Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The sanctuary has bas-reliefs on the side walls with scenes of offerings to various gods made either by the pharaoh or the queen. On the back wall, there is a niche in which Hathor, as a divine cow, seems to be coming out of the mountain. Queen Nefertari is closely linked to this goddess.

Priests

Each temple has its own priest to represent the king in daily religious ceremonies. The Pharaoh should be the only celebrant in daily religious ceremonies performed in different temples throughout Egypt. In reality, the high priest also played that role. A priest, like the king, needed education in art and science. Reading, writing, engineering, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, space measurement, time calculations, were all part of this learning. The priests of Heliopolis, for example, became guardians of sacred knowledge and were seen as wise men.

In popular culture
The temple is the field headquarters of MI6 in the 1977 James Bond movie The Spy Who Loved Me. It has M's office, a conference room, and Q's laboratory.
 The main temple was used in Shusei Nagaoka's cover illustration for Earth, Wind & Fire's 1977 album All 'N All.
 The temple is shown in 2001's The Mummy Returns, as a way to the Oasis of Ahm-Shere.
 Team America mistakenly blows up the temple when they miss fleeing terrorists in Team America: World Police (2004).
 The temple can be seen in the background of the city-planet of Coruscant when Queen Amidala's ship first arrives in Star Wars Episode One: The Phantom Menace.
 In Anne Michaels' second novel The Winter Vault the relocation of Abu Simbel is one of the main themes.
 The temple is a playable tomb in The Sims 3: World Adventures.
 In the video game TimeSplitters, the entrance to the tomb in the first level – "1935 Tomb" – looks like Abu Simbel.
The 1985 computer game Abu Simbel Profanation written by Dinamic Software and released by Gremlin Graphics in the UK, has gameplay based around the temples and Egyptian setting.
 In the book by Matthew Reilly - The Six Sacred Stones, the lead character - Captain Jack West Jr., leads an expedition to the temple to find the First Vertex, and to place a "Piller" in said Vertex.
 Abu Simbel is one of the Wonders in the Wonder Pack expansion for the board game 7 Wonders.
 It is one of the locations in the 1954 movie Valley of the Kings.
 Abu Simbel is a site of one of the riddles in the 2006 novel Lost and Found by Carolyn Parkhurst.
Gallery

Related pages
Luxor Temple

Notes

Further reading
  - Highly detailed article describing the process of saving and creating a new location for the temples.

Other websites

Abu Simbel archeological site @ Google Maps
Abu Simbel at the website of Egypt State Information Service
Abu Simbel at Aldokkan 
Abu Simbel temples' plan 
Abu Simbel temples images
Abu Simbel map, images and info
Abu Simbel UNESCO page

Archaeological sites in Egypt
World Heritage Sites in Egypt
2nd millennium BC buildings and structures
An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust held by the abutments at either side. A viaduct (long bridge) may be made from a long arcade of arches. However other less expensive structures are typically used today.

History 
The oldest existing arch bridge may be the Mycenaean Arkadiko bridge in Greece. It was built in about 1300 BC. The stone corbel arch bridge is still used. The well-preserved Hellenistic Eleutherna Bridge has a triangular corbel arch. The 4th century BC Rhodes Footbridge rests on an early voussoir arch.
Both the Etruscans and ancient Greeks knew about arches. But the Romans were the first to use arches for bridge construction. 
  
Roman arch bridges were usually semicircular.  A number were also segmental arch bridges (such as Alconétar Bridge), meaning it has a curved arch that is less than a semicircle.  Such a segmental arch bridge allowed great amounts of flood water to pass under it. This would prevent the bridge from being swept away during floods. Also the bridge itself could be more lightweight. Generally, Roman bridges had wedge-shaped primary arch stones (called voussoirs) of the same in size and shape.  The Romans built both single spans and lengthy multiple arch aqueducts.  Their bridges featured flood openings in the piers.
In medieval Europe, bridge builders improved on the Roman structures by using narrower piers. They used thinner arch barrels and lower span-rise ratios on bridges. Gothic pointed arches were also introduced reducing lateral thrust. In particular the 14th century saw  bridge construction reaching new heights. Spans of up to  were previously unheard of in masonry arch construction.
In the 19th century steel became cheaper and allowed even longer bridges. Tied arch bridges became commonplace because they don't need such large, expensive foundations. Some in the late 20th century were made over .

Simple compression arch bridges
Where the arches are placed in a watercourse bed (on piers or banks) the water is diverted. This is so the gravel can first be excavated and replaced with a good footing (of strong material). From these, the foundation piers are erected or raised to the height of the intended base of the arches. This is a point known as the springing.
 Falsework centering (in British English: arch frame) is built, typically from lumber. Each arch of a multi-arch bridge will create a thrust upon the arches next to it. For that reason it is necessary either that all arches of the bridge be raised at the same time, or that very wide piers be used. The thrust from the end arches is taken into the earth by substantial (vertical) footings at the canyon walls.
The several arches are (or single arch is) constructed over the centering.  Once each basic arch barrel is constructed. The arches are (or arch is) stabilized with infilled masonry. These may be laid in horizontal running bond courses (layers). They may form two outer walls, known as the spandrels, which are then infilled with appropriate loose material and rubble.
 The road is paved and parapet walls direct traffic to the bridge.
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges and have been aroundd for thousands of years. Arch bridges have great natural strength.
They were originally built of stone or brick but these days are built of reinforced concrete or steel. The introduction of these new materials allow arch bridges to be longer with lower spans.

Instead of pushing straight down, the load of an arch bridge is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end. The weight is transferred to the supports at either end.

These supports, called the abutments, carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading out.

Gallery

References 

Civil engineering
The striped hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) is a widespread small carnivore. It is native to North and East Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It is listed by the IUCN as near threatened, and the global population may be under 10,000 mature individuals. It is persecuted, and its prey base is declining.

It is the smallest of its genus and has many primitive viverrid characteristics which are lost in the larger species. For example, it has a smaller and less specialised skull.
It is mainly a scavenger, but large individuals may kill their own prey. Attacks on humans are rare, but do happen. The striped hyena is a monogamous animal, with both males and females assisting one another in raising their cubs. A nocturnal animal, the striped hyena only comes out in complete darkness, and is quick to return to its lair before sunrise. It has a habit of feigning death when attacked. It has also been known to stand its ground against larger predators such as leopards in disputes over food.

The striped hyaena features prominently in Middle Eastern and Asian folklore. It is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, where it is referred to as tzebua or zevoa, though the species is absent in some English translations.

References 

Hyaenas
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Africa
Béziers () is a commune in the Hérault département in the Occitanie region in southern France. It is a subprefecture of the department and also the capital of the arrondissement of the same name.

Béziers is one of the oldest cities in France. Research shows that Béziers was built by Greeks in the 6th century BC. Some archaeologists think that Béziers could be the oldest town of France, even before Marseille.

History 

The site where is Béziers has been occupied since Neolithic times, before the arrival of Celts. Roman Betarra was on the road that linked Provence with Iberia. The Romans refounded the city as a new place for veterans in 36–35 BC and called it Colonia Julia Baeterrae Septimanorum. Stones from the Roman amphitheatre were used to construct the city wall during the 3rd century. The city was occupied by the Moors between 720 and 752.

Béziers was a Languedoc stronghold of Catharism, which the Catholic Church condemned as heretical and which Catholic forces exterminated in the Albigensian Crusade.
Béziers was the first place to be attacked. The crusaders got to the town on 21 July 1209 and burned the cathedral of Saint Nazaire. A few parts of the Romanesque cathedral survived, and repairs started in 1215. The restoration, along with that of the rest of the city, continued until the 15th century.

After the Louis Napoléon's coup d'état in 1851, troops killed protesters in Béziers. Others were condemned to death or taken to the Guiana.

Geography 
The city is in the southeastern of the department, in the plain of Hérault (the plaine héraultoise). It is on a small cliff on the eastern side of the Orb river, a tributary of the Hérault river.

The commune has an area of , the largest commune in the department, and is at an altitude of about  above sea level. Béziers is at  to the southeast of the city of Montpellier and at  from the Mediterranean Sea.
The commune of Béziers is surrounded by the communes Boujan-sur-Libron, Maraussan, Lignan-sur-Orb, Villeneuve-lès-Béziers, Corneilhan, Sauvian, Colombiers, Cers, Montady, Maureilhan, Bassan and Vendres.

Climate
The climate of Béziers, in the Köppen climate classification, is Csa - Mediterranean climate with hot summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Béziers are known, in French, as Biterrois (women: Biterroises), from Baeterrae, the Latin name of the city.

With a population of 75,701, Béziers has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Béziers

Béziers forms with other four communes the urban area of Béziers with a population of 89,243 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Béziers, formed by 40 communes with a population of 168,960 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
Administration 
Béziers is a subprefecture of the Hérault department, the capital of the arrondissement of Béziers and the administrative centre () of three cantons: Béziers-1, Béziers-2 and Béziers-3.

It is part of the intercommunality Béziers Méditerranée ().

Sister cities 
Béziers is twinned with:
  Chiclana de la Frontera, Cádiz, Andalusia, Spain, since 1993
  Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, since 1965
  Stavropol, Stavropol Krai, Russia, since 1982
  Stockport, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom, since 1972

Sites of interest 
 Saint-Nazaire Cathedral (Cathédrale Saint-Nazaire), from the 14th century.
 Pont Vieux, a stone bridge over the Orb, from the Middle Ages.
 Canal du Midi, a canal (17th century).

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Béziers
 Communes of the Hérault department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Béziers website 
 Communauté d'agglomération Béziers Méditerranée website 
 Béziers in Méditerranée Tourism Office
Crépy-en-Valois is a commune in the Picardy region in the Oise department in the north of France. The two listed historical monuments are the Saint-Thomas-de-Canterbury collegiate church and the Porte de Paris. The first one goes back to its oldest elements in the 12th century, when the city prospered under the guidance of the Dukes of Valois. The second one dates from 1788-1792 and is located rue Charles de Gaulle.

History 
The origins of the city of Crépy-en-Valois remain uncertain. During 10th century, the first lords of Crépy fortified the area, this rocky promontory overlooking the streams of Taillandiers and Sainte- Agathe.

The castrum didn't stop developing since then: firstly under the impetus of the Counts of Amiens Valois, who founded the Abbey Saint Arnoul in 1008, then with the Counts of Vermandois, particularly Philip d'Alsace and his wife Elizabeth who founded in 1182 in the suburbs a collegiate dedicated to Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who was assassinated in his cathedral.
Civil and religious protection drew a more and more numerous population. Prosperity settled thanks to the pilgrimages and grew even after 1213, the date of the reattachment of Valois to the French crown.

In 1790, the revolutionary district was created. Thereafter, it became an administrative center of the canton, arrondissement of Senlis, department of Oise.

The 19th century announced winds of change. The city expanded to the East with new neighborhoods. The arrival of the railroad facilitated the establishment of prosperous industries and therefore the installation of a workforce.

The wars of 1914 and 1939 wounded city by multiple bombings; but the successive mayors knew how to look after and maintain the city's dignity and dynamism.

References

Communes in Oise
The fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) is a cat-like, carnivorous mammal endemic to Madagascar. It is a member of the Eupleridae, a family of carnivorans closely related to the mongoose family (Herpestidae).

Its classification has been controversial because it looks like a cat. However, other traits suggest a close relationship with viverrids (most civets and their relatives). Its classification influenced thought about how many times mammalian carnivores had colonized Madagascar. Genetic studies now show that the fossa and all other Malagasy carnivores are closely related to each other: they are a clade, the family Eupleridae. 
Carnivorans are now thought to have colonized the island once about 18 to 20 million years ago.
The fossa is the largest mammalian carnivore on the island of Madagascar and has been compared to a small cougar. Adults have a head-body length of  and weigh between . The males larger than the females. It has semiretractable claws and flexible ankles that allow it to climb up and down trees head-first, and they can jump from tree to tree.
The species is widespread, although population densities are usually low. It is found only in forested habitat, and hunts by day and night. Over 50% of its diet consists of lemurs, the endemic primates of the island. Tenrecs, rodents, lizards, birds, and other animals are also prey. Mating usually occurs in trees on horizontal limbs and can last for several hours. Litters range from one to six pups, which are born blind and toothless (altricial). Infants wean after 4.5 months and are independent after a year. Sexual maturity occurs around three to four years of age, and life expectancy in captivity is 20 years. The fossa is listed as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It is generally feared by the Malagasy people and is often protected by their taboo. The greatest threat to the species is habitat destruction.

References 

Feliformia
Mammals of Africa
Péronne is a commune in the Picardy region in the Somme department in the north of France.

It is close to where the Battles of the Somme took place during World War I.

The Museum of the Great War (known in French as the Historial de la Grande Guerre) is located in the château.

Communes in Somme
Subprefectures in France
Ottoman architecture is the architecture of the Ottoman Empire. It emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries. The architecture of the empire developed from the earlier Seljuk architecture. It was influenced by the Byzantine, Iranian and Seljuk architecture.  It was also influenced by Islamic Mamluk traditions after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans. For almost 400 years Byzantine architectural artifacts such as the church of Hagia Sophia served as models for many of the Ottoman mosques. Overall, Ottoman architecture has been described as Ottoman architecture synthesized with architectural traditions of the Mediterranean and the Middle East.
The Ottomans achieved the highest level architecture in their lands. They mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes. Their work achieved harmony between inner and outer spaces, as well as light and shadow. Islamic religious building, which until then was simple but with extensive decoration, was transformed by the Ottomans. They used vaults, domes, semi-domes and columns. The mosque was changed from being a cramped and dark chamber with arabesque-covered walls into a beautiful sanctuary.

References

Other websites 
 Architecture. The Ottomans

Ottoman Empire
Dole is a commune in the Jura department. It was the capital of the Free County until Louis XIV conquered the region, which from then on became Besançon.

Communes in Jura
Subprefectures in France
Roanne is a French commune, a subprefecture in the Loire department in central France. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Roanne.

Geography
The commune of Roanne is in the north of the Loire department and has an area of . The average altitude is  and the city hall is an altitude of .

The distances from Roanne to other cities are:
 Paris, the national capital - ;
 Lyon, the regional capital - ;
 Reims - ;
 Bordeaux - ;
 Toulouse - ;
 Montpellier - ;
 Strasbourg - ;
 Nantes - ;
 Marseille - .

The commune of Roanne is surrounded by the communes:

The Loire river flows through the city. Two of its tributaries: Renaison and Rhins, also flow through the city and join the Loire in Roanne.

Climate
The climate of Roanne, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Roanne are known, in French, as  Roannais (women: Roannaises).
With a population of 35,200, Roanne has a population density of  inhabitants/km2, the highest density in the department.

Evolution of the population in Roanne

Roanne forms, with other 14 communes, the urban area of Roanne with a population of 80,098 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Roanne, formed by 50 communes with a population of 107,348 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .

Administration 
Roanne is a subprefecture of the Loire department, the capital of the arrondissement of Roanne and the administrative centre () of two cantons:
 Roanne-1, with 29,634 inhabitants (2014).
 Roanne-2, with 29,843 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Roannais Agglomération ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Roanne is twinned with:

  Nuneaton and Bedworth, United Kingdom
  Reutlingen, Germany
  Guadalajara, Spain
  Montevarchi, Italy
  Piatra Neamţ, Romania
  Legnica, Poland

Gallery
Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Roanne
 Communes of the Loire department

References

Other websites

 City of Roanne website 
 Roannais tourisme 

Communes in Loire
Subprefectures in France
Cuba national volleyball team is the national volleyball team of Cuba.

Honors 
 Olympics: Bronze medal (1976)
 World Championship: Silver Medal (1990, 2010)
 NORCECA Championship: Gold medal (969, 1971, 1975, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2009, 2011) - Silver medal (1973, 1985, 1999, 2005)
 World League: Gold medal (1998) - Silver medal (1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999)

References 

 www.cubanav.org - Cuba Volleyball Federation

National volleyball teams
Sport in Cuba
Organizations based in Cuba
Seljuk architecture is the name given to architecture built during the time when the Seljuks ruled most of the Middle East and Anatolia. This was between the 11th and 13th centuries. After the 11th century the Seljuks of Rum emerged from the Great Seljuk Empire developing their own architecture. Their capital was Konya. They were influenced and inspired by the Armenians, Byzantines and Persians.

Great Seljuq Empire architecture
The architecture can be found in a vast area stretching from the Hindu Kush to eastern Anatolia. Also from Central Asia to the Persian Gulf. The homeland of Seljuk architecture was Turkmenistan and Iran. This is where the first permanent Seljuk buildings were built. Unfortunately the Mongol invasions destroyed most of these buildings. Only a few remain. In 1063 Isfahan was established as capital of the Great Seljuk Empire under Alp Arslan.
The most significant change was in the early 12th century. It was the conversion of the hypostyle plan into a four-iwan plan mosque (see Shah Mosque). Another mosque-type introduced at this time was the kiosk mosque, consisting of a domed space with three open sides and wall containing a mihrab on the qibla side. The architecture of this period was also characterized by memorial tombs. These were usually octagonal structures with domed roofs, called Kümbet or Türbe. An impressive example of tomb architecture is the mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar at Merv. It is a massive building measuring  square with a huge double dome resting on squinches and muqarnas pendentives.

Gallery

Related pages 
 Seljuq dynasty
 Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar
 Kharraqan towers

References 

Architectural styles
Bulgaria national volleyball team is the national volleyball team of Bulgaria. They have participated in the FIVB world league ever since 1994. Bulgaria played at the first world championship in 1949.

Honors 
 Olympics: Silver medal (1980)
 World Championship: Silver Medal (1970) - Bronze medal (1949, 1952, 1986, 2000)
 World Cup: Bronze medal (2007)
 European Championship: Silver medal (1951)

References

Other websites 
 BG Vollyball

National volleyball teams
Sport in Bulgaria
Serbia national volleyball team is the name of Serbia's national volleyball team. The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball considers Serbia the inheritor of the records of SFR Yugoslavia (1948–1991), FR Yugoslavia (1992–2002) and Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006). Nikola Grbic, a former player and team captain, is the head coach.

Honors 
 Olympics: Gold medal (2000) - Bronze medal (1996)
 World Championship: Silver Medal (1998) - Bronze medal (2010)
 World Cup: Bronze medal (2013)
 European Championship: Gold medal (2001, 2011) - Silver medal (1997) - Bronze medal (1975, 1979, 1995, 1999, 2005, 2007, 2013)
 World League: Silver medal (2003, 2005, 2008, 2009) -  Bronze medal (2002, 2004, 2010)

References

Other websites 
 2011 European Men's Volleyball Championship (Final) - Italy vs Serbia (1-3)

National volleyball teams
Sport in Serbia
Organizations based in Serbia
Beaune is a commune in Burgundy in the Côte-d'Or department. It is the region's wine capital.

Twin towns 

 Nantucket, United States
 Malmedy, Belgium
 Krems an der Donau, Austria
 Bensheim, Germany
 Kōshū, Japan

Communes in Côte-d'Or
Subprefectures in France
Australia Men's national volleyball team also known as Volleyball Team Australia Men (VTAM) is the national volleyball team of Australia.

References

National volleyball teams
Volleyball
The Palermo Stone is one of seven pieces left of a much bigger stele known as the Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. The stele has a list of the kings of Egypt from the First Dynasty through to the early part of the Fifth Dynasty. It also listed important events in each year of their rule.  It was probably made during the Fifth Dynasty (about 2392–2283 BCE). The Palermo Stone is in the Antonio Salinas Regional Archaeological Museum in the city of Palermo, Italy, from which it gets its name.

The name "Palermo Stone" is sometimes used for all seven pieces of the Royal Annals, including those in museums in Cairo and London.  The pieces are also sometimes known as the "Cairo Annals Stone". The name "Cairo Stone" is also used to mean only those pieces kept in Cairo.

The Royal Annals are probably the oldest historical writing from Ancient Egypt. They are very important for the study of Egyptian history in the Old Kingdom.
Description 
The Royal Annals stele, of which the Palermo Stone is one part part, was probably about 60 cm high and 2.1m wide. The pieces that are left are type of hard black stone, probably basalt.
The Palermo Stone itself is shaped like a shield. It is 43.5 cm high, 25 cm wide and 6.5 cm thick. The writing on the front of the stone is six lines of hieroglyphs.  The first line lists the names of the Early Dynastic Period kings of Lower Egypt, wearing the Red Crown ). The second and other lines has parts of the royal annals for pharaohs of the First to Fourth Dynasties. These annals are lists of the key events in each year of the rule of each king, arranged in date order. The second line on the Palermo Stone begins with the last details for a king of the First Dynasty. The name has been lost, but it would be either Narmer or Aha. The rest of the second row has the first nine annual entries for next king. Again the name is missing but is either Aha or his successor Djer.  The rest of the writing on this side has the royal annals down to the kings of the Fourth Dynasty.
There is writing on the back of the Palermo Stone. This lists events during the rule of pharaohs down to Neferirkare Kakai, third ruler of the Fifth Dynasty. From the pieces that are left it is unclear if the Royal Annals continued beyond this point in time. Where a king is named, the name of his mother is also recorded, such as Betrest mother of the First Dynasty king Semerkhet and Meresankh I mother of the Fourth Dynasty king Seneferu.

Details recorded in the Royal Annals includes the height of the annual Nile flood (see Nilometer), the Inundation, details of festivals (such as Sed festivals), taxation, sculpture, buildings, and warfare.

Archaeological history 
It is not known where the stele came from. None of the seven pieces has a proper archaeological history. One piece
in Cairo is said to have come from at an archaeological site at Memphis. The three other pieces in Cairo were said to have been found in Middle Egypt. No one has ever said where the Palermo Stone was found.
The Palermo Stone was purchased by a Sicilian lawyer, Ferdinand Guidano, in 1859. It has been in Palermo since 1866.  On 19 October 1877, it was presented to the Palermo Archaeological Museum by the Guidano family.

There are five pieces of the Royal Annals in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Four of these were put in the Museum between 1895 and 1914. The fifth was purchased in 1963. One small piece is in the Petrie Museum of University College London, forming part of the collection of the archeologist Sir Flinders Petrie.

In 1895 a visiting French archaeologist realized the Palermo Stone was important. The writing on the stone was translated in 1902 by Heinrich Schäfer.
Problems 
There are arguments about the date of the Palermo Stone and of the Royal Annals it records. Historians do not agree if the writing  was done in one go or was added to over time. There is no agreement about the date of the writing; was it written about the times it describes, or was it written much later? It has been argued that the stele was made much later, perhaps in the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (747-656 BCE). It seems clear from the details that, even if the Royal Annals, on the Palermo Stone and other pieces, were not written soon after the time they describe, they are based on an Old Kingdom original.

There are also arguments about if all the pieces are part of the same stele or come from different copies. It has been suggested some of pieces in Cairo are not genuine.
The writing is difficult to read. This because of both the poor condition of some parts, and because of its great age. If the writing is a later copy, not from the Fifth Dynasty, there is also the chance that errors were made in the copying process.

Significance 
The Palermo Stone and the other pieces of the Royal Annals are a very important for the history of the Old Kingdom. For example, they list the names of members of the royal families during the first five dynasties which are not listed anywhere else.
New Kingdom Egyptian king lists, such as the Turin Canon (13th century BCE) and the Abydos king list (reign of Seti I, 1294–1279 BCE), say that Menes (probably Narmer) (c. 3100 or 3000 BCE) was the first king of the first dynasty. They say that he was the person who unified Egypt. However, the top line of the Royal Annals names some earlier rulers of Upper and Lower Egypt. These must come from a time before Egypt was unified. Linking the names of these kings with historical persons is still being argued about.

The ancient historian Manetho must have used something like the Royal Annals stele to write his history of the early dynasties of Egypt. This was written during the third century BCE. The king list which is the best match to his work is the Turin Canon.

Related pages 
 List of pharaohs
 Abydos King List
 Karnak king list
 Turin King List

References
References

Sources 
 Partial and dated English translation of the text in J.H. Breasted, (1906). Ancient Records of Egypt, vol. I, sections 76–167. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
 St. John, Michael (1999). The Palermo Stone: An Arithmetical View. London: University Bookshop Publications.ISBN0-9536-8650-7
 Wilkinson, Toby A. H. (2000). Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt. New York: Columbia University Press). .

Other websites 
 Part of a lecture given by T.A.H. Wilkinson, University College London 2000
 Image of the London piece and translation, Petrie Museum
 Gallery of images of Palermo Stone and Cairo pieces (and more) by J.D. Degreef.

3rd millennium BC in Egypt
Palermo
3rd millennium BC works
Ennio Porrino (born Cagliari, 20 January, 1910 – died Rome, 25 September, 1959) was an Italian composer and teacher. 

Amongst his compositions were orchestral works, an oratorio and several operas and ballets. His best known work is the symphonic poem "Sardegna," a tribute to his native Sardinia, which premiered in Florence in 1933. In the course of his career, Porrino taught at the conservatories of Rome, Venice, and Naples, and in 1956 became the director of the Cagliari Conservatory. 

That same year he married Malgari Onnis (born 1935), a painter and theatrical designer. She designed the production of Porrino's last work, the opera I Shardana, which premiered on 21 March 1959, six months before his death. The couple had one daughter, Stefania (born 1957), who became a playwright and stage director.

References

1910 births
1959 deaths
20th-century Italian composers
is a series of video games created by SNK. It is a series of 2D shoot 'em ups released on the Neo Geo platform. The series is known for its detailed 2D pixel-art and high difficulty.

References 

Cooperative video games
Video game series
Drosnay is a commune in the Marne department in the Champagne-Ardenne region. In 2012, 189 people lived there.

Related pages 
 Communes of the Marne department

Communes in Marne
Genets are Old World mammals. They are viverrids, in the same family as civet cats. They are feliform carnivores of the family Viverridae. 

The closest relatives of genets are the civets, linsangs, fossa, and mongooses. Almost all species are in the genus Genetta. The common genet, Genetta genetta, is the only viverrid living in Europe. Other species live in Africa. Fossils of the genus have been found from the Pliocene.

Genets have long tails, about one to one and a half times the length of their bodies. These longs tails are a counterweight which helps them keep their balance as they leap from tree limb to tree limb.  They are not strictly terrestrial, and spend much of their time in trees. Genets have semi-retractable claws, which they use for climbing and holding prey, but not for fighting.
Genets are highly agile creatures, with quick reflexes and exceptional climbing skills, and are the only viverrids that are able to stand bipedally. They are able to walk, trot, run, climb up and down trees, and jump.

They often feed on small mammals, such as rodents, shrews, and bats. Small rodents are captured by the back and killed with a bite at the head, then eaten starting with the head. They also eat birds, bird eggs, centipedes, millipedes, scorpions, and various fruits, including figs and olives.

Species
 Angolan genet

References 

Viverrids
Winnowing is a farming method developed by ancient people for separating grain from chaff. It is also used to remove weevils or other pests from stored grain. Threshing, which is the loosening of grain or seeds from the husks and straw, comes before winnowing. In place of a winnowing basket a colandar can be used.

In its simplest form it involves throwing the mixture into the air so that the wind blows away the lighter chaff. The heavier grains fall back down for recovery. This method is called "wind-grading". Other methods include using a winnowing fan (a shaped basket shaken to raise the chaff). Yet another is using a tool (a winnowing fork or shovel) on a pile of harvested grain.

Winnowing can also describe the natural removal of fine material from a coarser sediment by wind or flowing water. This is similar to separating wheat from chaff.

References 

Agriculture
Grains
"Boom Clap" is an electropop song by Charli XCX. This song was released as the first single from The Fault in Our Stars soundtrack. It was also on XCX's studio album Sucker.

The single was released on June 15, 2014. It peaked at #6 on the UK Singles chart. It was also #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It got positive reviews by music critics.

References

Pop songs
2014 songs
"Pour Some Sugar on Me" is a 1987 heavy metal single by Def Leppard. The song has sexual themes in it. It reached #2 on Billboard Hot 100 in July of 1988.

The song was from Def Leppard's studio album Hysteria. 

There are several versions of the song. The extended version is five minutes and 35 seconds long.

References

Heavy metal
1987 songs
Def Leppard songs
Winter's Tale is a 2014 supernatural fantasy, mystery and romantic drama movie. It was based on a 1983 novel with the same name. Jennifer Connelly plays Virginia. Eva Marie Saint plays Willa Penn. Russell Crowe plays Pearly.

Cast
 Colin Farrell as Peter Lake
 Jessica Brown Findlay as Beverly Penn
 Jennifer Connelly as Virginia Gamely
 Russell Crowe as Pearly Soames
 William Hurt as Isaac Penn
 Mckayla Twiggs as Young Willa Penn
 Eva Marie Saint as Adult Willa Penn
 Will Smith as Judge / Lucifer
 Ripley Sobo as Abby
 Matt Bomer as Peter's father
 Lucy Griffiths as Peter's mother
 Finn Wittrock as Gabriel
 Listo as The Horse
 Kevin Corrigan as Romeo Tan
 Kevin Durand as Cesar Tan
 Graham Greene as Humpstone John

Production
Production

Development
Initially Warner Bros. attempted to sign Martin Scorsese in 2002. He turned down the chance to direct the movie, calling it "unfilmable". Later on, the movie became a "passion project" for director Akiva Goldsman. He was given the go-ahead by Warner Bros. in February 2011 with a budget of $75 million. The budget was later dropped to $60 million in February of 2012. Will Smith and Russell Crowe were linked to the project in supporting roles.

Filming
Principal photography began in October 2012, though was delayed due to Hurricane Sandy. Shooting took place at locations across New York City, including Grand Central Terminal, Red Hook, Brooklyn, East Village, Manhattan and Central Park.

Release
The movie was released on 14 February 2014 in the United States.

Reception
It got negative reviews from movie critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the movie has a rating of 13%.
Box office
The movie performed poor in the box office. Its intake was only $12.6 million in the United States. It took in $30 million worldwide.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

2014 romantic drama movies
2014 fantasy movies
American romantic drama movies
2010s American fantasy movies
The linsangs are four feliform species, two in Asia and two in Africa. The whole group was put in the Viverridae in a subfamily. The two pairs are:

The species of African linsangs are:
Poiana leightoni – Leighton's linsang
Poiana richardsonii – African linsang

The species of Asiatic linsangs are:
Prionodon linsang – Banded linsang
Prionodon pardicolor – Spotted linsang

DNA analysis shows:
 the African linsangs (Poiana) are true viverrids closely related to the genet.
 the Asiatic linsangs (Prionodon) are not, and may be the closest living relatives of the Felidae family. Discovering this, the Asiatic linsangs are now put into a family of their own. They are not viverrids.
Therefore, the similarities between the two genera of linsangs must be convergent. All of them are cat-like in appearance. They are nocturnal, generally solitary tree dwellers. They are carnivorous, eating squirrels and other rodents, small birds, lizards and insects. Typical size is a little over 30 cm (1 foot), with a tail that more than doubles that length. Bodies are long, with short legs, giving a low appearance. All species have yellowish bodies with black markings (stripes, blotches and spots), though the distribution and nature of the markings varies between species.

References 

Viverrids
Feliformia
The African linsang or oyan are two species in the genus Poiana. They are viverrids in the mammalian subfamily Viverrinae.

DNA analysis showed that these African linsangs (Poiana) are true viverrids closely related to the genets.

References 

Viverrids
Mammals of Africa
I Shardana is an Italian opera in three acts, with music and libretto by Ennio Porrino. It was first performed in Naples, on March 8, 1959. It is by far Porrino's most successful work. It has recently been rediscovered.

Principal characters

 Gonnario - bass
 Nibatta - mezzo-soprano
 Torbeno - tenor
 Bèrbera Jonia - soprano
 Norace - baritone
 Perdu - tenor
 Orzocco - baritone

Discography
 1960: Ferruccio Mazzoli (Gonnario), Oralia Dominguez (Nibatta), Gastone Limarilli (Torbeno), Marta Pender (Bèrbera Jonia), Piero Guelfi (Norace), Antonio Galiè (Perdu), Vinicio Cocchieri (Orzocco); Orchestra Sinfonica e Coro di Roma della RAI, Armando La Rosa Parodi - (Decca)
 2013: Manrico Signorini (Gonnario), Alessandra Palomba (Nibatta), Angelo Villari (Torbeno), Paoletta Marrocu (Bèrbera Jonia), Domenico Balzani (Norace), Gabriele Mangione (Perdu), Gianpiero Ruggeri (Orzocco); Orchestra e Coro del Teatro Lirico di Cagliari, Anthony Bramall - (Dynamic)

References 

1959 works
1950s operas
Edmond Joseph (Eddie) Gong (October 6, 1930 – May 19, 2015) was an American attorney and former politician in the state of Florida. He was the first Asian-American elected to the Florida House. He served as a Florida state senator from 1967 through 1971. He was also a member of Florida's House of Representatives from 1963 through 1966.

Gong died at the age of 84 in Miami, Florida.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
Politicians from Florida
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Louis Johnson  (April 13, 1955 – May 21, 2015) was an American bass guitarist.

Johnson was best known for his group The Brothers Johnson and his session playing on several hit albums of the 1970s and 1980s including the "best selling album of all time" Thriller.

Johnson died on May 21, 2015 at the age of 60.

References

1955 births
2015 deaths
American guitarists
Bassists
Musicians from Los Angeles
In engineering, abutment refers to the substructure at the ends of a bridge span or dam. This is where the structure's superstructure rests or contacts. Single-span bridges have abutments at each end. These provide vertical and lateral (side to side) support for the bridge. They also act as retaining walls to resist lateral movement of the earthen fill of the bridge approach. Multi-span bridges require piers to support ends of spans that are not supported by abutments. Dam abutments are generally the natural valley walls. They may also be artificial in order to support arch dams such as Kurobe Dam in Japan.

The term may also refer to the structure supporting one side of an arch, or masonry used to resist the lateral forces of a vault. The word derives from the verb "abut", meaning to "touch by means of a mutual border".

References 

Civil engineering
In architecture a corbel or console is a structural piece of stone, wood or metal sticking out from a wall to carry a superincumbent weight. It is a type of bracket. A corbel is a solid piece of material in the wall. A console, by comparison, is a piece applied to the structure. A piece of structural wood projecting in the same way was called a "tassel" or a "bragger" in the UK. The technique of corbelling, where rows of corbels support a projecting wall or parapet, has been used since Neolithic,  or New Stone Age, times. 

The word "corbel" comes from Old French and derives from the Latin corbellus, a diminutive of corvus (a raven) which refers to the beak-like appearance. Similarly, the French refer to a bracket-corbel, usually a load-bearing internal feature, as a corbeau (a crow).

References 

Architectural elements
The Turin King List, also called the Turin Royal Canon, is a list of the kings of Egypt. It was written in Egyptian hieratic script on papyrus. It is thought to date from the rule of Pharaoh Ramesses II. The list is now in the Egyptian Museum  in  Turin. The papyrus is the most complete list of kings written by the Egyptians. It is the basis working out the dates of kings before the rule of Ramesses II.
Creation and use
The papyrus is believed to have been written in the time of Ramesses II, during the middle of the New Kingdom, or the 19th Dynasty. The beginning and ending of the list are lost. There is no introduction, and the list stops after the 19th Dynasty. It may have been written at any later time, from Ramesses II to as late as the 20th Dynasty.
 
The papyrus lists the names of rulers, the lengths of their rule in years, with months and days for some kings. In some cases they are grouped together by family. This grouping is almost the same as the dynasties of Manetho’s book. The list includes the names of kings who only ruled for a very short time, or those ruling small areas that may not be in listed in other sources.

The list also is believed to contain kings from the 15th Dynasty, the Hyksos who ruled Lower Egypt and the River Nile delta. The Hyksos rulers do not have cartouches (borders around the name of a king). They do have a hieroglyphic sign to show that they were foreigners.
The papyrus was a tax roll, but on its back is written a list of rulers of Egypt. It includes the mythical kings such as gods, demi-gods, and spirits, as well as human kings. As the papyrus was reused for the tax roll, it shows the list was not of great formal importance to the writer. The list is thought to have been used as an administrative aid. As such, the papyrus is not supposed to be biased against certain rulers and is believed to include all the kings of Egypt up through at least the 19th Dynasty.

Discovery and reconstruction
The papyrus was found by the Italian traveler Bernardino Drovetti in 1820 at Luxor (Thebes). In 1824 was put in the Egyptian Museum in Turin, Italy, and known as Papyrus Number 1874. When the box in which it had been taken to Italy was unpacked, the list had broken up into small pieces. Jean-Francois Champollion could read only some of the larger pieces which had royal names.
The Saxon researcher Gustav Seyffarth (1796–1885) looked carefully at some of the pieces, some only one square centimeter in size. He made a more complete reconstruction of the papyrus based only on the papyrus fibers, as he could not read the hieratic characters. Later work by the Munich Egyptologist Jens Peter Lauth, largely agreed with Seyffarth's work.

In 1997 Egyptologist Kim Ryholt published a new version of the list in his book, "The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period c.1800-1550 B.C." Egyptologist Donald Redford has also studied the papyrus and has noted that many of the list’s names match historic monuments and other documents. However there are some differences and not all of the names match. The list may not be completely accurate for pre-Ramesses II chronology.
About 50% of the papyrus is missing. It is 1.7 m long and 0.41 m wide, broken into over 160 pieces. In 2009 new pieces were discovered in the storage room of the Egyptian Museum of Turin, in good condition. A new edition of the papyrus is expected.

The name Hudjefa, is listed twice in the papyrus. The name is now known to have been used by the royal scribes of Ramesses II when the name of a king was unreadable or missing.

Contents of the papyrus
The papyrus is divided into eleven columns. The names and positions of several kings are still uncertain as the list is so badly damaged.
Column 1 — Gods of Ancient Egypt
Column 2 — Rows 1-10 Spirits and mythical kings
Column 2 — Rows 11-25 (Dynasties 1-2)
Column 3 — Rows 1-25 (Dynasties 2-5)
Column 4 — Rows 1-26 (Dynasties 6-8/9/10)
Column 5 — Rows 12-25 (Dynasties 11-12)
Column 6 — Rows 1-2 (Dynasties 12-13)
Column 7 — Rows 1-23 (Dynasty 13)
Column 8 — Rows 1-27 (Dynasty 13-14)
Column 9 — Rows 1-30 (Dynasty 14)
Column 10 — Rows 1-30 (Dynasties 14-15)
Column 11 — Rows 1-17 (Dynasties 16-17)

This is the list of kings

Second column

Third column

Fourth Column

Fifth Column

Sixth Column

Seventh Column

Eighth Colunm

Ninth Column

Tenth Column

Eleventh Column

Related pages

List of pharaohs
 Abydos King List
 Karnak king list
Palermo Stone (An older fragmented king list)

References
Bibliography
Alan Gardiner, editor. Royal Canon of Turin. Griffith Institute, 1959. (Reprint 1988. )
Beckerath, Jürgen von. “Some remarks on Helck's 'Anmerkungen zum Turiner Konigspapyrus‘.“ Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 81, (1995): 225-227.
Beckerath, Jürgen von. “The Date of the End of the Old Kingdom of Egypt.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 21, no. 2 (April 1962): 140-147.
Bennett, Chris. “A Genealogical Chronology of the Seventeenth Dynasty.” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 39, (2002): 123-155.
George Adam Smith, "Chaldean Account of Genesis" (Whittingham & Wilkins, London, 1872) (Reprint 2005. Adamant Media Corporation, ) p290  Contains a different translation of the Turin Papyrus in a chart about "dynasty of gods".
Kenneth A. Kitchen "King Lists" The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Donald B. Redford. Copyright © 2001, 2005 by Oxford University Press, Inc.. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.
K. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period. Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997. .
K. Ryholt, ‘The Turin King-List’, Ägypten und Levante 14, 2004, pp. 135–155. This is a detailed description of the king-list, the information it provides, and its sources.
Málek, Jaromír. “The Original Version of the Royal Canon of Turin.” Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 68, (1982): 93-106.
Spalinger, Anthony. “Review of: ‘The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800-1550 B. C.’ by K.S.B. Ryholt.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 60, no. 4 (October 2001): 296-300.
Other websites
 Description and Translation of the king list.
Hieroglyphs with translation  including Ryholt's new positions of the pieces.

Manuscripts
2nd millennium BC in Egypt
2nd millennium BC works
Terence Anthony "Terry" Sue-Patt (29 September 1964 – April/May 2015) was a British actor. He was best known for the role of Benny Green in the BBC television series Grange Hill (1978–1982). He also appeared in Jackanory. He was born in Islington, London to British Jamaican parents.

Sue-Patt was found dead on 22 May 2015 in Walthamstow, London. He was 50 and is believed to have been dead for about a month.

References

Other websites
 

1964 births
2015 deaths
Actors from London
Black British actors
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Islington
Joaquim Manuel Durão (25 October 1930 – 21 May 2015) was a Portuguese chess player. He was an International Master from 1975 until his death. He was 13 times Portuguese champion, and represented his country in ten Chess Olympiads. He was also president of the Portuguese Chess Federation.

Durão was born in Lisbon. He died on 21 May 2015, aged 84.

References

1930 births
2015 deaths
Chess players
Sportspeople from Lisbon