Aarushhh/wikipedia-simple-splitted huggingface dataset:
Japanese destroyer trips on 5, 7 and 9 November, delivered additional troops from the Japanese 38th Infantry Division, including most of the 228th Infantry Regiment to Guadalcanal. These fresh troops were put in the Point Cruz and Matanikau area, and they stopped attacks by American forces on 10 and 18 November. The Americans and Japanese remained facing each other along a line west of Point Cruz for the next six weeks.

Naval Battle of Guadalcanal
After the defeat in the Battle for Henderson Field, the IJA planned to try again to capture the airfield in November 1942. They needed new soldiers before the attack could start. The IJA requested help from Yamamoto to deliver the new troops to the island and to support the next attack.
Yamamoto provided 11 large transport ships to carry the remaining 7,000 troops from the 38th Infantry Division, their ammunition, food, and heavy equipment from Rabaul to Guadalcanal. He also provided a warship force that included two battleships. The two battleships,  and , with special fragmentation shells, were to bomb Henderson Field on the night of 12–13 November and destroy it and the aircraft stationed there. This would allow the slow, heavy transports to reach Guadalcanal and unload safely the next day. The warship force was commanded from Hiei by recently promoted Vice Admiral Hiroaki Abe.
In early November, Allied forces learned that the Japanese were preparing again to try to capture Henderson Field. Therefore, the U.S. sent Task Force 67, a convoy carrying Marines, two U.S. Army infantry battalions, and ammunition and food to Guadalcanal on 11 November. The supply ships were protected by two task groups, commanded by Rear Admirals Daniel J. Callaghan and Norman Scott, and aircraft from Henderson Field. The ships were attacked several times on 11 and 12 November by Japanese aircraft but most were unloaded without serious damage.

U.S. aircraft spotted the approach of Abe's bombing force and warned the Allied command. Turner sent all usable combat ships under Callaghan to protect the troops ashore from the expected Japanese naval attack and troop landing. He also ordered the supply ships at Guadalcanal to leave by early evening 12 November. Callaghan's force comprised two heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and eight destroyers.
Around 01:30 on 13 November, Callaghan's force met Abe's bombing group between Guadalcanal and Savo Island. In addition to the two battleships, Abe's force included one light cruiser and 11 destroyers. In darkness, the two warship forces opened fire. Abe's warships sank or severely damaged all but one cruiser and one destroyer in Callaghan's force and both Callaghan and Scott were killed.

Two Japanese destroyers were sunk and another destroyer and Hiei was heavily damaged. In spite of his defeat of Callaghan's force, Abe ordered his warships to pull back without bombing Henderson Field. Hiei sank later that day after air attacks by CAF aircraft and aircraft from the U.S. carrier . Because of Abe's failure to destroyHenderson Field, Yamamoto ordered the troop transport convoy to wait an additional day before heading towards Guadalcanal.

Yamamoto ordered Nobutake Kondō to assemble another bombing force using warships from Truk and Abe's force to attack Henderson Field on 15 November.
At 02:00 on 14 November, a cruiser and destroyer force under Gunichi Mikawa bombed Henderson Field. The bombing caused some damage but failed to destroy airfield or most of its aircraft. As Mikawa's force went back to Rabaul, Tanaka's transport convoy, thinking that Henderson Field was now destroyed began its trip towards Guadalcanal.

Throughout 14 November, aircraft from Henderson Field and Enterprise attacked Mikawa's and Tanaka's ships, sinking one heavy cruiser and seven of the transports. Most of the troops were rescued from the transports by Tanaka's escorting destroyers and returned to the Shortlands. After dark, Tanaka and the remaining four transports continued towards Guadalcanal as Kondo's force approached to bomb Henderson Field.
In order to attack Kondo's force, Halsey, who was low on undamaged ships, sent two battleships,  and , and four destroyers from the Enterprise task force. The U.S. force, under the command of Willis A. Lee aboard Washington, reached Guadalcanal and Savo Island just before midnight on 14 November, shortly before Kondo's bombing force arrived.

Kondo's force consisted of Kirishima plus two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and nine destroyers. After the two forces met, Kondo's force quickly sank three of the U.S. destroyers and heavily damaged the fourth. The Japanese warships then damaged South Dakota. As Kondo's warships concentrated on South Dakota, Washington approached the Japanese ships and opened fire on Kirishima, hitting the Japanese battleship and causing serious damage. After chasing Washington towards the Russell Islands, Kondo ordered his warships to pull back without bombing Henderson Field. One of Kondo's destroyers was also sunk during the battle.
As Kondo's ships pulled back, the four Japanese transports landed near Tassafaronga on Guadalcanal at 04:00 and began unloading. At 05:55, U.S. aircraft and artillery began attacking the transports, destroying all four transports along with most of the supplies that they carried.

Only 2,000–3,000 of the army troops made it ashore. Because of the failure to deliver most of the troops and supplies, the Japanese were forced to cancel their planned November attack  on Henderson Field.

On 26 November, Japanese Lieutenant General Hitoshi Imamura took command of the newly formed Eighth Area Army at Rabaul. The new command included both Hyakutake's 17th Army and the 18th Army in New Guinea.

One of Imamura's first goals was to retake Henderson Field and Guadalcanal. The Allied offensive at Buna in New Guinea, however, changed Imamura's goals.
Because the Allied attempt to take Buna was considered a more severe threat to Rabaul, Imamura delayed sending new troops to Guadalcanal to concentrate on the situation in New Guinea.

Battle of Tassafaronga

The Japanese continued to have problems in delivering enough supplies to their troops on Guadalcanal. Attempts to use only submarines the last two weeks in November did not provide enough food for Hyakutake's forces.

A separate attempt to establish bases in the central Solomons to use to send barge convoys to Guadalcanal also failed because of Allied air attacks. On 26 November, the 17th Army told Imamura that it lacked food. Some front-line units had not been supplied for six days . This forced the Japanese to return to using destroyers to deliver the necessary supplies.
Eighth Fleet sailors thought of a plan to help reduce the time that destroyers delivering supplies to Guadalcanal were exposed to Allied attack. Large oil or gas drums filled with medical supplies and food and strung together with rope. When the destroyers arrived at Guadalcanal they would cut loose the drums and a boat from shore could pick up the rope.

The Eighth Fleet's Guadalcanal Reinforcement Unit (the Tokyo Express) was told to make five deliveries to Tassafaronga on Guadalcanal using the drum method on the night of 30 November. Tanaka's unit had eight destroyers, with six destroyers carrying 200 to 240 drums of supplies each.

When Halsey learned about the Japanese supply attempt, he ordered the newly formed Task Force 67, which had four cruisers and four destroyers under the command of U.S. Rear Admiral Carleton H. Wright, to attack Tanaka's force off Guadalcanal. Two additional destroyers joined Wright's force during the day of 30 November.
At 22:40 on 30 November, Tanaka's force arrived off Guadalcanal and prepared to unload the supply barrels. Meanwhile, Wright's warships were approaching from the opposite direction. Wright's destroyers detected Tanaka's force on radar and the commander requested permission to attack with torpedoes. Wright waited four minutes before giving permission.

This allowed Tanaka's force to escape from being torpedoed. All of the American torpedoes missed their targets. At the same time, Wright's cruisers opened fire, hitting and destroying one of the Japanese destroyers. The rest of Tanaka's warships abandoned the supply mission, turned, and launched 44 torpedoes in the direction of Wright's cruisers.

The Japanese torpedoes hit and sank the U.S. cruiser  and heavily damaged the cruisers , , and . The rest of Tanaka's destroyers escaped without damage, but failed to deliver any of the supplies to Guadalcanal.
By 7 December 1942, Hyakutake's forces were losing about 50 men each day from malnutrition, disease, and Allied ground or air attacks. Further attempts by Tanaka's destroyer forces to deliver supplies on 3 December 7 December, and 11 December, did not solve the supply problem. One of Tanaka's destroyers was sunk by a U.S. PT boat torpedo.

Japanese decision to withdraw
On 12 December, the Japanese Navy thought about abandoning Guadalcanal. At the same time, several army staff officers at the Imperial General Headquarters (IGH) said retaking Guadalcanal would be impossible. A group led by IJA Colonel Joichiro Sanada, chief of the IGH's operations section, visited Rabaul on 19 December and talked to Imamura and his staff.
When this group returned to Tokyo, Sanada recommended that Guadalcanal be abandoned. The IGH's top leaders agreed with Sanada's recommendation on 26 December. They ordered their staff to plan for a withdrawal from Guadalcanal. A new defense line would be set up in the central Solomons, and soldiers and weapons could be sent to the campaign in New Guinea.

On 28 December, General Hajime Sugiyama and Admiral Osami Nagano told Emperor Hirohito of the decision to withdraw from Guadalcanal. On 31 December, the Emperor agreed with the decision. The Japanese secretly began to prepare for the evacuation, called Operation Ke, scheduled to begin during January 1943.

Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse
By December, the tired 1st Marine Division was brought back for a rest, and over the next month the U.S. XIV Corps took over operations on the island. This corps consisted of the 2nd Marine Division and the U.S. Army's 25th Infantry and Americal Divisions. U.S. Army Major General Alexander Patch replaced Vandegrift as commander of Allied forces on Guadalcanal. By January this was over 50,000 men.

On 18 December, Allied (mainly U.S. Army) forces began attacking Japanese soldiers on Mount Austen. A strong Japanese fort, called the Gifu, made the attacks hard and the Americans had to stop their attacks on 4 January.
The Allies attacking the Japanese on 10 January on Mount Austen. They also attacked two nearby ridges called the Seahorse and the Galloping Horse. The Allies captured all three by 23 January. At the same time, U.S. Marines advanced along the north coast of the island. The Americans lost about 250 killed in the operation while the Japanese suffered around 3,000 killed–about 12 to 1 in the Americans' favor.

Ke evacuation
On 14 January, destroyers delivered troops to guard the Ke evacuation. Japanese warships and aircraft moved around the Rabaul and Bougainville areas in preparation to withdraw their troops. Allied forces detected the Japanese movements, but thought they were another attempt to retake Henderson Field and Guadalcanal.
Patch, afraid of another Japanese attack, sent only a small portion of his troops to continue an attack against Hyakutake's forces. On 29 January, Halsey sent a resupply convoy to Guadalcanal protected by a cruiser task force. Sighting the cruiser task force, Japanese naval torpedo bombers attacked the task force and heavily damaged the U.S. cruiser . The next day, more torpedo aircraft attacked and sank Chicago.

Halsey ordered the remainder of the task force to return to base and directed the rest of his naval forces to take station in the Coral Sea, south of Guadalcanal, to be ready to respond to a Japanese attack.

The Japanese 17th Army withdrew to the west coast of Guadalcanal while rear guard groups stopped the American attacks. On the night of February 1, 20 destroyers from Mikawa's 8th Fleet under Shintaro Hashimoto removed 4,935 soldiers, mainly from the 38th Division, from the island. The Japanese and the Americans each lost a destroyer from air and naval attacks.
On the nights of 4 and 7 February, Hashimoto and his destroyers completed the removal of most of the remaining Japanese forces from Guadalcanal. Apart from some air attacks, Allied forces did not try to stop Hashimoto's efforts to withdraw his troops. In total, the Japanese removed 10,652 men from Guadalcanal. On 9 February, Patch realized that the Japanese were gone and declared Guadalcanal secure for Allied forces, ending the battle.

Aftermath

After the Japanese withdrawal, Guadalcanal and Tulagi were developed into major bases. These bases supported the Allied advance further up the Solomon Islands chain. In addition to Henderson Field, two additional fighter runways were constructed at Lunga Point and a bomber airfield was built at Koli Point.
Naval ports were built at Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida. The anchorage around Tulagi became an important base for Allied warships and transport ships supporting the Solomon Islands campaign. Major ground units stayed in camps on Guadalcanal before being sent further up the Solomons.

After Guadalcanal the Japanese were having to defend themselves in the Pacific. The efforts to send new troops to Guadalcanal had weakened Japanese efforts in other areas. This helped the Australian and American attack in New Guinea to be successful. This led to the capture of the bases of Buna and Gona in early 1943.
In June, the Allies launched Operation Cartwheel, which aimed to cut off Rabaul and the forces centered there. This helped the South West Pacific campaign under General Douglas MacArthur. It also helped the Central Pacific island hopping campaign under Admiral Chester Nimitz. Both efforts got the Allies closer to Japan. The remaining Japanese defenses in the South Pacific area were destroyed or bypassed by Allied forces.

Significance

Resources
The Battle of Guadalcanal was one of the first long battles in the Pacific, alongside the Solomon Islands campaign. Both battles were very hard to organize for both of the nations involved. For the U.S., it had to learn how to do combat air transport. A failure to achieve air superiority forced Japan to get new troops in by barges, destroyers, and submarines, which did not work that well.

Early in the battle, the Americans lacked resources, as they lost cruisers and carriers. It took months for replacement ships to be finished.
The U.S. Navy suffered such high losses during the campaign that it refused to release total casualty figures for years. However, as the campaign continued, and the American public became more and more aware of the heroism of the American forces on Guadalcanal, more forces were sent to the area.

This was a problem for Japan as its military-industrial complex was unable to produce as much as the Americans. Thus, as the battles continued, the Japanese were losing equipment they could not replace while the Americans were replacing and even adding to their forces.

The Guadalcanal battles made Japan lose a lot of equipment and soldiers. About 25,000 experienced troops were killed during the battles. These losses meant that Japan could not achieve its goals in the New Guinea campaign. Japan also lost control of the southern Solomons and the ability to stop Allied shipping to Australia.
Japan's major base at Rabaul was threatened by Allied air power. Japanese land, air, and naval forces had been lost. The Japanese could not replace the aircraft and ships destroyed and sunk in these battles. Nor could they replace their highly trained and veteran crews, especially the naval aircrews, nearly as quickly as the Allies.

Strategic
After the victory at the Battle of Midway America was able to have naval strength in the Pacific equal to Japan's. It was only after the Allied victories in Guadalcanal and New Guinea that the Japanese attacks ended. The Guadalcanal Campaign ended all Japanese expansion attempts and placed the Allies in a position of power. This Allied victory was the first step in a winning other battles that eventually led to the surrender of Japan and the occupation of the Japanese home islands.
The "Europe first" policy of the United States had at first meant they only defended against Japanese expansion,  to focus resources on defeating Germany. However, Admiral King's argument for the Guadalcanal invasion, convinced President Franklin D. Roosevelt that the Pacific War could be won as well. By the end of 1942, it was clear that Japan had lost the Guadalcanal campaign. This was very bad for Japan's plans for defending their empire.
The military victory for the Allies was important. The psychological victory was also important. The Allies had beaten Japan's best land, air, and warship forces. After Guadalcanal, Allied personnel regarded the Japanese military with much less fear than previously. In addition, the Allies began to think they could win the Pacific War.
Tokyo Express no longer has terminus on Guadalcanal.—Major General Alexander Patch, USACommander, U.S. Forces on Guadalcanal 
Guadalcanal is no longer merely a name of an island in Japanese military history.  It is the name of the graveyard of the Japanese army.—Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi, IJACommander, 35th Infantry Brigade at Guadalcanal 

Beyond Kawaguchi, several Japanese 
political and military leaders, including Naoki Hoshino, Osami Nagano, and Torashirō Kawabe, stated after the war that Guadalcanal was the turning point in the conflict.

Notes

References

Books

Web

Further information

Books

Web
Books

Web 
 

1942 in Oceania
1943
Pacific battles of World War II
1940s in Japan
History of the Solomon Islands
Archbishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu (7 October 1931 – 26 December 2021) was a South African social rights activist. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 for his work fighting apartheid in South Africa. He was the first Anglican bishop in Cape Town. He chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission during the 1990s which helped victims of apartheid speak out and seem justice.

Early life
Tutu was born in Klerksdorp, Transvaal. When Tutu was twelve he moved with his family to Johannesburg. Tutu wanted to become a doctor. His family could not afford to send him to medical school, so Tutu studied at the Pretoria Bantu Normal College to become a teacher. He taught at Johannesburg Bantu High School and at Munsienville High School in Mogale City.

Personal life
Tutu married Nomalizo Lea Shenxane on 2 July 1955. In 1975 he moved into what is now known as Tutu House in Soweto.
Desmond Tutu turned 90 in October 2021. He died at a medical center in Cape Town, South Africa on 26 December 2021, aged 90. He was being treated for prostate cancer at the time of his death.

References

1931 births
2021 deaths
Anglican archbishops
Anglican priests
South African anti-apartheid activists
Christian writers
Euthanasia activists
Honorary Companions of Honour
LGBT rights activists
Nonviolence advocates
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Order of St John
South African Nobel Prize winners
South African writers
Teachers
Happy Tree Friends (HTF) is an American adult animated web series. It was created by Aubrey Ankrum, Rhode Montijo and Kenn Navarro. The series was developed for Mondo Media. It has gotten a cult following on Mondo Media, G4 and YouTube. Montijo, Navarro, Graff, and Ankrum serve as showrunners.

The series is for adults but made to look like a series for children. It has cartoon anthropomorphic forest animals. The sries is best known for its episodes that start peacefully with the animals living life as normal. Soon an event is caused by another animal. This event leads to many of the characters being violently hurt and killed.
The official music videos are comparable to that of Nirvana (the short cartoon featured on their song "Smells Like Teen Spirit"), Soundgarden, Alice in Chains and Pearl Jam. The series is also referenced in the music video "Carpal Tunnel of Love" by rock band Fall Out Boy, in which the members are designed like the animal characters by the webseries' staff. The band members end up dying in the music video by a tow cable.

The program has little to no speech. When the characters do speak, their words are severely garbled. It is easy to tell what each character's reaction is, but their words are very hard to understand. According to its website, the idea for Happy Tree Friends was created by Rhode Montijo when he drew a yellow volkswagen rabbit, that may have evolved into the character of Cuddles, on a piece of paper and wrote "Resistance Is Futile" underneath it.
A Happy Tree Friends spin-off called Ka-Pow! premiered on September 2, 2008. One of the characters was also featured in a video titled "YouTube Copyright School", which curiously enough is not intended to be as twisted and gory.

In July 2023, they show a video called "Come Back..." that means the show could be coming back and also the song was theme song playing in the background.
Characters
Cuddles the Rabbit has lemon yellow fur, a light goldenrod yellow tail, light goldenrod yellow hair, light pink cheeks, light yellow ears, a light yellow belly marking, and light yellow soles. He wears pink bunny slippers.
Giggles the Chipmunk has salmon fur, taffy pink ears, a seashell belly marking, salmon soles, and a lavender blush head marking. She wears a red head bow.
Toothy the Beaver has light purple fur, a purple tail, purple pizzazz ears, a light purple belly marking, and light purple soles.
Lumpy the Moose has sky blue fur, canary antlers, and royal blue soles. He wears a light blue t-shirt and light blue pants.
Flippy the Bear has aqua green fur, spring green ears, honeydew soles, and yellow green eyes. He wears a green beret, a military shirt, and dog tags.
Cast
Kenn Navarro as Cuddles, Lifty & Shifty, Flippy
Dana Belben as Giggles, Petunia, Cub
Ellen Connell as Giggles, Petunia, Cub
Lori Jee as Giggles, Petunia
Warren Graff as Toothy, Handy
Rhode Montijo as Lumpy, Splendid
David Winn as Lumpy, Splendid
Michael "Lippy" Lipman as Nutty
Liz Stewart as Sniffles
Aubrey Ankrum as Pop, Flippy, Fliqpy
Nica Lorber as Flaky
Peter Herrmann as Disco Bear
Jeff Biancalana as Russell
Francis Carr as Russell
Mark Giambruno as Lifty & Shifty
Renée T. MacDonald as Lammy
The Mole, Mime, Cro-Marmot, and Mr. Pickels do not talk

References

American horror television series
1999 establishments in the United States
Brée is a commune of 459 people (as of 1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Related pages
Communes of Mayenne

Communes in Mayenne
La Brûlatte is a commune of 607 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Le Buret is a commune of 255 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Carelles is a commune of 324 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

At the time of writing, it has a church, a school, a bar/ restaurant and a village shop. The band (amalgamated with those of Levare and Montaidin) is a strong presence in the village and there is a local drama group which plays to villages round about during the early part of the year. The annual Fete is held on the first Sunday in July and Is not to be missed.

There is a thriving and well integrated English community established over twenty years.

References

Communes in Mayenne
Chailland is a commune of 1136 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Chailland is also a very common last name of a family living in the United States mostly located in southeast Missouri and Southern FL.

Communes in Mayenne
Châlons-du-Maine is a commune of 572 people (). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Chammes is a former commune of 328 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Sainte-Suzanne-et-Chammes.

References 

Former communes in Mayenne
Champéon is a commune of 512 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Champfrémont is a commune of 248 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Champgenéteux is a commune of 554 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Changé is a commune of 5261 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
Chantrigné is a commune of 588 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
La Chapelle-Anthenaise is a commune of 865 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
In engineering, latency is the name for the time period that needs to be waited to see a result.

Engineering
La Chapelle-au-Riboul is a commune of 448 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.

Communes in Mayenne
In abstract algebra, a finite field or Galois field is a field that contains only finitely many elements. Finite fields are important in number theory, algebraic geometry, Galois theory, cryptography, and coding theory. The finite fields are completely known.  Finite fields were named Galois Fields to honor Évariste Galois.

Algebraic geometry
An appliance is a machine that only has limited functionality. A prosthesis is an example. Many appliances need electricity to work.
Household appliances can be used for cleaning (like the vacuum cleaner) or cooking. If they are easy to carry around, they are small appliances.
Major appliances are big machines like dishwashers and refrigerators.
A Fire appliance is the name of a fire engine the firefighters use to extinguish a fire

Machines
La Mayenne is a department the northwest of France. It was named after the river la Mayenne and its number is 53. It is in the region Pays de la Loire. Its population is 285,338 (1999) and its land area is 5,175 km². The population density is 55/km². It has 261 communes, its prefecture is Laval ans its subprefectures are Mayenne and Château-Gontier. The inhabitants are called the Mayennais.

 ‎
In telecommunications Forward error correction (FEC) is a special code for error detection and correction. The sender adds parts of the data again. This is called redundancy. The receiver is then able to detect certain errors that came from the sending the data. In certain cases, the receiver can correct the error, without the need for a retransmission.

How it works 
FEC adds redundancy to the transmitted information with a known algorithm. Each redundant bit is a function of many original information bits. The original information may or may not appear in the encoded output; codes that include the unmodified input in the output are systematic, while those that do not are nonsystematic.
An extremely simple example would be an analog to digital converter that samples three bits of signal strength data for every bit of transmitted data. If the three samples are mostly all zero, the transmitted bit was probably a zero, and if three samples are mostly all one, the transmitted bit was probably a one. The simplest example of error correction is for the receiver to assume the correct output is given by the most frequently occurring value in each group of three.

This allows an error in any one of the three samples to be corrected by "democratic voting", but is a very inefficient FEC. But  in practice would not work very well, but it does illustrate the principle. In practice, FEC codes typically examine the last several dozen, or even the last several hundred, previously received bits to determine how to decode the current small handful of bits (typically in groups of 2 to 8 bits).

Such triple modular redundancy, the simplest form of forward error correction, is widely used.

Telecommunications
For other uses, see Mayenne (disambiguation)

La Mayenne is a river in the northwest of France. Its source in the Orne, about 15 km west of Alençon. It joins the Sarthe and Loire River north of Angers to form the Maine.

It is 200 km long and its surface area is about 5 820 km². It has an average discharge of 50 m³/s.

Rivers of Normandy
Rivers of Pays de la Loire
Mayenne can refer to:
Mayenne, the department.
Mayenne, the river.
Mayenne, the town.
Error detection and correction is about methods to make sure that information or data is not corrupted, and still makes sense. The techniques help reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels.

Detecting an error
There are different ways to make sure an error can be detected. This is done by adding more data or information to the data transmitted. Adding more data than needed is called redundancy.

Repetition codes: The data is broken up into blocks. Each block is then sent a number of times. 
Parity bits can be used. The parity bit is 1 for an odd number of ones, and 0 for an even number (or vice versa)
Checksums
Cyclic redundancy checks
Hamming codes
Hash function
Longitudinal redundancy check
Transverse redundancy check
Polarity schemes

Correcting an error
There are two main ways to correct an error:
 Automatic repeat request (ARQ) - The receiver detects an error and automatically requests a repetition
 Forward error correction

Other websites 
 Error control --Citizendium
For other uses, see Mayenne (disambiguation)

Mayenne is a commune. It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France. It is twinned with:
Waiblingen in Germany
Devizes in the United Kingdom
Jesi in Italy

Communes in Mayenne
Subprefectures in France
In grammar, an antecedent is a word or phrase that is repeated by another word or phrase. An antecedent is most often used with relative pronouns, words like "what", "that", and "who". The pronoun usually begins the relative clause and the antecedent is in the main clause.

Examples 
I want a book that I can read.

In the above example, the relative pronoun 'that' refers back to the antecedent, the word 'book'. Therefore, the main clause is "I want a book" and the relative clause is "that I can read". 

Some more examples: 
 Willy said he likes chocolate. - Noun as antecedent
 My eccentric uncle likes chocolate. He tells everyone to buy him chocolate. - Noun phrase as antecedent
 Larry was helpful, and so was Kim. - Adjective as antecedent
 He arrived in the afternoon, when nobody was home. - Prepositional phrase as antecedent
The relative pronouns are: who, whom, whose, which, that.

Grammar
The Ark-La-Tex, Arklatex, or ArkLaTex is a U.S. socio-economic region where Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma intersect.

Cities

cities it reach 2,500 people:

Middle East

East Central

Southeast 

Regions of Louisiana
Regions of Oklahoma
Broadway theatre means the theatrical performances in the 41 professional theatres, each with 500 or more seats, in the Theater District and Lincoln Center along Broadway, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City in the United States. 

Broadway and London's West End together represent the highest commercial level of live theater in the English-speaking world.

References

Entertainment in New York City
Central Oklahoma is the geographical name for the central region of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is also known by the Oklahoma Department of Tourism designation, Frontier Country.

Geography 
Cross Timbers makes up most of Central Oklahoma.

Regions of Oklahoma
The Cherokee Outlet, more often referred to as the Cherokee Strip, was located in what is now the state of Oklahoma, in the United States. It was a sixty-mile (97 km) wide strip of land south of the Oklahoma-Kansas border between the 96th and 100th meridians.

Regions of Oklahoma
History of Oklahoma
The Cross Timbers is a semi-savanna on the southern Great Plains running from southeastern Kansas, across central Oklahoma, into central Texas. 

Regions of Oklahoma
Regions of Kansas
The Four State Area is a term used to describe the four corner region of Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma with the Joplin, Missouri and Fayetteville-Springdale-Rogers, Arkansas metropolitan areas included within.

Regions of Oklahoma
Geography of Arkansas
Geography of Missouri
Regions of Kansas
The Flint Hills, historically known as Bluestem Pastures, are a band of hills in eastern Kansas stretching into north-central Oklahoma. 

Geography of Kansas
Geography of Oklahoma
Landforms of the United States
Regions of Kansas
Green Country is a heavily-wooded area in northeast Oklahoma. It has many rolling hills and mountains and a lot of plants. This is different from western and central Oklahoma, which are more like the rest of the Great Plains region of the United States.

Regions of Oklahoma
Southeastern Oklahoma, also known by its official tourism name, Kiamichi Country, covers the southeastern quarter of the state of Oklahoma.

Regions of Oklahoma
Northwestern Oklahoma is the geographical region of the state of Oklahoma which includes the Oklahoma Panhandle, stretching to an eastern extent along Interstate 35, and its southern extent along the Canadian River to Noble County.

Regions of Oklahoma
The Ozarks,  also called the Ozark Mountains and Ozark Plateau, are a physiographic, geologic, and cultural highland region of the central United States. It covers much of the south half of Missouri and an large portion of northwest and North central Arkansas. The region also goes westward into northeast Oklahoma and extreme southeast Kansas. The name Ozarks comes from the French Aux Arcs. The name means "with bows" and was given by an early French explorer to the Bow Indians (Quapaw). They were native to the area that later became Arkansas.

References 

Regions of Oklahoma
Regions of Kansas
The Oklahoma Panhandle is the far west part of the state of Oklahoma. It includes Cimarron County, Texas County, and Beaver County. Its name comes from the shape that looks like the handle of a cooking pan.

Regions of Oklahoma
South Central Oklahoma, or Arbuckle Country, as officially defined by the Oklahoma Department of Tourism, is an 10-county region in the state of Oklahoma. It is centered around the Arbuckle Mountains.

Regions of Oklahoma
Southwest Oklahoma is a geographical name for the southwest portion of the state of Oklahoma, largely flat and dry, southwest Oklahoma is typical of the Great Plains region of the United States.

Regions of Oklahoma
Oklahoma! is a musical.  The music was composed by Richard Rodgers. The lyrics were written by Oscar Hammerstein. It world-premiered on Broadway on 31 March 1943. The musical was based on Green Grow the Lilacs, a 1931 play by Lynn Riggs.

Story
The story is set in Oklahoma Territory outside the town of Claremore in 1906. The cowboy Curly McLain is in love with farm girl Laurey Williams. Jud Fry, a farm hand, is also in love with Laurey. The play also includes the story of another cowboy, Will, and his girlfriend, Ado Annie.

Adaptations
Oklahoma! was made into a movie in 1955.

Awards
A special Pulitzer Prize award was given to Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II for Oklahoma! in the category of "Special Awards And Citations - Letters"

Broadway musicals
Musicals by Rodgers and Hammerstein
Academy Award winning movies
Tony Award winning musicals
Drama Desk Award winners
Pulitzer Prize winners
Musicals based on plays
1940s musicals
Musicals adapted to movies
Stillwater is the county seat of Payne County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 39,065 at the 2000 census.

Stillwater is also the home of Oklahoma State University.

References 

County seats in Oklahoma
Cities in Oklahoma
Enid is the county seat of Garfield County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 47,045 at the 2000 census.

References 

County seats in Oklahoma
Cities in Oklahoma
1893 establishments in Oklahoma Territory
Carlos Valderrama (born 2 September 1961), also known as "El Pibe" ("The Kid"), is a retired Colombian footballer. He played for clubs in Colombia, France, Spain, and the United States. He played for the Colombia national team from 1985 to 1998. 

In 2004, he was included in the FIFA 100. It is a list of "the best 125 living male and female footballers" selected by Pelé.

Club career statistics 

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Montpellier||rowspan="3"|Division 1||24||1
|-
|1989/90||18||1
|-
|1990/91||35||2

|-
|1991/92||Real Valladolid||La Liga||17||1

|-
|1992||Independiente Medellín||Primera A||0||0
|-
|1993||rowspan="3"|Atlético Junior||rowspan="3"|Primera A||35||4
|-
|1994||18||1
|-
|1995||29||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Tampa Bay Mutiny||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||23||4
|-
|1997||20||3
|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Miami Fusion||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||18||2
|-
|1999||4||1
|-
|1999||rowspan="3"|Tampa Bay Mutiny||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||27||3
|-
|2000||32||1
|-
|2001||12||1
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Colorado Rapids||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||12||0
|-
|2002||27||1
77||4
17||1
82||5
175||16
351||26
|}

International career statistics 

|-
|1985||2||0
|-
|1986||0||0
|-
|1987||4||1
|-
|1988||6||1
|-
|1989||13||2
|-
|1990||5||1
|-
|1991||9||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
|1993||16||0
|-
|1994||11||0
|-
|1995||13||1
|-
|1996||11||1
|-
|1997||11||2
|-
|1998||8||2
|-
!Total||111||11
|}

References 

1961 births
Living people
Colombian footballers
This is a list of cities and towns in Oklahoma.

In Oklahoma, cities are all those incorporated communities which are 1000 or more in population and are incorporated as cities. Towns are limited to town board type of municipal government. Cities may choose among aldermanic, mayoral, council-manager, and home-rule charter types of government. Cities may also petition to incorporate as towns.

Largest cities

All cities and towns by population

591 Picher, Oklahoma population 0

References

Oklahoma
Oklahoma-related lists
Dino Zoff  (; born 28 February 1942) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time.

Career statistics

Club

International

Managerial

Honours and achievements

Player
Juventus
Serie A: 1972–73, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1981–82
Coppa Italia: 1978–79, 1982–83
UEFA Cup: 1976–77

Italy
FIFA World Cup: 1982
UEFA European Championship: 1968

Manager
Juventus
Coppa Italia: 1989–90
UEFA Cup: 1989–90
Individual
Player
 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1968, 1980
 Ballon d'Or: 1973 (2nd place)
 FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1982
 FIFA Order of Merit: 1984
 FIFA World Cup Best Goalkeeper: 1982
 Berlin-Britz Goalkeeper of the Decade (1970s): 1999
 IFFHS Italian Goalkeeper of the 20th Century: 1999
 IFFHS European Goalkeeper of the 20th Century (2nd): 1999
 IFFHS World Goalkeeper of the 20th Century (3rd): 1999
 World Soccer Magazine's 100 Greatest Players of the Twentieth Century: 1999
 November 2003: Italy's Golden Player – the best Italian player of the last 50 years, selected by the Italian Football Federation.
 UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll: #5
 FIFA 100
 Golden Foot "Football Legends" Award: 2004
 Inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame: 2012
 Inducted into the Walk of Fame of Italian sport: 2015
 IFFHS Legends

Manager
 Seminatore d'oro: 1990
 World Soccer Manager of the Year: 2000
Orders
 3rd Class / Commander: Commendatore Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 1982
 2nd Class / Grand Officer: Grande Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana: 2000
Records
 FIFA World Cup: Oldest player to play in and win a final, at 40 years, 4 months and 13 days in 1982
 UEFA Champions League/European Cup: Oldest player to play in a final, at 41 years and 86 days in 1983
 Most consecutive appearances in Serie A with Juventus: 330 (1972–1983)
 Most consecutive appearances in Serie A: 332 (1972–1983)
 Longest period time without conceding a goal in international matches: 1142 minutes (1972–1974).
 Most consecutive minutes without conceding a goal at the European Championships including qualifying: 784 (1975–1980)
 Fewest goals conceded in a single edition of the European Championships: 1 (1968) (alongside Gianluigi Buffon, Iker Casillas, and Thomas Myhre)
 Fewest goals conceded in a single edition of the European Championships by a tournament-winning starting goalkeeper: 1 (1968) (alongside Iker Casillas)
 One of four goalkeepers to win the FIFA World Cup as captain: 1982 (alongside Gianpiero Combi, Iker Casillas, and Hugo Lloris)

References

Other websites
Other websites

Dino Zoff the Legend  – a lot of useful information
Dino Zoff @ Goalkeeping Greats

1942 births
Living people
Italian Roman Catholics
1970 FIFA World Cup players
1974 FIFA World Cup players
1978 FIFA World Cup players
1982 FIFA World Cup players
Italian football managers
S.S. Lazio managers
Italy at UEFA Euro 1968
Italy at the 1970 FIFA World Cup
Italy at the 1974 FIFA World Cup
Italy at the 1978 FIFA World Cup
Italy at UEFA Euro 1980
Italy at the 1982 FIFA World Cup
Italy at UEFA Euro 2000
This is a list of the governors of Oklahoma. Oklahoma is a state in the United States. The Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory joined the United States Union as the State of Oklahoma on November 16, 1907.

The table below shows who the state governors have been.

References

Oklahoma
governors
The following are people who were either born/raised or have lived for a significant period of time in Oklahoma.

Native Americans
 Bill Anoatubby (born 1945), Governor of the Chickasaw Nation
 Black Kettle (1801/07–1868), Cheyenne Chief killed near Cheyenne, Oklahoma, in Roger Mills County
 Geronimo (1829–1909), Native American leader of the Chiricahua Apache
 Wilma Mankiller (born 1945), first woman Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
 Quanah Parker (c. late 1840s – 1911), last Comanche chief
 Harvey Pratt (born 1941), Native American forensic artist
 Will Rogers (1879–1935), humorist Actor
 Clarence L. Tinker (1887-1942), member of the Osage tribe, U.S. Army Air Corps general and first American general to die in World War II
 Fred Waite (1853–1895), Native American of the Chickasaw tribe, cowboy, member of Billy the Kid's gang and politician
 Stand Watie (1806–1871), Brigadier General in the Confederate Army, Cherokee chief
Political/Military Figures
 Carl Albert (1908–2000), Speaker of the House from 1971 to 1977, first in line for presidency after Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned during President Nixon's tenure.
 Dewey F. Bartlett, Oklahoma Governor and U.S. Senator
 Dan Boren (born 1973), represents Oklahoma's 2nd Congressional district in the U.S. House
 David Boren (born 1941), former Governor of Oklahoma, U.S. Senator and University of Oklahoma president
 Joseph J. Clark (1893–1971), Admiral U.S. Navy and first Native American to graduate from the United States Naval Academy
 William J. Crowe (1925–2007), Admiral U.S. Navy and former Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff
 Drew Edmondson (born 1946), state Attorney General
 General Tommy Franks (born 1927), Commander of US Central Command, US Invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq
 Bo Gritz (born 1939), most decorated Green Beret officer during the Vietnam War
 Jeane Kirkpatrick (born 1926), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
Perle Mesta (1889–1975), political hostess, U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg
 Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1927–2003), U.S. Senator, ambassador to India, Ambassador to the United Nations, President of the United Nations Security Council
 Donald Lee "Don" Nickles (born 1948) American political leader, U.S. Senator from Oklahoma 1981-2005
 George Nigh (born 1927), two-time Governor of Oklahoma
 Gene Stipe, (born 1926), longest-serving member of the Oklahoma State Senate
 J.C. Watts, U.S. Congressman and OU quarterback
Entertainment

Humorists/Comedians
 Will Rogers (1879–1935), humorist
 Daniel Hale Rowan (1922–1987), comedian and co-host of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In
Film/Theatre
 Suzy Amis (born 1962), actress
 Gene Autry (1907–1998), actor, musician
 William Boyd (1895–1972), actor (Hopalong Cassidy)
 Gary Busey (born 1944), actor
 Lon Chaney Jr (1906–1973), actor
 Greg Coolidge (born 1972) writer, director, producer, actor
 Joan Crawford (1906–1977), Academy Award winning actress
 Blake Edwards (born 1922), director, writer, producer
 Kay Francis (1905-1968), actress
 James Garner (born 1928), actor
 Van Heflin (1908–1971), Academy Award winning actor
 Clint Howard (born 1959), actor (and Ron's brother)
 Ron Howard (born 1954), director, producer, actor
 Ben Johnson (1918–1996), Academy Award winning actor
 Jennifer Jones (1919-2009), actress
 Rue McClanahan (born 1934), actress
 Vera Miles (born 1929), actress
 Megan Mullally, actress
 Clarence Nash (1904–1985), voice of Donald Duck
 Chuck Norris (born 1940), actor, martial artist
 Cindy Pickett (born 1947), actress
 Brad Pitt (born 1963), actor
 Mary Kay Place (born 1947), actress
 Tony Randall (1920–2004), actor
Dale Robertson (born 1920), actor
 Gailard Sartain (born 1946), actor, artist, comedian
 Maria Tallchief (born 1925), ballerina
 Paula Trickey (born 1966), actress (Pacific Blue)
 Jeanne Tripplehorn (born 1963), actress
 Alfre Woodard (born 1952), actress
 Larry Clark (born 1943), filmmaker ("Kids", "Ken Park"), photographer
 James Marsden (born 1973), actor
 Ted Shackelford (born 1946), actor (Knot's Landing)
Music
 The All-American Rejects
 The Arnold's, Southern Gospel trio based in Tulsa
 Aqueduct (born 1992), indie pop band
 Hoyt Axton (1938–1999), country music singer/songwriter, wrote "I've Never Been to Spain" (but I've been to Oklahoma).
 Chet Baker (1929–1988) - jazz trumpeter who helped popularize the 1950s cool jazz style
 Norma Jean (b. Norma Jean Beasler January 30, 1938) is an American country music singer
 Earl Bostic (1913–1965), R&B and jazz musician
 Garth Brooks (born 1962), country music singer/songwriter
 Don Byas (1912-1972) jazz tenor saxophonist and one of the leading saxophonists of the swing and bebop eras
 J. J. Cale (born 1938), country rock (see Tulsa sound)
 Jerry Cantrell, musician, lead guitarist/vocalist, Alice in Chains
 The Chainsaw Kittens, alternative rock band
 Charlie Christian (1916–1942), jazz guitarist, member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, considered the father of jazz guitar
 Roy Clark (born 1933), country musician
 Eddie Cochrane, rockabilly musician
Color Me Badd, R&B vocal group
 Ronnie Dunn (born 1953), half of the country music duo Brooks and Dunn
 Gail Farrell (born 1947), singer/songwriter, featured performer from The Lawrence Welk Show
 The Flaming Lips, indie rock band featuring Wayne Coyne, Steven Drozd and Michael Ivins
 The Gap Band (born 1967), R&B, funk and soul group
 David Gates (born 1939), singer/songwriter associated with the band Bread
 Vince Gill (born 1957), country musician
 Earl Grant (1933–1970), easy listening pianist
 Woody Guthrie (1912–1967), folk singer
 Hanson (born 1992), pop band
 Glen Hardin (born 1939), musician, piano player
 Roy Harris (1898–1979), classical composer
 Richard Hart (born 1955), Jazz guitarist, composer/arranger, published artist
 Lee Hazlewood (born 1929), singer/songwriter, record producer
 Michael Hedges (December 31,1953 – December 2, 1997) acoustic guitarist born in Enid, Oklahoma
 Hinder, rock band
 Wanda Jackson (born 1938), rockabilly singer
 Toby Keith (born 1961), country musician