Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Moçâmedes is a coastal town in Angola. Between 1985 and 2016, the town was called Namibe. It is the capital of Namibe Province.  It was formed in 1840 by the Portuguese rulers of the territory. There were 132,900 people in 2004.  Moçâmedes has a cool dry climate.  There are desert plants because it is close to the Namib Desert. Along with Luanda and Lobito it is one of Angola's three major ports. The Namibe Airport is in Moçâmedes.

References

Cities in Angola
1840 establishments
Establishments in Portugal
Establishments in Angola
1840s establishments in Africa
1840s establishments in Europe
Uíge (briefly Carmona) is a town in northwestern Angola.  It is the capital of Uíge Province.  There are 119,815. people. When Portuguese were there in the 1950s, it was a major center for coffee production.

References

Cities in Angola
M'banza-Kongo (known as São Salvador in Portuguese from 1570 to 1975), is a town in northwesternAngola.  It is the capital of Zaire Province.  In the valley to the south is the Luezi River.

M'banza-Kongo was once the home of the Manikongo, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo.

References 

Cities in Angola
1570 establishments
Establishments in Angola
West Africa Time, or WAT, is a time zone used in west-central Africa.

West Africa Time is used by the following countries:

 (western)

Time zones
The white-cheeked antbird (Gymnopithys leucaspis) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is sometimes called the bicolored antbird. 

It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru. Its natural habitat is on tropical and moist forests.

Sources 
 BirdLife International 2004.  Gymnopithys leucaspis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 26 July 2007.

Tyranni
Birds of Central America
Birds of South America
The President of the Republic of Angola is both head of state and head of government in Angola. The President picked a Prime Minister.  Most of the decisions are made by the President.

Angola started having a President when they got independence from Portugal. Agostinho Neto was the first President.

In January 2010 the National Assembly decided the party with the most seats in the Assembly would become president. It was no longer a public vote. They also decided there would not be a Prime Minister. Instead the job will be done by the vice-president.

Presidents of Angola (1975–present)

Note: For details of the post of President of Angola, see President of Angola.

References

 
1975 establishments in Africa
1970s establishments in Angola
William John Swainson, Fellow of the Linnean Society and Fellow of the Royal Society (8 October 1789 – 6 December 1855), was an English ornithologist, malacologist, entomologist and artist.

Life 
Swainson was born in Dover Place, St. Mary Newington, London. He was the eldest son of John Timothy Swainson, who was also of the  Linnean Society. William worked at the Liverpool Customs when he was 14.  He studied the ichthyology of western Sicily. In 1815, he returned to England because he became ill.

In 1816 he went with the explorer Henry Koster to Brazil. They did not spend a long time on shore because of a revolution. However, Swainson brought to England over 20,000 insects, 1,200 species of plants, drawings of 120 species of fish, and about 760 bird skins.
As with many Victorian scientists, Swainson was also a member of many societies. He was elected as a fellow to the Royal Society after his return from Brazil on 14 December 1820. In 1823, he married his first wife Mary Parkes, and had four sons and a daughter. His wife died in 1835.

Swainson re-married in 1840 to Ann Grasby, and emigrated to New Zealand in 1841. He died at Fern Grove, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, on 7 December 1855.

Species named after William Swainson
Many birds were named after William Swainson.

John James Audubon named Swainson's Warbler Limnothlypis swainsonii
Charles Lucien Bonaparte named Swainson's Hawk Buteo swainsoni
Thomas Nuttall named Swainson's Thrush  Catharus ustulatus
Swainson's Francolin Francolinus swainsonii
Swainson's Sparrow Passer swainsonii
Swainson's Antcatcher Myrmeciza longipes
Swainson's Fire-eye Pyriglena atra
Swainson's Flycatcher Myiarchus swainsoni
Swainson's Toucan Ramphastos swainsonii

References
References 

1789 births
1855 deaths
British ornithologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Scientists from London
Artists from London
Entomologists
José Eduardo dos Santos (August 28, 1942 – July 8, 2022) is an Angolan politician. From 1979 until 2017, he was the President of Angola. As President, dos Santos was also the commander in chief of the Angolan Armed Forces. After leaving the presidency, dos Santos remained leader of the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).

Dos Santos died on July 8, 2022 at a hospital in Barcelona, Spain from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by cancer, aged 79.

References

1942 births
2022 deaths
Deaths from cardiopulmonary arrest
Cancer deaths in Spain
Presidents of Angola
The Vice President of Angola is the second highest political position in Angola. It is the deputy head of state.

Bornito de Sousa is the current Vice President. He started in September 2017.

References
"Angolan president reshuffles govt after new charter"  Reuters February 4, 2010
Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos (born 5 March 1950), known as Nandó, is an Angolan politician.  He was Vice-President of Angola from 18 February 2010 until 26 September 2012. He was the Prime Minister of Angola from 2002 to 2008.  He was President of the National Assembly of Angola from 2008 to 2010.

Personal life
He is a cousin of José Eduardo dos Santos.

1950 births
Vice Presidents of Angola
Living people
Prime Ministers of Angola
Legislative speakers
The Angolan War of Independence was from 1961 to 1975.  Angola fought against Portugal.  Portugal was making people in Angola farm cotton. Three different groups in Angola were against Portugal. Agostinho Neto was the leader of the war. Portugal was winning the war when the country's government became democratic. An agreement was signed to let Angola become independent.

About three thousand people died because of the war.

References

1960s conflicts
1970s conflicts
20th century in Angola

Wars involving Portugal
Wars involving South Africa
Wars of independence
History of Portugal
Wars involving Africa
Monogamy (; monos+gamos meaning one+marriage) is a form of marriage in which a person or animal has only one spouse at any one time.

Etymology 
The word monogamy comes from the Greek words "μονός", monos which means one or alone, and "γάμος", gamos which means marriage.

Religion 
Monogamy is one of the beliefs of Judaism and Christianity. An exception is the fundamentalist branch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) who strictly follow the teachings of founder Joseph Smith. Smith allowed polygamy, and had many wives. In Jewish and Christian doctrine, marriage is between one husband and one wife, which is monogamy.

Law 
In most countries, monogamy is the only legal form of marriage, either between a man and a woman in most of these countries, and between two persons of the same gender (gay marriage) in some of the Western world. 
In these countries polygamy is illegal, and a person who has more than one spouse can be prosecuted for bigamy.
Historical angle 
Polygamy without equality was almost universal in ancient human tribes. By "without equality" is meant that of the wives only one would have full rights and recognition as the main wife.

The fact is that all societies of which we have good records lost men disproportionately, mainly because of warfare, but also accidents in hunting. This left widows who were not responsible for being widows: they were just unlucky.

It might be thought that this would be counter-balanced by loss of females during child-birth, but apparently not so. 
A full appreciation of this fact needs to take into account:
On the one hand, the absence of modern medical technology, and 
The well-known fact that earlier societies had younger mothers.
The life expectancy in prehistoric times was low, 25–40 years, and with men living longer than women; archaeological evidence of women and babies found together suggests that many women would have died in childbirth.

References 

Marriage
Sexuality
The Angolan Civil War was a major civil war in the African country of Angola.  It started in 1975 and continued until 2002. The war began right after Angola became independent from Portugal in November 1975. The Civil War was mostly a fight for power between two former liberation movements, the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Other countries got involved in the war because they wanted their own ideologies to win. This made the Angolan war part of the Cold War. In 2002 the MPLA won.
About 500,000 people died in the war. The war also did a lot of damage to buildings in Angola. Because of all the damage, in 2003 80% of Angolans lacked access to basic medical care, 60% lacked access to water, and 30% of Angolan children would die before the age of 5, with an overall national life expectancy of less than 40 years of age.
About 500,000 people died in the war. The war also did a lot of damage to buildings in Angola. Because of all the damage, in 2003 80% of Angolans lacked access to basic medical care, 60% lacked access to water, and 30% of Angolan children would die before the age of 5, with an overall national life expectancy of less than 40 years of age. With the cival war between 1975 to 2002 it was 27 years of fighting.

Background 
In 1575, the Portuguese started to colonize parts of what is now Angola. Before, some of the land was part of the Kingdom of Kongo.

Combatants

MPLA 
The MPLA was a communist group fighting for Angolan independence. Its leader was Agostinho Neto. They were supported by the Soviet Union.

UNITA 
UNITA was an anti-communist group also fighting for Angolan independence. Its leader was Jonas Savimbi.

FNLA 
FNLA was another anti-communist independence group. Its leader was Holden Roberto. The US gave them money by funneling it through Zaire.

War
War

1970s 
In 1975, Portugal signed the Alvor Agreement with MPLA, UNITA, and FNLA. The agreement said that Angola would become independent on 11 November 1975.

1980s

1990s

2000s

Effect 
The war destroyed a lot of buildings in Angola.

There are still a lot of landmines in Angola from the war. Sometimes they still go off and kill and hurt people.

References

Civil wars involving Africa
1970s conflicts
1980s conflicts
1990s in Africa
1990s conflicts
2000s conflicts
2000s in Africa
1975 in Africa
1976 in Africa
1977 in Africa
1978 in Africa
1979 in Africa
20th century in Angola
Cold War
20th century in Namibia
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
History of the Soviet Union
Wars involving South Africa
21st century in Namibia
The Formicariidae or ground antbirds are a family of small passerine birds. They live in subtropical and tropical Central and South America. They are between 10 and 20 cm (4–8 in) in length.

These are forest birds that tend to eat insects at or near the ground. Many are specialist ant eaters. Note that the term "antbird" is for another family of birds, the Thamnophilidae.

Tyranni
Telephone numbers in Angola are 9 digits long. 

Country code: +244
International Call Prefix: 00
Trunk Prefix: none

Calling formats
 xxx xxx xxx      Calls within Angola
 +244 xxx xxx xxx  Calls from outside Angola
The NSN length is nine digits.

List of area codes in Angola

References 

ITU allocations list

Angola
Telephone numbers
Tyche, also known as Tuch, was the goddess of destiny in Greek mythology. She controlled the good and bad of fortune and prosperity of a city. Her name means "luck" in Greek. She is often represented wearing a mural crown. The crown looks like the walls of a city. She is often carrying a large horn with all her wealth and richness in it that she sometimes spreads to others. She is a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, according to Greek poet Hesiod.

Tyche is one of the Oceanids. Oceanids are the daughters of the Titans Tethys and Okeanos. The story of the Oceanids is told in the Theogony by Greek poet Hesiod.  Tyche and her sister Eudora stand for a joining of bounty and luck.

Gallery

Related pages

 Fortuna - Roman mythology version of Tyche
 Roman mythology
 Eudora
 Oceanids
 Okeanos
 Titans
 Tethys (mythology)

References

Greek gods and goddesses
The kwanza (sign: Kz; ISO 4217 code: AOA) is the currency of Angola. The Kwanza was introduced in 1999, replacing the "Kwanza Reajustado" (AOK).  AOA is subdivided into coin denominations of 100 centimos, and is denoted by the symbol Kz.

Angola declared independence from Portugal in 1975, following a bitter period in which Angola fought a war of independence while also becoming engulfed in a civil war. While Angola created its first national currency as an independent nation in 1977, this currency—called the Angola Kwanza (AOK)—soon saw its value rapidly eroded by inflation. The AON, introduced in 1990, was an attempt to deal with this severe inflation, but it too was devalued only 5 years later.
The second devaluation occurred in 1995, when the AON was replaced by a new currency called the “kwanza reajustado”. The devaluation was carried out at a rate of 1,000 new currency units for every 1 AON, reflecting the level of severity of Angola’s inflation crisis at that time. A third devaluation occurred in 1999, replacing the kwanza reajustado with the Second Kwanza (AOA), which is the currency that Angola continues to use today.

References 

Currency of Africa
Angola
1977 establishments in Africa
1970s establishments in Angola
Charles Gald Sibley (August 7, 1917 – April 12, 1998) was an American ornithologist and molecular biologist. He had a big influence on the scientific classification of birds.

Sibley's taxonomy was a major influence on many organizations, such as the American Ornithologists' Union.

American ornithologists
Scientists from California
1917 births
1998 deaths
Jon Edward Ahlquist (born 27 July 1944, died 7 May 2020) is an American molecular biologist and ornithologist. He has worked with Charles Sibley, mostly at Yale University.
By 1987, both Ahlquist and Sibley had left Yale. In 1988, Ahlquist and Sibley were awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal. In January 1991 (often listed as 1990), Charles Sibley and Ahlquist published Phylogeny and Classification of Birds, which presented a new phylogeny for birds based on the DNA. In 1999, Ahlquist was retired (Ahlquist, 1999).

References 

1944 births
2020 deaths
American biologists
American ornithologists
Blue Thunder is a 1983 American action thriller movie. In it stars Roy Scheider and Daniel Stern as LAPD cops. The movie is about a futuristic helicopter which has unusual capability.

Other websites 

1983 drama movies
1983 thriller movies
American drama movies
American thriller movies
English-language movies
Movies set in Los Angeles
Movies directed by John Badham
Columbia Pictures movies
The honors music is music played at formal times in the presence of the person, office-holder, or rank-holder.  It is usually played by a military band. The head of state in many countries is honored with music.  In some countries the national anthem is used.  Some countries have a separate royal anthem or presidential anthem.

Countries where the national anthem is also the royal anthem include Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The Jamaican National Anthem is played for the Governor-General of Jamaica.

Countries with special honors music are:

Instances of honors music other than the relevant national anthem include the following:

Notes

References
"Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee" is the national anthem of Antigua and Barbuda. Novelle Hamilton Richards wrote the words.  Walter Garnet Picart Chambers wrote the music.  The country started using in on independence in 1981. God Save the Queen is still the Royal anthem.

Lyrics
Fair Antigua and Barbuda
We, your sons and daughters stand
Strong and firm in peace or danger
To safeguard our Motherland
We commit ourselves to building
A true nation brave and free;
Ever striving, ever seeking,
Dwell in love and unity.
Raise the standard! Raise it boldly!
Answer now to duty's call
To the service of thy country,
Sparing nothing, giving all;
Gird your loins and join the battle
Against fear, hate, poverty,
Each endeavouring, all achieving,
Live in peace where man is free.
God of nations, let our blessings
Fall upon this land of ours;
Rain and sunshine ever sending,
Fill her fields with crops and flowers;
We her children do implore them,
Give us strength, faith, loyalty,
Never failing, all enduring,
To defend her liberty.
References

North American anthems
National symbols of Antigua and Barbuda
The national flag of Antigua and Barbuda was started on February 27, 1967.  It was designed by artist and sculptor, Sir Reginald Samuel. The rising sun is for the dawning of a new era. The colours have different meanings. The black is for the African ancestry of the people.  The blue is for hope.  The red is for energy or dynamism of the people. The colouring of yellow, blue, and white (from the sun down) is for the sun, sea, and sand. The blue also is for the Caribbean Sea.  The V-shape is the symbol of victory.

National symbols of Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda
Related pages

 Mutunus Tutunus - Roman mythology version of Priapus

Greek gods and goddesses
Mamma Mia! is a 2008 American romantic musical comedy movie set in Greece. It is based on the musical stage play and on ABBA's 1975 chart topping song. It was distributed through Universal Pictures. It stars Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Meryl Streep as her mother, and Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgard and Pierce Brosnan as Sophie's three possible fathers. Mamma Mia! was given mixed reviews, although it received almost $610 million worldwide, becoming the highest grossing musical motion picture in American history.

Other websites 

2008 romantic comedy movies
American musical comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
Movies set in Greece
Movies set on islands
Universal Pictures movies
ABBA
Sparkle is a 2012 musical drama movie starring Jordin Sparks and Whitney Houston (in her final role). It is a remake of the same named 1976 motion picture, except the 2012 remake centers on 1960s Detroit. Sparkle was released in August 2012.

American musical movies
2012 movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Planaria is a small aquatic genus of flatworm. The term is also used for other similar flatworms. They are fresh water animals which move in a smooth wave-like manner. Planaria are free-living. They can live in fresh water or very damp soil, depending on the type. 

Planaria are hermaphrodite: they produce both eggs and sperm. To reproduce, a planarian releases eggs and sperm into the water, where the eggs get fertilized. Planaria can repair damage by regenerating any part of their body. 

Planaria are the one of most simple creatures to develop a nervous system. Their nervous system consists of  ganglia under the eyespots and a cord of nerves that run down the body, under the gut (ventral nerve cord). The three pairs of ganglia under the eyespots make a inverted U shape that have nerves sticking out to the outside of the head so that the head of the planarian is more sensitive than the rest of the body. If the light hits the animal near the eyespots, they usually move away into darker water.
The digestive system of Planaria consist of a mouth a pharynx and a gut cavity. Its mouth is on the underside of the body. Digestive enzymes are released from the mouth onto the food to soften it, Then the half digested food is sucked up the pharynx and into the stomach. From there the nutrients diffuse into the rest of the body. 

There are no circulatory or respiratory systems. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the planarian's body by diffusing through the body wall. Planaria do not have a skeleton. They have an extendable crumpled muscle that allows them to move.  Also, planarians have three layers of body-wall muscles that are constructed of circular muscle fibers as well as longer muscle threads.
Planarians have both ovaries and testes. To reproduce, they can have sex with another planarian; this is called sexual reproduction. Another way planarians reproduce is called asexual reproduction. This is when a planarian splits and regenerates the parts that are missing. However, asexual reproduction is uncommon.

References 

Flatworms
The Ironbridge Gorge is a deep gorge formed by the River Severn in Shropshire, England. The area was originally called the Severn Gorge.

The area was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, because the industrial revolution started around here in the mid-1700s.

Ironbridge Gorge has mines, factories, workers' housing, and the transport infrastructure that was created in the gorge during the Industrial Revolution. Coke production in the area helped start the Industrial Revolution. The Iron Bridge was the world's first bridge built from iron.

History
The gorge takes its name from its famous "Iron Bridge", the first iron bridge of its kind in the world. It is a monument to the industry that began there. The bridge was built in 1779 to link the industrial town of Broseley with the smaller mining town of Madeley and the growing industrial centre of Coalbrookdale.
The Iron Bridge was the first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron. a material which was previously far too expensive to use for large structures. However, a new blast furnace nearby lowered the cost. This encouraged local engineers and architects to solve a long-standing problem of a crossing over the river.

There are two reasons the site was so useful to the early industrialists. The raw materials, coal, iron ore, limestone and clay, for the manufacture of iron, tiles and porcelain are exposed or easily mined in the gorge. Second, the deep and wide river allowed easy transport of products to the sea.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
 Coalbrookdale

References

Other websites

World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
Shropshire
Canyons
The Iron Bridge was the first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron. It crosses the River Severn at the Ironbridge Gorge near the village of Ironbridge, in Shropshire, England.

The bridge is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is maintained by English Heritage who launched a crowdfunding campaign in 2017 to support a conservation project which began in 2018.  As well as repairing rusted parts of the bridge, it was painted red to match a painting from 1777 showing how the Iron Bridge looked soon after it was finished.

Gallery

Related pages 
 List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
 Ironbridge Gorge

References

Other websites

Bridges in England
World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

Buildings and structures in Shropshire
18th-century buildings and structures
A herma, commonly in English herm, is a sculpture with a head and sometimes a torso, above a tall squared pillar. Often a phallus was carved at the appropriate height. 

The form originated in Ancient Greece and was adopted by the Romans and revived in the Renaissance in the form of term figures. The name of the god Hermes comes from the word herma, and the sculptures originally represented him.

The ancient Greeks and Romans were very superstitious, and the sculptures had an apotropiac function. They were placed at cross-roads and on the borders of lands as protection. 

In Athens, they were placed outside houses, temples and gymnasiums for good luck and to avert harmful or bad influences, like the evil eye. They would be adorned with garlands, wreaths, offerings and anointed with oil to obtain luck and protection.

Gallery

Ancient Greek statues
Fidel castro and other Moncadistas went into exile. Castro went to Mexico, where he met Ernesto Guevara. In 1956, Fidel and Raul Castro, Juan Almeida Bosque, Ramiro Valdés Menéndez, Guevara, and Camilo Cienfuegos went back to Cuba to support the cells there. After two years of guerilla fighting, Fulgencio Batista fled from Cuba, in 1959. 

Until the fall of Batista, the forces did not have a Marxist ideology, rather they were different people collaborating to overturn the Batista regime. Later they started to work together with the Communist Party of Cuba. In 1961, they merged with the Communist Party.

1950s in Cuba
Political parties in Cuba
Nationalist organizations in North America
National liberation movements
1953
July events
An Antiplatelet drug is a drug that acts against blood clotting. The blood contains platelets, which will stick together, and close an open wound. In some cases, they also stick together in the bloodstream, and form blood clots. Such blood clots cause Strokes and Heart attacks. Another type of drug that prevents clotting is called anticoagulant. Anticoagulants cannot be used to prevent blood clotting in the arteries. Antiplatelet drugs are commonly used in the prevention of strokes and heart attacks. Acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as Aspirin, is one of them. 

Drugs
Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet (2 April 1807 – 19 June 1886) was a British civil servant, cabinet member, colonial administrator, and oriental scholar best known for his administration of the famine relief effort in Ireland during the Potato Famine, while he was assistant secretary to Her Majesty's Treasury. He has been criticized for not doing enough to help the Irish during the Potato Famine. He wrote a book about the famine called The Irish Crisis.

References 

1807 births
1886 deaths
British civil servants
Members of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom
Penelope is a 2006 American fantasy romantic comedy movie. It received mixed reviews by critics. It stars Christina Ricci, James McAvoy, Richard E. Grant, Peter Dinklage, Burn Gorman, Nigel Havers and Catherine O'Hara with Reese Witherspoon.

2006 comedy movies
2006 romance movies
2006 fantasy movies
2000s American fantasy movies
American romantic comedy movies
2000s English-language movies
American independent movies
Mimusops is a genus of plant. It is in the family Sapotaceae.

Species 
Some species in this genus are:

 Mimusops acutifolia, Mildbr.
 Mimusops angel, Chiov.
 Mimusops commersonii
 Mimusops caffra
 Mimusops elengi
 Mimusops heckelii - African Cherry, Baku, Douka, Makore, Ukola
 Mimusops obovata
 Mimusops penduliflora, Engl.
 Mimusops petiolaris
 Mimusops riparia, Engl.
 Mimusops sechellarum, (Oliv.) Hemsl.
 Mimusops zeyheri

References
 Allaby, Michael. 1998. A Dictionary of Plant Sciences. Oxford University Press, New York

Sapotaceae
Coalbrookdale is a village in the Ironbridge Gorge in Shropshire, England. It is in an area of great significance in the history of industrialisation. This is where iron ore was first smelted by Abraham Darby using easily mined "coking coal".

The coal was drawn from drift mines in the sides of the valley. As it contained far fewer impurities than normal coal, the iron it produced was of a superior quality. Along with many other industrial developments that were going on in other parts of the country, this discovery was a major factor in the growing industrialisation of Britain. It was the Industrial Revolution.

Today, Coalbrookdale is home to the Ironbridge Institute, a partnership between the University of Birmingham and the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust offering postgraduate and professional courses in heritage.

References 

Villages in Shropshire
Drosophila simulans is a species of fruit fly closely related to D. melanogaster 

It was discovered by the fly geneticist Alfred Sturtevant in 1919, when he noticed that the flies used in Thomas Hunt Morgan's laboratory at the Columbia University were actually two distinct species: D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Males differ in the external genitalia, while trained observers can separate females using colour characteristics. 

D. melanogaster females crossed to D. simulans males produce sterile F1 females and no F1 males. The reciprocal cross produces sterile F1 males and no female progeny.

D. simulans was found later to be closely related to two island endemics, Drosophila sechellia and Drosophila mauritiana. D. simulans will mate with these sister species to form fertile females and sterile males, a fact that has made D. simulans an important model organism for research into speciation.
References
Sturtevant A.H. 1919. A new species closely resembling Drosophila melanogaster. Psyche 26: 153–155.
Sturtevant A.H. The North American species of Drosophila. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1921.

Other websites
Drosophila simulans at the Washington University in St. Louis Genome Sequencing Center

Drosophila
is the name of the a Japanese spacecraft which was sent toward Mars.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The spacecraft was launched on July 3, 1998. 
  
Nozumi was planned as a Mars-orbiting probe.  The mission was not successful because of electrical failures.  

The Nozumi probe project was ended on December 31, 2003.

International partnership
Nozomi carried scientific instruments from Japan, Canada, Germany, Sweden and the United States. including the European Space Agency, NASA and the Swedish Institute of Space Physics.

Canada provided a thermal plasma analyser. This was the Canadian Space Agency's first participation in an interplanetary mission.

References

Other websites 

 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Nozomi (Planet-B) mission profile 
 National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), Nozomi 

Japanese space program
Canada
Spacecraft launched in the 1990s
is the name of a Japanese spacecraft which was sent into space to collect a sample of material from a small near-Earth asteroid named 25143 Itokawa.

The mission was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

Hayabusa was sent into space on May 9, 2003. In November 2005, it landed on the asteroid.  The mission was successfully completed in June 2010 when the spacecraft returned to earth in June 2010.

Mission
Hayabusa studied Itokawa's shape, spin, topography, colour, composition, density, and history. The Hayabusa mission was the first time that an attempt was made to bring an asteroid dust sample to earth for analysis.

In popular culture
Three different feature-length films are being made about the Hayabusa mission.

References

Further reading

Other websites 

 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA),Hayabusa (Muses-C) mission profile 

Japanese space program
Spacecrafts launched in 2000s
21st century in Japan
Jessica Michelle Chastain (born March 17, 1986) is an American actress. She is ranked as one of the Time 100 most influential people in 2012.

Filmography
Dark Shadows (2004) - Carolyn Stoddard Television series
Blackbeard (2006) - Charlotte Ormand Television series
Jolene (2008) - Jolene
Stolen (2009) - Sally Ann
Murder on the Orient Express (2010) - Mary Debenham Television series
The Debt (2010) - Rachel Singer (young)
Take Shelter (2011) - Samantha LaForche
Coriolanus (2011) - Virgilia
The Tree of Life (2011) - Mrs. O'Brien
The Help (2011) - Celia Foote
Wilde Salome (2011) - Salome
Texas Killing Fields (2011) - Pam Stall
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012) - Voice of Gia
Lawless (2012) - Maggie
Tar (2012) - Mrs. Williams
Zero Dark Thirty (2012) - Maya
Mama (2013) - Annabel
Interstellar (2014) - Murphy Cooper
It – Chapter Two (2019) - Adult Beverly Marsh

Personal life
Chastain married Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo in 2017. They have a daughter.

References

Other websites
Other websites

American movie actors
American television actors
Actors from Sacramento, California
1977 births
Living people
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Golden Globe Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Satellite Award winners
American stage actors
American voice actors
was a  after Yōwa and before Genryaku.  This period started in May 1182 and ended in March 1184.  The reigning emperors were Antoku-tennō (安徳天皇) and .

Events of the Juei era
 1182 (Juei 1): The entire country suffers a famine.
 14 August 1183 (Juei 2, 25th day of 7th month): the Taira (also known as the Heike)  flee the capital with Emperor Antoku.
 8 September 1183 (Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month): In the 3rd year of Antoku's reign, former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa named another emperor; and the young child was given the acceptance of abdication rites (juzen). Go-Shirakawa wanted it to look like the succession (senso) was received by someone other than Antoku; and soon after, Emperor Go-Toba is said to have accepted the responsibility and powers of the emperor (sokui).   Emperor Go-Toba is enthroned without the imperial regalia.
 1183 (Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month): When Go-Toba is proclaimed emperor by the Genji, there were two emperors  one living in Heian-kyō and another in flight towards the south.
was a  after Juei and before Bunji.  This period started in April 1184 and ended in August 1185.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Genryaku era
 25 April 1185 (Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month): the Taira (also known as the Heike) and the Minamoto clashed in the Battle of Dan-no-ura; and the Heike are defeated.  Antoku drowned at Dan-no-ura.
 6 August 1185 (Genryaku 2, 9th day of the 7th month): Great earthquake in Kyoto and in the Kinai region.

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
was a  after Genryaku and before Kenkyū.  This period started in August 1185 and ended in April 1190. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Bunji era
 22 December 1185 (Bunji 1, 29th day of the 11th month): The court formally approves the shogonate government at Kamakura in the Kantō region.
 1186 (Bunji 2, 4th month): Go-Shirakawa visits the widow of Emperor Takakura (Kenrei-mon In) at her humble retreat in Ohara.

Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1185 establishments
1180s establishments in Japan
1190 disestablishments
12th-century disestablishments in Japan
Rush Hour is an 1998 American movie by New Line Cinema. It stars Chris Tucker, Jackie Chan, Julia Hsu, Philip Baker Hall, Tom Wilkinson, Ken Leung and Chris Penn.  It was followed by the sequel movies, Rush Hour 2 (2001) and Rush Hour 3 (2007).

Cast 
 Jackie Chan as Inspector Yan Niang Lee
 Chris Tucker as Detective James Carter
 Julia Hsu as Soo-Yung
 Phillip Baker Hall as Captain Bill Diel
 Tom Wilkinson as Griffin / Juntao
 Ken Leung as Sang
 Chris Penn as Clive Cod

Jackie Chan Stunt Team 
 Kwan Yung
 Mars
 William Tuan
 Johnny Cheung
 Ken Lo
 Andy Cheng
 Nicky Li
 Chan Man Ching
 Stuart Yee
 James Lew

Sequel 
 Rush Hour 2 (2001)
 Rush Hour 3 (2007)

Release dates 

American comedy movies
American action movies
1998 movies
Movies directed by Brett Ratner
Multilingual movies
was a  after Bunji and before Shōji.  This period started in April 1190 and ended in April 1199. The reigning emperor was .
Events of the Kenkyū era
 1191 (Kenkyū 2): Esai brings Zen Buddhism to Japan
 26 April 1192 (Kenkyū 3, 13th day of the 3rd month): Former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa died at the age of 66.  He had been father or grandfather to five emperors -- Emperor Nijō, the 78th emperor; Emperor Rokujō, the 79th emperor; Emperor Takakura, the 80th emperor; Emperor Antoku, the 81st emperor; and Go-Toba, the 82nd emperor.
 21 August 1192 (Kenkyū 3, 12th day of the 7th month): Minamoto Yoritomo was named leader of the forces to fight the in the north of Japan.
 15 April 1195 (Kenkyū 6, 4th day of the 3rd month): Shogun Yoritomo visited the capital.
 18 February 1198 (Kenkyū 9, 11th day of the 1st month): In the 15th year of Go-Toba's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (senso) was received by his eldest son.
 1198 (Kenkyū 9, 3rd month): Emperor Tsuchimikado accepted his official role as emperor (sokui).
 9 February 1199 (Kenkyū 10, 13th day of the 1st month): Shogun Yoritomo died at age 53 in Kamakura.
Related pages 
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1190 establishments
1190s establishments in Japan
1199 disestablishments
12th-century disestablishments in Japan
2112 is the fourth studio album released by the Canadian progressive rock band Rush. The album was released in 1976.

The album is most famous for its song 2112, which has the same name as the album. It is a seven-part epic that lasts about twenty minutes. It tells the story of a man living in a dystopian society in the year 2112. The first song takes up the entire first side of the album, while the second side featured a few more songs.
Track listing
All lyrics by Neil Peart and music by Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson, except where noted.
Side one
 "2112" – 20:38
 I: "Overture" – 4:33 (0:00—4:33)
 II: "The Temples of Syrinx" – 2:12 (4:33—6:45)
 III: "Discovery" (music: Lifeson) – 3:29 (6:45—10:14)
 IV: "Presentation" (music: Lifeson) – 3:42 (10:14—13:56)
 V: "Oracle: The Dream" – 2:00 (13:56—15:56)
 VI: "Soliloquy" – 2:21 (15:56—18:17)
 VII: "Grand Finale" – 2:14 (18:17—20:33)
Side two
 "A Passage to Bangkok" – 3:34
 "The Twilight Zone" – 3:19
 "Lessons" (Lifeson) – 3:53
 "Tears" (Lee) – 3:35
 "Something for Nothing" (music: Lee) – 4:00

References

1976 albums
Rush albums
Progressive rock albums
Hard rock albums
Heavy metal albums
was a  after Kenkyū and before Kennin.  This period started in April 1199 and ended in February 1201. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Shōji era
 29 January 1199 (Shōji 2, 12th day of the 2nd month): Oyama Tomomasa was appointed to the governor of Harima Province and governor of Kyoto.
 1200 (Shōji 2, 10th month): Hōjō Tokimasa was created daimyo of Ōmi Province.

Related pages
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1200s disestablishments in Japan
1201 disestablishments
1199 establishments
1190s establishments in Japan
was a  after Shōji and before Genkyū.  This period started in February 1201 and ended in February 1204. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Kennin era

 1202 (Kennin 2, 1st month): Nitta Yoshishige died.  He was the deputy director for cuisine for the Dairi (大炊助) in the palace.  His court rank was 2nd rank of the 5th class (従五位下).
 1202 (Kennin 2, 7th month): Minamoto no Yoriie was raised to the 2nd rank of the 2nd class; and he was named the 2nd shogun of the Kamakura shogunate.
 1202 (Kennin 2, 10th month):  The naidaijin Minamoto no Michichika died at 54;  and his court position was then filled by dainagon Fujiwara no Takatada.
 1202 (Kennin 2): On orders from Shogun Minamoto no Yoriie, the monk Eisai founded Kennin-ji, a Zen temple and monastery.
 1203 (Kennin 3, 8th month): Shogun Yoriie fell gravely ill.
 1203 (Kennin 3, 9th month): Yoriie shaved his head and became a Buddhist priest; and the emperor named Minamoto no Sanetomo as the 3rd shogun.Hōjō Tokimasa became Sanetomo's shikken (regent).
Related pages
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1200s establishments in Japan
1200s disestablishments in Japan
1201 establishments
1204 disestablishments
The spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus), or the common caiman, is a medium sized crocodilian species that lives in the wetland areas of South America. This size of this species generally can get up to between . The spectacled caiman gets its name from the bony ridge between its eyes, looking like a pair of eyeglasses. As the seasons get colder, this caiman can change colors. Spectacled caimans have been known to eat insects, crustaceans, and mollusks.

In captivity 
According to ISIS, there are known to be 170 spectacled caimans in zoos.

Other websites

Crocodilia
Crocodilians of North America
Reptiles of South America
The coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda was made in 1966 by Gordon Christopher.  It is similar to the Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.  The symbolism is more complex.

At the top of the Coat of Arms is a pineapple.  The island is famous for this fruit.  Many plants are around the shield: red hibiscus, sugarcane, and yucca plant.  The pair of deer are for the wildlife of the islands.

The shield shows the sun, also found on the flag, rising from a blue and white sea. The sun is for a new beginning. The black background is for the African origins of many of the nations's people. At the bottom of the shield, in front of the sea, sits a sugar mill.  

The national motto is at the bottom: "Each endeavouring, all achieving".

Antigua and Barbuda
National symbols of Antigua and Barbuda
Saint George is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda.  It is on the island of Antigua. 

V.C. Bird International Airport is in Saint George Parish. The head office of LIAT is on the airport grounds.

References

Parishes of Antigua and Barbuda
Saint John is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. It has the capital city, St. John's.

Parishes of Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Mary is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. The capital is Bolands.

Parishes of Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Paul is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. Fort Berkeley is located in Nelson’s Dockyard National Park.

Parishes of Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Peter is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. The capital is Parham. It includes Guiana Island and Great Bird Island. The parish is home to Betty's Hope Sugar Plantation, a popular historic site.

Parishes of Antigua and Barbuda
Saint Philip is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. The capital is the town of Carlisle.

Parishes of Antigua and Barbuda
Fortune may refer to:

 Luck, a chance happening, something which happens beyond a person's control
 Wealth, a collection of items of economic value
 Prophecy, the prediction of future events 
 Fortune, the predictions made in the process of fortune-telling
 Fortune, the printed slip of text contained in a fortune cookie
 Fortune, an alternative spelling for the Roman goddess Fortuna
 Fortune (magazine), a magazine created in 1929
Redonda is a very small Caribbean island.  It is part of Antigua and Barbuda,.  No people live here.

This small island is  southwest of Antigua.  It is between the islands of Nevis and Montserrat.

Redonda seems like one very large rock. It is what is left of an ancient volcanic core.  The land rises very steeply from sea level, mostly as sheer cliffs. There is no source of freshwater except rain. The only animals that live here are seabirds and a herd of feral goats.  The goats live on the poor grazing on top of the island.

History

Christopher Columbus found Redonda in 1493 on his second journey. He said the island belonged to Spain. He named the island Santa María la Redonda, meaning Saint Mary the Round.  The island looks round when viewed from the side. In the 1860s, the island became a British possession.

References

Geography of Antigua and Barbuda
Caribbean islands
Uninhabited regions
A fortune cookie is a sugary cookie usually made from flour, sugar, vanilla, and oil with a short message or "fortune" inside.  The cookie was made popular by Makoto Hagiwara who was a Japanese immigrant who ran the Japanese Tea Garden At San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park in the 1890s.

The "fortune" is a piece of paper with words of wisdom or prophecy. The message may also include a Chinese phrase with translation or a list of lucky numbers.

References

Other websites

Chinese food
Cookies
Luck
Antigua and Barbuda is a Commonwealth realm. King Charles III is the reigning monarch since September 8, 2022. He is Antigua and Barbuda's head of state.

Many of the jobs of the government are done by the Governor-General.

Antigua and Barbuda
Current monarchies
The Reader is a 2008 German-American romantic drama movie. It stars Ralph Fiennes as Michael Berg and Kate Winslet as Hanna Schmitz. It was directed by Stephen Daldry, produced by Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack and written by David Hare. It is based on a 1995 German novel. The Reader was nominated for many Academy Awards, including a Best Picture nomination. Winslet won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award for her role.

Other websites 

2008 romantic drama movies
Academy Award winning movies
American romantic drama movies
BAFTA Award winning movies
2000s English-language movies
German-language movies
German romance movies
German drama movies
Golden Globe Award winning movies
Movies based on books
Movies set in the 1950s
Movies set in the 1960s
Movies set in the 1980s
Movies set in the 1990s
Rachel Getting Married is a 2008 American drama movie about a drug addict attending her sister's wedding. Anne Hathaway stars. This drama got limited released on 3 October, 2008.

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites
 
 
 
 
 
 

2008 drama movies
2008 romance movies
American drama movies
English-language movies
Movies about drugs
Movies directed by Jonathan Demme
American independent movies
was a  after Kennin and before Ken'ei.  This period started in February 1204 and ended in April 1206. The reigning emperor was .

Events of the Genkyū era
 1204 (Genkyū 1, 10th month): Minamoto no Sanetomo ordered Hōjō Masanori, Hōjō Tomomichi and Hatakeyama Shigeyasu to travel to Heian-kyo.  They were to return with Sanetomo's bride.
 1204 (Genkyū 1, 12th month): Two of Sanetomo's emissaries returned to the Kantō; but Shigeyasu remained in Heian-kyo where he died.
 1205 (Genkyū 2, 3rd month): Kyoto and the provinces of the Kinai were struck by a notable storm.

Related pages
 Kamakura period

References

Other websites 
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Japanese eras
1200s establishments in Japan
1200s disestablishments in Japan
1204 establishments
1206 disestablishments
is a World Heritage Site in Hokkaidō, Japan. The park covers the Shiretoko Peninsula which faces the Sea of Okhotsk.  

The word "Shiretoko" is comes from an Ainu word "". It means "end of the Earth".

History
Shiretoko National Park was established in 1964.

In 2005, UNESCO named the area a World Heritage Site. UNESCO also suggested that Japan should work with Russia to make an international "World Heritage Peace Park" including the Kuril Islands. Both Japan and Russia claim these islands as part of their countries.

Geography
Shiretoko is hard to get to. Visitors must go to most places on foot or by boat.   There is a hot springs waterfall called .  means "water of the gods" in Ainu.

Plants
The park forests are temperate and subalpine. There are several different types of trees. The most common trees here are Sakhalin fir, Erman's birch, and Mongolian oak.

Animals
The park has Japan's largest mammal species of Ezo brown bears.

References

Other websites
Other websites
 

World Heritage Sites in Japan
1964 establishments in Asia
National parks in Japan
1960s establishments in Japan
Hokkaido Prefecture
This is about the American musician. For other people called Tipton, see Tipton (disambiguation).

Billy Lee Tipton (December 29, 1914 – January 21, 1989) was an American jazz musician and bandleader. Tipton had been assigned female gender at birth.

Early life 
Tipton was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma and grew up in Kansas City, Missouri. His aunt raised him after his parents' divorced. He became interested in music in high school, especially jazz. He studied piano and saxophone. He went back to Oklahoma for his last year of high school and joined the school band there. His nickname in high school was "Tippy".

Tipton later took his father's nickname, Billy, when he started a music career. He also began to try to appear to be male by dressing to hide his breasts. At first, Tipton only behaved as a male while performing. However, by 1940 Tipton was living as a man all the time. Very few people knew both sides of his life. They were two of his female cousins and maybe his later lovers.

Career