Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Arithmetic with negative numbers 
 Adding a negative number to something is the same as subtracting a positive number from it. For example, to add the negative number "−1" to the number "9" is the same as subtracting one from nine. In symbols:
 9 + (−1) = 9 − 1 = 8
 Subtracting a negative number from something is the same as adding a positive number to it. For example, to subtract the negative number "−8" from the number "6" is the same as adding the number "6" and the number "8". In symbols:
 6 − (−8) = 6 + 8 = 14
 A negative number multiplied by another negative number produces a positive number. For example, to multiply the negative number "−3" by the negative number "−2" is the same as multiplying the number "3" by the number "2". In symbols:
 (−3) × (−2) = 3 × 2 = 6
A negative number multiplied by a positive number produces a negative number. For example, to multiply the negative number "−4" by the positive number "5" is like multiplying the number "4" by the number "5", but the answer is negative. In symbols:
 (−4) × 5 = −(4 × 5) = −20
Uses of negative numbers 
When a person got a debt, people sometimes say that they have a negative amount of money. Negative numbers are used in accounting and science.

Related pages 
 Sign (mathematics)

References

Other websites 
Discussion of negative numbers (Math League) 
Negative numbers (Purple Math)

Numbers
Arithmetics
A hailstone is a round ball of ice which falls out of a storm cloud. About 5,000 hailstorms a year in the United States of America make hail 3/4 of an inch or larger.

The beginning of a hailstorm 
A hailstone begins as a small water drop or a round snow pellet in a cloud. The drop grows by collecting many cloud drops. The little drop is blown by a strong wind inside the cloud to where it meets with some extremely cold water drops. These supercooled drops are still liquid water even though the temperature is below freezing. When the little drop mixes with these extremely cold drops, they join, and the little drop has now become a hailstone.
The little hailstone is thrown up inside the cloud, still collecting other cold drops. The hailstone gets bigger and bigger until it goes to the top of the cloud. Then, because there is no more wind, it falls back down through the cloud. While it is falling it gets even bigger as it bangs into more supercooled drops. If it goes down very fast it can hit the earth at up to 90 mph (144 kph), bouncing like popcorn. If the hailstone hits dirt, it can actually bury itself.

Hailstone sizes 

The biggest hailstone recorded in the United States weighed 1.67 pounds (0.75 kg), and was 5.5 inches (14 cm) across. It fell near Coffeyville, Kansas, on September 3, 1970. The biggest recorded hailstone in the world was 4.2 pounds (almost 2 kilograms). It fell in Kazakhstan in Asia.
Hailstones are made of many rings of clear, cloudy ice. The rings show different amounts of freezing on the hailstone. The cloudy ice is because it freezes so quickly, trapping many small air bubbles. The clear rings are made by slow freezing of the water, which lets bubbles escape.

Hail damage and protection 

Hail does a very great amount of damage every year. Even small hail with strong winds can crush a field of wheat flat in a few minutes. It sometimes breaks windows, and can dent cars and roofs. Big hailstones can hurt and even kill small animals.

Because hail damages crops, there has been many efforts to stop hail. In the 16th century, farmers used to shoot cannons at thunderstorms, thinking this would destroy the hail. Cloud seeding (trying to make rain by putting dry ice crystals or a kind of smoke in clouds) is the more recent way, but it is expensive and we do not know for sure how well it works. To this day, there is no proved way of stopping hailstorms.
Related pages 
Ice pellets 
Sleet (disambig page)

References

Other websites 

Hail Research Information Center 
Hail factsheet 
The Economic Costs of Hail Storm Damage  NOAA Economics
https://stormmaps.com/pages/hail-impact-reports  NOAA Economics
 Images
Hail and hailstorms 
Major hail event in Brazil  
NOAA Hail Reports on Google map (non commercial)

Severe weather
The Academy Awards, commonly known as the Oscars, are the best-known movie awards in the United States. The awards have been given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929. The awards ceremony takes place each year in late February or early March in Los Angeles, California.

History
At the end of the 1920s, the American film industry was in a crisis. When the radio was invented, people didn't go to the cinema as often as they used to. The owners of the studios had problems. They had to pay the workers a good salary, but that was impossible at that time. Many people fought for a good salary and a good working time.

The director of the successful Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer-Studios, Louis B. Mayer met two good friends because he wanted to speak about the problem.

Oscar statue
Oscar statue

Naming
In the first years of the award, the trophy was called the Academy Award of Merit. The godfather of the name Oscar is not clear. It is certain, that the name was used in 1931. There may be four people, who could be the godparents. The former board secretary of the academy Margaret Herrick said: "He looks like my uncle Oscar!". Bette Davis said that he looks like my first husband Harmon "Oscar" Nelson. The film columnist Sidney Skolsky said, that he is the name-giver, and the fourth person was Walt Disney.

It is said that Oscar is not the official name of the statue. But the nickname is trademark-protected.

Trophy
The statue is around 13  inches tall and weighs about 8 pounds.

Categories 
Current Awards
Best Picture – since 1928
 Best Actor – since 1928
 Best Actress –since 1928
 Best Supporting Actor – since 1936
 Best Supporting Actress – since 1936
 Best Animated Feature – since 2001
 Best Art Direction – since 1928(also called Interior or Set Decoration)
 Best Cinematography – since 1928
 Costume Design – since 1948
 Directing  since 1928
 Documentary Feature since 1943
 Documentary Short Subject since 1941
 Film Editing – since 1935
 Best Foreign Language Film – since 1947
 Makeup – since 1981
 Original Music Score- since 1934
 Best Song- since 1934
 Animated Short Film – since 1931
 Live Action Short Film since 1931
 Academy Award for Sound Mixing since 1930
 Best Sound Effects Editing – since 1963
 Best Visual Effects – since 1939
 Best Adapted Screenplay – since 1928
 Best Original Screenplay – since 1940
 Academy Award, Scientific or Technical – since 1931, presented at three levels

Retired Awards
Retired Awards

 Best Assistant Director – 1933 to 1937
 Best Dance Direction – 1935 to 1937
 Comedy Direction – 1928 only
 Engineering Effects – 1928 only
 Academy Award for Best Original Music or Comedy Score - 1995-1999
 Academy Award for Best Original Story – 1928 to 1956
 Academy Award for Best Score- Adaptation or Treatment – 1962 to 1962 and 1973
 Best Short Film - Color – 1936 and 1937
 Best Short Film - Live Action - 2 Reels – 1936 to 1956
 Short Film - Novelty – 1932 to 1935
 Best Title Writing – 1928 only
 Unique and Artistic Production – 1928 only

Records

The most successful films

Gone with the Wind from 1939 was the most successful film for a long time with ten Oscars. Then, in 1960, Ben-Hur won eleven Oscars. In 1998 Titanic also won eleven Oscars, so they were in a tie. Six years later, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King won eleven Oscars.
The five categories 'Best Picture', 'Best Director', 'Best Actor', 'Best Actress' and 'Best Original Screenplay' are the most important categories and they are called the 'Big Five'. There are only three films that won all these categories: It Happened One Night, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and The Silence of the Lambs.

All About Eve, Titanic and La La Land had 14 nominations. This is the nomination record.
Other websites 

 
 
 Website of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
 Official Academy Awards Database (searchable)
 .

 
Los Angeles
A brake is a device for slowing or stopping a moving machine part. The most common brakes are for wheels, such as those on cars and bicycles.

The kinetic energy lost by the moving part is usually converted into heat by friction. There are also regenerative braking systems that store some of the energy in a flywheel or capacitor, or convert it to electricity to store in a battery or send to some other machine. The first braking systems were used on horse-drawn vehicles. The horse accelerated the cart to relatively high speeds and could not cope with its stopping by itself. The first mechanisms braked the wheel itself by means of a manual lever or a system of levers.
The first braking systems were used on horse-drawn vehicles. The horse accelerated the cart to high speeds and could not cope with its stopping by itself. The brake used a manual lever or a system of levers to press a wooden block onto the wheel, slowing it by friction. In wet weather, it was ineffective. Later, faster vehicles such as bicycles, trains and automobiles needed much better brakes, and many kinds were invented. Even some airplanes have brakes to slow them in the air.

Related pages 
 Railway brake

References

Basic English 850 words
Tools
A bucket is a container with a wide open top and a handle that is mainly used for carrying liquids.  In some cases, solids may also be carried in a bucket (like sand which is hard to carry in your hands).

Some buckets are used for work, and some more for leisure, as seen here  . A bucket used for work is often made of a strong material such as iron or steel and is used to carry things like coal or soil. A bucket used for leisure, e.g. for making sandcastles, is normally made of plastic.

In rare cases, a bucket may be worn as a piece of clothing, people may wear a bucket on their heads for humorous reasons. Buckethead is a famous example of this.

Basic English 850 words
Containers
A lightbulb produces light from electricity. In addition to lighting a dark space, they can be used to show an electronic device is on, to direct traffic, for heat, and for many other purposes. Billions are in use, some even in outer space.

Early people used candles and oil lamps for light.  Humphry Davy invented the electric arclight in the early 1800s. Thomas Alva Edison, Joseph Swann, and several others in the 1880s invented the more efficient incandescent lightbulb. 

Improved vacuum pumps and better materials made them shine longer and brighter late in the century.. This became the main kind for the 20th century. Electric power stations brought electricity to urban and later rural areas to power them.  Later gas discharge lights, including fluorescent lights, use less electricity to make more light.
Types of light bulbs 
There are several kinds of light bulbs:
 incandescent light bulb - the most common light bulb in the house until about 2003-2010
 'halogen lamp' - a more efficient incandescent bulb
 gas discharge lamp - a type of light bulb that includes the fluorescent light.  Compact fluorescent lights (or CFLs) are now replacing incandescent light bulbs in the house
 light-emitting diode - previously only used for low-power places, they are now able to be used as light bulbs in the house
 electric arc lamp, the earliest kind, now rare except in big searchlights

Light bulbs convert electricity into light and heat. Except for heat lamps, the heat is considered waste. A light bulb that produces more light and less heat is more efficient.
Incandescent 
The incandescent light bulb turns electricity into light by sending the electric current through a thin wire called a filament. Electrical filaments are made up mostly of tungsten metal. The resistance of the filament heats the bulb. Eventually the filament gets so hot that it glows, producing light.

The filament needs to be protected from the air, so it is inside the bulb, and the air in the bulb is either removed (a vacuum) or more often, replaced with a noble gas that doesn't affect anything, like neon or argon. Only about 3% of the energy that goes into an incandescent light bulb actually makes light, the rest makes heat. That's one of the reasons LED's are more efficient.
This type of light bulb worked poorly and was little used until Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison improved it in the 1870s. It was the first light bulb that could be used in houses - it did not cost too much, and it worked well. For the first time, people did not need a fire (candles, oil lamps, kerosene lamps, etc.) to make light. It was bright enough to let people read easily at night or do work. It was used to light stores and streets, and people could travel after dark. This started the common use of electricity in homes and businesses. They had carbon filaments until tungsten ones were developed in the 1900s. They last longer and make a brighter light.

Early vacuum tube devices were incandescent bulbs made to operate at lower temperatures, with added electronic parts.
Fluorescent light bulbs 
Fluorescent lamps are efficient, and only give off  the amount of heat of an incandescent. They also last longer than incandescent but until the late 20th century were much bigger and did not fit into sockets for small overhead lights and lamps like an incandescent could.
A fluorescent bulb is a glass tube usually filled with argon gas and a little bit of mercury. When turned on, the cathode heats up and sends out electrons. These hit the argon gas and the mercury. The argon gas makes a plasma which lets the electrons move around better. When the electrons hit a mercury atom it puts the molecule into a state where it has a lot of energy (stores the energy). The energetic state doesn't last very long, and when the energy is released, it lets out a photon.  Photons from mercury are not visible like some other photons; they are ultraviolet. So there's a phosphor coating on the wall of the bulb. When the photon hits a phosphor molecule, it in turn puts that molecule into an excited state. When this phosphor releases energy, it lets out a photon that we can see, and light is made. Changing the type of phosphor can change the color we see, but usually fluorescent light bulbs are whiter than incandescent light bulbs, which are slightly yellow.

LED
LED  

An LED (also known as light-emitting diode) is made like electronics. It's a chip of semiconducting material. LED bulbs are more efficient and last much longer than either incandescent or fluorescent bulbs. Unlike fluorescent bulbs, LEDs do not use mercury, which is toxic. For several years LED bulbs were not as bright as the other kinds of lights, and cost more too.

Cautions
 Most light bulbs fit into a socket which provide a high voltage level of electricity. If the socket is turned on, even if the bulb is out, there is a real danger of an electric shock.
 Incandescent bulbs get very hot when they are turned on, and take some time to cool off. Touching the bulb when it is hot can cause burns.
 Most light bulbs are made of glass, which means that they can break easily. The broken glass has sharp edges which can cut through skin.
 If a fluorescent bulb breaks, the mercury inside will give off vapor which can cause mercury poisoning if breathed in.

Gallery
Gallery

Related pages
 Fluorescent lamp
 Compact fluorescent lamp

References

Other websites

 The history of light bulbs 
 Light bulb - Citizendium

Light sources
Home appliances
Electronics
The Grammy Awards (first named the Gramophone Awards and often called just Grammys), are awards given yearly by the Recording Academy (an association of Americans professionally involved in the recorded music industry) for outstanding work in the music and spoken recording industry. The Grammys have 128 categories with 16 genres. The Grammys are awarded once each year and are a major televised event. The award show does has it shares of criticism as being biased.

The name "Grammy" comes from the word "gramophone". A gramophone was an old machine that played music on records.

The British equivalent is the Brit Awards. The Canadian equivalent is the Juno Awards.

Georg Solti has won 31 Grammy Awards, more than any other person.

Categories

General Field
Album of the Year
Record of the Year
Song of the Year
Best New Artist

Genre-specific categories

Pop
Best Pop Solo Performance
Best Pop Duo/Group Performance 
Best Pop Vocal Album
Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album
Dance/Electronic
Best Dance/Electronic Recording
Best Dance/Electronic Album

Rock
Best Rock Performance
Best Metal Performance
Best Rock Song
Best Rock Album

Alternative
Best Alternative Music Album
Best Alternative Music Performance

R&B
Best R&B Performance
Best Traditional R&B Performance
Best R&B Song
Best R&B Album
Best Progressive R&B Album

Rap
Best Rap Performance
Best Melodic Rap Performance
Best Rap Song
Best Rap Album

Country
Best Country Solo Performance
Best Country Duo/Group Performance 
Best Country Song
Best Country Album

Jazz
Best Complementary Jazz Album
Best Improvised Jazz Solo
Best Jazz Vocal Album
Best Jazz Instrumental Album
Best Large Jazz Ensemble Album
Best Latin Jazz Album

Gospel/Contemporary Christian
Best Gospel Performance/Song
Best Gospel Album
Best Roots Gospel Album
Best Complementary Christian Music Performance/Song
Best Complementary Christian Music Album
Latin
 Best Latin Pop Album
 Best Música Urbana Album
 Best Latin Rock or Alternative Album
 Best Regional Mexican Music Album (including Tejano)
 Best Tropical Latin Album

American Roots
 Best American Roots Performance
 Best American Roots Song
 Best Americana Album
 Best Americana Performance
 Best Bluegrass Album
 Best Contemporary Blues Album
 Best Traditional Blues Album
 Best Folk Album
 Best Regional Roots Music Album

Reggae
 Best Reggae Album

Global Music
 Best Global Music Performance
 Best Global Music Album

Children's
 Best Children's Album

Spoken Word
 Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording
 Best Spoken Word Poetry Album

Comedy
 Best Comedy Album

Musical Theatre
 Best Musical Theater Album
Music for Visual Media
 Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media
 Best Score Soundtrack Album for Visual Media (Previously in the "Composing and Arranging" field)
 Best Score Soundtrack for Video Games and Other Interactive Media
 Best Song Written for Visual Media (Previously in the "Composing and Arranging" field)

Composing
 Best Instrumental Composition

Arranging
 Best Arrangement, Instrumental or A Cappella
 Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals

Package, Notes & Historical Field
 Best Recording Package
 Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package
 Best Album Notes
 Best Historical Album

Engineered Album
 Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
 Best Engineered Album, Classical

Production Field
 Producer of the Year, Non-Classical
 Producer of the Year, Classical
 Best Immersive Audio Album

Remixer
 Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical

Songwriting
 Songwriter of the Year, Non-Classical
Classical
 Best Orchestral Performance
 Best Opera Recording
 Best Choral Performance
 Best Chamber Music/Small Ensemble Performance
 Best Classical Instrumental Solo
 Best Classical Vocal Solo (previously including albums and tracks)
 Best Classical Compendium
 Best Contemporary Classical Composition

Music Video/Film
 Best Music Video
 Best Music Film

References

Other websites
 Official site
The Emmy Awards are United States television production awards which are given out each year. They are the television version of the Academy Awards. The first Emmy Awards were given out on January 25, 1949 at the Hollywood Athletic Club. Shirley Dinsdale was the very first person to be given an Emmy in the first awards ceremony.

Three organizations give Emmy Awards:

 The Academy of Television Arts & Sciences gives the award for American prime time entertainment (not including sports).
 The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences gives the award for daytime, sports, news, and documentary programming.
 The International Academy of Television Arts & Sciences gives the award for programming that is created outside the United States.

The best-known of the awards are the Primetime Awards (some of which are named "Creative Arts Emmys") and the Daytime Emmy Awards.
The Emmy Awards is a statuette of a woman with wings holding an atom. It was created by television engineer Louis McManus, using his wife as a model. The trophies are made by a company that has a manufacturing site at the El Dorado Correctional Facility, a prison in El Dorado, Kansas.

Other websites
 Primetime Emmy Awards
 Daytime Emmy Awards
 International Emmy Awards 
 Emmy Awards  at the Internet Movie Database
Margaret "Maggie" Simpson is a fictional character shown in the animated television series The Simpsons. She is a baby.

Character 
Like most babies, Maggie copies what she sees around her. She once hit Homer on the head with a mallet, shot a suction dart at his picture and attacked him with a pencil in imitation of Itchy and Scratchy. Maggie is also very accurate with a gun, she shot Mr. Burns in "Who Shot Mr. Burns".

Characteristics 
During the early episodes, Maggie's well-known feature would be to trip over her clothes and fall on her face causing a loud smack on the floor. Throughout the early episodes, Maggie fell down 39 times.

History

Creation 
Maggie was named after Matt Groening's sister Maggie Groening.  She often sucked on a pacifier and wore a sleep suit like Maggie.  Groening thought that it would be funny to have a baby character that did not talk and never grew up, but showed any emotions that the scene needed.
Voice 
With few exceptions, Maggie never speaks but is aware of what is going around her. Maggie has spoken in "Good Night", the first cartoon to air on The Tracey Ullman Show. When the rest of the family falls asleep, she speaks and her voice is played by Liz Georges.

Maggie's first word spoken in the normal television show of the series happened in "Lisa's First Word", when she was voiced by Elizabeth Taylor and says, "Daddy" in an empty room. Elizabeth Taylor as Maggie was later named the 13th greatest guest spot in the history of the show.  James Earl Jones, who voiced Maggie in "Treehouse of Horror V" was in seventh place.  She would later have small sentences in "Treehouse of Horror IX", voiced by Harry Shearer, who used his Kang voice.  Her squeaks and occasional speaking parts are regularly done by Nancy Cartwright or Yeardley Smith. Jodie Foster voiced the Howard Roark-inspired Maggie in the Season 20 episode "Four Great Women and a Manicure".

References
References

Other websites
 Biography from the official Simpsons website
 Maggie's page at BBC.co.uk 
 The Maggie File  unofficial trivia compilation
 The Cutest Baby

Fictional characters introduced in 1987
The Simpsons characters
Animated human characters
Marjorie "Marge" Simpson is a character in the animated television series The Simpsons. The character is voiced by Julie Kavner. Marge is the wife of Homer Simpson and the mother of Bart, Lisa, and Maggie Simpson. She is famous for her very tall blue hair, that is shaped into a beehive. She also is proud to have never met anyone with taller hair outside Graceland.  Marge was named after, and loosely based on, Margaret "Marge" Groening, Matt Groening's mother.
Marge’s image is normally that of a stereotypical sitcom mother who is sometimes seen as an inexperienced person and easy to be fooled. Despite having higher morals than most other characters, Marge has had her fair share of wild escapades throughout the show’s history. She was once a police officer in Springfield, took treatment for road rage, was once sent to jail for shoplifting, sentenced to 90 days in the Springfield Women’s Prison, became a gambling fanatic, showed alcoholism, was an unwilling participant in a cross-country police chase, took steroids, cheated on a cooking competition and developed amnesia. She is also known for her persistent nagging and groaning. These are just some of the strange situations in which Marge has found herself. She also displays a surprisingly strong will. Marge is the only member of the family who normally tries to encourage the family to go to church. She also appears to have significant athletic ability in times of imminent danger
. She can speak two languages fluently, one being English and the other in French.
Politically, Marge supports the Democratic Party. She once says that she voted for Jimmy Carter ("twice" according to Lisa), supported the candidacy of their state's governor Mary Bailey, and also stated to have been really depressed when Lyndon Johnson died.

Talents
Marge studied to be a painter. When she was a teenager she had a huge crush on Ringo Starr and painted a large number of portraits of him. She also wrote to him, but only received a reply 25 years later. His response inspired her to enter an art contest. Her portrait of a drunk Homer sleeping on the couch won the competition. She was then hired by Mr. Burns to do a portrait of him. The resulting portrait won even Mr. Burns’ praise, a massive feat in itself.
Marge also is a very skilled cook. She once started a pretzel business, which succeeded with the help of the Springfield Mafia. She has entered different cooking challenges, although situations such as cruel and ruthless competitors and overheated ovens made her to lose and even break or destroy the other competitors too. In general, she is shown as a very good cook. She is especially well known for her pork chops, Homer's favorite dish.

In some episodes Marge is shown being a fairly skilled photographer until she decided to choose Homer over photography.

Appearance
As a teen, Marge had her hair long to at waist length which she always wore down, but got the idea to wear it in her trademark beehive for senior prom in the episode "The Way We Was". In the Shary Bobbins episode, her hair is shown close to her knees, meaning that a lot of hair would be needed to create her tall beehive. Marge has admitted that her hair is not really blue but is, in fact, gray. It was revealed by Homer in "Secrets of a Successful Marriage" that Marge dyes her hair with blue dye #56; "She’s been gray as a mule since she was seventeen." It is shown in the episode "Fear of Flying" that Marge's blue hair goes back to when she was a small child, so this color choice may ave been intended to match her original color. Because of her unusually large hairstyle, her height is reported to be 8'6", as noted by Apu in the episode "Marge in Chains". In "The Way We Weren't", her hair was blue before she met Homer and was dark at one time because of Marge ironing a piece of her hair for a long time
. In The Simpsons Season Four DVD commentary, Matt Groening states that the original idea behind Marge's hair was to hide large rabbit ears. The gag was intended to be revealed in the final episode of the series, but was cancelled early on because of its irregularity.
Age
Like most of the other Simpsons characters, Marge's age changes from time to time throughout the show's history. In first-season episodes "Life on the Fast Lane" and "Some Enchanted Evening", Marge is said to be 36 years old, but her age was later changed to 38, possibly because she and Homer attended their twentieth anniversary high school reunion in one episode. In the episode "Regarding Margie", Homer states that Marge is his age, meaning she and Homer are both 38. 

Fictional characters introduced in 1987
The Simpsons characters
Animated human characters
A pin is an object used to attach something to a surface. It is usually metal or plastic. Pins are usually sharp and are cheap to buy.

Types of pins
 Bobby pin
 Hairpin
 Push pin
 Cotter pin
 Clevis pin
 Safety pin

Tools
A dining room is a room used for eating and is usually near the kitchen. This is to make serving food easier.

Usually a dining room will contain a table with a set of chairs, normally positioned at the sides and end of a table. People often only use their dining rooms now for formal occasions and eating in the kitchen has become more popular.

Rooms
A crown is a type of headdress worn by a monarch. They are usually worn when they are crowned or at important occasions. Also, crowns are now used as a symbol of the monarchy. They are also won by beauty pageant winners. 

"Crown" is also a synonym for prize or reward. Crowns are awarded or won at contests. Beauty contests award crowns to the winning participant, for example. Couples chosen the King and Queen at a dance also receive crowns.

Diadem 
A diadem is a type of crown, an ornamental headband worn by monarchs and others as a badge of royalty. 

Headgear
Monarchs
Rudolf Walter Richard Hess (Heß in German) (26 April 1894 – 17 August 1987) was a high ranking Nazi leader, and one of Adolf Hitler's closest men. He was the third man after Hermann Göring in the Third Reich from 1933 to 1941.

Biography 
Rudolf Hess was born in Alexandria, Egypt, but moved back to Germany in 1908.

He joined the army in World War I and was trained as a pilot.

In 1920 he joined the Nazi Party and in 1922 he also became a member of the SA.

He flew to Scotland during World War II in 1941 and was arrested. After the war he was tried at the Nuremberg Trials in 1946 and sentenced to life imprisonment.

He died in the Allied Military Prison, Spandau, Berlin in 1987. Since 1966 he had been the only prisoner. His death was caused by a strangulation using an electrical cord; officials recorded it as a suicide.

References
References 

1894 births
1987 deaths
Criminals who committed suicide
German prisoners
German war criminals
Government ministers of Nazi Germany
Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
Nazis who committed suicide
People from Alexandria
People who committed suicide in prison custody
Politicians of the Nazi Party
Politicians who committed suicide
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Sturmabteilung people
SS officers
Suicides by asphyxiation
Suicides in Germany
Occultists
German Lutherans
Events 
 American Revolutionary War ends
 George Washington becomes first President of the United States.
 United States Constitution
 French Revolution begins

World leaders 
 King Louis XVI (France)
 King George III (Great Britain)
 Emperor Joseph II (Holy Roman Empire)
 Frederick II of Prussia, King of Prussia
 Frederick William II of Prussia, King of Prussia
 Pope Pius VI
 Empress Catherine II (Russia)
 King Charles III (Spain)
 King Charles IV (Spain)
 Shahs of Persia (Zand dynasty)
 Sadiq Khan, 1779–1782
 Ali Murad Khan, 1782–1785
 Jafar Khan, 1785–1789
 Lotf Ali Khan, 1789–1794

Births 
 Washington Irving, American author (1783)
 Simón Bolívar, Venezuelan patriot, revolutionary leader and statesman (1783)

Deaths 
 Empress Maria Theresa of Austria
The 1510s was a decade that began on 1 January 1510 and ended on 31 December 1519.

Events 
Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church, starting the Reformation.
Protestant Reformation
Selim I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire conquers Palestine and Egypt, and declares himself Caliph. 
Hernán Cortés lands in Mexico. 
Ferdinand Magellan leaves Europe to go around the world.

Births 
Saint Teresa of Avila, Spanish Carmelite nun and poet

Deaths 
Leonardo da Vinci, Italian inventor and painter
Quantum entanglement is the name given to a special connection between pairs or groups of quantum systems, or any objects described by quantum mechanics. Quantum entanglement is one of the biggest parts of quantum mechanics that makes it hard to understand in terms of the everyday world.

Explanation 
When we look at particles, we usually say that each particle has its own quantum state. Sometimes, two particles can act on one another and become an entangled system. When a pair or group of particles can only be described by the quantum state for the system, and not by individual quantum states, we say the particles are "entangled".

 Particles have a "quantum state", which is a way of describing their properties.
 Sometimes, two particles can interact with each other and become a "system" where they are entangled.
 When the quantum state of a group of particles can only be described for the whole system, and not for individual particles, we say that the particles are "entangled".
In simpler terms, "entangled" particles are those that are connected in such a way that their properties are linked and cannot be described independently. This is a strange phenomenon that is not fully understood, but it is an important concept in the field of physics.

When and why do we see entanglement? 
Entanglement between particles happens because little particles can push and pull on each other, just like big objects do in terms of gravity. If nothing else is acting on those particles, then there are certain things before and after the particles act on each other that have to stay the same. For example, the total momentum of both particles put together would be (roughly) the same before and after they act on each other.
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle tells us we can never know the momentum of a particle exactly, or even the total momentum of both particles put together. In fact, we can't ever know exactly what we will measure the momentum of a particle to be before we measure it, but we do know always that the total momentum of the two particles put together doesn't change when the particles act on each other.

In order to be sure that the total momentum is the same before and after the particles act on one another, we need to describe a pair of particles as a single quantum system rather than a pair of quantum systems. If this were not true, the conservation law for momentum would be violated due to the quantum uncertainty of the momentum of each particle.
When particles interact with each other, certain things about their properties must stay the same, but we can't always know exactly what those properties are. To make sure that the rules of physics are followed, we have to describe the particles as a single system rather than two separate systems. This is related to the concept of quantum entanglement, which is a phenomenon in which the properties of two particles become linked in a way that cannot be explained by classical physics.

Interaction 
Even though each particle has a lot of information about the other, they do not send messages to each other.  There are no messages between the particles saying, "I'm going down, therefore, you must go up" and waiting for the particle to receive the message. Yet, the particles are always connected and can behave as one.
History 
Quantum entanglement is one of the concepts that led Albert Einstein to dislike the theory of quantum mechanics. With his co-workers, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen, Einstein used entanglement to try to show weaknesses in quantum mechanics. Einstein called entanglement "spooky action at a distance". He said this because he did not believe that quantum particles could affect one another faster than the speed of light. He tried to show that this weird effect means that quantum mechanics gives an incomplete picture of what really goes on and that in the future it will be taken care of with extra "hidden" variables.

Erwin Schrödinger talked about entanglement and quantum superposition in the same article where he described Schrödinger's cat.

Years later, John Bell showed with his theorem that we can tell if this "spooky action at a distance" is real or not.  After that, experiments using Bell's theorem proved that entanglement actually happens between tiny particles.
Uses 
Scientists are trying to use quantum entanglement for many different things. Some things are sending completely secret messages (passing encrypted notes that can't be understood if intercepted), and making super computers faster than ever before thought possible. However, entanglement between a pair of particles is a very delicate thing and is easily destroyed. Because of this, it is difficult to use quantum entanglement to do these things. Currently, many scientists are working on making stronger systems where entanglement is stronger and lasts longer to try to do these things more easily.
Also, without sending information about the partner particle, there's no way to tell if a given particle is single or half of an entangled pair. With no outside information, a single particle is completely like any other. It's only when you can receive information about the other particle that you will be able to figure out if your particle is one part of an entangled pair. No one can use entanglement to send information faster than the speed of light because you would need another faster than light communicator to do it.

Mechanics
Quantum mechanics
Amin Maalouf (; ; born 25 February 1949) is a Lebanese author. He studied sociology at the French University in Beirut. He was the director of the Beirut daily newspaper an-Nahar. But, he left the country 1975 at the start of the Lebanese Civil War. He moved to Paris and still lives there today.

Maalouf writes in French, and his works have been translated into many languages. He received the Prix Goncourt in 1993 for his book Rock of Tanios.

He uses his experiences of civil war and migration in writing his novels. The characters in his novels are wanderers. They may not have just one home country, language, or religions.

Works of fiction
 First Century after Beatrice 
 Leo Africanus 
 Rock of Tanios (Prix Goncourt 1993) 
 Samarkand (first published 1988 titled 'Samarcande') 
 Gardens of Light 
 Ports of Call (first published 1996 titled 'Les échelles du Levant') 
 Balthasar's Odyssey

Works of non-fiction
 Crusades through Arab Eyes 
 On Identity
 In the Name of Identity
Other websites
 Amin Maalouf Official Site 

1949 births
Living people
Writers from Paris
Lebanese Christians
People from Beirut
For the electrical device that produces light, see Lightbulb.

A bulb is the part of some plants, mostly under the dirt, that stores food while the plant is resting from growing (a storage organ).

Some well-known bulbs people grow to use as food are onions and garlic. Some bulbs grown for the decorative flowers are the lily, tulip, and some irises.

Some plant storage organs that are similar to bulbs, but have different names are, tubers, corms (swollen stems), tuberous roots, and pseudobulbs.

Plant anatomy
The 1520s was a decade that started on 1 January 1520 and ended on 31 December 1529.

Events 
Aztecs surrender to the Spanish conquistadors.
Ferdinand Magellan takes a trip around the world, and discovers the Philippines and Guam.
Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation

Births 
Anne Askew, English Protestant martyr (1521)
Taqi al-Din, Muslim scientist (1526)

Deaths 
Ferdinand Magellan, Spanish explorer (1521)
Zhengde, Emperor of China (1521)
Wijerd Jelckama, Frisian warlord and rebel (b. 1490)
Marko Marulic, Croatian poet (1524)
Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (1524) 
Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian writer and statesman.
A wave is a kind of oscillation (disturbance) that travels through space and matter. Wave motions transfer energy from one place to another.

Waves play an important role in our daily life.  This is because waves are a carrier of energy and information over large distances. Waves require some oscillating or vibrating source. Ocean surface waves were the first known waves. Later, other kinds were discovered.

Types of waves 
In physics and technology, a wave (physics) carries energy that creates visible light, sound, and many other things. There are two categories of waves.
 Mechanical waves
 Electromagnetic waves

Mechanical waves  

Waves which require any medium for their propagation are called mechanical waves. 

One example of a mechanical wave is sound. 

Sound can travel through air, water, or solids, but it can't travel through a vacuum. It needs the medium to help it travel.
Other examples include water waves, seismic waves, and waves traveling through a spring.
Earthquakes produce seismic waves
A wave in the water, such as an ocean surface wave, is a disturbance on the surface (top) of water,

Electromagnetic waves 
Waves which do not require any medium for their propagation are called electromagnetic waves.

For example:
Radio waves and other electromagnetic radiation carry one type of energy.  X-rays, heat and light waves are some examples of electromagnetic waves.

Related pages 
 Radiation

Basic English 850 words
Gluons are what hold quarks together to make bigger particles. Gluons carry the strong force between other quarks, so it is considered a force carrying particle. Photons do the same thing, but for the electromagnetic force. Also, like photons, gluons are spin-1 particles, and when a particle has spin-1 it is considered a boson.

Gluons are hard to study because although they exist in nature all the time, they are so small and require so much energy to break them away from quarks (about 2 trillion degrees) that scientists have only been able to find more about them from particle colliders such as  the Large Hadron Collider at CERN.

References 

Elementary particles
Sir Humphry Davy, 1st Baronet, FRS (Fellow of the Royal Society) (born 17 December 1778 in Penzance, Cornwall, England; died 29 May 1829 in Geneva City, Switzerland), was a Cornish chemist. His study of chemistry led to the first pure forms of some of the chemical elements such as water and sodium.

References

1778 births
1829 deaths
British chemists
People from Cornwall
Myxobolus cerebralis is a small Myxozoan parasite that eats the insides of fish like salmon and trout, causing whirling disease. 

This is a problem in fish farming and also in natural fish populations. In the last 100 years, it has spread to most of Europe (including Russia), the United States, South Africa, and other countries.  In the 1980s, people found out that M. cerebralis needs to live in a worm before it can live in a fish.  It infects both the fish and the worm by poking a hole in them and putting part of itself in.

Whirling disease hurts young fish the most, and can hurt bones and nerves. Fish with the disease do not swim very well, and they "whirl" or spin instead of swimming straight.  This makes it hard for the fish to get food and get away from danger.  Dealing with M. cerebralis costs more money than most other parasites in its group (which are called "myxozoans"). People do not get sick with whirling disease, though; only fish do.
M. cerebralis has become well-established, particularly in North America. It has caused the decline of whole cohorts of fish.

Shape
M. cerebralis has many stages ranging from single cells to bigger spores.  Scientists have not studied all the stages very well yet.

Triactinomyxon stage 

M. cerebralis has many diverse stages ranging from single cells to relatively large spores, not all of which have been studied in detail.
The kind of M. cerebralis that can attack fish is called a "Triactinomyxon", and there is a picture of it on the right.  There are three "tails" that are each about 200 micrometers long, and another piece that is about 150 micrometers (μm) long.  That piece has 64 cells in it. There are also three harpoon-like weapons that can attack the fish. They shoot into the fish, making a hole that the 64 cells can go into.  Those cells make more cells that go to the cartilage near the fish's brain.
Myxosporean stage
The kind of M. cerebralis that comes out of fish is called a "Myxospore". They are sort of round and fat in the middle like a lentil or a convex lens. They are about 10  micrometers across and are made of six cells.  Two are for the harpoon weapons, two are for protecting the Myxospore, and two are for going into a worm after the weapons make a hole. Myxospores from M. cerebralis look a lot like Myxospores from other species that are sometimes in fish skin, muscle, or brains, and so it's hard to tell them apart.

References

Other websites 
Report of the World Trade Organization on Australian restrictions on salmon imports
The Whirling Disease Foundation 
The Whirling Disease Initiative 

Parasites
Edible fish
Cnidarians
Aamir Khan (born March 14, 1965 in Mumbai) is a Bollywood actor. Khan first appeared in Yaadon Ki Baaraat (1973) as a child actor. His first big starring role was in Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (1988). Khan was born to a Muslim family.

Another of his best-known adult roles was starring in Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India (2001), which was nominated for an Oscar. Khan was credited as producer for the movie, with his first wife (1986-2002), Reena Datta, executive producer. Khan met his future second wife (2005-), Kiran Rao, on the set, where she was an assistant director.

Their first movie released in 2006 is Rang De Basanti after his divorce with Reena Dutta. He later married Kiran Rao.

Movies

References

Other websites 

 
 
 

1965 births
Living people
Actors from Mumbai
Indian child actors
Indian movie actors
Indian movie producers
Television producers
Ambedkarites
Indian Muslims
Bahá'ís are monotheists, which means that they believe in one God. They believe Bahá'u'lláh carried a message from God. Bahá'u'lláh said he was not the only person to carry a message from God, and he was not the last to carry a message from God. He taught that the people who started the other major religions also represented and carried messages from God, such as Jesus, Moses, Krishna, Abraham, Muhammad, the Buddha and others. He called these people "Manifestations of God." They believe the messages from the Manifestations of God get more and more difficult to understand. They say the ones that came earlier on had a more simple message than the ones that came later. Because God is greater than the whole universe, Bahá'u'lláh said that human beings cannot completely know God. He said that God wants people to know as much about him as they can. Bahá'u'lláh wrote God sends special people to manifest (show) himself to ordinary humans. Without the Manifestations of God we could not know God
. Bahá'ís believe the God they pray to is the same God Abraham spoke to, Jesus talked about, and Krishna said in Gita. Since Bahá'u'lláh was born in a Muslim family, Bahá'ís are sometimes mistaken as Muslims.  Bahá'u'lláh is considered the prophet/manifestation of the present day. Bahá'ís say that he is not the last prophet/manifestation of God. They think there will not be another prophet for 1,000 years after Baha'u'llah's death.
History

Early days 

The Bahá'í Faith began on 1844 when a man called the Báb said he had a message from God. He said that it was his job to make sure that people were ready for the most important message from God who would be sent soon. This started a religion, followers of this religion were called Bábís. Many people became Bábís in the country of Iran, which was called Persia at the time, and this made the government of Persia and the Muslim priests angry. They arrested and killed the Bab and his followers. Even though this happened, people still followed this religion.
Before Bahá'u'lláh said he had a message from God, he was a member of the religion that was started by the Báb. He became very famous among the Bábís. When the Báb was killed, some Bábís got very angry and tried to kill the king of Persia, even though Bahá'u'lláh told them not to kill him. When the Babis were caught, the government put many Bábís in jail, including Bahá'u'lláh. While in jail at Tehran, Bahá'u'lláh said he saw an angel that he called the "maid of heaven". The angel told him that he had to teach a message from God to the people of the world. The angel said that God would rescue and protect him so that he could teach this message. Eventually, he was released from jail and the government of Persia made him move to Baghdad, which was then controlled by the king of the Ottoman Empire.

Bahá'u'lláh's announcement
Eventually the Ottoman Empire sent him to many different cities, including Constantinople, Adrianople, Alexandria, and eventually Akka. He was in different jails this whole time, and the city of Akka had a big wall around it, and it was one big jail. While he was in Baghdad, and after, he wrote many books and letters to answer questions that his friends and followers asked him. At one point he was poisoned, so that he could not write anymore because his hands shook so badly. After that, he had someone write down what he said. When he was even older, his oldest son, `Abdu'l-Bahá arranged to have him move into a house near Mount Carmel, and he stayed there until he finally died in 1892.

After Bahá'u'lláh