Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Modern English 
In the alphabet of Modern English, thorn (þ), eth (ð), wynn (ƿ), yogh (), ash (æ), and ethel (œ) do not exist. Latin borrowings reintroduced homographs of ash and ethel into Middle English and Early Modern English, though they are not thought to be the same letters but rather ligatures, and in any case are somewhat old-fashioned. Thorn and eth were both replaced by th, though thorn continued in existence for some time, its lowercase form becoming more and more difficult to tell  from the minuscule y in most handwriting. Y for th can still be seen in pseudo-archaisms (modern writings spelled to look like older words or phrases), such as "Ye Olde Booke Shoppe". The letters þ and ð are still used in present-day Icelandic while ð is still used in present-day Faroese. Wynn disappeared from English around the 14th century when it was supplanted by uu, which ultimately developed into the modern w. Yogh disappeared around the 15th century and was typically replaced by gh.
In the 16th century, the letters u and j were being written as letters distinct from v and i respectively, whereas before the former two letters were just different forms of the latter two letters. w also became its own letter, rather than be thought of as 2 different letters. With these changes, the English alphabet now has 26 letters:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 

The alternate lowercase form long s (ſ) lasted into early modern English, and was used in non-final position up to the early 19th century.

Proposed reforms 
Different alphabets have been proposed for written English –
mostly extending or replacing the basic English alphabet –
such as the Deseret alphabet, the Shavian alphabet, Gregg shorthand, etc.
Diacritics 
Diacritic marks (extra marks to help non-native speakers with pronunciation) mainly appear in loanwords such as naïve and façade. As such words become a normal part of English vocabulary, there is a tendency to remove the diacritics, as has happened with old borrowings such as hôtel, from French. Informal English writing tends to get rid of diacritics because of their absence from the keyboard, while professional copywriters and typesetters tend to include them, such as Microsoft Word. Words that are still thought to be foreign tend to keep them; for example, the only spelling of soupçon found in English dictionaries (the OED and others) uses the diacritic. Diacritics are also more likely to be kept where there would otherwise be confusion with another word (for example, résumé (or resumé) rather than resume), and, rarely, even added (as in maté, from Spanish yerba mate, but following the pattern of café, from French).
Sometimes, especially in older writing, diacritics are used to show the syllables of a word: cursed (verb) is pronounced with one syllable, while cursèd (adjective) is pronounced with two. È is used widely in poetry, e.g. in Shakespeare's sonnets. J.R.R. Tolkien uses ë, as in O wingëd crown. Similarly, while in chicken coop the letters -oo- represent a single vowel sound (a digraph), in outdated spellings such as zoölogist and coöperation, they represent two.  This use of the diaeresis is rarely seen, but is still used in the 2000s in some publications, such as MIT Technology Review and The New Yorker.

An acute, grave, or diaeresis may also be placed over an "e" at the end of a word to indicate that it is not silent, as in saké. In general, these markings are often not used even when they could ease some level of confusion.
Ampersand 
The & has sometimes appeared at the end of the English alphabet, like in Byrhtferð's list of letters in 1011. Historically, the figure is a ligature for the letters Et. In English and many other languages it is used to represent the word and and occasionally the Latin word et, as in the abbreviation &c (et cetera).

Apostrophe 
The apostrophe, while not considered part of the English alphabet, is used to contract, or shorten, English phrases. A few pairs of words, such as its (belonging to it) and it's (it is or it has), were (plural of was) and we're (we are), and shed (to get rid of) and she'd (she would or she had) are distinguished in writing only by having or not having an apostrophe. The apostrophe also distinguishes the possessive endings -'s and -s' from the common plural ending -s, a practice that began in the 18th century; before, all three endings were written -s, which could lead to confusion (as in, the Apostles words).
Letter names 
The names of the letters are rarely spelled out, except when used in compound words (for example tee-shirt, deejay, emcee, okay, aitchless, etc.), derived forms (for example exed out, effing, to eff and blind, etc.), and in the names of objects named after letters (for example em (space) in printing and wye (junction) in railroading). The forms listed below are from the Oxford English Dictionary. Vowels stand for themselves, and consonants usually have the form consonant + ee or e + consonant (e.g. bee and ef). The exceptions are the letters aitch, jay, kay, cue, ar, ess (but es- in compounds ), wye, and zed. Plurals of consonants end in -s (bees, efs, ems) or, in the cases of aitch, ess, and ex, in -es (aitches, esses, exes). Plurals of vowels end in -es (aes, ees, ies, oes, ues); these are rare. Of course, all letters may stand for themselves, generally in capitalized form (okay or OK, emcee or MC), and plurals may be based on these (aes or As, cees or Cs, etc.)
Some groups of letters, such as pee and bee, or em and en, are easily confused in speech, especially when heard over the telephone or a radio communications link.  Spelling alphabets such as the ICAO spelling alphabet, used by aircraft pilots, police and others, are made to get rid of this confusion by giving each letter a name that sounds quite different from any other.

Etymology 
The names of the letters are for the most part direct descendants of the Latin (and Etruscan) names through French.
The regular phonological developments (in rough chronological order) are:
 palatalization before front vowels of Latin  successively to , , and finally to Middle French . Affects C.
 palatalization before front vowels of Latin  to Proto-Romance and Middle French . Affects G.
 fronting of Latin  to Middle French , becoming Middle English  and then Modern English . Affects Q, U.
 the inconsistent lowering of Middle English  to . Affects R.
 the Great Vowel Shift, shifting all Middle English long vowels. Affects A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, K, O, P, T, and presumably Y.
Phonology 
The letters A, E, I, O, and U are considered vowel letters, since (except when silent) they represent vowels; the remaining letters are considered consonant letters, since when not silent they generally represent consonants. However, Y commonly represents vowels as well as a consonant (e.g., "myth"), as very rarely does W (e.g., "cwm"). Conversely, U and I sometimes represent a consonant (e.g., "quiz" and "onion" respectively).

W and Y are sometimes called semivowels by linguists.

Letter numbers and frequencies 
The letter most commonly used in English is E. The least used letter is Z.

The table below shows the frequency of letter usage in written English, although the frequencies change somewhat according to the type of text.

Related pages
 Alphabet song
 NATO phonetic alphabet
 English orthography
 English spelling reform
 American manual alphabet
 Two-handed manual alphabets
 English braille
 American braille
 New York Point

Notes

References 

Latin alphabet
English language
A bus lane or bus-only lane is a lane limited to buses, and are used to speed up public transport that otherwise would be held up by traffic congestion.

Some bus lanes can be used by Taxis, Motorcyclists and Cyclists at any time and some bus lanes can only be used before and after a certain time.

Gallery

Related pages
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Other websites

Bus transport
The ISO basic Latin alphabet is a version of the Latin alphabet and is made of two sets of 26 letters, the same as the English alphabet, codified in many different national and international standards and used widely in international communication.

The two sets contain the following 26 letters each:

References 

Latin alphabet
Little Canada is a city in Minnesota, United States. It has a population of 9,773 residents as of 2010.

Cities in Minnesota
New London is a city in Missouri in the United States.

Cities in Missouri
County seats in Missouri
Canadian is a city in Texas, United States.

Cities in Texas
County seats in Texas
Tamara Grigoryevna Miansarova (née Remnyova, ; 5 March 1931 – 12 July 2017) was a Soviet and Russian lyric soprano.pop singer and professor of Russian Academy of Theatre Arts, She best known for her hit May There Always Be Sunshine. She was born Kirovohrad, Soviet Union.

Miansarova died in Moscow of a pulmonary embolism on 12 July 2017 at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
 

1931 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
Soviet singers
Russian pop singers
Américo Ferreira Amorim (21 July 1934 – 13 July 2017) was a Portuguese heir and businessman. He was ranked by Forbes as the 385th richest person in the world in January 2015. His wealth was at $4.8 billion (July 2017) He was known for having a 50% interest in Corticeira Amorim. He was born in Mozelos, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal.

Amorim died on 13 July 2017 at his home in Grijo, Portugal after a short-illness, aged 82.

References

Other websites

1934 births
2017 deaths
Portuguese businesspeople
Billionaires
Disease-related deaths in Portugal
Vincent "Vince" Farrar (birth registered January→March 1947 – 13 July 2017) was an English professional rugby league footballer. He was born in Pontefract, England. He played in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, and coached in the 1980s.

Farrar played at representative level for Great Britain, England, and Yorkshire, and at club level for Featherstone Rovers (Captain) (Heritage № 451), Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, Hull F.C., and Sheffield Eagles during the era of contested scrums, was captain of Hull during the 1978–79 season, and 1979–80 season, and coaching at club level for Featherstone Rovers.

Farrar died on 13 July 2017 of oropharyngeal cancer in Sheffield, South Yorkshire at the age of 70.

References

1947 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from oropharyngeal cancer
Cancer deaths in England
English rugby union players
Joaquim Molins i Amat (9 February 1945 – 13 July 2017) was a Spanish politician. He was born in Barcelona. He was a member of the Congress of Deputies (1979–1986 and again from 1993–2000) and Parliament of Catalonia (1988–1993).

Molins died in Barcelona on 13 July 2017 of pancreatic cancer at the age of 72.

References

Other websites
 Información de Joaquim Molins en el Congreso de los Diputados 

1945 births
2017 deaths
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Cancer deaths in Spain
Spanish politicians
People from Barcelona
Khas people () are people of Indo-Iranian ethno-linguistic group. They are indigenous native speakers of Nepali language (Khas Kura; translit.Khas speech) which is an Indo-Iranian language. Khas people have been referred as Parbatiya and Pahari or Gorkhali. Khas are most dominant faction in Nepal. They are around 31% of Nepal but nearly two thirds of government officials. The word “Khas” is little used in modern times. Khas peoples call themselves by their group names such as Bahun, Kshetri, Sanyasi/Sannesi, Kami, Damai, etc.

History
Khas people have been described as of Indo-Iraian genes thus unrelated to darker Indic people of India. . Khas people consists of Bahun (Khas Brahmin), Chhetri & Thakuri (Khas Kshatriyas), Sanyasi, Kami, Damai, Gandharbha/Gaine, Badi and Sarki people. Many historians referred dominant Thakuri and Chhetri as Khas Rajputs.

Modern day

Khas people continue Hindu religion with some ancestral deity called Masto gods.

Khas family names
Khas family names

Bahun, Chhetri & Thakuri
Acharya, Adhikari, Arya, Aryal, Bam, Badola, Saun (Saud or Samant), Bagadwal, Baral, Basnet/Basnyat, Barmola, Bhandari, Bhattarai, Bista/Bisht, Bhatta, Bhetwal, Budhathoki, Chand, Chauhan, Chaulagain, Chhetri, Dahal, Dabral, Devkota, Dhakal, Dimri, Dhungel, Dobhal/Doval, Dobriyal, Dulal, Gautam, Gusain, Ghimire, Joshi,  Kalauni, Karki, Kattel, Katuwal, Kandari, Kukreti, Khand, Khadka, Khanal, Khatri/K.C., Koirala, Kunwar, Lohani, Oli, Mainali, Negi, Nautiyal, Nouni, Pathak, Panta, Pandey, Hamal, Malla, Mamgain Poudel/Paudyal/Poudar(hill), Pokharel, Rana, Ranabhat, Rawat, Rautela, Raturi, Rijal, Regmi, Rimal, Sitoula, Sapkota, Shah, Sen, Shahi, Silwal, Semwal, Sharma, Singh, Thakur/Thakuri, Thapa, Thapliyal, Upreti, Upadhyay, Wagle, Wasti, Air, Aidi, Kandwal, khadayat, kathayat, pela, bhat, ter, bohra, pali, budal, chaisir, danga, rawal, pujara, mahat, mahra etc.
(Dasnami)
Puri, Saraswati, Bharati: Bhaveswa
Tirtha, Ashram: Adhigata
Ban, Aranya: Kashyap
Giri, Parvat, Sagar :Bhrigu

Khas Dalits
Badi, Bishwakarma/B.K., Damai, Dholi, Gandharbha, Kami, Nagarchi, Pariyar, Ranapaheli, Sarki, Sundas, etc.

References

Citations

Books
 
 

Nepalese people
Ethnic groups in India
Himalayas
Megesheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Karl Kolb.

References 

Donau-Ries
Chitral (, ) is the capital city of the Chitral District in Pakistan. It is on the western bank of the Chitral River. It has a population of 20,000.

Languages 
Chitral is place of great language diversity.  The official language are Urdu and English, though Khowar is the most spoken language.  Most languages in Chitral are either Dardic languages, Iranic languages, or Nuristani languages.  Around 24 languages are spoken in Chitral including Central Asian Arabic, Balti, Burushaski, Dameli, Domaaki, Dari Farsi, Dangariwar, Gawar-Bati, Kalasha-mun, Kalkoti, Kamviri, Kohistani, Khowar, Kyrgyz, Madaklashti, Munji, Palula, Shekhani, Shina, Torwali, Turkmen, Ushoji, Uzbek, Waigali, Wakhi, and Yidgha.

Norwegian linguist Georg Morgenstierne wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world.

References

Other websites

 

Cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Mertingen is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Albert Lohner. The Roman Via Claudia Augusta was built nearby.

References 

Donau-Ries
Thapa (; IAST:Thāpā) is a family name or surname used by the Gorkhali community of India and Nepal belonging to both Magar caste within Khas people of Indo-Aryan group and Magar caste of Indo-Aryan group.

Thapa was a title given to warriors in the ancient Khas Kingdom.Both Magar Thapa and Kshetri Thapa has done remarkably significant for Nepal.In present Nepal both Thapa Kshetri and Thapa Magar are doing great in Politics and enhancing National Pride.
Thapas has been involved in politics of Nepal for long time. Thapas were prominent military heads in various princely states in ancient Nepal. Thapas led military and civil administration in the unified Kingdom of Nepal after 1806 AD. Bhimsen Thapa of Bagale Thapa clan rose to prominence after the assassination of King Rana Bahadur Shah of Nepal by King's step-brother in 1805 AD. After the event, an investigation was run by Bharadars (Ministers) which caused massacre of 55 senior officers at Bhandarkhal garden by Thapa Kaji (ministers) group making them as most dominant faction in Nepalese politics.
.It would be true to say that History has been written by the Brahamin which underestimated and burried the history of all the other beautiful community of Nepal.
Khas Kshatri Thapa
Khas Thapa or Chhetri/Kshatri Thapa are Khas people of Indo-Aryan group. They are categorized into Kshatriya in Hinduism. They follow Hinduism and are divided by Khas clans and Hindu Gotra system. The clan names of Khas Kshatri Thapas are: Bagale Thapa, Punwar Thapa, Godar Thapa, Lamichhane Thapa, Suyal Thapa, Kalikote Thapa, Hrikshen Thapa, Khulal Thapa, Deoja Thapa, Thakuryal Thapa, Gamle Thapa, Sonal Thapa, and many others.

Bagale Thapa

Bagale Thapa is the most prominent clan within Khas Thapa. They fall under Atreya Gotra in Hinduism. The most famous Thapa Khalak dynasty of Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa in the Nepalese politics belonged to this Bagale Thapa clan. They trace their origin to legendary Khas King Kalu Thapa.

Puwar Thapa

Puwar Thapa is also a clan within Khas Thapa. They claim descent from Parmar/Punwar Rajputs of Rajasthan.They fall under Kapil Gotra in Hinduism.The most famous Thapa Khalak dynasty of warrior Bhakti Thapa belongs to this Puwar Thapa.

Godar Thapa
Godar Thapa

Godar Thapa clan is also populous Khas Kshatri clan. They belong to Kashyap Gotra in Hinduism.

Magar Thapa

Magar Thapa or Thapa Magar are member of Magar caste which falls under Sino-Tibetan or Tibeto-Burman group. They speak Magar language and follow tradition of Magar caste. They can be found as core soldiers in Gurkha armies around the world.They also served as one of the six noble clans in the thargah of King prithvi Narayan Shah and were prominent nobles until the kot massacre.

References

Books
 
 

Surnames
Khas/Kshetri or Khas/Chhetri/Chetry () are Turanid Ab-Original Native From  of people belonging to Indo-Aryan race in Khas group, a Altaic ethno-linguistic group (see Altaic languages). Generally, the Parvate/Pahari (hilly) Kshatriyas are called as Kshetris or Khas Kshetris. Kshetris served as rulers, administrators, governors and warriors as per their Occupational caste. They were able to dominate most of the Nepalese history through monopolizing government and military upto 1951 AD. After democracy in Nepal, Kshetris were still visible in the government especially dominating Panchayati government and still monopolizing military.

According to 1854 Muluki Ain (Legal Code) of Nepal, Kshetris belong to sacred thread bearers (Yagyopavit) and twice born (Dvija) Hindus.
Etymology
Chhetri is Nepalese local colloquial term for Kshatriya. Kshetri () is considered a derivative form of the Sanskrit word Kshatriya. Hill-Kshetri, Kshetri, Chhetri, Khas Rajput ,Pahadi Chhetri and Khas Kshetri are all used to denote this caste.

History

They are descended from old warriors of Khas Kingdom. Chhetri dominated the military forces of Shah dynasty of Nepal. The 6 main Chhetri families at Royal court of Nepal formed group called Kaji Khalak (Aristocrats). They are; Basnyat, Pande, Thapa,Khadka,Kunwar and Bista. Basnyat, Pande and Thapas were most powerful Chhetri groups led by Shivaram Singh Basnyat, Kalu Pande and Birbhadra Thapa at the Unification of Nepal. The Kunwars were led by Ramkrishna Kunwar and Bista/Bisht were led by Gajabal Bista and Atibal Bista. Sometimes, Bhandari Kshetri family of Jaswanta Bhandari was also considered as Kaji Khalak family of the Royal court of Nepal.
In the court struggle for power, Pande Khalaks and Thapa Khalaks were fierce opponents. They often opposed each other. Pandes were supported by Basnyats due to blood relations. Thapas were supported by Kunwars due to blood relations. In the end, Kunwars betrayed Thapa groups by murdering the Thapa leader Mathabar Singh Thapa. That caused Kunwars to rise to power and all Kshetris were thrown of power. The Kunwar high rank officers escalated quickly between 1841 AD to 1854 AD. Kunwars claimed royalty and changed their surname to Rana (meaning: King) from Kunwar (meaning: Prince). In 1951AD, democracy was established and Kshetri rule were stopped.
Demography
According to 2011 Nepal census, Kshetri stands as the most populous group in Nepal with 16.6% of Nepal's population (or 43,98,053 peoples).
Kshetris are the second largest Hindu group with Hindu population of 43,65,113 (99.3% of Kshetris) as per the 2011 Nepal census. Kshetris are largest group in 20 districts in Nepal. Kathmandu consists largest Kshetri population.
Kshetris has second highest civil service representation with 19.59% of Nepal's bureaucracy after Bahuns while having 16% of Nepal's total population. The civil service representation to population ratio is 1.18 times for Kshetri. Kshetri dominate the military forces with nearly all high ranked officers belonging to either Kshetri or Thakuri caste. Nearly, only one Chief of Army Staff (Chhatraman Singh Gurung) belonged to Non-Chhetri/Thakuri caste. Thus, the highest military rank (Chief of Army Staff previously Commander-in-Chief) is completely monopolized by Chhetri caste.they also recruit in british army in large numbers, chhetri/thakuris dominant 40% of total nepal army strength , and they have reserved regiment the 9 gorkha rifles in indian army.

Culture
Kshetri are almost all Hindus as per 2011 Nepal census. Historically, they practiced Hindu polytheism and shamanism. They generally worship their clan deity (Kul Devta), friendly deity (Ishta Devta) and Khas Masto deities. Kshetri commonly have warrior like deities as  Bhadrakali, Kalika Bhawani and different forms of Goddess Kali as female deity and Rudra, Veerbhadra (ferocious forms of Shiva) as male deity. Bhadrakali, a popular form of Goddess Kali, is the main deity of the Nepalese Army (previously Gorkhali Army) due to prevalence of Kshetri commanders. Worship to these deities were necessary before wars. There was a popular folk legend that the Chinese failed the strategic attacks on 1792 AD due to the effect of religious war cry of Jai Bhawani. In the times of unification of Nepal, Kshetris were more rigid to worship of ferocious forms of Godess Kali and Lord Shiva
. Amar Singh Thapa based on religious values developed Nishankalika flag after ceremoniously inviting Kalika Bhawani, ancestors, friendly deities and 49 Maruts to reside on the flag.
Many Kshetris triennially celebrate clanwise Masto deity worship called Dewali Puja. Dewali Puja is common among Bahuns too. In the Dewali Puja, Kshetris of the same clan give male goat sacrifices at a particular place. It is a form of millennium old ancient worship continued till date. Kshetris celebrate many Hindu festivals like Dashain (Dussehra), Tihar (Deepawali), Maghe Sankranti, Janai Purnima, Holi, etc. Dashain and Tihar are primary festivals of Pahadi Hindu castes. Most Kshetri families give goat sacrifices on either Maha Ashtami day or Maha Nawami day of Dashain festival.
Marriages
Rajputs and Thakuris are sometimes considered as subcaste of Kshetri while they have distinct cultural difference with mainstream Kshetris. Kshetri is an endogamous unit. They donot practice maternal cousin marriages as Thakuri caste which is the basis of cultural distinction. Kshetri has hundreds of clans. They are categorized by family deity and single gotra. They do not marry with the members of their whole maternal clan and members of their parents' maternal families as per popular quote

The maternal clan marriage prohibition also include non marriage prohibition with the Bahun counterpart of that clan. For example; Those having maternal clan as Khilchine Adhikari Chhetri cannot marry in the clan of Khilchine Adhikari Bahun as there is brotherhood between these clans. They never marry in their paternal clan and those having same gotra. Jaari marriage i.e. marrying others' wife, is not allowed. Also Gandharva and Rakshas marriages are not allowed.
Diet
Dieting rules for Kshetri were decided by Kshetri Birandala (brotherhood). Kshetri do not consume pork like Rajputs which is a basis of cultural difference. Kshetri are not allowed to eat beef, buffalo, pig, felines and all wild forms of them as per Hindu rituals for Kshatriya. Goats, sheep and all variations and forms of them, are fully allowed. Chicken, duck and goose are debatable and allowance is regionally dependent.

Ethics
Historically, Kshetri has been part of the some of the powerful Pahari empires as Khas Empire and Gorkha Empire. Warriorhood, governance, administration, honesty and integrity has been linked to Kshetris. Kshetris are noted for resourcefulness and charity. Sanskrit verse from Geeta explains the basis of ethics Kshetris have derived from:

The above verse explains the duties, characters and behaviours of Kshatriya warrior. These were adapted by Kshetri community which includes exhibition of bravery and skill, prohibition of escaping any war, giving charity and Hindu governance.
Khas/Chhetri Family Names
Khatri, Adhikari, Arjel, Aidi, Ayer, Bagale, Bogati, Baruwal, Bohara, Balair, Bakheti, Batala, Balayer, Baniya,Dhital(Chhetri) G.C.(Gharti Chhetri), Basnyat/Basnet, Bham, Majhi, Mudula,  Bhandari, Bista/Bisht, Budha, Budhathoki, Gaura bagale,  Ghatala, Heita, Heta, Hetal, Chauhan, Thakulla, Thagunna, Chhetri, Dhami, D.C(Dangi Chhetri), Deoja, Kottari, Godar, Kalikote, Karki, Katuwal, Khatri, Khadga, Khadka, Kharka, Khati, Khati Khadka, Khadgaha,  khaptari,  Verma, Kadayat, Kathayat, Khadka, Khulal, Kshetri, Mahat, Mahatara, Mahara, Pande/Pandey, Punwar, Pwar, Kunwar,  Rana, Mhyak Rana, Ranabhat, Rayamajhi, Raya, Rathore, Raut, Rawat, Rawal, Rayamajhi, Rokaya/Rokka/Rokaha,  Pulami,Suyal, Swar, Sauka, Sijapati, Sinjapati, Sutar, Saod, Saud, Tandon, Thapa etc.

Gallery

References

Castes
Ethnic groups in India
History of Nepal
Prime Ministers of Nepal
Surnames
Bahun (Khas Brahmin) () are group of people belonging to Brahmin caste in Khas group, an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group. Generally, the Parvate/Pahari (hilly) Brahmins are called as Bahuns or Khas Bahuns. Bahuns mainly served as priests, teachers and astrologers as per their caste. Bahuns were able to hold government offices, administration and politics.

According to 1854 Muluki Ain (Legal Code) of Nepal, Bahuns belong to sacred thread bearers (Yagyopavit) and twice born (Dvija) Hindus.

Maithili Bahun family names
Mishra,Poudar, Chaudhary, Jha, Thakur, Ray and Pathak
 All Mishra and Jha are Bahuns but not mandatory for others.
References 

Castes
Politics of Nepal
The Alexander ALX100 was a minibus body built by Alexander between 1997 and 1999, on the Mercedes-Benz O814D Vario and O810D van chassis, It was fitted with 25 to 31 seats.

The ALX100 was similar to the bus body Plaxton Beaver 2, which was also bodied on the Mercedes-Benz Vario.

References

Buses
New England is a city in North Dakota, United States.

Cities in North Dakota
Clara Ponsatí i Obiols (born in 1957 in Barcelona) is a Catalan economist. She was appointed Counsellor of Education of the Generalitat of Catalonia by President Carles Puigdemont the 14  July 2017.

Biography 
Ponsatí was born in Barcelona in 1957. She was the daughter of Josep Maria Ponsatí i Capdevila and Montserrat Obiols i Germà. After studying in the Faculty of Economics of the UB. In 1988 she got the terminal degree from the Department of Economics, of the University of Minnesota, (Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA), where she remained several years as a teacher.

Of liberal trend, Ponsatí directed the Institute of Economic Analysis of the CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) between 2006 and 2012, where she  was a teacher as well. She has been a visiting teacher in the universities of Toronto, San Diego and Georgetown. The year 2013 the Spanish government exercised a veto against her, after she exposed her opinion about the independence of Catalonia in different mediae.

References
References 

Living people
1957 births
People from Barcelona
Spanish economists
The Alexander ALX200 was a single-decker bus body built by Alexander in 1996 to 2001. It was created for low-floor bus chassis produced from the late 1990s.

The body was primarily built on Dennis Dart SLF and Volvo B6LE chassis.

Gallery

Buses
Arkansas City  is a city in Kansas, United States.

Cities in Cowley County, Kansas
The Alexander ALX300 (later known as the TransBus ALX300 and the Alexander Dennis ALX300) was a single-decker bus body. It was built by Alexander and then Transbus International and then Alexander Dennis from 1997 to 2007 respectively. It was made for low-floor bus chassis produced from the late 1990s.

The body could be built on the MAN 18.220 chassis, MAN 18.240 chassis, DAF SB220 chassis or Volvo B10BLE chassis.

Buses
A courtship is a time in the relationship of a couple. During a courtship, a couple gets to know one another. They later decide if they will get engaged, married or other such agreement. A courtship may be a private and informal matter between two people. On the other hand, it may be public. Or it could be a formal arrangement with the approval of a family.

There is a great difference between couples. The average extent of a courtship differs quite a bit across the world. Courtship may be entirely omitted, as in some cases of arranged marriage.

In the United Kingdom, there was a poll of over 3,000 engaged or married couples. The average time between first meeting and an accepted marriage proposal was two years and eleven months. The women felt ready to accept at an average of two years and seven months.
In the earlier 1800s, young adults were expected to court with the intention of finding a marriage partner, not social reasons. In the more traditional forms of Christianity, this concept of courtship has been kept.

In recent research, it has been found that marriage rates have dropped with people. There are not so many courted relationships in the society of today. This means that fewer people are getting married and practicing premarital sex. Many families are started with children, and then marriage. Traditions are referred to as a thing of the past. However, there are many people who still follow the old-fashioned courting route for their relationships.

References

Marriage
The Kyrgyzstan League (Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан футбол чемпиондугу) is a football league which is top division in Kyrgyzstan. The league has games every year. The current champions are Alay from Osh. The team with the most titles is Dordoi Bishkek from Bishkek.

Clubs 2018

Results 

Since the country's independence, the champions have been:

Result table

References

Other websites 

League  at fifa.com
 at RSSSF.com

Football leagues in Asia
1990s establishments in Kyrgyzstan
The Alexander ALX400 (later known as the TransBus ALX400 and the Alexander Dennis ALX400) is a 2-axle double-decker low-floor bus body. It was built from 1997 to 2006 by Alexander and then TransBus International and then Alexander Dennis respectively.

The body could be built on the Dennis Trident 2 chassis, Volvo B7TL chassis, or DAF DB250 chassis.

Gallery

References

Other websites

Buses
The Alexander ALX500 (later known as the TransBus ALX500) is a 3-axle double-decker low-floor bus body. It was built by Alexander and then TransBus International from 1997 to 2002.

The body could be built on the Dennis Trident 3 chassis and Volvo Super Olympian chassis.

The body was mainly sold in Hong Kong but some have been imported to the United Kingdom.

Buses
The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (German: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, shortened MLU) is a German public university in Halle and Wittenberg, in the state of Saxony-Anhalt.

It was established by a merger in 1817 and is named after Martin Luther.

President is Udo Sträter.

It had nearly 20,000 students in 2015.

Its focus is on all sorts of sciences.

Other websites 
 

1817 establishments
1810s establishments in Germany
Colleges and universities in Germany
Halle, Saxony-Anhalt
Martin Luther
Saxony-Anhalt
Commugny is a municipality of the district of Nyon in the Swiss canton of Vaud.

References

Other websites

 Official Website  
 

Municipalities in Nyon
Celerina/Schlarigna (German/Italian Celerina; Romansh ) is a municipality in the district of Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 Celerina - Tourist office
 

Municipalities in Maloja
Eschbach-au-Val is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.

Communes in Haut-Rhin
Atlanta  is a city in Kansas, United States.

Cities in Cowley County, Kansas
Atlanta  is a city in Missouri, United States.

Cities in Missouri
The Chatham Main Line is a railway line in England linking London Victoria to Dover Priory / Ramsgate, Via Medway (and Chatham).

Services

Most train services on the Line are run by Southeastern.

While travelling between Bromley South and London Victoria, the trains can either travel on the Main Line, through Beckenham Junction, Herne Hill and Brixton, or can go via the Catford Loop Line, travelling through  and , and then just past  it either picks up the Southeastern line all the way, or can follow the Southern (Atlantic) Line through  before crossing back over to the Southeastern Line to London Victoria. Some services travelling via  now stop at .

As of 13 December 2015, the off-peak timetable consists of two trains per hour from Victoria, calling at , , , , , and Rainham.
One service will call at , ,  and , then all stations to  via .
The other train service will only call at  and  then all stations to  and .
There is an hourly service from Victoria calling at  (via the Catford Loop), ,  then all stations to Gillingham. It then becomes a semi-fast service, calling at Rainham, , , , terminating at .

A High Speed Service consists of two trains per hour from  to  via  and .
One service terminates at  before travelling back to  via  and .
The other service continues coastbound as a semi-fast service calling at , , , ,  and . It then carries on, stopping at , , , , , ,  and , before picking up the High Speed Line to ,  and arriving back at .

A service operates in the opposite direction. There is one other High Speed Service that runs on a small part of the line, starting from  and calling at  and  before heading to , and , then picking up the High Speed Line and calling at the remaining stations to .
Altered services because of emergency repairs
In December 2015, engineers carried out a survey of the railway line running between Dover Priory and Folkestone Central and discovered that a section of sea wall carrying the line had eroded away, and suspended the service. A replacement bus service operated between Dover Priory and Folkestone Central. The High Speed services via Chatham terminated at Ramsgate, with a shuttle bus service running between Ramsgate and Dover Priory via Sandwich.
From Ashford International, the High Speed service terminated at Folkestone Central. After just over 8 months, this section of line reopened on 5 September 2016 and normal services have resumed.

Trains used 
The following trains are operated on the line: Class 395 "Javelin", Class 375 "Electrostar", Class 465 "Networker" and Class 466 "Networker".

Gallery

Related pages
 South Eastern Main Line

References

Other websites

Railway lines of Kent
Atlanta  is a city in Texas, United States.

References

Cities in Texas
Lóránd Hegyi, was born on April 19, 1954 in Budapest, Hungary is an art historian, curator and writer.

Education 
Lorand Hegyi studied History, Art History and Aesthetics and received his PhD from Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) in Budapest. He worked as researcher at the Institute of Art History in the 1980s and taught at ELTE University in Budapest as well as at Karl-Franzens-Universität in Graz. He dedicated himself to curating contemporary art exhibitions in Hungary, Austria and Germany while writing art historical and theoretical texts about Modernism and Post-Modernism.

Career in the Public Institutions 
1977-1999  Researcher at the Institute of Art History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest

1990-2001  Director of the Ludwig Museum (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig) in Vienna, Austria

2002-2006  Art Director of the PAN, (Palazzo Arte Napoli - Centre Of Contemporary Art Naples), Italy
2003-2016  Director of the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Saint-Etienne (Musée d’Art Moderne et Contemporain de Saint-Etienne), France

From 2017  Art Director of the Parkview Museum Beijing/Singapore, China/Singapore

Life and Work 
Shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall, he was invited to Austria, where from 1990 to 2001 he was director of the Museum of Modern Art Foundation Ludwig Vienna, where he developed one of the largest and most complex collections of Contemporary art of the countries of Eastern Europe and Central Europe, to which he dedicates two great exhibitions: Reduktivismus - Abstraktion in Polen, Tschechoslowakei, Ungarn (Vienna, 1992), Aspects, positions: Fifty years of art in Central Europe (Vienna, Barcelona, Southampton 1999).
In 1995, he was art director of the Triennial of Sculpture Fellbach, Germany where he presented the show Europe – Asia, with forty artists from Asian countries. In 1999, he curated the exhibition 50 Years of Art in Central Europe 1949-1999 (Vienna, Budapest, Southampton) and the show La Casa, il Corpo, il Cuore – Construction of Identities (Vienna, Prague). In 2001, he opened the new contemporary art museum MUMOK, Vienna.

1996 Enver Hadžiomerspahić invited Lorand Hegyi to work at the project Ars Aevi , which was founded in 1992 during wartime. Through donations a great collection of contemporary art was created in Sarajevo. Lorand Hegyi organised about 200 donations from international artists for the collection, which he presented in Vienna and Sarajevo. Furthermore he curated several exhibitions in Sarajevo.
From 2003 to 2016 he was director of the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Saint-Etienne. He emphasized in his exhibition and acquisition program a new global regard on contemporary art which included art from Central and East Europe as well, as contemporary art from Asia. He developed the collection of the tendencies of the 70’s and 80’s both from USA and Global Europe as well, as the new tendencies in Asian contemporary art. He created the exhibition series of contemporary drawing “Cabinet de Dessin” and a series of thematic exhibitions focusing on an anthropological vision of art like “Domicile – Private/Public” and “Fragile”. Lorand Hegyi systematically presented a lot of great contemporary masters like Jannis Kounellis, Michelangelo Pistoletto, Giovanni Anselmo, Günther Uecker, Dennis Oppenheim, Richard Nonas, Joel Shapiro, Roman Opalka, Orlan, Bertrand Lavier, Gilbert & George, Anne et Patrick Poirier, Georg Baselitz, Tony Cragg, Peter Halley, Anish Kapoor, etc..
In 2016 he curated the exhibitions “Intriguing Uncertainties - Contemporary Drawing” in Saint-Etienne, the “Challenging Beauty – Italian Art after the 60s” in Beijing and the “Disturbing Narratives” in Singapore. In 2017, he was nominated to Art Director of The Parkview Museum Beijing/Singapore where he created an important collection of contemporary Italian art. In 2017, he curated the first show of the "BRIDGING ASIA/EUROPE" exhibition series in The Parkview Museum Bejing, which presents artists from Asia and Europe in a form of dialogue. In 2017 he curated the exhibition "Anish Kapoor – My Red Homeland" in Saint-Etienne and the show “The Artist’s Voice” in Singapore.

Selected Exhibitions
Eclectic - New Tendencies in Contemporary Hungarian Art (Hungarian National Gallery, 1986) 
 Reductivism - Abstraction in Central Europe (Ludwig Museum, Vienna, 1992) ISBN 3900776334 / 9783900776336
 La coesistenza dell’arte - Un modello espositivo (La Biennale di Venezia, 1993)
 The Austrian Vision - Three Generations of Austrian Artists (Fundacion “La Caixa”, Madrid, 1994)
 Abstract / Real: Reference Malevich, Duchamp, Beuys (Ludwig Museum, Vienna, 1996)
 Hermann Nitsch: Orgien-Mystherien-Theater (Palazzo dell’Esposizioni, Roma, 1996)
 Sensitivities - Contemporary Art from Central Europe (European Academy for the Arts, London, 1998)
 La Casa, il Corpo, il Cuore: Construction of identities (Ludwig Museum, Vienna / Narodni Galeria, Prague, 1999) ISBN 9783900776817
 Aspects / Positions: 50 Years of Art in Central Europe 1949-1999 (Ludwig Museum, Vienna / Fundacio Miro, Barcelona, 1999) ISBN 9783900776848
 L’autre moitié de l’Europe (Jeu de Paume, Paris, 2000)
CONCEPTS OF SPACE (Fundacio Miro, Barcelona, 2002) ISBN 9788493215927 / 8493215929
 Solares (or On Optimism) (Biennale of Valencia, 2003) ISBN 8448235487 ISBN 9788448235482
 Gilbert & George: Twenty London East One Pictures (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne / Kestnergesellschaft Hannover, 2004) ISBN 2-910055-21-3
 Passage d’Europe - Réalités, Références (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2004) ISBN 8874391595 ISBN 978-8874391592
 Domicile - Private & Public (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2005) ISBN 2-85056-897-X
 The Giving Person (Palazzo delle Arti Napoli, 2005) ISBN 9788851003258
 Dennis Oppenheim (Fondazione Volume, Roma, 2005) ISBN 9788836620449
 Lee Ufan (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2006) ISBN 9782916277028
 Roman Opalka: Octogon (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2006) 
 Something Happened - Aspects of New Narratives (Slovenska Narodna Galeria, Bratislava, 2006)
ZERO: Avant-garde International 1950-1960 (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne / Kunstpalast Dusseldorf, 2006) 
 Zeng Fanzhi (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2006) 
 Micro-Narratives (Octobersalon, Belgrade Cultural Centre, 2007) 
 Sean Scully: Une rétrospective (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2007) 
 Voyage Sentimental (Poznan Biennale, 2008) 
 Antony Gormley: Between You and Me  (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2009) 
 Essential Experiences (Palazzo Riso, Palermo 2009) ISBN 9788837073909
 Fragile - Fields of Empathy (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne / Daejeon Museum of Art, 2007) 
 The Bearable Lightness of Being (Mostra Internazionale di Architettura, La Biennale di Venezia, 2010) 
 Never Found Islands (Palazzo Ducale, Genova / National Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki, 2010)
 Dennis Oppenheim (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2011) ISBN 9788836620449
 Chung Sang-Hwa: Painting Archeology (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2011) ISBN 9788995635285
Enrico Castellani - Günther Uecker (Ca’Pesaro, Venezia, 2012) ISBN 9788836626960
 Speaking Artists (Busan Art Museum, 2012) 
 Jan Fabre: Les années de l’Heure Bleue (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2012) 
 Peter Halley: Since 2000 (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2014) 
 Jannis Kounellis  (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2014) ISBN 9788836629466
 Jonathan Lasker (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2015) ISBN 9782849753675
 Giovanni Anselmo (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2015) 
 Intriguing Uncertainty (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2016) 
 Anne et Patrick Poirier: Danger Zones  (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2016) 
 The Artists’s Voice (Parkview Museum, Singapore, 2017) 
 Anish Kapoor: My Red Homeland (Musée d’Art Moderne de Saint-Etienne, 2017)
 Disturbing Narratives (Parkview Museum, Singapore, 2018) 
 Dentro il Disegno / Inside the Drawing (Disegno Saluzzo, La Castiglia, Saluzzo, 2019)
Invited public projects and Committee 
Lorand Hegyi also co-curated the Biennale de Venice in Italy 1993, Toyama Biennale in Japan 1993, Stuttgart Sculpture Triennale in Germany 1995, Biennale of Valencia in 2003, Poznan Biennale in Poland in 2008. He was the member of many important Art Committee such as the European Investment Bank in Luxembourg, Committee of the LUXEMBURG FOUNDATION, Committee of the Salzburg Foundation in Austria, French National Art Committee, France, Committee of La Societe Generale, France etc

Selected publications / books
New Sensibility : Change of Paradigm in Contemporary Art, Magvető Könyvkiadó, Budapest (1983) ISBN 9631400670
 Avantgarde and Trans-Avantgarde : Periods of Modern Art, Magvető Könyvkiadó, Budapest (1986) ISBN 9631408752
 Selections from the Second Wave of the Hungarian Avant-Garde 1930-1960. New York, NY: Paul Kovesdy Gallery (1988) 
 Alexandria - Essays on Contemporary Art, Jelenkor Kiadó / Pécs (1995) ISBN 963-676-026-8
 Experience and Fiction - Modernism, Avantgarde, Trans-Avantgarde, Jelenkor Irodalmi / Művészeti Kiadó (1991) ISBN 9637770178
 Diversities, Edizione Charta, Milano (2004) ISBN 9788881584895
 The Courage to be Alone - Re-inventing of Narratives in Contemporary Art, Edizione Charta, Milano (2004) 
 Fragilité de la narration, SKIRA/Flammarion Milano/Paris (2008 / 2009) ISBN 9788857203768
 Arte in Centro Europa, Silvana Editoriale, Milano (2011) ISBN 8836617158
 Contemporary Art on Show, Silvana Editoriale, Milano (2012) ISBN 8836623840
Roman Opalka’s Essentiality, Editore Aragno, Torino (2015) 
 Significante Incertezza, Hapax Editore, Torino (2016) 
 Painters of Uncertainty - Remarks on Narrative in Contemporary Painting, Silvana Editoriale, Milano (2017) 
 Narratives in Contemporary Art, Silvana Editoriale, Milano (2018) ISBN 9788836642472
 Tre Maestri: Roman Opalka, Ilya Kabakov, Jannis Kounellis - Interrogazione sul tempo,  Mondadori Electa, Milano (2019) ISBN 9788891827289
Drawing in the Age of Uncertainty, Silvana Editoriale, Milano (2021) ISBN 9788836647460
Awards 

 Chevalier de la Légion d’honneur, France (2009)
 Chevalier de l’ordre des Arts et des Lettres, France (1999)
 Cavaliere della Repubblica Italiana per Meriti Culturali, Italy (2000) 
 Gran Cruz de la Orden del Merito Civil, Spain (2000)
 Grosser Ehrenkreutz Der Republik Osterreich , Austria (2016) 
 Honorary degree honoris causa (2006)

Other websites
https://annoeuropeo2018.beniculturali.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Espressionismo-tedesco_presentazione.pdf 

https://admin.depo.ba/clanak/81864/evropski-kustos-i-historicar-umjetnosti-lorand-hegyi-u-art-depou

https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/ressource.action?param.id=FR_R-54e9dad8cd70f05219ac8e66dce3f&param.idSource=FR_P-54e9dad8cd70f05219ac8e66dce3f

http://dspace.unive.it/bitstream/handle/10579/8929/827921-1189130.pdf?sequence=2

https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201804/17/WS5ad53ceca3105cdcf6518a25_1.html

https://slought.org/media/files/blood_orgies.pdf

https://www.artpool.hu/Al/al03/Hegyi.html
http://www.arteecritica.it/onsite/roman-opalka-eng.html 

http://www.michellunardelli.com/search/hegyi/

Playlist 

 "Introduction to the exhibition," with Lorand Hegyi (November 4, 2005)

Audio, 20 minutes.

download 

 "Museum Politics in France and the New European Art Scene," with Lorand Hegyi (February 17, 2005)

Audio, 84 minutes.

Art critics
Living people
1954 births
Toronto  is a city in Kansas, United States. 

Cities in Kansas
Broadview Heights  is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb in the Greater Cleveland area. 19,400 people lived there at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Ohio
Blue Ash is a city in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of Cincinnati. 12,114 people lived there at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Ohio
Defiance is a city in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Defiance County.

Cities in Ohio
County seats in Ohio
Defiance County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 38,286 people lived there. The county seat is Defiance.

References

1840s establishments in Ohio
1845 establishments in the United States
Ohio counties
Mur is a former municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Bellerive, Chabrey, Constantine, Montmagny, Mur, Vallamand and Villars-le-Grand merged into the new municipality of Vully-les-Lacs.

References 

Former municipalities of Vaud
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Carrouge is a former municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

On 1 July 2016, the former municipalities of Carrouge, Ferlens and Mézières were combined into the new municipality of Jorat-Mézières.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 
 

Former municipalities of Vaud
Clayton is a city in Miami and Montgomery counties in the U.S. state of Ohio. 13,209 people lived there at the 2010 census. It is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area.

References

Cities in Ohio
Montebello  (Spanish and Italian for beautiful mountain) is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. It is located in the southwestern area of the San Gabriel Valley. It is considered part of the Gateway Cities.

References

Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
1920 establishments in the United States
1920s establishments in California