Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
John William "Trane" Coltrane (September 23, 1926 – July 17, 1967) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer.

Coltrane played the bebop and hard bop styles of jazz early in his career, and helped start the use of modes in jazz and later was a very important part of free jazz. He made about fifty recordings as a bandleader, and appeared on many other albums, for example with trumpeter Miles Davis and pianist Thelonious Monk. As his career progressed, Coltrane's music became more spiritual. he died of liver cancer. His second wife was pianist Alice Coltrane, and their son Ravi Coltrane is also a saxophonist.

He influenced many musicians, and is one of the most important tenor saxophonists in jazz history. He received many awards, including Special Citation from the Pulitzer Prize Board in 2007 (many years after his death) for his "masterful improvisation, supreme musicianship and iconic centrality to the history of jazz."

References
References

1926 births
1967 deaths
African American musicians
American bandleaders
American jazz musicians
American saxophonists
Cancer deaths in New York (state)
Deaths from liver cancer
Musicians from North Carolina
Fela Anikulapo Kuti (15 October 1938 – 2 August 1997), or just Fela, was a Nigerian musician and composer who was very important in a genre called afrobeat. He played the saxophone, guitar, drums, keyboards and trumpet, and he sang. He was also a human rights activist. The American singer James Brown said that Kuti was one of the originators (starters) of the funk genre.

Kuti died in 1997 of Kaposi's sarcoma, an illness caused by AIDS. In 2008 a musical production called Fela! was created, about Kuti's life and career.

References

1938 births
1997 deaths
Deaths from AIDS
Disease-related deaths in Nigeria
Drummers
Nigerian guitarists
Deaths from sarcoma
Nigerian singers
Saxophonists
Trumpeters
Requiem for a Dream is a 2000 American psychological drama movie. It was directed by Darren Aronofsky. It stars Ellen Burstyn, Jared Leto, Jennifer Connelly, and Marlon Wayans. The movie is about people with different drug addictions in Brooklyn, New York City.

Cast 
Ellen Burstyn as Sara Goldfarb
Jared Leto as Harry Goldfarb
Jennifer Connelly as Marion Silver
Marlon Wayans as Tyrone C. Love
Keith David as Big Tim

Other websites 

2000 drama movies
2000s psychological movies
American drama movies
American psychological movies
English-language movies
Movies about drugs
Movies about dysfunctional families
Movies directed by Darren Aronofsky
Movies set in Brooklyn
Movies set in New York City
American independent movies
Home Alone 3 was the third movie in the Home Alone movie series. It is an American crime comedy movie. Macaulay Culkin, who was in the last two movies, as Kevin McCallister, was too old for this movie. The movie instead features a different household and villains. The director was Raja Gosnell, who was the editor of both original movies and the star actor was Alex D. Linz as Alex D. Pruitt. John Hughes returns as the producer. It was released on December 12, 1997 by 20th Century Fox. The movie grossed $79,082,515 worldwide.

In this movie, Alex Pruitt (Alex D. Linz) is sick at home with the chickenpox. He recovers and must defend his home from four burglars.

Two made-for-television sequels: Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House and Home Alone: The Holiday Heist followed in 2002 and 2012, with a reboot titled Home Sweet Home Alone released in 2021.

References

Other websites
Other websites 

1997 comedy movies
1997 crime movies
1990s criminal comedy movies
American criminal comedy movies
American family movies
American sequel movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Raja Gosnell
Movies produced by John Hughes
Movies about children
Movies set in Chicago
Screenplays by John Hughes
20th Century Fox movies
Stripes is a 1981 American comedy movie starring actor Bill Murray. His character is in the military.

1980s buddy movies
1981 comedy movies
1980s war movies
American war movies
American buddy comedy movies
1980s English-language movies
Louisville, Kentucky
Movies directed by Ivan Reitman
Movies set in Germany
JustinTv or JTV was a free account broadcasting website. It was founded by Justin Kan in Los Angeles, California. A spin-off based on JTV called Twitch was created in June 2011.

Websites
Companies based in Los Angeles
Harvey Bernard Milk (May 22, 1930 – November 27, 1978) was an American politician and a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. He was the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California. He did not focus on homosexuality or gay activism at first, but did later on in his career. Milk moved from New York City to live in San Francisco in 1972. This was a time when lots of gay men moved to live in the Castro District of San Francisco. Milk became a city supervisor in 1977.

Career 
Milk served 11 months in office and helped gay rights in the city. On November 27, 1978, Milk and Mayor George Moscone were assassinated (murdered) by Dan White in San Francisco. White was another city supervisor who had recently resigned but wanted his job back.

Milk became an icon in San Francisco and "a martyr for gay rights", according to University of San Francisco professor Peter Novak.
In 2002, Milk was called "the most famous and most significantly open LGBT official ever elected in the United States". Anne Kronenberg, his final campaign manager, wrote of him: "What set Harvey apart from you or me was that he was a visionary. He imagined a righteous world inside his head and then he set about to create it for real, for all of us." Milk was posthumously given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama on August 12, 2009.

Popular quotes include "If a bullet should enter my brain, let that bullet destroy every closet door", "The fact is that more people have been slaughtered in the name of religion than for any other single reason. That, that my friends, that is true perversion!".

There has been some controversy about Milk’s relation to Jim Jones, a cult leader who led the communist Peoples Temple and resulted in the deaths of over 900 people.

References
References

1930 births
1978 deaths
American LGBT rights activists
Assassinated American politicians
Gay Jews
Jewish activists
Jewish American LGBT people
Jewish American politicians
LGBT people from California
American LGBT politicians
Murders by firearm in the United States
Politicians from New York (state)
Politicians from San Francisco
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Victims of anti-LGBT hate crimes
John Blow (born Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire, baptised 23 February 1649; died Westminster, London, 1 October 1708) was an English composer and organist. He had a great deal of influence on English music. His best pupil was Henry Purcell who was the greatest English composer of his time.

Blow was born in Newark-on-Trent. As a boy he sang in the choir the Chapel Royal (the king's church choir). He was still very young when he started composing anthems. One of these anthems, known as the "Club Anthem" was written by Blow together with three other choirboys: Pelham Humfrey, Michael Wise and William Turner, all of whom were to become well-known composers when they grew up. The diarist Samuel Pepys heard him sing once, but Blow's voice was breaking by then, and Pepys wrote in his diary that he made an "unpleasant sound".
In 1668 he became organist of Westminster Abbey. In 1674 he was made a gentleman of the Chapel Royal. When Pelham Humfrey died, Blow took over two of his jobs. He was in charge of a small choir at the king’s court (he was called "composer-in-ordinary"). He also became Master of the Children of the Chapel Royal. He stayed in that job for the rest of his life. Many of the boy choristers he taught later became great composers. They include William Croft, Jeremiah Clark and Daniel Purcell. Henry Purcell’s voice had already broken by this time, and he became an apprentice to Blow.

In September 1673 he married Elizabeth Braddock. Ten years later she died when giving birth to a child.
In 1676 Blow became one of three organists at Westminster Abbey. In 1677 he was given the title of "Doctor of Music". In 1680 he seems to have resigned from his job as organist at Westminster Abbey so that his young pupil Henry Purcell could take his place. By 1685 he was one of the private musicians of James II. He composed a long anthem God spake sometime in visions for King James's coronation.

In 1687 he became choirmaster at St Paul's Cathedral. The choir was just being reformed after the rebuilding of the cathedral following the Great Fire of London. Michael Wise had been appointed as choirmaster, but then he died, so Blow was given the job. In 1695 he became organist of St Margaret's, Westminster, and he also took his old job at Westminster Abbey again when Henry Purcell died.

In 1699 he became Composer to the Chapel Royal. This was the first time anyone had been given this title. However, he does not seem to have composed much after 1700.
Blow died on 1 October 1708 and was buried in the north aisle of Westminster Abbey, close to Henry Purcell.

His music 

Blow composed a large amount of music. He wrote the same sort of music as Henry Purcell, except that Purcell also wrote trio sonatas as well as a lot of music for the theatre. Blow wrote a large amount of church music. We know fourteen services and more than a hundred anthems by Blow. He also wrote other vocal music such as odes, and music for harpsichord and just one piece of music for the stage: Venus and Adonis.

Baroque composers
English composers
English organists
Musicians from Nottinghamshire
1649 births
1708 deaths
A diary is a book which a person writes about what they have seen or heard or what they have been doing.  Diaries are usually handwritten.  People like to keep diaries (meaning: write a diary) for a variety of reasons: they may want to keep a record for themselves about what they have done during their life.  They may sometimes want to publish it so that other people can read it.  Some diaries may be important for business or military purpose.  Children in schools are often asked to write a diary.  This helps them to write about what they have been doing and expressing their thoughts.

Some people, such as Samuel Pepys, have become famous as a diarist.  Pepys lived at an interesting time (he was alive at the time of the Great Fire of London).  We know a lot about what London was like by reading his diary.  Anne Frank wrote a diary while she was hiding from the Nazis.

In modern times people write blogs on the internet.  This is a modern kind of diary.
The word diary can also be used for a pocket diary: a small book in which people can write down their appointments so that they can remember what they are supposed to be doing each day.

Related pages
Journal
Autobiography
Classical economics is the first modern school of economic thought. Its main developers include Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill.

Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations 

Adam Smith's book The Wealth of Nations (1776) was the beginning of classical economics. Smith said that if everyone did what was best for themselves, the result would be best for society. Before that, economics was about the king's personal interests, and the wealth of a nation was measured by the king's treasury. Smith said what's important is what's best for the whole nation, and that wealth should be measured by the yearly income of the nation. He wanted to discover how wealth can grow, and how people could do things to support that growth. Smith's book said land, labor, and capital were the three "factors of production" and the main contributors to a nation's wealth.
Smith said markets should be free. At the time, some big companies (like the East India Company) were controlled by the government. Sometimes the rulers made laws that were good for themselves but not for workers or customers. For example, in the American colonies, colonists could grow cotton but were not allowed to make clothing from it. They had to ship it to England to be made into clothing, then buy it back after it was finished. Smith said this was bad for individuals and for society. He thought it was better for money to flow freely and naturally between buyers and sellers without outside interference. Money would naturally go to the sellers who made the best product at the best price. This way if people did what was best for them, it would end up being best for society as a whole, almost like an "invisible hand" was guiding everything.

References 

Economic theories
Jeffrey Lee "Jeff" Probst (born November 4, 1961) is an American game show host, executive producer and reporter. He was born in Wichita, Kansas, but mostly grew up in Bellevue, Washington. He is  best known for being the host of the American version of the reality show Survivor. 

On September 21, 2008 Probst won the first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program. On September 20, 2009 he won the same award again.

Probst currently hosts the talk show The Jeff Probst Show, which started on September 10, 2012.

References

Other websites

CBS.com profile 

1962 births
American movie directors
Living people
American television presenters
American television talk show hosts
American game show hosts
Businesspeople from Wichita, Kansas
Emmy Award winners
Survivor is an American reality television game show. It came from the Swedish show Expedition Robinson, made in 1997 by Charlie Parsons, and first shown in May 2000.  Mark Burnett produces the American show. It is hosted by Jeff Probst. So far, there have been 42 seasons, with a 43th season on its way.

Each season has a group of people who have never met each other, living in a far away place. They are divided into two to four groups called "tribes". Each tribe must find food and water, make fire, and make homes for themselves, while taking part in challenges to get a reward, or immunity (where they become safe from getting voted off). Sometimes a player will have to be removed from the game due to an injury or infection. The last two or three players face a jury, the last seven or more players voted off. The jury asks the final few questions, and then votes for the winner of the title of "Sole Survivor" and a million dollar prize.
An idol may be used up until 5 players are left in the game, once there is 4 an idol can't be used.

Format

Tribes
Each season, the 16 to 20 strangers are divided into two to four teams called "tribes". The tribes are usually given some tools to survive with, such as a machete, a pot, and water canteens to hold water. The tribes are encouraged to build shelters to protect themselves. In some seasons the tribes started with some food, such as rice, given by the show, and in other seasons, the tribes have no help in the beginning. Early seasons allowed players to bring one luxury item with them. Others seasons have brought players into the game unprepared, making them start with only the clothes they are wearing and the tools that are provided.
The tribes have been divided in many different ways. Early seasons divided tribes so that they have equal numbers of people from different ages and genders. Some seasons divided the tribes, by age, gender, and/or race. Usually the tribes are divided before the show starts, but some seasons have had one or more players choose the tribes after the game starts.

Tribes are given different names and colors which are used on the tribe flags, challenge courses, on-screen text, and other items. Each player is given a buff, an elastic ring of material patterned with the logo for their season, that can be worn around the arm, the head. Players have to wear the buff where it can be seen at all times, so the audience can tell who is on which tribe. When the tribes are switched, the players must give up their old buff and get a new one for their new tribe.
Challenges 
In each season, the tribes have to compete in challenges, where the players will use strength, teamwork and problem solving. For the first half of the game, the tribes compete against each other in challenges. For the second half, after the merge, each player usually competes against each other in challenges.

There are two types of challenges:
Reward challenges – The players compete for luxuries that they don't need to survive, but make their lives easier and more enjoyable. Examples of some rewards are food, flint, matches, rain gear, and short trips away from camp. After the merge, reward challenges are often done in random groups, and if it's individual, the winner will often be able to bring one or more other players with them.
Immunity challenges – The players compete for immunity, which means their tribe won't being going to Tribal Council, meaning they'll be safe from being voted off. After the merge, immunity challenges are usually individual.
Sometimes there can be a combined reward/immunity challenge.

Merges, tribe switches, and dissolves
In seasons which start with more than two tribes, there is a dissolve of the tribes, where the players will be re-divided into two tribes after one to four Tribal Councils.

In many seasons, the tribes have been switched before the merge. The members of each tribe are swapped around. Sometimes the tribes are switched by doing a random shuffle to a schoolyard pick, where two players ("captains") would start picking players for their tribe. There has also been a Tribe Switch which is done by allowing players to join the other tribe. This process usually defeats many early alliances and strategies, and can cost a player the game early, or save them from being voted off early.
When there are 8 to 12 players left in the game, the two tribes merge. When they merge, the two tribes come together to make one new tribe. From this point, Challenges are won by one person. The merged tribe also chooses a new tribe name and makes a new tribe flag with materials given by production. There was no merge in Palau. The Koror tribe had won every immunity challenge, and members of the other tribe, Ulong, were being voted off one by one. When there was one Ulong member left, they simply joined Koror.
In the later seasons, hidden immunity idols have been made available. These idols, usually a small object that fits with the theme of the Survivor location, are hidden near camp or on Exile Island, with clues on its location given, usually to a chosen player (in Guatemala) or to exiled or kidnapped players. Once found, the player with an idol may keep it or give it to another player before the start of Tribal Council, and it may not be stolen from that player. The player doesn't have to show this idol to other players, though may use it to join alliances and for voting purposes. Other players may find out that someone has the idol by peeking into other player's personal items.  In the first few seasons of the twist, only one idol was ever in play, but in Survivor: Fiji, Survivor: China, Survivor: Tocantins and Survivor: Samoa, two hidden immunity idols were made available to the players (one at each camp)
. The hidden immunity idol can only be used up until and including the Tribal Council of the final four or five players, depending on the season.
The use of the idol by a player to become immune has changed through the seasons:
In Guatemala, the player with the idol had to show the idol before the vote to be safe from being voted off. The other members of the tribe were then not allowed to vote for this player.
In both Panama and Cook Islands, the player with the idol had to show the idol after the votes were read to become safe. If the idol holder had the most number of votes, the player with the next largest number of votes was then voted out.
Since Fiji, the player with the idol had to show it after the votes were cast, but before they were read. The idol could be given to another player at this time, allowing that player to use the idol if they wanted to. This has resulted in players being voted out of the game without playing the idol (in China, Micronesia, Tocantins and Samoa)
During Guatemala, the hidden immunity idol was not returned to the game after its use.  Since then, if the idol is played, or the player with the idol leaves the game without playing it, the idol is replaced at a new spot to be found, and new clues are given out. During Gabon, the players all decided to throw a hidden immunity idol into the sea. In this case it was not replaced at a new spot. In some seasons, fake hidden immunity idols have been made by contestants; these idols don't work if played.
Exile Island
The idea of Exile Island was started in Survivor: Palau, when a player had to stay alone on a beach due to losing the Immunity Challenge. The idea was later used again in Survivor: Panama and was used in every season after that, except Survivor: China and Survivor: Samoa. A chosen player is sent ("exiled") to a small island away from the main tribe camps, usually for at least a day after a reward challenge and returning at the next immunity challenge. The player chosen may be the first loser of a challenge (as was the case in Survivor: Palau), or a person chosen by either the winning or losing tribe while the players are divided in tribes, or an individual challenge winner in the individual phase, after the merge. In Micronesia and Tocantins, one person from each tribe was sent to Exile Island. Unless stated otherwise, players who win the right to choose who goes to Exile Island may also choose to go themselves.
Also, whenever the number of players is uneven when tribes are being made (in division or switching, but not merging), the player without a tribe will be "tribeless" and sent to Exile Island after formation (Survivor: Panama, Survivor: Fiji, and Survivor: Gabon). In this case, the player will return and join the tribe which loses a member at the next Tribal Council.

Once chosen, the exiled player is taken to the island by boat (or given a map to the "island"). On the island, there are few tools to survive with, usually a water canteen, a machete, a pot, and a small amount of shelter. The little amount of food on Exile Island can make a player weaker, causing them to perform worse in challenges. The separation from other players can cause a player to become on outcast on their tribe. Players are often sent to Exile Island for one or both of these strategic reasons.
The person exiled gets a clue to the hidden immunity idol, which may or may not be located on the island, an "instant comfort" (as in Survivor: Gabon), or (as in Survivor: Tocantins) the right to change tribes. If the exiled player is asked to return after the Tribal Council (whether they belong to a tribe or not), they will also be safe from being voted out at that Tribal Council.
Tribal Council
Tribal Council is held at the end of each episode. Here, the tribe votes one person out of the tribe. The first time any player visits Tribal Council, they are asked to take a torch and light it from a fire pit. They say that "this is part of the ritual of Tribal Council because fire represents life. As long as you have fire, you are still in this game. When your fire's gone, so are you". If the Jury has already been started, they are asked to enter and watch. Probst then asks the players questions about details and events since the tribe's last Tribal Council. Before the vote, if a player has been awarded individual immunity through an immunity challenge, he is then asked if he wants to give it to another player. Whoever has the immunity after this possible switch cannot be voted out.
The players then vote for another player in secret, and the player who gets the most votes must leave the game. Players cannot vote for themselves. Players also have to write neatly, and avoid using of uncommon nicknames. If the number of votes for one player is above half of the total votes, Probst will stop reading, and that player is eliminated, keeping the rest of the votes in secret to the players themselves.

As said earlier, the player(s) with the Hidden Immunity Idol(s) get the chance to play the idol at certain points at Tribal Council.
When there is a tie (where two or more players have the same number of votes) before there are four players left, the non-tied players will vote once again, where the only possibilities for elimination are the tied players.  If the second vote does not break the tie, a two-minute discussion will start where the non-tied players must come to a decision as to who should be voted off. If a decision is not reached in two minutes, the tied players are safe from being voted off and the non-tied players (except anyone who has won individual immunity) choose rocks out of a bag without looking.  The player who chooses the differently colored rock is eliminated.
In the event of a tie at the final four, there will be a revote (However, in Survivor: Gabon, there was no revote in the final four and it went straight to the fire-making tie breaker challenge), but if the revote does not break the tie, the tied players will compete in a challenge.  In Palau, Panama, Cook Islands and Gabon, this challenge was a fire-making contest.  In Marquesas, the random rock tiebreaker was used at the final four, which host Jeff Probst later said was a mistake.

In the very rare case that a tribe is down to two players before the merge, as in Palau, those two will also face off in a challenge to decide who is to leave the game. This has only happened once to date.

Very rarely, a player may choose to quit the game. The player's wish is granted, for whatever reasons. If a player quits at Tribal Council, as was the case in Pearl Islands and Palau, that player's torch is "laid down". Depending on the player's reasons for quitting, they may or may not get to say their final words.
The jury
All eliminated players except, usually, the Final 9 (in later seasons this number has changed), leave the game entirely. The rest of the players who leave the game, except the final two or three who will go on to the final vote, are the jury, a group of people who vote to decide the winner of the game. Once the Jury starts to form, the members are at every Tribal Council, but are not allowed to speak or talk to the players still in the game; they are only there to watch the questioning and voting that occurs. Jury members are there until the end of the final Tribal Council, and are not allowed to talk about their voting or issues with the remaining players, with other jury members, or the final players. This rule continues through the game and up until the winner is announced.

End of the game
The last two challenges (starting on the third to last day of the game) before the Final Tribal Council have always followed a similar pattern:
Before the last challenge, the remaining players partake in a memorial activity appropriate for the theme of the show, where they pay respect to the players who have been eliminated before them. (Torches of the eliminated players are usually included in this part.)  This usually leads right into the last immunity challenge, which usually focuses on balance or endurance and which can last from minutes to almost half a day. In most seasons, with three players in the challenge, winning immunity on this challenge allows that player to choose whom he or she wants to go with to the Final Tribal Council, raising their chance at winning the game. Because of this, the challenges can allow players to talk and try to make last-minute deals, giving up immunity for assurance of being taken to the Final Two. A Tribal Council is then held to vote off the last eliminated player. Only the person with Immunity votes since the other two votes would cancel each other out
. At this point, the game is no longer in the remaining players' control, as the next day they face the Final Tribal Council where their fate will be decided.
A similar pattern has been used in newer seasons in which three players go to the Final Tribal Council. The final challenges and rituals take place one vote earlier in the game. The last immunity challenge is held amongst the final four players, and the winner, while assured a place in the final three, does not choose his or her competition for the prize.

Final tribal council
On the last day of the competition, the surviving players usually either clean up, tear down, or burn down their camp as a tribute to surviving to the end of the game. They then make their way to the final Tribal Council.
During the final Tribal Council, the following events usually occur:
Each of the final players makes a statement to the jury about why they deserve of the jury's vote.
Each jury member, in turn, can ask each of the final players a question, which that player must answer. In some cases, the jury member may only be making a short speech which doesn't need an answer but is meant to throw the player off guard.
From Borneo to Panama, each final player made a closing statement, allowing them to respond to the jury's question and again explain why they would be the most deserving winner. This practice has never been done since Cook Islands.
Each jury member then votes for one of the final players, saying which player he or she wants to win the game.
After this vote, the container with the votes is taken away by the host. The players are told that the vote will be revealed during the live finale, and the votes are secured until the live finale of the show when the votes are revealed and the winner is announced. Sometimes the final tribal council and finale are changed so they look like one event, until moments later the camera shows the studio audience. This is possible by re-creating on a studio the Tribal Council set from the location of filming.

Before the use of a Final 3, the jury has always been odd-numbered, ensuring that no tie would be possible.  However, with every Final 3 jury, or as in the case of Micronesia of an even-numbered jury for a Final 2, a tie may be possible; it is unknown what tie-breaker is used to break a tie if it happens.  During the finale of Micronesia, the host had a white envelope that he said held the tie-breaker, but its contents were not revealed as there was no tie.
Prizes
The player chosen as Sole Survivor gets a cash prize of $1,000,000 (prior to taxes). The Sole Survivor also gets a car given by the show's sponsor, except in Survivor: Cook Islands. In a few seasons, the final players have also agreed to play for the tribe flag or other representative object from camp.

In addition, the final five or six contestants may have the chance to compete for a car.  The winner of this challenge has never won the game, leading to the idea of a "Survivor car curse".
Every player gets a prize for being on Survivor depending on how long he or she lasted in the game. In most seasons, the runner-up gets $100,000, and third place wins $85,000. Sonja Christopher, the first player voted off in Survivor: Borneo, got $2,500. The prize was raised for Survivor: All-Stars. The known prizes for Survivor: All-Stars were as follows: 2nd = $250,000; 3rd = $125,000; 4th = $100,000. Tina Wesson, the first player voted off in Survivor: All-Stars, got $25,000. In Survivor: Fiji, the first season with tied runners-up, the two runners-up got US$100,000 each, and Yau-Man Chan got US$60,000 for his 4th-place finish. The prizes for other seasons with more than sixteen contestants are unknown.

All players also get an additional $10,000 for being on the reunion show.
There have also been additional prizes given out, outside of the usual mechanics of the show:
 In Survivor: All-Stars:
 Rob Mariano won the in-game car reward as part of a challenge. Given the option to choose a player to join him in a makeshift drive-in movie theater, he chose Amber Brkich to join him. Jeff Probst later said to the two at their reward that because Rob had chosen Amber, Amber also got a car (though one of lesser value).
 At the reunion, Amber, as the Sole Survivor, was then asked to choose one of the other All-Stars to receive a car, and she chose Shii Ann Huang.
 In Survivor: America's Tribal Council as part of the All-Stars season, Rupert Boneham was chosen by a popularity poll of Survivor viewers to win $1,000,000.
Beginning in Survivor: Panama, viewers of Survivor voted their favorite player to win a new car.
Survivor: Panama: Cirie Fields
Survivor: Cook Islands: Ozzy Lusth
In Survivor: China, Denise Martin was selected by the show's producers to receive a prize of $50,000, due to misfortunes she experienced after her return home following taping. It was later revealed that she was misleading in her story of being demoted, and she declined the $50,000, asking it to be donated to a pediatric AIDS charity instead.
Beginning in Survivor: China, viewers of Survivor voted their favorite player to win $100,000. Below are the winners of their respective seasons.
Survivor: China: James Clement
Survivor: Micronesia: James Clement
Survivor: Gabon: Robert "Bob" Crowley
Survivor: Tocantins: James "J.T." Thomas, Jr.
Survivor: Samoa: Russell Hantz
Game rules
Secretly planning to split winnings will result in removal from the game.
Except for the occasional challenges which involve wrestling or small amounts of fighting, any physical violence between players will result in removal from the game.
At Tribal Council, players are not allowed to vote for themselves, and they cannot decline to cast a vote. Players must also show whom they voted for to the camera inside the voting booth.
Players must not break U.S. law or local law. Breaking any of these laws will result in removal from the game.
Players may not skip any tribal councils, nor can they refuse to participate in an immunity or reward challenge, unless the game offers them the chance to do so.
Tribe members may not visit the campsite of another tribe unless they are doing so as part of an immunity challenge, reward challenge or tribal merger activity with the other tribe. They also cannot visit the TV crew compound. Exceptions to this rule have been made, as a result of accident or challenge victories.
If a player becomes seriously injured or sick, the player, fellow players, the host, or even the crew filming the players may call in a medical team for help. In some cases, the player can be treated at their camp, but the player may also be unable to participate further by the medical team and is then taken from camp to a medical facility, and removed from the game.
Depending on which country the show takes place in, players may be stopped from killing certain forms of plant or animal life.
U.S. Survivor seasons
The United States version is produced by Mark Burnett and hosted by Jeff Probst. It is shown on Thursdays on CBS. The first season of Survivor was broadcast as a summer replacement show in 2000. Since then the show has been broadcast each U.S. television season. Each competition is called a season, but each season has a different name, and lasts from 13 to 15 episodes. Starting with Survivor: The Australian Outback there have been two Survivor seasons shown during each U.S. television season.

Locations 
The American version of Survivor has been shot in many locations around the world since the first season, in warm, tropical climates.

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 Survivor Official Wiki 
 Survivor Maps 

 
English-language television programs
Kristopher Neil Allen (born June 21, 1985) is an American singer-songwriter. He was the winner of Series 8 of American Idol.

1985 births
Living people
Singers from Arkansas
American singer-songwriters
American Idol winners
The PGA Championship is a golf tournament, which is the last out of the men's golf Major Championships.

Stroke play era winners

References

Golf tournaments
Invisible ink is a type of liquid that cannot be seen or read unless it is first activated. Chemical reactions, heat, ultraviolet light or special glasses are used to make invisible ink visible. 

It is used to send secret messages or for entertainment. Invisible ink pens are sometimes sold or used for prizes, usually with an ultraviolet light.

More reading
 

Writing tools
Pee-wee's Big Adventure is a 1985 movie starring Paul Reubens as Pee Wee Herman. He travels across the US to get back his stolen bicycle. The 1985 movie was directed by Tim Burton from a screenplay by  Paul Reubens, Phil Hartman and Michael Varhol. The music was composed by Danny Elfman.

References 

1985 comedy movies
American comedy movies
English-language movies
Bad Kreuznach is a town in Germany, in Rhineland-Palatinate. It has about 40,000 inhabitants.

Towns in Rhineland-Palatinate
Spa towns in Germany
Asamoah Gyan (born 22 November 1985) is a Ghanaian football player. He plays for Stade Rennais and Ghana national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003/04||Udinese||Serie A||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Modena||rowspan="2"|Serie B||27||7||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||7
|-
|2005/06||25||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||26||8
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Udinese||rowspan="2"|Serie A||25||8||1||0||colspan="2"|-||26||8
|-
|2007/08||13||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||3

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Stade Rennais||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||16||1||2||0||1||0||19||1
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
91||26||2||0||colspan="2"|-||93||26
16||1||2||0||1||0||19||1
107||27||4||0||1||0||112||27
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||2||1
|-
|2004||3||2
|-
|2005||5||5
|-
|2006||9||4
|-
|2007||4||1
|-
|2008||4||1
|-
|2009||5||2
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||32||16
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
Ghanaian footballers
Sportspeople from Accra
Dean Ashton (born 24 November 1983) is a former English football player. He has played for England national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="5"|Crewe Alexandra||rowspan="2"|First Division||21||8||2||0||0||0||23||8
|-
|2001/02||31||7||4||3||1||0||36||10
|-
|2002/03||Second Division||39||9||2||2||1||0||42||11
|-
|2003/04||First Division||44||19||1||0||2||1||47||20
|-
|2004/05||League Championship||24||18||0||0||3||2||27||20
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Norwich City||Premier League||16||7||0||0||0||0||16||7
|-
|2005/06||League Championship||28||10||0||0||2||1||30||11
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|West Ham United||rowspan="5"|Premier League||11||3||5||3||0||0||16||6
|-
|2006/07||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007/08||31||10||2||0||2||1||35||11
|-
|2008/09||4||2||0||0||1||0||5||2
|-
|2009/10||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
249||93||16||8||12||5||277||106
249||93||16||8||12||5||277||106
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2008||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References
References

1983 births
Living people
English footballers
People from Swindon
Premier League players
is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. He used his name Lee Chung-sung until February 2007, when he obtained Japanese citizenship.
Lee was born in Nishitokyo on December 19, 1985. He joined J1 League club FC Tokyo from their youth team in 2004. However he could not play at all in the match. In 2005, he moved to Kashiwa Reysol. Although he debuted in 2005, Kashiwa was relegated to J2 League end of the 2005 season. In 2006, he became a regular player and Kashiwa returned to J1 in a year. Kashiwa won the 2nd place in the 2008 Emperor's Cup. In August 2009, he moved to Sanfrecce Hiroshima. Hiroshima won the 2nd place in the 2010 J.League Cup. In January 2012, he moved to English EFL Championship club Southampton. Although Southampton was promoted to Premier League from the 2012/13 season, he could not play at all in the league. In January 2013, he moved to his first club FC Tokyo on loan. Although he returned to Southampton in summer 2013, he could not play in the league. In January 2014, he returned to Japan and joined Urawa Reds. Urawa won the 2nd place in the 2014 and 2016 J1 League
. In 2017, Urawa won the champions in 2017 AFC Champions League. In 2019, he moved to Yokohama F. Marinos. Yokohama won the J1 champions in 2019. In 2020, he moved to J2 club Kyoto Sanga FC.
In February 2007, Lee obtained Japanese citizenship. In 2008, he was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2008 Summer Olympics and played all 3 matches. In January 2011, he was selected the Japan national team for 2011 Asian Cup. At this tournament, he debuted against Jordan on January 9. His first international goal was dramatic, coming as it did in the 109th minute of the final to secure a 1–0 win over Australia and Japan on the champions. He played 11 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 2012.

Statistics
Statistics

|-
|2004||FC Tokyo||J1 League||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="5"|Kashiwa Reysol||J1 League||8||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
|-
|2006||J2 League||31||8||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||8
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|J1 League||30||10||1||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||36||10
|-
|2008||19||4||4||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||27||5
|-
|2009||20||2||0||0||5||3||colspan="2"|-||25||5
|-
|2009||rowspan="3"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J1 League||8||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2010||30||11||2||0||3||2||6||3||41||16
|-
|2011||32||15||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||33||15

|-
|2011/12||rowspan="2"|Southampton||EFL Championship||7||1||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||1
|-
|2012/13||Premier League||0||0||1||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||3||1

|-
|2013||FC Tokyo||J1 League||13||4||0||0||6||2||colspan="2"|-||19||6

|-
|2013/14||Southampton||Premier League||0||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2014||rowspan="5"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="5"|J1 League||34||6||2||1||8||3||colspan="2"|-||44||10
|-
|2015||24||2||4||3||2||1||5||0||35||6
|-
|2016||32||10||1||0||5||2||5||2||43||14
|-
|2017||21||3||0||0||1||0||10||4||32||7
|-
|2018||20||3||2||0||8||2||colspan="2"|-||30||5
|-
|2019||Yokohama F. Marinos||J1 League||10||1||0||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||14||2
|-
|2020||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Sanga FC||rowspan="2"|J2 League||5||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2021||||||||||||||||||||
337||79||18||5||55||16||26||9||436||109
7||1||3||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||14||2
344||80||21||5||59||17||26||9||450||111
|}

|-
|2011||10||2
|-
|2012||1||0
|-
!Total||11||2
|}

References

Other websites

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture
Japan international footballers
J1 League players
J2 League players
FC Tokyo players
Kashiwa Reysol players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
Yokohama F. Marinos players
Kyoto Sanga FC players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Takahiro Shimotaira (born 18 December 1971) is a former Japanese football player. He has now retired.

Club career statistics

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="3"|Hitachi||JSL Division 2||3||0||||||0||0||3||0
|-
|1991/92||JSL Division 1||21||0||||||1||0||22||0
|-
|1992||Football League||17||1||||||colspan="2"|-||17||1
|-
|1993||rowspan="8"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|Football League||14||2||1||0||6||0||21||2
|-
|1994||27||2||0||0||1||0||28||2
|-
|1995||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||35||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|-
|1996||28||0||2||0||14||1||44||1
|-
|1997||24||0||3||0||6||0||33||0
|-
|1998||25||0||1||0||3||0||29||0
|-
|1999||30||2||4||0||6||1||40||3
|-
|2000||20||0||1||0||0||0||21||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Tokyo||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||16||0||0||0||3||0||19||0
|-
|2002||23||0||1||0||6||0||30||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||20||0||2||0||3||0||25||0
|-
|2004||13||0||1||0||3||0||17||0
316||8||18||0||52||2||386||10
316||8||18||0||52||2||386||10
|}
1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Aomori Prefecture
Sandro Cardoso dos Santos (born 22 March 1980) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Changsha Ginde.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||23||8||3||2||1||1||27||11
|-
|2004||22||9||0||0||4||2||26||11
45||17||3||2||5||3||53||22
45||17||3||2||5||3||53||22
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Raymond Domenech (born 24 January 1952) is a French football player and manager. He played for France national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1970/71||rowspan="8"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="8"|Division 1||37||2
|-
|1971/72||32||1
|-
|1972/73||38||0
|-
|1973/74||27||0
|-
|1974/75||35||3
|-
|1975/76||36||0
|-
|1976/77||34||1
|-
|1977/78||7||0
|-
|1977/78||rowspan="4"|Strasbourg||rowspan="4"|Division 1||30||1
|-
|1978/79||37||2
|-
|1979/80||38||1
|-
|1980/81||23||0
|-
|1981/82||Paris Saint-Germain||Division 1||19||1
|-
|1982/83||rowspan="2"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="2"|Division 1||18||2
|-
|1983/84||22||1
|-
|1984/85||rowspan="2"|Mulhouse||rowspan="2"|Division 2||12||0
|-
|1985/86||1||0
446||15
446||15
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1973||1||0
|-
|1974||0||0
|-
|1975||2||0
|-
|1976||3||0
|-
|1977||0||0
|-
|1978||0||0
|-
|1979||2||0
|-
!Total||8||0
|}

References
References

1952 births
Footballers from Lyon
French football managers
Living people
France at the 2006 FIFA World Cup
France at the 2010 FIFA World Cup
Acritarchs are early microfossils, the remains, probably, of eukaryote cells. It is the resistant single-layered cell walls, or perhaps a cover secreted by cell walls, that we see in early rocks of the Proterozoic era. These structures are organic in their chemical composition, not calcium carbonate. Their precise nature is not known, but they look like the resting stages of modern dinoflagellates (the 'red tide' organisms).

"These microfossils represent the resting stage in the reproductive cycle of eukaryote algae".p258
Acritarchs appear in quantity in organic-rich shales and siltstone strata 1.4 to 1.6 billion years old.p57 They include a wide range of forms, so it is not clear whether or not they are monophyletic. At about 1 billion years ago they started to increase in abundance, diversity, and especially size and number of spines. Their populations crashed during the Cryogenian period 860 million years ago (the Snowball Earth episodes). They proliferated in the Cambrian explosion and reached their highest diversity in the Palaeozoic. They survived at least until the Ordovician period.p256

The increased spininess possibly resulted from the need for defence against predators large enough to swallow them or tear them apart. Other groups of small organisms from the Neoproterozoic era also show signs of anti-predator defences.
Recent discovery 
A recent discovery has greatly extended our knowledge of acritarchs. Large (50μm) acritarchs have been found in silica-based rocks of Archaean age in South Africa. These rocks date to 3,200 million years ago, which makes them the second oldest life to be found as fossils. The earliest are cyanobacteria found in stromatolites.

The significance of this is that acritarchs are eukaryotes. This means that eukaryotes were present at least 1.5 billion years earlier than had been supposed.

References 

Protista
Fossils
Issey Morgan Nakajima-Farran  (born 16 May 1984) is a Canadian soccer player who plays as a winger for Toronto FC in Major League Soccer.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003||Albirex Niigata||J. League 2||0||0

|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Albirex Niigata Singapore||rowspan="2"|S. League||22||12
|-
|2005||23||14

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Vejle||First Division||15||7
|-
|2006/07||Superliga||29||6
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Nordsjælland||rowspan="2"|Superliga||30||7
|-
|2008/09||16||1
|-
|2009/10||Horsens||First Division||||
0||0
45||26
90||21
135||47
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||8||1
|-
|2009||3||0
|-
!Total||19||1
|}

References

1984 births
Canadian footballers
Living people
Sportspeople from Calgary
is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002||Shizuoka Sangyo University||Football League||16||0||0||0||16||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="5"|J. League 2||14||0||0||0||14||0
|-
|2007||14||0||1||0||15||0
|-
|2008||4||0||3||0||7||0
|-
|2009||5||0||1||0||6||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||
53||0||5||0||58||0
53||0||5||0||58||0
|}

References

Other websites
 Toshimitsu Asai at Guardian.co.uk 

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
Japanese association football goalkeepers
Sediment is made of small particles deposited in water or on land. After deposition, sediments may stay in their new place a long time and be covered by newer sediments. Pressure may slowly transform sediment into sedimentary rocks. 

The word sediment is also used for material transported by wind or water, and deposited on the surface. Sediments are often eroded again and deposited in a new place. The study of how sedimentary rocks are formed is called sedimentology.

In more general use, sediment is any matter which falls to the bottom of a liquid, such as beer.

References 

 
Sedimentology