Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
A radiator is a device used to move heat from one location to another location. Some radiators are used to cool things, such as a car engine. Some radiators are used to heat 
things, such as a house.

History
The Roman hypocaust is an early example of a type of radiator for building space heating. Franz San Galli, a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg, is credited with inventing the heating radiator around 1855, having received a radiator patent in 1857, but American Joseph Nason developed a primitive radiator in 1841 and received a number of U.S. patents for hot water and steam heating.

Cooling 

Most cars use a radiator to cool the engine. To produce power, engines must burn a fuel. This creates a lot of heat. If the heat is not removed, the engine will overheat and stop running. The radiator is connected to the engine with hoses.
A liquid flows into the engine. Heat is moved from the engine to the liquid. The heat moves because of Newton's Law of Cooling. This law says that heat will move from something hot to something cooler.

The liquid then moved into the radiator. The radiator has many small tubes for the liquid to flow through. Air moves around to the tubes to cool them. This cools the liquid. The liquid then return to the engine. This is a closed loop.

Indoor heating 

Many houses are located in areas that get cold. Heat needs to be added to the house so the people are comfortable. A radiator is placed in a room to add heat to the room. The heat is created by a furnace. A heating radiator works just like a cooling radiator. The heat from the furnace moves to the radiator. The room is cooler than the radiator. The heat moves from the radiator into the room to warm the room.

References 

Auto parts
Home appliances
HVAC
David de Gea Quintana (born 7 November 1990) is a Spanish footballer. He plays as a goalkeeper for Manchester United and the Spain national team.

He started playing at the senior level for Atlético Madrid in 2009. He has been playing for United since 2011 and has won a Golden Glove in the 2018/19 season during his career with them. 

De Gea made his debut for the Spain national team in 2014 and played with them at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in which Spain were eliminated in the Round of 16 after losing to Russia on penalty-shootout.

Career statistics

Club

International

Awards

Club 

Atletico Madrid

UEFA Europa League: 2009-10
UEFA Super Cup: 2010 UEFA Super Cup

Manchester United

Premier League: 2012-13
FA Cup: 2015-16
EFL Cup: 2016-17
FA Community Shield: 2011, 2013, 2016
UEFA Europa League: 2016-17, runner-up (2nd place): 2020-21

International 

Spain U17
UEFA European U-17 Championship: 2007

Spain U21
UEFA European U-21 Championship: 2011, 2013

Individual
Individual  

UEFA European U-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2011, 2013
PFA Team of the Year: 2012-13, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18
Manchester United Players' Player of the Year: 2013-14, 2014-15, 2017-18
UEFA Europa League Squad of the Season: 2015-16
FIFPro World XI: 2018
Premier League Golden Glove: 2017-18

Notes

References

1990 births
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Competitors at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Living people
Manchester United F.C. players
Footballers from Madrid
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Background
Bušić was born in Gorica, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Yugoslavia, and finished high school in Imotski. At the age of 20, he emigrated to Vienna.  In Vienna, three years later, in 1969, he met the American student, Julienne Eden Schultz, who was studying German there and who soon thereafter became involved in the activities of the Croatian emigration.  In coordination with Zvonko Bušić, she and a friend traveled to Zagreb and threw anti-Yugoslav leaflets on Republic Square, after which they were arrested and imprisoned.  After release, Julienne returned to Vienna and in 1972, Julienne and Zvonko married in Frankfurt.  Later they moved to the U.S. where he became a member and leader of the Croatian terrorist group called Croatian National Resistance.
Hijacking and bombing
A group of Croatian terrorists made up of Zvonko and his wife, Julienne Bušić, Petar Matanić, Frane Pešut and Slobodan Vlašić hijacked a commercial Trans World Airlines plane on September 10, 1976. It was Boeing 727 Flight 355, heading from New York City to Chicago. The mastermind of this terrorist group, Zvonko Bušić delivered a sealed letter to the pilot, Captain Carey. The letter informed the Captain that the airplane had been hijacked. It said that the hijackers had five gelignite bombs, and that a bomb had been planted in a locker across from the Commodore Hotel on 42nd Street in New York with the further instructions that the U.S. authorities should follow. The hijackers demanded heading the plane in the direction of London. Their ultimate demands, given in the instructions, were:
First, copies of a "Declaration of the Croatian Liberation Forces" must appear in their entirety in the next day morning's edition of the following newspapers: New York Times, all three editions of Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, International Herald Tribune, and Washington Post. This declaration was written by a Croatia's dissident, Bruno Bušić.
Second, at least one third of each propaganda text must be printed on the first page of the first section. The remainder in the first section.
Third, through a prearranged code word, they should hear if these demands had been met by the next day deadline. If they had not been met, a second timed bomb which is likewise in a highly busy location should be activated. In the event these texts were printed as per instructions, this device would be deactivated.
Fourth, the fate of many people hanged in the balance if any attempts whatsoever were made to circumvent their instructions.
The terrorists' first demand was that thousands of copies of a "Declaration of the Croatian Liberation Forces" be scattered from the air over New York, Chicago, Montreal, Paris, London, and the site of a popular festival in Croatia. This declaration was written for this purposes by a Croatia's dissident, Bruno Bušić.

The plane took refueling stop in Montreal, and flew to Paris, France. During the new refueling stop in Newfoundland, the terrorist agreed to release thirty passengers. Bušić reminded Captain Carey that the aircraft could be blown up at any time if the demands were not met and that the passengers released at Newfoundland, if failed to distribute leaflets as ordered, the remaining passengers' fate would be on their consciences.
In Paris, the hijackers got information that their demands had been met. So they surrendered to the French police, which extradited them to the United States. During efforts to deactivate the explosives four hours later at the detonation site, American policeman Brian Murray died, and three other officers were wounded.

Trial, imprisonment, and release
Zvonko Bušić was charged with and convicted of air piracy resulting in death, which carried a mandatory life sentence. Three years after the trial, Judge John Bartels declared Bušić eligible for parole after Dec. 31  1979.

On April 17, 1987 Bušić escaped from the Otisville Correctional Institution, a medium-security Federal prison in Orange County, N.Y. Two days later, Bušić was caught and surrendered peacefully.
On June 13, 1989, Bartels wrote a letter-opinion to the U.S. Parole Commission, in which he stated that the death of the police officer was partly due to the police's negligence and that he had no recommendation to the Commission nor objection to Bušić's release.  However, the Commission rejected this parole.

His second request for parole was denied in 2006, after service of 30 years, although the others in the group had already been free for at least 17 years.  After this parole denial, Croatian government along with the Croatian Helsinki Committee, launched a campaign to secure his release on humanitarian grounds, arguing that Bušić had served out his sentence and therefore should be released.

Bušić spent his last two years of imprisonment at the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana, transferred there from Allenwood, Pennsylvania.
Croatian National Resistance (Otpor) idealized Bušićes and their gang. Marin Sopta, the former North American Otpor leader, said: "The Bušićes were our heroes. They did more to promote the Croatian cause than anyone else". Sopta visited Zvonko Bušić regularly when he was serving time in Pennsylvania.

Bušić was granted parole in July 2008 and turned over to immigration authorities for deportation proceedings. A condition of his parole was that he could not return to the U.S.

Reactions on Bušić’s release
Freeing this terrorist from a life sentence and shipping him to his homeland caused the disgust of relatives of the city cop he murdered more than 30 years ago.
Lt. Terence McTigue, who was blinded in the blast that killed Murray, had spoken against the release of Bušić and his crew at earlier parole hearings but, he said, he was never notified of the last, fateful one. McTigue saw this event as a political favor done for the Croatian government and said, "It is like killing Brian Murray and injuring me all over again." Sen. Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.)  protested Bušić's release without hearing from the victims, to Attorney General Michael Mukasey.
Death
Bušić died by suicide on 1 September 2013 with firearm in his apartment near Zadar, Croatia. He was discovered by his wife Julienne.

References

1946 births
2013 deaths
Croatian people
Suicides by firearm
Terrorists
Luna 1 (also known as the First Cosmic Ship, Cosmic Rocket and Mechta (, Literal translation: Dream)) was a space probe of the Soviet Union. It was the first mission in the Luna programme and it was the first spacecraft to reach the Moon. Luna 1 made some key scientific discoveries and it is one of the best achievements of the Soviet Union space programme.

Design

The spacecraft was sphere-shaped. Five antennae came out of one end. Instrument ports came out of the surface of the sphere. It also had various metallic emblems with the Soviet coat of arms.

Instruments

Luna 1 had radio equipment, a tracking transmitter and a telemetering system for communication with Earth. The spacecraft carried several scientific devices too. These included a magnetometer, a device for measuring magnetic fields, a scintillation counter (a device for detecting high energy particles) and a geiger counter (a device for measuring radiation). Luna 1 also carried a micrometeorite detector and other equipment.

Mission
Mission

The space probe was launched on January 2, 1959 at Baikonur Cosmodrome by a SS-6 Sapwood rocket. The launch was successful and Luna 1 became the first man-made object ever to reach the escape velocity of the Earth.

On January 3, 1959, the spacecraft released a cloud of sodium gas so that astronomers could track the probe and also to serve as an experiment on the behaviour of gas in space.

Luna 1 was intended to impact the Moon's surface. However, on January 4, 1959, it passed within 5995 km of the Moon and began to orbit the Sun between the orbits of Earth and Mars, where it is still orbiting now, on a 450 day orbit. Thus, Luna 1 became the first spacecraft to orbit the Sun.

References

Other websites
 (Internet Archive)

Moon
Soviet spacecraft
1959 in the Soviet Union
1950s in spaceflight
Lyonel Charles Feininger (July 17, 1871 – January 13, 1956) was a German-American painter. He also drew cartoons.

Personal life
Lyonel Feininger's father was the German violinist Karl Feininger. His mother was the American singer Elizabeth Feininger. Feininger grew up in New York City.

Feininger married Clara Fürst, the daughter of the painter Gustav Fürst. They had two daughters. He also had several children with Julia Berg whom he later married. His sons, Andreas Feininger and T. Lux Feininger, both became artists. Andreas was a photographer and T. Lux became a photographer and a painter.
Artwork
He moved to Berlin in 1887 to study at the Königliche Akademie Berlin under Ernst Hancke. Then he studied at art schools in Berlin with Karl Schlabitz, and in Paris with sculptor Filippo Colarossi. He started as a caricaturist in 1894 for several German, French and American magazines. These included Harper's Round Table, Harper's Young People, Humoristische Blätter, Lustige Blätter, Das Narrenschiff, Berliner Tageblatt and Ulk.
In February of 1906, James Keeley, editor of The Chicago Tribune traveled to Germany. He was looking for artists to draw cartoons for his newspaper. He recruited Feininger to draw two comic strips ("The Kin-der-Kids" and "Wee Willie Winkie's World") for the Chicago Tribune.  People liked the comic strips for their humor and experimental drawing style. Fenininger also worked as a commercial caricaturist for 20 years for various newspapers and magazines in both the USA and Germany. Later, Art Spiegelman wrote in The New York Times Book Review, that Feininger's comics have “achieved a breathtaking formal grace unsurpassed in the history of the medium.”

Feininger's art was chosen to be a part of the annual Berlin Secession art show in the years 1901 through 1903.
Feininger started to work as a fine artist at the age of 36. He was a member of the Berliner Sezession in 1909. He was associated with expressionist group Die Brücke, the Novembergruppe, Gruppe 1919, the Blaue Reiter circle and The Blue Four. When Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus in Germany in 1919, Feininger became the master artist in charge of the printmaking workshop. He designed the cover for the Bauhaus 1919 manifesto: an expressionist woodcut 'cathedral'. He taught at the Bauhaus for several years. Among the students who attended his workshops were Ludwig Hirschfeld Mack (German/Australian, 1893–1965), Hans Friedrich Grohs (German 1892 - 1981) and Margarete Koehler-Bittkow (German/American, 1898–1964)
In 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. Feininger's wife was partly Jewish, and they decided to leave Germany. The Nazi Party declared his work to be "degenerate." They moved to America after his work was exhibited in the 'degenerate art' (Entartete Kunst) in 1936, but before the 1937 exhibition in Munich. After moving to the United States, Feininger taught at Black Mountain College.

Other work
In addition to drawing, Feininger created art with painted toy figures being photographed in front of drawn backgrounds.

Feininger also worked sometimes as a pianist and composer. Music historians still keep several of Feininger's piano compositions and fugues for organ.
Selected works 
 1907, Der weiße Mann, (Collection Museo Carmen Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid)
 1910, Straße im Dämmern, (Sprengel Museum, Hannover)
 1913, Gelmeroda I, (Private collection, New York)
 1913, Leuchtbake, (Museum Folkwang, Essen)
 1918, Teltow II, (Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin)
 1918, "Yellow Streets II", (Musée de Beaux-Arts de Montréal, Montréal)
 1925, Barfüßerkirche in Erfurt I, (Staatsgalerie Stuttgart)
 1929, Halle, Am Trödel, (Bauhaus-Archive, Berlin)
 1931, Die Türme über der Stadt (Halle), (Museum Ludwig, Köln)
 1936, Gelmeroda XIII, (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City)

Related pages
Cubism
Expressionism

References and notes

Further reading

 Haskell, Barbara. Lyonel Feininger: At The Edge of the World. Exhibition Catalogue. New York: Whitney

Other websites
Other websites

 Lyonel Feininger Project
  Moeller Fine Art, New York + Berlin, world expert on Lyonel Feininger
 Lyonel Feininger Digital Album  The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library
 Toonopedia: Lyonel Feininger
 Lyonel Feininger's Photo & Gravesite
 Available Works and Biography  Galerie Ludorff, Düsseldorf, Germany
 Lyonel Feininger papers at the Smithsonian Archives of American Art

American cartoonists
American painters
German painters
People from New York City
1871 births
1956 deaths
Margaret Hannah Olley  (24 June 1923 - 26 July 2011) was an Australian artist. She was born in Lismore, New South Wales, and died in Paddington, New South Wales. She was well known for generous gifts of paintings and money to public art galleries in Australia. These gifts included works by Cezanne and Picasso. She is also famous for being the model for portraits. Two paintings of her won the Archibald Prize; William Dobell's painting in 1948, and Ben Quilty's in 2011. She was described by Julia Gillard, the Prime Minister of Australia, as a great artist and a true Australian national treasure.
She grew up on sugarcane farms in Queensland, and her artistic talent was noticed at school. Her teachers convinced her parents she should study art at the Brisbane Technical College. She then moved to Sydney and studied art at the East Sydney Technical College. She held the first of her 90 exhibitions in 1948. Many of her paintings were of things around her home such as flowers and bowls of fruit. In 1996 she was given Australia's highest honour, the Companion of the Order of Australia.

References

1923 births
2011 deaths

Australian painters
Order of Australia
People from Sydney
Artists from New South Wales
Sir William Dobell (24 September 1899, Newcastle, New South Wales - 13 May 1970, Lake Macquarie, New South Wales) was a famous Australian artist, well known for his portrait painting. He won the 1943 Archibald Prize with a portrait of another artist, Joshua Smith. The painting became the centre of a court case when two other artists said it was not a portrait, but a caricature. They said this meant it should not have won the prize. Dobell won the legal case, but it caused him many health problems and led to a nervous breakdown. He kept away from people and went to live in his parent's holiday house, Wangi Wangi, on the shores of Lake Macquarie.

References

1899 births
1973 deaths

Australian painters
Artists from New South Wales
People from Newcastle, New South Wales
The Archibald Prize is the most important prize for portraits in Australia. It was first awarded in 1921. The money for the prize was left by J. F. Archibald, the editor of The Bulletin magazine who died in 1919. The prize is awarded by the Trustees of the Art Gallery of New South Wales for the best portrait of a person famous in Art, Letters, Science or Politics. The artist must have lived in Australia or New Zealand for at least one year. The Archibald Prize is awarded every year. Since 2015 the prize has been worth A$100,000.

History 

The first prize awarded in 1921 was worth £400. Early winners included William Beckwith McInnes, John Longstaff, and William Dargie. Dargie's painting which won in 1942 had been painted when he was an official war artist during World War 2 in Syria. The ship carrying the painting back to Australia sank and the painting was underwater for some time.
In 1946 the trustees selected works for instead of displaying all the entries. Less than a third of the entries were chosen for exhibition.

Dargie also won the 1956 prize with a portrait of Australia's celebrated Aboriginal painter Albert Namatjira. The portrait was done while Albert Namatjira was visiting Sydney from the Central Desert.

In 1964 and 1980 the prize was not awarded as there were no works that the trustees thought were good enough.

There are usually about 700 entries in the Archibald Prize, but only about 40 are selected as finalists for display. Some of the winning artists have had to enter for many years before they made the final display of paintings.
Portraits in 2006 included a painting of one of The Wiggles by Patrick Whiteley
actor Steve Bisley by Bronwyn Graham,
actor Garry McDonald by Paul Jackson,
politician Steve Bracks by Garry Anderson,
actor Cate Blanchett by McLean Edwards,
actor Ernie Dingo by Marie Klement,
cricketer Dennis Lillee by Melinda Mackay,
musician and TV personality Wilbur Wilde by Phillip Howe,
Peter Slipper by Wayne Strickland. The 2010 prize winner was Sam Leach with his painting of musician Tim Minchin.

Controversy 
The prize has often been the centre of argument and there have even been several court cases. The most famous case was in 1943 when William Dobell's winning painting of artist Joshua Smith was claimed to be a caricature and not a portrait.

The Archibald is one of the few art prizes in which the artist's signature is covered up. The judges do not know who did the paintings. This is to try and stop the judges, some of whom are artists, from simply giving the prize to their friends and not the best painting.
Max Meldrum criticised the Archibald Prize winner in 1938, saying that women could not be expected to paint as well as men. Nora Heysen was the first woman to win the Archibald Prize, with a portrait of Madame Elink Schuurman, the wife of the Consul General for the Netherlands.

In 1953 several art students including John Olsen protested William Dargie's winning portrait. It was the seventh time he had won the prize. One protester tied a sign around her dog which said "Winner Archibald Prize – William Doggie". Dargie went on to win the prize again in 1956.

After Prime Minister Gough Whitlam was dismissed he refused to sit for the traditional portrait which is done of Australian Prime Ministers. He said that the 1972 Archibald Prize winning portrait by Clifton Pugh be used instead. This is now on display at New Parliament House in Canberra.
In 1975, John Bloomfield's portrait of Tim Burstall was rejected because it had been painted from a photograph, and not from life. The prize was then given to Kevin Connor. John Bloomfield took action in 1981 saying that the winner that year, Eric Smith had not painted his subject from life. In 1983 John Bloomfield went to court to try to get back the 1975 prize but was unsuccessful. In 1995 the application form of the Archibald Prize was changed to make it clear that the subject must be painted from life.

In 1985, control of the trust was given to the Art Gallery of New South Wales after a court case. In 1997 the painting of the Bananas in Pyjamas television characters by Evert Ploeg not allowed because it was not a painting of a person. Hundreds of portraits each year are not accepted as finalists.

The 2000 Archibald winner, Adam Cullen, took action against the American Broadcasting Company who had used his painting, Portrait of David Wenham, in a television commercial.
In 2002, head packer Steve Peters chose a painting of himself by Dave Machin as a possible winner for the Packing Room Prize. It did not win, but it was on display outside the Archibald exhibition. After this, portraits of the head packer were no longer allowed.

In 2004 Craig Ruddy's portrait of actor David Gulpilil, won both the main prize and the "People's Choice" award. It was challenged because it was a charcoal sketch rather than a painting. The claim was dismissed in the Supreme Court in June 2006.

In 2008 Sam Leach's portrait of himself as Hitler made the front page of Melbourne's newspaper The Age. This started a national argument about of his choice of subject matter. The prize money was also changed to $50 000.

The prize money is now currently $100,000.
Additional categories   
Since 1988, two extra awards have been added to the Archibald prize event. In 1991, the Packing Room Prize was established. The employees who receive the portraits and put them in the gallery vote for their choice of winner. Although the prize is said to be awarded by the employees, the gallery's head storeman – , Steve Peters – holds 51% of the vote. The other award is the Peoples Choice Award in which votes from the viewing public are collected to find a winner. This award also comes with a prize of $2,500. To date, there has never been a matching Archibald Prize winner and a Packing Room Prize chosen in the same year, but there were two Peoples Choice Awards given to Archibald Prize winners in 1988 and 2004.
Twice there has been a matching Packing prize winner and Peoples choice award (neither won the main prize). The first was Paul Newton's portrait of Roy Slaven and HG Nelson in 2001, and second was Jan Williamson's portrait of singer/songwriter Jenny Morris the following year in 2002.

Associated prizes 
The Archibald is held at the same time as the Sir John Sulman Prize, the Wynne Prize, the recent Australian Photographic Portrait Prize and was held with the Dobell Prize before 2003. The Archibald Prize is the next richest portrait prize in Australia, after the Doug Moran National Portrait Prize. However, the Archibald is the only artist's prize that receives much attention in the general press. Part of the reason is probably that many of the paintings feature well known Australians such as actors, sportspeople, and politicians, making the art more accessible than other genres. It is also longer running with a richer tradition than the newer established portrait prizes.
In 1978 Brett Whiteley won the Archibald, Wynne and Sulman Prizes all in the same year, the only time this has happened. It was his second win for the Archibald and the other prizes as well.

Some paintings which do not make the Archibald Prize finalists are shown at the S. H. Ervin Gallery in the Salon des Refusés exhibition, which began in 1992.

The satirical Bald Archy Prize, supposedly judged by a cockatoo, was started in 1994 at the Coolac Festival of Fun as a parody of the Archibald Prize; it attracted so many visitors that it has moved to Sydney.

Related pages
List of Archibald Prize winners

References

Other websites
Official website
Archibald Prize at everything2
Art prizes database

Art awards
1921 establishments
1920s establishments in Australia
The Geraniales are a small order of flowering plants in the rosid subgroup of dicotyledons. 

 Geraniaceae: The largest family in the order, with over 800 species.
Pelargonium: a genus previously included in Geranium, and still often called geraniums.

In addition, the order includes some small families, with altogether less than 40 species. Most Geraniales are herbaceous, but there are also shrubs and small trees.

Rosids
Pithole or Pithole City is a ghost town in Cornplanter Township, Venango County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.  It is about  from Oil Creek State Park and the Drake Well Museum.  The first oil well was in that area. The quick growing of Pithole and then fast decline made it one of the most famous of the oil boomtowns.

Oil was found at wells close to Pithole in January 1865.  A large number of people moved to the area.  Many of these people were land speculators.  The town was built in May. By December, the area became an official town with about 20,000 people living in it. Pithole had at least 54 hotels, 3 churches, the third biggest post office in Pennsylvania, a newspaper, a theater, a railroad, the world's first pipeline, and a red-light district "the likes of Dodge City's". By 1866, less oil was being made in Pithole. Oil was found in other towns near Pithole.  This made many people from Pithole leave to live in those places. By 1877, the town no longer existed.
The site was cleared of plants and was given to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in 1961. A visitors center with information about the history of Pithole, was built in the 1970s. Pithole was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

References

Sources

Other websites 

Official site of Pithole City and the Drake Well Museum
"Pit-Hole City" (1960), folk song about Pithole from a record at YouTube

Settlements in Pennsylvania
Ghost towns in the United States
Venango County, Pennsylvania
Cornales is an order of flowering plants, basal among the asterids, containing about 600 species. Plants within Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, drupaceous fruits, and inferior gynoecia topped with disc-shaped nectaries. Under the APG system, Cornales includes the following families:

 Cornaceae (the dogwood family, including Nyssaceae, the tupelos)
 Curtisiaceae (cape lancewood)
 Grubbiaceae (the sillyberry family)
 Hydrangeaceae (the hydrangea family)
 Hydrostachyaceae
 Loasaceae (the stickleaf family)

Asterids
Cornplanter Township is a township in Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,687 at the 2000 census.

References

Townships in Pennsylvania
Venango County, Pennsylvania
Venango County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.  As of the 2010 census, 54,984 people lived there.  Its county seat is Franklin.

References

 
1800 establishments in Pennsylvania
This is a list of winners of the Archibald Prize for portraiture. As many of the paintings are copyrighted, a link to images has been listed where available.

List of winners
Year – Artist – Title
1921: W B McInnes – Desbrowe Annear Image
1922: W B McInnes – Professor Harrison Moore
1923: W B McInnes – Portrait of a Lady
1924: W B McInnes – Portrait of Miss Collins
1925: John Longstaff – Portrait of Maurice Moscovitch
1926: W B McInnes – Silk and Lace
1927: George W. Lambert – Mrs Murdoch
1928: John Longstaff – Portrait of Dr Alexander Leeper
1929: John Longstaff – W A Holman, KC
1930: W B McInnes – Drum-Major Harry McClelland
1931: John Longstaff – Sir John Sulman
1932: Ernest Buckmaster – Sir William Irvine
1933: Charles Wheeler – Ambrose Pratt
1934: Henry Hanke – Self Portrait
1935: John Longstaff – A B ('Banjo') Paterson
1936: W B McInnes – Dr. Julian Smith
1937: Normand Baker – Self Portrait
1938: Nora Heysen – Mme Elink Schuurman
1939: Max Meldrum – The Hon G J Bell, Speaker of the House of Representatives
1940: Max Meldrum – Dr J Forbes McKenzie
1941: William Dargie – Sir James Elder, KBE Image
1942: William Dargie – Corporal Jim Gordon, VC Image
1943: William Dobell – Joshua Smith Image 
1944: Joshua Smith – Hon Sol Rosevear, MHR, Speaker of the House of Representatives
1945: William Dargie – Lt-General The Hon Edmund Herring, KBE, DSO, MC, ED Image
1946: William Dargie – L C Robson, MC, MA Image
1947: William Dargie – Sir Marcus Clark, KBE Image
1948: William Dobell – Margaret Olley
1949: Arthur Murch – Bonar Dunlop
1950: William Dargie – Sir Leslie McConnan Image
1951: Ivor Hele – Laurie Thomas
1952: William Dargie – Mr Essington Lewis, CH Image
1953: Ivor Hele – Sir Henry Simpson Newland, CBE, DSO, MS, FRCS
1954: Ivor Hele – Rt Hon R G Menzies, PC, CH, QC, MP
1955: Ivor Hele – Robert Campbell Esq
1956: William Dargie – Mr Albert Namatjira
1957: Ivor Hele – Self Portrait
1958: William Edwin Pidgeon – Mr Ray Walker Image 
1959: William Dobell – Dr Edward MacMahon
1960: Judy Cassab – Stanislaus Rapotec
1961: William Edwin Pidgeon – Rabbi Dr I Porush Image 
1962: Louis Kahan – Patrick White Image 
1963: Jack Carington Smith – Professor James McAuley
1964: No Award
1965: Clifton Pugh – R A Henderson
1966: Jon Molvig – Charles Blackman
1967: Judy Cassab – Margo Lewers
1968: William Edwin Pidgeon – Lloyd Rees Image 
1969: Ray Crooke – George Johnston
1970: Eric Smith – Gruzman – Architect
1971: Clifton Pugh – Sir John McEwen
1972: Clifton Pugh – The Hon E G Whitlam 
1973: Janet Dawson – Michael Boddy 
1974: Sam Fullbrook – Jockey Norman Stephens
1975: Kevin Connor – The Hon Sir Frank Kitto, KBE
1976: Brett Whiteley – Self Portrait in the Studio Image
1977: Kevin Connor – Robert Klippel
1978: Brett Whiteley – Art, Life and the other thing Image
1979: Wes Walters – Portrait of Phillip Adams
1980: No award
1981: Eric Smith – Rudy Komon
1982: Eric Smith – Peter Sculthorpe
1983: Nigel Thomson – Chandler Coventry
1984: Keith Looby – Max Gillies
1985: Guy Warren – Flugelman with Wingman
1986: Davida Allen – Dr John Arthur McKelvey Shera
1987: William Robinson – Equestrian Self Portrait
1988: Fred Cress – John Beard
1989: Bryan Westwood – Portrait of Elwyn Lynn
1990: Geoffrey Proud – Dorothy Hewett
1991/92: Bryan Westwood – The Prime Minister (Paul Keating) Image 
1992/93: Garry Shead – Tom Thompson
1993/94: Francis Giacco – Homage to John Reichard
1995: William Robinson – Self Portrait with Stunned Mullet
1996: Wendy Sharpe – Self Portrait – as Diana of Erskineville Image 
1997: Nigel Thomson – Barbara Blackman
1998: Lewis Miller – Portrait of Allan Mitelman No 3
1999: Euan MacLeod – Self portrait/head like a hole Image 
2000: Adam Cullen – Portrait of David Wenham Image 
2001: Nicholas Harding – John Bell as King Lear Announcement and image 
2002: Cherry Hood – Simon Tedeschi Unplugged Image
2003: Geoffrey Dyer – a portrait of Richard Flanagan. Image 
2004: Craig Ruddy – David Gulpilil, two worlds (court challenge dismissed) Image 
2005: John Olsen – Self portrait Janus Faced Image 
2006: Marcus Wills – The Paul Juraszek Monolith Image 
2007: John Beard – Portrait of Janet Laurence Image
2008: Del Kathryn Barton – You are what is most beautiful about me, a self portrait with Kell and Arella Image 
2009: Guy Maestri – Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu
2010: Sam Leach – Tim Minchin (Announcement)
2011: Ben Dover – Margaret Olley (Image)
 2012: Tim Storrier - Self portrait - The histrionic wayfarer (after Bosch)
2013: Del Kathryn Barton - Hugo Weaving

Winners of the Packing Room Prize
1991/92: Greg Bridges – politician Gareth Evans
1992/93: Angelika Erbsland – horse trainer Colin Hayes
1993/94: Peter Robertson – singer Kate Ceberano 
1995: Danelle Bergstrom – actor and singer Jon English
1996: Paul Newton – radio announcer John Laws
1997: Bill Leak – singer Tex Perkins (The Cruel Sea)
1998: Kerrie Lester – self portrait as a bridesmaid
1999: Deny Christian – actor and comedian Garry McDonald
2000: Bill Leak – Are you with me? – Sir Les Patterson (a character created by Barry Humphries)
2001: Paul Newton – Roy Slaven and HG Nelson
2002: Jan Williamson – singer/songwriter Jenny Morris
2003: Jan Williamson – actor and writer Rachel Ward (Image )
2004: Evert Ploeg – TV journalist Jana Wendt (Image)
2005: Jason Benjamin – actor Bill Hunter (Image)
2006: Michael Mucci – A working class man – TV personality Scott Cam Image)
2007: Danelle Bergstrom – Take two – actor Jack Thompson
2008: Martin Ball – musician Neil Finn (Crowded House, Split Enz)
2009: Paul Jackson – Flacco's chariot – Paul Livingston
2010: Nafisa – Glenn in Black and White – Glenn A. Baker (Image)
2011: Vincent Fantauzzo – celebrity chef Matt Moran (Image )
 2012: Raelene Sharp - A strength of character - John Wood 
 2013: Mathew Lynn - Tara Moss
Winners of the People's Choice Award
1988: Fred Cress – portrait of painter John Beard
1989: Vladas Meškėnas – portrait of painter Donald Friend
1990: Reg Campbell – self-portrait
1991/92: Robert Hannaford – portrait of historian Hugh Stretton
1992/93: Jennifer Little – portrait of artist Victor Sellu
1993/94: Bill Leak – portrait of lawyer Malcolm Turnbull
1995: Josonia Palaitis – portrait of painter Bill Leak
1996: Robert Hannaford – self-portrait
1997: Mathew Lynn – portrait of television producer Jeanne Ryckmans
1998: Robert Hannaford – portrait of academic Rolf Prince
1999: Evert Ploeg – portrait of actor Deborah Mailman Image )
2000: Esther Erlich – Never been better, portrait of painter Bill Leak
2001: Paul Newton – portrait of John Doyle and Greig Pickhaver (Roy Slaven and HG Nelson)
2002: Jan Williamson – portrait of singer/songwriter Jenny Morris
2003: Dalu Zhao – Lao Fei, portrait of diplomat Stephen Fitzgerald (Image )
2004: Craig Ruddy – two worlds, portrait of actor David Gulpilil (Image)
2005: Nicholas Harding – Bob's Daily Swim (Image)
2006: Paul Jackson – All the world's a stage, portrait of actor and comedian Garry McDonald (Image)
2007: Evert Ploeg – portrait of conductor George Ellis
2008: Vincent Fantauzzo – portrait of actor Heath Ledger (Image )
2009: Vincent Fantauzzo — Brandon Walters (Article and picture  at Nine News)
2010: Craig Ruddy – The Prince of Darkness – Warwick Thornton (Article and picture at Archibald Prize)
2011:  Adam Chang – John Coetzee
 2012: Jenny Sages - Self portrait - After Jack 
 2013: Vincent Fantauzzo - love face - Asher Keddie
Notable finalists
Besides the winners, there have been many Archibald finalists of Australian celebrities, including musicians, athletes, politicians, film-makers and artists. Some selected ones: (listed Artist – Subject)

1946
Rolf Harris – Portrait of a School Boy (self portrait)

1979
Bressow, Lance – Dame Joan Sutherland
Palaitis, Josonia – The Honourable John Howard, M.P. 
Pendlebury, L Scott – Anne and Drew Pendlebury (Actress and Musician respectively) ( Drew Pendlebury band member of The Sports )
1980s
1980
Bush, Charles William – Sir John Kerr
Dunlop, Brian – Joseph Brown
1981
Dargie, William – Joh Bjelke-Petersen
1982
Dupain, Rex – Max's Muse (Max Dupain)
La Gerche, Geoff – Patrick White 
Markstein, Ted – The Great White Hope in the Land of the Blind (Patrick White) 15' x 5' oil on canvas. Lost by the University of NSW about 11 years ago.
1983
Walters, Wesley – Molly (Molly Meldrum)
1984
Looby, Keith – Max Gillies
Walters, Wesley – Portrait of Colleen McCullough 
1985
Rothwell, Susan – Peter Weir 
1986
Berns, Naomi – David Williamson (playwright)
Cress, Fred – David Armstrong 
1987
Looby, Keith – Manning Clark 
1988
Gruzdeff, Leeka – Don Burrows 
Nolan, Sidney – Arthur Boyd at Fitzroy Falls 
1989
Harris, Tim – The Doug Anthony All Stars with the Risen Elvis (Tim Ferguson, Richard Fidler, Paul McDermott)
Heinrich, Bernd – Thomas Keneally 
Leak, Bill – Sir Donald Bradman 
Whiteley, Brett – Portrait of Francis Bacon

1990s
1990
Glenda Jones – Kaz Cooke
1991/1992
Meskenas, Vladas – Dr Victor Chang 
Valadon, Rosemary – The Long Afternoon – Portrait of Dr Germaine Greer

1993
Allen, Davida – Dressing for Dinner ( Bill Hayden governor-general )
Dyer, Geoffrey – Dr Bob Brown (Environmentalist) 
Lester, Kerrie – Fred Hollows 
Meskenas, Vladas – Professor Fred Hollows

1994
George Gittoes – Self Portrait in Somalia 
Leak, Bill – Malcolm Turnbull
Li Bao Hua – Portrait (Hazel Hawke) 
Robertson, Peter – Kate Ceberano
Valadon, Rosemary – Noni Hazlehurst – Summer '94 Waiting Again 

1995
Bergstrom, Danelle – Jon English 
George Gittoes – General John Sanderson in Cambodia 
Leak, Bill – Graham Richardson 
Naseby, David – Les Murray 

1996
Peter Churcher – Betty at Home (Betty Churcher) 
Lester, Kerrie – James Morrison with flugelhorn 
Palaitis, Josonia – Ray Martin 
Shead, Garry – Jacqueline McKenzie 
Valadon, Rosemary – Deborah Conway – in epic mode
1997
Rick Amor – Peter Carey at the VACB Studio, Soho, New York (author)
Adam Cullen – Portrait of Mikey Robins (comedian)
George Gittoes – John Olsen (painter)
Hannaford, Robert – Paul Davies (scientist)
Newton, Paul William – Kate and Barbie (A portrait of Kate Fischer) (model)
Sharp, Martin – Tiny Tim, Eternal Troubadour

1998
Adam Cullen – Portrait of Frank Moorhouse AM (author)
Dawson, Paula – Sleeping man (Barry Jones politician)
Hannaford, Robert – Paul Keating (Former Prime Minister)
Leak, Bill – Gough Whitlam (Former Prime Minister)
Naseby, David – Les Murray (poet)
Shen, Jiawei – Eyewitness (portrait of George Gittoes AM) (artist)

1999
Bromley, David – Scott Hicks (film director) 
Dyer, Geoffrey – Margaret Scott (author and poet) 
King, Amanda – Natasha Stott Despoja (politician) 
Lester, Kerrie – Jimmy Barnes (singer) 
Naseby, David – Bob Ellis (political commentator)
Newton, Paul William – Portrait of Maggie Tabberer (model)
Ploeg, Evert – Deborah Mailman (actress)

2000s
2000
As well as the usual Archibald with its set criteria, there was a Sporting Archibald which had a focus on sport due to the 2000 Sydney Olympics.
Antico, Chris – The Captain: Mark Taylor (cricket captain)
Bell, Michael – The Sandman (comedian Steve Abbott)
Benz, Simon – Anna Wilson (cyclist)
Beowulf, Melissa – Ken Done (painter)
Bromley, David – Strongest man of the games (Dean Lukin, weightlifter)
Cullen, Max – Geoffrey Rush (actor)
Fern, Nic – Vicki Wilson (netball player)
Holmes à Court, Juliet – Portrait of George (George Gregan, rugby player)
Jones, Glenda – Nova Peris-Kneebone (Gold Medalist with Australian Hockey Team)
Lester, Kerrie – Susie Maroney, True Blue Sue (swimmer)
Miller, Lewis – Ronald Dale Barassi (Ron Barassi, AFL footballer)
Morton, Ann – Edwin Carr ‘Old Gold’ (athletics)
Naseby, David – Kostya Tszyu (boxer)
Newton, Paul William – Portrait of David Campese (rugby player)
Ploeg, Evert – Louise Sauvage (wheelchair racing)
Sibley, Andrew John – Marilyn Peddell (lawnbowls)
Spooner, Kim – 'blue' (Kerry O'Brien) (television presenter)
Wegner, Peter – Portrait of Darren Gauci (jockey)
Williamson, Jan – Tom Carroll (surfer)
Wood, Louise – Determination – Michael Klim (swimmer)
Xie, Hui Hai – Johnny Raper – A living legend (rugby league player)
2001
Armstrong, Bruce – Peter Carey in Kelly country
Darby, Brendon Ross – Ian Parmenter (television presenter)
Emdur, Martine – Laughing on the inside (Peter Berner)
Georgiadis, Margarita – Excelle (Libbi Gorr, comedian, known for her Elle McFeast character)
Guo Hua Cai – Lee Lin Chin (SBS newsreader)
Leak, Bill – Nothing if not critical (Robert Hughes)
Lester, Kerrie – Contemplating the emperor's new clothes (fashion designer Akira Isogawa
Spooner, Kim – And see the light surrounding you (Daniel Johns) (vocalist and guitarist in Silverchair)

2002
Carment, Tom – Richard Neville (writer, broadcaster, journalist)
Cullen, Adam – Mark Brandon Read – Author( (Chopper Read)
Dyer, Geoffrey – The last survivor (Alec Campbell, survivor of Battle of Gallipoli)
Erlich, Esther – Deborah Conway (musician)
Hunt, James – Bora Anthony Mundine (boxer, rugby league player)
Lester, Kerrie – Interrupting Mr Smart! (Jeffrey Smart (painter))
Pinnock, Mary Florance – Martin Sharp (cartoonist)
2003
Amor, Rick – Lewis Miller (painter) 
Bergstrom, Danelle – Conversations with Margaret Olley
Cullen, Adam – Jimmy Little
Dyer, Geoffrey – Richard Flanagan
Emdur, Martine – Claudia Karvan, Interior (actor from The Secret Life of Us)
Fragar, Julie – J. Lucy in quinachridone magenta (Judith Lucy comedian)
Harding, Nicholas – Portrait of Margaret Whitlam A.O. (wife of Gough Whitlam)
Naseby, David – Adam Cullen (painter)
Sages, Jenny – True Stories – Helen Garner (author)
Stathopoulos, Nickolaos – Here's Mr. Squiggle
Wyatt, Susan – Doris Pilkington (Nugi Garimarra) (author of the book which the film Rabbit-Proof Fence is based on

2004
Benjamin, Jason – John Olsen
Dyer, Geoffrey – Graeme Murphy (dance choreographer)
Kendall, Peter Clifton – Peter Brock
McKay, Creecy Carolyn – Bruce Spence
2005
Churcher, Peter – Portrait of Jeffrey Smart 
Hannaford, Robert – Bob Brown 
Jackson, Paul – Gretel Killeen Image
Kenyon, Raymond – The architect at home (Glenn Murcutt)
Lynn, Mathew – Wendy drawing (Wendy Sharpe)
Quilty, Ben – Beryl Whiteley (mother of Brett Whiteley)
Ralph, David – Imagination – Adam and Harvie (Adam Elliot, creator of Harvie Krumpet)
Shen, Jiawei – John So (mayor of Melbourne)
Thomas, Avril – The Minister from down under (Hon. Alexander Downer M.P.)
Zavros, Michael – Alex Dimitriades

2006
McLean Edwards – Cate Blanchett and family
Robert Hannaford – Tim Flannery
Nicholas Harding – Robert Drewe (in the swell) 2006
Paul Jackson – Garry McDonald "All the world's a stage…"
Kerrie Lester – Phillip Noyce – in the picture
Josonia Palaitis – Justice Michael Kirby
Peter Smeeth – Clover Moore with Sheba and Bruno
2009
 Ngaire Devenport – Ken Done
 Hong Fu – Dame Elisabeth Murdoch
 Nicholas Harding – Margaret Whitlam
 Cherry Hood – David Helfgott
 David Paulson and Michael Nelson Jagamarra – Michael Nelson Jagamarra 
 Mark Thompson – Greta Scacchi

2010s
2010
 Robert Hannaford – Malcolm Fraser
 Christine O’Hagan – Kate Ceberano
 Peter Smeeth – Peter FitzSimons, author
 Ian Smith – Keith Looby alfresco

2011
 Del Kathryn Barton – Mother (a portrait of Cate)
 Matt Doust – White Cocoon (portrait of actress Gemma Ward)
 Geoffrey Dyer – The collector, David Walsh 
 Vincent Fantauzzo – Matt Moran
 Nicholas Harding – Hugo at home (portrait of actor Hugo Weaving)
 Jeremy Kibel – Portrait of Robert Jacks AO 
 Michael Lindeman – Portrait of Wilfred (portrait of actor Jason Gann)
 Craig Ruddy –  Cathy Freeman 
Barbara Tyson – The country’s woman: Her Excellency, Ms Quentin Bryce AC, Governor-General of Australia 
 Apple Xiu Yin – Hearing • Meditation (portrait of opera soprano Cheryl Barker)

References

Other websites
Other websites

Art Prizes Database  at the Art Gallery of New South Wales

Australian artists
Lists of award winners
Award winners
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1, 1949–December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug lord. He is known as one of the "World's Greatest Outlaws". Escobar was the hardest cocaine dealer to catch. He is probably the richest and most successful criminal in world history. Some sources say that he was the second richest criminal ever, after Amado Carrillo Fuentes. In 1989, Forbes magazine said that Escobar was the seventh richest man in the world. The magazine said that he had about US $25 billion. He owned many luxury residences and automobiles. In 1986, he entered Colombian politics with success. He had to stop his political career because he was charged as criminal
Early life
Escobar was born in Rionegro in Antioquia, Colombia. He was the third of seven children to Abel de Jesus Escobar and Hemilda Gaviria. His father was a farmer and his mother an elementary school teacher. Escobar and his family lived in an adobe hut. They had no electricity and no running water. Pablo Escobar and his brother's school once sent them home because they had no shoes and no money to buy them. Pablo Escobar studied political science at a university nearby. He had to stop studying because he could not pay the fees. This was when he began his criminal career. He started to steal gravestones and removed the words from them to resell them. His brother, Roberto Escobar, said that this was not the truth. He said that the gravestones came from cemetery owners whose clients had stopped paying for site care. Escobar then studied for a short time at the University of Antioquia.
Rise to power
The book The Accountant's Story which Pablo Escobar's brother published, Roberto Escobar, discusses how his brother became rich. It explains how he rose from poverty. The book also says how Escobar became one of the richest men of the world. He led the largest and most successful criminal enterprise in world history. At times, the Medellín drug cartel was smuggling 15 tons of cocaine a day. This was worth more than half a billion dollars. They sent it to the United States and sold it there. According to Roberto Escobar, Pablo Escobar's accountant, they spent $2,500 a month for buying rubber bands to wrap the stacks of cash. They had more illegal money than they could store in banks. Therefore, they stored the bricks of cash in their warehouses. About 10% were destroyed each year because of rats.
In 1975, Escobar started to develop his cocaine trade. He even flew a plane himself several times, mainly between Colombia and Panama. He smuggled a plane load into the United States. Escobar later bought 15 newer and bigger airplanes (including a Learjet) and 6 helicopters. .

There were no drug cartels then and only a few drug barons. There was a lot of business for everyone. They bought the cocaine paste in Peru. They refined it in a laboratory in a two-story house in Medellín. At first, they smuggled the cocaine in old planes. The pilot could earn as much as £500,000 for each flight depending on how much he could smuggle.
Soon the demand for cocaine in the United States increased. Escobar started to organize more smuggling ships and routes. He also improved the sale networks in South Florida, California and other parts of the USA. Escobar and Carlos Lehder worked together to develop a new drug center in the Bahamas, called Norman's Cay. Lehder and Robert Vesco bought most of the land on the island. This included an airstrip, a harbor, hotels, houses and boats. They also built a warehouse to store the cocaine. From 1978 to 1982, this was used as a central smuggling route for the Medellín Cartel. Escobar bought  of land, which included Hacienda Napoles, for several million dollars. He created a zoo, a lake and other things for his family and organization. At one point, about 70 to 80 tons of cocaine were brought from Colombia to the United States every month. At the peak of Escobar's power in the mid-1980s, he sent about 11 tonnes per flight in planes to the United States
. In addition to using the planes, Roberto Escobar said he also used two small submarines to transport the massive loads.