Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1762 Gossec became the conductor of a private theatre of the Prince of Condé at Chantilly.  A lot of German and Bohemian wind players at that time went to Paris, and Gossec gave them jobs in his orchestra.

Gossec wrote a lot of music for the French Revolution.  When the Paris Conservatoire was opened in 1795 he became a teacher of composition there.

Gossec composed lots of different kinds of music.  His music for instruments was very successful.  He wrote operas which suited the taste of French people at the time, but he did not have a good sense of drama and the words of his operas were uninteresting.  He was an important man in the history of music because he organized a lot of musical events in Paris.  He was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honour.  A lot of composers  went to his funeral.

1734 births
1829 deaths
Belgian composers
Classical era composers
Legion of Honour
People from Hainaut (province)
Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730  3 January 1795, born in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent) was an English potter, who became famous for the industrialisation  of pottery. He was the grandfather of both Charles Darwin and Emma Darwin, Charles' wife.

Wedgwood was the first to use modern marketing: direct mail, money-back guarantees, travelling salesmen, self-service, free delivery, buy one get one free, and illustrated catalogues.

Biography

Early life 
When he was a child, Josiah had smallpox, but he survived (did not die). The smallpox injured his knee, so he could not easily work as a potter. Instead, he worked hard to design pottery. Working as an apprentice, Wedgwood learned many techniques for making pottery. He used his skills to make one of the first pottery factories, Ivy Works, in Burslem, now part of Stoke-on-Trent.  Later his right leg was cut off below the knee. There are no pictures of him showing this.
Work 
Wedgwood was very interested in science and technology, and used new ideas to make good quality pottery. He became famous for making pottery for royalty, and became very rich. He spent money on civic works, things that would help businessmen and people in the city, for example canals. He formed a partnership with Thomas Bentley in 1768 which eventually became the business which in 1895 was incorporated as Josiah Wedgwood and Sons Ltd.  He became friends with Erasmus Darwin, an important scientist and inventor. In 1780, Wedgwood and Darwin became business partners. Wedgwood's son married Darwin's daughter, who gave birth to Charles Darwin. Wedgwood and Darwin were also members of the 'Lunar Society', a group of important scientists, philosophers and businessmen.
By 1763, he was receiving orders from the highest levels of the British nobility, including Queen Charlotte. Wedgwood convinced her to let him name the line of pottery she had purchased "Queen's Ware", and trumpeted the royal association in his paperwork and stationery. In 1773, Empress Catherine of Russia ordered the Green Frog Service from Wedgwood; it can still be seen in the Hermitage Museum. An even earlier commission from Catherine was the Husk Service (1770), now on exhibit in Peterhof.

In the latter part of his life, Wedgwood's obsession was to duplicate the Portland Vase, a dark blue and white glass vase from the first century BC. For three years he worked on the project, eventually producing what he considered a satisfactory copy in 1789.
Abolition of slavery 
Together with his friends in the Lunar Society, Wedgwood worked for the abolition (ending) of slavery. Wedgwood produced medallions asking for the end of slavery. These medallions became very popular. Wedgwood died in Etruria, Stoke-on-Trent, in 1795. Selling slaves became illegal (against the law) in 1807 in Britain, and having slaves became illegal in 1833.

References 

 Wedgwood: the first tycoon, Brian Dolan, Viking Adult, 416 pp. 2004.

Other websites 

 Wedgwood collection at the Lady Lever Art Gallery
 Revolutionary Players website 
 Wedgwood Museum

1730 births
1795 deaths
Potters
Smallpox survivors
Wedgwood family
Members of the Lunar Society
A tambourin (pronounced the French way) is a piece of music which was popular in France in the 18th century.  It is based on a folkdance from the Provence.  The music is made to sound like the kind of drum which is called "tambourin" in French.  Jean-Philippe Rameau wrote several Tambourins in his operas.  Other composers who wrote Tambourins include François-Joseph Gossec and Maurice Duruflé.

Tambourin also means a special kind of drum from the Provence.  It has a long, cylindrical shape and is played with one drumstick.  It is found in orchestral music such as Georges Bizet's L'Arlésienne Suite no. 2

Musical forms

Percussion instruments
Thomas Wedgwood (1685-1739) was an English potter. He was a member of the Wedgwood family, who were very successful potters.  He was the son of Thomas Wedgwood II and Mary Leigh.

Thomas Wedgwood was married to Mary Stringer.  Their children were:

Thomas Wedgwood IV
Josiah Wedgwood

1685 births
1739 deaths
Wedgwood family
Potters
Thomas Wedgwood (1716-1773) was an English potter. He was a member of the Wedgwood family, who were very successful potters. He was the son of Thomas Wedgwood III and Mary Stringer and brother of Josiah Wedgwood.

Thomas Wedgwood was married firstly to Isabell Beech. Their children were:
Thomas Wedgwood V

1716 births
1773 deaths
Wedgwood, Thomas IV
Potters
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (8 March 1714  14 December 1788) was a German musician and composer. He was the second of five sons of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach. He was said to be one of the greatest harpsichord players of his time.  He wrote a book called Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments (1755), which was used by Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven.

Early life
Bach was born in Weimar on 8 March 1714. His godfather was the composer Georg Philipp Telemann, and he stayed in contact with him throughout his life. He was taught to play music at an early age by his father. His father moved the family to Leipzig in 1723 where he had a position as Kantor at the Thomasschule. After finishing school Bach went to Leipzig University and trained as a lawyer.

Berlin
Berlin

In 1740 he moved to Berlin to become the harpsichord player for Frederick the Great. Frederick played the flute, and it was Bach's job to provide the keyboard accompaniment. This left him with plenty of time to compose music. Bach married Johanna Maria Dannemann in 1744. They had a number of children, but only three lived to be adults. His son, also named Johann Sebastian Bach, became a painter in Rome, but died at the age of 30. Life in Berlin became difficult for Bach during the Seven Years' War. Frederick was often away and so there was little musical activity in the court. He was paid with paper money which did not keep its value, and so he had to be careful with his spending. There was also criticism of his playing style, it was becoming "affected", too modern for the conservative tastes of Frederick's court.
Hamburg
After Telemann died at the end of 1767, Bach was able to replace him as the director of church music for the five churches in Hamburg. His duties included teaching music, and organising about 200 musical performances a year. This position allowed Bach to write church music including 21 settings of the Passion, 70 cantatas, motets and liturgies. He also organised concerts and other performances throughout the year. Bach became ill in the summer of 1788 and died from a chest ailment on 14 December. He was buried in the Church of St. Michael in Hamburg. His grave was forgotten, and only rediscovered in 1925.

Composer
Composer

Bach wrote nearly 200 keyboard works, mainly sonatas while at Berlin. He was able to develop a network of people around Europe who were able to sell printed copies of his pieces which brought in a considerable income. The king however did not regard him as a composer, even though Bach dedicated some of his compositions to him. Bach wrote in 1773 that many of his compositions were simply written as a business to make money. Bach also helped make his father's music more widely known. he arranged the printing and sales of his music. Bach protected his father's original manuscripts, and it is because of this that some  of them, including the St. John Passion and the St. Matthew Passion, have survived. Other manuscripts of Johann Sebastian's were given to Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, who sold them and they are now lost.
There were other compositions that C. P. E. Bach wrote for himself, to develop his ideas and theories of music. After leaving Berlin and moving to Hamburg in 1768 he began writing music with more emotion, which he described as "Empfindsamer" meaning "sentimental". This was a time of great changes in musical style, from the baroque work of his father, to the classical works of Mozart and Haydn. His music has elements of both, and does not easily fit into the categories that have been created since. Because of this, his music is not played as much in modern times. His father's music has become much more famous, but C. P. E. Bach's music had a greater influence on the composers that came after him.

Most of the keyboard instruments used by Bach (clavichord and fortepiano) were made by Gottfried Silbermann, at that time a well-known builder of keyboard instruments. In the 21st century, people have a chance to hear the instruments used by Bach, because the are being recreated by some modern piano builders.
Writer
Bach wrote his book, the Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments in 1755 while in Berlin. This book is important for two reasons. It was the first book to teach players to use their thumbs, which is now standard practice.  Secondly it was the first to talk about emotion as being an important part of a performer's skills; as important as technical ability. It is still in use today as the reference book on how to correctly play the ornamentation and how to improvise in the late baroque style. Bach wrote his autobiography in 1773. This shows that where his father was mainly influenced by religion, Bach was influenced by ideas from art and philosophy. He had a collection of 400 paintings of people whose ideas and works he admired.

References

1714 births
1788 deaths
Carl Philipp Emanuel
Classical era composers
18th-century German composers
People from Weimar
German harpsichordists
Music theorists
Maria Barbara Bach (20 October 1684 – buried 7 July 1720) was the wife of the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach.  She was also the mother of the composers Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and Wilhelm Friedemann Bach.

References 

1684 births
1720 deaths
German people
People from Thuringia
Maria Barbara
Ligue 1 is the top league of French football. A.S. Monaco F.C. from the Principality of Monaco, on the south coast of France, is in the league.

2019–20 clubs 
 Amiens
 Angers
 Bordeaux
Brest
 Dijon
 Lille
 Lyon
 Marseille
 Metz
 Monaco
 Montpellier
 Nantes
 Nice
Nîmes
Paris Saint-Germain
 Rennes
Reims
 Saint-Étienne
 Strasbourg
 Toulouse

2022-23 clubs
Paris Saint-Germain
Olympique de Marseille
Lille OSC
Montpellier HSC
RC Lens
AS Monaco
Olympique Lyonnais
FC Lorient
OGC Nice
Toulouse FC
Angers SCO
F.C. Nantes
ES Troyes AC
Stade Brest
AC Ajaccio
RC Strasbourg 
Stade Rennais F.C.
Stade de Reims
AJ Auxerre 
Clermont Foot

2023-24 clubs
Paris Saint-Germain F.C.	 
AS Monaco	 
Stade Rennais F.C. 
Olympique Marseille	 
Olympique Lyonnais
OGC Nice 
RC Lens	 
Lille OSC
Montpellier HSC	 
FC Nantes	 
Stade de Reims
FC Lorient	 
RC Strasbourg 
 Toulouse FC	 
Stade Brest
Clermont Foot
FC Metz	 
Le Havre AC

Champions

Former champions

Related pages
Ligue 2
Championnat National

Notes
Notes

1932 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in France
Football leagues in France
Serie A is the highest football league in Italy.

Format 
From 1929 to 2004, Serie A has got 16 or 18 teams. The Only Exception was in the years from 1946 to 1952, where in the Serie A there were 20-21 teams.

All the 20 teams play two times against all the other teams from August to May.

The top four teams in the Serie A qualify for the UEFA Champions League (from the 2017–18 season). 

The 5th and the winner of Coppa Italia qualify for the UEFA Europa League tournament.

The 6th or the 7th ranked club, depending if the winner of Coppa Italia is qualified yet, joins the preliminary round of the UEFA Europa Conference League.

The three lowest-placed teams are relegated to Serie B.

Serie A Clubs

2021-2022

Seasons of Serie A

Champions

Related pages
 Serie B
 Lega Pro Prima Divisione

1898 establishments in Italy
An oath (from Anglo-Saxon āð) is a promise. An oath is spoken out loud in front of other people who can see and hear what is done and said. They are witnesses to the oath. A person who cannot speak can make a sign that they are "taking an oath".  Another way of saying that a person is "taking an oath" is to say that they are "swearing an oath".  

A person can say "I promise that I will do this..." or "I swear that I will do this..." 

When a person swears an oath they often show that the oath is very important to them by calling God to see and remember the promise, and to show that the promise is true, and cannot be taken back later. When a person takes an oath they sometimes raise their right hand, or put their hand on their heart, on the Bible or on another holy book.
Oaths are used in many situations when a person needs to be true to what they say: 
A person often swears an oath when they get married that they will love, care for and be true to their partner.
A person is often asked to take an "oath" that they will tell the truth in court.
A person who has an important position like mayor or governor swears an oath that they will serve their people and country.
When a person becomes a citizen of a country where they were not born, they take an "oath of allegiance" and promise that they will be a good and true citizen of their new country.

Other meanings
The word "oath" is often used to mean any angry expression which includes religious or other strong language and promises that the person will do something horrible.

Related pages
 Confirmation 
 Society
 Institution
 Contract
 Law
 Government

Other websites
Other websites 
 

 Courtroom oaths  from the North Dakota Supreme Court adding social workers to oath for their state it’s there responsibility website (jury oath, witness oath and so on)
Australasian Police Multicultural Advisory Bureau  has several publications for Australia dealing with multi-faith issues and A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services  covers oaths as well as many other topics (in review as of 12/2/2006) but the 2nd Edition is available.
North Carolina faith leaders supporting Quran oath 
for comments about John Quincy Adams' Oath of Office.

Society
Jeffrey Howard Archer, Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare (born 15 April 1940) is a British author and politician. He was a member of Parliament, Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party and since 1992 is a life peer. His political career ended after an indictment for perjury. He is married to Mary Archer, a prominent scientist in solar power.

Biography

Early life 
Jeffrey Howard Archer was born in the City of London Maternity Hospital. When he was two weeks old he and his family moved to the seaside town of Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, where he spent most of his young life.
At Oxford he was successful in athletics, competing in sprinting and hurdling. He also made a name for himself in raising money for the then little-known charity Oxfam, famously claiming to have obtained the support of The Beatles in a charity fundraising drive (it was actually Pat Davidson of Oxfam). The band accepted the invitation to visit the Senior Common Room of his Brasenose College, where they were photographed with Archer and dons of the college, although they did not play there. It was during this period that he met his future wife, Mary. His parents were John and Mary Archer who gave birth to him in 1940. Jeffery Archer only had one sibling and that was his brother, Thomas Archer who is a renowned politician for the conservative party.

At the age of 29, he was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for a Lincolnshire constituency, holding the seat for the Conservative Party in a by-election on 4 December 1969.
In Parliament, Archer was on the left of the Conservative Party, rebelling against some of his party's policies. He urged free TV licences for the elderly and was against museum charges. Archer voted against restoring the death penalty saying it was barbaric and obscene. 

Archer had to resign because of a scandal in October 1986 when the Sunday newspaper The News of the World led on the story "Tory boss Archer pays vice-girl". The article claimed that Archer had paid Monica Coghlan, a prostitute, £2000 through another person at Waterloo Station to go abroad. Unlike the Daily Star, the newspaper did not allege that Archer had actually slept with Coghlan. Archer sued the Daily Star.

Perjury and downfall 
Archer had been selected by the Conservative Party as their candidate for the London mayoral election of 2000. He was forced to withdraw from the race when it was revealed that he was facing a charge of perjury.
On 4 February, 2000 Archer was expelled from the Conservative Party for five years. On 26 September, 2000 he was charged with perjury and perverting the course of justice (obstruction of justice) during the 1987 libel trial.

A few months before the beginning of the perjury trial, Archer began performing in the star role in a courtroom play (which he also wrote) called The Accused. The play was staged at London's Theatre Royal Haymarket and concerns the court trial of an alleged murderer from beginning to end. The play used the innovation of assigning the role of jury in the trial to the audience, with theatre-goers voting on whether Archer's character was innocent or guilty at the end of each night's performance. Archer would attend his real trial during the day and be judged in his fictional trial at the theatre in the evening.
The real life trial began on 30 May, 2001. On 19 July, 2001 Lord Archer was found guilty of perjury. He was sentenced to a total of four years' imprisonment by Mr. Justice Potts. The most ironic aspect of his trial was that he had fabricated the alibi for the wrong date. Archer never spoke during the trial. Ted Francis was found not guilty of perverting the course of justice.

On 21 July, 2003 he was released on licence, after serving half of his sentence, from HMP Hollesley Bay, Suffolk. 

Many of Lord Archer's friends remained loyal to him.
Bibliography 
1975 - In the Lap of the Gods
1976 - Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less
1977 - Shall We Tell the President?
1979 - Kane and Abel
1980 - Willy visits the Square World
1980 - A Quiver Full of Arrows (Short story collection)
1982 - The Prodigal Daughter
1984 - First Among Equals
1986 - A Matter of Honour
1988 - A Twist in the Tale (Short story collection)
1991 - As the Crow Flies
1993 - Honour Among Thieves
1994 - Twelve Red Herrings (Short story collection)
1996 - The Fourth Estate
1998 - The Eleventh Commandment
2000 - To Cut A Long Story Short (Short story collection)
2002 - Sons of Fortune
2002 - A Prison Diary
2003 - A Prison Diary Volume 2
2004 - A Prison Diary Volume 3
2006 - False Impression
2006 - Cat O'Nine Tales (Short story collection)
2007 - The Gospel According to Judas (with Francis J. Moloney)

References

Further reading
Further reading

Other websites 
Interview about becoming Mayor of London at BBC News
Jeffrey Archer's official Web site
News In Depth: The Archer trial at BBC News
 "The Times" - "Activists demand tough line on crime - Conservative Party conference" - October 7 1993.
 Coverage of the Archer trial at The Guardian
 Review of Jeffrey Archer's 2000 courtroom play, The Accused at Curtain Up
 Anglia shares at BBC News
 Archer in DTI shares inquiry at The Guardian
 The webpage for the book 'The Wonga Coup' 
 Real Audio interview with Jeffrey Archer  by Don Swaim at Wired For Books

1940 births
Living people
English novelists
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
United Kingdom Life Peers
Writers from Somerset
Return to Oz is a 1985 Disney movie. It is considered to be a sequel of The Wizard of Oz.

Sources

Other websites
 

1985 fantasy movies
Disney movies
American fantasy movies
British fantasy movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Apocalyptic movies
Mordred is a character from Arthurian legend. In some of the legends, he betrayed King Arthur and killed him. He is said to be Arthur's son by his half-sister Morgause. Mordred was also said to have been killed by Arthur after he stole Excalibur from him. He was killed while Arthur was fatally wounded. His name comes from old Welsh. He was a knight of the Round Table.

Mordred in one legend was known to be the thief of king Arthur's second sword Clarent, which was known as Arthur's sword of peace. This being the reason why it is not as well known as Excalibur, which was Arthur's sword of war that was used to protect of Camelot. Clarent was a sword that would be present whenever Arthur would make a covenant of peace. The exception to the usually peaceful status of Clarent being the legend in which Mordred stole it and later used it to mortally wound Arthur just before being cut down in turn by Arthur.

Arthurian legend
Miss America is an American beauty contest. It is an annual competition open to women from the United States between the ages of 17 and 24. Contestants are judged on talent and interviews in addition to their physical attractiveness. It is run by the Miss America Organization, a non-profit organization based in Linwood, New Jersey. The corporation has developed the "Miss America Scholarship Program", which awards educational scholarships to successful competitors.
The contest began in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1921. It was an idea of newspaper reporter, Harry Finley, to increase newspaper sales and to promote Atlantic City. The first competition had eight entrants. The entrants were selected by their local city newspapers and their prize was a holiday in Atlantic City, and to take part in the "Intercity Beauty Contest". This was held as part of the second annual Atlantic City Pageant. Margaret Gorman, "Miss Washington D.C.", a school girl from Washington D.C was selected by the Washington Herald. She won the "Inter-City Beauty, Amateur" and "The Most Beautiful Bathing Girl in America" contests. She was given the Golden Mermaid Trophy. Because these were awkward titles, in 1922 Gorman was renamed as "Miss America".

Winners

References

Other websites 

 Official site

Lists of American people
In terms of computer security, a firewall is a piece of  software. This software monitors the network traffic between the inside and outside. The firewall is placed between the network that is to be protected (trusted) and the outside network (less trusted) aka WAN or Internet. A firewall has a set of rules which are applied to each packet. The rules decide if a packet can pass, or whether it is discarded. When a large network needs to be protected, the firewall software often runs on a computer that does nothing else. 

A firewall protects one part of the network against unauthorized access.

Different kinds of Firewalls

Packet filtering / Network Layer 
Data travels on the internet in small pieces; these are called packets. Each packet has certain metadata attached, like where it is coming from, and where it should be sent to. The easiest thing to do is to look at the metadata. Based on rules, certain packets are then dropped or rejected. It is done at the network layer.
Stateful packet inspection
In addition to the simple packet filtering (above), this kind of firewall also keeps track of connections. A packet can be the start of a new connection, or it can be part of an existing connection. If it is neither of the two, it is probably useless and can be dropped.

Application-layer firewalls
Application-layer firewalls do not just look at the metadata; they also look at the actual data transported. They know how certain protocols work, for example  FTP or HTTP. They can then look if the data that is in the packet is valid (for that protocol). If it is not, it can be dropped.

Other things firewalls are used for

Tunneling
Firewalls can provide a secure connection between two networks. This is called tunnellng. The data may be encrypted. It is decrypted at the other end. Since the firewalls are doing this, the rest of the network is unaware of it. An alternative is to provide a secure access (to the corporate network).
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Very often, firewalls can translate IP addresses. That way, many computers can share a few public IP addresses. The firewall translates between the public and the private IP addresses.

Types of firewalls
In general, there are two types of firewalls:
Software-based firewalls: these are often run as additional programs on computers that are used for other things. They are often known as personal firewalls which can be updates on personal computers.

Prominent Brands include OPNsense, pfsense, comodo etc.

Hardware-based firewalls: Hardware based firewalls run on a dedicated computer (or appliance). Often, these offer a better performance than software firewalls, but they are also more money.

Prominent Brands include PaloAlto, WiJungle, Checkpoint, Cisco etc.
What firewalls cannot protect against
Firewalls can protect against some problems (viruses and attacks) that come from the internet. They cannot protect against viruses, that come from infected media (like an infected office document on an USB flash drive).

Software
Internet security
"The Cask of Amontillado" (sometimes spelled "The Casque of Amontillado") is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in Godey's Lady's Book in November 1846.

Story 
The narrator [Montresor] talks to a priest about his sin. Montresor wants to take revenge on Fortunato for an insult.

During a masquerade (ball where people wear masks) in the city. Fortunato is dressed in a jester's costume. Montresor tells Fortunato he has bought a wine called amontillado. He wants Fortunato to test it to be sure it is real. Montresor leads Fortunato into his underground  catacombs/wine cellar to test the wine. When there, Montressor chains Fortunato and then walls him up alive in a niche. 

Fortunato cries out "For the love of God, Montresor!" to which Montresor replies, "Yes, for the love of God!" He twice calls out for a reply but hears nothing. Before placing the last stone, he drops a burning torch through the gap, but hears only the jester's bells ringing.
The crime took place 50 years before... Montressor expresses no regrets except for remarking about Fortunato: In pace requiescat! ("May he rest in peace!").

Other websites 

 "The Cask of Amontillado" - Full text of the first printing, from Godey's Lady's Book, 1846
 The Cask of Amontillado, found online at Ye Olde Library
The Cask of Amontillado  at American Literature 
 Full text on PoeStories.com with hyperlinked vocabulary words.
 Free-to-download MP3 dramatisation of the story  (Yuri Rasovsky)

19th-century American short stories
Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
Osei Bonsu (died January 21, 1824) was the Asantehene (King of the Ashanti). He ruled from 1804 to 1824. He died in Kumasi, and was succeeded by Osei Yaw Akoto.

Ghanaian people
Year of birth unknown
1824 deaths
Uther Pendragon is the father of King Arthur in the Arthurian legend. His name, Pendragon, means the "Chief-Dragon", which means he is the "foremost leader" or "chief of warriors". He is mentioned briefly in Old Welsh poems, but his biography was first written down by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain). Geoffrey's description of him has been used in most later stories. 

According to the stories, Arthur is the son of Uther Prendragon and the Lady Igraine.

References

Arthurian legend
Chocolate milk, also known as cocoa milk or syruped chocolate milkshake, is a kind of cold, sweetened milk drink. Chocolate milk may be made by mixing cold milk with chocolate syrup or cocoa powder and sugar.

Similar beverages
A mixture of hot milk and melted chocolate (or cocoa powder and sugar) is called hot chocolate. A mixture of ice cream, cold milk, and chocolate syrup is called a milkshake.

Other websites 
 How To Make Chocolate Milk 

Milk drinks
Chocolate syrup is a thick, sweet, chocolate-flavored liquid. It is made from sugar and cocoa (or chocolate). Chocolate syrup is used to sweeten and flavor hot and cold drinks such as hot chocolate, chocolate milk, chocolate milk shakes, and poured on desserts.

Used in drinks
Chocolate syrup is used in many different types of drinks. Coffee shops add chocolate syrup and other flavored syrups  to coffee drinks. Ice cream parlors add chocolate syrup to milk shakes.

Used for desserts
Chocolate syrup is also used in many desserts. Ice cream parlors pour chocolate syrup on bowls of ice cream.

Sweeteners
Syrup
A wetsuit is a garment used by scuba divers, snorkelers, windsurfers, and surfers to keep themselves warm when they are in cold ocean water. Wetsuits act as insulation invented by Jack O'Neill, and help the body to retain its heat. Wetsuits are made of plastic or rubber materials such as neoprene. Wetsuits include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings.

Partial wetsuits
When people are doing diving or water sports in areas where the water is not very cold, they may only wear some parts of a wetsuit, such as a torso covering or leggings.

Wet suits are garments that oceangoers wear!
It's very vital when going to the ocean and dive because it serves as a life and system protector.
Full wetsuits
Deepwater divers often wear full wetsuits that include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings. In very cold water, a scuba diver may need to wear a dry suit.
 Dry suit - a type of protective clothing for scuba divers that keeps the diver dry. Dry suits do not allow water to touch the diver's body. This means that dry suits can be worn for scuba diving in very cold ocean water, such as the Arctic Ocean.

Swimwear
Touch rugby, also named Touch or Touch Football, is a sport which is derived from rugby league. It minimizes body contact so that rugby players practice over the preseason and improve their handling skills without any risk of injuries. It also eliminates body contact to allow inclusion of both genders and people from all ages.

History 
Touch rugby was started in South Sydney in the late 1960s, pursued as a non-contact off season sport and as a fitness program for Rugby League players. The game was introduced in Europe in the 1980s and the first Touch league began in Ireland in 2005.

Rules

Size of The Field 
It is played on fields or pitches of 70 meters long by 50 meters, wide with sidelines, a half-way line and In goal areas.

Numbers 
According to official rules, each team can have up to 14 players, with 6 players per team in the field at one time. Therefore, total 12 players get to play on a field. It is possible to interchange players as many as they want.
Start of The Game 
By tossing a coin, starting team is decided and an attacking team gets to have six chances to make a score. These chances are called touches.

Scoring 
Players can score by grounding the ball in goal areas. The definition of grounding is holding a ball and letting it touch the ground.

Turn over 
If the attacking team drops a ball, the possession is changed to the other team and the game starts over with rollball by using hands or feet. The definition of rollball is rolling the ball slightly backward by using your hand or feet.

Penalty Situations

Forward pass 
Team which has possession can pass a ball to teammates who is at sideways or backwards. If it is passed forward, it is a penalty and they lose the possession. The game starts over by a tap kick, which is kicking the ball by using your foot.

Touch and Pass 
If a player passes the ball after being touched a penalty occurs for forward pass.
Off the mark 
Players must start over with rollball or a penalty at the same mark where a rollball or a penalty were given.

How to touch? 
In Touch, tackle from traditional rugby is replaced with touch by using a hand. It allows any part of body to be touched and must use minimum force.

Purpose 
Touch rugby encourages many people to join the rugby world. No matter who you are, how old you are. It is used as a tool to promote rugby to new players such as youth players or girls and women.

References

Rugby
Coven is a word that first meant any type of meeting or gathering.  It is used today to mean a group of witches.  

Occult
The First Geneva Convention is one of several Geneva Conventions. It is more formally known as the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, 1864. It covers the treatment of battlefield injuries and was made in 1864 as part of the making of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.

Medicine
War
Geneva Conventions
19th-century treaties
1864
1860s in Europe
The Second Geneva Convention of 1906 is one of the Geneva Conventions. Its full title is  Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. It was made in Geneva, on 6 July 1906. It extended the principles from the First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties and hospital ship. The Convention of 1906 should not be confused with "Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (Geneva, 12 August 1949).

As of 27 June 2006, when Nauru adopted the convention, it has been ratified by 194 countries.
Related pages
 Geneva Conventions
 First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties
 Third Geneva Convention of 1929 on the treatment of prisoners of war
 Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 on the treatment of civilians during wartime
 Protocol I, 1977 Geneva Convention amendment about the protection of victims in international conflicts
 Protocol II, 1977 Geneva Convention amendment about the protection of victims in non-international armed conflicts
 Protocol III, 2005 Geneva Convention amendment about the adoption of the Red Crystal emblem

Other websites 
 International Committee of the Red Cross: Full text of Convention (II) with commentaries
 List of countries that have ratified Convention (II)
 Final Act of the Second Peace Conference, The Hague, 18 October 1907

Geneva Conventions
1906 in Europe
20th century in Geneva
July events
A disc jockey (also called a DJ or deejay) is a person who plays recorded pop or dance music for dancers or listeners and introduces the names of the songs using a microphone.

Types of DJs
There are several types of DJs. A radio DJ plays music files (like mp3) or recorded CDs on a radio station and announces the names of the songs. A club DJ plays music files or recorded CDs over a PA system (an amplifier and loudspeakers) at a nightclub, rave, or disco. A hip hop DJ uses turntables and vinyl records to do scratching and make music while other hip hop musicians do rapping (rhythmic type of singing). A Reggae DJ plays recordings of rhythm instruments and then rap on top of the prerecorded track with a microphone.
A Electronic Dance Music DJ creates their own music and some can even remix their own songs on the fly.
History of DJing
The term "disc jockey" was ostensibly coined by radio gossip commentator Walter Winchell in 1935, and the phrase first appeared in print in a 1941 Variety magazine, used to describe radio personalities who introduced phonograph records on the air. Playing recorded music for dancing and parties rose with the mass marketing of home phonographs in the late 19th century. British radio disc jockey Jimmy Savile hosted his first live dance party in 1943 using a single turntable and a makeshift sound system. Four years later, Savile began using two turntables welded together to form a single DJ console. In 1947, the Whiskey A Go-Go opened in Paris as the first discotheque. In the 1960s, Rudy Bozak began making the first DJ mixers, mixing consoles specialized for DJing.
In the late 1960s to early 1970s Jamaican sound system culture, producer and sound system operator (DJ), (Jamaican) King Tubby and producer Lee "Scratch" Perry were pioneers of the genre known as dub music. They experimented with tape-based composition; emphasized repetitive rhythmic structures (often stripped of their harmonic elements); electronically manipulated spatiality; sonically manipulated pre-recorded musical materials from mass media; and remixed music among other innovative techniques. It is widely known that the Jamaican dancehall culture has had and continues to have a significant impact on the American hip hop culture.

Vintage DJ Station. A DJ mixer is placed between the two turntables.

Pioneer DJ Controller
In 2001, Pioneer DJ began producing the CDJ-1000 CD player, making the use of digital music recordings with traditional DJ techniques practical for the first time. As the 2000s progressed, laptop computers became more powerful and affordable. DJ software, specialized DJ sound cards, and DJ controllers were developed for DJs to use laptops as a source of music rather than turntables or CDJs. In the 2010s, like laptops before them, tablet computers and smartphones became more powerful & affordable. DJ software was written to run on these more portable devices instead of laptops, although laptops remain the more common type of computer for DJing.

References

Other websites

 
Entertainment occupations
Padniewko is a village in Poland in Kuyavia-Pomerania voivodship. It has about 400 inhabitants and 4.95 km2.

Villages in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship‎
For the mountain range in Spain see Sierra Nevada (Spain)

The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "Snowy Range") is a mountain range that is almost entirely in the eastern part of California. 

The range started to uplift less than five million years ago.

The Sierra Nevada stretches 400 miles (650 km), from North to South. It is bounded on the West by California's Central Valley, and on the East by the Great Basin.

Uplift continues, and ground slips make spectacular fault escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra. The Sierra Nevada is part of the American Cordillera, an almost continuous chain of mountain ranges which make up the western "backbone" of the Americas.

The Sierra Nevada has played an important role in the history of California and the United States. The California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855.

Other websites 
 List of Sierra Peaks at climber.org
 The Mountains of California 
 Geological Time Line for the Sierra Nevada, National Park Service
References

Mountains of California
Geography of Nevada
Western United States
Flurbereinigung (pronounce: FLOOER-be-rye-nee-gung) is a word used in Germany to refer to the rearranging of fields in agriculture. During the second half of the 20th century, Flurbereinigung led to major changes in the landscape in the German countryside.

History 
Many German farmers used to have several small fields which were not together but were in different places, some of them maybe two or three miles away from where they lived. This was particularly a problem in the area to the left of the Rhine which had been ruled by Napoleon, because in the 19th century, when a farmer and his wife had died, their land was shared between all their children, so it got divided into smaller pieces. In other parts of Germany only the eldest son inherited the land.
Since the 1960s, people understood that it would be much easier for a farmer to have all his fields together so that he did not have to keep making journeys between lots of small fields. Larger fields are easier to manage and more economical. The German government encouraged farmers to swap some of their fields among themselves so that each farmer had his land all in one place.

In the last few years the government have realized that the way the changes have been made are not always good. Nature often suffers when hedgerows are taken away to make fields bigger. Flurbereinigung today tries to keep some of the hedgerows and small groups of trees which sometimes stand in the middle of fields. They are good places for birds to nest and other animals like to live there, too.
Winegrowers do not always find it a good thing to have all their land together. This is because the soil in one field may be slightly different from the soil in a field just farther up the road, and this gives the wine a slightly different taste. Also, if all their land is on one hillside and a storm hits that hillside and ruins the crops, then they have lost everything. If they have several pieces of land in different places they are less likely to lose all their crops because of one disaster.

Farms
Wine
German food
20th century in Germany
Live 8 was a rock concert organized by activist Bob Geldof. The concert took place in nine places at once on July 2, 2005. Like Bob's Live Aid concert, Live 8 was made for helping out African citizens who were not getting enough food and medicine. However, this concert was not for charity. Instead, it was held to make people aware of the famine in Africa. Bob wanted to make the political group named the G8 give more to Africa. The concerts featured singers like Paul McCartney, Juan Diego Flórez and U2.

In November 2005, the concerts were released on DVD. The money used to buy the DVD sets was also used to help Africans.

2005 in music
Concerts
'RUGHVED' is an ancient Indian religious book. It is counted as one of the four sacred Hindu writings, which are called Vedas. It is  the world's oldest religious writings. It is also one of the oldest writings in Sanskrit language. Rigveda is very important to Hindus, especially Hindus in India and Nepal. Its words are said during prayers and religious gatherings. It is dated up to 3700 years ago.

Rig Veda mainly contains various hymns for praying to Vedic Gods such as Agni (Fire God), Indra (The lord of Heavens), Mitra, Varuna (Water God), Surya (Sun God) etc. These hymns are called Riks. Hence the Veda is called Rik-Veda or RigVeda. This writing consists of 10 writings. The Rigveda has 1,028 hymns and 10,600 verses.

Other websites 
 A Simple Translation of Hymns from Rig Veda

Vedas
An ecozone or biogeographic realm is the largest scale biogeographic division of the earth's surface.

These divisions are based on the historic and evolutionary distribution of plants and animals. Ecozones represent large areas of the Earth surface where plants and animals developed in relative isolation over long periods of time, and are separated from one another by geologic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that formed barriers to plant and animal migration. Ecozones correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of mammal zoology.
Ecozones are characterized by the evolutionary history of the plants and animals they contain. As such, they are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the earth's surface based on life form, or the adaptation of plants and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions. Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation, regardless of the evolutionary lineage of the specific plants and animals. Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes. A tropical forest in Central America, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type, but these forests are inhabited by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories.

The patterns of plant and animal distribution in the world's ecozones was shaped by the process of plate tectonics, which has redistributed the world's land masses over geological history.
The term ecozone, as used here, is a fairly recent development, and other terms, including kingdom, realm, and region, are used by other authorities with the same meaning. J. Schultz uses the term "ecozone" to refer his classification system of biomes.

Biogeographical realms 
In 1975 Miklos Udvardy proposed a system of 203 biogeographical provinces, which were grouped into eight biogeographical realms (Afrotropical, Antarctic, Australian, Indomalayan, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceanian, and Palaearctic). Udvardy's goal was to create an integrated ecological land classification system that could be used for conservation purposes.

WWF Ecozones
WWF Ecozones 

The WWF ecozones are based largely on the biogeographic realms of Pielou (1979) and Udvardy (1975). A team of biologists convened by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) developed a system of eight biogeographic realms (ecozones) as part of their delineation of the world's over 800 terrestrial ecoregions.
 Nearctic 22.9 mil. km² (including most of North America)
 Palearctic 54.1 mil. km² (including the bulk of Eurasia and North Africa)
 Afrotropic 22.1 mil. km² (including Sub-Saharan Africa)
 Indomalaya 7.5 mil. km² (including the South Asian subcontinent and Southeast Asia)
 Australasia 7.7 mil. km² (including Australia, New Guinea, and neighbouring islands). The northern boundary of this zone is known as the Wallace line.
 Neotropic 19.0 mil. km² (including South America and the Caribbean)
 Oceania 1.0 mil. km² (including Polynesia, Fiji and Micronesia)
 Antarctic 0.3 mil. km² (including Antarctica).
References 
 Cox, C. Barry & Peter D. Moore 1985. Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach. 4th ed, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
 Dinerstein, Eric; David Olson; Douglas J. Graham; et al. 1995. A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank, Washington DC.
 Ricketts, Taylor H. et al. 1999. Terrestrial ecoregions of North America: a conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.
 Schultz J. 2005. The Ecozones of the World. 2nd ed, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York. 
 Udvardy M.D.F. 1975. A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. IUCN Occasional Paper #18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.
 Wikramanayake, Eric; et al. 2002. Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment. Island Press; Washington DC.
An amorphous solid does not have a definite geometric or crystalline shape. It is a solid in which there is no long-term order in the positions of the atoms.  Most classes of solid materials can be found or prepared in an amorphous form. For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers are amorphous, and even foods such as cotton candy and cotton are amorphous solids.

An amorphous solid is any noncrystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern. Such solids include glass, plastic, and gel.
Related pages
 Glass
 Crystalline

Other websites 
 Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher Equation Parameters 
 Fragility thy name is glass 

Matter
Climate commitment describes the fact that climate reacts slowly to factors ("climate forcings") such as greenhouse gases. Climate commitment studies attempt to measure the amount of future warming that is "committed" under the assumption of some constant level of forcings.

Environment
Climate
Plane or planes may refer to:

 Fixed-wing aircraft
 Airplane, a is a powered fixed-wing aircraft
 Airliner, a large fixed-wing aircraft for transporting passengers and cargo

Platanus, the plane tree.
 Plane (tool), a woodworking tool to smooth surfaces
 Plane (mathematics), a term in geometry
 Planes, two Disney movies that are a spin-off of Cars
 Planes, the 2013 movie
 Planes: Fire & Rescue, the 2014 movie