Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In WWE, Mysterio won the Cruiserweight Championship three times. He won the World Heavyweight Championship, the Intercontinental Championship and the United States Championship twice each. He also won the WWE Championship once. Mysterio has won the Tag Team Championship four times. He is WWE's 21st Triple Crown and Grand Slam champion, is a Royal Rumble match winner, and has headlined several WWE pay-per-view events. Mysterio left WWE in 2015. He wrestled for New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and AAA. Mysterio returned to WWE in 2018. He won the U.S. Championship twice and SmackDown Tag Team Championship. His tag team partner was his son Dominik.

AAA Return (2015–2017)
On March 3, 2015, it was announced that Mysterio resigned with Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA). He made his return to the promotion at the 2015 Rey de Reyes ("King of Kings"). He teamed up with Myzteziz in the main event against El Hijo del Perro Aguayo and Pentagón Jr.
On March 20, 2015, Mysterio teamed with Extreme Tiger to face El Hijo del Perro Aguayo and Manik. In the match, Mysterio used a headscissors takedown to throw Aguayo out of the ring. When Aguayo got back into the ring, Mysterio dropkicked him in the head to set up for his finisher, the 619 which caused Aguayo to land on the middle rope. Aguayo appeared to be limp while hanging on the middle rope. The match was finished when Mysterio pinned Manik. Aguayo was later brought out of the ring and was rushed to the Del Prado hospital. He was pronounced dead around 1:00am on March 21. Mysterio and Konnan were pallbearers at his funeral.

Championships and accomplishments

Championships and accomplishments
Asistencia Asesoría y Administración / Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide
 Mexican National Trios Championship (1 time) – with Octagón and Super Muñeco
 Mexican National Welterweight Championship (1 time)
 Lucha Libre World Cup (2015) – with Myzteziz and El Patrón Alberto
 AAA Hall of Fame (Class of 2007)
 Técnico of the Year (2015)
 Catch Wrestling Europe
 CWE World Grand Prix (2017)
Cauliflower Alley Club
Lucha Libre Award (2020)
 The Crash
 The Crash Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 DDT Pro-Wrestling
 Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship (1 time)
 Destiny World Wrestling
 DWW Championship (1 time)
 Hollywood Heavyweight Wrestling
 HHW Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 International Wrestling All-Stars
 IWAS Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Konnan
 Lucha Underground
 Lucha Underground Trios Championship (1 time) – with Dragon Azteca Jr. and Prince Puma
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 4 of the top 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999
Ranked No. 56 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
 World Championship Wrestling
 WCW Cruiserweight Championship (5 times)
 WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Billy Kidman
 WCW World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Billy Kidman (1), Konnan (1), and Juventud Guerrera (1)
 World Wrestling Association
 WWA Lightweight Championship (3 times)
 WWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Rey Misterio
 WWA Welterweight Championship (3 times)
 World Wrestling Council
 WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE
 WWE Championship (1 time)
 World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 WWE Cruiserweight Championship (3 times)
 WWE Intercontinental Championship (2 times)
 WWE Tag Team Championship (4 times) – with Edge (1), Rob Van Dam (1), Eddie Guerrero (1), and Batista (1)
 WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Dominik Mysterio
 WWE United States Championship (2 times)
 Royal Rumble (2006)
Championship Competition Tournament (2007)
 Bragging Rights Trophy (2010) – with Team SmackDown (Big Show, Jack Swagger, Alberto Del Rio, Edge, Tyler Reks and Kofi Kingston)
WWE Championship Tournament (2011)
 Twenty-first Triple Crown Champion
 Twenty-first Grand Slam Champion
 Bumpy Award (1 time)
 Tag Team of the Half-Year (2021) - with Dominik Mysterio
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter
 Best Flying Wrestler (1995–1997, 2002–2004)
 Best Wrestling Maneuver (1995) Flip dive into a frankensteiner on the floor
 Match of the Year (2002) with Edge vs. Chris Benoit and Kurt Angle, for the WWE Tag Team Championship, WWE No Mercy, October 20
 Most Outstanding Wrestler (1996)
 Rookie of the Year (1992)
 Worst Feud of the Year (2008) with Kane
 Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (Class of 2010)
References

Other websites

Official website

1974 births
American Roman Catholics
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Sportspeople from San Diego, California
A router is a computer whose software and hardware are designed to move data between computer networks. Routers move traffic to where it needs to go. They do this by choosing the shortest path between the computers using a complicated system of rules called routing protocols. Most routers have a specialized operating system, RAM, NVRAM, flash memory, and one or more processors. They also have two or more network interfaces.  They come in a variety of sizes from something that could hold in the hand to something too large for one person to lift.
In small networks such as homes, small businesses (including internet cafés) and small schools, the router also performs NAT (network address translation) which makes all outgoing connections look like they come from one address. Typically, incoming connections are only allowed if they are replies to connections made by a computer inside the NAT.

Routers connect two or more networks and direct traffic between them.  These networks may be physical (the network is associated with a port) or logical (not associated with a port on the router). The term layer 3 switch often is used the same as 'router', but it is a general term without a technical definition.  Layer 3 switch implies a device that is built to connect Ethernet devices in a LAN but can also perform routing.

Router operating systems are split into two parts:
 The Control Plane, where the router learns the best port to send data to for a specific destination
 The Forwarding Plane, where the router does the work of sending data to its destination.
Related pages
 Internet protocol suite
 Communications protocol

References 

 
Internet
Network address may refer to:
Wifi
classful address
IP address
IPX address
logical address
network layer address,
X.25/X.21 address 
MAC address

Related pages
autonomous system (Internet) 
host address
link layer 
subnet mask
Masochism is a medical condition. People who suffer from it can get pleasure from being hurt or humiliated by others. Often, the pleasure is sexual. When a person gets pleasure from being the one who causes hurt or humiliation, their condition is called Sadism.

The word "masochism" was invented by Richard von Krafft-Ebing, a German psychiatrist. He named it after Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836-1895), a writer whose books and stories often featured men in love with women who treated them cruelly.

Different forms of Masochism
Many people with masochistic feelings do not really want to be hurt badly. They want to act out their daydreams, such as being tied up and kidnapped, or becoming the slave of another person. In BDSM, people often agree who will be "dominant/dom" and "submissive/sub" before they do anything together, and talk about exactly what they will do before they do it. People who do this kind of masochism usually do it for sexual excitement.
Most people who practice BDSM are concerned about their partner's safety. When people are careless about safety, or have no partner and play masochistic games when they are alone, it can be very dangerous. In some cases people have died from such games, especially when they involve suffocation, like hanging or rubber masks, even more dangerous when making it hard to get out by putting themselves in things like handcuffs.

Some people suffer from emotional masochism. They are more comfortable when they feel sad or consider themselves failures in life, or prefer to be in a relationship with someone who cheats or insults them. People who have these kind of feelings may have been bullied or abused earlier in life, or may feel that they do not deserve success and happiness.
Sometimes, self-injury is seen as a form of masochism which is not motivated sexually. Other behaviours, such as nail biting or trichotillomania often occur in situations where there is a lot of stress or pressure on the individual. While they are related to the individual's way to deal with stressful situations, they are also often rooted in the personality.

Treating masochism
Treating masochism is difficult, but it looks like psychotherapy can help in some cases. People who like to be hurt during sex often say they're happy, though. Even not in sex, masochism can be natural in people.

Related pages 
Sadomasochism

BDSM
Jon Fisher is an economist, an author, and a businessman. Fisher created his company Bharosa to create software to make computers safer. He is also a part-time professor at the University of San Francisco. Fisher has created forecasts about jobs in the United States. He said it was a mistake for the government to help banks in a weak economy. He has appeared on the news websites TechCrunch, Marketwired, and The Wall Street Journal.

Early Life and Education

Jon Fisher was born on January 19, 1972. His parents are Gerald and Anita Fisher. They are both professors at Stanford University. Jon attended The Nueva School and Crystal Springs Uplands School. He graduated from the University of San Francisco.

Career
Career

In 1994, Jon Fisher started the company AutoReach. This company is now a part of AutoNation. In 1998, he formed a new company, NetClerk. This new company was purchased by the Builders Information Group in 2002. NetClerk created software that allowed people in the construction and plumbing industries to obtain online permits.

After working with NetClerk, Fisher gave his help to new business owners. He taught them how to reorganize and sell their business for a profit. In 2004, Fisher and Thomas Varghese started the company Bharosa. Fisher was the chief executive officer (CEO) for the company. Bharosa creates security software to make online customers safe.

Fisher currently works as the chief executive officer of CrowdOptic. He began to work there on November 17, 2010. He is also an adjunct professor at the University of San Francisco. Fisher has published a book titled Strategic Entrepreneurism: Shattering the Start-Up Entrepreneurial Myths.
Fisher was recognized in 2008 and 2009 when he made several predictions about the direction of the United States economy. In April 2008, he said that the unemployment rate in the United States would be 9% in 2009. This fact became true. In 2009, Fisher said that unemployment would not be more than 10.4%. He said it would be 8% by the end of 2010.

Awards and Recognition

Jon Fisher has received several honors for his work as an entrepreneur and teacher, including:

 American City Business Journals Forty Under 40 (2006)
 Ernst & Young Entrepreneur Of The Year, Emerging Category (2007)

Other websites 
SVB annual summit speech, 2013 
Commonwealth Club speech, 2009 
Speech at Brown University
Dow Jones MarketWatch
NewsHour With Jim Lehrer 
San Francisco Chronicle Op-ed
Interview with the Wall Street Journal, March 2009

References

Other websites 
Guinness Premiership profile

1972 births
Living people
Businesspeople from California
Lachlan Mitchell (born September 30, 1987 in Sydney) is an Australian rugby union player for the London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a centre.

Other websites 
Guinness Premiership profile

1987 births
Living people
Australian rugby union players
Sportspeople from Sydney
Charlie Beech (born 21 July 1987) is an English rugby union player for the London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a prop. He was born in Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England.

Other websites 
Guinness Premiership profile 

1987 births
Living people
English rugby union players
People from Stevenage
Sportspeople from Hertfordshire
The Showgrounds is a football stadium in Sligo, Ireland. It has a capacity of 5,500. 2,400 of the 5,500 capacity are seated. There are two seated stands - a blue stand and a red stand which holds most of the seats. There is also a terrace - there used to be two, but the old one got knocked down along with the shed. There are two training pitches, one of them is astroturf. Sometimes there is a carnival in the car park. Sligo Rovers F.C. play their home games in the Showgrounds.

Football stadiums
Football in the Republic of Ireland
Buildings and structures in the Republic of Ireland
Hugo Ellis (born 4 February 1988) is a rugby union player for the London Wasps in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a back-row. He was born in Isleworth, London, England.

References

Other websites 
Guinness Premiership profile 

1988 births
Living people
English rugby union players
People from the London Borough of Hounslow
Ross Batty (born 20 September 1986 in England) is a rugby union player for the Newcastle Falcons in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a hooker.

Other websites
Guinness Premiership profile

Living people
1986 births
English rugby union players
Newcastle Falcons rugby union players
Tim Swinson born 17 February, 1987 in London, England is a rugby union player for the Newcastle Falcons in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a lock.

Other websites
Guinness Premiership profile

1987 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Newcastle Falcons rugby union players
Sportspeople from London
Rory Clegg (born 6 January 1990 in Hanover, Germany) is an English rugby union player for the Newcastle Falcons in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a fly-half.

Other websites
Guinness Premiership profile

1990 births
Living people
English rugby union players
Newcastle Falcons rugby union players
Sportspeople from Hanover
In Internet terminology a private network is typically a network that uses private IP address space, following the RFC 1918 standard. Computers may be allocated addresses from this address space when it is necessary for them to communicate with other computing devices on an Intranet network (internal private computer network that uses the Internet Protocol).

Private networks are quite common in home and office local area network (LAN) designs, as many organizations do not see a need for globally unique IP addresses for every computer, printer and other devices that the organizations use. Private IP addresses were created due to the shortage of publicly registered IP addresses created by the IPv4 standard. One of the reasons IPv6 was created is to overcome this limitation of the IPv4 standard. However IPv6 still did not achieve a widespread use.
If a device on a private network needs to communicate with other networks, a "mediating gateway" (in-between gateway) is needed to ensure that the outside network is presented with an address that is "real" (or publicly reachable) so that Internet routers allow the communication. This gateway is typically a NAT device or a proxy server. Public Internet Routers by default will not forward packets with RFC 1918 addresses. Unlike public Internet routers that need additional configuration to forward these packets, internal routers do not need any additional configuration to forward these packets.

This can cause problems, however, when organizations try to connect networks that both use the same private address spaces. There is a potential for clashes and routing problems if both networks use the same IP addresses for their private networks, or if both networks depend on NAT to connect them through the Internet.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) private addresses 
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the entity that manage global IP address allocation, DNS root zone management, media types, and other Internet protocol assignments. It is operated by ICANN.

For someone familiar with the boundaries of classful addressing, it is important to note that even though the RFC 1918 range of 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 falls in the traditional class B range, the block of addresses reserved is not a /16, but a /12.  The same applies for the range of 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255; this block is not a /24, but a /16.  However, someone can still (and many individuals typically do) use addresses from these CIDR blocks and apply a subnet mask appropriate for the traditional classful boundary of the address.

The current IANA private internet (also called non-routable) addresses are:
To reduce the load on root nameservers caused by the reverse DNS lookups of these IP addresses, a system of "black-hole" nameservers is provided by anycast network AS112.

Related pages
 Internet protocol suite
 Communications protocol

 
Internet
Paul Anthony Cook (born February 22, 1967 in Liverpool) is an English former footballer and the current manager of Sligo Rovers F.C. in Ireland. He had a lengthy career, playing for a number of clubs in the Football League as a left sided or central midfielder before retiring from the game in 2006.

1967 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
Sportspeople from Liverpool
Premier League players
David Cook is an American alternative rock and post-grunge singer-songwriter.  He was born on December 20, 1982.  His hometown is Blue Springs, Missouri.

American Idol
In 2008, David was the winner of American Idol Season 7.

1982 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
American Idol winners
Singers from Missouri
Roderick George Toombs (April 17, 1954 – July 31, 2015) better known by his ring name "Rowdy" Roddy Piper, was a Canadian professional wrestler and actor. During his career, Piper worked for the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), World Wrestling Federation (WWF), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

Early life
Piper was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. He was raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Career
Piper hosted a popular interview segment on WWE Raw, called "Piper's Pit". The segment mainly aired during the late 1980s and early 1990s. It has been abandoned since Piper left the WWE, but is still done on special occasions when Piper makes a special appearance. In 2005, Piper was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Ric Flair.

Piper also acted in many movies and television shows. One of his most well known roles was as a drifter in the 1988 movie They Live.
Death
Piper died of cardiopulmonary arrest caused by a pulmonary embolism on July 31, 2015 in Hollywood, California. A ten-bell salute for Piper was held at the beginning of the August 3, 2015 episode of WWE Raw.

Acting
Movies
That Obscure Object of Desire - Unknown (1977)
The One and Only - Leatherneck Joe Grady (1978) (Uncredited)
Body Slam - Quick Rick Roberts (1986)
Hell Comes to Frogtown - Sam Hell (1988)
They Live - John Nada (1988)
Buy & Cell - Cowboy (1989)
Tagteam - Rick McDonald (1991)
Immortal Combat - John Keller (1992)
Back In Action - Frank Rossi (1993)
No Contest - Ice (1994)
Tough & Deadly - Elmo Freech (1994)
Jungleground - Lt. Jacob 'Jake' Cornell (1995)
Terminal Rush - Bartel (1996)
Marked Man - Frank Gibson (1996)
Sci-Fighters - Det. Cameron Grayson (1996)
First Encounter - Unknown (1997)
Dead Tides - Mick Leddy (1997)
The Bad Pack - Dash Simms (1998)
Hard Time - Randy (1998)
Last To Surrender - Nick Ford (1998)
Legless Larry & the Lipstick Lady - Legless Larry (1999)
Shepherd - Miles (1999)
Jack of Hearts - Detective Deeks (2000)
Three Wise Guys - Pastor Roberts (2005)
Honor - LT Tyrell (2005)
Domestic Import - Bronco Bill (2006)
Costa Chica: Confession of an Exorcist - Lucas McMurter (2006)
Shut Up and Shoot! - Yokum The Bartender (2006)
Night Traveler - The Pyro Messiah (2006) (voice)
Blind Eye - Fred Mears (2006)
Urban Legends: The Ghosts of Goldfield - Jackson Smith (2007)
Super Sweet 16: The Movie - Mitch (2007)
Legion: The Final Exorcism - Unknown (2008)
The Mystical Adventures of Billy Owens - William Thurgood (2009)
A Gothic Tale - Narrator (2009)
The Portal - Homeless George (2010)
Lights Out - Detective Callahan (2010)
Billy Owens and the Secret of the Runes - William Thurgood (2010)
Alien Opponent - Father Melluzzo (2010)
Clear Lake - Wayne (2011)
Pizza Man - Roderick (2011)
Fancypants - Smiley (2011)
Black Dynamite Teaches a Hard Way! - Himself (2013)
Pro Wrestlers vs Zombies - Himself (2013)
Don't Look Back - Grandfather (2014)
Television
The Highwayman - Preacher (1987)
The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! - Himself (1989)
The Love Boat: A Valentine Voyage - Maurice Steiger (1990)
Zorro - Will Adams / Bishop (1990-1991)
Silk Stalkings - Jimmy Snow (1992)
Walker, Texas Ranger - Cody "The Crusader" Conway (1998)
The Outer Limits - Marlon (1999)
Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends - Himself (1999)
Highlander - Immortal Anthony Gallen (1993)
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Da' Maniac (2009)
Cold Case - "Sweet" Sil Tavern (2010)
Breaking In - Mr. Weller (2012)
Celebrity Wife Swap - Himself (2013)
Storage Wars - Himself (2013)
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Da' Maniac (2013)
Adventure Time - Don John (2014)

Video games
Saints Row IV - Himself (2013)

References

Other websites 

Official website

1954 births
2015 deaths

Canadian movie actors
Canadian professional wrestlers
Canadian television actors
Actors from Winnipeg
WWE Hall of Fame
WWE people
, is a slang word for the phrase "Lolita complex". In Japan, the word explains a hebephilic desire for drawings of teenage or prepubescent, or a young girl who desires other girls. Outside Japan, the word is less common. It denotes a genre of manga and anime in which young female characters are shown in a sexual way. The word is a reference to Vladimir Nabokov's book, Lolita. In the book, a middle-aged man sexually desires a 12-year-old girl.

Some people claim that lolicon adds to actual sexual abuse of children, while others claim that there is no facts that show this, or that facts show the opposite. Countries have tried to make lolicon that shows children naked or having sex illegal as a type of child pornography.
One of the few that has made it actually illegal is the United Kingdom where the possession of lolicon pornography is illegal. These laws have been criticised heavily, and charges of lolicon child porn tend not to stick, because a judge reasons that no real children were harmed to make it and posses it and therefore it is not worth conviction, or because the harm that will be caused by giving the person a jail sentence is considered disproportionate to their charges.

The boy version is called Shotacon.

Notes

Lolicon
Anime and manga genres
Behemoth is a metal band from Gdańsk, Poland. Their early albums were black metal, but later they switched to a mixture of death metal and black metal. The band has been important in the creation of the Polish extreme metal underground.

Discography 

 Sventevith (Storming Near the Baltic) (1995)
 Grom (1996)
 Pandemonic Incantations (1998)
 Satanica (1999)
 Thelema.6 (2000)
 Zos Kia Cultus (Here and Beyond) (2002)
 Demigod (2004)
 The Apostasy (2007)
 Evangelion (2009)
 The Satanist (2014)
 I Loved You at Your Darkest (2018)
 Opvs Contra Natvram (2022)

References 

Black metal bands
Death metal bands
is a Japanese movie studio in Koganei, Tokyo. It produces anime shows and movies. It has won many awards for some of its movies, including an Academy Award for Spirited Away. The company was established by Hayao Miyazaki in 1985. The name comes from the Arabic word ghibli, for hot winds blowing from the Sahara Desert. The main focus of Ghibli is to produce long animations, but they have produced short animations since the middle of 1990. Their movies often satirize the society at that time. The company tends to choose famous actors from television or movies as their voice actors. They also have a museum located in Mitaka.
Selected works
 Castle in the Sky, 1986
 My Neighbor Totoro, 1988
 Grave of the Fireflies, 1988
 Kiki's Delivery Service, 1989
 Only Yesterday, 1991
 Porco Rosso, 1992
 Pom Poko, 1994
 Whisper of the Heart, 1995
 Princess Mononoke, 1997
 My Neighbors the Yamadas, 1999
 Kiki's Delivery Service: The Series, 2000-2002
 Spirited Away, 2001  
 The Cat Returns,2002
 Howl's Moving Castle, 2004
 Tales from Earthsea, 2006
Ponyo on the Cliff by the Sea, 2008
 The Secret World of Arrietty, 2010 
 From Up on Poppy Hill, 2011
 The Wind Rises, 2013
 The Tale of Princess Kaguya, 2013
 When Marnie Was There, 2014
 The Red Turtle, 2016
 Earwig and the Witch, 2020
 How Do You Live?, 2023
 Prism Dreamers, 2023-present (Co-production with Warner Bros. Animation)

References

Other websites 
Stubio Ghibli site (in Japanese)
GHIBLI MUSEUM,MITAKA 

Studio Ghibli
1985 establishments in Japan
Reverse DNS lookup (rDNS) is the process of determining the hostname or the host computer associated with a given IP address or any other type of network address.

Typically, the Domain Name System is used to determine what IP address is associated with a given domain name. So, to "reverse-resolve" a known IP address to determine the hostname is simply the process of searching what host and domain name belongs to that IP address.  

A reverse lookup is often referred to as reverse resolving, or more specifically reverse DNS lookup, and is accomplished using a "reverse IN-ADDR entry" in the form of a PTR record.

RFC 1033 in the "INSTRUCTIONS" section, and later, RFC 1912 Section 2.1 states "Every Internet-reachable host should have a name" and "Make sure your PTR and A records match".

Related pages
 Internet protocol suite
 Communications protocol

 
Internet
Polis means a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. In context with Ancient Greece polis means nearly always "city-state."

The word originates from the ancient Greek city-states, which developed during the Archaic period and existed well into Roman times, when the equivalent Latin word was civitas, that means 'citizenhood' as well.

An ancient polis often centered around a citadel, called the acropolis. Nearly always it had an agora (market) and typically one or more temples and a gymnasium.  Many citizens of a polis did not live in the central city but in the suburbs or countryside.  The Greeks regarded the polis as a religious and political association: while the polis would control territory and colonies beyond the city itself, the polis would not simply consist of a geographical area.
Words coming from "polis"
Modern European languages have many words that come from polis. In English there are policy, polity, police and politics.  In Greek, words coming from polis include politēs and politismos.

A number of words end in the word "-polis". Most refer to a special kind of city and/or state. Some examples are:
 Megalopolis, made by adding Greek word for "big" and meaning a conurbation built by merging several cities and their suburbs.
 Metropolis, made by adding the Greek word for "mother" and meaning the mother city of a colony, the see of a metropolitan archbishop, or a Metropolitan area.

Other refer to part of a city or a group of cities, such as:
 Acropolis, 'high city' — upper part of a polis, often citadel and/or site of major temple(s).
 Tripolis, a group of three cities, retained in the names of a Tripoli in Libya and a namesake in Lebanon
Other cities
The names of several other towns and cities in Europe and the Middle East have contained the suffix "-polis" since antiquity; or currently feature modernized spellings, such as "-pol". Some of the examples are:

Heliopolis, Egypt
Persepolis, Iran
Sevastopol, Crimea, Ukraine

The names of other cities were also given the suffix "-polis" after antiquity, either referring to ancient names or simply unrelated:
Annapolis, Maryland, United States of America
Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
Illiopolis, Illinois, United States of America
Metropolis, Illinois, United States of America
Demopolis, Alabama, United States of America
Thermopolis, Wyoming is a town in the United States of America but isn't classified as a city.

Notes

Further reading
 Hansen, Mogens Herman. Polis: An Introduction to the Ancient Greek City-State. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 (hardcover, ; paperback, ).

Ancient Greek cities
is a Japanese work that a person creates alone or with people who also share same interest. A group of people who work together to create doujinshi are called a . Some circles have only one artist working by themselves: they are sometimes called . These works can be books, manga, art, or other things. Doujinshi are often created by amateurs, but, some professional artists also make doujinshi. The word "doujinshi" comes from  and . Shi is a contraction of the full word zasshi. Zasshi means magazine.
 
Doujinshi are part of a larger category of dōjin. This category includes art collections, anime, hentai, and games.

People who make Doujinshi are often called "Indie" creators. There are entire genres of games and music dedicated to doujinshi. Due to the nature of Doujinshi, people who make it often find it more difficult to distribute their work than those who choose to distribute on traditional publishing or mainstream channels.
Other websites 
TheAkiba DoujinART Gallery : A gallery sharing Anime Artwork and Doujinshi scans.
Passion: A popular doujinshi fanlisting site
Doujinshi DB : A large database of dōjinshi artists, circles, and books

Anime and manga terms
Manga
Mumia Abu-Jamal (born Wesley Cook on April 24, 1954) is an American activist. He was convicted and given the death penalty for the 1981 murder of police officer Daniel Faulkner in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (U.S.). Before his arrest, he was a Black Panther Party member, taxi driver, and journalist. Since he was found guilty, his case has been popular around the world, and he has become a controversial cultural icon. Many people disagree on whether it is right for him to receive the death penalty, if he is guilty, or if he had a fair trial. While he was in prison, he has published several books and other commentaries, notably Live from Death Row (1995). As of 2013, Abu-Jamal is still in prison. His legal appeals are not settled, and he is a prisoner at State Correctional Institution Greene near Waynesburg, Pennsylvania.

References 

1954 births
Living people
African-American people
American activists
American people convicted of murder
American prisoners sentenced to death
People from Philadelphia
Overkill is a thrash metal band from New Jersey. They formed in 1980 and have played music since then.

Studio albums 
 Feel the Fire (1985)
 Taking Over (1987)
 Under The Influence (1988)
 The Years of Decay (1989)
 Horrorscope (1991)
 I Hear Black (1993)
 W.F.O. (1994)
 The Killing Kind (1996)
 !!!Fuck You!!! and Then Some (1996)
 From the Underground and Below (1997)
 Necroshine (1999)
 Bloodletting (2000)
 Killbox 13 (2003)
 ReliXIV (2005)
 Immortalis (2007)
 Ironbound (2010)
 The Electric Age (2012)
 White Devil Armory (2014)
 The Grinding Wheel (2017)
 The Wings of War (2019)
 Scorched (2023)

References

Other websites 

 Official OVERKILL Site
 BORN IN THE BASEMENT- Thrash Metal/ Overkill History 
 Overkill artwork archive from Rat Skates 

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
Musical groups from New Jersey
American heavy metal bands
Thrash metal bands
The Police were a British rock band who played a style of rock that was influenced by jazz, punk and reggae music. As of 2008, The Police are one of the most successful bands in the world having sold over 40,000,000 records worldwide. The Police, along with The Clash, are notable for using reggae as a major part of their musical form.

Rolling Stone ranked The Police number 70 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.

The Police were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 10 March 2003.

History
The Police formed with Stewart Copeland in late 1976 as drummer, Sting as the singer-bassist and Henry Padovani as the guitarist. In early 1977 they recorded their first single, "Fall Out"/"Nothing Achieving,".

Band members

Line-ups

Discography
Discography

Studio albums
 Outlandos d'Amour - November, 1978 - UK #6; US #23 - US sales: Platinum
 Reggatta de Blanc - October, 1979 - UK #1; US #25 - US sales: Platinum
 Zenyattà Mondatta - October, 1980 - UK #1; US #5 - US sales: 2x Platinum
 Ghost in the Machine - October, 1981 - UK #1; US #2 - US sales: 3x Platinum
 Synchronicity - June, 1983 - UK #1; US #1 - US sales: 8x Platinum

Live albums
 Live! - (1995) US sales: Platinum
 The Police: Certifiable - (November 11, 2008) - Live CD of 2007/08 Reunion Tour recorded in Buenos Aires, Argentina (packaged with DVD or Blu-ray, Also a Best Buy Exclusive.)

Singles

Awards

BRIT Awards
1982 – Best British Group
1985 – Outstanding Contribution To Music
Grammy Awards
1980 – Best Rock Instrumental Performance for "Reggatta de Blanc"
1981 – Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "Don't Stand So Close to Me"
1981 – Best Rock Instrumental Performance for "Behind My Camel"
1983 – Song of the Year for "Every Breath You Take" (awarded to Sting)
1983 – Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for "Every Breath You Take"
1983 – Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for Synchronicity

References

Other websites

The Police - official website
UnRated Magazine Review of The Police - Everyone Stares: The Police Inside Out
 http://www.jambase.com/ - Stewart Copeland Interview

1977 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2008 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1977
Musical groups from London
Musical groups disestablished in 2008
Damageplan was a heavy metal band from Dallas, Texas. They started playing in 2003 after Pantera's guitarist and drummer decided to start a new band. They only released one album, called New Found Power. On December 8, 2004, the guitarist Dimebag Darrell was shot and killed by an obsessed fan named Nathan Gale during a concert. After the incident, the band broke up.

References

2003 establishments in the United States
2004 disestablishments in the United States
2000s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Musical groups established in 2003
Musical groups disestablished in 2004
Musical groups from Dallas
Down is a heavy metal band from New Orleans, Louisiana. They started playing in 1991 and the band consisted of members of several bands.

American heavy metal bands
In cryptography, Triple DES is a block cipher created from the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher by using it three times. Triple DES is also known as TDES or, more standard, TDEA (Triple Data Encryption Algorithm ).

When it was discovered that a 56-bit key of DES is not enough to protect from brute force attacks, TDES was chosen as a simple way to enlarge the key space without a need to switch to a new algorithm. The use of three steps is essential to prevent meet-in-the-middle attacks that are effective against double DES encryption.
In general TDES with three different keys (3-key {k1, k2, k3} TDES) has a key length of 168 bits: three 56-bit DES keys (with parity bits 3-key TDES has the total storage length of 192 bits), but due to the meet-in-the-middle attack the effective security it provides is only 112 bits. Another version, called two-key TDES (2-key TDES), uses k1 = k3, thus reducing the key size to 112 bits and the storage length to 128 bits. However, this mode can be taken advantage of through certain chosen-plaintext or known-plaintext attacks  and so TDES is treated by NIST to have only 80 bits of security.

By design, DES and therefore TDES, suffer from slow performance in software. TDES is better suited to hardware implementations, which are many of the places it is still used.
TDES is slowly disappearing from use, largely replaced by the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). One large-scale exception is within the electronic payments industry, which still uses 2TDES extensively and continues to develop and spread standards based upon it (e.g. EMV, the standard for inter-operation of IC cards; also called "Chip cards",  and IC capable POS terminals and ATM's).  This guarantees that TDES will remain an active cryptographic standard well into the future.

Related pages
 DES-X
 Data Encryption Standard (DES)
 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

References

Cryptography
Breakout is the second studio album by singer Miley Cyrus. The album was released July 22, 2008. Singles from the album include "Full Circle", "Fly On The Wall", "7 Things", "Wake Up America", and "Breakout'.

Promotion
Cyrus performed a free concert at Bryant Park on July 18, as a part of Good Morning America'''s summer concert series. Cyrus also guest hosted TRL on two consecutive days, appeared on Today'', and performed as a part of their summer concert series, shutting down 84th street for the first time because of the number of fans who attended.

"See You Again" song
"See You Again (Rock Mafia Remix)" is the second single from the album, it was released on August 11, 2008, only in the United Kingdom as a promotional single. This song peaked at #11 in the UK Singles Chart, making her first Top 20 in that region.
Track listing
 "Breakout" – 3:26
 "7 Things" – 3:33
 "The Driveway" – 3:43
 "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" – 3:06
 "Full Circle" – 3:14
 "Fly on the Wall" – 2:31
 "Bottom of the Ocean" – 3:15
 "Wake Up America" – 2:46
 "These Four Walls" – 3:28
 "Simple Song" – 3:32
 "Goodbye" – 3:53
 "See You Again (Rock Mafia Remix)" – 3:16
 Remix: "See You Again"

References 

2008 albums
Miley Cyrus albums
Pop rock albums
See You Again (Miley Cyrus song)
 See You Again (Wiz Khalifa song)
"7 Things" is a single released June 2008 off the album Breakout by Miley Cyrus. The music video for "7 Things" was released May 30, 2008.

2008 songs
Miley Cyrus songs
"Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" is a song by Cyndi Lauper. It was the first single by Lauper.  The single reached number one in over ten countries. It received a Grammy Award nomination for Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Cap'n Lou Albano was in the music video for the song.

The song was covered by Miley Cyrus. The Miley Cyrus version is off her album Breakout. It has been covered on either an album or in live concert by over 30 other artists.

1983 songs
Cyndi Lauper songs
Miley Cyrus songs
In cryptography, the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), is a symmetric-key, block cipher algorithm that was selected by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. It was selected for encrypting data. It is commonly used around the world. The Advanced Encryption Standard has replaced the Data Encryption Standard (DES). 

As of 2008, AES is one of the most popular algorithms used in symmetric key cryptography. It is available to programmers and the general public with various software packages.

History 
AES is a type of Rijndael () block cipher developed by Belgian programmers, Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology held a competition for a publicly available symmetric-key encryption algorithm and started accepting entries in 1997.
In 1998, fifteen algorithms were selected for the first round in the First AES Conference. After asking for comments, the NIST held the Second AES Conference where the top five algorithms were MARS, RC6, Rijndael, Serpent, and Twofish.

By 2000 and the end of the Third AES Conference, the NIST selected Rijndael for the AES proposal. For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits.

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was published as a Federal Information Processing Standard on November 26, 2001.
Details 
AES has a fixed block sizes of 128 bits and three values of key size 128, 192, or 256 bits."The design and strength of all key lengths of the AES algorithm (i.e., 128, 192 and 256) are sufficient to protect classified information up to the SECRET level. TOP SECRET information will require use of either the 192 or 256 key lengths. The implementation of AES in products intended to protect national security systems and/or information must be reviewed and certified by NSA prior to their acquisition and use."

AES is fast in both software and hardware, is relatively easy to implement, and requires little memory.

Standard 
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is defined in:

 FIPS PUB 197: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
 ISO/IEC 18033-3: Block ciphers

Related pages
 DES-X
 Data Encryption Standard (DES)
 Triple DES (TDES)

References

Cryptography
Shōnen is a type of manga or anime meant for young teen boys usually between the ages of about 12 and 18. It often refers to manga. Examples include Dragon Ball, Bleach, One Piece, InuYasha, Naruto, YuYu Hakusho, Yu-Gi-Oh!, and  Fairy Tail

Shounen is usually noticed by its high amounts of fighting. It often has humorous plots with male characters. It often has themes of friendship. Fighting teams and similar groups are often shown. Attractive  female characters are also common, but not always present. The art style of shounen is usually less pretty than shōjo.

Beyond shōnen manga, manga for men (age 18+) is called seinen manga. Very few seinen manga have been published outside of Japan. In Japan, many older men read shounen magazines. Because of this, in Japan, shounen manga magazines are the most popular manga magazines.

Other websites 
 The Girls of Shonen Manga  by Shaenon K. Garrity

Shounen(media)
In The Amazing Race, 11 or 12 teams of two people race around the world for $1,000,000, with information provided by "clues", or Route Info. There are certain "legs" of the race, culminated by "Pit Stops". At Pit Stops, teams check in for a mandatory 12 hour rest period, although sometimes the period can be 24 hours, 36 hours, or even once 60.  Usually, the first team to arrive at a Pit Stop will receive a prize, such as a trip to a Caribbean country.  On most of the Pit Stops on the race, the last team to arrive is eliminated from the race.  However, two or three of those points are non-elimination.  In Seasons 1-4, there was no penalty for coming in last in a non-elimination.  From Seasons 5-9, teams had to give up all of their money and start the next leg without money.  Even stricter, in Seasons 7-9, teams had to turn over all of their luggage.  In Seasons 10 and 11, teams would start the next leg "Marked for Elimination"
.  That meant that if they did not come in first at the next Pit Stop, they would have to wait out a 30-minute penalty.  Starting from Season 12, teams coming in last on Non-Eliminations have to do a Speed Bump.  A Speed Bump is a task that no other teams have to do.
Tasks 
The Amazing Race has several different tasks that teams must complete.

Detour 

A Detour is a choice between two tasks.  The team can choose which one it wants to complete.  Teams are allowed to switch between Detour choices, in the American version there is a harsh 6-hour penalty if you quit a Detour, in the Australian version it is only 1 hour.

Roadbock 
A Roadbock is a task where only one member of the team can perform. Teams cannot switch the member performing the task. There is a 4-hour penalty if teams quit.

Fast Forward 
A Fast Forward is a task in order for a team to skip tasks and head directly to the Pit Stop.

History 
The Amazing Race was created by Bertram van Munster and Elise Doganieri in 2001.  It has been airing from 2001 to present.
Production 
The Amazing Race is seen as hard to produce.  Producers need to find places, come up with tasks and pick teams.  Cameramen have to keep up with the teams, and people are not allowed to give away the results.  However, The Amazing Race has won 6 Emmy awards.

Versions 
Besides the original American version, The Amazing Race has generated several versions from around the world.
Australia (with New Zealand included in 2014 Season)
Asia
Central Europe (cancelled)
Brazil
China
France
Israel
Latin America
Norway
Philippines
Vietnam
Ukraine

References 

American reality television series
2000s television series
CBS network shows
Emmy Award winning programs
The financial crisis of 2007–2008 was a major financial crisis, the worst of its kind since the Great Depression in the 1930s. Until the COVID-19 recession, the financial crisis of 2007-2008 was considered the worst financial crisis during the 21st century.

In September 2008 many large financial firms in the United States collapsed, merged, or went under conservatorship (a person is assigned to manage a company when it cannot manage itself). The factors that led to the crisis were reported in business journals many months before September 2008.
Background and causes
There are many reasons why the crisis happened. Most economists believe that it started in the United States. From 1997 until 2006, people bought expensive houses, even though they did not have enough money for it. Since the money had come from other countries, it was easy to have good credit. People used this credit for expensive loans, causing the price of homes to rise. This created an economic bubble. Because they had a lot of money, the loaning companies made it easier to get a loan, even if the borrower didn't have a good credit history.  These loans are known as subprime loans.
During this time, many home owners refinanced their homes. This caused their mortgage to change, giving them lower interest. After they refinanced, homeowners could take out another mortgage, for spending money.  The loaning companies changed their loans so that they would have low interest at first and then increase later. This is known as an adjustable-rate mortgage. The companies often used these to convince more people to take loans. Many people with subprime loans also took these adjustable-rate mortgages, hoping that the good price of housing would help them refinance later.

While the housing prices were still high, many American and European companies, including banks, invested in subprime loans. These investments gave more money to the loaning companies, who used it to give out more subprime loans. These investments would make a lot of money as long as the price of housing was high.
The collapse of the housing bubble caused the value of investments to fall. The companies that had invested in subprime loans lost a total of about $512 billion. Citigroup and Merrill Lynch were two companies that lost the most money. More than half of the money lost, $260 billion, was lost by American firms.

Total financial losses from lost economic activity and stock market declines have been estimated at $15 trillion.

References

Other websites
Stern on Finance - Understanding the Financial Crisis (follow link to research blog run by Stern faculty members)
How This Bear Market Compares Multimedia The New York Times
RGE Monitor 
Commercial Paper Rates and Outstanding (Federal Reserve Bank)

2007
2008
Financial crises
Stock market
Economic history
Detritivores are animals that eat dead plants and animals. They also eat waste from other animals. They help to break down dead things and turn them into soil. This helps plants to grow. Detritivores are important for the environment. Some examples of detritivores are earthworms, millipedes, and woodlice, they live in the soil and eat dead leaves and other things. In the ocean, there are also detritivores like crabs and sea cucumbers, they eat dead things on the bottom of the ocean.

Difference from Decomposers 
Detritivores are different from decomposers. Decomposers are things like bacteria and fungi. They break down dead things by absorbing them. Detritivores eat the dead things and break them down inside their bodies.