Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Hubble sequence is a morphological classification scheme for galaxies invented by Edwin Hubble in 1926.
It is often known like an everyday expression as the “Hubble tuning-fork” because of the shape in which it is usually represented. Hubble's scheme divides galaxies into three broad classes based on their visual appearance (originally on photographic plates):
 Elliptical galaxies have smooth, blank light distributions and appear as ovals in images. They are represented by the letter "E", followed by an integer n representing their degree of ellipticity on the sky. The specific ellipticity rating depends on ratio of the major (a) to minor axes (b), this way:
Spiral galaxies consist of a flattened disk, with stars forming a (usually two-armed) spiral structure, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge, which is similar in appearance to an elliptical galaxy. They are given the symbol "S". Roughly half of all spirals are also observed to have a bar-like structure, extending from the central bulge. These barred spirals are given the symbol "SB".
 Lenticular galaxies (named S0) also consist of a bright central bulge surrounded by an extended, disk-like structure but, unlike spiral galaxies, the disks of lenticular galaxies have no visible spiral structure and are not actively forming stars in any significant amount.
These broad classes can be extended to enable finer honors of appearance and to include other types of galaxies, such as irregular galaxies, which have no obvious regular structure (either disk-like or ellipsoidal).

The Hubble sequence is often represented in the form of a two-pronged fork, with the ellipticals on the left (with the degree of ellipticity increasing from left to right) and the barred and unbarred spirals forming the two parallel prongs of the fork. Lenticular galaxies are placed between the ellipticals and the spirals, at the point where the two prongs meet the “handle”.

To this day, the Hubble sequence is the most commonly used system for classifying galaxies, both in professional astronomical research and in amateur astronomy.

Anyway, in June 2019, citizen scientists through Galaxy Zoo reported that the usual Hubble classification, especially concerning spiral galaxies, may not be supported, and may need updating.

De Vaucouleurs system
The de Vaucouleurs system for classifying galaxies is a widely used extension to the Hubble sequence, first described by Gérard de Vaucouleurs in 1959. De Vaucouleurs argued that Hubble's two-dimensional classification of spiral galaxies—based on the tightness of the spiral arms and the presence or absence of a bar—did not acceptably describe the full range of watched galaxy morphologies. Especially, he argued that rings and lenses are important structural components of spiral galaxies.

The de Vaucouleurs system keeps Hubble's basic division of galaxies into ellipticals, lenticulars, spirals and irregulars. To make Hubble's scheme complete, de Vaucouleurs introduced a more detailed classification system for spiral galaxies, based on three morphological characteristics:
The different elements of the classification scheme are combined — in the order in which they are listed — to give the complete classification of a galaxy. For example, a weakly barred spiral galaxy with loosely wound arms and a ring is represented SAB(r)c.

Visually, the de Vaucouleurs system can be represented as a three-dimensional version of Hubble's tuning fork, with stage (spiralness) on the x-axis, family (barredness) on the y-axis, and variety (ringedness) on the z-axis.
Numerical Hubble stage
De Vaucouleurs also selected numerical values to each class of galaxy in his scheme. Values of the numerical Hubble stage T run from −6 to +10, with negative numbers going along with early-type galaxies (ellipticals and lenticulars) and positive numbers to late types (spirals and irregulars). So, as a rough rule, lower values of T go along with a larger fraction of the stellar mass contained in a spheroid/bulge relative to the disk. The close guess  mapping between the spheroid-to-total stellar mass ratio (MB/MT) and the Hubble stage is MB/MT=(10−T)2/256 based on local galaxies.

Elliptical galaxies are divided into three 'stages': compact ellipticals (cE), normal ellipticals (E) and late types (E+). Lenticulars are similarly subdivided into early (S−), intermediate (S0) and late (S+) types. Irregular galaxies can be of type magellanic irregulars (T = 10) or 'compact' (T = 11).

The use of numerical stages allows for more quantitative studies of galaxy morphology.
Yerkes (or Morgan) scheme 
The Yerkes scheme was created by American astronomer William Wilson Morgan.  Together with Philip Keenan, Morgan also developed the MK system for the classification of stars through their spectra. The Yerkes scheme uses the spectra of stars in the galaxy; the shape, real and apparent; and the degree of the central concentration to classify galaxies.

So, for example, the Andromeda Galaxy is classified as kS5.

References 

Galaxies
Palmerston is a cat who served as the resident Chief Mouser to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom. He began his role on April 13, 2016 after being adopted from the Battersea Dogs and Cats Home. 

He is named after Lord Palmerston. Palmerston was known to have a rivalry with Larry, resident cat of 10 Downing Street. 

On 7 August, 2020, he "retired" from his position and moved to a new home in thecountryside.

Chief Mouser
Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville (28 April, 1742 – 28 May 1811) was a Scottish politician and lieutenant of Prime Minister William Pitt. He was the most powerful politician in Scotland and held various different positions in the British government.

Dundas served as MP of Edinburgh, Lord Advocate of Scotland, Home Secretary, President of the Board of Control, Secretary of State for War and First Lord of the Admiralty during his career.

Controversy 
He was, however, a controversial figure. In 1792, Dundas advocated for the gradual abolition of the Atlantic slave trade over four years. However, abolitionist leaders wanted an immediate end to the slave trade.

There is a statue of him in Edinburgh named the Melville Monument. A street in Canada was named after him but in 2020 Toronto City Council voted to rename the street due to Dundas' actions in delaying the end of the slave trade.
Academic dispute over Dundas' impact on abolition 
Modern historians are divided over whether Dundas should be held responsible for prolonging the slave trade. Historians of the slave trade and the abolitionist movement, including David Brion Davis, Roger Anstey, Robin Blackburn, and Stephen Tomkins have commented that Dundas' actions delayed rather than facilitated abolition. According to Davis, "By making the abolition of the slave trade dependent on colonial reforms, Dundas suggested possibilities for indefinite delay." Stephen Mullen, a research associate at Glasgow University and historian of slavery and the Atlantic slave trade, has called Dundas "a great delayer" of abolition.
Other historians of British history have argued that delay was inevitable. Angela McCarthy notes that the revolutionary wars with France, and opposition in the House of Lords and in the royal family, presented enormous obstacles. Sir Tom Devine, whose publications include editing Recovering Scotland's Slavery Past: The Caribbean Connection (Edinburgh University Press, 2015), has said that blaming Dundas for delay in the abolition of the slave trade is "bad history" and ignores the wider political and economic factors that were the true causes of delay. Brian Young notes that in 1792, the motion for immediate cessation of the slave trade was heading for certain defeat. By inserting the word "gradual" into the motion, Young says Dundas ensured a successful vote for the ultimate abolition of the trade in slaves.

Sources 

1742 births

1811 deaths
Members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Politicians from Edinburgh‎
Seborga is a small village in Italy, located near the border with France. It is a commune within the Province of Imperia. Seborga's main economic activities are agriculture and tourism. Seborga has an annual festival dedicated to Saint Bernard, the town's patron saint. It has a population of around 300.

Principality of Seborga 

In the early 1960s, Giorgio Carbona claimed that Seborga was historically a principality and was not formally included in the 1861 Italian unification. As such, he claimed that the town and its surrounding territory was an independent country from Italy. He was elected as the Prince of Seborga.

There has been no formal recognition of Giorgio Carbone's claims and no country currently recognises Seborga, making it a micronation.

Settlements in Imperia
Micronations
Ottis Toole murdered Adam Walsh in 1981. 
Because of this, Adam Walsh's father John Walsh began a crime investigation career.
A Beautiful Lie is the second studio album by Thirty Seconds to Mars. Thirty Seconds to Mars is an American rock band. The album was released on August 30, 2005. It was released by Virgin Records. It is the band's first album with guitar player Tomo Miličević on it.

The album had four singles: "Attack", "The Kill", "From Yesterday", and "A Beautiful Lie". Three of them went into the top 30 on the US Modern Rock music chart. "The Kill" and "From Yesterday" went into the top three on the chart. Over 1 million copies of the album have been sold in the US. Many critics liked A Beautiful Lie. They liked it because it sounded different from the band's first album.

Track listing

References 

2005 albums
Virgin Records albums
Francis Salvador was a Sephardi Jewish man who moved from England to South Carolina to start his own slave plantation and became a Whigs politician in the American Revolution. Salvador was killed by Cherokees who were working with the British Empire on July 1st 1776.

Uncategorized stubs
Villers-Sire-Nicole is a commune in Nord in northern France. In 2019, 1,098 people lived there.

Other websites 

 INSEE commune file

References

Communes in Nord
Agatha Harkness is a fictional character and anti-heroine appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character first appeared in Fantastic Four #94 and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.

She is a witch who is the mentor of the Scarlet Witch and an ally of the Fantastic Four when she babysat Mr. Fantastic and Invinsible Woman's baby, Franklin Richards. She also has a companion, Ebony, who is her cat familiar.

The character is played by American actress Kathryn Hahn in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) miniseries WandaVision (2021), and is set to reprise her role in a spin-off series about the character, Agatha: Coven of Chaos.

Marvel Comics characters
Tracey Childs (born 30 May 1963) is a British actress who played Lynne Howard in Howards' Way, Linda Cosgrove in Born and Bred, Elaine Jenkins in Broadchurch and Patty Cornwell in Hollyoaks. She has also guest starred in Dempsey and Makepeace, Someone to Watch Over Me, Bergerac, Boon, EastEnders, The Bill, London's Burning, Doctor Who, Doctors and 2 Broke Girls. She was married to actor Tony Anholt.

1963 births
Living people
Actors from London
English child actors
English movie actors
English stage actors
English radio actors
Tokoroa () is the fifth largest-town in Waikato region of the North Island. It is 30 southwest of Rotorua and is at the midway point of Hamilton and Taupō on State Highway 1. It has 10 primary schools, two high schools in the town and is the home of the Talking Poles. It is situated on the Kinleith Brach railway line.

References 

Towns in Waikato
South Waikato District
Maud of Wales  (Maud Charlotte Mary Victoria; 26 November 1869 – 20 November 1938) was Queen of Norway as the wife of King Haakon VII. The youngest daughter of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom, she was known as Princess Maud of Wales before her marriage, as her father was the Prince of Wales at the time.

1869 births
1938 deaths
Kings and Queens of Norway
Kings and Queens consort
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
People from London
Coley is an area near the centre of Reading in the county of Berkshire.

One of the bakeries is called Wolseley Street Bakery. They make Tiramisu.

There is a park called Coley park nearby. There is also a school called Coley Primary School.

Settlements in Berkshire
American software companies

SendGrid is a customer communication platform that helps businesses send transactional and marketing emails. SendGrid offers email delivery management, ISP monitoring, and reporting features.

History 
It was founded in 2009 and acquired by Twilio in 2019.

In December 2012, SendGrid partnered with Twilio to create SMS and push notification services to its platform. The company works with Parse, Windows Azure, and StackMob from the same month.

In September 2014, Sameer Dholakia became CEO in SendGrid.

The company went public in the New York Stock Exchange on November 16, 2017.

References
Folderly is an AI-based email platform. The platform tackle poor email deliverability and ending up in spam folders. The company is headquartered in Delaware, USA.

History 
Folderly was founded in 2019. In 2020, Folderly introduced a product to the market. Within 9 months, they made $1.5 million, and within 18 months, they made $3 million in revenue.

References 

American software companies
ActiveCampaign is a software platform based in Chicago. The company helps small and medium-sized businesses automate marketing tasks and manage customer contacts.

History 
The company was founded in 2003. 

As of 2021, they have over 145,000 clients in 170 countries and $165 million in recurring revenue. They raised $100 million in 2020 and $240 million in 2021. ActiveCampaign acquired Postmark, a transactional email delivery system, in May 2022. They have offices in Chicago, Indianapolis, Sydney, Dublin, and Florianópolis.

References 

American software companies
Dominic Blampied was born 10 July, 1996. He is a Jersey cricketer who has played 31 Twenty20 Internationals to date after debuting in May 2019 and made his One-day international debut in 2023.

Other websites
 

1996 births
Living people
Jersey cricketers
Jamuna Dhaki is a 2020 Indian Bengali language romantic thriller drama television series that premiered on 13 July 2020 on Zee Bangla. It is also available on the digital platform ZEE5 before it's telecast. It is produced by Snehasish Chakraborty of Blues Productions.

Cast 

 Rubel Das - Sangeet Roy
 Shweta Bhattacharya - Jamuna Roy/Jyoti Sen
 Debjani Chatterjee - Anuradha Roy
 Kaushik Banerjee - Kedar Roy
 Kanchana Maitra - Ragini
 Sayantani Majumder - Rumni
 Ananya Biswas - Thathoi Roy
 Susovan Sonu Roy  - Neighbor/Neighbor of Kedar Roy
 Indrakshi Dey - Arja Chowdhury
 Maahi Kar - Sister of Krishna/Yamuna
 Payal Sarkar - Shri Roy
 Juiee Sarkar - Rajnya

References 

Soap operas
2020 Indian television series debuts
2022 television series endings
Buddhism is the largest religion in Mongolia and is practiced by more than half of the people there. Buddhism in Mongolia began with the conversion of Yuan dynasty emperors to Tibetan Buddhism. The Mongols returned to shaman traditions after the fall of the Mongol Empire, but Buddhism became popular again in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Buddhism
The period of human development – a concept derived from psychoanalysis, in which the leading role is given to the conscious actions of the individual under the influence of the environment. Development is understood as an evolutionary process in which an individual achieves an increasingly higher level of integration through psychosocial crises. It is accomplished by solving difficulties related to changes on the levels on which it takes place: biological, psychological and social. Development is therefore the mutual adaptation of the individual and the environment.

Ego 
The ego is a configuration that includes and controls conscious activities that synthesize and integrate past experiences with tasks currently appearing in the perceptual-cognitive field of the individual.

 It is equivalent to id and superego.

 The basic processes of the ego: play, speech, thinking and acting.
The driving force behind development is the occurrence of opposing tendencies and aspirations in man. This polarization occurs in two dimensions:

 Striving for progression - striving for regression:

 Progression - implies the desire to live, to obtain gratification, the desire to expand beyond self

 Regression - a return to the stage of less psychological complexity, implies a tendency to self-destruction

 Bisexual polarization:

 It consists in the co-occurrence of the male and female elements.
Development occurs in successive phases. Its course depends on the experience previously acquired by the individual. In each phase, a new system of biological, social, psychological obstacles emerge, causing crisis and exacerbating the struggle between the aspirations for progression and regression. To move to the next phase, all obstacles must be overcome. The solution to a psychosocial crisis occurs when the obstacles and pressures that have arisen at a given moment are incorporated into the structure of the ego as elements of a harmonious whole. Then the relative equilibrium is not so much recovered as achieved at a higher level of complexity.

Theoretical paradigms in developmental psychology
Attachment theory, attachment theory
Attachment theory is a theoretical system developed by British physician and psychoanalyst John Bowlby, focusing on the developmental importance of close, intimate, emotionally meaningful relationships. Attachment in this theoretical current has been described as a system of biological impulses necessary to ensure survival in the first years of his life. This trend deals with the effects of the negative impact on development of the loss of significant objects, i.e. biological caregivers as a result of depreciation of attention and involvement.In 1965, Mary Ainsworth created the Strange Situation Procedure as a way of assessing individual differences in attachment behavior through individual stress responses and safe shelter concepts.The theory of attachment is used in therapeutic practice, especially in the field of civil partnerships and in the ethological model of developmental psychology. An early attachment style can affect relationships with people
. The attachment style model is established in early childhood and is a relational style in adulthood.
Constructivism 
Constructivism is one of the paradigms in psychology that characterizes the concept of intellectual development as a process of active knowledge building. The individual independently creates the meaning of new information – by selecting, organizing and integrating information from other knowledge, often in the context of social interaction. The concept of intellectual development can be realized in an individual or social way. This theory assumes that the integration and building of knowledge is realized through cognitive processes and personal experiences, not through memorizing facts.

Psychological periodization of stages of human development

According to WHO

Bibliography 
Psychology of human development. Volume 2. Characteristics of human life periods, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN 2000 Warsaw.

psychoanalysis
Doric is a North-East Scottish language commonly misinterpreted as a dialect of Scots or further more a dialect of English.

Languages of the United Kingdom
The Tropical Smoothie Cafe (better known as Tropical Smoothie) is an American restaurant group. Along with smoothies, these places sells sandwiches, wraps (foods) and flat breads.

The Tropical Smoothie Cafe has almost 1,200 restaurants across the United States. It began as a smoothie shop in 1993 or 1994 in Destin, Florida. In 1997, the restaurants began franchising. In 1998, the company began expanding.

References

American restaurants
1990s establishments in Florida
Khelaghor is an 2020 Indian Bengali language Romantic Thriller Drama television series that premiered on 30 November 2020 on Bengali Television Entertainment Channel Star Jalsha and it also available on the digital platform Disney+ Hotstar. The show is produced by Snehasish Chakraborty of Blues Productions.

Cast 

 Swikriti Majumder - Purna Roy
 Syed Arefin - Digbijoy Roy/Shantu gunda
 Sohan Bandyopadhyay - Justice Barun Chatterjee
 Dolon Roy as Somdatta Chatterjee
 Subhasish Mukherjee - Sarbojit Roy
 Mousumi Saha - Panchali Roy
 Bulbuli Panja - Swati Roy
 Biplab Bandyopadhyay(older) - Shantu's professor
 Sudipa Basu as Aloka Chatterjee
 Sankar Sanku Chakraborty - Gogon Makhal- a corrupt politician
 Sounak Ray - Purna's ex-fiancé/an IPS
 Susovan Sonu Roy - College student
 Nondini Roy - Nondini
 Priyantika Karmakar - Gauri Makhal/Gogon's sister

References 

Soap operas
2020 Indian television series debuts
2022 television series endings
The Monarch of Greece was the hereditary head of state of Greece from 1832 to 1924 and 1935 to 1973.

History 
In 1832, Prince Otto of Bavaria was crowned King of Greece. He reigned for 30 years until he was deposed in 1862. An election was held to determine the next King and Prince George of Denmark was chosen by the Greek Assembly.

In 1924, the Greek population voted to become a republic. However, in 1935, the monarchy was reinstated in another vote.

In July 1973, the Greek military junta held a referendum, which abolished the monarchy once again. A year later, the democratically elected Konstantinos Karamanlis held another referendum, which confirmed the abolition of the monarchy.

List of Monarchs of Greece 

 Otto I (1832–1862) (deposed)
 George I (1863–1913) 
 Constantine I (1913–1917) (abdicated)
 Alexander (1917–1920)
 Constantine I (1920–1922) (abdicated)
 George II (1922–1924, 1935–1944, 1946–1947)
 Paul (1947–1964)
 Constantine II (1964–1973) (deposed; monarchy abolished)

List of Consorts
List of Consorts 

 Amalia of Oldenburg (Consort to Otto I)
 Olga Constantinovna of Russia (Consort to George I)
 Sophia of Prussia (Consort to Constantine I)
 Aspasia Manos (Consort to Alexander)
 Elisabeth of Romania (Consort to George II)
 Frederica of Hanover (Consort to Paul)
 Anne-Marie of Denmark (Consort to Constantine II)

List of Regents 

 Pavlos Koutouriotis (1920, Regent after Alexander's death)
 Olga Constantinovna (1920, Regent after Alexander's death)
 Damaskinos of Athens (1944–1946, Regent until referendum results)
19th century in Greece
20th century in Greece
Gre
Resident Evil 4 is a survival horror third-person shooter video game produced by Capcom as a remake to Resident Evil 4 (2005). Players play as Leon S. Kennedy throughout the game play, but also a chapter where they are forced to play as Ashley Graham when Leon gets trapped in a cage inside the castle of Ramon Salazar, the lord of the castle. Who is later defeated by Leon after Ashley was taken by Lieutenant Jack Krauser.

2023 video games
Resident Evil
Windows games
Video game sequels
Storsteinnes is a village in Balsfjord Municipality, Norway. The village covers an area of  and has a population of 1,076 people. It is the largest urban area in the municipality. Storsteinnes Chapel is located in the village. The economy of the village is based on municipal services and agriculture. A dairy run by Tine, which produces Brunost and Balsfjordost, is one of the major employers in the village. Storsteinnes is located at the southern end of Sørkjosen, which is a branch of the main Balsfjorden. The European route E6 highway passes about 4 kilometres (2.485 miles) southeast of the village center.

References 

Villages in Norway
Settlements in Troms og Finnmark
The centroid of a triangle is where all of the medians of a triangle meet. A median is from the midpoint of one of the sides, to the vertex opposite to the side.

Geometry
Moira Deeming is an Australian politician. She serves on the Legislative Council (upper house) for the Australian state of Victoria with the Liberal Party. Deeming was removed from the Liberal Party for nine months because she spoke at a meeting of feminist group called "Let Women Speak." The group was accused of not liking transgender people.  The National Socialist Network also attended the meeting on their own and were seen giving the Nazi salute. Deeming said that she does not like Nazis so she was suspended for 9 months instead of being removed. On 4 May 2023, Deeming said that she would sue Victorian Liberal Party leader John Pesutto if he does not say that she is not a Nazi.  On 12 May 2023, the party voted 19 to 11 to remove her. She is of Māori descent and is a Presbyterian. She has four children.

References 

Australian politicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Carnage (Cletus Cortland Kasady, and later Dark Carnage), is a fictional character and a major antagonist from Marvel Comics, serving as a major antagonist in the Spider-Man comic book series and the central antagonist of the Venom comic book series as a whole. 

The character made its first appearance in The Amazing Spider-Man #361 (April 1992). He serves as the titular main antagonist of many storylines such as Venom vs. Carnage, Carnage, U.S.A., and Absolute Carnage, as well as the secondary antagonist of Go Down Swinging, and a posthumous antagonist of King In Black. He is also the titular protagonist villain of Superior Carnage Annual and AXIS: Carnage.

Marvel Comics characters
"It's in the Way That You Use It" is a 1986 song by Eric Clapton and is taken from his 10th studio album August. It went to number 24 in Australia and number 77 in the United Kingdom. It was used in the 1986 movie The Color of Money.

1986 songs
Pop rock songs
Eric Clapton songs
Balsfjord is a municipality in Troms og Finnmark county in Norway. Its administrative centre is the village of Storsteinnes and it has a population of 5,576, with a population density of 3.9 inhabitants per square kilometre. The municipality covers an area of  and is the 58th largest municipality in Norway. The area is known for its two fjords, Malangen and Balsfjorden, and is surrounded by fertile farmland and many peaks, including the southern end of the Lyngen Alps. The municipality was separated from the Tromsøe landdistrikt municipality in 1860 and has undergone several changes over the years, including a merger with neighboring Malangen municipality in 1964. The municipality's coat of arms features a red field with a plough, symbolizing the importance of agriculture to the area
. The local inhabitants are descendants of a mixture of Norwegian, Sámi, and Kven people, with a history of trappers, people who hunt and trap wild animals for their fur, meat, or other parts, from Balsfjord being active in the Arctic from the 18th to the 20th century. Balsfjord also played a role in the mid-19th century mindekirken movement in the Troms region, which split from the state church parish in Tromsø.
Related pages
List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

References 

Municipalities of Troms og Finnmark
The Defenders is a fictional superhero group appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, who are among the many superhero teams from said comics and universe. The teams was created by Roy Thomas and the late Ross Andru, and first appeared as the Defenders in Marvel Feature #1 (Dec. 1971).

Marvel Comics superheroes
"Gemini Dream" is a 1981 song by English progressive rock band The Moody Blues and is the leading single from their 10th studio album Long Distance Voyager. It went to number 1 in Canada, number 12 in the United States and number 36 in Australia.

1981 songs
The Moody Blues songs
Rock songs
"Overload" is a 2000 debut single by English band Sugababes and is the leading single from their debut studio album One Touch. It went to number 2 in Greece and New Zealand, number 3 in Austria, Germany and Hungary, number 4 in Iceland, number 5 in Switzerland, number 6 in the United Kingdom, number 10 in Scotland, number 12 in Norway and number 15 in Ireland. It was covered by Bastille in 2015.

Track listings

Notes
  denotes additional producer(s)

References

2000 songs
Debut singles
Sugababes songs
Pop songs
R&B songs
Sugababes
This is the list of notable stars in the constellation Sculptor, all the stars are sorted by decreasing brightness.

References 

Lists of stars
The Treachery of Images is a painting by René Magritte, done in 1929. It shows a pipe, and has the text "Ceci n'est pas une pipe" ("this is not a pipe") below. When he painted it, Magritte was 30 years old. 

There are different interpretations of the work. A common one says that with the painting, Magritte wanted to say that the thing was a painting, and not a pipe which can be smoked. The idea is similar to the word "dog". That word doesn't bark, or wag its tail, either. Michel Foucault also did an interpretation, in 1973. Foucault says that an image of an object is different from the object itself. Also, by showing something that looks like a paradox, Magritte forces the viewer to think about what the "reality" of an object really is. 

1920s paintings
HD 942 (also known as HIP 1096) is a red-orange giant star in the constellation of Sculptor. The star has a spectral type of K5III, it is located about 1,294 light years away from us. It's surface temperature is between 3,500 K to 5,000 K.

References 

Red giants
Stefano Bertelli(born May 27, 1981)is an Italian film director, writer, and cinematographer, living in Rovigo, Italy.

Early Life & Career 
Since 2002, Stefano has established himself in the music industry as a director and producer of music videos, creating numerous films for well-known musicians both domestically and internationally and winning a Webby Award animation for Frank Sinatra in 2021.

Stefano has collaborated with numerous artists, including Amy Lee, Eminem, She&him, The Driver Era, Coyu & Moby, Robbie Williams, Monsta X, and Sebastian Yatra.

Acid Space is a pioneering experimental test film for the switch from conventional video to paper video.

Filmography 
As a director

 2015-  Acid Space

 2018- Amy Lee “Dream too much”

 2018- Robbie Williams “The impossible”
 2019 - Cedric Cervais "Get that bag"

 2019- Lee DeWyze "Castles"

 2019- I'm A Rockstar, yes i'm a rockstar

 2019- Alter Bridge “Native son

 2020- HomeFree “undivided”

 2020- Myles Kennedy In Stride

 2020- Alok “Hear me tonight”
2020- The Game “welcome home”

 2020- Blue Face “First mission”

 2020- Myles Kennedy “a thousand words”

 2021- Frank Sinatra “Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow”

 2021- Barenaked Ladies “flip”

 2022- Eminem “Cinderella Man”

 2022- Lindsey Stirling “Ice Storm”

 2022- Armand Van Helden “wings”

 2022- She & him “wouldn’t be nice”

As a writer

 2018- Amy Lee “Dream too much”

 2018- Robbie Williams “The impossible”
 2019 - Cedric Cervais "Get that bag"

 2019- Lee DeWyze "Castles"

 2019- I'm A Rockstar, yes i'm a rockstar

 2019- Alter Bridge “Native son”

 2020- Alok "Hear Me tonight "

 2020- Alok “Hear me tonight”

 2020- The Game “welcome home”

 2020- Blue Face “First mission”

 2020- Myles Kennedy “a thousand words”

 2020- Myles Kennedy “in stride”

 2020- HomeFree “undivided”

 2021- Barenaked Ladies “flip”

 2021- Frank Sinatra “Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow”

 2022- Eminem “Cinderella Man”

 2022- Lindsey Stirling “Ice Storm”

 2022- Armand Van Helden “wings”
2022- She & him “wouldn’t be nice” ·    

As a producer

 2015-  Acid Space

 2018 Robbie Williams “The impossible”

 2018 Amy Lee “Dream too much”
 2019 - Cedric Cervais "Get that bag"

 2019- Lee DeWyze "Castles"

 2019- I'm A Rockstar, yes i'm a rockstar

 2019 Alter Bridge “Native son”

 2020 HomeFree “undivided”

 2020- Alok "Hear Me tonight "

 2020- The Game “welcome home”

 2020- Blue Face “First mission”

 2020- Alok “Hear me tonight”

 2020- Myles Kennedy “a thousand words”

 2020- Myles Kennedy “in stride”

 2021- Frank Sinatra “Let it snow, let it snow, let it snow”

 2021- Barenaked Ladies “flip”

 2022- Eminem “Cinderella Man”

 2022- Lindsey Stirling “Ice Storm”

 2022- Armand Van Helden “wings”

 2022- She & him “wouldn’t be nice”

References
The Sabaens were one of the first civilizations of the Arabian Peninsula. They spoke the Sabaean language, one of the Old South Arabian languages. They founded the kingdom of Sabaʾ in modern-day Yemen, which was believed to be the biblical land of Sheba and "the oldest and most important of the South Arabian kingdoms".
Yemen
Arab people
Platymantis indeprensus is a frog.  It lives in the Philippines on Mount Banajao and Mount San Cristobal.  People have seen it between 600 and 1400 meters above sea level.

The adult male frog is about 21.5-27.3 mm long from nose to rear end.  There is no webbed skin on the front feet and only a small amount of webbed skin on the back feet.  The skin on the frog's back is black-brown in color, sometimes with a lighter stripe.

References

Frogs of Asia
The Storsteinnes Chapel is a parish church belonging to the Church of Norway and is located in Balsfjord Municipality in a county called Troms og Finnmark. The church is situated on the south side of the village of Storsteinnes.

The church was built in 1968 and is designed in a long church style. It is made of wood and is painted white. The church has a seating capacity of about 200 people, making it a relatively large church for the area.

References

Churches in Norway
Troms og Finnmark
Muhammad Marmaduke William Pickthall (7 April 1875 – 19 May 1936) was an English Islamic scholar. His 1930 English translation of the Qur'an, titled the The Meaning of the Glorious Koran, is one of the most widely known and used in the English-speaking world.
Biography 
Pickthall was born in London, on 7 April 1875, the elder of the two sons of the Christian cleric Charles Grayson Pickthall (1822–1881) and his second wife, Mary Hale. As a schoolboy at Harrow, Pickthall was a classmate and friend of Winston Churchill. In June 1917, Pickthall gave a speech defending the rights of Palestinian Arabs, in the context of the debate over the Balfour Declaration. In November 1917, Pickthall converted to Islam, publicly taking the shahada at the Woking Muslim Mission. He followed this with a speech contrasting the Christian and Muslim approaches to religious law, arguing that Islam was better equipped than Christianity to handle the post-World War world. Pickthall was buried in the Muslim section at Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey, England.

References
Classical and historical 

 Utopian socialism
 Scientific socialism
 Bourgeois socialism

Far left
Communism – ideology whose goal is the a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society, also involves the absence of private property, social classes, money, and the state
Marxism–Leninism – is a political ideology developed by Joseph Stalin in the late 1920s. Based on Stalin's understanding and synthesis of both Marxism and Leninism, it was the official state ideology of the Soviet Union and the parties of the Communist International after Bolshevisation.
Maoism – is a variety of Marxism–Leninism that Mao Zedong developed to realise a socialist revolution in the agricultural, pre-industrial society of the Republic of China and later the People's Republic of China
Leninism – proposes the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat led by a revolutionary vanguard party as the political prelude to the establishment of communism
Stalinism – was the theory and practice of communism practiced by Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. Officially it adhered to Marxism–Leninism, but whether Stalin's practices actually followed the principles of Marx and Lenin is a subject of debate and criticism.
Trotskyism – is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky on the basis of permanent revolution. Trotsky considered himself a Bolshevik–Leninist, arguing for the establishment of a vanguard party. He considered himself an advocate of orthodox Marxism.
McCarthy Stone is a developer and manager of retirement communities in the United Kingdom. It is based in Bournemouth.

John McCarthy and Bill Stone became partners in 1961, and in 1977 they built their first retirement housing development in Hampshire.  Because the population was getting older they did very well.  It is the largest provider of new Extra Care developments in the UK. 

In 2023 it opened its 500th retirement community.  It  supports more than 22,000 older people, mostly in their 80s.

References 

Old age
Housing in the United Kingdom
Social care
Roy Carr-Hill (1943 - 2022) was a professor at the Centre for Health Economics at the University of York from 1983 when it started. He was born in Widnes. He first worked in  criminology and penology.  He stayed at York until he retired in 2011 and still worked there after that.  He is most well known for the Carr-Hill formula, which sets most of the pay for general practitioners in the United Kingdom.  It includes individual patients' age, gender and health conditions and calculates a "weighted" count of patients according to need.   This gives more money where it is most needed and takes some away from richer areas  He did a lot  of work in the field of inequality and poverty, both in the UK and in low- and middle-income countries.  In Africa he did a lot of work on education.  He was an  active member of the Radical Statistics Group.

References 

British statisticians
1943 births
2022 deaths
Academics of the University of York
Widnes is an industrial town in the Borough of Halton, Cheshire. 61,464 people lived there at the 2011 census.  It used to be in Lancashire. It is on the northern side of the River Mersey. 

The Sankey Canal runs from Spike Island in Widnes to the River Mersey at Sankey Bridges, near Warrington.  It opened in 1757.  Widnes Dock, the world's first railway dock, was built there in 1833 when the St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway opened.

It is a centre of the chemical industry.  Soap, borax, soda ash, salt cake and bleaching powder are made there. Other industries developed including iron and copper works.

The Silver Jubilee Bridge connects the town to Runcorn on the other side of the Mersey. It opened in 1961.

References 

Towns in Cheshire
The Sankey Canal in North West England used to be an industrial canal. It was called the Sankey Brook Navigation and later the St Helens Canal. Sankey Canal opened in 1757. It was the first modern canal. Earlier canals were all to make river navigation possible.  The  Act of Parliament  passed in 1757 was to make Sankey Brook navigable.  But the brook was too shallow and twisting to be of practical use, so they constructed a completely separate canal alongside the brook.  It connected St Helens to the River Mersey at Spike Island in Widnes.  

It closed in 1963, but much of it has been restored. Fixed bridges which have replaced the original wooden swing bridges and other blocks separate the sections from one another.

References

Canals in England
Buildings and structures in Cheshire
1757 establishments
18th-century buildings and structures
Halton  is a unitary authority district in Cheshire. It was created in 1974 as a district of the county of Cheshire, and became a unitary authority area on 1 April 1998. Since 2014 it has been a member of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority. The borough has the towns of Runcorn and Widnes.

The population of Halton was 128,478 in 2021.

References 

Cheshire
"I'm Still Standing" is a 1983 song by Elton John. It is the second single from his 17th studio album, Too Low for Zero. It went to number 1 on music charts in Canada and Switzerland, number 2 in Ireland, number 3 in Australia, number 4 in the United Kingdom, number 8 in the Netherlands, number 9 in South Africa, number 10 in Germany, number 11 in Belgium, number 12 in the United States and number 30 in New Zealand.

Track listing
US 7-inch single
 "I'm Still Standing" – 3:00
 "Love So Cold" – 5:08

UK 7-inch single
 "I'm Still Standing" – 3:00
 "Earn While You Learn" – 6:42
This single was also available as a picture disc shaped as a piano.
UK 12-inch single
 "I'm Still Standing" (extended version) – 3:45
 "Earn While You Learn" – 6:42

References

1983 songs
Elton John songs
Pop songs
Shang-Chi, also known as the Master of Kung-Fu, Brother Hand and Deadly Hand, is a fictional character and superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, and the character originally came from Sax Rohmer's licensed property as the unnamed son of Fu Manchu.

Marvel Comics superheroes
A crooner is a person that sings love or romantic songs. Frank Sinatra was known as a crooner at the start of his career.

Singers by genre
The straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) is an extinct species of elephant. It lived in Europe and Western Asia during the Middle and Late Pleistocene (781,000–30,000 years ago). 

Individuals reached up to 4–4.2 metres (13.1–13.8 ft) in height, with a weight estimated at 11.3–15 tonnes (11.1–14.8 long tons; 12.5–16.5 short tons). 

The straight-tusked elephant probably lived in small herds, flourishing in interglacial periods, when its range went as far north as Great Britain. Skeletons found in association with stone tools and wooden spears suggest they were scavenged and hunted by early humans, including Neanderthals. It is the ancestral species of most dwarf elephants that lived on islands in the Mediterranean.

Extinct elephants
The 1983-84 Austrian Cup was the national cup in Austrian football. SK Rapid Wien were the defending champions.

Second round 
First round with teams from the first and second league.

Round of 32

Round of 16

Quarter finals

Semi-finals First leg

Semi-finals Second leg

Final First leg

 FK Austria Wien:
Friedl Koncilia – Erich Obermayer, Josef Degeorgi, Franz Zore, Robert Sara, István Magyar, Ernst Baumeister, Herbert Prohaska, Tibor Nyilasi, Alfred Drabits (81. Džemal Mustedanagić), Toni Polster
coach: Václav Halama
SK Rapid Wien:
Karl Ehn – Leo Lainer, Johann Pregesbauer, Heribert Weber, Reinhard Kienast, Antonín Panenka (74. Rudolf Weinhofer), Petar Bručić, Gerald Willfurth (77. Christian Keglevits), Hermann Stadler, Hans Krankl, Zlatko Kranjčarcoach:Otto Barić

Final Second leg
Final Second leg

 SK Rapid Wien:
Karl Ehn – Leo Lainer, Kurt Garger, Johann Pregesbauer, Heribert Weber, Reinhard Kienast, Antonín Panenka (79. Karl Daxbacher), Rudolf Weinhofer, Hermann Stadler, Hans Krankl, Zlatko Kranjčar
coach: Otto Barić
 FK Austria Wien:
Friedl Koncilia – Franz Zore, Robert Sara, Erich Obermayer, Josef Degeorgi, Herbert Prohaska, István Magyar (65. Karl Daxbacher), Ernst Baumeister, Toni Polster, Tibor Nyilasi, Alfred Drabits
coach:Václav Halama

Top goalscorers

References

Austrian Cup
1984 in European football
1980s in Austria
The Foss Dyke is the oldest canal in England that is still in use. It is about 11 miles (18 km) long. It seems to have been built around AD 120 by the Romans.  It connects the River Trent  to the River Witham at Lincoln.  It was improved in 1121,  and in 1671 a  lock was built at Torksey.  There have not been any commercial barges since 1971, but there is a marina at Brayford Pool in the centre of Lincoln.

It gives its name to the Foss Dyke Band.

References 

Buildings and structures in Lincolnshire
Canals in England
2nd-century buildings and structures
Tibor Nyilasi (born 18 January 1955) is a Hungarian football player and manager. He played for Ferencváros, FK Austria Wien and the Hungary national football team as striker.

Career
He started his career with Ferencváros in 1972 . He played 243 matches and scored 132 goals. 1983 he went on to Austria Wien in Austria for a fee of 500 000 €.  For Austria he played 179	matches and scored 120	goals.

National team
He made 70 appearances for the Hungary national team from 1975 to 1985. He scored 32 goals. He played in the 1978 FIFA World Cup and the 1982 FIFA World Cup.

Manager
After he retired as a player he managed Ferencváros. He also worked for the Hungary national football team as assistance coach.

Honours

Club
Ferencvárosi
 Nemzeti Bajnokság I: 1975–76, 1980–81,
 Hungarian Cup: 1973–74, 1975–76, 1977–78
 Cup Winners' Cup: Runner-up 1974–75

Austria Wien
 Austrian Bundesliga: +1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86
 Austrian Cup: 1985–86
Individual
 Hungarian Top Scorer: 1980–81
 European Silver Boot: 1980–81
 UEFA Cup Top Scorer: 1983–84
 Austrian Top Scorer: 1983–84

Manager
Ferencvárosi
 Nemzeti Bajnokság I: 1991–92
 Hungarian Cup:  1990–91, 1992–93, 1993–94

Sources
 Ki kicsoda a magyar sportéletben?, II. kötet (I–R). Szekszárd, Babits Kiadó, 1995, p. 395., 
 Nagy Béla: Fradisták (Sportpropaganda, 1981) 
 Nagy Béla: Fradi futballkönyv (Sportpropaganda, 1985) 
 Rejtő László–Lukács László–Szepesi György: Felejthetetlen 90 percek (Sportkiadó, 1977) 
 Hoppe Pál – Szabó Ferenc: A Nyíl (Budapest, 1984)
 Nagy Béla: Nyilasi album (Budapest, 2003)
His stats at Austria Wien

References

1955 births
Living people
Hungarian footballers
Hungarian football managers
1978 FIFA World Cup players
1982 FIFA World Cup players
FK Austria Wien players
Association football forwards
Austrian Football Bundesliga top scorers
Austrian football champions
A marina  is a dock  with places for yachts and small boats. A marina differs from a port in that a marina does not handle large passenger ships or cargo.  Most marinas are by the sea or on lakes, but there are some inland on canals and rivers. They only started in the twentieth century when boating for pleasure became popular. There are usually shops selling supplies for the boats.

Ports and harbours
Erich Obermayer (born 23 January 1953, in Wien) is a former Austrian football player.
He played for FK Austria Wien and the Austrian national football team as defender.

Club career
He started his career with FC Wien. At the age of 16 he came to Austria Wien where he stayed for the rest of his career. In his 18 years with Austria he played 544 matches and scored 15 goals. He was chosen in Austria's Team of the Century in 2001.

International career
He made his debut for Austria in an April 1975 European Championship qualification match against Hungary and was a participant at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. There he scored a goal in a match against the Netherlands. This was his only goal in the team. He played also in the 1982 FIFA World Cup where he was captain of the team. He played 50 caps and scored one goal. His last international was a March 1985 friendly match against the Soviet Union.
Manager
After his career as a footballer he became a manager. He managed Floridsdorfer AC, 1. Simmeringer SC and FCM Traiskirchen.

Other websites 
 Austria Wien archive

References 

1953 births
Living people
Players of the Austrian national football team
1978 FIFA World Cup players
1982 FIFA World Cup players
FK Austria Wien players
Association football defenders
Austrian football managers
Floridsdorfer AC managers
Austrian football champions
Stegocephali  is a group containing all four-limbed vertebrates.

The word was first used  in 1868 by the American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope, who used it as a general category of prehistoric amphibians. This did not get used by other people.  

In 1998 the  Canadian paleontologist Michel Laurin used the word  and gave a formal phylogenetic definition.  This was intended to include taxa with digits rather than fins, except where secondarily lost.

References 

Lobe-finned fish
The Seleucid era or Anno Graecorum (literally "year of the Greeks" or "Greek year") was a system of numbering years in use by the Seleucid Empire and other countries in the ancient Hellenistic civilizations.  

There were two different variations. The Seleucids year started in spring. The Macedonian court started the year in autumn. Year 1 of the Seleucid era is roughly to April 311 BC to March 310 BC.

References

Persian culture
310s BC
Calendars
Palaeoloxodon is an extinct genus of elephant. The genus originated in Africa during the Pliocene era, and expanded into Eurasia during the Pleistocene era. 

The genus contains some of the largest known elephants, over  tall at the shoulders, including the European straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus), and the southern Asian Palaeoloxodon namadicus. P namadicus was largest known land mammal. 

The genus also contains species of dwarf elephants which evolved by insular dwarfism on islands in the Mediterranean, some only  in height, the smallest elephants known.

References 

Extinct elephants