Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Wash is the square-mouthed estuary on the northwest margin of East Anglia on the east coast of England, "where Norfolk meets Lincolnshire". It is among the largest estuaries in the United Kingdom. It is listed as a Ramsar site as being an important wetland area.

Geography
The Wash looks on the map like a large bite out of the coastline of eastern England.  It separates the curved coast of East Anglia from Lincolnshire. It is formed by a large bay with three roughly straight sides meeting at right angles, each about 25 kilometres (15 miles) in length. All the eastern coast of the Wash is in Norfolk, and goes from Hunstanton in the north to the mouth of the River Great Ouse at King's Lynn in the south. The coast on the opposite side goes from Gibraltar Point to the mouth of the River Welland and is all in Lincolnshire. The southern coast goes roughly northwest-southeast, joining these two river mouths.  In the middle is the mouth of a third river, the River Nene.
Historical story
The most famous thing that people remember about the Wash is that "King John lost his crown in the Wash".  This is because, according to reports from the time, King John travelled from Spalding in Lincolnshire to Bishop's Lynn, in Norfolk in the year 1216.  He became ill and decided to go back.  While he took the longer route through Wisbech, he sent his luggage, including his crown jewels, along the seashore and across the mouth of the Wellstream where the water was not deep. This route was only safe when the tide was low.  The horse-drawn wagons moved too slowly for the incoming tide, and many were lost. The whole area at the time was an extensive wetland known as The Fens, which was later drained. It is close to sea level.

Other websites
Flood warning status 

East of England
Ramsar sites
Deserts of Pakistan
Geography of India
Rajasthan
Those marked * can also develop into tree form.

Related pages
 Shrub

Lists of plants
Thyme (Thymus) (pronounced "time") is a genus of perennial plants. There are about 350 different species of thyme. They are herbaceous plants and sub-shrubs. They can grow to about 40 cm tall. They are the family Lamiaceae and native to Europe, North Africa and Asia.

The stems are usually narrow, sometimes even wiry. The leaves are evergreen in most species. They are arranged in opposite pairs, oval, entire, and small, 4–20 mm long. The flowers are in dense terminal heads, with an uneven calyx, with the upper lip three-lobed, and the lower cleft; the corolla is tubular, 4–10 mm long, and white, pink or purple.

Thymus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Chionodes distinctella and Coleophora species.
History 
Ancient Egyptians used thyme for embalming. The ancient Greeks used it in their baths and burnt it as incense in their temples. They believed that thyme was a source of courage. It was thought that the spread of thyme throughout Europe was thanks to the Romans, as they used it to purify their rooms. In the European Middle Ages, the herb was placed under pillows. This was done to help sleep and ward off nightmares. (Huxley 1992). In this period, women would also often give knights and warriors gifts that included thyme leaves. People believed it would bring courage to the bearer. Thyme was also used as incense and placed on coffins during funerals as it was supposed to assure passage into the next life.

Cultivation 
Thyme is widely grown as a herb. Usually it is grown for its strong flavour, which is due to its content of thymol.
Thyme likes a hot sunny location with good-draining soil. It is planted in the spring and later grows as a perennial. It can be propagated by seed, cuttings, or by dividing rooted sections of the plant. It tolerates drought well.

Thyme keeps its flavour on drying better than many other herbs.

Culinary use 
Thyme is widely used for cooking. Thyme is a basic ingredient in French and Italian cuisines, and in those derived from them. It is also widely used in Caribbean cuisine.

Thyme is often used to flavour meats, soups and stews. It has a particular affinity to and is often used as a primary flavour with lamb, tomatoes and eggs.

Thyme, while flavourful, does not overpower and blends well with other herbs and spices. In French cuisine, along with bay and parsley it is a common component of the bouquet garni, and of herbes de Provence. In some Middle Eastern countries, the condiment za'atar contains thyme as a vital ingredient.
Thyme is sold both fresh and dried. The fresh form is more flavourful but also less convenient; storage life is rarely more than a week. While summer-seasonal, fresh thyme is often available year-round. Fresh thyme is commonly sold in bunches of sprigs. A sprig is a single stem snipped from the plant. It is composed of a woody stem with paired leaf or flower clusters ("leaves") spaced ½ to 1" apart. A recipe may measure thyme by the bunch (or fraction thereof), or by the sprig, or by the tablespoon or teaspoon. If the recipe does not specify fresh or dried, assume that it means fresh.

Thyme retains its flavour on drying better than many other herbs. Dried, and especially powdered thyme occupies less space than fresh, so less of it is required when substituted in a recipe. As with bay, thyme is slow to release its flavours so it is usually added early in the cooking process.
Medicinal use 
The essential oil of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is made up of 20-55% thymol. Thymol, an antiseptic, is the main active ingredient in Listerine mouthwash. Before the advent of modern antibiotics, it was used to medicate bandages. It has also been shown to be effective against the fungus that commonly infects toenails.

A tea made by infusing the herb in water can be used for cough and bronchitis. Medicinally thyme is used for respiratory infections.  Because it is antiseptic, thyme boiled in water and cooled is very effective against inflammation of the throat. The inflammation will normally disappear in 2 – 5 days. Other infections and wounds can be dripped with thyme.

In traditional Jamaican childbirth practice, thyme tea is given to the mother after delivery of the baby. Its oxytocin-like effect causes uterine contractions and more rapid delivery of the placenta but this was said by Sheila Kitzinger to cause an increased prevalence of retained placenta.
Important species 
Thymus vulgaris (common thyme or garden thyme) is a commonly used culinary herb. It also has medicinal uses. Common thyme is a Mediterranean perennial which is best suited to well-drained soils and enjoys full sun.

Thymus herba-barona (caraway thyme) is used both as a culinary herb and a groundcover, and has a strong caraway scent due to the chemical carvone.

Thymus × citriodorus (citrus thyme; hybrid T. pulegioides × T. vulgaris) is also a popular culinary herb, with cultivars selected with flavours of various Citrus fruit (lemon thyme, etc.)

Thymus pseudolanuginosus (woolly thyme) is not a culinary herb, but is grown as a ground cover.
Thymus serpyllum (wild thyme) is an important nectar source plant for honeybees. All thyme species are nectar sources, but wild thyme covers large areas of droughty, rocky soils in southern Europe (Greece is especially famous for wild thyme honey) and North Africa, as well as in similar landscapes in the Berkshire Mountains and Catskill Mountains of the northeastern US.

Cultivars 
There are a number of different cultivars of thyme with established or growing popularity, including:
 Lemon thyme—actually smells lemony
 Variegated lemon thyme—with bi-color leaves
 Orange thyme—an unusually low-growing, ground cover thyme that smells like orange
 Creeping thyme—the lowest-growing of the widely used thymes, good for walkways
 Silver thyme—white/cream variegated
 English thyme—the most common
 Summer thyme—unusually strong flavor

References

Other sources 
 Flora of China: Thymus
 Flora Europaea: Thymus
 Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan.
 Rohde, E. S. (1920). A Garden of Herbs.
Other websites 
 Plants for a Future, database entry
 'A Modern Herbal' (Grieves 1931)

Lamiaceae
Herbs
Distribution is the action of sharing something out among a number of recipients.

The word distribution has several usages:

Mathematics
In mathematics a distribution is a generalization of a function to be able to model certain systems, inspired by physics, see distribution (mathematics).

Probability theory and statistics
In Probability theory, it refers to the way a certain number of samples can be assigned to different categories, see Frequency distribution.
In Statistics, it refers to the probability that a random variable has a certain value, or falls inside a given interval, see Probability distribution. This is the theoretical counterpart behind frequency distributions.

Economics
In Economics, it talks about getting a product from the producer to the client. See distribution (economics).
This incudes things like movies and video games
Computer science
In Computer science, it may refer to the practice of allocating a number of tasks to different machines, scattered over a network. See distributed computing.

Computing
With Software, a distribution is something that puts different applications in the same package. See Linux distribution for an example.

Biology 
The study of the distribution of living things on the Earth is called biogeography.

Power system
 In power system, the process of delivering electricity to customer is called Electric power distribution.

Basic English 850 words
Movie distribution
Distributed computing is a word from computer science, about using many computers to solve a big problem. One way to solve a big problem is to use a very fast computer called a supercomputer. Supercomputers are very expensive, and many scientists can not buy them. A cheaper way to solve a big problem is to split it into smaller problems, when possible. These smaller problems can then be solved by different computers (or processors), which talk to each other over a computer network. Because many computers work together, this makes them as powerful as a supercomputer. One example where distributed computing is used is the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search.

Other page 
Grid computing

Computer science
The thymus is a specialized lymphoid organ of the immune system. The thymus is in front of the heart and behind the breastbone.

In the thymus, T cells or T lymphocytes mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders. 

The thymus is where T cells develop from hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells. In addition, this is where the T cells get tolerant to cells of the body.  

The thymus is largest and most active during the newborn and pre-adolescent periods.  By the early teens, the thymus begins to slow down. However, it continues to make lymphocytes throughout adult life.

Lymphatic system
In statistics, a frequency distribution is a list of the values that a variable takes in a sample. It is usually a list, ordered by quantity. It will show the number of times each value appears. For example, if 100 people rate a five-point Likert scale assessing their agreement with a statement on a scale on which 1 denotes strong agreement and 5 strong disagreement, the frequency distribution of their responses might look like:

This simple table has two drawbacks. When a variable can take continuous values instead of discrete values or when the number of possible values is too large, the table construction is difficult, if it is not impossible. A slightly different scheme based on the range of values is used in such cases. For example, if we consider the heights of the students in a class, the frequency table might look like below.
Applications 
Managing and operating on frequency tabulated data is much simpler than operation on raw data. There are simple algorithms to calculate median, mean (statistics), standard deviation etc. from these tables.

Statistical hypothesis testing is based on the assessment of differences and similarities between frequency distributions. This assessment involves measures of central tendency or averages, such as the mean and median, and measures of variability or statistical dispersion, such as the standard deviation or variance.

A frequency distribution is said to be skewed when its mean and median are different. The kurtosis of a frequency distribution is the concentration of scores at the mean, or how peaked the distribution appears if depicted graphically—for example, in a histogram. If the distribution is more peaked than the normal distribution it is said to be leptokurtic; if less peaked it is said to be platykurtic.
Frequency distributions are also used in frequency analysis to crack codes and refer to the relative frequency of letters in different languages.

Statistics
The British Overseas Territories are the  fourteen territories which are under the United Kingdom's sovereignty, but are not part of the United Kingdom itself.

Before 1981 the territories were known as colonies or Crown colonies. The British Overseas Territories are also referred to as overseas territories of the United Kingdom, UK overseas territories, or when the context is clear, simply the Overseas Territories.

Each of the British Overseas Territories have a parliament, government and prime minister to make all laws, except laws about defence and foreign affairs. The British government manages their defence and foreign affairs. British Overseas Territories which have no local population or any population, have no local self-rule. If the British Overseas Territory is ruled badly, the government of the British Overseas Territory can be taken over by the British government and ruled directly by it, without the agreement of the British Overseas Territory.
The territories of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, though also under the sovereignty of the British Crown, have a slightly different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom, so they are classed as Crown dependencies rather than Overseas Territories. Unlike British Overseas Territories, the British government cannot take over the government of a Crown dependency, unless the government of the Crown dependency agrees.
Territories and dependencies are distinct from the Commonwealth of Nations, a voluntary association of former British colonies.
In a historical context, colonies should be distinguished from protectorates and protected states, which though under British control, were nominally independent states, whereas colonies were part of the British state. They should also not be confused with Dominions, which, known collectively as the Commonwealth, were independent states, held to be equal in sovereign status to the United Kingdom within the Empire and Commonwealth after the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Crown colonies, such as Hong Kong, were differentiated from other colonies in being administered directly by the Crown, without the degree of local autonomy found in self-governed colonies and other British overseas territories such as Bermuda.

Current Overseas Territories

Government

Head of State
Head of State 

The head of state in the Overseas Territories is the British monarch, currently King Charles III. The King’s role in the territories is in his role as King of the United Kingdom, and not in right of each territory. The monarch appoints a representative in each territory to exercise their executive power.

Government 

All the Overseas Territories have their own system of government, and localised laws. The structure of the government appears to be closely correlated to the size and political development of the territory.

Legal system
Legal system 

Each Overseas Territory has its own legal system independent of the United Kingdom. The legal system is generally based on English common law, with some distinctions for local circumstances. Each territory has its own Attorney General, and court system. For the smaller territories, the UK may appoint a UK-based lawyer or judge to work on legal cases. This is particularly important for cases involving serious crimes and where it is impossible to find a jury who will not know the defendant in a small population island.

Gallery of images

References

Related pages
 British Empire

Further reading 
 Harry Ritchie: The Last Pink Bits
 Simon Winchester: Outposts: Travel to the Remains of the British Empire (published in 1985 in the UK as Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire also in the US as The Sun Never Sets: Travels to the Remaining Outposts of the British Empire.)
Other websites 
 Foreign and Commonwealth Office- "UK Overseas Territories"
 The Commonwealth - UK government site
 Decolonisation - History links for the end of the European formal Empires, casahistoria.net
 UK Overseas Territories Conservation Forum
 British Overseas Territories Act 2002- Text of the Act
 United Kingdom Overseas Territories Association
 Britlink - The British Overseas Territories
This article is about concerts in the parks in London in the 18th and 19th centuries. For the Promenade Concerts in the Royal Albert Hall see BBC Proms.

The word Promenade Concert today usually refers to one of the concerts in the series started by Henry Wood in 1895, known today as the BBC Proms.  However, before these concerts started there had for many years been promenade concerts in the parks of London. These concerts took place in the leisure gardens (parks) where people could walk about while listening to the music (French se promener = to walk).

People had to pay to go into the leisure gardens.  There were lots of entertainments there, e.g. fireworks, dancing, acrobatics and music.  The music was played by orchestras. Sometimes these orchestras played in bandstands, sometimes in proper buildings.
Vauxhall Gardens and Ranelagh Gardens were the most famous of these gardens.  The composer George Frideric Handel had his music played there in the 18th century. The gardens were very fashionable until the 19th century.  Aristocratic people, royalty and ordinary people all mixed there.  Handel's Music for the Royal Fireworks was performed in Vauxhall Gardens to celebrate the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.  The composer Dr Thomas Arne was appointed composer of Vauxhall Gardens in 1745.  It was here that many of his songs became popular, including Rule Britannia''.  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Joseph Haydn performed in Ranelagh Gardens on their visits to London.
In the 19th century concerts of classical music became very popular.  The conductor Louis Antoine Jullien conducted many concerts.  His orchestra were even joined by the bands of the Royal Artillery or drummers from the French National Guard.  Concerts were also given in Crystal Palace, the huge glass building which was built for the Great Exhibition in 1851.
Many English composers had their music played in these parks.  The music was often long songs (ballads), or drinking songs.  Sometimes choirs sang choruses from oratorios by Handel.  Later in the 19th century the programmes included more music by famous composers such as Brahms, Liszt, Mendelssohn, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana and Wagner.

In 1895 Henry Wood started his series of promenade concerts.  He wanted to educate audiences so that they liked good music.  This series of concerts continues today in the Royal Albert Hall as the BBC Proms.

Related pages
BBC Proms

Concerts
Entertainment in London
Events 
 June 12– Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels from Kent and Essex, led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, meet at Blackheath. There the rebels are encouraged by a sermon by renegade priest John Ball.
 June 14– Peasants' Revolt: Rebels destroy John of Gaunt's Savoy Palace and storm the Tower of London, killing the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Lord Chancellor. King Richard II of England meets the leaders of the revolt and agrees to reforms such as fair rents and the abolition of serfdom.
 June 15– Peasants' Revolt: During further negotiations, Wat Tyler is murdered by the King's entourage. Noble forces subsequently overpower the rebel army. The rebel leaders are eventually captured and executed and Richard II revokes his concessions.
 The revolt is discussed in John Gower's Vox Clamantis and Froissart's Chronicles.
 Kęstutis overthrows his nephew, Jogaila, as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Jogaila is allowed to remain as governor of eastern Lithuania.
Due to Joan I of Naples' support for Antipope Clement VII, Pope Urban VI bestows Naples upon Charles of Durazzo. With the help of the Hungarians, Charles advances on Naples and captures Joan.
 James of Baux, the ruler of Taranto and the Latin Empire, claims the Principality of Achaea after the imprisonment of Joan I of Naples.
 Sonam Drakpa deposes Drakpa Changchub as ruler of Tibet.
 Hajji I succeeds Alah-ad-Din Ali as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. The Egyptian government continues to be controlled by rebel leader, Berkuk.
 After a naval battle, Venice wins the three-year War of Chioggia against Genoa. The Genoans are permanently weakened by the conflict.
 Timur conquers east Persia, ending the rule of the Sarbadar Dynasty.
Births 
 May 9– Johann Schiltberger, German traveller and writer (died 1440)
 October 13 – Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel, English politician (died 1415)
 John I, Duke of Bourbon (died 1434)
 Saint Rita of Cascia (died 1457)

Deaths 
 March 24– Catherine of Sweden, Swedish saint
 May 15– Eppelein von Gailingen, German robber baron
 June 14– Simon Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury
 June 15– John Cavendish, Lord Chief Justice of England
 June 15– Wat Tyler, English rebel
 July 15– John Ball, renegade priest
 December 2– John of Ruysbroeck, Flemish mystic
 December 27– Edmund de Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March, English politician
Events 
 The completion of the Wyclif Bible by John Purvey and the beginning of prosecution of Wyclif's followers, known as the Lollards.
 Battle of Otterburn: a Scottish army, led by James Douglas, defeats an English army, capturing the their leader, Harry Hotspur. Douglas is killed during the battle.
 John of Gaunt, the uncle of Richard II of England, makes peace with Castile and gives up his claim to the Castilian thrown by allowing his daughter Katherine of Lancaster to marry Prince Henry, the eldest son of John I of Castile.
 The entire court of Richard II of England are convicted of treason by the Merciless Parliament, under the influence of the Lords Appellant, and are all either executed or exiled. Richard II effectively becomes a puppet of the Lords Appellant.
 Ramesuan is reinstated as King of Ayutthaya (now southern Thailand) after dethroning and executing 17 year-old King Thong Chan.
Goryeo Revolution: General Yi Seonggye begins a four-year revolution in Goryeo (now Korea) after being ordered by King U of Goryeo to attack the superior Chinese army.
 Goryeo Revolution: King U of Goryeo is forced from power and replaced by his son Chang.
 A Chinese invasion force under General Lan Yu defeats a large Mongolian army under Khan Toghus Temur and captures 100 members of the Yuan royal family. Toghus Temur is killed whilst trying to escape and is succeeded as Khan of Mongolia by his rival, Jorightu.
 An invading Chinese army under General Xu Da destroys Karakorum, the capital city of the Mongolian Empire.
 Battle of Plocnik: A combined force of Serbians, Bosnians and Bulgarians defeat an Ottoman invasion force.
 Tran Ngung overthrows Tran Hien as King of Vietnam.
 Omar I is succeeded by Sa'id as King of the Kanem-Bornu Empire (now east Chad and Nigeria). Sa'id is succeeded in the same year by Kade Alunu. Omar and Sa'id are both killed by Bilala invaders from the west.
Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II succeeds Firuz Shah Tughluq as Sultan of Delhi.
 Charles VI of France reaches maturity, ending the regency of his uncle, Philip the Bold.
 The University of Cologne is established (now the largest university in Germany).
 Cozia Monastery is built in Wallacia.
 Ljubostinja Monastery is built in Serbia.
Births 
 September 14 – Claudius Clavus, Danish geographer
 September 29 – Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (d. 1421)
 Juliana Berners, English writer
 Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury (died 1428)
 Dai Jin, Chinese painter (d. 1462)

Deaths 
 Simon de Burley, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports
 James Douglas, 2nd Earl of Douglas
 Thomas Usk, English writer
 Sultan Firuz Shah Tughluq of Delhi
 King Thong Chan of Ayutthaya
 Khan Toghus Temur of Mongolia
 King Omar I of the Kanem-Bornu Empire
 King Sa'id of the Kanem-Bornu Empire
 Firuz Shah Tughluq
Events 
 Robert III succeeds his father, Robert II, as King of Scotland.
 Henry III succeeds his father, John I, as King of Castile and León.
 John VII Palaiologos overthrows his grandfather, John V Palaiologos, as Byzantine Emperor. John V Palaiologos is restored later in the year by his son, Manuel, and the Republic of Venice.
 The Turks take Philadelphia, the last Byzantine enclave of any significance in Anatolia.
 With the help of the Teutonic Knights, Vytautas begins a revolt against his cousin, Jogaila the Supreme Prince of Lithuania.
 Barquq is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt after overthrowing Sultan Hadji II.
 Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III overthrows his brother, Abu Baker, as Sultan of Delhi.
 Manuel III succeeds his father, Alexios III, as Emperor of Trebizond (now north eastern Turkey).
 Sikandar But-shikan succeeds Sikandar Shah as Sultan of Kashmir.
 Ko Cheng succeeds Che Bong Nga as King of Champa (now eastern Vietnam).
 Mahmud succeeds Sandaki as Mansa of the Mali Empire.
N'Diklam Sare succeeds Sare N'Dyaye as ruler of the Jolof Empire (now part of Senegal).
 (circa 1390) The Kingdom of Kaffa is established in present-day Ethiopia.
 Building of Templo Mayor, the main temple of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City).
 Building of the Candi Surawana temple in the Majapahit Kingdom (now Indonesia).
 San Petronio Basilica begins to be built in Bologna.
Births 
 December 27 – Anne de Mortimer, claimant to the English throne (died 1411)
 Domenico da Piacenza, Italian dancemaster (died 1470)
 John Dunstaple, English composer (died 1453)
 Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson, Swedish statesman and rebel leader (died 1436)
 Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (died 1447)
 John VIII Palaeologus Byzantine Emperor (died 1448)

Deaths 
 April 19 – King Robert II of Scotland (born 1316)
 August 14 – John FitzAlan, 2nd Baron Arundel, English soldier (b. 1364)
 September 23 – John I, Duke of Lorraine (born 1346)
 October 9 – King John I of Castile (fall from a horse) (born 1358)
 Altichiero, Italian painter (born 1330)
 Sultan Sikandar Shah of Kashmir.
 Towtiwil, Prince of Black Ruthenia
Events 
 July 18 – Tokhtamysh-Timur War: Battle of the Kondurcha River – Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde in present-day southeast Russia.
 Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine Emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies of a nervous breakdown due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire.
 Yusuf II  succeeds Muhammed V as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).
 Stjepan Dabiša succeeds his uncle, Stefan Tvrtko I, as King of Bosnia.
 Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid occupied Muzaffarid Empire in central Persia.
 A group of Muzaffarids under Zafar Khan Muzaffar establish a new Sultanate at Gujarat in western India.
 August 5 – Anti-Jewish riots erupt in Toledo, Spain and Barcelona. Many Jews leave Barcelona after the following massacres, though a large number remain in the city.
 Vytautas the Great, claimant to the thrown of Lithuania, forms an alliance with Muscovy.
 Roman I succeeds Petru I as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and eastern Romania).
Konrad von Wallenrode succeeds Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
 Bridget of Sweden is canonized by Pope Boniface IX.
 Ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod sack the Muscovy towns of Zhukotin and Kazan.
 The Chinese invent toilet paper for use by their Emperors.
 Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, takes control of the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands.
 University of Ferrara is founded in present-day Italy.
Births 
 October 31 – King Edward of Portugal (†1438)
 November 6 – Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, English politician (died 1425)
 Gedun Drub, 1st Dalai Lama (died 1474)
 Michelozzo, Italian architect and sculptor (died 1472)
 Zhu Quan, Chinese military commander, historian and playwright (died 1448)
 Thomas West, 2nd Baron West (died 1415)

Deaths 
 February 16 – John V Palaeologus, Byzantine Emperor (born 1332)
 Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada
 King Stefan Tvrtko I of Bosnia.
 November 1 – Amadeus VII of Savoy (born 1360)
 Nicholas Cabasilas, Byzantine mystic and theological writer
Events 
 December 16 – Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan abdicates in favor of rival claimant Go-Komatsu, in order to end the nanboku-cho period of conflict between the Northern and Southern imperial courts.
 Goryeo Revolution 1388-1392: In present-day Korea, rebel leader General Yi Seonggye overthrows King Gongyang and crowns himself King Taejo, ending the Goryeo Dynasty and establishing the Joseon Dynasty. King Gongyang is exiled and later secretly murdered.
 King Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania appoints his cousin Vytautas the Great as regent of Lithuania in return for Vytautas giving up his claim to the Lithuanian throne. Vytautas replaces Jogaila's unpopular brother Skirgaila as regent.
 King Charles VI of France, later known as Charles the Mad, begins experiencing bouts of psychosis which will continue throughout his life.
 Muhammed VII succeeds Yusuf II as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).
Franciscan friar James of Jülich is boiled alive for impersonating a bishop and ordaining his own priests.
 Queen Mary of Sicily defeats an army of rebel barons.
 William Le Scrop succeeds William II de Montacute as King of the Isle of Man.
 Seoan mac Pilib succeeds Tomas mor mac Mathghamhna as King of East Breifne in present-day north-central Ireland.
 The city of Afyonkarahisar (now in western Turkey) is conquered by Sultan Beyazid I of the Ottoman Empire.
 Louis de Valois is created the 1st Duke of Orléans, the second time this title was created.
 Erfurt University is founded in Erfurt, central Germany.
 Penistone Grammar School, which was one of the first comprehensive schools in England, is founded near Barnsley, England.
Births 
 February 3 – Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland (died 1455)
 Alain Chartier, French poet and political writer (approximate date; died c. 1430)
 Flavio Biondo, Italian humanist and historian (died 1463)
 John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk (died 1432)
 Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of Milan (died 1447)

Deaths 
 Abbot Methodius of Peshnosha, Eastern Orthodox saint
 Jeong Mong-ju, Goryeo diplomat and poet (born 1337)
Events of 1393 
 In central Persia, the Muzzafarid Empire, led by Shah Mansur, rebels against their Timurid occupiers. The rebellion is squashed and the Muzaffarid nobility are executed, ending the Muzaffarid Dynasty in Persia.
 George VII succeeds his popular father, Bagrat V, as King of Georgia.
 Abdul Aziz II becomes Sultan of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morroco after the death of Sultan Abu Al-Abbas.
 Raimondo del Balzo Orsini succeeds Otto of Brunswick as Prince of Taranto (now south-eastern Italy).
 Samsenethai succeeds his father, Fa Ngum, as King of Lan Xang (now Laos).
 King James I of Cyprus inherits the title of King of Armenia after the death of his distant cousin Leo VI. Although, the Mamluk conquerors from Egypt remain the true rulers.
A Ming Dynasty Chinese record stated that 720,000 sheets of toilet paper (two by three ft. in size) alone were produced for the various members of the imperial court at Beijing, while the Imperial Bureau of Supplies also reported that 15,000 sheets of toilet paper alone were designated for the royal family (made of fine soft yellow tissue and perfumed).
 Bosnia resists an invasion by the Ottoman Empire.
 The Ottoman Turks capture Turnovgrad (now Veliko Tarnovo), the capital city of east Bulgaria. Emperor Ivan Shishman is allowed to remain as a puppet ruler of east Bulgaria.
 Sikander Shah I succeeds Muhammad Shah III as Sultan of Delhi. Sikander Shah I is succeeded two months later by Mahmud II.
 Abu Thabid II succeeds, Abu Tashufin II, as ruler of the Abdalwadid dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria. Abu Thabid II is succeeded in the same year by his brother, Abul Hadjdjadj I.
 Konrad von Jungingen succeeds Konrad von Wallenrode as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
Maelruanaidh MacDermot succeeds Aedh MacDermot as King of Moylurg in north-central Ireland.
 King Stjepan Dabiša of Bosnia signs the Contract of Djakovice, establishing peace with King Sigismund of Hungary.
Births 
 August 24 – Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (died 1458).
 John Capgrave, theologian (died 1464).
 Giovanni Antonio del Balzo Orsini, Prince of Taranto (died 1463).

Deaths 
 June 6 – Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan, former Pretender to the thrown of Japan (born 1359).
 Fa Ngum, creator of the Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang.
 King Leo VI of Armenia.
 King Bagrat V of Georgia.
 Sultan Abu Al-Abbas of the Marinid dynasty.
 Konrad von Wallenrode, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
Events of 1396 
 May 19 – Martin I succeeds his brother, John I, as King of Aragon (now north-east Spain).
 September 25 – Battle of Nicopolis: The Ottomans defeat a joint crusade by Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, England and Wallacia, led by King Sigismund of Hungary. This was last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages.
 November 24 – Transit of Venus – the last not to be part of a pair. Possibly observed by Aztec astronomers.
 November 29 – Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, marries Joan Beaufort
 Temporary peace is declared between England and France with the marriage of Richard II of England and Isabella of Valois, the daughter of Charles VI of France.
 France conquers the Republic of Genoa.
 After a fourteen-year period of interregnum, Peter of Saint Superan is declared as ruler of the Principality of Achaea (now southern Greece).
 In the "Battle of the Thirty", a mass trial by combat, the Clan Cameron defeat the Clan MacKintosh on the North Inch of Perth, Scotland.
Queen Margaret of Norway, Denmark and Sweden makes her adopted son Eric of Pomerania joint ruler of Sweden. Eric had already been made joint ruler of Norway.
 Abu Amir succeeds Abdul Aziz II as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco.
 Timur appoints his son Miran Shah as Timurid viceroy of Azerbaijan.
 The Kartid Dynasty is brought to an end in east Persia after its remaining rulers are murdered at a banquet by Miran Shah, son of Timur Lenk.
 Philibert de Naillac succeeds Juan Fernández de Heredia as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.
 The Ulu Camii mosque is built in Bursa by the Ottomans.
Births 
 July 31 – Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (died 1467)
 October 16 – William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk (died 1450)
 date unknown
 Alfonso V of Aragon (died 1458)
 Ambroise de Loré, baron of Ivry in Normandy (died 1446)
 John de Ros, 8th Baron de Ros (died 1421)
 Paolo Uccello, painter (died 1475)

Deaths 
 July 31 – William Courtenay, Archbishop of Canterbury
 November 29 – Robert Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Wemme (born 1373)
 date unknown
 John Beaumont, 4th Baron Beaumont, Constable of Dover Castle (born 1361)
 Frederick II, margrave of Saluzzo
 Saint Stephen of Perm (born 1340)
1410 was a common year.

Events of 1410 
March 29 – The Aragonese capture Oristano, capital of the giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia
 July 15 – Battle of Grunwald (also known as Tannenberg or Zalgiris). Polish and Lithuanian forces under the cousins Władysław Jagiełło of Poland and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken
 Jan Hus is excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague.
 Antipope John XXIII is elected.
 Start of the building of Castle Woerden.

Births 
date unknown
Masuccio Salernitano, Italian poet (died 1475)
William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness (died 1484)
probable
Johannes Ockeghem, Dutch composer (died 1497)
Conrad Paumann, German organist and composer (died 1473)
Vecchietta, Sienese painter, sculptor and architect (died 1480)
Deaths 
March 5 – Matthew of Kraków, Polish reformer (born 1335)
March 16 – John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset
May 3 – Pope Alexander V
May 18 – Rupert of Germany, Count Palatine of the Rhine (born 1352)
May 31 – King Martin I of Aragon (born 1356)
July 15
Ulrich von Jungingen, German Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (killed in battle) (born 1360)
Friedrich von Wallenrode, komtur of Ryna, (killed in battle)
September 13 – Isabella of Valois, queen consort of England (born 1387)
date unknown
Beatrice, Queen of Portugal in the 1383-1385 crisis and Queen-consort of John I of Castile (born 1372)
John Badby, English martyr
Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (born 1337)
John Gower, English poet (born 1330)
1411 was a common year.

Events 
February 11 : Peace of Toruń 1411 signed in Toruń, Poland
July 24 : Battle of Harlaw between Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles and an army commanded by Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar.
September 21 : King Henry IV of England calls his ninth parliament.
date unknown : The University of St Andrews is founded by a papal bull.

Births 
September 21 – Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, claimant to the English throne (died 1460)
date unknown – Juan de Mena, Spanish poet (died 1456)

Deaths 
June 3 – Duke Leopold IV of Austria (born 1371)
September – Anne de Mortimer, Countess of Cambridge (born 1390)
November 4 – Khalil Sultan, ruler of Transoxiana (born 1384)
probable – Hasdai Crescas, Jewish philosopher
Events 
 March 21 – Henry V becomes King of England.
 Project of Annals of Joseon Dynasty began.
 The University of St Andrews is chartered by papal bull.

Births 
February 21 – Louis, Duke of Savoy (died 1465)
November 19 – Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg (died 1470)

Deaths 
March 20 – Henry IV of England (born 1367)
September 26 – Stephen III, Duke of Bavaria (born 1337)
October 6 – Dawit I of Ethiopia (born 1382)
1414 (MCDXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events of 1414 
January 7 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg becomes the 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.
August 6 – Joan II succeeds her brother Ladislas as Queen of Naples.
November 16 – Council of Constance begins.
 The Habsburg Duke Ernest the Iron (1377-1424) is the last duke to be enthroned according to the ancient Karantanian ritual of installing dukes on the Duke's Stone.
 Alien priory cells are suppressed.

Births 
May 14 – Francis I, Duke of Brittany (died 1450)
July 21 – Pope Sixtus IV (died 1484)
August 18 – Jami, Persian poet (died 1492)
November 9 – Albert III, Elector of Brandenburg (died 1486)
date unknown
Charles I, Count of Nevers, Count of Nevers and Rethel (died 1464)
Shubun, Japanese painter in the Muromachi period and a Zen Buddhist monk (died 1463)
probable – Narsinh Mehta, poet-saint of Gujarat (died 1481)
Deaths 
February 19 – Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury (born 1353)
August 6 – King Ladislas of Naples (born 1377)
September 1 – William de Ros, 7th Baron de Ros, Lord Treasurer of England (born 1369)
date unknown
Tewodros I of Ethiopia, Emperor of Ethiopia
Fairuzabadi, Arab lexicographer (born 1329)
Jurjani, Arabian encyclopaedic writer (born 1339)
John I Stanley of the Isle of Man, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, King of the Isle of Man (born 1350)
probable – Zyndram z Maszkowic, Polish 14th and 15th century knight (born 1355)
Events 
 January 27 – Republic of Dubrovnik is the first state in Europe to outlaw slavery.
 May 30 – The Catholic Church burns Jerome of Prague as a heretic.
 Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge destroyed, the longest arch bridge in the world at the time

Births 
March 27 – Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian composer (died 1480)
October 26 – Edmund Grey, 1st Earl of Kent (died 1490)
date unknown
Pal Engjëlli, Albanian Catholic clergyman (died 1470)
Francis of Paola, founder of the Order of the Minims (died 1507)
Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (died 1469)
probable – Jacquetta of Luxembourg, daughter of Pierre de Luxembourg (died 1472)

Deaths 
February 27 – Eleanor of Castile, queen consort of Navarre
March 15 – John, Duke of Berry, son of John II of France (born 1340)
April 2 – King Ferdinand I of Aragon (born 1379)
May 21 – Anna of Celje, queen consort of Poland (born 1386)
May 30 – Jerome of Prague, Czech theologian (executed) (born 1379)
December 3 – Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
1417 was a common year.

Events of 1417 
April 18 – Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg begins to rule as margrave of Brandenburg
June 24 – The Isle of Man holds the first known Tynwald Day; the annual meeting of its parliament Tynwald which has continued every year until present.
July 27 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII is deposed, bringing to an end the Great Western Schism.
November 11 – Pope Martin V succeeds Pope Gregory XII as the 206th pope.
 The use of street lighting is first recorded in London, when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, orders lanterns with lights to be hung out on the winter evenings between Hallowtide and Candlemas.

Births 
February 23 – Pope Paul II (d. 1471)
June 19 – Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, lord of Rimini (died 1468)
November 23 – William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, English politician (died 1487)
date unknown
Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, regent of Sweden
Nicholas of Flüe, Swiss hermit and saint (died 1487)
Deaths 
January – Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, King of Leinster (born 1357)
April 29 – Louis II of Naples (born 1377)
September 4 – Robert Hallam, English Catholic bishop
September 16 – Francesco Zabarella, Italian jurist (b. 1360)
October 18 – Pope Gregory XII
December 14 – John Oldcastle, English Lollard leader
probable – Huitzilíhuitl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
Events 
May 19 – Capture of Paris by John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy
September – Beginning of English Siege of Rouen
Mircea I of Wallachia, is succeeded by Vlad I Uzurpatorul.
The first Portuguese settlers move to Madeira Islands.

Births 
December 12 – Archduke Albert VI of Austria (died 1463)
date unknown – Peter II, Duke of Brittany (died 1457)

Deaths 
March 22 – Dietrich of Nieheim, German historian
June 2 – Katherine of Lancaster, queen of Henry III of Castile
June 12 – Bernard VII, Count of Armagnac, Constable of France (b. 1360)
November 25 – Henry Beaufort, 2nd Earl of Somerset (born 1401)
December 11 – Louis of Piedmont (born 1364)
date unknown
Ixtlilxochitl I, ruler of the Mesoamerican city-state of Texcoco, and ally of the Aztecs
Mircea I of Wallachia, ruler of Wallachia (since 1386)
1419 was a common year.

Events of 1419 
 January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England which brings Normandy under the control of England.
 June 20 – Start of the Oei Invasion of Tsushima Island in Japan by Joseon Korea.
 July 30 – 1st defenestration of Prague
 September 10 – Assassination of John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy by adherents of the Dauphin
 Portuguese sea captains João Gonçalves Zarco and Tristão Vaz Teixeira, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator discover the Madeira islands
 The University of Rostock is established as the oldest university of northern Europe.

Births 
 July 10 – Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan (died 1471)
Deaths 
 April 5 – Vincent Ferrer, Spanish missionary and saint (born 1350)
 August 16 – Wenceslaus, King of the Romans, King of Bohemia (born 1361)
 September 10 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy (assassinated) (born 1371)
 November 22 – Antipope John XXIII
December 17 – William Gascoigne, Chief Justice of England
date unknown – Je Tsongkhapa, founder of the Geluk school of Tibetan Buddhism (born 1357)
Year 1420 was a leap year starting on Monday.

Events 
 May 21 – Treaty of Troyes.  With the Burgundian faction dominant in France, King Charles VI of France acknowledges Henry V of England as his heir and as virtual ruler of most of France.
 May 25 –  Henry the Navigator is appointed governor of the Order of Christ.
 The Madeira Islands were discovered by the Portuguese João Gonçalves Zarco.
 Hussite Wars – Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor fails at the battle of Vysehrad and is ejected from  Bohemia.
 Catherine of Valois marries Henry V of England.
 Henry V of England starts the construction Grace Dieu (ship)
 Construction begins on the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, China while the Forbidden City is completed.
 World population reaches 3.75 million.

Births 
 November 24 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (died 1473)
date unknown
Jean Fouquet, French painter (died 1481)
Nicolas Jenson, French engraver (died 1480)
Deaths 
June 11 – John III, Burgrave of Nuremberg (born c.1369)
August 9 – Pierre d'Ailly, French theologian and cardinal (born 1351)
September 3 – Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany, regent of Scotland
date unknown
Epiphanius the Wise, Russian saint
Andrew of Wyntoun, Scottish chronicler (born 1350)
1421 was a common year.

Events of 1421 
 March 21 – Battle of Baugé. A small French force surprises and defeats a smaller English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of  Henry V of England, in Normandy.
 May 26 – Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Murad II.
 November 17–19 – St. Elizabeth flood. The coastal area near Dordrecht in the Netherlands was flooded due to an extremely high tide of the North Sea. 72 villages were drowned, killing about 10,000 people.
John III of Dampierre, Marquis of Namur, sells his estates to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.
The first patent is issued by the Republic of Florence.
In a theory proposed by Gavin Menzies, supposedly the year that Chinese explorer Hong Bao and Zhou Wen discovered the Americas, beating Columbus by about 70 years.
Births 
 July 25 – Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (died 1461)
 December 6 – King Henry VI of England (died 1471)
date unknown
Sogi, Buddhist priest and Japanese poet (died 1502)
Agnès Sorel, mistress of Charles VII of France
Ponhea Yat, ruler of the Khmer Empire (died 1467)

Deaths 
January 21 – Niccolò I Trinci, lord of Foligno (assassinated)
March 22 – Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV of England (killed in battle) (born 1388)
May – Balša III, ruler of Zeta
May 26 – Mehmed I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1389)
date unknown – John FitzAlan, 13th Earl of Arundel (born 1385)

References
1423 was a common year.

Events 
April 27 – Hussite Wars: Battle of Horic – The Taborites decisively beat the Utraquists.
 July 31 –  Hundred Years' War: Battle of Cravant – The French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.
 August 23 – English with Burgundian soldiers defeat the French, who were supported by the Scots, at Verneuil. The English-Burgundian alliance was strengthened by the marriage of the Duke of Bedford to Anne of Burgundy. Anne was sister of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. Philip the Good had allied Burgundy with England after his father was murdered in 1419 by the French Dauphin, son of Charles VI of France.
 According to the 1421 theory, the return of Zheng He's fleets to China.

Births 
May 30 – Georg Purbach, German astronomer and mathematician (died 1461)
June 2 – Ferdinand I of Naples (died 1494)
July 3 – King Louis XI of France (died 1483)
August 24 – Thomas Rotherham, English cleric (died 1500)
November 24 – Baron Raß von Balzers, descendant of Frederick II
Deaths 
May 23 – Avignon Pope Benedict XIII (born 1328)
October 20 – Henry Bowet, Archbishop of York
December 15 – Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights
date unknown – Richard Whittington, Lord Mayor of London (born 1358)
1424 was a leap year starting on Saturday.

Events of 1424 
 August 17 – Battle of Verneuil – An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alençon, John Stewart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas.  Alençon was captured and Douglas killed.
June – Battle of L'Aquila – Jacopo Caldora and Micheletto Attendolo for the Kingdom of Naples defeat Braccio da Montone for Alfonso V of Aragon.

Births 
October 31 – King Wladislaus III of Poland (died 1444)
date unknown
Demetrius Chalcondyles, Greek scholar (died 1511)
Abu Sa'id, ruler of Persia and Afghanistan (died 1469)