Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Soviet Philatelic Association (SFA) was a business run by the Soviet Union authorities in the field of philately.

History 
Two early philatelic public entities existed in the Soviet Union. These were All-Russian Society of Philatelists (created in 1922) and Philatelic International (or Filintern organised in 1924). In July 1924, an "All-Union Philatelic Association of Socialist Soviet Republics" was formed. It was called the "State Philatelic Organization". This association was entrusted to Feodor Chuchin. He also supervised another state body, Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily. The All-Union Philatelic Association ceased to exist soon after. It lacked a published decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) and RSFSR Sovnarkom.
On 25 October 1926, a new association was established in Moscow by VTsIK and Sovnarkom decree. It replaced the Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily. SFA sold Soviet stamps to foreign dealers, Soviet philatelists, and schoolboys. These latter glued their stamps into school notebooks because of a lack of stamp albums.

The SFA organ was the journal Sovetskii Filatelist (Soviet Philatelist).

In 1938, the Soviet Philatelic Association was replaced with the Chief Philatelic Bureau.

Related pages 
 All-Russian Society of Philatelists
 First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
 Leniniana
 Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
 Philatelic International
 Philately
 Soviet Philatelist

Notes

References

Further reading

Other websites
Other websites 
 

Philately of the Soviet Union
Government agencies
1926 establishments
1920s establishments in the Soviet Union
1938 disestablishments
1930s disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Organizations based in the Soviet Union
Philately organizations
Hexacorallia is a large subclass of Anthozoa in the aquatic phylum Cnidaria.

It has about 4,300 species, all polyps, generally with 6-fold symmetry. It includes all the stony corals, most of which are colonial and reef-forming. It also contains the sea anemones, tube anemones, and zoanthids, in six living orders. 

The Hexacorallia are distinguished from the other subclass of Anthozoa, the Octocorallia, because they have six or less axes of symmetry in their body structure and only single rows of tentacles. They are formed of individual soft polyps which in some species live in colonies and secrete a calcite skeleton. As with all Cnidarians, these organisms have a complex life cycle including a mobile planktonic phase  and a later sessile phase.
Hexacorallia also include the extinct orders of the rugose corals and tabulate corals. They built the coral reefs of the Palaeozoic era. In fact, there are a total of eight extinct orders of the Hexacorallia, which shows it has always been an important group of marine organisms.

References 

Cnidarians
In geometry, an antiprism is a polyhedron (a 3D shape). It is made of two copies of a regular polygon. These polygons are connected using an alternating band of triangles. To connect a pair of n-sided polygons, 2n triangles are needed. Antiprisms are like prisms, but prisms use parallelograms for the bands at the side.

A right antiprism uses a right angle to connect the base polygons to the band of triangles. A uniform antiprism uses equilateral triangles as base surfaces. 

The regular octahedron is a special kind of antiprism, since all of its faces are equilateral triangles. There are triangles on opposite sides of the octahedron. These triangles are connected by the rest of the triangles, which form an alternating band. 

Polyhedra
Lionel Pickens (December 4, 1983 – May 17, 2015), better known by his stage name Chinx (formerly Chinx Drugz), was an American rapper from Queens, New York. He was a member of French Montana's Coke Boys group and record label. Other members are Cheeze, Flip, and Lil Durk. He was best known for his raps on the Coke Boys mixtapes and the Cocaine Riot mixtape series. He died from a fatal gunshot wound after a drive-by shooting in Jamaica, Queens on May 17, 2015.

On how he got started rapping, Chinx said: "I started rapping at the table in junior high school for fun with the homies and then by 9th grade is when I started taking music seriously. At that point is when I started investing my street money into my studio time and trying to find my sound."
Death 
On May 17, 2015, New York police officers (NYPD) went, after a 911 call, to Briarwood, Queens at about 4:00 a.m. There, they found Chinx and another victim in a car at Queens Boulevard and 84th Drive. Chinx was rushed to Jamaica Medical Center in Jamaica, Queens with gunshot wounds. There he was pronounced dead, at age 31.

Discography

Studio albums
 Welcome To JFK (2015)
 Legends Never Die (2016)
 CR6 (2022)
 Cocaine Riot 7 (2023)

Extended plays
 I'll Take It from Here (2013)

References

1983 births
2015 deaths
African American musicians
Rappers from New York (state)
Murdered African-American people
Murdered musicians
Murders by firearm in the United States
Musicians from Queens
Singers from New York City
Philatelic International (Filintern) was an international philatelic society of collector-workers in the 1920s to 1940s.

History 
The creation of the Filintern was set up at a conference in Moscow in 22 to 30 June 1924. Its formation was greeted by all branches of the All-Russian Society of Philatelists and at the same time by the Soviet Esperantists. At the conference opening, Feodor Chuchin, Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily, declared:

A program for the Filintern's central organ was developed that included:
 "propaganda of the international union of philatelist-workers of all nations for the struggle against organised philatelist-dealers",
 "wide popularisation of ideological philately",
 "introducing Esperanto into philately and thus the establishment of lively communication between philatelists around the world."
Filintern facilitates the goals of philatelists, scripophilists and Esperantists. Within Filintern, they could:
 collect stamps and paper money,
 publish philatelic bulletins, journals and catalogues,
 most importantly, conduct foreign exchange.

Using philately, scripophily and Esperanto, the Soviet authorities also hoped for promoting communist propaganda among the foreign proletariat.

The Philatelic International's organ was the journal . Its Editor was a prominent Russian philatelist L. K. Eichfuss. The first issue of the journal appeared in January 1925.

Related pages 
 All-Russian Society of Philatelists
 First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
 Leniniana
 Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
 Philately
 Soviet Philatelic Association
 Soviet Philatelist

Notes

References

Further reading

Other websites
Other websites 
 

Philately organizations
Esperanto
Philately of the Soviet Union
1924 establishments
International organizations
1920s establishments in the Soviet Union
1940s disestablishments
Disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Organizations based in the Soviet Union
The Chinchorro mummies are mummified remains of people from the South American Chinchorro culture, found in what is now northern Chile and southern Peru.  They are the oldest examples of artificially mummified human remains.  The oldest are 7,000 years old. The mummies continued to be made until about 1800 B.C.

They were first studied by the Andean archaeologist Max Uhle in 1914.  Today, over 280 mummies have been found.  About 120 of them are kept at the University of Tarapaca museum.  Recently, scientist saw that some of the mummies are melting.  This is because the increased humidity due to climate change has let microbes attack the skin. 

Shell mounds and bone chemistry suggest that 90% of the diet of these people was seafood.

Techniques
Techniques 

Uhle categorized the types of mummification he saw into three categories: simple treatment, complex treatment, and mud-coated mummies. Since then, other archaeologists refined his classification and now mostly use the following classification of Chinchorro mummification: natural, black, red, mud-coated and bandage mummies. The two most common techniques used in Chinchorro mummification were the black mummies and the red mummies.

References

Other websites
 Chinchorro  Archaeological site in Chile
"Making the Dead Beautiful: Mummies as Art" Archaeology Magazine
Chinchorro and other mummies
Cultura Chinchorro  Momias Chinchorro

References

Burials
Roger Harrison Mudd (February 9, 1928 – March 9, 2021) was an American broadcast journalist. He worked as the primary anchor for The History Channel. 

Mudd was the weekend and weekday substitute anchor for the CBS Evening News, the co-anchor of the weekday NBC Nightly News, and the host of the NBC-TV Meet the Press, and American Almanac TV programs. 

Mudd was the winner of the Peabody Award, the Joan Shorenstein Award for Distinguished Washington Reporting, and five Emmy Awards.

Mudd died on March 9, 2021 in McLean, Virginia from problems caused by kidney failure, aged 93.

References

Other websites
 Official Web Site
Booknotes interview with Mudd on Great Minds of History, June 6, 1999. 
C-SPAN Q&A interview with Mudd, about The Place To Be: Washington, CBS, and the Glory Days of Television News, March 30 and April 6, 2008

Emmy Award winners
1928 births
2021 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
American television news anchors
American journalists
Writers from Washington, D.C.
Harry Corpening Martin (January 13, 1920 – May 3, 2015) was an American judge. He served as the Associate Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court, serving from 1982 to 1992. He was born in Lenoir, North Carolina.

Marin died on May 3, 2015 in Asheville, North Carolina, aged 95.

References

1920 births
2015 deaths
American judges
Politicians from North Carolina
People from Asheville, North Carolina
Moshe Levinger () (born 1935 in Jerusalem - May 16, 2015 in Hebron) was an Israeli Religious Zionist and an Orthodox Rabbi. 

From 1967 to 2015, he was a leading figure in the movement to settle Jews in the territories occupied by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. He was especially known for leading Jewish settlement in Hebron in 1968 and for being one of the principals of the now defunct settler movement Gush Emunim founded in 1974.

References

1935 births
2015 deaths
Israeli activists
Rabbis from Jerusalem
Jewish activists
Yeung Kwong, GBM (1926 – 16 May 2015) was a Hong Kong Communist trade unionist and activist. He was leader of the Hong Kong 1967 Leftist Riots against the British rule in Hong Kong.

Yeung died at a hospital in Yan Tin, Hong King from heart failure, aged 89.

References

1926 births
2015 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Hong Kong activists
Communists
Rosemarie DeWitt (born October 26, 1971) is an American actress. She played Emily Lehman in the Fox television series Standoff. She played Amy Bowen in the 2015 remake movie Poltergeist. 

She was born in Flushing, Queens, New York. DeWitt married Ron Livingston in 2009. They have two children.

References

American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Queens
1971 births
Living people
Poltergeist is a 2015 American horror, fantasy and thriller movie. It is a remake of Steven Spielberg's 1982 movie with the same name.  This new version is produced by Sam Raimi. It stars Sam Rockwell, Rosemarie DeWitt, Jared Harris, and Jane Adams.

The movie was released on May 22, 2015 in North America. It will be screened in 3D.

Plot
This movie is about a family whose suburban home has an invasion of angry spirits. These frightening ghosts attack the family who live in a quiet wealthy neighborhood. They kidnap the youngest daughter. The family has to make a plan to rescue her.
Marketing 
The first trailer for the new movie was released on February 5, 2015. A Slate Magazine writer said that the trailer made the movie look too much like the first one. James Hibberd of Entertainment Weekly said that the trailer "retains and amplifies several elements from the original". He also gave praise that "the modernizing doesn’t result in, say, the family’s daughter being kidnapped by ghosts in Snapchat". Brad Miska of Bloody Disgusting said that "while every fiber of my being wants to reject it, [the film] actually looks pretty insane", and praised the trailer's last scene. A Polygon writer said that the trailer looked similar to the first movie, but that it "looks great, as a horror movie".
Reception
Poltergeist has not received good reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the movie got only a 34%, with 77 reviews. The audience rating was 34% who say they liked it. On Metacritic, the movie has a score of 47 out of 100, given by 25 critics. This means it has lower than average reviews. Roger Ebert said "Nothing about 'Poltergeist' feels fresh or new". He gave it one and a half stars. Ebert also said "See it in 2D if you choose to see it at all."

References

Other websites
 

2015 horror movies
2010s movie remakes
American horror movies
American movie remakes
Supernatural horror movies
2010s English-language movies
Haunted house movies
Get Hard is an American comedy movie. Alison Brie plays Alissa. Kevin Hart plays Darnell.

Cast
 Will Ferrell as James King
 Kevin Hart as Darnell Lewis
 Alison Brie as Alissa Barrow
 Edwina Findley as Rita Lewis 
 Craig T. Nelson as Martin Barrow
 T.I. as Russell
 Ariana Neal as Makayla Lewis
 Greg Germann as Peter Penny 
 Paul Ben-Victor as Gayle  
 Dan Bakkedahl as Leo
 Erick Chavarria as Cecelio 
 Jon Eyez as Big Mike 
 Nito Larioza as Jaoa 
 Ron Funches as Jojo
 John Mayer as himself
 Jimmy Fallon as himself

Production
On December 7, 2012, it was announced that Warner Bros. was in talks to acquire the Get Hard comedy movie script. On September 17, 2013, Etan Cohen was set to direct. On February 24, 2014, Warner Bros. set the release date for 27 March 2015.

Release
The movie was released on 27 March 2015 in the United States.

Reception
It got negative reviews by movie critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie 29%. Metacritic rates the movie 34 out of 100, meaning "generally unfavorable reviews".
Box office
Get Hard made over $105 million overall.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 

2015 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Woman in Gold is a 2015 British drama movie. The movie is based on the true story of Maria Altmann, who now lives in Los Angeles. 

Altmann fought the government of Austria for almost ten years to get back Gustav Klimt's iconic painting of her aunt, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I. Altmann took her legal battle to the Supreme Court of the United States. It ruled in her favor in Republic of Austria v. Altmann (2004).

The movie was screened in the Berlinale Special Galas section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival.
Cast
 Helen Mirren as Maria Altmann
 Tatiana Maslany as young Maria Altmann
 Ryan Reynolds as Randol (Randy) Schoenberg
 Daniel Brühl as Hubertus Czernin
 Katie Holmes as Pam Schoenberg
 Max Irons as Fredrick "Fritz" Altmann
 Charles Dance as Sherman
 Elizabeth McGovern Florence-Marie Cooper
 Jonathan Pryce as William Rehnquist, Chief Justice of The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS)
 Moritz Bleibtreu as Gustav Klimt
 Antje Traue as Adele Bloch-Bauer
 Frances Fisher, Mrs. Schoenberg, Randol's mother
 Tom Schilling as Heinrich
 Anthony Howell as Junior Official
 Allan Corduner as Gustav
 Henry Goodman as Ferdinand
 Olivia Silhavy as Elisabeth Gehrer
 Justus von Dohnányi as Toman, representative of the Belvedere Gallery
 Richard Reid as the Court Reporter
 Ludger Pistor as Wran
 Joseph Mydell as Judge Clarence
 Stephen Greif as Bergen
Production
On May 15, 2014, Tatiana Maslany was cast in a principal role as the younger version of Helen Mirren's character, appearing in the WWII flashbacks. On May 29, Katie Holmes also joined the cast. Elizabeth McGovern, Charles Dance and Max Irons also joined. On July 9, 2014, Frances Fisher joined to play the mother of Ryan Reynolds' character.

Reception
This movie was released in April 2015. It got mixed reviews. It grossed over $35 million in the box office. Rotten Tomatoes rates the movie 52%. Metacritic gives the movie a 51% rating That means "mixed or average" reviews. The Roger Ebert website, RogerEbert.com, gave the movie two and a half stars. Rex Reed of New York Observer called Woman in Gold "an extraordinary love story turned into an exemplary motion picture about one German Jew".

References

Other websites
 Adele's Wish—the documentary film that details Maria Altmann's struggle to recover her family's Klimt paintings
2010s biographical movies
2015 drama movies
British biographical movies
British drama movies
The Longest Ride is a 2015 romantic-drama movie. It is about Luke Collins, a bull rider who is seriously injured one night while riding. One year later, he meets Sophia. Lolita Davidovich plays Linda Collins. Gloria Reuben plays Adrienne.

Cast
 Scott Eastwood as Luke Collins
 Britt Robertson as Sophia Danko
 Alan Alda as Ira Levinson
 Jack Huston as young Ira
 Oona Chaplin as Ruth
 Melissa Benoist as Marcia
 Lolita Davidovich as Linda Collins
 Barry Ratcliffe as the Auctioneer
 Gloria Reuben as Adrienne Francis
 Brett Edwards as Jared Midelton
 Hunter Burke as David Stein
 Alina Lia as Brooke

Production
In April 2014, Fox 2000 Pictures set a movie adaptation to be released on April 10, 2015.

Filming
Principal photography began on June 16, 2014 in Wilmington and Winston-Salem, North Carolina. On July 28, filming began in Jacksonville.

Release
The movie was released on April 10, 2015.
Reception
Critics gave negative reviews to the movie. Rotten Tomatoes has given a rating of 29% to The Longest Ride. RogerEbert.com gave the movie one and a half stars in its reviews. Variety magazine gave mixed reviews for this movie. Metacritic rates the movie 29%, meaning "generally unfavorable" reviews.

Box office
It took in more than $51 million. The movie is rated PG-13.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 

2015 romantic drama movies
American romantic drama movies
Châtellerault is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is a subprefecture of the Vienne department. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of the same name.

Geography 
Châtellerault is in the centre of the Vienne department. The Vienne river flows through the city. Several tributaries of the Vienne river join the river in Châtellerault or near it: Clain, Ozon and Envigne.

Châtellerault is at about  from Bordeaux,  from Paris,  from Marseille and  from Toulouse.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Châtellerault is surrounded by the communes:

Climate
The climate of Châtellerault, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

Population
The inhabitants of Châtellerault are known, in French, as Châtelleraudais (women: Châtelleraudaises).

With a population of 31,722, Châtellerault has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Evolution of the population in Châtellerault

Châtellerault forms, with three other communes, the urban area of Châtellerault with a population of 40,124 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Châtellerault, formed by 32 communes, with a population of 69,645 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration 
Châtellerault is a subprefecture of the Vienne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Châtellerault and the administrative centre () of three cantons
 Châtellerault-1, with 25,646  inhabitants (2014).
 Châtellerault-2, with 26,004  inhabitants (2014).
 Châtellerault-3, with 21,733  inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Le Pays Châtelleraudais ().
Twinned and partner towns 
Châtellerault is twinned with:
  Velbert, Germany, since 1965
  Kaya, Burkina Faso, since 1976
  Corby, United Kingdom, since 1979
  Bouctouche, Canada, since 1984
  South Kent County, Canada
  Castellón de la Plana, Spain, since 1987
  Hamilton, United Kingdom, since 1993
  Piła, Poland, since 1994

Notable people
This is a list of people of interest who were born or resided in Châtellerault :
Clément Janequin, French musician
Rodolphe Salis (Le Chat noir)
Bernard Panafieu, French prelate of the Catholic church
Christiane Martel, French actress and beauty queen
Jean-Pierre Thiollet, French author

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Châtellerault
 Communes of the Vienne department

References

Other websites

 Ville de Châtellerault - official website 

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Vienne
"Uptown Funk!" is a song by British DJ/producer Mark Ronson, featuring American singer Bruno Mars. This song was heavily influenced by Minneapolis sound from the early 1980s. The song was released on November 10, 2014. It reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was Mars' sixth #1 song on that chart. The song also hit #1 on other charts.

The song samples "Bye Bye" by Chimbala featuring Liro Shaq and Mozart La Para and "I Don't Believe You Want to Get Up and Dance (Oops!)" by The Gap Band.  It was written by Mars, Ronson, Jeff Bhasker, Philip Lawrence, Devon Gallaspy, Lonnie Simmons, Rudolph Taylor, and Robert, Ronnie, and Charlie Wilson. Mars, Ronson, and Bhasker produced the song.

The song finished as the #1 song of the 2010s decade on the Billboard Hot 100.

References

2014 songs
Disco songs
Funk songs
R&B songs
Bruno Mars songs
Romorantin-Lanthenay is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department. About 17,000 people live there. Every year during the last weekend in October, a cuisine festival is held; First held in 1978, "Les Journées Gastronomiques de Sologne" now attracts around 13,000 visitors.

Communes in Loir-et-Cher
Subprefectures in France
Parthenay is a commune, an ancient fortified town, in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is a subprefecture of the Deux-Sèvres department. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Parthenay.

Geography 
Parthenay is considered the capital of the Gâtine poitevine (or Gâtine de Parthenay), a region with bocages that is found in the central third of the department of Deux-Sèvres. It is at  to the southeast of Bressuire, the other subprefecture of the department.

The city is at about  from Bordeaux,  from Paris,  from Marseille and  from Toulouse.

The commune has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The commune of Parthenay is surrounded by the communes:

The Thouet river, a left tributary of the Loire river, flows through the city.

Climate
The climate of Parthenay, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.
Population
The inhabitants of Parthenay are known, in French, as  Parthenaisiens (women: Parthenaisiennes).

With a population of 10,367, Parthenay has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Parthenay

Administration 
Parthenay is a subprefecture of the Deux-Sèvres department, the capital of the arrondissement of Parthenay and the administrative centre () of the canton of Parthenay.

It is part of the intercommunality Parthenay-Gâtine ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Parthenay is twinned with:
 Manakara, Madagascar
 Weinstadt, Germany
 Arnedo, Spain
 Abrantes, Portugal
 Tsévié, Togo
 Tipperary, Ireland
 Edmundston, Canada

Gallery

References

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Parthenay
 Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

Other websites

 City Council website 
 CC Parthenay-Gâtine  

Subprefectures in France
Communes in Deux-Sèvres
Narbonne () is a French commune, a subprefecture in the Aude department. It is in the Occitanie region. It is also the capital of the arrondissement of Narbonne.

It was a wealthy port and major city in Roman times but now is at about  from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

Geography
The commune of Narbonne has an area of . The lowest point in the commune is 0 m along the Mediterranean coast and the highest point is ; its average altitude is  and the city hall is an altitude of .

The commune of Narbonne is surrounded by the communes:

Climate
The climate of Narbonne, in the Köppen climate classification, is Csa - Mediterranean climate with hot summers.

Population
The inhabitants of this city are known, in French, as Narbonnais (women: Narbonnaises).

With a population of 52,855, Narbonne has a population density of  inhabitants/km2.

Evolution of the population in Narbonne
Narbonne forms the urban area of Narbonne with a population of 52,855 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Narbonne, formed by 24 communes with a population of 91,825 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

Administration 
Narbonne is a subprefecture of the Aude department, the capital of the arrondissement of Narbonne and the administrative centre () of three cantons
 Narbonne-1, with 24,958 inhabitants (2014).
 Narbonne-2, with 19,785 inhabitants (2014).
 Narbonne-3, with 18,637 inhabitants (2014).

It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Narbonne ().

Twinned and partner towns 
Narbonne is twinned with:
 Weilheim, Germany
 Aosta, Italy
 Salford, England

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissement of Narbonne
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Other websites

 Mairie de Narbonne website 
 Narbonne official tourism website
 Le Petit narbonnais (Wiki Narbona) 

Communes in Aude
Subprefectures in France
Fréjus is a commune located on the Mediterranean Sea in the Var department. About 53,000 people live there. It is a famous seaside resort.

Communes in Var
In graph theory a loop is an edge that connects a vertex to itself.

Graph theory
A truncated icosahedron is an Archimedean solid. A regular icosahedron is made of 20 faces. When a regular icosahedron is truncated, this means that each "corner" (or vertex) is replaced by a pentagon, as there are five edges at each corner. 

A truncated icosahedron is made of 12 regular pentagons and 20 hexagons. It has 60 vertices, and 90 edges.

Truncated icosahedra in nature 
The molecule Fullerene is made of 60 carbon atoms and looks like a truncated icosahedron. 

Most soccer balls are truncated icosahedra. 

Icosahedron
A truncated octahedron is an Archimedean solid. It has 14 faces: 8 are hexagons, 6 are squares.  It is obtained by cutting the edges of an octahedron. Each corner of the octahedron has four connections. Cutting the corner will therefore replace it with a square.

Octahedron
Soviet Philatelist or Sovetskii Filatelist was a Soviet central philatelic magazine published in 1922–1932. In 1925 and in 1928–1932, its name was changed to Soviet Collector or Sovetskii Kollektsioner.

History 
By 1922, shortly after the Civil War, a number of magazines and pamphlets for collectors appeared in Soviet Russia:
 Russkii Kollektsioner (Russian Collector), published in Novocherkassk,
 Priural'skii Kollektsioner (Ural Collector),
 Krymskii Kollektsioner (Crimean Collector), etc.

However, centralisation of collectors' organisations and periodicals was wanted:

By 1924, these local magazines eventually closed down. In September 1922, the new magazine, Soviet Philatelist, first saw print in Moscow. Its founder and editor was F. G. Chuchin, Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily.

In 1925, the magazine name was changed to Sovetskii Kollektsioner. The magazine was published biweekly. It was edited by V. A. Bessonov at that time.
In 1926 three magazines, Sovetskii Filatelist, Sovetskii Kollektsioner and Radio de Filintern, were combined. They began to be published under one cover. Their individual lineal numeration was  preserved. The last combined issue came out in December 1927.

In the first half of 1928, the cover of the combined issues was only under one title, Sovetskii Filatelist. In July 1928, the magazine was renamed to Sovetskii Kollektsioner. It was published by the Soviet Philatelic Association and the All-Russian Society of Philatelists. The last issue appeared in December 1932.

Related pages 
 All-Russian Society of Philatelists
 First All-Union Philatelic Exhibition
 Leniniana
 Organisation of the Commissioner for Philately and Scripophily
 Philatelic International
 Philately
 Soviet Philatelic Association

Notes

References

Further reading 
  Archived from the original and another source on 2015-05-15.

Other websites
Other websites 
 

Philately of the Soviet Union
1922 establishments in the Soviet Union
Journals
Monthly magazines
1930s disestablishments in the Soviet Union
1932 disestablishments
An academic or scholarly journal contains articles written by experts in a particular subject. Academic journals are often forums for discussing new research, and the critique of existing research. They usually contain articles presenting original research, review articles, and book reviews. The purpose of an academic journal is to give researchers a place to exchange knowledge. Academic journals can be traced back to the 17th century.

The term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields. Scientific journals and journals of the social sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities. A particular type of academic journal is the peer reviewed journal. Articles are sent out anonymously to other experts in the same field. In this way they won't know the author's name and can remain impartial. Experts review the article before it is published.

References
References

Related pages
 arXiv - This is a website to store scientific papers before academic journal appearance
 Elsevier - One of the largest academic journal publisher in world

Academia
Paul Eisler (1907 – 26 October 1992) was an Austrian inventor. He invented the modern circuit board. He also invented fish fingers (also called fish sticks).

Early life and education
Eisler was born in Vienna, Austria. He was a student at Vienna University of Technology. German nationalists would not let Eisler get a job in Vienna, because he was Jewish. He got a job with an English company (Gramaphone Company, EMI from March 1931).  He removed interference from music broadcast on trains. He moved to England but was sent to an internment camp during WWII.  Eventually, his circuit boards for the Americans helped defeat German V-1 flying bombs.

Inventions
He invented the modern circuit board. He created a pizza warmer, and the rear window defroster. He also invented fish fingers.

1907 births
1992 deaths
Inventors
People from Vienna
Austrian businesspeople
[[File:Bessie Clayton03.JPG|thumb|right|200px|The dancer Bessie Clayton was, like  many of the girls, quite small by modern standards (5' 1)]]

The Ziegfeld Follies were a series of elaborate theatrical productions on Broadway in New York City from 1907 through 1931, with renewals in 1934 and 1936. The Ziegfeld Follies were inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris. They were conceived and mounted by Florenz Ziegfeld. The show producers were Klaw & Erlanger, the top turn-of-the-twentieth-century showmen.
History 
The Follies were lavish variety shows, something like music hall or high class Vaudeville. Many of the top entertainers of the era appeared in the shows. The list includes W. C. Fields, Eddie Cantor, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Ann Pennington, Bert Williams, Eva Tanguay, Bob Hope, Will Rogers, Ruth Etting, Ray Bolger, Helen Morgan, Louise Brooks, Marilyn Miller, Ed Wynn, Gilda Gray, Nora Bayes, Sophie Tucker. The Ziegfeld Follies also were famous for many, beautiful chorus girls commonly known as Ziegfeld girls, usually wearing elaborate costumes by designers such as Erté, Lady Duff Gordon or Ben Ali Haggin. The first Follies was produced in 1907 at the roof theatre Jardin de Paris.

The Ziegfeld girls "paraded up and down flights of stairs as anything from birds to battleships."  The "Tableau vivants" were designed by Ben Ali Haggin from 1917 to 1925. Joseph Urban was the scenic designer for the Follies shows starting in 1915.
After Ziegfeld's death, his widow Billie Burke, authorized use of his name for Ziegfeld Follies in 1934 and 1936 to Jake Shubert, who then produced the Follies. When later it toured, the 1934 edition was recorded in its entirety, from the Overture to Play-out music. First issued as a series of 78 rpm discs, the recording was later released as a compact disc (1997).

 Media 
They became a radio program in 1932 and 1936 as The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air. The 1936 Academy Award Best Picture winner was M-G-M's The Great Ziegfeld'', starring William Powell as the master showman and co-starring Myrna Loy (as Ziegfeld's second wife Billie Burke),

References 

Broadway musicals
Casualty may refer to:
Casualty (TV series), a British television show on BBC
Casualty (person), a hurt person
Mississippian culture is the culture of the Mississippian people. They were Native Americans who lived in the Mississippi River Valley.  Around 900–1450 AD, the Mississippian culture developed and spread through the Eastern Woodlands. Mississippian people were most often farmers who settled into river valleys and grew the "three sisters" of corn, beans and squash.

The Mississippian peoples lived throughout the Southeast and Midwest, an area from the Florida panhandle westward into Oklahoma, northward to Minnesota and eastward to Ohio.

References 

Native Americans
Origin & Development 
During the late 1800s, the Ottoman Empire controlled most of the Middle East. The Middle East, at the time, was very diverse. Many different ethnic and cultural groups of people lived in the region. By 1900, the Ottoman Empire was in decline and many of the different groups of people living in the Empire wanted to form independent governments managed by people living within their own communities.
One group that began to form their own ideas about a self-governed or self determined community were Arabs. Many educated Arab students and professors  working at universities, like Al-Azhar University, began to publish magazines and form clubs promoting the idea of a unified Arab community or nation.  These ideas became very popular across Arab regions of the former Ottoman Empire. By 1913, Arab organizations from all around the Middle East met to form the first Arab Congress in Paris, France. At the Congress, Arabs from around the Ottoman Empire discussed the possibility of freeing themselves from the Ottoman Empire and establishing Arab-governed countries. 

The Ottoman Empire responded to the Arab Congress by punishing Arab nationalists. In some territories of the Ottoman Empire, Arab nationalists were put in jail and even killed for their activities.
Philosophy 
After World War One, many Arab-speaking scholars and students in the former Ottoman Empire began to write about the history of the Arab people. One of these writers, Darwish-Al Maqdidi, wrote a school textbook that outlined the beliefs of the early Pan-Arab movement. The textbook was used in many schools all across the Arab Middle East, and it suggested that the Arab homeland was not restricted to the Arabian peninsula, but extended to wherever Arabs lived. Moreover, Miqdadi, as well as other Arab scholars, believed that a free and unified Arab nation could only exist if western influence was removed from the Arab Middle East. Generally, the core of Miqdadi’s beliefs, and others like his, became the philosophy of Pan Arabism.

Attempts at Arab Union
Pan Arabism’s popularity began to grow after many Arab countries gained independence in the 1940s and 1950s. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1956-1970) was a big supporter of Pan Arab nationalism. Nasser believed that the Arab world in both Northern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula should be unified, since many of these countries shared a common culture, religion, and language,  During his presidency, Nasser helped establish the United Arab Republic with Syria. The republic lasted three years. Its collapse was largely due to Nasser’s efforts to rapidly change the Syrian and Egyptian economies; also, many Syrians disliked that Nasser wanted to centralize government power and operations in Egypt.
After the fall of the UAR, Nasser attempted to rally other Arab countries to the Pan-Arabist cause. During the Six Days War in 1967, Nasser led an Arab coalition (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Iraq) to battle Israel. Israel won the  war, and the Arab coalition and Nasser’s efforts to create a unified Arab Middle East suffered a major setback.

Decline of Pan Arabism & Reemergence

Decline 

After the Six Day's War, Egypt's role, as the leader of the Pan-Arab movement, was severely weakened. Other Arab nationalist organizations started to branch out on their own, independent of Egypt and other Arab countries. The Palestinians, in particular, began to form their own organization that was centered on Palestinian nationalism, and not a Pan-Arab one. Furthermore, Gamal Nasser's sudden death in 1970, left the Pan-Arab movement without a clear leader.

Reemergence
Since the late 1970s, many professors and Middle East experts have claimed that Pan Arabism no longer exists  Fouad Ajami suggests that Pan Arabism collapsed because Gamel Nasser, the clear leader of the movement, lost momentum after the Arab defeat in the Six Day War. Moreover, other Arab groups, most notably the Palestinians, lost faith in the Pan-Arab movement and tried to branch out on their own. More recently, though, after the events of the Arab Spring of 2011, many scholars and journalists argue that Pan Arabism is coming back in different ways. Susan De Muth suggests that the Pan Arabism of the Arab Spring is different than it was thirty years ago. She suggests that the Pan Arabism of Gamel Nasser’s era was tied to the idea of keeping the Arab World free of foreign and western influence, while today’s Pan Arabism is mostly led by young people who are dedicated to reforming or making governments in Arab countries less oppressive or controlling
. This new form of Pan Arabism has been strengthened by technology, like social media. According to De Muth, protesters from different countries have been able to strengthen their cause and even coordinate protests with movements in other Arab countries using social media. Other scholars are not as optimistic as De Muth; Marc Lynch suggests that the protests of the Arab Spring were long overdue, and that the political movements in the Arab Middle East have been slowly building strength for the last thirty years.
References

Sources
Ajami, Faoud. "The End of Pan-Arabism," Foreign Affairs 57 (1978): 355-370. 
Dawn, C. Ernest. Contemporary Politics in the Middle East. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000. 
De Muth, Susan. "Towards a new pan-arabism?" The Middle East (2011): 22-23. 
Ripert, Yohann. "The Far-Reaching Impacts of the Arab Spring: A Review of Arab Uprising." Journal of International Affairs 68, 1 (2014): 295. 
Rubin, Barry. “Pan-Arab Nationalism: The Ideological Dream as Compelling Force.” Journal of Contemporary History 26 (1991): 535-551.
Snyder, Louis L. Varieties of Nationalism: A Comparative Study. Hinsdale, IL: The Dryden Press, 1976. 

Arab world
Political movements
The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) is a government-funded program that helps provide free and reduced-price lunches to students in American schools.

History 
The National School Lunch Program was created to fight hunger and bad nutrition that existed during World War I. One-third of the young men called to be soldiers in World War I were turned down from service. This was due to poor nutrition-related problems such as being underweight. After the war, teachers, parents, doctors, and scientists began to fight poor nutrition in children.  ‘Hot Lunch Clubs’ opened up all over the country to give healthy meals to schoolchildren. This program started as a volunteer-run school lunch program in the 1920s. However, in the 1930s, this program received public support and some state funding.
During the Great Depression, many farmers were paid record low prices for their food. This was because there was more farm-grown food than people needed.  The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) tried to solve the problem by giving the extra food to schools.  The USDA was allowed to use government money to buy extra food and give it to the schools. In order to receive the food donations, school lunch programs had to run on a non-profit basis.  This meant that the meals needed to be served to poor students at free or reduced rates.  School cafeterias began to pop up around the country.  Both the schools and the USDA began to depend on the relationship.
As World War II began, the government wanted to focus on good health so that the soldiers would be ready for war.  Government officials asked health professionals to create standards (rules) for the amount of vitamins, calories and other things needed to stay healthy.  These became known as the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs). School lunch programs had to use the standards when planning their menus. In 1946, President Truman signed the law that would provide long-term funding to the National School Lunch Program. The USDA continued to manage the school lunch program.
Budget and funding 
Today the National School Lunch Program serves more than 31 billion meals a day.  In 2012 this equaled more than $11 billion dollars spent on the program. Additionally, more than 100,000 schools participated in the program nationwide in 2012. Although the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) is federally funded, it is managed at the state level.  In order to receive money, schools in the program must serve meals that meet the federal nutrition standards. The amount of money the school gets depends on the number of meals served.  

Students can buy lunch at three cost levels—free, reduced-price, or paid lunch. The amount the student pays for lunch depends on the family income. The amount of money that the school receives depends on how closely they follow the federal nutrition standards.

Meal planning is done by each school district, which are also called “School Food Authorities” (SFAs). The SFAs decide what food to buy, and how to create a menu that meets the NSLP nutrition standards.
Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act & Nutrition Standards 
In 2010 Congress passed the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act, which was the first update to the nutrition standards in schools since 1995.  It helped create new nutritional rules for the National School Lunch Program. These changes were to start in schools beginning in the 2012-2013 school year. Meal planning is left up to each school—but in order to receive federal money participating schools must follow the nutritional standards.  The new standards in the HHFKA created the most strict standards for child nutrition programs in over 30 years.

References 

Education in the United States
20th-century establishments in the United States
In calculus, the first derivative test is used to find local maxima and minima of a function. The first derivative test can be used to determine intervals of increase and intervals of decrease.

Critical Points (and how to find them)
Critical points are values in the domain of a function where its derivative is 0 or undefined (  or  does not exist).

To find the critical points of a function, the first derivative of the function is computed and set equal to zero. Next, the zeroes of this equation are solved for. If is is a rational function (, where ) the values that will cause the denominator to be equal to 0 are found. This is done because this will make the function undefined. In this case, the eqauation is not differentiable at that point. These are all of the critical numbers.

These numbers into put into the original function to find the coordinate of these critical points.

Example
If: 

 and 

So, the two critical points are  and .
First derivative test
The intervals between points must be considered to know if the points are local maximas, minimas, or neither. To do this, a value from each interval is put into the first derivative of the function. If the value is positive, then it is an interval of increase. If the value is negative, then it is an interval of decrease. If two neighboring intervals change signs, that point is either a local maxima or minima. If the first interval is positive and the second interval negative, the critical point is a local maxima. If the first interval is negative and the second interval positive, the critical point is a local minima. If both intervals are positive or both intervals are negative, the critical point is not a local maxima or minima.

The first derivative test is used in calculus optimization problems.

References

Calculus
Frankenstein’s monster is a fictional character from Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. He is created by another character in the novel called Victor Frankenstein. The creature has no name in popular culture, but is sometimes called "creature", "monster", "fiend", "wretch", "vile insect", "daemon", "being", and "it".

In the novel, Victor creates the human-like monster in the upstairs room of his apartment at the University of Ingolstadt. He creates it by putting together body parts from graveyards and butcher shops. He uses a method that is not clearly explained involving chemistry and galvanism to make the creature come alive. Victor leaves the creature in horror the minute it is awake. It leaves his apartment in the middle of the night.

Appearance 

In the novel, the monster looks as though:
He is 8.1 feet tall because Victor believed that it would be easier to make a human body if all the body parts were bigger. In popular media and culture, he is shown with green skin. In the novel, his skin is actually more of a yellow hue. The green portrayal of the creature with electricity bolts in his neck came from Boris Karloff’s movie portrayal of the monster.

Personality 
In the beginning, Frankenstein’s monster is like a baby. He is unable to talk. He discovers the world through sensing and observing. The monster develops understanding of simple things such as temperatures of hot and cold, sounds of birds chirping, and the differences between the sun and the moon. He eats roots, nuts, and berries when he is hungry. He finds a coat and some books while out in the wilderness.
He is described as sensitive, emotional, intelligent, prone to anger and violence, and very good at speaking. He learns how to speak from a family that he observes. He teaches himself how to read the books that he found. He has a severe sense of rejection from Victor and from every human he encounters. He has bad experiences with people. That makes him feel as though he is hated and unwanted. He resents humans and even feels hateful towards them because of how he has been treated. As a response, he kills several people, including Victor's younger brother William, Victor's best friend Henry Clerval, and later Victor's wife Elizabeth Lavenza.

Many movie adaptations have him mute and like a child instead of being intelligent.
Relationship with Victor 
The creature has a complex relationship with Victor. He was rejected by Victor in the beginning, but he still wants to have a “father-like” figure. Victor is the only real human connection that the monster has. He demands that Victor take responsibility for his happiness.

In the novel, the creature refers to himself as “Adam”. This makes Victor a sort of God-like figure. 

After the monster learns how to read and speak, he goes on a journey to find Victor. He meets him in the mountains and tells him his story. After telling Victor about his difficult journey, he asks Victor to make a female monster for him so that he does not have to be alone anymore.

References 

Characters in written fiction
Fictional murderers
Tabassum Adnan (Urdu: تبسم عدنان) (born 1977) is a women's rights activist from Pakistan. In 2015, she won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award because of her work for justice for Pakistani women.

Life 

Tabassum Adnan was born in 1977.  She grew up in the Swat Valley of Pakistan.

Tabassum was married when she was 13 years old.  She had four children.  She was a victim of domestic violence.  After she was married for 20 years, she divorced her husband.

The jirga for women 

Tabassum did not have a home or money, so she went to a local group for women.  The group gave her the idea to work for more participation for women. First, she went to the Swat Qaumi Aman Jirga, a group with only men, but they refused her.   A jirga is an informal court that enforces qisas (retribution laws).  It is not a formal court, but many times the formal courts will listen to their decisions.  

In May 2013, Adnan started her own jirga.  It was the first women's jirga in Pakistan.