Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 gave the Germans the opportunity to test its new aircraft, pilots and weapons in battle. Hitler sent many aeroplanes and pilots to Spain because he wanted to support Francisco Franco, who wanted to get rid of the Spanish government. The aeroplanes included fighter aircraft called the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and dive bombers called the Junkers Ju 87 ‘Stuka”.

During the war. German bombers attacked the city of Guernica in the Basque region of northeast Spain, and many civilians died in the attack. Many governments and people around the world were horrified by the attack. The artist Pablo Picasso made a painting called Guernica that has become very famous. People see the painting as a symbol of the horror of war. A copy of the painting hangs in the United Nations Headquarters in New York City.

World War II
World War II

The new airforce in action 
The German air force was the strongest in the world when World War II broke out in September 1939. It supported the army on the ground and the aircraft were very effective at defeating all opposition. The German armed force, the Wehrmacht, had practised a new, fast, way to defeat their enemies. This was called Blitzkrieg or "lightning war". The French and the British were more prepared for a trench war.

Results 
Within a year, Germany had conquered Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. Britain supported the countries attacked by Germany but found herself on her own by June 1940 when Germany had conquered most of western Europe.
Problems 
As the war went on, things began to go badly wrong for the Luftwaffe. A key event was the Battle of Britain, which was the effort by the Luftwaffe to destroy British industry, and to terrorise the civilian population. Despite destroying major parts of British industry and housing, the Luftwaffe eventually withdrew. The cost to the Luftwaffe of lost planes and skilled men was great.  

Not only that, but Germany was suffering a shortage of materials needed to build the aeroplanes. Things got worse for the Germans when the USA joined the war in December 1941, because the Americans brought bombers to the United Kingdom, and they attacked Germany from there. Soon, hundreds of American and British bombers were attacking Germany every day and night. The Luftwaffe was unable to stop British and American planes from attacking German aircraft factories and other industrial targets in large numbers at night.
Ground fighting 
Germany could not hope to win the war on the ground. Since the Soviet Union was so huge, the government set up factories hundreds of miles away from the fighting in order to build aeroplanes, tanks, guns and other weapons for the Red Army. This meant that the Russians would eventually start to push the Germans back west, especially after they defeated the Germans in great battles near the city of Kursk and in the city of Stalingrad itself (Volgograd). The Germans also failed to conquer the city of Leningrad, which was also a key battle.

On January 1 1945 the Luftwaffe launched a desperate plan called operation 'Bodenplatte' (Baseplate), a dawn air attack aimed at multiple Allied air bases in Belgium & Holland. Over 800 German aircraft were rounded up with many veteran pilots retired from combat duty pressesd back into service.
The plan cost more than it was worth, with over 280 German planes lost and 213 irreplaceble pilots killed or captured. As with the fog of war, over 100 German planes were shot down by their own ground fire who were not in on the plan.

Trivia 

Germany became famous as the country which flew the first jet aeroplanes. In 1944, the Luftwaffe started to use the world’s first operational jet fighter plane, the Messerschmitt Me-262, even though the engines sometimes did not work properly. Once again, the shortage of materials needed to build the plane as well as the continuing bombing of Germany meant that not as many Me-262s were built as Germany would have liked. Even so, Germany also built and flew the world's first jet bomber, the Arado Ar 234, the world’s first fighter plane powered by a rocket, the Messerschmitt Me-163, the V-1 flying bomb, and V-2 rocket.
After the war the allies were quite impressed with Germany's technical know-how & got all they could from the vast array of Luftwaffe aircraft strewn across Germany.

The Cold War and after 

Once again, the Allies prohibited Germany from having an air force. The Russians were in the eastern half of Germany, and this half became East Germany. The British, French and Americans were in the western half, and this half became West Germany. These became countries in their own right, and East Germany became a Russian puppet state. In case a new war started with Russia and East Germany as enemies, the Western Allies finally allowed West Germany to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an organization of western countries which wanted there to be peace throughout the world. NATO allowed West Germany to have an air force because the country was right next to East Germany.
First use 
Germany used military aircraft in war for the first time since 1945 when they supported British aircraft in the war in Kosovo in 1999, but many people still believed that Germany should never again go to war because of what had happened in the two world wars.

References

Other websites
 Deutsche Luftwaffe 1933-1945
 Luftwaffe Archives and Records Reference database 
 Luftwaffe -Citizendium
 Two Germans Aviators killed October 10,1915
 Shot down German Aircraft and grave of dead crewman

Air force
German military organizations
The Velvet Underground was an American rock (not bebop) band. It was founded in 1964. 

The original line-up was Lou Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison and Maureen Tucker. They were discovered by the famous artist, Andy Warhol, who produced and designed the cover for their first album The Velvet Underground and Nico, which paired them with another discovery of his, German model/singer, Nico. The album was never really a hit, but it is now considered a classic. 

Later, the group broke up with Warhol and Nico after being a part of Andy Warhol's Factory for a while. The group released several more albums, White Light/White Heat (1967), The Velvet Underground (1969), Loaded (1970), and Squeeze (which features none of the original members, 1973), before finally breaking up. Lou Reed later had a successful solo career and is considered one of the founders of the "punk" movement.
Albums
 The Velvet Underground & Nico (1967)
 White Light/White Heat (1968)
 The Velvet Underground (1969)
 Loaded (1970)
 Live at Max's Kansas City (recorded 1970, released 1972)
 Squeeze (1973)
 1969: The Velvet Underground Live (double album, recorded live 1969, released 1974)
 VU (recorded 1968-1969, released 1985)
 Another View (recorded 1967-69, released 1986)

American rock bands
Musical groups from New York City
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often called JFK and Jack, was the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He also served as a senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy was the youngest president  to die in office in U.S. history.

Childhood and education

John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born at 83 Beals Street in the Coolidge Corner neighborhood in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917. He was the second of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy (1888–1969). His father was a businessman and later US ambassador in the United Kingdom from 1938 until 1940. His mother was Rose Fitzgerald (1890–1995). The family was Roman Catholic.
Kennedy graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor's Degree in International Relations. Before World War II began, he tried joining the U.S. Army, but was rejected because he had back problems; he instead joined the Navy. When his PT boat was sunk by a Japanese destroyer in 1943, he seriously injured his back. He still saved his surviving crew, for which he was later rewarded with a medal for his bravery.

He was elected to the US Congress in 1946, and the US Senate in 1952. He married Jacqueline Bouvier on September 12, 1953. The couple had four children; a stillborn daughter (b. 1956), Caroline (b. 1957), John (1960–1999) and Patrick, who was born prematurely in August 1963 and lived only for two days.

Presidency, 1961–63
Kennedy was a member of the United States Democratic Party. He beat his Republican Party opponent, Richard Nixon, in the 1960 presidential election. Kennedy was the youngest president ever elected. He was also the first Roman Catholic President and the first president to win a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was a very good speaker and inspired a new generation of young Americans.

In the beginning of his term, he approved the CIA's plan to invade Cuba.  After the invasion turned out to be a failure, the Cuban Missile Crisis began.  During the crisis, Cuba ordered a lot of nuclear missiles from the Soviet Union. It was the closest the world was to having a nuclear war. Kennedy ordered US Navy ships to surround Cuba. He ended the crisis peacefully by making an agreement with the Soviet Union. They agreed that the Soviet Union would stop selling nuclear weapons to Cuba. In return, the U.S. would take its missiles out of Turkey and promise to never invade Cuba again.
He also created a plan called the New Frontier. This was a series of government programs, such as urban renewal, to help poor and working class people. He created the Peace Corps to help poor countries all over the world. He agreed to a large tax cut to help the economy. He also called for the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which would make discrimination and segregation illegal. Kennedy intended to reach a détente with Cuban Premier, Fidel Castro, and to withdraw all US military advisers from Vietnam.

Death 

On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was shot to death in Dallas, Texas by a sniper. He was being driven through the city in an open-top car, along with John Connally, the Governor of Texas. As the car drove into Dealey Plaza, shots were fired. Kennedy was shot once in the throat and once in the head. He was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital  away and he was pronounced dead at 1:00 p.m.
Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S. Marine, was the prime suspect in the murder, and he was arrested on the same day for the murder of a policeman called J. D. Tippit. Oswald denied shooting anyone and was killed two days later on November 24 by Jack Ruby.

Kennedy had a state funeral on November 25, three days after his murder, near to the White House.  He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

Legacy 

After Kennedy died, Lyndon Johnson (his Vice President) took over and put many of Kennedy's ideas into law (see Great Society).

Kennedy was a very popular president and still is today. He is considered one of the greatest presidents, ranking highly in public surveys and opinion polls.

References

Other websites
 JFK Library and Museum
 JFK Library and Museum Online Store
1917 births
1963 deaths
American Roman Catholics
Assassinated presidents of the United States
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths by firearm in Texas
 
Kennedy family
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
People of the Vietnam War
Presidents of the United States
Pulitzer Prize winners
1960 United States presidential candidates
United States representatives from Massachusetts
United States senators from Massachusetts
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
20th-century American politicians
Anti-communists
Jyväskylä (; ) is a city and municipality in Finland in the western part of the Finnish Lakeland. It is located about 150 km north-east from Tampere, the third largest city in Finland; and about 270 km north from Helsinki, the capital of Finland. The Jyväskylä sub-region includes Jyväskylä, Hankasalmi, Laukaa, Muurame, Petäjävesi, Toivakka, and Uurainen. Other border municipalities of Jyväskylä are Joutsa, Jämsä and Luhanka.

Jyväskylä is the largest city in the region of Central Finland and in the Finnish Lakeland; as of , Jyväskylä had a population of . The city has been one of the fastest-growing cities in Finland during the 20th century,
when in 1940, there were only 8,000 inhabitants in Jyväskylä.
Elias Lönnrot, the compiler of the Finnish national epic, the Kalevala, gave the city the nickname "Athens of Finland". This nickname refers to the major role of Jyväskylä as an educational centre. The works of the most famous Finnish architect Alvar Aalto can be seen throughout the city. The city hosts the Neste Oil Rally Finland, which is part of the World Rally Championship. It is also home of the annual Jyväskylä Arts Festival.

References

Other websites

 Jyväskylä page, english 
 Jyväskylä page, finnish

Cities in Finland
Municipalities of Central Finland
Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock  (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was a British movie director who later became an American citizen, but still kept his British citizenship. He mostly made mystery and suspense movies. Despite having a successful career, Hitchcock never won an Academy Award.

Career
Hitchcock started his career in England, starting with silent movies in the 1920s. In the 1930s, he made some successful movies like The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), The 39 Steps (1935), and The Lady Vanishes (1938). He then moved to the United States, to work in Hollywood. His first American movie was Rebecca (1940), which won an Academy Award.
Some of his best known movies from the 1940s are Spellbound (1945) and Notorious (1946), which were inspired by psychoanalysis. His first movie in color was the experimental Rope (1948). Strangers on a Train (1951) was based on a novel by Patricia Highsmith. In the 1950s, he made three popular movies with Grace Kelly: Dial M for Murder (1954), Rear Window (1954), and To Catch a Thief (1955). In 1956, he made a new version of The Man Who Knew Too Much, starring James Stewart and Doris Day. He returned to black-and-white, briefly, with The Wrong Man (1957). Then came Vertigo (1958), which some consider his best suspense movie. It was followed by three more successful movies: North by Northwest (1959), Psycho (1960), and The Birds (1963). After that, he only made 5 more movies: Marnie (1964), Torn Curtain (1966), Topaz (1969), Frenzy (1972), and Family Plot (1976).  In 1971, he became the very first winner of the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award.  This is an award for lifetime achievement.
In 1945 Hitchcock made a documentary about the Holocaust. It will be shown on British television in 2015.

Hitchcock appeared very quickly in small roles in most of his movies.

He also hosted a TV show, Alfred Hitchcock Presents.

Personal life
Hithcock was born in Leytonstone, Essex. He was a Roman Catholic. He was married to Alma Reville, who helped write some of his movies. They had a daughter, Patricia. He died in Bel Air, Los Angeles.

Filmmaking style 
Alfred Hitchcock, a famous filmmaker, used several unique elements in his movies. These included the MacGuffin, suspense, cameos, music, blonde leading ladies, close-ups, macabre themes, twist endings, specific locations, and unreliable narrators. These elements contributed to his enduring legacy in the world of cinema.

Films 
Silent films
Number 13 (1922) (unfinished and lost)
 Always Tell Your Wife (short) (1923) (partially lost)
 The Pleasure Garden (1925)
 The Mountain Eagle (1926) (lost)
 The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog (1927)
 The Ring (1927)
 Downhill (1927)
 The Farmer's Wife (1928)
 Easy Virtue (1928)
 Champagne (1928)
 The Manxman (1929)

Sound films
Blackmail (1929)
 An Elastic Affair (short) (1930) (lost)
 Juno and the Paycock (1930)
 Murder! (1930)
 Elstree Calling (1930)
 The Skin Game (1931)
 Mary (1931)
 Rich and Strange (1931)
 Number Seventeen (1932)
 Waltzes from Vienna (1934)
 The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934)
 The 39 Steps (1935)
 Secret Agent (1936)
 Sabotage (1936)
 Young and Innocent (1937)
 The Lady Vanishes (1938)
 Jamaica Inn (1939)
 Rebecca (1940)
 Foreign Correspondent (1940)
 Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941)
 Suspicion (1941)
 Saboteur (1942)
 Shadow of a Doubt (1943)
 Lifeboat (1944)
 Spellbound (1945)
 Notorious (1946)
 The Paradine Case (1947)
 Rope (1948)
 Under Capricorn (1949)
 Stage Fright (1950)
 Strangers on a Train (1951)
 I Confess (1953)
 Dial M for Murder (1954)
 Rear Window (1954)
 To Catch a Thief (1955)
 The Trouble with Harry (1955)
 The Man Who Knew Too Much (1956)
 The Wrong Man (1956)
 Vertigo (1958)
 North by Northwest (1959)
 Psycho (1960)
 The Birds (1963)
 Marnie (1964)
 Torn Curtain (1966)
 Topaz (1969)
 Frenzy (1972)
Frenzy (1972)
 Family Plot (1976) (final film)
References 

1899 births
1980 deaths
Actors from Essex
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
American Roman Catholics
American screenwriters
American television directors
American television producers
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
English movie actors
English Roman Catholics
English screenwriters
Extras
Naturalized citizens of the United States
People from Leytonstone
Writers from Essex
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
BAFTA Award winning directors
1659 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events
 February 16 – The first known cheque (400 pounds) is written.
 May 21 – The Kingdom of France, the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of The Hague.
 Thomas Hobbes publishes De Homine.
 Drought occurs in India.
 Christiaan Huygens writes Systema Saturnium.

 Abel Tasman, Dutch explorer

References
Up to 1900 
 69 - Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
 552 - Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in present-day Italy.
 1097 – Battle of Dorylaeum: Crusaders under Bohemond of Taranto defeat a Turkish army under Qilich Arslan I.
 1431 - The Battle of La Higueruela takes place in Granada, leading to a modest advance of Castile
 1502 - A hurricane off the Caribbean island of Hispaniola sinks 20 ships, with no survivors.
 1690 – Battle of the Boyne as reckoned under Julian calendar.
 1770 - Lexell's Comet passes closer to Earth than any other comet in recorded history.
 1782 - American privateers attack Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.
 1858 – The joint reading of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's papers on evolution to the Linnean Society.
 1862 – Russian State Library is founded.
 1863 – American Civil War: the Battle of Gettysburg begins.
1863 - The Netherlands ends slavery in Suriname, on a day now celebrated there as Keti Koti.
 1867 – The British North America Act takes effect as the constitution of Canada, creating the Canadian Confederation; John A. Macdonald is sworn in as first Prime Minister.
 1870 – The United States Department of Justice formally comes into existence.
 1873 – Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.
 1874 - The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first commercially successful typewriter, goes on sale.
 1878 – Canada joins the Universal Postal Union.
 1879 - Charles Taze Russell, founder of the Jehovah's Witnesses, publishes the first edition of the religious magazine The Watchtower.
 1881 – World's first international telephone call, between St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, and Calais, Maine, United States.
 1881 – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Army's organisation, came into effect.
1885 – United States terminates reciprocity and fishery agreement with Canada.
 1890 – Canada and Bermuda linked by telegraph cable.
 1898 - Spanish-American War: The Battle of San Juan Hill is fought near Santiago de Cuba.
1901  1950 
 1903 - The first Tour de France cycling race starts.
 1904 – Games of the III Olympiad open in Saint Louis, Missouri.
 1908 - SOS is first adopted as a distress signal.
 1916 – First day on the Somme: On the first day of the Battle of the Somme 20,000 soldiers of the British Army are killed, and 40,000 wounded.
 1921 – The Communist Party of China is founded.
 1923 – The Canadian Parliament suspends all Chinese immigration.
 1931 - Official opening of Milan Central Station.
 1935 – Regina, Saskatchewan police and Royal Canadian Mounted Police ambush strikers participating in On-to-Ottawa-Trek.
 1937 - The first 999 emergency telephone number goes into effect in the UK.
 1942 - A US submarine sinks Japanese ship Montevideo Maru, killing 1,053 people, including Australian POWs.
 1943 - Tokyo City merges with Tokyo Prefecture and is dissolved, meaning that Tokyo is not a city.
 1947 - The Philippine Air Force is founded.
1947 – The Australian real estate franchise L. J. Hooker lists on the Australian Stock Exchange
 1948 – Official opening of New York International Airport (now known as John F. Kennedy International Airport) at Idlewild.
 1949 - 1,000 years of the princely family of Cochin's rule comes to an end in Southern India, when the states of Cochin and Travancore merge into the state of Thiru-Kochi, which later becomes known as Kerala.
1951  1975 
 1957 – The International Geophysical Year begins (until December 31, 1958).
 1958 – The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation links television broadcasting across Canada via microwave.
 1958 – Flooding of the St. Lawrence Seaway begins.
 1960 – Independence of Somalia.
 1960 – Ghana becomes a Republic.
 1962 – Independence of Rwanda.
 1962 – Independence of Burundi.
 1963 – ZIP Code introduced for United States mail.
 1963 – The British Government admits that former diplomat Kim Philby had worked as a Soviet agent.
 1963 – U.S. President John F. Kennedy arrives in Rome.
 1966 – First colour television transmission in Canada, from Toronto.
 1967 – The European Community is formally created out of a merger with the Common Market, the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Commission.
 1968 – The CIA's Phoenix Program is officially established.
 1968 – Nuclear non-proliferation treaty signed by about sixty countries in Geneva, Switzerland.
1968 – Formal separation of the United Auto Workers with the AFL-CIO.
 1969 – Rock group The Band release their influential debut Music From Big Pink.
 1972 – Andreas Baader, Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins of the Red Army Faction are captured in Frankfurt am Main after a shootout with the police.
1976  2000 
 1976 – Portugal gives Miaaa to Madeira.
 1978 – Australia's Northern Territory is given self-government.
 1979 – Sony introduces the Walkman.
 1980 – O Canada officially becomes the national anthem of Canada.
 1983 – A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea crashed into the Fouta Djall Mountains in Guinea-Bissau, killing all 23 people on board.
 1984 - Liechtenstein allows women the right to vote, as the last then-independent European country to do so.
 1985 - At a Wimbledon Doubles match, the record is set for the longest-ever tie break (after a set is tied 6-6), which ends 26-24.
 1984 - Richard von Weizsaecker becomes President of Germany.
 1986 – In an interview with Playboy magazine, science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke comes out as a bisexual.
 1987 – Excavation begins on the Channel Tunnel.
 1988 – Bologna, Italy: Quartetto Cetra's last concert after over forty years' musical career.
1990 – East Germany accepts the Deutsche Mark as its currency, thus uniting the economies of East and West Germany.
 1991 – The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved.
 1994 - Roman Herzog becomes President of Germany.
 1997 – The United Kingdom hands sovereignty over Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China.
 1999 – At the first meeting of the Scottish Parliament in nearly three centuries, Winnie Ewing opened with the famous words, "The Scottish Parliament, adjourned on the 25th day of March in the year 1707, is hereby reconvened."
 1999 - Johannes Rau becomes President of Germany.
 2000 - The Oresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden is opened.
 2000 – Vermont's civil unions law goes into effect.
From 2001 
 2002 - The International Criminal Court is created, to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression.
 2002 – A Bashkirian Airlines Tupolev TU-154 and a DHL (German cargo) Boeing 757 collide in mid-air over southern Germany, killing 71.
 2003 – 500,000 people take part in a march in Hong Kong to protest, amongst other things, the government's handling of the plans to implement a new anti-subversion law required under Article 23 of Hong Kong's Basic Law.
 2004 – 530,000 people take part in a march in Hong Kong to urge for faster pace of democratisation and universal suffrage, according to Article 45 and Article 68 of Hong Kong's Basic Law.
 2004 – Saturn Orbit Insertion of Cassini-Huygens begins at 01:12 UT and ends at 02:48 UT.
 2004 - Horst Koehler becomes President of Germany.
 2005 – Microsoft plans to end official support of Windows 2000
 2005 – Make Poverty History's White Band Day.
 2005 – Revaluation of the Romanian Leu.
2006 - First operation of the Qinghai-Tibet railway.
 2007 – On the same day as each other, England and Australia ban smoking in public places.
 2009 – Ivo Sanader resigns as Prime Minister of Croatia. Jadranka Kosor succeeds him.
 2012 – The Spain national football team wins UEFA Euro 2012, defeating the Italy national football team 4-0 in the final in Kiev, Ukraine.
 2013 – Croatia joins the European Union.
 2013 - Neptune's moon S/2004 N1 is discovered.
 2015 - Greece becomes the first advanced economy to miss a payment to the International Monetary Fund.
 2016 - Austria's highest court orders a re-run of the May 22 Presidential election, in which Alexander Van der Bellen had narrowly defeated Norbert Hofer.
 2018 – Andrés Manuel López Obrador is elected President of Mexico.
Up to 1900 
 1336  Philip, Duke of Orléans (d. 1375)
 1368  Bracco da Montone, Italian mercenary (d. 1424)
 1381  Lorenzo Giustiniani, Italian bishop (d. 1456)
 1481  King Christian II of Denmark, Sweden and Norway (d. 1559)
 1506  King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia (d. 1526)
 1534  King Frederick II of Denmark (d. 1583)
 1627  Anna Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (d. 1669)
 1633  Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian (d. 1698)
 1646  Gottfried Leibniz, German mathematician and philosopher (d. 1716)
 1723  Pedro Rodriguez, Conde de Campomanes, Spanish statesman (d. 1802)
 1725  Jean-Baptiste-Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, French nobleman and soldier (d. 1807)
 1742  Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German physicist (d. 1799)
 1771  Ferdinando Paer, Italian composer (d. 1839)
 1780  Carl von Clausewitz, Prussian general (d. 1831)
 1788  Jean-Victor Poncelet, French mathematician and engineer (d. 1867)
 1804  George Sand, French writer (d. 1876)
 1812  Abbas I of Egypt (d. 1854)
1814  Robert Torrens, Irish-Australian politician, 3rd Premier of South Australia (d. 1884)
 1818  Ignaz Semmelweis, Hungarian physician (d. 1865)
 1822  Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Vietnamese poet (d. 1888)
 1834  Jadwiga Luszczewska, Polish poet (d. 1908)
 1863  William Grant Stairs, Canadian explorer (d. 1892)
 1872  Louis Blériot, French aviator (d. 1936)
 1873  Andrass Samuelsen, 1st Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (d. 1954)
 1878  Jacques Rosenbaum, Baltic German architect (d. 1944)
 1879  Léon Jouhaux, French labor figure (d. 1954)
 1882  B. C. Roy, Indian doctor and politician (d. 1962)
 1889  Vera Mukhina, Russian sculptor (d. 1962)
 1893  Walter White, Head of the NAACP (d. 1955)
 1899  Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of Greece (d. 1987)
 1899  Charles Laughton, British actor (d. 1962)
 1899  Thomas A. Dorsey, American composer (d. 1993)
1901  1950 
 1902  William Wyler, French-American director, producer and screenwriter (d. 1981)
 1903  Amy Johnson, British pilot (d. 1941)
 1906  Estée Lauder, American entrepreneur (d. 2004)
 1906  Jean Dieudonné, French mathematician (d. 1992)
 1906  Peter Ritchie Calder, Scottish author, journalist and academic (d. 1982)
 1907  Fabian von Schlabrendorff, German jurist and resistance activist (d. 1980)
 1908  Peter Anders, German tenor (d. 1954)
 1909  Emmett Toppino, American sprinter (d. 1971)
 1910  Glenn Hardin, American hurdler (d. 1975)
 1911  Sergey Leonidovich Sokolov, Soviet marshal (d. 2012)
 1913  Vasantrao Naik, Indian politician, 3rd Chief Minister of Maharashtra (d. 1979)
 1915  Nguyen Van Linh, Vietnamese politician (d. 1998)
 1915  Willie Dixon, American blues singer (d. 1992)
 1916  Olivia de Havilland, British-born actress
 1917  Humphry Osmond, English psychiatrist (d. 2004)
 1920  Lucidio Sentimenti, Italian footballer (d. 2014)
1921  Seretse Khama, first President of Botswana (d. 1980)
 1922  Riccardo Carapellese, Italian footballer (d. 1995)
 1924  Antoni Ramallets, Spanish footballer (d. 2013)
 1925  Farley Granger, American actor (d. 2011)
 1926  Hans Werner Henze, German composer (d. 2012)
 1926  Robert Fogel, American economist (d. 2013)
 1927  Chandra Shekhar, Prime Minister of India (d. 2007)
 1929  Gerald Edelman, American biologist (d. 2014)
 1930  Carol Chomsky, American linguist (d. 2008)
 1930  Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, former President of Bolivia
 1931  Leslie Caron, French actress and dancer
 1931  Seyni Kountché, President of Niger (d. 1987)
 1934  Jamie Farr, American actor
 1934  Sidney Pollack, American actor (d. 2008)
 1934  Claude Berri, French movie director and screenwriter (d. 2009)
 1934  Jean Marsh, English actress and writer
 1935  James Cotton, American singer (d. 2017)
 1935  David Prowse, English actor
 1937  Lydia Makhubu, Swazi chemist
 1939  Karen Black, American actress (d. 2013)
1940  Craig Brown, Scottish footballer and manager
 1941  Rod Gilbert, Canadian ice hockey player
 1941  Alfred G. Gilman, Canadian-American pharmacologist
 1941  Myron Scholes, American economist
 1941  Twyla Tharp, American dancer, choreographer and writer
 1942  Geneviève Bujold, Canadian actress
 1942  Andraé Crouch, American singer-songwriter, producer and writer (d. 2015)
 1942  Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri, Iraqi politician
 1945  Debbie Harry, American singer (Blondie)
 1946  Mireya Moscoso, former President of Panama
 1946  Mick Aston, British archaeologist (d. 2013)
 1946  Erkki Tuomioja, Finnish politician
 1947  Kazuyoshi Hoshino, Japanese racing driver
 1950  Ben Roberts, British actor (d. 2021)
1951  1975 
 1951  Trevor Eve, British actor
 1952  Dan Aykroyd, Canadian actor and entertainer
 1953  Jadranka Kosor, former Prime Minister of Croatia
 1953  Lawrence Gonzi, former Prime Minister of Malta
 1955  Li Keqiang, Premier of the People's Republic of China
 1955  Keith Whitley, American country musician
 1960  Dave Thompson, English stand-up comedian
 1961  Carl Lewis, American athlete, 9 Olympic gold medals
 1961  Diana, Princess of Wales (d. 1997)
 1961  Michelle Wright, Canadian country music singer
 1962  Andre Braugher, American actor
 1964  Bernard Laporte, French rugby player and coach
 1966  Frank De Bleeckere, Belgian football referee
 1966  Enrico Annoni, Italian footballer
 1967  Pamela Anderson, Canadian-American actress, novelist, activist and model
 1967  Marisa Monte, Brazilian singer
 1971  Missy Elliott, American singer and rapper
 1971  Julianne Nicholson, American actress
 1972  Claire Forlani, British actress
From 1976 
 1976  Ruud van Nistelrooy, Dutch footballer
 1976  Patrick Kluivert, Dutch footballer
 1976  Hannu Tihinen, Finnish footballer
 1976  Rigobert Song, Cameroonian footballer
 1976  Thomas Sadoski, American actor
 1976  Kellie Bright, English actress
 1977  Jarome Iginla, Canadian ice hockey player
 1977  Liv Tyler, American actress
 1977  Veronica Sanchez, Spanish actress
 1980  Patrick Aufiero, American ice hockey player
 1982  Hilarie Burton, American actress
 1982  Joachim Johansson, Swedish tennis player
 1983  Marit Larsen, Norwegian singer
 1984  Morgane Dubled, French model
 1984  Tanya Chisholm, American actress
 1986  Giovanni Moreno, Colombian footballer
 1986  Agnes Monica, Indonesian singer-songwriter and actress
 1989  Mitch Hewer, English actor
 1989  Hannah Murray, English actress
 1989  Daniel Ricciardo, Australian Formula One racing driver
 1989  Leah McFall, Northern Irish singer
 1989  Kent Bazemore, American basketball player
 1990  Natsuki Sato, Japanese singer (AKB48)
1993  Raini Rodriguez, American actress and singer
 1994  Anri Okamoto, Japanese model and actress
 1996  Adelina Sotnikova, Russian gymnast
 1998  Hollie Steel, English singer
Deaths

Up to 1900 
 552  Totila, Ostrogoth King
 1109  Alfonso VI of Castile (b. 1040)
 1681  Oliver Plunkett, Irish archbishop and saint (b. 1629)
 1736  Ahmed III, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1673)
 1782  Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1730)
 1784  Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (b. 1710)
 1824  Lachlan Macquarie, Scottish Governor of New South Wales (b. 1762)
 1839  Mahmud II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1785)
 1846  Pope Gregory XVI (b. 1765)
 1860  Charles Goodyear, American inventor (b. 1800)
 1863  John Fulton Reynolds, American Civil War general (b. 1820)
 1876  Mikhail Bakunin, Russian anarchist and social revolutionary (b. 1814)
 1891  Mihail Kogalniceanu, Romanian politician (b. 1817)
 1896  Harriet Beecher Stowe, American writer (b. 1811)
 1898  Siegfried Marcus, German inventor (b. 1831)
1901  2000 
 1905  John Hay, 37th United States Secretary of State (b. 1838)
 1912  Harriet Quimby, American pilot (b. 1875)
 1925  Erik Satie, French composer (b. 1866)
 1927  Pedro Nel Ospina Vazquez, 35th President of Colombia (b. 1858)
 1944  Carl Mayer, Austrian screenwriter (b. 1894)
 1944  Tanya Savicheva, Russian writer (b. 1930)
 1948  Achille Varzi, Italian racing driver (b. 1904)
 1950  Eliel Saarinen, Finnish architect (b. 1873)
 1954  Thea von Harbou, German actress and writer (b. 1888)
 1962  B. C. Roy, Indian doctor and politician (b. 1882)
 1964  Pierre Monteux, French-American conductor (b. 1875)
 1964  Sigurd Islandsmoen, Norwegian poet (b. 1881)
 1965  Wally Hammond, English cricketer (b. 1903)
 1971  Learie Constantine, Trinidadian cricketer (b. 1901)
 1971  William Lawrence Bragg, American physicist (b. 1890)
 1974  Juan Domingo Perón, President of Argentina (b. 1895)
 1976  Anneliese Michel, German exorcism victim (b. 1952)
 1981  Rushton Moreve, American musician (b. 1948)
1983  Buckminster Fuller, American architect (b. 1895)
 1987  Snakefinger, British musician (b. 1949)
 1991  Joachim Kroll, German serial killer (b. 1933)
 1991  Michael Landon, American actor (b. 1936)
 1992  Francisco Mendes, Guinea-Bissau politician (b. 1933)
 1996  William T. Cahill, American politician, 46th Governor of New Jersey (b. 1904)
 1996  Margaux Hemingway, granddaughter of Ernest Hemingway (b. 1954)
 1997  Robert Mitchum, American actor (b. 1917)
 1999  Edward Dmytryk, Canadian-American movie director (b. 1908)
 1999  Joshua Nkomo, Zimbabwean politician (b. 1919)
 2000  Walter Matthau, American actor (b. 1920)
From 2001 
 2001  Nikolay Basov, Russian physicist (b. 1922)
 2003  N!xau, Namibian actor (b. 1944)
 2003  Herbie Mann, American jazz flutist (b. 1930)
 2004  Marlon Brando, American actor (b. 1924)
 2005  Luther Vandross, American singer (b. 1951)
 2006  Ryutaro Hashimoto, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1937)
 2009  Alexis Argüello, Nicaraguan boxer and politician (b. 1952)
 2009  Karl Malden, American actor (b. 1912)
 2009  Molly Sugden, British actress (b. 1922)
 2012  Alan G. Poindexter, American astronaut (b. 1961)
 2013  Charles Foley, American game designer (Twister) (b. 1930)
 2013  Maureen Waaka, New Zealand model and politician (b. 1943)
 2013  Paul Jenkins, American actor (b. 1938)
 2014  Anatoly Kornukov, Russian general (b. 1942)
 2014  Stephen Gaskin, American counter-culture hippie figure (b. 1935)
 2014  Bob Jones, English police officer (b. 1955)
 2014  Umaru Dikko, Nigerian politician (b. 1936)
 2014  Walter Dean Myers, American author (b. 1937)
2014  Jean Garon, Canadian politician (b. 1938)
 2014  Frederick I. Ordway III, American space scientist (b. 1927)
 2014  Graeme McMahon, Australian AFL executive (b. 1940)
 2015  Nicholas Winton, English humanitarian (b. 1909)
 2015  Val Doonican, Irish singer and television host (b. 1927)
 2016  Yves Bonnefoy, French poet (b. 1923)
 2016  Robin Hardy, English movie director (b. 1929)
 2017  Norman Dorsen, American activist (b. 1930)
 2017  Paul Hardin III, American academic administrator (b. 1931)
 2017  Ayan Sadakov, Bulgarian footballer (b. 1961)
 2017  Richard Gilbert Scott, British architect (b. 1923)
 2018  Armando, Dutch artist and writer (b. 1929)
 2018  François Corbier, French songwriter and television presenter (b. 1944)
 2018  Bozhidar Dimitrov, Bulgarian historian (b. 1945)
 2018  Peter Firmin, British television producer (b. 1928)
 2018  Gillian Lynne, British dancer and choreographer (b. 1926)
 2018  Julian Tudor Hart, British physician and politician (b. 1927)
Holidays 
 Canada Day
 Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador)
 Moving Day (Quebec)
 Keti Koti (Emancipation Day) (Suriname)
 Doctors' Day in India
 Republic Day in Ghana
 Independence Day in Somalia, Burundi and Rwanda
 Madeira Day

July 01
Black comedy (also known as dark comedy or dark humor) is getting humor (something funny or comical) from something serious. It is known for its use of very sensitive subjects, such as war, tragedy, disease,  death and suffering of the innocent. Black comedy is also a form of satire that uses irony and mocking. It may cause a wide variety of emotional reactions.

The term black humor (from the French humour noir) was coined by the surrealist André Breton in 1935.

Some famous examples of black comedy include South Park, Waiting for Godot, Happy Tree Friends, Charles Addams' cartoons, Catch-22, Dr. Strangelove, Harold and Maude, and plays by Joe Orton, the novel film and early TV episodes of M*A*S*H, Itchy and Scratchy from The Simpsons, cartoons by John Callahan, Lasagna Cat, It's Such a Beautiful Day, SuperMarioLogan, SMG4, Moral Orel, Don't Hug Me I'm Scared, etc.

References
Elliot Gould (born as Elliott Goldstein on August 29, 1938) is an American actor. He was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He is mostly known for his roles in many films including M*A*S*H (1970), Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1970), and Ocean's Eleven (2001). He has also made guest appearances on many television such as Jack Geller in Friends.

Gould's parents were Jewish; Gould says he has a very deep Jewish identity. He married singer and actress Barbra Streisand in 1963. The couple separated in 1969 and divorced in 1971. Their son is actor Jason Gould (born 1966).

References

Other websites 

1938 births
Living people
Actors from Brooklyn
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Jewish American actors
Movie producers from New York City
A mathematical equation is an expression containing two mathematical objects connected by an equals sign (=) . The equals sign says that both sides are exactly equal, or of the same value. An equation can be as simple as x=0, or as complex as  or harder.

There are two kinds of mathematical equations:
 The kind of equation that is either true or false; these are also called identities. For example: 

 The kind of equation that is only true for certain values of the variable(s). The equation is only true if the variable(s) have that value. For example:
 

The second kind is often used to solve problems in which finding the value of some variables is involved. For example, if
 

The second kind of equation is used in algebra. For example, to solve the equation 2x = 8 for x, one would follow an algebraic rule to find that x = 4.
Types of equations 
Equations can be classified by the types of operations and quantities involved. For example:
 An algebraic equation is an equation in which both sides are polynomials. These are further classified by degree:
Linear equation for degree one
 Quadratic equation for degree two
 Cubic equation for degree three
 Quartic equation for degree four
 Quintic equation for degree five
 A Diophantine equation is an equation where the unknowns are required to be integers
 A differential equation is a functional equation involving derivatives of the unknown functions, which include:
Ordinary differential equation
 Partial differential equation

Related pages 
 Equation solving
 Formula
 Rate equation
 System of linear equations

References
1961 (MCMLXI) was . Its rendering using the Hindu-Arabic numeral system creates a numeral which looks the same when put upside down. The next such year will be 6009.

Events 

 John F. Kennedy becomes President of the United States.
 The Fantastic Four make their debut.
 Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human in space.
 Sierra Leone becomes independent.
 The Berlin Wall is built.
 The Vietnam War begins.
 Bay of Pigs invasion
 Rockband Golden Earring was founded

Births
January 26 – Wayne Gretzky, Retired Canadian NHL player
January 28 – Arnaldur Indridason, Icelandic writer
February 13 – Henry Rollins, American musician and activist (Black Flag)
March 3 – John Matteson, Pulitzer Prize-winning American biographer
April 1 – Susan Boyle, Scottish singer
April 3 – Eddie Murphy, American actor and comedian
May 6 – George Clooney, American actor
June 4 – Ferenc Gyurcsany, former Prime Minister of Hungary
June 9 – Michael J. Fox, Canadian actor
June 14 – Boy George, British singer
June 18 – Alison Moyet, British singer
June 25 – Ricky Gervais, British comedian and actor
July 1 – Diana, Princess of Wales (d. 1997)
July 1 – Carl Lewis, American athlete
July 23 – Woody Harrelson, American actor
July 30 – Laurence Fishburne, American actor
July 31 - Peter O'Brien, American drummer (Orleans)
August 4 – Barack Obama, President of the United States of America
August 8 – The Edge, Irish musician (U2)
August 9 – John Key, Prime Minister of New Zealand
September 28 - George Rossi, Scottish actor (d. 2022)
September 29 – Julia Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia
October 11 – Amr Diab, Egyptian singer
October 25 - Chad Smith, American drummer (Red Hot Chili Peppers)
October 26 – Uhuru Kenyatta, President of Kenya
November 12 – Nadia Comaneci, Romanian gymnast
November 19 – Meg Ryan, American actress
November 24 – Arundhati Roy, Indian activist and writer
December 24 – Ilham Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan
December 25 – Ingrid Betancourt, Colombian senator
December 27 – Guido Westerwelle, German politician
December 30 – Ben Johnson, Canadian athlete
January 4 – Erwin Schroedinger, Austrian physicist (b. 1887)
January 9 – Emily Greene Balch, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1867)
January 17 – Patrice Lumumba, Congolese politician (b. 1925)
 February 3 – Viscount Dunrossil, Australian Governor-General (b. 1893)
 February 9 – Carlos Luz, 19th President of Brazil (b. 1894)
 March 3 – Paul Wittgenstein, Austrian-born pianist (b. 1887)
 March 23 – Valentin Bondarenko, Russian cosmonaut (b. 1937)
 April 9 – Ahmet Zog, King of Albania (b. 1895)
 May 30 – Rafael Leónidas Trujillo, President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1891)
 June 6 – Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist (b. 1875)
July 2 – Ernest Hemingway, American writer (b. 1899)
 August 20 – Percy Williams Bridgman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882)
September 10 – Wolfgang von Trips, German racing driver (b. 1928)
September 18 – Dag Hammarskioeld, UN Secretary-General (b. 1905)
October 30 – Luigi Einaudi, Italian politician (b. 1874)
 November 9 – Ferdinand Bie, Norwegian athlete (b.  1888)
Nobel Prizes
 Nobel Prize in Physics won by Robert Hofstadter, American physicist, and Rudolf Mössbauer, German physicist
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry won by Melvin Calvin, American biochemist 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Georg von Békésy, Hungarian biophysicist
 Nobel Prize in Literature won by Ivo Andrić, Yugoslav novelist, poet and short story writer
 Nobel Peace Prize won by Dag Hammarskjöld (posthumously), Swedish diplomat

Movies released

 101 Dalmatians, an animated movie
 The Absent-Minded Professor by Walt Disney Productions
 Breakfast at Tiffany's starring Audrey Hepburn
 El Cid starring Charlton Heston and Sophia Loren
 La Dolce Vita starring Marcello Mastroianni and Anita Ekberg
 The Guns of Navarone with Gregory Peck and Anthony Quinn
 The Hustler starring Paul Newman and Jackie Gleason
 Lover Come Back starring Doris Day and Rock Hudson
 The Parent Trap starring Hayley Mills
 West Side Story winning 10 Academy Awards

Hit songs
"I Fall to Pieces" – Patsy Cline
"Crazy" – Patsy Cline
"Where the Boys Are" – Connie Francis
"Running Scared" – Roy Orbison
"Crying" – Roy Orbison
"(I Wanna) Love My Life Away" – Gene Pitney
"Town Without Pity" – Gene Pitney
"The Lion Sleeps Tonight" – The Tokens
"Calcutta" – Lawrence Welk
"Runaround Sue" – Dion
"Let's Go Trippin'" – Dick Dale's first local hit, regarded as first surf rock instrumental
"Tossin' & Turnin' " – Bobby Lewis
"Runaway" – Del Shannon
"Garde-Moi la Dernière Danse" – Dalida
"Nuits d'Espagne" – Dalida
"Blue Moon" – The Marcels
"Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" – The Shirelles
"There's No Other Like My Baby" – The Crystals' first hit
"Please Mr. Postman" – The Marvelettes
"Quarter To Three" – Gary U.S. Bonds
"Shop Around" – The Miracles
"Travelin' Man" – Ricky Nelson
"Hello Mary Lou" – Ricky Nelson
"Stand By Me" – Ben E. King
"The Wanderer" – Dion
"The Mountain's High"  –  Dick and Deedee
"Big River, Big Man" – Claude King
"The Commancheros" – Claude King
"Moody River" – Pat Boone
New books

Border Country – Raymond Williams
Casanova's Chinese Restaurant – Anthony Powell
The Chapman Report – Irving Wallace
Clea – Lawrence Durrell

 Don't Tell Alfred – Nancy Mitford

For Your Eyes Only – Ian Fleming
Green Eggs and Ham  –  Dr. Seuss
Hunters in a Narrow Street – Jabra Ibrahim Jabra
The Insolences of Brother Anonymous – Jean-Paul Desbiens
The Many Colored Coat – Morley Callaghan
Take a Girl Like You – Kingsley Amis
To Kill A Mockingbird – Harper Lee
The Torch – Wilder Penfield
The Violent Bear It Away – Flannery O'Connor
The White Stone – Carlo Coccioli
What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? – Henry Farrell

See Also

1961 in sports
Events 
February 3 – American Revolutionary War: Spain recognizes the independence of the United States.
February 4 – American Revolutionary War: the Government of the United Kingdom formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States of America.
 February 4 – Earthquake in Calabria, Italy – 50.000 dead
March 5 – Last celebration of Massacre Day.
 May 18 – Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada– First United Empire Loyalists reach Parrtown.
 June 5 – The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their montgolfière (hot air balloon) in Annonay, France.
 June 8 – The volcano Laki, in Iceland, begins an eight-month eruption which kills 9350 people and starts a seven-year famine. Eruption causes deaths of livestock when they eat contaminated grass and also widespread crop failure.
 July 16 – Grants of land in Canada to American loyalists announced.
 August 5 – Mount Asama erupts, causing turmoil in Edo period Japan.
September 3 – American Revolutionary War ends: Treaty of Paris –  the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain sign a treaty in Paris, ending the war.
 November 2 – In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, American general George Washington gives his "Farewell Address to the Army".
 November 21 – In Paris, Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent, marquis d'Arlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight (flight time: 25 minutes, Maximum height: 5* miles).
 November 25 – American Revolutionary War: The last British troops leave New York City three months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris.
 December 4 – At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, US general George Washington formally bids his officers farewell.
City of Sevastopol founded;
United Empire Loyalists flee to Canada from the new United States;
Treaty of Versailles signed, ending hostilities between the Franco-Spanish Alliance and  the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
 Loyalists from New York settle Great Abaco in the Bahamas.

Births 
 January 23 – Stendhal, French writer (d. 1842)
 March 8 – Hannah Van Buren, First Lady of the United States (d. 1819)
 April 3 – Washington Irving, American writer (d. 1859)
 April 10 – Hortense de Beauharnais, Queen of Holland and mother of Napoleon III of France (d. 1837)
 July 24 – Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan patriot, revolutionary leader and statesman (d. 1830).
 September 17 – Samuel Prout, English painter (d. 1852)