Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Dover
Bodies of water of Europe
Geography of France
Geography of the United Kingdom
Pas-de-Calais
South East England
Kent
SA is an abbreviation. It can stand for different things.

Countries and territories 
It can refer to Schengen Area
It is the official two letter shorthand for Saudi Arabia.
It is the official state abbreviation for South Australia.
It is used to mean Saline County, Kansas
It is sometimes used to refer to South Africa. The official two letter shorthand for that country is ZA.
It is used to informally refer to South America.

Cities 
It is used to mean San Antonio, Texas
It is used to mean San Andreas, California
It is used to mean St. Albans, Hertfordshire

Organizations 

It is used to mean the Sturmabteilung, during its existence from 1919 to 1945.
It can refer to S.A. (corporation). This is a special type of company.
The Pigeon Detectives are an English band who originated from Rothwell in Leeds, they formed in 2002. They have received praise by such well known DJs as Steve Lamacq and Jo Whiley, and performed at the Reading and Leeds Festivals in 2006, where they were "the band most likely to leap to the main stage in 2007” in an issue of the NME.

They supported Dirty Pretty Things whilst they toured in spring 2006. In early November 2006 they supported The Kaiser Chiefs, who are known to be admirers of the band. On 8 July 2007, they played on the Radio 1 NME Stage in front of thousands of people at T in the Park. The performance was televised and shown later that day on BBC3 television channel.

Current members
 Matt Bowman (vocals)
 Oliver Main (lead guitar)
 Ryan Wilson (rhythm guitar)
 Dave Best (bass)
 Jimmi Naylor (drums)

Discography

Singles

References
References

Other websites
 Official site
 Dance to the Radio record label
 The Pigeon Detectives - Leeds Music Scene
 The band at MySpace
 The Pigeon Detectives live images on shootingmusic 
 The band  at Drowned in Sound
 Last.fm playbacks, samples and tunes

English rock bands
English punk bands
Indie rock bands
Hirschaid is the biggest municipality in the district of Bamberg. About 11,650 people live there. The mayor is Andreas Schlund.

References

Other websites

Bamberg (district)
Julián Marías Aguilera (June 17, 1914 – December 15, 2005) was a Spanish philosopher. He is the author of History of Philosophy (1941) written in Spanish on the subject of the history of philosophy.  He was a pupil of the Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset.

Spanish philosophers
2005 deaths
1914 births
Spanish writers
Deuteronomy is a book in the Bible.  It is the last of the five books of Moses, meaning it deals with Moses, the Israelites and their ancestors, and their relationship with God. It is part of the Torah. The Hebrew name of the book is , which means 'people of the Word.'

Layout

The Beginning 
The book begins with the words Moses spoke to the Israelites in the wilderness east of the Jordan.  He told them that they had been very rebellious towards God, so God made them travel from place to place before reaching the land he promised them.  This was the fortieth year they travelled.
The Causes 
Moses told the Israelites what had happened throughout their journey.  He scolded them for disobeying God, who made them go through a very hard journey.  Moses then gave them the Law, teaching them what must be done, and what cannot be done.  These laws were given to him by God.  (See Ten Commandments.) The Law warns against worshipping other gods, and tells that all Israel, every one, must obey God alone. He warned them against worshipping idols, and commanded them to treat the poor, foreigners, and orphans well.  If the Israelites obey God, they will prosper (be successful). But God predicted that the future generations will suffer because of their disobedience.  One day, however the Israelites would return to God.
The Tablets 
God then commanded Moses to write the Law on stone tablets for the Israelites to remember.  Then Moses formally made Joshua, son of Nun, the new leader over the Israelites.  God gave Moses a song to sing, and asked him to teach it to the Israelites.  The song would remind them in the future about how they had gone against God.

The death of Moses 
Moses was very old - 120 years - during that time.  He knew he was going to die because God had told him it would happen.  Therefore, before he died, he gave a blessing to all the twelve tribes of Israel.

Finally God made Moses climb Mount Nebo and showed him all the land he was giving to Israel.  Because Moses and his brother Aaron disobeyed God earlier on, Moses was not allowed to enter the land, only to see it. Moses died on Mount Nebo, and the Israelites mourned for him for thirty days.  After that Joshua began to lead Israel under God's command.
Other websites 
 Book of Deuteronomy article (Jewish Encyclopedia)
 Teacher's Guide to Teaching Deuteronomy
 Deuteronomy by Rob Bradshaw
 "Deuteronomy 32:8 and the Sons of God", Michael S. Heiser, Bibliotheca Sacra 158 (January-March 2001)

Versions and translations
Jewish translations:
 Deuteronomy at Mechon-Mamre (modified Jewish Publication Society translation)
 Deuteronomy (The Living Torah)  Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan's translation and commentary at Ort.org
 Devarim - Deuteronomy (Judaica Press) translation with Rashi's commentary at Chabad.org 
 דְּבָרִים Devarim - Deuteronomy (Hebrew - English at Mechon-Mamre.org)

 Christian translations:
Online Bible at GospelHall.org (King James Version)
 Deuteronomy - Chapter Indexed  (King James Version)
 oremus Bible Browser (New Revised Standard Version)
 oremus Bible Browser (Anglicized New Revised Standard Version)
 Deuteronomy at Wikisource  (Authorized King James Version)

Old Testament books
Books of the Hebrew Bible
6th-century BC books
Viareggio is a city in northern Tuscany in Italy on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. With over 63,000 people it is the main centre of the northern Tuscan Riviera known as Versilia, and the second largest city in the Province of Lucca.

Viareggio is famous for the "Passeggiata", a promenade, and for the oldest Carnival in Europe, the "Carnevale di Viareggio".

Origin of the name 
The city’s name comes from the Latin "via regis", the name of the Medieval road used for going to Lucca.

History of Viareggio

From the origins to 1169 
In the area we can find the rest of Ligurian, and other peoples from north Italy. The area of "Ersilia", is very rich in old artifacts.

1169/1400 
With time, Viareggio has also gained the title of Capital of Versilia. The first historical fact concerning Viareggio dates 1169 when a wooden tower guarding coast was built, however Viareggio, was in a bad area for living, how Giovanni Boccaccio spoke in his book the "Decamerone".
1600/1699 
This century was perhaps one of the most difficult periods for the 300 inhabitants of Viareggio; the area was really bad, for the life, often people died for malaria, but however slowly Viareggio changed its appearance; two small churches and as many factories were built, followed by a number of small shops.

1800/1814 
With the fall of Napoleon, Viareggio was the centre of several acts of violence. In March 1814 viareggini, (the people born in Viareggio) attack the French soldiers.

1815/1847 
Viareggio remained under the control of the Austrians until 1817 when, as part of the agreements from Congress of Vienna, Maria Luisa di Borbone was assigned the new Duchy of Lucca. In 1820 Viareggio was officially proclaimed city.Carlo Ludovico di Borbone helped the city, building a new church, a royal casino and two beach resorts, the first ones to be built in Viareggio.

1860/1899 
During these years Viareggio’s economy had a very rapid expansion about the sailboat industry.
1900/1940 
Viareggio begins to be a place for tourism, The Passeggiata or promenade was born, with its cafés and shops, contributing to make famous the city, that after will be called friendly the "Pearl of the Tyrrhenian Sea".

1940/Today 
During World War II Viareggio was subject to heavy bombings and entire suburbs of the city were destroyed.After the war, the reconstruction was really hard to do.Today Viareggio is a very nice city for tourism.

Patron Saint of the city 
Patron saint of the city is Maria Santissima Annunziata

Monuments
War memorial, (piazza Garibaldi), 1927, bronze, Lorenzo Viani and Domenico Rampelli.
 The "Madonnina", (pier), 1950, marble statue with concrete pedestal in the shape of four rudders.
 Statue of the Madonna, (over-pass), 1956, marble statue with a stone pedestal, Nicola Arrighi.
 Monument to Shelley, (piazza Shelley), bronze, 1894, Urbano Lucchesi. The sculpture is located near the place where the body of English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley was found and cremated.
 Monument to Giuseppe Barsanti, bronze, with marble base, 1926. The sculpture is dedicated to the first owner of the Bagno Nettuno.
 The Sailor, (logge della Camera del Lavoro), bronze, 1991, Giovanni Lazzarini.
 The Fisherman (mercato ittico, Marina di Levante), bronze, Giovanni Lazzarini.
 Fisherman, (piazzetta Motto e Palmerini, Lungocanale Est), bronze, 1994, Augusto Murrer.
 War Memorial, (piazza Palombari dell'Artiglio), 1985, Enio Francesconi.
 Memorial to the Fallen of World War I, stone with an element in bronze, 1923.
Monument to the Resistance and to Peace, .
 Low-relief to commemorate the Liberation
 Monument to Giacomo Puccini
 Monumental headstone
 Monumental Fountain, 1960-1961, inaugurated in 1963, Beppe Domenici, and representing the four seasons.
 Girl on the sand, (piazza Maria Luisa), fountain, 1938, the statue was damaged during the War, Mario Carlesi.
 Le Oceaniche, (piazza Puccini), painted alluminium, 1993, Guido Turcato, donated to the city by the artist.
 Monument to the fallen aviators, (piazza Maria luisa), 2007.
Famous Buildings 

 Villa Puccini, here lived Giacomo Puccini.
 The City of Carnival,
 Villa Borbone, built around 1822. Residence to Maria Luisa di Borbone, duchess of Lucca from 1817 to 1824

Famous shops, in Viareggio
Caffè Liberty, previously known as Supercinema Savoia, 1925-1927, inaugurated in 1929, designed by Alfredo Belluomini and decorated by Galileo Chini.
 Galleria Nettuno.
 Cinema Eden, 1930.
 Duilio 48, 1933, rebuilt in 1947 (destroyed during the War), known as "Il 48".
 Gran Caffè Margherita, 1928, designed by Alfredo Belluomini and Galileo Chini. Café and restaurant, favoured by Giacomo Puccini.
 Negozio Martini, 1896, rebuilt 1947 (destroyed by the aerial bombardments during the War), Wooden structure.
 Galleria del Libro, 1931.
 Bagno Balena, 1928, Art Deco.
 Cinema Eolo, 1932.
 Bagno Felice, 1933.
 Bagno Amedeo, 1931.
 Bagno Tre Stelle, 1929.
 Bagno Bertuccelli and Bagno Martinelli, 1931.
 Bagno Marco Polo, 1931.
 Bagno Tritone, 1934.
 Il Principino, 1940, fascist architecture
 Hotel London, 1928.
 Hotel Liberty, 1924.
 Villa Arrighi, 1925.
 Villino Bertolli, 1850.
 Hotel Palace, 1922.
 Grand Hotel Royal, 1925.
 Hotel Imperiale, 1925.
 Hotel Excelsior, 1923.
 Hotel Esplanade, (piazza Puccini), 1924.
Culture

The Carnival 

The oldest carnival in Italy and Europe, and surely the most important. It was started in 1873. The official masks of the Carnival are Burlamacco and Ondina, drawn for the first time in 1930.  Since 1954, RAI broadcasts the event on national TV.The carnival it's really famous because, on the carnival, there are masks about ministers, or show man.

Festivals in Viareggio 
 Festival Puccini
 Jazz and more..., music festival since 2002 at the City of Carnival.
 Festival teatro canzone - Giorgio Gaber, since 2004 is a festival in memory of the big Italian artist Giorgio Gaber.
 Festival EuropaCinema, an international film festival where just European films are accepeted. It was founded in 1984 in Rimini.

Economy and trade 
In Viareggio there are many resources, sea tourism, with the very nice cost, tourism, and a very big industry about flowers and fruit.Viareggio is famous in Italy for the beauties local shops, near the city and near the beach.
Sisters cities 
  - San Benedetto del Tronto (AP)
  - Palmi (RC)
  - Bastia, France
  - Kunshan, China
  - Strasbourg, France
  - Opole, Poland
Famous people born in Viareggio 
 Beppe Domenici (Viareggio 1924-2008) painter, sculptor, writer
 Sant'Antonio Maria Pucci known as "Il Curatino" (1819-1892)
 Mario Tobino (Viareggio, 1910-1991) - doctor, poet and writer.
 Lorenzo Viani - (Viareggio, 1882-Ostia, 1936) - painter, sculptor and writer
 Uberto Bonetti (Viareggio, 1909-1993) - painter, father of the Burlamacco
 Alfredo Catarsini (Viareggio 1899-1993) - painter
 Renato Santini (Viareggio 1912-1995) - painter
 Mario Marcucci (Viareggio 1910-1992) - painter
 Inaco Biancalana known as "Il Mangialegno" (Viareggio 1912-1991) - sculptor
 Alfredo Belluomini (Viareggio 1892-Florence 1964) - engineer and architect
 Percy Bysshe Shelley (Field Place 1792-Viareggio 1822) - poet, writer
 Annalisa Pardini - writer and poet
 Leonida Rèpaci–writer and actress
 Francesco Lenci–historian and writer
 Maria Valtorta–writer
 Roberto Alessandrini–painter, and writer
 Enrico Pea–poeta, writer and theatrical agent
 Giorgio Michetti–painter
 Ippolito Zibibbi
Ippolito Zibibbi
 Inigo Campioni (Viareggio 1878-Parma 1944) - soldier and politician
 Vera Vassalle - partisan
 Pierluigi Collina - football referee
 Marcello Lippi–football manager
 Arturo Maffei - long jumper
 Eugenio Fascetti - football manager
 Arturo Maffei–athlete
 Paolo Fornaciari–cyclist
 Marco Columbro - presenter and actor
 Egisto Malfatti - singer/songwriter and actor
 Mario Monicelli - director
 Stefania Sandrelli - actress
 Gino Cecchini (1896-1978) - astronomer
 Nicola Luisotti–orchestra director
Sport 
 Football Club Esperia Viareggio
 C.G.C. Viareggio

Other websites
 Official website of the municipality of Viareggio
 Viareggio.it: Various information about Viareggio 
 Viareggiok.it: Site with news about the city
 Site with information about the city and a small dictionary about the local dialect 
 Holiday information about Viareggio

Cities in Tuscany
Settlements in Lucca
Static random-access memory (SRAM) is a type of RAM that keeps data that is fed to it without having to be refreshed over and over again. 

Both DRAM and SRAM store information in binary by using very small electronic components. Both are volatile (need electric current flowing to keep the negative and positive charged components stay that way).

One difference is that SRAM are also used for specific applications within the PC, where their good points outweigh their bad points compared to DRAM.

Like other semiconductor chips, SRAM chips are made by photolithography. 

For SRAM, each bit is composed of between four and six transistors, forming a flip-flop to hold information. This complexity is what makes SRAM bigger and more expensive than DRAM. In DRAM each bit has only one transistor plus a capacitor acting like a miniature rechargeable battery).

Advantages
 SRAM does not need to be refreshed.
 Changing Static RAM is faster than DRAM.
Disadvantages
 SRAM is more expensive than DRAM. 
 SRAMs take up more space and electricity.

Other websites 
 Uses of SRAM by Intel Corp.

Computer memory
In Western Christian belief, damnation to hell is the punishment of God for persons who were sinners.

In Eastern Christian traditions (Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy), as well as some Western traditions, it is seen as a state of separation from God, a state into which all humans are born but against which Christ is the "Mediator" and "Great Physician".

Further reading
The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners Jonathan Edwards, Diggory Press,

Related pages
 Afterlife
 Hell

Profanity
Afterlife
Chester Charles Bennington (March 20, 1976 – July 20, 2017) was an American musician, singer, songwriter, rapper and actor. He was the lead singer for Linkin Park.

Biography

Early years
Bennington was born in Phoenix, Arizona, United States. He was interested in music since he was young and he liked mostly Depeche Mode and Stone Temple Pilots. His parents separated in the late 1980s, and was raised by his father. Later he had problems with drugs.

Professional music career
At the beginning he was a vocalist in a grunge band called Grey Daze. He left Grey Daze in 1998. After that, the vice president of A&R at Zomba Music in Los Angeles, offered Bennington an audition with Linkin Park. Bennington went to California and joined the band. Their name was “Hybrid Theory” back then. The other vocalist was Mike Shinoda. After some rejections, Jeff Blue operated to help the band sign with Warner Bros. Records.
In spite of the success in the early 2000s, Bennington has had personal problems outside of the public interest.

Personal life
Bennington had a son in 1996 by Elka Brand and in 2006 adopted her other son who was born in 1997. In 1996 Bennington married Samantha Marie Olit. Their child was born in 2002. The couple divorced in 2005. In 2006, Bennington married Talinda Bentley, a former Playboy model. He had three children with Bentley, a son born in 2006, and twin daughters born in 2011.

Death
Bennington died by suicide by hanging himself on July 20, 2017 at his home in Palos Verdes Estates, California at the age of 41, the day on what would have been his close friend, Chris Cornell's 53rd birthday who also died by suicide a few months earlier.

Discography

With Grey Daze

Singles

Music videos 
 "What's In the Eye" (2020)
 "Sickness" (2020)
 "Soul Song" (2020)
 "B12" (2020)
 "In Time" (2020)
 "Shouting Out" (2020)

With Linkin Park
With Linkin Park

 Hybrid Theory (2000)
 Meteora (2003)
 Minutes to Midnight (2007)
 A Thousand Suns (2010)
 Living Things (2012)
 The Hunting Party (2014)
 One More Light (2017)

With Dead by Sunrise
 Out of Ashes (2009)

With Stone Temple Pilots
 High Rise (2013)

Album contributions and singles

References

Other websites
Linkin Park official website

1976 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
American rock musicians
Linkin Park members
Musicians who committed suicide
Singers from Phoenix, Arizona
Suicide in 2017
Suicides by hanging in the United States
Suicides in California
Writers from Phoenix, Arizona
"Himno Nacional" ("National Anthem") is the national anthem of the Dominican Republic. The music was written by José Reyes (1835-1905) and the lyrics (words of the song) by Emilio Prud'homme (1856-1932).

This anthem was played for the first time on 17 August 1883 in Santo Domingo. In 1897, Prud'homme made some corrections to its original poem.

"Himno Nacional" was made the official Dominican national anthem on 30 May 1934.

Lyrics

References

Other websites 
 Mi País - República Dominicana (Spanish)
 Listen the Dominican national anthem (.mp3 format)

National symbols of the Dominican Republic
Dominican
Dom
PetSmart Inc. is an American pet supply company. They sell pet supplies and services like grooming and dog training in the United States and Canada. The name PetSmart was made as a pun.

Other websites

Official website

1986 establishments in the United States
Companies based in Arizona
Pets
Chironico was a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Cimadera was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in  Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

References

Other websites 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Neighbourhoods in Lugano
Claro was a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Camorino, Claro, Giubiasco, Gnosca, Gorduno, Gudo, Moleno, Monte Carasso, Pianezzo, Preonzo, Sant'Antonio and Sementina merged into the municipality of Bellinzona.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Bellinzona
Claro may mean:

 Claro toolkit
 Claro (wapentake), the former district of Yorkshire
 Claro (mobile phone network)
 Claro, Ticino, a municipality of Switzerland
 Claromentis, Web-based collaboration and business software
 Clarion (instrument), a medieval brass instrument also called a Claro
 CLARO (political party), a political party in Orihuela, Spain
 A light-colored cigar wrapper
SCSI is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices, such as a hard drive or CD or DVD drive. SCSI stands for Small Computer System Interface, although the "small" is historic; SCSI is used on both large and small computers. SCSI is usually pronounced as "scuzzy". 

Few peripherals (other than hard drives and tape drives) were made after the 20th century. Later ones used USB or in some cases Firewire.

Physical Structure 

SCSI is realized by a bus slot on the motherboard. Just to put a card called host adapter to the motherboard. From this card is a managed data cable. This cable connects individual SCSI peripherals. Each of this peripherals has its own sequencer which is functional independent. Operation on data cable (bus SCSI) is controlled by the host adapter. This makes it possible to install internal or external components. Transferring data on the SCSI bus is managed by the host adapter. The CPU is not loaded by transferring data.
Advantages 

Each peripheral has its own sequencer and host adapter. They can be used for communication with devices by a defined "computer" language. They could also cooperate with arbitrary peripherals of SCSI. At present there are hard disks, optical drives, tape adapter units, ZIP drives, scanners and printers using SCSI. 

SCSI is not restricted by conditions (for example: by data capacity). One of the main advantages of SCSI is a possibility to daisy-chain devices. There is some device on the bus SCSI which controls this. 

For example, hard disk defines “head's of operations” etc. At the same moment the other device could send data to other devices, (scanner). Operations of other device are not cancelled with origin connection. After transferring data to scanner device could continues with transferring data to hard disk. SCSI is faster because of this fact even maximal speed of transferring is not so different to EIDE.

Configured rules
Configured rules 

Each peripheral of SCSI has to be identified. That is the reason why every peripheral must have a unique ID. This number is set by bond or shunt located on the case of components. In terms of a bus is enumerate from 0, hostname has as a rule ID 7. There cannot be two devices on the same bus with the same ID.

Buses have to be finished with resistances, in terminology called terminators. On the last devices is necessary to install terminators.

Host adapter has to be in connection with to assign system resources (addresses I/O, IRQ, DMA, reserved memory).

Progression 
SCSI has a long progression. That is why there are many kind of SCSI in the present day. They are different in data width (8 or 16 bits) and working frequency (from 5 MHz to 80 MHz). With 8-bit data width, the parallel SCSI bus can be connected to 8 devices (used a 50 pin connector); with 16 bits, the SCSI bus can be connected to 16 devices.
Other SCSI interfaces 
In addition to the parallel SCSI interface, there are also other interfaces that use the SCSI protocol but use different cables.
 Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) - uses a cable similar to (but different from) the Serial ATA cable.
 USB attached SCSI - uses standard USB 3.0 (or sometimes USB 2.0) cables.
 ATA Packet Interface (ATAPI) - sends SCSI commands over SATA or PATA (IDE) bus. Works with any ATA controller and does not require an SAS controller. Used mostly for CD and DVD drives. (S)ATA hard drives don't use ATAPI.
 iSCSI - Sends SCSI commands over TCP/IP networks. Cable is usually Ethernet but can be any medium capable of carrying TCP/IP traffic, including wireless networks.
 Fibre Channel - Uses optical or copper cables.

Other websites 
 HowStuffWorks "How SCSI Works"

Computer protocols
Computer buses
The term musical form can have two meanings:

It can mean: the kind of composition.  For example, a musical work can be a symphony, a concerto, a sonata etc.  This is more often called “musical genre”.  The word showing the musical genre will show things such as: whether the music is for an orchestra to play and whether or not there is a soloist as well, or whether it is a piece for one instrument on its own.  It may give an idea of whether it is likely to be a long piece or a short piece, or whether it has several movements.
It can also mean: the shape of the music and how it is planned.  The form of a piece of music may, for example, be an “ABA” form, which means that there is the first part of the piece (which we can call part “A”), then something different happens (which we can call part “B”), and finally part “A” comes back again.  There are many other ways of planning a piece of music, e.g. in jazz there is the twelve bar blues (in which the music is based on a repeated pattern of chords that last 12 bars, or in classical music there is sonata form which can often be the plan of a movement lasting anything from five minutes (as in the early Classical symphonies) to half an hour (as in some of Mahler’s symphonies).

Musical forms
Electric Gardens Festival, sometimes called Electric Gardens, 'EGFestival', 'EGFest', or 'EG', is a medium sized music festival at Mount Ephraim, Faversham in Kent. The festival happens on a weekend in early August.

The first time the festival took place was in 2006. There are plans to hold the festival every year.

The Myspace bus
A bus was parked at the festival, by Myspace. The bus was used for the music players to meet people. Free gifts and information are also given from here.

Line ups by year

2006

Main stage
Saturday
 Southern Fried Records Stage
 Audio Bullys
 Armand Van Helden
 Cassius (DJ set)
 Cagedbaby
 Grandadbob
 Touché
 Nathan Detroit
Sunday
 The Charlatans
 Morning Runner
 The Automatic
 The Young Knives
 The Fratellis
 The Boy Least Likely To
 The Long Blondes
Other stages
Saturday
 Archie Bronson Outfit
 The Elegant Bachelors
 Audio Bullys
 Layo & Bushwaka!
 Armand Van Helden
 Stanton Warriors
 Plump DJs
 Caged Baby
 Soho Dolls
 Grant Dee
 Mezza Breaks
 Cassius
 Veto Silver
 Marcus Wallis
 Touché
 Warren Suicide
 Nathan Detroit
 Paul Arnold
 Chew The Fat!
 Grandadbob
 Southern Fried
Sunday
 The Charlatans
 The Automatic
 Morning Runner
 The Fratellis
 The Long Blondes
 The Earlies
 The Boy Least Likely To
 Brakes
 Battle
 Jamie T
 Adem
 Field Music
 Findlay Brown
 Duels
 The Electric Soft Parade
 The Veils
 Mohair
 Larrikin Love
 The Young Knives
 Kid Harpoon
 Eyoe

2007

Main stage
Saturday
 Supergrass
 Calvin Harris
 The Pipettes
 Kate Nash
 Pull Tiger Tail
 Blood Red Shoes
 Jonny Flynn
 Reverend and the Makers
 Palladium
Sunday
 Happy Mondays
 The Rakes
 The Young Knives
 The Maccabees
 Noisettes
 Hot Club de Paris
 Milburn (band)
 Sonic Heatrs
Second stage
Saturday
 Plan B (rapper)
 New Young Pony Club
 The Holloways
 Lethal Bizzle
 Foals
 Peggy Sue and The Pirates 
 Video Nasties
 Newton Faulkner
 Ciara Haidar
Sunday
 Patrick Wolf
 Jack Peñate
 Mr Hudson & The Library
 Kid Harpoon
 The Teenagers
 Late of the Pier
 Laura Marling
 Ox.Eagle.Lion.Man
 The Sylvias

Myspace stage
Saturday
 Good Books
 Lupen Crook
 Beans on Toast
 Nic Dawson Kelly
 Gillan Edgar
 Tom Allalone and the Great Expectations
 Thom Stone
 Poetry by Dockers MC
 Scroobius Pip
 The Thirst
 Stuart James
 Eleanor Goulding
Sunday
 Underground Heroes
 Devils Gun
 Sparrows
 Chineapples
 Rosemary
 Maker
 The Long Weekend
 Our Name is Legion
 Letters from London
 The Cut Outs
Club Class Dance stage
Saturday
 Slam
 Stanton Warriors
 Nic Fanciulli
 Meat Katie
 Mike Pickering
 A Skillz
 Mark Fanciulli & Small Fry
 Shake DJ's
 Mezza Breaks
Sunday
 Danny Howells
 Funk D'Void
 Justin Robertson
 Damian Lazarus
 Desyn Masiello
 Micky Slim
 Sam Ball & Anil Chawla
 Pete Griffiths & George Andrews
 Warning: 2 Dirty DJ's
 Rebel Beat Allies

References

Music festivals in England
Kent
2006 establishments in England
Margarita may mean:
 The margarita, a cocktail made with tequila and triple sec
Margarita Island, a Caribbean Island off the coast of Venezuela
 Infanta Margarita, a 1659 painting by Diego Velázquez of Margaret Theresa of Spain
 The Master and Margarita, a novel by Soviet author Mikhail Bulgakov
 Felis margarita, the scientific name for the Sand Cat
 The Greek word for "pearl"
 Pizza Margherita, a pizza made with tomatoes, mozzarella, and basil

Places 

 310 Margarita, a Main Belt asteroid
 Isla Margarita, an island in the Venezuelan state of Nueva Esparta
 Rancho Santa Margarita, California, a city in the United States
 Margarita, Panama, in the former Canal Zone
The Near East is a large area of land in the eastern hemisphere. Countries of the eastern Mediterranean are part of the Near East. The name of the Near East comes from its position to the east of Europe and to the west of the Middle East and the Far East.

The Levant, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Iran, and Egypt are all regions that are part of the Near East. In the past, the Balkan Peninsula, south-west Asia, and northern Africa were part of the Near East as well.

The Near East is also a name for Middle East which archaeologists, geographers and historians use.

Background 

The term Near East came into use in the 1890s, when European powers had to deal with two critical situations in the "east". The Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895 in the Far East, and the Armenian Genocide in the Near East.
British archaeologist D.G. Hogarth published The Nearer East in 1902, which helped to define the term and its extent, including Albania, Montenegro, southern Serbia and Bulgaria, Greece, Egypt, all the Ottoman lands, the entire Arabian peninsula, and western parts of Iran.

References

Middle East
Collina d'Oro (called Gold Hill in English) is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was made on 4 April 2004 from the merging of the villages of Agra, Gentilino, and Montagnola. On 1 April 2012, it incorporated the formerly independent municipality of Carabietta.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lugano
The term Far East means countries of East Asia, North Asia and Southeast Asia. It became used in the English language during the period of the British Empire for lands to the east of British India. 

Before World War I, the Near East meant relatively nearby lands of the Ottoman Empire, Middle East northwestern South Asia and Central Asia, and Far East countries along the western Pacific Ocean and countries along the eastern Indian Ocean. Many European languages have analogous terms, such as the French , Spanish , Portuguese , German , Italian , and Dutch . 

Far East is never used for the culturally Western nations of Australia and New Zealand, which lie even farther to the east of Europe than much of East Asia.

Territories and regions

Gallery

Related pages

 East Asia
 Siberia
 South Asia
 Southeast Asia

References

Asia
Montagnola is a small Swiss village in the Collina d'Oro municipality.  Along with the villages of Agra and Gentilino, it makes the new municipality of Collina d'Oro.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Comano could mean:
Comano, Tuscany, a commune in the province of Massa-Carrara, Italy
Comano, Switzerland, a commune in Ticino, Switzerland
Comano, a frazione of the commune of Lomaso, in the province of Trento, northern Italy
Comano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 www.comano.ch 
 

Municipalities in Lugano
Contone was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Corippo is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

With a population of just 17 as of December 2004, it is the smallest municipality in Switzerland. It has many of the things that communities many times its size has: an official website (www.corippo.ch ), its own coat of arms, a village church, a restaurant, and a mayor who leads a town council made up of three local citizens. The village has remained independent since 1822.

On 17 October 2020 the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

Description
Corippo lies in the Verzasca valley about 12 kilometers (7.4 miles) from Locarno at the north end of the reservoir Lake Vogorno, and 20 km from the border with Italy. The houses are built from the local Ticino granite with slate roofs and have changed little for several hundred years, leading the Italian writer Piero Bianconi to describe Corippo as "Verzasca's gentlest village".
References

Other websites
  Official website 
  Description and photo gallery 
 Helvetic Administration and Public Services listing 
 Swissinfo map 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Corticiasca was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008, the former municipalities of Bidogno, Corticiasca and Lugaggia joined and became the municipality of Capriasca.

References

Other websites 

 

Former municipalities of Ticino
Cresciano was a municipality of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 2 April 2017, the former municipalities of Cresciano, Iragna, Lodrino and Osogna merged to form the new municipality of Riviera.

References

Other websites 

 Official website  

Former municipalities of Ticino
2017 disestablishments in Switzerland
Croglio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lugano
Cities in Switzerland
Cugnasco was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008, the former municipalities of Cugnasco and Gerra (Verzasca) merged to form the new municipality of Cugnasco-Gerra.

Other websites 

Cugnasco Homepage 
Panoramic picture 

Former municipalities of Ticino
2008 disestablishments in Switzerland
Cureglia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lugano
Curio could mean:
Curio, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Ticino
Gaius Scribonius Curio, one of two politicians in the late Roman Republic
Curio, a student newspaper based in Canberra, Australia
Curio is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Lugano
Dobryanka (, 58°27′N, 56°25′E) is a town in Perm Krai, Russia. It is a center of Dobryansky District.  As of 2005, there were about 36,100 people.

Dobryanka was founded in 1623 and became a town in 1943. It is one of the oldest settlements of Perm Krai.

Cities and towns in Perm Krai
Grosseto is a town in the central Italian region of Tuscany. It is the capital of the Province of Grosseto. The city is 12km from the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is in the Maremma near the Ombrone river. Grosseto has 80,742 people. It is a small city but the province is the largest of the Tuscany. It's very comfortable because there is the sea near it.

History 
Grosseto was one of the main Etruscan cities. The city was under the control of the Aldobrandeschi family. In 1137, the city was captured by German soldiers under the control of Duke Henry X of Bavaria. In 1151, the people of Grosseto agreed to be under the control of Siena. In 1222, the city returned to the Aldobrandeschi. When Siena captured the lands of the Aldobrandeschi in 1244, Grosseto was under their control again. The city tried to free itself in 1266 and 1355 but failed.

Sienese control of the Grosseto lasted until 1559 when Charles V gave control of the city to the Medici. It then became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

Important sites
The Medicean Walls: Built by Francesco I de Medici in 1547. These walls replaced earlier walls built in the 12th through 14th century.
 The Cathedral: A Romanesque cathedral. It is the main monument of the city. The Cathedral was built between the end of the 13th century and the 15th century. Construction was slow because of the fighting with Siena.
 Palazzo Aldobrandeschi: Built in the Middle Ages, this Neo-Gothic building is the home to the government of the Province of Grosseto.
 Granducal villa of Alberese: Built by the Knights Hospitaller in the 15th century. It was later used as the home of the Grand Dukes of Tuscany.
 Abbey of San Rabano: The ruins of this Abbey are in the Parco Nazionale della Maremma. It originally belonged to the Benedictines, but was later a possession of the Knights Hospitaller.
 Church of San Francesco
 Church of San Pietro, the most ancient in Grosseto.
 Medieval buildings in Batignano, Istia d'Ombrone and Montepescali.
 Ruins of the Abbey of San Pancrazio al Fango
Other websites 

 Official site 

Cities in Tuscany
Capital cities in Italy
Settlements in Grosseto
The Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its headquarters are in Berlin, but the second office, in Bonn, has more staff.

The Minister is also "Beauftragter der Bundesregierung für die neuen Bundesländer" That is, he is the government's special representative for the old states of East Germany. His job is to help those states to rebuilld industry, improve roads and jobs and become as rich as the other states of Germany.

History 
The Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Housings (BMVBW) was formed in 1998 when the Federal Ministry of Transport and the Federal Ministry of Environmental Planning, Building and Construction and Urban Development were joined. The ministry was renamed in 2005 to the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development.

Both of these earlier ministries were founded in 1949.

References
Philosophy of science is the part of philosophy that studies the sciences.

Philosophers who are interested in science study how knowledge is built up by scientists, and what makes science different from other activities. No doubt, modern science has advanced knowledge in a wide range of fields. How has it done this? To tackle this issue, a number of other issues also have to be tackled.

What makes science distinct? 
Some people think that in earlier times, science was nothing but organized common sense. Thomas Henry Huxley thought this. However, during the twentieth century, science produced many ideas which were nothing like common sense, like general relativity. Then it was clear that science really was something different from common sense. But what was it? This is called the demarcation problem.
The demarcation problem refers to the distinction between science and non-science (like pseudoscience). Karl Popper called this the central question in the philosophy of science. No solution to the problem has had full agreement among philosophers; some of them think the problem is insoluble or uninteresting.

The logical positivists tried to base science on observation. In their view, truth was achieved by logic and observation. Non-science was non-observational and meaningless.
Against that, Popper argued that the central property of science is falsifiability. All scientific claims can be proved false, at least in principle. If no such proof can be found despite sufficient effort, then the claim is likely true. Popper's ideas were applauded by many scientists (like Peter Medawar). However, skeptics noticed that ideas were often not discarded when a prediction was refuted. The ideas were simply adjusted to take into account the new findings. It was clear from this that, although falsifiability was important, it could not be a simple way to distinguish science from non-science.

Other approaches were tried. One idea that science was a problem-solving process aimed at finding answers to questions. Of course, many other fields try to answer questions and solve problems. Another approach was to define science as the search for objective truth. But objectivity is very hard to define, and whether science really is objective is open to question.
Theories and observations 
Both theory and observations are part of science, and they are tied together in a kind of cycle. A clear example was the prediction of Einstein that a source of gravity (such as a star) would bend light passing nearby. An expedition was organised in 1919 to record the positions of stars around the Sun during a solar eclipse. It showed that the positions of the stars close to the Sun were changed slightly from their normal expected positions. The light passing close to the Sun was pulled towards the sun by gravitation. This seemed to prove Einstein's general theory of relativity, published in 1915. Many years later, the proof was shown to be wrong. But by then other observations (of time dilation) showed that Einstein actually was right. Gravitational lensing proved that light was pulled towards the Sun.
The point here is that the observation and the theory were connected. The observation would not have been made but for the theory, and then the observation was convincing evidence in favour of the theory. The theory had passed a critical test. Since then, many more tests have been made of Einstein's ideas, and all have been consistent with his theory.

A “naive” conception of science 
According to common sense, science begins with observations: all scientific knowledge come from the facts of experience. Theories are produced by observation of these facts and are then tested by prediction.

Here is a schema of this idea of science that some philosophers call a naive conception of science:
--->  INDUCTION  --->  LAWS AND THEORIES  --->  DEDUCTION  --->
       |                                                             |
       |                                                             |
       |                                                             |
 FACTS OF EXPERIENCE                             PREDICTIONS AND EXPLANATIONSFACTS OF EXPERIENCE

This naive conception is not held by many philosophers today. For one thing, it sees science as a one-way engine from 'facts' (what are they?) to theories and predictions. As shown by the Einstein example, where a theory led the other way round, the model does not fit much of science. In fact the relationship between the parts of a scientific philosophy are extremely complex.
Testing a prediction 
According to Pierre Duhem and W.V. Quine, it is impossible to test a theory in isolation. For example, to test Newton's Law of Gravitation in our solar system, one needs information about the masses and positions of the Sun and all the planets. Famously, the failure to predict the orbit of Uranus in the 19th century did not lead to the rejection of Newton's Law. Instead, it lead to the rejection of the hypothesis that there are only seven planets in our solar system. The investigations that followed led to the discovery of an eighth planet, Neptune. If a test fails, something is wrong. But there is a problem in figuring out what that something is: a missing planet, badly calibrated test equipment, an unsuspected curvature of space, etc.
One consequence of the Duhem-Quine thesis is that any theory can be made compatible with any empirical observation by the addition of extra (ad hoc) hypotheses. This is why science uses Occam's Razor; hypotheses without justification are eliminated.  This led Karl Popper, to reject naïve falsification in favor of 'survival of the fittest', or most falsifiable, of scientific theories. In Popper's view, any hypothesis that does not make testable predictions is simply not science. Such a hypothesis may be useful or valuable, but it cannot be said to be science. W.V. Quine thought that empirical data are not enough to make a judgment between theories. In this view, a theory can always be made to fit with the available empirical data. However, this does not necessarily imply that all theories are of equal value, because scientists often use guiding principles such as Occam's Razor.
One result of this view is that specialists in the philosophy of science stress the requirement that observations made for the purposes of science be restricted to intersubjective objects. That is, science is restricted to those areas where there is general agreement on the nature of the observations involved. It is comparatively easy to agree on observations of physical phenomena, harder to agree on observations of social or mental phenomena, and difficult in the extreme to reach agreement on matters of theology or ethics (and thus the latter remain outside the normal purview of science).

Other ideas
Other ideas

Critiques of scientific method
Is there any scientific method at all? Paul Feyerabend argued that no description of scientific method could possibly encompass all the approaches and methods used by scientists. Feyerabend objected to prescriptive scientific method on the grounds that any such method would stifle and cramp scientific progress. Feyerabend claimed, "the only principle that does not inhibit progress is: anything goes".
Scientific revolutions 
Thomas Kuhn denied that it is ever possible to isolate the hypothesis being tested from the influence of the theory in which the observations are grounded. He argued that observations always rely on a specific paradigm, and that it is not possible to evaluate competing paradigms independently. By "paradigm" he meant a  consistent "portrait" of the world, one that involves no logical contradictions and that is consistent with observations made from the point of view of the paradigm. More than one such logically consistent construct can paint a usable likeness of the world, but there is no common ground from which to pit two against each other, theory against theory. Neither is a standard by which the other can be judged. Instead, the question is which "portrait" is judged by some set of people to promise the most useful in terms of scientific "puzzle solving".
The fact that observation is embedded in theory does not mean observations are irrelevant to science. Scientific understanding derives from observation, but the acceptance of scientific statements is dependent on the related theoretical paradigm as well as on observation. Of course, further testing may resolve differences of opinion.

Related pages
Empiricism
Epistemology
Falsifiability
Materialism
Naturalism (philosophy)
Paradigm
Positivism
Logical positivism
Metaphilosophy
Philosophy of mathematics
Philosophy of language
Philosophy of religion
Rationalism
Scientific method
Scepticism
Causality
Probability
Inductive reasoning

References

Other websites 
 An introduction to the Philosophy of Science, aimed at beginners - Paul Newall. 

Philosophy of science
Science
Volterra is a town in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is in the province of Pisa. Volterra was once one of the 12 cities in Etruria. In the middle ages it was an independent city until it was conquered by the Florentines and then the Medicis. It has its own cathedral, and is built on top of an ancient volcanic hill.

History 
The city was a Neolithic settlement and an important Etruscan center. It became a "municipium" (a type of Roman city) in the Roman Age. Volterra was attacked and controlled by Florence many times. When the Florentian Republic fell in 1530, Volterra came under the control of the Medici family. It later became part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.

The original Etruscan city walls remain in parts, and the remains of the Roman baths, aqueduct and amphitheatre (arena). Visitors to Volterra have to leave their cars outside the town walls, in car parks.

Important monuments and places
Roman theatre (1st century BC), discovered in the 1950s.
 Piazza dei Priori
 Palazzo dei Priori
 Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta.
 Medicean Fortress (Maschio)
 Guarnacci Etruscan Museum

The Medici Villa di Spedaletto is located outside the city in direction of Lajatico.  Also near the city, in the Valle Bona area, are excavations of Etruscan tombs.

Sister cities 
  Mende, France
  Wunsiedel, Germany

Gallery

Other websites
 Town web site
 Volterra Photos 

Towns in Pisa