Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Hugo's Rationalism can be found in poems such as Torquemada (1869, about religious fanaticism), The Pope (1878, anti-clerical), Religions and Religion (1880, denying the usefulness of churches) and, published posthumously, The End of Satan and God (1886 and 1891 respectively, in which he represents Christianity as a griffin and Rationalism as an angel).

Victor Hugo and music
Although Hugo's many talents did not include exceptional musical ability, he nevertheless had a great impact on the music world through the endless inspiration that his works provided for composers of the 19th and 20th century. Hugo himself particularly enjoyed the music of Gluck and Weber and greatly admired Beethoven, and rather unusually for his time, he also appreciated works by composers from earlier centuries such as Palestrina and Monteverdi. Two famous musicians of the 19th century were friends of Hugo: Berlioz and Liszt. The latter played Beethoven in Hugo’s home, and Hugo joked in a letter to a friend that thanks to Liszt’s piano lessons, he learned how to play a favourite song on the piano – even though only with one finger! Hugo also worked with composer Louise Bertin, writing the libretto for her 1836 opera La Esmeralda which was based on the character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame
. Although for various reasons the opera closed soon after its fifth performance and is little known today, it has been recently enjoying a revival, both in a piano/song concert version by Liszt at the Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux 2007 and in a full orchestral version to be presented in July 2008 at Le Festival de Radio France et Montpellier Languedoc-Roussillon.
Well over one thousand musical compositions have been inspired by Hugo’s works from the 1800s until the present day. In particular, Hugo’s plays, in which he rejected the rules of classical theatre in favour of romantic drama, attracted the interest of many composers who adapted them into operas. More than one hundred operas are based on Hugo’s works and among them are Donizetti’s Lucrezia Borgia (1833), Verdi’s Rigoletto (1851) and Ernani (1844), and Ponchielli’s La Gioconda (1876). Hugo’s novels as well as his plays have been a great source of inspiration for musicians, stirring them to create not only opera and ballet but musical theatre such as Notre-Dame de Paris and the ever-popular Les Misérables, London West End’s longest running musical. Additionally, Hugo’s beautiful poems have attracted an exceptional amount of interest from musicians, and numerous melodies have been based on his poetry by composers such as Berlioz, Bizet, Fauré, Franck, Lalo, Liszt, Massenet, Saint-Saëns, Rachmaninov and Wagner.
Today, Hugo’s work continues to stimulate musicians to create new compositions. For example, Hugo’s novel against capital punishment, The Last Day of a Condemned Man, has recently been adapted into an opera by David  Alagna (libretto by Frédérico Alagna). Their brother, tenor Roberto Alagna, performed in the opera’s premiere in Paris in the summer of 2007 and again in February 2008 in Valencia with Erwin Schrott as part of the Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux 2008. In Guernsey, every two years the Victor Hugo International Music Festival attracts a wide range of musicians and the premiere of songs specially commissioned from Guillaume Connesson and based on Hugo’s poetry.

Declining years and death
When Hugo returned to Paris in 1870, the country hailed him as a national hero. Despite his popularity Hugo lost his bid for reelection to the National Assembly in 1872. Within a brief period, he suffered a mild stroke, his daughter Adèle’s internment in an insane asylum, and the death of his two sons. (Adèle's biography inspired the movie The Story of Adele H.) His wife Adèle had died in 1868. His faithful mistress, Juliette Drouet, died in 1883, only two years before his own death. Despite his personal loss, Hugo remained committed to the cause of political change. On 30 January 1876 Hugo was elected to the newly created Senate. The last phase of his political career is considered a failure. Hugo took on the role of a maverick and got little done in the Senate.
In February 1881 Hugo celebrated his 79th birthday. To honor the fact that he was entering his eightieth year, one of the greatest tributes to a living writer was held. The celebrations began on the 25th when Hugo was presented with a Sèvres vase, the traditional gift for sovereigns. On the 27th one of the largest parades in French history was held. Marchers stretched from Avenue d'Eylau, down the Champs-Élysées, and all the way to the center of Paris. The paraders marched for six hours to pass Hugo as he sat in the window at his house. Every inch and detail of the event was for Hugo; the official guides even wore cornflowers as an allusion to Cosette's song in Les Misérables.Hugo died on 22 May 1885 in Paris, France from an infection, aged 83. His death generated intense national mourning. He was not only revered as a towering figure in literature, he was a statesman who shaped the Third Republic and democracy in France
. More than two million people joined his funeral procession in Paris from the Arc de Triomphe to the Panthéon, where he was buried.  He shares a crypt within the Panthéon with Alexandre Dumas, père and Émile Zola. Most large French towns and cities have a street named for him. The avenue where he died, in Paris, now bears his name.
Drawings
Many are not aware that Hugo was almost as prolific in the visual arts as he was in literature, producing more than 4,000 drawings in his lifetime. Originally pursued as a casual hobby, drawing became more important to Hugo shortly before his exile, when he made the decision to stop writing in order to devote himself to politics. Drawing became his exclusive creative outlet during the period 1848-1851.

Hugo worked only on paper, and on a small scale; usually in dark brown or black pen-and-ink wash, sometimes with touches of white, and rarely with color. The surviving drawings are surprisingly accomplished and "modern" in their style and execution, foreshadowing the experimental techniques of Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism.
Hugo kept his artwork out of the public eye, fearing it would overshadow his literary work. However, he enjoyed sharing his drawings with his family and friends, often in the form of ornately handmade calling cards, many of which were given as gifts to visitors when he was in political exile. Some of his work was shown to, and appreciated by, contemporary artists such as Van Gogh and Delacroix; the latter expressed the opinion that if Hugo had decided to become a painter instead of a writer, he would have outshone the artists of their century.

Gallery:

Memorials

The people of Guernsey built a statue in Candie Gardens (St. Peter Port) to commemorate his stay in the islands. The City of Paris has preserved his residences Hauteville House, Guernsey and 6, Place des Vosges as museums. The house where he stayed in Vianden, Luxembourg, in 1871 has also become a museum.

Hugo is venerated as a saint in the Vietnamese religion of Cao Dai.
Works
Published during Hugo's lifetime
 Odes et poésies diverses (1822)
 Odes (Hugo) (1823)
 Han d'Islande (1823) (Hans of Iceland)
 Nouvelles Odes (1824)
 Bug-Jargal (1826)
 Nils Gunnar Lie's history (1826)
 Odes et Ballades (1826)
 Cromwell (1827)
 Les Orientales (1829)
 Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (1829) (The Last Day of a Condemned Man)
 Hernani (1830)
 Notre-Dame de Paris (1831), (The Hunchback of Notre Dame)
 Marion Delorme (1831)
 Les Feuilles d'automne (1831)
 Le roi s'amuse (1832)
 Lucrèce Borgia (1833) (Lucretia Borgia)
 Marie Tudor (1833)
 Littérature et philosophie mêlées (1834)
 Claude Gueux (1834)
 Angelo, tyran de padoue (1835)
 Les Chants du crépuscule (1835)
 La Esmeralda (only libretto of an opera written by Victor Hugo himself) (1836)
 Les Voix intérieures (1837)
 Ruy Blas (1838)
 Les Rayons et les ombres (1840)
 Le Rhin (1842)
 Les Burgraves (1843)
 Napoléon le Petit (1852)
 Les Châtiments (1853)
 Les Contemplations (1856)
 Les TRYNE (1856)
 La Légende des siècles (1859)
Les Misérables (1862)
 William Shakespeare (1864)
 Les Chansons des rues et des bois (1865)
 Les Travailleurs de la Mer (1866), (Toilers of the Sea)
 La voix de Guernsey (1867)
 L'Homme qui rit (1869), (The Man Who Laughs)
 L'Année terrible (1872)
 Quatrevingt-treize (Ninety-Three) (1874)
 Mes Fils (1874)
 Actes et paroles — Avant l'exil (1875)
 Actes et paroles - Pendant l'exil (1875)
 Actes et paroles - Depuis l'exil (1876)
 La Légende des Siècles 2e série (1877)
 L'Art d'être grand-père (1877)
 Histoire d'un crime  1re partie (1877)
 Histoire d'un crime 2e partie (1878)
 Le Pape (1878)
 La pitié suprême (1879)
 Religions et religion (1880)
 L'Âne (1880)
 Les Quatres vents de l'esprit (1881)
 Torquemada (1882)
 La Légende des siècles Tome III (1883)
 L'Archipel de la Manche (1883)
Poems of Victor Hugo

Published after Hugo's death
 Théâtre en liberté (1886)
 La fin de Satan (1886)
 Choses vues (1887)
 Toute la lyre (1888)
 Amy Robsart (1889)
 Les Jumeaux (1889)
 Actes et Paroles  Depuis l'exil, 1876-1885 (1889)
 Alpes et Pyrénées (1890)
 Dieu (1891)
 France et Belgique (1892)
 Toute la lyre - dernière série (1893)
 Les fromages (1895)
 Correspondences - Tome I (1896)
 Correspondences - Tome II (1898)
 Les années funestes (1898)
 Choses vues - nouvelle série (1900)
 Post-scriptum de ma vie (1901)
 Dernière Gerbe (1902)
 Mille francs de récompense (1934)
 Océan. Tas de pierres (1942)
 L'Intervention (1951)
 Conversations with Eternity

Online texts
 
 Works by Victor Hugo at Internet Archive
 Works by Victor Hugo at The Online Books Page
 Political speeches by Victor Hugo: Victor Hugo, My Revenge is Fraternity!
 Selected Poetry
 Biography and speech from 1851 
  Obituary in The TimesReferences
Online references
 Afran, Charles (1997). “Victor Hugo: French Dramatist”. Website: Discover France. (Originally published in Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1997, v.9.0.1.) Retrieved November 2005.
 Bates, Alfred (1906). “Victor Hugo”. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 11–13.) Retrieved November 2005.
 Bates, Alfred (1906). “Hernani”. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 20–23.) Retrieved November 2005.
 Bates, Alfred (1906). “Hugo’s Cromwell”. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in The Drama: Its History, Literature and Influence on Civilization, vol. 9. ed. Alfred Bates. London: Historical Publishing Company, 1906. pp. 18–19.) Retrieved November 2005.
Bittleston, Misha (uncited date). "Drawings of Victor Hugo". Website: Misha Bittleston. Retrieved November 2005.
 Burnham, I.G. (1896). “Amy Robsart”. Website: Theatre History. (Originally published in Victor Hugo: Dramas. Philadelphia: The Rittenhouse Press, 1896. pp. 203–6, 401-2.) Retrieved November 2005.
 Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Edition (2001-05). “Hugo, Victor Marie, Vicomte” . Website: Bartleby, Great Books Online. Retrieved November 2005. Retrieved November 2005.
 Haine, W. Scott (1997). “Victor Hugo” . Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions. Website: Ohio University. Retrieved November 2005.
 Illi, Peter (2001-2004). “Victor Hugo: Plays”. Website: The Victor Hugo Website. Retrieved November 2005.
 Karlins, N.F. (1998). "Octopus With the Initials V.H." Website: ArtNet. Retrieved November 2005.
 Liukkonen, Petri (2000). “Victor Hugo (1802-1885)” . Books and Writers. Website: Pegasos: A Literature Related Resource Site. Retrieved November 2005.
Meyer, Ronald Bruce (2004). “Victor Hugo”. Website: Ronald Bruce Meyer. Retrieved November 2005.
 Robb, Graham (1997). “A Sabre in the Night”. Website: New York Times (Books). (Excerpt from Graham, Robb (1997). Victor Hugo: A Biography. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.) Retrieved November 2005.
 Roche, Isabel (2005). “Victor Hugo: Biography” . Meet the Writers. Website: Barnes & Noble. (From the Barnes & Noble Classics edition of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, 2005.) Retrieved November 2005.
 Uncited Author. “Victor Hugo” . Website: Spartacus Educational. Retrieved November 2005.
 Uncited Author. “Timeline of Victor Hugo”. Website: BBC. Retrieved November 2005.
 Uncited Author. (2000-2005). “Victor Hugo”. Website: The Literature Network. Retrieved November 2005.
 Uncited Author. "Hugo Caricature" . Website: Présence de la Littérature a l’école. Retrieved November 2005.
Further reading
 Barbou, Alfred (1882). Victor Hugo and His Times. University Press of the Pacific: 2001 paper back edition. Book sources
 Barnett, Marva A., ed. (2009). Victor Hugo on Things That Matter: A Reader. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Book sources
 Brombert, Victor H. (1984). Victor Hugo and the Visionary Novel. Boston: Harvard University Press. Book sources
 Davidson, A.F. (1912). Victor Hugo: His Life and Work. University Press of the Pacific: 2003 paperback edition. Book sources
 Dow, Leslie Smith (1993). Adele Hugo: La Miserable. Fredericton: Goose Lane Editions. Book sources
 Falkayn, David (2001). Guide to the Life, Times, and Works of Victor Hugo. University Press of the Pacific. Book sources
 Feller, Martin, Der Dichter in der Politik. Victor Hugo und der deutsch-französische Krieg von 1870/71. Untersuchungen zum französischen Deutschlandbild und zu Hugos Rezeption in Deutschland. Doctoral Dissertation, Marburg 1988.
Frey, John Andrew (1999). A Victor Hugo Encyclopedia. Greenwood Press. Book sources
 Grant, Elliot (1946). The Career of Victor Hugo. Harvard University Press. Out of print.
 Halsall, A.W. et al. (1998). Victor Hugo and the Romantic Drama. University of Toronto Press.Book sources
 Hart, Simon Allen (2004). Lady in the Shadows: The Life and Times of Julie Drouet, Mistress, Companion and Muse to Victor Hugo. Publish American. Book sources
 Houston, John Porter (1975). Victor Hugo. New York: Twayne Publishers. Book sources
 Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2001), Victor Hugo: Avant l'exil. Paris: Fayard. Book sources
 Hovasse, Jean-Marc (2008), Victor Hugo: Pendant l'exil I. Paris: Fayard. Book sources
 Ireson, J.C. (1997). Victor Hugo: A Companion to His Poetry. Clarendon Press. Book sources
 Laster, Arnaud (2002). Hugo à l'Opéra. Paris: L'Avant-Scène Opéra, no. 208.
 Maurois, Andre (1956). Olympio: The Life of Victor Hugo. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Maurois, Andre (1966). Victor Hugo and His World. London: Thames and Hudson. Out of print.
 Pouchain, Gérard and Robert Sabourin (1992). Juliette Drouet, ou, La dépaysée. Paris: Fayard. Book sources
 Robb, Graham (1997). Victor Hugo: A Biography. W.W. Norton & Company: 1999 paperback edition. Book sources, (description/reviews at wwnorton.com)
 Tonazzi, Pascal (2007) Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie)'' Paris, Editions Arléa
Other websites

 France of Victor Hugo 
 Guernsey’s Official Victor Hugo Website 
 Guernsey’s Victor Hugo International Music Festival
 Victor Hugo Central
 Victor Hugo's works: text, concordances and frequency lists
 1867 Caricature of Victor Hugo by André Gill
 Victor Hugo le dessinateur 
 Translation of Victor Hugo note found in "Hunchback of Notre Dame," french edition 
 English translation of Hugo's At Dawn Tomorrow (Demain, dès l'aube)
 Another English translation of Demain, dès l'aube
 English translation of Hugo's A Villequier
 English translation of Hugo's Oh ! je fus comme fou dans le premier moment ('Oh! I was like a crazy man in the first moment') on the death of his daughter Léopoldine
 Official site of the Société des Amis de Victor Hugo 
 Official site of the Festival international Victor Hugo et Égaux
 Translation of The legend of Victor Hugo by Paul Lafargue
1802 births
1885 deaths
French deists
French novelists
French playwrights
French poets
Members of the Académie française
People from Besançon
Former Roman Catholics
Politicians from Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
The finals tournament is held every four years. In the other years there are only qualifiers (qualifying tournaments) in the six FIFA world regions. These games help to decide which teams will move on. Over 160 national teams play in the qualifying games. The best teams from the qualifying games win a place in the finals. The finals now include 32 teams. Before 1998, only 24 teams were in the finals; starting in 2026, there will be 48 teams in the finals. Many years before each World Cup, FIFA picks the host nation, the country where the finals will be held. Being the host nation means that their team has qualified for the finals tournament automatically and does not need to play any qualifying games. The 32 teams in the finals then play for four weeks, usually between June and July, to decide who the champion (tournament winner) will be.

Results

Wins by team

Related pages
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References

 
1930 establishments
Events 
January 21 – Abel Tasman discovers Tonga
February 6 – Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands.
 May 19 – Battle of Rocroi: French victory over the Spanish at Rocroi, France.
 July 13 – English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down – In England, Lord Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, wins a crushing victory over the Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.
 An Calbhach mac Aodha O Conchobhair Donn inaugurated as the last king of Connacht
 Austro-Bavarian army defeats French at Duttlingen.
The Royalist forces supporting Charles I in the English Civil War win the Battle of Adwalton Moor and gain control of Yorkshire.
End of the reign of Empress Meisho of Japan
Emperor Go-Komyo ascends to the throne of Japan
Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer
New England Confederation is formed
Battle of Tüttlingen fought
Baden-Baden pillaged by the French
John Colgan published the first two volumes of the Acta Sanctorum
Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve places the first cross atop Mount Royal
Åmål is granted its city charter
Miyamoto Musashi dictates The Book of Five Rings (Go Rin No Sho) to his student, completing it in 1654 just before his death
 Hong Taiji, Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of the Manchu dies and is succeeded by his five-year-old son, the later Shunzhi Emperor of China.
 Roger Williams, a co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes A Key Into the Language of America
 Evangelista Torricelli invented the Barometer.
Births 
 January 4 – Sir Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)

Deaths
Jakarta, officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (), is the largest and the capital city of Indonesia. It is on the northwest coast of the island of Java, it has an area of 661.52 km² and a population of 10,562,088 as of 2020. Jakarta has been established for more than 490 years. It is the ninth most dense city in the world with 15,900 people per km².

Jakarta's first name was Sunda Kelapa. Before the Dutch came, it was renamed to Jayakarta, starting in 1527. In 1619 the Dutch renamed the city Batavia. It was called Jakarta by the Japanese during World War 2.

Jakarta has a tropical monsoon climate (Am in the Köppen climate classification).
Jakarta's challenges include rapid urban growth and flooding. Additionally, Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) per year. It is also one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In 2019, President Joko Widodo said that the capital would be moved to East Kalimantan, an Indonesian province on the island of Borneo. On 18 January 2022, the Parliament of Indonesia approved a bill to change the country's capital from Jakarta to Nusantara.

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 Jakarta Official Travel Website
 An Account of Exploring Jakarta by Bicycle
Comedy Central is an American cable channel that specializes in comedy and stand-up. Programs include TV shows, movies, and stand-up comedy. It was launched on June 1, 1991. It's headquarters are in New York City, New York. It is a merger between MTV Networks' HA! and HBO's Comedy Channel.

The station's programs include South Park, The Colbert Report, The Daily Show with Trevor Noah, Tosh.0 with Daniel Tosh, and Futurama.

Comedy Central also features a Secret Stash program. Airing on late Saturday night, Secret Stash would show generally R-rated movies and stand-up comedy. The program is mostly unedited, uncut, leaving language in that is normally cut out. Sometimes nudity is shown.

Other websites 
 The official site

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An apron is a protective piece of clothing made from fabric (or other materials) that covers the front of the body. Some workers wear aprons for hygienic reasons (for example restaurant workers). Other workers wear aprons to protect clothes, or to protect their bodies from injury.

The apron is commonly part of the uniform of several jobs, including waitresses, nurses, homemakers, domestic workers and other jobs. It is also worn as decoration by women. 

There are many different types of aprons depending on what the apron is used for. Aprons can be made from many materials and fabrics. Rubber aprons are used by people who work with dangerous chemicals. Lead aprons are worn by people who work around radiation (like X-rays). Butchers (people who cut meat) wear chain aprons, to protect them from being cut by knives.  Carpenters wear aprons made of heavy leather that have many pockets to hold tools. Many servants and domestic workers are required  to wear an apron as a part of their work uniform.

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Pearl Jam is an American alternative rock band from Seattle, Washington. They formed in 1990. They were an important part of the grunge (or "Seattle sound") movement of the early 1990s, along with bands like Nirvana, Soundgarden, Stone Temple Pilots, and Alice in Chains. Pearl Jam has sold around 85 million records worldwide in 2018 and are usually named one of the greatest bands of the 90's.

After fellow Seattle band Mother Love Bone's lead singer, Andrew Wood, died in 1990, remaining members Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament went to look for a singer and a drummer for a new band. They came across Jack Irons which he soon passed on to Eddie Vedder, who worked at a gas station in California and occasionally surfed. He then recorded vocals for the songs "Alive", "Once", and "Footsteps". After he sent the demo to the members, Eddie flew to Seattle and joined the band.
The band is made up of lead singer Eddie Vedder, guitarists Mike McCready and Stone Gossard, bassist Jeff Ament, and drummer Matt Cameron. Along with keyboardist Boom Gaspar and guitarist Josh Klinghoffer as touring members. The band had five drummers, which were Dave Krusen, Matt Chamberlain, Dave Abbruzzese, and Jack Irons. Matt Cameron has been Pearl Jam's drummer since 1998.

List of albums

Studio albums
 1991 - Ten
 1993 - Vs.
 1994 - Vitalogy
 1996 - No Code
 1998 - Yield
 2000 - Binaural
 2002 - Riot Act
2006 - Pearl Jam
 2009 - Backspacer
 2013 - Lightning Bolt
2020 - Gigaton

Compilation albums
 2003 - Lost Dogs
 2004 - Rearviewmirror: Greatest Hits 1991-2003
 2011 - Pearl Jam Twenty
Live albums
 1998 - Live on Two Legs
 2004 - Live at Benaroya Hall
 2006 - Live in NYC 12/31/92
 2006 - Live at Easy Street
 2007 - Live at the Gorge 05/06
 2007 - Live at Lollapalooza 2007
 2011 - Live on Ten Legs
 2011 - 9.11.2011 Toronto, Canada
 2011 - Vault #1 Moore Theatre 1992
 2012 - Vault #2 Vic Theatre, Chicago 2007
 2013 - Vault #3 Constitution Hall, Washington D.C. 9/19/1998
 2015 - Vault #4 Mount Baker Theatre, Bellingham, WA 5/10/2000
 2015 - Vault #5 Alladin Theatre, Las Vegas 11/30/1993
 2016 - Vault #6 Great Western Forum 7/13/1998
 2016 - Live at Third Man Records 2017 - Let's Play Two''

References

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Social Distortion has released seven studio albums. Their two first albums were not very successful. When they signed to Epic Records in 1989, their third album became a mainstream success. It had the singles "Let It Be Me", "Ball and Chain", "Ring of Fire", "Sick Boys" and "Story of My Life". These were all on the United States charts. It was the band's first album to appear on the top 200 on the Billboard music chart in the United States. Their next album, 1992's Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell, was also successful. It had the band's biggest hit, "Bad Luck". That song peaked at number 2 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart, the highest initial charting single for the group. White Light, White Heat, White Trash was released four years later. That was their fifth and last major label album. It peaked at #27 on the Billboard 200, the band's highest chart position yet. It had their only Billboard Hot 100 single "I Was Wrong".
After the release of White Light, White Heat, White Trash, Social Distortion went on an extended hiatus. During that time, Ness went solo. On February 29, 2000, their longtime guitarist Dennis Danell died from a brain anyuerism at the age of 38. After his death, Social Distortion considered disbanding. They decided to continue with a new guitarist, Jonny "2 Bags" Wickersham. He stayed with the band permanently. From 2001 to 2004, the band had been touring semi-frequently, playing sold-out shows in the Los Angeles, California area and other cities. They released their sixth album in the fall of 2004. The resulting album, Sex, Love and Rock 'n' Roll, was another success. It was their second album to peak in the top 40 of the Billboard 200, at number 31. Its lead single, "Reach for the Sky", became one of Social Distortion's biggest hits in the fall of 2004.
As of 2009, Social Distortion was still together. They released a new album, Hard Times and Nursery Rhymes, in January 2011. It peaked at #4 on the U.S. Billboard.

Members

Current
 Mike Ness – vocals, guitars (since 1978)
 Jonny "2 Bags" Wickersham – guitars (since 2000)
 Brent Harding – bass (since 2004)
 Scott Reeder – drums (since 2010)

Past
 Tom Corvin – vocals (1978)
 Mark Garrett – bass (1978)
 Rikk Agnew – basss (1978-1980)
 Dennis Danell – bass (1979-1981) & guitars (1981-2000)
 Brent Liles – bass (1981-1984)
 John Maurer – bass (1984-2004)
 Matt Freeman – bass (2004)
 Casey Royer – drums (1978-1980)
 Derek O'Brein – drums (1981-1984)
 Bob Stubbs - drums (1984-1984)
 Chris Reece – drums (1984-1994)
 Randy Carr – drums (1994-1995)
 Chuck Biscuits – drums (1996-2000)
 Charlie Quintana – drums (2000-2009)
 Adam "Atom" Willard - drums (2009-2010)
Discography
Their full-length albums include:
 Mommy's Little Monster (1983)
 Prison Bound (1988)
 Social Distortion (1990)
 Somewhere Between Heaven and Hell (1992)
 White Light, White Heat, White Trash (1996)
 Sex, Love and Rock 'n' Roll (2004)
 Hard Times and Nursery Rhymes (2011)

They have also released two compilation albums:
 Mainliner: Wreckage From the Past (1995)
 Greatest Hits (2007)

References

Other websites
 Official Website
 SxDx.com (unofficial fansite)

American punk bands
1970s American music groups
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Andrew Roy Gibb (5 March 1958 – 10 March 1988) was an English singer popular in the 1970s. He was the younger brother of Barry (born 1946), Maurice (1949–2003) and Robin Gibb (1949–2012), The Bee Gees. He was born in Manchester, but spent most of his childhood in Queensland. He died in Oxford of myocarditis (a heart problem) caused by an infection, shortly after his 30th birthday. While his years of alcohol and cocaine abuse were not the direct cause of death, they certainly did not help his condition.

References

Other websites 

1958 births
1988 deaths
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English pop musicians
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Musicians from Manchester
INXS were an Australian rock band. The band became popular during the 1980s. They formed in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in 1977. They did not get international attention until around 1982 when their third album came out.

INXS was originally called "The Farriss Brothers and it started with 3 members: Andrew, Tim, and Jon Farriss. They were all brothers. In 1978, 3 more people joined the band; Michael Hutchence (1960-1997), Garry Gary Beers, and Kirk Pengilly. After the band expanded their line-up, they changed their name to INXS, which is pronounced as "in excess".

Hutchence was the singer of INXS until he died. A man named Jon Stevens was his temporary replacement for about 5 years. After Jon Stevens left, the other 5 members did a television show called "Rock Star INXS" to choose a permanent replacement for Michael Hutchence. A Canadian man named J.D, Fortune won the show and became the new singer for INXS.
The most famous song by INXS is "Need You Tonight" which came out in 1987. Some of their other songs are "What You Need", "The One Thing", and "New Sensation".

Albums

These are the albums made by INXS:

 INXS (1980)
 Underneath the Colours (1981)
 Shabooh Shoobah (1982)
 The Swing (1984)
 Listen Like Thieves (1985)
 Kick (1987)
 X (1990)
 Welcome to Wherever You Are (1992)
 Full Moon, Dirty Hearts (1993)
 Elegantly Wasted (1997)
 The Switch (2005)
 Original Sin (2010)

Other websites 
 INXS Official Site
 An Excess of INXS The oldest INXS internet site. Started in 1993, the site was maintained until April, 2003

1970s Australian music groups
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1977 establishments in Australia
Australian alternative rock bands
Musical groups disestablished in 2012
Musical groups established in 1977
Musical groups from Sydney
New wave bands
Chicago is an American soft rock / jazz group, from Chicago, Illinois. They formed on February 15, 1967. They are one of the best selling American groups of all time, second only to the Beach Boys. Chicago has released at least 30 albums in their career.

Discography

Studio albums

Chicago Transit Authority (1969)
Chicago (1970)
Chicago III (1971)
Chicago V (1972)
Chicago VI (1973)
Chicago VII (1974)
Chicago VIII (1975)
Chicago X (1976)
Chicago XI (1977)
Hot Streets (1978)
Chicago 13 (1979)
Chicago XIV (1980)
Chicago 16 (1982)
Chicago 17 (1984)
Chicago 18 (1986)
Chicago 19 (1988)
Twenty 1 (1991)
Night & Day Big Band (1995)
Chicago XXV: The Christmas Album (1998)
Chicago XXX (2006)
Chicago XXXII: Stone of Sisyphus (2008)
Chicago XXXIII: O Christmas Three (2011)
Chicago XXXV: The Nashville Sessions (2013)
Chicago XXXVI: Now (2014)
Chicago XXXVII: Chicago Christmas (2019)
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s American music groups
1960s establishments in Illinois
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups from Chicago
Warner Bros. Records artists
The Turtles were a 1960s pop group from Los Angeles, California. Their best known song is "Happy Together". Chip Douglas was a band member, who left to produce the Monkees, then returned as the Turtles producer. After the Turtles broke up in the 1970s, the group's two frontmen, Howard Kaylan and Mark Volman, sang with Frank Zappa as Flo and Eddie. 

The Turtles are known for their songs Happy Together and She'd Rather Be With Me. 

They were originally active from the years 1965 to 1970, and split up for thirteen years before Kaylan and Volman made the band again in 1983.

Albums 
 It Ain't Me Babe (1965)
 You Baby (1966)
 Happy Together (1967)
 The Turtles Present the Battle of the Bands (1968)
 Turtle Soup (1969)
 Wooden Head (1970)
 Chalon Road (1986)
 Shell Shock (1986)

Musical groups from Los Angeles
American pop music groups
American rock bands
Folk music groups
Strawberry Alarm Clock was an American psychedelic pop band that formed in Los Angeles, California in 1966. Their most famous song is Incense and Peppermints.

Musical groups from Los Angeles
American rock bands
Psychedelic pop is a musical movement which started in California in the 1960s. Psychedelic rock, also called psychedelia, is a style of rock music that materialized in the late 1960s that was influenced by the experience of taking hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD. Psychedelic rock incorporated elements of blues and folk rock and eventually contributed to the evolution of hard rock and progressive rock.

It was partly inspired by Garage rock, British pop, bubblegum music and new hippie and Eastern ideas. 

Some important Psychedelic Pop artists are:
 Donovan
 The Left Banke
 The Monkees
 The Move
 Sagittarius 
 Tomorrow 
 The Zombies 
 The Beach Boys 
 The Flower Pot Men 
 The Flying Machine
 It's a Beautiful Day 
 John's Children 
 Klaatu 
 The Lemon Pipers 
 The Millennium
 The Neon Philharmonic 
 Harry Nilsson 
 Strawberry Alarm Clock 
 Thunderclap Newman 
 Yellow Balloon

References 

Music genres
Donovan Phillips Leitch (born 10 May 1946 in Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish-born pop singer and guitarist, who was popular in the 1960s. Early in his career he was compared to Bob Dylan, but he developed his own musical style, which included elements of jazz and Indian music. (Donovan and Dylan met during 1965, and became friends.)

Donovan's best-remembered songs include "Catch The Wind", "Mellow Yellow", "Sunshine Superman", "Happiness Runs", and "Hurdy Gurdy Man". He helped the Beatles with their song "Yellow Submarine", and two Beatles (John Lennon and Paul McCartney) sang on his song "Atlantis".
Donovan was one of the first pop musicians to denounce the use of drugs, after his own arrest for hashish possession in 1966, and his seeing friends begin to use "hard drugs" like heroin and speed (amphetamine). The liner notes to his 1967 album A Gift From a Flower to a Garden called upon young people to "stop the use of all drugs, and heed the quest to seek the Sun." (He later resumed occasional marijuana use, and drinking alcohol.)

After the 1960s, Donovan's music was not as popular as it had been, but it is remembered now as part of the flower power era. Many of his songs now appear in television commercials. He continued to make albums regularly through the 1980s, and sometimes in the 1990s. He also continued to tour, and some of his later albums are of live performances. He published an autobiography, The Hurdy Gurdy Man, in 2005.

Two of Donovan's children, Donovan Leitch and Ione Skye, are actors.

Other websites
Other websites

 Official Site
 Donovan Unofficial Site 
 Complete discography
 Hear Donovan on the Pop Chronicles (1969).

1946 births
Living people
British pop musicians
Scottish singers
British autobiographers
Frisian refers to three languages that come from Friesland, a province in the Netherlands. They are spoken in the Netherlands, in Eastern Germany, and in some areas of Jutland, Denmark. It is also spoken on the Frisian Isles (Wadden Isles) and Western German (East Frisian) Isles such as Borkum.

They are West Germanic languages that are related to Dutch and are also the closest living languages to English. All of them have been spoken since Roman times.

The Frisian languages are:
West Frisian
North Frisian
Saterland Frisian

References
The Smashing Pumpkins are an influential alternative rock band of the early 1990s. They formed in Chicago, Illinois in 1988 and disbanded on December 2, 2000. They later reformed in 2006 and are together at the moment. The members until 2000 were Billy Corgan (vocals, guitars and writes almost all of the band's songs), James Iha (guitars), D'Arcy Wretzky (bass) and Jimmy Chamberlin (drums).

They were made famous by hit singles like "Today", "Rocket", "Disarm", "Bullet With Butterfly Wings", "1979", "Zero" and "Tonight, Tonight".

Their style was mainly alternative rock, but also influenced by the grunge movement of the early 1990s as well as heavy metal, psychedelic rock, progressive rock, and later, electronica.
Discography 
 Gish (1991)
 Siamese Dream (1993)
 Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness (1995)
 Adore (1998)
 Machina/The Machines of God (2000)
 Machina II/The Friends & Enemies of Modern Music (2000)
 Zeitgeist (2007)
 Teargarden by Kaleidyscope (released beginning in 2009)
 Oceania (2012)
 Monuments to an Elegy (2014)
 Shiny and Oh So Bright, Vol. 1 / LP: No Past. No Future. No Sun. (2018)
 Cyr (2020)
 Atum: A Rock Opera in Three Acts (2023)

 
2006 establishments in Illinois
2000s disestablishments in Illinois
2000 disestablishments in the United States
1988 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Illinois
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups from Chicago
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
Musical groups established in 2006
Tool is an American rock band. It was formed in 1990 in Los Angeles, California. The band has won Grammy Awards for Best Metal Performance in 1997 for the song "Ænema" and in 2001 for the song "Schism". Tool has four members: singer Maynard James Keenan, guitarist Adam Jones, drummer Danny Carey, and bassist Justin Chancellor.

Tool has put out five studio albums. Their first release was Opiate, an extended play. It had only seven songs on it. Tool's first album, Undertow, was heavy metal. In 1996, they made Ænima. Rolling Stone said it was one of the 100 best metal albums of all time. The band took a break before and after releasing their third album, Lateralus. This was because singer Maynard James Keenan was working with his other band, A Perfect Circle. The band released their fourth album, 10,000 Days, on May 2, 2006, and their fifth album (Fear Inoculum) on August 30, 2019.

History
History

Band starts 
In 1989, James Maynard Keenan and guitarist Adam Jones met each other in Los Angeles. Keenan let Jones listen to music he had made with another band. Jones thought the music was good, and told Keenan they should make their own band. They started playing music together, while looking for other people to play the bass guitar and drums. Tom Morello introduced them to drummer Danny Carey, who lived in the building where they practiced. Carey joined the band because other drummers the band wanted to play with did not show up. Bassist Paul D'Amour was the last to join the band. After D'Amour and Carey joined, they named the band Tool.
Opiate
Tool made its first extended play in 1992. It was called Opiate. To help sell copies of the EP, they went on tour. They went around the U.S. playing in concerts with two other bands named Fishbone and Rage Against the Machine. They also played in concerts with White Zombie and Corrosion of Conformity. In 1993, the band was playing at the Church of Scientology's Celebrity Centre in Los Angeles. Keenan (who would later write the lyrics "Fuck L. Ron Hubbard and fuck all his clones"), baa-ed like a sheep for most of the show.

The EP did not sell many copies at first. After Tool got more popular, more people bought Opiate. It took 13 years for the album to be certified platinum by the RIAA (an award for selling one million copies).
Undertow
Tool's first studio album came out in 1993. It was called Undertow. In 1994, the band released a single from the album named "Prison Sex". With it was a music video that was created and directed by Jones. The video was deemed "too graphic and offensive", and was only played on MTV a few times because the video dealt with child abuse.

The album reached #50 on the Billboard 200 and #1 on the Top Heatseekers. It was certified gold by the RIAA after only eight months, and platinum less than a year later.

Ænima
In October 1996, the band released their second studio album, called Ænima. Tool began a long legal fight with their label Volcano Records (formerly Zoo Records) over problems with their contract. They ended up with a new contract that said they would make three more albums. The members of Tool decided to take some time away after that.
The album was certified gold in 10 weeks and achieved double platinum, which means it sold two million copies, in 10 months. In 1998, "Ænema" won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance.

Fear Inoculum

On January 26, 2020, Tool won Best Metal Performance at the 62nd Grammy Awards for "7empest". Band members Justin Chancellor and Danny Carey went to the awards show to accept the award.

Style
Singer Maynard James Keenan has a unique, melodic style of singing. This style is thought to have influenced many other bands. While guitarist Adam Jones's style of playing is very simple, he is known for his use of different techniques of playing together, and trying new things with his instrument. Danny Carey has a very technical, advanced style of drumming. He is known for using odd time signatures, among other things. Justin Chancellor has an aggressive style of picking and fingering, using many guitar techniques which include using a pick, chords, harmonics, effects, and hammer ons and pull offs.
Discography
Studio albums
 Undertow (1993)
 Ænima (1996)
 Lateralus (2001)
 10,000 Days (2006)
 Fear Inoculum (2019)

Other releases
 Opiate (1992, EP)
 Salival (2000, live, also includes a VHS/DVD)
 Schism/Parabola(2006, music videos on DVDs)

References

Other websites

 Toolband.com - official website
 ToolArmy.com: The Collective Unconscious  - official fanclub
 The Tool Page (t.d.n) - "semi-official" website

1990 establishments in the United States
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Progressive rock bands
Grammy Award winners
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Progressive metal bands
Death was one of the first ever death metal bands in the United States. They started in 1983 under the name Mantas and they changed the name to Death in 1984.

Death is no longer a band because their guitarist Chuck Schuldiner died on December 13, 2001. He was 34 years old. He had brain cancer and the drugs he used to beat the cancer made him weak. He died of pneumonia. He had another band project called Control Denied during the 3 years before he died.

Discography

Scream Bloody Gore (1987)
Leprosy (1988)
Spiritual Healing (1990)
Human (1991)
Individual Thought Patterns (1993)
Symbolic (1995)
The Sound of Perseverance (1998)

References
References 

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Death metal bands
Musical groups from Orlando, Florida
Musical groups established in 1983
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Florida
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
2001 disestablishments in the United States
2000s disestablishments in Florida
Mötley Crüe is an American. Heavy metal band formed in 1981 in Los Angeles, California. Nikki Sixx and Tommy Lee founded the band with ex-Quiet Riot guitarist Greg Leon. Vince Neil and Mick Mars later replaced him on lead vocals and guitar respectively. They were one of the big glam metal bands of the 1980s. What was planned to be their final show took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles on December 31, 2015.
Mötley Crüe was formed at the start of 1981 by bassist Nikki Sixx and drummer Tommy Lee. At first the band consisted of vocalist-guitarist Greg Leon, bassist Nikki Sixx, and drummer Tommy Lee. After auditions they found singer Vince Neil at a party and guitar player Mick Mars through an ad in a paper. They released their first album, Too Fast For Love, in 1981. The band later got signed to a major label. The band built success over the next few years with their next three albums, Shout at the Devil, Theatre of Pain and Girls, Girls, Girls, which had hit songs like "Shout at the Devil" "Home Sweet Home" and "Girls, Girls, Girls". However, the band created some negative attention because of their use of illegal drugs, large amounts of sex with women, and how they looked, including wearing make-up and several tattoos. Nikki Sixx took an overdose of heroin in 1987 and was legally dead for two minutes before getting an adrenaline shot, making him conscious again
. The band stopped using drugs and drinking shortly after and released their most popular album, Dr. Feelgood, in 1989.
They released a greatest hits album in 1991 so fans had something to listen to before they brought out a sixth album. However, the band started arguing. Vince Neil left the band in 1992 because of this. So, the band found a new singer named John Corabi, who also played guitar and wrote lyrics with the band. They released their self-titled album in 1994. It created a mixed response from fans who preferred Vince Neil as the band's singer, and did not like the music itself, which sounded less like glam rock and more like hard rock. John Corabi left in 1996 and Vince Neil came back. The band released Generation Swine in 1997, but the album created a mixed response due to the musical experiments on the album.
Tommy Lee was unhappy with Vince Neil back in the band and further arguments between band members caused Lee to leave the band, being replaced by Randy Castillo. The band released their least successful album, New Tattoo, in 2000. It sounded more like the band's 80s albums rather than the more experimental albums they released in the 90s. After the album, Randy Castillo became ill and Samantha Maloney had to drum during some of the band's concerts. Randy Castillo died in 2002, and the band did not do much for the next two years.

Mötley Crüe made a comeback with Tommy Lee in 2004, and were once again successful, touring worldwide and releasing another greatest hits album called Red, White and Crüe. They released another album of new songs in 2008 called Saints of Los Angeles. They disbanded after their last concert on December 31, 2015. They got back together in 2018.
Albums 
 Too Fast for Love (November 1981)
 Shout at the Devil (September 1983)
 Theatre of Pain (July 1985)
 Girls,Girls,Girls (May 1987)
 Dr.Feelgood (September 1989)
 Mötley Crüe (March 1994)
 Generation Swine (June 1997)
New Tattoo (2000)
 Saints of Los Angeles (June 2008)

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Musical groups established in 1981
1981 establishments in California
American heavy metal bands
American hard rock bands
Glam metal bands
 
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups disestablished in 2015
2015 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in California
Radio control is controlling vehicles by radio wave signals. It is often used for making models of cars, boats, helicopters and airplanes move on their own like real ones. For controlling models, an operator uses a transmitter that has the model's controls on it.  When a control is moved, the radio signal changes. The part on the model that takes the changing signals and helps turn them into movement is called the receiver.  The receiver then tells a special kind of motor called a servo to move part of the model.

On a car or boat, a servo is usually used for steering.  Model sailboats use a servo to adjust the sail as well as the rudder, or steering device.  On airplanes and helicopters, servos are used not only for steering but for up and down pitch.  If the model uses an engine to make it run, a servo is used to control the speed of the engine.  A model which operates with an electric motor usually has something called an electronic speed control or "ESC" to control its speed.
Unmanned aerial vehicles controlled by radio are used for many purposes, including war.  

Electronics
toys
weapons