Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In 1981, the band released their second studio album. It was named Killers. Many of the songs on Killers were made by the band in the 1970s. Iron Maiden did not like how their first album sounded. They did not like how it was produced. They hired producer Martin Birch. Birch worked with Iron Maiden until 1992. After releasing Killers, the band went on a world tour. Iron Maiden played music in many places, such as the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, Yugoslavia and France. It was their first concert in the US. Killers was the band's first album on the Billboard 200. It was number 78 on the music chart.

Popular albums (1981–1985)
By 1981, Paul Di'Anno was using drugs. Iron Maiden fired Di'Anno after their world tour. Singer Bruce Dickinson joined the band in September 1981. In 1982, Iron Maiden released The Number of the Beast. This was their third studio album. It was their first number one album on the UK Albums Chart. It was also on music charts in many other countries. When the album was released, Dickinson was having legal problems with Samson. Samson was the band Dickinson left to join Iron Maiden. Because of this, Dickinson said he did not write any of the songs on The Number of the Beast. The band went on another world tour. It was named The Beast on the Road. The band played in North America, Japan, Australia and Europe. In the US, a group of American conservatives said the band was Satanic. This was because of the album's name and the art on the album. A group of Christian activists destroyed copies of Iron Maiden albums. Dickinson said that this gave the band "loads of publicity"
. As of 2022, the band has sold 20 million copies of the album.
In December 1982, the band fired drummer Clive Burr. Nicko McBrain started playing drums for the band. Harris said he fired Burr because he was not playing music well at concerts. However, Burr said the band fired him for no reason. Iron Maiden released Piece of Mind in 1983. This was their fourth studio album. It was number 3 on the UK Albums Chart and number 14 on the Billboard 200. The album had two singles: "Flight of Icarus" and "The Trooper". Iron Maiden went on another world tour. They played music for over 20,000 people at Madison Square Garden.
The band released Powerslave in September 1984. This was their fifth studio album. This album had popular songs, such as "Aces High" and "2 Minutes to Midnight". The concert tour for the album was named the World Slavery Tour. It was the band's largest tour. Iron Maiden played at 193 concerts in 28 countries. The tour was over a year long. The band played for around 3,500,000 people. The band also had their first concert in South America. It was at the Rock in Rio music festival. They were one of the main bands at the festival. The other main band at the festival was Queen. The concert tour was difficult for the band to do. They were tired at the end of it. Iron Maiden took a break for four months. In November 1985, Public Choice International gave Iron Maiden an award for being the best rock and metal band in the world.
Somewhere in Time and Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1986–1990) 
Iron Maiden started making music again. They released the album Somewhere in Time in 1986. This album had different types of music on it. The band used synthesizers for the album's music to make different sounds. The album was popular. The song "Wasted Years" was also popular. Dickinson did not write any part of "Wasted Years". He tried to help make it, but the band did not use what he wrote. Somewhere in Time was number 11 on the Billboard 200 and number 2 on UK music charts. It was the band's best-selling album. Their next album was released in 1988. It was named Seventh Son of a Seventh Son. It is a concept album. It is inspired by the book Seventh Son by Orson Scott Card. This album also sold many copies. It was the band's first album with keyboard music. Harris and Smith played the keyboards.
The band did a concert tour for the album. It was named Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour. The band played at the Monsters of Rock music festival in Donington Park in August 1988. They played music for over 100,000 people there. It was the largest number of people at the festival. The band recorded video from other concerts in England. They released the video as Maiden England. The band hired Michael Kenney to play the keyboard during concerts. Kenney made keyboard music for four Iron Maiden albums.

The band took a break in 1989. Some band members made their own music. Guitar player Adrian Smith released an album named Silver and Gold. Bruce Dickinson also made an album. He made it with guitar player Janick Gers. It was named Tattooed Millionaire (1990). Iron Maiden later released a compilation album. The band released it because they had been making music for ten years. It was named The First Ten Years.
Smith and Dickinson leave the band (1990–1994) 
Iron Maiden started making a new album. During this time, Adrian Smith left the band. Smith did not agree with Harris about what type of music the band should make. Janick Gers, the guitar player that helped Dickinson make Tattooed Millionaire, joined the band. The band released the album in October 1990. It was named No Prayer for the Dying. The album had the song "Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter" on it. Iron Maiden released the song as a single. It was their first song to be number one on the UK Singles Chart. No Prayer for the Dying was similar to Iron Maiden's first albums. The band did the No Prayer on the Road tour. They played music for over two million people during the tour.
Fear of the Dark was released in 1992. It was the band's ninth album. It was number one on the UK Albums Chart. It was their third number one album on the chart. It was also number twelve on the Billboard 200. Harris and Dickinson did not work together to make the songs on the album. After Iron Maiden released Fear of the Dark, they went on a large concert tour. It was their first time playing concerts in South America. Christian groups stopped Iron Maiden from playing any concerts in Chile. They said that the band's music was Satanic. At a concert in Donington Park, Adrian Smith played music with the band. He helped them play the song "Running Free".
Iron Maiden and Blaze Bayley (1994–1999) 
Iron Maiden needed a new singer. Many singers sent the band music to listen to because they wanted to join the band. The band listened to many of them. After doing this, they wanted Blaze Bayley to join the band. Bayley was the singer for Wolfsbane. In the past, Iron Maiden and Wolfsbane played music together at concerts. Bayley joined the band. Dickinson and Bayley had different ways of singing. Bayley sang lower than Dickinson did. Some fans of the band did not like this.
The band released their tenth studio album in 1995. It was named The X Factor. It was number eight on the UK Albums Chart. This was their lowest album on the chart since 1981. However, The X Factor won "Album of the Year" awards in France, Spain and Germany. The album is known for being more serious than other albums made by the band. This was because it was inspired by Steve Harris' divorce. After releasing the album, Iron Maiden released a compilation album named Best of the Beast. It had a single named "Virus".
In 1998, Iron Maiden released Virtual XI. This was their eleventh studio album. It was their least popular album. The album was number 16 on the UK Albums Chart. This made it the band's lowest-charting album. When the band released the album, Steve Harris was remastering all of the band's music. In January 1999, Bayley left the band. This was because he had problems with his voice during concerts. However, Janick Gers said that some of the band's songs had singing that was too high pitched for him.

Brave New World, Dance of Death and A Matter of Life and Death (1999–2009)
Dickinson talked to Iron Maiden. He joined the band again in January 1999. Guitar player Adrian Smith also joined the band again. The band now had three guitar players: Dave Murray, Janick Gers, and Adrian Smith. The band went on a concert tour after bringing Dickinson and Smith back. It was named the Ed Hunter Tour. This was because the band made a greatest hits album and video game named Ed Hunter (1999). After the tour, the band made Brave New World. This was their twelfth studio album. It was released in 2000. Many books and movies inspired the music on the album. "The Wicker Man" is named after a 1973 movie with the same name. The album's name is from the book Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley. The album was more popular than the albums Iron Maiden made with Blaze Bayley. Later, "The Wicker Man" got a Grammy Award nomination. Iron Maiden played at many concerts for Clive Burr. Burr was the band's drummer from 1979 to 1982
. He had multiple sclerosis, so the band played at these concerts to give him money for it.
Iron Maiden played music at many concerts in 2003. After touring, the band released Dance of Death. This was their thirteenth studio album. It was popular around the world. It was number two on the UK Albums Chart, and number 18 on the Billboard 200. Kevin Shirley produced the album. He produced many of the band's albums. Many music critics thought Dance of Death was as good as the band's earlier music. The band did many concert tours after releasing the album. In 2005, they made a live album named Death on the Road. This was recorded at a concert in Dortmund, Germany. The band did a concert tour named the Eddie Rips Up the World Tour. The band played music from their first four albums. Because of the tour, the band released "The Number of the Beast" as a single again. It was successful on music charts in the UK.
At the end of 2005, the band worked on A Matter of Life and Death. This was their fourteenth studio album. The band released it in August 2006. It was the band's first album to be in the top ten of the Billboard 200 music chart. The band later had their first concert in Dubai. The band then played at many concerts in Europe, as well as other places. In 2009, Iron Maiden won a BRIT Award for being the best British live act.

Newest albums (2010–now) 

In April 2009, the band released a documentary movie named Iron Maiden: Flight 666. It showed the band during one of their concert tours in 2008. Many movie theatres showed the documentary. The movie was sold on DVD and CD. It was number one on music DVD charts in 25 countries.
Iron Maiden started making a studio album in early 2010. Kevin Shirley produced it. On 16 August 2010, the band released The Final Frontier, their fifteenth studio album. It was the band's most popular album. It was number one on music charts in twenty eight countries. In the US, it was number four on the Billboard 200. The album had one single named "El Dorado". The Final Frontier World Tour happened after the band released the album. Iron Maiden played at 101 concerts on the tour. They played their first concert in South Korea. In 2011, Iron Maiden won a Grammy Award for "El Dorado". They were nominated for another Grammy Award in 2013 for the song "Blood Brothers". The band started the Maiden England World Tour in June 2012. They played music for over 2.5 million people on the tour. It ended in July 2014.
The band recorded new music for an album in summer 2014. The Book of Souls was released in 2015. It was the band's first album not released by EMI Records. Parlophone Records released the album. It was the band's fifth album to be number one on the UK Albums Chart. "Empire of the Clouds", a song on the album, is the longest song made by the band. It is 18 minutes long. Many music critics liked the album. The band started the Legacy of the Beast World Tour in 2018. However, the COVID-19 pandemic stopped the band from playing at concerts in 2020 and 2021. The tour ended in 2022.
On 15 July 2021, the band released a music video for a new song. It was named "The Writing on the Wall". Nicos Livesey helped make the music video. Four days later, the band said they were releasing a new album in September 2021. The album was named Senjutsu. It was their seventeenth studio album. It topped music charts in 27 countries. It was not number one on the UK Albums Chart. This was the first time the band did not make an album that was number one in the UK in fifteen years. In 2021 and 2023, the band was nominated for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Members 
 Bruce Dickinson - vocals
 Janick Gers - guitar
 Steve Harris - bass guitar
 Nicko McBrain - percussion
 Dave Murray - guitar
 Adrian Smith - guitar
 Sean Marleau - keyboards/synth

Previous members 
 Paul Di'Anno - vocals
 Blaze Bayley - vocals
 Clive Burr - percussion
 Sean Marleau - percussion, vocals
Studio albums
 Iron Maiden (1980)
 Killers (1981)
 The Number of the Beast (1982)
 Piece of Mind (1983)
 Powerslave (1984)
 Somewhere in Time (1986)
 Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988)
 No Prayer for the Dying (1990)
 Fear of the Dark (1992)
 The X Factor (1995)
 Virtual XI (1998)
 Brave New World (2000)
 Dance of Death (2003)
 A Matter of Life and Death (2006)
 The Final Frontier (2010)
 The Book of Souls (2015)
Senjutsu (2021)

References

Books

Other websites
Official website

1975 establishments in the United Kingdom
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
2020s British music groups
English heavy metal bands
 
Musical groups established in 1975
Musical groups from London
Ljubljana is the capital city of Slovenia. It is the largest city in that country. The city became the most important settlement in the area when Romans ruled Slovenia. There are many museums with things from that time in Ljubljana.

As of 2002, there were 265,881 people living in Ljubljana. The University of Ljubljana is in Ljubljana.

Geography 
The city has an area of 163.8 square kilometers (63.2 sq mi). It is located about 320 kilometers (200 mi) south of Munich, 477 kilometers (296 mi) east of Zürich, 250 kilometers (160 mi) east of Venice, 350 kilometers (220 mi) southwest of Vienna, 224 kilometers (139 mi) south of Salzburg and 400 kilometers (250 mi) southwest of Budapest.

Ljubljana is 295 meters (968 ft) above sea level.

The main bodies of water in Ljubljana are the Ljubljanica, the Sava, the Gradaščica, the Mali Graben, the Iška and the Iščica Rivers.
July and August are the warmest months.  The daily temperatures at these times are generally between 25 and 30 °C (77 and 86 °F).  January is the coldest month with temperatures closer to 0 °C (32 °F).  Ljubljana is also one of the wettest European capitals. Yearly precipitation is about 1,400 mm (55 in).  It can also snow anytime from December to February.

Cityscape 
Ljubljana features many kinds of architectural styles.  Prominent buildings include Prešeren Square, Ljubljana Castle, Town Hall, Ljubljana Cathedral, and Nebotičnik.

There are also several parks around the city.  Tivoli City Park (Mestni park Tivoli) is the largest park in Ljubljana.

The most notable bridges of Ljubljana are the Triple Bridge (Tromostovje), the Trnovo Bridge (Trnovski most), the Dragon Bridge (Zmajski most), the Hradecky Bridge (Slovene: Hradeckega most), and the Butchers' Bridge (Mesarski most). The Trnovo Bridge crosses the Gradaščica, whereas the others cross the Ljubljanica.
Twin cities 
  Belgrade, Serbia
  Bratislava, Slovakia
  Chemnitz, Germany
  Chengdu, China
  Cleveland, Ohio, USA
  Klagenfurt, Austria
  Mardin, Turkey
  Leverkusen, Germany
  Moscow, Russia
  Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England
  Vienna, Austria
  Wiesbaden, Germany
  Zagreb,Croatia

References

Other websites 
 The official Ljubljana page, in Slovene and English
 History and Travel Information  

 
15th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Slovenia
Nukuʻalofa is the capital city of Tonga. It is on the island of Tongatapu.

35% of Tongans live in Nukuʻalofa. As of 1996, about 22,400 people lived there.

Tonga
National capitals in Oceania
General Motors Company is the largest American car company. It is based in the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan. It was founded in 1908 by a man named William Durant. It makes cars and trucks in 31 countries. About 209,000 people work for it. It is the second largest car company in the world, after Toyota.

In the 1950s and 1960s, it dominated the car industry, but it fell into decline by the 1980s and 90s. The company went through a bankruptcy in 2009 and was bought by the US Government, which has been selling its stake in the company.

As of April 2014, GM is being investigated by the United States Congress over the deaths of 13 people involving faulty ignition systems that have been used in many GM cars, with some built as early as 1997. In May 2014 the company was fined $35 million from NHTSA over the ignition problem.
Brands 
GM has many brands, including:
 Cadillac
 Chevrolet
 Buick
 GMC
In the past, General Motors has used other brands, including Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Saturn, Hummer, Geo, and Daewoo, but none of these are produced by GM as of 2014. They either have gone out of business or were merged into Chevrolet. GM also owned Saab from 1989 to 2010, and also held stakes in Isuzu and Suzuki until 2008. In 2017 they sold Opel and Vauxhall Motors to Groupe PSA. Holden gone defunct in 2020.

References 

1908 establishments in the United States

1900s establishments in Michigan
 
Companies based in Detroit
Bartolomeu Dias(or Bartholomew Dias, 1450 - May 29, 1500) was a Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail past the Cape of Good Hope now Cape Town.

Voyage to Africa 
In 1487, King John II of Portugal asked  Dias to find a new route for the spice trade and to find a legendary Christian king named Prester John in the east. In 1488 Bartholomew and his sailors sailed along the western coast of Africa. They got caught in a storm and landed at a cape in southern Africa and they could not sail beyond that point. They named it "Cape of Storms" and later returned to Portugal. The king of Portugal considered it as a victory gained by the Portuguese adventurers and named it as "Cape of Good Hope".  Because Prester John did not really exist, they did not find his country but the route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean leading to Asia turned out to be valuable.
Death and legacy 
Commanding a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral's later expedition to Brazil and India, he died at sea in 1500 during a storm.  There was a statue made for him later in Cape Town, South Africa.

References

1450 births
1500 deaths
Portuguese explorers
Cape Agulhas is the point in Africa which is farthest south. It is in the country of South Africa. It is near the town of Agulhas. 

Agulhas
Western Cape
Holy Roman Emperor was the title that was given to the ruler of a loose group of places in mostly Central Europe called the Holy Roman Empire. The title of "emperor" was passed from the Romans to the Frankish kingdom  (for which "France" is named) when, on 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, king of the Franks, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

List of emperors
This list includes all emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, whether or not they called themselves Holy Roman Emperor. There are some gaps. For example, Henry the Fowler was King of Germany but not Emperor.

Emperors before Otto the Great
Some historians say the Carolingian Empire was the start of the Holy Roman Empire. Others say the start of the Holy Roman Empire was 962. The rulers who were crowned as Emperors in the West before 962 were as follows:

Carolingian dynasty

Guideschi dynasty

Carolingian dynasty

Bosonid dynasty

Unruoching dynasty

There was no emperor in the west between 924 and 962.

Holy Roman Emperors
Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty

Salian (Frankish) dynasty

Supplinburg dynasty

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

Welf dynasty

Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) dynasty

House of Luxembourg

House of Wittelsbach

House of Luxembourg

House of Habsburg

House of Wittelsbach

House of Habsburg-Lorraine

References
Fatu Hiva is a tropical island in the Pacific Ocean. It is part of French Polynesia and the Marquesas Islands. 

There are about 600 people living on Fatu Hiva. It is 22 km away from Motu Nao. The three main villages are Hana Vave, Omo'a and Uia.

Islands of French Polynesia
Tampere () is the third biggest city in Finland. It is the capital of the  Pirkanmaa area.
Neighbour municipalities are Kangasala, Lempäälä, Nokia, Pirkkala, Vesilahti, Hämeenkyrö, Orivesi, Pälkäne and Ylöjärvi. 

The population of Tampere was 215,144 in 2011.

History
Tampere was started in 1779. At 1800's, Tampere became to be a notable industrialized city and one of the biggest cities in Finland.

Gallery

References

Other websites 
 Official Tampere page, in Finnish
 The official Tampere Region visitor website

 
1779 establishments in Europe
18th-century establishments in Finland
Asikkala is a municipality of Finland. It is in the province of Southern Finland and the region of Päijänne Tavastia. The downtown of Asikkala is called Vääksy. It has a canal, Vääksyn kanava. Asikkala has an area of 756.2 km². 192.29 km² of it is water.

Asikkala is on the coast of the lake Päijänne. As of 31 May 2013, 8,444 people live in the municipality.

Other websites 

 The official Asikkala page  

Municipalities of Päijät-Häme
Lordi is a Finnish heavy metal band which is famous for their monster costumes. They won the Eurovision Song Contest 2006 with the song "Hard Rock Hallelujah". Their other famous songs include "Would You Love a Monsterman?", "Devil Is a Loser", "Blood Red Sandman", "This Is Heavy Metal" and "Sincerely with Love".

Lordi was started in 1992 by Mr. Lordi. Its original members were Mr. Lordi (vocals), Kita (percussion), Amen (guitar), G-stealer (bass) and Enary (keyboards). The first single was "Would You Love a Monsterman?" in 2002. It was also included in the band's album Get Heavy. Their music and style has been compared to the American groups Kiss and Twisted Sister.

Members

Current members 
 Mr. Lordi (Tomi Putaansuu) - vocals (1992-)
 Kone - Guitar (2022-)
 Hiisi - bass guitar (2019-)
 Mana - drums (2012-)
 Hella - keyboards (2012-)
Former members 
 G-Stealer (Sami Keinänen) - bass (1996-1999)
 Magnum (Sami Wolking) - bass, backing vocals (1999-2002)
 Kalma (Niko Hurme) - bass, backing vocals (2002-2005)
 Enary (Erna Siikavirta) - keyboards, backing vocals (1996-2005)
 Kita (Sampsa Astala) - drums (2000-2010)
 Otus (Tonmi Lillman) - drums (2010-2012)
 Awa (Leena Peisa) - keyboards (2005-2012)
 OX (Samer el Nahhal) - bass guitar (2005-2019)
 Amen (Jussi Sydänmaa) - guitar (1996-2022)

Discography

Albums 
 Napalm Market (demo album, 1993)
 Bend Over and Pray the Lord (1997)
 Get Heavy (2002)
 The Monsterican Dream (2004)
 The Monster Show (collection, 2005)
 The Arockalypse (2006)
 Deadache (2008)
 Zombilation – The Greatest Cuts (collection, 2009)
 Babez for Breakfast (2010)
 Scarchives Vol. 1 (collection, 2012)
 To Beast or Not To Beast (2013)
 Scare Force One (2014)
 Monstereophonic (Theaterror Vs. Demonarchy) (2016) 
 Sexorcism (2018)
 Killection (2020)
 Lordiversity (2021)
 Screem Writers Guild (2023)
Singles and EPs 
 Would You Love a Monsterman? (2002)
 Devil is a Loser (2003)
 Blood Red Sandman (2004)
 My Heaven Is Your Hell (2004)
 Hard Rock Hallelujah (2006)
 Who's Your Daddy? (2006)
 Would You Love A Monsterman? (2006) (2006) (PROMO)
 It Snows In Hell (2006)
 They Only Come Out At Night (2007)
 Beast Loose In Paradise (2008)
 Bite It Like A Bulldog (2008)
 Famous Five (EP, 2008)
 Deadache (2008)
 This Is Heavy Metal (2010)
 Rock Police (2010)
 The Riff (2013)
 Nailed by the Hammer of Frankenstein (2014)
 Hug You Hardcore (2016)
 Your Tongue’s Got the Cat (2018)
 Naked in My Cellar (2018)
 Shake the Baby Silent (2019)
 I Dug a Hole in the Yard for You (2019)
 Like A Bee To The Honey (2020)
 Believe Me (2021)
 Abracadaver (2021)
 Borderline (2021)
 Merry Blah Blah Blah (2021)
 Demon Supreme (2021)
 Day Off Of The Devil (2022)
 Spear Of The Romans (2022)
 Reel Monsters (2022)
 Hard Rock Hallelujah (Feat. Bürger Lars Dietrich) (2022)
 Lucyfer Prime Evil (2023)
 Thing in the Cage (2023)

Movies
Movies 

 The Kin (2004)
 Dark Floors (2008)

Comics 

 Monster Magazine (2002)
 The Uninvited Guests (2003)
 Keräilijä (2006)
 Alkuperä (2006)
 Verenjano (2007)
 Verensininen (2008)
 Graphic Novels (2013)
 Illustrated Lyrics (2014)

Other websites 

 The official Lordi page 
 International fan club 

Finnish musical groups
Finnish heavy metal bands
Hard rock bands
Eurovision Song Contest winners
A CD-R (also called Compact Disc Recordable) is a compact disc that can be recorded once. When people record a compact disc, they put either music or data on it, or sometimes both, which is called an enhanced CD.

A compact disc that can be recorded multiple times (and erased) is the CD-RW.

When you put data onto a CD, it is called burning a disc. A laser "burns" pits into a dye layer on the disc, making them transparent. These transparent pits can later be read back by the CD drive or audio CD player as data or music.

The first CD-Rs from the early 1990s held 63 minutes of audio. In the mid-1990s, 74-minute discs became common. Most CD-Rs made from 2000 onward hold 80 minutes, or 700 MB of data. 90 and 99-minute CD-Rs are available since 2000, although they are non-standard and many players and recorders do not support them.
There are three types of dye used in CD-R discs. The most common is phthalocyanine, and it is usually light green. CMC Pro (formerly Taiyo Yuden) uses cyanine dye. It is usually teal or dark green. Verbatim uses phthalocyanine dye on some discs, and AZO dye on others. AZO dye is usually dark blue or blue-ish silver. The metal layer on the disc is usually made of silver. Archival discs and some professional audio discs use a gold top layer. Verbatim UltraLife discs have a silver main layer, and a gold upper protective layer, providing the reflectivity of silver and the chemical stability of gold. Early cyanine discs could decay and become unplayable within a few years. Recent cyanine discs have preservatives added to the dye to prevent this from happening. AZO and phthalocyanine dyes do not need preservatives and do not decay easily. Phthalocyanine is the most stable and longest-lasting dye, but it requires a more precisely calibrated laser than AZO or cyanine to get a good, error-free burn
. A recording laser with too much or too little power will produce a poor recording on phthalocyanine dye.
There are two types of blank CD-R, "music" and "data". The only difference is that "music" discs have a bit set on the disc that indicates a royalty was paid to the music industry. Consumer-grade music recorders look for this bit and won't record to discs without it. This is done to meet the requirements of the Audio Home Recording Act and similar laws. Professional equipment (including rackmount audio CD recorders and all computer drives) is not affected and will record to either type of disc. The bit has no effect on playback once the disc has been recorded.

References

Compact Disc
The Truman Show is a 1998 American comedy-drama movie. It is directed by Peter Weir and was written by Andrew Niccol. The main star of the movie is Jim Carrey.

Plot 
The movie is about a young man called Truman Burbank who lives in a fictional town called Seahaven. The whole town is inside a giant dome and Truman can be seen all over the world on television. He has been on the reality show since he was born. He was the one out of six unwanted babies to be in the show. He does not realise until later that the town he is living in is made-up. Christof is the creator of the show and some would call him a villain, because of the human rights abuse of Truman. He is in charge of making everything go right and cannot afford to lose Truman.

Related pages
The Truman Show delusion

Other websites

1998 comedy-drama movies
1990s satirical movies
American comedy-drama movies
American satirical movies
English-language movies
Movies directed by Peter Weir
Movies about television
Dystopian movies
Krill are small shrimp-like crustaceans  about an inch or so long, found in all the oceans of the world. In areas with nutrients, they occur in huge swarms, with more than 10,000 krill per cubic meter. They feed on phytoplankton and to a lesser extent zooplankton. 

Krill are ecologically very important, because they are near the bottom of the food chain. They make up the largest part of the diet of  many animals. In the Southern Ocean, one species, the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, makes up an estimated biomass of over , roughly twice that of the human race. They are eaten by many animals, including whales, seals, penguins, birds, fish, squid, and whale sharks. Of this, over half is eaten by each year, and is replaced by growth and reproduction. 

Most krill species make large vertical migrations. They are distinguished from other crustaceans such as true shrimp by their externally visible gills.
Taxonomy 
The order Euphausiacea is divided into two families, Bentheuphausiidae and Euphausiidae. the first has one species, the second has 85 species. Well known species are the Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), Pacific krill (Euphausia pacifica) and Northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica).

Bioluminescence 
Except for Bentheuphausia amblyops, krill are bioluminescent. They have organs called photophores which emit light. The light is made by an enzyme-catalysed chemiluminescence reaction. A luciferin (a kind of pigment) is activated by a luciferase enzyme. Krill probably get this substance as part of their diet, which contains dinoflagellates. Krill photophores are complex organs with lenses and focusing abilities, and can be rotated by muscles. The exact function of these organs is not known. The possibilities include mating, social interaction or as a form of camouflage to compensate for their shadow against the overhead light.

References
Subaru is a car company that is part of a larger Japanese company called Fuji Heavy Industries, who also makes other things like buses and airplanes. Subaru builds cars in Japan and also builds cars in the state of Indiana.

Their cars are known for having all-wheel drive, which means that the engine drives all four wheels, instead of just the wheels in the front or in the back. They also have boxer engines, which means that the pistons and the cylinders in the engine fire left to right instead of up and down or at an angle.

The name Subaru is a Japanese word for a star cluster in the sky named Pleiades, and the company logo has the stars in its picture in the same place as they are in the sky.

History
History

Fuji Heavy Industries in 1954 built a car called the Subaru P-1. It was named by the person who was CEO, Kenji Kita. From 1954 to 1997 the company designed and built other vehicles including the tiny 360 (1958), the Sambar (1961), the 1000 (1965), the R2 (1969), the Leone (1971), the Domingo (1983), the Alcyone (1985), the Legacy (1989), the Impreza (1993), the Sambar EV electric van (1995), and the Forester (1997).

 
1954 establishments in Asia
1950s establishments in Japan
A giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) is a mammal which lives in Africa. Giraffes have an even number of toes and are the tallest land animals. Giraffes and Okapi are the family Giraffidae, and are the only extant giraffids.

Appearance 
Giraffes have a very long neck and long legs. Giraffes are the tallest land animals on Earth, with necks that can be up to 2-2.4 m (6.6-7.9 ft) in length. Fully grown giraffes stand  tall, with males taller than females. The tallest recorded male was  and the tallest recorded female was  tall. The average weight is  for an adult male and  for an adult female. Maximum weights of  and having been recorded for males and females, respectively. They have a long black tongue, up to 45 cm in length. This they use to wrap around leaves and pull them off trees.
Their fur has a light yellowish tan or off-white colour with brown or russet patches. No two giraffes have the same pattern. The different sub-species have different coat patterns. Both male and female giraffes have small horn-like stumps on their head, which are covered with skin. The horns are called ossicones. These come from the cartilage displaced from their skull as it develops. These are fur-covered bumps on their skulls, unlike the horns of other animals.

Habitat 
Giraffes are found in parts of Africa. They live on the savannah, which is the African grassland, or in light woodland. They do not live in thick forests where it is difficult to see predators (such as lions) approaching.The temperature is normally around 70 degrees. Most giraffes live either in East Africa or in Angola and Zambia in southwestern Africa.
Life 
Giraffes eat mostly leaves from tall trees, which they can reach because of their long legs and long necks, as well as fruit. Their rough tongue allows them to eat the acacia leaves protected by thorns. They can go without water for weeks. Like all mammals, giraffes have only seven bones in their necks.

Giraffes live alone or in loose groups. Young male giraffes foa single baby, which is called "calf". Giraffes give birth while standing, so the baby falls down 2 metres. Giraffe calfs are already 2 m tall and weigh 50–55 kg. The calf stays with its mother for 1 years. Young giraffes become mature when they are 4 years old, and they are fully grown when they are 6 years old. Giraffes can live to 25 years old, and in captivity they can live 35 years.
Giraffes use their feet to kick predators away, and mature male giraffes use their head and necks to fight for dominance at mating time. These long necks, are, in fact, used as a weapon during the male on male intra–sexual battle that is also referred to as a spar. The females, who receive little to no aid from their partners in raising the calves, prefer the males that are victorious. Those with the longer and stronger necks will reproduce more frequently and keep their genes in the giraffe population for longer compared to the males with shorter, weaker necks.

There are about nine different subspecies of giraffe, with only small differences between them. When giraffes of two different sub-species breed, the young are called hybrids (mixed breeds). Of the nine sub-species of giraffe, only one, the Rothchild's, is endangered.

References 

Even-toed ungulates
Mammals of Africa
National symbols of Tanzania
Giant isopods are big crustaceans that live at the bottom of the ocean. They can grow up to 45 cm long and weigh up to 1.7 kg. Currently about 9 different species are known. Giant isopods usually eat dead whales, fish and squid. They may also be active scavengers, and hunt slow-moving prey, such as sea cucumbers, sponges, nematodes. Perhaps they even catch live fish. They live in depths between 170m to about 2200m. Over 80% can be found between 365 m and 730 m  of depth. They probably prefer a muddy or clay ocean floor environment, and lead solitary lives.

References

Isopods
Elementary algebra is the most basic form of algebra taught to students. It is often one of the next areas of mathematics taught to students after arithmetic. While in arithmetic only numbers and operators like +, −, ×, and ÷ occur; in algebra, variables (like a, x, y) are used to stand for numbers. This is useful because:
 It lets people solve problems about "unknown" numbers. This means learning about equations and how to solve them (for example, "find a number x where ").
 It allows the generalization of the rules from arithmetic. While some students understand that , it helps to prove that  for all a and b. This makes algebra a good step to learning about abstraction (learning general ideas from many examples).
 It helps people understand and create functional relationships (also sometimes called cause and effect). An example of this is "if x tickets are sold, then the profit will be  dollars".
These three are the main strands of elementary algebra. Elementary algebra is often used in many other subjects, like science, business, and building. Abstract algebra, a much more advanced topic, is generally taught late in college.

Simple algebra problems
If an equation has only one number that is unknown it is sometimes easy to solve. The unknown number is called "x":

To solve a simple equation with one unknown amount add, subtract, multiply, or divide both sides of the equation by the same number in order to put the unknown amount, x, on one side of the equation.  Once x is by itself on one side, use arithmetic to determine the amount on the other side of the equation.  For example, by subtracting 4 from both sides in the equation above:

getting:

Dividing both sides by 2:

getting:

It may help to think of this equation as a see-saw or balance, what you do to one side, you must do to the other and your main aim is to get x by itself.
Definitions 
 has the following components:
1 : Exponent (power), 2 : Coefficient, 3 : term, 4 : operator, 5 : constant,  : variables

Notes

Algebra
Kesälahti is a former municipality in Finland. It is part of the North Karelia region. There are almost 2,700 people living in Kesalahti.

History 
Kesalahti is the southernmost municipality of North Karelia. It was officially founded in 1873. The area of the municipality is 582.67 km². 195.42 km² of it is water.

Kesälahti is advertised as a popular summer destination for families enjoying camping. The Puruvesi lake shores host three active camping grounds with cabins,¨and tent and trailer lots to let. The name of the municipality can be translated as 'summer bay'.

The current mayor is Jorma Turunen.

It was merged with Kitee on 1 January 2013.

Villages 
Hummovaara, Kesälahti (centre), Marjoniemi, Purujärvi, Salokylä, Sarvisalo, Suitsansaari, Totkunniemi, Varmonniemi, Villala

Other websites 
 The official Kesalahti page  
 Advocate of Kesälahti and North Karelian culture 

Former municipalities of Finland
North Karelia
1873 establishments in Europe
1870s establishments in Finland
Eckerö is a municipality in the Åland Islands, Finland. As of March 2006, there are 926 people living in Eckerö.

Eckerö is the westernmost municipality of Finland. Mariehamn, the capital of Åland, is located 35 km away. 95 % of the people in Eckerö speak Swedish as their first language.

Other websites 
 The official Eckerö page, in Swedish, Finnish, English and German

Municipalities of Finland
Åland Islands
Utsjoki is a municipality in Lapland, Finland. Utsjoki is the only municipality in Finland where most people speak Sami as their first language.

As of February 2005, 1,373 people lived in Utsjoki. The municipalities next to it are Inari in Finland and Karasjok, Tana and Nesseby in Norway. Nuorgam in Utsjoki is the northernmost village in Finland and the European Union.

In the Northern Sami language, the municipality is known as Ohcejohka.

Population growth

References

Municipalities of Lapland (Finland)
Savitaipale is a Finnish municipality in the South Karelia region. As of January 2014, more than 3,700 people lived in Savitaipale.
Savitaipale has an area of 690.78 km². 151.63 km² of it is water. The municipality is on the coast of the Lake Kuolimo. Helsinki is 220 km away. Neighbouring municipalities are Kouvola, Lemi, Luumäki, Mikkeli, Mäntyharju, Puumala and Taipalsaari. The municipality was established in 1639.

Villages 
Havola, Hyrkkälä, Jokeinmaa, Kaihtula, Karhula, Kaskeinkylä, Kaulio (Kauliala), Kokkola, Korhola, Korpela, Koskeinkylä, Kuivanen, Kunttula, Kurhila (Järviä), Kylliälä, Kärpänen, Laksiainen, Lamminpää, Luotola, Luotolahti, Lyytikkälä, Marttila, Monola, Niinimäki, Paukkula, Peltoinlahti, Pettilä, Purtoismäki, Pöntylä, Rahikkala, Rantala, Ratasalo, Savitaipale, Solkeinkylä, Susivuori, Säänjärvi, Tukiala, Uiminniemi, Valkolanmäki, Virmajärvi, Välijoki

Other websites 

 The official Savitaipale page

Municipalities of South Karelia
Vantaa () is the fourth largest city in Finland (after Helsinki, Espoo and Tampere). It is part of the Greater Helsinki area. The most important parts of Vantaa are Tikkurila, Hakunila, Koivukylä, Korso, Martinlaakso and Myyrmäki. Tuusula, Kerava, Sipoo, Helsinki, Espoo and Nurmijärvi are neighbour communities and cities of Vantaa.

Vantaa has been a city since 1974. As of April 2014, the population was about 208,800. The current mayor is Juhani Paajanen.

The biggest airport in Finland, Helsinki-Vantaa, is in Central Vantaa.

Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Vantaa. In 2006 Swedish was the mother language of 3.1 percent of population of Vantaa.

Mayors of Vantaa 

 Lauri Lairala 1974-1989
 Pirjo Ala-Kapee 1989-1997
 Erkki Rantala 1997-2003
 Juhani Paajanen 2003-

Population growth

People who were born in Vantaa
Patrik Antonius, a professional poker player
 Sampsa Astala, a musician on Lordi
 Valtteri Filppula, a ice hockey player
 Jaakko Hintikka, a professor in Boston University
 Mika Häkkinen, Formula 1 world champion
 Sami Kapanen, an ice hockey player
 Ville Peltonen, an ice hockey player
 Jarkko Ruutu, an ice hockey player
 Tuomo Ruutu, an ice hockey player
 Eicca Toppinen, a cellist on Apocalyptica
 Ossi Väänänen an ice hockey player

Other websites 
 The official Vantaa page , in Finnish, Swedish and English

References
Karstula is a municipality in Central Finland. More than 4,900 people live in Karstula.

Karstula is located 100 kilometres from the city of Jyväskylä. The municipality was founded in 1867.

The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Kivijärvi, Kyyjärvi, Saarijärvi and Soini.

Villages 
Karstula, Oinoskylä, Kiminki, Rantakylä, Vahanka, Vastinki, Kangasaho, Humppi and Aho-Vastinki.

Population growth

References

Other websites 

 The official Karstula page, in Finnish and English

Municipalities of Central Finland
1867 establishments in Finland
Dimmu Borgir is a black metal band created in 1993 in Norway. Its name is Icelandic for a "dark castle". 

The band's first recordings were in Norwegian, but today, most of the recordings are in English. The newest studio album is "Abrahadabra" (2010). The studio album In Sorte Diaboli (2007) entered the Norwegian album chart at No. 1 — the first time a black metal band has ever got to the No. 1 position on a national album chart anywhere in the world.  Dimmu Borgir's previous release, "Death Cult Armageddon", as well as Satyricon's "Now, Diabolical" previously reached No. 2 position on the Norwegian album chart.

A week after "In Sorte Diaboli" reached No. 1 on the Norweigan album charts, the album attained No. 43 on The Billboard 200, making them the first Norwegian band since the 80's pop group 'A-HA' to enter the U.S. Top 50.

"In Sorte Diaboli" features the London Philharmonic Orchestra.  Strangely, the album has been banned by the UK album charts for questionable reasons.

Members
Members

Current 
 Shagrath (Stian Thoresen) - vocals
 Galder (Thomas Rune Andersen) - guitar
 Silenoz (Sven Atle Kopperud) - guitar

Former 
 Nicholas Barker - percussion
 Tjodalv - percussion
 Nagash - bass
 Astennu - guitar
 Stian Arstad - keyboards
 Brynjard Tristan - bass
 ICS Vortex - bass
 Mustis - keyboards
 Hellhammer - percussion
 Archon - guitar
 Snowy Shaw - bass

Session
 Daray (Dariusz Brzozowski) - drums
 Cyrus - keyboard

Discography

Albums 
 For All Tid (1994, 1997)
 Stormblåst (1996, 2005)
 Enthrone Darkness Triumphant (1997, 2002)
 Spiritual Black Dimensions (1999)
 Puritanical Euphoric Misanthropia (2001)
 Alive in Torment (2002)
 Death Cult Armageddon (2003)
 Stormblåst MMV (2005)
 In Sorte Diaboli (2007)
 Abrahadabra (2010)
Eonian (2018)

EP

 Inn I Evighetens Mørke (1994)
 Devil's Path (1996)
 Godless Savage Garden (1998)
 Alive in Torment (2002)
 World Misanthropy (2002)
 Interdimensional Summit (2018)

Live albums and other releases
Alive in Torment (2001)
World Misanthropy (2002)
World Misanthropy (2002)
The Invaluable Darkness (2008)

References

Other websites 
 The official Dimmu Borgir page

Black metal bands
Norwegian heavy metal bands
Oslo
1993 establishments in Europe
Musical groups established in 1993
1990s establishments in Norway
Kuru or Kurus may be:

Kuru (kingdom), a powerful Indian kingdom during the Vedic period and later a republic during the Mahajanapada period
Kuru Kingdom, a kingdom based on the historic Kuru kingdom in Indian epic literature
Kuru (disease), a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy with the cannibalistic funeral practices of the Fore people.
Kuru (archaeology), Indian ethnic group and their kingdom
Kuru (mythology) is part of African mythology
Kuru (Hinduism), imputed ancestral king
Kuru, Finland, municipality
Kuruş, Turkish currency
Kuru, Turkish dried-bean dish kurufasulye
Kuru school, in Kuru, Nigeria
Kuru (band), British punk band during the late 1990s
KURU (movie), an indy movie in development by The Enemy
S/S Kuru, a Finnish lake steamer
kuru, Finnish word for a type of canyon
Interbreeding IX: Kuru, a various artists CD compilation

Related pages
 Kourou, a town in French Guiana
Sonata Arctica is a Finnish power metal band founded in 1996 in Kemi.

The band's original name was Tricky Beans. After releasing three demo recordings it was changed into Tricky Means. Afterwards the band adopted its current name.

Before they became as famous and popular as they are, they got attention from metal fans for touring and playing with the band Nightwish.

Sonata Arctica's first music album was Ecliptica. It was released on November 1999 in Finland and elsewhere in 2000. 30,000 copies were sold in Japan. The newest studio recording is
Stone grow her name (2012).

Line-up

Original members 
 Tony Kakko - vocals, keyboards
 Janne Kivilahti - bass
 Jani Liimatainen - guitar
 Tommy Portimo - percussion

Current members 
 Tony Kakko - vocals
 Henrik Klingenberg - keyboards
 Jani Liimatainen - guitar
 Marko Paasikoski - bass
 Tommy Portimo - percussion

Discography
Discography

Studio albums 
 Ecliptica (1999)
 Silence (2001)
 Winterheart's Guild (2003)
 Reckoning Night (2004)
 Unia (2007)
 The Days of Grays (2009)
 Stone grow her name (2012)
 Pariah's child (2014)
 The Ninth Hour (2016)
 Talviyö (2019)
 Acoustic Adventures – Volume 1  (2022)
 Acoustic Adventures - Volume 2  (2022)

Compilations 
 The End of This Chapter (2005 in Japan, 2006 in Europe)
 The Collection  (2006)

Live albums 
 Songs of Silence - Live in Tokyo (2002)
 For the Sake of Revenge (2006)
 Live in Finland (2011)

Mini Albums 
 Successor (2000)
 Orientation (2001)
 Takatalvi (2003)
 Don't Say a Word (2004)
Singles 
 Unopened (1999)
 Wolf and Raven (2001)
 Last Drop Falls (2001)
 Victoria's Secret (2003)
 Broken (2003)
 Don't Say a Word (2004)
 Shamandalie (2004)
 Replica 2006 (2006)
 Paid in Full (2007)
 The Last Amazing Grays (2009)
 Flag in the Ground (2009, promo)
 I Have a Right (2012)
 Shitload of Money (2012)
 Alone in Heaven (2013)
 The Wolves Die Young (2014)
 Cloud Factory (2014)
 Love (2014)
 Kingdom for a Heart (2014)
 Christmas Spirit (2015)
 Closer to an Animal (2016)
 Life (2016)
 A Little Less Understanding (2019)
 Cold (2019)
 The Rest Of The Sun Belongs To Me (2021)

Demo recordings 
 Agree Pamppers (1996)
 Friend till the End (1996)
 PeaceMaker (1997)
 Fullmoon (1999)

Other releases 
 Wolf & Raven (Music Video, 2001)
 Broken Live (Music Video, 2003)
 Don't Say a Word (Music Video, 2004)
 For the Sake of Revenge (DVD, 2006)
 Paid in Full (Music Video, 2007)

Other websites 
 The official Sonata Arctica page

Finnish musical groups
Power metal bands
A carpet is a rectangular piece of woven textile.

Generally, carpets are used to make spaces more beautiful and to make walking on the floor quieter. Carpets are warmer and softer than hard floors such as hardwood, tile, or concrete. Carpets may be many different sizes. Rugs and carpets originated in Central Asia, but the idea of machine manufacture was invented in Europe. The oldest known carpet was found in the year of 1947 at excavations in Siberia. So there are two different kinds of things: one is hand-made by traditional methods, and the other woven by machine. This accounts for the very great difference in style and price between traditional rugs and modern wall-to-wall carpeting.

The name "carpet" comes from Old Italian carpita, "carpire" means to pluck. The term "carpet" is used mostly to describe textiles placed on the floor most of the times stretched from wall to wall.