Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The people get very scared and build fences, land mines, and guns. After a while they get less scared and think that the Grendel they killed was the only one. They build boats and get brave. Then another bigger Grendel kills some of the people in the boats. The People trap and kill this Grendel.

The People get really mad. They find out that Grendels have to stay near water because when a Grendel moves fast it makes a lot of heat. If it does not cool off it will die. They go all around the island and kill all the Grendels. This makes them very happy.

They feel safe and travel all around the island. They notice that the alien fish are big now. They think that without the Grendels around there will be lots of fish to eat. This makes them happy.

Everything is good until the fish get very big. When they get big enough they grow legs, breath air, and move very fast. The fish are baby Grendels. Now instead of a few big Grendels there are thousands of small ones.
Some people escape to the space ship. But, other stay to defend the town. They use the electric fences and land mines and guns to kill the little Grendels. After awhile the town gets too damaged to protect anymore. The people run away to a cave on a mountain. The Grendels follow them up a river and attack the cave. The people use kerosene to burn the Grendels. Also, they knock big rocks down onto them. After enough Grendels get killed, the other Grendels learn to run away instead of just attack. The people win.

Over time the people hunt down all the new Grendels and all the alien fish. Finally they are safe.

1987 books
American science fiction books
xkcd is a comic strip on the Internet. American cartoonist Randall Munroe draws and writes the comic. The comic is drawn in boxes. It is one of the most popular comics on the Internet. It is "a webcomic of romance, sarcasm, math and language". Sometimes, the readers of the comic act out things that Munroe puts in his comics. There are also messages in all comics that show up when moused over. In October 2007, the comic was viewed about 60 million times. The comic has won many awards. The name "xkcd" does not mean anything and was just made so people do not say it as a word.  there are more than 2400 different xkcd comics.

In November 2015, Munroe wrote a book named Thing Explainer,  using the same stick figure drawings from his comic. The book is about how things work, and is written in Simple English. It uses only one thousand different simple words. The idea for it came from a comic "Up goer Five" which is about the Saturn V rocket.

References 

Notes
References 

Notes

Other websites 
 Main site
 A site for explaining the comics of xkcd

Webcomics
Lamar Advertising is an outdoor advertising company. The company was founded in the year 1902. The company's headquarters is in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Lamar operates in the United States of America, Canada and Puerto Rico. They sell advertising on billboards. They sell advertising on buses. They have digital billboards.

Departments 
Lamar has many parts called "departments". This is common in most companies. Here are some parts of Lamar.
 IT (it stands for Information Technology)
 Human Resources
 National Sales
 Plants (this is what Lamar calls its offices)

Other websites 
 Lamar

1902 establishments in the United States
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Companies based in Louisiana
20th-century establishments in Louisiana
Carl Pomerance (born 1944, Joplin, Missouri) is a mathematician. Most of his work has been in number theory. He helped find the quadratic sieve which is a way to factor big numbers very fast. He teaches at Dartmouth College. He has Erdős number 1.

References

1944 births
Living people

Scientists from Missouri
People from Joplin, Missouri
American number theorists
University College London (UCL) is a large university in London. It is the largest college of the federal University of London. As well as undergraduate teaching, it is one of the largest research universities in the country.

UCL was founded in 1826 as 'University College'. It was the first university institution to be founded in London and the first in England to be established on an entirely secular (non-religious) basis. It admits students regardless of their religious beliefs. UCL was also the first admit women on equal terms with men. University College became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London in 1836.

UCL has over 100 departments, institutes and research centres in eight faculties. Its main campus is in the Bloomsbury area of central London. There are also a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London.
It has grown through mergers. These include the Institute of Neurology (in 1997), the Royal Free Hospital Medical School (in 1998), the Eastman Dental Institute (in 1999), the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (in 1999), the School of Pharmacy (in 2012) and the Institute of Education (in 2014).

History 
The original University College was based largely on ideas of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), a lawyer, social philosopher and free-thinker. Bentham believed in libertarianism, utilitarianism, women's suffrage, and the separation of church and state. These are beliefs of liberalism. The college was unique in that it was secular, and was called "that Godless institution in Gower Street".

University College was founded on 11 February 1826, under the name London University, as a secular alternative to the strictly Anglican universities of Oxford and Cambridge. It was founded from the beginning as a university, not a college or institute.
However, its founders got such strong opposition from the Church of England that it prevented them from getting the Royal Charter needed for the award of degrees. King's College London was specifically founded to provide an Anglican rival to UCL. It was not until 1836, when the latter-day University of London was established, that University College was legally recognised and granted the power to award degrees of the University of London.

Research 
UCL has over 7,000 academic and research staff and 840 professors, the highest number of any British university. There are currently 56 Fellows of the Royal Society, 51 Fellows of the British Academy, 15 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 121 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences amongst UCL academic and research staff.
UCL is a major centre for biomedical research; it is part of three of the 12 biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England and is a founding member of UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe.

For the period 1999 to 2009 it was the 13th most-cited university in the world (and the most-cited in Europe). There has been at least one Nobel Prize winner from UCL every decade since the establishment of the Nobel Prizes in 1901. There are 29 Nobel Prize winners and three Fields Medalists amongst UCL’s alumni and current and former staff, the most recent being Sir Charles Kao, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009.
UCL is a member of the G5, the League of European Research Universities, the Russell Group, and other national and international groups. It forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities.

UCL had a total income of £762 million in 2009/10, of which £275 million was from research grants and contracts.
The UCL School of Energy and Resources is based in Adelaide, Australia.
UCL includes world-renowned centres for architecture (UCL Bartlett) and fine art (UCL Slade School)

References 

1826 establishments
University of London
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden
1820s establishments in England
Carnegie Mellon University is a research university. It is in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is known for research in computer science. It is ranked #1 in the United States for computer science.

References

Association of American Universities
Colleges and universities in Pennsylvania
1900 establishments in the United States
Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords is an adventure puzzle video game made by Infinite Interactive and published by D3 Publisher in 2007.

Puzzle video games
2007 video games
A migraine is a medical condition which usually causes a pounding, throbbing headache on one side of the head. The pain may be very bad and hurt so much that a person may have a hard time doing anything. While most people who have migraines get a headache, not everyone does. There are different kinds of migraines, and some do not cause a headache but do have other symptoms.

Most migraines cause a headache and nausea and might make the person dizzy or very sensitive to bright lights or loud noises. Some people have "auras" before a migraine starts, which means their ability to see becomes different. They may see funny patterns, have blurry vision, or may not be able to see at all. Other senses can change before or during a migraine, and the person may sense funny smells or tastes. Migraines can last a long time. Migraines usually last between four and 72 hours.
Migraines have been classified, based on how often they happen in a month: If a person has a headache for less than fifteen days, the migraine is called episodic migraine (EM).  If it happens more than fifteen days, it is called chronic migraine (CM). Chronic means it happens over a long amount of time. Some people who start off getting episodic migraines may start to get chronic migraines later. Chronic migraine then may revert or go back to episodic migraine.

Scientists have discovered that something called CGRP is the cause of migraines. CGRP stands for "calcitonin gene-related peptide". CGRP is a protein that causes migraines when it is released around the brain. What CGRP does, is that it causes a lot of inflammation in the meninges, a covering above the brain.
There are different risk factors which make a person more likely to have migraines. Being a female is a risk factor, and so is having family members who had migraines. For a person who has migraines, there are different trigger factors which may set off a migraine attack. In a large group of females who have migraines, one of the main trigger factors is when the amount of the hormone estrogen in their body either drops too low or fluctuates (goes up and down).

The World Health Organization says that migraine headache is the most costly brain problem for treatment and disability in the European Union and the United States.

Types
Migraine with aura
 Acephalgic migraine, also called a silent migraine, is a kind of migraine with aura but without the head pain. This type of migraine usually starts sometime during middle-age, which is after a person is 40 years old, and becomes more common as a person gets older. Unlike other migraines, males have acephalgic migraines more often then females do.
 Basilar-type migraine is a type of migraine with aura that causes headache usually in the occipital region of the brain with neurological symptoms that is believed to come from the brainstem, occipital cortex, and cerebellum and/or affects both hemispheres of the brain at the same time. Most people who have basilar-type migraine also experience migraines with aura without the basilar symptoms. This type of migraine usually more common in people under age 20 and young females.
Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a type of migraine with aura that also may cause paralysis on one side of the body.  When the migraine stops, the person can move normally again.
 Retinal migraine has repeated times of vision loss in one eye, that may happen before or during a headache. People who have retinal migraines usually have a history of having one of the other more common types of migraine.
Migraine without aura
 Menstrual migraine or catamenial migraine is a type of migraine that happens perimenstrually, which means around the time of menstruation during a woman's monthly menstrual cycle. Menstrual migraine is  usually a migraine without aura, but sometimes a menstrual migraine with aura happens.  About 7%-14% of women have migraines exclusively at the time of menstruation.  These are considered true menstrual migraines. Most female migraneurs experience migraine attacks at all times during the menstrual cycle, with an increased number perimenstrually.  These are referred to as menstrually related or menstrually triggered migraine. Both true menstrual migraines and menstrually related migraines are categorized under menstrual migraine.
 The role of estrogen
Estrogen is a hormone that is mostly made in a woman's ovaries. There are three types of estrogen: estrone, estradiol and estriol. In women who have migraines it is usually connected with their menstruation cycle. About 60% of women have these menstrual or menstrually-related migraines and the main trigger is believed to be reduced circulating estrogen levels, i.e. the amount of estrogen in the body, specifically estradiol. In some cases, fluctuation (going up and down) in the amount of circulating estrogen levels may trigger a migraine, i.e. not only too little but sometimes too much estrogen may trigger a migraine.
Childhood periodic syndromes

Childhood periodic syndromes are a group of migraine syndromes that children may have. When a child has one of these child periodic syndromes there is a greater chance that they will get one of the other, more common types of migraines when they become adults.

Abdominal migraine is a kind of migraine which causes a very bad pain in the area of the abdomen, usually around the 'belly-button' which is called the periumbilical area. Abdominal migraine usually affects children starting at about age 7, but it may affect younger children and older children, and it may also sometimes affect adults.

Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood (BPVC for short): (this means harmless dizziness, that happens again and again and happens suddenly) is a medical condition which occurs in children usually starting between two and five years of age; it often disappears by the age of eight. BPVC causes vertigo.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome or cyclical vomiting syndrome (CVS), is a medical condition whose main symptoms are nausea and repeated vomiting. CVS happens more often in children, but it can occur at any age.

Chronic vs. episodic migraine

Episodic migraine (EM) is when a person has migraine symptoms for 14 days or less in one month, while chronic migraine (CM) is when a person has migraine symptoms for 15 or more days in one month. When compared to persons with episodic migraine, those with CM where less likely to have full-time jobs and had a larger risk of headache-related disability. Persons with CM are almost twice as likely to have anxiety, chronic pain, and/or depression; they also have a 40% greater chance of having heart disease and angina and are 70% more likely to have a history of stroke.
About 7.68% of total migraine cases are chronic migraines and about 1% of people in the United States have CM, with a higher rate among females, middle-aged people, and in those households that had the lowest annual income. (The American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study)

Aura

Aura (from the Greek word for breeze) is the word used to describe a series of neurological symptoms that may begin before an epileptic seizure or a migraine headache. About 15% of people who have a migraine will have the kind with an aura. The symptoms may include visual problems such as scotomas (losing vision for a short time, seeing zig-zag lines or floating spots etc.), vertigo, a ringing noise in the ears (tinnitus) and problems speaking.
Scotoma (came from the Greek word for darkness: skotos): a blind spot or area of reduced vision surrounded by a normal visual field. i.e.: A person can see normally except where the scotoma is. Scotomas may affect one or both eyes and be either and be either absolute where nothing can be seen within the scotoma or, relative with some ability to see within the area of the scotoma.

Scotomas may also have different patterns and shapes like the fortification scotoma; it is called fortification because it looks like the outline of an old fort. Scotomas can start of small and then get bigger, move around to different parts of a person's visual field, and they can also look like flickering lights.

Risk factors and triggers
In medicine a factor is a substance, a condition or an activity, or a lack thereof that increases the chance of a certain outcome or condition happening. If it increases the chance of something unhealthy it is a risk factor. A trigger factor or 'trigger' for short is a factor that may cause an activity or the signs and/or symptoms of a medical condition to begin.
Risk factors
 Gender: Women are three times more likely to have migraine headaches than men.
 Family history: A person has more of a chance of getting migraines if one of their parents has had them. The International Headache Consortium are doctors from a lot of different countries who study headaches and what causes them. They have found four genetic variations - these are differences in a persons genes - that are risk factors for migraine without aura in people who have these differences. Two of these genetic variations had already been shown to play a role in migraine with aura.
 Hormonal changes
 Obesity: has shown to be a risk factor for chronic migraine not episodic migraine.
Triggers
 Dietary habits: fasting, dehydration, or skipping meals.
Diet: Eating certain foods such as those that contain tyramine which is found in certain foods and is the end result of the natural breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. Various food contain tyramine such as aged cheeses, smoked fish, some kinds of beer. Tyramine as a trigger for migraine is thought to effect less than 10% of people with migraines.
Diagnosis

There are no specific tests to diagnose migraine but a doctor may use different tests to rule out other causes for a person's symptoms. The diagnosis of migraine is a clinical diagnosis which means it is based upon a person's medical history that a person reports to the doctor. The medical history for a possible migraine diagnosis which can be called the headache history includes information such as:
 Does anyone else in the person's family have medical problems. If so what kind?
 What are all the symptoms you have?
 At what age did the symptoms first start?
 How often do the headaches and/or other symptoms occur?
 How long do the symptoms last?
 Where is the pain? Unilateral: either left or right side of the head - bilateral: both left and right sides
Differential diagnoses
Differential diagnoses are different medical disorders which may cause the same symptoms. Before a doctor makes a final diagnosis, which means they are sure of what medical disorder is causing the problem, they think of what other medical conditions have the same or almost the same symptoms, and make sure it's not one of them.
 Brain tumor
 Cluster headache
 Sinusitis
 Stroke
 Subarachnoid hemorrhage
 Tension headache
 Vascular pathologies: medical conditions that effect the vascular system such as arteriovenous malformation

Disorders that often occur with migraine
Often, having one medical condition makes it more likely a person will also have one or more other medical or psychiatric disorders. These other disorders are the "comorbid disorders" or "comorbidities". There are various comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions associated with migraines. The treatment and prognosis (if a disease gets better, worse or stays the same over time) of migraine  is affected by the comorbid disorders which may be present and/or the chance of getting comorbid disorders.
Asthma

Raynaud’s disease: is a circulatory disorder in which the smaller arteries that supply blood to the extremities - most often the hands, but it may also affect the, toes, the tip of the nose and the ears - become narrower reducing blood flow. This causes the extremities to become numb and to be cooler than the core body temperature. It can be triggered by exposure to stress and cold.
Epilepsy
Fibromyalgia

Comorbid psychiatric conditions
Major depressive disorder
Anxiety
Bipolar disorder
Complications of migraine
In medicine, a complication is a problem that happens because of, a procedure (like surgery), treatment (like medication), or illness (like migraines).
 Chronic migraine
 Status migrainosus is the term used to describe a severe migraine attack which lasts more than 72 hours straight.
 Persistent aura without stroke
 Migraine stroke
 Migraine-triggered seizures

Epidemiology

In medicine epidemiology is the study of what causes diseases and medical conditions, how often they happen, where they happen and who they happen to.

Migraine is more common among boys than girls until the beginning of puberty when girls start getting migraines more often than boys. By the later part of the teenage years girls get migraines almost twice as much as boys do. The number of people who get migraines is highest between the ages of 25 to 55 years in both men and women, after which, the risk of getting migraines get lower as a person gets older.
Between 65-75% of adult migraine sufferers are women and of these women, about two-thirds have menstrual migraines. Migraines are more common in people who make less money, there may be different reasons why such as stress.

About two-thirds of migraines are migraines without aura and the remaining one-third of cases are migraine with aura.

History
Symptoms that mimic those of migraines have been recorded in various cultures throughout written history. The first known mention was found on cuneiform tablets from Babylonia dating to 2000-1880 B.C.E. A treatment for migraine can be found in the Ebers Papyrus, an Ancient Egyptian medical text named after George Ebers, the  German Eygptologist who discovered them. In the ancient text dated to 1552 B.C.E. migraine is refereed to as "suffering in half the head".

The Ancient Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia's description of a type of headache he dubbed heterocrania is considered a description of migraine.

References

 
Pain
Syndromes
Joshua Winslow "Josh" Groban (born February 27, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, actor, and record producer. He has won many Tony and Grammy awards throughout his career, including one for Natasha, Pierre and the great Comet of 1812. He is playing Sweeney Todd now.

Early life and education 
Groban was born in Los Angeles, California, to Jack Groban, a businessman, and Lindy Groban (née Johnston), a school teacher. His father is a descendant of Jewish immigrants from Poland and Ukraine, but converted from Judaism to Christianity upon marrying his mother. His mother's ancestry includes English, German, and Norwegian; one of her own grandfathers had also been Jewish. His parents are Episcopalians.
Groban first sang in public when he was in the seventh grade. His music teacher chose him to sing a solo of "S'wonderful" at the school's cabaret night, where he sang alone on stage for the first time. At this time, he was more focused on acting, playing Tevye in his high school's production of Fiddler on the Roof. In the summers of 1997 and 1998, he also attended the Interlochen Center for the Arts Camp in Michigan, majoring in musical theater, and began taking vocal lessons. He went on to attend the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts as a theater major and graduated in 1999. He was admitted to and briefly attended Carnegie Mellon University, intent on studying musical theater. Four months into his first semester, Groban was offered a recording contract and left college to pursue a singing career.
He is playing Sweeney Todd, and he claims to be a pescetarian… because of meat pies

References
References

1981 births
Living people
American songwriters
American musicians
Singers from Los Angeles
Grammy Award winners
The following is a listing of well-known bastides; it is not complete.
 Ariège : Campagne-sur-Arize, La Bastide-de-Besplas, La Bastide-de-Bousignac, La Bastide-de-Lordat, La Bastide-du-Salat, La Bastide-de-Sérou, La Bastide-sur-l'Hers, Mazères, Mirepoix, Montjoie-en-Couserans, Rimont, Roquefixade, Tarascon-sur-Ariège, Villeneuve-d'Olmes, Villeneuve-du-Bosc, Villeneuve-du-Paréage.

 Aude : Arques, Belpech, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Chalabre, Labastide-d'Anjou, Labastide-de-Coulomat, Labastide-d'en-Richard, Labastide-en-Val, Labastide-Esparbairenque, Lignairolles, Molandier, Ribouisse, Saint-Denis, Saint-Louis, Salles-sur-l'Hers.

 Aveyron : La Bastide-l'Évêque, Najac, Réquista, Sauveterre-de-Rouergue, Villecomtal, Villefranche-de-Panat, Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Villeneuve-d'Aveyron.

 Cantal : Aurillac, Maurs, Montsalvy (Sauvetés).

 Charente-Maritime : Talmont-sur-Gironde.
Dordogne : Beaumont-du-Périgord, Beauregard-et-Bassac, Bénévent, Domme, Eymet, Fonroque, Lalinde, Molières, Monestier, Monpazier, Puyguilhem, Roquepine, Saint-Aulaye, Saint-Barthélemy-de-Bellegarde, Saint-Louis-en-l'Isle, Tocane, Vergt, Villefranche-de-Lonchat, Villefranche-du-Périgord.

 Haute-Garonne : Aignes, Alan, Beauchalot, Blajan, Bouloc, Boulogne-sur-Gesse, Boussens, Buzet-sur-Tarn, Calmont, Carbonne, Cazères, Gaillac-Toulza, Grenade, Labastide-Beauvoir, Labastide-Clermont, Lavelanet-de-Comminges, Le Fousseret, Le Plan, Léguevin, Lestelle-de-Saint-Martory, Mondilhan, Montastruc-la-Conseillère, Montesquieu-Volvestre, Montgeard, Montmaurin, Montréjeau, Nailloux, Nénigan, Palaminy, Plagne, Plaisance-du-Touch, Revel, Rieumes, Saint-Félix-Lauragais, Saint-Lys, Saint-Sulpice-sur-Lèze, Salles-sur-Garonne, Valentine, Villefranche-de-Lauragais, Villeneuve-de-Rivière, Villenouvelle.
Gers :  Aujan, Aurimont, Barcelonne-du-Gers, Barran, Bassoues, Beaucaire, Beaumarchés, Cazaubon, Cologne, Fleurance, Fourcès, Gimont, Jegun, Labastide-Savès, Lannepax, Lias-d'Armagnac, Marciac, Marguestau, Masseube, Miélan, Miradoux, Mirande, Monfort, Monguilhem, Montréal-du-Gers, Mourède, Pavie, Plaisance, Réjaumont, Saint-Clar, Seissan, Solomiac, Valence-sur-Baïse, Villefranche-d'Astarac. 

 Gironde : Blasimon, Cadillac, Créon, Libourne, Monségur, Pellegrue, Sainte-Gemme, Sainte-Foy-la-Grande, Sauveterre-de-Guyenne.

 Landes : Arouille, Betbezer-d'Armagnac, Bonnegarde, Buanes, Cazères-sur-l'Adour, Coudures, Duhort-Bachen, Geaune-en-Tursan, Grenade-sur-l'Adour, Hastingues, Hontanx, Labastide-Chalosse, Labastide-d'Armagnac, Mauvezin-d'Armagnac, Miramont-Sensacq, Montégut, Montfort-en-Chalosse, Pimbo, Port-de-Lanne, Rondebœuf, Roquefort, Saint-Gein, Saint-Justin, Saint-Sever, Sarron, Sorde-l'Abbaye, Souprosse, Toulouzette, Villenave, Villeneuve-de-Marsan.
Lot : Beauregard, Bretenoux, Castelfranc, Cazals, Labastide-du-Haut-Mont, Labastide-du-Vert, Labastide-Marnhac, Labastide-Murat, Montcabrier, Montfaucon, Puybrun, Rudelle.

 Lot-et-Garonne : Aiguillon, Castelnaud-de-Gratecambe, Castelnau-sur-Gupie, Castillonnès, Caudecoste, Damazan, Durance, Francescas, Granges-sur-Lot, Hautesvignes, Labastide-Castel-Amouroux, Lagruère, Lamontjoie, Laparade, Lavardac, Lévignac-de-Guyenne, Miramont-de-Guyenne, Monclar-d'Agenais, Monflanquin, Montpezat, Montpouillan, Nicole, Puymirol, Sainte-Livrade-sur-Lot, Saint-Pastour, Saint-Pé-de-Boulogne, Saint-Sardos, Saint-Sauveur-de-Meilhan, Sérignac-sur-Garonne, Tournon-d'Agenais, Vianne, Villefranche-du-Queyran, Villeneuve-sur-Lot, Villeréal.

 Pyrénées-Atlantiques : Ainhoa, Asson, Bellocq, Bougarber, Bruges, Cardesse, Etcharry, Gan, Garlin, Navarrenx, La Bastide-Clairence, Labastide-Monréjeau, Labastide-Villefranche, Lestelle-Bétharram, Montaut, Navarrenx, Nay, Rébénacq.
Hautes-Pyrénées : Castelbajac, Lannemezan, Lubret-Saint-Luc, Montgaillard, Peyrouse, Rabastens-de-Bigorre, Saint-Martin, Sère-Rustaing, Tournay, Trie-sur-Baïse, Vidalos.

 Tarn : Arthès, Beauvais, Brens, Briatexte, Castelnau-de-Lévis, Castelnau-de-Montmiral, Cordes, Damiatte, Florentin, Labastide-de-Lévis, Labastide-Dénat ou Labastide-Dupuy, Labastide-Rouairoux, Labastide-Saint-Georges, Labessière-Candeil, Lisle-sur-Tarn, Pampelonne, Réalmont, Saint-Gauzens, Saint-Sulpice-la-Pointe, Saint-Urcisse, Técou, Valence-d'Albigeois, Villefranche-d'Albigeois, Villeneuve-sur-Vère, Viterbe, Viviers-les-Montagnes. 

 Tarn-et-Garonne : Albias, Angeville, Beaumont-de-Lomagne, Castelsagrat, Caumont, Cordes-Tolosannes, Donzac, Dunes, Labastide-Saint-Pierre, Labastide-du-Temple, Lafrançaise, Larrazet, Mirabel, Molières, Monclar-de-Quercy, Montalzat, Montech, Montjoi, Nègrepelisse, Réalville, Saint-Sardos, Septfonds, Valence-d'Agen, Verdun-sur-Garonne, Verfeil-sur-Seye, Verlhac-Tescou.

 Haute-Vienne : Masléon
Slip End is a medium sized village in South Bedfordshire, England. There is one school in the village - Slip End Lower School serving the community and surrounding areas from Reception to Year 4 Children.

There are two community venues in the village:

The Village Hall is at the centre of the village.
Peter Edwards Hall and playing fields is adjacent to the Church, St Andrews, next to the M1 motorway.

Other websites 
Slip End official website

Villages in Bedfordshire
Alex Fraser can be any of the following:

Alex Fraser (scientist), Australian scientist
Alex Fraser (politician), Canadian politician
Alex Fraser Bridge
A network bridge is a device which connects two parts of a network together at the data link layer (layer 2 of the OSI model). 

Network bridges work similarly to network switches, but the traffic is managed differently. A bridge will only send traffic from one side to the other if it is going to a destination on the other side. This is different to a layer 1 switch which sends all traffic from either side. Sometimes network bridges are called layer 2 switches. 

Since they need to look at the contents of the traffic going into them, they are much more complicated than a hub or repeater.

How is it different to a switch? 
Network Switches and Bridges are both Layer 2 devices. They  operate at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI Reference Model. Network Switches and Bridges have many similarities and similar  function. But Switches are considered as superior devices than bridges.

Following are the major differences between  network switches and bridges.
• Packet forwarding in Bridges are performed using software. Packet forwarding in Switches are performed using ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits).

• Switches operate comparatively higher speeds that Bridges.

• Method of switching of a Bridge is store and forward. Method  of switching of a Switch can be store and forward, cut-through or fragment-free.

• Normally a Switch has more ports than a Bridge.

• Bridges can operate only in half duplex mode, but a Switch can operate both in half duplex or full duplex mode.

• Both Bridge and Switch has one collision domain per port, but switches have one broadcast domain per VLAN.

• Switches support full-duplex Local Area Network (LAN) communication.

Related pages
 Shortest Path Bridging

Computer networking
Alex Fraser (1923–2002) was an Australian computer scientist. He helped develop the modelling of population genetics on computers.  His work made an impact on how we view evolutionary systems today.

1923 births
2002 deaths
Australian scientists
Scientists from London
Computer scientists
The Great Northern War (1700–1721), was a war fought between Sweden and the coalition of Russia, Saxony, Poland, and Denmark-Norway. In 1715 Prussia and Hannover joined the war against Sweden. The King of Hannover was also King George II of Great Britain.

After the coalition attacked them, Sweden invaded Russia in 1709 which was not a good idea. The Russian Army retreated  so the Swedish Army had to chase them. When winter came it was the coldest winter that Europe had had in a hundred years and half of the Swedish soldiers died in the cold. Eventually the Swedish army caught up to the Russian army and they had a battle, called the battle of Poltava. Russia won the battle but most of the Swedish soldiers, including king Charles XII of Sweden, escaped and went to the Ottoman Empire. Peter, the king of Russia, didn't like this so he declared war on the Ottoman Empire.  He lost and had to give the town of Azov back to the Ottomans.
Charles XII left the Ottoman Empire in 1714 and went to Stralsund in Pomerania which was owned by Sweden at the time but was under siege.  Charles escaped back to Sweden just before the people in Stralsund surrendered. Then he invaded Norway (which was owned by Denmark at the time.) and was shot and killed there. With their king gone, the Swedish soldiers left Norway and went back to Sweden. On the way back many soldiers died.
When all that was happening Russia had been invading Sweden. Russia conquered  Estonia, Livonia and Ingria. By the time the remaining soldiers had come back from Norway, Russia had completely conquered Finland. Sweden still didn't want peace though, because they would have to give lots of land to Russia. Russia used a newly made fleet of ships to attack and raid the Swedish Coast and Sweden would still not give up.  Eventually the Russian and Swedish ships came together in the Battle of Grengam. Both sides thought they had won the battle so no treaty was signed until the Russians continued using their boats to damage the Swedish coast. Finally Sweden gave up in 1721. Sweden had made peace with Denmark in 1720 and in 1721 Sweden signed the treaty of Nystad.
Treaties 
In the Treaty of Nystad Sweden had to give land to other countries. Sweden had to give Estonia, Livonia and Ingria to Russia but could keep Finland. Sweden also signed other treaties. These were the treaty of Stockholm where Sweden gave Prussia Swedish Pomerania and the treaty of Fredericksborg where Sweden had to pay Denmark-Norway money for the damage the war had done.

This war was significant because it allowed Russia to become the dominant power in Northeastern Europe, instead of Sweden.

Wars involving Russia
1700s in Europe
18th-century conflicts
1710s in Europe
CentOS is a distribution (or distro) of Linux that is made to be similar to Red Hat. It was first made because the company that made Red Hat stopped making it free. Now, many people work on CentOS, and many more people use it on their computers. Often, CentOS is used on servers (computers which provide services to people or other computers) because it is stable (does not break often) and can be installed (put on a computer) in not much time, compared to other distributions such as Gentoo. On December 8th 2020, The CentOS Project announced the end of CentOS as it was previously known and announced CentOS Stream. AlmaLinux and Rocky Linux among others now provide 1:1 binary compatible releases with RHEL and the original CentOS. The original CentOS will reach end of life December 2021.

Other websites 
 Official website

Linux distributions
David Jon Gilmour CBE (born 6 March 1946) is an English musician, record producer, songwriter. He is most famous for being a guitarist, singer and songwriter in the rock band Pink Floyd. Along with being in Pink Floyd, he has worked as a record producer for other musicians. Gilmour has also recorded and released albums as a solo performer.

Gilmour has always been active with many different charities. He was appointed CBE in 2003 for services to both music and for his charity work.

In 1996, Gilmour was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pink Floyd.

In 2003, Gilmour was listed at number 82 in Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" 

 Discography 
 David Gilmour (1978)
 About Face (1984)
 On an Island (2006)
 Live in Gdańsk (2008)
 Rattle That Lock (2015)
 Live at Pompeii'' (2017)

Notes
Notes 

1946 births
Living people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English guitarists
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Cambridge
Pink Floyd
Progressive rock singers
Atheists
Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat. Metals are good at heat conduction. The thermal conductivity of a material is a defining property that aids in the development of effective heating/cooling technologies. A value for thermal conductivity can be determined by measuring the rate at which heat can pass through a material. 

Thermal resistivity is the opposite of thermal conductivity. This means not conducting heat much. Materials with high resistivity are called "thermal insulators" and are used in clothing, thermoses, home insulation, and cars to keep people warm or in refrigerators, freezers, and thermoses to keep things cold.
Thermal conductivity is often represented by the Greek letter "kappa", .  The units of thermal conductivity are watts per meter-kelvin.  Watts are a measure of power, meters are a measure of length, and kelvins are a measure of temperature.  From the units, we can see that thermal conductivity is a measure of how much power moves through a distance due to a temperature difference.

Some great thermal insulators are:
Vacuum, Aerogel, Polyurethane

Some great thermal conductors are:
Silver, Copper, Diamond

Silver is one of the most thermally conductive materials (and is relatively common), and because of this there are some cool experiments you can do with silver that show extremely well how thermal conduction works.
One example is when you put 2 spoons in boiling water, one spoon is steel and the other is silver. When you take the spoons out of the boiling water, the silver spoon is hotter than the steel spoon. The reason for this is that silver conducts heat better than steel. The silver spoon will also cool off faster because of this, as it is better at releasing heat.

Another example of silver's thermal conductivity is to put different materials on ice cubes.  An iron washer will just sit on the ice and slowly become colder.  A copper penny will melt through the ice cube and become colder faster.  A silver coin, spoon, or ring on the ice cube will sink into it almost as though the ice cube were made of thick syrup, and the silver will become ice cold almost instantly.  Again, this is because the silver is really good at drawing heat from the air and giving it to the ice cube.  Copper is also good at this, but not as much as silver.

Thermodynamics
A hydride is a compound with hydrogen bonded to other elements. Except for a few of the Noble gases, all of the elements in the periodic table can form hydrides. The properties of hydrides can be very different, but some of the hydrides have similar properties. 

Metallic hydrides: compounds with ionic bonding. They are very reactive, making them difficult to dissolve. Most alkali metals and alkaline earth metals form ionic hydrides.

Metallic or Interstitial hydrides: These have metallic properties like good electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. They are called interstitial because hydrogen can enter the metallic lattice (framework of metal atoms). Metallic hydrides are mostly formed from the metals in the groups 3 to 5 of the periodic table. Some of these are used in the nickel metal-hydride battery.
Covalent hydrides: These have covalent bonds between hydrogen and the other element. Most of the p-block elements form covalent hydrides. Many of these hydrides are unstable in air or water or when heated. Hydrocarbons are the hydrides of carbon, ammonia is a hydride of nitrogen, and water is a hydride of oxygen.

References

Hydrogen compounds
Ions
Horse the Band is an American hardcore rock band from Lake Forest, California that was started in 1999. They are famous for using video-game style music in their songs.

Members

Current 
 Nathan Winneke - vocals (2003-present)
 David Isen - guitars, (1999-present)
 Erik Engstrom - keyboard (1999-present)
 Daniel Pouliot - drums, (2008-present)

Former 
 Dashiell Han Arkenstone- bass (2005-2008)
 Eli Green – drums (2005-2006)
 Andy Stokes – bass (2001-2005) 
 Jason Karuza – drums, (1999-2003)
 Christopher Prophet - drums, (2007-2008)
 Adam Crook – vocals (1999-2003)

Discography

Albums 
 Secret Rhythm of the Universe (2001)
 R. Borlax (2003, Pluto Records)
 The Mechanical Hand (2005, Combat Records; re-release, 2007, Koch Records)
 A Natural Death (2007, Koch Records)
 Desperate Living (2009, Vagrant Records)

EPs 
 I Am a Small Wooden Statue on a Patch of Crabgrass Next to a Dried Up Riverbed (2001)
 Beautiful Songs by Men (2002)
 Pizza (2006, Combat Records / LIF Records)
DVDs 
 The Effing 69 World Tour tour footage (2004)

Demos 
 Scabies, The Kangarooster, and You (1999)
A hospice is a type of medical treatment that helps take care of people who are very sick and have an illness that they will not be able to heal from. People who stay in hospices are expected to die soon, but sometimes they get better. Hospices are different from other medicinal treatments because they mostly try to make people feel better instead of trying to cure them. Hospice tries to allow people to die with as little pain as possible. A member of the hospice team visits regularly, and someone is usually always available by phone — 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Hospice may be covered by Medicare.

Most hospice care is provided at home — with a family member typically serving as the primary caregiver. However, hospice care is also available at hospitals, nursing homes, assisted living facilities and dedicated hospice facilities.

Hospices have doctors, nurses, and other people who go to patients houses, nursing homes and hospitals to talk to people who want to use hospice medicine.
In the United States hospice treatment is a benefit provided by the federal government since 1982. Under the Medicare Hospice Benefit, a person certified by two physicians to have less than six months to live can get specialized hospice services through various insurance programs.

History 
The Hospice movement was started in England in the 1950s by a nurse named Dame Cicely Saunders. The word Dame at the start of her name means that she did such good work starting hospices that the Queen of England made her a female knight.

A different nurse named Florence Wald brought hospice medicine to the United States because she worked with Dame Cicely Saunders and liked what she did.

Types of Hospice Care 
There are four types of hospice care, and all of them focus on different stages of a patient’s needs.
In-Home Hospice : The first level of hospice care is in-home hospice, which means that hospice staff will come to a patient’s home to provide care. This type of hospice care is typically used in the early stages of hospice, helping patients transition from a hospital to their homes.
Continuous Care: The second level of hospice care is continuous care, which is in-home care with 24/7 support. With constant care, a patient has a member of hospice staff on hand at all times to help assist in symptom management.
Respite Care: The fourth and final level of hospice care is respite care. Respite care exists as a sort of hybrid between in-patient and in-home or continuous home care. The point of respite care is primarily to offer relief to caregivers. Especially for those with no medical background, becoming a primary caregiver to a hospice patient can be too physically taxing and emotionally draining. Respite care allows caregivers relief from the responsibility of having a hospice patient in their care for as many as five days and nights so they can rest.

References

Medicine
Death
Offa was the King of Mercia from 757 until his death in July 796. 
Many historians regard Offa as the most powerful Anglo-Saxon king before Alfred the Great. Offa died in 796 and was succeeded by his son, Ecgfrith, who reigned for less than five months before Coenwulf of Mercia became king.

King of Mercia 

Offa was the son of Thingfrith, a descendant of Eowa of Mercia. Eowa was a king of Mercia who ruled along with his more famous brother Penda of Mercia. In 757 the king of Mercia,Athelbald, was murdered. There was a short civil war between others claiming the throne. An ealdorman named Beornred took the throne of Mercia but Offa drove him out of Mercia and became king himself that same year. The alliances Athelbald had formed fell apart when Offa came to power. Offa had very little power outside of Mercia for the first several years of his reign.
Bretwalda (overlord) 
  
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle makes no mention of Offa for the years between 757—777. No Mercian chronicles from this time period have survived. Charters are the only records that give any idea of Offa's power outside of Mercia. But he proved to be ruthless, bold and creative in bringing Kent, Sussex and Essex under his control. Aethelbert the king of Kent was apparently under Offa's influence before he died in 762. In 794 another Aethelbert, a king in East Anglia was beheaded at Offa's command. When Egbert of Wessex made a bid for the throne of Wessex in 786 Offa had him banished from England. He made Beorhtric king of Wessex instead. Egbert was welcomed at the court of Charlemagne for at least three years. In charters Offa issued in Kent, East Anglia, Sussex and Middlesex he simply used the style Rex Merciorum (Latin for king of Mercia). Only in three church charters does he expand his title to indicate he is overlord of all of England.
Notes

References 

796 deaths
Kings and Queens of Mercia
730s births
The Higgs boson (or Higgs particle) is a particle in the Standard Model of physics. In the 1960s Peter Higgs was the first person to suggest that this particle might exist. On 14 March 2013, scientists at CERN confirmed for the first time that they had found a Higgs particle.

The Higgs particle is one of the 17 particles in the Standard Model, the model of physics which describes all known basic particles. The Higgs particle is a boson. Bosons are thought to be particles which are responsible for all physical forces. Other known bosons are the photon, the W and Z bosons, and the gluon. Scientists do not yet know how to combine gravity with the Standard Model.
The Higgs field is a fundamental field of crucial importance to particle physics theory. Unlike other known fields such as the electromagnetic field, the Higgs field takes the same non-zero value almost everywhere. The question of the Higgs field's existence was the last unverified part of the Standard Model of particle physics and, according to some, was "the central problem in particle physics".

It is difficult to detect the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson is very massive compared to other particles, so it does not last very long. There are usually no Higgs bosons around because it takes so much energy to make one. The Large Hadron Collider at CERN was built mainly for this reason. It speeds up two bunches of particles to almost light speed (travelling in opposite directions), before setting them on a path to collide with each other.
Higgs bosons obey the conservation of energy law, which states that no energy is created or destroyed, but instead can be transferred or change form. First, the energy starts out in the gauge boson that interacts with the Higgs field. This energy is in the form of kinetic energy as movement. After the gauge boson interacts with the Higgs field, it slows down. This slowing down reduces the amount of kinetic energy in the gauge boson. However, this energy is not destroyed. Instead, the energy from the motion goes into the field and is converted into mass-energy, which is the energy stored in mass. The mass created can become what we call a Higgs boson. The amount of mass created comes from Einstein's famous equation E=mc2, which states that mass is equal to a large amount of energy (for example, 1 kg of mass is equivalent to almost 90 quadrillion joules of energy—the same amount of energy used by the entire world in roughly an hour and a quarter in 2008)
. Since the amount of mass-energy created by the Higgs field is equal to the amount of kinetic energy that the gauge boson lost by slowing down, energy is conserved.
Higgs bosons are used in a variety of science fiction stories. The physicist Leon Lederman called it the "God particle" in 1993.

Discovery

On 12 December 2011,  the two teams at the Large Hadron Collider looking for the Higgs boson, ATLAS and CMS, announced that they had finally seen results which could suggest the Higgs boson existed; however, they did not know for certain if this was true.

On 4 July 2012, the teams at the Large Hadron Collider declared that they had discovered a particle which they think is the Higgs boson.

On 14 March 2013 the teams had done much more testing, and announced that they now think the new particle is a Higgs boson.

References

Notes

Other websites
 The Official Website of ATLAS Project, a leading Higgs Boson research project: 
 Higgs boson -Citizendium

Elementary particles