Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Other websites
 
 

2003 comedy movies
2000s musical movies
American musical comedy movies
American musical movies
Movies set in New York (state)
Paramount Pictures movies
Movies directed by Richard Linklater
Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) is a heavy rail public rapid transit system that serves the San Francisco Bay Area in northern California. It joins the cities of the East Bay, including Oakland, with San Francisco. Construction began in 1964. The first trains began running on September 11, 1972.

Lines
As of 2022, there are five main lines on the system. There are  of track (using a wider-than-normal gauge of ). There are 50 stations. Like other rapid transit systems in the world, tracks are in underground tunnels in inner cities, and on elevated viaducts in suburban areas. In some places, they are in the middle of freeways. The busiest part of the system is the Transbay Tube, a  underwater tunnel under the San Francisco Bay. Almost 150,000 people pass through the tube every day.
Fare
The fare which people pay to ride BART depends on how far they go. They first buy paper magnetic stripe cards inside the station. Then they insert this ticket into the gate, walk through the gate, and take the ticket out. They then get on board the train. Sometimes they have to change from one train to another to get to where they want to go. After they leave the train at their destination, they insert their ticket into the fare gate again to exit the station. Printed numbers on the card show how much money is left on the ticket. A passenger who enters and exits the same station will be charged an "excursion fare". As of July 26, 2023, the fare was $6.40.
Expansion
In the 2000s, BART was expanded to reach San Francisco International Airport. It now goes as far as Millbrae. Two other branch lines have opened since then. In 2014, BART opened a short line to Oakland International Airport that uses trains pulled by cables. An extension of the Pittsburg line to Antioch, which opened in 2018, uses diesel multiple units on standard gauge tracks instead of the electric, broad-gauge trains used on the main lines. A project is also going on to expand the southern main line into San Jose. The entire extension was supposed to be completed in 2018. Instead, the first new stations were opened on June 13, 2020 after breakdowns in communication and testing with the line.

References

Other websites

Rail transport in the United States
San Francisco Bay Area
Transport in California
1972 establishments in California
Rapid transit systems in the United States
UMD could mean:

Universal Media Disc, a disc format created by Sony for the PlayStation Portable.
Under Monitor Display, a display used in television production galleries to indicate the source displayed above it.
United Macedonian Diaspora, a Washington, D.C. based organization addressing the interests and needs of ethnic Macedonians.
Unified Medical Dictionary: Arabic electronic medical dictionary; (English - French - Arabic)

Universities:
University of Maryland
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, a campus of the University of Massachusetts
University of Michigan-Dearborn, a campus of the University of Michigan
University of Minnesota Duluth, a regional university of the University of Minnesota
United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals, now part of King's College London
Betty Davis (July 26, 1944 – February 9, 2022) was an American funk-soul singer, famous in the 1970s. She was married to Miles Davis.

Davis died on February 9, 2022 at her home in Homestead, Pennsylvania from cancer at the age of 77.

References

Other websites 
 The Sound of Young America: Betty Davis Interview – June 21, 2007: Betty Davis gives her first radio interview in 30 years.
 Betty Davis: Betty Davis – Album review

1945 births
2022 deaths
Singers from North Carolina
American funk singers
American soul singers
People from Durham, North Carolina
Writers from North Carolina
Singer-songwriters from New York City
Cancer deaths in Pennsylvania
Let Go is singer Avril Lavigne's first album. It was released on June 04, 2002. It has sold 16 million copies, making it Lavigne's best-selling album so far.

Track listing

Original Edition
"Losing Grip" (Avril Lavigne/Clif Magness) – 3:53
"Complicated" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 4:03
"Sk8er Boi" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 3:23
"I'm with You" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 3:42
"Mobile" (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:31
"Unwanted"  (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:40
"Tomorrow" (Lavigne/Curtis Frasca/Sabelle Breer) – 3:48
"Anything but Ordinary" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 4:10
"Things I'll Never Say" (Lavigne/The Matrix) – 3:43
"My World" (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:26
"Nobody's Fool" (Lavigne/Peter Zizzo) – 3:56
"Too Much to Ask" (Lavigne/Magness) – 3:44
"Naked" (Lavigne/Frasca/Breer) – 3:28

Japan Tour Special Limited Version (with a bonus DVD)

 "Why" – 4:00
 "Complicated" (Video)
 "Sk8er Boi" (Video)
 "I'm with You" (Video)
 "Day in the Life" (NYC Epk)

Tour Edition
Tour Edition

 "Get Over It" ("Sk8er Boi" B-side)
 "Why" ("Complicated" B-side)
 "Unwanted" (Live)
 "I'm with You" (Live)
 "Nobody's Fool" (Live)

Standard AU CD Enhanced Media Content
Bio
Video: "Complicated" - 4:12
EPK - 5:55
Bonus track: "I Don't Give"
Lyrics (plays song in background)
"Complicated"
"Sk8er Boi"
"Mobile"
"Unwanted"

References 

2002 albums
Avril Lavigne albums
Debut albums
Pop rock albums
Anshan (or Anzan, , modern: Tal-i Malyan) was an ancient town in what was then Elam empire (today's Iran) in the province Fars. The oldest settlement may have been as early as 5500 BC.

History 
Anshan was later ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty and became one of the primary cities of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The Persian prince Teispes (675-640 BC) conquered the city and called himself "king of the city of Anshan"

Anshan is a big archaeological place today containing around 200 hectares. Excavations (digs) carried out by the University of Pennsylvania took place in 1971, 1972, 1974, 1976 and 1978.

Cities in Fars Province
Ancient settlements
The University of Maryland, College Park, often called simply the University of Maryland, is a public university in College Park, Maryland. It is the largest university in a group called the "University System of Maryland."

History 
In 1856, the Maryland Agricultural College was chartered. Sixty years later, the state of Maryland took control of the college and renamed it Maryland State University. In 1920, it joined several professional schools in the area to become the University of Maryland. It joined the Association of American Universities in 1925.

References

Other websites 

 University of Maryland - Official website

Association of American Universities
Big Ten Conference
Colleges and universities in Maryland
Collegiate Water Polo Association
Oak Ridge Associated Universities
1856 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maryland
Another Code: Two Memories (called Trace Memory in North America) is an adventure video game made by CING and published by Nintendo on the Nintendo DS handheld.

Summary 
Another Code is about a 13-year-old girl called Ashley Mizuki Robbins who goes to an island called "Blood Edward Island", an island near Washington after her dad sent her a package with a machine in it two days before her 14th birthday. She goes with her aunt Jessica, who raised her when her parents disappeared. When her dad is not there, Jessica goes looking for him, and Ashley eventually has to find them both. She meets a ghost named "D", and joins with him to search a mansion on the island.

2005 video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
More Brain Training from Dr. Kawashima: How Old Is Your Brain? (known as Brain Age 2: More Training in Minutes a Day!) is a puzzle video game made by Nintendo on the Nintendo DS handheld. It's one of the best-selling DS games.

2005 video games
2007 video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games

de:Dr. Kawashimas Gehirn-Jogging#Dr. Kawashima: Mehr Gehirn-Jogging
Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain? (known as Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!) is a puzzle video game made by Nintendo on the Nintendo DS handheld. It was released in 2006. It is one of the best-selling DS games. A second game: More Brain Training from Dr. Kawashima: How Old Is Your Brain?, was released in 2007.

Gameplay
Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain? uses educational puzzles that are math, word games, memorization games, and other kinds of games. The point of the game is to keep the player's brain young using these educational puzzles. The player is supposed to try and keep their brain at 20, which the game says is the perfect age. It's based on a book by Ryuta Kawashima. The DS is held like a book on its side with the top screen on the left and the bottom screen on the right (opposite for lefties).

Brain Age Check
The Brain Age Check lets the player check how old he or she is by doing puzzles.
Training
The Training mode lets the player play most of the puzzles without doing a Brain Age Check.

Sudoku
The Sudoku mode was added to the non-Japanese versions of the game since it was so popular.

Reception
Brain Age was a popular game, and sold more than 3 million in Japan, 1 million in the United States, and 2 million in PAL regions.

2005 video games
2006 video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Virtual Console games
Puzzle video games
Mario Smash Football (called Super Mario Strikers in North America) is a 2005 football video game made by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube game console. A sequel was made on the Wii called Mario Strikers Charged Football.

Other websites

2005 video games
Nintendo GameCube games
Mario sports games
Nintendo GameCube-only games
Sports video games
Mario video games
Mario Strikers Charged Football (called Mario Strikers Charged in North America) is a 2007 football video game made by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Wii game console.

2007 video games
Mario sports games
Wii games
Clubhouse Games is a 2006 video game published by Nintendo and developed by Agenda. It features 42 parlor games. It is for the Nintendo DS game console.

Other websites 
 Clubhouse Games Nintendo site 

2006 video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
The Halifax explosion took place on December 6, 1917 when the SS Mont-Blanc, a French cargo ship loaded with explosives collided with the SS Imo, a Norwegian ship in the harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 1,782 people were killed and over 9,000 people were injured. This was the largest man-made explosion in history until July 1945 when the first atomic bomb blew up. It is still the largest accidental explosion in history. People were said to hear it from over 100km away!

References

Other websites

CBC website about the Halifax Explosion 

1917 in North America
1910s in Canada
Disasters in Canada
Disasters in the 1910s‎
Explosions in North America
Explosion
The Kassite dynasty was ruled by the Kassites. They were an obscure mountain tribe who came to power in Babylon after the collapse of the First Dynasty of Babylon in 1595 BC following a Hittite sack of the city, and became rulers of northern Babylonia.

The Kassites 
The Kassites (Persian: کاسی‌ها) were an ancient people from Zagros mountains. Kassites were a federation of several nomadic tribes living in the Zagros mountains, in modern Loristan (Iran).

In the 18th century BCE, the Kassites started to infiltrate Mesopotamia, which was ruled by the successors of the famous king Hammurabi of Babylon (1792–1750). Kassites threatened Babylonia, which they captured in 1750 BC.

The Kassite dynasty dominated Mesopotamia from the 16th to the 12th century BC.
Importance of this empire 
By turning southern Mesopotamia into a state, instead of a group of temple-cities, the Kassites made Babylonia an international power. They ruled Babylonia almost without interruption for about four hundred years — the longest rule by any dynasty in Babylonian history.

Kassite kings established trade and diplomacy with Assyria, Egypt, Elam and the Hittites. The Kassite royal house intermarried with their royal families. There were foreign merchants in Babylon and other cities. Babylonian merchants traded from Egypt (a source of Nubian gold) to Assyria and Anatolia. Kassite weights and seals, the tools of trade, have been found in Thebes in Greece, in southern Armenia, and even in a shipwreck off the southern coast of today's Turkey.
The Kassite kings set up a network of provinces administered by governors. Nippur, a formerly great city, had been virtually abandoned. It was rebuilt in the Kassite period, and became the most important provincial center. Under the Kassite government, the governor of Nippur ruled as a secondary (lesser) king. Some 13th century BC Kassite kings even took the title 'Governor of Nippur' for themselves.

The Elamites conquered Babylonia in the 12th century BC, thus ending the Kassite state. The last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there, where he died. However, Kassites survived as a distinct ethnic group in the mountains of Lorestan long after the Kassite state collapsed.

References

Other websites 
Richard Hooker, "The Kassites: 1530-1170 The Kassite Interregnum" 

Eurasian nomads
History of Iran
History of Iraq
Mesopotamia
Royal dynasties
2nd millennium BC
is a Japan-only music video game/mini-game-collection. It was made by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance hand-held game console, and was later released in arcades. It was made by Nintendo's Research and Development 1. A sequel called Rhythm Tengoku Gold was released on the Nintendo DS in 2008.

Gameplay
Rhythm Tengoku is a level-based music mini-game collection which has a total of five normal levels and one remix level for every set of levels, which total eight sets, 48 levels in all. The game is set up with mostly different levels - for example, the first level has the player punch objects and the second level has the player pluck hairs out of an onion, both in the beat to the music that they use. The player has to beat one level to go onto to the next.  When he or she has beaten all five levels in a set, a remix appears, which is a level that has the five levels in the set remixed into one, using a different song. Rhythm Tengoku starts with a Rhythm Test that checks how well the player's beat is.
In each level, the player's score at the end is figured out by how well he or she hits the beats. There are three types of hits:
A perfect hit, where the player hits the beat exactly.
A semi-hit, where the player is slightly off.
A miss, where the player misses or does not even try to hit it. 

At the end of the level, the player is awarded one of three ranks - High Level, Mediocre, and Redo. If the player gets anything but Redo, the level is cleared, and getting High Level in a level gets the player a Perfect Campaign, which unlocks stuff in the "Bonus Corner" depending on how many the player unlocks. 

After the player beats enough levels, the game lets him or her try to get a perfect score, which gets the player a heart on the level he or she beats. The game tells the player when a level can have a heart won on it.
Besides the main game, there are six side features - the Cafe, the Toys, the Games, the Drum Lessons, the Staff, and the Live mode. The Cafe is used for advice, while the Toys, Games, and Drum Lessons have unlockable mini-games that can be played. The Staff mode shows the game's credits, and Live is a mode where the player plays in a band and is the drummer.

Drum Lessons
The Drum Lessons mode teaches the player how to play the drums in Rhythm Tengoku. The teacher, Drum Samurai, shows the player a short song that he or she must copy exactly. Drums use all of the buttons except for Start and Select, each button being a different part of the drum. The player is shown how well he or she did at the end and is given a rank. The drums can be played in the Studio mode, where the player can take any song in the game and play the drums to it. The drums are also used in the Live mode.
Music
All music tracks in the game was made for it by Tsunku, the game's composer. Because the Game Boy Advance can only do so much, most of the music is limited, and only a few songs have lyrics.

A soundtrack was released on October 15, 2008 with 140 songs from this game and its sequel, Rhythm Tengoku Gold.

Development
Tsunku contributed more than 30 soundtracks, and worked with Nintendo's Yoshio Sakamoto in making the game. It was not known until the game's release that Tsunku was involved with the game, with the Drum Samurai being based on him. Because it was developed by R&D1, it looks like and plays like the WarioWare series.

Reception
Rhythm Tengoku has received many positive reviews. EuroGamer called it "effortlessly entertaining," or that the game was very fun without putting too much work into it.  Edge said it was a best takes on rhythm games and one of the last good Game Boy Advance games.
Rhythm Tengoku received an Excellence Prize for Entertainment at the 10th annual Japan Media Arts Festival in 2006.

By the end of 2006, Rhythm Tengoku sold a total of 282,879 copies and was the 43rd best-selling game of that year.

Arcade version
Nintendo and Sega made an arcade version of Rhythm Tengoku that had multiplayer, which the Game Boy Advance version did not have. It has all the same levels as in the Game Boy Advance version, but it has a new mode that lets the first six games be played at a faster tempo.

Sequel
Nintendo released a sequel to Rhythm Tengoku called Rhythm Heaven for the Nintendo DS. It's made by the same people who made this game. It uses the DS' touch screen instead of the buttons, and the DS is held sideways. While Rhythm Tengoku has only been sold in Japan, the second game came out in the United States, Europe, and Australia. Another game was made called Rhythm Heaven Fever for the Wii.

References
References

Other websites
 Official Japanese Website
 Graphical menu translation, screenshots, and tips for each minigame

2006 video games
Arcade games
Game Boy Advance games
Japan exclusive video games
Music video games
Sega arcade games
Rhythm Heaven is a music video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It is the sequel to Rhythm Tengoku.

Gameplay
Rhythm Heaven only uses the touch screen on the DS to play the stages. In the stages, the player has to do what the game wants him or her to, like in a level where the player has a song in the background, and has to fill robots with a liquid to send it off. The robot goes on a conveyer belt, and the player has to drop the nozzle to the beat of the music and try to get it to land on its head. Then, the player has to hold it there until the robot fills up and flies away. If the player does it right, he or she gets a perfect hit. If the player overfills, underfills, or barely misses, it's a half-hit. If the player misses completely, it's a miss. At the end, the player is ranked, either getting a Perfect Level, Mediocre, or a Miss. The touch screen can do a lot of stuff, like a "flick" motion where the player flicks in a direction with the stylus or just touch the screen. The first stage has the player flicking a screw using a spring to the beat of the music
. At the right moment, the player has to flick the screw into two squares as they roll down the level at the right time to make them come together.
There's a mode called Guitar Lessons that's like the Drum Lessons in Rhythm Tengoku.

Music 
Like in Rhythm Tengoku, Tsunku made the music for this game. A soundtrack released on October 15, 2008 with 140 songs from this game and Rhythm Tengoku, which came before this game.

2008 video games
Music video games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
A caricature (from the Italian caricatura, which means "loaded portrait") is a portrait or drawing of a person that exaggerates the way they look, usually to create a humorous effect, or a political statement.

Other websites 
Celebrity Caricature
Caricature 

Art
The Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869 were baseball's first all-professional team. The team is in Cincinnati, Ohio.   The Cincinnati Base Ball Club started in 1866 and played teams in the National Association of Base Ball Players 1867 to 1870. In 1969, Major League Baseball played those events officially by starting professional baseball.

The Red Stockings established styles in team uniforms and team nicknames that have some currency even in the 21st century. They also have a particular color, red, as the color of Cincinnati (and serve as the use of "Red Sox" in Boston as well).

Other websites 

1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Club
19c Base Ball

Major League Baseball teams
Sports in Cincinnati
Edward Carl "Eddie" Gaedel (June 8, 1925– June 18, 1961) is a former professional baseball player. Gaedel played in his only major league game on August 19, 1951, against the Detroit Tigers. He got walked on four pitches in a row and was taken out of the game. Gaedel was officially listed as standing  and weighing .

References

Other websites 

MLB
Eddie Gaedel at Baseball Library.com 
ESPN.com article: "Short on size, long on history"
Box score for the Gaedel game

1925 births
1961 deaths
Major League Baseball players
People with dwarfism
Sportspeople from Chicago
Phở  is a traditional Vietnamese rice-noodle soup dish. It is served in a cup of tea. It has white rice noodles in beef broth with thin cuts of beef, vegetable, and spice such as chili or chili sauce. Sometimes, frog legs, shark intestines, snake heads, tendon, tripe, meatballs, chicken leg, chicken breast, or other organs (heart, liver, etc.) are also available. Pho that is cooked with chicken instead of beef is called phở gà.

Phở is a very popular food in Vietnam. It was brought to many other countries when Vietnamese immigrants and refugees moved to those places.

Making phở

Noodles 
A special kind of noodle called bánh phở that is made from rice is used to make phở. It is flat and white.

Broth 
The broth is usually made from beef bones. Meat can also be used to make the broth. Also there are many spices (ginger, cardamom, cinnamon, star anise, clove) that are boiled too to make the broth.

Vegetables 
Onions, basil, chilis, and other vegetables can be added.
Sauces 
Sriracha (chili) sauce and hoisin sauce can be added to the phở. Some people also like to squeeze lime juice into their phở.

Other websites 

 Lam, Andrew. "Pho," All Things Considered, National Public Radio, September 2, 1999 Surprising locations to find pho
 Norris, Michele. "From Pho to Fast Food, an Immigrant's Tale," All Things Considered, National Public Radio, February 6, 2007 Biography of Bich Minh Nguyen
 Prakash, Snigdha. "Pho Sells," Morning Edition, National Public Radio, June 3, 2002. Campbell soup markets pho
 Sullivan, Michael. "Vietnamese Pho Chain Takes on U.S. Competition," Morning Edition, National Public Radio, March 20, 2007. Introduction of chain restaurant in the USA

Noodles
Soups
Vietnamese food
A company is a type of business. The definition of the term varies by country. Some companies, usually larger ones, are organized as corporations. It is often a business organization which makes goods or services in an organized manner and sells them to the public for profit. It may also be a non-profit organization. A company may hire people to be the staff of the company.

The term is also used more broadly for any group who work together, such as the crew of a ship or the cast of a play.
An ASBO, or an Antisocial behaviour order, is a British legal term for an order that is sometimes served on people who often behave badly and have many complaints made against them because of their behaviour. The order is designed to stop them from being anti-social, which means causing distress or alarm (among other things) to other people that do not live in the same place as themselves, according to the Crime & Disorder Act. 1998. ASBO's were ended and replaced with "Injunctions" in 2015

Some types of anti-social behaviour are:
Hurting people
Damaging things/Graffiti
Using bad words, sometimes directed at minorities
Dropping rubbish
Hanging around
Being very drunk
Dealing drugs
Stealing
Being noisy
Scaring and threatening people (attempting to produce fear)
Starting fires
Spitting
Streaking
Going places where you're not allowed to go
An ASBO prohibits people from doing certain things, in certain times, in certain places. For instance, it might ban a person from gathering with certain friends in the park after 8 o'clock if that group of people have previously caused trouble together.

There is also something called an ABC, which stands for an Acceptable Behaviour Contract, and are often used to make sure people try to be "nice". It is flexible, and can be used in serious situations as well as low key ones.

Sometimes the ASBO can seem quite unusual when it is used to stop certain people from doing things, for example:
Wearing a hat anywhere in England and Wales
Sitting on the top deck of a bus
Saying the words grass and cripple
Wearing one golf glove
Playing Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?", stomping and dropping objects
Being sarcastic
Attending meetings that deal with anti-social behaviour

References 

Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
The Massacres of Foibe are the mass killings in which the majority of victims were ethnic Italians in 1943, after the capitulation of Italy on 8 September, and in 1945, when Yugoslav partisans under the command of Tito occupied parts of Venezia Giulia, Istria and Dalmatia. Historians have claimed the violence  and consequent Italian Istrian-Dalmatian exodus was a planned ethnic cleansing. National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe is Italian celebration in memory of the victims.
Number of killed Italian citizens
The estimate is several thousand killed Italian citizens. According to a report issued in 2000 by a mixed Slovene-Italian historical commission established in 1993, the number of people missing from the region, most of whom finished in the foibe, alias local geological clefts, range from 1,300 to 1,600 but this estimate does not include those killed in current Croatian territory. Some of them were court-martialed fascists or enemy soldiers, but many civilian persons were also killed. The great majority of the persons killed were of Italian nationality.
Victims were not all Italians because many killed citizen were anticommunist Croats and Slovens: many women were raped before killing. Historians like Raoul Pupo or Roberto Spazzali estimated the total number of victims at about 5,000; Guido Rumici calculates from 11,000 upwards including all people died in concentration camps; Giampaolo Pansa calculates around 15,000 always including all people died in concentration camps; fascist politician and historian Giorgio Pisanò calculated total from 10,000 upwards. It was never possible to extract all the thousands of corpses from foibes  because some of them are deeper than several hundreds meters. Until few years ago it had been able to extract from the pits just a small number of bodies, less than six hundred while other sources are attempting to compile lists of locations and possible victim numbers
. Almost all historians calculate hundreds of victims real assassinated by hard pushes to foibe while the estimated number of total people killed in concentration camps is disputed and varies in thousands; probably only a part of total cadavers was hided in foibe but a lot of bodies were accumulated in mass graves. Main concentration camps were in: Borovnica, Skofja Loka, Osijek, Stara Gradiska, Sisak, Zemun, Vrsac, Osseh, Aidussina, Maribor.
Renowned Italians
 Norma Cossetto, she was raped
 Francesco Bonifacio
 3 Radecchi sisters of Croat ancestry: original surname was Radeki; they were raped
 Mario Blasich
 Giuseppe Sincich
 Mario Skull
 Giovanni Baucer
 Mario De Hajnal
 Giovanni Rubinich
 Icilio Bacci
 Riccardo Gigante
 Carlo Dell'Antonio
 Romano Meneghello
 Augusto Bergera
 Luigi Podestà
 Carlo Schiffrer
 Michele Miani
 Licurgo Olivi
 Augusto Sverzutti
 2 Luxardo brothers
 Dora Pezzoli

Renowned Slavs
 Ivo Bric
 Vera Lesten
 Alojzij Obit
 Lado Piščanc
 Ludvik Sluga
 Anton Pisk
 Filip Terčelj
 Izidor Zavadlav
 Andrej Uršič
Investigations of the foibe
No investigation of the crimes had been initiated either by Italy, Yugoslavia or any international bodies, until after Slovenia became an independent country in 1991. Italian-Slovene relations in the relevant period (1880s to 1950s) have been under intensive study by historians since 1990. A joint report by a commission of historians from both countries was published under the auspices of the two governments in the year 2000. The report puts the Italian-Slovenian relations in a wider context. It touches also on the question of mass killings associated with the foibe. As no exact count was ascertained, the report includes a wording of "hundreds of victims," referring to the territory relevant for Italo-Slovenian relations, and thus excluding the Croatian territories.
Italian-Slovene relationships
Even since Slovenia joined the European Union the relations between the two nations are a matter of political debate. The debate gained high visibility after the Italian Parliament, under Prime Minister Berlusconi and his coalition partners of centre-right provenance, made 10 February a National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe, first celebrated in Trieste in 2005. The 2005 celebration of the Memorial Day was accompanied by an RAI TV movie production The Heart in the Pit (It: Il Cuore nel Pozzo)  . The movie was viewed by 17 million spectators on its first broadcasting in Italy alone.

Exiles from Istria and Dalmatia
Charge
In 1992 Italian judge Giuseppe Pittitto started a criminal trial after a complaint against suspected Slav criminals of war. Oscar Piskulic and Ivan Motika were both principal accused but they were discharged because territorial jurisdiction was rejected and they received acquittal under the amnesty of 1959. In 1997 some Italian deputies pressed their government for extradition of suspected Slav criminals but diplomatic problems stopped Italian action. All Italian historians consider Josip Broz Tito the chief of Slav criminals, but his corpse still stays in a mausoleum.
Main foibe
 Foiba of Basovizza (Trieste) national monument
 Foiba of Monrupino (Trieste) national monument
 Foiba of Barbana
 Foiba of Beca
 Foiba Bertarelli (Pinguente)
 Foiba of Brestovizza
 Foiba of Campagna (Trieste)
 Foibe of Capodistria
 Foiba of Casserova
 Foibe of Castelnuovo d'Istria
 Foiba of Cernizza
 Foiba of Cernovizza (Pisino)
 Foiba of Cocevie
 Foiba of Corgnale
 Foiba of Cregli
 Foiba of Drenchia
 Quarry of bauxite in Gallignana
 Foiba of Gargaro or Podgomila
 Foiba of Gimino
 Foiba of Gropada
 Foiba of Iadruichi
 Foiba of Jurani
 Quarry of bauxite in Lindaro
 Foiba of Obrovo (Fiume)
 Foiba of Odolina
 Foiba of Opicina
 Foiba of Orle
 Foiba of Podubbo
 Foiba of Pucicchi
 Foiba of Raspo
 Foiba of Rozzo
 Foiba of San Lorenzo in Basovizza
 Foiba of San Salvaro
 Foiba of Scadaicina
 Pit of Semez
 Foiba of Semi (Istria)
 Pit of Semich
 Foiba of Sepec (Rozzo)
 Foiba of Sesana
 Foiba of Terli
 Foiba of Treghelizza
 Foiba of Vescovado
 Foiba of Vifia Orizi
 Foiba of Villa Surani
 Foiba of Vines
Foiba of Vines
 Foiba of Zavni (forest of Tarnova)
Related pages
 Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
 Ethnic cleansing

Bibliography
 Vincenzo Maria De Luca, Foibe. Una tragedia annunciata. Il lungo addio italiano alla Venezia Giulia, Editor Settimo Sigillo, 2000
 Luigi Papo, L'Istria e le sue foibe, Editor Settimo Sigillo, 1999
 Giorgio Rustia, Contro operazione foibe a Trieste, 2000
 Claudia Cernigoi, Operazione Foibe - Tra storia e mito,  Edizioni Kappa Vu, Udine, 2005 (Claudia Cernigoi: Operazione Foibe - Tra storia e mito)

References

Report of the Italian-Slovene commission of historians (in three languages)
 Slovene-Italian Relations 1880-1956 Report 2000 
 Relazioni Italo-Slovene 1880-1956 Relazione 2000 
 Slovensko-italijanski odnosi 1880-1956 Poročilo 2000

Other websites 
 Official site of exiles Italian and English
 Foibe Italian

Video
 
 

1940s in Italy
Massacres in Europe during World War II
History of Yugoslavia
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus was the diaspora or forced migration of ethnic Italians from Istria, Fiume, and Dalmatia,  after World War II. Those territories were ethnically mixed since the Middle Ages. Most people were Italians, but there were also Slovenian, Croatian, Serbian and other communities.

National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe is Italian celebration in memory of all exiles and victims in massacres of Foibe: murdered and survived.

Characteristics
Istria including Fiume (Rijeka) and parts of Dalmatia including Zara (zadar), had been annexed to Italy after World War I. At the end of World War II the former Italian territories in Istria and Dalmatia became part of Yugoslavia by the Paris Peace Treaty (1947), with the only exception being the communes of Muggia and San Dorligo della Valle.
Italian sources claim that about 350,000 ethnic Italians had to leave the areas after the conflict. Official data shows that between 1948 and 1961 (the exodus started in 1943 in Dalmatia and in 1945 in the rest of the territory) the numbers of ethnic Italians living in Slovenia - almost exclusively in Slovenian Istria and along the Italian border - actually decreased by nearly -87% (from 25,451 to 3,072). The data for the Former Yugoslavia shows a decrease in the same years from 113,278 to 25,615. According to Slovenian historian Matjaž Klemenčič, "in 1953 only 36,000 (Italians) lived in the region of former Yugoslavia, i.e. 16% of the Italian population before World War II. Italians also emigrated in later decades (most of them to the Australia, Canada, South America or the USA). Therefore their population declined in each subsequent census until 1981
. We have to emphasize that the data of the Yugoslav census are unrealiable in relation to the real number if Italians, since many members of the Italian minority, for various reasons, chose 'Nationality Undeclared' or their regional identity (most as 'Istrians'). In the 1991 census there was a relatively large increase of Italians, (19,213 in the Regions of autochthonous settlements of Italians in Croatia) compared to 1981 census (15,132). Many Italians who in previous census did not declare as such, declared themselves 'Italians' in 1991 because they counted on the help of Italy in forthcoming crises in the region".
The Italians in coastal Slovenia and Croatia were mostly an indigenous population (in 1910 they accounted for more than a third of the local inhabitants, while in Istria they were nearly 55%), bolstered by new arrivals or the so called regnicoli, never well liked by the slavs by the indigenous Venetian-speaking Istrians, who arrived between 1918-1943, when Istria, Fiume, part of Dalmatia, and the islands of Cres (Cherso), Lussino, Lagosta, and Pelagosa (Palagruža) were part of Italy. Austrian 1910 census indicated approximately 182,500 people who listed Italian as their language of communication in what is now the territory of Slovenia and Croatia: 137,131 in Istria, 28,911 in Fiume/Rijeka (1918), 11,487 in Zara/Zadar, 5,000 in Dalmatia, while the Italian 1936 census indicated approximately 230,000 people who listed Italian as their language of communication in what is now the territory of Slovenia and Croatia, then part of the Italian state (ca. 194,000 in today’s Croatia and ca. 36,000 in today’s Slovenia)
. From the end of World War II until 1953, according to various data, between 250,000 and 350,000 people emigrated from these regions. Some thousands were Slovenes and Croats who opposed the Communist government in Yugoslavia, while most were ethnic Italians, the so-called optanti emigrants who were living permanently in this region on 10 June 1940 and who expressed their wish to obtain Italian citizenship and emigrate to Italy. The emigration of Italians greatly reduced the total population of the region and totally altered its ethnic structure.
In 1953, officially, only 36,000 Italians lived in Yugoslavia, 16% of the Italian population before World War II. In its 1996 report on 'Local self-government, territorial integrity and protection of minorities' the Council of Europe's European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission) put it that "a great majority of the local Italians, Italianites (of Slavic and other origin), many thousands of Slovenes and of nationally undefined bilingual 'Istrians' used their legal right from the peace treaty to 'opt out' of the Yugoslav controlled part of Istria. In several waves they moved to Italy and elsewhere (also overseas) and claimed Italian or other citizenship. The mass exodus of the optanti (or esuli as they were called in Italy) from 'godless communist Yugoslavia' was actively encouraged by the Italian authorities, Italian radio and the Roman Catholic bishop of Trieste. After this huge drain, the numerical strength of the remaining Italian minority became stable".

History
History

Ancient times
Evidence of Italic people living alongside those from other ethnic groups on the eastern side of the Adriatic as far north as the Alps goes back at least to the Bronze Age, and the populations have been mixed ever since. A 2001 population census counted 23 languages spoken by the people of Istria. Istria and Dalmatia were fully latinized at the fall of the Roman empuire in the fifth century.

From the Middle Ages onwards numbers of Slavic people near and on the Adriatic coast were ever increasing, due to their expanding population and due to pressure from the Turks pushing them from the south and east. This led to Italic people becoming ever more confined to urban areas in Dalmatia, while the countryside was populated by Slavs, with certain isolated exceptions. But Istria remained fully Italian until the Ottoman invasion in the sixteenth century.
The original majority Italian population suffered economic and political disadvantages, which gradually increased with the Austro-Hungarian empire in the 19th century. This created a strong emigration: in Dalmatia the Dalmatian Italians were 25% in 1815, but a century later in 1915 they were only 2%.

World War I and the Post-War Period 
In 1915, the Italians attacked the Austro-Hungarian Empire  leading to bloody conflict mainly on the Isonzo and Piave fronts. Britain, France and Russia had been "keen to bring neutral Italy into World War One on their side. Italy however drove a hard bargain, demanding extensive territorial concessions once the war had been won".
In a deal to draw Italy into the war, under the London Pact, Italy was granted Trentino, Trieste, (the German-speaking) South Tyrol, and Istria including large non-Italian communities. But Dalmatia was excluded, as was Rijeka. In Dalmatia, not granted to Italy by the London pact, Italy gained the city of Zadar and some islands.
After World War I, under the Treaty of Rapallo between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and the Kingdom of Italy (12 November 1920), Italy obtained all of Istria with Trieste, the exception being the island of Krk and part of Kastav commune, which went to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. By the Treaty of Rome (27 January 1924) the Free state of Fiume was split between Italy and Yugoslavia.

World War Two
After the Wehrmacht invasion of Yugoslavia (6 April 1941), the Italian zone of occupation was further expanded. Italy annexed large areas of coastal Yugoslavia (including most of coastal Dalmatia) and Slovenia (including its capital Ljubljana).
After the Second World War, there were large-scale movements of people choosing to move to Italy rather than live in Yugoslavia. In Yugoslavia, the people who left were called optanti, which translates as 'choosers', while they call themselves esuli or exiles. Their motives for leaving may have been fear of reprisals and murders, economic motives, or ethnically based.

The foibe massacres
When the Fascist regime collapsed in 1943 reprisals against Italian fascists and civilians (even Italian communists) took place. At least 200 Italians were killed by Tito's resistance movement in September 1943; some had been connected to the fascist regime, while others were victims of personal hatred or the attempt of the partisan resistance to get rid of its real or supposed enemies. These events took place in central and eastern Istria, as well as in Slovenian Primorska.
The second wave of anti-Italian violence took place after occupation of Slav army in May 1945. This was known as the foibe massacres; actually it was a reenaction of what had been already began in 1943 but in larger scale.

Many Italian sources claim that these killings were ethnic cleansing and genocide: Italian people were forced to mass migration by Tito supporters.

The mixed Italian-Slovenian Historical Commission, established in 1995 by the two governments to investigate the matters,  described the 1945 killings:
The number of victims is not certain. The Italian historian Raoul Pupo suggests 4,500 were killed (including the events of 1943), mostly Italians, but many bodies wearing Partisan uniforms were found as well, so the number is subject to many interpretations. Other sources suggest numbers reaching up to 30,000 killed or missing.

Exodus 
Economic insecurity, ethnic hatred and the international political context that led to the Iron Curtain resulted in about 350,000 people, mostly Italians, choosing to leave the region. The London Memorandum of 1954 gave to the ethnic Italians the choice of either opting to leave (the so-called optants) or staying. These exiles were to be given compensation for their loss of property and other indemnity by the Italian state under the terms of the peace treaties. Following the exodus, the areas were settled with Yugoslav people.

Periods 
The exodus took place between 1943 and 1960; Italians allege that most of their numbers left in
 1943
 1945
 1947
 1954
The first period took place after the surrender of the Italian army and the beginning of the first wave of anti-fascist violence.

The second period was soon after the end of the war and approximately around the time of the second wave of anti-fascist violence. The Wehrmacht was engaged in a front-wide retreat from the Yugoslav Partisans, along with the local collaborationist forces (the Ustaše, the Domobranci, the Chetniks, and units of Mussolini's puppet Italian Social Republic).

The third period took place after the Paris peace treaty, when Istria was assigned to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, except for a small area in the northwest part that formed the independent Free Territory of Trieste.
The fourth period took place after the Memorandum of Understanding in London. It gave provisional civil administration of Zone A (with Trieste), to Italy, and Zone B to Yugoslavia: in 1975 the Treaty of Osimo finally divided the former Free Territory of Trieste.
Estimates 
Several estimates of the exodus by historians:
 Vladimir Žerjavić (Croat), 191,421 Italian exiles from Croatian territory.
 Nevenka Troha (Slovene), 40,000 Italian and 3,000 Slovene exiles from Slovenian territory.
 Raoul Pupo (Italian), about 250,000 Italian exiles
 Flaminio Rocchi (Italian), about 350,000 Italian exiles

The mixed Italian-Slovenian Historical Commission verified 27,000 Italian and 3,000 Slovene migrants, but only from Slovenian territory.
Famous exiles
In the list are persons who worked in other places before the war and are also considered exiles due to their properties being confiscated by the communist dictatorship under Josip Broz. Famous postwar exiles from territories include:
 Mario Andretti from Motovun (then Montona d'Istria), race driver
 Laura Antonelli, actress
 Lidia Bastianich from Pula (then Pola), chef
 Nino Benvenuti from Izola (then Isola d'Istria), boxer: three times professional world's champion and olympic gold medalist
 Enzo Bettiza from Split, novelist, journalist and politician
 Gianni Cucelli, tennis player
 Sergio Endrigo from Pula (then Pola), singer
 Guido Miglia from Pula (then Pola), journalist and writer
 Ottavio Missoni from Zadar (then Zara), stylist and former Sindaco (Mayor) del Comune di Zara in Esilio, an association of exiles Dalmatian Italians
 Abdon Pamich, race walker: world's champion and olympic gold medalist
 Orlando Sirola, tennis player
Agostino Straulino, sailor: four times world's champion and olympic gold medalist
 Fulvio Tomizza from Materada (a small village near Porec, then Parenzo), poet and writer
 Leo Valiani, politician and journalist
 Alida Valli, actress
 Valentino Zeichen from Rijeka (then Fiume), poet and writer
 Lidia Bastianich, chef
 Mario Gasperini, painter
 Luigi Donorà, composer
Property reparation 
On February 18, 1983 Yugoslavia and Italy signed a treaty in Rome. Yugoslavia agreed to pay US$110 million for the compensation of the exiles' property which was confiscated after the war in the Zone B of Free Territory of Trieste. Up to its breakup in 1991, Yugoslavia had paid US$18 million. Slovenia and Croatia, two Yugoslav successors, agreed to share the remainder of this debt. Slovenia assumed 62% and Croatia the remaining 38%. Italy did not want to reveal the bank account number so in 1994 Slovenia opened a fiduciary account at Dresdner Bank in Luxembourg, informed Italy about it and started paying its US$55,976,930 share. The last payment was due in January 2002. Until today, the solution of the matter between Croatia and Italy has been delayed. None of the refugees from the Free Territory of Trieste saw  a single penny so far.
Historical debate 
It has been established that Foibe massacres were been used by Slav communists for ethnic-political cleansing. In fact, foibe massacres and exodus were described as a democide and an ethnic-political cleansing by Italian president Giorgio Napolitano.

Slovenian historian Darko Darovec writes:

For the mixed Italian-Slovenian Historical Commission:

Related pages
 Foibe massacres
 National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe
 Free Territory of Trieste
 Italian Social Republic
 Ethnic cleansing
 Istria
 Dalmatia
 Dalmatian Italians
 Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
 Venice and Dalmatia

References

Bibliography
 Arcipelago Adriatico. Ethnic map of Istria in the 1920s ()
Further reading
 The Effects of the Dissolution of Yugoslavia on Minority Rights: the Italian Minority in Post-Yugoslav Slovenia and Croatia by Matjaž Klemenčič 
  Site of an association of Italian exiles from Istria and Dalmatia.
  Slovene-Italian Relations 1880-1956 Report 2000 
  Relazioni Italo-Slovene 1880-1956 Relazione 2000 
  Slovensko-italijanski odnosi 1880-1956 Poročilo 2000 
  Italians mark war massacre
  Massacres and Atrocities of World War II

Other websites 
 Official site of exiles Italian and English
 
 A Brief History of Istria by Darko Darovec
 Perlasco Foundation on Istrian-dalmatian exodus (in italian) 
 Italian documentary

Dalmatia
20th century in Italy
World War II
Kochi is a city in the state of Kerala, in India. It used to be called Cochin. It is also called the "Queen of the Arabian Sea".

Geography
The city has the second-highest population in the state after the capital city of Kerala, Trivandrum. Kochi is the financial and commercial hub of the state. 

Kochi has a very old synagogue. It is usually called by the name Ernakulam, which is the mainland part of the city. 

Most regions in Kochi are at sea level. It has a coastline of almost . Kochi is the seat of the High Court of Kerala.

History
Kochi was an important spice trading centre on the west coast of India from the 14th century onward, and maintained a trade network with Arab merchants from the pre-Islamic era. Occupied by the Portuguese in 1503, Kochi was the first of the European colonies in colonial India. It remained the main seat of Portuguese India until 1530, when Goa was chosen instead. The city was later occupied by the Dutch and the British, with the Kingdom of Cochin becoming a princely state.
Tourism
Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala. The city was ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine.

Economy
Kochi was one of the 28 Indian cities among the emerging 440 global cities that will contribute 50% of the world GDP by the year 2025, in a 2011 study done by the McKinsey Global Institute. In July 2018, Kochi was ranked the topmost emerging future megacity in India by global professional services firm JLL.

Cities in Kerala