Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Sir Cliff Richard  (born Harry Rodger Webb; 14 October 1940) is a British singer, musician and actor. He is the only male solo artist to have had number one singles in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. His most recent album, Music... The Air That I Breathe was released in 2020.

Early life
Richard was born in Lucknow, India. In 1940, he and his British parents moved from India to England, first moving to Carshalton, Surrey, then to Waltham Cross, followed by Cheshunt, both in Hertfordshire.

Career
Richard began his music career in 1958 and is still performing. His name Richard comes from Little Richard. His backing group are The Shadows. He performed the United Kingdom entry at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1968 and in 1973.

In 1980 Richard was given an OBE. In 1995, he became a Knight. This means that he has a 'Sir' in front of his name. A person is given a Knighthood by The Queen.

Between 1960 and 1963 Richard presented The Cliff Richard Show.
In 2008 a book that he wrote about his life so far, My Life My Way was published. It was also released as an audiobook.

Personal life 
Richard is a devout Christian.

In August 2013, Richard's Berkshire home was searched by police over a claim of sexual assault on a boy aged under 16 in 1985. He was not arrested or charged.

References

Other websites 
Official website 

1940 births
Living people
Actors from Hertfordshire
Brit Award winners
British autobiographers
Christian music singers
English Christians
English movie actors
English pop musicians
English rock musicians
English singers
English television actors
Knights Bachelor
Musicians from Hertfordshire
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Guido Cavalcanti (1259 – August 1300) was an Italian poet from Florence. He was the best friend of Dante Alighieri as well as an influence on his thinking. Cavalcanti is one of the most important poets of Dolce stil novo, and he is widely regarded as the first major poet of Italian literature.

Biography 
Cavalcanti was born into a noble Guelph family; his father was Cavalcante de Cavalcanti. In 1267 he got married to Bice, daughter of Farinata degli Uberti, leader of the Florentine Ghibellines. In 1284 he became a member of the general council, together with Brunetto Latini and Dino Compagni. On June 24 1300 he was exiled, so he went to Sarzana. On August 19 of the same year he could return in Florence, but he died after a few days, on August 29.
Works 
Guido Cavalcanti wrote sonnets and ballads. Only fifty two poems by the poet are known today. Hist best works are the canzone Donna mi prega (A lady asks me), the ballad I' prego voi che di dolor parlate (I ask you that speak about suffering) and the sonnet L’anima mia vilment’ è sbigotita (My soul is in distress).

Translations 
Cavalcanti's poems were translated into English by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Ezra Pound and A.S. Kline.

References

Bibliography 
 Sonnets and Ballate of Guido Cavalcanti with translations of them and an Introduction by Ezra Pound, Stephen Swift and Co. Ltd., London 1912.

Other websites
 Guido Cavalcanti's poems translated by A. S. Kline.

1259 births
1300 deaths
Italian poets
Medieval poets
Writers from Florence
is a United States Air Force base in Japan.

The military base is in the towns of Kadena and Chatan and the city of Okinawa in Okinawa Prefecture.

History
During the invasion of Okinawa in 1945, the airport was bombed by the US.  The damage was repaired and it became a US air base.  

The American air base on this Japanese island is controversial.

Related pages 
 List of airports in Japan

References

Other websites 
 
  Kadena Air Base

Airports in Japan
Okinawa Prefecture
was an old province in the area that is today the central part of Shizuoka Prefecture. It was sometimes called . 

Suruga had borders with Izu, Kai, Sagami, Shinano, and Tōtōmi provinces. The province had access to the Pacific Ocean at Suruga Bay.

History

Suruga was one of the original provinces of Japan. It was established in the Nara period as part of the Taihō Code reforms. 

During the Kamakura period, Suruga was controlled by the Hōjō clan.

In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between the Imperial capital at Kyoto and the main city of the Tokugawa Shogunate.  The road passed through Suruga.
 
Tokugawa Ieyasu lived in Sumpu Castle in Suruga when he retired from the role of Shōgun.  He died at Sunpu. 

During the Edo period, the chief shogunate official in Sumpu was the Sunpu jōdai.

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the last Tokugawa Shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu retired to Suruga.
In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s. Being located near Mt. Fuji made Suruga a popular place to make maps during the Meiji period.

Shrines and Temples
Sengen jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Suruga.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
 View of Entire Suruga Region

Former provinces of Japan
Shizuoka Prefecture
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey is a 2012 epic fantasy and adventure movie. It is the first part of the Hobbit trilogy.

The movie took in over $1 billion overall. The film was followed in 2013 by The Desolation of Smaug and in 2014 by The Battle of the Five Armies.

Plot
Bilbo Baggins gets a request from Gandalf to go on a journey. Later that night, a group of dwarves visited Bilbo's house.
Cast
 Ian McKellen as Gandalf
 Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins
 Richard Armitage as Thorin
 Ken Stott as Balin
 Graham McTavish as Dwalin
 William Kircher as Bifur/Tom Troll
 James Nesbit as Bofur
 Stephen Hunter as Bombur
 Dean O'Gorman as Fili
 Aidan Turner as Kili
 John Callen as Oin
 Peter Hambleton as Gloin/William Troll
 Jed Brophy as Nori
 Mark Hadlow as Dori/Bert Troll
 Adam Brown as Ori
 Ian Holm as Old Bilbo
 Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
 Hugo Weaving as Elrond
 Cate Blanchett as Galadriel
 Christopher Lee as Saruman
 Andy Serkis as Gollum
 Sylvester McCoy as Radagast
 Barry Humphries as Great Goblin
 Jeffrey Thomas as Thror
 Mike Mizrahi as Thrain
 Lee Pace as Thranduil
 Manu Bennett as Azog
 Conan Stevens as Bolg
 John Rawls as Yazneg
 Stephen Ure as Fimbul/Grinnah
 Bret McKenzie as Lindir
 Kiran Shah as Goblin Scribe
 Benedict Cumberbatch as Necromancer
 Jarred Blakiston as Musical Elf
 Andrew Fitzsimons as Elf
 Brendan Casey as Thranduil's Lieutenant
 Cameron Jones as Thranduil's Lieutenant
Other websites
 

2012 fantasy movies
2012 action movies
The Hobbit (movie series)
New Zealand fantasy movies
New Zealand action movies
American fantasy movies
American action movies
Movies directed by Peter Jackson
New Line Cinema movies
Prequel movies
Screenplays by Guillermo del Toro
The Hobbit is a three-part fantasy movie. These parts are The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012), The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013) and The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014). The movies are based on J. R. R. Tolkien's book The Hobbit.

The movie trilogy 
 The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012)
 The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013)
 The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)
Cast 
 Ian McKellen as Gandalf
 Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins
 Richard Armitage as Thorin Oakenshield
 Aidan Turner as Kíli
 Dean O'Gorman as Fíli
 Graham McTavish as Dwalin
 Ken Stott as Balin
 John Callen as Óin
 Peter Hambleton as Glóin
 William Kircher as Bifur
 James Nesbitt as Bofur
 Stephen Hunter as Bombur
 Mark Hadlow as Dori
 Jed Brophy as Nori
 Adam Brown as Ori
 Billy Connolly as Dain
 Andy Serkis as Gollum
 Benedict Cumberbatch as Smaug and Necromancer
 Lee Pace as Thranduil
 Orlando Bloom as Legolas
 Evangeline Lily as Tauriel
 Stephen Fry as Master of Lake-town
 Ryan Gage as Alfrid
 Luke Evans as Bard the Bowman
 John Bell as Bain
 Peggy Nesbitt as Sigrid
 Mary Nesbitt as Tilda
 Ian Holm as old Bilbo Baggins
 Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
 Hugo Weaving as Elrond
 Cate Blanchett as Galadriel
 Christopher Lee as Saruman
 Mikael Persbrandt as Beorn
 Sylvester McCoy as Radagast
 Jeffrey Thomas as Thror
 Antony Sher as Thrain
 Barry Humphries as the Great Goblin
 Manu Bennett as Azog
Conan Stevens, Lawrence Makoare and John Tui as Bolg
 Stephen Ure as Fimbul
 Ben Mitchell as Narzug
 Allan Smith as Ragash
 Bret McKenzie as Lindir
 Jarred Blakiston as Musical Elf
 Andrew Fitzsimons as Elf
 Branden Casey and Cameron Jones as Thranduil's Lieutenant
 Craig Hall as Galion
 Robin Kerr as Elros
 Eli Kent as Lethuin
 Simon London as Feren
Other websites 

English-language movies
2010s fantasy movies
American fantasy movies
 
 
New Zealand fantasy movies
Middle-earth
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Peter Jackson
New Line Cinema movies
In botany, variety is a rank (like species or subspecies) or a taxon in that rank. Like a subspecies, a variety gets a three-part name (a trinomial); such a variety name will include the name of the species and the variety epithet. The term "variety" is often shortened to "var."  Some examples of this use are:
 Acer palmatum var. atropupureum (Purple Japanese maple)
 Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica (Corkbark fir)
 Hosta undulata var. undulata (Plantain lily)
A variety is a plant that is different in some way, and continues to be different, from the rest of the species but is not different enough for it to be classified as a new species or as a sub-species. This difference will usually be bigger than those of a form; a form will have one or more small differences, for example, different coloured flowers, lack of thorns, variegation or different coloured leaves. These variations come about by natural evolutionary process to which most plants are subject. However, a taxonomist can use their own judgement as to at what rank they want to recognize a different plant. What one taxonomist will call a variety, another will call just a form, or will decide not to recognize as being distinct.

Different varieties of a species will be able to breed together if given the opportunity (just like subspecies, and forms, or for that matter many species).
Not to be confused 
A variety is not to be confused with a cultivar, which is something else entirely. The name of a cultivar can be recognized because it includes an epithet that is written with initial capital letters, in a different font and is set in single quote marks as shown in these examples:

 Helleborus foetidus 'Wester Flisk' 
 Fuchsia magellanica 'Riccartoni' 
 Dryopteris affinis 'Crispa Congesta'

References

Plant taxonomy
Boris Fyodorovich Godunov (,  c. 1551 – ) was a famous tsar (emperor) of Russia.  He ruled as a regent from about 1585 to 1598 and then as tsar from 1598 to 1605.  In many ways he was a good tsar, but he had not inherited the throne.  He became more and more anxious that a pretender would come who would claim to be Dmitri, the son of the previous tsar, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) and try to get the throne.  Dmitri had actually been murdered.  The story of Boris Godunov is told in Pushkin’s play Boris Godunov and in Mussorgsky’s opera Boris Godunov, but the story told by Pushkin and Mussorgsky is probably not exactly how it really happened.  Both Pushkin and Mussorgsky had read a book on Russian history written by the court historian Karamzin, written in 1803.   Karamzin describes Godunov as a powerful tsar who was also a weak human being, but he changed some historical facts to fit in with this theory.
Boris came from a boyar family (i.e. they belonged to the nobility).  His parents were dead and he was brought up at the court of the Tsar in Moscow.  The Tsar who ruled was Ivan IV, known as  Ivan the Terrible who really was a very cruel ruler.  He ruled for more than 50 years.  Boris was very close to the royal family.  One of the Tsar’s sons, Fyodor, who was not very intelligent.  He married Irina, the sister of Boris.  The Tsar killed his eldest son.  When the Tsar died he had a son Dmitry who was only two years old.  Dmitri was not allowed to become tsar, because he was the son of Ivan’s 7th marriage, and the rules of the Russian Orthodox Church were that no one should be allowed to marry more than three times (of course, no one had dared to try to stop Ivan from all those marriages).  So Fyodor became Tsar Fyodor I.  He was not bright enough to rule himself.  We would probably say that he was mentally disabled, or that he had “learning difficulties”.   Boris therefore became regent: he ruled for him
. Some boyars were against Boris, but Boris somehow managed to silence them.  In some ways Boris did a good job.  He made Russia a safer place, fighting back the Tatars in the south and making strong contacts with Europe.  He built towns and fortresses, made sure that Western Siberia was firmly under Moscow’s control, and made the head of the Muscovite Church a patriarch.  In 1598 Fyodor died and Irina should have become Tsarina, but she refused and went to live in a convent.  The boyars voted for Boris to become Tsar.
Boris as Tsar

At first everything went well, but in 1601-1603 the harvest was bad and many poor people starved.  The people became angry with the Tsar, because he had made very strict rules which took away the rights of the serfs (most of the poor people were serfs).  There were still several royal families in Russia.  They started to plot against Boris because they saw him as a threat to themselves.  Boris got lots of spies to watch these families.  He accused the families of treason and sent some of them to Siberia or to monasteries in the north or Russia.  One of these families were the Romanovs who were later to produce a long line of tsars.
While this crisis was happening a young man called Grigory Otrepev arrived.  He was a pretender.  He said that he was Dmitry, Ivan’s youngest son who had been murdered in 1591.  At the time people had said that it was an accident, caused by the boy’s epilepsy.  But some people thought that Boris had murdered him (or ordered him to be murdered) so that he himself could become Tsar.  The pretender said that he had actually escaped from the people who were trying to murder him.  The pretender got lots of people on his side, including Poles and Cossacks.  He marched towards Moscow.  Boris’s armies tried to stop them, but then Boris died suddenly. Dmitri (as he called himself) was able to march into Moscow and (falsely) claim the throne.

A period of chaos followed in Russia with many deaths and changes of rulers.  This lasted until Micael Romanov was chosen as Tsar in 1613.

What may have happened to the Tsarevich in 1591
It is now thought that the Romanov family made up evidence to make things looks as if Boris Godunov had been guilty of the murder of Ivan’s son.  Karamzin, who later wrote a history of Russia, made it look as if it were true that Boris had murdered him.  When Pushkin wrote his play Boris Godunov he followed Karamzin’s version of the story and this is also the story as told in Mussorgsky’s opera Boris Godunov.

References

Background references
The Encyclopædia Britannica; 15th edition,1986, vol 5 p. 326
Orlando Figes: “Natasha’s Dance - A Cultural History of Russia - 

Russian tsars
1550s births
1605 deaths
Iced tea (also known as ice tea) is cold tea (drink) usually served in a glass with ice.

Kinds of iced tea
Sometimes, sugar is added to iced tea. This is sometimes called "sweet tea". Sometimes, fruit flavors like lemon, peach, or raspberry are added to the tea.

Many kinds of iced tea can be bought in bottles or cans. 

Tea
Walter "Walt" Whitman (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. He was an important American poet of the 19th century.

His most famous collection of poems is Leaves of Grass, which was first published in 1855 with his own money. The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person. Whitman kept adding to this book right up until he died of pneumonia, in 1892. It was controversial because readers thought it was obscene. It included some sexuality.

Whitman was either bisexual or homosexual. However, there is disagreement about whether Whitman had actual sexual experiences with men.

Whitman was deeply influenced by deism. He denied any one faith was more important than another, and embraced all religions equally.

Leaves of Grass
Leaves of Grass

Whitman first tried writing in many different popular genres. In 1850, he began writing Leaves of Grass, a collection of poetry which he would continue working on until his death. Whitman wanted to write an epic that was clearly American, using free verse. At the end of June 1855, Whitman surprised his brothers with the first copies of Leaves of Grass. His brother George "didn't think it worth reading".

Whitman paid for the publication of the first version of Leaves of Grass himself and had it printed at a local print shop. A total of 795 copies were printed. The first page was an image of Whitman, but he doesn't write his name until 500 lines into the body of the text. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote a kind five-page letter to Whitman and praised the book to friends. The first edition of Leaves of Grass was very popular, but was some people didn't like the "obscene" or offensive parts of the poetry.
In the months after the first edition of Leaves of Grass, people became more upset about the sexual themes. Because of this, the publisher almost did not release the second edition. In 1856, 20 new poems were added. Different versions of Leaves of Grass continued to be published throughout the rest of Whitman's life. Many famous writers like Amos Bronson Alcott and Henry David Thoreau liked the work enough to visit Whitman.

References 

19th-century American poets
American essayists
American journalists
LGBT people from New York (state)
American LGBT writers
LGBT journalists
LGBT poets
Writers from New York (state)
1819 births
1892 deaths
Writers from Camden, New Jersey
A boyar was a member of the ruling nobility in medieval Russia and some other Slavic countries such as Bulgaria.  The boyars held the most important jobs in the army.  They met in a group called the duma and gave advice to the ruling prince or, in later times, the tsar.  In the 13th and 14th centuries they were rich landowners who could advise the prince, but they were free to go and work for another prince if they wanted to.

In Moscow from the 15th to the 17th centuries they were a closely bonded aristocracy.  There were about 200 boyar families.  Their ancestors were former princes, or Moscow boyar families or foreign aristocrats.  They were not nobility in the European sense.  Many of them had bad manners and not many of them could read.  They did not travel, and they were suspicious of anything foreign

In the 17th century they started to lose power. In the early 18th century Tsar Peter the Great abolished the title of boyar.

References 

 
History of Russia
A pretender is someone who says that he or she has the right to be ruler.  The word is often used to describe someone who claims that they have the right to be king, queen, emperor etc.  They claim that the ruler who is on the throne should not be there. 

Sometimes people call such a person a "claimant". The person may be an imposter (someone who is pretending to be someone else).  Often they are pretending to be a prince or other royal person who is missing or whom people think is dead.  However, they may have a genuine right to the throne.  The word pretend comes from the French word prétendre (from the Latin praetendo lit. "to stretch out before").  It means: to profess, to make a loud statement.  In modern English the word pretend  means "to claim falsely".

Related pages
War of the Roses
Boris Godunov
Bonnie Prince Charlie
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia

References and notes

Monarchs
Native American mythology is the body of traditional stories associated with Native American religion.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas

Native Americans
Mythology
A low Earth orbit (LEO) is usually described as an orbit inside the area which comes from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of . Other definitions use other numbers such as orbital eccentricity and orbital period. Satellites in LEO go around the Earth many times per day.  

Satellites are put in low Earth orbit if the things they do must be done in outer space but need not be far away. Some satellites are in LEO to photograph the Earth, for example some weather satellites and Earth resource satellites. Most space telescopes are in LEO since they only have to be above the Earth's atmosphere. The International Space Station is in LEO. 

Spaceflight
The Bornu Empire (1380-1893) was an African state of Nigeria from 1380 to 1893.

References

1380 establishments
1893 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Africa
Establishments in Nigeria
was an old province of Japan in the area of Shizuoka Prefecture. It is also known as . 

The province had borders with Mikawa, Suruga and Shinano Provinces.

History

Tōtōmi was one of the original provinces of Japan established in the Nara period under the Taihō Code. 

In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between Kyoto and Edo.  The road passed through Tōtōmi.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Oguni jinja and Kotonomamahachimangū were the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Tōtōmi.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Shizuoka Prefecture
Altitude means height above the ground or above the sea level. Common uses include aviation (flying, parachuting, gliding), and geography/surveying. In geometry it is also used as the height of the object itself.  Generally, altitude is the distance one thing is above another thing.  This is in the vertical or "up" direction.  For the height of the ground (such as for hills and mountains), the word elevation is also used and might be a better choice. (Mountain climbers usually use the word altitude, especially when talking about how it affects the body). Buildings and other things on the ground usually just use the word height.

Vertical distance measurements in the "down" direction are commonly referred to as depth.

Altitude in aviation and in spaceflight 

In aviation, the altitude can be measured and shown in several different ways.  The height is either from the average sea level  (also called Mean Sea Level or MSL), or from the ground (also called Above Ground Level, or AGL).
Airplanes can find their altitude by using air pressure.  The air gets thinner the higher it is (and it has less pressure, because there's less air pushing down on it from above).  This pressure can be measured and this can be converted into a height above sea level.  The instrument for measuring altitude is the altimeter (from altitude and meter). The common pressure altimeter is a type of barometer with a dial showing distance (feet or metres) instead of atmospheric pressure.

There are several types of aviation altitude.
In simple terms, these types of altitude can be explained as ways of measuring the altitude:
Indicated altitude -- What the altimeter indicates (shows) for the height above sea level.  It is usually pretty good, but can be fooled a bit sometimes, it needs to be adjusted to use the local barometric pressure.
True altitude -- Altitude as the distance above sea level.
Absolute altitude -- Altitude as the distance above the terrain (the ground) directly below it (Above Ground Level).
Height -- Altitude in terms of the distance above some point.  This can also be called the terrain elevation. Radio altimeters measure this height.
Pressure altitude -- Altitude measured using air pressure.  The air pressure at sea level is normally 1013.25 millibars or 29.92" Hg, when the air temperature is . Pressure altitude and indicated altitude are the same when the altimeter is adjusted to use this standard level.
Density altitude -- Altitude measured using the density of the air.  This depends on  atmospheric conditions (mainly heat and humidity).  There is an International Standard Atmosphere chart that converts density to altitude.
The density of the air also affects how well an aircraft works. Density altitude is affected by barometric pressure, humidity and temperature. On a very hot day, density altitude at an airport (especially one at a high elevation) may be so high that aircraft can not take-off. This most often affects helicopters or an aircraft that is carrying a large amount of cargo.

Regions in the atmosphere
The Earth's atmosphere is divided into several regions, based on altitude.  The regions have different temperatures and winds and what things are in it. The regions are:
 Troposphere — surface to  at the north and south Poles –  at the equator.
 Stratosphere — Troposphere to 
 Mesosphere — Stratosphere to 
 Thermosphere — Mesosphere to 
 Exosphere — Thermosphere to

High altitude and low air pressure
Regions on the surface of the Earth or in its atmosphere that are high above mean sea level are said to be high altitude. High altitude is often said to begin at  above sea level.
At high altitude, atmospheric pressure is lower than that at sea level. This is because of two effects. These effects are gravity and the heat in the air. Gravity makes the air to be as close as possible to the ground. The amount of heat in the air makes the molecules move quickly and push against each other. This makes the air expand.  So most of the air will be in the lower atmosphere, closer to sea level, and all the air pushing against each other is called air pressure.  So air pressure is less the higher you go. 

As the air expands from heat, it rises to where the air pressure is less. As it rises, it can expand and it begins to cool.  Because of this, high altitude air is cold. This causes an alpine climate. This climate affects the ecology at high altitude.
Effects of high altitude on humans
Altitudes above  start to affect humans. Humans cannot live in very high altitudes above . Atmospheric pressure decreases at high altitudes. This affects humans because there is less oxygen to breathe. This can cause illnesses such as altitude sickness, high altitude pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs), and high altitude cerebral edema (fluid in the brain, causing headaches and confusion).
The human body can deal with high altitude by breathing faster, having a higher heart rate, and changing the blood itself to have more red blood cells that can carry oxygen.  This can take days or weeks to happen. This works for people who live in the high mountains, and mountain climbers.  For climbers, this is called acclimatization. Pilots and other people who go quickly to high altitudes need to be in a space suit, pressure suit, or inside a pressurized airplane, so the air is still the same as at the ground.  Above , the human body cannot make the needed changes and will eventually die.  Several of the world's tallest mountains are this high, the climbers usually take oxygen tanks with them, and only stay for a few hours at the highest levels.

People living at higher elevations have a higher rate of suicide. The reason is not yet known.

References
References

Other websites 
 
 
 Downloadable ETOPO2 Raw Data Database (2 minute grid)
 Downloadable ETOPO5 Raw Data Database (5 minute grid)
 Calculate true altitude with these JavaScript applications
 Find the altitude of any place 

Aviation
Physical geography
In the airline industry, a focus city is an airport that is important to one airline but is not a hub.  An airline has daily flights from the Focus city to many destinations that are also not its hubs.  Even though the word "city" is part of this term, it means a city's airport, not the city. 

An example of an airline's focus city is US Airways (now part of American Airlines) at Washington National Airport in Arlington, Virginia.   Focus city airports can have some of the same facilities that hubs have.  For example, the airline may repair or clean their aircraft at a focus city because it is cheaper. They might also have places and equipment to handle cargo.

Many low-cost carriers that mostly fly point-to-point use focus cities more than hubs. Southwest Airlines, Spirit Airlines, JetBlue Airways, Allegiant Air and WestJet in the Americas, and Ryanair, EasyJet, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Wizz Air in Europe are examples.

References
References

Other websites
Map of AirTran's routes and indicator of their focus cities
JetBlue route map with "key cities" 

Airlines
In physics, a standing wave – also called a stationary wave – is a wave that oscillates in one constant position.

The word oscillate simply describes the vibrating movement of particles in a medium when acted upon by a wave, or the regular up and down motion shown in the animation. Oppositely to a progressive (moving) wave, stationary waves do not transfer energy in a given direction when they oscillate.

When a guitar string is plucked, for example, a stationary wave is formed. This happens because on releasing the string, two progressive waves move down the string in opposite directions. When they reach the point where the string is tied down, they cannot move beyond this boundary. At the boundary, the wave is reflected and travels back in the opposite direction. The two reflected waves meet and interfere with one another. Superposition occurs, the opposing directions of the reflected waves cancel out resulting in one stationary wave.

Wave physics
The United States–Mexico border is the international border between the United States and Mexico. 

It runs from Imperial Beach, California, and Tijuana, Baja California, in the west to Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and Brownsville, Texas, in the east. It covers a variety of terrains, ranging from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts. 

From the Gulf of Mexico it follows the course of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) to the border crossing at El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Westward from there it crosses vast tracts of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Desert. Then it crosses the Colorado River Delta, west to San Diego and Tijuana before reaching the Pacific Ocean. The US-Mexican border is considered an open border.

The border's total length is , according to figures given by the International Boundary and Water Commission. It is the most frequently crossed international border in the world, with approximately three hundred fifty million (350,000,000) crossings per year.

References
References 

Borders of the United States
Geography of Mexico
Valeri Bure (born 1974) is a retired NHL hockey player for the Montreal Canadiens. He is Russian.

1974 births
American Hockey League players
Calgary Flames players
Dallas Stars players
Florida Panthers players
Fredericton Canadiens players
Living people
Montreal Canadiens players
Russian ice hockey right wingers
Spokane Chiefs players
St. Louis Blues players
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport , often called Dallas Airport and DFW Airport, is between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth, Texas. It is the busiest airport in Texas. It serves the larger  metropolitan area. Regional, national and international flights use this airport. Flights go to 144 domestic and 47 international destinations.

In 2010, it was the fourth busiest airport in the world in terms of aircraft movements with 652,261. it was the eighth busiest airport in the world when measured by passenger traffic, with 56,906,610 passengers in 2010. It is the main hub and largest hub for American Airlines.

The airport is in the cities of Coppell, Euless, Grapevine, and Irving.  The land for DFW was purchased by both Dallas and Fort Worth  in 1966, and construction began in 1969.
Airlines
These airlines go to DFW Airport: 
Aeroméxico
Air Canada
Alaska Airlines
American Airlines
American Eagle Airlines
Avianca
Boutique Air
British Airways
Cayman Airways
Delta Air Lines
Delta Connection
Emirates Airlines
Etihad Airways
Frontier Airlines
Interjet
Japan Airlines
JetBlue Airways
Korean Air
Lufthansa
Qantas
Qatar Airways
Spirit Airlines
Sun Country Airlines
United Airlines
United Express
VivaAerobus
Volaris
WestJet

Gallery

References

Airports in the United States
Dallas
Transport in Texas
Tarrant County, Texas
The German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association () —  an association of German insurers of the nuclear industry in Cologne. The German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association also is involved in the reinsurance industry.

History 
The first associations of insurers of the nuclear industry in Europe were founded in Sweden and England in 1955. The German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association was founded shortly thereafter in 1957. Throughout the association's history, it has only once had to pay a claim; the claim amounted to about €10,000 to €15,000.
Functions and tasks 
Despite the slight probability of losses resulting from an insured event in the nuclear industry, in the event of an insured event does occur the possibilities for damages are considerable. As such a single insurance company is unable to bear such risk alone. Under German law, the transfer of a nuclear risk of an insurer to a reinsurer is prohibited. In 1998 the Atomic Energy Act established the maximum insurance liability of nuclear insurer at about €2.5 billion; for damages above that cap the Federal Government is liable  according to § 34 of the Atomic Energy Act. If the total damage exceeds the stipulated maximum sum of €2.55 billion, the German Federal Government pays the German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association for the excess losses. The insurance payments include the cost of evacuating people.
DKVG and Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant 
Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant was insured for some tens of millions of euros with German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association. Under the terms of the insurance policy, the policyholder was not insured for damage caused by earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. Therefore the German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association had no resulting liability to Tokyo Electric Power Company, the owner of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, because of Fukushima I nuclear accidents.

References 

Insurance
Nuclear energy
1957 establishments in Europe
1950s establishments in Germany

nl:Atoompool#Duitsland
Christianity has been historically intertwined with Western civilization. However, it is difficult to decide what its effects were.

Through its long history, the Church has been a major source of social services such as schooling. Several universities were founded by the Church. Some historians of science, have argued that the Church had a significant, positive influence on the development of science. Some of the Church's priests have contributed to science. In various ways the Church has sought to affect Western attitudes to vice and virtue in diverse fields. It has, over many centuries, promulgated the teachings of Jesus within the Western World and remains a source of continuity linking modern Western culture to classical Western culture.

Influence 
The Bible and Christian theology have also strongly influenced Western philosophers and political activists.  Long held Christian teachings on sexuality and marriage have also been influential in family life.
The cultural influence of the Church has been vast. Festivals like Easter and Christmas are marked globally as public holidays; Pope Gregory XIII's Gregorian Calendar has been adopted internationally. Year numbering in the West is taken from the assumed date of the birth of the Church's founder, Jesus of Nazareth. In the list of the 100 most influential people in human history there are 65 Christian figures from various fields.

Science 
Christian scholars and scientists have made noted contributions to science and technology fields, as well as Medicine, both historically and in modern times.  Some scholars and historians attribute Christianity to having contributed to the rise of the Scientific Revolution.  Most scientists of that time considered themselves Christian such as Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton and Robert Boyle.
Protestantism has had an important influence on science, according to the Merton thesis, there was a positive correlation between the rise of English Puritanism and German Pietism on the one hand and early experimental science on the other. Robert K. Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. He explained that the connection between religious affiliation and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science.
Centuries later, the Catholic church had lost interest in subjecting natural philosophy to dogma. The relation of the now separate Church of England to evolution was complicated by the lack of the centralised authority of a Pope. Many conservative clerics opposed evolution fiercely, whilst few liberal clerics saw conflict with their beliefs. Before he published the On the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin feared the reaction of the church, and spent years collecting evidence as defence to the expected criticism. Long after heliocentrism was all but universally accepted, some Protestant leaders continued to resist evolution.

References

History of Christianity
Jean-Pierre-Louis-Laurent Houël (28 June 1735 – 14 November 1813) was French artist. He was painting at the time of the French Revolution. One of his well known paintings is the "Prise de la Bastille" (The Storming of the Bastille), 1789. The capture of the Bastille prison was an important event in the Revolution, and remembered with a celebration and holiday on the anniversary, known as Bastille Day.

References

1735 births
1813 deaths
French painters
was an old province of Japan in the area of central and western Kanagawa Prefecture. It was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Izu, Musashi, Suruga provinces.  Its Pacific Ocean border included Sagami Bay. 

The ancient capital city of the province was near  Hiratsuka.

History

Sagami was one of the original provinces of Japan established in the Nara period under the Taihō Code. 

In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between Kyoto and Edo. The road passed through Sagami.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

All of Sagami became part of the new Kanagawa Prefecture in 1876.

In 1906, the Imperial Japanese Navy battleship Sagami was named after the province.

Shrines and Temples
Samukawa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Hōki.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References
References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Kanagawa Prefecture
A relay is an electromagnetically operated switch. It was invented in the 19th century to make electric telegraph signals go farther. Nowadays relays control circuits with low-voltages. Many machines use them, including vehicles and electronics.

Electronics
Electronic components
Young Frankenstein is a 1974 comedy movie directed by Mel Brooks starring Gene Wilder, Teri Garr, Cloris Leachman, Marty Feldman, Peter Boyle, Madeline Kahn, Kenneth Mars, Danny Goldman, David L. Lander, Michael McKean,  Richard Haydn and Gene Hackman. The movie is a parody of the classical horror movie genre. In 2003, it was deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by the United States National Film Preservation Board, and selected for preservation in the Library of Congress National Film Registry.

It tells the story of Frederick Frankenstein, grandson of Victor, the mad scientist whose experiments in re-animation led to the creation of a monster; to disassociate himself from his legacy, Frederick insists that his surname be pronounced "Fronk-en-steen". He has to travel to Transylvania because he has inherited his family's estate, where he meets Igor, a hunchbacked, bulging-eyed servant, and Inga.
1974 comedy movies
1974 horror movies
1974 science fiction movies
American comedy movies
Black-and-white movies
20th Century Fox movies
United States National Film Registry movies
English-language movies
Frankenstein movies
Movies directed by Mel Brooks
Edward Morgan Forster OM, CH (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970) was a British writer.

Forster was born in Marylebone, London. He attended Tonbridge School, an independent school in Tonbridge, Kent. He studied at Kings College, Cambridge.

Forster was a homosexual and wrote about homosexuality, class division and gender. His novels include Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View, Howards End, A Passage to India and Maurice. He also wrote short stories, plays, essays, libretti and travel guides.

Forster died of a stroke in Coventry, Warwickshire.

References 

1879 births
1970 deaths
English LGBT writers
English novelists
Gay men
Writers from London
The United States Navy Sea, Air, and Land Teams, commonly known as Navy SEALs, are the U.S. Navy's special forces. Their acronym is derived from their ability to operate at sea, in the air, and on land. In the War on Terrorism, SEALs have been utilized almost exclusively for land-based missions. All SEALs are male members of the United States Navy. The CIA, more specifically its Special Activities Division, often recruits operators from the SEAL Teams. Joint Navy SEALs and CIA operations go back to the famed MACV-SOG during the Vietnam War.  Joint operations have continued, as seen in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and in the finding and killing of Osama bin Laden in Pakistan on may 1st through 2nd 2011.
The Navy SEALs were formed in the second world war. The United States Navy found the need for covert, elite operations. As a result, the Amphibious Scout and Raider School was established in 1942 at Fort Pierce, Florida. The Scouts and Raiders were formed in September of that year, nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

World War II 

The first group included Phil H. Bucklew, the "Father of Naval Special Warfare," in whose honor the Naval Special Warfare Center building is named. Started in October 1942, this group saw action in November 1942 during Operation Torch, the first allied landings in Europe, on the North African coast. Scouts and Raiders also helped during landings in Sicily, Salerno, Anzio, Normandy, and southern France.

A second group of Scouts and Raiders was started on 7 July 1943. Their first mission, in September 1943, was at Finschafen on New Guinea. Later operations were at Gasmata, Arawe, Cape Gloucester, and the East and South coast of New Britain.
The third Scout and Raiders organization operated in China. Scouts and Raiders were to fight with the Sino-American Cooperative Organization, or SACO. They conducted a patrol of the upper Yangtze River in the spring of 1945 and, disguised as coolies, conducted a detailed three-month patrol of the Chinese coast from Shanghai to Kitchioh Wan, near Hong Kong.

Vietnam 

President John F. Kennedy, aware of the situations in Southeast Asia, recognized the need for special operations in the fight against guerrilla warfare. In a speech to Congress on 25 May 1961, Kennedy spoke of his respect for the United States Army Special Forces. In the speech he announced his intention to spend over $100 million to strengthen U.S. special operations forces and expand American capabilities in unconventional warfare. Some people have assumed this was the start of the SEALS, but they had already long been active.

References

United States Navy
1961 establishments in the United States
John Gould Veitch (April 1839 – 13 August 1870) was an expert on plants and growing plants, he was also a traveller and one of the first Victorian British plant experts to visit Japan to look for and collect new plants. He was a great-grandson of John Veitch, the founder of the Veitch family plant growing business. He also visited the Philippines, Australia, Fiji, and other Polynesian islands looking for new plants to bring back to Great Britain.

He brought back a number of the glasshouse plants that were in fashion at the time, such as Acalyphas, Cordylines, Codiaeums (Crotons) and Dracaenas, and from Fiji, a palm of a new genus later named after him, Veitchia joannis, in addition to this genus the Veitch family name is honoured by hundreds of other plant names.
In Japan, he met another famous plant collector called Robert Fortune, and their competing collections returned to England on the same ship. For example, each man claimed that they had discovered a species of Chamaecyparis pisifera (a kind of cypress).

He married Jane Hodge soon after his return to England in 1866 and they had two sons,  James Herbert Veitch, (1868 – 1907) and John Gould Veitch, Jr. (1869 – 1914)

John Gould Veitch died of tuberculosis at the age of 31.

References

1839 births
1870 deaths
British botanists
Deaths from tuberculosis
A Julia set is a fractal. It is a set defined given a rational function (written J(f)). The Fatou set of a rational function (F(f)) is the complementary set of the Julia set of f.  The Fatou set of a function are the values such that all nearby values behave similarly when the function is repeatedly iterated.

Related pages 
 Fractal
 Mandelbrot set

Fractals
Dudley Stuart John Moore CBE (19 April 1935 – 27 March 2002) was a British actor, comedian and musician.

Moore was born in Charing Cross Hospital, London and raised in Dagenham, Essex. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford. 

Moore became a pianist and composer. He began a comedy double act with Peter Cook. Moore acted in movies in the United Kingdom and in the United States. He starred in movies including Bedazzled, 10, Arthur and Arthur 2: On the Rocks.

Moore died of progressive supranuclear palsy and pneumonia in Plainfield, New Jersey.

References

Other websites 

1935 births
2002 deaths
Actors from Essex
Comedians from Essex
Comedians from London
Deaths from progressive supranuclear palsy
Deaths from pneumonia
Disease-related deaths in New Jersey 
English composers
English movie actors
English pianists
English screenwriters
English television actors
English television writers
Musicians from Essex
Musicians from London

People from Hammersmith
Writers from Essex
Writers from London
Scent of a Woman is a 1992 American drama movie starring Al Pacino and directed by Martin Brest. It is based on 1969 novel by Giovanni Arpino  (The Darkness and the Honey) and is a remake of 1974 Italian movie Profumo di donna.

References

Other websites

1992 drama movies
1990s epic movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movie remakes
Movies based on books
Movies set in New York City
Universal Pictures movies
Movies about alcoholism
Movies about blind people
Barbara Mori (born February  2, 1978 in Montevideo, Uruguay) is a Mexican actress. She is best known for lead role of the Bollywood film, Kites also Telenovela Rubí in which she played the main character.

Films
Viento en Contra (2011) Luisa Braniff
1 a Minute (2010/2011)  Star
Kites (2010) as Natasha/Linda
Violanchelo (2009) as Consuelo
Cosas insignificantes (2008) as Paola
Por siempre   (2007)Amor, dolor y viceversa (2007)Robots (2005) as Cappy (Spanish language version)La mujer de mi hermano (2005) as ZoePretendiendo (2005) as Helena/AmandaInspiración (2000)spanish beauty(2010)

TelenovelasRubí (2004) as Rubí Perez de Ferrer/Fernanda Rivera PerezMirada de mujer: El regreso (2003)Súbete A Mi Moto (2002) as NellyAmor es... querer con alevosía (2001) as CarolinaMe muero por ti (1999)Azul Tequila (1998) as AzulMirada de mujer (1998)  as Mónica San MillánAl norte del corazón'' (1997)

References

Other websites

 

Mexican movie actors
Mexican television actors
1978 births
Living people
Arnold Daniel Palmer (September 10, 1929 – September 25, 2016) was an American professional golfer. He won many events in PGA and Champions Tours dating back to 1955. These included winning the Masters Tournament, the U.S. Open, and The Open Championship.

Palmer was born in Latrobe, Pennsylvania. He studied at Wake Forest College. 

Palmer died at a hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on September 25, 2016, aged 87. He died from complications of heart problems while awaiting for heart surgery.

References

1929 births
2016 deaths
American golfers
Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
People from Latrobe, Pennsylvania