Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
American Civil War 
By 1861, medical knowledge and equipment still had far to go. Treating wounds, infections and diseases often did more harm than good. Doctors did not understand what caused infections and could do very little to treat them. Estimates are that twice as many soldiers died from disease as died from gunshot wounds. Camp hygiene was extremely poor. Sanitation facilities, the lack of shelter, clothing, shoes and food all contributed to high death rates in the camps. Prisoners of war lived under the most miserable conditions. Dysentery was extremely common in most camps because of poor sanitation and contaminated water. Doctors did not wash instruments or their hands as they moved from patient to patient. Nurses who tended the sick risked catching the diseases themselves. With the crude state of medicine at the time, most diseases could be fatal. While medical knowledge and conditions gradually improved during the war, it still wasn't enough to save thousands of lost lives.
Twentieth century field hospitals 
 
In World War I, the U.S. Army used "evacuation hospitals" (called "evacs") which were a part of getting them care as soon as possible. Stretcher bearers were medical soldiers who carried the wounded off the field. They were first brought to the Battalion Aid Station. Here medics gave basic first aid. For any more serious treatment stretcher bearers and ambulances took the wounded to a field hospital. At the field hospital, they went through triage which was a process of sorting out patients by how serious and life-threatening their wounds were. Soldiers who were exposed to poison gas were treated at specially equipped hospitals. After triage, they were taken by ambulance to the evacuation hospitals. There they received surgery and would stay there while they got better. After the evac hospital, they went to base hospitals where they could receive more care and rest. World War I was the first time the army experimented with mobile hospitals.
The World War II German field hospitals were very similar to those of the U.S. Army. But the Germans differed in their triage procedures were different. Their first aid was given at a verwundetennest by army medics (not doctors). This consisted of using bandages and/or splints and were located very close to if not on the battlefield. They were then sent to the truppenverbandplatz (aid station) where they were seen by a doctor. After this patients who were stabilized were sent to a hauptverbandplatz (clearing station). This was located about  from the front and usually had two doctors (but more were added as needed). They had a staff that could take care of about 200 patients (more staff was added if necessary). If the soldier had an abdomenal or other serious wound, they were given surgery here. Then, after the most serious were taken care of, any less serious wounds that needed surgery were taken care of
. For those who had severe bone fractures, brain injuries or chest wounds, they were sent to a military hospital called a kriegslazarett.
Modern field hospitals 
In the United States, there are more than 75 military hospitals and 461 clinics who see both military personnel and their families. In times of emergency, they see civilian patients. Another example is Israel. The Israel Defense Forces can set up a field hospital within 12 hours of arriving when local hospitals are either overwhelmed or are not functioning. These are two examples of modern military field hospitals serving a dual purpose.
Field hospitals and the law 
 
Under international humanitarian law hospitals of any kind have a special protected status. To deliberately attack a hospital or any medical unit is considered a war crime. It is also prohibited to use a hospital or medical facility as part of a military action. For example, to use a hospital as a fortification. It is also against international law to use a hospital, ambulance or any medical facility as camouflage to hide soldiers who are not wounded.

In addition to international law, the laws and military codes of all nations protect hospitals and medical personnel. This has been a basic part of international law since it was started in 1864. It is also a part of four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and was added to in 1977. Doctors, nurses and medical personnel have a duty to treat the sick and wounded in a war zone. Attacking them or the hospitals they work in is a crime on many levels.
If the territory or area that includes hospitals or mobile medical facilities is captured by enemy soldiers, medical personnel are not immune from being seized. The medical team as well as the patients (of either side) should be treated with respect. They must be allowed to perform their normal duties tending to the sick and wounded. In international conflicts, permanent medical personnel must be repatriated except for a short period of time when their services are needed to care for their patients. Permanent medical personnel are those who are assigned to a medical mission for the entire time of the conflict. Temporary personnel may be taken prisoner and their medical skills may be used during the time they are imprisoned. If a conflict is not international, then the above distinctions between permanent and temporary medical personnel are not made. But in no case may medical personnel be punished for caring for sick and wounded enemy soldiers.

References
References

Other websites 
 al Azraq Camp Field Hospital Staff Video - Jordan المستشفى الميداني - مخيم الأزرق: YouTube (with subtitles)
 212th Combat Field Hospital (Warning: Graphic Content): YouTube
 Samaritan's Purse Mobile Field Hospital; YouTube
 About Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières; YouTube
Military organizations
Hospitals
An Anarkali Shalwar suit is a form of women's dress. The anarkali suit is made up of a long, frock-style top and features a slim fitted bottom. It is mostly worn by women in Pakistan and other countries in South Asia such as India and Bangladesh. The anarkali suit varies in many different lengths and embroideries including floor length anarkali styles. 

Anarkali suits owe their name to the fictional Anarkali, a courtesan in the court of Mughal emperor Akbar  who was legendarily murdered for her illicit relationship with the Crown Prince Salim.

Anarkali Suits is similar to Gowns as it is same vice versa with Length of Suits. Only Difference in Anarkali suits and Gowns comes with Dupatta and salwar rest all are same. Anarkali Suits are very much Popuar nowadays in India among village side girls. It is most beautiful and daily wear dress in general use.

References

Pakistani clothing
Indian clothing
China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303 was a flight from Xianyang Airport, in Xianyang to Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (former). The aircraft used was a Tupolev Tu-154M. On June 6, 1994  the aircraft crashed into a field due to mechanical flaw in Xi'an. All 160 people were killed in China's worst air disaster.

1994 in Asia
1990s disasters in Asia
1990s in China
Aviation accidents and incidents in Asia
Aviation accidents and incidents in the 1990s
Disasters in China
June 1994 events
1994 disasters
The arrondissement of Le Blanc is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre department of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its capital is the city of Le Blanc.

History
When the Indre department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Le Blanc was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Le Blanc is the most western arrondissement of the Indre department; it covers parts of the west and southwest of the department. It  is the second arrondissement of the department in area, after the arrondissement of Châteauroux, with, but the one with the lowest population (31,821 inhabitants).

The lowest point in the arrondissement is  high,  in the "commune" of Néons-sur-Creuse, and the highest is  high,  in the "commune" of Mouhet.
It is bordered to the north by the Indre-et-Loire department, to the east by the arrondissement of Châteauroux, to the southeast by the arrondissement of  La Châtre, to the south by the Creuse department, to the southwest by the  Haute-Vienne department and to the west by the Vienne department.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

There are only two cantons in the arrondissement of Le Blanc:
 Le Blanc (3603), with 27 "communes", all in the arrondissement; and
 Saint-Gaultier (3612), with 30 "communes" in the arrondissement and 4 in the arrondissement of Châteauroux.

Communes
The arrondissement of Le Blanc has 57 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Azay-le-Ferron (36010)
 Beaulieu (36015)
 Bélâbre (36016)
 Le Blanc (36018)
 Bonneuil (36020)
 Chaillac (36035)
 Chalais (36036)
 La Châtre-Langlin (36047)
 Chazelet (36049)
 Chitray (36051)
 Ciron (36053)
 Concremiers (36058)
 Douadic (36066)
 Dunet (36067)
 Fontgombault (36076)
 Ingrandes (36087)
 Lignac (36094)
 Lingé (36096)
 Lurais (36104)
 Lureuil (36105)
 Luzeret (36106)
 Martizay (36113)
 Mauvières (36114)
 Mérigny (36119)
 Mézières-en-Brenne (36123)
 Migné (36124)
 Mouhet (36134)
 Néons-sur-Creuse (36137)
 Nuret-le-Ferron (36144)
 Obterre (36145)
 Oulches (36148)
 Parnac (36150)
 Paulnay (36153)
 La Pérouille (36157)
 Pouligny-Saint-Pierre (36165)
 Preuilly-la-Ville (36167)
 Prissac (36168)
 Rivarennes (36172)
 Rosnay (36173)
 Roussines (36174)
 Ruffec (36176)
 Sacierges-Saint-Martin (36177)
 Saint-Aigny (36178)
 Saint-Benoît-du-Sault (36182)
 Saint-Civran (36187)
 Saint-Gaultier (36192)
 Sainte-Gemme (36193)
 Saint-Gilles (36196)
 Saint-Hilaire-sur-Benaize (36197)
 Saint-Michel-en-Brenne (36204)
Saulnay (36212)
 Sauzelles (36213)
 Thenay (36220)
 Tilly (36223)
 Tournon-Saint-Martin (36224)
 Vigoux (36239)
 Villiers (36246)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Indre department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Le Blanc
The arrondissement of Châteauroux is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre department of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its capital is the city of Châteauroux.

History
When the Indre department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Châteauroux was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Châteauroux is a central arrondissement in the Indre department. It  is the largest arrondissement of the department both in area with , and in population (126,428 inhabitants).

The lowest point in the arrondissement is  high,  in the "commune" of La Vernelle, and the highest is  high, in the "commune" of Chavin.

It is bordered to the north by the Indre-et-Loire department, to the east by the arrondissement of Issoudun, to the southeast and south by the arrondissement of  La Châtre, to the west by the arrondissement of Le Blanc and to the northwest by the Indre-et-Loire department.

Composition
Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of Châteauroux has 86 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Ardentes (36005)
 Argenton-sur-Creuse (36006)
 Argy (36007)
 Arpheuilles (36008)
 Arthon (36009)
 Baraize (36012)
 Baudres (36013)
 Bazaiges (36014)
 Bouesse (36022)
 Bouges-le-Château (36023)
 Bretagne (36024)
 Brion (36026)
 Buzançais (36031)
 Ceaulmont (36032)
 Celon (36033)
 La Chapelle-Orthemale (36040)
 Chasseneuil (36042)
 Châteauroux (36044)
 Châtillon-sur-Indre (36045)
 Chavin (36048)
 Chezelles (36050)
 Cléré-du-Bois (36054)
 Clion (36055)
 Coings (36057)
 Cuzion (36062)
 Déols (36063)
 Diors (36064)
 Écueillé (36069)
 Éguzon-Chantôme (36070)
 Étrechet (36071)
 Faverolles (36072)
 Fléré-la-Rivière (36074)
 Fontguenand (36077)
 Francillon (36079)
 Frédille (36080)
 Gargilesse-Dampierre (36081)
 Gehée (36082)
 Heugnes (36086)
 Jeu-les-Bois (36089)
 Jeu-Maloches (36090)
 Langé (36092)
 Levroux (36093)
 Luant (36101)
 Luçay-le-Mâle (36103)
 Lye (36107)
 Mâron (36112)
 Le Menoux (36117)
 Méobecq (36118)
 Montierchaume (36128)
 Mosnay (36131)
 Moulins-sur-Céphons (36135)
 Murs (36136)
Murs (36136)
 Neuillay-les-Bois (36139)
 Niherne (36142)
 Palluau-sur-Indre (36149)
 Le Pêchereau (36154)
 Pellevoisin (36155)
 Badecon-le-Pin (36158)
 Le Poinçonnet (36159)
 Pommiers (36160)
 Le Pont-Chrétien-Chabenet (36161)
 Préaux (36166)
 Rouvres-les-Bois (36175)
 Saint-Cyran-du-Jambot (36188)
 Saint-Genou (36194)
 Saint-Lactencin (36198)
 Saint-Marcel (36200)
 Saint-Maur (36202)
 Saint-Médard (36203)
 Saint-Pierre-de-Lamps (36206)
 Sassierges-Saint-Germain (36211)
 Selles-sur-Nahon (36216)
 Sougé (36218)
 Tendu (36219)
 Le Tranger (36225)
 Valençay (36228)
 Velles (36231)
 Vendœuvres (36232)
 La Vernelle (36233)
 Veuil (36235)
 Vicq-sur-Nahon (36237)
 Villedieu-sur-Indre (36241)
 Villegongis (36242)
 Villegouin (36243)
 Villentrois (36244)
 Vineuil (36247)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Indre department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Chateauroux
The law of Azerbaijan is made up of many levels of codified forms of law. The laws of Azerbaijan are based on civil law. As the country was a republic of the Soviet Union until 1991, its laws have also been influenced heavily by socialist law. Today Azerbaijani law is heavily based on the laws Germany, France and Italy which also use civil law.

Criminal law
The current Criminal Code of Azerbaijan came into force in September 2000, replacing the older Criminal Code of 1960 which was based on Soviet law. The current Azerbaijani criminal law is based on the criminal laws of Germany, France and Italy.
Sources of law
Unlike common law systems such as the United States and the United Kingdom, Azerbaijani courts do not rely on case law and judicial precedent and there are no unwritten laws in Azerbaijani law. Except for decisions of the Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan, decisions of the courts are not usually counted as a source of law. The sources of law in the Azerbaijani legal system are:
The Constitution of Azerbaijan.
Acts adopted via referendum.
Laws passed by the National Assembly of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan's legislature.
Decrees.
Resolutions of the Cabinet of Minister.
International treaties to which Azerbaijan is a participant.
Court system
The Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan as the highest court of the country, makes the most important and final decisions on civil, criminal and other cases. It is the court of last resort and it has more power than all other courts. Decisions of lower courts can be cancelled here. The Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan has the power to interpret and apply the Constitution of Azerbaijan, especially if laws violate the constitution.

References

Other websites
 Supreme Court of the Republic of Azerbaijan
The arrondissement of La Châtre is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre department of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its capital is the city of La Châtre.

History
When the Indre department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Châteauroux was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of La Châtre is in the southeast of the Indre department. It  has an area of  and a population of 32,962 inhabitants.

The lowest point in the arrondissement is  high,  in the "commune" of Ceaulmont, and the highest is  high, in the "commune" of Crevant.

It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of  Châteauroux, to the northeast by the arrondissement of Issoudun, to the east by the Cher departmen, to the south by the Creuse department and to the west by the arrondissement of  Le Blanc.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of La Châtre has 51 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aigurande (36001)
 La Berthenoux (36017)
 Briantes (36025)
 La Buxerette (36028)
 Buxières-d'Aillac (36030)
 Champillet (36038)
 Chassignolles (36043)
 La Châtre (36046)
 Cluis (36056)
 Crevant (36060)
 Crozon-sur-Vauvre (36061)
 Feusines (36073)
 Fougerolles (36078)
 Gournay (36084)
 Lacs (36091)
 Lignerolles (36095)
 Lourdoueix-Saint-Michel (36099)
 Lourouer-Saint-Laurent (36100)
 Lys-Saint-Georges (36108)
 Le Magny (36109)
 Maillet (36110)
 Malicornay (36111)
 Mers-sur-Indre (36120)
 Montchevrier (36126)
 Montgivray (36127)
 Montipouret (36129)
 Montlevicq (36130)
 La Motte-Feuilly (36132)
 Mouhers (36133)
 Néret (36138)
 Neuvy-Saint-Sépulchre (36141)
 Nohant-Vic (36143)
 Orsennes (36146)
 Pérassay (36156)
 Pouligny-Notre-Dame (36163)
 Pouligny-Saint-Martin (36164)
 Saint-Août (36180)
 Saint-Chartier (36184)
 Saint-Christophe-en-Boucherie (36186)
 Saint-Denis-de-Jouhet (36189)
 Saint-Plantaire (36207)
 Sainte-Sévère-sur-Indre (36208)
 Sarzay (36210)
 Sazeray (36214)
 Thevet-Saint-Julien (36221)
Tranzault (36226)
 Urciers (36227)
 Verneuil-sur-Igneraie (36234)
 Vicq-Exemplet (36236)
 Vigoulant (36238)
 Vijon (36240)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Indre department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

La Chatre
In September 1965, BMC took control of its major suppliers (of bodies), Pressed Steel, acquiring Jaguar's body supplier in the process.

In September 1966, BMC merged with Jaguar Cars Limited.

On 14 December 1966, BMC changed its name to British Motor Holdings Limited or BMH.

BMH merged in May 1968 with Leyland Motor Corporation Limited, which made trucks and buses and were owners of Standard-Triumph International Limited, BMH becoming the major part of British Leyland Motor Corporation.

Organisation

References

Manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
The arrondissement of Issoudun is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre department of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its capital is the city of Issoudun.

History
When the Indre department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Issoudun was part of that original department.

On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Issoudun was eliminated but in 1942 it was made again an arrondissement.

Geography
The arrondissement of Issoudun is in the northeast of the Indre department. It is the smallest arrondissement of the department in area, with , but the second in population, with 34,964 inhabitants.

It is bordered to the north by the Indre-et-Loire department, to the east by the Cher department, to the south by the arrondissement of Arrondissement of La Châtre and to west the arrondissement of  Châteauroux.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of Issoudun has 49 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aize (36002)
 Ambrault (36003)
 Anjouin (36004)
 Bagneux (36011)
 Bommiers (36019)
 Les Bordes (36021)
 Brives (36027)
 Buxeuil (36029)
 Chabris (36034)
 La Champenoise (36037)
 La Chapelle-Saint-Laurian (36041)
 Chouday (36052)
 Condé (36059)
 Diou (36065)
 Dun-le-Poëlier (36068)
 Fontenay (36075)
 Giroux (36083)
 Guilly (36085)
 Issoudun (36088)
 Liniez (36097)
 Lizeray (36098)
 Luçay-le-Libre (36102)
 Menetou-sur-Nahon (36115)
 Ménétréols-sous-Vatan (36116)
 Meunet-Planches (36121)
 Meunet-sur-Vatan (36122)
 Migny (36125)
 Neuvy-Pailloux (36140)
 Orville (36147)
 Paudy (36152)
 Poulaines (36162)
 Pruniers (36169)
 Reboursin (36170)
 Reuilly (36171)
 Saint-Aoustrille (36179)
 Saint-Aubin (36181)
 Saint-Christophe-en-Bazelle (36185)
 Sainte-Fauste (36190)
 Sainte-Lizaigne (36199)
 Saint-Florentin (36191)
 Saint-Georges-sur-Arnon (36195)
 Saint-Pierre-de-Jards (36205)
 Saint-Valentin (36209)
 Ségry (36215)
 Sembleçay (36217)
 Thizay (36222)
 Val-Fouzon (36229)
 Vatan (36230)
 Vouillon (36248)
The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Indre department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Issoudun
Jonas Malheiro Savimbi was an Angolan political and military leader. He founded and led the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).

In 2002 UNITA lost the Angolan Civil War to the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).

References

1934 births
2002 deaths
Angolan people
Babrak Karmal was an Afghan politician. Karmal was made President of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union at the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War.

Under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union deposed Karmal and replaced him with Mohammad Najibullah. Following his loss of power, Karmal was exiled to Moscow.

References

1929 births
1996 deaths
Presidents of Afghanistan
Prime Ministers of Afghanistan
The Truyère () is a river in southwestern France. It is the main tributary of the Lot river.

Geography
The Truyère river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 69.5 cubic metres per second at Entraygues-sur-Truyèret.

Course
The Truyère starts in the Margeride mountains, south-western Massif Central, north of Mende, in the "commune" of La Villedieu (Lozère department), at an altitude of about .

The Truyère flows to the west, in general, and passes through 2 regions, 3 departments and 44 communes:

 Occitanie region
 Lozère: Le Malzieu-Ville, Chaulhac, Saint-Léger-du-Malzieu, Rimeize, Blavignac, Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux, Fontans, Saint-Gal, Serverette
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Cantal: Saint-Martial, Chaliers, Oradour, Fridefont, Alleuze, Faverolles, Neuvéglise
 Occitanie region
 Aveyron: Entraygues-sur-Truyère, Thérondels, Cantoin, Montézic, Brommat
Finally, it flows, as a right tributary, into the Lot river, in Entraygues-sur-Truyèret, in the Aveyron department, at  of altitude.

The Garabit Viaduct is a bridge over the Truyère near Ruynes-en-Margeride that was built by Gustave Eiffel.

There are several dams over the river to produce hydroelectricity.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Truyère river are:

Left tributaries:
 Rimeize - 37.3 km
 Bès - 66.7 km
 Lebot - 22.7 km
 Argence Vive - 23.9
 Selves - 44.5 km

Right tributaries:
 Ander - 36.2 km
 Brezons - 28.5 km
 Bromme - 28.7 km
 Goul - 52 km

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 La Truyère (O7--0250)  

Rivers of Occitanie
Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Doublespeak 
Some terms are intentionally intended to obscure, disguise, distort, or otherwise change the meaning of words. This is called "doublespeak". For example, the United States reduction of troop strength in Afghanistan is called by American troops "the retrograde." This is from an old military euphemism meaning to retreat (no military likes to admit it retreats). Some phrases are so strange that nobody outside the military understands them. "15 minutes prior to 15 minutes prior" refers to military people being told to show up 15 minutes early for everything. So when a commanding officer says there will be a meeting at "06:00" (6:00 a.m. on the 24-hour clock), it means to show up at 05:45. When junior officers repeat the order to the sergeant, to him it means 05:30, and so on. By the time it filters down to the lowest ranking soldier, it can mean be there by midnight.
Acronyms 
To listen to military people talking, everything seems to be in acronyms. For instance, "I was on the FOB when the IDF hit, so I radioed the TOC" (I was on the Forward Operating Base when the Ineffective Direct Fire hit, so I radioed the Tactical Operations center). Military people seem to love using acronyms which is probably why there are so many of them. New recruits, military families and even seasoned veterans are expected to know most if not all the current acronyms.

Phonic alphabet 
To say letters out loud, over the phone or when it might be unclear what letter is being pronounced a phonic alphabet is used. On ships, a navy would use flags for different letters of the alphabet. The NATO phonetic alphabet (with flags) is:
Terms most people get wrong 
 Soldier – Does not mean marine s (called marines), navy personnel (called sailors or seamen) or air force personnel (called airmen). A soldier is a member of an army.
 Commander – Is a rank of naval officer or the person in command of a military unit. However, the highest ranking officer in each branch of the military is not a commander nor is the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
 Gun – Most soldiers and marines carry rifles and in military terminology a rifle is not a gun. A pistol is a gun and a machine gun is a gun. Confusingly, in civilian terminology a rifle is a gun. The movies and television are usually responsible for getting this wrong. An exception is the 21-gun salute. Historically, when a ship entered port it fired all its cannons (called guns in navy-speak) emptying them to show it was friendly.
Bazooka — A bazooka was a World War II shoulder-fired anti-tank rocket launcher that was used up to about the end of the Vietnam War. However, modern portable rocket launchers are not bazookas. 
 Hummer – A Hummer is a civilian vehicle not to be confused with the Humvee or HMMWV which stands for the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle. A soldier or marine would never call a Humvee a Hummer or vice versa.
References

Other websites 
 Military Acronyms, Initialisms, and Abbreviations 
 War & Military Vocabulary: Understand the news; YouTube
 Top 10 Military Acronyms; YouTube

Military terminology
The Célé is a river in southern France. It is a right tributary of the Lot river; it is the second largest tributary of the Lot, after the Truyère.

Several communes have the name of the river in their names:Bagnac-sur-Célé, Marcilhac-sur-Célé, Sauliac-sur-Célé.

Geography
The Célé river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 17.90 cubic metres per second at Orniac.

Course

The Célé starts in the Massif Central, in the "commune" of Calvinet (Cantal department), at an altitude of about .

The Célé flows to the west, in general, and passes through 2 regions, 2 departments and 26 communes:
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Cantal: Calvinet, Saint-Constant, Maurs, Le Trioulou, Mourjou, Fournoulès, Cassaniouze
 Occitanie region
 Lot: Viazac, Linac, Saint-Jean-Mirabel, Bagnac-sur-Célé, Figeac, Marcilhac-sur-Célé, Lunan, Corn, Camboulit, Boussac, Brengues, Saint-Sulpice, Espagnac-Sainte-Eulalie, Béduer, Cabrerets, Orniac, Sauliac-sur-Célé, Saint-Chels

Finally, it flows, as a right tributary, into the Lot river, in Bouziès, in the Lot department, at  of altitude.

Main tributaries 
The main tributaries of the Célé river are (only right tributaries because the left tributaries are small Streams):

Right tributaries:
 Ressègue - 22.4 km
 Rance - 35.9 km
 Veyre - 32.9 km
 Bervezou - 24 km
 Drauzou - 22.6 km

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 Banque Hydro - MEDDE, « Synthèse de la Banque Hydro - Le Célé à Orniac  

Rivers of Occitanie
Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Patty Judge (born November 2, 1943) is an American nurse and politician. She was the 46th Lieutenant Governor of Iowa. She was also previously the Secretary of Agriculture for Iowa. In 2010, she ran for re-election, though was not successful. She had been elected to the office with the Governor Chet Culver.

In March 2016, she announced her run for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate. She won the primary on June 7. She lost the general election to the incumbent Chuck Grassley.

Judge was born in Fort Madison, Iowa.

References

1943 births
Living people
Lieutenant Governors of Iowa
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Suntec City is a major multi-use development in Marina Centre, a subzone of the Downtown Core in Singapore. Construction began on 18 January 1992 (with earthworks) followed by full completion and opening on 22 July 1997. It had Suntec Convention Centre, the five towers and a shopping mall. Suntec City was renovated between 2012 and 2015.

References

Other websites 
 Suntec city

Places in Singapore
Esplanade MRT Station (CC3) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Circle Line in Downtown Core, Singapore, at the junction of Bras Basah Road, Raffles Boulevard and Nicoll Highway. The station was opened on 17 April 2010 along with the rest of Stages 1 & 2 of the Circle Line. It is located next to the War Memorial Park, the Suntec City Mall and the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre. The station also has a link to Raffles City, CityLink Mall, Suntec City Mall and Marina Square.

There is a link from Esplanade station to City Hall station via the underground shopping centre CityLink Mall or basement 2 of Raffles City shopping mall. iExperience Gallery is also located here.

Prior to the opening of the station, names like Suntec, Suntec West, War Memorial and Memorial Park were used.

References

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
City Hall MRT station (NS25/EW13) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station in Singapore, that has received very high passenger number all the while. It is named after the national monument - City Hall before National Gallery took over in 2015. It provides cross platform interchange between the two lines.

It is located in the Civic District in the Downtown Core, which is within the Central Area, the city centre of Singapore. It is situated underground, beneath the junction of Stamford Road and North Bridge Road, and is thus east of the Singapore River. The commercial district of Raffles Place and its respective station is located across the Singapore River.

History
Before this station was built, it was called St Andrew's. It was renamed to City Hall in 1984.

Incidents
On December 10, 1985, a foreman died at City Hall MRT station.
This station was part of the series of 2011 MRT train disruptions on 15 and 17 December 2011. The disruption was caused by a misalignment between the trains' current collector shoes and the third rail. The disruption was one of Singapore's two largest MRT disruptions at the time of occurrence.

A power failure and blackout occurred at the station on 6 July 2012 at about 1.30 pm, causing the platforms for north and west-bound trains to turn pitch black. Emergency lighting was turned on immediately after the incident occurred. However, train services were not affected by the incident. Lighting was progressively restored from 2 pm, and was back to normal at 3.15 pm. All escalators have also been turned on. SMRT has apologised for any inconvenience caused.

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

References

Other websites

 

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1987 establishments in Singapore
This station used to be the largest and deepest MRT station in Singapore, but the record was broken by Dhoby Ghaut in 2003 and then by Bras Basah in 2010, then by Promenade in 2013 which is 43 metres below ground. It is also one of the four MRT stations to appear in "Uniquely Singapore Edition" of the board game Monopoly.

The station is the only MRT station to ever participate in three terrorist exercises, which are Exercise Northstar IV on January 11, 2004, Exercise Northstar V, when it was one of four stations which participated in the exercise on January 8, 2006, as well as Exercise Northstar VII on July 7, 2009 together with Sentosa and VivoCity. At Raffles Place, most southbound trains will then terminate at Marina Bay while few others at Marina South Pier.

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

References

Other websites

 

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1987 establishments in Singapore
Marina Bay MRT station (NS27/CE2/TE20) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North South Line and Circle Line, located on the boundary of Downtown Core and Straits View planning areas in Singapore. The station is designed by Aedas. 

It was the southern terminus of the North South Line until late November 2014. However, most trains terminate at Marina Bay instead of Marina South Pier possibly due to the low passenger demand at Marina South Pier. Passengers who are going to Marina South Pier should observe the television screens on the station platforms and listen to announcements which will notify commuters when a train that is terminating at Marina South Pier arrives. Circle Line trains that begin from here terminate at Stadium MRT station, with a few trains terminating at HarbourFront MRT station during peak hours. When the Thomson-East Coast MRT Line opened, it became 3-line interchange.
Marina Bay is mainly used as an interchange station as there are very little buildings nearby.

Exits
A: Marina Station Road, Marina South Pier, Marina Barrage, Bayfront Avenue Taxi Stand
B: Asia Square, Central Boulevard, Marina Bay City Gallery, Marina Bay Financial Centre, Marina Bay Link Mall, Marina Bay Residences, Marina Bay Sands, Marina Bay Suites, Marina Boulevard, The Promontory @ Marina Bay
It is possible to walk 500 meters to Downtown MRT station from Exit B of the station.

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

References

Other websites

 

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1987 establishments in Singapore
Bishan MRT station (NS17/CC15) is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station along the North South Line and Circle Line in Bishan, Singapore. It was one of the original five stations on the North South Line. It also serves the Circle Line which opened on 8 October 2017.

The north south line platforms are one of the few on the MRT that has split side platforms. This station is also only one of four to have faregates on the same level as the platforms, with the others being Expo, Changi Airport and Stevens

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

References

Other websites

 

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
1987 establishments in Asia
2017 establishments in Asia
2010s establishments in Singapore
20th-century establishments in Singapore
Nicoll Highway MRT Station is an MRT station in Singapore, and it was only there when the Nicoll Highway collapse on 17 April 2004.

References

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Stadium MRT Station is a MRT station in Singapore, that connects to the Singapore Sports Hub and Kallang Wave.

References

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) is the military arm of the Total Defence of the Republic of Singapore; as well as the military component of the Ministry of Defence.

The SAF has three services: the Singapore Army, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) and the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). The SAF protects the interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Singapore from external threats.

The SAF relies heavily on a large pool of conscripts in the active and reserve forces. It has an active strength of around 71,600 personnel and is capable of mobilising over 900,000 reservists. National Servicemen (NSmen) make up more than 80% of its military defence system and form the backbone of the SAF.

SAF uses the SAR-21 rifle.

References

Organizations based in Singapore
Wiler bei Utzenstorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 

Municipalities in Emmental
Ebikon (Swiss German: Äbike) is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Homepage of Ebikon 

Municipalities in Lucerne-Land
Cities in Switzerland
Qapik (or gapik, from ) is a monetary unit of Azerbaijan, equal to 1/100 of the Azerbaijani manat. The 2006 currency denomination of the Azerbaijani manat introduced 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 50 qapik into circulation.

The 1, 3 and 5 qapik are made of copper-covered steel. The 10 and 20 qapik are made of brass-covered steel, the 50 qapik are in two colors.

The word qapik comes from the Russian word "kopek" which means spear, and which was a currency since the time of Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century and is now the monetary unit of the Russian ruble, Ukrainian hryvnia and Belarusian ruble.

Related pages
 Azerbaijani manat

Notes

Currency of Asia
Currency of Europe
Economy of Azerbaijan
The history of baseball in the United States can be traced to the 19th century. This is when amateurs played a baseball-like game by their own informal rules using equipment they made themselves. The popularity of the sport inspired the semi-pro national baseball clubs in the 1860s.

Early history
The earliest known mention of baseball in the United States was a 1791 Pittsfield, Massachusetts, law banning the playing of the game within  of the town meeting house. In 1903, the British sportswriter Henry Chadwick wrote an article saying that baseball came from a British game called rounders. A game  which Chadwick had played as a boy in England. But baseball executive Albert Spalding disagreed. Baseball, said Spalding, was basically an American sport and began in America. To decide they agreed to let Abraham G. Mills settle the question by heading a commission. After three years they found that Abner Doubleday had invented the national pastime.
In 2004, baseball historian John Thorn discovered the 1791 town ordinance, putting Pittsfield's connection to baseball 48 years before Abner Doubleday accepted invention of the game in 1839 in Cooperstown, New York. This is where the National Baseball Hall of Fame now stands. The Hall of Fame recognized the ordinance as the first known reference to the game and honored the town with a plaque. Another early reference reports that base ball was regularly played on Saturdays in 1823 just outside of New York City in an area that today is Greenwich Village.
Betting scandals 
Baseball started out being a game children played. Baseball's rise in popularity coincided with professional gamblers noticing the game. Those who ran gambling games thought adults would be more interested if they could bet on who would win. This would also add profits for gambling halls. Very soon gamblers were paying players to lose intentionally (called "throwing" a game) for a percentage of the profits. Players, fans and probably even umpires, all gambled on every part of a game. This is how most players made any money playing baseball.

The 1919 Black Sox Scandal took place during the 1919 World Series. The Chicago White Sox lost the series to the Cincinnati Reds. Eight White Sox players were later accused of intentionally losing the games in exchange for money from gamblers. The players were found not guilty in court but were still banned for life from baseball. But game-fixing dates dates back to 1865. That was the first scandal where three players were banned from playing again.
References 

History of baseball
Blackmail is the act of threatening to reveal information about a person or group unless a specific demand is met.
Emotional blackmail is a form of psychological manipulation.

Blackmail may also refer to:
Blackmail, a 1929 UK film directed by Alfred Hitchcock
 Blackmailer (1936 film), a 1936 US film directed by Gordon Wiles
 Blackmail (1939 movie), a 1939 US film starring Edward G. Robinson
 Blackmail (1947 movie), a 1947 film noir
 Blackmailed (1951 film), a 1951 film with James Robertson Justice
 Black Mail (1973 film), a 1973 Hindi film starring Dharmendra
 Black Mail (1985 film), a 1985 Malayalam film
 Black Mail (1991 film), a 1991 US television film starring Susan Blakely
 Blackmail (2005 film), a 2005 Hindi film starring Ajay Devgan
 Blackmail (2015 film), a Bangladeshi film
 Blackmail (band), a German indie rock band
 Blackmail (album), the self-named debut album of the band
 Blackmail (webisodes), a spin-off series of mini-episodes of The Office
 "Blackmail" (Law & Order), a 2010 episode of the long-running NBC legal drama, Law & Order
 "Blackmail", a song by 10cc from the album The Original Soundtrack
This is a list of Pashto-language movies.

1970

1973

1992

1993

2006

2007

2008

2012

2016

Related pages 
 Arbaaz Khan

References 

Lists of movies
Qom is the second religious city of Iran and one of the bases of Shi'ism. The city dates back to before the rise of Islam. The city was conquered by Muslims in 23/644-645 but the people of Qom converted to Islam with the immigration of Ash'ariyyun in 85/704-705, the beginning of the development of Qom as a Shi'a city was from that time.

Immigration of Lady Fatima al-Ma'suma (a) to Qom and his shrine in the city, and after that, immigration of other Imam's descendants and Sayyids, made the city the base of Shi'ism in Iran. Foundation of Qom seminary added to the Shi'a fame of the city.

Today, the city is the greatest base of Shi'ism from which the Shi'a knowledge is promoted to the world.

References
 The material for writing this article is mainly taken from قم  in Farsi WikiShia.

Cities in Iran
Wileroltigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
Sensory deprivation makes it impossible for a person to use one or more of their senses.  Sensory deprivation devices can be simple, like blindfolds or hoods, which make it impossible to see.  More complicated sensory deprivation devices can cut off a person's sense of smell, touch, taste, thermoception (ability to sense heat), and their sense of gravity.

Sensory deprivation can be used in good or bad ways.  If a person chooses to go through sensory deprivation for a short time, they may feel relaxed, and it may be easier for them to meditate.  However, if a person is forced to go through sensory deprivation, or the deprivation lasts for a long time, it can cause hallucinations, very bad anxiety, strange thoughts, and depression.

Some countries in NATO have used sensory deprivation techniques on prisoners because these techniques do not qualify as torture under international laws.

Sensory deprivation as treatment
Restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST) uses sensory deprivation to help a person relax and treat problems like pain.  The sensory deprivation sessions are short, and the person can choose to stop the session at any time.  There are two basic kinds of REST.

Chamber REST

In Chamber REST, a person lies on a bed in a completely dark, sound-proof room for up to 24 hours.  They have food, drink, and a toilet in the room with them.  They can choose to leave the room at any time.  However, fewer than 10% of people who go through Chamber REST actually leave the room before 24 hours.

Flotation REST

Flotation REST uses a tank or pool filled with warm water and Epsom salts.  The Epsom salts make the water so dense that a person floats in the tank like they do not weigh anything.  People usually stay in a flotation tank (also called an isolation tank for about an hour.  Less than 5% of people leave the flotation tank before the hour has passed.
Researchers in the United States and Sweden have found that flotation REST decreases pain and stress.  Flotation REST also makes some people feel more creative, helps them solve problems more easily, and lowers their blood pressure.

Other uses
Researchers have studied REST as a treatment for alcoholism, cigarette smoking, and the use of other drugs.

Studies that lasted from one to five years showed that 25% of smokers who used REST were able to stop smoking.  If smokers also used other ways to stop smoking along with REST (like changing their behaviors), 50% were able to stop smoking.  When smokers used REST and went to weekly support groups, 80% were able to stop smoking.  (To compare, only 5% of smokers who use only a nicotine patch are able to stop smoking.)
Alcoholics who got two hours of REST, along with anti-alcohol educational messages, drank 56% less alcohol - less than half than they were drinking before - within two weeks.  Three and six months after the first treatment, these alcoholics were still drinking 56% less alcohol than they did before REST.

The University of Arizona studied the use of chamber REST to treat substance abuse.  They treated one group of people with both REST and regular substance abuse treatment.  43% of these people stopped using drugs and were still drug-free after four years.  They treated another group with regular substance abuse treatment, but no REST.  None of these people were still drug-free after eight months.

Sensory deprivation on prisoners
Security forces in Northern Ireland used sensory deprivation on prisoners in the early 1970s.  They used "the five techniques" of sensory deprivation on prisoners they suspected of belonging to paramilitary organizations:
 Wall-standing (forcing prisoners to stay for hours in stress positions - positions that cause pain or put stress on one part of the body, like the fingers)
 Hooding (putting a dark bag over the prisoner's head so they cannot see, and leaving it there all the time, except during interrogations)
 Noise (keeping prisoners in rooms where there was a constant loud hissing noise, except during interrogations)
 Not letting prisoners sleep
 Not giving prisoners food or drink

In 1972, the United Kingdom formally stopped using these techniques to interrogate prisoners.
In 1976, the Irish government sued the United Kingdom in the European Commission on Human Rights (Ireland v. United Kingdom, 1976 Y.B. Eur. Conv. on Hum. Rts. 512, 748, 788-94 (European Commission of Human Rights)).  Ireland argued that the "five techniques" were torture.  The Commission agreed, and said that if the five techniques were used together, they "amount to torture".  However, this decision was reversed on appeal.

In 1978, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) looked at the United Nations' definition of torture.  They decided that the five techniques "did not [cause] suffering of the particular intensity and cruelty implied by the word torture".  However, they also said the five techniques were "a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment", which is not allowed under the European Convention on Human Rights, article 3.

References
Willadingen is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Willadingen 

Municipalities in Emmental
Wimmis is a municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Frutigen-Niedersimmental
A lanyard is a cord or strap. It is made to help the wearer keep and use some basic items of equipment, especially small items. It is usually worn around the neck with an ID card or keys. 

Lanyards were first introduced in the 15th century. In the military, lanyards are worn on the shoulders of uniforms to denote the wearer's qualification or regimental affiliation.

References

Other websites
Lanyards - a historical view

Clothing
A controlled flight into terrain (CFIT, usually pronounced cee-fit) is an accident in which an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, is unintentionally flown into the ground, a mountain, a body of water or an obstacle. In a typical CFIT scenario, the crew is not aware of the situation until it is too late to stop it. The term was coined by engineers at Boeing in the late 1970s.

Accidents where the aircraft is out of control at the time of impact, because of mechanical failure or pilot error, are not considered CFIT (they are known as uncontrolled flight into terrain). Accidents resulting from the deliberate action of the person flying the aircraft, such as acts of terrorism or suicide by pilot.

According to Boeing, CFIT is a leading cause of airplane accidents involving the loss of life. It has caused over 9,000 deaths since the beginning of the commercial jet age. CFIT was identified as a cause of 25% of USAF Class A mishaps between 1993 and 2002.

References
References 

 Fatal Plane Crash Recorded From Inside The Plane (CFIT); YouTube 
 Controlled Flight Into Terrain - by Cessna; YouTube

Aviation safety