Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Chapter could mean:
 Chapter (books), a main division of a piece of writing
 An organizational division, such as a chapter of the Audubon Society or of a fraternity.
 Chapter (religion), an assembly of members in a religious order

Chapter could also mean:
 Chapter Arts Centre, a cultural centre in Cardiff, Wales
 Chapter Music, a record label
 Chapters, a Canadian bookstore chain
 Chapter house, a building attached to a cathedral or collegiate church
A chapter is one of the main divisions of a piece of writing of some length, such as a book. Chapters can be numbered in the case of such writings as law code (see Chapter 7 or Chapter 11) or they can be titled. For example, the first chapters of some well-known novels are titled:
"The Boy Who Lived" – Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, J. K. Rowling
"Into the Primitive" – The Call of the Wild, Jack London
Many novels of great length do not have chapters. Non-fiction books, especially those used for reference, almost always have chapters for ease of navigation. In these works, chapters are often subdivided into sections. The chapters of reference works are almost always listed in a table of contents. Novels sometimes use a table of contents, but not always.
 
In ancient civilizations, books were often in the form of papyrus scrolls, which contained about the same amount of text as a typical chapter in a modern book. This is the reason chapters in recent reproductions and translations of works of these periods are often presented as "Book 1", "Book 2", etc.

Tracks on a DVD or laserdisc are also called chapters.

Book terminology
Sura can refer to:
 Sura is a meal set of dishes, soup and dessert for king in ancient Korea
 Sura, a chapter of the Qur'an
  Sura (month), the first month in the Javanese calendar
 Sura (city), a city in ancient Babylonia
 Sura River, a river in Russia
 Sura, Penza Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Penza Oblast, Russia
 Sura, Arkhangelsk Oblast, a village in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia
 Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura
 Sura Saenkham
 Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility, a research facility in Russia
 Calf muscle
 Summer Undergraduate Research Award
 Sura, Arabic word which means to ascend and Arabic name of graphic designer Sura Design
 Sura drink In Hindi indicates an intoxicating drink.
 Surah is a twilled fabric made of silk or rayon, or a combination thereof.
 SURA, the Southeastern Universities Research Association (www.sura.org)
632 was a leap year.

Events 
 Khan Kubrat establishes Great Bulgaria.
 December – Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba.
 Queen Seondeok is crowned in Korea.
 Yazdgird III starts to rule in Persia.
 Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph and the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661) is established. That means the first Schism within Islam.

Deaths 
 June 8 — Muhammad, prophet of Islam
 October 12 — Edwin of Deira, king of Deira and Bretwalda
 Charibert II, King of Aquitaine
 King Chilperic of Aquitaine
Sponde or , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation .

Sponde is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,253,000 km in 771.604 days, at an inclination of 154° to the ecliptic (156° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.443.

It was named in August 2003 after one of the Horae (Hours), which presided over the seventh hour (libations poured after lunch). The Hours, goddesses of the time of day but also of the seasons, were daughters of Zeus (Jupiter) and Themis.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
The Battle of Uhud () was fought on 23 March 625 (3 Shawwal 3 AH of the Islamic calendar) at Mount Uhud, in what is now north-western Saudi Arabia. It occurred between a force from the Muslim community of Medina led by Muhammad, and a force led by Abu Sufyan from Mecca, the town from which many of the Muslims had previously emigrated (hijra). The Battle of Uhud was the second military encounter between the Meccans and the Muslims, after the Battle of Badr in 624, where a small Muslim army had defeated the larger Meccan army. 

For the Muslims, the battle was a big setback.
Background 
Muhammad had preached the religion of Islam in Mecca from 613 to 622. He had attracted a small community of followers, but also had opposition from the rest of the Quraysh, the clan that ruled Mecca and to which he belonged. The Muslims fled Mecca in 622 after years of persecution and established themselves at Medina (formerly known as Yathrib). They considered themselves to be in a state of war with Mecca and raided Meccan caravans that had Muslim belongings left in Mecca. The Meccans sent out a small army to punish the Muslims and stop their raiding. At the Battle of Badr in 624, a small Muslim force had defeated the much larger Meccan army. 

Many Muslims considered this battle's victory a proof that they had been favored by God (Arabic: Allah), and believed they were assured such victories in the future.
Battle 
Quraysh soldiers met the Muslims at Uhud. Abu Sufyan and his Army flanked the Muslims, 'Amr ibn al-'As was leading the Muslim Cavalry then he fought against them, Muslim archers threw rocks at the Quraysh, they were forced to go back. The person who holds the Quraysh Flag was charging and he fought Ali ibn Abi Talib and then he was hit in the shoulder. Then Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib came in and fought many people.

Bibliography 
Books and journals
 
 
 
 
 
 

Encyclopedias

References

Other websites 
 The battle of Uhud
 What were the reasons of the battle of Uhud?
 http://www.sunnahonline.com/ilm/audio/yasir_index.htm 
 http://www.shia.org/ohud.html

Battles of the Middle Ages
History of Islam
625
March events
625 was a common year.

Events 
 March 23 - Battle of Uhud (Mohammad looses against the inhabitants from Mecca)
 October 27 — Pope Honorius I succeeds Pope Boniface V as the 70th pope.

Births 
 Adamnan, abbot of Iona
 Empress Wu Zetian of China
 Hasan ibn Ali — 2nd Shia Imam and recognised as the 5th Caliph by the Shia
 Zhang Jianzhi, Chinese chancellor of the Tang Dynasty (d. 706)

Deaths 
 October 25 — Pope Boniface V
The Battle of Badr (), was fought March 17, 624 CE  of western Arabia (present-day Saudi Arabia). It was a key battle in the early days of Islam and a turning point in Muhammad's struggle with his opponents among the Quraysh in Mecca. The battle has been passed down in Islamic history as a decisive victory because of divine intervention. Also, it is attributed to the genius of Muhammad. Although it is one of the few battles specifically mentioned in the Muslim holy book, the Qur'an, virtually all contemporary knowledge of the battle at Badr comes from traditional Islamic accounts, both hadiths and biographies of Muhammad, written decades after the battle.

Related pages
 Battle of Uhud
 Jihad
 Islam

Footnotes

References

Books and articles

Online references

Other websites
Other websites 

 Manaqib Ashab al-Badriyyin  A prayer citing the virtues and exploits of the Muslims who took part in the battle.
 Badr at IslamAnswers.Net
 The Battle of Badr at Al-Islam.Org
 The first battle of Islam at Badr: Islamic Occasions Network
 Hope Springs Eternal  A nice multimedia presentation at IslamOnline.Net
 MSN Virtual Earth: A modern-day satellite image of Badr, now called "Badr Hunayn".
 Tafsir (Sura 8: verse 11 to 18) - Battle of Badr: Analysis of Qur'anic verses by Irshaad Hussain.

History of Islam
Badr
620s
Hermippe or , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation .

Hermippe is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,182,000 km in 629.809 days, at an orbital inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2290.

It was named in August 2003 by the IAU, after Hermippe, a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).

Hermippe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
A ceasefire (or truce) is a stoppage of a war or any armed conflict, where each side of the conflict agrees with the other to stop aggressive actions for some time. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal peace treaty, but they have also been called part of an informal understanding between opposing forces.

Historical examples

World War I
On December 24, 1914, during World War I, there was an unofficial ceasefire  as both the Germans and the British sought to observe Christmas (the "Christmas Truce"). There was no treaty signed, and after a few days the war resumed.

Korean War
A ceasefire was reached on July 27, 1953 to halt the conflict of the Korean War and establish a demilitarized zone. But no peace treaty has been signed. Therefore, officially North and South Korea are still at war.

Present examples

Kashmir conflict
Kashmir conflict

Pakistan's government has repeatedly claimed that the Republic of India is violating the Simla Agreement by constructing a fence along the cesefire line in the Kashmir Conflict.  Then-Pakistani President and ex-Army Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan) Pervez Musharraf promised in 2002 to curb infiltration into the Territorial dispute.  After the November 2003 ceasefire line agreement, building resumed and was completed in late 2004. LoC fencing was completed in Kashmir Valley and Jammu region on 30 September 2004.  According to Indian Military sources, the fence has reduced by 80% the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the occupied territory of the disputed state to attack Indian soldiers.
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Another example of a ceasefire in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was announced between the State of Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined the ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere."

Related pages
 Demilitarized zone
 Peace
 War

References 

War
Peace
Khalid ibn al-Walid (; died 642), also known as Sayf Allah ('Sword of God', The one and only undefeated human in history of mankind), was a Rashidun military general who led the Muslim conquests of Syria the 7th century. 

He is famous for his military success, as he commanded the forces of Muhammad and of his immediate successors Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab. He was undefeated in over hundred of battles against the numerically superior forces of the Byzantine Roman Empire, Sassanid Persian Empire, and their allies.Also some say that Khalid Ibn Walid fought 150-200 battles against enemies. Therefore he is regarded as one of the finest military commanders in history. His greatest strategic achievements were his quick conquest of the Persian Empire and conquest of Roman Syria within three years from 633 to 636. His greatest tactical achievements were his successful double envelopment manoeuver at Walaja and his victories at Ullais and Yarmouk.

References

Bibliography
Bibliography

 A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Rawalpindi: Nat. Publishing House (1970) ISBN 0-7101-0104-X.

Other websites
 Map of Khalid bin Al-Waleed's Conquests

Muslims
Arab people
Generals
585 births

642 deaths
Tactic could mean:

Military tactics
Tactic (method)
Tactic (municipality)
Tactical bombing
Tactics (band)
Tactics (game)
Tactics (manga)
Tactics (sports)
Military tactics () are the art of organizing an army and the techniques for using weapons or military units to fight an enemy in battle. Tactics are distinct from strategy, which concerns a longer time scale. They have changed over time, mainly because of changes in military technology.

Tactics are methods to use military forces in combat and include basically many types of the military operations such as frontal assaults, attempts to flank the enemy, the keeping of troops in reserve, and the use of ambushes. Specialized tactics exist for many situations, such as securing a room or individual building, to large-scale operations, such as establishing air superiority over a region or the use of shock tactics.

Military tactics are used at all levels of command, from individual and group up to entire armed forces. The military theorist Carl von Clausewitz said "tactics is the art of using troops in battle; strategy is the art of using battles to win the war."
Bibliography 
 Balck, W. 1914. Tactics. Vols 2. Trans. W. Krueger. Fort Leavenworth, Kan.: U.S. Cavelry Association.
 Clausewitz, C. von. 1976. On War. ed and trans. M. Howard and P. Paret. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press.
 Creasy, E. 1963. Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World. London: Dent and Sons.
 Esposito, V., ed. 1959. The West Point Atlas of American Wars.New York: Praeger.
 Gerhard Muhm : La Tattica nella campagna d’Italia, in LINEA GOTICA AVAMPOSTO DEI BALCANI, (Hrsg.) Amedeo Montemaggi - Edizioni Civitas, Roma 1993
 Jomini, A.-H. 1862. The Summary of the Art of War. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
 
 U.S. Department of the Army. 1986. U.S. Army Field Manual 100-5: Operations. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

References

Other websites 
 Napoleon's tactics and strategy
The Geneva Naval Conference (1927) to discuss naval arms limitation
The Geneva Conference (1932) to discuss general arms limitation 
An international conference, Geneva Conference (1954), to restore peace in Indochina and Korea, April through July 1954 that meant the division of Vietnam.
A multinational conference, Geneva Conference (1955), to discuss European security, German reunification, disarmament, and cultural exchange. Leaders from the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France met in July 1955.
A multinational conference, Geneva Conference (1958), to discuss nuclear weapons testing, involving the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the United States, beginning in October of 1958.
A multinational conference, Geneva Conference (1973), to find a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Geneva Accord, a 2003 extra-governmental and therefore unofficial peace proposal meant to solve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Related pages
Geneva Conventions
A marching band is a band of instrumental musicians who march while playing instruments.

They combine movement – usually some type of marching and other movements – with their musical performance. Its instruments typically are brass instruments, woodwinds, and percussion instruments.  The music usually has a strong rhythmic component suitable for marching.  Marching bands use a uniform, often bearing the name and emblem of their organization.  Many bands have a color guard, who perform with flags and other props. 

In addition to traditional parade performances, many bands also perform field shows at special events (such as football games) or at competitions.

References 

 rec.arts.marching.band.college Usenet newsgroup FAQ

Other websites

MarchingWiki.com 
Marching.com
MarchingArts.com
Compendium of College Marching Bands 
marchingbandplanet.com 
World Association of Marching Show Bands

Musical groups
Hergiswil is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

It was founded in 1378.

The main sights of Hergiswil are: an old clergy house, the church, the chapel Maria zum guten Rat, old mansion Thumigerhaus, and a glazier's workshop with museum. The workshop was established in 1817.  It burned down on one occasion.

References

Other websites

Official Homepage of Hergiswil
Official Homepage of the Glasi in Hergiswil
Glasi Ecuador site 

Municipalities of Nidwalden
Max Christian Friedrich Bruch (6 January 1838–2 October 1920) also known as Max Karl August Bruch, was a German Romantic composer and conductor who wrote over 200 works, including three violin concertos, one of which is a staple of the violin repertoire.

Bruch was born in Cologne. He had a long career as a teacher, conductor and composer, moving among musical posts in Germany: Mannheim (1862-1864), Koblenz (1865-1867), Sondershausen, (1867-1870) Berlin (1870-1872), Bonn, where he spent 1873 -1878 working privately. At the height of his reputation he spent three seasons as conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society (1880-83). He taught composition at the Berlin Hochschule für Musik (the Berlin Conservatoire) from 1890 until his retirement in 1910.
His conservatively structured works, in the German romantic musical tradition, placed him in the camp of Romantic classicism exemplified by Johannes Brahms, rather than the opposing "New Music" of Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner. In his time, he was known primarily as a choral composer.

His Violin Concerto No. 1 in G minor, Op. 26 (1868) is one of the most popular Romantic violin concertos. It uses several techniques from Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor.

References

Other websites 
 Classical Net, Basic Repertoire: Max Bruch
 Joseph Stevenson, "Max Bruch"
 "Max Bruch, Kol Nidrei"
 http://www.richmondsymphony.com/concerts/note_04_21-24_06.htm 
 Site dedicated to Max Bruch  (includes a list of works by opus number)

1838 births
1920 deaths
19th-century German composers
Musicians from North Rhine-Westphalia
People from Cologne
Romantic composers
20th-century German composers
Oberdorf is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.   

The economy of Oberdorf is mainly based in agriculture. The main sight of Oberdorf is the Benedictine convent Maria-Rickenbach. The convent can only be reached by cable car.

References

Other websites 

Official Website of Oberdorf

Municipalities of Nidwalden
Postgraduate is the name for someone who is doing further education, after obtaining both a Bachelor's degree and a Master's degree  from a university. A typical form of this kind of education is a doctoral thesis, or Ph.D. Another such degree is probably the Master level of the revised Bologna system. Masters can be done in about 1.5 years after doing a bachelors degree, theses usually take 3–4 years, after the master level.

Other page 
Higher education

Education
Stans is the capital city of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland. It has a population of 7,300 people.  The area of Stans is 11 km².

History 
Stans was first noted in 1172. In 1798, it was attacked by French troops, followed the decision of Nidwalden not to adapt a new constitution. Children whose parents were killed by this event were gathered by the teacher Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi for his first school. The open-air assembly (Landsgemeinde) was held in Stans each year until 1997.

Sights 
The main sights of Stans are:
 The Stanserhorn (1900m) mountain and tourist resort
 The Stanserhornbahn: A cable car which takes people from the base of the mountain to the hotel at the top. It was first built in 1893.
 The main square (Dorfplatz)
 Saint Peter and Paul church: built from 1641 to 1647 with a Romanesque tower
 The Saint Klara monastery
 A monument for the local hero Arnold von Winkelried and his birth place (Winkelriedhaus).

References

Other websites 

Official Page 
Stanserhorn
Municipalities of Nidwalden
Capital cities in Switzerland
Stansstad is a municipality in the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

The main sights of Stansstad are: a museum of the buildings, a tower (Schnitzturm), and the chaper Marie Linden in Kehrsiten.

References

Other websites 

Official website of Stansstad

Municipalities of Nidwalden
Wolfenschiessen is a municipality of the canton of Nidwalden in Switzerland.

The main sights of Wolfenschiessen are: the parish church St. Maria, the chapel St. Joder in Altzellen, the mansions Hechhuis, and the Grossitz mansion.

References

Other websites 

Official Website of Wolfenschiessen

Municipalities of Nidwalden
Bischofszell is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in the country of Switzerland.  It has a population of 5,500 people.

The local industry is Bischofszell Konserven. It now belongs to Migros. They make jams, fruit juices, various cans, convenience food, among them Anna's Best.

References

Other websites

Municipalities in Weinfelden
Cities in Switzerland
Diessenhofen is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Frauenfeld
Münchwilen is a municipality and capital city of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Municipalities in Münchwilen
Arbon is a municipality and capital city of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

History

The shores of Lake Constance near Arbon have been inhabited since the Stone Age. Archaeological digs in 1885 and 1944 have uncovered stilt houses from the Stone and Bronze Ages. At first, it was assumed that these were built over water, since they were raised on stilts. However, it is now known that they were on the shore and were built in this fashion because the ground was swampy.

During Roman times, Bergli was probably a Roman fort. The raised situation and view over the lake were strategically important. Since 1957, regular excavations have shown the remains of late Roman fortifications. The Latin name of Arbon, Arbor Felix (meaning happy tree), first appears in the Itinerarium Antonini in 300.

According to the chronicles of Ammianus Marcellinus, Emperor Gratian went to Arbon in 378, and stayed there until 401. 

In the 8th century, the area became part of the territory of the Franks.
In 610, Irish monks who were followers of Columban of Luxeuil settled in Arbon. They found a small Christian settlement called Castrum there. One of these monks was St. Gallus, the founder of the monastery of St. Gallen. He died in 627 in Arbon. In 720, a fortification on the site of the present castle was built by a Frankish troop. The foundations of this early fortress remain.

Ecclesiastically, Arbon belonged to the territory of the Bishop of Constance. In 1255, Bishop Eberhard von Waldburg gave Arbon a dispensation for market rights in the area and built the city wall. That century saw an influx of inhabitants from the surrounding farms. From 1262 to 1264, and again in 1266, the young Duke of Swabia, Conradin of Hohenstaufen, resided in Arbon because the Bishop of Constance was his guardian. The surrounding towns of Steinach, Mörschwil, Horn, Goldach, Egnach, Roggwil, and Steinebrunn all belonged to the parish of Arbon.
The 14th century saw further growth. Linen production and other crafts developed. Between 1322 and 1334, Bishop Rudolf von Montfort rebuilt the crumbling fortress. A fire of unknown cause in 1390 destroyed much of the Altstadt. A second fire in 1494 was set by the sons of a hanged thief.

When Thurgau was conquered by the Swiss Eidgenossen in 1460, the Bishops of Constance retained Arbon. However, in the Swabian War of 1499, they lost civil rights over the territory, retaining only ecclesiastical supremacy. Arbon then became part of the Old Swiss Confederacy.

The castle of Arbon in its present form was built in 1515 by Bishop Hugo von Hohenlandenberg. The tower is older and dates to 993.
In 1525, the first stirrings of the Reformation reached Arbon. In 1537, the reformed congregation was forced to return the church of St. Martin to the Catholic Church and meet in the chapel in Erdhausen, although only a small minority of the population remained Catholic. Religious conflict continued until the 18th century. In 1712, Thurgau declared equality for the various faiths.

In the 18th century, the linen and embroidery industry was established in Arbon. The industrialists built attractive villas in the area, such as the «Rotes Haus» built in 1750.

In 1798, Thurgau was occupied by French troops, along with much of the rest of Switzerland. The adoption of the Swiss constitution ended Arbon's dependence on the Bishops of Constance. The Bishop's representative, Franz Xaver Wirz von Rudenz, was forced to leave the city. In 1803, Arbon became part of the new canton of Thurgau. From 1803 to 1815, Arbon and Horn (an exclave in the canton of St. Gallen) were united in one municipality.
In the 19th century, Arbon developed into an economic and manufacturing center. This occurred primarily because of the pioneering efforts of industrialist Franz Saurer, who move his foundry from St. Gallen to Arbon in 1863. Starting in 1888, his factory built all kinds of machinery and motors. Until 1983, the factory produced trucks and buses, and until 1986 military vehicles. Today, the factory produces only textile machinery. At its high point, the factory employed 5000 workers. The population grew from 660 in 1844 to over 10,000 at the turn of the century.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, Arbon has had a large non-Swiss minority. Tensions between ethnic groups led to riots with several fatalities in 1902.

In 1911, Arbon was the site of the International Socialist Congress. From the 1920s to the 1950s, the Social Democratic majority held power in the city, and it was known as red Arbon.

Population
The population of the city of Arbon is about 13,000 people.

References

Other websites
Other websites

http://www.arbon.ch
City of Arbon 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Arbon
Aadorf is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

With a population of 7,436 people (as of 2005), it is the canton's seventh largest municipality.

References

Other websites 
Official website of Aadorf 
Website of Guntershausen 
Website of Ettenhausen  
Website of Wittenwil 

Municipalities in Münchwilen
A genius is a person who is exceptionally intelligent.  People may have different ideas of how clever one has to be in order to be called a “genius”.  A genius may be extremely clever at maths or science or games such as chess, or they may be creative geniuses who are brilliant writers, musicians or artists.  

Albert Einstein is perhaps the world’s most famous genius. He was extraordinarily good at math, but in other areas, such as languages, he was not particularly good.  Leonardo da Vinci and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe were geniuses who can also be described as polymaths because they were brilliant in lots of different subjects.  Geniuses are usually child prodigies, i.e., they already show they are a genius when they are young children.

Genius is not quite the same as talent.  Talent means the ability to learn a particular skill very quickly.  A genius, on the other hand, is also very creative and able to do things that no one else has thought of.
Some geniuses, such as Goethe, are very sensible, reliable people who are good at organizing their lives.  However, there are many geniuses who have unusual personalities.  They may be very absent-minded, they may not have much common sense, or they may suffer at times from depression and changes of mood.

Intelligence
Affeltrangen is a municipality in Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Weinfelden
Altnau is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Kreuzlingen
Amlikon-Bissegg is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

References 

Municipalities in Weinfelden
Amriswil is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 www.amriswil.ch 

Municipalities in Arbon
Cities in Switzerland
Taygete or  is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2000, and given the designation .

Taygete is about 5 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,439,000 km in 686.675 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (163° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.3678.

History 
It was named in October 2002 after Taygete, one of the Pleiades, daughter of the Titan Atlas and mother of Lacedaemon by Zeus (Jupiter).

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Glarus could mean different places.
 Glarus is one the Cantons of Switzerland.
 Glarus is also the capital city of the Canton of Glarus.
Betschwanden is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

Other websites

Official website of Betschwanden 

Former municipalities of Glarus
2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Glarus is a canton in east Switzerland. The capital is Glarus. In 2010, the 25 communes were merged to only three: Glarus, Glarus Nord, and Glarus Süd. Officially, Glarus is a German-speaking canton; of the roughly 40.000 people, 83.6 percent are German-speaking, and 6.8 percent speak Italian. According to a statistical survey done in 2000, 44% of the population are Protestant (including Jehovas Witnesses, and  the New Apostolic Church), 37.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.5% are Muslims, 6.5% are non-believers, 2.3% are either Eastern orthodox or Oriental orthodox and 3.7% belonged to other communities or did not say.

Geography 
The canton of Glarus is dominated by the deep valley of the Linth River. Most of the area is mountainous. The total area of the canton of Glarus is 685 km².

History
History 

The history of this canton is dominated by religion. The people who lived in the Linth Valley were converted to Christianity in the 6th century by the Irish monk Saint Fridolin. He is still in the coat of arms of the canton today. He started Säckingen Abbey near Basel. The area around Glarus was owned by the abbey starting in the 9th century. By 1288, the Habsburgs slowly took over all the abbey's rights. Then the people of Glarus joined the Swiss Confederation in 1352.

Between 1506 and 1516, the reformer Huldrych Zwingli was a priest in Glarus. By 1564, all of Zwingli's followers were eliminated, but the Protestants and Catholics there still fought with each other. To make peace it was decided that each side should have its own assembly (Landsgemeinde) in 1623. In 1683, each side was granted the right to have its own tribunals.
Between 1798 and 1803, Glarus was part of the Canton of Linth made by Napoleon. In 1836 the constitution was changed to unite the assemblies and establish only one Landsgemeinde.

About two thirds of Glarus (593 buildings) were destroyed after a big fire in 1861. After the fire, Glarus was rebuilt in block fashion according to construction plans by Bernhard Simon and Johann Caspar Wolff.

On May 6, 2007 Glarus became the first Swiss canton to lower the voting age to 16.

Industry 
The land of the canton helped to make slate works in the 1600s.

Municipalities 
The 25 municipalities (gemeinden) were:
 Betschwanden
 Bilten
 Braunwald
 Elm
 Engi
 Ennenda
 Filzbach
 Glarus
 Haslen (united former municipalities Leuggelbach, Nidfurn and Haslen)
 Linthal
 Luchsingen (united former municipalities Diesbach, Hätzingen and Luchsingen)
 Matt
 Mitlödi
 Mollis
 Mühlehorn
 Näfels
 Netstal
 Niederurnen
 Oberurnen
 Obstalden
 Riedern
 Rüti
 Schwanden
 Schwändi
 Sool

References

Other websites
Other websites 

 Official Statistics
 Official Site (German)
 the Linth valley on Google Maps
The district of Mendrisio is the southernmost district of canton of Ticino and of Switzerland.

Circles and municipalities 

The district of Mendrisio has 27 municipalities divided in 5 circles (circoli):
 Circle of Mendrisio: Mendrisio, Coldrerio, Genestrerio, Salorino;
 Circle of Balerna: Balerna, Casima, Castel San Pietro, Monte, Chiasso, Pedrinate, Morbio Inferiore;
 Circle of Caneggio: Caneggio, Cabbio, Vacallo, Sagno, Morbio Superiore, Bruzella, Muggio;
 Circle of Stabio: Stabio, Novazzano, Ligornetto.

Mendrisio District
Chert is a type of rock that includes flint and agate. It sometimes has fossils in it, usually shells. It is a sedimentary rock, and it is very hard. It is made from quartz. People used chert to make arrow heads because it was hard and sharp when broken. The color of chertz is usually white or gray, but can be red, yellow or dark grey. If there is a lot of iron oxide in the chert it can be dark red; this type of chert is called "jasper."

References

Sedimentary rocks
Mendrisio is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Mendrisio is the seat of the Accademia di Architettura of the university of Italian-speaking Switzerland (USI).

The municipality was created on 4 April 2004, when it incorporated the former municipality of Salorino. On 5 April 2009, it incorporated the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Rancate and Tremona.  On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites 

 Official website 

Cities in Switzerland
Coldrerio is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
The Franciscan Assemblage is a term in geology that describes a group of rocks near the peninsula of San Francisco, California.

Landforms of California
San Francisco
Genestrerio was a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009, the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites

Former municipalities of Ticino
Sonoma Coast State Beach is a series of beaches in Sonoma County, California. The beaches are protected as the Sonoma Coast State Park. It extends for about  along the Pacific Coast, from Bodega Head in Bodega to just north of Goat Rock Beach.

The nearest town is Jenner. The coastline consists of a number of named beaches, including Arched Rock Beach, Jenner Beach, Blind Beach, Goat Beach and Goat Rock Beach. Goat Beach is known for being one of the most dangerous surfing spots in California because of its powerful waves, and it is recommended to not go near the water when visiting the beach. Jenner Beach got attention in August 2004 when two Christian youth camp counselors, 22-year-old Lindsay Cutshall and 26-year-old Jason Allen, were found dead. Both had been shot in the head at close range. The murders have not been solved.

References

Other websites
 California State Parks official site for Sonoma Coast State Park

Sonoma County, California
Beaches of California
State parks in the United States
The Swiss canton of Bern has about 947,000 people. The canton is in west-central Switzerland and the city of Bern is its capital.

Districts 
As of April 2004, there are 398 municipalities of the canton of Bern within the following 26 administrative districts:
Aarberg with capital Aarberg
 Aarwangen with capital Aarwangen
 Bern with capital Berne
 Biel with capital Biel
 Büren with capital Büren an der Aare
 Burgdorf with capital Burgdorf
 Courtelary with capital Courtelary
 Erlach with capital Erlach
 Fraubrunnen with capital Fraubrunnen
 Frutigen with capital Frutigen
 Interlaken with capital Interlaken
 Konolfingen with capital Konolfingen
 Laupen with capital Laupen
 Moutier with capital Moutier
 La Neuveville with capital La Neuveville
 Nidau with capital Nidau
 Niedersimmental with capital Wimmis
 Oberhasli with capital Meiringen
 Obersimmental with capital Blankenburg
 Saanen with capital Saanen
 Schwarzenburg with capital Schwarzenburg
 Seftigen with capital Belp
 Signau with capital Langnau im Emmental
 Thun with capital Thun
 Trachselwald with capital Trachselwald
 Wangen with capital Wangen an der Aare

Other websites 

 Official website 
 Official statistics
 Berner Oberland Tourism 
 Biel/Bienne and Seeland Tourism 
 Bernese Jura Tourism
The district of Aarberg is a district of the canton of Bern, Switzerland. The capital is the town of Aarberg. There are 12 municipalities in the district covering an area of 153 km²:
 CH-3270 Aarberg
 CH-3282 Bargen
 CH-3257 Grossaffoltern
 CH-3283 Kallnach
 CH-3273 Kappelen
 CH-3250 Lyss
 CH-3045 Meikirch
 CH-3283 Niederried bei Kallnach
 CH-3271 Radelfingen
 CH-3255 Rapperswil
 CH-3054 Schüpfen
 CH-3267 Seedorf

Former districts of Bern
Aarberg is a municipality in Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 

Official website 

Cities in Switzerland
Municipalities in Seeland
Bargen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

It is a parish and is now part of the district of Aarberg. Its official language is German.

References

Other websites
 Commune of Bargen (in German)
 Google Maps

Municipalities in Seeland
The Coast Miwok were a Native American tribe who lived in what is now Northern California.

Native Americans
Sonoma County, California
The Pomo were a Native American tribe who lived in what is now Northern California by Russian River. Pomo is a language family that includeds seven languages, including Northern Pomo, Northeastern Pomo, Eastern Pomo, Southeastern Pomo, and Kashaya. The pomo tribe were hunters and gatherers. The men hunted meat and fish, while the women and the children gatherd nuts and berries. The Pomo villages might have had as few as 100 or more than 1,500. They wove finely crafted baskets and sometimes decorated them with feathers and shell beads.

Native Americans
Sonoma County, California
Euporie or  is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation .

Euporie is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,088,000 km in 538.780 days, at an inclination of 145° to the ecliptic (145° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.0960.

It was named in August 2003 after Euporie, a Greek goddess of abundance and one of the Horae in Greek mythology (and thus a daughter of Zeus).

It is the closest member of the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Autonoe or , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation .

Autonoe is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,264,000 km in 772.168 days, at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (150° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.369.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

Autonoe was named in August 2003 after the Greek mythological figure Autonoe, conquest of Zeus (Jupiter), mother of the Charites (Gracies), according to some authors.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Hegemone or , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the designation .

Hegemone is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,703,000 km in 745.500 days, at an inclination of 153° to the ecliptic (151° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.4077.

It was named in March 2005 after Hegemone, one of the Graces, and a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).

Hegemone belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

Popular Culture 
Season 2 Episode 11 of the expanse saw the hero ship hiding behind the moon

References 

Jupiter's moons
Euanthe or  is a moon of Jupiter which is not fully round. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001.  It was given the designation .

Euanthe is about 3 kilometres in diameter.  It orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,465,000 km in 598.093 days.  This orbit is at an inclination of 143° to the ecliptic (142° to Jupiter's equator) with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2001.

It was named in August 2003 after Euanthe, who was the mother of the Graces, according to some Greek writers.

Euanthe is in the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Kalyke or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2000, and given the designation .

Kalyke is about 5.2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,181,000 km in 721.021 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2140.

It was named in October 2002 after the Greek mythological figure Kalyke or Calyce.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Megaclite or , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation .

Megaclite is about 5.4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,687,000 km in 792.437 days, at an inclination of 150° to the ecliptic (148° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.308.

It was named in October 2002 after Megaclite, mother by Zeus (Jupiter) of Thebe and Locrus (although both of these are assigned a different father by other authors).

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
Emerald is a color that is a shade of green. It is light and bright, with a faint bluish cast. The name comes from the color of emerald.

The first written use of emerald as a color name in English was in 1598.

Emerald are highly transparent color . This  color is evenly distributed, with no eye-visible color zoning.

Meaning of emerald
 The color emerald may be used to represent Ireland.  Ireland is often called the emerald isle.

Tones of emerald color comparison chart

Related pages
 List of colors

References
Isonoe or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation .

Isonoe is about 3.8 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,833,000 km in 751.647 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (169° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.166.

It was named in October 2002 after Isonoe, one of the Danaides in Greek mythology, and a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).

Isonoe belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
André-Marie Ampère (20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836) was a French physicist or a mathematician who helped discover electromagnetism. An electrical unit called the ampere is named after him.

Life 
Ampere was born in France in 1775. During his childhood, Ampere's father taught him Latin, until he found out that his son was talented in mathematical studies. However, young Ampere continued his study on Latin, so that he could understand and master the works of Euler and Bernoulli.  In his later life, Ampere began to distinguish himself in mathematics, but also he studied history, travels, poetry, philosophy, and the natural sciences.
During the French Revolution, a great sorrow came to Ampere's life; he lost his father who was executed by revolutionaries.  The death of his father brought a huge impact to Ampere.
In 1796, he met the daughter of a blacksmith living near Lyon named Julie Carron, and married her in 1799. Afterward, Ampere worked as a professor in Lyon, giving lessons in mathematics, chemistry, languages, and physics. He continued working as a professor even after the death of his wife in 1803. However, her death bothered Ampere for the rest of his life. Ampere died at Marseille and buried in the Cimetiere de Montmartre, Paris.  In his work Journal et correspondence, we can see his amiability and childlike simplicity of character.

Works
Works 

Ampere is most known for establishing the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and combining them into a new field called electromagnetism, or electrodynamics. On September 11, 1820, Ampere heard from the discovery of H.C.Orsted that a magnetic needle can be activated by a voltaic current. Only a week later, he came up with a much more advanced version of that kindred phenomena. It was such an amazing development. On the same day, he also discovered like charges repel and different charges come towards each other.

More readings

Other websites 

 Ampere and the history of electricity (Correspondence, bibliography, experiments, simulations, etc., edited by CNRS, France)
 Ampere's Museum (CNRS) is in Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'or, near Lyon, France
 Catholic Encyclopedia on André Marie Ampère

1775 births
1836 deaths
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery, Paris
French academics
French physicists
People from Lyon
Cyllene or , is a moon of Jupiter. A team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003 found it. Its designation is .

Cyllene is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,396,000 km in 731.099 days, at an inclination of 140° to the ecliptic (140° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.4116.

It was named in March 2005 after Cyllene, a naiad (stream nymph) or oread (mountain nymph) associated with Mount Kyllini, Greece. She was a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).

Cyllene belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

References 

Jupiter's moons
A dive bomber is a bomber aircraft that dives towards the ground so it can get very close to its targets so that it is more likely to hit them. This can also limit the chance of anti-aircraft fire hitting the plane.

Diving nearly vertically at the target, the aircraft will release the bombs very close to the target at high speed. This allows a dive bomber to drop bombs accurately on a relatively small target, or a moving target quite easily. Dive bombers were widely used to attack high value targets such as ships and bridges. This also had the advantage of attacking ships at a weak spot. A ship's armour was heaviest near the water. On the top of the ship, however, either the armour was very thin, or there was no armour at all. Also, dive bombing allowed relatively small aeroplanes carrying a limited bomb load to do more damage than usual.

Because of better bombsights and better anti-aircraft warfare after World War II, dive bombers were replaced by attack aircraft. 

Military aircraft
Naters is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Birgisch and Mund merged into the municipality of Naters.

References

Other websites

 Official website 

Municipalities in Brig District
Ried-Brig is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites 
 Official website 

Municipalities in Brig District
Simplon is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

A member of the Swiss Federal Council Josef Escher was born in Simplon.

References

Other websites 

 Official municipality website of Simplon 
 Official tourism website of Simplon 

Municipalities in Brig District