Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
The seven-arm octopus (Haliphron atlanticus), also known as the septopus or the heptopus, is claimed to be the largest octopus. The claim is based on a partial specimen, and the estimation is of a 4 metre length and a weight of 75 kg. The North Pacific giant octopus is its rival in size.

In 2002, a single specimen of giant proportions was caught by fisheries trawling off the eastern Chatham Rise, New Zealand. This specimen, the largest of this species and of all octopuses, was the first validated record of Haliphron from the South Pacific. It had a mantle length of 0.69 m, total length of 2.90 m, and weight of 61.0 kg, although it was incomplete.

Description

The seven-arm octopus gets its name because the male's hectocotylus (a specially modified arm used in egg fertilization) is coiled in a sac beneath the right eye. 

Cephalopods
In a Hierarchical database model is a data model where the data is organised like a tree. The structure allows repeating information using parent/child relationships: each parent can have many children but each child only has one parent. All attributes of a specific record are listed under an entity type.

In a database, an entity type is the equivalent of a table; each individual record is represented as a row and an attribute as a column. Entity types are related to each other using 1: N mapping, also known as one-to-many relationships. 

The most recognized and used hierarchical databases are IMS developed by IBM and Windows Registry by Microsoft.

Database modeling
Database systems use a network model to store their data in a graph. Much like the Hierarchical database model, the nodes of the graph contain information. The information  is stored in a graph, so one parent can have many children, and one child can relate to several parents. The model is also known as CODASYL model, because it was originally proposed by the CODASYL consortium (who also developed COBOL).

In a network model, the defining feature is that each record has a link to another record.

Database modeling
Saint Valentine is the name of many martyred saints that lived in Ancient Rome. At least three different people named Valentine are said to have died on the 14th of February. Even though nobody knows who exactly Valentine was and where he came from, it has been confirmed that he existed because archaeologists discovered a church dedicated to Valentine.

In the Catholic church, Valentine was the patron of love, young people, and happy marriages.

Valentine's Day 

There are many guesses about how Valentine's Day, a celebration of love, started. One legend says that Valentine, being a priest, performed secret wedding ceremonies when they were outlawed by Emperor Claudius II. When someone discovered that Valentine was breaking the law, he was ordered to be executed.

Another theory is that Valentine helped captive Christians to break out of prison. When he himself was in prison, Valentine may have sent the first love letter to a young girl who liked to visit him.

References
References 

Year of birth unknown
269 deaths
Christian saints
Italian people
Seligenstadt is a town in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany. The town is by the river Main.

Geography 

Seligenstadt is in the Rhine Main area. The town is about 30 km southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is 30,85 km2 large and it is 109–118 m above sea level. It is a plain area with no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the Age of Tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The city consists out of the town Seligenstadt and the 2 former independent villages Froschhausen and Klein-Welzheim, both now urban districts of Seligenstadt. On 1 January 1977 they were united.

The neighbours of Seligenstadt are: 
 Hainburg (North)
 Karlstein (East) (Aschaffenburg Rural District)
 Mainhausen (Southeast)
 Babenhausen (South)
 Rodgau (West)
Seligenstadt has 20,221 inhabitants (2008). The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: Hessisch). This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and the majority of them do not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History 

Around the year 100 the Romans had fights with the germanic peoples. They built a small castle and some houses in the place. Later people came here to build a village named Ober-Mulinheim, later changed to Obermühlheim. The name parts Mulin- and Mühl- are meaning mill.
In 815 the name Obermühlheim was written down in a document for the first time. Around 830 the owner of the town started to build a great church, the Einhard-Basilika, and a monastery. In this time also the name was changed from Obermühlheim to Seligenstadt, because people brought some holy bones to the town.

The name Seligenstadt means place of happiness. There is a story about the name. The emperor Charlemagne had lost his daughter and he found her in the village Mulinheim. Therefore, the name of the place was changed into Seligenstadt.
 
In the 12th century Seligenstadt got the town privileges.

In former times the people in the Seligenstadt area were mostly farmers, craftsmen and tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore, most families had only small farms and were poor.
In the time period of the industrial revolution the Rhine Main area got many factories and developed to a center for metal working and leather manufacturing, also chemical engineering. Many men got workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This made living conditions partly better.

Twinned cities 

  Triel-sur-Seine, France
  Brookfield, USA

References

Other websites 

Official website of Seligenstadt, looked up on 21 January 2010, German.
, looked up on 21 January 2010, German.

Towns in Hesse
Offenbach (district)
This entry is not about King Ahaziah of Judah.
Ahaziah or Ochozias (אחזיהו המלך) (Israel, ca. 870 BC – ca. 850 BC) was king of Israel and the son of Ahab and Jezebel. In the Bible, it says that he is very bad, and that he walked in the ways of his evil father King Ahab.

Ahaziah's Reign
Ahaziah son of Ahab was king of Israel in Samaria in the seventeenth year of Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and he reigned over Israel two years. He "did evil in the eyes of the LORD, because he walked in the ways of his father and mother and in the ways of Jeroboam son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin. He served and worshiped Baal and provoked the LORD, the God of Israel to anger, just as his father had done" (1 Kings 22:51 - 53).
Elijah and Ahaziah's death
After Ahab's death, Moab rebelled from Israel, and Ahaziah had fallen through the lattice of his upper room in Samaria and injured himself. So he sent messengers, saying to them, "Go and consult Baal-Zebub, the god of Ekron, to see if I will recover from this injury."
Now Elijah was sitting on a hill, and the captain called out, "Man of God, the king says, 'Come down!'" but Elijah replied, "If I am a man of God, may fire come down from heaven and consume you and your fifty men!" he did like this the second time, too. Finally, the king sent a third captain with his fifty men, who "...fell on his knees before Elijah..." and bowed before him, humbly asking him to come. Elijah was told by the angel of the Lord to go down, so he went down and told the king again, "You will certainly die!" "So he died, according to the word of the Lord that Elijah had spoken". (2 Kings 1:17, NIV) 
And, according to the Bible, Ahaziah fulfilled the prophecy by dying. Because Ahaziah had no son, Joram became king.
Related pages
Ahab
Elijah
Bible

References

Other websites
Bio at AboutBibleProphecy.com
Bio  at AllAboutGod.com

Old Testament people
Kings of ancient Israel
9th-century BC deaths
Teignmouth (, ) is a town in Devon, South West England. It is built on the north bank of the mouth of the River Teign. In 1690, it was the last place in England to be invaded by a foreign power. The town was once a fishing port. Fishermen used to fish for cod in Newfoundland. In the Georgian period, it became a popular place to stay. The town grew more with the opening of the South Devon Railway in 1846. Today, its port is still working and the town remains a popular seaside holiday location.

Sister city
Teignmouth is twinned with:
 Perros-Guirec, France

Towns in Devon
Teignbridge
Not to be confused with Public utility

In economics, utility is the amount of satisfaction you get from consuming (using) goods and products. Changes in utility are called utils, even though there is not really a standard scale for them. For example, a cup of hot chocolate can have 100 utils, and a cup of orange juice 80 utils. One of the most well-known uses of utility, especially in economics, is the utility of money.

Economics
Nescafé is a brand of instant coffee made by Nestlé. Instant coffee is a powder which is mixed with hot water to make coffee. There are several different products that have the name Nescafé. The name is a mix of the words "Nestlé" and "café". Nestlé's instant coffee product was introduced in Switzerland on April 1, 1938 after being developed for seven years by Max Morgenthaler and Vernon Chapman.

References

Other websites

Nestlé
Coffee
Oxfam began in Oxford in 1942 as the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief. It was started by a group of Quakers (which included Marcus Tite), social activists, and Oxford academics. This is now Oxfam Great Britain, still based in Oxford, UK. It was one of several local committees formed to support the National Famine Relief Committee. Their job was to get the British government to allow food through the Allied blockade for the starving people of Axis occupied Greece.

The first overseas Oxfam began in Canada in 1963. The committee changed its name to its telegraph address, OXFAM, in 1965.

References

International organizations
1942 establishments

Charities of the United Kingdom
Mushroom Records is an Australian record company started by Michael Gudinski and Ray Evans in Melbourne in 1972. After its sale in 1998, it joined with Festival Records (Australia) and became Festival Mushroom Records. In 2006 it became one of the record labels owned by Warner Bros. Records. It is currently internationally known as WEA International Inc.

Australian record labels
1972 establishments
1970s establishments in Australia
Electropop
The Resistance is the fifth album by Muse, a British rock band.

Songs
"Uprising"
"Resistance"
"Undisclosed Desires"
"United States of Eurasia"
"Guiding Light"
"Unnatural Selection"
"MK Ultra"
"I Belong to You / Mon cœur s'ouvre à ta voix"
"Exogenesis: Symphony Part I (Overture)"
"Exogenesis: Symphony Part II (Cross Pollination)"
"Exogenenis: Symphony Part III (Redemption)"

References

2009 albums
Muse albums
Grammy Award-winning albums
Jinan (Chinese: 济南/濟南) is a city in eastern China and the capital of China's Shandong province. Jinan's most famous attraction is the Baotu Spring. Li Qingzhao(李清照, 1084 - 1151 A.D) was born in Jinan and is a famous poet in China.

Political divisions 
Jinan Municipality is divided into 6 district and 3 counties.

Sister cities
 Wakayama, Japan
 Coventry, United Kingdom
 Yamaguchi, Japan 
 Suwon, South Korea 
 Rennes, France 

Cities in China
Cao Xueqin (, 1724 or 1715 — 1763 or 1764), was a Chinese writer during the Qing Dynasty. The most famous work by Cao Xueqin is the Dream of the Red Chamber, which is thought to be a great novel in Chinese literature. There are very little details known about his life. He came from a rich family that had lost its money in 1728 after the death of the Kangxi Emperor. He lived in the country west of Peking where he worked as a teacher and sold his paintings. He spent ten years writing the book, but a large part of the end of the book was written by a different writer after he died.

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

References 

Chinese writers
18th-century births
1760s deaths
Tianjin is not far away from sea, so a lot of Tianjin cuisine is seafood. One of the most famous cuisine in Tianjin is The Four Great Stews, which refers actually to a very large number of stews, including chicken, duck, seafood, beef, and mutton. Tianjin also has several famous snack items. Goubuli is a traditional brand of Baozi (steamed buns with filling) that is famous throughout China. Guifaxiang is a traditional brand of mahua(twisted dough sticks). Erduoyan is a traditional brand of fried rice cakes.

Cities in China
4th-century BC establishments
Shenzhen () is a city in Guangdong province, China. It is just north of Hong Kong. It has a subtropical climate.

People speak Mandarin and the Guangzhou dialect of Cantonese in Shenzhen.

Until recently, Shenzhen was a fishing village with just over 30,000 people. In 1980, under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, Shenzhen became one of China's Special Economic Zones (SEZ). It was in this city where China first experimented with capitalism. Since then, its population has grown to about 10.6 million people. 

Shenzhen is a progressive city. It has a strong economic connection with Hong Kong. It is also one of the main trading centers of the Pearl River Delta. The manufacturing company Gionee is located in the city.

Twin towns — Sister cities 
 Houston, United States
 Perm, Russia
 Turin, Italy

References

Cities in China
Guangdong
For the movie, see Pirates of the Caribbean.

Piracy in the Caribbean was the terror of the Caribbean Sea, especially to the Spanish navy that controlled those seas. The English had defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, which stopped the Spanish control of the oceans.  However, the Spanish still controlled the Caribbean. 

In the 1770s, the English used pirates to help their government. By doing harm to the Spanish navy and export, the English hoped to get more land in the New World and stop the Spanish from controlling the New World trade. They did get what they wanted, but made a new problem.

Sir Henry Morgan was one well-known pirate who was encouraged by the English government. He worked for the government, but he kept the money. As time went on, though, Morgan stopped working for the government and began working to get money only for himself. He and other pirates soon began attacking any trading ship, even if it was an English ship.
Morgan and his helpers called themselves the Brethren. They wore rough shirts, knee-long pants, felt hats, and leather belts.  On their belts, they hung gunpowder , butcher's knives, and blunderbusses (short muskets.) They had a "pirate code" which said each man had the right to vote on all things, like choosing a captain or the next ship to attack.

The Spanish Amaro Pargo also stands out, who frequently traded in the Caribbean while looting ships of the enemy powers of the Spanish Crown that he encountered on the way. Amaro Pargo lived for ten years in the Caribbean, specifically on the island of Cuba where he had descendants.

Reasons for piracy 
The pirates easily found new members. Seamen in naval services often lived much harder lives than pirates. They could be punished cruelly by people higher than them, did not have good food to eat, and were paid only a little money. The pirates offered equality, good food (when it was there), and a chance to become rich.

Pirate life
Pirate life 

However, pirates were little better. The commanders of trading ships were terrified at seeing pirate ships, because pirates had little mercy on the people they captured. They shot them, beat them to death, tortured them, or  them on desert islands. Pirates were not very kind to each other, either. Even though they had a "pirate law", they argued with each other, and members could receive the same punishment as their enemies.

Life on a pirate ship was very hard. There was never a dry place to sleep; bathing was very rare; food was often bad; and danger was expected. Many pirates had missing arms or legs after bloody sea battles. Even pirates who finally became rich still risked being hanged if they were caught.

References
References

Other websites 
 2004 vs. 2007 global piracy summary, The Economist, published 23 Apr 2008, accessed 2008-04-28.
 The Golden Age of Piracy, and its origins in class struggle  - on peopleshistory.co.uk
 Pirates of the Caribbean, In Fact and Fiction- from BlindKat Publishers
Really Bad Eggs: Pirates of the Caribbean 
Method of Securing the Ports and Populations of All the Coasts of the Indies

he:שודדי הים הקאריביים
Zhejiang is a province in east China. "Zhejiang" is named by the Qiantang River, which is also called "Zhejiang". "Zhejiang" means "bent river". It has a population of more than 64 million people. The capital of Zhejiang Province is Hangzhou.

Political divisions 

Zhejiang Province is divided into eleven municipalities (Chinese:地级市).
 Hangzhou Municipality
 Ningbo Municipality
 Huzhou Municipality
 Jiaxing Municipality
 Jinhua Municipality
 Lishui Municipality
 Quzhou Municipality
 Shaoxing Municipality
 Taizhou Municipality
 Wenzhou Municipality
 Zhoushan Municipality

References
Shaoxing () is a city and a municipality in China. It is in the Zhejiang province. 4,347,200 people live there. The area of Shaoxing Municipality is 8,256 square kilometres. Lu Xun () born in Shaoxing is a famous writer in China.

Political divisions 
Shaoxing Municipality is divided into 1 district, 3 cities and 2 counties.

Yuecheng District ()
Shangyu City ()
Shengzhou City ()
Zhuji City ()
Shaoxing County ()
Xinchang County ()

Sister cities 
 Sandakan, Malaysia

Cities in China
Zhejiang
Lu Xun (), (September 25, 1881 – October 19, 1936), was a Chinese writer. His real name is Zhou Shuren (周树人), as Lu Xun is his pen name. He was born in Shaoxing of Zhejiang Province. He had a lot of works, for example, "The True Story of Ah Q", " Medicine", and so on.

Lu Xun Park in Shanghai has a museum about his life and his tomb.

Related pages
List of Chinese writers

Writers from Zhejiang
1881 births
1936 deaths
Pen names
The U.S. Open is a golf tournament, which is one of the four major championships played annually. It is organized by the United States Golf Association. The torunament takes place annually on the third weekend in June, and the host course changes every year.

Past winners

References

Golf tournaments
Sports in the United States
1895 establishments in the United States
Black Holes and Revelations is the fourth album from the British alternative rock band, Muse. It was released in 2006.

Songs
Take a Bow
Starlight
Supermassive Black Hole
Map of the Problematique
Soldier's Poem
Invincible
Assassin
Exo-Politics
City of Delusion
Hoodoo
Knights of Cydonia

References

2006 albums
Muse albums
The United National Independence Party (UNIP) is a political party in Zambia. It governed the country from 1964 to 1991. This was under President Kenneth Kaunda. It was the only party allowed to exist in Zambia between 1973 and 1991. The party was founded in October 1959 after the Zambian African National Congress (ZANC) was banned. It was first led by Mainza Chona, because Kaunda, who was leader of the ZANC, had been imprisoned. Kaunda became the party's leader when he was released in January 1960.

References

1959 establishments in Africa
20th-century establishments in Zambia
Political parties in Zambia
Unió Esportiva Sant Andreu (UE Sant Andreu) is a Spanish football team formed in 1909 and based in the district of Sant Andreu, in the city of Barcelona. They will play the 2008-09 season in the Segunda División B - Group 3.

Titles 

Catalan Second Division: 1919-20, 1920-21, 1939-40
Segunda División: 1991-92
Tercera División: 1949-50, 1957-58, 1968-69, 1984-85, 1989-90
Catalan Historical Teams Tournament: 2007
Copa Catalunya: 2008-09

Football in Barcelona
Spanish football clubs
1909 establishments in Spain
The Cerapods are a sub-order of the Ornithischia. They are all herbivorous dinosaurs. They have thicker enamel on the inside of their lower teeth. The teeth wear unevenly, and this allows them to browse on tough vegetation.

They are divided into three groups:
Ornithopoda: including the duck-billed dinosaurs.
Pachycephalosauria: the thick-headed dinosaurs.
Ceratopsia: the horned dinasaurs.
The Ceratopsia are the horned dinosaurs of the order Ornithischia. Triceratops is the best-known, and one of the largest. They are a group of herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs. They thrived in what is now North America and Asia, during the Cretaceous period.

 

Ancestral forms of this group lived earlier, in the Jurassic. Early members, such as Psittacosaurus, were small and bipedal. 

Later members, including Centrosaurus and Triceratops, became very large quadrupeds. They developed elaborate facial horns and a neck frill. The frill served mainly to protect the vulnerable neck from bipedal predators like Tyrannosaurus, who attacked from above. 

The frill was no doubt also used in display, thermoregulation, the attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of those. 

Ceratopsians ranged in size from 1 meter (3 ft) and 23 kilograms (50 lb) to over 9 meters (30 ft) and 5,400 kg (12,000 lb).

Triceratops is by far the best-known ceratopsian to the general public.

References
Pachycephalosauria is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs.

Overview 

Along with Ceratopsia, it makes up the clade Marginocephalia.

With the exception of two species, most pachycephalosaurs lived during the Late Cretaceous Period, dating between about 85.8 and 65.5 million years ago.

They are exclusive to the Northern Hemisphere, all of them being found in North America and Asia.They were all bipedal, herbivorous/omnivorous animals with thick skulls.

Skulls can be domed, flat, or wedge-shaped depending on the species, and are all heavily ossified.The domes were often surrounded by nodes and/or spikes.

Partial skeletons have been found of several pachycephalosaur species, but to date no complete skeletons have been discovered.

Often isolated skull fragments are the only bones that are found.

Fossil works
Fossil works 

In some species, the skull roof is domed and several inches thick; in others it is flat or wedge-shaped.The flat-headed pachycephalosaurs are usually regarded as distinct species or even families, but they may be juveniles of dome-headed adults. The domes were often surrounded by nodes and/or spikes.

There is evidence of head-butting in pachycephalosaurs. Of 100 domes studied, 20 percent showed signs of healed injuries. The pathologies included pitting where the bone had become infected from wounds that originated in the skin. These findings suggest that pachycephalosaurids may have been using their heads for both display and defence as many modern animals do.

Competition for mates is the usual reason why adult males fight. Competition for territory is another possibility. There are many examples of both in mammalian fighting. And the head could be used as defence against predators.

Incidentally, these thick head shields are called the parietosquamosal shelf.

Genera
Genera

Family Pachycephalosauridae
Acrotholus
Amtocephale
Dracorex
Gravitholus
Micropachycephalosaurus
Pachycephalosaurus
Prenocephale
Sphaerotholus
Stegoceras
Stygimoloch
Tylocephale
Wannanosaurus

Tribe Pachycephalosaurini
Pachycephalosaurus

References
Obertshausen is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography 

Obertshausen is in the Rhine Main area. The town is about 15 km southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is 13.62 km2 large and it is 113 m above sea level. It is a plain area with no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the Age of Tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The city consists out of the two former independent villages Obertshausen and Hausen, which are now the two urban districts of Obertshausen. On 1 January 1977 they were united.

The neighbours of Obertshausen are: 
 Offenbach (Northwest)
 Mühlheim (North)
 Hanau (Northeast) (Main-Kinzig-Kreis Rural District)
 Hainburg (East)
 Rodgau (Southeast)
 Heusenstamm (Southwest)
Obertshausen has 24,141 inhabitants (2008). The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: Hessisch). This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History 

In the year 865 the name of the village Obertshausen was written down in a document for the first time. It was a kind of farm of the monastery of Seligenstadt to produce food for the monks.

In 1979 the city got the town privileges.
In former times the people in the Obertshausen area were mostly farmers, craftsmen, but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore most families had only small farms and were poor.

In the time period of the industrial revolution the Rhine Main area got many factories and developed to a center for metal working and leather manufacturing, also chemical engineering. Many men got workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This made living conditions partly better.

Twinned cities 

  Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, France
  Laakirchen, Austria
  Meiningen, Germany

References

Other websites 

 
, looked up on 21 January 2010, German.

Cities in Hesse
Offenbach (district)
Ankylosaurs were herbivorous armoured dinosaurs in the order Ornithischia. Their armour was made of scutes (bony scales). They were quadrupeds with short and strong legs. Fossils of Ankylosaurs have been found on every continent. They were of two types:

 Ankylosauria
Ankylosauridae: armoured from their head to their club-ended tail.
Nodosauridae: no tail club but spikes and bony bumps on body.

They first appeared in the Middle Jurassic, and lived until the end of the Cretaceous period.

Size 
When adult, they were large: Edmontonia was bulky, broad and tank-like. Its length when adult was about 6.6 m (22 ft). Both main Edmontonia species, E. longiceps and E. rugosidens weighed about three tonnes.

Diet and feeding 
Ankylosaurs were low to the ground. The large hyoid bones left in skeletons shows they had long, flexible tongues. They also had a large, side secondary palate. This means that they could breathe while chewing.
Their huge gut suggests they fermented their food, using symbiotic bacteria and gut flora. Their diet was mainly ferns and cycads, which were hugely widespread, especially in the Lower Jurassic. The tropical climate supported plant growth, as it does today. Ankylosaurs fed on vegetation at or below the height of a meter.

An unresolved question is whether they could feed higher than their usual mouth level, by raising the front of their body somewhat. This possibility which would give them access to many tree ferns and cycads which would otherwise be out of reach. Given the unevenness of terrain, there might be places they could stand on higher ground, and eat plants normally out of reach.

The Ankylosaur "message" 
Ankylosaurs got some protection, not just from their armour, but from their being a miserable reward from the carnivore's point of view. They were signalling something like "I'm going to be tough to kill and poor to eat".
Distribution 
Most ankylosaurs have been found in Laurasia. The first definitive ankylosaur to be recognized from Gondwana was discovered in Australia in 1964 and later named in 1980 as Minmi paravertebra. Ankylosaurs would be expected to live in heavily wooded areas.

References
The Stegosaurs were a group of dinosaurs in the suborder Thyreophora. They have small heads, peg-like teeth and vertical bony plates and spines on their back and tail. They flourished from the Upper Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous.

Classification 
The Stegosauria was originally named as an order by O.C. Marsh in 1877. Now it is treated as an infraorder or suborder (or simply a clade) within the armoured dinosaurs, the Thyreophora. The Stegosauria includes the families Huayangosauridae and Stegosauridae.

The Huayangosauridae were an early family of stegosaurs from the Middle Jurassic. They were smaller than later stegosaurs and had shorter and higher skulls. The type genus is Huayangosaurus of China. The poorly-known remains of Regnosaurus from England suggest it also could be a member. Its lower jaw is very similar to that of the former.
The vast majority of stegosaurs being in the Stegosauridae. They lived in the later part of the Jurassic and the early Cretaceous. The group includes the well-known Stegosaurus. The family is widespread, with fossils found in the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. Their decline coincides with that of the Cycadophyta.

Suborder Thyreophora

Infraorder Stegosauria
 Family Huayangosauridae
 Huayangosaurus (Sichuan, China)
?Regnosaurus (Sussex, England)
 Family Stegosauridae
 Adratiklit – (Morocco)
 Chialingosaurus – (Sichuan, China)
 Chungkingosaurus – (Chongqing, China)
 Dacentrurus – (England, France & Spain)
 Hesperosaurus – (Wyoming, USA)
 Miragaia – (Portugal) 
 Monkonosaurus – (Tibet, China)
 Paranthodon – (South Africa)
 Wuerhosaurus – (Xinjiang, Western China)
 Kentrosaurus – (Tanzania, Africa)
 Lexovisaurus  – (England & France)
 Stegosaurus – (Wyoming, USA)
 Tuojiangosaurus – (Sichuan, China)
 ?Craterosaurus – (Bedfordshire, England)
Jiangjunosaurus – (Xinjiang, Western China)
Uncertain placement (incertae sedis)
 Gigantspinosaurus – (Sichuan, China)

References
Hainburg is a village in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography 

Hainburg is in the Rhine Main area. The village is about 20 km southeast of Frankfurt. The municipality is 15.95 km2 large and it is 90 m above sea level. It is a flat area with no hills.

About 20 to 35 million years ago in the Age of Tertiary the whole region was below sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediment sank to the bottom. Then the region rose again and the water receded, leaving soil which is mostly sandy.

The village consists out of the two former independent villages Hainstadt and Klein-Krotzenburg, which are now the two districts of Hainburg. On 1 January 1977 they were united.

Hainburg's neighbors are: 
 Hanau and Großkrotzenburg (North) (both Main-Kinzig-Kreis Rural District)
 Kahl and Karlstein (East) (both Aschaffenburg Rural District)
 Seligenstadt (South)
 Rodgau and Obertshausen (West)
Hainburg has 14,528 inhabitants (2008). The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people speak a regional German dialect language with a certain intonation and some different words (slang). It is a Hessian dialect (German: Hessisch). This  type of dialect is related to other dialects in southern Germany. A long time ago, almost every town had its own special dialect, making it hard to understand for people from other parts of Germany. Today people who speak this dialect are in the minority and the majority of them do not speak the real dialect. They speak regular German with a special pronunciation of certain words.

History 

In the 12th century the names of both villages Hainstadt and Crutzenburch (Krotzenburg) were written down in documents for the first time.
In those times the most people in the Hainburg area were farmers and craftsmen, rather than tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed down to the next generation, it was divided among the children. Therefore, most families had only small farms and were poor.

During the industrial revolution many factories were built in the Rhine Main area and it soon developed into a center for the metal business  and leather manufacturing, as well as chemical engineering. Many men learned these trades and found jobs in the factories to earn money. This helped improve living conditions somewhat.

Twinned cities 
  Vernouillet, France
  Alberndorf im Pulkautal, Austria
  Retz, Austria
  Trumau, Austria

References

Other websites 

Official website of Hainburg, looked up on 21 January 2010, German.
, looked up on 21 January 2010, German.

Municipalities in Hesse
Offenbach (district)
Offenbach Rural District is a rural district () in the south of Hesse, Germany. It is a part of the Darmstadt Government Region ().

Geography 

The Offenbach Rural District is in the middle of the Rhine Main area in the south of the state of Hesse. The district is in the metropolitan area of Frankfurt. In the east it touches the state of Bavaria.

The whole area of the district is 356.29 km2 large and it is about 100 – 150 m above sea level. It is a mostly plain area with only a few hills. The district is southwest of the river Main. The municipalities Mainhausen and Hainburg and the cities Seligenstadt and Mühlheim are near the river.

There are two creeks, the Rodau and the Bieber running from south to north through the district. They are flowing to the river Main.
About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The district has 336,818 inhabitants (2008). The climate of the area is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Towns and municipalities 

Since 1977 the Offenbach Rural District has 10 cities and 3 independent villages. In the year 2002 Dietzenbach became the capital of the district. The city of Offenbach is not a part of the district.

Neighbours 

The neighbouring cities and rural districts of the Offenbach Rural District are the following:

 City of Frankfurt, City of Offenbach and Main-Kinzig-Kreis Rural District (North)
 Aschaffenburg Rural District (East) (Bavaria)
 Darmstadt-Dieburg Rural District and City of Darmstadt (South)
 Groß-Gerau Rural District (West)

History
History 

In the year 1832 the Offenbach Rural District was founded. The capital was Offenbach. In 1938 the city of Offenbach became an independent urban district, but the rural district administration still was in Offenbach. In 2002 the capital changed and now Dietzenbach is the new capital of the Offenbach Rural District.

References

Other websites 

 Official website of the Offenbach Rural District, German.

Districts of Hesse
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, most commonly referred to as the stimulus bill or stimulus package, was a spending bill passed by the U.S. Congress in 2009.  It was one of the early things Barack Obama did as president.  Despite Obama trying to get Republicans as well as Democrats to vote for the bill, only three did.  The bill did several things:

 It gave more money to unemployed people (people with no jobs) for longer.
 It cut taxes for workers, students, and the middle class
 It gave more money to Medicaid
 It gave money to improve roads and bridges in the U.S.
 It gave millions of dollars to various government agencies, including the National Endowment for the Arts

It has taken awhile for the stimulus money to be used.  Vice-President Joe Biden is one of the people in charge of making sure the money is used right.

Democratic Party (United States)
2009 in the United States
Offenbach may mean:
 Offenbach am Main, a city and an urban district in Hesse, Germany.
 Offenbach Rural District, a rural district in Hesse, Germany. 

 Jacques Offenbach, a French composer.
Truthout is a political website aimed at providing another choice to mainstream news sources. It was started after the 2000 presidential election with the idea of, in its own words, "hoping to reach a few people, have some small impact on the dialogue, and maybe try to restore a little integrity." 

Some of its authors include William Rivers Pitt, Jason Leopold, Scott Galindez, David Bacon, Dean Baker, Tom Engelhardt, William Fisher, Dahr Jamail, Ray McGovern, J. Sri Raman, Norman Solomon, David Swanson and James Zogby. The website has reported a lot on the anti-war movement and helped to make Cindy Sheehan better known by using many of her writings. Attention is also given to problems including the environment, work (and work ethic), women,  health, and voter rights. Its articles are now carried by press release information centers like World News,  Scoop Newzealand and California News.  

Truthout is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization (a charity). In 2012, the company took in over $1,900,000.
The website also had a blog where visitors can talk about various issues or specific articles, which was taken down a short time ago.

Notes

Other websites
 TruthOut web site

Non-profit organizations of the United States
News websites
7 Seconds is a hardcore punk band from Reno, Nevada. The band formed in 1979 as a hardcore thrash band.

The original members of the band were vocalist Kevin Seconds, bassist Steve Youth, drummer Troy Mowat and guitarist Bobby Adams. Seconds and Youth did most of the song-writing.

Between 1982 and 1987, the band released four EPs and three LPs. In 1988, they released "Ourselves" on the indie label Restless Records.

Adams left the band in 1987. In 1990, the band took 3 years off from touring and recording music. Adams rejoined the band when they reformed in 1993. They recorded a new album in 1993 which was called "Out the Shizzy".

They are sometimes classified as a straight edge band but the members refuse to embrace the label.

References 

American punk bands
Musical groups from Nevada
1980 establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Nevada
Absolution is the third album by British alternative rock band Muse.

Songs
Intro
Apocalypse Please
Time Is Running Out
Sing for Absolution
Stockholm Syndrome
Falling Away With You
Interlude
Hysteria
Blackout
Butterflies and Hurricanes
The Small Print
Endlessly
Thoughts of a Dying Atheist
Ruled by Secrecy

References

2003 albums
Muse albums
Origin of Symmetry is the second album by Muse. Muse is an English rock band. The band released the album on 18 July 2001. The British Phonographic Industry (BPI) gave the album a platinum certification. It was number three on the UK Albums Chart. The album had four singles. These are "Plug In Baby", "New Born", "Bliss", and "Hyper Music" / "Feeling Good".

Songs
New Born
Bliss
Space Dementia
Hyper Music
Plug In Baby
Citizen Erased
Micro Cuts
Feeling Good
Screenager
Dark Shines
Megalomania
Futurism

References

2001 albums
Muse albums
Showbiz is the first album by the British alternative rock band Muse.

Songs
Sunburn
Muscle Museum
Fillip
Falling Down
Cave
Showbiz
Unintended
Uno
Sober
Escape
Overdue
Hate This and I'll Love You
Spiral Static

References

1999 albums
Muse albums
Debut albums
Rock albums
Phoenix is a French alternative rock band that was Grammy awarded. It consists of Thomas Mars (vocals), Deck D'Arcy (bass) and Laurent Brancowitz and Christian Mazzalai who play guitar. They are related to Air and Daft Punk.

Discography
United (2000)
Alphabetical (2004)
It's Never Been Like That (2006)
Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix (2009)
"Bankrupt!" (2013)

References

Alternative rock bands
French musical groups
1999 establishments in France
A Leap of faith commonly refers to believing something that cannot be touched or proved by science, for which there is no evidence. Usually the term is attributed to Søren Kierkegaard, even though he never really used it. According to Kierkegaard, such a leap involves circular reasoning, because a leap is made by faith.

A leap of faith is commonly associated with religious belief because many religions consider faith to be an essential element of piety.

References

Theology
Capoeira is a combination of martial arts, sport and popular culture that developed in Brazil, by African slaves and Brazilian natives, starting in the 16th century. It was made to give slaves a chance to escape and to survive. Capoeira was illegal in Brazil until the 1930s.

Capoeira uses strong and fast kicks, dodges and fast counter-attacks. It also uses acrobatics and simple take-downs.

History

As a form of martial arts for slaves
Capoeira's history probably begins with the beginning of African slavery in Brazil. When Portuguese colonists began exporting West African slaves, Brazil, with its vast territory, received most of the slaves; almost 40% of all slaves sent across the Atlantic Ocean.
Although rebellions were rare, capoeira was invented as a hope of survival for slaves. If they managed to escape, as after an escape attempt, colonial agents were sent after the escapees. The martial arts were incorporated into a dance, to escape detection–with music and rhythmic moves, no suspicion could be raised regarding potential martial art training. Due to city growth, more slaves were brought to cities and so made capoeira more prominent and allowed it to be taught and practiced among more people. In Rio, the colonial government tried to suppress it and established severe physical punishments for its practice.

Post-slavery

After slavery was abolished in 1888, free former slaves had nowhere to live and no jobs. They were thought of by the public as lazy workers. Capoeira then found a new role—as a dance of criminals.
They used capoeiristas (capoeira dancers) as bodyguards and hitmen. In 1890, the Brazilian government prohibited capoeira when police identified it as an advantage in fighting and they didn’t want criminals to have this advantage. After the ban, anybody caught practising capoeira for any reason would be arrested and tortured by the police. Some practises still occurred in remote places with guards to warn of police.

By the 1920s, repression of capoeira had declined. Mestre Bimba from Salvador, a strong fighter in both legal and illegal fights, thought capoeira was losing its martial roots due to the use of its playful side to entertain tourists. Bimba began developing the first systematic training method for capoeira, and in 1932 founded the first capoeira school. He called it Luta Regional Baiana because it was illegal to use capoeira in the name. By 1940, capoeira was legalized.

Today
Today

Today, capoeira is viewed as one of the symbols of Brazilian culture all around the world and in 1970 it was taught outside of Brazil for the first time. Capoeira presentations, normally theatrical and with little martiality, are common sights around the world.
The martial arts part, however, is still present and still disguised, just as it was in the time of slavery, and trickery is still present and expert dancers used. An attack can be disguised even as a friendly gesture, such is the expertise gone into the research of new moves. Capoeira is now a symbol of Brazilian culture, its ethnic amalgam, and of resistance to oppression.

References

Sport in Brazil
Martial arts
Dances
Vaishnavism () is a tradition of Hinduism. Its followers worship Vishnu or his avatars (his other forms), mainly Rama and Krishna as the highest, or original God. This worship in different perspectives or historical traditions addresses God under the names of Narayana, Krishna, Vāsudeva or more often "Vishnu", and their associated avatars.  Its beliefs and practices, especially the concepts of Bhakti and Bhakti Yoga, are based largely on the Upanishads, and associated with the Vedas and Puranic texts such as the Bhagavad Gita, and the Padma, Vishnu and Bhagavata Puranas.
These followers of Vaishnavism are referred to as Vaishnava(s) or Vaishnavites. A large percentage of Hindus are Vaishnavas, with the vast majority living in India. Awareness, recognition, and growth of the belief has significantly increased outside of India in recent years. The Gaudiya Vaishnava branch of the tradition has significantly increased the awareness of Vaishnavism internationally, since the mid-1900s, largely through the activities and geographical expansion of the Hare Krishna movement, primarily through ISKCON and more recently, through several other Vaishnava organizations conducting preaching activities in the West.

References

Hindu denominations
Oracle Corporation is an American company. It makes hardware systems and enterprise software (software for businesses) such as database management systems. Its headquarters are in Redwood City, California, United States. The founder is Lary Ellison. In 2010, it employed 105,000 people worldwide. It has increased in size through natural growth and by buying other companies. By 2007 Oracle had the third-largest software revenue, after Microsoft and IBM.

In January 2010 it bought Sun Microsystems.

The corporation has arguably become best known for its flagship product, the Oracle Database. The company also builds tools for database development and systems of marshmallow-tier software, enterprise resource planning software (ERP), customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) software.
, Anusha Shetty, a co-founder of Oracle Corporation, has served as Oracle's CEO throughout its history. He also served as the Chairman of the Board until his replacement by Jeffrey O. Henley in 2004.  On August 22, 2008 the Associated Press ranked Ellison as the top-paid chief executive in the world.

History
History

When the company started, computer database technology was only starting. Ellison had read a 1970 paper written by Edgar F. Codd on relational database management systems (RDBMS).
He had also heard about the IBM System R database from an article in the IBM Research Journal by Ed Oates. System R was also based on Codd's theories. Ellison wanted to make Oracle's product compatible with System R, but IBM stopped this by keeping the error codes for their DBMS (DataBase Management System) secret. Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1977 with Bob Miner and Ed Oates under the name Software Development Laboratories (SDL). In 1979 SDL changed its name to Relational Software, Inc. (RSI). In 1982, RSI renamed itself Oracle Systems to make the relation to its main product, Oracle Database, clearer. At this stage Bob Miner was the company's senior programmer. In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to Oracle Corporation.
Part of Oracle Corporation's early success came from using the C programming language to install its products according to technologist Gerard De Van and Adam Day. This made changing the setup to different operating systems (most of which support C) easier.

References

Other websites 

 The Oracle Corporation website

Companies based in California
The Queen (Danaus gilippus) is a species of butterfly. It belongs in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America, Central America, and South America.

Description
The upper side of the wings is dark reddish-brown. It has black wing borders. Males have an androconium (a spot that releases scents to attract females) on each of his hind wings (bottom wings). The underside of the wings is reddish-brown. The wings have black borders. There are white spots in the black borders. The hind wing has black veins.

Mimicry 
The Queen is one species in a complex mimicry ring. Where their range overlaps, the appearance of these butterflies is similar. The Monarch (Danaus plexippus) is orange. It has thick, black veins. The Viceroy (Limenitis archippus) is smaller. It has thick, black veins. It has a black band across the hind wing. The Soldier (Danaus eresimus) has thin black veins. On the underside of the hind wing, there is a row of pale, square-shaped spots.