Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Westminster Abbey is a large and famous Anglican church in Westminster, London. It is the shrine of Edward the Confessor and the burial place of many kings and queens. Since it was built it has been the place where the coronations of Kings and Queens of England have been held. The present structure dates from 1245, when it was started by Henry III.

The status of the Abbey is that of a Royal Peculiar. This means it is place of worship that falls directly under the jurisdiction of the British monarch, rather than under a bishop. The concept dates from Anglo-Saxon times, when a church could ally itself with the monarch and therefore not be subject to the bishop of the area. Technically speaking, it is not a cathedral, though it is regarded as one in practice.

One of the most famous tombs at Westminster Abbey is that of the Unknown Warrior.

Westminster Abbey and its small parish church, St Margaret's, form a UNESCO World Heritage site, which also includes Westminster Palace.
Coronations
Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the Abbey. Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne because the French prince Louis (later Louis VIII) had taken control of the city. So the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral, but this coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the Abbey on 17 May 1220. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the cleric in the coronation ceremony.
King Edward's Chair (or St Edward's Chair), is the throne on which British sovereigns sit when the crown is put on their heads. It is kept in the Abbey, and has been used at every coronation since 1308. From 1301 to 1996 (except for 1950 when it was briefly stolen by Scottish nationalists), the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scotland are crowned. Although the Stone is now kept in Scotland, at future coronations the Stone will be returned briefy to St Edward's Chair for the moment of coronation.

Centre of learning 
Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in Oxford and Cambridge. It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century.

Noteworthy
Noteworthy 

The Abbey contains the Westminster Retable, the oldest known panel painting altarpiece in England. It was painted in the 1270s by some of the Plantagenet court painters, probably for the High Altar. It was probably donated by Henry III of England as part of his Gothic redesign of the Abbey.  The painting survived only because it was incorporated into furniture between the 16th and 19th century and much of it has been damaged beyond restoration.  According to one specialist the "Westminster Retable, for all its wounded condition, is the finest panel painting of its time in Western Europe".

The Abbey contains "the oldest door in Britain".

Related pages 
List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Poets' Corner

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Satellite view of Westminster Abbey at WikiMapia
 Westminster Abbey
 Keith Short - Sculptor Images of stone carving for Westminster Abbey
 A history of the choristers and choir school of Westminster Abbbey 
 Adrian Fletcher’s Paradoxplace Westminster Abbey Pages — Photos 

Anglican cathedrals in England
 
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
13th-century buildings and structures‎
The Eagles are an American country rock/hard rock  band. They formed in Los Angeles, California in 1971. They are known worldwide for their hit songs Hotel California and Take it Easy. In 2006 they held the record for most albums sold, with their Greatest Hits, Volume I

On January 18, 2016, Glenn Frey died of pneumonia at age 67. His son Deacon replaced him in the band the next year.

Band members
Band members 

1971 establishments in California
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1971
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical groups disestablished in 1980
1980s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2016
2016 disestablishments in the United States
2010s disestablishments in California
Musical groups established in the 2010s
2017 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in California
The Himalayas are a mountain range in South Asia.

The west end is in Pakistan. They run through Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh states in India, Nepal, and Bhutan. The east end is in the south of Tibet. They are divided into 3 parts Himadri, Himachal and Shiwaliks.

The 15 highest mountains in the world are in the Himalayas. The main ones are Mount Everest,  Annapurna, and Nanga Parbat. Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth, at 8,849 meters. Of the fifteen highest mountain peaks in the World, nine are in the Nepali Himalayas.

The word "Himalaya" means House of Snow in Sanskrit, an old Indian language. The Himalayas are so high that they kept the Indian and Chinese people separate from each other most of the time. India is a peninsula that is cut off from the rest of Asia by the mountains. It is often called the Indian subcontinent because it is larger and more isolated than other peninsulas.
Formation of the Himalayas 
Geologically, the origin of the Himalayas is the impact of the Indian tectonic plate. This travels northward at 15 cm per year, and joined the Eurasian continent about 40-50 million years ago. The formation of the Himalayas resulted in the lighter rock of the seabeds of that time being lifted up into mountains. An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone.

The Indian plate is still moving north at 67 mm per year. Over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also leads to earthquakes from time to time.
Wildlife
The Himalayas are very popular for tourists because it has a lot of wildlife. The types of plants and trees, which are common in the place, are Oak, Pine, Fir, Rhododendron, Birch, Juniper, and Deodar. Common animals, which are seen mostly in the different parts of the Himalayas, are snow leopards, blue sheep, musk deer, tigers, elephants, wild boar, and crocodiles. Even endangered species of animals and plants are also found there. In the north part of the Himalayas where the temperature falls below freezing point, animals cannot survive well. However, those who adapted can survive. During the cold winters most of the animals migrate to the lower regions of the Himalayas while others like the brown bear hibernate instead. The Yak is mostly seen in the cold desert. They are like wild ox and they are the largest animals in this region. In regions of Ladakh animals like Nyan, the wild and the most largest sheep are found.
Some of the major places for wildlife attractions in the Himalayas are:
 Jim Corbett National Park
 Namdhpha National Park
 The Royal Chitwan Park
 Kaziranga National Park
 Royal Bardia National Park
 Great Himalayan National Park
Five main rivers 
The five main rivers of the Himalayas are the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Satluj. The rivers are the main source of human and animal life in those areas.
 The river Jhelum came from a spring called Verinag, which is 80 km south of Srinagar. It is known worldwide for its nine bridges. It is a very wide river and the water is quite muddy and dirty due to pollution etc.
 The two rivers Chandra and Bhaga come together to form the Chenab River. The Chenab is in the Lahaur region of Himachal Pradesh. It came from the melted snow that was on the foot of the main range of Himalaya in the Spiti and Lahaur district. The lake of Chandra Tal also comes from these rivers.
 The Ravi River has come out in many love legends. The town of Chamba is on a mountain shelf on the right bank of the river. The region is famous for handicrafts like embroidered handkerchiefs, silver and leather craft and woodcarving.
The valley of Kullu and Kangra is formed by river Beas. The main force of this river is from the south of Larji. There it enters the Mandi district and further still into Kangra. Its water increases to a great extent during the monsoon season so much so that it causes floods in the villages around it. The Pong Dam is made on the river to get hydroelectric power supply.
 The River Sutlej comes from the southern slopes of the mountain Kailash, near the lake of Mansarovar. It flows parallel to the Himalayas and in the end goes to the Shipki La Pass. It cuts through the Zanskar range, and makes a deep well part at the base of the Kinner Kailash.
The BEST or the Brihanmumbai Electricity Supply and Transport is Mumbai's public transport service and electricity provider. The government owned organisation, which was set up in 1873, operates one of India's largest bus fleets. Originally setup as a tramway company, it branched out into supplying electricity to the city in 1905, and later into operating buses in 1926. The BEST is run by the city's municipality as an autonomous body.

The bus transport service covers almost the entire city and extends its operations outside city limits. In addition to buses, it also operates a ferry service. The electricity division of the organisation is also one of the few electricity departments in India to garner an annual net profit.    Until 1995, BEST stood for Bombay Electricity Supply and Transport. After the name of the city was formally changed from Bombay to Mumbai, this was also reflected with the adjustment to Brihanmumbai, which means "Greater Mumbai".
1873 establishments
Public transport in Asia
Companies of India
Mumbai
1870s establishments in India
Gelderland or Guelders is a province in the east of the Netherlands. The capital city is Arnhem, but Nijmegen and Apeldoorn are bigger. Other important cities are Zutphen, Doetinchem, Harderwijk and Tiel. About 2,097,000 people are living in Gelderland (2021).

It is surrounded by the provinces of Limburg, North Brabant, South Holland, Utrecht, Flevoland and Overijssel and the German federal state North Rhine-Westphalia. 

The most important rivers are the Rhine (Rijn), the Waal, the IJssel and the Maas (border with North Brabant). The border with Flevoland is formed by the so-called randmeer ("border lake") of the Flevopolder.
History 
In the 11th century, Guelders was a county. It was called Gelre in Dutch and Geldern in German. In 1339, it became a duchy. At first, it existed of the surroundings of the city of Geldern (now in Germany). By the end of the 14th century, it included most of the modern province of Gelderland and parts of the province of Limburg and of the German District of Cleves.  It became part of the Habsburg Netherlands in 1543, one of the Seventeen Provinces.

Other websites 
 
 interactive province map 
 another map, more up-to-date, but the map is not interactive 
 Detailed map
Canvas is a thick material usually made of woven cotton.  It is used for tents and sails on boats and other places where a sturdy material would be good.  It is similar to the material in blue jeans. It is often a white or pale tan color. It can also be used for painting or even making shoes.

Canvas

Painting
Woven fabrics
A large format lens is a lens that can be used on a large format camera. These cameras usually cover an area of 4x5 inches or more. The picture taken is then recorded on photographic film, or as a digital image.

Other websites 
 http://www.schneideroptics.com/info/vintage_lens_data/large_format_lenses/ 
 http://www.kenrockwell.com/tech/4x5.htm

Camera lenses
Ramones were an American punk rock group who formed in New York City in 1974 and broke up in 1996. All the members of the group had stage names which replaced their real last names with "Ramone." They were one of the first punk bands. Some others were The Clash,  Sex Pistols, and The Damned. Three of the four founding members of the Ramones died within eight years of the band breaking up.

The original lineup was made up of Joey on drums, Johnny on guitar and Dee Dee on bass and vocals. Tommy was their manager. Then Dee Dee said he was unable to sing while playing bass, so Tommy got Joey to sing and then played drums himself, leaving Dee Dee to backup sing. Later, Tommy left the band and was replaced on drums by a new member, Marky. Eventually Marky was fired and then replaced by another drummer, Richie. After that, Dee Dee left the band to produce his own rap album. C.J. joined the band as their new bassist.
Their first album "Ramones" is now a classic of early punk rock. The songs are short, the melodies simple and the text is often made up of 2 or three phrases only. Their live concerts were legendary, extremely loud and very short. They played song after song, only interrupted by Dee Dee's (and later, C.J.'s)  shouts of "one, two, three, four!".

The Ramones never had big commercial success. Among their best-known songs today are "Blitzkrieg Bop" and "I Wanna Be Sedated." Now they are seen as one of the most important punk rock bands. Several rock bands, including Nirvana and Green Day were influenced by the Ramones.

The Ramones had their first gigs at the club CBGB in New York. The letters "CBGB" stand for Country, BlueGrass, Blues. The club was opened in 1973 by Hilly Kristal. CBGB, soon afterward, became a place where new wave and punk rock bands played. These included Patti Smith Group, Blondie, Talking Heads and many others. From the early 1980s onward, CBGB was known for hardcore punk.

Gallery
Gallery 

1970s American music groups
1974 establishments in the United States
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
1996 disestablishments in the United States
American punk bands
Musical groups disestablished in 1996
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1970s establishments in New York (state)
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Olivia Newton-John (26 September 1948 – 8 August 2022) was an English and Australian singer, songwriter and actress known for her gentle singing voice, her purity of tone and her perfect pitch. A four-time Grammy Award winner, Newton-John was one of the best-selling music artists of all time, with global sales of more than 120 million records.

Newton-John achieved worldwide stardom in a variety of musical genres and was especially well known for her starring role in Grease (1978), one of the most successful movie musicals of all time.

Early life 
Newton-John was born in Cambridge, England. Her father was Welsh. Her mother was from Berlin, the daughter of Max Born. Newton-John is the youngest of three children. In 1954, her family moved to Australia. At age 12, she won a contest at school with girl group "Sol Four".
When she was 17 years old, she had her first appearance in a movie, Funny Things Happen Down Under (1965), where she sang "Christmas Time Down Under". Shortly after she was in a talent contest and won first prize, a trip to England. She got a record deal on Decca Records and released her first single, "Till You Say You'll Be Mine", in 1966.

Career 

Newton-John stayed in England and recorded a cover of the Bob Dylan song, "If Not For You". It was the song which first caused her to be well known. She released her first solo album, If Not For You, in 1971. In 1973, her career began to do well. In 1974, she represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 1974 with the song "Long Live Love". She finished in 4th place, with Sweden's ABBA being the winners.
Her first successful song was "Let Me Be There". The song made the top 10 on the US pop chart. It also earned her a Grammy Award for Best Country Female. More successful songs followed: "If You Love Me Let Me Know," "I Honestly Love You", "Have You Never Been Mellow", "Please Mr. Please" and many more.

Her first big acting role was with John Travolta in Grease. It became the most successful movie of 1978.

Personal life 
Olivia lived in California for decades. She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She had breast cancer in 1992, and recovered. She was married twice. She has a daughter by her first husband.

She was also an activist for environmental and animal rights issues.

Death
In May 2017, it was announced that Newton-John's breast cancer had returned and metastasized to her lower back. In August 2019, it was also reported that the cancer was at Stage IV and spread to her bones.
Newton-John died from the disease at her ranch in Santa Ynez Valley, California at the age of 73. The Australian state of Victoria offered a state funeral for Newton-John.

References 

1948 births
2022 deaths
Actors from Cambridgeshire
Actors from Melbourne
Australian movie actors
Australian pop musicians
Australian singers
Australian television actors
Cancer deaths in California
Deaths from breast cancer
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English singers
English television actors
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Cambridge
Musicians from Melbourne
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Kansas is an American rock band. They formed in Topeka, Kansas in 1970. They are best known for songs including "Carry on Wayward Son" and "Dust in The Wind".

Albums 
Kansas (1974)
Song for America (1974)
Masque (1975)
Leftoverture (1976)
Point of Know Return (1977)
Two for the Show (1978)
Monolith (1979)
Audio-Visions (1980)
Vinyl Confessions (1982)
Drastic Measures (1983)
The Best of Kansas (1984)
Power (1986)
In the Spirit of Things (1988)
Live at the Whisky (1992)
Freaks of Nature (1995)
Always Never the Same (1998)
King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents (1998)
The Best of Kansas [remastered] (1999)
Somewhere to Elsewhere (2000)
Early Recordings from Kansas 1971-1973 (Proto-Kaw) (2002)
Device, Voice, Drum (2002)
Before Became After (Proto-Kaw) (2005)
There's Know Place Like Home (2009)
The Prelude Implicit (2016)
The Absence of Presence (2020)

References

American rock bands
American hard rock bands
Musicians from Kansas
People from Topeka, Kansas
Styx is an American rock band. They were one of the most popular groups of the 1970s and early 1980s. They formed in Chicago in 1972. They were the first band to have four platinum albums in a row. They continued playing after reuniting in 1995.

Discography
 Studio Albums
 1972 Styx
 1973 Styx II
 1973 The Serpent Is Rising
 1974 Man of Miracles
 1975 Equinox
 1976 Crystal Ball
 1977 The Grand Illusion
 1978 Pieces of Eight
 1979 Cornerstone
 1981 Paradise Theater
 1983 Kilroy Was Here
 1990 Edge of the Century
 1999 Brave New World
 2003 Cyclorama
 2005 Big Bang Theory

 Live Albums
 1984 Caught in the Act
 1997 Return to Paradise
 2000 Arch Allies: Live at Riverport (live) (with REO Speedwagon)
 2001 Styx World: Live 2001 (live)
 2001 Yesterday & Today (live)
 2002 At the River's Edge: Live in St. Louis (live)
 2003 21st Century Live (live)
Compilations
 1995 Styx Greatest Hits
 1996 Styx Greatest Hits Part 2
 2000 Extended Versions
 2002 20th Century Masters
 2004 Come Sail Away - The Styx Anthology
 2005 The Complete Wooden Nickel Recordings

Other websites 
 
 Styx career on A&M Records with gallery, international discography 

1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups 
American rock bands
Musical groups established in 1972
1972 establishments in Illinois
Musical groups disestablished in 1984
1984 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1990
1990 establishments in Illinois
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
1991 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1995
1995 establishments in Illinois
Jethro Tull is a rock band. They formed in Blackpool, England in 1967. The singer and leader is Ian Anderson. He also plays flute. This band was highly successful and sung songs such as "Aqualung", "Locomotive Breath", "Living in the Past" and "Thick as a Brick".

Discography
Studio albums
 This Was (1968)
 Stand Up (1969)
 Benefit (1970)
 Aqualung (1971)
 Thick as a Brick (1972)
 A Passion Play (1973)
 War Child  (1974)
 Minstrel in the Gallery (1975)
 Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die! (1976)
 Songs from the Wood (1977)
 Heavy Horses (1978)
 Stormwatch (1979)
 A (1980)
 The Broadsword and the Beast (1982)
 Under Wraps (1984)
 Crest of a Knave (1987)
 Rock Island (1989)
 Catfish Rising (1991)
 Roots to Branches (1995)
 J-Tull Dot Com (1999)
 The Jethro Tull Christmas Album (2003)
 The Zealot Gene (2022)
 RökFlöte (2023)

References
References

1967 establishments in England
1960s British music groups
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
2014 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Blackpool
English hard rock bands
Musical groups established in 1967
Musical groups disestablished in 2014
21st-century disestablishments in England
Turtles are one of the many reptiles on earth. They have a hard shell, which is useful for camouflage. For example, they can be used so predators think it's a type of large stone.

There are two types of turtles: side-necked turtles and hidden neck turtles. Side-necked turtles have very easy to see necks, but hidden neck turtles have very small necks.

There are about 356 species of turtles living on land in all continents except Antarctica and in both salt water and fresh water.

The order Testudines (which includes turtles) includes both living and extinct species. The earliest fossil of a turtle was found in China from the early Upper Triassic age. The fossil was from about 220 million years ago. Turtles are one of the oldest reptile groups that are not extinct. Turtles have been on earth for longer than lizards, snakes and crocodiles. Turtles come from ancient turtles, which had spiked shells.

Turtles are almost everywhere in the world. A lot of the turtle species alive today are endangered.
Name differentials
Although the word turtle is widely used to describe all members of the order Testudines, it is also common to see certain members described as terrapins, tortoises or sea turtles. How these names are used depends on the type of English.
 British English describes these reptiles as turtles if they live in the sea; terrapins if they live in fresh water; or tortoises if they live on land.
 American English tends to use the word turtle as a general term for all species. "Tortoise" is used for most land-dwelling species, and oceanic species are usually referred to as sea turtles. The name "terrapin" is not as commonly heard.
 Australian English uses turtle for both the marine and freshwater species, but tortoise for the terrestrial species.
To avoid confusion, the word "chelonian" is popular among some who work with these animals, as a catch-all name. Unfortunately, Chelonia is also the name of a particular genus of turtles, so this conflicts with its use for the entire order Testudines.
Ecology and life history 

Although many turtles spend much of their lives underwater, all turtles and tortoises breathe air and must surface at regular intervals to refill their lungs. Some spend their whole lives on dry land.

Aquatic respiration in Australian freshwater turtles is being studied. Some species have large cloacal (the hole used for mating and excretion) holes that are lined with many finger-like projections. These projections, called papillae, have a rich blood supply, and increase the surface area of the cloaca. The turtles can take up oxygen from the water using these papillae, in much the same way that fish use gills to take in oxygen.
Like other reptiles, turtles lay eggs which are slightly soft and leathery. The eggs of the largest species are shaped like spheres (evenly round like a ball). Other turtle species have eggs that are shaped more like chicken eggs. Sea turtles lay their eggs on dry, sandy beaches. Turtles can take many years to reach breeding age, and in many cases breed every few years rather than annually.

In some species, there is temperature-dependent sex determination. Temperature determines whether an egg develops into a male or a female: a higher temperature causes a female; a lower temperature causes a male. Large numbers of eggs are deposited in holes dug into mud or sand. They are then covered and left to incubate by themselves. When the turtles hatch, they squirm their way to the surface and head toward the water. No turtle mother cares for its young.
Long-lived 
Researchers discovered that a turtle's organs do not break down or become less efficient over time, unlike most other animals. They found that the liver, lungs, and kidneys of a century-old turtle are almost the same as those of a younger turtle. This has inspired genetic researchers to begin studying turtle genetics for longevity (living a long time) genes.

Anatomy

Neck folding
Turtles are parted into two groups from the way they hide their heads into their shells. The Cryptodira (hidden neck turtles) pull their heads straight into their shells by folding their necks back under their spines. They have very small necks. The Pleurodira (side-necked turtles), now found only in fresh water environments in the Southern hemisphere, fold their necks to the side, as its name states. The important adaptation of hiding their heads evolved twice from turtles in the past which were not able to do this. Obviously, this adds to their defence against predators.
Feeding 
Turtles have a hard beak. They use their jaws to cut and chew food. Turtles have hard edges called horny ridges that cover their upper and lower jaws. These ridges are different from teeth, which turtles do not have. Carnivorous (meat-eating) turtles tend to have knife-sharp ridges that help them cut through meat. Herbivorous (plant-eating) turtles have serrated-edged ridges that help them cut through tough plants. Turtles use their tongues to swallow food, but unlike most reptiles, they cannot stick out their tongues to catch food.

Shell
The upper shell of the turtle is called the carapace. The lower shell that covers the belly is called the plastron. The carapace and plastron are joined on the turtle's sides by bony structures called bridges.

The inner layer of a turtle's shell is made up of about 60 bones. It includes parts of the spine and ribs, meaning the turtle cannot crawl out of its shell.
Largest living 
The largest chelonian is a marine turtle, the great leatherback sea turtle, which reaches a shell length of 200 cm (80 inches) and can weigh over 900 kg (2,000 lb, or 1 ton). Freshwater turtles tend to be smaller, with a few exceptions. The largest species, the Asian giant softshell turtle Pelochelys cantorii, have turtles that measured up to 200 cm or 80 in (Das, 1991). This is bigger than even the better-known alligator snapping turtle, the largest chelonian in North America, which reaches a shell length of up to 80 cm (31 in) and a weight of about 60 kg (170 lb).

The largest fossil turtle, Archelon, was more than twice as long as the leatherback, at up to 4.5 metres.

Evolution
Evolution 

The earliest turtle fossils come from Upper Triassic of the Mesozoic era, about 220 million years ago. Their shell evolved from bony extensions of their backbones and broad ribs that became larger and grew together to make a complete shell. This adaptation was very useful and has been around for a long time. It helped protect turtles as they evolved over many years, even when the bony part of the shell was not complete. The group as a whole has survived many changes in the seas and several extinction events.

Fossils of the freshwater Odontochelys semitestacea or "half-shelled turtle with teeth", from the later Triassic, were found in southwest China. Odontochelys shows a complete bony plastron and an incomplete carapace. This is similar to turtles in an early stage of embryonic development. By the Upper Jurassic, turtles had radiated widely, and their fossil history becomes easier to read.
Their exact ancestry is not known. Early amniotes had no openings in the skull behind the eyes. Openings started to appear in both Sauropsid and Synapsid skulls. They made the skull lighter, gave attachment points for muscles, and gave room for muscle bulges. But turtles do not have these skull openings. They were called 'anapsids', meaning 'no openings'.

Eventually it was suggested that turtles evolved from sauropsids which had skull openings, but turtles lost these openings as part of their evolution towards heavy defensive armour. All molecular studies strongly support that turtles are diapsids; some support that turtles are either archosaurs, or are a sister group to living archosaurs.
The earliest known fully shelled turtles are the late Triassic Odontochelys, Chinlechelys and Proganochelys. The first-named genus was aquatic (lived in water), but the second was probably terrestrial (lived on land). They already had many advanced turtle traits, and probably had millions of years of turtle evolution and species in their ancestry. They had a long neck and could not pull their heads into their shell. Odontochelys had a long, spiked tail ending in a club. Ankylosaurs also have these traits because of convergent evolution.

Turtles are divided into two living suborders (groups): the Cryptodira and the Pleurodira. The Cryptodira is the larger of the two groups. All marine (sea) turtles, terrestrial (land) tortoises, and many of the freshwater turtles belong to this group. The Pleurodira are sometimes known as the side-necked turtles because of the way they hide their heads into their shells. This smaller group is mostly made up of freshwater turtles.
Related pages 
 Sea turtle
 Pig-nosed turtle
 Archelon

References 

 
Living fossils
Rage Against the Machine, sometimes known as RATM or Rage, is a rock band from Los Angeles, California. Rage Against the Machine are known for mixing funk, hip-hop, metal and rock music. They are also known for their left-wing political opinions. The band members have been the same since they started in 1991. The band members are rapper Zack de la Rocha, guitarist Tom Morello, bassist Tim Commerford and drummer Brad Wilk. Morello, Commerford and Wilk also made Audioslave with Chris Cornell.

RATM released their first album in 1992. It was called Rage Against the Machine. The album sold a lot of copies and reached number 40 on the Billboard 200 music chart. The band did not do another album until Evil Empire in 1996. The bands third album, The Battle of Los Angeles, was released in 1999. Shortly after, in 2000, the band released a covers album named Renegades.

History
History

1991-1993: Rage Against the Machine 
In 1991, Tom Morello's band named Lock Up disbanded. He wanted to make another band, so talked to Zack de la Rocha and Tim Commerford about working on new music. After some time, Morello got drummer Brad Wilk to join the band as well. Morello knew him because Wilk had auditioned to play the drums for Lock Up, but failed. The band named themselves Rage Against the Machine. They got the name from a song that de la Rocha had written for another band.

The band made a demo tape named Rage Against the Machine. It had twelve songs on it. Seven of the twelve songs would be put on their first album. A lot of big record labels were interested in the band after they put out their demo. Rage Against the Machine joined Epic Records. Morello said they "agreed to everything [the band] asked".
The band's first album, Rage Against the Machine, was released in 1992. It sold many copies, with "Killing in the Name" being the most popular song from the album. To get more people to listen to the album, the band played at Lollapalooza in 1993.

1994-1997: Evil Empire 
After their first album was successful, Rage Against the Machine made some songs for movie soundtracks, such as "Tire Me" and "Year of tha Boomerang". They released their second album, Evil Empire, in 1996. It got to the number one spot on the Billboard 200 music chart.

In April 1996, Rage Against the Machine played music on Saturday Night Live. They planned to play two songs, but their second song was cancelled. This was because they tried to put upside-down American flags over their amplifiers (upside-down flags are a sign of danger). The flags were a protest against the show having Republican Steve Forbes on the show the same night.
In 1997, Rage Against the Machine played on tour with U2. All of the money that Rage made from the concerts was given to groups they supported, such as the EZLN and Women Alive. After touring with U2, Rage started their own tour in the United States. They planned to do the tour with the Wu-Tang Clan, but replaced them with The Roots after they did not show up to a concert. The band released a compilation album of songs from their demo and live recordings named Live & Rare in 1998.

1998-2000: The Battle of Los Angeles, band breaks up 
In 1999, Rage Against the Machine played music at Woodstock. The band then released an album named The Battle of Los Angeles. It sold over 450,000 copies, and hit number one on the Billboard 200. Rage's music was put on the soundtrack for movies from The Matrix series.
In January 2000, the band made a music video for "Sleep Now in the Fire" on Wall Street. Hundreds of people came to watch the band make the video. Michael Moore, the person filming the music video, only had a permit for being at the front of Federal Hall. The band was not allowed to make loud noises, but they kept playing loudly. Tom Morello said that Moore told the band that "no matter what happens, don't stop playing". When the band went away from the front of the Hall, police officers handcuffed Moore. Moore told the band to "take the New York Stock Exchange", and many people starting running into the building. The Stock Exchange shut down, and nobody could trade for some time because of the band.

In September 2000, the band went to the MTV Music Awards. When Limp Bizkit got the award for Best Rock Video instead of Rage, Tim Commerford climbed up a set of scaffolding for the awards show. De la Rocha left the awards show after he did this, and Commerford went to jail for a night.
In October 2000, de la Rocha left the band. He thought that Rage had many problems that made the band members not work together well. At the end of the year, the band released Renegades, an album of covers. It had songs originally made by many bands, such as Devo, the Rolling Stones, Cypress Hill, and Bob Dylan. It was certified platinum by the RIAA.

2001-2006: Other projects 
After de la Rocha left the band, Morello, Commerford and Wilk wanted to keep making music. They decided to find someone else to sing, and make a new band. Rick Rubin, a music producer, told them that they should play with Chris Cornell from Soundgarden. Cornell agreed to sing, and they made the band Audioslave. In November 2002, the band released their first album. It was also named Audioslave. Many people liked the album. Compared to Rage Against the Machine, Audioslave was not very political. The band made two more albums, named Out of Exile and Revelations. In February 2007, Audioslave broke up after Cornell left the band.
References 

1991 establishments in California
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Alternative metal bands
Musical groups established in 1991
Musical groups from Los Angeles
In mathematics, a product is a number or a quantity obtained by multiplying two or more numbers together. For example:  4 × 7 = 28  Here, the number 28 is called the product of 4 and 7. As another example, the product of 6 and 4 is 24, because 6 times 4 is 24. The product of two positive numbers is positive, just as the product of two negative numbers is positive as well (e.g., -6 × -4 = 24).

Pi product notation 
A short way to write the product of many numbers is to use the capital Greek letter pi: . This notation (or way of writing) is in some ways similar to the Sigma notation of summation.

Informally, given a sequence of numbers (or elements of a multiplicative structure with unit) say  we define . A rigorous definition is usually given recursively as follows

An alternative notation for  is .
Properties 
 ( is pronounced " factorial" or "factorial of ")
 (i.e., the usual th power operation)
 (i.e.,  multiplied by itself  times)
 (where  is a constant independent of )
From the above equation, we can see that any number with an exponent can be represented by a product, though it normally is not desirable.

Unlike summation, the sums of two terms cannot be separated into different sums. That is,
, 
This can be thought of in terms of polynomials, as one generally cannot separate terms inside them before they are raised to an exponent, but with products, this is possible:

Relation to Summation 
The product of powers with the same base can be written as an exponential of the sum of the powers' exponents:

Related pages 

 Cartesian product
 Cross product
 Dot product

References 

Arithmetics
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a declaration (something said in an important way) by the United Nations General Assembly. It talks about basic human rights -- rights that all people have just because they are human. It was adopted (agreed to) by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948.

The UDHR (initialism for Universal Declaration of Human Rights) is translated into over 300 languages. This is more languages than any other document, according to the Guinness Book of World Records.

Important ideas 

The UDHR may be broken into 30 parts or articles. Each article says one idea about human rights. Most people think these are the most important ideas:
All people are born free and equal, because they have reason and conscience.
 Everyone has a right to life, liberty, and security of their person.
 Everyone should be protected from any kind of discrimination.
 Everyone has a right to have a nationality and change one's nationality. 
 Everyone has a right to an education.
 Everyone has a right to get a job.
 Everyone has a right to vote and take part in the government of one's own country.
 Everyone has a right to take part in cultural life—to choose a way of life.
 No person may be tortured, or treated in a cruel or unkind way.
 Everyone has the right to seek and gain asylum from persecution.
 Everyone has a right to have ideas or opinions, to decide what is right and what is wrong, and to choose a religion.
 Everyone has a right to speak or write freely and right to join a peaceful group to express one's opinion.
 Everyone has a right to security if suffering unemployment, disease, disability, old age or loss of a partner.
Everyone has duties to the community where one's personality can be developed freely. 
 No one can use the Declaration as a reason to take away these rights and freedoms.
Rights 
Below is a simplified list of all of the UDHR rights.

1. We Are All Born Free & Equal. We are all born free. We all have our own thoughts and ideas. We should all be treated in the same way.

2. Don’t Discriminate. These rights belong to everybody, whatever our differences.

3. The Right to Life. We all have the right to life, and to live in freedom and safety. 

4. No Slavery. Nobody has any right to make us a slave. We cannot make anyone our slave. 

5. No Torture. Nobody has any right to hurt us or to torture us. 

6. You Have Rights No Matter Where You Go. I am a person just like you! 

7. We’re All Equal Before the Law. The law is the same for everyone. It must treat us all fairly. 

8. Your Human Rights Are Protected by Law. We can all ask for the law to help us when we are not treated fairly. 

9. No Unfair Detainment. Nobody has the right to put us in prison without good reason and keep us there, or to send us away from our country.
10. The Right to Trial. If we are put on trial this should be in public. The people who try us should not let anyone tell them what to do. 

11. We’re Always Innocent Till Proven Guilty. Nobody should be blamed for doing something until it is proven. When people say we did a bad thing we have the right to show it is not true. 

12. The Right to Privacy. Nobody should try to harm our good name. Nobody has the right to come into our home, open our letters, or bother us or our family without a good reason. 

13. Freedom to Move. We all have the right to go where we want in our own country and to travel as we wish. 

14. The Right to Seek a Safe Place to Live. If we are frightened of being badly treated in our own country, we all have the right to run away to another country to be safe. 

15. Right to a Nationality. We all have the right to belong to a country.
16. Marriage and Family. Every grown-up has the right to marry and have a family if they want to. Men and women have the same rights when they are married, and when they are separated.

17. The Right to Your Own Things. Everyone has the right to own things or share them. Nobody should take our things from us without a good reason.

18. Freedom of Thought. We all have the right to believe in what we want to believe, to have a religion, or to change it if we want. 

19. Freedom of Expression. We all have the right to make up our own minds, to think what we like, to say what we think, and to share our ideas with other people. 

20. The Right to Public Assembly. We all have the right to meet our friends and to work together in peace to defend our rights. Nobody can make us join a group if we don’t want to.

21. The Right to Democracy. We all have the right to take part in the government of our country. Every grown-up should be allowed to choose their own leaders.
22. Social Security. We all have the right to affordable housing, medicine, education, and childcare, enough money to live on and medical help if we are ill or old. 

23. Workers’ Rights. Every grown-up has the right to do a job, to a fair wage for their work, and to join a trade union. 

24. The Right to Play. We all have the right to rest from work and to relax. 

25. Food and Shelter for All. We all have the right to a good life. Mothers and children, people who are old, unemployed or disabled, and all people have the right to be cared for. 

26. The Right to Education. Education is a right. Our parents can choose what we learn. 

27. Copyright. Copyright is a special law that protects one’s own artistic creations and writings; others cannot make copies without permission. We all have the right to our own way of life and to enjoy the good things that art, science and learning bring.
28. A Fair and Free World. There must be proper order so we can all enjoy rights and freedoms in our own country and all over the world. 

29. Responsibility. We have a duty to other people, and we should protect their rights and freedoms. 

30. No One Can Take Away Your Human Rights.

Criticism 
The United Nations Human Development Report (UNHDR) has been criticised by different people. Mainly Islamic countries have pointed out that its understanding is mainly that of Christians or Jews. Muslims could not implement certain parts of the declaration, without trespassing Islamic law. On 30 June 2000, Muslim nations that are members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, an alternative document that says people have  "freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari’ah".

References
References

Other websites 
Text of the UDHR at the United Nations website explained in Plain English
Text of the UDHR at the United Nations website

United Nations
1948
Human rights
Dolphins  are part of the toothed whales. Generally, they are among the smaller whales.  Most live in salt water oceans, but some live in rivers  there are oceanic dolphins and river dolphins. Dolphins are from  to  long, but the largest dolphin, the killer whale (or orca), can be up to   long. 

All dolphins live in groups called "pods". They are social animals at all stages of their life. They have some remarkable behaviours. A speeding group of dolphins is a sight to see. They "porpoise" in and out of the water at high speed. The function of this is not known for sure. It may be the fastest movement they are capable of. What they eat, almost exclusively, is fish. When they chase fish, the fish go into a "bait ball" to self-protect. In turn, the dolphins attack in a group and eat as many fish as they can.
The name 'dolphin' comes from the Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphis) meaning "with a womb", because it was first thought to be a fish with a womb. It is now known to be a mammal, and quite an intelligent mammal. Dolphins breathe air. A dolphin's nose is on top of its head so the dolphin can easily breathe on the surface of the water. The skin of a dolphin has no scales. It is soft and smooth. However, it is very firm, due to how much muscle they have. Dolphins use echolocation to find their food.

The skin of a bottlenose dolphin is gray, smooth, and rubbery. They are always social. They can help each other fight off predators. Dolphins have fought off sharks in this way. They can kill large sharks by ramming them over and over again with their snouts and heads. They look after the young, when the mothers need to leave their calves to hunt for food. The young need to breathe more often than the adults, and the food may be in deeper waters.
Oceanic dolphins are marine animals living in the sea. They live in all of the oceans.

Three of the four species of river dolphins live in fresh water rivers. The La Plata dolphin lives in saltwater estuaries and the ocean. Water pollution and the loss of habitat are a threat to some dolphins, especially those living in rivers and estuaries.

Sleep 
Dolphins (and other cetaceans) sleep in the water. There is danger from animals that eat dolphins. Dolphins sleep differently than a person. Dolphins have two sides of their brain, which they use to sleep. One side sleeps, while the other side stays awake. Dolphins do things while asleep: 

 Dolphins will keep one eye open to watch for animals that eat them while they sleep. 
 Dolphins also swim in circles when they are sleeping to look around for danger.
 Dolphins get their nose out of the water to breathe. 

Dolphin groups or species have their own way of sleeping. Pinnipeds, like seals, can sleep like dolphins.
Senses 
The brain of a dolphin is like a human brain in size and development. Dolphins have reasonable eyesight. They can watch a thing in the water, and they can see colors, too. They can also see in dark places.

A dolphin's hearing is better than their sight. There are small holes behind the eyes, and they are the ears of a dolphin. Dolphins can hear a sound underwater. They can know the direction of the sound very well.

Dolphins and humans

Mythology 

Dolphins have long played a role in human culture. Dolphins are common in Greek mythology and there are many coins from ancient Greece which feature a man or boy or deity riding on the back of a dolphin. The Ancient Greeks welcomed dolphins; spotting dolphins riding in a ship’s wake was considered a good omen. In Hindu mythology, the Ganges River Dolphin is associated with Ganga, the deity of the Ganges river.

Cuisine
Cuisine 

Dolphin meat is eaten in a few countries, including Japan and Peru (where it is referred to as chancho marino, or "sea pork"). Japan may be the best-known and most controversial example, but eating dolphin is not that common.

Dolphin therapy 
Dolphin therapy is sometimes used for people with mental or physical handicaps. It involves contact with trained dolphins. It is not agreed whether this is any better than the usual treatments.
Scientists continue to study dolphin therapy.

Taxonomy

Oceanic dolphins (Delphinidae) 
Some examples:
 Genus Delphinus
 Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis)
 Genus Tursiops
 Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
 Genus Orcinus
 Orca (Orcinus orca)
 Genus Feresa 
 Pygmy killer whale Feresa attenuata
 Genus Pseudorca
False killer whale Pseudorca crassidens
 Genus Globicephala
Long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas
Short-finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhynchus
 Genus Peponocephala
 Melon-headed whale Peponocephala electra