Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
For other uses, see Koan

The kōan (; ) are groupings of related questions and answers which are a paradox. The kōan may be a story which cannot be understood or explained easily.

The kōan can be a special kind of metaphor with a hidden meaning, such as "the sound of one hand clapping".

History
Kōans originate in the sayings and events in the lives of wise men and legendary figures. 
  
A kōan can refer to a story selected from Buddhist historical records and sutras.

The kōan is a fundamental part of the history and practice of Zen Buddhism.

Select examples
 "Firewood becomes ash and it does not become firewood again".
 "The verbal and the nonverbal are like vines clinging to a tree".
Classical kōan collections
 Blue Cliff Record or Account of the Blue Montains ; , is a collection of 100 kōans compiled in 1125 by Yuanwu Keqin (圜悟克勤 1063–1135).
 The Book of Equanimity or Book of Serenity ;   is a collection of 100 Kōans compiled in the 12th century by Hongzhi Zhengjue (宏智正覺 1091–1157)
 The Gateless Gate or the Gate with no Entrance ;  is a collection of 48 kōans and commentaries published in 1228 by Chinese monk Wumen (無門 1183–1260). The title may be more accurately rendered as Gateless Barrier or Gateless Checkpoint.

References

Other websites 
 The Gateless Gate 48 Zen kōans compiled in the early 13th century
 Book of Serenity  A collection of 100 kōans, originally compiled in the 12th century
 Life at the Monastery  – a humorous look at kōans
 Zen Buddhism Koan Study Pages
 Koan Collections and Studies
 Short Zen Poems, Koans – Collection of modern koans.
 Zen Koans: Transcending Duality – a list of kōans
 What is the sound of one hand clapping?

Metaphors
Buddhism
A facepalm (sometimes also face-palm or face palm) is when someone places their hand flat across their face or puts their face into their hand or hands. This gesture is found in many cultures. It can be done as a display of frustration, embarrassment, shock, or surprise.

References 

Non-verbal communication
Cinematic Sunrise was an American rock band signed to Equal Vision Records. The members of the band were Craig Owens (vocals), Bradley Bell (piano), Bryan Beeler (guitar), Marcus VanKirk (bass), Nick Martin (guitar), and Dave Shapiro (drums). Their only released work, "A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record" included a coloring book and four colored pencils with the purchase of the EP. "Basically, the whole idea - everything about Cinematic Sunrise - is just happy and fun. And there's nothing more fun than coloring," explains vocalist Craig Owens about the decision to include the coloring book  with the EP.
History
Owens and Bell were both in Chiodos at the time Cinematic Sunrise formed. The group differs majorly from Chiodos's post-hardcore sound, as Cinematic Sunrise plays more of pop rock and pop punk. The group's debut EP, titled A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record, was released on May 13, 2008. Beeler recorded, and produced the EP. The EP barely reached the Billboard charts, at #196. The EP also hit #8 on the Top Heatseekers chart. It also got to #26 on the Top Independent Albums chart. The EP was re-released in late October 2008, with two new songs. This was because they ran out of the original copies, selling past 10,000 copies.

A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record
A Coloring Storybook and Long-Playing Record is the first and only EP by the band Cinematic Sunrise, who is a side project of Chiodos' Bradley Bell and Craig Owens. The pair's pop rock project is all about having a good time and making music that is innocent and fun to play. The record was first released with four color pencils. These would be used in a book that includes drawings of animals with pictures of the band members hidden somewhere in the coloring page. Craig Owens said in an interview that he wanted crayons, not colored pencils. He was supposedly not happy with Equal Vision's mistake.

On October 14, 2008, Equal Vision Records re-released A Coloring Storybook and Long-Playing Record. The re-release includes two bonus tracks. They were titled "If Lilly Isn't Back by Sunset" and "Crossing Our Fingers for Summer".

Track listing 
Source: Amazon

Other websites
Official Site

References

American rock bands
American pop music groups
Emo bands
Musical groups from Detroit
was a  after Kōji and before Kyūan.  This period started in February 1144 and ended in July 1145. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Ten'yō Era
 1144 (Ten'yō 1, 7th month): A comet was sighted in the sky.
 1145 (Ten'yō 1, 8th month): The empress Taiken-mon In, mother of former-Emperor Sutoku died.
 1145 (Ten'yō 1): The emperor went to Iwashimizu Shrine and to the Kamo Shrines.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
The adaptive unconscious is a set of unconscious mental processes influencing judgment and decision making. It is different from conscious processing: it is faster, effortless, more focused on the present, but less flexible. It can be described as a quick sizing up of the world which interprets information and decides how to act very quickly and outside the conscious view. 

In some theories of the mind, the unconscious is limited to "low-level" activity, such as carrying out goals which have been decided consciously. In contrast, the adaptive unconscious is thought to be involved in "high-level" cognition such as goal-setting as well.
The term 'adaptive unconscious' suggests it has survival value and hence is an adaptation which was strongly selected in the past. Indeed, for much of vertebrate evolution, all mental activity was unconscious. No-one supposes that fish have consciousness. Thus our consciousness is added to an already-existing set of mechanisms which operate but whose operation is normally not felt by us.p23

Implicit learning 
Implicit (or 'tacit') learning is when a person learns without knowing it happens. 
"This knowledge can be used to guide behavior, make decisions and solve problems without the [person] being aware of the complex knowledge which enables him or her to act in this fashion".

An important point made by Reber is that "implicit learning is a fundamental 'root' process, one that lies at the very heart of the adaptive behavioral repertoire of every complex organism". What that means is that implicit learning is very much more ancient than the conscious type of learning that we, as humans, normally notice.
This is an expanding field of research. 
The classic examples are the acquisition of language and the process of socialization. Children learn to speak their native language and become socialized to their society without being conscious of the principles which guide their behaviour.

There has been much debate on the bare existence of implicit learning because of the fact that knowledge gained is not verbalizable. Little research has been conducted on the requirements for the process of implicit learning to take place.

Evidence 1: case studies 
The evidence for there being such a thing as the adaptive unconscious is a series of case studies which are hard to explain any other way.
The Kouros fraud 
After many scientific tests were done on an early Greek statue, the Getty Museum was about to buy it. However, a small group of experts looked at it and said immediately "It's a fake". Eventually, it was found to be a fake. The question was, how could anyone beat the battery of scientific tests just by looking at it? The sceptics were asked how they did it. One said "It doesn't look old, as if it had been centuries under the ground. Another said "Its fingernails don't look right". Apparently they had all seen something which triggered a doubt. Psychologists thought this might be an ancient mental mechanism which has survival value.
The fireman's 'ESP' 
A firefighter in Cleveland answered a routine call with his men. It was in a kitchen in the back of a one-story house. The firefighters broke down the door, laid down their hose, and began dousing the fire with water. This had little effect. As the fire lieutenant recalls, he suddenly thought to himself, "There's something wrong here", and he immediately ordered his men out. Moments after they fled, the floor they had been standing on collapsed. The fire had been in the basement, not the kitchen as it appeared. When asked how he knew to get out, the fireman thought it was ESP. What is interesting is that the fireman could not immediately explain how he knew to get out. From the 'locked door' in our brains, the fireman just 'blinked' and made the right decision. In fact, had he thought consciously about the situation, he would probably have lost his life and the lives of his men.p125
Exceptional intuition 
In a similar way, there are people who can repeatedly do something which seems amazing. It really is possible to spot who is lying, for instance, and it is a skill which can be trained and improved. It is possible to predict which couple will divorce and which will not. The time taken for each decision is short, and (to an observer) the amount of information available to the person making the decision seems very little.

Analysis paralysis 
'Thin slice' decisions based on limited information are one end of a scale. At the other end is the confusion caused by too much unorganised information: 'analysis paralysis'. There are many examples of the latter state being bad for decision taking.

Evidence 2: experiments 
A number of experiments have been done which strongly support the idea of an adaptive unconscious. The basic idea is to bias the unconscious, and see if it affects behaviour.
Scrambled sentences 
Subjects sort out four-word sentences from sets of five word. They concentrate on getting the sentences right. Unknown to them the unused word gives their minds a subtle bias. From one set, with extra words Florida, old, lonely, forgetful, wrinkle (and some neutral words) the experimental group walked more slowly away from the experimental room.p54 The priming words had biased them to "think elderly". The idea is that of John Bargh.

Priming affects test results 
Priming significantly affects test results. A group being tested about the Trivial Pursuit game were split in two. One group was first asked to think about what it would mean to be a professor. They got 55.6% of the questions right. The other half were first asked to sit and think about soccer hooligans. They scored 42.6%. Other tests indicated that the two groups had similar mental ability. The difference between the results is highly significant.p57
Another test was even more startling. Black college students were given 20 questions from the Graduate Record Examination, a standard test used for entry to graduate schools in the U.S.A. Students were given a pretest questionnaire. One group were asked to identify their race; the other was not. The first group scores were half that of the second group. The experimenters later asked whether the question about their race affected them. They all said 'no' and added something like "You know, I just don't think I'm smart enough to be here".p59 Of course, this is of the greatest significance socially. Notice that, once again, the individuals did not notice consciously what had happened unconsciously.
What the ventromedial does 
The ventromedial area of the cerebral cortex is a small bit at front behind the nose. Neurologist Antonio Damasio studied patients who had damage to this area of the brain. 
"It sorts through the mountain of information we get from the outside world, prioritizing it and putting flags on things that demand our immediate attention".p60 
People with damage to this area are still rational and as intelligent as before. But they lack judgement, and find it very difficult to make decisions. In fast-moving situations, the ability to make fairly good decisions rapidly is more important than making perfect decisions after lengthy thought. It can be a matter of survival.

Characteristics 
Unconscious processes have a number of typical features which are quite different from the conscious processes.
Access 
Obviously, by definition, unconscious processes are less available than conscious processes. Yet there is traffic between the two. For example, there is a well-known tendency for all training to move from halting, difficult conscious steps to smooth, semi-automatic performance. That, as Anderson recognised, is a shift from conscious to unconscious control as mastery is achieved. Anderson's key distinction is between 'declarative knowledge' (knowledge we are aware of and can talk about) and 'procedural knowledge', which guides action and decision-making, but which happens outside of conscious 'view'.

Learning also takes place in ways which are entirely unconscious to us at the time. A classic example is the way children learn their native language between the ages of about 18 months and four years. They do not study language the way an older person does. It happens automatically. Another example: people under anaesthetic can hear and be influenced by what they hear.
Access to memory also happens unconsciously: even when we try to remember, the actual process is unconscious. It can happen entirely unconsciously. An early experiment by Korsakoff on patients with loss of conscious memory showed this. He gave one patient mild electric shocks. Later, when Korsakoff returned, the patient had forgotten all about it. Yet when he saw the apparatus, the patient showed anxiety, and accused him of wanting to give him an electric shock. The experiment has been repeated since in various ways.

Failures of judgement 
It is easy to show that our snap judgements can also be quite wrong, especially when we are overwhelmed with information, or when we come to the decisions with unconscious bias and prejudice.
In experiments, subjects give verbal explanations of their own mental processes—for example why they chose one thing rather than another—as if they could directly introspect (look inside) the causes of their ideas and choices. This 'introspection illusion' may cause differences between the self and other people, because people trust these unreliable introspections when forming attitudes about themselves but not about others.

Books 
Barkow, Jerome H; Cosmides, Lena & Tooby, John (eds) 1992. The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press.

Related pages 
Evolutionary psychology
Sociobiology
Decision-making
In the zone

References 

Human behavior
Consciousness
was a  after Eiji and before Ten'yō.  This period spanned the year from April 1142 through February 1144.  The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kōji Era
 1143 (Kōji 2, 1st month): Former Emperor Go-Toba, now known by the title Daijō Tennō or  or Hōō, visited his mother.
 1143 (Kōji 2, 5th month): Emperor Konoe lived simply.  His main activities were praying at Tōdai-ji and praying at the temples on Mount Hiei.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
is a common masculine Japanese given name.

Eiji can be written using different kanji characters which can mean:
栄治, "prosperity, peace"
英治, "great, peace"
英二, "great, second"
永次, "eternity, next"

People
Eiji Aonuma (英二, born 1963), Japanese designer and director of video games

Eiji Toyoda (英二, born 1913), chairman of Toyota Motor Corporation

Eiji Yoshikawa (英治, 1892–1962), Japanese historical novelist

Eiji Kawashima Japanese National Football Team's Goalkeeper

Other 
 Eiji (永治),  Japanese era name (1141-1142)
was a  after Hōen and before Kōji.  This period started in July 1141 and ended in April 1142.  During this time, the emperors were  and .

Events of the Eiji Era
 1141 (Eiji  1, 3rd month): Former Emperor Toba became a Buddhist monk at age of 27.

 5 January 1132 (Eiji 1, 7th day of the 12th month): In the 18th year of Sutoku's reign, the emperor abdicated.  The succession (senso) was received by a younger brother.  Soon after, Emperor Konoe  accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (sokui). This was confirmed in ceremonies.

Related pages
 Heian period

Reverences

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
The Civic Star () is a French award.

It was established by the Académie française in 1930.

The star distinguishes those who contribute to the enrichment of the community, improvement of social life,and the progress of Humanity. It is particularly for those whose lives are of hard work, sacrifice and would remain unknown without this award. It is divided into four degrees: Bronze, Silver, Gold and Silver-gilt.

The star's motto is  ('To honor the civic virtues - Serving national prestige').

References 

Orders, decorations, and medals of France
1930 establishments in Europe
1930s establishments in France
Augustana College is a private liberal arts college in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. The college has about 2,500 students.  Its campus is on  of hilly, wooded land, adjacent to the Mississippi River.  Ninety-one percent of the full-time faculty hold Ph.D.s or the terminal degrees in their field.
Graduates of the universities of Uppsala and Lund in Sweden started the college in 1860 in Chicago. In 1863, Augustana moved to Paxton, Illinois. In 1875, it moved to Rock Island, Illinois to be near a large Swedish Lutheran community. After 1890 an increasingly large Swedish American community in America promoted new cultural institutions, including a lively Swedish-language press, many new churches, several colleges, and a network of  ethnic organizations. The result was to build a sense of Swedishness in the United States. This made a self-confident Americanized generation. Augustana College put itself in the lead of the movement to affirm Swedish American identity. In the early years, all the students had been born in Sweden but by 1890 the second generation of American-born students predominated. They typically had white-collar or professional backgrounds; few were the sons and daughters of farmers and laborers
. These middle class youth  developed an idealized view of Sweden, characterized by romanticism, patriotism, and idealism. The new generation was especially proud of the Swedish contributions to American democracy and the creation of a republic that promised liberty and ended slavery.
Academics
Augustana ranks among the top forty U.S. liberal arts colleges in the sciences, based on the number of graduates earning Ph.D.s. Students accepted to Augustana typically rank in the top 10% of their high school classes. The middle 50 percent of enrolled students for the class of 2012 scored 24-29 on the ACT, well above the national averages. Augustana College is considered highly selective.

Augustana has about sixty academic programs including nine pre-professional and eight interdisciplinary programs:

Academic Programs
Academic Programs

Accounting, Africana Studies, Anthropology, Art, Art History, Astronomy, Biochemistry, Biology, Business Administration, Chinese, Chemistry, Classics, Communication Sciences & Disorders (including Speech Pathology and Audiology), Communication Studies, Computer Science, Creative Writing, Economics, Education, Engineering, Engineering Physics, English, French, Geography, Geology, German, Graphic Design, History, International Business, Japanese, Landscape Architecture, Mathematics, Multimedia Journalism, Music, Neuroscience, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Religion, Scandinavian, Sociology, Spanish, Theatre, World Literature

Pre-Professional Programs

Dentistry, Law, Medicine, Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Optometry, Pharmacy, Physical Therapy, Veterinary Medicine

Interdisciplinary Programs
Africana Studies, Asian Studies, Environmental Management and Forestry, Environmental Studies, Latin American Studies, Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Neuroscience, Women's and Gender Studies

Campus

Academic buildings

Old Main was constructed between 1884 and 1893.  It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.  The Hanson Hall of Science was dedicated in 1998 is the largest academic building serving about 700 students in 17 majors, minors and concentrations.  The Hanson Hall of Science's facilities and resources include seven classrooms, thirty-five laboratories (including a cadaver lab), a 400 MHz liquid-and solid-state NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectrometer, scanning electron microscope, instrumentation for X-ray powder crystallography and a 40-foot greenhouse.
Residential complexes
Augustana has five traditional residence halls: Andreen Hall, Erickson Residence Center, Seminary Hall, Swanson Commons, and Westerlin Residence Center. All five of these residence halls are coeducational. The majority of first year and sophomore year students live in one of these five residence halls. For upperclassmen, Augustana also offers Transitional Living Areas (TLAs) in which Augustana students live in either apartment-like buildings or traditional off-campus houses administered by the college's Office of Residential Life. The school takes care of basic maintenance in these areas, some of which are House on the Hill, Naeseth, and Arbaugh Apartments. These areas usually have 2-6 students who share a bathroom, a kitchen, and other living spaces.
Augustana provides several services to attending students. Services include: campus ministries, career center, student counseling, academic advising, student employment, business office, food services, safety office, campus security, computer services, and campus recreation.

Athletics 

The Augustana Vikings compete in the NCAA Division III College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin (CCIW).  The Vikings compete in a combined total of 22 male and female team sports, and five out of seven students compete in some form of varsity, club, or intramural sport. The Augustana College football team won four NCAA Division III national championships in a row from 1983 - 1986 under Coach Bob Reade.  Coach Reade's overall winning percentage of 87% is second only to Larry Kehres and Knute Rockne on the all-time list.  Augustana College was a member of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 1912 to 1937.
Current varsity sports include: baseball, basketball (m/w), cross country (m/w), football, golf (m/w), lacrosse (m/w), soccer (m/w), softball, swimming (m/w), tennis (m/w), track and field (m/w), volleyball, wrestling.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Colleges and universities in Illinois
1860 establishments in the United States
National Register of Historic Places
1860s establishments in Illinois
Augustana may refer to:

In religion:
 The Augustana, or Augsburg Confession, which gives its name to several Lutheran institutions
 Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church, a Lutheran religious body from the 1860 until 1962

In education:
 Augustana Academy, a former educational institute in South Dakota, USA
 Augustana College (Illinois), a liberal arts college in Illinois, USA
 Augustana College (South Dakota), a liberal arts college in South Dakota, USA
 Augustana University College, a formerly Lutheran college in Alberta, Canada
 The University of Alberta Augustana Faculty of the University of Alberta, the present incarnation of the former Augustana University College after its merger with the University of Alberta
 Augustana Divinity School (Neuendettelsau), a divinity school of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria in Neuendettelsau, Germany

In music:
 Augustana (band), a rock band from California, USA
 Augustana (album), this band's third, self-titled album
Concord is the largest city in Contra Costa County, California, US. In the 2020 census, 125,410 people lived there. Concord was founded in 1869. It was named Todos Santos at first, but the name was soon changed to Concord. The city is  east of San Francisco.

Geography

Concord is at . It is  northeast of San Francisco,  northeast of Oakland,  southwest of Sacramento, and  north of San Jose.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . All of it is land.

The center of downtown Concord is Todos Santos Plaza. The plaza takes up an entire city block. It is known for its farmers market, free summer concerts, and many restaurants.  There are new apartments and condominiums near the plaza.

History 
Concord was first named Todos Santos.  In the 19th century, most people in Pacheco moved to Concord to get away from fires and floods.  Concord became a city on February 5, 1905.
The area around Concord in the Ygnacio and Clayton Valleys was a big farming area. To the east, where the Concord Naval Weapons Station was later built, there were big wheat ranches over . They covered the land all the way to the marshes by Suisun Bay. During Prohibition, many vineyards were removed and replaced with walnut trees.

The first Concord post office opened in 1872.

Port Chicago disaster 
On July 17, 1944, the weapons on a United States Navy ship exploded. This caused the highest number of deaths at a time among African Americans during World War II. The explosion killed 320 people. The explosion was felt 30 miles away.  Later, 258 African American sailors refused to load any more weapons. That was the start of the Navy's biggest-ever mutiny trial. In that trial, 50 men were found guilty. Future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall was at the trial. He said that he saw a prejudiced court.
Sunvalley Mall plane crash 
On December 23, 1985, a small airplane crashed into the roof of Sunvalley Mall. The pilot and two people on the plane were killed. 84 people in the mall were hurt, mostly from burning fuel.  Four of the people in the mall later died from their injuries.  The accident made more people be against the local airport. Pacific Southwest Airlines delayed starting passenger service there that had been planned for the new year.

Naval Weapons Station

North of the city of Concord is the Concord Naval Weapons Station. It was opened in 1942. During World War II, weapons were kept there. The weapons were for warships at Port Chicago. The Concord NWS helped war efforts during the Vietnam War and through the end of the Gulf War, taking care of equipment and supplies.
The station has two main areas. One is the Inland Area, , which is inside the Concord city limits. The other is the Tidal Area, .  Because of changes in military operations, parts of the Inland Area stopped being used. By 1999, the station had only a few military people working there. In 2007 the United States government decided to close the inland part of the station. The Tidal area of the base stayed open.  The city of Concord is working on a plan for how to use the land.  Their plans will have to be approved by the Navy.

Transportation

Until 1995 the city was the eastern end of the Concord line of Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) commuter train system. Since then, more track was built. BART now goes farther than Concord. Bus service runs in the city and other points in the county.

Interstate 680 goes through Concord. So do state highways 4 and 242.
Buchanan Field Airport is a public county-owned airport in the City of Concord.  It currently does not have any scheduled passenger service. It was once served by WestAir, Pacific Southwest Airlines, and later U.S. Airways for a short time. In 1977, Buchanan Field reached its peak of activity with 357,000 total operations making it the 16th busiest airport in the nation that year.

Education
Concord has several public high schools:
 Clayton Valley High School, opened in 1958
 Concord High School, opened in 1966
 Mt. Diablo High School, opened in 1905
 Ygnacio Valley High School, opened in 1960

There are also two private Catholic high schools:
 De La Salle High School, for boys. De La Salle's football team set a record by winning 151 games in a row between 1992 and 2004.
 Carondelet High School, for girls

California State University, East Bay has a campus in Concord.

Arts and culture
The Concord Jazz Festival is held every year..
Concord is also home to the 14-time World Champion Blue Devils Drum and Bugle Corps.  The corps is made up of talented musicians from around the world.  The Concord Blue Devils are the most decorated drum and bugle corps in the history of Drum Corps International.

Points of interest 
 Sleep Train Pavilion - a major concert venue formerly known as the Concord Pavilion, and also as Chronicle Pavilion at Concord.
 Sunvalley Mall
 Farmer's Market concerts and movies at Todos Santos Plaza
 Buchanan Field Airport
 Camp Concord, at South Lake Tahoe, a family-oriented Summer Camp, although not located in Concord, is operated by the city.
 Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial
 Six Flags Waterworld Concord
 Starting Point of the Iron Horse Regional Trail

Sister city 
In 1974 Concord became a sister city with Kitakami, Iwate, in Japan. The city built a small park in the city, and put half of a sculpture, The Communion Bridge, in it. The other half of the bridge is in Kitakami.

References

Other websites
Other websites

 
 Official Site
 List of Concord Landmarks and Historic Sites 
 Concord Naval Weapons Station (CNWS): Current Status 

 
1869 establishments in California
Concord may refer to:

Agreement
 Agreement of interests or feelings
 A pact or treaty, frequently between nations
 Harmony in music
 Agreement (linguistics), a form of cross-reference between different parts of a phrase

Places

Antarctica
The Concord Mountains

Asia
Concord Peak, a mountain on the Afghanistan-Tajikistan border

Australia
Concord, New South Wales
Concord Oval, a rugby stadium
Concord Parish, Cumberland, New South Wales
Concord West, New South Wales

Canada
Concord, Ontario

New Zealand
Concord, a suburb of Burnside, Otago

United Kingdom
Concord, Buckinghamshire
Concord, Sunderland
United States
Concord, Alabama
Concord, Arkansas
Concord, California
Concord (BART station)
Concord Jazz Festival
Concord Naval Weapons Station
Concord, California, former name of Orleans Flat, California
Concord, Delaware
Concord, Georgia
Concord, Illinois
Concord, Indiana, in DeKalb County
Concord, Tippecanoe County, Indiana
Concord, Kentucky
Concord, Maine
Concord (District Heights, Maryland), a historic building listed on the NRHP in Maryland
Concord, Massachusetts
 The Concord River
 The Battles of Lexington and Concord in the American Revolution
 Concord (MBTA station)
Concord, Michigan
Concord Village Historic District (Concord, Michigan)
Concord, Missouri
Concord, Nebraska
Concord, New Hampshire, the state capital
Concord, New York, town in Erie County
Concord, Staten Island, New York
Concord, North Carolina
Concord Speedway
Concord, Knox County, Tennessee
Concord, Texas (disambiguation) (several)
Concord, Vermont
Concord, Virginia (disambiguation) (several)
Concord, Wisconsin, a town
Concord (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
Concord Township (disambiguation) (several)
Education
Concord Academy, Massachusetts, USA
Concord Academy (Memphis), Tennessee, USA
Concord College, UK, Shrewsbury, UK
Concord Elementary School (disambiguation), several schools in the United States
Concord High School (disambiguation), several in the United States and Australia
Concord Law School of Kaplan University, Los Angeles, California, USA
Concord Primary School, Choa Chu Kang, Singapore
Concord University, Athens, West Virginia, USA; previously called Concord College
Business
 Concord banking company, Brunswick, Georgia
 Concord (company) (Concord Camera Corporation), manufacturer of cameras and other digital products
 Concord EFS, Inc., a corporation that merged in 2004 with First Data
 Concord Music Group, record company formed by merger of Concord Records and Fantasy Records
 Concord Publications, Hong Kong military book publisher
 Concord Records, U.S. record label
 Concord Jazz, subsidiary of Concord Records
 Concord Supplies, U.S. printer supplies wholesaler and retailer
 Concord watch, watch company in Biel, Switzerland
 Concord Well Servicing, a Calgary, Alberta-based company
 AMC Concord, a compact car built by American Motors Corporation
 Kia Concord, a car built by Kia Motors
Other
 CONCORD, the European NGO Confederation for Relief and Development
 Book of Concord of the Lutheran Church
 Concord Building, Portland, Oregon
 Concord Coalition, a non-partisan American political group
 Concord Condor, a cartoon character
 Concord (grape), a variety of grape
 Concord Resort Hotel, a former hotel and resort in the Catskills, New York
 USS Concord, any of five U.S. Navy ships
 Concord, the original 1963 English spelling for the Anglo-French supersonic passenger plane Concorde
 Temple of Concord in ancient Rome, dedicated to the goddess Concordia
 Concord as Concord Production Inc.
was a  after Chōshō and before Eiji.  This period started in September 1135 ended in July 1141. During this time, the emperor was .

Events of the Hōen Era
 1136 (Hōen 2, 3rd month): The former-Emperor Toba hosted a grand dinner party.

 1138 (Hōen 4, 9th month): Toba went to Mount Hiei, where he stayed for seven days.

 2 May 1140 (Hōen 6, 14th day of the 4th month): The priests of the Buddhist temples on Mount Hiei joined together to burn down the Mii-dera.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1135 establishments
1130s establishments in Japan
1141 disestablishments
12th-century disestablishments in Japan
Mathematical models can take many forms.  The types of models include: 
dynamical systems - for systems that change,
statistical models - for finding patterns in large groups of measurements or data, 
differential equations - to study how variables change over time, or 
game theoretic models - for studying how many independent decision makers can interact.
These and other types of models can overlap, with a given model involving a variety of abstract structures. Mathematical models can include logical models.  In many cases, the quality of a scientific field depends on how well the mathematical models built on theory agree with results of repeatable experiments.  When theoretical mathematical models do not match experimental measurements, scientists try to correct the model.  Such corrections lead the way to better theories to explain the facts.
More reading 
Books
 Bender, E.A. [ 1978 ] ( 2000 ). An Introduction to Mathematical Modeling, New York : Dover. 
 Gershenfeld, N., The Nature of Mathematical Modeling, Cambridge University Press, (1998). 
 Yang, X.-S., Mathematical Modelling for Earth Sciences, Dudedin Academic, (2008). 

Specific applications
 Peierls, Rudolf. Model-making in physics, Contemporary Physics, Volume 21 (1), January 1980, 3-17
 Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. ( 2006 ). Introduction to Social Macrodynamics: Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth. Moscow : Editorial URSS.

Other websites 
General reference material
 McLaughlin, Michael P. ( 1999 )
 Plus teacher and student package: Mathematical Modelling. Brings together all articles on mathematical modeling from Plus, the online mathematics magazine produced by the Millennium Mathematics Project at the University of Cambridge.
Philosophical background
 Frigg, R. and S. Hartmann, Models in Science, in: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (Spring 2006 Edition)
 Griffiths, E. C. (2010) What is a model?

References 

Mathematics
Natalie Ann Cassidy (born 13 May 1983) is an English actress and television personality from London. She is best known for her role as Sonia Jackson in EastEnders.

Cassidy was a contestant in the 2009 series of the reality programme Strictly Come Dancing. She was a housemate in Celebrity Big Brother 2012 (UK).

References

Other websites 

Actors from London
Celebrity Big Brother contestants
English television actors
People from Islington
Strictly Come Dancing participants
Television personalities from London
1983 births
Living people
Galactose (from the Greek stem γάλακτ– galakt–, "milk") is a sugar. It has almost the same chemical structure as glucose. 

Large amounts of pure galactose do not exist in nature. Instead, galactose is usually found with glucose in lactose, a sugar found in milk and other milk products. After lactose is digested and absorbed, galactose arrives in the liver. There it is changed into either glucose or glycogen.

References

Monosaccharides
We Came to Kill is the second album of German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.

1997 albums
Funker Vogt albums
Thanks for Nothing is the first studio album by the German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.

1996 albums
Debut albums
Funker Vogt albums
Dance albums
Killing Time Again is the third studio album of German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.

1998 albums
Funker Vogt albums
Execution Tracks is the fourth studio album by the German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.

1998 albums
Funker Vogt albums
Maschine Zeit is the fifth studio album by the German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.

2000 albums
Funker Vogt albums
Survivor is the seventh studio album by the German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.

2002 albums
Funker Vogt albums
Apuleius was a philosopher and rhetorician tried for using magic to win an older and richer bride. He's better known for his novel about the cult of Isis, the tale of Cupid and Psyche, and the adventures of its hero, Lucius.

Apuleius was born in about 125, in Madauros, Numidia. It is not known what his first name was, although writers in the Middle Ages often called him "Lucius Apuleius" because the hero of his novel was called Lucius. Apuleius was educated in Carthage and Athens, and then traveled around the Mediterranean learning about religious cults. In 158 he delivered a speech recorded as Apologia Apuleii 'The Apology of Apuleius' in the town of Sabratha, Tripolitania (modern Libya), as a defense against the charge of using magic to win a richer and older bride called Pudentilla. Apuleius, in his Apology, provides a glimpse into second century Roman law, the economic and social conditions of Roman North Africa, and the attitude towards magic.
Apuleius died in about 175 A.D., having written his novel, known as either The Golden Ass or The Metamorphoses (also Transformations of Lucius), and the Apology, as well as books on Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle.

References

Other websites 

Apuleius (123–180 CE) the Famous Berber writer 
Apulei Opera (Latin texts of all the surviving works of Apuleius) at The Latin Library
English translation of Florida by H. E. Butler (PDF)
English translation of the Apologia by H. E. Butler 
English translation of the God of Socrates by Thomas Taylor
English translation of the Apologia by H. E. Butler (PDF)
Apuleius – Apologia: Seminar  (Latin text of the Apologia with H. E. Butler's English translation and an English crib with discussion and commentary)
Apology as Prosecution: The Trial of Apuleius
 Apuleius' works: text, concordances and frequency list
 

120s births
170s deaths
Ancient Roman philosophers
Ancient Roman writers
African novelists
Magic (paranormal)
Berber people
Rioting took place in several English cities, and towns, between 6 and 10 August 2011. Looting and arson also took place at this time. The riots started when a demonstration took place, on 6 August, about the police's shooting of Mark Duggan in Tottenham, North London. It turned into a riot. Over the next few days, the riots spread to other places in London and then to other areas of England. The riots caused five deaths. 186 police officers were hurt. The University of Nottingham found that British people became more racist after the riots.

Shooting of Mark Duggan

On 4 August, a police officer shot and killed 29-year-old Mark Duggan during a traffic stop on the Ferry Lane bridge next to Tottenham Hale station. Friends and relatives of Duggan said that he was unarmed, but he was carrying a gun which a man was convicted of supplying to him.
Causes
On 12 August, historian David Starkey blamed black gangster culture. He said that "whites have become black". Max Hastings of the Daily Mail blamed a culture of welfare dependence.

References

2011 crimes
2011 in England
2010s crimes in London 
2010s crimes in the United Kingdom
2010s riots
Arson
August 2011 events
Looting
2011
Chutneys are a condiment used in South Asian cuisine. They can be made as a tomato relish, a ground peanut relish, yoghurt, curd, or mint dipping sauce. They contain spice and vegetable or fruit mix.

Condiments
was an old province of Japan  in the area of Ibaraki Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called . 

The province had borders with Iwashiro, Iwaki, Shimōsa, and Shimotsuke Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Ishioka.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Hitachi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Kashima jinjū was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Hitachi.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
was an old province of Japan in the area of Shizuoka Prefecture on the island of on Honshū. It was also known as . 

Izu had borders with Sagami and Suruga Provinces.

History

During the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road passed through northern Izu. Travelers from Edo to Kyoto stopped at the post town (shuku-eki) at Mishima. 

In the 1850s, Shimoda was opened to American trade.  The first American Consulate in Japan was opened at the temple of Gyokusen-ji in Shimoda. 

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s. 

The Izu Peninsula is today the eastern portion of Shizuoka Prefecture. The Izu Islands are considered part of Tokyo.

Shrines and Temples
Mishima taisha was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Izu.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Former provinces of Japan
Shizuoka Prefecture
was an old province of Japan in the area of Nara Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was also called . 

The ancient capital city of the province was Wakigami in Katsujō District.  When the capital of Japan was moved to Heijō-kyō, the capital of the province was established in Takaichi District.  The exact locations are not known.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Yamato Province were reformed in the 1870s.

The battleship Yamato was named after this ancient province. The Yamato was the flagship of the Imperial Japanese Navy fleet during World War II,

Shrines and Temples
Ōmiwa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Yamato.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Nara Prefecture
Sir William "Billy" Connolly CBE (born 24 November 1942) is a Scottish actor, comedian and  musician. Sometimes, he is known as The Big Yin (The Big One in Scottish).

Early and personal life 
Connolly was born at home in Anderston, Glasgow. He grew up in a tenement in the same inner-city area. Connolly has five children. He is married to Pamela Stephenson, the mother of his three youngest children. 

In 2013, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and had surgery for prostate cancer. In January 2019, Connolly said he was "nearing the end of his life" as his Parkinson's advanced.

Career 
Connolly has acted in many movies including: Indecent Proposal (1993), Mrs. Brown (1997), The Boondock Saints (1999), The Debt Collector (1999), The Man Who Sued God (2001), The Last Samurai (2003) and Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004). He provided his voice for the movies Open Season (2006) and Brave (2012).
Connolly has been repeatedly voted Britain's best comedian by television viewers. He is also a folk musician and television presenter. 

Connolly was nominated for a BAFTA award for his role in the movie Mrs. Brown. He was given a CBE in 2003.

References

Other websites
Official website

1942 births
Living people
Actors from Glasgow
British folk musicians
British stand-up comedians
British television writers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Glasgow
People with Parkinson's disease
Scottish comedians
Scottish movie actors
Scottish musicians
Scottish television actors
Scottish television presenters
Scottish voice actors
Writers from Glasgow
Television personalities from Glasgow
, also known as , is an old province in Japan in the area of Yamanashi Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

History

During the Sengoku period, the warlord Takeda Shingen ruled Kai from his stronghold at Kōfu. After the Takeda, the area was controlled by the Tokugawa clan.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Kai Province were reformed in the 1870s.

The area was briefly renamed Kōfu Prefecture; and it was renamed Yamanashi Prefecture in 1871.

Geography
Kai is west of Tokyo. The province is landlocked. It is in a mountainous region that includes Mount Fuji along its border with Shizuoka Prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Asama jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Kai.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites 

 Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Yamanashi Prefecture
is an old province of Japan in the area of Yamagata Prefecture and Akita Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called .

History

In 708, Dewa-no kuni was separated from Echigo. 

In 712,  Dewa and Mutsu Province were reorganized  

Shiba Kaneyori received the Dewa Province as a fief from Ashikaga Takauji in 1335.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Dewa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Ōmonoimi jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Dewa.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Former provinces of Japan
Yamagata Prefecture
Akita Prefecture
708 establishments
700s establishments in Japan
Jack Abramoff (; born February 28, 1958) is an American former lobbyist and businessman. In 2006, courts found him guilty of mail fraud and conspiracy. He was the center of very large corruption investigation. The investigation led to the conviction of White House officials J. Steven Griles and David Safavian, U.S. Representative Bob Ney, and nine other lobbyists and Congressional aides. He served three years, six months of a six-year sentence in federal prison before being released early to a Baltimore halfway house on June 8, 2010.

Abramoff was College Republican National Committee National Chairman from 1981 to 1985. He was a founding member of the International Freedom Foundation. He later became a lobbyist for the firm of Preston Gates & Ellis and later the firm of Greenberg Traurig. He served as a director of the National Center for Public Policy Research, a conservative think tank, and Toward Tradition. His wife Pam and their five children live in Maryland.
Abramoff's lobbying and the scandals and investigation are the subject of two 2010 movies. These first movie was the documentary Casino Jack and the United States of Money. It was released in May 2010. The second movie was Casino Jack. It was released on December 17, 2010 and starred Kevin Spacey as Abramoff.

Scandal and criminal investigations
In late 2004, the Senate Indian Affairs Committee began to investigate Abramoff's lobbying for American Indian tribes and casinos. In September he was called before the committee to answer questions about that work. He did not answer their questions and pleaded the fifth. In August 2005, Abramoff and Kidan were indicted by a federal jury in Miami for wire fraud in their dealings with SunCruz Casinos.