Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Otto I of Saxony and Otto the Illustrious (ca. 841 – 30 November 912) was a German Saxon noble. He was Duke of Saxony. He was the father of Henry I the Fowlers and grandfather of Otto I the Great. He was also father-in-law of Zwentibold, Carolingian King of Lotharingia.

Otto was born between 830 and 841, and was one of the sons of Liudolf, Duke of Saxony, and Gisela, the daughter of Everhart Friuli and Geslea of Franks. Otto's uncle was Berengar I of Italy. His paternal ancestor was an old chief of Saxony.

Otto was a powerful noble of Saxony and Eastern Germany  for a long time. His sister Liutgard was married to King Louis the Younger. Around the 890s, his daughter Oda married Zwentibold, King of Lotharingia.
In 911, the East Frankish King Louis the Child died without any children. German nobles said that Otto should be crowned as king, but he declined (said no) because of his old age (he was around 70 at that point). He instead recommended Conrad to Franken, his powerful political rival. In 918, his son Henry I the Fowler was appointed as King.

Ottonian dynasty
840s births
912 deaths
10th century in Germany
Kings and Queens in Germany
German autobiographers
9th century in Germany
Rachel Claire Ward (born 12 September 1957) is an English movie and television performer who starred in movies like Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid and Night School. She also starred in the television miniseries The Thorn Birds.

English movie actors
1957 births
Living people
Trinity Hall is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often just called Tit Hall by the students. It was created in 1350 and it is the fifth oldest college. It takes its name from the Holy Trinity. 

The money to build the college was given by William Bateman, the Bishop of Norwich. He wanted to build a new centre for studying canon law and civil science. This was because the Black Death had killed many priests. Today, it has about 600 students. The college is found next to the river Cam. In 1999, the Jerwood Library was built. It became quite famous in Cambridge because it is a beautiful building by the river.

Many important people have studied at Trinity Hall, for example:
Stephen Hawking, physicist and cosmologist
J. B. Priestley, author
Rachel Weisz, an actress who won an Academy Award

There also many British rowers that have studied at Trinity Hall and won medals at the Olympics. This is because the college has a very good boat club, where students can play this sport.
Other websites 

Official website

Colleges of the University of Cambridge
1350 establishments
1350s establishments in Europe
14th-century establishments in England
Wolfson College is one of the 31 Colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. The College admits mature students, who are 21 years or older, for both undergraduate and postgraduate courses. 

The College was founded in 1965 as University College. The name was changed to Wolfson College on 1 January 1973, following a major donation from the Wolfson Foundation, a charity. Today there are more than 900 students at the College with approximately 70% coming from overseas. The College is located on Barton Road, which is about a mile to the west of Cambridge city centre.

References

Other websites 

Official website

1965 establishments in England
Colleges of the University of Cambridge
Comenius  (28 March 1592 – 15 November 1670) was a 17th-century Czech bishop, and an innovator in education. His name is spelt differently in almost every language. In English it is John Amos Comenius, but he is usually called just 'Comenius'.

Comenius is famous for arguing for universal literacy, and inventing the idea of a modern textbook which used pictures as well as prose to get its message across. Comenius also tried to design a language in which false statements could not be written.
Some books by Comenius 
There are about 16 works, with many translations and versions.
 1633–1638. Didactica magna ("The Great Didactic").
 1642. A reformation of schools, designed in two excellent treatises. This is an English excerpt from the above. It explains his ideas for reform.
 1658. Orbis sensualium pictus: quadrilingus. It is something like an illustrated dictionary, in two languages,  Latin, and German
 1659. English edition.
 1685 in four languages: Latin, Czech, German and Hungarian (Magyar).
 Orbis Pictus had a long-lasting influence on children's education. It was a precursor of both audio-visual techniques and the lexical approach in language learning. There is a Kindle version in English.

References 

1592 births
1670 deaths
Czech educators
James Buck (1808 – November 1, 1865) was a sailor in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions aboard U.S.S. Brooklyn.

Biography
Buck, born in Denver, Colorado and joined the Navy in 1852. He was an Acting Master's Mate when he was presented the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions aboard U.S.S. Brooklyn. He was a Quartermaster. The medal was approved under General Order 11, dated April 3, 1863.

Buck died November 1, 1865. He is buried in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore, MD. His grave is in section Q-24, GPS (lat/lon): 39.30936, -76.6062.
Honors
The United States Navy named three ships USS Buck in his name. The first ship to be name after Buck was . It was a motorboat built in 1911. The second ship to be named after Buck was . It was a Sims-class destroyer. That ship served from 1939 until she was sunk during the invasion of Italy in 1943. The third and final ship to take its name from James Buck was . This Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer served from 1946 until 1973.

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

Served on board the U.S.S. Brooklyn in the attack upon Forts Jackson and St. Philip and at the taking of New Orleans, 24 and 25 April 1862. Although severely wounded by a heavy splinter, Buck continued to perform his duty until positively ordered below. Later stealing back to his post, he steered the ship for 8 hours despite his critical condition. His bravery was typical of the type which resulted in the taking of the Forts Jackson and St. Philip and in the capture of New Orleans.
Related pages
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

Notes

References

1808 births
1865 deaths
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from Colorado
The first USS Buck (SP-1355) was later renamed to USS SP-1355. It was a tender that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1918.
 
Buck was built as a civilian motorboat in 1911. On 24 August 1917, the U.S. Navy acquired her under a free lease from the Conservation Commission of Maryland. She was used during World War I. She was commissioned as USS Buck (SP-1355) on 13 September 1917. 

Assigned to the 5th Naval District, Buck served as a tender at Norfolk, Virginia, for the remainder of World War I. She was renamed USS SP-1355 in April 1918.

SP-1355 was decommissioned late in 1918. The Navy returned her to Consevration Commission of Maryland on either 24 September 1918 or 27 November 1918.

Notes

References

Department of the Navy Naval History and Heritage Command Online Library of Selected Images: U.S. Navy Ships: USS Buck (SP-1355), 1917-1918. Renamed SP-1355 in 1918 
NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Buck (SP 1355)

Naval ships of the United States
Per Yngve Ohlin (16 January 1969 – 8 April 1991) was a Swedish black metal musician best known for performing with the band Mayhem under the stage name Dead.

He was given the name "Dead" after a near-death experience when his spleen ruptured after being beat up by bullies and was clinically dead for a while. He became fascinated with death and dying afterwards and received his name.

He was also a founding member of the death metal band Morbid and performed with them on their December Moon demo.

He was described by Jan Axel "Hellhammer" Blomberg, the drummer for Mayhem, as being "a very strange personality ... depressed, melancholic, and dark" and guitarist Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth said "I honestly think Dead is mentally insane. Which other way can you describe a guy who does not eat, in order to get starving wounds? Or who has a T-shirt with funeral announcements on it?"
Dead's mental state began to take a turn for the worse due to his fascination with death and his social situation. Because of this, he would usually cut himself while performing on stage with either a broken bottle or a blade. Euronymous was fascinated with Dead's suicidal tendencies and would encourage Dead to kill himself often. Varg Vikernes sent shotgun shells to Dead in 1991. On 8 April 1991, In the house he shared with Euronymous, he slit his throat and wrists with a knife and then shot himself in the forehead with a shotgun. His suicide note said that he was sorry for shooting himself indoors and he ended the note with "Excuse all the blood". Euronymous returned home and had to climb through an open window because all the doors to the house were locked. He found Dead's body but before he called the police, he went to a nearby shop and bought a disposable camera which he used to photograph Dead's body after he moved around some of the items. He also kept some pieces of Dead's shattered skull
. Hellhammer developed the pictures and Euronymous said that he would later destroy the pictures but he never did. He kept the pictures in an envelope at his record shop Helvete instead and sent one of the pictures to the owner of Warmaster Records which used the picture of Dead's body as the cover art for Mayhem's 1995 bootleg live album Dawn of the Black Hearts. The other band members were disgusted at Euronymous' actions before and after Dead's death and Bassist Necrobutcher decided that he wasn't going to be friends with him anymore.
He was ranked #48 out of 50 of The Greatest Metal Frontmen of All Time by Roadrunner Records.

References

Other websites
 

1969 births
1991 deaths
Heavy metal singers
Musicians who committed suicide
Musicians from Stockholm
Suicides by firearm
Singers from Stockholm
, also called Teikyō-reki, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki).  It was used from 1684-1753.  It was made official in 1685.

History
The  Jōkyō-reki system was the work of Shibukawa Shunkai. He recognized that the length of the solar year is 365.2417 days.

Shirakawa discovered errors in the traditional Chinese calendar which had been in use for 800 years.   This older system was also known as the Semmyō calendar or 'Semmei-reki.  It was also known as the Xuanming'' calendar.

Related pages
 Japanese calendar
 Sexagenary cycle
 Jōkyō
 Hōryaku calendar
 Kansei calendar
 Tenpō calendar

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Calendars
General/Doctor James Harold "Jimmy" Doolittle,  USAF (December 14, 1896 – September 27, 1993) was an American aviation pioneer. Doolittle served as an officer in the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War. He earned the Medal of Honor for his valor and leadership as commander of the Doolittle Raid while a lieutenant colonel.
Doolittle was born in Alameda, California. He spent his youth in Nome, Alaska where he earned a reputation as a boxer. His parents were Frank Henry Doolittle and Rosa (Rose) Cerenah Shephard. By 1910, Jimmy Doolittle was attending school in Los Angeles. When his school attended the 1910 Los Angeles International Air Meet at Dominguez Field Doolittle saw his first airplane. He attended Los Angeles City College after graduating from Manual Arts High School in Los Angeles. He later won admission to the University of California, Berkeley where he studied in The School of Mines. He was a member of Theta Kappa Nu fraternity. Doolittle took a leave of absence in October 1917 to enlist in the Signal Corps Reserve as a flying cadet. He did his ground training at the University of California School of Military Aeronautics where he later received his doctorate. His flight-training was done at Rockwell Field, California. Doolittle received his Reserve Military Aviator rating
. He was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Signal Officers Reserve Corps on March 11, 1918.
Honors and awards

Military honors

Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

For conspicuous leadership above the call of duty, involving personal valor and intrepidity at an extreme hazard to life. With the apparent certainty of being forced to land in enemy territory or to perish at sea, Gen. Doolittle personally led a squadron of Army bombers, manned by volunteer crews, in a highly destructive raid on the Japanese mainland.

Army Distinguished Service medal citation
Citation:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), United States Army Air Forces, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility as Commander of the Northwest African Strategic Air Force since its organization. Under his guidance and direction, this Force has developed a high degree of efficiency and accuracy and brought about, in great measure, a critical reduction in the supplies and reinforcements needed by the enemy. General Doolittle's energy, good judgment, exceptional qualities of leadership and wholehearted cooperation were primary factors in the ultimate success of air operations during the Tunisian Campaign.

Distinguished Flying Cross citations
1st Citation:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 2, 1926, takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Distinguished Flying Cross to First Lieutenant (Air Service) James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), U.S. Army Air Corps, for extraordinary achievement while participating in an aerial flight. During March 1924, at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, Lieutenant Doolittle, piloting a Fokker PW-7 pursuit airplane, performed a series of acceleration tests requiring skill, initiative, endurance, and courage of the highest type. In these test a recording accelerometer was mounted in the airplane and the accelerations taken for the following maneuvers. Loops at various air speeds; single and multiple barrel rolls; power spirals; tail spins; power on and power off; half loop, half roll, and immelman turn; Inverted flight; pulling out of dive at various air speeds; flying the airplane on a level course with considerable angle of bank; and flying in bumpy air
. In these test the airplane was put through the most extreme maneuvers possible in order that the flight loads imposed upon the wings of the airplane under extreme conditions of sir combat might, be ascertained. These test were put through with that fine combination of fearlessness and skill which constitutes the essence of distinguished flying. Through them scientific data of great and permanent importance to the Air Corps were obtained.
3rd Citation:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 2, 1926, takes pleasure in presenting a Second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Third Distinguished Flying Cross to Colonel (Air Corps) James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), United States Army Air Forces, for extraordinary achievement as Pilot of a B-25 Bomber and Commanding Officer of the 1st Special Aviation Project (Doolittle Raider Force), while participating in a highly destructive raid on the Japanese mainland on April 18, 1942. Colonel Doolittle with 79 other officers and enlisted men volunteered for this mission knowing full well that the chances of survival were extremely remote, and executed his part in it with great skill and daring. This achievement reflects high credit on himself and the military service.

Silver Star citation
Citation:
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1948, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Major General (Air Corps) James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), United States Army Air Forces, for gallantry in action. Since February 19, 1943, when he took command of the Allied Strategic Air Force (Northwest Africa), General Doolittle, by his untiring energy, initiative and personal example has inspired the units under him to renewed successful efforts against the enemy. On April 5, 1943, the strategic air force was responsible for the destruction of forty eight enemy planes in the air and approximately 100 on the ground. This extraordinary achievement under the leadership of General Doolittle reflects great credit to himself and the armed forces of the United States.

Other honors
Doolittle was also awarded the Bolivian Order of the Condor of the Andes, now in the collection of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
In 1972 James H. Doolittle was awarded the Horatio Alger Award which is given to those who are dedicated community leaders who demonstrate individual initiative and a commitment to excellence; as exemplified by remarkable achievements accomplished through honesty, hard work, self-reliance and perseverance over adversity. The Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans, Inc. bears the name of the renowned author Horatio Alger, Jr., whose tales of overcoming adversity through unyielding perseverance and basic moral principles captivated the public in the late 19th century.

In April 1985, Doolittle was awarded a fourth star making him a full ranked general. He received the award from President Ronald Reagan and U.S. Senator Barry M. Goldwater.

The Society of Experimental Test Pilots annually presents the James H. Doolittle Award in his memory. The award is for "outstanding accomplishment in technical management or engineering achievement in aerospace technology".
The city of Doolittle, Missouri, located 5 miles west of Rolla was named in his honor after World War II.

In popular culture
 Spencer Tracy played Doolittle in Mervyn LeRoy's 1944 movie Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo. This portrayal has received much praise.
 Alec Baldwin played Doolittle in Michael Bay's 2001 movie Pearl Harbor. This portrayal caused much outrage amongst those who knew the general.
 Bob Clampett's 1946 cartoon Baby Bottleneck briefly portrays a dog named "Jimmy Do-quite-a-little", who invents a failed rocketship.

Related pages
 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References
Notes

Bibliography

Other websites

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1896 births
1993 deaths
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military people from California
People from Alaska
Alameda, California
The word Estonian can  mean:

 Something from or about Estonia, a country in Europe
 Estonians, the people of Estonia
 Estonian language
was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki)..  It was published in 1797.

History
The  Kansei-reki system was the work of Takahashi Yoshitoki and Hazama Shigetomi.

Takahashi and Hazama used Western astronomy studies to modify the traditional calendar.

Related pages
 Japanese calendar
 Sexagenary cycle
 Kansei
 Jōkyō calendar
 Hōryaku calendar
 Tenpō calendar

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Calendars
was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki..  It was published in the Tenpō era (183-1844).  It was in use in the late Edo period.

History
The  Tenpō-reki system was the work of Shibukawa Kagesuke.  This was the last traditional calendar system created by Japanese astronomers and mathematicians.

The Tenpō calendar was set aside when Japan adopted the Western calendar in 1872 (Meiji 5).

Related pages
 Japanese calendar
 Sexagenary cycle
 Tenpō
 Jōkyō calendar
 Kansei calendar
 Hōryaku calendar

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Calendars
Jessica Danielle Andrews (born December 29, 1983) is an American singer. She performs country music. Her first record Heart Shaped World was released in 1999. On April 7, 2001, her first and only number one single "Who I Am" reached the #1 spot in the country charts. She was born near Huntingdon, Tennessee.

References

Singers from Tennessee
Country musicians from Tennessee
1983 births
Living people
Anna Eva Lydia Catherine Wing, MBE (30 October 1914 - 7 July 2013) was an English actress. She is best known for playing Lou Beale on British television soap opera EastEnders.

Early life
Wing was born on 30 October 1914 in Hackney, East London, England.

Career
Wing is best known for playing the Lou Beale on EastEnders from the show's beginning in February 1985, until the character was killed off in July 1988.

In May 2005 Wing attended the British Soap Awards, where she presented June Brown with a lifetime achievement award for Brown's portrayal of Dot Branning in EastEnders. In 2005, Wing was part of the cast of the short movie Ex Memoria. She played Grandma in the 2007 movie Son of Rambow.

Later career
In 2009, when Wing was 94, she worked on a short movie called Numbers Up. The same year Wing was named Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours for her services to drama and charity.
Personal life
Wing was married to Peter Davey from 1944 until they divorced in 1947. They had a son. After that, Philip O'Connor was her partner until his death in 1998. They had a son.

Death
Wing lived in London, England during her final years. Wing died on the morning of 7 July 2013 in Hackney, East London, England from natural causes, aged 98.

References

Other websites

Anna Wing, interview from The Walford Gazette 
Lou Beale, BBC character profile 
Ex Memoria (short film with Anna Wing) 

1914 births
2013 deaths
Actors from London
English movie actors
English radio actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki). It was also known as Horiki Kojutsu Gen-reki.  It was published in 1755.

History
The  Hōreki Kōjutsu Genreki system was the work of Abe Yasukuni, Shibukawa Kōkyō, and Nishiyama Seikyū. 

Errors in the calendar were corrected in 1798, and in 1844  In 1872, the Western calendar was adopted.

Related pages
 Japanese calendar
 Sexagenary cycle
 Hōreki
 Jōkyō calendar
 Kansei calendar
 Tenpō calendar

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Calendars
Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (10 November 1919 – 23 December 2013) was a Russian designer who is known for designing the AK-47, AKM, and AK-74 assault rifles when he served in the Soviet Army during World War II. He had the rank of lieutenant general.

Kalashnikov was born on 10 November 1919 in Kuriya, Altai Krai, Russian SFSR. He served in World War II and created many weapons and bombs including the AK-47 and a submachine gun. He was married to Ekaterina Kalashnikova. They had three children, one of them was gun designer Victor Kalashnikov. He lived in Izhevsk, Udmurtia. 

On 17 November, Kalashnikov was hospitalized in an Udmurtian medical hospital for gastric hemorrhage. He died on the morning of 23 December, 2013 from the illness, aged 94.

References

Other websites
Other websites

M.T. Kalashnikov Museum and Exhibition Small Arms Complex 
'I sleep soundly' - Interview with and article on Mikhail Kalashnikov at the age of 83, from The Guardian newspaper.
Mikhail Kalashnikov backs weapons control
BBC NEWS Profile: Mikhail Kalashnikov
Free illustrated virtual guided tour of the Museum of Mikhail Kalashnikov 

1919 births
2013 deaths
Russian engineers
Russian inventors
Soviet generals
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Brenda Joyce (February 25, 1917-July 4, 2009) was an American actress whose acting career was rather short, although memorable. She was in several movies, including Thumbs Up, The Rains Came and several Tarzan movies. 

Joyce was born in Missouri. She died in California as a result of pneumonia. She was 92.

References

American movie actors
Actors from Missouri
1917 births
2009 deaths
The Inca Civil War, the Inca Dynastic War, or the Inca War of Succession, was a civil war in the Inca Empire. It was fought between two brothers, Huáscar and Atahualpa, sons of Huayna Cápac, over who would be the next emperor. The war came after Huayna Capac's death in 1527, and lasted from 1529 until 1532. When their father died, the empire was divided between the two brothers. Huáscar got most part of it, with the capital Cusco. Atahualpa got the northern parts, including Quito.

Huáscar started the war because he saw himself as the rightful heir to the kingdom. Atahualpa proved to be a better war tactician than his brother, and commanded a much bigger army. The empire was reunited under Atahualpa in 1532, but he was executed by the Spanish less than a year later.

It was partly because of this civil war that the Spanish conquistadors, under Francisco Pizarro, were successful.

References
Notes
References
Notes

Sources
Hemming, John. The Conquest of the Inca. New York, NY: Harcourt, Inc., 1970, 28-29.
MacQuarrie, Kim. The Last Days of the Inca. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007, 50.

Civil wars
Inca civilization
16th century in South America
1529
1530
1531
1532
16th-century conflicts
Cao Dai (also Caodaism or Caodaiism) is a new religious movement founded in Vietnam. It mixes ideas from other religions.

Cao Đài is a syncretic, monotheistic religion officially established in the city of Tây Ninh, southern Vietnam in 1926. The religion combines Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism, Confucianism. The full name of the religion is Đại Đạo Tam Kỳ Phổ Độ (great religion of the third period of revelation and salvation).
History 
Cao Dai was established in the Vietnamese city of Tây Ninh in 1926. Cao Dai was granted legal recognition in 1997. Cao Dai was found by Ngô Văn Chiêu, Cao Quỳnh Cư, Phạm Công Tắc, and Cao Hoài. Caodaist believe God spoke to these people to establish a new religion.

Teachings and beliefs

Name of God 
The name for God in Cao Dai is Cao Đài Tiên Ông Đại Bồ Tát Ma-ha-tát (translation: Cao Đài the Ancient Sage and Great Bodhisattva Mahasattva). Caodaiist believe God chose this title because it represents the Three Teachings: Saint, Sage, and Buddha.
Creation beliefs 
 Cao Dai teaches that before God existed, there was Tao. Tao is the unchanging, nameless, formless, immortal source. Then the Big Bang occurred, and out of the Big Bang, God miraculously blessed us with his birth and was poured onto us from the universe (emanationism). The Universe could not be formed so the Yin Yang were created by the Almighty himself. Like Adam took one of his ribs to create Eve, God took control of yang and a part of himself, thereby creating the Goddess to assemble with yin. Now that the Union was completed, the Universe was formed. The Goddess, Holy Mother, is referred by Caodaiist as Mother Buddha. Cao Dai teaches that there are 36 levels of Heaven, and 72 planets having intelligent life. The first planet is closest to Heaven while number 72 is closest to Hell. Earth is number 68.

The three teachings 

The three teachings of Cao Dai are:

 Buddha
 Sage 
 Saint
 Tomiwa
Note: The top is believed to be the hardest to achieve while the bottom is believed to be the easiest to achieve.

The three teachings represent levels of spiritual attainment. In Cao Dai's teaching being a Buddha is the hardest to achieve. Cao Dai teaches that humans can develop into other beings. Humans can develop into: Thần (angel), Thánh (saint), Tiên (sage), and Phật (buddha). According to Cao Dai, everyone can turn into one of these beings. Angels, Saints, and Sages have extremely long lives in the realms of Heavens, but Buddhas are the only ones free from the cycle of birth and death.

The three periods of revelation and salvation

First period 
The teachings of the Buddhas - Dīpankara Buddha
The teachings of sages
The teachings of saints - Phục Hy ( Fu Xi )

Second period 
The teachings of the Buddhas - Shakyamuni Buddha (Gautama Buddha )
The teachings of sages - Laozi
The teachings of saints - Confucius and Jesus Christ.
Third period 
According to Cao Dai teachings, God is at helm, he will not take human form as in the two past periods. Instead he sends his teachings through sacred seance ceremonies.

The three anchors (the three teachings) are:

The teachings of the Buddhas - Guan Yin
The teachings of sages - Lý Bạch
The teachings of saints - Guan Yu

Holy people 
 There are many Holy people from other religions. Some people from history are also venerated. The pantheon of Holy people includes: Buddha, Lao Tsu, Confucius, Guan Yin, Jesus, Sun Yat-sen, Victor Hugo, and many more.

Holy scriptures 
These are the main scriptures of Cao Dai.
Kinh Thiên Đạo Và Thế Đạo (Prayers of the Heavenly and the Earthly Way) This is used for Daily life and Prayers for Worship.
 Pháp Chánh Truyền (The Religious Constitution of Caodaiism) This is used for information on the elections of officials, their powers, and ritual dress.
 Tân Luật (The New Canonical Codes) This is used for laws regulating religious, secular, monastic life.
 Thánh Ngôn Hiệp Tuyển (Compilation of Divine Messages)
 Hộ Pháp Phạm Công Tắc The Sermons of His Holiness

Other branches of Cao Dai have additional scriptures.

Organizational structure 
Cao Dai has an organizational structure similar to Catholicism. Cao Dai's hierarchy includes a Pope, cardinals, bishops, priest, etc. Cao Dai teaches equality between men and women, but women are not allowed to be Legislative Cardinal and Pope, the two highest positions in Cao Dai. The religion and church claims that God ordered this because Yang represents Male while Yin represents Female. Yin cannot dominate Yang or else Chaos will happen.
Branches 
 In total there are about 6 officially recognized branches of Cao Dai. There are several others but these remain unknown. The largest branch is based in Tây Ninh Province, where the religion was founded in 1926 and where the seat of Cao Đài authority is located. Some sects broke away from the Tây Ninh Holy See. The sects that broke away are Chiếu Minh, Bến Tre, and Đà Nẵng. Ngô Văn Chiêu founded Chiếu Minh. He left because he refused his appointment as Cao Dai's first Pope.

Demographics 
Cao Dai is the third largest religion in Vietnam after Buddhism and Roman Catholicism. Estimates of followers in Vietnam is about 2-6 million, or around 2%. Estimates of followers oversea is about 30,000.

References

Hoskins, Janet Alison. 2015. The Divine Eye and the Diaspora: Vietnamese Syncretism Becomes Transpacific Caodaism. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. .

East Asian religions
New religious movements
Religion in Vietnam
Organizations based in Vietnam
2051 (MMLI) will be .

Predicted and scheduled events 
 April – A METI message Cosmic Call 1 sent from the 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar arrives at its destination, Gliese 777 star.
 June 1 – The Washington State Ferries time capsule will be opened, celebrating WSF's 100th Anniversary.

Date unknown 
 Over 1.7 million people in the United Kingdom will be suffering from dementia according to reports published in 2007 by the London School of Economics and Institute of Psychiatry.

In fiction 
 TimeSplitters: Future Perfect video game takes place in 2051 in one of the missions.
 Brenda Chenowith, a fictional character from the television show Six Feet Under, dies in her home at the age of 82.
 Dream Park novel takes place in March 2051

References
Predicted and scheduled events 
The 2050 Winter Olympics will be held.
 In July 2008, the G8 agreed to halve global greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.
 In November 2006, Achim Steiner, executive director of the United Nations Environment Program, “warned of a global collapse of all species being fished, if fishing continues at its current pace.”
 In October 2007, artificial intelligence researcher David Levy predicted that by 2050, human-robot marriages, human-robot sex, and human-robot pornography will become common.
 According to a 2002 study by World Wildlife Fund, planet Earth will not have sufficient resources to sustain human life by this year.
Due to climate change, fish body size will decline by nearly a quarter.
 In March 2006, Professor Gerry Gilmore predicted that ground-based astronomy would become impossible by this year because of pollution from aircraft exhaust trails and climate change.
By 2050, the price of PEM fuel cell is as low as 100 Euro/KWH compared to the present value of 8000 Euro/KWH. This is because most cars work on fuel cell technology and Hydrogen gas.
 In 2002, it was predicted that the number of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease in the United States would triple by 2050 to 16 million. This was higher than the earlier projection of 14 million in 1990. In June 2007, a study by American researchers concluded that the global prevalence of Alzheimer's disease will quadruple by 2050 from its 2006 figure to over 100 million. However, this does not take into account the possibility that medical science will eventually advance to the point where society will figure out how to stop and reverse the effects of Alzheimer's.
 Arnulf Jaeger-Walden of the European commission's Institute for Energy believes that solar power from North Africa can provide 100 GW to the entire continent of Europe.
Goldman Sachs predicts that by 2050, the ten largest economies in the world  will be China, the United States, India, Brazil, Russia, Japan, Mexico, Indonesia, the United Kingdom, and France, in that order.
 Expected completion of a space elevator.
Wales aims to recycle 100% of its waste.
World population 
 In November 2001, the United Nations Population Fund reported that the world population is projected to be 9.3 billion in 2050 from 6.1 billion then with most of the increase in developing countries even as the population of industrialized countries will "remain stable". This figure was revised to 9.1 billion in 2005 and 9.2 billion in 2007. In 2008, the United States Census Bureau projected a world population of 9.5 billion.
 Another study done by the European Commission, community research said that the world population is expected to grow at a decreasing rate to 8.9 billion in 2050 and after 2030, the population in several countries including Europe and China will decrease. Stabilization in the population will happen in the second half of the century.
In the rich industrialized countries, with the exception of the United States where immigrants enjoy a rise in population, generation replacement is no longer assured.
It is calculated there will be 601,000 centenarians (people at least a hundred years old - born before 1950) in the USA by 2050.
"The population continues to grow but at a slower pace", summarizes the demographer Thomas Buettner, author of UN report on "World population projections (1950-2050)", presented Thursday, February 24, 2005. According to this study, 9.075 billion people will inhabit Earth in 2050, against 7 billion today.
This increase amounts to adding to the current world population combined populations of  and , stresses the population division of the United Nations.
The general trend is, however, a slowdown in population growth compared to gains of twenty to fifty years, this tends to confirm a gradual stabilization of the overall population.
By 2050, India will overtake People's Republic of China to top the list of the most populous countries, and these two countries represent about 50% of world population (as against 37% today).
Not surprisingly, population growth will be highest in poor countries already struggling to provide food security for its people. "Births planning and fertility decline explain this difference", stresses the UN report.
 The United Nations predicts that 2 out of every 9 people in the world will be 60 years or older.  World life expectancy at birth is also expected to exceed 76 years.
In fiction

Literature 
 Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell (1948): The language Newspeak will become the official language of Oceania.
 Life in 2050 by Ulrich Eberl: The book illustrates what life may be like during this year.
 Short story "The Weed of Time" by Norman Spinrad: The first manned mission to Tau Ceti returns to Earth on September 8, bearing with it the timesense-expanding plant tempis ceti.

Television 
 Immortal Grand Prix (2005): The second season takes place during the middle of this year.
 The start of events in the UK situation comedy Come Back Mrs. Noah.
 Children's television series Silversun starts on its 90-year journey to a livable planet 45 light years from Earth.

Film 
 Love Story 2050 (2008, Hindi)
 Sunshine-The spaceship Icarus I heads on a journey to re-ignite the dying sun, only to fail.

Computer and video games 
 Shadowrun (1993)
 Maelstrom (2007)
 Dropship: United Peace Force (2002)
 In Civilization V the game ends automatically if nobody wins by 2050.

References
References 

 U.S. Census Bureau: Population Prediction (by country)
 Guardian article on Spains shrinking coastline

Other websites
 Imagining the tech world in 2050  at CNET

2050
The Lover is a 1992 French erotic drama movie. It is based on the 1984 novel of the same name. It is set in 1929 in Vietnam and is about a relationship between a 15 year old French girl and a Chinese man twice her age. It was originally tagged NC-17 by the MPAA. However, the producers of The Lover appealed and the rating was changed to R. When this was released into theaters, it received mixed reaction. Audiences praised it. American critics, however, gave negative reviews of this drama.

Other websites 

1992 romantic drama movies
1990s English-language movies
French drama movies
French romance movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 1920s
Vietnamese movies
Movies directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud
1992 independent movies
A rover is a vehicle that travels on the ground of a planet, moon, or other astronomical object.  Some rovers carry people that drive them. Most are robots that can drive themselves for short distances, but humans on Earth give them directions each day about where to go and what to do.   They are electric vehicles, either using solar power or nuclear power.

Examples

Moon
Lunokhod 1 was sent by the Soviet Union, Lunokhod 1 was the first remote-controlled vehicle sent off the Earth.
Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle, also called a moon buggy, sent by NASA during the Apollo program, it was driven by astronauts.
Lunokhod 2 was sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union and arrived on the moon in January 1973 and lasted four months.
Yutu (Chang'e 3), sent in 2013, was the first Chinese moon landing.  It stopped moving 42 days after landing, but could perform other operations for nearly 2 more years. 
Yutu 2 (Chang'e 4) was sent in January 2019 by China and is still going.

Mars
Mars

The only rovers to successfully land on Mars were sent there by NASA. They have special equipment on arms for testing the soil, taking pictures and doing other planetary science.

Sojourner rover - The first Mars rover, this was a test vehicle to see if a solar vehicle would work on Mars. It landed on July 4th, 1997 and lasted nearly three months.
Spirit rover (MER-A) - Spirit and Opportunity were launched as a pair.  Spirit landed January 4, 2004 and lasted a little over six years.
Opportunity rover (MER-B) - Landed January 25, 2004 and lasted a little over fourteen years until it was stopped by a dust storm.
Curiosity rover - A nuclear-powered rover, landed August, 2012 and is still going.

References

Moon
Mars
NASA spacecraft
Camp Caves was a US Army training camp north of the city of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. It was built during World War Two. The army used the camp from September 1943 until early in 1944. It was one of several US training camps in the area including Camp Nerimbera, Camp Thompson’s Point, Camp Keppel Sands, Camp Yeppoon and Camp Wallaroo.

Camp Caves was the camp for the 24th Infantry Division. The division was also called the Hawaiian Division. It was called Camp Caves after the small town, The Caves, which was close to the campsite. The camp was along the side of the Bruce Highway. It included medical services, warehouses, ammunition dumps, landing strips, and a small arms firing range. Work on building the camp began in November 1942 but was soon stopped. It started again in July 1943. The camp was not used after March 1944.

References

Settlements in Queensland
United States Army
A locksmith is a person who works with locks, keys and security systems. Locksmithing is the profession of a locksmith.

Job description
Locksmiths fix broken locks, make keys, and install security systems like alarms.
In most countries locksmiths must follow a strict set of laws. In some countries locksmiths start as apprentices. In others, they must get a certificate or degree after training at a school or university.

Some countries such as the UK, there are no actual laws or rules as to who can become a locksmith, so many locksmiths choose to join a trade association to prove their proficiency and credentials.

Locksmiths commonly work with all types of locks. Other areas that locksmiths cover include combination locks,  auto locksmithing, safes, and access control. These areas are specialist and require specialized training
Tools
One of the most commonly used metals that locksmiths use to make keys in Europe is steel. Locksmiths in the US, Australia, and New Zealand would use brass as their main material.

Mortise locks, commonly found on older buildings, are comprised of a pocket that is cut into the door (or other piece of furniture) to which the lock will be fitted. These locks were used before the arrival of bored cylindrical locks.

Automotive locksmith
Automotive locksmith can help out with getting a new keys made for a car. They can also make duplicate keys and push-to-start key fobs. Usually automotive locksmiths are mobile, and they get to their customers by driving to them.

References 

Locks
Industrial occupations
Peter William Sutcliffe (2 June 1946 – 13 November 2020) was a British serial killer known as the Yorkshire Ripper. He was born in Bingley, West Riding of Yorkshire. In 1981, he was convicted of murdering thirteen women and attempting to murder seven others. He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. He served a twenty sentences of life imprisonment in Broadmoor High Security Hospital.

Personal life
Sutcliffe married Sonia Szurma 10 August 1974. They lived together in Heaton, Bradford.

Sutcliffe died on 13 November 2020 while in prison in Durham from COVID-19, aged 74.

References 

1946 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
English people convicted of murder
English prisoners
English serial killers
People from West Yorkshire
People with schizophrenia
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Brigadier General Kenneth Newton Walker (17 July 1898 – 5 January 1943) was a United States Army aviator. He was also a United States Army Air Forces general who had a significant influence on the development of airpower doctrine. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor in World War II.

Walker joined the United States Army in 1917. It was after the American entry into World War I. He trained as an aviator and became a flying instructor. In 1920 and after the end of the war, he received a commission in the Regular Army. After service in various capacities he graduated from the Air Corps Tactical School in 1929. Then he served as an instructor there. He supported the creation of a separate air organization for strategic bombardment. He published articles on the subject and becoming part of a clique known as the "Bomber Mafia". They argued for bombers over other forms of military aviation.
Even after he was promoted to Brigadier General, Walker frequently flew combat missions over New Guinea. For this he received the Silver Star. On 5 January 1943, he was shot down and killed leading a daylight bombing raid over Rabaul. It was for this action he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

Legacy
In January 1948, Roswell Army Air Field in Roswell, New Mexico, was renamed Walker Air Force Base in honor of Walker. The base was closed on 30 June 1967. Walker Hall and its Walker Air Power Room are at Maxwell Air Force Base. They are also named after him. It is the home of the Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center.  The Walker Papers is an Air Force Fellows program. It annually honors the top three research papers produced by Air Force Fellows with the Walker Series award. The Walker Series recognizes the contributions each Fellow has made to research supporting air and space power and its use in the implementation of US strategic policy.
Related pages
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

Notes

References

 

 

1898 births
1943 deaths
American aviators
American people of World War II
Aviation deaths
Military people from New Mexico
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Purple Heart recipients
Kate Bosworth (born January 2, 1983) is an American actress. She played Lois Lane in Superman Returns. She was born in Los Angeles and was raised in Connecticut.

References

Actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Connecticut
American movie actors
1983 births
Living people
The Division of Banks is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was set up in 1949. It is named for Sir Joseph Banks, the British scientist who accompanied James Cook on his voyage to Australia in 1770. 

The division of Banks is covers the south-western suburbs of Sydney. It includes Allawah, Blakehurst, Connells Point, Hurstville, Hurstville Grove, South Hurstville, Kyle Bay, Lugarno, Mortdale, Oatley, Padstow Heights, Peakhurst, Peakhurst Heights, and Penshurst, and parts of Bankstown, Beverly Hills, Carlton, Kingsgrove, Narwee, Padstow, Punchbowl, Revesby and Riverwood.

Members

Daryl Melham was the chairman of the ALP caucus from 2004 until 2012.

Election results

References
Division of Banks - Australian Electoral Commission

Other websites
 Daryl Melham's website 

Banks
1949 establishments in Australia
New South Wales
Tia Carrere (born January 2, 1967) is an American movie and television performer. Her career was launched around 1985. She was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to Filipino parents. Her notable movies include the 1992 comedy Wayne's World. She began her career with the TV series Airwolf. Other television shows and movies followed. In 2006, she was a contestant on the show Dancing with the Stars.

Carrere was born in Honolulu, Hawaii.

References

Other websites 

American movie actors
American television actors
Dancing with the Stars participants
Actors from Honolulu
1967 births
Living people
Ferromagnets are materials that have some magnetization on their own. This means that at a temperature of absolute zero and without any magnetic field from other objects, they are still magnetic. The reason for this is that the electrons in a material have a spin. In ferromagnetic materials, the electrons like to have all the spins going one way, giving some magnetism. Usually, as the temperature is increased, the magnetization goes down. This is because the high temperature causes the electrons in the material to move around a bit more. They do not have the spins perfectly going in the same way anymore. The point at which there is no magnetization anymore is called the Curie temperature. This changes with different materials.

Some materials that are ferromagnets are: iron, cobalt, nickel. Hematite is also ferromagnetic but only above a certain temperature.

Related pages 
Hysteresis

Magnetism
The Division of Barton is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was created in 1922 and is named for Sir Edmund Barton, the first Prime Minister of Australia. 

It includes the inner suburbs of Arncliffe, Banksia, Bardwell Valley, Beverley Park, Bexley, Bexley North, Brighton-Le-Sands, Carss Park, Dolls Point, Kogarah, Kogarah Bay, Kyeemagh, Monterey, Ramsgate, Ramsgate Beach, Rockdale, Sandringham, Sans Souci, Turrella and Wolli Creek and parts of Beverly Hills, Carlton, Earlwood and Kingsgrove.

Members

Dr H. V. Evatt was the Leader of the ALP 1951–60. Evatt nearly lost the seat in 1951 and 1955, and in 1958 he moved to the safe seat of Hunter.