Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Chiara Zanni (born July 19, 1978 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian actress and voice actress. She is known for her role as "Amy" in The N's  television series About a Girl.

Biography
Raised in Vancouver, Chiara started her career at the age of 8, when won a talent contest called Search for a Star. She was cast as the "Pokey Little Puppy" in a cartoon called Little Golden Book Land and has not stopped working since. Chiara has acted in the feature movies X-Men: X2, 40 Days and 40 Nights, Almost America, In the Land of Women, and Good Luck Chuck. 

Her TV appearances include Supernatural, Stargate Atlantis, Edgemont, Trophy Wife, Bye Bye Birdie, First to Die, and Post Mortem. She has also done voice acting, including roles in Hamtaro, Trollz, My Little Pony, Polly Pockets, Barbie Fairytopia, X-Men Evolution, Sabrina, Bionicle, Inuyasha, and Storm Hawks.

Television roles
 About a Girl (2007) - Amy.
Guest appearances
 Stargate Atlantis (2006) - Melina.
 Supernatural (2006) - Tracy.
 Godiva's (2006) - Claire.
 Zoids: Fuzors (2003) - Amy.
 Night Visions (2002) - Gail.
 The Chris Isaak Show (2001) - Cute Girl.
 The SoulTaker (2001) - Girl in Clutches.
 The Immortal (2001) - Ashara.
 Edgemont (2001) - Maggie Buckman.
 Cold Squad (1998) - Teenaged girl.
 Night Man (1998) - Rebecca.
 Breaker High (1997) - Ellen.
Voice-over roles
 Storm Hawks (2007) - Piper.
 The Barbie Diaries (2006) - Raquelle.
 Oban Star-Racers (2006) - Eva/Molly.
 Barbie: Mermadia (2006) - Nori.
 Barbie: Mariposa(2007)- Mariposa
 Emma's Theatre (2007)- Puppet #3
 Pollyworld (2006) - Shani.
 Trollz (2005) - Ruby Star.
 Dragons II: The Metal Ages (2005) - Princess Kyra.
 Fairytopia (2005) - Dahlia/Pixie #3.
 My Little Pony: A Very Minty Christmas (2005) - Triple Treat.
 2 Cool at the Pocket Plaza (2005) - Shani.
 Dragons: Fire & Ice (2004) - Princess Kyra.
 Inuyasha (2004) - Yura of the Hair, Akago (the infant), Hakudoshi.
 Bionicle: The Mask of Light (2003) - Hahli.
 Baby Looney Tunes (2002) - Petunia.
 X-Men: Evolution (2001) - Jubilee.
 What About Mimi (2001) - Mimi Morton.
 Infinite Ryvius (1999) - Faina S. Shinozaki.
 Mummies Alive! The Legend Begins (1998) - Additional Voices.
 Mummies Alive! (1997) - Additional Voices.
 Boys over Flowers (1996) - Yuriko Asai.
 Conan and the Young Warriors (1994) - Additional Voices.
Hurricanes (1993) - Amanda Carey.
 My Little Pony Tales (1992) - Bon Bon.
 Hamtaro (1990) - Hamtaro.
 Camp Candy (1989) - Alex.
 Little Golden Book Land (1989) - Pokey Little Puppy.
Filmography
 Good Luck Chuck (2007) - Bride.
 I Know What I Saw (2007) - Heather.
 Love and Other Dilemas (2006) - Goldy.
 Trophy Wife (2006) - Chelsea.
 Reefer Madness: The Movie Musical (2005) - Female Dancer.
 Have You Heard? Secret Central (2004) - Natasha.
 Critical Assembly (2003) - India, the pretty activist.
 The Stranger Beside Me (2003) - Olivia.
 First To Die (2003) - Heather Tibbs.
 Shadow Realm (2002) - Gail.
 40 Days and 40 Nights (2002) - Nun.
 Prozac Nation (2001) - Ruby's rommate.
 Almost America (2001) - Alida Zecchi.
 Perfect Little Angels (1998) - Kelly, Brad's girl.
 Every Mother's Worst Fear (1998) - Sherry.
 Bye Bye Birdie (1995) - Helen.

Other websites
 
 

1978 births
Living people
Canadian movie actors
Canadian voice actors
Canadian television actors
Actors from Vancouver
Antoni Lange (1861 or 1863 – March 17, 1929), was a Polish poet, translator and mystic philosopher of the Symbolism and Parnassianism movements. He was regarded as a "great master of reflective poetry". He spoke 15 languages. His pen-names were Antoni Wrzesień and Napierski. Although Lange was not a particularly famed author, many people call him "a magican of lyrical form" because of his unquestionable mastery in using rare poetic forms and innovation,s which makes him a pioneer of modern collage and even imagism movement.

As a religious thinker Lange was one of the first to make people interested in Indian philosophy and literature in Poland. His existential reflection of "universal pain" (wszechcierpienie) unites Christian mysticism with traditions of Buddhism.

Lange was also an uncle of the poet Bolesław Leśmian.
Life 
He was born in 1861 or 1863 into a patriotic Jewish family who were heavily influenced by the messianic ideals of Romantic Polish poets, especially Adam Mickiewicz. In 1830, his father Henri Lange took part in the November Uprising.

"Lange's own poems did not win him recognition, and the last phase of his life was poisoned by feelings of bitterness". He never married and had no children.

Works 
Eternal solitaries - human souls,
Solitaries blown astray;
Each wanders through the Milky Way,
Each in her finite circle rolls.

Like wandering planets they gaze
At one another in the sky's blue halls;
Each in her finite circle rolls,
But never from her orbit sways.

Bibliography
Bibliography

Poems 
 Sonety wedyckie (1887)
 Pogrzeb Shelleya (1890)
 Wenus żebracza (1890)
 Ballady pijackie (1895)
 Księgi proroków (1895)
 Logos (1895)
 Poezje (I – 1895; II – 1898)
 Pogrobowcom (1901)
 Świat (1901)
 Fragmenta. Poezje wybrane (1901)
 Pocałunki (1902)
 Deuteronomion (1902)
 Akteon (1903)
 Księgi bogów (1903)
 Rozmyślania (1906)
 Pierwszy dzień stworzenia (1907)
 XXVII sonetów (1914)
 Ilia Muromiec (1916)
 Trzeci dzień (1925)
 Groteski. Wiersze ironiczne (1927)
 Rozmyślania. Z nowej serii (1928)
 Gdziekolwiek jesteś (1931)
 Ostatni zbiór poezji (1931)

Novels and short stories 
 Godzina (1894)
 Elfryda: nowele i fantazje(1895)
 Zbrodnia (1907)
 Dwie bajki (1910)
 Czterdzieści cztery (1910)
 Stypa (1911)
 W czwartym wymiarze (1912)
 Miranda (1924)
 Nowy Tarzan (1925)
 Róża polna (1926)
 Michałki (1926)

Plays 
 Atylla (1898)
 Wenedzi (1909)
 Malczewski (1931)
Essays 
 O sprzeczności sprawy żydowskiej (1890)
 Analfabetyzm i walka z ciemnotą w Królestwie Polskim (1892)
 O poezji współczesnej (1895)
 Studia z literatury francuskiej (1897)
 Studia i wrażenia (1900)
 Lord Byron (1905)
 Rzuty (1905)
 Panteon literatury wszechświatowej (1921)
 Pochodnie w mroku (1927)

References

1863 births
1929 deaths
Jewish writers
Polish novelists
20th-century Polish philosophers
Polish playwrights
Polish poets
Polish Jews
Polish translators
Writers from Warsaw
The curie (symbol Ci) is a unit of measurement. It measures  radioactivity. It is defined as

 1 Ci = 3.7×1010 decays per second.

This is roughly the activity of 1 gram of the radium isotope 226Ra. Radium was studied by the pioneers of radiology, Marie and Pierre Curie so the unit is named after them. The curie has since been replaced by an SI derived unit, the becquerel (Bq), which is decay per second. Therefore:

 1 Ci = 3.7×1010 Bq or 37 Gigabecquerel (Gbq)

and

 1 Bq = 2.70×10−11 Ci

In 1962, the International Commission on Radiological Units suggested the usage of this unit named after Marie Curie.

Old units of measurement
Units of radioactivity
The Curies were a family of distinguished scientists:

 Marie Curie (1867-1934), a Polish-French chemist, physicist, and two time Nobel Prize winner
 Pierre Curie (1859-1906), Marie's husband, French physicist and Nobel Prize winner
 Irène Joliot-Curie (1897-1956), Marie and Pierre's daughter, French physicist and Nobel Prize winner
 Frédéric Joliot-Curie (1900-1958), Irène's husband, French physicist and Nobel Prize winner
 Ève Curie (1904-2007), Marie and Pierre's second daughter, French-American writer and journalist

Things and ideas named after the Curies:

 Curie (unit) (Ci), a unit of radioactivity
 Curie point
 Curie's law
 Curium (Cm), a chemical element
 Curie (lunar crater)
 Curie Institute (Paris)
 Curie Institute (Warsaw)
 Curie (Q 87), a French submarine in the First World War
 French submarine Curie (P67), a French submarine in the Second World War

CURIE:

 CURIE, a syntax for Compact URIs.
A fjord or fiord is a type of gulf. Fjords are narrow with steep sides, and are created by large masses of snow moving over land. They can be found in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Canada, Germany, and New Zealand. In Germany, fiords are called Förde.

Cities 
Most cities near fiords are sea ports. Some cities near fjords are listed below:

 Lübeck, Germany;
 Kiel, Germany;
 Flensburg, Germany;
 Schleswig, Germany;
 Orebro, Denmark;
 Vaile, Denmark;
 Horsens, Denmark;
 Kungsbacka, Sweden;
 Nykarleby, Finland;
 Tornio, Finland
 Sangi, Sweden;
 Tore, Sweden;
 Hudiksval, Sweden
 Hopedale, Canada
The raccoon (Procyon lotor, common raccoon,) is a mammal. Raccoons are curious, clever, and solitary. They are originally from North America. They have spread through Central America, and live in various habitats. They have escaped in some parts of Eurasia (see map), and now live there as well. Raccoons are in the family Caniformia, and are related to the mustelids.

The raccoon has short legs, a pointed nose, small ears, grayish-brown fur, and a bushy tail.
The raccoon's most distinctive features are its multi-purpose front paws, its facial 'mask', and its striped tail. Moreover, raccoons are noted for their intelligence. Studies show they are able to remember the solution to tasks for up to three years. Raccoons are usually nocturnal. Their food is about 40% invertebrates, 33% plant foods, and 27% vertebrates. Raccoons are omnivores.  They feed on mice, squirrels, rabbits, birds, fish, frogs, turtles, lizards, snakes, eggs, insects, worms, fruit, and nuts. Their predators are red foxes, wolves, coyotes, bears, eagles, hawks, owls, cougars, and lynxes.
Most raccoons live in the wild. Being around humans does not bother them. They often nest in empty buildings, garages, sheds, and even the attics of houses. Raccoons do not hibernate in the winter. Those that live further north where it is colder, grow thick coats to keep them warm and spend long periods sleeping. Raccoons that live in captivity can survive up to 20 years. In the wild, they usually live only 1–3 years.

Two other species of raccoon, the crab-eating raccoon (P. cancrivorus) and the Cozumel Island raccoon (P. pygmaeus), are extremely similar to the common raccoon. The crab-eating raccoon is quite widespread in eastern South America.

After a gestation period (pregnancy) of about 65 days, two to five young are born in spring. Newborn raccoons are called "kits".

A raccoon climbed a building in Minnesota.

References

Other websites

Procyonids
Mammals of North America
Omnivores
Eliza Patricia Dushku (born December 30, 1980) is an American television and movie actress. She has appeared in several Hollywood movies such as True Lies, The New Guy, Bring It On, and Wrong Turn. She is also well known for her acting on television, such as her role on Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel as Faith. She was also the main character in the series Tru Calling.

Biography

Early life 
Dushku was born in Watertown, Massachusetts. Dushku's father is Albanian-American and her mother has Danish ancestry. She was raised a Mormon, the faith of her mother but she is not actively practicing. She has three older brothers, Aaron, Benjamin (Ben) (born February 5, 1976), and Nathan (Nate) (born June 8, 1977, in Boston, Massachusetts), the last of whom is also an actor and a model. Her parents divorced when she was still an infant.
Early career 
Dushku started acting when she was 10. She was chosen for the lead role of Alice, opposite Juliette Lewis in the movie That Night. In 1993, Dushku got the role as Pearl in This Boy's Life, alongside Robert De Niro and Leonardo DiCaprio. The following year, she played the teenage daughter of Arnold Schwarzenegger and Jamie Lee Curtis in True Lies. She also had parts as Paul Reiser's daughter in Bye Bye, Love, as Cindy Johnson with Halle Berry and Jim Belushi in Race the Sun, as well as roles in a television movie and a short movie.

Dushku took some time off from acting to finish her last two years of high school. She was accepted to the George Washington University in Washington, DC and Suffolk University in Boston, where her mother was professor of government and had been the dean of the campus in Dakar, Senegal.
Later roles 
After high school, Dushku returned to acting with the role of Faith, a Slayer much more troubled than the main character Buffy. At first, her character was only going to be used for five episodes but became so popular that Joss Whedon decided to use her for more of the story. She stayed on for the rest of the third season and returned for a two-part appearance in season four. She was then used as part of the first season of the Buffy spinoff series Angel. Faith returned as a heroine in several other episodes of Angel and in the last five episodes of Buffy.
In 2000, Dushku starred in Soul Survivors with her Race The Sun co-star Casey Affleck. She followed that up with the cheerleader comedy Bring It On with Kirsten Dunst. She was very busy in 2001: shooting The New Guy in Texas and having to travel up to New York where she was working again with actor Robert De Niro and director Michael Caton-Jones in City by the Sea. She played James Franco's junkie girlfriend and mother of his child. The same year Kevin Smith asked Dushku to be a part of Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back. Dushku co-starred with Shannon Elizabeth, Ali Larter, Ben Affleck, and others.
2003 saw the release of Wrong Turn, a horror movie in which Dushku had the starring role, and The Kiss, an independent comedy-drama. Starting that same year, she also starred in a new Fox TV series, Tru Calling. She played the main character, Tru Davies, a ex-medical student who must take a job at a local morgue where she finds that she has the power to "re-live" the previous day over again. She uses this ability to stop wrongful deaths.

She appeared in the Simple Plan music video, "I'm Just a Kid", as the band's love interest, as well as Nickelback's video for "Rockstar".
Future roles 
Variety announced on August 2, 2006 that Dushku would co-star with Macaulay Culkin in Sex and Breakfast, written and directed by Miles Brandman. The movie will be released in Los Angeles on November 30, 2007 and on DVD on January 22, 2008. She will also star in Open Graves, a horror-thriller movie about a satanic game. The movie is expected to be released in 2007. She will play the main character on a thriller directed by Rob Schmidt who she had worked with before on Wrong Turn, called The Alphabet Killer.

It was announced on October 31, 2007 that Dushku and Joss Whedon agreed to create a new show called Dollhouse. FOX has already ordered seven episodes and the series is expected to premiere in April.

Personal life 
Dushku lives in the Los Angeles area of Southern California.
Filmography 
 That Night (1992) - Alice Bloom
 This Boy's Life (1993) - Pearl
 Fishing With George (1994)
 True Lies (1994) - Dana Tasker
 Bye Bye Love (1995) - Emma Carlson
 Journey (1995, TV) - Cat
 Race the Sun (1996) - Cindy Johnson
 Bring It On (2000) - Missy Pantone
 Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001) - Sissy
 Soul Survivors (2001) - Annabel
 The New Guy (2002) - Danielle
 City by the Sea (2002) - Gina
 Wrong Turn (2003) - Jessie Burlingame
 Punk'd (2003) - Herself
 The Kiss (2003) - Megan
 The Last Supper (2006) - Waitress
 Yakuza (2006, Video Game) - Yumi Sawamura (voice)
 On Broadway (2007) - Lena Wilson
 Nobel Son (2007) - Sharon "City" Hall
 Open Graves (2007) - Erica
 The Alphabet Killer (2007) - Megan Paige
 Bottle Shock (2008)
 Sex and Breakfast (2008) - Renee
 "Untitled Harley Quinn Project " (Announced) - Batgirl
TV series 
 Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1998-1999, 2000, 2003 recurring) - Faith Lehane (20 episodes)
 Angel (2000, 2003 guest appearances) - Faith Lehane (6 episodes)
 King of the Hill (2002) - Jordan (voice) in episode 'Get Your Freak Off'
 Tru Calling (2003-2005) - Tru Davies (27 episodes)
 Reading Rainbow (2005 guest appearance) - Narrator of episode 'Unique Monique'
 That '70s Show (2005 guest appearance) - Sarah
 Nurses (2007) - Eve Morrow (Pilot)
 Ugly Betty (2007 guest appearance) - unknown
 Dollhouse (2008) - Echo

References

Other websites 

 

1980 births
Living people
American movie actors
Actors from Massachusetts
American television actors
Whedonverse
Sandy Wayne Robson (born November 6, 1973 in Peterborough, Ontario) is a Canadian actor. He is probably best known for hosting the game show Trash to Treasure and his role as "Dude" in The N's television series About a Girl.

Biography
A Toronto native, Robson's breakthrough role was in Crazy Canucks, the story of the 1974 World Cup ski champions. (His background as a giant slalom down hill skier was useful for the film.) More recently, he has acted in Cow Belles and The Cheetah Girls, and the television series Kevin Hill, Sue Thomas: F.B.Eye, and Instant Star. Sandy has starred in many theatrical productions, including the one man show Full Committed, in which he played 40 characters.

Television
 About a Girl (2007) - Dude.
 Trash to Treasure (2003) - Host.

Guest appearances
 Twice in a Lifetime (1999) - Handler #1.
 In a Heartbeat (2000) - Guttman.
 Sue Thomas: F.B.Eye (2004) - Justin.
 Kevin Hill (2005) - Major Paul Cahan.
 Instant Star (2006) - Ken.
 Psych (2008) - Logan.
Filmography
 The Impossible Elephant (2001) - Lenny.
 Twas the Night (2001) - Harry.
 Out of the Ashes (2003) - Leiku's husband.
 The Cheetah Girls (2003) - Firefighter.
 Crazy Canucks (2004) - Jungle Jim Hunter.
 The Winning Season (2004) - Dots Miller.
 Cow Belles (2006) - Thomas.

Other websites
 
 

1973 births
Canadian television actors
Living people
Actors from Ontario
Canadian television presenters
The Lord's Prayer is the best known prayer in the Christian religion. It is also known as the Our Father (the first two words of the prayer) and Pater noster (which is Latin for "Our Father"). It was not until the Protestant Reformation that it was called the Lord's Prayer.

The prayer is spoken in two places in the New Testament of the Bible (Matthew 6:9-13 and Luke 11:1-4). Jesus' disciples asked him how they should pray. Jesus gave an example of how to pray to Father God. 

The Bible has been translated into English several times. Therefore, there are slightly different versions that are used. The traditional and one of the best-known versions is the translation from the Book of Common Prayer (1662):
Our Father, which art in heaven,
hallowed be thy name;
thy kingdom come;
thy will be done,
in earth as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread.
And forgive us our trespasses,
as we forgive them that trespass against us.
And lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.
For thine is the kingdom,
the power, and the glory,
For ever and ever.
Amen.

In Simple English:
Our Heavenly Father, may your name be glorified. 
May your kingdom come; may your will be done on earth as it is in heaven. 
Give us our daily bread today.
And forgive us our offenses, as we forgive those who offend us. 
And don't allow us to fall into temptation, but save us from evil. 
Because the kingdom, power and glory are yours for ever and ever. 
Amen.
[There are many similar interpretations that could be used here; some Christians are quite particular about the exact vocabulary they use, and some are not.]

Latin version
Latin version 

The Latin version has been very important in Church history. It is given below:
Pater noster, qui es in caelis,
sanctificetur nomen tuum.
Adveniat regnum tuum.
Fiat voluntas tua,
sicut in caelo, et in terra.
Panem nostrum quotidianum da nobis hodie, 
et dimitte nobis debita nostra,
sicut et nos dimittimus debitoribus nostris.
Et ne nos inducas in tentationem,
sed libera nos a malo.
Amen.

Greek version 
The best known version of the text is found in Matthew. Its Greek language original is given below:
Πάτερ ἡμῶν ὁ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς·
ἁγιασθήτω τὸ ὄνομά σου·
ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου·
γεννηθήτω τὸ θέλημά σου,
ὡς ἐν οὐρανῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς·
τὸν ἄρτον ἡμῶν τὸν ἐπιούσιον δὸς ἡμῖν σήμερον·
καὶ ἄφες ἡμῖν τὰ ὀφειλήματα ἡμῶν,
ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς ἀφίεμεν τοῖς ὀφειλέταις ἡμῶν·
καὶ μὴ εἰσενέγκῃς ἡμᾶς εἰς πειρασμόν,
ἀλλὰ ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τοῦ πονηροῦ.
(ὅτι σοῦ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία καὶ ἡ δύναμις καὶ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας·)
{ἀμήν.

Music 
Many composers have written musical settings of the prayer. Some of them are:
Luigi Cherubini, Martin Luther, Die Toten Hosen, Charles Gounod, Leoš Janáček, Franz Liszt, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Otto Nicolai, Bernardino Rizzi, Igor Stravinsky, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Leonard Bernstein (in Mass), Giuseppe Verdi and Leonardo Schiavo.

Other websites

Text 
 The Lord's Prayer in 1,437 languages and dialects
 The Lord's Prayer in great number of languages and dialects with audio and video
 The Lord's Prayer in Hebrew (with audio)
 Matthew 6:9-13 in the English Standard Version Bible, set to music

Comment 
 The Lord's Prayer: Lord, Teach Us to Pray - Explored and Applied through text and audio readings
 The Lord's Prayer by Thomas Watson
 Catechism of the Catholic Church
 Catholic Encyclopedia
 Jewish Encyclopedia
 Some comments by Church Fathers on parts of the Lord's Prayer 
 Max Heindel: Rosicrucian view
 Jehovah's Witnesses view 
 An overview of spurious "Aramaic translations" of the Lord's Prayer

References

Christian prayers
In Anglican church music, a Service is a piece of music for the choir to sing during a service of worship.   It uses the words which are a traditional part of the service.  The choir is usually accompanied by the organ, but sometimes it can be just for choir without organ.

In Morning Prayer the words which are set to music for the choir are the words of the Venite (Psalm 95), the Te Deum and the Jubilate (Psalm 100) or Benedictus.

For a Holy Communion the set words will usually be the Gloria, sometimes the Creed, Sanctus, Agnus Dei as well as responses.

For Evening Prayer the words will be the Magnificat and the Nunc Dimittis.  Singers in the choir often call these "Mag and Nunc" for short.  Many composers have set these words.  They make them into a piece for choir which is like an anthem.
In the Tudor and early Stuart periods, services were described as "Short", "Great" or "Verse" services.  Short services were short, the words were only sung once and it was often unaccompanied (no organ).  A Great service was longer: some of the words were often sung many times.  William Byrd wrote a famous Great Service.  A Verse service was also long: there were several verses which need to be sung by a solo choir member.  In between each verse there is some music for the whole choir to sing.

Musical forms
Christian music
A space station is a artificial satellite in space that people can live at. All past and current space stations have been in low Earth orbit. Space stations can dock with other spacecraft. This allows transferring cargo and people. At present the International Space Station is the only space station in orbit. The first space station was Salyut 1. Prior stations were the seven Salyut stations, Skylab, Mir and the two Tiangong stations. The Chinese Space Station is planned for the future.

Space stations are used to learn about how being in space for a long time effects the human body. They also are a place for science experiments and research. Space stations have been designed for more than one crew. Each crew member may stay aboard the station for weeks or months, and then is replaced by others. Some have spent more than one year at a time on a space station. This includes Vladimir Titov, Musa Manarov, Sergei Avdeyev and Valeriy Polyakov aboard Mir.
List of successful stations 
The below list is of stations that made it to orbit and had at least one crew visit them. There have also been a few stations that have failed or were for testing. Those are not included on this list.

Notes

References
A Van de Graaff generator is an electrostatic machine.  It uses a moving, nonmetallic belt to accumulate very high voltages on a hollow metal globe.  Voltage differences achieved in modern Van de Graaff generators can reach 5 megavolts.  Applications for these high voltage generators include driving X-ray tubes, accelerating electrons to sterilize food and process materials, and accelerating protons for nuclear physics experiments.  The Van de Graaff generator can be thought of as a constant-current source connected in parallel with a capacitor and a very large electrical resistance. It is named after the American physicist Robert Jemison Van de Graaff, who built the first generators of this style in 1929.

Machines
Electricity
A time server is a special computer in a computer network. 

It is important that computers on a network use the same time. Time servers use an atomic clock, or they ask other computers on the network about the time. They then tell this time to all the other computers in the same network. Common protocols to do this are the Daytime Protocol and the Network Time Protocol (NTP).
NTP calls the quality of a time server its stratum.  Stratum can be anything form 0 to 255 and lower is better. It is rare to see a network with a source worse than stratum 5.
Stratum 0 time sources are the actual clocks that track the time, usually an atomic clock or GPS receiver.
Stratum 1 time sources are what most people mean when they talk about a time server.  They get their timing information from a master clock and send it out to the network.
Stratum 2 time sources are computers that get their clock information from a stratum 1 time server.  They use NTP to talk to each other as well as their stratum 1 servers so they can have the best time information possible.

Every level that is added of time servers getting information from a source close to the master clock and passing it farther away from the master clock increases the stratum level.

computers
internet
Laura Prepon (born March 7, 1980) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Donna Pinciotti on the Fox television series That '70s Show and as Hannah Daniels on the ABC television series October Road. She plays Alex in Orange Is the New Black.

Other websites 
 Biography  from the That '70s Show website
 

1980 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from New Jersey
Scientologists
Ashley Marie Massaro (May 26, 1979 – May 16, 2019), also known simply as Ashley, was an American pictorial model and professional wrestler. She is best known for her time with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) while wrestling on its Raw brand. 

She was the winner of the Raw Diva Search 2005 and was on the cover of the April 2007 issue of Playboy Magazine. She was a contestant on the fifteenth season of Survivor in China, but was the second contestant to be eliminated.

Massaro was found dead at her home on May 16, 2019 in Long Island, New York at the age of 39. The cause of death was suicide by hanging.

References

Other websites 
TheAshleyMassaro.com 

WWE.com Profile
Ashley Massaro  in Maxim Magazine

Ashley's Survivor: China Profile

1979 births
2019 deaths
Sportspeople who committed suicide
Suicides by hanging in the United States
American professional wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from New York (state)
Melina Nava Pérez (born March 9, 1979; ring name Melina) is an American professional wrestler and manager. She is best known for working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where she wrestled on its Raw and SmackDown brands. She was released from her contract with the WWE on August 5, 2011.

Early life 
Pérez began her career as a model. In 2000, she decided to become a professional wrestler and began training. Pérez's pro-wrestling debut was in 2002 on a tour of the independent wrestling scene. She joined a number of California-based promotions such as the Empire Wrestling Federation (EWF).
World Wrestling Entertainment 
Pérez began working in World Wrestling Entertainment's "farm territory" Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) in March 2004 when she was kayfabe brought her in as a way to taunt her ex-boyfriend John Hennigan. Melina, however, aligned herself with Hennigan, who later changed his ring name to Johnny Nitro. Soon after, Nitro began teaming with Joey Matthews, later known as Joey Mercury. On November 10, the trio, now known as MNM, won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship.

2005 
MNM made their debut in WWE on the April 14, 2005 edition of SmackDown! by interrupting the first ever Carlito's Cabana interview segment. Rey Mysterio, one half of the WWE Tag Team Champions, was a guest. Melina insulted Mysterio and had Mercury and Nitro attack him. This led to MNM's first match the next week on SmackDown! for the tag team title. MNM won the match against Mysterio and Eddie Guerrero, giving them their first WWE Tag Team Title reign.
While managing the Tag Team Champions, Melina started wrestling against the other WWE Divas. She had her first match on June 30 against Michelle McCool.  Her first pay-per-view match – a Bra and Panties match – was at The Great American Bash against Torrie Wilson. Melina won both matches.

2007 
On January 29, 2007, Melina became the number 1 contender for the WWE Women's Championship. On February 5 Melina lost a title match against Mickie James. On February 19, Melina won the Women's Championship from James.  On April 24 at a show in Paris, France, Melina lost the Women's Championship in a Triple Threat match to James when James pinned Victoria. In a rematch on the same night, she pinned James to regain the title and become a two-time WWE Women's Champion.
On May 7 Melina was defeated in a tag team match when she was pinned by Candice Michelle. Melina lost to Candice in several tag team matches, as well as in non-title bouts over the next few weeks. At Vengeance, Melina lost the Women's Championship to Candice, and failed to wim the title back at The Great American Bash.

References

Other websites
Official website
Melina's WWE Alumni profile

1979 births
Living people
American professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Los Angeles
Amy Christine Dumas (born April 14, 1975)
better known by her ring name Lita, is an American former World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) wrestler and valet. While working with WWE from 2000 to 2006, she became one of the most popular female wrestlers in the company's history.

Career
After working for a short time on the independent circuit and in Extreme Championship Wrestling, Dumas began working with the World Wrestling Federation in 1999. Originally, she was paired with Essa Rios. She became more well know when she teamed up with Matt and Jeff Hardy as Team Xtreme. During her career, she won the WWE Women's Championship four times.
Dumas had an off-screen relationship with Matt Hardy. It ended in 2005 after her affair with Adam Copeland. WWE used the problems between them as part of a story during 2005 and 2006. The affair was part of the reason Hardy was fired in 2005, but he was rehired later in the year. As a result of her personal life, Dumas' character Lita began to be "booed" for the first time by the fans during this time.

After she stopped wrestling in 2006, she became the lead singer of punk rock band The Luchagors. The band released their self-titled CD, The Luchagors on September 11, 2007. She was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2014.

Since her retirement, Dumas has still worked for the WWE in many ways. She has been a trainer for many years. She still take part in many events which use "Legends" talent. In 2023, she appeared in a match to help Becky Lynch.

References

Other websites
 Official website
1975 births
American punk musicians
American professional wrestlers
Female professional wrestlers
Former WWE wrestlers
Living people
Musicians from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Singers from Florida
Sportspeople from Atlanta
Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
WWE Hall of Fame
Mafic is an adjective describing a silicate mineral or igneous rock which is rich in magnesium and iron. The term is a portmanteau, made up from "magnesium" and "ferric". 

Mafic minerals are usually dark in color and have a specific gravity greater than 3. Common rock-forming mafic minerals include olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite and other micas, augite and the calcium-rich plagioclase feldspars. Common mafic rocks include basalt and gabbro.

In terms of chemistry, mafic rocks are on the other side of the rock spectrum from the so-called felsic rocks. The term roughly corresponds to the older basic rock class.

Mafic lava, before cooling, has a lower viscosity than felsic lava due to its lower silica content. Water and other volatiles can more easily and gradually escape from mafic lava, so eruptions of volcanoes made of mafic lavas are less explosively violent than felsic lava eruptions. Most mafic lava volcanoes are oceanic volcanoes, like Hawaii.

Related pages
List of minerals
Granite

Rocks
Specific Gravity (SG) is a special case of relative density.

It is defined as the ratio of the density of a given substance, to the density of water (H2O). Substances with a specific gravity greater than 1 are heavier than water, and those with a specific gravity of less than 1 are lighter than water.

SG is by definition dimensionless and therefore not dependent on the system of units used (e.g. slugsft−3 or kgm−3), assuming that the units are consistent. Based on the SG-value of a given substance, the density of that substance can be calculated.

Related pages
 Buoyancy
 Fluid mechanics
 Relative density

Other websites
 Specific Gravity Calculator

References

 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics Wiley, B.R. Munson, D.F. Young & T.H. Okishi
 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Fourth Edition, Wiley, SI Version, R.W. Fox & A.T. McDonald
 Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, International Edition, Y.A. Cengel & M.A. Boles

Physics
The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing carved into it. There are 3 types of writing on the Rosetta stone; Greek, Egyptian, and another form of Egyptian writing. French soldiers found it in Egypt in 1799. It helped people get a better understanding of the Ancient Egyptian writing system called hieroglyphics. Its discovery led to the translation of Ancient Egyptian writing. The stone is named after the city where it was found, Rosetta (also called Rashid). The stone is now in the British Museum in London.

It had three pieces of writing on it that said the same thing in two different languages. Two pieces of writing were written in Ancient Egyptian, but in two different scripts: Demotic and hieroglyphics. The third writing was written in Ancient Greek.

The historians could already read the Greek. Using this knowledge they were able to work out how to read the Egyptian scripts.
The complete Greek text, in English, is about 1600–1700  words in length. The text is a royal decree from the Hellenistic period about the taxes of temple priests. It gives them back the tax privileges they had earlier. Some scholars believe that several copies of the Rosetta Stone might exist, as this proclamation must have been made at many temples.

The discovery of the stone 
The soldiers who discovered the stone were part of Napoleon Bonaparte's 1798 campaign in Egypt. It was given to the British as part of the surrender arrangements when French forces were caught in Alexandria by the Battle of the Nile and a larger force of British and Ottoman troops. The surrender and treaty is called the Capitulation of Alexandria. Under the treaty, the French had to hand over their archaeological discoveries to the British, and that included the Rosetta Stone.
The discovered part of the stone is 114.4 centimeters (45 in) high at its tallest point, 72.3 centimeters (28.5 in) wide, and 27.9 centimeters (11 in) thick.

Part of the text 
These are some of the translated words on the stone:

References

Other websites 
 A Rosetta Stone website
 Rosetta Stone -Citizendium

1st millennium BC in Egypt
British Museum
2nd-century BC works
190s BC
Ancient Egyptian literature
A curtain is a piece of cloth used to block light, water, or cold air from entering a place (some curtains are better at blocking than others because of the type of fabric used). Curtains are hung around showers to keep water off the floor around the shower.  Curtains are also hung around windows to keep light from coming in. A curtain is raised and lowered during a play or other theatrical production. Curtains can come in many different colors and different types of fabric. It is also originally a French word.

Curtains can also be made from air.

References 

Cloth
A criminal record is a list of crimes that a person has done in the past. These records are kept by different law enforcement agencies.
People can get a criminal record by things like speeding, robbery, breaking and entering and murdering. Getting a criminal record can stop people from getting certain jobs and going overseas.

Criminal justice
A visitor is a person who does not permanently live in a place. If someone says "I am a visitor here", that means that they do not live in that place all the time.

In English and Welsh law it also means a person who can look at the working of a church, university or charity.

Related pages
Hospitality

Law occupations
Espresso is a type of Italian coffee that is concentrated. In order to make espresso, coffee beans are powdered and hot water is added under high pressure. This is done using an espresso machine or a macchinetta. Usually, espresso is made using 7 grams of coffee beans. This gives espresso a very strong flavor. Because espresso is so strong, it is usually mixed with other coffee drinks in small amounts.

Drinks that use espresso 
There are many drinks that use espresso, such as latte, cappuccino, caffe mocha and caffe macchiato.

Alternative spelling 
It is sometimes spelled expresso, with an X. There is some debate as to whether this is an acceptable spelling.

Related pages
 Coffee

Coffee
Italian food
A damson is a kind of plum. Like the plum, it comes from the Rosaceae family. Originally, the fruit comes from the Mediterranean. Damsons are thought to be members of the 'European Plum' family, which also includes greengage, mirabelle, quetsche, and Italian prune plums. The damson is generally less sweet than other kinds of plum and is used in jams, jellies, and liqueurs.

Plums
Half-time is the name of a break in the middle of a sports game. This break gives players a chance to rest. It also gives watchers of the game time to stretch, eat, or go to the bathroom without missing the game. During half-time, there is usually a show on the field of play. It may include a marching band or something like it. This is called a half-time show. There is a half-time show in the Super Bowl. Half time is usually 15 minutes, but in the Super Bowl it is usually about 30 minutes to give time for advertisements and performances. In Football, teams usually switch sides at the beginning of the next half. This also applies to Basketball.

Sports with half-time 
American football 
Field hockey
Lacrosse
Football (soccer)
Field hockey
Rugby football
Basketball
Netball

Sports words
Fluid mechanics is the study of how fluids move and the forces on them. (Fluids include liquids and gases.)

Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion. It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms.

The study of fluid mechanics goes back at least to the days of ancient Greece, when Archimedes made a beginning on fluid statics. However, fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research with many unsolved or partly solved problems. Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex. Sometimes it can best be solved by numerical analysis, typically using computers. A modern discipline, called Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), is devoted to this approach to solving fluid mechanics problems.

Relationship to continuum mechanics 
Fluid mechanics is a subdiscipline of continuum mechanics, as illustrated in the following table.
Related pages
 Applied mechanics
Hydraulics

References

Further reading 
 White, Frank M. (2003). Fluid Mechanics. McGraw-Hill. 
 Cramer, Mark. "The Gallery of Fluid Mechanics"

Other websites 
 CFDWiki—the Computational Fluid Dynamics reference wiki.
Fluid statics (also called hydrostatics) is the science of fluids at rest, and is a sub-field within fluid mechanics. The term usually refers to the mathematical treatment of the subject. It embraces the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium. The use of fluid to do work is called hydraulics, and the science of fluids in motion is fluid dynamics. Hydrostatic pressure is pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel.

Related pages
 Fluid dynamics
 Fluid mechanics
 Hydraulics

Fluid mechanics
Meroë (Meroitic: Medewi or Bedewi) is the name of an ancient city. What remains of the city is on the east bank of the Nile  about 6 km north-east of the Kabushiya station near Shendi, Sudan. It lies about 200 km north-east of Khartoum.
There are a few villages nearby. They are called  Bagrawiyah.

Meroë was the capital of the Kingdom of Kush for several centuries. The Kushitic Kingdom of Meroë gave its name to the "Island of Meroë", which was the modern region of Butana, a region bounded by the Nile (from the Atbarah River to Khartoum), the Atbarah, Ethiopia, and the Blue Nile.  The city of Meroë was on the edge of Butana and there were two other Meroitic cities in Butana, Musawwarat es-Sufra and Naqa.  

The site of the city of Meroë is marked by over two hundred pyramids in three groups. Of many of these pyramids, there are only ruins left.

In June 2011, the archaeological site of Meroë was listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites.

References

History of Sudan
Cities in Sudan
Saxe-Eisenach () was the name of three different Ernestine duchies that existed at different times in Thuringia. The chief town and capital of all three duchies was Eisenach.

History
The first Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach was created in 1596 for Johann Ernst, younger son of Johann Frederick II of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach.

In 1633, the Wettin line died out, and Johann Ernst inherited it, but he died heirless in 1638, and the territories of Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Eisenach were split between Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Altenburg.

In 1640 Saxe-Eisenach was again separated off from Saxe-Weimar for Albert, son of John II of Saxe-Weimar, but after just four years he too died without an heir, and Saxe-Eisenach was then divided between Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar, ruled by his brothers Ernst and Wilhelm.
Saxe-Eisenach changed again in 1672. Frederick William III of Saxe-Altenburg died and his lands were split. The line of Johann Georg I ruled Saxe-Eisenach for 69 years, until Duke Wilhelm Heinrich died heirless in 1741. Ernst August I of Saxe-Weimar, Wilhelm's second cousin, inherited Saxe-Eisenach; he and his successors ruled Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach in a personal union until 1809, when the duchies were formally merged into the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

Dukes of Saxe-Eisenach

First creation 
Created in 1572 as Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
1596 divided into Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Eisenach
 Johann Casimir (1572 – 1633, ruled Saxe-Coburg)
 Johann Ernst (1572 – 1638, retained Saxe-Eisenach)
Divided between Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Weimar

Second creation 
 Albrecht (1640 – 44)
Divided between Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar
Third creation 
 Adolf Wilhelm (1662 – 68)
 Wilhelm August (1668 – 71)
 Johann Georg I (1671 – 86)
 Johann Georg II (1686 – 98)
 Johann Wilhelm (1698 – 1729)
 Wilhelm Heinrich (1729 – 41)
Line extinct

Personal union with Saxe-Weimar 
 Ernst August I (1741-1748)
 Ernst August II (1748-1758)
 Karl August (1758-1809)
Merged with Saxe Weimar into Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Related pages
 Ernestine duchies

Other websites
 German genealogies

1596 establishments
1590s establishments in Europe
16th-century establishments in Germany
1638 disestablishments
1640 establishments
1640s establishments in Europe
17th-century establishments in Germany
1644 disestablishments
1640s disestablishments in Europe
1662 establishments
1660s establishments in Europe
1809 disestablishments
1800s disestablishments in Germany
House of Wettin
States of the Confederation of the Rhine
States of the Holy Roman Empire
A laxative is a food or drug taken to make bowel movements easier, or to treat constipation. Sometimes taking powerful or lots of laxatives can cause diarrhea or a flatulence.  

Laxatives work by helping your intestines digest undigested food, and do not make you lose weight. Despite this, some people with eating disorders take laxatives in an attempt to lose weight.

References

Drugs
Digestive system
Jebel Barkal, also called Gebel Barkal, is a small mountain in Sudan. It is about 400 kilometers (248.6 miles) north of a city called Khartoum.  This mountain is about  high and has a flat top.

Mountains of Africa
Geography of Sudan
The Mirage III is a fighter aircraft made by French airplane company Dassault Aviation. If first flew in 1956 and was introduced in 1961. It used a triangle wing (called a delta wing). It had 2 cannons and some missiles. Because it was an interceptor, an airplane made to shoot down enemy airplanes at high speed, it could go Mach 2.2. It was used by Israel in the Six-Day War.

French military aircraft
Mirage 3
A herbaceous plant is a plant that does not have much wood and its stems are green and soft. These plants grow fast and produce flowers and many seeds in a short period of time.

In botany, the word for a herbaceous plant is herb (from Latin herba, "grass") but it is common to use the word herb only for plants that are used in perfumes, medicines and for cooking, even if they are not herbaceous plants.

Herbaceous plants may be annuals, biennials or perennials. Most are annuals and die at the end of their growing season (the time when they produce flowers, fruits and seeds), leaving their seeds on the soil. Those seeds will produce new plants with good weather. Wheat and pea are annual herbaceous plants.
Biennial and perennial herbaceous plants will live for two or more years, but the stems that are in the air will die every year. The underground stems will form the new aerial stems (stems that are above the ground). Underground roots and stems can better resist bad weather (winter or a very dry season) than leaves and stems that are above the ground. Bulbs are biennial and peonies are perennial herbaceous plants.

Most herbaceous plants are small and their stems are not thick because they do not have much wood, but there are some big herbaceous plants. Bananas and papaya (a tropical fruit) are herbaceous plants but they look like trees. Papaya has a thick stem but without much wood.
Herbaceous plants are the first plants with flower that come to live in barren lands (lands without plant life), because they are small and produce many seeds. They are also found in places where the weather conditions are not good for most plants. They can use the little rain that falls in deserts. They can get enough heat to grow where the soil is covered with snow and ice most of the year, like in very high mountains.

References 

Types of plants
A trophy is an object given to someone because of an accomplishment. These are often given out through sporting events.  

A trophy can be in the shape of a cup, a bowl, a plaque, a mug (these usually painted or engraved with something), a human shape (like the Emmy Award), or a spaceship (like the Hugo Award for science-fiction).  

Trophies can also be an animal head. These are often taken as trophies by hunters.

History
History

In ancient times people would take heads or other body parts of enemies they had killed in a battle to show how good a warrior they were.
Many years ago (in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome) the winners did not get any trophy, only a wreath (a wreath is made of flowers and looks like a crown). The winner also got olive oil in a container that was similar to today trophies. In local games, the winners got different trophies, such as a vase or a silver cup.
In ancient Rome, the tradition of getting a trophy was slowly forgotten and money were given instead.
Trophies were introduced back in the world on large scale in last century. Football, rugby and baseball trophies were introduced.
Today trophies are mostly made from plastic and are easily accessible to public thanks to low prices.