Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
There are other explanations for why pygmies are so short. Some explanations are: 
 there is less food in the rainforest
 there is less calcium in the soil, so the food has less calcium
 it is easier for smaller people to move in thick jungle
 it is an adaptation to heat and humidity
Some research shows that the genes for the growth hormone receptor and growth hormone are found much less in pygmies than in related tribes. These genes are important for humans to grow tall.

Africa

Pygmies can be found in Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia. Most of these groups are partly hunter-gatherers. They get food from the environment and trade it with nearby farmers. From the farmers they get crops and tools. There are about 250,000-600,000 Pygmies living in the Congo rainforest.
Groups
There are a number of Pygmy groups living in Africa. The three best-known groups are the Mbenga, Mbuti, and Twa groups. Each big group includes several tribes that have their own language.

The Mbenga people, sometimes called the Ba-Mbenga, live in the western Congo basin. The Mbenga include the Aka people, who speak the Aka language. The Aka live in the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo. The M-Benzélé people, or "western Aka", and the Ba-Sese people, "eastern Aka", are also related.

Other Mbenga pygmies are the Baka people of Cameroon, Gabon, and Republic of Congo. They speak three very similar languages: Baka language, Ganzi language, and Gundi language. Another group of Mbenga pygmies are the Gyele people. The Gyele live in Cameroon and speak Gyele language.
The Mbuti people, sometimes called the Bambuti, live in the Ituri rainforest in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. They include the Efé people, Asua people,  and the Kango people. The Efé speak the Efé language. The Asua speak the Asoa language. The Kango speak the Kango language.

The Twa people, or Ba-Twa, live in Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda. The Twa speak Kirundi and Kinyarwanda.

References

Other websites 

African Pygmies Culture, music and photos from the Central African rain forest

Ethnic groups in Africa
In Sanskrit, Itihasa means history. For Hindus, an Itihasa is a story that tells about what happened in the past in the land of India. Itihasas are usually epic poems. The important itihasas to Hindus are the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Modern excavations and archaeological evidences are slowly beginning to find evidences to prove these Indian epics as actual history. 

The original meaning of Iithasa had a more precise connotation than the word History. The etymology attested to by Panini's indicates itiha to mean ‘thus indeed, in this tradition’ . 
One of the earliest references to Itihaasa in the literature of antiquity is in Chanakyas’s Arthashastra. Our investigations lead us to believe that the Mauryan empire for which he was the preceptor began in 1534 BCE. He defines Itihaasa, in the context of the syllabus prescribed for training of a Prince, with the following words;
पुराणमितिव्रुत्तमाख्यायिकोदाहरणं धर्मशास्त्रं चेतीतिहासः
Puraana (the chronicles of the ancient), Itivrtta (history), Akhyayika (tales), Udaaharana (illustrative stories), Dharmashastra (the canon of Righteous conduct), and Arthashastra (the science of Government) are known by (comprise the corpus of Itihaasah, ) History
Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Book 1, Chapter 5
Thus, History in this definition takes on the meaning more akin to the sense of Historiography and is perhaps even more eclectic and appears to indicate a superset of political science and History as we use them today. We feel vindicated therefore in calling our forthcoming conference a conference on Indian History ( http://www.india-forum.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=2088), since we seem to ascribe the same broad meaning that Kautilya did 3 millennia ago.
The quintessential quote is that of Kalhana in the Rajatarangini,12th century CE (1147 to 1149 CE) who is regarded as a modern in Indian parlance
धर्मार्थ काममोक्षाणामुपदेश समान्वितं ।
पुरावृत्तं कथायुत्तरूपमितिहासं प्रचक्षते ।।
“Dharmaartha-kaama-moskshanaam upadesa-samanvitam | 
Puraa-vrttam, kathaa-yuttarupam Itihaasah prachakshate ||”
History will be the narration of events as they happened, in the form of a story, which will be an advice to the reader to be followed in life, to gain the purusaarthas namely Kama the satiation of desires through Artha the tool, by following the path of Dharma the human code of conduct to gain Moksha or liberation. 
Clearly there is an emphasis on the traditions and on the utilitarian aspect of History, embedded in the etymology of Itihaasa. The reason we draw emphasis to the ambiguity in the use of the word History is that, in our usage, while we adhere to the broader usage of the word History, it makes for clarity in usage if the Civilizational aspects are distinguished into distinct categories

References 

Hinduism
Hindu texts
Bhakti yoga is a Hindu spiritual practice.  People constantly pray to, and think about, a form of a Hindu god, usually Vishnu.
Bhakti is a Sanskrit term. It signifies an attitude of devotion to God. The relation between man and God is imagined as a beloved-lover, friend-friend, parent-child, and master-servant. The Bhakta worships his chosen God by any of these mentalities.

The Bhagavata Purana teaches nine primary forms of bhakti. They are:
 śravaṇa ("listening" to the scriptural stories of  and his companions)
 kīrtana ("praising," usually refers to ecstatic group singing)
 smaraṇa ("remembering" or fixing the mind on Viṣṇu)
 pāda-sevana (giving service)
 arcana (worshiping an image)
 vandana (paying homage)
 dāsya (behaving like a servant)
 sākhya (friendship)
 ātma-nivedana (complete surrender of the self)

Hinduism
The International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) is a newer religious movement based on the original Vedic culture of ancient India. It is also known as 'the Hare Krishna' movement.  It was founded in 1966 in New York City by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada. The organization's core beliefs are based on three scriptures, Bhagavad Gita, Srimad Bhagavatam and the Caitanya-caritamrita.

1966 establishments in the United States
1960s establishments in New York (state)
Hinduism
New religious movements
The religious movement can be found at International Society for Krishna Consciousness.

Hare Krishna is a mantra. It is also known as Maha Mantra. The mantra was made well known even outside Hinduism by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness. The mantra can be found in many Hinduist traditions in India. Those who believe in it think that when the mantra is heard, spoken, used for meditation or sung this can lead to a higher state of consciousness. According to Gaudiya Vaishnava theology, this higher consciousness takes the form of pure love of God (Krishna). The mantra is contained in the texts of Hinduism known as the Upanishads, which are considered by some scholars to have roots in the Vedic past.

References 

Hinduism
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, also known as Srila Prabhupada (September 1, 1896–November 14, 1977) was the person who created the ISKCON movement.

1896 births
1977 deaths
Hindu gurus
In the Sanskrit language, purana means story of ancient times. For Hindus, a purana is a scripture that tells what happened in ancient times. Puranas tell about history, ancient Indian traditions, and what Hindus believe. It is basically in Sanskrit and Tamil languages.

List of Puranas

Mahapuranas 

Mahapurana means Great Story of Ancient Times in Sanskrit.
Agni (15,400 verses) 	 	
 Bhagavata (18,000 verses)
 Bhavishya (14,500 verses)
 Brahma (24,000 verses)
 Brahmanda (12,000 verses; includes Lalita Sahasranamam, a text some Hindus recite as prayer)
 Brahmavaivarta (18,000 verses)
 Devi Bhagavata (18,000 verses)
 Garuda (19,000 verses)
 Harivamsa (16,000 verses; more often considered itihāsa)
 Kurma (17,000 verses)
 Linga (11,000 verses)
 Markandeya (9,000 verses; includes Devi Mahatmyam, an important text for Shaktas)
 Matsya (14,000 verses)
 Narada (25,000 verses)
 Padma (55,000 verses)
 Shiva (24,000 verses)
 Skanda (81,100 verses)
 Vamana (10,000 verses)
 Varaha (10,000 verses)
 Vayu (24,000 verses)
 Vishnu (23,000 verses)

Hinduism
Hindu texts
Patti LaBelle (born Patricia Louise Holte on May 24, 1944) is an American R&B and Soul singer. She is known for her high vocal belting (using the chest to make high pitch sounds). She is known for such songs as "New Attitude" and "On My Own".

She was the lead singer of Patty La Belle and the Bluebells during the 1960s and 70s. Later the group was known as simply "Labell". In this later group the style was more laid back, singing hits like The Rolling Stones' Wild Horses.

Singers from Philadelphia
1944 births
Living people
Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 – February 11, 2012) was an American singer and actress. Referred to as "The Voice", she is regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of all time and often ranked as the greatest singer of all time. Houston is the most awarded female artist of all time and among the best-selling recording artists of all time, with sales of over 250 million records worldwide.

Her first two studio albums, Whitney Houston (1985) and Whitney (1987), both peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 and are among the best-selling albums of all time. She is the only artist to have seven consecutive number-one singles on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, from "Saving All My Love for You" in 1985 to "Where Do Broken Hearts Go" in 1988.
Houston made her acting debut with the romantic thriller movie The Bodyguard (1992). She recorded six songs for the movie's soundtrack, including "I Will Always Love You", which won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling physical single by a female in music history. It won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and remains the best-selling soundtrack album of all time. Houston starred and recorded soundtracks for two other high-profile movies, Waiting to Exhale (1995) and The Preacher's Wife (1996). The latter's soundtrack became the best-selling gospel album of all time.

On February 11, 2012, Houston was found dead at the Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California. News of her death coincided with the 2012 Grammy Awards and was featured prominently in international media. Houston was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2020.
Early years
Whitney Elizabeth Houston was born at Newark Beth Israel Medical Center in Newark, New Jersey. She was the second child of Army serviceman and entertainment executive John Russell Houston, Jr. and gospel singer Cissy Houston.  Dionne and Dee Dee Warwick are her cousins.

Whitney began singing at a young age in gospel music at church, being influenced by her mother. She was described as having an impressive ranging spinto soprano voice. In 1983, she was discovered by an Arista Records representative and signed to the label.
Houston released her first album, Whitney Houston, in 1985.  It featured the number-one singles "Saving All My Love for You", "Greatest Love of All", and "How Will I Know".  Her second album, Whitney, was released in 1987 and featured the number-one hits "I Wanna Dance with Somebody" and "So Emotional".  In 1990, her album I'm Your Baby Tonight was released, and the song of the same name also reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, as did the single "All the Man That I Need".  She sang the National Anthem at the 1991 Super Bowl and earned widespread praise for the performance.  She starred in the film The Bodyguard in 1992 and performed several songs on its soundtrack, one of which was a cover of country singer-songwriter Dolly Parton's song, "I Will Always Love You".  The song became Houston's biggest hit of her career and reached number one in countries around the world
.  Houston sat throughout much of the music video for "I Will Always Love You" because she was pregnant with her daughter, Bobbi Kristina Brown.  "I Will Always Love You" became the bestselling song by a female artist, with the soundtrack for The Bodyguard becoming the bestselling film soundtrack ever. She performed with singer-songwriter Mariah Carey on the song "When You Believe" for the film The Prince of Egypt.
Houston released albums My Love Is Your Love, Just Whitney..., and I Look to You in 1998, 2002, and 2009, respectively.  She also appeared in the film Sparkle alongside singer Jordin Sparks.

Whitney Houston has earned six Grammy Awards and seven number-one songs in a row on the Billboard Hot 100.  She had a total of 11 Billboard Hot 100 number-ones, placing her in fourth place for women behind Mariah Carey (18 number-ones), Rihanna (14), and Madonna and The Supremes (12 each).  She is the most-awarded female artist of all time.

Whitney Houston has also been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2020.

Marriage 
Houston married Bobby Brown in 1992. In 1993, they had a daughter, Bobbi Kristina Brown. In a 2009 interview, Houston indicated the marriage was both passionate and turbulent. Their marital relationship was marred by drug use and by Brown's professional jealousy, psychological abuse, and physical confrontations. The couple divorced in 2007.
Death
On the night of February 11, 2012, at the age of 48, Houston was found dead in her guest room at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California. The official coroner's report stated that she had accidentally drowned in the bath. Atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use were listed as contributing factors. Her funeral was televised.

References

Other websites 
 Official website
1963 births
2012 deaths
20th-century American actors
20th-century American singers
21st-century American actors
21st-century American singers
Accidental deaths in California
Actors from New Jersey
African American actors
African American movie producers
African-American singers
American Christians
American contemporary R&B singers
American movie producers
American pop singers
American record producers
American R&B singers
American Baptists
Brit Award winners
Deaths by drowning
Deaths from coronary artery disease
Drug-related deaths in the United States
Dutch people
Models from New Jersey
Movie producers from New Jersey
Grammy Award winners
Humanitarians
People from East Orange, New Jersey
Musicians from Newark, New Jersey
Native American actors
Native American singers
Participants in American reality television series
People from Newark, New Jersey
Philanthropists from New Jersey
Singers from New Jersey
World record holders
Kami (神) is a Japanese word for any of several gods, spirits, or the God of Abrahamic religions.

Kami may also mean
The word may also mean charisma, omniscience, miracle, or any other quality that might remind one of the holy.  For example, Kamikaze means "divine wind".
Kami is a HIV positive puppet in Takalani Sesame.
Kami is a character in Dragon Ball, a manga.
Kami was the drummer of the Japanese band Malice Mizer.
Folklore is part of the culture of a group of people. It may include stories, music, dance, legends, oral history, proverbs, jokes, and popular beliefs. This also includes the oral traditions of that culture. The academic study of folklore is sometimes called folkloristics. Folkloristics is often ethnographic.

Little Red Riding Hood is a famous folktale in European culture.

References 

Folklore
Inari may mean:

 Inari, Finland, a municipality in Finland
 Lake Inari in Finland
 Inari Sami, one of the Sami languages
 Inari (mythology), a Shinto god
 Inari-zushi, a kind of sushi
Oni may refer to:
Oni, Georgia, a town in the Republic of Georgia
Oni (folklore) (鬼), the demons and ogres of Japanese folklore
Oni (video game), a third-person shooter video game made by Bungie Studios
Oni Sakti, professional artist, once known as Atticus Ross
Oni (novel), a work of fiction by author Marc Olden, about a Russian/Japanese terrorist.

ONI may stand for:
The Office of Naval Intelligence, the United States Navy's service intelligence center
The National Olympiad of Informatics (Olimpiada Naţională de Informatică), the most important Romanian informatics competition
Kappa (uppercase/lowercase Κ κ) is the letter of the Greek alphabet used to represent the "k" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 20. Letters that came from it include the Roman K and Cyrillic К.

The letter κ always stands for the sound "k" in Greek. It is customary to transliterate (re-write) κ as "c" in English, but this is somewhat problematic since c is pronounced as "s" before e, i and y (which does not happen in Greek).

In mathematics, the lowercase  is used to represent the curvature of a curve, while the uppercase Κ is used to represent an ordinal number which is also a cardinal number.

Related pages 

 Thermal conductivity, represented by

References 

Greek alphabet
Kappa may be:

 Kappa, a letter of the Greek alphabet
 Kappa (folklore), a Japanese river imp
 Kappa (rocket)
 Kappa Publishing Group
 Kappa, Illinois
 Kappa particle, a feature of some Paramecium aurelia

Kappa may be short for:

 Kappa Alpha Psi
 Kappa Kappa Gamma
 Kappa Kappa Kappa
 Kappa Phi Lambda
Văn Cao (born Nguyễn Văn Cao; 15 November 1923 – 10 July 1995) was a famous Vietnamese composer.  He wrote the Vietnamese national anthem, "". He, along with Pham Duy and Trinh Cong Son, is widely considered one of the three most important people in modern (non-classical) Vietnamese music.

Vietnamese composers
20th-century composers
1923 births
1995 deaths
Kojiki or Furukotofumi (), also called in English the Records of Ancient Matters, is the oldest book known in Japan. It was written 712 CE, and dedicated to Empress Gemmei. The Kojiki is a book about Japanese mythology (Shinto), legends, songs, genealogies, oral traditions, and semi-historical accounts down to 641 BCE. The book mixes the legends of first emperor of Japan and several others with stories about the gods. Therefore, it is difficult to know which parts of the Kojiki are real and which parts are legend. According to legend, all the emperors of Japan are descended from Amaterasu, the sun goddess.

The Kojiki is written in Chinese, but the way the Japanese wrote it is by using the pronunciation of the Chinese characters and not the meanings of them.  In other words, a person who can read Chinese will not be able to read the Kojiki unless they also know how to speak Japanese. It includes many Japanese names and some phrases.

Sections
The Kojiki is divided into three parts: the , the  and the .
The Kamitsumaki, also known as the , includes the preface of the Kojiki. It is about the first gods in the mythology of Japan, Izanagi and Izanami. These are the gods who created the world. This volume also tells of the births of various gods of the kamiyo period, or Age of the Gods. The Kamitsumaki also describes the legends about the creation of Japan. It describes how Ninigi-no-Mikoto, grandson of Amaterasu, came down from heaven to Kyūshū and became the ancestor of the Japanese royal line. According to this legend, he is considered the great-grandfather of Emperor Jimmu.
The Nakatsumaki begins with the story of Jimmu, the first Emperor, and how he conquered Japan. The volume ends with the 15th emperor, Ōjin. Not much is written about the reigns of the second through the ninth emperors; only their names and the names of their various descendants are mentioned, as well as a few other details. There is no mention of their achievements. Many of the stories in this volume are mythological, and there is no evidence to suggest that they are historically accurate. Recent studies support the opinion that these emperors were invented to push Jimmu's reign further back to the year 660 BC.

The Shimotsumaki recounts the 16th to the 33rd emperors. Unlike the other two volumes, this one does not contain many references to the gods. Interactions between the human world and the gods are very prominent in the first and second volumes, but not in this volume. Information about the 24th to the 33rd emperors is largely missing as well.

Related pages 
 Nihon Odai Ichiran
 Nihon Shoki
References

Other websites 

 The Internet Sacred Text Archive - An online version of Basil Hall Chamberlain's translation of Kojiki (1919).

8th century in Japan
Japanese mythology
Shinto
8th-century books
712
There are mainly six branches of Hindu Philosophy. These six schools of philosophy have been the result of ancient Indian thought and usually termed as "Sad Darsana". These are:
Samkhya
Yoga
Vaiseshika
Nyaya
Purva Mimamsa
Vedanta

Among the above six schools of Hindu Philosophy, Vedanta is by far very popular. The Vedanta accepts the authority of the knowledge portions of the Vedas, called Upanishads.

Hinduism
In the Sanskrit language, guru means teacher. Eastern religions, such as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism and newer movements such as Transcendental Meditation use guru as a title. They give it to a teacher (or guide) of religious matters. 

In Western usage, any person who has followers may be called a guru, even if he is followed for things other than religion or philosophy. A person with knowledge or expertise may be called a guru if he influences by personal teaching. Modern terms which have a rather similar meaning are mentor and tutor.
Satguru 
Many Hindus have a satguru as well.The word "guru" means the one who removes the darkness from our heart. Satguru means true guru or true teacher. The title means that his students know that the guru can be trusted and will lead them to enlightenment. A satguru is a great soul who has realized God and is able to lead others along the path. God shines out from the satguru more brightly than from other people because he is very pure and enlightened. The satguru is devoted full time to religious life, is unmarried and has given up all possessions, personal life, family and friends. He has received an initiation from his satguru that gives him great spiritual power and authority. He can teach parents how to raise children, adults how to avoid problems and overcome any challenge in life, and in general he can make people feel close to God.

Examples of gurus 
Lao Zi
Chuang Tzu
Dalai Lama
Gurdjieff
Krishnamurti
Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
Deepak Chopra

References
References 

Hinduism
Jainism
Buddhism
Sikhism
Spiritual teachers
Religious leaders
Moksha is the ultimate goal of personal spiritual development for some schools of Hinduism.  It is the equivalent of Nirvana in Buddhism.  In the Sanskrit language, "moksha" means freedom.  It is as a state of eternal bliss and emptiness.  According to Vedanta life is an endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth into a physical universe.   Hindu scriptures describe Moksha as the spiritual liberation from this cycle and the achievement of an eternal and blissful emptiness that transcends all of the joys, pain, and sorrow of the physical body or corporeal life. It is the goal of Hindu practitioners to achieve Moksha (freedom/liberation from the material world) through the practice of Yoga viz Jnana Yoga(knowledge), Karma Yoga(work), and Bhakti Yoga (through reciting prayers and worshipping God).
Moksha is a Vedic term. Scholars disagree about the precise relationship between the Moksha of Vedanta Hinduism and the Nirvana of Buddhism, but there is agreement that they are closely related historically and philosophically.  Similarities can be found between Moksha and some concepts found in the Upanishads.  Hindu texts explain the Moksha as Sat-Chit-Anand [True blissness of soul by separating the soul from the physical body by practising Dhyan and Yoga ].  Moksha originates from the Sanskrit word, moksa.

In short, moksha symbolizes something which is beyond comprehension; too great and too wondrous to be truly understood, it can only be felt when one attains it. The world is truly a beautiful place, but the greatness that lies within is even more so, since the power of the greatness is completely unknown. 
After all, isn't that what beauty is; appreciation of the unknown!
For a more comprehensive explanation of this topic read the books:
 1. The complete works of Swami Vivekananda
 2.Philosophia Ultima(commentaries on Mandukyopanishad) by Osho
 3.Vedanta: Seven steps to Samadhi by Osho (Osho is the author of more than 650 books, his discourses are free to download on on<http://oshoworld.com>)

Moksha is the ultimate goal of a person to get liberated from the cycle of birth and death

Related pages 
Bhagavad Gita

Hinduism
Brahmin - priests and scholars
 Kshatriya - warriors and kings
 Vaishya - merchants and landowners 
 Shudra - peasants and labourers
 Untouchables or Dalits - came much later after the other four groups and consisted of people who did jobs considered ritually polluting. This included sweeping ashes after cremations or ridding of animal waste or skinning animals such as cows.
Brahmin is one of the part of four varnas in Hinduism. Brahmins are the highest and most respected among people. In ancient India people who read the complete Upanishad Brahmanak were called Brahmins

Caste system 
The caste system classified people by jobs.  The people in this caste were mostly priests and dramatists in the Aryan society.  The Brahmins arranged prayers and rituals.  Parashurama was one of the well known Brahmin by birth, but throughout his life, he was a warrior whose job was to protect Dharma.  Parshurama is also Creator Father of Bhumihar Brahman and Bhumihar Thakur, Bhumihar's are also known as Parashurama Brahman & Bramhkshatriya.  Most Brahmins practice vegetarianism. An old tradition is that Brahmin Men pulled there foreskin back since childhood, with an Glansring, because of became clean in this part
Some Mohyal Brahmins migrated eastward and became as some sub-divisions of Bhumihar Brahmins, some of whom are also descendants of Hussaini Brahmins and mourn the death of Imam Hussain.[7] Bhumihar Brahmins and Tyagi/ Mohyal Brahmins have an affinity and brotherhood for each other. The  Bhumihar Brahmins, of whom many, though not all, belong to the Saryupareen Brahmin division of Kanyakubja Brahmins.In Kerala Ezhavathy is also a Mohyal community.[8]

The Brahmins of Vedic Period 

The Brahmanas of the Vedic period were regarded as the most knowledgeable people and the best of best in all arts. Therefore, not all Hindus worship other Gods.

The sub-groups 

In Tamil Nadu, The Iyers and Iyengars are well known Brahmin communities. Iyers are mostly worshippers of Shiva and the Iyengars are Vaishnavites.

References

Castes
Kshatriya is a division of the caste system in Hinduism. A kshatriya is a warrior, ruler, politician, or administrative worker.

There are 3 lineages of Kshatriyas:-
 Suryavanshi (Solar Dynasty)
 Chandravanshi (Lunar Dynasty)
 Agnivanshi (Fire Dynasty)

However, there is one more lineage (not mentioned in any Puranas) - Nagavanshi (snake-born), who claims descent from the Nagas.

Kshatriya
Vaishya is a division of the caste system.  A vaishya is a trader, merchant or artisan.

Castes
Shudra is a division of the caste system. A shudra is considered a servant or peasant. Shudra and Ati-shudra indicates the bottom most ranks in the Indian caste system.  

Mahatma Jyotirao Phule set out the history of shudra-ati-shudra communities in his book Gulamgiri. He drew the attention to the exploitation of Shudras, Ati-shudras, and women etc. At this time, most prefer not even to touch such castes.

References 

Castes
In Hinduism, Jnana Yoga is the yoga or practice of knowledge. Jyâna in Sanskrit means "knowledge".

In the Bhagavad Gita Krishna says that jyâna consists of properly understanding kshetra (the field of activity—that is, the body) and kshetra-jna (the knower of the body—that is, the soul). Krishna emphasizes one must understand the difference between these two. "Those who see with eyes of knowledge the difference between the body and the knower of the body, and can also understand the process of liberation from bondage in material nature, attain to the supreme goal."

Hinduism
The Atharva Veda (Atharvaveda) is the fourth Veda, one of the Hindu scriptures. There are a number of Upanishads in this Veda. Ganapathy, Narayana, Devi, Atharva Siropanishaths are part of Atharva Veda. Bhavanopanisath is also in Atharva Veda.  Sankaracharya established Joshimath in Kedarnath one of the four popal centres of Hinduism to flourish The Atharva Veda.

Hinduism
Vedas
The London Borough of Tower Hamlets is a London Borough a bit east of the City of London and north of the River Thames.

Victoria Park is one of the most important parks. It has a canal running through it and lots people like to walk their dogs.
Uriah Heep are an English hard rock band. They formed in December 1969.

Studio albums 
 ...Very 'Eavy ...Very 'Umble (1970)
 Salisbury (1971)
 Look at Yourself (1971)
 Demons and Wizards (1972)
 The Magician's Birthday (1972)
 Sweet Freedom (1973)
 Wonderworld (1974)
 Return to Fantasy (1975)
 High and Mighty (1976)
 Firefly (1977)
 Innocent Victim (1977)
 Fallen Angel (1978)
 Conquest (1980)
 Abominog (1982)
 Head First (1983)
 Equator (1985)
 Raging Silence (1989)
 Different World (1991)
 Sea of Light (1995)
 Sonic Origami (1998)
 Wake the Sleeper (2008)
 Into the Wild (2011)
 Outsider (2014)
 Living the Dream (2018)
 Chaos & Colour (2023)

Other websites 
The official Uriah Heep website

English hard rock bands
English heavy metal bands
Musical groups from London
An electronic book (also called an e-book, ebook or digital book) is a book in digital form. E-books can be read on computers or other electronic devices such as e-book readers. E-book readers, such as the Amazon Kindle, the Kobo eReader and the Barnes and Noble Nook are devices which are dedicated to showing e-books.

History

The first e-book might have been the Index Thonisticus, prepared by Roberto Busa in the late 1940s. However, this is sometimes not called an ebook because the digital text was (at least at first) meant to develop an index and concordance, rather than as a published edition in its own rights.

Despite the extensive earlier history, it is commonly reported that the inventor of the e-book is Michael S. Hart. In 1971, Hart was given extensive computer time by the operators of the Xerox Sigma V mainframe at the University of Illinois. Seeking a worthy use of this resource, he created his first electronic document by typing the United States Declaration of Independence into a computer.
One early e-book was the desktop prototype for a proposed notebook computer, the Dynabook, in the 1970s at PARC: a general-purpose portable personal computer capable of displaying books for reading.

In 1992, Sony launched the Data Discman, an electronic book reader that could read e-books that were stored on CDs. One of the electronic publications that could be played on the Data Discman was called The Library of the Future.

Early e-books were generally written for specialty areas and a limited audience, meant to be read only by small and devoted interest groups. The scope of the subject matter of these e-books included technical manuals for hardware, manufacturing techniques and other subjects. In the 1990s, the general availability of the Internet made transferring electronic files much easier, including e-books.

The current eBook standard is the EPUB file. There are other proprietary formats like .MOBI, AZW, IBA and PDF.
Advantages
 E-books are searchable. You can easily search for any information in an e-book, instead of turning page after page.
 When you need certain information, you can get it immediately, by downloading an e-book.
 No trees are required to manufacture paper for the pages of ebooks.
 E-books can show links, for easy access to more information and related websites.
 E-books take up less space.  You don't need a library or a room to store them. You can store hundreds and thousands of e-books on your computer.
 No prime cost of paper and transportation.
 Functional and convenient: it combines with much other software, make itself more functional and convenient.
 Easy for authors or publishers to revise or update the books.
 Individualization：different backgrounds, front covers, back covers etc., according to people's needs.
 Self publishing: Any one can write books and let people read them through Internet without publishing to a paper book.
Disadvantages
 eBooks aren’t good for your eyes and you will feel tired after you look at the screen for a long time. 
 eBook readers require power.  If there is a power outage and the batteries die, the user will not be able to access the book.  
 e-readers have plastics and heavy metals, this is not good for the environment and is worse than paper.
 People can't get the special feeling that they can feel when they read a paper book.
 eBooks are often tied to a digital rights management platform that only offers a license to access the eBook and not direct ownership. Compatible e-readers or sharing of an ebook are disabled or are tightly controlled.
 As sales of paper books decline, local bookshops lose business. Some bookstores leverage their reputation in the community to sell ebooks on their own using platforms like Papertrell

References

Other websites

E-books "E-books copy editing" 
https://wiki.mobileread.com/wiki/Main_Page
The Church-Turing thesis (also known as Church's thesis, Church's conjecture and Turing's thesis) is a statement about computers. It says that a very simple kind of computer now named a “Turing machine” is able to compute all computable functions. The Church-Turing thesis is linked to Gödel's incompleteness theorems. 
When a programming language is able to do what a Turing machine can do, that language is called Turing complete. If a problem is solvable in one such language, then it is solvable in all of those. 

Theoretical computer science

lt:Tiuringo mašina#Tiuringo tezė
The London Borough of Brent is a London borough in north-west London and is part of Greater London. It is known for landmarks such as Wembley Stadium, the Neasden Temple and the Kiln Theatre. It also contains the Welsh Harp reservoir and the Park Royal commercial estate. The local authority is Brent London Borough Council.

Brent's population is estimated to be 339,800. Major areas are Kilburn, Willesden, Wembley, and Harlesden. Stonebridge, Kingsbury, Kensal Green, Neasden, and Kenton being the smaller areas.

References
Tamamo-no-Mae (玉藻前) is a legendary figure in Japanese mythology and folklore. In the Otogizoshi, a collection of Japanese prose written in the Muromachi period, Tamamo-no-Mae was a courtesan under the Japanese Emperor Konoe.  She was said to be the most beautiful and intelligent woman in Japan.  Tamamo-no-Mae's body mysteriously always smelled wonderful, and her clothes never became dirty.  Tamamo-no-Mae was not only beautiful, but she was very wise in all subjects.  Although she appeared to be only twenty years old, there was no question that she could not answer.  She answered every question posed to her, whether about music, religion, or astronomy.  Because of her beauty and intelligence, everyone in the Imperial Court adored her, and Emperor Konoe fell deeply in love with her.
After some time had passed, the Emperor suddenly and mysteriously fell ill.  He went to many priests and fortune-tellers for answers, but they had none to offer.  Finally, an astrologer told the Emperor that Tamamo-no-Mae was the cause of his illness.  The astrologer explained that the beautiful young woman was in fact an evil fox with nine tails (kitsune), who was making the Emperor ill in a evil plan to take the throne.  Following this, Tamamo-no-Mae disappeared from the court.

The Emperor ordered Kazusa-no-suke and Miura-no-suke, the most powerful warriors of the day, to hunt and kill the fox.  After escaping from the hunters for some time, the fox appeared to Miura-no-suke in a dream.  Once again in the form of the beautiful Tamamo-no-Mae, the fox told Miura-nosuke would kill it the next day, and begged for its life.  Miura-no-suke refused.
Early the next day, the hunters found the fox on the Plain of Nasu, and Miura-no-suke shot and killed the magical creature with an arrow.  The body of the fox became the Sessho-seki, or Killing Stone, which kills anyone that comes in contact with it.  Tamamo-no-Mae's spirit became Hoji and haunted the stone.

Hoji is said to have haunted this stone until a Buddhist priest called Genno stopped for a rest near the stone and was threatened by Hoji.  Genno did a certain spiritual ritual, and begged the spirit to consider her spiritual salvation, until finally Hoji surrendered and swore to never haunt the stone again.

In Matsuo Bashō's famous book, The Narrow Road to the Deep North (Oku no Hosomichi), Bashō tells of visiting the stone.

The stone split on March 5, 2022. While some have humorously said that Tamamo-no-Mae is now free, there is a far more general belief that the split is an omen of impending tragedy.
Tamamo-no-Mae's legend served as base for the noh drama Sesshō-seki ("The Killing Stone") and the kabuki play Tamamo-no-Mae (or The Beautiful Fox Witch).

References

Mailahn, Klaus: Der Fuchs in Glaube und Mythos, Münster 2006, 190-194, 

Japanese folklore
Japanese mythology
The London Borough of Hounslow is a London borough in West London. The western District line and Piccadilly line pass through the Borough. The area was part of Middlesex, and is near to London Heathrow Airport. Through Houslow runs the A4 Great West Road.

The heart of Hounslow is the Treaty Centre, a two-floor shopping paradise with over 10 shops including a Debenhams. There is also a library. The musician M.I.A is from here, and the movie Bend it like Beckham is set in this part of London.

Other websites
Hounslow info
The London Borough of Richmond upon Thames is a London borough in south west London.

References
The London Borough of Waltham Forest is a London borough in east London.

Waltham Forest has urban districts in the south with inner-city characteristics, and richer housing development in the north. The north has reservoirs, open spaces, small sections of Epping Forest, parks, and playing fields, which together cover a fifth (20%) of the borough.
The London Borough of Harrow is a London borough in north west London.

References
Sir John Shakespeare II (c. 1530-September 1601) was an English nobleman, politician, and knight. He was Sir William Shakespeare's father and husband of Mary Arden.

Sir John Shakespeare II was the son of English nobleman Sir Richard Shakespeare I (1490-1561) and Abigail Webb (1493-1565), John II was named after his paternal grandfather the English politician Sir John Shakespeare I (1460-1521), John II great-grandfather was the English politician Sir Thomas Shakespeare (1430-1511).

1530s births
1601 deaths
People from Warwickshire
The Norwegian Elkhound is a type of dog that was bred in Norway, where most of them are found. They are fluffy and are working dogs.

They have been living and working with humans since the stone age and served as a hunter, herder, guard and companion.

A spitz, type with curled tale and pricked ears, the are friendly,playful and also great with kids.They are a great family dog, but needs a large garden and daily walks. They enjoy an active family that will play with them but are more than happy to live a less strenuous life but,they must not be allowed to get lazy because as with all hounds, will put on weight in excess.

Dog breeds
FCI breeds
Kim Dae-jung (January 6, 1924 – August 18, 2009) was a South Korean president. In 2000, he got the Nobel Peace Prize. He is the first person from Korea to get a Nobel prize. A Roman Catholic since 1957, he has been called the "Nelson Mandela" of Asia   Kim Dae Jung was the President (succeeding Kim Young-sam) from 1998 to 2003. He was born in Haui-do, South Jeolla Province, an island off the South Korean Coast in 1924.

Kim died on August 18, 2009 at a hospital in Seoul from cardiac arrest caused by multiple organ failure and pneumonia, aged 85.

Related pages 
 List of Nobel Prize winners by country

References

Other websites 
 Official Nobel page for Kim 
 Kim Dae-jung Presidential Library
 BBC article on his legacy

1924 births
Presidents of South Korea
Roman Catholics
Deaths from multiple organ failure
2009 deaths
Deaths from cardiac arrest
Deaths from pneumonia
The Game of Life is an imaginary robot game (cellular automaton) made by the British mathematician John Horton Conway in 1970.

The reason it is called a game is because people who play the game can set it up in different ways to make it do different things. Sometimes people play the game by changing the way the imaginary robot is set up at the start to watch what happens. The Game of Life is a zero-player game because it changes without anybody playing (after the starting position is chosen). A different type of game lets two players set up imaginary robots to see which one is better.

Rules 
The game is played on a grid of squares called cells, each cell is black (alive) or white (dead). When people are playing the game, they start by making some dead cells alive. Then the alive cells can make other cells alive or dead because of the rules of the game. The rules are:
Any alive cell that is touching less than two alive neighbours dies.
 Any alive cell touching four or more alive neighbours dies.
 Any alive cell touching two or three alive neighbours does nothing.
 Any dead cell touching exactly three alive neighbours becomes alive.

The way a player sets up the first alive cells starts the game. The first level (generation) is made by using the 4 rules. After the player is done changing the cells, they do the same thing all over again to make the next level. The game is over when all the cells are dead or all the cells are alive or the game is doing the same thing over and over. The Game of Life is Turing-complete.
History 
John Horton Conway made the Game of Life because he wanted to know if he could make an imaginary robot out of cells that would be able to get bigger.  He combined lots of ideas in math to make the rules for the game.  It is one of the first ever 'simulation games' that represent things that happen in real life.  It is important because when used in complicated math, it can look at many things like physics, biology, economics, and philosophy.

Patterns 

Patterns are special things that happen in the game. Many different types of patterns happen, including static patterns where nothing changes between levels, repeating patterns where the cells that are alive and dead repeat, and patterns that move themselves across the board ("spaceships"). Common examples of these three classes are shown below, with live cells shown in black, and dead cells shown in white.
The "block" and "boat" do not change, the "blinker" and "toad" have 2 looks that repeat, and the "glider" and "lightweight spaceship" ("LWSS") are spaceships which keep moving across the cells in each level. The "pulsar" is the most common repeat that has 3 parts. Most of the repeating patterns have 2 parts, like the blinker and toad. .

Variations on Life 
Since the Game of Life was made, some people play with new rules. These rules are usually more ways to make cells alive or dead, or they are more rules to make it harder for cells to switch.

Some variations change the way the cells look or where they are put.

Two players 
When two people play the Game of Life, the alive cells have two colors and a player wins when their colors take up all of the cells.  When a dead cell becomes alive, its color is the same as the alive cells that touch it.  If both colors are touching the new alive cell, then the color that touches it more wins.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

Many other websites concerning the Game of Life can be found on . In addition, Game of Life News  is a blog reporting on recent developments in the Game of Life by many individuals.

Some additional links:
 Cellular Automata FAQ - Conway's Game of Life - Answers to frequently asked questions.
 Robert T. Wainwright's LIFEPAGE  - From 1971 to 1973 Wainwright edited LIFELINE, an influential newsletter for enthusiasts. This site contains a downloadable copy of the first issue as well as an index.
 A Turing Machine in Conway's Game of Life - Describes an implementation of a Turing machine engineered from Game of Life pattern components.
 Conway's Game of Life Simulator  - Contains a Game of Life implementation that can be run in a web browser.
 Conway's game of life implementation. (Silverlight) 
 Game of Life on JavaScript
Game of Grid - a pretty implementation of the Game of Life in a toric space

Computer science
Biology
Bio-Booster Armor Guyver (Viz Media) or Guyver (Chuang Yi Publishing) (強殖装甲ガイバー, Kyōshoku Sōkō Gaibā?) is a long-running manga series written by Yoshiki Takaya

1986 horror movies
1991 movies
1994 movies
2005 anime television series
American action movies
Anime OVAs
Anime series
Manga series
1985 manga
Dystopian movies
Japanese movies
Repulse Bay (, literally Shallow Water Bay) is a famous beach in Hong Kong. It is in the southern part of Hong Kong Island. There are many stories explaining how the bay got its name: in 1841, pirates took Repulse Bay and lived there. They frequently took things from ships. In order to protect the ships, the British Fleet repulsed (attacked) the pirates and their base. Due to this event, it was named Repulse Bay. During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the name of Repulse Bay was changed to ).

Geography of Hong Kong
Beaches of Asia
Saint John or St. John could mean:

People

Saints

Scriptural saints 
 John the Baptist, also known as John of Jerusalem, who baptised Jesus at the start of Jesus' ministry
 John the Apostle, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus
 John the Evangelist, author of the Gospel of John. In some traditions, the same person as John the Apostle.
 John of Patmos, author of the Book of Revelation
Later, ecclesiastical saints 
(in chronological order)
 Saint John (d. 303), martyred with Cyrus (see Cyrus and John)
 Saint John (d. 366), a priest martyred with Abda and Abdjesus
 Saint John of Egypt (d. 394) hermit
 Saint John Chrysostom (347–407), Archbishop of Constantinople
 Saint John Cassian (c. 360–433)
 Pope John I (523–526)
 Saint John Climacus (c. 579–649), also known as John of the Ladder, John Scholasticus and John Sinaites
 Saint John the Merciful (d. c. 620), also known as John the Almoner, John the Almsgiver, John V of Alexandria, and Johannes Eleemon 
 Saint John of Ephesus (c. 505 – c. 585)
 Saint John of Damascus (c. 676–749)
 Saint John of Beverley (d. 721)
 Saint John of Rila (876 – c. 946), also known as Ivan Rilski, Bulgarian hermit
 Saint John of Matha (1169–1218), French founder of the Trinitarian Order
 Saint John of Nepomuk (c. 1340–1396), Bohemian priest
 Giovanni da Capistrano (1386–1456)
 Saint John Fisher (1469–1535), Bishop of Rochester, professor at Cambridge
Saint John of God (1495–1550)
 Saint John of Avila (1500–1569) 
 Saint John of the Cross (1542–1591), Spanish mystic
 Saint John Sarkander (1576–1620), Moravian priest
 Saint John Ogilvie (1579–1615), Scottish Catholic martyr
 Saint Jean-Baptiste de la Salle (1651–1719), the patron saint of teachers
 Saint John Joseph of the Cross (1654–1739), Italian Franciscan
 Saint John Neumann (1811–1860), Bishop of Philadelphia
 John Bosco born Giovanni Melchior Bosco (1815–1888)
 John Baptist Con, John Charles Cornay, John Dat, John Hoan Trinh Doan, John Louis Bonnard, and John Thanh Van Dinh of the Vietnamese Martyrs (16th–19th century)
 John, (era unknown), one of the Ethiopian saints Abraham, Ethnus, Acrates, James, and John
 John of Sammanud, (era unknown), martyred with James of Manug
 John of Kiev, the name used to refer to an infant of Kiev and an adult monk, both saints – see Abraham and Onesimus of Kiev