Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
When Egon Krenz resigned as chaiman of the Council of State on 6 December, 1989, Gerlach became acting chairman ( as head of state he was effectively the President. After the 1990 elections, the new government reorganized, and removed the Council of State, and Gerlach resigned on 5 April 1990. He died in Berlin in 2011 after a long illness.

References

1928 births
2011 deaths
German mayors
Members of the Volkskammer
Politicians from Leipzig
Presidents of East Germany
Jeffrey Charles William Michael "Jeff" Conaway (October 5, 1950 – May 27, 2011) was an American actor. He appeared in the movie Grease and the television series Taxi and Babylon 5. He was born in Manhattan and grew up in Queens. He worked as a model, child actor, and musician. Conaway had problems with drug addiction and died of problems from taking too many pain medications.

References

1950 births
2011 deaths
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American television actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Don Kirshner (April 17, 1934 – January 17, 2011) was an American song publisher and rock producer. He managed successful pop groups such as The Monkees, Kansas, and The Archies. Kirshner was born and raised in the Bronx. He studied at the Bronx High School of Science. One of his classmates there was Bobby Darin.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s Kirshner and his partner Al Nevins had a successful music publishing company called Aldon Music. They managed songwriters from the "Brill Building", including Carole King, Gerry Goffin, Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield, Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil and Jack Keller. He also had three record labels: Chairman, Calendar, and Kirshner Records.

ABC Television asked Kirshner to produce a new music TV program call "In Concert". He left after one year to produce his own show called Don Kirshner's Rock Concert. This show featured live rock music performances and was very successful.

He died of heart failure in Boca Raton, Florida on January 17, 2011. He was 76 years old.
References

1934 births
2011 deaths
American songwriters
Record producers
Daniel Milton "Dan" Peek (November 1, 1950  July 24, 2011) was an American musician. Born in Panama City, Florida, Peek moved to England in 1963. While attending London Central High School, Peek met Dewey Bunnell and Gerry Beckley. They formed the band America, who had eight songs reach the Mainstream Top 40 between 1971 and 1975. Peek left the band in 1977 to work in Contemporary Christian music. He died on July 24, 2011 in Farmington, Missouri.

References

1950 births
2011 deaths
American rock guitarists
Musicians from Florida
American folk musicians
Country musicians
John Carroll Dye (January 31, 1963 – January 10, 2011) was an American actor. He was born in Amory, Mississippi. He attended Mississippi State University and the University of Memphis. In 1994, Dye played the part of Andrew, the angel of death, in the television series Touched by an Angel. The show ran for nine seasons before ending in April 2003. In 2000, he starred in the television movie Once Upon a Christmas. In 2001, he appeared in the sequel Twice Upon a Christmas.

Dye died on January 10, 2011, in San Francisco, California, from heart failure.

References

1963 births
2011 deaths
American television actors
Actors from Mississippi
Park Gyu-ri (born on May 21, 1988 in Seoul) is a South Korean singer. She is often known by the mononym Gyuri. She was a member of the girl group Kara, which was formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007. As the leader of the group, she is reported to have come up with its name.

References

Other websites 
 
 Park Gyu-ri  at Dain Entertainment
 

1988 births
Living people
K-pop singers
Singers from Seoul
Kang Jiyoung (born January 18, 1994) is a South Korean idol singer, former member of the Korean girl group Kara.

1994 births
Living people
K-pop singers
South Korean singers
Clifford Parker "Cliff" Robertson, III (September 9, 1923 – September 10, 2011) was an American actor with a long movie and television career. Robertson played the role of John F. Kennedy in the 1963 movie PT 109. He won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the movie Charly. On television, he acted as retired astronaut Buzz Aldrin in the 1976 movie Return to Earth. He played a role based on Director of Central Intelligence Richard Helms in the 1977 movie based on John Ehrlichman's Watergate novel The Company. He played Henry Ford in the 1987 Ford: The Man and the Machine. His last well-known role was Uncle Ben in the three Spider-Man movies made between 2002 and 2007.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 Interview in the Archive of American Television
 Warbird Registry entry on MK923
1923 births
2011 deaths
American stage actors
American television actors
Emmy Award winners
Actors from San Diego, California
Best Actor Academy Award winners
American aviators
American military personnel of World War II
American movie actors
American movie directors
American movie producers
Screenwriters from Los Angeles
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Actors from Los Angeles
Jagjit Singh (8 February 1941 — 10 October 2011) was an Indian singer. He was known as the "Ghazal King". Ghazal is a classical type of song, dating back to ancient Persia. It uses a special rhyming pattern and the words are written using a special pattern of stanzas. The songs are always about love. Singh, and his wife Chitra Singh who is also a ghazal singer, achieved a lot of commercial success in the 1970s and 1980s. He recorded more than 50 albums.

The ghazal is very popular in Pakistan, and Singh was one of the few Indian singers to become a success in that country. His music was described as "...gentle and soothing, and went to your heart."  Ghazal was once a classical, elite type of music and poetry. Singh was able to make ghazal popular by singing in many different languages, singing ghazal in movies and music videos. He used modern technology and was the first ghazal singer to use multi-tracking.

He died in Mumbai, after a stroke in 2011.

References
References

1941 births
2011 deaths
Deaths from stroke
Indian singers
Grete Waitz (1 October 1953 – 19 April 2011) was a Norwegian marathon runner and former world record holder. Waitz won nine New York City Marathons between 1978 and 1988, more than any other runner in history. She won a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. She won a gold medal at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki.
 
Waitz also won the London Marathon in 1983 and 1986. The win in 1986 was her personal best time of 2:24:54. She won the Stockholm Marathon in 1988 at 2:28:24. (As of 2011 this is the Stockholm course record for women).
 
In 2000, Waitz was inducted into the United States National Distance Running Hall of Fame. She died from cancer in 2011.

References

Audio interview
TheFinalSprint.com's interview with running pioneer Grete Waitz

Other websites
Biography of Grete Waitz
Grete Waitz talking about her (and Fred Lebow's), last NYC Marathon
1953 births
2011 deaths
Norwegian athletes
Long-distance runners
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Norwegian Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Oslo
Ryan Matthew Dunn (June 11, 1977 – June 20, 2011) was an American stunt performer, television personality, actor and comedian. He was best known for being a member of the Jackass and Viva La Bam television programs. He died in car crash in West Goshen Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Police reported that Dunn was the driver. His blood alcohol level was 0.196%. That is more than twice the state's legal limit of 0.08%.

References

1977 births
2011 deaths
Accidental deaths in Pennsylvania
American television personalities
Entertainers from Ohio
Road accident deaths in the United States
People from Medina, Ohio
Knut Steen (19 November 1924 – 22 September 2011) was a Norwegian sculptor. He spent much of his life living between Sandefjord, Norway, and Carrara, Italy. He began sculpting in 1946 and worked with a range of materials including marble, granite, bronze, steel and concrete. In 2011 a small museum was opened in Sandefjord to display some of his work. The collection holds 12 marble sculptures and four works.

References

Other websites
 Norwegian website about the museum, including photos of Steen's work 

1924 births
2011 deaths
Norwegian artists
Sculptors
Pokémon Mystery Dungeon is a Pokémon game where you form a rescue team (Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Blue and Red Rescue Team) or an exploration team (Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Explorers of Darkness, Time and Sky). In the game, the main star is you, and before you start playing, you have to answer a quiz to determine what Pokémon you turn into.

Pokémon RPGs
Video game spin-offs
Alberto Granado Jiménez (8 August 1922 — 5 March 2011) was an Argentine biochemist. He traveled through South America in 1951 with his friend Che Guevara on a motorcycle. They kept a journal about the trip and what they saw. These writings were the basis for Walter Salle's movie, The Motorcycle Diaries (2004).

Granado was born in Hernando, Argentina, and later studied chemistry and pharmacology at the University of Córdoba. Active in politics, he spent time in prison after taking part in student protests against the government. He met Che at university, and in 1951 they traveled thousands of miles and finally ended up in Caracas, Venezuela. Che went back home to finish his medical degree, but Granado stayed and worked in a leprosy clinic.

Granada moved to Cuba in 1961 and set up the school of medicine at the University of Santiago. He later moved to Havana and was able to work on scientific research. He died in Havana in 2011. He asked for his ashes to be scattered in Cuba, Argentina and Venezuela.
References

1922 births
2011 deaths

Argentine scientists
Biochemists
Cuban scientists
Tony Tan Keng Yam (, born 7 February 1940, in Singapore) is the seventh President of Singapore from 2011 through 2017. Until 1 July 2011, he was executive director and Deputy Chairman of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) and Chairman of Singapore Press Holdings Limited (SPH). He previously was Chairman of Singapore's National Research Foundation and Deputy Chairman of the Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council. In the late 1980s, he was Lee Kuan Yew's first choice to succeed him as Prime Minister of Singapore, but he declined. He later returned to Cabinet and as Singapore's Deputy Prime Minister from 1995 to 2005, and Minister for Defence from 1995 to 2003.

In August 2011, Tan won the Singapore presidential election by a narrow 0.34% margin, and was sworn in as the seventh President of Singapore on 1 September 2011.

Related pages
 Lee Kuan Yew
 Lee Hsien Loong

References 

People's Action Party (Singapore) politicians
Presidents of Singapore
1940 births
Living people
Nguyễn Cao Kỳ (8 September 1930–23 July 2011) was a South Vietnamese military leader, politician and Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam in a military junta from 1965 to 1967.

References

Other websites

Speech by General Nguyen Cao Ky
Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam by General Nguyen Cao Ky
Book Review "Buddha's Child: My Fight to Save Vietnam" by the Washington Post
Who's Who in Vietnam in 1967

|-

 

|-

|-

1930 births
2011 deaths
Vietnamese politicians
Prime ministers
"Thriller" is a 1983 song by Michael Jackson. It was on this album Thriller. It was written by Rod Temperton. The song has been featured on many of his greatest hits albums. It has been covered by other musicians. It was narrated by Vincent Price.

The music video was made by John Landis, George J. Folsey, Jr., and Jackson. It is 13 minutes long and was MTV's first world premiere video. In it Jackson turns into a werecat and a zombie. The video was nominated for six MTV Video Music Awards in 1984. It won Viewers Choice, Best Overall Performance and Best Choreography. It did not win Best Concept Video, Best Male Video, or Video of the Year. In 1985 it won the Grammy Award for Best Video, Long Form.

In 1999 MTV put "Thriller" #1 in their 100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made list.

In 2009 the video for "Thriller" was added to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. It was the first music video ever to be added to it.

In 2013 entered the Billboard Hot 100 again.

References
References

Pop songs
1983 songs
Michael Jackson songs
In mathematics, an equivalence relation  on a set is a mathematical relation that is symmetric, transitive and reflexive. For a given element  on that set, the set of all elements related to  (in the sense of ) is called the equivalence class of , and written as .
With an equivalence relation, it is possible to partition a set into distinct equivalence classes. As an example, consider the set of all animals on a farm and define the following relation: two animals are related if they belong to the same species. Under this relation, a cow is related to an ox, but not to a chicken. In fact, this relation is an equivalence relation because:
It is reflexive: each animal is of the same species as itself
It is symmetric: if a first animal is in the same species as a second animal, then the second animal is also in the same species as the first animal.
It is transitive: if a first animal is in the same species as a second animal, and the second animal is in the same species as a third animal, then the first animal is in the same species as the third animal.
Related pages 

 Congruence
 Equality (mathematics)

References 

Mathematics
A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device, typically used in a computer. It uses flash memory to store data even after power is turned off. SSDs are designed to access data in the same way as traditional hard disk drives (HDDs). An HDD can usually be directly replaced with an SSD. Most SSDs use the SATA interface, the same as what HDDs use. Some SSDs also use other interfaces for other devices, like servers.

The best thing about solid state drives is that they have a much faster read/write speed than hard disk drives. They also have no moving parts, which means they don't make noise or break as easily. However, SSDs are often more expensive than a hard drive. This also means that for the same price, someone can get much more capacity if they select an HDD instead. However, SSD prices had dropped over the years due to advancements in technology.
The solid state drive technology is improving quickly, and new SSD models are being introduced often. However, they have not gained popularity among many users. We still find that HDDs are still dominating the market. Sales of SSDs are expected to escalate and overturn that of HDDs after 2020. The biggest draw back to SSDs over hard disk drives is that SSDs have a limited amount of read and writes it can take before the sector fails, as is not a issue with traditional hard disk drives.  This is not a problem for most people, unless if you are heavily reading and writing to the SSD. However, modern SSDs often have more read and write cycles, and there are specific SSDs that can sustain such heavy read and writes. They are often used in servers.

SSD form factors
SSD form factors

When SSDs were first introduced into the market, manufacturers' made sure that they fit into the slots and bays initially used by the HDDs. As such, they had the 3.5 and 2.5 inch form factors. However, as technology advances, more form factors emerged. Smaller form factors that directly interfaces with PCIe and NVMe slots emerged. These included the mSATA, PCIe and M.2, form factors.

NVMe SSDs
NVMe SSDs

NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) is a communications interface and driver for PCIe SSDs and NVMe SSDs have higher transfer rates than traditional SATA SSDs up to 32,0000MB/s. It also has a new mechanism called “Submission and Completion Queue” that manages and controls data flow into queues. Like a computer with 6 cores might have 6 queues and are kept in the core's cache. The traditional form factors 2.5 inch and M.2 as well as being able to slot into a PCIe x16 with an expansion card. Also pushing the max capacity of a consumer NVMe SSD to 16TB as of 2023. NVMe SSDs are becoming more common, and most devices made in the last 5 years include at least one NVMe slot. NVMe SSDs come in 2230, 2242, 2260, 2280, and 22110. Most consumer SSDs use 2280, while smaller devices use 2242 and now 2230 SSDs. 22110 SSDs are usually used in servers, while 2260 NVMe SSDs are not that common. . . .

References 

Storage devices
Martial Lavaud Célestin (October 4, 1913 – February 4, 2011) was the first Prime Minister of Haïti. He was born in Ganthier and worked as a lawyer. President Leslie Manigat made him prime minister in March 1988. A coup removed Célestin from power on 20 June 1988.

References

1913 births
2011 deaths
Prime Ministers of Haiti
The Norwegian Crusade was one of several religious wars in which European countries fought against Muslims in Turkey and the Middle East. The First Crusade was 1095-1099. The Norwegian Crusade was next, from 1107 to 1110. King Sigurd I led the crusade. Sigurd was the first European king to go on crusade to the Holy Land. He did not lose any battles. The Norwegian crusade seems to have been similar to earlier Viking raids.

References

Other reading

 (Old Norse: )

Notes

History of Norway
Crusades
1100s
1110
Jumping spiders belong to the family Salticidae. These spiders catch their prey by jumping on them.

Species live in many habitats, from leaves lying on the ground, to the tops of trees in the forest, and even way up on Mt. Everest. They are found on every continent in the world except for Antarctica. 

At present, 5026 species in 530 genera have been found. They are actually the largest family of spiders, with about 13% of all species.

Appearance 
They are easy to identify because their eye pattern is distinctive. They have eight eyes, two of which are very large, and because their faces form a flat surface, facing where they are going.
Behaviour 
They often hunt high up in bushes, or on vertical walls. To save themselves from falling they do something very much like what climbers do to protect themselves in the mountains. Humans tie a rope to the mountain and attach the other end to the harness they wear. Jumping spiders attach silk from their spinnerets to the thing on which they are standing and then they jump. While they are moving through the air they make silk so that there is always a safety rope trailing out behind them. 

Jumping spiders can jump long distances for their size, as much as 16 cm.p11 When they jump, they use their hind legs. They raise their front legs to be ready to grab their prey.

Many other kinds of spider hunt at night, but jumping spiders depend on their eyes, so they like to come out in the daytime. Often they will find a sunny spot on a wall or tree trunk.
There are however many variations, and many surprising aspects. For one thing, Salticids do not necessarily follow a straight path in approaching prey. They may follow a circuitous course, sometimes even a course that takes the hunter through places where the prey is not visible. Such complex behaviour is hard to reconcile with an organism that has such a tiny brain. Some spiders in species of Portia can take long detours from one bush down to the ground, then up the stem of another bush to capture a prey item on a particular leaf. Such behaviour is the subject of research.
Physical capabilities 

Jumping spiders are able to climb glass and other very smooth surfaces because besides having two claws on each foot they also have sticky hairs (called scopulae) that hold onto the surface.  Many tiny ends on each hair are held to the glass by Van der Waals forces, the force that will make two very flat sheets of glass stick tightly together without any glue.

Jumping spiders are able to see very clearly. Two of their eight eyes are very large and are complicated inside. The eyes cannot move, so the spider will often move its body to look at what it wants to see. However, it can also move the retinas of its two main eyes on the inside of the eye, so the center of the eye's picture can be moved. So the jumping spider has binocular vision.
Use of silk 
Very few kinds of jumping spider make webs; instead they use their silk for their safety rope and also to make a kind of tent where they sleep at night, shed their skins (molt), lay their eggs, and enjoy a long sleep during winter (hibernate). Their silk comes out of their spinnerets (see diagram).

Images

References

Spiders
William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. (December 9, 1919– April 14, 2011) was a Nobel Prize-winning American inorganic and organic chemist. He worked in nuclear magnetic resonance, theoretical chemistry, boron chemistry, and biochemistry.

Lipscomb was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His family moved to Lexington, Kentucky in 1920.He lived there until he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry at the University of Kentucky in 1941. Then he earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree in Chemistry from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1946.

From 1946 to 1959, he taught at the University of Minnesota. From 1959 to 1990, he was a professor of chemistry at Harvard University. After 1990, he became a professor emeritus at Harvard.

Lipscomb went to live in Cambridge, Massachusetts until his death in 2011 from pneumonia.
Lipscomb was one of the first people to use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study chemical structures. He learned out how to look at NMR data to find what atoms are connected together in a molecule.  This is called "chemical shift".

Lipscomb studied molecules. These molecules included boron atoms. Lipscomb used this work to learn basic ideas about how atoms form chemical bonds. Lipscomb and his students created many important ideas in the field of theoretical chemistry. His work on boron compounds won a Nobel Prize in 1976. Three of his students went on to also win separate Nobel Prizes in Chemistry.

Lipscomb's later research was on the atomic structure of proteins. He studied how enzymes work. His group used x-ray diffraction to measure the three-dimensional structure of these proteins. He calculated the exact location of every single atom in these large molecules. Lipscomb then studied these details to learn how the molecules work in biological systems.
Carboxypeptidase A  was the first protein structure from Lipscomb's group.

Awards and Honors
 Guggenheim Fellow, 1954
 Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960.
 Member of National Academy of Sciences, (1961)
 Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, (1976)
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, (1976)

Five books and published collections of writings are dedicated to Lipscomb.

References

Other websites
"Reflections" on Linus Pauling: Video of a talk by Lipscomb.  See especially the "Linus and Me" section.
World War 2 research in brief audio clips by Lipscomb, which include his attempt to save the life of Elizabeth Swingle.  Technical description of the Swingle accident.
Scientific Character of W. Lipscomb Curriculum Vitae, publication list, science humor, Nobel Prize scrapbook, scientific aggression, family stories, portraits, eulogy.
1919 births
2011 deaths
American chemists
American Nobel Prize winners
Deaths from pneumonia
Scientists from Cleveland
Harvard University faculty
Educators from Cleveland
I Am Weasel (also spelled as I.M. Weasel because of the character) is an American animated television series produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Hanna-Barbera, created by David Feiss and aired on Cartoon Network. The show is about a very smart weasel named I.M. Weasel who uses his talents to help people in all different ways, and because of this is adored by everybody in the world.  There is also a stupid baboon named I.R. Baboon who wants to be more admired than the weasel by trying to help people in his own way, but this often has bad results and makes everyone dislike him.
I Am Weasel was originally a series of segments in its sister series Cow and Chicken, usually being aired as the third of three segments in a Cow and Chicken episode. The series started on July 15, 1997 and its first four seasons premiered in that format. In 1999, I Am Weasel was separated and got its own half-hour show, premiering as an independent series on June 10, 1999. All of the 52 episodes of I Am Weasel that originally aired on Cow and Chicken began to air in the new independent show, and were later joined by a fifth season with 27 new episodes, for a total of 79 episodes. The series ended in 2000.

References

Other websites

Channel Links

Cartoon Network series
1990s American animated television series
1997 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
English-language television programs
Hélène "Hella" Serafia Haasse (2 February 1918 – 29 September 2011) was a Dutch writer. She was often called "the Grand Old Lady" of Dutch literature.

Many people think her greatest book is Heren van de Thee (The Tea Lords). It is famous in many countries around the world. In 1988 Haasse interviewed the Dutch Queen for her 50th birthday.

Honors 
Haasse has received many awards for her writing. She received the Constantijn Huygens Prize in 1981 and the P. C. Hooft Award in 1984. She also won the Annie Romein Prize, the Dirk Martens Prize, and the Prize of the Public of the NS. She is the only author who has written for Boekenweek (Book Week) three times, in 1948, 1959 and 1994.

Many of Haasse's books have been translated into French. The Académie française gave Hasse an award called the Diplôme de médaille Argent in 1984. In 2000, she received another award. It was the Officier dans l’Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur.
The Chilean Ministry of Education gave her a prize in 1996. In 1989 the city of Boston awarded her the Boston Certificate of Recognition for her book In a Dark Wood Wandering. In 1992, Haasse went to the opening of the IKAPI International (Worldwide) Book Fair in Jakarta and visited Java, where she was born.

Gallery

References 

1918 births
2011 deaths
Dutch novelists
People from Batavia
Derived demand is what happens when someone buys one thing which then makes someone need to buy something else as well. For example if someone bought a car then someone has to buy the metal that is used to build it. 

Economics
Pete Postlethwaite OBE (7 February 1946 – 2 January 2011) was a British actor.  In 1994, he was nominated for an Oscar for his part in In the Name of the Father.  He was also awarded an OBE by Queen Elizabeth II in 2003.

Postlethwaite was born in Warrington, Lancashire and died of pancreatic cancer in Shrewsbury, Shropshire.

References

Actors from Lancashire
Cancer deaths in England
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Warrington
1946 births
2011 deaths
The International House of Pancakes, better known by its acronym IHOP, is a restaurant chain. It serves mostly breakfast foods but also serves lunch and dinner. There are more than 1,500 restaurants in all 50 states as well as in Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

History 
IHOP was founded in 1958 by Jerry Lapin, Al Lapin and Albert Kallis. The first IHOP opened in Toluca Lake, Los Angeles, California.

Other websites
 

1958 establishments in California
Companies based in California
Glendale, California
American restaurants
Otmar Gutmann (April 24, 1937 in Münstertal - October 13, 1993 in Russikon) was a German television producer, animator and director. He is best known for making the cartoon Pingu.

1937 births
1993 deaths
Animators
German entertainers
People from Baden-Württemberg
German television directors
Television producers
Zwijndrecht is a town and municipality in the province South Holland in the Netherlands. It is between the cities Rotterdam and Dordrecht.

In 2011, about 44,500 people lived there.

References 

Settlements in South Holland
Municipalities of South Holland
Zwijndrecht is the name of two cities:
 Zwijndrecht, Belgium, in the province of Antwerp
 Zwijndrecht, Netherlands, in the province of South Holland
was a Japanese academic, author, historian, librarian, curator and peace advocate.

Early life 
He was born in Nihonmatsu, Japan.  He studied at Waseda University in Tokyo.

In 1899, he earned a bachelor's degree (B.A.) at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire.  He continued his studies at Yale University.  He earned a doctor's degree (Ph.D.) in 1902.

Career 
He lectured at Dartmouth in 1902.  In 1906–1907, he was a professor at Waseda.

In 1907, Asakawa was appointed curator of the East Asian Collection at Yale's Sterling Memorial Library.

Asakawa was an instructor at Yale from 1907 through 1910 when became an assistant professor. He became the first Japanese professor at a major American university. He taught history at Yale for 35 years.  Among those he influenced was John Whitney Hall.

Asakawa helped found Japan studies and Asian studies in the United States.
Politics 
After the end of the Russo-Japanese War, Asakawa began to speak out against the growth of militarism in Japan. In 1941, he tried to prevent war between the US and Japan.

Selected works 
In an overview of writings by and about Kan'ichi Asakawa, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 110+ works in 220+ publications in 5 languages and 2,400+ library holdings.
 The Early Institutional Life of Japan. (1903)
 The Russo-Japanese Conflict: Its Causes and Issues  (1905)
 The Origin of Feudal Land-Tenure in Japan (1914)
 The life of a monastic shō in medieval Japan (1919)
 The documents of Iriki, illustrative of the development of the feudal institutions of Japan (1922)

His works also included contributions to the publications Japan edited by Frank Brinkley (1904); the History of Nations Series (1907); China and the Far East (1910); Japan and Japanese-American Relations (1912); and The Pacific Ocean in History (1917).
Legacy 
Asakawa lived most of his life in the United States.  In the history of the Japanese-Americans, he is considered among the Issei who were immigrants born in Japan.

In 2007 the Asakawa Japanese garden at Yale, designed by Shinichiro Abe,  was dedicated to mark the centennial of Asakawa's appointment as an instructor of history at Yale.

Related pages 
 List of historians by continent

References

Further reading

Other websites 
  Asakawa, Kanʾichi, 1873–1948 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
 The Asakawa Centennial at Yale 
 "Utsukushima Fukushima Story – The dreamer : Kan'ichi Asakawa" 
 "The Treaty of Portsmouth by Kan'ichi Asakawa" 
  "Asakawa Web-Museum by Asakawa Peace Association" 
 Kanichi Asakawa gravesite

1873 births
1948 deaths
Asian historians
Japanese scientists
Japanologists
People from Fukushima Prefecture
Waseda University alumni
Yale University alumni
Librarians
Dartmouth College faculty
The Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus (OPERA) is a scientific experiment for detecting tau neutrinos from muon neutrino oscillations. The experiment is a joint effort between the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) and the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS). In September 2011, OPERA scientists said that they had seen neutrinos appear to travel faster than the speed of light. However, the scientists later found problems in their equipment which had caused the anomaly. The neutrino time of flight was consistent with the speed of light.

Related pages
OPERA neutrino anomaly

References 

Physics experiments
Ian Hill Nish CBE (born 3 June 1926) is a British academic, a specialist in Japanese studies, and  Emeritus Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).
He is an expert on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and Japanese foreign policy.

Early life
Nish was born in Edinburgh in 1926.

World War II gave opportunity to many young non-Japanese to become specialists in Japanese studies; and Ian Nish was one of them..

He studied at the School of Japanese Studies in Simla and Karachi in British India.

He earned a master's degree (M.A.) at the University of Edinburgh.  He was awarded a doctorate degree (Ph.D.) at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London.

Career
Nish taught in the history department of the University of Sydney from 1957 to 1962.

From 1962 through 1991, Nish taught at the London School of Economics in London.  He retired in 1991.
Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Ian Nish, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 200+ works in 300+ publications in 4 languages and 7,000+ library holdings.
 Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits (1994), with James Hoare
 The History of Anglo-Japanese Relations: The Political-diplomatic Dimension (2000)
 The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5] (2003)

Honours
Nish argues that "a foreign scholar of Japan is often only a middleman attempting to distill the ideas of Japanese scholars".
 Japan Academy (Honorary member), 2007.
 Commander of the British Empire.
 Order of the Rising Sun, 1991.
 Japan Foundation: Japan Foundation Award, 1991.

References

Other websites
 Nish, Ian Hill at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Scottish historians
British Japanologists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
1926 births
University of Sydney faculty
Academics of the University of London
2022 deaths
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Writers from Edinburgh
University of Sydney alumni
Reggaeton is a form of urban music that first became popular with Latin American youths in the early 1990s. Reggaeton's predecessor originated in Panama as Reggae en Español. After the music's gradual exposure in Puerto Rico, it eventually evolved into reggaeton. It blends British West reggae and dancehall with Latin American genres, as well as hip hop. Modern reggaeton beats follow the structure of the Dem Bow Riddim, a beat created by Jamaican producers Steely & Clevie in the late 80s and early 90s. However, over the years, it has been losing every noticeable similarity with its original reggae origins.

Other websites
 Reggaeton Encyclopedia: History, instructional videos, shows, articles, performers (English & Russian)

 
Reggae music
The India-Pakistan War of 1947-48 is also known as the First Kashmir War. It was fought between the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan over the former Princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948. 

This was the first of four wars fought between the two newly independent nations. The war initially begun as a rebellion by the mainly Muslim Pahari rebels in western Kashmir against the mainly Hindu Dogra rulers of the Jammu and Kashmir state and it turned into a full fledged war between India and Pakistan. The result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both the countries. The result of the war was inconclusive. However, neutral assessments seem to agree that India was the victor of the war because it was able to successfully defend about two-thirds of the Kashmir, including Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh.

References 

Wars involving Pakistan
1947 in Asia
Wars involving India
Jammu and Kashmir
1940s in India
1940s conflicts
[[Category:20th century in Pakistan
The Indo-Pakistani Fight of 1965 was a war that took place between April 1965 and 23 September 1965 between Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India. This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War. Both countries fought over the disputed Himalayan region of Kashmir. The first Kashmir War took place in 1947. The war began after Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar. In this operation, Pakistan wanted to bring forces into Indian-held Jammu and Kashmir to conquer the area of Kashmir ruled by India. The five-week war caused thousands of deaths on both side. Ceasefire was declared through UNSC (United Nations Security Council) Resolution 211. The Tashkent Declaration was signed between India and Pakistan on 10 January 1966 to resolve the war .
Details 
The war was fought on the western front after Pakistan launched "Operation Gibraltar" - a covert offensive in which up to 30,000 fighters were pushed across the ceasefire line into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.  India retaliated by crossing the international border at Lahore. At midnight on 6 September, India crossed the international border between India and Pakistan and attacked Lahore and Kasur. The Pakistan Army and Air Force prepared for war in a hurry and started attacks on India. The attacks also started in the areas of Jammu and Kashmir. The war was fought on the border until 22 September when UN asked for ceasefire. Pakistan army had to face very heavy causalities.

The war affected a lot of people and the thousands of Pakistani families had to leave their house and belongings and move to safer areas because of India's capture of Lahore.
Who won the war? 
It has been a real confusion on who won the war. Both nations believe it has been won by them but no one is sure who really won the war.

Most Pakistanis believe that Pakistan was victorious . In Pakistan, it is celebrated as a public holiday known as Defense Day on 6 September.

Records and achievements
 M.M.Alam of Pakistan Army shot five Indian jets in 30 seconds
 The war was the second largest tank battle since World War 2.

References 

1965 in Asia
Jammu and Kashmir
Wars involving India
Wars involving Pakistan
1960s conflicts
Begum Nusrat Bhutto (, , March 23, 1929 – October 23, 2011) was an Iranian-Pakistani who was the former First Lady of Pakistan and widow of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. She became her husband's successor as the chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) from 1979 to 1983. The couple had four children: PPP chairman and the first and only female Pakistani Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007), Murtaza Bhutto (1954-1996), Sanam Bhutto (born 1957) and Shahnawaz Bhutto (1958-1985). She died on October 23, 2011.

References 

People from Karachi
1929 births
2011 deaths
Japanese studies (or Japanology) is a term generally used to describe the historical and cultural study of Japan.  In North America, the academic field is usually referred to as Japanese studies.  The term "Japanology" is more often used in Europe.

Japanology is the study of many subjects, including
 Japanese language
 Japanese calligraphy
 Japanese culture
 Japanese divinities
 Japanese history
 Japanese literature
 Japanese art
 Music of Japan
 Manga
 Anime
 Science and technology in Japan

The roots of Japanology begin with the Dutch at Dejima, Nagasaki in the Edo period.

Japanology was encouraged by the Asiatic Society of Japan at Yokohama which was established in 1872.

Notable Japanologists
 Edwin O. Reischauer
 Edward Seidensticker
 Ruth Benedict
Lafcadio Hearn
 Donald Keene
 Helen Hardacre
 Francis Xavier
 Ernest Mason Satow
 Richard Ponsonby-Fane
Notable foreign centers of Japanese studies
 University of Virginia Japanese Text Initiative
 Harvard University - Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies
 University of California, Berkeley - Center for Japanese Studies
 Columbia University - The Center for Japanese Legal Studies
 Oxford University -  Nissan Institute of Japanese Studies
 School of Oriental and African Studies - The Japan Research Centre and Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures
 School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences – Centre de Recherches sur le Japon
 Leiden University - Japanese Languages and Cultures
 Universitas Indonesia - Japanese Area Studies Program

Associations for Japan Studies overseas
 European Association for Japanese Studies
 British Association for Japanese studies
 The Society for Japanese Studies (United States)
Notable Academic Journals
 Journal of Japanese Studies (The Society for Japanese Studies)
 Monumenta Nipponica (Sophia University)
 Social Science Japan Journal (Oxford University Press)

Related pages
 Bushido
 Oriental studies

References

Other websites 
Electronic journal of contemporary Japanese studies
European Association for Japanese Studies 

Japan
Blind Fool Love is a post-hardcore Italian band, made in Toscana, Italy in 2005. In 2007 the band released their first demo, followed by the EP Il pianto in May 2011. The first studio album is called La strage di Cupido and was released in September 27, 2011, by Sony Music.

Members 
Tommaso Sabatini - guitars, lead vocals
Piero Cini - bass
Marco Ronconi - drums

Discography 
 Albums
Blind Fool Love (demo, 2007)
Il pianto (EP, 2011)
La strage di Cupido (studio album, 2011)

 Singles
 Vampiro (2009)
 Saranno giorni (2010)
 Il pianto (2011)
 La ballata della farfalla melitaea (2011)
 Com'eri un tempo (2011)

Other websites 
 Official Website 
 YouTube
 MySpace
 Facebook

2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Italian musical groups
Post-hardcore bands
Codelco-Chile () is a state mining company in Chile that uses and exploits copper.

History 
It was founded in 1955 like the Copper Office. In 1966, under President Eduardo Frei Montalva, the Copper Office changes the name to Copper Corporation of Chile (Codelco). It was nationalized on July 11, 1971 under Salvador Allende. In 1976 was created the Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile under the Augusto Pinochet administration.

Features 
Considering the size of installations and volume of production, it is considered one of the largest mining companies in the world.

Related pages 
 Chilean Nationalization of Copper

Other websites 

 Official Site of Codelco-Chile 

Mining companies
Organisations based in Santiago de Chile
Planet Dinosaur is a six-part documentary television series produced by the BBC, narrated by John Hurt, first aired in the United Kingdom in 2011, produced by VFX studio Jellyfish Pictures. It is the first major dinosaur-related series for BBC One since Walking with Dinosaurs. There are more than 50 different prehistoric species featured, and they and their environments were created entirely as computer-generated images, for only a third of the production cost that was needed a decade earlier for Walking with Dinosaurs. By the time the third episode aired, the companion book to the series was released accompany it. The DVD will be released after the series finishes.

Spin-off 
CBBC aired a spin-off, Planet Dinosaur Files, from 29 September, 2011, hosted by Jem Stansfield. Each episode compares three Mesozoic creatures and involves practical tests to replicate certain behaviours in an attempt to find out which creature holds a certain title, such as the "most powerful" theropod.
Reception
Tom Sutcliffe in the Independent found that it was visually "polished and jazzed up" but that  the "knowledge and science generally take second place to B-movie spectacle".

List of episodes

References

Other websites 
 BBC website
 Production website 

2011 British television series debuts
2010s British television series
BBC Television programmes
Dinosaurs
Documentaries
English-language television programs
On July 28, 2011, the United States House Judiciary Committee passed the Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011 (HR 1981). The bill passed by a vote of 19-10. Next the bill will be discussed in the House of Representatives. Some people are against this bill because it gives a lot of access to personal information. Some people have said that the bill will not become a law, but the Congressional Budget Office put out a report on October 12, 2011, with the cost of making the changes in the bill. The next step is that the bill will be discussed in the House of Representatives.

History
On May 25, 2011, Representative Lamar Smith of Texas introduced the bill.  It was co-sponsored by 25 other Representatives of the House. On July 28, 2011 the bill was passed by the House Judiciary Committee. It has to go through more approvals before it becomes a law.
Purpose
The purpose of the bill is to protect children. The bill would give the police more access to information in order to find and catch people who make and/or distribute child pornography.

This bill would create laws that give bigger punishments for people charged with child pornography. The bill also makes companies that people in the United States get internet service from (internet service providers or ISPs) keep records of all of their customers' internet use for twelve months. They would have to keep this information in case it needs to be used to investigate people.

Cost
On October 12, 2011 a report on the costs of the bill was released. This report said that the cost to the government would be very small and that the internet service companies would have to pay more than $200 million. That money includes the cost of storing the extra information about their customers.
Controversy
Some say that because of the Patriot Act, this law could mean that people could lose some of their civil rights. Representative Zoe Lofgren, (D-Calif.) is very against the bill and asked for it to be renamed the "Keep Every American's Digital Data for Submission to the Federal Government Without a Warrant Act."  She believes that people will have a lot less privacy if this is passed.
People who are in favor of the bill say that the police and other law enforcers need to be able to go back and look at the records of  IP addresses, because these addresses can change over time. So the police need to be able to check the records in order to catch people. occurred. Lamar Smith, the bill's sponsor, said that: ""Some Internet service providers currently retain these [IP] addresses for business purposes. But the period of retention varies widely among providers, from a few days to a few months. The lack of uniform data retention impedes the investigation of Internet crimes." Smith said that the number of child pornography cases grew by 150% a year every year for the past ten years.

References

IT law
Pornography
United States law
Child abuse
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (born 1 November 1973) is an Indian actress. She won the Miss World 1994 pageant.  Her acting has made her one of the most popular celebrities in India. She has won many awards, including two Filmfare Awards. Bachchan also was given the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2009 and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the Government of France in 2012. Some parts of the media have called her "the most beautiful woman in the world".

Biography 
She was born into the family of merchant navy officer Krishnaraj Raja and writer Vrinda Rai. The actress has an older brother - a merchant navy engineer Aditya.
Aishwarya's native language is Tulu, and she also speaks English, Hindi, Marathi, and Tamil. As a child she studied classical music and dance. At an early age, she moved with her family to Bombay, where she studied at Arya Vidya Mandir high school in the suburbs of Santacruz. After graduating from Ruparel College (before that she studied at Jai Hind College for a year), she entered the university, where she began to study architecture, but then became a model. In 1994 she won the Miss World contest. After participating in the Pepsi advertising campaign, she starred for Vogue magazine.  

Aishwarya's first role in a film was the well-received film "Tandem" in 1997, where she played a dual role: a rural beauty and an actress.
Personal life 
She dated Salman Khan for several years. After a while she started dating actor Vivek Oberoi. On January 14, 2007, she announced her engagement to actor Abhishek Bachchan, the son of the famous actor Amitabh Bachchan, and married him on April 20 of that year. On November 16, 2011, Aishwarya Rai gave birth to a daughter at a clinic in Mumbai. The girl was named Aaradhia Bachchan.

References

Other websites 

1973 births
Indian movie actors
Indian models
Miss World winners
Indian beauty pageant winners
Actors from Karnataka
Mariner 9 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the ninth spacecraft in the Mariner programme. It was sent to study and orbit the planet Mars. It was the first spacecraft to orbit another planet. Mariner 9 was launched on May 30, 1971 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Mariner 9 reached Mars on November 13, 1971, after a ~170 day flight. The spacecraft was sent to map 70 % of the surface of Mars and to study the temperature changes of the Martian atmosphere and surface. When it arrived, a dust storm hid the surface of Mars. After a few months the dust settled and Mariner 9 discovered the Valles Marineris.

Mariner 09
Mars
Spacecraft launched in the 1970s