Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
By season 

Bold indicates the team also won the Constructors' Championship (awarded since ).

 The  and  championships were run to Formula Two regulations.
 Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes.
 Rindt's championship was confirmed two rounds after he had been killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix.
 Michael Schumacher scored 78 points during the  season, 3 points behind Villeneuve, but was disqualified from the championship for deliberately colliding with Villeneuve in the final race of the season, the European Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points.

By driver

By country

By constructor 

Constructors still active in Formula One are in bold.

Records

Youngest Drivers' Champion 

Active drivers are in bold.

Oldest Drivers' Champion 

Active drivers are in bold.

Most Drivers' Championships won in a row
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" |

Active drivers are in bold.

Related pages
 List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions
 Formula One World Championship scoring system

References 

 GrandPrix.com - Grand Prix Encyclopedia 
 Formula1.com - Hall of Fame
 ChicaneF1 - Drivers' Championships 
 Formula 1 Championships
 

Lists of sportspeople
Henry I the Fowler (German: Heinrich der Finkler or Heinrich der Vogler; Latin: Henricius Auceps) (876–2 July 936) was the duke of Saxony from 912 and king of the Germans from 919 until his death. He was the first of the Ottonian Dynasty of German kings and emperors and therefore he is generally considered to be the founder and first king of the medieval German state, that was known until then as East Francia. As he was an eager hunter, he was called "the Fowler" (someone who hunts wildfowl) because it was said he was fixing birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king.

Notes 

876 births
936 deaths

Kings and Queens in Germany
Ottonian dynasty
10th century in Germany‎
A propeller makes an aircraft, ship, or submarine in water or air go by making a big wind or a strong stream. It does this by turning two or more wings very quick.  The blades of a propeller act as rotating wings, and produce force through application of both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law, generating a difference in pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blades.

Other websites 

Aircraft-Info.net - Propeller Aircraft 
Titanic's Propellers

Tools
Aerospace engineering
A fluid is a substance that can move easily and change shape such as water (liquids), or air (gases), or plasmas. They can 'flow'- flow and fluids both come from the same English word roots (Latin: fluere "to flow") and are pronounced similarly. The physics of fluids is called fluid mechanics.

Fluids usually take on the shape of their containers, in contrast to solids which maintain their own shape.

Some things are not exactly fluid and not exactly solid, such as Silly Putty. Powders are made up of small solids that appear to flow but don't actually.

Most fluids have a freezing point. At this temperature it becomes solid.

Related pages 
Superfluidity

Basic physics ideas
Ebony can mean many things:

Ebony (tree), a type of tree
Ebony, a name for the color of the wood of the ebony tree, which is close to black
Ebony (magazine), a magazine for African-American readers
"Ebony and Ivory", a song sung by Stevie Wonder and Sir Paul McCartney
A shelter is a place where someone or something is put in or goes to be kept safe or hidden. It can also be any place where people live that "shelters" (protects) them from any danger such as the weather.

There are different kinds of shelters and they are for used for different reasons.
Picnic Shelters
Women's Shelters
Men's Shelter
Animal Shelters
Homeless shelter
Political Shelters
Religious Shelters
Shelters from War.
Shelters from disasters or emergencies.
bomb shelters and fallout shelters.

Currently, Women's Shelters are found around the United States, United Kingdom, and many other First World countries.  In these places, women are there to hide or are running away from abusive or dangerous situations. In these shelters, they are given food and a place to stay for an amount of time (usually 1-3 months at a time).  They are put into a support group and given a temporary counselor.  There is a high success rate in this type of place.  

Sociology
Buildings and structures
Zaiger's Genetics is an American company that breeds fruit trees. They are in Modesto, California. They have created fruits such as the Aprium (apricot and plum), the Nectarcot (nectarine and apricot), Peacotum (peach, apricot and plum) and the pluot (plum and apricot).

They are dedicated to improving fruit worldwide.

In 2009 Floyd Zaiger was named one of the "top ten most creative people in food" by Fast Company.

Zaiger's Genetics gives fruit tours to commercial growers every Wednesday. An article in Western Fruit Grower titled "Wednesdays With Floyd" described a typical Wednesday with the Zaiger family.

References

Other websites
Family story 

Companies based in California
Agricultural organizations
Fruits
The almond, Prunus dulcis, is a small tree in the family Rosaceae. "Almond" is also the name of the edible and widely cultivated 'nut' of this tree.

Native to Iran and bordering regions, almonds are also grown in places with Mediterranean climates.

The fruit of the almond has an outer hull and a hard shell with the seed or nut inside. Shelling almonds means removing the shell to get the seed. Almonds are sold either shelled  or unshelled.

Description 
The almond tree is about four to 10 meters tall. It has a trunk about 30 centimetres wide. The young twigs are green at first. When they are in their second year, they turn gray. The leaves are three to five inches long. The flowers are white or light pink, 3–5 cm wide with five petals.

Related pages
Amygdalodon (almond teeth)
Almond flour
Almond butter
Almond milk

References

Other websites 

 The Almond Board of California
Prunus is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae. It includes plums, peaches, almonds, apricots and cherries.

Notes

References
 
 .

Other websites
Yellow avens is a type of flowering plant It is found in the warmer areas of North America, Asia and Europe. It is 1 meter (3 feet) tall.

Other websites 
 Distribution map

Rosaceae
Water avens is a type of flowering plant. These flowers are small. They live in or near water.

Rosaceae
An ume (Prunus mume) is a type of Korean and Japanese plum of the family Rosaceae. It starts out as a white flower like an almond. It is also native to China but it is not called "ume" in Chinese.

A lot of people have painted pictures of ume. It is often painted with bamboo next to it.

References

Prunus
Plums
Filipendula is a family of 12 flowering plants in the family Rosaceae. Their flowers are mostly white.  These plants are adapted to moist woodland conditions with partial shade preferred.

Rosaceae
Mountain-mahogany is a family of 6 types of shrub. They are found in the United States and Mexico in very dry areas. They usually grow three to six meters tall but can get as tall as 13 meters.  
Mountain-mahogany is an extremely important upland forage for New Mexico Mule Deer and to a lesser extent American Elk.

Rosaceae
Shrubs
Dryas is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae.

There are three species and one hybrid:
Dryas drummondii – Drummond's avens
Dryas integrifolia – Entire-leaved avens
Dryas octopetala – Mountain avens
Dryas × suendermannii – D. drummondii × D. octopetala

Rosaceae
Acaena is a group of shrubs. They are in the family of Rosaceae.

Rosaceae
The Yellow Rose of Texas (Harison's Yellow) is a flower in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of yellow rose. It is often found around homes in the American state of Texas and along trails in the state of Oregon. It is also called the Oregon Trail Rose.

Also mentioned in country songs such as Solid Country Gold by Shooter Jennings and Texas Pride by Miranda Lambert.

References

Roses
The Ya pear or Chinese white pear is a type of pear. It is found in northern China, where it is grown for food. These pears are very crunchy, juicy, and fragrant. They have a skin that is pale white to light yellow, and the inside is white.

Ya pears are sold everywhere in China, and can also be found in shops outside China. Outside China, they are often called Asian pears or Chinese pears.

Pears
D'Anjou (also known as the poire d'Anjou or Beurré d'Anjou) is a type fruit in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of pear that first came from Anjou,France. D'Anjou pears usually cost less than other types of pears, but are not as sweet. There are two main varieties of D'Anjou:

Green Anjou has a green skin that may turn yellow as the pear ripens.
Red Anjou has a red skin that darkens as it ripens.

Pears
Roseraie du Val-de-Marne is a garden of roses. It was created in 1894 in L'Haÿ-les-Roses, Val-de-Marne, France. It is said to be the first garden created only for roses.

Roseraie du Val-de-Marne has 13,100 rose bushes of 3200 different kinds of roses. The garden has modern French and foreign roses on one side, the formal rose garden with a reflecting pool in the center, and the old garden roses and classic roses on the other side.

Related pages 
 List of botanical gardens

Other websites 
 Roseraie du Val-de-Marne Website
 Arena Roses website with photos
 Town council website for Roseraie de L'Haÿ  

Botanical gardens in Europe
Buildings and structures in France
Val-de-Marne
Monochrome comes from the two Greek words mono (meaning "one") and chroma (meaning "surface" or "the colour of the skin"). If something is monochromatic, it only has a single color. 

In physics, the word is used when talking about electromagnetic radiation of a single wavelength. 

For an image, the term monochrome usually means the same as black-and-white or grayscale. It may also be used when talking about other combinations that only have two colors, for example, green-and-white or green-and-black. In computing, monochrome has two meanings:

It may mean having only one color which is either on or off.  If it also has shades of that color, then it is called grayscale.
A monochrome computer monitor can only show a single color, often green, amber, red or white. It can often also show shades of that color.

Color
A semitone 
(British English) (also called a half step or a half tone) is the smallest musical interval used in Western music. It is the distance between two notes which are next to one another in pitch.

A whole tone means a distance of two semitones, i.e. the distance between two notes which are separated by one other note in pitch.

This is easy to see with a picture of a keyboard.  The distance between two white notes that are side by side may be a whole tone (if there is a black note in between them) or a semitone (if there is no black note between).

To go from a C to a C sharp (or D flat) is a semitone.

To go from a C sharp (or D flat) to a D is a semitone.

To go from a C to a D is a tone.

An octave is divided into twelve semitones.  These semitones are exactly equal in size.
Musical intervals are defined by a ratio of frequencies. An octave is a ratio of 2:1, so from 100 Hz to 200 Hz, and from 200 Hz to 400 Hz, are both octaves. A semitone is a ratio of the 12th root of 2 to 1, which is equal to 1.05946:1, so 1000 Hz and 1059.46 Hz are a semitone apart. A musical interval sounds better if the two notes have a small integer ratio. For this reason, it can be approximated by a ratio of 16:15 in just intonation.

Related pages
Scale (music)
Interval (music)
Circle of fifths 
Chromaticism

References

Further reading
Grout, Donald Jay, and Claude V. Palisca. A History of Western Music, 6th ed. New York: Norton, 2001.  .
Hoppin, Richard H. Medieval Music. New York: W.W. Norton, 1978. .

Music theory
Vaud is a canton of Switzerland. It borders the cantons of Geneva, Neuchâtel, Fribourg, Berne and Valais (west to east).  The capital city is Lausanne. About 790,000 people live in the canton. Of these, about 138,000 live in Lausanne. About 82% of the population speak French as their first language.

Districts 
Between 1803 and 2007, the canton of Vaud was formed out of 19 districts:

 Aigle, capital Aigle
 Aubonne, capital Aubonne
 Avenches, capital Avenches
 Cossonay, capital Cossonay
 Echallens, capital Echallens
 Grandson, capital Grandson
 Lausanne, capital Lausanne
 Lavaux, capital Cully
 Morges, capital Morges
 Moudon, capital Moudon
 Nyon, capital Nyon
 Orbe, capital Orbe
 Oron, capital Oron
 Payerne, capital Payerne
 Pays-d'Enhaut, capital Château-d'Œx
 Rolle, capital Rolle
 La Vallée, capital Le Sentier
 Vevey, capital Vevey
 Yverdon, capital Yverdon-les-Bains
But since 2008, there is only 10 districts.
 Aigle, capital Aigle
 Broye-Vully, capital Payerne
 Gros-de-Vaud, capital Echallens
 Jura-Nord vaudois, capital Yverdon-les-Bains
 Lausanne, capital Lausanne
 Lavaux-Oron, capital Cully
 Morges, capital Morges
 Nyon, capital Nyon
 Ouest lausannois, capital Renens
 Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut, capital Vevey

References
Malvern is a town in Worcestershire, England. It is an old Victorian town which was built around its famous water. It has a population of 28,749. It is home to the famous Malvern Hills, and was the birthplace of the composer Sir Edward Elgar.

Other websites 
Malvern Gazette Local Malvern weekly newspaper
Malvern Hills District Council 
Worcestershire County Council  
Malvern Museum
Biking in Malvern 
Malvern Linux Users Group
Malvern Fringe Festival 

Towns in Worcestershire
An airfoil (in American English, or aerofoil in British English) is the shape of a wing, or blade of a propeller, the blade of a ship's screw or the shape of a sail as seen in cross-section. When moving through a fluid it will provide lift and drag. Lift is not only up, it may be in other directions depending on what it is used for. The airfoil has a rounded leading edge (front edge of the wing) to make the airfoil more insensitive to the angle of attack.

Fluid mechanics
Aerospace engineering
Silly Putty (originally called nutty putty) is a silicone plastic "clay", sold as a toy for children by Binney & Smith Inc.. It was created as a scientific accident when scientists in the United States were trying to find a substitute for rubber during World War II.

Description
Silly Putty is sold as a 0.47 oz (13 g) piece of plastic clay inside an egg-shaped plastic container. It is an example of an inorganic plastic (polymer). It has many unusual characteristics. When pressed on comics or other newspaper pages, the loose ink transfers to the Silly Putty, which is then able to be stretched out. It bounces, showing its rubber qualities. It breaks when you give it a sharp blow. It can flow like a liquid when it is slowly stretched and will "melt" into a puddle over a long enough period of time, and so shows properties of non-newtonian liquids.
Other websites 
 Explanations from the Official Website of Silly Putty
 Full story at MIT's Invention Dimension: Silly Putty page
 Various scientific experiments done with Silicone Putty 
 American Chemical Society "What's that stuff?" page about Silly Putty
 Dropping a 50lb beach ball-sized sphere of Silly Putty off a parking garage (pics and video) 

Toys
The Maloideae (which is a Latin plural form) is a traditional name for a subfamily of plants in the rose family (Rosaceae). These plants are shrubs and small trees. The most well known Maloideae are apples and pears. Recently it has been shown that the Maloideae are a part of the traditional subfamily Amygdaloideae, and most botanists no longer use the name Maloideae.

Rosaceae
Trees
A Rowan is a type of fruit-bearing plant in the family Rosaceae. They grow in the cooler areas of Europe and Asia. The fruit is a 4-8 mm diameter ball. It is bright orange or red in most species, but pink, yellow or white in some Asian species. The fruit is soft and juicy.

Fruits
Rosaceae
Fragaria × vescana is a plant in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of strawberry. It is a mix between a Beach Strawberry and a Strawberry that is normal.

Strawberries
.htaccess is a type of computer file for the configuring of some web servers. .htaccess files can be used to create custom error pages, or to prevent visitors from directly linking pictures, also known as hot-linking to their own sites, costing the website owner bandwidth and therefore money.

Preventing direct or Hot-linking 
A .htaccess file is put onto the website, so that people will not be able to go onto the URL of the image (picture) (example: www.website.com/image.filetype). Owners can replace this picture, after they upload the file, with a message, or it can be made to redirect to an error page.

Examples of .htaccess being used

MediaWiki 
By default, MediaWiki uses http://www.example.org/index.php/Main_Page type of URL to display the main page. But by changing the .htaccess and LocalSettings.php, it can display URLs like http://www.example.org/wiki/Main_Page so that it will look nicer (like Wikipedia).
Wordpress 
By default, all posts made in Wordpress uses http://www.example.org/?p=123 to display posts. But it can be changed into URLs like http://www.example.org/2010/06/postname in .htaccess and the permalink setting in the site admin of that blog.

.htaccess 
htaccess file is to cache the image on the browser so that next time the website does not take much time to load.

References 

Internet
A butcher is person whose job is to prepare and sell meat. Some butchers also kill the animals the meat is from. Butchers also prepare sausages, and other meat-products.

Food-related occupations
Hotlinking is an internet term. It means displaying an image on a website by linking to the website hosting the image. The link gets the source data of the picture each time it is needed.
 
This avoids having the image on every website which uses it. So, a website owner uses a link to the picture such as http://example.com/picture.jpg. When the hotlinking website is loaded, the image is loaded from the original website, which uses its bandwidth, so it costs the hotlinked website money. For this reason many website owners use .htaccess files to prevent hotlinking. In some cases website owners use the .htaccess file to replace any hotlinked images with an offensive image to deter any other website owners from hotlinking. Hotlinked images are usually hosted on sites like imgur.

The original image may be owned by the original website. It might be wrong to make a copy of the original image file for use on a different web page, without being careful to get proper permission.
Hotlinking can also be used for file types other than images, including documents and videos.

Example 
Hotlinking is known as the act of using another website's bandwidth by linking directly to their website's assets, such as images or videos. For example, say the owner of website A is hosting a particular image on their server. The owner of website B sees that image and decides they want it on their website as well. However, instead of downloading the image and hosting it on their own server, the owner of website B links directly to website A's domain. Therefore, instead of linking to the image via their own domain such as:

 https://websiteB.com/path/to/image.jpg

They would be instead using website A's domain:

 https://websiteA.com/path/to/image.jpg

Hotlinking someone's website assets can vastly increase their hosting costs.
How to avoid hotlinking 
As a website user you should always try to avoid hotlinking assets from other websites. Doing so helps ensure that the original owner of the asset won't incur unnecessary charges and that the asset that you link to won't be inaccessible given that the owner implements hotlink protection or removes the asset. The following are a couple of solutions for avoiding hotlinking.
Host the assets on your own server. If you have found an image from another website and you would like to use it on your own website, you can upload the image directly to your server and deliver it from there. Doing this will also increase the delivery speed of the asset as the browser does not need to perform an additional DNS lookup.
 Use a third party host. Using images as an example again, if you find an image that you want to link to but don't have a server to upload it to, you can use a third party host. An image hosting service for example will allow you to upload your image and link to it directly within your website or any other location.

In both cases, ensure that you have the proper authority to use someone else's assets (e.g. the owner has given you permission or the asset is part of a creative commons license)

There are some steps that you can take to prevent hotlinking.

1. Enable Hotlinking Protection in CDN 
Some CDN providers provide in-built hotlinking protection.
2. Directly Block Specific Domains 
An alternative way to prevent hotlinking on your website is to directly block specific websites that try to use your content. All you have to do is create a detailed list of websites you don't want using your content, and then block them one by one.

3. Change/Rename Your Files 
This is one of the easiest and most effective ways to prevent hotlinking. If you notice a spike in traffic or find that numerous sites are hotlinking to a particular piece of content, simply renaming or changing the URL of that content can do wonders.

4. Use Plugins 
Platforms such as WordPress have plugins available that prevent hotlinking.

5. Use Server Level Blocking 
This is a slightly advanced but 100% effective way to prevent hotlinking as it disallows hotlinking from the source server. Use .htaccess (For Apache Servers) OR edit "ngx_http_referer_module" (For Nginx Servers)
For Apache ServerRewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^$
RewriteCond %{HTTP_REFERER} !^http(s)?://(www\.)?yourdomain.com [NC]
RewriteRule \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)$ - [NC,F,L]For Nginx Serverlocation ~ \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif)$ {
    valid_referers none blocked yourdomain.com;
    if ($invalid_referer) {
        return 403;
    }
}

6. File a DMCA Takedown 
The last thing you can do is file a DMCA Takedown request against the website that is stealing your content without your permission. This can be very effective if the website owner refuses to remove the hotlinks to your content.

References 

Internet slang
Mount Adams is the second-highest mountain in the Pacific Northwest of North America. It is a volcano in the Cascade Range.  Adams is located about 35 miles (56 km) east of Mount St. Helens.

Other websites 
  USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory
 Backpacking information at FreeTrails.org 
 U.S. Forest Service page

Volcanoes of Washington (state)
Dazaifu (太宰府市, Dazaifu-shi) is a city in the Japanese prefecture of Fukuoka. It has a population of 67,428. The city was founded on April 1, 1982, but it has been historically important for around a thousand years.

Sister cities 
  Tagajō (Miyagi Prefecture) - 21 November 2005
  Nara (Nara Prefecture) - 27 June 2002
  Yabakei (Ōita Prefecture) - 26 September 1992
  Buyeo, South Chungcheong Province (South Korea) - 21 April 1978

Education
There are several universities in the city:
Chikushi Jogakuen University
Fukuoka International University
Japan University of Economics 
Fukuoka Social Medical Welfare University

Cities in Fukuoka Prefecture
Nuclear power is the controlled use of nuclear energy.  Nuclear energy can be released by nuclear reactions in a machine called a nuclear reactor.   This energy boils water for a steam engine to make electricity, which then can be used to power machines and homes.  In 2023, 10% of the world's electricity came from nuclear power. Nuclear power plants also make radioactive waste that could be harmful if it is not stored properly.

People have also been studying since the middle of the 20th century to use fusion power which produces much more energy and does not produce radioactive waste. Nuclear fusion reactors do not exist yet and are still being developed.
History 
Enrico Fermi made the first nuclear reactor in the year 1941.  Many reactors were built in the U.S. during World War II during the Manhattan Project.  In 1954 the first nuclear power plant started in Obninsk near Moscow.  Most nuclear power plants in the U.S. were built during the 1960s and 1970s.  Nuclear reactors also power some large military ships and submarines.

Energy production 
Nuclear reactors use a process called nuclear fission, which uses atoms like uranium or plutonium (In particular the isotope Uranium 235) and splits them apart with particles called neutrons. This converts some of the mass into energy, according to Einstein's equation E=mc2. The fissionable elements are placed into rods called 'fuel rods'. The fuel rods are submerged in water, and the energy released in the fission reaction heats up the water which turns into steam.
The steam then turns a turbine, which generates electricity. The steam is then condensed in huge cooling towers, and it turns back into water and is sent into the reactor again.

The reaction can be controlled by putting 'control rods' in between the fuel rods. The control rods are generally made of boron, which absorbs neutrons and stops the reaction.

A nuclear meltdown can happen when the reaction is not controlled, and starts to generate dangerous radioactive gases (like Krypton). Contrary to popular belief, nuclear reactors can't explode like a nuclear bomb, but it is a danger when radioactive materials escape.

Accidents
Accidents

Some serious nuclear accidents have occurred. A scale was made to measure how dangerous accidents are. It is called the International Nuclear Event Scale. The scale has 8 levels (0-7), and 7 is the worst.
 Chernobyl disaster, happened in 1986; classified at level 7.
 Fukushima nuclear disaster, happened in 2011 as a result of an earthquake, level 7.
 Mayak accident; happened in 1957. The amount of radiation released and the general danger was higher than that of Chernobyl. The affected area was smaller  though. For these reasons the accident is only classified as level 6.
 Windscale fire in 1957 and Three Mile Island accident in 1979, at level 5.
 Tokaimura nuclear accident at level 4

Nuclear-powered submarine mishaps include the Soviet submarine K-19 reactor accident (1961), the Soviet submarine K-27 reactor accident (1968), and the Soviet submarine K-431 reactor accident (1985).
Economics
The economics of nuclear power is challenging, and following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, costs are likely to go up for currently operating and new nuclear power plants, due to increased requirements for on-site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats.

Debates
There is a debate about the use of nuclear power.  Supporters, such as the World Nuclear Association and IAEA, argue that nuclear power is a sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions. Additionally, it does not contribute to smog or acid rain. It is believed that thousands of lives have been saved by using nuclear energy instead of more dangerous fuels such as coal, oil and gas. 

Anti-nuclear opponents, such as Greenpeace International and the Nuclear Information and Resource Service, believe that nuclear power poses threats to people and the environment.

Nuclear power generates radioactive waste materials, both as fission products (broken atoms) and by inducing radioactivity in existing materials.
Recent developments

In 2007, nuclear power plants made some 2600 TWh of electricity and provided 14 percent of the electricity used in the world, which represented a fall of 2 per cent compared with 2006. As of May 9, 2010, there were 438 (372 GW) nuclear reactors operating globally. A peak was reached in 2002 when there were 444 nuclear reactors operating.

The nuclear emergencies at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and other nuclear facilities raised questions about the future of nuclear power. Platts has said that "the crisis at Japan's Fukushima nuclear plants has prompted leading energy-consuming countries to review the safety of their existing reactors and cast doubt on the speed and scale of planned expansions around the world". Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, the International Energy Agency halved its estimate of additional nuclear generating capacity to be built by 2035.
Related pages
 Energy security
 Nuclear accidents
 Nuclear binding energy
 Nuclear energy policy
 Fusion power
 Sustainable energy

References

Nuclear energy
Software versioning is a way to name different versions of computer software. A computer software has different states in its life-cycle process from Development through deployment into Production and Sustainment. Each state in the process is given a unique version and version number. Versions are most often a sequence of one to four numbers (for example, 12.2.3) to represent Major.Minor.Maintenance actions, but can also use names, dates, or other sequencing mechanisms.  In some practices, the numbers are used with variations like the 3rd digit being replaced by a letter (for example, 4.1a).  The changes are all revisions in that something is being changed and the version number tells people how complex the change is to the software.
Many times, after a program has been made, things called patches can be downloaded from the program's website. The patches usually make small updates or fixes to the main program, such as fixing bugs or updating information or program functions. When a patch is used, the program is advanced to the next version, advancing the version number by the appropriate level.

Versioning
Sympathy exists when the feelings or emotions of one person lead to similar feelings in another person so that they share feeling. Mostly sympathy means the sharing of unhappiness or suffering, but it can also mean sharing other (positive) emotions. In a broader sense, it can refer to the sharing of political or ideological sentiments, such as in the phrase "a communist sympathiser".

The psychological state of sympathy is closely linked with that of empathy, but is not identical to it. Empathy is understanding and feeling another person's emotions as they feel them, but makes no statement as to how they are viewed. 

Sympathy, by contrast, implies a degree of equal feeling, that is, the sympathiser views the matter similarly to how the person themselves does. It thus implies concern, or care or a wish to reduce negative feelings others are experiencing.

Related pages
empathy
pity
liking

Emotions
A puddle is a small mass of liquid, usually water, uncontained on a surface. It can form either in depressions in the surface, or directly upon the flat surface, held together by surface tension. A puddle is generally considered to be small enough to step over or shallow enough to walk through, and too small to traverse with a boat. 

Puddles commonly form during rainstorms, and can cause problems for transport, especially when combined with cold conditions to form patches of ice, which are highly slippery and difficult to see.

Water
A beam is a structural  element that carries structural load.  

Beams generally carry vertical forces, but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (Those loads can result from wind or an earthquake).  The loads that a beam carries are led to columns or walls, which lead the force to the next element.

Beams are characterized by their profile (their shape), their length, and their material.  In constructions of today beams are mostly made of steel, reinforced concrete, or wood.

Architectural elements
Load may mean:

 The structural load or forces (weights, wind or water pressure, earthquake shocks, etc.) applied to a structure.
 Cargo or Freight
In music, organ is a word that can mean several kinds of musical instruments. The word comes from the Greek ὄργανον organon, which means "organ", "instrument", or "tool".

Most organs are played using keyboards, one or more of which may be played using the feet. They are found and used in churches, concert halls, and even in theatres, especially older movie theatres or cinemas. A person who plays the organ is called an organist.

Here are some different types of organs:

Pipe organ 

Pipe organs are the most common kind of organ, and many people mean this kind of organ when they use the word "organ". They sound different notes when air flows through pipes of different lengths and types. They take up a lot of room, and the noise they make are meant to fill large spaces.
The earliest pipe organs were water organs, which were powered by the flow of water, sometimes from a natural resource or using a pump. Later ones used foot pedals or hand cranks to pump a bellows, which in turn produces the air that goes through the pipes. These kinds of organs are still made today, and are called harmoniums. Today's pipe organs use an electric motor to move air, and some, like those in theaters, play different instruments as well. The Wurlitzer company was well known for making instruments that make different sounds.

Mechanical organ 

Mechanical organs have a mechanism that controls which notes are played and when they are played. One type of mechanical organ is the barrel organ, which usually get their music printed on cardboard sheets, although some use piano rolls or a barrel similar to that of a carillon or music box.
Mechanical organs can be all shapes and sizes. The smaller barrel organs are often heard on streets in Europe and is a common way of getting money from people who pass by. These types are sometimes called hurdy gurdies, but this is not true. Larger barrel organs can be found on fairgrounds and are loud so that they can be heard above all the other noise at a fair. Meanwhile, smaller barrel organs can be found indoors, and play songs when someone puts in a coin, similar to a slot machine. Some clocks have barrel organ mechanisms that play music at certain times, such as every hour.

Electronic organ
Electronic organ 

The electronic organ is one of the newest types of organ. They use electronics to simulate the sound of a pipe organ and many other instruments. Because of this, they do not need to be very big and many are no bigger than a piano so that they can fit in homes, schools, or can be moved around as needed. They also do not go out of tune because they hold all their sounds on computerized chips. Many organists think they do not feel as good to play as a traditional, mechanical pipe organ.

There are electronic organs that look and sound like those played in churches, and even many churches use electronic organs when they do not have the money or space for a full pipe organ. The best-known electronic organs include the Hammond organ heard in jazz, and other organs, like those made by the Japanese company Yamaha, are in fact synthesizers that can sound like a whole orchestra playing together. These types of organs are often used for music education, especially in Asia.

References
References 

Keyboard instruments
Twins are two babies that are born at the same time.

Human twins are two people that shared a single pregnancy, and one is normally born quickly after the first.

Types of twins
There are 2 types of twins. They are:

Fraternal twins 
Fraternal twins are also known as "non-identical twins" or dizygotic twins. They happen when two ova are released from the ovary at the same time, and each is fertilized by a different sperm. This results in the birth of fraternal twins. They can be of different sexes. Genetically, they are no more similar than any two siblings.

Identical twins 

Identical twins or monozygotic twins: A single ovum is fertilized to form one zygote. This zygote later splits, and each half of the zygote becomes a twin. The twins have the same genes.
Variations 
There are five variations of twinning that occur commonly. The frequency varies in different populations. The three most common variations are all fraternal, meaning the two twins are not from the same egg: 
(1) male-female twins are the most common result, at about 41% of all twins born; 
(2) female fraternal twins (sometimes called sororal twins), about 20%; 
(3) male fraternal twins, about 19%. 
The last two variations are identical twins, which means they come from one single egg that split later: 
(4) female identical twins (about 10%) and 
(5) (least common) male identical twins (about 10%).

Other animals
Twinning is common in many other species, such as cats, sheep, and ferrets. Twinning occurs in cattle about 1-4% of the time, and research is being done to improve the chances of twins being born. If an animal has twins it can be more profitable for the breeder, especially if there is a smaller chance of miscarriage.

References 

Biological reproduction
A ceiling is the surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, as it does not hold anything up. It simply conceals the underside of the floor or roof above it.

There are many different types of ceilings in architecture. In religious buildings, the ceilings are often decorated with frescos, mosaic tiles and other surface treatments. Perhaps the most famous example is the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo.

Related pages
 Hammerbeam roof

Other websites

Virtual Museum treatise on ceiling construction 

Architectural elements
A column in architecture is a vertical element that transmits the weight of the structure above to the structure below. Columns can be either a single piece or several pieces put together. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest.

History

Stone columns were already used in the architecture of ancient Egypt as early as 2600 BC. 

Architectural elements
Identical twins start out as genetically identical: they have the same alleles. They both share the same sack in the womb. They are always of the same sex, and are monozygotic or MZ twins (mono = one; zygote = fertilised egg). This contrasts with fraternal twins, who are formed by two separate eggs fertilised by two separate sperms, and who are not always the same sex (DZ = dizygotic). Both types of twin are carried in the same uterus at the same time, so their birth environment is the same.

Research shows that the frequency of monozygotic twinning is one in 240 births. Fraternal twins are twice as common. In vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques are more likely to create dizygotic twins. For IVF deliveries, there are nearly 21 pairs of twins for every 1,000.

Twin research 
Identical twins are natural clones. Because they start out with the same genes, they can be used to investigate how much heredity contributes to individual people. This is the nature vs nurture question.
Studies with twins have been quite interesting. If we make a list of characteristic traits, we find that they vary in how much they owe to heredity. For example:
Eye colour: entirely inherited.
Weight, height: partly inherited, partly environmental.
Which language you speak: entirely environmental.

The way the studies are done is like this. Take a group of identical twins and a group of fraternal twins, and a group of siblings from the population. Measure them for various traits. Do a statistical analysis (such as analysis of variance). This tells you to what extent the trait is inherited. You will find that all those traits which are partly inherited will be significantly more similar in identical twins.

Studies like this may be carried further, by comparing identical twins brought up together with identical twins brought up in different circumstances. That gives a handle on how much circumstances can alter the outcomes of genetically identical people.
Modern research has shown quite clearly that genetic inheritance does influence psychological aspects of life (how people behave), not just physical aspects.

History 

The person who first did twin studies was Francis Galton, Darwin's half-cousin, who was a founder of statistics. His method was to trace twins through their life-history, making many kinds of measurement. Unfortunately, though he knew about mono and dizygotic twins, he did not appreciate the real genetic difference. Twin studies of the modern kind did not appear until the 1920s.
Wilhelm Weinberg made the first estimate of the rate of twinning. Realizing that identical twins would have to be the same sex, while non-identical twins could be either same or opposite sex, Weinberg derived a formula for estimating the frequency of MZ and DZ twins from the ratio of same and opposite sex twins to the total of maternities. Weinberg also estimated that the heritability of twinning itself was close to zero. That means the capacity to have twins is not hereditary.

Not quite so identical 
Monozygotic twins are genetically nearly identical and they are always the same sex unless there has been a mutation during development. Monozygotic twins always have different phenotypes. Twins may express different sexual phenotypes, normally from an XXY Klinefelter's syndrome zygote splitting unevenly.
Although monozygotic twins are genetically almost identical, a 2012 study of 92 pairs of monozygotic twins found that monozygotic twins acquire hundreds of genetic differences early in fetal development. This is caused by mutations (or copy errors) taking place in the DNA of each twin after the splitting of the embryo. Another study in 2018 of 450 pairs of monozygotic twins showed that often (87%) the two twins varied in sexuality. the study also showed that if one twin married before 40, the other was also likely to marry before 40.

It is estimated that, on average, a set of monozygotic twins will have about 360 genetic differences that occurred early in fetal development.
Twins in animals 
Twinning is normal in many mammals, such as rats, cats, dogs. Identical twins are normal in a few species. The nine-banded armadillo, Dasypus novemcinctus, gives birth to identical quadruplets.

Offspring produced by non-sexual methods, such as parthenogenesis, are identical unless crossing over takes place in the production of eggs.

References 

Biological reproduction
Developmental biology
Classical genetics
A keyboard instrument is an instrument that is played by pressing the keys of a keyboard.  In a keyboard, the notes are arranged with naturals (usually white notes) forming the main body of the keyboard, and sharps and flats (usually black notes) placed in cuttings into the upper half of the naturals.

The ways in which the sound is made varies a lot:

 In the piano, hammers hit the strings.
 In the organ, air is sent through pipes.
 In the electronic organ or synthesizer, sound is made electronically.
 In the harpsichord, the strings are plucked by quills or “jacks”.
 In the clavichord, the strings are hit by a metal “tangent”.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the word Clavier was used in Germany to mean any kind of keyboard instrument.  Often, the naturals were black and the sharps and flats were white (see picture of harpsichord), but the layout was exactly the same.
The development of electronic instruments in the 20th century has brought about many different types of electronic keyboard instruments. These include the ondes Martenot and the synthesizer.

Nowadays, people often talk about a keyboard meaning an electronic keyboard (e.g. “He plays the keyboard”). The plural form of the word is "keyboards".

Yamaha have now made the most successful keyboards, selling over 770,000 a year

Types of keyboards 
Keyboard types include:

 Arranger keyboards
 Digital workstation keyboard
Arranger  keyboard 
Arrangers are mainly aimed at performers. Arrangers are mainly identified by their automatic accompaniment styles. They are used widely by musicians who perform by their own, more like a one-man band. Arrangers offer extensive libraries containing prerecorded accompaniment tracks in nearly every music style imaginable. The instrument can support their singing with onboard effects, vocal harmony, and lyric display while providing MIDI and/or audio file playback. Music played by the keyboardist can often be recorded and saved into a memory bank. Arrangers also help in writing songs and can provide realistic drum styles that match with the tempo and style the musician developed.

The top seller for arrangers include Yamaha and Korg which are used by many keyboardist worldwide.
Workstation keyboard 
A keyboard workstation is a keyboard that is used to change the features of a variety of sounds on a keyboard. Workstation allows one to create new voices using filters, effects and modulations. It also allows for mixing sounds. 

Top brands for these are Nord, Yamaha, Korg, Casio which are used by many keyboardists worldwide.

References
The bow is the forward part of the  hull of a ship or boat, the point that is most forward when the vessel is underway. 
The bow is designed to reduce the resistance of the hull cutting through water and should be tall enough to prevent water from easily washing over the top of it. The bow is helpful for letting the ship smoothly pass through the ocean.

Ship building
Black Elderberry has been found to be effective against the H5N1 strain of Avian Flu (Zakay-Rones et al. 1995). Black Elderberry contains a unique compound called Antivirin® that can help protect healthy cells and inactivate infectious viruses. When given to patients, scientists have found the Black Elderberry, has the ability to ward off flu infections quickly (Zakay-Rones 2004). Black Elderberries are rich in anthocyanins which are a type of flavonoid – anthocyanins are antioxidants that may protect cells from free radicals and support your body’s immune system.
Black Elderberries have almost 5 times as many anthocyanins as Blueberries and twice the overall antioxidant capability of cranberries
Over the centuries, elderberry has been used to treat colds, flu, fever, burns, cuts, and more than 70 other maladies, from a toothache to the plague. In the 17th century, John Evelyn, a British researcher, declared, “If the medicinal properties of its leaves, bark, and berries were fully known, I cannot tell what our countryman could ail for which he might not fetch a remedy [from the elderberry], either for sickness or wounds.”
 

Elderberry can grow in the form of a shrub or small tree, reaching up to 6 feet in height and width depending on the variety. It blooms during the spring or summer, and its flowers contain both male and female reproductive systems in the event that it is unable to reproduce through cross-pollination. It can be used to create a violet dye.

Other websites

Berries
Dipsacales
Jambul or Jamun or Jamblang or Jambhul जांभुळ (मराठी)(Syzygium cumini), Kaalo Jaam (Bangla) Naavar Pazham (Tamil) is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae, native to India, Pakistan, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. It is also grown in other areas of southern Asia including Myanmar, Nepal and Afghanistan.  The tree was also introduced to Florida, USA in 1911 by the USDA, and is also now commonly planted in Suriname.  In Brazil, where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonisation, it has spread out in the wild in some places, as many native birds such as thrushes, tanagers and the Great Kiskadee want their fruits.  The various names for this fruit are (in Java) plum, jambul, jamun, jaman, black plum, faux pistachier, Indian blueberry , jambol, doowet, jambolan and jambolão. Scientific synonyms include Syzygium jambolanum, Eugenia cumini and Eugenia jambolana.
A fairly fast growing species, it can grow as high as 30 metres, and can live more than 100 years.  Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its ornamental value.  The wood is strong and water resistant.  Because of this it is used in railway sleepers and to install motors in wells. It is sometimes used to make cheap furniture and village dwellings though it is relatively hard to work on.