Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The MacDonnell Shire is a local government area of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was created on 1 July 2008 as part of the restructuring of the Territory's local government areas. It was created by merging over a dozen smaller community council areas and a large zone of unincorporated area. The most recent elections for the shire council were in March 2012. The current President of the MacDonnell Shire is Sid Anderson.

The shire has an area of over 268,784 square kilometres. It covers the south of the Territory, bordering with South Australia. Alice Springs and Yulara are enclaves within the shire (they are not part of it, but are surrounded by it).

There were about 7,142 people living there in 2009.

Wards and towns
The MacDonnell Shire Council is divided into four wards. There are 12 council members. Below each ward is listed the towns that fall within those wards. Population figures are as they were recorded on 30 June 2007.
Rodinga (4 councillors)
 Amoonguna (362)
 Aputula (Finke; 240)
 Santa Teresa (Ltyentye Apurte; 652 in 2006)
 Titjikala (Tapatjatjaka; 265)
 Ljirapinta (3 councillors)
 Hermannsburg (Ntaria; 600)
 Wallace Rockhole (Ulana; 107)
 Luritja Pintubi (3 councillors)
 Haasts Bluff (Ikuntji; 165)
 Kintore (Walungurru; 350)
 Mount Liebig (Watijawanu; 252)
 Papunya (Warumpi; 342)
 Iyarrka (2 councillors)
 Kaltukatjara (Docker River; 311)
 Imanpa (217)
 Areyonga (Utju; 245)

References

MacDonnell Shire
Local government areas of Australia
Aputula is a remote Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is south of Alice Springs, near the border with South Australia. It is  east of the Stuart Highway. About 250 people live there. They are Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Luritja, and Lower Southern Arrernte people. The Finke River passes nearby the town, but it is dry for most of the year, except during floods.
The town was called Finke until the 1980s. It began as a trading stop on the Central Australian Railway. Local Aborigines traded dingo scalps, artefacts and tools for European goods. In the 1950s and 1960s, White farmers set up cattle stations around the town. Most of the Europeans left Finke when the railway line was moved westwards in the late 1970s. This was done because the track was damaged during huge floods in 1973 and 1974, so it was moved away from the river. The Aboriginal people living in the town did not move, and the town came to be known as Aputula. The name comes from a place called Putula near the town, which used to be the site of a water soak. Putula is an Arrernte word. Arrernte people used to get their water there, before the white people and the railway line came to the area.

Aputula holds the record of having the hottest day ever recorded in the Northern Territory— on 1 and 2 January 1960.

References

Indigenous Australian communities
Towns in the Northern Territory
Pitjantjatjara
Jimmy James OAM (1913 – 1991) was an Aboriginal Australian tracker. He helped the police of South Australia in tracking criminals. He worked with the police for 40 years.

James was born near Ernabella (now Pukatja) in central Australia, and was a member of the Pitjantjatjara people. He went to school at the Ooldea Mission. In 1945, he was wrongfully arrested and left the mission. James began his career as a tracker for police in 1948. He became well known for tracking criminals (including arsonists, poachers and escapees) and lost persons. He was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 1984 and was the first South Australian Aboriginal Person of the Year in 1983. After his death, a memorial to Jimmy James was erected in Berri, South Australia.

References

Order of Australia
People from South Australia
Indigenous Australian people
1913 births
1991 deaths
Pitjantjatjara
"Bubbly" is a single by the singer Colbie Caillat. It was released to radio on May 15, 2007. "Bubbly" was the biggest song so far by Caillat. The song is from her first record Coco.

Pop songs
2007 songs
Debut singles
Colbie Caillat songs
Dr Gordon Briscoe OAM (1938–2023) was an Aboriginal Australian activist and a retired football player. He was a member of the Stolen Generations.

Briscoe was born in Alice Springs. He was descended from the Marduntjara and Pitjantjatjara nations of Central Australia. He was taken away from his mother as a child and was taught at a Christian mission in Adelaide. Briscoe played football (soccer) for Adelaide in the South Australian league. He played alongside his schoolmate Charles Perkins. In 1958, he moved to England with the hope of playing professional football. He had small jobs with Barnet and Preston North End, but he did not make a first team appearance. He went back to Australia at the suggestion of Perkins. The two of them later played recreational football with the Australian National University from 1968 to about 1972.
Briscoe began studying at ANU in 1981. His focus was on the indigenous history of Australia. He was involved in the production of the SBS documentary First Australians. He got his PhD in 1997.

Briscoe also worked as an activist for indigenous Australians. He was involved in the establishment of the Aboriginal Progress Association in the 1950s, the Aboriginal Legal Service in the 1960s and the Aboriginal Medical Service
in 1972.

References 

1938 births
2023 deaths
Indigenous Australian activists
Indigenous Australian politics
Australian men's soccer players
Order of Australia
Pitjantjatjara
People from Alice Springs
Indigenous Australian sportspeople
Ngarutjaranya, also known as Mount Woodroffe, is South Australia's highest peak. It is  above sea level. The word Ngarutjaranya comes from the Pitjantjatjara language. In their Dreaming, the mountain represents the spirit being Ngintaka.

Ngarutjaranya is in the far northwest of South Australia, in the Musgrave Ranges. The mountain range rises about 700–800 metres above the plains around it. The rock is mostly granite and gneiss.

Ngarutjaranya was given its European name by William Gosse, who first saw it on 20 July 1873. He named it after George Woodroffe Goyder, another early explorer of South Australia and the Northern Territory. Access to the mountain is restricted. Permission is needed to enter the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands.

References 

Mountains of South Australia
The Rhind papyrus in the British Museum is the best example of Egyptian mathematics. It is named after Alexander Henry Rhind, a Scottish antiquarian. He bought the papyrus in 1858 in Luxor, Egypt. It was found during illegal excavations in or near the Ramesseum. It was written about 1650 BC.

The papyrus has work and writing on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and fractions. It, and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, are the main sources of knowledge about mathematics in Ancient Egypt. The Rhind papyrus dates to about 1550 BC. The museum bought both the Rhind papyrus and the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll from Rhind. The Rhind papyrus is larger than the Moscow mathematical papyrus, but the Moscow papyrus is older.
The Rhind papyrus dates to the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. It was copied by the scribe Ahmose from a now-lost text from the reign of Amenemhat III (12th dynasty).  Written in the hieratic script, this Egyptian manuscript is made up of parts that are each 33 cm tall. In total it is over  long. It was transliterated and the mathematics was translated in the late 19th century. The mathematical translation is still incomplete in some respects. The document is dated to year 33 of the Hyksos king Apophis and also contains a separate later Year 11 on its verso likely from his successor, Khamudi.
In the opening paragraphs of the papyrus, Ahmose presents the papyrus as giving "Accurate reckoning for inquiring into things, and the knowledge of all things, mysteries... all secrets". He continues with: 
This book was copied in regnal year 33, month 4 of Akhet, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Awserre, given life, from an ancient copy made in the time of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Nimaatre (?). The scribe Ahmose writes this copy.

Several books and articles about the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus have been published, and a handful of these stand out. The Rhind Papyrus was published in 1923 by Peet and contains a discussion of the text that followed Griffith's Book I, II and III outline  Chase published a compendium in 1927/29 which included photographs of the text. A more recent overview of the Rhind Papyrus was published in 1987 by Robins and Shute.

Other websites

Allen, Don.  April 2001.  The Ahmes Papyrus  and Summary of Egyptian Mathematics .
British Museum webpage on the Papyrus. 
O'Connor and Robertson, 2000. Mathematics in Egyptian Papyri.
Truman State University, Math and Computer Science Division.  Mathematics and the Liberal Arts: The Rhind/Ahmes Papyrus.

Williams, Scott W. Mathematicians of the African Diaspora, containing a page on Egyptian Mathematics Papyri.
BBC audio file A History of the World in 100 Objects. (15 mins)

References

Mathematics literature
2nd millennium BC in Egypt
2nd millennium BC works
Luxor Governorate
Ancient Egyptian literature
The mountains were originally the home of Yankunytjatjara people. The first European to find them was the English explorer William Gosse in the 1870s. He named them after Anthony Musgrave, the Governor of South Australia at the time. At the start of the 20th century, Yankunytjatjara people began migrating east, setting up camps along the Alberga River and moving into the mission at Ernabella. From 1917, they also began a movement southward to Ooldea. Groups of Pitjantjatjara were forced to move to the Musgrave region because of a long drought in their territory, the Mann and Tomkinson Ranges in the west. Today, most of the families in the communities of Amata and Kaltjiti identify as Pitjantjatjara.

The South Australian part of the Musgrave Ranges was granted to the Pitjantjatjara people in the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1980. Since then, most people have moved into settlements in more hospitable areas.

References
References 

Mountain ranges of Australia
Mountains of South Australia
Mountains of the Northern Territory
Pitjantjatjara
The Cornish National Party (CNP) is a social democratic political party in Cornwall. It wants Cornish independence from the United Kingdom.

Political parties in England
Nationalist organisations in the United Kingdom
Politics of Cornwall
Organisations based in Cornwall
The Legislative Assembly of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, also known as AJK Legislative Assembly, is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the Pakistan administered state of Azad Kashmir.

The assembly has 41 elected Members and 8 co-opted members of which 5 are woman, one member from Ulama community, while one is from amongst Jammu & Kashmir technocrats and other professionals.

References

Azad Kashmir
Unicameral legislatures
The Unité de formation et de recherche médicale Paris Île-de-France Ouest (in English Paris Île-de-France West Medical Research and Training Departement; also called PIFO or Paris Ouest) is a department of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines focus on research and training activities in medicine.

Further reading 
 Official website

References

Medical education
Education in France
University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Western India is a region of the Republic of India, it includes the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra, and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.

Regions of India
Qazi Muhammad Essa (17 July 1914 – 19 June 1976) was a leader of the All India Muslim League party in British India and later a senior governmental official in Pakistan. 

Qazi Isa was born in Pishin, Baluchistan (Chief commissioners province). He joined the League in 1939 and was nominated to represent his province at the League's Lahore session in March 1940. 

After the creation of Pakistan, he served the new country in various positions, and for a time was also its ambassador to Brazil (1951-54). 

He died in 1976.

Source  

1. Kausar. Prof. Dr. Inamul Haq. "Tehreek-e-Pakistan Balochistan Main". Lahore. 1988. Maktaba-e-Aaliya. p.21

1913 births
1976 deaths
Politicians from Balochistan (Pakistan)
Leaders of All India Muslim League
Sundanese Wikipedia (Sundanese Wikipedia basa Sunda) is the edition of Wikipedia in the Sundanese language. The article count of the wiki is 60,650 articles (as of 08 March 2021)

Other websites

  Sundanese Wikipedia
  Sundanese Wikipedia mobile version

Wikipedias
William Somerset Maugham (25 January 1874– 16 December 1965) was an English novelist, short story writer and playwright. He was born at the British Embassy in Paris. He was the highest paid author of the 1930s.

Maugham trained as a medical doctor at St. Thomas's hospital's medical school, London, but then decided to become a full-time writer. He wrote many works including such well-known ones as Liza of Lambeth (1897), The Magician (1908), Of Human Bondage (1915), The Moon and Sixpence (1919), Cakes and Ale (1930) and The Razor's Edge (1944).

Maugham died on 16 December 1965 in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France from pneumonia at the age of 91.

References

1874 births
1965 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
English writers
English novelists
English playwrights
Writers from Paris
The Aboriginal Provisional Government (APG) is an Indigenous Australian activist group. It campaigns for indigenous sovereignty over Australia. It was formed by elders from several communities across Australia, including the Pitjantjatjara, Wiradjuri, Yolngu and Eora. The founders of the APG were Bob Weatherall, Geoff Clark, Josie Crawshaw, Michael Mansell, Kathy Craigie and other representatives from all states of Australia.

It was officially created on 16 July 1990. Its stated purpose is to establish its own government and an Aboriginal nation state. The APG argues that the indigenous people of Australia never gave up their sovereignty and therefore Australian law and title over the country is void (means nothing).

Related pages
Aboriginal land rights in Australia

References

Indigenous Australian politics
1990 establishments in Australia
Nationalist organizations
Peter Ackroyd CBE (born 5 October 1949) is an English novelist, critic, poet, television writer, historian and scholar. 

Ackroyd was born in East Acton, London. He graduated in English from Clare College, Cambridge. He later studied at Yale University. He is openly gay.

References

Other websites 

1949 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Historians from London
English LGBT people
English novelists
English poets
Gay men
LGBT novelists
LGBT poets
Yale University alumni
A private prison is a prison run by a private company instead of the government. The government hires the private prison company to perform all the services needed to keep the convicts locked up while they serve out their sentences.

In the twenty-first century, many industries that were government-run before have become more privatized.

The countries that have private prisons are Australia, Brazil, Chile, Greece, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, United States and the United Kingdom. Private prisons are only common in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

Israel used to have private prisons, until the Israeli Supreme Court, declared them illegal (against the law) in 2005. Canada also used to have private prisons, but due to widespread protests against them, the last private prison went to government control in 2006.

References
Jerome K. Jerome (in full Jerome Klapka Jerome) (1859-1927) was an English novelist, playwright and humorist. He wrote books that were very funny and won him a wide public following.

1859 births
1927 deaths
English writers
English novelists
English playwrights
The Ramna Kali Temple  (), also known as the Ramna Kalibari (house of the Hindu goddess Kali) was one of the most famous Hindu temples of the Indian subcontinent. It was believed to be over a thousand years old. The temple was in Dhaka (the capital of present day Bangladesh) near the Ramna Park (now renamed as Suhrawardy Udyan).

The temple was bulldozed by the Pakistan Army on 27 March 1971 during the genocide of the Bangladesh Liberation War

References

Hindu temples in Bangladesh
Dhaka
The Cabinet of Pakistan is headed by the Prime Minister. It plays an important role in the  Government of Pakistan.

Government of Pakistan
John Edward Walsh (born December 26, 1945) is an American television personality, criminal investigator, human and victim rights advocate and the host of America's Most Wanted. He began his crime investigation career when his son, Adam Walsh was murdered by Ottis Toole in 1981.

Walsh was born on December 26, 1945 in Auburn, New York. He studied at the University of Buffalo. He has been married to Revé Drew since 1971. He had four children; Adam, Meghan, Callahan, and Hayden Walsh. In 2008, Walsh was awarded the Operation Kids Lifetime Achievement Award.

References

Other websites

America's Most Wanted  Profile of John Walsh

1945 births
Living people
American activists
American television presenters
Television personalities from New York (state)
LeRoy Robert Ripley (February 22, 1890 – May 27, 1949) or Mr. Ripley was an American cartoonist, entrepreneur and amateur anthropologist, who created the world famous Ripley's Believe It or Not! newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd 'facts' from around the world.

Ripley was born on December 26, 1890 in Santa Rosa, California. He was married to Beatrice Roberts from 1919 until they divorced in 1926. Ripley lived in New York City, New York, Los Angeles, California, Chicago, Illinois, Miami, Florida, Bedford, Iowa, and in Santa Rosa, California. Ripley died on May 27, 1949, in New York City, New York from a heart attack, aged 58.

References

Other websites
 
Robert Leroy Ripley's grave
Ripley biography 
Ripley Entertainment

1890 births
1949 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
American television personalities
American radio personalities
American inventors
American cartoonists
American anthropologists
Businesspeople from California
Jonathan Goldsmith (born September 26, 1938) or Jonathan Lippe is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He is known for playing "The Most Interesting Man in the World" in the Dos Equis commercials starting in 2007.

Goldsmith was born in September 26, 1938 in New York City, New York to a Jewish family. He studied at Boston University. He was married to Barbara Goldsmith since 2006. He now lives in Marina del Rey, California and in Manchester, Vermont.

References

Other websites

1938 births
Living people
Actors from New York City
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Boston University alumni
Jewish American actors
Synodontis courteti is a species of upside-down catfish. It lives in the countries of the Niger and Chad Basins.  This species grows to a length of  SL.

References
 

Catfish
Abdul Mateen Chowdhury (1895-1948) was a lawyer and Bengali political leader, who was active in the All India Muslim Leagues Pakistan Movement. 

He died in 1948 in Karachi, Pakistan, a year after the achievement of Pakistan.

1895 births
1948 deaths
Politicians from Karachi
Leaders of All India Muslim League
An aldehyde () is an organic compound.  It contains a formyl group. A formyl group is a part of a molecule with the structure R-CHO.   It is made of a carbon double bonded to oxygen.  The carbon is also bonded to hydrogen and an R group. A side chain is the rest of the molecule.
The group without the side chain is called the aldehyde group or formyl group. Aldehydes are different from ketones because the formyl group is at the end of the molecule in an aldehyde.  Ketones have the formyl group in the middle of the molecule. Aldehydes are common in organic chemistry. Many fragrances (smell producing compounds) are aldehydes.

Structure and bonding
Aldehydes have a carbon double bonded to an oxygen.  Because of this, they are slightly polar.  This causes aldehydes to have a number of properties.  One of the most important of these is solubility in water.

Nomenclature
Nomenclature

IUPAC names for aldehydes
The common names for aldehydes are not always the official names.  The IUPAC names are useful, however. IUPAC recommends the following nomenclature for aldehydes:
 Aldehydes without rings of carbon are named based on the longest carbon chain containing the aldehyde. Thus, HCHO is named based on methane, and CH3CH2CH2CHO is named based on butane. The name is formed by changing the ending -e of the parent alkane to -al.  HCHO is named methanal.  CH3CH2CH2CHO is named butanal.
 If a -CHO group is attached to a ring, then -carbaldehyde is added to the end of the name. Because of this, C6H11CHO is known as cyclohexanecarbaldehyde.  If there are other names that need to be added to the end of the word because other functional groups are present, formyl- is added to the beginning of the word. Methanoyl-is sometimes added instead, but formyl- is better.

Etymology
Etymology

The word aldehyde comes from Latin.  It was shortened from alcohol dehydrogenatus (dehydrogenated alcohol).   The word aldehyde was created by Justus von Liebig. In the past, aldehydes were sometimes named after the corresponding alcohols, for example, vinous aldehyde for acetaldehyde. (Vinous is from the Latin word for wine, which is the traditional source of ethanol.)

The term formyl group comes from the Latin or Italian word formica which means ant.

Physical properties and characterization
Aldehydes have many different properties.  These properties change a lot if the rest of the molecule changes.  Smaller aldehydes are more soluble in water. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are completely soluble in water.  Many aldehydes have strong smells.  Aldehydes will break down in air.

Two of the most important aldehydes, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, tend to form long chains.  This is called polymerization.
Naturally occurring aldehydes
Many aldehydes are found in essential oils and are the reason for their smells.  Cinnamaldehyde, cilantro, and vanillin all get their smells from aldehydes.

Common reactions
Aldehydes are highly reactive and participate in many reactions."  In industry, aldehydes are used to prepare plasticizers, polyols, and alcohols. In biology, aldehydes are used to replace amine groups and form sugars.

Dialdehydes 
A dialdehyde is a molecule with two aldehydes. The names of dialdehydes have the ending -dial or -dialdehyde. Some dialdehydes are  named after the acid that they are similar to. An example is butanedial, which is also called succinaldehyde (from succinic acid).

Examples of aldehydes
 Methanal (formaldehyde)
 Ethanal (acetaldehyde)
 Propanal (propionaldehyde)
 Butanal (butyraldehyde)
 Benzaldehyde
 Cinnamaldehyde
 Tolualdehyde
 Furfural
 Retinaldehyde

Dialdehydes
 Glyoxal
 Malondialdehyde
 Succindialdehyde
 Glutaraldehyde
 Phthalaldehyde
Uses
Of all aldehydes, formaldehyde is produced the most. About 6 million tons per year are made.  It is mainly used to make resins when mixed with urea, melamine, and phenol. Bakelite is made like this.   Another commonly made aldehyde is butyraldehyde. 2 and a half million tons per year are made. A lot of acetaldehyde once was once made, but much less is made today.  This is because chemicals that used to be made from acetaldehyde are now made in other ways.

Related pages
 Enol

References

Other websites
Entrancei https://www.entrancei.com/chapter-aldehydes-and-ketones/type-of-chemical-reactions-in-carbonyl-compounds 

Aldehyde synthesis - Synthetic protocols  from organic-reaction.com

Organic compounds
Functional groups
The pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta), also known as the pitted-shelled turtle or Fly River turtle, is a species of turtle native to northern Australia and southern New Guinea.

Description 
The pig-nosed turtle is a very large freshwater turtle, with a shell length of 60-70 centimetres. It is grey to greyish brown in colour on the upper surface, and white to yellow in colour on the lower surface. It has broad paddle-like flippers, each with two claws. Its shell is covered by a soft-pitted skin, instead of the hard scutes that cover the shells of most turtles.

Turtles of Australia
Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan, CSI (1833–1901), Khattar was an Indian Muslim administrator who had a distinguished career in British India. He belonged to Wah area of Northern Punjab.

Early life and career
Muhammad Hayat Khan was a son of Karam Khan, a Punjabi Muslim chieftain of the Khattar tribe who was against Sikh rule in his area and wished to remove it. 

He thus sided with the British East India Company and was killed in 1848. His sons, including Muhammad Hayat, were raised and educated by the British Indian officers like John Nicholson and James Abbott. 

He was eventually selected to become Nicholson's orderly and Persian language interpreter. In 1857, when the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence) broke out, he accompanied Nicholson and his military force to Delhi to counter the rebels there, who were trying to win over the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II, to their cause.
Career
In September 1857, when John Nicholson was mortally wounded on an assault on Delhi by the British, Muhammad Hayat looked after him until he died. Before dying, Nicholson recommended him to Sir John Lawrence, Chief Commissioner of the Punjab and later its first Governor. Muhammad Hayat was thus given a series of important civil appointments in the Punjab province by the grateful British, and after serving as an Assistant Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and then Sessions Judge, he eventually became the first Muslim native to be appointed as a member of the Punjab Legislative Council.

In 1899 he was given a CSI award and given the title of 'Nawab' in recognition of his long and meritorious services to the British Raj. He was also a close friend of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and a firm supporter of the Aligarh Movement for Muslim education, which resulted in the foundation of the MAO College (later Aligarh Muslim University) in India.
Death and legacy
He died in December 1901, at his native village Wah, North Punjab, British India. Two of his sons, Sir Liaqat Hayat and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan went on to be famous in their own right.

References

1833 births
1901 deaths
People of British India
Punjabi people
Thomas Moore (28 May 1779 – 25 February 1852) was an Irish writer, poet and music composer. 

His most famous works in include Irish Melodies and Lalla Rookh. He also edited a volume of the Letters and Journals of Lord Byron in 1830.

1779 births
1852 deaths
Irish writers
Irish poets
Irish composers
Colonel T.E. Lawrence (in full Thomas Edward Lawrence), better known in history as Lawrence of Arabia (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935), was a British Army officer, explorer, scholar, writer, military strategist and linguist. He was born in Tremadog, Caernarfonshire, Wales. He studied history at University of Oxford. He joined the Army by taking part in the Officers' Training Corps at Oxford. He is best known for having helped the Arabs organize themselves against the Turks during the First World War.

His memoirs of the time spent with the Arabs, The Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926), is a well-known work of literature. He died in 1935 in a motorcycle accident in Dorset.

1888 births
1935 deaths
British explorers
British military people
Welsh writers
Road accident deaths in the United Kingdom
Richard Lovelace (1618-1657) was an English writer, poet, soldier and Royalist, who is considered by many to be the 'perfect Cavalier'. 

Educated at Charterhouse and Oxford University, he took part in expeditions by the troops of King Charles I against various rebels from 1639 to 1642. In 1642, returning to his estates, he was nominated to present a Royalist petition to a hostile Parliament, for which he was ordered to prison by this elected body. During his short term in prison, he wrote one of his most famous poems, 'To Althea, from Prison'. He later spent many years fighting in France and Spain. 

1618 births
1657 deaths
English writers
English poets
British military people
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, born on 6 March 1806, was an English poet of the Victorian era. She began writing poetry at the age of six. She was born in Kelloe, County Durham. Her parents were Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke. 

Her first adult collection of poems was published in 1838 and she wrote prolifically between 1841 and 1844. Elizabeth's volume Poems of Sonnets (1844) brought her great success, attracting the admiration of the writer Robert Browning, which led to their marriage. She also made efforts to abolish slavery and child labour.

She died on 29 June 1861 in Florence, Italy (where she was living with her husband) at the age of 55. She suffered from many illnesses from the age of 15.

References 

1806 births
1861 deaths
English poets
People from County Durham
Brigadier-General John Nicholson (1822-1857) was a British officer of the East India Company, who served and died in British India. He is especially famous today and remembered as the 'Saviour of Delhi' who gave his life and died at Delhi, in September 1857 during the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence), so that the British empire might be saved. 

Nicholson was a very strict and honest administrator, and always took stern action to check crime and dishonesty. Because of this, he was deified (made into  a deity, or god) by some Indian people in his lifetime. The people who worshiped him were called Nikal Saynis. 

Nicholson was buried near Delhi when he died but there is a famous monument, the Nicholson Memorial (also called Nicholson's Obelisk) near Taxila in Pakistan. This was made here by the British people ruling here many years ago, because Nicholson had spent a lot of time in that area.

Related pages
 East India Company
 Indian Rebellion of 1857
 Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan
1822 births
1857 deaths
Colonial officials of British India
Herbert Benjamin Edwardes KCB, KCSI (1819-1868) was an English administrator, soldier and statesman of British India. He served mostly in the Punjab and the Punjab Frontier (later renamed the North-West Frontier Province, and today the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan). His name lives on there in the Edwardes College, Peshawar. 

1819 births
1868 deaths
British military people
Colonial officials of British India
Sir Henry Lawrence (in full Henry Montgomery Lawrence) (28 June 1806-4 July 1857) was a senior British officer and administrator of British India. He was the first Chief Commissioner of the Punjab after its annexation by the British, following the Second Anglo-Sikh War. He died whilst defending Lucknow against a force of rebels, during the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence) in July 1857. 

His younger brother, Sir John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence, later succeeded Sir Henry in the Punjab and became the province's first Lieutenant-Governor. 

1806 births
1857 deaths
British military people
Colonial officials of British India
Jim Corbett   (25 July 1875 – 19 April 1955) was a British hunter, author and naturalist. He is famous for his hunting exploits in British India, which he recorded in his books. 

Edward James Corbett was born of Irish ancestry in the town of Nainital in the Kumaon of the Himalaya (now in the Indian state of Uttarakhand). Jim grew up in a large family of 13 children and was the eighth child of Willam Christopher and Mary Jane Corbett. His parents had moved to Nainital in 1862, after Christopher Corbett had been appointed postmaster of the town.

1875 births
1955 deaths
British writers
People of British India
British naturalists
Campervans are self-propelled vehicles that can provide transport and sleeping accommodation. The term campervan mainly represents vans which are fitted out, with a custom built body for use as accommodation. In the United States, the vans are also known as recreational vehicles or RVs and are larger than in Europe. Such vehicles sometimes have a refrigerator, microwave oven, showers and televisions.

Car classifications
Land vehicles
Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (Alexandria 21 December 1876 – Bellagio 2 December 1944) was an Italian poet and writer. He is famous as the founder of Futurism.

Partial Bibliography

 Les Dieux s'en vont, D'Annunzio reste (prose, 1908).
 Manifesto del futurismo, 1909.
 Poupées Électriques, Sansot, Paris, 1909 (dramma). 
 Enquête internationale sur le Vers libre, 1909.
 Tuons le Clair de Lune! (1909; trad. it. Uccidiamo il chiaro di luna!, Edizioni futuriste di poesia, Milano 1911).
 Mafarka le Futuriste. Roman africain, Sansot, Parigi, 1910 (romanzo); trad. it Mafarka il Futurista, Edizioni Futuriste di poesia, Milano, 1910). 
 La Bataille de Tripoli (prosa, 1912; trad. it. La battaglia di Tripoli, Edizioni Futuriste di Poesia, Milano, 1912).

Other websites
Books by F. T. Marinetti at Project Gutenberg

Italian writers
Italian poets
1876 births
1944 deaths
People from Alexandria
Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (Palermo, 23 December 1896 – Rome, 23 July 1957) was an Italian writer. He is most famous for his only historical novel, The Leopard (Il Gattopardo), which is set in Sicily during the Risorgimento.

Sources 

 Giuseppe Leone, "Il Gattopardo" orgoglio di un'isola, pregiudizio di una cultura – Il romanzo di Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa fra caso letterario e revisionismo storico", Il Punto Stampa, Lecco, gennaio 1997.

Italian writers
1896 births
1957 deaths
People from Palermo
The mute swan (Cygnus olor) is a species of swan, and thus a member of the duck, goose and swan family Anatidae. It is native to much of Europe and Asia, and (as a rare winter visitor) the far north of Africa. It is also an introduced species in North America, Australasia and southern Africa.

Description 
Measuring 125 to 170 centimetres (49 to 67 in) in length, this large swan is wholly white in plumage with an orange bill bordered with black. It is recognisable by its pronounced knob atop the bill.

When swimming, the mute swan holds its neck in a graceful "S" curve with its bill pointing downward. The whooper swans usually carry their bill level with their neck erect. The male frequently arches his secondary wing feathers over his back in an aggressive display posture.

Gallery 

Swans
National symbols of Denmark
Endothelium is a layer of cells that line the walls of the circulatory system which carries blood around the body. The cells form a membrane so that certain substances, such as nutrients, can move through the walls. In an adult human there is about 1 kg of endothelium cells, which would cover an area of about  7m2. The endothelium plays an important part in controlling the flow of blood around the body.

References

Anatomy of the cardiovascular system
Sandy's tracking history 
On October 19, a tropical wave was moving westward through the eastern Caribbean Sea. It had an extended low pressure area. It was expected to become better organized. On October 20, the system became better organized as expected. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) reported that it had a high potential for it to become a tropical cyclone within 48 hours. The next day, thunderstorms were small. Although, barometric pressure in the area remained low. Because of this, the system had potential for development. The thunderstorms got bigger, while the system slowed and eventually stopped moving. At 1500 UTC on October 22, the NHC gave out advisories on Tropical Depression Eighteen. The NHC reported that the storm was 320 mi (515 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica.
When the tropical depression formed, it was in an area of weak steering currents. This was located south of a ridge extending eastward from the Gulf of Mexico. The system was in an area favorable for strengthening. Late on October 22, a Hurricane Hunters flight found winds of  in a rainband. This made NHC to upgrade the depression to Tropical Storm Sandy. Because of the moist atmosphere, the storm got better organized. Early on October 24, an eye began to develop. By that time, Sandy was moving slowly northward. At 11:00 am EDT (1500 UTC) on October 24, the NHC upgraded Sandy to hurricane status. This was because the Hurricane Hunters found winds of . At the time, Sandy was located about  south of Kingston, Jamaica.
Sandy made landfall near Kingston at 3:00 p.m EDT (1900 UTC) on October 24. It had winds of about . Before making its second landfall, Sandy got stronger and became a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale with 110 mph (175 km/h). At 1:25 am EDT (0525 UTC), Sandy made landfall in Cuba just west of Santiago de Cuba. When it made landfall in Cuba, Sandy had a visible eye of over  in diameter. At the time, winds reached 135 mph (216 km/h). While over land, the storm weakened and the eye was no longer visible. After Sandy left Cuba, dry air and increasing shear caused the storm to be disorganized. A mid-level low over Florida turned the hurricane toward the north-northwest. By early on October 26, most of the storm was to the north of the center. This caused the storm to get larger. By the next day, the NHC reported that Sandy was starting to become more of a hybrid cyclone. On October 27, Sandy weakened to a tropical storm. A few hours later, it got stronger and became a Category 1 hurricane again.
Preparation

Caribbean 
After Sandy developed into a tropical cyclone on October 22, the Government of Jamaica issued a tropical storm watch. Early on October 23, the watch became a tropical storm warning. That same day, a hurricane watch was issued for Jamaica. On that same day at 1500 UTC, the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning.

The Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for Haiti. By late October 23, it was upgraded to a tropical storm warning. There was a hurricane watch issued for the Cuban Provinces of Camagüey, Granma, Guantánamo, Holguín, Las Tunas, and Santiago de Cuba at 1500 UTC on October 23. Only three hours later, the hurricane watch was switched to a hurricane warning. Only three hours later, the hurricane watch was switched to a hurricane warning.
The Bahamas 
The Government of the Bahamas issued a tropical storm watch for the Acklins, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Exuma, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador Island. Later that day, another tropical storm watch was issued for Abaco Islands, Andros Island, the Berry Islands, Bimini, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence. By early on October 24, the tropical storm watch for Cat Island, Exuma, Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.

Bermuda 
At 11:15 a.m. EDT (1515 UTC) on October 26, the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch for Bermuda. This was because of the size of the storm and its possible effect on the island.

United States 

Many public schools on the Treasure Coast and in Palm Beach County, Florida were closed for Friday October 26. FEMA announced that they will monitor Sandy and help those in need.
Government weather forecasters said there is a 90% chance that the East Coast of the United States get "slammed".  Utilities and governments along the East Coast prepared for long-term power failures.  In New Jersey, where the storm was expected to come ashore, utilities told employees to be prepared for longer shifts.

On October 26, North Carolina Governor Beverly Perdue declared a state of emergency for 38 counties. The emergency took effect on October 27. GOP presidential candidate Mitt Romney cancelled a campaign in Virginia Beach because of Sandy. Joe Biden also cancelled his campaign because of Sandy. The US Navy sent more than two dozen ships to sea from Norfolk Naval Base, for their protection. On October 26, Washington, D.C. Mayor Vincent Gray declared a state of emergency for the nation's capital. That same day the governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia also declared a state of emergency.

In Cape May County, New Jersey, officials ordered residents on barrier islands to evacuate
Philadelphia's Mayor Michael Nutter asked residents in low lying areas to leave their home by 2 p.m October 28.

In New York City, officials activated the city's coastal emergency plan. The subways closed. There were also evacuations for residents in areas where Hurricane Irene made landfall in August 2011. Mayor Michael Bloomberg said that some residents should prepare to evacuate. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for every county in the state. On Long Island, Suffolk County officials ordered a mandatory evacuation of Fire Island residents.  Cuomo went on to declared that Hurricane Sandy had been “more impactful” than Hurricane Katrina.

Connecticut's Governor Dan Malloy opened the state's Emergency Operations Center on October 26. Malloy signed a Declaration of Emergency the next day.

Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick declared a state of emergency.
Canada 
The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued its first statement of Sandy on October 25, 2012. One model suggested that Sandy would make a landfall in the East Coast of the United States, possibly affecting Southern Ontario.

Impact 

At least 253 people were confirmed killed across the United States, the Caribbean, Canada, and the Bahamas, as a result of the storm. The New York City Subway was shut down for days, and parts of it for months. Large areas lost electric power distribution for days. Thousands of houses were damaged by wind and flood, and hundreds burned because firefighters could not reach them.

References 

2012 Atlantic hurricane season
2012 disasters
2012 in the United States
Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes
Hurricanes in the United States
October events
Hurricanes in Jamaica
Retired tropical cyclone names
Sahibzada Mir Masjidi Khan (died 1841) was a leader in the Kohistan region of Afghanistan. He opposed the occupation of Afghanistan by the Government of British India during the First Anglo-Afghan War. Leaders in the Kohistan region including Mir Masjidi Khan, refused to pay taxes to the British, and began to organize their soldiers in July 1840. After attacks by British soldiers he and Sultan Muhammad Khan joined forces with Dost Muhammad Khan and fought a major battle with British at Parwan on November 2nd, 1840. After the battle Mir Masjid Khan continued to attack the British, while Dost Muhammad Khan surrendered. Mir Masjidi was later given poison by the British and he later died.

He is remembered by the Mir Masjidi Khan Medal, the second highest civilian award in Afghanistan. Winners have included the boxer Hamid Rahimi, truck driver Adam Khan, Olympic games coach Bashir Taraki and teacher Attaullah Wahidyar.

References

Year of birth missing
1841 deaths
Afghan leaders
Sir Olaf Caroe (or in full, Olaf Kirkpatrick Kruuse Caroe), KCSI, KCIE (1892-1981) was an administrator in 'British India. He remained Governor of the North-West Frontier Province from 1945 to 1947. 

1892 births
1981 deaths
Colonial officials of British India
The black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), is a species of rhinoceros. It lives in eastern and central Africa including Kenya, Tanzania, Cameroon, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Angola. The black rhinoceros is not actually black, but dark. It is a browser, with lips that help eating from low branches.

The other African rhinoceros is the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The white rhinoceros is not white, but lighter coloured.

The black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis), is a species of rhinoceros. It lives in eastern and central Africa including Kenya, Tanzania, Cameroon, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Angola. The black rhinoceros is not actually black, but dark. It is a browser, with lips that help eating from low branches.

The other African rhinoceros is the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). The white rhinoceros is not white, but lighter coloured.

Rhinoceros and oxpeckers
There is a type of bird called an oxpecker in English that likes to sit on the rhino's back and eat insects and other small animals that bite the rhino's skin.  Because the birds also peck at the rhinos' skins with their beaks and hurt it, scientists wondered why the rhinos do not shake the birds off their backs.  One team of scientists from California State University and Victoria University in Australia found that the black rhinoceros listens for the noises the oxpecker makes.  Rhinoceros cannot see well but oxpeckers can.  Oxpeckers make a noise when they see humans nearby that is different from their other noises.  The rhinos hear this noise and then either look for the human or run away.  The scientists performed an experiment: A human would slowly walk toward a rhino.  Rhinos without oxpeckers on their backs only noticed the human one out of five times, but rhinos with oxpeckers noticed the human every time and from much further away
.  The scientists wondered if bringing flocks of oxpeckers to groups of rhinoceros without them would help the rhinos avoid human hunters.
The scientists had the idea for this experiment because the Swahili language word for oxpecker is "Askari wa kifaru," which means "the rhino's guard" in English.  One of the scientists said it was important to listen to indigenous peoples when studying things in the places where those people live. "We too often dismiss the importance of indigenous people and their observations," said ecologist Roan Plotz, who worked on this study. "While western science has been incredibly useful, there are many insights we can learn from indigenous communities."

Threats 
Black rhinoceros is currently one of the endangered species and is on the verge of extinction in Africa.There has been approximately 96% decline in its population and one of the major causes for its extinction is habitat destruction and encroachment.

References

Mammals of Africa
Rhinoceroses
Philip Mason (also known by his pseudonym of Philip Woodruff) OBE (19 March 1906 – 25 January 1999) was a civil servant in British India and the author (under his pen-name) of a well-known book, The Men Who Ruled India. 

1906 births
1999 deaths
Colonial officials of British India
English writers
Mafdet was a goddess in early Egyptian mythology. She protected against snakes and scorpions and was often shown as either some sort of feline or mongoose.

In art, Mafdet was shown as a feline, a woman with a feline head, or a feline with the head of a woman.

References

Egyptian gods and goddesses
Majed Ahmed Abdullah Al-Mohammed (; born 1 November 1959  in Jeddah) is a retired Saudi Arabian footballer. He played as a striker. He has scored more goals for the Saudi national team than any other player. He was nicknamed the Arabian Pelé. Abdullah was voted as the best football player in the history of Saudi Arabia in a poll by IBOPE Zogby International.

References

Saudi Arabian footballers
Living people
People from Jeddah
1959 births
1988 AFC Asian Cup players
1992 AFC Asian Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
AFC Asian Cup-winning players
Asian Games medalists in football
Association football forwards
Footballers at the 1990 Asian Games
The phrases, "Two wrongs make a right" and "two wrongs don't make a right" are English phrases that denote philosophical norms. 

The key idea is based on the two wrongs phrase which consider the two things as wrong.

“Two wrongs don't make a right”, is a proverb used to rebuke or renounce wrongful conduct as a response to another's assumed transgression.

“Two wrongs make a right”  in which an allegation of wrongdoing is countered with a similar allegation. In English language, it might be considered as a fallacy of relevance.

“Two wrongs make a right”
“Two wrongs make a right” might be considered as a fallacy of relevance  when assuming that, if one wrong is committed, then another wrong will cancel it out. 

This phrase considers the two actions are wrong. for this reason it is not used by a wrongdoer which does not consider its action as wrong.

This phrase considers breaking the law (or the wrong) is justified, as long as the other party also does so.
Two wrongs do not make one right 
Two wrongs don't make a right is a proverb which means that a wrongful action is not a appropriate way to correct or cancel a previous wrongful action, in regard to a norm.

Additionally, it alleges the first action is also wrong.

Relationship 
When both actions are considered wrong, the two phrases might be opposed to each other.