Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The next few years saw the appearance of a laptop PC from Compaq Computers and the first notebook-style laptop from NEC called NEC UltraLite. The year 1989 was quite successful for laptop producers. First, there was Apple Computer that developed the Macintosh Portable, the evolution of which turned it into the PowerBook. Then a company named Zenith Data Systems introduced its Zenith MinisPort – a portable computer weighing 6 pounds (2.5 kg). Finally, there was Compaq Computers, who released the Compaq LTE.

The development of laptops is continuing, with various upgrades and additional functions added, including variouspointing devices and disk drives, colour screens and touch screens;all while the devices tended to get smaller and lighter. Notebook or netbook computers are small laptops with screens of about 10 inches (25cm) or less, but no disk drives. Despite these advances, after 2010, people bought fewer laptops because of the popularity of tablet computers, which are even more portable.
In 2005, an organisation called One Laptop Per Child started trying to improve education using cheap laptops.

References

Other websites 

 BBC News

Laptops
This article is talking about the notebook made of paper. If you are looking for the hand-carry computer, see Laptop.

A notebook is a collection of sheets of paper, bound as a book or leaflet. It can be used to make notes and to draw things. Some notebooks also have a printed calendar.

Writing media
This article is about the series InuYasha. For the character Inuyasha from the series see: List of InuYasha characters.

Inuyasha is a manga and anime series created by Rumiko Takahashi.
Fifty years ago, a priestess named Kikyo had a relationship with a half–demon named Inuyasha. When they oppose each other, Inuyasha becomes unconscious and Kikyo dies from her injury while keeping the Shikon Jewel (Shikon no Tama), she leaves her sister (Kaede) alive. Kagome is a teenage student, who discovers a well in her house and ends up traveling to the past. She meets and rescues Inuyasha, who slept in a sacred tree for fifty years. Kagome learns that she is Kikyo's reincarnation and had the jewel inside her body, which the demon extracted it. The magical necklace allows Inuyasha to control his behaviour. Kagome inadvertently shatters the jewel into pieces, which Naraku uses one of them to summon the army of incarnations. Inuyasha recruits a few allies on his journey. As Kikyo dies again, Inuyasha defeats Naraku, making the jewel vanished from the world and Kagome is sent back to the present day
. Three years later, Miroku and Sango have three children, Rin lives with Kaede, and Kagome returns to the feudal era after graduating from high school.
Kurt Schumacher (born 13 October 1895 in Kulm, West Prussia (now Chełmno in Poland) - died 20 August 1952 in Bonn) was a German politician. He was leader of the SPD from 1946 to 1952 and speaker of the SPD in the Bundestag 1949-1952.

Schumacher was the son of a salesman. When World War I started, he left school to join the German army. In December 1914, he was badly hurt. His arm had to be removed. After this, he went back to school in Berlin to study Law and politics. While there, he became a socialist. In 1924, he was elected to the legislature in Württemberg. He became the SPD leader for Württemberg in 1928. In 1930, he was elected to the national legislature, the Reichstag.

After the Nazis took control of Germany, Schumacher was arrested. He was beaten badly in prison. He was put into concentration camps for the next ten years. In 1943, Schumacher was set free because of his bad health. He was arrested again in 1944 and stayed in the concentration camps until the British set them free in April 1945.
After the World War II, Schumacher put the SPD back together. He was first chief of the Social democrats in West Germany after the WWII. He was also their first speaker in the federal parliament (Bundestag) and first leader of opposition in the Bundestag.

In 1952, Schumacher died in Bonn.

1895 births
1952 deaths
Anti-communists
Members of the German Bundestag
German military personnel of World War I
German people of World War II
German prisoners
Holocaust survivors
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Prussian politicians
The Free Democratic Party or Freie Demokratische Partei, short FDP (from 1968 to 2001 F.D.P.) is a political party in Germany. The party advocates for a more free market economy. Although they agree to some aspects of the German welfare state, they want to see a reduction in government spending and a movement to privatization.

History 
Several liberal parties have existed in Germany since the 19th century.
The FDP was founded in West Germany in September 1945 in the state of Hamburg. It became member of the state parliament of Hamburg in its first election.
Similar liberal parties were founded in other German states, most of them successful in getting mandates.
In 1947, on March 17th, the Demokratische Partei Deutschlands (DPD) was founded as a whole-Germany liberal party by Theodor Heuss and Wilhelm Külz, but it broke down after a short while.

On 11 December 1948 the FDP was founded as a liberal party for West Germany.
Chief of the party was Theodor Heuss. The next important man was Thomas Dehler.
In its first years the main part of the party followed a national-liberal way. Liberal in the economical field, but very conserative in most other fields.
But in every state it had its own way.

The FDP was the smaller partner of the CDU under Konrad Adenauer. It was member of the West German government from 1949 to 1966.

In 1969 the FDP returned to government. But now the FDP was partner of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands under Willy Brandt, later Helmut Schmidt.

The party changed its values. Left-liberal positions were the leading ideas of the FDP at that time and included ideas like
civil rights and giving everyone the chance for a good education (guaranteed state stipendia, no more study fees, more higher education schools).
It changed again in 1982, when the government crashed on Schmidt and elected Helmut Kohl of the CDU as the new chancellor.
It became more and more a single issue party with its only interest in a low tax tariff - especially for high incomes.
It fought for study fees now and against social security. It secretary general said one day "We are the party of the best-incomes".

In 1998 it lost its power and became part of the parliamentary opposition.
In some state parliaments the FDP is still in power as junior partner of the CDU.

The party's unofficial motto is "So viel Staat wie nötig, so wenig Staat wie möglich!", meaning "as much state as necessary, as little state as possible!"
Chairmen of the Free Democratic Party 
 Theodor Heuss 1948–1949
 Franz Blücher 1949–1954
 Thomas Dehler 1954–1957
 Reinhold Maier 1957–1960
 Erich Mende 1960–1968
 Walter Scheel 1968–1974
 Hans-Dietrich Genscher 1974–1985
 Martin Bangemann 1985–1988
 Otto Graf Lambsdorff 1988–1993
 Klaus Kinkel 1993–1995
 Wolfgang Gerhardt 1995–2001
 Guido Westerwelle 2001–2011
 Philipp Roesler 2011–2013
 Christian Lindner since 2013

References

Other websites 
 Free Democratic Party (FDP) official site

Free Democratic Party of Germany
Liberal parties
Alliance 90/The Greens (), commonly referred to as (The) Greens, is a political party in Germany. It was formed in 1992 by the Western German party Die Grünen and the Eastern German Bündnis '90. Its main interests are ecology, civil rights, equality between men and women and the chances of immigrants in the German society.

History

Early years 
In the 1970s, there were a lot of protests against nuclear power in Germany. The protesters had no support in the political parties in Germany so they got the idea to create their own party.

This Party was founded under the Name "Die Grünen" in Karlsruhe on 13 January 1980.

Since their aims were for civil rights and ecology, a lot of former Anti Vietnam War protesters joined the party. The Greens were pacifists and strictly against nuclear weapons. They wanted to reach a de-militarized Europe. After a short while some right-winged people left the party, so they became a centre-left party. The party has centrist and left-wing factions.
Leaders 
First chiefs of the party were Herbert Gruhl and Petra Kelly. Its current co-leaders are Ricarda Lang and Omid Nouripour, who were elected as the party's co-leaders in January 2022.

Influence 
In the old GDR, a Green party was founded in 1989 and joined to the Western Greens in 1990. In 1993 the Bündnis 90 - a civil rights movement from the former GDR - and Die Grünen joined them.

In 1998 they joined the federal government under Gerhard Schröder together with the Social Democrats.

Programme 
Alliance '90/The Greens support green politics. One of their main issues is saving the earth - especially the climate - without using nuclear power.

Another issue raised by the party is the integration and the chances of immigrants in Germany.
In the foreign policy the Green changed their position in their first period in federal government. Before that time they wanted German soldiers only to allow peace keeping missions of the United Nations, many Greens wanted a de-militarized Germany. After their legislative period - with main influence of foreign secretary Fischer - they accepted to join international military missions e.g. in Afganisthan. But their main issue is to avoid conflicts by development policy and international cooperation. Main issues of foreign policy are international envoirementional and climate saving projects like the Kyoto protocoll, the development of the European Union and a reform of the international law like the installing of the International Crime Court in The Hague.

Prominent Green politicians
Joschka Fischer, former foreign secretary and vice chancellor of Germany
 Petra Kelly, pacifist, first chairman of the Greens
 Jürgen Trittin, former environmental secretary of Germany
 Otto Schily, later SPD and home secretary of Germany
 Renate Künast, former secretary for agriculture of Germany
 Hans-Christian Ströbele, lawyer and former chairman of the Greens, only successful direct candidate of the Greens in the Bundestag
 Cem Ozdemir, co-chairman of the Alliance'90/The Greens party
 Winfried Kretschmann, current Minister President of Baden-Württemberg
 Robert Habeck, current Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action and vice-chancellor of Germany

References
The Christian Social Union of Bavaria or Christlich Soziale Union (short CSU) is a conservative political party in the German state of Bavaria.

In the federal parliament of Germany (Bundestag) the CSU and the CDU join together in a political alliance to form the main centre-right group in Germany.

Its chief is Horst Seehofer.

History 
In 1945, two local CSU groups were founded. One in Würzburg and the other in Munich.

In January 1946 the CSU was founded for the whole of Bavaria.

All state elections of Bavaria were won by the CSU. Sometimes the CSU had to make some coalitions with the Bayernpartei (Bavarian Party), the FDP or the SPD.

In the federal government the CSU always joins with the CDU.

The CSU is more conservative than the CDU.

One very famous leader of the CSU was Franz Josef Strauß. Sometimes he was well known for the good that he did. Other times because of scandals.
Programme 
The CSU is a very conservative party according to the people of Bavaria, who mainly live in the countryside and smaller towns and villages.

Traditionally it tried to make a compromise between conservative tradition and social welfare.

Currently it leans to more free market beliefs instead of social care.

 
Christian democratic parties
Conservative parties
The Christian Democratic Union of Germany or Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU) is one of the two main right of centre political parties in Germany. It describes itself as a Christian democratic, liberal and conservative party of the centre.

In November 2005 the Federal leader of the CDU Angela Merkel became the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; she left office in December 2021. It is currently led by General Secretary Carsten Linnemann, who was given his position in July 2023. The party's president is Friedrich Merz.

History 
The CDU was founded after World War II. The first German Chancellor was Konrad Adenauer, a member of the CDU. He ruled from 1949 to 1963. During the Government of Helmut Kohl (1982-1998), Germany was reunited.

The CDU was the Government Party for most of the younger German history, only from 1969 to 1982 and from 1998 to 2005 there have been Chancellors from different parties.
Members 
The CDU has more than 400,000 members. It has 255 of 631 Members of Parliament in the German Parliament (Deutscher Bundestag) and 34 of 99 Members of European Parliament of Germany.

References 

 
Christian democratic parties
Conservative parties
Income is the money that someone gets for business activities. For individuals income usually means their wages or salary before any tax and other deductions have been made by their employer. Overall it is the amount you earn after all outstanding deductions have been made. Gross income is the income from all sources including wages or salary.

For business, there is a difference between the US, where it most often means the amount of money that a company earns after paying for all its costs, and the world outside the U.S., where the term is usually profit or earnings.

Related pages
 Household income in the United States

Other websites 
 Markets & Stocks: Investor Research Center - Earnings Warnings
 http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/
 CBSalary—Careerbuilder's Free Salary Calculator 
 US Corporate Earnings Calendar
The theory of computation is a branch of mathematics. Generally it is seen as belonging to computer science. The field of study of this subject is to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. If this is the case, then the question is to know if it can be solved in an efficient way. 

There are two major branches in it. The first is computability theory. It looks to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. Since this is a theoretical field of study, no real computers are used. They are replaced by a system called the Turing machine.

Once it is known if such a solution exists, computer scientists want to know if it can be found, and perhaps how it can be improved. This field of study is covered by the complexity theory. That theory has developed concepts to compare different methods of solving a problem to one another. Such methods are usually called algorithms. This is similar to comparing cooking recipes and seeing which of two recipes is easier to do.
Fields of mathematics
Theoretical computer science
Jermaine La Jaune Jackson (December 11, 1954) is an American singer, recording artist, dancer and bass guitarist. He is a former member of The Jackson 5 group, brother  of Janet Jackson & brother of late American pop star Michael Jackson. In 1980 he was nominated for a Grammy Award. He was a housemate in Celebrity Big Brother UK 2007. In September 2009, he planned a memorial fan based concert for Michael in historic part of Vienna, Austria but not many big stars registered so the event was canceled. He hopes more top stars will show up for July 2, 2010 worldwide tribute in Europe.

Personal life
On December 15, 1973, Jackson married Hazel Joy Gordy.

Jermaine always sternly defended his brother Michael without exception; in life and in death he officially represented Michael on behalf of Jackson family & friends. 

Jackson has eight children. They are Jermaine Jr., Autumn, Dawn, Jeremy, Jaimy, Joudynn, Jaffar and Jermajesty. 

On February 22, 2013 his second name was changed to Jacksun for "artistic reasons".
Jermaine Jackson was a Jehovah's Witness.

References

Other websites 

Jermaine Jackson French Page : Complete Motown-era discography
VH1 Profile 
Interview with Jackson regarding his conversion to Islam

1954 births
Living people
African-American singers
American guitarists
Jackson family
American Muslims
American R&B singers
American soul musicians
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
Musicians from Gary, Indiana
Singers from Indiana
Wilhelm Hauff (29 November 1802 – 18 November 1827) was a German poet and novelist.

Some of his works are very popular in German speaking countries to this day, such as Der kleine Muck, Kalif Storch and Die Geschichte von dem Gespensterschiff — all set in the Orient and Der Zwerg Nase, Das kalte Herz and Das Wirtshaus im Spessart, the three are set in Germany.

Other websites 
 Collection of links with commentary (German) 
 Sound samples to download 
 Many fairy tales (Märchen) available (German) 
 

Poems
 Steh ich in finstrer Mitternacht
 Reiters Morgenlied

Links to Hauff's Work by Projekt Gutenberg-DE
 Overview of Hauff with many of his texts online (German)

German poets
1802 births
1827 deaths
Deaths from typhoid fever
German Protestants
German children's writers
German novelists
Writers from Stuttgart
A link, also called a Gunter’s link, was a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems. Links were commonly used in measuring land in the English-speaking world before the twentieth century, but are never used. Link is abbreviated as ln. It was invented by Edmund Gunter, a professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, the same man who made the chain. He made the link as a low-technology piece of equipment that could survey small areas of land very accurately, whereas the chain could measure towns and large areas of land.

Old units of measurement
Units of mass
In mathematics an algebraic structure is a set with one, two, or more binary operations on it. The binary operation takes two elements of the set as inputs, and gives one element of the set as an output.

The basic algebraic structures with one binary operation are the following:
Magma (mathematics)
 A set with a binary operation.
Semigroup
 A set with an operation which is associative
Monoid
 A semigroup with an identity element
Group
 A monoid where each element has a corresponding inverse element
Commutative group
 A group with a commutative operation
The basic algebraic structures with two binary operations are the following:
Ring
 A set with two operations, often called addition and multiplication. The set with the operation of addition forms a commutative group, and with the operation of multiplication it forms a semigroup (many people define a ring so that the set with multiplication is actually a monoid). Addition and multiplication in a ring satisfy the distributive property
Commutative ring
 A ring whose multiplication is commutative
Field
 A commutative ring where the set with multiplication is a group.

Examples are

The whole numbers (natural numbers together with zero) with addition (or multiplication) is a monoid, but is not a group

The integers with addition is a commutative group, but with multiplication is just a monoid

The integers with addition and multiplication is a commutative ring, but not a field

The rational numbers, the real numbers and the complex numbers with the ordinary addition and ordinary multiplication are fields.
Related pages 
Abstract algebra

Abstract algebra
A rod, a perch or a pole is a unit of length in the imperial and US systems.

In medieval times English ploughmen used a wooden stick with a pointed tip to spur or guide their oxen.  The rod was the length of this stick.  In use from the 6th century, its modern value was standardized in the 12th century with Composito Ulnarum et Perticarum.

The rod is still in use as a unit of measure in certain specialised fields.  In recreational canoeing, overland paths where canoes must be carried are measured in rods. This is probably because the length of a typical canoe is about one rod.

Popular culture and trivia 
In the episode of The Simpsons entitled A Star is Burns, Grampa Simpson said "My car gets forty rods to the hogshead, and that's the way I likes it!" That's about 1.2 litres per metre, 12 feet per imperial gallon or 10 feet per U.S. gallon.

Related pages
 acre
 furlong
Notes 
  A perch is also a unit of area of land = 1 square rod, and a unit of cubic measure of stonework, usually = 16.5 feet by 1 foot by 1.5 feet = 24.75 cubic feet.

Imperial units
Units of length
A chain was a unit of length. It is part of the imperial and United States customary systems. It was used for measuring land. The short way of writing chains is ch.

There are a number of different definitions of the chain, from 50 to 100 feet long. In the imperial system, one chain is equal to 66 feet or 20.1168 metres. This is also called a Gunter's chain, surveyor's chain or land chain.

History and usage
The chain was originally called an "acre's breadth", because it was the width of a acre, while a furlong was the length.

Edmund Gunter, a clergyman and mathematician, invented a measuring device called a chain. The chain was  long. It was divided by 100 in small metal links. The links were made of thick wire with a loop at each end. The links were connected to each other by three rings. There were brass handles at each end. People folded the chain up, link by link, and carried it in their hand. The name chain comes from these devices.
The unit was once important in everyday life in the United Kingdom and its colonies and in the United States. People used it when they made maps and planned out cities and towns. Land was surveyed and measured using these chains. Even after more accurate ways of measuring land were invented, many people continued to use the chain as a unit because land had already been surveyed in this method for so long.

In England, it is still used in old railways, along with miles. The length of a cricket pitch is one chain.

Gunter's chain

The Gunter's chain is the standard unit.

Other websites
 Math Words 
 How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement 
 How to make a Gunter's Chain

Old units of measurement
Units of length
A furlong is a unit for measuring distance. It is part of the imperial and US customary systems. It is equal to . There are eight furlongs in a mile.

History
The unit was first used in the ninth century at the latest. The word "furlong" comes from Old English words furh ("furrow") and lang ("long"). Originally it was the length of the furrow in one acre of a ploughed field. An acre is an area that is one furlong long and one chain wide. For this reason, the furlong was once also called an acre's length. Around the year 1300, England standardized the furlong as 40 rods or 660 feet.

The length of the furlong was standardized between South Africa, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada , New Zealand and the United States in the International Pound and Yard Agreement.

The furlong was abolished for official use in the UK in 1985. It is still occasionally seen on road signs in Myanmar.
Distances for horse racing in the UK, Ireland, and Canada are still given in miles and furlongs. The unit is not used otherwise. It is considered to be an archaic unit.

The proverb one furlong per fortnight means to express something in as obscure and little-used units as possible. (A fortnight is two weeks, or fourteen days). The proverb itself means speed, and is the same as 0.000166309524 m/s or 0.17 mm/s.

Length

Imperial units
Units of length
Stefan Zweig (; November 28, 1881 – February 22, 1942) was an Austrian writer of Jewish descent. He was born in Vienna. He volunteered to be a soldier in the First World War, and got the post as a military commentator. This made him an enemy of war. The Nazis gained power in Germany in 1933, and their influence could be felt in Austria as well. 1934, Stefan Zweig emigrated, first to London, then to South America. That way he lost much of his audience. He committed suicide (together with his second wife) by barbiturate overdose in Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro in 1942.

He has written many books and poems. One of his best-known works is called 'Schachnovelle (The Royal Game, in English. In it, he describes a Chess player, that is forced to play against himself (while imprisoned). He explores the theme of madness. This book inspired the movie Geri's Game, made by Pixar in 1997.
Further reading 
 Elizabeth Allday, Stefan Zweig: A Critical Biography, J. Philip O'Hara, Inc., Chicago, 1972
 
 Alberto Dines, Morte no Paraíso, a Tragédia de Stefan Zweig, Editora Nova Fronteira 1981, (rev. ed.) Editora Rocco 2004
 Alberto Dines, Tod im Paradies. Die Tragödie des Stefan Zweig, Edition Büchergilde, 2006
 Randolph J. Klawiter, Stefan Zweig. An International Bibliography, Ariadne Press, Riverside, 1991
 Donald A. Prater, European of Yesterday: A Biography of Stefan Zweig, Holes and Meier Publ., (rev. ed.) 2003
 George Prochnik, The Impossible Exile: Stefan Zweig at the End of the World, Random House, 2014, 
 Marion Sonnenfeld (editor), The World of Yesterday's Humanist Today. Proceedings of the Stafan Zweig Symposium, texts by Alberto Dines, Randolph J. Klawiter, Leo Spitzer and Harry Zohn, State University of New York Press, 1983
 Friderike Zweig, Stefan Zweig, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1946 (An account of his life by his first wife)
Other websites 

 Zweig Music Collection at the British Library
 Stefan Zweig Collection at the Daniel A. Reed Library, State University of New York at Fredonia, Fredonia, NY 
 Stefan Zweig Centre Salzburg 
 Beware of Pity, review by Joan Acocella in The New York Review of Books, July 13, 2006
 Stefan Zweig at Project Gutenberg
 Zweig's foreword to The World of Yesterday

1881 births
1942 deaths
Austrian Jews
Drug-related suicides
Jewish writers
Refugees from Nazism
Writers from Vienna
The Leeward Islands are parts of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. 

Islands of French Polynesia
Complexity theory is a type of Computer science. It looks at how hard a problem is to do for a computer, and how good particular solutions (algorithms)  to that problem are. Different algorithms that solve a problem may be better or worse in multiple ways. An algorithm may be faster than some other algorithm, but it may need more resources, like memory.

Part of complexity theory is understanding how algorithms perform in their worst-case scenario. An algorithm's worst-case scenario is a problem that will take a long time, or lots of resources, to solve. If people know how good an algorithm is in its worst case, they can guarantee that the algorithm will be at least that good in every case. People are also interested in how a certain algorithm does on average; many algorithms are very inefficient in their worst case, but are okay on most cases. Knowing how good an algorithm is on average lets people know what to generally expect when using that algorithm.

Related pages
Computational complexity theory
In mathematics, a binary operation, often shown as *, on a set is a way of combining a pair of elements in that set that results in another element of the set. For example, if we take a pair of natural numbers and let the operation * be addition, then their sum is also a natural number, and is the result of applying this particular binary operation. Another example of an operation on the natural numbers is multiplication. For instance, take the natural numbers 2 and 3. When multiplied together they give 6, another natural number.

Others: The sum between matrices. The composition of functions. The union and the intersection of sets are also two different binary operations on the set of all sets, or on subsets in a power set.

References 

Mathematics
Kubuntu is a version of the free Linux distribution Ubuntu. It uses the desktop environment KDE instead of GNOME. Most of the software used in Kubuntu, is part of the KDE project, but all other software used in Ubuntu can also be used.

Because the only difference of Kubuntu and Ubuntu is the default software, an Ubuntu system can turn into a Kubuntu system, or a Kubuntu system into an Ubuntu system, only by installing some software.

Some examples of changes in software:
Adept is used instead of Synaptic
Konqueror is used instead of Firefox
Kopete is used instead of Gaim
KTorrent is used instead of Transmission

Related pages
List of Linux distributions

Other websites 

 Official site

References

Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives
X86-64 Linux distributions
Xubuntu is a free Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. It uses the Xfce desktop environment.

Related pages
List of Linux distributions

Other websites 

 Xubuntu Official Website
 Xubuntu Community Website (Unofficial) 
 Xubuntu at the Ubuntu Wiki
 Xubuntu Tips & Tricks Blog

Sources 

Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives
X86-64 Linux distributions
Edubuntu is the version of Linux distribution Ubuntu. It is used for education. It uses GNOME and is designed for use in classrooms.

Edubuntu has been created in collaboration with teachers and technologists in multiple nations. Edubuntu is built on top of the Ubuntu base, and incorporates education-specific applications, designed for the 6–18 years age group.

Characteristics 
Included with Edubuntu is the Linux Terminal Server Project, a large number of educational applications including GCompris, KDE Edutainment Suite, The first Edubuntu release coincided with the release of Ubuntu 5.10, which was called Breezy Badger on 2005. Edubuntu CDs can be ordered for free through the official website service.

Project goals 

The principal design goals of Edubuntu are easier configuration, users and processes, together with ways for working together in classrooms. Equally important is the gathering together of the best available free software and digital materials for education.
Related pages 
 List of Linux distributions

References

Other websites 
 Official website

Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives
Dissociative identity disorder (DID), is a mental disorder. Its old name was multiple personality disorder. It is listed in the mental health diagnosis manual DSM IV.  

DID is one of the most controversial mental disorders because people disagree about what causes it. The main symptoms of DID are a person showing two or more "identities" or "personality states". The person behaves differently depending on which identity is in control.  The second important symptom is when a person forgets important, personal things which people normally do not forget.  

A person is not diagnosed with DID if the symptoms are caused by drugs, illness, or (with children) pretending to play with imaginary friends.  Doctors must also rule out pretending to have DID for attention or sympathy, and malingering (pretending to have DID for some personal gain).  Most patients with DID are also diagnosed with other mental disorders.
Definitions
The DSM IV uses the terms "identity", "personality states" and "alternate identities" when talking about DID and other people use the term "alters" to mean the same thing. These words can be confusing since not everyone uses the same definition. Professionals have not agreed on a specific definition for a personality; other terms, including dissociation and amnesia, may also be defined differently by different professionals. When talking about DID, saying someone changes personalities or alters means the person speaks and acts differently, and usually responds to a different name.
Dissociation is a symptom.  Most people experience normal dissociation, where they stop paying attention to what is happening around them.  People with DID have pathological dissociation, which is much more serious.  It involves problems with memory and attention that make it hard for people to work, shop and have relationships with other people.  Everyone can dissociate but some people can do it much more easily and to an extreme that can be unhealthy.  Some doctors think trauma causes dissociation which is seen in disorders like DID.
According to the DSM-IV, the symptoms of DID are "the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states" (which are often called "alters"), as well as forgetting things that people normally don't forget.  Also, the symptoms cannot be caused by drugs or normal childhood play.  People can report having a lot of alters, or just a couple.  Most people diagnosed with DID have less than ten, though some have said they have several thousand. A person diagnosed with DID cannot be diagnosed with another dissociative disorder.  Because people with DID hear voices of different alters, it may be confused with schizophrenia.  However, the two problems are very different and doctors can usually tell if a patient has DID or schizophrenia by asking the right questions.  DID is always diagnosed by what patients tell their doctors and what the doctor thinks this means.  There are no objective tests using blood or machines that can tell if someone has DID
.  Though people have tried diagnosing and studying DID using medical imaging or brain scanning.
Diagnosis
The DSM uses the following criteria to diagnose DID:
 At least two "distinct identities" that alternate control of behavior
 Inability to recall "important personal information too great" to be attributed to "ordinary forgetfulness" 
 None of the above are due to the direct physiological effects of a substance or a general medical condition

The International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) uses the term multiple personality disorder instead of dissociative identity disorder.  It classifies DID in section F44.8, "Other dissociative [conversion] disorders".
There are two main ideas about what causes DID, but there is still disagreement about which is correct.  The trauma theory says that DID is caused by parents or families that abuse or neglect their children.  Some of these children deny the abuse is happening or pretend it is happening to someone else, and this eventually becomes a different identity or alter.  Most people diagnosed with DID say they remember being abused by their parents or other caregivers when they were children.  When asked about their childhood, patients with DID are more likely to say they were abused or neglected than people with any other diagnosis.  However, the idea that DID develops in childhood is disputed because childhood memories are not very reliable and it is not clear if the abuse actually happened.  Though DID has been diagnosed in children, there are reasons to believe the diagnosis is because of the influence of parents and doctors rather than abuse
.  There is not enough good scientific evidence about DID in childhood to be sure DID is actually caused by abuse or something else.
The iatrogenic or sociocognitive model (SCM) of DID says it is created during psychotherapy when the therapist creates false memories and patients become convinced they have multiple personalities. Some patients may be more likely to develop DID in these circumstances because they are naturally more likely to accept their therapists are right about DID.  SCM supporters also think that patients have seen DID in movies and books, and this shows them how people with DID are supposed to behave, which makes it easier for them to change their behavior when they are supposed to be a new alter.  They also say the criteria used by the DSM are unclear which makes it hard to agree on whether a patient has DID or another diagnosis.
A middle position says that trauma may change how the brain remembers things which makes it easier to remember things that did not actually happen.  It has also been suggested that early trauma may make children more likely to use their imaginations to pretend abuse or other painful situations are not happening, and if they enter therapy when they are older, it is easier for therapists to convince them they have DID.
Treatment
There is no treatment approach that has been scientifically proven to work.  Most therapists who treat patients with DID use several different approaches.  Therapy usually lasts for several years, and does not always work.  Some therapists try to reduce or eliminate the alters so the patient only has one personality, while others do not.  The ISSTD recommends first improving a patient's ability to deal with symptoms and live more normal lives, then trying to deal with traumatic memories.  The final step is bringing all the identities together so the patient can access all of their memories.

Prognosis
Sometimes patients with DID will get better without any help, but this is not common.  Patients with more diagnoses than just DID often take longer to improve.
Epidemiology
There have been no large-scale studies to learn how common DID is. The ISSTD says DID occurs in between 1 and 3% in the general population, and between 1 and 5% in groups of patients in hospitals.  DID is more common in women than in men but this may be caused by men with DID being sent to prison instead of hospitals.  The number of people diagnosed with DID increased from about 200 in 1970 to about 20,000 in the 1990s.  According to the ISSTD this is because doctors did not have the training or experience to recognize DID.  Instead they diagnosed people with depression, PTSD or borderline personality disorder.  People who support the SCM say the increase in diagnoses was because a small number of doctors diagnosed a large number of people and because a large number of therapists began using types of psychotherapy that made people think they had DID.

History and culture
Before 1900 it was thought DID was caused by spirits or ghosts who controlled people's behavior.  The first case of DID described in medicine was in 1646 by the Swiss doctor Paracelsus.  DID was very uncommon until the 1970s.  Between 1980 and 1990 the number of cases reported in medicine went from about 200 to more than 20,000.  In 1994, the 4th edition of the DSM was published, which changed the name from "multiple personality disorder" to "dissociative identity disorder".  The DSM also changed how DID was diagnosed.  Many scientific articles were written about DID during the same period, though after 1995 the number of articles published every year decreased. Today there is little research on DID.
Even though DID is a very rare, there are a lot of books, plays and movies about people with DID.  In 1886 Robert Louis Stevenson published the short book The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde which was very popular.  People later thought that Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde were examples of someone with DID.  The Three Faces Of Eve was a movie made in 1957 about a woman with DID.  Sybil, a popular book about a woman with DID, was published in 1973.  It was made into a movie in 1976, and a second time in 2007.  A survey done in 2001 of American and Canadian psychiatrists found that there was a lot of disagreement and skepticism about diagnosing DID and if the diagnosis was based on enough good quality science.

There is also a DID community online. Online DID advocates believe that sometimes, DID should not be considered as a disease, but as multiplicity. They say multiplicity is a kind of neurodiversity, like being left-handed.
DID in the legal system
Lawyers and doctors who work with the law also consider DID to be very controversial.  Since the 1990s, DID has become more common in courts. People have tried to avoid going to prison for such crimes as murder and serial rape by claiming to have DID, and lawyers and judges are concerned about people pretending to have DID to avoid going to prison.  The first time this happened was in 1976, and since that time most people who commit crimes and claim it was because of DID have gone to prison.

References

Mental illnesses
Psychology
NPOV disputes
Zucchini (British English: courgette) are a type of squash. Usually, they are served cooked. They can also be used as an ingredient in a sweet bread. They look similar to cucumbers.

Naming and Etymology 
The plant has three names in English, all of them meaning 'small marrow': zucchini (an Italian loanword), courgette (a French loanword), and baby marrow (South African English). Zucchini and courgette are doublets, both descending from the Latin .

Zoodles refer to spiraled Zucchini "noodles" used as an alternative to pasta.

Baby marrow
The name baby marrow is used in South Africa to name a zucchini harvested when extremely young, as small as a finger.

Maarroo
Maarroo is used in Urdu, Pushtu and Punjabi for Zucchini in Pakistan. It is probably a distorted form of Marrow or baby marrow.

References

Vegetables
Cucurbitaceae
A civil servant or public servant is an employee who works in the civilian career public sector for a government department or agency. Many consider the study of civil service to be a part of the field of public administration. Who is a civil servant and who is not is different in different countries.

Workers in non-departmental public bodies, (called Quangos in some countries) may also be called civil servants in context with statistics. All people that may be called civil servants together form a nation's Civil Service or Public Service.
References 
 Bodde, D.  Chinese Ideas in the West
 Brownlow, Louis, Charles E. Merriam, and Luther Gulick, Report of the President's Committee on Administrative Management. (1937) U.S. Government Printing Office. 
 P. N. Mathur. The Civil Service of India, 1731-1894: a study of the history, evolution and demand for reform (1977)
 Kevin Theakston. The Civil Service Since 1945 (Institute of Contemporary British History, 1995)
 Ari Hoogenboom. Outlawing the Spoils: A History of the Civil Service Reform Movement, 1865-1883. (1961)
 Schiesl, Martin. The Politics of Efficiency: Municipal Administration and Reform in America, 1880-1920. (1977)
 Van Riper, Paul. History of the United States Civil Service (1958). 
 White, Leonard D., Introduction to the Study of Public Administration. (1955)
 Leonard D. White, Charles H. Bland, Walter R. Sharp, and Fritz Morstein Marx; Civil Service Abroad, Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany (1935) online 

Employment
Government-related organizations
An employee is a term for workers and managers working for a company, organization or community. These people are the staff of the organization. In general, any person hired by an employer to do a particular job in exchange for payment is an employee, but there are different kinds of employees. In some countries, employers are required by law to do certain things, like obey minimum wage laws, provide a safe workplace, and sometimes pay a tax. Employers also have to give their official employees benefits, like paying for health insurance. Because of this, some employers like to hire independent contractors to do work instead of regular employees. In the United States, a worker is an employee if their employer gets to tell them what do, how to do it, and when to do it in a material way and an independent contractor if they get to make their own decisions about how to do what the employer wants.

The relationship between employer and employee is different from that between the firm and a customer or client.
An employee usually has to provide a resume and have an interview before being offered a job.

Independent contractors

Some employers like to hire independent contractors, or workers who are technically running their own businesses, because they do not have to follow all of the same laws. For example, in the United States, an employer has to some of the employee's social security taxes and the employee pays the rest. A self-employed person pays for all of his or her own social security taxes.
Some companies like to hire independent contractors and then tell them exactly what to do and when to do it, like regular employees. They can get in trouble for this. In the United States, the Internal Revenue Service can sue companies that lie about whether their employees really are independent contractors.

Other websites 
 NBER, Science and Engineering Workforce Project
 UK gov Local Business Link

References

Employment
An employer is a person or institution that hires employees.  Employers offer wages or a salary to the workers in exchange for the worker's work or labor.

If the employee is paid by the hour, then the money the employee earns is called their wage. If the employee is paid a set rate per pay period, then the money they earn is called their salary. Wages are paid for all hours worked, including overtime, but a salary is typically not paid more for more hours worked than the minimum.

Employers include everything from people hiring a babysitter to governments and businesses which may hire many thousands of employees.  In most western societies governments are the largest single employers, but most of the work force is employed in small and medium businesses in the private sector.

Other websites 

NBER, Science and Engineering Workforce Project
UK gov Local Business Link

Employment
The public sector is the part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by civil service and for the government, whether national, regional or local/municipal. Examples of public sector activity range from delivering social welfare, administering infrastructure and urban planning and organising national defences.

References 
Economics
Public administration
Administration may refer to:

Business
 Administration of business, the management of a business
 Management, the act of directing people towards achieving a goal
 Academic administration, a branch of a place of learning (e.g., a school) that maintains and supervises how it works
 Central Administration, the highest administrative department of an organisation
 Administration (law), whereby an insolvent company can continue trading under supervision

Government
The executive branch of government under a specific head of government
Public administration, the act of administering public policy as determined by a government

Other 
 Drug administration, giving someone medication
 Military administration, the techniques and systems used in the management of the armed forces

Related pages
 Administrator
Kingdom Hearts II is a video game from the Kingdom Hearts series for PlayStation 2. It has the characters of the Final Fantasy series and Walt Disney characters; for example Donald Duck, Goofy and Mickey Mouse. Kingdom Hearts II starts one year after the end of Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories and continues the story from Kingdom Hearts and Chain of Memories, for PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance. It was released in Japan on December 22, 2005, in North America on March 28, 2006, and in Europe on September 29, 2006.

In Kingdom Hearts II, the player controls a 15-year-old boy named Sora. Sora goes through different worlds (based around many different Disney movies) fighting different enemies like Heartless and Nobodies. Occasionally, there will be enemies you have to defeat that are based on the world you are in, such as the cursed pirates in Pirates of the Caribbean.
The player starts the game controlling Roxas, a 15-year-old boy living in Twilight Town. He is on summer vacation with his three best friends, Hayner, Pence, and Olette. As a week goes by, strange things begin to happen. A man named Axel, a member of Organization XIII, becomes upset at Roxas for not remembering him. They fight, and Roxas discovers that he can use a Keyblade. Roxas also meets Naminé and a man named DiZ who was in Riku's side of Chain of Memories. Naminé tells Roxas she has been changing his memories so he can become "whole" again. Axel tells Roxas they used to be friends and that he must either take Roxas back to the Organization or destroy him. They battle, and Axel disappears. Roxas then finds Sora, and disappears himself. After Roxas disappears, Sora wakes up and becomes a playable character. Donald and Goofy also wake up, and the three of them continue their mission to find Riku
. As they search for him, they meet the rest of the members of Organization XIII and learn that they are beings called Nobodies. When a Heartless steals someone's heart, that person also becomes a Heartless, but if their heart is strong, their body becomes a Nobody. Nobodies have no emotions, but want to have hearts again. Xemnas, the leader of Organization XIII, is trying to summon Kingdom Hearts, which he claims will enable the Nobodies to get their hearts back. To summon Kingdom Hearts, Heartless must be killed with a Keyblade, which will release the hearts they hold and let them return to Kingdom Hearts. This is the reason the Organization wanted Sora to join them. It is later revealed that Roxas is Sora's Nobody and was a member of Organization XIII. Roxas was created when Sora briefly lost his heart. Naminé reveals herself to be Kairi's Nobody, who was created when Kairi lost her heart at the beginning of Kingdom Hearts. Xemnas is the Nobody of a man called Xehanort, who no longer exists