does not control Taiwan Province, does not recognize Taipei and Kaohsiung as central cities and lists them as provincial cities.

Counties

Provincial Cities  

Republic of China
Asia-related lists
Tbilisi is the capital, and the largest city in Georgia. It was founded in the 5th century by the Georgian king, Vakhtang Gorgasali. According to legend, when he was hunting, he killed a pheasant which dropped into hot water. Gorgasali discovered there were a lot of hot springs in this place, which he called Tbilisi as tbili means hot in Georgian.

 
5th-century establishments in Europe
A robot is a machine that can move and do certain tasks and work

Robots are controlled by a computer program or electronic circuitry. They may be directly controlled by humans. They may be designed to look like humans, in which case their behaviour may suggest intelligence or thought but they do not have feelings. Most robots do a specific job, and they do not always look like humans. They can come in many forms.

In fiction, however, robots usually look like people, and seem to have a life of their own. There are many books, movies, and video games with robots in them. Isaac Asimov's I, Robot is perhaps the most famous.
History 
People have been interested in building machines that do work for us for a long time. But it takes time and money to build just one machine, so early ideas were not built.
Leonardo da Vinci designed a man-shaped machine to look like a knight in 1464. It would be controlled with ropes and wheels.
Other engineers and dreamers drew mechanical men. In 1920, Karel Čapek wrote a story about them, and he used a word from Czech that is connected with 'work': robot.

The most successful robot designs in the 20th century were not made to look like people. They were designed for use. George Devol made the first of these, the Unimate, in 1954, with one arm and one hand. General Motors bought it in 1960. The next year, it started work in a factory in New Jersey, lifting and stacking pieces of metal that were too hot for people to touch. The engineers could program it, and reprogram it if they had to.

Modern robots
Modern robots 

Robots have many uses. Many factories use robots to do hard work quickly and without many mistakes. They do not look like people, because they are made to do things. These are 'industrial' robots. Some robots find and get rid of bombs. If someone makes a mistake, the robot is damaged or destroyed, which is better than a person being killed. There are also robots that help at home, to vacuum or run a lawn mower, for example. Such robots must learn about the area of work.

A few robots do surgery in places inside the body where a human hand is too big.

Planet rovers are robots for exploring distant planets. Because it takes a long time to send a radio signal from Earth to another planet, the robots do much of their work alone, without commands from Earth. 

People still think of robots as having a shape like a person—two legs, two arms, and a head. ASIMO is one robot that is helping scientists learn how to design and program robots. It can walk, which is not easy to program.
Eastern and western views

Eastern thoughts on robots 
Roughly half of all the robots in the world are in Asia, 32% in Europe, and 16% in North America, 1% in Australasia and 1% in Africa. 30% of all the robots in the world are in Japan. Japan has the most robots of any country in the world, and is the leader in the world robotics industry. Japan is actually said to be the robotic capital of the world.
In Japan and South Korea, ideas of future robots have been mainly positive. The positive reception of robots there may be partly because of the famous cartoon robot, 'Astroboy'. China expressed views on robotics that are similar to those of Japan and South Korea, but China is behind both America and Europe in robotic development. The East Asian view is that robots should be roughly equal to humans. They feel robots could care for old people, teach children, or serve as assistants. The popular opinion of East Asia is that it would be good for robots to become more popular and more advanced. This view is opposite to the popular Western view.

"This is the opening of an era in which human beings and robots can co-exist," says Japanese firm Mitsubishi about one of the many human-like robots in Japan. The South Korean Ministry of Information and Communication has  predicted that every South Korean household will have a robot by between 2015 and 2020.

Western thoughts on robots
Western societies are more likely to be against, or even fear the development of robots. Science fiction movies and other stories often show them as dangerous rebels against humanity.

The West regards robots as a 'threat' to the future of humans, which is much due to religious influence of the Abrahamic religions, in which creating machines that can think for themselves would almost be playing God. Obviously, these boundaries are not clear, but there is a significant difference between the two ideologies.

Robot laws 
The writer Isaac Asimov told many stories about robots who had the three laws of robotics to keep humans safe from them.
 A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
 A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
 A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
These were not used in real life when he invented them. However, in today's world robots are more complicated, and one day real laws may be needed, much like Isaac Asimov's original three laws.

South Korea was the first country in the world to have laws about robots.

Related pages
 Animatronics - using robotics to create puppets
 Navigation
 Technosexuality
 Vex

References

Other websites 

Research societies
 IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS) and its wiki .
 International Foundation of Robotics Research (IFRR)
http://robots.net – Daily news about robots, robotics, and AI
 A brief history of robotics 
 A giant list of known robots 
 NASA and robots 
 NASA Robotics Division 
 International Federation of Robotics
 Should we be worried by the rise of robots? 
 Podcast 'Talking Robots' - interviews with high-profile professionals in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence 
 French collection of toy robot
 Introduction to Robotics 
 HUAR
 Robot World News
 Robot news, robot tutorials, robot videos and robot chatbox
 Robot news, theory of robotics
 List of robots 

Encyclopaedias
 Encyclopædia Britannica
 Robotics -Citizendium
Robots
Habemus Papam refers to the announcement given in Latin by the Senior Cardinal Deacon  when a new Pope has been chosen.

The announcement is given from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. After the announcement, the new pope meets the people and he gives his first Urbi et Orbi blessing to the crowd.

The format for the announcement is:

Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum:
Habemus Papam!

Eminentissimum ac reverendissimum Dominum,
Dominum [First Name],
Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem [ Last name ],
Qui sibi nomen imposuit [ Papal name ].

This, in English, means:

I announce to you a great joy:
We have a Pope!

The most eminent and most reverend Lord,
the Lord [First Name],
Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [ Last name ],
Who takes to himself the name of [ Papal name ].
In the Habemus Papam given by Jorge Cardinal Medina Estévez on 19 April 2005 upon the election of Pope Benedict XVI, the announcement was made after a greeting (Dear Brothers and Sisters) in several languages (Italian, Spanish, French, German, and English).

Other websites 
Audio: Pericle Cardinal Felici announcing Karol Cardinal Wojtyła as Pope John Paul II
Xabier "Xabi" Alonso Olano (born 25 November 1981), is a Spanish manager and retired footballer. He played as a midfielder. The last club he played for was Bayern Munich.

Alonso also played for the Spain national team from 2003 until 2014. He retired from football in 2017 and became a manager in 2018 for Real Madrid's youth sectors, which are known as "La Fábrica" (the factory). In 2019, he started coaching Real Sociedad's youth sectors. Real Sociedad is also the club where Alonso began his career in 1999.

Club career statistics 

1 Includes FIFA Club World Cup, FA Community Shield, Supercopa de España and DFL-Supercup.

International career statistics 

|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||11||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||11||1
|-
|2007||6||0
|-
|2008||14||2
|-
|2009||12||4
|-
|2010||16||2
|-
|2011||11||3
|-
|2012||14||3
|-
|2013||3||0
|-
|2014||5||1
|-
!Total||114||16
|}

Managerial statistics

Honours
Liverpool
 FA Cup: 2005–06
 FA Community Shield: 2006
 UEFA Champions League: 2004–05
 UEFA Super Cup: 2005
Real Madrid
 La Liga: 2011–12
 Copa del Rey: 2010–11, 2013–14
 Supercopa de España: 2012
 UEFA Champions League: 2013–14

Bayern Munich
 Bundesliga: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
 DFB-Pokal: 2015–16
 DFL-Supercup: 2016

Spain
 FIFA World Cup: 2010
 UEFA European Championship: 2008, 2012

Individual
 Spanish Player of the Year: 2003
 BBC Goal of the Month: November 2004
 FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2011, 2012
 FIFA FIFPro World XI 2nd team: 2014
 FIFA FIFPro World XI 3rd team: 2013
 FIFA FIFPro World XI 4th team: 2015
 FIFA FIFPro World XI 5th team: 2016
 La Liga Best Midfielder: 2011–12
 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2012
 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2013–14
 Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2014–15

Decorations
 Gold Medal of the Royal Order of Sporting Merit: 2011

References 

1981 births
Living people
Spanish footballers
Spanish football managers
Spain at UEFA Euro 2004
Spain at UEFA Euro 2008
Spain at UEFA Euro 2012
Porto Alegre is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has about 1.4 million inhabitants and an area of 496.8 km².

Its main famous park is the 'Parque Dos Expedicionários' also known as 'Parque da Redenção' (Redemption Park, in English).

Porto Alegre became known all over the world by The Social World Forum. Also known worldwide by the hottest city in the world at February, 2009.

Capitals of Brazilian states
Salvador is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Bahia. It has about 2.7 million inhabitants and an area of .

In 2010, the city of Salvador had the 3rd most people in Brazil, after São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.

Salvador is the second most popular tourism destination in Brazil, after Rio de Janeiro.  Among the points of interest are its famous Pelourinho (named after the colonial pillories that once stood there) district, its historic churches, and its beaches.

In 1985 the Historic Centre of Salvador was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

According to the Guinness Book of Records, the carnival or Carnaval of Salvador da Bahia is the biggest party on the planet. For an entire week, almost 4 million people celebrate throughout  of streets, avenues and squares. It takes about 100 thousand people to organize the event. Salvador has about 800 thousand visitors for this event.
The first books that arrived in Salvador were brought by the Jesuits. The first libraries or bookstores that appeared were under the control of the religious missionaries.  They mostly had books on religion.

Sports
Salvador has many sport activities. The Fonte Nova Stadium, also known as Estádio Octávio Mangabeira is a football stadium started on January 28, 1951.  It can hold 66,080 people. The stadium is owned by the Bahia government, and is the home ground of Esporte Clube Bahia. Its formal name honors Octávio Cavalcanti Mangabeira, a civil engineer, journalist, and former Bahia state governor from 1947 to 1954. The stadium is nicknamed Fonte Nova, because it is at Ladeira das Fontes das Pedras. The stadium was closed in 2007 due to an accident.  The E.C. Bahia home matches now happen in another stadium, in Pituaçu.
Esporte Clube Bahia and Esporte Clube Vitória are Salvador's main football teams. Bahia has won 2 national titles, Brazil Trophy in 1959 and the Brazilian League in 1988. Vitória was a runner up in the Brazilian league in 1993 and Brazil Cup in 2010.

Salvador has two large green areas for the practice of golf. Cajazeiras Golf and Country Club has a 18-hole course. Itapuã Golf Club has a 9-hole course. Tennis is very popular among Salvador's elites. Brasil Open, the country’s most important tournament, happens every year in Bahia.

During the last decades, volleyball has grown steadily in Salvador.  It became popular after the gold medal won by Brazil in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. The most important tournaments in Bahia are the State Championship, the State League tournament and the Primavera Games. There are also beach volleyball events. Salvador has had many international tournaments. Bowling is practiced both by teenagers and adults in Salvador.
Bahia's basketball league has competed since 1993.  They have 57 teams. The sport is very popular in the city of Salvador, especially among students.

Todos os Santos Bay and Salvador's climatic conditions are ideal for competition and recreational sailing. Salvador has a national racing schedule with dozens of events, also receiving the Mini Transat 6.50 and Les Illes du Soleil races.

Rowing boat races started in the city more than a hundred years ago. It was first practiced by young men from traditional families, who spent their summer vacations there. With the recent fixing of the Dique do Tororó area, Salvador received new lanes for the practice of the sport.

References

Other websites
An old map of Salvador from 1671

Capital of Brazil
Former national capitals
World Heritage Sites in South America
Capitals of Brazilian states
 
1540s establishments in South America
16th-century establishments in Brazil
1549 establishments
Goiânia is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Goiás. It has about 1.2 million inhabitants and an area of .

Capitals of Brazilian states
Events 
 January 7 – Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter.
 March 12 – Swedish troops under Jacob de la Gardie take Moscow
 May 13-14 – Francois Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV of France
 May 27 – Ravaillac is executed by pulling him apart in the Place de Grève
 July 5 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
 October 17 – Louis XIII of France crowned
Johannes Fabricius is the first to observe sunspots by telescope.
 Poland captures Moscow, just to lose it again to Russian and Swedish troops.
 In Jamestown, Virginia, only 60 out of 500 settlers survive the harsh winter
 King of France expelled Muslims from his realm.
 Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay
 Arabella Stuart, pretender to the English throne, imprisoned for marrying William Seymour
 The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.
 Bonham's Case decided by Edward Coke chief justice of England's Court of Common Pleas. Coke affirmed the supremacy of the common law which limited the power of Parliament as well as the king.
1677 was a common year.

Events 
 May 29 – Treaty of Middle Plantation establishes peace between the Virginia colonists and the local Indians.
 May 31 – Danish ships clash with Swedish ships under Niels Iuel between Fehmarn and Warnemünde – Danish defeat the Swedish and capture number of ships.
 November 16 – French troops occupy Freiburg.
Year 1508 (MDVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events 
February – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor attacks Venice
June 6 – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces;  he is forced to sign a three-year truce and cede several territories to Venice
December 10 – League of Cambrai formed as an alliance against Venice between Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon.
December – Michelangelo Buonarroti begins work on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Lebna Dengel succeeds his father Na'od as Emperor of Ethiopia. Due to his young age, his grandmother Eleni acts as regent.
Campo Grande is a city in Brazil. Campo Grande is the capital of Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil. Campo Grande means, "Great Field" in Portuguese, the language of Brazil. Campo Grande is home to the official headquarters of the Western Brazilian Army. Campo Grande's nickname is "Brown City," for it's brown colored soil.

Until the 1970s, Mato Grosso do Sul was part of Mato Grosso State. Even when Mato Grosso do Sul was part of Mato Grosso, Campo Grande had more people than the capital of Mato Groso, Cuiabá. When Mato Grosso do Sul left Mato Grosso and became its own Brazilian state, Campo Grande became the new capital.

Campo Grande International Airport serves Campo Grande and all of Mato Grosso do Sul State and the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul is in Campo Grande.

Cities in Mato Grosso do Sul
Capitals of Brazilian states
Cuiabá is a Brazilian city. It is the capital of the state of Mato Grosso. About 535,000 people live here. Cuiabá has an area of 3,538 km². 

Cities in Brazil
Mato Grosso
Capitals of Brazilian states
Vitória is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Espírito Santo. It has about 315,000 inhabitants and an area of 93 km². 

Cities in Espírito Santo
Capitals of Brazilian states
Fortaleza is a city in Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Ceará. The city has a population of about 3 million people. It has an area of . The people who live in the city are known as Fortalezenses. The current mayor is José Sarto. 

The Pinto Martins International Airport connects Fortaleza with the major Brazilian cities. It also operates international flights. The Federal University of Ceará is located in Fortaleza.

Location 
Fortaleza is located in the northeastern part of Brazil. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the east. To the south of the city are the cities of Pacatuba, Eusébio, Maracanaú and Itaitinga. To the east is the county of Aquiraz and the Atlantic Ocean. The city of Caucaia is west of Fortaleza.
Entertainment 
Things to do in Fortaleza includes bars, discos and restaurants. The area also has comedy shows with nationally famous people. An off-season carnival, Fortal, happens in Fortaleza, in July. Changes were made to the carnival in 2008. It now has parking lots, bleachers, and a food court. The event lasts four days. About 1.5 million people enjoy the nationally famous axé music bands. Fortaleza also has music festivals, for example Ceará Music. This event happens every year and lasts for three days. It includes local musicians and international pop rock musicians. Around twenty-five thousand people enjoy the concerts, electronic music tents, and fashion shows.

Capitals of Brazilian states
São Luís is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Maranhão. It has about 980,000 inhabitants and an area of 827 km².

Cities in Maranhão
Capitals of Brazilian states
João Pessoa () is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Paraíba. It has about 660,000 inhabitants and an area of 210.45 km².

Sources

Cities in Paraíba
Capitals of Brazilian states
1585 establishments
16th-century establishments in Brazil
Teresina is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Piauí. It has about 900,000 habitants and an area of 1,680 km².

Cities in Brazil
Piauí
Capitals of Brazilian states
Natal is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. It has about 780,000 inhabitants and an area of 170 km².

Cities in Rio Grande do Norte
Capitals of Brazilian states
Rio Branco is a Brazilian city and capital of the state of Acre. About 306,000 people live there. It had an area of 9,223 km².

Cities in Brazil
Municipalities in Acre (state)
Capitals of Brazilian states
The Council of Europe (, ) is an international organization of 47 member states in the European region. One of its first successes was the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950, which serves as the basis for the European Court of Human Rights.

The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg on the Franco-German border. The original meeting place was in the city's University Palace. The Palais de l'Europe, about two kilometres from city centre, has taken its place. Membership is open to all European democracies which accept the principle of the rule of law and guarantee fundamental human rights, civil rights and freedoms to their citizens and respect of rights of minority groups.

The Council of Europe is not to be confused with the Council of the European Union or the European Council, as it is a separate organisation and not part of the European Union. But all member states of European Union are also the member states of Council of Europe.
On 15 March 2022, Russia is excluded from Council of Europe because of 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Note

Related pages
European Union
European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
Istanbul Convention

Other websites 

Council of Europe - Official site

 
1949 establishments in Europe
Strasbourg
Palmas is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Tocantins. It has about 208,000 inhabitants and an area of 2,218.9 km².

Palmas
Tocantins (state)
Capitals of Brazilian states
Macapá is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Amapá. It has about 355,000 inhabitants and an area of  6,563 km².

Cities in Brazil
Amapá
Capitals of Brazilian states
Belém is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Pará. It has about 1.4 million inhabitants and an area of 1.070 km². 

Capitals of Brazilian states
Florianópolis is a Brazilian city. It is the capital of the state of Santa Catarina. It has about 400,000 people. It has an area of . It is mostly on Santa Catarina Island.

 
Capitals of Brazilian states
Porto Velho is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Rondônia. It has about 374,000 inhabitants and an area of 34,082 km².

References 

Cities in Rondônia
Capitals of Brazilian states
Boa Vista is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Roraima. It has 249.655 inhabitants (estimative IBGE 2006) and an area of 5,687 km².

Cities in Brazil
Municipalities in Roraima
Capitals of Brazilian states
Recife is a Brazilian city, capital of the state of Pernambuco. It has about 1.4 million inhabitants and an area of 218 km². 

Capitals of Brazilian states