Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Protocols

In addition, there are three more protocols to the Geneva Conventions:

 Protocol I (1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts. This treaty says how victims of conflicts and wars should be dealt with.

 Protocol II (1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and about the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts. This is about victims of civil wars.
 Protocol III (2005): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem. This is about the introduction of the red diamond, as a symbol of the Red Cross that is free of religious connotations.

Changes

After the First Convention was agreed, the International Committee of the Red Cross was founded in 1863.
All four conventions were last checked and agreed on in 1949. Those versions are related to previous revisions. In some cases, ideas from the 1907 Hague Convention were added. Usually, people refer to all four conventions as the "Geneva Conventions of 1949" or simply the "Geneva Conventions". Later conferences have added text that makes it illegal to use certain kinds of warfare, like chemical warfare. They have also spoken about issues of civil wars. 

Clara Barton was important in campaigning for the United States to agree to the First Geneva Convention.  The United States signed that Convention in 1882. 

By the Fourth Geneva Convention in 1949, some 47 nations had ratified the agreements.

Today, nearly all 200 countries of the world are "signatory" nations.  This means they have signed and agreed to follow the Geneva Conventions.
Related pages
 Prisoners of war
 International Committee of the Red Cross
Laws of war
War crimes (crimes that break the Geneva Conventions)
 International Criminal Court (a court that can try people who break the Geneva Conventions)
Other websites 
 States party to the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols
 Red Cross and Geneva Conventions 
 Texts of the Conventions Source: ICRC 1949 Conventions and 1977 Protocols  Source: Society of Professional Journalists 
 Reference Guide to the Geneva Conventions
 United Nation's Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights - International Human Rights Instruments
 Geneva Conventions at Law-Ref.org  - fully indexed and crosslinked with other documents
 list of states which have signed the Geneva conventions (1929 and 1949) and additional protocols (1977) (documents in French) — Switzerland is currently the depositary of approximately 60 international treaties and lists of the states parties to each of these treaties (in French). There is also database access.
 Geneva Conventions depository overview in English (.PDF)  created from the Swiss archives by Advocacy & Intelligence Index For POWs-MIAs Archives
International law is the law that is used when there is a conflict between countries. There are two different types of international law: 
 Public International Law applies to all countries but is not enforceable. 
 Private International Law is when there is a conflict between two or more countries that broke a certain law based on the countries' law. It is composed of a set of treaties. 

In recent years, people have also seen international organizations like the United Nations use international law.

Related pages 
 International human rights law
 Geneva Conventions
 Laws of war
 Roerich Pact

International law
The Hague Convention is a set of treaties signed in Den Haag in 1899 and 1907. Along with the Geneva conventions, they are among the first treaties to speak about war crimes and the laws of war. They are considered to be part of international law.

Treaties and Conventions
The Hague
The Hague (with capital T; Dutch: also called , commonly ) is the third-largest city in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. It has a population of about 546,000 (2020) and an area of around 98 km². It is in the west of the country, in the province South Holland. It is the capital of the province. About 1 million people live in the urban area of The Hague, on about 405 square kilometers.

The Hague is the location of the Binnenhof, the building where the national government of the Netherlands meets. Built in the 13th century, the Binnenhof is the home of the "Eerste Kamer" (literally "First Chamber") or "Senaat", and the "Tweede Kamer" (literally "Second Chamber"). These are the same as the upper and lower houses in some other countries. They form the "Staten Generaal" (literally the "Estates-General").
Willem-Alexander, the king of the Netherlands, lives and works in The Hague. His home is called the Noordeinde Palace and it is not far away from the Binnenhof. All foreign embassies and government ministries of the country are in the city, as well as the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (The Supreme Court) and many lobbying organisations.

All of this is unusual for a country, because The Hague is not the capital of the Netherlands, which is Amsterdam. This is made so by the Constitution of the Netherlands.

Besides the buildings used by the government, the International Court of Justice of the United Nations is based in the Peace Palace, which is also in The Hague and often referred to as "The Hague" by metonymy. A tourist attraction is Madurodam, which has lots of tiny buildings that look like the real things.
The Hague is part of a large conurbation called the Randstad, where most Dutch people live. It is only an hour away from Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol by train (most of which are run by Nederlandse Spoorwegen) and with its two train stations, is easy to get to from many places in the Netherlands and all around Europe.

Partner cities 
 Warsaw, Poland

Things to see

Related pages
Residentie Orchestra

References
The S.A.S. or Special Air Service, is a Special Operations Organisation of the British Army. It was founded in 1941 to attack behind the German line of defence in North Africa, in World War II. They are one of the best schooled units in the world, that makes them very valuable. There are about 500 active SAS soldiers.

The SAS is a secret organisation. Its members often do not tell anyone except close family that they are in it. The British Ministry of Defence (MOD) rarely speaks of the SAS and mission details are never released until much later.

The badge of the organisation was originally designed as a flaming sword of Damocles but ended up as a winged dagger. It shows the motto: Who Dares Wins.

Current SAS roles include:

 Gathering intelligence behind enemy lines.
 Destroying targets far behind enemy lines.
 Protecting The Royal Family, and important government members.
 Training special forces of other nations.
 Performing counter-terrorism operations.
The SAS is thought of all over the world as one of the best, if not the best Special Operations organisations.
This is mainly because of the intense training they are put through. The hardest part of this is intense interrogation (questioning while under torture) which the trainees must go through.

The SAS is respected worldwide and used to train many other Special Forces Units. Several special operations units are modeled after the SAS. For example, the U.S. Army's Delta Force was founded due in large part to Charles Beckwith, a U.S. Army special operations officer, serving as an exchange officer with the SAS. He felt that the U.S. Army was vulnerable in not having a unit comparable to the SAS.

Related pages
 Central Intelligence Agency
 Secret Intelligence Service
 Special forces

Sources 

1941 establishments in Europe
Military of the United Kingdom
Special Forces
1940s establishments in the United Kingdom
Kookaburra Sport is an Australian company named after an Australian bird related to the kingfisher, which eats snakes and is, therefore, very valuable to the Australians.

Kookaburra makes and sells cricket supplies which are used by amateurs and professionals. They are one of the leading brands and are famous for their colourful and artistic designs. It is the leading manufacturer of cricket equipment in the world. Its balls are used the most in international cricket matches.

Companies of Australia
Cricket in Oceania
Lancashire is a ceremonial county in the North West of England. Its two cities are Lancaster and Preston. Before 1974, Liverpool and Manchester were part of the administrative county of Lancashire.

Rivalry
The county has developed a fierce rivalry with Yorkshire, the next county east. This comes from rivalry in sport, such as in cricket, and comes from the War of the Roses.

Places
A big attraction in Lancashire is Blackpool, an English seaside resort, which has a theme park called Blackpool Pleasure Beach. It has the second largest rollercoaster in Europe ("The Big One") and Blackpool Tower, a tower which was made to look like the Eiffel Tower in Paris.

Lancashire has market towns (like Chorley) and small villages (like Bretherton, Croston and Eccleston). It is just south of an area of outstanding natural beauty called the Lake District. Lancashire also has a lot of pleasant countryside such as White Coppice and the Rivington Moors.
Food
A famous food from Lancashire is "Lancashire hotpot" which is made of meat, onion or other vegetables and potatoes. It is often found on many pub menus in the county and in other places in Britain.

People
The people of Lancashire are known for their friendly nature. Humour is also an important part of Lancashire life.

Ceremonial counties of England
The Church of England is the leading Christian church in England. It is the church established by law: its formal head is the English monarch (Charles III). It is the mother church of the Anglican Communion. Its headquarters are at Church House, Westminster, in London.

The Church of England understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed:
Catholic because it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as in the Apostles' Creed, Nicene Creed and Athanasian Creed.
Reformed because it has been shaped by the doctrinal ideas of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, in particular by the Thirty-Nine Articles and the Book of Common Prayer.

There are other Protestant churches in England which are not part of the Anglican Communion.
History 
The Church of England became independent under King Henry VIII in 1534. Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon, but asked the Pope to annul the marriage (say that it was a mistake and that Henry and Catherine were never really married).  He wanted to annul the marriage because he wanted a male heir to his throne and Catherine could not produce one. When the annulment was refused, Henry VIII used his position as King to break the Church away from the Roman Catholic Church. This established the independence of the Church of England, sometimes called the Anglican (English) Church. Methodism broke away from the church in the 18th century. The Oxford Movement brought some Catholic beliefs and practices back into the church in the 19th century.
Under his son, King Edward VI, more Protestant forms of worship were adopted. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer started more changes. A new pattern of worship was set out in the Book of Common Prayer (1549 and 1552). These were based on the older liturgy but influenced by Protestant principles.

Related pages 
Archbishop of Canterbury
Thomas Cranmer
Reformation
House of Lords
Supreme Governor of the Church of England

Other websites 
CofE website

Anglicanism
Religion in England
Tense is the form of a verb that shows the time something happened, or is going to happen. There are three main tenses:

Present tense: things that are true when the words are spoken or written.
Example: She goes to school. In this sentence, goes shows that it is a present tense. It suggests that she regularly goes to school.
Example: She is going to school. This says she is now going to school.
Past tense: things that were true before the words were spoken or written. 
Example: She went to school. In this sentence, went shows that it is a past tense.
Future tense: things that will be true after the words are spoken or written. 
Example: She will go to school. In this sentence, will shows that it is a future tense.

Tense can be shown by changing the spelling of a verb. For example, be can become am, is, and are in present tense, and was and were in past tense. In English, future tense is shown by adding will before the verb. For example, be becomes will be in future tense.
Some verb tenses are much more common than others in English.

Note: These tenses can be subdivided further (see below).

Aspect 
There are also different kinds of tense within each main tense.  
In addition to tense, verbs can also indicate the completion, progress, or duration of an action. This is done by adding "helping words" or "auxiliary words", such as be and have, before the verb. For example, "I give", "I have given", "I am giving", and "I have been giving" are all in present tense, but have different meanings. This is called aspect. 

Other languages have different ways of showing tense. For example, Latin usually shows tense by changing the verb, like English. However, Chinese and Indonesian show tense by adding new words, instead of changing the verb.

References 

Grammar
Blackpool Tower is a tall structure in Blackpool, a North England seaside town.

It was built in the style of the Eiffel Tower. Building started in 1891 and finished in 1894. It cost £45000 (around US$70000), is 518 ft tall and weighs 2586 tons. It is mainly made from steel and cast iron.

It is one of the main tourist attractions in Blackpool. These include the tower itself, the Golden Mile, which is a row of arcades, the Irish Sea and beach, and Pleasure Beach Blackpool (a theme park).

The oldest part of the building is the old aquarium which was part of Dr Cockers' Menagarie and Aquarium since the 1870s. It was kept open to earn money while the tower building was built around it.

The tower was bought by Blackpool Council in 2010 and is now run by Merlin Entertainments for Blackpool Council.

Since Merlin Entertainments started running the tower, the building has been repaired and new attractions have been added. The aquarium was removed to make way for a new attraction.
Attractions at the tower include the Blackpool Dungeon, the Blackpool Tower Eye, the Blackpool Tower Circus, the Blackpool Tower Ballroom and Jungle Jim's.

References

1894 establishments in the United Kingdom
Blackpool
Monuments and memorials in England
Towers in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures completed in the 19th century
Buildings and structures in Lancashire
A theme park or amusement park is a place with attractions made up of rides, such as roller coasters and water rides. They usually contain a selection of different types of rides, along with shops, restaurants and other entertainment outlets. Theme parks can be enjoyed by adults, teenagers and children.

Many are themed to a particular area; there are water parks, parks modeled after toys, parks modeled after movies or types of movies, usually adventure or action.

Origin 
The period from the 1950s through the 1970s brought about a core era for growth in the contemporary theme park industry, as a strong American middle class was being established and personal transportation became a common good. The baby boom following the second World War guaranteed a large number of families seeking to spend time together, and expanding labor rights allow for more free time to do just that.
Finally, long-distance travel options and new forms of transportation, such as passenger air travel, grew in importance, making new destinations accessible. This mix of ideal economic conditions, combined with innovations during the time period, formed a perfect foundation on which to build the modern theme park concept to be developed.

A similar “perfect storm” unfolded in Europe, with new innovations and attractions reshaping pleasure gardens and driving new experiences. Unique offerings were key to transporting families to worlds of imagination and wonder, but also to attracting audiences from further away.

The sheer concept of theme parks was born out of a combination of three early traditions: traveling fairs, pleasure gardens, and world fair exhibits. Slowly the three came together and formed the modern amusement park, inviting all age groups.
Famous parks 
Some famous theme parks:
 Disneyland Park, Anaheim, California, USA
 Walt Disney World Resort theme parks, Lake Buena Vista, Florida, USA
 Universal Studios Florida, Florida, USA
 Knott's Berry Farm, Buena Park, California, USA
 Six Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, California, USA
 Legoland, Denmark, UK, USA and Germany
 Blackpool Pleasure Beach, Blackpool, Lancashire, England
 Alton Towers, Alton, Staffordshire, England
 Phantasialand, Brühl, Germany
 Gardaland, Castelnuovo del Garda, Italy
 Disneyland Park, Paris, France
 Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio, USA
 Fuji-Q Highland, Yamanashi, Japan
 Kings Island, Mason, Ohio, USA
 Dreampark and Wonderland, Egypt
 Efteling, Netherlands
 Warner Bros. World, Abu Dhabi, UAE
 The window of the World, Shenzhen, China
 Adlabs imagica, Maharashtra, India
 Tokyo Disneyland, Tokyo, Japan
 Tokyo Disneysea, Tokyo, Japan

References
Kookaburras are birds of the genus Dacelo and are native to Australia and New Guinea. An adult kookaburra is generally 28–42 centimetres from the head to the tip of the tail.

Taxonomy 

 Genus Dacelo
 Laughing Kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae) – Native to eastern mainland Australia, introduced to Tasmania, Flinders Island, Kangaroo Island and Western Australia. Some were also introduced to New Zealand between 1866 and 1880; but only those that were freed by Sir George Grey on Kawau Island are still there today.
 Blue-winged Kookaburra (Dacelo leachii) – Native to northern Australia and southern New Guinea.
 Spangled Kookaburra (Dacelo tyro) – Found only on the Aru Islands and Trans Fly savanna and grasslands of southern New Guinea.
 Rufous-bellied Kookaburra (Dacelo gaudichaud) – Widely distributed through forests of lowland New Guinea and has also been seen on Saibai Island in Queensland.

Life 
Kookaburras usually eat small animals: small mammals (like mice), insects, small birds, lizards and snakes.
Kookaburras usually live in family groups. Young kookaburras help their parents to hunt and care for the smaller children.

Kookaburras are well known for their loud call, which sounds a bit like human laughter. Kookaburras use their calling to show others what is their land.

Coraciiformes
Birds of Australia
Birds of Oceania
Poll tax is a system of taxing. It is also called head tax. It is based on the idea that everyone pays the same amount of tax. This is regardless of how much they earn. In the last few years of Margaret Thatcher's reign as British Prime minister, she received heavy opposition and mass riots were held when she tried to have poll tax used as the tax system.  Her tax was called Community Charge.  Council Tax took its place in 1993.‎

An earlier poll tax in England caused the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.

References

Taxation
The Canadian dollar is the national currency of Canada. It has been used since 1858. The Canadian dollar is also used in Saint Pierre and Miquelon along with the Euro.

Other websites
 

Currency of North America
Economy of Canada
1858 establishments
1850s establishments in Canada
A printer can be:

 A person or company who does printing
 computer printer, a computer peripheral that reproduces text and/or picture, usually on paper
 optical printer, a device to copy and/or modify images on motion picture film
Bonn () is a city near Cologne. It is in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Bonn was founded on an old Roman settlement. Today about 327,000 people live there.

Following World War II Bonn was in the British occupation zone. In 1949 Bonn was chosen as the provisional capital of West Germany.

Bonn was the choice of Konrad Adenauer, a former Cologne Mayor and the first Chancellor of West Germany after World War II, who came from that area. Frankfurt am Main had most of the needed facilities already, so using Bonn meant spending about 95 Million DM to building new roads and building. However, Frankfurt am Main had been an important city during the war, and choosing Bonn was to symbolise a new start for the new Germany.

Because of its relatively small size for a capital city, Bonn was sometimes jokingly called the Bundesdorf (Federal Village).
Bonn was the capital of West Germany from 1949 until 1990 it. The Bundestag voted to move to Berlin on 20 June 1991, after a heated debate. The Federal President had already decided to make Schloß Bellevue in Berlin his main official residence. The extra building work needed meant it was 1999 before the government's move was completed.

Main sights 

Beethoven's birthplace is located at Bonngasse. Next to the market place is the Old Town Hall, built in 1737 in Rococo style, under the rule of Clemens August of Bavaria. It's used for receptions of guests of the town, and as a bureau for the mayor. Close by is the Kurfürstliches Schloss, which has been built as a residence of the prince-elector, and nowadays is the main building of the University of Bonn.
The Poppelsdorfer Allee, an alley flanked by chestnut trees, connects the Kurfürstliches Schloss with the Poppelsdorfer Schloss, a palace that was built as a resort to prince-electors in the first half of the 18th century. This axis is interrupted by a railway line and Bonn Central Station, a building erected in 1883/84.

The three highest buildings in the city are the radio mast of WDR in Bonn-Venusberg (180 m), the headquarters of the Deutsche Post called Post Tower (162.5 m) and the former building for the German members of parliament Langer Eugen (114.7 m) which nowadays is the new location of the UN-Campus.

Churches 
 Bonn Minster  
 Doppelkirche (Double Church) Schwarzrheindorf built in 1151
 Old Cemetery Bonn, one of the best known ones in Germany

Castles and residences 
 Godesburg fortress ruins
Modern buildings 
 Bundesviertel (federal quarter) with lots of government structures including
 Post Tower, the tallest building in the state North Rhine-Westphalia, housing the headquarters of the Deutsche Post AG
 Deutsche Telekom headquarters
 T-Mobile headquarters
 Maritim Bonn, 5 star hotel and convention centre
 Schürmann-Bau, headquarters of Deutsche Welle
 Langer Eugen, since 2006 the centre of the United Nations Campus, formerly housing the offices of the members of the German parliament
Museums 
 Museum Mile with
 Kunst- und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany) showing the Guggenheim Collection in 2006-2007  
 Kunstmuseum Bonn (Bonn Museum of Modern Art) 
 Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Museum of the History of the Federal Republic of Germany) 
 Museum Koenig where the Parlamentarischer Rat first met
 Beethoven House, birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven  
 Ägyptisches Museum (Egyptian Museum)  
 Akademisches Kunstmuseum (Academic Museum of Art)  
 Arithmeum, research institute for discrete mathematics including a museum  
 Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn (Rhinish Regional Museum Bonn)

Universities 
 The Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn (University of Bonn) is one of the largest universities in Germany
 Bonn Universities are located mainly in downtown Bonn, but some buildings are spread throughout the city. As such Bonn is known as the city of Universities.
Schools 
 Aloisiuskolleg, a Jesuit private school in Bad Godesberg

Nature 
 Botanischer Garten (Botanical Garden), where Titan arum reached a world record
 Rheinaue (Bonn), a leisure park on the banks of the Rhine
 Rhine promenade and the Alter Zoll (Old Toll Station)
 In the very south of the city on the border to Wachtberg and Rhineland-Palatinate is the extinct volcano Rodderberg

Twin towns 
 Bonn
  Oxford, since 1947
  Tel Aviv-Jaffa, since 1983
  Potsdam, since 1988
  Budafok, District XII of Budapest since 1991
  Opole, (officially since 1997; contacts were established 1954)
  Belfast, Northern Ireland
 district of Bad Godesberg
  Saint-Cloud,
  Frascati,
  Windsor and Maidenhead
  Kortrijk
  Yalova
 district of Beuel
  Mirecourt
 district of Hardtberg
  Villemomble
  Islamabad-Rawalpindi
  Toronto
  Bhubaneswar

References

Other websites 

 Official Website  
 Official timeline  
 Tourist information 
 "The Museum Mile" 
 Germany's Museum of Art in Bonn 

Cities in North Rhine-Westphalia
The CAF Champions League is a football competition between the best club teams in Africa. The teams are selected because of good performances in matches.

Football competitions in Africa
CONMEBOL Libertadores or Copa Libertadores (Libertadores Cup) is a football competition between the best club teams in South America. The teams are qualified based on how well they did in the national tournament. The last year winner has assured participation. The tournament is run by Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL).

Schedule
Copa Libertadores is played annually. It usually happens between the months of February and November (South American summer and spring). Its winner is qualified for the annual FIFA Club World Cup.

Libertadores starts in January with the worst classified team of each country playing for to be a part of the "Main Draw". In February, the Main Draw begins. It is made up of 8 groups with 4 clubs in each group. Each team plays 6 games. They play three home games and three away games. The top 2 clubs in every group advance to the next round. A total of 16 clubs play in the playoffs.
The better qualified clubs in the Main Draw take advantage of playing the second game of each round of the playoffs at home. Libertadores goes on with clubs playing home and away, round after round till the Finals.

Differences
Unlike European club competitions, the Copa Libertadores, in the past, did not use extra time or away goals to decide a tie. Starting with the 2005 event, CONMEBOL began to use the away goals rule, with the extra time used only in the final matches.

Football competitions in South America
CONMEBOL
A longbow is a type of bow. It may not have been as strong as a crossbow, but it could shoot more arrows per minute. Also, the basic equipment cost little, and could be easily mass produced. Metal-tipped arrows could go through armour.  Only the strongest armor would stop it. Archers (longbowmen) would usually have a second weapon, often a battle-axe, if the fighting came close to them.

The longbow was mainly used in the Middle Ages until the 1500s.  

It was made from a single piece of hard wearing, flexible wood, often from a yew tree. Yew was cut during the winter when there was no sap. The flat side of the bow facing the target was flexible sapwood while the belly (facing the archer) was round and made of strong heartwood (from the center of a tree).

Groups of longbowmen would shoot at the same time.  The arrows would come down like hail.  This often scared the enemy.

Longbows have been found in Europe as far back as the Mesolithic period.
History 
The Welsh were the first people to use longbows. In AD 633 Offrid, son of Edwin, king of Northumbria, was killed by an arrow shot from a Welsh longbow. This was during a battle between the Welsh and the Mercians — more than five centuries before any record of its use in England. Despite this, the weapon is more commonly known as the "English longbow" than the "Welsh longbow".

In the Middle Ages, the English and Welsh were famous for their very powerful Welsh longbows. They were used to great effect in the civil wars of the period and against the French in the Hundred Years' War (with notable success at the battles of Crécy (1346), Poitiers (1356) and Agincourt (1415).

The average length of arrowshafts recovered from the 1545 sinking of the Mary Rose is .

The bows were pretty easy and quick to craft, yet was quite lethal and could pierce through armor.
A longbow has practical advantages compared to a modern recurve or compound bow; it is usually lighter, quicker to prepare for shooting, and shoots more quietly. However, other things being equal, the modern bow will shoot a faster arrow more accurately than the longbow.

Effects on the human body

Bowmen had to practice for many years before they could shoot a longbow well.  Also, longbows are very strong.  This made archers' bodies different from other people's bodies.  The skeletons of medieval bowmen are different from other people's skeletons.  The arm and shoulder bones are thick and a little bent.  These bones supported the large muscles that grew on the archers' arms and backs as they practiced with the bow.  On some archers, the right shoulder was higher than the left shoulder.  This is because archers almost always shot on the same side.  They did not switch hands.

References 

Archery
Weapons
The African Union (AU) is an supranational organization consisting of fifty-five African member countries. Founded in Durban on 9 July 2002, the AU was formed as a replacement to the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the African Economic Community (AEC). 

The current Chairperson of the African Union is President of Comoros Azali Assoumani since February 18, 2023.

The AU, in the future, aims to have a single currency and a single integrated defense force, as well as other institutions of state, including a cabinet for the AU Head of State. The purpose of the organization is to help secure the continent's democracy, human rights, and a sustainable economy, especially by bringing an end to conflict between African nations and creating an effective common market.

Related pages
 African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
 European Union
 Pan-Africanism

Other websites 
 Official site

International organizations
Politics of Africa
2002 establishments in Africa
Pan-Africanism
The Bastille was a prison in Paris, France. It was destroyed during the French Revolution on 14 July 1789. It was attacked by rebels from the "third estate" (the people). This event is considered the beginning of the French Revolution. Today in France, the 14 July, Fête Nationale, or Bastille Day, is a national holiday.

Early history 
The Bastille was built during the Hundred Years' War. It was called the Bastion de Saint-Antoine. At first it was just the Saint-Antoine gate, but from 1370 to 1383, this gate was made bigger and became a fortress. It defended the east end of Paris and the Hôtel Saint-Pol royal palace. After the war, it was turned into a prison. Louis XIII(13) was the first king to send prisoners there.
The Bastille was built in a rectangle shape, 70 meters (220 ft) long and 30 meters (90 ft) wide. It had eight towers and walls 25 meters (80 ft) high, with a wide moat going around the outside. There were two courtyards inside and houses against the walls. Pairs of towers on the east and west sides had gates through which the rue Saint-Antoine passed. In the 1400s, these were blocked up, and a new city gate was built to the north on the present day rue de la Bastille. A bastion on the eastern side was built later. The walls and towers were of the same height and width and joined by a broad path. Soldiers on the wall could move quickly to any part of the fortress without having to climb down inside the towers. It also meant that there was enough room for placing artillery. A similar design can be seen today at Château de Tarascon.

Storming the Bastille
As a prison, the Bastille held common criminals such as forgers and thieves, as well as people put in prison for religious reasons, such as the Huguenots. Some had been put in prison for printing or writing things against the government or the King. People of high rank were sometimes held there too. The prison, which could only hold about 50 prisoners, was not as bad most of the prisons in Paris. But secrecy about the prison and its prisoners gave it an evil reputation.

The people of Paris attacked the Bastille on 14 July 1789, following several days of protests. They wanted the gunpowder and weapons that were kept at the prison. They were not attacking the Bastille to free the seven prisoners inside. The prison was guarded by about 80 invalides (old soldiers) led by Governor Bernard-René de Launay. There was also an extra group of 32 grenadiers from one of the Swiss mercenary regiments brought to Paris by the King shortly before 14 July.
A crowd of around 8,000 men and women were outside the Bastille by mid-morning. They wanted the guards to give up the prison, remove the artillery guns, and give them the gunpowder and weapons. Two people chosen to represent those outside were invited into the fortress to talk with the Governor.

At about 1:00pm, the crowd broke into the undefended outer courtyard and the chains on the drawbridge to the inner courtyard were cut. There was some gunfire, but by mid-afternoon the crowd was supported by mutinous Gardes Françaises of the Royal Army and two cannons. De Launay ordered his guards to stop shooting and he gave up the fortress. The crowd swept into the Bastille at about 5.30pm.
The crowd took the weapons, gunpowder, and freed the seven prisoners. They had to break down the doors because the keys had already been taken and shown in the streets. Even though they had surrendered, the Governor and some of the guards of the Bastille were killed. Their heads were cut off, stuck onto long poles, and marched through the streets.

Pulling down the Bastille

The propaganda value of the Bastille was quickly seen by Pierre-François Palloy, "Patriote Palloy". He got together a group of men to begin pulling down the fortress by the next day. People paid him to view the site and he sold off pieces as souvenirs. By November, 1789, the Bastille was largely pulled down. The cut stones of the fortress were used to build the Pont de la Concorde (Paris).

The area today
The area today

The site of the Bastille is now called the Place de la Bastille. It is home to the Opéra Bastille. The large moat behind the fort has been turned into a marina for boats, the Bassin de l'Arsenal. To the north, a covered canal, the Canal Saint Martin, goes under the road along the edge of the site.

The remains of one tower of the fort were found during digging for the Paris Métro (rail mass-transit system) in 1899. These were moved to a park, the Square Henri-Galli, a few hundred meters away. The outline of the fort is also marked on the streets and sidewalks with special paving stones. A cafe and some other businesses are now on the site of the fort, and the rue Saint Antoine passes directly over it as it opens onto the roundabout of the Bastille.

Today, the French celebrate the 14th July by
 Having military and civilian parades
 Having military air shows
 Musical performances
 Communal meals
 Dances
 Balls
 Spectacular firework displays
In popular culture
 Comte de Rochefort (The Three Musketeers, Twenty Years After)
 Alexandre Manette (A Tale of Two Cities)
 M. Thénardier (Les Misérables)
 Several works about the Man with the iron mask

References

Other websites

 Satellite view of the Place de la Bastille place today.
 Remains of the Bastille - photo of the remains of one tower, with a short description
 À bas la Bastille!: how the Encyclopædia Britannica has written about the Bastille since 1768.

Buildings and structures in Paris
1789 disestablishments
18th-century disestablishments in Europe
14th century in France
The Freecycle Network (TFN) is a global network of people who share and regive items. They organise their network through the Internet. Freecycle is a place for people to meet. There are just two things people can do there.

The first thing is this:  A person can ask the other people for an item.  If someone has it, they can tell the person who wants it.

The second thing is this: A person can give away an item.  Sometimes many people want the item, and the donator has to choose just one person.

Other websites 
Official website
Freecycle Group Finder

Internet
Recycling
Slashdot is a website where people can read news.  Most people who go to Slashdot like computers.  Other people go, too.

On the Slashdot website, people can comment on the news. Often this leads to interesting discussions with many points of view.

Slashdot has been a website for ten years.  It has lots of things to talk about.  Some of the things are: computers, the Internet, video games, and politics.

Many people like Slashdot because you can share ideas.  People who like computers and the Internet can read the ideas to learn.

Anyone can go to Slashdot and read it and do not need to give money.  People from every country go.  It has many ideas which are never the same.

Other websites 
http://slashdot.org/
News websites
It is a law of mechanics and physics discovered by Robert Hooke. 

This theory of elasticity says the extension of a spring is proportional to the load applied to it. Many materials obey this law as long as the load does not exceed the material's elastic limit. Materials for which Hooke's law is useful are known as linear-elastic or "Hookean" materials.

The spring equation 
The length of a spring always changes by the same amount when it is pushed or pulled. The equation for this is:

where
F is how much (push or pull) is on the spring 
k is a constant, the stiffness of the spring. 
 x is how far the spring was pushed or pulled 

When x = 0, the spring is at the equilibrium position. 
This equation only works on a linear spring. A linear spring is a spring that is only being pushed or pulled in one direction, such as left or right or up or down.
Elastic potential energy 
Examples of everyday objects that have elastic potential energy are stretched or compressed elastic bands, springs, bungee cords, car shock absorbers, etc. 

Elastic potential energy is the energy saved in an object that is stretched, compressed (compression is pressing objects together), twisted or bent. For example, an arrow gets the elastic potential energy from the bow. When it leaves the bow, the potential energy turns into kinetic energy. 
The equation of the elastic potential energy is:

Which means:
U is the elastic potential energy.
k is the spring constant. 
 x is the distance pushed or pulled.

Mechanical engineering
Elasticity (physics)
A railfan is a person who likes railways and trains. Railfans like to take pictures of trains.  They also like to watch trains.  Some railfans make models of railways.  These are called model railways.  

Some railfans like to study the history of railways.  Some railfans collect things having to do with trains.  Railfans may carry a radio scanner when they are watching trains, so they can listen to the railway workers talk. Some railfans work for a railway, or have family members who worked for a railway. Most railfans like to ride trains.

There are many magazines for people who like trains.  Railfans enjoy reading books and magazines about trains.

Rail transport
Time is an American news magazine. It was founded in 1923. It is printed every week in the United States. It is published by Time Inc. It has articles on politics and current events. It is read by more people than any other news magazine.

There is also a magazine called Time For Kids, aimed at children. That magazine is eight pages long and contains more images and shorter articles than the regular Time magazine.

1923 establishments in the United States
American weekly magazines
Time Warner
Magazines published in New York City
Cable television is a way of letting people watch television without having to get signals from an antenna. The television signals are brought to the television through a coaxial cable or optical fiber, people usually have to pay to subscribe to get cable television. With cable television, people can watch many television channels carrying many television shows. Usually some of these are television stations and others are cable channels, made for the cable companies. 

Cable TV is provided by many carriers, usually a place is served by only one or two cable companies. Some of those carriers in the United States are: AT&T U-Verse, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, Charter Communications and Verizon. Another method of subscription television is by Satellite television, especially in places where cable TV is not available.

Related pages 
 Satellite television
 History Channel
 Home Box Office

 
Television technology
An antenna or aerial is a metal device made to send or receive radio waves. Many electronic devices like radio, television, radar, wireless LAN, cell phone, and GPS need antennas to do their job. Antennas work both in air and outer space.

The word 'antenna' is from Guglielmo Marconi's test with wireless equipment in 1895. For the test, he used a 2.5 meter long pole antenna with a tent pole called ' l'antenna centrale ' in Italian. So his antenna was simply called ' l'antenna '.  After that, the word 'antenna' became popular among people and had the meaning it has today. The plural of antenna is either antennas or antennae (U.S. and Canada tends to use antennas more than other places).

Types of antennas 
Each one is made to work for a specific frequency range. The antenna's length or size usually depends on the wavelength (1/frequency) it uses.
Different kinds of antenna have different purposes. For example, the isotropic radiator is an imaginary antenna that sends signals equally in all directions. The dipole antenna is simply two wires with one end of each wire connected to the radio and the other end standing free in space. It sends or receives signals in all directions except where the wires are pointing. Some antennas are more directional. Horn is used where high gain is needed, the wavelength is short. Satellite television and radio telescopes mostly use dish antennas.

References

Radio antennas
John Griffith "Jack" London (born John Griffith Chaney, January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916) was an American writer. He wrote many books. He lived in the U.S. state of California but also spent a lot of time in Hawaii and Alaska.

His most famous book was The Call of the Wild.  The Call of the Wild is about a dog named Buck who is taken to Alaska to work with a pack of dogs pulling a sled.  This book took place during the Klondike Gold Rush. Many people bought The Call of the Wild and Jack London became a famous writer. He also wrote other books about dogs and wolves. Another one of his famous books is White Fang.

Jack London was also a hobo at one time.  He wrote a book about this called The Road.  Jack London had political beliefs.  He was a socialist.  One of his famous books is The Iron Heel, which is the story of the government using force against the socialist movement.
He also spent some time at sea and making a living as an "oyster pirate".  He wrote many books about sailing and boats.  One of his best-known books about life at sea was The Sea Wolf.

He married Charmian London born Kittredge (second wife). He was on the vanguard of animal welfare and attempted a model pig farm, and experimented with early ecological agriculture. He died in a state of depression.

References
References

 Reesman 2009, p. 23.
3. Cf. Saiz, Peter Ralph, "Political Tyranny and the Master-Slave Paradigm in Selected Sea-Tales of Herman Melville and Jack London", PhD thesis Purdue University 2003. https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI3113867/ Cf. also, Huebert, David, "Species Panic: Interspecies Erotics in Post-1900 American literature", PhD thesis University of Western Ontario 2018. 4. Cf. http://santarosahistory.com/wordpress/2016/11/the-case-for-arson-at-wolf-house/. Cf.Fresneau-Woodward, Servanne, "Nature animale et paysages naturels dans l'oeuvre de Jack London" Doctorat, Université de Paris X https://www.theses.fr/1987PA100174

American novelists
Writers from San Francisco
Writers from Alaska
Writers from Hawaii
1876 births
1916 deaths
Jerk is the change in the acceleration of an object. Mathematically, jerk is the derivative, or the rate of change of acceleration by time. Jerk is also called jolt (in British English), surge, or lurch. Jerk is a vector and there is no word for its scalar value. 

The jerk is measured in metres per second cubed ().

Yank can be thought as a force in terms of jerk. Force is mass times acceleration. Similarly, Yank is mass times jerk. It is also the derivative of the force. However, when an object is moving near the speed of light, a force is often written as the derivative of momentum. In this case, Yank is the rate of change of the derivative of momentum.
Its use 
Jerk is used in engineering, particularly in making roller coasters. Weak objects such as people can be damaged by high acceleration or high jerk.
Also, jerk must be thought in the process of making any product. Sudden change in acceleration means very large jerk. Extent of exposure to jerk is often a good predictor of the rate of deterioration of tools while in normal use; it corresponds better to the appearance of metal fatigue among other modes of failure.

Mechanics
physical quantity
An electric current is a flow of electric charge. The flow of electric current takes place by the movement of the electrons in a conductor. The equation of current is:

where
 is the current flowing
 is the change in electric charge
 is the change in time

The SI unit of electric current is the ampere (A). This is equal to one coulomb of charge in one second. Electric current can be found in wires, batteries, and lightning.
The source of current 
In conducting materials, some electrons are very loosely bound to the atoms of the material.  When large amounts of these atoms come together, there is a sort of electron cloud that "hovers" near the atoms of the material.  If you examine a cross-section of the piece of conducting material, the electrons will move very quickly through it.  This motion is caused by temperature, and electrons flowing in one direction tend to equal the electrons flowing from the other direction, so this is not what causes current to flow.  Electrons flow from one atom to another, a process has been compared to the passing of water buckets from one person to another in a bucket brigade.
When an electric field is put on the wire, the electrons respond almost instantly by drifting slightly in the opposite direction of the field.  They gain energy from the field, which is lost very quickly when they bump into other electrons in the material.  As long as the field is in place, however, the electrons will gain back that energy that they lost, and the process will continue.  This "jolt" that electrons receive from the electric field is the source of current, not the overall flow of electrons themselves.  From this discussion, we can see two things that current is not:
It is not an actual "flow" of electrons in the everyday sense of the word:  If we examine the speed given to the electrons by the field, it is usually very small, on the order of millimeters per second.  It would take half an hour for electrons to cross a 10-foot (3 m) room at this rate.  Since a light bulb flips on almost immediately after hitting the switch, something else must be at work.
It is also not a "domino effect", although this analogy is closer than the flow.  Since electrons are so tiny, even when they are moving very quickly they are not being propelled by great force.

Current in circuits 
When current is flowing in a wire circuit, it accelerates when there is no resistance in the circuit. Resistors are used to increase resistance in the circuit so it slows down the current. The relationship between resistance, current, and voltage (another part of the circuit) is shown by Ohm's law.

References 

Electricity
Basic physics ideas