Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Research

Taner Akçam worked on the history of Ottoman Armenians. He researched  and 1919 Istanbul trials. According to him, what happened to Armenians meets the legal definition of genocide. However, he ignores that many Turks died during First World War. Therefore, his research shows pro-Armenian bias.

Akçam worked in the Ottoman archives and found many documents. However, experts showed that he wrongly translated some documents and that some other documents were fake. Examples of those documents are the Andonian documents, the memoirs of Sarkis Torosyan, a telegram from Talat Pasha, and the court documents of 1919.
The telegraph from Talat Pasha 
In his 2011 book, The Young Turks' Crimes Against Humanity, Taner Akçam cited a telegraph from Talat Pasha. In the telegraph  dated 29 August 1915, Talat Pasha stated that "The Armenian issue in Eastern provinces has been resolved." Akçam claimed that this proved the "genocidal intent" of the Ottoman government. However, Akçam cited only the first two sentences of the telegraph. The full text shows the government ordered the protection of Armenians. Taner Akçam's falsification had been revealed in three different publications. Akçam did not reply to the allegations of academic dishonesty.

Memoirs of Sarkis Torossian 
Between 2013 and 2017, Taner Akçam published disputed articles about the memoirs of Sarkis Torosyan.
Ayhan Aktar, a Turkish academician, published in Turkish the memoirs of Sarkis Torossian in 2012. The memoir is about the story of an Ottoman Armenian soldier. In the story, the soldier fights for the Ottoman Empire during First World War. He is brilliant and earns a military reward. However, he changes sides when his family is killed by the government. Historians Halil Berktay and Hakan Erdem found factual and logical mistakes in the book. They concluded that the story was fake. But their research was published in Turkish. People, who lived outside Turkey, couldn't read them. Taner Akçam and Ayhan Aktar falsely told the Western press that the memoirs were true. They also falsely claimed that Turkish people denied the memoirs because of political and racist reasons. After that, historian Edhem Eldem published an article that criticized Taner Akçam for his dishonesty.

References

Turkish writers
1953 births
Living people
Turkish historians
Turkish scientists
The International Date Line (IDL), also known as just the Date Line, is an imaginary line on the surface of the Earth, going from north to south in the Pacific Ocean. The date becomes one day later as one travels across it in western direction, and one day earlier as one travels across it in eastern direction.

The reason for this effect is that the countries on the western side of the International Date Line, (in or outside eastern Asia) have the time zone 10–12 hours more than Greenwich. And the countries on eastern side of it (Alaska/Hawaii and other areas) have the time zone 9–12 hours less than Greenwich. So when travelling across the line, one's watch has to be adjusted 20–24 hours, depending on the time zones. 

For example, New Zealand is twelve hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time while Hawaii is ten hours behind Greenwich Mean Time. When travelling from New Zealand to Hawaii the clocks must be switched 22 hours backwards, about one day.
Geography
International Date Line follows the meridian of 180° longitude down the middle of the Pacific Ocean for some distance. So that it does not cross nations, it passes around the far east of Russia and other archipelagos in the Pacific.

In the north the date line turns to the east through the Bering Strait and then west past the Aleutian Islands in order to keep Alaska and Russia on opposite sides of the line. This is to keep it in agreement with the date of the rest of those countries. The date line passes equidistantly between the two Diomede Islands—Little Diomede Island (US) and Big Diomede Island (Russia)—at a distance of 1.5 km (1 mi) from each island.

The date line circumvents the territory of Kiribati by swinging far to the east, almost reaching the 150° meridian.

In the South Pacific the date line swings east such that Wallis and Futuna, Fiji, Tonga, and New Zealand's Kermadec Islands have the same date but Samoa is one day earlier.
For two hours every day, at UTC 10:00–11:59, there are actually three different days observed at the same time. At UTC time Thursday 10:15, for example, it is Wednesday 23:15 in Samoa, which is eleven hours behind UTC, and it is Friday 00:15 in Kiritimati (separated from Samoa by the IDL), which is fourteen hours ahead of UTC. For the first hour (UTC 10:00–10:59), this phenomenon affects inhabited territories, whereas during the second hour (UTC 11:00–11:59) it only affects an uninhabited maritime time zone twelve hours behind UTC.

Problems
Originally, the date line ran along the 180° meridian. This is a relatively good choice, because most of the time, there is no land there. There are however some problems.
Chukchi Peninsula
Looking from the north, one of the first places where the meridian runs over dry land is the Chukchi Peninsula, which is part of Russia. The whole peninsula has been declared part of the UTC+12. This means that all of Russia (and with it, all of Asia) is on the same side of the date line.

Groups of islands
There are many groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean. These groups belong to states which do not want some islands on one side of the date line, and the rest on the other. They have therefore decided to move the date line, so that all islands are in the same time zone. Examples of this are the Aleutian Islands, which are on both sides of the 180° meridian. They are part of Alaska, and are therefore all in the UTC-10 timezone. The date line has a bump to the west, there.

There are a few Islands, east of the 180°, which belong to New Zealand. It was decided that they should have the same date as New Zealand, so the date line runs east of the meridian there.
Kiribati is a state consisting of many small islands, spread over a huge portion of the Pacific; the meridian runs right through the state. Because the state needed the same date over all its territory, the date line was shifted east, the biggest shift to occur, in 1995.  The easternmost island of Kiribati was renamed to Millennium Island, because it was the first part of the world which saw the new millennium.

The Philippines had very good trade relations with Mexico.  They therefore decided they wanted the same date, date line to the west of the state. When the trade with China grew, this was inconvenient.  They changed, after Monday, 30 December 1844, came Wednesday, 1 January 1845.
Difference in religions
Jews and Muslims and Christians regard particular days of the week as holy. For Muslims this is Friday, Jews (and a few Christian denominations) regard Saturday as the Sabbath, while most Christians observe Sunday as "the Lord's Day" in honour of the resurrection of Jesus on that day. This works well if the traveller stays on the same side of the date line, but there is a problem when travellers move across it. For the traveller it might still be Friday, but the place where he is might say that it is Saturday.

Related pages
 Meridian
 Time zone

Other websites
 A History of the International Date Line

Lines of longitude
Boredom is an emotional state that comes when a person has nothing to do, and is not interested in anything. To stop boredom, most people do something to occupy or amuse themselves. 

The first known use of the word boredom is in the novel Bleak House by Charles Dickens, written in 1852, but the saying to be a bore had been used to mean "to be tiresome or dull" since 1768.

Psychologically, boredom is a bad state in which the person feels a deep lack of interest in what is going on around them, and where it is hard to focus.

References 

Emotions
On the Earth, a circle of latitude is an imaginary east-west circle that connects all locations with a given latitude. A location's position along a circle of latitude is given by its longitude. Circles of latitude are often called parallels because they are parallel to each other. It is measured in absolute location.

The five major circles of latitude are, from north to south:
 The Arctic Circle (66.5°N)
 The Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N)
 The Equator (0°)
 The Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S)
 The Antarctic Circle (66.5°S)

Lines of latitude
J-pop is a popular music in Japan. J-pop is a short name for Japanese pop, which means popular music or songs in Japan. Some people calls "歌謡曲" toward older songs. From around 1940s until recently, J-Pop has been influenced (affected) by Western popular music and culture. But new J-Pop nowadays sounds different than older J-Pop. This kind of music is common in Japan and it is often played by young and old music groups.

History 
There are many songwriters and singer-songwriters who have been playing Japanese pops. Such musicians follows: 

 Kyohei Tsutsumi (筒美京平) - He is a well-known songwriter for a long period of times. He is a pianist and also known as Jack Diamond, born on May 28, 1940 in Tokyo. He made many hits such as "Blue Light Yokohama" (ブルー・ライト・ヨコハマ), "Mata Au Hi Made" (また逢う日まで), "Watashi no Kare wa Hidari-kiki" (わたしの彼は左きき), Sentimental (センチメンタル) and so on. He was awarded for his works by an official renowned medal "紫綬褒章" from Japanese government in 2003.
Yumi Matsutoya - Yumi Matsutoya, also known as Yuming, Yumi Arai or Karuho Kureta, is considered by many the "mother" of modern-day J-Pop. She has been one of the most successful Japanese singer-songwriters in the twentieth century in the world of pop music. Almost half of her albums reached number one at the Japanese Oricon charts, and all of her albums reached top 10 since her first album, Hikōki-gumo in 1973. She has sold over 37,800,000 copies of albums and singles. "NO SIDE" was made from Rugby game "Ooita Maiduru vs Tennri high school". The term 'j-pop' was coined in the 1990s.

Related pages
 List of J-pop artists
A list of Japanese pop musicians and bands.



Numbers and symbols

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

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Lists of musicians
Ara Darzi (born 7 May 1960) is a British doctor. He was appointed head of Minister of Healthcare of Great Britain.

Ara Darzi was born in Iraq in a family with Armenian descent, which escaped the Genocide of 1915. But most of his life was lived in Ireland.

1960 births
Living people
Armenian diaspora
Iraqi people
Members of the House of Lords
Puffy AmiYumi was the one of the more popular J-pop groups of the 1990s. The band has two members, Ami Onuki and Yumi Yoshimura. It was first formed in December 1995.

They had some success when they went to the United States to record and perform. They had a short-lived (November 19, 2004 – June 27, 2006) (118 episodes) cartoon television series on Cartoon Network called Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi.  It can still be seen occasionally on the Japanese version of Cartoon Network.

J-pop bands
Pop punk bands
is a Japanese singer, model, and actress. She's 160 cm tall and her weight is 39 kg.

1983 births
Living people
Japanese movie actors
Japanese singers
Japanese models
People from Kagoshima Prefecture
For other meanings of Yui, see Yui.

YUI, is a Japanese musician. She was born 26 March 1987 in Fukuoka, Japan. She is signed to Sony Music Records Japan. She sings, and plays the guitar, keyboard and electric guitar, although she usually performs with only an acoustic guitar. She started in a Japanese movie released on 17 June 2006 titled 'Taiyō no Uta' (A Song to the Sun). She is popular with young girls,but she decided to stop her music activity as YUI in 2012. It means she carry on her music work but not YUI.

History

Before debut 
She dropped out high school because she want to live with music.Then she started taking music lesson at ongakujyuku.It is famous music private night-school.She practiced playing the guitar and making songs. She participated in music contest and got first prize.By that winning, she can get right to major debut.
2005~2007
She made a debut with "feel my soul". This is her first major song. Afterthat she made many hit songs.Especially,her fifth single goodbye days was hit.And she appeared in "taiyou no uta" that is the movie her song was used.

2008~2012

Songs 
YUI has released seven albums:

 From Me To You (2006)
 Can't Buy My Love(2007)
 I Loved Yesterday (2008)
 My Short Stories(2008)
 Holidays In The Sun(2010)
 How Crazy Your Love(2011)
 She Loves You(2012)
 Green Garden Pop(2012)
 Orange Garden Pop(2012)

And she makes many new single CD.

References

Singers from Fukuoka Prefecture
1987 births
Living people
Zard was a J-pop music group. Zard's member was Izumi Sakai. Her true name is Sachiko Kamachi. She was a vocalist. Zard's other member changed many times. Zard's music did not often appear on television. The group had many famous songs, for example "Makenaide". Izumi Sakai was born in Fukuoka on February 6, 1967. She fought illness in Keiougijyuku University hospital. She had cervical cancer. Izumi Sakai died on May 27, 2007. When she died, she was 40 years old.

J-pop bands
Japanese rock bands
Wyolica is a two-person band from Japan. The members are Azumi (vocals) and So-to (guitar). The group is not well known outside of Japan. Their sound is very similar of many American pop acts but sung in Japanese.

Their first album, "Who Said La La?" was released in 2000. Since then they have released a number of albums and singles, including a six-song EP of acoustic songs.

Other websites 
 Official website

J-pop bands
Folk music groups
Crystal Kay Williams (born 26 February 1986 in Yokohama, Japan) is a J-Pop singer. She is also known as "Kuri" by her fans. She is well known for her songs "Koi ni Ochitara" and "Boyfriend -part II-". She has released ten Japanese studio albums. In 2003 she released an English album called Natural: World Premiere Album. She started singing on television commercials when she was four years old. When she was twelve she was signed to Epic Records. Kay's first album C.L.L Crystal Lover Light was released on March 23, 2000 when Kay was fourteen.

Albums
2000: C.L.L Crystal Lover Light
2001: 637 -Always and Forever-
2002: Almost Seventeen
2003: 4 Real
2005: Crystal Style
2006: Call me Miss...
2007: All Yours
2008: Color Change!
2010: Spin the Music
2012: Vivid

1986 births
Living people
Singers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Musicians from Yokohama
SPEED is a Japanese music group. The group is made up of four female singers. They are from Okinawa, Japan. The members are Hiroko Shimabukuro, Eriko Imai, Takako Uehara and Hitoe Arakaki. Hiroko and Eriko are lead vocal singers.

When they debuted, Hiroko was 12 years old. They made their debut single “Body & Soul” in 1996. They have many songs which sold million records.

They broke up on March 31, 2000. From 2000 to 2008, they have broken up and came back together several times. They made their latest come back in 2008.

Members
 Hiroko Shimabukuro (島袋寛子 born April 7, 1984)
 Eriko Imai (今井絵理子 born September 22, 1983)
 Takako Uehara (上原多香子 born January 14, 1983)
 Hitoe Arakaki (新垣仁絵 born April 7, 1981)

Discography
Discography

Singles
 Body & soul (1996)
 STEADY (1996)
 Go! Go! Heaven (1997)
 Wake Me Up! (1997)
 White Love (1997)
 my graduation (1998)
 ALIVE (1998)
 ALL MY TRUE LOVE (1998)
 Precious Time (1999)
 Breakin’ out to the morning (1999)
 Long Way Home (1999)
 One More Dream (2001)
 Be My Love (2003)
 Walking in the rain/Stars to shine again (2003)
 あしたの空 (2008)
 S.P.D (2009)

Albums
 Starting Over (1997)
 RISE (1998)
 MOMENT (1998)
 Carry On my way (1999)
 SPEED THE MAMORIAL BEST 1335days Dear * Friends 1 (2000)
 SPEED THE MAMORIAL BEST 1335days Dear * Friends 2 (2000)
 BRIDGE (2003)

Other websites
 http://www.avexnet.or.jp/speed/index.html 
 http://avexnet.or.jp/hiro/index.html
 http://www.avexnet.or.jp/eriko/index.htm 
 http://www.avexnet.or.jp/uehara/index.html 
 ''http://www.avexnet.or.jp/hitoe/index.htm 

Japanese girl groups
Musicians from Okinawa Prefecture
Glay is a Japanese rock band. There are 4 men in the band. The member's names are Takuro (guitar & piano), Teru (vocals), Hisashi (guitar), and Jiro (bass). They are one of the most popular rock bands in Japan. They are from Hakodate in Hokkaido.  "HOWEVER" is their most famous song. This song made them famous. Many of their CDs and albums have sold millions of copies .

Since 2007, Teru has been in ads shown on television and in theaters to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS.

Studio albums

Speed Pop (1995)
Beat Out! (1996)
Beloved (1996)
Pure Soul (1998)
Heavy Gauge (1999)
One Love (2001)
Unity Roots and Family, Away (2002)
The Frustrated (2004)
Love Is Beautiful (2007)
Glay (2010)
Justice (2013)
Guilty (2013)

Japanese rock bands
Aiko (born November 22, 1975) is a Japanese singer and guitar player. She has a high popularity among young people. Her most famous song is "Kabutomushi". Aiko has won several Japan Gold Disc Awards.

Aiko debuted in 1998. She sings songs about love and girls' feelings. Her famous songs are "Hanabi", "Boyfriend", "Kabutomushi", "Kirakira", and so on. "milk/Nageki no Kisu", her mukaiawase　double A-side single, was her first single to hit #1 on Oricon since her debut..She do many concerts at everywhere in Japan.

References

Japanese singers
1975 births
Living people
Musicians from Osaka Prefecture
Ringo Shiina (born November 25, 1978) is a Japanese singer and guitarist. She is a member of Tokyo Jihen. Shiina is from Fukuoka. 

She was the creative supervisor and music director of the Flag Handover Ceremony at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics / Paralympics.

She stayed in the UK from January to March 1997.

Career 

1998
Debut 

1999
Released the fourth single Honno(instinct). This single has become a million seller

2004-2012
in TOKYO JIHEN(INCIDENTS TOKYO)

2018
Participated in the 69th NHK Red vs. White Song Battle

1978 births
Living people
Singers from Fukuoka Prefecture
Japanese singer-songwriters
Japanese guitarists
GO!GO!7188 was a band from Japan with three members. One plays guitar, one plays drums, and one plays bass. The main vocalist is a woman. One of their famous songs is "Koinouta".

GO!GO!7188 formed in 1998 by YUU (singer/guitarist) and AKKO (singer/bassist); high school classmates in Kagoshima prefecture. In 1999, they headed to Tokyo where they meet drummer TURKEY.

Ever since they have released 9 full-length albums, 12 singles and 3 DVDs.

When they made their debut in the Japanese music scene, they were quoted to be one of the leading girl's punk band which mixes rock'n roll music with Japanese pop.

They have raised their evaluation as one of most important Japanese rock bands, making performances in live houses events to Nippon Budokan hall, with songs rich and full of originality and high performance ability.

Members
Yu (Yumi Nakashima)
Akko (Akiko Noma)
Tacky (Takayuki Hosokawa)

Discography

single

Other websites
 Official site 
 Polish unofficial site

Japanese rock bands
Porno Graffitti is a Japanese J-Pop band. The members of the band are Akihito Okano (vocals) and Haruichi Shindo (guitar). The band is from Innoshima in Hiroshima. The band first started playing in 1999 with three members. The third member, Tama, left the band in 2004. The band has become one of the duos leading the music in Japan.

J-pop bands
Japanese rock bands
Musicians from Hiroshima Prefecture
1990s music groups
Yuki Isoya (born February 17, 1972) is a Japanese singer. Isoya debuted as a singer of the group Judy and Mary in 1993. Judy and Mary broke up in 1999. She began her solo singing career in February, 2002. Isoya has released four albums. 

Japanese singers
1972 births
Living people
Musicians from Hokkaido
Mr. Children, usually called , is a Japanese rock band made in 1988. They belong to Oorong-sha (). Their record company is Toy's Factory.

Members
 Kazutoshi Sakurai (; Vo&G)
 Kenichi Tahara (; G)
 Keisuke Nakagawa (; B)
 Hideya Suzuki (; Dr)

Supporting members
Current
Takeshi Kobayasi (Keyboard)

Past
Naoto Inti Raymi (G&chorus)
Sunny (; Keyboard & chorus)

Success 
They are one of the most successful Japanese bands, selling over 50 million records.

Fan Club 
The official fan club of Mr. Children is called Father & Mother.  The fan club was started in 1994. The fan club can only be joined by mail and requires an admission fee of 3.500 yen, with yearly re-applications for membership. And there are concert ticket only for the members.
Albums 
As of 2007, Mr. Children has published twelve original studio albums and 30 singles, three compilation albums, a live album, and ten home video releases.
 Everything (1992)
 Kind of Love (1992)
 Versus (1993)
 Atomic Heart (1994)
  (1996)
 Bolero (1997)
 Discovery (1999)
 Q (2000)
 It's a Wonderful World (2002)
 Shifuku no Oto () (2004)
 I Love U (I♥U) (2005)
 Home (2007)
 Supermarket Fantasy (2008)
 SENCE (2010)
 Mr.Children 2001-2005 <micro> (2012)
 Mr.Children 2005-2010 <macro> (2012)
 ［(an imitation) blood orange］ (2012)

Compilations 
 Mr. Children 1992-1995 (2001)
 Mr. Children 1996-2000 (2001)
 B-side (2007)

Live albums 
 1/42 (1999)

Singles 
 ""
 ""
 "Replay"
 "CROSS ROAD"
 "innocent world"
 "Tomorrow Never Knows"
 ""
 "【es】 ~Theme of es~"
 ""
 ""
 ""
 ""
 "Everything (It's You)"
 ""
 ""
 ""
 "I'LL BE"
 ""
 "NOT FOUND"
 ""
 "youthful days"
 ""
 "Any"
 "HERO"
 ""
 "Sign"
 ""
 ""
 ""
 ""
 ""
 "GIFT"
 "HANABI"
 ""

References

Other websites 
 Official website
 Mr. Children at Toy's Factory
Musical groups from Tokyo
3B LAB.* is a Japanese punk band. They are all men. The vocalist also sang in the folk-rock band 19. Their most popular song is "Ichigo Ichi". They're now called 3B Lab.☆S. Tamakoshi Masahiro left this group in 2009.

Members :

Korea Selatan

Korea Selatan

Jepang

Jepang

Korea Selatan

Amerika

Korea Selatan

Korea Selatan

Indonesia
J-pop bands
Ellegarden is a Japanese band formed in 1998 by four young men.Their activity pauses now.

Members
Hosomi Takeshi(Guiter&Vocal)
Ubukata Shinichi(Guiter)
Takada yuichi(Bass)
Takahashi Hirotaka(Drums)

References 

Japanese rock bands
Punk bands
Emo bands
Musical groups established in 1998
Musical quartets
Pop punk bands
Organizations based in Chiba Prefecture
Def Tech is a Japanese group. The band has three members: Shen, Micro and Playa T. They have sold more than 2.8 million copies of their albums Def Tech and Lokahi Lani. The band took a break in September 2007 and have since reunited as of June 2010.

References

Musical groups from Tokyo
Ai Otsuka (born September 9, 1982) is a Japanese pop female singer-songwriter and pianist from Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Her music is famous because it varies a lot in style but is mainly happy pop. Her first single was called Momo No Hanbira, but it was not until her second single, which was called Sakuranbo, that people really noticed her music.

Japanese singer-songwriters
Japanese pianists
J-pop
1982 births
Living people
Singers from Osaka
Remioromen are a three-man band from Japan that started in 2000. 

Japanese rock bands
J-pop bands
Ayaka Iida (born December 18, 1987 in Moriguchi, Osaka Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese female singer signed and songwriter. 
Ayaka is married to Hiro Mizushima. Her favorite singer is the Beatles, DREAMS COME TRUE, Mr.Children and so on. She started musical activities when she was 1st high school student.She released "I believe" and she made her debut in 2006. She sufferd from Basedow's disease and she stopped musical activity in 2009 in order to concentrate on getting well. But she started activities again in 2011 and announced that she made her own record company.

Discography

Singles
 I believe (2006)
 melody〜SOUNDS REAL〜 (2006)
 Real voice (2006)
  (2006)
 Jewelry day (2007)
 CLAP&LOVE/Why (2007)
  (2008)
  (2008)
  (2009)
  (2009)

Albums
original album
 First Message (2006)
  Sing to the Sky (2008)
  The beginning (2012)

best album
 ayaka's History 2006-2009 (2009)
 ayaka's BEST -Ballad Collection- (2012)

References

Japanese singers
1987 births
Living people
Musicians from Osaka Prefecture
Kyu Sakamoto "坂本九" (real name "Hisasi Osima") was a singer and actor, born on December 10, 1941 in Kanagawa, Japan.

Sakamoto's song "Sukiyaki" became the first Japanese song in the United States to sell a million copies and reached No.1 on a music chart on June 15, 1963. Its original (Japanese) title is "上を向いて歩こう" which means "I look up as I walk". He died on August 12, 1985 in an airplane accident during a flight on Japan Airlines Flight 123) aboard from Kanagawa in Japan.

His hit songs 
His major hit songs were as follows.

何もいらない俺だけど (1959)
悲しき六十才 (1960)
ステキなタイミング (Good Timi`n) (1960)
月夜に歩けば (Walkin' in The Moonlight) (1961)
カレンダーガール (Calendar Girl) (1961)
見上げてごらん夜の星を (1963)
上を向いて歩こう (Sukiyaki) (1963)
幸せなら手をたたこう (1964)
涙くんさよなら (1965)

Notes

Outer links 
Kyu Sakamoto Official Web Site
Sukiyaki (上を向いて歩こう) with English translation and lyrics at YouTube

1941 births
1985 deaths
Singers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Japanese movie actors
is a Japanese rock band from Okinawa signed to Sony Music. They are a group of 5, and they were all born in the mid-80s.

History
On March, 2001, the present members were composed of the classmates from the preschool and YOH’s younger brother, RYO. When they were indies, they did lots of their concerts on the street, and the audience was surely increased. On July 4, 2003, they debuted and became major by their 1st single, “Kirikirimai”. Their 2nd single, “Shanghai Honey” was appreciated by the mass media and became a hit. On February 25,2004, they released their 5th single, “Michishirube～a road home～” came in 1st place in the Japanese single charts for the first time in themselves, and since then, their singe continued to come in 1st place to their 13th single, “Champione”.

Members 

Naoto Hiroyama - guitar (born May 8, 1983)
Also, a member of other bands, including "Soy-sauce" and "Pechuniarokkusu". He writes more than half of all Orange Range songs.
Ryo Miyamori - low vocals (bass) (born October 1, 1985)
Before joining the group Orange Range, he was a member of another band, "Ruse". He and Yoh are brothers.

Yamato Ganeko - high vocals (alto) (born January 14, 1984)
He has not cut his hair since releasing the song "Hana".

Yoh Miyamori - bass (born December 11, 1983) 
He usually plays bass, but uses a guitar when he makes songs.

Hiroki Hokama - mid-range vocals (born June 29, 1983)
It is said that he has a screwdriver when he records music because it makes him relaxed, but sometimes its sound is also recorded and they have to record again.

Discography

Singles

Albums

References

Other websites
Orange Range's official website (in Japanese)
Okinawan Music web radio (Brazil)  (in Portuguese)

Japanese rock bands
Bump of Chicken is a Japanese rock music group. The members are four men. All members in this group were born in 1979. The vocalist of the group is Fujiwara Motoo. The bassist of the group is Naoi Yoshifumi. The guitarist of the group is Masukawa Hiroaki. The drummer of the group is Masu Hideo. They have been friends since they started school at a young age. The voice of Fujiwara Motoo and the words of their music, which he writes, are popular. They released the debut album “FLAME VEIN” in 1999.

Members
Motoo Fujiwara (Vocal&Guitar)
Hiroaki Masukawa (Guitar)
Yoshifumi Naoi (Base)
Hideo Masu (Drums)

Singles
 1999: LAMP
 2000: Daiamond

Other websites
 Bump of Chicken Official Website

Japanese rock bands
is a Japanese pop singer from the city Kyoto who started in the year 2000 with the album  Take Back. Her most well known song is Butterfly, and this song made her well known. She got Japanese record grand prix, an award. Her new album Kingdom was released on January 30, 2008, and her new single was released on January 23, 2008. Her young sister is misono who is J-pop singer.

Other websites

 

1982 births
Living people
Japanese singers
Musicians from Kyoto Prefecture
Zeebra ( , born April 2, 1971 in Tokyo, Japan) is a famous Japanese hip hop artist, who is known as the first rapper in Japan. He was born and raised in Tokyo. He made his first appearance in 1995. Zeebra was a member of the hip-hop group King Giddra, which also included DJ Oasis and K Dub Shine. He became a solo artist in 1997. Because he has been in many TV commercials, started hip-hop television programs, and produced songs for upcoming rappers, Zeebra could be called the father of the Japanese rap scene. His daughter is Rima Yokoi, a rapper as a member of the girl group NiziU.

1971 births
Living people
Musicians from Tokyo
Rappers
Dreams Come True is a Japanese J-Pop music group.

The group is made up of a woman and a man. The vocalist is Miwa Yoshida and the bassist is Masato Namamura. They made their debut in 1988. The group tends to use humorous and ambiguous language in their songs.

Musical groups from Tokyo
J-pop bands
Jazz bands
Every Little Thing is a Japanese rock band. The group is made up of a woman and a man. The woman, Kaori Mochida, is a singer from Tokyo, and the man, Ichiro Ito, is a guitarist from Kanagawa Prefecture. This group made their debut in 1996. And next year they took part in Kohaku (New Year's) Song battle for the first time. When they started the band, there were three members. But Mitsuru Igarashi left the band in 2000, and he started to focus on his production. He made all of Every Little Thing's songs and wrote their lyrics. So since he left, Every little thing sound changed a little. Now they released 35 single CDs, 8 original albums, 2 best albums and 3 ballad best albums. They took part in "Kouhakuutagassen" eight times. They are often called "ELT".

Biography

Early careers
Ito began playing guitar in local bands around the US Yokota Air Base in Fussa, Tokyo, performing cover versions of songs by rock acts like Van Halen to local sailors. He initially intended to play drums.
Mochida made her debut as a baby in an advertisement for diapers as her mom hoped she would enter the entertainment business. In 1991, at the age of 13, she joined the eight-member girl group The Kuro Buta All-Stars. Though not successful, the experience convinced her to record a two track demo, featuring the two songs, "Mouichido" (The Kuro Buta All-Stars) and a cover song from 1970s/80s singer-songwriter Mariya Takeuchi.

She sent the demo to Avex Trax, where Mitsuru Igarashi was a producer looking for a girl for a new duo with him as the keyboardist. Impressed by her strong yet sweet voice, Igarashi asked her to join as a duo, and then asked his guitarist friend Ichiro Ito, then working as a studio receptionist, to help on the first single "Feel My Heart", created by Igarashi. Ito, over ten years Mochida's senior, has said that when first meeting the young Mochida wearing gyaru style thick platform boots, he didn't even know how to strike up conversation.
Albums
 The Remixes (1997)
 Time to Destination (1998)
 The Remixes II (1998)
 Every Best Single +3 (1999)
 Eternity (2000)
 4 Force (2001)
 Super Eurobeat presents Euro Every Little Thing (2001)
 Every Ballad Songs (2001)
 The Remixes III ~Mix Rice Plantation~ (2002)
 Cyber Trance presents ELT Trance (2002)
 Many Pieces (2003)
 Every Best Single 2 (2003)
 Commonplace  (2004)
 Acoustic: Latte (2005)
 Crispy Park (2006)
 4 message ~every ballad songs 2~ (2007)
 Door (2008)
Singles
 "Feel My Heart" (1996)
 "Future World" (1996)
 "Dear My Friend" (1997)
 "For the moment" (1997)
 "Deatta koro no you ni" (1997)
 "Shapes Of Love/Never Stop!" (1997)
 "Face the chamge" (1998)
 "Time goes by" (1998)
 "Forever Yours" (1998)
 "Necessary" (1998)
 "Over and Over" (1999)
 "Someday, Someplace" (1999)
 "Over and Over/ELT Songs from L.A." (1999)
 "Pray/Get Into A Groove" (2000)
 "sure" (2000)
 "Rescue me/Smile Again" (2000)
 "Ai no kakera" (2000)
 "fragile/Jirenma" (2001)
 "Graceful World" (2001)
 "jump" (2001)
 "KIWOKU" (2002)
 "Sasayaka na Inori" (2002)
 "United 4 ballads" (2002)
 "Grip!" (2003)
 "Fundamental Love" (2003)
 "Mata Ashita" (2003)
 "Soraai" (2004)
 "Koibumi/good night" (2004)
 "Kimi no te" (2005)
 "azure moon" (2006)
 "Hi-Fi Message" (2006)
 "Swimmy" (2006)
 "Kirameki Hour" (2007)
 "Koi wo shiteiru/fuyu ga hajimaru yo feat. Makihara Noriyuki" (2007)
 "Sakurabito" (2008)
 "Atarashii Hibi/Ogon no Tsuki" (2008)
 "Dream Goes On" (2009)
 "tsumetaiame" (2009)
 "Change" (2010)
"Change" (2010)
 "Star" (2011)
 "Moon" (2011)
 "sora -sora-/koe -koe-" (2011)
 "Aigaau" (2011)
 "Landscape" (2011)
 "On and On" (2013)
Concert tours
 Concert Tour '98 Time to Destination
 concert tour spirit 2000
 Concert Tour 2001 4 FORCE
 2003 tour MANY PIECES
 commonplace tour 2004-2005
 concert tour 2006-2007 Crispy Park
 concert tour 2008 Door
 concert tour 2009-2010 MEET
 Premium Christmas Concert Tour 2010
 Every Little Thing 15th Anniversary Concert Tour 2011〜2012 "ORDINARY"
 Every Little Thing Concert Tour 2013 - ON AND ON -

References

1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups
Japanese rock bands
Musical duos
Musical groups established in 1996
Pop rock bands
Japanese pop music groups
KAT-TUN is a Japanese J-Pop band.

History
The group is made up of six young Japanese men. Their debut was announced January 29, 2006. The debut was accompanied by a concert tour of Japan. They released a single ("Real Face"), an album ("Best of KAT-TUN"), and a DVD (Real Face Film) on the same day, March 22, 2006.　

KAT-TUN is now made up of three members:
 Kamenashi Kazuya (born February 23, 1986)
 Ueda Tatsuya (born October 4, 1983)
 Nakamaru Yuichi (born September 4, 1983)
Members who left the group:

Akanishi Jin (born July 4, 1984)
 Tanaka Koki (born November 5, 1985)
 Taguchi Junnosuke (born November 29, 1985)

KAT-TUN not only sings and dances.  KAT-TUN also acts.

References

Japanese rock bands
J-pop bands
Japanese boy bands
Kwon Bo-ah (born 5 November 1986 in Guri, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) is a South Korean singer. She is commonly known by her stage name BoA. She has been active in both South Korea and Japan. Aside from Korean, BoA also speaks Japanese and English and has released songs in those languages. She also released some Chinese songs, but she does not know Chinese. BoA succeeded not only in Korea, but in all of East Asia as well.

BoA was born and raised in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. She was discovered by SM Entertainment talent agents when she accompanied her older brother to a talent search. In 2000, after two years of training, she released ID; Peace B, her debut Korean album. Two years later, she released her debut Japanese album, Listen to My Heart.
On October 21, 2008, BoA debuted in the United States with the single "Eat You Up", and released her debut English-language album, BoA on March 17, 2009.

Discography
Discography

Korean albums
 ID; Peace B (2000)
 No. 1 (2002)
 Atlantis Princess (2003)
 My Name (2004)
 Girls on Top (2005)
 Hurricane Venus (2010)
 Only One (2012)
 Kiss My Lips (2015)
 Woman (2018)
 Better (2020)

Japanese albums

 Listen to My Heart (2002)
 Valenti (2003)
 Love & Honesty (2004)
 Outgrow (2006)
 Made in Twenty (20) (2007)
 The Face (2008)
 Identity (2010)
 Who's Back? (2014)
 Watashi Kono Mama de Ii no Kana (2018)

English albums
 BoA (2009)

References

Other websites 
 BoA Kwon Toplist 

1986 births
Living people
South Korean singers
K-pop singers
J-pop singers
C-pop singers
Synth-pop singers
Namie Amuro () is a Japanese singer, born September 20, 1977 in Naha, Okinawa. She was the top J-Pop star of the 1990s, with a long string of number-one hits.

When she had a baby in the late 1990s her popularity went down, but her albums became popular again when she released Queen of Hip-Hop. Her next album Play became #1. Her 2008 hit single, 60s 70s 80s, sold about 293,000 copies and came #1. That was her first #1 single since 1999.

In July 2008, Namie released her third greatest hits album BEST FICTION, which sold over 1.500,000 copies. It was the year's the most selling female album in Japan and second most selling album of 2008 in Japan.

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles

Awards

Other websites 

 Namie Amuro Official Site 
 Namie Amuro Official Management Site

1977 births
Living people
Japanese singers
Musicians from Okinawa Prefecture
Saturn (Latin: Sāturnus) was a Roman god of agriculture and harvest.  He was the father of Ceres, Jupiter, Veritas and others.  He was associated with wealth, liberation, and time.  He was identified with the Greek titan Kronos, whose reign (often referred to as the Golden Age) was regarded as a time of abundance and peace.  

The Temple of Saturn situated within the Roman Forum housed the state treasury.  In December, the festival of Saturnalia, perhaps the most famous of all the Roman festivals, was held in his honor — it largely consisted of a public banquet, role reversals, private gift-giving and revelry.  The planet Saturn is named after him and the modern English weekday Saturday (Latin diēs Sāturni - "Day of Saturn") bears his name.

Roman gods and goddesses
Time and fate gods
Comanche peoples are Native Americans who lived in an area called the Comancheria. This is where Eastern New Mexico, Southern Colorado, Southern Kansas, all of Oklahoma and most of Northern and Southern Texas are today. There once were as many as 20,000 Comanches. Today the Comanche Nation has 10,000 members, most in Oklahoma (centered at Lawton) and the rest in Texas, California, and New Mexico. The Comanche speak a language of their own, the Comanche language that is related to other Native American ones, called Uto-Aztecan language family.

The name Comanche was given by the Mexicans and it was the word the Comanche used to call them, kleptomania (enemy, foreigner). But the Comanches' call themselves Numinous, meaning "human being" or "the People". They were very good warriors and fought the white settlers and army for many years until they gave up in 1875.
The woman in the family made the teepees. They gathered wild potatoes, fruits, nuts and berries. The woman in the family cooked, cleaned and made their clothing. The clothing was made out either bear, deer, bison, buffalo, wolves or coyotes.

Notes

Further reading
Thomas, Alfred Barnaby (1940) The Plains Indians and New Mexico, 1751-1778: A collection of documents illustrative of the history of the eastern frontier of New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, OCLC 3626655
Wolff, Gerald W., and Cash, Joseph W. (1976) The Comanche People Phoenix, Arizona: Indian Tribal Series.

Other websites

Comanche Nation
 The Comanche Language and Cultural Perservation Committee

Native Americans
A cuvette is a kind of laboratory glassware, usually a small tube of circular or square cross shape, closed at one end and open at the other, made of plastic, glass, or optical grade quartz and made to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments.  The best cuvettes are as clear as possible, without impurities that might affect a spectroscopic reading.  Like a test tube, a cuvette may be open to the air on top or have a glass or other material to close it.

Laboratory equipment
John Abbot (1587/1588 – c. 1650) was an English Roman Catholic priest and poet. Nobody knows where he was born, he might have been from either London or Leicester. Abbot was from a strongly Protestant family because he was the nephew of George Abbot, the Archbishop of Canterbury, but after being educated at Balliol College, Oxford, he travelled to the  European continent where he was converted to Roman Catholicism. On returning to England he was in Jesuit orders for a while, before working as a priest. In 1635 he was put in jail. He was released within a year, but in 1637 he was again arrested, and spent the rest of his life in prison.

His best known work is his poem Devout Rhapsodies (2 vols., 1647), about the war between Good and Evil and the temptation and fall of man.

Selected works 

Jesus Praefigured (1623)
The Sad Condition of a Distracted Kingdome (1645)
Devout Rhapsodies (2 vols., 1647)

References
 Jordan, Richard D., "Abbot, John", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford, 2004)
1587 births
1650 deaths
English poets
English Roman Catholic priests
Lemuel Abbott (c. 1730 – April 1776) was an English priest and poet. Little is known of his background, but he worked as a priest in Ansty, Leicestershire and Thornton. He is known mostly for his collection of poems called Poems on Various Subjects, whereto is Prefixed a Short Essay on the Structure of English Verse, published in 1765. Abbott and his wife Mary were probably the parents of the artist Lemuel Francis Abbott.

1730 births
1776 deaths
Abbott, Lemuel
Thomas Eastoe Abbott (1786/1787|7 – 18 February 1854) was an English poet. He was born in East Dereham, Norfolk. He lived in Darlington, where he worked at the Royal Free Grammar School. He wrote many books like Peace, a Lyric Poem (1814); Resignation (1817); The Triumph of Christianity (1819); and The Soldier's Friend (1828). Abbott died in Darlington, County Durham in 1854.

Other websites 
 Thompson Cooper, Abbott, Thomas Eastoe (1786/7–1854), rev. Megan A. Stephan, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 21 March 2007)

1780s births
1854 deaths
English poets
Writers from Norfolk
In ancient history, a division of labour (or specialisation) was when some people in a city stopped growing crops and took other jobs. This usually happened because of a surplus of food. This means that there was more than enough food for everyone, so some people did not have to grow crops anymore.

Xenophon was a philosopher of the 4th century BC. In his book Cryopedia (The Education of Cyrus) he writes about the division of labour:
"Just as the various trades are most highly developed in large cities, in the same way food at the palace is prepared in a far superior manner. In small towns the same man makes couches, doors, ploughs and tables, and often he even builds houses, and still he is thankful if only he can find enough work to support himself. And it is impossible for a man of many trades to do all of them well. In large cities, however, because many make demands on each trade, one alone is enough to support a man, and often less than one: for instance one man makes shoes for men, another for women, there are places even where one man earns a living just by mending shoes, another by cutting them out, another just by sewing the uppers together, while there is another who performs none of these operations but assembles the parts, Of necessity, he who pursues a very specialised task will do it best."

References

Other websites 
 Summary of Smith's example of pin-making

Sociology
Anthropology
Economics
The Euphrates is the western of the two rivers that define the borders of Mesopotamia. The other is the Tigris, which joins the Euphrates to form the Shatt-al-Arab and flow into the Persian Gulf. Several dams have been built since the 1970s. As a result, less water flows down the river into the sea. 
The Euphrates, along with the Tigris, were very important to ancient Mesopotamians because they would provide water and irrigation. It is 1,728 miles long and is one of the longest rivers in all of Mesopotamia. It is slower than the Tigris river but at the same time longer. 

Rivers of Iraq
Rivers of Turkey
Rivers of Syria
Mesopotamia
JC Chasez (born Joshua Scott Chasez on August 8, 1976 in Washington, D.C.), is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and producer. He is best known as one of the lead singers in the boy band NSYNC. On February 24 2004 Chasez's solo album Schizophrenic was released. Three singles were released from the album. Chasez made a girl group called Girl Radical with Jimmy Harry.

Discography
NSYNC
*NSYNC (1998)
No Strings Attached (2000)
Celebrity (2001)

Solo Career
Schizophrenia (2004)

References

1976 births
Living people
American songwriters
Mouseketeers
NSYNC members
Singers from Washington, D.C.
Surplus is when there is more of something  than is needed. Therefore:
If there is more budget than needed, there is a budget surplus. If there is too little, there is a budget deficit
If a business has more of a product available than its customers want to buy at a particular price, an economist would describe the situation by saying the supply is greater than the demand and there would be a "surplus" of the product at that particular price
In Marxian economics, there are surplus product and surplus value.
 Surplus (movie), a 2003 Swedish documentary movie about consumerism
Herl is a municipality and a part of the Ruwer (municipality) in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 253 people lived there.

Other websites 

 Official website 

Municipalities in Rhineland-Palatinate
Trier-Saarburg
Enrique Martin Morales (born on December 24, 1971), also most commonly or better known by his stage name as Ricky Martin, is a two-time Grammy Award and 4 Latin Grammy Award-winning Puerto Rican-American pop singer, dancer, musician, recording artist and actor. He has since then rose up to fame and super stardom with such an excellent and a prestigious track record, first as an elite member of the Latin boy band Menudo, and then as a prominent solo musical pop artist ever since then from 1991-present, and throughout over his entire singing career, he has annually recorded, released and sold out over 95 million singing albums and groundbreaking records all over around the world, while charting up with nearly and about up to 27 top 10 greatest hits as of on the US Latin Charts, and with over and about 11 breaking records of which have overly reached up with number one and a total of over 40 hit released singles.

Discography
Discography 

Studio Albums
 1991: Ricky Martin
 1993: Me Amarás
 1995: A Medio Vivir
 1998: Vuelve
 1999: Ricky Martin
 2000: Sound Loaded
 2003: Almas del Silencio
 2005: Life
 2011: Música + Alma + Sexo
 2015: A Quien Quiera Escuchar

Extended Plays
 2020: PAUSA

Live Albums
 2006: MTV Unplugged
 2007: Black & White Tour

Compilation Albums
 2001: La Historia
 2001: The Best of Ricky Martin
 2008: Ricky Martin 17

DVDs
 1999: One Night Only
 1999: Ricky Martin: The Video Collection
 2001: Ricky Martin: The European Tour
 2001: La Historia"
 2006: MTV Unplugged
 2007: Black & White Tour
 2008: Ricky Martin 17

Ricky Martin
1973 births
Living people
Singers from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican television actors
Latin singers
American dancers
American pop musicians
American performers of Latin music
American movie actors
American television actors
LGBT actors
LGBT musicians
Grammy Award winners
Puerto Rican movie actors
Puerto Rican dancers
In feudalism, a fiefdom (also called a fief, feud, feoff, or fee) was a property or right that an overlord gave a vassal in exchange for military service. This property, of whatever size, could be inherited by the man's heirs.  However, not only land but anything of value could be held in fee, including a political office, hunting or fishing rights or monopolies in trade. A fief included the right of possession of something but with conditions.

References

Middle Ages
Nicholai "Nicky" Olivia Hilton (born October 5, 1983, in New York City, New York) is an American fashion model, socialite, and fashion designer. Hilton is also an heiress to a part of the Hilton Hotels chain, as well as to about 5–15% of her father's real estate fortune and investments. She shares her nickname with her grandfather's brother, Conrad "Nicky" Hilton, who died 14 years before she was born. She is the sister of celebrity Paris Hilton.

References

American fashion designers
Models from New York City
American socialites
1983 births
Living people
American bloggers
Madeleine McCann (born 12 May 2003) was reported missing on the evening of Thursday, 3 May 2007 from a holiday apartment in Praia da Luz in the Algarve, Portugal. One newspaper said it was "the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history". It is still not known where she is or what happened to her.

Madeleine was on holiday with her parents, her two-year-old twin brother and sister, and family friends. She and the twins had been left asleep at 20:30 in a ground floor apartment, while the McCanns and friends had dinner in a restaurant  away. The parents checked on the children every so often, until it was discovered Madeleine was missing at 22:00. Over the next few weeks, the Portuguese police started to believe that Madeleine had died in an accident in the apartment and the parents had covered it up.

There was a lot of news coverage around the world about the case. Rumours that Madeleine has been taken to countries such as Morocco and Malta have all turned out to be untrue.