Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
When Masaccio returned to Florence he was given a job, a commission to paint a fresco of the procession that had taken place for the opening of the new church. Masaccio was inspired by what he had seen in Rome. 
The writer Vasari, who must have seen the picture before it was destroyed in the late 1500s, wrote that the people were in rows that were five or six deep, but painted in such a way that they were all different, fat ones and thin ones, tall ones and short ones, some in long cloaks, some in big hats, and every single one was a portrait of a real person who lived in Florence at the time. And of course, Masaccio put his friends Brunelleschi, Donatello and Masolino into the picture. Luckily, several artists made drawings at some time in the 1500s, so part of the design has been recorded, even though the painting itself has gone.
Working with Masolino
In the Uffizi Gallery in Florence is an altarpiece that shows the Madonna and Child with Saint Anne. The Madonna and Child are seated on a throne, as is usual. Saint Anne, who was the mother of the Virgin Mary, is shown standing behind Mary with one hand on her daughter's shoulder and the other hand above the head of the Baby Jesus in a sign of blessing. The painting may have been done for a convent of nuns who honoured Saint Anne.

It is believed that this painting is a collaboration; that two artists worked on it together. It is believed by Art Historians that Masaccio painted Mary and Jesus and the angel near the top right. It is believed that Saint Anne and the other four angels were painted by Masolino.

Masolino was 17 years older than Masaccio. His name was Tommaso da Panicale, so when the two began to work together, they were known as Masaccio and Masolino, which means "Little Tom". Those are the names by which they are remembered as painters.

The Brancacci Chapel
Collaborating
The Brancacci Chapel is a large chapel at the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine where Masaccio had previously worked painting the procession. It was sponsored by the Brancacci family who paid for its decoration. There are no written records to show why or how it happened, but it seems that Masaccio and Masolino were given the job together. At first everything went very well and then things went very badly. It looked as if the job would never be finished. In fact, it is lucky that the paintings in the chapel survived at all.
The job seems to have started in 1423 or 1424 but this is not certain. The plan of the paintings was to show firstly how Sin came into the world through the disobedience of Adam and Eve. A painting by Masolino shows their disobedience in taking fruit from the forbidden tree. A painting opposite it by Masaccio shows Adam and Eve in disgrace, being chased out of the Garden of Eden. The rest of the paintings show The Life of Saint Peter. This is because Saint Peter was the founder of the Catholic Church and the paintings were meant to show that the best way to know about God's love is through the Church.
It seems that Masaccio and Masolino happily planned a scheme of frescoes that went together is a pleasing way, even though they are in two styles. It is not hard to tell which scenes Masolino painted and which were done by Masaccio. Masolino's are prettier and more elegant. Masaccio's scenes show figures that are strong and have drapes like the statues that he saw in Rome. The thing that was most different in his painting to other artists of the same time was that the figures looked very solid and three-dimensional. He was influenced by the paintings of Giotto who had worked in Florence at the Church of Santa Croce nearly a hundred years earlier, but whose style of painting had given way to the International Gothic style.
Apart from the Adam and Eve scenes, which are the smallest of the pictures, the most famous is Masaccio's picture of The Tribute Money. This large picture is set partly against a background of mountains and a lake, and partly against the background of a town which is similar to Florence. There are three scenes from the story. In the centre of the picture is a large group, Jesus and his twelve disciples. A tax collector has come to ask for a payment, but none of the men have any money. Jesus tells Peter to go fishing in the lake. Peter looks rather annoyed, wondering what good it will do. To the left, the small figure of Peter is kneeling at the edge of the lake with a fish he has caught. Inside the fish is a coin. To the right side of the picture, Peter is shown giving the coin to the tax collector. He no longer looks argumentative. Instead, he looks humble. Masaccio has expertly shown the feelings of the characters, not only by their faces, but also through body language.
Neither Masaccio nor Masolino were able to work on the frescoes continuously, as they both kept getting other jobs to attend to. In 1428 Masaccio was asked to go to Rome to paint an altarpiece for one of the most important and ancient churches, Santa Maria Maggiore. He only painted one panel, Saint Jerome and Saint John the Baptist, before he died at the age of 27 years. Masolino and perhaps another artist, Domenico Veneziano worked on, and finished the altarpiece, which was later broken into pieces and scattered to galleries in different countries. Masaccio's panel is in the National Gallery, London.
Damage
The chapel, which was dedicated to Saint Peter, was re-dedicated to Our Lady of the Common People and to her honour a magnificent ancient altarpiece by Coppo di Marcovaldo, dating from about 1280 was put into place. Because this image of the Virgin Mary was said to work miracles, many hundreds of candles were lit in front of it which soon stained the frescoes so that their bright colours could no longer be seen. Eventually the painting was moved to a different church. Then part of the roof fell in and had to be replaced. More damage was done in re-decorating. In 1680 the Marquis Francesco Ferroni decided that the paintings were too old-fashioned and should all be pulled down. Luckily the Grand Duchess Vittoria della Rovere stopped this from happening. In 1734 a painter called Antonio Pillori cleaned the frescoes. Then in the 1770, there was a fire in the church, causing worse staining and some damage to the frescoes. (Luckily the precious altarpiece had been moved.)
Discoveries
In recent years there have been four interesting discoveries. During a minor cleaning in 1904 two slabs of marble near the altar were moved. Underneath were the bright colours that showed what the frescoes should look like. Examination of the areas where two windows had been changed showed the plans for two paintings that had been destroyed. The final discoveries in the chapel itself were two painted roundels with little angel faces in them, one by Masaccio and one by Masolino.
There was a problem to be solved in the minds of some art historians. Despite these interesting findings, there was a scene missing from the story of Saint Peter. It is the scene where Jesus says "You are Peter, and on this Rock I build my Church." This part of the story is of the greatest importance to the Roman Catholic Church because Peter was the first Bishop of Rome, and so the Pope rules as his direct line. The scene is usually shown by Jesus giving Peter the Keys of Heaven. The Keys, for hundreds of years, have been the symbol of the Pope. But the story of the Keys is completely missing.
Then, in the 1940s, John Pope-Hennessy, the director of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, realised that the museum owned a work of art that was exactly the thing that was missing from the Brancacci Chapel. It was a thin, almost flat marble slab delicately carved with the scene of Jesus giving the Keys to Peter. It was just the right size to make the front of an altar. And although it could not be proved, it was almost certainly carved by Masaccio's friend, Donatello.
The Trinity
At some time while he was working on the Brancacci Chapel, Masaccio painted a fresco for another church in Florence, Santa Maria Novella, the church of the Dominican Order. This is a very remarkable painting and one of Masaccio's most famous. It shows the Holy Trinity, (or God in three parts). God is shown as the eternal Creator, as the humble Sacrifice in Jesus on the Cross and as the inspiring Spirit. On either side of the Cross stand the Virgin Mary and Saint John. The two kneeling figures are the family who paid for the painting.

Masaccio has painted this very holy scene as if it was taking place in a deep recess or small chapel in the wall of the church. He has done this by using very accurate perspective. It is believed that the architect Brunelleschi may have helped him with this, as the painted architecture looks very much like buildings that Brunelleschi designed.
RealJonWills
Influence
Vasari writes that Masaccio was not very famous in his own time. In 1440 his body was brought home to Florence and buried at Santa Maria del Carmine but no monument was put up in his honour. Shortly afterwards people began to honour him as a painter. Michelangelo and many other painters and sculptors went to the Brancacci Chapel to study Masaccio's paintings. His influence can be seen in the paintings of Fra Angelico, Piero della Francesca, Ghirlandaio and particularly Michelangelo.

Related pages
 List of Italian painters

References

 Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Painters, translated by George Bull, Penguin Classics, 
 Ornella Casazza, Masaccio, Scala/Riverside, 1990, 

1401 births
1428 deaths
15th-century Italian painters
Renaissance
Germany is the world's biggest user of wind power with an installed capacity of 20,621MW in 2006, ahead of Spain which had 11,615MW. There are 18,000 wind turbines in Germany. The country plans to build more.

Related pages
 Renewable energy in Germany
 Passivhaus
 Global warming

References

Wind farms
Germany

de:Windenergie#Deutschland
After the world's oil crises in the 1970s, Denmark started to develop wind power. In 1988, two years after the Chernobyl disaster, the Danes passed a law forbidding the construction of nuclear power plants.

The Danes were pioneers in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s and today almost half of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas.

Wind power in Denmark provided 30% of the electricity produced in Denmark in 2012, and cumulative installed capacity over recent years is shown in the Table below.

Wind turbines are popular with people in Denmark.

Sources: Global Wind 2005 Report, p.7  Global Wind 2006 Report, p.9

Related pages
 List of wind turbine manufacturers
 Renewable energy
 Renewable resource
 Wind
 Wind farm
 Wind power in Germany
 Wind power in Spain

References

Books
 Caldicott, Helen (2006). Nuclear power is not the answer to global warming or anything else, Melbourne University Press, 
Wind energy

Economy of Denmark
The Don (Дон) is one of the major rivers of Russia. It starts in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 km southeast from Tula, southeast of Moscow, and flows for a distance of about 1,870 km (1,162 miles) to the Sea of Azov.

From its source, the river first flows southeast to Voronezh, then southwest to its mouth. The main city on the river is Rostov on Don, its main tributary, the Donets.

History 

In antiquity, the river was seen as the border between Europe and Asia. In the Hebrew Book of Jubilees, it is mentioned as being part of the border, beginning with its westernmost point up to its mouth, between the allotment of Japheth to the north and that of Shem to the south, sons of Noah. During the times of the old Scythians it was known in Greek as the Tanaïs, and has been a major trading route ever since.

Tanais appears in ancient Greek sources as the name of the river and of a city on it in the Maeotian marshes.  The name derives however from Scythian (Iranian) Dānu "river", akin to modern Ossetic don "river".
At its easternmost point, the Don comes near the Volga, and the Volga-Don Canal (length ca. 105 km (65 miles)), connecting both rivers, has been a major waterway. The Khazar fortress of Sarkel used to dominate this point in the Middle Ages. This part of the river saw Operation Uranus, one of the turning points of the Second World War.

The Don has given its name to the Don Cossacks who settled the fertile valley of the river in the 16th and 17th centuries. In modern literature, the Don figures centrally in the works of Mikhail Sholokhov, a Cossack from the stanitsa of Veshenskaya.

Views of Don River

Footnotes 

Rivers of Russia
Grace Murray Hopper (December 9 1906 – January 1 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer.

Early Life
Hopper was born in New York, USA. Hopper graduated from Vassar College in 1928 and Yale University in 1934 with a Ph.D degree in mathematics. She joined the US Navy during World War II in 1943. She worked on computers in the Navy for 43 years. She then worked in other private industry companies after 1949. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and died on January 1, 1992. 

She was one of the first people to work with modern digital computers and the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I calculator.  She developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.
She had the idea that programs could be written in a language that was close to English rather than in machine code or languages (such as assembly language) close to machine code, which is how it was normally done at that time. She led the work of COBOL language, which was based very much on her philosophy. It was successful since it was not copyrighted, so many programmers could use it. The spread of COBOL led to it becoming the universal language for business coding. It became used in government, industry, and commerce.

Hopper, a mathematician, was on the faculty at Vassar College when World War II began. She joined the Navy.  Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project to work on missile problems in 1943. The Navy began using one of the first electronic computers in 1944.
After the War
Hopper retired from the Navy in 1986. After the war, she was still interested in computers. Hopper worked at Remington Rand. She worked at Sperry Corporation later. She did not return to her teaching career after the war. She continued working on software for the other computers. She also served as an officer in the Naval Reserve. She worked on the UNIVAC, the first large-scale commercial computer. Hopper's work led to the development of the FLOW-MATIC. The  FLOW-MATIC was the first English-language data compiler. Hopper's work on FLOW-MATIC helped her later work with Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL). Hopper’s work translated the computer language into words we use that the computer will also understand.

Grace Murray Hopper died on January 1, 1992. She had retired from the navy six years before. 

A park in Arlington, Virginia is named in her honor.  The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) was named for her.
On December 9, 2013, Google had an animation of Hopper for their Google Doodle.

References

American computer scientists
Military people from New York (state)
Scientists from New York City
1906 births
1992 deaths
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Marin Alsop (born Manhattan, New York, October 16, 1956) is an American conductor.

Alsop went to Yale University and then got a master's degree from the Juilliard School in violin playing. She won the Koussevitzky Conducting Prize at the Tanglewood Music Center in 1989, where she studied with famous conductors such as Leonard Bernstein.

Alsop has conducted many of the world’s most famous orchestras. Since 2002 she has been the conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, and in 2007 she will become the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony. This will make her the first woman conductor of an important American orchestra.

Alsop has won many prizes and made lots of recordings. She has conducted and recorded many pieces by American composers, including the complete orchestral works of Samuel Barber.

Other websites 
 www.marinalsop.com – her official website

1956 births
Living people
American conductors
Yale University alumni
Nevada Solar One is the third biggest solar power plant in the world, generating 64MW. It was built in Boulder City, Nevada.

Nevada Solar One is a solar thermal power station and will use parabolic troughs, heating tubes of liquid (solar receivers).  These solar receivers are specially coated tubes made of glass and steel.

Nevada Solar One also uses a technology that collects extra heat by putting it into phase-changing molten salts.  This energy can then be drawn on at night.

Nevada Solar One started producing electricity in the June 2007.

References

Other websites

Nevada Solar One video 
Largest solar power plant in a generation to be built in Nevada
Ten facts about solar thermal power

Solar power plants
Buildings and structures in Nevada
In agriculture, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest control strategy. This strategy uses many different ways to deal with pests: natural predators and parasites, pest-resistant varieties of plants, cultural practices, biological controls, various physical techniques, and pesticides as a last resort. 

It is an ecological approach that can reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides.

Related pages
Biological control

Agriculture
Serpa solar power plant (also known as Hércules solar power plant) is a power plant found in Serpa, Portugal. It was begun in June 2006 and finished in January 2007. The plant consists of a photovoltaic system that uses silicon solar cell technology to convert sunlight directly into energy.
 
The Serpa solar power plant uses 52,000 photovoltaic modules manufactured by SunPower, Sanyo, and Sharp.  The plant uses a new tracking system that follows the Sun's daily path across the sky.
 
Generating electricity from the sun with no fuel costs or emissions, the Serpa plant is on a 60-hectare (150-acre) hillside and is a model of clean power generation integrated with agriculture. The project saves more than 30,000 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions compared to equivalent fossil fuel generation.

Notes

Solar power plants
Buildings and structures in Portugal
2007 establishments in Europe
Establishments in Portugal
The United Nation Environment Programme's Indian Solar Loan Programme has won the World award for Sustainability for helping to establish a householder loan program for solar home power systems.
 
Over the span of three years more than 16,000 solar home systems have been financed through 2,000 bank branches, mainly in areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend.

Related pages
Energy policy of India

References

Other websites
Solar loans light up rural India
Solar energy
Economy of India
Clovis I (variously spelled Chlodowech or Chlodwig, giving modern French Louis and modern German Ludwig) (c. 466 – November 27, 511) was the first king of the Franks who united that nation. He succeeded his father Childeric I in 481 as King of the Salian Franks, one of two main groups of Frankish tribes, They were occupying the area west of the lower Rhine at that time, with their centre around Tournai and Cambrai along the modern frontier between France and Belgium. Clovis conquered the neighbouring Frankish tribes and established himself as sole king before his death.
Clovis converted to Catholicism, as opposed to the Arian Christianity that was common among Germanic peoples, because his wife, the Burgundian Clotilde, was a Catholic. He was baptized in the Cathedral of Reims. This act was very important in the following history of France and Western Europe in general, because he expanded his reign over almost all of the old Roman province of Gaul (roughly modern France). He is considered to be the founder both of France (which his state closely resembled geographically at his death) and the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Franks for the next two centuries.

Notes

Sources
Notes

Sources 

 Daly, William M., "Clovis: How Barbaric, How Pagan?" Speculum 69.3 July 1994, pp. 619–664.
 James, Edward. The Origins of France: Clovis to the Capetians 500-1000. Macmillan, 1982.
 Kaiser, Reinhold. Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich. München 2004. (Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 26)
 Oman, Charles. The Dark Ages 476-918. Rivingtons: London, 1914.
 Wallace-Hadrill, J. M. The Long-haired Kings. London, 1962.
 The Oxford Merovingian Page.

466 births
511 deaths
Converts to Christianity
Kings and Queens of France
The Merovingians were a dynasty of Frankish kings who ruled in the region of ancient Gaul (more or less modern France), from the fifth to the 8th century when the Carolingian dynasty took control.

They were sometimes referred to as the "long-haired kings" (Latin reges criniti) by people of the time, for their symbolically uncut hair (traditionally the tribal leader of the Franks wore his hair long, while the warriors trimmed theirs short). The term is drawn directly from Germanic, akin to their dynasty's Old English name Merewīowing.

The Merovingian dynasty owes its name to the semi-legendary Merovech (or Merowig, sometimes Latinised as Meroveus or Merovius), leader of the Salian Franks from c.447 to 457. Clovis I went on to unite most of Gaul north of the Loire under his control around 486, when he defeated Syagrius, the Roman ruler in those parts.

Related pages
 Franks (main history of Frankish kingdoms)
References 
 Beyerle, F and R. Buchner: Lex Ribuaria in MGH, Hannover 1954.
 Eugen Ewig: Die Merowinger und das Frankenreich. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2001.
 Patrick J. Geary: Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World, Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
 Kaiser, Reinhold: Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich, (Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte 26) (München, 2004)
 Rouche, Michael: "Private life conquers State and Society" in Paul Veyne (ed.), A History of Private Life: 1. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1987.
 Werner, Karl Ferdinand: Die Ursprünge Frankreichs bis zum Jahr 1000, Stuttgart 1989.
 Oman, Charles: The Dark Ages 476-918, London, 1914.
 Wood, Ian: "The Merovingian Kingdoms: 450-751", New York: Longman Press, 1994.

Other websites 
 The Oxford Merovingian Page .
 From Merovingians to Carolingians: Dynastic Change in Frankia .
 Dr Deborah Vess: Merovingian and Carolingian bibliography, sources and web links .
Royal dynasties
History of France
Gaul
Ralph Dale Earnhardt, Sr. (April 29, 1951 – February 18, 2001) was an American NASCAR driver. He is the father of race car driver Dale Earnhardt, Jr. He started Dale Earnhardt, Inc., also called DEI. Earnhardt died in a crash during the Daytona 500 in 2001. The accident happened a few seconds before his own son came second in that race, and a DEI car driven by Michael Waltrip won the race. He died because he was trying to hold everybody back so his son (Dale Earnhardt Jr.) could maybe win the race. While he was trying to do that, someone bumped his car, he lost control and crashed into the wall. After that they took him to the hospital and he died.

Early life 
Earnhardt respected his father, who quit school in sixth grade, His father worked hard and started driving for NASCAR, eventually entering the NASCAR Hall-of-Fame.

References

Other websites 

1951 births
2001 deaths
Deaths in sport
People from Kannapolis, North Carolina
Sportspeople from North Carolina
NASCAR drivers
American racecar drivers
Homelessness means people who do not have a place to stay. The word "homelessness" also includes people who sleep in warming centers, homeless shelters, or in abandoned buildings, parking garages, or other places not meant for humans to live in. Homelessness occurs for many reasons. It may happen when people or households are unable to buy or maintain housing they can afford. International human rights law includes the right to housing.

Homeless people live in many parts of the world including: San Francisco in California, Dublin in Ireland and Tallinn in Estonia.

Homeless people
Homeless people

In academic articles and government reports, these people are called "homeless people". You may hear different words to describe homelessness and homeless people. Some of these words apply to people who might not be homeless. Sometimes they are based upon stereotypes. For instance, in slang, a vagabond is someone who travels without the money necessary to stay in good hotels. Such a person may or may not have a home somewhere. Sometimes police reports use the word "transient" to describe people from out of town or who are passing through. Many times these words confuse the issues because someone just passing through might own a mansion somewhere or might not.

There are tough questions in sorting out homeless people even when trying to create programs and services to help them. Homeless counts are required by the government agencies that deal with homelessness.
HUD definitions
Housing and Urban Development of the United States spreads information about what does and does not work when providing shelter for homeless people. That information about the things that seem to work is called "best practices". HUD defines homeless as 1. somebody who lacks a fixed, regular, and decent place to sleep at night or 2. somebody who sleeps at night in A.a supervised shelter (including welfare hotels, homeless shelters, warming centers and transitional housing) ; B. a place that provides a temporary residence for people waiting for space in a place like a hospital, jail or hospice; or C. places not designed for human beings to sleep, such as parks or public sidewalks.
A new interest: people who live outside 
The "C" part of the HUD definition is now getting more attention. It is called "chronic homelessness". (HUD) defines a "chronically homeless" person as "an unaccompanied homeless individual with a disabling condition". There are other conditions to that definition. It has to be someone who has either been homeless for a year or more, or has been homeless four times in the past three years.

People who study these things believe that "chronic" homelessness costs a lot more than the rest. A new approach is to seek information on those folks who are considered chronically homeless. They are using what is called a vulnerability index system. It was invented by a doctor in Boston who works with a New York organization called Common Ground. These "Vulnerability Index's" code for things like bad liver, kidney disease, HIV-AIDS, age, and visits to the hospital.
Health care
Health care for the homeless is a major public health challenge. Homeless people are more likely to suffer injuries and medical problems from their lifestyle on the street. Quite a few drink or have addiction problems with drugs. Some have skin conditions from being out in the sun without sunscreen to protect themselves from UV radiation. It is hard to find places to wash up, and homeless people are exposed to extreme cold and hot sun. It is tough finding good food for many homeless people so they tend to suffer from medical conditions. This can include obesity if they eat a lot of poor quality food with empty calories. Homeless people also may have more severe dental problems than the general population due to lack of access to washrooms and in some cases excess intake of sweets, which may be the only food available. Diabetes and liver problems are not uncommon, as are diseases associated with cigarette smoking...
Vulnerability Index
The vulnerability index is a tool for finding out who among the street homeless population needs health care and housing the most.

The vulnerability index is from the work of Dr. Jim O'Connell of Boston's Healthcare for the Homeless. He was concerned about the causes of death of unsheltered homeless individuals living on the street. A national drive is underway by Common Ground to work with the HUD homeless count. Since communities are doing the count, he believes that is a good time to do the vulnerability index too. Its' people say that using it will help getting needy individuals off the street.

The vulnerability index has been tried out in a lot of other places not just the East Coast. These include New Mexico and Santa Monica

Main causes
Main causes

The main reasons for homelessness have been studied in many reports and studies.
For example:
 Lack of affordable housing
 Low paying jobs
 Addiction and lack of needed services
 Mental illness and lack of needed services
 Domestic violence
 Unemployment or underemployment.
 Social exclusion
 Discrimination that lowers self-esteem.
 Careless life style
 Poverty, especially destitution (having no money at all).
 Prison release and re-entry into society due to a criminal record that can cause recidivism.
 Change and cuts in welfare
 Natural disasters

Developing and undeveloped countries
The number of homeless people worldwide has grown steadily in the past few years. In some Third World nations such as Brazil, India, Nigeria, and South Africa, homelessness is a very big problem, with millions of children living and working on the streets. Homelessness has also become a problem in China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines and Japan.
History
In the sixteenth century in England, the government first tried to give housing to vagabonds instead of punishing them. In the eighteenth century, these houses were replaced by workhouses. These were later replaced by dormitory housing ("spikes"). By the early 1930s in England, there were 30,000 people living in these places.

In most countries, many towns and cities had an area where all the poor, transients, and afflicted lived, such as a "skid row". In smaller towns, there were hobos, who camped near train tracks and hopped onto trains from place to place. Many places where loitering was once allowed (such as churches, public libraries and public atriums) became more strict as the number of homeless people grew.
In the 1980s, in the United States, some new laws were made for the homeless as a result of the work of Congressman Stewart B. McKinney. In 1987, the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act was enacted. Several organisations in some cities, such as New York and Boston, tried to help the growing number of homeless people in a new way.

According to a 60 Minutes program, aired in December 2017, California is home to a quarter of American homeless people.

Homelessness in the popular media
Popular films
 1966.  - An influential film by Ken Loach which raised the profile of homelessness in the UK and led indirectly to the formation of several charities and changes in legislation.
 1986. 
 1991. 
 1994. 
 1997. 
 2003. —see Liz Murray
 2006.  - the story of Chris Gardner

Books
 2005 Without a Net: Middle Class and Homeless (With Kids) in America by Michelle Kennedy
Documentary films
 1985. —follows homeless Seattle youth.
 1997. —about the Canadian homeless in Montreal. New York Times Review,
 2000 —A film following the lives of homeless adults living in the Amtrak tunnels in New York.
 2001 —Following the lives of homeless children in Bucharest, Romania.
 2003. —about the homeless in São Paulo, Brazil. Its English title is "On the Fringes of São Paulo: Homeless".
 2004. 
 2005 —About homeless children in Moscow.
 2005 —Explores what a homeless who is given $100,000 and is free to do with it whatever he wishes.
 2007 Easy Street —about the homeless in Florida.

TV documentaries
 1988. 

Visual Arts
 2005. Photographic expose by Michel Mersereau entitled "Between The Cracks"

Related pages
 Refugee
 Poverty
 Discrimination
 Right to housing
 Street children
 Warming center

References

Further reading
Duke, Alan, "'Golden voice' Ted Williams departs drug rehab", CNN, January 25, 2011

Other websites
Homeless Statistics for Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States, all data from around the year 2001.
 PBS, "Home at Last?", NOW series program, first aired on February 2, 2007. The topic was what will most help homeless people reenter the fabric of society.
 
 Homelessness, Current information on U.S. homelessness written by The Rev. Chuck Currie, former National Coalition for the Homeless board member.
 Homelessness in Europe FEANTSA is the European Federation of National Organisations Working with the Homeless is an umbrella of not-for-profit organisations which participate in or contribute to the fight against homelessness in Europe.
 Homelessness in Spain News, agenda, documents, multimedia and other info about the homeless people in Spain.
 News Positive media coverage of homeless man, a former radio announcer, Ted Williams, who found job offers after being re-discovered while homeless in January 2011, and called "the man with the golden voice".
Hideshi Hino (日野日出志 Hino Hideshi, born April 19, 1946) is a Japanese manga artist. He draws and writes horror stories. Some of the books he has written are: Hino Horror, Panorama of Hell, and Hell Baby. He has also made and been in horror movies.

Movies

References 

1946 births
Living people
Japanese manga artists
Salland is a historical region in the west and north of the present Dutch province of Overijssel.

History
The history of Salland goes back to the early Middle Ages, when the four quarters of Oversticht (Salland, Twente, Land van Vollenhove and Drenthe) came together.
Salland (and nearby areas) may have been the early seat of the Salian Franks, the founders of the modern Dutch and French nations.

Geography
Salland is bound to the west by the provincial border with Gelderland, which is partly formed by river IJssel; to the north by the Meppelerdiep stream and the provincial border with Drenthe, which partly consists of the Reest stream; to the east by the borders with the German state of Lower Saxony and the eastern Overijssel region of Twente; and to the south by the border with the Gelderland region of Achterhoek, part of which is formed by the Schipbeek stream.

Geologically, most of Salland's landscape consists of a lowland covered with river sediment.
Municipalities 
These 13 municipalities belong to Salland region:

 Dalfsen
 Deventer (also part of IJsselvallei region)
 Hardenberg
 Hellendoorn (small part in Twente region)
 Kampen (also part of IJsselvallei and Kop van Overijssel regions)
 Olst-Wijhe (also part of IJsselvallei region)
 Ommen

 Raalte
 Rijssen-Holten (partially in Twente)
 Staphorst (also part of Kop van Overijssel region)
 Twenterand (partially in Twente)
 Zwartewaterland (also part of Kop van Overijssel region)
 Zwolle (also part of IJsselvallei region)

Related pages 
 Achterhoek
 Kop van Overijssel
 Twente

References 
 Plaatsengids.nl

Other websites 
 Salland Natuurlijk Gastvrij, pages of the Salland Board of Tourism (in Dutch)

 
Regions of the Netherlands
Isengard, a fictional place in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth
 Isengard (Norwegian band)
 Isengard (Swedish band)
Darkthrone is a black metal band from Norway.

Albums 
Soulside Journey
A Blaze in the Northern Sky
Under a Funeral Moon
Transilvanian Hunger
Panzerfaust
Total Death
Goatlord
Ravishing Grimness
Plaguevielder
Hate Them
The Cult Is Alive 
F.O.A.D.
Dark Thrones and Black Flags
Circle the Wagons
The Underground Resistance
Arctic Thunder
Old Star
Eternal Hails......
Astral Fortress

References

Norwegian heavy metal bands
Black metal bands
Death metal bands
The Minutemen were a very well known American hardcore punk band from the 1980s. The people in the band were D. Boon on guitar, Mike Watt on bass guitar and George Hurley on drums.

The Minutemen were formed in January 1980 and began to record music that same year. They gave to the public their first EP, called Paranoid Time, that year. Over the next five years, the Minutemen went on many music playing trips and made many albums. Some of their most well kown albums are What Makes a Man Start Fires? and Double Nickels on the Dime.

The band was forced to split in 1985 due to the death of D. Boon. Boon was killed in a car crash when his girlfriend fell asleep at the wheel. After Boon's death, Watt and Hurley formed the band fIREHOSE with Minutemen fan Ed Crawford. fIREHOSE played until 1994 when they broke up. Since the breakup of fIREHOSE, Mike Watt has played in several bands and also his own solo career.

1980s American music groups
American punk bands
American rock bands
Musical groups from California
Hammurabi (Akkadian from Amorite ˤAmmurāpi, meaning "the kinsman is a healer," from ˤAmmu, meaning "paternal kinsman", and Rāpi, meaning "healer"), was the sixth king of Babylon from 1792 BC to 1750 BC. He became king after his father abdicated, and was the first ruler of Babylonia. By winning wars against other kingdoms in Mesopotamia, Hammurabi created a large Babylonian empire. However, his son Samsu-iluna and later Babylonian rulers lost much of the land he had gained. 

Hammurabi is most famous for his laws, which are known as the Hammurabi's Code. Hammurabi's Code was one of the first written codes of law in history.

History
History 

Hammurabi became king of Babylon in around 1792 BC, when his father Sin-Muballit abdicated. Babylon was one of many small independent cities in ancient Mesopotamia. These cities often fought each other for control of land. Babylon was already one of the more powerful cities when Hammurabi became king. Earlier kings of Babylon had taken over the nearby city-states of Borsippa, Kish, and Sippar.
Hammurabi's allies in northern Mesopotamia had sent their armies to the south to help Babylon. This caused unrest in the northern area.  Hammurabi therefore returned north, stopping the unrest, and defeating Eshnunna. He then attacked and conquered the remaining cities in northern Mesopotamia, including Babylon's former ally Mari. It is possible that Mari surrendered to Babylon without any fighting happening. After this, Hammurabi was in control of most of Mesopotamia. Only Aleppo and Qatna, two western cities in modern Syria remained independent. When Hammurabi died in c. 1750 BC, his son Samsu-iluna became king.

Notes

Other websites

Mesopotamian people
18th-century BC people
Babylonian kings
Double Nickels on the Dime is a hardcore punk album made by the Minutemen.  The album was recorded in 1984 and was given to the public in the same year.  The album is very long and has 43 songs.  It is thought to be a very good album and one of the best of the genre.
Song List
D.'s Car Jam/Anxious Mofo
Theatre Is the Life of You
Viet Nam
Cohesion
It's Expected I'm Gone
 #1 Hit Song
Two Beads at the End
Do You Want New Wave or Do You Want the Truth?
Don't Look Now (Song was first by Creedence Clearwater Revival)
Shit from an Old Notebook
Nature Without Man
One Reporter's Opinion
Political Song for Michael Jackson to Sing
Maybe Partying Will Help
Toadies
Retreat
The Big Foist
God Bows to Math
Corona
The Glory of Man
Take 5, D.
My Heart and the Real World
History Lesson, Pt. 2
You Need the Glory
The Roar of the Masses Could Be Farts
West Germany
The Politics of Time
Themselves
Please Don't Be Gentle With Me
Nothing Indeed
No Exchange
There Ain't Shit on T.V. Tonight
This Ain't No Picnic
Spillage
Untitled Song for Latin America
Jesus and Tequila
June 16th
Storm in My House
Martin's Story
Doctor Wu (Song was first by Steely Dan)
The World According to Nouns
Love Dance
Three Car Jam

1984 albums
Punk albums
Timothy Zachery Mosley, known professionally as Timbaland, (born March 10, 1972) is an American record producer, rapper, singer, songwriter and record executive. He is from Norfolk, Virginia.

Timbaland owns his own record label, Mosley Music Group, which is under Universal Music Group. Timbaland has also taught and nurtured other record producers like Danja, Polow da Don, Ryan Tedder and Jim Beanz.

Discography
Studio albums
Tim's Bio: Life from da Bassment (1998)
Shock Value (2007)
Shock Value II (2009)

Singles

Solo

As featured performer

References

Other websites
Official site
Mosley Music Group site 

African American musicians
African-American rappers
African-American singers
American record producers
American crime victims
American dance musicians
Rappers from Virginia
American R&B musicians
American hip hop musicians
People from Virginia Beach, Virginia
Singers from Virginia
1972 births
Living people
Pop rappers
The Melvins are an American rock band. They are from the city of Aberdeen, Washington. The only members who have been in the band for a long time are Buzz "King Buzzo" Osborne who plays guitar and Dale Crover who plays drums. Coady Willis who plays drums (in addition to Dale) and Jared Warren who plays bass guitar are also currently in the band. A variety of terms have been used to describe their style of music, including 'sludge metal', 'grunge', and 'stoner rock'.

Buzz Osborne started Melvins in early 1983.

References

1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American rock bands
American heavy metal bands
Grunge bands
Musical groups from Washington (state)
Musical groups established in 1983
1983 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in Washington (state)
Events 
 March 16 - Edward, the Black Prince is crowned Duke of Cornwall.
 The Hundred Years' War (c. 1337–1453) begins between France and England.
 Philip VI of France confiscates Aquitaine.

Births 
 Louis II, Duke of Bourbon (d. 1410)

Deaths 
 January 8 - Giotto di Bondone, Italian Painter (b. 1267)
 June 7 - William III, Count of Hainaut
 June 25 - Frederick III of Sicily (b. 1272)
 date unknown
 Mansa Musa, 14th century King of the Malinese Empire

Also see :Category:1337 deaths .

Other websites 
 Prime Curios
A birth name is the family name someone has when he or she is born, or at least from the time he or she is a child. This term can be used by a man or a woman who changes a name later in life for any reason.

A maiden name is the family name—usually the birth name—a woman has before she marries.

A married name is the family name taken by a married person at the time of the marriage. The most common example is when a woman takes the family name of her spouse at the time of marriage. But sometimes a man changes his name at marriage. Also, sometimes both people change their names, such as to a hyphenated or other mixed name.

Sometimes the words "né" (for a man) or "née" (for a woman) are used to show a birth name or maiden name. These words mean "born", and are borrowedv.2 from French.

Names
Stalker has several different meanings:
A person who stalks
The name of a novel by Boris and Arkady Strugatsky. The novel was called Roadside Picnic and was written in 1972.
A short story based on the novel, called Stalker
A 1979 movie by Andrei Tarkovsky, called Stalker based on the novel Roadside Picnic
S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl, a computer game
Tom Whedon is an American television writer. He has written for many series, for example, Benson, Alice and The Golden Girls. Whedon also wrote for the children's series The Electric Company.

He is the father of Deadwood script writer Zack Whedon. Whedon is also the father of writer/producer/director Joss Whedon, the creator of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, and Firefly.

Other websites 
 

American screenwriters
1932 births
2016 deaths
People from New York City
Television producers
Zack Whedon (born August 14, 1979) is an American television writer. He graduated from Wesleyan University in 2002 with a movie degree. Whedon has written for the HBO series Deadwood. He is the son of writer Tom Whedon and the brother of writer-producer-director Joss Whedon.
Whedon has also done work on his brother's series Angel as well as collaborated with his brother on the internet only serial Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog.

He was a writer for the J.J. Abrams show Fringe.

References

Other websites

American screenwriters
Living people
1979 births
Langnau im Emmental ('Langnau in the Emmental') is a small village in the Emmental, in the canton of Bern. It is by the river Ilfis between the cities of Bern and Luzern. It has a population of about 8800 people. Most of the people of the village work in the building trades.

Langnau has an Ice hockey Club, called the SCL Tigers. They have their home stadium in Langnau.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Langnau 

Municipalities in Emmental
Muri bei Bern is a township in Switzerland near Bern. In December 2005, it had a population of 12458 people. The township Muri is two small towns: Muri and Gümligen

History
Muri has been populated since the time of the Romans, but it has only had the name Muri since 1180. It started as a little township with a little castle and some farmhouses. Between the 13th and 15th century it became a very rich township.

Places of interest
The Aare flows through Muri
The castle of Muri
The Villa Mettlen (a villa that is build from a rich man and now it is a music school)
The church Muri
The Auguetbrücke (an old bridge over the Aare)

Geography
In Muri it has two big woods; The Hüendli-Wald and the Dentenberg-Wald. Around the Aare it has also a little woods. All together it has 150 hectares of woods, 190 hectares of grassland and 339 hectares of building land. Also Muri has a total area of 760 hectares.

References

Other websites 

Official site

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Bern-Mittelland
is a video game in The Legend of Zelda group of games. The game is both for the Nintendo GameCube and for the Wii. The game is played like most of the past Zelda games, but in this game a player can also change into a wolf using the magic power of Midna, a Twili who helps the player defeat Zant, a crazy Twili under the influence of Ganondorf, who he believed to be a dark god. The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess was liked by many people and sold more than a million copies and Twilight Princess is the best Zelda game music wise because it offers various in game theme tunes that play when exploring different areas as to create the difference in ambience between the many landscapes. Players still get the Master Sword like in many other Zelda games. The Official Nintendo Magazine said it was the 16th best Nintendo game of all time.  A remake for the Wii U was released in March 2016 known as The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD.

References
References

2006 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Twilight Princess
Wii games
is the first video game in The Legend of Zelda series of games. The game was made by a Japanese man named Shigeru Miyamoto. It was sold to stores by Nintendo in 1986. The game was sold to be played on the Nintendo Entertainment System. In the game the player plays as a hero named Link. Link must save Princess Zelda from a powerful person named Ganon. It was the first game to let the player continue where they last played the game after they had turned the game off. The game also let the player go wherever they wanted to go at any time in the game's world. The game was very popular. Many more Zelda games were made because of it.

It was also included in The Legend of Zelda: Collectors Edition

Related pages
Legend of Zelda

References

Notes

1986 video games
The Legend of Zelda games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Virtual Console games for Wii U
The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, known in Japan as  is the tenth game in The Legend of Zelda group of games. It was made for the Nintendo GameCube and was sold in stores in the year 2002 in Japan and the year 2003 in America. The game takes place on a big ocean with a few small islands that the player can sail to on a boat. The game is similar to The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. The game is the first Cel-shaded Legend of Zelda game, which means the game looks like a cartoon. The game's story takes place hundreds of years after The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time in the adult timeline, as opposed to Twilight Princess which takes place in the child timeline and the story also continues with the wind wakers sequels, The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass and The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks, both released for the Nintendo DS in 2007 and 2009, respectively.

A 20-minute demo was available in The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition.
On January 23, 2013, Nintendo announced a high definition remake of the game for the Wii U called The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker HD. It was released in North America on September 20, 2013, in Japan on September 26, 2013, in Europe on October 4, 2013, and in Australia on October 5, 2013. It includes an updated art style and Miiverse support.

References

2003 video games
2013 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Wii U games
Wind Waker