Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Overview 
Sintel is a story about a girl who lives in the made-up city.  One day, a dragon lands on the roof of a house she is standing next to.  The dragon is hurt, so she helps it.  She and the dragon (which she names Scales) become good friends.  One day, Scales goes to chase a group of birds flying in the sky.  Another, bigger, dragon comes along, and kidnaps Scales.  Sintel goes to looks for Scales.  She finds the adult dragon in a Dragon Blood tree, There she fights the big dragon and kills it.  But, it turns out that the big dragon is actually Scales.  The movie ends with Sintel sad, because she accidentally killed her friend.
Ton Roosendaal announced the movie in May 2009. He is the chairman of the Blender Foundation. The Blender Foundation and the Netherlands Film Fund paid for part of the project. The Foundation raised a lot of their funds by selling pre-orders of the DVD. Everyone who preordered before September 1 has his or her name listed in the movie's credits. The movie was released for download on the Official Durian Project website on October 1, 2010.

The movie

Other websites
 The Sintel website 
 The Blender website (Blender was the program used to make Sintel)

References

Animated movies
2010 movies
English-language movies
United States National Academies or National Academies comprising 
 National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
 National Academy of Engineering (NAE) 
 Institute of Medicine (IOM) 
 National Research Council (NRC)
serve collectively as the scientific national academy for the United States.  The NAS, NAE, and IOM are honorary membership organizations, with a total membership of over 6,000 scientists, engineers, and health professionals.  New members for each organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research.  The NRC is called the "working arm" of the Academies, which serves to collect, analyze, and share information through studies and reports.

The National Academies produce independent recommendations and policy reports by enlisting top scientists, engineers, health professionals, and other experts (not limited to those in Academies membership) to address important scientific and technical problems.
The National Academies do not perform original research; rather they provide independent advice. Federal agencies are the primary financial sponsors of the Academies' work; additional studies are funded by state agencies, foundations, other private sponsors, and the National Academies endowment. The external sponsors have no control over the conduct or results of a study, once the statement of task and budget are finalized.

Other websites

The Institute of Medicine 
The National Academy of Engineering

Notes

1863 establishments in the United States
National academies of sciences
Jens Seipenbusch (born 6 August 1968) is a German politician and physicist. He was leader of the Pirate Party of Germany.

Seipenbusch was a founding member of his party.  He studied physics at the University of Münster. He was first elected party leader in May 2007.  In May 2008 he became deputy leader for one year, before he became re-elected leader of the party in July 2009, and once more in May 2010. In May 2011, Sebastian Nerz became leader of the party.

References

Other websites

 Jens Seipenbusch (Vorsitzender) , German Pirate Party's website

1968 births
Living people
German physicists
People from Wuppertal
Politicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
Maria Beatrice d’Este (Maria Beatrice Ricciarda; 7 April 1750 – 14 November 1829) was heiress of the two Duchies of Modena and Reggio. She was married to Archduke Ferdinand of Austria, son of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria in an attempt to give the Austrians more influence in the Italian states. Maria Beatrice was the Duchess of Massa and Carrara in her own right as well as an Archduchess of Austria by marriage. from 1790 until 1797 and from 1816 until her death in 1829. She and her husband formed the "House of Austria-Este".

Infancy

Maria Beatrice was born at the Ducal Palace of Modena. She was the only daughter of Ercole III of Modena and Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, ruling Duchess of Carrara and Massa. Three years after her birth, her mother gave birth to a son who died aged 5 months in May 1753. Her parents were part of an unhappy marriage which made the chance of having another son very unlikely. Her parents separated and Maria Beatrice was soon acknowledged as an heiress to four sovereign duchies.
Marriage

As heiress to four duchies, Modena and Reggio from her father and Massa and Carrara from her mother, she was a very attractive candidate for marriage. From 1753 it was arranaged that she would marry Archduke Leopold of Austria, younger son of Empress Maria Theresa. The situation changed when Leopold's childlessness made Leopold the heir to the Holy Roman Empire. As a result, she was instead engaged to Leopold's brother, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. Plans began in 1754 and it was concluded by their actual marriage in Milan on 15 October 1771. Some of the festivities for the marriage were played by Mozart.

Succession
Succession

When her mother died in 1790 Maria Beatrice succeeded to Massa and the Principality of Carrara which she held in her own right. After the French conquest of her domains in Italy, she spent her life in Austria and left the rule to administrators. Just after the marriage, the couple had settled in Modena then travelled to Milan where Maria Beatrice gave birth to most of her 10 children by Ferdinand. As Modena did not allow female succession, Maria Beatrice's rights to the throne passed to her son when her father died in 1803. By her marriage, the House of Austria-Este was created, a cadet branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, which ruled Modena between 1814 and 1859. At her death in her palace in Vienna in 1829, Massa and Carrara were added to the Duchy of Modena which were subsequently given to her son.

Children
Children

Archduke Joseph Francis (1772-1772) died young. 
Archduchess Maria Theresa (1773-1832) married Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia and had issue.
Archduchess Josepha (1775-1777) died young. 
Archduchess Maria Leopoldine (1776-1848) married Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria no issue remarried Ludwig von Arco and had issue.
Francis IV of Modena (1779-1846) married Maria Beatrice of Savoy and had issue
Archduke Ferdinand Charles Joseph (1781-1850) died unmarried.
Archduke Maximilian Joseph (1782-1863) died unmarried.
Archduchess Maria Antonia (1784-1786) died young. 
Archduke Karl Ambrosius (1785-1809) died unmarried. 
Archduchess Maria Ludovika (1787-1816) married Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor no issue.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
Titles and styles

7 April 1750 - 15 October 1771 Her Highness Princess Maria Beatrice
15 October 1771 - 29 December 1790 Her Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Beatrice of Austria
29 December 1790 - 29 June 1797 Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Massa, Archduchess of Austria
29 June 1797 - 30 May 1814 Her Royal Highness Archduchess Maria Beatrice of Austria
30 May 1814 - 14 November 1829 Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Massa, Archduchess of Austria

Ancestry

Other websites

1750 births
1829 deaths
House of Este
Habsburg Dynasty
Italian princes and princesses
Archdukes and Archduchesses of Austria
People from Modena
Sharon Vonne Stone (born March 10, 1958) is an American actress and movie producer. She received a Golden Globe Award for her part in the 1995 movie Casino. Her role in the movie Basic Instinct was also notable. 

Stone won the title of Miss Crawford County in Meadville.  She was a candidate for Miss Pennsylvania. One of the pageant judges said she should quit school and move to New York City to become a fashion model. In 1977, Stone left Meadville, moving in with an aunt in New Jersey. Within four days of her arrival in New Jersey, she was signed by Ford Modeling Agency in New York.

While living in Europe, she decided to quit modeling and become an actress. Stone was cast for a brief role in Allen's Stardust Memories (1980).  She had many roles in movies in the 1980's.  Being in Total Recall (1990) with Arnold Schwarzenegger helped her career.  To promote the movie, she posed nude for Playboy.
The movie that made her a star Basic Instinct (1992).  She played a person thought to be a serial killer.  In the movie's most notorious scene, her character is being questioned by the police. She crosses and uncrosses her legs, exposing her genitalia, which are not covered by underwear.  After Basic Instinct, she was listed by People magazine as one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world.

In November 1995, Stone received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6925 Hollywood Blvd.

In 2003, she appeared in three episodes from the eighth season of The Practice. For her performances, she received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series.

Stone tried a return to the mainstream with roles in the movies Cold Creek Manor (2003) with Dennis Quaid and Catwoman (2004) with Halle Berry.  Both movies were not well liked by either the public or critics.

Personal life 
Stone married Michael Greenburg in 1984.  They separated in 1987 and the divorce was finalized in 1990.
In 1993, Stone met William J. MacDonald (aka Bill MacDonald) on the set of the movie Sliver. MacDonald left his wife Naomi Baca for Stone and became engaged to her. They separated one year later in 1994.

While working on the movie The Quick and the Dead in 1995, Stone met Bob Wagner and they became engaged.

On February 14, 1998, Stone married Phil Bronstein, executive editor of the San Francisco Examiner. They adopted a son, Roan Joseph Bronstein (born on May 22, 2000) in late May or early June of 2000.  They divorced in 2004.  After her divorce she adopted another two boys, Laird Vonne Stone (born on May 7, 2005) and Quinn Kelly Stone 
(born in June 2006).

Stone is a convert to Tibetan Buddhism. She is an ordained minister with the Universal Life Church.

Filmography

References

Other websites

 

Actors from Pennsylvania
American Buddhists
American movie actors
American movie producers
American television actors
1958 births
Living people
Emmy Award winning actors
Kim Delaney (born November 29, 1961) is an American movie and television actress. She played Jenny Gardner in the soap All My Children. She played a detective in the television series NYPD Blue. She also acted in the television series Philly. Delaney was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

1961 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Philadelphia
Aedes aegypti, also called yellow fever mosquito, is a mosquito that can spread the dengue fever, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses, and other diseases. 

The mosquito can be recognized by white markings on legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the thorax. It is a small mosquito, with a body length of about half one centimeter.

Flies
Aedes is a genus of mosquito originally found in tropical and subtropical zones, but has spread by human activity to all continents excluding Antarctica. Several of the species transmit important human diseases and one species, Aedes albopictus, is the most invasive mosquito in the world. The name comes from the Greek aēdēs, meaning "unpleasant" or "odious", so called because of the diseases this type of mosquito transmits, including dengue fever and yellow fever. 

Flies
The Rice White Stemborer (Scirpophaga innotata) is a species of moth of the Crambidae family. It is found in Indonesia, Pakistan the Philippines and the tropical north of Australia.

Moths
Eugene Airport, also known as Mahlon Sweet Field, is a medium-sized airport in Eugene, Oregon in the United States. It has ten connections to larger airports in the forty-eight states via four airlines.

Allegiant flies to Las Vegas, Oakland, Phoenix, and Los Angeles. Delta Connection flies to Salt Lake City. Horizon Airlines flies to Portland and Seattle, and United Express flies to Portland, Denver and San Francisco.

Airports in the United States
Eugene, Oregon
Buildings and structures in Oregon
Hank Rutherford Hill (born April 15, 1953) is a fictional character in the television series, King of the Hill. He lives in Arlen, Texas with his wife Peggy and his son Bobby. He was named one of the wisest people on television by The Economist. He suffers from Diminished Gluteal Syndrome (DGS) which is a fictional genetic disorder. He works at Strickland Propane and sells propane and propane accessories. He was born in the women's bathroom of Yankee Stadium in The Bronx, New York which he was horrified to find out. His father's name is Cotton who was a World War II veteran who had his shins "blowed off by a Japanman's machine gun" in combat, and had his feet attached to his knees, he has a Japanese half brother named Junichiro, and his cousin is the bassist and vocalist for ZZ Top, Dusty Hill. He is usually seen hanging out with his friends Dale, Bill and Boomhauer.

References

Notes

Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1997
Television characters
Caviar is a luxury food. Caviar is  salted and un-fertilized sturgeon roe eggs. The world's largest producer and exporter of caviar is Iran. The producer of 90 percent of the world's caviar is the Caspian Sea. 

Caviar is usually put in gold, plastic, wood, ivory containers. It is rarely in silverware or steel because this may interfere with the flavor and color.

Seafood dishes
Jackson is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is in Teton County. The current mayor of Jackson is Mark Barron. As of 2000, 8,647 people lived there. Many tourists go through Jackson when they visit the nearby Grand Teton National Park, Yellowstone National Park, and the National Elk Refuge.

Other websites
Jackson's Official website 

Cities in Wyoming
County seats in Wyoming
The 2009 Philippine region typhoon season was the period that tropical cyclones formed in the Western Pacific Ocean. The season ran throughout the year during 2009, with most tropical cyclones forming between May and November.The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assigns names to tropical cyclones (including tropical depressions) that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility. These names, however, are not in common use outside of the Philippines.

During the season, 39 tropical depressions developed within the Western Pacific, whilst 2 formed outside the region before moving into the Western Pacific.

Storms

Philippines
Philippines 

Tropical Depression Auring
Tropical Depression Bising
Typhoon Crising
Typhoon Dante
Typhoon Emong
Tropical Storm Feria
Tropical Depression Gorio
Tropical Depression Huaning
Typhoon Isang
Tropical Depression Jolina
Tropical Storm Kiko
Tropical Storm Labuyo
Tropical Depression Maring
Typhoon Nando
Typhoon Ondoy
Typhoon Pepemg
Typhoon Quedan
Typhoon Ramil
Tropical Storm Santi
Tropical Depression Tino
Tropical Depression Urduja
Tropical Depression Vinta

2009 in weather
Pacific typhoon seasons
Body of Proof is an American medical drama television series on  ABC starring Dana Delany and Jeri Ryan.

Plot 

The series stars Delany as Dr. Megan Hunt, a medical examiner. The show focusses on Hunt's efforts to balance the demands of her professional life with her personal life. Hunt was previously employed as a top-flight neurosurgeon who had a life-changing automobile accident.

Her boss is the city's chief medical examiner, played by Ryan.

Cast

References

Other websites 

2011 American television series debuts
2010s American television series
English-language television programs
Blue Valentine is a 2010 movie. It is a romantic drama starring Michelle Williams and Ryan Gosling. The original rating of this movie was NC-17, but the rating was successfully appealed to an R rating. The movie is about a married couple who are shifting back and forth, along with their eventual divorce.

2010 romantic drama movies
2010s English-language movies
American independent movies
Patty Lee Ramey (or Patty Loveless; born January 4, 1957) is an American country singer and songwriter. She emerged onto the country music scene around 1986. She has also sung Bluegrass and country pop. She was born in Pikeville, Kentucky.

Awards

Academy of Country Music
1996 Top Female Vocalist
1997 Top Female Vocalist

American Music Awards
1989 Favorite New Country Artist

Country Music Association
1995 Album of the Year – "When Fallen Angels Fly"
1996 Female Vocalist of the Year
1998 Vocal Event of the Year with George Jones – "You Don't Seem to Miss Me"

Grand Ole Opry
Inducted in 1988

Georgia Music Hall of Fame
Inducted in 2005

Grammy Awards
Best Country Collaboration with Vocals – "Same Old Train" (1998)
Best Bluegrass Album – Mountain Soul II (2011)

Kentucky Music Hall of Fame
Inducted in 2011 (announced 17 March 2010)
Discography
Studio albums
 Patty Loveless (1986)
 If My Heart Had Windows (1988)
 Honky Tonk Angel (1988)
 On Down the Line (1990)
 Up Against My Heart (1991)
 Only What I Feel (1993)
 When Fallen Angels Fly (1994)
 The Trouble with the Truth (1996)
 Long Stretch of Lonesome (1997)
 Strong Heart (2000)
 Mountain Soul (2001)
 Bluegrass & White Snow: A Mountain Christmas (2002)
 On Your Way Home (2003)
 Dreamin' My Dreams (2005)
 Sleepless Nights (2008)
 Mountain Soul II (2009)

References

American country singers
1957 births
Living people
Singers from Kentucky
An Islamic state  is a state that has adopted Islam as its state religion, and Islamic law as the foundation for political institutions. Current examples of such states are Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Mauritania and the self-proclaimed Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

Politics of Afghanistan
Politics of Pakistan
Theocracies
Nikolaas 'Niko' Tinbergen (15 April 1907 – 21 December 1988) was a Dutch ethologist and ornithologist who shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz. Their discoveries were about individual and social behaviour patterns, and how they are triggered.

In the 1960s Niko collaborated on a series of wildlife movies, including The Riddle of the Rook (1972) and Signals for Survival (1969), which won the Italia prize in that year and the American blue ribbon in 1971.

Aspects of his life 
Niko, who had two eminent brothers, Luuk and Jan, was a prisoner of war during World War II. His experience as a prisoner of the Nazis led to some friction with longtime intellectual collaborator Konrad Lorenz, and it was several years before the two reconciled.
After the war, Tinbergen moved to England, where he taught at the University of Oxford. He remained in England for the rest of his life. Several of his Oxford graduate students went on to become prominent biologists; these include Richard Dawkins, Marian Dawkins, Desmond Morris, and Iain Douglas Hamilton. He married Elisabeth Rutten and they had five children.

Supernormal stimuli 
The body of Tinbergen's research focused on what he termed supernormal stimuli. This was the concept that an artificial object could be a stronger trigger for an instinct than the natural object for which the instinct originally evolved.

He constructed plaster eggs to see which a bird preferred to sit on, finding that they would select those that were larger, had more defined markings, or more saturated colour—and a dayglo-bright one with black polkadots would be selected over the bird's own pale, dappled eggs.
Tinbergen found that territorial male stickleback fish would attack a wooden fish model more vigorously than a real male if its underside was redder. He constructed cardboard dummy butterflies with more defined markings that male butterflies would try to mate with in preference to real females. The superstimulus, by its exaggerations, clearly showed what features were triggering the response.

Four Questions 
He is well known for originating the four questions he believed should be asked of any animal behaviour, which were:

Proximate mechanisms:
 1. Causation (Mechanism): what are the stimuli that elicit the response, and how has it been modified by recent learning?
 2. Development (Ontogeny): how does the behaviour change with age, and what early experiences are necessary for the behaviour to be shown?
Ultimate mechanisms:
 3. Evolution (Phylogeny): how does the behaviour compare with similar behaviour in related species, and how might it have arisen?
 4. Function (Adaptation): how does the behaviour impact on the animal's chances of survival and reproduction?

Autism 
Niko gave his Nobel Lecture on autism in children, which he and his wife had been researching for some time.

References 
 Hans Kruuk 2003. Niko's nature: the life of Niko Tinbergen and his science of animal behaviour 

1907 births
1988 deaths
Dutch academics
Dutch Nobel Prize winners
Dutch biologists
Ethologists
People from The Hague
Bullet types
 Common tennis ball - to stop or paralyse human or animal, for distances up to 30m.
 Gas grenade - covers an area or some of friendly units with harmless smoke.
 Tear gas grenade - covers an area of crowd with tear gas, causes intensive crying and burn of eyes.
 P1 charge - uses strong acoustic effect (similar to simple banger or firecracker) to frighten or shock human or animal.
 P2 charge - uses acoustic effect and tear gas, combination of Tear gas grenade and P1 charge.
 Shot gun - filled with 20 rubber balls (instead of lead bullets).

General charasterictics
 Calibre: 59 mm
 Barrel length: 230 mm
 Weapon length (without shoulder pad): 436 mm
 Weapon length: 711 mm
 Weight: 1,5 kg
 Fire mode: repeating (the gun must be manually reloaded after every shot)
 Cartridge calibre: .357 Magnum blank
 Muzzle velocity: 110 m/s (with thennis ball)
 Rate of fire: 6 rpm
 Muzzle energy: 403 J
 Impact energy (30m): 227 J

Weapons
Law enforcement equipment
Oedema (U.S. edema) is dropsy. It was usually called dropsy until about the middle of the 20th century. 

It is a medical condition, and a sign or symptom. It is swelling caused when fluid leaks out of the body's capillaries into the tissues. The fluid builds up and gets trapped in the tissues around the leaking blood vessels.  This causes swelling.  If there is enough swelling, oedema can be seen from outside of the skin.

Oedema can happen in any part of the body.  However, it is easiest to see in the arms and legs, including the hands, ankles, and feet.  Oedema in the arms and legs is called peripheral oedema.

Pulmonary oedema is fluid in the lungs.  Pulmonary oedema is dangerous because having fluid in the lungs makes breathing difficult.  If pulmonary oedema gets bad enough, a person can drown in the fluid.

Oedema in the abdomen is called ascites.
Signs and symptoms
Some of the signs and symptoms of oedema are:
 Swelling or puffiness right under the skin
 Skin that looks stretched or shiny
 Changes in skin color
 Aching arms and legs
 Stiff joints
 Weight gain or weight loss
 Blood pressure and pulse rate that are higher than normal

Oedema in the lungs (pulmonary edema) can make it hard to breathe or cause chest pain.

Causes
Many things can cause oedema.  When oedema is mild (not very serious), the most common causes are:
 Eating too much salt
 Staying still for long periods of time
 Pregnancy
 Side effects from some medication
However, oedema can also be a sign of serious disease.  Diseases that can cause edema include:
 Congestive heart failure (CHF).  In CHF, the heart does not pump hard enough to send blood throughout the body.  This can cause blood to back up in the arms and legs (causing peripheral oedema).  It can also cause fluid to back up in the lungs (pulmonary oedema).
 Liver damage (cirrhosis).  Liver damage can cause fluid to back up in the abdomen (ascites) and the legs.
 Kidney problems.  The kidneys' job is to remove extra fluid from the blood.  If the kidneys are not doing this job, the fluid builds up in other parts of the body.
 Deep vein thrombosis (DVT).  A DVT is a blood clot inside one of the deep veins in the body, usually deep inside the legs.  Oedema in the legs is one sign of DVT.
 Varicose veins.''
Treatment 
If oedema is not very serious, it often goes away on its own.  If a person has mild oedema in an arm or leg, they can often make oedema go away quicker by keeping the arm or leg raised above the level of the heart.

If oedema is more serious, it is treated with medicines called diuretics.  These are medicines which help the body get rid of extra fluid by urinating it out.

If oedema is caused by a disease, that disease needs to be treated.

References

Health problems
Medical signs
United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE), a private, non-profit institution that was founded in 1964. Election to the NAE is considered the highest achievement in engineering-related fields and often comes as a recognition of a lifetime's worth of accomplishments. The NAE is part of United States National Academies advising the federal government on engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research.

New members of the organization are elected annually by current members composed of senior professionals in business, academia, and government who are among the world’s most accomplished engineers in one or both of the following categories:
 Engineering research, practice, or education, including, where appropriate, significant contributions to the engineering literature.
 Pioneering of new and developing fields of technology, making major advancements in traditional fields of engineering, or developing/implementing innovative approaches to engineering education.
The Academy annually awards three prizes that award $500,000 to the winner. In a sense these constitute the "Nobel Prizes of Engineering."

Notes

Scientific organizations based in the United States
Engineering organizations
Non-profit organizations of the United States
National academies
1964 establishments in the United States
Dianne Wiest (born March 28, 1948) is an American actress. Her movies include Edward Scissorhands in 1990. She has won two Emmy Awards and two Academy Awards. She was also in other movies, including Footloose and Parenthood.  Wiest was born in Kansas City, Missouri.

She also made a suprise appearance on an American TV show called Brooklyn Nine-Nine. She later went on to make multiple episodes of her own failing tv-show called "Get rid of that Wiest Infection". She was also the star in multiple weetabix commercials, dubbing them Wiestabix.

References

Other websites

1948 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Actors from Kansas City, Missouri
Academy Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
The Nissan Altima is a car made by Nissan Motor Company. It was first made in 1993 and has had four generations.  The car won the 2002 North American Car of the Year and the 2010 Altima received the NHTSA's Highest Front- Impact Crash Safety Rating (five stars). There is a hybrid version of the Altima available which was first made in 2007. The car comes in a 4-door sedan and a 2-door coupe.

Other websites
Altima at nissanusa.com

Altima
Coupes
Sedans
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
National Research Council (NRC) of USA is the working arm of United States National Academies, carrying out most of the studies done in their names. The National Research Council was organized in 1916 in response to the increased need for scientific and technical services caused by World War I.

The president of National Academy of Sciences is the chair of its Governing Board and Executive Committee; the president of the National Academy of Engineering is vice chair. Its members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

Other websites
 The National Research Council 
 The Institute of Medicine 

Scientific organizations based in the United States
Engineering organizations
Research organizations in the United States
1916 establishments in the United States
Linas Kleiza (born January 3, 1985 in Kaunas, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian executive, and a former basketball player. 

Kleiza played college basketball with the University of Missouri Tigers. Kleiza was drafted into the NBA by the Portland Trailblazers in 2005, and was traded to the Denver Nuggets. Kleiza played in Denver from 2005 until 2009. In 2010, Kleiza joined the Toronto Raptors. In 2013 Kleiza left Toronto, and went to play for Fenerbahçe Basketball.

He has played for the Lithuanian national basketball team.

References

Other websites
Linas Kleiza's NBA profile

1985 births
Living people
Lithuanian basketball players
Denver Nuggets players
Toronto Raptors players
People from Kaunas
Coxiella refers to a genus of gram-negative bacteria in the family Coxiellaceae. It is named after Harold Herald Rea Cox (1907–1986), an American bacteriologist. Coxiella burnetii is the only member of this genus. It is one of the Gammaproteobacteria.

Gram-negative bacteria
Shewanella is the only genus included in the Shewanellaceae family of marine bacteria. Shewanella is a marine bacterium capable of modifying (or converting to an altered state) metals so they are much less toxic and can break up in the environment.

Gram-negative bacteria
Mary Chapin Carpenter ( b. February 21, 1958 ) is an Grammy Awards winning American folk and country singer - songwriter. Her first album was released in 1987. She has won five Grammy Awards. Carpenter has had many hit songs and albums.

Early life
Carpenter was born February 21, 1958 in Princeton, New Jersey.

Discography
Single
"Down at the Twist and Shout" (1991)

Studio albums
Hometown Girl (1987)
State of the Heart (1989)
Shooting Straight in the Dark (1990)
Come On Come On (1992)
Stones in the Road (1994)
A Place in the World (1996)
Time*Sex*Love (2001)
Between Here and Gone (2004)
The Calling (2007)
Come Darkness Come Light : Twelve Songs of Christmas (2008)
The Age of Miracles (2010)
Ashes and Roses (2012)

1958 births
Living people
People from Princeton, New Jersey
American country singers
Singers from New Jersey
American singer-songwriters
Marcia Gay Harden (born August 14, 1959) is an American Academy Award winning television, movie and theater actress. She has acted in many television programs and in many movies. She is from La Jolla, San Diego, California.

1959 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from San Diego, California
Jack Skille (born May 19, 1987 in Madison, Wisconsin) is an American professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Florida Panthers, and Columbus Blue Jackets.

Skille was traded to the Florida Panthers, along with Hugh Jessiman and David Pacan for Michael Frolik and the rights to goaltender Alexander Salak on February 9, 2011.

On July 1, 2014, Skille signed one-year, two-way contract with the New York Islanders.

References

Other websites

1987 births
Living people
American ice hockey right wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Florida Panthers players
New York Islanders players
Norfolk Admirals players
Sportspeople from Madison, Wisconsin
Springfield Falcons players
Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players
American Hockey League players
Michael Frolík (born February 17, 1988 in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a professional Czech ice hockey player that currently plays for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League as a center. He was drafted by the Florida Panthers with the 10th overall pick in the 2006 NHL Draft. He also played for Rabat Kladno of the Czech Extraliga, the Florida Panthers of the NHL from 2008 to 2011 and the Chicago Blackhawks from 2010 to 2013.

Frolík was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks, along with Alexander Salak for Hugh Jessiman and David Pacan on February 9, 2011. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

During the 2013 NHL Entry draft, the Blackhawks traded Frolík to the Winnipeg Jets in exchange for the 74th and 134th overall picks in the 2013 NHL Entry draft.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1988 births
Calgary Flames players
Czech ice hockey players
Chicago Blackhawks players
Florida Panthers players
Living people
Rimouski Océanic players
Stanley Cup champions
Winnipeg Jets players
International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) is a non-governmental organization created at Berlin in 1951 by specialists of law, lawyers or judges for the protection of human rights and rule of law.

The headquarters are in Geneva and has relationships with United Nations, Council of Europe and African Union. This commission has also played an important role in the creation of the International Criminal Court and the Yogyakarta Principles.

From 2008 to 2010, Mary Robinson was the president of this commission.

International organizations
Human rights organizations in Europe
1952 establishments
Joseph Arsine Paul Emile Albert "Babe" Bibeault (April 12, 1919 – August 2, 1970) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played in National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs and Boston Bruins. Bibeault served briefly in the army, after he was discharged he joined the Toronto Maple Leafs in December, on loan for half of the 1943-44 NHL season. Bibeault was part of the 1944 NHL All-Star Team.

Bibeault is in the NHL record book for being one of five goaltending victims of a player’s five goals in a single playoff game.

Bibeault died on August 2, 1970 at the age of 51.

Other websites
Other websites

1919 births
1970 deaths
American Hockey League players
Boston Bruins players
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Cancer deaths in Quebec
Chicago Blackhawks players
Cincinnati Mohawks (AHL) players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Montreal Canadiens players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Washington Lions players
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Martina Mariea Schiff (born July 29, 1966), known professionally as Martina McBride, is an American country music singer and songwriter. McBride has been called the "Celine Dion of Country Music" for her big-voiced ballads and soprano range. She debuted around 1992, having five #1 singles between 1995 and 2001 and another during 2003. She has had a string of major hit singles.

Discography
Singles
 "Independence Day" (1994)
 "Girls Like Me" (2020)

Other songs on music charts
 "White Christmas" (2000)

Studio albums
 The Time Has Come (1992)
 The Way That I Am (1993)
 Wild Angels (1995)
 Timeless (1997)
 White Christmas (1998)
 Emotion (1999)
 Martina (2003)
 Timeless (2005)
 Waking Up Laughing (2007)
 Shine (2009)
 Eleven (2011)
 Everlasting (2014)
 Reckless (2016)
 It's the Holiday Season (2018)

References

Other websites
 Official website

Singers from Kansas
American country musicians
Christian music singers
Musicians from Kansas
Sopranos
1966 births
Living people
Philip John Clapp (born March 11, 1971), known professionally as Johnny Knoxville, is an American actor, comedian, filmmaker and stunt performer. He is best known for being the co-creator and star of the MTV television series, Jackass.

Filmography
Filmography

Desert Blues (1995) - Bob
Coyote Ugly (2000) - College Guy
Life Without Dick (2002) - Dick Rasmusson
Big Trouble (2002) - Eddie Leadbetter
Deuces Wild (2002) - Vinnie Fish
Men in Black II (2002) - Scrad/Charlie
Jackass: The Movie (2002) - Himself
Grand Theft Parsons (2003) - Phil Kaufman
Walking Tall (2004) - Ray Templeton
A Dirty Shame (2004) - Ray Ray Perkins
Lords of Dogtown (2005) - Topper Burks
The Dukes of Hazzard (2005) - Luke Duke
Daltry Calhoun (2005) - Daltry Calhoun
The Ringer (2005) - Steve Barker
Jackass Number Two (2006) - Himself
Jackass 2.5 (2007) - Himself
Father of Invention (2010) - Oswald
Jackass 3D (2010) - Himself
Jackass 3.5 (2011) - Himself
The Dry Gulch Kid (2011) - Bobby Ryder 
Movie 43 (2013) - Pete
Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa (2013) - Irving Zisman

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1971 births
Living people
Actors from Knoxville, Tennessee
Comedians from Tennessee
American movie actors
American movie producers
American screenwriters
American television actors
American television producers
American television writers
Karl Ritter von Frisch (20 November 1886 – 12 June 1982) was an Austrian ethologist who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1973, jointly with Niko Tinbergen and Konrad Lorenz. 

His work was on the communication and senses of the European honey bee. He was the first to translate the meaning of the waggle dance. By doing the dance when they come back to the hive, honey bees indicated where they have found nectar, and other details.

His theory was disputed by other scientists and greeted with skepticism at the time. Only recently was it definitively proved to be an accurate theoretical analysis.

Bee perception 

Sense of smell: Frisch discovered that bees can distinguish various blossoming plants by their scent, and that each bee is “flower constant”.45–51
Polarization pattern: Light scattered in a blue sky forms a pattern of partially polarized ultraviolet light. This depends on the position of the sun, and is invisible to human eyes. Each lens unit of a compound eye has a UV receptor, and a UV filter oriented differently in each of these units, so a bee is able to detect this polarization pattern. A small piece of blue sky is enough for a bee to recognize the pattern changes occurring over the course of a day. This provides not only directional but also information on the time of day.

Variations in the daytime position of the sun: Karl von Frisch proved that variations in the position of the sun gave bees with a tool for navigation. They use this capability to get information on the progress of the day deep inside a dark beehive. This makes it possible for the bees to convey up-to-date directional information during their waggle dance, without having to make a comparison with the sun during long dance phases.
Internal clock: Bees have an internal clock with three different synchronization or timekeeping mechanisms. If a bee knows the direction to a feeding place found during a morning excursion, it can also find the same location, as well as the precise time at which this source provides food, in the afternoon, based on the position of the sun.137–147

Waggle dance 
A simple dance called “round dance” is used for nearby flowers. It means "there is a feeding place near the beehive at 50 to 100 meters". Blossom scent would also be picked up. 

The waggle dance proper is used to give the directions to a source further away. Other bees follow her as she dances, keeping in touch with their antennae. The dance takes a figure of eight, with variations such as angle and vigour of wiggles. The communication is apparently quite effective.

References 

1886 births
1982 deaths
Austrian academics
Beekeepers
Scientists from Vienna
Zoologists
Austrian Nobel Prize winners
Ethologists
Austrian biologists
Tyler Seguin (born January 31, 1992 in Brampton, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey center for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL).

He was selected by the Boston Bruins with the 2nd overall pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He played 2 seasons in the OHL with the Plymouth Whalers. Seguin has also played in the NHL for the Boston Bruins for 3 seasons. During his time with the Bruins, he won the Stanley Cup on June 15, 2011 when they defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0. On July 4, 2013, he was traded by the Bruins along with Rich Peverley, and Ryan Button to the Dallas Stars for Loui Eriksson, along with Reilly Smith, Matt Fraser, and Joe Morrow.

He won a gold medal in the 2009 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament in Slovakia and a gold medal in the 2009 World U-17 Hockey Challenge in British Columbia.
Awards 
He won the Spengler Cup in 2012.
He won the Boston Bruins 7th Player Award in 2012.
He played in the 2012 NHL All-Star Game
Stanley Cup (2011) - with the Boston Bruins
He won the Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy for highest scorer in the Ontario Hockey League, alongside Taylor Hall of the Windsor Spitfires (2009–10)
He won the Red Tilson Trophy for the most outstanding player in the Ontario Hockey League (2009-10)
He won the CHL Top Draft Prospect Award as the top eligible prospect for the NHL Entry Draft from the Canadian Hockey League.
He won the gold medal in the 2009 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament in Slovakia
He won the gold medal in the 2009 World U-17 Hockey Challenge in British Columbia.

References

Other websites 
 

Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Dallas Stars players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
1992 births
Ontario Hockey League players
People from Brampton, Ontario
Jeffrey Skinner (born May 16, 1992 in Markham, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre for the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was picked by the Carolina Hurricanes with the seventh overall pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the OHL with the Kitchener Rangers. He was currently the youngest hockey player in the NHL during the 2010-11 season.

Awards 
He was a NHL All-Star in 2011 becoming the youngest All-Star selection ever in the four major North American sports (baseball, basketball, American football, ice hockey).
He won the Calder Trophy in 2011.
He was named Sporting News Rookie of The Year.
He was named The Hockey News Rookie of the Year.

Other websites 
Jeff Skinner's NHL Player Page

1992 births
Canadian ice hockey centres
Carolina Hurricanes players
Living people
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Calder Trophy winners
Ontario Hockey League players
Gustav Stresemann (10 May 1878–3 October 1929) was a German liberal politician. He was Chancellor and Foreign Minister of Germany during the Weimar Republic. He shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926.

Stresemann's politics are hard to define. Today, he is generally considered one of the most important leaders of Germany and a strong supporter of democracy in the fragile Weimar Republic. He is noted as one of the first to see European economic integration. His most important achievement was probably reconciliation between Germany and France, for which he and Aristide Briand received the Peace Prize.
Early years
Stresemann was born on 10 May 1878 in the Köpenicker Straße area of southeast Berlin, the youngest of seven children. His father worked as a beer bottler and distributor, and also ran a small bar out of the family home, as well as renting rooms for extra money. The family was lower middle class, but relatively well-off for the neighbourhood, and had enough money to give Gustav with a high-quality education.

Stresemann was an excellent student, especially in German literature and poetry. In an essay written when he left school, he wrote that he would have enjoyed becoming a teacher, but he would only have been qualified to teach languages or the natural sciences, which were not his primary areas of interest. He entered the University of Berlin in 1897 to study political economy. During his studies, Stresemann was exposed to the principal political arguments of his day, particularly the German debate about socialism.
During his university years, Stresemann also became active in Burschenschaften movement of student fraternities, and in April 1898 became editor of the Allgemeine Deutsche Universitäts-Zeitung (), a newspaper run by Konrad Kuster, a leader in the liberal part of the Burschenschaften. His editorials for the paper were often political, and dismissed most political parties as wrong in one way or another. In these early writings, he combined liberalism with nationalism. In 1898, Stresemann left the University of Berlin, and went to the University of Leipzig so that he could study for a doctorate. He completed his studies in January 1901, submitting a thesis on the bottled beer industry in Berlin, which received a relatively high grade.
In 1902 he founded the Saxon Manufacturers' Association. In 1903 he married Käte Kleefeld (1885-1970), daughter of a wealthy Jewish Berlin businessman. At that time he was also a member of Friedrich Naumann's National-Social Association. In 1906 he was elected to the Dresden town council. Though he had initially worked in trade associations, Stresemann soon became a leader of the National Liberal Party in Saxony. In 1907, he was elected to the Reichstag, where he soon became a close associate of party chairman Ernst Bassermann. However, his support of more social-welfare programmess was not popular with some of the party's more conservative members, and he lost his post in the party's executive committee in 1912. Later that year he lost both his Reichstag and town council seats. He returned to business and founded the German-American Economic Association. In 1914 he returned to the Reichstag. He was exempted from war service due to poor health
. With Bassermann kept away from the Reichstag by either illness or military service, Stresemann soon became the National Liberals' de facto leader. After Bassermann's death in 1917, Stresemann succeeded him as party leader.
His political ideas grew and changed. At first, in the German Empire, Stresemann was on the left wing of the National Liberals. During World War I, he gradually moved to the right. He supported the monarchy and Germany's expansionist goals. He also spoke in support of unrestricted submarine warfare. However, he still favoured an expansion of the social welfare programme, and also supported allowing more ordinary Prussians to vote.

When the Allies' peace terms became known, Constantin Fehrenbach denounced them and claimed "the will to break the chains of slavery would be implanted" into a generation of Germans. Stresemann said of this speech: "He was inspired in that hour by God to say what was felt by the German people. His words, spoken under Fichte's portrait, the final words of which merged into “Deutschland, Deutschland über alles”, made it an unforgettably solemn hour. There was in that sense a kind of uplifting grandeur. The impression left on all was tremendous".
In the Weimar Republic
On 13 August 1923, in the midst of the Ruhr Crisis, he was appointed Chancellor and Foreign Minister of a grand coalition government. As Chancellor, Stresemann went a long way towards resolving the crisis. In the so-called year of crises (1923) he showed strength by calling-off the popular peaceful resistance at the Ruhr. Since Germany was no longer able to pay the striking workers, more and more money was printed, which finally led to hyperinflation. Hans Luther, who was the current finance minister, ended this disastrous process by introducing a new currency, the Rentenmark, which reassured the people that the democratic system was willing and able to solve urgent problems.
Stresemann's decision to end passive resistance was motivated by his view that making a good faith effort to fulfill the terms of Versailles was the only way to win relief from the treaty's harsher provisions. He, like virtually every German, felt Versailles was an onerous Diktat that sullied the nation's honour. However, he felt that trying to fulfill the treaty's terms was the only way Germany could demonstrate that the reparations bill was truly beyond its capacity. He also wished to recover the Rhineland - he wrote to the Crown Prince on 23 July 1923: "The most important objective of German politics is the liberation of German territory from foreign occupation. First, we must remove the strangler from our throat".
However, some of his moves - like his refusal to deal firmly with culprits of the Beer Hall Putsch - alienated the Social Democrats. They left the coalition and caused its collapse on 23 November 1923. Stresemann remained as Foreign Minister in the government of his successor, Centrist Wilhelm Marx. He remained foreign minister for the rest of his life in eight successive governments ranging from the centre-right to the centre-left.

As Foreign Minister, Stresemann had numerous achievements. His first notable achievement was the Dawes Plan of 1924, which reduced Germany's overall reparations commitment and reorganized the Reichsbank.