Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Messenger Kids is a messaging app and platform released by Facebook in December 2017. The platform is designed for a young audience as a safer alternative to the Facebook Messenger platform. Users can register with their first and last names instead of phone numbers. It was initially launched for iPad tablets with the iOS operating system in the United States only, though later support for iPhone and Android devices was added and it was rolled out in Canada, Peru, and Mexico.

Parents have oversight and control, with requirements about identity verification and approval of contacts. There are no in-app purchases nor advertisements, and thus also no data collection for advertising purposes, children's accounts are not visible in search on Facebook, and the child's account does not automatically migrate to a full Facebook account once the child turns 13 years old (the minimum age for Facebook registration). It features augmented reality filters and lenses, along with games and educational content.

Messaging
Trygve Magnus Slagsvold Vedum (born 1 December 1978) is a Norwegian politician. He is a member of the Centre Party. In 2021, he became a minister in the Cabinet of prime minister Støre as Minister of Finance.

He is an MP for Hedmark since 2005. He was leader of the Centre Party since 2014.

References

1978 births
Living people
Norwegian politicians
The Centre Party (, Sp) is a political party in Norway. It is a centrist party.

References

20th-century establishments in Norway
1920 establishments in Europe
Political parties in Norway
Sylvi Listhaug (born 25 December 1977) is a Norwegian politician. She has been the leader of the Progress Party since 2021. She was Minister for the Elderly and Public Health of Norway under Prime Minister Erna Solberg from May to December 2019. She was the Minister of Petroleum and Energy of Norway from December 2019 to January 2020.

References

1977 births
Living people
Norwegian politicians
Aṣ-ṣaḥābah (), were individuals who have met and met the Prophet Muhammad of Islam while he was alive; Accepted Islam at their hands and gained their companionship; But Islamic faith have died while in terms of the Prophet of Islam, the Companions is called.

A 

 Abu Bakr As-Siddiq
 Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr
 Abdullah ibn Ja'far
 Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr
 Abdur Rahman ibn Sakran
 'Abd al-Rahman ibn 'Awf
 Abdullah ibn Abbas
 Abd-Allah ibn Abd-Allah ibn Ubayy
 'Abd Allah ibn 'Amr ibn al-'As
 Abdallah ibn Amir
 Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr

 Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi
 Abdullah ibn Jahsh
 Abdullah ibn Masud
 Abdullah ibn Suhayl
 Abd Allah ibn Hanzala
 Abd Allah ibn Mas'ada al-Fazari
 'Abd Allah ibn Rawahah
 Abdullah ibn Salam
 Abdullah ibn Unais
  Yonis Aden
 Abdullah ibn Amr ibn Haram
Abdullah ibn Zayd
 Abdullah ibn Umar
 Abd-Allah ibn Umm-Maktum
 Abdullah ibn Atik
 Abbad ibn Bishr
 Abu Basir
 Abu Darda
 Abū l-Ṭufayl ʿĀmir b. Wāthila al-Kinānī
 Abîd ibn Hamal
 Abîd ibn Hunay
 
 Abu al-Aas ibn al-Rabiah
 Abu Ayyub al-Ansari
 ‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib
Abu Dardaa
 Abû Dhar al-Ghifârî
 Abu Dujana
 Abu Fuhayra
 Abu Hudhaifah ibn Mughirah
 Abu-Hudhayfah ibn Utbah
 Abu Hurairah
 Abu Jandal ibn Suhail
 Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir
 Abu Musa al-Ashari
 Abu Sa`id al-Khudri
 Abu Salama `Abd Allah ibn `Abd al-Asad
 Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith
 Abu Sufyan ibn Harb
 Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
 Abu Zama' al-Balaui
 
 
 Adî ibn Hâtim at-Tâî
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ahnaf ibn Qais
 
 Ahzâb bin Usaid (pronounced with an alif)
 `Âisha bint Abî Bakr
 Al-'Ala' Al-Hadrami
 Al-Bara' ibn Mâlik al-Ansârî
 Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As
 Ali ibn Abu Talib
 Al-Qa'qa'a ibn Amr at-Tamimi
 Ammar bin Yasir
 Amr bin Al`âs
 Amr ibn al-Jamuh
 Amru bin Ma'adi Yakrib
 Anas ibn Nadhar
 Anas ibn Mâlik
 An-Nu`aymân ibn `Amr
 An-Nu`mân ibn Muqarrin
 
 Aqeel ibn Abi Talib
 Al-Arqam ibn-abil-Arqam
 Asmâ' bint Abî Bakr
 Asmâ' bint Umays
 Asim ibn Thabit
 Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi
 Atiqa bint Zayd
 Attab ibn Asid
 At-Tufayl ibn Amr ad-Dawsi
 Ayman ibn Ubayd
 Ayyash ibn abi Rabiah
 Abu Mihjan as Tsaqafi

B
B 

 Bashir ibn Sa'ad
 
 Bilal ibn Rabah
 Bilal ibn al-Harith

D 

 Dihyah al-Kalbi
 Dhiraar bin Al-Azwar

F 

 Fadl ibn Abbas
 Fatima az-Zahra bint Muhammad

 Fatima bint Al-Aswad
 
 
 
 Fatima bint Asad

 Fayruz ad-Daylami
 Fatimah bint al-Khattab

H 

 Habab ibn Mundhir
 Habib ibn Zayd al-Ansari
 Habibah binte Ubayd-Allah
 Hafsa bint Umar ibn al-Khattab
 Hakim ibn Hizam

 Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb

 Hammanah bint Jahsh

 Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib
 Hanzala Ibn Abi Amir

 Harith ibn Hisham
 Harith ibn Rab'i
 Hashim ibn Utbah
 Hassan ibn Thabit
 Hatib bin Abi Balta'ah
 Hind bint Awf (ar)
 Hind bint Utbah
 Hind bint Hala
 Hisham ibn al-A'as
 Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman
 Hujr ibn 'Adi
 Hasan ibn Ali
 Hussain ibn Ali

I 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ibrahim ibn Muhammad
 
 
 
 Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl
 Imran ibn Husain
 
 
 
 
 Iyad ibn Ghanm

J 

 Jabr
 Jabir ibn Abdullah al-Ansari
 Jafar ibn Abi Talib
 Jubayr ibn Mut'im
 Julaybib
 Jaban al-Kurdi
 Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali

K
K 

 Ka'b ibn Malik
 Ka'b ibn Zuhayr
 Khadijah bint Khuwaylid
 
 Khalid ibn al-Waleed
 Khalid ibn Sa`id
 Kharija bin Huzafa
 Khawlah bint Hakim
 Khubayb ibn Adiy
 Khunais ibn Hudhafa
 Khuzayma ibn Thabit
 Kinana ibn Rabi`
 Khabbab ibn al-Aratt
 Al-Khansa
 Khalid ibn Asid
 Khalid ibn Zayd

L 

 Labid ibn Rabi'a
 Layla bint al-Minhal

 Lubaba bint al-Harith
 Lubaynah

M 

 Malik al-Dar
 Maria al-Qibtiyya
 Malik al-Ashtar
 Maymuna bint al-Harith
 Malik ibn an-Nadr
 Mazin bin Ghadooba
 Miqdad ibn al-Aswad
 Mu`adh ibn `Amr
 Mu`adh ibn Jabal
 Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufiyan
 Mu`awwaz ibn `Amr
 Muhammad ibn Ja'far
 Muhammad ibn Maslamah
 Munabbih ibn Kamil
 Mus`ab ibn `Umair
 Malik bin Huwairith
 Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari
 Muhammad Ibn Talha Ibn Ubaidillah

N 

 Na'ila bint al-Farafisa
 Nauman 
 Najiyah bint al-Walid
 
 Nuaym ibn Masud
 Nu'man ibn Bashir al-Ansari
 Nafi ibn al-Harith
 Nufay ibn al-Harith

R
R 

 Ratan Al Hindi
 Rab'ah ibn Umayah
 Rabiah ibn Kab
 Rabi'ah ibn al-Harith
 Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan
 Rayhanah bint Amr
 Rufaida Al-Aslamia
 Ruqayyah bint Muhammad
 Rumaysa bint Milhan

S
S 

 Sa`sa`a ibn Suhan
 Sa`d ibn Abî Waqâs
 Sa`d ibn ar-Rabi`
 Said ibn Jazied
 Sa`d ibn Malik
 Sa`d ibn Mu`âdh
 Sa`d ibn Ubadah
 Sabra ibn Ma`bad
 Sa`îd ibn Âmir al-Jumahi
 Sa`îd ibn Zayd
 
 Safiyyah bint ‘Abd al-Muttalib
 Safiyya bint Huyayy
 Safwan ibn al-Mu‘attal
 Safwan ibn Umayya
 Salama Abu Hashim
 Salama ibn al-Aqwa
 Salim Mawla Abi Hudhayfah
 
 Salma bint Umays
 Salma bint Sakhri ibn `Amir (Umm al-Khayr)
 Salman al-Fârisî
 Sahl ibn Sa'd
 Sahl ibn Hunaif
 Sahla bint Suhayl
 Salim Al-Rai
 Salit bin 'Amr 'Ala bin Hadrami
 
 
 Samra ibn Jundab
 
 Sawdah bint Zam`a
 As-Sakran ibn Amr
 Shams ibn Uthman
 Shadad ibn Aus
 Shurahbil ibn Hasana
 
 Al-Shifa bint Abdullah
 Sirin bint Sham'un
 Suhayb ar-Rumi
 Suhayl ibn Amr
 Sulafah bint sa'ad
 Sumayyah bint Khayyat
 Sufyan ibn Awf
 Suraqa bin Malik
 Shuja' ibn Wahab al-Asad
 Suwwad ibn qarib
 Sinan Bin Salamah bin Mohbik

T
T 

 Talhah ibn Ubaydullah
 Tamim Abu Ruqayya (see also Bayt Jibrin)
 Tamim al-Ansari
 Tamim al-Dari
 Thabit ibn Arqam
 Thabit ibn Qays
 Thumamah ibn Uthal
 Thuwaybah
 Tufail Ibn Amr Ad- Dawsi

U 

 Ubaydah ibn al-Harith
 Ubayda ibn as-Samit
 
 
 Ubayy ibn Ka'b ibn Qays
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Umar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb
 Umar ibn Harith
 Umayr ibn Sa'd al-Ansari
 Umayr ibn Wahb
 Umamah bint Zaynab
 Umm Ayman (Baraka bint Tha'laba)
 Umm Hakim
 Umm Hani
 Umm Haram
 Umm Kulthum bint Abi Bakr
 Umm Kulthum bint Asim
 Umm Khultum bint Jarwila Khuzima
 Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad
 Umm Kulthum bint Uqba
 Umm Ruman bint `Amir
 Umm Salamah
 Umm Sharik
 Umm Ubays
 Umm ul-Banin
 Ukasha Bin al-Mihsan
 Uqbah ibn Amir
 Urwah ibn Mas'ud
 Usama ibn Zayd
 Utbah ibn Ghazwan
 Utban ibn Malik
 
 Uthman ibn Affan
 Uthman ibn Hunayf
 Uthman ibn Madh'un
 Uthman ibn Talha

W 

 Wahb ibn Sa'd
 Wahb ibn Umayr
 Wahshi ibn Harb
 Walid ibn Uqba
 Walid ibn al Walid

Y 

 Yasir ibn Amir
 Yazid ibn Ruqaisy

Z
Z 

 Zayd al-Khayr
 Zayd ibn al-Khattab
 Zayd ibn Arqam
 Zayd ibn Harithah
 Zayd ibn Thabit
 
 Zaynab bint Ali
 Zaynab bint Jahsh
 Zaynab bint Khuzayma
 Zaynab bint Muhammad
 Zish Shamalain
 Ziyad ibn Labid al-Ansari
 Zubair ibn al-Awam
 Zunairah al-Rumiya

Other websites 

 The lives of the Sahaba, by Muhammad Yusuf Kandhelvi.
  Sahaba, by Muhammad bin Ali Al-Shukani

People from Mecca
People from Medina

Reference
The Progress Party, commonly shortened as FrP, is a right-wing political party in Norway. The party is classical-liberal or libertarian.

References

Political parties in Norway
Audun Bjørlo Lysbakken (born 30 September 1977) is a Norwegian politician. He is the leader of the Norwegian Socialist Left Party. His career in national politics began when he was elected to the Norwegian parliament in 2001. In 2006, he became deputy leader of the Socialist Left Party. He was the Minister of Children and Equality from October 2009 to March 2012.

References

1977 births
Living people
Norwegian politicians
Bjørnar Moxnes (born 19 December 1981) is a Norwegian politician and activist. He is a critic of the European Union. In 2012, he became Leader of the Red Party. In 2017, he was elected to the Storting.

References

1981 births
Living people
Politicians from Oslo
Guri Melby (born 3 February 1981) is a Norwegian politician. She was a member of the Liberal Party. She became party leader and Minister of Education in 2020.

References

1981 births
Living people
Politicians from Oslo
The Liberal Party (, V) is a centrist political party in Norway. It was founded in 1884 and it is the oldest political party in Norway. It is a liberal party.

References

19th-century establishments in Norway
1884 establishments in Europe
Political parties in Norway
Liberal parties
Une Aina Bastholm (born 14 January 1986) is a Norwegian politician. In 2020, she became leader of Miljøpartiet De Grønne (Norway's Green party). She has represented Oslo in Stortinget (the Norwegian legislature) since 2017.

References

1986 births
Living people
Politicians from Oslo
The Christian Democratic Party is a Christian-democratic political party in Norway. It was founded in 1933. The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP).

References

20th-century establishments in Norway
1933 establishments in Europe
Christian democratic parties
Political parties in Norway
Kjell Ingolf Ropstad (born 1 June 1985) is a Norwegian politician. He is a member of the Christian Democratic Party. In 2019, he became the Minister of Children, Family and Church Affairs. The same year, he became leader of the Christian Democratic Party. He has been a member of the Norwegian Parliament Stortinget since 2009.

References

1985 births
Living people
Norwegian politicians
Vestland is a county in Norway that was created on 1 January 2020. The county is located in Western Norway and it is centred around the city of Bergen.

References

2020 establishments in Norway
Hedmark () was a county in Norway before 1 January 2020. It bordered Trøndelag to the north, Oppland to the west, Akershus to the south, and Sweden to the east.

References

Former counties of Norway
Innlandet
Aust-Agder (, ) was a county (fylke) in Norway until 1 January 2020. It was merged with Vest-Agder to form Agder county. In 2002, there were 102,945 people living here.

Other websites
Political map
Aust-Agder fylkeskommune (in English)
Photogallery
 

Former counties of Norway
Agder
John Emil List (September 17, 1925 – March 21, 2008) was an American murderer.

Murders and trial
On November 9, 1971, List killed his wife, mother, and three children at their home in Westfield, New Jersey. He then disappeared. A month after the murder, police discovered the dead bodies.

List created a new identity, remarried, and was not arrested for nearly 18 years. He was finally arrested in Virginia on June 1, 1989, after the story of his murders was broadcast on the television program America's Most Wanted. He was convicted on five counts of murders and sentenced to life in prison.

He was known as "The Boogeyman of Westfield."

Death
List died in prison in Trenton, New Jersey on March 21, 2008 from pneumonia at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 Transcript  of the five-page letter penned by List to his pastor following the murders of his family
 Newspaper articles on John List
 John List, famous murder – The Crime Library
1925 births
2008 deaths
American murderers
American people convicted of murder
Criminals from Michigan
Deaths from pneumonia
People from Trenton, New Jersey
Accountants
People who died in prison custody in the United States
is a Japanese politician. He is a member of the House of Representatives since 1969. He was the Leader of the Opposition from 1995 until 1997 and again from 2006 until 2009.

References

1942 births
Living people
Politicians from Tokyo
Gurbanmuhammet Kasymow, also spelled Kurbanmuhammed Kasymov or Gurbanmukhammet Kasimov, (July 30, 1954 – September 2, 2021) was a Turkmen politician and lawyer. He worked in the cabinet of President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov. He was Minister of Internal Affairs from 1993 to 1998, Minister of Defense from 1998 to 1999, and Minister of Justice from 1999 until 2001. 

He was an Ambassador to China from 2001 to 2008 and Ambassador to Kazakhstan from 2008 until 2009.

Kasymow died from problems caused by COVID-19 in Gokje, Turkmenistan on September 2, 2021, at the age of 68.

References

1954 births
2021 deaths
Turkmenistan politicians
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic
Lawyers
Ambassadors
People from Ashgabat
Kurban Bekiyevich Berdyev (, ; born 25 August 1952) is a Turkmen football manager. He is the manager of Kazakhstani club FC Kairat. He holds Russian citizenship. Berdyev is thought to be one of the best football managers in the world.

References

Other websites
 Profile at FC Rubin Kazan site 

1952 births
Living people
Russian football managers
Russian footballers
People from Ashgabat
Djohari Kahar (11 November 1931 – 12 September 2021) was an Indonesian politician. He was a member of Golkar. He was a member of the People's Representative Council and the People's Consultative Assembly from 1982 until 1992. Kahar was born in Solok, Indonesia.

Kahar died on 12 September 2021 in Padang, Indonesia at the age of 89.

References

1931 births
2021 deaths
Indonesian politicians
Parys Sharron Haralson (January 24, 1984 – September 13, 2021) was an American football linebacker. He played for the San Francisco 49ers between 2006 until 2012 and for the New Orleans Saints from 2013 until 2014. Haralson was born in Flora, Mississippi.

Haralson died on September 13, 2021 at the age of 37.

References

1984 births
2021 deaths
American football linebackers
San Francisco 49ers players
New Orleans Saints players
Sportspeople from Mississippi
Flora is a town in Madison County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,886 at the 2010 census.

References

Towns in Mississippi
Ed Badger (born November 5, 1932) is a former American college and professional basketball coach. He was born in West New York, New Jersey and was raised in Chicago. He coached the Chicago Bulls between 1976 until 1978. He also coached the Cincinnati Bearcats between 1978 until 1983.

References

1932 births
Living people
Chicago Bulls head coaches
Sportspeople from New Jersey
Herbert Charles Brown (May 22, 1912 – December 19, 2004) was an American chemist. He won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work with organoboranes.

References

1912 births
2004 deaths
American chemists
Scientists from London
Scientists from Chicago
Naturalized citizens of the United States
Georg Wittig (; 16 June 1897 – 26 August 1987) was a German chemist. He was known for his work the synthesis of alkenes from aldehydes and ketones. It became known as the Wittig reaction. He shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Herbert C. Brown in 1979.

References

1897 births
1987 deaths
German chemists
Scientists from Berlin
Donald John Bacon (born August 16, 1963) is an American politician and former military officer. He is the U.S. Representative for Nebraska's 2nd congressional district since 2017. He was a United States Air Force officer, before his retirement in 2014. Bacon is a member of the Republican Party.

In a December 2020 Washington Post found that Bacon was one of 37 who said Joe Biden won the 2020 election and did not support President Donald Trump's voter fraud claims.

In May 2021, Bacon was one of 35 Republicans who joined all Democrats in voting to approve legislation to create the January 6 commission meant to investigate the storming of the U.S. Capitol. He was one of only a few Republican lawmakers who openly supported the commission.

References

Other websites
Congressman Don Bacon official U.S. House website
Don Bacon for Congress
1963 births
Living people
United States representatives from Nebraska
Politicians from Omaha, Nebraska
Politicians from Illinois
Military people from Illinois
American generals
Republican Party (United States) politicians
The National Commission to Investigate the January 6 Attack on the United States Capitol Complex, known as the January 6 commission, was a proposed commission that would have investigated the 2021 United States Capitol attack. It was proposed on February 15 by Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi, who announced that she planned to create a "9/11-type commission".

It would have had an equal number of Democrats and Republicans. A bill forming the commission passed the House of Representatives on May 19, with all Democrats and 35 Republicans voting in support of it. However, it was blocked by Senate Republicans on May 28, with 54 Senators voting in favor and 35 voting against.

References

2021 United States Capitol attack
Jake Angeli (born Jacob Anthony Angeli Chansley; 1987), also known as the "QAnon Shaman", "Q Shaman", and "Yellowstone Wolf", is an American activist and conspiracy theorist. He took part in the 2021 United States Capitol attack. He is a former supporter of ex-president Donald Trump. He has supported the QAnon conspiracy theory.

After being photographed taking part in the storming of the Capitol, Angeli was arrested on January 9, 2021. He pleaded guilty to a single charge on September 3, 2021.

References

1987 births
Living people
2021 United States Capitol attack
People from Glendale, Arizona
Klete Derik Keller (born March 21, 1982) is an American convicted felon and former competitive swimmer. He won medals at the 2000, 2004, and 2008 Summer Olympics. He was born in Las Vegas, Nevada.

In January 2021, Keller took part in the 2021 United States Capitol attack. He was later arrested and charged with three offenses stemming from his participation. He was indicted on seven charges by a grand jury the following month, and later pleaded guilty to a single charge as part of a plea bargain.

References

1982 births
Living people
American swimmers
American Olympic gold medalists
American Olympic bronze medalists
American Olympic silver medalists
2021 United States Capitol attack
Sportspeople from Las Vegas
Lua Maria Blanco (born March 5, 1987) is a Brazilian actress and singer. She began her career in 2008 in a participation in the telenovela Três Irmãs, in 2009 she acted in Young Hearts, she gained fame in 2011 by playing one of the six protagonists of the telenovela Rebelde Brasil. Lua dated Arthur Aguiar. 

Blanco was born in São Paulo.

Filmography

References

Other websites 
 
 Lua Blanco on Twitter.

1987 births
Living people
Brazilian actors
Brazilian singers
True Crime is a action-adventure video game series, developed by Luxorflux and published by Activision.

Video game series
Because of Him is a 1946 American romantic comedy movie directed by Richard Wallace and starring Deanna Durbin, Charles Laughton, Franchot Tone, Helen Broderick, Stanley Ridges, Donald Meek, Charles Halton. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.

Other websites
Because of Him at IMDb

1946 romantic comedy movies
American romantic comedy movies
Universal Pictures movies
Movies directed by Richard Wallace
Mozambique is a 1965 British South African Portuguese drama movie directed by Robert Lynn and starring Steve Cochran, Hildegard Knef, Gert Van den Bergh, Paul Hubschmid, Vivi Bach.

Other websites
 

1965 drama movies
British drama movies
South African movies
Portuguese movies
Movies set in Mozambique
Dongargaon is a small village in Rajnandgaon, Chhattisgarh, India with a population of 14,693.

References 

Villages in India
Settlements in Chhattisgarh
Rajnandgaon is a city in Chhattisgarh, India with the population of 163,122.

References 

Cities in Chhattisgarh
Diyu (traditional Chinese: 地獄; "earth prison") is hell in Chinese mythology. It is based on Naraka concept about the afterlife.

Diyu looks like an underground maze with many chambers. Souls are taken here to atone their sins during their life.

Afterlife
Buddhism
Chinese mythology
The exploitation of natural resources is the use of natural resources for economic growth, sometimes with a negative result in regards with the environment. It started to come out on an industrial scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of raw materials (such as in mining, steam power, and machinery) developed much further than it had in preindustrial areas. During the 20th century, energy use quickly increased. Today, about 80% of the world's energy use is sustained by the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and natural gas.

Natural resources
Zayd ibn Harithah (, ) (c. 581–629 CE), was a Companion of the Prophet of Islam and his adopted son. He is the only Companion whose name appears in the Qur'an.

Family tree 

 * indicates that the marriage order is disputed
 Note that direct lineage is marked in bold.

References

Further reading 

 Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford University Press, 1953
 Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press, 1956
 Lings, Martin. The life of Muhammad from the earliest sources.
 

629 deaths
Family of Muhammad
581 births
Qasim ibn Muhammad (), was the son of Muhammad and Khadija bint Khuwaylid. He died in 601 CE (before the start of his father's prophethood in 609), after his third birthday and is buried in Jannat al-Mu'alla cemetery, Mecca, Saudi Arabia. He was Muhammad's first child. That is why Prophet Muhammad's nickname or Kunia was A'bul Qasim. Qasim was born before the Prophethood and died in Makkah as a child.

Reference 
Children of Muhammad
598 births
601 deaths
People from Mecca
The history of the Catholic Church is the formation, events, and change of the Catholic Church through time.

The Catholic Church began with Jesus Christ and his teachings. It is a continuation of the early Christian community established by the Disciples of Jesus. The Church believes its bishops to be the successors to Jesus's apostles and the Church's leader, the Bishop of Rome (also known as the Pope), to be the only successor to Saint Peter who ministered in Rome in the first century AD after his appointment by Jesus as head of the Church.

Christianity spread throughout the early Roman Empire, with all persecutions due to conflicts with the pagan state religion. In 313, the persecutions were lessened by the Edict of Milan with the legalization of Christianity by the Emperor Constantine I. In 380, under Emperor Theodosius, Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire by the Edict of Thessalonica.
The battles of Toulouse preserved the Christian west against the Umayyad Muslim army, even though Rome itself was destroyed in 850, and Constantinople attacked. In the 11th century, already difficult relations between the mostly Greek church in the East, and the Latin church in the West, developed into the East-West Schism, partially due to conflicts over the Pope's authority. Before and during the 16th century, the Church started a process of reform and renewal. Reform during the 16th century is known as the Counter-Reformation. In later centuries, Catholicism spread widely across the world even though it experienced a reduction of European believers due to the growth of Protestantism and also because of religious doubt and distrust during and after the Enlightenment. The Second Vatican Council in the 1960s introduced the most big changes to Catholic practices since the Council of Trent four centuries before.

Church beginnings

Origins
Origins

Early organization 
According to Catholic tradition, the Catholic Church was founded by Jesus Christ. The New Testament narrates about Jesus' activities, teaching, his appointment of the twelve Apostles, and his instructions to them to continue his work. The Catholic Church teaches that Pentocost signaled the beginning of the public ministry of the Church. In this event, the Holy Spirit came upon the apostles.

According to the Catholic Church, Christ desginated Peter as the "rock" upon which he would build his church. Catholics hold that Saint Peter was Rome's first bishop. He started the unbroken line which includes the current pontiff, Pope Francis. That is, the Catholic Church maintains the apostolic succession of the Bishop of Rome, the Pope, who is the successor to Saint Peter.
Conditions in the Roman Empire facilitated the spread of new ideas. The empire's network of roads and waterways allowed easier travel. Also, the Pax Romana made it safe to travel from one region to another. The government had encouraged inhabitants to learn Greek. Having a  common language allowed ideas to be more easily expressed. Jesus's apostles gained converts in Jewish communities around the Mediterranean Sea. They established over 40 Christian communities by 100. Although most of these were in the Roman Empire, notable Christian communities were also established in Armenia, Iran and along the Indian Malabar Coast. The new religion was most successful in urban areas and it spread first among slaves and people of low social standing, and then among aristocratic women.

At first, Christians continued to worship alongside Jewish believers. However, twenty years after Jesus's death, Sunday was being regarded as the primary day of worship.
Christianity established itself as a separate religion when  preachers such as Paul of Tarsus began converting Gentiles . To solve doctrinal differences, around year 50 the apostles gathered  in the first Church council, the Council of Jerusalem. This council affirmed that Gentiles could become Christians without adopting all of the Mosaic Law.

The early Christian Church was not very organized. This resulted  in diverse interpretations of Christian beliefs. To have more consistency, by the end of the 2nd century Christian communities had developed a more structured hierarchy. The organization of the Church began to mimic that of the Empire. The churches in Antioch, Alexandria, and Rome were the most important. To solve problems about doctrine or policy, bishops often congregated in regional synods. This happened from the beginning of the 2nd century. By the 3r century,  the bishop of Rome began to be asked about problems that other bishops could not resolve.
Influential theologians, named Church Fathers, refined the doctrine. From the year 100, some teachers such as Ignatius of Antioch and Irenaeus defined Catholic teaching. This was done by opposing them to opposed them to Gnosticism.

Theological apologists consolidated teachings and traditons. Among them we can find Pope Clement I and Augustine of Hippo.

Persecutions 
Christianity required its adherents to renounce all other gods. This was adopted from Judaism and was different from most religions in the Roman Empire.

As Christians refuse to join pagan celebrations, they weren't able to take part in much of public life. This caused non-Christians to fear that Christians were angering the gods (this meant a threat to the peace and prosperity of the Empire).
Due to its secrecy, Christians were accused of practising incest and cannibalism.
In the 3rd century, Christians were persecuted by order of the emperors. They hold them responsible for the Empire's crises. All residents were ordered to give sacrifices or be punished. Jews were exempted as long as they paid the Jewish Tax. Estimates of the number of Christians who were executed ranges from a few hundred to 50,000. Many fled or renounced their beliefs. 

In spite of these persecutions, evangelization efforts persisted. This led to the Edict of Milan which legalized Christianity in 313. By 380, Christianity had become the state religion of the Roman Empire.
Late antiquity 
When Constantine became emperor of the Western Roman Empire in 312, he attributed his victory to the Christian God. Many soldiers in his army were Christians, and his army was his base of power. With Licinius, (Eastern Roman emperor), he issued the Edict of Milan which mandated toleration of all religions in the empire. The edict had little effect on the attitudes of the people. New laws were issued to codify some Christian beliefs and practices. 

Constantine's biggest effect on Christianity was his patronage:
 He gave land and money to the Church;
 He offered tax exemptions to ecclesiastical property and personnel.
These gifts and later ones combined made the Church the largest landowner in the West by the 6th century.

In a reflection of their increased power in the Empire, clergy began to adopt the dress of the royal household.
During Constantine's reign, more or less half of the Christians Christian did not subscribe to the official church. Constantine feared that disunity would displease God, so he eliminated some sects. To resolve other disputes, Constantine began the practice of calling ecumenical councils. These councils determined  obligatory interpretations of Church doctrine.

Decisions made at the Council of Nicea (325) about the divinity of Christ led to a schism. The new religion, Arianism flourished outside the Roman Empire. Partially to distinguish themselves from Arians, Catholic devotion to Mary became more important. This was the cause to further schisms.
In 380, mainstream Christianity (as opposed to Arianism) became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Christianity became more associated with the Empire. This was the reason why  Christians living outside of the empire were persecuted, becasuse their rulers feared they would revolt in favor of the Emperor. In 385, capital punishment was first used upon a Christian 'heretic', namely Priscillian.
During this period, the Bible as we know it today was first officially  arranged  in Church Councils or Synods. This was done through the process of official 'canonization'. Prior to these Councils or Synods, the Bible had already reached a form that was nearly identical to its current one:
 in 382 the Council of Rome first officially recognized the Biblical canon, listing the accepted books of the Old and New Testament, 
 in 391 the Vulgate Latin translation of the Bible was made.
 Other accounts list the Council of Carthage of 397 as the Council that finalized the Biblical canon as it is known today.
The Council of Ephesus in 431 declared that  Jesus was both fully man and fully God. Two decades later, the Council of Chalcedon solidified Roman papal primacy. This added to continuing breakdown in relations between Rome and Constantinople, the seat of the Eastern Church. The Monophysite disagreements over the precise nature of the incarnation of Jesus led to the first of the various Oriental Orthodox Churches breaking away from the Catholic Church.
Middle Ages

Early Middle Ages 
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, trinitarian Christianity and Arian Christianity  competed  for the conversion of the barbarian tribes. The 496 conversion of Clovis I, pagan king of the Franks, saw the beginning of a steady rise of the faith in the West.
In 530, Saint Benedict wrote his Rule of St Benedict as a practical guide for monastic community life. Its message spread to monasteries throughout Europe. Monasteries became major conduits of civilization. They preserved craft and artistic skills and maintained intellectual culture. They functioned as  spiritual , agricultural, economic and production centers. During this period the Visigoths and Lombards moved away from Arianism for Catholicism. Pope Gregory the Great reformed the ecclesiastical structures and administration. Then, he launched renewed missionary efforts. Missionaries such as Augustine of Canterbury, who was sent to begin the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons, others took Christianity into northern Europe. They spread Catholicism among the Germanic, and Slavic peoples. The Synod of Whitby of 664 was decisive for the reintegration of the Celtic Church of the British Isles into the Roman hierarchy,
. And in Italy, the 728 Donation of Sutri and the 756 Donation of Pepin left the papacy in charge a sizable kingdom. The Donation of Constantine further consolidated  the papal position over the western part of the former Roman Empire.
The papacy acquired a new protector in the West with the coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III in 800 and the handing over of the keys to the Tomb of Saint Peter. This freed the pontiffs from the power of the emperor in Constantinople. However, it also led to a schism, because the emperors and patriarchs of Constantinople interpreted themselves as the true descendants of the Roman Empire. Pope Nicholas I had refused to recognize Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople, who in turn had attacked the pope as a heretic. This was because he kept the filioque in the creed, which referred to the Holy Spirit emanating from God the Father and the Son. The papacy was strengthened through this new alliance, which in the long term created a new problem for the Popes. This was that, in the Investiture controversy, succeeding emperors sought to appoint bishops and even future popes
. After the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire and repeated incursions of Islamic forces into Italy, the papacy, without any protection, entered a phase of major weakness.
High Middle Ages 
The Cluniac reform of monasteries that began in 910 placed abbots under the direct control of the pope rather than the secular control of feudal lords. This eliminated a major source of corruption and sparked a great monastic renewal. Monasteries, convents and cathedrals still operated all schools and libraries. They also often functioned as credit establishments promoting economic growth. After 1100, some older cathedral schools were divided into:
 lower grammar schools, and
 higher schools for advanced learning. Many of these higher schools developed into universities. It was here where notable theologians worked to explain the connection between human experience and faith. The most notable of these theologians, Thomas Aquinas, produced Summa Theologica, which synthesized of Aristotelian thought and the Gospel. Monastic contributions to western society included:
 the teaching of metallurgy,
 the introduction of new crops,
 the invention of musical notation, and
During the 11th century, the East–West schism divided Christianity  forever. It started with a dispute on whether Constantinople or Rome held jurisdiction over the church in Sicily. This led to mutual excommunications in 1054. The Western (Latin) branch of Christianity has since become known as the Catholic Church. The Eastern (Greek) branch became known as the Orthodox Church. The Second Council of Lyon (1274) and the Council of Florence (1439) both failed to heal the schism. Some Eastern churches have since reunited with the Catholic Church, and others claim never to have been out of communion with the pope. Officially, the two churches remain in schism, although excommunications were mutually lifted in 1965.
The 11th century saw the Investiture controversy between Emperor and Pope over the right to make church appointments. This was the  first major phase of the struggle between Church and state in medieval Europe. The Papacy were the initial victors. However,  Italians divided between Guelphs and Ghibellines in factions that lasted  until the end of the Middle Ages. The dispute gradually weakened the Papacy, not least by drawing it into politics.
Two new orders of architecture emerged from the Church of this era. The earlier Romanesque style combined massive walls, rounded arches and ceilings of masonry. To compensate for the absence of large windows, interiors were painted with scenes from the Bible and the lives of the saints. Later, the Basilique Saint-Denis marked a new trend in cathedral building when it utilized Gothic architecture.  In other developments, the 12th century saw the founding of eight new monastic orders. Many of them functioned as Military Knights of the Crusades. Cistercian monk Bernard of Clairvaux had great influence over the new orders and produced reforms to ensure purity of purpose. His influence led Pope Alexander III to begin reforms that would lead to the establishment of canon law. In the following century, new mendicant orders were founded by Francis of Assisi and Dominic de Guzmán which brought consecrated religious life into urban settings.
Catharism  grew in Languedoc in the 12th-century.  The Inquisition originated during the period of struggle against this heresy. After the Cathars were accused of murdering a papal legate in 1208, Pope Innocent III declared the Albigensian Crusade. Abuses committed during the crusade caused Innocent III to informally institute the first papal inquisition to prevent future massacres and root out the remaining Cathars. Formalized under Gregory IX, this Medieval inquisition executed an average of three people per year for heresy at its height. Over time, other inquisitions were launched by the Church or secular rulers. Its main objectives were to prosecute heretics, to respond to the threat of Moorish invasion or for political purposes. The accused were encouraged to renounce their heresy and those who did not could be punished by penance, fines, imprisonment or execution by burning.
A growing sense of church-state conflicts marked the 14th century. To escape instability in Rome, Clement V in 1309 became the first of seven popes to reside in the fortified city of Avignon in southern France. This period was known as the Avignon Papacy. The papacy returned to Rome in 1378 at the urging of Catherine of Siena and others who felt the See of Peter should be in the Roman church. With the death of Pope Gregory XI later that year, the papal election was disputed between supporters of Italian and French-backed candidates. This led to the Western Schism. For 38 years, separate claimants to the papal throne sat in Rome and Avignon. Efforts at resolution further complicated the issue when a third compromise pope was elected in 1409. The matter was finally resolved in 1417 at the Council of Constance. There,  the cardinals asked all three claimants to the papal throne to resign, and held a new election naming Martin V pope.

Renaissance and reforms
In 1521, through the leadership and preaching of the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, the first Catholics were baptized in what became the first Christian nation in Southeast Asia, the Philippines. The following year, Franciscan missionaries arrived in what is now Mexico, and sought to convert the Indians and to provide for their well-being by establishing schools and hospitals. They taught the Indians better farming methods, and easier ways of weaving and making pottery. Because some people questioned whether the Indians were truly human and deserved baptism, Pope Paul III in the papal bull Veritas Ipsa or Sublimis Deus (1537) confirmed that the Indians were deserving people. Afterward, the conversion effort gained momentum.  Over the next 150 years, the missions expanded into southwestern North America. In India, Portuguese missionaries and the Spanish Jesuit Francis Xavier evangelized among non-Christians and a Christian community which claimed to have been established by Thomas the Apostle.
In Europe, the Renaissance marked a period of renewed interest in ancient and classical learning. It also brought a re-examination of accepted beliefs. Cathedrals and churches had long served as picture books and art galleries for millions of the uneducated.  The Church sponsored great Renaissance artists like Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Although Church leaders were able to promote Renaissance humanism, there were also conflicts between clerics and humanists. In 1509, a well known scholar of the age, Erasmus, wrote The Praise of Folly, a work which captured a widely held unease about corruption in the Church. The Papacy itself was questioned by conciliarism expressed in the councils of Constance and the Basel. Real reforms during these ecumenical councils and the Fifth Lateran Council were attempted several times but prevented
. They were seen as necessary but did not succeed in large measure because of internal feuds, ongoing conflicts with the Ottoman Empire and Saracenes and the simony and nepotism practiced in the Renaissance Church of the 15th and early 16th centuries. As a result, rich, powerful and worldly men like Roderigo Borgia (Pope Alexander VI) were able to win election to the papacy.
Reformation era wars 
The Fifth Lateran Council issued some but only minor reforms in March 1517. A few months later, on 31 October 1517, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five Theses in public, hoping to spark debate. His theses protested key points of Catholic doctrine as well as the sale of indulgences. Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, and others also criticized Catholic teachings. These challenges, supported by powerful political forces in the region, developed into the Protestant Reformation. During this era, many people emigrated from their homes to areas which tolerated or practiced their faith.

In Germany, the Reformation led to war between the Protestant Schmalkaldic League and the Catholic Emperor Charles V. The first nine-year war ended in 1555 . However, continued tensions produced a far graver conflict, the Thirty Years' War, which broke out in 1618. In the Netherlands, the wars of the Counter-Reformation were the Dutch Revolt and the Eighty Years' War.
The English Reformation was based on Henry VIII's desire for annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. It was initially more of a political, and later a theological dispute. The Acts of Supremacy made the English monarch head of the English church thereby establishing the Church of England. Then, beginning in 1536, some 825 monasteries throughout England, Wales and Ireland were dissolved and Catholic churches were confiscated.When he died in 1547 all monasteries, friaries, convents of nuns and shrines were destroyed or dissolved. Mary I of England reunited the Church of England with Rome and persecuted Protestants during the Marian Persecutions. After some provocation, the following monarch, Elizabeth I enforced the Act of Supremacy. This prevented Catholics from becoming members of professions, holding public office, voting or educating their children
. Executions of Catholics and dissenting Protestants under Elizabeth I, who reigned much longer, then surpassed the Marian persecutions and persisted under the following English monarchs. Elizabeth I also executed other Penal laws were also enacted in Ireland but were less effective than in England. In part because the Irish people associated Catholicism with nationhood and national identity, they resisted persistent English efforts to eliminate the Catholic Church.
Council of Trent 
The Council of Trent (1545–1563) became the driving-force of the Counter-Reformation, and reaffirmed central Catholic doctrines such as transubstantiation, and the need for love and hope as well as faith to attain salvation. It also reformed many other areas of importance to the Church. It did so by improving the education of the clergy and consolidating the central jurisdiction of the Roman Curia.
Elsewhere, Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier introduced the Catholic Church in Japan. Church growth came to a halt in 1597 under the Shogun Toyotomi Hideyoshi who, in an effort to isolate the country from foreign influences, launched a severe persecution of Christians. Japanese were forbidden to leave the country and Europeans were forbidden to enter. Despite this, a minority Christian population survived into the 19th century when Japan opened more to outside influence, and they continue to the present day.

Baroque, Enlightenment and revolutions

Marian devotions 
The Council of Trent generated a revival of religious life and Marian devotions in the Catholic Church. During the Reformation, the Church had defended its Marian beliefs against Protestant views.
Enlightenment secularism 
The Enlightenment constituted a new challenge of the Church. Unlike the Protestant Reformation, the enlightenment questioned Christianity as a whole. Generally, it elevated human reason above divine revelation. It also and down-graded religious authorities such as the papacy based on it.

Toward the latter part of the 17th century, Pope Innocent XI saw increasing Turkish attacks against Europe as a threat for the Church. He built a Polish-Austrian coalition for the Turkish defeat at Vienna in 1683. Innocent X and Clement XI fought against Jansenism and Gallicanism. Both supported Conciliarism, and rejected papal primacy. This weakened the Church's ability to respond to gallicanist thinkers such as Denis Diderot, who challenged fundamental doctrines of the Church.
The anti-clericalism of the French Revolution  promoted the nationalisation of church property and attempts to establish a state-run church. Large numbers of priests refused to take an oath of compliance to the National Assembly, leading to the Church being outlawed and replaced by a new religion of the worship of "Reason" but it never gained popularity. In this period, all monasteries were destroyed, 30,000 priests were exiled and hundreds more were killed. When Pope Pius VI sided against the revolution in the First Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Italy. The 82-year-old pope was taken as a prisoner to France in February 1798 and soon died. To win popular support for his rule, Napoleon re-established the Catholic Church in France through the Concordat of 1801. The church lands were never returned, however the priests and other religious were given salaries by the government, which maintained church properties through tax revenues. Catholics were allowed to continue some of their schools
. The end of the Napoleonic wars, signaled by the Congress of Vienna, brought Catholic revival and the return of the Papal States to the pope; the Jesuits were restored.
Throughout the lifetime of the Third Republic there were battles over the status of the Catholic Church. The French clergy and bishops were linked to the Monarchists. Republicans were based in the anticlerical middle class who saw the Church as a political threat to republicanism and progress. The Republicans detested the church for its political and class affiliations; for them, the church represented outmoded traditions, superstition and monarchism. The Republicans were strengthened by Protestant and Jewish support. Numerous laws were passed to weaken the Catholic Church. Napoleon's 1801 Concordat continued in operation but in 1881, the government cut off salaries to priests it disliked.

The 1882 school laws of Republican Jules Ferry set up a national system of public schools that taught strict puritanical morality but no religion. For a while privately funded Catholic schools were tolerated. Civil marriage became compulsory, divorce was introduced and chaplains were removed from the army.
When Leo XIII became pope in 1878 he tried to calm Church-State relations. In 1884 he told French bishops not to act in a hostile manner to the State. In 1892 he issued an encyclical advising French Catholics to rally to the Republic and defend the Church by participating in Republican politics. This attempt at improving the relationship failed. Deep-rooted suspicions remained on both sides and were inflamed by the Dreyfus Affair. Catholics were for the most part anti-dreyfusard. The Assumptionists published anti-Semitic and anti-republican articles in their journal La Croix. This infuriated Republican politicians, who were eager to take revenge. Often they worked in alliance with Masonic lodges. The Waldeck-Rousseau Ministry (1899–1902) and the Combes Ministry (1902–05) fought with the Vatican over the appointment of bishops. Chaplains were removed from naval and military hospitals (1903–04), and soldiers were ordered not to frequent Catholic clubs (1904)