Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The Firmicutes are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have the Gram-positive type of cell walls.

Classes 
The group is typically divided into the Clostridia, which are anaerobic, the Bacilli, which are aerobic, and the Mollicutes, a class of bacteria which do not have cell walls. 

On phylogenetic trees, the first two groups show up as paraphyletic or polyphyletic, as do their main genera, Clostridium and Bacillus.

Health 
Firmicutes make up the largest portion of the mouse and human gut microbiome. The division Firmicutes as part of the gut flora has been shown to be involved in energy resorption and obesity.

References 

Gram-positive bacteria
The Proteobacteria are a major phylum of bacteria.

They are gram-negative bacteria. This means they do not retain the violet dye in the Gram staining protocol.

In a Gram stain test, a counterstain (commonly safranin) is added after the crystal violet, colouring all gram-negative bacteria with a pink colour.

The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their cell walls.

Proteobacteria include a wide variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, and many other notable genera.

Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. The group is defined primarily in terms of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences.

Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophic, but there are numerous exceptions.
There are alphaproteobacteria in this phylum which are widely found in marine plankton. They may constitute over 10% of the open ocean microbial community.

Classification 
 Proteobacteria: Purple bacteria and their relatives
 alpha subdivision (purple non-sulfur bacteria, rhizobacteria, Agrobacterium, Rickettsiae, Nitrobacter)
 beta subdivision (Rhodocyclus, (some) Thiobacillus, Alcaligenes, Spirillum, Nitrosovibrio)
 gamma subdivision (enterics, fluorescent pseudomonads, purple sulfur bacteria, Legionella, (some) Beggiatoa)
 delta subdivision (Sulfur and sulfate reducers (Desulfovibrio), Myxobacteria, Bdellovibrio)

References 

Gram-negative bacteria
Necrosis is a medical condition in which parts of a person's body die, turn black, and fall off. This happens when the there is not enough blood reaching the tissues. This can happen for many reasons including injury, poisons, bacteria or radiation damage. The dead tissue will not grow back.

References

Health problems
André Kim (August 24, 1935 – August 12, 2010) was a South Korean fashion designer based in Seoul, South Korea. He is known mainly for his evening and wedding gown collections.

Career 
Kim, whose real name is Kim Bong Nam, is one of fashion designers in South Korea. He has achievements in Korean fashion, and International fashion. New York Times and Herald Tribune in London described him as 'A pioneer in Korean fashion' and 'Alive fashion hero'.
Kim became the Korea’s first male fashion designer as he opened his fashion shop in 1962 and since that time he attracted public attention by designing a wedding dress of Um Aeng Ran, who was a top star at that time, and designing many clothes like uniforms of the Korean athletes for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. Furthermore, not only did he hold a fashion show in Paris as the first South Korean in 1966 but also he held a lot of fashion shows in many places such as New York, Washington DC, Beijing and Sydney. Also, he was in the spotlight of the world because he became the world's first fashion designer to hold a fashion show in front of pyramids and Angkor Wat temple.

Since 2002 Kim has expanded his business into not only design fields such as children's wear and golf coat but also various fields like cosmetics and jewelry. He was active in his work even before he died on August 12, 2010, because of the pneumonia and colorectal cancer at age 74.
Fashion Styles 
There are many characteristics that André Kim has in his fashion shows and styles. One of them is wedding finale, which is representative symbol as a bride and groom wearing wedding gowns confront each other. Kim sticks to a design that emphasizes woman's elegance and tries to apply Korean traditional pattern. Moreover, he always emphasizes white color. To be specific, the clothes that he designed are white as well as the things that he uses, such as furniture and cars, are also white. Moreover, he wears only white clothes regardless of the situation, even when he sleeps and takes a rest.

References 
http://www.andrekim.co.kr/ 
http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=927752
http://cafe.naver.com/pantheonhouse.cafe?iframe_url=/ArticleRead.nhn%3Farticleid=30
http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2010/08/12/0200000000AKR20100812218500005.HTML?did=1179m

Other websites

1935 births
2010 deaths
Fashion designers
South Korean people
Wensleydale is the valley (dale) of the River Ure on the east side of the Pennines in North Yorkshire, England. Wensleydale is in the Yorkshire Dales National Park. It is named after the small village of Wensley. The village name 'Wensley' comes from the words Woden's ley, or meadow of the pagan god Woden. It is famous for its cheese.
Cheese
Wensleydale cheese is made from cow's milk. It is produced in a village in the county of North Yorkshire in England. It is usually shaped into a flat disc known as a truckle. The history of the cheese began in Wensleydale in 1150 when monks started making cheese. This became a farmhouse industry until the first commercial cheese was made in Hawes in 1897. Cheese making continued until May 1992 when the cheese factory closed. Six months later a group of local businessmen, ex-factory workers and cheesemakers, were able to reopen the business and promote Real Yorkshire Wensleydale Cheese. This business has become very successful making specialty cheese and now employs more than 200 people.

Wensleydale in popular culture 
In the 1990s, sales of the cheese had fallen very low. However, in the popular Wallace and Gromit animated cartoons, A Grand Day Out and A Close Shave the main character Wallace, a cheese lover, mention Wensleydale as a particularly favourite cheese, which boosted sales of the cheese.
References

Yorkshire
Park Tae-hwan (nicknamed "Marine boy") is a famous swimmer from South Korea. He was born in Seoul on September 27, 1989. He is the first South Korean swimmer to win a world title. He won a gold medal in the men's 400 meters freestyle final at the World Swimming Championships in Melbourne, 2007. Recently, he won a medal in all seven events in which he has competed in 2010 Asian Games (three gold medals, two silver medals and two bronze medals).

References

South Korean sportspeople
Swimmers
1989 births
Living people
Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve is one of the world's greatest fossil sites. It is part of Newfoundland and Labrador, in Canada.

Mistaken Point was so named because sailors found it a navigational hazard on the foggy tip of Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula. The site is on Canada's Tentative List for proposed UNESCO World Heritage Sites. No-one can visit the fossil site without an official guide; collecting actual fossils may not be done.

The fossils 
The fossils are in Mistaken Point's tilted and faulted mudstone and sandstone. They are exposed, visible on the surface. They are part of the Ediacaran biota, the oldest complex (multicellular) life forms. The Ediacaran is the last period in the Proterozoic eon. They date to 579 to 542 million years ago, when all life was in the sea.

The Reserve is the only place in the world where you can see a 565-million-year-old sea floor which preserves the ecology of these ancient deep sea communities.
This lagerstätte includes over 30 types of ancient creatures, most of them extinct groups unknown in our modern world.

The palaeoecology  
The creatures lived on the bottom of a deep ocean, below the depths that light could reach. What is now Newfoundland was then between latitudes 40°–65° South. 

The imprints of the soft-bodied animals were preserved in place on the muddy sea floor when they were suddenly buried by repeated volcanic ash-falls. The ash (tuff) layers contain zircon, which makes it possible for geologists to accurately date the fossil layers by radiometric dating. Fossils of similar age are found in Russia and Australia, but the variety found at Mistaken Point make the site unique.

Related pages 
Fortune Head
Ediacaran biota
Lagerstätten

References 

Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador
Lagerstätten
A period in geology is a main subunit of an era.

Thus the Mesozoic era is divided into three periods: the Triassic, the Jurassic and the Cretaceous. These periods are then further subdivided into epochs.
Bismuth(III) chloride, also known as bismuth trichloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiCl3. It has bismuth and chloride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Bismuth(III) chloride is a pale yellow solid. It reacts with water to make bismuth oxychloride and hydrochloric acid. It dissolves in acids like hydrochloric acid. It reacts with reducing agents to make bismuth metal.

Preparation
It is made by reacting bismuth with chlorine. It can also be made by dissolving bismuth(III) oxide in hydrochloric acid. Bismuth can be dissolved in nitric acid to make bismuth(III) nitrate, which reacts with sodium chloride to make bismuth(III) chloride.

Uses
It is used as a catalyst in organic chemistry. It is a good source of bismuth and is used to make other bismuth compounds.

Safety
Bismuth(III) chloride can cause burns on skin because it makes hydrochloric acid when it reacts with water. It irritates the gastrointestinal tract.
Related pages
Bismuth(III) bromide
Bismuthine

Bismuth compounds
Chlorine compounds
Incheon (officially, Incheon Metropolitan City) is a major port city in South Korea and famous for Incheon International Airport.

Incheon is 28 km from the nation’s capital, Seoul. It is at 126° 37´ east longitude and 37° 28´ north latitude, the same latitude as San Francisco, Washington, Madrid, and Teheran. Incheon is the third largest city in South Korea, after Seoul and Busan and 2.6 million people live in Incheon (2009).

There are ten administrative districts in Incheon and it is divided into 8 wards ("gu") and 2 counties ("gun").

Incheon Subway and Seoul Metropolitan Subway is linked (line number 1) and it takes approximately an hour from Incheon subway station to Seoul Station.
History 
The history of Incheon started from the Goguryeo Kingdom in 475 AD, under the reign of King Jangsu. Its original name was Michuhol and it changed several times and renamed to Incheon-gun in the 13th year of King Taejong’s reign during Joseon period. In 1949, after Korea`s 1945 liberation, Incheon City reorganized.  It was finally renamed to Incheon Metropolitan City in 1995. 

During the Korean War, there was the battle of Incheon led by an American general of UN Douglas MacArthur and the battle resulted in a decisive victory. It was also a strategic reversal in favor of the United Nations(UN). In a show of gratitude to the American soldier, Koreans in the late 1950s erected the bronze statue of MacArthur in a central park at Incheon that overlooks the sea area through which his troops came ashore.
Culture and Tourism
Incheon is famous for 17th Asian Games,Incheon International Airport, Incheon Port, Songdo International City, Incheon Subway, and Munhak Worldcup Stadium are five major cites of Incheon.

Ganghwa-county
Ganghwa-county (Ganghwa Island) is famous for dolmens registered as one of the World Heritages by UNESCO.
Hwamunseok mats are Incheon's famous local products, a figured mat. The beauty of these hand-woven mats has made them one of the most famous specialty products of Ganghwa-gun, and one of the most beloved traditional Korean crafts.

Wolmido (Wolmi Island) 
Wolmido was once a military base of Japanese Army during the Japanese colonial period and a outpost of the battle of Incheon. Nowadays, Wolmido is one of the most famous tourist spots near the Metropolitan area. Along the 1 km-long Wolmido Street of Culture, there are lots of beautiful cafes and restaurants. Wolmido is also famous for street performers, portrait artists and Wolmi Festival.
Incheon Free Economic Zone 
To become an international economic hub and a center of business and service industry of Asia, Incheon is developing free economic zone in the three regions of Songdo, Cheongra, and the island of Yeongjong. Incheon's Free Economic Zone, the first in Korea, was officially designated by the Korean government in August 2003 and it is planing to 2020.

References

Other websites

Incheon Metropolitan City homepage
Incheon International Airport

 
5th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in South Korea
475 establishments
Bismuth fluoride can mean either of these chemical compounds:

Bismuth(III) fluoride, pale yellow solid, weak oxidizing agent
Bismuth(V) fluoride, colorless solid, powerful oxidizing agent
Bismuth(III) oxychloride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiOCl. It has bismuth, oxide, and chloride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties 
Bismuth(III) oxychloride is a whitish solid. It is a weak oxidizing agent. It is somewhat shiny. It does not dissolve in water. It makes a very complicated molecule when it is heated.

Preparation 
It is made by reacting bismuth(III) chloride with water.

Uses 
It is used in cosmetics as a pearlescent coating.

Related pages 
Bismuth(V) fluoride
Bismuth(III) fluoride

Bismuth compounds
Chlorine compounds
Donald Bruce Poile (born June 1, 1932 in Fort William, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 66 games in the National Hockey League with the Detroit Red Wings. In addition to his time in the NHL, Poile had a successful minor league career with the Edmonton Flyers of the Western Hockey League. His brother Bud Poile is in the Hall of Famer.

Other websites

References

1932 births
Detroit Red Wings players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
American Hockey League players
Andrew George 'Red' Spooner (August 24, 1910 — May 7, 1984) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played in one National Hockey League game for the Pittsburgh Pirates during the 1929–30 NHL season.

References

Other websites

1910 births
1984 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL) players
James Gaye Stewart (June 28, 1923 – November 18, 2010) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He played nine seasons as a left winger in the National Hockey League.

Born in Fort William, Ontario, Stewart was promoted from the minors in 1942 to play in one game of the Stanley Cup Finals, where he helped the Toronto Maple Leafs win the championship. The next season, Stewart won the 1943 Calder Trophy, beating out Maurice 'The Rocket' Richard of the Montreal Canadiens. He became the first player to win the Stanley Cup before the Calder. Danny Grant, Tony Esposito and Ken Dryden have accomplished it as well since then.
After spending two years in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II, Stewart returned to the NHL in 1945 and had his best season, leading the league with 37 goals - the last time a Leaf led the League in scoring. Stewart won his second Stanley Cup, again with the Maple Leafs, in 1947. Toronto traded Stewart to Chicago early in the 1947-48 season in a deal that brought Max Bentley to the Leafs, and he had three 20-goal seasons for the Black Hawks before finishing his career with stints in Detroit, New York and Montreal. In all, Gaye Stewart played for five of the NHL's Original Six teams, all except the Boston Bruins. He played 502 career NHL games, scoring 185 goals and 159 assists for 344 points. Stewart died on November 18, 2010, in a hospital in Burlington, Ontario, at the age of 87.

Career statistics

References

Other websites

Gaye Stewart Interview
Gaye Stewart's Day with the Stanley Cup 
Gaye Stewart dies
1923 births
2010 deaths
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Chicago Blackhawks players
Detroit Red Wings players
Montreal Canadiens players
New York Rangers players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Ontario Hockey League players
The Egyptian Museum of Berlin () is home to one of the world's most important collections of Ancient Egyptian artifacts. 
The collection is part of the Neues Museum.

Museums in Berlin
Bismuth(III) sulfide, also known as bismuth sulfide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Bi2S3. It has bismuth and sulfide ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties and preparation
Bismuth(III) sulfide is a brown solid. It does not dissolve in water. It is made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with a bismuth compound like bismuth(III) chloride.

Occurrence
It is found as the mineral bismuthinite. Bismuthinite is lead-gray to tin-white, with an iridescent tarnish. It is an important ore of bismuth. It has a metallic color. It was first found in Bolivia. Its specific gravity is around 6.8.

Related pages
Bismuth(III) oxide
Bismuth(V) oxide
Bismuth(III) bromide

Bismuth compounds
Sulfur compounds
Minerals
Ephedra sinica, known in Chinese as ma huang (), is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine. Hay fever and congestion are treated using this plant. Chemicals that come from this plant, mimic other chemicals inside the sympathetic nervous system, similar to amphetamine. They are often used for weight loss, but the U.S. FDA banned its use as a dietary supplement on April 2004.

References 

Herbs
Gymnosperms
Bismuthate is an ion. Its chemical formula is BiO3-. It has bismuth in its +5 oxidation state. It is a very strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with hot water to make bismuth(III) oxide and oxygen. It also reacts with acids. Sodium bismuthate is the most common bismuthate. It is one of the few sodium compounds that does not dissolve in water.

Related pages
Bismuth(III) chloride
Bismuth(V) fluoride, the other bismuth compound in its +5 oxidation state

Bismuth compounds
Ions
History 
The metric system was first used in France in 1795. It had units for length, area, dry volume, liquid capacity, weight or mass, and even amounts of money, but not for time. Decimal time of day had been first used in France two years earlier, but was set aside at the same time the metric system was started and did not follow the metric pattern of a base unit and prefixed units. James Clerk Maxwell and Elihu Thomson (through the British Association for the Advancement of Science - BAAS) came up with the Centimetre gram second system of units (cgs) in 1874.
The ephemeris second (1/86400 of a mean solar day) was made one of the original base units of the modern metric system, or International System of Units (SI), at the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1954. The SI second was later made even more exact. It was made into the time of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation from the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.
Other units 
People have had ideas for other base units of metric time (other than the second). On March 28, 1794, Joseph Louis Lagrange, the president of the commission which developed the metric system, wrote a report to the commission. His report suggested the names déci-jour and centi-jour (deciday and centiday in English). Base units that are decimal divisions of the day, such as 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000, or 1/100,000 day, or other divisions of the day, such as 1/20 or 1/40 day, have also been suggested, with names such as tick, meck, chi, chron, moment, etc. These other units have not caught on with people, however.
In computing 
In computing, metric time became widely used because it is easy to use with computers. Unix time gives date and time as the number of seconds since January 1, 1970, and Microsoft's FILETIME as multiples of 100ns since January 1, 1601. VAX/VMS uses the number of 100ns since November 17, 1858, and RISC OS the number of centiseconds since January 1, 1900. (Each of these is not exactly linear, as there are some interruptions with leap seconds.)
Problems 
The main problem with metric time is in the units. The International System of Units has only come up with prefixes for 10 units exponentially in both the multiple and submultiple directions. The first three multiples would be viable for use within a metric time system; they are 101 (decasecond = 10 seconds), 102 (hectosecond = 100 seconds; 1.666 minutes) and 103 (kilosecond = 1 000 seconds; 16.666 minutes) respectively. However, the fourth value in the SI Units is 106 (megasecond = 1 000 000 seconds; 16 666.666 minutes; 277.777 hours; 11.574 days). Followed by 109 (gigasecond = 1 000 000 000 seconds; 16 666 666.666 minutes; 277 777.777 hours; 11 574.074 days; 31.689 years); a relatively nonviable unit with which to measure human time/life. To make this system of prefixes work for metric time, standard units and prefixes would have to be made for the 4th and 5th exponents to make metric time work for talking about the time of human life.  These would be:
104 seconds (10 000 seconds; 166.6 minutes; 2.777 hours)
105 seconds (100 000 seconds; 1 666.6 minutes; 27.77 hours; 1.157 days)
References

Other websites
 Metric unit of time (second) Official text of SI brochure from International Bureau of Weights and Measures
 Metric Time?  University of Illinois Physics Department
 Decimal Time - Metric Time  explains the difference between decimal time and metric time (broken link)
 c# Metric Time Open Source Project 

Time
Sodium bismuthate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaBiO3. It has sodium and bismuthate ions in it.

Properties
Sodium bismuthate is a light brown solid. It does not dissolve in water. It is one of the only sodium compounds that do not dissolve in water. It reacts with hot water to make sodium hydroxide, bismuth(III) oxide, and oxygen gas. It reacts with acids to make bismuth(III) salts, sodium salts, and oxygen gas. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Preparation
It is made by reacting a basic solution of bismuth(III) oxide and sodium hydroxide with a strong oxidizing agent.

Uses
Sodium bismuthate is used in a test for manganese.

Related pages
Bismuth(V) oxide
Bismuth(V) fluoride
Bismuth(III) bromide

Sodium compounds
Bismuth compounds
Kim Won-bong (, 1898 – 1958) was a Korean independence activist, and politician. His nickname was 'Yaksan' ().

Life 
1940 Provisional interim parliament of Republic of Korea, February 1944, Provisional Government of Republic of Korea Defence Minister.

References 

 Daum article (Korean)

1898 births
1958 deaths
Socialists
North Korean politicians
Joseph Boleslaw Szura (December 18, 1938 – October 13, 2006) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 90 games in the National Hockey League for the California Golden Seals and 115 games in the World Hockey Association for the Los Angeles Sharks and Houston Aeros. Szura was born in Fort William, Ontario.

Other websites

Notice of death 

1938 births
2006 deaths
Baltimore Clippers players
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
California Golden Seals players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Providence Reds players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
World Hockey Association players
American Hockey League players
Ice hockey centres
William Edward Bell (June 10, 1891 – June 3, 1952) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played four seasons in the National Hockey Association and six in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Wanderers, Montreal Canadiens and Ottawa Senators. He won the Stanley Cup in 1924 with the Canadiens.

Career statistics

Other websites

1891 births
1959 deaths
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Montreal Canadiens players
Montreal Wanderers players
Ottawa Senators (original) players
Stanley Cup champions
Canadian ice hockey centres
The Chondrostei are a sub-class of ray-finned fish, the Actinopterygii. They include the sturgeons, huge fish which provide caviar.

The Chondrostei are mainly cartilaginous fish with some ossification. There are 52 species divided among two orders. The orders are the Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefishes), and the Polypteriformes (reedfishes and bichirs). 

This group has at times been classified with the sharks: the similarities are obvious, not only do the chondrosteans mostly lack bone, the structure of the jaw is more akin to that of sharks than other bony fish. Both lack scales (except the Polypteriforms). Additional shared features include spiracles and, in sturgeons, a heterocercal tail (the vertebrae extend into the larger lobe of the caudal fin). However the fossil record suggests that these fish have more in common with the Teleostei than their external appearance might suggest.
Evolution 
It is thought that the ancestors of the chondrosteans were bony fish but that this characteristic was lost in later evolutionary development, resulting in a lightening of the frame. Elderly chondrosteans show beginnings of ossification of the skeleton which suggests that this process is delayed rather than lost in these fish.

In the early Mesozoic, a number of fish families were beginning to develop adaptations which would make them lighter, faster and more efficient predators. Chondrosteans took a radical approach. Cartilage is lighter than bone, and they delayed the development of bone, so that it only developed in elderly fish. They lost the upper jaw bones completely. Other changes allowed them to shoot the jaw forwards to grab prey.
Why did Chondrosteans react with such total reorganization? Obviously selection pressure must have been very strong. However, in one way they were almost unique. Rarely amongst animals, they underwent polyploidy, several times. Instead of two sets of chromosomes (diploid), the Chondrosteans have 8 or 16 sets of chromosomes. Such a dramatic genetic change may have given the potential for a rapid, drastic reorganization of the body plan.

Paraphyly 
The Chondrostei are paraphyletic. The group does not contain all of its descendants. Therefore, it is going to be reorganized.

References 

Ray-finned fish
"Dandy Don" Meredith (April 10, 1938 - December 6, 2010) was an American football player. He was born in Mount Vernon, Texas (about 100 miles east of Dallas. He died in Santa Fe, New Mexico from a brain hemorrhage. He was 72 years old. Meredith was a quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys from 1960 to 1968. In 1970 he became a television broadcaster when he joined the Monday Night Football crew.

Football career 
Meredith studied at Southern Methodist University (SMU). He played quarterback for SMU for three years. He was selected as an All-America in 1958 and 1959. In 1960, he was drafted by the Chicago Bears in the third round. He was then traded to the Dallas Cowboys for future draft picks. In 1960, the Cowboys were a newly formed expansion team.
Meredith played quarterback for the Cowboys from 1960 to 1968. In 1965, he became the starting quarterback. In 1966, he led the Cowboys to their first winning season, with a record of ten wins, three losses, and one tie. He threw a career-high 2,805 yards and 24 touchdown passes. He was named NFL Player of the Year and selected to the Pro Bowl. He led the Cowboys to three division titles. He played in the 1966 and 1967 NFL Championship games.

"Dandy Don" announced his retirement in 1969, the same day that Roger Staubach was released from the Navy. Staubach then replaced Meredith as the quarterback. Meredith was 31 years old and in the prime of his career.

Meredith was inducted to Cowboys Ring of Honor in 1976. He and Don Perkins were the second and third players added to the ring.
Television 
Don Meredith was one of the first athletes to move into television broadcasting as a color commentator. He joined Keith Jackson and Howard Cosell at Monday Night Football (MNF) in 1970. In 1973, he left MNF to join NBC for three years. In 1977, he returned to MNF until his retirement in 1984. He also appeared in a number of TV shows and movies, including Police Story and commercials for Lipton Ice Tea.

References 

1938 births
2010 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Dallas Cowboys players
Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Sportspeople from Texas
Ronald Paul Isaac Talakoski (June 1, 1962 – July 6, 2009) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played nine games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers between 1986 and 1988.

Talakoski spent four years at the University of Manitoba. In October, 1986 he signed as a free agent with the New York Rangers and played three games for the club that season. The rest of his rookie year was spent in the American Hockey League (AHL) and the International Hockey League (IHL). In 1987-88 he played a six games for the Rangers then scored 24 goals for the IHL's Colorado Rangers before retiring. Talakoski also served as a firefighter in Thunder Bay, Ontario for 18 years. Talakoski was found dead by Thunder Bay Fire and Rescue Services after a short search near Pier 3 in Thunder Bay, after having been reported missing from his residence. He is reported to have suffered from Shy-Drager syndrome.

References

Other websites
Other websites

1962 births
2009 deaths
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Firefighters
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New Haven Nighthawks players
New York Rangers players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
International Hockey League (1945–2001) players
Colonial Hockey League players
A lifeboat, also known as a liferaft, is a small, stiff or inflatable boat carried for emergencies in the event of a disaster on a ship. Lifeboats are required by law to be on larger ships.

When steamships became commonplace in the 19th century, so did lifeboats. At the beginning of the 20th century larger ships meant that more people could travel, but rules about lifeboats were often overlooked. After the RMS Titanic sank on April 15, 1912, people realized that bigger ships need more lifeboats. The Titanic's lifeboats were only capable of carrying 1,178 people although the Titanic had 3,330 people.

Because many lifeboats were needed on the decks of passenger ships this led to the use of most of the deck space being used for lifeboats which created the problem of narrow passageways. This was fixed by using inflatable boats.

Safety
Boats
Overpopulation means that the population of a place is too high. Specifically, there are too many organisms of a certain species in a habitat, so the number of organisms living there is larger than the carrying capacity of the habitat. The habitat cannot support these numbers over time without hurting itself.

The term "overpopulation" is most often used to refer to the number of  humans living on Earth.
Human overpopulation
The world's population has greatly increased in the last 50 years. The main reason is the reduction in death rate, especially for infants and children. The result is that many more people survive to the age when reproduction is possible.
Reduction of death rate
By reducing the effect of infectious diseases 
widespread use of antibiotics against bacterial diseases
increased use of vaccination against some viral diseases
wider provision of clean water (modern sewage systems etc.), which reduces parasitic diseases.
By increasing food production
the world-wide use of DDT, and later anti-pest treatments.
the invention of high-yielding varieties of crops and later, genetically-engineered crops.
The recent rapid increase in human population over the past two centuries has raised concerns that humans are beginning to overpopulate the Earth. The planet may not be able to sustain larger numbers of people. The population has been growing since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1400. At the beginning of the 19th century, it had reached roughly 1,000,000,000 (one billion). Rapid population growth occurred all over the world, especially after World War II. By 1960, the world population had reached 3 billion, and it doubled to 6 billion over the next four decades. As of 2011, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.10%, down from a peak of 2.2% in 1963, and the world population stood at roughly 6.9 billion. In 2014, it is over seven billion. 

Current projections show a steady decline in the population growth rate, with the population expected to reach between 8 and 10.5 billion between the year 2040 and 2050.
Loss of forests 
What were forests have often been turned into farmland. In so doing many species of animals and plants are wiped out, and the CO2 levels in the atmosphere goes up. This is a direct consequence of human population increase.

Potential solutions 
The solutions usually suggested are better education and widespread free contraception (birth control). Many pregnancies are unplanned (40%) or unwanted. 

There are powerful forces working against birth control. Religious and traditional beliefs often favor large families. Few governments have tackled the problem seriously.

Others have proposed that since human population size and carrying capacity depends on the amount of food available, like other species, a good method would be to control food production and produce food only for how much is needed rather than more than needed in order to stop birthrates.
For example, Peter Farb, an anthropologist, ecologist and naturalist stated "Intensification of production to feed an increased population leads to a still greater increase in population."

Related pages 
Birth control
Population growth
World Population Day
Malthusianism

Further reading

References

Other websites
Pan Earth (overpopulation website)
Population Institute of Canada

Demography
Population
Environmental issues
Bismuth(III) iodide, also known as bismuth triiodide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiI3. It has bismuth and iodide ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Bismuth(III) iodide is a dark gray solid. It is sometimes pale yellow, though. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with other iodides to make iodobismuth(III) ions, BiI52-.

Preparation
It is made by reacting bismuth powder with iodine. It is also made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydroiodic acid. It can also be made by reacting bismuth(III) chloride with any iodide such as potassium iodide.

Uses
It was used in a test for bismuth ions. Bismuth ions form a dark gray precipitate when reacted with potassium iodide because bismuth(III) iodide was made.

Related pages
Bismuth(III) bromide
Bismuth(V) fluoride
Sodium bismuthate
Zinc iodide

Bismuth compounds
Iodine compounds
Bismuth(III) oxide, also known as bismite and bismuth trioxide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Bi2O3. It has bismuth and oxide ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

Properties
Bismuth(III) oxide is a pale yellow solid. It does not dissolve in water. It dissolves in acids to make other bismuth(III) salts. When it is electrolyzed, it makes a bright red solid, bismuth(V) oxide. It has several different crystal structures that have been studied. It reacts with rare earth metal oxides and the products are being studied.

Occurrence

Bismite is the mineral form of bismuth(III) oxide. It is an ore of bismuth. Its Mohs hardness is 4.5 to 5 and its specific gravity is quite high, around 8 or 9. It is made when bismuthinite is oxidized. It was first found in Nevada in 1868.
Preparation
It can be made by reacting sodium hydroxide with a bismuth(III) salt such as bismuth(III) chloride. It can also be made by igniting powdered bismuth metal. Another way of making it is to react bismuth nitrate (made by dissolving bismuth in nitric acid) with concentrated sodium hydroxide.

Uses
Bismuth(III) oxide is used in pyrotechnics to make fireworks that burn with an effect called "dragon's eggs". Lead(II,IV) oxide was used for this in the past, but now is considered too toxic to use. It is also used in research and the making of other bismuth compounds.

Related pages
Bismuth compounds

Bismuth compounds
Oxides
Pharmacoepidemiology studies the use and effects of drugs on large groups of people and patients. It assesses probability of beneficial and adverse effects, and risks for humans while using a particular drug. 

Pharmacoepidemiology bridges pharmacology and epidemiology and borrows their methodology from both of them. It uses descriptive epidemiological method by describing exposure to a drug and by calculating rates, e.g., incidence and prevalence. Such descriptive method generates hypothesis about influence of the drug, but does not test it. Pharmacoepidemiology also uses analytic epidemiological method by means of observation (case-control and cohort studies) and experimentation (clinical trial). The analytic study compares an exposed group with a control group and serves as testing of the hypothesis.
Pharmacoepidemiology provides pharmacovigilance, the later is a type of continual monitoring of unwanted effects and other safety-related aspects of drugs in current growing integrating markets.  Pharmacovigilance is conducted by spontaneous reporting systems through health care professionals and others which report adverse drug reactions to the central agency. The central agency combines reports from many sources to produce a more informative profile for drug products.

Pharmacology
Epidemiology
Tufa is a porous variety of limestone. It is formed by the precipitation of carbonate minerals from water at normal temperatures.

Geothermally heated hot springs sometimes produce similar (but less porous) carbonate deposits known as travertine.

Do not confuse with the rock made of volcanic ash, which is called tuff.

Carbonate rocks
Sedimentary rocks
The Renault Espace is an MPV produced by Renault since 1984. It is available with up to seven seats and with 4- and 6-cylinder petrol and diesel engines. The Espace was Europes first MPV and debuted shortly after the Dodge Caravan in the US. The first generation was made from 1984 to 1991. The second generation was made between 1991 and 1996. The third generation was made from 1996 to 2002 and was the first to offer a bigger version called the Grand Espace. The fourth generation was the longest running model sold between 2002 and 2014 and received facelifts in 2006 and 2012. It is currently in its fifth generation launched in early 2015 but this version is not sold in the UK with right-hand drive. In 2023, Espace VI, a 7-seater Austral is due to take over.

Generations

Espace
1980s automobiles
1990s automobiles
2000s automobiles
2010s automobiles
Grey's Anatomy is an American television series. It is a story about surgeons in Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital (previously Seattle Grace-Mercy West Hospital) ( which was previously Seattle Grace Hospital). It was created by Shonda Rhimes. It has been on ABC since March 2005.

About the series
This successful television series is about hardworking doctors at a Seattle hospital, who work to heal many patients. They do surgery,  and every case has its difficulties and problems. Through this hectic life, they develop friendships and even sometimes love.

The show was created by Shonda Rhimes. The American show has mainly been filmed in Los Angeles, California and has been presented by the popular television producer ABC (American Broadcasting Company).
The series has had much success, including 18 seasons, 400 episodes and it is renewed for a ninetheenth season wich will begin on October 6, 2022. It started on March 27th, 2005. The TV show won a Golden Globe Award in 2007 for the best dramatic TV series and it also has been awarded two nominations at the Emmy Awards for the same reason. This dramatic medical comedy has been produced in many languages and many countries, like Belgium, France and Switzerland.

Grey’s Anatomy got its name from a textbook by Henry Gray, written in 1858, which reached its 40th edition in 2008. The title of the text is Anatomy of the Human Body. It has many surgical applications, and is a medicinal classic of the human anatomy.

Cast

Other websites
 
 Answers website: "Henry Gray"
2005 American television series debuts
2000s American drama television series
2000s American workplace television series
2000s medical television series
2000s romance television series
2000s soap operas
2000s workplace drama television series
2010s American drama television series
2010s American workplace television series
2010s medical television series
2010s romance television series
2010s soap operas
2010s workplace drama television series
American medical television series
American workplace drama television series
Emmy Award winning programs
Golden Globe Award winning programs
Television series set in Seattle
English-language television programs
ABC network series
Ian Kevin Curtis (15 July 1956 – 18 May 1980) was the singer of the post-punk band Joy Division. He was born in Stretford, Lancashire and grew up in Macclesfield, Cheshire. He suffered with epilepsy and committed suicide by hanging in Macclesfield in May 1980, aged 23, after the illness became severe. After this, Joy Division broke up. In 2007, a film about Curtis' life, named Control, was released. It made $8,159,508 and won five British Independent Film Awards.

References

1956 births
1980 deaths
English guitarists
English rock musicians
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Cheshire
Musicians from Lancashire
Musicians who committed suicide
Suicides by hanging in the United Kingdom
In ecology, the carrying capacity of an environment is the number of organisms of a particular species that can live there depending on the amount of resources it has. If too many organisms live in an environment, it is called overpopulation.

The carrying capacity of an environment can change, and humans can have an effect on the carrying capacity. For example, agriculture and irrigation allow feeding more people; meaning the human carrying capacity is increased.

Some things that can change an environment's carrying capacity are pollution and the use of natural resources.

References

Ecology
Gordon Freeman is the main hero of the Half-Life video game series. He is a theoretical physicist from MIT. During the series, Gordon must win in hard situations, often without backup. To try to make the game more belivable, the character never speaks, and there are no cut scenes, all action is seen as if the player was Gordon, with the player being in control of Gordon's actions at nearly all times. 

The character is seen first as a theoretical physicist working at Black Mesa Research Facility and working in an experiment which accidentally opens an portal, releasing confused, harmful aliens into Black Mesa. In the first Half-Life, Gordon Freeman fights through the facility with other workers, fighting the aliens as well as a military unit sent in to stop the incident and silence any surviving witnesses. In the second game, Half-Life 2, Gordon is introduced to a military world years after the Black Mesa incident, along with a force known as the Combine that took over the world.
Video game characters
Half-Life series
Joe Tallari (born October 5, 1980 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey player.

Playing career 
In 2001 Tallari began his career playing for Niagara University where he was team's senior captain. Tallari moved to the Hartford Wolf Pack, the farm team for the New York Rangers. He stayed for just one season before moving to the Johnstown Chiefs of the ECHL, where he again topped the 50 point mark.

Over the following three seasons, Tallari switched between teams in the ECHL and the AHL, spending time with the Cleveland Barons, the Bridgeport Sound Tigers (on two occasions) and the Las Vegas Wranglers.  He then moved to Europe, signing with the Manchester Phoenix in the summer of 2007 to play under Tony Hand.  Tallari finished the season as the EIHL's second highest goal scorer, with 55 goals and 38 assists in 59 games.  This performance won Tallari the 'Best Newcomer' award at the 2008 Man of Ice Awards and ensured his selection for the 2007-08 EIHL All-Star team.
In April 2008 it was announced that Tallari would leave Manchester to sign for the Hockey Club Pustertal-Val Pusteria in order to try and qualify for the Italian national team. On 07 May 2009 he left Hockey Club Pustertal-Val Pusteria and signed a contract with HC Eppan Pirats Internorm.

References

Other websites

Arrivederci Joe, Tallari Lands Italian Dream   EIHL Official Website, 11/04/08.

1980 births
American Hockey League players
Bridgeport Sound Tigers players
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Cleveland Barons (2001–2006) players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
ECHL players
Defenestration is the action of throwing something, especially a person, out of a window. The word comes from the Latin de- (down or away from) and fenestra (window or opening).

History of the word
The word comes from two events in history that took place in Prague. In 1419, seven town officials were thrown from the town hall, which started the Hussite War. In 1618, two Imperial governors and their secretary were thrown from Prague Castle, which started the Thirty Years War. Both events, particularly the one in 1618, were called the Defenestration of Prague and gave rise to the word and to the idea.

Other famous defenestrations
The Bible describes the defenestration of Jezebel at Jezreel by her own servants at the urging of Jehu (2 Kings 9:33).
 Several chronicles, notably the Annals of Westhide Abbey, state that King John killed his nephew, Arthur of Brittany, by throwing him from a window in the castle at Rouen, France, in 1203.
 In 1378, about 15 of the city leaders were thrown from a window by an angry crowd in Leuven. 
 In 1383, Bishop Dom Martinho was defenestrated by the citizens of Lisbon, who thought that he had helped the enemy when Lisbon was besieged by the Castilians.
 In 1452, King James II of Scotland murdered William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas, with his own hands and threw him out of the window at Stirling Castle.
 On April 26, 1478, after the failure of the "Pazzi conspiracy" to murder the ruler of Florence, Lorenzo de' Medici, Jacopo de' Pazzi was defenestrated.
In 1572, French King Charles IX's friend, the Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, was killed on what is likely the orders of Charles's mother, Catherine de' Medici.  Charles ordered the murder of thousands of Protestants in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre after soldiers had attacked Coligny in his house, stabbed him, and thrown him out of the window.
 On December 1, 1640 in Lisbon supporters of the Duke of Braganza found Miguel de Vasconcelos, the hated Portuguese Secretary of State of the Habsburg Philip III, hidden in a closet. They killed him and defenestrated him. His body was left lying in the street.
 During the Polish January 1863 Uprising, Russian troops threw Frédéric Chopin's piano out the window of a second-story apartment. Tate is remembered in the Polish poet Cyprian Norwid's poem "Chopin's Piano." The composer had left Warsaw and Poland forever shortly before the start of the November 1830 Uprising.
On June 11, 1903, a group of Serbian army officers murdered and defenestrated King Alexander and Queen Draga.
 In 1922, the talian politician and writer Gabriele d'Annunzio was injured after he had been pushed out a window by an unknown person.
 On March 10, 1948, Czechoslovak Foreign Minister Jan Masaryk was found dead and dressed in his pajamas in the courtyard of the Foreign Ministry below his bathroom window. It is now believed that he had been thrown from the window.
 In 1968, the son of China's former paramount leader, Deng Xiaoping, Deng Pufang, was thrown from a window by Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution.
 Shortly before midnight on December 15, 1969, the Italian anarchist Giuseppe Pinelli was seen falling to his death from a fourth-flfloor window of the Milan police station.
 In 1984, Royal Canadian Mounted Police Officer Patrick Kelly was convicted of throwing his wife, Jeanette, over their 17th-floor balcony in Etobicoke.