Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The association football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics were held from 3 to 20 August in Brazil.

The tournament were feature both the men's and women's teams. The men's teams can only have players who were born on or after 1 January 1993, and the women's teams have no age limit.

The tournament were played in six cities: Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Salvador, São Paulo, and Manaus.

Qualified teams

Men 

The top 4 teams in the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualify, the winner of the 2015 Pacific Games qualifies, the top 2 teams in the 2015 CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Championship qualify, the top 3 teams from the 2015 Africa U-23 Cup of Nations qualify, the top 3 teams from the 2016 AFC U-23 Championship qualify and the winner of the 2016 CONCACAF–CONMEBOL play-off qualifies.

Women
Women 

The best two European teams from the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup qualify, the winner of the 2014 Copa América Femenina qualifies (which was Brazil but they already qualified for being hosts, so the runners-up qualified instead), the top 2 teams from the 2015 CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament qualify, the winner of the 2016 OFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament qualifies, the top 2 teams from the 2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship qualify, the top 2 teams from the 2016 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament qualify and the winner of the 2016 UEFA Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament qualifies.

Men's tournament

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Group C

Group D

Knockout stage

Quarter-finals

Women's tournament

Group stage

Group E

Group F

Group G

Best third-place teams

Knockout stage

Quarter-finals

Medal summary

Medal table

Statistics

Men top goalscorers 
6 goals
 Serge Gnabry
 Nils Petersen

4 goals
4 goals

 Neymar
 Maximilian Meyer
 Erick Gutiérrez
 Oghenekaro Etebo
 Umar Sadiq

3 goals

 Gabriel Jesus
 Luan
 Teo Gutiérrez
 Anthony Lozano
 Kwon Chang-hoon
 Ryu Seung-woo
 Suk Hyun-jun
 Gonçalo Paciência

2 goals

 Sofiane Bendebka
 Gabriel
 Dorlan Pabón
 Matthias Ginter
 Davie Selke
 Alberth Elis
 Marcelo Pereira
 Takuma Asano
 Son Heung-min
 Aminu Umar

1 goal

 Mohamed Benkablia
 Baghdad Bounedjah
 Jonathan Calleri
 Ángel Correa
 Mauricio Martínez
 Marquinhos
 Robert Skov
 Roy Krishna
 Lukas Klostermann
 Philipp Max
 Romell Quioto
 Saad Abdul-Amir
 Shinzo Koroki
 Takumi Minamino
 Shoya Nakajima
 Musashi Suzuki
 Shinya Yajima
 Oribe Peralta
 Rodolfo Pizarro
 Carlos Salcedo
 John Obi Mikel
 Tobias Figueiredo
 Pité
 Hwang Hee-chan
 Gift Motupa
 Astrit Ajdarević
 Mikael Ishak

Own goals
 Hiroki Fujiharu (playing against Colombia)

Women top goalscorers 
5 goals
 Melanie Behringer

3 goals

 Beatriz
 Janine Beckie
 Christine Sinclair
 Sara Däbritz

2 goals
2 goals

 Michelle Heyman
 Cristiane
 Marta
 Melissa Tancredi
 Catalina Usme
 Louisa Cadamuro
 Eugenie Le Sommer
 Stina Blackstenius
 Carli Lloyd
 Alex Morgan

1 goal

 Lisa De Vanna
 Caitlin Foord
 Alanna Kennedy
 Samantha Kerr
 Clare Polkinghorne
 Kyah Simon
 Andressa Alves
 Mônica
 Deanne Rose
 Sophie Schmidt
 Gu Yasha
 Tan Ruyin
 Camille Abily
 Amel Majri
 Saskia Bartusiak
 Melanie Leupolz
 Dzsenifer Marozsán
 Alexandra Popp
 Amber Hearn
 Nilla Fischer
 Lotta Schelin
 Crystal Dunn
 Mallory Pugh
 Kudakwashe Basopo
 Mavis Chirandu
 Emmaculate Msipa

1 own goal

 Carolina Arias (playing against France)
 Linda Sembrant (playing against Germany)
 Eunice Chibanda (playing against Germany)

Tournament rankings

Men

Women

References

Other websites 

Football , Rio2016.com
Men's Olympic Football Tournament, Rio 2016 , FIFA.com
Women's Olympic Football Tournament, Rio 2016 , FIFA.com

2016 Summer Olympics
2016 in association football
Olympic football tournaments
Pointe-Noire is the second largest town of the Republic of the Congo. It is in the south in Kouilou Department. As of 2007, 715,000 people lived there.

Pointe-Noire is a commune divided into six urban districts (arrondissements):
Patrice Emery Lumumba district, the oldest area.  It is the administrative and commercial centre.
Mvou-Mvou
Tié-Tié
Loandjili district
Mongo-Pokou district
Ngoyo district

References

Towns in the Republic of the Congo
Boueza is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the southwest. Its capital is Madingou.

Bouenza is divided into two communes and ten districts:

Commune
 Nkayi Commune
 Madingou
Districts
 Boko-Songho District
 Kayes District
 Kingoué District
 Loudima District
 Madingou District
 Mabombo District
 Mfouati District
 Mouyondzi District
 Tsiaki District
 Yamba District

References

Departments of the Republic of the Congo
Cuvette is a departement of Republic of the Congo, in the northeast. Its capital is Owando.

Cuvette is divided into one commune and ten districts:
 Commune of Owando
 Bokoma District 
 Boundji District
 Loukoléla District
 Makoua District
 Mbon District
 Mossaka District
 Ngoko District
 Oyo District
 Tchikapika District
 Tokou District

References

Departments of the Republic of the Congo
Cuvette-Ouest is a department of Republic of the Congo, in the northwest. Its capital is Ewo.

Cuvette-Ouest is divided into one commune and six districts:
 Ewo 
 Etoumbi District
 Ewo District
 Kelle District
 Mbama District
 Mbomo District
 Okoyo District

References

Departments of the Republic of the Congo
Lékoumou is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the south. Its capital is Sibiti.

Lékoumou is divided into four districts:
 Bambama District
 Komono District
 Sibiti District
 Zanaga District

References

Departments of the Republic of the Congo
Likouala is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the north. Its capital is Impfondo.

References

Departments of the Republic of the Congo
Niari is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the south. Its capital is Dolisie.

Districts 
 Banda
 Divénié
 Kibangou
 Kimongo
 Londéla-Kayes
 Louvakou
 Mbinda
 Moungoundou Nord
 Moungoundou Sud
 Moutamba
 Mayoko
 Nianga
 Yaya

Communes 
 Dolisie
 Mossendjo

References

Departments of the Republic of the Congo
Plateaux is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the center. Its capital is Djambala.

Plateaux is divided into four districts:
Abala District
Djambala District
Gamboma District
Lekana District

References

Departments of the Republic of the Congo
Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu is an American animated television series that focuses on the adventures of six ninja: Kai, Zane, Jay, Lloyd (as of season 2), Cole, & Nya (as of season 5). It is a spin-off based on the popular brick building toy, Lego.

Premise 
The setting of the series is in the land of Ninjago. Ninjago was created by The First Spinjitzu Master (Sensei Wu and Garmadon's father and ancestor Misako's father-in-law Lloyd Garmadon's grandfather and ancestor) using The Four Golden Weapons of Spinjitzu. When the First Spinjitzu Master died he gave the weapons to his son and descendant and Wu (because Garmadon was implanted with evil by the Great Devourer). Garmadon wanted to take the weapons for himself, but Wu gave it to four Ninja to protect the weapons, which are 

 Kai the Red Ninja and Master of Fire,

 Jay the Blue Ninja and Master of Lightning,

 Zane the White Ninja and Master of Ice,

 Cole the Black Ninja and Master of Earth.
- Note : Spinjitzu is a fighting technique and has the form of a spinning tornado

- Note : Airjitzu is an advanced version of Spinjitzu developed later in the series which gives ninja flight.

- Note : The Four Golden Weapons are the Sword of Fire, the Nunchunks of Lightning, the Shurikens of Ice & the Scythe of Quakes

Plot
Plot

Season 1 focuses on the Ninja (Kai, Jay, Cole and Zane) fighting to determine whose the green Ninja (a ninja who is destined to fight the evil Lord Garmadon). Sensei Wu is struggling to maintain and teach his Ninja students. On the other hand, Lloyd Montgomery Garmadon (the son of Lord Garmadon and Misako nephew of Master Wu descendant and grandson of the First Spinjitzu Master) accidentally releases the serpentine army to attack the ninja. Pythor is the main villain of season 1 & his main goal is to get all the fangblades to free his master and mistress 'The Great Devourer',  so he can get destroy Ninjago city. Pythor is consumed by the Devourer, and the Devourer is destroyed by evil Garmadon (who uses the golden weapons), & later on steals the Golden Weapons. Also it was revealed that Lloyd (whose life was saved by Kai, due to his true potential) is the green ninja. And everything goes out of hand when a son has to fight his father.
Season 2 focuses on the Ninja trying to train Lloyd for the ultimate battle. On the  other hand, Lord Garmadon uses the Mega Weapon ( a combination of the four golden weapons) for evil purposes. The Ninja are turned into children but are turned back to normal at the price of Lloyd losing his youth and becomes older. Lord Garmadon releases the Stone Army, due to the command of the OverLord. The ultimate battle begins, but Lloyd loses. On the second round the OverLord possesses Garmadon, claiming that Ninjago was never Garmadon's but he's. Lloyd becomes the Ultimate Spinjitzu master and defeats the OverLord, restoring Ninjago back to its good, original form, and destroying all Garmadon's evil, : turning him back to normal.
Season 3 focuses on the Ninja leaving in "New Ninjago City" (an update of original Ninjago city, a metropolis with multiple skyscrapers and advanced technology) and striving for action. At the time the Ninja find out that the Overlord is alive,  & rebuilt himself into the Digiverse. The Ninja are given the Technoblades by 'Borg' (the creator of Borg Industries and the designer for New Ninjago City) which is the weakness for the Overlord. The Overlord infects every Android machine and robot with evil, including his Nindroid army. On the other hand, Jay is angry and jealous when it is revealed that Cole is Nya's love match, & for the entire season Jay and Cole fight. On the other hand, Garmadon is training Lloyd, at the point where Pythor is back and captures Lloyd for the OverLord to suck all his golden power so he can become the physical. When Lloyd is free he only has 10% of his golden power, which is divided to give the Ninja their elemental powers
.  The OverLord with his helper Pythor and launch Codename: Arcturus (the plan for them to get the golden weapons from space to make the OverLord become the Golden Master). The Nindroids go to space to get the Golden Weapons, but are privately followed by the Ninja. When they land on the asteroid, the nindroids get the Golden Weapons and fly back to Earth leaving the Ninja with a destroyed rocket ship. The Ninja use their powers to rebuild the rocket and fly back to Earth. The OverLord becomes the Golden Master, but is finally destroyed by Zane (who risks his life). And they have a sad memorial of Zane's bravery
On season 4 the Ninja are split due to Zane's sacrifice, But are reunited by Lloyd. The ninja participate in "The Tournament of Elements" hosted by Master Chen when they get the news that Zane is alive. They participate in the tournament with 12 other masters Skylor Chen (the Orange Ninja Wizard Sorceress Mage Magician and Master/Mistress of Amber and Absorption), Griffin Turner (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Speed), Paleman also known as Mr
. Pale (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Light), Chamille (Wizard Sorceress Mage Magician and Master/Mistress of Form), Ash (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Smoke), Bolobo (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Nature and Plants), Gravis (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Gravity), Neuro (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Mind), Tox (Wizard Sorceress Mage Magician and Master/Mistress of Poison Toxic Acid and Venom), Shade also known as Shadow (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Shadow), Karlof (Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician Master of Metal) & Jacob Pevsner (Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician Master of Sound and Music). In the Tournament Kai falls in love with Skylor Chen, & becomes Karlof's enemy (as they fight constantly in Episode 36 & 37)
. After many battles all the masters start to realize that when someone loses Chen uses his staff of elements to suck their powers for a transformation spell, which is performed by Clouse (Chen's number 2, Master of Dark Magic Dark Arts and a Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician). The spell makes everybody with the Andacondrai mark become Fake Andacondrai. The Andacondrai mark spot people include Chen himself, Clouse, Garmadon (who was revealed to be Chen's student), Skylor Chen (who was revealed to be Chen's daughter and spy), & every other Andacondrai wannabes. The transformation was not complete,  and to complete it they'll need the saliva of a true Andacondrai (which was tiny Pythor in jail). When they took Pythor and complete the transformation, on the other hand, every elemental master has discovered all their elemental dragons. They fight all the Andacondrai wannabes
. And the Andacondrai wannabes are sucked into the cursed realm, which leads to Garmadon sacrificing himself to be sucked into the cursed realm so he can unleash the Andacondrai spirits to curse Chen's army. At the end of season 4 Morro (Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician Master of Wind and Air and Sensei Wu's First Student and Pupil) is accidentally freed from the Cursed Realm.
Season 5 focuses on the Ninja fighting the ghost Morro (the Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Wind and Air and Sensei Wu's First Student and Pupil), Morro possesses Lloyd for most of the season. When Morro possesses Lloyd, the ninja lose their powers (for more than 3.5 quarters of the season) and use Aeroblades for most of the season. Morro unleashes a variety of ghost warriors (ghosts) & his mission is to find the realm crystal (a realm that can let its user travel through the 16 realms), & free his mistress,  " The Preeminent" (the physical body of the cursed realm) so she can curse all 16 realms exept Djinjago. On the other hand, Nya is revealed to be the Water Waves Ocean Tides Fluids Ninja, as she is being trained by Sensei Wu. The Ninja and Morro struggle as they go through journeys to master Airjitzu (a Spinjitzu that can fly)  to get the Sword of Sanctuary (a sword that can show the user the opponent's next move), and find the Realm Crystal
. At the end of Season 5, Lloyd is free and fights with Morro, at the end Nya unlocks her true potential and destroys the Preeminent, with the cost of Morro dying. (note: the weakness of a ghost is water or deep stone [the aeroblades] ).
Note : Season 7 of Ninjago (Hands of Time) has finished airing yet and has not premiered at America yet?
So the information of the season is not fully complete. Season 7 started at episode 65 and airing is currently at episode 74. Premiere at USA begins at May 15 , premiere at Africa began at April 8, and premiere at UK began at April 1st.

Season 8 focuses on Lloyd

Characters

Ninja

Skeletons

Episodes 
Note: There are 128 episodes in total. 115 have aired but 15 are unreleased.

Series overview

Season 0 (2011) 
-000 production codes
Focus Ninja: Kai

Season 1 (2011-12) 
000 production codes.
Focus Ninja: None

Season 2 (2012) 
100 production codes
Focus Ninja: Lloyd

Season 3: Rebooted (2014) 
Over a year after The Overlord was destroyed, new villans have come to conquer ninjago again, returning The Overlord back to life digitally. Focus Ninja: Zane

200 production codes

Season 4: Tournament of Elements (2015) 
300 production codes
Focus Ninja: Kai
Season 5: Possession (2015) 
400 production codes
Focus Ninja: None

Wu's Teas 
On July 13, 2017, Ninjago had a special called Wu's Teas with 20 shorts

Season 6: Skybound (2016) 
500 production codes
Focus Ninja: Jay

Ninjago: The Realm of Shadows

Plot 
Clouse somehow escaped the cursed realm.

Season 7: The Hands of Time (2017) 
600 production codes
Focus Ninja: Kai and Nya

Ninjago: Decoded

Season 8: Sons of Garmadon (2018) 
700 production codes 
Focus Ninja: Lloyd

Season 9 (2018) 
Focus Ninja: None

Season 10 (2019) 
On March 16, 2018, the series has been renewed to a 10th season which will contain 4 episodes. This is the last season with 22 minute episodes.
Focus Ninja: Lloyd

Season 11 (2019-2020)

Mini Movies

Season 1 Mini Movies (2011)

Season 4 Mini Movies (2015)

Season 6 Mini-Movies (2016)

Video games

Movie

Sets

2100

2200
Sets

2100

2200

Development 
The series had a huge success and has the rating of 4.6 out of 5 and 92% out of 100%. The series  plays in Cartoon Network. The series is watched by 4.7 million per day. The series is naturally named 'Lego Ninjago:Masters of Spinjitzu' but is called 'Ninjago' by fans or viewers. Ninjago:Masters of Spinjitzu is distributed by Lego and is produced by WiFilm.

Related pages
Lego
Ninja

American animated television series
Cartoon Network series
English-language television programs
The Fold is a music rock band in Chicago, Illinois. Its genre is alternative rock. It is known for making "The Weekend Whip", which is the main theme song for Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu. The band's vocal leader is Daniel Castady. It has 4 other members. They also released the album called 'Secrets Keep You Sick' in 2007.

References 

Musical groups from Chicago
Childbirth 
As early as 1796, the idea of the gambler's fallacy was used to "predict" the sex of children. In his work A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities, published in 1796, Pierre-Simon Laplace wrote of the ways in which men calculated their probability of having sons:"I have seen men [who wanted to have] a son, who could learn only with anxiety of the births of boys in the month when they expected to become fathers. Imagining that the ratio of these births to those of girls ought to be the same at the end of each month, they judged that the boys already born would render more probable the births next of girls." In short, the expectant fathers feared that if more sons were born in the surrounding community, then they themselves would be more likely to have a daughter.
Some expectant parents believe that, after having multiple children of the same sex, they are "due" to have a child of the opposite sex. While the Trivers–Willard hypothesis predicts that birth sex is dependent on living conditions (i.e. more male children are born in "good" living conditions, while more female children are born in poorer living conditions), the probability of having a child of either sex is still generally regarded as near 50%.

References

	

Logical fallacies
Statistics
Probability theory
Gambling
Repentless is the twelfth studio album by the American thrash metal band Slayer. It was released on September 11, 2015, and is the band's first album to be released on Nuclear Blast. It is also the first Slayer album to feature guitarist Gary Holt of Exodus and the first to feature drummer Paul Bostaph since 2001's God Hates Us All.

The album made it to #4 on the Billboard 200, which was the highest charting album from the band in the United States. It also topped the chart in Germany and was featured in the top ten of almost twenty charts around the world. It got mixed to positive reviews from critics.

Background
Background 

Slayer where asked in 2011 if they were going to make another album, which then-Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo replied that although nothing had been written yet, there were "definitely plans". In early 2011, guitarist Jeff Hanneman became ill with necrotizing fasciitis. Some said that he got the illness from a spider bite he claimed to have received while in a friend's hot tub. When asked about a new record, bassist Tom Araya stated that any work would have to wait until Hanneman had recovered.

On February 20, 2013, it was announced that Lombardo would not take part in Slayer's Australia tour because of contractual disputes, and he would be replaced by former drummer Jon Dette. Lombardo's permanent replacement was later announced to be Paul Bostaph, who was previously the band's drummer from 1992–2001, appearing on several albums.
On May 2, 2013, Jeff Hanneman died of liver failure in a Los Angeles hospital. A week later, it was announced that he died from an alcohol-related cirrhosis. Hanneman and his family had did not know how bad his condition was until shortly before his death. Kerry King later said that he wants the band to continue, but Araya was unsure. He said that, "After 30 years, it would literally be like starting over," and told about his doubts that Slayer's fanbase would approve of such a change. In March 2015, Araya revealed that the band had recorded one song before Hanneman died, and that the song will appear on the album.

Songs

Personnel 

Credits came from the album's notes.

Slayer
Tom Araya – bass, vocals
Kerry King – guitars
Gary Holt – guitars
Paul Bostaph – drums

Production
Terry Date – production, engineering, mixing
Peter Mack – additional engineering
Derrick Stockwell – assistant engineering
Howie Weinberg – mastering

References

Other websites 

Slayer albums
2015 albums
Nuclear Blast albums
Oluremi Comfort Sonaiya (born March 2, 1955), is a Nigerian politician, educationist and writer.

Sonaiya is notable for being Nigeria's first female presidential candidate. She contested the position in the 2015 general election under the platform of the KOWA Party.

Life
Sonaiya was born in Ibadan, Oyo State, South-Western Nigeria where she had her early education. She is a graduate of French from Obafemi Awolowo University, Oyo State in 1977. She also holds a Master of Arts degree in French Literature and a Ph.D in Linguistics from Cornell University, U.S.A.

In 1982, she got employed as Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Foreign Languages, Obafemi Awolowo University before she rose to the position of Professor of French language and Applied Linguistics in 2004. 

At the 2015 presidential election where she received 13,076 votes and
finished in 12th place.

Related pages 
 List of Nigerians

References 

1955 births
Living people
Writers from Ibadan
Politicians from Ibadan
David Woodard (; born April 6, 1964 in Santa Barbara, California) is an American postmodern writer and conductor, and a descendant of prominent colonial families. He invented the concept and portmanteau word prequiem, which designates a musical composition to be rendered as its beneficiary lay dying.

Woodard invented a fictional psychoactive machine called the Feraliminal Lycanthropizer. At the end of the 20th century he fabricated replicas of an actual psychoactive device called the Dreamachine.

Woodard is also known for his work with Nueva Germania, a settlement in Paraguay. His German book of correspondence Five Years, coauthored by Swiss novelist Christian Kracht, describes some of the humanitarian work performed there.

References

Other websites 

David Woodard at Kiddle

1964 births
Living people
Writers from California
American conductors
People from Santa Barbara, California
American artists
Field artillery in the American Civil War were cannon that could be moved around the battlefield or could travel with an army unit. Field artillery could only fight unlimbered (disconnected from the cart and horses that pulled it). The limber (or caisson) along with the team of six horses would be moved to a safe area nearby. Gun crews were organized into an artillery battery, six guns (later in the war, four) were deployed along a line about  wide with the guns spaced about  apart. 

At times the horses remained hitched to the limber or caisson so the battery could move quickly. An artillery crew was made up of eight highly trained men. An artillery battery had a total of between 70 and 100 soldiers. There were several types of field artillery used during the Civil War. These included the 6 pounder gun, 12 and the 24 pound Howitzer, the famous Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun, the 3 inch Ordnance rifle and the 10 and 20 pound Parrott rifle.
Most cannons were muzzleloading weapons. Cannon barrels were of two types. One was the older smoothbore cannons as used during the Mexican–American War. 

They usually had barrels made of bronze and fired round iron cannonballs. The newer type was the rifled cannon that were made of cast iron and wrought iron. They fired Bullet-shaped shells. Both guns and ammunition had a tendency to be unreliable and they were dangerous to shoot.

Smoothbore cannon 

Before the outbreak of the American Civil War, the United States government did not encourage any new developments in ordnance. Most ordnance experts in the U.S. Ordnance Department were older military officers who believed what worked during the Mexican–American War would work now and did not need improving. Inventors had to go through years of field experiments and political red tape just to get their ideas introduced. Most used their own money and could lose all their money trying to introduce a new idea.
Early cannons were identified by the term "pounder" (abbreviated "pdr"). This referred to the weight of the cannonball the gun fired. For example, a 12 pounder fired a round  solid piece of steel. In the 17th century, when howitzers were developed, the term pounder began to be used less and less although it was used through the Civil War. Smooth bores included both guns and howitzers. Both had shorter barrels and used a higher trajectory. Both were less accurate than rifled cannons.
The Model 1857 12-pounder Napoleon with its green barrel made up 40% of the cannons on both sides. It was the most commonly used cannon. They were heavy at  making them hard for the six-horse team to pull. The gun crew of the Napoleon was made up of six men. It could fire a ball, shell or canister shot out to a range of  at a speed of 1,440 feet per second (or 439 meters per second). It used a charge of  of black powder. The Union made 1,156 units while the Confederacy made 501. Because they did not have the manufacturing capacity of the North, Confederates attempted to capture as many Union-made Napoleon 12-pounders as they could. The Model 1857 was made to replace the Model 1841 6-pounder but both were used during the Civil War out of necessity.
For ranges of  or less the most effective field piece was the Model 1842 12-pounder Howitzer. It weighed only  and could easily be moved into position by hand. Its large shells gave it very good firepower but its short range (just over ) was less than that of the 6-pounder gun. They were easy targets for enemy artillery that usually had greater range. They were popular for close infantry support. At the Battle of Gettysburg, nine of these were supposed to accompany Pickett's Charge. Because of some confusion among the Confederate ranks regarding the orders and very accurate Union artillery fire, all nine were taken out of the battle before Pickett's men crossed the field. The smoothbore guns remained the most favored technology during the war.

Rifled cannon
While used mostly by the Union army, rifled guns were still a new idea and were not very popular among artillery officers or field commanders. Rifled guns were designated by the diameter of the bore of the barrel in inches. In 1860, the Ordnance Board recommended that half of the existing bronze smoothbore cannons be rifled. But this weakened the cannons to the point they could not stand the strain of firing. So the experiment quickly ended. Ordinarily the barrels of smoothbore cannons only lasted about 500 rounds before having to be replaced. Rifled barrels proved to last much longer in field use. The British-made Armstrong and Whitworth guns were good weapons but there were not enough of them to have any major effect on the war. A problem with the rifled guns was they fired too far for the gunners to accurately see to range their targets. When artillery observers and balloons were used for artillery spotting, this increased the accuracy of the rifled guns
. Training artillery crews in the use of rifled guns took longer and was more difficult. General George McClellan was among the Union officers who felt that the American terrain was not well suited for the very long range of these weapons. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate President was of the same opinion. All these factors contributed to the slow acceptance of rifled cannon.
Another popular rifled type were the Parrott rifles. The original 10-pound model had a bore of . This was changed to  to standardize the round. They had cast iron barrels with a wrought iron reinforcement strip welded around the breech (rear of the cannon).

Artillery rounds
There were basically four types of artillery rounds used in the Civil War:
 Solid Round Shot – This is a solid iron ball that could travel several miles. They were designed to crush the target.
 Explosive Shell – This was a hollow round iron ball filled with black powder. It had a fuse to make the iron ball explode when it reached the target. People today occasionally find these buried in fields and backyards. They can still explode with deadly results. 
 Spherical case – It is also filled with gunpowder and uses a fuse. The hollow area is also filled with small iron balls. Used against troops it was usually timed to go off at chest-level. Case shot was designed to kill or injure enemy soldiers at maximum distance the cannon could fire.
Canister Shot – Like spherical case it is a shrapnel round used against enemy troop formations. It contains usually between 20 and 30 large solid round balls. When fired it spreads out in a cone shape from the muzzle like a large shotgun blast. When canister balls were scarce, nails, scrap iron or other materials were used. Canister was a short range weapon usually effective at up to . Some artillery commanders used a technique of firing canister at the ground in front of advancing troops. The effect was to bounce the canister shot into the formation and cause more deaths.
Gun crews 
For the average artillery piece it took eight highly trained artillerymen to form a gun crew. Each member of the crew was cross-trained to do all the jobs required to operate a gun. If a crew member was killed or wounded, another member of the crew could take his place. Gun crews were among the best trained soldiers in either the Confederate or Union armies. They were also vulnerable. They had to see their target to hit it. If they could see their target, the enemy soldiers they were targeting could see them. 

For a gun crew to get off the maximum number of accurate rounds per minute, they used a system whereby each man had a number. His number indicated his main task:
Number 1 - Sponges out the barrel to wet down any hot spots or sparks. He then rams the round (cannonball and powder or shell) down the barrel.
 Number 2 - Uses a "worm" (a large corkscrew on a pole) to make sure there is nothing caught in the barrel. He then loads the round and charge in the barrel ready for ramming.
 Number 3 - Covers the vent hole with his thumb wearing a special glove. He then pierces the loaded powder bag with a spike.
 Number 4 - Places the friction primer in the vent hole just prepared by Number 3. On the command of "fire" he pulls the lanyard attached to the primer which fires the gun.
 Number 5 - Carries the round from the limber to the artillery piece. 
 Number 6 - In charge of the ammunition box on the limber and prepares the friction primers.
 Number 7 - Hands the round each time to Number 5.
 Gunner - Aligns and aims the artillery piece.

Each gun or artillery piece had a sergeant who commanded the gun.
Battery personnel  
 Section commander - A lieutenant commanded a "section" of two guns. 
 Battery commander - A captain usually commanded the battery of six guns (four guns in a Confederate battery). 
 First Sergeant - Also called an Orderly Sergeant, he helped the battery commander with administrative duties. He was second-in-command to his Captain.
 Quartermaster Sergeant - Was responsible for supply and logistics.
 Artificer - A blacksmith who repaired cannons.
 Farrier - Kept the horses shod.
 Bugler - One or two per battery. A bugler was usually at the battery commander's side and the bugle could be heard over a considerable distance. Artillery bugle calls were nearly identical to cavalry bugle calls.
 Guidon - Carried the battery colors. He was often the most trusted man in the unit.

 Teamsters and Wagoneers - To manage all the horse teams and wagons needed to move the battery.

Notes

References
Notes

References

Other websites 
 Civil War Artillery Glossary
 
 
 Firing the 12-pdr Napoleon; National Park Service recreation
 

American Civil War
Artillery
Rebévelier is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Reconvilier is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Jura bernois
A pome is a type of fruit produced in plants of subtribe Malinae (in the tribe Maleae in the subfamily Amygdaloideae) in the family Rosaceae. Examples include pears and apples. They consist of carpels surrounded by accessory tissue.

Fruits
Rosaceae
The Nera () is a river in central Italy that starts in the Marche region but flows mainly through the  Umbria region. It is the main tributary of the Tiber river.

Geography
The Nera river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Course
The Nera river starts in the Monti Sibillini, within the Monti Sibillini National Park (), at an elevation of about ., in the comune of Castelsantangelo sul Nera, Province of Macerata, Marche.

The river flows through the comuni of Castelsantangelo sul Nera, Viso and Ussita in the Marche and then, after about , it flows in the Umbria. After flowing through the province of Perugia, it gets in the province of Terni and keeps flowing to the east and flows through the city of Terni.

After flowing through the city of Narni, it gets into the Lazio region (Province of Viterbo) and soon finally flows in the Tiber river as a left tributary near the city of Orte.
Main tributaries 
Only the tributaries coming from the left of the Nera are of some importance; those coming from the right are small streams.

Left tributaries:
 Corno - 20 km
 Velino - 90 km
 Serra - 17 km

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of Italy

References

Other websites

 Parco Fluviale del Nera website 

Rivers of Italy
Jacqueline Fernandez was named after iconic  U.S. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis. In an interview, Jacqueline revealed that her mother Kim was a huge admirer of Jackie Kennedy's style, intelligence and cultural contributions and decided to name her daughter after the iconic First Lady. 

Jacqueline said she feels deeply honored to share her name with someone her mother looked up to for her courage, intelligence and contributions to global culture. Growing up, she learned about Jackie Kennedy's influence and presence on the world stage.
According to Fernandez, she had aspired to become an actress at a young age and fantasized about becoming a Hollywood movie star.[15] She received some training at the John School of Acting.[14] Although, she was a television reporter, she accepted offers in the modeling industry, which came as a result of her pageant success. In 2006, she was crowned the winner of the Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant and represented Sri Lanka at the world Miss Universe 2006 pageant held in Los Angeles.[16] In a 2015 interview, Fernandez described the modeling industry as "a good training ground" and said: "It is a medium that is about shedding your inhibitions, knowing your body, confidence".[17] In 2006, she appeared in a music video for the song "O Sathi" by music duo Bathiya and Santhush and young female singer Umaria Sinhawansa.[18]

Filmography

TV Appearances

Awards

References

Other website
Other website

 

1985 births
Living people
Indian movie actors
Indian models
Sri Lankan movie actors
Beauty pageant winners
University of Sydney alumni
John Abraham (born 17 December 1972), is an Indian film actor, producer and a former model who appears in Hindi films.

Early life 
Abraham was born on 17 December 1972 into a family of mixed religious and ethnic heritage. His father is a Syrian Christian from Kerala and his mother is a Zoroastrian Irani. Abraham's Zoroastrian name is "Farhan", but he was baptised with the name "John." He has a younger brother named Alan Abraham. He considers himself a spiritual person but does not follow any particular religion. Abraham grew up in Mumbai and studied at the Bombay Scottish School in Mumbai, Maharashta. He attended Jai Hind College, University of Mumbai, and then got an MBA degree from Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Bombay. His cousin Susy Matthew is an author and has written novels like "Mahabharat".

Filmography

Actor

Producer

Awards and nominations

Film awards

Other recognitions

References

Other website

 Official website
1972 births
Living people
Actors from Mumbai
Indian models
Indian movie actors
Indian movie producers
Actors from Kerala
Vegetarians
Malayali people
Agadir is a city in southwestern Morocco, located on the Atlantic coast in the region of Souss.

References

Cities in Morocco
"Cheap Thrills" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Sia.  It was recorded for her seventh studio album, This Is Acting, after it was rejected by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna.  On February 11, 2016, the song was released as a remix with Jamaican recording artist Sean Paul.
The remix of the song has been very successful, reaching the top ten in Sia's country of Australia, the top two in the UK, and number one in Canada, most of mainland Europe, and the United States.  "Cheap Thrills" became Sia's first Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit and Sean Paul's fourth.  Sean Paul's last number-one U.S. song was "Temperature" in 2006. She never shows her face or even is in her music videos because of privacy.

The song reached number 11 on the year-end Billboard Hot 100 of 2016. It was certified double-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

The remix was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2017 (59th) Grammy Awards.

References
References

2016 songs
Reggae songs
Sia songs
Sean Paul songs
Merced is a city in Merced County, California, United States. As of 2020, 86,333 people lived there.  Merced is the county seat of Merced County in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Merced has the first research university built in the 21st century, University of California, Merced. UC Merced is the newest school in the University of California system.

Government
Merced runs off of the Council-Manager form of government.

Economy

Employment 
The unemployment rate in Merced as of June 2014 is 14.10%. The average per capita income in Merced is $17,331 while the median household income is $38,253. Sales tax in Merced is 8% while the income tax is 6%.

References

Cities in California
County seats in California
Settlements in Merced County, California
Slaughterhouse-Five is a science fiction book by American author Kurt Vonnegut. It has been popular all over the world since its was published in 1969. It is often picked as one of the best books of all time.  Slaughterhouse 5 is about a time travelling American soldier during World War II who is in the German city of Dresden when it is bombed by the Allies. The author experienced this event in his real life and so the novel is semi autobiographical.

Plot summary
Plot summary 

The novel follows the story of American soldier, Billy Pilgrim. Billy is what is known in literature as an unreliable narrator - his experiences are written in a way that might make the reader think they are not exactly true. To reflect this, the novel is structured in a non linear fashion. This means events are not always written in the order that they happened. Billy's stories from the war are interrupted when he is taken by aliens (called Tralfamadorians) to live in a zoo on their home planet. He also becomes "unstuck in time" and experiences his life in a random order of flashbacks.

References 

Science fiction books
1969 books
Time travel
20th-century American novels
World War II
The II Antofagasta Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. It is the second-largest region of Chile. To the east it borders Bolivia and Argentina.

The capital of the region is the port city of Antofagasta.

History
The area away from the coast was populated by the Atacama people around the great dry salt lake called Salar de Atacama, the river basin of the Loa and valleys and oasis across the altiplano, with the most important settlement being the town of San Pedro de Atacama.

The region used to be Bolivian until the War of the Pacific started in 1879.

Geography
The Antofagasta region borders the Tarapacá region to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the southeast, the Atacama region to the south and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

The Llullaillaco volcano is the region's highest elevation at ; it is on the border with Argentina.

The only  river of the region is the Loa river, the longest river of Chile, with a length of .
Climate
The climate of the region is extremely arid (a desert climate) but somewhat milder near the coast and the highest mountains.

The three types of desert climate in the region are, (with the Köppen climate classification)
 Coastal Desert Climate (BWn), along the coast.
 Normal Desert Climate (BW)
 Desert Climate in High Mountains (BWh), found in mountains over  high.

Nearly all of the region does not have any vegetation except close to the Loa river or at oases such as San Pedro de Atacama.

Population
, there were (estimated) 622,640 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest cities (2002 census) of the region are the capitals of the three provincesː Antofagasta (285,255 inhabitants), Calama (126,135 inhabitants) and Tocopilla (23,352 inhabitants).

Administration
The Antofagasta region is divided in three provincesː

Related pages
Atacama Desert

References

Other websites

 Territorial division of Chile 
 Official website of the Local Government
Levi's Stadium is a stadium in Santa Clara, California. The San Francisco 49ers play there.

History
A year after the stadium opened, Super Bowl 50 was held there. After the 2019 San Francisco 49ers season (2019 season), the stadium held its first playoff game on against the Minnesota Vikings, and the first NFC Championship game against the Green Bay Packers. The 49ers won both games.

The stadium hosted the 2019 College Football Playoff National Championship, in which the Clemson Tigers defeated the Alabama Crimson Tide, 44-16.

Construction
The stadium's construction was completed on July 17, 2014. There are 174 executive suites. The capacity is 68,500, which is expandable to 75,000. The cost of the stadium's construction was $1.27 billion. The first match held in the stadium was an MLS league match between the San Jose Earthquakes and the Seattle Sounders (1-0) on August 2nd 2014. On September 14, 2014, the 49ers played their first game at the stadium against the Chicago Bears, but lost 20-28.

References
References

San Francisco 49ers
Stadiums in the San Francisco Bay Area
Santa Clara County, California
Santa Clara, California
Gunmetal, or red brass in the United States, is a metal alloy. It is a type of bronze – an alloy of copper, tin and zinc. 

Proportions of its metals vary. 88% copper, 8-10% tin and 2-4% zinc is usual. 

Originally it was used for making cannons. Guns are now made of steel. Gunmetal is easy to cast and work on a lathe. It resists corrosion from steam and salt water. It is used to make steam and hydraulic castings, valves, gears, statues, and various small objects such as buttons.

References 

Alloys
GNK Dinamo Zagreb is a football club which plays in Croatia.

Name 
 1911-1945 1. HŠK Građanski
1945-1991 Dinamo Zagreb
 1991-1992 HAŠK-Građanski
 1992-2000 Croatia Zagreb
 2000-2011 Dinamo Zagreb
2011-present GNK Dinamo Zagreb

League titles 
 Yugoslav First League : 4
 1947/48, 1953/54, 1957/58, 1981/82
 Prva HNL : 24
 1992/93, 1995/96, 1996/97, 1997/98, 1998/99, 1999/00, 2002/03, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2009/10, 2010/11, 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2017/18, 2018/19, 2019/20, 2020/21, 2021/22, 2022/23

League position 

20th-century establishments in Croatia
1945 establishments in Europe
Croatian football clubs
Football Club Astana (Kazakh: «Астана» футбол клубы; usually just called FC Astana or simply Astana) is a professional association football club from Astana, Kazakhstan. They currently play in the Kazakhstan Premier League. They were founded as Lokomotiv Astana in 2009 from football clubs Almaty: Megasport and Alma-Ata, the club changed its name to Astana in 2011. 

Their short history already included two league titles, two Kazakhstan Cups and two Kazakhstan Super Cups. In 2015, Astana qualified to the UEFA Champions League group stage, becoming the first Kazakh team to do so.

Honours 

Kazakhstan Premier League: 
Winners (7): 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022
Kazakhstan Cup 
Winners (3): 2010, 2012, 2016
Kazakhstan Super Cup 
Winners (6): 2011, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023

References

Other websites 
 
 

2009 establishments in Asia
Asian football clubs
2000s establishments in Kazakhstan
Astana
Ashdod (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד; Arabic: اشدود‎‎, إسدود) is the sixth-largest city in Israel. Ashdod is Israel's largest port, since about 60% of the country's imported goods come through the city.

Climate 

Ashdod has a Mediterranean climate with hot summers, pleasant spring and fall, and cool, rainy winters. The humidity is usually high many times year round, and rain occurs mainly from November to March.

Demographics 

Ashdod had a population of about 220,000 in 2015, making it the sixth-largest city in Israel. The ratio of women to men is about 1.05 to 1.00. Also, 19.7% of the population was under the age of 10, 15.7% from age 10 to 19, 14.9% from 20 to 29, 19.1% from 30 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% were 65 or older. The population of Ashdod is a lot younger than the Israeli average because there are a lot of young couples in the city.
Over 95% of Ashdod's population is Jewish, even though only about 30% follow their religion. The city is also home to the world's largest Karaite community, with about five thousand members.

References

Related pages 
 The Museum of Philistine Culture

Other websites 

Welcome To Isdud
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 16:  IAA, Wikimedia commons

Ashdod Port official website

Ports and harbours of Israel
Cities in Israel
Southern District (Israel)
The end justifies the means is a paraphrase of Niccolò Machiavelli. It means that if a goal is morally important enough, any method of getting it is acceptable.

The idea is ancient, but it was not meant to justify unnecessary cruelty. It was part of a political philosophy called consequentialism. The basic idea is that a policy can be judged by its outcome. All modern versions of consequentialism have to deal with the limitations necessary to prevent tyrants abusing this  idea.

References 

Phrases
Political philosophy
Ethics
Political philosophy is the study of politics, liberty, justice, property, and rights. Also the law, and its enforcement (a legal code) by authority. It concerns not the details, but the basic principles, reasons and arguments.

Topics studied include the purpose of government, what rights and freedoms it should protect, what form it should take, and what the law is. Also, what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

Political philosophy is a philosophical back-up to political science, which is the social science study of politics.

Political philosophy
The district of Courtelary in the Swiss canton of Bern has 18 municipalities in an area of 266 km²:

Courtelary
Reichenbach im Kandertal is a municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Frutigen-Niedersimmental
Reisiswil is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Reisiswil 

Municipalities in Oberaargau
Renan is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Jura bernois