Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Jacqueline Banerjee views the tale as a story about failure. “Not surprisingly,“ she writes, “”Thumbelina“ is now often read as a story of specifically female empowerment.“ Susie Stephens believes Thumbelina herself is a grotesque. She observes that “the grotesque in children’s literature is [...] a necessary and beneficial component that enhances the psychological welfare of the young reader“. Children are attracted to the cathartic qualities of the grotesque, she suggests. 

Sidney Rosenblatt in his essay, "Thumbelina and the Development of Female Sexuality" believes the tale may be analyzed from the perspective of Freudian psychosexual development. He believes the story is one of female masturbation.  Thumbelina herself, he posits, could symbolize the clitoris, her rose petal coverlet the labia, the white butterfly "the budding genitals", and the mole and the prince the anal and vaginal openings respectively.

Adaptations
Adaptations

Thumbelina has been adapted to different media. The earliest animated version of the tale is a silent, black-and-white release by director Herbert M. Dawley in 1924. Lotte Reiniger released a 10-minute movie adaptation in 1954 featuring her "silhouette" puppets.

Don Bluth's full-length animated movie, Thumblina may be one of the best known versions. The story was also adapted to the live-action television program, Faerie Tale Theatre. This production starred Carrie Fisher. The direct-to-DVD animated movie, Barbie Presents Thumbelina was released in 2009. Russia and Japan have also released animated productions.

Footnotes

References

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Works by Hans Christian Andersen
Fairy tales
Michael "Mike" McGlone (born 10 August 1972) is an American actor, singer, songwriter, and comedian. He is best known as the GEICO insurance spokesperson.

References

1972 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Comedians from New York City
Actors from New York (state)
"Puss in Boots" is a fairy tale. It was written/recorded by Charles Perrault. The story is the classic "animal as helper" tale. It is about a cat who uses tricks and lies to gain power, money, and a princess in marriage for his lowborn master.  The story first appeared in a handwritten manuscript in 1695 with four other tales by Perrault. It was published in Paris in 1697 by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault. The book was a great success.  

A tale from Gianfrancesco Straparola's Le piacevoli notti () (1550-55) and another from Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone (1634) are similar to "Puss in Boots". Straparola's story was published in France in 1560. It may have influenced Perrault.  Pentamerone was not published in France during Perrault's lifetime. It is not likely he knew Basile's tale.
Story 
A miller dies.  He leaves a cat to his youngest son. The cat requests a pair of boots. He tells the boy he will make his fortune. The cat makes friends with the king by bringing him a wild game in the name of his master. One day, the king rescues the boy from drowning. He dresses him in clothes from his own wardrobe. The king's daughter falls in love with the handsome boy at once. The cat takes possession of a castle for his master by killing an ogre. The boy marries the king's daughter.

References 
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 21, 110-12.
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 409.

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
Golden Sun is a Game Boy Advance handheld role-playing video game. It was developed by Camelot and published in 2001 by Nintendo. It's the first of the Golden Sun series. In Japan, it's named Ōgon no Taiyō Hirakareshi Fūin (, meaning Golden Sun: The Broken Seal). In 2003, the second of the series named Golden Sun: the Lost Age was released. The game's "Djinn" setting is unusual.

The game's story take place on a magic world named "Weyard". It's an alchemy world, and alchemy can be controlled by adepts. Long long ago, Alchemy was sealed, but one day some young adepts let it return to Weyard. To keep world safety, they have to travel to let alchemy be sealed again.

IGN's Craig Harris said Golden Sun "is the best game in all 2D-based Japanese RPG".

References 

Game Boy Advance games
2001 video games
Golden Sun video game series
Stories or Tales from Past Times () is a collection of eight fairy tales by Charles Perrault. It was published in Paris in 1697 by Claude Barbin. The collection is also known as Mother Goose's Tales (). The eight tales are "The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood", "Little Red Riding Hood", "Bluebeard", "Puss in Boots", "Diamonds and Toads", "Cinderella", "Rickey with the Tuft", and "Hop o' My Thumb".  Later editions included three verse tales by Perrault: "Griselda", "The Silly Wishes", and "Donkeyskin". The stories have been translated into many languages. They have been published around the world.

References 
 Barchilon, Jacques and Henry Pettit (Eds.) 1974. The Authentic Mother Goose Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes. Denver: Alan Swallow. pp. 7–29.
 Betts, Christopher (Ed.) 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. ix-xliv.
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 21–4.
 Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 236–8.
Works by Charles Perrault
Collections of fairy tales
"Bluebeard" () is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It first appeared in a handwritten and illustrated manuscript in 1695 titled Contes de ma mère l'oye (). The deluxe volume was intended for Mademoiselle, the 19-year-old niece of Louis XIV. It included four other tales by Perrault. "Bluebeard" was first published anonymously in January 1697 in Paris by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault. The tale is about a cruel man who murders his wives so that he will inherit their wealth. He puts their corpses in a secret room opened only by a magic key.

Jacque Barchilon believes the tale is original with Perrault because there are no close antecedants. The taboo of the forbidden room is found in eastern literature, and Barchilon writes that the tale has an "Oriental character". He points out that the French associated beards with Turkish fashions, and early illustrations depict Bluebeard wearing a turban-like headdress.
A rich man has a blue beard which frightens young women. He has been married several times but no one knows what has happened to his wives. He woos two young sisters in the neighborhood but neither are inclined to consider marriage. He treats them to a lavish time in his country house. The younger sister decides to marry him. Shortly after the wedding (and before he travels to a far land on business), Bluebeard gives his wife the keys to his house. One key opens a door to a distant room. He forbids her to enter this room. He leaves and his wife opens the door to the forbidden room. Here she finds Bluebeard's former wives, all dead and lying on a floor covered with blood. She drops the key. It is magic and becomes stained with blood that cannot be washed away. Bluebeard returns. He discovers the blood-stained key and knows his wife has disobeyed his order. He tells her she will take her place among the dead. He grants her a few minutes to pray
. She calls her sister Anne and asks her to go to the top of the tower to see if her brothers are on the road. After several tense moments, Anne reports seeing the men approaching. Bluebeard raises a cutlass to decapitate his wife. Her brothers burst into the room. They kill Bluebeard. Their sister is safe.
References 

 Barchilon, Jacques and Henry Pettit. 1960. The Authentic Mother Goose Fairy Tales and Nursery Rhymes. Denver: Alan Swallow. 
 Betts, Christopher. 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. .
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 103–5.

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
All That Heaven Allows is a 1955 romantic drama movie. It stars Jane Wyman and Rock Hudson. Douglas Sirk directed. It is based on a story by Edna L. Lee and Harry Lee. The movie was produced by Ross Hunter, and released by Universal Pictures. It was chosen for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

Story 
Cary Scott is a rich widow. Her social life is dull. It centers on her two adult children, her country club friends, and a couple of men with romantic hopes. She falls in love with young landscape designer Ron Kirby. He is her social inferior. He proposes and she says yes. Her children and friends disapprove. Because of this, Cary ends the relationship with Ron. Cary returns to her lonely life. She sees other women getting engaged and living lives of happiness. She finds the courage to defy social norms and commits to loving Ron.
Criticism 
Bosley Crowther did not like the movie. He wrote, "The script was obviously written to bring [Wyman] and Mr. Hudson, who made a popular twosome in the Magnificent Obsession, together again. Solid and sensible drama plainly had to give way to outright emotional bulldozing and a paving of easy clichés."

References 

American romantic drama movies
1950s English-language movies
1955 romantic drama movies
Universal Pictures movies
United States National Film Registry movies
Movies directed by Douglas Sirk
Women's movies
Imitation of Life is a 1959 American romantic drama movie. It stars Lana Turner, John Gavin, Juanita Moore, Susan Kohner, and Sandra Dee. Douglas Sirk directed. The movie is based on a book by Fannie Hurst. It was produced by Ross Hunter and released by Universal Pictures. The movie tells the story of two women and their daughters over the years.

Other websites 

1959 romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
1950s English-language movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Douglas Sirk
Universal Pictures movies
Women's movies
Madame X is a movie from 1966 starring Lana Turner, Constance Bennett, John Forsythe, Ricardo Montalbán, Burgess Meredith, and Keir Dullea. It was directed by David Lowell Rich and produced by Ross Hunter.

Plot 
Holly Parker marries a rich and ambitious politician named Clayton Anderson (Forsythe). He is often travelling. Holly steps out now and then with Phil (Montalbán). She breaks the relationship off, but Phil refuses to be dismissed. He dies while arguing with her.

Holly's mother-in-law (Bennett) realizes the scandal will destroy her son's political goals. She tells Holly to disappear forever by staging a fake drowning.  She does so, and flees to Europe.

The years pass. Holly drinks heavily and pals around with Dan (Meredith). They return to America. Holly discovers Dan plans to blackmail her husband. She kills him. She refuses to reveal her identity to the police, and signs a confession with the letter "X".
The court assigns her an attorney who happens to be her son Clayton Jr. (Dullea). The trial is nerve wracking for Holly. Weary and ill, she dies in jail without revealing that she is her attorney's mother.

Other websites

American romantic drama movies
1960s English-language movies
1966 romance movies
1966 drama movies
1966 romantic drama movies
Movies directed by David Lowell Rich
Movies based on plays
Universal Pictures movies
Louis Vuitton is a French fashion house formed in 1854 by Louis Vuitton. It sells shoes, watches, jewellery, accessories, sunglasses and books.  It sells its products in boutiques. The products are still made by hand. In 1867, the company participated in the universal exhibition in Paris. To protect the duplication of his look, he changed the Trianon design to a beige and brown in 1876. The company opened its first store in London, England on Oxford Street. In 1959 he created purses, bags and wallets. In 1977, the company had an annual income of 70 million francs.

References

French fashion houses
1854 establishments in Europe
1850s establishments in France
Shapley 1 (also known as Sp 1 or PLN 329+2.1) is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Norma. The nebula was discovered by the astronomer Harlow Shapley in 1936 and it is about 1,000 lightyears away from Earth.

References

Nebulae
Pus is a fluid that is created as a result of certain inflammations in vertebrates. In vertebrates, white blood cells fight the inflammation. Neutrophils destroy the agents that cause the infection, for example bacteria, macrophages engulf and neutralise these agents. Pus is made of dead neutrophils and macrophages, mostly. In most cases, pus is the result of bacterial infection, but it can also result from other conditions, such as psoriasis.

Immunology
Leptin is a hormone made by cells in fat tissue that reduces hunger. That helps the energy balance in the body. 

Leptin is opposed by the actions of the hormone ghrelin, the "hunger hormone".  Both hormones act on receptors in the  hypothalamus. They adjust appetite to get energy homeostasis.  

In obesity, a decreased sensitivity to leptin comes up. This leads to a feeling of hunger, despite high energy stores.

Although regulation of fat stores is the primary function of leptin, it also plays a role in other physiological processes. These additional functions are still being studied.
Leptin was recently discovered in 1994 by Jeffrey M. Friedman and colleagues at Rockefeller University. Its discovery is important in the study of obesity which has become a problem in western society. The importance of leptin was discovered through experiments done on mice in a laboratory. Scientists found that mice who had more leptin in their bodies were thinner and didn't need to eat as much. Leptin levels can be increased by reducing stress and having quality or restful sleep.

Related pages
Peptide hormone

References 

Hormones
Proteins
Pollyanna (1960) is a Walt Disney Productions movie. It stars child actress Hayley Mills and Jane Wyman. The movie is based on the 1913 children's novel Pollyanna by Eleanor Porter. David Swift wrote the screenplay and directed the movie. Pollyanna is the first of six movies Mills made for Disney. She won an Academy Juvenile Award for her performance as Pollyanna.
Story 
Pollyanna is an orphan. She arrives in the town of Harrington to live with her rich Aunt Polly. The girl is a happy youngster who believes in the goodness of life. She makes many friends. Aunt Polly controls the town because she is the richest citizen. The people of Harrington want an old orphanage rebuilt. Aunt Polly opposes the idea. The people defy Aunt Polly and plan a bazaar to raise funds for a new building. Aunt Polly is furious. She forbids Pollyanna to participate. On the evening of the bazaar however, Pollyanna slips away and has a wonderful time. She returns home. She tries to avoid her Aunt by climbing a tree outside her bedroom window. She falls and injures her legs. Her cheerful spirits sink, making recovery doubtful. The people of Harrington learn of Pollyanna's accident. They visit her and assure her that she is loved. Pollyanna's spirits return to their usual cheerfulness. She leaves for Baltimore with Aunt Polly to have an operation on her legs.
1960s American drama movies
1960s English-language movies
Academy Award winning movies
American family movies
Disney movies
Movies based on books
American comedy-drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Buena Vista International movies
Movie remakes
Movies set in the 1910s
1960 romantic drama movies
Tropaeolum is a genus of roughly 80 species of annual and perennial herbaceous flowering plants and the only genus in the family Tropaeolaceae. The genus Tropaeolum is native in Central America and South America. The roots of the specie T. polyphyllum from Chile can survive underground when air temperatures drop as low as -15°C (5°F).

Flowers
Medicinal plants
Brassicales
Yun Hyu (Korean:윤휴, 尹鑴, October 14, 1617–May 20, 1680) was a Neo-Confucian scholar, politician, and soldier during the Korean Joseon Dynasty. His other names were Baegho (백호, 白湖) and Haheon (하헌, 夏軒). His Chinese style names were Du'goe (두괴, 斗魁) and Huijung (희중, 希仲). He was a middle-ranking member of the North Man party.

Works 
 Baekhojunseo (백호전서, 白湖全書)
 Baekhodokseogi (백호독서기, 白湖讀書記)
 Juryeseol (주례설, 周禮說)
 Hongbeomseol (홍범설, 洪範說)
 Jungyongdaehakhuseol (중용대학후설, 中庸大學後說)
 Jungyongseol (중용설, 中庸說)
 Baekhojip (백호집, 白湖集)

Related pages
 Silhak
 Heo Mok
 Heo Jeok
 Song Siyeol
 Yun Seondo
 Song Jungil

Other websites 

 http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=15008 
 http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOb_A1617_1_0008791&curSetPos=0&curSPos=0&isEQ=true&kristalSearchArea=P 

1610 births
1680 deaths
Korean educators
Korean politicians
Korean autobiographers
Korean murder victims
The Sleeping Beauty is a ballet in a prologue and three acts. Marius Petipa and Ivan Vsevolozhsky wrote the story of the ballet. It was based on Charles Perrault's 1697 fairy tale "The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood". Tchaikovsky wrote the music. Marius Petipa designed the dances.  The Sleeping Beauty was first presented at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia, on 15 January 1890. Carlotta Brianza danced the Princess and Pavel Gerdt the Prince, with Marie Petipa as the Lilac Fairy and Enrico Cecchetti as Carabosse. It was first presented in Europe in a shortened version by the Ballets Russes in London on 2 November 1921. Catherine Littlefield designed the first complete Sleeping Beauty in the United States, and presented the production on 12 February 1937 at the Academy of Music, Philadelphia, with the Philadelphia Ballet.
Background 
About ten years after Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake was presented for the first time, Tchaikovsky was asked to write a ballet for the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg. The ballet would be based on Charles Perrault's fairy tale "The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood". Tchaikovsky was very happy this story had been chosen. It was set in the age of Louis XIV. He would have the chance to write music in the Baroque style.

Petipa gave Tchaikovsky very special directions about tempi, meter, and other musical matters. He even specified the length of particular pieces in exact numbers of bars. He asked for a Waltz in Act 1, a Mazurka in Act 2, and a Polonaise in Act 3. The ballet is tied together (and its drama and suspense heightened) through the repeated use of the two musical themes representing good and evil, personified by the Lilac Fairy and Carabosse respectively. Petipa's specifications stimulated Tchaikovsky's imagination, rather than hindered it as one might expect.
Tchaikovsky's interest in setting the tale reaches back to 1867. It was then that he wrote a little ballet on the story for the children of his sister Alexandra Davydova. He had done the same for Swan Lake. In November 1888, he had a conference with theater officials and Petipa. A draft of the scenario was drawn up. Petipa provided Tchaikovsky with a detailed analysis of the musical requirements. The composer set to work, and finished the score on 1 September 1889.

Story
Story

Prologue 
A brief overture contrasts the themes of the malicious Carabosse and the benevolent Lilac Fairy. When the curtain rises, the court assembles for Princess Aurora's christening. Six fairies present their gifts. Carabosse, a fairy overlooked by the master of ceremonies, enters. She curses Aurora. The Princess shall die on her 16th birthday, she says, after pricking her finger on the spindle of a spinning wheel. The remaining seventh fairy the Lilac Fairy comes forward. She cannot put the curse to rest, but she can soften it. The Princess shall not die, she commands, but sleep one hundred years. At the end of that term, a Prince will awaken her with true love's kiss.
Act 1 
Sixteen years after the christening of Princess Aurora, the court assembles in the palace gardens to celebrate Aurora's birthday. Villagers dance a waltz. Aurora dances an adagio with four noble suitors. Carabosse enters unnoticed and slips Aurora a spindle. The Princess pricks her finger on the spindle. She falls to the ground, sound asleep. The Princess is carried into the palace by the noble suitors. The Lilac Fairy puts the entire court to sleep, then causes a dense forest of trees  and thorns to surround the castle.

Act 2
Act 2 

Scene 1. The Prince's hunt. A woodland glade with a river in the background. The stage is empty. Hunting horns are heard. Prince Desire, his tutor Galifron, and his friends enter. They have paused in the hunt to take refreshments. Several dances are performed by various ladies of the court. The hunt is resumed. The Prince is tired so chooses to remain alone in the forest. Here, he meets the Lilac Fairy who emerges from a boat of mother of pearl on the river. She has chosen him as the prince to awaken princess Aurora, and presents various visions of the princess to him. He quickly falls in love with her from the visions and begs the Lilac Fairy to lead him to her. The Lilac Fairy guides him through the forest until they reach the enchanted castle where Aurora rests.
Scene 2. Sleeping Beauty's castle. The Sleeping Beauty lies on a canopied bed. The King and Queen sleep in armchairs nearby. The courtiers and pages sleep standing up and leaning upon one another. Dust and cobwebs cover everything. The Lilac Fairy and the Prince enter. He tries to rouse the Princess and the court, but without success. The Lilac Fairy stands aside without interfering. The Prince kisses the Princess. She awakens. The dust and cobwebs disappear. The court awakens. The King grants the marriage of the Prince and Princess.
Act 3 
The Wedding of Prince Désiré and Princess Aurora on the esplanade of King Florestan's palace.
The court assembles to celebrate the marriage of Prince Désiré and Princess Aurora. The King and Queen make their entrances with the newlyweds. The festivities begin with a series of divertissements. The Diamond, Gold, Silver, and Sapphire Fairies dance. Several fairy tale characters dance: Puss in Boots and the White Cat; the Bluebird and Princess Florine; Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf; Cinderella and Prince Fortuné; and finally Hop o' My Thumb with his brothers and the ogre.  The Prince and Princess dance a pas de deux. Roman, Persian, Indian, American, and Turkish characters dance a Sarabande. The act ends with a tableau vivant representing the Glory of the Fairies. This tableau was changed to represent the Glory of Apollo.

Gallery

Notes
Gallery

Notes

References 
 Balanchine, George. 1975. 101 Stories of the Great Ballets. New York, USA: Anchor Books.  
 Hurley, Thérèse. "Opening the door to a fairy tale world: Tchaikovsky's ballet music" in The Cambridge Companion to Ballet. 2007. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. .
 Kirstein, Lincoln. 1970. Four Centuries of Ballet: Fifty Masterworks. New York, USA: Dover. .
 Warrack, John. 1973. Tchaikovsky. New York, USA: Charles Scribner's Sons. 
 Warrack, John. 1979. Tchaikovsky Ballet Music. Seattle, USA: University of Washington Press. .
 Warrack, John. 1985. Tchaikovsky's Ballets. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. .

Ballets by Marius Petipa
Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Ballets first performed by the St. Petersburg Imperial Ballet
Sleeping Beauty
In archaeology, geography, and history, a human settlement is a place where people live, either permanently (all the time) or temporarily (only some of the time). When people go to an area to live there, it is called settling an area. When they come from far away it is sometimes called a colony. The term may include hamlets, villages, suburbs, towns and cities. Nomadic people do not settle. 

Population
Microtia meaning 'small ear' is a deformation of the outer ear. Over 90% of the time, only one ear is affected, but both ears can be affected. More boys are affected than girls. The right ear is more affected than the left. One in 1000 people have microtia. It can affect hearing. There are four grades of microtia:
Grade I: A slightly small ear with identifiable structures and a small but present external ear canal 
Grade II: A partial or hemi-ear with a closed off ("stenotic") external ear canal producing a conductive hearing loss 
Grade III: Absence of the external ear with a small peanut vestige structure and an absence of the external ear canal and ear drum 
Grade IV: Absence of the total ear {"anotia")
Grade III is most common, and can be corrected by surgery.

Growth disorders
was an old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called Ishikari Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Ishikari Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Ishikari Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Ishikari and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido. The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what are today called Sōya Subprefecture and Abashiri Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Kitami Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan including Kitami Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Kitami and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what are today called Kushiro Subprefecture and part of Abashiri Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Kushiro Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Kushiro Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Kushiro and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
The name Albert II refers to :

Albert II of Belgium 6th King of Belgium (1993-2013).

Albert II, Prince of Monaco Prince of Monaco.
was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called Nemuro Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Nemuro Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Nemuro Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Nemuro and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
Queen Letizia of Spain (Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano, born 15 September 1972), is the wife of Felipe VI of Spain, former Prince of Asturias, the heir apparent to the Spanish throne.  

Before her marriage to the prince, she worked as a journalist for several mass media companies. These included the Austrian newspaper La Nueva España, ABC and EFE. She also presented the news on television. In 2000, she received the Larra Prize for her work as the best journalist under 30 years of age.

Life 
In 1998, she married Alfonso Guerrero. The next year they divorced. Later she met the Prince Felipe at a dinner party. They married on May 22, 2004. Their daughter Leonor was born in October 2005. She is the second in the line of succession for the Spanish Crown. Sofía, her second daughter, was born in April 2007.
Since her second wedding, she has had the title of Princess of Asturias. She accompanies her husband on official travel wherever she can. She very much likes fashion. People and the press are always noticing what she is wearing.

Following the abdication of her father-in-law in June 2014, her husband succeeded to the Spanish throne as Felipe VI with Letizia as his queen.

Titles and styles 

 15 September 1972 – 6/7 August 1998: Miss Doña Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano
 6/7 August 1998 – 1999: Mrs. Doña Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano de Guerrero
 1999 – 22 May 2004: Ms. Doña Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano
 22 May 2004 – 19 June 2014: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Asturias, Princess of Girona, Princess of Viana, Duchess of Montblanc, Countess of Cervera, Lady of Balaguer
 19 June 2014 – present: Her Majesty The Queen

1972 births
Living people
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish House of Bourbon
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
Giovanni Francesco "Gianfrancesco" Straparola, also known as Zoan or Zuan Francesco Straparola da Caravaggio (c. 1480 – c. 1557) was a writer from Caravaggio, Italy. His principal work is Le piacevoli notti, a collection of 75 stories. Modelled on Decamerone, it has participants of a 13-night party in the island of Murano, near Venice, tell each other stories that vary from the bawdy to the fantastic.

Among the tales are:
 The Pig King
 Costantino Fortunato, the oldest known variant of "Puss in Boots"
 Ancilotto, King of Provino, the oldest known variant of "The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird"
 Biancabella and the Snake
 Maestro Lattantio and His Apprentice Dionigi
 Guerrino and the Savage Man, the oldest known variant of "Iron John"
 Fortunio, the earliest European appearance of a story about killing or injuring someone while attempting to shoo away a fly
 Costanza / Costanzo

References
References

Other websites 
 SurLaLune Fairy Tale Pages: The Facetious Nights of Straparola , an English translation of many tales

1480s births
1550s deaths
Italian writers
was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what are today called Oshima Subprefecture and Hiyama Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Oshima Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Oshima Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Oshima and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
"Diamonds and Toads" () is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It first appeared in a handwritten and illustrated manuscript in 1695 called Contes de ma mêre l'oye (). The volume was intended for the king's niece, and included four other tales by Perrault.  It was first published in Paris in 1697 by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight prose fairy tales by Perrault. "Le Doie Pizzelle" () is a similar tale in Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone (1550-53). Other versions of Perrault's tale exist, including one collected in Hesse by the Brothers Grimm. Iona and Peter Opie write, "The theme of this tale is one of the most popular in the world, that of the proud and the privileged being brought low, and the meek and down-trodden being raised above them."  Christopher Betts believes the tale was intended for a young audience, "old enough to appreciate that the unkind sister is 'rude' ... but not enough to object to the scarcely disguised nannyish advice."
Story 
A widow has two daughters. The elder is ugly, selfish and rude. The younger is beautiful, kind and polite. The younger is sent to fetch water from a spring. An old woman dressed in rags (a fairy in disguise) asks for a drink of water. The girl politely gives her one. In thanks, the fairy causes diamonds and roses to drop from the girl's mouth whenever she speaks. At home, her mother is amazed. She sends her elder daughter to the spring. The girl meets a grandly-dressed lady (the fairy) who asks for a drink of water. The girl responds rudely. The fairy causes snakes and toads to drop from her mouth.  At home, her mother is furious. She blames the younger sister. The girl runs into the woods. She meets a prince who falls in love and marries her. The elder sister dies after running away from home. A rhyming moral tells the reader that politeness and gentle words are worth more than jewels. They may bring unexpected rewards.
Gallery 
Illustrations of the tale by Laura Vlentine fr Aunt Louisa's Nursery Favorite (1870).

References 

 Betts, Christopher (Ed.) 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. .
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 98–9.

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what are today called Shiribeshi Subprefecture and the northern part of Hiyama Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Shiribeshi Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Shiribeshi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Shiribeshi and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
About Schmidt is a 2002 American comedy-drama movie set in Nebraska and Colorado. It was directed by Alexander Payne and starred Jack Nicholson.

Release dates

Other websites 

2002 comedy-drama movies
2000s road movies
American comedy-drama movies
American road movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Colorado
Movies set in Nebraska
Works about old age
Movies directed by Alexander Payne
was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called Rumoi Subprefecture and the northern half of Kamikawa Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Teshio Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Teshio Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Teshio and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
"Hop o' My Thumb" (French: Le petit Poucet) is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It was first published in 1697 in Paris by Claude Barbin in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (Stories or Tales of Past Times), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault. The story tells of several brothers abandoned by their parents. The smallest brother is the same size as a person's thumb. He saves his brothers from an ogre. Perrault's rhyming moral at the end of the story tells readers that sometimes the smallest boy in the family brings good things to all.

References 
 Betts, Christopher (Ed.) 2009. The Complete Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 187-90.
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. pp. 128-9.

Fairy tales
Works by Charles Perrault
was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called Tokachi Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Tokachi Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Tokachi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Tokachi and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
"Grenade" is a song by the singer and songwriter Bruno Mars. It was released in September 2010. Critical reception was mostly positive. The song reached #1 in many countries. "Grenade" is a heartbreak single about masochism during love relationships.

2010 songs
Pop songs
Bruno Mars songs
Within Temptation songs
Sleeping Beauty (1959) is an American-French animated movie produced by Walt Disney Productions and released to movie theaters by Buena Vista Distribution. It is based on the 1697 fairy tale "The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood" by Charles Perrault.  The movie was directed by Les Clark, Eric Larson, and Wolfgang Reitherman, under the supervision of Clyde Geronimi. Additional story work was provided by Joe Rinaldi, Winston Hibler, Bill Peet, Ted Sears, Ralph Wright, and Milt Banta.

The movie's musical score and songs are arrangements or adaptations of material from the 1890 Sleeping Beauty ballet by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Buena Vista Distribution released the movie to theaters on November 11, 1959. It was the first animated movie to be photographed in the Technirama widescreen process. The movie was presented in Super Technirama 70 and 6-channel stereophonic sound in first-run engagements.
Reception 
The movie generated mixed reviews from critics. They thought the movie was slow-paced and lacked character development. Sleeping Beauty earned approximately $7.7 million in box office rentals. Its production costs totaled $6 million, making it the most expensive Disney movie to that date. The high production costs of the movie resulted in the company posting its first annual loss in a decade for fiscal year 1960, and many animators were laid off.

References 

1959 movies
Disney animated movies
1950s English-language movies
American family movies
Movies composed by George Bruns
Sleeping Beauty
Movies based on fairy tales
1950s American drama movies
1950s American musical fantasy movies
1950s American romance movies
Movies about witchcraft
Movies about death
Movies based on books
Movies set in forests
Movies set in castles
Movies set in Europe
"Cupid's Chokehold" is a song by the rap group Gym Class Heroes. It was released twice. The first time was in 2005. The second time was in 2007. The single became a hit song around 2007. It contains samples of the song "Breakfast in America" by the group Supertramp. Patrick Stump sings on it. The song reached #4 on US record charts. It reached #3 in the United Kingdom and Canada.

2005 songs
Emily Erin Deschanel (born October 11, 1976) is an American actress, movie producer and television producer. She is best known for her role as the main character in the television series Bones.

Early life
Deschanel was born in Los Angeles, California. She is of French, Swiss, Dutch, Irish and English ancestry. She is the elder daughter of Caleb Deschanel and Mary Jo Deschanel (nee Weir). Her sister is actress Zooey Deschanel.

Personal life
Deschanel married David Hornsby in 2010. The couple's son was born in 2011.

References

Other websites

1976 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
Gilles de Rais ( 1405 ?–26 October 1440) was a Marshal of France, Joan of Arc's comrade in arms, and a murderer. He was the son of Guy de Laval/Rais and Marie de Craon. He became rich when a relative died. He was made a Marshal of France in 1429. He spent much of his money putting on a play that he wrote. He dabbled in alchemy. His criminal career began in 1434. In 1440, he was arrested, tried, and hanged. De Rais may have killed 140 people. Most of his victims were young boys. He may have been the inspiration for the 1697 fairy tale "Bluebeard" by Charles Perrault.

References

Bibliography
 Benedetti, Jean. 1971. Gilles de Rais. Stein and Day. .
 Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford UP. .

1440 deaths
French murderers
French generals
Marshals of France
People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
"Ligeia" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in The American Museum in 1838. It was revised and reprinted many times during Poe's lifetime.

The story tells of an unnamed narrator's beautiful wife Ligeia. She composes the poem "The Conqueror Worm" before dying. The narrator then marries the Lady Rowena. She shortly sickens and dies. The narrator stays with her body overnight. She comes back from the dead as Ligeia.

Criticism was positive. Charles Eames of The New World wrote, "The force and boldness of the conception and the high artistic skill, with which the writer's purpose is wrought out, are equally admirable." Thomas Dunn English wrote in October 1845 that "Ligeia" was "the most extraordinary, of its kind, of his productions".

In 1964, director Roger Corman adapted the story to a movie, The Tomb of Ligeia, starring Vincent Price.

References  

19th-century American short stories
Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
Plot 
The narrator mesmerizes an ill friend, M. Valdemar. Valdemar reports first that he is dying and then that he is dead. The narrator leaves him in a mesmeric state for seven months. During this time Valdemar is without pulse, heartbeat, or breath. His skin is cold and pale. Finally, the narrator tries to wake him. Valdemar's swollen black tongue begs to be returned to sleep or to be fully wakened. He shouts "dead! dead!" repeatedly. The narrator takes Valdemar out of the trance and his body immediately disintegrates into a "nearly liquid mass of loathsome—of detestable putrescence."

Publication history
Poe was inspired to write Valdemar after reading a letter about an operation on a mesmerized patient. The tale was published in December 1845 in two different New York journals. One used the title "The Facts in M. Valdemar's Case". In England, the tale was published first as "Mesmerism in Articulo Mortis" and later as "The Last Days of M. Valdemar".
Style 
Poe employs detailed descriptions and high levels of gore in "Valdemar". He may have studied medical texts. Valdemar's eyes at one point leak a "profuse outflowing of a yellowish ichor", for example. The tale's imagery is summed up in the final lines: "...his whole frame at once — within the space of a single minute, or even less, shrunk—crumbled—absolutely rotted away beneath my hands. Upon the bed, before that whole company, there lay a nearly liquid mass of loathsome—of detestable putrescence." The disgusting imagery probably  inspired later fiction including that of H. P. Lovecraft. Those final lines make up one of the most powerfully effective moments in Poe's work, incorporating shock, disgust, and uneasiness into one moment. This ending shows that attempts to appropriate power over death will have hideous results and, therefore, ultimately will be unsuccessful.
Adaptations 
Movie adaptations include a segment in Roger Corman's Tales of Terror (1962) and George A. Romero's Two Evil Eyes (1990). "Edgar Allan Poe's Valdemar" (2000) was a dramatic adaptation for National Public Radio.

References

Other websites 

Full text from E. A. Poe Society
 "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" with annotated vocabulary at PoeStories.com
 "The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" Free Audio & eText 

19th-century American short stories
Short stories by Edgar Allan Poe
The  is a time in the history of Japan which is traditionally dated 300 BC to 300 AD.

History
Early evidence of Yayoi culture is found on the island of Kyūshū.  Over time, it spread to the island of Honshū.

Iron and bronze were first used in Japan at about the same time.  Iron was used for tools and weapons. Bronze was used for ritual objects such as mirrors, daggers and spears.

The Yayoi tools included as axes and hoes for agriculture etc., but also weapons such as arrowheads and swords.

Yayoi people 

The Yayoi people (弥生人 Yayoi jin) were ancient people that migrated to the Japanese archipelago from southeastern China during the Yayoi period (300 BCE–300 CE). Modern Japanese people are direct descedants of the Yayoi and have about 97% Yayoi DNA.
The Yayoi and the modern Japanese people are closely related to other East Asian (or Mongoloid) people, such as Chinese or Vietnamese people. They belonged to the haplogroup O and spoke the proto-Japonic languages. Most scientists and linguists suggest that they originated somewhere in southeastern China and migrated from their into Japan.

References

Other websites 

 Metropolitan Museum of Art, Yayoi Culture 
 Japan-guide.com,  Early Japan

Periods in Japanese history
4th-century BC establishments
3rd-century disestablishments
Pepin the Hunchback (, , c. 767 - 811) was a prince of Frankish Empire. He was the first son of Charlemagne and grandson of Pepin the Short.

Related pages
 Charlemagne
 Frankish Empire
 Louis the Pious

760s births
811 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Frankish kings
Party of Five is an American drama television series. It was broadcast on the FOX network from September 12, 1994 until May 3, 2000.  The series is set in San Francisco, California. It was well liked by the critics but the series had very low ratings.  The network wanted to stop broadcasting it after the 1994-1995 season but chose not to do this.  The main stars of the series included Jennifer Love Hewitt, Scott Wolf, Matthew Fox, Lacey Chabert, David Collins, Paula Devicq, Scott Grimes, Michael A. Goorjian, Jeremy London and Neve Campbell. The series was given a "Best Drama" Golden Globe Award in 1996.

Other websites 

1994 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
American drama television series
American teen television series
Fox television series
Golden Globe Award winning programs
Television series set in San Francisco
English-language television programs
Pepin I of Aquitaine, (or Pepin V of Aquitaine, ca. 797 - 838) was the Carolingian dynasty king of Aquitaine from 814 to 838. He was the second son of emperor Louis the Pius.

Related pages
 King of Aquitaine
 Pepin II of Aquitaine
 Louis the pious
 Louis the Greman
 Lothar I
 Charles the Bald

Other websites 
Familypedia

Holy Roman Emperors
Kings and Queens of France
790s births
838 deaths