Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The smallest flightless bird is the Inaccessible Island Rail (length 12.5 cm, weight 34.7 g). The largest (both heaviest and tallest) living flightless bird, is the Ostrich (2.7 m, 156 kg), although some extinct birds grew to larger sizes.

Flightless birds are easy to take care of in captivity because they do not have to be caged. Ostriches were once farmed for their decorative feathers. Today they are raised for meat and for their skins, which are used to make leather.

There were also other families of flightless birds, such as the now extinct Phorusrhacidae, that evolved to be very powerful terrestrial predators.

Advantages and disadvantages of flight 
A flightless bird is one which has descended from ancestors which had the power of flight. It may seem strange that one of the commonest adaptations in birds is the loss of flight! To understand it one has to understand what the main benefits of flight are to animals which once had been confined to land.
The benefits of flight are all about being able to live on a much wider geographical scale than land-based animals. This is seen to its best with migrating birds, who live their lives in two different latitudes, and get the best from each. The usual system is to lay their eggs and raise their young in one place, and do most of their growth in another place. Even birds which do not migrate do benefit from flying to find nest sites and get their food. Apart from foraging for food, the main benefit of flight is to avoid many of the predators which eat land-based animals.

Understandably, flightless birds are in a minority: of about 10,000 living bird species, only about 60 are flightless. Before human beings arrived on islands, there were many more species of flightless birds. Since the fossil record is never complete, it is not possible to give a count of the number of flightless bird species who were living before mankind left Africa.
Despite this general picture, there have been birds who lost the power of flight soon after flight evolved. The first fossil flightless birds occurred in the Cretaceous period. It has long been recognised that there are circumstances where it is definitely not a good thing to have wings. The connection between oceanic islands and flightlessness was known to Darwin. The explanation is that, first, oceanic islands have few predators. Second, that storms occur which may blow winged birds right off the island so far that they cannot find they way back. Once they lose flight, the land birds can evolve to be larger and heavier, and many do so. Phorusrhacos became a dominant land carnivore.

Examples of flightless birds 
The following are flightless birds during or after the Holocene period.

Ratites

 Ostrich
 Emu
 Cassowaries
 Moa (extinct)
 Elephant birds (extinct)
 Kiwis
 Rheas

Anseriformes (Waterfowl)
 Dromornis (extinct)

Sphenisciformes (Penguins) 
 Penguins

Charadriiformes (Gulls, Terns, Auks)
Great Auk (extinct)

Psittaciformes (Parrots)
 Kakapo

Columbiformes (Pigeons, Doves) 

 Dodo (extinct)
 Rodrigues Solitaire (extinct)

Related pages
 Ratite
 Gastornis
 Phorusrhacidae
 Dinosaurs
 Origin of birds

References

Other websites
 TerraNature on New Zealand flightless birds
 Kiwi  in Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
Monster Energy is the name of a brand of energy drinks manufactured by Hansen Natural and distributed by Anheuser-Busch (United States), PepsiCo Canada (Canada), Pepsi (Germany), Grupo Jumex (Mexico) and Schweppes (Australia).

In 2020, Monster Energy had a market share of 39% in the energy drink industry. This is the second-largest after Red Bull.

Monster Energy has sponsored many sporting events like the X Games and pays many sportspeople to wear their logo by And1.

Monster Energy has 260 calories in a can.

References

Websites
Official website
Official Canadian website. .

Drinks
Peter Rabbit is a fictional animal character in many children's stories by Beatrix Potter. Peter was different from the traditional hero of that time. He is small, emotional, easily scared, and a not very wise animal. He first came out in The Tale of Peter Rabbit in 1902. After that, he came out in five more books between 1904 and 1912. Potter made a soft doll shaped like Peter Rabbit, and soon dishes and wallpaper showed pictures of him. He appears as a character in the 1971 ballet movie, The Tales of Beatrix Potter and in the BBC series The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends. He was inspired by Potter's pet rabbit, Peter Piper. In stories, he wears human clothes and walks standing up. His mother is Mrs. Josephine Rabbit, and he has three sisters, Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cotton-tail. His popularity made Potter say in 1917, "All rabbits are called Peter now" – but she added "either Peter or Brer Rabbit."

In 2018, a live-action animated movie was released with James Corden voicing Peter Rabbit.

References
References

Further reading 
 Mackey, Margaret (2002), Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit: A Children's Classic at 100, Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN  0810-84197-5
 
 

Beatrix Potter
Characters in written fiction
Fictional hares and rabbits
Bouldering is a type of rock climbing. Bouldering comes without gear, belayer, and associated distractions. As such, it allows a climber to focus completely on the terrain and their movement. It is climbing heights at which the climber does not usually suffer serious injuries in case of a drop. To protect from injuries there are usually special bouldering mats underneath the climber. It is usually practiced on large natural boulders and in climbing gyms.

Bouldering basics
Boulder routes are called "problems", because this style is like solving climbing-problems. The height of boulder problems is rarely higher than . Otherwise the risk of injuries is too high. Often other climbers, who stand on the ground, spot the climbers to protect them from hitting the ground with the head or the spine.

Equipment
The equipment used by boulderers is not much. They use special climbing shoes, a bouldering mat, some brushes to clean the grips and sports tape.
History
Bouldering was invented in the late 19th century. It has been first documented in France, England and Switzerland. It has been practiced for a long time but in the 1930s and 1940s it was practiced for its own sake in Fontainebleau in France.

Today many rock climbers are specialized boulderers and it is their favourite style of climbing.

References 

Rock climbing
After it was printed, much merchandise for both children and adults with Peter Rabbit was produced. Toys, dishes, food, clothing, videos and other products showed pictures of Peter Rabbit. Potter was one of the first to begin such merchandise when she made a Peter Rabbit doll in 1903. After that, a Peter Rabbit board game was produced.

At that time, the traditional literary hero was usually a brave, clever, young white male. Yet Peter Rabbit, the hero of The Tale of Peter Rabbit, was a disobedient little rabbit. Through him, Potter greatly changed the traditional "good child" of that time. Peter Rabbit came out as a character in a 1971 ballet movie, and the tale has been used for a television series.
Peter Rabbit, his sisters Flopsy, Mopsy, Cottontail, and his mother are rabbits. They dress in human clothing and walk standing up.  However, like real rabbits, they live in a rabbit-hole under a fir-tree. Mother Rabbit told her children not to go into the garden of Mr. McGregor when she went to the market. This is because their father was made into a pie there. However, while Mrs. Rabbit is at the market and the girls are picking blackberries, Peter enters the garden. There, he eats so many vegetables he becomes sick. After that, Mr. McGregor tries to catch Peter. When Peter loses his jacket and his shoes, Mr. McGregor uses them to dress a scarecrow. Peter is almost caught by Mr. McGregor many times. When he finally escapes from Mr. McGregor, Peter goes back home with no shoes, no jacket, and no dinner. His mother puts him to bed and makes him drink chamomile tea because he is so tired and sick. However, his sisters who have been good little rabbits enjoy a special dinner of bread, milk, and blackberries
. In a 1904 sequel, The Tale of Benjamin Bunny, Peter goes back to McGregor's garden to find his lost clothes.
Writing The Tale of Peter Rabbit 
In the 1890s, Potter sent illustrated story letters to the children of Annie Moore, who had used to be her governess. In 1900, Moore, who realized how popular Potter's stories could become, suggested they be made into books. Potter agreed. She took her letters (which had been carefully saved by the Moore children) and chose a letter written on 4 September 1893 to five-year-old Noel about a rabbit named Peter. Potter had owned a pet rabbit called Peter Piper. The letter was too short to be a proper book, so Potter made the story longer and added pictures in black and white. She copied the work into a hardcover book with a frontispiece picture of Mrs. Rabbit giving Peter camomile tea at the end of the book.

Publication history

Private publication
Potter's manuscript book had the title of The Tale of Peter Rabbit and Mr. McGregor's Garden. The manuscript was refused by six publishers. Even Frederick Warne & Co. refused to print it, even though it had shown interest in her artwork several years ago. Some publishers wanted a shorter story. Others wanted a longer one. Almost all the publishers wanted the pictures to be colored. Potter grew frustrated because her book continued to be refused. She had already planned what her book should look like. She wanted her book's style and size to be like Little Black Sambo. She had also already thought of how much it should cost.

At last, she decided to publish the book herself. On 16 December 1901, the first 460 copies of her privately printed The Tale of Peter Rabbit were given out to her family and friends.
First commercial edition 
In 1901, a friend of Potter's family, Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley, changed Potter's story into a poem and tried giving his version, together with her illustrations and some of her corrected writing, to Frederick Warne & Co. The company refused Rawnsley's version, but they wanted to see Potter's complete manuscript. They hoped that The Tale of Peter Rabbit would be as successful as Helen Bannerman's greatly popular Little Black Sambo and other children's books that were being sold at that time. When Warne asked why there were not any colours in the illustrations, though, Potter replied that rabbit-brown and green colors were not interesting. Warne said he would not publish the book, but he said he might publish other books she wrote later.
Warne wanted color illustrations in The Tale of Peter Rabbit, which he called the 'bunny book'. He also suggested that they only use 32 illustrations instead of the first 42 illustrations. At first, Potter did not want to color her illustrations, but she came to realize that not coloring her illustrations would be a bad idea. She sent Warne some new color illustrations with a copy of her privately printed edition. Warne then gave these two the famous picture book artist, L. Leslie Brooke, to see what he thought about the pictures. Brooke was delighted with Potter's work. At the same time, small picture books became very popular.

Potter continued showing privately printed copies to her family and friends. Soon the first private printing of 250 copies was sold out, and another 200 had to be prepared. She noted in one copy that her pet rabbit Peter had died on 26 January 1901. He had been nine years old.
Potter and Warne agreed to publish cheap 5,000 copies. The next year, an official contract was signed in June 1902. Potter worked hard in the process of publishing the story—she drew her pictures again when she needed to, made small changes to the writing, and corrected the punctuation. Even before it was published in early October 1902, the first 8,000 copies were sold. By the end of the year there were 28,000 copies in print. By the middle of 1903 there was a fifth printing, and in the same month, there was a sixth printing. A year after the first commercial publication there were 56,470 copies printed.

American copyright 
Warne's New York office did not register the copyright for The Tale of Peter Rabbit in the United States. Because of this, unlicensed copies of the book began to appear in the spring of 1903. Nothing could stop the printing of unlicensed copies.
This made Potter lose a great deal of money. She began to fully realize the need to license her books properly when, after she had successfully published The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin, her father found a toy squirrel called Nutkin at the Burlington Arcade in Christmas 1903.

Merchandising 

After The Tale of Peter Rabbit began to be sold, a great amount of merchandise copied its design and idea. Potter registered the patent for a Peter Rabbit doll on 28 December 1903. The next year, she designed a Peter Rabbit game. She made firm rules about making licensed merchandise such as dolls, books, tea sets, wallpapers, pencils and pens, cards, and other merchandise. Because the Peter Rabbit merchandise was so popular, Potter later said in 1917, "All rabbits are called Peter now". She did add for her American readers, though, "Peter or Brer Rabbit."
Many different versions of The Tale of Peter Rabbit and merchandise about it have been produced until now. There are now pop-up books, toy theaters, and lift-the-flap books. By 1988, there were even video versions of the story, computer programs, and Internet websites. Puppets, dolls, games, dishes, clocks and music boxes, baby and children's clothing, tea, jam, toothbrushes and soap, stickers, and even a cake about Peter Rabbit was sold in British supermarkets. Large toy shops in the United States and Britain have parts of the store where they only sell Potter-related toys and merchandise. Some shops only sell entirely Potter-related merchandise.
Other merchandise about Peter Rabbit is quite different from the first Peter Rabbit. In 1916, Louise A. Field became rich by writing books such as 'Peter Rabbit Goes to School or Peter Rabbit and His Ma. A movie by Golden Films, The New Adventures of Peter Rabbit, gave Peter longer teeth and a fourth sister named Hopsy. This story had him and his city cousin Benny (probably Benjamin Bunny) following a box with his sisters inside it. Another video about the story showed Peter as a Christian preacher singing songs about God and Jesus with children and vegetables.

Criticism 

The Tale of Peter Rabbit is often praised because of its simple, rhythmic words.

But round the end of a cucumber frame,
whom should he meet but Mr. McGregor!
Linda Lear noted that Potter began a new kind of animal fable in The Tale of Peter Rabbit. She had made one in which anthropomorphic animals look and act like real animals, with pictures that were drawn by a scientifically minded artist. She added that Peter Rabbit's personality has a lot of real "rabbity behaviour" inside it.  She said that the tale was a "perfect marriage of word and image" and "a triumph of fantasy and fact".
Carole Scott, a literary scholar and critic, wrote in her essay “An Unusual Hero: Perspective and Point of View in The Tale of Peter Rabbit” (2002) that she thought Potter's story was about a naughty hero with a proper moral at the end. However, she remarked that Potter used many different ways to make the reader feel sympathetic for Peter. Though he made his mother unhappy by disobeying her, stole, escaped from authority (Mr. McGregor), and did not get any punishment except a stomach-ache, Potter makes us feel sorry for him. She thought the greatest conflict in the tale was between the order of society and the forces that tried to go against it—between those who have things and those who want things, and between humans and animal nature. She felt that Peter was a symbol of “rebellion”.

References
Footnotes

Works cited

Other websites
Other websites 

 
 The Tale of Peter Rabbit Audio Book at Project Gutenberg
 The Tale of Peter Rabbit Digital Book  at The University of Iowa Libraries (Flash)
 World of Peter Rabbit : A website maintained by Potter's first publisher Frederick Warne & Co.

Beatrix Potter
1902 books
Children's picture books
English-language picture books
"1979" is a song by the American alternative rock band The Smashing Pumpkins.  It was released as the second single from their third studio album, Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness.  "1979" was written by frontman Billy Corgan, and features loops and samples that were not like previous Smashing Pumpkins songs. The song was popular with critics and fans; Allmusic's Amy Hanson called it a "somewhat surprising hit". The song was nominated for the Record of the Year and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the Grammy Awards.  They won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Alternative Video.

Chart positions

References

1996 songs
The Smashing Pumpkins songs
The Peugeot 407 was a car produced by Peugeot. It succeeded the 406 in 2004, facelifted in 2008 and it was succeeded by the 508 in 2011.

Engines

Petrol 
 1.8 16V 85 kW (115 hp) and 92 kW (125 hp)
 2.0 16V 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.2 16V 116 kW (158 hp) and 120 kW (163 hp)
 3.0 V6 155 kW (211 hp)

Diesel 
 1.6 HDi 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.0 HDi 100 kW (136 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 120 kW (163 hp)
 2.2 HDi 125 kW (170 hp)
 2.7 HDi 150 kW (204 hp)
 3.0 HDi 177 kW (241 hp)

407
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
The Volkswagen Caddy is a van produced by Volkswagen in four generations since 1979.

First generation

The first generation Caddy were produced from 1979 until 1996. It was based on the Volkswagen Golf Mk1.

Engines
 1.5 51 kW
 1.6 55 kW
 1.8 70 kW
 1.6 Diesel 40 kW

Second generation

The second generation was produced from 1995 until 2004. Two versions were available: a van based on the Volkswagen Polo Mk3, and a pickup truck based on the Škoda Felicia.

Engines
 1.4 44 kW
 1.4 16V 55 kW
 1.6 55 kW
 1.7 SDI 42 kW
 1.9 Diesel 47 kW
 1.9 SDI 47 kW
 1.9 TDI 66 kW

Third generation

The third generation was produced from 2003 to 2020. It is based on the Volkswagen Golf Mk5.

Engines
 1.4 16V 55 kW and 59 kW
 1.6 75 kW
 2.0 EcoFuel 80 kW
 1.9 TDI 55 kW and 77 kW
 2.0 SDI 51 kW
 2.0 TDI 103 kW

Fourth generation

The fourth generation was launched in 2020. It is based on the Volkswagen Golf Mk8.

Engines
 1.6 TDI 55 kW and 75 kW
 2.0 TDI 81 kW and 103 kW

Vans
SummerSlam (2010) is a professional wrestling pay-per-view made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), that took place on August 15, 2010 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the 23rd yearly SummerSlam event. There were 6 matches on the card.

Results

7-on-7 Elimination Tag Team Match

References

2010 in professional wrestling
SummerSlam
Sports in Los Angeles
2010 in American television
2010s in Los Angeles, California
August 2010 events
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2009) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), that took place on December 13, 2009 at the AT&T Center in San Antonio, Texas. It was the first TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs event held by the WWE and was created to replace the Armageddon in the December slot of WWE's pay-per-view calendar.

Results

Other websites

2009 in professional wrestling
Sports in San Antonio, Texas
WWE TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs
2009 in Texas
21st century in San Antonio, Texas
"Two of Us" is a song by The Beatles. It was written by Paul McCartney, but it is credited to Lennon/McCartney. Lennon and McCartney sang the song as a duet. It was written for Linda Eastman, McCartney's soon to be wife. It sometimes sounds like it is addressing Lennon, whose relationship with McCartney was tense at that time.

Production
Production

Composition
"Two of Us" was originally a hard rock song. In the Let It Be movie, McCartney and Lennon sing the song "rocker" style into the same microphone. McCartney had never been satisfied with this style, which he said was "chunky." And so on 24 January, he and the band reworked it. Lennon had ideas about how the song might sound if Stevie Wonder performed it, and just before revisiting the song, the band had run through the Everly Brothers hit "Cathy's Clown". With these influences and a move from electric guitar to acoustic, the song transformed into the gentler, stripped-down version that fans know today. The Beatles performed a finished version of the song live at Apple Studios on 31 January 1969; this performance was included in both the Let it Be film and album.
The song was originally titled "On Our Way Home". In May 1969, McCartney produced a recording of the song using this title by the group Mortimer, a New York City trio that briefly recorded for Apple, but this recording was never released.

Intro
At the beginning of the recording Lennon says, "'I Dig a Pygmy', by Charles Hawtrey and the Deaf Aids... Phase One, in which Doris gets her oats!" The joke was mixed in by Phil Spector for the Let It Be album and also appeared in the Let It Be film, both released in 1970. "The deaf aids" – a British term for hearing aids at the time – was also the nickname given to the Beatles' Vox amplifiers.

Writing credit
In his 1980 interview with Playboy, when asked who wrote the song, Lennon said "mine", but he may have been distracted at the time by a previous question about "Don't Let Me Down."
Playboy: "Don't Let Me Down"?
Lennon: That's me, singing about Yoko.
Playboy: "Two of Us"?
Lennon: Mine. By the way, Rod Stewart turned "Don't Let Me Down" into [sings] 'Maggie don't go-o-o.' That's one the publishers never noticed...

In fact, in his 1972 interview with the Hit Parader, Lennon said that Two of Us was written by McCartney.

Personnel
John Lennon – harmony vocal, acoustic guitar, and whistling.
Paul McCartney – lead vocal, acoustic guitar and whistling.
George Harrison – bass-line (played on electric guitar).
Ringo Starr – drums

Notes

Other websites

 
 
 
 

The Beatles songs
1970 songs
"Dig a Pony" is a song by The Beatles.

Composition
John Lennon was the song's composer and singer but the song was credited to Lennon/McCartney. It was originally called "All I Want Is You". Lennon would later comment that he thought the song was "a piece of garbage," though he has shown similar scorn for many of his songs. It was written for his soon-to-be wife Yoko Ono, and featured a multitude of strange, seemingly nonsense phrases which were strung together, culminating in the chorus "All I want is you", aimed at Yoko.

The song was one of the songs on Let It Be that was recorded at the rooftop concert. It begins with a false start, with Ringo Starr yelling "hold it!" to halt the other band members because he was holding a cigarette and had only one drum stick in his hand.

Personnel
John Lennon – lead vocal, rhythm guitar
Paul McCartney – backing vocal, bass
George Harrison – backing vocal, lead guitar
Ringo Starr – drums

Notes

The Beatles songs
1970 songs
"Not Afraid" is a 2010 hip hop song by the American rapper Eminem, and is the first single from his seventh studio album Recovery, which was released in April 27, 2010. The song was written by Eminem, Boi-1da, Luis Resto, J. Evans and M. Burnett.

The song is about how Eminem tried to overcome the troubles in his life from the past few years and mainly his drug addiction and rehabilitation.

2010 songs
Eminem songs
Recovery is the seventh studio album by American rapper Eminem. It was released on June 18, 2010 by Aftermath Entertainment and Shady Records. The album got very good sales and reviews. Four singles were released from the album: "Not Afraid", "Love the Way You Lie", "No Love", and "Space Bound". It won the 2011 Grammy Award for Best Rap Album.

Songs in the album

References

2010 albums
Eminem albums
Dame Joan Alston Sutherland OM AC DBE (7 November 1926 – 10 October 2010) was an Australian operatic soprano, particularly associated with bel canto repertory and French operas. She possessed a voice of great beauty and considerable power combined with extraordinary agility and a brilliant upper register. She was called La Stupenda by the Italian press, which means The Stupendous One.

Life and career
Born in Sydney, Australia, she studied first with her mother and later with John and Aida Dickens. After a few public appearances, notably in Henry Purcell's Dido and Aenas and Eugene Goossens' Judith, she left for London, England in 1951 to continue her vocal studies with Clive Carey.
She was hired by the Royal Opera House as a utility soprano, making her debut in 1952, as the First Lady in Mozart's The Magic Flute. She went on singing a wide variety of roles such as Amelia (Un ballo in maschera), Aida (Aida), Agathe (Der Freischutz) and Eva (Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg), and also created the role of Jennifer in Michael Tippett's The Midsummer Marriage in 1955.  

She met and married fellow countryman and accompanist Richard Bonynge in 1954, who recognized her potential for the bel canto repertoire and guided her in that direction. This led to her appearance in Donizetti's Emilia di Liverpool and Handel's Alcina in 1957, and eventually the title role in Lucia di Lammermoor at the Royal Opera House in 1959, which proved a sensational success and launched her international career.
She was rapidly invited to appear at most of the great opera houses of the world (Milan, Paris, New York, etc.) to great acclaim. Some of her most famous roles include; Rossini's Semiramide, Bellini's La sonnambula, Norma, Beatrice di Tenda, I puritani, Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia, Maria Stuarda, Verdi's La traviata, amongst many others. She also resurrected some long neglected works like Massenet's Le Roi de Lahore and Esclarmonde.

Sutherland retired from the stage in 1990. She was made a Dame of the British Empire (DBE) in 1978. She died of cardiopulmonary failure at her home near Montreux, Switzerland, at the age of 83.

References

 The New Everyman Dictionary of Music, Eric Blom, revised by David Cummings, D.M. Dent & Sons Limited, 1988.
Australian singers
Musicians from Sydney
Sopranos
Opera singers
Deaths from heart failure
1926 births
2010 deaths
Australian of the Year Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Knights and Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Order of Australia
Order of Merit
"Love the Way You Lie" is a 2010 hip hop song by the American rapper Eminem and featured Barbadian singer Rihanna, and is the second single from his seventh studio album Recovery, which was released in 2010. The song was written by Eminem, A. Grant, H. Hafferman, M. Riddick.

H. Hafferman is Holly Brook Hafermann who now writes and records as Skylar Grey.

The song's music video stars Megan Fox and Dominic Monaghan as a couple in a violent abusive love-hate relationship.

2010 songs
Eminem songs
Rihanna songs
Hip hop songs
R&B songs
Han Seung-yeon (Hangul: 한승연) was born on July 24, 1988. She is a South Korean singer, known for being a member of girl group Kara, formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007.

Biography
Han Seung-yeon was born on July 24, 1988, in Seoul, South Korea. She left Korea to study at Tenafly High School in the United States. However, she left high school mid-course in order to pursue a singing career. After returning to Korea, she debuted as a singer on March 29, 2007, as a member of Kara along with Park Gyu-ri, Nicole and Kim Sunghee.

She passed a high-school level qualification examination, the College Scholastic Ability Test, and was accepted by the Kyung Hee University, majoring in department of Theater and Film.

Kara
Kara

Kara debuted on March 29, 2007 with "Break It" on M! Countdown. Their first album named "The First Blooming". In 2008, however, Kim Sunghee left the group. DSP Entertainment replaced members, Goo Hara and Kang Jiyoung, and Kara comeback with Rock U, which changed their image "Hip-hop" to "cute" and "playful".

In December 4, 2008, Kara have their comeback starting on M! Countdown with "Pretty Girl". In February 2009, Kara released their second mini-album "Honey". "Honey" became the group's first #1 single when it was at the top of the M! Countdown and The Music Trend.

In late July 2009, Kara revealed their second album named "Revolution". Due to the popularity of the song, Wanna and Mister, Kara's overall popularity increased. Kara started their promotions in the beginning of 2010 with their third mini-album which eventually was at the top of the Various music shows like "M! Countdown","Music Bank" etc. It was at the top of Music Bank for a consecutive 6 weeks. "Lupin".
Solo
Han Seungyeon debuted as a child actress in a cameo role in Star in My Heart.
Due to Kara's debut album "The First Blooming" being relatively unsuccessful, Seungyeon went on to participate in many variety shows from 2007 to early 2009 in order to keep Kara recognizable to the public. She was the VJ for MSL Break from 2007 to 2008. She replaced Tiffany of Girls' Generation as co-host of Sonyeo Sonyeon Gayo Baekso (Boys and Girls Music Guide) with Kim Hyesung and later with actor Kim Soohyeon. Their segment ended on May 8, 2009.
From October to December 2008, she was part of the cast of MBC reality show Family Needed, where a group of celebrities would live life as a family, consisting of a father, mother, son and daughter. She also became part of MBC's entertainment news show Section TV as a "pop columnist", debuting on November 21, 2008. She also made a guest appearance on rapper Nassun's single "Nolleowa" (, "Come to Play"), which was released in March 2009, and appeared on the soundtrack for the movie Welcome to my House, releasing her first solo song "Gijeok" (, "Miracle").   
    
She became part of the "Dream Team Girl Group" for Samsung's Anycall called "4 Tomorrow". Their first digital single "Dugeunduguen Tomorrow" (, "BeatBeat Tomorrow") was released on October 6, 2009, and the official music video was released on October 12, starring actor Lee Dong Gun, who will also star in each member's individual drama version of the video. Seungyeon's version was released on October 26, 2009.
Discography

Singles 
"Nolleowa" - Nassun (Feat. Han Seungyeon) (2009) 
"Gijeok" - Han Seungyeon (Soundtrack for Welcome to my House) (2009)
"Dugeunduguen Tomorrow" - 4 Tomorrow (Feat. Han Seungyeon) (2009)

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 Kara's official website
  Official Cyworld page

1988 births
Living people
K-pop singers
Singers from Seoul
Time Flies... 1994–2009 is a compilation album released by the rock band Oasis.  The album contains all 27 UK singles released by the band between 1994 and 2009.  The record features the songs "Whatever" and "Lord Don't Slow Me Down" which had previously never appeared on an Oasis album.  "Sunday Morning Call" is not listed anywhere on the artwork but appears as a hidden track on Disc 2, track 13.  The reason for this is not known.

Five different versions of the album were released.  They are the 2CD version, DVD, the Deluxe Box Set, 5LP Box Set and the iTunes Deluxe Edition.
In Japan it entered the charts at number 2 with sales of 59,348 copies.  The album entered the charts at number 1 in the UK with the second highest first week sales in 2010 to date with 101,297.

A boxset featuring postcards of the sleeves of every UK Oasis single was released concurrently with the album.

Track listing

Disc 1 and 2
Disc 1 and 2

 "Champagne Supernova" is listed first track on Disc 2 of United States version.The US version does not contain "Sunday Morning Call" as a hidden track due to time limitations.

Disc 3: DVD
The DVD includes all the music videos from "Supersonic" to "Falling Down", and in addition, previous unreleased live video versions of "Gas Panic!", and "Little by Little". Also includes commentary on music videos by Oasis members. 
Two iTunes Live Festival videos of "Half the World Away" and "Slide Away" are only available with the iTunes Deluxe Edition.

Disc 4: iTunes Live: London Festival

All tracks recorded live at the London Roundhouse from the iTunes Festival 2009. Tracks 1, 7, 12 and 20 are only available with the iTunes Deluxe Edition.* = released as part of the iTunes Festival 2009 EP.

Release history

Charts

References

official oasis recordstore webstore,8 June 2010
http://itunes.apple.com/gb/preorder/time-flies-1994-2009-deluxe/id374345103

Oasis (band) albums
2010 albums
"Chicken Huntin'" is a 1995 midwest hip hop song by the American Horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse and is the first single from their third studio album Riddle Box, which was released in 1995. The song was produced by Insane Clown Posse and Mike Clark.

The song is about meeting and killing multiple racist rednecks, who the band referred to as 'Chickens'.

Insane Clown Posse songs
1995 songs
"Halls of Illusions" is a 1997 midwest hip hop song by the American horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse. It is the first single from their fourth studio album The Great Milenko (1997). The song was produced by Insane Clown Posse and Mike Clark. It featured Slash on guitar.

The song is about the band's hatred towards child abuse and domestic violence.
The song has swearing but is loved by many Juggalos.

Insane Clown Posse songs
1997 songs
The little ground squirrel (Spermophilus pygmaeus) is a species of rodent in the Sciuridae family. It is found in Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. 

The Caucasian mountain ground squirrel, Spermophilus musicus, was previously a subspecies, but is now a separate species.

This species is diurnal and lives in grassland, uncultivated ground, field edges and roadside verges. It avoids areas with dense long vegetation. It lives in colonies and builds burrows. It makes permanent burrows for hibernation and reproduction and temporary burrows for shelter. Before hibernation, all exits from the burrow are plugged by soil. In March or April the entrances are opened, the burrows cleaned and new construction starts. It uses mounds on the surface as look-out points.

References 

Squirrels
Mammals of Asia
Mammals of Europe
Montserrat Caballé (12 April 1933 – 6 October 2018) was a Spanish (Catalan) operatic soprano. She was one of the greatest opera singers of the 20th century. She sang a wide variety of roles. She was particularly associated with the bel canto repertoire in which she was considered one of the finest modern examples. She had a voice of great range.

Life and career

Caballé was born in Barcelona, Spain. She studied at the Music Conservatory there and graduated in 1954 with a gold medal. She began her professional career in Basel in 1956 as Mimi in La bohème. She then joined the Bremen Opera. She sang from 1959 to 1962 in a wide variety of roles.
International recognition came in 1965, when she appeared in a concert performance of Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia at Carnegie Hall in New York City as a replacement for an indisposed Marilyn Horne. The performance won her great acclaim from the public and critics alike, and it made her an overnight sensation. Her success led to her first performance at the Metropolitan Opera that same year as Marguerite in Gounod's Faust. 

She was later invited to sing at most of the major opera houses and festivals of the world. She was especially admired in works by composers such as Rossini, Donizetti, Bellini and Verdi. She revived a number of long-neglected works by these composers.

In 1987, she duetted with Queen frontman Freddie Mercury for the hit single Barcelona. That single became a hit again in 1992 during the Olympics that were being held there. 

From 1964 until her death, she was married to tenor Bernabé Martí. They had two children.
Caballé died on 6 October 2018 at the age of 85 from a gallbladder infection in Barcelona.

Notes

Sources

 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
 Le Guide de l'Opéra, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, Fayard, 1986.

1933 births
2018 deaths
Infectious disease deaths in Spain
Musicians from Barcelona
Spanish opera singers
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Sopranos
Spanish singers
Maria Callas (December 3, 1923 – September 16, 1977) was a Greek soprano. She was one of the most famous and most controversial opera singers of the 20th century. She had a very distinctive voice of great range, power and agility enabling her to sing a wide variety of roles and was a singer-actress of great dramatic intensity. She was dubbed La Divina (The Divine One) by her admirers. She was mainly associated with the Italian repertoire, particularly Bellini's Norma, Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor, Verdi's La traviata and Puccini's Tosca.

Life and career

Maria was born Maria Kalogeroupoulou at Terence Cardinal Cooke Health Care Center in New York City, to Greek parents, she returned to Greece in 1937, with her mother and older sister. There, she studied singing with Elvira de Hidalgo, and made her debut while still a teenager with the Athens Opera in 1941.
During a short return to America to visit her father in 1945, she auditioned at the Metropolitan Opera without success. Her first major break came with her Italian debut in Verona in 1947, as La Gioconda. There, she met conductor Tullio Serafin who became her mentor and guided her towards the bel canto repertoire. She sang her first Norma in Florence in 1948, and the following year, as a last minute replacement, she appeared as Elvira in Bellini's I puritani in Venice, which was to be her first great success. 

In 1949, she married industrialist Giovanni Battista Meneghini who became her manager. She was sometimes known as Maria Meneghini Callas after her marriage.
Shortly after, she made her debut at La Scala in Milan, where the major part of her career and greatest triumphs were to take place. In collaboration with conductors like Carlo Maria Giulini, Leonard Bernstein, Gianandrea Gavazzeni, and directors like Franco Zeffirelli and Luchino Visconti, lavish productions of works such as Cherubini's Medea, Spontini's La Vestale, Bellini's La sonnambula and Norma, Donizetti's Anna Bolena and Poliuto, Verdi's La traviata and Un ballo in maschera, were made especially for her to great acclaim. 

She also made guest appearances at the Royal Opera House in London, the Berlin State Opera, the Paris Opéra, the Lyric Chicago Opera, the Dallas Opera and  the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.
In 1958, she met Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis which led to her divorce from Meneghini, and slowly began to withdraw from the stage. Her final appearance was in Tosca in London in 1965. She made a last world concert tour in 1973–74 with her often partner tenor Giuseppe Di Stefano, but by then her voice was almost gone. 

Callas died of a heart attack in Paris, France, at the age of 53.

Reference
 The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
 Broadcast  auditions (2) “Maria Callas” (cycle “From collection of the rare recordings” by Maxim Malkov – in Russian).

1923 births
1977 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Greek singers
Italian opera singers
Singers from New York City
Sopranos
Ultramarine is a blue pigment, and the name of a blue colour. The pigment is found naturally. It is ground down from a mineral called Lazurite, the main component of lapis lazuli. The colour is due to the presence of S−3 anions (trisulfur).

Synthetic ultramarine
Synthetic ultramarine is a more vivid blue than natural ultramarine, since the particles in synthetic ultramarine are smaller and more uniform than natural ultramarine and therefore diffuse light more evenly.

Artificial, like natural, ultramarine has a magnificent blue colour. Since it is not affected by light or contact with oil or lime, it is used in painting.
A small addition of zinc-white (zinc oxide) causes the colour to become less vivid (~bright). Synthetic ultramarine, invented in the 1820s, is very cheap. It is largely used for wall painting, the printing of paperhangings and calico. It is also used to correct the yellowish tinge found in things meant to be white, such as linen, paper, etc. Bluing or "laundry blue" is a solution of synthetic ultramarine (sometimes, prussian blue) that is used for this purpose when washing white clothes. Large amounts are used in making paper, especially the kind of pale blue writing paper popular in Britain. During World War I, the RAF painted the outer roundels with a colour based on ultramarine blue. This became BS 108(381C) Aircraft Blue. It was replaced in the 1960s by a new color based on phthalocyanine blue, BS110(381C) Roundel Blue.

Comparison of green, teal, blue and ultramarine

Related pages

 List of colors
 Blue
 Indigo
 Navy blue
 Prussian blue

References 

Pigments
The Last Airbender is a video game for Wii and Nintendo DS. It is based on the movie of the same name. It was released on 29 June 2010 in USA. It was released in Europe on 6 August 2010. It will be released in Australia on September 2010. Like the previous Avatar games, it was developed by THQ Studio Australia and published by THQ.

Character 
Aang - Air Nomads
Zuko - Fire Nations

Related pages
 The Last Airbender
 Avatar: The Last Airbender
 Avatar: The Last Airbender (video game)

References 
 The Last Airbender - Wii

Other websites 
 Official game page  from THQ.com

Avatar: The Last Airbender games
Nintendo DS games
Wii games
THQ games
Video games based on movies
Nicktoons Nitro is a video game which is a sequel to Nicktoons Racing and Nicktoons Winners Cup Racing. It features characters from the TV shows: SpongeBob SquarePants, Danny Phantom, The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, The Fairly OddParents, Invader Zim, Avatar: The Last Airbender, Back at the Barnyard, The Mighty B!, Ricky Sprocket: Showbiz Boy, Kappa Mikey, Dora the Explorer, Go, Diego, Go!, Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!, Ni Hao, Kai-Lan, Maggie and the Ferocious Beast, and My Life as a Teenage Robot, The game features Mario Kart like gameplay. The game was released in 2009 as an arcade game by developer Raw Thrills.

Characters

SpongeBob SquarePants
Danny Phantom
Jimmy Neutron
Timmy Turner
Zim
Aang
Otis the Cow
Bessie Higgenbottom
Ricky Sprocket
Mikey Simon
Dora
Diego
Wubbzy
Kai-Lan
Maggie
Hamilton
Beast
Jenny Wakeman
Evil Nitro 1
Evil Nitro 2

List of platforms
List of platforms

Bikini Bottom
Ghost Zone
RetroLand
Fairy World
Irken City
Four Nations
Mrs. Beady's Garden
Honeybee Highway
WishWorks Studios
Lilymu Circuit
Dora Speedway
Diego Raceway
Wuzzleburg Whiplash
Kai-Lan's Clubhouse
Nowhere Land
Seonna Hong
Planet Nitro A
Planet Nitro B

Voice actors

 Tom Kenny - SpongeBob SquarePants, Evil Nitro 1
 David Kaufman - Danny Phantom
 Debi Derryberry - Jimmy Neutron
 Tara Strong - Timmy Turner
 Richard Steven Horvitz - Invader Zim
 Zach Tyler Eisen - Aang
 Chris Hardwick - Otis the Cow
 Amy Poehler - Bessie Higgenbottom
 Jillian Michaels - Ricky Sprocket
 Michael Sinterniklaas - Mikey Simon
 Janice Kawaye - Jenny Wakeman XJ-9
 Tress MacNeille - Dora, Evil Nitro 2
 Jason Marsden - Diego
 Luci Christian - Wubbzy
 Brina Palencia - Kai-Lan
 Kristen Bone - Maggie
 Michael Caruana - Hamilton Hocks
 Stephen Ouimette - Beast

References

Other websites
 Raw Thrills - Nicktoons Nitro 
 News Article

2009 video games
Arcade games
Avatar: The Last Airbender games
Lead carbonate is a compound composed of lead and carbonate ions. It contains lead in the +2 oxidation state. It is made by mixing lead(II) acetate and carbon dioxide. It does not dissolve in water. It is poisonous because it has lead in it. It produces lead(II) oxide when heated.

Related pages
Lead(IV) oxide
Lead nitrate
Lead

Lead compounds
Carbonates
Lead nitrate is a chemical compound. It has lead and nitrate ions in it. It was known long ago as plumb dulcis. The lead is in the +2 oxidation state.

Properties
Lead nitrate is a white solid. It is one of the few lead compounds that can dissolve in water. Lead(II) acetate is the other lead compound that can dissolve. It is an oxidizing agent. It crackles when it is heated. It is toxic because it has lead in it.

Preparation
It is made by dissolving lead, lead(II) oxide, or lead(II) carbonate in nitric acid.

Uses
It is used to make other lead compounds.

Related pages
Lead(II) oxide
Lead carbonate

Nitrogen compounds
Lead compounds
Lead(II) acetate is a chemical compound composed of lead and acetate ions. It contains lead in the +2 oxidation state. It is also known as sugar of lead, salt of Saturn, and Goulard's powder. It is used to make other lead compounds. It dissolves in water, although most lead compounds do not. Lead nitrate does though. It is used in cosmetics and testing for hydrogen sulfide. It is toxic because it contains lead.

Related pages
Lead(II) nitrate
Lead carbonate
Lead(II) oxide

Lead compounds
Acetate, also known as ethanoate, is the salt of acetic acid (vinegar). It is formed when acetic acid is deprotonated. Its chemical formula is CH2COOH-  when it exists as an ion. Acetate salts turn brown when heated, and smell like acetic acid.

Acetate is usually found as part of a compound formed as a salt, for example sodium acetate, often as the product of a neutralisation reaction of acetic acid and a base.

Related pages

Acetic acid
Protonation
Acid

Ions
Carbon compounds
Beverly Sills (May 25, 1929 – July 2, 2007) is an American operatic soprano particularly associated with Italian bel canto and French operas.

Life and Career
Born Belle Silverman, in Brooklyn, New York, as a child prodigy, she began singing on radio shows at the age of three and began formal vocal studies at the age of seven with Estelle Liebling.

She began her professional career in 1947 with touring companies and later joined the New York City Opera in 1955. After singing a wide variety of roles, she obtained her first great success with Douglas Moore's The Ballad of Baby Doe in 1959, and finally achieved international recognition in 1966, with the role of Cleopatra in Handel's Giulio Cesare.
This was followed by the much acclaimed Donizetti's Tudor trilogy Anna Bolena, Maria Stuarda and Roberto Devereux.
This led to her being invited to sing at the Vienna State Opera (1968), La Scala in Milan (1969), the Royal Opera House in London (1970), and finally at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1975. 
   
Other notable roles have included; I Capuleti e Montecchi, I puritani, Lucia di Lammermoor, La traviata, Les contes d'Hoffmann, Manon and Thais.

She retired from the stage in 1980, and took on the direction of the New York City Opera until 1989. 

Sills died in New York City, of lung cancer.

1929 births
2007 deaths
Sopranos
Singers from New York City
American opera singers
A car battery or automotive battery is a rechargeable battery which is used to start a car. The battery is used to start the motor. After that, the motor operates a generator to charge the battery. Most are lead acid batteries, although some electric cars can have other batteries. Car batteries can be replaced and recycled when they cannot be recharged anymore.

Related pages
 Table of batteries
 Sealed lead acid battery

References

Physical chemistry
Auto parts
Batteries
Barium sulfate is a chemical compound composed of barium and sulfate ions. It contains barium in the +2 oxidation state, as in all barium compounds. It does not dissolve in water. If it did, it would be very toxic. It is used in X-rays of the stomach and intestines to see whether there is a problem with them. Its chemical formula is BaSO4.

Related pages
Barium
Calcium, a similar element
Strontium

Sulfur compounds
Barium compounds
Jetix is a TV brand owned by Walt Disney. It existed from 2004 to 2010 worldwide. The brand was started in the United States in February 2004. It was retired in most countries in 2009. In the Netherlands, it was retired in January. In Russia, it was retired in August 2010.

Other services 
Jetix Play started on various European channels replacing Fox Kids Play. It aired mainly pre-school shows. The brand was retired in most countries in August 2010. It was not rebranded in Romania until March 2011. In most countries it was replaced by Playhouse Disney. In the United Kingdom and Russia, it had no replacement.

Jetix Action Block started in Spain in 2007 as a block on Star One. The block aired mainly shows which aired on the main Jetix channel. The block was discontinued in both regions in 2010.

Jetix +1 was a timeshift service in the United Kingdom and Italy. It aired shows which aired an hour earlier on the main channel.

References 

The Walt Disney Company