Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Polyphaga: polyphaga is the largest and most diverse suborder of beetles. The name means “eaters of many things”. Polyphaga have 144 families in 16 superfamilies. They have an enormous variety of specialization and adaptation, with over 300,000 described species, or about 90% of the beetle species so far discovered and named. There are five infraorders:
 Bostrichiformia — including furniture beetles and skin beetles.
 Cucujiformia — includes lady beetles, Longhorn beetles, weevils, Checkered beetles and Leaf beetles.
 Elateriformia — includes click beetles and fireflies
 Scarabaeiformia — includes scarab beetles and stag beetles.
 Staphyliniformia — includes rove beetles and water scavenger beetles.
Common families 

Different kinds of beetles can be divided into groups called families. There are many beetle families. The biggest families are listed here.
 Ground beetles (family Carabidae) are often black and can be found under rocks. They eat other insects.
 Leaf beetles (family Chrysomelidae) usually eat on the outside of plants.
 Longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) have very long antennae. Most longhorn beetle larvae eat on the inside of plants.
 Weevils (family Curculionidae) have long faces that look like the trunk of an elephant. Weevils eat plants.
 Scarab beetles (family Scarabaeidae) have antennae that are wide on the end. Dung beetles are a group in this family. Other scarabs are very colourful and eat plants.
 Rove beetles (family Staphylinidae) have short front wings that do not cover their abdomen ,rove beetles eat other insects.
Popular names 
Popular names are often misleading; that is why biologists use scientific names in Latin. People call some beetles by other names. Fireflies (also called lightning bugs) are actually beetles; so are ladybirds/ladybugs/lady beetles.

Largest and smallest 
Nanosella fungi: smallest at 0.35 mm.
Titanus giganteus: largest at 12 to 20 cm in length.

Beetles and people 
Some beetles cause trouble for farmers and people in forests because they eat crops or trees. These beetles are called pests. One beetle that hurts crops is the Colorado beetle; another is the Maize weevil. One that destroys trees is the Emerald ash borer.

Other beetles help people; lady beetles (also called ladybirds and ladybugs) eat insects that hurt crops and trees.

People who study beetles are called coleopterists.
Further reading 
 Evans, Arthur V; Charles Bellamy & Lisa Charles Watson An inordinate fondness for beetles 
 Entomological Society of America. Beetle larvae of the world. 
 Harde K.W. A field guide in colour to beetles.  Pages 7–24
 Pakaluk J. & Slipinski S.A. eds 1995. Biology, phylogeny, and classification of Coleoptera: papers celebrating the 80th birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa.
 Ross H. Arnett Jr. and Michael C. Thomas. 2001/2. American beetles. CRC Press. 
 White R.E. 1983. Beetles. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, NY.

References 

Basic English 850 words
John IX () was Pope from 898 to 900.

Early life
Although his exact birth day is unknown, he was a native of Tivoli, which is near Rome.

Monk 
He was a Benedictine monk.

Pope
He was made Pope because of the support of Emperor Lambert of Spoleto. Lambert was of the Formosian party. Pope Sergius III who had been elected by the Anti-Formosians was chased from office with arms. John IX died unexpectedly in the year 900, which again led to feuds between different groups.

Related pages
 List of popes

References

9th-century births
900 deaths
Italian popes
Benedictines
Year of birth unknown
Houston Steward Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 – January 9, 1927) was a writer of books. He wrote many popular scientific books, about Richard Wagner, Immanuel Kant, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe amongst others. He was born in Portsmouth, but later emigrated to Germany. In later life he became a German citizen. He was acquainted with Hitler and died in Bayreuth. He is known for his Antisemitism. His best-known book, The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century is seen as a standard antisemitic work of the early 20th century.

1855 births
1927 deaths
English writers
Writers from Dresden
Nazis
Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French aristocrat. He was well educated, and wrote many things. He became famous for developing the racialist theory of the Aryan Master race in his book An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-1855).

1816 births
1882 deaths
Writers from Île-de-France
People from Hauts-de-Seine
A staff (or stave) is the name given to the five horizontal lines on which we can write music. Musical notes can be placed either on a line (i.e. with a line going through the middle of the note head) or in a space.  There are four inside spaces as well as the two outer spaces at the top or bottom.

The higher the pitch of the note the higher it will be on the staff. Taking the white notes of a keyboard: each note (A, B, C, D etc.) is placed higher on the stave (line, space, line, space etc.).  A clef is needed to show which notes they are. There are different clefs to suit high, medium or low instruments.
This musical example shows the opening of Symphony no 5 by Beethoven.  The first three notes are on the second line (counting from the bottom).  They are Gs, because there is a treble clef at the beginning of the staff.  The fourth note is a little lower: on the bottom line, the E line (because of the flats in the key signature it is an E flat).  The next note is between the other two in pitch (an F). After the three Fs comes a D in the outside bottom space.

Sometimes composers have used staves with fewer or more than 5 lines, but the five-line staff started to become the usual one in Western music in the 13th century.

When notes are a little too high or low to put on the stave, extension lines are used.  These are called ledger lines.  

If two or more staves are being played at the same time the staves are joined on the left by a bracket which is called a brace.  Piano music, for example, is written on two staves: one for the right hand and one for the left.
Instruments that only play a rhythm (such as the cymbals), do not need a stave.  The notes can be written just on one line. The beats are crosses. It's modern notation started from the Catholic Church.

References 

Musical notation

fi:Nuottikirjoitus#Nuottiviivasto
The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, is a beetle. It is sometimes just called the Colorado beetle. It is one of the worst potato pests in the world.  

The beetle is notable for its ability to resist pesticides. Over the last 50 years it has become resistant to 52 chemical compounds used in insecticides, including cyanide. However, not every population is resistant to every chemical.

The Colorado beetle first lived in the southwest United States and northern Mexico. Now it lives in most of North America and also in Europe and Asia.

What it eats
The Colorado potato beetle now eats cultivated potato plants. Both larvae and adults eat the leaves and strip the plant down to a skeleton. They may also attack tomato and eggplants. There can be so many Colorado potato beetles in potato farms that they destroy the potatoes.
Defence 
Because the beetle rapidly evolves resistance to chemicals, the best defence may be biological control. A ground beetle, Lebia grandis is a predator of the eggs and larvae, and its larvae are parasitoids of the Colorado beetle's pupae. 

Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes) is a pathogenic fungus that infects many insects, including the Colorado beetle. It is probably the most widely used natural enemy of the Colorado beetle. There are commercial formulations that can be applied using a pesticide sprayer.

Origins 
The Colorado potato beetle did not always eat potato plants. This is because potatoes came from South America, not near the beetle's original range. Before people brought potatoes to North America, the Colorado beetle ate a plant called buffalo-bur.

References

Chrysomelidae
Agricultural pests
Harvestmen are eight-legged arachnids. Even though they are arachnids like spiders, harvestmen are not spiders. They are in the order Opiliones.

More than 6,400 species of harvestmen have been discovered, although the real number of extant species may be more than 10,000. Well-preserved fossils have been found in the 400-million year old Rhynie cherts of Scotland. Fossil harvestmen look surprisingly similar to modern harvestmen. Apparently, the basic body shape of harvestmen has not changed much.

In some places, harvestmen are known by the name "daddy longlegs", but this name is also used for two other unrelated arthropods: the crane fly (Tipulidae) and the cellar spider (Pholcidae).

Many species of harvestmen are omnivores--they eat anything they can find. Most of the time this is small insects, and some plants and fungi. Some are scavengers.
Harvestmen are not dangerous to humans. None of the described species have poison glands. They are not "true" spiders even though they look like spiders in many ways. For example, harvestmen have no venom or silk glands; spiders have these.

Anatomy 
Harvestmen have exceptionally long walking legs compared to their bodies, although there are also short-legged species. In harvestmen, the two main body sections (the abdomen and cephalothorax) meet at a wide point, so that they appear to be one oval structure. In more advanced species of harvestmen, the first five segments of the abdomen are fused into a "shield" on the harvestman's back called the scutum. In some species, this shield is only present in males. The second pair of legs is longer than the others and works as antennae. This can be hard to see in short-legged species.
The feeding apparatus (stomotheca) differs from other arachnids as they are able to eat their food in chunks, without needing to liquify it. Most species have a single pair of eyes in the middle of their heads, oriented horizontally. However, there are some eyeless species. Harvestmen also have no venom or silk glands, which true spiders have.

Further reading
 Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog (2005)
 Pinto-da-Rocha R. Machado G. & Giribet G. eds. 2007. Harvestmen – the biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press 
 Pinto-da-Rocha R. & Kury A.B. 2003. Third species of Guasiniidae (Opiliones, Laniatores) with comments on familial relationships. Journal of Arachnology 31: 394-399. PDF 
 Shultz, Jeffrey W. 1998. Phylogeny of Opiliones (Arachnida): an assessment of the "Cyphopalpatores" concept. Journal of Arachnology 26: 257-272. PDF

Other websites
Other websites

Harvestman: Order Opiliones Diagnostic photographs and information on North American harvestmen
Harvestman: Order Opiliones Diagnostic photographs and information on European harvestmen
 University of Aberdeen: The Rhynie Chert Harvestmen (fossils)
  National Museum page Classification of Opiliones  A synoptic taxonomic arrangement of the order Opiliones, down to family-group level, including some photos of the families

References

Arachnids
Daddy Longlegs could mean:
Crane fly
Opiliones (Harvestman)
Daddy long-legs spider (Cellar spider)
The Shikon no Tama (English:The Jewel of Four Souls) is the fictional magic jewel in Rumiko Takahashi's manga and anime series InuYasha. It contains four types of souls, Courage, Friendship, Wisdom and Love. The souls can make a person powerful. Before Midoriko sacrificed herself, she joined four souls within her heart, with the demonic one making it good and pure. This created the Shikon Jewel, where Midoriko and the demon are trapped within. The battle depends to any demon who kept the jewel. If the jewel is purified, Midoriko survives. If the demon binds the jewel, it becomes defiled. Naraku defiles the jewel, while collecting all pieces. Shako (Sango's grandfather) found the impured jewel from one of the demons. When Kikyo dies, the jewel survives and Naraku plans to retrieve it. Kagome Higurashi ends up travelling to the past while keeping the jewel. After Kagome destroys the raven, the jewel is shattered into pieces
. Izumo is a philosopher half–demon who made the fake jewel with small power, by copying the real one. However, Inuyasha defeats him.
InuYasha

pt:Jóia de Quatro almas
The Daddy-Long-Legs Spider (Pholcus phalangioides) is a spider of the family Pholcidae. Its legs are about 5 or 6 times the length of its body.  It is often confused with the daddy long-legs, a member of the Opiliones, which are not true (real) spiders. P. phalangioides has the habit of shaking the web violently when disturbed. This is probably to blur the vision of a predator. Because it is often found on the ceilings of rooms, caves or cellars, it is also called cellar spider.  They can easily catch and eat hairy house spiders, mosquitoes, and other insects.  When food is scarce, they will prey on their own kind. Because they originally came from the tropics, these spiders do not seem to be aware of seasonal changes and breed at any time of the year. 

The female holds 20 to 30 eggs in her jaws.  Spiderlings are transparent with short legs and change their skin about 5 or 6 times as they grow.

Females have a body length of about 9mm, males are slightly smaller.
Crossopriza lyoni and Physocyclus globosis are spiders with a very similar appearance.

Trivia 
 This is the only spider species described by Swiss painter and entomologist Johann Kaspar Füssli.
 Some spiders, including P. phalangioides, have the ability to completely suck out a mosquito from the tip of one of its legs, although this may take up to twelve hours.

Other websites 

 Description and pictures 
 Long description and pictures

Araneomorphae
Crane flies are flies in the family Tipulidae. They are insects. Crane flies look similar to large mosquitoes but, unlike mosquitoes, crane flies do not bite people or animals. Crane flies occasionally eat nectar.

They are also known as daddy longlegs around the world. The term 'daddy-long-legs' is also given to arachnids of the order Opiliones or the family Pholcidae. The larvae of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets.

There are about 15,000 different species and 525 genera of crane flies. This means that the Tipulidae (crane flies) are the largest group of flies. Most crane fly species (75%) were found by Charles P. Alexander.

The adult only lives to mate and lay eggs: 10 to 15 days is all. In some species the adult does not eat at all.

Larvae 
Most of the crane fly's life is spent as a larva. Crane fly larvae are called leatherjackets or 'leatherjacket slugs' because of the way they move and eat roots (such as those of grass in lawns) and other vegetation. Some leatherjackets are aquatic.
Leatherjackets can cause damage to plants. Because of this, crane flies are a pest of lawn grass in some areas. Invasive (European) crane flies (Tipula paludosa) cause extensive damage to turfgrass. 

Larvae of crane flies are divided into segments. They have a distinct head capsule on the front. The segments on the rear portion of the larva (the abdominal segments) often have long fleshy projections (like tentacles). Scientists have never seen the larvae from most crane fly species: less than 2% of the larvae are known.

Appearance

Adult crane flies have very long legs and a long, thin abdomen. It is very easy to accidentally break off their delicate legs when catching crane flies. Their thin legs and  abdomen may help them to escape from birds who try to eat them. Females have larger abdomens in comparison to the males. The female abdomen also ends in a pointed ovipositor that looks a bit like a stinger. Crane flies cannot sting.
The wings are often held out from the body when the crane fly is not moving. When the wings are held out, the large halteres (balancers) can be seen behind the wings. Unlike mosquitoes, crane flies can not fly well. They will sometimes "wobble" when flying.

Crane flies that live in temperate places, such as Tipula species, may grow as big as 60 mm in size. Tropical crane flies may grow to more than 100 mm. The giant crane fly (Holorusia rubiginosa) that lives in the western United States can reach 38 mm (1-3/8 inches). There are also small crane flies, the size of mosquitoes.

References

 Oosterbroek, Pjotr. "Tipulidae" <http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aocat/tipulidae.html >.

Other websites 
 Family descriptions and images 
 Ohio State University Fact Sheet
 1 Photo 
 Crane Flies of Pennsylvania 
 Crane Fly Tipula sp.

 Crane Fly Tipula dorsimacula
 Catalogue of Craneflies of the World 
 Family Tipulidae - By Pjotr Oosterbroek 
  Image Gallery from Diptera.info
 Image Gallery from Bug Guide Extensive

Flies
Arthur Neville Chamberlain  (; 18 March 18699 November 1940) was a British politician who was Lord Mayor of Birmingham, Chancellor of the Exchequer and finally Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940.

Early life 
Neville was born in Edgbaston, a district of Birmingham, England. His father was Joseph Chamberlain, an important politician. His half-brother (they had different mothers), Austen Chamberlain, also became a politician.

Neville went to Rugby School.  He became interested in botany (plants), birds and fishing. He also loved music and literature (reading). He studied metallurgy at Mason College, which his father later made part of the University of Birmingham. Later, Neville became an apprentice in an accounting company.
He became a successful manager in a manufacturing company.  He fell in love with Anne Cole and married her in 1910, when was 40.  In 1911, when he was 42, the people of Birmingham elected (chose) Neville Chamberlain to be part of the city council.  On the council, he had the job of planning improving the city, the same kind of work that his father had done. Neville planned new council housing for poor people. In 1915, he became Lord Mayor of Birmingham, also  as his father had been. In that position, Neville worked to improve the city, including by starting the Birmingham Symphony Orchestra.
Member of Parliament and in government 
In 1916, Prime Minister David Lloyd George asked Chamberlain to become the director of conscription to force civilians to join the British Armys during the First World War.  Chamberlain and Lloyd George often argued and soon did not like each other.  Chamberlain left his job the next year.  Instead, he entered the 1918 general election and became the Conservative Member of Parliament for Ladywood in Birmingham.

In 1923, Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law made Chamberlain the health minister.  In that position, Chamberlain did more work to help poor people. For example, he had a law passed to connect rent prices to how good a building was. He was later Chancellor of the Exchequer, in charge of the economy, for a short time.
After the 1924 general election, he became health minister again, and he stayed there until the Conservatives lost the 1929 general election. Between 1924 and 1929, Chamberlain helped to make many new laws to help poor people, including a pensions system, which helped to make Britain's welfare state after the Second World War.

In 1929, the Conservatives lost the general election, and Ramsay MacDonald became the new Labour prime minister. The Conservative Party was trying to put tariffs (taxes) on imports to make trade in the British Empire stronger. Other people, including Lord Beaverbrook, a businessman who owned a lot of newspapers, disagreed by saying that trade should be free of tariffs. Beaverbrook started a new political party to fight the Conservatives. Chamberlain fought Beaverbrook's part in an election and won. That made him very popular in the Conservative party.
An economic crisis in 1931 led to another general election. Then, Chamberlain became Chancellor of the Exchequer.  In 1932, he was able to start a tariff system. His father had spent a long time working for a stronger British Empire when he was foreign secretary and also worked hard but failed for a tariff system because he believed it would make the empire economically independent. Neville was pleased that he had finally made his father's wishes come true.

By 1934, Chamberlain felt that the economy had recovered. However, many important people, including Chamberlain's half-brother Austen and Winston Churchill, were warning that Nazi Germany was rearming (reuilding its military). The men said that Britain must rearm, too. In July 1934, the government told Parliament that it had a plan to make the Royal Air Force much stronger.
However, not everybody was happy to see an arms race (a competition to build a bigger military) with Germany. The First World War was still in people's memories, and there was a  strong pacifist movement in the country. Chamberlain, who had lost his cousin and best friend, Norman Chamberlain, during the war advised (suggested) Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to talk about rearmament during the 1935 general election. Baldwin was worried people  that would not vote for them if they talked about making the military stronger, and Labour Party was strongly against rearmament. That made Baldwin talk about housing and unemployment instead.
Prime Minister 
Baldwin retired in 1937, and Chamberlain became the new prime minister on 28 May. Chamberlain is mostly remembered for being the prime minister as Europe moved into the Second World War, but as prime minister, he also made some important changes to Britain. He made laws that made working conditions better. He limited working hours for women and children. He introduced paid holiday for a large part of the population. He introduced laws to try to improve the population's health by exercising and medical inspection. Many other changes were planned, but the start of the war stopped them from happening.
Many Conservatives, including Winston Churchill, who had made the agreement to have the treaty ports in 1921, disagreed strongly with the plan. The agreement, together with a plan to limit the number of Jews moving into Palestine, which was controlled by Britain, made Chamberlain unpopular with some people, even in his own party.

Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement 

Although many people warned about the threat of Nazi Germany, Chamberlain chose ministers who agreed with him and wanted to avoid another war. Chamberlain, like many other people of the same age, were very worried about war. They believed that people like Adolf Hitler were in power because their countries felt that their situation was unfair. The Germans felt that the Treaty of Versailles, an agreement to end the First World War, had been unfair. When Germany invaded (took control of) Austria and the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia with many Germans), Chamberlain tried to keep the peace, especially since most people there were Germans and to wanted to become part of Germany.
In September 1938, he flew to Munich to speak with Hitler. Together with French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier and the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, Chamberlain made an agreement with Hitler, who was allowed to take the Sudetenland but had to agree not to use his military to solve future disputes (disagreements). When Chamberlain returned home, many people said he had done a wonderful job. Chamberlain was very pleased and said that the agreement meant "peace for our time" because most people feared another world war.

War 
In March 1939, the German military moved in and invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia, against the Munich Agreement. Chamberlain realised that his attempts to control Hitler had failed. He started to get Britain ready for war by using the new factories that had been built. Many new weapons were built, including the Supermarine Spitfire (a fighter aircraft) and radar.
After the Germans invaded Poland on 1st September 1939, the British and the French talked together and decided to declare war on Germany on the 3rd. Chamberlain spoke on the radio and told the British people that war had begun.

Chamberlain made a new government and included Winston Churchill. After the Germans had invaded Norway in April 1940, the British sent the Royal Navy to fight them. The plan failed, however, and Parliament no longer supported Chamberlain even though Churchill was mostly to blame for the failure. On 10 May 1940, Chamberlain resigned (quit), and Churchill became the prime minister. However, Chamberlain stayed in the government. Later in May, Germany offered conditions for peace (things that they would accept to stop fighting). Most of the government, including Chamberlain, wanted to agree with Germany and to stop fighting. Churchill did not want to agree. He spoke with Chamberlain, who soon began to agree with Churchill. The result was that Britain stayed in the war.
Death 
In the summer of 1940, Chamberlain became sick. In July, he had surgery on his stomach to treat cancer there. He tried to return to work but became too weak and so had to retire. He died on 9 November 1940 of bowel cancer and was 71 years old. Churchill spoke to Parliament to tell it about Chamberlain's death.

Legacy 
Historians disagree about Chamberlain. Some think that his actions were wrong because he did not stop Hitler and Germany. Other people say that he gave Britain and France more time to get ready for the war.
Biographies 
 Dilks, David. Neville Chamberlain, volume 1: Pioneering and Reform, 1869-1929 Cambridge University Press, 1984.
 Dutton, David. Neville Chamberlain. Hodder Arnold, 2001
 Feiling, Keith. The Life of Neville Chamberlain. Macmillan & Co. Ltd, 1946.
 Gilbert, Martin. The Roots of Appeasement. New American Library, 1966.
 Self, Robert. Neville Chamberlain: A Biography. Ashgate, 2006
 Wheeler-Bennett, John Munich : Prologue to Tragedy, New York : Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1948.
 The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography

Notes

References

Other websites 
 University of Birmingham Special Collections —the political papers of Neville Chamberlain
 Downing Street website 
 The Struggle for Peace by Neville Chamberlain
1869 births
1940 deaths
British mayors
British people of World War I
British people of World War II
Cancer deaths in England
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Deaths from colorectal cancer
English Christians
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
People buried in Westminster Abbey
Politicians from Birmingham
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1918–1922
UK MPs 1922–1923
UK MPs 1923–1924
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Unitarians
World War II political leaders
A quadratic equation is an equation where its highest exponent is 2 (which is why it is called 'quadratic' from the Latin word quadratus 'square'). These equations can be rearranged to the standard form which isː

where a is not equal to 0, otherwise the equation is linear. 

It makes a parabola (a "U" shape) when graphed on a coordinate plane. When people work with quadratic equations, one of the most common things they do is to solve it. This means to find the points on a coordinate grid where the graphed equation crosses the x-axis, or the horizontal axis. These points are called the "zeroes", or "roots", of a function. In other words, to solve the equation means to find the value of x so that , where the coefficients, a, b, and c, are all real numbers. There are different ways to find out the value of x. Plotting the function on a graph is one way. In the picture on the right, the function crosses the x-axis at the points  and .
Graphing a quadratic equation makes it is very easy to find the roots, but it is not always convenient. So there are different ways to do this using math.

Solving quadratic equations 
A quadratic equation with real or complex coefficients has two solutions, called roots. These two solutions may or may not be equal, and they may or may not be a real number.
Factoring 
Some quadratic equations, like , can be factorized. This equation can be written as , which produces two separate equations,  and . This is because when any of the two equations is equal to zero, the original equation is equal to zero because the two equations are multiplied together to form the quadratic equation. From this equation, it is easy to use algebra to find out what the value of x is. In the first of the two equations,  and in the second, . This means that these two values of x will make the whole quadratic equation equal to zero. The y-coordinate is equal to zero at these values of x, and so the coordinates  and  are the places where the graph of the function crosses the x-axis.

Completing the square 
Not all quadratic equations can be factorized, such as . One of the ways to solve these kinds of equations is called completing the square. This means to find some value for "k" below so that: for some y. Since  and  this means
There are five steps to solve a quadratic equation by completing the square:

 Divide the equation by the value of a (here, a is equal to 5): 
 Move the number term (the one without any coefficients, here ) to the other side: 
 Complete the square by adding  to both sides on the equation, as was described above. This value here is . This gives , and the left side can be factored to give 
 Find the square root of both sides. The  is there since the square root is for both positive and negative values: 
 Finally, move the number term to the other side to get a value for x: 

This last value for x has two values:  and . These are the x-coordinates at the points where the y-coordinates are equal to zero and so the function crosses the x-axis.

It is also interesting to note that the vertex of the function, , can be found from the equation in step 3 above.

The quadratic formula
Although completing the square can be used to solve many quadratic equations, it does not work with every equation. There is a way to find the value of x that makes the equation true by replacing the values in a formula with the coefficients from the quadratic equation. This is called the "quadratic formula", which is:

The numbers represented by a, b, and c are the same as those in the original equation, . For this formula to work properly, a cannot be equal to 0 for the formula (but really, when a = 0 in the original equation, it is not quadratic since there is no x-squared term).

The factored form of this equation is , where s and t are the zeros, a is a constant, and y and the two values of x are ordered pairs which satisfy the equation.

Proof of the formula 
The quadratic formula can be found out, or proved, using the same completing the square method from above, only by using a, b, and c instead of actual values and using algebra to find the value of x. Here is how:
Divide the equation by a: 
 Move  to the other side: 
 Complete the square by adding  to both sides on the equation, which gives:  The left side is now a perfect square; it is the square of The right side can be a single fraction, with a common denominator : 
 Find the square root of both sides: 
 Finally, move  to the other side:

Using the quadratic formula 
Now that the value of x has been found out, the values of a, b, and c are replaced with the corresponding coefficients from the original equation. For example, going back to the second example,  , it can be seen that the values are , , and . By putting these values into the quadratic formula and solving, the result is:

. Solving the two square roots, the value of x can be either 1.148 or -0.348, which is the same as above.

Unlike the other methods described above, the quadratic equation will work with every possible value for a, b, and c, even if there are no "real roots", that is, places where the graph of the function touches the x-axis.
The value inside the square root, that is, , is known as the discriminant. It can tell whether the roots are real or Imaginary. There are three cases:

 If the discriminant is positive, there will be two values for x and therefore two separate roots, one at each place where the graph crosses the x-axis.
 If the discriminant is equal to zero, there is only one value for x, but there are in fact two roots which are equal. The graph touches the x-axis at its vertex, but does not cross it. 
 If the discriminant is negative, there is no real value of x. On a graph, the function does not even touch the x-axis, but the roots are still there. The value of the roots here is a complex number, which uses the value i to represent .
History 
Babylonian mathematicians, as early as 2000 BC (displayed on Old Babylonian clay tablets) could solve problems relating the areas and sides of rectangles. There is evidence dating this algorithm as far back as the Third Dynasty of Ur. In modern notation, the problems typically involved solving a pair of simultaneous equations of the form:

 

which is equivalent to the statement that  and  are the roots of the equation:

 

The steps given by Babylonian scribes for solving the above rectangle problem, in terms of  and , were as follows:

 Compute half of p.
 Square the result.
 Subtract q.
 Find the (positive) square root using a table of squares.
 Add together the results of steps (1) and (4) to give .

In modern notation this means calculating , which is equivalent to the modern day quadratic formula for the larger real root (if any)  with , , and .

References

Other websites
 Online calculators - Quadratic equation

Equations
Algebra
The Association pour la Taxation des Transactions pour l'Aide aux Citoyens (Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens, ATTAC) is an organization that promotes a tax on foreign exchange transactions, the so-called Tobin tax.

Background

At first Attac demanded only the introduction of the so-called Tobin tax on currency speculation. Now it fights for many issues related to globalisation. Therefore, it reports about the decisions of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).  ATTAC attends the meetings of the G8 with the goal of influencing policymakers' decisions.

Though ATTAC criticises the neoliberal ideology dominating economic globalisation, it is not "anti-globalisation".  It supports globalisation policies that they characterise as sustainable and socially just. One of ATTAC's slogans is "The World is not for sale", denouncing the "merchandisation" of society.
Other websites 

 ATTAC homepage 
 ATTAC.info
 "Disarming the Markets", editorial by Ignacio Ramonet
 Term Paper about ATTAC

1998 establishments
OECD
Political organizations based in Europe
A threat is a type of communication. It is a warning. It is a behaviour which almost all advanced animals have. In humans it is often verbal (spoken). Dictionary definition:
"Any action, gesture or response that indicates an intention to attack, harm or intimidate another".

Threats evolved because actual fighting often damages an animal, and a damaged animal is at risk. On the other hand, animals compete for food, territory, mating and other important things.

Because humans have complicated brains, their use of threats may be deliberate, and may be spoofs or jokes. Humans make threats verbally, but words are not automatic. If I tread in your toe, you may say "Ow" by reflex. That's not a threat. But if I say "do that again, and I'll (whatever)", that's a threat.
In many cases the threat is not believed, or may even be a joke.  Like other communications, a threat has a context, and the context decides its meaning.
A child who says "I'll tell my dad" may learn from the sarcastic reply "I'm so scared!" that the threat is an idle threat. An idle threat is one that promises harm which cannot or will not happen.

A threat to do harm may be mixed with an offer to do good. This is called a conditional offer, or  throffer.  The threat part may be implied, but nevertheless effective.

Some countries, such as the United States, have a legal concept of true threat. A true threat is a threatening communication which can be prosecuted under the law.

A threat can describe a situation of danger: for example "a terrorist threat". Many countries have a system where the government can adjust its security by having official threat levels.

Related pages 
 Nonverbal communication
 Threat display (in animals)

References 

Communication
Psychology
Promotion means spreading information about an product, service or issue. 

Promotional activity generally involves a company spreading knowledge about it's brand, products, or service to generate demand, build a following, raise awareness, or build loyalty. Many of these activities taking place simultaneously, and including channels such as: Social Media, Direct Mail, Print, and Television.

Promotion as part of marketing means spreading information about a product, product line, brand, or company.
Promotion includes:
 Publicity and public relations
 Advertising

Promotion for marketing includes additionally:
 Personal selling
 Non-personal selling
 Sales promotion
 Tradeshows
 Direct selling
 Refer a friend
 Loyalty bonus
 Product placement
 For example, arranging  that a product is used on a television programme or in a movie so that the viewer can see the brand name or symbol or logo.
Promotion can also happen when a marketing company is providing discounts and coupons to customers to create brand awareness.

Promotion is different from advertising in that

References

Communication
Marketing
Issue may have one of the following special meanings:

 The subject or question of a debate
 A single instance of a serial publication, such as a journal, magazine or a newspaper.
 Issue (legal), a point disputed by parties to a lawsuit.
 Issue (computers), a generalization of the term bug.
 Social issue, an issue which affects many people in a society
 In project management, an issue is the result of an event that has occurred and has a positive or negative impact on the project and should be analyzed and dealt with via actions.
Fireflies are a family of beetles called the Lampyridae. These beetles are special in that most of them have bioluminescence, the ability to produce light. They are sometimes called  'lightning bugs' or 'forest stars'. There are about 2000 different species, most of which are nocturnal.

Adults use flashes of light to attract mates. Also, firefly larvae flash their lights to warn predators that they are not a tasty meal. Many predators do not like the taste of firefly larvae.

Body 
A firefly is an insect, so it has an exoskeleton and three body parts. Much like an annual cicada, they are usually soft-bodied, often with the elytra (front wings) more leathery than in other beetles.

A firefly may be brown or black with yellow and red marks.

Function 
All fireflies glow as larvae. Bioluminescence serves a different function in lampyrid larvae than it does in adults. It appears to be a warning signal to predators, since many firefly larvae contain chemicals that are distasteful or toxic.
Light in adult beetles was originally thought to be used for similar warning purposes, but its main purpose is now thought to be mate selection. Fireflies are a classic example of an organism that uses bioluminescence for sexual selection. They have evolved a variety of ways to communicate with mates in courtships: steady glows, flashing, and the use of chemical signals unrelated to photic systems.

Habitat 
Fireflies live in tropical climates in the United States, Latin America, Caribbean Island, and South East Asia. They also live east of Rocky Mountains. Fireflies like to live in damp areas and dry areas. Examples of damp areas are rain forests, streams, marshes, ponds and leaf piles. Examples of dry areas are backyards and meadows.

Most species live in marshes or near water, because there their larvae have more than enough food.

References 

Halfmann, Janet 1999. Fireflies. Smart Apple Media 
Pierre Stephanie 2002. Firefly. Heinemann, Library 

Polyphaga
Bioluminescent animals
Phengodidae is a family of glow-worm beetles. Their larvae are also glow-worms.

The family occurs only in the New World, and has about 30 genera. Both the females and larvae are bioluminescent: they have organs that can produce light. This family is different from the fireflies (family Lampyridae).

The larvae and the females (which keep their larval form) are predators. They feed on millipedes and other animals they find in the soil and litter. Males are winged. They are attracted to lights at night. They are probably short-lived and do not feed at all. In some species, adult males can also produce light. Females have organs that produce a green or yellow light on their trunks.  Some of them (called railroad worms) also have such an organ in front, which can produce a red light.

Polyphaga
Arachnocampa is a family of flies. They are also called Fungus gnats. They occur in Australia and New Zealand. Their larvae are glowworms.

They were called Bolitphila (mushroom-lovers) until 1924. Then people found out that their larvae use silk threads to catch prey. Their current name means spider-grub.

Flies
is a Japanese author and manga artist. 

She made popular manga books such as Ranma ½ and InuYasha. She is the richest woman in Japan and her manga is loved all over the world.  She joined Gekiga Sonjuku college: a manga school run by Kazuo Koike, also a manga artist. With the school's help, she managed to make a "doujinshi" (self-published work mostly for beginners) manga artwork, for example, Bye-Bye Road and Star of Futile Dust.

Beginning of professional work (as a real job)
She first started with Those Selfish Aliens in 1978, followed by Time Warp Trouble, Shake Your Buddha, and The Golden Gods of Poverty, published in Shonen Sunday - this place was to become the publisher of her most important works. Later in this year, she tried to work on Urusei Yatsura (Lamu, the invader girl), her first full series of books. This had some publishing problems, but even so, it became the most loved manga comedy in Japan.
Major and important works
In 1980, she wrote a lot of books. The most important was Maison Ikkoku from 1980 to 1987. She finished both Urusei Yatsura (34 books) with Maison Ikkoku (15 books). After that she began a dark, story telling type of manga - the Mermaid Saga, finished at 1994, with the story Mermaid's mask. It is thought to be unfinished because it did not have a note to tell the reader it was ended. One-pound Gospel was her next book. It was nearly not finished because of the ending similar to Mermaid Saga, with the last story done in 2001.

At late 1987, she began another major manga called Ranma ½. It ended in 1996 with 38 books altogether. During 1990s, she began InuYasha. It was a magical story very similar to Mermaid Saga. Rumiko Takahashi had said that she would make it up to 500 chapters and 50 books. That would make it the longest she has ever made for now.
Anime based on her manga
In 1981, Urusei Yatsura was the first work to become an anime. This series began showing on October 14 at the Japanese television by a studio called Kitty Animation. This had many different directors during the making of this anime. The most well known director was Mamoru Oshii. He also directed the second Urusei Yatsura movie, Beautiful Dreamer. This is thought to be his best work for the anime. Kitty Animation also made the anime of Maison Ikkoku in 1986 (with 96 episodes and 4 Original Video Animation (OVA)s, which are animes made only on video but not on TV). It also made Ranma ½ in anime.  Kitty Animation stopped because of problems, and Ranma ½ anime also stopped during episode 161.
Sunrise was the next studio to make animes out of Rumiko Takahashi's mangas. They made 167 episodes of InuYasha animes, started on 2000 and ending in 2004. As with Ranma ½, InuYasha did not finish. This was because the manga InuYasha was too long to continue in anime. The Mermaid Saga anime was made in 2003 for 13 series of the manga.

The later animes are from her short mangas: The Tragedy of P, The Merchant of Romance, Middle-Aged Teen, Hidden In The Pottery, Aberrant Family F, As Long As You Are Here, One Hundred Years of Love, In Lieu of Thanks, Living Room Lovesong, House of Garbage, One Day Dream, Extra-Large Size Happiness and The Executive's Dog.
Effect of her works in Western world (outside Japan)
Takahashi is still popular in Europe, mostly in France. Viz Media is the studio that translated most of the animes in English. At early 1990s, they began to translate Urusei Yatsura the anime. Because it was difficult to translate the Japanese way of life/culture and the confusing puns and wordplay, they stopped the series. Mermaid Saga, Maison Ikkoku and Inuyasha could go on even so. Ranma ½ was popular for English-speakers. It was shown all over the world. Viz also showed InuYasha anime on Adult Swim, where it was very popular. InuYasha is the very popular even now. Even with many of her works having Japanese cultures that is difficult to understand in them, the believable characters in them and their feelings are easy to understand all over the world.

References

Other websites 
Rumiko Takahashi , a fan-produced biography
Rumiko No Sekai  French website on Rumiko Takahashi manga
Rumiko Takahashi entry at Anime.com 
Takahashi's Work
1975 births
Living people
Japanese manga artists
People from Niigata Prefecture
Debate or debating is a method of argument. Disputes and conflicts may be settled by debate. It is a larger form of argument than logical argument, because in a debate, the debaters try to influence the feelings of the audience, in order to persuade them on a topic.

The subject or issue of the debate is the question on which the participants debate. An issue or debate always has two sides or positions. Informal debates like discussion are very common, but the quality of a debate improves with knowledge and skill of its participants as debaters.

Deliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts have debates. The winner of a debate may be decided by the audience's vote, by judges, or by both.
Formal debates between candidates for an elected office are common in places where leaders of countries are chosen by the people. The most well-known of these debates are between candidates for the President and Vice President of the United States, and leaders debates between leaders of parties in Parliament in countries like Great Britain and Canada.

Other websites

Public speaking

References
In natural language and in cognitive decision-making, alternative is  one of two things/(abstract or real objects)/actions which can be chosen. From a specific perspective/(point of view)/goal, alternatives are always equivalent.

In logic and mathematics, alternative is the element of logical disjunction. 

In different contexts alternative (or Alternativism) may refer to :
Alternative rock, a style of rock music
 Alternative dance and Alternative metal, subgenres of alternative rock
 Alternative hip-hop
 Alternative country
 Alternative algebra, an abstract algebra with alternative multiplication
 Alternative comics, one of several labels applied to a range of comic strips and books
 Alternative comedy, a range of styles used by comedians and writers in the 1980s
 Alternative culture, a variety of subcultures outside or on the fringes of so-called accepted mainstream culture
 Alternative dispute resolution, processes and techniques outside the traditional mainstream of jurisprudence
 Alternative lifestyle, a lifestyle that it is not within the generally perceived cultural norm
 Alternative media, media practices falling outside the mainstreams of corporate communication
 Alternative medicine, methods and practices used in place of, or in addition to, conventional medical treatments
 Alternative society, alternative models for society and social change
Alternative education, alternatives to traditional education
 Alternative school, a school geared towards students whose needs cannot be met in the traditional school such as underachievers who do not qualify for special education, rather than educational alternatives for all students