Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
JCW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Main Event Championship Wrestling
MECW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Motor City Wrestling
MCW Heavyweight Championship (three time)
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA Independent World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
NWA Florida
NWA World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
National Wrestling Conference
NWC Heavyweight Championship (two times)
New Japan Pro Wrestling
IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship (one time)
UWA World Junior Light Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Pro Wrestling Holland
Pro Wrestling Holland Championship (one time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
He was ranked #5 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1995.
He was ranked #86 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 2003.
Professional Championship Wrestling
PCW Television Championship (one time)
Pro-Pain Pro Wrestling
3PW World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Stampede Wrestling
Stampede Pacific Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
Match of the Year (2005) (vs. Abyss, Barbed Wire Massacre on December 11)
Ultimate Championship Wrestling
UCW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
UPW Pro Wrestling
UPW American Championship (two times)
United States Xtreme Wrestling
UXW United States Heavyweight Championship (two times)
Universal Wrestling Alliance
UWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)
World Wrestling Council
WWC Hardcore Championship (one time)
WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Readers' Favorite Wrestler (1994)
Xtreme Intense Championship Wrestling
XICW Xtreme Championship (one time)
Xtreme Latin American Wrestling
X-LAW International Championship (one time)
Xtreme Pro Wrestling
XPW World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
References

Other websites
WWE profile

1964 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from New York (state)
Former WWE wrestlers
Impact Wrestling alumni
Hill House School is a preparatory school in Knightsbridge, London, England. It was started in 1951 by Lt. Col. Stuart Townend. It is for boys and girls aged 4 to 11. The school only allowed male students until 1981.

References

Other websites
Official website

1951 establishments in the United Kingdom
Schools in London
1950s establishments in England
In economics a competitive advantage is something that allows someone or a company to beat their rivals. This includes:

 Low cost: I have better resources. I can make things at a lower cost. I sell things at a lower price than others.
 Differentiation: The product I create is different, better, or both.
 Focus: The product I create is targeted to a specific person.

Related pages 
 Comparative advantage

Economics
Comparative advantage is a term economists use, especially in international trade. A country has a comparative advantage when it can make goods or services at a lower opportunity cost than another country.

Ricardo's example 
For example, during the Industrial Revolution, England and Portugal both made wine and cloth.

Suppose the number shows the number of hours required to create one piece of cloth or one crate of wine. In 100 hours, England can either make 1 unit of cloth or 5/6 units of wine. Meanwhile in 90 hours Portugal can make 1 unit of cloth or 9/8 units of wine. Portugal has an absolute advantage in both. However England's opportunity cost of 5/6 is lower than Portugal's OC 9/8. Hence England has a comparative advantage in cloth-making.

David Ricardo predicted that Portugal would stop making cloths and England would stop making wine. That did happen.
Theory predicts that even if one country can produce all good more efficiently than another, trade will make both better off if they specialize in the goods they have a comparative advantage in.

This theory also says that protectionism (raising tariffs or blocking trade from other countries) does not work in the long run.

Related pages
Competitive advantage

References

Other websites
 What Is Comparative Advantage? | The Street
 Comparative advantage and when to blow up your island
 Ricardo's Difficult Idea, Paul Krugman's 1996 exploration of why non-economists don't understand the idea of comparative advantage
 What is comparative advantage? | Investopedia

Economics
Hikikomori is a Japanese word that describes people who withdraw from society and spend extreme amounts of time on their own. The withdrawal usually happens slowly. Tamaki Saitō was the first person to use the word. In 1998 his book Shakaiteki hikikomori--Owaranai Shishunki was published. An English translation by Jeffrey Angles, Hikikomori: Adolescence without End, was published in 2013. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare defines hikikomori as people who refuse to leave their house for over six months. In 2010 there were 700,000 hikikomori. The average hikikomori was 31 years old. Tamaki Saitō thinks that there may be over 1 million hikikomori (1% of the Japanese population).

People who withdrew from society during school refusal is often referred to as futōkō (不登校).

English words with similar meanings include recluse and agoraphobic.
In popular culture
Welcome to the N.H.K., a 2002 novel by Tatsuhiko Takimoto, is about hikikomori.
The main character of the 2002 manga Rozen Maiden is a hikikomori. 
The 2008 film Tokyo! has a part about a hikikomori.
On her 2011 album Conatus, American singer-songwriter Zola Jesus has a song called "Hikikomori". 
The main character of the anime Anohana: The Flower We Saw That Day is a hikikomori.
In 2013 Hikikomori and the Rental Sister, a novel by Jeff Backhaus, was published. It is about an American hikikomori who has sex with a Japanese immigrant.

References

Japanese culture
Heinrich Boere (27 September 1921 – 1 December 2013) was a convicted German-Dutch war criminal and former member of the Waffen-SS. He was one of the most wanted Nazis during the 1940s.

Boere was born in Eschweiler, Germany to a Dutch father and German mother.

Boere began serving his life sentence on 16 December 2011 at the age of 90. He died on 1 December 2013 in prison custody in Fröndenberg from natural causes, aged 92.

References

Other websites
 Germany: Trial opens of former SS member Heinrich Boere, wsws.org 2 November 2009
 Life imprisonment for SS man Heinrich Boere, wsws.org 3 April 2010

1921 births
2013 deaths
Dutch military personnel of World War II
German prisoners
German war criminals
People from Eschweiler
People who died in prison custody
Waffen-SS people
Donald G. Malarkey (July 31, 1921 – September 30, 2017) was a former non-commissioned officer during World War II.  Malarkey was portrayed in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Scott Grimes. 

Malarkey was born in Astoria, Oregon on July 31, 1921.

References

Other websites
Photos of Don Malarkey & the Band of Brothers during their visit to the 1st Armored Division in Germany 
Photos of Don Malarkey during his 2009 visit with Prince Charles 
Interview from Men of Easy Company 

1921 births
2017 deaths
American military personnel of World War II
Military people from Oregon
Purple Heart recipients
Anthony Peter "Tony" Musante (June 30, 1936 – November 26, 2013) was an American actor. He was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut into an Italian-American family. He was known for his role as David Toma in the 1970s television series Toma and as Joe D'Angelo in As the World Turns.

He died of complications following surgery on November 26, 2013, aged 77, in Manhattan, New York City.

References

Other websites

1936 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Bridgeport, Connecticut
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Deaths from surgical complications
Lewis Collins (26 May 1946 – 27 November 2013) was an English actor. He was best known for his tough-guy role as Bodie in the ITV drama series The Professionals. It ran from 1977 to 1983.

Collins died from cancer in Los Angeles, California on 27 November 2013, aged 67.

References

Other websites

The Unofficial Lewis Collins website

1946 births
2013 deaths
Actors from Cheshire
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
English movie actors
English television actors
People from Birkenhead
Edward James Heffron (May 16, 1923 - December 1, 2013)   was a former American World War II-veteran. Heffron was played in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Robin Laing. He wrote some books about his view of the war. 

Heffron was born in South Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 16, 1923. He died on December 1, 2013 from natural causes in his home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, aged 90.

References

Other websites
Photos of Babe Heffron & the Band of Brothers during the 2008 USO tour to the Middle East 
Men of Easy Company website 

1923 births
2013 deaths
Military people from Pennsylvania
World War II people
Writers from Philadelphia
Alice Herz-Sommer, also known as Alice Sommer (26 November 1903 – 23 February 2014), was a Czech-British music teacher and supercentenarian from Bohemia. She was a survivor of the Theresienstadt concentration camp and was the world's oldest known Holocaust survivor until Yisrael Kristal was recognized as such.

Herz was born in Prague, Austria-Hungary on 26 November 1903, along with her twin sister Mariana. She married the businessman and amateur musician Leopold Sommer in 1931. They had one son, Raphael Sommer. Leopold Sommer was later sent to Auschwitz. Although he survived the camp, he died at Dachau in 1944.

She lived in Israel and worked as a music teacher in Jerusalem. She then moved to Belsiza Park in London in 1986. Raphael Sommer, her only child, was a cellist and conductor. He died in 2001.

Herz-Sommer died on the morning of 23 February 2014 in London, England, from natural causes, aged 110.

References
References

Other websites 
 "Life is beautiful", The Guardian, 13 December 2006
 "I look at the good", Haaretz, 21 January 2010
 "I played Chopin as they sent my family to their deaths", Jewish Chronicle

1903 births
2014 deaths
British supercentenarians
Czech Jews
Holocaust survivors
Jewish British musicians
Jewish Israeli musicians
Jewish supercentenarians
Musicians from Prague
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Twin people from the United Kingdom
Mister Donut is a worldwide food franchise which sells pastries, soda, coffee, muffins and doughnuts. The company was established in the United States in 1956, though it is now based from Japan. The company was acquired in 1990, following which every North American outlet was renamed Dunkin' Donuts except for fewer than six by the start of 2010. Only one Illinois location continues using the Mister Donut corporate name.

American food companies
1956 establishments
Sweet breads
Doughnuts
Japanese food companies
Osaka Prefecture
Acid Black Cherry is the solo project of Japanese musician, Yasu. He started the project in 2007. It was after his previous band, Janne Da Arc, announced that they were taking a break. Acid Black Cherry is often called ABC.

Visual kei bands
Musical groups established in 2007
The Olive Garden is an American casual dining restaurant. It serves Italian-American cuisine. The Olive Garden was established in December 1982 in Orlando, Florida. There are over 800 locations worldwide.

Soup, salad, and breadsticks: The absolute bane of every OG server's existence. I worked at various Olive Gardens over 10 years, in every position, and I still have lunch rush nightmares where all three of my tables — that’s the max you were supposed to have, and with all the refills, it could really put you in the weeds — tell me they are going to 'make it easy for me' and have soup, salad, and breadsticks. At the time it cost $7.25. People would give you $10 and tell you to 'keep the change,' which is a good tip percentage-wise, but the amount of stress and running was not worth it.

References 

1982 establishments in the United States
American restaurants
Companies based in Florida
Orlando, Florida
Ipovlopsychophobia is a fear of having one's own photograph taken. It is a type of specific phobia.

References

Phobias
Camera shyness is when a person doesn't want a photograph taken of them. Many people who are camera shy do not like to speak in public or perform in front of other people.

A fear of having one's own picture taken is called ipovlopsychophobia.

Related pages 
 Modesty

Emotions
Availability factor in a power plant is the amount of time that it is able to produce electricity over a certain period, divided by the amount of the time in the period. The availability factor depends on the type of power plant, the source of energy used and how the plant is operated. Newer types of power plants usually have higher availability factors than old power plants.

Electricity
A base load power plant is a power station that usually provides a continuous supply of electricity throughout the year with some minimum power generation requirement. Base load power plants will only be turned off during periodic maintenance, upgrading, overhaul or service. Base load power plant has the character of slow demand respond, a mechanism to match generation with the load it supplies.

Examples of base load power plants are coal-fired power plant, geothermal power plant, tidal power plant, nuclear power plant, etc.

Related pages
 Load following power plant
 Peaking power plant

Power plants
A peaking power plant (or peaker) is a power station that only runs during peak hours of demand of electricity. Because of that, the price of electricity it generates is generally higher than the electricity generated by base load power plant, which operates continuously throughout the year. Peak hours may include hot afternoons when air conditioners are working.

Examples of peaking power plants are a hydropower plant, pumped-storage hydro power plant, and gas-fired power plant. Nuclear and solar power are not used in this way.

Related pages
 Load following power plant

Electricity
Analytical psychology is the school of psychology that came from the ideas of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. Analytical psychology has two main parts: 

 The first part is clinical and related to the care of any particular person (child or adult), who suffers from mental health issues such as addictions, anxiety, depression, panic attacks and fears, using talking and sometimes drawing, painting, music or sand-play. 

 The second part is about research into all kinds of repeating patterns in the human mind and in human behaviour. They include the contents of dreams, personality types like introversion and extraversion, being shy or a show off, feeling abilities and sensations. The research is guided by clinical theories, observations and experiments like active imagination, free-association of ideas and word association tests. It also includes looking into the meaning of fairy tales, myths and legends as well as paranormal events and coincidences.

Branches of psychology
A load following power plant is a power plant that can adjust the amount of electricity it generates to match the changing demand throughout the day. Load following power plants are usually in between base load power plant and peaking power plant in terms of construction cost, cost of the electricity it generates, efficiency, and capacity.

Hydroelectric power plant can be considered load following power plant.

Power plants
A cable tray is a system to put insulated cables and other wiring (communication, network etc.) in building structures, such as in office buildings, residential, industries etc. A cable tray system gives easy access. This is useful when adding new cables or replacing the old cables on the tray.

Cable trays can be made out of galvanized steel, stainless steel, aluminum or plastic. The choice depends on how it will be used or where it will be placed.

Electricity
A brownout is a drop of voltage in an electrical power supply. Brownouts may be done intentionally in order to reduce the load during an emergency. This is done to prevent a total supply failure ("blackout"). Brownouts can also be caused accidentally by faults in the electrical grid which cause a drop in voltage.

References 

Electricity
Adams County is a county in Indiana. Its county seat is Decatur.

Cities 
 Decatur
 Berne

Towns 
 Geneva
 Monroe

References 

Indiana counties
1836 establishments in Indiana
An Independent Power Producer (IPP) or Non-Utility Generator (NUG) is an organisation that owns a power-producing facility and can sell electricity to utility companies and electricity users. An IPP is usually a private company and is generally not a public utility company. Transaction of electricity between IPP with its customers are usually regulated under the power purchase agreement.

An independent water and power producer (IWPP) is similar to an IPP, but with a unified process to also output usable treated water.

References 

Electric power companies
Allen County is a county in Indiana. Its county seat is Fort Wayne.

Cities 
Fort Wayne
New Haven
Woodburn

Towns 
Grabill
Huntertown
Leo-Cedarville
Monroeville
Zanesville

Indiana counties
1824 establishments in Indiana
1820s establishments in Indiana
Bartholomew County is a county in Indiana. Its county seat is Columbus.

Cities 
Columbus

Towns 
Clifford
Edinburgh
Elizabethtown
Hartsville
Hope
Jonesville

References 

Indiana counties
1821 establishments in Indiana
Abū Al-Abbas Abdullāh al-Maʾmūn ibn Harūn (also spelled Almamon, Al-Maymun, Al-Ma’moon, and el-Mâmoûn; 13 September 786 – 9 August 833) was an Abbasid caliph. He reigned from 813 until his death in 833.

Al-Ma’mun was born on 13 September 786 AD in Baghdad. His father was Harun al-Rashid, who was an Abbasid caliph. He was a member of the third dynasty of the descendants of Muhammad who were caliphs of Islam. While his father ruled, al-Ma’mun was the governor of Khorasan. After al-Ma’mun was born his father had another son named al-Amin. Before his father died he announced that al-Amin would be the new caliph and al-Ma’mun would continue to be the governor of Khorasan even though al-Ma’mun was older. When Harun al-Rashid died and al-Amin became the caliph, he took away al-Ma’mun's ability to inherit the throne after he died. The two brothers went to war against each other. Al-Ma’mun defeated al-Amin. He cut off al-Amin's head. Since al-Amin had no other heir to the throne, al-Ma’mun became the new caliph.
During his reign al-Ma’mun tried to reunite Sunnis and Shiites. These are the two main brances of Islam that have different beliefs on who should lead Islam. Al-Ma’mun opened many learning centers in his empire. One big one was in Baghdad, which was called the House of Wisdom. Many other libraries and schools were built all over the empire. He was also a big sponsor of philosophy and astronomy.

He had one wife who he tried to divorce. However, his wife got a powerful judge who refused to allow the divorce. He had no children and no heirs with this wife. Instead, he chose another woman to provide an heir.

Al-Ma’mun died on August 9, 833. He remained caliph until his death.

Notes 

786 births
833 deaths
Caliphs
Anna Komnene (sometimes spelled Comnena; Greek: Άννα Κομνηνή, Anna Komnēnē) was a Greek princess, scholar, and doctor. She was the eldest daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos of Byzantium and Irene Doukaina. 

Komnene was born in the Porphyra, the purple room of the Byzantine royal palace in Constantinople, on December 2nd, 1083. For some time, the emperor did not have a son, so Komnene who was originally engaged to Constantine Ducas, became an heir to the throne. While they were engaged, Anna went to live with Ducas’s mother, Maria of Alania, where Komnena got an education in mathematics, philosophy, and medicine. Anna’s future changed significantly when her brother John was born in 1087 and became the heir to the throne. This sparked Komnene’s jealousy and hatred for her brother for the rest of her life. Unfortunately, Constantine Ducas died young and Anna married Nicephorus Bryennius in 1097 AD.
Anna began to plot a plan for her husband to inherit the throne, with the help of her grandmother, Anna Dalassene. Anna’s mother, Irene, also helped Anna try to persuade her father while on his death bed, to give Brynnius the throne. The plan failed, mainly because of Nicephorus’s loyalty to the heir of the throne, John. At her father’s funeral, Anne is thought by many historians to have attempted an assassination of John, before he could claim the throne, but failed yet again. 

John II Komnenos took the throne in 1188. Anna is supposed to have continued plotting against her brother, even though her husband refused to help her. Once her antics were discovered, Anna’s lands were taken, and she was prohibited from entering the royal palace ever again. When Bryennius, her husband, died, Anna moved into a convent and began her work as a historian.
While she lived there, Anna wrote her book, The Alexiad. “The Alexiad” is a lengthy biography of her father’s reign and the Byzantine Empire. It provides a picture of religious and intellectual activities within the empire. Anna writes about the faults and flaws in her father’s reign as well as the successes and accomplishments. The 15 books of The Alexiad are written solely in Greek. Anne is the only female historian who wrote in Greek before the 19th century. She is also one of very few female authors and historians from Byzantium and was viewed as lesser by many. Her book is still important because Anna had access to the royal archives and had an inside view of politics. Her book remains one of the essential primary sources for Byzantine history and is a common read for those studying the time period. 

Anna may have spent a large part of her life in a convent, but she did in fact become a nun until shortly before she died. She is thought to have died in 1153 however the exact date is unknown.
1083 births
1153 deaths
Greek princes and princesses
Greek physicians
Eleazar of Worms (; c. 1176 – 1238), or Eleazar ben Judah ben Kalonymus, was a Jewish mystic. He was an important student of the Talmud. He was also the last major member of the Chassidei Ashkenaz, a group of German Jewish mystics.

Eleazar of Worms was born in Mainz. He traveled and studied at many centers of learning in Germany and northern France. He belonged to the Kalonymus family, which was one of the most important German-Jewish families at the time. His father, Judah B. Kalonymus, was one of the leading scholars of his generation. Eleazar learned from his father about Jewish law and theology.

Eleazar spent most of his life living in Worms. He was a Jewish pietist. Eleazar wrote many books and poems on praising God, and studied liturgical poetry, halakhah, theology, ethics and exegesis. Some of his works were printed but many have been lost. Eleazar witnessed and suffered the persecution of Jews. Eleazar's wife, two daughters  were murdered, and he and his son were badly injured.

References
References

1176 births
1238 deaths
German esotericists
German poets
Jewish German writers
Mystics
Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate
People from Worms, Germany
Xuanzang (; ; about 602 – 664) was a Chinese Buddhist scholar, traveller and translator. He described the relations between China and India in the early Tang Dynasty.

Early life 
Xuanzang was born in what is now Henan province in 602. He was the youngest of four sons. One of his older brothers, Changjie, was a Buddhist monk. Changjie was impressed by Xuanzang's scholarly nature and brought him to a monastery in Luoyang. He began the process to become a monk at the age of thirteen. He studied Mahayana Buddhism at the monastery. 

In 618, the Sui Dynasty fell. To escape the conflict, Xuanzang and his brother went to Chang'an, the new capital of the Tang Dynasty. He was not satisfied there so he travelled on to Chengdu in Sichuan. There, he joined the monastery and was made a monk at the age of 20. He returned Chang'an after a few years.
He later travelled all around China in search of sacred books of Buddhism. He wanted to learn from the roots of Buddhist practice. He became famous for his seventeen-year journey to India. His journey is recorded in the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions. This in turn provided the inspiration for the novel Journey to the West written by Wu Cheng'en during the Ming Dynasty, around 900 years after Xuanzang's death.

Journey 

Xuanzang traveled to Liang-chou, where he was a “guest lecturer”. The governor refused to let him go, but Xuanzang ignored the governor. He slipped out of town with the aid of two monks. Some guards told him about a detour he took that lead him to the Gobi Desert. Xuanzang made it to the town Hami and a Caravan. The king of Turfan wanted Xuanzang to be in his court.
When he refused, the king sent him on his way with everything Xuanzang could possibly need. Xuanzang crossed the Tien Shan Mountains and descended to the Issyk-Kul lake in what is now the Republic of Kyrgyzstan. He traveled  capital of Tashkent and the city of Samarkand and then through the Iron Gates to Bactria (modern Afghanistan). He visited the city of Balkh, where there were many famous relics of the Buddha. Xuanzang arrived in Bamian. He traveled down the Kabul River through the city of Peshawar to Taxila (now ruins near the Pakistani capital of Islamabad).  Xuanzang then went to Srinigar, the capital of Kashmir.
He stayed in Srinigar and studied Buddhist texts with nine monks, each expert in a different field, until early 633. In eastern Punjab, Xuanzang and his party were assaulted by 50 bandits, and only escaped because Xuanzang was able to slip away to get help. He traveled on to the headwaters of the Ganges, the sacred river of India. Stopping at Kannauj, he stayed there for three months studying with a famous Buddhist master.  Sailing down the Ganges to Kanpur, his boat was captured by pirates who wanted to sacrifice Xuanzang to their god.
As he was preparing to die, the pirate boats were hit by a cyclone and destroyed, and they released him before even worse things happened. Xuanzang visited the sacred sites where the historical Buddha had lived in what had once been the Kingdom of Magadha. At the village of Kasia, he saw the place where the Buddha had entered Nirvana (a kind of heaven). At the great monastery of Nalanda, Xuanzang stayed for five years from 633 to 637 studying the sacred texts. Xuanzang continued down the Ganges to the port of Tamralipti. 

From there he sailed down the east coast of India and visited south India and Maharashtra. He returned north and stopped at Nalanda again and then spent some time nearby studying non-religious subjects, such as mathematics and geography, with a famous teacher.  Xuanzang was sent to Gauhati, the capital of Assam, to convert the King to Buddhism. Back in Nalanda he took leave of the monks and headed back to his native country in 643.
He crossed the Thar Desert to reach the Indus River. Crossing the Indus, he made it across safely on the back of an elephant into central Asia. Xuanzang faced many hazards, though. He survived blizzards and storms and the death of his elephant, who drowned while fleeing an attack of bandits.

Xuanzang reached Kashgar in what is now the westernmost part of China and Hetien, the capital of the Buddhist kingdom of Khotan. The King of Khotan came out to greet him, and he spent seven or eight months there lecturing on what he had learned during his pilgrimage. He finally arrived back in Sian in the spring of 645. Xuanzang arrived back in China with 150 Buddhist relics, six statues and more than 650 religious texts after a journey of 40,000 miles. The Emperor ordered him to write about his experiences. He had completed this book, Ta-T'ang Si-Yu-Ki (Memoirs on Western Countries) by the time he died in 649.

References
References 

600s births
664 deaths
Chinese scholars
Asian explorers
Buddhist monks
Chinese translators
People from Henan
was a Japanese writer. She was a court lady who served the Empress Teishi (Sadako) during the middle Heian period. She is best known as the author of . She also wrote diaries and poems.

The Pillow Book 
The Heian period of Japanese history lasted from 794 to 1185 CE. Sei Shōnagon lived and died during this time. Not a lot is known about her as a child. We only know about her personality by her writing, especially The Pillow Book. This book contains a lot about her life at the imperial court and her feelings. It is a collection of lists, poetry, gossip and observations from her years in the court (things she saw and how she felt about them). The Pillow Book became very well-known during the Heian period. It revealed an interesting view on life at court.
The name Pillow Book came from an event where the empress was given a bundle of notebooks. The empress did not know what to use the notebooks for so Sei Shōnagon asked Empress Sadako if she could have them. Sei Shōnagon told the empress that she wanted to use them to make a pillow.

The book has about 320 entries. She also wrote lists in her diaries. There are about 164 lists. Some of the lists that were included in her diary were: "Depressing things" and "Things that arouse a fond memory of the past". Sei Shōnagon completed this book some time between 1000 and 1010 CE. Some people believe that a copy of Sei Shōnagon's book was given to Empress Sadako's daughter.

References
 Hackney, Ryan. "Sei Shonagon." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2013. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.

966 births
1017 deaths
Japanese writers
was a female samurai who lived in Japan.

When Tomoe Gozen was a girl who was taught the skills of an upper-class Japanese woman: writing, musical theatre, archery, horseback riding and fencing. She became a skilled horseman and brave warrior. She became a concubine of Minamoto no Yoshinaka when she was a teenager.

When Tomoe Gozen was about 28 years old, she fought in the Gempei War (1180–1185). In the Battle of Awazu (February 1184), Minamoto no Yoshinaka was killed by his cousin Yoritomo. Tomoe's reaction to this is not really known. Some people have theories about what might have happened to her. Some think she may have fled from the Gempei War or she may have continued fighting after his death. She also might have been asked to go by Yoshinaka (who believed that his honor would be destroyed if he was killed by a woman) when he realized he would be killed.
After this time, historians do not know what happened. Yoritomo's friend Yoshimori forced Tomoe to marry him. But Yoshinori died before Tomoe gave birth to a son. According to legend, their son was Asahina Yoshihide. He grew up to be a famous samurai. Tomoe joined a nunnery, where she stayed for the rest of her life. Today, Tomoe Gozen is a role model for many Japanese women.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 

1150s births
1247 deaths
Samurai
Abu Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (, ;  801 – 873 CE), was an Iraqi philosopher. He was called "the Philosopher of the Arabs". He is often thought of as the first Arab philosopher, and one of the most important scholars in the Islamic world.

Al-Kindi was born in Yemen to a rich family. As well as philosophy, he worked in astronomy, alchemy, mathematics, medicine, geography, and many other topics. He became a member of a scientific place of study called the House of Wisdom. As a member there, he helped to preserve a type of philosophy called Hellenistic philosophy. He also edited Greek treatises (written works that formally explain a topic). He also wrote his own treatises on vision, precious stones and minerals. He wrote the first treatise on various types of steel swords, metallurgy. His treatises on music were thought to be the best works on the subject of music in Arabic. He died at age 72 in 873.

Related pages
List of scientists from the Middle East

References
References

 "Abu Yusuf Ya Qub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah al-Kindi." Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Biography in Context. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.

Other websites
 
 
 

800s births
873 deaths
Iraqi writers
Iraqi Muslims
Philosophers
Mathematicians
Cai Lun (;  50 AD – 121) was a Chinese eunuch and politician. He is generally regarded as the inventor of paper. Earlier forms of paper, such as papyrus, were used in China from the 2nd century BC. However, Cai Lun developed another form of paper, which is used today.

Cai Lun was born in Leiyang (then called Guiyang), a part of Hunan. He lived during the Han Dynasty. His courtesy name was Jingzhong (). He served the government as a eunuch from AD 75, and in AD 89 got a promotion to be a "Shang Fang Si", someone who makes weapons, and a Regular Palace Attendant (中常侍). Cai Lun invented paper in the year 105. For his invention, he was rewarded by the Emperor. After his death he was considered the patron of papermaking. To make paper, Cai Lun used a pulp made of materials such as tree bark and rags. He then strained the liquid from the pulp and spread it out to dry. Legend has it that the mortar, a tool he used to grind materials, was buried in a pool near his grave.

References
References

"Cai Lun (Chinese Inventor)." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2013. 
Rosinsky, Natalie M. "Let's make paper." Calliope Feb. 2007: 44+. General OneFile. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. 
Forage, Paul. "Printing and Papermaking." Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Ed. Karen Christensen and David Levinson. Vol. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2002. 7-9. World History In Context. Web. 4 Dec. 2013

50s births
121 deaths
Chinese inventors
Paper
Politicians from Hunan
Shen Kuo (or Shen Gua ; 1031–1095) was a Chinese scientist and politician. He lived during the Song Dynasty. He was a polymath, being good at many fields of study.

Many of his most important works came from his use of astronomy. In 1088, Shen was the first to describe the magnetic needle compass, which would be used for navigation. He was also one of the first to suggest that the Earth goes through gradual climate change. His hobbies consisted of music, painting, calligraphy, and philosophy.

Related pages
List of Chinese scientists

1031 births
1095 deaths
History of China
Chinese inventors
Chinese astronomers
Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Sahili (1290–1346) was an architect during the Mali Empire. He lived under the rule of Mansa Musa.

He was born in Granada in 1290. At the time this was part of Muslim Spain. Al-Sahili studied law and the arts. He was known as a gifted poet. His family were rich merchants (traders). He left Granada in 1321 and began to travel through the Middle East, to Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Yemen. In 1346, he met the ruler of Mali, Mansa Musa, who loved his poetry and invited him to return.
Al-Sahili built for Mansa Musa an audience chamber (or Djingereyber; Great Mosque) in 1327. The mosque was described as a square building with a dome. The outside was decorated with plaster and patterns in colors. It was built with banco: soil mixed with wood, mixed with dried grass, and other fibers allowed to dry in the sun. It was built with the same architectural style as the Alhambra in Granada. Mansa Musa then wanted him to make a house for him, but the building was destroyed over time. He started a new trend of rounded arches in Timbuktu. Al-Sahili died there in 1346.

References
 

1290 births
1346 deaths
Malian people
Architects
People from Granada
Mansa Sakura (also spelled Sakoura) was the sixth emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire. He was born a slave, but was later freed. Soon after he was freed he became a general in the army of Sundiata Keita. When Sundiata Keita died, there was a struggle between his sons over who would become the emperor. Around 1285, Sakura took control of the throne. He became the ruler of Mali and brought the empire back together. 

Mansa Sakura became a powerful leader. He was known for exploring other lands and using the ideas he saw in his own kingdom. He also encouraged trade. Under Sakura's leadership, the Mali Empire made several new conquests. It expanded along the Gambia River to the sea. It became a dominant force in West Africa.

Sakura performed the Hajj shortly before his death. On his way home, he was attacked near Djibouti by warriors who wanted his gold. He was killed in the attack, which happened around the year 1300.
After Sakura died, the throne was returned to the royal heirs of the Keita dynasty. The next emperor was Sundiata's nephew, Gao.

References

13th-century births
1300 deaths

Malian emperors
Sonni Ali (also known as Sunni Ali Ber or Sunni Ali) was the first king of the Songhai Empire in western Africa. He ruled from about 1464 to 1492. He was the 15th ruler of the Sonni dynasty. During Sonni's reign, Songhai surpassed the Mali Empire in power. His armies captured several important cities, such as Timbuktu (in 1468) and Djenné (captured in 1475). His battle strategies greatly expanded the empire's territory.

Before Sonni took Timbuktu in 1468, the city was controlled by Tuareg raiders. He then conquered the Tuareg and took them under his rule, which brought the great Saharan trade routes to his kingdom. After conquering Timbuktu, he and his army went south to conquer the port of Djenné, on the Niger River. The city surrendered after a long-fought siege.
Sonni defined himself as Muslim, but was careful to not separate himself from the traditional animist beliefs. He executed many of the clerics from Timbuktu. He ran a very organized and powerful military. His army included both soldiers on horseback, as well as soldiers who fought on foot. He also built a fleet of ships to control the ports along the Niger River.

In 1480, Sunni Ali attacked the Mossi Kingdoms south of the Niger River. Unfortunately, he did not conquer the Mossi, but he was able to stop the spread of their empire. He also fought a successful war against several of the Fulani states. On his return home from this war, Sonni drowned in a river, in 1493

References

Malian people
Year of birth missing
1492 deaths
Kings and queens
Soumaoro Kanté (also written Sumanguru Kanté) was a king of the Sosso people during the 13th century. The Sosso formed their kingdom in the 1180s, after the collapse of the Ghana Empire.

In the Epic of Sundiata, Soumaoro is portrayed as a villain. He is said to have been a supernatural warrior with eight heads rising above his own. Many of his military victories were associated with his supernatural powers.

In 1203, Soumaoro captured Koumbi, the old capital of Ghana. He conquered several neighbouring peoples, including nine other kingdoms in the early 1200s. Among these were the Mandinka in what is now Mali. Soumaoro killed all of the Mandinka king's sons except one. This son, Sundiata Keita, was a cripple, and Soumaoro did not believe him to be a threat.
A short time later, however, Sundiata built an alliance of smaller kingdoms to oppose Soumaoro. Legends describe Sundiata as having supernatural powers as well. In 1230, Sundiata founded the Mali Empire. He defeated Soumaoro at the Battle of Kirina in 1235.

Sourmaoro ruled as a tyrant. His empire lasted a little more that 30 years. He was unable to maintain stability. He also made his people pay heavy taxes. He made them give him large amounts of gold, food, and livestock. On top of that he demanded that his subjects turn over the most beautiful women for his pleasure and the strongest boys to be his slaves. He killed anyone suspected of becoming a potential threat to his rule. Although he was successful on the battlefield, Sumanguru an arrogant, brutal and intolerant ruler. He failed at winning the faith and loyalty of the people he had hoped to unify under his rule.

References

Malian people
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Kings and queens
Sundiata Keita ( 1210 – c. 1260) was the founder of the Mali Empire. He ruled as emperor (mansa) from 1235 to 1260. He is celebrated as a hero of the Mandinka people of West Africa in the Epic of Sundiata. Sundiata changed his father's small kingdom into the core of the Mali Empire. It grew to be one of largest and richest empires of Africa.

Sundiata Keita was born in about 1210. His father was Naré Maghann Konaté, a king of the Mandinka. Keita was disabled from birth. His legend follows the theme of a culture hero overcoming extreme hardships to achieve greatness. According to the legend, Keita and his mother went into voluntary exile to avoid the risk of being killed by his jealous half-brother, Kankaran Tuman, who had become king in 1218. While Keita and his mother were in exile, the Mandinka were conquered by the Sosso Empire. Later, Keita was recalled by his fellow people to free them from this foreign oppression.
In the early 1200s, the independence of the Mandinka was threatened by the Sosso. Sosso was one of the many kingdoms that succeeded the Ghana Empire. Keita, who had already become a king, gathered his people and fought a battle with the Sosso army. In 1235, Keita and his army destroyed the army of Soumaoro Kanté, the ruler of the Sosso. This battle is called the Battle of Kirina, located in present-day Mali.

Further military advancements led to the expansion of the Mali Empire. The empire thrived, because it controlled many of the major gold fields and was an important center of trans-Saharan trade. Keita also successfully combined Islamic and traditional African beliefs to create a functional kingdom. Today, some of the Mandinka people of West Africa still regard Sundiata as a hero.

Little is known about the later life of Keita, but it is known that Keita ruled for about 25 years before his death. It is said that Keita was killed in an accident in his capital city.

References
References

1217 births
1255 deaths
Malian emperors
Zhang Heng (also written Chang Heng, ; AD 78–139) was a Chinese scientist who worked in many subjects. He lived during the Han dynasty. He was an accomplished engineer, meteorologist, geologist, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and writer.

Zhang invented the first seismometer, a machine that measures the strength of earthquakes. He is remembered for many other inventions and writings. He invented the seismometer in 132 AD. Heng was also the first in China to apply a grid system to maps, from which positions and distances could be calculated.
Some of his jobs were chief astronomer of the Imperial Chancellery for Astronomical and Calendrical Science, and chief minister under the rule of Moana. He also wrote many works ranging from poetry to books full of his scientific research. One was his book of astronomical research and it described his theories about previously unexplained things that could be seen in the night sky. Some things it theorized were that the Moon was lit by the Sun instead of making its own light. It also proposed that the Moon could be eclipsed by the shadow of the Earth.

Related pages
List of Chinese scientists

References

 "Zhang Heng". Science and Its Times. Ed. Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Biography in Context. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.
 "Chang Heng". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol. 24. Detroit: Gale, 2005.Biography in Context. Web. 4 Dec. 2013.

78 births
139 deaths
Chinese engineers
Chinese inventors
Chinese mathematicians
Chinese astronomers
Cartographers
Chinese physicists
People from Henan
A refractory is a material that can stand high temperature. It is used in furnaces, kilns, incinerators and reactors. Materials to make refractory must be chemically and physically stable at high temperature, such as alumina, silica, magnesia and lime.

Types of refractory

Based on material 
 Acidic refractory
 Neutral refractory
 Basic refractory

Based on ways to manufacture 
 Dry press process
 Fused cast
 Hand molded
 Formed
 Unformed
 Unformed dry vibratable

Based on operating temperature 
 Normal refractory
 High refractory
 Super refractory

Materials
The one-line diagram (or single-line diagram) is a diagram that shows a three-phase power system in a simple way. It is used in many power-related applications. Each electrical element is represented by a unique symbol. Although it describes three-phase electricity, only one conductor is shown in the diagram.

Electricity
Diagrams
A rotor is the part of an electric machine (motor or generator) that rotates. It rotates because of the torque developed by wires and magnetic field inside the machine.

Related pages 
 Stator

Electricity
Motors
A stator is the part of a rotary system that does not move. It is the fixed, stationary part of an electric machine (motor or generator). The stator might act as the field magnet (working with the armature to create the spinning movement) or as the armature (receives influence from the moving field coils of the rotor).

Related pages 
 Rotor (electric)

Electricity
Motors
Kabsa is the national dish of Saudi Arabia. It is a dish made of rice and meat, cooked either separately or together. It can be made with spices and camel meat, lamb, chicken or fish. It is usually eaten for lunch and sometimes for dinner. Kabsa is often a dish for a group of people. The kabsa is normally served on a round metal dish placed on the floor and people eat with their right hand, although a spoon may be used in countries such as Kuwait, Bahrain and other Gulf countries.

Saudi Arabian culture
Middle Eastern foods
UPS batteries are lead acid batteries that use gel sulfuric acid instead of the liquid sulfuric acid car batteries use. UPS batteries are sealed and have the property to store electricity and provide a consistent high surge DC current to a UPS system which converts it to a stabilized AC current. UPS batteries have a wide selection of dimensions and one of their main properties is that they do not leak or produce fumes. This is one of the most important reasons why they are used safely in houses, server rooms, data centers, manufacturing environments, hospitals, offices, and other poorly ventilated areas. These sealed lead-acid batteries can be found in some of the electronics stores or UPS specialized stores.

Most people use a type of UPS called a full-time or full double conversion UPS, which is also the most effective. The utility power that comes into a UPS is alternating current (AC), which is also what most IT equipment needs (ITE). Choosing the correct UPS for the job is very important.
Batteries, on the other hand, use direct current (DC), so all battery-type UPSes must change the incoming alternating current (AC) power into direct current (DC) to charge the batteries. This process is called "rectification." The UPS must still send AC power to the ITE, so a device called an inverter must turn DC power back into AC power.

In a double-conversion UPS, power goes through the rectifier, and then the inverter is on its way to the ITE. The voltage and frequency of the output have nothing to do with the voltage and frequency of the input. They can even be completely different from the input, so this system is technically called "voltage and frequency independent" (VFI).

References 

Electricity
Faraday's laws of electrolysis are a set of scientific laws used in chemistry. They are used to express magnitudes of electrolytic effects. They were first described by Michael Faraday in 1834.

The first law states that the mass of a substance produced by electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of the electricity that passes through the cell.

The second law says: since Q, F, and z are constants, the larger the value of M/z (equivalent weight) the larger m will be.

Mathematical form

Faraday's laws can be summarized by

where:
 m is the mass of the substance liberated at an electrode in gms
 Q is the total electric charge passed through the substance in coulombs
 F = 96485.33289(59) C mol−1 is the Faraday constant
 M is the molar mass of the substance in grams per mol
 z is the valency number of ions of the substance (electrons transferred per ion).

M/z is the same as the equivalent weight of the substance altered.

Electricity
Physical chemistry
The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a control system for various industrial processes. It is controlled by a computer to monitor and control all of the processes that exist in an industry. It is a large-scale controlling method which can include several sites over long distance.

Control engineering
A programmable logic controller (PLC) is a digital system used to make electrical and mechanical processes become automated. PLC can be found in almost all of the heavy industries which require process and sequences. PLC contains a unique set of inputs and outputs.  The logic of PLC is programmed so that user can create a highly dedicated PLC working system for their intended purpose.

Control engineering