Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Ceasefire and decommissioning
After a continuous campaign of 28 years, the UVF called a ceasefire in October 1994. They stated in October 2007 that they had ended their campaign and in June 2009 they announced they had decommissioned (destroyed their weapons), however the UVF have been involved in a number of incidents since then, which has put the announcement in doubt.

Deaths as a result of campaign
From the organization's creation in 1966 and ending of campaign in 2007, the UVF were responsible for at least 400 murders, however it is believed the actual figure is closer to 1,000. The UVF stated that their mission was to destroy Irish republican paramilitary groups, however over 80% of their victims were Catholic civilians.

References 
 Steve Bruce, The Red Hand, 1992, 
 Jim Cusack & Henry McDonald, UVF, 2000, 
 Martin Dillon, The Dirty War
 Brendan O'Brien, The Long War - the IRA and Sinn Féin
 Peter Taylor, Loyalists
 Tony Geraghty, The Irish War
Other websites
 History of the 1912 UVF 
 History of the YCV 
 CAIN - University of Ulster Conflict Archive
 Photographs of UVF murals
 Ulster Volunteer Force 

1966 establishments in the United Kingdom
20th-century establishments in Northern Ireland
Nationalist organisations in the United Kingdom
Up to 1950 
 1381 – Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
 1418 – An Insurrection delivers Paris to control of the Burgundians.
 1429 – Battle of Jargeau: Joan of Arc leads the French army in the capture of the city and the English commander, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk in the battle's second day.
 1550 - Helsinki, present-day capital of Finland and then-part of Sweden, is founded by King Gustav I of Sweden.
 1560 – Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeats Imagawa Yoshimoto.
 1665 - England installs a municipal government in New York.
 1758 - French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg - James Wolfe's attack on Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, begins.
 1775 - American Revolution: British general Thomas Gage declares martial law in Massachusetts.
 1776 - The Virginia Declaration of Rights is adopted in what would become the United States.
 1860 – The State Bank of the Russian Empire is founded.
1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Cold Harbor - General Ulysses S. Grant pulls his Union troops from their positions, handing victory to Confederate General Robert E. Lee.
 1872 – The Royal Mint (where money is made) opens in Melbourne.
 1889 – The Armagh rail disaster occurs in present-day Northern Ireland, killing 78 people.
 1897 – Carl Elsener patents a small pen knife, now called the Swiss army knife.
 1898 – The republic of the Philippines declares independence from Spain.
 1899 – United States: The New Richmond tornado kills 117 people.
 1929 – Anne Frank is born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
 1932 - Bayern Munich win the German football championship for the first time.
 1939 – The Baseball Hall of Fame opens in Cooperstown, New York.
 1939 - Shooting begins on Paramount Pictures' Dr. Cyclops, the first horror movie photographed in three-strip Technicolor.
 1940 - World War II: 13,000 British and French troops surrender to Major General Erwin Rommel at Saint-Valery-en-Caux.
1942 – Anne Frank receives her diary for her 13th birthday.
 1943 - Holocaust: Nazi Germany liquidates the Jewish Ghetto in what is now Berezhany, Ukraine. 1,800 Jews are led to the city's graveyard and shot.
1951  2000 
 1962 – The Roraima National Park is created in the border area of Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana.
 1963 – Civil Rights activist Medgar Evans is murdered in Jackson, Mississippi by Byron De La Beckwith.
 1964 – Nelson Mandela is sentenced to life in prison.
 1967 – The United States Supreme Court rules in the Loving v Virginia case that US State laws prohibiting interracial marriage are unconstitutional.
 1967 – Venera programme: The Venera 4 space probe is launched to Venus.
 1968 - Eddy Merckx wins the Tour de France for the first time.
 1973 - Helmut Kohl is chosen as leader of the CDU, one of the main parties in the Federal Republic of Germany.
 1975 – Indira Gandhi is found guilty of electoral corruption.
 1978 – David Berkowitz is sentenced to 365 years in prison for the six Son of Sam murders in New York.
 1987 – Ronald Reagan makes a speech at the Brandenburg Gate, calling for Mikhail Gorbachev to 'Tear down this wall!'
1987 – Jean-Bédel Bokassa, former self-declared Emperor of the present-day Central African Republic, is sentenced to death.
 1990 – The parliament of Russia declares its sovereignty.
 1991 – Boris Yeltsin is elected President of Russia.
 1991 – The Sri Lankan Army massacres 152 Tamil civilians in the eastern Sri Lankan village of Kokkadichcholai.
 1993 – Elections are held in Nigeria, but they later annulled by the military government under Ibrahim Babangida.
 1994 – A referendum in Austria supports EU membership.
 1994 – Ronald Goldman and Nicole Brown Simpson are murdered in Los Angeles. O. J. Simpson is later found not guilty of their murders.
 1994 – The Boeing 777 makes its first flight.
 1997 – Queen Elizabeth II reopens the Globe Theatre in London.
 1999 – A NATO-led UN peacekeeping force enters Kosovo.
 2000 – Sandro Rosa do Nascimento takes hostages while robbing a bus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It results in a stand-off in which do Nascimento and one of the hostages die.
From 2001 
 2004 – UEFA Euro 2004 in Portugal starts, as the Portugal national football team, hosting the tournament, loses 2-1 to the Greece national football team.
 2009 – A Presidential Election is held in Iran. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad claims victory over Mir-Hossein Mousavi, in a disputed result. Soon after, protests begin in Tehran against his rule, following the controversial outcome of the election.
 2013 - Jiroemon Kimura dies in Japan. At the age of 116 years, 53 days, he is recognized as the oldest man ever, and the last-surviving man to have been born in the 19th century.
 2013 - The government of Greece shuts down the national broadcaster for a previously undetermined amount of time.
 2014 - The 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, the 20th edition of the tournament, begins. In the opening game, the Brazil national football team comes from behind to beat the Croatia national football team 3-1.
 2015 - The first European Games begin in Baku, Azerbaijan, lasting until June 28.
2016 - 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting: Gunman Omar Mateen kills 49 people in a shooting at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida in the worst mass shooting in recent US history.
 2016 - Pittsburgh Penguins win the Stanley Cup by beating the San Jose Sharks 3-1 and winning the series 4-2.
 2018 - 2018 North Korea–United States summit takes place as US President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un meet for talks in Singapore.
 2018 - Politicians in the Republic of Macedonia reach an agreement with Greece in a dispute over its name.
Up to 1900 
 950 – Emperor Reizei of Japan (d. 1011)
 1107 – Emperor Gaozong of Song, of China (d. 1187)
 1519 – Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1574)
 1577 – Paul Guldin, Swiss mathematician and astronomer (d. 1643)
 1771 – Patrick Gass, American sergeant in the Lewis and Clark expedition (d. 1870)
 1777 - Robert Clark, American politician (d. 1837)
 1795 - John Marston, American sailor (d. 1885)
 1802 – Harriet Martineau, American journalist, political economist, abolitionist and feminist (d. 1876)
 1806 – John A. Roebling, German-American architect (Brooklyn Bridge) (d. 1869)
 1812 - Edmond Hébert, French geologist (d. 1890)
 1819 - Charles Kingsley, English priest, historian and novelist (d. 1875)
 1827 – Johanna Spyri, Swiss writer (d. 1901)
 1831 - Robert Herbert, English-Australian politician, 1st Premier of Queensland (d. 1905)
 1843 - David Gill, Scottish astronomer (d. 1914)
 1851 - Oliver Lodge, English physicist (d. 1940)
 1858 - Harry Hamilton Johnston, English polymath (d. 1927)
1858 - Henry Scott Tuke, English painter and photographer (d. 1929)
 1872 - Emil Hacha, Czech politician (d. 1945)
 1885 – Frank Ferera, Hawaiian musician (d. 1951)
 1888 - Zygmunt Janiszewski, Polish mathematician (d. 1920)
 1890 – Egon Schiele, Austrian painter (d. 1918)
 1890 - Théophile Alajouanine, French psychiatrist (d. 1980)
 1892 – Basil Rathbone, British actor (d. 1967)
 1892 – Djuna Barnes, American writer (d. 1982)
 1892 - Apostolos Grozos, Greek Communist politician (d. 1981)
 1897 - Walter Peterhans, German photographer (d. 1960)
 1897 – Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1977)
 1899 – Fritz Albert Lipmann, American biochemist (d. 1986)
 1899 - Weegee, Ukrainian-American photographer (d. 1968)
1901  1950 
 1901 - Clyde Geronimi, Italian-American animation director (d. 1989)
 1902 - Hendrik Elias, Flemish politician (d. 1973)
 1903 - Emmett Hardy, American musician (d. 1925)
 1905 – Ray Barbuti, American sportsperson (d. 1988)
 1906 - Sandro Penna, Italian poet (d. 1977)
 1908 – Marina Semyonova, Russian ballerina (d. 2010)
 1908 - Alphonse Ouimet, Canadian engineer and designer (d. 1988)
 1908 - Otto Skorzeny, German SS officer (d. 1975)
 1912 - Bill Cowley, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1993)
 1914 - Go Seigen, Japanese Go player (d. 2014)
 1915 – David Rockefeller, American banker (d. 2017)
 1915 - Priscilla Lane, American actress (d. 1995)
 1916 – Raul Hector Castro, American politician, 14th Governor of Arizona (d. 2015)
 1916 - Irwin Allen, American director and producer (d. 1991)
 1917 - Gottfried Honegger, Swiss artist and graphic designer (d. 2016)
 1918 - Samuel Z. Arkoff, American film producer (d. 2001)
 1919 – Uta Hagen, German-American actress (d. 2004)
1919 - Ahmed Abdallah, President of the Comoros (d. 1989)
 1921 – Luis Garcia Berlanga, Spanish movie director and screenwriter (d. 2010)
 1922 – Günter Behnisch, German architect (d. 2010)
 1922 - Margherita Hack, Italian astrophysicist (d. 2013)
 1924 – George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States (d. 2018)
 1926 - Amadeo Carrizo, Argentine footballer
 1928 – Petros Molyviatis, Greek politician
 1928 - Vic Damone, American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 2018)
 1928 - Richard M. Sherman, American composer, songwriter and publisher
 1929 – Anne Frank, German-Dutch diarist who died in the Holocaust (d. 1945)
 1929 - Alberto De Martino, Italian movie director (d. 2015)
 1929 – Brigid Brophy, British writer (d. 1995)
 1929 – Jameel Jalibi, Pakistani writer and Urdu language scholar
 1930 - Donald Byrne, American chess player (d. 1976)
 1930 - Innes Ireland, British racing driver (d. 1993)
 1932 - Mano Wolde, Ethiopian long-distance runner (d. 2002)
1933 – Eddie Adams, American photographer (d. 2004)
 1937 – Vladimir Arnold, Russian mathematician (d. 2010)
 1938 - Jean-Marie Doré, Prime Minister of Guinea (d. 2016)
 1938 - Ian Partridge, English tenor
 1941 – Chick Corea, American musician
 1941 - Roy Harper, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, poet and actor
 1941 - Reg Presley, English singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
 1942 – Bert Sakmann, German physiologist
 1945 – Pat Jennings, Northern Irish footballer
 1946 - Michel Bergeron, Canadian ice hockey player
 1946 - Salman Taseer, Pakistani politician (d. 2011)
 1949 – Jens Boehrnsen, German politician, Mayor of Bremen and former acting President of Germany
 1949 - John Wetton, English singer, bassist and guitarist (d. 2017)
1951  1975 
 1951 – Andranik Margaryan, Armenian politician (d. 2007)
 1951 - Bun E. Carlos, American drummer (Cheap Trick)
 1951 – Brad Delp, American musician (d. 2007)
 1952 – Pete Farndon, English musician (d. 1983)
 1952 – Spencer Abraham, American politician
 1953 - Rocky Burnett, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 1953 - Tess Gerritsen, Chinese-American novelist
 1953 - David Thornton, American actor
 1958 - Rebecca Holden, American actress and singer
 1961 – Hannelore Kraft, German politician, Prime Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia
 1965 - Vicky Vette, Norwegian-Canadian pornographic actress
 1965 - Cathy Tyson, English actress
 1965 - Gwen Torrence, American athlete
 1967 - Aivar Kuusmaa, Estonian basketball player and coach
 1968 - Manuel Blanc, French actor
 1968 - Htay Kywe, Burmese activist
 1969 - Heinz-Christian Strache, Austrian politician
 1971 – Mark Henry, American professional wrestler
 1972 - Sophie Lawrence, English actress, singer and director
1973 - Jason Caffey, American basketball player and coach
 1973 – Takis Fyssas, Greek footballer
 1973 - Darryl White, Australian footballer
 1974 – Hideki Matsui, Japanese baseball player
 1974 - Jason Mewes, American actor
From 1976 
 1976 – Thomas Sorensen, Danish footballer
 1976 - Antawn Jamison, American basketball player
 1977 - Richard Ayoade, English actor, director and screenwriter
 1977 - Kenny Wayne Shepherd, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 1978 - Lewis Moody, English rugby player
 1978 - Yumiko Shaku, Japanese actress and model
 1978 - Shiloh Strong, American actor, screenwriter, photographer and director
 1979 – Diego Milito, Argentine footballer
 1979 – Robyn, Swedish singer
 1980 – Marco Bortolami, Italian rugby player
 1980 - Diem Brown, American television personality (d. 2014)
 1980 - Walter Erviti, Argentine footballer
 1981 - Adriana Lima, Brazilian model
 1981 – Nora Tschirner, German television presenter
 1982 – Jason David, American football player
 1983 – Bryan Habana, South African rugby player
 1983 - Christine Sinclair, Canadian soccer player
 1985 - Blake Ross, American software developer
 1985 - Colin Doyle, Irish footballer
 1985 - Dave Franco, American actor
1985 - Kendra Wilkinson, American model, actress and author
 1986 – Sergio Rodriguez, Spanish basketball player
 1986 – Stanislava Komarova, Russian swimmer
 1986 - Mario Casas, Spanish actor
 1987 – Abbey Lee Kershaw, Australian model
 1987 – Antonio Barragan, Spanish footballer
 1988 – Eren Derdiyok, Swiss footballer
 1988 - Mauricio Isla, Chilean footballer
 1989 - Laura Kirkpatrick, American model
 1990 - Jrue Holiday, American basketball player
 1992 – Allie DiMeco, American actress and musician
 1992 - Laura Jones, English gymnast
 1992 - Philippe Coutinho, Brazilian footballer
 1996 - Anna Margaret, American singer, songwriter and actress
Up to 1950 
 816 – Pope Leo III (b. 750)
 1020 – Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury
 1560 – Imawaga Yoshimoto, Japanese daimyo (b. 1519)
 1560 – Ii Naomori, Japanese warrior (b. 1506)
 1574 - Princess Renée of France (b. 1510)
 1675 - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (b. 1634)
 1758 – Augustus William, Prince of Prussia (b. 1722)
 1772 - Marc-Joseph Marion de Fresne, French explorer (b. 1724)
 1778 - Philip Livingston, American merchant and statesman (b. 1716)
 1816 - Pierre Augereau, French marshal (b. 1757)
 1818 - Egwale Seyon of Ethiopia
 1841 - Konstantinos Nikolopoulos, Greek composer, archaeologist and philologist (b. 1786)
 1878 – George V of Hanover (b. 1819)
 1900 - Lucretia Peabody Hale, American journalist and author (b. 1820)
 1904 - Camille of Renesse-Breidbach, Belgian nobleman, entrepreneur and author (b. 1836)
 1912 – Frédéric Passy, French Nobel Peace Prize winner (b. 1822)
 1917 - Teresa Carreno, Venezuelan singer, pianist, composer and conductor (b. 1853)
1929 - Marie Henri Andoyer, French astronomer and mathematician (b. 1862)
 1932 – Theo Heemskerk, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1852)
 1937 – Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1893)
1951  2000 
 1952 - Michael von Faulhaber, German cardinal (b. 1869)
 1957 – Jimmy Dorsey, American musician (b. 1904)
 1962 - John Ireland, English composer (b. 1879)
 1963 – Medgar Evans, American Civil Rights activist (b. 1925)
 1964 – Walter Seifert, German retired World War II veteran, ran amok in a Cologne school (b. 1922)
 1966 - Hermann Scherchen, German composer and conductor (b. 1891)
 1969 - Percival Proctor, Governor of Maine (b. 1876)
 1976 - Gopinath Kaviraj, Indian philosopher and scholar (b. 1887)
 1978 - Guo Moruo, Chinese historian, author and poet (b. 1892)
 1978 - Georg Simenson, Estonian footballer (b. 1912)
 1980 – Billy Butlin, British holiday entrepreneur (b. 1899)
 1980 – Masayoshi Ohira, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1910)
 1982 – Karl von Frisch, Austrian zoologist (b. 1886)
 1983 – Norma Shearer, Canadian-American actress (b. 1902)
 1987 – Paul Janes, German footballer (b. 1912)
 1990 – Terence O'Neill, Baron O'Neill, Northern Irish politician (b. 1914)
1994 – Ronald Goldman, American waiter and murder victim (b. 1968)
 1994 – Nicole Brown Simpson, American murder victim (b. 1959)
 1997 - Bulat Okudzhava, Russian singer-songwriter, musician and author (b. 1924)
 2000 – Sandro Rosa do Nascimento, Brazilian hostage taker (b. 1978)
 2000 - Purushottam Laxman Deshpande, Indian actor, director, producer and author (b. 1919)
From 2001 
 2003 – Gregory Peck, American actor (b. 1916)
 2006 – Gyorgy Ligeti, Hungarian composer (b. 1923)
 2006 – Nijiro Tukuda, Japanese supercentenarian (b. 1895)
 2007 - Guy de Rothschild, French banker (b. 1909)
 2009 – Félix Malloum, President of Chad (b. 1932)
 2012 – Elinor Ostrom, American economist (b. 1933)
 2012 - Henry Hill, American convict (b. 1943)
 2013 - Jiroemon Kimura, Japanese supercentenarian, oldest-recorded man ever (b. 1897)
 2014 - Frank Schirrmacher, German journalist (b. 1959)
 2014 - Carla Laemmle, American actress (b. 1909)
 2014 - Jimmy Scott, American jazz musician (b. 1925)
 2014 - Khagen Mahanta, Indian folk singer (b. 1942)
 2014 - Joe Pittman, American baseball player (b. 1954)
 2015 - Monica Lewis, American actress (b. 1922)
 2015 - Fernando Brant, Brazilian poet and composer (b. 1946)
 2016 - Omar Mateen, American gunman, perpetrator of the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting (b. 1986)
 2016 - Donald Carr, English cricketer (b. 1926)
2016 - Vladimir Dolgopolov, Russian footballer (b. 1961)
 2016 - Alfonso Portugal, Mexican footballer (b. 1934)
 2016 - George Voinovich, American politician, former Governor of Ohio (b. 1936)
 2016 - Janet Waldo, American actress (b. 1920)
 2017 - C. Narayana Reddy, Indian screenwriter, composer and poet (b. 1931)
 2017 - Charles P. Thacker, American computer designer (b. 1943)
Observances 
 Independence Day (the Philippines)
 Loving Day (United States)
 Russia Day
 World Day Against Child Labour
 Chaco Armistice Day (Paraguay)
 Dia dos Namorados (Brazil)
 Helsinki Day
 Democracy Day (Nigeria)

Events
1987 – Jean-Bédel Bokassa, former self-declared Emperor of the present-day Central African Republic, is sentenced to death.
 1990 – The parliament of Russia declares its sovereignty.
 1991 – Boris Yeltsin is elected President of Russia.
 1991 – The Sri Lankan Army massacres  152 Tamil civilians in the eastern Sri Lankan village of Kokkadichcholai.
 1993 – Elections are held in Nigeria, but they later annulled by the military government under Ibrahim Babangida.
 1994 – A referendum in Austria supports EU membership.
 1994 – Ronald Goldman and Nicole Brown Simpson are murdered in Los Angeles. O. J. Simpson is later found not guilty of their murders.
 1994 – The Boeing 777 makes its first flight.
 1997 – Queen Elizabeth II reopens the Globe Theatre in London.
 1999 – A NATO-led UN peacekeeping force enters Kosovo.
 2000 – Sandro Rosa do Nascimento takes hostages while robbing a bus in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It results in a stand-off in which do Nascimento and one of the hostages die.
2016 - 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting: Gunman Omar Mateen kills 49 people in a shooting at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida in the worst mass shooting in recent US history.
 2016 - Pittsburgh Penguins win the Stanley Cup by beating the San Jose Sharks 3-1 and winning the series 4-2.
1858 - Henry Scott Tuke, English painter and photographer (d. 1929)
 1872 - Emil Hacha, Czech politician (d. 1945)
 1885 – Frank Ferera, Hawaiian musician (d. 1951)
 1888 - Zygmunt Janiszewski, Polish mathematician (d. 1920)
 1890 – Egon Schiele, Austrian painter (d. 1918)
 1890 - Théophile Alajouanine, French psychiatrist (d. 1980) 
 1892 – Basil Rathbone, British actor (d. 1967)
 1892 – Djuna Barnes, American writer (d. 1982)
 1892 - Apostolos Grozos, Greek Communist politician (d. 1981)
 1897 - Walter Peterhans, German photographer (d. 1960)
 1897 – Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1977)
 1899 – Fritz Albert Lipmann, American biochemist (d. 1986)
 1899 - Weegee, Ukrainian-American photographer (d. 1968)
1919 - Ahmed Abdallah, President of the Comoros (d. 1989)
 1921 – Luis Garcia Berlanga, Spanish movie director and screenwriter (d. 2010)
 1922 – Günter Behnisch, German architect (d. 2010)
 1922 - Margherita Hack, Italian astrophysicist (d. 2013)
 1924 – George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States
 1926 - Amadeo Carrizo, Argentine footballer
 1928 – Petros Molyviatis, Greek politician
 1928 - Vic Damone, American singer-songwriter and actor
 1928 - Richard M. Sherman, American composer, songwriter and publisher
 1929 – Anne Frank, German-Dutch diarist who died in the Holocaust (d. 1945)
 1929 - Alberto De Martino, Italian movie director (d. 2015)
 1929 – Brigid Brophy, British writer (d. 1995)
 1929 – Jameel Jalibi, Pakistani writer and Urdu language scholar
 1930 - Donald Byrne, American chess player (d. 1976)
 1930 - Innes Ireland, British racing driver (d. 1993)
 1932 - Mano Wolde, Ethiopian long-distance runner (d. 2002)
 1933 – Eddie Adams, American photographer (d. 2004)
1937 – Vladimir Arnold, Russian mathematician (d. 2010)
 1938 - Jean-Marie Doré, Prime Minister of Guinea (d. 2016)
 1938 - Ian Partridge, English tenor 
 1941 – Chick Corea, American musician
 1941 - Roy Harper, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, poet and actor
 1941 - Reg Presley, English singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
 1942 – Bert Sakmann, German physiologist
 1945 – Pat Jennings, Northern Irish footballer
 1946 - Michel Bergeron, Canadian ice hockey player
 1946 - Salman Taseer, Pakistani politician (d. 2011)
 1949 – Jens Boehrnsen, German politician, Mayor of Bremen and former acting President of Germany
 1949 - John Wetton, English singer, bassist and guitarist (d. 2017)
1951  1975 
 1951 – Andranik Margaryan, Armenian politician (d. 2007)
 1951 – Brad Delp, American musician (d. 2007)
 1952 – Pete Farndon, English musician (d. 1983)
 1952 – Spencer Abraham, American politician
 1953 - Rocky Burnett, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
 1953 - Tess Gerritsen, Chinese-American novelist
 1953 - David Thornton, American actor
 1958 - Rebecca Holden, American actress and singer
 1961 – Hannelore Kraft, German politician, Prime Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia
 1965 - Vicky Vette, Norwegian-Canadian pornographic actress
 1965 - Cathy Tyson, English actress
 1965 - Gwen Torrence, American athlete
 1967 - Aivar Kuusmaa, Estonian basketball player and coach
 1968 - Manuel Blanc, French actor
 1968 - Htay Kywe, Burmese activist
 1969 - Heinz-Christian Strache, Austrian politician
 1971 – Mark Henry, American professional wrestler
 1972 - Sophie Lawrence, English actress, singer and director
 1973 - Jason Caffey, American basketball player and coach
1973 – Takis Fyssas, Greek footballer
 1973 - Darryl White, Australian footballer
 1974 – Hideki Matsui, Japanese baseball player
 1974 - Jason Mewes, American actor
Up to 1950 
 816 – Pope Leo III (b. 750)
 1020 – Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury
 1560 – Imawaga Yoshimoto, Japanese daimyo (b. 1519)
 1560 – Ii Naomori, Japanese warrior (b. 1506)
 1574 - Princess Renee of France (b. 1510)
 1675 - Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (b. 1634)
 1758 – Augustus William, Prince of Prussia (b. 1722)
 1772 - Marc-Joseph Marion de Fresne, French explorer (b. 1724)
 1778 - Philip Livingston, American merchant and statesman (b. 1716)
 1816 - Pierre Augereau, French marshal (b. 1757)
 1818 - Egwale Seyon of Ethiopia
 1841 - Konstantinos Nikolopoulos, Greek composer, archaeologist and philologist (b. 1786)
 1878 – George V of Hanover (b. 1819)
 1900 - Lucretia Peabody Hale, American journalist and author (b. 1820)
 1904 - Camille of Renesse-Breidbach, Belgian nobleman, entrepreneur and author (b. 1836)
 1912 – Frédéric Passy, French Nobel Peace Prize winner (b. 1822)
 1917 - Teresa Carreno, Venezuelan singer, pianist, composer and conductor (b. 1853)
Observances 
 Independence Day (the Philippines)
 Loving Day (United States)
 Russia Day
 World Day Against Child Labour
 Chaco Armistice Day (Paraguay)
 Dia dos Namorados (Brazil)
 Helsinki Day

Days of the year
1254 (MCCLIV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Births 
 September 15 – Marco Polo, Italian explorer (d. 1324)

Deaths 
 December 7 – Pope Innocent IV
1473 (MCDLXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. It was the 473rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 73rd year of the 15th century and the 4th year of the 1470s decade.

Events 
 February 12 - The first complete edition of Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine (in Latin translation) is published in Milan.
 August 11 - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Mehmed II defeats the White Sheep Turkmens led by Uzun Hasan at Otlukbeli.

Unknown dates 
 Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, in present-day Mexico, invades the territory of the neighbouring Aztec city of Tlatelolco. The ruler of Tlatelolco is killed and replaced by a military governor, and it loses its independence in the process.
 The city walls of Celje, Slovenia, are built.
 Marsilio Ficino becomes a priest.
 Nicolo Marcello becomes Doge of Venice.

Births
Births 

 February 19 – Nicolaus Copernicus, astronomer and mathematician (d. 1543)
 March 16 – Henry IV, Duke of Saxony (d. 1541)
 March 17 – King James IV of Scotland (d. 1513)
 August 14 – Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury (d. 1541)
 August 17 – Richard, Duke of York, one of the Princes in the Tower (d. 1483)
 September 24 – Georg von Frundsberg, German Knight and landowner (d. 1528)
 October 26 – Friedrich of Saxony (d. 1510)
 date unknown – Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Tudor politician (d. 1555)
 probable
 Jean Lemaire de Belges, Walloon poet and historian (d. 1525)
 Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales, only son of Richard III of England (d. 1484)
Deaths 
 January 24 – Conrad Paumann, German composer (b. c. 1410)
 February 23 – Arnold, Duke of Gelderland (b. 1410)
 April – Alessandro Sforza, condottiero
 May 8 – John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, English politician (b. 1420)
 July 10 – James II of Cyprus (b. c. 1440)
 December 24 – John Cantius, Polish scholar and theologian (b. 1390)
 date unknown
 Jean Jouffroy, French prelate and diplomat (b. c. 1412)
 Hosokawa Katsumoto, Japanese nobleman (b. 1430)
 Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1448)
 Yamana Sōzen, Japanese daimyo and monk (b. 1404)
 probable – Patriarch Gennadios II of Constantinople (b. c. 1400)
The year of 1898 was a common year (a year that had 365 days), and began on a Saturday.

Events

January 
 January 1 – New York City creates the City of Greater New York.

February 
 February 12 – Henry Lindfield dies in England, and is the first person to die from a car accident.

March 
 March 24 – Robert Allison of Port Carbon, Pennsylvania becomes the first person to buy a car built in America.
 March 26 – The Sabi Game Reserve is created in South America, and becomes the first official game reserve.

April 
 April 25 – The United States declares war on Spain.

June 
 June 12 – The Republic of the Philippines declares official independence from Spain during the Spanish-American War.

Deaths 
 March 16 – Aubrey Beardsley
 March 27 – Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Bahadur
The Spanish–American War was a war fought between Spain and the United States in 1898, partly because many people in Cuba, one of the last parts of the Spanish Empire, wanted to become independent. Many Americans also wanted their country to get a colonial empire.

Spain lost the sea war and so had to give up its colonies of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.  All of those colonies, except for Cuba, became US colonies after the war.
Causes 
Following reports of Spain abusing and killing Cubans, the United States sent warships to Cuba. Spain was losing control of Cuba and so put Cubans into concentration camps. The US sent ships to Cuba to try to make Spain to give up Cuba. The USS Maine (ACR-1) exploded in Havana harbor, killing about 260 people on board. "Remember the Maine" became a common wartime saying. US newspapers blamed Spain for the explosion without proof. Spain tried to avoid going to war, but pressure from US newspapers, called "yellow journalism," and ordinary people persuaded the US government to go to war. Some of them wanted Cuba to become independent, but others hoped that the US could build a colonial empire overseas since many European countries had already done so.

War
Volunteers throughout the country signed up for the war. Future US President Theodore Roosevelt raised troops and became famous by leading the Rough Riders during the Battle of San Juan Hill.
In a big naval battle in Manila Bay, an American fleet, commanded by George Dewey, destroyed the Spanish fleet. Ground battles took place in Cuba and Puerto Rico.

The US won the war and soon began to occupy and to take control of the colonies after Spain had surrendered. Almost 400 American soldiers died during fighting, but more than 4000 Americans died from diseases such as yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria.

End
The war stopped when the Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898 by the United States and Spain. The United States became the owners of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, Later, it also got the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.

Notes

References

Sources
{{citation|last=Bailey|first=Thomas Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnRGAAAAMAAJ|title=The American Pageant: A History of the Republic|year=1961|publisher=Heath|access-date=August 18, 2020}
 
 . An encyclopedia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cervera Y Topete, Pascual. Office of Naval Intelligence War Notes No. VII: Information From Abroad: The Spanish–American War: A Collection of Documents Relative to the Squadron Operations in the West Indies, Translated From the Spanish. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1899
 
 
 
 
  (full text available here )
 
 
 . short summary
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nofi, Albert A. The Spanish–American War, 1898. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Books, Inc., 1996. 
 
 
 
 Pérez, Louis A. Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2003. Print
 
 
 
 
 
 Santamarina, Juan C. "The Cuba Company and the Expansion of American Business in Cuba, 1898–1915". The Business History Review 74.01 (Spring 2000): 41–83. Print
Smith, Mark. "The Political Economy of Sugar Production and the Environment of Eastern Cuba, 1898–1923". Environmental History Review 19.04 (Winter 1995): 31–48. Print
 
 Tone, John Lawrence. War and Genocide in Cuba 1895–1898 (2006) online review
1898 in the United States
Wars involving Spain
Wars involving the United States
19th-century conflicts
Spanish Empire
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents. The disease is caused by the invading agents multiplying. As they multiply, they produce toxins and damage host tissues. Infectious disease, also known as 'transmissible disease' or 'communicable disease', is illness resulting from an infection.

Common infectious diseases

Diseases caused by bacteria 
 Tuberculosis - also called TB.
 Bubonic plague
 Pertussis - also called whooping cough
 leprosy

Diseases caused by viruses 
 AIDS/HIV
 Hepatitis B
 Polio
 Colds
 Influenza - also called the flu.
 COVID-19

Diseases caused by fungus 
 Thrush
 Ringworm
 Cryptococcosis
 Candidiadis
 Athlete's foot

Diseases caused by parasites 
 Malaria (carried by mosquitos)
 Schistosomiasis (flat worms)
 Chagas disease

Diseases caused by proteins 
 Prions are proteins which act as infectious diseases.
Diseases caused by many infectious agents 
Some infections are caused by different infectious agents at different times. For example, some diarrhea is caused by bacteria. Some is caused by viruses.
 Diarrhea
 Pneumonia
 Meningitis

This is a very short list. There are many more diseases from infection and other causes: common diseases.

Getting infectious disease 
Some diseases can be passed from one person to another easily. Other infectious diseases are harder to get. If a person kisses or touches another person who is infected with the flu, a cold, measles, or a sore throat, he or she may get their disease. They may also give the person their disease if they cough on them. Other medical conditions such as AIDS, herpes, and hepatitis B, are only passed by closer contact. Having sex with an infected person, blood transfusions, or touching their blood or urine can sometimes pass on these conditions or diseases.
Stopping infectious disease 
People can stop disease by:
 Covering the mouth every time during coughing
 Only drinking clean water
 Only eating very cooked meat
 Using a condom during sex

Treating infectious disease 
Bacteria are usually treated with antibiotic medicines like Tetracycline and Penicillin. Viruses will not be killed by antibiotics. They must be treated with special medicines called antivirals. Medicines to treat HIV/AIDS like zidovudine are antivirals. Antifungals like miconazole and fluconazole treat infections from fungus. Anti-parasitic medicines like Praziquantel and mebendazole.

Some infectious diseases have no treatments that work well. For example, there is no medicine that works well to cure West Nile Virus and Rabies. So it is important to avoid getting these diseases. Some infectious disease goes away on its own. These mild diseases do not need to be treated. For example, colds are caused by viruses and they do not need medicines.
Some diseases can be prevented by immunizations. Immunizations try to make a person have an immune reaction to an infectious agent. This is usually done before the person gets the disease. Examples of diseases prevented by immunizations are: polio, tetanus, and pertussis. In some cases, if all of the disease can be removed from society, we can get rid of the disease completely. An example of this is smallpox. This virus used to kill people, cause blindness, and bad scars. Now there has not been a person who had smallpox in over thirty years.

Related pages 
Social distancing
Vaccine
Vector (biology)
Zoonosis

References

Other websites 
 World Health Organization Report on Infectious Disease - 2002

Infectious diseases
Microbiology
Parasitism
Minesweeper is a strategy game that comes with most Microsoft computer operating systems. It is available for many other operating systems and desktop environments as well. The object of the game is to clear a minefield of mines. By clicking on blocks, the player learns if the block contains a mine. If they do not see a mine, the game continues. If they clicked on a mine, the game is over. When the player clicks on a block, a number may appear. The number shows how many mines are next to this square. This helps the player find out where the mines are.

The most common variation of the game is won when every block that does not contain a mine has been clicked, although some variations are won by having every block that contains a mine flagged.

Variations 
There are many versions out there:

Microsoft software
Windows games
Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish. Fishing can be done in the sea, or in a lake or river, and by boat or from the shore.

Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping.

The term fishing may be used for catching other aquatic animals such as molluscs, cephalopods, crustaceans, and echinoderms. The term is not normally used for catching farmed fish. With aquatic mammals, such as whales, the term whaling is better.

According to FAO statistics, the total number of commercial fishermen and fish farmers is estimated to be 38 million. Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people in developing countries. In 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with 7.4 kilograms more got from fish farms. In addition to providing food, modern fishing is also a recreational sport.
Fishing for money
Fishing for money is a very dangerous job, because people can die or be badly hurt. Fishing gives a lot of food to many countries around the world, but those who take it as a job must often go far into the ocean under bad conditions. Commercial fishermen get many kinds of sea animals. This includes fish such as tuna, cod, and salmon, as well as invertebrates such as shrimp, lobster, clams, and squid. Alaskan king crab fishing is a famous example. Ways to fish for money have become very simple, using large nets and machines to catch the animals. Many countries have made rules limiting how much fish people can catch, because some kinds have become scarce.

Raising fish in the forms of aquaculture and mariculture add to the free-range catch of fish.
Fishing for fun 
Sport fishing is normally done with a fishing rod and line with any number of hooks to get the fish. This method is called angling. There may be rules that say how many lines and hooks one fisherman can use and how many fish he can catch. Anglers in fresh water catch many Black Bass (Black Bass includes the entire range of Bass fish), Pike, Muskellunge, Perch, Carp, Trout, Salmon, and Sunfish. Fish people get in saltwater include Swordfish, Marlin, Tuna, and others. 

Rules generally do not allow the use of nets and catching fish with hooks not in the mouth. However some kinds of fish can be taken with nets for bait and a few for food. Non-sport fish that are not said to be worth as much can sometimes be taken by many ways like snagging, bow and arrow, or even gun, because they are seen as competing with more valuable fish.

Recreational fishing laws also include other life that lives in water, such as frogs and turtles.
Sport fishing can be a contest where fishermen try to get more fish than other fishermen. This sport came from local fishing contests into a large contest in the U.S.A. where skilled fishermen can compete and be helped out by companies giving prize money, and other large contests around the world.

Catch and release 
Catch-and-release fishing is increasingly practiced especially by fly fishermen, as well as spin and bait casting fishermen, to increase conservation and to protect rare fish such as marlin. The practice is however disputed as it by some is considered unethical to perform painful actions to the fish for fun and not for the reason of food production. Because of this, catch-and-release practice is illegal in Norway.
Collection of live fish 
Fish can also be collected in ways that do not injure them (such as in a seine net), for observation and study or for keeping in Aquarium. There is a substantial industry devoted to the collection, transport, export and farming of wild and domesticated live fish, usually freshwater or marine tropical fish.

Fishing with traps
Fish can also be collected in ways that do not injure them (such as in a seine net), for observation and study or for keeping in Aquarium. There is a substantial industry devoted to the collection, transport, export and farming of wild and domesticated live fish, usually freshwater or marine tropical fish.

Too much fishing
Too much fishing 

In the past, fishing has been so good for getting money that people began overfishing (fishing too much) - a serious problem that does lots of damage (bad). Overfishing does not always mean extinction, but simply that a fish type has been harvested so that there cannot be as many of that kind of fish as before. As more boats are sent out to catch the fish, many population levels of a type of fish can drop. Then, there are not enough of that kind of fish left to have new kinds of fish.

Many times, fishing boats catch fish they do not mean to catch, called bycatch. All kinds of fish can become bycatch, and they are usually thrown back into the sea after they have died. Drift net fishing sometimes catches creatures like seals, dolphins, whales, and sea turtles. This kind of fishing made people complain. In the 1980s, it was guessed that 18 miles (30 km) of nets were lost every night, tangling up boats and animals.
There is now a floating pile of plastic in the Pacific Ocean hundreds of miles wide.  Most of it is lost fishing nets, called ghost nets, and other fishing tools from large boats.

References

More reading

Related pages 

Fishing net
Fishing lure
Fishing hook
Fishing rod
Overfishing

 
Survival skills
The Confederate States of America (CSA) was a short-lived government that existed in the southern United States during the American Civil War. It was established (made) in 1861 by seven southern states in which slavery was legal, after Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the U.S., but before he took office. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas declared their secession (independence) from the United States. After war began, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined them.  The first capital of the Confederacy was Montgomery, Alabama, but for most of the war the capital was Richmond, Virginia.
The government of the Confederacy was much like the United States government. The Confederate States Constitution was similar to that of the United States; however, it emphasized states' rights and clearly protected the enslavement of black Americans. Jefferson Davis was chosen as president and Alexander Stephens as vice-president.  As in the United States, the CSA president had a cabinet of advisors.
It is still undecided if the Confederate States of America was ever a country. The Union never said that the Confederacy was really a country. Although British and French companies sold ships and materials to the Confederacy, no nation officially recognized the CSA as an independent country.

The CSA was also called "the South," "the Confederacy," and "Dixie."

References

Other websites 
 Confederate States of America -Citizendium

Unrecognized countries
A Tale of Two Cities is a book written by Charles Dickens. It was published (printed) in 1859. It is set during the time of the French Revolution (1775-1793). The story happens in France and England. It talks about the French Revolution and the troubles the poor go through and how the rich ignore them. The main characters are Sydney Carton, Charles Darnay and their love interest, Lucie Manette. The story's main theme is society.

Other websites
 
 
 
 

1859 books
Books by Charles Dickens
English novels
Fiji is an island country in the Pacific Ocean. It has 322 islands. The most important islands are Vanua Levu and Viti Levu. The capital city and the city with the most people is Suva.  There are about 844,330 people in Fiji.
The official languages of Fiji are Fijian, English and Hindustani (a mix of Hindi and Urdu). Fiji is part of the Pacific Rim. About 313000 speak Fiji Hindi.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji. Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century.

Fiji has many forest, mineral, and fish resources.

Divisions and provinces

Fiji is divided into Four Major Divisions:
 Central
 Eastern
 Northern
 Western

These divisions are divided into 14 provinces:

Cities
 Lautoka
 Nadi
 Nausori
 Suva

Incorporated towns
Fijian law defines "towns" as urbanized areas incorporated as municipal bodies, governed by Town Councils.
Unincorporated towns
The following localities are urbanized, but have not been municipally organized.
 Dreketi
 Lomawai
 Korolevu
 Navua
 Natumbua
 Vatukoula
 Nakasi, 9½ Miles

Tourism

Fiji has a lot of tourism and many people go to the Nadi and Denarau islands. Most visitors are from Australia, New Zealand and the USA. Fiji has many soft coral reefs. Scuba diving is a common tourist activity. More budget resorts are being opened in remote areas, which provides more tourism opportunities.

Related pages
 Fiji at the Olympics
 Fiji national football team
 List of rivers of Fiji

Other websites
 Pictures of Fiji 
 UN Fiji LESA - Association

References

 
Commonwealth member states
1970 establishments in Oceania
Archipelagos
The Fijian language is a Austronesian language. It is one of the official languages of Fiji. It has about 350,000 speakers.

References

Austronesian languages
Languages of Fiji
Events 
February 28 – Egypt becomes an independent country.
Most of Ireland stopped being part of the United Kingdom.
Collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
Tomb of Tutankhamun discovered by Howard Carter
 Archibald Hill, English mathematician, and Otto Fritz Meyerhof, German doctor, won the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 Declaration of the foundation of the Soviet Union.

Births

January 

 January 9 – Ahmed Sékou Touré, President of Guinea (d. 1984)
 January 17 – Luis Echeverría, 57th President of Mexico (d. 2022)
 January 17 - Betty White, American actress and comedian (d. 2021)
 January 20 – Ray Anthony, American bandleader, trumpeter, songwriter, and actor
 January 21 – Paul Scofield, English actor (b. 2008)
 January 21 – Telly Savalas, American actor (d. 1994)
 January 24 – Miguel Gustavo, Brazilian journalist, radio personality and composer (d. 1972)

February
February 

 February 8 - Audrey Meadows, American actress (d. 1996)
 February 8 - Yuri Averbakh, Russian chess player (d. 2022)
 February 9 – Kathryn Grayson, American singer and actress (d. 2010)
 February 10 – Árpád Göncz, President of Hungary (d. 2015)
 February 12 – Hussein Onn, Prime Minister of Malaysia (d. 1990)
 February 18 - Helen Gurley Brown, American publisher (d. 2012)

March 

 March 1 – Yitzhak Rabin, 5th Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1995)
 March 8 – Cyd Charisse, American actress and dancer (d. 2008)
 March 12 – Jack Kerouac, American writer (d. 1969)
 March 20 – Carl Reiner, American movie director and actor (d. 2020)
 March 28 – Joey Maxim, American boxer (d. 2001)

April
April 

 April 3 – Doris Day, American actress (d. 2019)
 April 13 – Julius Nyerere, 1st President of Tanzania (d. 1999)
 April 15 - Michael Ansara, Syrian-American actor (d. 2013)
 April 16 – Kingsley Amis, English writer (d. 1955)
 April 16 - Leo Tindemans, 43rd Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2014)
 April 27 - Jack Klugman, American actor (d. 2012)

May 

 May 13 – Bea Arthur, American actress and comedian (d. 2009)
 May 14 – Franjo Tuđman, President of Croatia (d. 1999)
 May 15 – Enrico Berlinguer, Italian politician (d. 1984)
 May 27 – Christopher Lee, British actor and singer (d. 2015)

June 

 June 10 – Judy Garland, American actress (d. 1969)
 June 16 – Wayne Mixson, American politician (d. 2020)
 June 19 – Aage Niels Bohr, Danish physicist (d. 2009)
 June 19 – Ahmad Yani, Indonesian general (d. 1965)
 June 26 – Eleanor Parker, American actress (d. 2013)

July
July 

 July 2 – Pierre Cardin, French-Italian fashion designer (d. 2020)
 July 10 – Jake LaMotta, American boxer (d. 2017)
 July 13 – Anker Jørgensen, Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 2016)
 July 14 – Robin Olds, American fighter pilot (d. 1970)
 July 15 – Leon M. Lederman, American mathematician and physicist (d. 2018)
 July 19 – Ja'afar of Negeri Sembilan, 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) of Malaysia (d. 2008)
 July 19 – George McGovern, American politician (d. 2012)
 July 26 – Jason Robards, American actor (d. 2000)

August 

 August 8 – Rory Calhoun, American actor (d. 1999)
 August 12 – Miloš Jakeš, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (d. 2020)
 August 24 – René Lévesque, Canadian politician (d. 1987)
 August 27 – Sōsuke Uno, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1998)

September
September 

 September 1 – Yvonne De Carlo, Canadian-American actress (d. 2007)
 September 2 – Arthur Ashkin, American physicist (d. 2020)
 September 8 – Sid Caesar, American comic actor and writer (d. 2014)
 September 9 – Warwick Estevam Kerr, Brazilian entomologist (d. 2018)
 September 9 – Manolis Glezos, Greek politician and resistance fighter (d. 2020)
 September 16 – Janis Paige, American actress
 September 17 – Agostinho Neto, 1st President of Angola (d. 1979)
 October 27 – Ruby Dee, American actress (d. 2014)
 September 29 – Lizabeth Scott, American actress and singer (d. 2015)

October 

 October 9 – Fyvush Finkel, American actor (d. 2016)
 October 31 – Barbara Bel Geddes, American actress (d. 2005)

November