Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
In Italy, Juventus is the club which has the biggest fan base, having also one of the largest numbers of supporters in the world, with a total of 170 million Juventus supporters (Italian "tifosi") worldwide. The club is a founding member of the European Club Association, which was formed after the dissolution of the G-14, a collection of Europe's most elite clubs. The Torinese side is also recognized for its huge contribution to the Italy national team.

According to the all-time ranking published in 2009 by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics, an organization recognized by FIFA, Juventus were Italy's best club and second in Europe of the 20th century.

Name 
 1897–1898: S.C. Juventus
 1899–1937: F.B.C. Juventus
 1937–1943: Juventus
 1943–1945: Juventus-Cisitalia
 1945–present: Juventus F.C.
Honours 
 Italian Football Championship / Serie A: 36
 1905, 1925/26, 1930/31, 1931/32, 1932/33, 1933/34, 1934/35, 1949/50, 1951/52, 1957/58, 1959/60, 1960/61, 1966/67, 1971/72, 1972/73, 1974/75, 1976/77, 1977/78, 1980/81, 1981/82, 1983/84, 1985/86, 1994/95, 1996/97, 1997/98, 2001/02, 2002/03, 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18, 2018/19, 2019/20
 Serie B: 1
 2006/07
 Italian Cup / Coppa Italia: 14
 1937/38, 1941/42, 1958/59, 1959/60, 1964/65, 1978/79, 1982/83, 1989/90, 1994/95, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18, 2020/21
 Italian Super Cup / Supercoppa Italiana: 9
 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2020
 Intercontinental Cup / FIFA Club World Cup: 2
 1985, 1996
 UEFA Champions League: 2
 1984/85, 1995/96
 UEFA Cup Winner's Cup: 1
 1983/84
 UEFA Cup: 3
 1976/77, 1989/90, 1992/93
 UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1
 1999
 UEFA Super Cup: 2
 1984, 1996

League position

Former position

Current Squad

Out on loan
Out on loan

Notable players 
 Giampiero Boniperti
 Omar Sívori
 Michel Platini
 Giorgio Chiellini
 Zbigniew Boniek
 Roberto Baggio
 Alessandro Del Piero
 Gianluigi Buffon
 Carlo Bigatto I
 Carlo Parola
 Dino Zoff
 Gaetano Scirea
 Sergio Brio
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Antonio Cabrini
 Stefano Tacconi
 John Charles
 Helmut Heller
 Zinédine Zidane
 Andrea Pirlo

Chairman 
In more than 110 years of corporate history, at the helm of Juventus 23 presidents have come and gone and two management committees. The first president was Eugenio Canfari Juventus, one of the founding members.

The longest period in office was dominated by Giampiero Boniperti, at the helm of Juventus for 19 years from 1971 to 1990 [117]; Boniperti, like its successor Caissotti di Vittorio Chiusano, president from 1990 to 2003, boasts the largest trophy the history of the club.
The businessman Umberto Agnelli, who became chairman less than 21 years of age, in 1955, was the youngest to hold this office. Also noteworthy is the presidencies of the Swiss Alfred Dick and Giuseppe Hess and Frenchman Jean-Claude Blanc, the only non-Italian to become presidents of the club. In particular, Dick was the President of the Bianconeri's first championship (1905).

Currently, the contractor in charge of Juventus is Andrea Agnelli, who was elected president on April 28, 2010 by the shareholders at the club.

References

 
1897 establishments in Europe
1890s establishments in Italy
William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, KG, PC (bapt. 1 June 1720 - 2 October 1764) was a British Whig statesman who was Prime Minister of Great Britain for a short period of time.

Titles from birth to death 
 Lord Cavendish of Hardwick (1720-1729)
 Marquess of Hartington (1729-1741)
 Marquess of Hartington, MP (1741-1751)
 The Rt. Hon. Marquess of Hartington (1751-1755)
 His Grace The Duke of Devonshire, PC (1755-1756)
 His Grace The Duke of Devonshire, KG, PC (1756-1764)

1720 births
1764 deaths
English Dukes
Knights of the Garter
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, KG, PC (25 May 1713 - 10 March 1792) was a Scottish nobleman. He was Prime Minister of Great Britain (1762–1763) under King George III. 

1713 births
1792 deaths
Politicians from Edinburgh
Scottish Earls
Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, KG, KB, PC (1674–2 July 1743) was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister of Great Britain. 

Compton served in government from 1715, and as the head of government from 1742 until his death in 1743.

Compton worked closely with Lord Carteret, to get the support of the various factions making up the Government.  Lord Carteret, was the Secretary of State for the Northern Department, which later became the Home Office.

Styles from birth to death
The Hon. Spencer Compton (1674-1698)
The Hon. Spencer Compton, MP (1698-1710)
The Hon. Spencer Compton (1710-1713)
The Hon. Spencer Compton, MP (1713-1716)
The Rt. Hon. Spencer Compton, MP (1716-1725)
The Rt. Hon. Sir Spencer Compton, KB, MP (1725-1728)
The Rt. Hon. The Lord Wilmington, KB, PC (1728-1730)
The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Wilmington, KB, PC (1730-1733)
The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Wilmington, KG, KB, PC (1733-1743)

References
References 

1674 births
1743 deaths
British Earls
Knights of the Garter
Knights of the Bath
Members of the British House of Commons
Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, KG, PC (13 May 1730-1 July 1782) was a British Whig statesman. He is most notable for his two terms as Prime Minister of Great Britain. He served in two high offices during his lifetime (Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Lords).

Titles from birth to death 
 The Hon. Charles Watson-Wentworth (1730-1733)
 Viscount Higham (1733-1746)
 Earl of Malton (1746-1750)
 The Rt. Hon. The Earl Malton (1750-1750)
 The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham (1750-1761)
 The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham, KG (1761-1765)
 The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham, KG, PC (1765-1782)

1730 births
1782 deaths
British Marquesses
People from South Yorkshire
Members of the House of Lords
Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford, KG, PC (13 April 1732–5 August 1792), more often known by his courtesy title, Lord North, was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782. North also had a major part in the American Revolution.

Titles from birth to death 
The Hon. Frederick North (1732-1752)
Lord North (1752-1754)
Lord North, MP (1754-1766)
The Rt. Hon. Lord North, MP (1766-1772)
The Rt. Hon. Lord North, KG, MP (1772-1790)
The Rt. Hon. Lord North, KG (1790)
The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Guilford, KG, PC (1790-1792)

1732 births
1792 deaths
British Earls
Knights of the Garter
Politicians from London
In boxing, the term flyweight is used for a specific group of people based on weight. A flyweight is a boxer weighing above 49 kg (108 lb) and up to 52 kg (112 lb). Boxing organizations created many divisions so that fighters could fight people of the same size. Most divisions only separate each other by few lbs.

Professional boxing
The flyweight division was the last of boxing's eight traditional weight classes. Before 1909, anyone below featherweight was considered a bantamweight. In 1911, the organization that eventually became the British Boxing Board of Control held a match that crowned Sid Smith as the first flyweight champion of the world. Jimmy Wilde, who reigned from 1914 to 1923, was the first boxer recognized both in Britain and the United States as a flyweight champion.
Other notable flyweights include Pancho Villa, Walter McGowan, Pascual Pérez, Pone Kingpetch, Fighting Harada, Masao Ohba, Chartchai Chionoi, Efren Torres, Erbito Salavarria, Miguel Canto, Dave McAuley, Charlie Magri, Gabriel Bernal, Santos Laciar, Sot Chitalada, Yong-Kang Kim, Yuri Arbachakov, Danny Romero, Mark "Too Sharp" Johnson, Manny Pacquiao, Jorge Arce, Vic Darchinyan, Nonito Donaire and Pongsaklek Wonjongkam.

References

Boxing
A Newtonian telescope is a type of telescope that was invented by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton. The telescope sends an image to the back of the tube and then reflects it off an angled mirror back up the tube. The image then goes into an eyepiece and into the person's eye. The eyepiece uses one or more lenses that are used to make the image larger.

Early Newtonian telescopes were made for real science work. Now, "newtonians" are mostly used by amateur astronomers. The most popular type is the Dobsonian telescope, which is on a simple rockerbox mount. People like them because they are cheap to make and easy to use.

References 
 Smith, Warren J., Modern Optical Engineering, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1966, p. 400.

Telescopes
Project management is the way a person organizes and manages resources that are necessary to complete a project. People that manage projects are known as Project Managers. 

A project is a piece of work which is not a process or an operation. It has a start, an end, and goals. Projects can be very simple, like organising a party, or very complex, like building a space rocket.  

Projects are common in the construction industry, the telecommunications industry and the IT industry.  

The management of a project requires special skills.  

Project managers must ensure that the project is delivered within the existing limitations. These limitations can be time, cost, people, risk, and many more. Project managers must also ensure the best possible distribution of resources.
A project manager works mainly with people. They need to have people management skills, a good understanding of the tasks and skills needed on a project, an understanding of how long tasks will take, good organising skills, good communication skills, and good efficiency skills.

Project managers do not need to know how to do all of the work that may be needed in a project. For instance, a building project manager does not need to know how to pour concrete. However, they need to know how to manage people that pour concrete, and they need to know how long concrete takes to pour, how much it costs, what needs to happen before concrete is poured, and what needs to happen after concrete is poured.

Other websites 

History of Project Management

Management
Vitré is a city in the east of Brittany, France. Its name in the Breton language is  and Gallo is Vitræ. It has about 18,000 people. There are medieval streets, castles, churches, chapels and parks. It is a good example for a city of the Middle Ages.

Gallery

Other websites 

 Town Hall and information about Vitré 
 Country of Vitré
 Vitré travel information at Wikivoyage

Communes in Ille-et-Vilaine
Shiver me timbers is an expression of disbelief that was mostly used by pirates. Originally, the phrase was Shiver my timbers.

English words and phrases
Carcharodontosaurus was a giant carnivorous dinosaur of the Cretaceous period, 100 - 94 million years ago. It was about 15 meters long and had a weight of about six tons, and a height of 5 metres tall. Fossils of Carcharodontosaurus were found in Africa by paleontologist Ernst Stromer. 

Carcharodontosaurus was closely related to the slightly larger than Giganotosaurus, its cousin from Argentina; they are both carcharodontosaurid carnosaurs. Recent discoveries of Carcharodontosaurus put its adult length at 39 - 49 feet, making it the largest carnivorous dinosaur in Africa, after Spinosaurus.

Only two Carcharodontosaurus fossils have been found. Two teeth were found in the 1920s. Other parts were found in Egypt in the 1930s. They were destroyed in bombing raids on Munich in World War II while they were on display.
A skull was uncovered in 1996: its length estimates were larger than the older ones and so was its skull, which measured 5.2 feet or 1.6 metres. Its jaws are narrow like those of Giganotosaurus. Its teeth were up to 7 inches long.

Notes 

Dinosaurs of Africa
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Carnosaurs
Astika (Sanskrit: : "orthodox")  and Nastika: ("heterodox") are technical terms in Hinduism used to classify philosophical schools and persons, according to whether they accept the authority of the Vedas as supreme revealed scriptures, or not. By this definition, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva Mimamsa and Vedanta  are classified as astika schools; while Charvaka, Jainism and Buddhism are considered nastika schools.
In non-technical usage, the term astika is sometimes loosely translated as "theist" while nastika is translated as "atheist".   However this interpretation is distinct from the use of the term in Hindu philosophy. Notably even among the astika schools, samkhya<ref>"By Sāṃkhya reasoning, the material principle itself simply evolves into complex forms, and there is no need to hold that some spiritual power governs the material principle or its ultimate source."  Francis Clooney, CJ, "Restoring 'Hindu Theology' as a category in Indian intellectual discourse", in  "Blackwell companion to Hinduism", Flood, Gavin (Ed.) Blackwell Publishing, 2003. </ref> and the early mimamsa school do not accept a God (see Atheism in Hinduism) while accepting the authority of the Vedas; they thus are "atheistic astika schools".

The three main heterodox schools of Indian philosophy do not base their beliefs on Vedic authority:

 Buddhism
 Jainism
 Charvaka
The use of the term nastika to describe Buddhism and Jainism in India is explained by Gavin Flood as follows:
At an early period, during the formation of the Upanişads and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, we must envisage a common heritage of meditation and mental discipline practiced by renouncers with varying affiliations to non-orthodox (Veda-rejecting) and orthodox (Veda-accepting) traditions.... These schools [such as Buddhism and Jainism] are understandably regarded as heterodox (nāstika) by orthodox (āstika) Brahmanism.

The Tantric traditions in Hinduism, have both astika and nastika lines; as   Banerji writes in "Tantra in Bengal":

Tantras are ... also divided as āstika or Vedic and nāstika or non-Vedic.  In accordance with the predominance of the deity the āstika works are again divided as Śākta, Śaiva, Saura, Gāṇapatya and Vaiṣṇava.

 Related pages 
 Hindu philosophy

 Notes
Notes 

 References 
 
 Flood, Gavin (Ed.), "Blackwell companion to Hinduism", Blackwell Publishing, 2003. 
 Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. A Source Book in Indian Philosophy''. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. .

Hinduism
Philosophy
Capsicum is a genus of plants from the nightshade family (Solanaceae). 

Some of these plants are used as spices, vegetables, or drugs. The fruit of Capsicum plants have a variety of names. They are often called Chili pepper, red or green pepper, or just pepper in Britain and the US. 

The large mild form is called bell pepper in British English and the US, capsicum in New Zealand English, Australian English and paprika in some other countries (although paprika can also refer to the powdered spice made from various capsicum fruit).

Capsicums originated in the Americas, but are now grown worldwide.
Capsaicin 
The fruit of most species of Capsicum contains capsaicin. It is a defence against herbivory. Capsaicin is a chemical that can produce a strong burning sensation in the mouth (and anus) of the unaccustomed eater. Most mammals find this unpleasant, but birds are unaffected.  The plants developed the secretion of capsaicin to protect the fruit from being eaten by mammals. At the same time, the bright colors attract birds. These birds will spread the seeds. 

The amount of capsaicin in peppers is highly variable and dependent on genetics. This means that  almost all types of peppers have varied amounts of heat felt by those consuming them.  The only pepper without capsaicin is the bell pepper. Chili peppers are of great importance in Native American medicine.  Capsaicin is also used in modern Western medicine to stimulate blood circulation or to relieve pain.
Black pepper and Sichuan pepper cause similar burning sensations. These are caused by different substances though —piperine and hydroxy-alpha-sanshool, respectively.

Cuisine 

Capsicum fruits and peppers can be eaten raw or cooked. Those used in cooking are generally varieties of the C. annul and C. pubescens species, though a few others are used as well. They are suitable for stuffing with fillings such as cheese, meat or rice.

They are also frequently used both chopped and raw in salads, or cooked in stir-fries or other mixed dishes. They can be sliced into strips and fried, roasted whole or in pieces, or chopped and incorporated into salsas or other sauces.

They can be preserved by drying or pickling. Dried peppers may be reconstituted whole, or processed into flakes or powders. Pickled or marinated peppers are frequently added to sandwiches or salads. Extracts can be made and incorporated into hot sauces.
In 2005, a poll of 2,000 people revealed peppers to be Britain's 4th favorite culinary vegetable.

Varieties 

Many varieties of the same species can be used in many different ways; for example, C. annual includes the "bell pepper" variety, which is sold in both its immature green state and its red, yellow or orange ripe state.

This same species has other varieties as well, such as the Anaheim chilly often used for stuffing, the dried Ancho chilly used to make chili powder, the mild-to-hot Jalapeño, and the smoked ripe Jalapeño, known as a Chipotle.

Most of the capsaicin in a pepper is found in the interior ribs that divide the chambers of the fruit, and to which the seeds are attached. At the stem end of the pod, glands secrete the capsaicin, which then spreads throughout, but is concentrated on the ribs and seeds. The amount varies very significantly by variety, and is measured in Scoville heat units (SHU), ranging from the mild bell pepper to the scorching Habanero chile.

Synonyms and common names
The name given to the fruits varies between English-speaking countries.

In Australia, New Zealand, India, Singapore and Hong Kong, heatless species are called "capsicums" while hot ones are called "chilli/chillies" (double L). The term "bell peppers" is rarely used, usually in reference to C. annuum and other varieties which look like a "capsicum" or bell but are fairly hot.

In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Canada, the heatless varieties are called "peppers", "sweet peppers" or "capsicums" (or "green peppers," "red peppers," etc.) while the hot ones are "chilli/chillies" (double L) or "chilli peppers".
In the United States and Canada, the common heatless species is referred to as "bell peppers," "sweet peppers," "red/green/etc peppers," or simply "peppers", while the hot species are collectively called "chile/chiles," "chili/chilies," or "chili/chile peppers" (one L only), "hot peppers", or named as a specific variety (e.g., banana pepper). In many midwestern regions of the United States the sweet bell pepper is commonly called a mango.  With the modern advent of fresh tropical fruit importers exposing more people to the tropical fruit variety of the mango, this definition is becoming archaic.  However many menus still call a stuffed bell pepper a mango.

The name "pepper" came into use because the plants were hot in the same sense as the condiment black pepper, Piper nigrum. But there is no botanical relationship with this plant, nor with sichuan pepper.
In Spanish-speaking countries there are many different names for each variety and preparation. In Mexico the term chile is used. Several other countries, such as Chile, whose name is unrelated, Perú, and Argentina, use ají. In Spain, heatless varieties are called pimiento and hot varieties guindilla.

In Indian English, the word "capsicum" is used exclusively for bell pepper. All other varieties of chili peppers are called chili. In northern India and Pakistan, bell pepper is also commonly called "shimla mirch" in the native languages. Shimla is a popular hill-station in India (and "mirch" means chili in native languages).

In Polish, the word papryka is used for capsiscum fruit and dry spice (the word pieprz is used for black, red, and green pepper, but not for capsisum fruit or spice).

In Hungarian, the word paprika is used for capsicum fruit and dry spice.

In Israel capsicum is commonly called pilpel, meaning pepper in Hebrew.

You can test how hot a hot pepper can be by using the Scoville scale.
Medical use 
Capsicum is excellent source of laxative (purgative) and pain relief.  Capsaicin has also been studied for possible prostate cancer fighting effects.

References

Related pages 
Defence against herbivory

Further reading 
 Capsicum pepper factsheet as of 2002-06-10
 Chile varieties  as of 2003-11-07
 Chile varieties database as of 2006-10-27

Vegetables
 
Spices
Cinnamomum is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs. All of them belong to the same family as the laurel, Laurelaceae. The species in the genus have aromatic oils in their leaves and bark. There are over 300 species in the genus. They can be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, Oceania, Asia and Australasia.  

Well-known Cinnamomum species include Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum,  also known as "true cinnamon" or Ceylon Cinnamon); Cassia (C. aromaticum or C. cassia), Camphor laurel (C. camphora), Saigon cinnamon (C. loureiroi, also known as Vietnamese cinnamon, Vietnamese cassia, or Saigon cassia), Malabathrum (C. tamala, also known as C. tejpata; tejpat or tej pat in Hindi; or, inaccurately, "Indian bay leaf").

Lauraceae
The London Stock Exchange (LSE) is a stock exchange in London, England. It is the biggest stock exchange in the Europe and third largest in the world. 

The Royal Exchange, London was officially opened on 23 January 1571 by Queen Elizabeth I. This is where the regulated stock market started.  From 1801 dealers had to pay a subscription.  The government used the Exchange's organised market (and would most likely not have managed without it) to raise the enormous amount of money required for the wars against Napoleon.

The new Stock Exchange Tower was opened on 8 November 1972; it was a new City landmark, with a 23,000 sq ft (2,100 m2) trading floor.  From1973 women and foreign-born members were allowed. The  London Stock Exchange formally merged with the eleven British and Irish regional exchanges.

In 2004 it moved to a brand-new headquarters in Paternoster Square.
The growth of electronic trading platforms means that face-to-face trading no longer happens.  Normal trading sessions  are from 08:00 to 16:30 local time every day of the week except Saturdays, Sundays and holidays declared by the exchange in advance.

In 2011 there were 2,938 companies from over 60 countries listed on the London Stock Exchange. The total value of these companies is £3.9 trillion.

The FTSE 100 Index (often called the "Footsie") is like the Dow Jones Industrial Average in the United States. FTSE stands for Financial Times Stock Exchange. The 100 most valuable companies listed are tracked. The value of a company is calculated by multiplying the share price of the company by the total number of shares they have issued. The index took the place of the FT30 in January 1984.
The FTSE 250 follows the share prices of the 101st to the 350th largest companies. There is also the FTSE 350 Index which combines the FTSE 100 and 250, and the FTSE SmallCap Index, which tracks the 351st to the 619th largest-listed companies. The the FTSE All-Share Index is an index of all 620 companies listed.

They are calculated by computers in real time, and the cost of shares in the companies is reported every minute.

References

Stock exchanges in Europe
Buildings and structures in the City of London
1571 establishments
Organisations based in London
The 4400 was a science fiction television series. The series ran from 2004 to 2007.

The story 
"The 4400" is a reference to 4400 people who disappeared mysteriously over the last century. These people all returned near Seattle, Washington at the same time from a large ball of light. They had not gotten older. After a short time, each person that came back started showing some special abilities, for example: healing, precognition (seeing the future), and persuasion.

Characters 

 Tom Baldwin — Joel Gretsch
 Diana Skouris — Jacqueline McKenzie
 Richard Tyler — Mahershalalhashbaz Ali
 Lily Moore Tyler — Laura Allen
 Shawn Farrell — Patrick Flueger
 Isabelle Tyler — Megalyn Echikunwoke
 Maia Skouris — Conchita Campbell
 Nina Jarvis — Samantha Ferris
 Alana Mareva — Karina Lombard
 Dennis Ryland — Peter Coyote
 Jordan Collier — Billy Campbell
Recurring
 Kyle Baldwin — Chad Faust
 Danny Farrell — Kaj-Erik Eriksen
 Nikki Hudson — Brooke Nevin
 April Skouris — Natasha Gregson Wagner
 Kevin Burkhoff — Jeffrey Combs
 Matthew Ross — Garret Dillahunt
 Marco Pacella — Richard Kahan
 Tess Doerner - Summer Glau

Science fiction television series
English-language television programs
Foyle's War is a British detective drama television show. It started on 27 October 2002 and ended on 18 January 2015. The show is set during and after World War II.

On 12 January 2015, it was announced by ITV that they would not commission any more episodes because of how much production costs and their intention to air original drama commissions. The last episode of the series aired on 18 January 2015.

References

Other websites

2002 British television series debuts
2000s British drama television series
Police television series
ITV television programmes
English-language television programs
The giant anteater, Myrmecophaga, is an animal that lives in Central and South America.It is also known as the ant bear 

It the only mammal without teeth. Its diet consists of termites and ants, hence the name. It is the largest anteater: its length is between 182 cm and 217 cm. Males weigh between 33 and 41 kg, female are 27 and 39 kg. This species lives on the ground, in contrast to other living anteaters and sloths which are arboreal or semi-arboreal. It forages in open areas and rests in more forested habitats.

Mode of life 
The giant anteater is adapted to eat termites and ants, and does not have any teeth in its mouth. It uses its front claws to dig them up and its long, sticky tongue to collect them. They eat about 30,000 ants and termites every day.
The tongue can reach up to , longer than the length of the skull, and move in and out around 160 times per minute (nearly three times per second). The anteater's tongue has little to no attachments to the hyoid and this is what allows it to flick its tongue at such distances and speed. The hyoid apparatus is large, V-shaped and flexible and supports the tongue as it goes in and out of the mouth. Before being swallowed, insects are crushed against the palate.

The giant anteater knuckle-walks, meaning its front toes are curled under like a fist when it moves.  It is one of only a few animals other than primates that do this.

Related pages 
 Anteater
 Termite
 Ant

References 

Xenarthrans
Mammals of South America
Mammals of North America
Sanctuary is a Canadian science-fiction-fantasy television series.

The show originally started out as a no-cost eight-webisode series and later expanded into a television-based 13-episode season after Syfy decided to buy the rights to it. The show ran for 4 seasons before Syfy said that the show had been cancelled.

References

Other websites
Official website

2008 Canadian television series debuts
2011 television series endings
2000s Canadian television series
2010s Canadian television series endings
Fantasy television series
Science fiction television series
2011 disestablishments in Canada
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne (15 March 1779 – 24 November 1848) was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Lamb was elected to Parliament in 1806 as a member of the Whig party.
Lamb served as Irish Secretary in the government.  

Lamb became Lord Melbourne when his father died. His family home was in Melbourne in Derbyshire. Melbourne in Australia is named after William Lamb.  

Melbourne became Home Secretary during Lord Grey's government. Grey resigned in 1834 and Melbourne became Prime Minister.

Melbourne was dismissed by King William IV who wanted the Robert Peel's party.  Melbourne came back when the Whigs won the next election.  

Melbourne was Prime Minister when Queen Victoria became queen.  He helped her learn about how the government worked.  

Melbourne helped to reduce the number of people killed for doing crimes.  Melbourne also made changes to local government.

Melbourne resigned in 1841, and died on 24 November 1848.
1779 births
1848 deaths
Irish Viscounts
United Kingdom Barons
UK MPs 1806–1807
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
Whig party (UK) politicians‎
Silicon Valley is the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in California in the United States.  The term originally meant the innovators and manufacturers  of silicon chip who worked here, but now means all the high-tech businesses in the area, and for the high-tech sector generally.

Silicon Valley includes the northern part of Santa Clara Valley and adjacent communities in the southern parts of the San Francisco Peninsula and East Bay. It reaches  from Menlo Park (on the Peninsula) and the Fremont/Newark area in the East Bay down to San Jose.

Currently, many locations in Silicon Valley are full of tourists.
Origin of the term
The term Silicon Valley was coined by journalist Don Hoefler in 1971. He used it as the title of a series of articles "Silicon Valley USA" in a weekly trade newspaper Electronic News which started with the January 11, 1971 issue. Valley refers to the Santa Clara Valley, located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay, while Silicon refers to the high concentration of semiconductor and computer-related industries in the area. These and similar technology firms slowly replaced the orchards which gave the area its initial nickname, the Valley of Heart's Delight.
History
The San Francisco Bay Area had long been a major site of U.S. Navy work, as well as the site of the Navy's large research airfield at Moffett Field. A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett to serve the Navy. When the Navy moved most of its West Coast operations to San Diego, NASA took over portions of Moffett for aeronautics research. Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with aerospace firms.
Commercial use of the Internet became practical and grew slowly throughout the early 1990s. In 1995, commercial use of the Internet grew and the first wave of internet startups, Amazon.com, eBay, and Craigslist began operations.

Notable companies

Thousands of high technology companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley; among those, the following are in the Fortune 1000:

Adobe Systems
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
Agilent Technologies
Apple Inc.
Applied Materials
Cisco Systems
eBay
Electronic Arts
Facebook
Google
Hewlett-Packard (HP)
Intel
Intuit
Juniper Networks
Maxtor
Memorex (Brand of Imation)
National Semiconductor
Network Appliance
NVIDIA Corporation
Oracle Corporation
Sun Microsystems (acquired by Oracle Corporation)
Symantec
Xilinx
Yahoo!

Additional notable companies headquartered (or with a significant presence) in Silicon Valley include (some defunct or subsumed):
3Com (headquartered in Marlborough, Massachusetts)
Adaptec
Amdahl
Aricent
Atari
Atmel
Covansys
Cypress Semiconductor
Foundry Networks
Fujitsu (headquartered in Tokyo, Japan)
Hitachi Global Storage Technologies
Knight-Ridder (acquired by The McClatchy Company)
LSI Logic
McAfee
Netscape (acquired by AOL)
NeXT Computer, Inc. (acquired by Apple)
Palm, Inc.
PalmSource, Inc. (acquired by ACCESS)
PayPal (now part of eBay)
Rambus
Redback Networks
SanDisk
SAP AG
Silicon Graphics
Solectron
TiVo
VA Software (Slashdot)
VeriSign
Veritas Software (acquired by Symantec)
VMware (acquired by EMC)

Befitting its heritage, Silicon Valley is home to the high-tech superstore chain Fry's Electronics.

For a larger list of companies, see :Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley

Universities
Carnegie Mellon University (West Coast Campus)
San José State University
Santa Clara University
Stanford University
National University (San José Campus)
DeVry University (Fremont Campus)
Technically the following universities are not located in Silicon Valley, but have been instrumental as sources of research and new graduates:
University of California, Berkeley
California State University, East Bay
University of California, Davis
University of California, Santa Cruz
Monterey Institute of International Studies - Fisher Graduate School of International Business

Cities
A number of cities are located in Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order):

Cupertino
East Palo Alto
Fremont
Gilroy
Los Altos
Los Altos Hills
Los Gatos
Menlo Park
Morgan Hill
Mountain View
Milpitas
Palo Alto
Redwood City 
San Jose
Santa Clara
Saratoga
Sunnyvale

Cities sometimes associated with the region:
Newark
Pleasanton
Livermore
Scotts Valley
Santa Cruz 
Union City
Trivia 
In the James Bond film A View to a Kill, villain Max Zorin plans to destroy Silicon Valley by detonating explosives between the Hayward Fault and San Andreas Fault, causing them to flood. He dubs the operation 'Main Strike' in order to gain complete control of the microchip market by selling his own and destroying the competition.
Further reading
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution by Steven Levy, Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday (1984)
Behind the Silicon Curtain: The Seductions of Work in a Lonely Era, Dennis Hayes, London: Free Association Books (1989)
Silicon Valley, Inc.: Ruminations on the Demise of a Unique Culture , The San Jose Mercury News (1997)
Cultures@Silicon Valley, J. A. English-Lueck, Stanford: Stanford University Press (2002)
The Silicon Valley of Dreams: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the High-Tech Global Economy, David Naguib Pellow and Lisa Sun-Hee Park, New York University Press (2003)
What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry, John Markoff, Viking (2005)
The Silicon Boys: And Their Valleys Of Dreams, David A. Kaplan, Harper Perinneal (April 2000), 
Cities of knowledge: Cold War science and the search for the next Silicon Valley , Margaret Pugh O’Mara, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, (2005)

References
References

Other websites 
California's Historic Silicon Valley 
Reference about Don Hoefler
Website focused on Silicon Valley news, backed by the San Jose Mercury News
Silicon Valley 150 for beginning of 2004 as a PDF file 
Silicon Valley Association of Startup Entrepreneurs 
The Silicon Valley Cultures Project
Stanford Linear Accelerator center
Growth of a Silicon Empire by Henry Norr published at the end of 1999 in the San Francisco Chronicle
Douglas Engelbart
Red tile roofs in Bangalore: Stanford's look copied in Silicon Valley and beyond

Business
San Francisco Bay Area
A signal in biology is any kind of coded message sent from one organism to another, or from one place in an organism to another place.

Vocal calls
Some social behaviours
Chemical signals 
inside organisms
nerve transmission
hormones
inside cells
between organisms

In biology, especially in electrophysiology, a signal or biopotential is an electric quantity (voltage or current or field strength), that is caused by chemical reactions of charged ions. Biological signals can also be seen as an example of signal (electrical engineering).

Another use of the term lies in the transfer of information between and within cells, as in signal transduction.

Related pages
 Signal transduction

Physiology
Ethology
Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury KG GCVO PC FRS (3 February 1830 - 22 August 1903) was a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He was known as Lord Robert Cecil before 1865 and as Viscount Cranborne from 1865 until 1868.

Salisbury served as Prime Minister three times for a total of over thirteen years. When Prime Minister, he acted as his own Foreign Minister.

Lord Cecil was elected to Parliament in 1853 as a member of the Conservative Party. In 1866 (now called Viscount Cranborne), he served as Secretary of State for India under Prime Minister Lord Derby. Cranborne resigned, but he would return to government in 1874, now as the Marquess of Salisbury. Salisbury was again Secretary of State for India under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. In 1878, Salisbury became Foreign Secretary in the Disraeli government.
Salisbury became the Conservative Party leader. Salisbury first served as Prime Minister from 23 June 1885, to 28 January 1886. His first government did not last long as the Conservatives did not have full control.

Salisbury became Prime Minister again on 25 July 1886, with a majority. He would be in office until 11 August 1892. His third time as Prime Minister was from 25 June 1895, until 11 July 1902.

Two issues dominated his time as Prime Minister. One was the struggle between European powers seizing parts of Africa, the so-called "Scramble for Africa". The United Kingdom fought the Second Boer War while Salisbury was Prime Minister.

The other was Ireland, the rise of Irish nationalism amongst Catholics in Ireland. This was backed by his great opponent, Gladstone, leader of the Liberal Party and also three times Prime Minister.

Salisbury helped establish the London County Council. Salisbury built up the Royal Navy. Africa was divided up into colonies.
Salisbury resigned on 11 July 1902. He died on 22 August 1903. The great issues that had divided the country in his time (colonialism, Ireland and Africa) would last in British politics for most of the next century. The one great issue that was not appreciated at the time was the rise of militant German nationalism, which would in the next century lead to two World Wars. Throughout his career Salisbury wrote articles for the Quarterly Review, which have now been edited and published.

References 

1830 births
1903 deaths
British Marquesses
Politicians from Hertfordshire
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
UK MPs 1865–1868
Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Electrophysiology is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electrical current flow on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins, to whole tissues like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity.

Definition and scope

Classical electrophysiologic techniques 
Classical electrophysiology involves placing electrodes into various preparations of biologic tissue. The principle types of electrodes are: 1) simple solid conductors, such as discs and needles (singles or arrays), 2) tracings on a printed circuit boards, and 3) hollow tubes filled with an electrolyte, such as glass pippettes. The principal preparations include 1) living organisms, 2) excised tissue (acute or cultured), 3) dissociated cells from excised tissue (acute or cultured), 4) artificially grown cells or tissues, or 5) hybrids of the above.
If an electrode is small enough in diameter (on the order of microns), then the electrophysiologist may choose to insert the tip into a single cell. 

Many particular electrophysiological readings have specific names:
 Electrocardiography - for the heart
 Electroencephalography - for the brain
 Electrocorticography - from the cerebral cortex
 Electromyography - for the muscles
 Electrooculography - for the eyes
 Electroretinography - for the retina
 Electroantennography - for the olfactory receptors in arthropods

Other websites 
EP Lab Digest - Trade Publication for EP Professionals 

Physiology
Medical imaging
An ion channel is a pore-forming protein that helps to establish and control the small voltage gradient across the plasma membrane of all living cells (see resting potential) by allowing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. They are present in the membranes that surround all biological cells.

An ion channel is an integral membrane protein or more typically an assembly of several proteins.

The 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon for their discovery of ion channels.

References

Notes

 Bertil Hille: Ion channels of excitable membranes, 3rd ed., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA (2001).

Other websites 
An Interview with Roderick MacKinnon Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust.
The Voltage Sensor in Voltage-Dependent Ion Channels
X-ray crystal structure of a potassium channel 
Neuromuscular Disease Center at Washington University
Nobel Prize Press Release
 International Union of Pharmacologists, Ion channel compendium 

Proteins
Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, PC (30 May 1757–15 February 1844) was a British statesman. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804.

His father was a physician specialising in the treatment of mental illness.  His father was one of George III's doctors and this resulted in Addington  being known (in no friendly spirit) as "The Doctor".  Before becoming Prime Minister he had been Speaker of the House of Commons.

He tried but failed to negotiate a lasting peace with Napoleon's France.

He was not well regarded as Prime Minister and his capabilities were summed up in the rhyme: "Pitt is to Addington as London is to Paddington".  As Viscount Sidmouth, he was a very reactionary Home Secretary in the Government of the Earl of Liverpool but he was eventually persuaded to retire in favour of Sir Robert Peel.

1757 births
1844 deaths

British Viscounts
Politicians from London
Legislative speakers
Chancellors of the Exchequer
Augustus Henry FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, KG, PC (1 October 1735 – 14 March 1811) was a British Whig statesman. He was one of a handful of dukes who were Prime Minister of Great Britain.

Education 
He studied at Westminster School and then got a degree from Peterhouse College in Cambridge.

Titles from birth to death 
Mr. Augustus FitzRoy (1735-1747)
Earl of Euston (1747-1756)
Earl of Euston, MP (1756-1757)
His Grace The Duke of Grafton (1757-1765)
His Grace The Duke of Grafton, PC (1765-1769)
His Grace The Duke of Grafton, KG, PC (1769-1811)

References 

1735 births
1811 deaths
English Dukes
Knights of the Garter
Politicians from Suffolk
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville PC (25 October 1759–12 January 1834), was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister. Grenville was the son of Prime Minister George Grenville.  

He was educated at Eton College, Christ Church, Oxford and Lincoln's Inn.

References 

1759 births
1834 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British Barons
People educated at Eton College
Politicians from Buckinghamshire
Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool (7 June 1770–4 December 1828) was an English politician and the longest serving Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Robert Walpole held office for longer, but only as Prime Minister of Great Britain) During his time as Prime Minister from 1812 to 1827, Liverpool became known for the harsh rules he put in place to restore order, but he also led the country through the bad period that followed the Napoleonic Wars. Important events during his time as Prime Minister included the Congress of Vienna, the Corn Laws, Catholic emancipation and the Peterloo Massacre.

Titles 
 Robert Jenkinson (1770 - c. 1786)
 Baron Hawkesbury (c. 1786 - 1796)
 Lord Hawkesbury (1796 - 1808)
 2nd Earl of Liverpool (1808 - 1828)

References 

1770 births
1828 deaths
British Earls
Politicians from London
Jenkinson, Robert Banks
Jenkinson, Robert Banks
Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon PC (1 November 1782 – 28 January 1859) was a British statesman and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (when he was known as Lord Goderich).

Titles 
Frederick John Robinson (1782 – 1827)
The Viscount Goderich (1827 – 1833)
The Earl of Ripon (1833 – 1859)

1782 births
1859 deaths
British Earls
British Viscounts
Politicians from London
Robinson, Frederick
Robinson, Frederick
Robinson, Frederick
Robinson, Frederick
Robinson, Frederick
Robinson, Frederick
Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS (1 May 1769–14 September 1852) was a soldier and statesman. He was one of the leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain. His defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 put him in the top rank of Britain's military heroes. In 2002 he was number 15 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.

Wellesley was born in Dublin into a wealthy Anglo-Irish aristocratic protestant family. Starting as an ensign in the British Army, he served well in British India and in the Napoleonic Wars, mostly in the Peninsular War, where he reached the rank of Field Marshal. He became a Duke when Napoleon was exiled to Elba.  

Wellington is often compared to the 1st Duke of Marlborough. They had many things in common, including being in politics after a highly successful military career.
Titles 
 The Honourable Arthur Wesley (birth–7 March 1787)
 Ensign The Hon. Arthur Wesley (7 March 1787–25 December 1787)
 Lieutenant The Hon. Arthur Wesley (25 December 1787–30 June 1791)
 Captain The Hon. Arthur Wesley (30 June 1791–30 April 1793)
 Major The Hon. Arthur Wesley (30 April 1793–30 September 1793)
 Lieutenant-Colonel The Hon. Arthur Wesley (30 September 1793–3 May 1796)
 Colonel The Hon. Arthur Wesley (3 May 1796–19 May 1798)
 Colonel The Hon. Arthur Wellesley (19 May 1798–29 April 1802)
 Major-General The Hon. Arthur Wellesley (29 April 1802–1 September 1804)
 Major-General The Hon. Sir Arthur Wellesley, KB (1 September 1804–8 April 1807)
 Major-General The Right Honourable Sir Arthur Wellesley, KB (8 April 1807–25 April 1808)
 Lieutenant-General The Rt Hon. Sir Arthur Wellesley, KB (25 April 1808–4 September 1809)
 Lieutenant-General The Rt Hon. The Viscount Wellington, KB, PC (4 September 1809–May 1811)
 General The Rt Hon. The Viscount Wellington, KB, PC (May 1811–28 February 1812)
General The Rt Hon. The Earl of Wellington, KB, PC (28 February 1812–3 October 1812)
 General The Most Honourable The Marquess of Wellington, KB, PC (3 October 1812–4 March 1813)
 General The Most Hon. The Marquess of Wellington, KG, KB, PC (4 March 1813–21 June 1813)
 Field Marshal The Most Hon. The Marquess of Wellington, KG, KB, PC (21 June 1813–11 May 1814)
 Field Marshal His Grace The Duke of Wellington, KG, KB, PC (11 May 1814–2 January 1815)
 Field Marshal His Grace The Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, PC (2 January 1815–14 September 1852)
1769 births
1852 deaths
British military people
United Kingdom Barons
United Kingdom Viscounts
United Kingdom Earls
United Kingdom Marquesses
United Kingdom Dukes
Knights of the Garter
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Fellows of the Royal Society
Knights of the Bath
People from Dublin
Members of the House of Lords
Wellesley, Arthur
Wellesley, Arthur
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, KG, PC (13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845) was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister. Earl Grey tea, a type of tea with a bergamot orange flavour is named after him. He was the son of Major General Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey.

Titles 
 Charles Grey (1764 - 1806)
 Viscount Howick (1806 - 1807)
 2nd Earl Grey (1807 - 1845)

References 

1764 births
1845 deaths
United Kingdom Earls
People from Northumberland
UK MPs 1801–1802
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1806–1807
UK MPs 1807–1812
Whig party (UK) politicians
John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, KG, GCMG, PC (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878) was an English Whig and Liberal politician. He served twice as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century.

Biography 
Russell was known as "Lord John Russell", which is called a courtesy title. As the third son of the then Duke of Bedford, he was entitled to use one of the family's lower titles. Before becoming Prime Minister, he served in other important posts, such as Home Secretary, Colonial Secretary and Foreign Secretary.

1792 births
1878 deaths
United Kingdom Earls
Politicians from London
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
UK MPs 1832–1835
UK MPs 1835–1837
UK MPs 1837–1841
UK MPs 1841–1847
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
UK MPs 1857–1859
UK MPs 1859–1865
Liberal Party (UK) MPs
Whig party (UK) politicians‎