Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
On Earth, a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that form and re-work the crust. These processes include partial melting, crystallization, fractionation, metamorphism, weathering and diagenesis. Living things also contribute to the silicate cycle near the Earth's surface. A type of plankton known as diatoms construct their exoskeletons, known as tests, from silica. The tests of dead diatoms are a major constituent of deep ocean sediment

Chemical compounds
Geology
Ions
The Newton metre is the unit of moment in the SI system Standard International.  It is abbreviated N·m, and sometimes written with hyphen newton-metre. It is a compound unit of torque  corresponding to the torque from a force of one newton applied over a distance arm of one metre.

A newton metre is dimensionally equivalent to a joule.

Conversion factors
1 metre kilogram-force = 9.8065 R/N·m
1 centimetre kilogram-force = 98.0665 mR/mN·m
1 foot-pound force (often "foot-pounds") = 1 pound-force foot (often "pound-feet") = 1.3558179 R/N·m
1 inch ounce-force = 7.0615518 mR/mN·m

SI derived units
Gamma radiation (γ-radiation) is a type of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma rays (γ-rays) are waves of gamma radiation with the smallest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. They were discovered in 1900 by Paul Villard, and named in 1903 by Ernest Rutherford.

Gamma rays are like x-rays, but the waves are smaller in wavelength. Both gamma rays and x-rays are photons with very high energies, and gamma have even more energy. They are also a type of ionizing radiation. Gamma rays can travel through thicker materials than x-rays can.

Gamma rays are produced by some types of radioactive atoms.  Cobalt-60 and potassium-40 are two isotopes that emit gamma rays. Cobalt-60 is created in accelerators and is used in hospitals. Potassium-40 occurs naturally. Small amounts of potassium-40 are in all plants and animals. Gamma rays from potassium-40 each have an energy of 1460 thousand electron volts (keV).
Gamma rays and X-rays can also be distinguished by their origin: X-rays are emitted by electrons outside the nucleus, while gamma rays are emitted by the nucleus.

Gamma rays in medicine 
Gamma rays can also go through the skin to kill cells, such as cancerous cells. 
Doctors can use radiation therapy machines which produce gamma rays in hospitals to treat people with some types of cancer.

Doctors also use gamma rays to find disease. In hospitals, doctors can give patients radioactive medicine which emits gamma rays. Doctors can find some types of disease by measuring gamma rays which come from a patient afterward. Hospitals can also use gamma rays to sterilise (clean)  things as disinfectants do.

References 

Nuclear physics
Electromagnetic radiation
Cynicism is a philosophy started by the Cynics, Ancient Greek philosophers. It was started by Antisthenes in the 5th century BC. The main points the cynics wanted to make was that man had no needs. At the same time, they were against possessing material goods. They also were against prejudices such as being ashamed of being naked. Diogenes of Sinope made the cynics extend their views and combine them with that of other schools of philosophy, like the stoa. They also integrated elements of Greek mythology.

Today, the word 'cynicism' generally describes the opinions and actions of those who believe that self-interest is the primary motive of human behavior. These persons, called cynics, shy away from relying upon sincerity, human virtue, or altruism as motivations.

Related pages 
Nihilism

Philosophical movements and positions
Sonic the Hedgehog is the name of a cartoon series, starring Sonic the Hedgehog. It is more popularly known as "SatAM Sonic", especially to distinguish itself from other similarly named animated shows that also star Sonic.

This series was made by DiC Entertainment, and originally ran on ABC from September 18, 1993 to June 3, 1995, and had a total of 26 episodes, at 13 episodes per season.

The show starred Sonic the Hedgehog, and the Knothole Freedom Fighters, a group of woodland animals united to fight the evil Doctor Robotnik, who has taken over the entire planet.

References

Animated television series
English-language television programs
The Servile Wars were a series of three slave revolts in the late Roman Republic. See:

 First Servile War: 135 BC-132 BC on Sicily, led by Eunus, a former slave claiming be a prophet, and Cleon (Cilician).
 Second Servile War: 104 BC-103 BC on Sicily, led by Athenion and Tryphon.
 Third Servile War: 73 BC-71 BC in Italy, led by Spartacus.
Mestrius Plutarchus (; c. AD 46 – after AD 119), better known in English as Plutarch, was a Greek historian, and writer of biographies and essays.

Plutarch was born into a well-known family in Chaeronea, Boeotia Greece, a town about twenty miles east of Delphi. His works are Parallel Lives and Moralia.

Other websites 

 
 A biography of Plutarch is included in: , 18th century English translation under the editorship of Dryden (further edited by Arthur Hugh Clough).
 Works of Plutarch in etext at the University of Adelaide Library .
 Plutarch page at LacusCurtius (20th century English translation of most of the Lives, On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander, On the Fortune of the Romans, Roman Questions, and other excerpts of the Moralia)
 Plutarch's Isis and Osiris 

40s births
120s deaths
Ancient Greek historians
Ancient Greek writers
Biographers
Marcus Licinius Crassus (c. 115 BC – 53 BC) was a Roman general and politician.

He commanded the left wing of Sulla's army at the Battle of the Colline Gate. It was he who finally  suppressed the slave revolt led by Spartacus. The Third Servile War began with three defeats of Roman armies against Spartacus and his followers. The revolt was finally destroyed by the concentrated military effort of a single commander, Marcus Licinius Crassus.

The last stage of his career was as a triumvir, one of the First Triumvirate, with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus and Gaius Julius Caesar. One of the richest men of the era, he was killed after a defeat at the Battle of Carrhae. His death led to the civil wars between Julius Caesar and Pompey, the other two triumvirs.
Brutal discipline 
Crassus formed an army to meet the Parthians. In addition to six new legions, he was given other legions which had been beaten by Spartacus. He decimated them. This was the brutal method of executing one man in ten to encourage the others to fight harder. Each group of ten men drew lots to decide who would die. This punishment had not been used since the early days of Rome.

Crassus's punishment of Spartacus's surviving men was just as brutal. They were crucified. But his army was beaten by the Parthians, with many Roman deaths, including that of Crassus.

Battle of Carrhae 
Crassus arranged to govern the Roman province of Syria, with the transparent intention of going to war with Parthia. In fact, he set out on a war against Parthia, using his own money, and without the Senate's official approval.
The day went badly for the Romans, who were repeatedly outflanked by the Parthian cavalry. The next day they received a message, offering to negotiate with Crassus. A truce was proposed, allowing the Roman army to return to Syria safely, in exchange for Rome giving up all territory east of the Euphrates. Crassus was reluctant to meet with the Parthians, but his troops threatened to mutiny if he did not. At the meeting, a Parthian pulled at Crassus' reins, sparking violence. Crassus and his generals were murdered. After his death, the Parthians allegedly poured molten gold down his throat, in a symbolic gesture mocking Crassus' renowned greed. The remaining Romans at Carrhae attempted to flee, but most were captured or killed. Roman casualties amounted to about 20,000 killed and 10,000 captured, making the battle one of the costliest defeats in Roman history. Parthian casualties were minimal.

References 

110s BC births
53 BC deaths
Roman generals
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), otherwise known as Pompey () or Pompey the Great, was an important military and political leader of the late Roman Republic. 

Coming from an Italian provincial background, he secured a place for himself in the ranks of Roman nobility, and was given the nickname Magnus  ("the Great") by Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

Pompey was a rival of Marcus Licinius Crassus and an ally to Gaius Julius Caesar. Together, the three politicians would dominate the Late Roman republic through a political alliance called the First Triumvirate. After the deaths of Julia and Crassus (54 BC), disputes between Pompey and Caesar over the leadership of the Roman Republic lead to civil war. Pompey was decisively beaten by Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, whereupon he fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated.

Civil war and murder
In the beginning, Pompey said he could defeat Caesar and raise armies merely by stamping his foot on the soil of Italy, but in the spring of 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon and his legions swept down the peninsula. Pompey abandoned Rome, and took his legions south towards Brundisium. Pompey intended build up his army, and wage war against Caesar in the east. Neither Pompey nor the Senate thought of taking the vast treasury with them, probably thinking Caesar would not dare take it for himself. It was left in the Temple of Saturn when Caesar and his forces entered Rome.

Barely escaping Caesar in Brundisium, Pompey crossed over into Epirus. There, during Caesar's Spanish campaign, Pompey had gathered a large force in Macedonia, with nine legions plus contingents from the Roman allies in the east. His fleet controlled the Adriatic. Nevertheless, Caesar managed to cross over into Epirus in November 49 BC, and captured Apollonia.
Pompey fought Caesar at the Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC), in which Caesar lost 1000 men and Pompey lost 2000. Because he failed to pursue at the moment of Caesar's defeat, Pompey threw away the chance to destroy Caesar's much smaller army. As Caesar himself said, "Today the enemy would have won, if they had a commander who was a winner" (Plutarch, 65). 

According to Suetonius, it was at this point that Caesar said that "That man (Pompey) does not know how to win a war". With Caesar on their backs, the conservatives led by Pompey fled to Greece. Caesar and Pompey had their final showdown at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC. The fighting was bitter for both sides, and although Pompey was expected to win, due to advantage in numbers, the brilliant tactics and the superior fighting abilities of Caesar's veterans led to a victory for Caesar. Pompey met his wife Cornelia and his son Sextus Pompeius on the island of Mytilene. He then wondered where to go next. He ran to Egypt.
After he got to Egypt, Pompey's fate was decided by the advisors of the young king Ptolemy XIII. While Pompey waited offshore, they argued the cost of offering him refuge with Caesar already en route to Egypt; the king's eunuch Pothinus won out. According to  Plutarch, Cornelia watched anxiously from the trireme as Pompey left in a small boat with a few comrades, and headed for a welcoming party on the Egyptian shore. As Pompey got off the boat, he was stabbed to death by men following the orders of Pothinus.
Cassius Dio describes Caesar's reactions with scepticism. He thinks Pompey's own political misjudgements, rather than treachery, was the cause of his downfall. In Appian's account of the civil war, Caesar has Pompey's severed head buried in Alexandria, in ground reserved for a new temple to the goddess Nemesis. The divine functions of Nemesis (~fate) included the punishment of hubris (pride). For Pliny, the humiliation of Pompey's end is contrasted to his oversized portrait-head, studded with pearls, and carried in procession during his greatest Triumph.

References 

Roman generals
106 BC births
48 BC deaths
Italia, under the Roman Republic and later Empire, was the name of the Italian peninsula.

Italia was the home of the capital of the Roman Empire - Rome itself.

400 years later the Empire was much larger, but on the point of collapse. In the last period the Empire was governed from Byzantium (Constantinople), not Rome.

Places of Ancient Rome
Ramp could mean:
 Inclined plane, a physical structure that is a simple machine
 Vert ramp, a half-pipe structure used in gravity extreme sports
 Mini ramp, a half-pipe structure used in gravity extreme sports
 Airport ramp, the area around an airport terminal where aircraft are loaded and unloaded
 Slip road, a connector between grade-separated roads in a traffic interchange
 Ramp, a Trash Metal band from Portugal
 Entrance ramp, or "on ramp", on a freeway
 Exit ramp, or "off ramp", on a freeway
 Wild leeks, also called "ramps"
 ramp function, the integral of the unit step function in mathematics
 Mark Ramprakash, an English cricketer nicknamed Ramps
 Ramp strike, an accident involving an airplane and an aircraft carrier
 Electro-Kinetic Road Ramp, a road ramp that generates free electrical energy when traffic passes over it
Ramp, a 1991 album by Giant Sand
a movement
the shift key on a keyboard
gearshift, the metal rod used to change gears in a car (see also transmission [gearbox])
 the actual components of a gearbox
in computing, the analogue for literal strings, for example barrel shifter (bit shift)
in computing, the bit shift is a bitwise operator
the analogue in mathematics, e.g. a shift operator
arithmetic shift in telecommunication
derived meanings of change, such as red shift, Great Vowel Shift, paradigm shift
a work shift, typically eight hours between set times; see shift work, graveyard shift, swing shift, split shift
the Green tax shift, a fiscal policy often proposed by Green political parties and conservationist interest groups.
 in music, a shift is a change of level and is similar to but more basic and general than a chord change. On a string instrument a shift is a movement of the left hand in order to play notes that are beyond the range of the previous hand position.
 a simple kind of undergarment, also known as a chemise (smock)
Shift (sailing), a shift of points of sail.
Shift the Ape, a character in the Chronicles of Narnia series.
Shift (magazine), a former Canadian technology and culture magazine.
an improvised knife used as a weapon, also called a shank or shiv.
The shift key is a key on a computer keyboard. It is used to type capital letters (like this: "ABC") instead of lowercase ("abc").

The shift key is also used to type with keys that have more than one symbol on them, such as the number keys and those for punctuation marks. In this case it is used to type the "upper" characters, that is, the symbol that appear above the other. The symbol below does not need the shift key to be pressed. On an English keyboard, these are some of the characters that need the shift key to be pressed down in order to type them:
the parentheses "(" and ")" are on the same keys as the numbers 9 and 0
the question mark "?" is on the same key as the slash "/"
the exclamation point "!" is on the same key as the number 1
the colon ":" is on the same key as the semicolon ";"
The way the shift key works is that it needs to be held down while the other key is pressed. Because of this, there are usually two shift keys, on the left and right sides of the keyboard, and they are held down using one of the little fingers while the other finger presses the other key.

Instead of using the shift key, one can also use the caps lock or shift lock keys. This lets one type many uppercase letters at once without having to hold down the shift key all the time.

Computer keyboard
The Twenty-Second United States Census, known as Census 2000 was a count of the population of the United States. It was done by the Census Bureau. It found that the population of the United States on April 1, 2000 was 281,421,906. This was an increase of 13.2% over the 248,709,873 people counted during the 1990 Census. This was the twenty-second federal census. It was the largest single administrative effort in the history of the United States that was not done during wartime.

About 16 percent of households received a "long form" of the 2000 census. It had over 100 questions.

Other websites 

 Census 2000 gateway
 Population Profile of the United States: 2000
 Population Profile Introductory slide show, in MS Powerpoint format
 State and County QuickFacts , the most requested information
 American FactFinder, for population, housing, economic, and geographic data
 How the Census Works via Howstuffworks.com

Census
United States Census
A police procedural is a type of crime story. In a police procedural, the main characters are police officers. The story usually shows how they solve crimes with teamwork, using their specialised knowledge of criminals and the city or other area where they are.

Police procedurals have always been popular on television. Some of the best-known TV shows of this type are Dragnet, Law & Order, Hill Street Blues, NYPD Blue, Criminal Minds and The Shield.

Movie terminology
Television programs
Crime fiction
Population density - showing population and land area per square miles

Related pages
 List of U.S. states by population

Other websites 
 States by population -- JULY 2005 . United States Census Bureau. September 29, 2006.
 GCT-PH1-R. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000 . United States Census Bureau. Last accessed September 29, 2006.

Population density, List of U.S. states by
Girth is the circumference of a cylindrical object, such as a tree trunk.

Girth is sometimes used by postal services and delivery companies as basis for pricing. For example, (for at least one delivery company), if one has a box to ship, it has three sides: length (the longest side) and height and width. The girth in this case is 2 * (height + width).

Geometry
In geometry, circumference is the distance around a closed curve; for example, a circle. It is a special kind of perimeter. The length of the circumference of a circle is often written as , with:

where d is the diameter of the circle.

Related pages 

 Radius
 Pi

References

Other websites 

 Numericana - Circumference of an ellipse
Circumference of a circle With interactive applet and animation

Geometry
A girth is a piece of equipment for riding a horse, used to keep the saddle in place.
 

Horse riding

ru:Конская упряжь
The Lusatian Neisse is a river in the Czech Republic (Lužická Nisa), Germany (Lausitzer Neiße) and Poland (Nysa Łużycka). It flows into the Oder and is part of the Oder-Neisse line.

Other websites

Geography of Brandenburg
Geography of Saxony
Rivers of the Czech Republic
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Poland
Anton Rubinstein (born Vikhvatinets 28 November 1829; died Petershof 20 November 1894) was a Russian pianist and composer.  Rubinstein and Franz Liszt were thought to be the greatest pianists of the 19th century.  He was very important as a teacher and influenced many Russian musicians.  He composed lots of music, although hardly any of it is heard nowadays.  As a composer he is best remembered today by a little piece of piano music called “Melody in F”.

History

First concert 
Rubinstein gave his first piano concert when he was ten.  Between 1840 and 1843 his piano teacher took him on long concert tours of Europe.  He met Chopin and Liszt and was received in London by Queen Victoria.   Between 1844 and 1846 the family lived in Berlin.  His friends there included Mendelssohn and Meyerbeer.
Lessons 
In 1846 his father died and Anton went to Vienna where he gave piano lessons to try to earn some money.  When he returned to Russia in 1848 the tsar’s sister-in-law let him live in her palace.  He played for lots of parties.  Often the tsar came.

Tours 
In 1854 he toured Europe again.  Then he returned to Russia.  He wanted to improve music education in Russia so he started the Russian Musical Society and then he started the St Petersburg Conservatory.  During his long career he spent many years as director of the Conservatory as well as conducting concerts.
Compositions 
He wrote a lot of music, but although his compositions often started off with good ideas they often become rather boring.  His opera Tom the fool was not a success.  He was annoyed and wrote an article in a music magazine saying that it was not possible to write operas using Russian stories.  He criticized several composers who were writing music which used Russian folktunes.  This included the composer Mily Balakirev and his friends who were called The Mighty Handful.  He said that they had not learned how to compose properly.

Rubinstein very much wanted to be famous as a composer as well as a teacher, but this made him very narrow-minded.  However, it was as a pianist and conductor that he was important.  He helped to improve the standard of music making in Russia by teaching and performing, and by starting the conservatory in St Petersburg.

1829 births
1894 deaths
Romantic composers
Russian composers
Russian pianists
Classical pianists
This is a list of characters for Rumiko Takahashi's manga and anime series, InuYasha.

Main characters

Inuyasha
The eponymous and main character of the series. He is a half-demon ("han'yō" in Japanese). His father was a great demon general and the ruler of the western lands, and his mother was a human princess who opposed social standards. His father died the day he was born and his mother died when he was a child. He wields a sword Tessaiga, made from the fang. On a full moon for some nights, he reverts into a human. Inuyasha meets and spends time with Kikyo, while keeping the legendary jewel. Naraku drives Kikyo and Inuyasha into fighting for the jewel and hating each other. Kikyo pins Inuyasha on a scared tree with an arrow. Fifty years later, Inuyasha awakens on the tree and meets Kagome. Together, they search for the jewel shards, after Kagome shatters it. As Inuyasha and Kagome begin their relationship, Naraku collects all pieces of the jewel. After Naraku's defeat, Inuyasha marries Kagome.
Kagome Higurashi
The heroine of the series. A high school student living in Tokyo and the reincarnation of Kikyo. On her fifteenth birthday, she is dragged by one of the demons in a well and ends up traveling to the past. She finds the jewel extracted from her body and frees Inuyasha from the spell. Kagome says the word, "sit", causing the magical necklace to make Inuyasha falling to the ground. As the series progresses, they begin their relationship. Kagome is an archer wielding arrows and a bow. After defeating Naraku, Inuyasha sends Kagome back to her own time. Three years later, Kagome graduates from high school, travels back to the past and marries Inuyasha.
Naraku
The enemy demon lord responsible for making Kikyo hate Inuyasha. Fifty years before the series, Onigumo was a thief who is rescued by Kikyo. When Inuyasha makes a relationship for Kikyo, Onigumo fuses with an army of demons and becomes the lord of demons, naming himself Naraku. His spider mark appears on his back. Naraku tricks Inuyasha and Kikyo into hating each other while keeping the jewel, until they are defeated. It is also revealed that Naraku placed the Wind Tunnel curse on Miroku's grandfather, before the latter attempts to resist it. Naraku later possesses Kohaku and had the group of demon slayers killed in battle. When Naraku uses the pieces for the jewel to summon the army of incarnations, he gathers them back after Inuyasha and friends defeat them. At the end of the series, he is sent to the afterlife by Inuyasha.
Kikyo
A wise priestess and Kaede's sister. Fifty years ago, Kikyo meets InuYasha, before Naraku manipulates them into fighting each other and Kikyo dies from her injury. When a clay doll-maker named Urasue split the soul in half, one remains within Kagome and the other returns for Kikyo to recover her body. After Kikyo kills Urasue, she continues to reunite with Inuyasha, despite jealousy. After Naraku defeats Kikyo, he takes the remaining jewel shards. Inuyasha reconciles with Kikyo, before she dies once again, being vanished from existence.

Supporting characters

Shippo
A shape shifting fox demon. Although his age is not mentioned, he is five years old. After helping Inuyasha defeat the Thunder Brothers, Shippo plans to train and succeed for the exam.

Miroku
A monk having habits against women. His hand is cursed by the power of Wind Tunnel like his father used it. Though Miroku cannot resist the poison, his hand is cured after Naraku's defeat. Three years later, he marries Sango and have three children.
Sango
A demon slayer and Kohaku's older sister. Her grandfather, father and brother lived in a village. Naraku, disguised as the Castle's Lord, drives the army into killing each other, leaving Sango and Kohaku. When Naraku uses the jewel shard to possess Kohaku, Sango resolves to save her brother. Three years after Naraku's defeat, Sango marries Miroku and have three children.

Kirara
A pet cat demon often caring for Inuyasha and friends. She transforms into a flying lion during battle. She was originally owned by Midoriko.

Kaede
Kikyo's sister and the leader of villagers. She identifies Kagome as Kikyo's reincarnation. She tells both of them that Kagome can see the jewel unlike other people, and because Inuyasha cannot see the jewel but is strong enough to fight for it, they can work together. She loves her sister more than anything. She wishes that Kikyo's soul would rest in peace, even Urasue resurrected her.
Kohaku
Sango's younger brother and a demon slayer. After losing his family, he is possessed by Naraku, while the jewel shard is located on his neck. After Naraku removes the shard, Kohaku realizes his mistake.

Koga
The leader of a wolf demon tribe whose goal is to avenge his comrades.

Sesshōmaru
Inuyasha's older brother. He wields Tenseiga and Bakusaiga.

Jaken
A wise imp whom Sesshōmaru recruited on his journey.

Rin
A orphaned girl whose family were killed by thieves. She later joins Sesshōmaru.

Other characters

Midoriko
A priestess and a samurai. She had four souls, which could make anyone powerful. When she created the jewel and the demons begin to abuse it, she dies and is sent to the netherworld. Her statue appeared in a cave in Sango's village, where Shako found the jewel. Midoriko is last seen fighting countless demons, while Inuyasha rescues Kagome from the dimension.

Shako
Sango's grandfather and the owner of Kirara and Hiraikotsu. He finds the jewel in the cave and give it to Kikyo.
Thunder Brothers
A duo of brothers who killed Shippo's parents. They include Hiten and Manten. They are defeated by Inuyasha.

Characters
Anime characters
Lists of fictional characters
A plane is a tool for shaping wood. Planes are used to flatten, reduce the thickness of, and impart a smooth surface to a rough piece of lumber. As the name implies, the tool turns the worked surface into a smooth plane, a level, even surface.

Hand planes are generally the combination of a cutting edge, such as a sharpened metal plate, attached to a firm body, that when moved over a wood surface, take up relatively uniform shavings, by nature of the body riding on the 'high spots' in the wood, and also by providing a relatively constant angle to the cutting edge, render the planed surface very smooth.

Hand planes are ancient, originating thousands of years ago. Early planes were made from wood and blades first from bronze and later from iron and even later from steel. The cutting blade or iron was held in place with a wooden wedge.

Parts of a Plane
Two styles of plane are shown with some parts labeled. The top of the image is a bench plane; the bottom is a block plane.
 A: The Mouth is an opening in the bottom of the plane down through which the blade extends, and up through which wood shavings pass.
 B: The Iron is a plate of steel with a sharpened edge which cuts the wood.
 C: The Lever cap holds the blade down firmly to the body of the plane.
 D: The Depth adjustment knob controls how far the blade extends through the mouth.
 E: The Knob is a handle on the front of the plane.
 F: The Chipbreaker or Cap iron serves to make the blade more rigid and to curl and break apart wood shavings as they pass through the mouth.
 G: The Lateral adjustment lever is used to adjust the iron so that the depth of cut is uniform across the mouth.
 H: The Tote is a handle on the rear of the plane.
 I: The Finger rest knob Block planes are held in the palm of the hand the tip of the user's index finger rests in the indentation on top of the knob.
J: The Frog is a sliding iron wedge that holds the plane Iron at the proper angle. It slides to adjust the gap between the cutting edge and the front of the mouth. The frog is screwed down to the inside of the sole through two parallel slots and on many planes is only adjustable with a screwdriver when the plane iron is removed.
Types of Planes

Different types of bench planes are designed to perform different tasks, with the name and size of the plane being defined by the use. They are designed to be used in order:
 A scrub plane, which removes large amounts of wood quickly, is typically around 9 inches (230 mm) in length, but narrower than a smoothing plane.
 A jack plane is around 14 inches (350 mm) long, continues the job of roughing out, but with more accuracy than the scrub.
 A jointer plane (including the smaller fore plane) is between 18 and 24 inches (450–600 mm) long, and is used for jointing and final flattening out of boards.
 A smoothing plane, up to 10 inches (250 mm) long, is used to begin preparing the surface for finishing.
Planes may also be classified by the material of which they are constructed:
 A wooden plane is entirely wood except for the blade. The iron is held into the plane with a wooden wedge, and is adjusted by striking the plane with a hammer.
 A transitional plane has a wooden body with a metal casting set in it to hold and adjust the blade.
 A metal plane is largely constructed of metal, except, perhaps, for the handles. The planes in the image are metal planes.
 An infill plane has a body of metal filled with wood on which the blade rests. They are mainly used for cutting cross grained woods.
Some special types of planes include:
 The shoulder plane, which trims tenons and other joints.
 The moulding plane, which is used to cut mouldings along the edge of a board
 The rabbet plane, also known as a rebate or openside plane, which cuts rabbets (shoulders, or steps) and dadoes.
 The router plane, which cuts grooves and shallow mortises.
 The chisel plane, which removes wood up to a perpendicular surface such as from the bottom inside of a box.
 The finger plane, which is used for smoothing very small pieces such as toy parts, very thin strips of wood, etc.
 The bullnose plane, which has no 'front' on its body, and so can be used in tight spaces like the backs of drawers or on large joint-knobs.
 The combination plane, which combines the function of a moulding and rabbet planes, having different cutters and adjustments
The circular or compass plane, which utilizes an adjustment system to control the flex on a steel sheet sole and create a uniform curve. A concave setting permits great control for planning large curves, like table sides or chair arms, and the convex works well for chair arms, legs and backs, and other applications.
Other websites 
 Handplane Central  A valuable source of information for all types of hand planes, including wooden planes, infill planes and Stanley type planes. Also information on how to make hand planes.
 Getting a Hand Plane Ready for Use Instructions for lapping and sharpening a hand plane using a stationary belt sander
 Cataloque of American Patented Antique Tools A pictorial collection of antique planes and other tools showing some of the variety in styles.

Woodworking tools
Lumber (or timber) is wood that has been cut for use in building.

Dimensional lumber
Dimensional lumber is a term used in North America for lumber that is finished/planed and cut to standardized width and depth specified in inches.

Softwoods

Examples of common sizes are 2×4 (also two-by-four and other variants), 2×6, and 4×4.  The length of a board is usually specified separately from the width and depth. It is thus possible to find 2×4s that are four, eight, or twelve feet in length. In the United States the standard lengths of lumber are 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 feet.

Non-North American sizes
Outside North America sizes of timber vary slightly. Sizes are, in some cases, based on the imperial measurement and referred to as such; in other cases the sizes are too far removed from the imperial size to be referred to by imperial measurement. Lengths can be sold at every 300 mm (a metric approximation of 1'). Common sizes are similar to the North American equivalent; 2.4, 2.7, 3.0, 3.6, 4.2, 4.8, 5.4, 6.0.  But also in running lengths, where each plank in a given packet is different, from  2500mm to 5500mm, though shorter and longer may be present.

Hardwoods

In North America sizes for dimensional lumber made from hardwoods varies from the sizes for softwoods. Boards are usually supplied in random widths and lengths of a specified thickness, and sold by the board-foot (144 cubic inches).

Engineered Lumber
Engineered lumber is lumber created by a manufacturer and designed for a certain structural purpose.

Related pages
 Forestry
 Wood
 Woodworking
Other websites 
 Timber Development Association of NSW - Australia
 CPSC Test coatings to reduce arsenic emissions from pressure treated wood
 TRADA: Timber Research And Development Association
 The Forest Products Laboratory. US main wood products research lab. Madison, WI (E) 
 International Wood Collectors Society
 Xiloteca Manuel Soler (One of the largest private collection of wood samples)

Wood
Forestry
El Puerto de Santa María (commonly called El Puerto) is a city on the banks of the Guadalete River in the province of Cádiz, Spain. As of the 2005 census, the city has 82,306 people. 50,000 of these people live in the urban center. The others live in the area around the urban center.

The city of El Puerto de Santa Maria is  northeast of Cadiz across the Bay of Cadiz. It is  best known for its ferry, El Vaporcito, which has been used for 76 years. It takes passengers to and from Cadiz to El Puerto.

History 
In the Odyssey of Homer, legend says that, after the Trojan War, a Greek official named Menestheus escaped with his troops through the Straits of Gibraltar. They got to the Guadalete River and created a port. They called the port Menestheus's port.

In 711, Arab (Moors) from the North of Africa invaded southern Spain. They changed the name to Alcante or Alcanatif. The name means Port of Salt. They chose that name because of the old salt industry of Phoenicians and Romans.
In 1260, Alfonso X of Castile took the city from the Moors. He renamed it Santa María del Puerto. 

Columbus began his second voyage to the New World from El Puerto. His pilot, Juan de la Cosa, created the first map of the world to include the coast of the New World in El Puerto in 1500. In the nineteenth century, the city became the General Headquarters for the French Army during the Spanish War of Independence under the reign of Joseph Bonaparte (1808–1813). The city is has much history, museums and monuments. It is also near the very historical cities of Seville and Cádiz.

Tourism
Tourism 

El Puerto has a famous bull ring. It dates back to 1880. The bull ring has space for 15,000 to watch. Bull fighting is still enjoyed during the Feria season, which is during the month of August, and during the Feria de la Primavera, which is in early May. This Feria is dedicated to sherry. 180,0000 half bottles of sherry get drunk in 4 days. There are several bodegas in the town centre. All of these can be visited by the public. The most famous bodega is the Osborne and Terry Bodegas. They export sherry and brandy worldwide . In the cellars in El Puerto, sherry is made using the traditional method called “solera”. This method makes the pale dry sherries to the sweet Muscatel sherry, Amontillados and the older Olorosos.
Local food 
El Puerto is a very good place to taste local tapas and seafood, for which it is famous. Food is an important reason why many tourists go to El Puerto de Santa Maria. The Bay of Cadiz is famous for its fresh fish. The fish and plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables lead to very good restaurant menus. There are many different types of places to eat all in walking distance in the town centre.

Other websites 

Cultural Information of the Monuments and Museums of El Puerto de Santa María
360º Panoramic walk of El Puerto de Santa Maria 

Province of Cádiz
Municipalities in Andalusia
A bearing is a device to permit fixed direction motion between two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings may be broadly grouped by the way they work. The most common of the many types are plain bearings and rolling-element bearings. 

The two main types of rolling-element bearings are ball bearings and roller bearings. In ball bearings, the rolling elements are spherical balls. In roller bearings, the rolling elements are cylindrical, taper or spherical rollers. Ball bearings are shown in the pictures.

Other websites 

 Comprehensive article on bearings   
How Bearings Work - Animations and functioning
 How Bearings Work -  - Animations on www.mechanismen.be
 Early Bearing Failure Detection  - Case study
 Catalogs, CAD files and more Bearings information from Bosch Rexroth

Mechanical engineering
A bush is a mechanical fixing between two, possibly moving, parts, or a strengthened fixing point where one mechanical assembly is attached to another.

In a car or other vehicle's suspension, bushes are used to connect the various moving arms and pivot points to the chassis and other parts of the suspension. In machines, bushes provide mechanical strength to the rotor.

Other websites 
 Catalogs, CAD files and more Linear Bushings information from Bosch Rexroth

Hardware (mechanical)
Suspension is the term given to the system of springs, shock absorbers and linkages.  The suspension acts as an intermediate between the car and the road and solves several problems:  

 Transfer to the frame or body of forces and moments arising from the interaction of wheels with the road surface;  
 Link wheels with body or frame;
 Provides the necessary for the normal movement of the position of the wheels relative to the frame or body and the road;
 Ensures acceptable running smoothness, compensates for uneven pavement.

So a car suspension is not just a set of components for connecting wheels and body or frame, but a complex system that makes normal and comfortable movement on car driving.
Springs 
Springs are elastic elements of a car suspension that work in conjunction with shock absorbers. The main functions of the springs are:
maintaining vehicle clearance under increased loads;
ensuring reliable tire contact with the road surface;
supporting and even distribution of vehicle weight;
exclude transmission of vibrations and other effects on the car body.
Shock absorbers  
Shock absorbers, as a damping element of a modern suspension, convert vibrational energy into heat. The amount of energy absorbed depends on the mass of the car, the stiffness of the spring and the vibration frequency.
The principle of operation of dampers is based on the displacement of fluid by a piston through special holes. In various modes, fluid is displaced through openings of different diameters. Due to this, the oscillations are absorbed both during compression and during rebound. As a result, these car suspension parts provide:
vehicle traffic safety;
control of the movement of the spring and suspension;
efficient car control;
axial braking force balance;
prevention of early tire wear;
monitoring of tire contact with the road surface;
control of swinging and oscillations about the vertical axis;
decrease in wearing of knots and units of the car.
Linkages 
Using these elements, the suspension parts are fastened together, and also the suspension is attached to the body or frame of the car. The fasteners can be either a regular bolted connection (like other types of rigid joints), or a connection using special elastic elements - rubber-metal hinges (or silent-blocks).

References

Other websites 
 Shock Absorbers
 The Suspension Bible 

Engineering
It was created in Japan in the mid-20th century by Dr. Shin'ichi Suzuki. He was a violinist who wanted to bring some beauty to the lives of children in his country after World War II. Dr. Suzuki saw that all children learn their own language very quickly. Even dialects which adults thought were hard to learn are spoken with ease by 5 or 6-year-old children. He thought that if a person can speak their mother tongue, then they can learn to play a musical instrument. He came up with the idea that any pre-school age child could begin to play the violin.

Just as a child learns to speak before reading, Suzuki students learn by ear and generally only learn to read sheet music at a much later age.

Suzuki students will always play with a "beautiful tone and a beautiful heart".

Other websites 
 International Suzuki Association
 Suzuki Association of the Americas

Music education
Pará is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the northern part of the country.

The capital city is Belém. Other cities include:
 Santarém
 Óbidos
 Anapu

References
In syntactic analysis, a constituent is a word or a group of words that functions as one unit within a hierarchical structure.

Phrases (noun phrases, verbal phrases, etc.) are usually constituents of a clause, but clauses may also be combined into a bigger structure.  For example, in the phrase "I didn't hear what you said," the subordinate clause "what you said" is combined into the main clause and is syntactically its object; this can be demonstrated by substituting the pronoun "it" for the subordinate clause "I didn't hear it."

Linguistics
Spindle could mean:
Spindle (textiles), a device to spin fibres into thread.  It is the root from which other usages derive
A spindle is a measure of spun cotton equal to 18 hanks
Spindle, a poisonous shrub or small tree of the genus Euonymus
Spindle (stationery), a device for holding paper documents
A spindle, also called cakebox, is the plastic container in which bulk blank CDs and DVDs are often sold
A spindle is the axis on which the platters of a computer hard disk spin. Database performance can be improved by spindling, the action of mounting data files and index files on different hard disks so that contention for read or write resources is diminished
A spindle is a woodworking machine rotating on a vertical axis in which shaped cutters are mounted for cutting mouldings, rebates and similar features in wood. It does (usually on a bigger scale) many of the non-routing jobs done by a modern portable (spindle) router. See also router.
A spindle is part of an automobile suspension system.  It carries the hub for the wheel.  It attaches to the upper and lower control arms
A spindle is part of a bicycle pedal. It carries the pedal body and threads into the crank arm.
Mitotic spindle, a cellular structure organizing and separating the chromosomes during mitosis
A muscle spindle is a specialized innervated muscle structure involved in the reflex action and in proprioception
A spindle (sometimes called a drop spindle) is a wooden spike (or shaft) that has at one end a weight, mostly a circular whorl.

Sometimes it has a hook at either end of the spike. It is used for spinning wool and other fibres into thread. Spindles or parts of them have been found in very, very old archaeological sites; they may represent one of the earliest pieces of technology available to humankind.

Other websites 
 Directions for making a handspindle using CDs 
 How to spin with a handspindle 

Tools
Fibers
Textile arts
Spike could mean:
 Nail, especially one more than 100mm (4 inches) long
 Rail spikes used to secure railroad rails to the wooden ties
 Spiked shoes worn by athletes, which provide more traction (similar to cleats)
 An adolescent male deer or male elk
 The Spike is a widely used nickname for the Spire of Dublin, a massive needle-like structure erected in Dublin in 2003
 Spike TV, a cable network that caters to a young male demographic (originally known as TNN, The National Network, or The Nashville Network)
 Spike missile, an Israel-developed guided anti-tank missile
 Spike bayonet, chiefly used on early muskets
 Voltage spike, or electrical surge
 The action potential which transmits signals along a nerve axon is often called a spike
 Spike is a botanical term for an unbranched, indeterminate inflorescence with sessile flowers arranged along the axis
 Spike (company), a video game company
Media with Spike in the title include:
 The Spike (Borchgrave/Moss), a 1980 novel by Arnaud de Borchgrave, former editor of The Washington Times
 Spike of Bensonhurst, a 1988 movie directed by Paul Morrisey
 Spike (Elvis Costello album), a 1989 album by Elvis Costello
 The Spike (1997), a 1997 book by Damien Broderick
 Spike (Puffy AmiYumi album), a 2001 album by Puffy AmiYumi
A number of famous people are named Spike, including:
 Spike, a newcomer Romanian rapper promoted by Parazitii
 Spike Lee, a filmmaker
 Spike Jonze, a filmmaker
 Spike Jones, a satirist
 Spike Milligan, a satirist
 Spike Robinson, a jazz musician
 Spike Slawson, a punk vocalist and bassist of the Swinging Utters and Me First and the Gimme Gimmes
 Matt Hyson (aka Spike Dudley), former professional wrestler
 Spike (porn star), a gay pornography actor
 Spike Feresten, television writer and talk show host
 Spike Xavier, Lead Singer of Nu-Metal band Corporate Avenger
 Spike, a Welsh musician, co-founder of Z Block Records, Reptile Ranch and Weekend
 Spike O'Donnell, famous Irish/American gangster from Chicago
A number of fictional characters have been named Spike, including:
 Spike, a main playable character in the Ape Escape video game series
 Spike Spiegel, from the Japanese anime Cowboy Bebop
 Spike (Buffyverse), a vampire
 Spike, Fonzie's cousin in Happy Days
 Spike Fumo, in Spike of Bensonhurst
Christine "Spike" Nelson, in the Degrassi series
 Spike Thomson, in Press Gang
 Spike, a member of the Screws Gang in Medabots
 Spike, a dragon character from My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic
 Spike Lester, a character on the soap opera Passions
 The Spike (Marvel Comics), a member of the X-Statix
 Spike Freeman, another character in Marvel Comics' X-Statix/X-Force
 Spike (The Land Before Time), a young stegosaurus in The Land Before Time film series
 "Spike" Stoker, a supporting character from Jasper Fforde's Thursday Next books
 Joshua "Spike" Cohen, a Jew from Tom Robbins' novel Skinny Legs and All
 Spike, a character originating in Super Mario Bros. 3 who launches spiked mace balls at the player
 Spike, the boss of the Midday Gardens world in the Spyro: Year of the Dragon video game
 Spike, a character in the DC Comics comic book Sugar and Spike
 Spike Lavery, a character on All My Children, he the son Kendall and Ryan
Father Spike, a high-church parish priest who is mentioned in C.S. Lewis' book The Screwtape Letters
 Spike, Roger Wilco's alien pet in Space Quest V: The Next Mutation
 Spike, a porcupine from the movie Over the Hedge
 Spike Witwicky, a character from the Transformers TV cartoon series and comic books
 Spike (NX Files), a fictional character in an action-adventure web-show called NX Files
 Michelangelo 'Spike' Scarlatti, a fictional character in the Canadian TV series Flashpoint
A number of cartoon dogs have been named Spike:
 Spike (Ace Ventura), Ace Ventura's dog in the motion picture Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls
Spike (Goofy Movie)
Spike (Peanuts), Snoopy's brother in Peanuts
 Spike (Tom and Jerry), Tom's and the other cats' nemesis in the cartoon series Tom and Jerry
 Spike the Bulldog and Chester the Terrier, in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons
 Spike, the family pet in Rugrats
 Spike, Heathcliff's nemesis in the comic strip and animated series Heathcliff
 Spike, Droopy's nemesis in Tex Avery's Droopy Dog theatrical cartoon series

As a place name, Spike may refer to:
 Spike is the former name of a village in Derbyshire now known as Poolsbrook
In sports, Spike may refer to:
 A spike is an offensive attack in volleyball
 Spiking in American football is to throw the ball forcefully and intentionally into the ground
 In Track and Field and cross country running, spiking an opponent (or sometimes, inadvertently, a team mate) is to kick them with the metal spikes in the bottom of the runner's shoe