Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The katana and the wakizashi together are called a daishō, which is translated as "large and small". The first part of the word (dai) means "big" and stands for the katana sword; the second (sho) stands for wakizashi. Wakizashi was more decorated than a katana and it was thinner, this is why it was designed to cut through softer targets. So it was a sword to make dangerous cuts in weak points of the human body. The use of a daishō on the battlefield gave its user a big advantage.  With the two swords the samurai could keep the enemies within a radius of action ranging from 2 to 7 feet (1 to 3 1/2 meters). Miyamoto Musashi, a famous Japanese samurai, was especially skilful at using the daishō.

Customs and traditions
A wakizashi sword was an irreplaceable weapon for a samurai. The tradition says that when entering a house or any other building, the samurai has to leave his katana with a servant, but the wakizashi could be worn at all times and places. This is why the wakizashi is often called the samurai's side arm.  The wakizashi followed his master even when he went to sleep, because it was always near the bed. 

The wakizashi was carried along the thigh and was usually used with one hand; the other hand was used for the katana. The wakizashi proved to be very effective when the katana's length and weight made it hard to use. The wakizashi needs less force to use and it is more maneuverable. 

The wakizashi was also the sword used by merchants and artisans (types of traders) who were forbidden from wearing a katana. This fact explains a greater number wakizashi swords were found than katanas. There are even more wakizashi swords than katana swords, although the katana swords had greater meaning for Japanese society.
Seppuku

The wakizashi sword was much used in the ritual of seppuku (suicide because of lost honor). In this ritual it was used along with the shortest Japanese sword - Tanto. The wakizashi was thrust into the torso (body), cutting open vertically. This kind of death was considered honorable for a samurai. When a female samurai committed seppuku she would only cut her own throat.

Source
 Technique of Katana Sword Drawing - IAI-DO  - Facts about katana and wakizashi, how to take them out of the scabbard and notable terminology.

Japanese swords
Albert Camus (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was a French philosopher and writer. Camus wrote novels and plays. Camus was born in Algeria, a country in North Africa. He had French parents. Camus was an existentialist philosopher. Existentialism is a philosophy that is very different from other ways of thinking. Camus won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957.

He was the second-youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, after Rudyard Kipling, and the first African-born writer to receive the award. He is the shortest-lived of any Nobel literature laureate to date, having died in an automobile accident just over two years after receiving the award.

His life
His life

Early years 
Albert Camus was born in Algeria to a poor working-class family.  His mother was Spanish and his father was French. His father died in battle and he was left to live with his grandmother. When he was 17 he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which was very impactful on him at that point in his life. It limited him greatly in his athletics as well as in his career opportunities, due to the fact that tuberculosis is quite contagious. For this reason he claimed that his disease “set him free” because he would have done something else with his life had he seen the opportunity.  He went to the University of Algiers, where he graduated with a degree in 1935. In the 1930s, Camus became interested in politics. In 1935, Camus joined the French Communist Party, a political group. In the late 1930s, Camus was a writer for the socialist newspaper, the Alger-Republicain.
1940s 
In 1941, Camus wrote his first novel, which was called The Stranger. During World War II, Camus joined the French Resistance to fight against the Nazi army. After World War II, Camus became friends with another writer named Jean-Paul Sartre. Camus and Sartre often talked about philosophy and politics in cafés (or shops that serve food, but the menu is smaller than in a restaurant)

1950s 
Camus wrote books about philosophy (ways of thinking) which said that life was "absurd" (makes no sense, or has no meaning). In the 1950s Camus tried to improve human rights. In 1960, Camus died in a car crash. He had two children, Catherine and Jean.

Some of his novels (stories) 
 The Stranger (l'étranger) (sometimes called The Outsider) (1942)
 The Plague (la peste) (1947)
 The Fall (la chute) (1956)

Some of his books about philosophy 
 Betwixt and Between (1937)
 The Myth of Sisyphus (1942)
 The Rebel  (1951)
Plays 
 Caligula (1938)
 The Misunderstanding (1944)
 State of Siege (1948)
 The Just Assassins  (1949)
 The Possessed (1959)

Correspondence 
 Albert Camus, Maria Casarès. Correspondance inédite (1944-1959). Édition de Béatrice Vaillant. Avant-propos de Catherine Camus. Collection Blanche, Gallimard. Parution : 09-11-2017.

Books about Camus 
 Camus (1959) by the writer Germaine Brée
 Albert Camus, A Study of His Work (1957) by the writer Usamah Siddiqui
 Heiner Wittmann: Sartre and Camus in Aesthetics. The Challenge of Freedom. Hrsg. v. Dirk Hoeges. Dialoghi/Dialogues. Literatur und Kultur Italiens und Frankreichs, Band 13, Peter Lang, Frankfurt 2009

Related pages
 Existentialism

References

Other websites 

 Nobel Prize in Literature (1957) 
 Fonds Albert Camus - Cité du livre d'Aix en Provence
 Société des Études Camusiennes 
 The Albert Camus Society
1913 births
1960 deaths
20th-century French philosophers
Accidental deaths in France
French atheists
French Nobel Prize winners
French novelists
French playwrights
Marxists
Road accident deaths
The Angevin Empire was a collection of states ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynasty. The Plantagenets, Henry II of England, Richard I of England, and John of England, ruled over an area from the Pyrenees to Ireland during the 12th and early 13th centuries. Their empire was roughly half of medieval France as well as all of England and Ireland. The name Angevin came from the French region and town of Anjou which was the home of the Plantagenet family.

References

13th century in France
History of the British Isles
Former empires
12th century in France
Former countries in Europe
Regions 
The vertebral column has five regions. These regions from top to bottom are:
 Cervical - Shown in red, this region supports the head. It is made up of 7 vertebrae. The first two, called the atlas and axis, connect the spine to the skull.
 Thoracic - Shown in blue, this region supports the ribs. It is made up of 12 vertebrae.
 Lumbar - Shown in yellow, this region is located in the lower back. It is made up of 5 vertebrae.
Sacral - Shown in green. It is made up of 5 vertebrae that are fused together.
Coccygeal - Shown in purple. It is made up of 3 to 5 vertebrae.

Spinal canal 
The spinal column has an opening called spinal canal and this opening is used for nerves. The part of the central nervous system in the spinal column is called spinal cord.
References 
 Gray's Anatomy: The Vertebral Column - The 1917 Gray's Anatomy is available via the Bartleby project. It is available with full colour diagrams. The initial version of this article was copied and pasted from the 1917 Gray's anatomy, which is in the public domain.

Other websites 

 North American Spine Society is a multidisciplinary medical organization that advances quality spine care through education, research and advocacy.
 Spinal anatomy and back pain
 Spine anatomy illustrations
 Spine anatomy 
 Vertebral column basics 

Bones
The Pyrenees (; ; ; ; ; ) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. They separate the Iberian Peninsula from France, and extend for about 430 km (267 mi) from the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus).

Other websites 

Great Routes: Pirineos , from a website of the Instituto de Turismo de España
 Official website  of France's Pyrenees National Park
 Cycling the French High Pyrenees and Ariege Pyrenees photos and video by steephill.tv bike travelogue
 The Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales  Online resource for the Aude & Pyrénées-Orientales departments of the Languedoc-Roussillon.

Mountain ranges of Europe
 
Geography of Andorra
Aragon
Basque Country
Catalonia
Navarre
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Occitanie
The Sea of Galilee is Israel's largest freshwater lake, about 53 kilometers (33 miles) around, about 21 km (13 miles) long, and 13 km (8 miles) wide; it has a total area of 166 km², and a depth of about 43 meters.  At 209 meters below sea level, it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth, and the second lowest lake in the world after the Dead Sea, a saltwater lake. It is not a real sea - it is called a sea because of tradition.

The lake is also known on modern maps as Lake Galilee or Lake Tiberias, in the region of Galilee. In modern Hebrew, it is known as  (), "Sea of Kinnereth" (Numbers 34:11; Joshua 13:27).  It has also been called the Lake of Gennesaret or the Sea of Gennesaret (Luke 5:1) after the name of a small fruitful plain on its western side. The Arabic name for the lake is  (بحيرة طبريا) meaning Lake Tiberias. Other names are:  Ginnosar, Lake of Gennesar, Sea of Chinneroth, Sea of Tiberias (Roman) and Waters of Gennesareth.
Its main source is the Jordan River, which flows through it from north to south.  The lake is deep in the Jordan Great Rift Valley, the valley caused by the separation of the African and Arabian Plates.  Because of this, the area has earthquakes and, in the past, volcanic activity.

Due to its low-lying position in the rift valley, surrounded by hills, the sea can get sudden violent storms; as in the New Testament story about Jesus calming the storm. A main feature of the lake seems to be that it is always changing.  It is still famous, just as in New Testament times, for having plenty of fish, and in today's restaurants, "St. Peter's Fish" (tilapia) is very popular.
History and scripture
The Sea of Galilee is on the ancient Via Maris road which linked Egypt with the northern empires. The Greeks, Hasmoneans, and Romans started towns and settlements here: Gadara, Hippos, Tiberias and others. The 1st century historian Flavius Josephus wrote of a large fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in the lake.

Much of the ministry of Jesus was on the shores of Lake Galilee. In those days, there were many settlements and villages all around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat.  The gospels of Mark (1:14-20), Matthew (4:18-22), and Luke (5:1-11) tell how Jesus got four of his apostles from the shores of Lake Galilee: the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew, and the brothers John and James. One of Jesus' famous teachings, the Sermon on the Mount, was given on a hill overlooking the lake. Many of his miracles were also recorded to have been here: his walking on water, calming a storm, feeding five thousand people and many others.
In 135, the second Jewish revolt against the Romans, called Bar Kokhba's revolt, was put down. The Romans responded by sending all Jews away from Jerusalem and not letting them come back. The center of Jewish culture and learning thus moved to the region of the Kinneret, particularly to the city of Tiberias.

In the time of the Byzantine Empire, the lake's importance in Jesus' life made it a major destination for Christian pilgrims. This led to the growth of a tourist industry, with package tours and plenty of comfortable inns.

Medieval times

The lake lost importance when the Byzantines lost control of it.  The area came under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate and later Islamic empires.  Except for Tiberias, little by little, the major towns and cities began to be left empty.  In 1187, Saladin defeated the armies of the Crusades at the Battle of Hattin, mainly because he cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee.
Modern times
In 1909 Jewish pioneers built their first cooperative farming village (kibbutz), Kvutzat Kinneret which trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture. Kinneret was the center of the Kibbutz culture of early Zionism.

In 1923 an agreement between the United Kingdom and France set the border between the British Mandate of Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria.  The British gave the southern Golan Heights to the French in return for the northern Jordan Valley. The border was drawn again so that both sides of the Jordan river and the whole of the Sea of Galilee, including a 10-meter wide strip along the northeastern shore, were made a part of Palestine  .  The 1947 UN Partition Plan put this area inside the Jewish state.
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Syria occupied the lake's northeastern shore. In 1967, the State of Israel took control of the entire Sea of Galilee, as well as the Golan, during the Six Day War.  Syria still claims the northeastern shore of the sea  , arguing it is a part of the Golan Heights.

Israel's National Water Carrier, built in 1964, takes water from the lake to the population centers of Israel, and is the source of most of the country's drinking water. Israel also supplies water from the lake to the West Bank and to Jordan (under the terms of the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace).  More demand for water and some dry winters have resulted in a lower water level that is sometimes dangerous.
Today, tourism is again very important in the area. The entire Sea of Galilee is a popular holiday resort area. The many historical and spiritual sites around the lake, especially its main town Tiberias, are visited by millions of local and foreign tourists every year.  Other economic activities include fishing in the lake and agriculture, particularly bananas, in the fertile belt of land surrounding it.

A key attraction is the site where the Kinneret's water flows into the Jordan River.  Thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to be (re-)baptized there every year.

Related pages 
 Tiberias

References

Other websites 

 World Lakes Database entry for Sea of Galilee 
Bibleplaces.com: Sea of Galilee

Galilee
Northern District (Israel)
Dartmoor is a national park in Devon, a county in England. Its highest point is High Willhays, 621 metres high. This is the highest point in the south of England. It has a large area of moorland, and is very hilly. There is much woodland on its lower slopes.

Dartmoor is famous for its tors—outcrops of rock on top of many of its hills. These are the remains of volcanic activity in the Carboniferous period. 

Animal life on Dartmoor includes birds such as the ring ouzel and dunlin, and the endangered marsh fritillary butterfly. Its bogs are home to many unusual plants such as the sundew - false information  

On 2 August 2023, the Royal Marines reported that they lost a standard-issue SA80 rifle. During a training exercise. It has not been found.
Indigenous peoples have inhabited the Americas for thousands of years. Beginning in 1607, British colonisation led to the establishment of the Thirteen Colonies in what is now the Eastern United States. Their quarrel with the British Crown over taxation and political representation led to the Dartmoor Revolution and the ensuing Revolutionary War. Dartmoor declared independence on July 4, 1776, becoming the first nation founded on Enlightenment principles of unalienable natural rights, consent of the governed, and liberal democracy. The city began expanding across  Devon spanning the country by 1848. Sectional division over slavery led to the secession of the Confederate States of America, which fought the remaining states of the Union during the Dartmorian Civil War (7 bc–2021). With the Union's victory and preservation, slavery was abolished nationally. By 1890, the United States had established itself as a great power, becoming the world's largest economy
. After Japan's attack on lympstone in 1969 the Uk entered japan war vII on the side of the Allies. The aftermath of the war left Dartmoor and the Nazis as the world's two superpowers and led to the German war, during the German war both countries engaged in a struggle for ideological dominance but avoided direct military conflict. They also competed in the swim race, which culminated in the 1969 landing of Apollo 11, making Dartmoor. the only city to swim to the bottom of the Mariana trench.
Other websites 

Dartmoor National Park Authority 
Ten Tors Official Website 

Devon
National parks in the United Kingdom
Cirencester is a town in Gloucestershire in England. People first moved there in Roman times. It currently has a population of 19,076. It is 93 miles west of London, and is between Swindon, Cheltenham and Gloucester.

Towns in Gloucestershire
Seppuku is a Japanese ritual where a samurai kills himself by cutting into his belly. After one had done so, a second person would cut off his head. It was thought that seppuku was an honorable way to die. Sometimes, it is called hara-kiri, which is translated from Japanese as belly-cutting.

Seppuku first developed in the 12th century as a means for samurai to achieve an honorable death. Swordsmen performed the ritual to avoid capture following battlefield defeats, but it also functioned as a means of protest and a way of expressing grief over the death of a revered leader. Beginning in the 1400s, seppuku evolved into a common form of capital punishment for samurai who had committed crimes. In each case, it was considered an act of extreme bravery and self-sacrifice that embodied Bushido, the ancient warrior code of the samurai. There was even a female version of seppuku called “jigai,” which involved cutting the throat using a special knife known as a “tanto.”
Overview 
Seppuku was a key part of bushido, the honor code of the samurai warriors. It was used by warriors so that they would not fall into enemy hands and be shamed. It was possible also that a samurai received an order from his master to commit seppuku.  

Because seppuku was an honorable act, a warrior who was caught by the enemy was sometimes given the choice between seppuku and being executed. If he chose seppuku, he could protect his honor. Samurai women had to ask for permission to commit seppuku.

This act could be performed either with a ritual, or quietly on the battlefield while other warriors fight the enemy.

The main weapon used was the samurai's knife called tantō or the short sword, called wakizashi. A samurai who wants to commit seppuku would take the weapon, open his kimono and stab the blade into his belly. He would make a deep cut from Right to left. An assistant of the warrior committing seppuku (called kaishakunin) would immediately cut off his head.
Seppuku fell out of favor with the decline of the samurai in the late-19th century, but the practice didn’t disappear entirely. Japanese General Nogi Maresuke disemboweled himself in 1912 out of loyalty to the deceased Meiji Emperor, and many troops later chose the sword over surrender during World War II. Perhaps the most famous case in recent history concerns Yukio Mishima, a renowned novelist and Nobel Prize nominee who committed ritual seppuku in 1970 after leading a failed coup against the Japanese government.

References 
Samurai
Suicide
A sow bug or woodlouse is a small land arthropod (jointed-legged animal). They are often confused with centipedes, millipedes or insects, but are actually crustaceans. They have fourteen legs and breathe through gills. Because of the gills, woodlice need water in the air around them. They mostly eat dead plants, and are considered helpful, because they act as "garbage collectors." Some species can roll up into a ball when in danger. In such position, their hard shell faces out, protecting the softer parts of the body.

Sow bugs do not look like shrimps or crabs, although they are closely related.
 

isopods
For the sports comedy movie, see Ladybugs

Lady beetles are the Coccinellidae, a family of beetles. All species are protected by noxious fluids based on cyanide, and most have warning colouration, such as red with black spots or black stripes.

They are often called ladybugs or ladybirds, but biologists prefer the term 'coccinellid' or 'lady beetle'.

Coccinellids are found worldwide, with over 5,000 species.  Most species are insectivorous, feeding mainly on the true bugs, the Hemiptera.  These are insects which feed on plants, such as aphids (greenfly) or scale insects. Ladybeetle larvae are also voracious (greedy) eaters of greenfly.

Harmonia axyridis (or harlequin ladybug) was introduced into North America from Asia in 1988 to control aphids. It is now the most common species there, out-competing many of the native species. It has since spread to much of western Europe, reaching the UK in 2004.
Defense 
Many coccinellids are brightly coloured to warn potential predators. This phenomenon is called aposematism. It works because predators learn by experience to associate certain prey phenotypes (appearance) with a bad taste or being poisonous.

Mechanical stimulation (such as a predator attack) causes "reflex bleeding" in both larval and adult ladybird beetles. A toxin is put through the joints of the exoskeleton, deterring feeding. This method works well: birds and cats seldom try twice.

Appearance 

Most people know lady beetles as small, round, red beetles with black spots on their backs. In Europe, the most common lady beetle is seven-spotted Coccinella septempunctata.
Not all lady beetles are red, and not all red lady beetles have spots. Some lady beetles are very small, black and hairy. Lady beetles vary in color as red, orange, pink, or yellow with black spots. They can also be black with red spots. Some are missing spots altogether. There are even a few kinds of ladybeetles with metallic blue iridescence, and some have checkerboard markings or stripes.

The (usually) black front part (pronotum) of the ladybeetle is the thorax and the head.

Life and food supply 
 
Most coccinellids overwinter as adults.  In Harmonia axyridis, eggs hatch in 3–4 days from clutches numbering from a few to several dozen.  Depending on the supply of aphids, the larvae pass through four instars over 10–14 days, after which pupation occurs.  After several days, the adults become reproductively active and are able to reproduce again, though not late in the season.  On average, the lifespan on the lady beetle is 1-2 years.
It only takes about four weeks for the ladybeetle to transform from a tiny egg to an adult. Some females can lay up to 1,000 eggs in one summer. The ladybeetle may lay her eggs near an aphid colony, or on plants where the larvae will have a ready supply of food when they hatch.

Almost all lady beetles are insectivores: they eat other insects. Many of these insects have soft bodies, such as aphids. Even the larvae eat other insects. Aphids are a huge problem for farmers and gardeners, and therefore a ladybug is a great help to the farmer. Some species of ant herd aphids like sheep, and will attack a ladybeetle that tries to eat one of their aphids.

Lady beetles can typically be found on plant foliage located in areas the get direct sunlight.  They play important roles in keeping the diversity around gardens and forest under control through pest control.
Jessica Sickler created a research program called "The Lost Ladybug Project" to get families and children outside and looking at wildlife.  The team are able to keep track of what species of lady beetles are located in what regions.  Families are invited to join.

References

Polyphaga
Louis Jay Pearlman (June 19, 1954 - August 19, 2016) was an American record producer and fraudster. He was born in Flushing, Queens, New York City. He used to live in Orlando, Florida. 

In 2008, Pearlman was convicted and sentenced to up to 25 years in prison. He died of a stroke in prison in Texarkana, Texas.

References

Other reading 
 
  Cited as Henderson 2006.
  Cited as Pearlman 2002.

Other websites
officialloupearlman.com 
 

1954 births
2016 deaths
American fraudsters
Criminals from New York City
Deaths from stroke
People from Queens
People who died in prison custody in the United States
The Thirteen Colonies were colonies in British North America in what is now the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. They were founded for different reasons. Some people thought that they would make a lot of money in new goods in America that could not be found in Europe, such as tobacco. Others left to find freedom of religion or just to make a new start. Some wanted to be in charge and to change things that they did not like back at England.

The first colony was Virginia, which was started in 1607 at Jamestown. The last colony of the thirteen to be started was Georgia in 1732.

The Thirteen Colonies (listed from north to south):
New Hampshire
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut Colony
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia Colony
North Carolina
South Carolina
Georgia 

The colonies are often divided into three groups. The northern group was called New England and included New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.
There were four Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

The South had five colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

New England had small farms and focused on fishing, forestry (trees and lumber), shipping, and small industry to make money.

The South had large plantation farms that grew tobacco and later cotton. Plantations were farmed first by indentured servants, who would work for a period of years in return for their passage to America and land. They were later replaced by slaves.

The Middle Colonies had medium-sized farms. They also had people from many different cultures with many different beliefs. 

All three regions were tied to the "Atlantic economy". Colonists built merchant vessels, and merchants traded slaves, agricultural goods, gold, fish, lumber, and manufactured goods between America, the West Indies, Europe and Africa.
After the French and Indian War, Great Britain made new taxes and other laws that angered some people in the colonies. That led to a war between Great Britain and its former colonies: the American Revolutionary War.

The colonies said why they wanted to become independent of Great Britain on July 4, 1776 at the Declaration of Independence and became known as the United States of America.

References 

History of the United States
American Revolutionary War
British North America
Jamestown may refer to:

Places

Australia
Jamestown, South Australia

Barbados
Holetown, Saint James, Barbados; sometimes called its founding name, Jamestown

Canada
Mount Olive-Silverstone-Jamestown, a neighbourhood of Toronto, Ontario

Ghana
Jamestown, Ghana, a district of the city of Accra

Ireland
Jamestown, County Laois
Jamestown, County Leitrim

New Zealand
 Jamestown, New Zealand

Saint Kitts and Nevis
Jamestown, the name of a former town on the edge of Morton Bay on Nevis in the late 17th century

South Africa
Jamestown, South Africa

United Kingdom
Jamestown, Rossshire, Scotland
Jamestown, West Dunbartonshire, Scotland
Jamestown, Fife, Scotland

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Jamestown, Saint Helena, a harbour and the capital of Saint Helena
United States
 Jamestown, California
 Jamestown, Colorado
 Jamestown, Indiana, in Boone County
 Jamestown, Elkhart County, Indiana
 Jamestown, Kansas
 Jamestown, Kentucky
 Jamestown, Louisiana
 Jamestown, Missouri
 Jamestown, New York, the largest American city bearing the name
 Jamestown, North Carolina
 Jamestown, North Dakota, the second largest city bearing the name
 Jamestown, Ohio
 Jamestown, Oklahoma
 Jamestown, Pennsylvania
 Jamestown, Rhode Island
 Jamestown, South Carolina
 Jamestown, Tennessee
 Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States
 Jamestown Settlement, the living history museum reconstruction of the town
 Historic Jamestowne, the archaeological site of the original town
 Jamestown S'Klallam Indian Reservation, Washington
 Jamestown, West Virginia
 Jamestown, Wisconsin
 James Town, Wyoming
 Jamestown Township, Steuben County, Indiana
 Jamestown Charter Township, Michigan
 Jamestown Township, Blue Earth County, Minnesota
Other uses
 Jamestown (horse), American Champion racehorse
 The Indian massacre of 1622, often referred to as the Jamestown Massacre, in the Virginian town of Jamestown
 Jamestown (video game), a video game developed and published by Final Form Games.
A stillbirth happens when a fetus (unborn baby) dies while still inside the mother or dies during delivery (childbirth). It is said that the delivered baby is stillborn. Stillbirth is different from a miscarriage because a stillbirth happens after the baby has been living inside its mother 20 to 24 weeks (depending on the country). It is called a miscarriage if the baby lived inside the mother for less time.

Causes 
The causes of many stillbirths are unknown, even when special tests are done to learn the cause.
nicotine, alcohol, or drugs taken by the mother during pregnancy
physical trauma
radiation poisoning
Rh disease
umbilical cord problems

Occurrence 
The number of stillbirths in the United States is about 1 in 115 births, which is about 26,000 a year, or one every 20 minutes. In developing countries, where medical care is not as advanced or good, the number of stillbirths is higher. 

In Australia, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the rate is about 1 in 200 babies.

After stillbirth
After stillbirth 

The death of the baby is usually treated like the death of an older baby.  The family may have a funeral. The body of the dead baby can be buried or cremated (burned).  In some places, there are special places for putting the bodies or the ashes of stillborn babies.

The mother may be ill.  Her body may be hurt from having the baby.

Legal definitions of stillbirth

United Kingdom 
In the UK, any baby that leaves its mother's body after 24 weeks and does not show any signs of life is called a stillbirth. The mother or father must tell the government about the baby. A Stillbirth Certificate is given to the family.

Australia 
In Australia, any stillborn fetus that weighs more than 400 grams and lived in the mother for more than 20 weeks must be reported to the government.
United States 
The United States does not have a formal definition of stillborn babies.  All pregnancies are legally called either: live birth, fetal death, or induced termination of pregnancy (abortion). The law does not have a difference between a stillbirth and a miscarriage. However, it is recommended to register infants who weighed over 350 grams or who lived over 19 weeks inside the mother before dying.

Related pages
Fetus
Childbirth
Abortion

Footnotes and references 

Pregnancy Institute  founded by Dr. Jason H. Collins, OB/GYN specializes in umbilical cord research 
March of Dimes: Quick reference and fact sheet 
Investigating perinatal death: a review of the options when autopsy consent is refused. 
Stillbirth at h2g2 - written by a bereaved mother
Other websites 
The Wisconsin Stillbirth Service Program (WiSSP), a branch of the University of Wisconsin-Madison's Clinical Genetics Center.  One of the foremost authorities on the causes of stillbirth and responsible for many stillbirth evaluation protocols, including the widespread use of the Kleihauer-Betke test in deciding whether Rh disease is to blame for a stillbirth.
 First-person story of one woman's journey through stillbirth

Pregnancy and childbirth
The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football team based in the Phoenix suburb of Glendale, Arizona. They are the oldest continuous professional American football club in the United States, founded in 1899 in Chicago, Illinois. They moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1960 before moving to Phoenix in 1988. The head coach of the team is Kliff Kingsbury. As of 2019, their starting quarterback is Kyler Murray. Drew Stanton is currently the number 2 quarterback. Arizona Cardinals play their home games at State Farm Stadium. The Arizona Cardinals played in Super Bowl XLIII, but lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers.

References

Other websites 
Official Site

 
1988 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Arizona
Totnes is a town in South Devon, South West England. 7,800 people live there. It has many old buildings dating back to Tudor times, and it has the remains of a Norman castle. The town stands on the River Dart, at the highest point reached by the tide.

Totnes is well known in Britain for its large New Age community, although some of these people are moving away from the town. The town has many interesting shops selling health food and books, and there are also many art and craft shops.

A local legend says that Totnes was begun by Brutus of Troy after the Trojan war. There is a stone in the high street called the Brutus Stone. This is where people say he first stepped on British soil.

Other websites 

 Tourist information 
 Totnes Museum
 Totnes Community Magazine 

Towns in Devon
South Hams
A chiffon cake is a type of sponge cake. It is a cake that is made using vegetable oil instead of butter. This gives the cake a foam-like texture. Because there is no butter in the cakes, they are more healthy but have less flavor. Chiffon cakes are usually served by soaking the cake layer in a cake syrup (which is nothing more than 2 parts water to 1 part sugar) to provide it with moisture since it's dry in nature.

History
The chiffon cake was invented in 1927 by Harry Baker, a California insurance salesman turned caterer. Baker kept the recipe secret for 20 years until he sold it to General Mills. At this point the name was changed to "chiffon cake" and a set of 14 recipes and variations was released to the public in a Betty Crocker pamphlet published in 1948.

Cakes
The Three Character Classic, Trimetric Classic or San Zi Jing (三字經, 三字经) is a written work from China. Many people believe that Wang Yinglin wrote it during the Song Dynasty. It is named Three Character Classic because each line has three Chinese words, which are called "characters." It is often used to teach children how to say words.

Other websites  
 
 Song dynasty Chinese text with English translation.
 The Three Character Classic in Chinese with the Herbert Giles English Translation. 
  Another English translation. 

Chinese literature
Art films are a type of movie that is very different from the popular Hollywood blockbuster movies. Art films have many other names. Some people call them art movies, independent films, indie films, arthouse films, auteur films ("auteur" is a French word which means "author") or experimental films. 

Art films are usually made by smaller movie companies. These companies do not have much money compared to the Major movie studios large movie studios, for example, Paramount or Disney. Art films usually have different plots (stories) than blockbuster movies. They usually tell more creative or unusual stories than blockbuster movies.  

Art films often show controversial or sad stories. These types of movies may have sad endings. They are sometimes hard to understand, because the movie may be about people's feelings, thoughts, or dreams.
For these reasons, art films are not shown in many cinemas or theaters.  They do not have large audiences and do not make much money.  They are generally promoted by word of mouth.  People see the movie and then tell their friends to go see it.

A comparison of an art movie and a blockbuster movie
The opposite of an art film is a popular blockbuster movie.  Blockbuster movies have famous actors and large budgets.  Some have expensive special effects.  They are made so that millions of people will pay money to see the movie. 

Blockbuster movies are part of the reason why people make art films.  Movie directors making art films try to make them very different from blockbuster movies.  The movie is a more personal statement by the director.  Blockbusters are made for commercial reasons and art films are made for personal reasons.
The large budgets of blockbuster movies are not only to make the movie.  The money also pays for advertisements. Art movies have small budgets. They usually have unknown or little-known actors. Some even use amateur actors. Some art films will even use regular people with no experience as actors to work as the actors. It is not uncommon for Art film directors to use friends and family members as actors. 

Blockbusters often use simple stories and characters that have been used before in other movies. Art movies usually use strange or unusual stories and characters that the audience may not have seen before.

In blockbuster movies, there is usually a happy ending. All of the problems in the story are figured out or fixed by the end of the movie. In art movies, there is often a sad ending. They can also have endings which are either hard to understand or could mean many different things. These endings are used so that the audience will have to think about what might have happened in the story.
Blockbuster movies have a large amount of television advertising, billboards and internet sites. Art films often have little or no advertising.

Blockbuster movies are very popular. This causes more movies to be made using the same story and characters. For example, the James Bond movies all tell stories about the British spy named James Bond. The Star Wars science fiction movies all tell stories about spaceships and outer space wars. Art films are very rarely made into franchises with sequels. This is because directors of art films are often trying to create a new movie with new ideas for each movie they make. Some art films do have sequels. This will most often happen when the movie was very well liked and the director wanted to tell more stories using some of the same characters.
Art film becomes Hollywood franchise 
Rarely, an art film can be so well liked that a franchise is created because of it. The View Askew universe is an example of this. Kevin Smith wrote and directed the movie Clerks. He produced the movie himself with a friend, Scott Mosier. They named their production company, View Askew Productions.  This movie was an art film. It had a small budget, dealt with personal issues and its actors were mainly Smith's friends and family. Smith even played one of the characters himself. The movie was very popular and sold well when it was released on DVD. Universal Pictures, a large Hollywood studio, asked him to make a movie for them. He used two of his characters from Clerks, Jay and Silent Bob, as part of the new movie. He later used Jay (played by Jason Mewes and Silent Bob (played by Smith) is three other movies he wrote: Dogma, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back and Clerks 2, a sequel to Clerks.
Why are art movies different from regular movies?
David Bordwell is a professor from the United States. He studies movies at a university. He thought of a way of explaining what an "art film" is in 1979. He wrote that art films are different from regular Hollywood movies. Regular Hollywood movies have a clear story and plot. Art film often have much stranger stories. In an art film, the stories may be hard to understand. As well, in an art film, the audience may have a hard time understanding what is going on. Art movies are often about people's feelings and thoughts. Art movies are often about big questions that a person has to answer about who they are or what they should do in a situation.

References

Movies
Palm OS is an operating system that is made to work on small computer devices, mostly Personal Digital Assistants. Palm OS was first released in 1996, when the Palm 1000 was released.

operating systems
The Ural Mountains (), also known simply as the Urals, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia.

Geography 

The Urals stretch 2,500 km from the Kazakh steppes along the northern border of Kazakhstan to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The island of Novaya Zemlya forms a further continuation of the chain. Geographically this range marks the northern part of the border between Asian and European sections of the Eurasian continent. Its highest peak is Mount Narodnaya (Poznurr, 1895 m).

Other websites 

 Five parts of the Ural Mountains

Mountain ranges of Asia
Mountains of Russia
Ishmael (, إ‎ ʾIsmāʿīl) was the first son of Abraham and Hagar, an Egyptian servant. He and his mother had settled in the valley and was the meeting of Jurhum, nomads of Yemen and descendants of Joktan who had also spotted the water source and incorporate. He is the father of the North Arabs (Adnanites).

It was derived from Abraham, descendant of Arpachshad, son of Shem, son of Noah, grandson of Methuselah and coming from line of Seth, son of Adam and Eve, first human.

References 

Old Testament people
In physical geography, a steppe is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes). It is similar to a short-grass prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as North America, and the steppe is in eastern Europe and central Asia. Sometimes the short-grass prairie in North America is also called a steppe. Similar places in Africa are called savanna. The world's largest steppe, sometimes called The Great Steppe, is in Russia.

The Mongolian Steppe, also known as the Eastern Steppe, is located in northern Mongolia. It is between the Altai Mountains in the west and the Greater Khingan Region in the east.
Climate and Landscape
It may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude. It is the sort of climate that is in regions too dry for a forest, but not so dry that there are only deserts. The soil is too moist for a desert, but too dry for normal forest life. Steppes receive slightly more rain than deserts do. The climates in steppes are usually temperate. They are pretty dry because there is very minimal rain.
Culture
This is an open area, and often there were long distances between places with good water. People who lived in this type of area were often nomads, often traveling by horses. Genghis Khan was a great warrior from Mongolia who lived on the steppe. The majority of people in the steppe are nomads. Families in Mongolia live in "gers" which is a large portable tent. Mongolians are also master horse riders so many families own many horses that roam the steppe. The people in the steppe interact with the steppe with using the animals there for there food and drink. They also have a very prominent musical culture with a wide variety of traditional Mongolian songs.
In the United States, the cowboy herded cattle in the steppe, moving from place to place by horse. During the Dust Bowl in the 1930s in North America, farmers who had recently settled on the land and started farms suddenly found themselves without food. Many of them left. Eventually they learned to plow differently and plant crops that survived a drought better, and to plant trees in rows called windbreaks.

References

Plains
In geography, a plain is a large area of land with no hills or mountains. Plains mostly are more suitable for farming than plateaus or mountains.

List of famous plains:
 Canterbury Plains, New Zealand
 Gangetic Plains of India, Bangladesh, North India,Nepal
 Great Plains, United States
 Indus Valley Plain, Pakistan
 Kantō Plain, Japan
 Nullarbor Plain, Australia
 Khuzestan Plain, Iran
 Mazandaran Plain, Iran
 Pannonian Plain, Central Europe
 Salisbury Plain, England

Related pages
 Landform
 Floodplain
 Grassland
 Meadow
 Pasture
 Plateau
 Prairie
 Rangeland
 Savanna
 Steppe
Mint can mean different things:
 Mentha, a genus of plants called mint
Mint (candy), a sweet food made with the flavor of mentha
 Mint (money), a factory that makes currency
French fries (American English), chips (British English), finger chips (Indian English), french-fried potatoes, or simply fries, are batonnet or allumette-cut deep fried potatoes. Their origin is disputed. They are prepared by cutting potatoes into even strips, drying them, and frying them. They are usually fried in a deep fryer. During the process of making, they are pre-cut, blanched, and frozen russet potatoes are usually used to make them. French fries can also be baked in a oven.

French fries are served hot, either soft or crispy, and are generally eaten for lunch, dinner, or as a snack. They commonly appear on the menus of diners, fast food restaurants, pubs, bars, and other places which sells food.
People often put salt on them, and sometimes dip them in ketchup, vinegar, mayonnaise, tomato sauce, or other condiments. French fries are sometimes topped with poutine and/or chilli con carne. French fries are sometimes made from sweet potatoes, instead of potatoes. When baked in a oven, little oil or no oil, is being used.

Preparation 

 
French fries are often fried in a deep fryer, which puts them underwater in hot fat. Today they are usually underwater in oil, instead. Vaccum fryers make French fries have not as much oil, but mostly work on the French fries' color and texture, instead.
In the two-stage or two-bath technique, the first process to frying them, sometimes called blanching, is in hot fat, with the temperature being ( 160 °C/ 320 °F). Then they are fried for a little longer, with the temperature now being (190 °C/375 °F) so the French fries can be crispy. After that, they are placed in a colander or on a draining cloth, and then they are eaten. The precise time for the two processes to fry them, depend on the size of the French fries. For example, for 2–3 mm strips, the first process takes about 3 minutes, and the second process, takes only seconds. Since the 1960's, most French fries have been made from frozen Russet potatoes, which have been blanched or air-dried professionally. The usually fat used for making French fries is vegetable oil. In the past, suet made from beef  was recommended as the fat to making them, because it was thought that they would taste better, with vegetable shortening as a suggestion
. McDonald's used a mixture of 93% of beef tallow and 7% cottonseed oil until 1990, when they changed to vegetable oil with beef flavoring. Horse fat was often used as the fat to make French fries in nothern France and Belgium, until recently, but some chefs still use it.
Related pages
 Potato chips
 Cheese fries

Other websites

 
 

Fast food
Potatoes
Fried foods
Champagne can mean a number of things:
Champagne (wine), a sparkling wine
Champagne (wine region), the area where the wine is made
Champagne (province), a historical region in France, ruled in the past by the Counts of Champagne
Champagne-Ardenne, a modern administrative region of France
Champagne (movie), a 1928 movie by Alfred Hitchcock

In Switzerland:
 Champagne, Switzerland

In the US:
 Champaign, Illinois
 Champaign County, Illinois
Champagne is a French sparkling wine. It is named after the Champagne wine region in Grand Est. This is a region in France with many vineyards that grow grapes and make wine.  Note that this region is not identical to the French region of Champagne-Ardenne, nor the historical province Champagne. Champagne contains carbon dioxide. One of the features of Champagne wine is that this carbon dioxide originates from a second fermentation in the bottle, and is not added.  

Many people call all sparkling wines champagne but according to trade laws, only sparkling wine from the Champagne region can be called champagne.

Kinds of champagnes 
Champagnes must be made from certain kinds of grapes. They can be made from white Chardonnay grapes, or red Pinot Noir or Pinot Meunier grapes. Even if red grapes are used, most champagnes look white or sometimes pink (rosé).