Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Antoine Charles Marie Grimaldi (16 December 1717 – 4 February 1718), Marquis of Baux and Count of Matignon.
Charlotte Thérèse Nathalie Grimaldi  (19 March 1719 – 1790), nun at the Convent of Visitation at Paris.
Honoré Grimaldi (10 November 1720 – 21 March 1795), successor of his parents.
Charles Marie Auguste Grimaldi  (1 January 1722 – 24 August 1749), Count of Carladés and of Matignon. 
Jacques Grimaldi  (9 June 1723 – June 1723) died young. 
Louise Françoise Grimaldi  (15 July 1724 – 15 September 1729), Mademoiselle des Baux.
François Charles Grimaldi (4 February 1726 – 9 December 1743), Count of Thorigny.
Charles Maurice Grimaldi (14 May 1727 – 18 January 1798), Count of Valentinois; married on 10 November 1749 to Marie Christine de Rouvroy; no children.
Marie Françoise Thérése Grimaldi (20 July 1728 – 20 June 1743), Mademoiselle d'Estouteville died of smallpox unmarried.

Titles and styles
Titles and styles

10 November 1697 - 20 October 1715 Her Serene Highness The Hereditary Princess of Monaco.
20 October 1715 - 20 February 1731 Madame la comtesse de Matignon.  [And Hereditary Princess of Monaco.]
20 February 1731 – 29 December 1731 Her Serene Highness The Princess of Monaco. [And Duchess of Valentinois.]

 
House of Grimaldi
1697 births
1731 deaths
Deaths from smallpox
Dukes and duchesses of France
Princes and princesses of Monaco
Santander may refer to:

Geography
Santander, Spain, the original place with this name, a port city and capital of Cantabria, Spain
Norte de Santander, a department of Colombia
Puerto Santander, a municipality in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia
Santander Department, a department of Colombia
Santander de Quilichao, a municipality in the Cauca Department of Colombia
Santander, Cebu, a municipality in the province of Cebu, Philippines

Banking 
Grupo Santander, a Spanish banking group
Santander (; ) is a city on the north coast of Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Cantabria. As of 2013, 178,465 people lived there.

Santander has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).

Municipalities in Cantabria
Capital cities in Spain
Penagos is a municipality in Cantabria, Spain. As of 2013, 2,020 people lived there.

Localities 
 Arenal
 Cabárceno
 Llanos
 Penagos (capital)
 Sobarzo

Municipalities in Cantabria
Clean Bandit are a British electronic group. They were formed in Cambridge, England in 2008.

Band members
Jack Patterson – bass guitar, keyboard, vocals
Luke Patterson – drums
Grace Chatto – cello, vocals

Past band members
 Ssegawa-Ssekintu Kiwanuka (2008–2010) – vocals
 Neil Amin-Smith – violin, piano

Discography

Albums
 New Eyes (2014)

Singles
"A+E" (featuring Kandaka Moore and Nikki Cislyn) (2012)
"Mozart's House" (featuring Love Ssega) (2013)
"Dust Clears" (featuring Noonie Bao) (2013)
"Rather Be" (featuring Jess Glynne) (2014)
"Extraordinary" (featuring Sharna Bass)	(2014)
"Come Over" (featuring Stylo G) (2014)	
"Real Love" (with Jess Glynne) 2014
Rockabye (featuring Sean Paul & Anne-Marie) (2016)

References

Other websites
 

2000s British music groups
Electronic dance music
Classical music
Funk music
2008 establishments in the United Kingdom
Synth-pop
Musical groups established in 2008
Atlantic Records artists
New Blood Rising was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It was held on August 13, 2000 at Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver, British Columbia. New Blood Rising replaced Road Wild as WCW's August pay-per-view. The pay-per-view's name is a reference to the New Blood stable in WCW.

Matches

1"Canadian Rules" is that, instead of the traditional three-count, the referee has to use a five-count. After the five-count, the wrestler has to stay down for ten seconds. If both of the wrestlers are still down for a ten-count for any reason, the first man who gets to his feet wins the match. Also, there are no submissions and no count-outs.

2After he was not at the pay-per-view because of a (kayfabe) mysterious motorcycle accident, Goldberg did not show up until the middle of the match. Then, in a worked shoot, Goldberg would walk out on the match, because he apparently refused to take Kevin Nash's Jacknife Powerbomb.

References
References

2000 in professional wrestling
Sport in Vancouver
World Championship Wrestling
2000 in Canada
Mini Metro is a strategy simulation video game. It is about creating an efficient subway system for a rapidly growing city.

Gameplay 
In this game, the player designs a subway station. The object is to get the people to their requested station. The game ends when the station becomes overpopulated. The game is simple at first. Over time, it becomes more complicated and challenging. The point of the game is to run the simulation as long as possible.

Layout 
Mini Metro has a very modern layout. The subway cars are simply moving rectangles, the rails are simply lines, and the tunnels are dotted lines.

Stations 
Mini Metro's stations each are a different shape.

Common Stations:

"Unique" Stations:

Only one of each Unique station can appear each game.

References

Other websites 
 Let's Look At: Mini Metro!, YouTube

Simulator video games
Nina Badrić (born 4 July 1972) is a Croatian pop singer. She was born in Zagreb, Croatia. At age 9 she started singing with the children's choir Zvjezdice. At age twenty she signed a singing contract. Her version of "I'm so Excited" from her second album was number one on pop charts in Italy,  Spain and France. Badric is one of the most award-winning Croatian musicians. While not commonly heard in the west, she is popular in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia and Turkey.

Discography

Studio albums 
 Godine nestvarne (Croatia, 1995)
 Personality (Zg Zoe Music, 1997)
 Unique (Croatia, 1999)
 Nina (Croatia, 2000)
 Ljubav (Aquarius, 2003)
 07 (Aquarius, 2007)
 NeBo (Aquarius, 2011)

References

Other websites
 Nina Badrić's page

1972 births
Living people

People from Zagreb
Croatian pop singers
Leopold von Ranke (21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian. Modern history writing is greatly influenced by him. He made focusing on primary sources and international relations in history writing, popular.

Life
Ranke was born 21 December 1795 in Wiehe in Electoral Saxony. He was educated at local schools in Donndorf and Pforta. In 1814 he went to the University of Leipzig. He studied Classics and Lutheran theology. From 1817-1825 he was a Classics teacher. While teaching he became interested in history. In 1824 he released his first book: Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1514 (History of the Latin and Teutonic Peoples from 1494 to 1514). Ranke was a firm believer in historicism. For that reason he insisted on using primary sources.
University professor 
Ranke was a professor at the University of Berlin. He was a professor there for almost 50 years. While there he criticized the historical theories of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. He also advised his students to go to archives in search of sources. Because of this many think of him as the founder of a historical social science. Ranke retired as a professor in 1871, but still wrote history. In 1880 he started writing a book on world history, beginning in Ancient Egypt with the story of the Israelites. When he died in 1886 he had not finished his book, and had only written up to the 12th century.
Honors 
In 1831 the Prussian Government asked Ranke to start and edit the Historisch-Politische Zeitschrift journal. Ranke, who was conservative, sometimes used the journal to attack liberalism. In 1841 Ranke was made Royal Historiographer of the Prussian Court. In 1865 Ranke was made a noble, and in 1882 he was made a member of the Prussian Privy Council. In 1885 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

References

1795 births
1886 deaths
German historians
Afro-Colombians are people who are from the country of Colombia and who have ancestors who are African. There is a large population of Colombians of African descent.

History 
Spanish colonists brought African slaves to Cartagena in the sixteenth century. They were purchased to replace the indigenous peoples who died under the harsh working conditions in the mines and on the plantations. The main slave port for the colony (then Granada) was Cartagena. By 1600 about 100,000 slaves had been brought to the colony. The rate increased after 1650 because of labor needed for the gold mines. Conditions were harsher for some slaves than others. Most were allowed to mine, farm and sell their goods for one day a week. The money they made could buy their freedom. Slave rebellions in the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries had slaves forming their own villages in uncontrolled areas. Slavery was abolished in 1851.

References
Aurelio González Puente (born 26 July 1940 in Valle de Villaverde) is a Spanish retired professional  cyclist. He won the polka dot jersey for best climber in the 1968 Tour de France. He also won the climbing competition in the 1967 Giro d'Italia. He won stages at the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia, Tour de Suisse and Dauphiné Libéré.

Palmarès 

1967
Giro d'Italia:
Winner stage 22A
Winner mountains classification
1968
Tour de France:
Winner stage 6
Winner mountains classification

References

Other websites
Aurelio Gonzalez at the Cycling Archives

1940 births
Living people
People from Cantabria
Spanish cyclists
Tour de France cyclists
"The God of Abraham Praise" is a Christian version of the Jewish hymn Yigdal. It was first translated and made into a Christian hymn by Thomas Olivers after a visit to the Great Synagogue of London in 1770. It was first published in 1772.

References

Other websites 
 YouTube; The God of Abraham Praise hymn

Christian hymns
Apex predators are predators with no natural predators of their own. They are at the top of their food chain.

Apex predators have big effects on the animals and plants lower down the food chain. If they become extinct in an area, many changes happen. In recent times, it is often humans who have removed top predators.
An example of apex predators affecting an ecosystem is in Yellowstone National Park. After the gray wolf was reintroduced, in 1995, researchers noticed big changes occurring in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem.  Elk, the primary prey of the gray wolf, became less abundant and changed their behavior. This freed the riparian (river) zones from constant grazing.  This allowed willows, aspens, and cottonwoods to grow, so creating a habitat for beaver, moose, and scores of other species.  In addition to the effects on prey species, the gray wolf's presence also affected the park's grizzly bear, a vulnerable species.  The bears, emerging from hibernation, chose to scavenge off wolf kills after fasting for months.  They can also eat wolf kills in autumn to prepare for hibernation.  As grizzly bears give birth during hibernation, a greater food supply may improve the mother’s nutrition and increase the number of cubs
.  Dozens of other species, including eagles, ravens, magpies, coyotes, and black bears, have been seen scavenging from wolf kills.
References 

Predation
Federico Martín Bahamontes (born 9 July 1928; 9 August 2023) is a Spanish retired professional  cyclist. He was the first cyclist to win the "King of the Mountains"  competition for best climber in all three Grand Tours, the Tour de France, the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España.

Biography
Bahamontes was born in Santo Domingo-Caudilla, Toledo.

Bahamontes was a climbing specialist.  He won the Tour de France in 1959, and won the polka dot jersey for the best climber six times, in 1954, 1958, 1959, 1962, 1963 and 1964. In total, he won seven Tour stages. Reporters gave him the nickname the 'Eagle of Toledo'.

He was second in the 1957 Vuelta a España and won the mountains competition in 1957 and 1958. He won the mountains competition in the Giro d'Italia in 1956.

Bahamontes retired in 1965 to run a bicycle and motorcycle shop in Toledo.
In 2013 he was named the best climber in the history of the Tour de France by L' Équipe Magazine. Members of the jury included current riders, such as Thomas Voeckler, five-times winner of the race Bernard Hinault and the general director of the Tour de France Christian Prudhomme. The award was given by the French President François Hollande.

He is mentioned in the French film Le Fabuleux Déstin d'Amélie Poulain, known in English as Amelie. Amélie finds a box of toys left behind by an owner of her flat. She returns them to the owner and he is reminded of watching Bahamontes win the 1959 Tour de France.

Palmarès
1950
 national amateur road championship
1952
Vuelta a Albacete
1953
Circuito Sardinero
1954
Nice-Mont Agel
Vuelta a España:
2nd overall
Tour de France:
Winner Mountains classification
1955
Clasica a los Puertos de Guadarrama
Monaco - Golf du Mont Agel
Mont Faron
Vuelta a Asturias
1956
Tour de France:
4th overall
Giro d'Italia:
Winner Mountains classification
Vuelta a España:
4th overall
1957
Mont Faron
Vuelta a España:
Winner Mountains classification
Winner stage 3
2nd overall
Vuelta Ciclista Asturias
1958
 national time trial champion
Giro d'Italia:
Winner stage 4
 National road race championship
Saint-Junien
Subida a Arrate
Tour de France:
Winner stages 14 and 20
Winner Mountains classification
8th place overall classification
Vuelta a España:
Winner Mountains classification
6th overall
1959
Subida a Arrate
Tour de France:
 Winner overall classification
Winner Mountains classification
Winner stage 15
Vuelta a España:
Winner stage 4
1960
Subida a Arrate
Vuelta a España:
Winner stage 13
1961
Cenon
1961
Cenon
Monaco - Golf du Mont Agel
Nice - Mont Agel
Riberac
Subida a Arrate
1962
GP de la Magdaleine
Juliénas
Mont-Faron
Subida a Arrate
Tour de France:
Winner stage 13
Winner Mountains classification
Ussel
1963
La Touloubre
Miramas (FRA)
Mont-Faron (b) (FRA)
Tour de France:
2nd overall
Winner stage 15
Winner Mountains classification
1964
Escalada a Montjuich
Six Days of Madrid (with Rik Van Steenbergen)
Mont-Faron
Subida al Naranco
Tour de France:
3rd overall
Winner stages 8 and 16
Winner Mountains classification
Ussel
1965
Escalada a Montjuïc
Tour du Sud-Est
Vuelta a España:
10th overall
References

Further reading
 Fotheringham, Alasdair (2013) The Eagle of Toledo: The Life and Times of Federico Bahamontes, the Tour's Greatest Climber , London, Aurum Press,

Other websites
Complete Palmarès 
Frederico Bahamontes at the Cycling Archives
Official Tour de France results for Federico Bahamontes

1928 births
2023 deaths
Spanish cyclists
Tour de France winners
Tour de France cyclists
The Sundsvall Bridge () is a bridge located in Sundsvall in Sweden. The bridge crosses the Bay of Sundsvall, and creates a bypass past the town. The road on the bridge is a motorway, which is a part of European route E4.

The bridge is  long. It was opened for traffic 18 December 2014.

References

Bridges in Sweden
Sundsvall
The Sandö Bridge () is a concrete arch bridge crossing the Ångerman River in Kramfors Municipality in the northern parts of Sweden. It has a free span of 264 meters and is 42 meters above the water.

During construction, the bridge collapsed on 31 August 1939. This led to 18 construction workers being killed. Construction was completed in 1943.

References

Bridges in Sweden
The Enthalpy of vaporization, also called the latent heat of vaporization is the change in the enthalpy needed to change an amount of liquid into a gas. It happens at a given pressure. The enthalpies of vaporization are usually measured at the normal boiling point for that substance. The units are usually J/mol.

An example is when the cooling effects of vaporization controls the body temperature of humans. Warm weather or exercise creates heat in the body. This causes the body to sweat (or perspire). The body feels cooler when the liquid sweat evaporates. As the humidity increases, the rate of evaporation decreases. This determines the body's comfort level.

Related pages 
 Enthalpy of fusion

References 

Physics
Chemical processes
City Thameslink is a National Rail station in the City of London. The southern entrance is on Ludgate Hill near Ludgate Circus. The northern entrance is on Holborn Viaduct. Both of the station's platforms are underground. The station is on the Thameslink route.

History 
The station opened on 22 May 1990, however it was called St Paul's Thameslink until 1991. Many changes have occurred on the lines near the station since. The station was improved in 2010, and is ready for trains of up to 12 cars.

Services 
All services are run by Thameslink.

References
A SIM card is a smart card that is used in mobile phones, to identify the client. SIM stands for subscriber identity module. A SIM card has a microchip, and its use is protected by a PIN. When the phone is powered on, an international mobile subscriber identity number (IMSI) is broadcast. The microchip is also needed for some encryption and decryption. The SIM card and the device that it is used in (the mobile phone) are often referred to as the Mobile station.

SIM cards come in different sizes. Full-size SIM cards, which are about the same size as a credit card, are not used in phones anymore. Most smartphones use either micro SIM or nano SIM cards, but older ones use mini SIM.

Mobile phones
Sonja Aldén, born 20 December 1977, in St Albans, England, UK) is a Swedish singer. In 2006, 2007 and 2012 she participated at Melodifestivalen. She has also worked together with Shirley Clamp and Sanna Nielsen. Also, she has written songs for other artists, like  hard rock/heavy metal band The Poodles, who also participated in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2006 with the song Night of Passion. She has attended the Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm.

Discography

Albums

Joint albums

Singles

as Sanna, Shirley, Sonja

References

Other websites 

 Official Website  (In Swedish)

1977 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Shirley Natasja Clamp, born 17 February 1973 in Borås, Sweden, is a British Swedish pop singer. She has scored several Top 10 albums and singles in Sweden. She also competed at Melodifestivalen several times, and reached the finals ending up second in 2004 and fourth in 2005.

Discography

Albums

Joint albums

Other singles
2002 - My Life (C'est ma vie) (with Christer Björkman) (Pride-anthem 2002)
2003 - Mr. Memory
2004 - Do They Know It's Christmas? #28

References

Other websites

 Official website  

1973 births
Living people
Swedish singers
Counting coup refers to the winning of prestige in battle by the Plains Indians of North America. Warriors won prestige by acts of courage in the face of the enemy. Any blow struck against the enemy counted as a coup.

An act of bravery 
Counting coup could be with a hand, any part of the body, or with an object. The most prestigious act was to touch or strike an enemy warrior, leave him alive, then escaping unharmed. Touching the first enemy to die in battle or touching the enemy's defensive works also counted as coup. Counting coup could also involve stealing an enemy's weapons or horses tied up to his lodge in camp. Risk of injury or death was required to count coup. After a battle or exploit, the people of a tribe would gather together to recount their acts of bravery and "count coup."  Coups were recorded in some tribes by putting notches (cut marks) in a coup stick. A coup stick was often a willow rod with a feather on the end. But coup could be counted with any object.
Other uses 
Another form of counting coup emerged during the air battles of World War I. A allied pilot who shot down five enemy aircraft was given the status of ace. The exception was that the British never formally adopted the ace system. Informally, however, a British pilot who had shot down ten enemy planes was considered an ace. Generally "counting coup" is counting victories.

References

Other websites 
 Counting Coup; Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
 Counting Coup; Native Heritage Project

North American people
Native Americans
The Rotte is a river in the Dutch province Zuid Holland. The city of Rotterdam is named after this river, Rotterdam means dam of the Rotte, Rotterdam is founded when a dam was built in the Rotte. Original, the river was named Rotta, based on the Dutch word 'rot', this word means something like dirty, because the river was very muddy, and A because Aa means water in old European languages.

History
In the Roman Age, the river has been connected with the Rhine. The river was cut off from the Rhine later. The area where the Rhine was connected to the Rotte changed into an area of bog. After all the bog was excavated, the area changed into a swamp, this swamp was the new source of the Rotte. In the 17th century the swamp area is empoldered, and the Rotte did not have a source anymore.
In the early medieval age, settlement was founded. But because of floods in the area, the people were not able to live in the area. Later in 1270, a 400 meter long dam was build along the river, people started to live on this dam, and that is where Rotterdam was founded. Today, this dam is the Hoogstraat in Rotterdam.

Rivers of the Netherlands
Lansingerland
Rotterdam
Zuidplas
Roberto Obdulio Sagastume Pinto (24 November 1944 – 1 December 2014) was a Guatemalan politician and educator. He served as Mayor of Esquipulas from 1986 through 1988 and again from 1996 through 2000. Pinto also served as Governor of Chiquimula from 2001 through 2003. Pinto was born in Esquipulas, Guatemala.

Pinto died in a car crash in Esquipulas, Guatemala, aged 70.

References

Other websites

1944 births
2014 deaths
Road accident deaths
Guatemalan politicians
Educators
Guatemalan mayors
Giorgio Ardisson,  also known as George Ardisson (31 December 1931 – 11 December 2014), was an Italian actor. He was known for his roles in Agent 3S3: Passport to Hell and Agent 3S3, Massacre in the Sun. Ardisson was born in Turin, Italy.

Ardisson died in Rome, Italy, aged 82.

Other websites
 

1931 births
2014 deaths
Italian movie actors
People from Turin
Ivor Owen Grattan-Guinness (23 June 1941 – 12 December 2014) was an English historian and mathematician. He was a historian of mathematics and logic. 

Grattan-Guinness was born in Bakewell, Derbyshire. He gained his bachelor degree as a Mathematics Scholar at Wadham College, Oxford, and an MSc (Econ) in Mathematical Logic and the Philosophy of Science at the London School of Economics in 1966. He died on 12 December 2014, aged 73.

References

Other websites
 Encomium  at Mathematical Sciences Foundation

1941 births
2014 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
English historians
English mathematicians
People from Derbyshire
John Persen (9 November 1941 – 12 December 2014) was a Norwegian composer. He was born in Porsanger, Norway. He was the son-in-law of Finn Strømsted. He was awarded Lindemanprisen in 1999, and Edvardprisen twice, and was awarded honorary membership of the Norwegian Society of Composers. 

Persen died in Oslo, Norway, aged 73.

References

1941 births
2014 deaths
Norwegian composers
Angalifu (pronounced "ang-uh-LEEF-oo"; 1970–2014) was a captive northern white rhinoceros. It was held at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. He was one of six living northern white rhinoceroses in the world, one of two living males in the world, and the only male on the American continents. 

Angalifu was born in the wild ca. 1970 before being caught and sent to the Khartoum Zoo in Khartoum, Sudan. In 1990, he was transferred on loan to the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, where he lived until his death in December 2014.

References

1970s births
2014 deaths
Rhinoceroses
Lonesome George (c. 1910  – June 24, 2012) was a male Pinta Island tortoise (Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii) and the last known individual of the subspecies. In his last years, he was known as the rarest creature in the world. George served as a potent symbol for conservation efforts in the Galápagos Islands and throughout the world.

References

Other websites

1910s births
2012 deaths
Extinct species

Individual tortoises
Theodora Emily Colborn (née Decker; March 28, 1927 – December 14, 2014) was an American zoologist. She was the founder and President Emeritus of The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX). Colborn was also professor Emeritus of Zoology at the University of Florida, Gainesville.  She was best known for her studies on the health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals.

References

Other websites
Our Stolen Future
TEDX, The Endocrine Disruption Exchange
Dr. Theo Colborn on the Health Effects of Water Contamination from Fracking - video report by Democracy Now!
Dr. Theo Colborn's TEDx Talk – TEDx MidAtlantic 2012, “Letter to the president about chemicals disrupting our bodies.”
Dr. Theo Colborn, "Peace Begins in the Womb" - Santa Clara University Architects of Peace Essay, "Reflections on Working Towards Peace."
PBS Frontline, Interview by Doug Hamilton, "Fooling With Nature," 1998.
Dr. Theo Colborn on the need for “inner space research” -Recorded lecture at the Chatauqua Institution, Chatauqua, NY, 2001
1927 births
2014 deaths
Academics from Florida
American zoologists
Scientists from New Jersey
People from Plainfield, New Jersey
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Plainfield is a city in Union County, New Jersey, United States. As of 2010, the population was 49,808. 

Cities in New Jersey
Mustapha Azahari Maarof (1 January 1935 – 15 December 2014) was a Malaysian actor. He was known for his roles in Hang Tuah (1959), 1957: Hati Malaya (2007) and Chermin (2007).

Maarof died in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from respiratory failure at the age of 79.

References

Other websites

1935 births
2014 deaths
People from Negeri Sembilan
Malaysian actors
Movie actors
Thomas (Tim) Daniel Cochran (April 7, 1955 – December 16, 2014) was an American mathematician. He was professor of mathematics at Rice University. He worked in topology, especially low-dimensional topology, the theory of knots and links and associated algebra.

Other websites
Tim Cochran's home page

1955 births
2014 deaths
American geometers
Scientists from California
Topologists
Martin David Brasier FGS, FLS (12 April 1947 – 16 December 2014) was an English palaeobiologist and astrobiologist. He was Professor of Palaeobiology at the University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of St Edmund Hall.

Brasier died in a car accident near Burford, Oxfordshire, UK, on 16 December 2014.

References

1947 births
2014 deaths
Road accident deaths
Scientists from London
Phillip M. "Felipe" Archuleta (May 12, 1949 – December 16, 2014) was an American politician. Archuleta was a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives, serving from 2013 until his death in 2014.

Archuleta died in Las Cruces, New Mexico from pneumonia, aged 65.

References

Other websites
Legislative page

1949 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Politicians from New Mexico
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Dieter Grau (April 24, 1913 – December 17, 2014) was a German-American rocket scientist and member of the "von Braun rocket group", at Peenemünde (1939–1945) working on the V-2 rockets in World War II.  He was among the scientists who surrendered to the United States and traveled there, providing rocketry expertise via Operation Paperclip, which took them first to Fort Bliss, Texas. 

Grau died in Huntsville, Alabama, at the age of 101 on December 17, 2014.

References

Other websites

1913 births
2014 deaths
American centenarians
German centenarians
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Scientists from Huntsville, Alabama
Scientists from Berlin
Oscar Holderer (November 4, 1919 – May 5, 2015) was an engineer who worked with Wernher von Braun in the United States and Germany beforehand.  Holderer came to the United States as part of the second group of people brought from Germany during World War II as part of Operation Paperclip.

References

1920s births
2015 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
German aerospace engineers
Scientists from Huntsville, Alabama
Georg F. von Tiesenhausen (May 18, 1914 – June 3, 2018) was a retired German-American rocket scientist. After being brought to the United States in 1953 as part of Operation Paperclip, he was part of Wernher von Braun's team at the U.S. Army, and later, NASA. He is known to first complete design of the Lunar Rover and made a variety of other contributions to the space program.

Von Tiesenhausen died at his home in Huntsville, Alabama on June 3, 2018 at the age of 104.

References

1914 births
2018 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American centenarians
Scientists from Huntsville, Alabama
German aerospace engineers
People from Riga
Ivan Vekić (18 October 1938 – 17 December 2014) was a Croatian politician and lawyer. He was one of the founders of the Croatian Democratic Union and served as the Croatian Minister of Interior during the Croatian War of Independence.

References

1938 births
2014 deaths
Croatian politicians
Lawyers
Richard Curt Hottelet (September 22, 1917 – December 17, 2014) was a Brooklyn-born American broadcast journalist for the latter half of the twentieth century. Hottelet was the last surviving journalist from the original World War II-era group of Murrow's Boys lead by Edward R. Murrow.

Hottelet died at his home in Wilton, Connecticut, on December 17, 2014. He was 97 years old.

References
References

Other websites
Murrow's Boys : CBS News article
Guest of the Gestapo: By Richard C. Hottelet
Hottelet accepts GWU post: (press release)
Of Wars and Correspondents: By Richard C. Hottelet for George Washington Magazine
 Hottelet reporting on flight over Normandy  (audio clip)
 "The Press: Exchanged Prisoners"  — Richard C. Hottlelet, Time, August 11, 1941
 "Stop Being a Lone Ranger on Iraq" — Richard C. Hottelet, The Christian Science Monitor, August 5, 2002
 Preliminary Guide to the Richard C. Hottelet Papers, 1948-1990, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University 

1917 births
2014 deaths
American journalists
American political commentators
People from Wilton, Connecticut
Writers from Connecticut
Writers from New York City
Wilton is a town along the Norwalk River Valley in southwestern Connecticut in the United States. It is in Fairfield County. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 18,503.

References

Towns in Connecticut
Oleh Lysheha (; 30 October 1949 – 17 December 2014) was a Ukrainian poet, playwright, translator and intellectual. During the period 1972-1988, he was banned from official publication, but in 1989 his first book Great Bridge (Velykyi Mist) was published.

References

1949 births
2014 deaths
Ukrainian poets
Playwrights
Ukrainian translators
Virna Pieralisi (November 8, 1936 – December 18, 2014), better known as Virna Lisi, was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in How to Murder Your Wife and in La Reine Margot. Lisi died in Ancona, Italy.

On December 18, 2014, Lisi died of cancer in Rome, Italy at age 78.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Virna Lisi , at Celebirony.
 Virna Lisi, at ElCriticon (The critic, in Spanish)

1936 births
2014 deaths
Cancer deaths in Italy
Italian movie actors
People from Ancona
Donald Joseph Albosta (December 5, 1925 – December 18, 2014) was an American politician. A Democrat, he was Saginaw County Commissioner from 1970 to 1974 and served in the Michigan State House of Representatives from 1974 to 1976, representing the 86th District. 

Albosta died on December 18, 2014 in St. Charles, Michigan, aged 89.

References

1925 births
2014 deaths
United States representatives from Michigan
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
People from Saginaw, Michigan
St. Charles is a village in Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,054 at the 2010 census.

Villages in Michigan
Ingvar Kjellson (20 May 1923 – 18 December 2014) was a Swedish stage and movie actor. Kjellson was born in Kärna, Östergötland County. He was known for his roles in Hedda Gabler, The Wild Duck, The Beggars' Opera and Twelfth Night.

Kjellson died at the age of 91 from pneumonia on 18 December 2014 in Stockholm, Sweden.

References

Other websites
 Ingvar Kjellson , at Dramaten

1923 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in Sweden
Swedish movie actors
Swedish television actors
Swedish stage actors
John Dennis Profumo, CBE (30 January 1915 – 9 March 2006), always known as Jack Profumo, was a British soldier and politician. A scandal, known as the Profumo affair, led to his resignation and withdrawal from politics. It may have damaged the Conservative government of Harold Macmillan. Profumo spent his later life working for charities.

Profumo died of a stroke in London, aged 91.
Life 
Profumo's father was a barrister, though the Profumo family's money was in insurance. The family sold the Provident Life Association for £6 million in the 1980s. Profumo was educated at Harrow and Brasenose College, Oxford. He joined the Army when war was declared, and in 1940 he became the youngest Member of Parliament. His military career is described:
"Profumo had a distinguished military career, being mentioned in dispatches during the North Africa campaign, and being appointed OBE (military) while serving on Field Marshal Alexander's staff in Italy. He was present at the surrender of the German forces in Italy and was later appointed Brigadier and Chief of Staff to the British Liaison Mission to General MacArthur in Japan. He also landed in Normandy on D-Day with an armoured brigade, and took part in the fierce fighting at Caen and in Operation Goodwood".
Affair 
Profumo's political career was ruined by a combination of events. He and his wife accepted an invitation from Lord Astor to spend a weekend at his country estate, Clivedon. During that weekend he saw Christine Keeler get out of the swimming pool naked. Profumo asked for her phone number, and they became lovers. Unfortunately for Profumo, she was also having an affair with  the Russian naval attaché and spy, Yevgeny Ivanov. When MI5 discovered this from a tip-off, Profumo ended the affair. Rumours circulated, and he was directly challenged about his relationship  in the House of Commons. In a personal statement to the House of Commons, Profumo denied the accusation. This was perhaps his biggest mistake. He  eventually confessed his affair, and  resigned from the government and from Parliament.

Profumo was later (1975) awarded the CBE for services to charity.

References
References

Other websites
Daily Telegraph: Obituary of John Profumo
The Times: Obituary of John Profumo
The Guardian: The Profumo Affair
FBI file on John Profumo
BBC –  Former Tory minister Profumo dies
Daily Telegraph: Extracts from Bringing the House Down by David Profumo (son) 

1915 births
2006 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British military personnel of World War II 
Deaths from stroke
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
People educated at Harrow School
Politicians from London
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
Emanuel Hirsch Cohen, better known by the stage name John Randolph (June 1, 1915 – February 24, 2004) was an American movie, television and stage actor. He was born in New York City, New York.

Randolph died in Hollywood, California from natural causes, aged 88.

1915 births
2004 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from New York City
Owatonna is a city in Steele County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 25,599 at the 2010 census.  It is the county seat of Steele County.

References

Cities in Minnesota
County seats in Minnesota
Marilyn "Mandy" Rice-Davies (21 October 1944 – 18 December 2014) was a British model and showgirl.

She was born in Mere, Wiltshire and grew up in Shirley, Warwickshire. She was best known for her role in the Profumo affair, which discredited the Conservative government of British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in 1963.

Rice-Davies died aged 70 from cancer on 18 December 2014.

References

1944 births
2014 deaths
English models
Deaths from cancer
People from Warwickshire
People from Wiltshire
Lawrence Michael "Larry" Smith (June 11, 1952 – December 18, 2014) was an American musician and hip hop record producer. He was best known for his co-productions (with Russell Simmons) of Run-DMC's Run-D.M.C. (1984) and King of Rock (1985) and his solo production of Whodini's Escape (1984) and Back in Black (1986). 

Smith died on December 18, 2014 in Flushing, Queens, New York, 63.

References

1951 births
2014 deaths
Musicians from New York City
Talia Shire (; born April 25, 1946) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Connie Corleone in The Godfather, and Adrianna ("Adrian") Pennino (later Balboa) in the Rocky series.

Shire is the sister of Francis Ford Coppola, the mother of actor Jason Schwartzman, and the aunt of actor Nicolas Cage.

References

Other websites
 

1946 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Actors from New York City
Gerald Tommaso DeLouise (April 30, 1940 – October 8, 2023), better known by his stage name Burt Young, was an American actor, painter and author. He is best known for his Academy Award-nominated role as Sylvester Stallone's brother-in-law and best friend Paulie in the Rocky movie series.

Young died in Los Angeles, California on October 8, 2023 at the age of 83.

References

Other websites
 
 

1940 births
2023 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
American stage actors
American painters
Actors from New York City
Writers from New York City
Robert Homer Simpson (November 19, 1912 – December 18, 2014) was an American meteorologist, hurricane specialist, first director of the National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) from 1955–1959, and a former director (1967–1974) of the National Hurricane Center (NHC). He was the co-developer of the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale with Herbert Saffir. His wife was Joanne Simpson.

Simpson died in Washington, D.C. at the age of 102.

References

Other websites
 An Interview with Dr. Robert Simpson  - The Mariners Weather Log, April 1999
 An interview of Dr. Simpson by Ed Zipser 

1912 births
2014 deaths
American centenarians
Scientists from Texas
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
Emory University alumni
Philip Charles Bradbourn,  (9 August 1951 – 19 December 2014) was a British politician, and Member of the European Parliament for the West Midlands, for the Conservative Party. He was a member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2014.

Bradbourn was born in Tipton, Warwickshire. He died of bowel cancer, aged 63.

Other websites
West Midlands Conservative MEP Team 

1951 births
2014 deaths
MEPs for the United Kingdom
Politicians from Warwickshire
Igor Nikolayevich Rodionov (; 1 December 1936 – 19 December 2014) was a Russian general and Duma deputy. He was best known for his service heading the Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation.

References

Other websites
 U.S. Army Foreign Military Studies Office, Rodionov: A Military Biography 
 Person Page at NUPI Centere for Russian Studies  (note: NUPI says Rodionov commanded the Transbaikal Military District in 85–86, but this is disapproved by Feskov et al.'s list of District commanders.)
 Duma Deputy Biographies at US-Russian Business Council 

1936 births
2014 deaths
Russian politicians
Soviet military people
John Guilbert Avildsen (December 21, 1935 – June 16, 2017) was an American movie director. He won the Academy Award for Best Director in 1977 for Rocky.

Other movie he directed include Joe, Save the Tiger, Fore Play, The Formula, Neighbors, For Keeps, Lean on Me, The Power of One, 8 Seconds, Inferno, Rocky V and the first three Karate Kid movies.

Avildsen died on June 16, 2017 in Los Angeles, California of pancreatic cancer, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 

Academy Award winning directors
1935 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
American cinematographers
American movie editors
Movie directors from Chicago
Movie producers from Chicago
Screenwriters from Chicago
William Edward Hickey (September 19, 1927 – June 29, 1997) was an American actor. He is best known for his Oscar-nominated role as Don Corrado Prizzi in the John Huston 1985 movie Prizzi's Honor, as well as Uncle Lewis in National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation (1989) and the voice of Dr. Finklestein in Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993).

Hickey died of emphysema and bronchitis in New York City, aged 69.

1927 births
1997 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Deaths from bronchitis
Deaths from emphysema
Disease-related deaths in New York City
Edgartown is a town in Dukes County, Massachusetts, United States. It is on Martha's Vineyard. It is the county seat of Dukes County.

At the 2010 census, 4,067 people lived in Edgartown.

References

Towns in Massachusetts
County seats in Massachusetts
Mrs. Chippy was a ship's cat who sailed with Sir Ernest Shackleton on his team's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The expedition began in 1914, but the ship, Endurance, became hopelessly trapped in packed ice sheets and was destroyed.  The cat, along with some of the sled dogs, were shot to death in 1915, when it was decided they could not survive.

Life on the ship 

Mrs. Chippy, a tiger-striped tabby, belonged to Harry McNish, the carpenter. Harry was given the nickname "Chippy" because of "wood chips", so the cat was also called the same. Soon after the ship set sail for Antarctica, it was discovered that, despite "her" name, Mrs. Chippy was a "he", a male cat.  By that time the name had stuck. The cat amazed the crew by being able to walk along the ship's inch-wide guard rails, in even the roughest seas.

After the ship was destroyed in the ice, the crew leaders knew that Mrs. Chippy and five of the dogs would not be able to live, and on October 29, 1915, Sir Shackleton wrote in his diary:
Harry McNish had become very fond of his cat, and never forgave Shackleton for having him shot. After the loss of his cat, Harry fought with Shackleton during the expedition that lasted until 1917. Even though he did build the boats that eventually rescued the crew, he was not given a Polar Medal, because of his arguing with the captain over the death of his cat.

Memorial and painting 

In 2004, a  bronze memorial statue of Mrs. Chippy was placed on the grave of Harry McNish. It was given by the Antarctic Society of New Zealand, because of his bravery on the expedition.

The painting Mrs Chippy, by Wolf Howard, shows the cat "about to be shot". The background shows the crew sending a small boat on a rescue mission and Endurance is stuck in the ice. The painting was shown in a punk art exhibit at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, England, in 2004.

Further reading

References

Other websites 

 Purr 'n' Fur: Mrs Chippy, of Shackleton's Endurance
 Lost and Fond: Tribute to Mrs Chippy
Individual cats
Explorers of Antarctica
1915 deaths
Bedford is a town in Bedfordshire, England.

Bedford might also refer to:
Bedford, Indiana
Bedford, Iowa
Bedford, Kentucky
Bedford, Massachusetts
Bedford, Virginia
Bob Lanier (March 10, 1925 – December 20, 2014) was an American businessman and politician. He served as mayor of the city of Houston, Texas from 1992 to 1998. Lanier was born in Baytown, Texas.

On December 20, 2014, Lanier died at the age of 89 in Houston, Texas from natural causes.

References

Other websites
 Lanier, Robert "Bob" and Jim Barlow. Mayor Bob Lanier Oral History , Houston Oral History Project, January 8, 2008.

1925 births
2014 deaths
Mayors of Houston
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Robert Wolfe (March 2, 1921 – December 10, 2014) was an American historian and archivist. He was a World War II U.S. Army officer. He was a archivist of the US National Archives. He was wounded in both the Pacific and European Theaters of Operation. Wolfe was born in Burlington, Vermont.

Wolfe died in Washington, D.C. from natural causes, aged 93.

References 

1921 births
2014 deaths
American historians
American people of World War II
Writers from Vermont
The Right to housing is the idea that everyone should have the possibility to live somewhere, to housing and shelter free from homelessness. Many countries recognise it. It is also in  the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This means it is part of international law.

Definition 
The base for the right to housing in international law can be found in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The declaration recognises the right as part of the right to an adequate standard of living.
It states that:

Article 11(1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) also guarantees the right to housing as part of the right to an adequate standard of living among economic, social and cultural rights.
In international human rights law the right to housing is regarded as a freestanding right. This was clarified in the 1991 General Comment no 4 on Adequate Housing by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The general comment provides an authoritative interpretation of the right to housing in legal terms under international law.

The right to housing is also mentioned in Article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 16 of the European Social Charter (Article 31 of the Revised European Social charter) and in the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. According to UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, aspects of right to housing under ICESCR include: legal security of tenure; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; location and cultural adequacy. As a political goal, right to housing was declared in F. D. Roosevelt's 1944 speech on the Second Bill of Rights.
References

Housing
Human rights
A Personal identification number (abbreviated as PIN) is a number that is used to authenticate a user of a system. It is used to make sure only certain people can get, use, or change information in the system.

PINs were created to be used with automated teller machines. Once someone inserts a bank card into the machine, they would be asked to enter a PIN using the buttons on a keypad, and would only be allowed to get their money if they entered the correct PIN. In a similar way, EMV technology makes use of PIN numbers to make sure only the person holding a credit card can make a transaction with it.

Early PIN numbers only consisted of digits. Today, some banks use PINs made of digits and letters. There are also many new technologies being created to be used instead of PINs, such as using fingerprint scanners.

References

Other websites
More information about PIN numbers from Investopedia

Identifiers
Computing
David Ricardo (18 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was a British political economist. He was one of the main thinkers behind Classical economics, together with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill.  Today, he is mostly known for his theory of comparative advantage. This theory suggests that a nation should concentrate its resources only in industries where it is most internationally competitive and trade with other countries to obtain products not produced nationally.   Ricardo promoted the idea of extreme industry specialization by nations, to the point of dismantling internationally competitive and otherwise profitable industries.  In this thinking Ricardo assumed the existence of a national industry policy aimed at promoting some industries to the detriment of others. For Ricardo some form of Central Economic Planning was a given.
The Ricardian model of comparative advantage has been challenged by, among others, Joan Robinson and Piero Sraffa.  Nevertheless, it remains the cornerstone of the argument in favour of international free trade as a means of increasing economic prosperity.  The theory of comparative advantage was the forerunner of the push towards globalization via increased international trade, the guiding theme in economic policy currently promoted by the OECD and the World Trade Organization.

References 

1772 births
1823 deaths
British economists
Infectious disease deaths in England
People from London