Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Still more powers are prohibited of the states. States may not, without the consent of Congress, tax imports or exports except for the fulfillment of state inspection laws (which may be revised by Congress). The net revenue of the tax is paid not to the state, but to the federal Treasury.

Clause 3: Compact Clause

Under the Compact Clause, states may not, without the consent of Congress, keep troops or armies during times of peace. They may not enter into alliances nor compacts with foreign states, nor engage in war unless invaded. States may, however, organize and arm a militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. (Article I, Section 8, enumerated powers of Congress.) The National Guard, whose members are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by , fulfill this function, as do persons serving in State Militias with federal oversight under .
There have been a number of Supreme Court cases concerning what constitutes valid congressional consent to an interstate compact.  In Virginia v. Tennessee, , the Court found that some agreements among states stand even when lacking the explicit consent of Congress. (One example the court gave was a state moving some goods from a distant state to itself, it would not require Congressional approval to contract with another state to use its canals for transport.) According to the Court, the Compact Clause requires congressional consent only if the agreement among the states is "directed to the formation of any combination tending to the increase of political power in the States, which may encroach upon or interfere with the just supremacy of the United States".  The congressional consent issue is at the center of the current debate over the constitutionality of the not yet effective National Popular Vote Interstate Compact entered into by several states plus the District of Columbia.

Notes

References
Notes

References

United States Constitution
Victory Day (also shortened as V-Day) is a common name of many different public holidays in various countries. In most cases it is to commemorate victories in important battles or wars in the countries' history. For example, in Russia, it is celebrated on May 9th for the defeat of Nazi Germany in what Russia calls "The Great Patriotic War" (World War II). For the United States and Britain, the victory in Europe (celebrated as Victory in Europe Day or V-E Day) was only part of the victory. It is celebrated on May 8th (May 7th in the United Kingdom). The war in the Pacific did not end for the US and Britain until the Japanese surrender on Sept. 2, 1945. This is celebrated as Victory over Japan Day or V-J Day. This part of the war is usually not studied by Russians. In France, their Victory Day also celebrated the end of World War II and is celebrated on May 8, 1945, when Charles de Gaulle announced the end of the war.

List of countries with a Victory Day
Related pages 
 November 11: Remembrance Day, Veterans Day, Armistice Day
 Liberation Day: List of dates on which countries were liberated from occupiers
 National Day: A day marking the founding of a nation which can be related to a key victory

References

Other websites 
 Victory Day in Egypt, February 11, 2011
 Victory Parade, Russia, Moscow, 2015

Holidays
Collard greens (or collards) are loose leafed cultivars of Brassica oleracea. Collard greens are part of the acephala group of the species, which includes kale and spring greens.

Collard greens are known for their large, dark colored and edible leaves. They are also known as a garden ornamental.

Collard greens are available year round. They are tastier and more nutritious in cold months, after the first frost.

References

Leaf vegetables
Brassica oleracea
Helen Elizabeth Garrett, commonly known as Elizabeth Garrett, (1963 – March 6, 2016), was an American professor of law and an academic administrator. In 2010, she became Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs at the University of Southern California. On July 1, 2015, she became the 13th president of Cornell University.

Garrett died on March 6, 2016 from colon cancer at her New York City home. She was aged 52.

References

1963 births
2016 deaths
Lawyers from Milwaukee
Businesspeople from Milwaukee
Cornell University faculty
Paul Ryan (September 23, 1949 – March 6, 2016) was an American comic book and comic strip cartoonist. Ryan worked  for Marvel Comics and DC Comics on a number of super-hero comics. Until his death in 2016, he worked on The Phantom for King Features Syndicate. He was born in Somerville, Massachusetts.

Ryan died in Worcester, Massachusetts of cancer on March 6, 2016. He was aged 66.

References

1949 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Massachusetts
American comics artists
American cartoonists
People from Massachusetts
Adrian Hardiman (21 May 1951 – 7 March 2016) was an Irish judge. He was the justice of the Supreme Court of Ireland. He served from 7 February 2000 until his death on 7 March 2016.

Hardiman was born in Dublin, Ireland. He studied at Belvedere College, at University College Dublin, and at the King's Inn. Hardiman died in Dublin, Ireland from a heart attack. He was aged 65.

References

Other websites

Irish Courts Service
University College Dublin
The Honorable Society of the Kings Inns
The Literary and Historical Society (L&H) 
List of Irish Times winners
UCC Philosoph wiki database of debaters

1951 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Irish judges
People from Dublin
Vernon Lomax Smith (born January 1, 1927) is an American professor of economics. He worked at Chapman University's Argyros School of Business and Economics and School of Law in Orange, California. Smith shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Economics with Daniel Kahneman.

He is the founder and president of the International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics, a Member of the Board of Advisors for The Independent Institute, and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington D.C..

In 2004 Smith was honored with an honorary doctoral degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquín, the institution that named the Vernon Smith Center for Experimental Economics Research after him.

References

1927 births
Living people
American economists
Educators from Wichita, Kansas
American Nobel Prize winners
Scientists from Wichita, Kansas
A radiometer or roentgenometer is a device for measuring the radiant flux (power) of electromagnetic radiation. Generally, a radiometer is an infrared radiation detector or ultraviolet detector.

Types 
 The name Radiometer is frequently used to refer to a Crookes radiometer ("light-mill"). This is an early device wherein a rotor  in a partial vacuum spins when exposed to light. 
 The Nichols radiometer is a newer and more sensitive radiometer than the Crookes type. It measures radiation pressure. It has two small mirrors suspended on a quartz fiber. 
 A microwave radiometer operates in the microwave wavelengths. The radiometer contains argon gas to enable it to rotate.
 The MEMS radiometer can operate on the same principles of Nichols or Crooke radiometers.  It can operate over a wide spectrum of wavelength and particle energy levels.

References 

Electromagnetic radiation
Reading Rainbow is an American children's television series. It aired on PBS Kids from July 11, 1983 until November 10, 2006. It encouraged children to read. In 2012, an iPad and Kindle Fire educational interactive book was launched with the Reading Rainbow name.

The public television series won over 200 broadcast awards, including a Peabody Award and 26 Emmy Awards. Eleven of those awards were in the "Outstanding Children's Series" category.

When the show was canceled in 2006, reruns ran until August 28, 2009.

The original team included Lynne Brenner Ganek, Ellen Schecter, and LeVar Burton.

References

PBS Kids shows
American children's television series
1983 American television series debuts
1990s American television series
2000s American television series
2006 American television series endings
Emmy Award winning programs
Peabody Award winners
English-language television programs
Professor Paul Webley CBE (19 November 1953 – 2 March 2016) was a British educator. He was the Director and Principal of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London from 2006 to 2015.  From 2010 until his death in 2016, he served as Deputy Vice-Chancellor of the University of London. 

He was a member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Economic Psychology. He was the former President of the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology. Webley was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to higher education.

Webley died in London, England on 2 March 2016 from cancer. He was aged 62.

References

1953 births
2016 deaths
Academics of the University of London
Sheila Varian (August 8, 1936 – March 6, 2016) was an American breeder and trainer of Arabian horses. She was born in Santa Maria, California. Her career began in 1963. She used vaquero-influenced methods of training horses. 

Varian produced many famous Arabian horses who won many show horses in the United States. Varian received many awards from the United States Equestrian Federation. She was added into the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame in 2003.

Varian died in Arroyo Grande, California from ovarian cancer on March 6, 2016. She was aged 79.

References

Other websites
 Thwaites, Jeanne. "Sid Spencer". Full excerpt of section on Spencer from Horses in the West, footnoted above. 

1936 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Cancer deaths in California
Sportspeople from California
I've Been to the Mountaintop is the name of the last speech Martin Luther King, Jr. gave before he died.

King gave the speech on April 3, 1968.  He was in Memphis, Tennessee for the Memphis Sanitation Strike.  The sanitation (garbage) workers in Memphis were on strike because they got paid very little, and their work was dangerous.  King wanted to support them.

The speech talks mostly about the Strike.  King talks about the best ways to get the workers what they needed.  At the end of the speech, he talks about the possibility that he might be killed.

The next day, King was murdered.

Parts of the speech

The Memphis Sanitation Strike

Non-violence
When talking about the Strike, King focuses on the importance of non-violence.  At a protest on March 28, some protesters had become violent and started breaking windows.  King says:
King thought that if protesters or the people on strike were violent, other people would only pay attention to the violence.  They would not pay attention to how badly the sanitation workers were treated.

Boycotting

King suggested boycotting things sold by white businesses as a nonviolent way of protesting and getting people's attention.  He explains that one black person might be poor, but all together, they spent a lot of money.  This gave them power.  If they stopped buying things from businesses owned by white people, then those businesses would lose a lot of money.  Then they would have to pay attention, or else they could go out of business.  Meanwhile, black people could use their money to buy things from businesses owned by other blacks.  King says:

The Civil Rights Movement

King then talks about the Civil Rights Movement.  He says:

King promises that civil rights activists will not stop until they get their basic human rights.
Possible death
At the end of the speech, King says that as soon as he got to Memphis, he began to get threats.  However, he says he is not afraid of death.  This is the most famous part of the speech, and also its ending:

The Bible in the speech
King was a Baptist pastor.  He often mentioned stories from the Bible in his speeches.

In the end of this speech, King is talking about a story from the Old Testament.  Moses was the leader of the Israelites (the people of Israel).  The Israelites followed Moses because they thought he would lead them to a Promised Land.  In this Promised Land, they could live in peace. 

However, before the Israelites got to the Promised Land, God spoke to Moses.  God said he would let Moses see the Promised Land with his eyes.  However, God would not let Moses enter the Promised Land.  The Bible says: 

Soon after this, Moses died. Joshua replaced him as leader, and led the people of Israel into the Promised Land.
King is saying that like Moses, he has "been to the mountaintop" and seen the Promised Land  a society where black people have peace and equal rights.  He knows that he may not get to this Promised Land with them, because he might die first.  However, he tells his listeners that, like the people of Israel, African-Americans as a people will get to the Promised Land.

Notes

References

Other websites
 "I've Been to the Mountaintop" (Full text of the speech)

Martin Luther King Jr.
1968 in the United States
American civil rights
Speeches
April events
History of Memphis, Tennessee
1960s in Tennessee
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights group.  The SCLC was very important in the Civil Rights Movement.  Martin Luther King, Jr. was its first president.

Today, the SCLC says it is "a nonprofit, non-sectarian, inter-faith, advocacy organization that is committed to nonviolent action to achieve social, economic, and political justice."  This means the group is open to people of all faiths and religions, not just Christians.

Creation
The SCLC was created in 1957, after the Civil Rights Movement's successful Montgomery Bus Boycott.  On January 10, 1957, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. invited about 60 black pastors and leaders to Atlanta, Georgia.  Their goal, at the time, was to end segregation on buses in the Southern United States.  However, they agreed that they would only use non-violent ways of protesting and trying to make change.  Their motto was: "Not one hair on one head of one white person shall be harmed."
About a month later, the group met again in New Orleans, Louisiana.  They decided that their goal would be to end segregation everywhere  not just on buses.  They also chose Dr. King as their president, and chose the name "Southern Christian Leadership Conference."

The SCLC also chose a group of leaders called the Board of Directors to be in charge of making final decisions and planning strategies.  At first, some churches and civil rights organizations joined the SCLC.  However, it was difficult to get churches to join.  Groups like the Ku Klux Klan and the White Citizens' Council used violence and terrorism to attack civil rights activists.  So did the police in many states.  Some churches which joined the SCLC, or did civil rights work, were bombed or set on fire.

Activities

Citizenship Schools
In 1954, civil rights activists started "Citizenship Schools." These schools taught African-American adults to read so they could get driver's licenses; fill out forms; open bank accounts; and pass literacy tests that only black people had to pass to sign up to vote. The program spread across the South.  They called themselves the "Highlander Folk School."

In 1961, the state of Tennessee took the Highlander Folk School's land and property away.  In that year, the SCLC rescued the Citizenship School program.  The Schools' teachers pretended to be teaching adults to read.  Secretly, they were teaching about democracy, civil rights, leadership, getting people together to protest, politics, and protest strategies. All of these things would be very important in the Civil Rights Movement.
Eventually, close to 69,000 teachers taught Citizenship Schools throughout the South.  Most of these teachers were volunteers who were not paid. Many of the Civil Rights Movement's adult leaders went to or taught Citizenship Schools.

Work in the Civil Rights Movement
The SCLC's work in the Civil Rights Movement included:
 Leading a campaign against segregation in Albany, New York (1961-1962)
 Leading a campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, which succeeded in de-segregating its downtown stores (1963)
 Helping to organize the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom (1963)
 Helping to organize a protest march where about 25,000 people walked from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama to support equal voting rights for African-Americans (1965)
 Running the Poor People's Campaign, whose goal was to decrease poverty among people of all races.  About 3,000 people set up a "tent city" on the Washington Mall, and stayed there for six weeks (1968)
 Ralph Abernathy had to take over this campaign after Dr. King was murdered on April 4, 1968
1968-1997
Ralph Abernathy became the President of the SCLC after Dr. King's murder.  Under his leadership, the SCLC:
 Continued Dr. King's Poor People's Campaign, which united poor people of all races from all over the country (1968)
 The Campaign got the U.S. government to create programs for poor people, including the Food Stamp Program; free meal programs for poor children; and programs for work, child care, and health insurance for poor people
 Protested the Apollo 11 launch, saying that the government was spending so much money on the Space Race that they could be spending to help poor Americans (1969)
 Helped hospital workers in Charleston, South Carolina get better pay and working conditions

Abernathy was President until 1977.  Joseph Lowery replaced him, and was President until 1997.

1997  today
1997  today

Since 1997, some of the issues the SCLC has worked on include:
 Police brutality (police being violent to people, and hurting or killing them)
 Changing the Georgia state flag, which had a big Confederate cross on it
 After the SCLC's campaign, Georgia did change its state flag
 Racial profiling (assuming something about a person because of their race; for example, assuming a black person is a criminal because they are black)
 Prisoners' rights
 Educating young people and adults about personal responsibility, leadership, and doing things to help their community
 Continuing to fight discrimination
 Supporting affirmative action
 Continuing Dr. King's Poor People' campaign

Related pages
 Civil Rights Movement
 Martin Luther King, Jr.
 Social justice

References

Civil rights organizations based in the United States
20th century in the United States
Martin Luther King Jr.
Nonviolence advocates
1957 establishments in the United States
Organizations based in Georgia (U.S. state)‎
Chivalric romances are stories, poems or songs. They were written about marvel-filled adventures. Knights  having heroic qualities went on quests. It is the emphasis on love and courtly manners which distinguishes it from other kinds of epic. Other types of epic are about masculine military heroism.

Romances were written in European languages of the Middle Ages.

The best known romance was King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is another example.

References 

Literary terms
Fiction genres
Comet Swift–Tuttle (109P/Swift–Tuttle) is a periodic comet with an orbital period of 133 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with a period between 20 and 200 years. It was independently discovered by Lewis Swift  and Horace Parnell Tuttle in July 1862. It has a well-known orbit and has a comet nucleus 26 km in diameter.

Chinese records show that in 188 AD the comet reached apparent magnitude 0.1. In 1862, the comet was as bright as Polaris. The comet made a return appearance in 1992, and became visible with binoculars. In 2126 it will be a bright naked-eye comet reaching about apparent magnitude 0.7.

It is the parent body of the Perseid meteor shower, perhaps the best known shower and among the most reliable in performance.

Near-Earth orbit 
A close encounter with Earth is predicted for the comet's return to the inner Solar System in the year 4479, around Sept. 15; the closest approach is estimated to be 0.03–0.05 AU, with a probability of impact of 1, or 0.0001%.
Comet Swift–Tuttle has been described as "the single most dangerous object known to humanity". However, the probability of Earth impact per orbit is about a million to one against. It is estimated as 2 (0.000002%). It is the largest Solar System object that makes repeated close approaches to Earth with a relative velocity of 60 km/s.

An unusual aspect of its orbit is that it is captured into a 1:11 orbital resonance with Jupiter; it completes one orbit for every 11 of Jupiter.

References 

Comets
The Spenserian stanza is a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene. Each stanza contains nine lines in total. The first eight lines are in iambic pentameter, that is consist of ten syllables, followed by a single alexandrine line in iambic hexameter, that is are made up of twelve syllables. The rhyme scheme of these lines is "a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c."

Many poets used the stanza after Spenser, for example Lord Byron (Chlide Harold's Pilgrimage), Percy Bysshe Shelley (Adonais), John Keats (The Eve of St. Agnes) and Alfred Tennyson (The Lotos-Eaters). Spenserian stanza remained a typical English form and it was never much popular outside England. Only few poets employed it in Central Europe, for example Juliusz Słowacki, Jan Kasprowicz and Jaroslav Vrchlický.

References 

Poetry forms
Biotti is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Carlo Biotti, Italian jurist
Chris Biotti, ice hockey player
The African fish eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer) or the African sea eagle is a large species of eagle.

It is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa where there are large bodies of open water with plenty of fish. It is the national bird of Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Sudan.

This species looks a bit like the bald eagle. They are related, but live on different continents. The bald eagle lives in North America.

References 

Accipitriformes
Birds of Africa
National symbols of Zambia
National symbols of Zimbabwe
Caracol Televisión is the most viewed national television network in Colombia, founded in 1969 and Caracol Internacional.

The Grupo Santodomingo is the Caracol Televisión's (or Canal Caracol) main actionist.

References

Other websites
Caracol Televisión 
 Caracol TV Official Site
 Caracol TV International
 GOL Caracol
http://www.wgentv.com/ 
https://www.jumptv.com/es/channel/caracoltv/ 

1969 establishments
1960s establishments in Colombia
Colombian television networks
Fatima Naoot ( فاطمه ناعوت ) (born September 18, 1964) is an Egyptian writer and poet. In January 2016, the Egyptian government sentenced Naoot to jail for 3 years after she wrote on Facebook about killing sheep for the Islamic feast Eladha (Sacrifice)in which Muslims slaughter sheep according to Islamic religion

Work 

Naoot was a candidate for the Egyptian parliament.

Naoot wrote several books of poetry and a book of poetry analysis. She also translated collections of poems from English into Arabic.
Insulting religion
Fatima Naoot always seeks for freedom without any authority even if this authority will belong to any religion. In October she published a post on Facebook was describing "the Eid Al-Adha’s tradition of slaughtering sheep as the “greatest massacre committed by human beings.” Then one candidate from parliament said that "Her aim is to insult Islam". Thus she wrote through Ahram Online report "that humans justified their lust for killing and enjoying the smell of cooking game by attempting to bestow a divine meaning to their actions.”
Because of the law of 1982 which stated that there is from six months to five years and fines of LE500 to LE1000 for anyone who uses religion to promote, through speech, writing, or any other medium, extremist ideas with the aim of spreading discord or to belittle one of the monotheistic religions or their different sects, or to harm national unity. she was put in jail for 3 years and fined 20.000 LE. She said in front of the court that "she did not aim to insult Islam, but she just explained her point of view. Naoot said through Middle east online "I’m not sad about the sentencing as I don’t care about going to jail. I’m sad that the efforts of reformists have been wasted”.
THE ARAB NETWORK FOR HUMAN RIGHTS INFORMATION issued a statement saying  "“the recent surge in the prosecution of opinion makers comes in conjunction with a fierce security campaign launched by security bodies against freedom of opinion and expression, with the aim of narrowing the overall climate of freedom of opinion and expression. Such a matter, in turn, makes Egypt one of the most Arab countries that show hostility to freedom of expression as well as press freedom, especially that about 59 journalists have remained in prison so far.” Fatma is not a political figure, she is an Egyptian writer, poet, translator and journalist who always says her point of view.

References

Other websites 
 Fatima Naoot (Fāṭimah Nāʻūt) on WorldCat

Living people
Egyptian poets
1964 births
Ain Shams University alumni
Animal rights activists
Egyptian activists
Architects
Egyptian journalists
Writers from Cairo
Sierra de Guadarrama National Park () is a national park in Spain. It covers about . The park is one of the biggest national parks in Spain. Only four national parks are bigger.

Ecology
Guadarrama National Park has eleven different types of places for plants and animals to live (ecologies). More than 1,280 species of animals live in the park. Thirteen of them are endangered. There are more than 1,500 types of plants that come from the area. There are more than 30 types of vegetation.

National parks in Spain
Castile and León
Community of Madrid
Shita-kiri Suzume (which means The Tongue-Cut Sparrow) is a Japanese folk legend. It is told by many parents to their children. The story is about being kind and helping someone who is hurt. It is also about being mean and greedy.

The story

Shita-kiri Suzume is the story of an old man and an old woman who find a sparrow. The old man takes care of the sparrow and gives it food. The old woman treats the sparrow badly and cuts out the sparrow's tongue. After the sparrow flies away, the old man goes to find it in the mountains. When he does, the sparrows give him a choice between two baskets to take home. The basket he picks is filled with many good things. The old woman sees the good things and goes to the sparrows to get a basket for herself. She is greedy and mean when she talks to the sparrows, but they still give her a basket. She is not patient and opens the basket before she gets home. It is filled with bad and scary things.

References

Japanese folklore
Children's literature
Lester D. Menke (December 16, 1918 – March 5, 2016) was an American politician. He was born in O'Brien County, Iowa. He was a state Representative from the Iowa's 5th and 7th Districts. He served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1973 to 1985. He served as Speaker pro Tempore from 1981 to 1985.

Menke died in Des Moines, Iowa on March 5, 2016 from dementia. He was aged 97.

References

Other websites
Iowa General Assembly - Lester Menke  official government website
Lester Menke Obituary Des Moines Register

1918 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from dementia
Politicians from Iowa
Republican Party (United States) politicians
State legislators of the United States
Michael White (16 January 1936 – 7 March 2016) was a Scottish movie and theatre producer. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland. White won two Tony Awards in 1971 and in 1973. White was known for his works in The Rocky Horror Picture Show and Monty Python and the Holy Grail. 

White died on 7 March 2016 in Ojai, California. He died of heart failure. White was aged 80.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2016 deaths
Movie producers
People from Glasgow
Tony Award winners
Jean-Bernard Raimond (6 February 1926 – 7 March 2016) was a French politician. He served as Foreign Minister during the government of Jacques Chirac. Raimond was born in Paris. He served from 1986 to 1988. He was the French ambassador to a number of states from the 1970s to the 1990s. He also served as a deputy in the French National Assembly from 1993 to 2002.

Raimond died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France on 7 March 2016. He was aged 90.

References

1926 births
2016 deaths
Ambassadors of France
Politicians from Paris
Donald Wayne Riegle, Jr. (born February 4, 1938) is an American politician. He was born in Flint, Michigan. He served for five terms as a Representative from 1967 through 1976. He served for three terms as a Senator in the U.S. Congress from 1976 through 1995. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

In 2016 and 2020, Riegle endorsed Bernie Sanders for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States.

References

1938 births
Living people
American Methodists
Harvard University alumni
Politicians from Flint, Michigan
United States representatives from Michigan
United States senators from Michigan
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
is a Japanese video game composer, sound designer, guitarist, and producer. He is best known for composing music for the Silent Hill video game series and Silent Hill movies. He has also composed music for many other Konami games.  

Yamaoka studied product design and interior design at Tokyo Art College. He said that he first wanted to follow a career in design. He first joined Konami on September 21, 1993. On December 2, 2009, he announced that he was leaving Konami after 16 years with the company. He joined Grasshopper Manufacture on February 3, 2010.

References

Other website

Official website

1968 births
Living people
Japanese composers
Trip hop musicians
Video game composers
People from Niigata Prefecture
The laws of conservation or law of conservation are:

Conservation of energy
Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum

Laws of physics
Barrier may refer to:

 Breakwater, a barrier on a coast to protect a harbour from ocean currents and waves
 Defensive wall, built to protect against an attack
 Blood–brain barrier, a separation of circulating blood and the brain extracellular fluid
 Barrier reef, a type of coral reef running along a coast
 Belize Barrier Reef, off the coast of Belize
 Great Barrier Reef, off the coast of Queensland in north-east Australia
 Dam
Southern American English (aka Southern U.S. English or Southern drawl) is a group of American English dialects used in the Southern United States. Southern English is usually used in Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Georgia and parts of Florida. Modern day Southern English dialects have been used in states including Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, southern Iowa, south central Indiana, southern Ohio and Kansas.

The dialects are also used in some parts of the Mid-Atlantic States.

In Southern English, people use terms like ain't, you was,fixin to (rather than going to), been (rather than have been) and that there.

Features of most southern accents include

glide-deletion- the conversion of the ai dipthong into a monothong

drawling and\or vowel breaking

pen\pin merger

Varieties include 
 
The Tidewater Accent

Charleston English

Appalachian English

Texan English

New Orleans English

High Tider

Boontling English
Boontling English

References

American English
New York City English (also called New York English) is a regional dialect of American English. It is spoken by many people in New York City and the New York metropolitan area. The dialect is known through its use in media. It is most often used in New York City itself and its nearby suburbs. However, it is used all across the metropolitan area.

The dialect is known for dropping the "r" in some words. For example, the word cart in New York sounds similar to cot or caught.

Some New York area people say tawk for talk (which sounds like toak, producing a « trumpet effect »).

There are many well known people and fictional characters who speak New York English. They include Archie Bunker, Bugs Bunny, Fran Drescher and Marisa Tomei.

References

New York City
American English
A geomagnetic reversal is a change in a planet's magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged.

This has happened 183 times over the last 83 million years, averaging about two or three times per million years.  Before a change of magnetic field, the Earth's magnetic field becomes weaker and moves around, like a spinning top would before it falls.  Scientists know this as a result of studies of magnetism on the sea floor, near the mid-Atlantic ridge.  The lava slowly moves out of this crevasse (gap in the sea floor) and then it cools with its iron oxide molecules all pointing in the new direction of the Earth's magnetic field.  We can look at the history of this magnetic field today to look back at the many flips in the past.

Reversals occur at intervals from less than 0.1 million years to as much as 50 million years.  These periods are called chrons.
There is no pattern to these changes, which seem to take place at random.  Chrons last from between 0.1 and 1million years (see diagram) with an average of 450,000 years. Most reversals take between 1,000 and 10,000 years to happen.

The latest one, the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, occurred 780,000 years ago; and may have happened very quickly, within a human lifetime.  A brief complete reversal, known as the Laschamp event, occurred only 41,000 years ago during the last glacial period.  That reversal lasted only about 440 years with the actual change of polarity lasting around 250 years.  During this change the strength of the magnetic field weakened to 5% of its present strength.  Brief disruptions that do not result in reversal are called geomagnetic excursions.

Records of the past
The past record of geomagnetic reversals was first noticed by observing the magnetic stripe reversals on the ocean floor. This soon led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics. The relatively constant rate at which the sea floor spreads causes "stripes" in the basalt. From these past magnetic fields polarity can be inferred. Data is got by towing a magnetometer along the sea floor.

No existing unsubducted sea floor is more than about 180 million years old, so other methods are used for detecting older reversals. Most sedimentary rocks have tiny amounts of iron rich minerals. Their orientation reflects the magnetic field when they formed. The rocks keep that record unless they get changed by some later process.

Superchrons
A superchron is a polarity interval lasting at least 10million years. There are two well-established superchrons, the Cretaceous Normal and the Kiaman.
The Cretaceous Normal (also called the Cretaceous Superchron or C34) lasted for almost 40million years. Between the Cretaceous Normal and the present, the frequency has generally increased slowly.

The Kiaman Reverse Superchron lasted from the late Carboniferous to the late Permian. That is more than 50million years, from 312 to 262 million years ago (mya). The magnetic field had reversed polarity. The name "Kiaman" derives from the Australian village of Kiama, where some of the first geological evidence of the superchron was found in 1925.
Causes 
The magnetic field of the Earth, and of other planets that have magnetic fields, is caused by dynamo action of molten iron in the planetary core. This convection (movement) generates electric currents which in turn give rise to magnetic fields. In simulations of planetary dynamos, reversals occur from the underlying dynamics. For example, Gary Glatzmaier and collaborator Paul Roberts of UCLA ran a numerical model of the coupling between electromagnetism and fluid dynamics in the Earth's interior. Their simulation reproduced key features of the magnetic field over more than 40,000 years of simulated time and the computer-generated field reversed itself. Global field reversals at irregular intervals have also been observed in a laboratory liquid metal experiment VKS2.
Effects on life 
As far as we know, there is no effect on life. Studies have been done to see if reversals relate in any way to extinction events. Statistical analysis shows no evidence for a correlation between reversals and extinctions.

References 

Dating methods
Magnetism
A chron is a general term in Earth science. It means a period of time, usually less than a million years.

Stage (geology)
Geomagnetic reversal

Earth sciences
Economic deficit is a status of financial health in which expenditures exceed revenue (more money being spent than coming in). The term "budget deficit" is most commonly used to refer to government spending rather than business or individual spending. When referring to accrued federal government deficits, the term "national debt” is used.

Economics
Root may refer to:
Root, a part of a plant
Nth root, a number such that if N copies of a number are multiplied together, gives the original number
Square root, a root of power 2
Root of a function (zero of a function), an input value that produces an output of zero
A user account in many operating systems (especially Unix) which has full permissions over the system
Ancestry.
In mathematics, a root of a function f is a number x that turns the value of f to 0:

Because polynomials are also functions, roots are real things.

The fundamental theorem of algebra says every polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one (complex) root. Using the fundamental theorem of algebra and the polynomial remainder theorem together shows that every complex polynomial of degree n has exactly n complex roots, and some of them may be equal.

Algebra
Functions and mappings
In mathematics, de Moivre's formula or de Moivre's theorem is an equation named after Abraham de Moivre. It states that for any real number x and integer n, 

 

The formulation of De Moivre's formula for any complex numbers  (with modulus  and angle ) is as follows:

Here,  is Euler's number, and  is often called the polar form of the complex number .

The formula is very important because it connects complex numbers and trigonometry. It can be proved using the trigonometry form of complex numbers by mathematical induction, with the help of some trigonometrical identities. It can also be proved using Euler's formula as well. 

By using this formula, any equation of the form , where w is complex, can be solved.

Related pages 
 Euler's formula

References 

Complex analysis
The Curtiss F6C Hawk is an american fighter. It's a biplane aircraft made in wood and metal. Is was used by US Navy between 1925 and 1932.

United States Navy aircraft
The Airbus Helicopters H175 is a European helicopter built by Airbus Helicopters, subsidiary of Airbus Group. It made first flight in 2009 as Eurocopter EC-175.

Helicopters
The Sikorsky R-4 is the first military helicopter built in USA. It flown during World War II and beginning of Korea War. Some were used by US Navy, US Coast Guard and Fleet Air Arm.

Helicopters
United States Air Force aircraft
United States Coast Guard aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
R-4
Ilyushin Il-86 (Илью́шин Ил-86; NATO reporting name: Camber) is a Soviet civilian aircraft. It was the first wide-body aircraft built in USSR. Some are used by Russian Air Force as a transport aircraft. This is the basis of development of the military aircraft Ilyushin Il-80.

Civil aircraft
Soviet & Russian aircraft
Jonathan James "Jon" English (26 March 1949 – 9 March 2016) was an English-born Australian singer, songwriter, musician and actor. He was an early member of the band Sebastian Hardie. He played the role of Judas Iscariot in the Australian production of the stage musical Jesus Christ Superstar in 1972. He also performed in Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas The Pirates of Penzance, The Mikado and H.M.S. Pinafore from 1984. He also acted in a number of television series. As a solo singer, his best known songs were "Turn the Page", "Hollywood Seven", "Words are Not Enough", "Six Ribbons" and "Hot Town".

English was born in Hampstead, London. He moved to Sydney as a child in 1961. He had four children. He was a fan of the Parramatta Eels.

English died from an aortic aneurysm caused by surgery problems on 9 March 2016 in Newcastle, New South Wales. He was 66.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

1949 births
2016 deaths
Actors from London
Actors from Sydney
Australian comedians
Australian guitarists
Australian movie actors
Australian rock singers
Australian songwriters
Australian stage actors
Australian television actors
Deaths from aortic aneurysm
Deaths from surgical complications
Musicians from Sydney
Naturalised citizens of Australia
People from Hampstead
Singers from London
Writers from Sydney
Oprichnina (опричнина) is a state policy used by Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible between 1565 and 1572. The origin of its name is old Russian опричь, what means 'apart', 'except', or 'special'. Oprichnina included secret police, mass repressions, public executions, and confiscation (taking somebody's property) of land from the boyars. It was created because Ivan didn't trust the boyars (Russian feudal aristocrats) anymore.

Russian tsars
History of Russia
16th century in Europe
The Beechcraft King Air is a twin-engine aircraft designed and built in USA. It is built in two major series: King Air 90 and King Air 100. It used as light business aircraft and light transport aircraft. 

Beechcraft Super King Air is a modern variant.

Military variants 

Beechcraft King Air are known in the US Army as U-21 Ute, for light transport duties. In US Navy it known as T-44 Pegasus, a trainer.

Civil aircraft
United States Navy aircraft
United States Army aircraft
Airbus Helicopters is a French and German company that designs and produces civilians and militaries helicopters. The headquarters is in Marignane, France. Factories are in France, Germany, and for some helicopters in the United States. 

The company was previously named Eurocopter. The name change was made 1 January 2014. It's a part of the Airbus company.

References
Je suis Charlie (French for "I am Charlie") is a French slogan. It appeared at the moment of the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris. Very quickly it became known all over the world. These three words were never translated and used as French language. It was created by French artist Joachim Roncin.

History of Paris
French words and phrases
Political slogans‎
The British Aircraft Corporation Jet Provost is a British military aircraft. It's a single-turbojet aircraft. It was used by nine foreign countries as a trainer. British Aircraft Corporation Strikemaster is a modern variant for light attack duties.

Royal Air Force aircraft
Danville is a small town in the U.S. state of New Hampshire. New Hampshire is in New England which is in the northeastern part of the United States. Danville is in the Southeast part of New Hampshire and is in Rockingham County. Danville has Sandown to its West, Hampstead to its South, Kingston to its East, and Fremont to its North.

It is in the Timberlane Regional School District, which consists of Atkinson, Plaistow, Sandown and Danville. It has a public elementary school named Danville Elementary School. Danville Elementary School has preschool to 5th grades.

Danville has a population of 4,463 people.

Other websites

 Town of Danville official website

Towns in New Hampshire
A mass grave is a grave where many bodies are buried together, without coffins.  Mass graves are usually created when a large number of people die or are killed.  For example, in the past, they have been used when many people die at once from disease, a natural disaster, or genocide.

Definitions
Different people have come up with different meanings for the phrase "mass grave."  Mass graves have been defined as:
 Graves where two; three; six; or "a large" number of bodies are buried together
 Graves where bodies were buried with no respect for each individual person
 Graves where bodies are buried very closely together, packed tightly, without the dignity of a regular burial
 Group graves of people who were killed or executed without a trial, or without doing anything wrong

Since 1993, the United Nations has defined a mass grave as a grave where three or more people are buried together.

Disease
Disease

For centuries, people around the world have used mass graves when many people died at once from epidemics of diseases.  The goal of this type of mass grave is not to disrespect the bodies of the dead.  The goal is to prevent disease from spreading from the dead to the living.  Also, if too many people have died, it may be impossible to bury them all separately.

For example, during outbreaks of the bubonic plague ("The Black Death") in Europe, people were terrified of catching this disease from dead bodies.  Often they buried plague victims in mass graves.  Daniel Defoe, who lived during the Great Plague of London in 1655-1666, wrote about one mass grave:

However, at some mass graves for plague victims, people still tried to honor the dead with Christian burial traditions.

Disasters
Disasters

More recently, victims of natural disasters have been buried in mass graves.  Like with mass graves for disease victims, mass graves for disaster victims are not meant to disrespect the dead.  In disasters where many people die, it may not be possible to bury each person one by one.

For example, after 2010 Haiti earthquake, there were tens of thousands of bodies in the Haitian capital city of Port-au-Prince.  In the first nine days after the earthquake, about 90,000 people were buried in mass graves, using bulldozers.  There were so many bodies that there was no room, and not enough workers, to bury them one by one.
One Haitian man, who helped bury 2,500 people in three mass graves, said: "You have to understand that it's completely un-Haitian to dump bodies like this.  We have extreme respect for the dead.  And these people deserve a decent burial."  Later, he and other volunteers put up crosses to mark the graves, put holy water on the graves, and had a priest say prayers for the dead.  Like at the mass graves for the plague victims, they were still trying to honor the dead, even though they had to bury them in mass graves.

Some areas in Japan also had to use mass graves after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.  In Japan, most people are cremated after they die.  However, there were too many victims, and not enough kerosene to cremate them or dry ice to keep the bodies from decomposing. In one town, cremating all the town's victims would have taken 100 days.  Because of this, some towns had to use mass graves to bury the dead.
Murder and genocide
Throughout history, people and governments that have murdered many people have buried them in mass graves.  Unlike mass graves for victims of disease or disasters, this type of mass grave is often meant to disrespect the bodies of the dead after they are murdered.

Mass graves have been found from many of the international wars and civil wars in modern history.  Here are a few examples.

World War I
During World War I, on July 19, 1916, about 2,300 British and Australian soldiers were killed in a battle with the German Army.  In 2008, about 250 of their bodies were found in mass graves, where the Germans had buried them.

World War II

The Holocaust
The Holocaust

During The Holocaust, Nazi Germany killed six million Jewish people and millions of other people.  Nobody knows exactly how many of these people are buried in mass graves.  However, here are some examples of mass graves from Nazi murders:
 At the Babi Yar massacre in Ukraine, Nazi soldiers killed 33,771 Jewish people in two days, and buried them in a mass grave.  
 At the Rumbula massacre in Latvia, Nazis killed about 25,000 Jews in two days, and buried them in mass graves
 At some of the Nazi concentration camps, like Buchenwald and Treblinka, the Nazis buried thousands of people in mass graves
 At the Nazis' death camps, they cremated the people they killed and dumped their ashes together.  For example, at Treblinka, a layer of human ashes 20 feet deep covered parts of the ground.  At Auschwitz's death camp, people's ashes were thrown into fields, swamps, and ponds.  These areas might be thought of as mass graves too.

Soldiers' graves