Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Pluviometry is a field of meteorology concerned with the measurement of rainfall. The word comes from the Latin word pluvius which means rain, and the Greek word metron (μέτρον), meaning measure. The amount of rain can be measured in a rain gauge, or pluviometer.

References

Meteorology
Doctor of Law or Doctor of Laws is a degree in law. The term varies from country to country, and includes degrees such as the Doctor of Juridical Science (J.S.D. or S.J.D), Doctor juris (Dr. iur. or Dr. jur.), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Juris Doctor (J.D.), and Legum Doctor (LL.D.).

In the United States and Canada, a Juris Doctor is a degree in law. Along with a Doctor of Medicine degree for physicians, a Juris Doctor Degree is also a professional degree, which is required by law to become a licensed lawyer.

References 

Academia
Academic degrees
Waldsassen is a town in Tirschenreuth in the Upper Palatinate in Bavaria.

Geography
Waldsassen is the northernmost municipality of the Upper Palatinate. In the northeast, it borders the town of Cheb (Eger) in the Czech Republic. The historic tripoint of noble Altbayern, the Franconian lands of Bayreuth, and the Bohemian Egerland is near the village of Pechtnersreuth.

Twin towns and cities
Waldsassen is twinned with:
 Marcoussis, France, since 1970
 Pencoed, Wales, United Kingdom, since 1982

Notable people 
 Robert Köbler (1912–1970), pianist, organist and composer
 Matthias Hamann (born 1968), football player and manager
 Dietmar Hamann (born 1973), footballer

Sources

Other websites

 Waldsassen Basilica: images 
 Waldsassen town official website
 Waldsassen parish website

Tirschenreuth (district)
A plaintiff is a person who starts a lawsuit in court.  Sometimes a plaintiff will have to fill out a form called a summons, claim form, or complaint.  This document tells what the person they are suing (the defendant) did.  If the case is a criminal case and not a lawsuit, the plaintiff can be called a complainant.

References

Trials
A defendant is the person or group of people who comes to court because of a complaint by a plaintiff.  A defendant may also be called a respondent, if a petition is used against them to make them come to court.
Criminal justice
Official website : St Peter's College website
Motto: To Love and To Serve (Amare et Servire) 
Type: Integrated Catholic Boys Secondary (Year 7-13) 
Address: 23 Mountain Rd, Epsom, Auckland 3 Phone: +64 9 524 8108 Fax: +64 9 524 9459 
Email: admin@st-peters.school.nz
Principal: K. F. Fouhy

References 

Auckland
Schools in New Zealand
1939 establishments
20th-century establishments in New Zealand
The Game Boy Player is a device for the Nintendo GameCube console that allows a person to be able to play Game Boy, Game Boy Color, and Game Boy Advance video games on the console. It was released in Japan, North America, and Europe in June 2003 and discontinued in 2007.

Nintendo hardware
Tibor Sekelj (in Hungarian: Székely Tibor) (14 February 1912 – 20 September 1988) was an explorer, writer and lawyer. He traveled a lot in South America, Africa and Asia. He spoke many languages, including Esperanto, the made up international language. He was member of the Academy of Esperanto and honorary member of the Universal Association of Esperanto (UEA). He wrote books in Esperanto. He came from a Jewish family.

Early life
Sekelj was born in Spišská Sobota, which was then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It is now called Poprad, in Slovakia. His father was a veterinarian (animal doctor), and the family moved around extensively. They moved to Cheney, now in Romania. In 1922 they moved to Kikinda, Serbia. He went to elementary school in Kikinda. The family moved to Nikšić, in Montenegro where he finished high school. He went to Zagreb where he studied in law at university.
Disinterested in practicing law, he began working as a journalist in Zagreb. In 1939 he went to Argentina to write about former Croates who had left Yugoslavia to settle in South America. He stayed there for the next 15 years as a journalist and explorer.  In 1944 he was part of a trekking party that climbed to the top of highest mountain in the western hemisphere Aconcagua , near Argentina. He used this experience to write a novel (story) in Spanish about Aconcagua, which became a best seller there. In 1946 he undertook the first of two expeditions into the Amazon jungle, the first of which produced a popular book, (Por Tierra De Indios). His companion from that expedition, Mary Reznik—whom he later married—was the first white woman to have penetrated that deeply into the Brazilian jungle. Together they returned to the Amazon in 1948, after which he penned "Where Civilization Ends" (Donde La Civilizacion Termina). The marriage produced a son, Diego
.  In 1954 Sekelj returned to Yugoslavia and settled in Belgrade, although he still traveled extensively. In 1962 he traveled through Africa. He married Erzsebet Sekelj, a young woman he met on a trip through Hungary. From 1972 he lived in Subotica (Vojvodina), now in Serbia. He was in charge of a museum in Subotica. He died in Subotica, and is buried there.
Travel books
  Storm on Aconcagua , a novel about Aconcagua, written in Spanish, Buenos Aires: Ediciones Peuser, 1944, 274 pages.  
  The Territories of the Indian,  about living among the Indians in the Brazilian forests, written in Spanish, 1946. 
  Excursión to the Indios del Araguaia (Brazil),  on the Karajá Indians and Javaé in Brazil, in Spanish, 1948. 
  Window on Nepal,  written in Esperanto, Laguna: Régulo, 1959, 212 pages.  
  Ĝambo rafiki, The Caravan of Friendship in Africa,  written in Esperanto, Pisa: Edistudio, 1991,173 pages, . 
  Ridu per Esperanto (Jokes in Esperanto),  a collection of jokes and stories, written in Esperanto, Zagreb 1973, 55 pages. 
  Premiitaj kaj aliaj noveloj (Prize and other stories),  seven stories written in Esperanto, Zagreb: Internacia Kultura Servo, 1974, 52 pages. 
  Kumeŭaŭa, the son of the jungle,  a children's book on the life of the Indians of Brazil, written in Esperanto. ** 1st edition Antwerp 1979.
World of Adventures,  autobiography and adventures through the 5 continents. Pisa: 1981. Second edition, 1990, 284 pages, . 
  Snowman,  stories about his mountain climbing, Vienna: Pro Esperanto 1988, 20 pages. 
  Kolektanto of ĉielarkoj,  stories and poems, written in Esperanto, Pisa: Edistudio, 1992, 117 pagesj, . 
  Temuĝino, the son of the steppe,  a novel for young people, translated into Serbian by Tereza Kapista, Belgrade 1993, 68 pages, .
Books on Esperanto 
  The importance of the international language in the education for a better world,  Mexico City: Mexican Esperanto Federation, 1953, 13 pages. 
  Esperanto, the international language; a common language for Africa, a common language for the world,  translated from Esperanto into English by John Christopher Wells, Rotterdam: UEA, 1962, 11 pages. 
  The linguistic problem within the movement of the nonaligned countries and the possibility of solving it,  Rotterdam: UEA, 1981, 16 pages.

Books on learning Esperanto 
  The new trovita feliĉo,  for children, Buenos Aires: Progreso, 1945. 
 with Antonije Sekelj:  Course of Esperanto, a structured method,  1960, 48 pages. 
 with Antonije Sekelj:  Dopisni tečaj Esperanta,  Belgrade: Serbia Esperanto-Ligo, 1960, 63 pages.

Other cultures 
During his travels in South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, Sekelj collected many important items from other cultures. He gave these to the Ethnographic Museum of Zagreb.
His main book on other cultures is  Tirez the arrow: oral poetry of the world , Rotterdam: UEA, 1983, 187 pages, . He translated into Esperanto, the poetry he had collected during his travels.

Dictionary
Sekelj worked with many other writers on a dictionary of museums, called the Dictionarium Museologicum, 1986.

1912 births
1988 deaths
Esperantists
Explorers
Jewish writers
Lawyers
People from Poprad
Slovakian people
Yugoslavian writers
The  is the third version of the Nintendo DS handheld. It was first announced in October 2008 and was available in Japan in November of the same year and worldwide in 2009/2010. Development of the DSi began in late 2006, shortly after the release of the DS Lite. A larger version of the DSi titled the Nintendo DSi XL was released in 2009/2010.

Features
The DSi is about 12% thinner (2.6 mm) and the screen is about 17% bigger than the Nintendo DS Lite. It has two Video Graphics Array (or VGA) 0.3 megapixel  digital cameras; one is pointed at the user and the other is in the outer shell. The power switch is now a power button like the original Nintendo DS instead of a switch and is moved to the bottom to make it harder to bump by accident. It no longer has a slot to play Game Boy Advance games in and one will not be able to play games such as Guitar Hero: On Tour on the DSi because the game requires the slot and the download games.
Differences between the Nintendo DS Lite and Nintendo DSi
Bigger Screen: The DSi Screen is one quarter of an inch bigger than the DS Lite screen.
Lighter: The DSi is 4 grams lighter than the DS Lite.
Battery Life: The battery lasts between 1–5 hours less than the DS Lite.
Extra memory: The Nintendo DSi has a SD card slot, on which photos and music can be stored.
No Game Boy Game Slot: The DSi cannot play Game Boy Advance games and DS games that require the use of the GBA slot; this caused disappointment when it came out.
Camera: The DSi has two cameras, one on the inside and one on the outside and the photos can be put on the SD card and later printed.
Music Player: The DSi has an AAC player, for playing music, much like an iPod does.
Internet: The DSi has an internet browser that cannot watch videos, but can do everything else.

References

Other websites
Official Nintendo DSi website 
Official Nintendo DSi website  

Nintendo video game consoles
Handheld video games
Charles IV (11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain from 14 December 1788 until his abdication on 19 March 1808. Later that year, Joseph Bonaparte became king.

Marriage and children
Charles IV married his first cousin Princess Maria Luisa, the daughter of Philip, Duke of Parma, in 1765. The couple had fourteen children, six of whom survived into adulthood:
Carlos Clemente of Spain (19 September 1771 – 7 March 1774) died in infancy.
Carlota Joaquina of Spain (25 April 1775 – 7 January 1830) married John VI of Portugal and had issue.
Maria Luisa of Spain (11 September 1777 – 2 July 1782) died in infancy.
Maria Amalia of Spain (9 January 1779 – 22 July 1798) married her uncle Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain no issue.
Carlos Domingo of Spain (5 March 1780 – 11 June 1783) died in infancy.
Maria Luisa of Spain (6 July 1782 – 13 March 1824) married Louis of Parma and had issues.
Carlos  Francisco of Spain (5 September 1783 – 11 November 1784) died in infancy.
Felipe Francisco of Spain (5 September 1783 – 18 October 1784) died in infancy.
Ferdinand VII of Spain (14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) succeeded his father as King of Spain.
Carlos of Spain, Count of Molina (29 March 1788 – 10 March 1855), later the first Carlist pretender.
María Isabella of Spain (6 June 1789 – 13 September 1848) married Francis I, King of the Two Sicilies and had issues.
Maria Teresa of Spain (16 February 1791 – 2 November 1794) died in infancy.
Felipe Maria of Spain (28 March 1792 – 1 March 1794) died in infancy.
Francisco Antonio de Paula of Spain, Duke of Cadiz (10 March 1794 – 13 August 1865)
Titles and styles

11 November 1748 – 10 August 1759 His Royal Highness the Prince of Taranto
10 August 1759 – 14 December 1788 His Royal Highness the Prince of Asturias
14 December 1788 – 19 March 1808 His Majesty the King
19 March 1808 – 20 January 1819 His Majesty King Carlos

Notes 

Kings and Queens of Spain
1748 births
1819 deaths
Bourbons of Naples and Sicily
Tapestry is art made with threads. It is woven by hand on a vertical loom. It is weft-faced weaving. This means all the warp threads (the ones that go up and down) are hidden in the completed work. In normal cloth weaving both the warp and the weft threads can be seen. 

In this way, a colourful pattern or image is made. Most weavers use a natural warp thread such as linen or cotton. The weft threads, which will be seen, are usually wool or cotton. They can also be made of silk, gold, silver, or other things.

Both craftsmen and artists have made tapestries. The 'blueprints' on cardboard (also known as 'tapestry cartoons') were made by artists, while actual weaving of the tapestries was done by craftsmen.

Function
Function

The success of decorative tapestry can be partially explained by its portability (Le Corbusier once called tapestries "nomadic murals"). Kings and noblemen could roll up and transport tapestries from one residence to another. In churches, they were displayed on special occasions. Tapestries were also draped on the walls of castles for insulation during winter, as well as for decorative display.

The famous Bayeux tapestry is not actually a tapestry, but a decorated cloth. And it was probably designed and made in England by Anglo-Saxon artists.

References 

Weaving
A critically endangered species is a species of plant or animal, that has an extremely high risk of extinction in the future.

Critically endangered Mammals 
 The Christmas Island Pipistrelle is a very small bat which is listed as being a Critically endangered species. In February 2009 there were only about 20 left living on Christmas Island. Scientists think the bat became extinct at the end of 2009.
 European mink

Critically endangered amphibians
 The Corroboree Frog, a very small frog found only in the high mountains of south east Australia.

Critically endangered reptiles
 The Gharial, a crocodile like animal.
 The Orinoco crocodile is a crocodile that only lives in the Orinoco river

Critically endangered birds
 The Grenada dove is a dove that only lives on the island of Grenada

Critically endangered molluscs
 The Similar Partula is a species of land snail that is now found only on one valley in French Polynesia.

References
Yushi Soda (born 5 July 1978) is a Japanese football player. He has played for Consadole Sapporo.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="9"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||9||0||1||0||0||0||10||0
|-
|2002||23||4||1||0||6||0||30||4
|-
|2003||rowspan="5"|J. League 2||38||4||3||1||colspan="2"|-||41||5
|-
|2004||38||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||42||2
|-
|2005||40||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||41||1
|-
|2006||35||1||5||0||colspan="2"|-||40||1
|-
|2007||45||7||0||0||colspan="2"|-||45||7
|-
|2008||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||1||0||4||0
|-
|2009||J. League 2||1||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||1
232||20||15||1||7||0||254||21
232||20||15||1||7||0||254||21
|}

References

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Hokkaidō Prefecture
is a former Japanese football player. His twin brother Kazuyuki Morisaki is also a former footballer.

Biography
Morisaki was born in Hiroshima on May 9, 1981. He joined Sanfrecce Hiroshima from their youth team in 2000. He played many matches as offensive midfielder from 2002 and became a central player of the club with his twin brother Kazuyuki Morisaki. In 2000s, although he played many matches, he suffered from occupational burnout in 2005 and chronic fatigue syndrome in 2009. In 2010s, although his opportunity to play decreased, the club won the champions 2012, 2013 and 2015 J1 League. He retired end of the 2016 season.

In June 2001, Morisaki was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2001 World Youth Championship. At this tournament, he played 2 matches. In August 2004, he was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2004 Summer Olympics. He played all 3 matches.

Statistics
|-
|2000||rowspan="17"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J1 League||4||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2001||2||2||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||2
|-
|2002||22||6||4||1||5||0||colspan="2"|-||31||7
|-
|2003||J2 League||37||10||4||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||41||13
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|J1 League||25||7||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||29||7
|-
|2005||14||1||0||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||19||1
|-
|2006||30||4||2||1||5||3||colspan="2"|-||37||8
|-
|2007||32||2||5||3||6||0||colspan="2"|-||43||5
|-
|2008||J2 League||40||14||4||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||44||15
|-
|2009||rowspan="8"|J1 League||3||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2010||27||3||0||0||3||1||4||1||34||5
|-
|2011||30||5||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||33||5
|-
|2012||28||7||1||0||5||2||colspan="2"|-||34||9
|-
|2013||6||1||0||0||0||0||1||0||7||1
|-
|2014||21||1||2||0||4||0||2||0||29||1
|-
|2015||9||1||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||12||1
|-
|2016||5||1||1||0||2||1||1||0||9||2
335||65||25||9||46||7||8||1||414||82
335||65||25||9||46||7||8||1||414||82
|}
References

Other websites

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
J1 League players
J2 League players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Kazuyuki Morisaki (born 9 May 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="12"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||3||0||5||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|2000||24||3||2||0||4||0||30||3
|-
|2001||26||1||2||0||3||0||31||1
|-
|2002||25||1||4||2||2||0||31||3
|-
|2003||J. League 2||41||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||43||1
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||28||5||1||0||5||0||34||5
|-
|2005||34||4||2||1||6||0||42||5
|-
|2006||26||2||2||0||1||0||29||2
|-
|2007||32||0||5||0||6||0||43||0
|-
|2008||J. League 2||33||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||36||2
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||18||0||2||0||1||0||21||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
290||19||30||3||28||0||348||22
290||19||30||3||28||0||348||22
|}

References
Sanfrecce Hiroshima 

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima Prefecture
Kota Hattori (born 22 November 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="15"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="7"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1997||18||0||2||0||5||0||25||0
|-
|1998||32||1||3||0||3||0||38||1
|-
|1999||28||1||4||0||1||0||33||1
|-
|2000||29||1||2||0||3||0||34||1
|-
|2001||28||0||0||0||5||1||33||1
|-
|2002||21||0||4||0||0||0||25||0
|-
|2003||J. League 2||44||1||4||1||colspan="2"|-||48||2
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||30||2||1||0||6||0||37||2
|-
|2005||34||0||2||0||6||0||42||0
|-
|2006||34||1||2||0||5||0||41||1
|-
|2007||34||2||5||0||7||1||46||3
|-
|2008||J. League 2||41||4||3||2||colspan="2"|-||44||6
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||34||2||2||1||4||0||40||3
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
408||15||34||4||45||2||487||21
408||15||34||4||45||2||487||21
|}

References
Sanfrecce Hiroshima 

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Chiba Prefecture
Kohei Morita (born 13 July 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Urawa Red Diamonds||J. League 1||19||0||1||0||0||0||20||0
|-
|2000||J. League 2||4||0||4||6||1||0||9||6
|-
|2001||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 1||6||0||0||0||1||0||7||0
|-
|2001||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||7||1||6||1||0||0||13||2
|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||32||4||3||1||colspan="2"|-||35||5
|-
|2003||28||2||3||0||colspan="2"|-||31||2
|-
|2004||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="7"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||14||1||1||0||2||1||17||2
|-
|2005||3||0||1||0||3||0||7||0
|-
|2006||19||0||2||0||4||2||25||2
|-
|2007||17||0||5||0||7||0||29||0
|-
|2008||J. League 2||16||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||1
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||21||1||1||1||6||0||28||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
189||10||28||9||24||3||241||22
189||10||28||9||24||3||241||22
|}

References
Sanfrecce Hiroshima
1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Aichi Prefecture
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Uemura was born in Yatsushiro on April 22, 1974. After graduating from Matsunaga High School, he joined J1 League side Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 1993. The club won the 2nd place in 1994 J1 League and 1995, 1996 and 1999 Emperor's Cup. He played in many matches as defender from his first season, except at times when he was injured.

After 11 year's long service at Sanfrecce Hiroshima, he moved to Cerezo Osaka in 2004, then Tokyo Verdy (2005–2006). After a brief spell at YSCC Yokohama, he joined his local club Rosso Kumamoto (later Roasso Kumamoto) in 2007. He damaged his knee ligaments three times and experienced seven operations. These injuries have affected his form. Uemura retired from professional football after the 2008 season.
He represented the Japan U-23 national team at the 1996 Summer Olympics. He played in 2 matches. He scored a goal in a group stage match against Hungary. Although Japan won 2 matches, Japan exited in the first round. Japan beat Brazil in their first game. It was known as the "Miracle of Miami" (マイアミの奇跡) in Japan.

In April 2001, Uemura was selected by the Japan national team. National team manager Philippe Troussier gave him his first full international cap on April 25 in a friendly against Spain. He was a member of the Japan team for the 2001 Confederations Cup. He played three games and Japan won second place. He played 4 games for Japan in 2001.

After the retirement, Uemura started coaching career at J2 League club Roasso Kumamoto in 2009. In 2013, he moved to J2 club Kamatamare Sanuki and served as assistant coach under manager Makoto Kitano. However the club was relegated to J3 League end of 2018 season. In 2019, Uemura became a manager as Kitano successor and he managed the club in 1 season.
Statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="11"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="10"|J1 League||17||1||2||0||6||0||25||1
|-
|1994||26||0||2||0||1||0||29||0
|-
|1995||46||4||4||0||colspan="2"|-||50||4
|-
|1996||12||2||0||0||7||0||19||2
|-
|1997||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|1998||17||0||3||0||0||0||20||0
|-
|1999||29||7||5||1||4||1||38||9
|-
|2000||28||6||2||0||3||0||33||6
|-
|2001||25||2||2||0||5||0||32||2
|-
|2002||10||1||4||0||0||0||14||1
|-
|2003||J2 League||38||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||42||0
|-
|2004||Cerezo Osaka||J1 League||15||0||0||0||6||0||21||0
|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Tokyo Verdy||J1 League||18||0||1||0||4||0||23||0
|-
|2006||J2 League||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2006||YSCC Yokohama||Regional Leagues||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2007||Rosso Kumamoto||Football League||30||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||3
|-
|2008||Roasso Kumamoto||J2 League||28||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||28||0
343||26||30||1||36||1||409||28
343||26||30||1||36||1||409||28
|}

|-
|2001||4||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

References
References

Other websites

1974 births
Living people
Footballers from Kumamoto Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japanese football managers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Cerezo Osaka players
Tokyo Verdy players
YSCC Yokohama players
Roasso Kumamoto players
2001 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Carlos Caetano Bledorn Verri (born 31 October 1963), known as Dunga (), is a Brazilian football manager and former professional player who played as a defensive midfielder.

Career statistics

Club

International

Coaching record

Honours

Player
Internacional
Rio Grande do Sul State League: 1982, 1983, 1984

Vasco da Gama
Rio de Janeiro State League: 1987

Júbilo Iwata
J. League: 1997

Brazil U-20
FIFA U-20 World Cup: 1983
South American Youth Championship: 1983

Brazil
FIFA World Cup: 1994
FIFA Confederations Cup: 1997
Copa América: 1989, 1997
Olympic Silver Medal: 1984
South American Pre-Olympic Tournament: 1984

Individual
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1994, 1998
J. League Most Valuable Player: 1997
J. League Best Eleven: 1997, 1998
FIFA XI: 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
Golden Foot: 2010, as a football legend
Fiorentina All-time XI

Manager
Internacional
Rio Grande do Sul State League: 2013

Brazil
Copa América: 2007
Olympic Bronze Medal: 2008
FIFA Confederations Cup: 2009
Superclásico de las Américas: 2014
Individual
IFFHS World's Best National Coach: 2007

References

Other websites 

 Official website (archived, 18 March 2018)

1963 births
Living people
Brazilian footballers
Association football midfielders
Júbilo Iwata players
J1 League players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
Brazilian Olympic bronze medalists
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Brazilian football managers
Ri Han-Jae (born 27 June 1982) is a North Korean football player. He plays for Consadole Sapporo.

Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="9"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||1||0||4||0||1||0||6||0
|-
|2003||J. League 2||22||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||26||1
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||26||1||1||0||5||0||32||1
|-
|2005||19||1||1||0||0||0||20||1
|-
|2006||26||2||2||0||6||0||34||2
|-
|2007||6||0||2||0||3||0||11||0
|-
|2008||J. League 2||37||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||41||1
|-
|2009||J. League 1||14||1||2||0||3||0||19||1
|-
|2010||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
151||7||20||0||18||0||189||7
151||7||20||0||18||0||189||7
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||1||1
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
!Total||7||1
|}

References

1982 births
Living people
North Korean footballers
Clarence Clyde Seedorf (born 1 April 1976) is a Dutch former football player and current manager. He plays for Botafogo and Netherlands national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Ajax||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||12||1||colspan="2"|-||3||0||15||1
|-
|1993/94||19||4||colspan="2"|-||2||0||21||4
|-
|1994/95||34||6||colspan="2"|-||11||0||45||6

|-
|1995/96||Sampdoria||Serie A||32||3||2||1||colspan="2"|-||34||4

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Real Madrid||rowspan="4"|La Liga||38||6||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||38||6
|-
|1997/98||36||6||colspan="2"|-||11||0||47||6
|-
|1998/99||37||3||colspan="2"|-||8||3||45||6
|-
|1999/00||10||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0||16||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="3"|Serie A||20||3||5||2||0||0||25||5
|-
|2000/01||24||2||4||0||7||3||35||5
|-
|2001/02||20||3||2||1||10||0||32||4
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Milan||rowspan="8"|Serie A||29||4||3||2||16||1||48||7
|-
|2003/04||29||3||5||0||8||0||42||3
|-
|2004/05||32||5||4||1||13||1||49||7
|-
|2005/06||36||4||2||1||11||1||49||6
|-
|2006/07||32||7||5||0||14||3||51||10
|-
|2007/08||32||7||0||0||7||2||39||9
|-
|2008/09||33||6||1||0||7||0||41||6
|-
|2009/10||29||5||0||0||8||1||37||6
65||11||colspan="2"|-||16||0||81||11
348||52||33||8||101||12||482||72
121||15||colspan="2"|-||25||3||146||18
534||78||33||8||142||15||720||103
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1994||1||1
|-
|1995||7||3
|-
|1996||11||2
|-
|1997||7||0
|-
|1998||12||1
|-
|1999||7||0
|-
|2000||10||2
|-
|2001||4||1
|-
|2002||2||1
|-
|2003||7||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||8||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
!Total||87||11
|}

References
References

1976 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
Dutch football managers
People from Paramaribo
Ryuta Matsushima (born 12 November 1980) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Kashima Antlers.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="3"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}

References

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Ibaraki Prefecture
Stuart Baxter (born 16 August 1953) is an English footballer turned manager.

1953 births
Living people
English footballers
English football managers
Sportspeople from Wolverhampton
is a Japanese football player.

Club career statistics
|-
|1994||rowspan="10"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="9"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1995||31||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||36||0
|-
|1996||24||0||5||0||8||1||37||1
|-
|1997||32||0||2||0||5||1||39||1
|-
|1998||28||0||3||0||3||0||34||0
|-
|1999||26||0||5||0||4||0||35||0
|-
|2000||30||0||1||0||4||0||35||0
|-
|2001||28||0||2||0||6||0||36||0
|-
|2002||14||0||4||0||4||0||22||0
|-
|2003||J. League 2||16||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||24||0||0||0||5||0||29||0
|-
|2005||22||1||0||0||2||0||24||1
|-
|2006||New Wave Kitakyushu||Regional Leagues||14||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2006||Fagiano Okayama||Regional Leagues||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|New Wave Kitakyushu||Regional Leagues||18||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Football League||30||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||32||1
|-
|2009||34||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||1
|-
|2010||Giravanz Kitakyushu||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
371||3||32||0||41||2||444||5
371||3||32||0||41||2||444||5
|}
References

1971 births
Living people
Footballers from Hiroshima
Giravanz Kitakyushu players
Claudio Ranieri (born 20 October 1951) is an Italian former football player and manager who is the current coach of Italian side Cagliari.

Claudio Ranieri won the 2015–16 Premier League title with Leicester City.

References

1951 births
Living people
Footballers from Rome
Italian football managers
A.S. Roma managers
Atlético Madrid managers
is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.

Biography
Takagi was born in Minamishimabara on November 12, 1967. After graduating from Osaka University of Commerce, he joined Japan Soccer League Division 2 club Fujita Industries in 1990. In 1991, he moved to Division 1 club Mazda (later Sanfrecce Hiroshima). In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league, J1 League. The club won the 2nd place in the 1994 J1 League and he was selected Best Eleven. The club also won the 1995 and 1996 Emperor's Cup. He played 173 matches and scored 62 goals for the club. In 1998, he moved to Verdy Kawasaki. In 2000, he moved to J2 League club Consadole Sapporo. The club won the champions in 2000 and was promoted to J1 from 2001. However he retired end of the 2000 season.
On May 31, 1992, Takagi debuted for the Japan national team against Argentina. In 1992, he was selected the Japan for 1992 Asian Cup which held in Japan and Japan team won the champions. He played 5 matches and scored a winning goal against Saudi Arabia at the final. In 1993, he played at 1994 World Cup qualification in Doha. However Japan failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup. It was known as the "Agony of Doha" (ドーハの悲劇) in Japan. He also played at 1994 Asian Games and 1996 Asian Cup. He played 44 games and scored 27 goals for Japan until 1997.
In 2006, Takagi became an assistant coach under the manager Yusuke Adachi at J2 League club Yokohama FC. In March, Adachi was sacked for poor performance and Takagi became a new manager. The club won the champions in 2006 and was promoted to J1 League from 2007. However the club results were bad in J1 and he was sacked in August. In 2008, he became an assistant coach under the manager Tetsuji Hashiratani at J1 club Tokyo Verdy. The club was relegated to J2 end of 2008 season and Takagi became a new manager as Hashiratani successor from 2009. However Takagu was sacked in October. In 2010, he signed with J2 club Roasso Kumamoto and managed the club until 2012. In 2013, he moved to his local club V-Varen Nagasaki which was promoted to J2 from 2013. The club won the 2nd place in 2017 and was promoted to J1 from 2018. However the club finished at the bottom place in 2018 and was relegated to J2 in a year. He also resigned end of 2018 season
. In 2019, he signed with J2 club Omiya Ardija and managed the club until 2020.
Statistics

|-
|1990/91||Fujita Industries||JSL Division 2||15||3||||||0||0||15||3
|-
|1991/92||Mazda||JSL Division 1||22||9||||||0||0||22||9
|-
|1992||rowspan="6"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="6"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||0||0||7||4||7||4
|-
|1993||29||11||2||0||0||0||31||11
|-
|1994||42||14||0||0||1||0||43||14
|-
|1995||24||5||5||4||colspan="2"|-||29||9
|-
|1996||30||11||5||2||6||1||41||14
|-
|1997||26||12||2||1||0||0||28||13
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J1 League||22||9||3||0||1||0||26||9
|-
|1999||18||2||0||0||3||1||21||3
|-
|2000||Consadole Sapporo||J2 League||17||0||3||1||1||0||21||1
245||76||20||8||20||6||285||90
245||76||20||8||20||6||285||90
|}

|-
|1992||11||5
|-
|1993||13||7
|-
|1994||5||2
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||10||6
|-
|1997||5||7
|-
!Total||44||27
|}

References

Other websites
Other websites

1967 births
Living people
Footballers from Nagasaki Prefecture
Japan international footballers
Japanese football managers
J1 League players
J2 League players
Japan Soccer League players
Shonan Bellmare players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Tokyo Verdy players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
1988 AFC Asian Cup players
1992 AFC Asian Cup players
1996 AFC Asian Cup players
AFC Asian Cup-winning players
Yokohama FC managers
The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is a species of night-flying moth. They are often used by educators as an example of natural selection: see peppered moth evolution.

The caterpillars of the peppered moth mimic the form and also the colour of the twig they rest on. The caterpillars can sense the twig’s colour with their skin and match their body colour to the background to protect themselves from predators.

References 

Geometridae
The evolution of the peppered moth has been studied in detail over the last 150 years. At first, almost all of the moths were light coloured. This gave them camouflage against the light-coloured trees and lichens where they rested during the day. As pollution increased during the Industrial Revolution in England, many of the lichens died out. The trees became blackened by soot, and most of the light-coloured moths, or typica, became rare. At the same time, the dark-coloured, or melanic, moths, carbonaria, flourished. This change took place because  the best camouflaged moths survived better. The term industrial melanism refers to the genetic darkening of species in response to pollutants. 

Since then, with an improved environment, light-coloured peppered moths have again become common. As a result of the relatively simple and easy-to-understand circumstances of the adaptation, the peppered moth has become a common example used in explaining or demonstrating natural selection.
Rise and fall of melanism 
Melanism has appeared in the European and North American peppered moth populations. Information about the initial rise in melanic frequency is scarce. Much more is known about the subsequent fall in phenotype frequency, because it was measured with moth traps.

A black peppered moth was found in 1811, a rareity, no doubt caused by a gene mutation. By 1864 the darker 'carbonaria' form was the more common morph in  Manchester. By 1895, it reached a frequency of 98% in Manchester.

From around 1962 to the present, the phenotype frequency of carbonaria has steadily fallen. Its decline has been measured more accurately than its rise, because of better scientific studies. Bernard Kettlewell conducted a national survey in 1956, Bruce Grant conducted a similar one in early 1996, and L.M. Cook in 2003.

Similar results were found in America. Melanic forms have not been found in Japan. This may be because peppered moths in Japan do not live in industrialised regions.

Predation experiments
In 1896 J.W. Tutt suggested that the increased proportion of carbonaria was caused by differential bird predation. This meant birds took more light-coloured moths in dark areas, and more dark-coloured moths in light areas. Various experiments have been performed on predation of the peppered moth, and each has supported this hypothesis.
The most famous experiments on the peppered moth were carried out by Bernard Kettlewell under the supervision of E.B. Ford. In one of Kettlewell's experiments, moths were released into a large (18 m by 6 m) aviary, where they were fed on by Great Tits (Parus major). In 1953, Kettlewell experimented at Cadbury Nature Reserve in Birmingham. He marked, released and recaptured the marked moths. He found, in polluted woodland, more typica morphs were taken. This showed that the melanistic phenotype was important to the survival of peppered moths in such a habitat. Kettlewell repeated the experiment in 1955 in an unpolluted woodland in Dorset, and again in polluted woods in Birmingham. He was accompanied by Niko Tinbergen, and they made a film of this. Further studies by others found similar results. Finally, in 1996, work on both sides of the Atlantic found a correlation between changes in melanic frequencies and pollution levels.
Later experiments 
In 2000 Majerus developed plans for further experiments. In the main experiment in Cambridge from 20012007 Majerus added an experiment to find if bat predation might have skewed the results – this found that bats preyed equally on both forms of the moth. He observed a number bird species preying on the moths. The overall data led him to conclude that differential bird predation was a major factor responsible for the decline in carbonaria frequency compared to typica in Cambridge during the study period. He described his results as a complete vindication of the peppered moth story, and said "If the rise and fall of the peppered moth is one of the most visually impacting and easily understood examples of Darwinian evolution in action, it should be taught. It provides after all the proof of evolution".
Majerus died before he could complete the writing up of his experiments, but the work was carried on by others. The paper said that "These data provide the most direct evidence yet to implicate camouflage and bird predation as the overriding explanation for the rise and fall of melanism in moths". The new data, coupled with the weight of previous data show that "industrial melanism in the peppered moth is still one of the clearest and most easily understood examples of Darwinian evolution in action".

Camouflage of caterpillars
Biston betularia caterpillars also occur in two forms, each adapted to a different situation. They develop body colours which match the brown or green twigs of their host plant. This is done by a mechanism called polyphenism. Polyphenism is a kind of polymorphism where different forms of an animal are caused by the same genome. The animal inherits the capability, but the environment determines which form develops. This contrasts with genetic polymorphism of the adults, where each morph (form) inherits a slightly different genome.

Polyphenism occurs when the animal inherits a developmental switch. The switch is sensitive to some environmental cue or trigger. In this case, researchers discovered that visual experience triggered precise color matching.
"Their induced body color... matched the wavelength of light to which they were exposed... the potential to change color is retained until the final (sixth) larval instar. Given their broad host range, this directly induced color polyphenism likely provides the caterpillars with strong protection from bird predation".

Related pages 
Ecological genetics
Polymorphism
Polyphenism

References 

Moths
Evolutionary biology
Families of Papilionoidea
The six families of Papilionoidea are:
Swallowtails and Birdwings, Papilionidae
Whites or Yellow-Whites, Pieridae
Blues and Coppers or Gossamer-Winged Butterflies, Lycaenidae
Metalmark butterflies, Riodinidae
Hesperiidae, skippers
Brush-footed butterflies, Nymphalidae which contain the following 13 subfamilies:
 the snout butterflies or Libytheinae (formerly the family Libytheidae).
 the Danaids or Danainae (formerly the family Danaidae).
 the Tellervinae.
 the glasswings or Ithomiinae.
 the Calinaginae.
 the morphos and owls or Morphinae (including the owls as tribe Brassolini).
 the Browns or Satyrinae (formerly the family Satyridae).
 the Charaxinae (preponas and leaf butterflies).
 the Biblidinae.
 the Apaturinae.
 the nymphs or Nymphalinae.
 the Limenitidinae (especially the adelphas) (formerly the family Limenitididae).
 the tropical longwings or Heliconiinae.

Butterflies
The Ditrysia are a natural group or clade of insects in the Lepidopteran order. It contains both butterflies and moths. They are called ditrisians because the female has two distinct sexual openings: one for mating, and the other for laying eggs.  

About 98% of described species of Lepidoptera belong to Ditrysia. The group can be divided into basal or incertae sedis "micromoths", and the Apoditrysia.  The Apoditrysia includes mostly the larger moths and the butterflies.

Lepidoptera
The Lycaenidae  are the second-largest family of butterflies, with about 6000 species worldwide. They are also called gossamer-winged butterflies.

The family includes many beautiful species. Some, like the Palos Verdes blue, are critically endangered. The Lycaenids were favourites of the Russian novelist and lepidopterist Vladimir Nabokov.

References
The Angled Darkie (Allotinus fabius) is a small butterfly.  It is found in India, Myanmar and South East Asia.  It belongs to the Lycaenidae family.

References

Lycaenidae
Allotinus is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

Species
 Allotinus drumila
 Allotinus fabius
 Allotinus horsfieldii
 Allotinus major
 Allotinus multistrigatus
 Allotinus subviolaceus

Lycaenidae
Nyssa is a fictional character in the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. She is played by Sarah Sutton. Nyssa came from the planet Traken. Nyssa was created by writer Johnny Byrne for the Fourth Doctor serial The Keeper of Traken, but the production team later decided that she should join the Doctor on his travels. She returned in the next serial Logopolis, in which the Fourth Doctor regenerated, and remained as a  companion of the Fifth Doctor. She was a regular in the programme from 1981 to 1983. Sutton was the youngest female actor to play a companion in the series.
Character history
Nyssa is a alien from the planet Traken, the daughter of Tremas (a consul of the Traken Union) and stepdaughter of Kassia. She helps the Doctor and Adric to defeat Master. During her journeys with Tegan and Adric aboard the TARDIS, Nyssa finds herself trapped in a mathematical equation by the Master – whom she hates as he is, of course, now using "that face" (her father's). She also encounters a race of androids and their insane ruler, helps foil the genocidal plans of a wounded Terileptil and incidentally start the Great Fire of London, and discovers her remarkable resemblance to Ann Talbot.
Appearances in other media
Nyssa's fate after she leaves the TARDIS is not known, although the spin-off novel Asylum, by Peter Darvill-Evans, reveals that she eventually leaves Terminus and settles down as an academic in a university on an unspecified planet. In Asylum, Nyssa shares an adventure with the Fourth Doctor from a time before he met her, leaving the Doctor with the knowledge that he will have to be extremely careful dealing with Nyssa when they eventually meet to avoid changing history.

Since then, Sutton has also voiced Nyssa in several audio plays alongside Peter Davison as the Fifth Doctor, produced by Big Finish Productions.

List of appearances

Television
Season 18
The Keeper of Traken
Logopolis
Season 19
Castrovalva
Four to Doomsday
Kinda
The Visitation
Black Orchid
Earthshock
Time-Flight
Season 20
Arc of Infinity
Snakedance
Mawdryn Undead
Terminus
Season 21
The Caves of Androzani (cameo)
30th anniversary special
Dimensions in Time
Audio dramas
The Land of the Dead
Winter for the Adept
The Mutant Phase
Primeval
Spare Parts
Creatures of Beauty
The Game
Circular Time
Renaissance of the Daleks
Return to the Web Planet
The Haunting of Thomas Brewster
The Boy That Time Forgot
Time Reef & A Perfect World
The Darkening Eye

Novels
Virgin Missing Adventures
Goth Opera by Paul Cornell
The Sands of Time by Justin Richards
Cold Fusion by Lance Parkin
Past Doctor Adventures
Zeta Major by Simon Messingham
Divided Loyalties by Gary Russell
Asylum by Peter Darvill-Evans
Fear of the Dark by Trevor Baxendale
Empire of Death by David Bishop

Comics
"On The Planet Isopterus" by Glenn Rix (Doctor Who Annual 1983)
"Blood Invocation" by Paul Cornell and John Ridgway (Doctor Who Magazine Yearbook 1995)

Other websites
 Nyssa at The TARDIS Index File website
 Nyssa on the BBC's Doctor Who website

Doctor Who characters
Harry Sullivan is a fictional character from the British science-fiction television series Doctor Who. He was a companion of the Fourth Doctor. Harry Sullivan was played by Ian Marter, the character appears as a regular during the programme's twelfth season in 1974–1975.
Character history 
Harry is a doctor in the Royal Navy, who is also a medical officer to the United Nations Intelligence Taskforce, the military organisation to which the Doctor works for as a scientific advisor. He is first mentioned (though not seen) in Planet of the Spiders, when the Brigadier thinks the Third Doctor has gone into a coma. The Brigadier calls "Doctor Sullivan" and asks him to come to the Doctor's laboratory, but tells him not to bother when Sergeant Benton wakes the Doctor by offering him a cup of coffee. In the next serial, Robot, after the Doctor's third regeneration, Sullivan is called in to help him, and ends up travelling aboard the TARDIS with the Fourth Doctor and Sarah-Jane Smith (played by Elisabeth Sladen) for several adventures.
Harry's last regular appearance is in the season thirteen opener Terror of the Zygons, which had actually been made at the conclusion of the twelfth production block and held over to start the following season. At the conclusion of this story he chooses to return to London by train rather than by TARDIS with the Doctor and Sarah-Jane, who continue their adventures without him. He does, however, reappear three stories later in The Android Invasion, both as the original Harry and an android double. This is the character's final appearance in the programme.

A photo of Harry can be seen in Sarah-Jane Smith's attic in The Sarah-Jane Adventures and in "Invasion of the Bane", Sarah-Jane thought of naming her newly adopted son after him before deciding on Luke.

Television 

Season 12

 Robot
 The Ark in Space
 The Sontaran Experiment
 Genesis of the Daleks
 Revenge of the Cybermen

Season 13

 Terror of the Zygons
 The Android Invasion

Novels 

 The Companions of Doctor Who
 Harry Sullivan's War by Ian Marter
Virgin New Adventures

 Blood Heat by Jim Mortimore (parallel universe version of Harry)
 Damaged Goods by Russell T. Davies

Virgin Missing Adventures

 System Shock by Justin Richards
 A Device of Death by Christopher Bulis

Past Doctor Adventures

 The Face of the Enemy by David A. McIntee
 Millennium Shock by Justin Richards
 Wolfsbane by Jacqueline Rayner

Short stories 

 "The Man From DOCTO(R)" by Andrew Collins (Short Trips: Companions)
 "To Kill a Nandi Bear" by Paul Williams (Short Trips: Past Tense)
 "UNIT Christmas Parties: Ships That Pass" by Karen Dunn (Short Trips: A Christmas Treasury)
 "Suitors, Inc." by Paul Magrs (Short Trips: Seven Deadly Sins)
 "The Last Broadcast" by Matthew Griffiths (Short Trips: A Day in the Life)
 "Mutiny" by Robert Dick (Short Trips: Defining Patterns)

Comics
Comics 

 "The Psychic Jungle" by Paul Crompton (Doctor Who Annual 1976)
 "Neuronic Nightmare" by Paul Crompton (Doctor Who Annual 1976)
 "The Body Snatcher" by Paul Crompton (Doctor Who Annual 1977)
 "Menace on Metalupiter" by Paul Crompton (Doctor Who Annual 1977)
 "Black Destiny" by Gary Russell, Martin Geraghty and Bambos Georgiou (Doctor Who Magazine 235–237)

Other websites 
 Harry Sullivan at The TARDIS Index File website
 Harry Sullivan on the BBC's Doctor Who website

Doctor Who characters
In the United Kingdom, the law recommends that all schools must do a fire drill every term.  But with the current UK government laws,  any organization in the UK should conduct a fire drill once a year. In addition to sounding the fire alarms for regular fire drills during term time, regular health and safety checks such as testing fire alarm systems and fire extinguishers must be done weekly. During half term holidays and breaks, these tests are often done during the day so that staff who work during term time know what the fire alarm sounds like. The fire alarm in the United Kingdom sounds either a continuous two tone buzzer or a beep similar to an electronic game beeping in test mode. Sometimes depending on the sounder used, the buzzer can curve between the two tones. In the United States, different states have laws that say how often schools must have fire drills
. For example, in many states, schools must have one fire drill per month and fire alarms can either be continuous, or set to different codes such as code 3.