Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Phra Nakhon Khiri Historical Park (อุทยานประวัติศาสตร์พระนครคีรี) 
This park is a hilly area with an old palace and historical temples near the town.  It has royal halls, temples and groups of buildings, constructed in Thai, Western neoclassic and Chinese architectural styles.

Wat Kamphaeng Laeng (วัดกำแพงแลง) 
This temple was originally a Khmer place of worship.  It was later turned into a Buddhist temple and a shrine hall was constructed.  However, the outlook of the place has not much changed due to the existence of sandstone walls and four Khmer style pagodas. 
 

Hat Chao Samran (หาดเจ้าสำราญ) 
Legend says that King Naresuan the Great and King Eka Thotsarot made several royal visits here and enjoyed its beauty.  The villagers called it "Hat Chao Samran", which means "beach of royal leisure".
Local products
Phetchaburi is known for a vast variety of sweet food. The reputation comes from the use of Tanot (palm) sugar.  Examples are Mo-kaeng, a sweet made from flour, sugar and eggs; A-lua and Sampanni, a sweet made from flour and sugar; Thong Yip, Thong Yot and Foi Thong, sweets made from baked egg-yolk; and Chao Tan Chueam (palm seed in thick syrup).

Festivals
Phra Nakhon Khiri Fair (งานพระนครคีรี) , also known as Khao Wang, it is an important historical site. During the reign of King Rama IV, it served as the king's out-of-town palace.

References

Other websites

Website of province  (Thai only)

Provinces of Thailand
Austenite is iron but in a metallic form. It is one of the allotropes of iron, which means its physical form is different from iron, but its chemical form is the same. It is named after Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen (1843–1902).

Austenitization

Austenitization means to heat iron, iron-based metal, or steel to a high temperature. At that temperature, the crystal structure of the metal changes from ferrite to austenite, which can dissolve more carbon.

For some irons, iron-based metals, and steels, the presence of carbides may occur during this austenitization step. The term commonly used for this is two-phase austenitization.

References

Other websites
Fe-Fe3C phase diagram 

Iron
A samara is an achene, a type of dry winged botanical fruit. The shape of a samara enables the wind to carry the seed farther away than regular seeds from the parent tree:

 The seed can be in the centre of the wing, like the elms and the hoptree.
 The seed can be on one side, with the wing extending to the other side, making the seed self rotate it falls.

References

Further reading
Ralph Lorenz 2006. Spinning flight: dynamics of frisbees, boomerangs, samaras and skipping stones, ,  Copernicus New York. 

Fruits
Plant anatomy
British Petroleum, now called "BP plc", is one of the world's seven biggest oil and gas companies. Its headquarters are in London. The company grew out of the old Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which was founded in 1908. It was privatised by the British government in stages between 1979 and 1987.

References 

 Bamberg, James H 1994/2000. The history of the British Petroleum Company. vols 2 & 3 of 3 vols, Cambridge University Press. 

1909 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies based in London
Petrol companies
Alan Zweibel (born May 20, 1950) is an American producer and writer. He was one of the original writers on Saturday Night Live. He and Garry Shandling were the co-creators of Showtime's It's Garry Shandling's Show. Zweibel was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn and grew up in suburbs of Wantagh and Woodmere on Long Island. Zweibel graduated from George W. Hewlett High School and the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. In 2006, Zweibel won the Thurber Prize for American Humor for his book The Other Shulman.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 Alan Zweibel on Twitter
 Alan Zweibel on Facebook
 

1950 births
Living people
American movie directors
American movie producers
American television personalities
American television producers
American television writers
Emmy Award winners
Writers from Brooklyn
The Today Show is a morning talk/news show. It airs on National Broadcasting Company (NBC). As of 2018, the anchors are Savannah Guthrie and Hoda Kotb. Craig Melvin reads the news and Al Roker forecasts the weather. Carson Daly contributes to the program on a regular basis as well.

During the week, the hours of Today (7:00 a.m. – 9:00 a.m.) are co-anchored by Savannah Guthrie (2012–present) and Hoda Kotb (2018–present) alongside co-hosts Al Roker (weather anchor, 1996–present), Craig Melvin (news anchor, 2018–present) and Carson Daly (features anchor, 2013–present).

The show also has a third and fourth hour, but they are treated like separate shows. The third hour, called 3rd Hour Today, is hosted by Roker, Melvin, Sheinelle Jones and Dylan Dreyer. The fourth hour, called Hoda & Jenna, is hosted by Hoda Kotb and Jenna Bush Hager.

Former anchors include Bryant Gumbel, Katie Couric, Meredith Vieira, Ann Curry and Matt Lauer.

References
References

American television series
NBC network shows
English-language television programs
Apportionment or apportionment by population is a concept in United States law of allocating representatives or taxes among the US states. Apportionment is based on the United States Census taken every ten years. Seats in the United States House of Representatives are then apportioned among the states. Each state gets a number of seats based on its population (the minimum is one seat). Congress enacted new apportionment legislation following every census until the mid-20th century. Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution requires that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population. Apportionment by population proved to be a nearly impossible, uneven and unfair requirement for collecting taxes since the states had different populations. This was overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which removed the apportionment requirement from Congress imposing direct taxes.

References 

United States law
David Muir (born November 8, 1973) is the anchor of World News Tonight on ABC News. Muir also hosts special events and breaking news stories. He formerly anchored the weekend version of the show until he replaced Diane Sawyer in 2014. He was born in Syracuse, New York.

He co-moderated a Republican and a Democratic debate for ABC News alongside of Martha Raddatz.

References

1973 births
Living people
Journalists from New York (state)
People from Syracuse, New York
Television personalities from New York (state)
Ikeja is a town and local government area of Lagos State, Nigeria. It serves as the capital of Lagos State. Ikeja is known for being a well-planned commercial settlement with shopping malls, pharmacies and government reservation areas.

History
Ikeja, originally known as "Akeja," was named after a god of the Awori tribe of Ota. The Awori people first settled there, and the territory was attacked for slaves until the mid-nineteenth century. It formed an agricultural hinterland for Lagos in the early twentieth century. The construction of the Lagos-Ibadan railway in 1901, as well as the expansion of Lagos as a port, converted Ikeja into a residential and industrial district of Lagos. In the mid-1960s, an industrial estate was constructed, and in 1976, Ikeja was designated as the state capital of Lagos.

Communities
Communities in the city of Ikeja include; 
 Agidingbi
 Alausa
 Akiode
 Anifowose
 Oregun
 Ojodu
 Opebi
 Ogba
 Magodo
 Maryland
 Onigbongbo
 Government Reserved Area (GRA) Ikeja.

References
References

Other websites

Settlements in Lagos State
Local Government Areas in Lagos State
Towns in Nigeria
Saheed Akorede Okunola (born 1969), popularly known as Saheed Osupa or King Saheed Osupa is a Nigerian musician, performer and film actor. His genre of music is majorly fuji.

Biography
Saheed Osupa was born in Ibadan, Oyo State but grew up in Lagos State where he completed his early education.

In 1983, Saheed Osupa chose music as his profession and went on to release his first record album titled Fuji Fa Disco which earned him fame. He has released over 25 record albums.

Related pages 
 List of Nigerians

References 

1969 births
Living people
Nigerian musicians
Singers
People from Lagos State
Perlin noise was made by Ken Perlin in 1983. He made it because when computers created pictures that were supposed to look natural, they didn't look very good. Noise can be used to draw things that look natural, like clouds or smoke. It helps computer artists draw patterns that look more real.

In 1997, Perlin was awarded an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for discovering the algorithm:

References 

Computer graphics
Mireia Lalaguna Royo (born 28 November 1992) is a Spanish model and actress. She is the winner of the Miss Spain 2015 and Miss World 2015 beauty competitions.

References

1992 births
Living people
Miss World winners
Spanish models
People from Barcelona
Heliobatis is an extinct genus of stingray.  At present the genus contains the single species Heliobatis radians.

The fossil is found in the early Eocene, Wasatchian stage, Fossil Lake deposits. Fossil Lake is part of the Green River Formation in southwest Wyoming. 

Heliobatis is one of only two known rays to have been found in the Green River formation. The other species, Asterotrygon maloneyi, was recognized and described in 2004.

References 

Fossils
Rays
The Taxing and Spending Clause contained in Article I, Section 8, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, grants the federal government of the United States its power of taxation. It authorizes Congress to levy taxes for two purposes: to pay the debts of the United States and to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. Contained in the Taxing and Spending Clause are two additional clauses: the General Welfare Clause and the Uniformity Clause.

Text
Text

Background 
The Articles of Confederation (1781–1789) did not grant the central government the power to levy taxes. Only the states had this power. Congress could get money only by asking the states for funds. They could also borrow money from foreign governments or sell off western lands. This was designed to keep a weak central government with the majority of the governing powers reserved for the independent states. Congress had no revenues to pay its debts or to enforce its laws and treaties. This was one of the issues taken up by the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and changed in the Constitution.

Kinds of taxes 
The power of Congress to levy taxes has an exception and two qualifications in the Constitution. Any goods exported from any state may not be taxed. Direct taxes must follow the rule of apportionment

General Welfare Clause 
The power granted to “provide . . . for the general welfare” is granted by the Constitution. In 1791 Thomas Jefferson wrote:
He was writing about the constitutionality of having a national bank. Here he was making the point that the clause was not an independent power granted to Congress, but was intended to qualify that taxing power. The Supreme Court has not since had any occasion to make a formal ruling on the point.

There was a different of opinion on the meaning of “the general welfare” between the two authors of this clause. Alexander Hamilton adopted a very plain view that the clause meant just what it said. The general welfare meant for every citizen's benefit. James Madison took a more limited view. He believed the clause gave Congress the power of taxation just to support itself and remain in power. Congress has followed Hamilton's view from the start. They have made increasing appropriations for spending for the general welfare often requiring matching funds from the states.
Uniformity clause 
Indirect taxes are subject to the rule of uniformity. This states "all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States". At first, the Supreme court declared that a tax is uniform "if it "operates with the same force and effect in every place where the subject of it is found." In United States v. Ptasynski (1983), the Court concluded unanimously that any tax in which the subject is defined in non-geographic terms satisfies the Uniformity Clause. Secondly, where a subject is defined geographically, the tax needs to carefully look for any "actual geographic discrimination."

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Taxing and Spending Power, YouTube

United States Constitution
1787 establishments in the United States
Stephen Bantu Biko (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a South African activist. He is famous for his activism against apartheid in South Africa during the 1960s and 1970s. He created the Black Consciousness Movement.

Life
Biko was born in Ginsberg Township (now called the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa). He started high school at Lovedale High School.  However, he was kicked out of school because of his political ideas about South Africa.  He finished high school at St. Francis College.

During the late 1960s, Biko was a medical student at the University of Natal.  During this time, he helped create the South African Students' Organisation. The organization later changed into the Black Consciousness Movement, and elected Biko as its first president in 1968.
As a student, during the early 1970s, Biko fought against apartheid in many ways. Eventually, in 1972, he was kicked out of the University of Natal. In February 1973, the South African apartheid government banned Biko.  This severely limited his freedom of speech.

Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement played key roles in organizing protests, led by South African high school students, that resulted in the Soweto Uprising.

Death

On 18 August 1977, Biko was arrested.  He died on 12 September 1977 due to injuries he got while in police custody.

References

Other websites

Young Black Leader Dies in Detention in South Africa, Raising Fears of New Unrest By John F. Burns, special to the New York Times
Thesis on the prospects of Bikoism in today's South Africa 
The Steve Biko Foundation
The relevance of Black Consciousness today
Donald Woods talks in 1987 about his friendship with Steve Biko
New Introduction to I Write What I Like by Lewis Gordon
Black Consciousness: The dialectics of liberation
1946 births
1977 deaths
South African activists

Prisoners
South African political writers
Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Company, , was a Landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. In a 5–4 decision the Court ruled that the federal Income Tax Act of 1894 was unconstitutional. The Pollock decision was overturned by the passing of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Background 
Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution required that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population. Apportionment by population proved to be a nearly impossible, uneven and unfair requirement for collecting taxes since the states had different populations. An income tax is a direct tax. So the federal government relied on tariffs and other sources of revenue.
During the Civil War, in order to fund the war, the federal government passed an income tax law. In 1862, Abraham Lincoln signed a bill that called for a 3% tax on incomes between $600 and $5,000, 7.5% on incomes between $5,000 and $10,000 and 10% on incomes over $10,000. The bill was declared unconstitutional in 1872 when it was repealed.

In 1894 Congress created a personal income tax as a part of theWilson–Gorman Tariff Act. President Grover Cleveland was unhappy with the bill but let it pass without his signature. All income over $4,000 was subject to a 2% tax. It was the first peacetime federal income tax in the United States. It was challenged right away on the grounds that the Constitution required direct taxes to be levied in proportion to each state's population (called apportionment). The US government has levied taxes before but these were indirect taxes (such as on whiskey, carriages and other goods).
Facts 
The Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 called for a 2% tax on any "gains, profits and incomes" over $4,000 for a period of five years. Shareholders of the Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., based out of New York, would pay the required tax. In addition they would provide a list of the names of shareholders to the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

A Shareholder, Charles Pollock, who lived in Massachusetts and owned ten shares of stock, sued the company. He did not want them to pay the tax. He lost his case in the lower courts and appealed to the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case. The high court ruled in Pollick's favor declaring the tariff act (sections 27 to 37) unconstitutional.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Two Minute Supreme Court Case Summary : Pollock v Farmers Loan and Trust Co, YouTube

1895
1890s in the United States
United States Supreme Court cases
It's Garry Shandling's Show is an American sitcom. It is about the everyday life of Garry Shandling (portraying a fictionalized version of himself). It aired from 1986-1990.

References

Other websites
 

1986 American television series debuts
1990 American television series endings
1980s American television series
1990s American television series
American sitcoms
English-language television programs
The 2013–14 La Liga season (known as the Liga BBVA for sponsorship reasons) was the 83rd since its establishment. The season began on 17 August 2013 and ended on 18 May 2014.

League Table

Statistics

Top goalscorers
The Pichichi Trophy is awarded by newspaper Marca to the player who scores the most goals in a season.

Source: pichichi.es

Top Assists

Zamora Trophy
The Zamora Trophy is awarded by newspaper Marca to the goalkeeper with least goals-to-games ratio.

Hat-tricks 

4 Player scored four goals

5 Player scored five goals

(H) – Home ; (A) – Away

Discipline 
 Most yellow cards (club): 102
 Málaga
 Most yellow cards (player): 15
 Alberto Botía (Elche)
 Most red cards (club): 8
 Real Betis
 Rayo Vallecano
 Osasuna
 Most red cards (player): 2
 6 players

References 

2013-14 La Liga
2013 in Europe
2014 in Europe
Football in Spain
2013 in sports
2014 in sports
2014 in association football
Apollo Milton Obote (28 December 1925  10 October 2005) was a Ugandan politician who led Uganda to independence in 1962 from British colonial rule.

Betweeen 1962 to 1966, Obote served as Prime Minister of Uganda. He also went on to serve twice as President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971 then from 1980 to 1985.

On 10 October 2005, Obote died of kidney failure in a hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa, aged 79.

References

1925 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in South Africa
Presidents of Uganda
Prime Ministers of Uganda
John James "Jimmy" MacDonald  (May 19, 1906 – February 1, 1991) was a British-born American foley artist, voice actor, musician and conductor. He was also known for being the voice of Mickey Mouse from 1947 to 1977. After MacDonald's resignment in 1977, Wayne Allwine took over the role as Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009.

References

Other websites
 
 Biography at Disney Legends website
 
 The Voice of Mickey Mouse at The Scotsman website
 The Voice of Mickey Mouse at BBC Radio Scotland

1906 births
1991 deaths
British animators
Deaths from heart failure
American voice actors
People from Dundee
Scottish voice actors
Katherine Karen Dunn (October 24, 1945 – May 11, 2016) was an American novelist, journalist, voice artist, radio personality, book reviewer and poet. She was born in Garden City, Kansas, but was raised in Portland, Oregon.  She was best known for the novel Geek Love (1989). 

Dunn died of lung cancer on May 11, 2016 in Portland, aged 70.

References

Other websites
An interview with Guernica Magazine about her new book, One Ring Circus 
What The Hell Ever Happened To... Katherine Dunn? LitReactor, 2012
Entry in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction

1945 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Writers from Kansas
Writers from Portland, Oregon
Ismail Kadare (, also spelled Kadaré; born 28 January 1936) is an Albanian novelist and poet. He is known for writing short stories until the publication of his first novel, The General of the Dead Army.

In 1996, he became a lifetime member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of France. In 2005, he won the first Man Booker International Prize and in 2016, he was Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur recipient.

Kadare has been said he might win the Nobel Prize in Literature. His works have been published in about 30 languages.

References

Other websites

 Vepra e plote e Kadarese
 National Library of Albania
 In the Palace of Nightmares’: An Exchange - New York Review of Books

1936 births
Living people
Albanian writers
Poets
The Mercedes-Benz O405 is a bus that was produced by Mercedes-Benz from 1980 to 2000. It was the last VöV SL-II standard bus to be made.

Buses
Mercedes-Benz automobiles
Michael George Raymond "Mike" Agostini (23 January 1935 – 12 May 2016) was a Trinidadian track and field athlete. He was from Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. 

In 1954, he became the first athlete from that country to take a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games when he won the 100 yards final in Vancouver, Canada, on 31 July. He competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics.

Agostini died on 12 May 2016 in Sydney, Australia from pancreatic cancer, aged 81.

References

1935 births
2016 deaths
1956 Summer Olympics
Trinidad and Tobago Olympians
Trinidad and Tobago athletes
People from Port of Spain
Sprinters
Susanne Blakeslee (born January 27, 1956) is an American actress and voice artist. best known for voicing Wanda in The Fairly OddParents, Cruella de Vil and for Maleficent's voice in the Kingdom Hearts. She was born in Los Angeles, California.

Animated roles 
Chowder - Witch, Abigail and Turtle Lady (episode "The Big Hat Biddies")
Cow and Chicken - Additional Voices
The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy - Crabina (episode "My Fair Mandy")
The Loud House - Mrs. Agnes Johnson, Mrs. Jelinsky
The Powerpuff Girls - Sandra Practice (episode: "Girls Gone Mild")
The Powerpuff Girls (2016) - Ms. Marlene Moss, Additional Voices (replaced Tress MacNeille in season 3)
The Secret Saturdays - Rani Nagi, Dr. Miranda Gray

References

Other websites
 

1956 births
Living people
Television personalities from Los Angeles
Actors from Los Angeles
American voice actors
Samuel Joseph Ellis (February 11, 1941 – May 13, 2016) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds (1962 – 1967), California Angels (1968), and Chicago White Sox (1969). He was born in Youngstown, Ohio. His career began in the early 1960s. He retired in 1970. 

Ellis was an MLB All-Star in 1965.

Ellis died of cancer at his home in Temple Terrace, Florida on May 13, 2016, aged 75.

References

Other websites
 or Baseball Almanac or Retrosheet or Venezuelan Professional Baseball League

1941 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in Florida
Cincinnati Reds players
California Angels players
Chicago White Sox players
Sportspeople from Ohio
People from Youngstown, Ohio
Richard John "Dick" McAuliffe (November 29, 1939 – May 13, 2016) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop and second baseman for the Detroit Tigers from 1960 to 1973 and for the Boston Red Sox from 1974 to 1975. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut.

McAuliffe died on May 13, 2016 in Farmington, Connecticut after suffering a stroke and Alzheimer's disease, aged 76.

References

1939 births
2016 deaths
Boston Red Sox players
Deaths from stroke
Detroit Tigers players
People with Alzheimer's disease
Sportspeople from Hartford, Connecticut
Seán Ardagh (25 November 1947 – 17 May 2016) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-Central constituency from 1997 to 2011.

Ardagh died on 17 May 2016 after a long-illness in Dublin, aged 68.

References

1947 births
2016 deaths
Irish politicians
People from Dublin
University of Toronto alumni
Guy Charles Clark (November 6, 1941 – May 17, 2016) was a Grammy Award winning American country and folk singer, musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer. He has released more than twenty albums.

His songs have been recorded by other artists including Jerry Jeff Walker, Jimmy Buffett, Lyle Lovett, Ricky Skaggs, Steve Wariner, and Rodney Crowell. 

Clark won the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Folk Album: My Favorite Picture Of You.

Clark died in Nashville, Tennessee from lymphoma on May 17, 2016, aged 74.

References

Other websites
Official website
Guy Clark's “Someday The Song Writes You” review at CountryMusicPride.com
Guy Clark and His Craft: The Turnstyled Junkpiled Interview
Slipcue.Com profile 
Feature story and reviews of Guy Clark at Country Standard Time
Grammy Award winners
1941 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lymphoma
Cancer deaths in Tennessee
American singer-songwriters
American country singers
Country musicians from Texas
American folk singers
American folk musicians
American guitarists
Musicians from Texas
Singers from Texas
Writers from Texas
Country musicians from Tennessee
Huguette Dreyfus (30 November 1928 – 17 May 2016) was a French musician and educator. She was known for playing the harpsichord. She was born in Mulhouse, Alsace. Dreyfus taught at the Schola Cantorum, at the Sorbonne in Paris, and at the National Conservatory of Music and Dance of Lyon.

Dreyfus died on 17 May 2016 in Lyon, aged 87.

References

1928 births
2016 deaths
French musicians
French academics
People from Mulhouse
Michael Roberds (April 29, 1950 – May 30, 2022) was a Canadian actor. He starred on Fox Family's The New Addams Family as Uncle Fester. He also starred in Da Vinci's City Hall and Police Academy. He was also known for his movies roles in Elf and Hot Tub Time Machine.

Roberds died from a suspected heart attack at a hospital in Langley, British Columbia on May 30, 2022, aged 72.

References

Other websites

TV.com : Michael Roberds 
Brenna and Brittany Interview - Michael Roberds - August 1999
Michael Roberds(Aveleyman)

1964 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Canadian movie actors
Canadian television actors
Actors from Vancouver
was a Japanese actress, voice actress, narrator and singer from Ama District, Aichi. Throughout her life, she was attached to Production Baobab; she was attached to Aoni Production at the time of her death. Mizutani was best known for her roles of Sakiko Sakura in Chibi Maruko-chan, Mihoshi Kuramitsu in Tenchi Muyo!, Excellen Browning in Super Robot Wars, Sora Takenouchi in Digimon Adventure, Leina Stol in Machine Robo: Revenge of Cronos, Sarah Zabiarov and Cheimin Noa in Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam and Pinoko in Black Jack. Mizutani was the official Japanese voice actress for Minnie Mouse from 1991 until her death; she also voiced her in the Kingdom Hearts franchise.

On May 17, 2016, Mizutani died as a result of breast cancer. She was 51 years old at the time of her death.

References

Other websites
 
 
 Aoni Production (Japanese)

1964 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from breast cancer
Japanese movie actors
Japanese voice actors
Japanese singers
Marco Pannella (born Giacinto Pannella; 2 May 1930 – 19 May 2016) was an Italian politician and political and human rights activist.

He was the leader of the Radical Party. Between 1979 and 2009, he was a Member of the European Parliament, where he sat as a full member in the Committee on Legal Affairs, in the Committee on Budgetary Control and in the Delegation for relations with Israel. 

He was also President of the Nonviolent Radical Party. He was a bisexual. He was an atheist.

Pannella died on 19 May 2016 of lung and liver cancer in Rome, aged 86.

References

Other websites
Nonviolent Radical Party official website
Rome Set To Lead Peace-Keeping Mission

1930 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from liver cancer
Cancer deaths in Italy
Italian politicians
Italian LGBT people
Bisexual people
Italian human rights activists
Italian political activists
Alexandru Lăpușan (1 February 1955 – 17 May 2016) was a Romanian politician. He served as Minister of Agriculture from 1992 through 1996. He was member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1990 through 1992. He was born in Țăndărei, Romania.

Lăpușan died on 17 May 2016, aged 61.

References

Other websites
Alexandru Lăpușan  on Chamber of Deputies official site.

1955 births
2016 deaths
Romanian politicians
Alexandre Astruc (13 July 1923 – 19 May 2016) was a French movie critic and movie director. He was known for being part of the French New Wave. He was born in Paris.

Astruc was known for his movies The Crimson Curtain, La Putain respectueuse, Les Mauvaises rencontres, Amour de poche, Une vie, and La proie pour l'ombre.

In 1994, he was given the René Clair Award.

Astruc died in Paris on 19 May 2016, aged 92.

References

Other websites

 Alexandre Astruc on NewWaveFilm.com
 
 Foco - Revista de Cinema, special edition devoted to Alexandre Astruc

1923 births
2016 deaths
French movie directors
French movie critics
Writers from Paris
Fritz Richard Stern (February 2, 1926 – May 18, 2016) was a German-born American historian of German history, Jewish history, and historiography. 

He was a University Professor Emeritus at New York's Columbia University.  His work focused on the relationships between Germans and Jews in the 19th and 20th centuries and on the rise of National Socialism in Germany during the first half of the 20th century.

Stern died on May 18, 2016 in New York City, aged 90.

References

Other websites

1926 births
2016 deaths
Naturalized citizens of the United States
American historians
Columbia University faculty
Lino Toffolo (31 December 1934 – 17 May 2016) was an Italian actor, singer, author and television presenter. He was born in Murano, Italy. He was  known for his roles in Yuppi du, Brancaleone at the Crusades, and Million Dollar Eel.

Toffolo died in Murano, Italy on 17 May 2016, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 

1934 births
2016 deaths
Italian movie actors
Italian television actors
Italian singers
Italian writers
Italian television presenters
Luis Héctor Álvarez Álvarez (October 25, 1919 – May 18, 2016) was a Mexican industrialist and politician. Álvarez was a member of the National Action Party. In 1958 he was a candidate for the Presidency of Mexico. He has also served as Mayor of Chihuahua. He served as President of the National Action Party from 1987 through 1993.

Other websites
 Biography of Luis H. Álvarez

1919 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from pneumonia
Mexican mayors
Politicians from Chihuahua (state)
People from Guanajuato (state)
Giovanni Coppa (9 November 1925 – 16 May 2016) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He has served as a diplomat of the Holy See. He was elevated to cardinalate in 2007. He was born in Alba, Italy.
	
Coppa died on 16 May 2016, aged 90.

References

Other websites	
	
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church	
Catholic-Hierarchy	
Catholic-pages 
 	
	
1925 births	
2016 deaths	
Italian cardinals
David Digby Rendel (15 April 1949 – 16 May 2016) was a British politician. He was a member of the Liberal Democrats. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Newbury from 1993 to 2005. He lost re-election in 2005 to Conservative candidate Richard Benyon. At the time he lost his seat, he was the Liberal Democrats' spokesman on Higher and Further Education. 

In September 2014, Rendel was selected as Liberal Democrat candidate in the 2015 general election for the seat of Somerton and Frome in Somerset; however, he lost to the Conservative candidate, David Warburton.

Rendel died on 16 May 2016 in Berkshire, England from cancer, aged 67.

References

Other websites
David Rendel  official site
David Rendel  profile at the site of Liberal Democrats
Guardian Politics Ask Aristotle – David Rendel
TheyWorkForYou.com – David Rendel
The Public Whip – David Rendel voting record
BBC News – David Rendel  profile 10 February 2005

1949 births
2016 deaths
Cancer deaths in England
Politicians from Athens
Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs
James M. "Jim" McMillian (March 11, 1948 – May 16, 2016) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Raeford, North Carolina. He played for the Los Angeles Lakers from 1970 through 1973, the Buffalo Braves from 1973 through 1976, the New York Knicks from 1976 through 1978 and the Portland Trail Blazers from 1978 through 1979. At the end of his career, he moved to Italy and played for Sinudyne Bologna for two seasons from 1979 through 1981. He retired in 1981. 

McMillian died on May 16, 2016 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina from heart failure, aged 68.

References

Other websites
Player Profile  @ basketball-reference.com
The book "Buffalo, Home of the Braves", complete narrative and photo history of the Buffalo Braves 

1948 births
2016 deaths
Deaths from heart failure
Los Angeles Lakers players
Los Angeles Clippers players
New York Knicks players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Sportspeople from North Carolina
John Berry, Jr. (August 29, 1963 – May 19, 2016) was an American punk-genre guitarist. He was born in New York. Berry was known for being an original member of the rap band Beastie Boys. He was known for creating the name of the band. He joined the band in 1981, but left in 1983. His most famous album recorded with the band was "Polly Wog Stew". 

Berry died from complications of dementia in a hospital in Danvers, Massachusetts on May 19, 2016, aged 52.

References

Other websites
 Partial biography  at Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.com

1963 births
2016 deaths
American rock guitarists
Deaths from dementia
Disease-related deaths in Massachusetts
Musicians from New York (state)
François Maistre (14 May 1925 – 16 May 2016) was a French, television and theatre actor. He was born in Demigny, Saône-et-Loire, France. He appeared in nearly 100 movies between 1960 until his retirement in 2003. He was known for his roles in Angélique, Marquise des Anges and The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie.

Maistre died in France on 17 May 2016, aged 91.

References

1925 births
2016 deaths
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
The President of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the executive of Nigeria. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe. The current President is Bola Tinubu, since 29 May 2023.

Requirements
The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria of Nigeria sets the requirement. A president must:
be a citizen of Nigeria;
be at least 40 years old;
be a member of a political party and is sponsored by that political party.

Powers of the president
These powers include:
Appointing ambassadors and diplomatic and consular representatives
Approving and signing of bills
Conferring honours
Receiving and recognising foreign diplomatic and consular representatives
Referring a Bill to the Constitutional Court for a decision on the Bill's constitutionality
Summoning the National Assembly, or Parliament to an extraordinary sitting to conduct special business

References

Other websites

State House Abuja Official Website

 
1963 establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in Nigeria
Free Walking Tour – free of charge walking tour, where participants give tips tour guide for his work. Guide can take money or give it to his Free Walking Tour organization. Free Walking Tour typically has a schedule. Weather and number of coming participants doesn’t matter.

History
The movement appeared in 2004 in Berlin. According to the portal freetoursnetwork in 2016 free walking tour exists in 206 cities in 75  countries around the world.  

The logotype Free Walking Tour has often picture of the legs or left traces.
The concept of Free Walking Tour in the tourism branch can be compared with a freeware on the IT-market. Free software can be an advertising of the commercial product or its manufacturer. The organizers of the Free Walking Tour often provide some business services such as a shuttle service, different entertainment, thematic, motorized and individual tours; however, the free tour model has developed as a hugely popular way to tour cities in its own right in recent years, with more and more tour companies offering free walking tours exclusively, such as Generation Tours in Dublin, Ireland, for example. Following this trends, online platforms offering free walking tours were also created. The first such platform was FREETOUR.COM in 2014. Later, other platforms of this type started, such as GuruWalk in 2017. The concept can be a little confusing, the traveler has to pay the guide at the end of the tour based on his experience
. This concept is commonly referred to as a pay-what-you-please walking tour, because it empowers the client to pay based on their satisfaction with the tour and encourages the guide to always do their best.  Free Walking Tour guides can be compared with the street performers who entertain passers-by and offer for donations as well as compared to history professors who bring a city and it's stories to life. Because tour guides only work for gratuities, the quality of a free tour tends to be significantly and consistently better than traditional "pay first" tours, which can take advantage of unknowing travelers.
References

Tourism
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures is an American movie company owned by The Walt Disney Company.

The company began in 1953 as Buena Vista Distribution Company, to manage distribution, marketing and promotion for movies produced by the Walt Disney Studios. These include Walt Disney Pictures, Walt Disney Animation Studios, 20th Century Fox, Fox Searchlight Pictures, Pixar Animation Studios, Marvel Studios, Lucasfilm, Disneynature, and Touchstone Pictures.

The division changed to its current name in 2007. Since 1987, the company name had been Buena Vista Pictures Distribution.

History 

Before 1953, Walt Disney's productions were distributed by Columbia Pictures, United Artists and RKO. However, an argument led to Walt and his older brother Roy O. Disney beginning the Buena Vista Film Distribution Company, Inc. (BVDC), to handle North American distribution of their own products.
For the  Toy Story premiere, Disney rented the Hollywood Masonic Temple for Totally Toy Story, as a multimedia funhouse and a promotional event for the movie. Because of its success as a venue, in July 1998, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution bought the Masonic Temple building.

In April 2006, Buena Vista International agreed to a distribution deal with MegaStar Joint Venture Company Limited. This was to help them bring their most popular movies to be shown in Vietnam.

In April 2007, Disney stopped using the Buena Vista nickname in its distribution branding.

In 2009, Disney began a partnership with DreamWorks Studios. They agreed to make an estimated 30 movies over a five-year period from DreamWorks and release them under the Touchstone Pictures name. The distribution deal will end in August 2016. DreamWorks and Disney decided to not renew their agreement in December 2015; with Universal Pictures replacing Disney as DreamWorks' distributor.

Distribution
Distribution

Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures has released the most movies that have earned more than $1-billion, (nine, in worldwide grosses), among major Hollywood studios, with eight of the twenty highest-grossing movies of all time being distributed by Disney. 

In 2015, Disney achieved its largest yearly box-office gross worldwide and in North America.

In December 14, 2017, The Walt Disney Company has announced plan to buy 21st Century Fox for $52.4 billion as well as 20th Century Fox and other Fox Entertainment assets.
Upcoming

August 12, 2022
| Untitled Film
September 16, 2022
| Untitled Film

Highest-grossing movies 

‡—Includes theatrical reissue(s).

References

Other websites 
 Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures 

Disney companies
A lathe is a type of machine used to shape things.  Various kinds of work such as woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, spin welding and glassworking use lathes.  A lathe works by turning an object on an axis and applying a tool to shape it.  Most lathes turn the workpiece on a horizontal axis; the potter's wheel uses a vertical axis.  There are various types of lathe machine but horizontal lathes are used widely. 

CNC (Computer numerical control) lathes can perform the same jobs more accurately than manual lathes.  Lathes work by using accessories such as cutting tools and rests. 

Examples of objects that can be made using a lathe are, candlestick holders, gun barrels, cue sticks and baseball bats.

Wood lathes 
The lathe is driven by a motor that rotates a blank of wood between two centres – the fork centre and the centre – that hold it in place. The machine rotates the wood and the user uses a variety of chisels to shape the wood by moving the chisels along a tool rest.
Tools 
Lathes feature the following kinds of tools: -

 Gouge – scooped in shaped and is used for removing material and rough cutting of the material
 Parting – used for creating inserts, notches or grooves in the workpiece
 Scraper – used to smooth the shape before finishing. These can be either square or round
 Skew – used to create more detailed shapes and grooves

Metal lathes 
A metal lathe is like the wood lathe in the type of shapes it can produce but for designed to work on metals. Due to the material the machine is more controlled. The machine is driven by motor that rotates a blank of metal on chuck. The machine rotates the metal and cutting tool moves in different directions to shape metal.

How metal lathes work
Types of processes involved in metal lathe manufacturing: -
Facing off – this when the end of a metal bar is cut level so the end is flat
 Parallel – this when the cutting tool cuts parallel to the centre to reduce the outside diameter
 Chamfer – this is when the cutting tool cuts an angle or taper
 Parting – this is when the cutting tool cuts a notch or groove or can completely cut through the work piece to separate it from the rest

Referenes

Machines
Tools
Woodturning is a type of woodworking. It is used to create different types of wooden object using a lathe. Woodturning is different from other types of woodworking because the wood is spinning while on a lathe when it is being designed. There are many different types of objects that can be made from this process.

Woodworking
Metal spinning is a process where a piece of sheet metal is rotated on a machine (often a lathe) to produce an object. The  object usually has the qualities of being round, hollow and symmetrical. Metal spinning dates back thousands of years to Ancient Egypt. It is closely related to the potter's wheel.

Process 
The process begins with a flat piece of metal or a metal cylinder. It is cut to a specific size based on the size of the finished part. A form is used to create the internal shape of the spun metal part. The form is often made of aluminum or hardened steel. Metal spinning used to be used for creating prototypes and where only a few parts needed to be made. With the introduction of automatic lathes, metal spinning can be used to create a larger number of parts inexpensively.

References

Other websites 
 Metal Spinning a Bowl on a Lathe
Metalworking
Spin welding (also called thermal welding) is a technique used to model thermoplastic materials. The material is remodelled by using enough friction to make it so the material will be heated so much that is able to change its shape or have something attached to it. This is done by using a lathe, drill press or milling machine.

Construction
Technology
Glassworking refers to techniques and styles that use glass. Some common forms of glassworking are:
 Glassblowing
 Glass sculpture
 Stained glass

Skills
Glass
Quispamsis is a suburb is southern New Brunswick, Canada. It is located 20 kilometres northeast of Saint John. The population of Quispamsis was 18,245 people in 2016.

References

Towns in New Brunswick
Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that humans and other animals must eat. The body needs them  for good health but cannot make them.

Only two fatty acids are needed for humans. When the two EFAs were discovered in 1923, they were called "vitamin F", but in 1929, research on rats showed that the two EFAs are fats rather than vitamins.

Some other fatty acids are "conditionally essential", meaning that they may become essential under some circumstances.

References 

Nutrition
The Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 (also called the Income Tax Act of 1894) was a bill passed by Congress that reduced the  Tariffs on certain imports into the United States. The final version lowered duties slightly, but added a number of other provisions. One of these was a 2% federal income tax. Other items such as coal, lumber, and wool were added to the duty-free list,  while sugar was removed from the duty-free list (where it had been included as a result of the McKinley Tariff of 1890).  Debates over tariffs had been going on since America became a country. As the US became increasingly industrialized, the debates became more heated. The act was an effort by Democrats to help the country recover from the Panic of 1893, a serious economic depression. It tried to accomplish this by lowering tariffs and making up for the loss of revenues by a federal income tax. They believed if the US lowered tariffs other countries would also. They also believed they could push through a direct tax on personal income
. The act failed to achieve any of its goals. A year later it was repealed by the Supreme Court decision Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co as being unconstitutional. Indirectly, the tariff was a contributing cause to the Spanish–American War.
Background 
In the last days of the Benjamin Harrison administration, a number of events hurt the economy. A major employer, the Reading Railroad, went into receivership. This led to an unfortunate chain of events. Hundreds of banks and businesses which depended on the Reading and other railroads were forced to close. The US stock market went down dramatically. Fearing things could get worse European investor pulled their funds out of the US. Even so, the depression spread to Europe. Meanwhile there was an agricultural depression in the south and western United States causing the economy to become much worse. When President Grover Cleveland took office, over 4 million people had already lost their jobs. But Cleveland believed he should do nothing—the situation would correct itself.
The Democrats in Congress had for a long time wanted to lower tariffs. The Wilson-Gorman tax act called for a 2% income tax on any "gains, profits and incomes" over $4,000 for a period of five years. The income tax was supposed to make up for revenue that would be lost by tariff reductions.

The income tax 
It was the first income tax since the Civil War. Unlike the wartime tax, there had been pressure in Congress for a direct tax on income. Between 1874 and 1893, nearly 70 income tax bills had been introduced by Democrats in Congress. Generating revenue was not the primary goal of a direct income tax. The main issue was fairness. The bulk of federal revenue was from tariffs that all Americans had to pay when they bought imported products. But giant businesses like railroads, steel manufacturers, sugar companies were making large profits that were not being taxed. Securities, bonds and savings were also not being taxed. So an income tax was a fair remedy for this situation.
Those who opposed an income tax, most living in the large eastern cities, called it "class legislation" (meaning targeting their class). Many thought it was a tax on the rich since 90% of Americans did not have to pay the tax. Others thought that a federal income tax would take money away from the state governments.

Results 
The Wilson-Gorman Tariff made the economy worse. It led to cheaper goods being imported from other countries that competed with American-made products. This hurt the profits of American businesses. At the same time, American companies did not find many overseas markets for their goods. The tariff act also hurt the Cuban economy. It led to increased anger by Cubans against Colonial Spain. This was a contributing factor leading up to the Spanish-American war in 1898.