Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A hangwa is a Korean traditional cookie. Hangwa includes Yumilgwa Yugwa, Dasik Dasik and Yeot Gangjeong. Hangwa is also called Jogwa since it is made of diverse grains and looks like fruits.

Origin 
Hangwa was very popular among people over the Shilla and Goryeo because the yield of grains had went up a lot and people tried not to eat meat for religious reasons. The religion at that time was Buddhism. Since then, Hangwa has become necessary in wedding ceremonies, memorial sacrifice days, and social dinners.

Types of Hangwa 
The basic materials of Hangwa are mostly natural and based on the materials Hangwa is primarily divided into seven kinds and the recipes are slightly different.
Characteristics 
Hangwa does not go bad easily because it is very good at preservation. This comes from the fermentation of grains and use of honey. Also, Hangwa is very nutritious. Ancestors thought that food was natural medicine and the idea was reflected on the nutrition of Hangwa too. Also, Hangwa shows Korean traditional virtue and emotions. It represents the warmth of neighbors. In ancient times, when people had ceremonies or social meetings, they made their guest go back with some food, which was mostly Tteok and Hangwa. In other words, Hangwa talks about the kindness and the affection between people in Korea.

References 
한과의 디저트 상품화를 위한 브랜드아이덴티티 디자인 개발 연구
International Strategy of Rice Cake and Korean Traditional Cookie

Other websites 

 What is Hangwa
 The origin of Hangwa 

Korean food
was a  after Genroku and before Shōtoku. This period started in March 1704 and ended in April 1711. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Hōei era
11 November 1707 (Hōei 4, 14th day of the 10th month): 1707 Hōei earthquake, also called the "Great Hōei Earthquake".
 16 December 1707 (Hōei 4, 23nd day of the 11th month): After the eruption of Mount Fuji, cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi.
 1708 (Hōei 5): The shogunate introduces new copper coins into circulation; and each coin is marked with the Hōei nengō name (Hōei Tsubo).
 28 April 1708 (Hōei 5, 8th day of the 3rd month): There was a great fire in Heian-kyō.
 19 February 1709 (Hōei 6, 10th day of the 1st month): Shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi died.
 1709 (Hōei 6, 4th month): Tokugawa Ienobu became the head of the Tokugawa shogunate.
 7 August 1709 (Hōei 6, 2nd day of the 7th month): Emperor Higashiyama abdicated; and his son received the succession (senso). Soon after, Emperor Nakamikado's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
 16 January 1710 (Hōei 6, 17th day of the 12th month): Former-Emperor Higashiyama died.
Related pages 
 Edo period
 Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1704 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1711 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
1700s establishments in Asia
The Verdin (Auriparus flaviceps) is a small bird. It is the only species in the genus Auriparus, and the only species in the family found in the New World.

The Verdin is a very small bird. At 4.5 inches in length, it rivals the Bushtit as one of the smallest passerines in North America. It is gray overall, and adults have a bright yellow head and rusty "shoulder patch" (the lesser coverts). Unlike the tits, it has a sharply pointed bill.

Verdins are insectivores. They keep looking among the desert trees and scrubs. They usually live alone except when they pair up to make their nests. They are very friendly birds. Verdins occasionally try to get tidbits of dried sugar water from hummingbird feeders.

Verdins always have and will live in southwestern United States and northern Mexico, ranging from southeastern California to Texas, throughout Baja California and into central Mexico, north of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.

Birds of North America
Passeri
The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Eje Volcánico Transversal) also known as the Transvolcanic Belt and locally as the Sierra Nevada (Snowy Mountain Range), is a volcanic belt that extends 900 km from west to east across central-southern Mexico.

Several of its highest peaks have snow all year long, and during clear weather, they can be seen bythose who live in Mexico on the many high plateaus from which these volcanoes rise.

References

Volcanic landforms
Volcanoes of Mexico
A volcanic belt is a large volcanically active place.Other terms are used for smaller areas of activity such as volcanic fields. Volcanic belts are found above zones of very high temperature (700-1400°C) where magma is made by melting of rock in the Earth's crust and upper mantle. These areas usually appear along tectonic plate boundaries at depths of 10-50 km.
The biggest volcanic belt is Pacific Ring of Fire

Volcanoes
Sikhae is a salted fermented food with grains in Korean cuisine as one of jeotgal. Sikhae is made with various fish, such as flat fish, shellfish, pollack, squid and fish intestines, and cooked grains, such as rice, glutinous rice,  glutinous foxtail millet and nonglutinous millet. Sikhae is less salty than jeotgal because most jeotgal is made with seafood and salt, but sikhae is made with not only the ingredients of jeotgal but also grains, shredded radish, etc. Therefore, sikhae is stored for short-term, while jeotgal is able to be stored for rather long-term because of the large amount of salt.

The types of sikhae can be different, depending on the main ingredients, regions, what the family and the person like. In past times, because of the limited transportation, regions near the sea had more types of sikhae compared to the inland areas. Koreans usually eat this food as a banchan (small dishes of food).
History (Documentaries on Sikhae)
Sikhae was not included in any literature before the early part of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. However, that doesn't mean there was not sikhae and rather it guesses that sikhae was not written down. After the middle of Joseon Dynasty, sikhae have been mentioned in literature.

Recipe
Sikhae is made with fish, salt, cooked rice, Korean traditional spices, etc. First, wash fishes and put drained fishes with salt in a pot. After about 10 days, take the salted fishes out of the pot, cut them into bite-size pieces and then put them with cooked rice and chili powder in the pot again. Lastly, put shredded radish into the pot after another four days and finally eat sikhae as 10 more days are passing.
Types
Gajamisikhae (가자미식해) - gajamisikhae made with flat fish(gajami, 가자미) in Hamgyong-do
- Gajamisikhae is the typical and popular Korean sikhae. It is made mostly in the region of North Korea. 
Dorumooksikhae (도루묵식해) - dorumooksikhae made with sailfin-sandfish(dorumook, 도루묵) in Gangwon-do
Boogasikhae (북어식해) - boogasikhae made with dried pollack(Booga, 북어) in Gangwon-do and Gyeongsangnam-do
Mareungogisikhae (마른고기식해) - Mareungogisikhae made with dried squid(mareun ojingeo, 마른 오징어) in Gyeongsang-do
Yeonansikhae (연안식해) - Yeonansikhae made with the flesh of a shellfish or clam meat(joegaetsal, 조갯살) in Hwanghae-do
Effects
Sikhae has a lot of effects. First, sikhae, as one of fermented food, is easily digested by creating peptone, peptide, and free amino acid through the process of decomposition of protein and so good nourishing food for patients, the old and the infirm and children. Also, millet, one of ingredients of Sikhae, helps people warm body in the winter when people have cold hands or feet due to the very cold weather.

Other websites

 Information about Sikhae

Korean food
For the constant pertaining to energy of black body radiation see Stefan–Boltzmann constant

The Boltzmann constant (k or kB) is a physical constant. It is defined to be  J/K. It relates the average kinetic energy of a particle in a gas with the temperature of the gas. It is the gas constant R divided by the Avogadro constant NA:

The Boltzmann constant has SI units of J⋅K−1 (also written J/K), the same as entropy. It is named after the Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann.

References

Thermodynamics
Physics
December Boys is a 2007 Australian movie. It was directed by Rod Hardy and written by Marc Rosenberg. It was taken from the 1963 novel of the same name by Michael Noonan. It was released on 14 September 2007 in the UK and US and 20 September 2007 in Australia. December Boys is Daniel Radcliffe's first non-Harry Potter movie role since 2001's The Tailor of Panama.

References 

2007 romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Australian drama movies
Australian romance movies
English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 1960s
Warner Bros. movies
An anapsid is an amniote whose skull does not have openings on the sides behind the eyes. This is
A primitive ('basal') condition for early amniotes in the Mississippian (early Carboniferous).
A secondary ('derived') condition of some other reptile groups, probably including turtles (Chelonia).

Some other groups were anapsids, such as the mesosaurs.

References 

Tetrapods
The bushtit (Psaltriparus minimus) is a long-tailed tit found in North America. It is the only species in the family found in the New World, and the only member of the genus Psaltriparus.

The bushtit lives in mixed open woodlands. It also lives in parks and gardens. It lives in the western United States and highland parts of Mexico all year, ranging from Vancouver through the Great Basin and the lowlands and foothills of California to southern Mexico and Guatemala.

The bushtit is one of the smallest passerines in North America, at 11 cm in length and 5.3 g in weight. It is gray-brown overall, with a large head, a short neck, a long tail, and a short stubby bill. The male has dark eyes and the adult female, yellow.

The bushtit is active and gregarious, searching for small insects and spiders in mixed-species feeding flocks with species such as chickadees and warblers, of 10 to over 40 birds. Members of the group keep making calls to each other that can be described as a short tsit.
Birds of North America
Birds of Central America
Birds of the United States
IUCN Red List least concern species
Passeri
A duck pond is a pond for ducks and other waterfowl. Duck ponds give habitats for water fowl and other birds who use the water to bathe in and drink. Duck ponds usually attract people who come to feed the ducks.

Ponds
Ducks
Hoei may mean:
 Hōei, a Japanese era name (1704-1711)
 1707 Hōei earthquake
 Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji, most recent event at this active volcano (December 1707-January 1708)
A diapsid is a reptile with two fenestrae (holes) behind the eye on each side of its skull. Most reptiles are diapsids, and the condition does not occur in mammals. The function of the holes is to improve jaw movements, and to reduce the weight of the skull. The holes give places for muscle attachment; also, as jaw muscles contract, the holes allow space for the muscles to bulge.

The Allosaurus skull shows the way the skull became lighter in dinosaurs, especially the large theropods. It is here not much more than a series of struts, yet provides massive bite power.

Euryapsids 
Some aquatic reptile groups lost the lower of the two openings, leaving just one behind the eye. This is called the euryapsid condition. It is fairly certain that this is secondary, and that the groups were originally diapsids. The groups include:
Ichthyosaurs
Plesiosaurs
Placodonts

Reptiles
Skeletal system
World of Tanks is a team-based massively played multiplayer online game featuring tanks from the World War II era. the 1930s to the 1950s. World of Tanks includes more than 500 armored vehicles from China,the Soviet Union, Germany, the United States, France, Britain, Japan,Italy, Sweden, Poland, Hungary, and Romania.  The vehicles have been carefully detailed with historical accuracy. Eventually, there will be around 500 vehicles available in the game. World of Tanks was released on April 12, 2011 in Europe and North America. There has been a mobile version of the game, World of Tanks Blitz

References

2011 video games
Online games
Android (operating system) games
Freeware games
IOS games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
MacOS games
PlayStation 4 games
Simulator video games
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox One games
A Multiplayer Online Game is a multiplayer video game which can be played over the internet, with other players around the world. Some examples of this are Battlefield 2, Halo 3, Counter-Strike, Quake 3, StarCraft,  Call of Duty: Black Ops, NBA 2K11, and the Sega Meganet.

These games are different from MMORPGs because they do not create a persistent world, but create a playing arena for the purpose of a single game or round.

Online games
NBA 2K11 is a basketball video game. It was developed by Visual Concepts and 3K Sports and published by 2K Sports. It was released on October 5, 2010 on Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PSP, PC, while the Wii version came out on October 21, 2010. Retired Chicago Bulls star Michael Jordan is the cover athlete of the game and is featured in the game in different ways. NBA 2K11 is the successor to NBA 2K10 and is succeeded by NBA 2K12.

References

Sports video games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation Portable games
Wii games
Xbox 360 games
2010 video games
Windows games
Heydar Aliyev International Airport (IATA: GYD, ICAO: UBBB) is the international airport in Azerbaijan. It is 20 km (12 mi) northeast of the capital city Baku. The airport is the home of Azerbaijan Airlines (AZAL).

Runways: 2,700x60m (8,858 ft) Asphalt, 3,200x45m (10,499 ft) Asphalt/Concrete

Other websites 

 Heydar Aliyev International Airport Renovation Project 
 Baku International Airport Official Website 

Buildings and structures in Azerbaijan
Airports in Asia
Airports in Europe
Buildings and structures in Baku
Public transport in Azerbaijan
Doug Hutchison (born 26 May 1960) is an  American actor. He was in the X-Files and The Green Mile.  He owns the production company Dark Water Inc.Hutchison was born in Dover, Delaware, the son of Deloris and Richard Hutchison.

Personal life
On May 20, 2011, Hutchison married Courtney Alexis Stodden (born August 29, 1994) in Las Vegas, Nevada. Stodden is Hutchison's third wife.

Filmography

References

Actors from Delaware
American movie actors
American television actors
1960 births
Living people
People from Dover, Delaware
Major advances were made to weapon technology during World War I.  There were better grenades, flame throwers,  poison gas, and artillery. The submarine, warplane and the tank were new weapons. 

Both sides used a much better heavy machine gun than they had used before in Europe. Four to six people worked one. They fired 400 to 600 bullets per minute. The machine guns got too hot and needed water on them. This kind of  gun was invented in 1884 by Hiram Maxim. The German version was the MG08. The British used the Vickers machine gun, which was very safe and easy to use.  The machine guns changed how war went; and killed many soldiers.  Because they sometimes got too hot, they could be slow. In case that one of the crew of the machine gun were shot, the whole squad were trained to fill their spot. As the war progressed, more machine guns were used in trench warfare in combination with barbed wire defensive positions, making them the most deadly weapon on the battle field.
The normal British army rifle was the Lee Enfield 0.303. This was made in 1907 by James Lee. The Lee Enfield could fire twelve bullets per minute. The Germans used the Mauser rifle made in 1898 by Paul Mauser. This was an excellent rifle, but it only held five bullets.

References 

Firearms
is a PC game. It was made in 2007 by a Japanese game creator named Kikiyama. It was created using RPG Maker 2003. It is about a girl named  who has odd dreams when she falls asleep.

The game is known for its strange and sometimes scary content, such as an alien who plays piano and a girl who sometimes turns into a monster when you turn off the light.

The game is free, and the official English version was put on Steam.

Gameplay
Madotsuki lives alone in a small apartment with a bed, an old game console, and a desk where she writes a diary of her dreams. The player controls Madotsuki and can move her using the arrow keys. If you make her go to sleep by interacting with the bed, she goes into a dream version of her room. From there, you can make her explore 12 different dream worlds by going through doors that are in a large, dark place north of her room. From these worlds, other dream worlds can be accessed.
To beat the game, the player has to find all 24 "effects" that are hidden in Madotsuki's dreams. Effects cause a change to Madotsuki, like turning her into a witch or making her small. The player can drop them in the main dream area, where they turn into egg-like objects. When they wake up, there is a step-ladder on Madotsuki’s balcony. Walking off it makes Madotsuki jump off the building to her likely death, ending the game.

Other websites 
Yume Nikki & KIKIYAMA's Official Website

2005 video games
Freeware games
Windows games
Adventure games
Edward Vernon Rickenbacker (October 8, 1890 – July 23, 1973) was an American fighter ace in World War I. He was also a Medal of Honor recipient. With 26 aerial victories he was America's most successful fighter ace in the war. He was also a race car driver and automotive designer. He was a government consultant in military matters and a pioneer in airline transport. He was also the longtime head of Eastern Air Lines.

Early life

He was born Edward Richenbacher (without a middle name) in Columbus, Ohio. His parents were German-speaking Swiss immigrants. Since childhood he loved machines and experimented with them. He was encouraged by his father's words: "A machine has to have a purpose".
Rickenbacker nearly died many times. He had an early run-in with a horse-drawn carriage, a botched tonsillectomy and multiple airplane crashes. His first near death experience occurred when he was in the "Horsehead Gang". He lived near a mine and they decided to ride a cart down the slope. It tipped over and almost crushed them.

He stopped going to school in grade seven after the accidental death of his father on August 26, 1904. Rickenbacker found jobs to help support the family. Driven by an intense admiration for machines he taught himself as much as he could. This included enrolling in a correspondence course in engineering. He aggressively pursued any chance of involvement with automobiles. Rickenbacker went to work at the Columbus Buggy Company. He eventually becoming a salesman.
Rickenbacker became well known as a race car driver. He competed in the Indianapolis 500 four times before World War I. He earned the nickname "Fast Eddie".  He joined the Maxwell Race Team in 1915 after leaving Peugeot. After the Maxwell team disbanded that same year, he joined the Prest-O-Lite team as manager and continued to race improved Maxwells for Prest-O-Lite.

He was in the United States Army in 1917 when Congress declared war. Soon he was in France where he became a pilot.

Verified aerial victories

Honors and awards

Military Awards

Medal of Honor citation
Edward V. Rickenbacker, Colonel, specialist reserve, then first lieutenant, 94th Aero Squadron, Air Service, American Expeditionary Forces. For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy near Billy, France, September 25, 1918. While on a voluntary patrol over the lines Lieutenant. Rickenbacker attacked seven enemy planes (five type Fokker protecting two type Halberstadt photographic planes). Disregarding the odds against him he dived on them and shot down one of the Fokkers out of control. He then attacked one of the Halberstadts and sent it down also.

Medal of Honor citation, awarded November 6, 1930
First Distinguished Service Cross citation
The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to Edward Vernon Rickenbacker, Captain (Air Service), US Army, for extraordinary heroism in action near Montsec, France, April 29, 1918. Captain Rickenbacker attacked an enemy Albatross monoplane, and after a vigorous fight in which he followed his foe into German territory, he succeeded in shooting it down near Vigneulles-les-Hatton Chatel.

General Orders No. 32, W.D., 1919

Second Distinguished Service Cross citation
The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to Edward Vernon Rickenbacker, Captain (Air Service), U.S . for extraordinary heroism in action over Richecourt, France, on May 17, 1918. Captain Rickenbacker attacked three Albatross enemy planes, shooting one down in the vicinity of Richecourt, France, and forcing the others to retreat over their own lines.

General Orders No. 32, W.D., 1919
Third Distinguished Service Cross citation
The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to Edward Vernon Rickenbacker, Captain (Air Service), US Army, for extraordinary heroism in action over St. Mihiel, France, on May 22, 1918. Captain Rickenbacker attacked three Albatross monoplanes 4,000 meters over St. Mihiel, France. He drove them back into German territory, separated one from the group, and shot it down near Flirey.

General Orders No. 32, W.D., 1919

Fourth Distinguished Service Cross citation
The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to Edward Vernon Rickenbacker, Captain (Air Service), US Army, for extraordinary heroism in action over Boise Rate, France, on May 28, 1918. Captain Rickenbacker sighted a group of two battle planes and four monoplanes, German planes, which he at once attacked vigorously, shooting down one and dispersing the others.

General Orders No. 32, W.D., 1919
Fifth Distinguished Service Cross citation
The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to Edward Vernon Rickenbacker, Captain (Air Service), US Army, for extraordinary heroism in action on May 30, 1918, 4,000 meters over Jaulny, France. Captain Rickenbacker attacked a group of five enemy planes. After a violent battle, he shot down one plane and drove the others away.

General Orders No. 32, W.D., 1919

Sixth Distinguished Service Cross citation
The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to Edward Vernon Rickenbacker, Captain (Air Service), US Army, for extraordinary heroism in action in the region of Villecy, France, September 14, 1918. Captain Rickenbacker attacked four Fokker enemy planes at an altitude of 3,000 meters. After a sharp and hot action, he succeeded in shooting one down in flames and dispersing the other three.

General Orders No. 32, W.D., 1919
Seventh Distinguished Service Cross citation
The Distinguished Service Cross is presented to Edward Vernon Rickenbacker, Captain (Air Service), US Army, for extraordinary heroism in action in the region of Bois-de-Wavrille, France, September 15, 1918. Captain Rickenbacker encountered six enemy planes, who were in the act of attacking four Spads, which were below them. Undeterred by their superior numbers, he unhesitatingly attacked them and succeeded in shooting one down in flames and completely breaking the formation of the others.

General Orders No. 32, W.D., 1919

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I

References
Further reading
Adamson, Hans Christian, Eddie Rickenbacker, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1946.
Blank, Joan Gill. Key Biscayne, Pineapple Press, Sarasota, FL, 1996. .
Farr, Finis, Rickenbacker's Luck - An American Life, Houghton-Mifflin Company, Boston, 1979, .
 Franks, Norman, et al. American Aces of World War I. Osprey Publishing, 2001. , .
Lewis, W. David, Eddie Rickenbacker: An American Hero in the Twentieth Century, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2005.
Rickenbacker, Captain Edward V., Fighting the Flying Circus, Frederick A. Stokes, New York, 1919.
Rickenbacker, Captain Edward V., Seven Came Through, Doubleday, Doran and Company, Inc., Garden City, New York, 1943.
Rickenbacker, Edward V., Rickenbacker: an Autobiography, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1967.
Serling, Robert J., From the Captain to the Colonel; An Informal History of Eastern Airlines, The Dial Press, New York, 1980.
Whittaker, James C., We Thought We Heard the Angels Sing, E. P. Dutton, New York, 1943. An account of the adrift at sea experience by another member of the crew.
Other websites

 The Races of Eddie Rickenbacker
 16-year old Eddie Rickenbacker (VanderbiltCupRaces.com)
 The Rickenbacker Papers at Auburn University
 Adelaide Frost Rickenbacker, Auburn University
 Rickenbacker photographs, Auburn University Digital Library
 Fighting The Flying Circus (Wings of War) (1919) - text in public domain
 Entry from Webster's American Military Biographies 
 July 14, 2008 - 90th anniversary Commemoration of Eddie Rickenbacker and 1st Pursuit Group in France
 Eddie Rickenbacker, Boy Pilot and Racer - Audiobook available at iTunes 
 

1895 births
1973 deaths
American autobiographers
American aviators
American military personnel of World War I
Majors in the United States Army
People from Columbus, Ohio
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from Ohio
Suncheon is  a city in South Korea. It belongs to Jeollanam-do. 70% of Suncheon  is composed of mountains and the city has the greatest number of mountains in the province. The average temperature for the year is 12.5℃. The average temperature in January is -0.5℃ and the average temperature in August is 25.2℃. Since Suncheon fronts the southern sea, the city is relatively warm during the winter by the effect of oceanic climate.

Suncheon is famous among Korean travelers due to its beautiful tourist attractions and local food of great taste. Among many spots, Suncheon bay is the most well-known. It was selected as one of the top 5 coastal wetlands in the world. The large mud flat stretches out and several kinds of birds and other living creatures live there. Also, the wide field of reeds along the waterside forms magnificent view. The Suncheon bay reeds festival is held every October and it gets great reputation.
Since the city is located near to the sea, dishes made of diverse fresh fish highly attract those who visit Suncheon. Especially, thanks to the well-protected ecological environment, mudskippers which exist usually in the very clean mud flat are seen in the Suncheon bay. They are used  for cooking in Suncheon and the dish is  very famous for its greater taste than any other region in the country.

Cities in South Korea
Dean Edwards (born July 30, 1970) is an American actor and comedian. Edwards joined the cast of Saturday Night Live in 2001. He created several impressions. These include Michael Jackson, Wayne Brady, Chris Tucker, Don Cheadle, Colin Powell, Serena Williams, Nipsey Russell, Denzel Washington, Grace Jones, and Billy Ocean. Chris Tucker was Edwards' first impression. This was also the an impression done by Jay Pharoah on his first SNL episode on September 25, 2010. Even though Edwards was very good at impressions, he was not used much during his time working on the program. He left after the program's 28th season. He said it was because of creative differences. He also appeared in Tony N' Tina's Wedding, The Sopranos, Robotomy, and Scared Shrekless. In Scared Shrekless and Thriller Night, he voiced the part of Donkey.

Many feel that Edwards voice and style is very similar to that of Eddie Murphy. 
 
On YouTube, Edwards currently has his own channel known as "deanedwardscomedy".

References
References

Other websites
 Official website 
 
 Dailycomedy.com 

African American actors
American stand-up comedians
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from New York City
1970 births
Living people
American Internet celebrities
Comedians from New York City
was a  after Hōei and before Kyōhō.  This period started in April 1711 and ended in June 1716.  During this time, the emperor was .

The nengō Shōtoku means "Correct Virtue".

Events of the Shōtoku Era

 1711 (Shōtoku 1): An ambassador from Korea was received at Court.
 12 November 1712 (Shōtoku 2, 14th day of the 10th month): Shogun Tokugawa Ienobu died.
 1713 (Shōtoku 3): Tokugawa Ietsugu became the 7th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
 1714 (Shōtoku 4): The shogunate introduced new gold and silver coins into circulation.
 1714 (Shōtoku 4): The poet Nozawa Bonchō died. 
 20 April 1715 (Shōtoku 5, 17th day of the 3rd month): The 100th anniversary of the death of Tokugawa Ieyasu was celebrated.

Related pages 
 Edo period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Japanese eras
1711 establishments
18th-century establishments in Japan
1716 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Japan
1710s establishments in Asia
Ice storms are weather phenomena caused by freezing rain. The falling rain comes into contact with surfaces and turns into a thin sheet of ice. Ice storms cause accidents, take power lines down and cause serious damage.

Formation 

It starts with a layer of warmer (not freezing) air above a layer of huge-freezing temperatures lower down. Frozen precipitation melts to rain while falling into the warm air layer, and then begins to refreeze in the cold layer below. 
If the precipitate refreezes while still in the air, it will land on the ground as sleet. 
Or, the liquid droplets continue to fall without freezing. They pass through the cold air just above the surface. This thin layer of air cools the rain to a temperature below freezing (), but the drops themselves do not freeze. This is a phenomenon called supercooling. When the supercooled drops strike ground or anything else below  (e.g. power lines, tree branches, aircraft), a layer of ice builds up, hence "freezing rain".

Reeferences 

Severe weather
José Miguel Cabrera Torres, commonly known as Miguel Cabrera, is a former baseball player who played for the Detroit Tigers and Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB). He was born on April 18, 1983 in Maracay, Venezuela. He is a first baseman and a right-handed player; he bats and throws right-handed.  At the beginning of his career, he was a third baseman.  Cabrera is regarded as one of the best batters of all time - he currently holds the highest batting average among active players and is 2nd among active players in career home runs.
Games 
Cabrera has played a total of 2,226 games and compiled .317 average with 462 homers and 1,613 RBIs from 2003 to 2017. He is a seven-time Silver Slugger Award winner. Also, he was an American League (AL) Home run leader in 2008, a AL RBI Champion in 2010, a AL leading hitter in 2011.  In 2012, Cabrera won the AL Triple Crown, leading the league in home runs, RBI and average.  He won the 2012 AL MVP.  In 2013, he improved on the previous year's performance, and won a second AL MVP.

Popularity 
Also, Cabrera is a popular MLB player. He is an 11-time All Star. He was a National League All Star in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and an AL All Star every year from 2010 to 2016. He is nicknamed 'Miggy' by his fans.

Cabrera is well known for his ability to drive pitches.  He hits for power to all fields, and is able to hit every type of pitch.

Cabrera's wife is named Rosangel. They have two daughters and one son. Cabrera and his family live in Birmingham, Michigan.

References
References 

Batting stats at Baseball-reference.com. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
Biography.  Jockbio.com. Retrieved December 13, 2011.

1983 births
Detroit Tigers players
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Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), just outside Batavia, Illinois, near Chicago, is a US Department of Energy national laboratory specializing in high-energy particle physics. As of January 1, 2007, Fermilab is operated by the Fermi Research Alliance, a joint venture of the University of Chicago, Illinois Institute of Technology and the Universities Research Association (URA). Fermilab is a part of the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor.   

Fermilab's Tevatron was a landmark  particle accelerator; at  in circumference, it was the world's second largest energy particle accelerator (CERN's Large Hadron Collider is 27 km in circumference), until being shut down on September 30, 2011. In 1995, two teams at Fermilab (CDF and DØ, detectors which utilize the Tevatron) announced the discovery of the top quark.
In addition to high energy collider physics, Fermilab is also host to a number of smaller fixed-target and neutrino experiments, such as MiniBooNE (Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment), SciBooNE (SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment) and MINOS (Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search). The MiniBooNE detector is a  diameter sphere which contains 800 tons of mineral oil lined with 1520 individual phototube detectors. An estimated 1 million neutrino events are recorded each year.  SciBooNE is the newest neutrino experiment at Fermilab; it sits in the same neutrino beam as MiniBooNE but has fine-grained tracking capabilities. The MINOS experiment uses Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Injector) beam, which is an intense beam of neutrinos that travels  through the Earth to the Soudan Mine in Minnesota.
A large piece of land was reserved for Fermilab, but much of the equipment is underground.  The Fermilab scientists decided to use the land surface as an experiment in restoring Illinois original prairie.  They also started a farm to raise al herd of American bison. The Fermilab Nature Areas is a separate non-profit group that administers these programs.

Asteroid 11998 Fermilab is named in honor of the laboratory.

History
History
 

Between World War II and the 1960s, the federal government funded different particle accelerators at competing universities to build high-energy physics experiments. Most notable were the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC), which sent particles in a straight line,  the Brookhaven National Laboratory at SUNY Stoney Brook and the Cornell University synchrotron, which sent particles around in a circle to have the same magnets work on the particles many times.  By the 1960s, the cost of building bigger atom smashers were too high to fund each individual campus, and the size of ring for the next circular accelerator would be too large to fit on an existing college campus.  So, the federal government decided to start a new location to be run by physicists from several universities.  They held a competition to pick a site, but politicians fought for it to be in Illinois.
Weston, Illinois was a community next to Batavia. It was a subdivision of pre-fabricated homes started in the early 1960s.  Sales were very slow, so the land developers tried to attract Fermilab to be a new employer on the edge of the new town.  However, it turned out that the amount of land needed would swallow up the entire town.  So, the town voted to sell all of the land, including the houses that had been built to Fermilab.  The town then dissolved.

The laboratory was founded in 1967 as the National Accelerator Laboratory; it was renamed in honor of Enrico Fermi in 1974. The lab's first director was Robert Rathbun Wilson. Wilson made many of the sculptures on the campus. He is attributed as being responsible for it being finished ahead of time and under budget. The high rise laboratory building on the site, the unique shape of which has become the symbol for Fermilab, is named in his honor, and is the center of activity on the campus.
Before the new buildings could be finished, the scientists moved into the Weston houses and also moved all of the farm houses on Fermilab to that location for use as office space. They renamed Weston, "Fermilab Village." It still houses visiting scientists.

Wilson brought in the team that had built the Cornell synchrotron to help build the original 200 GeV accelerator.  Two important inventions made this accelerator obsolete: superconducting magnets and using the same acclerator ring to send two groups of particles around in opposite directions so that when the collide they would have twice the energy.
After Wilson stepped down in 1978 to protest the lack of funding for the lab, Leon M. Lederman took on the job. It was under his guidance that the original accelerator was replaced with the Tevatron accelerator. The new accelerator was capable of colliding proton and an antiproton at a combined energy of 1.96 TeV. Lederman stepped down in 1988 and remains Director Emeritus. The on-site science education center (which serves students and the general public) was named in his honor.

From 1988 to 1998, the lab was run by John Peoples. From that time until June 30, 2005, the lab was run by Michael S. Witherell. On November 19, 2004 Piermaria Oddone, formerly of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California, was announced as Fermilab's newest director. Oddone began his term as director July 1, 2005.
Fermilab continues to participate in the work in the LHC including serving as a Tier 1 site in the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid. The State of Illinois is funding a new Illinois Accelerator Research Center building at Fermilab for scientists and industrial partners.

Accelerators
Accelerators

The first stage in the acceleration process takes place in the Cockcroft–Walton generator. It involves taking hydrogen gas and turning it into H− ions by introducing it into a container lined with molybdenum electrodes: a matchbox-sized, oval-shaped cathode and a surrounding anode, separated by 1 mm and held in place by glass ceramic insulators. A magnetron is used to generate a plasma to form H− near the metal surface. A 750 keV electrostatic field is applied by the Cockcroft–Walton generator, and the ions are accelerated out of the container. The next step is the linear accelerator (or linac), which accelerates the particles to 400 MeV, or about 70% of the speed of light. Right before entering the next accelerator, the H− ions pass through a carbon foil, becoming H+ ions (protons).
The next step is the booster ring. The booster ring is a 468 m circumference circular accelerator that uses magnets to bend beams of protons in a circular path. The protons coming from the Linac travel around the Booster about 20,000 times in 33 milliseconds so that they repeatedly experience electric fields. With each revolution the protons pick up more energy, leaving the Booster with 8 GeV. The Main Injector is the next link in the accelerator chain. Completed in 1999, it has become Fermilab's "particle switchyard" with three functions: it accelerates protons, it delivers protons for antiproton production, and it accelerates antiprotons coming from the antiproton source. The final accelerator was the Tevatron. It was the second most powerful particle accelerator in the world (CERN's Large Hadron Collider being the most powerful). Traveling at almost the speed of light, protons and antiprotons circle the Tevatron in opposite directions
. Physicists coordinate the beams so that they collide at the centers of two 5,000-ton detectors DØ and CDF inside the Tevatron tunnel at energies of 1.96 TeV, revealing the conditions of matter in the early universe and its structure at the smallest scale.  The Tevatron is being converted into a museum.
The linear accelerator also has a medical treatment facility.  Doctors treat people with cancer by shooting protons or neutrons from the accelerator into their tumors.

Experiments
 Holometer interferometer
 Tevatron proton-antiproton collider: DØ and Collider Detector at Fermilab
 MiniBooNE: Mini Booster Neutrino Experiment
 Sciboone: SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment
 MINOS: Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search
 MINERνA: Main INjector ExpeRiment with νs on As
 NOνA: NuMI Off-axis νe Appearance
 MIPP: Main Injector Particle Production

Notes and references

Other websites

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Fermilab Today Daily newsletter
Other Fermilab online publications
Fermilab Virtual Tour
Architecture at the Fermilab campus
Fermilab site in Google Maps

 
Buildings and structures in Chicago
The heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) is  a type of bipolar junction transistor (BJT) which uses different semiconductor materials for the emitter and base regions, making a heterojunction. The HBT  can handle signals of much higher frequencies, (up to several hundred GHz) than BJT. HBT is commonly used in modern ultrafast circuits, mostly radio-frequency (RF) systems, and in applications requiring a high power efficiency, such as RF power amplifiers in mobile  phones. The idea of using a heterojunction is as old as the conventional BJT, dating back to a patent from 1951.

Materials
Materials

The principal difference between the BJT and HBT is in the use of different semiconductor materials for the emitter and base regions, making a heterojunction. This limits the injection of holes from the base into the emitter region, since the potential barrier in the valence band is higher than in the conduction band. Unlike BJT technology, this allows a high doping density to be used in the base. The high doping density reduces the base resistance while maintaining gain. The efficiency of the heterojunction is measured by the Kroemer factor.

References

Other websites
 
 HBT Optoelectronic Circuits developed in the Technion (15Mb, 230p)
 New Material Structure Produces World's Fastest Transistor  604 GHz Early 2005

Electronic components
Wet chemistry studies chemical reactions that occur in the liquid phase. It is also called bench chemistry because many of the tests performed are done at a lab bench.

Materials
Wet chemistry uses laboratory glassware, such as beakers and flasks, without quantitative chemical analysis using instrumentation. Many high school and college laboratories teach students basic wet chemistry methods.

History
Before the age of theoretical and computational chemistry, it was the main form of scientific discovery in the chemical field. So, some people call wet chemistry classic chemistry or classical chemistry. Today's society and quality control requirements need a high volume of wet chemistry. So, many wet chemistry methods have been automated and computerized for faster analysis.
Uses
Wet chemistry techniques can be used for qualitative chemical measurements, such as changes in color (colorimetry), but often involves more quantitative chemical measurements, using methods such as gravimetry and titrimetry. Some uses for wet chemistry include tests for:

 pH (acidity, alkalinity)
 concentration
 conductivity (Specific Conductance)
 cloud point (nonionic surfactants)
 hardness
 solids or dissolved solids
 salinity
 specific gravity
 density
 turbidity
 viscosity
 moisture (Karl Fischer titration)

Wet chemistry is also used in environmental chemistry settings and is used for to test:

 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
 Chemical Oxygen Demand
 eutrophication
 coating identification

It can also involve the elemental analysis of samples, e.g., water sources, for items like:

 Ammonia Nitrogen
 Chloride
 Chromium
 Cyanide
 dissolved Oxygen
 Fluoride
 Nitrogen
 Nitrate
 Phenols
 Phosphate
 Phosphorus
 Silica
 Sulfate, Sulfide

Further reading

Other websites
Wet Chemistry Lab Photo
The first Koreans who came to Canada were Christians. They were sent by Canadian missionaries to study Christianity in Canada. Not many stayed in Canada though; and in 1965, the total Korean population of Canada was only about 70 people. However, after 1966's change of Canadian immigration laws, South Korean immigration to Canada grew. Between 1970 and 1980, 18,148 Koreans immigrated to Canada, and another 17,583 came in the 1990s. In the late 1990s, South Korea became the fifth-largest source of immigrants to Canada. Toronto has the most Koreans in Canada, but Vancouver has the highest growth rate of Koreans. They have increased 69% since 1996. Montreal has the third-most Korean immigrants at this time. In 2001, More Koreans went to Canada than to the United States. The number of temporary residents also grew after the Canadian government made visas not necessary; South Korea sent the most international students to Canada in the late 1990s
. Many of the Koreans who came to Canada, came from the Korean population in China.
In the 1990s, many Koreans came to Canada because unemployment was high and income growth was low. It was the opposite in the United States at this time. They also came because the Canadian dollar was very weak, so they could get a lot of Canadian money from their Korean money. In the USA, they could get less American dollars. So they had more money if they came to Canada Lastly, in Korea at the time there was lots of anti-American feelings, and also many local native teachers came from Canada, so Koreans knew Canadians very well. .

Koreans Today
Many Koreans in Canada are well educated, and many new immigrants and their children are skilled workers such as—doctors, professors, engineers, computer technicians—or businessmen.
Korean Canadians are usually one of three types: first generation immigrants, the “1.5” generation who began their schooling in Korea but moved to Canada in their childhood or teen years, and the second generation born in Canada. Each group is very unique, but Korean Canadians are very loyal to their Korean culture. They do this by local culture activities, university and alumni groups, seniors’ groups, language schools and business contacts. Vancouver and Toronto have Korean-language newspapers, and Korean television and radio programs. Korean dance, music art, as well as martial arts and Korean cuisine, are very popular in Canada.

Today, many Korean Canadians are Christians, and often attend Korean churches. A small number are Buddhist or are not religious.
Demographics
Statistics were researched in 2007 by the South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. The statistics showed that among Koreans living in Canada, 86,084 are Canadian citizens, 72,077 are permanent residents, 20,738 people have student visas, and 19,271 other people are temporary residents. The Canada 2001 Census said that there are 101,715 Canadians of Korean descent, but Korean community leaders and the media think that there are more than this. A big group could be temporary students studying English. According to the Canada 1996 Census, 53.6% of Korean immigrants to Canada graduated from University, compared to 23% of other Canadians. However, because Canadian employers prefer degrees from Canada, Korean immigrants often do jobs that are not what they studied in Korea; 40% worked in family-owned businesses, and their average income is only 67% of other Canadian's income.

Notes

References

Ethnic groups in Canada
Korean people
Placodonts were a group of Triassic marine reptiles which had heavy flat teeth. These teeth were used for crushing shellfish. Placodonts are in the Order Sauropterygia, the group that includes Plesiosaurs. Placodonts were mostly between  in length, up to a maximum  long. They are found in marine sediments of the Middle and Upper Triassic, 235–250 million years ago.

The first specimen was discovered in 1830, and the group was very widely distributed. Shellfish were common throughout the Mesozoic period, but this group of shellfish-eaters went extinct at the end of the Triassic. They were clearly a victim of some event which disturbed their lifestyle. The end-Triassic had several extinction events which are not well understood.

Palaeobiology
The earliest forms like Placodus, in the early to middle Triassic, looked rather barrel-shaped. Later placodonts had bony plates on their backs which protected their bodies while they were feeding.
By the Upper Triassic, these plates had grown so that some placodonts of the time looked like the sea turtles of modern day.  Other placodonts developed plates that resembled the shells of horseshoe crabs and trilobites rather than those of sea turtles. These adaptations are examples of convergent evolution. 

Because of their dense bone and heavy armour plating, these creatures would have been too heavy to float in the ocean. They would have used a lot of energy to reach the water surface. For this reason, and because of the type of sediment found with the fossils, it is suggested placodonts lived in shallow waters and not in deep oceans.

Feeding 
The placodonts ate shellfish. Their front teeth stuck out: they would be used to dig up the shellfish, and pull them from any attachment to the ground. Inside their mouth, the teeth were large and flat: they were used to crush the shells.