Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The nation has 20 province-level divisions: eighteen, the Autonomous Region of Bougainville and the National Capital District. Each province is divided into one or more districts.  The districts are divided into one or more Local Level Government areas.

The province-level divisions are as follows:

Parliament has approved two additional provinces by 2012: Hela Province, which will be part of the current Southern Highlands Province, and Jiwaka Province, which will be formed by dividing Western Highlands Province.

In Morobe (#11 on the map) there is a goldfield.

References

Other websites 

 Government of Papua New Guinea 
 Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea 
 
 Papua New Guinea focused wiki 
 

 
Current monarchies
English-speaking countries
Commonwealth realms
1975 establishments
1970s establishments in Oceania
James Strom Thurmond Sr. (December 5, 1902 – June 26, 2003) was an American politician. He was the oldest serving member of the United States Senate to date and the only senator to reach 100 while in office. He was also Governor of his home state South Carolina and a Presidential candidate. He was a lawyer.

Thurmond spent more than 70 years of his life on public career. Before World War II he served as state senator and judge. During war he served in the US Army in Europe and briefly in Asia. In 1960 he was promoted to the rank of major general.

Early life
Thurmond was born on December 5, 1902 in Edgefield, South Carolina. His family used to own slaves, including ancestors of Al Sharpton. He studied at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina. Thurmond graduated in 1923. He was married to Jean Crouch from 1947 until they divorced in 1960. Then he was married to Nancy Moore from 1968 until his death in 2003. He had five children.

Career
Career

From 1947 to 1951 he served as Governor of South Carolina (as a Democrat). During 1948 U.S. Presidential Election he became the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party faction called "Dixiecrat" (States Rights Democrat, mostly from the South) - people who supported racial segregation and opposed civil rights laws. Thurmond and his vice presidential candidate, Mississippi Governor Fielding Lewis Wright finished the race in 3rd (behind Harry Truman and Thomas E. Dewey) with 39 electoral votes and they carried 4 states (Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and, of course, Thurmond's home state).

In 1957, he filibustered (delayed) the 1957 civil rights act for 24 hours. Despite the long hours, he failed and the bill passed.
He was elected, as first write-in candidate for major national office, to the Senate in 1954. He was reelected for his first full term in 1956 and served until January 2003. He was originally a Democrat, but in 1964 he openly supported Barry Goldwater's presidential bid and became a Republican.

Later career
As the longest serving Republican he was President pro tempore of the United States Senate for three occasions (1981-1987, 1995-2001, and January 2001-June 2001), when Republican gained a majority. After Democrats took over the control of the Senate in June 2001 Thurmond became first honorary "president pro tempore emeritus".

Longevity

Thurmond turned 100 years old on December 5, 2002, while still in office, the oldest person ever to serve in the U.S. Senate.

Started his career as opponent of racial integration, in his later years Thurmond supported desegregation.
His longtime Senate rival, Robert Byrd of West Virginia surpassed Thurmond's record of length of senatorial service in 2006. Byrd died in 2010.

Essie Mae Washington-Williams
After Thurmond's death in 2003, an attorney for his family confirmed that in 1925, when he was 22, Thurmond fathered a mixed-race daughter, Essie Mae Washington-Williams, with his family's housekeeper, Cassie Butler, then 16 years old. Thurmond paid for the girl's college education and provided other support. Washington-Williams died in February 2013 at the age of 87.

Death
Thurmond died in his sleep on June 26, 2003, at 9:45 p.m. of heart failure at a hospital in Edgefield, South Carolina. He was 100 years old. Then-Senator Joe Biden delivered a eulogy, and later to the family burial plot in Willowbrook Cemetery in Edgefield, where he was buried.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 Strom Thurmond Institute at Clemson University 
 U.S. Senate historical page on Strom Thurmond
 SCIway Biography of Strom Thurmond
 NGA Biography of Strom Thurmond 
 Oral History Interview with Strom Thurmond from Oral Histories of the American South
 Strom Thurmond Foundation, Inc.
 Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Citizens Medal – January 18, 1989 
 Booknotes interview with Nadine Cohodas on Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Southern Change, April 4, 1993. 
 Complete transcript and audio and video of Sen. Joe Biden's Eulogy for Strom Thurmond

Articles
 Strom Thurmond's family confirms paternity claim, By David Mattingly, CNN.com, December 15, 2003
 The Scarred Stone: The Strom Thurmond Monument by Joseph Crespino, Emory University, April 29, 2010

Obituaries
 Tribute to Strom Thurmond from The State —June 26, 2003
 , CNN, June 26, 2003
 Strom Thurmond Dead at 100, By James Di Liberto Jr., Fox News, June 26, 2003
1902 births
2003 deaths
American centenarians
American generals
American military personnel of World War II
Deans of the United States Senate
Deaths from heart failure
Governors of South Carolina
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Purple Heart recipients
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
United States senators from South Carolina
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Republican Party (United States) politicians
South Carolina Republicans
Military people from South Carolina
The Roman Forum is an area of the city of Rome which the ancient city developed around. It is the place where commerce, business, cult, and the administration of justice took place. 

It was for centuries the centre of Roman public life. It was the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches. It was also the heart of commerce. Here statues and monuments mark the city's great men. It has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history. 

The Forum is in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. Today it is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and excavations. It has 4.5 million sightseers each year.

Buildings in the Forum 
The Roman Forum is famous for the number of buildings and other ancient ruins that it contains. These include:
Temple of Castor and Pollux
Temple of Vesta

References 

Buildings and structures in Ancient Rome
Archaeological sites in Italy
A playwright is a person who writes plays for the stage. Because the name of such a text is drama, another word for this person is dramatist. Sometimes, dramas are written to be read and not played. In that case, they are called closet dramas.

The word wright does not come from write. It is an ancient English term for a builder. For example, a wheelwright makes wheels. In a similar way, a playwright makes plays. When the term was first used, it was meant as an insult. Today it has lost this meaning.

History
The first playwrights in Western literature whose plays still exist were the Ancient Greeks. They were written around the 5th century BC. These playwrights are important as they wrote in a way that is still used by modern playwrights. Important among them are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.
The most famous playwright may be William Shakespeare. A lot of later work is based on his tragedies and comedies. For example, Kiss Me, Kate is based on Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew, and his Romeo and Juliet has been made again many times. Tom Stoppard created the play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead in 1966 which is a modern adaptation of Hamlet.

Modern playwrights 
Modern playwrights are usually less famous than past playwrights. Since television and movies were invented, theater has become less popular. Because it is less popular, not as many tickets are sold now, and producers often do not have enough money to make plays, and many playwrights are not known.

References 

 
Writing occupations
Iambe was the goddess of rhyme and merriment in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Pan and Echo.

Iambic pentameter 
Iambe is said to have created the iambic pentameter verse pattern in poetry. This is a metered verse with two different sounds, and it was named after Iambe. The iambic pentameter verse is used by many poets, one of which is William Shakespeare.

Demeter 
In the myth, Demeter, was sad about losing her daughter, Persephone. It was only Iambe who was able to make Demeter laugh. She did this by using poetry and wit to cheer Demeter up. When Demeter was not sad any more, the earth became fertile again. Iambe then became Demeter's first priestess.

Greek gods and goddesses
The triangle is a musical instrument with three sides and curved corners. There is always one corner where the sides do not join.  This makes it possible for the instrument to vibrate.

The player holds a small piece of string or leather from which the triangle is hanging, and he makes a sound by hitting the triangle with a triangle beater.  In orchestras, where the percussionist may be playing several percussion instruments, the triangle may hang from a stand so that the player can move quickly to another instrument.

Triangles come in different sizes. Smaller ones will sound higher than larger ones.

The triangle can always be heard clearly above the sound of the orchestra or band.
 
percussion instruments
Speaker could mean:

Computer speaker
Loudspeaker, refers to an electronic device that gives off sound
Speaker (politics) is also the name of the person in charge of some legislatures, usually the lower house.
Bernie Little (born in McComb, Ohio on circa 1926 - died April 25, 2003) was the most successful owner in Unlimited Hydroplane racing history. His Miss Budweiser team won 134 of the 354 hydroplane races they entered. They won the high points championship 22 years in 40 years of competition, and the Gold Cup 14 times.

Racing career 
Little's team is also known for making an enclosed driver's seat to improve driver safety, after driver Dean Chenoweth was killed in a crash during a race in 1982.

His team employed some of the biggest names in their field, including designer Ron Jones, and driver Chip Hanauer who won more Gold Cup races than any other driver. He is second only to Bill Muncey in total races won.

Awards and recognition 
Little has been inducted into the Unlimited Hydroplane Hall of Fame, the Florida Sports Hall of Fame, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Chenoweth, Hanauer, and another driver for Little, Tom D'Eath, are also in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America.
References 
Bernie Little obituary  - from the American Boat Racing Association website
Bernie Little - King of Boats - by Fred Farley - APBA Unlimited Historian

1926 births
2003 deaths
Sportspeople from Ohio
Perseus () is a hero in Greek mythology. He is the legendary founder of Mycenae and is most famous for killing the Gorgon Medusa. He is a demigod, the son of Zeus and the mortal princess Danaë. With his wife, the Ethiopian princess Andromeda, his children are the sons Perses, Alkaios, Sthenelos, Elektryon, and the daughter Gorgophone. Perseus is also the great-grandfather of Herakles, as well as his half-brother.

Birth
King Akrisios of Argos was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where no one was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.

Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by Diktys, who lets them live with him.
A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said.

Perseus and Medusa 

Perseus was sent to retreive Medusa's head by King Polydectes, who wanted him dead so he could marry his mother. To do this, he was advised by Athena to seek the Gray sisters, who told him how to fight Medusa when he stole their eye. Hermes lent Perseus winged sandals, Hades lent him his helm of darkness (which makes the wearer invisible), and Athena lent him a shield which he could see Medusa's reflection in, since whoever looked her in the eye would turn to stone. With all these magic items, Perseus was able to cut off Medusa's head. On the way back home, he fights a sea monster to save Andromeda, who is chained to a cliff as a sacrifice, and marries her.
People in Greek mythology
Niccolò Paganini (27 October 1782 – 27 May 1840) was an Italian composer and violin player. He is believed to be one of the greatest violinists who ever lived. He is known for 24 Caprices for Solo Violin.

Biography 
Paganini was born October 27, 1782 in Genoa (in modern Italy). He started the violin at age seven and took private lessons from local violinists. Paganini repeatedly outperformed his teachers such that he always had to search for new ones. He would pick up the guitar, but rarely played the guitar in public. He would start giving concerts around Italy around 1800. For many years, Paganini performed primarily in regions surrounding his hometown.

In 1813, he performed at the La Scala in Milan and gained more attention beyond local regions. He receives Order of the Golden Spur from Pope Leo VII in 1827. Between 1828 and 1831 he toured cities in present-day Germany, Poland and Czech Republic and many other large cities across Europe. This tour spread his fame beyond Italy.
Paganini was the perfect virtuoso during his time although many other violinists slowly approach and some appear to be as virtuosic as him too. He was said to be a show off during his time and many wanted to challenge his violin skills. Paganini once broke all of the strings on his violin except the G-string and played a piece just on one string to show how good he was. He intonated the violin in a different way to sound different. He was the master of violin technique and invented many new techniques such as ricochet bowing, flying staccato, and left hand pizzicato.

He met and became friends with Gioachino Rossini and Hector Berlioz. Paganini was also good friends with Franz Liszt, a similarly magnificent virtuoso. Liszt admired Paganini. In his teenage years he watched Paganini playing, and determined to be a virtuoso as Paganini in piano.
Despite his success, Paganini was frequently sick and the concert tours did not help his health. In 1834, he gave up his concert tours. He would later be employed by Marie Louise I and be in charge of the court orchestra. He tried to open a Casino in Paris, but failed. He died from internal hemorrhaging in 1840 in Nice, France.

Instruments 
Paganini played violins by Giuseppe Guarneri. One was called Il Cannone Guarnerius ("The Cannon of Guarnieri"). Other violins and instruments connected to him include Stradivari. They include the Paganini-Desaint 1680 Stradivari, the Le Brun 1712 Stradivari, the Hubay 1726 Stradivari, the Mendelssohn 1731 Stradivari violas and the Ladenburg 1736 Stradivari cellos. Other Italian instrument names connected to him are Amati, Goffriller and Bertolotti.
Compositions 
He primarily wrote for violin which he then performed. His most famous work is 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op. 1. They are études dealing with different violin skills. Other notable works by Paganini include Violin Concertos No. 1 & 2, Moses Fantasy, Centone di Sonate, Vol. 1, Le Streghe, Op. 8, Caprice d’Adieu, Op. 68, Ghiribizzi, Variations on ‘God Save the King’, Op. 9 and Moto Perpetuo.

Other websites 
 Viola in music – Niccolò Paganini
 Free Family Tree

1782 births
1840 deaths
19th-century Italian composers
Musicians from Genoa
Romantic composers
Italian violinists
Samer Kamal is a Jordanian athlete. He won the bronze medal in Taekwondo (a form of martial arts) in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. He was the first Jordanian athlete to get a medal for Jordan in the Olympics in Seoul. This gave many Jordanians pride in this achievement during the 1980s.

Samer Kamal holds 9th Dan Chung Do Kawan in 2017 and 9th Dan Kukkiwon Black Belt in Taekwondo in 2022 a 1st Class international referee since 1997 and an international trainer since 1990. He was given the Independence Badge of Honor (4th Degree) by His Majesty the late King Hussein Ben Talal in 1988 and was chosen seventh best Jordanian athlete for the century in 1999.

Education 
Samer pursued his undergraduate higher education in Business Administration and Philosophy from the University of Jordan. He then received a graduate degree in Management Science from Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, Scotland.
Taekwondo Refereeing & Arbitration 
• 1st Class World Taekwondo Federation International Referee since 1999
• WTF International Referee since 1989
• Chairman of the Arab Referee Committee from the year 1997 until 1999
• Chairman of the Jordanian Referee Committee for the years 91,92,94,96, and 97

Professional career 
Samer began his sports career as a marketing manager at a Jordanian-based sports marketing company. He took the experience he gained there to Qatar where he became a general manager. He was responsible for the starting a sports marketing company with the purpose of promoting sports in Jordan and the region. Soon after, Samer decided to start his own sports marketing company “SportUp Jordan” to promote local athletes. Within a year, he was able to get sponsors for champion Jordanian athletes. He started the largest and only bilingual online sports business. He made an attractive product that was acquired by Maktoob Inc., an Arabic internet service provider.
His sports experience let him expand internationally. Samer was named the director of business development at Right To Play in Canada, that uses sport programs to help children who live in poverty and disadvantage communities to play sports and games. He helped raise funds to the organization.

Staying active in Taekwondo, Samer opened Champions Taekwondo Center in the year 1990, his first Taekwondo school in Jordan.

The year 2012 was the year Samer has gotten his 8th Dan Black Belt in Taekwondo. 2012 also marked the opening of Champions Martial Arts Taekwondo Center in Mississauga, Canada. A few years after, another 3 branches were open Mississauga, Oakville and Stoney Creek, Canada.

With all his experiences, discipline, leadership and practice, today Samer has help developed Taekwondo and martial arts in the world and has promoted more than 2000 black belt students worldwide.
Community activities 
Other than at work, Samer is active in many sports communities. In 2009, he was named an executive board member of the World Olympians Association (WOA). In November 2011, Samer become president of Asian Olympians Association (AOA).

Samer is currently the president of the Arab Canadian Sports Association (ACSA)

Championship competitions 
Samer Kamal competed in the following International Taekwondo Championships:

Taekwondo practitioners
Jordanian sportspeople
Living people
1966 births
The violet is a genus of flowering plants. The common blue violet (Viola sororia) is the state flower of the U.S. state of Illinois. There is also a famous poem that refers to violets. It goes "Roses are red, violets are blue", and then the poet adds his or her own lines to it. It is also February's birth flower.

Some Viola species are perennial plants, some are annual plants, and a few are small shrubs. Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their flowers. 

In horticulture, the term pansy is  used for the multi-coloured cultivars often used in bedding by professional gardeners. The terms 'viola' and 'violet' are normally used for small-flowered annuals or perennials, and the wild species.

Flowers
Winnie the Pooh, also called Pooh Bear, is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear. He was created by A. A. Milne. He is based on a stuffed toy that belonged to Milne's son, Christopher Robin Milne. The toy was named after "Winnipeg" ("Winnie" for short), who was a black bear at the London Zoo, and "Pooh", which was a nickname Milne and his son had given to a swan. The first book was published in 1926. Other books were published later. Walt Disney made a series of cartoons based on the books. The Walt Disney Company still owns the character.

Pooh is a small yellow bear. He is nearly  tall. He wears an old red t-shirt. His favorite food is honey. The first thing he says when he gets up in the morning is "What's for breakfast?". He invented the game "Poohsticks".
Pooh has several friends. Their names are Piglet, Eeyore, Tigger, Rabbit, Kanga and Roo, Owl, Gopher, and Christopher Robin. Piglet is a small timid pig. Eeyore is an old grey donkey. Tigger is an energetic tiger. Rabbit is a kind-hearted rabbit. Kanga is a female kangaroo. Roo is Kanga's son.

The first book, Winnie-the-Pooh, was published on October 15, 1926 by Methuen & Company. The second book was The House at Pooh Corner, which was published on October 11, 1928. The poetry book When We Were Very Young was published in 1924 and Now We Are Six was published in 1927. Return to Hundred Acre Wood was written by David Benedictus and published on October 5, 2009. The Best Bear in All the World was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of the first Winnie-the-Pooh book.

There have been quite a few series created by Walt Disney based on these books. The stories are translated into many languages.
A Disney movie about Pooh, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, was made in March 1977. Winnie the Pooh was made in July 2011. A live-action movie directed by Marc Forster and based on A. A. Milne's books, entitled Christopher Robin, was released in 2018. An Horror Film made By Rhys Frake-Waterfield titled Winnie-the-Pooh: Blood and Honey Premiered on February 15,2023.

Cast and characters in adaptations

Other websites 

Characters in written fiction
Fictional bears
Anthromophic characters
Disney characters
Kingdom Hearts characters
Winnie the Pooh
The 960s was a decade that started on 1 January 960 and ended on 31 December 969.



960
 Mieszko I becomes ruler in Poland
 Richard I of Normandy marries Emma of Paris
 The Aksumite Empire is destroyed

Births 
 Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire (d. 1028)
 Theophanu, princess who became Empress (d. 991)
 Sweyn I of Denmark (d. 1014)
 Gershom ben Judah 
 Matsu, Taoist 'goddess' of the sea
 Olof of Sweden
 Arnulf II, Count of Flanders (d. 988)
 Bagrat III (d. 1014), king of Abkhazians and Georgians
 Seongjong of Goryeo (d. 997)

Deaths 
 Saint Eadburga of Winchester
 Časlav Klonimirović, ruler of Serbia

961
 Ani becomes the capital of Armenia
 The Huqiu Tower is built in China
 Battle of Fitje
 Harald II of Norway becomes ruler of the western part of Norway
 St Paul's Cathedral in London is destroyed by fire
 Al-Hakam II starts to rule

Births 
 Edith of Wilton
 Sigmundur Brestisson, chieftain in the Faroe Islands
Deaths 
 King Haakon I of Norway
 Abd-ar-rahman III, Caliph of Córdoba
 Emperor Yuanzong of Southern Tang

962
 February 2 – Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor

Births 
 Edward the Martyr

Deaths 
 Dong Yuan
 Indulf, King of the Scots and Picts

963
 Sebük Tigin starts his empire in modern-day Afghanistan
 The Nanping State has to surrender when invaded by Song Dynasty armies
 The Song Dynasty Chinese government tries to ban the practice of cremation
 Holy Roman Emperor Otto I defeats Mieszko I of Poland
 Luxembourg is founded
 December 6 – Pope Leo VIII becomes the 131st pope

Births 
 Li Jiqian, Tangut jiedushi who ruled the new Western Xia Dynasty in northwestern China (d. 1004)

Deaths 
 March 15 – Romanos II, Byzantine Emperor (b. 939)
 April 3 – William III, Duke of Aquitaine
 April 18 – Stephen Lekapenos, co-emperor of Byzantium in 924–945
964
 Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas tries to recapture Cilicia
 Al-Sufi's Book of Fixed Stars is published
 May 22 – Pope Benedict V becomes the 132nd pope
 June 23 – Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor battles in Rome to make Leo VIII Pope

Deaths 
 May 14 – Pope John XII

965
 The Khazar fortress of Sarkel falls to the Kievan Rus
 Northern Song armies invade the Later Shu Kingdom

Births 
 Elvira of Castile (daughter of García I), Regent of Leon (d. 1017)
 Alhazen, scientist
 Sweyn I of Denmark

Deaths 
 February 22 – Otto, Duke of Burgundy
 July 4 – Pope Benedict V
 Meng Chang, Emperor of Later Shu

966
 Mieszko I, the first duke of Poland, is baptized a Christian

Births 
 Fujiwara no Michinaga, Japanese regent

Deaths 
 King Dub of Scotland
967
 Conchobar mac Tadg becomes King of Connacht
 Otto II is crowned co-emperor by Pope John XIII
 Olaf Tryggvason runs away from Norway with his mother
 Emperor Reizei ascends to the throne of Japan
 The Cambodian temple of Banteay Srei is consecrated
 'Izz al-Daula becomes the Buyid emir of Iraq
 Bisutun ascends to the Ziyarid throne

Births 
 Sigrid Storrada, queen of Sweden and Denmark
 Bolesław I, king of Poland
 Louis V, king of France
 Badi' al-Zamān al-Hamadhāni, Arab author
 Walter von Speyer, German poet and bishop
 Abusaeid Abolkheir, Persian Sufi
 Khottiga Amoghavarsha, Rashtrakuta warrior
 Vahram Pahlavouni, prince of Bjni and Nik
 Bertha, princess of Burgundy
Deaths 
 February 9 – Sayf al-Dawla, Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo
 Abu al-Faraj Ali, scholar
 Abu 'Ali Muhammad, Ilyasid ruler
 Bolesław I, prince of Bohemia
 Hugh II, lord of Lusignan
 Krishna III, Rashtrakuta ruler
 Mu'izz al-Daula, first Buyid emir
 Murakami, emperor of Japan
 Vushmgir, ruler of the Ziyarids
 Wichmann the Younger, Saxon count
 Matilda of Ringelheim, Holy Roman Empress
 Dub mac Maíl Coluim, king of Alba
 Li Cheng, Chinese painter

968
 The Pechenegs begin the Siege of Kiev
 The Archbishopric of Magdeburg is founded

Births 
 May 14 – Leofric, Earl of Mercia
 King Ethelred II of England
 Emperor Kazan, emperor of Japan
 Romanus III, Byzantine emperor (d. 1034)
 Emperor Zhenzong of Song

Deaths 
 August 25 – Edgiva of Kent, queen of Edward the Elder of England
 Abu al-Misk Kafur
 Aldred of Lindisfarne
 John III of Naples
 Landulf III of Benevento
 William, Archbishop of Mainz
 Matilda of Ringelheim
969
 December 11 – John I Tzimiskes becomes Byzantine Emperor after killing Nikephoros II Phokas
 The Fatimids conquer Egypt
 Emperor En'yū replaces Emperor Reizei on the throne of Japan
 Jing Zong begins to rule the Khitan Empire
 Uththama Chola becomes the Chola Emperor

Births 
 Olaf I of Norway

Deaths 
 July 11 – Olga of Kiev
 Harald II of Norway
 December 11 – Nikephoros II Phokas
 Emperor Muzong of Liao
Aleksander Kwaśniewski (; born 15 November 1954) is a Polish politician. He served as President for two terms (1995-2000 and 2000-2005). He was, before being elected first time, member of the Democratic Left Alliance, but after assumed duties he became an independent. Before 1989 he was a member of Polish United Workers Party (communist). He was preceded by Lech Wałęsa and succeeded by Lech Kaczyński.

He was born in Białogard in Northwest Poland. Before became a politician, he was a journalist. Before became president, he was minister and deputy to the Sejm. In the late 1980s, he participated in the Polish Round Table Agreement.

In 1995 election, he won in the second round, but five years later he won in the first round.

Other websites 

 Official web page 

1954 births
Living people
Presidents of Poland
Viola sororia, also known as Viola papilionacea, common blue violet, common meadow violet, and purple violet is a species of  violet. It is a perennial flowering plant that lives in most of eastern North America.

The common blue violet is the state flower of the U.S. states of Rhode Island, Illinois, and New Jersey.

In developed areas it is often said to be a weed because it grows well in lawns.

References
Viola sororia  from the Connecticut Botanical Society
Viola sororia  from the Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide

Violets
Perennials
A NAND gate is a logic gate used to build digital logic circuits.
It is a combination of an AND and NOT gate.
The name refers to this.
The NAND gate is a “universal gate”, that means all other types of logic gates can be obtained by wiring exclusively one or more NAND gates in a particular manner.

Behavior 
Given two inputs, A and B, A NAND B will be true if at most one of A and B is true.
In other words, A NAND B is false if both A and B are true, and true otherwise.

Symbols 
There are three symbols for drawing NAND gates in electrical circuit schematics:
the "distinctive shape" symbol, the “military” symbol, and the “rectangular” symbol.
For more information see logic gate symbols.

Application 
Since a NAND gate is a universal gate, microprocessors can be built using this type of gate only.
For example:
 the negation can be represented by ¬A ≡ A ⊼ A
 and the disjunction can be obtained by A ∨ B ≡ (A ⊼ A) ⊼ (B ⊼ B)

Logic gates
Under the Rainbow is a 1981 comedy movie starring Chevy Chase, Carrie Fisher, Eve Arden, and Billy Barty.

The plot is loosely based on the gathering of little people in a Hollywood hotel, to audition for roles as "munchkins" in the movie The Wizard of Oz. The movie also has nobility, assassins, spies, and tourists.

The movie was nominated for Razzie Awards for Worst Musical Score and Worst Supporting Actor (Billy Barty).

Sources

Other websites 

1981 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies set in California
Gilli "िगल्ली" -danda "डन्डा" is a game played by children in India and Pakistan. It is usually played by using a small round stick, about as long as a baseball or cricket bat. This is the danda. There is another smaller stick, round in the middle and tapering towards the ends. This is the gilli. The game gilli-danda is similar to cricket. It is also believed to be the origin of cricket.

Players
This game is also know as Viti Dandu, Kitti Pul and by other variations as well. It is a sport originated from the Indian subcontinent and is also played in the rural areas as well as in small towns over southern Asia, Cambodia, Turkey, South Africa, Italy, Poland and in some Caribbean Islands like Cuba.
To play the game, one team uses the "danda" to hit one of the tapered ends of the "gilli" with force. This causes the "gilli" to flip through the air. While the "gilli" is airborne, the opposing team's hitter attempts to smack it like one would as if playing cricket. The one who hits the "gilli" the farthest will wins. It is played with two teams. One side pitches the "gilli" using the big "danda" (not the bare hands), to the other team's hitter. The hitter, using his "danda" then hits the "gilli". In the course of the play, if the "gilli" is caught, then those players who pitched with the big "danda" to the hitter, are out of the game.If the gilli falls on the ground the fielder closest to the gilli gets an opportunity to make the hitter out.He has to throw the gilli towards the danda if the danda is been hit by the gilli it means the striker is out if not then the fielder gains 1 point
.When the striker gains 1 point he will get 3 tries to hit the danda if the gilli still doesn't hit the danda the striker is out.If he is successful,the 1 point which he gained will continue.At the end who has the maximum points wins the game.It was most popularly played around 1970 to 1980 throughout India and Pakistan and is played to this day.
Games
Indian culture
Pakistani culture
The Southern United States (also known as the Southern States or The South among Americans) is a term for the Southeastern part of the United States. All Confederate states were in the South, but not all Southern states joined the Confederacy; those that did not join were called border states. The States farthest to the south are called the "Deep South". Even though Arizona, New Mexico and southern California are  geographically southern parts of United States, they are usually classified as the Southwestern United States and not the South (the climate, culture and ethnic makeup of the Southwest are also different from the South).

Most of the South is a land of long, hot summers. Winters are mostly short and cool. There is much rainfall. This combination gives the South a long growing season. Important crops include cotton, tobacco, peanuts, and peaches.

The cuisine of the Southern United States is distinct from other regions.
As defined by the United States Census Bureau, the states that make up "The South" are:
 Alabama
 Arkansas
 Delaware
 Florida
 Georgia
 Kentucky
 Louisiana
 Maryland
 Mississippi
 North Carolina
 Oklahoma
 South Carolina
 Tennessee
 Texas
 Virginia
 Washington, D.C. (although not a state)
 West Virginia

The border state Missouri is also sometimes considered Southern, although the Census classifies it as a Midwestern state.

Demographics
Except for Florida and Texas, most of the South did not have as many immigrants arriving from other countries as the rest of the United States did, in the late 19th and 20th centuries.  Most of the people in the South are of English, Scottish, or Irish ancestry, or the descendants of African-American slaves. Some Southerners identify themselves as being of "American" ancestry.

Census Regions of the United States
A hick is a term for an American stereotype, which is also used in Canada to a lesser degree. It is a term for people who live in rural areas, especially on farms and ranches and is usually meant as an insult and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the south-central United States, including Texas, Missouri, Arkansas, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Tennessee, Kentucky, Kansas, Iowa, and Nebraska.

Other forms of the word 'hick' are 'redneck', 'yokel', 'hillbilly', and 'hayseed'. 

Pejoratives
Greenhouse gas reflects radiation that the Earth emits, preventing it from escaping into space. This occurrence is known as the "greenhouse effect".

Many greenhouse gases are natural, with water vapor being the most common and responsible for most of the greenhouse effect on Earth. Other significant greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs)  and ozone. 

Without greenhouse gases, life as we know it on earth would likely not be possible as heat is essential for sustaining life. Natural emissions of greenhouse gases vary, and events like massive volcanic eruptions such as those which created Siberian Traps around a  quarter billion years ago, might have released enough gases to contribute to the Permian–Triassic extinction  which caused to destructive effects on life on earth.
However, humans are introducing additional greenhouse gases to the atmosphere,  leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect and increase in the  planet's average temperature.The most significant greenhouse gas that contributed by humans is carbon dioxide, currently composing approximately 0.04% of the atmosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuel such as oil, coal and natural gas for transportation, energy production and industrial processes are the main sources of carbon dioxide emission.  The major contributor to these emissions is the industrial sector.   The Food and Agriculture Organization has reported that emissions associated with livestock, contribute to 7.1 gigatons (GT) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) per year, accounting for 14.5% of all human-caused greenhouse emissions. This exceeds the 13% that contributed by global transportation (including cars and planes) each year.
Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, and it responds to climate changes. When the atmosphere is warm, it holds more water vapor, which increase the probability of cloud formation and precipitation. 

In addition to burning fossil fuels, human activities also reduce the earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by deforestation. Methane emission is also increase due to the activities like raising cattle and other farm animals, including as geese, turkeys, pigs, chickens, and sheep. Scientists have shown that producing 1 kg of beef generated more CO2 emissions than a three-hour drive with all household lights on. Further, human activity introduces water vapor to the atmosphere through increased evaporation from cooling towers in thermal cycle power plants and creation of artificial lakes which contributes to the  global warming.

References

Other websites 
 The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the Greenhouse gases
Omaha Hold 'Em is a poker game, similar to Texas Hold 'Em. In Omaha, each player is given four cards. Then there is a round of betting. Then three community cards are placed on the table. Another round of betting is after that. Then a fourth community card is put down. After this, there is another round of betting. Then there is the final community card put down, there is a last round of betting, and each player uses exactly two cards from the hand and three from the table to form a five-card poker hand. Whoever has the best hand wins all the money put in the middle during betting.

Variations
Omaha can also be played as Omaha Hi Lo, where the best hand and the lowest hand splits the pot.
The low hand's cards have to be 8 or lower .

Other websites 
Omaha Holdem Poker versus Texas Holdem Poker
Habanero Poker
Omaha Poker Strategy

Poker
Leverkusen (Low Franconian: Leverkuuse) is a city near Cologne at the river Rhine in Germany. As of October 2005, about 162,000 people lived there.

References

Other websites 
 Leverkusen
Tocotronic is a German indie rock band. They were founded in 1993 in Hamburg.

German rock bands
Indie rock bands
Hamburg
Bolesław Prus () (20 August 1847 – 19 May 1912), real name Aleksander Głowacki, was a Polish writer.

He was born in Hrubieszów and died in Warsaw.  As a 15-year-old high-school student, he fought in Poland's January 1863 Uprising.

Prus is best known for his novels, Lalka (The Doll) and the historical novel Faraon (Pharaoh). He also wrote "Anielka," Placówka (The Outpost), Emancypantki (The New Woman), and many other stories and novels. He was an advocate of Positivist philosophy and social progressivism.

Prus is regarded as one of the greatest Polish writers, and one of the world's most prominent.

Prus, Bolesław
1847 births
1912 deaths
2040 (MMXL) will be .

Predicted events

February 
 February 6 – Early Macintosh computers cannot recognise dates after this day.

May 
 May 2 – Partial solar eclipse

September 
 September 8 – Major alignment of the planets

November 
 November 4 – Partial solar eclipse

Unknown Dates 
 2040 Summer Olympics will be held.
 If the United States had not returned land for bases on Bermuda in 2002, a ninety-nine year lease (signed in 1941) would have expired.

 Climatologists predict that sometime in 2040 the Arctic Ocean will be free of ice, at least during the autumn. (News reports, December 2006).

Fictional events 
The anime series Macross Plus and Bubblegum Crisis Tokyo 2040 are both set in this year.
 In the universe of Star Trek: The Next Generation, the television becomes obsolete.
 A collection of Doctor Who short stories, Short Trips, is also set in that year.

2040
John Wayne Mixson (June 16, 1922 – July 8, 2020) was an American politician. He was born in New Brockton, Alabama, but was raised in Jackson County, Florida. He was a democrat.

He served in Florida's House of Representatives. In 1978 he was elected a lieutenant governor (deputy governor) to governor Bob Graham. They were reelected in 1982. Mixson served as lieutenant governor from 1979 to 1987. During his second term he was also state Secretary of Commerce. In 1987, Graham resigned from office to become U.S. Senator. Mixson was sworn in as governor for three days, from January 3 to January 6, when governor-elect Bob Martinez (Rep.) took over.

During the 2004 presidential election, Mixson crossed party lines to endorse the re-election of President George W. Bush. 

Mixson died on July 8, 2020 in Tallahassee, Florida at the age of 98.

References
References

1922 births
2020 deaths
Governors of Florida
Lieutenant Governors of Florida
Politicians from Alabama
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
Neustadt an der Weinstraße is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It has about 54,000 people. The main parts of the town's economy are tourism and winegrowing. Every year the town is the location of the German wine harvest festival with the election of the German wine queen.

Districts 
Its districts are
 Diedesfeld,
 Duttweiler,
 Geinsheim,
 Gimmeldingen,
 Haardt,
 Hambach,
 Königsbach,
 Lachen-Speyerdorf,
 Mußbach, and
 Winzingen.

Culture and sights 
 Hambach Castle
 Saalbau
 Elwetritsch fountain
 Railway Museum
 Villa Böhm
 Wolfscastle

Traffic 
Neustadt have two on-ramps (North and South) of the highway A 65.
Except for the central station, the town have a second railroad station (Böbig) and a third (South).

Economy 
Neustadt is the seat of the Hornbach Holding AG and Team Rosberg.

Twin towns 
 , Lincoln
 , Mâcon
 , Musange
 , Manchester, New Hampshire
 , Mersin-Yenisehir
 , Wernigerode
 , Quanzhou

References

Other websites
Other websites

  

Cities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Districts of Rhineland-Palatinate
Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Reubin O'Donovan Askew (September 11, 1928 - March 13, 2014) was an American politician. He was a democrat from Florida. He was born in Muskogee (Oklahoma), but since 1937 he lived in Florida. He was a lawyer. He served both in US Army and US Air Force.

Early life
Askew was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma. He studied at Florida State University and at University of Florida Levin College of Law. Askew married Donna Lou Harper in August 1956.

Career
Prior to becoming governor, Askew served as state representative (1959-1963) and state senator (1963-1970). For a year (1969-1970) he was president pro tempore of this body.

He was elected governor in the same year and assumed duties in January 1971. He was one of the first southern governors (alongside Jimmy Carter of Georgia) yo openly support desegregation. In 1972 then-democratic Presidential nominee, senator George McGovern of South Dakota offered him vice presidency, but Askew declined it. McGovern lost to Richard Nixon.
Askew was reelected in 1974 and served until early 1979. After leaving office he was, for two years, United States Trade Representative under President Carter.

In 1984 he ran for president, but was defeated in the primary.

Personal life
Askew had two children; one son and one daughter. Askew lived in Tallahassee, Florida.

Death
Askew died at the age of 85 on March 13, 2014 at his Tallahassee home, after a recent stroke.

Legacy
He was regarded by many (including Harvard Scholars) as one of the best U.S. governors in the 20th Century.

References

Other websites

 Official Governor's portrait and biography from the State of Florida
 Florida DeMolay hall of Fame website
 DeMolay hall of Fame website 
 NYTimes obituary

1984 United States presidential candidates
Military people from Florida
United States Trade Representatives
Askew, Reubin
Deaths from stroke
1928 births
2014 deaths
Politicians from Muskogee, Oklahoma
Florida State University alumni
The Trabant (or Trabi) was a series of cars built in the German Democratic Republic. When the first cars were released, people saw them as being innovative. The cars were also easy on fuel, they did not need much fuel. Trabant had a two-stroke engine. The outside of the Trabant was not made with steel or iron, because the German Democratic Republic did not want to import steel and iron for the cars, because that would have been too expensive. Instead, the Trabant was made of Duroplast, a special kind of plastic, made by mixing formica and bakelite, and made stronger with fibres of cotton. They could afford some steel from Russia, and this was used for the engine and the floor, and to give the plastic strength. After the Berlin Wall was opened the Trabant did not sell as much as before, because the people wanted bigger cars that they could get after the wall was opened. Trabants can still be found in East Europe, for example in Hungary.
Criticism 
The Trabant was a small car, good for driving in the city. The two-stroke engine created lots of air pollution, but because of the plastic body, it was stronger and safer than western cars of the same time. It was famous for being better in a crash test than a VW Polo.

Versions 

Between 1957 and 1990, about 3 million Trabants were built. As of January 2005, about 67.000 such cars were still registered.

Gallery 

Automobiles
Lindsay Dee Lohan (born July 2, 1986) is an American actress and singer. She has acted in several movies, including The Parent Trap, Life-Size, Get A Clue, Freaky Friday, Mean Girls, Confessions of a Drama Queen, Herbie Fully Loaded, Just My Luck, Georgia Rule and Labor Pains. Early life. Lindsay Lohan was born on July 2, 1986, in The Bronx borough of New York City, and grew up in Merrick and Cold Spring Harbor on Long Island, New York. She is the eldest child of Dina and Michael Lohan.
Lohan's parents are Dina Lohan and Michael Lohan, both of whom are of Irish and Italian descent. She has a sister named Ali Lohan. Lindsay Dee Lohan was born in The Bronx borough of New York City, on July 02,1986, to Dina Lohan and Michael Lohan. She began her career at age three as a Ford model, and also made appearances in over sixty television commercials, including spots for The Gap, Pizza Hut, Wendy's, and Jell-O (opposite Bill Cosby). Lohan made her acting debut in 1996 as the third actress to play Ali Fowler in the television drama Another World (1964). Shortly afterward she was hand-picked by Oscar-nominated writer Nancy Meyers as estranged twin sisters in an adaptation by Walt Disney Pictures of a novel by Erich Kästner, which marked Meyers' directorial debut
. Lohan's first feature movie, The Parent Trap (1998), a remake of The Parent Trap (1961), was a modest commercial success, earning her widespread critical acclaim and a Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature movie, as well as Blockbuster Entertainment and YoungStar award nominations. After signing a three-movie contract with Disney, she returned to the small screen to star in the made-for-TV movies The Wonderful World of Disney: Life-Size (2000) (opposite Tyra Banks) and Get a Clue (2002) (opposite Bug Hall). She also appeared as Rose in the pilot episode of the short-lived comedy series Bette (2000), which starred Bette Midler. In June 2001 Lohan took a brief hiatus from acting. Her music career was launched over a year later, when Estefan Enterprises made a five-album production deal with her in September 2002, and she signed a recording contract with the reactivated Casablanca Records.
Movie career 
The movies The Parent Trap and Mean Girls made Lohan popular in the United States. They also showed her talent in singing. She plays the guitar and has done many singing parts.

Music career 
She first sang in the soundtrack of the movie Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen.

In 2004, she released her first album named Speak. In 2005, her second album, A Little More Personal (RAW) was released. Now, in recent years she has been working on a new album with Ne-Yo, Snoop Dogg, Timbaland. This album was released at the end of 2008.

Personal life 
Between 2008 and 2009 Lohan dated Samantha Ronson. However, Lohan now identifies as heterosexual. She had a miscarriage in 2013.

In May 2011, Lohan was convicted of misdemeanor theft of a $2,500 necklace from a jewelry store in Venice Beach.

On November 28, 2021, Lohan announced her engagement to financier Bader Shammas after three years of dating. On July 2, 2022, it was confirmed that Lohan and Shammas were married.
In July 2023, Lohan gave birth to her son Luai.

Filmography