Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Blest Pair of Sirens is a short work for choir and orchestra by Hubert Parry.  It was composed in 1887.  It is a setting of an ode called At a solemn Musick by John Milton.

Blest Pair of Sirens was first performed by the Bach Choir conducted by Charles Villiers Stanford.  At first Stanford wanted to perform another work by Parry: The Glories of Our Blood and State.  However, the performance was going to be part of Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee celebrations.  The words of The Glories of Our Blood and State were about Death coming to kings and queens, so it was not thought to be appropriate, and so Stanford asked Parry to write a new work for the occasion.  George Grove suggested Milton’s Ode at a Solemn Music would be a good poem for Parry to set.
The first performance of Blest Pair of Sirens at St James’s Hall took place on 17 May 1887.  It is very well written for choir with music that excellently fits Milton’s powerful words.  The choir divides into eight parts.  The words are about man’s desire to join the heavenly music of the spheres.

"Blest Pair of Sirens" was sung by the choirs of Westminster Abbey and the Chapel Royal at the Royal Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Kate Middleton on 29 April 2011.  It was performed during the signing of the register.

References

Compositions by Hubert Parry
Choral compositions
Albany is a city in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is the eleventh largest city in the state as of 2007 and is the county seat of Linn county.  Albany is in the Willamette Valley  where the Calapooia River and the Willamette River meet. Farming and manufacturing are both important in the city. Settlers started the community in 1848, as of the 2000 census, the city population was 40,852 with 91.68% of the population being White. The population has since increased to an estimated population of 49,165 as of 2009.
Albany has a home rule charter and is a Council-Manager city. The City Manager administers the day-to-day operations and affairs of the city for the Council and is the head of the city. The city provides the population with access to over 30 parks and trails along with running the senior center and many cultural events such as River Rhythms and Mondays at Monteith. In addition to farming and manufacturing, important industries in the city  include retail sales and health care. Recently, the city has fixed up the downtown shopping area with help from The Central Albany Revitalization Area (CARA) to make it a more important part of the economy.

References

Other websites

City of Albany (official website)
Albany Chamber of Commerce
Albany Visitors Association
City-Data entry for Albany
Linn County Roots entry for Albany
Oregon Blue Book entry for Albany

Cities in Oregon
County seats in Oregon
The Kutchi people (Gujarati: કચ્છી, ) live in the Rann of Kutch region of the northwestern Indian state of Gujarat, and in the Sindh province of Pakistan.

Ethnic groups in Sindh
Uruk was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia. It was east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient dry former channel of the Euphrates River. It was in what is now Iraq.

Uruk gives its name to the Uruk period, the early Chalcolithic to early Bronze Age period in Mesopotamia, about 4000 to 3100 BC. This was followed by the period of Sumer proper. It played a leading role in the early urbanization of Sumer in the mid 4th millennium BC.

At its height c 2900 BC, Uruk probably had 50,000–80,000 residents living in 6 km2 of walled area. It was the largest city in the world at the time. 

According to the chronology in the Sumerian king list, the semi-mythical king Gilgamesh ruled Uruk in the 27th century BC.
The city lost its prime importance around 2000 BC, after the struggle of Babylonia with Elam. It remained inhabited throughout the Seleucid and Parthian periods until it was finally abandoned during the Sassanid period, just before the Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia.
The site of Uruk was discovered in 1849. The name of lower Mesopotamia, al-ʿIrāq, is thought to be derived from the name Uruk.

References 

Mesopotamia
History of Iraq
Tajik might mean:

 Tajik language
 Tajik people
Tennis elbow or archer's elbow is a condition where the outer part of the elbow becomes sore and tender. It is often associated with playing tennis, golf or other kinds of sport that use a racquet.

The following can cause the condition:
Only using part of the elbow; this can happen with mouse/keyboard users (called Repetitive strain injury), or with certain forms of mountain climbing.
Keeping the body in a bad tenure/positioning
Wrong technique in sports that use clubs or racquets (such as tennis or  golf)

Treatment
There are few specific means of treatment, but certain general forms may help:
Physical therapy
Using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, like ibuprofen or aspirin
Using heat or cold
Using a brace or strap to reduce the strain on the elbow

Tennis
Injuries
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (often shortened to NSAIDs) are drugs that have analgesic or fever-reducing properties, but that are not based on steroids. Higher doses of such drugs can also be used to fight inflammation. Such drugs are special as they are not narcotic, that is they don't induce sleep. Well-known examples of such drugs are aspirin, diclofenac and ibuprofen.

Analgesics
Night of Champions (2010) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), that took place on September 19, 2010 at the Allstate Arena in Chicago, Illinois. It was the fourth yearly event with the "Night of Champions" name. Similar to the last three events, the concept of the show was that every championship in the company was defended at the event. It is also the first Night of Champions event to feature a non-title match.

Results

 The lumberjills were: Alicia Fox, Brie Bella, Eve Torres, Gail Kim, Jillian Hall, Kelly Kelly, Layla, Maryse, Natalya, Nikki Bella, Rosa Mendes and Tamina.

Tag Team Turmoil match

Elimination Six-pack challenge

References

Other websites
Official Night of Champions website

2010 in professional wrestling
WWE Night of Champions
Sports in Chicago
2010 in Illinois
September 2010 events
Diclofenac is a non-steroidal ant-inflammatory drug. It can be used as an analgesic and antipyretic. It is often used to treat bruises and strain injuiries. Research experiments conducted in 2013, showed that Diclofenac increased the risk of heart attacks and stroke.

References 

Analgesics
Carboxylic acids
Organochlorides
Organonitrogen compounds
Nippur, or Enlil ('lord wind'), is modern Nuffar in Iraq. Nippur was one of the most ancient of all the Sumerian cities. It was the special seat of the worship of the Sumerian god, Enlil, ruler of the cosmos (universe), and subject to An alone.

Nippur was always part of a larger empire. Its control was crucial, as it gave overall 'kingship' to monarchs from other city-states. It was a sacred city, important because it had the famous shrine of Enlil.

Late in the 3rd millennium BC, Nippur was conquered and occupied by the Semitic rulers of Akkad, and their rulers, like Sargon, left gifts at this sanctuary. Another ruler, Naram-Suen, rebuilt the temple and the city walls; in the debris of this ancient site his remains were found. This Akkadian occupation was succeeded by an occupation during the third dynasty of Ur, and the constructions of Ur-Nammu, the great builder of temples, are on top of those of Naram.
Kassite and later history 
Under the succeeding Kassite dynasty, shortly after the middle of the 2nd millennium, Nippur was restored once more to its former splendour.

After the middle of the 12th century BC follows a long period of neglect, but after with the conquest of Babylonia by the Assyrian Sargon II, at the close of the 8th century BC, the city revives. Under Ashurbanipal, about the middle of the 7th century BC, we find Ekur restored with a splendour greater than ever before, the ziggurat of that period being 58 by 39 m.

After that Nippur appears to have gradually fallen into decay, until finally, in the Seleucid period, the ancient temple was turned into a fortress. Huge walls were built at the edges of the ancient terrace, and the courts of the temple were filled with houses and streets. This fortress was occupied and further built upon until the close of the Parthian period, about AD 250.
Under the rule of the Sassanids Nippur fell into decay, and the ancient sanctuary became only a little village of mud huts huddled about the ancient ziggurat. The city was the seat of a Christian diocese as late as the 8th century AD.

Archaeology 
Nippur was situated on both sides of the Shatt-en-Nil canal, one of the earliest courses of the Euphrates. It lies between the present bed of that river and the Tigris, almost 160 km southeast of Baghdad. It is divided into two main parts by the dry bed of the old Shatt-en-Nil (Arakhat). The highest point of these ruins, a conical hill rising about 30 m above the level of the surrounding plain, northeast of the canal bed, is called by the Arabs Bint el-Amiror ('prince's daughter').
Nippur was first excavated, briefly, by Sir Austen Henry Layard in 1851.
Full scale digging was begun by an expedition from the University of Pennsylvania. The work involved four seasons of excavation between 1889 and 1900. Nippur was also excavated for 19 seasons between 1948 and 1990.

References 

Archaeological sites in Iraq
Mesopotamia
Bhirdana is a village in the Fatehabad district in the Indian state of Haryana. In 2003, archaeologists found the remains of an ancient town which belonged to the Indus Valley civilization. They found a well, part of a defensive town wall, pottery, bricks, and beads made from semi-precious stones. These are said to be about 5,000 years old. Archaeologists were looking for evidence of the Saraswati River, which has disappeared under farmlands. For many years people believed the river was a myth. It is now known that the village of Bhirdana was built on the banks of the river.

References

Villages in India
Settlements in Haryana
Vassily Ivanchuk, born 18 March 1969, is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster.

Chucky, as he is affectionately known, has been a leading player in the world since 1988, at times reaching the second spot on the FIDE list, but has never won the World Chess Championship. Ivanchuk has often had erratic results. Since 2007 his world ranking has ranged from twelfth to second, before dropping to 30th in July 2009.

He was the 2007–2008 World Blitz Chess champion.
He won Amber blindfold and rapid chess championship in 1992 and 2010.

Character 

Chucky has been described by Viswanathan Anand as the most eccentric player in the chess world. Anand gave his view on Ivanchuk like this:

"He's someone who is very intelligent ... but you never know which mood he is going to be in. Some days he will treat you like his long-lost brother. The next day he ignores you completely.
The players have a word for him. They say he lives on 'Planet Ivanchuk'. (Laughs) ... I have seen him totally drunk and singing Ukrainian poetry and then the next day I have seen him give an impressive talk.

For a while he was trying to learn Turkish. Don’t ask me why ... Every day is a surprise with him". 

When he plays, Ivanchuk rarely looks at the board. Instead he stares at the ceiling and at the walls with a blank stare (although this is not uncommon with top players who calculate without looking at the board). His playing style is unpredictable and highly original, making him a threat to any chess player, although it sometimes also leads to quick losses.

After a string of unsuccessful games culminated in his elimination at the early stages of the 2009 Chess World Cup, Ivanchuk announced, in a highly emotional interview, his retirement from professional chess. However, he soon recanted this decision.

References 

1969 births
Living people
Ukrainian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Dmitry Jakovenko (born 29 June 1983) is a Russian chess grandmaster. 

On the July 2009 FIDE rating list, Jakovenko had a rating of 2760, but he has slipped a bit since then. He shared first in the Russian Championship 2006, losing the playoff against Evgeny Alekseev.

1983 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Vladimir Malakhov (born 27 November 1980) is a chess grandmaster from Russia.

He was a member of the gold medal-winning Russian team at the 2009 World Team Chess Championship in Bursa.

Malakhov is qualified as a nuclear physicist, and he used to be an amateur chess player. Now he's a professional chess player who works part-time as a nuclear physicist.

References 

1980 births
Living people
Russian chess players
Chess grandmasters
Pierre David Guetta (; born 7 November 1967) is a French music producer, singer and DJ of Jewish descent. He originally was a DJ at nightclubs during the 1980s and 1990s. He later co-founded Gum Productions and published his first album, Just a Little More Love, in 2001. Later, he published Guetta Blaster (2004) and Pop Life (2007). His 2009 dance-pop album One Love included the hit singles "When Love Takes Over" (featuring Kelly Rowland), "Gettin' Over You" (featuring Chris Willis, Fergie & LMFAO) and "Sexy Bitch" (featuring Akon). The latter became a top five hit in the US and all three reached number 1 in the UK. He has worked with many R&B, pop and hip hop artists including Akon, Chris Willis, Kelly Rowland, Lil' Wayne, Kelis, Madonna, Kid Cudi, Estelle, Fergie, Amy Palmer, K'naan, will.i.am, LMFAO, Dane Bowers, Flo Rida, Shakira, Julie Mcknight and apl.de.ap.

References
References

1967 births
Living people
French DJs
Businesspeople from Paris
French pop singers
Grammy Award winners
Jewish businesspeople
Jewish French musicians
Musicians from Paris
Record producers
Singers from Paris
Kevin Wayne Durant (born September 29, 1988 in Washington, D.C., United States) is an American professional Basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the NBA. A  small forward/shooting guard who is also capable of playing power forward, Durant was the consensus 2007 National College Player of the Year and the 2006–2007 Big 12 Player of the Year. After his freshman season at the University of Texas, Durant opted to enter the 2007 NBA Draft, where he was selected second overall pick by the Seattle SuperSonics. He scored 18 points in his first game. There he went on to win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award after his debut season. In 2007, Durant signed an endorsement contract with Nike.

On July 4, 2016, he signed with the Golden State Warriors. He played with the Oklahoma City Thunder from 2007-2016. He signed with the Brooklyn Nets in July 2019.

In March 2020, Durant, including three other Nets' players, tested positive for COVID-19. He was cured of the virus by April.

References
References

1988 births
African-American basketball players
Living people
Seattle SuperSonics players
Oklahoma City Thunder players
Golden State Warriors players
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
Brooklyn Nets players
American basketball players
Manganese(III) oxide is a chemical compound. It has manganese in its +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Mn2O3. It is a brown or black solid. It is made by heating manganese(IV) oxide to a temperature lower than . It is made in an alkaline cell when it dies.

Related pages
Manganese(II) oxide
Manganese(II) chloride
Manganese(VII) oxide

Manganese compounds
Oxides
Manganese(III) fluoride, also known as manganese trifluoride, is a chemical compound. It contains manganese and fluoride ions. The manganese ions are in the +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is MnF3. It is a purple-pink powder. It is used to add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds. It is an oxidizing agent. It is made by heating manganese(II) fluoride with fluorine. These are in a solution of hydrofluoric acid. It decomposes to manganese(II) fluoride when heated.

It can form hydrofluoric acid when dissolved in water, so it can be dangerous. It should not be stored in glass.

Related pages
Manganese(II) oxide
Manganese fluoride
Manganese(VII) oxide

Manganese compounds
Fluorine compounds
Manganese(II) fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is MnF2. It is made by reacting manganese(II) carbonate or manganese(II) oxide with hydrofluoric acid. It is used to make other manganese fluorides. It is also used in lasers. It is much less reactive than the other manganese fluorides.

Related pages
Manganese(II) chloride
Manganese(II) sulfate
Manganese(IV) oxide

Sources

Manganese compounds
Fluorine compounds
Manganese(IV) fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is MnF4. It contains manganese and fluoride ions. The manganese ions are in the +4 oxidation state. It is a light blue-green solid. It is very reactive. It can form very reactive fluorine gas easily. It can be made by reacting fluorine or strong oxidizing agents containing fluorine with several manganese compounds. It was used to make fluorine without using electrolysis. It is much more reactive than manganese(IV) oxide.

Related pages
Manganese(III) oxide
Manganese(III) fluoride
Manganese(VII) oxide

Manganese compounds
Fluorine compounds
Manganese fluoride can refer to any of these following compounds:

Manganese(II) fluoride
Manganese(III) fluoride
Manganese(IV) fluoride
The Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Latin: “Deeds of the divine Augustus”) is a funerary inscription detailing the life and achievements of the first Roman Emperor, Augustus.  The original inscription, which has not survived, was engraved upon a pair of bronze pillars which were placed in front of Augustus' mausoleum.  Various copies of the text were found throughout the Roman Empire, the most notable being a nearly full copy, written in both Greek and Latin, found preserved on a temple dedicated to Augustus in Ankara, Turkey.  Most historians have concluded that Augustus wrote several versions during his life and kept updating them until the final version which is usually dated to the same year as Augustus' death in 14 AD.
As a source, the Res Gestae is not fully accurate.  Whilst not lying, he does not mention some things such as his proscriptions of his enemies.  He refers to his rival Marc Antony as 'a faction'.  The inscription says much about the money he spent on the people, Rome and the empire.  It also says frequently that he has "restored the republic" and only gains his titles because of the universal support from the people and, most importantly, the Senate.

Sections 
The Res Gestae Divi Augusti is grouped into four sections:

 Political career (jobs held)
 Gifts to the People
 Military achievements
 Political summary

Other websites 
 http://classics.mit.edu/Augustus/deeds.html 

History books
Autobiographies
1st-century books
Potassium fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KF. It contains potassium and fluoride ions.

Properties
Potassium fluoride is a colorless crystalline solid. It rarely occurs in the ground. It dissolves easily in water. It can react with glass. Hydrofluoric acid is more effective at reacting with glass, though. It has to be stored in plastic or platinum containers.

Preparation
Potassium fluoride is made by reacting potassium carbonate with hydrofluoric acid. This reaction can make potassium bifluoride. Potassium bifluoride is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and potassium fluoride.

Uses
It is used because of its fluoride ion. It can be used to add fluoride ions to some chemical compounds.

Safety
Potassium fluoride is somewhat toxic. It is corrosive to glass. It can burn when spilled on skin.

Related pages
Sodium fluoride
Potassium chloride

Potassium compounds
Fluorine compounds
Goy is a word used in the Jewish Bible for “Nation”. In the Roman times, it also began to mean “non-Jew”. 
It is used for referring to non-Jewish groups of people. If it is used for multiple groups or nations, the plural word Goyim is used instead.

Ethnic groups
Sodium permanganate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaMnO4. It contains sodium and permanganate ions.

Properties
It is a purple-black crystalline solid. It can dissolve in water to make a bright pink solution. It dissolves in water more than potassium permanganate. It is more expensive than potassium permanganate. It also absorbs water from the air. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

Preparation
It cannot be made in the way that potassium permanganate is made because sodium manganate is not made. It can be made by reacting pure manganese(IV) oxide with sodium hypochlorite. It can also be made by reacting potassium permanganate with certain sodium compounds.

Uses
It can be used to make circuit boards.

Safety
Permanganates are toxic. They are also strong oxidizing agents and should be kept away from things that can burn.

Related pages
Manganate
Manganese(II) oxide
Manganese(VII) oxide

Sodium compounds
Manganese compounds
Manganate normally means the MnO42- ion. It is a bright green ion. It is made during the making of permanganates. It is a weak reducing agent and moderate oxidizing agent. They are similar to the sulfate (SO42-) and chromate (CrO42-) ions. Potassium manganate is an example.

Related pages
Manganese compounds

 
Ions
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (also called the Battle of Châlons-sur-Marne or Battle of Châlons) was a battle in 451 AD. It took place in Châlons-sur-Marne, in northeast Gaul (nowadays France).  Roman legions commanded by Flavius Aetius allied with Visigoth soldiers led by Theodoric I, to defeat the armies of Attila the Hun. 

Attila's armies consisted mainly of horsemen. The battle ended as a stalemate - and thus a victory for the West, the Huns having suffered too many losses to continue their attack. The battle of the Catalaunian Plains crushed Attila's dreams of invading the Roman empire, and ultimately was the end of his empire in Europe. But the battle also weakened the already fragile Western Roman Empire, which collapsed 25 years later, in 476.

451
Gaul
Wars and battles of Ancient Rome
Marne
Invented by Byzantines, Greek fire was a fearsome weapon. It had the ability to keep burning while on water. As such, it was often used in naval battles. The creation of it was a closely guarded secret and has now been lost. It was very similar to modern napalm, though it was weaker. Byzantine ships attached it to their fronts as a medival sort of flamethrower. After several accidents of the fire burning its own ship, it was no longer used.

The term "Greek fire" is normally used in English. However, most other languages use other terms such as "sea fire" (Greek: πῦρ θαλάσσιον), "Roman fire" (πῦρ ῥωμαϊκόν), "war fire" (πολεμικὸν πῦρ), "liquid fire" (ὑγρὸν πῦρ), or "processed fire" (πῦρ σκευαστόν).

Incendiary weapons
The Siphonophores are an order of cnidarian invertebrates in the class Hydrozoa. The Portuguese man o' war is an example. 

A siphonophore is not a single animal. It is a colony of four kinds of zooids. Zooids are very small, highly modified individuals. All the zooids in a colony are genetically identical. These zooids are specialized polyps and medusoids. 

Though structurally similar to other cnidarians, the zooids do not live by themselves: they are attached to each other. Each type of zooid is not self-sufficient. It depends for survival on the others doing what it cannot do by itself.

So close do the zooids fit together that the colony looks like a single individual. It was a triumph of 19th century biology to discover the real nature of the siphonophores.

Bathyphysa conifera
Portuguese man o' war

References 

Cnidarians
Potassium manganate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2MnO4. It contains potassium and manganate ions.

Properties
Potassium manganate is a green solid. It can disproportionate into potassium permanganate and manganese(IV) oxide. This happens in acidic pH. This reaction, because of its color change, is known as a "chemical chameleon".

Preparation
It is made by reacting manganese(IV) oxide with very hot potassium hydroxide. Sometimes oxygen or potassium nitrate is used as the oxidizing agent. This makes potassium manganate. Normally the potassium manganate is converted to potassium permanganate. Potassium permanganate is more common. Potassium iodide can reduce potassium permanganate to potassium manganate. It can also be made by reacting hot potassium permanganate with potassium hydroxide. This makes oxygen and potassium manganate.

Uses
Potassium manganate does not have many uses. It is mainly made when potassium permanganate is made.
Safety
Potassium manganate is a moderate oxidizing agent. When it is reduced, it can made black or brown stains on glass, clothing, or skin.

Related pages
Permanganate
Manganese(VII) oxide

Potassium compounds
Manganates
Sodium manganate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na2MnO4. It contains sodium and manganate ions. It is a bright green solid. It cannot be made by reacting manganese dioxide with sodium hydroxide, like potassium manganate is made. It is made by reacting hot sodium hydroxide with sodium permanganate. This releases oxygen and makes sodium manganate. It is more expensive than potassium manganate because it is harder to make.

Related pages
Manganese(II) oxide
Manganese(VII) oxide
Potassium permanganate

Sodium compounds
Manganates
Hypomanganate is an ion. Its chemical formula is MnO43-. It is bright blue. It disproportionates into manganates and manganese(IV) oxide easily. This can be stopped by adding a lot of a base. They are both reducing agents and oxidizing agents. They are made by reducing manganates with sulfites and hydrogen peroxide.

Related pages
Permanganate
Potassium hypomanganate
Potassium manganate

Manganese compounds
Ions
Potassium hypomanganate is a chemical compound. It contains potassium and hypomanganate ions. It is a bright blue solid. It is unstable and rare. It can be made several ways: reduction of potassium permanganate with potassium sulfite; reduction of potassium manganate with hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide; and disproportionation when manganese dioxide is dissolved in potassium hydroxide. It disproportionates into potassium manganate and manganese dioxide easily. Only a strong base can stop it from disproportionation.

Related pages
Sodium manganate
Sodium permanganate

Potassium compounds
Manganese compounds
Potassium sulfite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K2SO3. It contains potassium and sulfite ions.

Properties
It is a white crystalline solid. It is a reducing agent. It can react with oxidizing agents to make potassium sulfate.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sulfur dioxide with potassium hydroxide.
2 KOH + SO2 → K2SO3 + H2O

Uses
It is used to preserve food. Sulfites can cause allergies in some people, though.

Related pages
Sodium sulfite
Potassium sulfate

Potassium compounds
Sulfur compounds
Ray Ceresino (April 24, 1929 – May 1, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey left winger. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the NHL. He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

References
 

1929 births
2015 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Thomas John Cook (May 7, 1907 – October 2, 1961) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 348 games in the National Hockey League. Born in Fort William, Ontario, he played for the Montreal Maroons and Chicago Black Hawks. He won the Stanley Cup in 1934 with the Chicago Black Hawks.

Other websites

1907 births
1961 deaths
American Hockey Association (1926–42) players
American Hockey League players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Maroons players
New Haven Eagles players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Stanley Cup champions
David Theodore Creighton (June 24, 1930 – August 18, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

Creighton started his National Hockey League career with the Boston Bruins in 1948. He would also play with the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Black Hawks, and New York Rangers. He left the NHL after the 1960 season. He played several more seasons in the AHL before retiring after the 1969 season. After this, he coached the Providence Reds from 1969 to 1970.

Creighton died at his home in Wesley Chapel, Florida on August 18, 2017 at the age of 87.

References

Other websites

1930 births
2017 deaths
Baltimore Clippers players
Boston Bruins players
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
New York Rangers players
Providence Reds players
Rochester Americans players
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Francis Patrick Denis "Dapper Dan" Daley (August 28, 1908 – October 15, 1968) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played for the Detroit Cougars in the National Hockey League (NHL).

References

1908 births
1968 deaths
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Detroit Cougars players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Thunder Bay
Ice hockey centres
Edward Reginald Noble (June 23, 1895 – January 19, 1962) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 17 professional seasons in the National Hockey Association (NHA) and National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Blueshirts, Montreal Canadiens, Toronto St. Pats, Montreal Maroons, Detroit Cougars, Detroit Falcons and Detroit Red Wings. He was a three-time winner of the Stanley Cup, with Toronto and Montreal and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1962. He was also the last active NHL player from both the NHL's inaugural season  and the 1910s.

Career statistics

Source:

Awards and achievements
 1914–15 -  OHA-Jr. First All-Star Team
 1918 - Stanley Cup championship (Toronto Arenas)
 1922 - Stanley Cup championship (Toronto St. Pats)
 1926 - Stanley Cup championship (Montreal Maroons)
 1962 - Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame
Transactions
 November 25, 1916 - signed as a free agent by Toronto (NHA)
 February 11, 1917 - assigned to Montreal Canadiens (NHA) by NHA in dispersal of Toronto (NHA) players
 December 5, 1917 - signed as a free agent by Toronto (NHL)
 November 1, 1921 - named player coach of Toronto (NHL).
 November 1, 1922 - resigned as coach and captain of Toronto (NHL)
 December 9, 1924 - traded to Montreal Maroons by Toronto for $8,000.
 October 4, 1927 - traded to Detroit by Montreal Maroons for $7,500.
 December 9, 1932 - traded to Montreal Maroons by Detroit for John Gallagher.
Source:

References

Other websites
 

1896 births
1962 deaths
Canadian ice hockey centres
Detroit Cougars players
Detroit Falcons players
Detroit Red Wings players
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Montreal Canadiens (NHA) players
Montreal Maroons players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Arenas players
Toronto Blueshirts players
Toronto St. Pats players
Ontario Hockey League players
Harry Lawrence "Little Dempsey" Aurie (February 8, 1905 in Sudbury, Ontario – December 12, 1952 in Detroit, Michigan) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger who played 11 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Cougars, Detroit Falcons and Detroit Red Wings.

Awards and achievements 
 IAHL Second All-Star Team, 1939
 Led NHL in goals in 1936–37
 Named to NHL First All-Star Team, 1936–37
 Played in NHL All-Star Game, 1933–34
 Won the Stanley Cup (with the Detroit Red Wings) 1936, 1937

References 

Aurie holds Detroit's forgotten number, Macomb Daily
 , Kukla's Corner: Ilitch Celebrates Yzerman, Desecrates Aurie

Other websites 

1905 births
1952 deaths
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Detroit Cougars players
Detroit Falcons players
Detroit Red Wings players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Ontario Hockey League players
Stanley Cup champions
Timeline
Hurricane Gloria was an Atlantic tropical cyclone in September 1985. The storm was the first major storm to affect Long Island and New York directly since Hurricane Donna 25 years before.

The storm started as a tropical depression on September 16; it became Tropical Storm Gloria on September 17.

On September 18, it weakened back to a tropical depression. Two days later, it became a tropical storm again.

After being a weak tropical cyclone for several days, on September 22, Gloria became a hurricane. It quickly became stronger on September 24; the next day, its winds peaked at 145 mph. A 2008 reanalysis later found the winds had been even stronger.

On September 27, the hurricane struck eastern North Carolina as a Category 2 storm. It then moved up the East Coast of the United States. Later that day, the storm struck western Long Island, with winds of 85 mph. One hour after striking Long Island, it hit near Westport, Connecticut.

Gloria moved northeast through Atlantic Canada.
Damages
Damage from the storm was $900 million.

The death toll from the storm was fourteen.

Naming
The name Gloria was later retired and replaced with Grace.

References

Hurricanes in New York (state)
Hurricanes in New England
Hurricanes in North Carolina
Hurricanes in Virginia
1980s in North Carolina
1985 in New York (state)
1985 in Canada
Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes
Retired tropical cyclone names
1980s in weather
Amherst is a Canadian town in northwestern Cumberland County, Nova Scotia.

References

Towns in Nova Scotia
The immune system is the set of tissues which work together to resist infections. The immune mechanisms help an organism identify a pathogen, and neutralize its threat.

The immune system can detect and identify many different kinds of disease agents. Examples are viruses, bacteria and parasites. The immune system can detect a difference between the body's own healthy cells or tissues, and 'foreign' cells. Detecting an unhealthy intruder is complicated, because intruders can evolve and adapt so that the immune system will no longer detect them.

Once a foreign cell or protein is detected, the immune system creates antibodies to fight the intruders, and sends special cells ('phagocytes') to eat them up.
Innate immune system 
Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess enzyme systems that protect against viral infections. Basic immune mechanisms appeared in ancient life forms and remain in their modern descendants, such as plants and insects. These mechanisms include antimicrobial peptides (called defensins), phagocytosis, and the complement system. These make up the innate immune system, which defends the host from infections in a non-specific way. The simplest innate system is the cell wall or barrier on the outside to stop intruders getting in. For example, skin stops most outside bacteria getting in.
The response 
The innate immune system responds very quickly to anything foreign that enters the body. When something gets past the skin, as through a cut, the immune cells work to find the intruder and to alert each other of the foreign object. Small immune cells bring other cells from all over the body to the site where the foreign object was found. Other immune cells can send out messengers to cells nearby to have them help attack the foreign object. This process can make the skin look red and feel hot. Phagocyte cells eat anything foreign that enters the body. This response is called non-specific because it responds the same way to anything foreign that enters the body from germs to a piece of dust.

Adaptive immune system 
Vertebrates, including humans, have much more sophisticated defense mechanisms.  The innate immune system is found in all metazoa, but the adaptive immune system is only found in vertebrates.
The adaptive immune response gives the vertebrate immune system the ability to recognize and remember specific pathogens. The system mounts stronger attacks each time the pathogen is encountered.  It is adaptive, because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges.

The typical vertebrate immune system consists of many types of proteins, cells, organs, and tissues that interact in a complex and ever-changing network. This acquired immunity creates a kind of "immunological memory".

The process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Primary response can take 2 days to 2 weeks to develop. After the body gains immunity towards a certain pathogen, if infection by that pathogen occurs again, the immune response is called the secondary response.
Autoimmune disorders 
In some organisms, the immune system has its own problems within itself, called disorders. These result in other diseases, including autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and possibly even cancer. Immunodeficiency diseases occur when the immune system is less active than normal. Immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic (inherited) disease, or an infection, such as the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), that is caused by the retrovirus HIV, or other causes.

In contrast, autoimmune diseases result from an immune system that attacks normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms. Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroiditis, rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes, and Lupus erythematosus.

Immunology is the study of all aspects of the immune system. It is very important to health and diseases.
History of immunology 
Immunology is  scientific part of medicine that studies the causes of immunity to disease.  For many centuries people have noticed that those who recover from some infectious  diseases do not get that illness a second time.

In the 18th century, Pierre Louis Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion venom and saw that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom. This and other observations of acquired immunity led to Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) developing vaccination and the germ theory of disease. Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition to contemporary theories of disease, such as the miasma theory. It was not until the proofs Robert Koch (1843–1910) published in 1891 (for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905) that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, when the yellow fever virus was discovered by Walter Reed (1851–1902).
Immunology made a great advance towards the end of the 19th century, through rapid developments, in the study of humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915), who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction. The Nobel Prize for 1908 was jointly awarded to Ehrlich and the founder of cellular immunology, Ilya Mechnikov (1845–1916).

Evolution 
The immune system is extremely ancient. It may go back to single-celled eukaryotes which needed to distinguish between what was food and what was part of themselves.

"Genomic analysis of plants and animals provides evidence that a sophisticated mechanism of host defense was in existence by the time the ancestors of plants and animals diverged. This system, shared by plants and animals, is the Toll pathway of NFκB activation of gene function... The necessary DNA sequences are found in invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants".

References
References

Related pages
Allergy
Immunity (medical)
Macrophage
Sulfur hexafluoride, also known as sulfur(VI) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SF6. It contains sulfur in its +6 oxidation state. It also contains fluoride ions.

BBC News says "It's the most powerful greenhouse gas known to humanity, and emissions have risen rapidly in recent years. Sulphur hexafluoride, or SF6, is widely used in the electrical industry to prevent short circuits and accidents. Leaks of the little-known gas in the UK and the rest of the EU in 2017 were the equivalent of putting an extra 1.3 million cars on the road".

Properties
Sulfur hexafluoride is a colorless, odorless gas. It is very heavy for a gas (about 5 times heavier than air). It is non reactive, and hard to find anything that reacts with it. It is a strong greenhouse gas. This has made people put some restrictions on using it.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sulfur with fluorine. That combination also makes toxic disulfur decafluoride, which has to be removed.

Uses
Uses

It is used in electronics and various electrical devices. It can be used in the body since it is not toxic. It can be used as a test gas to look where gas flows in a heater system, for example. It is detected easily. It is used in some torpedoes. Lithium is one of the only things that reacts with sulfur hexafluoride. Sulfur hexafluoride is sprayed on lithium. This makes the lithium very hot. It creates steam from water and shoots the torpedo. It can be breathed in to make the voice deeper. This is the opposite of breathing in helium gas.

Safety
Sulfur hexafluoride is not toxic. It can fill up in closed spaces though. A person may suffocate in the closed space if sulfur hexafluoride has pushed out the oxygen from the space.

Greenhouse gas
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,  is the most potent greenhouse gas that it has evaluated, with a global warming potential (GWP) of 22,800 times that of  when compared over a 100-year period.  Measurements of SF6 show that its global average mixing ratio has increased by about 0.2 ppt per year to over 7 ppt.  Sulfur hexafluoride is also extremely long-lived. It is inert in the troposphere and stratosphere. It has an estimated atmospheric lifetime of 800–3200 years.  is very stable. (For countries reporting their emissions to the UNFCCC, a GWP of 23,900 for  was suggested at the third Conference of the Parties: GWP used in Kyoto protocol). Average global SF6 concentrations increased by about seven percent per year during the 1980s and 1990s, mostly as the result of its use in the magnesium production industry, and by electrical utilities and electronics manufacturers
. Given the low amounts of SF6 released compared to carbon dioxide, its overall contribution to global warming is estimated to be less than 0.2 percent.
In Europe,  falls under the F-Gas directive which ban or control its use in several ways. Since 1 January 2006,  is banned as a tracer gas and in all applications except high-voltage switchgear.

Related pages
Sodium fluoride
Potassium fluoride
Salt

References 

Sulfur compounds
Fluorine compounds
Greenhouse gases
An art gallery is a place where art is displated.  Gallery may also refer to:

 National Gallery, London, an art gallery in London, England
 National Gallery of Art, an art gallery in Washington, D.C.
 National Gallery of Armenia, an art gallery in Yerevan, Armenia
Disulfur decafluoride, also known as sulfur pentafluoride and sulfur(V) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is S2F10. It contains sulfur in its +5 oxidation state.

Properties
Disulfur decafluoride is a colorless liquid. It has no odor. It is very toxic. It disproportionates to sulfur hexafluoride and sulfur tetrafluoride when heated. It reacts with sulfur dioxide. It also can react with chlorine, bromine, and ammonia. It is more toxic than phosgene.

Uses
It was thought of as a poison gas in World War II, but it was never used. It has almost no uses.

Related pages
Sulfur trioxide
Phosphorus pentoxide

Sulfur compounds
Fluorine compounds
Michael Schumacher holds the record for the most Grand Prix victories. He has won 91 times. Alain Prost is second with 51 wins, and Ayrton Senna is third with 41 wins. Michael Schumacher also has the longest time between his first win and his last. He won his first Grand Prix in  at the Belgian Grand Prix, and his last in  at the Chinese Grand Prix, a span of 14 years, 1 month and 1 day. The youngest winner of a Grand Prix is Sebastian Vettel, who was 21 years, 73 days old when he won the Italian Grand Prix in . Luigi Fagioli is the oldest winner of a Formula One Grand Prix. He was 53 years and 22 days old when he won the  French Grand Prix.

As of the , there have been 109 different Formula One Grand Prix winners. The 100th Grand Prix winner was Heikki Kovalainen at the  Hungarian Grand Prix.  746 drivers have started a Grand Prix race.

By driver
All figures correct as of the 2016_Australian_Grand_Prix

By nationality 
List of races won by nationality of driver.
''All figures are correct as of 31 July 2011.

Related pages
List of Formula One Grand Prix winners (constructors)

References

Bibliography

Other websites 
 Formula One official website
 FIA official website 

Grand Prix winners
Formula One lists
The Turdidae are a family of passerine songbirds, the thrushes. It includes the common song thrush and the blackbird. Most authorities now place this group in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae.

References
The Paridae is a family of tiny birds, the tits (called 'chickadees' or 'titmice' in North America). They are passerine songbirds which are native to the northern hemisphere and Africa. Most of them used to be classified in the genus Parus, which has now been split up.

These birds are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout  bills. Some have crests. They range in length from 10 to 22 centimetres. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. 

Many species will live around human habitation and come readily to bird feeders for nuts or seed, and learn to take other foods. In Britain, great tits and blue tits learned to break through the foil caps sealing bottles of milk on doorsteps, to get at the cream on top. Of course, the change in milk packaging has robbed them of this delicacy.

These are hole-nesting birds, typically using trees, although some species build nests on the ground. They lay anything from three to nineteen speckled white eggs, depending on species.
Behaviour
The tits are active, noisy, social birds. They are territorial during the breeding season. The tits are highly adaptable and, after the corvids (crows and jays) and parrots, amongst the most intelligent of all birds.

Vocalisations

The tits make a variety of calls and songs. They are amongst the most vocal of all birds, calling continuously and loudly. They are only ever silent for reasons such as avoiding predators or when intruding on a rival's territory. Quiet calls are made while feeding to keep contact with others in their social group. Other calls are used for signalling alarm—the most famous of which is the "Chic-a-dee-dee" of North American species in the genus Poecile. The call also serves a rallying call to summon others to mob and harass the predator. It has been demonstrated through experiments that the number of "dee" syllables at the end of the call increases with the level of danger the predator poses.

Diet and feeding
Diet and feeding

The tits are insectivorous, and eat a wide range of small insects and other invertebrates, particularly small leaf-eating caterpillars. They also eat seeds and nuts, especially in winter. A typical activity is hanging, where they inspect a branch or twig and leaves from all angles while hanging upside down to feed. 

In areas with several species of tit, the different species will forage (search) in different parts of a tree. Larger species search on the ground, medium sized species search on larger branches, and the smallest species on the ends of branches. If they get larger prey or seeds, tits will do 'hold-hammering'. They hold the item with one foot, and hammer it with their bill (beak) until it is open. In this way they can open hazelnuts in 20 minutes. 

Many birds store food in a cache or hiding place. They hoard supplies of food for the winter. These caches are usually of seeds but may be of insects.

Related pages 
Black-capped chickadee

References 

Passeri
Sulfur tetrafluoride, also known as sulfur(IV) fluoride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SF4. It contains sulfur in its +4 oxidation state.

Properties
Sulfur tetrafluoride is a colorless gas. It is toxic and corrosive. It releases hydrogen fluoride when exposed to water.

Preparation
It is made by reacting sodium fluoride, chlorine, and sulfur dichloride. The chlorine does not have to be included. If no chlorine is used, other products form that need to be taken out.

Uses
Sulfur tetrafluoride is used to make organic molecules containing fluoride ions. It is not used much.

Related pages
Sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur pentafluoride

Sulfur compounds
Fluorine compounds