Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
November 7 – Johnny Rivers, American musician
 November 27 – Jimi Hendrix, American musician (The Jimi Hendrix Experience) (d. 1970)
 December 7 - Harry Chapin, American folk musician (d. 1981)
 December 23 - Quentin Bryce, Governor-General of Australia
 December 26 - Gray Davis, former Governor of California
 December 30 – Michael Nesmith, musician and member of the Monkees
 December 30 – Janko Prunk, Slovenian historian
 December 31 - Andy Summers, English guitarist (The Police)
People who were born in this year but their day of birth is unknown
Ningali Cullen - Australian activist
Deaths 
 January 6 – Henri de Baillet-Latour, Belgian International Olympic Committee president (b. 1876)
 January 14 – Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian poet and writer (born 1883)
 January 16 – Carole Lombard, actress
 January 26 – Felix Hausdorff, German mathematician (born 1868)
 February 19 – Frank Abbandando, Mafia hitman (executed)
 February 28 – Karel Doorman, Dutch admiral
 March 1 – Cornelius Vanderbilt III, military officer, inventor, engineer
 March 8 – José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban chess player
 April 15 – Robert Musil, Austrian novelist
 April 18 – Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, sculptor and socialite
 May 3 – Thorvald Stauning, Prime Minister of Denmark
 May 7 – Felix Weingartner, Yugoslavian conductor (born 1863)
 May 29 – John Barrymore, actor (born 1882)
  June 18 – Elsa Binder, Polish–born Jewish diarist and supposed Holocaust victim (born  1920)
 July 13 - Irving Cutler, Airman Aboard a B-24 Bombing Bengazi Libya
 July 23 – Adam Czerniakow, Polish Jew (suicide)
August 3 – Richard Willstätter, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1872)
 August 6 – Jonathan Campbell, movie pioneer (born 1875)
 August 25 – Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
 September 17 - Cecilia Beaux, American painter (born 1855)
 November 1 – Hugo Distler, German composer (born 1908)
 November 5 – George M. Cohan, American songwriter and entertainer
 November 19 – Bruno Schulz, Polish writer and painter (shot) (born 1892)
 December 22 – Franz Boas, German anthropologist (born 1858)
 December 25 - Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, British Indian statesman (born 1892)
Movies released 
 Casablanca

References
The Commonwealth of Dominica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. It is an English-speaking country. It is between the French-speaking territories of Guadeloupe and Martinique. The island is 751 km² (290 mi²) in area. Roseau is its capital. Portsmouth is another main town. Almost 70,000 people live on the island.

The currency of the island is the East Caribbean dollar.

The island's name comes from the Latin for Sunday, Dies Dominica. It is not the Spanish-speaking Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles.

The country is nicknamed the Nature Island of the Caribbean.

Dominica is most famously depicted in Jean Rhys' classic prequel to Jane Eyre, Wide Sargasso Sea.

History
The indigenous Carib people lived in Dominca before it was found by Europeans. They called it Wai‘tu kubuli, which means "Tall is her body."

Christopher Columbus came to Dominica in 1493. In 1763, it became a territory of the United Kingdom from which its independence was received on 3 November 1978.
In August 1979, Hurricane David, wiped out its entire infrastructure. On 21 November 2004, the island was hit by its most destructive earthquake in history; Portsmouth and the northern area were deeply affected.

On 18 September 2018, Hurricane Maria, the most powerful storm to hit the island, severely damaged its infrastructure and cut off all its communications to the outside world. The Assessment Capacities Project estimates that the hurricane has caused $1.37 billion in losses across the island, which is equal to 226 percent of its 2016 GDP. As of April 12, there are 65 fatalities confirmed across the island, including 34 who are missing and presumed to be dead.

In 1980, Dame Eugenia Charles became its prime minister, the first female government leader in the West Indies.

Geography
Dominica is an island nation in the Caribbean Sea. It is the northernmost of the Windward Islands.

Dominica is largely covered by rainforest. It is home to the world's second-largest hot spring, Boiling Lake.
Morne Trois Pitons National Park is a tropical forest with scenic volcanic features. It was recognised as a World Heritage Site on 4 April 1995.

Administrative divisions
Dominica is divided into 10 parishes, given below with their 2011 Census populations:
 Saint Andrew Parish (9,471)
 Saint David Parish (6,043)
 Saint George Parish (21,241)
 Saint John Parish (6,561)
 Saint Joseph Parish (5,637)
 Saint Luke Parish (1,668)
 Saint Mark Parish (1,834)
 Saint Patrick Parish (7,622)
 Saint Paul Parish (9,786)
 Saint Peter Parish (1,430)

Sports
Cricket is a popular sport on the island. Dominica competes in test cricket as part of the West Indies cricket team.

Netball, basketball, rugby, tennis and association football are gaining popularity as well.

Gallery

Related pages
Dominica at the Olympics
Dominica national football team
List of rivers of Dominica

References

Other websites 
 Dominica in the News 
 SaKaFete 
 Official Tourism Website 
 World Creole Music Festival
Caribbean Community
 
1978 establishments in North America
Commonwealth member states
1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar.  The Julian calendar was made obsolete starting that year, though Eastern Orthodox churches still use the Julian Calendar.
Events 
 January 1 – Grouping of all UK railway companies into four larger companies
 January 10 – Lithuania seizes and annexes Memel
 January 11 – Troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area to force Germany to pay its reparation payments
 February 16 – Howard Carter unseals the burial chamber of Pharaoh Tutankhamun
 February 22 – Barcelona (Catalonia): Albert Einstein visits the city, invited by the scientist Esteban Terradas i Illa, as part of the monografics course of High Studies and Exchange organized by the Mancomunitat de Catalunya and conducted by Rafael de Campalans.
 March – Antigone by Jean Cocteau appears on a Paris stage. Settings by Pablo Picasso, music by Arthur Honegger, and costumes by Gabrielle Chanel. Antonin Artaud played the part of Tiresias.
 March 1 – USS Connecticut decommissioned
 March 2 – Time Magazine hits newsstands for the first time
March 9 – Vladimir Lenin suffers a stroke, his third, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak; consequently he retires his position as Chairman of the Soviet government.
 April – End of Irish Civil War
 April 12 – Kandersteg International Scout Centre came into existence.
 April 23 – Ceremonial inauguration of Gdynia Seaport
 April 26 – Wedding of Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in Westminster Abbey
 May 23 – Launch of Belgium's SABENA Airlines
 May 27 – Ku Klux Klan defies law requiring publication of its members
 June 9 – Military coup in Bulgaria – prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski is ousted (he is killed June 14)
 June 18 – Etna volcano erupts – 60.000 made homeless
Births

January 

 January 15 – Lee Teng-hui, 4th President of the Republic of China (d. 2020)
 January 25 – Arvid Carlsson, Swedish neuroscientist (d. 2018)
 January 31 – Norman Mailer, American writer and journalist (d. 2007)

February 

 February 4 - Conrad Bain, Canadian-American actor (d. 2013)
 February 4 – Belisario Betancur, 26th President of Colombia (d. 2018)
 February 12 – Franco Zeffirelli, Italian film director (d. 2019)

March 

 March 22 – Marcel Marceau, French actor (d. 2007)

April 

 April 5 – Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, 2nd President of South Vietnam (d. 2001)
 April 23 - Krastyu Trichkov, Bulgar  politician

May 

 May 7 – Anne Baxter, American actress (d. 1985)
 May 10 – Heydar Aliyev, 3rd President of Azerbaijan (d. 2003)
 May 27 – Henry Kissinger, 56th United States Secretary of State
 May 28 – N. T. Rama Rao, Indian actor, director and politician (d. 1996)
 May 31 – Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (d. 2005)

June 
 June 25 – Sam Francis, American painter (d. 1994)

July
July 

 July 6 – Wojciech Jaruzelski, 1st President of Poland (d. 2014)
 July 11 – Richard Pipes, Polish-American academic and political expert (d. 2018)
 July 22 – Bob Dole, American politician (d. 2021)

August 

 August 2 – Shimon Peres, 9th President of Israel (d. 2016)
 August 10 – Rhonda Fleming, American actress (d. 2020)

September 

 September 16 – Lee Kuan Yew, 1st Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2015)

October 

 October 4 – Charlton Heston, American actor and political activist (d. 2008)
 October 5 – Glynis Johns, Welsh stage and film actress, dancer, pianist and singer
 October 15 – Italo Calvino, Italian writer (d. 1985)

November

December 

 December 13 – Philip W. Anderson, American Nobel physicist (d. 2020)

Deaths 
 February 10 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physician and Nobel Prize laureate

Nobel Prize 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Frederick Banting, Canadian doctor, and John James Rickard Macleod, Scottish physiologist
Events 
 January 1 – Ireland's first regular radio service, 2RN (later Radio Éireann), begins broadcasting.
 January 8 – Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud becomes the King of Hejaz
 January 12 – Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll premiere their radio program Sam 'n' Henry, in which the two white performers portrayed two black characters from Harlem looking for extra money during the Depression. It was a precursor to Gosden and Correll's more popular later program, Amos 'n' Andy.
 January 16 – BBC radio play about worker's revolution causes a panic in London
 January 26 – John Logie Baird demonstrates a mechanical television system.
 January 31 – British and Belgian troops leave Cologne
 February 9 – Flooding on London suburbs
 March 6 – The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon is destroyed by fire
 March 16 – Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket, at Auburn, Massachusetts
 April 7 – Failed assassination attempt against Mussolini
April 12 – By a vote of 45 to 41, the United States Senate unseats Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart and seats Daniel F. Steck, after Brookhart had already served for over one year.
 April 16 – Train crash in San Jose, Costa Rica – 178 dead
 April 21 – Princess Elizabeth born in London
 April 25 – Reza Khan is crowned Shah of Iran under the name "Pahlevi."
Nobel Prizes 
 Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Danish doctor, won the 1926 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (b. 1867) (d. 1928)

Births

January 

 January 1 - Claudio Villa, Italian singer (d. 1987)
 January 3 – George Martin, "5th Beatle": producer of The Beatles' records, later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (d. 2016)
 January 11 – Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin, Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 1984)
 January 20 – Patricia Neal, American stage and film actress (d. 2010)
 January 21 – Steve Reeves, American actor and bodybuilder (d. 2000)
 January 27 - Ingrid Thulin, Swedish actress (d. 2004)
 January 29 – Franco Cerri, Italian jazz guitarist
 January 29 – Abdus Salam, Pakistani Nobel Prize in Physics winner (d. 1996)

February
February 

 February 2 – Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, 20th President of France (d. 2020)
 February 7 - Konstantin Feoktistov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2009)
 February 9 - Garret FitzGerald, Irish Taoiseach (d. 2011)
 February 11 – Paul Bocuse, French chef (d. 2018)
 February 11 – Leslie Nielsen, Canadian actor and comedian (d. 2010)
 February 16 - Margot Frank, sister of Anne Frank (d. 1945)
 February 16 – John Schlesinger, British movie director (d. 2003)
 February 20 - Richard Matheson, American author (d. 2013)

March 

 March 2 – Murray Rothbard, American economist (d. 1995)
 March 6 – Andrzej Wajda, Polish film director (d. 2016)
 March 10 - Oscar Quitak, British actor
 March 16 – Jerry Lewis, American actor and comedian (d. 2017)
 March 17 – Siegfried Lenz, German author (d. 2014)
 March 24 – Dario Fo, Italian writer (d. 2016)
 March 27 – Clarence Henry, American boxer
 March 30 – Ingvar Kamprad, Swedish businessman (d. 2018)

April
April 

 April 3 – Timothy Bateson, English actor (d. 2009)
 April 7 – James Garner, American actor (d. 2014)
 April 9 – Hugh Hefner, American publisher, founder of Playboy magazine (d. 2017)
 April 21 – Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms.
 April 28 – Harper Lee, American writer (d. 2016)
 April 30 – Cloris Leachman, American actress (d. 2021)

May 

 May 8 – David Attenborough, British documentary movie maker, broadcaster and naturalist
 May 8 – Don Rickles, American stand-up comedian (d. 2017)
 May 25 – Claude Akins, American actor (d. 1994)
 May 26 – Miles Davis, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1991)
 May 29 – Abdoulaye Wade, 3rd President of Senegal

June 

 June 1 – Marilyn Monroe, American actress, singer and model (d. 1962)
 June 3 – Allen Ginsberg, American poet and writer (d. 1997)
 June 16 – Efraín Ríos Montt, President of Guatemala (d. 2018)
 June 28 – Mel Brooks, American actor, screenwriter, movie director and movie producer

July
July 

 July 4 – Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentine-Spanish association football player (d. 2014)
 July 7 – Nuon Chea, Cambodian politician, Acting Prime Minister of Cambodia (d. 2019)
 July 10 – Fred Gwynne, American actor (d. 1993)
 July 15 – Leopoldo Galtieri, 44th President of Argentina (d. 2003)

August 

 August 6 - Janet Asimov, American science fiction writer and psychoanalyst (d. 2019)
 August 13 – Fidel Castro, President of Cuba (d. 2016)
 August 15 – Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, President of Greece (d. 2016)
 August 17 – Jiang Zemin, 5th President of the People's Republic of China

September 

 September 6 – Prince Claus of the Netherlands, husband of Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands (d. 2002)
 September 19 – Masatoshi Koshiba, Japanese physicist and Nobel Prize winner (d. 2020)
 September 26 – Julie London, American actress and singer (d. 2000)

October
October 

 October 11 – Thích Nhất Hạnh, Vietnamese Zen Buddhist monk (d. 2022)
 October 15 - Michel Foucault, French philosopher (d. 1984)
 October 17 – Julie Adams, American actress (d. 2019)
 October 18 – Chuck Berry, American singer and songwriter (d. 2017)
 October 29 – Necmettin Erbakan, 23rd Prime Minister of Turkey (d. 2011)
 October 25 - Galina Vishnevskaya, Russian opera singer (d. 2012)
 October 26 – Robert Baker, American boxer (d. 2002)

November 

 November 29 – Beji Caid Essebsi, 5th President and 18th Prime Minister of Tunisia (d. 2019)
 November 30 - Andrew W. Schally, Polish Nobel Prize in Medicine winner
 November 30 - Richard Crenna, American actor (d. 2003)

December 
 December 9 - Raif Dizdarević, President of the Presidency of Yugoslavia
Deaths 
 January 3 – Emmet D. Boyle, American Governor of Nevada (b. 1879)
 January 4 – Margherita of Savoy, Queen of the Kingdom of Italy (b. 1851)
 February 15 – Piero Gobetti, Italian journalist (b. 1901)
 June 9 – Sanford Dole, American politician and businessman (b. 1844)
 August 23 – Rudolph Valentino, Italian actor (b. 1895)
 November 3 – Annie Oakley, American sharpshooter (b. 1860)
 December 6 – Claude Monet, French painter (b. 1840)
 December 29 - Rainer Maria Rilke, Austrian writer (b. 1875)
 Iraj Mirza, Iranian poet (b. 1874)

Movies 
The Scarlet Letter

 

nv:1901 – 1950
1931 (MCMXXXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events
January 27 – Pierre Laval forms a government in France
 February 16 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland
 March 31 – An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000 people
 April 25 – The automobile manufacturer Porsche is founded by Ferdinand Porsche in Stuttgart
 May 1 – Construction of the Empire State Building is completed in New York City
 June 3 – Salvador Dalí's The Persistence of Memory is put on display for the first time
 July 9 – Irish racing driver Kaye Don breaks the world water speed record at Lake Garda, Italy
 August – Warner Brothers releases the first Merrie Melodies cartoon
 September- The 1931 Belize hurricane strikes Belize (then British Honduras), killing over 2,500 people
 September 22 – The United Kingdom abandons the gold standard
 October 5 – American aviators Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr. complete the first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean. They travel from Misawa, Japan to East Wenatchee, Washington in 41½ hours.
November 7 – The Chinese Soviet Republic is proclaimed by Mao Zedong
 December 10 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora is elected president of the Spanish Republic
Births

January 

 January 2 – Toshiki Kaifu, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2022)
 January 13 – Charles Nelson Reilly, American actor (d. 2007)
 January 16 – Johannes Rau, President of Germany (d. 2006)
 January 22 – Sam Cooke, American singer (d. 1964)

February 

 February 1 – Iajuddin Ahmed, former President of Bangladesh (d. 2012)
 February 1 – Boris Yeltsin, President of Russia (d. 2007)

March

April 
 April 7 – Ted Kotcheff, Canadian-Bulgarian film director

May 
 May 19 – David Wilkerson, American pastor, evangelist and author (d. 2011)
 May 27 – Faten Hamama, Egyptian producer and actress (d. 2015)

June

July

August

September 

 September 12 – Sir Ian Holm, English actor
 September 12 – George Jones, American singer (d. 2013)
 September 29 – Anita Ekberg, Swedish actress (d. 2015)

October 

 October 20 – Mickey Mantle, American baseball player (d. 1995)

November 

 November 3 – Monica Vitti, Italian actress (d. 2022)
 November 15 – Mwai Kibaki, President of Kenya (d. 2022)

December

Deaths
January 23 – Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina (b. 1881)
 February 11 – Charles Algernon Parsons, British inventor (b. 1854)
 February 26 – Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1847)
 March 7 – Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Finnish painter (b. 1865)
 April 8 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
 April 26 – George Herbert Mead, American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist (b. 1863)
 May 9 – Albert Abraham Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
 June 2 – Joseph W. Farnham, American screenwriter (b. 1884)
 July 12 – Nathan Söderblom, Swedish archbishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1866)
 August 26 – Hamaguchi Osachi, 27th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1870)
 September 12 – Joseph Le Brix, French aviator and naval officer (b. 1899)
 October 21 – Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian author and dramatist (b. 1862)
 November 13 – Ivan Fichev, Bulgarian general, minister of defense, military historian, and academician (b. 1860)
December 9 – Antonio Salandra, Italian statesman, 21st Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1853)
 December 27 – José Figueroa Alcorta, 16th President of Argentina (b. 1860)
Nobel Prizes 
 Nobel Prize in Physics – not awarded
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry won by Carl Bosch, German chemist and engineer, and Friedrich Bergius, German chemist
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Otto Heinrich Warburg, German chemist, (1883 – 1970)
 Nobel Prize in Literature won by Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish poet
 Nobel Peace Prize won by Jane Addams, American activist, and Nicholas Murray Butler, American philosopher, diplomat, and educator

Movies released 

 January 30 – City Lights starring Charlie Chaplin
 February 9 – Cimarron starring Richard Dix and Irene Dunne
 February 14 – The original movie version of Dracula with Bela Lugosi is released in the United States
 December 26 – A Free Soul, winning Best Actor for Lionel Barrymore
 November 21 – Frankenstein starring Boris Karloff, the top-grossing movie of the year
 December 12 – Private Lives starring Norma Shearer
 December 26 – Mata Hari starring Greta Garbo

References
404 was a leap year starting on Friday.

Events 
 January 1 – Last gladiator competition in Rome.
 Atticus of Constantinople becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.
 Honorius moves the capital of the Western Roman Empire to Ravenna.
 Saint Telemachus matyrdom.
Events 
 Pachacuti who would later create Tahuantinsuyu, or Inca Empire became the ruler of Cusco
 January 1 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary
 March 18 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Germany
 Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway loses direct control of Sweden. Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.

Births 
 Adolf, Duke of Gelderland
 William Beaumont, 2nd Viscount Beamont
 Giovanni Michele Alberto da Carrara
 Sönam Choklang, 2nd Panchen Lama
 Henrique Esteves da Veiga de Nápoles
 Husayn Bayqarah
 John III of Egmont
 Manduulun Khan
 Louis II, Landgrave of Lower Hesse
 Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège
 Ludovico II, Marquess of Saluzzo
 Marguerite de Bourbon
 Pachacuti
 Peter II, Duke of Bourbon
 Philip II, Duke of Savoy
 Reginald Ely
 Anne Woodville
Deaths 
 Humphrey FitzAlan, 15th Earl of Arundel
 Bagrationi, wife of John IV of Trebizond
 Barsbay
 Richard, Count of Étampes
 Alexander Lindsay, 2nd Earl of Crawford
 Edward of Portugal
 Ernest, Duke of Bavaria
 Dorothy Garai
 Conrad Justinger
 Adai Khan
 James II, Count of La Marche
 Thomas Mapilton
 Marie of Valois, Prioress of Poissy
 Johannes Nider
 Olaus Laurentii
 Giordano Orsini
 Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama
 Peter, infans of Aragón
 Jacopo della Quercia
 Ulrich of Richenthal
 Matilda of Savoy
 Shams al-Din 'Ali ibn Qutb al-Din
 Anne of Gloucester
 Simon Sydenham
1651 was a common year.

Events 
 January 1 – Charles II crowned King of Scotland in Scone. This is his first crowning.
 June 28 – June 30: The biggest battle of the 17th century, the Battle of Beresteczko, between Poles and Ukrainians is won by the Poles.
 September 3 –  English Civil War: Battle of Worcester – Charles II of England is defeated in the last main battle of the war.
Playing cards is the name for the 52 cards used in card games like poker, bridge, blackjack, solitaire and other games.

There are 52 basic cards in a deck (not including the jokers). These cards have a suit and a number (called the value or rank). There are 4 suits and 13 ranks in each suit. Decks may include a wide variety of regional and national patterns, and different deck sizes.  The English pattern of cards is so widespread that it is often also known as the International or Anglo-American pattern.

Suits 

Usual signs: spades (♠), hearts (♥), diamonds (♦), clubs (♣).

In some countries different suit signs may be used. In central Europe, there are cards with the suit signs of acorns, leaves, hearts, and bells. In Spain, Italy and Latin America, there are playing cards with the suits of clubs, swords, cups, and coins and Aces

Values 
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, Jack or Knave (J), Queen (Q), King (K), Ace (A).
Number of cards
For many games, the Jokers are removed from the deck, making the total number of cards in the deck 52. Sometimes the deck is reduced to 40, 36, or 32 cards for playing certain games, like belote, sheepshead or euchre.

Tarot cards 

There are various types of tarot cards. Tarots are commonly used for fortune-telling, although they can also be used for playing games.  Conversely, people have also used standard playing cards for fortune-telling.

History 

Playing cards have been found in 9th century China, Tang dynasty.

Playing cards first entered Europe in the early 14th century, probably from Egypt. The suits were very similar to the tarot suits of Swords, Staves, Cups and Coins. These designs are  still used in traditional Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese card decks.
The first documentary evidence is from Vitoria-Gasteiz (now Spain) in 1334, in which the Knights of the Band are forbidden to play cards. The next record is from Catalonia in 1371.
Wide use of playing cards in Europe can be traced from 1377 onwards.

Manufacture 
The method of making cards has stayed the same for over a century. Cards are two thin pieces of paper stuck together with black paste. Both outer sides are printed. Inside is the design of the card face, the outer is the design for the pack as a whole. The black paste is essential to prevent sight of the face coming through when light shines on the face side. The use of the paste is the reason cards are sometimes called "pasteboards".
One or two packs at a time are printed on large sheets of paper, already pasted. The individual cards are stamped out by a machine which acts like a cookie-cutter. It cuts 36,000 cards per hour. A tiny fraction of a second later the edges of the cards are squashed extra-thin. This is not obvious to the naked eye, but the effect is that the cards slide easily past each other during shuffling.

Printed paper cards hold about 97.5% of the world market. Plastic cards do exist: they were first invented in the 1930s. They last longer than papercards, but have only 2.5% of the market.

References

Other websites 
Card game rules 
Rules for Belote, a French card game
An emperor (female equivalent: empress) is a male who rules an empire. The word is taken from the Latin language Imperator. Often it is capitalized.

A woman who comes to power in an empire is called an empress. The wife of an emperor is also called an empress. An emperor or empress is often a hereditary monarch and comes to power when one of his parents, or relatives, dies. In some countries, people elected a new emperor from candidates. 

The only emperor in the world today is the Emperor of Japan (tennō), but he lacks political power. The true leaders of Japan are the Diet and Prime Minister because the country is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
The English word comes from Latin, the language of the old Roman Empire. At first, an imperator was a powerful general (army leader) but, after Augustus, it was only used by their most powerful rulers. There have been many countries in history whose leaders are called "emperors" in English. The leaders of the Byzantine Empire (basileus, Autokrator) in Greece, the Holy Roman Empire (imperator, Kaiser) in Austria and Germany, Russian Empire, Serbia , and Bulgaria (tsar), and the Ottoman Empire (sultan, padishah, khagan, kaysar) in Turkey all said they were just new parts of the old Roman Empire.
The leaders of other countries who said they ruled the whole world or called themselves "King of Kings" are frequently also called emperors in English. For example, the old rulers of China (Huangdi), Iran (Shah), and Ethiopia (Negusa negast) are all known as emperors in English. There have also been emperors of France, Brazil , and Mexico, and the rulers of the United Kingdom called themselves the Emperors and empresses of India for a while.

Countries ruled by Emperor
China (221 BC – 1911, 1915–1916)
 Ethiopia (1137– 1975)
 Japan (The only empire that currently exists)
 Roman Empire (27 BC – 476)
 Byzantine Empire (395–1453)
 Latin Empire (1204–1261)
 Empire of Nicaea (1204–1261)
 Empire of Trebizond (1204–1461)
 Empire of Thessalonica (1224–1246)
 Western Roman Empire (395–476)
 Carolingian Empire (800–843)
 Holy Roman Empire (962–1806)
 Russian Empire (1721–1917)
 Empire of Vietnam (1802–1945)
 French Empire (1804–1814, 1815, 1852–1870)
 Haitian Empire (1804–1806, 1849–1859)
 Austrian Empire (1804–1867)
 Brazilian Empire (1822–1889)
 German Empire (1871–1918)
 Mexican Empire (1821–1823, 1864–1867)
 Indian Empire (1858–1947)
 Mughal Empire (1526–1858)
 Korean Empire (1897–1910)
 Empire of Manchukuo (1934–1945)
 Central African Empire (1976–1979)
 Inca Empire (1438–1533)

Related pages
King
Czar
Kaiser
Sultan
Leader
Palmdale is the largest city in the desert area of California. It is a suburb of Los Angeles. It has a population of 169,450 and is the 6th largest city in Los Angeles County.

Even though Palmdale is in Los Angeles County, it is not connected to the larger Los Angeles population area. It is separated from it by a mountain range called the San Gabriel Mountains that are over 40 miles wide and almost 2 miles high overall. It is in Antelope Valley.

Palmdale is the home of several airplanes used by NASA and the Air Force, giving it the nickname of "the aerospace capital of America."

Palmdale Airport does not have any passenger air service.

The city's demographics is primarily Mexican and white.

History
The indigenous Kitanemuk were the first to settle in the area.
In 1886, when land in the Antelope Valley sold for 50 cents an acre, a group of 50 Swiss and German families migrated from the Midwest and settled in what is now known as Palmdale. They named their new community “Palmenthal” because they had mistaken the native Joshua trees for palm trees.

The high desert community of Palmdale has rich agricultural roots and a unique aviation history.

The City of Palmdale celebrated its 50th anniversary of incorporation on Aug. 24, 2012. It has consistently been one of the fastest-growing cities in California and in the country. Since 1980, Palmdale’s population has soared from 12,277 to 158,605. Despite its growth, Palmdale continues to cherish the small-town values of a family-oriented community while enjoying all of the conveniences of its booming retail and commercial sectors.

In 1772 Captain Pedro Fages, a Spanish soldier in pursuit of deserting sailors, crossed the southern part of the Antelope Valley into Leona Valley.
After the Shoshone Indians left the valley, immigrants from Spain and Mexico established large cattle ranches there.

Sister cities
 Poncitlán, Jalisco, Mexico

References

Other websites 
 Palmdale City Website
 Palmdale Airport Website

Cities in California
Settlements in Los Angeles County, California
Fresno is the largest inland city in U.S. state of California. It has a population of 542,107 people (as of 2020). If the surrounding suburbs are included, it has a population near 1 million. It is the county seat of Fresno County, in the Central Valley.

Fresno is the closest major city to Yosemite National Park. Fresno has a major airport called Fresno Yosemite International Airport that has many flights by many airlines everyday. It was the first airport to use the new security systems made after the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Fresno has a semi-arid climate (Bsh in the Koeppen climate classification).

References

Cities in the Central Valley of California
County seats in California
 
1872 establishments in California
Events 
 January 2 – Panama president Jose Antonio Remon is killed.
 January 7 – Marian Anderson becomes the first African-American person to sing at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City
 January 19 -  The Scrabble board game debuts.
 February 8 – Nikolai Bulganin ousts Georgi Malenkov
 February 9 – Apartheid in South Africa: 60,000 non-white people who live in a suburb of Johannesburg are forced to leave their homes
 February 13 – Israel gets 4 of the 7 Dead Sea scrolls.
 February 23 – First meeting of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
 March: Jim Henson builds the first version of Kermit the Frog
 March 2:
 King Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia gave up the throne in favor of his father, King Norodom Suramarit.
 Much flooding in North and Western Australia – 200 humans and tens of thousands of sheep dead, 44.000 homeless
 March 15- Fedral ALP (Australian Labor Party) split (a)
April 5 – Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom because of health problems.  He is 80 years old
 April 12 – Jonas Salk's polio vaccine is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration
 April 15 – Ray Kroc opens the first McDonald's in Illinois
 April 7 – Anthony Eden becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 July 18 – Disneyland opens in Anaheim, California
 October 14 – Pakistan changed the name of East Bengal province to East Pakistan. Before the independence of the colonial Bangladeshi people the people of this region were referred to as East Pakistanis under the One Unit Policy. Its capital was based in Dacca (now Dhaka). The western part of Pakistan becomes West Pakistan with its capital based in Lahore. The federal capital at the time was Rawalpindi.
 October 26 - Establishment of South Vietnam and the Army of South Vietnam.
 November 1 – The Vietnam War begins between the North Vietnam Army and the South Vietnam Army
November 20 – Bo Diddley makes his TV debut on Ed Sullivan's Toast Of The Town show on CBS
 December 1 – Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white person on a bus.  She is arrested.  This starts the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
 Unknown – The stack was proposed
Births 
 January 2 – Tex Brashear, American voice actor
 January 6 – Rowan Atkinson, comedian, actor
 January 12 - Elijah-Demetrius Kovács, Hungarian politician and judge
 January 12 – Rockne O'Bannon, writer, producer
 January 13 – Jay McInerney, writer
 January 15 - JoAnne Good, British radio presenter, television presenter, broadcast journalist and actress
 January 17 – Steve Earle, musician
 January 18 – Kevin Costner, actor
 January 19 – Simon Rattle, English conductor
 January 26 – Eddie Van Halen, musician (Van Halen) (d. 2020)
 January 27 – John Roberts, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
 February 8 – John Grisham, novelist
 February 10 – Greg Norman, golfer
 February 19 – Jeff Daniels, actor
 February 21 – Kelsey Grammer, actor
 February 23 – Howard Jones, musician
 February 24 – Alain Prost, Formula One driver
 February 24 – Steve Jobs, computer pioneer (d. 2011)
 March 5 – Penn Jillette, magician, comedian
 March 7 – Tommy Kramer, American football player
March 15 – Dee Snider, singer (Twisted Sister)
 March 16 – Jiro Watanabe, Japanese boxing world champion
 March 16 – Bruno Barreto, Brazilian movie director
 March 17 – Gary Sinise, actor
 March 19 – Bruce Willis, actor
 March 22 – Pete Sessions, U.S. politician
 March 23 – Moses Malone, basketball player
 March 28 – Reba McEntire, country music singer, actress
 March 29 – Earl Campbell, American football star
 March 31 – Angus Young, musician (AC/DC)
 April 1 – Ronnie Burk, surrealist and AIDS activist
 April 6 – Michael Rooker, actor
 April 11 – Kevin Brady, American politician
 April 15 – Dodi Al-Fayed, Egyptian businessman (d. 1997)
 April 16 – Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg
 April 23 – Tony Miles, English chess player
 April 29 – Kate Mulgrew, actress
 April 29 - Richard Epcar, actor
 May 8 - Meles Zenawi, President of Ethiopia, and ex-Prime Minister of Ethiopia, (d. 2012)
 May 29 - Mike Porcaro, American bass guitarist (Toto) (d. 2015)
 August 3 – Corey Burton, American actor
August 9 - Charlie Morgan, English drummer (Orleans)
 October 15 – Tanya Roberts, American actress
 October 28 – Bill Gates co-founder of Microsoft
 November 29- Howie Mandel, host of Deal or No Deal
Deaths 
 January 15 – Yves Tanguy, French painter (b. 1900)
 January 21 – Archie Hahn, American athlete (b. 1880)
 March 11 – Sir Alexander Fleming, British medical researcher (b. 1881)
 March 12 – Charlie Parker, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1920)
 April 7 – Theda Bara, American movie actress (b. 1885)
 April 18 – Albert Einstein, German physicist (b. 1879)
 May 4 – Georges Enescu, Romanian composer (b. 1881)
 May 10 – Tommy Burns, American boxer (b. 1881)
 May 11 – Gilbert Jessop, English cricketer (b. 1874)
 May 16 – James Agee, American writer (b. 1909)
 May 26 – Alberto Ascari, Italian race car driver (b. 1918)
 August 2 – Wallace Stevens, American poet (b. 1879)
 August 5 – Carmen Miranda, Portuguese singer and actress (b. 1909)
 August 12 – Thomas Mann, German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1875)
 August 12 – James B. Sumner, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1887)
 September 30 – James Dean, American actor (b. 1931)
 October 1 – Charles Christie, American movie studio owner (b. 1880)
October 9 – Theodor Cardinal Innitzer, Archbishop of Vienna
 November 4 – Cy Young, baseball player (b. 1867)
 November 5 – Maurice Utrillo, French artist (b. 1882)
 November 12 – Alfréd Hajós, Hungarian swimmer (b. 1878)
 November 27 – Arthur Honegger, French-born Swiss composer (b. 1982)
 December 6 – Honus Wagner, Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1874)
Television 
 October 1 – The Honeymooners debuts on CBS with stars Jackie Gleason, Art Carney, Audrey Meadows, and Joyce Randolph

Movies released 
 Alexander The Great
 Blackboard Jungle
 Marty
 All That Heaven Allows
 The Ladykillers (1955 movie)
 To Catch a Thief
 The Desperate Hours
 Godzilla Raids Again

Hit Songs 
 Maybellene- Chuck Berry
 Bo Diddley/I'm A Man- Bo Diddley
 Diddley Daddy- Bo Diddley
 Rock Around The Clock- Bill Haley
New Books 
 The Acceptance World – Anthony Powell
 Andersonville – MacKinlay Kantor
 Auntie Mame – Patrick Dennis
 Bath Tangle – Georgette Heyer
 Birdman of Alcatraz – Thomas E. Gaddis
 Bonjour Tristesse – Françoise Sagan
 The Chrysalids – John Wyndham
 The Dragon in the Sea – Frank Herbert
 The End of Eternity – Isaac Asimov
 The Genius and the Goddess – Aldous Huxley
 The Ginger Man – J. P. Donleavy
 A Good Man is Hard to Find – Flannery O'Connor
 Lolita – Vladimir Nabokov
 The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne – Brian Moore
 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King – J. R. R. Tolkien
 The Magician's Nephew – C.S. Lewis
 The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit – Sloan Wilson
 Marjorie Morningstar – Herman Wouk
 Moonraker – Ian Fleming
 No Time for Sergeants – Mac Hyman
 Not As a Stranger – Morton Thompson
 Notes of a Native Son – James Baldwin
 The October Country – Ray Bradbury
 Pedro Paramo – Juan Rulfo
 The Quiet American – Graham Greene
 Satan in Goray – Isaac Bashevis Singer
Scuffy the Tugboat – Gertrude Crampton
 Something of Value – Robert Ruark
 That Uncertain Feeling – Kingsley Amis
 The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (Relato de un náufrago) – Gabriel García Márquez
 The Talented Mr. Ripley – Patricia Highsmith
 Ten North Frederick – John O'Hara
 The Tontine – Thomas B. Costain
 The Tree of Man – Patrick White
 Tunnel in the Sky – Robert A. Heinlein
Popeye the Sailor Man is one of the most popular cartoon characters of all time. He first appeared in a comic strip called Thimble Theatre by E.C. Segar in 1929. Popeye is a sailor who smokes a pipe and mutters things under his breath. He has only one eye, he is short and uneducated, but when trouble occurs, usually saving his girlfriend, Olive Oyl from his nemesis, Bluto/Brutus, he eats a can of spinach, and gets super-strength.

Over the years, He also appeared in a series of cartoons made for movie theatres by Paramount Pictures, comic books, arcade, video games, hundreds of advertisements, peripheral products (ranging from spinach to candy cigarettes). In 2002, TV Guide ranked Popeye #20 on its "50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time" list.

Fictional character and history
Popeye was created by E. C. Segar and was inspired by a man Segar knew in Chester, Illinois: Frank "Rocky" Fiegel. Popeye would make his debut in the January 17, 1929 Thimble Theatre strip "Dice Island" as a rough sailor for hire. While originally introduced as a minor character (with the actual star of the strips then being Castor Oyl), Popeye's popularity eventually grew to the point where he became the main character of Thimble Theatre, with the strip now focusing on his adventures and hijinks. Initially, Popeye was portrayed as a very strong and seemingly uneducated but very savvy sailor who would gain extraordinary luck and resilience when he rubbed the magical Whiffle Hen Bernice, but by 1932, he began to favor spinach, crediting it as a healthy source of strength
. As the strips started focusing more on Popeye, he began to form a relationship with Castor's sister Olive Oyl after she had left her previous boyfriend Ham Gravy, and the two would eventually go on to become one of the most recognizable couples in cartoon history.
After Popeye's run in the original Thimble Theatre, he would return as the main character in the 1948 comic book series by E. C. Segar's assistant Bud Sagendorf, which combined elements from both the original Thimble Theatre and the Fleischer Studios cartoons. His comic book appearances would continue for decades until the title's end in 1984.
Popeye's huge popularity led him to be adapted into animation, which would only be loosely based on Thimble Theatre due to the limited length of the theatrical shorts at the time keeping them from making proper full-length adaptations of the Thimble Theatre sagas, which resulted in the shorts being episodic. The huge success of the first Popeye the Sailor cartoon (which originally started as a part of the Betty Boop shorts) would ensure a long-running series of independent theatrical shorts for the now famous sailor. In the various cartoons by Fleischer Studios, he would usually have to rescue his girlfriend Olive Oyl from Bluto, his rival and sometimes friend or go on a daring adventure with Olive and his good friend J. Wellington Wimpy. Some of the cartoons take a different recurring approach, like him rescuing Olive from another threat, dealing with something alone, fighting a small enemy he cannot beat, or watching over his adopted son Swee'Pea
. As these theatrical shorts deviated from Segar's strips quite a bit, many characters from the comic never made an appearance or only appeared once (like Castor Oyl and the Goons). However, other characters like J. Wellington Wimpy (who sometimes served as Popeye's sidekick), Poopdeck Pappy and, more rarely, Oscar would make semi-regular appearances in the shorts. Eugene the Jeep also made some appearances but would not be used as often as the above. George W. Geezil also made only two appearances alongside Popeye. Many of these cartoons mostly focused on Popeye's adventures and antics along with Olive and occasionally Wimpy as they tried to resist the antagonistic Bluto. While not appearing as a sailor very often (as Popeye was usually portrayed with a number of odd jobs) the stories in the cartoons would involve his brawling escapades or his adventures in certain areas of the world while doing impressive feats and preserving Olive's safety and their relationship.
World War II 
During the World War II-era animated shorts, Popeye was a member of the U.S. Navy and his outfit was changed to a white Navy suit, and he would continue to look like this in animation from the 1940s through to the 1960s. During Fleischer Studios's final years of operations, the shorts they produced were WWII stories focusing on Popeye's heroic attempts to help America fight the enemy, mostly the Japanese and Germans. The cartoons with these battle scenes have often been banned from television for being considered too "politically incorrect."

Also, in the 1940s shorts, Popeye gained four nephews named Pipeye, Peepeye, Poopeye and Pupeye, who originally debuted in an earlier short within a dream sequence as his children, before being made recurring and turned into his nephews. However, their exact relation to Popeye remains unclear, and the parent of his nephews has never been properly identified.
Following the takeover of the Popeye animated franchise by Paramount Studios in 1942, the Popeye cartoons were now handled by Famous Studios, which made drastic changes which abandoned almost all traces of Thimble Theatre and focused largely on plots involving Popeye, Olive, Bluto in something resembling a love triangle, without many other characters appearing and with very few shorts deviating from that setup, which involved Olive falling for Bluto and Popeye beating him after eating spinach in an oft-repeated formula. Also of note are Famous Studios' remakes of Fleischer cartoons (such as Goonland, itself a loose Thimble Theatre adaptation), heavily changed by Famous to remove all traces of Segar creations outside of Popeye, Bluto and Olive, i.e
.e. Popeye's Pappy replacing Goonland's Goons with what might be considered racial caricatures of Africans led by a Bluto-like cannibal, with the only thing in common between the two versions being the rescue of Pappy - who would go on to make only two more appearances after this (one of which contradicted the established fact that he left his son shortly after his birth). Supporting characters who were notable friends of Popeye and even had several appearances in Fleischer cartoons, such as Wimpy, Pappy and Swee'Pea, were featured less than a handful of times: Wimpy only appeared in three shorts (aside from flashback-oriented stories) and others such as Eugene the Jeep never appeared at all
. Popeye's role as an adventuring sailor was also reduced to a point where he was barely ever seen at sea or in the Navy other than in a few shorts mostly from the war period, as the majority of stories preferred to avoid doing more adventurous and fantastical stories and focus on Popeye's everyday life, his vacation hijinks or the "love triangle" setup.
Popeye's portrayal in the animated adaptation (such as the theatrical cartoons and especially the Famous outings) has alternately been criticized for giving him a single means to solve all of life's problems (unlike in the older strips), or praised for bringing children to eat healthy. This reliance was most exaggerated in the short "How Green Is My Spinach," which presented Popeye as being helpless without spinach (and portrayed other vegetables as ineffective), spoofing the cartoons's own formula but at the same time providing a rather questionable message.

In the fifties, Popeye's cartoon catalog was sold by the Paramount studio to Associated Artists Productions for broadcast on television. Animated shows were also made for television in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s.
In 1960, the first Popeye the Sailor animated television series was produced for first-run syndication which proved successful. Like the earlier theatrical cartoon series, it would use many elements that were already well known, mostly the basic storyline of Popeye trying to keep his sweetheart Olive safe from the hands of other male suitors while using spinach to remain fit and healthy. Unlike the theatrical shorts however (especially the Famous Studios shorts), this TV series made a more prominent attempt to bring back characters and elements from Thimble Theatre back to Popeye's side, such as his old friend J
. Wellington Wimpy, who had been considerably absent during the Famous era, and the show even included characters who never had the chance to appear in animation, such as Popeye's old lucky charm Bernice the Whiffle Hen and even Alice the Goon, King Blozo and Rough House (yet while bringing in more Thimble Theatre elements, very few episodes were a direct or accurate adaptations of the strips and had no real continuity between them). Notably, the only character that failed to return was Bluto himself, who was instead replaced by his lookalike/brother Brutus, due to King Features incorrectly thinking that the former was not originally a Thimble Theatre character
. While the show did involve Popeye's love life, episodes actually focused more on his adventuring around the world (and beyond) not unlike the Fleischer and comic strip incarnation, and also brought back other Thimble Theatre antagonists rather than relying solely on Brutus, like the sinister Sea Hag and Toar the caveman, who proved to be a true challenge for Popeye. As in the final Fleischer cartoons and most Famous shorts, Popeye still wore his Navy uniform, an exception being the pilot episode "Barbecue for Two", where he did wear his original outfit.
In 1978, Hanna-Barbera Productions, with King Features Syndicate, would produce a new Popeye television series, The All-New Popeye Hour. Unlike the previous show, this series had higher-quality animation and was more akin to Segar's work and Fleischer cartoons than other Popeye animations, with Popeye more regularly seen as an adventurous sailor. Popeye's look was once again changed for this series, this time it was a permanent return to his classic outfit, however he still wore his Navy hat, making it something of a combination of both styles. The series also gave characters such as Alice the Goon more prominence, having her co-star with Olive in their own segment, Private Olive Oyl. This show focused more on adventure than past animations: there were entirely new segments dedicated to sailing the seas and searching for adventure, as in Popeye's Treasure Hunt
. Popeye and the Sea Hag's relationship was also more accurate to the strips than the previous series, with the Hag wanting to marry Popeye, much to the latter's disgust. Oddly enough, Popeye's signature spinach can would have special effects on other characters, such as Olive and Swee'Pea, who would unusually turn into actual superheroes.