Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Aurelian (214–275 AD) was Roman emperor from 270 to 275.

Aurelian () came from the Balkans, part of the Roman Empire. He was a soldier in the Roman army when the emperor Claudius Gothicus promoted him to high rank. When Claudius died, his army chose Aurelian as the next emperor. Aurelian overcame a number of rebellions. His armies overcame the armies of the Gallic Empire and the Palmyrene Empire (two Roman states that formed during the Crisis of the Third Century). Aurelian joined the Roman Empire into one state again, and this was the beginning of the end of the Crisis of the Third Century.
While he was emperor, Aurelian overcame the armies of several groups of barbarians – the Goths, Vandals, Juthungi, Sarmatians, and Carpi. Aurelian increased the importance the god Sol Invictus in Roman religion and he built a temple for the god in the city of Rome. For the first time in many centuries, Rome needed a defensive wall to keep out enemies who might attack it. Aurelian's government started to build the Aurelian Walls around Rome. Aurelian's wife, Ulpia Severina, was his  (empress) after summer 274. Aurelian was murdered by some of his soldiers in autumn 275.

Early life 
The Calendar of Philocalus and the Greek historian John Malalas say that Aurelian was born on the 9 September 214. Aurelian was probably not from the nobility.

Aurelian was a soldier. He was  (a general officer with a high rank) when Claudius Gothicus was emperor. Claudius Gothicus died in Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia) in September 270 (or on 30 August).

Emperor
Emperor

270–272 
Aurelian became emperor at Sirmium in September 270. Then Aurelian's army overcame Quintillus's army in a battle at Aquileia. (Quintillus was the emperor and the brother of Claudius Gothicus, the previous emperor.) Latin histories (the Epitome de Caesaribus and the work of Eutropius) say that Aurelian was emperor for five years and six months. This means that Aurelian may have started a rebellion against Claudius in February or March 270. However, this is not in the Roman histories. The Roman calendar had a festival for the anniversary of Aurelian's accession as emperor. It was on the day that Claudius Gothicus died.
For the first winter (270–271) of his reign, Aurelian was in Rome. Felicissimus, a rationalis (an official in the mint) in Rome started a rebellion in the city, possibly in this first winter. Felicissimus did not have success. In 271 Aurelian was Roman consul for the first time. That year, he undertook military campaigns against the Vandals, Juthungi, and Sarmatians. Aurelian got the name  because of his victories over Germanic peoples. He was again in Rome for his second winter (271–272) as emperor. It was at this time that the Romans began to build new defensive walls around the city: the Aurelian Walls.

The Greek historian Zosimus wrote that at some time in 271 or 272, Aurelian overcame a rebellion by Domitianus. Zosimus also wrote that around the same time, Aurelian overcame another rebellion by Urbanus. Both Zosimus and the Epitome de Caesaribus write that Septimius started another rebellion in Dalmatia. Septimius's own soldiers killed him.
272–273 
In 272, Aurelian moved to the eastern Roman Empire. He fought against the Goths in the Balkans. Aurelian got the name  because of his victories over the Goths. Aurelian ordered that Roman Dacia should be evacuated, and the Romans gave him the unofficial name of . Then he moved further east and overcame Zenobia in war. Aurelian took control of Palmyra in summer 272. Because of his victories in the east – against the Persians, in Arabia, and at Palmyra – Aurelian got the names  (or ); ; and . From 272, Aurelian also had the title . The writing of the Justinianic Code makes it possible that Aurelian was in Byzantium during winter 272–273.
273–275 
In 273 Aurelian fought a war against the Carpi. His victories meant that Aurelian got the name . That year, Aurelian also fought a second campaign against the armies of Palmyra. The Historia Augusta (a Latin history) says that during 273, Firmus, a rich man from Seleucia Pieria, started a rebellion against Aurelian. Firmus did not say that he was the emperor. His rebellion did not have success. The Greek historian Zosimus writes that Aurelian held a triumph in Rome to celebrate his victories.
In 274, Aurelian was Roman consul for the second time. In the middle of 274, Aurelian overcame the armies of Tetricus. At this Tetricus's rebel Gallic Empire came to its end. The writings of Aurelius Victor say that in autumn that year Aurelian held another Roman triumph. The Romans called Aurelian . That year, probably on the 29 August 274, Aurelian's wife Ulpia Severina became augusta (empress). In the same year, Aurelian dedicated the new Temple of the Sun in Rome to the god Sol Invictus, possibly on 25 December, the winter solstice. Aurelian was Roman consul for the third time in 275. In 275, Aurelian set out through Gaul and passed Vindelicia on his way to the Roman lands around the Danube.
Death 
On his way east in September 275 (or possibly in October), soldiers in Aurelian's army killed Aurelian at Caenophrurium. Caenophrurium was a place between Perinthus and Byzantium in Roman Thracia. There may have been a damnatio memoriae on Aurelian: his name was removed from some inscriptions. However, the Romans later deified Aurelian (making him into a god). He got a new name in . Aurelian's wife, the augusta Ulpia Severina, may have been in control of the government until Marcus Claudius Tacitus became emperor.

Family 
Aurelian and Ulpia Severina married at an unknown date. She was the daughter of a man named Ulpius Crinitus. The Historia Augusta says that Aurelian and Ulpia Severina had a daughter together. After 29 August 274, Ulpia Severina became augusta (empress) and had the Latin title: . When Ulpia Severina died is unknown.

Aurelian had a sister. She is in the Latin histories (the Historia Augusta, Eutropius, and the Epitome de Caesaribus) but her name is unknown.

References
References 

214 births
275 deaths
3rd-century Roman emperors
Marcus Claudius Tacitus (–July 276) was Roman emperor from 275 to 276 AD.

Early life 
Tacitus () was probably born around 200. He may have come from Interamna (Terni, Italy).

Tacitus was a politician from the Roman nobility. He was a member of the Roman Senate. He may have been the leader of the senate (). Some time before 273, long before he was emperor, Tacitus was Roman consul.

On his way east in September 275 (or possibly in October), the emperor Aurelian was murdered by his own soldiers in Roman Thracia. Aurelian's wife, the augusta Ulpia Severina, may have been in control of the government until Tacitus became emperor.

Emperor 
The Greek historian Zonaras wrote that the Roman army chose Tacitus as their emperor. This happened in about November or December 275, while Tacitus was in Campania.

The Historia Augusta (a Latin history) says that the Roman Senate chose Tacitus as their emperor. This is probably not correct.
Tacitus was Roman consul for the second time in 276. Tacitus travelled to Asia Minor that year. In the same year, his armies overcame the Goths in a war. In early summer 276 Tacitus got the name  because of his success against the Goths.

Death 
Tacitus probably died in July 276. The Historia Augusta says that Tacitus was murdered at Tyana in Cappadocia (Kemerhisar, Turkey). The Historia Augusta also says that Tacitus had a cenotaph at Interamna (Terni, Italy). Tacitus was not deified (made into a god) but neither did he get damnatio memoriae.

Family 
The Historia Augusta says that Tacitus had a half-brother, Florianus. Tacitus and Florian had the same mother, but different fathers. This information may not be correct.

The Historia Augusta says that Tacitus had a wife and a number of sons. Their names are unknown and this information may not be correct.
The Historia Augusta says that the emperor Marcus Claudius Tacitus was from the same family as the Latin historian Cornelius Tacitus. (The historian Tacitus lived in the 1st century AD.) The Historia Augusta is not correct. In truth, the two men were not from the same family. The Historia Augusta also says that the emperor Tacitus's full name in . This is also not correct. In truth, the emperor's name was .

References 

200 births
270 deaths
3rd-century Roman emperors
Assassinated Roman politicians
A plutino is an object in outer space that has an orbit like Pluto's orbit. Plutinos are about 39 or 40 AU from the Sun.

Literature 
Weintraub, David. Is Pluto a Planet? Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; 2007.

Kuiper belt objects
Discovery Family (formerly Discovery Kids ) is a cable,  and satellite television network in the United States. Discovery Family replaced the Hub Network, the Hub, and Discovery Kids and has a joint venture of both Warner Bros. Discovery and Hasbro. The headquarters for the television channel is in Los Angeles, California, United States. on October 16, 2010, the Discovery Kids channel was renamed after a final marathon of Kenny the Shark. The channel is 40% owned by Hasbro and 60% owned by Warner Bros. Discovery.

Discovery Family tried to advertise towards children and their families by offering a range of content to choose from. These include history, science, food and family living. Movies air as well. The channel maintained some of the Hub's content until it slowly went away. Also, My Little Pony, Littlest Pet Shop, , Pound Puppies, and Dinotrux, however, has stayed on the channel.

References

Other websites 
Discovery Family's Official Website
American television networks
1996 establishments in the United States
Mighty Joe Young is an 1998 adventure movie that was produced by Ted Hartley and Tom Jacobson and was directed by Ron Underwood. It is a remake of the 1949 movie, Mighty Joe Young. It stars Bill Paxton, Charlize Theron, and creature suit actor John Alexander as the title character. In this version, the ape is much larger than in the original. Mighty Joe Young was released on December 25, 1998 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 54% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie turned out to be a box office bomb grossing $50,632,037 with a budget of $90,000,000.

Plot 
A giant mountain gorilla named Joe is brought from his jungle habitat in Uganda to a wildlife preserve in Los Angeles by a young woman (Charlize Theron) who raised him, and a zoologist (Bill Paxton), in order to protect him from the threat of poachers. An evil poacher (Rade Šerbedžija) wants take his revenge on Joe, for not being able to kill him while Joe was small and for losing his two fingers during the hunt.
Cast 
Bill Paxton as Professor Gregory "Gregg" O'Hara
Charlize Theron as Jill Young
John Alexander as Mighty Joe Young
Rade Šerbedžija as Andrei Strasser
Regina King as Cecily Banks
Peter Firth as Garth-Strasser's right-hand man.
Naveen Andrews as Pindi-Gregg O'Hara's guide in Africa.
David Paymer as Harry Ruben
Robert Wisdom as Kweli
Christian Clemenson as Jack
Geoffrey Blake as Vern
Lawrence Pressman as Dr. Elliot Baker
Linda Purl as Dr. Ruth Young
Mika Boorem as Young Jill Young
Cory Buck as Jason
Liz Georges as Jason's Mother
Ray Harryhausen as Gentleman at Party
Terry Moore as Elegant Woman at Party

Other websites 

1998 adventure movies
1990s American adventure movies
American family movies
1990s English-language movies
Giant gorilla movies
Jungle movies
Movies about hunters
Movies about animal cruelty
Movies set in Uganda
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies directed by Ron Underwood
Movies composed by James Horner
Disney movies
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a bacterium in the genus Klebsiella. It is a major cause of pneumonia, found in the normal flora of the mouth, skin, and intestines. Like other Proteobacteria, it is gram negative.

Carl Friedländer originally identified Klebsiella pneumoniae in 1882 as a bacteria found in the lungs of pneumonia sufferers (Friedlaender, 1882).

It is common in nature and may be found in both soil and water. It lives in dead or decaying matter. There are many different variants within the whole species (strains) and the 20% of those can capture nitrogen from the atmosphere and fix nitrogen when growing in the absence of oxygen. K. pneumoniae also happen in places that aren't feces-contaminated, including industrial wastes that are rich in nutrients (Bagley and Seidler, 1977).
Klebsiella bacteria can transmit between people in hospital environments (for instance, from patient to patient via contaminated hands of healthcare workers or other people) or, less frequently, by environmental pollution. There is no transmission of the bacterium through the air.

The bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae typically lives in the intestines of humans (30-40% of the intestinal tract), where it is not harmful. K. pneumoniae, however, has the potential to spread to other parts of the body and cause a number of diseases, including bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections (UTI), pneumonia and meningitis.

If inhaled, it can harm both human and animal lungs, resulting in thick mucous being produced in lungs (sputum) that is deep red, brownish, or yellow in colour.

References

Gram-negative bacteria
Thiotrichales is a large order of Bacteria. That includes Francisella tularensis in the cause of Tularemia and Thiomargarita nambiensis, the largest known bacterium.

Gram-negative bacteria
Vibrio cholerae is a bacterium causing the disease cholera. It is part of the genus Vibrio, in the family Vibrionaceae. Like all Proteobacteria, it is gram negative. V. cholerae
can respire aerobically if oxygen is present and can switch to anaerobic respiration if oxygen is not present (fermentation).

Gram-negative bacteria
Verbena is a genus of plants in the family Verbenaceae. The type species is vervain, which grows in Europe. Some verbenas are considered weeds. It should not be confused with the related Lantana, commonly called shrub Verbena

Verbenaceae
Are We There Yet? is a 2005 family comedy road trip movie that was produced by Matt Alvarez, Ice Cube and Dan Kolsrud and was directed by Brian Levant. Are We There Yet? was released on January 21, 2005 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 12% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. A sequel for the movie was released in  2007 called Are We Done Yet?.

Cast
 Ice Cube as Nicholas "Nick" Persons
 Nia Long as Suzanne Kingston
 M. C. Gainey as Al Buck (known as "Big Al")
 Aleisha Allen as Lindsey Kingston
 Philip Daniel Bolden as Kevin Kingston
 Jay Mohr as Marty
 Tracy Morgan as Satch the Bobblehead (voice)
 C. Ernst Harth as Ernst
 Nichelle Nichols as Miss Mable
 Henry Simmons as Frank Kingston

References

Other websites
 Official website 
 

2005 comedy movies
2000s family movies
2000s road movies
American comedy movies
American family movies
American road movies
Canadian comedy movies
Canadian family movies
English-language movies
Movies composed by David Newman
Columbia Pictures movies
Are We Done Yet? is a 2007 family comedy movie that was produced by Ice Cube, Matt Alvarez, Ted Hartley and Todd Garner and was directed by Steve Carr. Are We Done Yet? was released on April 4, 2007 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 8% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. It was the sequel to the 2005 movie Are We There Yet? and is a remake of the movie Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House.

Cast 
Ice Cube as Nick Persons
Nia Long as Suzanne Persons (née Kingston)
John C. McGinley as Chuck Mitchell Jr.
Aleisha Allen as Lindsey Persons
Philip Daniel Bolden as Kevin Persons
Tahj Mowry as Danny Pulu
Dan Joffre as Billy Pulu
Pedro Miguel Arce as Georgie Pulu
Linda Kash as Mrs. Rooney
Hayes MacArthur as Jimmy the Bartender
Earvin "Magic" Johnson as Himself
Colin Strange as Colin Persons
Gavin Strange as Ty Persons
Jonathan Katz as Mr. Rooney

Other websites 
Are We Done Yet?'s Official website 
 
 

2007 movies
American comedy movies
American family movies
English-language movies
Greater Noida (GN) (, , pronunciation: Baṛa Nōēḍā) is in the Gautam Budh Nagar district of the north Indian state of  Uttar Pradesh (UP). It is under the control of the National Capital Region (NCR) of India. It is about  south-east of New Delhi and about  south-east of Noida, one of the largest industrial townships in Asia.

The development of Greater Noida is managed by the Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority (GNIDA). Greater Noida is a fast growing region.

History 

In the early 1980s, Delhi was growing at a rapid rate. The Government of India planned to develop two new areas around the capital. These residential and industrial areas would reduce the burden on the capital. The two areas were Gurgaon and Noida. Noida's infrastructure and utilities was carefully designed. With the large growth of the Indian economy in the 1990s, Noida became overcrowded.
The government of Uttar Pradesh decided to incorporate the city of Greater Noida. This would be an extension to Noida. The planning of Greater Noida would be improved from what was learned in Noida. Greater Noida is a planned township. Roads are wide with service lanes for every major road. All cabling and utilities are run underground.

The Buddh International Circuit is currently under construction. It is scheduled to open in 2011. It will host the Indian Grand Prix, a new race to the Formula One schedule. This will be the first F1 race in India.

Landmarks 
 Buddh International Circuit, location of the Formula One Indian Grand Prix

Hospitals 
 Kailash Hospital
 ITS Dental Hospital
 Sharda Hospital
 Shashi Dental Care,B-104 Alpha 1
 Yatarth Hospital Near Sector P-3
 Sehdev Hospital Nead Sector P-3
 Navin Hospital
 Bakson homoeopathic medical college and hospital

Universities 
 Noida International University
 Sharda University
 Gautam Buddha University

Engineering Colleges
Skyline Institute of Engineering & Technology (SIET)
 Greater Noida Institute of Technology(GNIT)
 Priyadarshini College of Computer Sciences
 College of Engineering and Technology-IILM-AHL (CET-IILM-AHL)
 ITS college of engineering
 Galgotias Collage of Engineering & Technology
 IEC College of Engineering
 Alpine College of Engineering
 G.L.Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management (GLBITM)
 Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology
 United College of Engineering & Research
 DIT School of Engineering

Related pages 
 Noida
 Delhi

References 

Cities in Uttar Pradesh
Sliver is a 1993 American erotic thriller movie. It stars Sharon Stone and William Baldwin. The movie is focused on mysterious things that happen in a privately owned Manhattan highrise apartment complex. Sliver got bad movie reviews, although it did well at the box office.

Other websites 

1990s erotic movies
1990s mystery movies
1990s psychological movies
1990s serial killer movies
1993 thriller movies
American erotic movies
American mystery movies
American psychological movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Manhattan
Movies directed by Phillip Noyce
William Baldwin (born February 21, 1963) is an American actor, writer and producer. His movies include Internal Affairs (1990), Flatliners (1990) and Backdraft (1991). He has also acted in many television programs and movies.

References 

1963 births
Living people
American movie actors
American movie producers
Actors from New York (state)
The green sulfur bacteria are a phylum of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria. They metabolize (~eat) sulfur.

They are put in their own phylum. They are most closely related to the Bacteroidetes.

Most green sulfur bacteria are mesophilic. They prefer moderate temperatures, and all of them live in water. They are typical of the bacteria which evolved on the early Earth: they live in anaerobic conditions. They are usually found in the top millimeters of sediment, where there is reduced sulfur. They are capable of photosynthesis in low light conditions.

The Black Sea, an extremely anoxic environment, has a large population of green sulfur bacteria at about 100m depth. The light is poor in this region of the sea: here bacteria get most of their energy from chemical reactions. They need very little energy for cellular maintenance.

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
A war novel is a novel that takes place during some form of fighting. In these books, the primary action happens during armed combat. Other war novels take place on the home front. The characters may be busy getting ready for or recovering from war. It is sometimes called military fiction.

History 
There have been war novels and other stories about war for many thousands of years. In Ancient Greece and Rome and the Middle Ages, people wrote epic poems about the glory of war. Some of the most famous epic poems are The Iliad by Homer, The Aeneid by Virgil, the Old English saga Beowulf, and the legends of King Arthur.

Another important influence of war novels are tragedies (plays about human suffering.) Euripides, Seneca the Younger, Christopher Marlowe, and William Shakespeare wrote plays that are important influences on war novels. Shakespeare's play Henry V has many features of a war novel. It has history and military tactics, and it talks about the ethics of war.
The genres of romance and satire are also important. These works, especially in Early Modern Europe, show military heroism and folly (foolishness). Some important examples are The Faerie Queen by Edmund Spenser and Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes.

The themes and symbols found in modern war novels are also influenced by older works. In The Inferno, Dante described Hell in a way that is very close to how war is described in war novels. Other influences are John Milton's Paradise Lost and the Apocalypse in the Book of Revelation in the Bible.

Origins
The first war novels were from the 1600s. At that time fiction novels written in prose (instead of poetry) were becoming popular. These early war novels were usually satires and picaresque novels. The soldier was usually a rogue and not very realistic. One example is Simplicissimus by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen. Simplicissimus is a semi-autobiographical novel (based on the author's life) about the Thirty Years' War.
19th century war novels
Influential war novels from this time include Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, about the Napoleonic Wars in Russia, and Stephen Crane's The Red Badge of Courage, about the American Civil War.

World War I and after
War novels from this time included the experiences of trench warfare, but also began to tell the stories of what happened at home during the war. Many novels were written about the war. Writers were from countries on all sides of the conflict.

One of the first and most influential of these was the 1916 novel Le Feu (or Under Fire) by the French novelist and soldier Henri Barbusse.
The 1920s saw the so-called "war book boom," during which many men who had fought during the war were finally ready to write openly and critically about their war experiences. In 1929, Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front was a massive, worldwide bestseller. Also significant were Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms (1929), Richard Aldington's Death of a Hero (1929), Arnold Zweig's The Case of Sergeant Grischa (1927), Charles Yale Harrison's Generals Die in Bed (1930) and William March's Company K (1933).

World War II and after
Many novels came out of soldiers' and peoples' experiences during World War II. These books were not only by European authors, but also by people around the world.
Japanese war novels
Just after the war ended, Sakaguchi Ango (坂口安吾) published a book called Idiocy (白痴) about the strange life in Japan after the bombing and losing the war. There were many novels aout the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, including: Summer Flowers (夏の花) by Hara Tamiki  (原 民喜) in 1947 and Black Rain (黒い雨) by Ibuse Masuji (井伏鱒二). There were also novels about being part of the kamikaze. The 1949 book Last Friends (きけ、わだつみの声) was about a group of soldiers leaving for the front. It was a best-seller. Around 1970 another type of novel began to appear. Ordinary people wrote about their experiences of battles and air raids. Novels about the many different ways the war ended also began to appear and tell being left behind in China or becoming prisoners of the Soviet Union in Siberia.

Vietnam and after
Many Americans and Vietnamese authors wrote books during or after this long war.
Related pages
 Epic poetry
 Ernest Hemingway
 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
 Stendhal
 Leo Tolstoy
 Napoleonic Wars
 American Civil War
 World War I
 World War II
 Vietnam War

Fiction genres
The Palaeoproterozoic was the first era of the Proterozoic eon. It came after the Archaean eon, and lasted from 2500 to 1600 million years ago (mya).

In the Palaeoproterozoic, there was a huge production of stromatolites by cyanobacteria. The first unicellular eukaryote organisms also appeared in the fossil record.

The first supercontinent grew, and some of the rocks were normal sedimentary rocks, not metamorphosed.

Basic differences in Earth physics 
Because the Earth was only half as old as now, there were some basic differences from today. Heat in the Earth's interior was greater than today. This was mainly due to the higher abundance of radioactive isotopes, which decay as time passes.

Temperatures at the surface were also higher, due to radiation from the Earth's interior, and due to a methane and carbon dioxide-based greenhouse atmosphere. During the previous eon, the Archaean, the oceans were hot (55–85 °C). This was only partly balanced by the fact that the Sun's radiation was lower at that time.
Paleontological evidence on the Earth's rotational history suggests that ~1.8 billion years ago, there were about 450 days in a year, implying 20 hour days. Further back, the Earth day had about 17 hours, and there were 514±33 days per year. The Earth–Moon distance for the earliest Palaeoproterozoic was 51.9±3.3 Earth radii (compared to 60.27 at present).

Supercontinent 
A global supercontinent (called Columbia, or Nena) existed from about 1.8 to 1.5 billion years ago in the Palaeoproterozoic era.

Climate 
During the era climate changes were as severe as any in Earth history. From a global high temperature at the start, there were three massive ice ages, with ice deep into the tropics.
Drop in methane 
There are clear indications that the era saw a drop in atmospheric methane:
"The collapse of methane from formerly high levels in the Archaean atmosphere  probably plays a large role, not only the oxygenation history, but also the occurrence of Palaeoproterozoic ice ages. The data point to 2.4–2.3 billion years ago as host to a ‘Great Oxidation Event’, during which Earth's surface environment changed profoundly and irreversibly".

The buildup of oxygen 

Oxygen was produced by the cyanobacteria, but it was mostly used up by chemical sinks. These were the unoxidized sulfur and iron. Until roughly 2.3 billion years ago, oxygen was probably only 1% to 2% of its current level.p323
Banded iron formations, which provide most of the world's iron ore, were formed by the oxygen forming compounds with iron; most accumulation ceased after 1.9 billion years ago. Red beds, which are colored by hematite, indicate an increase in atmospheric oxygen after 2 billion years ago; they are not found in older rocks.p324

Ice ages 
There were three major ice ages, with ice deep into the tropics. Undoubtedly, they happened as a result of reduced greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and the rise of oxygen production.

There is what researchers call "a puzzling interval of ~1,400 million years with no verified glaciation between early Palaeoproterozoic glaciations at 2400–2200 mya in North America, South Africa, Scandinavia and Australia and the Neoproterozoic glaciations that affected all continents at 800–600 mya".
Meteorite strikes 
There were major bolide impacts during the era, two of which caused the largest impact crators on Earth. There are also three smaller (equal or more than 30 kilometers diameter) in the time zone of 3.0 to 1.2 billion years ago.

Origin of eukaryotes 
The origin of the eukaryotic cell was a milestone in the evolution of life, since they include all complex cells and almost all multi-cellular organisms. The timing of this series of events is hard to determine; Knoll suggests they developed approximately 1.6–2.1 billion years ago. Some acritarchs are known from at least 1650 million years ago, and the possible alga Grypania has been found as far back as 2100 million years ago.

References
Nonna Valentinovna Grishayeva (born on July 21, 1971) is a Russian actress, comedienne, singer and television presenter. She is Honored Artist of Russia (2006).

She was twice married and has two children.

1971 births
Living people
Russian actors
Russian singers
Russian television presenters
The Mesoproterozoic is a geologic era which lasted from 1,600 million years ago (mya) to 1,000 mya.

The major events of this era are: 
the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent ~1,500 mya;
the assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent ~1,100 mya;
the evolution of sexual reproduction.

Evidence of a eukaryotic red algae, Bangiomorpha pubescens, has been identified from  ~1200 mya old rocks in the Hunting Formation (Somerset Island, Canada). This is the oldest known sexually reproducing organism and therefore the earliest known complex multicellular organism.

References
Sir Sidney Robert Nolan  (; 22 April 191728 November 1992) is regarded as one of Australia's great artists. He used many art forms including painting, drawing, printmaking, set design (for theatre), murals, spray painting and collage. He created over 10,000 individual art works, considered a prolific, or large, number of works of art.

Nolan is famous for his set of 27 Ned Kelly paintings. His friend, Sunday Reed, donated 25 of the paintings to the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra, where a special room has been built to display them. In 2010 one of the Kelly paintings was given to the National Gallery of Victoria. One of the Kelly paintings not owned by the museum was sold in March 2010 for AU$5.4 million. This was the highest price ever paid for an Australian painting.
Nolan was born in Carlton, Victoria on 22 April 1917. He attended Prahran Technical College and studied art at the National Gallery School in Melbourne. In 1948 he moved to Sydney, New South Wales and then in 1953 he moved to London where he stayed until his death on 28 November 1992.

References

1917 births
1992 deaths
Australian painters
Australian printmakers
Artists from Victoria (Australia)
People from Melbourne
Amy Lou Adams (born on August 20, 1974) is an American actress and singer and former dancer. She was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, in 2008, 2009, 2011, and 2013, and four Oscars, in 2006, 2009, 2011, and 2013.

Biography

Early life 
Adams was born in Vicenza, Italy to military parents Richard and Kathryn (née Hicken) Adams. She has four brothers and two sisters.

Career 
She started her career as a dancer in 1995. In 1999, she started acting. Her first movie role was Leslie Miller in Drop Dead Gorgeous.

In 2005 she played Ashley Johnsten in Junebug and was nominated as "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for an Oscar but lost to Rachel Weisz.

In 2008, she played Sister James in Doubt and was nomimated as "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for a Golden Globe and an Oscar, but lost to Kate Winslet. In 2010 she played Charlene Fleming in The Fighter.
She again was nominated as "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for Golden Globe and Oscar but lost to Melissa Leo. She also played Lois Lane in the 2013 movie Man of Steel and the 2016 movie Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice. She also played the part of Lois Lane in Justice League.

Personal life 
In 2002, Adams started a relationship with Darren Le Gallo. They married in 2008. Their daughter, Aviana Olea Le Gallo, was born on May 15, 2010.

She currently lives with her family in Los Angeles, California.

References

Other websites 

 

1974 births
Living people
Actors from Colorado
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
Singers from Colorado
American dancers
Saturn Award winners
People from Vicenza
Chlamydiae is a bacterial phylum and class whose members are obligate intracellular pathogens. 
All known Chlamydiae only grow by infecting eukaryotic host cells. They are as small or smaller than many viruses. Most intracellular Chlamydiae are located in an inclusion body or vacuole. 

Gram-negative bacteria
Nocardiosis is a disease caused by the bacterium Nocardia Asteroides. It causes a dangerous form of pneumonia. It affects the lungs, brain and skin. It affects mainly people with a weakened immune system, such as people with HIV/AIDS, chronic lung disease, cancer or people who have had a transplant.

References

Diseases caused by bacteria
Breathing problems
Diseases and disorders of the brain
Skin problems
Brucellosis is a disease that is caused by bacteria in the Brucella genus. It is also called Bang's disease, Crimean fever, Gibraltar fever, Malta fever, Maltese fever, Mediterranean fever, rock fever, and undulant fever. It is a very contagious disease (can be spread very easily from one person to another.) 

Brucellosis is a zoonosis, a disease that is spread from animals to humans. Humans get the disease by drinking milk that is unsterilized, or by eating meat from sick animals. Sometimes, but not very often, the disease can be spread from human to human.

The disease was first called "Malta fever." British doctors in the military first discovered it in Malta during the Crimean War (1850s). Dr. David Bruce was the first person to discover the bacteria that caused brucellosis.

References 

Animal diseases
Diseases caused by bacteria
Relapsing fever is an infection caused by some bacteria in the genus Borrelia. It is sometimes called typhinia. It is carried and spread by lice and ticks.

The word "relapse" means to come back. The disease is called "relapsing fever" because the symptoms can go away and come back several times until the person is cured.

References 

Diseases caused by bacteria
Murine Typhus is a disease spread by fleas. It is also called endemic typhus. It is a type of typhus. Sometimes this disease is mistaken for a viral infection because the symptoms are similar. Murine Typhus is treated with antibiotics.

Symptoms are:
 fever
 headache
 muscle pain
 nausea
 vomiting
 coughing
Most people recover fully but death can occur in the elderly.

Related pages
 Epidemic typhus

References 

Diseases spread by insects
Diseases caused by bacteria
The National Gallery of Victoria is an art gallery and museum in Melbourne, Australia. Started in 1861, it is the oldest and the largest public art gallery in Australia. The main gallery is located in St Kilda Road, at Southbank, with a branch gallery at Federation Square. The St Kilda Road Gallery, designed
by Sir Roy Grounds, opened in 1968. Since December 2003, NGV has operated across two sites – NGV International on St Kilda Road, redesigned by Mario Bellini, and The Ian Potter Centre: NGV Australia at Federation Square, designed by LAB Architecture Studio.

When the gallery opened, Victoria had been an independent colony for ten years. After the Victorian gold rush, it was easily the richest part of Australia, and Melbourne the largest city. Generous gifts from rich citizens, including the industrialist Alfred Felton, made it possible for the National Gallery to start buying large collections of overseas works from both old and modern masters. It has over 65,000 works of art.
The National Gallery of Victoria Art School began in 1867. It was the leading centre for art training in Australia until about 1910. The School’s graduates, such as Sidney Nolan, went on to become some of Australia’s most significant artists.

References

Buildings and structures in Melbourne
Art museums
National museums
Museums in Australia
1861 establishments in Australia
The Argus was a morning daily newspaper in Melbourne which started in 1846 and closed in 1957. It was a conservative newspaper for most of its history, but in 1949 became more left in its stories.

History
The newspaper was started by William Kerr, a journalist who had worked with the Sydney Gazette before moving to Melbourne in 1839 to work on John Pascoe Fawkner's Port Phillip Patriot. The first edition was published on 2 June 1846.

The paper was known for its abuse and sarcasm and by 1853 Kerr lost ownership after a series of court actions. It was then published under the name of Edward Wilson. The paper was also linked to the weekly The Australasian which was to become The Australasian Post in 1946.

During the Great Depression in 1933 it launched the Melbourne Evening Star in competition with The Herald newspaper, but was closed in 1936.
In 1949 the paper was bought by the London based Daily Mirror newspaper group. On 28 July 1952 the Melbourne Argus became the first newspaper in the world to publish colour photographs in a daily paper. The paper had interests in radio and in 1956, the new medium of television broadcasting. It was part of the group General Telecasters Victoria (GTV), and the GTV-9 television station. In 1957 the paper was sold to the Herald and Weekly Times group, which had been under the management of Chief Executive Keith Murdoch (Rupert's father) until his death in 1952. The Herald and Weekly Times group used the printing presses, but closed the Argus and sold off the broadcasting interests. The last edition was on 19 January 1957.
The Argus Building
The Argus building, built in 1926 on the corner of La Trobe and Elizabeth streets, is classified by the National Trust and is on the Victorian Heritage Register of Heritage Victoria. In 1991, an innovative office building was built next door and named The Argus Centre, an award winning building by Nonda Katsalidis.  In 2004 La Trobe University bought the site of the old Argus building with the intention to redevelop and house legal and business schools in the building, as well as a ground floor shopping precinct.

Further reading
 Don Hauser, The Printers of the Streets and Lanes Of Melbourne (1837 - 1975) Nondescript Press, Melbourne 2006
 Jim Usher (ed) The Argus - life and death of a newspaper Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne 2008 ()
Other websites 
 Digitised historic The Argus from the National Library of Australia
 Digitised historic The Melbourne Argus from the National Library of Australia
 The Argus: Special War Edition - 1 May 1915
 The Argus Index: 1870-1879
 The Argus Index: 1870-1879. Indexes to the Argus for other years
 Argus site to thrive as new La Trobe campus - The Age 5 February 2004

Newspapers published in Australia
Cast 
 Paul Newman as Reggie Dunlop
 Strother Martin as Joe McGrath
 Michael Ontkean as Ned Braden
 Jennifer Warren as Francine
 Lindsay Crouse as Lily
 Jerry Houser as Dave "Killer" Carlson
 Andrew Duncan as Jim Carr
 Jeff Carlson as Jeff Hanson
 Steve Carlson as Steve Hanson
 David Hanson as Jack Hanson
 Yvon Barrette as Denis Lemieux
 Allan F. Nicholls as Johnny Upton
 Brad Sullivan as Morris Wanchuk
 Stephen Mendillo as Jim Ahern
 Yvan Ponton as Jean-Guy Drouin
 Matthew Cowles as Charlie
 Kathryn Walker as Anita McCambridge
 Melinda Dillon as Suzanne Hanrahan
 M. Emmet Walsh as Dickie Dunn
 Swoosie Kurtz as Shirley Upton
 Paul D'Amato as Tim "Dr. Hook" McCracken
 Ronald L. Docken as Lebrun
 Guido Tenesi as Billy Charlebois
 Jean Rosario Tetreault as Bergeron
 Christopher Murney as Tommy Hanrahan
 Myron Odegaard as Final Game Referee
 Blake Ball as Gilmore Tuttle
 Ned Dowd as Ogie Ogilthorpe
 Gracie Head as Pam
 Nancy Dowd as Andrea
 Barbara L. Shorts as Bluebird
 Larry Block as Peterboro Referee
Paul Dooley as Hyannisport Announcer
 Bruce Boudreau as Hyannisport player
 Mark Bousquet as Andre "Poodle" Lussier
 Connie Madigan as Ross "Mad Dog" Madison
 Joe Nolan as Clarence "Screaming Buffalo" Swamptown
 Cliff Thompson as Walt Comisky
 Dan Belisle, Jr. as Stickboy
 Ross Smith as Barclay Donaldson
Sequels
Slap Shot 2: Breaking the Ice, 2002
Slap Shot 3: The Junior League, 2008

References

Other websites 

1977 comedy movies
American comedy movies
American sports movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by George Roy Hill
The GMC Terrain is a four-door crossover SUV. It is sold by GMC and is their smallest SUV to date. The Terrain replaced the Pontiac Torrent and was sold in the same dealership that replaced the Pontiac brand. While it rides on the same platform as the Equinox the Terrain bares a different look and resembles that of an SUV. The Terrain was shown at the 2009 New York International Auto Show and was sold in Mexico. The marque for the Terrain is also known as a rebadged Opel Antara in the Middle East.

Other websites
GMC Terrain at gmc.com 

General Motors vehicles
2010s automobiles
Sport utility vehicles
Zookeeper is a 2011 comedy movie that was produced by Todd Garner, Kevin James, Adam Sandler, Jack Giarraputo, Walt Becker, Charles Newirth and Barry Bernardi and was directed by Frank Coraci. Zookeeper was released on July 8, 2011 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 13% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

Cast 
Kevin James as Griffin Keyes
Rosario Dawson as Kate
Leslie Bibb as Stephanie
Ken Jeong as Venom
Donnie Wahlberg as Shane
Joe Rogan as Gale
Thomas Gottschalk as Jürgen Mavroc
Brandon Keener as Nimer

Voice roles
Sylvester Stallone as Joe the Lion
Nick Nolte as Bernie the Gorilla
Adam Sandler as Donald the Capuchin Monkey
Don Rickles as Jim the Frog
Judd Apatow as Barry the Elephant
Cher as Janet the Lioness
Jon Favreau and Faizon Love as Jerome and Bruce the Grizzly Bears
Maya Rudolph as Molie the Giraffe
Bas Rutten as Sebastian the Wolf
Richie Minervini as Elmo the Ostrich
Jim Breuer as Spike the Crow
Rob Schneider as Orson the Antelope
Other websites 
Zookeeper's Official website
 
 

2011 movies
2011 comedy movies
American comedy movies
Movies about animals
Movies directed by Frank Coraci
English-language movies
Lalitpur is one of the biggest metropolitan cities of Nepal. It is famous for its religious, cultural, and historical temples.

Other websites
Official Site of Lalitpur Sub-Metropolital City Office, Nepal

Cities in Nepal
State of Georgia is an American television situation comedy. The show started on ABC Family on June 29, 2011. The show will be Raven-Symoné's first sitcom since That's So Raven on Disney Channel.

Plot 
The show focuses on Georgia Chamberlain (Raven Symoné) who wants to become a professional actress. She then moves to New York City to begin her career. She brings along her best friend (Majandra Delfino). Georgia's ex-boyfriend (Brock Cuchna) tries to convective Georgia to come back with him, because he is still in love with her.

Characters 
Raven-Symoné as Georgia Chamberlain
Majandra Delfino as Jo Pye, Georgia's best friend
Brock Cuchna as Georgia's ex-boyfriend
Loretta Devine as Aunt Honey
Kevin Covais as Lewis
Hasan Minhaj as Seth
Jason Rogel as Leo

Episodes

References

Other websites 

2010s American television series
2011 American television series debuts
ABC Family series
English-language television programs
Newton's Law of Cooling describes how the temperature of an object changes. It states that the rate of change of its temperature depends on how much hotter it is than its surroundings. Since it includes both temperature and the time derivative of temperature, is a first-order differential equation. It was made by physicist Sir Isaac Newton.

The law requires that the Heat transfer coefficient is independent of the temperature difference between the object and its surroundings. This is the case in some situations, but not in others. The best example is the simple mechanics used in an air conditioning unit.

References

Laws of physics
Lilacs are plants in the genus Syringa, in the family Oleaceae. Lilacs are popular garden plants in many area. Syringas are another name for the Lilac, as well as the generic name. It is the state flower of Idaho.

Oleaceae
Santalaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Santalales, put in the Eudicots. 

Modern treatments of the Santalaceae include the family Viscaceae (mistletoes), previously considered distinct. 
You can see that the example shows a dark fruit, while the term 'mistletoe' usually means the fruit is white.

There are many species which grow on standing trees. See lianas on another page.

Santalales
Plant families
Louis Jordan (*July 8, 1908 in Brinkley,Arkansas; † February 4, 1975 in Los Angeles, California) was an American jazz,blues and rhythm & blues musician, songwriter and bandleader. He was most successful in the 1940s in the black music market but he reached also white audiences and recorded several cross over hits in the Pop charts.

Life
Louis Jordan was born in Brinkley,Arkansas. His mother, Addie, died in his younger years. His father, James Aron Jordan, was a music teacher and bandleader for the Brinkley Brass Band. From him he got his musical education. He started with the clarinet but also played piano very well.But the alto saxophon became his main instrument.  He started his professionel career in the bands of his father.
1938 Jordan was fired by Webb and he began to form an own band which made her first recordings for Decca in December 1938. The original lineup of the sextet was Jordan (saxes, vocals), Courtney Williams (trumpet), Lem Johnson (tenor sax), Clarence Johnson (piano), Charlie Drayton (bass) and Walter Martin (drums). The Decca recordings were from "The Elks Rendezvous Band" but Jordan changed the name to "Tympany Five" after the brand of Martins drums. The most successful time of the band was between 1942 and 1950. In this period they had 18 #1-hits in the Rhythm and Blues chart of Billboard magazine. Some of the hits like Caldonia, Let the good times roll, Saturday Night Fish Fry or  Choo Choo Ch'Boogie are evergreens. Under his duet partners were Bing Crosby,Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong.
In the 1950s his singles did not sell very well so he left Decca. He signed with different other record companies but was not as successful as in the 1940s.  He died in 1975 in Los Angeles and is buried in St. Louis, Missouri.
In 2004, Rolling Stone Magazine ranked him #59 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. He was introduced to the Rock and Roll Hall of fame. There he is described as “the Father of Rhythm & Blues” and “the Grandfather of Rock ‘n’ Roll.” As jump blues artist he paved the way for  Roy Brown, Wynonie Harris, Tiny Bradshaw and others. In his music one can hear the prototype of Rock and Roll. He influenced Bill Haley & His Comets, whose producer, Milt Gabler, had also worked with Jordan. The Broadway show, Five Guys Named Moe, was devoted to Jordan's music and this title is given to both soundtrack (tribute) and original music collections. The show was played over 400 times on Broadway. Blues Guitarist B. B. King recorded an album called Let The Good Times Roll-The Music of Louis Jordan, as well as the songs "Let the Good Times Roll" and "Caldonia". Rock singer Joe Jackson recorded Jumpin' Jive in 1981 which featured several songs by Jordan
. Let The Good Times Roll, a Jordan biography, was written by British jazz historian John Chilton.
Albums
The music of Louis Jordan is still  available in many different collections. To learn more about his music one can buy Bear Familys nine-CD collection of Jordan's work (Let the Good Times Roll: the Complete Decca Recordings 1938-1954). Another collection is Proper Records low priced four-CD, 102-track compilation (Jivin' With Jordan) that includes all of Jordan's important songs from his Decca years.

Hit singles

Reading
John Chilton: Let The Good Times Roll - The Story of Louis Jordan & His Music. The University of Michigan Press, 1994

References

Other websites

Official Homepage 

1908 births
1975 deaths
Blues pianists
American R&B musicians
American pianists
American saxophonists
Musicians from Alabama
Thien Duong Cave, Paradise Cave, is a cave in Phong Nha-Ke Bang, Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam, 450 km south of Hanoi. The cave is 31km long, the longest cave in Asia. It was found by a local man in 2005, British scientists explored the whole cave from 2005—2010. The access road to the cave was built and finished in September 2010. Tourists can go 1km into the cave.
Caves of Asia