Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
When quarks are stretched farther and farther, the force that holds them together becomes bigger. When it comes to the point when quarks are separated, they form two sets of quarks, because the energy that is put into trying to separate them is enough to form two new quarks. So scientists think it is not possible to have one quark by itself.

Quarks also have color charge and react via the weak force. For baryons, each quark is green, red or blue. One can be one color at one time. For mesons, the quark is red, green or blue and the antiquark is antired (cyan), antiblue (yellow) or antigreen (pink). Quarks can change color by emitting a W boson. For example, if a green color-charged quark emits a red-antigreen W boson to a red quark, the green quark will become red and the red quark will become green. Therefore, W and Z bosons (which mediate the weak force for neutrinos) help particles react via the weak interaction.
This also causes the beta and beta-plus decay of atoms where a neutron decays into a proton, electron and electron antineutrino, and makes a proton turn into a neutron, positron and electron neutrino.

The idea (or model) for quarks was proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964. Other scientists began searching for evidence of quarks, and succeeded in 1968.

References

Other websites 
 Basic quark site
The Northern Hemisphere is the part of the planet that is north of the equator. It has about 90 percent of the world's population and most of the world's land. All of North America and Europe are in the Northern Hemisphere. Most of Asia, two-thirds of Africa and 10 percent of South America are also in this hemisphere. The three largest countries by population; India, China, and the United States, are in the Northern Hemisphere.

Related pages 
 Southern hemisphere
 Eastern hemisphere
 Western hemisphere
 Seasons
 Solstice and equinox
 Equator
 Tropic of Cancer
 Tropic of Capricorn
 Arctic Circle
 Antarctic Circle

Hemispheres
Yesterday might mean:

The day before today
"Yesterday" (Beatles song), a popular song by The Beatles from their album Help!
"Yesterday", a movie named after the song about a man who becomes the only person in the world to remember The Beatles after ending up in a freak accident.

Basic English 850 words
Messiah or  the Anointed One is the figure promised by God to the Jews for the salvation of the world. 

Other people in real life or fiction are called messianic if they have the qualities of a messiah, or people think they will bring about a better world.

The How, Where, and Why
 Why: Jews believe the biblical prophets inspired by God to tell of his coming. During the period of the Roman rule in 1st century BC the idea of the messiah became very important in Jewish thought and teaching. According to the scriptures, the messiah would rescue the people from the Romans and restore the country.
 How: There are many of ideas about how the messiah will come: Judge, warrior, beggar, academic, Philosopher, healer or a common person.
Jesus as the Messiah
Christianity, which began in Israel with Jewish followers of Jesus (), holds that the Messiah foretold by the Jewish Scriptures is Jesus, and that in fulfillment of prophecy Jesus died for the sins of the world, rose from the dead and lives today, seated at the right hand of God until His return. Most Jews do not hold these beliefs; those who do are sometimes called Messianic Jews.  Some Messianic Jews and other Christians see the fact that a majority of Jews do not hold these beliefs as a fulfillment of prophecy. (see Epistle to the Romans chapter 10)

Muslims believe that Jesus was the son of Mary, that he was a mighty prophet of God and that he was the Messiah (though, in Islam, the Messiah has a different role than he does in Christianity or Judaism). They believe that he will come again one day in his Second Coming to fight besides the Mahdi against the Dajjal ("false messiah").

References

Christology
Islamic theology
Judaism
Jesus
Cesar Chavez (born César Estrada Chávez (March 31, 1927April 23, 1993) was an American farmworker, labor leader and civil rights activist. Chávez started the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) along with Dolores Huerta. He wanted equal rights for Mexicans working in the United States.  This union became the United Farm Workers. He led a boycott against grape companies to gain rights for workers. Chávez used nonviolence to make these changes.  Chavez is thought of as one of the leaders in the movement for Chicanos to gain more rights in the late-20th century.

Early life
Chávez was born near Yuma, Arizona and went to over 37 schools.  He graduated from the eighth grade. He did most of his organizing in California, especially near Bakersfield. Fred Ross taught him to lead unions. Fred Ross was a student of Saul Alinsky.
Activism
In 1965, Chávez and the NFWA started a strike for grape-pickers in California. At the same time, he asked Americans to boycott grapes from California. In 1970, the migrant workers won their fight for better pay.

He kept working against unfair labor rules. He stopped eating in protest three times because of low pay and bad working conditions. When he died, he was leading another grape boycott to stop the use of pesticides.

Legacy  
Chávez is respected in California and other states. In 2000, California's state legislature started a holiday to honor him. The holiday is on March 31, Chávez's birthday. This is the first time that a US public holiday honored a Mexican American or a union leader. Many cities have streets or places named for him. These cities include San Francisco, Los Angeles, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Austin, Texas, Chicago, Illinois, Milwaukee, and Salt Lake City. In 1998 he was inducted into the Hall of Honor by the United States Department of Labor.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 "The Story of Cesar Chavez" , United Farmworker's official biography of Chavez.
 César E. Chávez Chronology , County of Los Angeles Public Library.
 Five Part Series on Cesar Chavez , Los Angeles Times, Kids' Reading Room Classic, October 2000.
 "The study of history demands nuanced thinking", Miriam Pawel  from the Austin American-Statesman, 2009/7/17. A caution that histories of Chavez and the UFW should not be hagiography, nor be suppressed, but taught "wiktionary:warts and all"
 The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworker's Struggle, PBS Documentary.
 Farmworker Movement Documentation Project 
  New York Times obituary, April 24, 1993
 Walter P. Reuther Library – President Clinton presents Helen Chavez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1994

1927 births
1993 deaths
People from California
American labor leaders
Nonviolence advocates
People from Arizona
Recipients of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
Hamilton is a medium-sized city in the Canadian province of Ontario.

Factories and businesses
For over 150 years, Hamilton has had factories. For over 100 years, most of them have been steel factories like Stelco and Dofasco. Since the strike of 1946, the workers at Stelco have had a trade union. The workers at Dofasco do not have a trade union. There was also a Studebaker car factory in Hamilton until 1966.

Since the 1980s, industries in Hamilton have had trouble making money and keeping people working. In 2004, Stelco filed for bankruptcy. This means Stelco asked the courts if it could stop paying money it borrowed back to banks. The future for industry does not look good for Hamiltonians.
However, other businesses look much better. People might not think of schools like McMaster University and Mohawk College as businesses, but they are. Students and teachers come to Hamilton and spend their money here. Doctors, teachers, nurses and other professionals train here. Even Tim Hortons doughnut stores started in Hamilton in 1965.

Media
CKOC 1150

CHCH CH

Television, film, music, and newspapers
CH has been a local TV station in Hamilton since 1954. Steve Smith, known for starring in The Red Green Show, started working at CH. Tiny Talent Time is another popular show on CHCH which features many children.

Some movies were filmed in and around Hamilton, such as Anne of Green Gables,5ive Girls and Rocky V, because it looks like other places.
Folksinger Stan Rogers was born in Dundas, which became part of Hamilton in 2001. The Appleton sisters, now famous in Britain, were born in Hamilton. Daniel Lanois is an important singer himself and helped the band U2 with its music. He lived in Hamilton and recorded at Grant Avenue Studios.

The Hamilton Spectator newspaper has been around since the 1840s. It offers tours showing its giant printing press and writers' offices. It also has school projects which include a classroom subscription to the newspaper for every student.

Government
Government is how people organize themselves to be directed by politics. Hamilton was part of Wentworth County until 1974. Wentworth County included the townships of: Ancaster, Barton, Beverly, Binbrook, East Flamborough, West Flamborough, Glanford and Saltfleet. Here is how the government of Hamilton changed over the years:
About 1814 the area became capital of Wentworth County
 1815 George Hamilton laid out a townsite in Barton Township and named it after himself
 1816 Hamilton became capital of Gore District
 1833 Hamilton became a police village
 1833 Hamilton became a city
 1974 Hamilton remained a city and became part of Hamilton-Wentworth Region which also had five other communities: Ancaster, Dundas, Flamborough, Glanbrook and Stoney Creek (how many of these look the same as the original townships of Wentworth County?)

 2001 Hamilton-Wentworth Region and all six of its communities became one city called Hamilton

Politics
Politics is the way people choose the leaders of their communities and the things they decide are important enough to do. Hamiltonians like choosing socially minded people to governm themselves, especially women and minorities. Many people who were mayors, members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs) or members of Parliament (MPs) have things named for them in the city, such as:
Sam Lawrence was mayor in the 1940s. Lawrence Park on the Mountain is named after him.
 Ellen Fairclough became Canada's first female cabinet minister in 1957. A government office building is named after her.
 Lloyd D. Jackson was mayor in the 1960s. Jackson Square in downtown Hamilton is named after him.
 John Munro was an MP and cabinet minister under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s. The Hamilton airport  was named after him.
 Lincoln ‘Linc’ Alexander was Canada's first black MP in 1965, first black cabinet minister in 1979 and first black lieutenant governor in 1985. A public school and the expressway are named after him.
 Victor Copps was mayor in the 1970s. He is the father of Sheila Copps, who used to be an MP until 2004. Copps Coliseum is named after him.
History
Netural and Mohawk Native Canadians of the Six Nations were the first people to live in this area. In 1616, Étienne Brûlé probably became the first European to visit what is now Hamilton. United Empire Loyalists moved into the Hamilton area during and after the American Revolution. The Battle of Stoney Creek was fought during the War of 1812 in what is now Hamilton.

In the mid- to late 1800s, Hamilton became an industrial city with lots of factories . It was close to limestone from the Niagara Escarpment, coal from the United States, iron ore mined from northern Ontario. But factories demanded that people work hard jobs for long hours. In 1872, Hamilton workers marched for a work day of no more than nine hours! The two large steel factories were Stelco (the Steel Company of Canada), created in 1910 and the Dofasco (Dominion Steel Casting Company) in 1912. Dominion is an old word often heard to describe Canada when it was part of the British Empire.
Many schools were built between 1910 and 1930, including Adelaide Hoodless School, Memorial School (for the First World War, Viscount Allenby School (WWI general) and Earl Kitchener School (WWI general). The First World War is often shortened to WWI.

In the 1930s, the Great Depression hit Hamilton. People were unemployed and poor. Factories stoped running. Times were hard. Then the Second World War started and people got jobs again in the army and building guns for the army. August 19, 1942, hundreds of young men from Hamilton were killed by the German army when they tried to attack Dieppe in France.

Sports 
There are a few professional sports in Hamilton. The Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League play at Ivor Wynne Stadium. Hamilton would like a National Hockey League team but it does not have one. The Hamilton Bulldogs of the Ontario Hockey League  play at Copps Coliseum.
There are many amateur sports in Hamilton. People of all ages can run in the Around the Bay Race . It takes 30 km to go around the edge of Hamilton Harbour or Burlington Bay. The Hamilton Spectator also hosts amateur indoor games. Every year, children from Hamilton and Flint, Michigan compete in the Canusa Games.

The Commonwealth Games  are like the Olympics for people who used to be ruled by Britain. In 1930, Hamilton became the first ever host for what ere then called the Empire Games. The city also tried to host the 2010 Commonwealth Games.

McMaster University and Mohawk College have produced national championship teams  in a number of sports. McMaster University is a perennial powerhouse in Men's Basketball and Football.
Here in Hamilton we also have recreational leagues for kids to enjoy their childhood by playing many recreational sports such as Hockey(Stoney Creek Minor Hockey), Soccer(Stoney Creek Soccer Club), and Football with (Steelcity Ironmen). In addition, there are a number of other community sport clubs like the Mt Hamilton Youth Soccer Club which has provided an avenue for children to play soccer since 1964.

Buses and trains
There are many buses, apart from the school buses operated by the Hamilton-Wentworth District School Board. For $2.55, the Hamilton Street Railway  or HSR takes people inside and across the city.

Travellers can also get to places like Niagara Falls, Dunnville, Buffalo, Kitchener, and London. These buses are run by companies called Greyhound, Trentway Wagar and McCoy. GO Transit has buses and trains that go to Toronto. Using GO however is not a part of the HSR.
City streets
The city streets in the old city of Hamilton follow a pattern. The big streets going north and south are in straight lines. When they are on the Mountain, they have "Upper" in front of their names, except for Garth Street which should be Upper Dundurn Street.

Streets are called "North," such as "James Street North," if they are north of King Street or Queenston Road.  Streets are called "South" if they are south of King or Queenston. Streets are called "East," such as "East 5th Street" or "Main Street East," if they are east of James Street or Upper James Street. Streets are called "West" if they are west of James or Upper James.
King and Main Streets are major roads that are almost parallel or side by side one another. They cross at the Delta in east Hamilton. For most of King and Main, cars could only travel one way. So instead of thinking of them as two streets, think of them as one street with a very wide boulevard between them.  This changed in the early 2000s, and most of the streets in Downtown Hamilton are now two-way.

Throughout the city there are some neighbourhoods with weird or strange street names. For example, Birdland has streets named after birds like Cardinal, Blue Jay and Swallow.  Another neighbourhood on the Mountain has streets named after people from the French Revolution, such as Napoleon, Josephine, and Robespierre.  Riverdale West, in the Lower City, has streets named after types of berries.
Other websites 
(These links may also appear above.)
 The City of Hamilton
 Industrial History of Hamilton 
 The Hamilton Spectator World War 2 Newspaper Archives 1939-1945 
 Hamilton Public Library
 McMaster University
 Royal Botanical Gardens
 The Royal Hamilton Light Infantry
 The Weather Network - Hamilton Ontario
 The Hamilton Spectator - Hamilton Newspaper
 Hamilton Scores!  - Hamilton Amateur Sports News
A shape is a geometric figure that can be made with mathematics. Shapes are sorted into kinds based on how the shape looks, and what the shape is made of. For example, shapes can be classified by how many dimensions they use.

Two-dimensional shapes will fit into a flat plane. Three-dimensional objects will not fit inside a plane, because they are not flat. Shapes made from other shapes of any dimension are called polytopes.

Two shapes are said to be equal, if one can be changed into the other by turning, moving, growing, shrinking, or more than one of these at once. Geometry is a section of mathematics which involves many shapes and sizes of different figures and their properties.

2D shapes 

These are two-dimensional shapes or flat plane geometry shapes. Their sides are made of straight or curved lines. They can have any number of sides. Plane figures made of lines are called polygons. Triangles and squares are examples of polygons.

 circle
 polygon
triangle
quadrilateral
square
rectangle
3D shapes 
These are three-dimensional shapes. Their sides are made of flat or curved surfaces. 3D shapes are most often made of polygon faces. These 3D shapes are called polyhedra.

 sphere
 tetrahedron
 cube
 cone
 pyramid
 hemisphere
 cuboid
 cylinder
 prism

4D shapes 
Four-dimensional shapes made of polyhedra are called polychorons. These shapes cannot be fully shown in the real world, but they are important ideas in geometry.
Geometry
Shapes
Quechua, sometimes written Quichua or Ketchua, is a language spoken by 8 million people in the South American nations of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina and Colombia. It was also the language of the ancient Inca Empire. It's part of the Quechuan languages family.

It is the most-spoken Native American language in South America. It is also the most widely-spoken indigenous language. A quarter of people in Peru speak Quechua. People who speak Quechua as their first language are called Quechua Indians by Spanish-speakers. However, the Quechua refer to themselves as Runa ("the people") and call their language Runa Simi.

Quechua has only three vowel sounds: a, i, and u.

Quechua has given names to many places in Peru, including the Ancash Region.  is the Quechua word for blue, and it is thought that the name refers to the region's blue skies.

Other websites 

 A website that teaches Quechua

Languages of South America
Inca civilization
Drinking water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation.

Water in rivers, stream, lakes and underground may contain organisms that cause disease. It may also contain chemicals that might cause illness.

'Water treatment'  involves filtering the water through sand beds and then adding a chemical to kill any remaining organisms.

The amount of drinking water needed for good health varies. Americans, on average, drink one litre of water per day and 95% drink less than three litres per day. For those who work in a hot climate, up to 16 litres a day may be required. Liquid water is essential for life.

In developed countries, tap water meets drinking water quality standards. Other uses include washing, toilets, and irrigation. Greywater (wastewater) may be used for toilets or irrigation. Using greywater for irrigation may have risks. Water may be unacceptable if it has high levels of toxins or suspended solids.
Related pages 
Joseph Bazalgette for the story of how modern water systems got free of dangerous bacteria.

References 

Drinking water
A pen (Latin: pinna, feather) is a tool used for writing or drawing. The ink of the pen is pressed onto paper and dries very fast.

Reed pens are the oldest known type of pen. They were made from reeds growing in the delta of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians invented them, and also invented black ink, using soot and gum arabic. Their pens had split nibs to regulated the flow of ink to the writing tip. This simple design is still used in calligraphy today.

Quill pens are one of the oldest type of pens.  A quill pen is the feather of a bird, usually a goose.  The end of the feather (the quill) was kept very sharp and had to be dipped into ink after every few words.

Reed and quill pens are dip pens because they have to be dipped in ink many times during writing or drawing. Modern dip pens have nibs made of metal.

Fountain pens are like dip pens, but can hold enough ink inside to write several pages before being refilled. Inside, the ink is held in a sac or cartridge.
A ballpoint pen is generally cylindrical plastic shaft that holds ink and is smaller than a fountain pen. It has a small hard ball on the writing end that rolls the ink onto the paper.

A stylus is a pen that cannot write on paper, but can write on clay or wax. Styli of wood or metal have been used for thousands of years, for example in cuneiform writing. A modern computer stylus is usually made of plastic and may have electronics inside. It is used with a touchscreen.

The coming of the personal computer much reduced the need to write on paper. All the same, a personally written letter  suggests "I think so much of you that I took the effort to write a real letter."

Related pages 

 Pencil
 Ink
 Paper

References 

Basic English 850 words
Writing tools
Leet (sometimes written as "1337" or "l33t"), also known as eleet or leet-speak, is another alphabet for the English language that is used mostly on the internet. It uses various combinations of ASCII characters to replace Latinate letters. For example, leet spellings of the word leet include 1337 and l33t; eleet may be spelled 31337 or 3l33t. It is used on the internet in forums, chat rooms and online games.

Leet is mostly used for English, but can also be used with other languages including French, Spanish and German.
Leet-speak 
Leet-speak is a mixture of words (mostly computer-related jargon) spelled incorrectly intentionally*, usually coming from typographical errors (e.g. the becomes t3h). The words of Leet-speak are usually put together to create a dialect (small language). This dialect is used in some places for funniness. l33tspeak uses numbers, ASCII symbols, and diacritics together to make symbols that look like Latin letters. For example, the name "David" would translate in 1337 as |)/-\\/1|) or more commonly as D4v1d.

1337 Alphabet Examples 
Most of the time it is only the vowels that are changed and then usually only they are replaced by numbers; therefore, it is unusual to see someone use the leet alphabet to spell out a whole word (although there are common exceptions, namely 1337).
These are only examples; these are not mandatory for Leet-speak, which is not officially defined anywhere, like most slangs.
 A: ∆,4, /-\, /_\, @, /\, Д, а
 B: 8, |3, 13, |}, |:, |8, 18, 6, |B, |8, lo, |o, j3, ß, в, ь
 C: <, {, [, (, ©, ¢, с
 D: |), |}, |], |>
 E: 3, £, ₤, €, е
 F: 7, |=, ph, |#, |", ƒ
 G: 9,[, -, [+, 6, C-
 H: #, 4, |-|, [-], {-}, }-{, }{, |=|, [=], {=}, /-/, (-), )-(, :-:, I+I, н
 I: 1, |, !, 9
 J: √,_|, _/, _7, 9, _), _], _}
 K: |<, 1<, l<, |{, l{
 L: |_, |, 1, ][
 M: 44, |\/|, ^^, /\/\, /X\, []\/][, []V[], ][\\//][, (V), //., .\\, N\, м
 N: |\|, /\/, /V, ][\\][, И, и, п
 O: 0, (), [], {}, <>, Ø, oh, Θ, о, ө
 P: |o, |O, |>, |*, |°, |D, /o, []D, |7, р
 Q: O_, 9, (,), 0, kw
 R: |2, 12, .-, |^, l2, Я, ®
 S: 5, $, §
 T: 7, +, 7`, '|', `|`, ~|~, -|-, '][', т
 U: |_|, \_\, /_/, \_/, (_), [_], {_}
 V: \/
 W: \/\/, (/\), \^/, |/\|, \X/, \\', '//, VV, \_|_/, \\//\\//, Ш, 2u, \V/
 X: ×,%, *, ><, }{, )(, Ж
 Y: `/, ¥, \|/, Ч, ү, у
 Z: 5, 7_, >_, (/)
Letters for numbers 
0 = O or space
 1 = I or L or 7 or | or !
 2 = Z
 3 = E or e or m or w or ω or ∈ or ε or ∩∩
 4 = h or A or y
 5 = S
 6 = b or G
 7 = T 
 8 = B or X
 9 = g or J or P
10 = I and O or L and O or 7 and O
11 = N or ||
12 = R
0  =  C or O or D or Θ or o

٢٤٨١	for:	real

٩٥٨٦	for:	goat

١٤٥	for:	leo

٤٩٥	for:	ego

٤٧٨	for:	eva

٤٧٤	for:	eve

٤٢٤	for:	eye

٨٩٤	for:	age

٩٤١	for:	gel

٤٧٢٥	for:	euro

٤٧٤٢	for:	ever

٤٧١١	for:	evil

٩٥٨١	for:	goal

٤٧٥١٧٤	for:	evolve

١٥٥٦	for:	loot

٨٤٢٥	for:	aero

٦١٤٢	for:	tier

٧١٧٥	for:	vivo

٢٥٢٨١	for:	total

٧١٦٨١	for:	vital

٢٤٩٨١	for:	regal

٧١٦٨١	for:	Vital

٩٨٦٨٢	for:	Qatar

Intentional misspelling* 
When people write in leet, they spell some words wrong all the time. They might do this to laugh at new people who do not write words with their keyboards well, might just be making fun of English's pronunciation or spelling .
bai or bi --- bye
 nd --- and
 d00d --- dude
 dog8 --- dog
 form --- from
 gurl or grill --- girl
 guise --- guys
 h4x or h4x0rz --- hacks (see vocabulary entry hax)
 hai --- hi
 j00 --- you
 kewl --- cool
kk - ok
 liek --- like
 lopl --- lol
 smat --- smart
 m8 --- mate
 m2 --- me too
 mastah --- master
 max0r --- max. or maximum
 OMG --- oh my god (variations such as OMGG are also common) OMD ~ (Oh my Dance)
 own or pwn --- see vocabulary entry own
 PMGZ--- OMG with a p and a z
 ZPMG--- OMG originally rushed. Typo P instead of O and hitting Z when shift is pressed.
 OLO --- LOL (LOL stands for laugh out loud)
 ph34 --- fear
 pl0x --- please
 powwah --- power
 pr0n --- porn
 t3h --- the (see vocabulary entry: "teh")
 wen --- when
 wat/whut/wut --- what
 winnar --- winner
 u --- you
 r --- are
 y --- why
 yass/yus/yos --- yes
 ya/yea --- yeah
 cya --- see you
 10\/3u --- loveu
wamen --- women
what3v --- whatever
Leet vocabulary 
 leet, l33t, l337, 1337, 31337 --- elite
 l@ym --- laughing at your momma
 ftw, 4tw --- for the win,when something is successful or desirable.
 hax, h4x --- hacks
 haxor, hax0r, h4x0r, haxzor --- "hacker", cheater (note: also often spelled with two x's)
 joo, j00 --- you
 meh m3h --- can mean me or oh well. Used to show undecidedness, unworriedness or often as a sign that the user has nothing to say
 newbie, noob, n00b, n00b13, nooblet, nub, newb, nubbins --- new, newcomer or new (player), used more often as an insult. Thought to originate from new boy, new-blood, or new in business.
 boon or b00n --- more derogatory term than noob with the same insult intended.
 own, ownage, 0wn, pwn, pwnage --- own means to be superior or better than someone, the past tense is "pwnt", "pwnd" or "pwned"
 phear, ph34r, ph33r --- fear
 rox0r, r0xorz --- rock, to be amazing or excellent
 c3n50red --- censored
 teh, t3h --- "the"
teh, t3h --- "the"
 wuut/wuu2 - Basically saying 'What are you up to'. People do choose to say this quite often
 woot, w00t --- Thought to originate from We Own the Other Team. It is used to show celebration or happiness.
 ZoMG!!!11! --- "Oh My God"
 P00nd- Another use of pwn, not to be confused with pr0n.
 Pr0n- Porn (pornography)
 QQ - cry/complain (eyes with tears) or the shortcut to close Warcraft II
 L2<blank> - Learn to <blank>. Often used as L2P (learn to play).
 O RLY - "oh, really?" often responded to by YARLY. Also can be accompanied by an ASCII art image of an owl.
 YARLY - "yeah, really!" often used as response to ORLY
 NOWAI - "no way!" often used as a response to YARLY
 pew pew - shooting, often used in the phrase more pew pew less QQ, meaning, more shooting less crying/complaining
 GG - good game, this can also be used in a condenscending manner.
 BG - bad game, in World of Warcraft this also means Battleground.
noobcannon, N00BC4NN0N - Noobtube, a weapon in a video game that is either over-powered, or requires little skill to use.
 PWN4G3 N008 - Pwnage noob.
 Stronk - Strong.
 GL - Good Luck, So giving someone good luck before a game
 HF - Have Fun, telling people to enjoy the game
 n1 - Nice One
 ns - Nice Shot; complimenting someone, usually on their aim in a FPS (First-person shooter) game.
 bm - Bad Manners; usually used to call someone out after a show of bad sportsmanship.
Wrong grammar* 
When a person writes in English the person must follow English rules, but most of the time people who write in leet do not use these rules. When they write in leet they try to write it in a special way, so that it is very different from English.

"l33t is teh suck!" (meaning: 'leet sucks') shows that in leet people can use their own rules, and not use the English rules. A lot of times adjectives (describing words) are turned into nouns. The leet word "teh" (the) is also often placed in front of verbs, as in "I teh pwnd j00" (meaning I the owned you, meaning: I beat you badly). another example might be I 4m t3h pwnage!!!!11!!11 (meaning I am the best!)

Leet speakers may also speak normally but without the vowels. Fr xmpl nmbr 1 u cn tll it wrks.= For example, number one you can tell it works.
Pronunciation 
Because some words are too long for use in games they have been written how they sound. Here's a quick guide:
 pwn --- own, pawn or powne
 x or xx (as in haxxorz or haxorz) --- an x followed by a z. In this example, hackzorz would be pronunciation
 R0fz --- rolling on floor screaming, pronounced rawfs

Variations
There are some that are uber 1337...using nothing but symbols and numbers to represent their letters...
Example as follows;

1 4/\/\ 7|-|3 |<33/o3|2 ()|" 7|-|3 \_//\/1\/3|253 (I am the keeper of the universe)

Other websites

 Noslang.com, internet slang translator
 Albinoblacksheep.com, another leet to English translator

*Much of the intentional misspelling said to be part of 1337 is actually more properly part of chatspeak, a completely different thing.

References 

Internet
Alphabets
Encodings
A waterfall is a place where water rushes down a steep ledge. The water flows from higher land, then it falls down a big step of rock to lower land of softer rock where it will continue on its journey. Usually the lower land is in a gorge. Waterfalls are usually made when a river is young, in places where softer rock is underneath harder rock in the waterfalls.

Many people like to visit waterfalls. The roar from a big waterfall is very loud. Some people think it is beautiful music and that a waterfall is one of the most beautiful things in nature.

The highest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls in Venezuela where the water falls .

Related pages
 Cataracts of the Nile

References
A garden is usually a piece of land that is used for growing flowers, trees, shrubs, and other plants. The act of caring for a garden by watering the flowers and plants and removing the weeds is called gardening.

Types of gardens 
There are many types of gardens. People have small private gardens in the backyard outside their house. Some gardens are built indoors in malls, public buildings, or greenhouses. Greenhouses are special buildings where plants are grown. A greenhouse has a transparent glass or plastic roof and walls that let sunlight in.

Water gardens are plants that are grown in ornamental (decorative) pools and ponds. People doing water gardening plant water lilies and other aquatic (water) plants.

Gardening can be done outside of the home, as well. There are in city gardens, botanical gardens (places where plants are grown), zoos which have gardens, and theme parks which have gardens. These types of gardens are cared for by people called gardeners or groundskeepers.
Gardens compared with farms 
Gardens are related to farms (agriculture); both gardens and farms are used for growing plants. But farms are much larger than gardens. A farm may have hundreds of square kilometers of plants and crops. A garden in a person's backyard is usually only measures a few square meters. 

Farms are businesses which sell the crops, fruit, and vegetables that are produced. Some gardens are businesses, which charge a fee to enter the garden. However, private gardens in people's backyards are usually used as a hobby or as a recreation, not as a business.

Features of gardens
Role of gardens 
Some gardens are created in people's backyards, outside their home (note that in Britain the whole area is called a "garden", not a "yard"). People with gardens in their backyards use gardens as a place to do gardening. Gardening is a type of physical activity which can use enough energy and increase your heart rate that it can be rated as a form of exercise for to relax and exercise certain muscles depending on whether on the activity you do that day such as planting, pruning, weeding, or simply just walk around your garden continuously for 15 minutes or more. 

Many people find gardens relaxing especially if the garden is full flowers with strong scents. Some flowers like roses, bougainvilleas, orchids and many others are just beautiful to look at. Many people think that gardens are very beautiful and a place to relax and /or entertain. A garden can have a place to barbecue, to sit and to read.
In many countries and cultures, designing pretty gardens is considered to be an art. In Japan, for instance, Zen monks build decorative gardens with stone and waterfall features using natural materials such as bamboo, rock and BONSAI trees like spruce, pine, and other trees with they trained into miniature forms. In Europe in the 1700s, kings and queens had formal gardens built (for example, the gardens at Versailles, France). In China they also feature Chinese forms of gardens. Now some enterprising people start to have herbal gardens to feature useful herbs used in alternative, traditional, and homeopathic medicine

Related pages

 Botanical garden
 List of garden plants
 Zoo

 
Basic English 850 words
Great Zimbabwe is a ruined city in the south-eastern hills of Zimbabwe. The site is not far from the country's border with Mozambique, which is in the southeast of the African continent.

Greater Zimbabwe was the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe during the country’s later Iron Age. The monument first began to be built in the 11th century, and work continued until the 14th century. It covered an area of  722 hectares (1,780 acres) which might have housed up to 18,000 people. It was a royal city for the Zimbabwean monarch. One of its most prominent features were its walls, some of which were over five metres high and which were constructed without mortar. Eventually the city was abandoned and fell into ruin.

The Kingdom of Zimbabwe included the River Zambezi in the north, the Transvaal in the south and Botswana in the east. The people who lived at Great Zimbabwe controlled trade between the coast and inland Africa. The modern country of Zimbabwe is named after it.
Archaeologists have found goods from as far as China that were used by the people. This shows they bought and sold things over great distances. The city had stopped growing when traders from Portugal came to southern Africa 500 years ago, but nobody is sure why this happened. Europeans at first thought that Great Zimbabwe had been built by foreigners. Now we know it was built by the local people. People who have studied the site have learned much about old Africa.

The earliest known written mention of the ruins was in 1531 by Vicente Pegado, Captain of the Portuguese garrison of Sofala, who recorded it as Symbaoe. The first visits by Europeans were in the late 19th century, with investigations of the site starting in 1871.

References 

History of Zimbabwe
Cities in Zimbabwe
World Heritage Sites in Africa
Prehistoric Africa
11th-century establishments in Africa
15th-century disestablishments
Machu Picchu is a pre-Columbian 15th-century Inca site in Peru, in South America.

The Incas built the city on a mountain ridge, 2430m above sea level. They lived there between 1200 and 1450 AD. Other people lived there before about 650 AD. 

The Incas built houses, fields and temples by cutting the rock on the mountain so it was flat. They built an observatory to look at the stars.

When the Spanish invaded Peru, the Incas left Machu Picchu. Nobody knows for sure why they did that, but some think it was because of diseases from Europe (such as smallpox). The city was left unfinished, most likely due to the Spanish invasion and/or a civil war between the ruling rival Inca brothers named Huascar and Atahualpa. The Spanish never found Machu Picchu or the lost city during their occupation.
Machu Picchu is very difficult to get to because it is so high in the mountains. It has only one way in and a stone wall to protect it. Most people on Earth did not know it was there until a Yale graduate named Hiram Bingham rediscovered it in 1911. He heard rumors of a hidden city which was already known to the native Peruvians, who guided him there. He led a restoration project that was partly funded by the National Geographic Society. Bingham made a deal with the government to take artifacts to the Peabody Museum for study. Peru is still trying to have those artifacts returned to them.

Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. In 2007, Machu Picchu was voted one of the New Seven Wonders of the World in a worldwide Internet poll.

Today, there is a new road so that tourists can visit. People can also walk along the Inca Trail, or take a train from Cusco.

Other websites
Other websites

 Information About Machu Picchu
 QuickTime Virtual Tour of Machu Picchu and Peru from destination360.com.
 Machu Picchu on National Geographic
 Machu Picchu on Google Maps.
 Machu Picchu travel guide.
 Machu Picchu. YouTube

Inca civilization
World Heritage Sites in South America
1450s establishments
Establishments in Peru
1572 disestablishments
16th-century disestablishments in South America
Cusco Region
a written medium, for instance:
 an academic journal
 a diary 
 a literary magazine, a periodical devoted to literature
 a daily newspaper
 a scientific journal
 Journal (mechanical device), the section of a rotating shaft that contacts and turns in a plain bearing
 Mining journal, a record systematically describing the strata through which a mine shaft passes (see shaft mining)
 Journal entry, an accounting transaction in the double-entry bookkeeping system
Apple Inc. is a multinational company that makes personal computers (the Macintoshes), mobile devices (iPod, iPhone and iPad), and software (macOS, iOS, watchOS and tvOS). Apple calls its computers Macintoshes or Macs, and it calls its laptops MacBooks. Their line of mobile music players is called iPod, their smartphone line is called iPhone and their tablet line is called iPad. Apple Inc. used to be called Apple Computer, Inc., but Apple changed their name after introducing the original iPhone.

Apple Inc. is a public company and trades on the NASDAQ under the stock ticker AAPL. On March 19, 2015, it became one of the 30 components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
General history 
Apple was started in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Before they made the company, they sold "blue boxes", which had telephone buttons on them. People could use them to make telephone calls from payphones without paying any money. It did this by pretending to be a telephone operator. The company's first product is now called the Apple I computer. They were almost ready to sell it, but a problem happened. Steve Wozniak was working for the computer company Hewlett-Packard, and the papers that said he could work there said he had to give everything he invented to the company before he could do what he wanted to do with it. He showed the first Apple I to the boss at Hewlett-Packard, but they did not want his computer. Wozniak was then free to do what he wanted to do with the Apple I. It began selling in 1976. In 1977, they made their second computer, called the Apple II, a home computer which later became very successful compared to Apple I.

iPod
iPod 

Before the iPhone, the most popular product made by Apple was the iPod. It was first sold in 2001, and Apple sold over 100 million copies in six years. iPods are used to play music. Recent iPod Touches have a LED screens, can take and show pictures, record, view and edit videos, record word and voice memos, can connect to the Internet for features such as e-mail, and download apps from the App Store. The latest iPod Touch is made with 64-bit architecture.

There are several different types of iPods.

iPod shuffle (4th generation) 

 iPod shuffle 2 GB - This model has no screen. Instead, it has a click wheel to control the music, and is very small. It was the cheapest iPod at the time. People can sync playlists and Genius mixes but apart from that, it has only basic music playback functions, and also has feature called VoiceOver. It comes in five different colors: silver, orange, pink, green, and blue. A polished stainless steel version is available. It can store about 1,000 songs.

iPod nano
iPod nano 

 iPod nano 8 GB - The 8GB could store about 2,000 songs. It was discontinued.
 iPod nano 16 GB - Comes in space gray, purple, blue, silver, green, yellow, and pink. It can hold about 4,000 songs.

iPod classic 

 iPod classic 160 GB - comes in black or silver. This is the chunkiest and most original looking iPod, but the best music holder. It can hold about 40,000 songs.

iPod touch
iPod touch 

 iPod touch 8 GB - Apple announced the fifth generation iPod Touch in 2012, equipping it with a front and rear facing camera, a better display, a better processor for faster performance, and it has a thin new design. It can also run the latest operating system, iOS 9. This makes it a lot closer to the iPhone 5. The 8GB model is discontinued.
 iPod touch 16 GB - has a multi-touch screen and looks much like the iPhone. It can be used to view high quality media and to use the Internet, using built-in Wi-fi. Some say it is like an iPhone without the phone. This model can hold about 4,000 songs, but was discontinued in September 2009, and was now put up again to replace the 8 GB in June 2013.
 iPod touch 32 GB - This model can hold about 7,000 songs. It first went on sale in February 2008.
 iPod touch 64 GB - This model can hold about 14,000 songs. It first went on sale in September 2009.
(PRODUCT) RED 
The red iPod shuffle, iPod nano, and iPod touch models, and a few more products, are part of the "(PRODUCT) RED" program. This means that some of the profits from these iPods goes to the Global Fund to fight AIDS in Africa.

Computers 

Apple also makes computers. Newer computers by Apple run the OS X operating system, which is included with the Mac.

Laptops 
 MacBook (very skinny and light laptop designed for average users, discontinued)
 MacBook Pro (more powerful and fast laptop designed for professional users)
 MacBook Air (Skinny and light laptop, less expensive than MacBook, but does not include a Retina display option which the Macbook did. After the Macbook was discontinued the Air got the Retina display.)
Desktops 
 Mac Mini (a tiny, but fully functional computer that does not come with its own monitor, keyboard, or mouse. Used mainly for home and school)
 iMac (a computer where everything is built in behind the screen, designed for many uses, such as home, school, and professional (i.e.: Photoshop) use)
 Mac Pro (a very powerful, fast computer that does not come with its own monitor, for professional people who need fast computers, i.e. movie editing)
 Mac Studio (more powerful than the Mac Pro)
Software 
Apple also makes software for their computers. Some of the software that Apple makes is:
 iLife (a set of programs designed for everyday use) contains iMovie, a program for making movies, GarageBand, a program for making music, iPhoto, a program for organizing photos, iTunes, a program for organizing (and buying) music, iWeb (not sold or updated any more), a program for making web pages, and iDVD (also no longer sold or updated), a program to make DVDs. These programs are considered very simple to use.
 iWork (a set of programs for office work) contains Pages, a program for making documents and Keynote, a program for making slideshows, and "Numbers" for making spreadsheets. These apps are available on Apple Mac computers, iPhones, iPads and iPod Touchs.
 Professional program to make movies called Final Cut Pro, a program for music making called Soundtrack Pro, Motion, a program for high-quality moving graphics authorship, and DVD Studio Pro, a program used to make professional DVDs.
Final Cut Express (a set of programs similar to Final Cut Pro, but simplified and cheaper)
 Aperture (for professional photographers to edit their photos, no longer supported or updated)
 Logic Studio (a set of programs where professionals can edit and produce audio)
 Logic Express (a set of programs similar to Logic Studio, but simplified and cheaper)
Most computer users use Microsoft Windows, the rival to Mac OS X. About 10% of computer users use Apple's Mac OS. It is not legal to run Apple's Mac OS X on a Windows computer. However, it is allowed to run Windows on modern Macintosh computers. Even though Apple makes their computers to run Mac OS X, they also make software that allows you to install Windows. This software is called Boot Camp.

Mobile devices 
Apple is perhaps most famous for its mobile devices, which are small computers that are easy to carry around. They have touchscreens with multi-touch technology instead of a separate keyboard and mouse. Most of these products run an operating system called iOS. It is very similar to the Android software made by Google. iOS can do a lot of different things, and it does so by running "apps", which are programs similar to those on a PC. Users can download and buy more apps for their device from Apple's App Store.

iPhone
iPhone 

The iPhone is a mobile phone that can be used to make calls, send text messages, play games and music, show photos and videos (like an iPod), browse the Internet, and do much more. It was one of the first smartphones in the world when the first version was announced in 2007. Apple makes and sells a different model every year, with new models being faster and more powerful and having a newer version of iOS than those that come before them. The newest iPhones released are the iPhone 14 and the iPhone 14 Pro which run on iOS 16. Many cellular carriers around the world sell iPhones, including Sprint, Verizon, AT&T, and T-Mobile in the US.

iPad
iPad 

The iPad is a tablet computer, similar to the iPhone and iPod Touch but with a much larger display - while a typical iPhone has a screen about 4 to 5 inches in size, iPads have screens from 8 to 12 inches big. The first iPad was introduced in 2010 and along with the iPhone, new and better models are made and sold every year. A new iPad will ship with the latest iPad OS software if it is supported.

Apple Watch
Apple Watch 

The Apple Watch is an example of "wearable technology", because it is worn around the wrist in the same way as a traditional wristwatch. However, it is much more than a wristwatch. It not only tells the time and date but also tracks the fitness of the person wearing it and monitors the person's health. It can also do many of the same things that an iPhone can do, such as use Apple's Siri personal assistant, but it needs to be "paired" with an iPhone for it to do these things, meaning that it will not work if you do not have an iPhone. The Apple Watch has many different designs: there is the standard version, a "Sport" version designed for athletes, and an "Edition" version which is made as a fashion product. These all run "watchOS", a modified version of iOS.

Apple TV
Apple TV 

The Apple TV is a box that plugs into a TV. It can connect wirelessly to any computer that has the Apple program iTunes on it. The Apple TV can play music and show photos or videos from iTunes on the TV. Like other Apple products, Apple TV is regularly updated with new software and features. The most recent version comes with a new remote control and includes the Siri voice assistant. It uses tvOS, a TV version of iOS.

Environment 
Following several campaigns (for example, Green my Apple), Apple has made their products better for the environment. Previously, the notebook line removed many toxins and improved the products battery life and recharge cycles. Apple products used to ship with chargers and EarPods, but recently Apple has removed the chargers and EarPods from the boxes of most of their products to make the cases smaller. Apple says they did this to make it easier to make and save resources and energy.

Improvements