Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Reports by the Sydney Morning Herald suggested that napalm has been used in the Iraq War by US forces. The U.S. Department of Defense denied this. In August 2003, the San Diego Union Tribune said that U.S. Marine pilots and their commanders confirmed the use of Mark 77 firebombs on Iraqi Republican Guards during the start of combat. Official denials of the use of 'napalm' were, however, disingenuous, as the Mk 77 bomb that is currently in service at this time, the Mk 77 Mod 5, does not use actual napalm (e.g. napalm-B). The last U.S. bomb to use actual napalm was the Mark 77 Mod 4, the last of which were destroyed in March 2001. The substance used now is a different incendiary mixture. It is sufficiently analogous in its effects that it is still a controversial incendiary, and can still be referred to colloquially as 'napalm.'
"We napalmed both those (bridge) approaches," said Col. Randolph Alles in a recent interview. "Unfortunately, there were people there because you could see them in the (cockpit) video." (...) "They were Iraqi soldiers there. It's no great way to die," he added. (...) The generals love napalm. ... It has a big psychological effect." - San Diego Union-Tribune, August 2003

These bombs did not actually have napalm in them. The napalm-B (super napalm) used in Vietnam was gasoline based. The Mk-77 firebombs used in the Gulf were kerosene based. It is, however, a napalm-like liquid in its effect.

Recipes how to make napalm-like substances can be found on the Internet. Very often, the recipes say that they will make a thick substance using gasoline, with soap or polystyrene as a thickening agent. However, inexperienced people following these instructions often handle the substance improperly and cause accidents. In addition, making incendiary devices is illegal in many countries.

Composition
Composition 

Napalm usually has gasoline with correct thickening agents. The first thickeners were soaps, aluminum, and magnesium palmitates and stearates. Depending on how much thickener is added, the resulting viscosity can range between syrupy liquid and thick rubbery gel. The content of long hydrocarbon chains makes the material highly hydrophobic (resistant to wetting with water), making it more difficult to extinguish(remove fire). Thickened fuel also bounce better, so it is better for missions in urban places.

There are two types of napalm: oil-based with aluminium soap thickener, and oil-based with polymeric thickener ("napalm-B").
The United States military uses three types of thickeners: M1, M2, and M4.
 The M1 Thickener (Mil-t-589a), chemically a mixture of 25% wt. aluminum naphthenate, 25% aluminum oleate, and 50% aluminum laurate, (or, according to other sources, aluminium stearate soap) is a highly hygroscopic coarse tan-colored powder. As the water content lowers the quality of napalm, thickener from open containers should not be used later. It is not continued in the US Army inventory any more as it was replaced with M4.
 The M2 Thickener (Mil-t-0903025b) is a whitish powder similar to M1, with added devolatilized silica and anti-caking agent.
 The M4 flame fuel thickening compound (Mil-t-50009a), hydroxyl aluminum bis(2-ethylhexanoate) with anti-caking agent, is a fine white powder. It is less hygroscopic than M1 and opened containers can be opened and closed and also used within one day. About half the amount of M4 is needed for the same effect as of M1.
A later type of napalm, napalm-B, also called "super napalm", has low-octane gasoline, benzene and polystyrene in it. It was used in the Vietnam War. Napalm B burns for up to 10 minutes with fewer fireballs. This is different conventional napalm, which burns for only 15–30 seconds. It also sticks better to surfaces, and can destroy things better. It is not as easy to light on fire. This lowers the number of accidents caused by soldiers smoking. It gives a unique smell when it burns.

Starting in the early 1990s, various websites including The Anarchist Cookbook advertised recipes for homemade napalm. These recipes were predominantly equal parts gasoline and styrofoam. This mixture closely resembles that of napalm-B, but lacks a percentage of benzene.

Napalm reaches burning temperatures of approximately 1,200 °C (2,200 °F). Other additives can be added, e.g. powdered aluminium or magnesium, or white phosphorus.
In popular culture 
Napalm itself became well known by the American public after it was used in the Vietnam war. Since then, it has been mentioned in the media and arts many times. Some of the examples are:
 In the film Apocalypse Now, assault helicopter pilot Colonel Kilgore (Robert Duvall) famously says "I love the smell of napalm in the morning... It smells like... victory."
 In the American newspaper comic Calvin and Hobbes, Calvin's favorite comic book superhero (and a character he wants to become) is Captain Napalm. To add an aspect of irony (especially when considered with the usage of napalm in Apocalypse Now), the motto for Captain Napalm is "Defender of the American Way".
 In the film An Officer and a Gentleman, Sgt. Foley (Louis Gossett, Jr.) leads a quick-step march with a cadence call that has the chorus, "And napalm sticks to kids!", a real U.S. Air Force cadence call at the time.
 In Skippy's list, item 58 is '“Napalm sticks to kids” is *not* a motivational phrase.'
In the film Fight Club, the screenwriters were originally going to have Tyler Durden (played by Brad Pitt) recite a working recipe for napalm. However, after questions of safety were brought to the attention of the producers, they substituted his lines with a fake recipe claiming it to be equal parts of gasoline and orange juice concentrate. Contrary to popular belief, the original recipes in the Fight Club book were also modified by its publisher. The book's altered recipes claim that, in addition to orange juice, mixing equal parts gasoline and diet cola, or thickening gasoline with cat litter, will work.
 In the 1973 Japanese kaiju film Godzilla vs. Megalon, the enemy Megalon, was shown to be able to spit napalm bombs that explode on contact.
 There is a metal band called Napalm Death.
Related pages
 Flame fougasse
 Phan Thị Kim Phúc

Notes

Other websites 

 Tracking Wildfire 

Incendiary weapons
The Midwestern United States (or Midwest) is a name for the north-central states of the United States of America. The Midwest is composed  of Nebraska, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin. Oklahoma and Kentucky are occasionally considered Midwestern, but this definitely is questioned by scholars, whom refer to those regions, along with Missouri to be border states - those consisting of southern and Midwestern traits. The word Midwest has been in common use since the late 19th century. Other names for the area are no longer used. These names include the "Northwest" or "Old Northwest", "Mid-America," or "the Heartland".
The land in the Midwest is generally thought of as consisting of rolling hills with some mountainous and flat regions like the Great Plains states. The far northern part of the Upper Mississippi valley is known as the Driftless Area, a region of very rugged hills centered primarily western Wisconsin, though the region includes small parts of northeast Iowa, Southeast Minnesota, and northwest Illinois. The Ocooch Mountains of Wisconsin contain the highest peaks in the Driftless Region. Also, the northern part of the Ozark mountain range is in southern Missouri. Prairies cover most of the states west of the Mississippi River, with buttes, rugged rocky areas, and hills in western North Dakota and South Dakota (Theodore Roosevelt National Park and Badlands National Park), and the foothills of the Rockies in western Kansas and Nebraska. Less rain falls in the western Midwest than in the eastern part. This causes different types of prairies
. Most of the Midwest can now be called either "urban areas" or "agricultural areas". Areas in northern Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin, and the Ohio River valley are not very developed.
Chicago is the largest city in the region, followed by Detroit and Indianapolis. Some other important cities in the region are: Minneapolis-St. Paul, Cleveland, St. Louis, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Columbus, Des Moines, and Madison.

Culture 
Midwesterners are sometimes viewed as open, friendly, and straightforward, or sometimes  as stubborn and uncultured. People view the Midwest as a very open place with lots of corn and wheat, very dry crops and sometimes simple people. Midwest values were shaped by religious beliefs and the agricultural values from the people who settled in the area. The Midwest today is a mix of Protestantism and Calvinism, untrusting of authority and power.
Between 19 and 29% of the Midwest is Catholic. 14% of the people in Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, 22% in Missouri and 5% in Minnesota are Baptists. 22-24% of people in Wisconsin and Minnesota are Lutherans. 1% or less of the people in the Midwest are Jewish and Muslim, with slightly more Jewish or Muslim people in major cities, such as Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland. 16% of the Midwest's population do not follow any religion.

Because of 20th century African American migration from the South, many African Americans live in most of the area's large cities. However, there are still more African Americans living in the Southern United States than in the Midwest. The mix of industry and cultures in those cities led to new types of music in the 20th century in the Midwest, including jazz, blues, rock and roll. Jazz was invented in New Orleans, but started to develop and grow in Kansas City. Techno music came from Detroit and house music and blues came from Chicago.
Today the population of the Midwest is 65,971,974, or 22.2% of the total population of the United States.

Politics 
Politics in the Midwest is divided, although if you include Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri and the Dakotas in it leans conservative. With some states leaning liberal and many others conservative. The Great Lakes area, which has more large cities than the rest of the Midwest, tends to be the most liberal area of the Midwest. However, the rural Great Plains states, are more conservative. Traditionally, the larger cities tend to lean to the left while those in the rural countryside lean farther right.

US Senate 
As of 2020, in the Senate, Illinois, Michigan, and Minnesota are each represented by 2 Democrats. Ohio, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania are represented by 1 Democrat and 1 Republican each. The Dakotas, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa and Nebraska are all represented by 2 Republicans each. The final tally is 9 Democrats and 15 Republicans.

State Legislatures
As of 2020, Minnesota's is the only state legislature in the nation where 1 house is controlled by Republicans and the other by Democrats. Illinois´s is the only state legislature in the Midwest where both houses are controlled by Democrats; all the other states have Republican-controlled legislatures.

Accents 
The accents of the Midwest are often clearly different from the accents of the South and many urban areas of the American Northeast. The accent of most of the Midwest is thought by many to be "standard" American English. Many national radio and television shows in the U.S. like this accent more than many other accents. This may have started because many television show hosts — such as Walter Cronkite, Johnny Carson, David Letterman, Tom Brokaw and Casey Kasem — came from this area.
In some parts of the Midwest, the accents are quite different from the "neutral" accent of the rest of the Midwest. These accents usually are because of the  of the area. For example, Minnesota, western Wisconsin and Michigan's Upper Peninsula have strong Scandinavian accents, which get stronger the farther north one goes. Many parts of Michigan have Dutch-flavored accents. Also, people from Chicago are known to have their own "" accent. The same is true of St. Louis. In the most southern parts of the Midwest, such as southern Indiana, Southern accents are common in addition to the standard Midwest accent. The same can be said of Southern Illinois, particularly below U.S. Highway 50 and south of St. Louis. Missouri is also an example of a Midwest state with southern culture. Missourians usually have either a Southern or Midwestern accent, or a combined dialect of both, but accents tend to be distinctly Southern in the Southeastern and Bootheel sections of the state.

References
Further reading 
Buley, R. Carlyle. The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period 1815-1840 2 vol (1951), Pulitzer Prize
 Cayton, Andrew R. L. Midwest and the Nation (1990)
 Cayton, Andrew R. L. and Susan E. Gray, Eds. The American Midwest: Essays on Regional History. (2001)
 Frederick; John T. ed. Out of the Midwest: A Collection of Present-Day Writing (1944) literary excerpts
 Garland, John H. The North American Midwest: A Regional Geography (1955)
 Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896 (1971)
 Fred A. Shannon, "The Status of the Midwestern Farmer in 1900". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. Vol. 37, No. 3. (Dec., 1950), pp. 491–510. in JSTOR
 Richard Sisson, Christian Zacher, and Andrew Cayton, eds. The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia (Indiana University Press, 2006), 1916 pp of articles by scholars on all topics covering the 12 states; 
 Terre Haute Tribune-Star (West Central news daily)
Meyer, David R. "Midwestern Industrialization and the American Manfucaturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century". Vol. 49, No. 4 (Dec., 1989) pp. 921–937. The Journal of Economic History, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2122744.
Other websites 
Midwestern United States Holidays  - Travel guide
Gangs in the Midwestern United States 4

 
Census Regions of the United States
Maynard James Keenan (born James Herbert Keenan on April 17, 1964) is an American rock singer, songwriter, musician, and producer. He sings in the band Tool, and also in the band A Perfect Circle. He has a side project called Puscifer.

Early life
James Herbert Keenan was born in Ravenna, Ohio on April 17, 1964. His mother is Judith and his father is Michael, who was a high school teacher. Keenan's parents divorced when he was three years old, and Michael moved away. Keenan did not see him very much for the next 12 years. Later, his mother married someone else. He was mean and did not allow Keenan to be creative. When Keenan was 11, his mother, Judith, had a brain aneurysm that paralyzed her. Two years later, she told Keenan to move to Michigan with his father.

The Army
The Army

Keenan joined the United States Army after he graduated from high school. He wanted to use the G.I. Bill to go to art school. He joined the United States Military Academy Preparatory School (West Point Prep School) where he picked up the nickname "Maynard". He did very well in his training, but said no to an offer to stay in the Army and work at West Point. He decided to start his music career instead.

Art
After being honorably discharged from the Army, Keenan went back to Michigan to go to art school. Then, in 1988, he moved to Los Angeles, California to help design the inside of pet stores. He was fired from this job and then worked creating movie sets. He also played bass guitar in a band and sang for another band.
Music career
Keenan started playing music soon after leaving art school. He and Adam Jones formed Tool. Keenan formed A Perfect Circle in 1999. They had 4 albums: Mer De Noms, The Thirteenth Step, eMOTIVe and Eat the Elephant. He then left again to be with his family. He now has a vineyard where he makes wine but still takes tours for his working side project; Puscifer. Tool released an album in 2019 named Fear Inoculum.

Tool
Keenan met Adam Jones in Los Angeles. They started the band Tool in 1990. The band's line up later became Keenan as singer, Jones playing guitar, Danny Carey playing drums, and Paul D'Amour playing bass. When D'Amour left the band, Justin Chancellor took his place. Tool signed to Zoo Entertainment in November 1991.

References

Other websites
MaynardJamesKeenan.com, currently redirecting to the Puscifer website

Wine Spectator Online , where Maynard maintains a running blog about wine collecting and winemaking.
American rock guitarists
American rock singers
Musicians from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Singers from Grand Rapids, Michigan
Singers from Ohio
Musicians from Ohio
Singers from Los Angeles
Musicians from Los Angeles
American heavy metal musicians
1964 births
Living people
Tool (band)
Naphtha is the name for a number of intermediary products that occur when refining crude oil. They are liquid hydrocarbons. They are used to produce high octane gasoline products. The petrochemical industry also uses them to make olefins and solvents.

Typical naphtas are used for:
Solvents in cleaning fluid.
As an ingredient of Shoe polish.
As an ingredient for some of the fuels used in lighters.
Possibly one of the things in Greek fire.

Hydrocarbons
Lukas Podolski () born 4 June 1985 in Gliwice, Poland) is a Polish born German football player. He plays for Köln. From 2004 until 2006, he played for Köln. He has plays Germany national team.

He is known for his fashion during press conferences. He often wears button down shirts and polished shoes. He has a girlfriend named Monika and they have a son. Their son's name is Louis, he was born in April 2008.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Köln||Bundesliga||19||10||1||0||colspan="2"|-||20||10
|-
|2004/05||2. Bundesliga||30||24||2||5||colspan="2"|-||32||29
|-
|2005/06||Bundesliga||32||12||1||0||colspan="2"|-||33||12
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||22||4||3||2||7||1||32||7
|-
|2007/08||25||5||4||0||12||5||41||10
|-
|2008/09||24||6||3||1||4||2||31||9
|-
|2009/10||Köln||Bundesliga||||||||||||||||
152||61||14||8||23||8||189||77
152||61||14||8||23||8||189||77
|}

International career statistics
|-
|2004||8||2
|-
|2005||12||8
|-
|2006||17||12
|-
|2007||7||2
|-
|2008||16||7
|-
|2009||9||6
|-
|2010||14||5
|-
|2011||12||1
|-
|2012||11||1
|-
|2013||5||2
|-
|2014||5||1
|-
!Total||116||47
|}

References

1985 births
Living people
German footballers
1. FC Köln players
Naphthalene is a crystalline, white hydrocarbon, with a strong smell. It is best known as the main ingredient in mothballs, urinal deodorizer blocks, and can be used as an antiseptic. In mothballs, it is used as an insecticide or pesticide.

Naphthalene is toxic. In humans, being exposed to naphthalene can destroy red blood cells. Naphthalene may also cause cancer.

History 
In the early 1820s, two different papers are published on something that matches the description of Naphthalene. Both groups made it by distilling coal tar. In 1821 John Kidd cited both reports, and condensed their results to accurately describe the properties of naphthalene, and how to make it. Kidd named it naphthalene because "naphtha"  means any explosive hydrocarbon mixture. By 1826, Michael Faraday discovered the formula for it. Emil Erlenmeyer proposes that it is two fused benzene rings in 1866, and Carl Gräbe confirms this three years later.

References

Other websites 
Naphthalene (PIM 363) - mostly on toxicity of naphthalene
MySQL is a database system used by many websites on the Internet. It is based on SQL. Many ways of doing things in SQL are similar in MySQL. The data is structured in tables in MySQL. And to extract data from the tables queries are used. 

For example: SELECT id_number FROM main_database WHERE name='John' 

This query will return the 'id_number' of the person named 'John' from the table named 'main_database'.

History 

MySQL was first released in May 1995 and a Windows version was released in January 1998. The latest version (5.6.11) was released in April 2013.

Compatibility 

MySQL is compatible with many major programming languages. The most common one is PHP. An ODBC interface (called MyODBC) has been made so that users of Microsoft's ASP language can use MySQL.

Major users 

Some of the largest MySQL users on the internet include:

 Apple
 Amazon.com
 Digg
 Google

Many PHP scripts also use MySQL. These include:

 WordPress
 phpBB
 MediaWiki - the software behind Wikipedia

Related pages
 PHP

Notes
Notes 

Free software
Databases
Sun Microsystems
Oracle Corporation
Cross-platform software
White phosphorus  is an incendiary weapon. It makes a bright light and smoke. Its main ingredient is one of the allotropes of the chemical element phosphorus. White phosphorus is toxic to humans. It can burn deep into soft tissue, it can be breathed in, or it can be ingested (eaten). Over time, these can cause death.

The use of incendiary weapons against civilians is forbidden since 1949. They were used by U.S. forces in Iraq in 2004.
White phosphorous was also used for smoke cover by the Israeli Army during Operation Cast Lead in the Gaza Strip during the 2008-2009 war between Israel and Hamas.  

Incendiary weapons
Miroslav Klose (born June 9 1978 in Opole, Poland) is a Polish born German football player. From 1999 until 2004 he played for Kaiserslautern and from 2004 until 2007 for Werder Bremen. In 2007 changed to Bayern Munich. In 2011, he left Bayern Munich and joined the Italian team Lazio. On the Germany national team he has played in 137 matches since 2001 and scored 71 goals.

Klose is a great player known for his heading skills and he is currently the all-time top scorer of the Germany national football team with 71 goals. He is also the all-time leading goal scorer of the FIFA World Cup after beating Ronaldo's record in the semi-final against Brazil.

Club career statistics
|-
|1998/99||Homburg||Regionalliga||20||11||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||20||11
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Kaiserslautern||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||2||0
|-
|2000/01||29||9||2||0||12||2||43||11
|-
|2001/02||31||16||4||0||colspan="2"|—||35||16
|-
|2002/03||32||9||4||4||colspan="2"|—||36||13
|-
|2003/04||26||10||1||1||2||1||29||12
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||32||15||4||0||8||2||44||17
|-
|2005/06||26||25||3||2||7||3||36||30
|-
|2006/07||31||13||1||0||13||2||45||15
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="4"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||27||10||6||5||12||5||42||20
|-
|2008/09||26||10||4||3||8||7||38||20
|-
|2009/10||25||3||5||2||8||1||38||6
|-
|2010/11||20||1||4||3||2||1||26||5

|-
|2011/12||rowspan="5"|Lazio||rowspan="5"|Serie A||27||13||2||0||6||3||35||16
|-
|2012/13||29||15||2||0||5||1||36||16
|-
|2013/14||25||7||0||0||3||1||28||8
|-
|2014/15||34||13||6||3||colspan=2|—||40||16
|-
|2015/16||24||7||1||0||4||1||29||8
327||132||38||20||72||24||434||176
139||55||11||3||18||6||168||64
466||187||49||23||90||30||602||240
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||7||2
|-
|2002||17||12
|-
|2003||10||1
|-
|2004||11||5
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||17||13
|-
|2007||5||3
|-
|2008||15||8
|-
|2009||6||4
|-
|2010||12||10
|-
|2011||8||5
|-
|2012||13||4
|-
|2013||3||1
|-
|2014||7||3
|-
|Total||137||71
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
2014 FIFA World Cup players
German footballers
Mothballs are small balls of chemical pesticide and deodorant.They are used when clothing and other articles susceptible to damage from mold or moth larvae are stored. Older mothballs were made primarily of naphthalene. Because naphthalene can catch fire easily, modern mothballs use 1,4-dichlorobenzene instead. Both of these ingredients have a strong, pungent smell often associated strongly with mothballs. Camphor, an insect repellent, can also be used in mothballs.

Their use when clothing is stored out-of-season led to the colloquial usage of the terms mothballed and put into mothballs to refer to anything which is put into storage or whose operation is suspended. Some claim that the use of the word in this sense derives from naval usage. When warships were laid up, the open ends of their gun barrels and other openings were covered in white material to prevent the entry of water. These white circles suggested mothballs.

Insecticides
Oliver Rolf Kahn (; born 15 June 1969) is a former German football player. He played as a goalkeeper for Bayern Munich. From 1988 until 1994, Kahn played for Karlsruhe. He has played 86 matches for the Germany national team.

After 2006 FIFA World Cup, he retired from the national team. After the season 2007/2008 he ended his career and stopped playing for his club Bayern Munich, too.

Kahn has won several titles with Bayern München, among them are the UEFA champions league, the UEFA cup, the intercontinental cup, eight national championships and six national cups.

He was the first-choice goalkeeper in the Germany national football team which was the runner-up at the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Kahn's nicknames are "King Kahn" and "The Titan".

Career statistics

Club

1.Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup.
2.Includes German Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and Intercontinental Cup.

International
Source:

References
References

1969 births
Living people
German association football goalkeepers
People from Karlsruhe
Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
Timo Hidebrand (born 5 April 1979 in Worms, Germany) is a German football player. He played Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="8"|Stuttgart||rowspan="8"|Bundesliga||6||0||0||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|2000/01||32||0||5||0||6||0||43||0
|-
|2001/02||31||0||3||0||0||0||34||0
|-
|2002/03||20||0||1||0||4||0||25||0
|-
|2003/04||34||0||0||0||8||0||42||0
|-
|2004/05||34||0||3||0||7||0||44||0
|-
|2005/06||31||0||2||0||6||0||31||0
|-
|2006/07||33||0||6||0||0||0||39||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Valencia||rowspan="2"|La Liga||26||0||3||0||3||0||32||0
|-
|2008/09||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Hoffenheim||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||10||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
231||0||20||0||31||0||282||0
26||0||3||0||3||0||32||0
257||0||23||0||34||0||314||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||1||0
|-
|2006||2||0
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

References
References

1979 births
Living people
German association football goalkeepers
People from Worms, Germany
Sportspeople from Rhineland-Palatinate
Philipp Lahm (; born 11 November 1983) is a German retired football player. He was a former defender for Bayern Munich.

Career club statistics

Club

1.Includes German Cup.
2.Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup.
3.Includes German League Cup, German Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup.

International career statistics

|-
|2004||15||1
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||15||1
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||15||1
|-
|2009||11||0
|-
|2010||12||1
|-
|2011||10||0
|-
|2012||10||1
|-
|2013||9||0
|-
|2014||9||0
|-
!Total||113||5
|}

Honours

Club

Bayern Munich 

 Fußball-Bundesliga (6): 2002–03, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14
 DFB-Pokal (6): 2002–03, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14
 DFL-Ligapokal (1): 2007
 DFL-Supercup (2): 2010, 2012
 UEFA Champions League (1): 2012–13
 UEFA Super Cup (1): 2013
 FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2013

National team 

 FIFA World Cup (1): 2014

References
References

1983 births
Living people
Association football defenders
Association football full-backs
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
German footballers
Sportspeople from Munich
Valencia C.F. is a football team in Spain.

Title 
 La Liga : 6
 1941/42, 1943/44, 1946/47, 1970/71, 2001/02, 2003/04
 Copa del Rey : 6
 1941, 1949, 1954, 1967, 1979, 1999
 Spain Supercup : 2
 1949, 1999
 Europepokal of the Pokalwinners : 1
 1980
 UEFA-Cup : 3
 1962, 1963, 2004
 Europe Supercup : 2
 1980, 2004
 UI-Cup : 1
 1998

League position

Former position

Player 
Goalkeeper:
 25 -  Ludovic Butelle (since 2004) 

Defence:
 02 -  Luís Miguel Brito Garcia Monteiro (since 2005) 
 03 -  Asier del Horno Cosgaya (since 2006) 
 05 -  Carlos Marchena López (since 2001) 
 17 -  David Navarro Pedrós (since 2001) 
 20 -  Raúl Albiol Tortajada (since 2003) 
 23 -  Cristóbal Emilio Torres Ruiz, called "Curro Torres" (since 2001) 
 24 -  Emiliano Moretti (since 2004) 
 26 -  David Cerrajería Rubio 
 29 -  David Córcoles Alcaraz
Midfield:
 06 -  David Albelda Aliques (captain) (since 1997) 
 08 -  Rubén Baraja Vegas (since 2000) 
 11 -  Mario Ignacio Regueiro Pintos (since 2005) 
 14 -  Vicente Rodríguez Guillén (since 2000) 
 15 -  Joaquín Sánchez Rodríguez (since 2006) 
 16 -  Hugo Miguel Ferreira Viana (since 2005) 
 18 -  Jorge López Montaña (since 2003) 
 19 -  Jaime Gavilán Martínez (since 2006) 
 21 -  David Jiménez Silva (back since 2006) 
 22 -  Eduardo César Daud Gaspar, called "Edu" (since 2005) 
 30 -  Nacho Insa Bohigues (since 2006) 
 31 -  Miguel Pallardó González 

Attack:
 07 -  David Villa Sánchez (since 2005) 
 09 -  Fernando Morientes Sánchez (since 2006) 
 10 -  Miguel Ángel Angulo Valderrey (since 1997) 
 34 -  Javier Guerra Rodriguez (since 2006)

Spanish football clubs
Valencia
1919 establishments in Europe
1910s establishments in Spain
Bastian Schweinsteiger (born 1 August 1984, in Kolbermoor, Germany) is a German football player. He plays as midfielder for Chicago Fire and the Germany national team. He has a brother, Tobias, who is also a footballer and is playing for Unterhaching on loan in the third German league. As of 11 July 2015, Schweinsteiger was transferred under a disclosed fee to Manchester United after Bayern CEO Karl-Heinz Rummenigge announced the transfer in a press conference. Schweinsteiger has been in a relationship with Ana Ivanovic since September 2014. The couple married on 12 July 2016 in Venice.

Career

Club
Schweinsteiger signed with Bayern Munich as a youth team player on 1 July 1998 and soon was successful with the youth teams and the second team. He made his debut in the first team as substitute in an UEFA Championsleague match versus  RC Lens in November 2002. onla a short time later he signed a professional contract for the first team.  He shot his first Bayern goal against VfL Wolfsburg in September 2003.
At the beginning of the 2005/06 season he was sent back to the second team but soon came back. Over the next three seasons, up until the end of 2007–08, Schweinsteiger made 135 appearances in all competitions for Bayern Munich (UEFA Champions League, Bundesliga and German Cup), scoring 10 goals. In December 2010, he prolonged his contract with Bayern until 2016. However, in July 2015 Schweinsteiger made a move to Manchester United.

International
Schweinsteiger made his international debut in 2004 in a friendly against Hungary. Since that time he played regularly in the German football national team. He was member of the Euro 2004 and 2008 - and  World Cup 2006, 2010 and 2014 squads.

International goals

Club career statistics 

1.Statistics includes DFL-Supercup.

International career statistics 

|-
|2004||10||0
|-
|2005||14||4
|-
|2006||18||9
|-
|2007||6||0
|-
|2008||15||4
|-
|2009||10||2
|-
|2010||12||2
|-
|2011||6||2
|-
|2012||7||0
|-
|2013||3||0
|-
|2014||7||0
|-
!Total||107||23
|}

Honours
Honours

Club: Manchester United F.C
Bayern Munich Junior Team
Under 17 Bundesliga (1): 2001
Under 19 Bundesliga (1): 2002

Bayern Munich II
Regionalliga Süd (1): 2004

Bayern Munich
 Bundesliga (5): 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13
 DFB-Pokal (5): 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10
 DFB-Ligapokal (2): 2004, 2007
 DFB-Supercup (1): 2010
 UEFA Champions League (1): 2012–13
 FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2013
 UEFA Super Cup (1): 2013

International
Germany
 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place: 2005
 FIFA World Cup Third Place: 2006 & 2010
 UEFA European Football Championship Runner-up: 2008

Individual
 FIFA World Cup All Star Team: 2010
Silbernes Lorbeerblatt (2): 2006, 2010

References 

1984 births
Living people
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
German footballers
Manchester United F.C. players
Sportspeople from Bavaria
UEFA Euro 2004 players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
UEFA Euro 2012 players
UEFA Euro 2016 players
The Feller Bach is a right tributary of the Moselle River in Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany). Its source is in the Hunsrück mountains. It flows through the villages Lorscheid (Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer), Fell and Riol (Verbandsgemeinde Schweich). It joins the Moselle in Riol.  

At the left there is the Thommer Bach in the Nossernvalley with the Fell Exhibition Slate Mine (Besucherbergwerk Fell).

Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Rivers of Germany
Per Mertesacker (born 29 September 1984 in Hanover, West Germany) is a German football player. Before that, he played for Hannover. He played for the German national team.

Club career statistics 

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Hannover||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||13||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2004/05||31||2||4||1||colspan="2"|-||35||3
|-
|2005/06||30||5||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||5
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||25||2||0||0||10||2||35||4
|-
|2007/08||32||1||3||0||9||0||44||1
|-
|2008/09||23||2||3||1||13||1||39||4
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
154||12||14||2||32||3||200||17
154||12||14||2||32||3||200||17
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||14||1
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||10||0
|-
|2008||13||0
|-
|2009||7||0
|-
|2010||14||0
|-
|2011||6||0
|-
|2012||6||1
|-
|2013||10||2
|-
|2014||9||0
|-
!Total||104||4
|}

References 

1984 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from Hanover
Bernd Schneider (born 17 November 1973 in Jena, Germany) is a former German footballer. He played for Germany national team.

Club career

Schneider started his professional career at local Carl Zeiss Jena, going on to help the East German outfit to remain five consecutive seasons in the second division; his debut came on 13 August 1991, playing ten minutes in a 1–3 loss at Darmstadt 98.

Schneider then played one season at Eintracht Frankfurt, subsequently moving to Bayer Leverkusen, and establishing himself as an important player for both club and country. In 1999–2000 and 2001–02, he was helpful in Bayer's 2nd-place finish in the Fußball-Bundesliga. He also appeared 19 times in the side reached the 2002 Champions League Final.
More a creator than a finisher, Schneider scored a career-best ten league goals in the 2003–04 season, making him the highest-scoring midfielder in that year's competition, alongside Johan Micoud; Leverkusen finished third and, during the following season, Schneider extended his contract a few more years.

After two more seasons in which he scored ten goals and achieved 18 assists in 60 matches, Schneider began suffering back-to-back injuries: first the calf, then the back, not appearing for almost the entire 2008–09 season due to the injuries. He only managed to return to action on 16 May 2009, playing the last 20 minutes of a 5–0 home win against Borussia Mönchengladbach. The following month, he announced his retirement because he could not fully recover from the injuries.

International career statistics

|-
|1999||5||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||14||1
|-
|2003||10||0
|-
|2004||14||0
|-
|2005||14||0
|-
|2006||16||2
|-
|2007||5||1
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
!Total||81||4
|}

References
References

1973 births
Living people
German footballers
People from Jena
Sportspeople from Thuringia
David Odonkor (born February 21, 1984 in Bünde, Germany) is a German football player. At the moment, he plays for Real Betis Balompié. Until 2006, he was playing for Borussia Dortmund. For the Germany national team he has played 16 matches and made 1 goal.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="6"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||2||0
|-
|2002/03||6||0
|-
|2003/04||25||1
|-
|2004/05||7||0
|-
|2005/06||33||1
|-
|2006/07||2||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Real Betis Balompié||rowspan="3"|La Liga||13||0
|-
|2007/08||20||1
|-
|2008/09||7||0
|-
|2009/10||Segunda División||||
75||2
40||1
115||3
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2006||10||0
|-
|2007||3||1
|-
|2008||3||0
|-
!Total||16||1
|}

References

1984 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia
History
BET was founded by Robert L. Johnson on January 25, 1980. The network started out as a two-hour Friday night show on the USA Network each week. It was on from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m. (EST). They mostly showed older movies and music videos. In May of that year, BET started showing Black collegiate sporting events. In November 1980, BET added two half-hour shows, Black Showcase and The Bobby Jones Gospel Show. On June 26, 1983, BET started showing Video Soul, a music video series. On October 1 of the same year, BET started broadcasting 24 hours daily with help from Home Box Office.  In the later years, BET has moved from having a variety of Black entertainment to mostly showing music videos around the clock.

Television

References

Other websites 
Official Site
BETJ
BET's Corporate Home (includes historical timeline) 

African-American history
American television networks
Viacom
1980 establishments in the United States
African-American people
CMT (Country Music Television) is an American country music cable television channel. Some of the programs on the channel include country music videos, taped concerts, movies, biographies of country music stars, game shows, and reality programs.

References

Other websites 

American television channels
Country music
MTV
1983 establishments in the United States
John William "Johnny" Carson (October 23, 1925 – January 23, 2005) was an American television host and comedian, known for thirty years as host of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962–1992).

Early life and career
Carson was born in Corning, Iowa, in 1925, to Homer Lloyd "Kit" Carson, a power company manager, and Ruth (Hook) Carson, who was of Irish ancestry. He grew up in the nearby towns of Avoca, Clarinda, and Red Oak in southwest Iowa before moving to Norfolk, Nebraska, at the age of eight. At the age of twelve, Carson found a book on magic at a friend's house and immediately purchased a mail-order magician's kit. He debuted as "The Great Carsoni" at age 14 and he was paid US$3; many other performances at local picnics and country fairs followed.

Carson joined the U.S. Navy on June 8, 1943, received V-12 officer training at Columbia University and Millsaps College, and continued to perform magic.
Death
Carson died in West Hollywood, California from respiratory failure caused by emphysema, aged 79.

References

Other websites

Official website for The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson
 at Salon
 at The New Republic
Tynan, Kenneth. 1978 profile, The New Yorker
The Johnny Carson Show, USA Today
Martin, Steve. Posthumous Letter to Carson, The New York Times
Watch on line either clips from or entire program Johnny Carson King of Late Night - Watch The Full Documentary  pbs.org Includes a page on the making of the documentary.
Episodes and highlights of the Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson are available on DVD at http://JohnnyCarson.com, on iTunes at http://itunes.com/JohnnyCarson, and on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/JohnnyCarson
Follow Johnny Carson on Twitter at https://twitter.com/JohnnyCarson and Facebook at http://facebook.com/JohnnyCarson.

Obituaries
Obituary at CNN
Obituary  at MSNBC
Wolcott, James. Obituary , Vanity Fair
1925 births
2005 deaths
Actors from Iowa
American television actors
American television talk show hosts
Comedians from Iowa
Deaths from emphysema
Deaths from respiratory failure
Disease-related deaths in the United States
Kennedy Center honorees
Emmy Award winners
Peabody Award winners
TNT is a Norwegian hard rock/heavy metal band. The band was formed in Trondheim in 1982.

Studio albums 
TNT (1982)
Knights of the New Thunder (1984)
Tell No Tales (1987)
Intuition (1989)
Realized Fantasies (1992)
Firefly (1997)
Transistor (1999)
My Religion (2004)
All the Way to the Sun (2005)
The New Territory (2007)
Atlantis (2008)
A Farewell to Arms (2010)

Other websites 
TNT - The Official Site

Norwegian heavy metal bands
Hard rock bands
Glam metal bands
Anarcho-capitalism is a political philosophy that says that governments are not needed but that private property rights are needed.

Complaints against government
Anarcho-capitalism says that governments are not needed because governments either do not work or are bad.  Anarcho-capitalists normally believe that governments are bad due to their use of force.  Anarcho-capitalists' examples of government force include:
Forcing people to pay taxes,
Forcing people to join the military,
Starting unnecessary wars,
Forcing slaves to return to their masters,
Forcing people into internment camps or concentration camps,
Telling people what they may and may not do with their own bodies (including whether they can use drugs, have voluntary sex, or gamble),
Telling people what sort of contracts they may or may not make with one another,
Telling people where they may or may not live,
Telling businesses who they may or may not hire,
Telling who people may and may not marry,
Telling people how to run their businesses,
Telling people what religious beliefs and nonviolent religious practices they may have,
Telling people what they may or may not say or write,
Telling people what they may and may not buy or sell or import or export, and
Making itself a monopoly by making private alternatives illegal.
Anarcho-capitalists say that society would be better off if the good thing government did were instead done on the free market by private individuals, private companies, charities, mutual aid societies, and voluntary unions.  Anarcho-capitalists think that people will still be safe without armies and police that are paid for with taxes, and that people will be able to protect themselves by paying people or "private defence agencies" to defend them, or by setting up neighborhood watches.  Voluntarism, which is normally included as a part of anarcho-capitalist ideology, think that when people get into fights or arguments about who owns what, people should be able to get together and decide what kind of court to go to and what kind of rules they should be judged by, instead of being forced to go to a court that the government sets up.

Meaning
Meaning

The term anarcho-capitalism was coined by Jarret B. Wollstein. Anarcho-capitalists say that the government is a thief, because it takes people's money away against their will.  They also say that governments also keep people from making trades between themselves.

Anarcho-capitalism as a form of libertarianism

Most libertarians are minarchists, which means they think that there needs to be a very small government whose only purpose is to protect people's property.  Anarcho-capitalists are different because they believe society would be better off without any government, even though they are still a kind of libertarian.
Anarcho-capitalism and anarchism
In general, anarcho-capitalism is not considered anarchism. However, like anarchists, anarcho-capitalists say they are against the whole idea of hierarchy.  Anarcho-capitalists do not define hierarchy as something that exists when one person is simply seen as being more important than another person.  Anarcho-capitalist believe hierarchy exists only when a person is given the authority to use force against a nonviolent person or that person's legitimate property.  Only when no one is allowed to use force against nonviolent people or their legitimate property are people truly equal.  They think that only then is hierarchy no more.

Anarchists are against capitalism as they think it uses force. Anarcho-capitalists support capitalism and say everything in it is consensual.
Anarchists oppose anarcho-capitalism because they do not believe any private property is legitimate.  These anarchists would say that all property is founded on the theft of the commons (unowned land and stuff).  Many anarchists don't even think that anarcho-capitalism counts as a real form of anarchism, as this critique of property goes back to some of the earliest people calling themselves anarchists.

Property
Property

Anarcho-capitalists, like other libertarians and classical liberals, only believe property is legitimate when it has been gotten in the right sort of way.  If you steal (take something from someone without their permission), or hire someone to steal on your behalf, or ask the government to steal on your behalf, the property you get is not really yours.  The real owner is still the person or people it belonged to before it was stolen.  Anarcho-capitalists say that governments do not legitimately own anything, since governments get all of their wealth through force, including taxation and counterfeiting. Because anarcho-capitalists support private property, they believe that a person can own a building or land without actually using it. They believe that these things can be protected by private security guards.
In the eyes of anarcho-capitalists, property can only be legitimately gotten in one of three ways.  The first way is through John Locke's "homestead principle," which means that something owned by no one becomes your legitimate property when you "mix your labour" with the thing.  In other words, if you come across an unowned field, and you start farming it, then the land you farm becomes your property, along with all of the crops you grow.  If someone else comes along and steals all of the crops you worked on growing, that person has committed a form of force called "theft."  The second and third ways to legitimately get property is through voluntary trade or gift.

If someone has gotten something in an illegitimate way, it is not theft to take the thing back, as long as you harm no innocent person in the process.

Non-aggression
Non-aggression

Some anarcho-capitalists are also anarcho-pacifists, but most anarcho-capitalists are not. Anarcho-pacifists, like Robert LeFevre, believe one may never use any force at all, not even in self-defence. Most anarcho-capitalists, however, believe it is okay to use defensive force as long as it is only directed against those who have used non-defensive force, and as long as it is proportional to the non-defensive force.  In other words, one may not legitimately shoot a person for stealing a stick of gum, because shooting someone is a lot more forceful than stealing the gum.

Related pages

 Anarchism
 Agorism
 Austrian School
 Autarchism

Notes

 
Libertarianism
Political movements
Walther von der Vogelweide (born about 1170; died possibly in Würzburg around 1230) was a famous German poet and composer. He was the greatest of the German Minnesinger. These were people who wrote and sang songs about courtly love. Walther himself may have added “von der Vogelweide” to his name (it means “of the bird meadow”).

The German courtly love songs that had been written at the time were all very similar, but Walther gave these songs new life and made them very beautiful. Unfortunately we do not know any of his music, because he did not write it down. But he wrote his poems down. They are very original, sometimes humorous, sometimes serious, often just gently suggesting ideas carefully.
We do not know where Walther was born, but he wrote in a document that he had learned to sing and write poetry in Austria. The dialect he spoke shows that he must have come from Bavaria or Austria. He spent some time at the court of Duke Leopold V of Babenberg in Vienna. This was about 1190. He took part in public singing contests and had long discussions with other people about love and the way it should be written about in poetry.

In about 1198, he left Vienna and spent many years travelling around, visiting courts in Europe, entertaining dukes and princes, and singing his songs. He always wrote the words himself, he never used other poets’ words. That would have made him a simple “Spielmann”, but Walther was of noble birth (he had the title “Herr”). He often spent several weeks or months in a castle where he entertained people, and where he probably also fell in love with one of the ladies. He wrote about these love-affairs in his poetry.