Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
American Civil War 
During the American Civil War, the struggle over states' rights was between the individual Southern states and the federal government over who ultimately had the political power. Some historians argue slavery was the man cause of the war, and others say states' rights was the cause, but both issues were very closely connected. At issue was whether the federal government could regulate or even end slavery within the terrritories. There were other factors that divided the country between Southern slaveholding states and Northern industrial states. The South saw the institution of slavery as necessary to its economy and its way of life. Even Southern churches supported slavery when Northern churches saw the ownership of another person as an abomination.

Those who defended Southern states' rights pointed to the Tenth Amendment:
The Constitution did not even mention the word "slave". The framers of the Constitution, many of them slave owners, wanted to avoid the problem at the federal level. The only reference was to the three-fifths rule, which counted three-fifths of a state's slave population which gave a state extra representation, extra votes in the Electoral College, and an increase in its direct taxes. There, the text said not "slaves" but used the expression "all other persons" to mean the same thing.

On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln gave his first inaugural address as part of his being sworn in as 16th President of the United States. The speech was addressed primarily to South ern states and was intended to lay out his intended policies and desires toward the South. There, seven states had formed the Confederate States of America. His speech was written in a spirit of friendship toward the seceded states.
The Thirteenth Amendment, passed on December 6, 1865, abolished slavery in all of the United States and gave Congress the power to enforce it.

Supreme Court cases 
The following Supreme Court decisions had to do with states' rights. Some of them were later overturned.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) The Court decided the federal government had the power to set up a federal bank even though the Constitution does not say so explicitly. Also, that a state did not have the right to tax the federal government to try to weaken the bank.
 Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) The Court ruled that New York's licensing requirement for out-of-state boat operators was inconsistent with a federal law regulating coastal trade.
 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) The court ruled African Americans, whether free or slaves, were not US citizens. That meant that they could not sue in a federal court. Also, states coud not make them citizens. Besides, the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
 Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) The Court ruled on a question of a federal law banning the shipments across state lines of goods that were made in factories employing underaged children as workers. The decisioon was that Congress could not regulate the production of goods.
Wickard v. Filburn (1942) The Court ruled on an Ohio farmer, Filburn, who was growing wheat for animal feed on his own farm. The US government had established limits on wheat production to stabilize wheat prices and supplies. The ruled was in favor of the federal government and greatly expanded the federal government's regulation powers.
 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) The Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional and a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Notes

References

Other websites 
 Jefferson and Hamilton Debate Federal vs. States' Rights

Origins of the American Civil War
The Mk 19 (or Mark 19) is a grenade machine gun capable of firing one grenade every second at a maximum range of . The Mk 19 fires 40mm grenades at a rate of 325-375 rounds per minute (rpm).  It has a maximum effective range of .  It was originally used by the U.S. Navy in Vietnam for river patrol boats. Later it was adopted and improved upon by the U.S. Army.  It is a man portable crew-served weapon that can fire from a tripod mounted position. It also fires from a vehicle mounted position (this is the preferred method since the weapon alone weighs ). The ammunition comes in 32 or 48 round ammunition boxes weighing  and .

References

Other websites 
 MK-19 training day; YouTube

Weapons
Lampeter (), also known locally as Llambed, is a town and community in Ceredigion, Wales. In 2011, it had a population of 2,970 people. It is the United Kingdom's smallest university town.

Its population makes it Ceredigion's third-largest settlement, after Aberystwyth and Cardigan.

The town's Welsh name "Pont Steffan" means Stephen's Bridge.

Lampeter is best known as being the founding place of the Free Wales Army, a paramilitary organisation that wanted independence for Wales.

Twinning
Lampeter is twinned with:
 Saint-Germain-sur-Moine, France

Gallery

Towns in Ceredigion
Obergesteln is a village and former municipality in the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Obergesteln, Oberwald and Ulrichen merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.

Villages in Valais
Former municipalities of Valais
Oberwald is a village and former municipality of the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Oberwald, Obergesteln and Ulrichen merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.

Villages in Valais
Former municipalities of Valais
Champex-Lac or Champex is a village of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

Champex-Lac is in the municipality of Orsières.

Champex is also a small ski-resort.

Other websites 

Champex, tourist office

Villages in Valais
Ski areas and resorts in Switzerland
Entremont District
A scripting or script language is a programming language that supports scripts. Scripts are usually short computer programs that do steps that could be done one at a time by a person. This automates a job to make it easier and more reliable. A scripting language is often a simpler language, and easier to learn than other languages, but still can do many things.

Scripts may run inside of another program, like in a web browser or Microsoft Excel. They may also be a shell that runs from a command line interface and makes calls to the operating system (OS). The shell is considered interactive - the user can choose what to type, and the shell responds to the command. These can be used to control jobs on mainframes and servers.
Some people say a scripting language must be tied to a specific use. Others use a wider definition and include general-purpose programming languages that are interpreted, not compiled. General-purpose means it can be used in many ways for different things. Some general-purpose languages (such as Java) have variations that can be scripted . There is no specific rule on what is, or is not, a scripting language.

Examples
Some common examples of scripting languages:
 Bash and C shell, as control languages for the Unix or Unix-like operating systems
 Scripts that run inside another applications are called an extension language. Web browsers allow several kinds of scripts, including ECMAScript (JavaScript) or XUL. For instance, the Google home page uses JavaScript. Visual Basic for Applications is used inside Microsoft Office. Lua is a language purposely made as an extension language, and can be used within many applications. 
 Games that have scripting extensions include the Second Life virtual world and the Trainz Railroad simulators. In other games like Wesnoth, the variety of actual games played are scripts written by other users.
 Text-processing languages sed and AWK
General purpose: Perl, Tcl, and Python are high-level programming languages (closer to human language than to machine code) that can be used for a many different things. Some of these languages were first made for a particular use, and then were changed into general-purpose languages.
Characteristics
Most scripting languages are made to be easy to learn. They often can be either short files with source code, or entered one command at a time in a command line interface, which has a read–eval–print loop (REPL, language shell). This usually means a simple set of commands. There might not be functions or a main, it just runs from start to finish. If something doesn't work, a programmer can make quick changes and run it again. This makes a scripting language good for making a rapid prototype to see if an idea works.

For example, most people do not call Java a scripting language, because of its lengthy syntax and rules about which classes exist in which files, and because Java cannot be executed interactively in a REPL. It needs files with source code, and they can only contain definitions that must be used by a host application or application launcher. (Java is not the same as JavaScript).
But Python allows choices - functions can be put in a file, it can be run without functions and use imperative programming style, or even use it interactively (type and run one line at a time).

print ("Hello World")

This one line of Python code prints "Hello World"; no main() function or anything else is needed.

A scripting language is usually interpreted from source code or bytecode. However, something has to run the script (interpret it) so the computer understands it. This is an application, or something in the OS. That is often written in a compiled language and distributed in machine code form (as an executable that doesn't make sense to humans).

Scripting languages may be designed to be used by the people using a program — end-user development. Other times they may be built by programmers for their own use. Scripting languages often use abstraction, a form of information hiding. This means users do not need to know the details of variable types, data storage, and memory management.
Scripts are often made or changed by the person executing them, but some are shared or sold to others. For example, when large parts of games are written in a scripting language. Sometimes a script can be compiled before others use it. Once compiled, it will run faster and doesn't need another application to run it. And this prevents end users from changing the code.

History
Early mainframe computers (in the 1950s) were not interactive, but used scripts stored in batch files. IBM's Job Control Language (JCL) is the common example of a scripting language used to control batch processing.
The first interactive shells were made in the 1960s to help remote operation of the first time-sharing systems. These used shell scripts, which can run computer programs within a computer program, the shell. Calvin Mooers in his TRAC language is generally given credit with inventing command substitution. This lets commands change the script (self-modifying code). Multics calls these active functions. Louis Pouzin wrote an early processor for command scripts called RUNCOM for CTSS around 1964. Stuart Madnick at MIT wrote a scripting language for IBM's CP/CMS in 1966. He originally called this processor COMMAND, later named EXEC. Multics included an offshoot of CTSS RUNCOM, also called RUNCOM. EXEC was eventually replaced by EXEC 2 and REXX.
Languages such as Tcl and Lua were made from the start to be general-purpose scripting languages that could be put into any application. Other languages such as Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) could do much of the same, but needed to work only with certain applications. Using a general-purpose scripting language instead of making a new language for each application usually makes it easier for both the person writing the application and the user writing the scripts.

Types of scripting languages

Glue languages
Scripting is sometimes used to connect different applications. This is called glue code, and a language made just for this purpose is a glue language. Pipelines and shell scripting are common examples of glue languages.  But if a lot of logic is written in a script file, it is better to think of it as simply another software application, not "glue".
Glue languages are especially useful for writing and maintaining:
 custom commands for a command shell;
 smaller programs than those that are better implemented in a compiled language;
 "wrapper" programs that do some automated things before or after running an application like a spreadsheet, data base, compiler, etc.;
 scripts that may change often;

Glue language examples:
 AppleScript
 awk
 JCL
 Lua
 m4
 Perl
 Unix Shell scripts (ksh, csh, bash, sh and others)
 VBScript
 Work Flow Language
 Windows PowerShell
 XSLT

Devices like programmable calculators may also have their own glue languages. For example, the Texas Instruments TI-92, by factory default can be programmed with a command script language. The TI-NSpire calculator understands the Lua language. Others understand some kind of Basic language, or maybe Lisp or something else.

Job control languages and shells
This group has come from the automation of job control, which relates to starting and controlling the behavior of system programs, starting from IBM's JCL. Many of these languages' interpreters also work as command-line interpreters such as the Unix shell or the MS-DOS COMMAND.COM. Others, such as AppleScript offer the use of English-like commands to build scripts.

GUI scripting
When building graphical user interfaces, a way of testing it is needed. Specialized scripting languages were made to control graphic windows, menus, buttons, and so on just like a human user would. Many times, these can be used to copy exactly what a person does (moving a mouse, clicking or typing on a keyboard). This action or set of actions that is copied and remembered is called a macro.
Application-specific languages
Many large applications include a scripting language built just for that application. The application can be a game or a business program. This type of language is made for a single application. They make look like a general-purpose language (e.g. QuakeC, modeled after C), they have custom features that distinguish them.

Extension/embeddable languages
This is like an application-specific scripting languages, in that it controls an application, but the language can be used in many applications.

JavaScript started as a language for scripting inside web browsers; but it is now a general-purpose embeddable language. It is also used in  Adobe products for instance.

Some languages shift from one type to another over time, usually as they add capability to do more things.

References

Further reading

Other websites
 

Programming languages
Reckingen-Gluringen was a municipality, in the new municipality of Goms and the district Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2004, the former municipalities of Reckingen and Gluringen merged into the new municipality of Reckingen-Gluringen.

References

Other websites

 Official Website  

Former municipalities of Valais
Ulrichen is a village and former municipality of the district Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Ulrichen, Obergesteln and Oberwald merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.

Villages in Valais
Former municipalities of Valais
Biography 
Emilia Lanier was the first woman in England who published a sepatate book of poems. Her name and surname were written in many ways, Emilia, Aemilia, Amelia, Lanier or Lanyer. She was born in the beginning of 1569. She was baptised on 27 January 1569. She was partly of Italian origin. Her father was Baptist Bassano. He was a musician. He came from Venice. Her mother was Margaret Johnson. For some years she was in informal relation with Henry Carey. He was a cousin and chamberlain of the queen Elizabeth the Great. She got pregnant. She married her cousin Alphonso Lanyer, who was a musician like her father. In 1593 she gave birth to her son Henry who was named after his father, Henry Carey. In 1598 she gave birth to a daughter, Odillya, who lived for only ten months. The poet lived with her son's family. In 1623 he married Joyce Mansfield. Emilia Lanier had two grandchildren, Mary (born 1627) and Henry (born 1630).
Works 
Emilia Lanier published her collection of poems in 1611. It contains pieces of religious poetry. They differ from each other in the field of poetic form. Emilia Lanier used many stanzas, build of six lines (rhymed ababcc), seven lines (ababacc or ababbcc that is rhyme royal) or eight lines (abababcc that is ottava rima).

Emilia Lanier or Dark Lady 
Emilia Lanier is considered to be the Dark Lady of William Shakespeare's sonnets. John Hudson suggests that she was the real author of some Shakespeares plays.

References

Other websites 
 Æmilia Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Iudæorum at luminarium.org

1569 births
1645 deaths
English poets
"Satyameva Jayate" ( ; lit. "Truth alone triumphs.") is a mantra from the ancient Indian scripture Mundaka Upanishad. Upon independence of India, it was adopted as the national motto of India.
It is inscribed in script at the base of the national emblem. The emblem and the words "Satyameva Jayate" are inscribed on one side of all Indian currency. The emblem is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka which was erected around 250 BCE at Sarnath, near Varanasi in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is inscribed on all currency notes and national documents.

References

National symbols of India
Angioedema is swelling that is similar to hives, but the swelling is under the skin instead of on the surface.

Hives are often called welts. They are a surface swelling. It is possible to have angioedema without hives.

Causes

Angioedema may be caused by an allergic reaction. During the reaction, histamine and other chemicals are released into the bloodstream. The body releases histamine when the immune system detects a foreign substance called an allergen.

In most cases, the cause of angioedema is never found.
The following may cause angioedema:
 Animal dander (scales of shed skin)
 Exposure to water, sunlight, cold or heat
 Foods (such as berries, shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, and milk)
 Insect bites
 Medicines (drug allergy) such as antibiotics (penicillin and sulfa drugs), Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood pressure medicines (ACE inhibitors)
 Pollen
Hives and angioedema may also occur after infections or with other illnesses (including autoimmune disorders such as lupus, leukemia, and lymphoma).

A form of angioedema happens in families and has different triggers, complications, and treatments. This is called hereditary angioedema.

Allergies
Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a special university in France. The school is in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It was created in 2013.

It is a specialist in the fields of economics, administration, social sciences and politics.

References

More reading 
 Sciences Po Saint-Germain-en-Laye website

Education in France
Obergoms is a municipality of the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Obergesteln, Oberwald and Ulrichen merged into the new municipality of Obergoms.

References

Other websites

 Official Website 

2009 establishments in Switzerland
Municipalities in Goms
The Ain (in Franco-Provençal: En) is a river in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône river. It gave its name to the French department of Ain.

Geography
The Ain river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Chazey-sur-Ain in the Ain department.

Course
The source of the Ain is a karst spring (a spring that is part of a karst system) in the Jura mountains, between the Conte an the La Favière communes (Jura department), at an altitude of about . From here, the Ain flows to the south.
The Ain river flows through 2 regions, 2 departments and 66 communes. It flows through the following communes, among others:
 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region
 Jura:  Sirod, Syam, Champagnole, Crotenay, Pont-de-Poitte, Moirans-en-Montagne, Thoirette
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Ain: Poncin, Neuville-sur-Ain, Pont-d'Ain, Priay, Châtillon-la-Palud, Chazey-sur-Ain, Saint-Jean-de-Niost, Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens

Finally, it flows into the Rhône river in the commune of Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans, on the border with the Isère department.

Main tributaries
The main tributaries of the Ain river are:

Left tributaries:
 Saine - 19 km
 Hérisson - 21 km
 Drouvenant - 18 km
 Cimante - 11 km
 Bienne - 69 km
 Oignin - 44 km
 Riez - 13 km
 Oiselon - 14 km
 Cozance - 12 km
 Albarine - 59 km

Right tributaries:
 Serpentine - 11 km
 Angillon - 27 km
 Valouse - 42 km
 Suran - 74 km
 Toison - 15 km

Gallery

Related pages
 List of rivers of France

References

Other websites

 La Basse Rivière d'Ain
Rivers of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Rivers of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
WSTRN is an English West London singing group consisting of Akelle Charles, Louis Rei and Haile. 
They are known because of their debut song, "In2", which was released on 13 October 2015 and peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. Louis Rei was formerly known as LB, Akelle was formerly known as A-Star and is Haile's cousin.

2010s establishments in England
2015 establishments in the United Kingdom
English hip hop bands
English R&B bands
Musical groups from London
Musical trios
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body. It is made up of about 300 bones at birth. As some bones join together, there are 206 bones in adulthood. The bones are at their strongest around age 20. The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones. The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.

The human skeleton performs six major functions. These are: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals, and endocrine regulation.
The male and female skeletons are not so different as those of many other primates. There are subtle differences between sexes in the morphology of the skull, teeth, long bones, and pelvis. In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements.

The human female pelvis is different from that of males in order to facilitate child-birth. The hips on a female are proportionately wider than males, and so the ball joints at the top of the legs are set more apart than in males. This, and the pelvic shape, gives a birth channel which allows the newborn foetus to pass through. The critical factor is the baby's head, which is much larger than in other primates.

Unlike most primates, human males do not have penile bones. This is an adaptation to the human upright stance.

References

Other websites 
 human skeletal system; YouTube
 Skull Development: YouTube

Bones
Human body features
Brihadeshwara Temple (also called Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Gangaikondacholeeswaram) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Ariyalur district, in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

Other websites

 Unesco Great Living Chola Temples

World Heritage Sites in India
Hindu temples
Temples in India
11th-century establishments in Asia
Establishments in India
Didier Guillemot (born in 1960) is a French doctor, specialized in infection. He was President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines from May 2016 to Septembre 2017.

Graduate from the Paris Diderot University in innovation and public health, he starts his career at Inserm in 1994. He moved to Institut Pasteur in 2001.

He worked on the HIV.
On April 2016, he was elected President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, succeeding Jean-Luc Vayssière. He left his in September 2017 due to health reason.

References 

Living people
1960 births
French biologists
Presidents of the University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University faculty
Blessed Joseph Gérard, OMI (March 12, 1831 – May 29, 1914) was a French Catholic missionary. 

Gérard mostly worked among the Basotho people of modern-day Lesotho and the Free State province of South Africa.

Gérard was beatified by Pope John Paul II on September 15, 1988. His feast day is on May 29.

References

1831 births
1914 deaths
Christian saints
French Roman Catholic priests
Roman Catholic missionaries
People from Meurthe-et-Moselle
Ambattur is a neighbourhood place of Northern Chennai. It is located in the Ambattur taluk of the Chennai Corporation, Tamil Nadu. It was added in the part of the Chennai Corporation in the year 2011.

It is one of the fast growing residential area in the Chennai Corporation. The area of the place is 45 km2.The neighbourhood is served by the Ambattur Railway Station.

In the time of 1960s Ambattur was a village with large extends of agricultural lands. The Ambattur Lake supported the irrigational purpose.The growth of the village heightened when the Ambattur industrial estate was established in the year 1964.

It was said that the place has got its name of Ambattur from the Tamil words (ஐம்பத்து ஊர்) becvause this place was the colloboration of 50 places.

The population of this area in 2011 is 466,205 with a sex ratio of 985 per 1000 males and literacy rate of 82%.

References

Neighbourhoods of Chennai
T21, originally T2 is a diesel-hydraulic locomotive operated by Swedish State Railways () and Nora Bergslags Järnväg (NBJ) of Sweden. 60 units were built during the 1950s by Maschinenbau Kiel and Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna based on the German DB Class V65. The T21 was technically identical with the MaK 800D. The T21 was used to replace steam locomotives on branch lines. They were used until the 1990s.

The order consisted of 56 locomotives, of which ten were to be built in Sweden with a Swedish hydraulic shift, designated T3, later T22. The shift did not work particularly well, and only four were delivered, the rest with a German shift. Later two units were rebuilt to T21s. NBJ bought four T21 units in 1963.

Other websites
 Järnväg.net on T21

MaK locomotives
The Vossloh DE 18 is a Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotive. It is the first new diesel-electric locomotive to be built in Kiel since production of the DE 1002 ended in 1993. Up to 60% of the components are shared with the diesel-hydraulic G 18.

Operations
The prototype locomotive was shown together with the smaller, diesel-hydraulic G 12 on InnoTrans 2010. The launch customer for the DE 18 was BASF, ordering 2 DE 18 locomotives for services at its plants in December 2011.

References

Other websites
 Official Vossloh DE 18 product page

DE 18
Bo-Bo locomotives
The SNCF Class BB 61000 diesel locomotives were built by Vossloh to their G1206 design between 2002-2005 for the French state railways. Twenty three locomotives were built, numbered 61001-61023. As they are operated by the freight sector, the locomotives carry a '4' prefix (i.e. they are numbered 461001-461023).

These are the second locomotives to be numbered in this range, the first being the Class C 61000 (+ TC 61100).

Fleet List

References

Vossloh locomotives
Bo-Bo locomotives
SNCF 040.DF was a class of one prototype diesel-hydraulic locomotive built for the SNCF built in 1952 by Renault.

In 1962 it was renumbered from 040.DF.1 to BB 60041.

Like the 060.DA, it was delivered in a livery of dark green with a yellow stripe.

SNCF locomotives
Bo-Bo locomotives
TCDD DH3600 were diesel-hydraulic locomotive built for shunting operations on the Turkish State Railways. 38 units were built by Tüvasaş under licence from Maschinenbau Kiel (MaK). In 1980-81 the shunters were rebuilt with Cummins Diesel KT1150L engines.

Other websites
 Trains of Turkey page on DH3600

MaK locomotives
C locomotives
The SNCF Class BB 7200 is a 1.5 kV DC electric locomotive. It is operated by the SNCF in France. The BB 7200 are part of the "Nez Cassé" family of locomotives. SNCF Class BB 15000 is the alternating current (AC) version. The Class BB 22200 is a dual-voltage version. They are numbered to show that the DC and AC class make the dual-voltage locomotives (7200 + 15000 = 22200). Another similar model is the NS Class 1600. It is operated in the Netherlands. It is a DC locomotive based on the BB 7200.

Locomotive numbers 7209, 7210, 7308 and 7348 have all been destroyed in accidents.

The class are numbered 7201 - 7440. Some have cast plates.

In 2012 and 2013, the locomotives numbered 7311, 7312, 7314, 7325, 7327, 7330m 7332, 7335, 7337, 7339, 7341 and 7342 were modified. They became BB 7600 locomotives. They were operated on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse line.

Names
Some of the class carry the name of a city in France:
Models
 This locomotive was reproduced in H0 scale by Jouef, Lima, Märklin and Roco.
 This locomotive was reproduced in N scale by Fleischmann and Minitrix.

References

07200
B-B locomotives
Regional parliaments of Russia are the legislative/parliamentary bodies of power in the regions of Russia (Republics, Krais, Oblasts, Autonomous okrugs and Federal Cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg), which have different names, often collectively referred to in the media as regional parliaments.  

The federal structure of Russia includes 83 regional parliaments.  The biggest regional parliament is the State Assembly of Bashkortostan which consists of 120 deputies. The smallest one is the Assembly of Deputies of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug which consists of 11 deputies.

Parties in Each Parliament 

In the table are marked in bold parliaments, elected solely by the proportional system. 

Politics of Russia
Crêt de la Neige is a  high mountain in the commune of Thoiry. It is the highest peak in the Jura Mountains and the department of Ain in France.

It is in the Jura Mountains Regional Natural Park ().

Geography

Crêt de la Neige is between the communes of Lélex (to the northwest) and Thoiry (to the southeast) in the Ain department.

It is found in the Haute Chaîne, the most eastern and highest chain of the French Jura mountains; it is in the Pays de Gex (the Arrondissement of Gex, Ain department), about  to the northwest of the city of Geneva.

The Crêt de la Neige is surrounded by the plain of the Pays de Gex to the east and the Valserine valley (a valley among the Jura mountains formed by the Valserine river) to the west.
From the summit (or near the summit because it is covered with shrubs and trees), it is possible to see Geneva and the Pays de Gex and there is a 360° view over the Lake Geneva, the Valserine valley, La Dôle (a peak of the Jura mountains that is in Switzerland) and the Alps. On a clear day, it is possible to see the Vosges mountains and the Black Forest.

Elevation
In the past, the official elevation given for the Crêt de la Neige was , and so it appears in old maps, only  higher than the near peak of Reculet . But recent studies made by the Institut géographique national (IGN) in Villeurbanne found that the true altitude of the Crêt de la Neige is  above sea level.

Getting there
The easiest route to get to the Crêt de la Neige is from the Tiocan lookout point that is beyond Thoiry.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Crêt de la Neige in Camp-to-Camp 
 Crêt de la Neige in GeoFinder.ch 
 Crêt de la Neige at Altituderando.com 

Mountains of France
Ain
During the 2016 United States presidential election on November 8, in the state of California, all 55 electoral votes were for Democrat, Hillary Clinton because 61.7% of people in the state voted for her.

Presidential

Results

Polling 
The following are poll results from www.realclearpolitics.com All polls showed that Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton had a big lead.

Primaries

Democratic

By county 

Again, yellow is a victory for Clinton while green is a victory for Sanders.

Republican

Libertarian

Green

American Independent

Peace and Freedom

Related pages

 Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016
 Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016

References

Other websites 

 RNC 2016 Republican Nominating Process 
 Green papers for 2016 primaries, caucuses, and conventions
 2016 Presidential primaries , ElectionProjection.com

2016 California elections
2016 United States presidential election by state
Udara is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species are found in the Indomalayan and the Australasian realms.

Lycaenidae
President-elect of the United States is the title used for an incoming president of the United States between the general election on Election Day in November and noon Eastern Standard Time on Inauguration Day, January 20. During this time, the elected nominee is not in office yet.

Since the election for U.S. president is not by popular vote, the title is used for the apparent winner. The decision is finalized when votes of the Electoral College, cast in December, are counted by a joint session of Congress in early January. 

If the current president has won re-election, they are not given the title of president-elect because he or she is already in office and not waiting to become president. If a new president is scheduled to enter, then the current-standing one is said to hold the office on a lame duck basis.

List of presidents-elect

References
Odis Oliver Flores (born June 19, 1987) is an American rapper. His stage name is O.T Genasis. He is well known for his songs "CoCo", "Do It" and "Cut It".

Discography

Mixtapes

Singles

As lead artist

References

African-American rappers
1987 births
Singers from Atlanta
Living people
Musicians from Atlanta
Trap musicians
Gangsta rappers
Laura Ashley (née Mountney; 7 September 1925 – 17 September 1985) was a fashion designer and business woman from Wales. She began by making simple items out of her own printed cloth, but when her work became more popular she opened factories making clothes and furniture too. Ashley, along with her husband Bernard, set up a large business to sell her designs, with 219 across the world. The business faced difficult times in the 1990s, after Ashley's death, but there are still many Laura Ashley shops today, in Europe, Asia and Australia.

References 

1925 births
1985 deaths
Welsh people
British fashion designers
The Itapúa department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Encarnación.

Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-7.

Geography
The Itapúa department is in the southeastern part of the country, in the Oriental region. It has an area of , with a estimated population for 2013 of 551,128 for a Population density of .

Limits
 To the north: Caazapá and Alto Paraná departments.
 To the south and east: Argentina, separated by the Paraná river.
 To the west: Misiones department.

Rivers
The main river in the department is the Paraná river.

Climate
, the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Encarnación was . The month with the most precipitation was December with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was January with .

The average temperature for the year 2012 in Encarnación was . The warmest month, on average, was February with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .
Districts
The department is divided in 30 districts:

Related pages
 Departments of Paraguay
 ISO 3166-2:PY

References

Other websites

 Gobernación de Itapúa website 
 Statoids - Departments of Paraguay

Departments of Paraguay
The 2016 United States presidential election in Alaska was held on 8 November 2016. It was part of the 2016 United States presidential election, in which all other states plus the District of Columbia voted.

On 1 March and 26 March 2016, the state also voted for who they wanted to be the nominee of their respective parties.

Presidential

Polling 
Below is a table with the polling results in Alaska. Alaska has voted Republican in the general election since 1968.

Results

Caucuses

Democratic 

The Democratic caucus occurred on 26 March 2016.

Republican 

The Republican caucus occurred on 1 March 2016.

Related pages
 Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016
 Republican Party presidential primaries, 2016

References

Other websites 
 RNC 2016 Republican Nominating Process 
 Green papers for 2016 primaries, caucuses, and conventions
 2016 Presidential primaries , ElectionProjection.com
 Decision Desk Headquarter Results for Alaska 

History of Alaska
2016 United States presidential election by state
The Dakota people are a Native American tribe. They are also a part of the First Nations. They make up two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux people. They are usually divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota.

The Eastern Dakota are also called the Santee, and are located in the eastern Dakotas, central Minnesota and northern Iowa. They have many federally recognized tribes.

The Western Dakota are also called the Yankton or Yanktonai, and are located in the Missouri River area. They also have many notable federally recognized tribes. They were often mistaken to be the Nakota (who are actually a group of tribes that broke away from the main branches of the Sioux nation in earlier times).

History
History 

The Dakota lived in Wisconsin and Minnesota in the 17th century. By 1700 some had moved to present-day South Dakota. Late in the 17th century, the Dakota became alliances with French merchants. The French tried to use this alliance to help them control the North American fur trade against the English.

Dakota War of 1862 

In the late 1850s, treaty violations by the United States and unfair payments by Indian agents (governmental people who were allowed to interact with the natives) led to increasing hunger and hardship among the Dakota. Even though the Dakota tried to negotiate with the U.S. government, nothing was successful. On 16 August 1862, a group of Dakota hunters killed a family of settlers. This led to more attacks on settlers, and soon a full war had begun. On 5 November 1862, 38 Dakota warriors were sentenced to death by hanging. This would later become the largest mass execution in U.S. history.
During and after the revolt, many Eastern Dakota and their family left Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to go to Canada, or settle in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation. They were then forced to move to the Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri river. Some joined the Western Dakota and moved further west to help the Lakota tribes to continue their fight against the U.S. military.

Others remained in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations that still exist, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas. Some moved to Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Tribe today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri river.

Those who fled to Canada left nine small reservations for their families in Manitoba (Sioux Valley, Long Plain, Dakota Tipi, Birdtail Creek, and Oak Lake [Pipestone]) and the four more (Standing Buffalo, Moose Woods [White Cap], Round Plain [Wahpeton], and Wood Mountain) in Saskatchewan.
Language 

The Dakota language is part of the Siouan languages. People who speak Dakota can also understand the Lakota language. Dakota is written in the Latin script. The language has two major dialects between the Eastern and Western Dakota tribes.

References

Other websites 

 Dakota Language Texts, from the Boston Athenæum: Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages. Digital Collection.

Native Americans
Mie Leth Jans (born 6 February 1994) is a Danish football defender. She plays for Brøndby IF of Denmark's Elitedivisionen. Since 2013, she has been a member of the senior Danish national team.

Club career
Jans started her football career at Dragør Boldklub. She moved to Brøndby and then Ballerup-Skovlunde Fodbold (BSF) in 2012. After two seasons playing in BSF's first team, she went back to Brøndby in June 2014.

International career
Jans's first match for Denmark came in November 2013. She was a substitute for future Brøndby team-mate Nanna Christiansen after 79 minutes of a 5–0 win over Malta in Valetta.

References

Other websites
Profile at Danish Football Association 

1994 births
Living people
Danish footballers
President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers were the militia of the loyal U.S. states called up on April 15, 1861 following the attack on Fort Sumter by the forces of the Confederate States of America. This was the beginning the American Civil War. President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for a period of 90 days. These limits were established by laws that had been passed in the late eighteenth century and were not necessarily a reflection of the number of troops or the amount of time Lincoln actually thought it would take to put down the rebellion.

The proclamation 
Lincoln wrote the proclamation himself showing his lawyer's style of writing:
Background
There was a great deal of tension over the issue of slavery in the Western territories during the presidency of James Buchanan (1857-61). People were taking sides in the issue as never before. When open war broke out in the Kansas Territory (called Bleeding Kansas), Southern slaveholders, Northern abolitionists and Free-soilers flooded into Kansas. Each was trying to influence the vote whether Kansas would join the Union as a slave state or a free state. President Buchanan sent part of the Regular Army to stop the violence but they were too few and too scattered to stop the fighting. 

The abolitionist John Brown who played a part in Bleeding Kansas, seized the Harpers Ferry Armory in 1859. He intended to use the weapons to start a slave uprising in the South. Federal troops were called on to put down the outbreak and capture Brown.
State Militias before 1861  
During the Colonial Period in North America, each colony had the right to summon all able-bodied white males to provide for the defense of that colony. Colonies had militia laws that required every able-bodied man to be available for militia duty and to provide his own arms. In 1774 and 1775, the British government, which now had a larger presence, attempted to disarm American colonists. This caused the colonists to form private militias, independent of any control by the governors who were appointed by the British government. The Minutemen who fought the British Army at the Battles of Lexington and Concord were an independent militia. The American colonies saw standing armies as tools of a despotic monarch.
During the War of 1812 militia units had the reputation of being poorly trained and poorly disciplined. Massachusetts and Connecticut refused to call out their militias during this time. Vermont would not allow its militia to serve outside of state borders. From 1815 until 1845, many of the Northern states did not require militia service by their citizens. The Mexican-American War was fought mainly by the regular army and volunteers served for one year terms of service. Very few state militias participated. By the 1840s, with no state laws requiring militia service in many states, the militias were replaced by voluneteer groups who served on weekends and provided their own weapons. In exchange for state-supplied weapons and uniforms, many agreed to become part of their respective state militias, especially in Northern states.

State militias had several shortcomings. During the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, they developed a reputation as poor fighters and frequent deserters.
When Lincoln called for 75,000 men for federal service, members of his cabinet had advised him to ask for as many as 200,000. However, Lincoln knew that he would be breaking the law if he tried to call up that many men, and on a more practical note he probably also recognized the army did not have the arms or supplies to equip a larger number and so he settled for the legal limit of 75,000. This was still four times the size of the regular army. Each state was given a quota it had to meet based on its population. New York's quota was 17 regiments (13,280 men). Pennsylvania was to send 16 regiments. Other states were given their quotas as well. The slave states refused to send any men, with four of them joining the Confederacy instead. The free states filled out their quotas quickly. Some states did not send any more than their quota required while other states sent more so that Lincoln still got the 75,000 men he asked for. Rhode Island sent four times their quota
. Connecticut and Missouri each sent three times their quota. Massachusetts sent two and a half times their quota.
All the new officers and soldiers had to undergo military training. Officers spent their evenings learning tactics and other military matters from books and field manuals. Soldiers spent their days learning to drill and shoot their weapons. Many quickly found that military life was not as romantic as they had pictured it. None realized that training could be the difference between life and death on a battlefield. So training suffered, but the Confederate army had the same problems with their militia units. When the war started, both sides had to depend on their militias.

Congress soon changed the militia law to allow the President to call up serve for longer periods of time.

Notes

References

Other websites 
 Abraham Lincoln’s Call for 75,000 Troops to Fight in the U.S. Civil War, 1861 - Hear and Read; YouTube

Origins of the American Civil War
Survivor Series (2016) was a wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) made by WWE for the Raw and SmackDown Live brands. It happened on November 20, 2016. It happened at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was the thirtieth time a Survivor Series PPV was held and the first to be held in Canada after the Montreal Screwjob in 1997.

Eight wrestling matches were performed at the event. In the most important match, Goldberg beat Brock Lesnar in one minute and 26 seconds in his first match in 12 years. In addition, there were three Survivor Series matches between the wrestlers of Raw and SmackDown.
Brock Lesnar vs. Goldberg 
At WrestleMania XX, Goldberg beat Brock and the next day, both men left WWE. Brock wrestled in New Japan Pro Wrestling, fought in Ultimate Fighting Championship and returned to WWE in April 2012 but Goldberg hardly wrestled again. In 2016, the covers and commercials for the WWE 2K17 video game were shown for the first time and Goldberg was on/in both of them. This made many people think that he would return to WWE and maybe get a rematch with Brock. The two started talking about the match they could have at conventions like the ones for the video game. In October 2017, Paul Heyman said Brock was challenging Goldberg because he was the one wrestler Brock could never beat. That month, Goldberg returned and agreed to fight Brock.
To start the match, Brock pushed Goldberg into the corner and rammed him between the ropes but Goldberg pushed him back hard and Brock fell back. When Brock got up, he took a spear from Goldberg. This happened again and then Goldberg picked Brock up and performed a Jackhammer and won the match.

Results 

 Natalya replaced Nikki Bella, who was attacked backstage before the match.

Survivor Series elimination matches

References

Other websites 
Official website for the Survivor Series (2016)

2016 in sports
November 2016 events
Sport in Toronto
Survivor Series
2010s in Toronto
2016 in Canada
Hérémence is a municipality of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website 
 

Municipalities in Hérens
A cooperative (also spelled co-operative, or co-op) is when several people come together in cooperation to reach a common goal through mutural aid. It is a type of organization used to make the lives of its members easier; it is usually not focused on making profit, instead focusing on serving member needs.

Characteristics 
Cooperative ownership can have different details about what ownership means and how cooperation works. A basic cooperative-ownership structure has the following characteristics: 

 Ownership is based on voluntary participation
 Members of the cooperative are also users (also known as patrons)
 Decisions are made on a basis of one member = one vote

Co-operatives are democratic organizations owned by the people who use them. Cooperative organizations help people adapt to capitalism.