Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Scopes trial is formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes. It is also referred to as the Scopes monkey trial. 

It was a famous American legal case in 1925. A substitute high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act. This Act made it unlawful to teach human evolution in any state-funded school.  The trial was deliberately staged in order to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held.  

Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution but he purposely incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant.
Scopes was found guilty and fined $100, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality. The trial served its purpose of drawing intense national publicity. National reporters came to Dayton to cover the big-name lawyers who had agreed to represent each side. William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential candidate, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the famed defense attorney, spoke for Scopes. 

The trial publicized the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy.  This set "Modernists", who said evolution was not inconsistent with religion, against Fundamentalists, who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The case was thus seen as both a theological contest and a trial on whether modern evolutionary biology should be taught in schools.

The Tennessee law was not repealed until 1967.

References 

Trials in the United States
Science and culture
Creation myths
1925 in the United States
20th century in Tennessee
Leopold and Loeb were Nathan Freudenthal Leopold, Jr. (November 19, 1904 – August 29, 1971) and Richard Albert Loeb (June 11, 1905 – January 28, 1936).

They were two wealthy University of Chicago law students who kidnapped and murdered 14-year-old Robert "Bobby" Franks in 1924 in Chicago.

The duo was motivated to murder Franks by their desire to commit a perfect crime.

Once arrested, Leopold and Loeb hired Clarence Darrow as counsel for the defense. Darrow’s summation in their trial criticized capital punishment as retribution, rather than rehabilitation. Leopold and Loeb were sentenced to life imprisonment. Loeb was killed by a fellow prisoner in 1936; Leopold was released on parole in 1958.
The Leopold and Loeb crime has been the inspiration for several works in film, theatre, and fiction, such as the 1929 play Rope by Patrick Hamilton, and Alfred Hitchcock's take on the play in the 1948 film of the same name. Later movies such as Compulsion and Swoon were more accurate portrayals of the Leopold and Loeb case.

References 

Burials at Oak Woods Cemetery

American murderers
Trials in the United States
Criminals from Chicago
Cheng Maoyun (; 25 August 1900 – 31 July 1957) was a Chinese musician and a professor at National Central University and Hangzhou Societal University (杭州社會大學). He wrote the music of the "National Anthem of the Republic of China".

Chen was born in 1990 in Xinjian to a family of officials. He studied music in Jiangxi Provincial Higher Normal School. 

The official university song of the National Central University, now in Taiwan, was also composed by Cheng.

References

1900 births
1957 deaths
Chinese academics
Chinese musicians
Chinese composers
Chang Jin-fu () is a politician in the Republic of China. He was the Governor of Taiwan Province from 2009 to 2010.

Early life
Chang was born in Taipei County in 1948. He received his bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from National Taiwan University (NTU) in 1970 and his doctoral degree in electrical engineering and computer science from the University of California, Berkeley in United States in 1977.

Related pages
 Taiwan Province

References

1948 births
Living people
Chinese politicians
Dawn Evelyeen Paris (also: Anne Shirley; April 17, 1918 – July 4, 1993) was an American movie actress. She played Jeanne in Chasing Yesterday. She also played Jenny Yates in Chatterbox. 

Under the name Dawn O'Day, Shirley was a child actress.

Shirley was born in New York City. She died from lung cancer at age seventy-five.

American movie actors
Actors from New York City
1918 births
1993 deaths
Colleen Dewhurst (June 3, 1924 – August 22, 1991) was an American and Canadian actress. She played Helen Benson in Man on a String. She also played Monique in The Last Run. She was also a stage actress.

Dewhurst was born in Montreal, Quebec. She died in South Salem, New York of cervical cancer at the age of 67.

Canadian movie actors
Canadian stage actors
1924 births
1991 deaths
American movie actors
American stage actors
People from Montreal
Peg + Cat is an American-Canadian animated children's television series based on the children's book The Chicken Problem, which was published in 2020. The series is created by Billy Aronson and Jennifer Oxley. The series focuses on a young girl named Peg and her talking pet cat, named Cat. The show teaches the viewer math.  Peg and Cat's adventures often relate to math. Peg speaks directly to the viewers and encourages them to follow along with the episode's plot.

It started on most PBS Kids stations on November 18, 2013. It has a voice cast which includes Hayley Faith Negrin, Dwayne Hill, Annick Obonsawin and Thamela Mpumlwana.

References 

American children's television series
2013 American television series debuts
2018 American television series endings
A paper plane is a toy airplane made from paper. The paper is folded in a certain way so that the folded paper actually glides. This is a form of origami; the Japanese art of paper folding. Paper planes were used originally for testing real airplanes. Today the making of paper planes is a hobby and a craft.

Takuo Toda holds the world record for the longest time in air (27.9 seconds).  The distance record () was set by Joe Ayoob, with a plane constructed by John Collins, in February 2012. but was broken on the 14th of April 2022 by 3 South Korean men with a distance of 77 metres

References

Further reading
 

Toys
The Abbott Laboratories are an American pharmaceuticals and health care company. They have 90,000+ employees in over 130 countries. The headquarters are in North Chicago, Illinois. This organization was established by Wallace Calvin Abbott in 1888. Abbott's product line includes pharmaceuticals, nutritional, diagnostics, and vascular products. 

The company has made drugs for rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes and other conditions. The company makes glucose monitoring devices for diabetics.

According to the Reuters report, Abbott acquired Alere for $4.48 billion, in April 2017.

In September 2017,  Abbott announced that it has received Food and Drug Administration clearance for a consumer version of its Freestyle Libre flash glucose monitor, which does not require people with diabetes to routinely prick their fingers to check the glucose levels.

Drugs
Selsun Blue

References 

Companies based in Chicago
Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
1888 establishments in Illinois
Archibald "Archie" Bunker is a fictional New Yorker of the 1970s top rated situation comedy All in the Family. Also its related TV show Archie Bunker's Place. He was played by actor Carroll O'Connor. Bunker, the family patriarch, was a World War II veteran and blue-collar worker. He was a family man and a conservative. He was first seen when All in the Family premiered on January 12, 1971.

Television characters
Fictional war veterans
People from New York (state)
Fictional American people
Fictional characters introduced in 1971
John Carroll O'Connor (or just Carroll O'Connor; August 2, 1924 – June 21, 2001) was an American actor. He played Archie Bunker in All in the Family and Archie Bunker's Place. He also played Major General Colt in the movie Kelly's Heroes. 

O'Connor was born in Manhattan, New York City. He died from complications of diabetes at 76.

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from New York (state)
1924 births
2001 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Fluvial terrace is an abandoned floodplain with a long, narrow stairs that is formed when the river flowed at a higher level than at present. Fluvial terrace consists of two parts; a tread, which is the flat surface at the upper side of fluvial terrace, and a scarp, which is the steep slope connecting the tread to the downside. Fluvial terrace is divided into Rock terrace and Gravel terrace according to structure materials, and it is also classified as Tectonic terrace and Climate terrace according to causes of formation.

Classification 

Fluvial terraces are either called erosional or depositional.

Erosional terrace
Erosional terrace 

Erosional terrace is a terrace that the tread has been formed primarily by lateral erosion. During low water level stage, fine sediment is deposited and during normal flow, coarse sediment is deposited at the end of a high water event. When the river reaches its highest level, it entrains all the channel sediment and scours the underlying bedrock before coarse detritus is deposited again on the channel floor.

Depositional terrace 
Depositional terrace is a terrace that the tread represents the surface of a valley fill. Valley filling occurs when the amount of sediment produced in a basin exceeds the amount that the river system can carry away. It is usually triggered by glacial outwash, climate change, or change in base level, slope, or load caused by rising water level. Depositional terrace is climatically controlled, whereas erosional terrace is tectonically controlled.

References 

Landforms
The Iditarod is the world’s most famous dog sled race. It is an annual race that starts on the first Saturday of March in Anchorage, Alaska and ends in Nome, Alaska.  The annual race crosses the Alaska Range and Kuskokwim Mountains range.  The contestants in the race go northwest from Anchorage. Then they turn north and go along the Bering Sea to Nome.  On even years they take the route that goes more north and on odd years they take the route that goes more south. White Mountain is the last of three rest stops for teams in the race. 

Iditarod is an endurance sport for the sled driver and the dogs.  They have to keep moving for 1,100 miles.  All the paths are cold, icy, and snowy.  12 to 16 dogs are in the race.

The current way the Iditarod is run today started in 1973.  There were also shorter races that started in 1967. The first shorter race took place in the years from 1967 - 1973.  The shorter races were held on the Iditarod trail which was an old mail route.
References 
 "Nature." Sled Dogs: An Alaskan Epic. Web. 12 May 2014. 
 Nightingale, Dave. "Iditarod." World Book Student. World Book, 2014. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. 
 "Race Across Alaska." Weekly Reader-3 (Vol. 74, No. 19). Feb. 25 2005: 2+. SIRS Discoverer. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.

Winter sports
Dogs
Sports involving animals
1967 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in Alaska
Gracie Gold (born August 17, 1995) is an American figure skater.

Childhood 
Gracie Gold was born on August 17, 1995 in Newton, Massachusetts. When she was four years old her family moved to Springfield, Illinois. At a skating birthday party when she was eight years old, she began to try figure skating. After that party she signed up for lessons. She was a natural; she soon was landing double axels.
After awhile her hard work wasn't paying off. She kept getting low scores! Around a year before the Sochi, Olympics Gracie's relationship with her coach, Alex Ouriashev had completely crumbled. A little while after that Gracie switched coaches. She switched to Frank Carroll and this switch took her mother and sister Carly Gold with her to Hermosa Beach, Los Angeles. Frank Carroll’s experience with coaching other Olympians like Evan Lysacek, Michelle Kwan, Tim Goebel, Linda Fratianne and Denis Ten helped and inspired Gracie. Going to the Olympics gave a lot of stress to her. She would stress about being an Olympian and would stress out about  all of the mistakes she would make in practice. Sometimes to calm down Gracie would juggle. She had to learn how to relax while doing her triple axels and how to save a jump if she started off wrong. Gracie also had to learn how to make her performance still look good to the judges, even after a fall
. Later, after all of this training Gracie was ready to compete in competitions like the Midwestern sectional, The U.S. Championships, and the U.S. International Classic. In almost all of her later competitions she did better than the firsts. This helped her earn her spot in the 2014 Sochi, Olympics.
Sochi, Olympics 
Gracie got a bronze medal from the Olympics, she got this from the team event. In the Ladies free skate, and short program she was placed fourth. Gracie is eager to return to Olympic Ice in the 2018 Winter Olympics.

References 
 Hersh, Philip. "A Brave New World for Gold." Chicago Tribune. 19 Feb. 2014: 12. SIRS Discoverer. Web. 06 May. 2014.
 "Gracie Gold." Gale Biography in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2013. Biography in Context. Web. 6 May 2014

1995 births
Living people
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
American figure skaters
People from Springfield, Missouri
Mikaela Shiffrin (born March 13, 1995) is an American skier. Her first time at the Winter Olympic Games was during the 2014 Winter Olympics at Sochi, Russia. Before these Olympics, Mikaela had competed in other national and international competitions. 

Mikaela Shiffrin was born on March 13, 1995 in Vail, Colorado. Her father, Jeff, skied at Dartmouth College. Her mother, Eileen, came from a Massachusetts family who loved skiing. She has an older brother named Taylor who is also a skier at the University of Denver. When Mikaela was eight her family moved to New Hampshire. Her father got a job at the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center.
Shiffrin competed in her first international competition at age fifteen. Later that year she joined another international competition and got a gold medal in slalom. By the end of the season she had won four World Cup competitions as well as a slalom title. This made her the youngest person to win a World Cup title. Mikaela Shiffrin was also the youngest ever to win an Olympic gold medal in the slalom. She won one of the five gold medals won by the American Alpine team. In addition to her gold medal, Shiffrin has one gold medal from the world championships and one bronze medal from the Junior World Ski Championships. She has had eight total wins at the World Championships.

References 

1995 births
Living people
2014 Winter Olympics
American Olympic gold medalists
American skiers
Sportspeople from Colorado
The gayageum or kayagum is a traditional Korean zither-like string instrument. It has 12 strings, though some more recent variants have 21 or other numbers of strings. It is probably the best known traditional Korean musical instrument. Its body is made of Paulownia wood.

History 

According to Samguksagi ( the three kingdoms history book), the first gayageum was made for King Gasil in the 6th century. This was after he observed a Chinese musical instrument. He ordered a musician named Wu Ruk to compose music for this new instrument. The original name was gayago. It was further improved by Wu Ruk.

Construction 
 
There are two types. The beobgeum gayageum is 160cm long by 30cm wide by 10cm deep. Its body is made of a single piece of paulownia wood. The resonator chamber is hollowed out of the wood body. It is used in court music.
The sanjo gayageum is about 142cm long by 23cm wide by 10cm deep. The soundboard is made of paulownia, but the sides and back are of a harder wood such as chestnut or walnut. It is used in folk music.

Technique 

The player usually sits cross-legged. The gayageum is played put on the player’s knee (usually the right knee). One hand plucks the strings to make a sound. The other hand decorates the sound by pressing, shaking, and vibrating the strings.

References

Other websites 
 Gayageum, Doosan Encyclopedia

Plucked string instruments
The goal of a legal guardian is to protect a person who cannot make legal decisions on their own.  The legal guardian makes decisions for the person who needs protection.  Usually, a legal guardian has to be appointed (chosen) by a court.  Before a court appoints a guardian for a person, it first has to decide that the person is incompetent (unable to make decisions on their own).

A court may choose a legal guardian for a minor child (a child under a certain age) in many different situations:

 If a child has no parents or other adults who are willing to take care of the child 
 If a child's parents die 
 If a child's parents lose custody of the child.  (This happens when a court decides that the parents are not able to take care of the child.  For example, if a parent hurts their child, or does not care for them properly, they may lose custody.) 
 If a court decides that a child's parents are incompetent (unable to make decisions on their own)
A court may also choose a legal guardian for an adult.  This happens when the court decides the adult is incompetent.  The court appoints a legal guardian to help protect the incompetent person (who is called a ward).  The legal guardian then has the right to make legal decisions for the ward.

How do legal guardians get chosen? 
Legal guardians get chosen in a few different ways.

Sometimes a parent will write a will, which explains their last wishes in case they die.  In the will, they can say who they want to take care of their child if the parent dies.  If the parent dies, a court still has to approve the person named in the will as the child's new guardian.  The new guardian does not have to be a blood relative of the parent or child.
If someone (like a person's doctor, psychiatrist, or family member) thinks that a person is incompetent, they may ask a court to choose a legal guardian.  In the United States, the court must hold a hearing to decide whether the person needs a guardian.  The person must be given a lawyer, and the court must listen to arguments from both sides.  If the court decides that the person needs a guardian, the court will choose one.  That guardian may be a family member, a friend, or a stranger.

What kind of power do legal guardians have? 
In the United States, when a court chooses a legal guardian, the court has to say specifically what decisions the guardian will be able to make for their ward.  For example, a court might say the guardian can only make medical decisions for their ward.  The ward will still have the right to make any other decisions that are not medical decisions.

Different states have different laws about types of guardianships and what decisions guardians can make.
For example, in Massachusetts, a court can appoint a Rogers Guardian, who can only make decisions about their ward's psychiatric (mental health) medicines.  The ward still has the right to make any other decisions that are not about medications.

In other states, like Pennsylvania, a court can appoint a plenary guardian, who has the right to make all decisions for the ward.  The ward has no right to make any important decisions for himself or herself.

References

Legal terms
Law occupations
Kazu Kibuishi is the writer and artist of Copper, a comic strip. He also wrote Amulet which is a series of graphic novels which are like comic books. He was born 1978, in Tokyo, Japan. He moved to the United States in 1982. He lives in Alhambra, California. He has a degree in film studies from the University of California. He is married to Amy Kim Ganter who is a comic book artist and illustrator.

He is a writer, editor, illustrator, art director, comic book artist, graphic novelist, producer, and animator. He’s an animator at Shaded Box which is an animation, commercial, and video game studio. Animators make movies and cartoons. 

Copper follows the quests of an intelligent dog and his owner in a world of steampunk technology and fiction. The series continues to appear on the Internet and gains him quite a few fans.

References

 Kazu Kibuishi." Contemporary Authors Online. Detroit: Gale, 2009. Biography in Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2014
 Bolt City. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://boltcity.com>
1978 births
Living people
Writers from Tokyo
José Alberto Pujols Alcántara (also known as Albert Pujols) is a star baseball player from the Dominican Republic.
|position =First Baseman/Designated Hitter
|birth_date =
|birth_place =Santo Domingo,  Dominican Republic
|bats   =right
|throws = right 
|debutleague = MLB 
|debutdate = April 2
|debutyear = 2001
|debutteam = St. Louis Cardinals
|finalleague = MLB
|statyear =
|finaldate = October 4
|finalyear = 2022
|statleague = MLB
|stat1label = Batting average
|stat1value = .296
|stat2label = Hits
|stat2value = 3,384
|stat3label = Homeruns
|stat3value = 703
|stat4label = Runs batted in
|stat4label = 2,218
|teams=
[[St. Louis Cardinals(-)
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim/ Los Angeles Angels(-)
Los Angeles Dodgers()
St. Louis Cardinals()
|awards =
11x All-Star(2001, 2003-2010, 2015, 2022)
2x World Series champion(, )
3x Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award|NL MVP]](2005, 2008, 2009)
NL Rookie of Year(2001)
NLCS MVP(2004)
2x Gold Glove Award(2006, 2010)
6x Silver Slugger Award(2001, 2003, 2004, 2008-2010)
2x NL Hank Aaron Award(2003, 2009)
NL Comeback Player of the Year(2022)
Roberto Clemente Award(2008)
[List of Major League Baseball batting champions|NL batting champion]](2003)
2x NL home run leader(2009, 2010)
NL RBI leader(2010)
}}
Early life 
Pujols was born on January 16, 1980 in Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic.  When he was 16, Pujols's family moved to Missouri.  He learned English at Fort Osage High School and later studied to be an American citizen.

Baseball career 
He went to Maple Woods Community College and posted a .461 on-base average (which means he got on base 461 times out of every 1,000 at-bats).   

At age 19, Pujols was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals.  He was a very low draft pick (402nd in the 13th round of the draft).  He played his first season with one of the Cardinals' minor league teams, the Peoria Chiefs.  

After one full season with the Chiefs, Pujols got onto the Cardinals' roster after a teammate got injured.  Later two of the Cardinals' best players also got injured, and Pujols became a regular player.  In his first season with the Cardinals, he had 37 RBIs and 130 home runs, and posted a .329 on-base average.  He won the Rookie of the Year Award, earning every vote.
Awards 
In 2002, Pujols was the runner-up for the Most Valuable Player Award, and the Cardinals reached the National League Championship Series.

In 2005, the Baseball Writers of America voted Pujols the National League's Most Valuable Player.

In 2006, the Cardinals won the World Series.  Pujols was also named to the National League All-Star Team that year.  

Since 2006, Pujols has won many awards, like the Players' Choice Most Outstanding Player Award, the Players' Choice Player of the Year Award, and the National League Home Run Award.

References 
 "Pujols, Albert." Compton's by Britannica. 01 Aug. 2011: n.p. SIRS Discoverer. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.
 Petruso, A. "Albert Pujols." Newsmakers. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Biography in Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2014.

1980 births
Living people
Los Angeles Angels players
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Grandaddy is an American indie rock band formed in California in 1992 by singer/guitarist/keyboardist Jason Lytle, bassist Kevin Garcia, and drummer Aaron Burtch.

History 
Complex Party Come Theories is their first work.  After that, they got new guitarist Jim Fairchild and keyboardist Tim Dryden. They released EP A Pretty Mess By This One Band in 1996, and their first full-length album Under The Western Freeway in 1997. “Summer Here Kids”, one of the songs in Under The Western Freeway,  earned Single of the Week honors in NME. In 2000, in Sophftware Slump, they created vintage, electronic, drift-off music. In , Concrete Dunes was released, without the band's permission. In 2003, the group released another album, Sumday, and received good reviews. In 2006, Just Like the Fambly Cat was released.
After the album, the band broke up in 2005. They did not do Just Like the Fambly Cat tour concert. The band was utterly content and happy about the decision to end Grandaddy. In the song 'Elevate Myself', he says "I don't wanna work all night and day. On writing songs that make the young girls cry." Other members all worked in their own field, but Jim Fairchild was still working with music. He joined a guitarist in Modest Mouse tour, and he released his first solo album, Ten Readings of a Warning. In 2012, the band reunited for Outside Lands Festival in San Francisco. In the same year, they played in End of the Road Festival.  No album has been released since then. 

In an interview, Jason Lytle tell why the band name got their name Grandaddy; They realized that they are too ugly to seduce young women, so they try to appeal to old women, just like Morrissey. Birds frequently appear in their album cover, because birds are beautiful and colorful, and they can sing.
Style 
Grandaddy's music has features in the late 90s lo-fi indie rock. Their music has the catchy melodies that they are able to create with the synths and distorted guitars. Most of their musics are slow and emotional. Also, they used electronics. Their lyrics are mostly vague and abstract, but inventive. The album's most enduring image is a man sipping a beer and strumming an acoustic guitar in quiet, beautiful countryside. The Sophtware Slump is generally regarded as the band's masterpiece, but other albums like Under the Western Freeway are popular, too.

References 

Indie rock bands
American rock bands
1990s American music groups
Musical groups from California
The Executive Yuan (EY; ) is the executive branch of the government of the Republic of China (ROC).

Organization and structure

It is led by the Premier of the ROC. It has a Vice-Premier and eleven cabinet ministers. It also has from five to nine ministers without portfolio as its members. The vice premier, ministers, and chairpersons are chosen by the President of the ROC. This is on the recommendation of the premier.

It was started in 1948. The EY is one of the five branches of government of the ROC under their constitution.

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 Official website 

1948 establishments in Asia
Government by country
Jean Guttery Fritz (16 November 1915 – 14 May 2017)  was an American children's writer and historian. Her parents were Arthur Minton and Myrtle Guttery. They were missionaries. Missionaries are people who  set out on a mission to teach others about their religion.

Early life
Fritz lived in China until she was 13 years old. She learned to speak Chinese before she learned English. In 1928 the family returned to the United States. As a child of missionaries she used her writing as a “private place.” She wrote her thoughts, feelings, and emotions. She also wrote down anything she thought about. Fritz wrote it all down. She wrote about many different things. Sometimes she copied some sections of poems and books that Fritz had read. She liked to read different poets and authors.

Early career
Later in life these things she had written about turned into the books that she later wrote. On 1 November 1942 Fritz married Michael Fritz The couple later had two children. They were named David and Andrea.
Career
Fritz has a record for writing information flooded, true books about real things that happened in history. She had been amazed about what had happened during the time of the American Revolution. She learned a great deal of information on the topic. It was really interesting to her. She wrote a handful of children's books about key figures and events that happened during that time. Most books she wrote are non-fictional children's’ books. Fritz has written some novels. She wrote a novel called "Brady". She dived into her search for information. She looked at primary sources. In 1986 she won the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal.

After her father's death she wrote the book Homesick: My Own Story. It was about her own childhood experiences in China. After writing the book she visited China. After returning she wrote two more books about China and Mao Zedong.

Publication of Fritz' books
She started writing her books in the 1950s. Fritz knows much about happenings around the world.
Works
 Homesick: My Own Story       (Puffin, 1982 . Paperback)
 China homecoming             (Putnam, 1985 . Hardcover)
 China's Long March           (Putnam, 1988 . Hardcover) 
 The Cabin Faced West     (Puffin, 1987 . Paperback. Hardcover.)
 Brady                    (Puffin, 1988 . Paperback)
 Early Thunder            (Puffin, 1987 . Paperback.)

References

Other websites
 "Jean (Guttery) Fritz." Major Authors and Illustrators for Children and Young Adults. Detroit: Gale, 2002. Biography in Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2014.
  Hurst, Carol O. "Jean Fritz." Carol Hurst's Children's Literature Site. Ed. Rebecca Otis. Dec. 1998. Web. 1 Apr. 2014

1915 births
2017 deaths
American historians
American children's writers
Youth in Action is a European program that lasted from 2007 until 2013 labeled for young people in order to help make a shared European mindset where young people from different countries could enhance active citizenship as well as a shared cultural European history. It was made of 5 main actions under which several projects are done by local supporters who show their projects to their national agency.

Allowed participants were young people who are between 13 and 30 years old. Other people could be part of this too. Older youth workers who are part of European youth events and are citizens of a European Union country could be part of the program. Source

The program was given a budget of 885 million euros. Analysis of the program published in 2011 showed that in the years 2007-2009 more than 380,000 people took part in the different actions. Only 21,800 projects received a grant among 42,700 submissions.
References 
http://ec.europa.eu/youth/tools/youth-in-action_en.htm
http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/youth/index_en.php 
http://www.britishcouncil.org/youth-in-action

Youth organizations
Ruby Nell Bridges Hall (born September 8, 1954) is an American activist. She is known for being the first black child to attend an all-white elementary school in the South. She went to William Frantz Elementary School, in Louisiana, USA.

Early life 

Ruby Bridges was born in Tylertown, Mississippi to Abon and Lucille Bridges. When she was 4 years old, the family moved to New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1960, when she was 6 years old, her parents allowed her to participate in the integration of the New Orleans School system.

Integration
Integration 

In a 1954 decision, Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court made racial segregation illegal. Ruby was chosen to attend the all-white William Frantz Elementary School. The school board said black children could attend the first grade if they passed a test. Bridges passed a test. On her first day of school four U.S. Marshals had to go with her to school. She went straight to the principal's office.She sat in the principal's office all day.  Angry crowds of parents shouted threats at her. For the next six months the marshals took her to and from her school. Ruby had to spend the entire first school year alone with one teacher, Barbara Henry. People tried to hurt her family. Her father lost his job and her grandparents were thrown off their farm in Georgia. Ruby never missed a day of school that year. The story of her going to a white school is the subject of a Norman Rockwell painting called The Problem We All Live With.

Adult life
Adult life 

She finished elementary school and graduated from high school. Bridges went on to become a travel agent for American Express. Mrs. Ruby Bridges got married to Malcolm Hall and had four sons. In 1993, her brother was shot and killed in New Orleans. Ruby's family went to New Orleans to take care of his daughters.

In 1999, she wrote a children's book, "Through My Eyes", telling her story and what she went through. The same year she started the Ruby Bridges Foundation. She travels and talks to children all over the country.

On 8 January 2001, President Bill Clinton awarded Ruby Bridges the Presidential Citizens Medal. She was one of 28 to receive the medal that day.

References

Other websites 

 The Ruby Bridges Foundation 
 Ruby Bridges, Webpage

American civil rights activists
Children's writers
1954 births
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients
Living people
Aztec mythology is the mythology of the Aztec civilization in Mexico. It was the basis on which they made a working and advanced society. They took some ideas from the Toltec and Mayans to create their advanced culture. Their empire lasted from the 14th century until the Spanish took over. 

The Aztecs believed the universe went through four phases. They called them suns. They believed that they lived in the fifth sun. The gods ended each sun with a huge tragedy and then created a new world. In the first sun, the world was destroyed by jaguars. In the second, the world was destroyed by a storm. In the third sun, the earth was destroyed by a fire rain. At the end of the fourth, the world was destroyed by a huge flood. They believed that the fifth sun would end with a huge earthquake.

In their religion they worshipped many gods and goddesses. They even made human sacrifices. There were three parts of the body that they considered the most powerful: the head, the heart, and the liver.
Some gods and goddesses in Aztec mythology are Huitzilopochtli, Tezcatlipoca, and Xochiquetzal.

References 
Leonard, Scott A. "Mythology." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2014. Web.  1 Apr. 2014.
Carrasco, Davíd. "Aztec." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2014. Web.  1 Apr. 2014.

Mythology
Aztec
Malagasy is an Austronesian language that is spoken in Madagascar. It is an Austronesian language. It is related to languages such as Indonesian, Javanese and Maori. That means that Malagasy is related to languages spoken in Indonesia. This is probably because immigrants from Indonesia came to Madagascar until A.D. 1400. It is the only Austronesian language spoken in Africa.

Writing 
Malagasy is written using the English alphabet, but without c, q, u, w and x. No accents or other diacritical marks are used. It was invented by David Jones as a replacement for Sorabe (a type of Arabic script). Most letters have their IPA values. However, y and i are both pronounced like /i/ and h is often silent. A few consonant digraphs (tr, dr, ts) are used.

Examples of words 
Manoa ahoana - Hello

Veloma - Goodbye

Nenibe - Grandmother

Dadabe - Grandfather

References
References 

 Desanker, Paul V., Peri M. Klemm, Kenneth J. Perkins, Kwesi Kwaa Prah, and Paul Tiyambe Zeleza. "Africa." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2014. Web.  1 Apr. 2014. 
 Fetter, Bruce S. "Madagascar." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2014. Web.  1 Apr. 2014.
 "Madagascar." SIRS Discoverer: Culture Facts. Sept. 16 2002: n.p. SIRS Discoverer. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.
 "Madagascar (Archive)." SIRS Discoverer: Country Facts. 2010: n.p. SIRS Discoverer. Web. 01 Apr. 2014.
 "Consonant Digraphs." First School Years. Web. 2 June 2014. <http://www.firstschoolyears.com/literacy/word/phonics/digraphs/digraphs.htm >.

Austronesian languages
The President of the Executive Yuan (), commonly known as the Premier of the Republic of China (sometimes as Prime Minister) (), is the head of the Executive Yuan. The Executive Yuan is the executive branch of the government of the Republic of China (ROC). It controls Taiwan, Penghu, Matsu, and Kinmen. The premier is appointed by the President of the Republic of China.

References
Zhongzheng District is a local government area of Taipei City, in the Republic of China. 

Many national government buildings of the Republic of China are in this district. Some are the Presidential office building, the Executive Yuan building and other government agency buildings.

This district is named after the former President of the Republic of China, Chiang Kai-shek.

References

Taipei
The National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is a famous memorial in Taipei, Republic of China. It was built for the late President of the Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek. It is located in Taipei's Zhongzheng District. The monument is in a park.

There is a library and museum in the monument. It has books and artefacts about Chiang's life and the history of the Republic of China.

Gallery

References

National museums in Asia
Monuments and memorials
The National Palace Museum () is a museum in Shilin, Taipei, Republic of China. It is one of the national museums of the Republic of China. It has nearly 700,000 pieces of ancient Chinese artifacts and artworks. It is one of the largest museums in the world. Most things in the collection are high quality pieces collected by China's ancient emperors.

Gallery

References

National museums in Asia
Ride were a British shoegazing band from Oxford. 

Ride was formed in 1988 by Mark Gardener, Andy Bell and Laurence Colbert. The named the band 'Ride' because of the evocation of travel and after the Ride cymbal. The band was a part of the "shoegazing" scene that happened in England during the early 1990s. They broke up in 1996 because of tension in the band. After their breakup, the former members decided to work on other projects. Andy Bell would become the bassist for Oasis. 

Their debut album Nowhere was ranked #74 on Pitchfork Media's list of Top 100 Albums of the 1990s and was also added to the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. The single "Vapour Trail" was ranked #145 on Pitchfork Media's list of Top 200 Tracks of the 90s.

Discography

Albums
Nowhere (1990)
Going Blank Again (1992)
Carnival of Light (1994)
Tarantula (1996)

References

Other websites
Official website
1988 establishments in England
1996 disestablishments in England
Alternative rock bands
English rock bands
People from Oxford
Riau is a province of Indonesia. It is on the central eastern coast of Sumatra. Its capital city is Pekanbaru. Riau is rich in natural resources. It has petroleum, natural gas, rubber, and palm oil.

References 

Provinces of Indonesia
Sumatra
Pekanbaru (Jawi: ڤكنبارو) is the capital city of Riau province, Indonesia. It is the third largest city on the island of Sumatra. It has an area of . As of 2014 about 1,030,732 people live there. Pekanbaru has several industries. It exports palm oil, paper and crude oil. It is a very clean city. Ferry passengers from Singapore used it as a transfer point before low-cost air travel became more popular.

References 

Cities in Indonesia
1784 establishments in Asia
Establishments in Indonesia
Jeff Plewman (March 26, 1948 – May 10, 2014), better known by his stage name Nash the Slash, was a Canadian singer-songwriter and musician.  He was best known for being the founding member of the progressive rock band FM and performing with British musician Gary Numan. He was also a multi-instrumentalist who played mostly the electric violin and mandolin, as well as harmonica, keyboards, glockenspiel, and other instruments.

Nash's musical trademark was his face being covered in surgical bandages. He got the name "Nash the Slash" by using the name of the main antagonist of the Laurel and Hardy silent movie Do Detectives Think? (1927).

Nash was born in Toronto, Ontario. In 1998, he revealed that he was gay at Toronto's Pride Week. He retired in 2012.

Nash died on the weekend of May 10, 2014 at his home in Toronto, aged 66. The cause of his death was a suspected heart attack.

References

Other websites
1948 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Canadian guitarists
Canadian LGBT people
Canadian rock musicians
Canadian singer-songwriters
Gay men
LGBT musicians
Rock singers
Singers from Toronto
Shilin District is a district of Taipei, Republic of China. It is a residential district, and famous residents include the late Chiang Kai-shek, former President of the Republic of China. The district is divided into 51 villages (里), which are further divided up into 987 villages (鄰).

The culture of Taipei is said to be started in Shilin district.

Education
Shilin has three universities: Ming Chuan University, Soochow University, and the Chinese Culture University. Some international schools, like the Taipei American School, Taipei Japanese School, and Taipei European School are in this district. The district is also has vocational colleges, four senior high schools, eight junior high schools, and twenty elementary schools.

References

Other websites
 Shilin District Office, Taipei City 

Taipei
Martha Hyer (August 10, 1924 – May 31, 2014) was an American movie actress. She was known for her roles in The Best of Everything (1959), Ice Palace (1960), Desire in the Dust (1960), The Carpetbaggers (1964), First Men in the Moon (1964), Blood on the Arrow (1964), The Sons of Katie Elder (1965), and The Night of the Grizzly (1966).

Hyer died in Santa Fe, New Mexico from natural causes, aged 89.

References

Other websites

1924 births
2014 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
Actors from Fort Worth, Texas
Mario Missiroli (13 March 1934 – 19 May 2014) was an Italian stage, television and movie director. He was known for his works La bella di Lodi (1963), Delitto e castigo (1983) and Family Portrait (1962). He was nominated for a Silver Ribbon for his work in Family Portrait (1962).

Missiroli died in Turin, Italy from an illness, aged 80.

References

Other websites
 
 

1934 births
2014 deaths
Italian movie directors
Italian television directors
People from Bergamo
José Montserrate Feliciano García (born September 10, 1945), better known simply as José Feliciano, is a Puerto Rican virtuoso guitarist, singer and composer. He is known for many international hits, including his remake of The Doors' "Light My Fire" and the best-selling Christmas single "Feliz Navidad".

References

Other websites

 Jose Feliciano official website
 José Feliciano singing "Che Sarà" in Italian at the San Remo Festival in 1971

Emmy Award winners
1945 births
Living people
Puerto Rican singer-songwriters
Blind people
Grammy Award winners
Latin Grammy Award winners
Puerto Rican musicians
Puerto Rican composers
The West Coast Conference (WCC) is a college sports conference (group of sports teams that play against each other) in the western United States. There are many sports in the conference. The conference does not have football. Only two of its current members have football teams.

The WCC began in 1952 when five schools in and around the San Francisco Bay Area formed the California Basketball Association. The league was then called the West Coast Athletic Conference from 1956 to 1989.

All 10 of its current members were founded by churches. Seven of the colleges are Catholic schools. Only University of the Pacific, which was started by Methodists, no longer gets money from a church.

Members 
The WCC has 10 members. All are located in West Coast states except BYU.

Associate members
The WCC has one "associate member". This member only plays one sport in the conference. They play other sports in the Big East Conference.

References

 
College athletics conferences
1952 establishments in the United States
Rye is a city in Westchester County, New York, United States. Rye was a town before it became a city in 1942. The population was 15,720 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in New York (state)
Salustiano Sánchez-Blazquez (8 June 1901 – 13 September 2013) was a Spanish-born American supercentenarian.

Biography 
Born in El Tejado de Bejar, Spain, on 8 June 1901 (he claimed to be born in 1902), Sánchez emigrated to Cuba at age 17 and worked as a farmer, before emigrating in 1920 to the United States where he lived until his death and worked as a coal miner.

In 1934, he married Pearl Emilie Chiasera and had the son John and the daughter Irene, whom he lived with after his wife's death in 1988 to 2007 when he moved to a retirement home in Grand Island, New York, and lived there until his death at age 112 years, 97 days, and believed the secret to his long life to be one banana and one tablet of Anacin a day. At age 112, he had 7 grandchildren, 15 great-grandchildren and 5 great-great-grandchildren including Chase, Evan, and Hailey Spurback and Jacob and Ethan Macendrick.
World's oldest man 
Sanchez became the oldest living man in the United States after Shelby Harris' death on 25 July 2012 and was exactly one year later officially verified to be the oldest living man in the world since 116-year-old Japaneseman Jiroemon Kimura's death at 2:08 a.m. the night of 12 June 2013 (=1:08 p.m. the afternoon of 11 June 2013 New York Time), which, however, before the verification of Sánchez was believed to be Canadian-born Californian man James McCoubrey (who died of pneumonia on 5 July 2013) followed by Jokichi Ikarashi (who also died of pneumonia just 18 days after McCoubrey) and Italian Arturo Licata. Licata, however, became the oldest living man when Sánchez died of natural causes at age 112 years, 97 days on 13 September 2013 - coincidencially on the same day as McCoubrey would have turned 112 - while the oldest living American man became Polish-born Alexander Imich.

References
References 

1901 births
2013 deaths
People from Castile and León
People from New York (state)
Spanish supercentenarians
American supercentenarians
Abington Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States, on the northern fringes of Philadelphia. The population was 55,310 as of the 2010 census.

References

Townships in Pennsylvania
Vigilante 8 is a vehicular combat video game published by Activision and developed by Luxoflux. It is a spinoff of the 1997 video game Interstate '76. It was released for the PlayStation, Nintendo 64, and Game Boy Color. A sequel called Vigilante 8: 2nd Offense was released in 1999.

It was released for the PlayStation on May 31, 1998 in North America, June 26, 1998 in Europe and on November 12, 1998 in Japan. It was also released for the Nintendo 64 on March 29, 1998 in North America and in March 1999 in Europe, as well as the Game Boy Color in December 1999 in North America.

Reception
IGN rated the game a 6.0 out of 10 for the Game Boy Color, 8.2 out of 10 for the Nintendo 64 and 8.0 for the PlayStation.

GameSpot gave the game a 7.5 out of 10 for the Game Boy Color, 7.9 out of 10 for the Nintendo 64 and 8.0 out of 10 for the PlayStation.

References

Other websites

1998 video games
Activision video games
Game Boy Color games
Nintendo 64 games
PlayStation games
Vehicular combat games
Kurtwood Larson Smith (born July 3, 1943) is an American television and movie actor. He is known for playing the main antagonist Clarence Boddicker in RoboCop and as Red Forman in That '70s Show. He is also known for his appearances in the genre of science fiction (Star Trek, The X-Files). He also starred in 24.

References

Other websites

 
 
 

1943 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Wisconsin
New Lisbon (Hoocąk: Wac'hožura ) is a city in Juneau County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,554 at the 2010 census.

References

Cities in Wisconsin
Juneau County, Wisconsin
ashfaque (born 15 March 2006) is an pakistan care of buffalo

Early life 
Vishal Veeru Devgan was born in Amritsar, India on April 2, 1969. He started his career in 1992 film Phool Aur Kaante. He is a Punjabi and completed his graduation in Mumbai, India. He is married to Kajol and has two children. He is also professionally known as Ajay Devgn.
Other films he starred in
After debuting in Phool Aur Kante, he went on to star in a martial arts film called Jigar (1992) and also played a blind man in Vijaypath (1994). His subsequent hits include Suhaag (1994), Dilwale (1994), Naajayaz (1995), Diljale (1996), Jaan (1996), Ishq (1997), Pyaar To Hona Hi Tha (1998), and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999). He garnered Filmfare Best Actor nominations for Naajayaz and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam. His performance in Zakhm (1998) secured Devgn his first National Film Award for Best Actor. In 2000, Devgn started Ajay Devgn FFilms and produced and headlined the commercially unsuccessful Raju Chacha. He got a Filmfare Best Supporting Actor nomination for enacting a dacoit in the ensemble film Lajja (2001).