Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Maltese is the language of Malta, and a language of the European Union.  Maltese sounds similar to the Phoenician language that was spoken in areas around the ancient Mediterranean.  It is written in the Latin alphabet like English. Maltese descends from a dialect of Arabic called Siculo-Arabic. The language has borrowed many words from Sicilian, Italian, and English.  Around 393,000 people speak Maltese. Most of them live in Malta.

History
Many people from Sicily settled in Malta after the Muslims conquered it in 870 AD. They spoke a Sicilian-Arabic language from the Maghreb. In later centuries their language changed into Maltese. The oldest known document in Maltese is "Il Cantilena," a poem from the 15th century written by Pietro Caxaro. For centuries, Maltese was mainly a spoken language.

Maltese became an official language of Malta in 1934, alongside English. Before that year, the only official language of Malta was Italian. Italian, however, is still used a lot in the media.
Today
Italian and English words are being taken in by the language more and more. This sometimes causes words to form that are not found in Maltese, Italian, or English, but instead are a mix of the three. At schools, English is taught as a second language. Maltese is usually used in the standardized jobs and when people talk to each other. Most of the television, radio, and literature in Malta is also in Maltese.

References 

Semitic languages
Persuasion is a form of influence.  It is the way to get people to agree with an idea, attitude, or action by rational and emotional means.  It is a problem-solving strategy and relies on "appeals" rather than force.

Dissuasion is the process of convincing someone not to believe or act on something.

Methods of persuasion
 Evidence
 Logic
 Rhetoric
 Scientific method
 Advertising
Moral Appeal
 Faith
 Presentation and Imagination
 Propaganda
 Tradition
Manipulation

Aids to persuasion:
 Body language
 Communication skill or Rhetoric

Other techniques, which may or may not work:
 Hypnosis

Coercive techniques, some of which are highly controversial and/or not scientifically proven to be effective:
 Brainwashing
 Torture

Psychology
Ögedei (1186-1241) was the third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, after his father. He continued to make his father's empire bigger. Like all of Genghis' sons, he helped to conquer Western China and Central Asia. 

 

Ögedei was thought to be his father's favorite son, ever since his childhood. As an adult, Ögedei was known to be persuasive in debates he was involved because he had a strong personality. Although less schooled than his father, and despite his drinking habits, he was intelligent and steady in character.
After Genghis Khan's Death 
He was selected as the supreme khan in 1229 because of the kuriltai, the meeting for important leaders, was held after Genghis' death, but it was never doubted that Genghis wanted Ögedei to rule after him. During his reign, the Mongols ended the Jin Dynasty (in 1234) and fought against the Southern Song Empire. In 1235, under the khan's direct command, the Mongols began a war of conquest that would not end for forty-five years, and would result in the addition of all of China. Mongol armies established permanent control of Persia (commanded by Chormagan) and expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan to take over Russia.

1186 births
1241 deaths
Mongol emperors
Heligoland (;  ) is a small German group of islands in the North Sea..

It has been controlled by Denmark and between 1807 and 1890 by the British. The islands have a population of 1,650. They are the only German islands not nearby to the mainland and are about two hours' sailing time from Cuxhaven at the mouth of the River Elbe.

Geography 
Heligoland is located 70 km (44 miles) from the German coast line and actually consists of two islands: the populated triangular-shaped 1 km² (0.4 sq mi) main island () to the west and the island of Düne (Heligolandic: de Halem) in the east. 

Düne is the smaller of the two islands(0.7 km²).  It is also lower, surrounded by sand beaches and no-one lives on the island throughout the year.

Often when people talk about "Heligoland" they only mean Hauptinsel.

References

Other websites 

Heligoland Tourist Board  — includes an aerial photograph of Heligoland (front) and Düne (back).
Site about planting palms on Heligoland 
Heligoland Web Cams
Geography of Schleswig-Holstein
Islands of Germany
Cooperation is when people work together to make their lives better, even though they are free to not work together, and receive little if any money for working together. Organizations made for cooperation are known as cooperatives.

Sociology
Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968), also called RFK, was an American politician. He is the brother of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy, who was killed during riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza nearly five years ago.

Death 

Kennedy ran for president in 1968, but was shot multiple times by Sirhan Sirhan in California during the presidential primaries on June 5, 1968. He died during the operation to remove the bullet and bone fragments from his brain on the next day.

References

Other websites 
PBS video on RFK, with long quotes by historians
The Coalition on Political Assassinations
1925 births
1968 deaths
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
American Roman Catholics
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Harvard University alumni
Kennedy family
Murders by firearm in California
People murdered in California
Politicians from Massachusetts
 
United States Attorneys General
1968 United States presidential candidates
United States senators from New York (state)
Democratic Party (United States) politicians
Lawyers from Massachusetts
The umbilical cord is the tube that connects the unborn child and the mother together. It allows the baby to get what it needs, for example, blood, oxygen and glucose.

Pregnancy and childbirth
Josef Mengele or better known as Doctor Josef Mengele (March 16, 1911 – February 7, 1979) was a German Nazi SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz.  He worked at Auschwitz with Rudolf Höss, the Nazi Commandant of Auschwitz . 

During the first years of World War II Mengele served as a medical officer in the Waffen-SS. After being wounded and recovered in 1942, he went working at the Race and Resettlement Office in Berlin. In 1943 he volunteered for concentration camp Auschwitz.

He conducted cruel medical experiments on the people in the camps. Many people died as a consequence of these experiments. The experiments included freezing and placing subjects under heat lamps. 

Mengele was also known for his studies and fascination with twins. Mengele was known as the Angel of Death. 

After the war, he first hid in Germany, then escaped and lived in South America, until he drowned in Brazil.
Mengele wrote a thesis, which he finished in 1936. His advisor was Theodor Mollison. His assumption was that it was possible to determine the race of a human being by looking at the jawbone. He wrote another thesis, in a related area in 1938. In 1960 and 1961, his title was revoked, because of the crimes he had committed in Auschwitz.

Other websites 
 A short essay on Mengele at the Holocaust ,,.,history project 
 A short essay about Mengele by Robert Jay Lifton

1911 births
1979 deaths
Accidental deaths by drowning
German doctors
German war criminals
Holocaust perpetrators
People from Bavaria
SS officers
Waffen-SS people
Francis I, Emperor of Austria (12 February 1768 – 2 March 1835) also was Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (in German language: Franz II, Heiliger Römischer Kaiser).

He was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until August 6, 1806, when the empire was no longer a unit. He then became Francis I, first Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary,Bohemia and Croatia from 1804 to 1835). He fought in the Napoleonic Wars .

Related pages
 Holy Roman Empire
 Germany

1768 births
1835 deaths
Holy Roman Emperors
Emperors of Austria
18th century in Germany‎
19th century in Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm I (Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig von Hohenzollern; 22 March 1797 – 9 March 1888) of the Hohenzollern family was a king of Prussia from January 2, 1861 – 9 March 1888. He was the first German Emperor (18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888). In English, his first name means "William", which is sometimes used instead.

Because his brother Frederick William IV of Prussia had a stroke in 1857, Wilhelm became Prince Regent and actual ruler. His brother died in 1861 and Wihelm became King. When Wilhelm was king of Prussia, he and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, worked on the unification of Germany, from a large group of smaller German countries. Winning the Franco-Prussian War allowed the start of the German Empire.

His grandson Wilhelm II ordered the Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche to be built to honour his life and achievements.
Official titles 
His official title was German Emperor and King of Prussia; Margrave of Brandenburg; Burgrave of Nürnberg, Count of Hohenzollern; Sovereign and highest Duke of Silesia as of the county of Glatz; Grand Duke of the Lower Rhine and of Posen; Duke of Saxony, Wesphalia, and Angaria, of Pomerania, Lüneburg, Holstein and Schleswig, of Magdeburg, Bremen, Gelders, Cleves, Jülich and Berg, as well as of the Wendes and Kaschubs, of Krossen, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg; Landgrave of Hesse and Thuringia, Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia, Prince of Orange, Prince of Rügen, of East Frisia, of Paderborn and Pyrmont, of Halberstadt, Münster, Minden, Osnabrück, Hildesheim, of Verden, Kammin, Fulda, Nassau and Moers; Princely Count of Henneberg; Count of the Mark and of Ravensberg, of Hohnstein, Tecklenburg and Lingen, of Mansfeld, Sigmaringen and Veringen, Lord of Frankfurt", and Josseppi Longo. .
Titles and styles
22 March 1797 – 2 January 1861: His Royal Highness Prince William of Prussia
2 January 1861 – 18 January 1871: His Majesty The King of Prussia
18 January 1871 – 9 March 1888: His Imperial and Royal Majesty The German Emperor, King of Prussia

Related pages
 Germany
 German Empire
 Prussia

References 

1797 births
1888 deaths
Kings and Queens of Prussia
German emperors
House of Hohenzollern
The  is a group of islands in Kagoshima prefecture in the Kyūshū region of Japan. It is also known as the .

History
The name of the islands comes from the mythological figure of Amamiko.

It was attacked by the Ryūkyū Kingdom in 1570, but was invaded by Satsuma Domain in 1609.

Amami was occupied by the United States from 1945 to 1953.

Demographics 
The native people of the Amami Islands are the Amami people, who are a subgroup of a larger Ryukyuan ethnicity.

Languages 
The Amami language belongs to the Ryukyuan languages, all of which are endangered because in the past, Japan suppressed them. This is also why most younger Amamians speak Japanese instead, as it was enforced in schools.

Geography
The largest island in the group is Amami Island.  Other islands include Kikai Island, Tokunoshima, Okinoerabu Island, Yorontou and some small islands make up the Amami Islands.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Ryukyu Islands
Kagoshima can mean a few things:

Kagoshima Prefecture - One of 47 prefectures in Japan. It is part of Kyushu.
Kagoshima, Kagoshima - the capital of Kagoshima Prefecture
Formal is a word used to describe anything that has form or structure. So it is something which is used or done in accordance with rules or ceremonies.

Formal  events have rules. 'Formal clothes' or 'formal attire' is a way of dressing to meet the rules for an event, such as a party or wedding. 'Formal attire' can be a suit, a tuxedo or a dress. People from all over the world have their own ideas about 'formal attire'. Most of the time formal attire clothes are the most beautiful or the best clothes a person owns. The opposite of "formal" is informal.  Informal clothes are comfortable clothes for general use, e.g. T shirt and jeans.  An informal ceremony might be a ceremony which is very relaxed instead of following an exact plan.  An informal way to greet a friend might be: "Hi, John!"
Examples:
Formal can be the way a person speaks or acts. To act in a formal way a person will follow the social rules of their culture or country. For example, they might greet each other by bowing, and they might address one another by their family name and their title (e.g. "Professor Smith").

A formal agreement is one which is explicit (written down) and reached by a formal discussion or negotiation. That means the negotiation is also done by set rules or procedures.

In mathematics, formal logic is a way of thinking about mathematics questions using strict rules.

Characteristics
is one of Japan's four main islands. It is the most southern of the main islands and the third largest.

Regions 
Kyūshū region is made up of the entire island.

The name Kyūshū literally means "nine countries" in Japanese. Kyūshū was made of nine old "countries" or provinces that are now prefectures. Each prefecture has a modern name and sometimes more than one old provincial name. The old names are still used sometimes, especially for foods, music, or art.

The original nine provinces in Kyushu were Chikuzen, Chikugo, Hizen, Higo, Buzen, Bungo, Hyūga, Ōsumi, and Satsuma.

Today, Kyushu is made up of seven of the prefectures of Japan. 
 Fukuoka Prefecture
 Kagoshima Prefecture
 Kumamoto Prefecture
 Miyazaki Prefecture
 Nagasaki Prefecture
 Oita Prefecture
 Saga Prefecture
Parts of Kyūshū have a warm climate, like the Miyazaki and Kagoshima regions. Major crops grown there are rice, tea, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and soy; silk is also made. The island is known for many types of porcelain like Arita, Imari, Satsuma and Karatsu.

Under the Gokishichidō system, the island of Kyūshū was a part of the region known as Saikaidō. It was a part of this region from the 7th century until the middle of the 1800s. Around 1905, it was made into its own region. In the modern system, Kyūshū and the small islands around it are a part of the Kyūshū region.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
 Kyushu -Citizendium

Islands of Japan
Kyushu region
Presentation is the process of presenting the content of a topic to an audience. Presentation software, such as LibreOffice Impress, Beamer, Apple Keynote or Microsoft PowerPoint, is often used to generate the presentation content. As a form of communication, a presentation is usually 10-30 minutes long, but can take longer in special cases.

Useful illustrations 

 BCG diagram: This diagram is extremely useful in marketing, to eat donuts

Other websites 
 Tips on making presentations 
 Tips for presentations in school
 Art of Speaking (A list of links related to speaking and presentation)  
 Example of Evaluating Student Presentations 
 RecruitIreland.com - Tips for an internal presentation 
 EServer TC Library: Presentations 

Marketing
Keynote is a presentation software application made by Apple for its Mac OS X operating system.

History
Keynote was a software program that Steve Jobs, the chief executive officer of Apple used for his own presentations only. It was later sold to everyone as Keynote 1.0, competing against other presentation software, especially Microsoft PowerPoint. Unlike PowerPoint, Keynote can use all image types, and the design uses more pictures, making it easier to use. Because Keynote uses Mac OS X's built-in graphics technologies, it can produce slides with many graphics very easily.

Version history

Trivia
Al Gore, a member of the board of directors for Apple as of 2006, uses Keynote for a lecture about Global Warming which he claims to have shown over a thousand times. The talk was made into a film, An Inconvenient Truth. During the film he can be seen using Keynote on a Powerbook to design a slide for his presentation.

Related pages
Microsoft PowerPoint
LibreOffice Impress
Presentation program
Other websites 
 Official website of Keynote

Discussion Groups
 Keynote Yahoo! Group — Help and advice for users of Keynote 
 iWork Yahoo! Group — Help and advice for users of Apple's iWork (Pages and Keynote)

IWork
Apple software
The claymore is a Scottish sword. It has two sharp edges. The word claymore is from Gaelic. It means “great sword”. The sword is held with two hands. In some sources the broad claymore sword is called “claidheamh da lamh”, which means “two-hand sword”. It was very popular in the 16th century when Scottish warriors (highlanders) used it against the Englishmen.

The average claymore was about  long. The blade was about  long. It weighed around . It had a very wide blade. Many claymore blades had a small amount of metal cut out of them. This was done to make the sword weigh less.

There was also a type of claymore that had one sharp edge and a basket-shaped handle. The basket of the handle was used to protect the hands. The basket was also used to help with balance. This was because the blade was very long. Many claymores were made during the mid-1600s.
People in Europe started using swords with two hands in the 14th century. The biggest European swords were made in the early 16th century. They were usually used by bodyguards or soldiers for defending from pikes and polearms. One example of these kinds of swords is the Germanic Zweihänder (two-handed) sword.

References

Other websites 
More on swords' component parts 

Swords

National symbols of Scotland
Tamahagane {tah-mah-ha-ga-neh} is a high quality metal (steel) made in the Japanese tradition. The word tama  means "round and precious", like a gem or jewel. The word hagane means  "steel". On the market, it costs 50 times more than ordinary steel. Tamahagane steel is used to make Japanese swords, knives, and other kinds of tools.

Good tamahagane contains around 1% of carbon and should not go over 1.5%.

Production
Tamahagane is made of iron sand (called satetsu in Japanese). There are 2 main types of iron sands: akome satetsu and masa satetsu. Akome is of lower quality and masa is of better quality. The man who leads the team at the TATARA is called the murage. Depending on the desired result, the murage mixes one or more types of sands.
The iron sand is put in a clay tub (furnace) called a tatara. The clay tub measures about 4 feet tall, 12 feet long, and 4 feet wide. The tub is then dried and heated. The clay tub is heated to a high temperature, about 1000 ºC (1.832 ºF). Then, it is filled with charcoal and iron sand to start the direct reduction process. 

The process of making tamahagane continues for 36 to 72 hours, depending on how many people work and how much metal is to be obtained. The iron sand is added every 10 minutes, alternately with a regular amount of charcoal. 

When the liquid slag is drawn out and the process is finished, the clay tub is broken and the KERA (raw iron block) is removed. The best steel with highest carbon content is near the vents of the blower system, because this is the where the reduction process is strongest. The quality of tamahagane is determined by its breaking structure, but it is important to knowe that there are different types of TAMAHAGANE needed to forge a sword blade.
Related pages
Japanese sword schools
Katana

Metals
Japanese swords
A graviton is a hypothetical particle that 'transfers' gravitation's force (particles like this are known as gauge bosons) from its field. Gravitons have never been observed, directly or indirectly, however, there have been several theories that use gravitons to explain certain phenomena. For example, a theory that describes black holes by combining quantum mechanics and gravity, has been advanced by Georgi Dvali and Cesar Gomez, which suggests a black hole is "an overpacked bucket of gravitons". There are some theories that suggest that gravitons would make up a new group of particles, "attraction particles". CERN is currently using the Large Hadron Collider to try to find this particle.
The graviton applies a tiny force as it impacts the nuclei of atoms.
All atoms themselves have these graviton particles in orbit around them. If you gather a lot of atoms together the population of orbiting gravitons increases proportionately. As a result, a large asteroid for example will have more gravity than a small one.
If someone found one, it could lead to a theory which would join the four main physical forces: electromagnetism, gravity, strong force and weak force.

References

String theory
Relativity
Subatomic particles
A presentation software is a computer software package used to show information, normally in the form of a slide show. It mostly includes three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images and a slide-show system to display the content.

The most commonly known presentation program is Microsoft PowerPoint, but there are alternatives such as LibreOffice Impress, Apple's Keynote, LaTeX Beamer and WPS Office (Free and complete office suite, includes writer, spreadsheet, presentations, enjoys the features of small-size, easy-to-use and compatible, covering multiple platforms including Windows, Linux, Android, iOS and Mac).
Originally these programs were used to generate 35 mm slides, to be presented using a slide projector. As these programs became more common in the late 1980s, several companies set up services that would accept the shows on floppy disk and create slides or print transparencies. In the 1990s, dedicated LCD-based screens that could be placed on the projectors started to replace the transparencies, and by the late 1990s they had almost all been replaced by video projectors.

Other websites 
Screen Presentation Tools 

Software
A liqueur is a sweet-tasting alcoholic drink. It is often flavored with fruits, herbs, spices, flowers, seeds, roots, plants, barks, and sometimes cream. The word liqueur comes from the Latin word liquifacere which means "to dissolve." This is because the flavors are dissolved to help make the liqueur. In some parts of the world, liqueurs are sometimes called cordials.

Liqueurs have been around for many centuries. They are related to the herbal medicines that monks used to make. Liqueurs were made in Italy as early as the 13th century, and were used during signings of treaties during the Middle Ages.

Varieties
Most liqueurs have 15 to 30% alcohol content but may have an alcohol content as high as 55%.

Types of liqueurs include: fruit liqueur, cream liqueur, coffee liqueur, chocolate liqueur, schnapps liqueur, brandy liqueur, anise liqueur, nut-flavoured liqueur, and herbal liqueur.
Liqueurs can be enjoyed many ways. They are commonly drank by themselves, poured over ice, with coffee, or mixed with cream or other mixers to create cocktails. They are often served with dessert or as a dessert. Liqueurs may also be used in cooking.

Reference

Other websites 
 Page about most types of liqueurs

Alcoholic spirits
Militarism or militarist ideology is a view on society.
It says society should be like the military.
This means that society should follow concepts that can be found in the culture, system and people of the military. People that say militarism is good are called militarists.

Most important to militarists is discipline. Discipline means to follow a set of rules.
It also means training that follows such rules. A strong military is good for discipline.
There are many areas where moral goals and the culture of the military can be applied. Most notable are private business, government, education and entertainment.
Militarism is related to militarization, and militarist countries often have a strong military.  Thus Sparta in Ancient Greece, and Prussia in the 19th century were militarist and had more powerful armies than other states their size.  North Korea is a good example in modern times.  In militarist states the military either run the government, or greatly influence it.  Often the head of state is a military person, though that does not always mean the society is militarised.

Military
The Queen of Spades (, pronounced Pi-KO-va-ya DA-ma) is an opera by Tchaikovsky.  It is based on a short story by Alexander Pushkin.  Sometimes it is known by its German title Pique Dame.  

When Tchaikovsky went to Paris in 1876, he saw Bizet’s opera Carmen.  He liked the story's themes of love and bad fate.  The idea of fate is important to the opera Carmen and also to Tchaikovsky’s The Queen of Spades.  Tchaikovsky wrote some of his greatest music in this opera.  Some of it is very graceful, and is similar to Mozart.  In other places it is very romantic, with harmonies that he had learned by studying the operas of Wagner.

The story of the opera
Hermann, a young officer, sees a beautiful girl in the park and falls in love with her even though  he does not know her.  His friend tells him that the girl’s name is Lisa, and that her grandmother is an old countess who used to gamble (play cards for money) when she was young.  He says that people used to call the grandmother the "Queen of Spades", and that she knows a secret: she knows about the three cards which will always win the card game.

Hermann can only think of one thing:  he wants to find out the secret of the three cards so that he can gamble and win lots of money.  Then he will be able to marry Lisa.  He hides himself in the grandmother’s bedroom.  When the grandmother goes to bed, he jumps out in front of her and tells her he wants to know the three cards.  She is so scared that she dies before she can speak.
Later, the ghost of the grandmother comes to Hermann and tells him the three secret cards: Three, Seven, Ace.  Hermann’s mind is now on one thing: he must go to casino and play cards and win.  Lisa drowns herself in  a river.  Hermann gambles all his money at the casino, saying "The life is only game and the sure is only death".  The first two cards are the Three and the Seven, but the third card is not the Ace, it is the Queen of Spades.  The old grandmother’s ghost comes again to Hermann.  Hermann kills himself.

The writing of the opera

Tchaikovsky’s brother Modest helped him to prepare the libretto (words) for the opera.  They changed some of Pushkin’s story, making the love scenes important because he thought they would be good with emotional music.  They also made it very dramatic by making Lisa drown herself in a canal and Hermann die at the gaming table.  This is different to what happens in Pushkin’s story.
Tchaikovsky wrote the opera very quickly.  It took him just six weeks to sketch it (write the basic ideas).  Then he spent a short time in Rome and when he returned, he wrote it out for orchestra in another six weeks.  

Some of the music is quite Classical (Rococo) in character.  At other times it can sound very Russian.  In the supernatural scenes, Tchaikovsky uses the whole-tone scale like Glinka did in his operas.

The opera was first performed at the Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg on 19 December 1890.

Compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
1890s operas
The growth-share matrix (aka B.C.G. analysis, B.C.G.-matrix, Boston Consulting Group analysis) is a chart that had been created by Bruce Henderson for the Boston Consulting Group in 1970 to help corporations with analyzing their business units or product lines. This helps the company allocate resources and is used as an analytical tool in brand marketing,  product management, strategic management and portfolio-analysis.

Related pages
marketing

Other websites 
Software that generates the Boston Matrix 
Compares and contrasts BCG with other 2 x 2 matrices like Ansoff and 3 x 3 matrices like GE Portfolio 

Marketing
Microsoft Office PowerPoint is a presentation program developed for the Microsoft Windows and Mac OS computer operating systems. Businesspeople, educators, and trainers use it often. It is a component of the Microsoft Office system.

Operation 
In PowerPoint, as in most other presentation software, text, graphics, movies, and other objects are positioned on individual pages or "slides". The "slide" analogy is a reference to the slide projector. Slides can be printed, or (more often) displayed on-screen and navigated through at the command of the presenter. Slides can also form the basis of webcasts.

Versions 
Versions for Microsoft Windows include:
1993 PowerPoint 4.0 (Office 4.x)
 1995 PowerPoint 7 for Windows 95 (Office '95)
 1997 PowerPoint 97 (Office '97)
 1999 PowerPoint 2000 (Office 2000)
 2001 PowerPoint 2002 (Office XP)
 2003 PowerPoint 2003 (Office 2003)
 2006-2007 PowerPoint 2007 (Office 2007)
 2010 PowerPoint 2010 (Office 2010)
 2016 PowerPoint 2016 (Office 2016)
 2018 PowerPoint 2019 (Office 2019)

Note: There is no PowerPoint 5.0 or 6.0, because the Windows 95 version was launched with Word 7. All of the Office 95 products have OLE 2  - moving data between many programs - and PowerPoint 7 shows that it was as new as Word 7.

Related pages
 LibreOffice Impress, a free, open source alternative to Microsoft PowerPoint
 Apple Keynote
Other websites 
 Official website of PowerPoint at Microsoft
 flashgeek PowerPoint tutorials and community, especially in regards to using PowerPoint in combination with Macromedia Flash.
 PowerPoint Heaven — The Power to Animate Contains PowerPoint movies, showcases, PowerPoint games, animation templates and tutorials on creating animations for your PowerPoint Presentations.
 PowerPoint FAQ pages Compilation of Frequently Asked Questions in the Microsoft Office PowerPoint Discussion Groups.
 Microsoft PowerPoint Viewer 2003 Download (freeware, 1.9 MiB.) Free PowerPoint Viewer provided by Microsoft, supports presentations from PowerPoint 97 to 2003. (only Windows)
 Microsoft PowerPoint Viewer 2007 Download (freeware, 25.8 MiB.) Free PowerPoint Viewer provided by Microsoft, supports presentations from PowerPoint 97 to 2007. (only Windows)
 pdfonline.com Upload a .ppt and get a .pdf via email
Discussion Groups 
 Microsoft Office PowerPoint Discussion Group
 Microsoft Office PowerPoint Yahoo! Group — Help and advice for users of PowerPoint

Articles 
 
 
 
 
  (Astronauts using PowerPoint to replace paper checklists.)
 
 

Microsoft Office
Presentation software
Qi Xi, sometimes called Chinese Valentine's Day, Magpie Festival, or the Double Seventh Festival is a traditional romantic festival in China. It take places on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month and often goes into August on the Gregorian calendar.

The story of Cowherd and Weaver Girl
In late summer, two bright stars can be seen on opposite sides of the Milky Way. These stars are Altair ("the cowherd", Niulang) and Vega ("the weaver girl", Zhinü). The following story is told about the two:
History
Scholars have shown the Double Seventh Festival originated from the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Historical documents from the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 371-420) mention the festival, while records from the Tang Dynasty (618-907) depict the grand evening banquet of Emperor Taizong and his concubines. By the Song (960-1279) and Yuan (1279-1368) dynasties, special articles for the Qi Xi were seen being sold on markets in the capital. The bustling markets demonstrated the significance of the festival.

Traditional celebrations
Today some traditional customs are still observed in rural areas of China, but have been weakened or diluted in urban cities.

In the past, Qi Xi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It has been known as the "Begging for Skills Festival" or "Daughters' Festival." 

In the past, girls would conduct a ceremony to beg Zhinü for wisdom, dexterity and a satisfying marriage in the future.
In some parts of the Shandong Province, young women offered fruit and pastries to pray for a bright mind. If spiders were seen to weave webs on sacrificial objects, it was believed the Weaving Girl was offering positive feedback. 

In other regions, seven close friends would gather to make dumplings. They put into three separate dumplings a needle, a copper coin and a red date, which represented perfect needlework skills, good fortune and an early marriage. 

Girls also held weaving and needlework competitions to see who had the best hands and the brightest mind, both important to being a good wife and mother in ancient China. Young women in southern China used to weave small handicrafts with colored paper, grass and thread. Afterwards, they competed to pass a thread through the eyes of seven needles in a single breath.
Japan
The Japanese version of Qi Xi is called Tanabata. It is held on July 7th. On the evening of the 7th, slips of paper are hung on bamboo trees. The notes contain desires that the person hopes will be fulfilled.

Holidays of the People's Republic of China
Anna Nicole Smith (November 28, 1967 – February 8, 2007) was an American model, actress and celebrity. She first became popular as Playboy magazine's 1993 Playmate of the Year.

Early life
She was born Vicki Lynn Hogan in Houston, Texas.

Death
On February 8, 2007, Smith was found in a hotel room in Hollywood, Florida. At 1:38 p.m. (18:38 UTC) a nurse called 911. At 1:45 p.m. a bodyguard gave her CPR before she was taken to a local hospital and pronounced dead at 2:49 p.m. Her death was caused by an accidental overdose.

Smith was addicted to prescription medications. A psychiatrist said in court in 2010 that she was a member of hospital staff in 2006, when Smith was a patient. The psychiatrist said Smith had borderline personality disorder.

References

Other websites 
AnnaNicole.com Official website

Actors from Houston
American movie actors
American television actors
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States
Models from Houston
People with borderline personality disorder
1967 births
2007 deaths
is a Japanese shōjo manga magazine published by Shogakukan for young girls (about 9-13 years old). It has been published since 1977.

Famous works
Slow step (Mitsuru Adachi)
Alpen Rose (Michiyo Akaishi)
Mizuiro jidai (Yuu Yabuuchi)
Dr.Rin ni kiitemite! (Kiyoko Arai)
Mirumo de pon! (Hiromu Shinozuka)
Kirarin revolution (Ann Nakahara)

Cartoonists
Yuu Yabuuchi (1983–)
Kiyoko Arai (1984–)
Masumi shimizu (1989–)
Takemaru SaSaki (1992–)
Tomoko Nishimura (1992–)
Yukino Miyawaki (1992–)
Yumi Tsukirino (1996–)
Mai Jinna (1997–)
Kaoru Igarashi (1999–)
Hiromu Shinozuka (1999–)
Chikako Mori (2000–)
Jun Kawamura (2000–)
Ann Nakahara (2000–)
Ryoko Mizoguchi (2000–)
Chitose Yagami (2001–)
Itsuru Minase (2001–)
Meme Iwaoka (2001–)
Nozomi Shiratori (2002–)
Yūko Kohara (2002–)
Shou Obara (2003–)
Maki Sugawa (2003–)
Mayuki Anan (2004–)
Miru Akino (2004–)
Akira Wao (2005–)
Mariko Kosaka (2005–)
Yayoi Tsukamoto (2005–)
Yūmi Rink (2005–)
Michiru Aoi (2005–)
Aya Misaki (2006–)
Eri Nasubi (2006–)

Manga
A sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts the elements of a collection into a certain order. Most commonly, numbers are sorted by their value, and words are sorted by their alphabetical order (as they would appear in a dictionary or phone book). Efficient sorting is important for other things: finding an element in a sorted collection is easier, and merging a new element may also be easier if the collection is sorted.

Note that not all sorting algorithms can be applied in all cases. An example might be that the records can only be read one after another (sequentially); they might be stored on a tape. 

Searching and sorting algorithms
The word "ciao" is a greeting in Italian. It is used for both "hello" and "goodbye". It is less formal than other greetings in Italian, such as buongiorno or salve.

The word originally comes from the Venetian language. It is also sometimes used by English speakers and speakers of other languages around the world. Other words that mean both "hello" and "goodbye" are shalom in Hebrew, salaam in Arabic, annyeong in Korean, and aloha in Hawaiian. In Vietnamese, the word chào also means "hello" or "goodbye". It sounds similar, but is not related to the Italian word.

Italian language
LaTeX is a computer program used for making articles, books and math formulas look good. LaTeX is well-suited for expressing mathematical formulas on electronic devices in a more human readable format, by showing them in a way similar to how they would be written by hand. 

LaTeX is used for making mathematical formulas for some articles on Wikipedia, in addition to being used within academic circles.

The writer types their article into a plain text document. A plain text document cannot have styled text, like bold or italic. When the writer wants to write styled text, they use special LaTeX commands that start with a backslash (\). For example, the command for bold text is \textbf{This text is bold}.
After the writer is finished writing the article, they tell LaTeX to read the document. After LaTeX is done, LaTeX makes a file that can be printed. The command \textbf{This text is bold} would print as This text is bold.
 
LaTeX was first made in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport at SRI International, who published its first manual in 1986. The current version is LaTeX2e (styled ), which has been active since 1994.

Example 
The example below shows the LaTeX input and its corresponding output:

Academic contributions to LaTeX
In order to support mathematical typesetting, the American Mathematical Society (AMS) has made the AMS-LaTeX package. AMS also founded MathJax, a Javascript extension to display mathematical formulas on web browsers, with the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
Related pages
 Acaric (Developer of Cloud LaTeX)
 Beamer (LaTeX-based presentation software)
 CTAN (One of the largest LaTeX-related website)
 KaTeX (LaTeX for web browsers)
 SATySFi (A computer program expected to be an alternative to LaTeX)

References

Further reading
 Van Dongen, M. R. (2012). LATEX and Friends. Springer Science & Business Media.
 Grätzer, G. (2014). Practical LaTeX. Springer.
 Datta, D. (2017). LaTeX in 24 Hours: A Practical Guide for Scientific Writing. Springer.

Programming languages
Mathematical tools
Cross-platform software
The First War of Scottish Independence lasted from the outbreak of the war in 1296 until 1328.

The Scots were defeated at Dunbar on 27 April 1296. John Balliol abdicated in Montrose castle on 10 July 1296. John was imprisoned in the Tower of London at first, but then released into the custody of Pope Boniface VIII on condition that he remain in a papal residence. He was later released around the summer of 1301 and lived the rest of his life on his family's estates in Picardy.

But his supporters argued that he was still the rightful King of Scotland. Therefore, the Scots rose in rebellion in 1297 under William Wallace and Andrew de Moray and said they  were acting on behalf of King John. But in fact Scotland had no monarch until the accession of Robert the Bruce in 1306.

Related pages
 Wars of Scottish Independence
 Second War of Scottish Independence

History of the British Isles
Wars of independence
Wars involving England
13th century in Scotland
14th century in Scotland
|children=Edward Balliol.

John King of Scots (c. 1248 - 1314) is usually known as John Balliol or, correctly, John de Balliol. He was born in 1248. 

After the death of Margaret of Scotland in 1290, John Balliol was one of three major competitors for the throne. King Edward concluded that he was going to pick Balliol as king of Scotland at Scone, 30th November, 1292, St. Andrew's Day.

Edward I steadily undermined the authority of King John. He treated Balliol like a 'Puppet King' and the Scots were not happy. At the Battle of Dunbar King Edward's men slaughtered and wiped out the town of Berwick killing around 8000 people in the brutal killing.

He was stripped of his authority as king and was sent away to France by King Edward. He later died there. 

His son Edward Balliol would later claim the Scottish throne from 1332 until 1356.

1248 births
1314 deaths
Kings and Queens of Scotland
14th century in Scotland
13th century in Scotland
A soul patch is a style of facial hair in which hair is only found below the lower lip and above the chin.

Famous wearers

Living business personalities
 
Ted Yost 
Adam McClellan

Living musicians, actors, and television personalities
 
Gregg Allmjan 
Jack Black
Billy Ray Cyrus
Aamir Khan (Bollywood)
Geddy Lee
Howie Mandel
Ty Pennington
Trent Reznor
Bruce Springsteen
Eddie Vedder
Stevie Wonder
Creig Mabbit
Tom Waits

Deceased musicians

Ray Charles
Dizzy Gillespie
Stevie Ray Vaughan
Frank Zappa

Athletes

Fernando Alonso
Phil Jackson
David Villa

Facial hair
The Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between Scotland and England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries.

The First War (1296–1328) began with the English invasion of Scotland in 1296, and ended with the signing of the Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton in 1328. The Second War (1332–1357) began with the English-supported invasion of Edward Balliol and the 'Disinherited' in 1332, and ended around 1357 with the signing of the Treaty of Berwick. 

The wars were part of a great national crisis for Scotland and the period became one of the most important moments in the nation's history. At the end of both wars, Scotland still was a free and independent nation, which was her main aim throughout the conflict. The wars were also important for other reasons, such as the emergence of the longbow as a key weapon in mediaeval warfare.

Important Figures
Scotland
King David II
King John Balliol
King Robert I the Bruce
William Wallace
England
King Edward I
King Edward II
King Edward III

Battles

Battle of Bannockburn

The Battle of Bannockburn (23–24 June 1314) was an important Scottish victory. It was the decisive battle in the First War of Scottish Independence. In this battle, the Scottish king Robert the Bruce defeated the English king Edward II.

Related pages
First War of Scottish Independence
Second War of Scottish Independence

Other websites 
 Wars of Independence

History of the British Isles
Wars involving England
Rebellions in Europe
13th century in Scotland
14th century in Scotland
Wars of independence
Deaths 
 John of Scotland – King of Scotland

Events 
 June 23 – June 24 – Battle of Bannockburn during the Wars of Scottish Independence.
 Gabra Masqal I becomes Emperor of Ethiopia
An autotroph (from Greek autos = self and trophe = nutrition) is an organism that makes organic compounds from simple molecules.

Uses 
Autotrophs are needed in every food chain in all ecosystems. They take energy from the environment (sun light or inorganic sources) and use it to make other organic molecules that are used to carry out various biological functions such as cell growth or repairing broken tissue.

Types 
Plants and other organisms that carry out photosynthesis are phototrophs (or photoautotrophs). Bacteria that use inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide, phosphorus or iron are called chemoautotrophs. Other organisms, called heterotrophs, eat autotrophs. 

There are some species that need organic compounds as a source of food, but are able to use light as a source of energy. These are not autotrophic, but heterotrophic. A mixotroph is a (micro)organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon. 

Botany
Air France is one of the largest airlines in the world. It is based in France. It is owned by Air France-KLM. Before it merged with KLM, it employed 71,654 people. Its headquarters are at Charles de Gaulle International Airport near Paris.

History 
The airline can be traced back to 1933, when four other French airlines were combined to create Air France.  Air France hired its first flight attendants in 1946.  The airline started flying between Paris and New York City on July 1, 1946. In 1957, the airline bought its first jet aircraft.  Air France was one of 4 airlines that flew the Concorde.  It used it from 1976 until 2003. In 1988, the airline became the first to fly the Airbus A320.  In 2003, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and Air France announced they were going to be combining. The combination ended in 2004.  As of 2016, Air France is going through many financial problems.

Fleets

Gallery

References 

1933 establishments in France
Airlines of France
Companies based in Paris
IATA members
Air Dolomiti L.A.R.E. S.p.A is a regional airline from Verona in Italy. It is named after a section of the Alps known as The Dolomites. It is part of Lufthansa Regional connecting medium-size Italian airports to other European cities through Munich and Frankfurt am Main airports. The airline employs 550 people.

References 

Airlines of Italy
Verona
Hampshire is a county in the south of the UK. The county has an area of 1,455 square miles (3,769 km²). At its widest points, the county is about 55 miles (90 km) east-west and 40 miles (65 km) north-south. The county town is Winchester. About 1.6 million people live in Hampshire.

 
Ceremonial counties of England
Manuel Pereira da Silva (7 December 1920 – 2003) was a Portuguese sculptor. He was born in Oporto, Portugal. 

The workmanship of Manuel Pereira da Silva has an abstract formal orientation inspired in the human figure, in particularly the man and the woman. In 2000, the Medal of Cultural Merit was attributed to Manuel Pereira da Silva for the City Council of Vila Nova de Gaia.

Education
In 1939, he entered the Oporto University's College of Arts. In 1953, he finished his coursework with the final classification of 18 values. During his coursework he was distinguished with two awards, "Teixeira Lopes" and "Soares dos Reis".

In 1946 and 1947, he studied in Paris, France, at the Paris College of Arts.
Selected works
I Exposition of the Independents, in the Oporto University's College of Arts. (1943)
II Exposition of the Independents, in the Atheneum Commercial of Oporto. (1944)
III Exposition of the Independents, in the Coliseum of Oporto. (1945)
Low-relives in Stone in the Rivoli Theatre and in the Coliseum, in Oporto. (1945)
Exposition of the Portuguese Life and the Art in Lourenço Marques, Moçambique (1946)
Exposition of Modern Art in the city of Caldas da Rainha. (1954)
Sculpture in Bronze of General Ulysses S. Grant, 18º President of the United States of America between 1868 and 1876. This monument was ordered by the Portuguese Government to Pereira da Silva for the capital of Guiné-Bissau. (1955)
Paintings in the Church of Saint Luzia, in the city of Viana do Castelo. (1956)
Paintings of the "Snow White" in the Street of Saint Catarina, in Oporto. (1957)
Sculpture in Bronze in the Square Marquis do Pombal, in Oporto. (1958)
II Exposition of Modern Art in the city of Viana do Castelo. (1959)
Low-relief in Ceramics in the capital of Angola. (1960)
Low-relief in Stone of "D. Pedro Pitões exhorting the Crusades" in the Courthouse, in Oporto. (1961)
II Exposition of Plastic Arts of the Foundation Calouste Gulbenkian, in the city of Lisbon. (1962)
Retrospective Exposition in Homage to the workmanship of Pereira da Silva by the Artists Association of Vila Nova de Gaia. (1987)
Other websites 
Twitter
Facebook
Blogspot
Instagram
Flickr
 Youtube

1920 births
2003 deaths
Portuguese artists
Sculptors
Description
The yeti has been described as having white shaggy fur and a lean muscular body like an ape. This "creature" could also live in the Asian mountains near the Himalayan snow line. Stories about the Yeti and another similar creature, Bigfoot, suggest that if they are real, they could be the same, or similar species. The yeti can stand at least 6 – 10 foot tall, not as tall as the Bigfoot. It has also been said the Yeti can weigh at least 200 - 400 pounds. The yeti is shy, which is why it has never been found. In 2010 an unsuccessful exhibition, some hunters found a hairless four legged creature, they said was a Yeti. It was a small hairless cat that lost it's hair from a disease.

Popular culture
The yeti has been shown in couple of movies including Monsters, Inc. The Yeti has also been a WWE wrestler name. Toys and games using creatures like yetis have been made including Lego Cards (Lego).

Related pages
 Bigfoot

Cryptozoology