Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Many composers, especially Anglican church composers, wrote settings (music) for these two canticles (which choir members often called “Mag and Nunc”).  Such composers include Edward Bairstow, Herbert Brewer, Orlando Gibbons, Herbert Howells, Henry Purcell, Charles Stanford, Herbert Sumsion, Thomas Tallis, Thomas Weelkes, Samuel Wesley and many others.  Some of the composers wrote several settings.  This is why different settings are often identified by the key they are in, e.g. Stanford in G, Stanford in C etc.  Sometimes they can be identified by the cathedral for which they were written.  Herbert Howells, for example, wrote Mag and Nunc settings for several cathedrals and chapels.  These can be identified by calling them: Howells’ Gloucester Service, Collegium Regale (=King’s College, Cambridge) etc.

In a sung evensong the choir will also sing an "introit" which is a very short piece at the beginning of the service.  They will sing a psalm to a chant, and there will also be an anthem.
Related pages
Morning Prayer
Matins
Vespers
Anglican chant
Anglican church music
Service (music)
Magnificat
Nunc dimittis

Anglicanism
Christian music
The Regierender Bürgermeister () of Berlin is the head of government of the city.  The Governing Mayor is the equivalent of the Minister President of the bigger States of Germany.

The Regierender Bürgermeister is elected by the Abgeordentenhaus (). He then appoints up to eight Senators. The Senators are ministers in charge of the departments of the city government. Two of the senators are also Mayors. The Mayors are the deputies of the Governing Mayor.

Government of Germany
Alice in Chains is an American rock band that formed in Seattle, Washington in 1987. They have sold an estimated 15 million albums in the US alone. Alice in Chains is sometimes thought of as a heavy metal band, but is mostly considered a grunge band.

The band's first lead singer, Layne Staley, became addicted to drugs. He often wrote about drug addiction in his lyrics. He died in Seattle in April 2002 after a fatal drug overdose. William DuVall took over as the lead singer in 2006.

Band members

Current members
 William DuVall - lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2006-present)
 Jerry Cantrell - lead & rhythm guitars, vocals (1987-2002, 2005-present)
 Mike Inez - bass, backing vocals (1993-2002, 2005-present)
 Sean Kinney - drums, percussion (1987-2002, 2005-present)

Former members
 Layne Staley - lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1987-2002)
 Mike Starr - bass, backing vocals (1987-1993)

Touring musicians
 Patrick Lachman - lead vocals (2005-2006)
 Scott Olson - acoustic guitar, bass (1996)
Discography
 Facelift (1990)
 Dirt (1992)
 Alice in Chains (1995)
 Black Gives Way to Blue (2009)
 The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here (2013)
 Rainier Fog (2018)

References

Other websites 

 Alice in Chains Official Site
 Jerry Cantrell Official Site
 Alice in Chains Equipment/Gear
 Alice in Chains Concert Chronology, discography, and session history

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Grunge bands
American hard rock bands
Alternative metal bands
Musical groups from Seattle
Musical groups established in 1987
1987 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
Musical groups disestablished in 2002
2002 disestablishments in the United States
2006 establishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 2006
2000s establishments in Washington (state)
2000s disestablishments in Washington (state)
Johann Ludwig "Lutz" Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (22 August 1887 – 4 March 1977) was a German politician.

Early life 
Johann Ludwig von Krosigk was born in Rathmannsdorf, in the Kingdom of Saxony. His father was from a noble family in Anhalt, his mother was a daughter of one of the Counts ("Graf") von Schwerin. He studied law and politics in Halle, in Lausanne and, as a Rhodes Scholar, at the University of Oxford.

He became a Lieutenant in the German Army during World War I, and he won the Iron Cross. In 1918, Krosigk married Baroness Ehrengard von Plettenberg. They had four sons and five daughters.

Nazi years
Nazi years

Pre-World War II 
Schwerin von Krosigkut was a conservative, but not a member of any political party when was appointed Minister of Finance by Franz von Papen in 1932. President Paul von Hindenburg asked him to stay in office under Kurt von Schleicher. Hitler kept him as finance minister throughout the period of Nazi Party rule, even though several members of his family took part in attempts to kill Hitler.

World War II 
On 1 May 1945, Schwerin von Krosigk was asked to be the Chancellor (Reichskanzler) of the Flensburg cabinet by the new President (Reichspräsident) Karl Dönitz.

On 7 May 1945, Dönitz allowed the German Army to surrender at Rheims before General Eisenhower.

Winston Churchill  recognised the Flensburg Government de facto because he said the surrender was allowed by "Grand Admiral Dönitz the designated Head of State". The government was dissolved when its members were captured by British forces on 23 May 1945, at Flensburg.
Schwerin von Krosigk was tried at the Ministries Trial at Nuremberg along with other leading members of the Nazi Government. Schwerin von Krosigk was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment but was released during an amnesty in 1951.

After World War II 
In later years Schwerin von Krosigk wrote several books about economics policy and two versions of his memoirs.

He was one of the first to talk about an "Iron Curtain" coming down across Europe, in a broadcast to the German people on 2 May 1945, a phrase which he had picked up from an article by Joseph Goebbels, and later used by Winston Churchill in a speech that made the phrase famous.

Schwerin von Krosigk died in 1977 in the town of Essen, Germany, aged 89.
Works 
 Es geschah in Deutschland, 1951
 Die große Zeit des Feuers - Der Weg der deutschen Industrie, 3 volumes, 1959
 Alles auf Wagnis - der Kaufmann gestern, heute und morgen, 1963
 Persönliche Erinnerungen, memoirs, 3 volumes, 1974
 Staatsbankrott (Studie über die deutsche Finanzpolitik von 1920 bis 1945), 1975
 Memoiren (short version of Persönliche Erinnerungen), 1977

References

Other websites 

 Biography (Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin)

1887 births
1977 deaths
Chancellors of Nazi Germany
German military personnel of World War I
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Government ministers of the Weimar Republic
Politicians from Saxony
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Rhodes scholars
The Cockney Rejects is an Oi! punk rock band that formed in the East End of London in 1979.

English punk bands
The East End of London, known locally as the East End, generally means the area of central London, England, east of the medieval walled City of London and north of the River Thames. It is poorer and is cheaper to live in than the West End, so it has had many immigrants over the years, including Huguenot, Irish, Jews and more recently Bengalis.

Areas of London
Suidae is the family to which pigs and their relatives belong. Several species are currently recognised, including the domestic pig. In addition to numerous species of wild pig, the family includes the babirusa and the warthog.

Taxonomy 
 Family Suidae
 Genus Babyrousa: Babirusas
 Genus Hylochoerus: Giant forest hogs
 Giant forest hog, Hylochoerus meinertzhageni
 Genus Phacochoerus: Warthogs
 Warthog, Phacochoerus africanus
 Desert Warthog, Phacochoerus aethiopicus
 Genus Porcula: Pygmy Hog
 Pygmy Hog, Porcula salvania
 Genus Potamochoerus: Bushpigs
 Bushpig, Potamochoerus larvatus
 Red River Hog, Potamochoerus porcus
 Genus Sus: Pigs
 Wild boar, Sus scrofa
 Domestic pig, Sus scrofa domestica
 Family ?Maiaboarinae
 Genus Maiaboar
 Genus Palaeoboar
 Genus Deccaboar
 Genus  Kumnoboar
 Genus Tyloboar
 Genus Cretaceoboar
 Genus Magiboar
 Genus Frosthutia
 Genus Zeppelinoboar
 Genus Aachenoboar
 Genus Mycellum

Other websites
T'rdat (Georgian: თრდატი), sometimes Latinized as Tiridates, of the Chosroid Dynasty, was the king of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) from c. 394 to 406.

Georgian chronicles have said that he is the son of Rev, son of Mirian III, the first Christian king of Iberia. He is reported to have succeeded by his relative and son-in-law, Varaz-Bakur II, and to have been forced to pay tribute to the Sasanids of Iran. The chronicles praise his piety and credit Trdat with the construction of churches at Rustavi and Nekresi.

Related pages
Artaxiad dynasty of Iberia

References 

History of Georgia (country)
The Nutcracker is a classical ballet in two acts. It is based on E.T.A. Hoffmann's 1816 fairy tale The Nutcracker and the Mouse King. It tells the story of a little girl who goes to the Land of Sweets on Christmas Eve. Ivan Vsevolozhsky and Marius Petipa adapted Hoffmann's story for the ballet. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky wrote the music. Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov designed the dances. The Nutcracker was first performed at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia, on 18 December 1892 to a modest success and rarely seen the next years.

In 1940, Walt Disney used some of the Nutcracker music in his animated movie Fantasia, which led to an interest in the ballet. Interest grew when George Balanchine's The Nutcracker was televised in the late 1950s. The ballet has been performed in many different places since then. Before the first performance, Tchaikovsky took some numbers from the ballet to form the Nutcracker Suite. This work was a great success on the concert stage, and is still played today.

Origin
Origin  

The origin of The Nutcracker has its roots in the great success of The Sleeping Beauty ballet. This ballet was staged at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1890. It was the work of the director of the Imperial Theatres in St. Petersburg, Ivan Vsevolozhsky; the composer, Tchaikovsky; and the choreographer, Marius Petipa. Vsevolozsky thought another ballet based on a children's story would be just as successful as The Sleeping  Beauty.

He picked Hoffmann's 1816 fairy tale "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King" as the subject for the new ballet. This story was loved by Russians. He wrote an adaptation of Hoffmann's story based on the Alexandre Dumas translation. He dropped much of the original. Petipa adapted Vsevolozsky's story to the requirements of ballet. Vsevolozsky then pressured Tchaikovsky into writing the music for the ballet. Tchaikovsky did not like the adaptation of Hoffmann's story, but he agreed to write the music.
Petipa designed the dances. He gave Tchaikovsky special directions about how the music was to be written. For example, he wanted a great crescendo of 48 bars as the Christmas tree rose higher and higher in Act 1. He wrote that the music for the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" should sound like drops of water splashing in a fountain.

In March 1892 the music was almost complete. Tchaikovsky took the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy", the "Waltz of the Flowers", and other numbers from the ballet to form the 20-minute Nutcracker Suite. It was first played for the Russian Musical Society. The organization's members loved it. Nutcracker Suite is still played today.
Tchaikovsky completed the music for the ballet in April 1892. Rehearsals started in September 1892. Petipa fell ill and his assistant Lev Ivanov completed the dances. The ballet was first performed on 18 December 1892 at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg. Tchaikovsky's one-act opera Iolanta was played before the curtain rose on The Nutcracker. The run ended in 1893 after eleven performances.

Later 
In 1919, choreographer Alexander Gorsky staged a production. He cut out the Sugar Plum Fairy and her Cavalier, and gave their dances to Clara and the Nutcracker Prince. They were now played by adults instead of children. A shortened version of the ballet was first performed outside Russia in Budapest's Royal Opera House in 1927.
In 1934, Vasili Vainonen, choreographer of the Kirov Ballet, staged a version of the work which was also influenced by the criticisms of the original production. He also cast adult dancers in the roles of Clara and the Prince, as Gorsky had. The Vainonen version influenced several later productions. Knowledge of the choreography spread because many dancers went to the west after the Russian Revolution.

The first complete performance outside Russia took place in England in 1934. It was staged by Nicholas Sergeyev at the Vic-Wells Ballet. It used a version of Petipa's original choreography. Annual performances of the ballet have been staged there since 1952.

Plot 

The ballet takes place in Germany in the early 19th century. The curtain rises on a Christmas Eve party in the Silberhaus home. Guests arrive. The children get their presents, then dance about the room.
The door opens. A strange little man named Drosselmeyer comes into the room. He is a toy-maker. He is also Clara Silberhaus's godfather. He has four dancing dolls for the children and a special surprise for Clara. It is a nutcracker. She loves it, but her brother Fritz accidentally breaks it. She places the Nutcracker in her doll bed to get well.

The party ends and everyone leaves. Clara and her family go to bed. Clara creeps back to the room. She needs to be certain her Nutcracker is resting quietly. All of a sudden, mice start running about the room. The dolls, the tin soldiers, and all the other playthings come to life to fight the mice.

The Christmas tree rises higher and higher. The Nutcracker jumps out of the doll bed to fight the Mouse King. When the Nutcracker is in danger, Clara saves his life by throwing her slipper at the Mouse King. The Mouse King runs out of the room with all the other mice.
The Nutcracker becomes a human prince. Clara and the Nutcracker Prince set off through the snowy woods for the magical Land of Sweets. The beautiful Sugar Plum Fairy rules this land. She welcomes the two children then orders her subjects to dance for them. Dances about Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate are presented. Many other dances are presented. The ballet ends with everyone dancing a waltz.

Structure
 Overture
Act I: Tableau 1
No.1 Scene (The Christmas Tree)
No.2 March
No.3 Children's Galop and Dance of the Parents
No.4 Dance Scene (Arrival of Drosselmeyer)
No.5 Scene and Grandfather Dance
No.6 Scene (Clara and the Nutcracker)
No.7 Scene (The Battle)
Act I: Tableau 2
No.8 Scene (A Pine Forest in Winter)
No.9 Waltz of the SnowflakesAct II: Tableau 3No.10 Scene (The Kingdom of Sweets)
No.11 Scene (Clara and Nutcracker Prince)
No.12 Divertissement:
a.Chocolate (Spanish Dance)
b.Coffee (Arabian Dance)
c.Tea (Chinese Dance)
d.Trepak (Russian Dance)
e.Dance of the Reed-Pipes
f. Mother Gigogne and the Clowns
No.13 Waltz of the Flowers
No.14 Pas de Deux (Sugar Plum Fairy and Prince Coqueluche)
No.15 Final Waltz and Apotheosis

 Reception 

Criticism of the ballet was mixed. A portion thought of it to be a noble composition, with exemplary themes and emotion, however many thought otherwise. Russian balletomanes liked expert adult dancers and the large cast of children was critically attacked. One person complained that the ballet was "produced with children for children." Even the adult dancers came under fire. One person, for example, thought the dancer playing the doll in Act 1 was "nice" while another person thought she was "insipid".
One critic complained that the ballet was in bad taste because characters in Act 2 looked like food from a pastry shop.  Another complained that Ivanov's "Waltz of the Snowflakes" was taken from ballets by Petipa. Tchaikovsky however thought that the staging was very beautiful, so much so that his eyes grew tired looking at it.

Some people were surprised that Tchaikovsky had anything to do with the ballet. They thought The Nutcracker was foolish. They were embarrassed that the great composer had had a hand in it. On the first night however, Czar Alexander III called Tchaikovsky before him in the royal box to congratulate him on the music.
The newspapers were divided on the ballet's value. The St. Petersburg Gazette wrote "this ballet is the most tedious thing ever seen ... a long way from what ballet music should be." The St. Petersburg News-sheet wrote, "It is hard to say which number is the greatest, for everything from start to finish is beautiful." The New Age wrote that Tchaikovsky's orchestral writing was the work of genius. A ballet lover thought The Nutcracker was the greatest of the three ballets Tchaikovsky had written.

 Post-Premier 
The ballet's initial run ended in January 1893. When the Russian Revolution broke out in 1917, many ballet dancers were put out of work. They went to Europe. They talked to their new friends in Europe about The Nutcracker. Some selections were performed here and there. 

In 1940 Walt Disney used some of the music in his movie Fantasia. In 1944 the Nutcracker was staged at the San Francisco Ballet by William Christensen, the 'very first full-length' on Christmas Eve.
Christensen (1902-2001) was called the grandfather of American Ballet. He was born in Brigham City, Utah. He had established the San Francisco Ballet in 1938. Later he founded the ballet department to the University of Utah in 1951, the first of its kind, and Ballet West in 1963. 

Christensen’s creation had its 75th Anniversary during the 2019-2020 season. In 1954 George Balanchine staged The Nutcracker in New York City. People liked it. When it was aired on television in 1957 and 1958, the ballet became more famous than ever. Balanchine's television Nutcracker had enough fun in it for people who had not seen a ballet, and enough dancing in it to please the ballet lovers who watched it. In the 1960s small ballet companies started producing The Nutcracker because it could make money and, in doing so, keep the company in business.

 Modern times
Modern times 

Today, The Nutcracker has been staged and seen by many people all over the world. Jennifer Fisher points out that it is "the most popular and most often [staged] ballet in the world." In North America, it is a yearly event in many places. Parents and children take part in staging the ballet and dancing in it. Trained ballerinas dance side by side with children who are only learning to dance. Parents work on costumes and sets. Local celebrities take small walk-on parts.

There have been many adaptations of the ballet over the years. In the United States, for example, there are hula, tap dance, reggae, wheelchair, dance-along, ice, and drag versions. In Canada, there have been hockey adaptations. Products such as Nutcracker dolls, soaps, foods, and clothing are sold in theatres before the show.
Ballet lovers question the present day dumbing-down (oversimplification) of The Nutcracker to make it accessible to the masses. The reasons the ballet was originally disliked in Russia (the many child dancers, the uneven story) seem to be the reasons the ballet has become such a great success in North America. Americans like seeing their children on stage and the story is very much like the rags-to-riches stories Americans love. Some people though complain about the stereotypes of children in Act 1 (boys are naughty, girls are nice) and also about the stereotypes of Arabians and the Chinese in Act 2.

 Music 
 Instrumentation
Tchaikovsky wrote The Nutcracker for an orchestra of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion. To this orchestra he added a celesta for the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" in Act 2 and children's instrumentsdrums, trumpets, cymbals, bird calls, whistles, and a rattlefor the Christmas party in Act 1. The instruments were specially ordered and tuned to Tchaikovsky's orders. The rattle is heard in the orchestra pit when Fritz cracks nuts in Act 1, and the other instruments are heard when the boys make a lot of noise while Clara comforts the broken Nutcracker.

Tchaikovsky hoped that the children would play the instruments on the stage, but they had difficulty keeping together with the orchestra. Because of the difficulty the children had, Tchaikovsky made the decision that they could play freely. He did not ask them to keep with the written music. After the first night, Tchaikovsky sent his thanks and baskets of sweets to the children of the Imperial Ballet School.
Sugar Plum Fairy 
The Sugar Plum Fairy''' is a character in The Nutcracker.  The Sugar Plum Fairy only dances in Act 2 of the ballet. Clara falls asleep, and the second act could be seen as Clara's dream. Roland John Wiley however, thinks that the second act is a reality shaped by Drosselmeyer. The Sugar Plum Fairy is the ruler of the Land of Sweets. She welcomes the Nutcracker Prince and his love Clara to her land and orders the festivities. The character is danced by a prima ballerina (principal dancer), though she has little dancing to do. She is joined by a male dancer for a pas de deux near the end of the ballet. Her number in this pas de deux is called "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy".

 Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy
The "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" is one of the most famous numbers in The Nutcracker. It was written for the celesta.  This instrument was new at the time the dance was written. It looks like a small piano, but it sounds like bells. Tchaikovsky discovered the celesta in Paris in 1891 while making a journey to the United States. His publisher purchased one and promised to keep the purchase a secret. Tchaikovsky did not want Rimsky-Korsakov or Glazunov to "get wind of it and ... use it for unusual (different, strange) effects before me."  Petipa wanted the Sugar Plum Fairy's music to sound like drops of water splashing in a fountain. Tchaikovsky thought the celesta was the instrument to do this. The original steps for the dance are unknown.  Antonietta Dell'Era was the first to dance the part of the Sugar Plum Fairy. The character has very little dancing to do so Dell'Era put a gavotte by Alphonse Czibulka into the ballet. She then had something more to do.

 Critical opinion
Critical opinion 

In his biography about Tchaikovsky John Warrack points out that the ballet's greatest weakness is its story. It did not permit Tchaikovsky to musically develop the ballet in the manner of Swan Lake or The Sleeping Beauty. What few symphonic passages exist in the ballet (mostly in Act 1) are not the best Tchaikovsky wrote. Warrack thinks that the "essential nature" of the ballet is found in the separate numbers. Tchaikovsky knew this when he put together the Nutcracker Suite to promote the complete ballet. Because the story was so weak and did not permit symphonic development, Tchaikovsky indulged his taste for "prettiness" in the separate numbers. This is what makes The Nutcracker, according to Warrack, an "entertainment of genius".
In the biography Tchaikovsky, writer David Brown points out that Tchaikovsky was not happy with The Nutcracker and complained to his friends about the difficulty of setting the tale to music. Brown asks why Tchaikovsky would ever let himself be persuaded to accept the story as the subject for a ballet. He points out that Swan Lake and The Sleeping Beauty were "dramatically meaty and deeply serious" while The Nutcracker was "trite ... [and] pointless." The ballet has no true climax he writes. He then asks, "What was it all about anyway? The Nutcracker is meaningless in the profoundest sense." He decides that the ballet is the "most inconsequential" of all the composer's mature works for theatre, and "its dramatic structure the least satisfactory." While Brown never gives his approval to The Nutcracker'', he thinks Tchaikovsky did a remarkable job despite the "appalling limitations of the subject."

Notes

References

Further reading

Other websites 

 The Nutcracker ballet
Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Ballets by Marius Petipa
Ballets by Lev Ivanov
Ballets first performed by the St. Petersburg Imperial Ballet
The Kingdom of Sophene (Armenian: Ծոփքի Թագավորութուն) was an Armenian kingdom, situated between ancient Armenia and Syria. It was ruled by the Orontids, an Armenian dynasty of Iranian origin. The kingdom was culturally mixed with Greek, Armenian, Iranian, Syrian, Anatolian and Roman influences. Founded around the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom maintained independence until  when the Armenian Artaxiad king Tigranes the Great conquered the territories as part of his empire. Sophene laid near medieval Kharput, which is present day Elazig.

Kings of Sophene 

 Sames I (ca. 260 BCE)
 Arsames I (ca. 240 BCE)
 Xerxes (ca. 220 BCE)
 Zariadres (ca. 190 BCE)
 Mithrobouzanes (ca. 188 BCE–163 BCE)
 Arkathias (second half of the 2nd century BCE)
 Artanes (or Arsakes) (reign ended ca. 95 BCE)

References

Sources  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Ancient Armenia
3rd-century BC establishments
1st-century BC disestablishments
Establishments in Armenia
Former monarchies of Asia
Former countries in the Middle East
Lady Katherine Grey (25 August 1540 – 26 January 1568) was an English noblewoman. She was the sister to Lady Jane Grey and Lady Mary Grey. Her parents were Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk, who were Marquess and Marchioness of Dorset and later Duke and Duchess of Suffolk.

Life 
Katherine (also spelled Catherine) was born in 1540 to Lady Frances Brandon and Henry Grey. Her parents were disappointed that she was a girl. However, Frances treated Katherine better than she treated her sister, Lady Jane Grey. Little is known about Katherine's early life before 1550.
Katherine was married at the age of twelve to Henry Herbert in May 1553. It was the same day her elder sister, Jane, was married to Guildford Dudley. Katherine's sister Jane was queen of England for nine days before Mary became Queen. Because of this, Katherine's marriage to Herbert was annulled.
Appearance and personality 
Katherine was considered even more beautiful than her sister Jane. She was a little short, but she had a delicate appearance. She had shining red-gold hair and her grandmother Mary Tudor's blue eyes. She also had white skin and no freckles, unlike her sister Jane.
Unlike her sister Jane, Katherine was not as smart and did not like her studies as much. She preferred playing with her pet dogs and birds.

Later life 
Katherine said that her life at Queen Mary's court was the best time of her life. She met her future husband during these years and received money from Mary every year. Mary's sister, Elizabeth, did not like Katherine much. She distrusted her and did not wish to see her married. Katherine had other plans.
In December 1560, she married Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford without Elizabeth I's permission. They planned to keep it a secret for a long time. However, Katherine became pregnant quickly and by July of the next year, she could not hold her secret any longer. She first tried to get help from Bess of Hardwick, but Bess screamed at Katherine and made her go away. Then she went to see Elizabeth's great favorite, Robert Dudley. He listened to Katherine but promised nothing. The next day he told Elizabeth everything. Elizabeth was angry with this and put both Edward and Katherine in prison. Katherine gave birth to a son in the Tower of London. The child's name was Edward. 

Later, she gave birth to another son, also in the Tower of London. This made Elizabeth even more angry since Katherine was not supposed to see Edward. The couple would not see each other again after the birth. Katherine soon got tuberculosis. She died in January 1568. She is buried in Cockfield Chapel.
1539 births
1568 deaths
English nobility
Elongation is an astronomical term that describes the angle between the Sun and a planet, as viewed from Earth.

When an inferior planet (Mercury or Venus) is visible after sunset, it is near its greatest eastern elongation. When an inferior planet is visible before sunrise, it is near its greatest western elongation. The value of the greatest elongation (west or east), for Mercury, is between 18° and 28°; and for Venus between  45° and 47°. This value varies because the orbits of the planets are elliptical, rather than perfect circles.

Celestial mechanics
Conjunction is a word used in astronomy and astrology. It means that, as seen from some place (usually the Earth), two celestial bodies appear near one another in the sky. The event is also sometimes known as an appulse.

The astronomical and astrological symbol of conjunction is  (in Unicode, U+260C ☌).

Other websites 
 Occultations of Saturn by Jupiter 
 Image of 2001 occultation of Saturn by the Moon 
 Planets conjunctions and mutual occultations 1000BC to 3000AD 
 Conjunctions of planets with the main asteroids 

Astrology
Astronomical phenomena
Opposition is a word used in observational astronomy (and also astrology). It is used when two objects in the sky are on the opposite side of the sky when viewed from the Earth.

In particular, two planets are in opposition to each other when their ecliptic longitudes differ by 180°.  When talking about a single object being in opposition, it is assumed to be opposite from the sun.

The Moon is in opposition to the Sun when it is a full moon.

The symbol of opposition is ☍.

A planet (or asteroid or comet) is said to be "in opposition" when it is in opposition to the Sun as seen from the Earth. This is the best time to observe a planet because:
 it is visible almost all night, rising around sunset, culminating around midnight and setting around sunrise
 its orbit brings it closest to the Earth, making it appear bigger and brighter
 light reflects more brightly from bodies with rough surfaces, at that angle

References 

Astrology
Astronomical phenomena
Ophiuchus (Οφιούχος: say it 'Ofi-youkus'), is one of the 88 listed constellations. In Latin, it means "serpent-holder". It is near the celestial equator, and northwest of the center of the Milky Way. Ophiuchus is on the ecliptic, but is generally not considered to be in the zodiac.  Its brightest star is Rasalhague.

The Voyager 1 probe is within the borders of Ophiuchus.

Related pages 
Ophiuchus Supercluster explosion

Other websites 
 The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Ophiuchus
 Star Tales – Ophiuchus

Constellations
Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Biography
George was born in 1504, probably in Blickling, although it is unsure. George Boleyn was well known for serving the King (Henry VIII ), he was most favored by him. His sister, Anne, became queen because of the help of his Uncle (The Duke of Norfolk) and his Father (Thomas Boleyn). His two sisters, Anne Boleyn (Second wife of Henry VIII), and Mary Boleyn (Mistress of the King) were his only two friends. They spent much time together. He married Jane Parker, also known as Lady Jane Rochford. He was not happy with his marriage, he was only engaged to her by their Uncle. As a Boleyn/Howard (Howard, Mothers maiden name) he had to obey. His obedience towards his family made him unhappy. He refused to sleep with his wife, so instead spent many nights with his sisters in Anne's rooms. Mary would be there, for she was Anne's lady in waiting. All three of the Boleyns were very close.
Downfall
George Boleyn had a very close relationship with his sister Anne. He was also close with his other sister, but Mary focused more on her family with her husband (William Stafford). George and Anne's downfall happened when Henry VIII accused them of incest. Mary Boleyn was not with them at the time of their exile. She chose to hide because of her children. If she had not hidden herself, she too would have been killed. It was likely a false charge by Henry VIII so he could get rid of Anne Boleyn. George's wife claimed that George and Anne had an affair. At her own execution, Lady Jane Rochford claimed that "God has permitted me to suffer this shameful doom as punishment for having contributed to my husband's death. I falsely accused him of loving in an incestuous manner, his sister, Queen Anne Boleyn. For this I deserve to die."

1500s births
1536 deaths

People from Norfolk
Tsitsernakaberd () is a memorial for the victims of the Armenian Genocide. It is on a hill overlooking Yerevan, Armenia. Every year on April 24, Armenians gather here to remember the victims of the 1915 Armenian Genocide that took place in the Ottoman Empire carried out by the Turkish government. In 1965 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Genocide after a million people demonstrated for 24 hours; the demonstrations are now known as the 1965 Yerevan Demonstrations. In response, the genocide memorial construction began in 1966 and it was completed in 1968. In Yerevan, the capital of Armenia, crowds of people walk to the Tsitsernakaberd Genocide Memorial to lay flowers at the eternal flame.

Related pages
 Armenian Genocide
 Montebello Genocide Memorial
 Marseille Genocide Memorial
 Genocide Remembrance Day
 1965 Yerevan Demonstrations

Other websites 
 Tsitsernakaberd

Armenian Genocide
Monuments and memorials
Mary Boleyn (about 1499 – 19 July 1543) was the older sister of Anne Boleyn, the second wife of King Henry VIII. They had a brother named George Boleyn.  There have been many stories and books about Mary Boleyn, so historians are not sure what is true about her.

Early Life 
Mary was born some time between 1500 and 1507 at Blickling Hall in Norfolk.  Her parents were Sir Thomas Boleyn and Lady Elizabeth Howard. While her parents had her sister Anne educated at the court of Margaret of Austria, Mary was probably educated at home.  She had a well-rounded education for a woman in the 1500s.  Among Mary's other skills, she could speak French.
In 1514, Mary's father got her a job as maid of honor to Mary Tudor, the sister of King Henry VIII. Mary Tudor was going to be married to King Louis XII of France.  Mary and the other maids traveled with Mary Tudor to France, where Mary Tudor was married.  Only a few months after the wedding, however, King Louis died and Francis I became king. Mary Tudor went back to England but Mary Boleyn stayed in France.

There were rumours that Mary Boleyn became King Francis's mistress, but some historians think the rumours may not be true.  They think the rumours may have been about trying to make the Boleyn family look bad so Henry VIII could divorce Anne Boleyn.
Marriage and mistress 
In 1519, Mary went back to England to marry William Carey.  Soon, she became King Henry VIII's mistress. Some historians think that King Henry was the father of Mary's two children, Catherine Carey and Henry Carey, but it is also possible that her husband William Carey was their father. Mary was Henry VIII's mistress for years, possibly until as late as 1526.

Widowhood 
After Mary's husband died, she had money problems.  Her sister Anne took Mary's son Henry as her ward and paid for his education.

In 1526, Mary married again.  She married a soldier named William Stafford without her family's permission.  Anne and the rest of Mary's family were angry with her.  Mary and Stafford had one child, but historians do not know what happened to him or her.
After Anne and George Boleyn were executed, Mary's parents began to speak to her again.  After her father and grandmother died, they left Mary half the Boleyn property.  But Mary Boleyn had to fight for it in law court.  Mary died in Rochford Hall in 1543.

References

1499 births
1543 deaths
People from Kent
A cubic centimetre (symbol cm³ or cc) (U.S. spelling: cubic centimeter) is a commonly used unit of volume extending the derived SI-unit cubic metre and corresponds to the volume of a cube measuring 1 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm. One cubic centimetre corresponds to a volume of  of a cubic metre, or  of a litre; therefore, 1 cm³ = 1 mL. In many scientific fields, the use of cubic centimetres has been replaced by the millilitre. The medical and automotive fields are two of the few fields wherein the term cubic centimetre was never discontinued in the United States. In the United Kingdom millilitres are used in preference to cubic centimetres in the medical field.

One cubic centimetre of water is equal to 1 gram.

Units of volume
SI derived units

sv:Liter#Milliliter
The geometric albedo of an astronomical body is the ratio of its actual brightness at zero phase angle (i.e. as seen from the light source) to that of an idealized flat, fully reflecting, diffusively scattering (Lambertian) disk with the same cross-section.

The visual geometric albedo refers to the geometric albedo quantity when accounting for only electromagnetic radiation in the visible spectrum.

Astrophysics
"Welcome to the Black Parade" is the first single and fifth track from My Chemical Romance's third studio album, The Black Parade. It was released on September 11, 2006 on iTunes and October 9, 2006 on CD. It is the band's ninth single. The studio version was available on MySpace on September 2, 2006. The song became the group's first number one in the UK on October 15, 2006, and later rose to number one on the Modern Rock Tracks on October 26, 2006, where it would stay for seven weeks. It was originally intended to be called "The Five Of Us Are Dying."

The song ranked at #17 on Rolling Stone's "The 100 Best Songs of 2006".

References

Other websites 
 "Welcome to the Black Parade" sound track at The Black Parade official website

2006 songs
My Chemical Romance songs
Alternative rock songs
Hard rock songs
Remembrance Day (in Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom) is a day to remember people who fought and died in wars. It is on November 11. On that day in 1918 came the end of World War I with Armistice with Germany.

Remembrance Day was started in 1919 by King George V of the United Kingdom.  On the same day, other countries also have days to remember war and soldiers.  There is Veteran's Day in the United States,  and Armistice Day in France, Belgium, New Zealand and other countries.

Traditions 

There are some things that people do on Remembrance Day at 11:00 AM. That is when World War I ended. At a ceremony for Remembrance Day, a tune called "The Last Post" is played on a bugle (or sometimes a trumpet). Then there are two minutes of silence. At the end of the silence, the bugle plays a tune called "Reveille".
In many countries, many people wear a poppy on Remembrance Day, and for a few days before. The remembrance poppy is an artificial flower to commemorate those who died in war. People bring wreaths made of poppies to Remembrance Day ceremonies. The poppy is a symbol to show they remember the wars and the soldiers who fought in them. Poppies were chosen as a symbol because they often grew in battlefields after the soldiers stopped fighting.

References

Related pages
Veterans Day

Holidays
Australia
Holidays of Canada
Anniversary days in the United Kingdom
This article discusses taxonomy. For a different meaning in biology, see cell division.

In biology, a division is the equivalent of a phylum in a kingdom. Botanists use the word "division" where zoologists use the word "phylum".

References
Carroll, Robert L. 1988. Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. New York: W.H. Freeman. .
Milner, Andrew. 1988. "The relationships and origin of living amphibians." In M.J. Benton (ed.), The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, pp. 59–102. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Plant taxonomy
Leona Lewis (born 3 April 1985) is a British actress and singer-songwriter. 

Lewis first became famous when she won a television talent contest in Britain called The X Factor. When she won The X Factor in 2006, Lewis got a £1 million contract to make more music. She then released a song, as part of The X Factor contract, called A Moment Like This which was the number 1 song in the charts at Christmas after selling 571,253 copies in the shops and on download. 

Lewis then released her second song on 22 October 2007 called Bleeding Love which was the number 1 song again in Britain, and also reached number 1 in the United States. It sold 218,805 copies in the first week of release. She released her first album called Spirit in November 2007. Her second album is Echo, which was released 9 November 2009.

Her first concert tour called The Labyrinth was in 2010. 

Her songs include Better in Time and Bleeding Love.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 
 Official MySpace
1985 births
Black British musicians
British R&B musicians
English pop singers
Singer-songwriters from London
The X Factor winners
Trinny Woodall (born Sarah-Jane Woodall on 8 February 1964) is an English expert in fashion, author, television presenter and journalist.

Trinny Woodall first became famous when she presented a reality show called What Not to Wear with Susannah Constantine on the BBC. She then was on The Oprah Winfrey Show in 2004 and helped American people with their clothes and appearance. She then presented Trinny & Susannah Undress on ITV in 2006 and Trinny & Susannah Undress The Nation in 2007.

She has also written lots of fashion books with Constantine in Britain and America which have been made into many languages. Their first major book, What Not to Wear, sold 670,000 copies and won a British Book Award.
List of books
Ready 2 Dress: How to Have Style Without Following Fashion, Weidenfeld Nicolson (February 14, 2000) ()
What Not to Wear, Weidenfeld Nicolson (September 5, 2002) ()
What Not to Wear: The Rules, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) ()
What Not to Wear: For Every Occasion, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) ()
What You Wear Can Change Your Life, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 17, 2004) ()
What Your Clothes Say About You, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 29, 2005) ()
Trinny and Susannah: The Survival Guide, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, (September 20,  2006) ()
Trinny & Susannah Take on America: What Your Clothes Say about You, HarperCollins Publishers (October 2006) ()
The Body Shape Bible, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 18,  2007) ()

References

Other websites
Trinny and Susannah's official website 

1965 births
Living people
English television presenters
English journalists
Susannah Caroline Constantine (born June 3, 1962) is an English television presenter, fashion expert, author and journalist. In her early career, Constantine worked with famous fashion designers like John Galliano. She met Trinny Woodall in 1994 at a party and wrote about fashion in a newspaper called The Telegraph. Susannah Constantine also dated the member of the British royal family, David, Viscount Linley, in the 1980s.

Constantine and Woodall became famous when they presented a reality show in Britain called What Not to Wear. In 2002, they won a Royal Television Award for being the best presenters. In 2006 Constantine hosted another fashion show on ITV called Trinny & Susannah Undress. She has also been on The Oprah Winfrey Show with Trinny Woodall, and helped women with their clothes. They have made many fashion books which have been successful in America and Britain, and have been translated into many languages. It is thought that the books have sold 2.5 million copies around the world.
List of books
Ready 2 Dress: How to Have Style Without Following Fashion, Weidenfeld Nicolson (February 14, 2000) ()
What Not to Wear, Weidenfeld Nicolson (September 5, 2002) () 
What Not to Wear: The Rules, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) () 
What Not to Wear: For Every Occasion, Weidenfeld Nicolson (June 1, 2004) () 
What You Wear Can Change Your Life, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 17, 2004) ()
What Your Clothes Say About You, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 29, 2005) () 
Trinny and Susannah: The Survival Guide, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, (September 20,  2006) () 
Trinny & Susannah Take on America: What Your Clothes Say about You, HarperCollins Publishers (October 2006) () 
The Body Shape Bible, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (September 18,  2007) ()

Other websites
Trinny and Susannah's official website 

Trinny & Susannah Undress  at itv.com

1962 births
Living people
English television presenters
Dame Anna Wintour CH DBE (born 3 November 1949) is the English editor-in-chief of American Vogue, a position she has held since 1988.

Life
Anna Wintour stopped going to school at 16 and started her career in fashion. She worked on magazines in America called New York and Home & Garden. She then went back to Britain and worked on a British magazine known as Vogue. She later worked on the American version, making them both more popular and successful. Wintour supports young fashion designers and is sometimes called "Nuclear Wintour" because of her demanding personality.

Media
Media

The Devil Wears Prada
It is thought that Anna Wintour was the inspiration behind the demanding editor, Miranda Priestly, in the novel The Devil Wears Prada. The author of the book, Lauren Weisberger, had worked as the personal assistant of Anna Wintour at Vogue. It has been suggested that the setting and Priestly were based on Vogue and Wintour, but Weisberger denies this, and says that Wintour is given her own appearance near the end of the book.

The similarities between Priestly and Wintour are:
 They both have two children
 They both serve on the board of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
 Miranda Priestly is a mean person who makes impossible demands of the people who work for her, and Wintour is also a very strict boss.

Before the book started selling, Wintour told the New York Times, "I always enjoy a great piece of fiction. I haven't decided whether I am going to read it or not."
Ugly Betty
It is also said that a character in the TV series of Ugly Betty is based on Wintour. The character Fey Sommers, is very similar to Anna Wintour:
 They both have a bob haircut
 They both wear sunglasses indoors
 Their surnames are both homophones for seasons (Sommers=Summer, Wintour=Winter)
 They were both targeted by animal rights activists for using fur in their fashion
 Both Sommers and Wintour were involved in some way with fashion magazines. (Sommers with MODE, Wintour with Vogue).

Wintour is also mentioned in Ugly Betty when Wilhelmina Slater is going to get a better job at MODE (the magazine) after Bradford Meade is arrested. She does not accept a lunch invitation from Anna Wintour, saying she should have called back in 1998, not 2007.

Personal life
Personal life

Politics
Wintour has been a supporter of the Democratic Party going back to Hillary Clinton's 2000 Senate run and John Kerry's 2004 presidential run and serving Barack Obama's 2008 and 2012 presidential runs as a lot of contributions. In 2008 and 2012, she co-hosted fundraisers with Sarah Jessica Parker, the latter being a 50-person, $40,000-a-plate dinner at Parker's West Village town house with Meryl Streep, Michael Kors, and Trey Laird, an advertising executive, among the attendees. She has also teamed with Calvin Klein and Harvey Weinstein on fundraisers during Obama's first term and Donna Karan has been amongst the attendees.

References

Other websites
 

1949 births
Living people
Journalists from London
The Kingdom of Saxony (), existed from 1806 until 1918.  

From 1871 it was part of the German Empire, and after World War I it became part of the Weimar Republic. Its capital was the city of Dresden, and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony.

Before 1806 Saxony was the Electorate of Saxony in the Holy Roman Empire.  This meant that the princes who ruled Saxony were prince-elector and could help elect a new Holy Roman Emperor.

When Emperor Francis II was defeated by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz and the empire was dissolved  the electorate became an independent kingdom. The last elector of Saxony became King Frederick Augustus I. 

After the Battle of Jena in 1806, Saxony joined the Confederation of the Rhine, and remained within the Confederation until it broke up in 1813 when Napoleon was defeated at the Battle of Leipzig.
The Catholic ruler of Saxony was one of the few German leaders to support the French.  Saxony was put under Russian occupation and 40% of the Kingdom, including the historically significant Wittenberg, home of the Protestant Reformation, was taken by Prussia, but Frederick Augustus was allowed back to rule the remainder of his kingdom, which still included the major cities of Dresden and Leipzig.  The Kingdom also joined the German Confederation, the new organization of the German states to replace the Holy Roman Empire.

The Austro-Prussian War and the German Empire

During the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, Saxony sided with Austria.  The Saxon army was the only large army to help Austria.  At the peace talks Austria said Saxony should not be punished.  The  other states in north Germany including the large Kingdom of Hanover were annexed (taken over) by Prussia after the war.  These states had promised help to Austria but did little, so Austria did not try to help them at the peace talks.